WEBSTER'S  DICTIONARY. 


DOLLARS. 


THE  ENTIRE  WORK.  UNABRIDGED, 

IN  ONE  VOLUME,  CROWN  QUARTO,  OF  1452  PAGES, 

Containing  all  the  mattej-  of  Dr.  Webster's  Original  Work,  his  Improvements  up  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
and  now  thoroughly  revised  and  greatly  enlarged  arid  improved,  by 

PROFESSOR  CHAUiNCEY  A.   GOODRICH,  OF  YALE  COLLEGE. 

PUBLISHED  BY 

G.  &  C.  MERRIAM,  SPRINGFIELD,  MASS., 

AND   SOLD   BY   ALL  BOOKSELLERS. 

I.\  the  language  of  an  eminent  critic,  "  In  i^s  Definitions — the  object  for  which  nine  tenths  of  our  references  to 
such  a  work  are  made  —  it  stands  witiiout  a  rival  in  the  annals  of  English  lexicography."  These  definitions,  without 
abridgment  or  condensation,  are  only  given  in  this  Dr.  Webster's  large  work,  are  not  found  in  any  mere 
abridgment,  or  works  on  a  more  limited  plan.  It  contains  THREE  TIMES  the  amShnt  of  matter  found  in  any 
other  English  Dictionary  compiled  in  this  country,  or  any  abridgment  of  this  work,  yet  is  sold  at  a  trifling  advance 
above  the  price  of  other  and  limited  works. 


TESTIMONIALS. 


The  new  edition  of  Webstku's  Dictionary,  in  Crown  Quarto,  seems 
to  us  desurrinn  of  general  patronage,  for  the  following  reasons;  — 

It  cont  iinn  the  results  of  the  labors  of  its  distinguished  author,  who 
devoted  himself  to  the  preparation  of  the  original  edition  for  thirty-five 
yeari,  and  expended  much  of  the  twelve  years  following  in  revising  and 
improving  it  for  a  second  edition. 
_  To  the  labor  of  the  author  has  been  added  that  of  Professor  C.  A. 
GooDUicii,  for  nearly  three  years  of  constant  attention,  assisted  by 
several  gentlemen  distinguished  in  literature  and  the  sciences. 
I  .Ml  ttii-  rrtults  of  the  studv  of  the  author,  as  published  in  the  Original 
'  'iuarto,  and  the  Uevised  Edition  in  Uoyal  Octavo,  together 

iMcri  of  ])t.  Goodrich,  arc  now  given  to  the  public  in  one  of 
.   u  and  most  beautiful  volumes  ever  issued  from  the  American 

pran. 

In  th»  exhibition  of  the  Etymology  of  the  language,  it  is  superior  to 
'  ■    n   •  itiarjr.    There  may  be  a  difference  of  opinion  in  regard 
of  the  views  of  the  a<ithor  as  to  particular  words,  yet 
roots  of  the  great  body  of  English  words,  it  is  an  in- 
■  ..h  i  .r..liipensable  treasury  of  knowledge.    The  exhibition  of 
K  1  ,r.  .1  words  in  other  languages,  we  regard  as  a  valuable  accompani- 


_    -  ign    

■  ■  iu^tifird  bv  ample  quotations  from  the  best  English 
'     ■      'It  to  words  of  technical  and  peculiar 
■  11  h«-tily  asHiinied  from  professed 
illy  scrutinized,  and,  in  very  many 
lirertly  by  gontlcinen  of  the  highest 
' '  of  knowledge. 

'1  ly  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  all 
v  Knglish.    A  siifricient  number 
■■'•M  lidded,  while  yet  it  is  not 
■lit  not  to  be  admitted  into 
;  g'lod  Kiigli,li 
Dr.  Wcbslrr,  which  have 
I'l  whiih  seem  to  bo  too 
I.-,  hnie  been  judici<m<kly' 
I  .    ,      I'liivnts  hare  been  wisely 

1.  the  Khf m*  of  notation  it  (imnl»,  and  -ia  cikw^  which 
'      '  '       "  'I'"''.    Th«  aim  fiiu  been  to  give  th« 
I  l»y  lh«  truly  educated  anninn  tlio 


English  and  American  people,  ascertained  by  actual  observation,  inqui- 
ries, and  correspondence.  The  artificial  and  affected  pronunciation  is 
av'oided.  The  whole  subject  has  been  elaborated  by  Professor  Goodrich, 
whose  professional  duty  it  has  been  to  train  public  speakers  for  thirty 
years.  The  variety  of  vowel  sounds,  which  distinguishes  the  pronunci- 
ation of  the  English  from  that  of  the  continental  languages,  cannot  be 
accurately  indicated  by  any  figured  key,  without  destroying  its  useful- 
ness as  a  standard,  and  embarrassing,  instead  of  guiding,  the  reader 
As  a  guide  to  pronunciation,  the  Dictionary,  in  its  present  form,  can  be 
easily  consulted,  and  at  the  same  time,  is  accurate  and  reliable  in  •'iving 
a  just  exhibition  of  the  language  as  pronounced  by  educated  men 

The  Table  of  Scriptural  Names  has  been  carefuUv  revised  The 
Classical  Table  has  received  large  additions,  and  has 'been  revised  and 
corrected  in  some  important  particulars,  in  which  the  table  of  Walker 
IS  deficient  and  erroneous. 

The  List  of  Geographical  Names  is  the  most  extensive  that  we  have 
i9'',l^"/TAo''n'""  ^'^'^  V-^  English  Dictionary,  comprising,  as  it  does, 
12,000  to  13,000  names.  Ihe  pronunciation,  as  given  by  respelling  the 
names  with  figured  vowels,  is  easily  indicated.  By  means  of  the  table 
the  most  important  names,  especially  those  of  the  continent  of  Eiuoue' 
can  be  correctly  pronounced.  ,  ' 

It  is  with  pleasure  that  we  greet  this  new  and  valuable  contribution  t. 
Ameriran  literature.  We  recommend  it  to  all  who  desire  to  possess 
THE  MO.ST  COMPLETE,  ACCURATE,  AND  RELIAI^E  mc! 
TIONAllY  OF  THE  LANGUAGE.  ivr,x.iAm.lL  XFIL- 


U;tT,S^  tor-  I 


A'„l  thirty  other  members  of  the  United  States  Senate. 


TESTIMONIALS  CONTINUED. 


Theodore  Frelinohutsen,  Chancellor  of  University  of  New  York. 
William  H.  Campbell,  Editor  N.  Y.  District  School  Journal. 
Geokoe  N.  Buiogs,  Governor  of  Massachusetts. 
William  B.  Calhoun,  Secretary  of  State  of  Massachusetts. 
Richard  S.  Rust,  Commissionei;  of  Common  Schools  in  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

Theodore  F.  Kino,  Superintendent  of  Schools  in  New  Jersey. 
Robert  C.  Winthuop,  Speaker  of  the  U.  S.  House  of  Representative*. 
Edmund  Burke,  Commissioner  of  Patents. 
John  Young,  Governor  of  New  York. 

CilRlSToriiER  Morgan,  Secretary  of  State,  and  Superintendent  of 

Common  Schools  in  New  York. 
Alvah  Hunt,  Treasurer  of. New  York. 
Rev.  Samuel  H.  Cox,  D.  D. 

Lyman  Beecher,  D.  D.,  President  of  Lane  Seminary. 
Calvin  E.  Stowe,  D.  D.,  Professor  in    "  " 
D.  H.  Allen,  Professor  in  "  " 

Rev.  Heman  Humphrey,  D.  D.,  late  President  of  Amherst  College. 
Rev.  Ezra  Keller,  D.  D.,  President  of  Wittenburg  College,  Ohio. 
M.  A.  Uiehl,  Professor  in  "  "  " 

N.  A.  Sieger,  Professor  in  '  "  "  " 

Benjamin  Larabee,  D.  D.,  President  of  Middlcbury  College ;  and  other 

distinguished  gentlemen. 

March,  1818. 

It  is  the  great  work  of  an  American  citizen,  accomplished  after  a  life 
of  indefatigable  study  and  labor,  and  deserves  the  public  favor. 

It  is  a  truly  national  work,  illustrating  at  once  American  learning 
and  American  enterprise  and  art. 


We  rejoice  that  it  bids  fair  to  become  the  standard  Dictionary  to  be 
used  by  the  numerous  milliojis  of  people  who  are  to  inhabit  the  United 
States.  —  Sidled  by  \0i  Mc,.'bers  of  Congress. 

Webster's  Dictionary,  the  new  edition,  revised  by  Professor  Goodrich, 
and  published  by  G.  &  C.  Merriam,  Springfield,  Mass.,  the  best  Diction- 
ary of  the  English  language  extant—  an  enduring  monument  of  the 
author's  learnmg  and  industry,  and  an  honor  to  our  country,  ought  to 
be  found  in  every  family.  Will  not  the  enlightened  and  liberal,  in  our 
various  religious  societies,  furnish  their  clergymen  with  a  copy,  as  an 
indispensable  volume  in  their  libraries  ?  Language,  and  the  English 
language,  is  the  great  instrument  with  which  the  ministers  of  the  gospel 
are  enabled  to  do  good.  If  language  were  better  understood,  sound 
logic  would  more  e.\tensively  prevail.  —  Rev.  T.  H.  Gallaitdet. 

I  have  been  in  the  habit  of  using  Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary  for  several 
years  past,  in  preference  to  all  others,  because  it  far  excels  them  all,  so 
f.ir  as  1  know,  in  giving  and  defining  scientific  terms.  —  Pres.  Hitchcock, 
of  Amherst  College. 

I  have  always  considered  Dr.  Webster's  work  in  lexicography  as  sur- 
passed in  fullness  and  accuracy  by  none  in  our  language.  —  Mev.  Dr. 
IVayland,  President  of  Brown  University,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Webster's  American  Dictionary  may  now  be  recommended,  -n-ithout 
reserve  or  qualification,  as  the  best  extant.  —  President  Olin,  of  the 
Weslcyan  University,  December,  1847. 

Web.ster's  Dictionary. — The  publishers  of  Webster's  Unabridged 
Dictionary,  in  Crown  Quarto,  received  an  order  for  twelve  copies  of  tnat 
wurk  lately  from  Ceylon.  Its  fullness,  precision,  and  accuracy,  render 
if  an  indispensable  aid,  not  only  to  the  student  at  home,  but  to  the  mis- 
sionary abroad,  as  he  opens  the  treasures  of  the  English  language  to 
the  dark  tnind  of  his  heathen  scholar,  or  molds  to  order  and  system  the 
ruder  elements  of  his  native  tongue.  The  revised  edition  has  already 
been  republished  in  England.  —  New  York  Tribune,  August,  1848. 

■"■rfjrJ  Brougham,  in  a  recent  conversation  with  an  intelligent  American 
jler,  remarked  of  this  work,  —  "It  has  come  to  be  a  necessity  to 
every  educated  man." 

The  London  Literary  Gazette,  of  April  1st,  speaks  of  it  in  the  follow- 
ing just  terms  :  — 

"  The  original  edition  of  the  American  Dictionary  is  too  well  known 
and  appreciated  in  England  to  require  us  to  dwell  at  length  on  its  plan 
and  execution.  In  the  present  edition.  Professor  Goodrich  has  been 
ably  assisted  by  several  eminent  men,  each  distinguished  in  his  own 
sphere  of  inquiry ;  and  the  result  is  in  the  highest  degree  satisfactory. 
The  work  is  a  noble  monument  of  erudition  and  indefatigable  researcli ; 
and  the  style  and  accuracy  of  its  typography  would  do  honor  to  the 
press  of  any  country  in  Europe.  This  volume  must  find  its  way  into  all 
our  public  and  good  private  libraries,  for  it  provides  the  English  student 
with  a  mats  of  the  most  valuable  information,  which  he  would  in  vain 
seek  for  elsewhere." 


A  Dictionary  to  Queen  Victoria.  —  Messrs.  O.  &  C.  Merriam, 
publishers  of  the  new  unabridged  edition  of  Webster's  Dictionary,  have 
prepared  a  very  splendid  copy  of  that  work,  designed  as  a  present  to  her 
majesty  Queen  Victoria.  The  volume  was  bound  by  J.  B.  Lippincott  & 
Co.,  of  Philadelphia.    The  following  is  the  letter  of  presentation:  — 

"  To  her  Majesty,  the  Queen  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire/and,  this  copy  of 
Webster's  Quarto  Dictionary  is  ottered  by  the  Amcrjcan  publishers,  as  a 
product  of  Science  and  the  Arts,  from  the  republic  wh^ch  is  proud  to 
call  England  her  mother  country. 

"May  your  majesty  long  live  to  rejoice  in  the  loyal  and  grateful 
affection  of  the  millions  who  inhabit  your  extended  empire,  and  may  the 
messages  and  offerings  from  England  to  America,  and  from  America  to 
England,  be  the  offerings  of  peace  and  of  mutual  good  will. 

"  May  these  countries,  which  are  united  by  a  common  language,  be 
also  one  in  the  common  purpose  to  make  this  language  the  bearer  and 
the  symbol  of  the  Civilization,  the  Science,  the  Freedom,  and  the  Chris- 
tianity which  they  shall  together  difiuse  throughout  the  earth. 

"GEORGE  &  CHARLES  MERRIAM.  ' 

"Springfield,  Massachusetts,  U.  S.  A.,  ) 
December,  1848."  J 

The  Queen's  Dictionary.  — The  Messrs.  Merriam,  some  time  since, 
transmitted  to  Queen  Victoria,  through  the  hand  of  George  Bancroft, 
the  American  minister,  a  magnificently  bound  copy  of  their  unabridged 
edition  of  Webster's  Dictionary.  It  was  given  to  the  queen,  through 
her  husband.  Prince  Albert,  and  its  receipt  has  been  acknowledged  by 
the  secretary  of  his  royal  highness.  The  acknowledgment  is,  of  course, 
directed  to  his  excellency  the  American  minister,  and  we  have  the 
pleasure  of  presenting  it  to  our  readers.  —  Sjyringfield  Republican. 

"  Sir,  — I  have  the  honor  to  inform  your  excellency,  that  her  majesty 
the  queen  has  accepted,  with  great  pleasure,  the  copy  of  the  last  edition  ' 
of  Webster's  English  Dictionary,  which,  according  to  the  directions  you 
gave  me,  was  laid  by  me  before  his  royal  highness  Prince  Albert,  and 
was  presented  afterwards  by  the  prince  to  her  majesty,  on  the  part  of 
the  publishers,  Messrs.  Merriam ;  and  I  have  been  commanded  to  ex- 
press to  vour  excellency,  and  to  beg  of  you  to  transmit  to  Messrs. 
Merriam,  lier  majesty's  gracious  thanks  for  this  beautiful  present,  which 
her  majesty  highly  values,  not  only  on  account  of  the  great  merits  of 
the  work  itself,  l5ut  still  more  so  as  a  sign  of  those  feelings  towards 
her  royal  person  on  the  part  of  a  large  portion  of  the  Anglo-American 
nation,  which  your  excellency  informed  me  it  was  intended  to  represent, 
and  which,  after  the  political  disunion  which  has  taken  place  between 
the  United  Kingdom  and  the  United  States,  could  not  indeed  have 
found  a  more  appropriate  way  of  expressing  themselves  than  the  pres- 
entation to  her  majesty  of  a  work  on  the  English  language,  which 
directly  refers  to  that  powerful  and  indissoluble  bond  by  which  the  two 
cognate  nations  on  the  eastern  and  western  side  of  the  Atlantic  will 
forever  remain  united.  Your  excellency,  as  well  as  Messrs.  Merriam, 
will,  no  doubt,  feel  great  pleasure  in  learning  that  her  majesty  has 
placed  the  work,  presented  through  your  excellency,  amongst  the  few 
selected  volumes  which  compose  her  own  private  library. 

"  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  your  excellency's  faithful  servant, 

"C.  MEYER, 
"Secrt'iry  to  H.  R.  H.  Prince  Albert. 

"  Buckingham  P.vlace,  Ju7ie  20,  1849. 

"  His  excellency  the  American  minister." 

Estractof  a  letter  from  Wm.  H.  Prescott,  Esq.,  author  of  "Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,"  "Conquest  of  Mexico,"  &c.,  dated  Boston,  December 
10,  1848. 

Every  scholar  knows  the  value  of  a  work,  which,  in  addition  to  its 
etymological  learning,  has  done  so  much  to  enlarge  our  acquaintance 
with  the  English  vocabulary,  both  by  the  number  of  its  words,  and  the 
accuracy  and  extent  of  its  definitions.    These  merits  have  been  still 
further  enhanced  by  the  editorial  labors  of  Professor  Goodricli,  and  you 
have  completed  the  whole  by  publishing  the  work  in  so  beautiful  a  style,  ; 
and  by  bringing  it  at  the  same  time  within  the  convenient  dimensions  j 
of  a  single  quarto.    I  doubt  not  that  your  liberal  enterprise  will  receive  ' 
the  patronage  from  the  public,  to  which  it  is  well  entitled.    That  it  may  | 
do  so  is  the  sincere  wish  of 

Your  obliged  friend  and  servant,  : 
WM.  H.  PRESCOTT.  ' 

Once  possessed  of  a  work  so  able,  copious,  and  scientifically  con-  ! 
structed  as  Webster's  Quarto  Dictionary,  one  discovers  a  hundred  ] 
benefits  previously  unthought  of.    Old -uses,  and  new  uses,  and  dis-  ' 
uses  and  abuses,  —  old  terms  and  new  terms,  and  the  history  of  the  rise 
and  progress,  of  terms,  together  w^ith  apt  citations,  pointed  and  spark- 
ling, with  other  benefits  I  need  not  attempt  to  enumerate,  combi 
make  him  feel  the  work  a  desideratum —  to  lay  it  as  a  cor  er  s*<'  lU 
his  library    Or  rather,  since  corner  stones  are  net  often  disturbe  a 
janitor,  a  librarian,  ever  at  his  psst,  ready  to  conTcrse  on  whatever  topic 
IS  at  hand.  —  Rev.  Oiarles  Beecher.  , 

July,  1840. 

 I 


Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


I 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2013 


http://archive.org/details/americandictionaOOwebs_0 


AN 

AMERICAN  DICTIONARY 

OF  THE 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE; 

CONTAINING 

THE  WHOLE  VOCABULARY  OF  THE  FIRST  EDITION  IN  TWO  VOLUMES  QUARTO;  THE  ENTIRE  CORREC- 
TIONS AND  IMPROVEMENTS  OF  THE  SECOND  EDITION  IN  TWO  VOLUMES  ROYAL  OCTAVO; 

TO  WHICH  IS  PREFIXED 

AN  INTRODUCTORY  DISSERTATION 

ON  THE 

ORIGIN,  HISTORY,  AND  CONNECTION,  OF  THE  LANGUAGES  OF  WESTERN  ASIA  AND  EUROPE, 

WITH  AN  EXPLANATION 

OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  ON  WHICH  LANGUAGES  ARE  FORMED. 


BY  NOAH  WEBSTER,  LL.  D., 

Member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  in  Philadelphia;  Felloio  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  in  MoAsachusettt ; 
Member  of  the  Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Northern  Antiquaries  in  Co- 
penhagen ;  Member  of  the  Connecticut  Historical  Society ;  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Historical  Societies 
in  Massachusetts,  New  York,  and  Georgia ;  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  of  the  Columbian  Institute  in  Washington ;  and  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Michigan  Historical  Society. 


GENERAL  SUBJECTS  OF  THIS  WORK. 

I.  — ETYMOLOGIES  OF  ENGLISH  WORDS,  DEDUCED  FROM  AN  EXAMINATION  AND  COMPARISON  OP  WORDS  OF  CORRESPONDING 

ELEMENTS  IN  TWEiVTY  LANGUAGES  OF  ASIA  AND  EUROPE. 
II  THE  TRUE  ORTHOGRAPHY  OF  WORDS,  AS  CORRECTED  BY  THEIR  ETYMOLOGIES. 

Ill  PRONUNCIATION  EXHIBITED  AND  MADE  OBVIOUS  BY  THE  DIVISION  OF  WORDS  INTO  SYLLABLES,  BY  ACCENTUATIO.N,  BY 

MARKING  THE  SOUNDS  OF  THE  ACCENTED  VOWELS,  WHEN  NECESSARY,  OR  BY  GENERAL  RULES. 

IV.  — ACCURATE  AND  DISCRIMINATING  DEFINITIONS,  ILLUSTRATED,  WHEN  DOUBTFUL  OR  OBSCURE,  BY  EXAMPLES  OF  THEIR 
USE,  SELECTED  FROM  RESPECTABLE  AUTHORS,  OR  BY  FAMILIAR  PHRASES  OF  UNDISPUTED  AUTHORITY. 


REVISED  AND  ENLARGED, 

BY  CHAUNCEY  A.  GOODRICH, 

PROFESSOR  IN   YALE  COLLEGE. 


WITH  PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARIES  OF  SCRIPTURE,  CLASSICAL,  AND  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


SPRINGFIELD,  MASS. 

PUBLISHED   BY   GEORGE   AND  CHARLES  MERRIAM, 

CORNER  OF  MAIN   AND  STATE  STREETS. 
1  8  54. 


W3 


Enteked  accobding  to  Act  or  Congeess,  in  the  Year  1840, 
By  NOAH  WESSTER,  LL.  D., 
Ix  THE  Clerk's  OrricE  of  the  District  Court  of  Connecticut. 


Entered  according  to  Act 
By  GEORGE  AND 
In  the  Clerk's  Office'  of  the 


OF  Congress,  in  the  Year  1847, 
CHARLES  IVIERRIAM, 
District  Court  op  Massachusetts. 


raiNTicD  By 

CAIE,  TlrrANT  AMI  COMPANY, 


STEREOTYPED  AT  THE 
BOSTON  TYPttAND  STEREOTYPE  FOUNDRY. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  llEVISED  EDITION. 


BY   THE  EDITOR. 


The  demand  for  Thk  American  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  lias  increased  so 
rapidly  within  a  few  years  past,  that  the  publishers  have  felt  the  necessity  of  its  being  stereotyped,  for  ; 
the  greater  convenience  of  the  public,  in  a  single  quarto  volume.  In  deciding  ii])OU  this  measure, 
they  were  desirous  that  the  work  should  be  thoroughly  revised  anew,  and  that  each  department 
which  it  embraces,  should  be  brought  down,  as  far  as  possible,  to  the  latest  advances  of  science, 
literature,  and  the  arts,  at  the  present  day.  With  this  view,  it  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  llev. 
Chauncey  a.  Goodrich,  Professor  in  Yale  College,  as  one  of  the  members  of  Dr.  Webster's  family, 
in  the  expectation  of  his  obtaining  such  additional  aid  as  might  be  necessary  for  the  accomplishment 
of  this  design.  The  Editor  has  not  acted,  however,  upon  his  own  personal  responsibility  in 
executing  this  trust.  He  has,  from  time  to  time,  laid  open  the  sheets  to  the  inspection  of  the  other 
members  of  the  family  ;  and  no  important  alterations  have  been  made,  especially  in  any  of  the  lead- 
ing characteristics  of  the  work,  except  with  the  concurrence,  or  at  the  request,  of  Dr.  Webster's  legal 
representatives.  In  laying  before  the  public  an  edition  thus  prepared,  the  fruit  of  nearly  tbi'ee  years  < 
of  care  and  attention,  the  Editor  will  be  expected  to  make  some  brief  statement  of  the  principles  on 
which  he  has  conducted  the  revision,  and  the  results  of  his  labors  as  exhibited  in  the  present  volume. 

This  work  was  first  published,  in  two  quarto  volumes,  in  the  year  1828.  At  the  expiration  of  j 
twelve  years,  or  in  the  year  1840,  a  second  edition  was  published  by  the  Author,  in  two  royal  octavo 
volumes.  Of  this  he  thus  speaks  in  the  Advertisement  prefixed :  "  The  improvements  in  this 
edition  of  the  American  Dictionary  consist  chiefly  in  the  addition  of  several  thousand  words  to  the 
vocabulary,  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  and  the  correction  of  definitions  in  several  of  the 
sciences,  which  are  made  conformable  to  recent  discoveries  and  classifications.  For  the  latter 
improvements,  the  Author  is  indebted  chiefly  to  Professor  Tully,  of  the  Medical  College  in  New 
Haven.  To  these  improvements  may  be  added  the  introduction  and  explanation  of  many  phrases 
from  foreign  languages,  frequently  used  by  English  authors,  and  in  conversation  ;  and  also  of  many 
foreign  terms  used  in  books  of  music."  In  conducting  this  revision,  Dr.  Webster  was  aided  in  some 
part  of  his  labors  by  his  son,  William  G.  Webster,  Esq.,  of  New  Haven  ;  who,  also,  at  a  subse- 
quent period,  prepared  the  revised  Addenda,  under  the  direction  of  his  father.  The  later  im- 
provements of  the  Author,  down  to  the  period  of  his  death,  are  here  inserted  under  their  proper 
heads,  from  the  manuscripts  which  he  left.  By  these  successive  revisions,  and  the  one  which  has 
now  been  made,  new  matter,  to  the  amount  of  more  than  three  hundred  pages,  has  been  added  to  the 


4 


IV 


PREFACE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 


work  ;  all  of  which,  by  the  use  of  a  smaller  type,  and  by  careful  compression,  is  now  brought 
within  the  compass  of  this  volume.  Of  the  course  pursued  in  the  revision,  it  will  now  be  proper 
briefly  to  speak. 

In  respect  to  the  Etymologies,  the  Editor  has  not  considered  it  as  lying  within  his  province,  to 
make  any  material  alterations.  In  a  very  few  cases  of  obvious  necessity,  some  slight  change  has 
been  made.  But  the  chief  labor,  in  reference  to  this  part  of  the  work,  has  been  bestowed  on  the 
difiicult  task  of  giving  with  accuracy  the  numerous  words  from  Oriental  and  foreign  languages,  which 
are  used  in  tracing  the  origin  of  our  own. 

The  chief  value  of  a  dictionary  consists  in  its  Definitions ;  —  in  giving  a  clear,  full,  and  accurate 
exhibition  of  all  the  various  shades  of  meaning  which  belong,  by  established  usage,  to  the  words  of 
a  language.  It  is  in  this  respect,  especially,  that  Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary  has  been  generally  con- 
sidered superior  to  every  other,  both  of  this  country  and  of  England.  To  this  point,  therefore,  the 
labors  of  the  Editor  have  been  mainly  directed.  No  eff"orts  have  been  spared  to  obtain  the  most 
recent  and  valuable  works,  not  only  in  lexicography,  but  in  the  various  departments  of  science  and 
the  arts  embraced  in  the  American  Dictionary.  As  these  subjects  are  in  a  state  of  continual  progress, 
every  import£.^it  word,  in  its  various  applications,  has  been  diligently  examined  and  compared  with 
the  statements  made  on  each  topic,  by  the  latest  and  most  approved  authorities.  Smart's  English 
Dictionary,  in  the  edition  of  1846,  has  been  carefully  collated  with  this  work,  and  also  the  unfinished 
one,  in  a  course  of  publication,  by  Gilbert,  so  far  as  the  numbers  have  appeared.  Reference  has 
likewise  constantly  been  made  to  Richardson's  Dictionary,  —  although  this  had  been  previously 
examined  by  Dr.  Webster,  —  and  also  to  the  Analytical  Dictionary  of  Booth.  Each  of  the  articles 
in  Brande's  Encyclopedia  of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art,  has  been  collated  with  the  corresponding 
portions  of  this  Dictionary,  as  the  starting-point,  when  necessary,  of  investigation  in  larger  treatises. 
The  Penny  Cyclopedia  has  been  consulted  at  every  step,  especially  in  matters  of  science  ;  and  the 
Encyclopedia  Americana  (based  on  the  German  Conversations-Lexikon)  has  been  relied  upon,  partic- 
ularly on  subjects  of  continental  literature,  philosophy,  history,  art,  &c.  In  order  to  secure  greater 
accuracy,  numerous  special  dictianaries,  or  vocabularies  confined  to  some  single  department,  have 
also  been  collated  with  this  work ;  and  the  ablest  treatises  on  important  branches  of  science  and 
art  have  been  diligently  examined.  In  architecture,  the  chief  reliance  has  been  placed  on  the 
Oxford  Glossary  of  Architecture,  (1845,)  and  the  Encyclopedia  of  Architecture,  (1842,)  by  Gwilt, 
author  of  the  articles  on  this  subject  in  Brande's  Encyclopedia.  In  agriculture,  Johnson's  Farmer's 
Encyclopedia,  (1844,)  and  Gardner's  Farmer's  Dictionary,  (1846,)  have  been  chiefly  used.  In 
general  antiquities,  the  large  treatise  of  Fosbroke  has  been  frequently  consulted,  while  in  classical 
antiquities,  the  principal  reliance  has  been  placed  on  the  recent  dictionary  of  Smith,  (1846,)  as  a 
work  of  the  highest  authority.  In  respect  to  the  antiquities  of  the  church,  the  elaborate  work  of 
Coleman  (1841)  has  been  frequently  consulted;  and  Hook's  Church  Dictionary  (1844)  has  been 
collated  throughout,  with  reference  to  the  rites,  ceremonies,  vestments,  &c.,  of  the  Church  of 


PREFACE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION,  v 

England,  and  also  of  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  Churches.  In  botany,  use  has  principally 
been  made  of  the  writings  of  Lindley  and  Loudon.  In  natural  history,  Partington's  British  Cyclo- 
!  pedia  of  Natural  History,  (1835-7,)  and  Jardine's  Naturalist's  Library,  (1834-43,)  have  been  much 
j  consulted,  in  connection  with  the  articles  on  these  subjects  in  the  Penny  Cyclopedia  and  similar 
works.  In  geology,  mineralogy,  and  some  associated  branches  of  natural  history,  Humble's  Dic- 
tionary of  terms  in  these  departments  (1840)  has  been  compared  with  this  work  throughout.  In 
respect  to  mercantile  subjects,  banking,  coins,  weights,  measures,  <S6c.,  McCuUoch's  Commercial 
Dictionary  ( 1845)  has  been  collated  at  every  step,  as  the  standard  work  on  these  subjects.  In 
manufactures  and  the  arts,  Dr.  Ure's  Dictionary  of  Manufactures,  Arts,  and  Mines,  with  its  Supple- 
ment, (1845,)  has  been  relied  upon  as  of  the  highest  authority.  In  engineering  and  mechanical 
philosophy,  Hebert's  Engineer's  and  Mechanic's  Cyclopedia  (1842)  has  been  carefully  collated, 
with  a  constant  reference  to  the  more  popular  and  recent  dictionaries  of  Francis,  Grier,  and 
Buchanan,  in  the  editions  of  1846.  In  seamanship,  the  Dictionary  of  Marine  Terms,  in  Lieutenant 
Totten's  Naval  Text-Book,  (1841,)  has  been  taken  as  a  guide.  In  military  aflairs,  the  dictionary 
of  Campbell  (1844)  has  been  followed,  in  connection  with  the  more  extended  articles  contained  in 
Brande  and  the  Penny  Cyclopedia,  on  the  kindred  topics.  In  the  fine  arts,  much  use  has  been 
made  of  the  dictionary  of  Elmes.  In  domestic  economy,  the  Encyclopedia  of  Webster  and  Parkes 
on  this  subject  (1844)  has  furnished  many  important  statements,  on  a  great  variety  of  topics, 
presented  for  the  first  time  in  a  scientific  form ;  and  to  this  has  been  added  Cooley's  Cyclopedia  of 
Practical  R^sceipts,  (1846,)  as  exhibiting  much  collateral  information,  in  respect  to  the  arts,  manufac- 
tures, and  trades.     Such,  in  general,  are  the  authorities  which  have  been  relied  on  in  this  revision. 

But  it  is  obviously  impossible  for  any  one  mind  to  embrace  with  accuracy  all  the  various 
departments  of  knowledge  which  are  now  brought  within  the  compass  of  a  dictionary.  Hence  arise 
most  of  the  errors  and  inconsistencies  which  abound  in  works  of  this  kind.  To  avoid  these  as  far 
as  possible,  especially  in  matters  of  science,  the  Editor  at  first  made  an  arrangement  with  Dr.  James 
G.  Percival,  who  had  rendered  important  assistance  to  Dr.  Webster  in  the  edition  of  1828,  to 
take  the  entire  charge  of  revising  the  scientific  articles  embraced  in  this  work.  This  revision, 
however,  owing  to  causes  beyond  the  control  of  either  party,  was  extended  to  but  little  more  than 
two  letters  of  the  alphabet ;  and  the  Editor  then  obtained  the  assistance  of  his  associates  in  office, 
and  of  other  gentlemen  in  various  professional  employments.  To  these  he  would  now  return  his 
acknowledgments,  for  the  aid  they  have  afforded.  The  articles  on  law  have  been  collated  with 
Blackstone  and  Bouvier's  Law  Dictionary,  by  the  Hon.  Elizur  Goodrich,  formerly  Professor  of 
Law  in  Yale  College,  and  the  errors  discovered,  which  were  few  in  number,  have  been  carefully 
corrected.  The  departments  of  ecclesiastical  history  and  ancient  philosophy  have  been  thoroughly 
revised  by  the  Rev.  James  Murdock,  D.  D.,  late  Professor  in  the  Andover  Theological  Seminary, 
who  has  furnished,  in  many  instances,  new  and  valuable  definitions.  The  terms  in  chemistry 
have  been  submitted  to  Professor  Silliman,  of  Yale  College  ;  and  whatever  changes  were  requisite 


B 


vi  PREFACE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 

in  the  explanations,  have  been  made  under  his  direction.  In  the  departments  of  botany,  anatomy, 
physiology,  medicine,  and  some  branches  of  natural  history,  Dr.  Webster  received  assistance,  in  the 
revision  of  18,40,  as  mentioned  above,  from  Dr.  William  Tully,  late  Professor  in  the  Medical 
Institution  of  Yale  College.  Still  further  aid  has  been  received  from  the  same  source  in  the 
present  revision,  and  much  of  the  accuracy  of  this  work,  in  these  branches,  will  be  found  owing 
to  the  valuable  assistance  he  has  thus  afforded.  On  topics  connected  with  Oriental  literature,  aid 
has  frequently  been  obtained  from  Professor  Gibbs,  of  Yale  College.  A  part  of  the  articles  on 
astronomy,  meteorology,  and  natural  philosophy,  in  the  edition  of  1828,  passed  under  the  revision 
of  Professor  Olmsted,  of  Yale  College.  This  revision  has  now  been  extended  to  all  the  articles 
on  these  subjects  throughout  the  work,  and  new  definitions  have  been  furnished  in  numerous 
instances.  The  definitions  in  mathematics,  after  having  been  compared  with  those  given  in  the 
dictionaries  of  Hutton,  or  Barlow,  have  been  submitted  to  Professor  Stanley,  of  Yale  College,  and 
the  alterations  have,  in  all  cases,  been  made  under  his  direction.  In  the  sciences  of  geology  and 
mineralogy,  a  thorough  revision  of  the  whole  volume  has  been  made  by  James  D.  Dana,  Esq., 
Geologist  and  Mineralogist  of  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition,  and  associate  editor  of  the 
American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  to  v/hom  the  Editor  is  likewise  indebted  for  assistance  on 
various  other  subjects,  Avhich  has  greatly  enhanced  the  value  of  the  work.  In  practical  astronomy  and 
the  science  of  entomology,  aid  has  been  frequently  received  from  Edward  C.  Hekrick,  Esq.,  Librarian 
of  Yale  College.  The  articles  on  painting  and  the  fine  arts  have,  to  a  great  extent,  passed  under 
the  inspection  of  Nathaniel  Jocelyn,  Esq.,  Painter,  of  New  Haven,  and  new  definitions  have  in 
many  cases  been  furnished. 

A  correspondence  has  likewise  been  carried  on  with  literary  friends  in  England,  and  especially 
with  one  of  the  contributors  to  the  Penny  Cyclopedia,  Avith  a  view  to  obtain  information  on  certain 
points,  in  respect  to  which  nothing  definite  could  be  learned  from  any  books  within  the  reach  of 
the  Editor.  Extended  lists  of  words  have  been  transmitted  for  examination,  and  returned  with 
ample  notes  and  explanations.  Much  obscurity  has  thus  been  removed  in  respect  to  the  use  of  terms 
which  have  a  peculiar  sense  in  England,  especially  some  of  frequent  occurrence  at  the  universities,  in 
the  circles  of  trade,  and  in  the  familiar  intercourse  of  life.  To  the  friends  who  have  given  their 
assistance  in  these  various  departments,  the  Editor  would  return  his  cordial  thanks.  Whatever  im- 
provement the  work  may  have  gained  from  this  revision,  in  respect  to  clearness,  accuracy,  and  fullness 
of  definition,  will  be  found  owing,  in  a  groat  degree,  to  the  aid  which  they  have  thus  afforded. 

With  regard  to  the  insertion  of  new  words,  the  Editor  has  felt  much  hesitation  and  embarrassment. 
Some  thousands  have  been  added  in  the  course  of  this  revision,  and  the  number  might  have  been 
swelled  to  many  thousands  more,  without  the  slightest  difficulty.  There  is,  at  the  present  day, 
especially  in  England,  a  boldness  of  innovation  on  this  subject,  which  amounts  to  absolute  licen- 
tiousness. A  hasty  introduction  into  our  dictionaries,  of  new  terms,  under  such  circumstances,  is 
greatly  to  be  deprecated.    Our  vocabulary  is  already  encumbered  with  a  multitude  of  words,  which 


vii 


have  never  formed  a  permanent  part  of  Englisli  literature,  and  it  is  a  serious  evil  to  add  to 
their  number.  Nothing,  on  the  contrary,  is  so  much  needed  as  a  tliorough  expurgation  of  our 
dictionaries  in  this  respect, — the  rejection  of  many  thousands  of  words  which  may  properly  find 
1 1  a  place  in  the  glossaries  of  antiquarians,  as  a  curious  exhibition  of  what  has  been  proposed,  but 
never  adopted,  as  a  part  of  our  language,  but  which,  for  that  reason,  can  have  no  claim  to  stand 
in  a  dictionary  designed  for  general  use.  All  words,  indeed,  which  are  necessary  to  an  under- 
standing of  our  great  writers,  such  as  Bacon,  Spenser,  Shakspearc,  &c.,  ought,  though  now  obsolete, 
to  be  carefully  retained  ;  and  in  the  present  revision  a  considerable  number  of  this  class  have  be«n 
introduced  for  the  first  time.  Other  words  have  likewise  been  admitted  to  a  limited  extent, 
namely,  the  familiar  terms  of  common  life  in  England,  which  have  been  much  used  of  late  by 
popular  writers  in  Great  Britain.  Many  of  these  need  to  be  explained  for  the  benefit  of  readers  in 
this  country;  and,  if  marked  as  "familiar,"  "colloquial,"  or  "low,"  according  to  their  true  char- 
acter, they  may  be  safely  inserted  in  our  dictionaries,  and  are  entitled  to  a  place  there,  as  forming  a 
constituent  part  of  our  written  and  spoken  language.  One  of  the  most  difiicult  questions  on  tliis 
subject,  relates  to  the  introduction  of  technical  and  scientific  terms.  Most  of  our  general  diction- 
aries are,  at  present,  without  any  plan  as  to  the  extent  and  proportion  in  which  such  words 
should  be  inserted  ;  nor  can  they  ever  be  reduced  to  order  until  each  department  is  revised  by 
j  men  of  science  who  are  intimately  acquainted  with  the  subjects,  and  who  are  competent  to  decide 
,  what  terms  ought  to  be  admitted  into  a  general  dictionary,  and  what  terms  should  be  reserved  for 
I  special  dictionaries  devoted  to  distinct  branches  of  science.  Something  of  this  kind,  on  a  limited 
I  scale,  has  been  attempted  in  the  progress  of  this  revision.  Lists  of  words  have  been  obtained  from 
the  gentlemen  mentioned  above,  which  might  properly  be  inserted  in  this  volume ;  and  very  few 
terms  of  this  class  have  bedn  admitted  except  under  their  direction.  In  accordance  with  their 
advice,  a  small  number  have  been  excluded  ;  but  in  this  respect  the  Editor  has  not  felt  at  liberty 
to  carry  out  his  views  in  their  full  extent. 

In  respect  to  Americaiiisms,  properly  so  called,  it  is  known  to  those  who  arc  conversant  with 
the  subject,  that  they  are  less  nimierous  than  has  been  generally  supposed.  Most  of  those  familiar 
words,  especially  of  our  older  states,  which  have  been  considered  as  peculiar  to  our  country,  were 
brought  by  oiu:  ancestors  from  Great  Britain,  and  are  still  in  constant  use  there  as  local  terms. 
The  recent  investigations  of  Forby,  HoUoway,  and  Halliwell,  have  thrown  much  light  on  this 
subject;  and  the  names  of  these  authors  are,  therefore,  frequently  placed  under  the  words  in  question, 
to  indicate  their  origin  and  their  present  use  in  England.  Notes  have  also  been  added  to  some 
words  which  are  peculiar  to  our  country  ;  but  their  number  is  comparatively  small. 

In  reference  to  Orthography,  some  important  alterations  have  been  made,  but  in  strict  confomi- 
ity,  it  is  believed,  with  the  Author's  principles  on  this  subject.  The  changes  in  oiu  orthography 
recommended  by  Dr.  Webster,  are  of  two  distinct  kinds,  and  rest  on  very  diflferent  grounds. 
These  it  may  be  proper  for  a  moment  to  consider.    His  main  principle  was,  that  the  tendencies  of 


r 

viii 


our  language  to  greater  simplicity  and  broader  analogies,  ought  to  he  watched  atid  cherished  with 
the  utmost  care.  He  felt,  therefore,  that  whenever  a  movement  toward  wider  analogies  and  more 
general  rules,  had  advanced  so  far  as  to  leave  but  few  exceptions  to  impede  its  progress,  those 
I  exceptions  ought  to  be  set  aside  at  once,  and  the  analogy  rendered  complete.  On  this  ground,  he 
!!  rejected  the  ti  from  such  words  as  favour,  labour,  Sec.  Of  these  we  have  a  large  number,  which 
came  to  us,  in  most  cases,  from  Latin  terminations  in  or,  through  the  Norman  French,  but  encum- 
bered with  a  silent  ii,  as  in  emperour,  aulliour,  editour,  &oc.  From  this  entire  class,  except  about 
twenty  words,  the  u  has  been  gradually  dropped  ;  and  in  respect  to  these,  scarcely  any  two  persons 
can  be  found,  however  strenuous  for  retaining  it,  who  are  in  practice  consistent  with  each  other, 
or  with  themselves,  as  to  the  words  in  which  this  letter  is  used.  In  fact,  we  have  reached 
a  point  where,  unless  we  take  Webster  and  the  dictionaries  which  agree  with  him  as  our  guide, 
we  have  no  standard  on  the  subject ;  for  Johnson,  Walker,  and  others,  retain  the  u  in  numerous 

e 

words,  into  which  no  one  would  think  of  introducing  it  at  the  present  day.  Public  convenience, 
therefore,  demands  that  we  do  at  once  what  must  ultimately  be  done.  No  one  can  believe  that  the 
progress  of  our  language  will  be  arrested  on  this  subject.  The  u  will  speedily  be  omitted  in  all 
words  of  this  class,  unless,  from  the  sacredness  of  its  associations,  it  be  retained  in  Saviour,  which 
may  stand  for  a  time  as  a  solitary  exception.  Nor  is  it  Dr.  Webster  who  is  the  innovator  in  this 
case,  but  the  English  mind,  which  has  for  two  centuries  been  throwing  off  a  useless  encmnbrance, 
j  and  moving  steadily  on  toward  greater  simplicity  in  the  structure  of  our  language.  Such,  too,  is  the 
j  Case  with  certain  terminations  in  re,  pronounced  like  er  ;  as,  centre,  metre,  6oc.  We  have  numerous 
j  words  of  this  class  derived  from  the  French,  all  of  which  originally  ended  in  re;  as,  cider,  (cidre,) 
chamber,  (chambre,)  &c.  These  have  been  gradually  conformed  to  the  English  spelling  and  pronun- 
ciation, till  the  number  in  re  is  reduced  to  not  far  from  twenty  words  with  their  derivatives  ;  and  in 
respect  to  them  also  the  process  is  still  going  on.  Center  is,  to  a  considerable  extent,  the  spelling 
of  the  best  mathematical  writers.  Meter  is  the  word  given  by  Walker  in  his  Rhyming  Dictionary, 
from  a  sense  of  the  gross  inconsistency  of  attaching  to  this  word  and  its  derivative  diameter  a 
different  termination.  Others  are  gradually  undergoing  the  same  change.  Dr.  Webster  proposes, 
therefore,  to  complete  the  analogy  at  once,  and  conform  the  spelling  of  the  few  that  remain  to  the 
general  principles  of  our  language.  Acre,  lucre,  and  massacre,  present  the  only  difficulty,  from  their 
liability,  if  changed,  to  be  mispronounced,  and  may  therefore  be  suffered  to  stand  as  necessary 
exceptions.  Another  departure  from  the  principles  of  English  orthography  which  Dr.  Webster  has 
endeavored  to  correct,  is  one  that  was  pointed  out  by  Walker,  in  very  emphatic  terms,  nearly  fifty 
years  ago.  The  principle  in  question  is  this,  —  that,  in  adding  to  a  word  the  formatives 
(Sec,  a  single  consonant  (if  one  precedes)  is  doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  the  last  syllable,  as 
in  forgetting,  beginning,  «fcc.,  but  is  not  doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  any  of  the  preceding  syl- 
lables, as  in  benefiting,  gardening,  &-c.  Walker,  in  his  fifth  Aphorism,  says,  "  Dr.  Lowth  justly  re- 
marks that  an  error  frequently  takes  place  in  the  words  worshipping,  counselling,  &c.,  which,  having 


PREFACE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 


ix 


the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  ought  to  be  written  wo?-shiping,  counseling:  An  ignorance  of  this 
rule  has  led  many  to  write  bigotted  for  bigoted ;  and  from  this  spelling  has  frequently  arisen  a  false 
pronunciation.  But  no  letter  seems  to  be  more  frequently  doubled  improperly  than  /.  Why  we  should 
write  libelling,  levelling,  revelling,  and  yet  offering,  suffering,  reasoning,  I  am  totally  at  a  loss  to 
determine  ;  and  unless  I  can  give  a  better  plea  than  any  other  letter  of  the  alphabet  for  being  doubled 
in  this  situation,  I  must,  in  the  style  of  Lucian  in  his  trial  of  the  letter  T,  declare  for  an  expul- 
sion." These  were  the  deliberate  and  latest  opinions  of  Walker.  If  he  had  taken  the  trouble  to 
carry  them  into  his  vocabulary,  instead  of  relying  on  a  mere  remark  of  this  kind  for  the  correction 
of  the  error,  —  if  he  had  simply  stated,  under  about  forty  verbs,  how  the  participle  should  be 
spelt,  (for  he  did  not  give  participles  in  his  Dictionary,)  and  had  altered  six  or  eight  words, 
as  worshipper  into  worshiper,  traveller  into  traveler,  Sec,  the  error  would  probably,  by  this 
time,  have  been  wholly  eradicated  from  our  orthography  ;  and  Dr.  Webster  would  have  escaped 
much  ignorant  vituperation,  for  following  in  the  footsteps  of  Walker  and  of  Lowth.  Walker 
also  says  in  his  Aphorisms,  "  Why  should  we  not  write  dullness,  fullness,  skillful,  willful,  as 
well  as  stiffness  and  gruffness  7 "  The  principles  of  our  language  plainly  require  us  to  do  so ; 
and  Dr.  Webster  felt  that  the  change  might  easily  be  made.  The  words  which  need  to  be  reduced 
to  this  analogy  are  only  about  eight  in  number,  including  installmeiit  and  inthrallment,  which,  if 
spelt  with  a  single  are  liable  to  be  mispronounced,  instalment,  &,c.  Again,  the  words  expense, 
license,  recompense,  which  formerly  had  a  c  in  the  last  syllable,  have  now  taken  an  s,  because  the 
latter  consonant  is  the  only  one  used  in  the  derivatives ;  as,  expensive,  &c.  A  similar  change  is 
needed  in  only  three  words  more  to  complete  the  analogy,  namely,  defense,  offetise,  and  pretense  ; 
and  these  Dr.  Webster  has  changed.  It  is  sometimes  asked,  "  Why  not  change  fence  also  ?  " 
For  the  simple  reason,  that  its  derivatives  are  spelt  with  a  c,  as  fenced,  fencing ;  and  the  word 
therefore  stands  regularly  with  others  of  its  own  class.  Finally,  Dr.  Webster  proposes  to  drop 
the  u  in  mould  and  m.oult,  because  it  has  been  dropped  from  gold,  and  all  other  words  of  the 
same  ending.  —  Such  are  the  principal  changes  imder  this  head,  introduced  by  Dr.  Webster  into  his 
Dictionary.  In  the  present  edition,  the  words  are  spelt  in  both  ways,  for  the  convenience  of  the 
public,  except  in  cases  where  this  seemed  to  be  unnecessary  or  was  found  to  be  inconvenient. 
These  changes,  considering  the  difficulty  that  always  belongs  to  such  a  subject,  have  met  with  far 
more  favor  from  the  public,  than  was  reasonably  to  be  expected.  Most  of  them  have  been  exten- 
sively adopted  in  our  country.  They  are  gaining  ground  daily,  as  the  reasons  by  which  they 
are  supported  are  more  generally  understood  ;  and  it  is  confidently  believed  that,  being  founded 
in  established  analogies,  and  intended  merely  to  repress  irregularities  and  remove  petty  exceptions, 
they  must  ultimately  prevail. 

The  other  class  of  changes  mentioned  above  rests  on  a  different  basis,  —  that  of  Etymologrj. 
These  will  be  estimated  very  differently,  according  to  the  acquaintance  of  diff"erent  persons  with 
the  languages  from  Avhich  the  words  are  derived.     When  Dr.  Webster  substituted  bridegoom  for 


X  PREFACE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 

bridegroom^  fether  iox  feather,  &c.,  the  German  critics  highly  applauded  the  change.  They  pre- 
dicted its  speedy  and  universal  reception,  because  similar  improvements,  on  a  much  broader  scale, 
had  been  easily  made  in  their  language.  But  Dr.  Webster  found  the  case  to  be  widely  different 
among  us.  After  an  experiment  of  twelve  years,  he  restored  the  old  orthography  to  a  considerable 
number  of  such  words.  In  the  present  edition,  it  is  restored  in  respect  to  nearly  all  that  remain, 
from  the  full  conviction,  that,  however  desirable  these  changes  may  be,  in  themselves  considered, 
as  they  do  not  relate  to  the  general  analogies  of  the  language,  and  can  not  be  duly  appreciated  by 
the  body  of  tlie  people,  they  will  never  be  generally  received.* 

On  the  subject  of  Pronunciation,  much  labor  has  been  bestowed  in  the  progress  of  this  revision. 
A  careful  comparison  has  been  made  with  the  latest  authorities,  and  wherever  changes  seemed 
desirable,  and  could  be  made  in  consistency  with  the  Author's  principles,  they  have  been  here 
introduced.  The  key  to  pronunciation  has  been  somewhat  enlarged,  and  placed  at  the  bottom  of 
each  page  for  greater  ease  of  reference,  and  the  pointed  letters  have  been  used  to  a  still  greater  ex- 
tent. Many  thousand  words  have  been  re-spelled,  and  no  efforts  have  been  spared  to  render  the  work, 
in  all  respects,  a  complete  Pronouncing  Dictionary.  In  the  progress  of  these  labors,  the  Editor 
has  been  frequently  struck  with  the  wisdom  of  Dr.  Webster  in  not  attempting  too  much  as  to 
marking  the  pronunciation.  Most  of  the  later  orthoepists,  as  Knowles,  Smart,  &c.,  have  made 
their  system  of  notation  so  extensive  and  complicated,  and  have  aimed  to  exhibit  so  many  nice 
shades  of  distinction,  as  in  many  cases  to  perplex  rather  than  aid. 

The  Publishers,  being  desirous  to  make  this,  in  all  respects,  a  complete  work  of  reference,  have 
introduced,  at  the  close  of  the  volume,  a  list  of  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names,  with  their  pronun- 
ciation, prepared  by  Professor  Thacher,  of  Yale  College  ;  a  list  of  Scripture  Proper  Names,  pre- 
pared by  Professor  Porter,  of  Yale  College ;  and  a  Pronouncing  Vocabulary  of  Modern  Geographical 
Names,  prepared  also  under  the  superintendence  of  Professor  Porter.  Of  these  a  full  account  will 
be  found  in  the  several  prefaces  by  which  they  are  accompanied. 

In  conclusion,  the  Editor  would  acknowledge  his  obligations  to  the  gentlemen  who  have  aided 
him,  for  more  than  tAvo  years,  in  these  labors,  —  Mr.  Samuel  W.  Barnum,  M.  A.,  of  Yale  College,  and 
William  G.  Webster,  Esq.,  of  New  Haven.  The  intimate  acquaintance  of  the  latter  with  his 
father's  views,  has  made  his  counsel  and  cooperation  of  great  value  in  the  progress  of  this  revision. 

To  the  overseers  of  the  mechanical  execution  of  this  work,  at  the  Boston  Type  and  Stereo- 
type Foundry,  the  Editor  would  likewise  make  his  acknowledgments  for  many  valuable  suggestions 
during  the  progress  of  the  revision,  and  for  the  watchful  care  and  assiduity  with  which  they  have 
performed  the  difficult  task  of  giving  accuracy  to  the  details  of  this  volume. 

New  Haven,  September,  1847. 

*  For  a  more  full  and  detailed  account  of  Dr.  WebHter'i  orthography,  as  exhibited  in  this  volume,  see  page  Ixxxi. 


AUTHOR'S 


PREFACE. 


In  the  year  1783,  just  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  I  published  an  elementary  book  for 
facilitating  the  acquisition  of  our  vernacular  tongue,  and  for  correcting  a  visions  pronunciation, 
which  prevailed  extensively  among  the  common  people  of  this  country.  Soon  after  the  publication 
of  that  work,  I  believe  in  the  following  year,  that  learned  and  respectable  scholar,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Goodrich,  of  Durham,  one  of  the  trustees  of  Yale  College,  suggested  to  me  the  propriety  and 
expediency  of  my  compiling  a  Dictionary,  which  should  complete  a  system  for  the  instruction  of 
the  citizens  of  this  coulitry  in  the  language.  At  that  time,  I  could  not  indulge  the  thought,  much 
less  the  hope,  of  undertaking  such  a  work  ;  as  I  was  neither  qualified  by  research,  nor  had  I  the 
means  of  support,  during  the  execution  of  the  work,  had  I  been  disposed  to  undertake  it.  For 
many  years,  therefore,  though  I  considered  such  a  work  as  very  desirable,  yet  it  appeared  to  me 
impracticable ;  as  I  was  under  the  necessity  of  devoting  my  time  to  other  occupations  for  obtaining 
subsistence. 

About  thirty-five  years  ago,  I  began  to  think  of  attempting  the  compilation  of  a  Dictionary. 
I  was  induced  to  this  undertaking,  not  more  by  the  suggestion  of  friends,  than  by  my  own  ex- 
I  perience  of  tlie  want  of  such  a  work,  while  reading  modern  books  of  science.  In  this  pursuit,  1 
found  almost  insuperable  difficulties,  from  the  want  of  a  dictionary,  for  explaining  many  new  words, 
which  recent  discoveries  in  the  physical  sciences  had  introduced  into  use.  To  remedy  this  defect 
in  part,  I  published  my  Compendious  Dictionary  in  1806 ;  and  soon  after  made  preparations  for 
undertaking  a  larger  work. 

My  original  design  did  not  extend  to  an  investigation  of  the  origin  and  progress  of  our  lan- 
guage, much  less  of  other  languages.  I  limited  my  views  to  the  correcting  of  certain  errors  in 
the  best  English  dictionaries,  and  to  the  supplying  of  words  in  which  they  are  deficient.  But 
after  writing  through  two  letters  of  the  alphabet,  I  determined  to  change  my  plan.  I  found 
myself  embarrassed  at  every  step,  for  want  of  a  knowledge  of  the  origin  of  words,  which  Johnson, 
Bailey,  Junius,  Skinner,  and  some  other  authors,  do  not  aff'ord  the  means  of  obtaining.  Then, 
laying  aside  my  manuscripts,  and  all  books  treating  of  language,  except  lexicons  and  dictionaries,  I 
endeavored,  by  a  diligent  comparison  of  words  having  the  same  or  cognate  radical  letters,  in  about 
twenty  languages,  to  obtain  a  more  correct  knowledge  of  the  primary  sense  of  original  words,  of 
the  affinities  between  the  English  and  many  other  languages,  and  thus  to  enable  myself  to  trace 
words  to  their  source. 

I  had  not  pursued  this  course  more  than  three  or  four  years,  before  I  discovered  that  I  had  to 
unlearn  a  great  deal  that  I  had  spent  years  in  learning,  and  that  it  was  necessary  for  me  to  go 
back  to  the  first  rudiments  of  a  branch  of  erudition  which  I  had  before  cultivated,  as  I  had 
supposed,  with  success. 

I  spent  ten  years  in  this  comparison  of  radical  words,  and  in  forming  a  Synopsis  of  the  principal 
Words  in  twenty  Languages,  arranged  in  Classes  under  their  primary  Elements  or  Letters.  The 
result  has  been  to  open  what  are  to  me  new  views  of  language,  and  to  unfold  what  appear  to  be 
the  genuine  principles  on  which  these  languages  are  constructed. 

After  completing  this  Synopsis,  I  proceeded  to  correct  what  I  had  written  of  the  Dictionary, 
and  to  complete  the  remaining  part  of  the  work.     But  before  I  had  finished  it,  I  determined  on 


xii 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE. 


I 


a  voyage  to  Europe,  with  the  view  of  obtaining  some  books  and  some  assistance  which  I  wanted  ; 
of  learning  the  real  state  of  the  pronunciation  of  our  language  in  England,  as  well  as  the  general 
state  of  philology  in  that  country ;  and  of  attempting  to  bring  about  some  agreement  or  coincidence 
of  opinions,  in  regard  to  unsettled  points  in  pronunciation  and  grammatical  construction.  In  some 
of  these  objects  I  failed  ;  in  others,  my  designs  were  answered. 

It  is  not  only  important,  but  in  a  degree  necessary,  that  the  people  of  this  country 
should  have  an  American  Dictionai-y  of  the  English  Language ;  for,  although  the  body  of  the 
language  is  the  same  as  in  England,  and  it  is  desirable  to  perpetuate  that  sameness,  yet  some 
differences  must  exist.  Language  is  the  expression  of  ideas  ;  and  if  the  people  of  one  country  can 
not  preserve  an  identity  of  ideas,  they  can  not  retain  an  identity  of  language.  Now,  an  identity 
of  ideas  depends  materially  upon  a  sameness  of  things  or  objects  with  which  the  people  of  the  two 
countries  are  conversant.  But  in  no  two  portions  of  the  earth,  remote  from  each  other,  can  such 
identity  be  found.  Even  physical  objects  must  be  different.  But  the  principal  differences  between 
the  people  of  this  country  and  of  all  others,  arise  from  different  forms  of  government,  different 
laws,  institutions,  and  customs.  Thus  the  practice  of  hawking  and  hunting,  the  institution  of 
heraldry,  and  the  feudal  system  of  England  originated  terms  which  formed,  and  some  of  which 
now  form,  a  necessary  part  of  the  language  of  that  country  ;  but,  in  the  United  States,  many  of 
these  terms  are  no  part  of  our  present  language,  —  and  they  can  not  be,  for  the  things  which  they 
express  do  not  exist  in  this  country.  They  can  be  known  to  us  only  as  obsolete  or  as  foreign 
words.  On  the  other  hand,  the  institutions  in  this  country  which  are  new  and  peculiar,  give  rise 
to  new  terms  or  to  new  applications  of  old  terms,  unknown  to  the  people  of  England  ;  which  can 
not  be  explained  by  them,  and  which  Avill  not  be  inserted  in  their  dictionaries,  unless  copied  from 
ours.  Thus  the  terms  land-office;  land-warrant;  location  of  lajid ;  consociation  of  churches  ;  regent 
of  a  university ;  intcndant  of  a  city ;  plantation,  selectmen,  senate,  congress,  court,  assembly,  escheat, 
&,c.,  are  either  words  not  belonging  to  the  language  of  England,  or  they  are  applied  to  things  in 
this  country  which  do  not  exist  in  that.  No  person  in  this  country  will  be  satisfied  with  the 
English  definitions  of  the  words  congress,  senate,  and  assembly,  court,  &cc. ;  for  although  these  are 
words  used  in  England,  yet  they  are  applied  in  this  country  to  express  ideas  which  they  do  not 
express  in  that  country.  With  our  present  constitutions  of  government,  escheat  can  never  have 
its  feudal  sense  in  the  United  States. 

But  this  is  not  all.  In  many  cases,  the  nature  of  our  governments,  and  of  our  civil  insti- 
tutions, requires  an  appropriate  language  in  the  definition  of  words,  even  when  the  words  express 
the  same  thing  as  in  England.  Thus  the  English  dictionaries  inform  us  that  a  justice  is  one 
deputed  by  the  king  to  do  riglit  by  way  of  judgment — he  is  a  lord  by  his  office — justices  of 
the  peace  are  appointed  by  the  king's  commission  —  language  which  is  inaccurate  in  respect  to 
this  officer  in  the  United  States.  So  constitutionally  is  defined,  by  Chalmers,  legally;  but  in  this 
country  the  distinction  between  constitution  and  law  requires  a  different  definition.  In  the  United 
States,  a  plantation  is  a  very  different  thing  from  what  it  is  in  England.  The  word  marshal, 
in  tills  country,  has  one  important  application  unknown  in  England,  or  in  Europe. 

A  great  number  of  words  in  our  language  require  to  be  defined  in  a  phraseology  accommodated 
to  the  condition  and  institutions  of  the  people  in  these  States,  and  the  people  of  England  must 
look  to  an  American  Dictionary  for  a  correct  understanding  of  such  terms. 

The  necessity,  therefore,  of  a  dictionary  suited  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  is  obvious; 
and  I  should  suppose  that,  this  fact  being  admitted,  there  could  be  no  difference  of  opinion  as  to 
the  time  when  such  a  work  ought  to  be  substituted  for  English  dictionaries. 

There  are  many  other  considerations  of  a  public  nature,  which  serve  to  justify  this  attempt  to 
furnish  an  American  work  whicli  shall  be  a  guide  to  the  youth  of  the  United  States.  Most  of 
these  are  too  obvious  to  require  illustration. 

One  consideration,  however,  which  is  dictated  by  my  own  feelings,  but  which,  I  trust,  will  meet 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE, 


with  approbation  in  correspondent  feelings  in  my  fellow-citizens,  ought  not  to  be  passed  in  silence  ;  | 
it  is  this:  —  "The  chief  glory  of  a  nation,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "arises  from  its  authors."  Witb 
this  opinion  deeply  impressed  on  my  mind,  I  have  the  same  ambition  which  actuated  that  great 
man,  Avhcn  he  expressed  a  wish  to  give  celebrity  to  Baco.v,  to  Hookkr,  to  Milton,  and  to  Bovlf.. 

I  do  not  indeed  expect  to  add  celebrity  to  the  names  of  Franklin,  Washington,  Adams,  Jay, 
Madison,  Marshall,  Ramsay,  Dwight,  Smith,  Trumbull,  Hamilton,  Belknap,  Amks,  Mason,  Kent, 
Hare,  Silliman,  Cleaveland,  Walsh,  Irving,  and  many  other  Americans  distinguished  by  their 
writings  or  by  their  science;  but  it  is  with  pride  and  satisfaction  that  I  can  place  them,  as 
authorities,  on  the  same  page  with  those  of  Boyle,  Hooker,  Milton,  Dryden,  Addison,  Ray, 
Milner,  Cowper,  Davy,  Thomson,  and  Jameson. 

A  life  devoted  to  reading  and  to  an  investigation  of  the  origin  and  principles  of  our  vernacular 
language,  and  especially  a  particular  examination  of  the  best  English  writers,  with  a  view  to  a 
comparison  of  their  style  and  phraseology  with  those  of  the  best  American  writers,  and  with 
our  colloquial  usage,  enables  me  to  affirm,  with  confidence,  that  the  genuine  English  idiom 
is  as  well  preserved  by  the  unmixed  English  of  this  country,  as  it  is  by  the  best  English  writers. 
Examples  to  prove  this  fact  Avill  be  found  in  the  Introduciion  to  this  work.  It  is  true  that 
many  of  our  writers  have  neglected  to  cultivate  taste,  and  the  embellishments  of  style  ;  but  even 
these  have  written  the  language  in  its  genuine  idiom.  In  this  respect,  Franklin  and  Washington, 
whose  language  is  their  hereditary  mother  tongue,  unsophisticated  by  modern  grammar,  present  as 
pure  models  of  genuine  English  as  Addison  or  Swift.  But  I  may  go  further,  and  affirm,  with 
truth,  that  our  country  has  produced  some  of  the  best  models  of  composition.  The  style  of 
President  Smith  ;  of  the  authors  of  the  Federalist  ;  of  Mr.  Ames  ;  of  Dr.  Mason  ;  of  Mr.  Har- 
per ;  of  Chancellor  Kent  ;  [the  prosej  of  Mr.  Barlow  ;  of  Dr.  Channing  ;  of  Washington  Irving  ; 
of  the  legal  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States ;  of  the  reports  of  legal  decisions 
in  some  of  the  pai-ticular  states  ;  and  many  other  writings  ;  in  purity,  in  elegance,  and  in  technical 
precision,  is  equaled  only  by  that  of  the  best  British  authors,  and  surpassed  by  that  of  no  English 
compositions  of  a  similar  kind. 

The  United  States  commenced  their  existence  under  circumstances  wlioUy  novel  and  unex- 
ampled in  the  history  of  nations.  They  commenced  with  civilization,  with  learning,  with  science, 
with  constitutions  of  free  government,  and  with  that  best  gift  of  God  to  man,  the  Christian  | 
religion.  Their  population  is  now  equal  to  that  of  England  ;  in  arts  and  sciences,  our  citizens  are 
very  little  behind  the  most  enlightened  people  on  earth  ;  in  some  respects,  they  have  no  superiors  ; 
and  our  language,  within  tAVo  centuries,  will  be  spoken  by  more  people  in  this  country  than  any 
other  language  on  earth,  except  the  Chinese,  in  Asia  ;  and  even  that  may  not  be  an  exception. 

It  has  been  my  aim  in  this  work,  now  offered  to  my  fellow-citizens,  to  ascertain  the  true 
principles  of  the  language,  in  its  orthography  and  structure ;  to  purify  it  from  some  palpable  errors, 
and  reduce  the  number  of  its  anomalies,  thus  giving  it  more  regularity  and  consistency  in  its 
forms,  both  of  words  and  sentences  ;  and  in  this  manner  to  furnish  a  standard  of  our  vernacular 
tongue,  which  we  shall  not  be  ashamed  to  bequeath  to  jive  hundred  millions  of  people,  who  are 
destined  to  occupy,  and  I  hope  to  adorn,  the  vast  territory  within  our  jurisdiction.  j 

If  the  language  can  be  improved  in  regularity,  so  as  to  be  more  easily  acquired  by  our  own  j 
citizens  and  by  foreigners,  and  thus  be  rendered  a  more  useful  instrument  for  the  propagation  of 
science,  arts,  civilization,  and  Christianity  ;  —  if  it  can  be  rescued  from  the  mischievous  influence 
of  sciolists,  and  that  dabbling  spirit  of  innovation,  which  is  perpetually  disturbing  its  settled  usages 
and  filling  it  Avith  anomalies;  —  if,  in  short,  our  vernacular  language  can  be  redeemed  from  corrup- 
tions, and  our  philology  and  literature  from  degradation  ;  it  would  be  a  source  of  great  satisfaction 
to  me  to  be  one  among  the  instruments  of  promoting  these  valuable  objects.  If  this  object  can 
not  be  effected,  and  my  wishes  and  hopes  are  to  be  frustrated,  my  labor  will  be  lost,  and  this 
work  must  sink  into  oblivion. 


XIV 


ADVERTISEMENT  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1840. 


This  Dictionary,  like  all  others  of  the  kind,  must  be  left,  in  some  degree,  imperfect ;  for  what 
mdividual  is  competent  to  trace  to  their  source,  and  define  in  all  their  various  applications,  pop- 
ular, scientific,  and  technical,  seventy  or  eighty  thousand  words  !  It  satisfies  my  mind  that  I  have 
done  all  that  my  health,  my  talents,  and  my  pecuniary  means,  would  enable  me  to  accomplish. 
I  present  it  to  my  fellow-citizens, 'not  with  frigid  indifi'erence,  but  with  my  ardent  wishes  for 
their  improvement  and  their  happiness  ;  and  for  the  continued  increase  of  the  wealth,  the  learning, 
the  moral  and  religious  elevation  of  character,  and  the  glory,  of  my  country. 

To  that  great  and  benevolent  Being,  who,  during  the  preparation  of  this  work,  has  sustained 
a  feeble  constitution,  amidst  obstacles  and  toils,  disappointments,  infirmities,  and  depression  ;  who 
has  borne  me  and  my  manuscripts  in  safety  across  the  Atlantic,  and  given  me  strength  and  reso- 
lution to  bring  the  work  to  a  close,  I  would  present  the  tribute  of  my  most  grateful  acknowl- 
edgments. And  if  the  talent  which  he  intrusted  to  my  care,  has  not  been  put  to  the  most 
profitable  use  in  his  service,  I  hope  it  has  not  been  "  kept  laid  up  in  a  napkin,"  and  that  any 
misapplication  of  it  may  be  graciously  forgiven, 

NOAH  WEBSTER. 

NEv,r  Haven. 


ADYEETISEMENT  TO  THE  EDITION  OP  1840. 


The  improvements  in  this  edition  of  the  American  Dictionary  consist  chiefly  in  the  addition 
of  several  thousand  words  to  the  vocabulary,  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  and  in  the 
correction  of  definitions  in  several  of  the  sciences,  which  are  made  conformable  to  recent  discov- 
eries and  classifications.  For  the  latter  improvements,  the  author  is  indebted  chiefly  to  Professor 
TuLLY,  of  the  Medical  College  in  New  Haven. 

To  these  improvements  may  be  added  the  introduction  and  explanation  of  many  phrases  from 
foreign  languages,  frequently  used  by  English  authors  and  in  conversation  ;  and  also  of  many 
foreign  terms  used  in  books  of  music. 


MEMOIR  OP   THE  AUTHOR. 

BY  THE  EDITOR. 


It  is  natural  for  ttiosc  who  mako  frequent  use  of  a  work  like 
this,  to  desire  some  knowledge  of  the  author's  life,  and  especially 
of  that  long  course  of  intellectual  labor,  by  which  he  contributed 
so  largely  to  the  literary  treasures  of  our  language.  To  gratify 
tliis  desire  is  the  object  of  tlie  present  Memoir.  A  brief  outline 
will  be  given  of  the  leading  occurrences  of  his  life,  with  particu- 
lar reference  to  the  occasions  which  called  forth  the  principal 
productions  of  his  pen.  The  materials  of  this  sketch  were 
obtained  from  Dr.  Webster  himself,  about  ten  years  before  iiis 
death,  and  were  first  used  in  the  preparation  of  a  memoir  inserted 
in  the  "National  Portrait  Gallery  of  Distinguished  Americans," 
in  the  year  1833.  That  memoir  has  been  re-written,  witli  large 
additions,  and  is  now  brouglit  down  to  the  period  of  the  author's 
death. 

Noah  Webstf.r  was  born  in  Hartford,  Connecticut,  about 
three  miles  from  ttie  center  of  the  city,  on  the  IGth  of  October, 
1758.  His  father  was  a  respectable  farmer  and  justice  of  the 
peace,  and  was  a  descendant,  in  the  fourth  generation,  of  John 
Webster,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Hartford,  who  was  a  magis- 
trate, or  member  of  the  colonial  council  from  its  first  formation, 
and,  at  a  subsequent  period,  governor  of  Connecticut.  His 
mother  was  a  descendant .  of  William  Bradford,  the  second 
governor  of  the  Plymouth  colony.  The  family  was  remarkable 
for  longevity.  His  fatlier  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  nearly 
ninety-two.  He  and  one  of  his  brothers  lived  considerably 
beyond  the  age  of  eighty.  His  remaining  brother  died  in  his 
eightieth  year ;  and  of  his  two  sisters,  one  was  advanced  beyond 
seventy,  and  the  other  had  nearly  reached  the  same  age,  at  the 
period  of  their  death. 

Mr.  Webster  commenced  the  study  of  the  classics,  in  the  year 
1772,  under  the  instruction  of  the  clergyman  of  the  parish,  the 
Rev.  Natlian  Perkins,  D.  D.,  and  in  1774  was  admitted  a  member 
of  Yale  College.  The  war  of  the  revolution,  commencing  the 
next  year,  interrupted  the  regular  attendance  of  the  students  on 
their  usual  exercises,  and  deprived  them  of  no  small  part  of  the 
advantages  of  a  collegiate  course  of  instruction.    In  his  Junior 

I  year,  when  the  western  part  of  New  England  was  thrown  into 
confusion  by  General  Burgoyne's  expedition  from  Canada,  Mr. 
Webster  volunteered  his  services  under  the  command  of  his 
father,  who  was  captain  in  the  a/arm  list,  a  body  comprising  those 

i  of  the  militia  who  were  above  forty-five  years  of  age,  and  who 
were  called  into  the  field  only  on  pressing  emergencies.  In  that 
campaign,  all  the  males  of  the  family,  four  in  number,  were  in 
the  army  at  the  same  time.  Notwithstanding  the  interruption  of 
his  studies  by  tliese  causes,  Mr.  Webster  graduated  with  rep- 
utation in  1778. 

The  class  to  which  he  belonged  produced  an  unusual  num- 
ber of  men  who  were  afterward  distinguished  in  public  life. 
Am<»g  these  may  be  mentioned  Joel  Barlow,  author  of  the 


Columbiad,  and  minister  of  the  United  States  to  the  court  of 
France ;  Oliver  Wolcott,  secretary  of  the  treasury  of  the  United 
States  under  the  administration  of  Washington,  and  subsequently 
governor  of  the  State  of  Connecticut;  Uriah  Tracy,  a  distin- 
guished member  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States ;  Stephen 
Jacob,  chief  justice,  and  Noah  Smith,  associate  judge,  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Veniiont ;  Zcphaniah  Swifl,  chief  justice,  and 
Ashur  Miller,  associate  judge,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Con- 
necticut ;  besides  a  number  of  others  who  were  either  members 
of  Congress,  or  among  the  leaders  of  our  great  political  parties, 
at  the  commencement  of  the  present  century. 

Thp  period  at  which  Mr.  Webster  entered  upon  life,  was  an 
unpropitious  one  for  a  young  man  to  be  cast  upon  the  world 
without  property.  The  country  was  impoverished  by  tlie  war  to 
a  degree  of  which  it  is  difficult,  at  the  present  day,  to  form  any 
just  conception ;  there  was  no  prospect  of  peace ;  the  issue  of 
tlie  contest  was  felt,  by  the  most  sanguine,  to  be  extremely 
doubtful ;  and  the  practice  of  the  law,  which  Mr.  Webster 
intended  to  pursue,  was  in  a  great  measure  set  aside  by  the 
general  calamity.  It  was  under  these  circunistances  that,  on  his 
return  from  tlio  Commencement  when  he  graduated,  his  father  gave 
him  an  eight  dollar  bill  of  the  Continental  currency,  (then  worth 
about  four  dollars  in  silver,)  and  told  him  that  he  must  thence- 
forth rely  on  his  own  exertions  for  support.  As  a  means  of 
immediate  subsistence,  he  resorted  to  the  instruction  of  a  school, 
and,  during  the  summer  of  1779,  resided  at  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
in  the  family  of  Mr.,  afterward  Chief  Justice,  Ellsworth.  An 
intimate  friendship  was  thus  formed  between  these  two  gentlemen, 
which  was  interrupted  only  by  the  death  of  the  chief  justice. 

Not  having  the  means  of  obtaining  a  regular  education  for  the 
bar,  Mr.  Webster,  at  the  suggestion  of  a  distinguished  counselor 
of  his  acquaintance,  determined  to  pursue  the  study  of  the  law  in 
the  intervals  of  his  regular  employment,  witliout  the  aid  of  an 
instructor  ;  and,  having  presented  himself  for  examination,  at  the 
expiration  of  two  years,  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  year  1781. 
As  he  had  no  encouragement  to  open  an  office,  in  the  existmg 
state  of  the  country,  he  resumed  tlie  business  of  instruction,  and 
taught  a  classical  school,  in  1782,  at  Goshen,  in  Orange  o«unty. 
New  York.  Here,  in  a  desponding  state  of  mind,  created  by  the 
unsettled  condition  of  things  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and  the 
gloomy  prospects  for  business,  he  undertook  an  employment 
which  gave  a  complexion  to  his  whole  liiture  life.  This  was  the 
compilation  of  books  for  the  instruction  of  youth  in  schools. 
Having  prepared  the  first  draught  of  an  elementary  treatise  of 
this  kind,  he  made  a  journey  to  Philadelphia  in  the  autumn  of  the  j 
same  year,  and,  after  exhibiting  a  specimen  of  the  work  to  several 
members  of  Congress,  among  whom  was  Mr.  Madison,  and  to  the 
Rev.  S.  S.  Smith,  D.  D.,  at  that  time  a  professor,  and  afterward 
president,  of  the  college  at  Princeton,  he  was  encouraged  by  tlieir 


MEMOIR  OF  THE  AUTHOR. 


approbation  to  prosecute  his  design.  Accordingly,  in  the  Avinter 
following,  he  revised  what  he  had  written,  and,  leaving  Goshen  in 
1783,  he  returned  to  Hartford,  where  he  published  his  "  Fiist  Part 
of  a  Grammatical  Institute  of  the  English  Language.''''  The 
second  and  third  parts  were  published  in  the  years  immediately 
following.  Tiiese  works,  comprising  a  Spelling  Book,  an  English 
Grammar,  and  a  compilation  for  reading,  were  the  first  books  of 
the  kind  published  in  the  United  States.  They  were  gradually 
introduced  into  most  of  the  schools  of  our  country ;  and  to  so 
great  an  extent  lias  the  Spelling  Book  been  used,  that,  during  the 
twenty  years  in  which  lie  was  employed  in  compiling  his  Ameri- 
can Dictionary,  the  entire  support  of  his  family  was  derived  from 
the  profits  of  this  work,  at  a  premium  for  copyright  of  less  than 
a  cent  a  copy.  About  twenty-four  millions  of  tliis  book  have 
been  published,  down  to  the  present  year,  1847,  in  the  different 
forms  which  it  assumed  under  the  revision  of  the  author;  and  its 
popularity  has  gone  on  continually  increasing.  The  demand  for 
some  years  past,  has  averaged  about  one  million  copies  a  year. 
To  its  influence,  probably,  more  than  to  any  otlier  cause,  are  we 
indebted  for  that  remarkable  uniformity  of  pronunciation  in  our 
country,  which  is  so  oilen  spoken  of  witli  surprise  by  English 
travelers. 

In  entering  thus  early  on  his  literary  career,  Mr.  Webster  did 
not  confine  himself  to  the  publication  of  his  own  works.  At  a 
period  when  nothing  had  as  yet  been  done  to  perpetuate  the 
memorials  of  our  early  history,  he  led  the  way  in  this  important 
branch  of  literary  effort,  by  the  publication  of  that  highly  valuable 
and  characteristic  work,  Governor  Winthrop's  Journal.  Having 
learnt  that  a  manuscript  copy  was  in  possession  of  Governor 
Trumbull,  of  Connecticut,  he  caused  it  to  be  transcribed,  at  his 
own  expense,  by  the  governor's  private  secretary,  and  risked 
more  than  the  amount  of  his  whole  property  in  its  publication. 
The  sale  never  remunerated  him  for  the  expenses  thus  incurred. 

At  the  period  of  Mr.  Webster's  return  to  Hartford,  in  1783,  the 
state  was  agitated  by  violent  dissensions,  on  the  subject  of  a  grant 
made  by  Congress  to  the  army,  of  half  pay  for  life,  which  was 
afterward  coinimited  for  a  grant  of  full  pay  for  five  years  beyond 
their  term  of  service.  To  this  grant  it  was  strongly  objected, 
that,  if  the  army  had  suffered  by  the  reduced  value  of  the  bills  in 
which  they  were  paid,  the  country  at  large  had  sustained  an 
etjual  loss  by  the  depreciation  of  the  currency,  and  by  other 
causes.  So  strong  was  the  excitement  on  this  subject,  that  public 
meetings  were  held  throughout  the  state,  to  prevent  the  laws  of 
Congress  from  being  carried  into  effect;  and  at  length  a  conven- 
tion met  at  Middletown  with  the  same  design,  at  which  two  thirds 
of  the  towns  in  Connecticut  were  represented.  In  this  state  of 
things,  Mr.  Webster,  though  only  twenty-five  years  of  age,  came 
forward  to  vindicate  the  measures  of  Congress,  and  wrote  a  series 
of  papers  on  the  subject,  under  the  signature  of  Ho.vorius,  which 
were  |»ublislied  in  the  Connecticut  Cotn-ant,  and  read  extensively 
throughout  the  state.  The  effect  was  great.  At  the  next  election, 
in  April,  1784,  a  large  majority  of  the  legislature  were  supporters 
of  Congress  in  their  measures.  So  highly  were  Mr.  Webster's 
services  appreciated  on  this  occasion,  that  he  received  the  thanks 
of  Governor  Trumbull  in  person,  and  was  publicly  declared,  by  a 
member  of  the  council,  to  have  "  done  more  to  allay  popular 
discontent,  and  support  the  authority  of  Congress  at  this  crisis, 
than  any  other  man." 

'J'hese  occurrences  in  his  native  state,  together  with  the  distress 
nnd  stagnation  ol  busmess  m  the  whole  country,  resulting  from 
the  want  of  power  in  Congress  to  carry  its  measures  into  efl'ect, 


and  to  secure  to  the  people  the  benefits  of  a  stable  government, 
convinced  Mr.  Webster,  that  the  old  confederation,  after  the 
dangers  of  the  war  were  past,  was  utterly  inadequate  to  the  ne- 
cessities of  the  people.  He  therefore  published  a  pamphlet,  in 
the  winter  of  1784-5,  entitled  "  Sketches  of  American  Policy," 
in  which,  after  treating  of  tlie  general  principles  of  government, 
he  endeavored  to  prove  that  it  was  absolutely  necessary,  for  tlie 
welfare  and  safety  of  the  United  States,  to  establish  a  new  system 
of  government,  which  should  act  not  on  the  states,  but  directly  on 
individuals,  and  vest  in  Congress  full  power  to  carnj  its  laws  into 
eject.  Being  on  a  journey  to  the  Southern  States,  in  May,  1785, 
he  went  to  Mount  Vernon,  and  presented  a  copy  of  this  pamphlet 
to  General  Washington.  It  contained,  the  writer  believes,  the 
first  distinct  proposal,  made  through  the  medium  of  the  press,  for 
a  new  constitution  of  the  United  States. 

One  object  of  Mr.  Webster's  journey  to  the  south  was,  to  peti- 
tion the  state  legislatures  for  the  enactment  of  a  law  securing  to 
authors  an  exclusive  right  to  the  publication  of  their  writings. 
In  this  he  succeeded  to  a  considerable  extent;  and  the  public 
attention  was  thus  called  to  a  provision  for  the  support  of  Ameri- 
can literature,  which  was  rendered  more  efl'ectual  by  a  general 
copyright  law,  enacted  by  Congress  soon  after  the  formation  of 
our  government.  At  a  much  later  period,  (in  the  years  1^30-31,) 
Mr.  Webster  passed  a  winter  at  Washington,  with  tlie  single 
view  of  endeavoring  to  procure  an  alteration  of  the  existing  law, 
which  should  extend  the  term  of  copyright,  and  thus  give  a  more 
ample  reward  to  the  labors  of  our  artists  and  literary  men.  In 
this  design  he  succeeded  ;  and  an  act  was  passed  more  liberal  in 
its  provisions  than  the  former  law,  though  less  so  than  the  laws  of 
some  European  governments  on  this  subject. 

On  Jiis  return  from  the  south,  Mr.  Webster  spent  the  summer 
of  1785  at  Baltimore,  and  employed  his  time  in  preparing  a  course 
of  lectures  on  the  English  language,  which  were  delivered,  during 
the  year  1786,  in  the  principal  Atlantic  cities,  and  were  published 
in  1789,  in  an  octavo  volume,  with  the  title  of  ^^Dissertations  on 
the  English  Language." 

The  year  1787  was  spent  by  Mr.  Webster  at  Philadelphia,  as 
superintendent  of  an  Episcopal  academy.  The  convention  which 
framed  the  present  constitution  of  the  United  States  were  in 
session  at  Philadelphia  during  a  part  of  this  year ;  and  when 
their  labors  were  closed,  Mr.  Webster  was  solicited  by  Mr. 
Fitzsimrnons,  one  of  the  members,  to  give  the  aid  of  his  pen  in 
recommending  the  new  system  of  government  to  the  people.  He 
accordingly  wrote  a  pamphlet  on  this  subject,  entitled  an  "Ex- 
amination of  the  Leading  Principles  of  the  Federal  Constitution." 

In  1788,  Mr.  Webster  attempted  to  establish  a  periodical  in 
New  York,  and  for  one  year  published  the  "Jlmerican  Magazine," 
which,  however,  failed  of  success;  as  did  also  an  attempt  to 
combine  the  efliirts  of  other  gentlemen  in  a  similar  undertaking. 
The  country  was  not  yet  prepared  for  such  a  work. 

In  ]78i>,  when  the  prospects  of  business  became  more  encour- 
aging, after  the  adoption  of  the  new  constitution,  Mr.  Webster 
settled  himself  at  Hartford  in  the  practice  of  the  law.  Here  he 
formed  or  renewed  an  acquaintance  with  a  number  df  young  men 
just  entering  upon  life,  who  were  ardently  devoted,  like  himself, 
to  liteniry  pursuits.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  his  two 
classmates,  Barlow  and  Wolcott ;  Trumbull,  author  of  McFingal  ; 
Richard  Alsop;  Dr.  Lemuel  Hopkins;  and,  though  soinowiiat 
older,  the  Rev.  Nathan  Strong,  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church,  who,  in  common  with  the  three  last  mentioned,  was  highly 
distinguished  for  the  penetration  of  his  intellect  and  the  keenness 


MEMOIR   OF  THE  AUTHOR. 


xvii 


of  his  wit.  Tiie  incessant  contact  of  such  minds,  at  the  forming 
period  of  their  proi^ress,  had  great  influence  on  the  literary  habits 
of  them  all,  in  after  life.  It  gave  them  a  solid  and  manly  cast  of 
thougiit,  a  simplicity  of  taste,  a  directness  of  statement,  a  freedom 
from  all  affectation  and  exuberance  of  imagery  or  diction,  which 
arc  often  best  acquired  by  the  salutary  use  of  ridicule,  in  the 
action  and  reaction  on  each  other  of  keen  and  penetrating 
minds.  It  had,  likewise,  a  powerful  influence  on  tlic  social  circles 
in  which  they  moved  ;  and  the  biographer  of  Governor  Wolcott 
has  justly  remarked,  that  at  this  time  "  few  ci<ies  in  the  Union 
could  boast  of  a  more  cultivated  or  intelligent  society  than  Hart- 
ford, whether  men  or  women." 

In  tlio  autumn  of  the  same  year,  encouraged  by  the  prospect  of 
increasing  business,  Mr.  Webster  married  tiie  daughter  of 
William  Grecnleaf,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  a  lady  of  a  highly  cultivated 
intellect,  and  of  great  elegance  and  grace  of  manners.  His 
friend  Trumbull  speaks  of  this  event  in  one  of  his  letters  to 
Wolcott,  who  was  then  at  New  York,  in  his  characteristic  vein  of 
humor.  "Webster  has  returned,  and  brought  with  him  a  very 
pretty  wife.  I  wish  him  success ;  but  1  doubt,  in  the  present 
decay  of  business  in  our  profession,  whether  his  profits  will  en- 
able  him  to  keep  up  the  style  he  sets  out  with.  I  fear  he  will 
breakfast  upon  Institutes,  dine  upon  Dissertations,  and  go  to  bed 
supperless."  The  result,  however,  was  more  favorable  than  it 
appeared  in  the  sportive  anticipations  of  Trumbull.  Mr.  Webster 
found  his  business  profitable,  and  continually  increasing,  during 
his  residence  of  some  years  in  the  practice  of  the  law  at  Hartford. 

This  employment  he  was  induced  to  relinquish,  in  1798,  by  an 
interesting  crisis  in  public  afiairs.    General  Washington's  cele- 
brated proclamation  of  nculrnlity,  rendered  necessary  by  the 
efforts  of  the  French  minister.  Genet,  to  raise  troops  in  our 
country  for  the  invasion  of  Louisiana,  and  to  fit  out  privateers 
against  nations  at  peace  with  the  United  States,  had  called  forth 
tlie  most  bitter  reproaches  of  the  partisans  of  France  ;  and  it  was 
even  doubtful,  for  a  time,  whether  the  unbounded  popularity  of 
the  Father  of  his  Country  could  repress  the  public  eflerves- 
cence  in  favor  of  embarking  in  the  wars  of  the  French  revolution. 
In  this  state  of  things,  Mr.  Webster  was  strongly  solicited  to  give 
the  support  of  his  pen  to  tlie  measures  of  the  administration,  by 
establishing  a  daily  paper  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Though 
conscious  of  the  sacrifice  of  personal  ease  which  he  was  called 
i  upon  to  make,  he  was  so  strongly  impressed  with  the  dangers  of 
the  crisis,  and  so  entirely  devoted  to  the  principles  of  Washing- 
I  ton,  that  he  did  not  hesitate  to  accede  to  the  proposal.  Removing 
I  his  family  to  New  York,  in  November,  171)3,  he  commenced  a 
i  daily  paper,  under  the  title  of  the  Minerva,  and  aflenvard  a  semi- 
j  weekly  paper,  with  that  of  the   Herald,  names  which  were 
subsequently  changed  to  those  of  the  Commercial  Mvertiser,  and 
j  J\'  tc  York  Speclntor.    This  was  the  first  example  of  a  paper  for 
I  the  country,  composed  of  the  column?  of  a  daily  paper,  without 
recomposition  —  a  practice  which  has  now  become  very  common. 
I   In  addition  to  his  labors  as  sole  editor  of  these  papers,  Mr. 

Webster  published,  in  the  year  1794,  a  pamphlet  which  had  a 
!  very  extensive  circulation,  entitled  "  The  Revolution  in  France^ 
[  The  publication  of  tlie  treaty  negotiated  with  Great  Britain  by 
]l  Mr.  Jay,  in  1795,  aroused  an  opposition  to  its  ratification  of  so 
j  violent  a  nature,  as  to  stagger  for  a  time  the  firmness  of  Washing- 
'•^  ton,  and  to  threaten  civil  commotions.  Mr.  Webster,  in  common 
1  with  General  Hamilton  and  some  of  the  ablest  men  of  the 
country,  came  out  in  vindication  of  the  treaty.  Under  the  signa- 
ture of  CcRTius,  he  published  a  series  of  papers,  which  were 


very  extensively  reprinted  throughout  tlie  country,  and  afterward 
collected  by  a  bookseller  of  Philadelphia  in  a  pamphlet  form. 
Of  these,  ten  were  contributed  by  himself,  and  two  by  Mr., 
afterward  Chancellor,  Kent  As  an  evidence  of  tJieir  effect,  it 
may  not  be  improper  to  state,  tliat  Mr.  Rufus  King  expressed  his 
opinion  to  Mr.  Jay,  that  the  essays  of  Curtius  had  contributed 
more  tiian  any  other  papers  of  the  same  kind,  to  allay  the  discontent 
and  opposition  to  the  treaty  ;  assigning  as  a  reason,  that  they  were 
peculiarly  well  adapted  to  the  understanding  of  the  pcoj)le  at 
large. 

When  Mr.  Webster  resided  in  New  York,  the  yellow  fever 
prevailed  at  different  times  in  most  of  our  large  Atlantic  cities ; 
and  a  controversy  arose  among  the  physicians  of  Philadelphia  aiKl 
New  York,  on  the  question  whether  it  was  introduced  by  in- 
fection, or  generated  on  the  spot.  The  subject  interested  Mr. 
Webster  deeply,  and  led  him  into  a  laborious  investigation  of  the 
history  of  pestilential  diseases  at  every  period  of  the  world.  The 
facts  which  he  collected,  with  the  inferences  to  which  he  was  led, 
were  embodied  in  a  work  of  two  volumes,  octavo,  which,  in  179!), 
was  published  both  in  this  country  and  in  England.  This  work 
has  always  been  considered  as  a  valuable  repository  of  facts  ;  and 
during  the  prevalence  of  the  Asiatic  cholera  iii  the  year  ]8.'{<J,  the 
theories  of  the  author  seemed  to  receive  so  much  confirmation, 
as  to  excite  a  more  than  ordinary  interest  in  the  worl;,  both  in 
Europe  and  America. 

During  the  wars  which  were  excited  by  the  French  revolution, 
the  power  assumed  by  the  belligerents  to  blockade  their  enemies' 
ports  by  proclamation,  and  the  multiplied  seizures  of  American 
vessels  bound  to  such  ports,  produced  various  discussions  re- 
specting the  rights  of  neutral  nations  in  time  of  war.  These 
discussions  induced  Mr.  Webster  to  examine  the  subject  histori- 
cally;  and,  in  1802,  he  published  a  treatise  full  of  minute  infor- 
mation and  able  reasoning  on  the  subject.  A  gentleman  of 
competent  abilities,  who  said  he  had  read  all  that  he  could  find  on 
that  subject,  in  the  English,  French,  German,  and  Italian  lan- 
guages, declared  that  he  considered  this  treatise  as  the  best  he 
had  seen.  The  same  year,  he  also  published  "  Historical  A'otices 
of  the  Origin  and  State  of  Banking  Institidions  and  Insurance 
Offices"  which  was  republished  in  Philadelphia  by  one  Humphrey, 
without  giving  credit  to  the  author;  and  a  part  of  which,  taken 
from  this  reprint,  was  incorporated  into  the  Philadelphia  edition 
of  Rees's  Cyclopedia. 

At  this  time,  Mr.  Webster  resided  at  New  Haven,  to  which 
place  he  had  removed  in  the  spring  of  1798.  For  a  short  period 
after  his  departure  from  New  York,  he  wrote  for  the  papers 
mentioned  above,  which,  although  placed  under  the  care  of 
another  editor,  continued  for  a  time  to  be  his  property.  He  very 
soon  succeeded,  however,  in  disposing  of  his  interest  in  them, 
and  from  that  time  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literary  pursuits. 

In  the  year  1807,  Mr.  Webster  published  ".^  Philosophical  and 
Practical  Grammar  of  the  English  Language.'^  This  was  a  highly 
oriorinal  work,  the  result  of  many  years  of  diligent  investigation. 
The  author's  views  may  be  gathered  from  the  motto  on  the  title 
page,  taken  from  Lord  Bacon's  Aphorisms,  —  "  Antisthenes,  being 
asked  what  learning  was  most  necessar\',  replied,  'To  unlearn 
that  which  is  naught. ' "  He  considered  our  English  Grammars  as 
objectionable  in  one  important  respect,  namely,  that  of  being  too 
much  conformed  to  tliose  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages  in 
their  nomenclature  and  classification.  True  philosophy,  he  main- 
tained, requires  us  to  arrange  things,  and  give  them  names,  accord- 
ing to  their-real  nature.    But  our  language  is  rude  and  irregular, 


xviii 


MEMOIR  OF  THE  AUTHOR. 


in  comparison  with  those  of  the  ancients.  It  can  not  be  reduced 
to  the  same  orderly  system.  The  several  parts  of  it  can  not  be 
brought  under  the  same  names  and  classifications.  We  need, 
tlierefore,  a  nomenclature  of  our  own,  in  some  important  particu- 
lars. Thus  the  word  pronoun  properly  denotes  a  substitute  for  a 
noun.  But,  in  many  cases,  words  of  this  class  are  substitutes  for 
clauses,  or  parts  of  sentences,  and  not  for  single  nouns.  There 
j  are  also  other  words,  not  ordinarily  ranged  among  pronouns,  wiiicli 
act  equally  as  substitutes,  that  is,  perform  the  office  of  pronouns. 
Mr.  Webster,  therefore,  proposed  to  lay  aside  the  word  pronoun, 
and  apply  the  term  substitute  to  tliis  whole  class,  as  describing 
their  true  office.  Otlier  changes  were  proposed,  of  the  same 
nature,  and  for  the  same  reasons.  No  one,  who  examines  the 
subject  with  attention,  can  doubt  the  advantages  of  Mr.  Webster's 
nomenclature,  in  itself  considered.  It  enabled  him  to  give  an 
analysis  of  sentences,  and  to  explain  constructions,  in  a  manner  in- 
comparably superior  to  that  of  the  ordinary  systems.  His  intimate 
i  acquaintance  with  the  sources  of  our  language  prepared  him  to 
account,  in  tlie  most  satisfactory  manner,  for  many  puzzling  forms 
of  expression.  Still,  the  prejudice  against  a  change  of  no- 
menclature is  so  great,  that  this  work  has  been  far  less  known 
than  it  ought  to  be.  It  contains  much  valuable  matter  found  in  no 
otiier  work,  and  is  believed  to  be  the  most  truly  philosophical 
Grammar  which  we  have  of  the  Englisli  language. 

After  publishing  his  Grammar,  Mr.  Webster  entered,  in  the  same 
year,  (1807,)  on  the  great  work  of  his  life,  which  he  had  contemplated 
for  a  long  period,  —  that  of  preparing  a  new  and  complete  Dictionary 
of  the  English  language.    As  preliminary  to  this,  he  had  pub- 
lished, in  180G,  a  dictionary  in  the  octavo  form,  containing  a  large 
number  of  words  not  to  be  found  in  any  similar  work,  with  the 
definitions  corrected  throughout,  though  necessarily  expressed  in 
very  brief  terms.    From  this  time,  his  reading  was  turned  more 
or  less  directly  to  this  object    A  number  of  years  were  spent  in 
collecting  words  which  had  not  been  introduced  into  the  English 
]   dictionaries  ;  in  discriminating  with  exactness  the  various  senses 
I   of  all  tlie  words  in  our  language,  and  adding  those  significations 
which  they  had  recently  received.    Some  estimate  may  be  formed 
of  the  labor  bestowed  on  this  part  of  the  work,  from  the  fact  that 
"  The  Jlmerican  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language "  contained, 
in  the  first  edition,  twelve  thousand  words,  and  between  thirty  and 
forty  thousand  definitions,  which  are  not  to  be  found  in  any  pre- 
ceding work.     The  number  has  been  swelled,  by  subsequent 
I   additions,  to  about  thirty  thousand  new  words.    Seventy  years 
had  elapsed  since  the  first  publication  of  Johnson's  Dictionary ; 
and  scarcely  a  single  improvement  had  been  attempted  in  the 
various  editions  through  which  it  had  passed,  or  the  numerous 
j   compilations  to  wliich  it  had  given  rise,  except  by  the  addition  of 
a  few  words  to  the  vocabulary.    Yet  in  thi-s  period  the  English 
mind  was  putting  itself  forth  in  every  direction,  witii  an  accuracy 
of  research  and  a  fertility  of  invention  whicli  are  witliout  a  par- 
allel in  any  other  stage  of  its  history.    A  complete  revolution  had 
j  taken  place  in  almost  every  branch  of  physical  science;  new 
!  department  had  been  created,  new  principles  developed,  new 
j  modes  of  classification  and  description  adupted.    The  political 
i  changes  which  so  signally  marked  that  period,  the  excitement  of 
j   fechng  and  conflict  of  opinion  resuhing  from  the  American  and 
Frcncli  revolutions,  and  the  numerous  modifications  which  fol- 
1  lowed  in  the  institutions  of  society,  had  also  Irfl  a  deep  impress 
j  on  the  language  of  politics,  law,  and  general  literature.  Under 
these  circumstances,  to  make  a  defining  dictionary  adapted  to  the 
present  state  of  our  language,  was  to  produce  an  entirely  new 


work ;  and  how  well  Mr.  Webster  executed  tlie  task,  will  appear 
from  tlie  decision  of  men  best  qualified  to  judge,  both  in  this 
country  and  in  Europe,  who  have  declared  tliat  his  improvements 
upon  Johnson,  are  even  greater  tlian  Johnson  himself  made  on 
those  who  preceded  him.  Still  more  labor,  however,  was  bestowed 
on  another  part  of  the  work,  viz.,  the  etymology  of  our  leading 
terms.  In  this  subject,  Mr.  Webster  had  always  felt  a  lively 
interest,  as  presenting  one  of  tlie  most  curious  exhibitions  of  the 
progress  of  the  human  mind.  But  it  was  not  till  he  had  advanced 
considerably  in  tlie  work  as  originally  commenced,  that  he  found 
how  indispensable  a  knowledge  of  the  true  derivation  of  words 
is,  to  an  exact  development  of  their  various  meanings.  At  this 
point,  therefore,  he  suspended  his  labors  on  the  defining  part  of 
the  Dictionary,  and  devoted  a  number  of  years  to  an  inquiry  into 
the  origin  of  our  language,  and  its  connection  with  those  of  other 
countries.  In  tlie  course  of  these  researches,  he  examined  the 
vocabularies  of  twenty  of  tlie  principal  languages  of  the  world,  and 
made  a  synopsis  of  the  most  important  words  in  each  ;  arranging 
them  under  the  same  radical  letters,  with  a  translation  of  their 
significations,  and  references  from  one  to  another,  when  the 
senses  are  the  same  or  similar.  He  was  thus  enabled  to  discover 
the  real  or  probable  affinities  between  the  different  languages, 
and,  in  many  instances,  to  discover  the  primaiy,  physical  idea  of 
an  original  word,  from  which  the  secondary  senses  have  branched 
fortli.  Being  thus  furnished  with  a  clew  to  guide  him  among  tlie 
numerous,  and  often  apparently  inconsistent,  significations  of  our 
most  important  words,  he  resumed  his  labors  on  the  defining  part 
of  the  Dictionary,  and  was  able  to  give  order  and  consistency  to 
much  that  had  before  appeared  confused  and  contradictory.  The 
results  of  his  inquiries  into  the  origin  and  filiation  of  languages, 
were  embodied  in  a  work,  about  half  the  size  of  the  American 
Dictionary,  entitled  "  A  Synopsis  of  Words  in  Twenty  Lan- 
guages.'" This,  owing  to  the  expense  of  the  undertaking,  has  not 
yet  been  published  ;  though  its  principal  results,  so  far  as  our 
language  is  concerned,  are  briefly  given  in  tracing  the  etymology 
of  our  leading  terms. 

During  the  progress  of  these  labors,  Mr.  Webster,  finding  his 
resources  inadequate  to  the  support  of  his  family  at  New  Haven, 
removed,  in  1812,  to  Amherst,  a  pleasant  country  town  within  eight 
miles  of  Northampton,  Massachusetts.  Here  he  entered,  with  his 
characteristic  ardor,  into  the  literary  and  social  interests  of  the 
people  among  whom  he  was  placed.  His  extensive  library,  which 
was  open  to  all,  and  liis  elevated  tone  of  thought  and  conversa- 
tion, had  naturally  a  powerful  influence  on  the  liabits  and  feelings 
of  a  small  and  secluded  population.  It  was  owing,  in  part,  prob- 
ably, to  his  removal  to  this  town,  tiiat  an  academy  was  there 
established,  which  is  now  among  the  most  flourishing  seminaries 
of  our  land.  A  question  having  soon  after  arisen  respecting  the 
removal  of  Williams  College  from  a  remote  part  of  the  state  to 
some  more  central  position,  Mr.  Webster  entered  warmly  into  the 
design  of  procuring  its  establishment  at  Amherst,  as  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  appropriate  locations  in  New  England. 
Though  the  removal  did  not  take  place,  so  strong  an  interest  on 
the  subject  was  awakened  in  Amherst  and  the  neighboring  towns, 
that  a  now  college  was  soon  after  founded  there,  in  the  establish- 
ment of  which  Mr.  Webster,  as  president  of  its  first  board  of  trus- 
tees, had  great  influonce,  both  by  his  direct  exertions  to  secure  it 
patronage,  and  iiy  Ihe  impulse  which  he  had  given  to  the  cause  of 
education  in  that  part  of  the  state. 

In  1822,  Mr.  Webster  returned  with  liis  family  to  New  Haven, 
and,  in  1823,  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Yale  College. 


MEMOIR  OF  THE  AUTHOR. 


Having  nearly  completed  his  Dictionary,  he  resolved  on  a  voyage 
to  Europe,  with  a  view  to  perfect  the  work  by  consulting  literary 
men  abroad,  and  by  examining  some  standard  authors,  to  which 
he  could  not  gain  access  in  this  country.  He  accordingly  sailed 
for  Franco  in  June,  18'24,  and  spent  two  months  at  Paris  in  con- 
sulting several  rare  works  in  tlic  Bibliolluque  du  Roi,  and  tlien 
wont  to  England,  where  he  remained  till  May,  1825.  He  spent 
about  eight  months  at  the  University  of  Cambridge,  where  he  had 
free  access  to  the  public  libraries;  and  there  he  fmishcd  "The 
American  Dictionary."  He  afterward  visited  London,  Oxford, 
and  some  of  tlio  other  principal  cities  of  E^igliin'l)  'iid  in  June 
returned  to  this  country.  This  visit  to  England  gave  him  an 
opportunity  to  become  ac(iuaintod  witli  literar}'  men  and  literary 
institutions  in  that  country,  and  to  learn  the  real  state  of  the 
English  language  there. 

Soon  after  Dr.  Webster  returned  to  tliis  country,  the  necessary 
arrangements  were  made  for  the  publication  of  the  work.  An 
edition  of  twenty-five  liundred  copies  was  printed  in  this  country, 
at  the  close  of  1828,  which  was  followed  by  an  edition  of  three 
thousand  in  England,  under  tlie  superintendence  of  V..  11.  Barker, 
Esq.,  editor  of  the  Tliesaurus  Graca  lAngua  of  Henry  Stephens. 
With  the  publication  of  the  American  Dictionary,  at  the  age  of 
seventy,  Dr.  Webster  considered  the  labors  of  his  literary  life  as 
brought,  in  a  great  measure,  to  a  close.  He  revised  a  few  of  his 
earlier  works  lor  publication,  and  particularly  liis  Hlslori/  of  the 
United  Stntes,^^  a  book  designed  for  the  iiigher  classes  of  schools, 
fir  youth  who  are  acquiring  a  taste  for  history,  and  for  men  of 
business  who  have  not  time  to  peruse  larger  treatises. 

In  1840,  Dr.  Webster  published  a  second  edition  of  the  Ameri- 
can Dictionary,  consisting  of  three  tliousand  copies,  in  two  vol- 
umes, royal  octavo.  The  improvements  consisted  chiefly  in  the 
addition  of  a  number  of  thousand  words  to  the  vocabulary,  the 
correction  of  definitions  in  several  of  the  sciences,  in  conformity 
with  later  discoveries  and  classifications,  and  the  introduction  and 
explanation  of  many  phrases  fl-om  foreign  languages,  and  of  foreign 
terms  used  in  books  of  music. 

In  1843,  he  published  "A  Collection  of  Papers  on  Political, 
Literary,  and  Moral  Subjects,'"  in  one  volume,  octavo.  This  was 
composed  chiefly  of  tracts  and  disquisitions,  which  had  been  pub- 
lished at  an  earlier  period  of  his  life,  either  in  the  form  of  pam- 
phlets, or  of  papers  read  before  literary  and  philosophical  societies, 
and  printed  among  tiieir  Transactions.  It  contains  iiis  "  Observa- 
tions on  the  French  Revolution,"  his  Essay  on  the  Rights  of  jVeu- 
tral  .Vntions,'"  and  the  papers  signed  Ccrtius,  in  vindication  of 
Mr.  Jay's  treaty  with  Groat  Britain.  To  tliese  is  added  an  elabo- 
rate dissertation  "  On  the  supposed  Change  in  the  Temperature  of 
Winter"  which  was  read  before  the  Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  in  the  year  17i)L>.  In  this  he  controverts  the  opinion 
which  has  generally  prevailed,  that  the  temperature  of  the  winter 
season,  in  northern  latitudes,  has  suffered  a  material  change,  and 
become  warmer  in  modern  than  it  was  in  ancient  times.  The 
subject  was  one  which  required  very  great  minuteness  and  extent 
of  historical  research,  and  this  pa[)or  contains  the  result  of  a  series 
of  investigations,  which  had  been  carried  on,  in  conjunction  with 
the  author's  other  pursuit-s,  for  a  period  of  more  than  ten  years. 
Many  of  the  facts  which  it  presents  are  of  a  very  curious  and 
striking  nature.  There  is,  probably,  no  other  treatise  which  ex- 
hibits the  historical  evidence  on  this  subject  with  so  much  fullness 
and  accuracy.  In  addition  to  this,  the  volume  contains  a  num- 
ber of  other  papers  of  an  interesting  character,  and  tlie  whole  col- 
lection forms  a  truly  valuable  record  of  the  author's  earlier  labors. 


xix 

In  tlius  tiacing  tlie  principal  events  of  Dr.  Webster's  lile,  we 
have  reached  the  commencement  of  the  year  in  which  he  died ; 
and  it  may  here  be  proper  to  pause  for  a  inoineiit,  and  consider 
some  of  tliose  qualities  and  habits  of  mind,  which  prepared  him  for 
this  long  course  of  public  service  and  literary  labor.  The  lead- 
ing traits  in  tlie  character  of  Dr.  Webster  were  enterprise,  self- 
reliance,  and  indomitable  perseverance.  He  was  naturally  of  a 
sanguine  temperament;  and  the  circumstances  under  which  he 
entered  on  the  active  duties  of  life,  were  eminently  suited  to 
strongtlien  the  original  tendencies  of  his  nsiture.  Our  country 
was  just  struggling  into  national  existence.  The  public  mind 
was  full  of  ardor,  energy,  and  expectation.  His  early  associates 
were  men  of  powerful  intellect,  who  were  engaged,  to  a  great 
extent,  in  laying  the  foundations  of  our  government,  and  who 
have  stamped  the  impress  of  their  genius  on  the  institutions  of 
their  country.  As  tlie  advocate  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and 
a  strenuous  supporter  of  Washington's  administration,  he  was 
brought  into  habits  of  the  closest  intimacy  with  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton, John  Jay,  Oliver  Wolcott,  Timothy  Pickering,  and  the  other' 
great  men  on  whom  Washington  relied  for  counsel  and  aid  in 
organizing  the  new  government.  The  journal  which  he  estab- 
lished at  New  York  was  their  organ  of  communication  with  the 
public,  in  the  great  commercial  emporium  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  thus  placed  on  terms  of  constant  and  confidential  inter- 
course with  the  leading  members  of  the  cabinet,  and  the  prominent 
supiiorters  of  Washington  throughout  the  countr}'.  While  he  had 
their  respect  as  a  ready  and  energetic  writer,  he  enjoyed  their 
counsel,  imparted  with  the  utmost  freedom,  as  to  the  manner  in 
which  he  might  best  conduct  the  defense  of  their  common  princi- 
ples. The  natural  result,  especially  on  a  mind  constituted  like 
his,  was  the  formation  of  all  his  habits  of  thought  and  action,  into 
a  resemblance  to  theirs.  Energy,  self-reliance,  fearlessness,  the 
resolute  defense  of  whatever  he  thought  right  and  useful,  the 
strong  hope  of  ultimate  success,  —  these  became  the  great  ele- 
ments of  his  intellectual  character.  He  carried  them  with  him,  at 
a  subsequent  period,  into  all  his  literary  pursuits,  and  they  sus- 
tained him  under  tlie  pressure  of  difficulties  which  would  have 
crushed  tlie  spirit  of  almost  any  otiier  man. 

One  of  the  habits  which  Dr.  Webster  formed  in  this  early  course 
of  training,  was  that  of  arranging  all  his  acquired  knowledge  in 
the  most  exact  order,  and  keeping  the  elements  of  progressive 
thought  continually  within  his  reach.  Although  his  memory  was 
uncommonly  quick  and  tenacious,  he  saw,  as  the  editor  of  a  daily 
journal,  how  idle  and  unsafe  it  is,  to  rely  on  mere  recollection  for 
the  immense  mass  of  materials  which  a  public  writer  must  have 
ever  at  command.  He  learnt,  therefore,  to  preserve  documents  of 
all  kinds  with  the  utmost  care.  All  that  he  had  ever  written,  all 
that  had  been  written  against  him,  every  tiling  that  he  met  with 
in  newspapers  or  periodicals  which  seemed  likely  to  be  of  use  at 
any  future  period,  was  carefully  laid  aside  in  its  appropriate  place, 
and  was  ready  at  a  moment's  warning.  He  had  also  a  particular 
mark  by  which  he  denoted,  in  every  work  he  read,  all  the  new 
words,  or  new  senses  of  words,  which  came  under  his  cbsorvation. 
He  filled  the  marcrin  of  his  books  with  notes  and  conrunents  con- 
taining corrections  of  errors,  a  comparison  of  dates,  or  references 
to  corresponding  passages  in  other  works,  until  his  whole  library 
became  a  kind  of  Index  Rertim,  to  which  he  could  refer  at  once 
for  every  thing  he  had  read. 

Another  habit  which  resulted  in  part  from  his  early  pursuits, 
was  that  of  carrj'ing  on  numerous  and  diversified  employments  at 
the  same  time.    To  men  of  the  present  generation.  Dr.  Webster 


MEMOIR  OF  THE  AUTHOR. 


is  known  chiefly  as  a  learned  philologist ;  and  the  natural  infer- 
ence would  be,  that  he  spent  his  whole  life  among  his  books,  and 
chiefly  in  devotion  to  a  single  class  of  studies.  The  fact,  how- 
ever, was  far  otherwise.  Though  he  was  always  a  close  student,  — 
reading,  tliinking,  and  writing  at  every  period  of  his  life,  —  he  never 
witlidrew  hinrself  from  the  active  employments  of  society.  After 
his  first  removal  to  New  Haven,  he  was  for  a  number  of  years  one 
of  the  aldermen  of  the  city,  and  judge  of  one  of  the  state  courts. 
He  also  Irequently  represented  that  town  in  the  legislature  of 
the  state.  During  his  residence  at  Amherst,  he  was  called, 
in  repeated  instances,  to  discharge  similar  duties,  and  spent  a 
part  of  several  winters  at  Boston  as  a  member  of  the  General 
Court.  He  entered  with  zeal  into  all  the  interests  of  the  town 
and  county  where  he  lived,  its  schools  and  academies,  its  agricul- 
ture and  mechanic  arts,  its  advance  in  taste  and  refinement.  He 
gave  freely  of  his  time,  his  counsel,  and  the  efforts  of  his  pen, 
when  requested,  in  public  addresses,  or  through  the  medium  of 
the  press,  for  the  promotion  of  every  kind  of  social  improvement. 
Equally  large  and  diversified  was  the  range  of  his  intellectual 
pursuits.  There  was  hardly  any  department  of  literature  which 
lie  had  not  explored  with  lively  interest,  at  some  period  of  his  life. 
He  wrote  on  a  greater  variety  of  topics  than  perhaps  any  other 
author  of  the  United  States ;  —  on  the  foundations  of  government, 
the  laws  of  nations,  the  rights  of  neutrals,  the  science  of  banking, 
the  history  of  his  country,  the  progress  of  diseases,  and  the  varia- 
tions of  climate ;  on  agriculture,  commerce,  education,  morals, 
religion,  and  the  great  means  of  national  advancement,  in  addition 
to  the  principal  theme  of  his  life,  philology  and  grammar.  Such 
was  the  activity  of  his  mind,  and  the  delight  he  found  in  new 
acquisitions,  that  a  change  of  employment  was  all  the  relief  he 
needed  from  the  weariness  of  protracted  study.  The  refreshment 
which  others  seek  in  journeys,  or  the  entire  suspension  of  intellec- 
tual effort,  he  found,  during  most  of  his  life,  in  the  stimulus 
afforded  by  some  new  and  exciting  object  of  pursuit.  Mental 
exertion  was  the  native  element  of  his  soul ;  and  it  is  not  too 
much  to  say,  that  another  instance  of  such  long-continued  literary 
toil,  such  steady,  unfaltering  industry,  can  hardly  be  found  in  the 
annals  of  our  country. 

The  last  of  those  mental  habits  which  v/ill  now  be  traced,  was 
that  of  original  investigation,  of  thorough  and  penetrating  research. 
The  period  at  which  Dr.  Webster  came  forward  in  public  life  was 
one,  to  an  uncommon  extent,  in  which  every  important  subject 
was  discussed  in  its  principles.    It  was  a  period  when  the  founda- 
tions of  our  civil  polity  were  laid,  and  when  such  men  as  Hamilton, 
Madison,  and  Jay,  became  "the  expounders  of  the  constitution," 
and  the  advocates  of  the  new  government.    All  things  conspired 
to  make  the  discussions  of  that  day  masterly  exhibitions  of  rea- 
soning and  profound  investigation,  —  the  character  of  the  men 
I   engaged,  the  conflict  of  great  principles,  and  the  weighty  interests 
I   suspended  on  the  issne.    Dr.  Webster  for  some  years  took  a  large 
i   share  in  these  discussions,  both  in  pamphlets  and  through  the 
j  journal  which  he  conducted.    Tlio  habits  which  he  thus  formed 
j   wont  v/itii  him  into  all  the  literary  pursuits  of  his  subsequent  life. 
They  made  him  a  bold,  original  thinker,  —  thorough  in  all  his  in- 
vestigations, and  fearless  in  proclaiming  tlie  results.    He  had  no 
deference  for  authority,  except  as  snstnined  by  argument.  He 
was  no  copyist,  no  mere  compiler.    Every  thing  he  wrote,  from  a 
chapter  in  "The  Prompter,"  to  hia  "Introduction  to  the  American 
Dictionary,"  bore  the  same  impress  of  original  thought,  personal 
observation,  and  independent  inquiiy. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  say  how  perfectly  these  habits  were  adapted 


to  prepare  Dr.  Webster  for  the  leading  employment  of  his  life, 
the  production  of  the  American  Dictionary.  Nothing  but  his 
eager  pursuit  of  every  kind  of  knowledge,  and  nis  exact  system  in 
bringing  all  that  he  had  ever  read  completely  under  his  command, 
could  have  enabled  him  to  give  jn  his  first  edition  more  than 
twelve  thousand  words  and  forty  thousand  definitions,  which  could 
then  be  found  in  no  other  similar  work.  Nothing  but  his  passion 
for  original  investigation  prevented  him  from  building,  like  Todd, 
on  tlie  foundation  of  Johnson,  or  arranging  Home  Tooke's  etymol- 
ogies, like  Richardson,  witli  some  additions  and  improvements, 
under  their  proper  l^ads  in  a  dictionary.  But,  commencing  with 
the  Diversions  of  Purley  as  the  starting-point  of  his  researches, 
he  was  led  by  the  character  of  his  mind  to  widen  continually  the 
field  of  his  inquiries.  He  passed  from  the  western  languages  to 
the  eastern,  in  tracing  the  affinities  of  his  native  tongue.  He 
established  some  of  those  great  principles  which  have  made  ety- 
mology a  science,  and  led  the  way  in  that  brilliant  career  of  in- 
vestigation, by  which  the  German  philologists  are  throwing  so 
clear  a  light  on  tiie  origin  and  filiation  of  the  principal  languages 
of  the  globe.  But  into  these  studies  he  would  never  have  entered, 
nor  even  thought  of  attempting  such  a  work  as  an  original  diction- 
ary of  the  English  language,  except  under  tlie  impulse  of  those 
other  traits,  —  that  sanguine  temperament,  that  spirit  of  self-reli- 
ance, that  fearless  determination  to  carry  out  every  thing  that  he 
thought  useful  and  true,  to  its  utmost  limits,  —  which  were  spoken 
of  above,  as  forming  the  master  principle  of  his  character.  It  is 
difficult  to  conceive,  at  the  present  day,  how  rash  and  hopeless 
such  an  undertaking  then  appeared,  on  the  part  of  any  citizen  of 
the  United  States.  It  was  much  as  though  we  should  now  hear 
of  a  similar  design  by  one  of  the  settlers  of  New  Holland.  He 
was  assailed  with  a  storm  of  ridicule  at  home  and  abroad ;  and  even 
his  best  friends,  while  they  admired  his  constancy,  and  were  fully 
convinced  of  liis  erudition,  had  strong  fears  that  he  was  engaged 
in  a  fruitless  eSbrt,  —  that  he  would  never  have  justice  done  him,  in 
bringing  his  work  before  the  world  under  such  adverse  circum- 
stances. Nothing,  plainly,  but  uncommon  ardor,  boldness,  and 
self-confidence,  could  have  sustained  him  under  the  pressure  of 
these  difficulties.  But  such  qualities,  it  must  be  confessed,  not- 
withstanding all  the  support  tliey  aflbrd,  arc  not  without  their  dis- 
advantages. They  oflcn  lead  to  the  adoption  of  hasty  opinions, 
especially  in  new  and  intricate  inquiries.  Of  this  Dr.  Webster 
was  aware.  He  saw  reason  to  change  his  views  on  many  points, 
as  he  widened  the  sphere  of  his  knowledge.  In  such  cases,  he 
retracted  his  former  statements  with  the  utmost  frankness  ;  for  lie 
had  not  a  particle  of  that  pride  of  opinion  which  makes  men  so 
often  ashamed  to  confess  an  error,  even  when  they  have  seen  and 
abandoned  it.  This  ardor  of  mind  is  apt,  also,  to  lead  men  into  a 
strength  and  confidence  of  statement  which  may  wear  at  times 
the  aspect  of  dogmatism.  If  Dr.  Webster  should  be  thought  by 
any  one  to  have  erred  in  this  respect,  the  error,  it  should  be 
remembered,  was  one  of  temperament,  —  the  almost  necessary 
result  of  thnt  bold,  self-relying  spirit,  without  which  no  man  could 
have  undertaken,  much  loss  have  carried  through,  the  Herculean 
task  of  preparing  the  .\merican  Dictionary.  Those,  however, 
who  knew  liim  best,  can  testify,  that  his  strengtii  of  statement, 
however  great  it  might  lie,  was  never  llie  result  of  arrogance  or 
presumption.  He  spoke  from  tlie  mere  frankness  of  his  nature ;  he 
practiced  no  reserve ;  he  used  none  of  tliat  cautious  phraseology 
with  which  most  men  conceal  their  feelings,  or  guard  against  mis- 
construction. He  was  an  ardent  lover  of  truth,  and  he  spoke  of  | 
the  discoveries  which  he  believed  himself  to  have  made,  much  as 


MEMOIR  OF  THE 


he  would  have  spoken  of  tlic  san)e  discoveries  when  made  by 
others.  lie  was  aware  that  there  must  be  many  things  in  a  booli 
like  this,  especially  on  a  science  so  imperfect  in  its  development 
as  etymolog'y,  which  would  not  stand  tlie  test  of  time.  But  he 
never  doubted,  even  in  the  darkest  seasons  of  discouragement  and 
obloquy,  tliat  he  could  at  last  produce  such  a  work,  that  the  world 
"  sliould  not  willingly  let  it  die."  The  decision  of  the  public  verified 
his  anticipations,  and  freed  iiim  from  the  charge  of  presumption. 
Three  very  large  editions,  at  a  high  price,  have  already  been 
exhausted  in  this  country  and  England.  The  demand  is  still 
increasing  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic ;  and  the  author  might 
well  be  gratified  to  learn,  that  a  gentleman  who  asked,  some  years 
since,  at  one  of  tlie  principal  bookselling  establishments  of  London, 
for  the  best  English  dictionary  on  thuir  shelves,  had  this  work 
handed  to  him,  with  the  remark,  "That,  sir,  is  tlie  only  real  dic- 
tionary which  we  have  of  our  language,  though  it  was  prepared  by 
an  American." 

In  his  social  habits,  Dr.  Webster  was  distinguished  by  dignified 
ease,  affability,  and  politeness.  He  was  punctilious  in  his  obser- 
vance of  all  tJie  nicer  proprieties  of  life.  There  was  nothing  that 
annoyed  him  more,  or  on  which  he  remarked  with  greater  keen- 
ness, than  any  violation  of  the  established  rules  of  decorum,  any 
disposition  to  meddle  with  tlie  concerns  of  others,  or  to  encroach 
on  the  sanctity  of  those  rights  and  feelings,  which,  as  they  can  not 
be  protected  by  law,  must  owe  their  security  to  delicacy  of  senti- 
ment in  an  enlightened  community.  He  had  an  uncommon  degree 
of  refinement  in  all  his  thoughts  and  feelings.  Never,  in  his  most 
sportive  or  unguarded  moments,  did  any  sentiment  escape  him 
which  waa  coarse  or  vulgar.  He  had,  in  this  respect,  almost  a 
feminine  purity  of  mind.  It  might  be  truly  said  of  him,  as  was 
remarked  concerning  one  of  his  distinguished  cotemporaries  in 
public  life,  that  he  was  never  known  to  utter  an  expression  which 
might  not  have  been  used  with  entire  freedom  in  the  most  refined 
female  society.  In  his  pecuniary  transactions,  he  was  acknowl- 
edged by  all  to  be  not  only  just,  but  liberal.  It  was  a  principle  with 
him,  for  life,  never  to  be  in  debt  Every  thing  was  paid  for  at  the 
time  of  purchase.  In  all  his  dealings  and  social  intercourse,  he  was 
remarkably  direct,  frank,  and  open.  He  had  but  one  character,  and 
that  was  "  known  and  read  of  all  men."  Whatever  faults  might  be 
imputed  to  him,  no  one  ever  suspected  him  of  double  dealing ;  no 
one  ever  thought  he  was  capable  of  a  mean  or  dishonorable  action. 

In  the  discharge  of  his  domestic  duties,  Dr.  Webster  was 
watchful,  consistent,  and  firm.  Though  immersed  in  study,  he 
kept  in  his  hands  the  entire  control  of  his  family  arrangements, 
down  to  the  minutest  particulars.  Every  thing  was  reduced  to 
exact  system ;  all  moved  on  witli  perfect  regularity  and  order,  for 
method  was  tlie  presiding  principle  of  his  life.  In  the  government 
of  his  children  tliere  was  but  one  rule,  and  that  was  instantaneous 
and  entire  obedience.  This  was  insisted  upon  as  right,  —  as, 
in  the  nature  of  things,  due  by  a  child  to  a  parent  He  did  not 
rest  his  claim  on  any  explanations,  or  on  showing  that  tlie  thing 
required  was  reasonable  or  beneficial.  While  he  endeavored  to 
make  it  clear  to  his  children  that  he  sought  their  happiness  in 
whatever  he  required,  he  commanded  as  one  having  auihority,  and 
he  enforced  his  commands  to  tlie  utmost,  as  a  duty  which  he  owed 
equally  to  bis  children  and  to  God,  who  had  placed  tliem  under 
his  control.  He  felt  that,  on  tliis  subject,  tliere  had  been  a  gradual 
letting  down  of  the  tone  of  public  sentiment,  which  waa  much  to 
be  deplored.  Many,  in  breaking  away  from  the  sternness  of 
Puritan  discipline,  have  gone  to  the  opposite  extreme.  They 
have  virtually  abandoned  the  exercise  of  parental  authority,  and 


AUTHOR.  xxi 

endeavored  to  regulate  the  conduct  of  tlieir  children  by  reasoning 
and  persuasion,  —  by  the  mere  presentation  of  motives,  and  not 
by  the  enforcement  of  commands.  If  such  persons  succeed,  as 
tliey  rarely  do,  in  preserving  any  thing  like  a  comfortable  state  of 
subordination  in  tlieir  families,  they  fail  at  least  in  the  accomplish- 
ment of  one  great  end  for  which  their  offspring  were  coiimiitted  to 
their  care.  They  send  forth  their  children  into  life,  without  any  of 
tliose  habits  of  submission  to  lawful  authority  which  are  essential 
to  tlio  character  of  a  good  citizen  and  a  useful  member  of  society. 
In  the  intellectual  training  of  his  children,  on  the  other  hand,  Dr. 
Webster  had  much  less  of  system  and  complicated  machinery, 
than  many  arc  disposed  to  adopt  His  great  principle  was  not  to 
overdo,  —  to  let  nature  have  free  scope,  and  to  leave  the  development 
of  the  mind,  within  certain  limits,  to  the  operation  of  awakened 
curiosity  directed  to  its  proper  objects.  He  therefore  threw  open 
his  extensive  library  to  his  children  at  an  early  period  of  their 
lives,  and  said,  in  tlie  words  of  Cotton  Mather,  "  Read,  and  you 
will  know."  He  felt  that  children  should  learn  to  acquire 
knowledge  by  severe  effort;  that  the  prevailing  disposition  to 
make  every  thing  easy  is  unphilosophical  and  wrong ;  that  the 
great  object  of  early  training  is  to  form  the  mind  into  a  capacity 
of  surmounting  intellectual  difficulties  of  any  and  every  kind.  In 
his  view,  also,  the  young  have  much  to  learn  in  early  life,  tlie  use 
of  which  they  can  not  then  comprehend.  They  must  learn  it  by 
rote,  particularly  tlie  spelling  of  so  complicated  a  language  as  ours; 
and  all  those  systems  which  lead  forward  children  no  faster  than 
they  can  understand  and  apply  every  word  they  spell,  he  consid- 
ered as  radically  erroneous.  He  wished,  on  tlie  contrary,  at  this 
early  period  of  ready  memory  and  limited  comprehension,  to  store 
tlie  mind  witli  many  things  which  would  afterward  be  found  of 
indispensable  use ;  things  which  arc  learnt  witli  tlie  utmost  reluc- 
tance, or  rather,  in  most  cases,  are  not  learnt  at  all,  in  the  more 
advanced  stages  of  intellectual  progress.  He  felt  that  tliere  must 
necessarily  be  much  of  drudgery  in  the  formation  of  a  thoroughly 
educated  mind.  He  thought  it  wise,  therefore,  to  commence 
those  tasks  which  it  involves,  from  the  earliest  period  at  which 
the  youthful  intellect  can  endure  them.  Upon  these  principles 
he  constructed  his  Spelling  Book,  and  other  works  for  tlie  use 
of  children.  He  designed  to  make  them  instructive,  and  not  mere 
books  of  amusement  Whether  his  views  were  incorrect  or  unphil- 
osophical, the  public  will  judge. 

In  respect  to  religion.  Dr.  Webster  was  a  firm  believer,  during 
a  large  part  of  his  life,  in  the  great  distinctive  doctrines  of  our 
Puritan  ancestors,  whose  character  he  always  regarded  with  the 
highost  veneration.  There  was  a  period,  however,  from  tlie  time 
of  his  leaving  college  to  the  age  of  forty,  when  he  had  doubts  as 
to  seme  of  those  doctrines,  and  rested  in  a  different  system.  Soon 
after  he  graduated,  being  uncertain  what  business  to  attempt  or 
by  what  means  he  could  obtain  subsistence,  he  felt  his  mind 
greatly  perplexed,  and  almost  overwiielmed  with  gloomy  appre- 
hensions. In  this  state,  as  he  afterward  informed  a  friend,  he 
read  Johnson's  Rambler  with  unusual  interest ;  and,  in  closing  the 
last  volume,  he  made  a  firm  resolution  to  pursue  a  course  of  virtue 
through  life,  and  to  perform  every  moral  and  social  duty  with 
scrupulous  exactness.  To  this  he  added  a  settled  belief  in  the 
inspiration  of  the  Scriptures  and  the  governing  providence  of 
God,  connected  with  highly  reverential  views  of  the  divine 
character  and  perfections.  Here  he  rested,  placing  his  chief 
reliance  for  salvation  on  a  faithful  discharge  of  all  the  relative 
duties  of  life,  though  not  to  the  entire  exclusion  of  dependence  on  j 
the  merits  of  \lie  Redeemer.    In  this  state  of  mind  he  remained, 


D 


xxii 


MEMOIR  OF  THE  AUTHOR. 


though  with  some  misgiving  and  frec^uent  fluctuations  of 
feeling,  to  tlie  winter  of  1807-8.  At  that  time,  there  was  a 
season  of  general  religious  interest  at  New  Haven,  under  the 
ministry  of  the  Rev.  Moses  Stuart,  now  a  professor  in  the  Andover 
Tiieological  Seminary.  To  this  Dr.  Webster's  attention  was  first 
directed,  by  observing  an  unusual  degree  of  tenderness  and  so- 
lemnity of  feeling  in  all  tlie  adult  members  of  his  family.  He 
was  thus  led  to  reconsider  his  former  views,  and  inquire,  with  an 
earnestness  which  he  had  never  felt  before,  into  tlie  nature  of  per- 
sonal religion,  and  tlie  true  ground  of  man's  acceptance  with  God. 
He  had  now  to  decide  not  for  himself  only,  but,  to  a  certain 
extent,  for  others,  whose  spiritual  interests  were  committed  to  his 
charge.  Under  a  sense  of  this  responsibility,  he  took  up  the 
study  of  the  Bible  with  painful  solicitude.  As  he  advanced,  the 
objections  which  he  had  formerly  enteitained  against  tlie  humbling 
doctrines  of  the  gospel,  were  wholly  removed.  He  felt  their  truth 
in  his  own  experience.  He  felt  tliat  salvation  must  be  wholly  of 
grace.  He  felt  constrained,  as  he  afterward  told  a  friend,  to  cast 
himself  down  before  God,  confess  his  sins,  implore  pardon  through 
the  merits  of  the  Redeemer,  and  there  to  make  his  vows  of  entire 
obedience  to  the  commands  and  devotion  to  the  service  of  his 
Maker.  With  his  characteristic  promptitude,  he  instantly  made 
known  to  his  family  the  feelings  which  he  entertained.  He  called 
them  together  the  next  morning,  and  told  them,  with  deep  emotion, 
that,  while  he  had  aimed  at  the  faithful  discharge  of  all  his  duties 
as  their  parent  and  head,  he  had  neglected  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant, that  of  family  prayer.  After  reading  the  Scriptures,  he 
led  them,  with  deep  solemnity,  to  the  throne  of  grace,  and  from 
that  time  continued  the  practice,  with  the  liveliest  interest,  to  the 
period  of  his  death.  He  made  a  public  profession  of  religion  in 
April,  1808.  His  two  oldest  daughters  united  with  him  in  the  act, 
and  anotlier,  only  twelve  years  of  age,  was  soon  added  to  tiie 
number. 

In  his  religious  feelings,  Dr.  Webster  was  remarkably  equable 
and  cheerful.  He  had  a  very  strong  sense  of  the  providence  of 
God,  as  extending  to  the  minutest  concerns  of  life.  In  this  he 
found  a  source  of  continual  support  and  consolation,  under  the 
severe  labors  and  numerous  trials  which  he  had  to  endure.  To  the 
same  divine  hand  he  habitually  referred  all  his  enjoyments ;  and  it 
was  known  to  his  family,  that  he  rarely,  if  ever,  took  the  slightest  re- 
freshment, of  any  kind,  even  between  meals,  without  a  momentary 
pause,  and  a  silent  tribute  of  tlianks  to  God  as  the  giver.  He 
made  the  Scriptures  his  daily  study.  After  the  completion  of  his 
Dictionary,  especially,  they  were  always  lying'  on  his  table,  and 
he  probably  read  them  more  than  all  other  books.  He  felt,  from 
that  time,  that  the  labors  of  his  life  were  ended,  and  that  little 
else  remained  but  to  prepare  for  death.  With  a  grateful  sense 
of  past  mercies,  a  cheering  consciousness  of  present  support, 
and  an  animating  hope  of  future  blessedness,  he  waited  witli 
patience  until  his  appointed  change  should  come. 

During  the  spring  of  Dr.  Webster  revised  the  Appendix 

of  his  Dictionary,  and  added  some  hundreds  of  words.  He  com- 
pleted the  printing  of  it  about  the  middle  of  May.  It  was  the 
closing  act  of  his  life.  Ilia  hand  rested,  in  its  last  labors,  on  the 
volume  which  he  had  commenced  thirty-six  years  before.  Witliin 
a  few  days,  in  calling  on  a  number  of  friends  in  different  parts  of 
the  town,  he  walked,  during  one  afternoon,  between  two  and 
three  miles.  The  day  was  chilly,  and  immediately  after  his 
return,  he  was  seized  with  faintncss  and  a  severe  oppression  on 


his  lungs.  An  attack  of  peripneumony  followed,  which,  though 
not  alarming  at  first,  took  a  sudden  turn  after  four  or  five  days, 
with  fearful  indications  of  a  fatal  result.  It  soon  became 
necessary  to  inform  him  that  he  was  in  imminent  danger.  He 
received  the  communication  with  surprise,  but  with  entire  com- 
posure. His  health  had  been  so  good,  and  every  bodily  function 
so  perfect  in  its  exercise,  that  he  undoubtedly  expected  to  live 
some  years  longer.  But  though  suddenly  called,  he  was  com- 
pletely ready.  He  gave  some  characteristic  directions  as  to  the 
disposal  of  his  body  after  death.  He  spoke  of  his  long  life 
as  one  of  uniform  enjoyment,  because  filled  up  at  every  stage 
with  active  labors  for  some  valuable  end.  He  expressed  hw  entire 
resignation  to  the  will  of  God,  and  his  unshaken  trust  in  the 
atoning  blood  of  the  Redeemer.  It  was  an  interesting  coinci- 
dence, that  his  former  pasto^  the  Rev.  Mr.  Stuai-t,  who  received 
him  to  the  church  thirty-five  years  before,  had  just  arrived  at  New 
Haven  on  a  visit  to  his  friends.  He  called  immediately  ;  and  the 
interview  brought  into  affecting  comparison  the  beginning  and 
the  end  of  that  long  period  of  consecration  to  the  service  of 
Christ.  The  same  hopes  which  had  cheered  the  vigor  of  man- 
hood, were  now  shedding  a  softened  light  over  the  decay  and 
sufferings  of  age.  "  I  know  in  whom  I  have  believed,""  —  such 
was  the  solemn  and  affecting  testimony  which  he  gave  to  his 
friend,  while  the  hand  of  death  was  upon  him,  —  "I  knoio  in  whom 
I  have  believed,  and  that  He  is  able  to  keep  that  which  I  have 
committed  to  him  against  that  day."  Thus,  without  one  doubt,  one 
fear,  he  resigned  his  soul  into  the  hands  of  his  Maker,  and  died 
on  the  28th  day  of  May,  1843,  in  the  eighty-fi^h  year  of  his  age. 

In  his  person,  Dr.  Webster  was  tall,  and  somewhat  slender, 
remarkably  erect  throughout  life,  and  moving,  even  in  his  ad- 
vanced years,  with  a  light  and  elastic  step. 

Dr.  Webster's  widow  survived  him  more  than  four  years,  and 
died  on  the  25th  day  of  June,  1847,  in  the  eighty-second  year  of 
her  age.  He  had  seven  children  who  arrived  at  maturity,  —  one 
son,  William  G.  Webster,  Esq.,  who  resides  at  New  Haven,  and 
six  daughters.  Of  these,  the  oldest  is  married  to  the  Hon. 
William  W.  Ellsworth,  of  Hartford,  late  governor,  and  now  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Connecticut ;  the  second  to  the  author 
of  this  sketch ;  the  third,  now  deceased,  was  first  married  to 
Edward  Cobb,  Esq.,  of  Portland,  Maine,  and  afterward  to  the 
Rev.  Professor  Fowler,  of  Amherst,  Mass. ;  the  fourth,  also 
deceased,  was  married  to  Horatio  Southgate,  Esq.,  of  Portland, 
Maine,  and  left  at  her  death  a  daughter,  who  was  adopted  by  Dr. 
Webster,  and  is  now  married  to  Henry  Trowbridge,  Jun.,  Esq., 
of  New  Haven;  the  fifth  is  married  to  the  Rev.  Henry  Jones,  of 
Bridgeport,  Conn. ;  and  the  sixth  remains  unmarried,  in  the  family 
of  her  brotlier. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  that  the  name  of  Noaii  Web- 
ster, from  the  wide  circulation  of  some  of  his  works,  is  known 
familiarly  to  a  greater  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  United 
States,  than  the  name,  probably,  of  any  other  individual  except 
the  Father  of  his  Country.  Whatever  influence  he  thus 
acquired  was  used  at  all  times  to  promote  the  best  interests  of 
his  fellow-men.  His  books,  though  read  by  millions,  have  made 
no  man  worse.  To  multitudes  they  h.ive  been  of  lasting  benefit, 
nor  only  by  the  course  of  early  training  they  have  furnished,  but 
by  those  precepts  of  wisdom  and  virtue  with  which  almost  every 
page  is  stored. 

August,  1847. 


INTRODUCTION 


DEFINITION  OF  LANGUAGE. 

Language  or  Speech  is  the  utterance  of  articulate  sounds  or 
voices,  rendered  significant  by  usage,  for  the  expression  and 
communication  of  thoughts. 

According  to  this  definition,  language  belongs  exclusively  to 
intellectual  and  intelligent  beings,  and,  among  terrestrial  beings, 
to  man  only ;  for  no  animal  on  earth,  except  man,  can  pro- 
nounce words.  The  word  lang-uage  is  sometimes  used  in  a  more 
comprehensive  sense,  and  applied  to  the  sounds  by  which  irra- 
tional animals  express  their  feelings  or  affections;  as  to  the 
neighing  of  the  horse,  the  lowing  of  the  ox,  the  barking  of  the 
dog,  and  to  the  cackling  and  chirping  of  fowls;  for  the  sounds 
uttered  by  these  animals  are  perfectly  understood  by  the  re- 
spective species.  So  also  language  is  figuratively  applied  to  the 
signs  by  which  deaf  and  dumb  persons  manifest  their  ideas ;  for 
these  are  instruments  of  communicating  thoughts. 

But  language  in  its  proper  sense,  as  the  medium  of  intercourse 
between  men,  or  rational  beings,  endowed  with  the  faculty  of 
uttering  articulate  sounds,  is  the  subject  now  to  be  considered. 

Written  language  is  the  representation  of  significant  sounds  by 
letters,  or  characters,  single  or  combined  in  words,  arranged  in 
due  order,  according  to  usage. 


ORIGIN  OF  LANGUAGE. 

We  read  in  the  Scriptures,  that  God,  when  he  had  created 
man,  "  blessed  them  ;  and  said  to  them.  Be  fruitful  and  multi- 
ply, and  replenish  the  earth,  and  subdue  it:  and  have  dominion 
over  the  fish  of  the  sea,"  &c.  God  afterward  planted  a  garden, 
and  placed  in  it  the  man  he  had  made,  with  a  command  to  keep 
it,  and  to  dress  it;  and  he  gave  him  a  rule  of  moral  conduct,  in 
permitting  him  to  eat  the  fruit  of  every  tree  in  the  garden,  except 
one,  the  eating  of  which  was  prohibited.  We  further  read,  tliat 
God  brought  to  Adam  the  fowls  and  beasts  he  had  made,  and  that 
Adam  gave  them  names  ;  and  that  when  his  female  companion 
was  made,  he  gave  her  a  name.  After  the  eating  of  the  for- 
bidden fruit,  it  is  stated  tliat  God  addressed  Adam  and  Eve, 
reproving  them  for  their  disobedience,  and  pronouncing  the  pen- 
alties which  they  had  incurred.  In  the  account  of  these  trans- 
actions, it  is  further  related  that  Adam  and  Eve  both  replied  to 
their  Maker,  and  excused  their  disobedience. 

If  we  admit,  what  is  the  literal  and  obvious  interpretation  of 
this  narrative,  that  vocal  sounds  or  words  were  used  in  these  com- 
munications between  God  and  the  progenitors  of  tlie  human  race, 
it  results  that  Adam  was  not  only  endowed  with  intellect  for 
understanding  his  Maker,  or  the  signification  of  words,  but  was 
furnished  both  with  tlie  faculty  of  speech  and  with  speech  itself, 
or  the  knowledge  and  use  of  words  as  signs  of  ideas,  and  this 
before  the  formation  of  the  woman.  Hence  we  ma3'  infer  that 
language  was  bestowed  on  Adam,  in  the  same  manner  as  all  his 
other  faculties  and  knowledge,  by  supernatural  power;  or,  in 
other  words,  was  of  divine  origin  :  for,  supposing  Adam  to  have 
had  all  the  intellectual  powers  of  any  adult  individual  of  the 
species  who  has  since  lived,  we  can  not  admit  as  probable,  or 
even  possible,  that  he  should  have  invented  and  constructed  even 
a  barren  language,  as  soon  as  he  was  created,  without  super- 
natural aid.  It  may  indeed  be  doubted  whether,  without  such 
aid,  men  would  ever  have  learned  the  use  of  the  organs  of 
speech,  so  tar  as  to  form  a  language.  At  anj'  rate,  the  invention 
of  words  and  the  construction  of  a  language  must  have  been  by 
a  slow  process,  and  must  have  required  a  much  longer  time  than 

*  Celebrant,  cariiiinibus  aiitiqiiis,  Tiiistoni'in  dfuni  terri  editiim,  tt  (ilium 

Mannum,  originem  genlis  coiiditoresque.    M.iiuio  trt-.s  lilios  assignant.  Dr.Vur. 

Qerm.  2. 

"  In  ancient  songs  they  celebrate  Tuisto,  a  god  sprung  from  the  earth,  and  his 


that  which  passed  between  the  creation  of  Adam  and  of  Eve.  It 
is,  therefore,  probable,  that  language,  as  well  as  the  faculty  of 
speech,  was  the  immediate  gift  of  God.  We  are  not,  howevi.'r,  to 
suppose  the  language  of  our  first  parents  in  paradise  to  have  bei-n 
copious,  like  most  modern  languages  ;  or  the  identical  language 
they  used,  to  be  now  in  existence.  Many  of  the  primitive  radi- 
cal  words  may  and  probably  do  exist  in  various  languages;  but 
observation  teaches  that  languages  must  improve  and  undergo 
great  changes  as  knowledge  increases,  and  be  subject  to  con- 
tinual alterations,  from  other  causes  incident  to  men  in  society. 


A  Brief  Account  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the 
PRINCIPAL  Languages,  ancient  and  modern,  that  have 
been  spoken  by  Nations  between  the  Ganges  and 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

We  learn  from  the  Scriptures  tliat  Noah,  who,  with  his  family, 
was  preserved  from  destruction  by  the  Deluge,  for  tlie  purpose 
of  re-peopling  the  earth,  had  three  sons,  Shem,  Ham,  and  Ja- 
pheth.  This  fact,  a  little  obscured  by  tradition,  was  retained  by 
our  rude  German  ancestors,  to  the  age  of  Tacitus.* 

Japheth  was  the  eldest  son;  but  Shem,  the  ancestor  of  the 
Israelites  and  of  the  writers  of  the  Scriptures,  is  named  first  in 
order. 

The  descendants  of  Shem  and  Ham  peopled  all  the  great  plain 
situated  north  and  west  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  between  that  Gulf 
and  the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  east,  and  the  Arabic  Gulf  and  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  on  the  west,  with  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa;  comprehending  Assyria,  Babylonia  or  Chaldea,  Syria, 
Palestine,  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  Libya.  The  principal  languages  or 
dialects  used  b)'  these  descendants,  arc  known  to  us  under  the 
names  of  Chaldee,  or  Chaldaic,  which  is  called  also  Aramean,  i 
Syriac,  Hebrew,  Arabic,  Ethiopic,  Samaritan,  and  Coptic.  Of 
these,  the  Chaldee  and  Hebrew  are  no  longer  living  languages, 
but  they  have  come  down  to  us  in  books ;  the  Samaritan  is  prob- 
ably extinct  or  lost  in  the  modern  languages  of  the  country,  but 
the  language  survives  in  a  copy  of  the  Pentateuch;  the  Coptic  is 
nearly  or  quite  extinct,  and  little  of  it  remains;  the  Syriac,  Ara- 
bic, and  Ethiopic  are  yet  living  languages,  but  they  have  suffered 
and  are  continually  suffering  alterations,  from  which  no  living 
language  is  exempt. 

These  languages,  except  the  Coptic,  being  used  by  the  de- 
scendants of  Shem,  I  call  SItemitic,  or  .'Issyrian,  in  distinction 
from  the  Japhetic.  As  the  descendants  of  Japhetli  peopled  Asia 
Minor,  the  northern  parts  of  Asia,  about  the  Euxine  and  Cas- 
pian, and  all  Europe,  their  languages  have,  in  the  long  period 
that  has  elapsed  since  their  dispersion,  become  very  numerous. 

All  languages  having  sprung  from  one  source,  the  original 
words  from  which  they  have  been  formed  must  have  been  of 
equal  antiquity.  That  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages  in 
Europe  are,  in  this  sense,  as  old  as  the  Chaldee  and  Hebrew,  is  a 
fact  not  only  warranted  by  history  and  the  common  origin  of 
Japheth  and  Shem,  but  susceptible  of  proof  from  the  identitj-  of 
many  words  yet  existing  in  both  stocks.  But  there  is  a  marked 
difference  between  the  Shemitic  and  Japhetic  languages;  for 
even  when  the  radical  words  are  unquestionably  the  same,  the 
modifications,  or  inflections  and  combinations  which  form  the 
compounds,  are,  for  the  most  part,  different. 

As  it  has  been  made  a  question  which  of  the  Shemitic  lan- 
guages is  the  most  ancient,  and  much  has  been  written  to  prove 
it  to  be  the  Hebrew,  I  will  state  briefly  my  opinion  on  what 
appears  to  me  to  be  one  of  the  plainest  questions  in  the  history 
of  nations.    We  have  for  our  certain  guides,  in  determining  this 

son  Mannus,  [.Man,]  the  origin  and  founders  of  their  nation.    To  Mannus  they 
assign  tliree  .vo;l<." 
Noah  is  here  called  Man. 


INTRODUCTION. 


question  —  1st,  The  historical  narrative  of  facts  in  tlie  Book  of 
Genesis  ;  and  2d,  The  known  and  uniform  progress  of  languages, 
within  the  period  of  authentic  profane  history. 

1.  The  Scripture  informs  us  that,  before  the  dispersion,  the 
whole  earth  was  of  one  language  and  of  one  or  the  same  speech  ; 
and  that  the  descendants  of  Noah  journeyed  from  the  east,  and 
settled  on  the  plain  of  Shinar,  or  in  Chaldea.  The  language 
used  at  that  time,  by  the  inhabitants  of  that  plain,  must  then 
have  been  the  oldest  or  the  primitive  language  of  man.  This 
must  have  been  the  original  Chaldee. 

2.  The  Scripture  informs  us,  that  in  consequence  of  the  im- 
pious attempts  of  the  people  to  build  a  city,  and  a  tower  whose 
top  miglit  reach  to  heaven,  with  a  view  to  make  themselves  a 
name  and  prevent  their  dispersion,  God  interposed  and  con- 
founded their  language,  so  that  they  could  not  understand  each 
other ;  in  consequence  of  which,  they  were  dispersed  "  from 
thence  over  the  face  of  all  the  earth." 

3.  If  the  confusion  of  languages  at  Babel  originated  the  differ- 
ences which  gave  rise  to  the  various  languages  of  the  families 
which  separated  at  the  dispersion,  then  those  several  languages 
are  all  of  equal  antiquity.  Of  these  the  Hebrew,  as  a  distinct 
language,  was  not  one  ;  for  the  Hebrew  nation  was  of  posterior 
origin. 

4.  All  the  words  of  the  several  great  races  of  men,  both  in 
Asia  and  Europe,  which  are  vernacular  in  their  several  lan- 
guages, and  unequivocally  the  same,  are  of  equal  antiquity,  as 
they  must  h've  been  derived  from  the  common  Chaldee  stock 
which  exis'ed  before  the  dispersion.  The  words  common  to  the 
Syrians  and  Hebrews  could  not  have  been  borrowed  from  the 
Hebrew  ;  for  the  Hebrews  originated  from  Heber  and  Abram, 
several  centuries  after  Syria  and  Egypt  were  populous  countries. 
This  fact  is  attested  by  the  Scripture  history,  which  declares  that 
when  Abram  migrated  from  Chaldea,  and  came  into  Canaan  or 
Palestine,  "  the  Canaanite  was  then  in  the  land  ;  "  and  when  he 
returned  from  Egypt,  "  the  Terizzite  dwelt  in  the  land."  These 
declarations,  and  the  histor}'  of  Abimelech,  and  of  the  war  of  four 
kings  or  chieftains  with  five,  as  also  of  the  cities  of  Sodom  and 
Gomorrah,  prove  Syria  to  have  been  at  that  time  well  peopled. 
The  language  of  the  inhabitants,  then,  must  have  been  coeval 
with  the  nation,  and  long  anterior  to  the  Hebrew  as  a  distinct 
dialect.  It  may  be  added,  that  in  the  early  periods  of  the  world, 
when  no  books  existed,  nations,  living  remote  or  distinct,  never 
borrowed  words  from  each  other.  One  nation  living  in  the  midst 
of  another,  as  the  Hebrews  did  among  the  Egyptians,  may  adopt 
a  single  word,  or  a  few  words  ;  but  a  family  of  words  thus  adopted, 
is  an  occurrence  rarely  or  never  known.  The  borrowing  of  words, 
in  modern  times,  is  almost  wholly  from  the  use  of  books. 

5.  It  is  probable  that  some  differences  of  language  were  pro- 
duced by  the  confusion  ;  but  neither  that  event  nor  any  super- 
natural event  is  necessary  to  account  for  the  differences  of  dialect 
or  of  languages  now  existing.  The  different  modern  languages 
of  the  Gothic  or  Teutonic  stock  all  originated  in  the  natural 
course  of  events ;  and  the  differences  are  as  great  between  them 
as  they  are  between  the  languages  of  the  Shemitic  stock. 

6.  Soon  after  two  races  of  men  of  a  common  stock  have  sepa- 
rated and  placed  themselves  in  distant  countries,  the  language 
of  each  begins  to  diverge  from  that  of  the  other,  by  various 
means.  —  1.  One  tribe  or  nation  will  sufler  one  word  to  become 
obsolete  and  be  forgotten  ;  another  will  suffer  the  loss  of  another  ; 
sometimes  a  whole  family  of  words  will  be  lost;  at  other  times,  a 
part  only  ;  at  other  times,  a  single  word  only  of  a  numerous  fam- 
ily will  be  retained  by  one  nation,  while  another  nation  will  re- 
tain the  whole.  2.  The  same  word  will  be  differently  applied 
by  two  distant  races  of  men,  and  the  difference  will  be  so  great 
as  to  obscure  the  original  affinity.  15.  Words  will  b("  compounded 
by  two  nations  in  a  different  manner,  the  same  radical  words 
taking  a  different  prefix  or  sudix,  in  different  languages.  Thus 
wisdom  in  English  is  in  German  ireisheil,  [wisehead,  wis(!h()od,] 
from  wise,  weis.  The  English  mislead  is  in  Danish  forleder  ':om 
lend,  teder.  4.  The  pronunciation  and  orthography  of  w-  rds  will 
often  be  so  much  changed,  tliat  the  same  word  in  two  languages 
can  not,  witiiout  difliculty,  1«;  recognized  as  identical.  No  per- 
son, without  a  considerable  attention  to  the  changes  wliich  letters 
have  suffered,  wr)uld  at  once  Buspect  or  believi;  the  English  let 
and  the  French  laisse.r  to  be  the  same  word. 

7.  As  Abram  migrated  from  Chaldt-a,  he  must  have  spoken 
the  Chaldee  language ;  and  probably,  at  that  time,  the  Syriac, 

•  VV«Uh  cr.lt,  a  cover  or  iihfiltcr,  a  CHI  ■■  criliivl,  nn  inhnbltant  of  the  covert  or 
wood  i  etlti,  to  conceal,  Lat.  celo.    In  tiiiulic  thir  word  ia  r.mlt  or  ccilt.    'I'lio  (Jelu 


Arabic,  and  Egyptian,  had  not  become  so  different,  as  to  render 
it  impracticable  for  him  to  converse  with  the  inhabitants  of  Pal- 
estine and  Egypt.  But  the  language  of  Abram's  descendants, 
and  that  of  the  land  of  Shinar  or  the  Chaldee,  must,  in  the  natu- 
ral course  of  things,  have  begun  to  diverge  soon  after  the  separa- 
tion ;  and  the  changes  in  each  language,  being  different,  would, 
in  the  course  of  a  few  centuries,  form  somewhat  different  lan- 
guages. So  in  the  days  of  Hezekiah,  the  Syriac  and  Hebrew 
had  become,  in  a  degree,  distinct  languages.  2  Kings  xviii.  In 
which  of  these  languages  the  greatest  number  of  alterations  were 
produced,  we  do  not  know  ;  but,  from  the  general  observations  I 
have  made  in  my  researches,  it  appears  that  the  Chaldee  dialect, 
in  the  use  of  dental  letters  instead  of  sibilants,  is  much  the  most 
general  in  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages  of  Europe.  Thus 
the  German  only  has  a  sibilant  in  wasser,  when  the  other  Teu- 
tonic languages  have  a  dental,  icatcr.  I  think  also  that  there  are 
far  more  words  in  the  European  languages  which  accord  with  the 
Chaldee  or  Arabic,  than  there  are  words  which  accora  with  the 
Hebrew.  If  this  observation  is  well  founded,  the  Hebrew  must 
have  suffered  the  loss  of  more  primitive  words  than  the  other 
languages  of  the  Shemitic  family.  This,  however,  is  true,  that 
all  of  them  have  lost  some  words,  and  in  some  cases  the  Hebrew 
retains  what  the  others  have  lost. 

8.  The  Hebrew  Scriptures  are,  by  many  centuries,  the  most 
ancient  writings  extant.  Hence  probably  the  strange  inference, 
that  the  Hebrew  is  the  oldest  language  ;  as  if  the  inhabitants  of 
Chaldea  and  Syria  had  had  no  language  for  ages  before  the  pro- 
genitor of  the  Hebrews  was  born. 

9.  The  vernacular  words  in  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages 
of  modern  Europe,  which  are  evidently  the  same  words  as  still 
exist  in  the  Shemitic  languages,  are  of  the  same  antiquity  ;  being 
a  part  of  the  common  language  which  was  used  on  the  plain  of 
Shinar,  before  the  dispersion. 

The  descendants  of  Japheth  peopled  the  northern  part  of  Asia, 
and  all  Europe  ;  or,  if  some  colonies  from  Egypt  planted  them- 
selves in  Greece  at  an  early  period,  they  or  their  descendants 
must  have  been  merged  in  the  mass  of  Japhetic  population. 
Certain  it  is,  that  the  Greek  language  is  chiefly  formed  on  the 
same  radical  words  as  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages. 

The  Japhetic  tribes  of  men,  whose  descendants  peopled  the 
south  and  west  of  Europe,  were  first  established  in  the  country 
now  called  Persia,  or,  by  the  natives  themselves,  Iran.  Of  this 
fact,  the  evidence  now  existing  is  decisive.  The  numerous  words 
found  in  the  Greek,  Latin,  Gaelic,  English,  and  the  kindred 
tongues,  which  are  still  used  in  Persia,  prove,  beyond  all  ques- 
tion, that  Persia  must  have  been  the  residence  of  the  people 
whose  descendants  introduced  into  Europe  the  languages  from 
which  the  modern  languages  are  derived.  The  fact  proves  fur- 
ther, that  a  great  body  of  the  original  Persians  remained  in  their 
own  country,  and  their  descendants  constitute  the  mass  of  the 
population  at  this  day. 

In  the  early  stages  of  society,  men  dwelt  or  migrated  in  fami- 
lies, tribes,  or  clans.  The  family  of  Abraham  and  Jacob  in  Asia, 
and  the  clans  of  the  Gaels  in  Scotland,  exhibit  to  us  the  manner 
in  which  societies  and  nations  were  originally  formed.  Tlie 
descendants  of  a  man  settled  around  him,  and  formed  a  clan,  or 
tribe,  of  which  the  government  was  patriarchal.  Such  families 
often  migrated  in  a  body,  and  often  the  personal  characteristics 
of  the  progenitor  might  be  distinctly  traced  in  his  descendants 
for  many  generations.  In  process  of  time,  some  of  these  families 
became  nations;  more  generally,  by  means  of  wars  and  migra- 
tions, diflerent  tribes  became  blended,  and  the  distinction  of 
families  was  lost. 

In  rude  ages,  the  families  or  tribes  of  men  are  named  from 
some  characteristic  of  the  people  ;  or,  more  generally,  from  the 
))lace  of  tiieir  residence.  The  Greeks  gave  the  name  of  Snjtliia 
to  the  north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  but  the  primitive  inhabitants  of 
the  we.st  of  Europe  they  called  A  iArm,  Kelts,  Celts,  a  word  signi- 
fying iroods  meii."  These  were  descendants  from  the  same 
ancestors  as  the  Greeks  and  Romans  themselves,  but  they  liad 
pushed  their  migrations  into  Gaul,  S])ain,  and  Britain.  The  first 
si'ttlers  or  occupiers  of  these  countries  were  driven  forward  by 
successive  hordes,  until  they  were  checked  by  tile  ocean  ;  there 
they  made  their  stand,  and  there  we  find  their  descendants  at 
this  day.  These  may  be  considered  as  the  descendants  of  the 
earliest  settlers  or  first  inhabitants  of  the  countries  where  they 
are  found.    Among  these  are  the  inhabitants  of  France,  south  of 

were  oricHnnlly  a  tribe  or  nation  inhabiting  the  nortb  of  Italy,  or  tlie  titill  more 
northern  territory. 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXV 


the  Garonne,  and  those  of  the  north  of  Spain,  called  by  tlie  Ro- 
mans Aquitani  and  Cantabri,  in  more  modern  times  Gascoigns, 
Basques,  and  Cantabrians,  who  still  retain  their  native  language  ; 
and  in  Great  Britain,  the  Gaels  in  Scotland,  and  the  natives  of 
the  north  and  west  of  Ireland,  who  also  retain  their  primitive 
language.* 

The  first  inhabitants  of  the  north  and  west  of  Europe,  known 
to  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  o>ir 
earliest  accounts  of  that  region,  were  the  Cimbri,  wiio  inhabited 
the  peninsula  of  Denmark,  now  called  Jutland,  and  the  tribes 
which  belonged  to  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  races  which  w(>re 
established  in  Germany  and  on  both  sides  of  the  Baltic.  Wliether 
tribes  of  Celtic  origin  had  overspread  the  latter  countries  before 
the  arrival  of  the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  races,  and  all  Europe  had 
been  inhabited  by  the  Celts  even  to  the  borders  of  Sarmatia,  has 
been  a  question  much  disputed  by  historians  and  antiquaries. 
The  German  and  French  writers  generally  contend  that  the 
Celts  inliabited  all  the  nortli  of  Europe,  as  far  at  least  as  Sarma- 
tia;  but  some  respectable  English  writers  are  of  a  ditterent  opin- 
ion. Now,  it  is  agreed  that  the  Welsh  are  descendants  of  tlie 
Cimbri,  inhabitants  of  .lutland  ;  and  their  language  bears  a  strong 
affinity  to  tlie  Celtic  languages  which  still  e.xist  —  a  fact  that 
*  countenances  the  opinion  of  the  German  and  French  writers. 
But  the  dispute  is  of  little  moment;  the  Celtic,  Teutonic  and 
Gothic  races  being  all  of  the  Japhetic  stock,  migrating  from  Asia 
through  Asia  Minor  at  different  times,  and  pursuing  different 
courses  westward.  The  first  tribes  probably  sougiit  the  warm 
climates  along  the  north  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  estab- 
lished themselves  in  Greece  and  Italy.  Others  followed  the 
course  of  the  Danabe  and  its  subsidiary  streams,  till  they  fell 
upon  the  rivers  that  conducted  them  to  the  Baltic.  The  first 
inhabitants  of  Greece  and  Italy  were  probably  of  the  Celtic  race  ; 
but  if  they  were,  it  is  very  evident  that  tribes  of  the  Teutonic  or 
Gothic  races  invaded  those  countries  before  they  were  civilized, 
and  intermingled  with  the  original  inhabitants.  The  Pelasgi 
may  have  been  among  the  number.  This  is  an  inference  which 
I  draw  from  the  aflinities  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages  with 
those  of  Teutonic  origin.  The  Teutonic  and  Gotliic  races  im- 
pressed their  language  upon  all  the  continent  of  Europe  west  of 
the  Vistula,  and  from  that  river  to  the  Rhine,  or  rather  to  the 
Seine,  anterior  to  the  conquest  of  Gaul  by  Julius  Cesar.  The 
same  races,  invading  and  conquering  the  south  of  Europe,  in  the 
fourth  and  fifth  centuries,  on  the  downfall  of  the  Roman  empire, 
infused  a  portion  of  their  language  into  the  Italian  and  Spanish, 
which  is  still  distinguishable. 

The  ancient  Sarmatia,  including  Poland  and  Russia,  was  prob- 
ably peopled  originally  by  races  of  men  who  passed  into  Europe 
by  the  country  north  of  the  Euxine.  Their  original  residence 
was  along  the  Rivers  Kur  and  Araxes,  or  on  the  mountains  be- 
tween the  Euxine  and  Caspian.  The  name  of  the  Riiss  or  Rus- 
sians is  clearly  recognized  in  the  Roxolaiii  of  Pliny  and  Ptolemy, 
and  possibly  the  ancestors  of  this  race  may  have  entered  Europe 
by  Asia  Minor.  That  the  Teutonic  races,  originally  from  Persia, 
inhabited  Asia  Minor,  and  migrated  westward  by  that  course,  is 
evident  from  the  names  which  they  impressed  on  mountains, 
rivers,  and  places.  Such  are  the  Cragns  of  Pliny,  the  Welsli  and 
English  crag  ;\  Perga  in  Pamphj'lifl,  now  burg  or  hergcn;  Tliijm- 
brcrk,  tlie  name  of  a  small  stream  near  the  site  of  Troy,  a  word 
in  which  we  recocrnize  the  English  brook;  it  was  contracted  by 
the  Greeks  into  Thijmbrius.X 

It  is  admitted  by  all  gentlemen  acquainted  with  Oriental  litera- 
ture, that  file  Sanscrit,  or  ancient  language  of  India,  the  parent 
of  all  the  dialects  of  that  great  peninsula,  is  radically  the  same 
language  or  from  the  same  stock  as  the  Greek  and  Latin  ;  the 
I  affinities  between  them  being  remarkably  clear  and  decisive.  If 
I  so,  the  inhabitants  of  India  and  tlie  (U^sceudants  of  the  Celtic  and 
Teutonic  nations  are  all  of  one  family,  and  must  have  all  migrated 


*  I  purposely  omit  nil  consideration  of  the  difTerrnt  familie.'i,  tribes,  or  nations, 
which  first  pi-oplcd  Greece  and  Italy.  In  Greece  we  read  of  the  tii'iun  or 
Ti  ouni,  the  Hellenes,  the  .Vch.Tans,  the  Dorians,  the  ^1-^olians,  the  loninns,  the 
Helastii,  k.c. ;  in  Italy,  of  the  lllyrians,  the  Liburni,  the  Siculi,  the  Veneti  or 
Hcm-ii,  the  Iheri,  Lijnrcs,  Sicani,  Etriisci,  Insiibrrs,  Sabini,  Latini,  Saniniles, 
and  many  otluTs.  But  as  these  nations  or  their  descendants  pave  the  name  of 
Celts  to  the  Umbri,  or  nations  that  dwelt  in  the  north,  in  the  less  cultivnted 
parts  of  Europe,  and  to  the  inhabitants  of  Gaul ;  and  as  all  the  tribes,  under 
whatever  denomination  they  were  known,  were  branches  of  the  cjeaX  Japhetic 
stock,  I  shall  call  them  by  that  general  name,  ("ei.ts  ;  and  under  the  general 
name  of  Goths  or  Teutons,  shall  comprehend  the  various  tril)es  that  inhabited 
the  north  of  Germany,  and  the  countrj'  north  of  the  Baltic,  or  Scandinavia. 

A  late  wtiter  seems  to  consider  the  Teutonic  races  as  the  mXy  ancestors  of  the 
Greeks  and  Itomaiis.  But  from  Celtic  words  still  found  in  the  Greek  and  Latin, 
words  not  belonging  to  any  of  the  Gothic  or  Teutonic  languages,  it  is  demon- 


from  one  country  after  the  separation  of  the  nations  of  the  She- 
mitic  stock  from  tliose  of  the  Japhetic  race.§ 
I  Whether  that  country  was  Persia,  or  Casliinir,  or  a  country 
^  farther  east,  is  a  point  not  easily  determined.  One  important 
I  inference  results  from  this  fact — that  the  white  men  of  Europe, 
I  and  the  black  or  tawny  men  of  India,  are  direct  descendants 
from  a  common  ancestor. 

Of  tiie  languages  of  Europe,  the  Greek  was  first  improved  and 
refined,  and  next  to  that  the  Latin.  The  affinity  between  these 
languages  and  those  of  the  west  and  north  of  Europe  is  very 
striking,  and  demonstrates  their  common  origin.  It  is  probable, 
however,  that  there  are  some  words  in  the  Greek  derived  from 
Africa,  if  Egyptian  colonies  were  established  in  Greece,  as  his- 
torians inform  us. 

The  mndern  Italian,  Spanish,  French,  and  Portuguese,  are 
composed  chiefly  of  Latin  words,  much  altered,  however,  both  in 
orthography  and  inflections.  Perhaps  nine  tenths  of  all  the  words 
now  found  in  those  languages  are  of  Latin  origin  ;  being  intro- 
duced by  the  Romans,  who  held  Gaul  in  subjection  five  or  six 
centuries,  and  Spain  much  longer  ;  or  being  borrowed  from  Latin 
authors  since  the  revival  of  letters.  Ail  these  languages,  how- 
ever, retain  many  words  of  Celtic  origin;  the  primitive  language 
not  having  been  entirely  extirpated.  In  some  ini-tances,  the 
same  word  has  been  transmitted  through  both  channels,  the  Cel- 
tic and  the  Latin,  and  is  yet  retained.  Thus  in  French  cider, 
and  in  Italian  cedere,  is  directlj'  from  the  Latin  ccdo ;  while  the 
French  cnngedicr  and  \iTd\vLn  cnngedare  are  composed  of  the  same 
word,  with  a  prefi.x,  derived  from  the  Celtic,  and  retained  in  the 
Welsh  i,'«f/«!0,  to  quit,  to  leave,  [L.  concedo.']  And  this  same  verb 
probably  appears  also  in  quit,  a  word  common  to  th(-  Teutonic 
and  to  the  Celtic  languages.  —  See  Conok,  in  the  Dictionary. 

It  must  be  observed  further,  that  the  Spanish  langtiage  con- 
tains some  words  of  African  origin,  introduced  by  the  Carthagin- 
ians before  the  Roman  conquest  of  Spain,  or  afterward  by  the 
Moors,  who  for  several  centuries  were  masters  of  tliat  country. 
It  contains  also  some  words  of  Gothic  origin,  introduced  by  the 
Goths,  who  conquered  that  country,  at  the  downfall  of  the  Ro- 
man empire.  The  French  also  contains  some  words  of  Teutonic 
origin,  either  from  the  Belgic  tribes,  who  occupied  the  country 
to  the  Seine  at  the  time  of  Cesar's  invasion,  or  from  the  Franks, 
who  established  the  dynasty  of  the  Merovingian  kings  in  the  fifth 
century,  or  from  the  Normans,  who  obtained  possession  of  the 
northern  part  of  that  kingdom  in  the  tenth  century,  or  from  all  ' 
these  sources. 

Tlie  German,  Dutch  or  Belgic,  Anglo-Saxon,  Danish,  and 
Swedish  languages  are  of  Teutonic  or  Gothic  origin. ||  They 
are  all  closely  allied  ;  a  great  part  of  the  words  in  them  all  being 
the  same  or  from  the  same  roots,  with  different  prefixes  or  affixes. 
There  is,  however,  a  greater  difference  between  the  Danish  and 
Swedish,  whicli  are  of  the  Gothic  stock,  and  the  German  and 
Dutch,  which  are  of  Teutonic  origin,  than  between  two  lan- 
guages of  the  same  stock,  as  between  the  Danish  and  Swedish. 
The  Norwegian,  Icelandic,  and  some  of  the  languages  or  dialects 
of  Switzerland,  belong  to  the  same  stock  ;  but  of  these  I  have  no 
particular  knowledge. 

The  Basque  or  Cantabrian  in  Spain,  the  Gaelic  in  the  nortfi 
of  Scotland,  and  the  Hiberno-Celtic  or  native  language  of  Ire- 
land, are  the  purest  remains  of  the  ancient  Celtic.  From  a  com- 
parison of  a  vocabulary  of  the  Gaelic  and  liiberno-Celtic,  I  find 
little  or  no  difference  between  them  ;  and  from  a  long  and  atten- 
tive examination  of  this  language,  and  of  the  languages  of  Teu- 
tonic origin,  I  find  less  difference  between  them  than  most  authors 
have  supposed  to  exist. 

The  Armoric  or  language  of  Brittany,  in  the  north-west  angle 
of  France,  and  tlie  Cornish,  in  the  south-west  of  England,  are 
also  of  Celtic  origin.  The  Cornish  is  now  extinct;  but  the  Ar- 
moric is  a  living  language. 


strabty  certain  that  the  primitive  settlers  in  Greece  and  Italy  belonged  to  the  I 
Celtic  races.  Thus  the  Greek  /y.icivfw,  Lat.  brachium,  the  arm,  is  formed  on  the 
Gaelic  braish-t  raiirfiy  \V.  brainy  a  word  not  found  among  the  'I'eutonic  nations. 
!?o  the  Welsh  mociaWy  to  mock,  is  found  in  the  Greek  /i-.iva'.',  and  French  mo~ 
qiirr,  to  mock,  and  Ir.  mogadh,  a  inocking  ;  hut  not  in  any  of  the  Gothic  or  Teu- 
tonic languases.  .Mnny  similar  facts  prove  that  the  Celtic  races  were  among 
the  earlii^st  inhabitants  of  Greece. 

t  Plin.  11.  \.  lib.  .'■>,  cap.  27.  Ptrabo,  lib.  7.  6,  informs  us  that  the  Dalmatians 
had  the  sincular  practice  of  making  a  division  of  their  fields  every  eighth  year. 
Hence  perhaps  the  name,  from  dral,  and  moM  or  madhy  country'. 

X  Clarke's  Travels. 

ft  See  the  word  Chuk,  in  the  Diction.ary. 

Il  In  strictness,  the  Swedish  and  Danish  are  of  Gothic  origin,  and  the  German 
i  and  Saxon,  of  Teutonic  origin. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  English,  as  now  spoken,  is  a  language  composed  of.  words 
from  several  others.  The  basis  of  the  language  is  Anglo-Saxon, 
or,  as  I  shall,  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  call  it,  Saxon,  by  which  it 
is  closely  allied  to  the  languages  of  Teutonic  and  Gothic  origin 
on  the  continent.  But  it  retains  a  great  number  of  words  from 
the  ancient  languages  of  Britain,  the  Belgic  or  Lloegrian,  and 
the  Cymraeg  or  Welsh,  particularly  from  the  latter,  and  some 
from  the  Cornish.  Cesar  informs  us,  that  before  he  invaded 
Britain,  Belgic  colonies  had  occupied  the  southern  coast  of  Eng- 
land ;  and  the  inhabitants  of  the  interior,  northern  and  western 
parts,  were  the  ancestors  of  the  present  Welsh,  who  call  them- 
selves Cymry,  and  their  country  Cymru,  a  name  which  indicates 
their  origin  from  the  Cimbri,  inhabitants  of  the  modern  Denmark, 
or  Cimbric  Chersonese,  now  Jutland. 

The  modern  Welsh  contains  many  Latin  words  introduced  by 
the  Romans,  who  had  possession  of  Britain  for  five  hundred  years. 
But  the  body  of  the  language  is  probably  their  vernacular  tongue. 
It  is  more  nearly  allied  to  the  languages  of  Celtic  origin  than  to 
those  of  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  stock  ;  and  of  this  British  lan- 
guage, the  Cornish  and  Armoric  are  dialects. 

It  has  been  commonly  supposed  that  the  Britons  were  nearly 
exterminated  by  the  Saxons,  and  that  the  few  that  survived 
escaped  into  the  west  of  England,  now  Wales.  It  is  true  that 
many  took  refuge  in  Wales,  which  their  descendants  still  retain  ; 
but  it  can  not  be  true  that  the  other  parts  of  England  were 
entirely  depopulated.  On  the  other  hand,  great  numbers  must 
have  escaped  slaughter,  and  been  intermixed  with  their  Saxon 
conquerors.  The  Welsh  words,  which  now  form  no  unimportant 
part  of  the  English  language,  afford  decisive  evidence  of  this  fact. 
It  is  probable,  however,  that  these  words  were  for  a  long  time 
used  only  by  the  common  people,  for  few  of  them  appear  in  the 
early  Saxon  writers. 

The  English  contains  also  many  words  introduced  by  the 
Danes,  who  were  for  some  time  masters  of  England  ;  which  words 
are  not  found  in  the  Saxon.  These  words  prevail  most  in  the 
northern  counties  of  England  ;  but  many  of  them  are  incorpo- 
rated into  the  body  of  the  language. 

After  the  Conquest,  the  Norman  kings  endeavored  to  extirpate 
the  English  language,  and  substitute  the  Norman.  For  this  pur- 
pose, it  was  ordained  that  all  law  proceedings  and  records  should 
be  in  the  Norman  language  ;  and  hence  tlie  early  records  and 
I  reports  of  law  cases  came  to  be  written  in  Norman.  But  neither 
■  royal  authority,  nor  the  influence  of  courts,  could  change  the 
vernacular  language.  After  an  experiment  of  three  hundred 
I  years,  the  law  was  repealed ;  and  since  that  period,  the  English 
has  been,  for  the  most  part,  the  official,  as  well  as  the  common 
language  of  the  nation.  A  few  Norman  words,  however,  remain 
in  the  English  ;  most  of  them  in  law  language. 

Since  the  Conquest,  the  I^nglish  has  not  suffered  any  shock 
from  the  intermi.xture  of  conquerors  with  the  natives  of  England  ; 
but  the  language  has  undergone  great  alterations,  by  the  disuse 
of  a  large  portion  of  Saxon  words,  and  the  introduction  of  words 
from  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages,  with  some  French,  Italian, 
and  Spanish  words.  These  words  have,  in  some  instances,  been 
borrowed  by  authors  directly  from  the  Latin  and  Greek ;  but 
most  of  the  Latin  words  have  been  received  through  the  medium 
of  the  French  and  Italian.  For  terms  in  the  sciences,  authors 
have  generally  resorted  to  the  Greek  ;  and  from  this  source,  as 
discoveries  in  science  demand  new  terms,  the  vocabulary  of  the 
ErLglish  language  is  receiving  continual  augmentation.  We 
have  also  a  lew  words  from  the  German  and  Swedish,  mostly 
terms  in  mineralogy  ;  and  commerce  has  introduced  new  com- 
modities of  foreign  growth  or  manufacture,  with  their  foreign 
names,  which  now  make  a  part  of  our  language.  Such  are 
camp/tor,  amhrr,  arsenic,  and  many  others. 

The  English,  then,  is  composed  of, 

1st,  Sax')7i  and  Danish  words  of  Teutonic  and  Gothic  origin. 
2d,  Britisii  or  Welsh,  Cornish  and   Armoric,  which  may  be 
'  considered  as  of  Celtic  origin. 

3d,  Norman,  a  mixture  of  French  and  Gothic. 
4th,  Latin,  a  language  formed  on  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic. 
5th,    French,  chiefly  Latin  corrupted,  but  with  a  mixture  of 
Celtic. 

I      Gth,  Greek,  formed  on  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic,  with  some 
Coptic. 

7th,  A  few  words  directly  from  the  Italian,  Spanish,  German, 
and  other  languages  of  the  continent. 


•  Acrdriliiifc'  lo  Dr.  Kdward",  thi-rc  1h  a  rcmnrkniilo  reHcmblniicp  brtwcen  the 
Blicniltic  langiiniiuH  uiid  tliu  IMiihhrknncKW,  or  Muliegnn,  on*  of  the  native  lan- 


8th,  A  few  foreign  words,  mtroduced  by  commerce,  or  by 
political  and  literary  intercourse. 

Of  these,  the  Saxon  words  constitute  our  mother  tongue ; 
being  words  which  our  ancestors  brought  with  them  from  Asia. 
The  Danish  and  Welsh  also  are  primitive  words,  and  may  be 
considered  as  a  part  of  our  vernacular  language.  They  are  of 
equal  antiquity  with  the  Chaldee  and  Syriac. 


AFFINITY  OF  LANGUAGES. 

On  comparing  the  structure  of  the  different  languages  of  the 
Shemitic  and  Japhetic  stocks,  we  can  not  but  be  struck  with  the 
fact,  that  although  a  great  number  of  words  consisting  of  the 
same  or  of  cognate  letters,  and  conveying  the  same  ideas,  are 
found  in  them  all,  yet  in  the  inflections,  and  in  the  manner  of 
forming  compounds  and  derivatives,  there  are  remarkable  differ- 
ences between  the  two  great  families.  In  the  modifications  of 
the  verb,  for  expressing  person,  time,  and  mode,  very  little  re- 
semblance is  observable  between  them.  If  we  could  prove  that 
the  personal  terminations  of  the  verb,  in  the  Japhetic  languages, 
were  originally  pronouns,  expressive  of  the  persons,  we  should 
prove  ait  afiinity  between  the  words  of  the  two  races  in  a  most 
important  particular.  Some  attempts  of  this  kind  have  been 
made,  but  not  with  very  satisfactory  results.* 

In  the  formation  of  nouns,  we  recognize  a  resemblance  be- 
tween the  English  termination  th,  in  birth,  trvth,  drouth,  [Saxon 
drugothe,'\  warmth,  &c.,  and  the  Shemitic  t<  rminations  r"^  and 
tn  ;  and  the  old  plural  termination  en,  retained  in  oxen,  and  the 
Welsh  plural  ending  ion,  coincide  nearly  with  the  Arabic  termi- 
nation of  the  dual  number        an,  and  the  regular  masculine 

plural  termination       on,  as  well  as  with  the  Chaldee,  Hebrew, 

and  Syriac  ^  in.  And  it  is  justly  remarked  by  Mitford,  that  in 
the  variety  of  plural  terminations  of  nouns,  there  is  a  striking 
resemblance  between  the  Arabic  and  the  Welsh.  There  is  one 
instance,  in  the  modern  languages  of  Teutonic  origin,  in  which 
we  find  the  Arabic  nunnation  :  —  this  is  the  German  and  Dutch 
hinncn,  the  Saxon  binnan  or  binnon,  signifying  within,  Hebrew 

and  Chaldee  X''2,  Ar.  bin,  without  the  mark  of  nunnation 
when  it  signifies  within;  but  when  it  signifies  separation,  space, 

£>  O- 

interval,  the  original  sense,  it  is  written  i^irii  "ind  pronounced, 
with  the  nunnation,  like  the  Teutonic  word  binnon. 

One  mode  of  forming  nouns  from  verbs  in  the  Shemitic  lan- 
guages is  by  prefixing  m.  I  know  of  no  instance  of  this  manner 
of  formation  in  the  Japhetic  languages,  except  in  some  names 
which  are  of  Oriental  origin.  Mars  is  said  to  be  from  wnjc,  but  if 
so,  the  word  was  undoubtedly  formed  in  the  East.  So  we  find 
Morpheus,  the  god  of  sleep,  to  be  probably  formed  with  the  pre- 
fix TO,  from  the  Ethiopic  M)i.<i-  aorf,  to  rest,  to  fiill  asleep; 
whence  we  infer  that  Morpheus  is  sleep  deified. t 

But  as  many  words  in  all  the  languages  of  Europe  and  Asia 
are  formed  with  prepositions,  perhaps  it  may  be  found,  on  exami- 
nation, that  some  of  these  prefixes  may  be  common  to  the  fami- 
lies of  both  stocks,  the  Japhetic  and  the  Shemitic.  We  find  in 
German  gcmtdh,  in  Dutch  gcmoed,  from  muth,  moed,  mind,moorf. 
We  find  mad  in  Saxon  is  gemaad ;  polish,  the  Latin  polio,  is  in 
Welsh  caboli;  mail,  in  Italian  is  both  muglia  and  camaglia;  belief 
in  Saxon  is  gclcaf,  and  in  German  glauhe.  We  find  that  in  tiie 
Shemitic  languages,  s!3?3  signifies  to  fill  or  be  full,  and  We  find 

in  the  Arabic  kamala,  has  the  same  signification.  In 

Syriac,  ^^^«/,  signifies  to  remove  ;  and  kagal,  signifies 

to  wander  in  mind,  to  be  delirious.  In  Chaldee  and  Syriac,  "1)31 
is  to  wonder,  precisely  the  Latin  demiror,  which  is  a  compound 
of  de  and  iniror. 

We  find  also  that  nations  diilcr  in  the  orthography  of  some  in- 
itial sounds,  where  the  words  are  the  same.    Thus  the  Spanish  has 


gimges  of  New  Kngland,  In  the  iiso  of  tlm  pronoiinii  as  prefixes  and  nflixes  to 
verbs.  —  Obacrvattons,  ((C.  p.  13.  \  Liidolf,  Col.  'Mli,  417. 


INTRODUCTION. 


xxvii 


Ihimiir,  Uorar,  for  the  Latin  clamo,  ploro ;  and  the  Welsh  has 
llainr,  for  the  English  floor,  Uahi,  a  tall,  lank  person,  coinciding 
vi\\h  flabby,  llac  for  slack,  and  the  like 

^s  the  prepositions  and  prefixes,  in  all  languages,  constitute  an 
important  class  of  words,  being  used  in  composition  to  vary  the 
sense  of  other  parts  of  speech,  to  an  almost  unlimited  extent,  it 
may  be  useful  to  give  them  a  particular  consideration. 

The  simple  prepositions  are,  for  the  most  part,  verbs  or  parti- 
ciples, or  derived  from  them ;  when  verbs,  they  are  the  radical  or 
primary  word,  sometimes  varied  in  orthography  by  the  addition 
or  alteration  of  a  single  vowel,  or  perhaps,  in  some  cases,  by  the 
loss  of  the  initial  consonant,  or  aspirate.  Such  are  the  Greek 
naou,  ntnt,  xara  ;  the  Latin  core  and  per  ;  the  English/or,  which 
retain  their  original  consonants.  The  following,  of,  by,  in,  on, 
un;  the  Latin  ub,  ad,  pro,  pra,  re;  the  Greek  «/io,  em,  nno,  may 
have  lost  the  initial  or  final  consonants ;  of  for  hof ;  in  for  kin ; 
ab  for  hub ;  pro  for  prod.  In  some  words  this  loss  can  only  be 
conjectured  ;  in  others,  it  is  known  or  obvious.  Thus  tlie  Eng- 
lish by  and  be  was  originally  big,  as  it  is  in  the  Saxon  ;  and  the 
Latin  re  is  written  also  red,  evidently  a  derivative  of  an  Arabic 
verb  still  existing;  the  Latin  sub  and  super  are  formed  probably 
from  the  Greek  i<no,  intn,  by  the  change  of  an  aspirate  into 
or  the  Greek  words  have  lost  that  letter.  The  English  but  in  the 
phrase  "They  are  all  here  but  one,"  is  a  participle;  the  Saxon 
butan,  or  buton  ;  Dutch  buitcn,  from  buiten,  to  rove.  Among  is  the 
Saxon  gcmang  the  verb,  or  the  participle  of  gcmcngan,  to  mingle. 

In  general,  the  primary  sense  of  the  preposition  is  moving,  or 
•  moved.  Thus  to  in  English,  and  ad  in  Latin,  primarily  denote 
advancing  toward  a  place  or  object;  as  in  the  sentence,  "We 
are  going  to  town."  From,  of,  Lat.  ab,  Gr.  u.-ro,  denote  motion 
from  a  olace  or  object.  The  French  prds  is  from  the  Italian 
presso,  and  this  is  the  Latin  participle  pressus,  pressed  ;  hence  it 
denotes  near,  close. 

In  some  instances  prepositions  are  compounds,  as  the  English 
before ;  that  is,  be  or  by  fore,  by  the  front ;  and  the  French 
auprcs,  at  or  near. 

Prepositions,  from  their  frequent  use,  and  from  the  ease  with 
which  their  primary  signification  is  modified  to  express  differ- 
ences of  position,  motion,  or  relation,  as  occasions  demand,  have, 
in  many  instances,  a  great  variety  of  applications  ;  not,  indeed,  as 
many  as  lexicographers  sometimes  assign  to  them,  but  several 
different,  and  soiaetimes  opposite  significations  ;  as,  for  examples, 
the  English  for,  with,  the  Latin  con,  and  the  Greek  naoa.  For, 
which  is  from  the  root  of  the  Saxon  faran,  Greek  nuotvouui,  to 
pass,  denotes  toicard,  as  in  the  phrase  "  A  ship  bound  for  Jamai- 
ca ;  "  or  it  denotes  in  favor  of,  as,  "This  measure  is /or  the 
public  benefit;"  or,  "The  present  is  /or  a  friend."  But  it  de- 
notes also  opposition  or  negation,  as  in  forbear,  forgive,  forbid. 

With  is  a  verb,  but 'has  rather  the  sense  of  a  participle.  It  is 
found  in  the  Gothic  with  a  prefix,  ga-xcithan,  to  join  or  unite. 
Its  primary  sense,  then,  is  joined,  close  ;  hence,  in  company  ;  as  in 
the  sentences  —  "Go  icjiii  him,"  "  Come  Jci/Zi  me."  It  has  the 
sense  also  of  from,  against,  contrariety,  opposition,  a.s  in  withdraw, 
withstand,  without.  In  Saxon  it  had  also  the  sense  of  toward,  as 
"  jci'/A  eorthan,"  toward  the  earth;  also  of  for,  denoting  substitu- 
tion or  equivalent  in  exchange,  as,  "  sylan  with  dmgcs  weorce,"  to 
give  for  a  day's  work;  also  of  opposite,  over  against,  as,  '■' icith 
tha  s<e,"  opposite  the  sea. 

Con,  in  Latin,  generally  signifies  xeith,  toward  or  to,  denoting 
closeness  or  union,  approach,  joint  operation,  and  the  like,  as 
in  concurro,  conjungo,  congredior  ;  but  it  has  also  the  sense  of 
against  or  opposition,  as  in  contendo. 

The  Greek  naoit  is  doubtless  from  the  root  of  the  English //jrc, 
Saxon  faran,  to  go,  to  pass.  It  signifies  from,  that  is,  departure 
—  also  at,  to,  Latin  ad;  near,  icith,  beyond,  and  against. 

To  understand  the  cause  of  the  different  and  apparently  con- 
trary significations,  we  are  to  attend  to  the  primary  sense.  The 
effect  of  passing  to  a  place  is  nearness,  at,  presso,  pris,  and  this 
may  be  expressed  by  the  participle,  or,  in  a  contracted  form,  by 
the  verb.  The  act  of  passing  or  moving  toward  a  place,  readily 
gives  the  sense  of  such  prepositions  as  to,  and  the  Latin  ad,  and 
this  advance  may  be  in  favor  or  for  the  benefit  of  a  person  or 
thing,  the  primary  sense  of  which  may  perhaps  be  best  expressed 
by  toward;  "A  present  or  a  measure  is  toicard  him."  But 
when  the  advance  of  one  thing  toward  another  is  in  enmity  or 
opposition,  we  express  the  sense  by  against ;  and  this  sense  is 
especially  expressed  when  the  motion  or  approach  is  in  front  of  a 
,  person,  or  intended  to  meet  or  counteract  another  motion.  Hence 
j  the  same  word  is  often  used  to  express  both  senses,  the  context 
determining  which  signification  is  intended.    Thus /or  in  Eng-  j 


lish,  in  the  sentence,  "  lie  that  is  not  for  us  is  against  us,"  de- 
notes in  favor  of.  But  in  the  phrase  "/or  all  that,"  it  denotes 
opposition.  "  It  rains  ;  but  for  all  that,  we  will  take  a  ride,"  that 
is,  in  opposition  to  that,  or  notwithstanding  the  rain,  we  will 
ride. 

The  Greek  nana,  among  other  senses,  signifies  beyond,  that  is, 
past,  and  over,  Hebrew  ^,zV. 

The  prepositions  which  are  used  as  distinct  words,  are  called 
separable  prepositions,  or  more  generally  prepositions  :  —  those 
which  are  used  only  in  composition,  are  called  inseparable  prep- 
ositions. For  the  sake  of  brevity,  I  give  to  all  words  or  single 
letters,  prcfi.xed  to  other  words  in  composition,  the  general  name 
of  prefixes. 

One  of  the  best  modes  of  ascertaining  the  true  sense  of  a  prep- 
osition, is,  to  examine  its  various  uses  in  composition,  and  dis- 
cover what  effect  it  has  in  modifying  the  signification  of  the  word 
to  which  it  is  prefixed. 

Prepositions,  used  in  compounds,  often  suffer  the  loss  or  change 
of  a  letter,  for  the  sake  of  euphony,  or  the  ease  of  pronunciation. 
Thus  ad  in  Latin  becomes// in  affero  ;  con  becomes  col  in  colligo  ; 
the  Greek  jiaiia  loses  a  letter  in  nuoiifn,  as  does  avri  in  many 
words. 

The  following  sketch  of  the  principal  prepositions  and  prefixes 
in  several  languages  of  Europe,  will  exhibit  some  of  the  affinities 
of  these  languages,  and,  in  a  degree,  illustrate  the  uses  of  this 
class  of  words. 

SAXON  AND  GOTHIC. 

J}nd,  Saxon  and  Gothic,  signifies  against,  opposite.  This  is 
the  Greek  urn,  and  Latin  ante,  not  borrowed  from  the  Greek  or 
Latin,  but  a  native  word.  Exiiiuples,  andstandan,  to  stand 
against,  to  resist ;  andsicarian,  ansicarian,  to  answer ;  that  is,  to 
speak  again,  against,  or  in  return. 

Amb,  emb,  ymb,  usually  cmb,  Saxon,  signifying  about,  around  ; 
coinciding  with  the  Latin  amb,  and  Greek  utufi.  Example,  exnb- 
faran,  to  go  around,  to  walk  about;  embutait,  about;  emb,  about, 
and  butan,  without.  See  But.  Ambekt,  embcht,  ymbeht,  oflice, 
duty ;  whence  we  have  embassador.  This  in  Gothic  is  and- 
bahtei ;  and  a  bailiff,  minister,  or  servant,  is  andbahts.  The  Ger- 
mans have  the  word  contracted  in  amt,  charge,  office,  Dutch 
ainpt,  Danish  ambt.  ^jThe  Gothic  orthography  gives  rise  to  the 
question,  whether  amb,  emb,  a.nd  ain,  Saxon  and  Gothic  ajid,  are 
not  radically  the  same  word ;  and  it  is  very  certain  that  the 
Gothic  and  Saxon  and  is  radically  the  same  word  as  the  Latin 
in,  Danish  ind.  So  in  Gothic,  '■^  and  wigans,"  in  the  ways,  into 
the  highways,  Luke  xiv.  23;  "n?trf  liaimos,"  per  vicos,  through 
the  towns,  Luke  ix.  6. 

This  preposition,  amb,  is  in  Dutch  om ;  in  German  um ;  in 
Swedish  and  Danish  om. 

At  is  a  Gothic  preposition  and  prefix,  coinciding  with  English 
at,  Latin  ad. 

Be,  in  Saxon,  as  a  preposition  and  prefix,  is  always  written  be, 
or  big,  answering  to  the  English  by,  a  preposition,  and  be  in  beset. 
In  Gothic,  it  is  written  it,  by,  and  be,  being  contractions  of  big. 
The  primary  and  principal  signification  is  near,  close;  as,  "  Stand 
or  sit  by  me."  So  in  the  word  bystander.  It  is  a  prefi.x  of  ex- 
tensive use  in  the  Saxon,  German,  Dutch,  Danish,  and  Swedish. 
Its  use  in  denoting  instrumentality,  may  be  from  the  sense  of 
nearness  ;  but  more  probably  it  is  from  passing,  like  per,  through  ; 
or  it  denotes  proceeding  from,  like  of;  as,  "  Salvation  is  of  the 
Lord." 

For,  in  Saxon,  as  in  English,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  ex- 
tensive use.  In  Saxon, /or  signifies  a-going,  from  faran,  to  go, 
to  fare.  It  is  radically  the  same  word  as  fore,  in  the  sense  of  in 
front,  before.  Its  primary  sense  is  advancing;  hence  moving 
toicard;  hence  the  sense  of  in  favor  of,  and  that  of  opposition,  or 
negation.    See  the  preceding  remarks. 

This  word  in  German  is  fur,  but,  with  this  orthography,  the 
word  is  little  used  in  composition.  Yet  the  German  has  fnrbitte, 
intercession,  or  praying  fur  ;  furwort,  intercession,  recommenda- 
tion, and  a  pronoun,  [far-word ;']  and  fiir-wahr,  forsooth. 

In  the  sense  of  fore,  the  German  has  ror,  a  wojd  of  extensive 
use  as  a  prefix.  Thus  in  Saxon  foreseen,  to  foresee,  is  in  German 
Torschen.  The  identity  of  these  words  will  not  be  questioned. 
But  in  German,  as  in  Dutch,  the  preposition  ver,  which  is  the 
English  far,  and  Saxon  fyr,  is  used  in  composition,  in  words  in 
which  the  Saxon  and  English  have  for.  Thus  forgifan,  to  for- 
give, is  in  German  vergcben,  and  in  Dutch  vergeecen  —  Saxon, 
forgitan,  to  foTget;  German  vergessen  ;  Duich  vergeeten.  Hence 


xxviii 


[NTRODUCTION. 


we  see  that  the  Saxon  for,  fore,  fyr,  the  English /or, /ore, /ar, 
and  the  German /ir,  tot,  and  ver,  are  from  the  same  radix. 

In  Dutch, /or  and  /ore  are  represented  by  voor,  and  rer  repre- 
sents/or and /ar. 

The  Danish  also  unites /or  and /ore,  as  does  the  Swedish. 
The  French  has  this  word  in  pour,  and  the  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese in  ]>or.  The  latter  signifies  not  only  for,  but  thTOugh,  as 
in  Portuguese,  "  Eu  passarei  yor  Franqa,"  1  will  pass  tlirouirh 
France  Here  we  see  the  sense  of  moving.  In  Spanish  and 
Portuguese,  tliis  word  is  written  also  para,  as  if  from  the  Greek. 
It  is  evidently  the  same  word,  probably  received  through  a  differ- 
ent channel  from  that  of  por.  Now,  through  is  the  exact  sense 
of  the  Latin  per;  and  per  is  the  Italian  preposition  answering  to 
for  and  por.  But,  what  is  more  to  the  purpose,  the  Spanish, 
Italian,  and  Portuguese  word,  equivalent  to  the  English  forgive, 
is  in  Spanish  perdonar,  in  Italian  perdonare,  and  in  Portuguese 
perdoar ;  and  the  French  is  pardonner.  Here,  then,  we  have 
strong  if  not  conclusive  evidence,  that  for,  pour,  por,  per,  par, 
and  para,  in  different  languages,  are  all  from  one  stock,  the 
word  being  varied  in  dialect,  or  by  the  different  families;  just  as 
we  have  far,  as  well  as  the  Saxon  fijr,  and  the  English  forth, 
further,  from  the  same  primitive  word.  We  have  the  same  word 
in  pursue  and  purchase,  from  the  French  pour. 

The  Greek  has  tkqui  ,  and  nana,  probably  from  the  same  root, 
as  well  as  Trootvouai ,  ttoqoc. 

Ga,  in  Gothic,  which  is  ge  in  Saxon,  is  a  prefix  of  very  exten- 
sive use.  In  Saxon,  it  is  prefixed  to  a  large  portion  of  all  the 
verbs  in  the  language.  According  to  Lye,  it  has  sometimes  the 
sense  of  the  Latin  cum;  but  in  most  words  I  can  not  discern  any 
effect  of  this  prefix  on  the  signification  of  the  simple  verb.  It  is 
retained  in  the  Danish  and  in  some  German  and  Dutch  words, 
especially  in  the  participles  of  verbs,  and  in  nouns  formed  from 
them.  But  it  is  remarkable  that,  although  the  Saxon  is  our 
mother  tongue,  we  have  not  remaining  in  the  language  a  single 
instance  of  this  prefi.x,  with  the  original  orthograph}'.  The  only 
remains  of  it  are  in  tiie  contraction  a,  as  in  aicake,  adrift,  ashamed, 
(fcc,  from  gev-eecan,  atrtecan ;  gcdriftin,  adrifan ;  gesceamian, 
ascamian.  The  letter  y  prefixed  to  verbs  and  participles  used  by 
Chaucer,  as  yhcricd,  yhlcnt,  yborc,  ydight,  and  a  few  others,  is  the 
remnant  of  the  ge.  The  words  yclad  and  ycleped  are  the  last 
English  words  used  in  which  this  letter  appears. 

It  is  possible  that  the  first  syllable  of  g(f$ern,  from  Latin  gu- 
herno,  Greek  xi-^i<nuv\  may  be  the  same  prefix  ;  or  it  may  be  the 
Welsh  prefix  go,  which  occurs  in  goberu,  to  work,  which  the 
Romans  wrote  operor.  But  I  know  not  whether  the  first  syllable 
of  govern  is  a  prefix  or  not. 

There  is  anotlier  word  vi'hich  retains  this  prefix  corrupted,  or 
its  equivalent ;  this  is  common,  which  v/e  have  received  from  the 
Latin  communis.  This  word  in  the  Teutonic  dialects  is,  Saxon 
gcmane  ;  German  gemein  ;  Dutch  gemecn  ;  Danish  gcmeen  ; 
Swedish  gcmen.  Now,  if  tliis  is  the  Latin  communis,  —  and  of  the 
identity  of  the  last  component  part  of  the  word  there  can,  I 
think,  be  no  doubt,  —  then  the  first  part  of  the  word  is  the  Teu- 
tonic ge  altered  to  coin;  or,  what  is  more  probable,  com  is  the 
equivalent  of  ge,  or  ge  may  be  a  contracted  and  corrupted  form 
of  cum,  com.  In  either  case,  we  arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  the 
Teutonic  ge  and  the  Latin  cum  are  equivalent  in  signification. 

In  is  used  in  the  Saxon  and  Gotiiic,  as  in  modern  English. 
It  is  in  German  ein,  Dutch  and  Svvi-dish  in,  Danish  ind,  Greek 
ti;  Latin  in,  French  en.  This  is  radically'  the  same  word  as  on 
and  un,  the  German  an,  Dutch  aan,  and  Welsh  an.  In  its  origi- 
nal sense,  it  implies  moving,  advancing  toward ;  and  hence  its 
use  as  a  particle  of  negation  or  contrariety.  "  Eunt  iti  urbcm," 
They  are  going  to  the  city.  "  Hsec  audio  in  te  dici,"  I  hoar  these 
things  said  against  you.  In  modern  military  usage,  07i  is  used  in 
the  same  sense  of  advancing;  "  Tiie  army  is  marciiing  v7i  Liege." 

Mid,  in  Saxon,  signifies  icith.  It  is  tlie  Gothic  mith,  German 
mil,  Dutcl)  nirde  or  met,  and  the  Greek  iitTu  ;  but  not  retained  in 
English.  It  seems  to  have  the  same  origin  as  7nid,  middle,  amidst. 
In  the  Gothic  it  is  used  as  a  prefix. 

Mis,  a  prefix,  is  tlie  verb  miss,  to  deviate.  Jt  is  used  in 
Saxon,  German,  Dutch,  Swedish,  and  Danish,  in  nearly  the  same 
sense  as  in  J^iiglish.    Its  racfical  sense  is  to  depart,  or  wander. 

Of  is  a  preposition  and  prelix  of  extensive  use  in  tiie  Saxon, 
as  in  Englisii.  It  d(-notes,  primarily,  issuing  or  proceeding  from  ; 
hence  separation,  departure,  and  distance  :  in  the  latter  sense,  it 
is  writt<.'n  off.  It  is  the  Latin  ab,  writti-n  by  tlie  early  Romans 
a/;  tlie  Greek  una,  the  German  ab,  the  Dutch  af,  Danish  and 
Swedish  af.  The  Saxons  often  prefixed  tliis  word  in  cases  wliere 
we  use  it  after  the  verb  as  a  modifier  ;  as,  of-drifan,  to  drive  off; 


as  it  is  still  used  by  the  Germans,  Dutch,  Swedes,  and  Danes. 
We  retain  it,  as  a  prefix,  in  offset  and  offspring,  Saxon  of-spring. 
As  it  denotes  proceeding  from,  it  is  the  proper  sign  of  the  genitive 
case  ;  the  case  expressing  production.  ^ 

Ofcr,  English  over,  Gothic  nfar,  German  ilher,  Dutch  over, 
Danish  ocfr,  Swedish  ofver,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix,  in  all  the 
Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages  which  I  have  examined  ;  and  in 
the  same  or  similar  senses.  This  seems  to  be  the  Greek  J  Trty, 
from  which  the  Latins  formed  super  by  converting  the  aspirate 
of  the  Greek  vowel  into  5.  This  is  probably  the  Hcb.  Ch.  Syr. 
Ar.  "^^"Si  to  pass,  a  passing,  beyond. 

On  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  of  very  extensive  use. 
It  is  obviously  a  different  orthography  of  in,  and  it  is  used  for  in 
in  the  Saxon;  as,  "  o»  onginn,"  in  the  beginning.  It  has  also  the 
sense  we  now  give  to  on  and  upon,  with  other  modifications  of 
signification. 

In  composition,  on  signifies  into,  or  toward  ;  as,  on-blnwan,  to 
blow  in;  onclifan,  to  adhere,  to  cleave  to;  and  it  is  also  a  parti- 
cle of  negation,  like  un  ;  as,  ojibindan,to  unbind.  This  on  is  only 
a  different  spelling  of  un,  in  Dutch  on,  German  un,  used  as  a 
word  of  negation.  The  Gothic  has  un  and  und,  in  the  like  sense, 
as  tile  Danish  has  un;  the  Dutch  ont.  In  this  sense,  un  answers 
precisely  to  the  Greek  airi,  and  as  this  is  sometimes  written  und 
in  Gotliic,  as  in  is  written  ind  in  Danish,  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  in,  on,  un,  uiri,  are  all  from  one  stock.  The  original  word 
may  have  been  han,  hin,  or  hon;  such  loss  of  the  first  letter  is 
very  common ;  and  inn,  from  the  Ch.  and  Heb.  n:n,  presents  us 
with  an  example.    See  In  and  Inn,  in  the  Dictionary. 

The  German  has  an,  and  the  Dutch  aan,  in  the  sense  of  m 
and  on. 

0th  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  sometimes  written  ath 
and  ed,  and  answering  nearly  to  the  Latin  ad  and  re;  as  in  ofh- 
witan,  contracted,  to  twit,  to  throw  in  the  teeth.  It  has  also  tlje 
sense  of  from,  or  away,  or  against,  as  in  othswerian,  to  abjure. 
This  preposition  is  obsolete,  but  we  have  the  remains  of  it  in 
ttcit,  and  perhaps  in  a  few  other  words. 

Sam,  samod,  a  prefix.    See  the  Danish  and  Swedish,  infra,. 

To  is  a  preposition  and  prefix,  of  extensive  use  in  our  mother 
tongue.  It  occurs  as  a  prefix  in  such  words  as  to-bra:can,  to 
break  ;  to-beran,  to  bring  or  bear,  [adferre.']  We  retain  it  in  to- 
gether, Saxon  togadere  ;  and  in  toward,  Saxon  toward,  towardes  ; 
and  in  tomorrow,  today,  tonight.  The  Dutch  write  it  toe,  and  the 
Germans  zu,  and  both  nations  use  it  extensively  as  a  prefix.  In 
Gothic  it  is  written  du,  as  in  du-ginnan,  to  gin,  that  is,  to  begin. 

It  would  be  gratifying  to  learn  whether  the  Ethiopic  "1^,  which 
is  prefixed  to  many  verbs,  is  not  the  remains  of  the  same  prep- 
osition. 

Un  is  a  Saxon  prefix,  of  extensive  use  as  a  privative  or  parti- 
cle of  negation.    See  On  and  In. 

Under  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  of  considerable  use  in 
the  present  English  sense.  The  Germans  write  it  unter,  and  the 
Dutch  onder,  and  use  it  in  like  manner.  The  Danes  and  Swedes 
write  it  under,  and  use  it  in  the  same  sense. 

Up,  uppe,  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  of  considerable  use 
in  the  present  English  sense.  The  Gothic  has  vf,  in  the  sense 
of  the  Latin  sub.  The  Germans  write  it  auf,  and  the  Dutch  op, 
the  Danes  op,  and  the  Swedes  np,  and  all  use  it  as  a  prefix. 

Us,  in  Gothic,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix.  This  is  the  German 
aus,  and  equivalent  to  the  Latin  ex.  It  is  the  Saxon  at,  the  Eng- 
lish 0M<,  Dutch  uit,  Swedish  ut,  and  Danish  ud,  dialectically 
varied.  To  this  answers  the  Welsh  ys,  used  in  composition  ;  but 
Tjs  seems  rather  to  be  a  change  of  the  Latin  er,  for  the  Latin 
erpcllo  is  written  in  Welsh  yspeliaw,  and  cxlcndo  is  estyn. 

Wither,  in  Saxon,  from  the  root  of  icith,  denotes  against,  or 
opposition.  It  is  a  prefix  in  Saxon,  ivritten  in  German  wider,  in 
Dutch  weder ;  Danish  and  Swedish  veder.  It  is  obsolete,  but 
retained  in  the  old  law  term  withernam,  a  counter-taking  or 
distress. 

In  the  German  language,  there  are  some  prepositions  and  pre- 
fixes not  found  in  the  Saxon;  as, 
Ent,  denoting  from,  out,  away. 
Er,  witlidut,  out  or  to.    Danish  rr. 

A'ach,  projierly  nigh,  as  in  narhbar,  neighbor ;  but  its  most 
common  signilication  in  composition  is  after ;  as  in  nachgehcn,  to 
go  after.  'I'liis  sense  is  easily  deducible  from  its  primary  sense, 
whicli  is  close,  near,  from  urging,  pressing,  or  following.  In 
Dutch,  tills  word  is  contracted  to  na,  as  in  nahuur,  neighbor ; 
nagaan,  to  follow.  The  Russ  has  iia  also,  a  prefix  of  extensive 
use,  and  probably  the  same  word.    This  fact  suggests  the  ques- 


1 N  Til O  D 


tion,  whether  tlie  ancestors  of  these  great  families  of  men  had  not 
their  residence  in  the  same  or  an  adjoining  territory.  It  deserves 
also  to  be  considered  whether  this  na  is  not  tiie  Shemitic  :>  oc- 
curring as  a  prefix  to  verbs. 

Il'cg.  is  a  preti.x  used  in  the  German  and  Dutch.  It  is  the 
Saxon,  German,  and  Dutch  ?<.■(•"■,  way ;  in  tlio  sense  of  mcaij,  or 
passinir  from,  from  tiie  verb,  in  Sa.\on  wiesidn,  iregiin,  to  carry,  to 
weigh,  ICnglish  to  ;rrtif,  the  sense  of  which  is  to  move  or  pass;  as 
German  icr^Jullcn,  to  fall  otf  or  away. 

Zer,  in  German,  denotes  separation. 

In  the  (lothic  dialects,  Danlsli  and  Swedi.sh,  frn  is  used  as  a 
prefi.\.  This  is  the  Scottish  J'ni,  I'^nglisli  from,  of  wliicli  it  may 
be  a  contraction. 

Fnim  in  Swedish,  and  frem  in  Danisli,  is  also  a  prefi.'i.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  go,  or  proceed,  and  hence  it  denotes  moving 
to  or  toward,  forth,  &c.,  as  in  Danish  f reiufijrcr,  to  bring  forth  ; 
frciii/.alder,  to  call  for.  But  in  Danish,  fremmcti  is  ;itran;re, 
foreign,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  English  /Vow  is  from  the  s  i  me 
root,  with  a  difl'erent  application.  It  may  be  from  the  same  stock 
as  the  Gothic  fnim,  origin,  beginning,  Latin  primus,  signifying 
to  shoot  forth,  to  extend,  to  pass  along. 

Gieii,  igivn,  in  Danish,  and  ii^en,  in  Swedish,  is  the  English 
guin  in  iigu'in,  ngnhist.  This  is  a  jireli.x  in  both  these  Gothic 
languages.  It  has  the  sense  of  the  Latin  re,  as  in  igicnhommrr, 
to  come  back,  to  return ;  of  against,  as  in  igicnkahler,  to  counter- 
mand, or  recall ;  of  again,  as  gicnhinder,  to  bind  again.  This 
may  be  the  Latin  con. 

Mud,  in  Danish,  and  mot,  emot,  in  Swedish,  is  a  preposition, 
signifying  to,  toward,  against,  contrary,  for,  by,  -upon,  out,  etc.  ; 
as  mod  stadcn,"  toward  the  city;  modstridcr,  to  resist;  mod- 
irift,  an  antidote  ;  modhor,  a  contrary  wind  ;  modvind,  the  same. 
This  is  the  English  vicet,  in  the  Gothic  orthography,  motyan,  to 
meet,  whence  to  moot. 

O,  in  Swedish,  is  a  negative  or  privative  prefix,  as  in  otidig, 
immature,  in  English,  7^o^  tidy.  It  is  probably  a  contracted 
word.  „ 

Paa  in  Danish,  pa,  in  Swedish,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix, 
signifying  on,  in,  upon.  Whether  this  is  allied  to  be,  by,  and  the 
Russ. /)0,  I  shall  not  undertake  to  determine  with  confidence; 
but  it  probably  is  the  same,  or  from  the  same  source. 

Summan,  signifying  together,  and  from  the  root  of  assemble,  is 
a  prefix  of  considerable  use  in  both  languages.  It  answers  to 
the  Saxon  sani,  saniod,  equivalent  to  the  Latin  con  or  cum.  It 
seems  to  bo  allied  to  same  and  the  Latin  similis. 

Til,  both  in  Danish  and  Swedish,  is  a  prefix,  and  in  Danish,  of 
very  extensive  use.  It  is  efjuivalent  to  the  English  to  or  toirard, 
and  signifies  also  at,  in,  on,  by,  and  about,  and  in  composition 
often  has  the  sense  of  back  or  re,  as  in  tilbage,  backward,  that  is, 
to  back;  but  ijenerally  it  retains  the  sense  of  to  or  onward;  as  in 
tilbyder,  to  ofler,  that  is,  to  speak  or  order  to;  tildriver,  to  drive 
on  ;  til  giver,  to  allow,  to  pardon,  that  is,  to  give  to,  and  hence  to 
give  back,  to  remit.  This  is  the  English  till,  which  we  use  in  the 
same  sense  as  the  Danes;  but  in  English  it  alwaj's  refers  to  time, 
whereas  in  Danish  and  Swedish  it  refers  to  place.  Thus  we 
can  not  say,  "  We  are  goinff  till  town  ;  "  but  we  say,  "  Wait  till 
I  come,  till  my  arrival ;  "  literally,  "  Wait  to  I  come,  to  my  arri- 
val ;  "  that  is,  to  the  time  of  arrival.  The  dirterence  is  not  in  the 
sense  of  the  preposition,  but  in  its  a|)j)Hcation. 

The  Scotcli  retain  the  Danish  and  Swedish  use  of  this  word  ; 
no  slight  evidence  of  their  origin. 

U  in  Danish,  the  Swedish  O,  is  a  prefix,  equivalent  to  in,  and 
is  used  as  a  privative  or  negative;  as  xnvaar,  an  unseasonable 
year;  uartig,  uncivil. 

RUSSIAN. 

Vo,  or  re,  signifies  in,  at.  Ay,  and  may  possibly  Le  from  the 
8arne  root  as  the  English  be,  by.     lJut  see  Po. 

Za  is  a  prefix  signifying /or,  on  account  of,  by  reason  of,  after; 
as  in  zaviduyu,  to  envy,  from  zid,  visage  ;  viju,  to  see,  Latin 
video;  zadirayu,  from  dcrii,  to  tear;  zamirayu,  to  be  astonished 
or  stupefied,  from  the  root  of  Latin  miror,  and  Russian  mir, 
peace  ;  miryu,  to  pacify,  to  reconcile  ;  mirnie,  pacific  ;  zamirenie, 
peace,  pacification  ;  zamiriayu,  to  make  peace  ;  Arm.  miret,  to  hold, 
to  stop  ;  tlu-  radical  sense  of  wonder,  astonishment,  and  of  peace. 

Ko,  a  preposition,  signifying  to,  toward,  for. 

j\'a,  a  preposition  and  prefix,  signifying  on,  upon,  at,  for,  to, 
seems  to  be  the  German  nacli,  Dutch  na  ;  as  in  nagrada,  rec- 
ompense ;  na,  and  the  root  of  Latin  gratia ;  nasidaipi,  to  sit 
down,  &c. 

 '  _    

E 


.Xa     a  preposition,  sigrtifying  above  or  upon.  1 
O,  .»  [seposition,  sii?nifying  of  or  from,  and  for.  \ 
Ob',  <i  preposition  and  prefix,  signifying  to,  on,  against,  about;  \ 
as,  cbnemayu,  In  surround,  to  embrace;  ob  and  Saxon  ncman,  to  I 
take.  I 

Ot  ii  a  p.'-eposllion,  signifying  from,  and  it  may  be  the  English 
out. 

Po  i'j  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  extensive  use,  signifying  in, 
by,  njtrr. from,  &c.  ;  as,  podaipi,  to  give  to;  polagayu,  to  lay,  to 
exj)ern',  employ,  lay  out;  to  tax  or  assess;  to  establish  or  fix; 
to  believe  or  su()pose  ;  pi>  and  lai/.  This  corresponds  with  Eng- 
lish by,  and  the  Latin  has  it  in  po.isideo,  and  a  few  other  words. 
[Saxon  lii-,<itltin .]     I'omen,  remembrance,  j<o  and  mens,  mind. 

Uad.  .1  preposition,  sigiiitying/or,  or  for  the  love  of. 

So,  a  prepositiju  and  prefix  of  extensive  use,  signifying  with, 
of,  f rum  ;  and  as  a  mark  of  comjjarison,  it  answers  nearly  to  the 
Eii^'l  >li  so  or  as. 

i',  with  the  sound  of  is  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  extensive 
use.  It  signifies  near,  by,  at,  with,  as  ubcrayu,  to  put  in  order,  to 
adjust,  lo  cut,  to  reap,  to  mow,  to  dress,  F'rench  purer,  Latin 
paro ;  u<f)da,  satisfaction;  ugudnei,  good,  useful,  English  good; 
udol,  a  dale,  from  dol. 

WELSH. 

The  prefixes  in  the  Welsh  language  are  numerous.    The  fol- 
lowing are  the  principal. 

Jim,  about,  encompassing;  Saxon  amb,  Greek  auijt. 
An.    See  Saxon  hi. 

Cy,  cyd,  cyv,  cym,  implying  union,  and  answering  to  cum,  con, 
and  CO  in  Latin.  Indeed  cym,  written  also  rj/p,  seems  to  be  the 
Latin  ram,  and  cy  may  be  a  contraction  of  it,  like  co  in  Latin. 
Ca  seems  also  to  be  a  prefix,  as  in  caboli,  to  polish,  Latin  /lolio. 

Ci/n,  cynt,  former,  first,  as  if  allied  to  begin. 

Di,  negative  and  privative. 

Dis,  ne  gative  and  precise. 

Dy^  iterative. 

E  and  ec,  adversative. 

Ed  ar.d  eit,  denoting  repetition,  like  re,  Saxon  ed,  otii. 
Es,  sei)arating,  like  Latin  ex.    See  Ys. 

Go,  extenuating,  inchoative,  approaching,  going,  denotes  dim- 
inution or  a  less  degree,  like  the  Latin  sub ;  as  in  gobrid,  some- 
what Jear.    This  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  English  go. 

Ila  i,  expressive  of  origination. 

TJe  '.,,  n.artly,  half. 

0.7,  ail. 

lih  'g,  before. 

liky,  over,  excessive. 

Tru,  over,  beyv>nd;  Latin  trans- 
Try ,  tlirough. 

Ym,  mutual,  reflective.  . 

Ys,  Je-jOting  troni,  out  of,  separation,  proceeding  from,  answer- 
ing to  Uie  Latin  ex  ;  as,  yspellaw,  to  expel.  So  cs,  Welsh,  estyn, 
to  ex'.cnil. 

ISIo  ,t  '  f  these  prepositions,  when  used  as  prefixes,  are  so  dis- 
tinct as  f  J  be  known  to  be  prefixes. 

Biu  in  some  instances,  the  original  preposition  is  so  obscured 
by  a  looS  or  change  of  letters,  as  not  to  be  obvious,  nor  indeed 
discovcible,  wilnout  resorting  to  an  ancient  orthography.  Thus, 
witlio'.t  the  aid  of  the  Saxon  orthography,  we  should  probablj- 
not  be  al)lo  to  detect  the  component  parts  of  the  English  twit. 
But  in  SaXon  it  is  written  edwitan  and  othwilan  ;  the  preposition 
or  prelix  oth,  with  wilan,  to  disallow,  reproach,  or  cast  in  the 
teet'.. 

It  h?.3  been  above  suggested  to  be  possible,  that  in  the  Shemit- 
ic laniTU!' 'es,  the  3  !n  triliteral  roots  ma^'  be  the  same  prefix  as 
the  Russian  na,  the  Dutch  na,  and  the  German  nach.  Let  the 
reader  altend  to  ih.'  following  words. 

ileorew  'CZ'.,  to  look,  to  behold,  to  regard.  The  primary  sense 
oflou.i.  .s,  to  reach,  extend,  or  throw. 

Cn  ,  ».j  look  ;  also  to  bud  or  sprout. 

Ar.  ^2,^  nabata,  to  spring,  or  issue  as  water;  to  flow  out;  to 

devi.-!»^  or  strike  out ;  to  draw  out. 

If  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix,  the  Hebrew  word  would  accord 
with  Lali'i  video ;  the  Chaldee,  with  video  and  with  bud,  Spanish 
botar,  French  bouton,  bouter,  to  put,  and  English  to  pout,  and 
Fren'.li  bout,  end,  from  shooting,  extending. 


XXX 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ar.  nabatha,  to  bud;  to  germinate.    See  Ch.  supra. 

Heb.  ;a3  naval,  to  fall ;  to  sink  down  ;  to  wither  ;  to  fall  oft',  as 
leaves  and  flowers ;  to  act  foolishly ;  to  disgrace.  Derivative, 
foolish  ;  a  fool;  it"  ntfal,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.,  to  fall. 

Ch.  b-:  nahal,  to  make/ow/;  to  defile;  that  is,  to  throw  or 
put  on. 

Ar.  Juo  nrihala,  to  shoot,  as  an  arrow  ;  to  drive,  as  camels  ;  to 

excel ;  also  to  die  ;  that  is,  probably,  to  fall. 

Can  there  be  any  question,  tiiat  fall,  foul,  a.nd  fool  are  this  very 
word,  without  the  first  consonant.'  The  Arabic,  without  the  first 
consonant,  agrees  with  Gr.  fJu/./o,  and  the  sense  of  falling,  tlicn, 
is  to  throw  one's  self  down. 

Heb.         natar,  to  keep,  guard,  preserve,  retain,  observe. 

Ch.  to  observe;  to  keep;  to  lay  up. 

Syr.  and  Sam.  id. 

Eth.  h([\^  natar,  to  shine. 

Ar.^jJ^  natara,  to  keep;  to  see  ;  to  look  ;  to  attend. 

Remove  the  first  letter,  and  this  coincides  with  the  Greek 

No  person  will  doubt  whether  i^^!]  namal,  to  circumcise,  is 
•formed  on  mul. 

Ch.  "is;  nasar,  to  cut;  to  saw.    Syr.  id.    Lat.  scrra,  scrro. 

Ar.  tXAJ  nafida,  to  fade,  to  vanish,  to  perish,  to  be  empty,  to 
fail. 

Heb.  nQ3  nafach,  to  blow,  to  breathe.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  Ar.  id. 
from  niD,  puach,  to  blow. 

If  the  Shemitic  ;  in  these  and  similar  words  is  a  prefix  or  the 
remains  of  a  preposition,  it  coincides  very  closely  with  the  Russ. 
and  Dutch  na,  and  the  latter  we  know  to  be  a  contraction  of  the 
German  narh.  Now,  the  German  nach  is  the  English  nigh;  for 
no  person  can  doubt  the  identity  of  the  German  nachbar  and  the 
English  neighbor. 

In  the  course  of  my  investigations,  I  very  early  began  to  sus- 
pect that  b,  /,  J),  c,  g,  and  k,  before  I  and  r,  are  either  casual 
letters,  introduced  by  peculiar  modes  of  pronunciation,  or  tlie 
remains  of  prepositions;  most  probably  the  latter.  I  had  ad- 
vanced far  in  my  Dictionary,  with  increasing  evidence  of  the 
truth  of  this  conjecture,  before  I  had  received  Owen's  Dictionary 
of  the  Welsh  language.  An  examination  of  this  work  has  con- 
firmed my  suspicions,  or  rather  changed  them  into  certainty. 

If  we  attend  to.  the  manner  of  articulating  the  letters,  and  the 
ease  with  which  bl,  br,ft,fr,  pi,  pr,  cl,  rr,  gl,  gr,  are  pronounced, 
witliout  an  intervening  vowel,  even  without  a  sheva,  we  shall 
not  be  surprised  that  a  preposition  or  prefix,  like  be,  pe,  pa,  po,  or 
ge.,  should,  in  a  rapid  pronunciation,  lose  its  vowel,  and  tlie  con- 
sonant coalesce  closely  witli  the  first  letter  of  the  princijjal  word. 
Thus  blank,  prank,  might  naturally  be  formed  from  bclank,perunh. 
That  these  words  are  thus  formed,  I  do  not  know  ;  but  there  is 
nothing  in  the  composition  of  the  words  to  render  it  iinprobalile. 
Certain  it  is,  that  a  vast  number  of  words  are  formed  with  these 
prefixes,  on  other  words,  or  the  first  consonant  is  a  mere  adven- 
titious addition  ;  for  they  are  used  with  or  without  the  first  con- 
sonant.   Take  the  following  examples:  — 

Hibcrno-Ccltic,  or  Irish,  brae  or  brack,  the  arm,  is  written  also 
raigh,  Welsh  brair,  whence  ji'ia/iuyr,  brachium.  Braigh,  the 
neck,  Sax.  hraca,  Eng.  rack,  (Jr.  i/ujris.  Fraoch,  heath,  ling, 
brake,  L.  erica. 


*  II  liefori;  I  and  r  in  Saxon  corresponds  to  the  Greek  k,  and  Latin  e,  before  tlie 
same  Icitera. 

t  I  do  not  follow  Owen  to  the  last  step  of  his  analysis,  as  I  am  of  opinion 
that,  in  makini;  nirmosyllahic  wordf^  to  be  compound,  he  often  errs.  For  ex- 
anifile,  he  HiippoHcH  broc,  a  ttiiiiiilt,  to  ht-  from  r/iof,  a  broken  or  rrmeh  utterance  ; 
a  (rriint  or  Kroan  ;  ana  this,  to  be  a  compound  of  rftij,  (^xi^ess,  what  is  over  or 
beyond,  and  nr^  a  fore.ible  iitieriinre,  a  (;ro:ui.  I  beli<;ve  r/wg  to  be  a  primitive 
unconi|Miiinde(f  word,  coincidinc  willi  the  KuElish  Timjjh. 

Owi-w  HupiKiscH  plail,  a  Hal  thine,  a  filate,  to  be  from  llail,  with  py.  /Jail  he 
explaini,  what  in  given,  a  uifl,  iiood  Ihinus,  and  pij,  what  is  inward  or  involved. 
I  have  no  doubt  that  the  fir«t  letter  is  a  prefix  in  jilaii,  but,  b;>yond  all  i|uestioii, 
Uail  i«  from  the  same  root  as  lUd,  breadth,  coincidliii!  with  l.nl.  latum  both  from 
B  common  root  liKnifying  to  extend.  But  I  do  not  buliovo  Uad  or  Ucd  to  bu  cuni- 
I  (loiind  word". 

Oiill,  a  duke,  f)wcn  «nppo«e«  to  bo  formed  on  Uf,  over;  which  can  not  bo 


Welsh  llawr,  Basque  lurra,  ^ng.  floor. 
Lilt.  J'occ U.I,  Kng.  flocK  or  lock. 
Sax.  hrarran.  Eng.  to  reach,  in  vomiting.* 
Sax.  hracod.  Eng.  ragged. 
Ger.  rocli.  Eng.  frock. 
Dutch  griuk,  Ger.  gluck.  Eng.  luck. 
Greek,  Eolic  dialect,  rinufiuv,  for  nuHor,  a  rose. 
Latin  clunis.  Eng.  loin,  G.  leride,  W.  dun,  from  llun. 
Eng.  cream,  Ger.  ruhm,  Dutch  room. 
Sax.  hlof,  Polish  chlieb,  G.  leib.  Eng.  loaf. 
Sax.  hladan.  Eng.  to  lade  or  load,  Russ.  kladu,  to  lay. 
Greek  xXirm,  Lat.  cUiio,  Sax.  hlinian,  hleonun,  Russ.  klonyu. 
Eng.  to  lean. 

Greek  /.uyijvoc,  Lat.  lagenn.  Eng.  flagon. 
Sax.  hrysan.  Eng.  to  rush. 
French  frajiper.  Eng.  to  rap. 

Sax.  gcrted'on,  to  make  ready  ;  in  Chaucer,  greith,  to  make 
ready.  Sax.  hricd,  quick;  hrudian,  to  hasten;  hrtednes.  Eng. 
readiness. 

Spanish frisar,  to  curl  or  frizzle;  rizar,  the  same. 

Sa.x.  ffcrtfa.  Eng.  reeve,  G.  graf,  D  graaf. 

Lat.  gl ijryrrliiza,  from  the  Greek  ;  Eng.  liquorice. 

But  in  no  language  have  we  such  decisive  evidence  of  the 
formation  of  words  by  prefixes,  as  in  the  Welsh. 

Take  the  following  instances,  from  a  much  greater  number 
that  might  be  produced,  from  Owen's  Welsh  Dictionary. 

Blanc,  a  colt,  from  llanc. 

Blith,  milk,  from  lith. 

Blianl,  fine  linen,  from  Riant. 

Plad,  a  flat  piece  or  plate,  from  Had. 

Pled,  a  principle  of  extension,  from  lied. 

Pledren,  a  bladder,  from  picdyr,  that  distends,  from  lied. 

Pleth,  a  braid,  from  llelh.  Eng.  plait 

Plicciaw,  to  pluck,  from  llig. 

Ploc,  a  block,  from  Hoc;  plociaw,  to  block,  to  plug. 
Phong,  a  plunge,  from  llwng,  our  vulgar  lunge. 
Glifth,  a  ghitton,  from  Uwth. 

Glas,  a  blue  color,  verdancy,  a  green  plat,  whence  Eng.  glass, 
from  lias. 

Glyd,  gluten,  glue,  from  llyd. 

Claer,  clear,  from  llacr. 

Clav,  sick,  from  llav. 

Chcpa,  a  club,  a  knob,  from  llwb. 

Clwt,  a  piece,  a  clout,  from  llied,  llirt. 

Cla7np,  a  mass,  a  lump. 

Clawd,  a  thin  board,  from  llatcd. 

Cledyr,  a  board  or  shingle,  wlience  cledricy,  lattice,  from  Ucd. 

Bran,  Eng.  bran,  from  rlian  ;  rhanu,  to  rend. 

Brid,  a  breaking  out,  from  rhid. 

BroQ,  noise,  tumult,  a  brock,  from  rhoc. 

Broi;,  froth,  foam,  anger,  i;of i,  to  chafe  or  fret,  from  brirc,  a 
boiling  or  ferment,  from  rhwc,  something  rough,  a  grunt,  Gr. 

jiOIJ/O). 

Bryd,  what  moves,  impulse,  mind,  thought,  from  rkyd. 

Brys,  qa'ickness,  brysiaic,  to  hasten,  to  shoot  along,  from  rhys. 
Eng.  to  rash,  and  crysiuw,  to  hasten,  from  rhys,  to  rush.  [Here 
is  the  same  word  rhys,  with  dift'erent  prefixes,  forming  brysiuw 
and  crysiaic.    Hence  W.  brysg.  Eng.  brisk.] 

Graz,  [pronounced  gralh,]  a  step,  a  degree,  from  rhaz,  Lat. 
gradus,  gradior. 

Greg,  a  cackling,  from  rhrg. 

Grcm,  a  crashing,  gnash,  a  murmur,  gremiaie,  to  crash  or 
gnash,  from  rhem.    Hence  Lat.  freiiio,  Gr.  fJott/oi.t 

We  have  some  instances  of  similar  words  in  our  own  language  ; 
such  arc  flag  and  lag  ;  flap  and  lap  ;  clump  and  lump. 

There  is  another  class  of  words  which  are  probably  formed  witii 
a  prefix  of  a  diiferent  kind.    1  refer  to  words  in  which  s  precedes 


true,  unless  the  Latin  ilur,  iluco,  are  compounds.  Dur,  steel,  he  derives  from 
ur,  extreme,  over  ;  but  doiiblU  ss  it  is  from  the  root  of  the  Latin  durus. 

So  /Mr,  sif;nif\  inc  what  is  coiititfuous,  a  state  of  readiness  or  prejiaration,  a 
pah;  f.  How,  or'matcli,  Owen  makes  a  compound  vf  pii,  and  an  pij,  as  above 
explained,  and  ar,  a  word  of  various  siliiiiliealions,  on,  vpun,  surface,  &r.  Hut 
there  rnn  be  no  doubt  that  par  is  from  the  root  of  the  Latin  puro,  to  prepare, 
beins  the  Latin  par,  eipial ;  tile  rool  of  a  numerous  family  of  words  not  only  in 
the  .laphelie  laiiKUai'es  of  K.iiropi-,  but  in  Ihe  Slu  uillic  ianiiuaiies  of  Asia.  It 
certainly  is  not  a  Welsh  compound,  nor  is  t'.eri^  tlu'  least  evidence  to  induce  a 
i  belief  tfi;it  il  is  not  an  UTiciuiipouniled  word.    Had  Ilie  learned  author  of  the 
j  Welsh  Diciioiiary  e\lMidr-d  his  researi  lies  to  a  varii'ty  of  olher  liiiii;uai;es.  and 
coinpareil  the  niiuiosyllabie  roots  in  them  with  each  other,  I  think  he  would 
I  have  fiirnied  a  very  difl'erent  opinion  as  to  their  oricin.    1  am  very  well  lon- 
I  vinci'd  that  many  of  thi'  words  wim  li  he  supposes  to  he  primitive  or  radical,  tu-c 
i  contractions,  such  as  r/iij,  llr,  Ihj,  the  last  consonant  being  lost. 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXXI 


n 


another  consonant,  as  scalp,  skull,  slip,  sUdr.,  shiiraish,  smolic, 
sinnotli,  speed,  spire,  spin,  stiii^e,  steep,  stem,  swell,  spoilt.  We 
find  thiit  teiro,  to  cover,  in  Latin,  is  in  Greek  aitY">  ;  t'l^  Latin 
ftillo  is  in  Greek  oifuJi/o).  Wo  find  nunajiV*?  is  written  also 
oiiK^iayctu? ;  and  it  may  be  inquired  whether  tlie  Knglish  spin  is 
not  from  tlje  same  root  as  771,1';.  web  or  woof,  nf,iii>r,  a  spindle, 
TTiji  iLW,  to  spin.    Sprovt  in  Eniilisli  is  in  Spani.sii  hrola. 

Wo  find  the  Welsh  iisliriir,  (lie  English  .s-y^r/ff,  is  a  compound  of 
ys,  a  prefix  denoting  issuing  proceeding  from,  like  the  Lat.  ex, 
and  brig,  top,  summit. 

Ysgiir,  a  separate  part,  a  share;  ysgar,  ysgaru,  to  divide; 
ysgariaw,  to  separate,  is  composed  of  ys  and  car,  according  to 
Owen ;  but  the  real  root  appears  distinctly  in  the  Gr.  xsi(iii>. 
This  is  the  Enirlish  shear,  shire. 

Ysgrgiaic,  to  shiilie,  hy  laying  hold  of  the  throat,  to  shake 
rouglily,  is  a  coii>pound  of  ys  and  cegiaic,  to  choke,  from  ceg,  the 
mouth,  an  entrance,  a  choking.  This  may  be  the  English  shake  ; 
Sax.  sera  can.  • 

Ysgin,  a  robe  made  of  skin  ;  ys  and  cin,  a  spread  or  covering. 

Ysgodi,  to  shade  :  ysisnwd,  a  shade  ;  ys  and  caicd. 

Ysgritb,  wnat  is  drawn  up  or  puckered,  a  scrip;  ys  and  crah, 
what  shrinks.    See  Eng.  cruh,  enibbe.d. 

Ysgravu,  to  scrape;  ijs  and  crar,  claws,  from  rhav. 

Ysirrei:,  a  scream,  a  shriek,  ysgrc<;iaic,  to  shriek,  from  crec, 
a  shriek,  cret  ian,  to  shriek,  from  creg,  cryg,  hoarse,  rough,  from 
rhyg,  rye,  that  is,  rough  ;  the  grain  so  named  fro.m  its  roughness. 
This  is  the  English  rough,  Lat.  raucus.  Here  we  have  the  whole 
process  of  formation,  from  the  root  of  rough.  We  retain  the 
Welsh  cre:ian,  to  shriek,  in  our  common  word  to  creak,  and  with 
a  formative  prefix,  we  have  shriek,  and  our  vulgar  screak.  The 
Latin  ruga,  a  wrinkle,  Eng.  rug,  shrug,  are  probably  from  the 
same  source. 

Ysgrivenu,  to  write,  Lat.  scribo,  from  ysgriv,  a  writing,  from 
criv,  a  mark  cut,  a  row  of  notches;  criviaic,  to  cut,  to  grave; 
from  rhiv,  something  that  divides.    Hence  scrirencr. 

Ysguh,  a  sheaf  or  besom,  ysgubatc,  to  sweep,  Lat.  scopte,  from 
cub,  a  collection,  a  heap,  a  cube.  f 

Y.igud,  something  that  whirls  ;  ysgtidair,  to  whisk  ox  scud ;  from 
cud,  celerity,  flight;  ysguth,  ysgutlunp,  the  same. 

Ysgwtb,  a  push ;  ysgwthiuw,  to  push  or  thrust ;  from  g'cth, 
gicthiaw,  the  same  ;  probably  allied  to  Eng.  shoot.  The  Welsh 
has  ysgythu,  to  jf.t  or  spout,  from  the  same  root. 

Yslac,  slack,  loose  ;  ysluciaw,  to  slacken  ;  from  llac,  loose,  slack, 
llaciaw,  to  slacken,  from  lias,  slack,  slusaish ;  allied  to  En''. 
lag  and  slow. 

Yslapidw,  to  slap,  to  flap,  from  yslah,  what  is  lengthened  or 
distended,  from  llab,  a  flag,  a  strip,  a  stroke.  Llahi,  a  tall,  lank 
person,  a  stripling,  a  looby,  a  lubber,  is  from  the  same  root ; 
llabiaw,  to  ship. 

Ysled,  a  sled,  from  lied,  saj-s  Owen,  which  denotes  breadth; 
but  it  is  probably  from  the  root  of  slide,  a  word  probably  from  tlie 
same  root  as  lied,  that  is,  to  extend,  to  stretch  along. 

Ysmot,  a  patch,  a  spot;  ysmotiatc,  to  spot,  to  dapple,  from 
mod.  Eng.  mole. 

Ysmwcinw,  ysmygu,  to  dim  with  smoke,  from  mwg,  smoke. 
So  smooth,  from  Welsh  mwylh. 

Yspait,  spoil,  from  pail,  farina,  says  Owen.  I  should  say  from 
the  root  of  palea,  straw,  refuse,  that  is,  from  the  root  of  peel,  to 
strip.     Yspciliota,  to  be  pilfering. 

Yspeliaw,  to  cjrpel,  from  pel,  a  ball,  says  Owen  ;  but  this  is  the 
Latin  erpctlo,  from  pello.    Ball  may  be  from  the  same  root. 

Yspig,  a  spike,  a  spine;  y.vpigaw,  to  spike;  from  pig,  a  sharp 
point,  a  pike.     Hence  Eng.  spigot. 

Yspin,  a  spine,  from  pin,  pen. 

Ysgynu,  to  ascend,  Lat.  ascrndo,  from  cyn,  first,  chief,  fore- 
most.   The  radical  sense  is  to  shoot  up. 

Yslwi;,  a  slough,  from  lltcc,  a  collection  of  water,  a  lake. 

Yspar,  a  spear,  from  par,  a  cause  or  principle  of  producing,  the 
germ  or  seed  of  a  thing,  a  spear.  This  consists  of  the  same  ele- 
ments  as  ber,  a  spit,  and  Eng.  bar ;  and  in  Italian  bar  is  sbarra. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  shoot,  thrust,  drive. 

Yspinc,  a  finch,  from  pine,  gay,  fine,  brisk  ;  a  sprig,  a  finch. 

Ysplan,  clear,  bright;  ysplana,  to  explain;  from  that  is 

parted  off,  a  ray,  a  shoot,  a  planting,  a  plane;  whence  plant,  a 
child;  E  ng.  a  plant;  plana,  to  shoot,  as  a  plant.  Hence  splen- 
dor, W.  ysplander. 

Ysporthi,  to  support,  from  porth,  a  bearing,  a  port,  passage,  &c. 
Lat.  porta,  porta. 

Ystac,  a  slack,  a  heap ;  yslaca,  a  standard  ;  from  tag,  a  state  of 
being  stuffed  or  clogired. 


Yslad,  a  state;  ystadu,  to  slay;  from  lad,  that  spreads,  a  con- 
tinuity.   The  primary  sense  is  to  set. 

Ystain,  that  is  spread;  a  stain;  tin,  Lat.  stannum ;  ystaeniaw, 
to  spread  over,  to  stain  ;  ijstaenu,  to  tin,  or  cover  with  tin ;  from 
lucn,  a  spread,  a  layer.    Qu.  is  tin  from  spreading? 

Ystaail,  a  stool,  from  tawl,  a  cast  or  throw.  The  sense  is  to  si  t, 
to  throw  down.    Tatcl  is  the  root  oi  deal. 

Ystor,  a  store,  that  forms  a  bulk,  from  tor,  a  sw(;ll,  a  promi- 
nence. 

Ystorm,n.  storm,  from  torm,  that  is  stretched,  but  the  sense  is  a 
rushing. 

Ystrym,  a  streain,  from  tnjm,  compact,  trim,  that  is,  stretched, 
straight,  from  extending. 

Ystirmp,  a,  slump,  from  tirmp,  a  round  mass,  a  tump. 

Yswatiau\  to  squat,  from  ysii-ad,  a  throw,  or  falling  down,  from 
gwad,  a  denial;  gwadu,  to  deny  or  disown.  If  this  deductLon  is 
correct,  the  sense  of  denial  is  a  throwing  or  thrusting  back,  a 
rep(>lling.    It  is  so  in  other  words. 

Ystcitiaw,  to  chirp,  twitter,  from  ysicid,  that  makes  a  quick 
turn.    Qu.  twitter. 

In  some  of  the  foregoing  words,  it  appears  evident  th.nt  the 
Welsh  prefi.x  ys  is  an  alteration  of  the  Latin  ex,  and  the  words  in 
which  this  is  the  case  were  probably  borrowed  from  the  Latin, 
while  the  Roman  armies  had  possension  of  England.  Cut  there 
is  a  vast  number  of  words,  with  this  prefix,  which  are  not  of 
Latin  origin;  and  whether  ys  is  a  native  prefix  in  the  Welsh, 
may  be  a  question.  One  thing  is  certain,  that  .«  before  another 
consonant,  and  coalescing  with  it,  is,  in  a  great  number  of  words, 
a  prefix. 

The  modern  Italian  aflVirds  abundant  proof  of  the  extensive  use 
of  s,  as  the  remains  or  representative  of  ez ;  as,  sballarc,  to  un- 
pack, unbale;  sbarbalo,  beardless;  sbattcre,  tn  abate;  shrancarc, 
to  pluck  off  branches  ;  scarirare,  to  discharge  ;  scommodare,  to 
incommode  ;  scnncordia,  discord  ;  srornare,  to  break  the  horns  ; 
scrostarc,  to  pull  off  the  crust ;  and  a  great  number  of  others. 

Now,  if  tlio  same  manner  of  forming  words  witli  this  prefix  has 
actually  prevailed  among  the  northern  nations  of  Europe,  we  may 
rationally  suppose  that  many  English  words,  and  perhaps  all  of 
this  class,  are  thus  formed.  Thus  scatter  may  be  formed  from  a 
root  in  Cd  ;  shape,  from  Cb,  Cf,  or  Cp  ;  skill,  from  the  root  of  Lat. 
cat  tea;  slip,  from  the  root  of  Lat.  labor;  smart,  from  the  root  of 
Lat.  aviarus,  bitter,  Heb.  "iTa  ;  smite,  from  the  root  of  Latin  initio; 
span,  from  the  root  of  pan,  to  stretch  ;  spar,  from  the  root  of  bar  ; 
speak,  from  the  root  of  Lat.  roco;  speed,  frouj  a  root  in  Pd,  ])er- 
haps  I^at.  peto;  steal,  from  the  root  of  Lat.  lotto  ;  steep,  from  the 
root  of  deep  ;  stretch,  from  the  root  of  reach;  sweep,  from  the  root 
of  wipe  ;  swan,  from  lean,  white  ;  swell,  from  the  root  of  to  xcell. 
Sax.  wellan,  to  boil,  »S:c.  That  many  English  and  other  Teutonic 
and  Gothic  words  are  thus  formed,  appears  to  be  certain. 

These  facts  being  admitted,  let  us  examine  a  little  further.  In 
Russ.  svadiba  is  a  wedding.  Is  not  this  formed  on  the  root  of 
wed,  with  *  for  a  prefix  Svara  is  a  quarrel.  Is  not  this  formed 
on  the  root  of  xary,  variance,  or  of  spar?  Sicrlo  is  a  borer;  qu. 
bore  and  vera;  scerlicayu,  to  roll;  qu.  Lat.  verto ;  skora,  furs, 
peltry;  qu.  Fr.  cuir ;  skot,  a  beast;  qu.  cattle;  skupaya,  to  pur- 
chase in  gross ;  qu.  cheap,  Dan.  kiobcn,  and  its  root ;  slabri, 
weak;  qu.  ha.t.  labor,  lapsus  ;  stagayu,  to  fold;  qu.  lay,  and  plico  ; 
stivayn,  to  pour  out  liquors;  qu.  Lat.  libo ;  stupayu,  to  peel  off 
bark  or  skin;  qu.  Lat.  liber;  snimayu,  to  take  away;  qu.  Sax. 
neman,  to  take;  snoca,  new;  qu.  Lat.  nocus ;  snig,  sneig,  snow, 
Fr.  ncige.  The  Lat.  niris  is  from  this  root,  with  g  opened  to  v. 
Russ.  sptetayu,  to  plait,  &c. 

The  Russ.  prefix  so  occurs  in  a  great  number  of  words; 
sobirayu,  to  collect  or  assemble,  precisely  the  Heb.  and  Ch. 

It  now  becomes  an  interesting  question,  to  determine  how  far 
any  analogy  exists  between  the  languages  of  the  Japhetic  and 
Shemitic  families  in  regard  to  prefixes.  For  example,  in  the 
Shemitic  languages,  S  is  a  prefix  of  extensive  use,  corresponding 
almost  exactly  with  the  English  and  Dutch  by,  the  Saxon  be,  and 
German  bci.  This  preposition  and  prefix  has  several  senses  in 
the  Saxon  which  are  now  obsolete  ;  but  its  present  prevailing 
sense  occurs  in  all  the  Shemitic  languages.  nT>  S''lp  rn~2,  by 
a  strong  east  wind.  Ex.  xiv.  21.  Compare  the  following  defini- 
tions of  this  preposition  ;  the  Sax.  from  Lyc,  and  the  Shemitic 
from  Castle. 

Sax.  de,  e,  ex,  in,  secus,  ad,  juxta,  secundum,  pro,  per,  super, 
propter,  circa. 

Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  in,  e,  ex,  cum,  propter,  usque  ad,  adeo  ut,  ad, 
super,  per,  contra,  ante. 


xxxu 


INTRODUCTION. 


Eth.  in,  per,  pro,  propter,  cum,  secundum,  apud. 
Ar.  in,  cum,  projitcr,  per,  ad,  erga. 

In  Numbers  xiv.  34,  it  signifies  according  to,  or  after ;  "■X.'O'K.'Z 
D"^?:"",  according  to  the  number  of  days.  This  signification  is 
now  perhaps  obsolete  in  English,  but  was  common  in  tlip  r-^axon  ; 
as,  "  be  Ills  mcegnum,"  according  to  his  strength  ;  pro  rir'.jus  sitis. 
So  "  4e  tham  iiuBstan,"  by  the  most,  is  now  expressed  b}-,  rt  tiie 
most. 

Now,  it  is  remarkable  that  this  word  in  Hebrew,  Araoic,  and 
Persic,  is  the  preposition  used  in  onths,  precisely'  as  it  is  '-i  Eng- 
lish.   Gen.  x.xii.  16,  'Z,  By  myself  have  1  sworn.    Araoic,  bal- 

lah,  or  by  .Utah  ;  Persic,  !Aiv>  bechoda,  or  brtroda,  by  God,  the 

very  words  now  used  in  English.  The  evidence,  then,  is  de- 
cisive, that  the  Sliemitic  prefi.x  Z  is  the  Teutonic  be,  by,  bci^  con- 
tracted, and  this  Teutonic  word  is  certainly  a  contraction  of  big, 
which  is  used  in  the  Saxon,  especially  in  compound  words,  as  in 
bigspell,  [by-speU,']  a  fable  ;  bigstaiidan,  to  stand  by.  Th's  prefix, 
then,  was  in  universal  use  by  the  original  stock  of  mank'T.d,  be- 
fore the  dispersion  ;  and  this  word  alone  is  demonstrati',  e  proof 
of  the  common  origin  of  the  Shemitic  and  Teutonic  languages. 
Now,  it  is  equally  certain  that  this  Is  the  prefix  b,  and  probably  /;, 
before  /  and  r,  in  block,  braisr/i,  and  a  multitude  of  words  in  all 
the  modern  languages;  and,  probably,  the  same  letter  is  a  prefix 
in  many  Shemitic  words. 

.  We  know  that  be  in  the  Saxon  bedaUin,  and  Dutch  bcr'-^elvn,  is 
a  prefix,  as  the  simple  verb  is  found  in  all  the  Teutonic  and 
Gothic  languages.  The  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  ;";a  corresponds 
exactly,  in  elements  and  in  signification,  witli  the  Saxcn  and 
Dutch.  Whether  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix  in  the  latter  lan- 
guages, let  the  reader  judife.  See  the  word  Dk.ii.,  whic'.,  when 
traced,  terminates  in  the  Welsh  tawl,  a  cast  off,  a  throw  ;  separa- 
tion ;  taielu,  to  cast  or  throw  otT,  to  separate. 

In  Chaldee,  "l"!^  badar,  signifies  to  scatter,  to  disperse.  The 
word  has  the  same  signification  in  the  Syriac  and  Samarua'j. 

In  Ethiopic,  the  word,  with  A  prefixed,  signifies  to  wis'i,  love, 

dcsTre  ;  and  with  prefixed,  to  strive,  to  endeavor  ;  and  w'thout 
a  prefix,  strife,  course,  race.  Both  these  significations  a'e  from 
stretching,  straining. 

In  Arabic,  j'^^  badara,  signifies  genorallj'  to  hasten,  to  :  un  to  ; 

but  bathara,  signifies  to  disperse,  to  sow  or  scatter  s^ed. 

This  verb  is  written  in  Hebrew  "^Tli  with  precisely  the  same 
signification.  The  Arabic,  also,  has  the  verb  with  this  orthogra- 
phy, signifying  to  sow,  and  also  to  beat  or  strike  with  a  s«..c!i. 

Now,  in  Syriac,  >>  dar,  signifies  to  strive  or  struggle  Here 

we  have  the  simple  verb,  xcitliout  the  prefix,  with  the  senje  of  the 
Ethiopic  with  a  prefix.  Supra. 

We  find  also  the  Arabic  tharra,  the  simple  verb,  signifies 
to  sprinkle. 

We  find  in  Chaldee  ^""1"!,  m~,  and  "'"11,  the  simple  verb,  signi- 

5 — 

fies  to  disperse ;  in  Syriac,  the  same.    In  Arabic   ^ji  tharaa, 

signifies  to  sow,  like  the  foregoing  verb,  and  hence  to  prp'..reate. 
Both  this  and  the  former  verb  signify  also  to  whiten,  as  the  hair 
of  the  head  ;  as  we  say,  to  sprinkle  with  gray  hairs.  The  Arabic 
?,  

durau,  signifies  to  drive,  to  impel,  to  repel,  to  contend,  to 
strive  ;  to  shine,  to  sparkle.  And  here  we  have  the  literal  signi- 
fication of  this  whole  class  of  verb.s  ;  to  drive,  urge,  throw,  cend  ; 
lience  to  scatter,  to  strive,  to  shoot  as  rays  of  light,  procrea'xj,  <Jcc. 

The  Ilebri-w  corresponding  verb  is  n",T  or  JHT,  to  scaf'.er,  to 
flow  ;  and  the  word  with  tlie  like  orthography  occurs  In  Oh.  Syr. 
and  Ar.  This  Is  the  Latin  sero.  And  who  can  doubt  tl.uf  2  is  a 
prefix  in  the  verb  "nS  above  mentioned  ? 

In  Welsh,  gubrru  signifies  to  work,  to  operate  ;  gobrr.  work, 
operation  ;  formed  by  the  prefix  go  ami  Jicr  ;  go  denoting  progress 
loward,  approach  ;  and  per  rendered  by  Owen,  that  pervades,  a 


fruit,  a  pear ;  but  the  real  sense  is  to  strain,  to  bring  forth ;  to 
drive,  thrust,  urge,  &c. 

This  word,  in  the  Armorlc  dialect,  is  written  either  gober  or 
ober  ;  in  Latin  upcrur,  whence  Eng.  operate.    The  same  word  is 

in  the  Ethiopic,  gabcr,  to  make,  to  do;  ATfl^  ogabar,  to  | 

cause  to  be  made  ;  'T'Tfl^  tagabar,  to  work,  operate,  negotiate  ; 

gabar,  a  maker. 

This  is  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  to  be  strong,  to  prevail,  to  estab- 
lish;  and  as  a  noun,  a  man;  Ar.  _5-J-^  jabara,  to  make  strong, 
to  heal,  as  a  broken  bone  ;  to  strengthen. 

That  this  Shemitic  word  and  the  Welsh  and  Ethiopic  are  all 
radically  one,  there  can  not  be  a  question  ;  and  the  Welsh  proves, 
indisputably,  that  a'O  is  a  prefix.  This,  then,  is  a  word  formed  on 
12  or  SIj.    The  Heb.  1"~Xi  strong,  that  is,  strained,  and  a 

wing,  that  is,  a  shoot,  are  from  the  same  root ;  and  In  .\rabic 

abara,  signifies  to  prick,  to  sting,  and  its  derivatives,  the  extrem- 
ity of  a  thing,  a  point,  a  needle,  corresponding  with  the  Welsh 
bar,  a  summit,  a  tuft,  a  branch,  a  bar,  and  the  Welsh  ber,  a  pike, 
a  lance,  a  spit,  a  spear,  Lnt.  zeru;  in  Welsh,  also,  pur,  a  spear, 
and  per,  a  spit,  are  all  doubtless  of  the  same  origin. 

In  S}-riac,  r— *^  tsabar,  signifies  to  make,  to  work  or  op"rate. 
Is  this  the  same  root  with  a  different  prefix 

The  same  word  in  Arabic,  tsabara,  signifies  to  be  patient, 

to  bear,  to  sustain. 

We  observe,  that  in  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages,  the 
same  word  is  used  with  different  prefixes.  Thus,  in  our  mother 
tongue,  begin  is  written  gynnan,  the  simple  radical  word,  and 
aginnan,  beginnan,  and  oiigynnan  ;  and  in  the  Gothic,  diitrinnan, 
which,  in  English,  would  be  togin. 

Should  it  appear,  upon  investigation,  that  verbs  in  the  Assvri- 
an  languages  have  the  same  prefixes  which  occur  in  the  European 
languages,  the  fact  will  evidence  more  affinity  between  the  lan- 
guages of  these  two  stocks  than  has  yet  been  known  to  exist. 

Let  us  now  attend  to  the  natural  causes  which  may  be  sup- 
posed to  have  obscured  or  destroyed  the  identity  or  resemblance 
of  languages  which  had  a  common  origin. 

The  afiinit)-  of  words,  in  two  or  more  different  languages,  is 
known  by  identity  of  letters  and  identity  of  signification  ;  or  by 
letters  of  the  same  organ,  and  a  signification  obviously  deducible 
from  the  same  sense.  Letters  of  the  same  organ,  as,  for  example, 
b,f,p,  and  r,  are  so  easily  converted,  the  one  into  the  other,  and 
the  change  is  so  frequent,  that  this  circumstance  seldom  occasions 
much  obscurity.  The  changes  of  signification  occasion  more 
difiiculty,  not  so  much  by  necessity,  as  because  this  branch  of 
philology  is  less  understood. 

1.  CHANGE  OF  CONSONANTS  WHICH  REPRESENT 
THE  ARTICULATIONS  OF  TIIE  ORGANS  OF 
SPEECH. 

Consonants  are  the  stamina  of  words.  They  are  convertible 
and  frequently  converted  into  tlielr  cognates.  The  English  word 
bear  represents  the  Latin  fcro  and  pario,  and  fcro  Is  the  Greek 
ijtiivK  The  Latin  vcntus  is  triad  in  English;  and  habeo  Is  hare. 
The  Latin  den.'!,  in  Dutch,  Danish,  and  Swedish,  Is  land;  and  | 
dance  in  English  is  in  German  tanz.  \  \ 

These  changes  are  too  familiar  to  require  a  multiplication  of 
examples.  But  there  are  others  less  common  and  obvious,  which 
are  yet  equally  certain.  Thus  In  the  Gaelic  or  Hiberno-Celtic, 
TO  and  mb  are  convertible  with  r;  and  in  Welsh,  vi  and  v  are 
changed,  even  In  diffit-rerit  cases  of  the  same  word.  Thus,  In  Irish,  j 
the  name  of  the  hand  Is  written  either  lamh  or  lar,  and  In  \Velsh 
maen,  a  stone,  Is  written  also  rurn.  The  (Ireek  (i  Is  always  pro-  j 
nounced  as  the  English  r,  as  ^iw/.dtiai.  Lat.  rolo,  English  iriil, 
German  moll  in  ;  and  the  sound  oft  the  Greeks  express  by  ^ifl. 

In  the  Clialdee  and  Hebrew,  one  remarkable  distinction  is  the  j 
use  of  a  dental  lifter  In  the  former,  where  the  latter  has  a  sibi-  ] 
lant.  As  ri"  cutk  in  Chaldee  is  wIS  cash  in  Hebrew  ;  im,  I 
gold.  In  Clialdalc  Is  "ZTXi  In  Hebrew.  The  like  change  appears  in  | 
llie  modi'rn  languages;  for  iraler,  which  In  most  of  the  nnrlhern  ' 
languages  Is  written  with  a  dental,  Is  In  German  written  trasser ; 


INTRODUCTION. 


xxxiii 


and  the  Latin  dens,  W.  dinit,  Dutch  tnnd,  Swedish  and  Danish 
tiind,  is  in  German  ziilin.  The  hke_  change  is  friMiuent  in  tlio 
Greelt  and  Latin.  <I>ijin  ri«,  in  one  dialect,  is  (/n«o(io>,  in  another; 
and  tlie  Latins  often  changed  t  of  the  indicative  present,  or  in- 
finitive, into  s  in  the  preterit  and  participU' ;  as,  mittu,  miltci  c, 
mini,  viissiis. 

L  and  r,  thougli  not  considered  as  letters  of  the  same  organ, 
are  really  such,  and  changed  the  one  into  the  other.  Thus  the 
Spaniards  write  blandir  for  hraudisli,  and  csculla  for  escort.  The 
Portuguese  write  hrundo  for  bland,  and  hr(i}u/iiciir,  to  whiten,  for 
liliiiich.  The  Greek  has  <; nuyt /./.itji'  for  the  Latin  fiagellmn.  In 
Europe,  however,  this  change  seems  to  he  limited  chiefly  to  two 
or  three  nations  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  L  is  some- 
times commutable  with  d. 

We  have  a  few  instances  of  the  change  of  or  gli  into  /. 
Thus  roiiirh  is  pronounced  Tiif,  and  Iroiigli,  Iraiif. 

The  Russians  often  change  the  d  of  a  noun  into  the  sound  of_^', 
or  the  compound  g,  in  the  verb  formed  from  that  noun  ;  as,  hid, 
accord,  harmony;  Itiju,  to  accord  or  agree;  ///-frf,  damage,  loss; 
brrjn,  to  injure. 

The  Italians  and  Frencli  liave  also  changed  a  dental  into  a 
palatal  letter,  in  many  words;  as,  Italian  riiggio,  a  ray,  from  Lat. 
Ill  d  ills  ;  and  ragiunc,  reason,  from  ratio;  Fi.  viaiigcr,  to  eat,  from 
Lat.  mando,  or  miindiico. 

la  the  south  of  Europe,  the  Greek  /  has  been  changed,  in 
some  instances,  into  the  Italian  or  Spanish  z,  and  then  by  the 
French  into  5.  It  seems  that  the  Spanish  z  has,  at  some  former 
period,  been  pronounced  as  a  guttural.  Thus  the  Gr.  (*<)u/io)v, 
Lat.  bracliium,  the  arm,  is  in  Spanish  hriizo,  and  the  Spaniards 
have  the  word  from  the  Latin,  or  from  the  same  source  as  the 
Latin  and  Greek,  the  Celtic  bniit^.  This  word  britzo  the  French 
clianged  into  bras,  and  from  tiiat  we  have  brace  and  embrace.  A 
similar  change  occurs  in  Durazzo,  from  Dijrracliium,  and  in  the 
Spanish  luz,  light. 

The  Teutonic  nations  often  used  h  to  express  the  power  of  the 
(rreek  x,  and  the  Latin  c;  as,  heart  for  xwH^ia,  horn  for  cornu. 
Hence  we  find  that  the  Saxon  hlinian,  hleonian,  or  hhjnian,  to 
lean,  is  the  Greek  y.lni:^,  Latin  cliiio.  The  letter  h  is  now 
dropped,  and  we  write  the  word  lean. 

In  like  manner,  the  Saxon  hlid,  which  we  now  write  lid,  xs 
from  the  same  root  as  the  Latin  claudo,  cludo,  the  Greek  xXsiduo), 
which  is  contracted  into  z/.tiw.  And  in  this  word  we  may  notice 
another  fact,  tha't  the  word  signifies  not  onlj'  to  shut,  but  to  praise 
or  celebrate  ;  proving  that  this  word  and  the  Latin  plaudo  are  the 
same,  with  different  prefixes,  as  Unido  ;  and  that  tlie  primary  sense 
is,  to  strain.  This  in  Saxon  appears  in  hlttd,  loud,  hlijdan,  to  cry 
out. 

In  Latin,/  and  h  have  been  converted ;  as,  hordeum  for  fordeum  ; 
and  the  Spaniards  now  write  k  for/;  <xs,hacer  for  the  Latin  facere; 
kilo  for  Jilum;  hcrir  for  ferire,  &c. 

The  letters  r  and  s  are  commutable.  Thus  iron  in  Gorman  is 
eisrn ;  in  D.  ijzcr. 

The  letters  7t  and  s  seem  also  to  be  commutable ;  as  in  Latin 
pono,  ]>osui. 

The  letters  I  and  r  are  convertible  ;  for  the  English  colonel  is 
in  Spanish  and  Portuguese  coronel,  and  in  Armoric  coronal. 

The  cause  of  these  dilferences  is  in  the  position  of  the  organs 
in  the  articulations;  the  position  being  nearly  but  not  exactly 
the  same. 

2.  CHANGE  OF  VOWELS. 

The  change  of  vowels  is  so  common,  as  to  occasion  no  difficulty 
in  determining  the  sameness  of  words;  indeed,  little  or  no  regard 
is  to  be  had  to  them,  in  ascertaining  the  origin  and  affinity  of  lan- 
guages. In  this  opinion  I  accord  with  almost  all  writers  on  this 
subject ;  but  I  have  to  combat  the  oi)inion  of  that  elegant  scholar, 
Sir  William  Jones,  who  protests  against  the  licentiousness  of  cty- 
mologists,  not  only  in  transposing  letters,  but  in  totally  disregard- 
ing the  vowels,  and  who  seems  to  admit  the  common  orio-in  of 
words  only  when  written  with  the  same  letters,  and  used  in  a 
sense  precisely  the  same.* 

I  am  not  at  all  surprised  at  tlie  common  prejudice  existinor 
against  etymology.  As  the  subject  has  been  treated,  it  is  justly 
liable  to  all  the  objections  urged  against  it.  Hut  it  is  obvious 
that  Sir  W.  Jones  had  given  very  little  attention  to  tlie  sub- 
ject, and  that  some  of  its  most  common  and  obvious  principles 
had  escaped  his  observation.  His  opinion,  with  regard  to  both 
articulations  and  vowels,  is  unequivocally  erroneous,  as  will 

*  Asiatic  Researches,  vol.  3,  p.  489. 


appear  from  tlie  following  list  of  words,  taken  from  modern  lan- 
guages, ,uul  respecting  the  identity  ol'  which,  that  geiitleniatt 
himsell',  if  living,  could  not  have  the  slightest  doubt. 

Engl  ish . 
draw, 
dran 
give, 
foot,  ) 
feet,  5 
hook, 
day, 
have. 


Dutch. 

Cm  ev'iiia  n . 

^tretlisli.    IjII  tin 

dragan, 

trek  ken, 

tragen. 

draga,  traho. 

■c 
gitan. 

geeven, 

■ 

genen. 

•f 
gii  va. 

fot,  fet. 

voet. 

fuss. 

Gr.Z"': 

hoc 

Inak 

haken. 

dug,  dceg. 

daag. 

tag. 

dag!^ 

habban. 

!iebl)en. 

haben. 

liatva,  liabio. 

[Fr.  avoir 

;  ai,  as,  a 

,  avons,  avez 

out.] 

hieapan. 

loiipen, 

laufen. 

hipa. 

byrnan. 

bra.-iden. 

brennen. 

briniia. 

willan, 

wilien. 

wollen. 

willja,  volo,  velle 

Stan, 

steen. 

stein. 

sten. 

bred. 

breed. 

breit. 

bred. 

eortli. 

aarde. 

erde, 

jord,  Dan.  lord. 

hwa. 

wie. 

ho,  Dan.  livo. 

secan. 

zoeken. 

suclien. 

siikia,  sequor. 

bean,  • 

boon. 

bohno. 

bona,  Dan.  bonne 

hvap, 
burn, 
will, 
stone, 
broad, 
earth, 
who, 
seek, 
bean. 

Here  arc  scarcely  two  words  written  with  the  same  letters  in 
two  languages;  and  yet  no  man  ever  cnlled  in  question  their 
identity,  on  account  of  the  difference  of  ortliograjjhy .  The  diver- 
sity is  equally  great  in  almost  all  other  words  of  tlie  same  origiiiul. 
So  in  the  same  words  we  often  find  the  vowel  changed,  as  in  th(; 
Lat.  facio,  feci  ;  ago,  egi  ;  slo,stcti;  vello,vulsi.  Nothing  is  more 
certain  than  that  tlie  Welsh  gwyz  and  the  English  wood  are  the 
same  word,  although  there  is  one  lett<>r  only  common  to  them  both. 
It  is  pronounced  gnoijtli,  that  is,  g  and  loijlh  ;  as, guard  for  ward. 
This  prefixing  of  o-  to  words  which  in  English  begin  with  w,  is 
very  common  in  Spanish  and  French.  The  word  war  in  French 
is  guerre ;  Sp.  gtcerra. 

3.  CHANGE  OR  LOSS  OF  RADICAL  LETTERS. 

There  are  some  words  which,  in  certain  languages,  have 
suffered  a  change  of  a  radical  letter;  while  in  others  it  is  wholly 
lost.  For  example,  icord,  in  Danish  and  Swedish,  is  ord  :  tcort,  a 
plant,  is  urt ;  the  Saxon  gear,  or  gcr,  English  year,  in  Danish  is 
aar,  in  Swedish  is  ar,  in  Dutch  /'/■/(/r,  and  in  German  J«Ar. 

In  the  word  yoke,  and  its  affinities,  we  have  a  clear  and  deci- 
sive example  of  changes  in  orthography.  Yoke,  the  Latin  ^/'i/o-um, 
is  from  the  Chaldee,  S3'riac,  and  Arabic  :}Tt  zvg,  to  join,  to  couple  ; 
a  word  not  found  in  the  Hebrew.  The  Greeks  retained  the  ori- 
ginal letters  in  ivyo^,  w.yow;  the  Latins  changed  the  first  letter  to 
i  in  jugiim,  and  inserted  a  casual  n  in  jungo.  From  the  Latin 
the  Italians  formed  giogo,  a  yoke,  and  giugnrre,  to  join;  the 
Spaniards,  yi'go,  a  yoke,  and  juntiir,  to  join  ;  the  French,  joug, 
a  yoke,  and  joindrc,  to  join.  In  Saxon,  yoke  is  geoc  or  toe;  in 
Dutch,  j«/r;  Gr.joch;  S\v.  ok. 

One  of  the  most  general  changes  that  words  have  undergone, 
is  the  entire  loss  of  the  palatal  letter  g,  when  it  is  radical  and 
final  in  verbs,  or  the  opening  of  that  articulation  to  a  vowel  or 
diphthong.  We  have  examples  in  the  English  bow,  from  Saxon 
bugan,  to  bend;  buy,  from  bycgan ;  brow,  from  brcg ;  lay,  from 
lagan,  or  lecgan  ;  'say,  from  sa:gan ;  fair,  from  fxgcr  ;  flail,  from 
the  German  flegcl,  Lat.  Jlagellum ;  French  nicr,  from  Lat.  nego, 
netware. 

The  same  or  similar  changes  have  taken  place  in  all  the  modern 
langu.ages  of  which  I  have  any  knowledge. 

The  loss  and  changes  of  radical  letters  in  many  Greek  verbs 
deserve  particular  notice.  We  find,  in  the  Lexicons,  nnuyna, 
n'ju/oc,  nouxiixij^,  are  referred  to  .Tiiunnvi,  7in,eiTf>,  as  the  theme 
or  root;  tu/hu,  to  ritaau^i  V'^^'sS  '  ^^"^^  '/"(.'f to  ifnunnni. 

This  reference,  so  far  as  it  operates  as  a  direction  to  the  student 
where  to  find  the  verb  to  which  the  word  belongs,  and  its  expla- 
nation, is  useful  and  necessary.  But  if  the  student  supposes  that 
these  words  are  formed  from  the  theme,  so  called,  or  the  first  per- 
son of  the  indicative  mode,  present  tense,  ho  is  deceived.  I  am 
confident  no  example  can  be  found,  in  any  language,  of  the  pal- 
atals •/  and  y.,  formed  from  the  dentals  and  sibilants  t  and  o ;  nor 
is  {ii,rrio,  or  any  similar  word,  formed  by  the  addition  of  the  dental 
to  a  verb  ending  in  a  vowel.  The  truth  is,  the  last  radical  in 
ittu)  If  !ost,  in  the  indicative  mode  ;  and  in  :TiHinni:\,  .touttoi.  it  is 
changed.  The  radical  lest  in  ofw  .s  ■*  or  d  ;  the  original  word  was 
inita  or  otflu),  and  the  derivative*  ^t,xiiin,  oijtooixi;,  were  formed 


xxxiv  INTRODUCTION. 


before  the  radical  letter  \7as  dropped  in  the  verb.  No  sooner  is 
the  verb  restored  to  its  primitive  form,  than  we  recognize  its  con- 
nection with  the  Irisli  raid/mm,  to  speak  ;  Saxon  ra':d,  speech  ; 
rcBdiin,  to  read  ;  German  rriirn,  rede;  Dutch  ra/id,  &c. 

The  original  root  of  nijuriaa  was  TKjaym,  nou/m,  or  nnaxui,  and 
from  this  wore  formed  nnuyi'a,  ttquxtixo:,  before  the  last  radical 
was  clianged.  No  sooner  is  tlie  original  orthography  restored, 
thin  we  see  this  to  be  the  Teutonic  verb,  German  liriiiichcn, 
Dutch  ffeliruilicn,  Danish  hrugrr,  Sw.  hruka.  Sax.  brucan,  to  use, 
to  priictice.,  and  hence  the  English  broker. 

The  same  remarks  are  applicable  to  tu/kb  and  rannu);  tfnayua 
and  ifnunaui ;  u'//.uy>]  and  ai'/.ttanui  :  /a(iuxn^Q  and  /u(><toaut,  and 
many  other  words  of  like  formation.  In  all  these  cases,  the  last 
radical  letter  is  to  be  souglit  in  the  deriviitivcs  of  the  verb,  and  in 
one  of  the  past  tenses,  particularly  in  an  aorist.  This  fact  affords 
no  fi'cble  evidence  that  in  Greek,  as  in  the  Shemitic  languages, 
the  preterit  tense  or  an  aorist  was  the  radix  of  the  verb.  KnuLu^, 
in  Greek,  is  to  cry  like  a  crow  or  rook ;  but  tlie  last  radical  is 
changed  from  y,  as,  in  the  second  aorist,  it  forms  xnuyng.  Now, 
in  Danish,  crow  is  krage,  in  Ger.  krdhe,  in  D.  kraai,  in  Sw. 

kriika ;  a  fact  that  demonstrates  the  last  radical  letter  to  be  a  pal- 
atal, which  in  English  is  opened  to  o,  in  crow. 

But  it  is  not  in  the  Greek  language  only  that  we  are  to  seek 
for  the  primitive  radical  letters,  not  in  what  is  now  called  the 
root  of  the  verb,  but  in  the  derivatives.  The  fact  is  the  same  in 
tlie  Latin  and  in  tlie  English.  The  Latin  fiirtus  and  Jitixi  can 
not  be  deduced  frf  n  fluu  ;  but  the  orthography  of  these  words 
proves  demonstrably  'hat  the  original  root  wasjiugo,  or  fluco.  So, 
in  English,  sight  can  not  be  deduced  from  sec,  for  no  example 
can  be  found  of  the  letter  g  introduced  to  form  the  participles  of 
verbs.  Sight,  in  Saxon  gesieht,  D.  zigt,  G.  sicht,  Dan.  sigl,  Sw. 
siekt,  is  a  participle  ;  but  the  verb  in  the  infinitive,  in  Saxon  is 
seoii,  gescon,  Ger.  sehen,  D.  zicn,  Dan.  seer,  Sw.  se ;  in  which 
no  palatal  letter  is  found,  from  which  g  or  ch  can  be  deduced. 
The  truth,  then,  is,  that  the  original  verb  was  segan,  or  in  Dutch 
zegen ;  the  being  lost,  as  it  is  in  the  French  nier,  from  the 
Lat.  nego. 

In  the  change  of  letters  in  the  Greek  verbs  before  mentioned, 
the  process  seems  to  have  been  from  y  or  z  to  and  then  to  o  and 
T  ;  .Tjic/oi,  nnu'iv),  n'jannu),  tiouxtu).  This  is  certainly  a  process 
which  is  natural  and  common.  The  Latin  brachiuiii  thus  be- 
came in  Spanish  hrazo,  and  then  in  French  bras;  and  tlius  in 
the  Italian,  Mcritndria  iias  become  Alessandria. 

When  the  last  radical  of  a  Greek  verb  is  a  dental,  it  may  not  be 
certain  whether  the  original  letter  was  d,  or  th,  or  t.  We  find  the 
Greek  verb  0.7 «oi,  to  draw,  forms  its  derivatives  with  a,  nrraa^ia, 
aiuatg  ;  and  this  is  probably  the  Armoric  sjtaza,  from  which  we 
have  spay.  So  ifuju^.vi,  i(nanic,  and  (/',""''';>  are  evidently  of  the 
same  family.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  original  letter  might 
have  a  compound  sound,  or  it  might  correspond  nearly  to  the 

Arabic  Is  or         or  the  English  dh  or  th,  or  ds,  so  as  easily  to 

pass  into  d  or  into  s. 

It  is  equally  ch>ar  that  many  Greek  words  have  lost  an  initial 
consonant.  The  letter  most  generally  lost  is  probably  the  Ori- 
ental Hi  tjut  obviously  the  palatals  y  and  x  have,  in  many  in- 
stances, been  dropped.  There  seems  to  be  no  question  that  the 
Greek  6/oc  is  the  English  lekole,  and  perhaps  «//.  This  in  Welsh 
is  oil  or  holl,  in  Saxon  al  or  gcall ;  and  tiiis  is  undoubtedly  tlie 
Shemitic  ^3.  So  the  Greek  u/./.\:iii  is  tlie  Welsli  colli,  to  lose; 
and  fi/eoi  may  be  the  English  coil,  Ft.  cucillir. 

In  like  manner  the  Greek  has,  in  many  words,  lost  a  labial 
initial,  answering  to  the  English  b,  f,  or  v.  Tlic  Greek  ti dut  is 
undoubtedly  the  Latin  video  ;  tnyui  is  from  the  same  root  as  work  ; 
i6i'i<;  is  from  llie  root  of  vid,  in  the  Latin  dirido,  and  iiidividuus, 

that  is,  separate,  and  from  the  Arabic  »Xj  badda,  to  separate. 

In  many  instances,  the  Latin  retained  or  restored  tlie  lost  let- 
ter;  thus  hamnxa  for  uiiu-u  ,  hiirpitgo  for  a;i;ruyi;  ;  liarmonia  for 
U{>ii'iviit  ;  video  for  jiiJo). 

If  the  marks  of  breathing,  calh>d  sjiiritus  asper  and  spiriliis 
h.nis,  now  prefixed  to  Greek  words,  were  intended  to  represent 
the  h'tters  lost,  or  to  stand  in  the  jdace  of  them,  tln'y  answer  tliis 
purpose  very  iiiipcrfi'Ctiy .  Tlie  spiritus  asper  may  stand  for  a 
palatal  or  guttural  letter,  but  it  docs  not  designate  which  letter, 
the  n,  or  the  ~  ;  much  less  does  this  or  the  other  spiritus  justly 
rcpre.sent  the  labials,  b,  f,  v,  or  ?o.  Whenever  the  Latins  wrote 
li  in  the  place  of  the  (Jreek  Hpiritiis,  we  may  conclude  that  the 
original  letter  was  rii  or  a  cognate  letter  ;  and  we  may  conclude 


also  that  the  »  in  video,  and  in  divido,  viduus,  individuus,  stands 
for  the  original  labial  lost  in  t i^oi  and  t'uug.  But  there  are  many 
words,  I  apprehend,  in  wiiich  the  lost  letter  is  unknown,  and  in 
which  the  loss  can  not  be  recovered  by  any  marks  prefixed  to  the 
words.  We  may  well  suppose  that  hijmnus  exhibits  the  correct 
written  form  of  rin  u:  ;  but  what  is  there  in  the  Greek  f(p>/  to  lead 
us  to  consider  this  word  as  the  English  woof,  and  »■<;  i«o  to  be  the 
same  as  loeave  ?    Both  the  Greek  words  have  the  spiritus  asper. 

What  proportion  of  Greek  words  have  been  contracted  by  the 
loss  of  an  initial  or  final  consonant,  can  not,  I  apprehend,  be  de- 
termined with  any  precision  ;  at  least,  not  in  the  present  state  of 
philological  knowledge.  It  is  probable  the  number  of  contracted 
words  amounts  to  one  fourth  of  all  the  verbs,  and  it  may  be 
more. 

Similar  contractions  have  taken  place  in  all  other  languages ; 
a  circumstance  that  embarrasses  the  philologist  and  lexicographer 
at  every  step  of  his  researches,  and  which  has  led  to  innumer- 
able mistakes  in  etymology.  We  know  that  the  Swedish  ar, 
and  Danish  aar,  a  year,  have  lost  the  articulation  g,  and  that  the 
English  y  in  year  is  the  representative  of  g,  as  J  is  in  the  Dutch 
;««T,  and  German  jV;/tr ;  for  the  g  is  found  in  our  mother  tongue  ; 
and  in  a  multitude  of  words,  one  language  will  supply  the  means 
of  determining  the  real  origin  or  true  orthography,  which  can  not 
be  ascertained  by  another.  But  doubtless  many  changes  have 
taken  place,  of  which  the  evidence  is  uncertain  ;  the  chain  which 
might  conduct  us  to  the  original  orthography  being  broken,  and 
no  means  now  remain  of  repairing  the  loss. 

In  no  language  has  the  rejection  or  change  of  consonants 
served  so  effectually  to  obscure  the  original  words  as  in  the 
French.  So  extensive  have  been  the  changes  of  orthography 
in  that  language,  that,  had  not  the  early  lexicographers  indicated 
the  loss  of  letters  by  a  mark,  it  would  be  impossible  now  to  dis- 
cover the  original  orthography,  or  to  trace  the  connection  of 
words  with  other  languages,  in  a  large  portion  of  them.  And  it 
is  with  regret  we  observe  the  influence  of  the  French  practice 
of  suppressing  consonants  extending  itself  to  other  countries. 
It  is  owing  to  the  most  servile  obsequiousness  of  nations,  that 
Basil  or  Basiica,  the  elegant  name  of  a  town  in  Switzerland,  has 
been  corrupted  to  Basle,  and  pronounced  most  barbarously  Bale. 
The  Germans  are  pursuing  a  like  course  in  suppressing  the  pala- 
tal letters ;  a  most  unfortunate  circumstance  for  the  strength  of 
the  language. 

The  Italians  also  have  a  disposition  to  reject  letters  when  they 
interfere  with  their  habits  of  pronunciation;  and  hence  we  see, 
in  their  language,  piano,  written  for  piano  ;  Jiore  for  fiore  ;  jiocco 
for  jiocco ;  a  change  that  has  removed  a  radical  consonant,  and 
thus  obscured,  or  rather  destroyed,  the  affinity  between  the  Italian 
and  the  Latin  words. 

Another  difierence  of  writing  and  pronouncing  has  been  pro- 
duced by  the  change  of  a  sibilant  letter  into  an  aspirate  ;  or,  e 
converso,  by  the  change  of  an  aspirate  into  a  sibilant.  No  person 
doubts  whether  the  Latin  super  is  the  Greek  vmo  ;  or  ouuXui  is 
similis;  or  uXg  is  sal,  sail.  The  latter  in  Welsh  is /tn/cn,  Aa/.  So 
helyg,  a  willow,  in  Welsh,  is  in  Latin  saliz.  The  Greek  inra  is 
the  Latin  scptem,  English  seven.  This  in  Persic  is  °'' 
haft,  which  approaches  the  Greek  tnrit.  It  has  been  commonly 
sujjposed  that,  in  this  case,  the  aspirate  in  Greek  has  been  con- 
verted into  an  s.  There  are,  however,  strong  reasons  for  be- 
lieving that  the  change  has  been  the  reverse,  and  that  «  has  been 
dropped,  and  its  place  supplied  by  an  aspirate.    The  word  seven 

is,  bcj'ond  a  question,  the  Shemitic  ^^m,  ^2'^,  whence  tlilTi 
Eng.  sabbath;  and  the  Gaelic  scan,  old,  whence  Latin  senex,  in 

Welsh  hen,  seems  clearly  to  be  the  Ar.  "tnna,  to  bo  old.  It 
is  then  clear  that  in  these  words  s  is  radical.  It  is  probable,  how- 
ever, that  the  aspirate,  in  some  cases,  has  been  changed  into  s. 

It  deserves  to  be  noticed  that  the  radix  of  a  word  is  sometimes 
obscured,  in  Gre(>k  and  Latin,  by  the  loss  or  change  of  a  radical 
letter  in  the  nominative  case.  We  find  in  Latin  ncpos,  in  the 
nominative,  is  nepolis  in  the  genitive;  hoaos,  honoris,  &.c.  In 
these  changes,  1  suppose  the  letter  restored  in  the  oblicpie  cases 
to  be  the  true  radical  letter.  '\'\mit  adaniinit  has  been  deduced  by 
our  etymologists  from  the  Greek  «  negative  and  i\ifi--v,  to  sub- 
due, oil  the  supposition  that  the  stone  was  named  from  its  hard- 
ness. This  is  a  good  example  of  a  great  part  of  all  etymological  | 
deductions;  they  are  mere  conjectures.    It  did  not  occur  to  the  I 


INTRODUCTION.  xxxv 


inquirer  tliat  adamas,  in  the  nominative,  bocomes  in  the  giMiitive 
ndiniiaiilis  ;  that  n  is  radical,  and  that  this  word  can  not  be  reg- 
uhirly  deduced  from  the  Greek  verb.  Any  person,  by  looking 
into  a  Welsh  dictionary,  may  sec  the  original  word. 

In  some  words,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine  whether  n  before  d 
is  casual  or  radical.  In  such  words  as  the  Latin  /undo,  to  pour, 
and  tiindo,  to  beat,  there  is  reason  to  tliink  the  ;t  is  casual,  for  tlie 
preterit  is  formed  without  it,  fiidi,  tutudi.  But  in  other  words 
71  before  d  seems  to  be  radical,  and  the  d  casual ;  as  in  fitndo, 
fiaidiirc,  to  found.  For  this  word  coincides  with  the  Irish  bun, 
foundation,  and  witii  the  Shemitic  hanali,  to  build.  So  the 
Y^\\g\\s\\  find  is  in  Swedish  finna,  and  in  is  in  Danish  ind. 

Another  fact,  of  considerable  consequence,  is  tlie  casual  sound 
of  71  given  to  i^,  which  produced  the  effect  of  doubling  the  y  in 
Greek,  and  of  occasioning  the  insertion  of  n  before  ir  in  the  Latin, 
as  also  in  the  Teutonic  and  Gotliic  languages.  Thus  we  see  the 
Y  is  doubled  in  the  Greek  ayys/.Xui,  and  we  know,  in  this  case, 
how  tiie  change  originated  ;  ibr  the  original  word  is  in  the  Gaelic 
and  Irish,  agutla.  So  y  is  prefixed  to  another  palatal  or  guttural 
letter  in  uy/co,  oy/o;,  tyyi^m. 

A  similar  nasal  sound  of  g  probably  introduced  the  n  before  g 
in  lingo,  to  iicL: ;  linquo,  to  leave. 

We  may  be  confident,  in  all  cases,  that  n  is  not  radical,  when 
it  is  dropped  in  the  supine  and  participle,  as  in  lictum,  lirtux, 
from  litu/uo.  When  71  is  retained  in  the  supine  and  participle, 
there  may  be  more  reason  for  doubt ;  but  in  this  case,  the  ques- 
tion may  often  joe  determined  by  the  corresponding  word  in 
another  language,  or  by  some  other  word  evidently  of  the  same 
family.  Thus  we  can  have  little  doubt  that  lingo  and  the  Eng- 
lish lick  are  the  same  word,  or  that  the  Lat.  lingua  and  ligala  are 
of  one  family. 

This  casual  insertion  of  ?i  in  words  of  this  class  must  be  care- 
fully noticed  by  the  etymologist,  or  ho  will  overlook  the  affinity 
of  words  whicli  are  evidently  the  same.  We  have  many  words 
in  English  which  are  written  with  n  before  a  or  a  k,  when  the 
ancient  words  in  the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  languages,  and  some 
of  them  in  the  modern  Danish  and  Swedish,  are  written  without 
71.    Thus  in  Gothic,  is  sigcwan;  to  think,  \s  thagkijan.  It 

is  not  improbable  that  the  Gothic  word  was  pronounced  with  the 
sound  of  n  or  iig,  as  in  English.  So  also  in  siggunn,  to  sing  ; 
Inggs,  long.  In  a  few  instances  we  find  the  Swedes  and  Danes 
have  the  word  written  in  both  ways,  as  tanhn,  tanker,  and  lycka, 
tiikker,  to  think.  But,  in  general,  the  Germans,  Danes,  Swedes, 
and  Dutch,  write  %vords  of  this  sort  with  iig. 

To  show  how  important  it  is  to  know  the  true  original  orthog- 
raphy, I  will  mention  one  instance.  In  our  mother  tongue,  the 
word  to  dye,  or  color,  is  written  deagan;  the  elements  or  radical 
letters  are  dg.  To  determine  whetlier  this  and  the  Latin  tingo 
are  tlie  same  words,  we  must  first  know  whether  n  in  tingo  is 
radical  or  casual.  This  we  can  not  know  with  certainty,  by  the 
form  of  the  word  itself,  for*  the  n  is  carried  throu<rli  all  the  tenses 
and  forms  of  the  verb.  But  by  looking  into  the  Greek,  we  find 
the  word  written  with  •/,  if/ym;  and  this  clearly  proves  the 
alliance  of  the  word  with  deagan.  —  See  Dye,  in  tlie  Dictionary. 

We  iiave  many  English  words,  in  which  a  d  has  been  inserted 
before  g,  as  in  budge,  budge,  lodge,  pledge,  wedge.  In  all  words, 
I  believe,  of  this  chiss,  the  d  is  casual,  and  tiie  g  following  is  the 
radical  letter,  as  pledge,  from  tlie  French  plci<re  ;  wedge  from  the 
Sa.xon  icrcg.  The  practice  of  inserting  d  in  words  of  this  sort 
sceins  to  have  originated  in  the  necessity  of  some  mode  of 
preserving  the  English  sound  of  g,  which  might  otherwise  be 
sounded  as  the  French  g  before  c.  And  it  is  for  tiiis  reason 
we  still  retain,  and  ought  to  retain,  d  in  judge,  abridge.  In  like 
manner,  the  Teutonic  c  has  been  changed  into  the  sound  of  ch, 
as  Sa.^.  wdciun,  wu:cian,  to  icake,  to  wutcli ;  Sax.  tliuc,  thatch. 

There  are  some  nations  which,  in  many  words,  pronounce  and 
write  g  before  u  or  rc ;  as  in  the"  French  guerre,  for  war  ;  guede, 
for  n-oad  ;  guetlcr,toT  jcait  ;  in  Welsh,  ^ri/^rt/^  for  icall  ;  gicain,  for 
tcain;  g wared,  for  guard,  which  in  English  is  ward,  Sp.  gutirdu. 
In  some  instances,  the  u  or  w  is  dropped  in  modern  writing,  as  in 
tiie  French  garcnne,  a  tcarren ;  gardf,  for  guard.  This  differ- 
ence of  orthography  makes  it  difficult,  in  some  cases,  to  ascertain 
the  true  radical  letters. 

CHANGE  OF  SIGiNlFlCATION. 

Another  cause  of  obscurity  in  the  affinity  of  languages,  and 
one  tlial  seems  to  have  been  mostly  overlooked,  is,  the  change  of 
the  primary  sense  of  the  radical  verb.    In  most  cases,  this  cliange 


consists  in  a  slight  deflection,  or  difference  of  application,  which 
has  obtained  among  different  families  of  the  same  stock.  In 
some  cases,  the  literal  sense  is  lost  or  olise.ured,  and  the  figura- 
tive only  is  retained.  The  first  object,  in  such  cases,  is  to  find 
tlie  primary  or  literal  sense,  from  which  the  various  particular 
applications  may  be  easily  deduced.  Thus  we  find,  in  Latin, 
Ulico,  libct,  or  lubno,  lubet,  is  rendered,  to  please,  to  like  ;  hibcns, 
willing,  glad,  cheerful,  pleased  ;  libenler,  lubeiiter,  willingly, 
gladly,  readilv.  Wliat  is  the  primary  sense,  the  visilile  or  physi- 
cal action,  from  which  tin;  idea  of  williu!;  is  taken  ,■'  1  find,  either 
by  knowing  the  radical  sense  of  willing,  ready,  in  other  cases,  or 
by  the  predominant  sense  of  the  elements  Lb,  as  in  Lat.  labor,  to 
slide,  liber,  free,  tfcc,  that  the  primary  sense  is  to  move,  incline 
or  advance  toward  an  ol)joct ;  and  hence  the  sense  of  willing, 
ready,  prompt.  Now,  this  Latin  ^vord  is  the  English  Iodc,  Ger- 
man lichen,  liehe.  "Lubet  me  ire,"  I  /ore  to  go ;  I  am  inclined 
to  go;  I  go  with  cheerfulness;  but  the  affinity  between  lore  and 
luhco  has  been  obscured  by  a  slight  diflerence  of  application, 
among  the  Romans  and  the  Teutonic  nations. 

Perhaps  no  person  has  suspected  that  the  English  words  heat, 
hate,  a.nd  hest  in  behest,  a.ro  all  radically  the  same  word.  But  this 
is  the  fact.  Sax.  hatian,  to  heat,  or  be  hot,  and  to  hate  ;  ha  lun,  to 
heat  and  to  call ;  hutan,  to  call,  to  order,  to  command  ;  j/e-hatan 
or  ge-hatun,  to  grow  warm,  to  priunise,  to  vow  ;  Gothic  gahuitun, 
to  call,  to  promise  ;  Dutch  heelen,  to  heat,  to  name,  to  call,  bid  or 
command;  German  heitzen,  to  heat;  heisAcn,  to  call;  hitxtn,  to 
heat,  to  hoist;  Swedisli  hetsa,  to  inflame,  to  provoke;  Danish 
heder,  to  heat,  to  be  called.  Behest  we  have  from  the  German 
or  Swedish  dialect.  Heat  coincides  with  the  Latin  testus,  for 
ha:stu.s,  which  is  written  with  like  tlie  German.  fJate  coin- 
cides with  the  Latin  odi,  osus,  so  written  for  hoili,  hosns ;  and  as 
the  Teutonic  h  often  represents  the  Latin  r,  as  in  horn,  cornu, 
the  Danish  orthography,  heder,  coincides  witli  the  Latin  cilo,  to 
call.  Now,  what  is  the  radical  sense  Most  obviously  to  stir, 
agitate,  rouse,  raise,  implying  a  driving  or  impulse  ;  and  hence 
in  Latin  cestno,  to  be  hot,  and  to  rage  or  storm  ;  hence  to  excite, 
and  hence  the  sense  of  the  Latin  cito,  quickly,  from  stirring, 
rousing  to  action.  In  this  case,  hatred,  as  well  as  heat,  is  violent 
excitement.  We  find  also  in  the  Sa.xon  and  Gothic  tlie  sense  of 
vowing,  that  is,  of  driving  out  tlie  voice,  uttering,  declaring,  a 
sense  allied  to  calling  and  commanding  ;  and  to  tliis  is  allied  the 
sense  of  the  Latin  recito,  to  recite. 

In  English,  befall  signifies  to  fall  on,  to  happen  to  ;  in  German, 
the  same  word,  he/alien.,  has  the  like  signification.  But  in  Saxon, 
gefcnllan  signifies  to  fall,  to  rush  on  ;  while  in  German,  gefallen 
signifies  to  please,  that  is,  to  suit,  to  come  to  one's  mind,  to  be 
agreeable.  The  Danish  gefalder  has  the  same  signification  as  the 
German. 

We  find  by  the  Saxon,  that  the  Eno-llsh  reck,  to  care,  and 
reckon,  and  the  Latin  rego,  to  rule,  are  all  the  same  word,  varied 
in  orthography  and  application.  To  find  the  primary  sense  of 
reck,  to  care,  we  are  then  to  examine  the  various  derivative 
.senses.  And  we  need  go  no  further  tiuin  to  the  Latin  rectus  ^fid 
English  right,  the  sense  of  which  is  straight,  for  this  sense  is 
derived  from  straining,  stretching.  Care,  then,  is  a  straining  of 
the  wind,  a  stretching  toward  an  object,  coinciding  with  the 
primary  sense  of  attention.  The  primary  sense  of  reckon  is  to 
strain  out  sounds,  to  sp'-ak,  tell,  relate  ;  a  sense  now  disused. 

The  Saxon  care,  can  ,  ctercian,  to  care,  to  cark,  is  connected  in 
origin  with  the  Latin  rurccr,  a  prison  ;  both  from  the  sense  of 
straining,  whence  holding  or  restraint. 

To  prove  how  the  primary  general  sense  of  a  word  may  ramify 
into  different  senses,  by  special  appropriation  of  the  word  among 
separate  families  of  men  proceeding  from  the  same  stock,  let  us 
observe  the  different  senses  in  which  leap  is  used  by  the  P^nglisli, 
and  by  the  nations  on  the  continent.  In  English,  to  leap  is  simplj' 
to  spring  ;  as,  to  leap  a  yard  ;  to  leap  over  a  fence.  But  on  the 
continent  it  signifies  to  run.  Now,  it  will  be  seen  that  this  word, 
as  used  by  the  Germans,  can  not  always  be  translated  by  itself, 
that  is,  by  the  same  word,  into  Englisli.  Take,  for  illustration, 
the  following  passage  from  Luther's  Version  of  the  Scriptures  ; 
1  Sam.  xvil.  17.  — "  Nliiim  filr  delne  brilder  dlese  epha  sangen, 
und  dlese  zehen  brod,  und  lauf  ins  heer  zu  delnen  brudern  ;  " 
"Take  now  for  thy  brethren  an  epha  of  tliis  parched  corn,  and 
these  ten  loaves,  and  leap  to  llie  camp  of  thy  brethren.'  Leap, 
instead  of  run,  is  good  German,  but  bad  English.*  There  are 
two  oilier  words  in  this  passage,  of  which  a  like  remark  may  be 
made.    The  German  brod,  loaves,  is  our  bread,  which  admits  of 


*  "  He  walks,  he  le-npii,  be  runs."  —  Cmtper. 


1  N  T  R  O  U  U  C  T  1  O  i\ 


no  plural;  and  suiigcn  is  our  siiiircd,  which  we  can  not  apply  to 
parched  corn. 

So,  in  some  of  the  Teutonic  languages,  to  wurp  kittens  or 
puppies,  to  warp  eggs,  is  correct  language,  though  to  our  ears 
very  odd;  but  this  is  only  a  particular  application  of  the  primary 
sense,  to  tliruic.    We  say,  to  Iwy  ecrgs  ;  but  to  lay  is  to  tliroic  down. 

By  this  comparison  of  the  different  uses  and  a])plicationb  of  a 
word,  we  are  able,  in  most  cases,  to  detect  its  original  significa- 
tion. And  it  is  by  this  means,  I  apprehend,  that  we  may  arrive  at 
a  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  manner  in  which  the  same  word 
came  to  have  ditferent  and  even  opposite  significations. 

It  is  well  known,  for  example,  that  the  Hebrew  word  "^^a 
barak,  is  rendered,  in  our  version  of  the  Scriptures,  both  to  hirss 
and  to  curse.  The  propriety  of  the  latter  rendering  is  contro- 
verted by  Parkhurst,  who  labors  to  prove,  that  in  Kings  and  in 
Job,  where  it  is  rendered  to  curse,  it  ouaht  to  be  rendered  to 
bless;  and  he  cites,  as  authorities,  the  ancient  versions.  It  is 
true,  tliat  in  1  Kings  xxi.  10,  13,  and  in  Job  i.  11,  and  ii.  5,  the 
Su'venty  have  rendered  the  word  hy  fi/.ojt t.i,  to  bless;  and  other 
ancient  versions  agree  with  the  Septuagint.  But  let  the  word 
be  rendered  by  bless  in  the  following  passages  :  "  Put  forth  thy 
hand  now,  and  touch  his  bone,  and  his  flesh,  and  he  will  bless  \.\\ec 
to  thy  face."  "  Bless  God  and  die."  How  very  absurd  does 
such  a  translation  appear  !  It  shows  the  immense  importance  of 
understanding  the  true  theor\'  of  language,  and  the  primary  sense 
of  radical  words.  Let  us,  then,  endeavor  to  discover,  if  possible, 
the  source  of  the  dlfiiculty  in  the  case  here  mentioned.  To  be 
enabled  to  arrive  at  the  primary  sense,  let  us  examine  the  word 
in  the  several  lancruages,  first  of  the  Shemitic,  and  then  of  the 
Japhetic  stock. 

Heb.  to  bless ;  to  salute,  or  wish  a  blessing  to. 

2.  To  curse  ;  to  blaspheme. 

3.  To  couch  or  bend  the  knee,  to  kneel. 
Deriv.    A  blessing,  and  the  knee. 

Chaldee,  "^"S,  to  bless ;  to  salute  at  meeting,  and  to  bid  fare- 
well at  parting. 

2.  To  bend  the  knee. 

3.  To  dig  ;  to  plow  ;  to  set  slips  of  a  vine  or  plant  for  propa- 
gation.—  Talm.  and  Rabbin. 

Deriv.  The  knee  ;  a  blessing  ;  a  cursing  ;  a  cion  ;  the  young 
of  fowls. 

Syriac,  ^o^O,  to  fall  on  the  knees ;  to  fill  or  bow  down. 
Judg.  V.  '■27. 

2.  To  issue  or  proceed  from.    Matth.  xv.  10. 

3.  To  bless. 

Samaritan,  ij'^fi,  to  bless. 

Ethiopic,  n^Tl,  to  bless.    D  eriv.  the  knee. 

Arabic,  baralca,  to  bend  the  knee;  to  fall  on  tlie  breast, 

as  a  camel. 

2.  To  be  firm,  or  fixed. 

3.  To  rain  violently  ;  to  pour  forth  rain,  as  the  clouds.  Gr. 

fil>(/V>. 

4.  To  detract  from;  to  traduce;  to  riproach  or  pursue  with 
reproaches  ;  to  revile. 

5.  To  bless;  to  pray  for  a  blessing  on;  to  prosper;  to  be 
blessed. 

6.  To  hasten  ;  to  rush,  as  on  an  enemy  ;  to  assail. 

Deriv.  The  breast;  the  basin  of  a  fountain;  a  fishpond,  or 
receptacle  of  water,  as  in  Heb.  and  Ch. ;  also,  increase  ;  abun- 
dance ;  constancy  ;  splendor ;  a  flash  of  light. 

In  the  latter  sense,  usually  from  O^j  Ilrb.  and  Ch. 

barak. 

The  Arabic  word  supplies  us  with  the  certain  means  of  deter- 
mining the  radical  sense  ;  for  among  other  significations,  it  has 
the  sense  of  pouring  forth  rain  ;  and  this  is  precisely  the  (Jreek 
jlijt/ui.  The  primary  sense,  then,  is  to  send,  throw,  or  drive,  in  a 
tranHitive  sense  ;  or  in  an  intransitive  sense,  to  rush,  to  break  fi)rth. 

To  bless  and  to  curse  have  the  same  radical  sense,  which  is,  to 
■end  or  pour  out  words,  to  driv(!  or  to  strain  out  the  voice,  pre- 
cisely as  in  the  liatin  iippe.llo,  from  pello,  whence  peal,  as  of 
thunder  or  of  a  bell.  The  Itro  senses  spring  from  the  apjiropria- 
lion  of  loud  words  to  express  particular  acts.  This  d(>i)entis  on 
usage,  like  all  other  particular  applications  of  one  general  signi- 
fication.   The  sense  in  Scripture  is  to  utttjr  words  cither  in  a 


good  or  bad  sense  ;  to  bless,  to  salute  ;  or  to  rail,  to  scold,  to  re- 
■jiroacli ;  and  this  very  word  is  probably  the  root  of  reproach,  as  it 
certainly  is  of  the  Latin  precor,  used,  like  the  Shemitic  word,  in 
both  senses,  praying  and  cursing,  or  deprecating.*  It  is  also  the 
same  word  as  the  English  pray.  It.  pregare,  L.  precor,  the  same 
as  preach,  D.  prechcn,  W.  pregcthu.  To  the  same  family  belong 
the  Gr.  flna/ui,  (l<>v/vy,  (i(iv/uut(ui,  to  bray,  to  roar,  to  low,  Lat. 
ragio.  Here  we  see  that  bray  is  the  same  word,  applied  to  the 
voice  of  the  ass  and  to  breaking  in  a  mortar,  and  both  are  radi- 
cally the  same  word  as  break. 

The  sense  of  kneeling,  if  radical,  is  to  throw,  and  if  fro^n  the 
noun,  the  sense  of  the  noun  is  a  throwing,  a  bending. 

The  Chaldee  sense  of  digging,  if  radical,  is  from  thrusting  in 
an  instrument,  or  breaking  the  ground  ;  but  perhaps  it  is  a  sense 
derived  from  the  name  of  a  shoot  or  cion,  ancPin  reality,  to  set  a 
shoot,  to  plant. 

The  Sj-riac  use  of  this  word  in  Matth.  xv.  10,  is  intransitive, 
to  issue,  to  shoot,  or  break  forth.  So  in  Arabic,  to  rush  on,  to 
assault.  The  sense  of  firnmess  in  Arabic  is  from  setting,  throw- 
ing down,  as  in  kneeling ;  and  hence  the  sense  of  breast,  the 
fixed,  firm  part. 

That  this  word  has  the  sense  both  of  blessing  and  of  cursing, 
or  reproaching,  we  have  demonstrative  evidence  in  the  Welsh 
language.  Rhtg,  in  Welsh,  is  "^^2,  without  the  prefix.  It  signi- 
fies a  sending  out ;  utterance  ;  a  gift  or  present ;  a  consigning  ; 
a  ban,  a  curse  or  imprecation.  Rhcgu,  to  give  ;  to  consign  ;  to 
curse.  From  rhtg  is  formed  preg,  a  greeting,  or  salutation,  [the 
very  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  word,]  pregeth,  a  sermon,  a.nd  pregcthu, 
to  preach.  Here  we  have  not  only  the  origin  of  preach,  but 
another  important  fact,  that  preg,  and  of  course  is  a  com- 

pound word,  composed  of  a  prefix,  p  or  b,  and  rhig.  But  this  is 
not  all  ;  the  Welsh  greg,  a  cackling,  gregar,  to  cackle,  is  formed 
with  the  prefix     on  this  same  rhtg.     [Dan.  krage,  a  crow.] 

In  Welsh,  brcgu  signifies  to  break;  brtg,  a  breach,  a  rupture. 
This  Owen  deduces  from  bar,  but  no  doubt  erroneously.  It  is 
from  rhcgu;  and  there  is  some  reason  to  think  tliut  break  is  from 
rather  than  from  pi-; ;  but  probably  both  are  from  one  radix, 
with  different  prefixes. 

We  observe  one  prominent  sense  of  the  Arabic  baraka,  is 

to  rain  violently  ;  to  pour  forth  water,  as  clouds.  This  is  pre- 
cisely the  Greek  flni/w;  a  word  found  in  all  the  Teutonic  and 
Gothic  languages,  but  written  either  with  or  without  its  prefix. 

Saxon,  ragn  or  regn,  rain;  regnan,  to  rain. 

Dutch,  rcgen,  rain  ;  regencn,  beregencn,  to  rain  upon. 

German,  regen,  rain  ;  regncn,  to  rain  ;  bercgnen,  to  rain  on. 

Swedish,  rcgna,  to  rain. 

Danish,  regn,  rain  ;  regncr,  to  rain. 

Saxon,  racu,  rain  ;  Cimbrlc,  rakia,  id. 

Here  we  find  that  the  English  rain  is  from  the  same  root  as 
the  Welsh  rheg,  rhegu,  and  the  Shemitic  "j'lj- 

Pursuing  the  inquiry  further,  we  find  that  the  Saxon  reran,  or 
reccan,  [W.  rhegu,']  signifies  to  speak,  to  tell,  to  relate,  to  reckon, 
the  primary  sense  of  which  last  is  to  speak  or  tell ;  also  to  rule, 
which  shows  this  to  be  the  Latin  rrgo  ;  also  to  care,  which  is  the 
English  reck.  That  this  is  the  same  word  as  rain,  we  know  from 
the  Danish,  in  which  language  regncr  signifies  both  to  ram  ;ind 
to  reckon,  to  tell,  to  count  or  compute.  In  the  German,  the  words 
are  written  a  little  differently  ;  rechnen,  to  reckon,  and  rcgitcn,  to 
rain.  So  in  Dutch,  reckencn  and  regcnen  ;  but  this  is  a  fact  by 
no  means  uncommon. 

Here  we  find  that  the  English  reckon  and  reel;,  and  the  Latin 
rego,  are  the  same  word.  The  primary  sense  is  to  strain,  to  rcacb, 
to  stretch.  Care,  is  a  stretching  of  the  mind,  like  attention,  from 
tiie  Latin  tendo,  and  restraint  is  the  radical  sense  of  governing. 
Hence  rectus,  right,  that  is,  straight,  stretched. 

Hence  we  lind  that  rain  and  the  Latin  regnum,  reign,  are  radi- 
cally the  same  word. 

Now,  in  Saxon,  racan,  or  nrran,  is  the  English  reach,  to  stretch 
or  extend,  from  the  same  root,  and  probably  reek,  Saxon  reran, 
reoc.an,  to  fume  or  smoke  ;  for  this  is  to  send  ofl'. 

I  might  have  mentioned  befi)re,  tha.t  the  Chaldee  n""'"l3,  a  cion 
or  brancli,  is  precisely  the  Celtic  word  for  arm;  Irish,  braic,  or 
raigh  ;  Welsh  brair  ;  whence  the  Greek  .■iou/idu ,  Ihe  Latin  bra- 
chiuin,  whene(>  l\w  Spanish  braxo,  whence  the  Frencdi  bras, 
whence  the  English  brace     The  arm  is  a  shoot,  a  branch,  and 

•  "  Im|>robua  urgct  iralia  preeibus."  —  Horace 


INTRODUCTION.  xxxvii 


branch  is  from  this  root  or  one  of  the  family,  n  being  casual; 
brunch  for  brach. 

Oil  tliis  word  let  it  be  further  observed,  or  on  p"i!3  or  i^^D,  if 
radically  different,  are  formed,  with  the  prefix  5,  the  German 
sprcchcn,  to  speak,  sprache,  speech ;  Dutch  spreetccn,  spraalc ; 
Swedish  spraka,  spralc ;  Danish  sproff,  speecii ;  and  Swedisli 
spricliu,  to  break;  Danish  sprekkrr.  The  same  word  with  n  cas- 
ual is  seen  in  spring,  the  breaking  or  opening  of  the  winter;  and 
here  we  see  tlie  origin  of  the  marine  phrase,  to  sprinir  a  mast, 
Danish  springer,  to  burst,  crack,  or  spring.  This  in  Swedish  is 
written  without  n,  spricka,  to  break,  burst,  split ;  but  a  noun  of 
this  family  has  n,  springa,  a  crack,  and  spring,  a  spring,  a 
running. 

Now  let  us  attend  to  other  Shemitic  words  consisting  of  cog- 
nate elements. 

Chaldet,  "^IByjra/.-,  to  rub  or  scrape  ;  to  rub  out  or  tread  out,  as 
grain  from  the  ear  or  sheaf;  Luiin  frico,  frio. 

2.  To  collect  and  bind,  as  sheaves ;  perhaps  English,  to  rake. 

3.  To  break  or  break  down. 

4.  To  question ;  to  doubt.  In  Saxon  and  Gothic,  froegnan, 
fragan,  signifies  to  ask. 

Deriv.  I'roward  ;  perverse.  Prov.  ii.  12.  So  in  English  re- 
fractorij. 

This  verb  is  not  in  the  Hebrew  ;  but  there  are  two  derivativf<s, 
one  signifying  the  inner  vail  of  the  temple  ;  so  called  probably 
from  its  use  in  breaking,  that  is,  interrupting  access,  or  separa- 
tion, like  ditiphragm  in  English.  The  other  derivative  is  ren- 
dered rigor,  or  cruelty ;  that  which  strains,  oppresses,  breaks 
down,  or  rakes,  harasses. 

With  tliis  verb  coincides  the  Irish  bracaim,  to  break,  to  harrow, 
that  is,  to  rake. 

Syr.  »0}.£),  to  rub;  so  rendered,  Luke  vi.  1.  Lat. /rico.  A 
derivative  signifies  to  comminute. 

Deriv.    Distortion  ;  winding  ;  twisting.    Let  this  be  noted. 

At.  jjJ^/flraAa,  torub,  Lat. /rjco. 

2.  To  hate,  as  a  husband  or  wife  ;  to  be  languid,  or  relaxed. 
Deriv.    La.xity  ;  frangibility  ;  friability. 

Heb.  p"l5,  to  break,  burst,  or  rend  ;  to  break  off ;  to  separate. 
Deriv.    A  breaking  or  parting  of  a  road. 
Ch.  p-iD,  to  break. 

2.  To  redeem;  that  is,  to  free,  separate,  or  deliver. 

3.  To  explain,  as  a  doubtful  question. 

Deriv.  One  who  ransoms  or  delivers  ;  a  rupture  ;  the  neck  or 
its  juncture  ;  a  joint  of  tiie  fingers,  &c. ;  the  ankle  ;  the  joint  of 
a  reed  ;  a  chapter  or  section  of  a  book  ;  explanation  ;  exposition. 
pTlE,  a  rupture,  coinciding  with  the  English  broke. 

Syr.  tO;^,  to  redeem. 

2.  To  depart ;  to  remove  ;  to  separate. 

Deriv.  A  recess,  or  withdrawing;  separation;  liberation; 
redemption  ;  safety  ;  vertebra. 

Sam.    The  same  as  the  Syriac  verb. 

Ar.  "-^^  faraka,  to  separate ;  to  divide  ;  to  withdraw ;  to  dis- 
perse ;  [qu.  Lat.  sparge;]  to  lay  open;  to  disclose;  to  cast  out; 
to  immerse. 

Deriv.  Separation  ;  distinction  ;  distance  ;  interval ;  disper- 
sion ;  aurora,  as  we  say,  the  break  of  day  ;  also,  a  garment  reach- 
ing to  the  middle  of  the  thigh,  c\\i.  frock;  also  breech. 

I  have  placed  these  two  words  together,  because  I  am  con- 
vinced they  are  both  of  one  family,  or  formed  on  the  same  radical 
word.  The  latter  coincides  exactly  with  the  Latin  frango,fregi, 
fractum;  for  n  in  frango  is  undoubtedly  casual.  Now,  in  Welsh, 
bregu,  to  break,  would  seem  to  be  directly  connected  with  "I"13, 
yet  doubtless  bregu  is  the  English  break,  the  German  l/rechen,  the 
Dutch  brecken,  ifcc.  In  truth,  the  three  words  "^IS,  "jl^i  and 
p~ir,  are  probably  all  from  one  primitive  root,  formed  with  dif- 
ferent prefi.xes,  or  rather  with  llie  same  prefix,  differently  written  ; 
the  different  words  bearing  appropriate  senses,  among  different 
tribes  of  men. 

We  observe  in  the  Chaldee  word  the  sense  of  questionino-. 
Perhaps  this  may  be  the  Gothic  fragan,  to  ask  ;  and  if  so,  it  coin- 
cides with  the  Latin  rogo,  the  latter  without  the  prefix.  In  the 
sense  of  break,  we  find,  in  the  Greek,  uiji  vw,  without  a  prefix 

Most  of  the  significations  of  these  verbs  are  too  obvious  to 


need  illustration.  But  we  find  in  the  Syriac  the  sense  of  distor- 
tion, a  sense  whicli  at  first  appears  to  be  remote  from  that  of 
breaking  or  bursting  asunder.  But  thi.s  is  probably  the  primarv 
sense,  to  strain,  to  stretch;  a  sense  we  retain  in  the  phrase,  to 
break  upon  the  wheel ;  and  by  dropping  the  prefix,  we  have  the 
precise  word  in  the  verb,  to  rack. 

Now,  if  this  is  the  genuine  sense,  we  find  it  gives  the  En^jlish 
wreck  and  wrack,  the  Danish  vrag,  Sw.  vrak,  a  wreck.  In  Saxon, 
wrmcan,  wrecan,  is  the  English  wreak;  that  is,  to  drive,  or  throw 
on  ;  wracc,  is  an  c.vile,  a  icrelch.  In  Dan.  zragcr  signifies  to 
reject;  Sw.  vraka,  to  throw  away  ;  all  implying  a  driving  force  ; 
and  that  wreck  is  connected  with  break,  is  proliable  for  another 
reason,  that  the  Latin  fractus,  frango,  forms  a  constituent  part  of 
naufragium,  the  English  shipwreck,  which  in  Danish  is  simply 
"rag. 

Now,  if  straining,  distortion,  is  one  of  the  senses  of  this  root, 
the  English  wring,  wrong,  Danish  xrang,  Sw.  vrang,  may  be 
deduced  from  it,  for  undoubtedly  n  is  not  radical  in  these  words. 
The  Dutcli  has  wringen  ;  but  the  German  drops  the  first  letter,  and 
has  ringen,  both  to  twist  or  wind,  and  to  ring  or  sound  ;  the  latter 
sense  from  straining  or  throwing,  as  in  other  cases.  Without  v, 
wring  would  be  wrig,  and  wrong,  wrog ;  wranis,  wra<r,  Danish 
vrag. 

In  Greek,  /)»;yo5  is  a  blanket  or  coverlet,  and  connected  with 
()»;yif  Hi  ;  that  is,  a  spread  ;  from  stretching,  or  throwing  over. 

We  find  also  among  the  Chaldee  derivatives  the  sense  of  a 
neck,  and  a  joint.  Now,  we  find  this  word  in  Irish,  hraigfi,  the 
neck  ;  in  Greek,  without  the  prefix,  (la/ig,  the  spine  of  the  back'; 
Saxon,  kracca  ;  English,  the  rack,  and,  from  the  Greek,  the  rick- 
ets, from  distortion.  ^ 

Coinciding  with  the  Greek  hr^ywo',  to  break,  we  find  in  Welsh 
rhwgaw,  to  rend  ;  and  coinciding  with  (la/ia,  a  rock,  a  crair, 
Welsh  craig ;  and  connected  with  these,  the  Saxon  hracod,  Eng- 
lish ragged,  that  is,  broken  ;  evidently  the  participle  of  a  verb  of 
this  family. 

Hence  we  find  the  senses  of  distortion  and  breaking  connected 
in  this  root,  in  a  great  variety  of  instances. 

The  Shemitic  p13>  to  lighten,  to  shine  or  flash,  is  one  of  this 
family.  The  sense  is,  to  shoot  or  dart,  to  throw,  as  in  all  like 
cases.  And  under  this  root  the  Arabic  has  tiie  sense,  to  adorn, 
as  a  female;  to  make  brighter  shining;  which  gives  the  Enn-lish 
prank  and  prink,  D.  prugt,  G.  pracht.  Prance  is  of  the  same 
family,  from  leaping,  starting,  darting  up. 

In  Greek,  floux"?,  short,  stands  in  the  Lexicons  as  a  primary 
word  or  root.  But  this  is  from  the  root  of  break,  which  is  lost  in 
Greek,  unless  in  ntjyrvui,  without  the  prefix.  From  ^na-/i::,  or 
the  root  of  this  word,  the  French  language  has  abregcr,  to  abridge  ; 
and  what  is  less  obvious,  but  equally  certain,  is,  that  from  the 
same  root  the  Latin  has  brevis,  by  sinking  the  palatal  letter,  as 
we  do  in  iom,  from  bngan,  and  in  lay,  from  lecgan ;  so  that  a^rjrfn-e 
and  abbreviate,  brief,  are  from  one  root. 

It  should  have  been  before  mentioned  that  the  Latin  refragor 
signifies  to  resist,  to  strive  against,  to  deny,  whence  refractory ; 
a  sense  that  demonstrates  tlie  primary  sense  to  be,  to  strain,  urge, 
press;  and  refraction,  in  optics,  is  a  breaking  of  the  direct  course 
of  rays  of  light  by  turning  them  ;  a  sense  coinciding  with  that  of 
distortion. 

We  see,  then,  that  one  predominant  sense  of  break,  is,  to  strain, 
to  distort.  Let  us  now  examine  some  of  the  biliteral  roots  in  rg 
and  rk,  whicli,  if  b  is  a  j)refix,  must  be  the  primary  elements  of 
all  the  words  above  mentioned. 

Ch.  33"!  rag,  regag,  to  desire,  to  long  for.  This  is  the  Greek 
oofyui,  and  English  to  reach;  for  desire  is  expressed  by  reaching 
forward,  stretching  the  mind  toward  the  object.  So  in  Latin* 
appeto  and  cipeto,  from  pelo,  to  move  toward.  This  coincides 
nearly  with  the  Latin  rogo,  to  ask,  and  the  Goth,  fragnan.  Sax. 
fncgnan. 

Syr.  fc.^,  to  desire ;  and  with  olaph  prefixed,  ..^i,  to  desire, 
or  long;  also  to  wet,  or  moisten  ;  also  j,^,  to  moisten  —  Latin 
rigo,  irrigo,  to  irrigate. 

Deriv.  Tender,  sort.,  fresh,  from  moisture  or  greenness.  Qu. 
Lat.  rccens,  a  derivative. 

Here  desire  and  irrigation  are  both  from  one  root ;  desire  is  a 
reaching  forward,  and  irrigation  is  a  spreading  of  water. 

This  root,  in  Hebrew  a^S,  signifies  to  weave,  or  connect,  as  in 
texture  and  net-work ;  but  the  primary  sense  is  to  stretch  or 
strain. 


r 


xxxviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  Arabic,  !:.ie  same  verb  ^  ,\  siornifies  to  emit  an  afi^reeable 

smell ;  to  breatlie  fragrance  ;  radically,  to  throw  or  send  out ;  to 
eject;  a  mere  modification  of  the  same  sense.  Tliis  is  the  Latin 
fragro,  whence  frairrant,  with  a  prefix ;  but  according  exactly 
with  the  English  retk. 

■^~S5  in  Cli.  Heb.  Syr.  and  Sam.,  signifies  to  prolong,  to  extend. 
In  Ar.  as  in  Heb.  in  Hiph.  to  delay,  or  retard  ;  that  is,  to  draw 
out  in  time. 

>ai  in  Heb.  has  been  differently  interpreted  ;  indeed,  it  has 
been  rendered  by  wonis  of  directly  contrary  signification.  The 
more  modern  interpreters,  saj's  Castel],  render  it,  to  split,  divide, 
separate,  or  break  ;  the  ancient  interpreters  rendered  it,  to  stiflen, 
to  make  rigid  or  rough,  to  wrinkle  or  corrugate.  Castell  and 
Parkliurst,  however,  agree  in  rendering  it,  in  some  passages,  to 
quiet,  stiil,  allay.  Jer.  xlvii.  6,  1.  34.  In  Job  vii.  5,  our  trans- 
lators have  rendered  it  hroi.en,  "My  skin  is  broken,"  [rough,  or 
rigid.]  In  Job  xxvi.  12,  it  is  rendered  by  divide,  "  He  dividcth 
the  sea  by  his  power."  In  Vanderhooght's  Bible  it  is  in  this 
place  rendered  by  commovet,  he  agitates  the  sea.  The  Seventy 
render  it  by  xuTfTJuvoe,  he  stilled;  and  this  is  the  sense  which 
Parkhurst  gives  it. 

In  Isaiah  li.  15,  and  Jer.  xxxi.  3-5,  it  is  rendered  in  our  version 
by  divide.  "  But  I  am  the  Lord  thy  God,  that  divided  the  sea, 
whose  waves  roared." 

In  Vanderhooght's  Bible  it  is  rendered  in  Isaiah  li.  15,  "  I  am 
Jehovah  thy  God,  qui  commovens  mare,  ut  perstrepant  fluctus 
ejus."  In  Jer.  xxxi.  oo,^''  commovens  mare,  ut  tumultuentur  Huc- 
tus  "  —  agitating  pr  moving  the  sea,  that  the  waves  roar,  or  may 
roar.    The  passage  in  Isaiah  is  rendered  by  the  Seventy,  on  6 

"agitating  the  sea,  and  causing  its  waves  to  roar  and  resound." 
In  the  French  translation,  the  passage  in  Isaiah  is,  "qui  fend  la 
mer,  et  ses  flots  bruient :  "  [I]  v.'ho  divide  the  sea,  and  the  waves 
roar.  In  Jeremiah  the  passage  is,  "  qui  agite  la  mer,  et  les  flots 
en  bruient :  "  who  agitates  tiie  sea,  and  therefore  the  waves  roar. 
In  Italian,  the  passage  in  Isaiah  is  rendered,  "  one  muovo  il  mare, 
e  le  sue  oiide  romoreggiano."  In  Jeremiah,  "  che  commuove  il 
mare,  onde  le  sue  onde  romoreggiano:"  v/ho  moveth  the  sea, 
wherefore  its  waves  roar,  or  become  tumultuous. 

These  diiferent  renderings  show  the  importance  of  under- 
standing the  literal  or  primary  sense  of  words ;  for  whatever  may 
be  the  real  sense  in  the  passages  above  mentioned,  it  can  not  be 
10  divide.  If  we  are  to  give  to  vau  in  the  following  word  its 
usual  sense  of  and,  it  is  difficult  to  make  sense  of  the  word  J'ai) 
by  translating  it,  he  stillctk :  He  stillcUi  the  sea,  and  its  waves  are 
tumultuous,  or  He  stilieth  the  sea  that  the  waves  may  roar  or  be 
agitated  !  This  will  not  answer.  Tlie  more  rational  version 
would  be.  He  roughens  the  sea, and  its  waters  roar;  or  lie  drives, 
impels  it  into  agitation.  In  Ethiopic,  the  same  word  signifies  to 
coagulate,  to  freeze,  to  become  rigid  ;  and  this  is  undoubtedly  Uie 
Latin  ri'n'eo,  and  with  a  prefix/ri^eo,  and  this  signification  is  per- 
haps allied  to  the  Lat.  rugo,  to  wrinkle;  for,  as  a  general  rule, 
the  radical  sense  of  wrinkle  is  to  draw,  as  in  contract,  contraho, 
and  this  seems  to  be  the  sense  of  rigeo.  Both  these  words  are 
allied  to  rough,  which  is  from  breaking  or  wrinkling.  This  sense 
would  perhaps  well  suit  the  context  in  those  two  passages,  as  it 
would  also  that  in  Job  yii.  5  :  My  skin  is  rough. 

Now,  in  Arabic,  the  general  signification  of  is  to  return,  to 
repeat,  to  withdraw,  which  may  be  from  drawing  back  ;  a  differ- 
ent application  of  the  original  sense,  to  strain,  stretch,  or  extend. 

The  root  p"n  in  Chaldee  signifies  to  spit,  and  this  is  probably 
the  Latin  ructo,  somewhat  varied  in  application.    The  same  verb 

in  Arabic         rauka,  signifies  to  drive  off,  to  reject ;  to  shoot  or 

grow  long,  as  teeth;  to  strain,  purify  or  make  clear,  as  wine; 
precisely  the  English  to  rack;  also,  to  spread,  and  to  pour  out. 
Hebrew  to  empty,  to  draw  out,  to  attenuate  or  make  thin  ; 
and  as  a  noun,  spittle  ;  Syriac,  to  spit,  to  draw  out,  to  attenuate  ; 
Samaritan,  to  pour  out,  to  draw  out,  to  extend  ;  Ethiopic,  to  be 
fine,  slender,  or  thin  ;  Arabic,  to  be  soft,  tender,  thin.  The  verb 
has  a  like  signification,  and  is  perhaps  from  the  same  original 
root;  Hi'brew,  to  Kpread,  stretch,  extend.    But,  says  Ciistell, 

all  the  ancient  interpreters  rendered  the  word,  to  ordain,  estub- 
liHh,  make  firm  ;  to  strike,  to  beat,  as  pliites  of  metal.  But  tiie 
sense  ii  to  vtrctch,  to  spread,  and  the  beating  is  only  the  means 


of  extending.    Hence  the  firmament,  which  agrees  well 

with  Lat.  regio,  an  extent;  in  Hebrew,  properly,  an  expanse. 
And  to  reconcile  the  ancient  and  modern  interpretations  of  this 
word,  let  it  be  remembered  that  strength  and  Jinnness  are  usually 
or  always  from  stretching,  tension. 

Now  let  us  hear  Ainsworth  on  the  word  regio.  "  Regio  a  rego 
quod  priusquam  provinciee  fierent,  regiones  sub  regibus  erant 
atque  ab  his  regebantur."  How  much  more  natural  is  it  to  de- 
duce regio  from  the  primary  sense  of  rego,  which  is  to  stretch,  to 
strain,  to  extend  !  liegio  is  an  extent,  a  word  of  indefinite  signi- 
fication. 

In  Chaldee  and  Arabic  this  verb  signifies  to  mend,  to  repair,  to 
make  whole  ;  from  extending,  spreading  over,  or  making  strong. 
See  the  root  5",  infra. 

We  observe  that  331  and  yj^Jl  agree,  in  original  signification, 
with  the  English  reach,  on  the  root  of  which,  or  some  of  its  deriv- 
atives, was  formed  stretch.  That  "j"^'  and  pIS  were  formed 
on  any  of  the  foregoing  billteral  roots,  we  may  not  be  able  to 
affirm  ;  but  it  is  certain  from  the  Welsh,  that  the  first  conso.iant 
of  the  triliteral  root  is  a  prefix,  and  it  is  certain  from  the  Shemitic 
languages,  that  the  primary  sense  is  the  same  in  the  biliteral  and 
triliteral  roots,  or  that  all  the  applications  or  particular  significa- 
tions may  readily  be  deduced  from  one  general  signification. 

To  illustrate  this  subject  more  fully,  let  us  attend  to  the  various 
applications  of  some  other  Shemitic  words  of  extensive  use. 


Heb.  5*"13  bara,  to  create.  This,  by  most  lexicographers,  is 
given  as  the  first  signification,  in  all  the  Shemitic  languages. 
Parkhurst  says,  to  create  :  to  produce  into  being.    Gen.  i.  1. 

y.  To  form  by  accretion  or  concretion  of  matter.    Gen.  i.  21. 

3.  In  Hiph.  to  make  fat;  to  fatten  or  batten.    1  Sam.  ii.  29. 

4.  To  do  or  perform  something  wonderful.    Num.  xvi.  30. 

5.  In  Niph.  to  be  renewed.  In  Kal.  to  renew,  in  a  spiritual 
sense.    Ps.  li.  12. 

Castell  says, 

1.  To  create  from  nothing,  or  to  produce  something  new  or 
excellent  from  another  thing.    Gen.  i.  Is.  xlii.  5. 

2.  In  Niph.  to  be  renewed  or  re-created.  Is.  xlviii.  7.  Ps. 
cii.  19. 

3.  To  cut  off ;  to  take  away  ;  to  bear  away,  or  remove  ;  also,  to 
select;  to  prepare.    Josh.  xvii.  15,  18.    Ezek.  xxiii.  47. 

Gesenius  says, 

1.  Strictly,  to  hew,  to  hew  out.  [Ar.  to  cut,  to  cut  out,  to 
plane.] 

2.  To  form;  to  make;  to  produce.  Ar.  \j~t.  The  order  of 
significations  is,  as  in  the  Ar.  galaka,  to  be  smooth,  to 
make  smooth.  2.  To  plane.  3.  To  form,  make.  Gen.  i.  1, 
21,  27. 

1.  Niph.  passive  of  Kal.  No.  2.    Gen.  ii.  4. 

2.  To  be  born.    Ezek.  xxi.  30     Ps.  cii.  18. 

Pi.  the  verb  differently  pointed;  to  hew,  to  cut  down. 

Josh.  xvii.  15,  18. 

2.  To  cut  down  with  the  sword  ;  to  kill.    Ezek.  xxiii.  47. 

3.  To  make  fat.    1  Sam.  ii.  29. 
Thus  far  the  Hebrew. 

Chal.  t^nn,  to  create.    Gen.  i.  1. 

2.  To  cut  off.    Is.  xl.  20. 

3.  To  make  fat ;  to  grow  sound  or  strong.  Talm. 
Deriv.    Fat ;  whole  ;  sound  ;  strong.  Castell. 
Syr.  j^O,  to  create.    Gen.  i.  1.    Mark  xiii.  19. 

2.  To  remove  to  a  distance;  and  Deriv.  distance,  distant. 

Castell. 

Sam.  iVSS,  to  create.    Gen.  i.  22.    Deut.  iv.  32.  Castell. 

t — 

Ar.         to  create.    Job  xxxviii.  7.  [qu.  4  and  6.] 

2.  To  be  free,  or  guiltless,  not  obnoxious  to  punishment. 
Num.  V.  28,  31  ;  and  xxxii.  22.    Rom.  vii.  6. 

3.  To  free;  to  absolve  from  a  crime;  to  liberate;  to  dismiss  ; 
to  justify.     Ex.  XX.  7.    Num.  xiv.  18. 

4.  To  escape  ;  to  forsake. 

5.  To  recover  from  disease  ;  to  be  healed ;  to  restore  to  health. 
Lev.  xiii.  J8.    Josh.  v.  8.    Ma.tth.  iv.  23 


INTRODUCTION. 


6.  To  cleanse;  to  free  from  impurities. 

7.  To  abstain  Croin. 

Deriv.    Creator;  free;  unobnoxious  ;  clean;  empty. 

Ar.        to  create. 

2.  To  cut  off ;  to  hew  or  pare. 

3.  To  separate  ;  to  distinguisli. 

4.  To  make  thin. 

5.  To  oppose  ;  to  strive  ;  to  resist. 

6.  To  provoke  ;  to  boast,  or  make  a  parade. 

7.  To  distribute  ;  to  disperse.  Castell. 
According  to  Gesenius,  the  primary  sense  of  the  verb  is  to  Acir, 

to  cat  out,  and  thus  to  make  smooth,  and  thus  to  create  ;  and  he 
deduces  these  senses  in  the  same  order  as  he  does  those  of  the 
Arabic  verb,  which  gives  the  word  lilic.  But  there  i.s  no  ground 
for  this  opinion  ;  and  doubtless  the  verb  originated  before  the  use 
of  edge  tools. 

The  predominant  senses  of  tliis  word  are,  to  separate,  to  free, 
to  remove  ;  as  we  see  by  tiie  Arabic  and  Syriac. 

Now,  hewing  is  indeed  separating,  and  we  have  the  English 
word  //are  from  this  root;  but  we  must  seek  for  a  signification 
which  is  more  general  than  that  of  piiring,  or  we  shall  not  be 
able  to  account  for  the  sense  of  njakiiig  fat,  sound,  entire,  and 
strong,  nor  for  that  of  l)eing  born. 

The  truth  undoubtedly  is,  tljis  word  is  of  the  same  family  with 
the  English  b</ir,  the  Latin  piirio,  and  the  radical  sense  is  to 
throw,  to  tlirust,  to  send,  to  ttrinc,  to  extnid  ;  hence  to  throw  out, 
to  produce,  as  applied  to  the  birth  of  children  or  of  the  world. 
To  throw  or  dricc  is  the  primary  sense  of  separation  and  division, 
that  is,  to  drive  off.  Tlie  English  word  deal,  when  traced  to  its 
root,  presents  the  same  fact.  See  Deal.  To  create  is  to  produce 
or  bring  forth,  the  same  sense  as  that  of  birth,  applied  to  a  differ- 
ent object.  The  sense  of  hewing  and  paring  is  from  driving  off, 
separation.  In  Syriac,  we  observe  the  general  application,  in 
removal,  or  departure  to  a  distance.  The  sense  of  fattening  is 
derivative,  and  allied  to  that  of  healing  or  making  whole,  sound, 
strong,  in  the  Arabic  ;  that  is,  preparing,  bringing  to  a  good  state, 
or  from  tension,  the  usual  primary  sense  of  strength  and  power. 

To  obtain  a  more  full  and  satisfactory  view  of  this  subject,  let 
us  attend  to  the  same  word  in  the  modern  languages  of  Europe. 

LATIN. 

Paro,  to  prepare,  tnake  ready,  procure,  design,  &c.  The  radi- 
cal sense  of  paro  is  probably  the  same  as  in  the  Shemitic  lan- 
guages ;  to  produce,  to  bring  forward.  So  also  ready  implies  an 
advancing,  and  so  does  promptness.  But  the  various  ways  of 
preparing  a  thing  for  use  naturally  give  to  the  word,  in  process 
of  lime,  a  variety  of  particular  significations;  each  of  which  re- 
sults in  bringing  the  thing  to  the  state  desired.  The  compounds 
of  paro  are  apparo,  to  prepare,  to  furnish,  accouter  or  set  out; 
comparo,  to  prepare  or  procure,  to  make  equal,  to  compare,  to 
join,  to  dress  or  make  ready  ;  prieparo,  to  prepare  ;  rrparo,  to  re- 
piir,  to  create  anew,  to  regain,  to  compensate  ;  srpnro,  to  sepa- 
rate. Let  tiie  Latin  uses  of  this  word  be  compared  with  the  same 
Hebrew  word  in  Joshua  xvii.  1.5,  where  it  is  rendered  cut  down. 
"  Ascend  to  the  wood  country  and  cut  down  for  thyself;  "  Sep- 
tuigint,  fxxar*uiti>r  ofarxu),  clear  for  thyself.  This  is  one  njode  of 
preparation  for  use.  In  Ezek.  xxi.  11),  it  is  rendered  choose ; 
Septuagint,  Siuraltig,  appoint. 

ITALIAN. 

Parare,  to  prepare  ;  to  garnish  ;  to  adorn  ;  to  propose  an  occa- 
sion ;  to  parry,  or  ward  off,  as  a  blow  ;  to  defend  ;  to  cover  from 
or  slielter  ;  to  repair;  to  teach  a  horse  to  stop,  and  in  horseman- 
ship, to  stop;  purata,  a  warding  off,  a  garnishing;  parato,  pre- 
pared, ready,  prompt,  warded  off  or  parried,  shielded,  defended. 

.'jpparare,  to  learn ;  apparato,  learned,  prepared ;  apparato, 
preparation,  garnishment. 

Parer.chio,  a  preparation  ;  also  equal,  even  [L.  par  ;]  parecchiare, 
to  prepare;  7>rtr<  "■"■tare,  to  make  equal,  to  compare  ;  apparecchiare, 
to  prepare,  to  ornament  or  garnish,  to  set  in  order;  appareggiare, 
to  put  in  competition,  to  match,  to  equal. 

Comparare,  to  compare. 

Dispurare,  to  forget  ;  disparare,  spararc,  to  unfurnish,  disgar- 
nisli,  to  make  unready,  to  disbowel,  to  separate,  disjoin,  unpair  ; 
to  discharge,  as  artillery. 


fwpararc,  to  learn. 

Ilipararr,  to  repair,  to  restore  to  the  first  stall*  ;  to  repair,  or 
resort  to,  or  have  a(;cess  to;  to  piirry,  or  .vard  oil";  riparo,  repa- 
ration, a  fort,  a  bank,  fence,  mound,  remedy,  shelter. 

SPANISH. 

Parar,  to  prepare ;  to  stop,  detain,  prevent ;  to  end ;  to 
treat  or  use  ill ;  to  stake  at  cards ;  to  point  out  the  game,  as 
pointers. 

Parada,  a  halt  or  stopping,  end,  pause  ;  a  fold  for  cattle  ;  a 
relay,  as  of  horses  ;  a  dam  or  bank  ;  a  stake  or  bet  ;  a  parade,  or 
a  place  where  troops  are  assembled  to  exercise  ;  paradu,  remiss, 
careless,  unemployed. 

Par,  a  pair;  a  peer;  afterbirth;  the  handle  of  a  bell. 

Jlpurar,  to  stretch  out  the  hands  or  skirts  of  a  garment  for 
receiving  any  thing  ;  to  dig  and  heap  earth  round  plants  ;  to  close 
the  upper  and  hind  quarter  of  a  shoe  to  the  sole  ;  to  couple  male 
and  female  animals  ;  to  dub,  as  a  ship. 

Jl/iarador,  a  sideboard,  a  dresser  in  a  kitchen,  a  workshop,  a 
wardrobe  ;  aparuto,  preparation,  pomp,  show. 

.Qparear,  to  match  ;  to  suit  one  thing  to  another,  [pair.] 

Aparejo,  preparation,  harness,  sizing  of  a  piece  of  linen  or 
board  on  which  something  is  to  be  painted  ;  tackle,  rigging  em- 
ployed on  board  of  a  ship.    [.Ippurcl,  parrel.] 

Comparar,  to  compare. 

Desparejar,  to  make  unequal. 

Di.iparar,  to  discharge,  as  fire-arms. 

Jimparar,  to  shelter  ;  to  protect.  [Aragon,  to  sequester,  as 
goods.] 

Emparedar,  to  confine  or  shut  up. 

Reparar,  to  repair  ;  to  observe  carefully,  to  consider ;  to  mend 
or  correct ;  to  suspend  or  detai.n  ;  to  guard,  defend,  protect ;  to 
regain  strength,  or  recover  from  sickness ;  to  right  the  helm. 

Separar,  to  separate. 

PORTUGUESE. 

Parar,  v.  i.  to  stop,  to  cease  to  go  forward  ;  to  confine  upon,  to 
meet  at  the  end,  to  touch,  to  be  bounded  ;  to  tend,  to  drive  at 
something,  to  aim  at,  to  come  to;  to  imply,  involve,  or  comprise  : 
"  Nao  posso  parar  com  fome,"  I  can  not  bear  hunger.  "  Ninguem 
pode  aqui  parar,"  Nobody  can  live  or  stay  here.    [Eng.  bear.] 

Parar,  v.  t.  to  stop,  to  hinder  from  proceeding  ;  to  parry  or 
ward  off;  to  turn  or  change  with  regard  to  inclination  or  morals  ; 
to  lay  or  stake,  as  a  wager.  Parada,  a  stopping,  or  place  of  stoji- 
ping  ;  a  bet  or  wager. 

Jimparar,, to  protect,  shelter,  defend,  abet. 

Comparar,  to  compare  ;  comprar,  to  buy,  to  procure. 

Jiparar,  to  pare,  as  an  apple ;  to  mend  or  make  a  pen ;  to 
parry  a  blow. 

Aparelhar,  to  prepare,  to  fit,  to  cut  out  or  rough  hew  ;  aparelho, 
tackle  in  a  ship  I'or  hoisting  things.  Eng.  a.  parrel. 

Disparnr,  to  shoot,  to  discharge,  as  fire-arms. 

/fe/;«r«r,  to  repair  ;  to  7<flr/-y  in  fencing ;  to  advert;  to  observe  ; 
to  make  amends  ;  to  retrieve  ;  to  recover  ;  to  recruit ;  to  shelter; 
rcparo,  in  fortification,  defense. 

FRENCH. 

Parer,  to  deck,  adorn,  trim,  set  off,  embellish  ;  to  parry  or  ward 
off.  '■^  Parer  des  cuirs,"  to  dress  leather;  ^'^  Parer  le  pied  d'un 
cheval,"  to  pare  a  horse's  hoof. 

Parcr,  v.  i.  to  stop;  paresse,  idleness. 

Pari,  a  lay,  bet,  or  wager  ;  parier,  to  bet  or  lay  a  wager. 

Appareil,  preparation,  furniture,  train,  retinue,  [y,ng.  apparel.] 
Jipparaux,  tackle,  sails  and  rigging,  [Eng.  parrel.] 

Pair,  a  peer,  an  equal ;  paire,  a  pair  ;  uppurier,  to  pair,  to  match. 

S' evi]iurer,  to  seize,  to  invade. 

Reparcr,  to  repair. 

Scparer,  to  separate. 

ARMORIC. 

Pnra,  to  dress,  to  trim,  to  stop,  to  parry,  to  pro  ^are. 

RUSSIAN. 

Vherayri,  to  put  in  order,  to  adjust,  to  mow  or  reap,  to  cut,  to 
dress,  as  the  hair.    This  word  has  the  common  prefix  u. 


INTRODUCTION. 


PERSIC. 
^iXjyj  poridan,  to  cut  off. 

WELSH. 

Par,  something  contiguous,  or  that  is  in  continuity ;  a  state  of 
readiness  or  preparedness  ;  a  pair  or  couple  ;  a  fellow,  match. 
Par,  a  cause  ;  the  essence,  germ,  or  seed  of  a  thing ;  a  spear. 
Para,  to  continue,  to  endure,  to  persevere. 
Parad,  a  causing;  parai,  that  causes  to  be. 
Parawd,  prepared,  ready ;  parodi,  to  prepare. 

That  all  the  foregoing  words  in  the  present  European  lan- 
guages [and  several  others  might  have  been  added]  are  formed 
from  one  stock  or  radix,  coinciding  with  the  Latin  paro,  is  a  fact 
that  admits  of  no  question.  The  only  doubt  respecting  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  whole  preceding  statement,  is,  whether  the  Latin 
paro  is  radically  the  same  as  the  Oriental  ;  and  with  regard 
to  this  point,  I  should  suppose  the  evidence  to  be  convincing. 
Indeed,  there  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  the  Oriental  verbs 
'^"13,  "IjH,  and  IS?,  are  all  formed  from  one  primitive  radix. 
Certain  it  is,  that  the  English  bear  comprehends  both  the  Latin 
fero  and  pario,  and  the  latter  corresponds  nearly  with  n"l5  and 

Eth.  <t4P  fari,  to  bear. 

But  admitting  only  what  is  certain,  that  all  the  foregoing 
European  words  are  from  one  radix,  we  are  then  to  seek  for  a 
primary  meaning  from  which  may  be  deduced  the  following 
significations;  Lat.  to  prepare;  Ital.  to  adorn,  to  parry,  to  stop, 
to  defend,  to  repair,  to  learn  ;  Span,  to  prepare,  to  stop,  to  lay  or 
stake  as  a  wager,  a  pair  or  couple  ;  Port,  to  stop,  to  confine  upon 
or  be  contiguous,  to  drive  or  aim  at,  to  parry,  to  pare;  Fr.  to 
deck,  to  jmrry,  to  stop,  to  pare ;  Arm.  to  dress,  to  prepare,  to 
parrif ;  Russ.  to  adjust,  to  dress,  to  mow  or  reap;  Welsh,  pr.e- 
paredness,  contiguity,  a  pair,  a  cause,  to  continue  or  endure ; 
and  several  other  significations. 

The  various  significations  result  from  throwing,  sending,  driv- 
ing. To  separate  or  remove  is  to  drive  or  force  apart ;  hence  to 
parry,  and  hence  to  defend.  Separation  implies  extension,  a 
drawing  out  in  length  or  time  ;  hence  the  Portuguese  senses  of 
confining  upon,  reaching  to  the  limit.  This  gives  the  sense  of 
par,  equal,  that  is,  of  the  same  extent;  and  hence  coming  to,  and 
suiting,  as  in  Latin  convcnio. 

Here  let  it  be  observed  that,  admitting  the  word  par,  equal,  to 
belong  to  this  family,  as  in  the  Welsh,  we  have  strong  reason  to 
believe  that  the  Shemitic  n^H)  to  join,  or  fit  together,  to  asso- 
ciate, whence  as  a  noun,  an  associate,  is  formed  from  the  same 
root,  or  ;  for  in  the  Saxon  we  find  not  only  fera,  but  grfera, 
a  companion,  fellow,  or  peer ;  gefera  answering  precisely  to  the 
Oriental  word. 

The  sense  of  betting  is  from  throwing  down,  as  we  say,  to  lay 
a  wager.  The  sense  of  stopping  is  from  setting,  fixing,  or  from 
parrj'ing.  The  sense  of  adorning  is  from  putting  on,  which  is 
from  sending,  or  from  extension,  enlargement,  as  we  say,  to  set 
off,  and  hence  it  is  allied  to  the  sense  of  show,  display,  parade. 
Preparation  is  from  producing,  bringing  forward,  or  adjusting, 
making  right;  and  often  implies  advancing,  like  ready,  prompt ; 
and  the  latter  word,  prompt,  from  promo,  to  bring  forth,  affords  a 
good  illustration  of  the  words  derived  from  paro. 

The  senses  of  cutting  off,  paring,  and  the  like,  require  no 
explanation. 

The  Italian  disparare,  and  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  dis- 
parar,  to  discharge  fire-arms,  present  the  original  sense  of  the 
root,  to  send  or  drive.  This  sense  gives  that  of  tlie  Welsh  pAr,  a 
spear,  as  well  as  a  cause,  or  tliat  which  impels.  A  spear  is  a 
sho'jt,  from  tlii!  sense  of  thrusting  ;  and  our  word  spear  is  proba- 
bly formed  from  tlie  root  of  bar,  and  Welsh  ber,  a  spit,  a  pike, 
a  lance,  a  spear,  Lat.  veru.  Now,  in  Ciialdee,  a  bar  is 
from  "zy,  to  pass ;  a  verb  vviiich  is  probably  of  the  same  family 
with  ^<~^.  It  is  furtlier  to  be  observed  that,  in  Italian,  bar  is 
written  both  barra  and  sbarra. 

It  is  observed  above  that  is  the  English  bear  and  the  Latin 
pario  ;  but  pario  would  seem  to  be  the  Hebrew  illS  parah,  to  be 
fruifCiil,  to  bear  fruit,  a|)plied  to  plants  and  animals.  Rut  tiiis 
word  Hcenis  to  denote  producing  in  general,  rather  than  the  pro- 
duction of  children.  However  this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  bear 
in  Engliirfi,  as  well  an  in  Saxon,  expreBses  the  sense  of  both  pario 


and  fero  in  Latin.  The  Latin  fero,  and  the  Greek  tftoai,  signify 
both  to  carry  and  to  produce,  as  young  or  fruit.  Pario  dots  not. 
So  in  the  Gothic,  bairan  is  to  carry,  gabairan  is  to  carry  and  to 
produce  young.  In  German,  fuhren  is  to  carry,  and  gcbaren,  to 
bring  forth,  to  bear  a  child.  In  Dutch,  beuren  is  to  lift ;  voeren, 
to  carry  ;  and  baaren,  to  bring  forth,  as  children  ;  to  bear,  to  be- 
get, to  cause.  Danish,  barer,  to  carry,  to  support,  and  to  yield 
or  produce.  Sw.  bara,  to  carry  ;  barn,  a  son.  Irish  hcirim,  to 
bear  or  bring  forth,  and  to  tell  or  relate,  like  the  Latin  fero, 
whence  Fr.  parler,  to  speak. 

It  appears,  then,  that  the  English  bear,  and  the  Saxon  from 
which  we  have  received  it,  and  the  Gothic  and  the  Danish  cor- 
responding words  unite,  in  the  same  orthography,  the  senses 
of  two  words  of  different  orthography  in  other  languages.  I 
have  found  other  examples  of  a  similar  kind.  There  is,  there- 
fore, solid  ground  to  believe  that  all  these  words  are  from  one 
primitive  root ;  the  different  modes  of  writing  the  word,  and  the 
several  appropriations,  having  originated  in  different  families  of 
the  great  races  of  men,  before  languages  were  reduced  to  writing ; 
and  when  they  came  to  be  written,  each  word  was  written 
according  to  its  usual  pronunciation,  and  defined  according  to 
its  use  in  each  family.  And  by  the  intermixture  of  tribes,  two 
or  three  derivatives  of  the  same  stock  might  have  become  a 
part  of  the  same  national  language.  Unquestionably  the  Greek 
(pspoi,  and  (foofio,  are  branches  of  the  same  stock. 

We  have,  in  the  modern  languages,  decisive  evidence  that 
different  verbs  may  have,  and  in  fact  have,  a  common  radix. 
Thus,  in  English,  list  and  lust  are  different  modes  of  writing  the 
same  word  ;  both  are  united  in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects.  So, 
in  Latin,  libet  and  lubet ;  and  similar  instances  I  have  found  in 
almost  every  language  which  I  have  examined. 

The  Latin  pareo,  to  appear,  to  come  to  light,  if  not  a  compound 
word,  may  be  of  this  family.  Paries,  a  wall,  if  primarily  a  par- 
tition wall,  is  of  the  same  stock.  Per  belongs  to  this  family,  as 
its  signification  is  passing.  The  Sa.x.  faran,  to  fare,  Gr.  no(>tvuiiai, 
seems  to  be  from  one  branch  of  this  stock,  probably  "|33>.  See 
the  word  Pass,  in  the  Dictionary,  in  the  derivative  senses  of 
which  there  are  some  resemblances  to  those  of  ^"13. 


*li33  Jcafar. 

This  verb,  says  Lowth,  means  to  cover,  to  cover  sin,  and  so  to 
expiate  ;  and  it  is  never  used  in  the  sense  of  breaking  or  dissolv- 
ing a  covenant,  though  that  notion  occurs  so  often  in  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  nor  can  it  be  forced  into  this  sense,  but  by  a  great  deal  of 
far-fetched  reasoning.  See  Isaiah  xxviii.  18.  Lowt/i  on  Isaiah, 
Prelim.  Diss. 

^53,  saya  Castell,  "texuit,  operuit,  Anglice,  to  cover;  per  me- 
tathesin,  y.Qvnrv>,  y.Qvtfrj,  peculiariter  bitumine,  sive  glutinosa 
aliqua  materia  obduxit;  picavit."    Gen.  vi.  14. 

Parkhurst  gives  to  this  verb  the  sense  of  covering  or  over- 
spreading, as  primary,  and  deduces  from  it  the  Greek  xnvn-zut, 
and  English  cover  and  coffer.  He,  however,  admits,  that,  in 
Isaiah  xxviii.  18,  it  signifies  to  annul,  as  a  covenant.  He  also 
considers  the  sense  of  atonement  or  expiation  to  be  radically  that 
of  covering. 

Gesenius  agrees  with  the  English  lexicographers,  in  assigning 
to  this  verb  the  primary  sense  of  covering  or  overlaying,  as  in 
Gen.  vi.  14.  He  admits  that  this  word  has  the  sense,  in  Isaiah 
xxviii.  18,  of  blotting  out,  obliterating.  But  he  gives  to  it  the 
sense  of  forgiving,  in  some  passages,  in  which  our  version  has 
that  of  purging  arnay.  Ps.  Ixv.  3,  and  Ixxix.  !).  In  these  pas- 
sages, Castell  renders  the  word,  to  be  merciful  or  propitious. 

In  all  these  authors  there  is,  I  conceive,  a  radical  mistake,  in 
supposing  the  primary  sense  to  be  to  cover,  and  in  the  opinion 
that  this  Hebrew  word  is  the  English  verb  to  cover.  A  still 
greater  mistake  is  in  the  supposition  of  Castell  and  Parkhurst, 
that  this,  by  a  metathesis,  gives  the  Greek  xiivtitu). 

The  English  word  cover  comes  to  us  through  the  French  cou- 
vrir,  from  the  Italian  coprire,ii  contraction  of  the  Latin  r.o-opcrio, 
whence  co-opertus,  Italian  coprrlo,  covered,  Eng.  covert.'  The 
Latin  aperio  is  to  open,  and  operio  is  to  cover,  both  from  pario  or 
one  of  the  roots  in  Br,  which  has  just  been  explained.  The  root 
in  these  words  is  per  or  par,  and  the  sens((  is  varied  by  prefixes  ; 
perhaps  ad-pario  or  ab-pario  and  ob-pario.    Now,  cover  can  have 

•  In  this  deiliirtinn  of  raver  frnm  the  Lntin,  I  am  supported  by  Lunier,  the 
Hhh'sl  French  Klyimilo(!i«t  whoso  works  I  have  seen. 


INTRODUCTION 


xli 


no  connection  with  "133,  unless  this  latter  word  is  a  compound, 
with  S  for  a  prefix.  This  may  be  tlic  fact,  but  the  connection, 
even  in  that  case,  is  very  remote. 

Let  us  see  if  we  can  gain  any  light  upon  the  subject  of  the 
primary  sense  of         from  the  cognate  languages. 

Chnldee,  153,  to  deny,  to  reject.    Prov.  xxx.  9. 

2.  To  wipe  ;  "  She  eateth  and  wipeth  her  mouth."  Prov.  xxx. 
20. 

3.  To  wash  or  cleanse.    Matth.  xxvii.  24.  Castell. 
Syriac,  •        l^<'far^  to  deny.    Gen.  xviii.  15.    Luke  xii.  9. 

2.  To  wipe,  to  wipe  away,  to  annul,  to  abolisli.  Prov.  xxx. 
20.  Is.  xxviii.  Iri.  Castell. 

.Arabic,  kafara,  to  deny  ;  to  disbelieve  ;  to  be  an  infidel ; 

to  be  impious;  to  blaspheme.  Acts  iii.  13,  14.  2  Pet.  ii.  1,  5. 
Judc  15. 

2.  To  cover;  to  conceal. 

3.  To  expiate ;  to  make  expiation  for  one,  and  free  him  from 
crime.  Castell. 

Now,  the  senses  of  the  Chaldee,  Syriac,  and  Arabic,  to  dentj,  to 
reject,  to  annul,  to  wipe,  loash,  or  to  cleanse  by  these  acts,  can  not 
be  deduced  from  covering. 

In  Hebrew,  tlie  word  has  the  sense  of  covering,  as  the  ark,  with 
bitumen  or  pitch,  in  Gen.  vi.  14  ;  that  is,  to  smear,  or  paij  over, 
as  our  seamen  now  express  it.  But  it  should  be  considered  that 
tlie  sense  of  covering  is  rarely  or  never  primary ;  it  is  usually 
from  the  sense  o£ putting  on,  which  is  from  the  sense  of  throwing 
or  pressing,  or  it  is  from  overspreading,  which  is  a  spreading, 
stretching,  or  throicing  over  ;  hence  the  derivative  senses  of  cov- 
ering and  hiding.  These  latter  senses  are  sometimes  derived 
from  others ;  but  these  are  the  most  general.  And  in  this  pas- 
sage of  Genesis,  the  literal  sense  is  probably  to  put  on,  or  to  rub 
or  spread  over,  a  sense  which  coincides  with  that  of  the  Chaldee 
and  Syriac,  Prov.  xxx.  20,  though  differently  applied;  or  what  is 
more  probable,  the  verb,  in  Gen.  vi.  14,  is  from  the  noun,  which 
is  the  name  of  the  substance  used ;  as  we  should  say,  to  pitch 
with  pitch. 

The  real  original  sense  of  this  Shemitic  verb  is  to  remove,  to 
separate,  by  thrusting  away  or  driving  off.  Hence  its  application, 
in  the  Chaldee,  Syriac,  and  Arabic,  to  denial,  the  rejection  of 
God  or  truth.  T«  deny  or  reject  is  to  thrust  away.  Hence  from 
the  Arabic  caffer,  an  infidel,  one  who  denies  and  rejects  the  Mo- 
hammedan religion ;  hence  Caffraria,  the  southern  part  of  Africa, 
the  country  of  infidels  ;  so  called  by  the  followers  of  Mohammed, 
just  as  the  Christians  gave  the  name  of  pagans  to  the  inhabitants 
of  villages  [yagus']  who  rejected  the  Christian  religion. 

This  signification  explains  the  Hebrew  uses  of  this  word. 
Its  literal  sense  is  applied  to  the  cleansing  or  purification  of 
sacred  things,  as  the  altar.  Lev.  xvi.  18.  In  a  spiritual  sense, 
to  the  purification  of  the  soul,  a  type  of  the  purification  by  the 
blood  of  Christ ;  hence  it  is  rendered  atonement,  or  expiation. 
Hence,  probably,  the  sense  of  appeasing,  Gen.  xxxii.  21,  Prov. 
xvi.  14,  though  this  may  be  from  removing  or  smoothing. 

The  sense  of  forgiveness  is  from  thrusting  away  or  giving  back, 
precijjely  as  in  the  modern  languages  ;  Lat.  remitto,  to  send  back  or 
away  ;  forgive,  to  give  back  or  away ;  pardon,  in  French,  Spanish, 
and  Italian,  has  a  like  sense,  which  is  more  clearly  exhibited  by 
the  Dutch  vergecven,  German  vergeben;  ver  being  the  English 
far,  to  give  far,  to  give  away;  hence  to  reject,  and  remember  no 
more.  The  sense  of  give,  and  of  the  French  donner,  is  nearly  the 
same  as  that  of  122.  To  give  is  to  send,  to  cause  to  pass;  and 
so  of  donner. 

Now,  it  is  a  question  of  some  moment,  whether  the  opinion  that 
1ED  is  the  same  as  the  English  cover,  has  not  inclined  lexicog- 
raphers and  commentators  to  render  it  by  this  word,  in  several 
piissages,  where  the  true  sense  is  to  forgive,  or  to  purify  by 
cleansing  from  sin. 

However  this  may  be,  the  interpretation  given  above  will  fully 
disprove  Lowth's  assertion,  that  this  word  is  never  used  in  the 
sense  of  breaking  or  annulling  a  covenant.  So  confident  is  the 
learned  bishop  on  this  point,  that  he  ventures  to  call  in  question 
the  reading,  Isaiah  xxviii.  18,  and  to  suppose  the  true  word  to 
be  ISr,  from  ns,  to  break.  With  respect  to  the  reading,  I  shall 
offer  no  opinion;  but  if  the  present  reading  is  correct,  I  am 
confident  that  no  word  in  the  Hebrew  language  is  better  fitted  to 
express  the  sense.  Your  covenant  with  death  shall  be  rciped 
away,  abolished,  or,  as  in  the  version,  annulled.  And  so  is  the 
rendering  in  the  Syriac. 


If  122  is  a  compound  word,  and  the  first  letter  a  prefix,  it  may 

be  from  the  same  root  as  the  Arabic  ^jJl£  gafara,  whose  signifi- 
cation is  to  cover.  But  the  primary  sense  is,  to  throw  or  put  on. 
It  signifies,  also,  to  forgive;  but  to  forgive  is  to  send  back  or 
away,  remitto,  and  not  to  cover.  And  I  apprehend  that  for  want 
of  knowing  the  primary  sense  of  sucii  verbs,  the  word  cover  has 
been  often  substituted  for  forgive,  in  the  translating  of  this  verb. 

kal  or  kol. 

No.  1.  Heb.  ^"13,  b2,  to  hold,  to  contain  ;  Sw.  hdlla.  bsis,  to 
hold,  to  sustain,  to  maintain,  to  comprehend. 

Ch.  bl2»  to  measure  ;  that  is,  to  ascertain  the  contents,  or  to 
stretch,  and  comprehend  the  whole. 

Pah.    To  feed,  to  nourish.    See  );2^^. 

Deriv.    A  measure  ;  also  custom,  rite,  manner  ;  probably  from 
holding  or  continued  practice. 

Syr.    In  Aph.  to  measure.    Deriv.    A  measure. 

Eth.  Tl®A,  to  follow;  to  go  behind;  Gr.  axoXuv&tut ;  that  ist 
to  hold  to,  or  to  press  after. 

Deriv.  The  hinder  part;  the  poop  of  a  ship;  behind.  French  cuZ. 

No.  2.  Heb.  bjD,  to  finish ;  to  complete ;  to  make  perfect. 
Gr.  xaioq. 

b2,  all;  the  whole;  Gr.  uXo:,  Eng.  all,  by  the  loss  of  the  first 
letter;  but  in  Welsh  hall,  or  oil;  and  in  Saxon  a!,  ail,  and  geall. 
Ch.  b22,  to  crown  ;  to  adorn. 

Pill.    To  perfect;  to  complete  ;  to  comprehend  ;  to  embrace. 
Deriv.    Comprehending;  universality;  a  general  rule,  &c. 
Syr.  ^^o,  to  crown.    Deriv.   A  crown;  all;  every  one. 
Sam.  ZZiS,  as  the  Chaldee. 

Eth.  nAA,  the  same ;  also,  to  cover. 

Ar.  3"^'  kalla,  to  be  weary  or  dull ;  to  be  languid  ;  to  tire ; 
also,  to  crown  ;  to  shine.    Deriv.    All ;  dullness  ;  heaviness. 

No.  3.  Heb.  Kb2,  to  hold;  to  restrain;  to  shut  or  confine;  to 
check;  Gr.  xuiXvui ;  Sw.  halla. 

Deriv.    A  place  of  confinement ;  Lat.  caula. 

Ch.  S32,  ni2,  "^32,  to  hold ;  to  restrain  ;  also,  to  trust ;  to  con- 
fide in,  or  rely  on  ;  to  hope.  (See  No.  6.)  Also,  to  finish  ;  to 
perfect ;  also,  to  consume  ;  to  cause  to  fail. 

In  Aph.  To  call;  to  cry  out;  to  thunder;  Gr.  xn/.tw  ;  Lat. 
calo  ;  W.  galw ;  Eng.  to  call;  Lat.  gallus,  from  crowing. 

Syr.  ^■5:>Xi,  to  hold  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  forbid  ;  to  deny. 

Deriv.  all;  a  cork,  bar,  or  bolt, 

bam.  to  hold,  or  restrain. 

Eth.  TlA?^,  to  hold,  restrain,  or  prohibit. 

Deriv.    Lat.  alius ;  a  fellow,  or  companion. 

Ar.  NV^5  liala,  to  keep;  to  preserve;  to  turn  the  face  toward 
a  thing  and  look  repeatedly.  So  in  English,  to  behold.  Also,  to 
come  to  the  end,  as  of  life  ;  also,  to  feed,  to  devour  food  ;  also,  to  ' 
abound  in  pasture  ;  also,  to  hinder,  or  detain  ;  also,  to  look  atten- 
tively ;  also,  to  sprout;  also,  to  take  upon  a  pledge,  or  upon 
trust;  supra,  Chaldee.    (See  No.  6.) 

No.  4.  Heb.  0^2,  to  finish;  to  consume;  to  bring  to  naught;' 
to  waste  ;  to  fail.    (See  No.  8.) 

No.  5.  Ch.  b2it,  to  eat;  to  consume  ;  also,  to  take  ;  to  hold  ;  to 
contain.  In  Aph.  to  feed  ;  to  give  food ;  also,  to  call ;  to  thunder ; 
to  roar,  or  bellow  ;  also,  to  publish  ;  to  accuse  ;  to  defame. 

Heb.  to  eat;  to  consume. 

Sam.  ZiSA-,  to  eat. 

Syr.  to  publish  ;  to  divulge,  as  a  crime  ;  to  accuse.  i 

Eth.  ATiA,  to  suffice ;  as  we  say,  it  is  well,  Lat.  valeo  ;  also,  to 
be  or  exist ;  that  is,  to  be  held,  or  to  be  fixed  or  permanent,  to 
continue. 

Ar.  to  eat ;  to  devour  ;  to  corrode  ;  Lat.  helluo. 

No.  6.  Ar.  y  '—'•^  wakala,  to  trust ;  to  commit  to  another  in 
confidence.    (See  No.  3.) 


xlii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Eth.  (DT\t\  ioakal,  with  a  prefix  ;  to  trust,  as  above. 
No.  7.  Heb.         to  be  able  ;  to  prevail ;  hut.  call eo  ;  W.gallu; 
Eng.  could. 

No.  8.  Ch.         to  digest;  to  consume.    (No.  5.) 

Ar.  JwCc,  to  collect;  to  tie  ;  to  bind  ;  to  unite  ;  also,  to  divide, 

impel,  or  compel.  This  is  the  primary  sense  of  the  word,  or 
rather  of  this  root ;  to  press;  to  strain;  to  urge,  or  impel;  also, 
to  extend.  These  verbs  are  different  modifications  of  one  radix  ; 
and  hence  the  English  hold,  call,  holloto,  heal,  hale  ;  the  Latin 
calo,  raulis,  calleo,  callus ;  Greek  xuXic,  xaXuc,  or  xaliu?  ;  and  a 
multitude  of  words  in  all  the  modern  languages  of  Europe. 

The  sense  of  holding,  restraining,  forbidding,  hindering,  and 
keeping,  are  too  obvious  to  need  any  explanation.  They  are 
from  straining.  To  this  sense  is  nearly  allied  the  sense  of  meas- 
uring, or  ascertaining  what  is  held  or  contained.  That  which  is 
contained  is  all,  the  whole  that  is  comprehended,  from  the  sense 
of  extension. 

The  signification  of  finishing  or  perfecting  seems  in  a  good 
sense,  to  be  from  that  of  soundness ;  a  sense  which  is  from 
stretching  or  strength.  Or  it  may  be  from  coming  to  the  end, 
like  Jinish  and  achieve,  or  from  sliuUing,  closing.  And  the  sense 
of  consuming,  wasting,  failing,  may  be  from  bringing  to  an  end. 
In  Latin,  to  consume  is  to  tahe  all ;  and  possibly  this  may  be  the 
sense  of  this  verb.  But  the  Arabic  sense  of  failure  would  seem 
rather  to  be  from  holding,  stopping,  or  coming  to  an  end. 

The  sense  of  eating  may  be  from  consuming,  or  taking  apart  ; 
but  from  some  of  the  derivatives  of  No.  5,  I  am  inclined  to  think 
the  primary  sense  is  to  feed,  to  crowd,  to  stufl^ ;  the  primary  sense 
of  the  root  applied  to  this  particular  act ;  for  under  the  Chaldee 
root  we  find  words  which  signify  the  nut  of  a  species  of  oak,  the 
Gr.  a/iui>c,  and  a  collection  or  crowd  of  people,  [Gr.  oyXug,']  both 
of  which  are  from  collecting  or  pressing  together. 

The  sense  of  sfci«o- and  looking  is  from  rcacking  or  casting  a.nA 
striking,  or  from  lioldiiig  or  fixing  the  eyes  on. 

The  sense  of  trusting  seems  also  to  be  that  of  holding  to  or 
resting  on.    The  English  hold  in  behold  is  from  this  root. 

The  sense  of  calling,  roaring,  and  thunder,  is  from  impelling 
the  voice  or  sound  ;  a  pressing,  driving,  or  straining,  applied  to 
sound  ;  like  the  Latin  appello,  from  pello.  Hence  the  sense  of 
publishing,  accusing,  and  defaming. 

The  sense  of  sprouting,  in  the  Arabic,  is  a  shooting  or  pushing 
out,  as  In  other  cases ;  Lat.  caulis. 

The  sense  of  ability,  power,  strength,  in  No.  7,  is  from  strain- 
ing, stretching,  or  holding,  as  in  other  words  of  the  like  sense. 
Hence  Lat.  calleo,  to  be  skilled,  and  to  be  hard,  callus. 

On  this  root  is  probably  formed  i^Oi  a  word  differently 
pointed  in  the  Hebrew  and  Chaldee.  This  word  signifies,  in 
Hebrew,  to  pervert,  to  err,  to  be  foolish  or  infatuated,  to  act 
foollsiily . 

In  Chaldee,  to  understand,  know,  or  consider;  to  look  or  be- 
hold ;  to  cause  to  understand  ;  Rabbinic,  to  be  ignorant ;  whence 
its  derivatives,  knowledge,  wisdom,  ignorance.  These  different 
significations  may  result  from  the  different  effects  of  the  prefix 
on  the  original  verb. 

In  Syr.  m  (the  same  word)  signifies  to  be  foolish,  or  mad  ; 
to  cause  to  know,  or  to  give  understanding;  to  observe;  to 
search  or  know  thoroughly  ;  to  ask  or  seek  to  understand  ;  to 
discern  or  distinguish ;  also  to  err,  to  sin,  to  be  foolish  or 
perverse. 

In  Sarn.  the  same  word  signifies  to  look,  and  to  be  accustomed. 
See  Castell,  col.  2.5^:5. 

That  b-"  is  formed  on  the  same  root  with  a  different  prefix,  is 
obvious  and  certain,  from  the  correspondence  of  significations. 
This  word  in  Hebrew  signifies  to  understand,  or  know  ;  to  cause 
to  understand  ;  to  be  wise,  or  to  act  wisely  ;  corresponding  with 
the  Ch.  b-0  above  ;  and  being  a  mere  dialectical  orthography  of 
the  word.  It  signifies,  also,  to  deprive,  strip,  bereave  ;  and  to 
waste,  scatter,  and  destroy  ;  also,  to  cast,  as  fruit  or  offspring  ; 
also,  to  prosper. 

Ch.  to  understand,  and  Ch.  bb2S,  to  complete,  to  finish  ;  also, 
to  found,  to  lay  the  foundation.    This  ia  bbS  with  V  prefixed. 

Syr.  to  found,  to  finish,  to  adorn. 

Ar.  y ^  ahakala,  to  bind   under  the  belly  ;  to  gird  ;  to 

bind  the  feet;  to  fetter;  to  shackle;  to  form,  or  fashion;  to  be 
dubious,  obscure,  and  intricate  ;  to  ajjrec,  suit,  or  answer  to ;  to 


be  like  ;  to  have  a  beautiful  form  ;  to  know,  perceive,  or  comore- 
hend  ;  to  hesitate ;  to  be  ignorant.  Derivative,  a  shackle.  See 
Castell,  col.  3750. 

To  this  root  Castell  refers  the  English  skill ;  and  it  is  certain 
the  words  correspond  both  In  elements  and  in  sense.  Now,  in 
the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  languages,  the  verbs  corresponding  to 
these  Shemitic  verbs,  signify,  in  Saxon,  scijlan,  to  separate,  to 
distinguish ;  Icelandic  and  Swedish,  skilia,  to  divide,  separate, 
sever ;  whence  shield,  that  which  separates,  and  hence  defends ; 
D.  scheelen,  to  differ ;  scliillcn,  to  peel,  or  pare  ;  whence  scale  and 
shell.  To  this  root  our  lexicographers  refer  skill.  The  prefix  In 
this  word  would  seem  to  have  the  force  of  a  negative,  like  L.  ex. 
Now,  is  it  possible  to  suppose  that  these  words  can  be  formed 
from  a  common  root 

The  sense  of  sin  and  folly  is  probably  from  wandering,  devi- 
ating, as  in  delirium ;  and  this  is  only  a  modification  of  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  b-,  to  stretch  or  extend  ;  that  is,  departure,  sepa- 
ration.   Or  the  C  has,  in  these  senses,  the  force  of  a  negative. 

The  sense  of  knowing,  understanding,  is  usually  or  always 
from  taking,  holding,  or  extending  to;  as  we  sa\',  1  take  your 
meaning.  In  this  application,  these  words  would  seem  to  be 
directly  from  the  Eth.  and  Ch.  b~3,  to  be  able  ;  the  Latin  calleo, 
to  be  hard,  and  to  know  or  be  well  skilled.  That  this  word  bHD 
is  from  the  same  root  as  bb^i  sb::,  "b",  we  know  by  the  Samari- 
tan 2.^ii,  which  signifies  all,  and  which  is  a  mere  dialectical 
spelling  of  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  b-- 

The  sense  of  depriving  and  wasting,  In  the  Hebrew,  is  from 
separation,  the  sense  of  tlie  Gothic  and  Teutonic  words  ;  but  It 
is  to  be  noticed  that  this  sense  seems  to  Imply  throwing,  as  one 
mode  of  parting,  and  this  is  also  the  direct  act  of  founding,  laying 
the  foundation. 

When  we  turn  our  attention  to  the  Arabic,  new  affinities  are 
disclosed.  The  first  definition  is,  to  bind,  to  gird,  to  shackle,  and 
hence  the  English  word.  The  radical  sense  of  bind  is  to  strain, 
the  sense  of  hold.  And  here  we  arrive  at  the  origin  and  primary 
sense  of  shall,  should;  Saxon  sccalan,  to  be  obliged;  that  is,  to 
be  bound  or  constrained.  Hence  we  see  why  the  words  scale, 
shell,  and  shall,  are  all  written  alike  in  Saxon,  sccal ;  for  scale  and 
shell  are  from  peeling,  or  covering,  binding.  , 

From  this  verb  the  Saxon  has  scijld,  a  crime,  or  guilt,  Lat. 
scelus,  and  scyhl.  a  shield.  The  German  has  the  same  word  In 
schuld,  guilt,  culpability,  debt:  Dutch,  schuld ;  Danish  skulde, 
should,  and  scyld,  a  debt,  a  fault,  a  crime  ;  Svv.  skuld,  the  same. 
This  word  scyld,  skuld,  and  srhuld.  Is  the  English  should,  the 
preterit  of  the  verb  shall;  and  It  is  the  word  used  In  the  Saxon, 
German,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swedish,  Norwegian,  Icelandic,  and 
Swiss  Lord's  Prayer,  to  express  what  is  rendered  In  English 
debts ;  forgive  us  our  debts.  Here  we  see  the  primary  sense  of 
the  word  is  to  be  held,  or  bound  ;  hence,  liable.  The  English 
word  guilt  may  be  from  the  same  root,  without  a  prefix  ;  but 
whether  it  is  or  not,  we  observe  the  word  expresses  more  than 
the  English  word  debt,  trespass,  or  offense  ;  it  comprehends  the 
sense  of  fault,  or  sin,  with  tliat  of  being  held  or  liable  to  answer 
6r  to  punishment.  Debt,  In  the  modern  use  of  the  word,  implies  ' 
the  latter,  but  not  the  former ;  trespass  and  offense  Imply  tlu>  sin, 
but  not  the  Hability  to  answer.  We  have  no  English  word  that 
Includes  both  senses  except  guilt,  and  this  seems  to  be  hardly 
adequate  to  express  the  full  sense  of  scyld. 

To  account  for  the  various  significations  of  the  same  word,  in 
different  languages,  and  often  In  the  same  language,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  find  the  primary  action  expressed  by  the  root;  and  in 
compound  words  It  Is  necessary  to  observe  or  ascertain  the  differ- 
ent effects  produced  on  the  original  word  by  the  prefixes.  Thus 
the  verb  inculpo,  m  Low  Latin,  slgnities  to  excuse;  but  some 
modern  writers  use  inculpate  in  a  directly  different  sense  ;  that 
is,  to  blame. 

In  like  manner  impartible  has  two  different  significations;  that 
may  be  imjiarted ;  and  in  law,  not  partible,  or  divisible.  Such  is 
the  fact  also  with  impassionnle.  I  am  persuaded  a  vast  number 
of  instances  of  similar  diversities  in  the  application  of  prefixes, 
may  be  found  in  the  Shemitic  languages  ;  and  this  will  account 
for  differences  which  otherwise  seem  utterly  irreconcilable. 

We  find  in  our  mother  tongue,  that  the  sami'  word  signifies  to 
heal  and  to  conceal,  Lat.  celo  ;  Saxon  h<e.l,  health  ;  limlan,  hclan, 
to  heal,  to  conceal  ;  ge-lutlan,  iind  gr.-hrlan,  to  heal,  and  to  con- 
ceal; Old  ICiiirllsh  hele.  Hence  we  see  that  thi'  Engl  '  ''  heal  and 
tiie  Latin  celo  are  the  same  word  differently  iipplii'd,  but  from  a 
common  signification,  wliicli  Is,  to  make  strong  or  fast,  or  to  hold, 
from  the  sense  of  pressing.    Or  perhaps  the  Latin  cvlo  may  have 


INTROD 


this  sense  of  holding,  restraining  ;  and  heal  may  rather  be  from 
making  perfect.    No.  2,  supra. 

\Ve  aiuy  now  also  see  tlie  radical  sense  of  holy  ;  Saxon  h(il  and 
ge-/ial,  tchole,  sound,  safe;  Italiir,  holy;  hatgian,  to  hallow.  If 
tliis  word  contains  the  sense  of  se])arntion,  or  driving  oft',  like 
Latin  saccr,  as  it  may,  it  is  from  shutting,  confining,  or  restrain- 
ing intercourse.  But  I  am  inclined  to  believe  the  primary  sense 
of  hotij  is  sound,  entire,  coinciding  with  tlie  radical  sense  of  heal. 

CLOD,  LAUDO,  CLAUDO. 

In  Welsh,  clod  is  praise,  from  Wod,  a  forcible  utterance.  This 
is  the  English  loud,  and  Lat.  laudo,  which,  with  a  prefix,  becomes 
pliiudo.  In  Welsh,  llodi  signifies  to  reach  out,  to  crave,  from 
tlie  radical  sense  of  Hod,  to  thrust  out  or  extend  ;  but  according 
to  Owen,  llodi  is  from  limed,  whicli  signifies  a  sliooting  out,  or  a 
going  onward,  productiveness,  a  lad;  and  as  an  adjective,  tending 
forward,  craving,  lewd;  llodig,  craving,  brimming;  llodineh, 
lewdness.  Now,  beyond  all  question,  these  words  are  the  Chal- 
dee,  Syriac,  Hebrew,  and  Samaritan  to  beget;  to  bring 

fortli  ;  to  cause  to  be  born  ;  and  as  a  noun,  a  child  of  eitlier  sex, 
a  lad.    The  Arabians  and  Ethiopians  use  van  or  wuw,  where  the 

Hebrews  use  yod.    Tlie  Arabic  corresponding  word  is  wa- 

ladtt,  the  Ethiopic  walada,  to  beget,  to  bring  forth. 

But  this  is  not  all.  In  Greek,  the  verb  y.?.tivt,  a  contraction 
of  xXuf-v',  signifies  to  praise,  to  celebrate.  Here  we  have  pre- 
cisely the  Welsli  Hod  above,  corresponding  with  the  Latin  laudo 
and  plaudo.  But  the  same  Greek  word  x\iiui.  y.'/.tSuuK  signifies  to 
shut  or  make  fast.  This  is  the  Latin  cludo,  cluudo.  The  Saxons 
used  h  for  tlie  Greek  y.  and  the  Latin  c ;  and  with  these  words 
accords  the  Saxon  hlid,  a  cover;  English,  a  lid;  that  which 
shuts  or  makes  fast.  That  these  words  are  all  from  one  root,  is 
a  fact  apparent  beyond  any  reasonable  doubt ;  nor  is  there  the 
least  difficulty  in  ascertaining  the  affinity,  for  the  radical  sense, 
to  reach  forward,  to  thrust,  to  strain,  solves  the  whole  mystery. 
To  thrust,  gives  the  sense  of  begetting  and  producing;  to  strain 
or  throw  out  the  voice,  gives  the  sense  of  praise  ;  and  to  thrust 
or  press  together,  gives  the  sense  of  closing  and  making  fast.  In 
this  manner,  words,  which  at  first  view  appear  to  have  no  con- 
nection, will,  when  pursued  through  different  languages,  assimi- 
late and  unite,  not  only  without  forced  analogies,  but  in  defiance 
of  all  preconceived  opinions;  and  the  reluctant  mind  is  at  last 
compelled  to  admit  their  identity. 

Tlicre  is  another  set  of  words  whose  derivation  from  the  same 
root  is  very  certain,  though  perhaps  less  obvious.  These  are  the 
Danish  slutter,  to  shut,  close,  conclude,  finish,  determine  ;  sluttcr, 
a  key-keeper,  a  jailer;  Swedish  slutu,  claudere,  obserare,  to  shut, 
or  shut  up,  or  end  ;  slott,  a  castle ;  D.  sleutel,  a  key  ;  slot,  a  lock, 
a  castle,  a  conclusion  ;  sluiten,  to  shut,  lock,  close,  stop,  con- 
clude ;  G.  sriiloss,  a  lock  ;  sckliesse7i,  to  close,  conclude,  finish, 
fetter,  shackle  ;  schleuse,  a  sluice  ;  D.  sluis,  id.  Eng.  sluice,  that 
^is,  which  shuts  or  fastens;  Low  Latin,  exclusa.  See  Spehiian's 
Glossary.  These  words  are  unequivocally  formed  from  the  root 
of  cluudo,  clausi,  by  the  prefix  s,  just  as  the  Welsh  yslac,  slack, 
loose,  is  formed  on  line,  and  yspeiliaw  on  yspuil,  spoil,  and  this 
on  the  root  of  peel.  We  observe  all  the  Teutonic  dialects  use 
the  dental  t,  as  the  final  radical,  except  the  German.  The  Latins 
use  both  the  dental  and  a  sibilant,  cluudo,  clausi,  claiisus. 

If  the  Danish  lyd,  sound,  Sw.  lyda,  to  sound,  is  the  same  word 
as  English  loud,  these  words  belong  to  this  family. 

CRADLE. 

Another  example.  The  English  word  cradle,  Saxon  cradel,  is 
in  Welsh  cryd,  a  rocking,  a  shaking,  a  cradle.  In  Welsh,  the 
verbs  crydu,  crydiuw,  crydian,  signify  to  shake,  to  tremble. 
These  correspond  to  the  Irish  crealhuin,  to  shake;  Greek  x<ia<5i<a), 
to  shake,  to  swing.  The  Welsh  verbs  are  by  Owen  deduced 
from  rliyd,  which  signifies  a  moving.    Now  in  Hebrew, 

Chaldee,  and  Ethiopic,  signifies  to  shake  or  tremble.    The  same 

word  in  Arabic,  tXc  signifies  to  thunder ;  to  impress  terror  ;  to 
tremble  ;  to  shake.  This  coincides  with  tlie  Latin  rudo,  to  roar, 
to  bray  :  and  we  know  from  the  voice  of  the  ass,  that  rougliness 
or  shaking  is  an  ingredient  in  the  sense  of  this  word.  We  know 
it  also  from  rudis,  one  of  the  affinities  of  rudo.    There  is  also  in 


UCTION.  xliii 


Arabic,  ^\  „  which  is  repderrd  to  run  iiilher  and  thither;  to 
move  one  way  and  the  other;  to  tremble;  to  shake.  In  Hebrew 
Tin  signifies  to  tremble  or  shake,  and  to  palpitate  ;  in  Syriac 
and  Etii.  to  rub  or  scrapn.  This  connects  the  word  directly  with 
cradle,  through  the  Hebrew  ;  and  through  the  Syriac,  with  the 
Latin  rudo.  Here  again  we  find  the  sense  of  roughness  or 
grating.  Then  turning  to  the  Welsh,  we  find  grydiatc,  which 
signifies  to  utter  a  rough  sound  ;  to  shout,  whoop,  or  scream  ; 
grydwst,  a  murmur,  from  gryd,  a  shout,  or  wlioop,  and  this  from 
rityd,  the  word  above  mentioned  ;  so  that  crydu,  to  shake,  whence 
cradle,  is  from  the  same  root  as  grydiaw,  to  shout,  and  this  is  the 
Italian  gridare  ;  Sp.  and  Vort.  gritar  ;  Saxon  grcedan  ;  Swedish 
grata;  Danish  grander  ;  Dutch  liryten  ;  German  greiten.  This 
word  in  French  is  contracted,  by  the  omission  of  the  last  radical, 
into  criir  for  cridcr  ;  wlience,  probably,  we  have  cry,  W.  cri. 
Hence  we  find  that  the  sense  of  cry  is  to  utter  a  rough  sound; 
and  this  is  connected  with  the  braying  of  the  ass,  with  shaking, 
trembling,  and  with  roaring,  murmuring,  and  thunder.  The 
connection,  in  this  example,  is  so  marked  as  to  preclude  all  hesi- 
tation as  to  the  identity  of  the  words. 

The  Shemitic  roots  "iia,  Cn,  r~n,  and  all,  in  some  of 

the  languages  of  that  stock,  coincide  in  sense  and  elements  with 
the  English  o-rrtJe,  French  gratter ;  and  if  the  first  letter  is  a  pre- 
fix, they  would  seem  to  unite  with  the  Latin  rado.  But  this  is  a 
point  1  would  not  undertake  to  determine. 

One  fact  more.  The  Welsh  cri,  above  mentioned,  signifies  a 
cry;  and  as  an  adjective,  rough,  raw.  Now,  this  coincides  with 
the  Latin  crudus,  in  sense ;  and  crudus  with  the  Welsh  cryd, 
above  mentioned. 

The  Dan.  brysger.  Eng.  to  breic,  are  probably  connected  with 
break,  with  freckle,  and  with  rough.  So,  under  this  root,  the 
Welsh  grcdiaio,  signifies  to  heat,  scorch,  parch  ;  whence  greidyll, 
a  griddle,  from  gruid,  that  shoots  in  rays ;  heat,  ardency,  from 
gra,  that  shoots,  or  rises,  as  the  nap  or  frieze  of  cloth.  The  latter 
is  probably  a  contracted  word,  of  the  same  family,  but  not  the 
root,  as  Owen  supposes.  But  the  radical  sense  implies  a  shaking, 
agitation,  and  roughness. 

MEET,  METE,  MEASURE. 

SATtoy.  —  Mmtan,  to  put,  to  place;  Fr.  mettrc.  It.  mettere,  Sp. 
and  Port,  meter,  Lat.  mi! to. 

Malan,  vietan,  to  find,  to  meet,  or  meet  with ;  to  paint ;  to 
dream;  to  measure,  to  mete,  Lat.  victior,  victor,  Gr.  iitrutv,  ftt- 
iMoi,  Lat.  mensus,  with  a  casual  n,  that  is,  niesus,  Fr.  mesure. 

J}metan,  gevictan,  to  meet,  to  find,  to  measure. 

Gemeting,  gevietung,  a  meeting. 

Gemet,  gemete,  fit,  suitable.  Eng.  meet ;  also,  painted  or  por- 
trayed. 

Gemetegan,  gemetian,  to  moderate;  gemetlic,  moderate,  modest. 

Mete,  measure,  mode,  Lat.  modius,  modus. 

Meter,  measure  in  verse,  meter  [not  metre.} 

Metere,  an  inventor,  a  painter. 

Ma:te,  middling,  [mcdiocris,]  modest,  moderate. 

Mot,  gemot,  a  meeting,  a  council. 

Wiiewi-gemot,  a  council  of  wise  men. 

Motion,  to  meet,  especially  for  debate.    Eng.  to  moot. 

Goth  ic.  —  Motyan,  gamotyan,  to  meet,  to  find. 

Mota,  a  place  for  the  receipt  of  toll  or  customs. 

Dutch. —  Ontmocten,  to  meet,  to  encounter. 

Meeten,  and  loemecten,  to  measure. 

Meeter,  a  measurer. 

Gcmoeten,  to  meet ;  gemoet,  a  meeting. 

German.  —  Mass,  measure,  meter;  7nasse,  moderation. 

Mcsseri,  vermesscn,  to  measure;  messer,  a  measurer. 

Gcmfiss,  measure ;  also,  conformable,  suitable  ;  Eng.  meet,  suit- 
able ;  German  geniassigt,  temperate,  vwderale. 

Swedish. — Mota,  to  meet,  to  fall  on,  to  come  to,  to  happen. 
[This  is  the  sense  of  finding.'] 

Mate,  a  meeting.  ^ 

Mot,  and  emot,  toward,  against;  as  in  motsta,  to  stand  against, 
to  resist. 

MnOi,  to  measure;  matt,  measure,  meter,  mode. 
Miittelig,  moderate,  middling,  frugal,  temperate. 
Mntta,  to  be  sufficient,  to  satisfy,  to  cloj'. 

Da.msh.  Moder,  to  meet,  to  convene  ;  mode  or  mode,  a  meet- 

i^g  i  mod,  contrary,  opposite,  against,  to,  toward,  for,  on,  by, 


xliv 


INTRODUCTION. 


aside,  abreast,  as  in  modsetter,  to  set  against,  to  oppose';  mod- 

sigrr,  to  saj-  against,  to  contradict ;  modviiid,  a  contrary  wind. 
Mued,  nioden,  ripe,  mellow,  matiire.    [Qu.  Lat.  mitis.] 
Mode,  manner,  fashion.    [Probably  from  the  Latin.] 
Monde,  measure,  form,  style  of  writing,  way,  mode,  manner, 

fashion.    [This  is  the  native  Danish  word  corresponding  to  the 

Lat.  modus.] 

Maadelig,  moderate,  temperate. 

Mi£t,  enough,  sufficient ;  matter,  to  satisfy,  or  sate,  to  glut. 

From  the  same  root  are  the  G.  7iiit,  D.  met,  mede,  Sw.  and  Dan. 
7ned,  Gr.  iiiru.  signifying  ioilk. 

By  the  first  signification  of  the  Saxon  mcetan,  or  metan,  we  find 
that  this  word,  which  is  the  English  vicet,  is  also  the  French 
meltre,  and  Lat.  mitto,  the  sense  of  which  is  to  throw  or  send,  to 
put,  to  lay.  Meet  is  only  a  modification  of  the  same  sense,  to 
come  to,  to  fall,  to  reach,  hence  to  find;  as  we  say,  to  fall  on. 

The  sense  of  painting  or  portraying  is  peculiar  to  the  Saxon. 
I  am  not  confident  that  this  sense  is  from  finding  ;  but  we  ob- 
serve that  mttere  is  rendered  an  inventor  and  a  painter.  The 
sense  of  paint,  then,  may  be,  to  find  out,  to  devise  or  contrive. 

The  sense  of  dreaming  is  also  peculiar  to  the  Saxon.  The 
sense  may  be  to  devise  or  imagine,  or  it  ma}'  be  to  rove,  as  in 
some  other  words  of  like  signification.  If  so,  this  sense  will 
accord  with  the  Syriac  ^ic,  infra. 

The  other  significations  present  no  difficulty.  To  meet  is  to 
come  to,  to  reach  in  proceeding  or  in  extending ;  hence  to  find. 
The  primary  sense  of  measure  is  to  extend,  to  stretch  to  the  full 
length  or  size  of  a  thing. 

Meet,  fit,  suitable,  like  par,  peer,  pair,  is  from  extending  or 
reaching  to.  So  suit  is  from  the  Latin  scquor,  through  the 
French,  to  follov»r,  to  press  or  reach  toward.  See  par,  under  KlHi 
supra. 

The  English  meet  and  mete  appear  to  be  from  the  Saxon  dia- 
lect, but  moot  from  the  Gothic. 

Let  it  be  remarked  that  the  Saxon  meet  and  mete  are  united  in 
the  same  orthography ;  and  in  the  Dutch  the  orthography  is  not 
very  different ;  onlmoeteii,  gemoeten,  to  meet,  and  vieeten,  to 
measure.    Not  so  in  the  other  languages. 

In  German,  mass  is  measure,  and  messen,  to  measure  ;  but  the 
sense  of  meet  does  not  occur.  Yet  that  mass  is  the  same  word  as 
meet,  fit,  varied  only  in  dialect,  appears  from  this,  that  gemass, 
with  a  prefix,  is  suitable,  answering  to  the  English  inect. 

The  Swedish  and  Danish  words  follow  the  Gothic  orthography; 
Swedish  mota,  to  meet,  to  fall  on,  to  come  to,  to  happen.  These 
significations  give  the  sense  of  finding,  and  are  closely  allied  to 

the  senses  of  the  Arabic  verb  <X.«  madda,  infra. 

The  Danish  verb  is  moder,  to  meet ;  but  in  both  the  Swedish 
and  Danish,  the  sense  of  measure  is  expressed  by  a  different 

orthography.  Sw.  mtlta,  to  measure  ;  matt,  measure  ;  Dan. 
maade,  measure,  mode.    In  these  two  languages  we  find  also  the 

sense  of  sufficiency,  and  to  satisfy.  See  infra,  the  Ar.  and 
Heb.  and  Ch.  ffj:^. 

But  in  these  Gothic  dialects,  there  is  one  application  of  meet- 
ing, which  deserves  more  particular  notice.  In  Swedish,  mot 
and  emot  is  a  preposition  of  the  same  signification  as  the  English 
against.  It  is  rendered  toward,  against.  So  in  Danish,  mod  is 
contrary,  opposite,  against,  to,  toward,  bj',  aside,  abreast.  This 
preposition  is  the  simple  verb,  without  any  addition  of  letters, 
prefix  or  suffix.  We  lience  learn  that  the  sense  of  such  prepo- 
sitions is  a  meeting  or  coming  to,  which  gives  the  sense  of  to  or 
toward  ;  but  when  one  meets  another  in  front,  it  gives  the  sense 
of  opposition,  or  contrary  direction.  This  coming  to  or  meeting 
may  be  fir  a  friendly  purposi',  and  hence  in  oner's  favor,  like  for 
in  English.  Thus  in  Danish,  "  Guds  godhed  mod  os,"  God's 
goodni'iis  or  merry  tuirard  us.  In  other  cases,  mod  signifies 
agninHt,  and  implies  counteraction  or  opjiosition  ;  as  modgifl,  an 
antidote  ;  modgang,  adversity.  So  for,  in  English,  signifies  to- 
ward,  or  in  favor  of;  and  also  opposition  and  negation,  as  in 
forbid. 

In  the  Danish  we  find  moed,  moden,  ripe,  mature.  We  shall 
Bee  this  Honnc  in  the  Clialdce  tttJ'O.  The  sense  is,  to  reach,  ex- 
tend, or  come  to. 

Thr  Latin  modus  is  from  this  root,  and,  by  its  orthography,  it 
seems  to  have  been  received  from  the  Gothic  race.  The  sense  is 
measure,  limit,  from  extending,  or  comprehending.    This,  then, 


becomes  the  radix  of  many  words  which  express  limitation  or 
restraint,  as  moderate,  modest,  modify ;  a  sense  directly  contrary 
to  that  of  the  radical  verb. 

This  leads  us  a  step  further.  In  Saxon,  Gothic,  and  other 
northern  languages,  mod,  moed,  signifies  mind,  courage,  spirit, 
anger,  whence  English  moody.  The  primary  sense  is  an  ad- 
vancing or  rushing  forward,  which  expresses  mind,  or  intention  ; 
that  is,  a  setting  or  stretching  forward,  and  also  spirit,  anima- 
tion, heat,  and,  lastly,  anger.  So  the  Latin  animus  gives  rise  to 
animosity ;  and  the  Greek  /<fvo;,  mind,  signifies  also  strength, 
force,  vehemence,  and  anger.  Mania  is  from  the  same  radical 
sense. 

Let  us  now  connect  this  root,  or  these  roots,  with  the  Shemitic 
languages. 

In  Hebrew  and  Chaldee,  n?3  signifies  to  measure ;  "l?3,  a 
measure.  This  coincides  with  the  Latin  metior,  and  Gr.  ^lETotw, 
as  well  as  with  the  Saxon,  Dutch,  Danish,  and  Swedish,  which 
all  write  the  word  with  a  dental,  but  the  German  is  mass. 

In  Syriac,        mad,  signifies  to  escape,  to  get  free  ;  that  is,  to 

depart,  a  modification  of  the  sense  of  extending  in  the  Arabic. 
A  derivative  in  Syriac  signifies  a  duty,  toll,  or  tribute  ;  and  we 
have  seen  in  the  Gothic,  that  mota  is  a  toll-house.  It  may  be 
from  measuring,  that  is,  a  portion,  or  perhaps  income. 

This  word  in  Arabic,  iX^o  madda,  signifies, 

1.  To  stretch  or  extend,  to  draw  out,  to  make  or  be  long,  to 
delay  or  give  time,  to  forbear,  to  bring  forth.  To  extend  is  the 
radical  sense  of  measure. 

2.  To  separate,  or  throw  off"  or  out ;  to  secern,  secrete,  or  dis- 
charge. Hence  to  become  matter  or  sanies,  to  produce  pus,  to 
maturate.  Here  we  have  the  origin  of  the  word  matter,  in  the 
sense  pus.  It  is  an  excretion,  from  throwing  out,  separating, 
freeing,  discharging.  Here  we  have  the  setise  of  the  Latin 
mitto,  emitto. 

3.  To  assist,  to  supply.  This  sense  is  probably  from  coming 
to,  that  is,  to  approach  or  visit.  "  I  was  sick,  and  ye  visited  me. 
I  was  in  prison,  and  ye  came  to  me."    Matth.  xxv. 

This  application  coincides  with  the  English  meet,  but  particu- 
larly with  the  Swedish  and  Danish  sense  of  the  word. 

4.  To  make  thin,  to  attenuate  ;  probably  from  stretching. 
Among  the  Arabic  nouns  formed  under  this  root,  we  find  a 

measure,  or  modius,  showing  that  this  verb  is  the  same  as  the 
Chaldee  and  Hebrew ;  we  find  also  matter,  or  pus,  and  lenity. 
Qu.  Lat.  mitis. 

In  Chaldee,  !S'w?2  or  n3>a  signifies  to  come  to,  to  happen,  to 
reach,  [to  meet,]  to  be  ripe  or  mature,  to  cause  to  come,  to  bring 
or  produce.  The  first  sense  gives  that  of  finding,  and  the  latter 
gives  that  of  maturing,  and  we  observe  that  matter,  or  pus,  is 

from  the  Arabic  madda,  and  the  sense  of  mature,  from  the 

Chaldee  Kt3?a  meta.    Yet  in  the  use  of  maturate,  from  the  Latin 
maturo,  we  connect  the  words ;  for  to  maturate  is  to  ripen,  and  to  n 
generate  matter.  I 

In  Syriac,  this  verb  signifies  the  same  as  the  Chaldee,  to 
come  to  ;  and  also  to  be  strong,  to  prevail ;  that  is,  to  strain  or 
stretch,  the  radical  sense  of  power. 

In  Hebrew,  S^2:?a  has  the  sense  of  the  foregoing  verb  in  the 
Chaldee  ;  to  find,  to  come  to,  to  happen. 

In  Chaldee,  this  verb  signifies  to  find,  and  to  be  strong,  to 
prevail ;  hence,  both  in  Hebrew  and  Chaldee,  to  be  sufficient. 
Here  we  see  the  Danish  and  Swedish  ma:tter,  and  viettta,  to  be 
sufficient.    This  is  also  meet,  dialectically  varied. 

In  Syriac,  also,  this  verb  signifies  to  be  strong  or  powerful; 
also  in  Pah.  to  bring  or  press  out,  to  defecate,  which  sense  unites  j 
this  word  with  the  Heb.  n^?3,  to  press,  to  squeeze.    In  Ethiopia,  ; 
this  verb  signifies  to  come,  to  happen,  to  cause  to  come,  to  bring  ' 
in,  to  bring  forth.    Now,  it  is  evident  that  and  the  Chaldee 

are  dialectical  forms  of  the  same  word  ;  the  former  coin- 
ciding with  the  German  mass  in  orthography,  but  with  the  other 
languages  in  signification. 

In  Chaldee,  >':r>3  signifies  the  middle,  and,  as  a  verb,  to  set  in 
the  middle,  to  pass  the  middle  ;  in  Syriac,  to  be  divided  in  the 
middle.    Qu.  Is  not  this  a  branch  of  the  family  of  meet? 

In  Chaldee,  "i^ist  amad,  to  measure,  is  evidently  from  173)  with 
a  prefix  or  formative  H.  This  word,  in  Syriac,  signifies,  like  the 
simple  verb,  to  escape,  to  be  liberated.    In  Pael,  to  liberate. 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  Arabic,  this  verb  iX-«i  amida,  signifies  to  be  terminated, 

to  end  ;  whence  the  noun,  an  end,  limit,  termination,  Latin  inrtti ; 
whicli,  Ainsworth  informs  us,  signifies,  in  a  mclapliorical  sense,  a 
limit.  Till"  fact  is  the  reverse  ;  this  is  its  ■primary  and  literal 
sense,  and  that  of  a  pillar  and  goal  are  particular  appropriations 
of  that  sense.  ♦ 

In  Hebrew,         signifies  a  cubit,  a  measure  of  length. 

The  same  in  the  Rabbinic,  from  T^,  with  a  prefix. 

In  Chaldee,  this  verb  signifies  to  be  contracted,  to  shrink. 

Is  not  this  sense  from  "tfz,  measure,  modus;  a  limit,  or  a 
drawing  ? 

That  the  Sliemitic  words,  ~"!?3,  ^»t3)2,  and  ■i':^,  are  words 
of  the  same  stock  with  meet,  mete,  Lat.  metior,  there  can  be  no 
doubt ;  but  it  is  not  easy  to  understand  why  the  different  signifi- 
cations of  meeting  and  measuring  should  be  united  in  one  word, 
ill  tlie  Saxon  language,  when  they  are  expressed  by  very  differ- 
ent words  in  the  Shemitic,  and  in  most  of  the  Teutonic  languages. 
We  know,  indeed,  that  in  German  a  sibilant  letter  is  ollen  used, 
iri  words  which  are  written  with  a  dental  in  all  the  other  kindred 
languages.  But  in  this  case,  the  German  mass,  measure,  must 
coincide  with  as  must  the  Swedish  m/ita,  and  Dan.  maadc, 
and  the  Saxon  metan,  Dutch  gemoeten,  Goth,  molijan,  Sw.  inota, 
Dan.  m/idcr,  with  the  Chaldee  Nw':,  but  not  with  the  word  Ki?3. 

It  may  not  be  impossible  nor  improbable  that  all  these  words 
are  from  one  stock  or  radix,  and  that  the  different  orthographies 
and  applications  are  dialectical  changes  of  that  root,  introduced 
among  diflerent  families  or  races  of  men,  before  languages  were 
reduced  to  writing. 

In  the  Latin  nunsus,  from  metior,  the  n  is  probably  casual,  the 
original  being  mesus,  as  in  the  French  mesure.  I  have  reason 
to  tliink  there  are  many  instances  of  this  insertion  of  n  before  d 
and 

From  this  exliibition  of  words  and  their  significations,  we  may 
fairly  infer  the  common  origin  of  the  following  words.  Lat. 
mitlo,  French  mcttre,  English  ineet,  to  come  to,  incct,  fit,  and  77icte, 
to  measure,  Lat.  metior,  metor,  Gr.  uftour,  i/troeoi,  Lat.  mensura, 
Fr.  mr.sure,  Eng.  measure,  Lat.  modus,  mode,  Sax.  and  Goth. 
mod,  mind,  anger;  whence  moody.  Eng.  moot,  Lat.  maturus,  ma- 
ture, and  Eng.  mutter. 

In  Welsh,  mtidu  signifies  to  cause  to  proceed  ;  to  send  ;  [Lat. 
mitto to  suffer  to  go  off;  to  render  productive;  to  become 
beneficial ;  and  vind  signifies  what  proceeds  or  goes  forward, 
hence  what  is  good  ;  and  mad,  the  adjective,  signifies  proceeding, 
advancing,  progressive,  good  or  beneficial.  This  word,  then, 
affords  a  clear  proof  of  the  radical  sense  of  good.  We  have  like 
evidence  in  the  English  better,  best,  and  in  prosperity,  which  is 
from  the  Greek  rrjoiK;  toci,  to  advance. 

In  Welsh  also  we  find  niadrez,  matter,  pus  ;  madrii,  to  dissolve, 
to  putrefy,  to  become  pus.    Tliat  these  words  are  from  the  same 

root  as  the  Arabic  supra,  I  think  to  be  very  obvious;  and 

•here  we  observe  that  the  Welsh  have  one  important  sense  de- 
rived from  the  root,  that  of  good,  which  occurs  in  none  of  the 
other  languages.  But  the  primary  sense  is  the  same  as  that  of 
the  other  siirnificatious,  to  go  forward,  to  advance  ;  hence  to  pro- 
mote tiiterest  or  happiness.  Here  we  have  undeniable  evidence 
that  the  sense  of  good,  Welsh  mad,  and  the  sense  of  matter,  pus, 
proceed  from  the  same  radix. 

LEGO. 

The  Greek  /.f/oi  is  rendered,  to  speak  or  say  ;  to  tell,  count,  or 
number;  to  gather,  collect,  or  choose;  to  discourse;  and  to  lie 
down.  This  last  definition  shows  that  this  word  is  the  English 
lie  and  lay ;  and  from  this  apiilication,  doubtless,  the  Latins  had 
their  lectus,  a  bod  ;  that  is,  a  spread,  a  lay. 

The  Latin  lego,  the  same  verb,  is  rendered  to  gather ;  to 
choose;  to  read;  to  steal,  or  collect  by  stealing;  and  the  phrase 
legcrc  Oram  signifies  to  coast,  to  sail  along  a  coast ;  legcre  vela, 
is  to  furl  the  sails;  legere  halittim,  to  take  breath;  legerc  littus, 
to  sail  close  to  the  shore  ;  legere  viilites,  to  enlist  or  muster  sol- 
diers; legerc  pugno,  to  strike,  perhaps  to  lay  on  with  the  fist. 

It  would  seem,  at  first  view,  that  such  various  significations 
can  not  proceed  from  one  radi.x.  But  the  fact  that  they  do  is 
indubitable.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  must  be  to  throw, 
strain,  or  extend,  which  in  this,  as  in  almost  all  cases,  gives  the 


sense  of  speaking.  The  sense  of  collecting,  choosing,  gathering, 
is  from  tlirowmg,  or  drawing  out,  or  separating  by  some  such 
act;  or  from  throwing  together.  The  sense  of  lying  down  is 
probably  from  throwing  one's  self  down.  The  sense  of  reading, 
in  Latin,  is  tlie  same  as  that  of  speaking,  in  the  Greek,  unless  it 
may  be  from  collecting,  that  is,  separating  the  letters,  and  uniting 
them  in  syllables  and  words;  for  in  the  primitive  mode  of  writing, 
diacritical  points  were  not  used.  But  probably  the  sense  of 
reading  is  the  same  as  in  speaking. 

The  phrases  legere  oram,  legere  littus,  in  Latin,  may  coincide 
with  that  of  our  seamen,  to  stretch  or  lay  along  the  shore  or 
coast,  or  to  hug  the  land  ;  especially  if  tiiis  v.'ord  lay,  in  Sanscrit, 
signifies  to  cling,  as  I  have  seen  it  stated  in  some  author,  but  for 
v.'hich  I  can  not  vouch.  If  this  sense  is  attached  to  the  word,  it 
proves  it  closely  allied  to  the  L.  ligo,  to  bind. 

That  the  sense  of  throwing,  or  driving,  is  contained  in  this 
word,  is  certain  from  its  derivatives.  Thus,  in  Greek,  a.To/eyoi 
signifies  to  select,  to  collect ;  and  also  to  reject,  to  repudiate,  and 
to  forbid;  which  imply  throwing,  thrusting  awaj-. 

Now,  if  throwing,  sending,  or  driving,  is  the  primary  sense, 
then  the  Latin  lego,  to  read,  and  lego,  legare,  to  send,  arc  radi- 
cally the  same  word  ;  the  inflections  of  the  verb  being  varied, 
arbitrarily,  to  designate  the  distinct  applications,  just  as  in  pello, 
appello,  appcllerc,  to  drive,  and  appello,  appellare,  to  call. 

And  here  it  may  be  worth  a  moment's  consideration,  whether 
several  words  v.  ith  prefixes,  such  as  slay,  Jlog,  and  the  Latin 
plico,  W.  plygu,  are  not  formed  on  the  root  of  lay,  that  is,  lag  or 
lak.  The  sense  of  slay.  Sax.  slagan,  sltBan,  is  properly  to  strike, 
to  boat;  hence,  in  Saxon,  " slogan  hcora  wcdd,"  they  sleic 
their  league,  or  contract;  that  is,  they  struck  a  bargain.  It 
signifies  also^to  throw,  as  to  slag  one  into  prison  ;  also,  to  fall ;  to 
set  or  lay.  The  sense  of  killing  is  derivative  from  that  of  strik- 
ing,  a  striking  down. 

Flog,  Litit.Jligo,  signifies,  primarily,  to  rush,  drive,  strike.  Eng. 
to  lick ;  and,  if  formed  on  the  root  of  lay,  is  precisely  the  popular 
phrase,  to  lay  on. 

If  plico  is  formed  with  a  prefix  on  lay  or  its  root,  it  must  have 
been  originally  pelico,  that  is,  belico,  belay.  Then,  to  fold  would 
be  to  lay  on  or  close  ;  to  lay  one  part  to  another.  Now,  this  word 
is  the  AVelsh  plygu,  to  fold,  which  Owen  makes  to  be  a  compound 
of/)?/  and  lly.    The  latter  word  must  be  a  contraction  of  llyg. 

We  know  that  the  word  reply  is  from  the  French  rcpliqiAr,  the 
Latin  rcplico.  Now,  to  reply  is  not  to  fold  back,  but  to  send 
back,  to  throw  back,  as  words,  or  an  answer ;  and  this  gives  the 
precise  sense  of  lay,  to  throw,  to  send,  which  must  be  the  sense 
of  the  radical  word. 

It  is  no  inconsiderable  evidence  of  the  truth  of  my  conjecture, 
that  we  constantly  use  the  phrase  to  lay  on,  or  lay  to,  as  synony- 
mous with  ply,  a  word  belonging  to  this  family.  To  pledge, 
another  of  this  family,  is  to  lay  down,  to  deposit;  and  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  play,  Saxon  plcgan,  Dan.  leger,  Sw.  leka,  is  to 
strike  or  drive. 

In  Welsh,  llui~iaio  signifies  to  throw,  fling,  cast,  or  dart ;  to 
pelt;  to  drift;  from  a  darting,  a  flash,  glance,  or  sudden 

throw  ;  hence  llured,  lightning.  Llug  signifies,  also,  that  breaks, 
or  begins  to  open ;  a  gleam,  a  breaking  out  in  blotches ;  the 
plague.  Lhcg  signifies,  also,  that  is  apt  to  break  out,  that  is 
bright,  a  tumor,  eruption.  These  words  coincide  with  English 
light,  Lat.  luceo ;  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  throw,  shoot, 
or  dart ;  and  these  words  all  contain  the  elements  of  flog  and 

In  Welsh,  Ih/ru  signifies  to  fall  flat,  to  lie  exteirded,  or  to  squat. 
This  is  evidently  allied  to  lay  and  lie. 

These  senses  agree  also  with  that  of  luck,  to  fall,  or  come  sud- 
denly ;  that  is,  to  rush  or  drive  along. 

In  Russ.  tlagayu  is  to  lay,  or  put  in ;  equivalent  to  the  German 
einJegcn. 

The  Latin  fluo  is  contracted  from  flugo ;  and  the  radical  sense 
of  flow  is  the  same  as  that  of  light.  So  the  river  .9ar,  in  Europe, 
is  doubtless  from  the  same  source  as  the  Oriental  "ns,  to  shine, 
whence  air.  And  "in;,  which,  in  Hebrew,  signifies  to  flow  as 
water,  as  well  as  to  shine,  chiefly  signifies,  in  Chaldee  and  Syriac, 
to  shine. 

To  show  the  great  importance,  or  rather  the  absolute  necessity, 
of  ascertaining  the  primary  sense  of  words,  in  order  to  obtain 
clear  ideas  of  the  sense  of  ancient  authors,  more  particularly  of 
diflicult  passages  in  dead  languages,  let  the  reader  attend  to  the 
following  remarks. 

In  commenting  on  certain  parts  of  Isaiah  xxviii.  Lowth  ob- 

I 


G 


INTROD 


UCTION. 


serves,  in  his  Preliminary  Dissertation,  the  difficulty  of'deter- 
mining  the  meaning  of  r.TTi,  in  verse  15th.  In  our  version,  as 
m  others,  it  is  rendered  agreement ;  but,  says  Lowth,  "the  word 
means  no  such  thing  in  any  part  of  the  Bible,  except  in  the  ]8tk 
verse  following  ;  nor  can  the  lexicographers  give  any  satisfactory 
account  of  the  word  in  tills  sense."  Yet  he  agrees  with  Vitrinrja, 
that  in  these  passages  it  must  have  this  signification.  Tlie  dif- 
ficulty, it  seems,  has  arisen  from  not  understanding  the  primary 
sense  of  seeing,  for  the  verb  generally  signifies  to  see ;  and  as  a 
noun  the  word  signifies  sight,  vision  ;  and  so  it  is  rendered  in  the 
Latin  version  annexed  to  Vanderliooght's  Bible.  The  Seventy 
render  it  by  oi  ii'i^zf;,  a  covenant  or  league  ;  and  they  are  fol- 
lowed by  the  moderns.  "  Nous  avons  intelligence  avec  le  se- 
pulchre :  "  French.  "  Noi  habbiam  fatta  lega  col  sepulcro :  " 
Italian  of  Diodati. 

Parkhurst  understands  the  word  to  signify,  to  fasten,  to  settle, 
and  he  cites  2  Sam.  xx.  9,  'TXT,  "  Joab  tool;  Amasa  by  the  beard." 
Here  the  sense  is  obvious  ;  and  from  this  and  other  passages,  we 
may  infer  with  certainty,  that  the  radical  sense  is  to  reach  to,  or 
to  seize,  hold,  or  Jix.  If  the  sense  is  to  reach  to,  then  it  accords 
with  covenant,  conveniens,  coming  to ;  if  the  sense  is  to  fix,  or 
fasten,  then  it  agrees  with  league,  Lat.  ligo,  and  with  pact, 
pactum,  from  jinngo,  to  make  fast;  all  from  the  sense  of  exten- 
sion, stretching,  straining.  Hence  the  meaning  of  HtH,  the 
breast;  that  is,  the  firm,  fixed,  strong  part.  And  if  the  English 
gaze  is  the  same  word,  which  is  not  improbable,  tiiis  determines 
the  appropriate  sense  of  seeing,  in  this  word,  to  be  to  fix,  or  to 
look  or  reach  with  the  eye  fixed. 

But  v/e  have  other  and  decisive  evidence  of  the  primary  signi- 
fication of  this  word  in  the  obvious,  undisputed  meaning  of  tPiS*, 
the  same  ^ord  with  a  prefix,  which  signifies  to  catch,  or  laj'  hold 
on ;  to  seize  ;  hence  behind,  following,  as  if  attached  to  ;  and 
hence  drawing  out  in  time,  to  delay. 

Now,  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  Arabic^Lr*.  hauza,  may  be 

a  word  of  the  same  stock ;  and  this  signifies,  among  other  senses, 
to  collect,  contract,  or  draw  together,  to  accumulate,  to  have  in- 
tercourse or  commerce  with  another.  The  latter  sense  would 
give  nearly  the  signification  of  the  Hebrew  word. 

Lexicographers  are  oflen  embarrassed  to  account  for  the  differ- 
ent signification  of  words  that  are  evidently  derived  from  the 
same  root.  Thus,  in  Hebrew,  "iTi"  is  rendered  to  sing;  to  look, 
behold,  or  observe  ;  and  to  rule  ;  and  its  derivatives,  a  ruler,  a 
wall,  the  navel-string,  a  chain  or  necklace,  »fec.  How  can  a 
word  signify  to  rule,  and  to  sing,  and  to  look  ?  Nothing  can  be 
more  easy  or  natural.  The  sense  is,  in  both  cases,  to  stretch  or 
strain,  to  reach.  To  sing  is  to  strain  the  voice  ;  to  rule  is  to  re- 
strain men;  and  to  see  is  to  reach,  or  to  hold  in  view. 

In  Latin,  sero  signifies  to  sow,  to  plant,  to  beget,  to  spread  ; 
conscro,  to  sow,  and  to  close  or  join  ;  desero,  to  leave  off",  to  de- 
sert;  asscro,  to  plant  by  or  near,  and  to  assert,  affirm,  and  pro- 
nounce ;  dissero,  to  discourse  ;  insero,  to  insert,  to  implant ;  rcsero, 
to  unlock,  to  open,  to  disclose.  Desero,  to  desert,  Ainsworth 
sayt;,  iii;  a  compound  of  de  and  sero,  "  ut  sit  desertum  quod  non 
seritur  nec  colitur."  And  dissero  he  supposes  must  be  a  meta- 
pliorical  use  of  the  word.  Now,  on  the  principles  I  have  un- 
iblded,  nothing  is  easier  than  an  explanation  of  these  words. 
The  sense  of  sero  is  to  throw,  to  thrust ;  its  literal  sense  is  ap|)lied 
to  sowing  and  planting  ;  consern  is  to  thrust  or  drive  togetlicr  ; 
desero  is  to  throw  from;  assero  is  to  throw  in  v.'ords,  or  to  throw 
out,  as  In  ap/iellu;  dissero  is  to  tlirow  words  or  arguments,  witii 
the  sense  of  spreading,  expatiating;  insero  is  to  throw  or  thrust 
in  ;  rcsero  is  to  throw  or  drive  from,  hence  to  unlock  or  open. 

It  is  by  resorting  to  tlx;  primary  idea  of  words,  tliat  we  are 
able  to  explain  applications,  apparently,  or  in  fact,  diverse  and 
even  contrary.  A  very  common  example  of  this  contrariety 
occurs  in  Wi)rd«  which  signify  to  guard  or  defend.  For  instance, 
tlie  Latin  arreo  signifieu  to  drive  oil",  and  to  protect,  secure,  hold, 
restrain,  or  keep  irom  departing  or  escaping  ;  two  senses  directly 
oppoHite.  This  is  extrenu'ly  natural;  for  arceo  Blgnifies  to  thrust 
oH",  repel,  drive  back  ;  and  this  act  defends  the  person  or  object 
attacked.  (Jr  if  we  8U|)pose  the  sense  of  straining  to  be  anterior 
to  that  of  repulsion,  which  is  not  improbable,  tlien  the  act  of 
Btralning  or  holding  produces  both  effects  ;  to  repe  l  or  stop  what 
advances  to  asHault,  and  protect  what  is  irKlciK"d  or  :iss:iult('<l. 
The  words  guard  and  warren  present  a  Hiinihir  application  of  the 
primary  idea;  and  all  languages  which  1  have  examined  furnish 
a  multitude  of  similar  examples. 


These  examples  illustrate  the  utility  of  extensive  researches  in 
language;  as  all  cognate  languages  throw  light  on  each  other; 
one  language  often  retaining  the  radical  meaning  of  a  word  which 
the  others  have  lost.  Who,  for  instance,  that  is  acquainted  only 
with  tlie  English  use  of  the  verb  to  have,  would  suspect  that  this 
word  and  happen  are  radically  one,  and  that  the  primary  sense  is 
to  fall  or  rush,  hence  to  fall  on  and  seize.'  Yet  nothing  is  more 
certain.  In  the  Spanish  language  the  senses  of  both  verbs  are 
retained  in  halter  ;  and  the  Welsh  hapiaw  gives  us  the  true  origi- 
nal signification. 

In  like  manner  the  primary  sense  of  venio,  in  Latin,  can  not  be 
certainly  determined,  without  resorting  to  other  words,  and  to 
kindred  languages.  In  Latin,  the  word  signifies  to  come  or 
arrive  ;  but  in  Spanish,  venida,  from  venir,  the  Latin  venio,  sig- 
nifies not  only  a  coming  or  arrival,  but  an  attack  in  fencing. 
Venio  coincides  in  origin  with  the  English  ;  SsiXon  Jindan ; 
German  and  Dutch  finden,  to  find,  to  fall  or  light  on  ;  Danish 
finder;  Swedish,  firina,  to  find,  to  discover,  to  meet,  to  strike 
against,  [offendere.]  The  primary  sense  of  venio,  then,  is  not 
merely  to  come  or  arrive,  but  to  rush  or  move  with  a  driving 
force  ;  and  this  sense  is  applicable  to  coming  or  going. 

That  the  primary  sense  is  to  fall  or  rush,  we  have  evidence  in 
the  Latin  vcntus,  and  English  wind,  both  from  the  root  of  this 
verb.  We  have  still  further  evidence  in  the  word  venom,  which 
in  Welsh  is  giventcyn ;  gwen,  white,  and  givyn,  rage,  smart, 
whence  gicynt,  wind.  Venom  is  that  which  frets  or  excites  a 
raging  pain.  Hence  we  may  infer  that  Latin  venor,  to  hunt,  to 
chase,  is  of  the  same  family  ;  and  so  is  vcnia,  leave,  or  leave  to 
depart,  or  a  departure,  a  leaving,  coinciding  in  signification  with 
leave. 

The  latter  word,  venia,  proves  another  fact,  that  the  primary 
sense  of  zenio  is,  in  general,  to  move  in  any  direction,  and  that 
the  Latin  sense,  to  come,  is  a  particular  appropriation  of  that 
sense. 

In  ascertaining  the  primary  sense  of  words, •it  is  ofteji  useful  or 
necessary  to  recur  to  the  derivatives.  Tiius  the  Latin  Itedo  is 
rendered  to  hurt ;  but,  by  adverting  to  allido,  elido,  and  collido, 
we  find  that  the  original  signification  is  to  strike,  hit,  or  'dash 
against.  Hurt,  then,  is  the  secondary  sense ;  the  effect  of  the 
primary  action  expressed  by  the  verb. 

So  the  Latin  rapio,  to  seize,  does  not  give  the  sense  of  rapidus, 
rapid  ;  but  the  sense  of  the  latter  proves  the  primary  sense  of 
rapio  to  be  to  rush,  and  in  its  application,  to  rusli  on  and  seize. 

These  examples  will  be  sufficient  to  show  how  little  the  affini- 
ties of  language  have  been  understood.  Men  have  been  generally 
satisfied  wltli  a  knowledge  of  the  appropriate  sense  of  words, 
without  examining  from  what  visible  or  physical  action,  or  pri- 
mary sense,  that  particular  application  has  been  derived.  Hence 
the  obscurity  that  still  rests  on  the  theory  of  language.  It  has 
been  supposed  that  each  word,  particularly  each  verb,  has  an 
original  specific  sense,  or  application,  distinct  from  every  other 
verb.  We  find,  however,  on  a  close  examination  and  compari- 
son of  the  same  word  in  different  languages,  that  the  fact  is 
directly  the  reverse  ;  that  a  verb  expressing  some  action,  in  a 
general  sense,  gives  rise  to  various  appropriate  senses,  or  partic- 
ular applications.  And  in  the  course  of  m}'  researches,  I  have 
been  struck  with  the  similarity  of  manner  in  which  different 
nations  have  appropriated  derivative  and  figurative  senses.  For 
example,  all  nations,  as  far  as  my  researches  extend,  agcfe  in 
expressing  the  sense  justice  and  right  by  slraighlness  ;  and  sin, 
iniijuily,  wrong,  by  a  deviation  from  a  straight  line  or  course. 
Ecpially  remarkable  is  the  simplicity  of  the  analogies  in  language, 
and  the  small  number  of  radical  significations;  so  small.  Indeed, 
that  I  am  persuaded  the  primary  sense  of  all  the  verbs  in  any 
language  may  be  expres.sod  by  thirty  or  forty  words. 

We  can  not,  at  this  i)erlod  of  the  world,  determine,  in  all  cases, 
which  words  are  primitive,  and  which  are  derivative  ;  nor  whether 
the  verb  or  the  noun  is  the  original  word.  Mons.  Oehelln,  in  his 
.Mvnile  I'ri/nitif,  maintains  that  the  noun  is  the  root  of  all  other 
words.  Never  was  a  greater  iiiistaUe.  Tliat  some  nouns  may 
have  l)een  formed  befiire  the  verbs  with  wlilch  they  are  connected, 
is  possible  ;  but,  ns  languages  are  now  constructed,  It  Is  demon- 
strably ci>rtaln,  that  the  verb  i«  the  radix  or  stock  from  which 
have  sprung  most  of  the  nouns,  adjectives,  and  other  parts  of 
speech  belonging  to  each  family.  This  is  the  result  of  all  my 
researclies  into  the  origin  of  languages.  We  find,  indeed,  that 
many  modern  verbs  are  formed  on  nouns;  as,  to  practice  from 
practice ;  but  the  noun  is  derived  from  a  Greek  verb.  So  we  use 
wrong  an  a  verb,  from  the  ndjectlve  wrong;  but  the  latter  is  pri- 
marily a  participle  of  the  verb  to  wring.    Indeed,  a  large  part  of 


INTRODUCTION.  xlvii 


all  nouns  were  originally  particles  or  adjectives,  and  the  things 
which  they  denote  were  named  from  their  qualities.  So  jmrd, 
pardus,  is  from  T1S  hrirad,  hail  ;  and  the  animal  so  named  from 
his  spots,  as  if  sprinkled  with  hail,  from  the  sense  of  separation  or 
scattering.  Crape,  the  Fr.  crfpe,  is  from  cripcr,  to  crisp.  Sight 
signifies,  primarily,  seen  ;  it  being  tlie  participle  of  sftoii,  con- 
tracted from  sjVrtra.  Draught  is  the  participle  of  draw,  that 
which  is  drawn,  or  the  act  of  drawing ;  thought  is  the  participle 
of  think. 

As  the  verb  is  the  principal  radi-x  of  other  words,  and  as  the 
proper  province  of  this  part  of  speccli  is  to  express  action,  almost 
all  the  modifications  of  the  primary  sense  of  the  verb  may  be 
comprehended  in  one  word,  to  move. 

Tlie  principal  varieties  of  motion  or  action  may  be  expressed 
by  tlie  following  verbs. 

1.  To  drive,  throw,  thrust,  send,  urge,  press. 

2.  To  set,  fix,  lay.  But  tliese  are  usually  from  thrusting,  or 
throwing  down. 

3.  To  strain,  stretch,  draw ;  whence  holding,  binding, 
strength,  power,  and  often  health. 

4.  To  turn,  wind,  roll,  wander. 

5.  To  (low,  to  blow,  to  rush. 

6.  To  open,  part,  split,  separate,  remove,  scatter.    See  No.  16. 

7.  To  swell,  distend,  expand,  spread. 

ti.  To  stir,  shake,  agitate,  rouse,  excite. 

{).  To  shoot,  as  a  plant ;  to  grow  ;  allied  to  No.  1. 

10.  To  break,  or  burst;  allied  sometimes  to  No.  3. 

11.  To  liil,  rai.se,  elevate  ;  allied  to  No.  9. 

12.  To  flee,  withdraw,  escape  ;  to  fly  ;  often  allied  to  No.  1. 

13.  To  rage;  to  burn  ;  allied  to  Nos.  7  and  8. 

14.  To  fall ;  to  fail ;  whence  fading,  dying,  &c. 

15.  To  approach,  come,  arrive,  extend,  reach.  This  is  usually 
the  sense  oi gaining.    No.  34. 

16.  To  go,  walk,  pass,  advance  ;  allied  to  No.  6. 

17.  To  seize,  take,  hold  ;  sometimes  allied  to  No.  31. 

18.  To  strike;  to  beat;  allied  to  No.  1. 

19.  To  swing;  to  vibrate.    No.  29. 

20.  To  lean  ;  to  incline  ;  allied  to  the  sense  of  wandering,  or 
departing. 

21.  To  rub,  scratch,  scrape;  often  connected  with  driving, 
and  with  roughness. 

22.  To  swim  ;  to  float. 

23.  To  stop,  cease,  rest ;  sometimes,  at  least,  from  straining, 
holding,  fastening. 

24.  To  creep;  to  crawl;  sometimes  connected  with  scraping. 

25.  To  peel,  to  strip,  whence  spoiling. 

2G.  To  leap,  to  spring  ;  allied  to  Nos.  9  and  1. 

27.  To  bring,  bear,  carry  ;  in  some  instances  connected  with 
producing,  throwing  out. 

28.  To  sweep. 

29.  To  hang.    No.  19. 

30.  To  shrink,  or  contract;  that  is,  to  draw.    See  No.  3. 

31.  To  run  ;  to  rush  forward  ;  allied  to  No.  1. 

32.  To  put  on  or  together  ;  to  unite  ;  allied  to  Nos.  1  and  3. 

33.  To  knit,  to  weave. 

34.  To  gain,  to  win,  to  get.    See  No.  15. 

These  and  a  few  more  verbs  express  the  literal  sense  of  all  the 
primary  roots.  But  it  must  be  remarked  that  all  the  foregoing 
significations  are  not  distinct.  So  far  from  it,  that  the  whole 
may  be  brought  under  the  signification  of  a  very  few  words. 
The  English  words  to  send,  throw,  thrust,  strain,  stretch,  draw, 
drire,  urge,  press,  embrace  the  primary  sense  of  a  great  part  of 
all  the  verbs  in  every  language  which  I  have  examined.  Indeed, 
it  must  be  so,  for  the  verb  is  certainly  the  root  of  most  words ; 
and  the  verb  expresses  motion,  which  always  implies  the  appli- 
cation of  force. 

Even  the  verbs  which  signify  to  hold  or  stop,  in  most  instances 
at  least,  if  not  in  all,  denote,  primarily,  to  strain  or  restrain  by 
exertion  of  force  ;  and  to  lie  is,  primarily,  to  throw  down,  to  laj' 
one's  self  down.  So  that  intransitive  verbs  are  rarely  exceptions 
to  the  general  remark  above  made,  that  all  verbs  primarily  ex- 
press motion  or  exertion  of  force.  The  substantive  verb  has 
more  claims  to  be  an  exception  than  any  other  ;  for  this  usually 
denotes,  1  think,  permanence  or  continued  bemg ;  but  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  this  verb  may  perhaps  be  to  set  or  fix;  and  verbs 
having  this  sense  often  express  extension  in  time  or  duration.  So 
Tdiu),  in  Greek,  is  to  stretch,  but  the  same  word  teneo,  in  Latin, 
is  to  hold  ;  hence  continuance. 

Let  us  now  attend  to  the  radical  sense  of  some  of  the  most 
common  verb^. 


Speaking,  calling,  crying,  praying,  utterance  of  sounds,  is  usu- 
ally from  the  sense  of  driving  or  straining.  Thus,  in  Latin, 
apprllo  and  compello,  though  of  a  different  conjugation  from  pello, 
depello,  impello,  are  from  the  same  root  ;  and  although  the  Latin 
Tcprllo  does  not  signify  to  recall,  yvi  the  corresponding  word  in 
Italian,  r«/;/)f//nr<;,  and  the  French  rappcler,  signify  to  recall,  and 
hence  the  English  repeal.  Hence  also  peal,  either  of  a  bell  or  of 
thunder.  This  is  the  Greek  (la'O.m,  and  probalily  tjo/./oi  is  from 
tlie  same  root.  Tlie  sense  of  striking  is  found  in  the  Greek  verb, 
and  so  it  is  in  the  Latin  loquor,  English  clock.  But  in  general, 
sjjeaking,  in  all  its  modifications,  is  the  straining,  driving,  or  im- 
pulse of  sounds.  Sometimes  the  sense  coincides  more  exactly 
with  that  of  breaking  or  bursting 

Singing  is  a  driving  or  straining  of  the  voice  ;  and  we  apply 
strain  to  a  passage  of  music,  and  to  a  course  of  speaking. 

I  am  not  confident  that  1  can  refer  the  sensation  of  hearing  to 
any  visible  action.  Possibly  it  may  sometimes  be  from  striking, 
hitting,  touching.  But  we  observe  that  hear  is  connected  in 
origin  with  ear,  as  the  Latin  audio  is  with  the  Greek  oi  c.  vnoc, 
the  ear ;  whence  it  appears  probable  that  the  verb  to  hear  is 
formed  from  the  name  of  the  ear,  and  the  car  is  from  some  verb 
which  signifies  to  shoot  or  extend,  for  it  signifies  a  limb. 

The  primary  sense  of  seeing  is  commonly  to  extend  to,  to 
reach  ;  as  it  were,  to  reach  with  the  eye.  Hence  the  use  of  he. 
hold,  for  the  radical  sense  of  hold  is  to  strain  ;  and  hence  its  sig- 
nification in  beholden,  held,  bound,  obligated.  See  the  verb  Skk, 
in  the  Dictionary. 

The  sense  of  look  may  be  somewhat  different  from  that  of  see. 
It  appears,  in  some  instances,  to  have  for  its  primary  signification, 
to  send,  throw,  cast  ;  that  is,  to  send  or  cast  the  eye  or  sight. 

The  primary  sense  of  feeling  is  to  touch,  hit,  or  strike  ;  and 
probably  this  is  the  sense  of  taste. 

Wonder  and  astonishment  are  usually  expressed  by  some  word 
that  signifies  to  stop  or  hold.  Hence  the  Latin  niiror,  to  wonder, 
is  the  Armoric  mirct,  to  stop,  hold,  hinder;  coinciding  with  the 
English  moor,  and  Spanish  amarrar,  to  moor,  as  a  ship. 

To  begin  is  to  come,  or  fall  on  ;  to  thrust  on.  ,We  have  a 
familiar  example  in  the  Latin  incipio,  in  and  capio  ;  for  capio  is 
primarily  to  fall  or  rush  on  and  seize.  See  Begin,  in  the  Dic- 
tionary. 

Attempt  is  expressed  by  straining,  stretching,  as  in  Latin  tento. 
See  Assay  and  Essay. 

Power,  strength,  and  the  corresponding  verb,  to  be  able,  are 
usually  expressed  by  straining,  stretching,  and  this  is  the  radical 
sense  of  ruling  or  governing.  Of  this  the  Latin  rego  is  an 
example,  which  gives  rectus,  right,  that  is,  stretched,  straight. 

Care,  as  has  been  stated,  is  usually  from  straining,  that  is,  a 
tension  of  the  mind. 

Thinking  is  expressed  by  setting.  To  think  is  to  set  or  fix  or 
hold  in  the  mind.  It  approaches  to  the  sense  of  suppose,  Latin 
suppono. 

And  under  this  word,  let  us  consider  the  various  applications 
of  the  Latin  puto.  The  simple  verb  puto  is  rendered  to  prune, 
lop,  or  dress,  as  vines ;  that  is,  according  to  Ainsworth,  putum, 
i.  e.  purum  reddo,  purgo,  by  v/hich  I  understand  him  to  mean, 
that  putum  is  either  a  change  of  purum,  or  used  for  it  ;  a  most 
improbable  supposition,  for  the  radical  letters  t  and  r  are  not  com- 
mutable.  Puto  is  rendered,  also,  to  make  even,  clear,  adjust,  or 
cast  up  accounts;  also  to  think  or  consider;  to  suppose;  to  de- 
bate. Its  compounds  are  amputo,  to  cut  off",  prune,  amputate,  to 
remove  ;  computo,  to  compute,  to  reckon,  to  tliink  or  deem  ;  dis- 
puto,  to  make  clear,  to  adjust  or  settle,  to  dis/iute  or  debate,  to 
reason  ;  imputo,  to  impute,  to  ascribe  or  lay  to,  to  place  to  ac- 
count;  reputo,  to  consider,  to  revolve,  to  reckon  up,  to  impute. 
The  Latin  deputo  signifies  to  think,  judge  or  esteem,  to  account 
or  reckon,  and  to  prune;  but  the  Italian  drputare,  Spanish  dij-u- 
tar,  and  French  deputer,  from  the  Latin  word,  all  signify  to  send. 
How  can  the  sense  of  think,  and  that  of  lop  or  prune,  be  deduced 
from  a  common  root  or  radical  sense.'  We  find  the  solution  of 
this  question  in  the  verb  to  depute.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
throw,  thrust,  or  send,  or  to  set  or  lay,  whicii  is  from  throwinjr, 
driving.  To  prune  is  to  separate,  remove,  or  drive  off";  to  force 
off";  to  think  is  a  setting  in  the  mind  ;  to  compute  is  to  throw  or 
put  together,  either  in  the  mind  or  in  numbers;  to  dispute  is  to 
throw  against  or  apart,  like  debate,  to  beat  from  ;  to  impute  is  to 
throw  or  put  to  or  on  ;  and  to  repute  is  to  think  or  throw  in  the 
mind  repeatedly.  To  amputate  is  to  separate  by  cutting  round. 
Puto,  then,  in  Latin,  is  from  the  same  root,  probably,  as  the  English 
put,  or  the  same  word  differentlj'  applied  ;  and  also  the  Dutch 
pooten,  to  plant;  poot,  a  paw,  a  twig  or  shoot,  Gr.  ifvioi,  &-c. 


slviii  INTROD 


In  attempting  to  discover  the  primary  sense  of  words,  vfe  are 
to  carry  our  reflections  back  to  the  primitive  state  of  mankind, 
and  consider  Low  rude  men  would  effect  their  purposes,  before 
the  invention  or  use  of  the  instruments  which  the  moderns  em- 
ploy. The  English  verb  to  cut,  signifies,  ordinarily,  to  separate 
with  an  edged  tool ;  and  we  are  apt  to  consider  this  as  the  chief 
and  original  sense.  But  if  so,  how  can  cut,  the  stroke  of  a  whip, 
which  is  a  legitimate  sense  of  the  v,'ord,  be  deduced  from  the  act 
of  severing  by  an  edged  tool.'  We  have,  in  this  popular  use  of 
the  word,  a  clew  to  guide  us  to  the  primary  sense,  which  is,  to 
drive,  urge,  press  ;  and,  applied  to  the  arm,  to  strike.  But  we 
have  better  evidence.  In  the  popular  practice  of  speaking  in 
New  England,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  hear  one  person  call  to 
another  when  running,  and  say.  Cut  on,  cut  on ;  that  is,  hurry, 
run  faster,  drive,  pres^  on ;  probably  from  striking  a  beast  which 
one  rides  on.  This  is  the  original  sense  of  the  word.  Hence  we 
see  tliat  this  verb  is  the  Latin  cado,  to  strike,  to  cut  down,  some- 
what differently  applied  and  cado,  to  fall,  is  only  a  modified 
sense  of  the  same  root,  and  the  compounds  incido,  to  cut,  and 
incido,  to  fall  on,  are  of  one  family.  To  cut  is,  therefore,  prima- 
rily, to  strike,  or  drive  :  and  to  cut  off,  if  applied  to  the  severing 
of  bodies,  before  edged  tools  were  used,  was  to  force  off,  or  to 
strike  off)  hence  the  sense  of  separating  in  the  phrase  to  cut  off 
a  retreat  or  communication. 

So  the  Latin  furpo  is  the  English  carve,  originally  to  separate 
by  plucking,  pulling,  seizing  and  tearing  ;  afterwards,  by  cutting. 

Asking  is  usually  expressed  by  the  sense  of  pressing,  urging. 
■We  have  a  clear  proof  of  this  in  the  Latin  peto  and  its  com- 
pounds. This  verb  signifies,  primarily,  to  rush,  to  drive  at,  to 
assault ;  and  this  sense,  in  Dictionaries,  ought  to  stand  first  in 
the  order  of  definitions.  We  have  the  force  of  the  original  in 
the  words  impetus  and  impetuous.  So  the  Latin  rogo  coincides 
in  elements  with  reach. 

The  act  of  understanding  is  expressed  by  reaching  or  taking, 
holding,  sustaining ;  the  sense  of  comprehend,  and  of  understand. 
We  have  a  popular  phrase  which  well  expresses  this  sense,  "  I 
take  your  meaning  or  your  idea."  So  in  German,  begreifen,  to 
bcgripe,  to  apprehend. 

Knmcing  seems  to  have  the  same  radical  sense  as  under- 
standing. 

Pain,  grief,  distress,  a.nd  the  like  affections,  are  usually  ex- 
pressed by  pressure  or  straining.    Affliction  is  from  striking. 

Joy,  mirth,  and  the  like  affections,  are  from  the  sense  of  rous- 
ing, exciting,  lively  action. 

Covering,  and  the  like  actions,  are  from  spreading  over  or 
cutting  off,  interruption. 

Hiding  is  from  covering  or  from  v.'ithdrawing,  departure  ;  or 
concealment  may  be  from  withholding,  restraining,  suppressing, 
or  making  fast,  as  in  the  Latin  celo. 

Heat  usually  implies  excitement;  but  aa  the  effect  of  heat,  as 
well  as  of  cold,  is  sometimes  to  contract,  I  think  both  are  some- 
times from  the  same  radix.  Thus  cold  and  the  Lat.  caleo,  to  be 
warm,  and  callus  and  calico,  to  be  hard,  have  all  the  same  ele- 
mentary lettors,  and  I  suppose  them  all  to  be  from  one  root,  the 
sense  of  which  is,  to  draw,  strain,  shrink,  contract.  I  am  the 
more  inclined  to  this  opinion,  for  these  words  coincide  with  calico, 
to  be  strong  or  able,  to  know;  a  sense  that  implies  straining  and 
holding. 

Hope  is  probably  from  reaching  forward.  We  express  strong 
desire  by  longing,  reaching  toward. 

Earnestness,  boldness,  daring,  peril,  promptness,  readiness,  will- 
ingness, love,  and  favor,  are  expressed  by  advancing  or  inclining. 

Light  is  often  expressed  by  opening,  or  the  shooting  of  rays, 
radiation  ;  and  probably,  in  many  cases,  the  original  word  was 
applied  to  the  dawn  of  day  in  the  morning.  Whiteness  is  often 
connected  in  origin  with  light.  We  have  an  instance  of  this  in 
the  Latin  canto,  to  shine  and  to  be  white. 

And  tliat  the  primary  sense  of  this  word  is  to  shoot,  to  radiate, 
that  is,  to  throw  out  or  off,  we  have  evidence  in  the  verb  cano,  to 
sing,  whence  canto,  the  sense  of  which  is  retained  in  our  popular 
use  otcanl;  to  cant  a  stone  ;  to  cant  over  a  cask;  give  the  thing 
a  cant  ;  for  all  these  words  are  from  one  stock. 

The  Latin  virtus,  the  English  irorth,  is  from  the  root  of  vireo, 
to  grow,  that  is,  to  stretch  forward,  to  shoot;  hence  the  original 
senBe  is  strength,  a  sense  we  retain  in  its  application  to  the 
qualities  of  plants.  Hence  the  Latin  sense  of  virtus  is  bravery, 
coinciding  with  the  sense  of  boldness,  a  projecting  forward. 

Pride  is  from  swelling  or  elevation,  the  primary  sense  of  some 
other  words  nearly  allied  to  it. 

fear  is  usually  from  shrinking  or  from  shaking,  trembling; 


UCTION. 


or  sometimes,  perhaps,  from  striking,  a  being  struck,  as  with 
surprise. 

Holiness  and  sacredness  are  sometimes  expressed  by  separation, 
as  from  common  things.  The  Teutonic  word  holy,  however, 
seems  to  be  from  the  sense  of  soundness,  entireness. 

Faith  and  belief  seem  to  imply  a  resting  on,  or  a  lea  ving.  It  is 
certain  that  the  English  belief  is  a  compound  of  the  prefix  be  and 
leaf,  leave,  permission.  To  believe  one,  then,  is  to  leave  with 
him,  to  rest  or  suffer  to  rest  with  him,  and  hence  not  to  dispute, 
contend,  or  deny. 

Color  may  be  from  spreading  over  or  putting  on  ;  but  in  some 
instances  the  primary  sense  is  to  dip.    See  Dye  and  Ti.nge. 

Spots  are  from  the  sense  o{  separating,  or  from  sprinkling,  dis- 
persion. 

The  radical  sense  of  making  is  to  press,  drive,  or  force.  We 
use  make  in  its  true  literal  sense,  in  the  phrases,  Jilake  your  horse 
draw,  Make  your  servant  do  what  you  wish. 

Feeding  is  from  the  sense  of  pressing,  crowding,  stuffing ;  that 
is,  from  driving  or  thrusting.  Eating  seems  to  have  a  somewhat 
different  sense. 

Drinking  is  from  drawing,  or  from  wetting,  plunging.  Drench 
and  drink  are  radically  one  word. 

Anger,  and  the  like  violent  passions,  imply  excitement,  or 
violent  action.  Hence  their  connection  with  burning  or  inflam- 
mation, the  usual  sense  of  which  is  raging  or  violent  commotion. 

Agreement,  harmony,  are  usually  from  meeting  or  union,  or 
from  extending,  reaching  to. 

Dtcelling,  abiding,  are  from  the  sense  of  throwing  or  setting 
down,  or  resting,  or  from  stretching  ;  as  we  see  by  the  Latin 
continuo,  from  teneo,  Gr.  tsuoi,  to  e.xtend. 

Guarding  and  defending  are  from  roots  that  signify  to  stop,  or 
to  cut  off ;  or,  more  generally,  from  the  sense  of  driving  off ;  a 
repelling  or  striking  back.    In  some  cases,  perhaps,  from  holding. 

Opposition  is  usually  expressed  by  meeting,  and  hence  the 
prepositions  which  express  opposition.  Thus  the  Danish-  prepo- 
sition mod,  Swedish  mot  or  cmot,  against,  contrary,  is  the  English 
word  to  meet. 

Words  which  express  spirit,  denote,  primarily,  breath,  air,  wind, 
the  radical  sense  of  which  is  to  flow,  move,  or  rush.    Hence  the 
connection  between  spirit  and  courage,  animus,  animosus  ;  hence 
passion,  animosity.    So  in  Greek  ifnivmc,  frenzy,  is  from  ij 
the  mind,  or  rather  from  its  primary  sense,  a  moving  or  rushing. 

So  in  our  mother  tongue,  mod  is  mind  or  spirit;  whence  mood, 
in  English,  and  Saxon  modig,  moody,  angry.  Hence  mind  in  the 
sense  of  purpose,  its  primary  signification,  is  a  setting  forward,  as 
intention  is  from  intendo,  to  stretch,  to  strain,  the  sense  that 
ought  to  stand  first  in  a  Dictionary. 

Reproach,  chiding,  rebuke,  are  from  the  sense  of  scolding,  or 
throwing  out  words  with  violence. 

Sin  is  generally  from  the  sense  of  deviating,  wandering,  as  is 
the  practice  of  lewdness. 

Right,  justice,  equity,  are  from  the  sense  of  stretching,  making 
straight,  or  from  laying,  making  smooth. 

Falsehood  is  from  falling,  failing,  or  from  deviation,  wander- 
ing, draicing  aside. 

The  primary  sense  of  strange  and  foreign,  is  distant,  and  from 
some  verb  signifying  to  depart.  Wild  and  fierce  are  from  a  like 
sense". 

Vain,  vanity,  wane,  and  kindred  words,  are  from  exhausting, 
drawing  out,  or  from  departing,  withdrawing,  falling  aicay. 

Paleness  is  usually  from  failure,  a  departure  of  color. 

Glory  is  from  opening,  expanding,  display,  or  making  clear. 

Binding,  making  fast  or  close,  is  from  pressure,  or  straining. 

Writing  is  from  scratching,  engraving,  the  sense  of  all  primi- 
tive words  which  express  this  act. 

A  crowd,  a  mass,  a  wood,  tfcc,  are  from  collecting  or  pressing, 
or  some  allied  signification. 

Vapor,  steam,  smoke,  are  usually  from  verbs  which  signify  to 
exhale  or  throw  off. 

Stepping  seems  to  be  from  opening,  expanding,  stretching. 
Thus  passus  in  Latin  is  from  pando,  to  open,  but  this  agrees  in 
origin  with  pateo,  and  with  the  Greek  Trarfu).  Gradus,  in  Latin, 
coincides  with  the  Welsh  rhawd,  a  way,  and  this,  when  traced  to 
its  root,  terminates  in  the  Oriental  Tl,  mi,  Chaldce,  to  open, 
stretch  or  expand;  in  Syriac,  ]>>  rcda,  to  go,  to  pass.  Walking 
may  be  sometimes  from  a  like  source;  but  the  word  irn/Zi  signi- 
fies, primarily,  to  roll,  press,  work  and  full,  as  a  hat,  whence 
walker  signifies  a  fuller. 

Softness  and  weakness  are  usually  named  from  yielding,  bend- 


INTRODUCTION. 


xlix 


ing,  withdrawing,  as  is  relaxation.  Softness,  however,  is  some- 
times connected  with  smoothness,  and  perhaps  with  moisture. 

Sweetness  seems  to  have  for  its  primary  sense,  either  softness 
or  smoothness. 

Rniighness  is  from  sharp  points,  wrinkling  or  breaking ;  and 
acidity  is  from  sharpness  or  pungency,  and  nearly  allied  to 
roughness. 

Death  is  expressed  by  falling  or  departure ;  life,  by  fixedness 
or  continuance,  or  from  animation,  excitement. 

Selling  is,  prinjarily,  a  passing  or  transfer.  Sellan,  in  Saxon, 
signifies  to  give,  as  well  as  to  sell. 

A  coast  or  border  is  usually  the  extreme  point,  from  extending. 

Lmc  is  from  setting,  establishing. 

The  primary  sense  of  son,  daughter,  offspring,  is  usually  a 
shoot,  or,  as  we  say,  issue.  Hence,  in  Hebrew,  ']'2  hen,  signifies 
both  a  son,  a  cion,  a  branch,  and  the  young  of  other  animals. 
A  son,  says  Parkhurst,  is  from  nUD  hiinah,  to  build  ;  and  hence  he 
infers  that  a  son  is  so  called,  because  he  builds  up  or  continues 
his  father's  house  or  family.  But  if  so,  how  does  the  word  apply 
to  a  branch,  or  an  arrow.'  What  do  these  build  up.'  The  mis- 
take of  this  autlior,  and  of  others,  proceeds  from  their  not  under- 
standing tlie  original  meaning  of  the  verb,  Vifhich  is  iiot  to  erect, 
or  elevate,  but  to  throw,  to  set,  to  found  ;  and  this  verb  is  probably 
retained  in  our  word  found.  A  son  is  that  wliich  is  thrown  or 
shot  out ;  a  cion  or  branch  is  the  same,  an  offset,  one  an  offset  of 
the  human  body,  tlie  other  of  a  plant,  and  an  arro\^  is  tiiat  which 
is  shot  or  thrown.  Hence,  probably,  the  Hebrew  "Ct*  ebcn  or 
even,  a  stone,  W.  maen  or  vacn,  that  which  is  set,  so  named  from 

— e 

its  compactness  or  hardness.  And  in  Arabic  abana,  signifies 
to  think,  Lat.  opinor,  that  is,  to  set  in  the  mind. 

Few  and  smull  are  senses  often  expressed  by  the  same  word. 
Thus,  although/c(o  in  English  expresses  merely  a  small  number, 
yet  tlie  same  word  in  French,  peu,  and  in  the  Italian,  poco,  sig- 
nifies little  in  quantity,  as  well  as /cjo  in  number. 

Cause  is  from  the  sense  of  urging,  prcssijig,  impelling.  Hence 
it  well  expresses  that  which  produces  an  effect;  and  hence  it  is 
peculiarly  expressive  of  that  by  which  a  man  seeks  to  obtain  a 
claim  in  law.  A  cause  in  court  is  properly  a  pressing  for  right, 
like  action  from,  ago;  and  prosecution  from  the  Latin  sequor, 
which  is  our  word  seek.  Hence  the  Latin  accuso,  to  accuse,  to 
tlirow  upon,  to  press,  or  load  with  a  charge.  The  Saxon  sac.a, 
contention,  suit  in  law,  is  synonymous  with  cause,  and  from  the 
root  of  seek,  sequor.    It  is  tlie  English  sake. 

The  word  thing  is  nearly  synonymous  with  cause  and  sake. 
See  Thing,  in  the  Dictionary. 

The  primary  sense  of  time,  luck,  chance,  fortune,  is  to  fall,  to 
come,  to  arrive,  to  happen.  Tide,  time,  and  season,  have  a  like 
original  sense.  Tide,  in  Saxon,  is  tiine,  not  a  flow  of  tlie  sea,  tiie 
latter  being  a  secondary  and  modern  application  of  the  word. 
This  primary  signification  of  time  will  unfold  to  us  what  I  for- 
merly could  not  understand,  and  what  I  could  find  no  person  to 
explain ;  that  is,  why  the  Latin  tcmpora  should  signify  times  and 
the  temples.  It  seems  that  tempura  are  the  falls  of  the  head. 
Hence,  also,  we  understand  why  tempest  is  naturally  deduciblo 
from  tempus,  as  the  primary  sense  is  to  fall,  to  rush.  Hence 
tempestirus,  seasonable,  that  comes  in  good  time.  Season  has  a 
like  sense. 

Hence,  also,  we  are  led  to  understand,  what  has  seemed  inex- 
plicable, how  the  French  heureui,  lucky,  happy,  can  be  regu- 
larly deduced  from  heure,  an  hour.  We  find  tliat  in  Greek  and 
Latin  the  primary  sense  of  hour  is  time,  and  time  is  a  coming,  a 
falling,  a  happening,  like  tlie  English  luck,  and  hence  the  sense 
of  lucky  ;  hence  fortunate  and  happy.  The  word  fortunate  is 
precisely  of  the  same  character. 

The  primary  sense  of  the  Shemitic  datar,  or  thavar,  cor- 
responds almost  precisely  with  that  of  cause  and  thing  in  Ennflish  ; 
that  is,  to  strain,  urge,  drive,  fall,  or  rush.  Hence  it  signifies  to 
speak,  and  in  Ch.  and  Syr.  to  lead,  to  direct,  to  govern.  As  a 
noun,  it  signifies  a  word,  that  which  is  uttered  ;  a  thing,  cause,  or 
matter;  that  is,  that  which  happens  or  falls,  like  ercTit  from  evcnio  ; 
also  a  plague,  or  great  calamity  ;  that  is,  that  which  falls  or  comes 
on  man  or  beast,  like  p'ague;  a  stroke  or  affliction,  from  strikinir. 
And  it  may  be  observed,  that  if  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix  answer- 
ing to  the  Gothic  du,  Saxon  and  English  to,  in  the  Saxon  to- 
drifan,  to  drive,  then  the  root  "l^  coincides  exactly  with  the 
Welsh  peri,  to  command,  which  is  retained  in  composition  in  the 
Lat.  impero.    Indeed,  if  the  first  syllabic  of  guherno  is  a  prefix. 


the  root  of  this  word  may  be  the  same.  The  object,  however, 
for  which  this  word  is  here  mentioned,  is  chiefly  to  show  the 
unifijrmity  which  men  have  observed  in  expressing  their  ideas; 
making  use  of  the  same  visible  physical  action  to  represent  the 
operations  of  the  mind  and  moral  ideas. 

Silence,  deafness,  dumbness,  are  from  stopping,  holding,  or 
making  fast. 

IVar  is  from  the  sense  of  striving,  driving,  struggling. 
Good  is  generally  from  enlarging,  or  advancing,  like  pros- 
perous. 

Evil  is  from  wandering,  departing,  or  sometimes  from  softness, 
weakness,  flowing  or  fluxibility,  as  is  the  cass  witli  the  Latin 
malum,  from  the  Welsh  mall. 

The  primary  sense  of  the  names  of  natural  and  material  ob- 
jects can  not  always  be  ascertained.  The  reasons  are  obvious. 
Some  of  these  names  are  detached  branches  of  a  family  of  words 
which  no  longer  form  a  part  of  our  language;  the  verb  and  all 
the  derivatives,  except  a  single  name,  being  extinct,  or  found 
only  in  some  remote  country.  Others  of  these  names  have  suf- 
fered such  changes  of  orthography,  that  it  is  difficult  or  impossible 
to  ascertain  the  primary  or  radical  letters,  and  of  course  the 
family  to  wliich  they  belong.  Numerous  examples  of  such  words 
occur  in  English,  as  in  every  other  language. 

But  from  such  facts  as  have  occurred  to  me  in  my  researches, 
I  may  venture  to  affirm  with  confidence,  that  most  names  of 
natural  objects  are  taken  from  some  obvious  quality  or  action,  or 
some  supposed  qualitv  of  the  thing  ;  or  from  the  particular  action 
or  operation  by  which  it  is  produced.  Thus  tumors  are  iiame^d 
from  pushing,  or  sicclling ;  and  redness,  or  red,  seems,  in  some 
instances  at  least,  to  be  named  from  eruptions  on  the  body.  The 
human  body  is  named  from  shaping,  that  is,  setting,  fixing,  or  ex- 
tending, and  hence,  sometimes,  the  general  name  of  the  human 
race.  The  arm  is  a  shoot,  a  push,  as  is  the  branch  of  a  tree. 
A  board,  a  table,  a  floor,  is  from  spreading,  or  expanding,  ex- 
tending.   Skin  and  bark  are  from  pcelinir,  flrippini;,  tVc. 

The  names  of  particular  animals  and  plants  can  not  always  bo 
traced  to  their  source  ;  but,  as  far  as  1  have  been  able  to  discover 
their  origin,  I  find  animals  to  be  generally  named  from  some 
striking  characteristic  of  external  appearance;  from  the  voice, 
from  habits  of  life,  or  from  their  office.  There  is  reason  for 
believing  that  the  Greek  c','iji"'*"e  and  Latin  struthio,  or  ostrich, 
is  from  the  same  root  as  tlie  English  strut,  tin'  strutter ;  the 
primary  sense  of  which  root  is,  to  stretch,  which  explains  all  the 
senses  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  words  of  this  family.  It  is  certain 
that  the  croic  is  named  from  its  cry,  and  the  leopard  from  his 
spots. 

Thus  plants  were  named  from  their  qualities;  some  from  their 
form,  others  from  their  color,  others  from  their  effects,  otiiers 
from  the  place  of  their  growth.  The  English  root,  Lat.  radix,  is 
only  a  particular  application  of  rod  and  raij,  radius;  that  is,  a 
shoot.    Spurge  is,  undoubtedly,  from  the  root  of  the  Latin  purgo. 

There  is  reason  to  think  that  many  names  of  plants  were 
originally  adjectives,  expressing  their  qualities;  or  the  name  was 
a  compound,  used  for  the  same  purpose,  one  part  of  which  has 
been  dropped,  and  the  other  remaining  as  the  name  of  the  plant. 
Thus  pine,  pinus,  is  from  pin,  pinna,  pcnna  ;  fi)r  in  Welsh  pin  is 
a  pin  and  a  pen  or  stj'le  for  writing,  and  pinbren  is  a  pine-tree. 
The  tree,  then,  was  named  from  its  leaf. 

Fir  has  a  similar  origin  and  signification. 

It  is  probable,  or  rather  certain,  that  some  natural  objects,  »is 
plants  and  minerals,  received  their  names  from  their  supposed 
qualities  ;  as,  in  ages  of  ignorance  and  superstition,  men  ir.ight 
ascribe  effects  to  them,  by  mistake.  The  whole  history  of  tiagic 
and  encliantmont  leads  us  to  this  conclusion. 

Minerals  are,  in  iiianj'  instances,  named  from  their  o><vious 
qualities,  as  golil  from  its  yellowness,  and  iron  from  its  hardness. 
The  names  can,  in  some  cases,  be  traced  to  their  original,  as  that 
of  gold  and  of  the  Latin  ferr^m  ;  but  many  of  them  are  not  easily 
ascertained.  Indeed,  the  greatest  part  of  the  specific  names  of 
animals,  plants,  and  minerals,  appear  to  be  obscure.  Some  of 
them  appear  to  have  no  connection  with  any  family  of  words  in 
our  language,  and  many  of  them  are  derived  to  us  from  Asia,  and 
from  roots  which  can  be  found  only,  if  found  at  all,  in  the  Asiatic 
languages. 

These  observations  and  explanations  will  be  sufficient  to  show 
the  importance  of  developing,  as  far  as  possible,  the  origin  of 
words,  and  of  comparing  the  different  uses  of  the  same  word  in 
different  languages,  in  order  to  understand  either  the  philosophy 
of  speech,  or  the  real  force  and  signification  of  words  in  their 
practical  application. 


INTRODUCTION. 


If  it  should  be  found  to  be  true,  that  many  of  the  Shelnitic 
verbs  are  formed  with  prefixes,  like  those  of  the  European  lan- 
guages, this  may  lead  to  new  illustrations  of  the  original  lan- 
guages of  the  Scriptures.  In  order  to  determine  this  fact,  it  will 
be  useful  to  examine  whether  the  Chaldee  and  Hebrew  D  is  not 
often  a  prefix  answering  to  be  in  the  Teutonic  languages  ;  whether 
3  and  "  are  not  prefixes  answering  to  the  ga  and  ge  of  the  Gothic 
and  Teutonic  ;  whether  ~,  t:,  and  r,  and  T,  a  dialectical  form  of 
t:,  do  not  coincide  with  the  Gothic  du,  the  Saxon  to,  the  Dutch 
toe,  and  the  German  zii  ;  whether  3  does  not  answer  to  the  Russ. 
and  Dutch  na,  the  German  nack  ;  and  whether  D  and  a  do  not 
answer  to  s,  sli,  and  sch  in  the  modern  English  and  German. 

If  many  of  the  Sheinitic  triliteral  verbs  are  compound,  it  fol- 
lows that  the  primary  radix  has  not  been  detected.  At  any  rate, 
I  have  no  hesitation  in  affirming,  that  the  primary  sense  of  man3' 
of  the  roots  in  the  Sheinitic  languages,  that  sense  which  is  almost 
indispensable  to  an  understanding  of  many  obscure  passages  in 
the  Scriptures,  has  been  hitherto  overlooked  or  mistaken.  In 
order  fully  to  comprehend  many  uses  of  the  words,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  compare  them  with  the  uses  of  the  words  of  the 
same  family  in  the  modern  languages  ;  and  this  comparison  must 
be  far  more  e.xtensive  than  any  hitherto  made,  and  conducted  on 
principles  which  have  not  been  before  duly  appreciated  and 
applied. 

1  have  introduced  the  foregoing  comparative  view  of  the 
several  significations  of  the  same  word  in  different  languages, 
not  merel}'  to  illustrate  the  general  principles  of  language,  but 
with  a  special  reference  to  an  explanation  of  the  et3'mologies 
which  occur  in  this  work.  Should  my  Synopsis  ever  be  pub- 
lished, the  learned  inquirer  might  pursue  the  subject  at  his 
pleasure. 

The  results  of  the  foregoing  remarks  and  illustrations  may  be 
thus  recapitulated. 

1.  The  nations  which  now  constitute  the  distinct  families  or 
races  of  Japhcth  and  Shem,  are  descendants  of  the  common  fam- 
ily which  inhabited  the  plain  of  Shinar  before  the  dispersion. 

2.  The  families  at  the  dispersion  retained  a  large  proportion  of 
the  words  which  were  in  common  use  before  that  event,  and  the 
same  were  conveyed  to  their  posterity.  In  the  course  of  time, 
some  of  these  words  were  dropped  by  one  family  or  tribe,  and 
some  by  another,  till  very  few  of  them  are  retained  in  their  origi- 
nal form  and  signification,  by  all  the  nations  wliich  have  sprung 
from  the  main  stock.  A  few  of  them,  however,  are  still  found  in 
all  or  nearly  all  the  languages  which  I  have  examined,  bearing 
nearly  the  same  signification  and  easily  recognized  as  identical. 

3.  Although  few  of  the  primitive  words  can  now  be  recognized 
as  existing  in  aU  the  languages,  yet  as  we  better  understand  the 
changes  which  have  been  made  in  the  orthography  and  sig- 
nification of  the  same  radical  words,  the  more  atfinities  are  dis- 
covered; and  particularly,  when  we  understand  the  primary 
sense,  we  find  this  to  unite  words  whose  appropriate  or  custom- 
ary significations  appear  to  have  no  connection. 

4.  A  great  number  of  the  primitive  radical  words  are  found  in 
compounds,  formed  in  different  languages,  with  different  affixes 
and  prefixes,  which  obscure  the  affinity.  Thus  Veritas  in  Latin, 
is  wiihrlicit  in  German  ;  the  first  syllable  in  each  is  the  same 
word,  the  last  different.  In  other  instances,  both  difference  of 
orthography,  of  formation,  and  of  application,  concur  to  obscure 
the  ainnity  of  words.  Thus  the  English  word  strong  is  in 
Danish  streng,  signifying  stern,  severe,  rigid,  strict;  and  strcng- 
licd  [stronghood]  is  severity,  rigor,  strictness.  Now,  n  in  these 
word.s  is  not  radical  ;  remove  this  letter,  and  we  have  strog,  streg, 
which  coincide  with  the  Latin  stringo,  strictus  ;  and  these  words 
are  found  to  be  from  the  same  radix,  which  signifies  to  draw,  to 
strain,  to  stretch. 

5'.  It  appears  that  b,  p  and  /  are  often  prefixes,  either  the 
remains  of  prepositions,  or  casual  additions  to  words,  introduced 
by  peculiar  modes  of  pronunciation,  which  prefixes  now  precede 
conHonantg,  with  which  they  readily  coah-sce  in  pronunciation, 
as  I  and  r,  forining  triliteral  words  on  biliteral  roots;  as  in  blorii 
from  llor,  or  torh  ;  play,  Saxon  pirgan,  from  leg  or  Irlt,  Swedish 
lelia,  Dan.  legir  ;  JJoir,  Jjal.  JIao,  from  lug,  or  lur,  which  appears 
in  light, luj,  lurro,  and  in  lag,  a  river,  retained  in  I.vgdunain. 

G.  It  appears,  also,  that  c  or  k  and  g  are  often  prefixes  before 
the  same  conbonants,  I  and  r,  as  in  I.iat.  clunis.  Eng.  loin;  W. 
riod,  praise,  from  Hod,  Latin  laus,  laudo  ;  Gerjuan  glucli,  English 
luck;  Lnl.  gratia,  W.  rliad. 


7.  It  appears,  also,  that  s  is  a  prefix  in  a  vast  number  of  words, 
as  in  speed,  spoil,  swell,  sweep ;  and  it  is  very  evident  that  st  are 
prefixed  to  many  words  whose  original,  radical,  initial  consonant 
was  r,  as  in  straight,  strict,  strong,  stretch,  from  the  root  of  right, 
rectus,  reach,  and  in  stride,  from  the  root  of  the  Latin  gradior, 
W.  rhaz. 

If  these  inferences  are  just,  as  I  am  persuaded  they  are,  it 
follows  that  there  is  a  more  near  resemblance  and  a  much  closer 
affinity  between  the  languages  of  Europe  and  of  Western  Asia, 
than  has  hitherto  been  supposed  to  exist.  It  follows,  also,  that 
some  of  the  most  important  principles  or  rudiments  of  language 
have  hitherto  escaped  observation,  and  that  philology  is  yet  in  its 
inlancy.  Should  this  prove,  on  further  examination,  to  be  the 
state  of  philology,  it  is  reserved  for  future  investigators  to  ex- 
amine the  original  languages  of  the  Scriptures  on  new  principles, 
which  may  serve  to  illustrate  some  obscure  and  difficult  passages, 
not  hitherto  explained  to  the  general  satisfaction  of  critics  and 
commentators. 

If  any  persons  should  be  disposed  to  doubt  or  contradict  these 
facts,  let  them  first  consider  that  my  conclusions  are  not  hasty 
opinions,  formed  on  isolated  facts ;  but  that  they  have  been 
forced  upon  me,  in  opposition  to  all  my  former  habits  of  thinking, 
by  a  series  of  successive  proofs  and  accumulating  evidence, 
during  a  long  course  of  investigation,  in  which  1  have  compared 
most  of  the  radical  words,  in  more  than  twenty  languages,  twice, 
and  some  of  them  three  times. 

No  part  of  my  researches  has  given  me  more  trouble  or  solici- 
tude than  that  of  arriving  at  the  precise  radical  signification  of 
moral  ideas;  such,  for  example,  as  hope,  love,  favor,  faith.  Nor 
has  it  been  with  much  less  labor  that  I  have  obtained  a  clear 
knowledge  of  some  of  our  physical  actions.  It  is  literally  true 
that  I  have  sometimes  had  a  word  under  consideration  for  two 
or  three  years,  before  1  could  satisfy  my  own  mind  as  to  the  pri- 
mary signification.  That  I  have  succeeded  at  last,  in  every 
instance,  can  hardly  be  supposed  —  yet,  iii  most  cases',  I  am 
perfectly  satisfied  with  the  results  of  my  researches. 


PROGRESS  AND  CHANGES  OF  THE  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE. 

It  has  been  already  observed  that  the  mother  tongue  of  the 
English  is  the  Anglo-Saxon.  The  following  are  specimens  of 
that  language  as  it  was  spoken  or  written  in  England  before  the 
Norman  conquest.  The  first  is  from  the  Saxon  Chronicle.  The 
original  is  in  one  column,  and  the  literal  translation  in  the  other. 
The  English  words  in  Italics  are  Saxon  words.  The  number  of 
these  will  show  how  large  a  proportion  of  the  words  is  retained 
in  the  present  English. 


An.  DCCCXCI.  Her  for  se 
here  east,  and  Earnulf  C3'ning 
gefeaht  with  thseni  roede-here 
ier  tha  scipu  comon,  mid  East- 
Francum,  and  Seaxum,  and 
Basgerum,  and  hine  geflymde. 
And  thry  Scottas  cwomon  to 
JElirede  cyninge  on  anum  bate, 
butan  a'lcum  gerethum,  of  lli- 
bernia ;  and  thonon  hi  hi  bestsr- 
lon,  forthon  the  hi  woldon  for 
Godes  lufan  on  eltheodinesse 
bioii,  hy  ne  rohton  hwa-r. 


Se  bat  wtps  geworht  of  thrid- 
dan  healfre  hyde,  the  hie  on 
foron,  and  hi  namon  mid  him 
that  hie  ha'fdon  to  seofon  nih- 
tuni  mete,  and  tha  comon  hie 
ymb  seofon  niht,  to  londe  on 
Corn  wealuin,  and  foran  tha  sona 
to  A'At'ri'tle  cyninge. 


An.  Sni.  Here  [this  year] 
fared  the  army  cast,  and  Ear- 
nulf, the  king,  fought  irith  the 
cavalry  [ride  ixnny]  ere  the  ships 
come,  with  the  £«.sV-Francs,  and 
Saxons,  and  Bavarians,  and  put 
them  to  flight,  .'iwrf  three  Scots 
come  to  iElfred,  the  king,  in  a 
[|07)]  boat,  witliout  any  roirrrs, 
from  Hibernia,  and  thence  they 
privately  withdrew  [bestole]  be- 
cause that  the\'  rrould,for  God's 
lore  be  [or  live]  in  a  state  of 
pilgrimage,  they  should  not  be 
anxious — [reck,  care]  irhere. 

The  boat  iras  irrovsht  of  two 
hides  and  a  half  [third  half  hide,] 
in  wliich  they  fared  [came]  and 
they  took  wilh  them  that  the^' 
had  for  sercn  nights  meat,  and 
they  come  about  the  serejtth 
night,  to  land  in  Cornwall,  and 
fared  [went]  soon  to  JEU'red, 
the  kiner. 


The  following  specimen  is  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  version  of 
Orouius,  supposed  to  be  made  by  King  Alfred. 


INTRODUCTION. 


li 


Ohtliere  srede  his  hlaforde, 
^Elfrcde  kj'ninge,  thx-t  ho  ealra 
Nortli-inanna  nortli  inest  bude. 
Hi-  cwiBth  tliat  he  bude  on  thanu 
hinde  nortliewearduni  with  flia 
west  sie.  III!  s!cde  theali  thrct 
tlia;t  land  sy  swytlie  north  tiia- 
non  ;  ac  liit  is  eall  west  buton  on 
feawuin  stowuin  sticce  inreluni 
wiciath  Finnns,  on  huntathe  on 
wiiitra,  an<i  on  suniera  on  fis- 
cothe  be  tiiero  sa;.  Ho  s.Tde 
tlia't  lie  let  siiinum  cyrre  wolile 
fiuKJiain  hu  lange  thcct  land 
north  right  Iffisre. 


Octhere  told  [said]  his  lord, 
king  Alfred,  tluit  he  lived  nurtk 
most  of  all  the  north  men.  He 
quoth  that  he  dwelt  in  the  [them] 
land  northward,  opposite  [witli] 
the  loest  sea.  He  said  tltovgh, 
that  that  land  is  due  north  from 
tlic7ice,  and  that  it  is  all  waste 
except  [hut]  in  a  fcio  places 
[stows]  where  the  Finns  for  the 
most  part  dwell,  for  hunting  in 
icinter,  and  in  summer  for  fish- 
ing in  that  sea,  [by  the  sea.] 
He  said  that  he,  at  soine  time, 
would  find  how  long  that  land 
lay  right  north. 


Laws  of  Kinjr  ilDthelbert. 


Gif  Cj-ninjr  his  leode  to  him 
gehiitath,  and  heom  men  thoer 
yfel  gedo,  11  bote  and  cyning 
L.  scillinga. 

Gif  in  Cyninges  tune  man] 
nuinnan  ofslcah,  L.  scill.  ge- 
bete.  i 

Gif  on  Eorles  tune  man  man- 
nan  ofslealh,  XII  scil.  gcbole. 

Gif  man  tlione  man  ofslishth, 
XX  scil.  <rebote. 


Gj/thuman  (of  a  sla;hth)  XX 
scil.  Gif  thuman  na?gl  of  weor- 
deth  HI  scil.  gebete.  Gif  man 
.scytofinger  (of  a  slashtii,)  VIII 
scil.  gebete.  Gif  man  middle 
linger  (of  a  sla;hth,)  IV  scil. 
gebete.  Gif  man  gold-finger  (of  [s/i 
a  slnciUh,)  VI  scil.  gebete.  Gif 
man  thon  litlan  finger  (of  a 
slrohth)  XI  scil.  gebete. 


If  the  King  shall  call  [citel 
his  people  to  him,  and  any  one 
r?nrt7t]  shall  tiiere  do  evil,  let 
double  compensation  be  made, 
ajid  fifty  shillings  to  the  King. 

If  in  the  Kiiig's  totcn  a  man 
slay  a  man,  let  him  compensate 
[booti  with  fifty  shillings. 

If  in  an  Earl's  town  one  man 
slayeth  another  man,  let  him  pay 
twelve  shillings  for  reparation. 

If  man  [any  one]  slayeth  any 
man,  let  him  compensate  with 
twenty  shillings. 

If  the  thumb  shall  be  cut  off, 
twenty  shillings.  If  the  thumb 
nail  shall  be  cut  off',  three  shil- 
lings shall  be  the  compensation. 
//  any  one  [off"  slayeth,  striketh 
off",]  cutteth  off  tlie  fore  finger, 
oot  finger,]  let  him  compen- 
sate wilh  eight  shillings,  //"any 
one  cutteth  off"  the  middle  finger, 
let  him  pay  four  shillings,  if 
any  one  cutteth  off"  the  gold 
finger,  [ring  finger,]  let  him  pay 
six  shillinirs.  If  any  one  cut- 
teth off"  the  little  finger,  let  him 
pay  eleven  shillings. 


Laws  of  King  Eadgar. 


We  Iwrath  that  bbIc  cristen 
man  his  beam  to  christendome 
gcornlice  wajnige  and  him  pater 
noster  and  credon  tiece. 


We  Irerath  that  preost  ne  beo 
hunta  ne  hafecere  ne  ta^flere ; 
ac  plegge  on  his  bocum  swa  his 
hade  gebirath. 


We  order  (or  instruct)  that 
each  Christian  man  earnestly 
accustom  [wean]  his  children  to 
Christianity,  [Christendom,]  and 
leach  him  the  Pater  Noster  and 
Creed. 

We  direct  that  a  priest  be  not 
a  hunter,  nor  hawker,  nor  a  game- 
ster ;  but  that  he  apply  to  his 
books,  as  it  becomes  his  order. 


We  observe  by  these  extracts  that  rather  more  than  half  the 
Saxon  words  have  been  lost,  and  now  form  no  part  of  our 
language.* 

This  language,  with  some  words  introduced  by  the  Danes, 
continued  to  be  used  by  the  English  till  the  Norman  conquest. 
After  that  event,  great  numbers  of  Saxon  words  went  into  disuse, 
not  sudHnnl}',  but  gradually,  and  French  and  Latin  words  were 
continually  added  to  the  language,  till  it  began  to  assume  its 
present  form,  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries.    Yet  the 

•  Mr.  Meidincer  of  Frankfort,  in  the  Introduction  to  his  Etyniolo^cal  and 
Comparative  Dictionary  of  the  Tciiio-Golhic  l-anniazpi",  notices  this  observa- 
tiim  of  mine,  re.«pectins  the  proportion  of  Saxon  wonls  which  have  been  lost 
and  then  .itatos  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Turner,  that  more  than  fuur-fifiha  of  the 
words  in  modern  Enclisli  are  of  Saxon  oriain.  This  difference  in  tlie  two  state- 
menu  proceeds  from  a  circumstance  overlooked.    Jly  statement  refers  only  to 


writings  of  Gower  and  Chaucer  can  not  now  be  fully  understood 
witiiout  a  glossarj'. 

But  it  was  not  in  the  loss  of  native  Saxon  words  and  the  acces- 
sion of  French  and  Latin  words  alone,  that  the  change  of  our 
language  consisted.  Most  ini[)ortant  alterations  were  ma<i(!  in 
the  sounds  of  the  vowels.  It  is  |)robable,  if  not  certain,  that  our 
first  vowel  a  had  usually  or  always  the  broad  sound,  as  we  now 
pronounce  it  in  fall,  or  in  some  words  perhaps  the  Italian  sound, 
as  it  is  now  called,  and  as  we  pronounce  it  in  far.  The  sound  of 
c  was  probably  nearly  the  same  as  it  is  in  French  and  Italian,  and 
in  the  northern  languages  on  the  continent  of  Europe  ;  which  is 
nearly  tliat  of  a  in  favor.  The  Saxim  sound  of  i  was  probably 
the  same  as  it  is  still  on  the  Continent,  the  sound  of  ee  or  long  e. 
The  sound  of  m  was  that  of  our  present  oo,  French  ou,  the  sound 
it  still  has  in  Italian,  and  in  most  countries  on  the  European 
continent.  It  is  probable  that  the  change  of  the  sound  of  u 
hap])ened  in  consequence  of  the  |)revalence  of  the  French  pro- 
nunciation after  the  conquest  ;  ior  the  present  sound  of  u  may  be 
considered  as  intermediate,  between  the  full  sound  of  oo,  or 
French  ou,  and  the  French  sound  of  «. 

These  changes,  and  the  various  sounds  given  to  the  same 
character,  now  serve  to  perplex  foreigners,  whetf  learning  Eng- 
lish ;  and  tend,  in  no  small  degree,  to  retard  or  limit  the  ex- 
tension of  our  language.  This  is  an  unfortunate  circumstance, 
not  only  in  obstructing  the  progress  of  science,  but  of  Chris- 
tianity. 

The  principal  changes  in  the  articulations  are  the  use  of  k  for 
c,  as  in  look  for  locian;  the  loss  of  A  beiijre  /,  as  in  loaf  from 
hlaf,  lot  for  hlot,  lean  for  hlinian  ;  and  the  entire  loss  of  the  prefix 
gc  or  ga,  as  in  deal  for  ge-dielan,  deem  for  gc-deman  ;  and  of  <o  as 
a  prefix,  as  in  to-hclpan,  to  help  ;  to-dailan,  to  deal.  In  no  in- 
stance do  we  feel  more  sensibly  the  change  of  sounds  in  the 
vowels,  than  in  that  of  i,  which  in  French,  Spanish,  atid  Italian, 
is  e  long  ;  for  in  consequence  of  this,  persons  who  are  not  ac- 
quainted with  these  foreign  languages,  mispronounce  such  words 
as  marino,  Messina,  Lima,  giving  to  i  its  Englislx  sound,  when  in 
fact  the  words  are  to  be  pronounced  marctno,  ,Messee7ia,  Lecma. 

In  grammatical  structure  the  language  has  suflTered  consider- 
able alterations.  In  our  mother  tongue,  nouns  were  varied  to 
form  cases,  somewhat  as  in  Latin.  This  declension  of  nouns  has 
entirely  ceased,  except  in  tlie  possessive  or  genitive  case,  in  which 
an  apostrophe  before  s  has  been  substituted  for  the  regular  Saxon 
termination  es.  Some  of  our  pronouns  retain  their  declensions, 
somewhat  varied.  The  plural  termination  in  en  has  been  dropped, 
in  a  number  of  words,  and  the  regular  plural  termination  been 
substituted,  as  houses  for  houscn. 

In  most  cases,  the  Saxon  termination  of  the  infinitive  mode  of 
verbs  has  been  dropped,  and  for  gifon  we  now  write,  to  gice. 
The  variations  of  the  verb,  in  the  several  persons,  have  been 
materially  changed.    Thus  for  the  Saxon  — 


Ic  lufige, 
Thu  lufast, 
He  lufath  ; 


we  now  write  - 


I  love. 

Thou  lovest. 

He  loveth  or  loves  ; 


We  lufiath, 
Ge  lufiath. 
Hi  lufiath; 


We  love, 
Ye  love. 
They  love. 


In  the  Saxon  plural,  however,  we  see  the  origin  of  the  vulgar 
practice  still  retained  in  some  parts  of  England  and  of  this  coun- 
try.    We  loves,  they  loves,  which  are  contractions  of  lufiath. 

In  the  substantive  verb,  our  common  people  universally,  and 
most  persons  of  better  education,  unless  they  have  rejected  their 
traditionary  language,  retain  the  Gothic  dialect,  in  the  past 
tense. 


1  was. 
Thou  wast, 
He  was ; 


We  was. 
Ye  was. 
They  was. 


However  people  may  be  ridiculed  for  this  language,  it  is  of 
genuine  origin,  as  old  as  the  Saxon  word  were.  In  Gothic  the 
past  tense  runs  thus  — 


the  actual  proportion  of  Paxon  words  retained  in  the  vorabiilar>',  which  is  prob- 
ably less  than  half  of  the  whole  number  of  words  in  the  lannuaec.  Mr.  Turner's 
statement  refers  lo  tlu'  proportion  of  Paxim  words  actually  ii-vl  in  our  common 
lansuaie,  n  hich  is,  doubtless,  as  preat  as  he  represents  it.'  The  words  of  Saxon 
origin  are  the  more  necessary  words  ;  such  a.s  are  wanted  in  all  the  common 
concerns  of  life;  and  therefore  in  use  they  comjxise  the  body  of  the  language. 


lii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ik  was,  Weis  wesum, 

Tim  wast,  Yus  wesutli. 

Is  was;  Eis  wesun.* 

In  the  present  tense  of  the  substantive  verb,  our  common 
people  use  dre'f,  as  in  this  plirase  :  "he  an't  present."  This  is 
evidently  a  contraction  of  the  Swedish  and  Danish  ar,  er,  present 
indicative  singular  of  the  substantive  verb  vara  or  rarer,  to  be, 
which  we  retain  in  are  and  ipcre.  In  Swedish,  han  ar,  and  in 
Danish,  han  er,  he  is.  Hence  he  er  not  or  ar  not,  contracted  into 
ho  dn't  or  en't. 

These  facts  serve  to  show  how  far  the  Gothic  dialect  has  been 
infused  into  the  English  languacre. 

It  would  be  tedious,  and  to  most  readers  uninteresting,  to 
recite  all  the  changes  in  the  forms  of  words  or  the  structure  of 
sentences  which  have  taken  place  since  the  Norman  conquest. 
Since  the  invention  of  printing,  changes  in  the  language  have 
been  less  rapid  than  before ;  but  no  art  nor  effort  can  completely 
arrest  alterations  in  a  living  language.  The  distinguished  writers 
in  the  age  of  Queen  Elizabeth  improved  the  language,  but  could 
not  give  it  stability.  Many  words  tlien  in  common  use  are  now 
obsolete,  or  have  suffered  a  change  of  signification.  In  the  period 
between  Queen  Elizabeth  and  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  the  language  was  improved  in  grammar,  orthography, 
and  style.  The  writers  in  tiie  reign  of  Queen  Anne  and  of 
George  I.  brought  the  Ip^nguage  nearly  to  perfection  ;  and  if  any 
improvement  has  since  been  made,  U  is  in  the  stylo  or  diction,  by 
a  better  selection  of  words,  and  the  use  of  terms  in  science  and 
philosophy  with  more  precision. 

In  regard  to  grammatical  construction,  the  language,  for  half  a 
century  past,  has,  in  my  apprehension,  been  suffering  deteriora- 
tion, at  least  as  far  as  regards  its  written  form.  This  change  may 
be  attributed  chiefly  to  the  influence  of  the  learned  Bishop  Lowth, 
whose  Grammar  made  its  appearance  nearly  seventy  years  ago. 
I  refer  particularly  to  his  form  of  the  verb,  which  was  adjusted  to 
the  practice  of  writers  in  the  age  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  instead  of 
the  practice  of  authors  in  the  age  of  William  and  Mary,  Queen 
Anne,  and  George  I.  Hence  he  gives  for  the  form  of  the  verb 
in  the  subjunctive  mode,  after  the  words  which  express  a  con- 
dition, if,  tliouirli,  &c.,  /  love,  tliou  love,  he  love,  observing  in  a 
note,  that  in  the  subjunctive  mode,  the  event  being  spoken  of 
under  a  condition  or  supposition,  or  in  the  form  of  a  wish,  and 
th(>refore  doubtful  and  contingent,  the  verb  itself  in  the  present, 
and  the  auxiliary  both  of  the  present  and  past  imperfect  times, 
often  carry  with  them  somewhat  of  a  future  sense  ;  as,  "  If  he 
come  to-morrow,  I  may  speak  to  him"  —  "  If  he  should  come,  I 
should  speak  to  him."  This  is  true;  but  for  that  very  reason, 
this  form  of  the  verb  belongs  to  the  future  tense,  or  should  be 
arranged  as  such  in  Grammars.  If  he  come,  would  be  in  Latin  si 
venerit,  in  the  subjunctive  future. 

But  the  learned  author  has  entirely  overlooked  the  important 
distinction  between  an  event  or  fact,  of  uncertain  existence  in 
the  present  time,  and  which  is  inentioned  under  the  condition  of 
present  existence,  and  a  future  contingent  event.  "  If  the  mail 
that  has  arrived  contains  a  letter  for  me,  I  shall  soon  receive  it," 
is  a  phrase  that  refers  to  the  present  time,  and  expresses  an  un- 
certainty in  my  rnind,  respecting  the  fiict.  "  If  the  mail  contain 
a  letter  for  me,"  refers  to  a  future  time,  that  is,  "  If  the  mail  of 
to-morrow  contain  [shall  or  should  contain]  a  letter  for  me." 
The  first  event,  conditional  or  hypothetical,  should  be  expressed 
l)y  tiie  Indicative  mode,  and  the  latter  by  the  subjunctive  future. 
The  Saxon  form  of  the  verb,  if  he  slay,  if  he  go,  is  evidently  a 
contingent  future,  and  is  so  used  in  the  laws. 

This  distinction,  one  of  the  most  im])ortant  in  the  language, 
has  been  so  totally  overlooked,  that  no  provision  has  been  made 
for  it  in  British  Grammars;  nor  is  the  distinction  expressed  by 
the  form  of  tlip  verb,  as  used  by  a  great  part  of  the  l)est  writers. 
On  tlie  other  hand,  they  continually  use  one  form  of  the  verb  to 
express  both  senses.  The  fact  is  the  same  in  the  common  ver- 
sion of  the  Scriptures.  If  he  go,  if  he  spcal;,  sometimes  express  a 
presf-nt  conditional  tense,  and  sometimes  a  contingent  future. 
In  g<-neral  this  subjunctive  form  of  the  verb,  in  Scripture,  ex- 
preHses  future  time.  "  If  he  thus  say,  I  have  no  delight  in  thee," 
exprcHses  a  future  contingent  event.  M  Sam.  xv.  2().  "  If  in- 
iquity he  in  thine  hand,  put  it  far  away,"  expresses  a  fact,  under 
a  condition,  in  the  present  time.    Job  xi.  14. 


♦  Thin  l«  probably  Ilin  I.atin  mm..  Tins  Latins  drojipcd  the  flmt  articulation  r, 
Wliirli  iiii"WiT«  to  our  w. 

Till-  prcmrii  tciwr,  indicative  mode,  of  the  Latin  verb,  with  the  tJ  restored, 
would  be  written  lhu«:  — 


In  many  instances  the  translators  have  deviated  from  the 
original,  in  using  the  subjunctive  form  of  the  English  verb  to 
express  what  in  Greek  is  expressed  in  the  indicative.  Thus 
Matthew  iv.(J.    £;  vlu?  tt  rov  Qcuv,  If  thou  be  [art]  the  son  of  God. 

Ch.  v.  29  and  30.  Ei  St  6  otf&aliiug  aov  a  (hliog  axardulitti  ot. 
If  thy  right  e}'e  offend  [offendeth]  thee  ;  Ei  >,  Seiia  oov  /tiq  axav- 
SaXiLti  (It,  If  thy  right  hand  offend  [offendeth]  thee. 

So  also  in  chapter  xviii.  8  and  9. 

Ch.  xii.  26.  El  6  2arurug  rov  Saravav  exfluXXci,  If  Satan  cast 
[casteth]  out  Satan. 

Ch.  xix.  10.  El  ovrw;  tsiv  1/  ania  jov  ur(^nwnov  fura  Ti;g  yurai- 
xog.  If  the  case  of  the  man  be  [is]  so  with  his  wife. 

Ch.  xxii.  45.  Et  ow  JuftS  xalu  avrov  KvQtot;  If  David  then 
call  [calleth]  him  Lord. 

2  Cor.  iv.  16.  El  6  eio>  t^umv  av&ovinog  SiaifSfiQcrai,  Though  our 
outward  man  perish  [perishes,  or  is  perishing.] 

In  all  these  passages,  the  English  verb,  in  the  subjunctive, 
properly  expresses  a  conditional,  contingent,  or  hypothetical  fu- 
ture tense,  contrary  to  the  sense  of  the  original,  except  in  the  last 
passage  cited,  where  the  apostle  evidently  speaks  of  the  perisliing 
of  the  outward  man  as  a  fact  admitted,  which  renders  the  transla- 
tion still  more  improper. 

Let  us  now  attend  to  the  following  passages. 

Matthew  vii.  9.  //  ng  i^iv  i  iimv  uv&ootTzog,  ov  tay  aiTi/ati  6 
v'og  avTov  anror.  Or  what  man  is  there  of  you,  whom  if  his  son 
aslc  [shall  ask]  bread,  will  he  give  him  a  stone 

Kui  euv  t/6vv  aIT^;(Tlj,  If  he  ask  [shall  ask]  a  fish,  will  he  give 
him  a  serpent  ? 

Here  the  original  tense  is  varied  to  express  a  future  or  hypo- 
thetical event,  yet  the  verb  in  English  is  in  the  same  tense  as  in 
the  first  class  of  examples;  and  what  renders  the  version  more 
objectionable  is,  that  the  verb  in  the  first  clause  does  not  corre- 
spond with  that  in  the  second  clause.  There  is  no  possible  way 
of  making  good  English  of  the  translation,  but  by  supposing  the 
verb  in  the  first  clause,  as,';,  to  be  in  the  future  tense.  So  it  would 
be  in  Latin,  and  so  it  is,  "  si  petierit."  If  thy  son  shall  ask  (or 
should  ask)  a  fish,  will  he  give  (or  would  he  give)  him  a  serpent 

This  fault  runs  through  the  whole  English  version  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  a  distinction  of  tenses  clearly  marked  in  the 
original  languages,  is  generally  neglected  in  the  translation. 

Now,  the  most  unlettered  man  in  this  country  would  express 
the  sense  in  English  with  the  same  marked  distinction  of  tenses 
which  appears  in  the  Greek.  If  thou  art  the  son  of  God  ;  if  thy 
right  eye  offends  thee  ;  if  the  case  of  the  man  is  such ;  if  David 
calls  him  Lord  ;  or,  if  the  sense  is  understood  to  be  future  and 
contingent,  if  thy  son  shall  ask  bread,  or  if  he  should  ask  bread, 
would  be  the  uniform  language  of  any  of  the  common  people  of 
our  country.  There  would  not,  probably,  be  a  single  exception, 
unless  in  the  use  of  the  substantive  verb,  which  is  often  used  in 
the  subjunctive  form.  And  the  most  unlettered  man  would  use 
the  corresponding  verbs  in  the  two  clauses,  if  he  shall  ask,  iritl 
he  give  ;  or,  if  he  sliould  ask,  would  he  give.  The  use  of  the 
verb,  in  all  similar  phrases,  is  perfectly  well  settled  in  this  coun- 
try, and  perfectly  uniform  among  the  higher  and  lower  classes  of 
men  ;  unless  when  the  practice  has  been  varied  by  the  influence 
of  Grammars,  in  which  the  conjugation  of  the  verb  is  according 
to  the  antiquated  practice  of  the  age  of  Elizabeth. 

1  Tim.  V.  4.  El  3s  Tig  /i,'ia  itxiu  i;  txyoia  f/f,  If  any  widow 
have  [has]  children  or  nephews. 

Verse  8.  Ei  3e  tic  tuiv  iStwr  xui  iiaiisa  Tun'  oixfiwr  ov  Trooioti, 
If  any  provide  [providcth]  not  for  his  own,  and  especially  for 
those  of  his  own  house. 

This  subjunctive  form  of  the  verb,  if  he  be  ;  if  he  have;  if  he 
go;  if  he  saij;  if  thou  write  ;  wliethcr  thou  see;  thongh  he  fall, 
which  was  generally  used  by  the  writers  of  tlie  sixteenth  century, 
was  in  a  great  measure  discarded  before  the  time  of  Addison. 
Whether  this  change  was  in  consequence  of  the  prevalence  of 
colloquial  usage  over  grammar  rules,  or  because  discerning  men 
perceived  the  impropriety  and  inconsistency  of  the  language  of 
books,  1  pretend  not  to  determine.  Certain  it  is,  that  Locke, 
Watts,  Addison,  I'ope,  and  other  authors  of  tlie  first  distinction, 
who  adorned  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  and  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  generally  used  the  Indicative  mode  to  express 
condition,  uncertainty,  and  hypothesis  In  tiie  present  and  past 
tenses.    Thus  Locke  writes  —  "  If  these  two  propositions  arc  by 


Ego  vpsum,  I  Nos  vesumiia,  [wa.s,] 

Tu  vca,  Vos  V(!stis,  hvas,] 

Illevest;  I  Illi  viwuiii,  [was.] 


INTRODUCTION.  liii 


nature  imprinted."  "  If  principles  arc  innate."  "  If  an)'  person 
htilh  never  e.xainined  this  notion."  "  Whether  that  substance 
tltinls  or  no."  "  If  tlio  soul  doUi  think  in  sleep."  "If  one 
considers  well  these  men's  way  of  speaking."  "  If  he  does  not 
reflect."  "  Unless  that  notion  produces  a  constant  train  of  suc- 
cessive ideas."  "If  your  lordsliip  Jiieiins."  Such  is  the  lan- 
guage of  Locke. 

iNow,  what  is  remarkable,  the  learned  Dr.  Lowth,  the  very 
author  who  has,  bv  his  Grammar,  done  much  to  sanction  the 
subjunctive  form  of  the  verb,  in  such  cases,  oflen  uses  the  indica- 
tive in  his  own  writings.  "  If  he  docs  not  carefully  attend  to 
this  —  if  this  pleasure  arises  from  the  shape  of  the  composition 
—  if  tliis  is  not  firmly  and  well  established."  These  verbs  are  in 
contradiction  of  his  own  principles.    On  Isaiah,  Prclivi.  Diss. 

Addison.  "  If  the  reader  has  a  mind  to  see  a  father  of  the 
same  stamp."  "  If  e.xercise  throws  otf  all  superfluities — if  it 
clears  the  vessels  —  if  it  dissipates  a  growing  distemper."  Such 
is  the  language  of  Addison,  the  most  elegant  writer  of  the  genu- 
ine English  idiom  in  the  nation. 

"If  the  thief  is  poor  —  if  it  obliges  me  to  be  conversant  with 
scenes  of  wretchedness."  Wilberforce. 

"  If  America  is  not  to  be  conquered."  Lord  Chatham. 

"If  we  are  to  be  satisfied  with  assertions."  "  If  it  o'trcA- blind 
confidence  to  any  executive  government."  "  If  such  an  opinion 
has  gone  forth."  "If  our  conduct  has  been  marked  with  vigor 
and  wisdom."  Fox. 

"  If  my  bodily  strength  is  equal  to  the  task."  "  A  negro,  if  he 
worlis  for  himself  and  not  for  a  master,  will  do  double  the  work." 
"If  there  is  anj'  aggravation  of  our  guilt."  "If  their  conduct 
displays  no  true  wisdom."  "The  honorable  gentleman  ma}',  if 
he  chooses,  have  the  journals  read  again."  "  Whether  this  is  a 
sufficient  tie  to  unite  them."  "  If  this  measure  comes  recom- 
mended." "  If  there  exists  a  country  which  contains  the  means 
of  protection."  Pitt. 

"  If  the  prudence  of  reserve  and  decorum  dictates  silence." 
"  If  an  assembly  is  viciously  or  feebly  composed."  "  If  any 
persons  are  to  make  good  deficiencies."  "  If  the  King  of  the 
French  has  really  deserved  these  murderous  attempts."  "  If  this 
representation  of  M.  Necker  was  false."  "  Whether  the  system, 
if  it  deserves  the  name."  "  The  politician  looks  for  a  power  that 
our  workmen  call  a  purchase,-&nd  ifhe  finds  the  power."  "  If  he 
feels  as  men  commonly  feel."  Burhe. 

"  If  climate  has  such  an  effect  on  mankind."  "  If  the  effects 
of  climate  arc  casual."  Coxe  s  Russ. 

"  If  he  finds  his  collection  too  small."  "If  he  thinks  his  judg- 
ment not  suiiicicntly  enlightened."  "  Whe.her  it  leads  to  truth." 
"  If  he  warns  others  against  his  own  failings."  This  is  generally 
the  language  of  Johnso7i.. 

In  regard  to  this  distinguished  author,  I  would  observe  that, 
except  the  substantive  verb,  there  is  in  his  Rambler  but  a  single 
instance  of  the  subjunctive  form  of  the  verb  in  conditional  sen- 
tences.   In  all  other  cases  the  use  of  the  indicative  is  uniform. 

Such  also  is  the  language  of  the  most  distinguished  men  in  the 
United  States,  particularly  of  those  who  wrote  tiieir  native  lan- 
guage as  they  received  it  from  tradition,  and  before  grammars 
had  made  any  impression  on  its  genuine  construction. 

"  The  prince  that  acquires  new  territory,  if  he  fimds  it  vacant." 
"  If  we  are  industrious  we  shall  never  starve."  "  If  one  has 
more  corn  than  he  can  consume,  and  another  has  less."  Such  is 
the  language  of  Franklin. 

"If  any  persons  thus  qualified  are  to  be  found."  "If  it  is 
thought  proper."  "  If  the  Congress  does  not  choose  to  point  out 
the  particular  regiment."  "  If  I  am  rightly  informed."  "If  the 
army  has  not  removed."  "  If  a  i)roposition  has  not  been  made." 
Such  is  the  language  of  Washington. 

"  If  any  philosopher  pretends."  "  If  he  has  food  for  the  pres- 
ent daj'."  "  If  a  revelation  is  not  impossible."  "  Ifthe  Christian 
system  contains  a  real  communication  to  mankind."  "  If  the 
former  of  these  facts  opposes  our  reception  of  the  miraculous 
history  of  the  gospel."  "  If  the  preceding  reflections  are  just." 
Such  is  the  language  of  the  late  President  Smith.* 

"  If  any  government  deems  the  introduction  of  foreigners  or 
their  merchandise  injurious."  "  Unless  he  violates  the  law  of 
nations."  "  If  a  person  has  a  settlement  in  a  hostile  country." 
"  If  he  resides  in  a  belligerent  countr)'."  "  If  a  foreign  consul 
carries  on  trade  as  a  merchant."  Such  is  the  language  of  the 
ex-Chancellor  Kent. 


*  The  substantive  verb  is  often  used  in  the  subjunctive  form  by  writers  who 
never  use  that  form  in  any  other  verb.    The  reason  doubtless  is,  that  bt  is  pri- 


But  neither  the  authors  here  mentioned,  nor  most  others,  even 
the  most  distinguished  for  erudition,  are  uniform  and  consistent 
with  tlieniselves  in  the  use  of  the  tenses.  In  one  sentence  we 
find  the  indicative  used,  "  If  it  is  to  be  discovered  only  by  the 
experiment."  "  If  other  indications  are  to  be  found."  In  the 
next  sentence,  "  If  to  miscarry  in  an  attempt  be  a  proof  of  having 
mistaken  the  direction  of  genius."  Johnson. 

"If  the  former  he  refined — if  those  virtues  are  accompanied 
with  equal  abilities."  Gibbon. 

"If  love  reward  him,  or  if  vengeance  strike."  Cowper. 

"Or  if  it  docs  not  brand  him  to  the  last."  Cowpen. 

"  If  he  is  a  pagan  —  if  endeavors  are  used  —  ifthe  person  hath 
a  liberal  education  —  if  man  be  subject  to  these  miseries." 

Milner. 

The  following  expressions  occur  in  Pope's  Preface  to  Homer's 
Iliad,  in  the  compass  of  thirteen  lines. 

"  If  he  has  given  a  regular  catalogue  of  an  army." 

"If  he  has  funeral  games  for  Patroclus." 

"  If  Ulysses  visit  the  shades." 

"If  he  be  detained  from  his  return." 

"  If  Achilles  be  absent." 

"  If  he  gives  his  hero  a  suit  of  celestial  armor." 

I  recollect  one  English  author  only,  who  has  been  careful  to 
avoid  this  inconsistency  ;  this  is  Gregory,  who,  in  his  Economy 
of  JYaturc,  has  uniforinlj'  used  the  indicative  form  of  the  verb  in 
conditional  sentences  of  this  kind. 

The  like  inconsistency  occurs  in  almost  all  American  writings. 
"  If  moral  disposition  lie  here."  "  If  preference  necessarily  in- 
volves the  knowledge  of  obligation."  "  If  the  proposition  <strue." 
"  If  the  proposition  be  confirmed."    "  If  he  refutes  any  thing." 

In  a  pamphlet  now  before  me,  there  are  no  less  than  fifty  of 
these  inconsistencies  in  the  compass  of  ninety  pages  ;  and  three 
of  them  in  07ie  sentence. 

How,  in  this  case,  is  a  foreigner  to  understand  the  author and 
how  can  such  sentences  be  translated  into  another  language 
without  a  deviation  from  the  original  ? 

The  propriety  of  using  the  indicative  form  of  the  verb  to  ex- 
press a  present  or  past  event  conditionally,  does  not  rest  solely 
on  usage ;  it  is  most  correct  upon  principle.  It  is  well  known 
that  most  of  the  words  which  are  used  to  introduce  a  condition  or 
hypothesis,  and  called,  most  improperly,  conjunctions,  are  verbs, 
having  not  the  least  affinity  to  the  class  of  words  used  to  connect 
sentences.  If  is  the  Saxon  gif,  give,  having  lost  its  first  letter  ; 
if  for  the  ancient  gif.  Though  is  also  a  verb  now  obsolete, 
except  in  the  imperative  mode.  Now  let  us  analyze  this  con- 
ditional tense  of  the  verb.  "  If  the  man  knoics  his  true  interest, 
he  will  avoid  a  quarrel."  Here  is  an  omission  of  the  word  that 
after  if.  The  true  original  phrase  was,  "  If  that  the  man  knows 
his  true  interest,  he  will  avoid  a  quarrel"  —  that  is,  give  that 
[admit  the  fact  which  is  expressed  in  the  following  clause,]  the 
man  knows  his  true  interest,  then  the  consequence  follows,  he 
will  avoid  a  quarrel.  That  in  this  sentence  is  a  relative  or 
demonstrative  substitute  for  the  following  clause.  This  will 
more  plainly  appear  by  transposing  the  clauses.  "  The  man 
knows  his  true  interest;  give  that  [admit  that;]  he  will  then 
avoid  a  quarrel."  Now,  let  the  subjunctive  form  be  used.  "The 
man  know  his  true  interest;  give  that;  he  will  avoid  a  quarrel." 

Here  the  impropriety  of  this  form  of  the  verb  appears  in  a 
strong  light.  It  will  appear  more  clearly  by  the  use  of  other 
words  of  equivalent  signification.  Grant  the  man  knoic  his  true 
interest,  he  will  avoid  a  quarrel.  Allow  the  man  know  his  true 
interest.  Suppose  the  man  know  his  true  interest.  We  never 
use  the  subjunctive  form  after  the  three  last  verbs  which  intro- 
duce the  condition.  Though  is  sometimes  followed  by  the  in- 
dicative ;  sometimes  by  the  subjunctive  ;  but  it  ought  always  to 
be  followed  by  the  indicative,  for  it  supposes  the  fact  to  be  given  ; 
and  so  does  admit,  when  used  in  hypothetical  sentences.  Admit 
that  the  man  knows  his  interest.  We  have  then  decisive  proof 
that  the  use  of  the  indicative  form  of  the  verb  after  //,  when  it 
expresses  a  conditional  event  in  present  time,  is  most  correct; 
indeed,  it  is  the  only  correct  form.  This  remark  is  equally  appli- 
cable to  the  past  tense  conditional. 

The  language  of  Addison,  Johnson,  and  other  distinguished 
writers  of  the  last  century,  in  the  use  of  the  indicative,  is,  there- 
fore, more  correct  than  the  language  of  the  writers  in  the  age  of 
Elizabeth  ;  and  their  practice  is  principally  the  common  usage 
of  our  country  at  this  day. 


marily  the  indicative  a.<  well  as  the  subjunctive  mode  of  that  verb.  /  be,  we  ie, 
as  used  in  Scripture.    So  in  German,  Ich  bin. 


H 


hv  INTRODUCTION. 


1  have,  therefore,  constructed  a  Grammar  on  this  "usage ; 
bringing  down  the  standard  of  writing  a  century  and  a  half  later 
than  Bishop  Lowth.  1  liave  done  this, _^rst,  on  the  authority  of 
strict  analogical  principles,  as  above  slated  ;  secondly,  on  the 
authority  of  the  best  usage  of  that  cluster  of  distinguished  writers 
who  adorned  the  beginning  of  the  last  century  ;  and,  thirdly,  on 
the  authority  of  universal  colloquial  practice,  which  I  consider  as 
the  real  and  only  genuine  language.  I  repeat  this  remark,  that 
general  and  respectable  usage  in  speaking,  is  the  genuine  or 
legitimate  language  of  a  country,  to  which  the  written  language 
ouiiht  to  be  conformed.  Language  is  that  which  is  uttered  by 
the  tongue,  and  if  men  do  not  write  the  language  as  it  is  spoken 
by  the  great  body  of  respectable  people,  they  do  not  write  the 
real  language.  Now,  in  colloquial  usage,  the  subjunctive  form 
of  the  verb,  in  conditional  sentences,  is  rarely  used,  and  perhaps 
never,  except  when  the  substantive  verb  is  employed.  Our  stu- 
dents are  taught  in  school  the  subjunctive  form,  if  thou  hare,  if 
he  come,  &c.,  and  some  of  them  continue,  in  after  life,  to  tcrite  in 
that  manner ;  but,  in  the  course  of  more  than  forty  years,  I  have 
not  known  three  men  who  have  ventured  to  use  that  form  of  the 
verb  in  conversaticn.  We  toil  in  school  to  learn  a  language 
which  we  dare  not  introduce  into  conversation,  but  which  the 
force,  of  custom  compels  us  to  abandon.  In  this  respect,  the 
present  study  of  grammar  is  worse  than  useless. 

This  colloquial  custom  accords  with  other  languages.  The 
French  say  and  write  s'il  est,  if  he  is.  The  Latins  often  used  the 
same  form,  "si  quid  est  in  me  ingenii,  judices;"  but  the  use  of 
the  Latin  subjunctive  depends  on  certain  other  words  which  pre- 
cede ;  as,  "  cum  sit  civis,"  as  he  is  a  citizen,  or,  since  he  is  a 
citizen  ;  and  the  present  tense  is  often  used  to  e.^press  what  we 
express  by  an  auxiliary.  That  the  Greeks  used  the  indicative  to 
express  a  conditional  present  tense,  we  have  seen  by  citations 
above. 

By  this  arrangement  of  the  verb,  the  indicative  form  after  if 
and  other  verbs  introducing  a  condition  or  hypothesis,  may  be 
used  uniformly  to  express  a  fact  or  event  under  a  condition  or 
supposition,  either  in  the  present  or  past  tenses ;  the  speaker 
being  uncertain  respecting  the  fact,  or  representing  it  as  doubtful. 

"If  the  man  is  honest,  he  will  return  what  he  has  borrowed." 
"  If  the  ship  has  arrived,  we  shall  be  informed  of  it  to-morrow." 
"If  the  bill  icas  presented,  it  was  doubtless  paid."  "If  the  law 
has  been  passed,  we  are  precluded  from  further  opposition." 

On  the  other  hand,  when  it  is  intended  to  speak  of  a  future 
contingent  event,  I  would  always  use  the  auxiliaries  that  are 
proper  for  the  purpose.  "  If  it  shall  or  should  rain  to-morrow, 
we  shall  not  ride  to  town."  I  would  never  use  the  subjunctive 
form,  //  it  rain,  in  prose  ;  and  in  poetry,  only  from  necessity,  as 
an  abridged  phrase,  for  if  it  shall  or  should  rain.  In  this  manner 
the  distinction  between  the  tenses,  which  are  now  constantly 
confounded,  may  be  preserved  and  made  obvious,  both  to  natives 
and  foreigners. 

The  effect  of  the  study  of  Lowth's  principles,  which  has  been 
greatly  extended  by  the  popularity  of  Murray's  Grammar,*  has 
been  to  introduce  or  establish  a  form  of  the  verb  in  writing, 
which  is  obsolete  in  colloquial  language  ;  to  fill  our  books  with  a 
confusion  of  tenses,  and  thus  to  keep  the  langu.age  unsettled. 
Nothing  can  be  more  perplexing  to  the  student,  than  every 
where  to  meet  with  discrepancies  between  rules  and  practice. 

There  is  another  erroneous  manner  of  writing,  common  to  the 
best  authors  in  the  language,  which  seems  to  have  escaped  notice. 
This  is,  to  connect  a  verb  in  the  past  tense  with  a  preceding  one 
in  the  same  tense,  when  the  latter  verb  is  intended  to  express  a 
very  different  time  from  the  former.  Thus,  "  Then  Manasseh 
knew  that  the  Lord,  he  icas  God."    'J  Chron.  xxxiii.  1^5. 

Tlie  Latins,  in  tliis  case,  would  probably  have  used  the  infini- 
tive ;  "Manasseh  novit  Jehovain  Deum  esse."  In  English  we 
ought  to  write  and  say,  "  Manasseh  knew  Jehovah  to  be  God,"  or, 
"Manasseh  hnr.io  that  Jehovah  he  is  God."  In  most  similar 
cases  the  us^  of  the  infinitive  in  Kngiish  is  as  elegant  as  in  L.itin. 
But  there  are  many  cases  where  the  infinitive  can  not  be  used. 
We  can  not  use  it  uller  say  ;  "  he  said  him  to  be  a  good  man,"  is 
not  English  ;  thougli  "  he  declared,  or  ujjinncd,  or  bdieeed  him  to 
be  a  good  man,"  is  i  legant. 

In  order  to  understand  the  impropriety  of  the  common  mode  of 


*  I.indl>!y  Murray,  In  tho  Intrndiiclinn  tn  Iiin  Rrnmmnr,  acknowlc'dKcn,  in 
ccnrriil  U'nn",  lli.it  "Ihu  iiiillKirx  to  wliiim  Ihi*  grniiiiiiuticiil  p.irt  of  this  compi- 
Intlon  in  |irinri|Killy  indi  lili'd  for  it.i  iiiatrrinlH  arr,  Harris,  Johnson,  liowlli, 
Prientlfy,  Itnatlic,  Hh(;ridan,  Walker,  and  t'ootu."  Hut  on  cxaminution  it 
sppcura  that  the  grealcit  portion  of  the  grammatical  part  in  from  Lowtli,  whose 


using  the  latter  verb,  as  in  the  example  above  cited,  it  Vnay  be 
remarked,  that  the  present  tense  is  that  which  is  used  to  express 
what  exists  at  all  times.  Thus  we  say,  God  is  or  exists,  when- 
ever we  speak  of  his  permanent  existence ;  we  saj-.  Gold  Is 
yellow  or  ductile  ;  iron  is  a  most  valuable  metal ;  it  is  not  con- 
vertible into  silver;  plants  and  animals  are  very  distinct  living 
beings.  We  do  not  say.  Gold  was  yellow ;  iron  was  a  valuable 
metal ;  for  we  mean  to  express  permanent  qualities.  Hence,  in 
the  passage  cited  from  Chronicles,  the  first  verb  knew,  referring 
to  a  fact  past,  is  correct ;  but  the  last,  which  is  intended  to  express 
the  permanent  being  or  character  of  God,  should  be  in  the  infini- 
tive or  the  indicative  present  tense.  The  following  are  examples 
of  correct  language  :  "  His  master  had  taught  him  that  happiness 
consists  in  virtue."  Anacharsis,  ii.  Vid. 

"  Sabellius,  who  openly  taught  that  there  is  but  one  person  in 
the  Godhead."  Encyclopedia. 

"  Our  Savior  taught  that  eternal  death  is  the  proi)er  punish- 
ment of  sin."  Emmons. 

But  very  different  is  the  following  :  "  Having  believed  for  many 
years,  that  water  irns  [is]  an  elastic  fluid."  The  following  would 
be  still  better  :  "  Having  believed  water  to  be  an  elastic  fluid." 

So  the  following:  "We  know  not  the  use  of  the  epidermis  of 
shells.  Some  authors  have  supposed  that  it  secured  [secures]  the 
shells  from  being  covered  with  vermes."  Edin.  Encyc. 

"It  ?cus  just  remarked,  that  marine  fossils  did  not  [do  not] 
comprise  vegetable  remains."  lb. 

"  If  my  readers  will  turn  their  thoughts  back  on  their  old 
friends,  they  will  find  it  difficult  to  call  a  single  man  to  remem- 
brance who  appeared  to  know  that  life  was  short,  [is  short,]  till 
he  was  about  to  lose  it."  Rambler,  JS'o.  71. 

"  They  considered  the  body  as  a  hydraulic  machine,  and  the 
fluids  as  passing  through  a  series  of  chemical  changes  ;  forgetting 
that  animation  2cas  [is]  its  essential  characteristic."  Darwin. 

"  It  was  declared  by  Pompey,  that  if  the  Commonwealth  was 
[should  be]  violated,  he  could  stamp  witlj  his  foot  and  raise  an 
army  out  of  the  ground."  Rambler,  J\'o.  10. 

In  the  foregoing  sentence,  the  past  tense  is  used  for  the  future 
contingent. 

"  It  was  affirmed  in  the  last  discourse,  that  much  of  the  hon- 
orable practice  of  the  world  rested  [rests]  on  the  substratum  of 
selfishness;  that  society  jcas  [is]  held  together,  in  the  e.\ercise 
of  its  relative  virtues,  mainly  by  the  tie  of  reciprocal  advantage  ; 
^that  a  man's  own  interest  bound  [binds]  him  to  all  those  average 
equities  which  obtained  [obtain]  in  the  neighborhood  around  him  ; 
and  in  which  if  he  proved  [should  prove]  himself  glaringly 
deficient,  he  would  be  abandoned  by  the  respect,  and  the  con- 
fidence, and  the  good-will  of  the  people  with  wlioin  he  had  [might 
have,  or  should  have]  to  do."  Chalmer.i's  Com.  Dis.  4. 

"  In  the  last  discourse,  I  observed  that  love  constituted  [con- 
stitutes] the  whole  moral  character  of  God." 

Dicight's  Theology. 

"  And  he  said.  Nay,  father  Abraham  ;  but  if  one  went  [shall  or 
should  go]  to  them  from  the  dead,  they  will  repent.  And  he 
said  to  him,  If  they  hear  not  Moses  and  the  prophets,  neither  will 
they  be  persuaded  though  one  rose  [shall  or  should  rise]  from  the 
dead."  Luke  xvi.  30,  31. 

"  Independent  of  parties  in  the  national  legislature  itself,  as 
oflen  as  the  ])eriod  of  discussion  arrived,  the  state  legislatures, 
who  will  always  be  not  only  vigilant,  but  suspicious  and  jealous 
guardians  of  the  rights  of  the  citizens,  against  encroachiiients 
from  the  federal  government,  tcill  constantly  have  their  attention 
awake  to  the  conduct  of  the  national  rulers,  and  will  be  ready 
enough,  if  any  thing  improper  appears,  to  sound  the  alarm  to  the 
people." 

Let  any  man  attempt  to  resolve  the  foregoing  sentence,  if  he 
can,  or  render  it  into  another  language. 

"  Cicero  vindicated  the  truth,  and  inculcated  the  value  of  the 
precept,  that  nothing  loas  [is]  truly  useful  which  teas  [is]  not 
honest." 

"  He  undertook  to  show  that  justice  was  [is]  of  perpetual 

obligation. " 

"  The  author  concedes  much  of  his  argument,  and  admits  that 
tlie  sea  was  [is]  susceptible  of  dominion."  [Better  still,  he 
admits  the  sea  to  be  susceptible  of  dominion.] 


prinri|ili'a  fiirni  llio  main  strurlurc  of  Murrnv's  compilation.  Pome  vnluahle 
noti'."  and  ri marks  nri'  takrn  iVoin  I'rirsilcy's  (iramniiir.  1  studied  grammar  in 
tlie  oriKinals  louK  before  Murray's  rom|)ilalion  appeared,  and,  in  citing  aulhor- 
ilicH,  deem  it  proper  to  cite  the  originals. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Iv 


"  A  nation  would  be  condemned  by  the  impartial  voice  of 
mankind,  if  it  voluntarily  went  [should  po]  to  war,  on  a  claim  of 
which  it  douhUtl  [should  doubt]  the  legality." 

"  The  Supreme  Court  observed  that  they  were  not  at  liberty 
to  depart  from  the  rule,  whatever  doubt  might  have  been  enter- 
tained, if  the  case  teas  [had  been]  entirely  new." 

"  He  held  that  the  law  of  nations  prohibited  [prohibits]  the  use 
of  poisoned  arms." 

"  He  insisted  that  the  laws  of  war  gave  [give]  no  other  power 
over  a  captive  than  to  keep  him  safely." 

"  The  general  principle  on  the  subject  is,  that,  if  a  commander 
makes  a  compact  with  the  enemy,  and  it  be  of  such  a  nature  that 
the  power  to  make  it  could  be  reasonably  implied  from  the  nature 
of  the  trust,  it  icould  be  valid  and  binding,  though  he  abused  his 
trust."  Let  any  man  translate  this  sentence  into  another  language, 
if  lie  can,  without  reducing  the  verbs  to  some  consistency. 

"  Congress  have  declared  by  law,  that  the  United  States  tcere 
[arc]  entitled  to  priority  of  payment  over  private  creditors,  in 
cases  of  insolvency." 

"  The  Supreme  Court  decided,  that  the  acts  of  Congress, 
giving  that  general  priority  to  the  United  States,  were  [are] 
constitutional." 

"  It  was  admitted  that  the  government  of  the  United  States 
7f«s  [is]  one  of  enumerated  powers." 

"  From  his  past  designs  and  administrations,  we  could  never 
argue  at  all  to  those  which  were  future."  [This  is  an  odd  com- 
bination of  words.] 

"  Jesus  knowing  that  the  Father  had  given  all  things  into  his 
hands,  and  that  he  was  corne  from  God  and  went  to  God." 
John  xiii.  3. 

"  Alexander  dispatched  Eumencs  with  three  hundred  horse  to 
two  free  cities  —  with  assurance  that  if  they  submitted  and  re- 
ceived him  [should  or  would  submit  and  receive]  as  a  friend,  no 
evil  should  befall  them." 

"  The  apostle  kncio  that  the  present  season  icas  [is]  the  only 
time- allowed  for  this  preparation." 

"  What  would  be  the  real  effect  of  that  overpowering  evidence 
which  our  adversaries  required  [should  require]  in  a  revelation, 
it  is  difficult  to  foretell ." 

"  It  could  not  otherwise  have  been  known  that  the  word  had 
[has]  this  meaning." 

'*  I  told  him  if  he  went  [should  go]  to-morrow,  I  would  go  with 
him." 

This  fault  occurs  in  our  hearing  every  hour  in  the  day. 

A  like  fault  prevails  in  other  languages ;  indeed,  the  English 
may  have  been  led  into  it  by  reading  foreign  authors.  "  Mais  on 
a  remarquc  avec  raison,  que  I'espace  conchoidal  itait  infini." 
Lunier.  It  has  been  remarked  with  reason,  that  the  conchoidal 
space  was  [is]  infinite. 

But  whatever  maj'  be  the  practice  of  other  nations,  there  would 
be  no  difficulty  in  correcting  such  improprieties  in  our  own  lan- 
guage, if  as  much  attention  were  given  to  the  study  of  its  true 
principles,  as  is  given  to  other  subjects  of  literature  and  science. 
But  if,  in  this  particular,  there  is  a  British  or  American  author 
who  writes  his  vernacular  language  correctly,  his  writings  have 
not  fallen  under  my  inspection. 

There  is  another  fault  very  common  among  English  writers, 
though  it  is  less  frequent  in  the  United  States  ;  this  is  the  con- 
version of  an  intransitive  verb  into  a  passive  one.  It  is  sur- 
prising that  an  error  of  this  kind  should  have  gained  such  an 
established  use,  in  some  foreign  languages,  as  to  be  incurable. 
Barbarous  nations  niaj-  indeed  form  languages;  but  it  should  be 
the  business  of  civilized  men  to  purify  their  language  from 
barliiyisms. 

In  the  transitive  verb,  there  is  an  agent  that  performs  some 
action  on  an  object,  or  in  some  way  aftects  it.  When  this  verb 
becomes  passive,  the  agent  and  the  object  change  places  in  the 
sentence.  Thus,  John  loccs  Peter,  is  transitive,  but  Peter  is 
lored  by  John,  is  passive.  In  the  intransitive  verb  the  case  is 
different  ;  for  the  action  is  limited  to  the  agent ;  and  when  it  is 
stated  that  a  thing  is  done,  there  is  no  agent  by  which  it  is  done. 
/  perish,  is  intransitive  ;  lam  perished,  is  the  passive  form ;  but  the 
latter  neither  expresses  nor  implies  an  agent  by  which  I  perish. 

This  fault  occurs  frequently  in  the  common  version  of  the 
Scriptures. 

"  Yea,  whereto  might  the  strength  of  their  hands  profit  me,  in 
whom  old  age  was  [had]  perished."    Job  xxx.  2. 


"Their  memorial  is  [has]  perished  with  them."    Ps.  ii.  6. 
"The  heathen  are  [have]  perished  out  of  this  land."  Pb. 
X.  16. 

"  Israel  is  [has]  fled  before  the  Philistines."    1  Sam.  iv.  17. 
"  David  is  [has]  fled."    2  Sam.  xix.  S). 
"The  days  icerc  [had]  not  expired."    1  Sam.  xviii.  26. 
"  And  when  the  year  iras  [had]  expired."    2  Chron.  xxxvi.  IC 
"  I  only  am  [have]  escaped  alone  to  tell  thee."    Job  i.  15. 
"And  it  came  to  pass,  when  he  was  [had]  returned."  Luke 
xix.  15. 

Return  is  sometimes  a  transitive  verb,  and  sometimes  intran- 
sitive. AVhen  a  sum  of  borrowed  money  is  returned,  the  phrase 
is  correct,  for  this  is  the  passive  fojm  of  a  transitive  verb.  But 
when  a  man  is  returned,  we  may  ask,  who  has  returned  him.'  In 
this  case,  the  man  returns  by  his  own  act,  and  he  can  not  be  said 
to  be  returned. 

"  He  found  the  empress  was  [had]  departed."  Core. 

"  They  tcere  [had]  arrived  within  three  days'  journey  of  the 
spice  country."  Gibbon,  ch.  i.  note. 

"  Neither  Charles  nor  Diocletian  were  [had]  arrived  at  a  very 
advanced  period  of  life."  lb.  ch.  xiii. 

"  The  posterity  of  so  many  gods  and  heroes  was  [had]  fallen 
into  the  most  abject  state."  ch.  ii. 

"  Silver  was  [had]  grown  more  common."  lb. 

"  He  iras  [had]  risen  from  the  dead,  and  was  [had]  just 
ascended  to  heaven."  Milnir,  i.  20. 

"  Hearing  that  they  were  [had]  arrived."  lb.  21 1 . 

"  Claudius  —  vexed  because  his  wife  was  [had]  become  a  Chris- 
tian." lb.  27 A. 

"  Does  not  the  reader  see  how  much  we  are  [have]  already 
departed  from  Christian  simplicity  ?  "  lb.  299. 

"  My  age  is  [has]  departed."    Isaiah  xxxviii.  12. 

"  The  man  out  of  whom  the  demons  were  [had]  departed." 
Luke  viii.  35. 

"  Workmen  were  [had]  arrived  to  assist  them."  Mitford. 

"  A  body  of  Athenian  horse  was  [had]  just  arrived."  lb. 

This  fault  is  common  in  Mitford's  History  of  Greece.  In  the 
writings  of  Roscoe,  which  are  more  elegant,  it  occurs,  but  less 
frequently. 

"  The  time  limited  for  the  reception  of  the  cardinal  was  ex- 
pired." Roscoe,  Leo  X. 

"  He  inquired  whether  the  report  was  true,  that  a  legate  7fa* 
arrived."  lb.  L.  Med. 

"  The  nation  being  [having]  once  more  got  into  a  course  of 
borrowing."  Price  on  Liberty. 

"  When  he  was  [had]  retired  to  his  tent."  Core's  Russ. 

"  He  was  [had]  not  yet  arrived."'  lb. 

The  intransitive  verb  grow  is  constantly  used  by  the  English 
as  a  transitive  verb;  as,  to  groio  wheat.  This  is  never  used  in 
the  Northern  States,  unless  by  persons  who  have  adopted  it 
recently  from  the  English. 

It  seems  almost  incredible  that  such  errors  should  continue,  to 
this  time,  to  disfigure  the  language  of  the  most  distinguished 
writers,  and  that  they  should  escape  animadversion.  The  prac- 
tice has  evidently  been  borrowed  from  the  French  or  Italian; 
but  surely  no  lover  of  correctness  can  excuse  such  violation  of 
the  best  established  principles  in  our  language. 

This  fault  occurs,  in  a  few  instances,  in  the  writings  of  the  best 
American  authors,  as  in  the  writings  of  Ames  and  Hamilton.  It 
is,  however,  very  rare,  either  in  books  or  colloquial  usage.  Even 
our  common  people  are  remarkably  accurate  in  using  the  auxil- 
iary have  with  the  participles  of  intransitive  verbs.  They  always, 
I  believe,  say,  a  ship  has  arrived,  a  plant  has  perished,  the  enemy 
had  fled,  the  price  had  fallen,  the  corn  has  or  had  grown,  the  time 
has  expired,  the  man  has  returned,  the  vessel  had  departed. 
Such  also  is  the  language  of  our  most  eminent  writers. 

"The  Generals  Gates  and  Sullivan  have  both  arrived." 

IVashington  s  Letters. 

"The  Indians  of  the  village  had  fled."  B.  Trumbull. 

"  Our  Tom  has  grown  a  sturdy  boy.  '    Progress  of  Dullness. 

"  Our  patriots  have  fallen." 

Discourse  of  D.  IFebster,  Aug.  ISQ6. 

"  Our  commissary  had  not  arrived."  Ellicott. 

The  exceptions  to  this  correct  practice  are  chiefly  in  the  use 
of  the  participles  of  come  and  go.  It  is  very  common  to  hear  the 
expressions,  he  is  come  or  is  gone,  in  which  case  the  participle 
seems  to  take  the  character  of  an  adjective  ;  although,  in  most 


*  On  this  us«  of  intransitive  verbs,  as.  The  ship  vas  departed,  it  may  be  asked, 
Who  departed  it.' — The  mail  is  arrittd.    Who  has  arrived  it.'  —  The  tree  i» 


perished.  Who  has  perished  it.'  —  The  enemy  tciu^d.  Whofledlbem.' — The 
lime  was  ezpiretl.    VVho  expired  it  .' 


Ivi 


INTRODUCTION. 


mftances,  the  regular  form  of  expression,  he  has  come,  or  has 
gone,  is  to  be  preferred.  So  dead,  originally  a  participle,. is  used 
only  as  an  adjective;  and  deceased  and  departed  are  often  used 
in  the  like  manner.  We  say,  a  deceased  or  departed  friend  ;  but 
it  should  be  remarked  that  the  original  expression  was,  our  friend 
has  deceased,  or  has  departed  this  life  ;  and  this  phraseology,  by 
an  easy  but  heedless  transition,  became  is  deceased,  or  is  departed. 
In  general,  however,  the  conversion  of  an  intransitive  verb  or 
form  of  expression  into  the  passive  form,  is  very  rare  among  the 
people  of  New  England. 

There  is  a  grammatical  error  running  through  the  writings  of 
so  respectable  a  writer  as  Mitford,  which  ought  not  to  be  passed 
unnoticed  ;  as  it  seems  to  be  borrowed  from  the  French  language, 
whose  idioms  are  different  from  the  English,  but  which  the  Eng- 
lish are  too  apt  to  follow.  This  fault  is,  in  using  the  preterit  or 
perfect  tense,  instead  of  the  past  tense  indefinite,  usually  called, 
most  improperly,  the  imperfect.  Take  the  following  sentences 
for  examples  :  "  The  conduct  of  Pelopidas  toward  Arcadia  and 
its  minister  at  the  Persian  court  —  has  scarcely  been  the  result  of 
mere  caprice  or  resentment."    The  verb  here  ought  to  be  icas. 

"  The  oration  [of  Isocrates]  has  been  [was]  a  favorite  of  Dio- 
nysius  of  Halicarnassus." 

This  form  of  expressing  the  time  would  be  good  in  French,  but 
is  very  bad  in  English.  And  it  may  be  here  remarked,  that  the 
tense  he  laas,  he  arrived,  he  wrote,  is  not  properly  named  imper- 
fect. These  verbs,  and  all  verbs  of  this  form,  denote  actions 
finished  or  perfect;  as,  "  In  six  days  God  created  the  heaven  and 
the  earth."  Imperfect  or  unfinished  action  is  expressed  in  Eng- 
lish in  this  manner  —  he  vias  reading,  they  were  writing.  The 
error  of  calling  the  former  tense  imperfect,  has  probably  pro- 
ceeded from  a  servile  adoption  of  the  Latin  names  of  the  tenses, 
without  considering  the  ditierence  of  application. 

There  are  some  errors  in  all  the  English  Grammars,  that  have 
been  derived  to  us  from  antiquity.  Such  is  the  arrangement  of 
that  among  the  conjunctions,  like  the  Greek  on,  and  the  Latin 
ut.  Kai  uaxunia  >,  vi  i:fuaaria,  oTi  tgai  Tt?.tiuiaig  Toig  X(?.a?.ri^ftoig 
avT\i  nana  Kv'jiov.  And  blessed  is  she  who  believed  that  there 
shall  be  a  performance  of  the  things  which  were  told  her  from 
the  Lord.  Luke  i.  45.  In  our  version,  on  is  rendered  for,  but 
most  erroneously.  The  true  meaning  and  character  of  on  will 
best  appear  by  a  transposition  of  the  clauses  of  the  verse : 
"  There  shall  be  a  performance  of  the  things  told  her  from  the 
Lord  ;  blessed  or  happy  is  she  who  believed  that."  Here  on, 
that,  appears  to  be  what  it  really  is,  a  relative  or  substitute  for 
the  whole  clause  in  Greek  succeeding  it.  So  in  Luke  xxii.  18. 
Jtyo)  -/uo  iinr  ,',ri  on  .11 1;  TT/ci,  I  say  to  you  that  I  will  not 

drink.  1  will  not  drink,  I  say  to  you  that.  It  is  the  same  in 
Latin  :  "  Dico  enim  vobis  qiwd  non  bibam."  Quod  is  hero  a  rela- 
tive governed  by  dico,  and  referring  to  the  following  clause  of 
the  sentence. 

So  also  Matthew  ix.  28.  Hi^evtre  oTi  Svraiiai  rovto  noirjaat ; 
Do  ye  believe  that  I  am  able  to  do  this I  am  able  to  do  this  : 
do  ye  believe  that  ? 

This  error  runs  throvigh  all  Grammars,  Greek,  Latin,  French, 
English,  But  how  such  an  obvious  fact,  that  the  word  that, 

and  its  corresponding  words  in  other  languages,  refer  to  the  clause 
of  a  sentence,  should  escape  observation,  age  after  age,  it  is  not 
easy  to  explain.  How  could  it  be  supposed  that  a  word  is  a  con- 
junction which  does  not  join  words  or  sentences  That  is  used, 
in  the  passages  cited,  not  to  unite  two  sentences,  but  to  continue 
the  same  sentence  by  an  additional  clause. 

The  riilative,  when  referring  to  a  sentence  or  the  clause  of  a 
sentence,  is  not  varied,  for  a  variation  of  case  is  not  wanted. 

So  notwithstanding  and  provided  in  English,  and  pourru  que  in 
French,  are  called  conjunctions,  but  most  improperly,  as  they 
are  participles;  and  when  called  conjunctions,  they  always  form, 
with  a  word,  clause,  or  sentence,  the  case  absolute  or  independent. 
Thus,  "  It  rain.s,  but  notwithstanding  that,  [it  rains,]  I  must  go 
to  town."  That  fact  (it  rains)  not  opposing  or  preventing  me, 
that  is,  in  opposition  to  that,  I  must  go  to  town  ;  hoc  non  ob- 
stante. 

"  I  will  ride,  provided  you  will  accompany  me."  That  18,  I 
will  ridi-,  tlu-  fact,  you  will,  accompany  me,  being  provided. 

Such  is  the  structure  of  thcHe  Hcntences.  See  my  Philosophi- 
cal and  Practical  Grammar."  It  is  the  same  in  French,  pourvu 
que,  that  being  provided,  que  referring  to  the  following  clause. 

There  are  other  pointH  in  grammar  equally  faulty.  Not  only 
in  EngliHh  grammar,  but  in  the  grammars  of  other  languages, 

*  Now  entitled  An  Improved  Orammar. 


men  stumble  at  the  threshold,  and  teach  tlieir  children  to  stumble. 
In  no  language  whatever  can  there  be  a  part  of  speech  properly 
called  an  article.  There  is  no  word  or  class  of  words  that  falls 
within  the  signification  of  article,  a  joint,  or  that  can  otherwise 
than  arbitrarily  be  brought  under  that  denomination.  The  defin- 
itive words  called  articles,  are  all  adjectives  or  pronouns.  When 
they  are  used  with  nouns,  they  are  adjectives,  modifying  the  sig- 
nification of  the  nouns,  like  other  adjectives  ;  for  this  is  their 
proper  office.  When  they  stand  alone,  they  are  pronouns,  or 
substitutes  for  nouns.  Thus  hie,  illc,  ipse,  in  Latin,  when  used 
with  nouns  expressed,  are  adjectives  ;  hie  homo,  this  man  ;  ille 
homo,  that  man.  When  they  stand  alone,  hie,  illc,  they  stand  in 
the  place  of  nouns.    The  fact  is  the  same  in  other  languages. 

The  English  the  is  an  adjective,  which,  for  distinction,  I  call  a 
definitive  adjective,  and  for  brevity,  a,  definitive,  as  it  defines  the 
person  or  thing  to  which  it  refers,  or  rather  designates  a  particu- 
lar person  or  thing.  But  why  this  should  be  selected  as  the  only 
definitive  in  our  language,  is  very  strange  ;  when  obviously  this 
and  that  are  more  exactly  definitive,  designating  more  precisely  a 
particular  person  or  thing  than  the.  These  words,  answer  to  the 
Latin  hie  and  ille,  which  were  alwa3'3  used  by  the  Romans,  when 
they  had  occasion  to  specify  definite  persons  or  thinos. 

As  to  the  English  an  or  a,  which  is  called  in  grammars  the 
indefinite  article,  there  are  two  great  mistakes.  ./S  being  consid- 
ered as  the  original  word,  it  is  said  to  become  an  before  a  vowel. 
The  fact  is  directly  the  reverse,  jln  is  the  original  word,  and 
this  is  contracted  to  a  by  dropping  the  n  before  a  consonant. 

But  an  is  merely  the  Saxon  orthography  of  one,  nn,  units,  an 
adjective  found  in  nearly  all  the  languages  of  Europe,  and  ex- 
pressing a  single  person  or  thing.  It  is  merely  a  word  of  num- 
ber, and  no  more  an  article  than  ticn,  three,  four,  and  every  other 
number  in  the  language.    Take  the  following  examples. 

Bring  me  an  orange  from  the  basket ;  that  is,  any  one  of  the 
number. 

Bring  me  two  oranges  from  the  basket^  that  is,  any  ttco  of  the 
number. 

Bring  me  three  oranges  from  the  basket;  that  is,  any  three  of 
the  number  ;  and  so  on  to  any  number,  ad  infinitum. 

When  thus  used,  an,  two,  three,  are  all  indefinite  ;  that  is,  they 
are  used  with  nouns  which  are  indefinite,  or  expressing  things 
not  particularly  designated.  But  this  is  not  owing  to  the  essen- 
tial character  of  the  adjectives,  an,  one,  two,  three;  for  any  of 
them  may  be  used  with  definite  nouns;  and  an  is  continually 
thus  used. 

"  I  will  be  an  adversary  to  thine  adversaries." 
"  The  angel  stood  for  an  adversary  against  Balaam." 
"  Make  this  fellow  return,  lest  in  the  battle  he  be  an  adversary 
to  us  " 

"  Rezon  —  was  an  adversary  to  Israel  all  the  days  of  Solomon." 

"  And  he  spake  a  parable  to  them  to  this  eml." 

"  And  there  was  a,  widow  in  that  city." 

"  And  seeing  the  multitude,  he  went  up  into  a  mountain." 

"  I  will  be  a  God  to  thee  and  thy  seed  after  thee." 

"Thou  art  a  God  ready  to  pardon." 

Now,  let  any  of  these  phrases  be  tested  by  the  common  defini- 
tion of  an  or  a,  "  that  it  is  used  in  a  vague  sense,  to  point  out  one 
single  thing  of  the  kind;  in  other  respects  indeterminate." 

Lowth. 

"  I  will  be  an  adversary  to  thine  adversaries ;  "  that  is,  "  I  will 
be  any  adversary,  one  of  the  kind,  but  vague  or  indeterminate." 

"  Rezon  was  an  adversary  to  Israel ;  "  that  is,  in  a  vague  sense, 
any  adversary,  indeterminate. 

"  And  he  spake  a  parable  to  them  ;  "  that  is,  any  parable,  inde- 
terminate. 

"  Thou  art  a  God  ready  to  pardon  ;  "  that  is,  any  God,  one  of 
the  kind,  in  a  vague  sense,  indeterminate  ! 

If  it  should  be  said,  the  noun  is  rendered  determinate,  by  other 
words  in  the  sentence,  and  not  by  an  or  a,  this  may  be  and  gen- 
erally is  true  ;  but  this  shows  that  an  does  not  give  to  the  noun 
its  character  of  definiteness  or  indefiniteness  ;  it  always  retiiins 
its  proper  signification,  which  is  one,  and  nothing  more  ;  and  it 
ia  used  indiflerently  before  nouns  definite  or  indefinite. 

This  mistake  of  the  character  of  «h  is  found  in  other  languages  ; 
but  I  was  gratified  to  find  u  French  (rrammar  in  Paris,  recom- 
mendiMi  by  the  Institute,  the  author  of  which  had  discarded  the 
indefinite  article. 

In  English,  an  or  a.  is,  for  the  most  part,  entirely  useless. 
Used  with  a  noun  in  the  singular  number,  it  serves  no  purpose, 
except  that  which  the  form  of  the  word  in  the  singular  number 
is  intended  to  answer.    It  exi)resse8  unity  only,  and  this  is  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ivii 


province  of  the  sinjriilar  number.  Were  it  not  for  habit,  "  Give 
ine  oranirc,"  would  express  the  sense  of  "give  me  an  orange," 
witli  precision  and  certainty.  In  this  respect  tiie  Latin  language 
has  the  advantage  over  the  English.  But  the  use  of  such  a  short 
word  is  not  very  inconvenient,  and  the  usage  can  not  be  changed. 
Other  languages  are  subject  to  the  same  inconvenience  ;  even 
the  definite  articles,  or  definitives,  in  Greek  and  in  French, 
are  very  often  useless,  and,  were  it  not  for  usage,  would  be 
improper. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

From  the  period  of  the  first  Sa.xon  writings,  our  language  has 
been  suffering  changes  in  orthography.  The  first  writers,  having 
no  guide  but  the  oar,  followed  each  his  own  judgment  or  fancy; 
and  hence  a  great  portion  of  Saxon  words  are  written  with  differ- 
ent letters,  by  dilleront  authors  ;  most  of  them  are  written  two 
or  three  different  ways,  and  some  of  them  fifteen  or  twenty.  To 
this  day  the  orthography  of  some  classes  of  words  is  not  entirely 
settled  ;  and  in  others  it  is  settled  in  a  manner  to  confound  the 
learner,  and  mislead  him  into  a  false  pronunciation.  Nothing 
can  be  more  disreputable  to  the  literary  character  of  a  nation, 
than  the  history  of  English  orthography,  unless  it  is  that  of 
orthoepy. 

1.  The  Saxon  diphthong  «,  which  probably  liad  a  specific  and 
uniform  sound  or  combination  of  sounds,  has  been  discarded,  and 
ea  generally  substituted  in  its  place;  as,  hricth,  breath.  Now,  ca 
thus  united  have  not  a  uniform  sound,  and  of  course  they  are  no 
certain  guide  to  pronunciation.  In  some  instances,  where  the 
Sa.xon  spelling  was  not  uniform,  the  modern  orthography  follows 
the  most  anomalous  and  difficult,  instead  of  that  which  is  regular. 
Thus  the  Saxons  wrote  fietlicr  and  fether,  more  generally  the 
latter,  and  the  moderns  write  feather. 

2.  The  letter  ff,  in  Saxon  words,  has,  in  many  English  words, 
been  sunk  in  pronunciation,  and  either  wholly  lost,  or  it  is  now 
represented  by  y  or  ic.  Thus  dwir,  or  dag,  has  become  day;  gear 
is  year,  hugnn  is  4ojr,  and/ff;«'cr  \s  fair. 

3.  The  Saxons,  who  adopted  the  Roman  alphabet,  with  a  few 
alterations,  used  c  with  its  close  sound  like  that  of  k.  Thus  lie, 
like  ;  locian,  to  look.  But  afler  the  Norman  conquest,  c  before 
e,  i,  and  y,  took  the  sound  of  s;  hence  arose  the  necessity  of 
changing  this  letter  in  words  and  syllables,  where  it  was  neces- 
sary to  retain  the  sound  of  k  before  these  vowels.  Thus  the 
Saxon  Hccan,  pronounced  originally  liliean,  becomes,  with  our 
present  sound  of  r  before  e,  liscan  ;  and  locian  becomes  losian. 
To  remedy  this  evil,  our  ancestors  introduced  k  from  the  Greek, 
writing  it  generally  after  c,  as  in  lick,  stick,  though  in  some  in- 
stances omitting  c,  as  in  like  and  look.  Hence,  in  all  monosyl- 
lables in  whicli  a  syllable  beginning  with  e  or  i  is  added  to  the 
word,  as  in  the  past  time  and  participles  of  verbs,  we  use  /;  in  the 
place  of  the  Saxon  c,  as  in  licked,  licking. 

Our  early  writers  attempted  to  extend  this  addition  to  words 
introduced  from  the  Latin  and  Greek,  in  which  no  such  reason 
exists  for  the  use  of  k.  Thus  they  wrote  piiblick,  musick,  rheto- 
rick.  In  these  and  similar  words  the  Latins  used  c  for  the  Greek 
X  ;  as,  musicus,  for  ^loroizo?  ;  and  the  early  Enn-lish  writers  took 
both  letters,  the  Roman  c  and  Greek  x.  This  was  absurd  enough  ; 
but  they  never  proceeded  so  far  as  to  carry  tiie  absurdity  through 
the  derivatives  ;  never  wnlmg puhlickation,musickal,  rhelorickal, 
catholickism,  skcptickism,  stoickism.  Afler  a  long  struggle  with 
the  force  of  authority,  good  sense  has  nearly  banished  this  pe- 
dantic orthography  from  use  ;  and  all  words  of  this  kind  now 
appear,  in  most  of  our  public  acts  and  elegant  writings,  in  their 
proper  simplicity  ;  puhlic,  puliticution,  music,  musical. 

4.  In  many  words,  formerly  ending  in  ie,  these  letters  have 
been  discarded  from  the  singular  number,  and  y  substituted. 
Thus  rcmcdic,  memoric,  are  now  written  remedy,  memory.  But, 
what  is  very  singular,  the  plural  of  these  words  retains  the  ie, 
with  the  addition  of  s,  as  in  remedies.  This  anomaly,  however, 
creates  no  great  inconvenience,  except  that  it  has  been  ex- 
tended by  negligent  writers  to  words  ending  in  ey,  as  in  attor- 
nies.  But  words  ending  in  ey  properly  make  the  plural  by 
simply  taking  s,  as  in  surreys,  attorneys.  The  same  rule  applies 
to  verbs  when  aji  «  is  added,  as  in  ronreys. 

5.  In  a  vast  number  of  words  the  vowel  e  has  been  discarded 
as  useless  ;  as  in  eggs,  for  egges  ;  certain,  for  eertaine  ;  empress,  for 
empressc ;  goodness,  for  goodnesse.  This  is  an  improvement,  as 
the  e  has  no  sound  in  modern  pronunciation.  But  here  again  we 
meet  with  a  surprising  inconsistency  ;  for  the  same  reason  which 
justifies  this  omission,  would  justify  and  require  the  omission  of 


e  final  in  motive,  pensive,  juvenile,  genuine,  sanguine,  doctrine, 
examine,  determine,  and  a  multitude  of  others.  The  introduction 
of  e,  in  most  words  of  these  classes,  was  at  first  wrong,  as  it 
could  not  plead  any  authority  in  the  originals;  but  the  retaining 
of  it  is  unjustifiable,  as  the  letter  is  not  merely  useless,  but,  in 
very  numerous  classes  of  words  it  leads  to  a  false  pronunciation. 
Many  of  the  most  respectable  English  authors,  a  ccntyry  ago  or 
more,  omitted  e  in  such  words  as  eiamin,  dctermin,famin,  ductil, 
fcrtil,  drjinit,  &c. ;  but  these  improvements  were  afterwards  re- 
jected, to  the  great  injury  of  orthography.  In  like  manner,  a 
final  e  is  inserted  in  words  of  modern  coinage,  as  in  alumine, 
salicine,  chloride,  oxyde,  &.C.,  without  the  least  necessity  or 
propriety. 

6.  A  similar  fate  has  attended  the  altemjit  to  anglicize  the 
orthography  of  another  class  of  words,  which  we  have  received 
from  the  French.  At  a  very  early  period,  the  words  chnmbre, 
drsastre,  desordre,  char/re,  mnjtstrc,  tendrc,  tigre,  entre,  jierre, 
diamrtre,  arbitre,  7iombre,a.wl  others,  were  reduced  to  the  English 
form  of  spelling ;  chamber,  disaster,  disorder,  charter,  monster, 
tender,  tiger,  enter,  fever,  diameter,  arbiter,  number.  At  a  later 
period,  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Camden,  Selden,  Milton,  AVhitaker, 
I'rideaux,  Hook,  Whiston,  Bryant,  and  other  authors  of  the  first 
character,  attempted  to  carry  tlirougli  this  reformation,  writing 
scepter,  center,  sepulcher.  But  this  improvement  was  arrested, 
and  a  few  words  of  this  class  retain  tiu  ir  French  orthograph}' ; 
such  are  metre,  mitre,  nitre,  spectre,  sceptre,  theatre,  sepulchre, 
and  sometimes  centre.  It  is  remarkable  that  a  nation  distin- 
guished for  erudition  should  thus  reject  improvements,  and 
retain  anomalies,  in  opposition  to  all  the  convenience  of  uni- 
formity. I  am  glad  that  so  respectable  a  writer  as  Mitford  has 
discarded  this  innovation,  and  uniformly  written  center,  scepter, 
theater,  sepulcher.  In  the  present  instance,  want  of  uniformity 
is  not  the  only  evil.  The  present  orthography  has  introduced 
an  awkward  mode  of  writing  the  derivatives,  for  example,  cc«- 
tred,  sceptred,  sepulchred ;  whereas  Milton  and  Pope  wrote  these 
words  as  regular  derivations  of  renter,  scepter,  sepulcher;  thus, 
"  sceptcred  king."  So  Coxe,  in  his  Travels,  "  The  principal  wealth 
of  the  church  is  centered  in  the  monasteries."    This  is  correct. 

7.  Soon  after  the  revival  of  letters  in  Europe,  English  writers 
began  to  borrow  words  from  the  French  and  Italian  ;  and  usually 
with  some  little  alteration  of  the  orthography.  Thus  they  wrote 
authour,  embassadour,  predecessour,  aiicestour,  surcessour ;  using 
our  for  the  Latin  termination  or,  and  the  French  rur,  and  writ- 
ing similar  words  in  like  manner,  though  not  of  Latin  or  French 
original.  What  motive  could  induce  them  to  writi?  these  words, 
and  crrour,  honour,  fuvoui',  inferiour,  &c..,  in  this  manner,  follow- 
ing neither  the  Latin  nor  the  French,  1  can  not  conceive.  But 
this  orthography  continued  down  to  the  seventeenth  centur}', 
when  the  u  began  to  be  rejected  from  certain  words  of  this  class, 
and  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  many  of  these  words 
were  written,  ancestor,  author,  error,  &c.,  as  they  are  now  written. 
But  favor,  honor,  labor,  candor,  ardor,  terror,  vigor,  inferior,  su- 
perior, and  a  few  others,  were  written  with  u,  and  Johnson  intro- 
duced this  orthography  into  his  Dictionary.  Nothing  in  language 
is  more  mischievous  than  the  mistakes  of  a  great  man.  It  is  not 
easy  to  understand  why  a  man,  whose  professed  object  was  to 
reduce  the  language  to  some  regularity,  should  write  author  with- 
out u,  and  crrour  and  honour  with  it  I  That  lie  should  write 
labour  with  u,  and  laborious  without  it  I  Vigour  with  u,  and 
riisorous,  invigorate,  without  it  !  Inferiour,  superiour,  with  i/, 
but  inferiority  and  superiority  without  it  '.  Strange  as  it  is,  this 
inconsistency  runs  through  his  work,  and  his  authority  has  been 
the  means  of  continuing  it,  among  his  admirers,  to  this  aay. 

In  this  country,  most  of  our  best  writers  have  rejected  the  u 
from  ail  words  of  this  class,  and  reduced  the  whole  to  uniformity. 
This  is  a  desirable  event;  every  rejection  of  an  anomaly  being  a 
valuable  improvement,  which  sound  judgment  approves,  and  the 
love  of  regularity  will  vindicate  and  maintain. 

8.  There  is  another  class  of  words,  the  orthography  of  which 
is  not  uniform  nor  fully  settled  —  such  as  take  the  termination  able 
to  form  an  adjective.  Tiius  Johnson  writes  proveable  with  e,  but 
approvabte  and  rcprovable  without  it.  So  moveable,  but  immov- 
able and  removable  ;  tameable,  but  blamable,  censurable,  desirable, 
excusable  ;  saleable,  but  ratable. 

With  like  inconsistency  Walker  and  Chalmers  write  daub 
with  u,  and  bedaub  with  ir,  deviating  in  this  instance  from  John- 
son. Chalmers  writes  abridgement  and  judgement  with  e,  bul 
acknowledgment  without  it.  Walker  writes  these  words  without 
c,  but  adds  it  to  lodsement.  I  have  reduced  all  words  of  this 
kind,  as  far  as  possible,  to  uniformity. 


Iviii 


INTROD 


UCTION. 


9.  Johnson  writes  ocioedrif a/ ;  ChaAmers,  octoedral  ;  Sheridan. 
Walker,  and  Jones,  follow  Johnson  ;  but  Jones  has  octahedron, 
which  is  not  in  the  other  Dictionaries.  The  Greek,  in  words  of 
this  kind,  is  inconsistent,  for  oxrvt  is  changed,  in  compound  words, 
to  oxTa.  I  have  followed  the  Greek  compounds,  and  have  in- 
serted h,  which  I  consider  as  almost  indispensable  in  the  English 
orthography  ;  as,  octahedron. 

10.  Joh'nson  introduced  instructer,  in  the  place  of  instructor, 
in  opposition  to  every  authority  which  he  has  himself  adduced  to 
exemplify  his  definitions  —  Denham,  Milton,  Roscommon,  Locke, 
Addison,  Rogers,  and  the  common  version  of  the  Scriptures. 
But  what  is  more  singular,  this  orthography,  instructer,  is  con- 
trary to  his  own  practice  ;  at  least,  in  four  editions  of  his  Rambler 
which  I  have  examined,  the  word  is  uniformly  written  instructor. 
The  fact  is  the  same  with  visitor. 

This  is  a  point  of  little  importance  in  itself ;  but  when  in- 
structor had  been  from  time  immemorial  the  established  orthog- 
raphy, why  unsettle  the  practice  .''  I  have  in  this  word  and  in 
visitor  adhered  to  the  old  orthography.  There  is  not  a  particle 
of  reason  for  altering  instructor  and  visitor,  which  would  not 
apply  to  collector,  cultivator,  objector,  projector,  and  a  hundred 
other  words  of  similar  termination. 

11.  Most  of  these  and  some  other  inconsistencies  have  been 
of  long  continuance.  But  there  are  others  of  more  recent  date, 
which  admit  of  no  apology,  as  they  are  changes  from  right  to 
wrong.  Such  is  the  change  of  the  correct  orthography  of  dc- 
fcnsc,  expense,  offense,  pretense,  and  recompense,  by  substituting  c 
for  s,  as  in  defence.  This  change  was  probably  made  or  en- 
couraged by  printers,  for  the  sake  of  avoiding  the  use  of  the  old 
long  s ;  but  since  this  has  been  discarded,  that  reason  no  longer 
exists.  The  orthography  defense,  &c.,  is  justified,  not  only  by 
the  Latin  originals,  but  by  the  rule  of  uniformity ;  for  the  deriv- 
atives are  always  written  with  s  —  defensive,  extensive,  offensive, 
pretension,  Tecompensing. 

12.  No  less  improper  was  the  change  of  sceptic  into  skeptic. 
In  favor  of  this  innovation,  it  is  alleged  that  the  word  is  from  the 
Greek  nxiTirtxog.  True;  but  is  not  scene  derived  from  the  Greek 
ozfjii;,  and  scepter  from  axtjTiTijor,  and  ascetic  from  u(ixijT(zo<:,  and 
ocean  from  vixiamc?  Are  not  all  these  words  in  exact  analogy 
with  each  other,  in  their  original  orthography  Were  they  not 
formerly  analogous  in  the  English  orthography  Why  violate 
this  analogy  .''  Why  introduce  an  anomaly  .''  Such  innovations, 
by  dividing  opinions  and  introducing  discrepancies  in  practice,  in 
classes  of  words  of  like  formation,  have  a  mischievous  efiiect,  by 
keeping  the  language  in  perpetual  fluctuation.  But  as  usage 
inclines  to  the  use  of  A:  in  this  class  of  words,  I  have  adopted  it. 

13.  In  like  manner,  dispatch,  which  had  from  time  immemorial 
been  written  with  i,  was  changed  into  despatch,  on  the  wonderful 
discovery  that  the  word  is  derived  from  the  French  dcptclicr. 
But  why  change  one  vowel  and  not  the  other  If  we  must  fol- 
low the  French,  why  not  write  despech,  or  dcpech  ?  And  why 
was  this  innovation  limited  to  a  single  word.'  Why  not  carry 
the  change  through  this  whole  class  of  words,  and  give  us  the 
benefit  of  uniformity  .■'  Is  not  disaster  from  the  French  desastre? 
Is  not  discharire  from  decharger  f  Is  not  disarm  from  desarmer  9 
Is  not  disoheij  from  desoheir?  Is  not  disohlige  from  dcsobliirer  ? 
Is  not  disorder  from  desordre?  The  prefix  dis  is  more  properly 
English  than  de,  though  both  are  used  with  propriety.  But  dis- 
patch was  the  established  orthography  ;  why,  then,  disturb  the 
practice  Why  select  a  single  word  from  the  whole  class,  and 
introduce  a  change  which  creates  uncertainty  where  none  had 
existed  for  ages,  without  the  smallest  benefit  to  indemnify  us  for 
the  perplexity  and  discordance  occasioned  by  the  innovation.' 
Now,  li't  it  be  observ(;d  that  Johnson  iiiniself  wrote  dispatch;  for 
this  orthography  occurs  twice  under  Send  in  his  Dictionary,  and 
five  times  iiniler  Speed. 

It  is  gratifying  to  observe  the  stern  good  sense  of  the  English 
nation,  presi  iitlng  a  firm  resistance  to  such  innovations.  Black- 
stone,  I'aley,  (Joxe,  Milncr,  Scott,  and  Mitford,  uniformly  use  the 
old  and  gcnuiin'  orthograjjhy  of  inslruclor,  visitor,  and  dispatch. 

J4.  The  OHiisMion  ol'  one  /  in  liij'all,  install,  instiilhnent,  recall, 
inlhrall,  «fcc.,  is  by  no  means  to  be  vindicated  ;  as  by  custom  the 
two  letters  //  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  true  pronunciation,  that  of 
broad  a  or  aw.  According  to  the  established  rules  of  English 
pronunciation,  the  letter  a.  in  instalment  would  have  the  sound  it 
has  in  l/ulancc ;  it  is,  llierefore,  expedient  to  retain  both  letters  in 
all  words  of  this  class. 

l^>.  It  is  an  established  rule,  in  the  English  language,  that 
monoByllabic  verbs  ending  in  a  single  consonant,  not  preceded 
by  a  long  vowel,  and  other  verbs  ending  in  a  single  accented 


consonant,  and  of  course  not  preceded  by  a  long  vowel,  double 
the  final  consonant,  in  all  the  derivatives,  which  are  formed  by  a 
termination  beginning  with  a  vowel.  Thus,  fit,  blot,  bar,  when 
they  take  the  terminations  cd,  eth,  ing,  are  written  fitted,  fitteth, 
fitting;  blotted,  blotteth,  blotting  ;  barred,  barreth,  barring.  Abet, 
compel,  form  the  like  derivatives  ;  abetted,  abetteth,  abetting ;  com- 
pelled, compelleth,  compelling.  The  reason  of  this  rule  is,  that 
without  this  duplication  of  the  last  consonant,  the  vowel  of  the 
primitive  word  would,  in  the  derivative,  be  naturally  pronounced 
wrong,  that  is,  with  its  long  sound  ;  filed,  bloting,  bared,  competed. 
Hence  we  see  the  reason  why  verbs,  having  the  long  sound  of  a 
vowel,  do  not  double  the  last  consonant ;  as,  feared,  repealed, 
repeated. 

The  converse  of  this  rule  is,  that  verbs  ending  in  a  single  con- 
sonant, but  having  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  or  on  a  syllable 
preceding  the  last,  ought  nut  to  double  the  final  consonant  in  the 
derivatives.  Thus,  limit,  labor,  charter,  clatter,  pardon,  deliver, 
hinder,  have  for  their  derivatives  limited,  lahoreth,  chartered, 
clattered,  pardoning,  delivering,  hinderest.  But,  strange  as  it  may 
seem,  the  rule  is  wholly  neglected  and  violated  in  numerous  words 
of  this  class.  Thus  we  observe,  in  all  authors,  biassing,  bevel- 
ling, levelled,  travelled,  cancelled,  revelling,  rivalling,  worshipped, 
worshipper,  apparelled,  enibotvelled,  libelling,  and  many  others,  in 
which  the  last  consonant  is  doubled,  in  opposition  to  one  of  the 
oldest  and  best  established  rules  in  the  language.  Perry,  in  his 
Dictionary,  lays  down  the  rule  for  guidance,  but  has  not  been 
careful,  in  all  cases,  to  observe  it.  I  have  endeavored  to  reduce 
these  classes  of  words  to  a  regular  and  uniform  orthography.  In 
like  manner,  nouns  formed  from  such  verbs  are  written  with  a 
single  consonant,  as  jeweler,  traveler,  worshiper,  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  a  general  rule,  to  which  there  may  be  no  excep- 
tion. What  should  we  say  to  a  man  who  should  write  audittor, 
(ilterrer,  barterrcr,  banterrcr,  gardenner,  laborrcr  ?  Yet  no  good 
reason  can  be  assigned  why  the  final  consonant  should  not  be 
doubled  in  these  words  as  well  as  in  jeweller,  traveller,  enamcller. 
The  truth  is,  the  syllable  to  be  added  to  the  original  word  is  the 
usual  termination  er  or  or,  and  nothing  more. 

Not  less  remarkable  is  the  practice  of  doubling  the  last  conso- 
nant in  equalled,  equalling,  but  not  in  the  verb  equalize.  And  to 
add  to  the  inconsistency,  the  last  consonant  is  sometimes  doubled 
in  tranquillize,  a  word  in  exact  analogy  with  equalize.  [The  I, 
however,  is  properly  doubled  in  crystallize  and  metallize,  as  if  de- 
rived from  xQvoruif.titi)  and  i/tTu/xiiu),  in  which  the  I  is  doubled; 
and  for  the  sake  of  uniformity  the  double  I  is  retained  in  the 
other  derivatives  of  xiwnTu?.Xog  and  fieru/.Xur.  A  few  other  words 
have  the  /  doubled  on  the  ground  of  their  derivation  ;  as,  tran- 
quillity, from  tranquillitas ;  chancellor,  from  cancellarius,  &c.] 

A  singular  instance  of  inattention  to  analogy  or  uniformity, 
occurs  in  the  formation  of  certain  words  from  the  Greek.  Thus, 
in  anatomy,  bronchotomy,  cacophony,  euphony,  lithotomy,  and 
others,  the  final  vowel  of  the  Greek  original  is  represented  in 
English  by  y,  which  makes  a  syllable.  But  in  epitome,  catas- 
trophe, hyperbole,  and  many  others,  the  final  vowel  of  the  Greek 
is  represented  by  e,  which,  in  words  of  English  origin,  rarely  or 
never  makes  a  syllable  at  the  end  of  a  word.  The  consequence 
is,  that  the  last  two  syllables  are  liable  to  be  pronounced  in  one, 
•tome,  trophe,  bole.  Such  a  departure  from  analogy  is  very  incon- 
venient. Besides,  if  the  letter  y  closed  the  words  in  the  singular 
number,  the  plural  would  be  regularly  formed  by  changing  y 
into  ics. 

A  like  fault  is  observable  in  the  spelling  of  certain  derivatives 
ending  in  er.  In  barometer,  hygrometer,  thermometer,  and  nil 
similar  derivatives,  the  Greek  fiixnuf  gives  meter,  in  English, 
while  in  English  books  the  word  is  written  metre,  like  the  French 
word.  Tlie  French  are  consistent,  for  they  write  the  word  in 
the  same  manner,  both  when  single  and  in  composition.  Such 
discrepancies  in  the  English  language  are  little  honorable  to 
English  philologists. 

In  the  use  of  the  prefixes  en,  em,  in,  im,  there  is  not  uniformity 
nor  settled  usage.  The  French  changed  the  Latin  in  into  cn  or 
em,  and  English  authors  have  adopti'd  one  or  the  other,  without 
regard  to  any  settled  rule.  Johnson's  Dictionary  has  done  some- 
tlimg  toward  reducing  tlie  number  of  discrepancies  of  this  kind  ; 
but  some  changes  have,  since  his  time,  been  introduced.  I  have, 
in  most  words,  followed  his  orthography  ;  but,  in  a  few  instances, 
have  adopted  the  mor(!  modern  usage  ;  as,  indorse  and  insure,  with 
their  derivatives,  according  to  prevailing  mercantile  p'—"lice. 

In  the  use  of  the  prefix  un,  many  changes  have  taken  place 
witiiin  the  last  century  or  two,  and  the  use  of  in  has  been 
substituted  for  un;  as,  inaccessible,  for  unncccssihle.    The  in- 


INTRODUCTION  . 


lix 


quirer  will  observe  that  1  have,  under  each  word,  noticed  this 
change. 

In  the  use  of  the  termination  ize,  the  English  books  are  all  at 
variance  with  each  other  ;  and  no  lexicographer  is  consistent  with 
himself.  Hence  we  every  day  see  authorise  and  authorize^  upos- 
tfitise  and  apostatize,  temporise  and  temporize.  As  this  termina- 
tion from  the  Greek  or  Latin  has  a  definite  signification,  to 
make,  I  have  adopted  the  rule  to  write  it  uniformly  ize,  when 
it  is  from  either  of  those  languages  ;  as  in  legalize,  to  make  legal. 
The  French  write  the  termination  ise,  and  this  has  led  to  the 
English  discrepancies. 

In  other  cases,  when  the  French  ise  does  not  proceed  from  the 
Latin  ize,  1  have  retained  the  oriirinal  orthography  of  words  from 
the  French  ;  as  in  enterprise,  advise,  surprise.  This  is  a  distinc- 
tion of  some  importance. 

In  many  cases,  when  a  false  orthography  has  been  long  estab- 
lished, I  have  noticed  the  fact,  without  making  any  alteration  in 
the  common  spelling. 

In  a  few  words  1  have  followed  Milton,  Dryden,  Pope,  and 
other  authors  of  the  Augustan  age,  who  were  more  correct  than 
more  modern  writers  ;  as  they  followed  the  etymology,  from 
which  later  writers  have  deviated,  sometimes  by  mistake  in  taking 
the  word  from  the  P'rench,  instead  of  the  Sa.xon. 

In  a  few  instances,  I  have  discarded  English  innovations, 
which  are  evidently  mere  blunders.  Such  are  comptroll er  and 
others,  which  convert  the  words  into  absolute  nonsense.  The 
words  disannul,  unloose,  and  others,  fall  under  the  like  condem- 
nation. No  lexicographer,  knowing  the  proper  origin  of  these 
words,  can  be  justified  in  giving  support  to  such  outrageous  de- 
viations from  etymology.  They  are  a  reproach  to  the  literature 
of  the  nation. 

The  negligence  of  the  English  in  giving  currency  to  such 
errors,  hardly  adwiits  of  an  apology.  Philology  has  indeed  been 
neglected  during  a  century  and  a  half;  it  is  not  cultivated,  to  any 
extent,  in  the  universities  and  schools  ;  or  it  is  studied  in  very 
superficial  writers.  Indeed,  in  etymology  there  is  no  accurate 
scholarship,  either  in  English  or  French  writers.  No  author, 
whose  works  have  come  under  my  observation,  has  explored  the 
wide  field  of  my  researches  ;  none  has  traced  words  to  their  pri- 
mary source,  and  discovered  the  radical  signification,  with  the 
manner  in  which  derivative  senses  have  been  drawn  from  the 
radical  signification,  and  moral  ideas  have  been  exjjressed  by 
words  denoting  physical  action  or  properties.  The  discoveries 
on  this  subject  constitute  an  era  in  philology,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  the  advantage  gained  will  be  pursued. 

If  men  of  adult  years  do  not  choose  to  examine  the  subject  of 
orthography,  and  correct  their  own  practice,  their  children,  learn- 
ing the  language  as  corrected,  will  become  familiar  with  the  true 
orthography,  and  familiarity  and  habit  will  lend  support  to  truth 
and  uniformity. 

There  are  many  words  in  the  language  containing  superfluous 
letters,  especially  in  the  terminating  syllable.  Thus,  one  *  in 
the  syllables  less  and  ncss,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  useless ;  one  I 
in  gill,  rill,  sill,  dull,  one  /  in  cliff,  bluff,  are  superfluous  ;  but  in 
such  words  no  alteration  is  made. 

The  rule  for  adding  two  consonants  of  a  sort  should  be,  to  add 
two  letters  to  the  original  word,  when  they  are  both  wanted  in 
the  derivatives.  Thus  Jil  would  give  the  sound  of  Jill;  but  this 
being  a  verb,  the  two  letters  are  required  in  the  past  tense  and 
participles,  filled,  filling.  So  in  the  adjective  stiff,  Ihe  second 
letter  is  wanted  in  stiffen,  otherwise  a  person  would  be  apt  to 
pronounce  the  word  sii-frn. 

But  in  some  words  the  terminating  consonant  is  doubled,  not 
only  witiiout  necessity  or  use,  but  in  opposition  to  propriety. 
Plaintiff  isthe  French  plainlif ;  pontiff  is  the  French  pontifc  ;  and 
no  possible  reason  can  be  assigned  for  adding  an  /  to  the  original 
word,  any  more  than  for  adding  the  same  letter  to  4rif/and  relief. 
And  what  is  worse,  the  letter  is  doubled  in  pontiff,  the  original, 
and  then  omitted  in  all  the  derivatives,  pontificate,  pontifical,  ttc. 
[in  such  words,  however,  the  alteration  has  not  been  insisted  on, 
as  the  public  do  not  seem  prepared  to  unite  in  rejecting  the 
second  /.] 

In  like  manner,  the  vowel  e  is  added  to  a  multitude  of  words, 
in  which  it  is  not  pronounced,  and  is  worse  than  useless,  as  it 
often  misleads  the  learner  in  the  pronunciation.  If  the  final  e 
were  omitted  \n  jurenil,  rolatil,  the  pronunciation  could  not  be 
mistaken ;  but  as  the  preceding  vowel  is  sometimes  long  and 
sometiilTes  short  in  the  terminating  syllables  ilc,  ine,  ite,  the 
final  c  serves  only  to  perplex  the  learner.  In  such  words, 
however,  no  alteration  is  made. 


In  the  terminating  syllable  ire,  the  final  e  is  worse  than  useless, 
as  the  i  is  always  short,  ie,  and  the  addition  of  e  contravenes  the 
general  rule,  that  the  vowel  followed  by  a  consonant,  and  e  final, 
is  generally  long,  as  in  mate,  viute,  mute,  dissipate.  When  I  was 
young,  tli<"  popular  pronunciation  of  ire  was  ire,  with  the  i  long. 
The  general  use  of  niy  Spelling  Book  has  nearl)'  banished  that 
pronunciation,  and  the  ortliograpliy  is  not  altered. 

Our  modern  writers  seem  to  delight  in  this  useless  addition  of 
K  final ;  as  they  annex  it  to  words  without  reason  or  authority. 
This  fault  occurs  frequently  in  words  borrowed  from  foreign 
languages,  in  which  the  letter  is  not  found  in  the  original  lan- 
guage. One  would  supi)ose  that  good  taste  alone  ought  to  correct 
this  error. 

With  regard  to  words  which  recent  discoveries  have  introduced 
into  the  sciences,  there  may  be  some  apology  for  difl"erences  of 
orthography,  as  writers  have  not  established  usage  for  a  guide. 
Hence  we  find  oxijd  is  written  also  oxide  and  orijde  ;  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  are  written  also  oxigcnc,  oxygene,  anil  hydrogens.  Sul- 
phate, nitrate,  are  written  also  sulplial,  jiitrat. 

In  this  case,  what  course  is  the  lexicographer  to  pursue  Shall 
he  adopt  the  method  by  which  Walker  attempts  to  settle  pro- 
nunciation,  and  cite  authorities  in  favor  of  each  mode  of  spelling.' 
Then  the  result  is,  so  many  names  appear  on  one  side,  and  so 
many  on  the  other.  But  who,  it  may  be  asked,  will  undertake 
to  graduate  the  scale  by  which  the  weight  of  authorities  is  to  be 
determined.''  Numbers  will  not  always  decide  questions  of  this 
sort  to  the  salitlaction  of  tlie  public. 

In  this  case  1  have  determined  to  conform  the  orthography  to 
established  English  analogies;  the  only  authority  from  which 
there  can  be  no  legitimate  appeal.  Now,  no  rule  in  orthography 
is  better  established,  than  that  which  we  have  adopted  from  the 
Latin  language,  of  representing  the  Greek  upsilon  by  the  letter 
y.  In  the  orthography  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  from  oSuc  and 
ri5cm,  this  rule  has  been  observed;  and  why  should  oxyd  be  an 
exception  ? 

With  regard  to  sulphate,  nitrate,  and  other  names  of  that  class 
of  compounds,  I  consider  the  final  e  as  essential  to  the  words,  to 
prevent  a  false  pronunciation  ;  the  vowel  a  having  its  first  sound 
as  \n  fate,  tliough  slightly  pronounced. 

The  word  usually  written  chemistry  has  undergone  two  or  three 
changes,  according  to  fancy  or  to  conjectural  etymology.  Men 
have  blundered  about  the  plainest  thing  imaginable  ;  lor  to  de- 
termine its  true  orthography,  nothing  was  necessary  but  to  open 
an  Arabic  lexicon.  The  inhabitants  of  the  south  of  liurope,  who 
introduced  the  word,  doubtless  knew  its  origin,  and  wVote  it  cor- 
rectly, chimistry,  with  i,  not  with  i/  or  c  ;  and  had  the  English  been 
contented  to  take  it  as  they  found  it,  the  orthography  would  have 
been  correct  and  uniform.  [This  alteration  has  not,  however, 
been  insisted  on,  as  men  of  science  have  not  as  ye\.  seemed  ready 
to  adopt  it.] 

In  introducing  words  from  other  languages,  it  is  desirable  that 
the  orthography  should  be  conformed,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  to 
established  English  analogies.  For  this  reason,  I  have  written 
maneuver,  reconnolter,  as  English  words;  and  should  prefer  to 
pronounce  aiddecamp,  as  an  English  word,  with  English  pro- 
nunciation and  a  regular  plural  termination.    So  also  rendczeous. 

The  word  talc  is  ill-formed.  The  original  word  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe  is  talk  or  lalg ;  and  the  change  of  /;  into  c  is  not 
merely  needless,  but  worse,  for  it  precludes  the  use  of  the  regular 
adjective,  tulcy.  Hence  we  see  the  adjective  used  is  talcose,  an 
awkward  compound  of  a  Teutonic  word  with  a  Latin  termination. 
This  word  would  more  properly  be  written  talk  ut  taick,  which 
admit  regular  derivatives,  talcky,  talckiness.  In  like  manner, 
zinc,  if  written  zink,  would  admit  the  regular  adjective,  zinky,  as 
written  by  Kirwan. 

It  is  with  no  small  regret  that  I  see  new  terms  formed,  without 
a  due  regard  to  regular  English  analogies.  New  terms  are  often 
necessary,  or  at  least  very  useful ;  but  they  ought  to  be  coined 
according  to  the  settled  j)rinciples  of  the  language.  A  neglect 
of  these  principles  is  observable  in  the  word  systematize,  which, 
not  being  borrowed  from  the  Greek,  ought  to  follow  the  general 
rule  of  English  formation,  in  agreement  with  legalize,  modernize, 
cirilizc,  animalizc,  and  others,  and  be  written  si/stcmize.  This  is 
the  more  important,  as  the  derivates  syslemizing,  systcmization, 
are  of  more  easy  utterance  than  those  of  systematize,  and  particu- 
larly the  noun  systeinatization. 

On  this  head  I  would  subjoin  a  remark  or  two  on  the  mode  of 
writing  Indian  names  of  rivers,  mountains,  and  places  in  America, 
which  we  have  adopted. 

The  French  were  the  first  Europeans  who  explored  the  country 


Ix 


INTRODUCTION. 


between  the  great  lakes  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and,  of  course, 
the  first  to  commit  to  writing  the  Indian  names  which  occurred 
to  them  in  their  travels.  In  doing  this,  they  attempted  to  express 
tlie  sounds  in  letters,  according  to  the  French  manner  of  pro- 
nunciation. Hence  it  happened  that  they  wrote  ch  where  we 
should  have  written  sli,  had  we  first  reduced  those  names  to 
writing.  Thus  we  have  Chenungu,  Micliigan,  and  Mickillimacki- 
nuc*  in  the  French  orthography.  And  as  the  French  have  no  w 
in  llieir  languajre,  thej'  cnuld  not  express  the  proper  sound  of  the 
first  sj'Ilable  of  li'abiish,  Wisconsin,  IVucliita,  otherwise  than  by 
writing  them  Oiiahackc,  Ouisconsin,  Ouachita;  and  Missoori  in 
French  is  Missouri.  All  tliis  is  very  proper  for  Frenchmen,  for 
the  letters  used  express  tlio  true  sounds  of  the  words.  But  in 
English,  the  letters  used  lead  to  a  false  pronunciation,  and  for 
this  reason  should  not  be  used  in  English  compositions.  It  is  to 
be  deeply  regretted  that  our  language  is  thus  doomed  to  be  a 
heterogeneous  medley  of  English  and  foreign  languages;  as  the 
same  letters  representing  different  sounds,  in  different  languages, 
serve  to  embarrass  the  reader  who  understands  only  his  own. 

The  irregularities  in  the  English  orthography  have  always  been 
a  subject  of  deep  regret,  and  several  attempts  have  been  made  to 
banish  them  from  the  language.  The  first  attempt  of  this  kind 
was  made  by  Sir  Thomas  Smith,  Secretary  of  State  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  ;  another  was  made  by  Dr.  Gill,  a  celebrated  master  of 
St.  Paul's  School,  in  London  ;  another  by  Charles  Butler  ;  sev- 
eral attempts  were  made  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. ;  an  attempt 
was  made  by  Elphinstone,  in  the  last  centurj" ;  and  lastly,  another 
effort  was  made  by  Dr.  Franklin.  The  latter  gentleman  com- 
piled a  Dictionary  on  his  scheme  of  reform,  and  procured  types 
to  be  cast,  which  he  offered  to  me,  with  a  view  to  engage  me  to 
prosecute  his  design.  This  offer  I  declined  to  accept  ;  for  I  was 
then,  and  am  still  convinced,  that  the  scheme  of  introducing  new 
characters  into  the  language,  is  neither  practicable  nor  expedi- 
ent.   Any  attempt  of  this  kind  must  certainly  fail  of  success. 

But  that  some  scheme  for  expressing  the  distinct  sounds  of 
our  letters  by  visible  marks,  ougnt  to  be  adopted,  is  a  point  about 
which  there  ought  to  be,  and  1  trust  there  can  be,  but  one  opin- 
ion. That  such  a  scheme  is  practicable  as  well  as  expedient,  I 
should  presume  to  be  equally  evident.  Such  is  the  state  of  our 
written  language,  that  our  own  citizens  never  become  masters  of 
orthoirraphy,  without  great  difficulty  and  labor;  and  a  great  part 
of  them  never  learn  to  spell  words  with  correctness.  In  addition 
to  this,  the  present  orthography  of  some  classes  of  words  leads  to 
a  false  pronunciation. 

In  regard  to  the  acquisition  of  our  language  by  foreigners,  the 
evil  of  our  irregular  orthography  is  extensive,  beyond  what  is 
generally  known  or  conceived.  While  the  French  and  Italians 
have  had  the  wisdom  and  the  policy  to  refine  and  improve  their 
respective  languages,  and  render  them  almost  the  common  lan- 
guages of  all  well-bred  people  in  Europe,  the  English  language, 
clotlied  in  a  barbarous  orthography,  is  never  learned  by  a  for- 
eigner but  from  necessity ;  and  the  most  copious  language  in 
Europe,  embodying  an  uncommon  mass  of  science  and  erudition, 
is  thus  very  limited  in  its  usefulness.  And  to  complete  tiie  mis- 
chief, the  progress  of  arts,  science,  and  Christianity  among  the 
heathen,  and  other  rude  or  unevangelized  nations,  is  most  sen 


*  This  word  is,  I  believe,  customarily  pronounced  JlTackinaw,  and  the  original 
may  well  be  suffered  to  fall  into  disuse. 

t  VVc  hear  it  said  that  a  lexicoiirapher  should  adopt  or  follow  the  common 
orthopraphy  of  words.  'I'liis  i^  true  when  tlie  orlliozrapliy  accords  with 
etymology,  aiu[  is  settled  or  undisputi^d.  Hut  in  the  Enslish  lan^'uai;e 
thtre  are  many  words  wliose  spelling  is  not  settled;  some  whose  sp.lling 
is  a  deviation  from  estaUlislied  analogies ;  some  whose  spellmg  presents 
wrong  component  syllables  or  radical  letters.  In  other  words,  whose  origin 
is  known,  authors  ilill'er  in  tlie  manner  of  writing  tliem.  Take  tlie  follow- 
ing examples. 

In  Johnson's  Dictionary  we  find  blamable,  blnmahhj,  appeasable,  approvahte, 
tU-dirabU,  ralahU,  without  the  final  e  of  the  original  word.^  ;  but  mlcablr,  tiimc- 
ttfr/r,  with  e ;  prt/veablr,  witlie;  i.vprorable,  rrprovable,  without  it;  morrablc,  with 
e,  but  immovablr,  Tcwocailr,  without  it.  Daniel  II.  Barnes,  in  the  Red  liook,  re- 
marks, that  in  this  class  of  wimi.!,  Johnson's  contradictions  fdiscrepancics i  are 
ten  on  one  side,  and  runr  oti  the  other.  W'e  every  day  see  the  like  discrepancies 
in  b(M)ks  and  the  public  prints. 

Johnson  has  eugniHcr,  rujrniHour,  reco^nue,  rreo^nisee,  reci>?nwor,  with  .tj  (but 
cngnniibte  and  roirniiancr,  with  x,)  anil  the  terminating  syllabh^  sour  and  nor. 
Walker  has  auihimzr.,  authorization ;  but  diiaiilhorinc.  Johnson  and  Walki  r 
hiivi:  cauteriir,  cautrrilatw*,  but  epUomijc  ;  canoniie,  familiariie,  fertilize,  with  :, 
but  Johnson,  muilrrnije.  Walker,  modernize;  Johnson,  syllo'^iie,  but  W'alki  r, 
^jtlo^i.nr ;  both  have  ertcmporizr,  temporize,  but  cnnteotpori.ie,  eifualine ;  Walker 
has  umortiiir,  but  amortization,  amortizement.  Similar  discrepaticies  are  Been  in 
ull  our  IxjokK  and  papers, 

W'e  every  day  see  turprite  and  nurpriie :  merchuntlLie,  and  merchandize; 
eyf/uire  and  int/uire ;  entrmt  and  intrant;  rnaiLrr^  enHUrnnrr^  and  ins-ure,  in- 
ruranee  ;  endorie.  endorMfment,  and  indorse,  indornrment ;  ^i/^/"  and  yulph  ;  par- 
tuan  and  parUian  ;  connection  and  conneiion  ;  chemint  and  chymut,  both  wrong ; 


sibly  retarded  by  the  difficulties  of  mastering  an  irregular  or- 
thography. 

The  mode  of  ascertaining  the  proper  pronunciation  of  words  by 
marks,  points,  and  trifling  alterations  of  the  present  characters, 
seems  to  be  the  only  one  which  can  be  reduced  to  practice.  This 
mode,  resembling  the  use  of  points  in  the  Hebrew,  has  been 
adopted  by  some  of  the  nations  on  the  Continent ;  and  I  have 
pursued  it,  to  a  certain  extent,  in  designating  distinctions  in  the 
sounds  of  letters,  in  this  work.  The  scheme  1  have  invented  is 
not  considered  as  perfect ;  but  it  will  accomplish  some  important 
purposes,  by  removing  the  most  numerous  classes  of  anomalies. 
With  this  scheme,  the  visible  characters  of  the  language  will  pre- 
sent to  the  ej'e  of  a  reader  the  true  sounds  of  words  ;  and  the 
scheme  itself  is  so  simple,  that  it  may  be  learned  in  a  few  mo- 
ments. To  complete  a  scheme  of  this  kind,  a  few  other  alterations 
would  be  necessary,  but  such  as  would  not  materially  change  the 
orthography,  or  occasion  the  least  difficulty  to  the  learner  or 
reader. 

After  these  alterations,  there  would  remain  a  few  words  whose 
anomalies  may  be  considered  as  incorrigible,  such  as  know,  gnaw, 
rough,  &,c.,  which  may  be  collected  into  tables  and  easily  learned  ; 
and  all  the  other  irregularities  may  be  so  classed  under  general 
rules,  as  to  be  learned  with  very  little  labor. 

The  adoption  of  this  or  any  other  scheme  for  removing  the 
obstacles  which  the  English  orthography  presents  to  learners  of 
the  language,  must  depend  on  public  opinion.  The  plan  I  have 
adopted  for  representing  the  sounds  of  letters  by  marks  and 
points,  in  this  work,  is  intended  to  answer  two  purposes.  First, 
to  supersede  the  necessity  of  writing  and  printing  the  words  a 
second  time,  in  an  orthography  adapted  to  express  their  pronun- 
ciation. The  latter  method  pursued  by  the  English  orthoepists, 
as  applicable  to  most  words,  is,  I  think,  not  only  unnecessary,  but 
very  inexpedient.  The  second  purpose  is,  to  exhibit  to  my  fel- 
low-citizens the  outline  of  a  scheme  for  removing  the  difficulties 
of  our  irregular  orthography,  without  the  use  of  new. characters  ; 
a  scheme  simple,  easy  of  acquisition,  ajid  sufficient  to  answer  all 
the  more  important  purposes  of  a  regular  orthography. t 

Note.  —  In  the  formation  of  the  plural  number  of  nouns  end- 
ing in  ance,  ancij ;  enct,  cncy  ;  the  general  rules  are  to  be  observed. 
When  the  letter  e  terminates  the  word,  the  letter  s  only  is  to  be 
added;  as  in  compliance,  compliances ;  but  if  the  letter  y  termi- 
nates the  word,  this  letter  is  omitted,  and  ies  are  added;  as  in 
discrepancy,  discrepancies;  dependency,  dependencies.  In  some 
cases,  the  same  word  is  sometimes  written  with  e,  and  sometimes 
with  y;  in  which  cases  the  word  admits  of  either  form  of  the 
plural  termination. 

PRONUNCIATION. 

As  our  language  has  been  derived  from  various  sources,  and 
little  or  no  systematic  effort  has  been  made  to  reduce  the  orthog- 
raphy to  any  regularit}',  the  pronunciation  of  the  language  is 
subject  to  numerous  anomalies.  Each  of  our  vowels  has  several 
different  sounds ;  and  some  of  the  consonants  represent  very 
different  articulations  of  the  organs.  That  part  of  the  language 
which  we  have  received  from  the  Latin,  is  easily  subjected  to 


hedge,  pledge,  but  allege,  and  many  others.  What  then,  and  where,  is  the 
coniinon  orthogiapliy 

In  our  language,  the  unqualifipd  rule  of  following  the  common  orthography 
call  not  have  place,  for  in  respect  to  many  words  there  is  no  such  thing.  It  is, 
therefore,  wrong  in  principle,  for  it  would  sanction  mistaki  s  and  tend  to  per- 
peluate  them  ;  it  would  preclude  correctness  and  regularity.  Suc  h  a  rule  would 
iuue  been  as  just  in  the  age  of  Chaucer  as  it  is  now,  and  hail  it  heeii  observed, 
what  would  have  been  the  present  stale  of  Knglish  oithograpliv  ! 

.Many  of  the  anomalies  in  our  language  have  originated  in  carelessness,  or  in 
mistakes,  respectinu  llie  origin  of  words.  I'liilology,  for  a  long  series  of  years, 
has  bi'cn  ino.st  shamefully  neglected. 

Ill  this  condition  of  our  language,  I  hold  it  to  be  the  duty  of  n  lexicoerapher 
to  ascertain,  as  far  as  it  is  practicable,  the  genuine  orthography  of  Words,  and 
introduce  that  which  is  correct;  parlicularl)  when  the  true  orthouraphy  serves 
to  illustrate  their  sigiiiticatiiui.  \\  hen  this  is  known,  men  will  be  satisfied 
Willi  It,  and  tluctiiatinns  of  spelling  will  ri'ase.  With  a  full  conviction  of  the 
value  of  truth  and  correctness  in  language,  as  in  every  other  department  of 
literature,  1  have  diligently  sought  for  truth,  and  maiie  it  the  guide  of  my 
decisions.  I  call  not  consent  to  givi;  couitti'iianc<'  to  errors,  which  obscure  the 
origin  or  pt  r\'ert  the  signitication  of  ^vords,  and  be  an  iiistninient  of  corrupting 
the  purity  and  disiignring  the  beauty  of  the  language.  A  due  regard  to  the 
jiiirily  of  the  language,  to  the  convenience  of  learners,  whether  citizens  or  for- 
eigners, and  to  the  usefulness  of  a  language  which  is  to  be  Ihe  most  cMeiisivc 
on  the  globe,  and  the  chief  instrument  nf  civilizing  and  christianizing  nations, 
feeiiis  lo  demand,  and  surely  jiislities,  the  labor  of  correcting  the  more  enormous 
aiiiMualies  which  deform  it.  One  would  suppose  that  these  considerations,  con- 
eurring  with  the  honor  of  our  nation,  would  induce  the  lovers  of  literature  to 
make  some  concessions  of  private  opinions  for  the  accomplishment  of  these 
desirable  objects. 


INTRODUCTION. 


1X1 


a  few  general  rules  of  pronunciation.  Tiie  same  is  the  fact  witli 
most  of  the  derivatives  from  the  Greek.  Many  words  of  French 
origin  retain  tiieir  French  ortiiography,  whieli  leads  to  a  very 
erroneous  pronunciation  in  English  ;  and  a  large  portion  of  our 
monosyllabic  words  of  Saxon  origin  are  extremely  irregular  both 
in  orthography  and  pronunciation. 

If  we  can  judge,  with  tolerable  certaint)',  from  the  versification 
of  Chaucer,  the  pronunciation  of  words  must  have  been,  in  many 
respects,  different  in  his  age  from  that  of  the  present  day  ;  par- 
ticularly in  making  a  distinct  syllable  of  e  final,  and  of  tlie  termi- 
nation ed.  But  no  effort  was  probably  ever  made  to  settle  the 
pronunciation  of  words  till  the  last  century.  In  England,  which 
was  settled  by  various  nations,  there  are  numerous  dialects  or 
diversities  of  language  still  retained  by  the  great  mass  of  the 
population. 

The  first  settlers  of  New  England  were  almost  all  of  English 
origin,  and,  coming  from  different  parts  of  England,  they  brought 
with  them  some  diversities  of  language.  But  in  the  infancy  of 
tlie  settlements,  the  people  lived  in  towns  adjacent  or  near  to 
each  other,  for  mutual  aid  and  protection  from  the  natives  ;  and 
tlie  male  inhabitants  of  tlie  first  generation  frequently  assembled 
for  tiie  purpose  of  worship  or  for  government.  By  the  influence 
of  tliese  anil  other  causes,  particularly  by  that  of  common  schools, 
the  differences  of  language  among  our  citizens  have  been  gradu- 
ally lost ;  so  tiiat  in  this  part  of  the  United  Stp.tes,  there  can 
hardly  be  said  to  exist  a  difference  of  dialect. 

It  is  to  be  remarked,  further,  tliat  the  first  ministers  of  the  gos- 
pel, who  migrated  to  this  country,  had  been  educated  at  the 
English  universities,  and  brought  with  them  all  the  learning 
usually  acquired  in  tliose  institutions,  and  the  English  language 
as  it  was  then  spoken.  The  influence  of  these  men,  who  were 
greatly  venerated,  probably  had  no  small  eflect  in  extinguishing 
diflerences  of  speech. 

Hence  it  has  happened  that  the  traditional  pronunciation  of  the 
language  of  well-educated  peoi)le  has  been  nearly  the  same,  in 
botli  countries,  to  this  day.  Among  the  common  people,  whose 
pronunciation  in  all  countries  is  more  or  less  corrupt,  the  diver- 
sities in  this  country  are  far  less  numerous  than  in  England. 

About  si.xty  or  seventy  years  ago,  Thomas  Sheridan,  an  Irish 
gentleman,  who  had  been  the  pupil  of  an  intimate  friend  of  Dean 
Swift,  attempted  to  reduce  the  pronunciation  of  English  words  to 
some  system,  and  to  introduce  it  into  popular  use.  His  analysis 
of  the  English  vowels  is  very  critical,  and  in  this  respect,  there 
has  been  little  improvement  by  later  writers,  though  I  tliink  none 
of  them  are  perfectly  correct.  But  in  the  application  of  his  prin- 
ciples, he  failed  of  his  object.  Either  he  was  not  well  acquainted 
with  the  best  English  pronunciation,  or  he  had  a  disposition  to 
introduce  into  use  some  peculiarities  which  the  English  did  not 
relish.  The  principal  objection  made  to  his  scheme  is,  that  he 
gives  to  s  the  sound  of  sh,  in  sudorific,  superb,  and  other  words 
where  s  is  followed  by  u  long.  These  he  pronounces  shoodor- 
ific,  slwoptrb,  skoupcrfluitij,  &c.  This  pronunciation  of  5,  corre- 
sponding to  the  Shemitic  a,  he  probably  learnt  in  Ireland,  for  in 
tlie  Irisli  branch  of  the  Celtic,*  has  often  the  sound  of  s/t.  Thus 
scan,  old,  is  pronounced  shciin.  This  pronunciation  was  no 
sooner  published,  than  condemned  and  rejected  by  the  English. 

Anotiier  most  extraordinary  innovation  of  Sheridan  was,  his 
rejection  of  the  Italian  sound  of  a,  as  in  father,  calm,  ask,  from 
every  word  in  the  language.  Thus  his  notation  gives  to  a  in  bar 
the  same  sound  as  in  barren,  barrel,  bat;  to  a  in  father,  pass, 
mass,  pant,  the  same  sound  as  in  fat,  passion,  massacre,  pan, 
fancy.  Such  a  gross  deviation  from  established  English  usage 
was  of  course  condemned  and  rejected. 

In  his  pronunciation  of  ti  and  ci,  before  a  vowel,  as  in  par- 
tiality,  omniscience,  Sheridan  is  more  correct  than  Walker,  as  he 
is  in  some  other  words  ;  such,  for  e.tample,  as  bench,  tench,  booh, 
took,  and  others  of  the  same  classes. 

Sheridan  also  contributed  very  much  to  propagate  the  change 
of  tu  into  cha,  or  tshu ;  as  in  nalshur,  cullshur,  virtshue.  This 
innovation  was  vindicated  on  the  supposed  fact,  that  the  letter  u 
has  the  sound  of  yu ;  and  natyur,  cultyur,  virtyite,  in  a  rapid 
enunciation,  become  natshur,  dec.  And  to  this  day,  this  error 
respecting  the  sound  of  u  is  received  in  England  as  truth.  But 
the  fact  is  otherwise,  and  if  not,  it  does  not  justify  the  practice  ; 
for  in  usage,  u  is  short  in  nature,  culture;  so  that  on  the  princi- 
ples of  Siieridan  himself,  this  letter  can  have  no  effect  on  the 
preceding  articulation. 

Tiiis  innovation,  however,  has  prevailed  to  a  considerable 
extent,  allhouffh  Sheridan  subjected  the  change  of  tH  to  no  rules. 
He  is  consistent  in  applying  this  change  equally  to  tu,  whether 


the  accent  follows  the  t  or  not.  If  tu  is  to  be  changed  to  tshu,  in 
future  and  perpetual,  it  ought  to  undergo  the  same  chatige  in 
futurity  and  perpetuity ;  and  Sheridan,  in  pronouncing  tutor, 
tutelage,  tumult,  as  if  written  tshootor,  tshootelaire,  t.-:huontult,  is 
certainly  consistent,  tiiough  wrong  in  fact.  In  other  words, 
however,  Sheridan  is  inconsistent  with  himself;  for  he  pro- 
nounces viultitshood,  Tcctitshood,  scrrilshoud,  while  habitude, 
beatitude,  certitude,  decrepitude,  gratitude,  &.C.,  retain  the  proper 
sound  of  t. 

Walker's  rule  for  changing  tu  to  chu  only  when  the  accent 
precedes,  is  entirely  arbitrary,  and  evidently  made  by  him  to  suit 
his  own  practice.  It  has,  however,  the  good  effect  of  reducing 
the  chus,  and  removing  the  outrageous  anomalies  of  tsltuotor, 
tshoomult,  &c 

There  are  many  other  words  which  Sheridan  has  marked  for  a 
pronunciation,  which  is  not  according  to  good  usage,  and  whic'h 
the  later  orthoejiists  have  corrected.  In  general,  however,  it 
may  be  asserted  that  his  notation  does  not  warrant  a  tenth  part 
as  many  deviations  from  the  present  respectable  usage  in  Eng- 
land, as  Walker's;  yet  as  his  Dictionary  was  republished  in  tliis 
country,  it  had  no  small  effect  in  corrupting  the  pronunciation  of 
some  classes  of  words,  and  the  effects  of  its  influence  are  not  yet 
extinct.  What  the  precise  effect  of  Sheridan's  scheme  of  pro- 
nunciation was  in  England,  I  am  not  able  to  determine.  But  I 
have  had  information  from  the  late  venerable  Dr.  Joiinson,  of 
Stratford,  and  from  the  late  Dr.  Hubbard,  of  New  Haven,  who 
were  in  England  between  the  year  17(j5  and  the  revolution,  that 
about  that  period,  the  change  of  <  into  chu  had  not  taken  place,  to 
any  extent.  It  began  to  prevail  on  the  stage  and  among  the' 
younger  barristers  and  members  of  parliament  before  Dr.  Joiin- 
son left  England,  just  before  the  war  with  America;  and  Sheri- 
dan's Dictionary,  published  soon  after,  undoubtedly  contributed 
to  extend  the  innovation.  This  change  presents  a  new  obstacle 
to  the  acquisition  of  a  language,  whose  anomalies  were  before 
frightfully  formidable  and  perplexing.  The  favorers  of  innova- 
tion seem  not  to  reflect  on  the  immense  convenience  of  a  correct 
notation  of  sounds  in  a  language,  by  its  proper  characters  ;  the 
utility  of  uniformity  and  permanence  in  that  notation  ;  and  the 
extensive  evil  of  destroying  or  impairing  the  use  of  alphabetical 
writing.  The  man  who  perverts  or  changes  the  established 
sound  of  a  single  letter,  especially  of  a  consonant,  does  an  injury 
to  that  language,  and  to  the  community  using  it,  which  fifty  men 
of  the  same  talents  can  never  repair. 

In  a  few  years  after  the  publication  of  Sheridan's  Dictionary, 
appeared  Walker's,  the  author  of  which  introduces  the  work  to 
the  public  with  the  following  remarks  on  the  labors  of  his  pred- 
ecessors. 

"  Among  those  writers  who  deserve  the  first  praise  on  this 
subject,  is  Mr.  Elphinstone,  who,  in  his  Principles  <if  tiie  English 
Language,  has  reduced  the  chaos  to  a  system,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  a  just  and  regular  pronunciation.  But  this  gentleman, 
by  treating  his  subject  with  an  affected  obscurity,  and  by  absurdly 
endeavoring  to  alter  the  whole  orthography  of  tlie  language,  has 
unfortunately  lost  his  credit  with  the  public,  for  the  part  of  his 
labors  which  entitles  him  to  the  highest  praise." 

"  After  him.  Dr.  Kenrick  contributed  a  portion  of  improvement, 
by  his  Rhetorical  Dictionary;  but  he  has  rendered  his  Dictionary 
extremely  imperfect,  by  entirely  omitting  a  great  number  of 
words  of  doubtful  and  difficult  pronunciation  ;  those  very  words 
for  which  a  Dictionary  of  this  kind  would  naturally  be  con- 
sulted." Let  it  be  noted,  that  the  same  objection  lies  in  full  force 
against  Siieridan,  Walker,  and  Jones. 

"  To  him  succeeded  Mr.  Sheridan,  who  not  only  divided  the 
words  into  syllables,  and  placed  figures  over  the  vowels,  as  Dr. 
Kenrick  had  done,  but  by  spelling  these  syllables  as  they  are  pro- 
nounced, seemed  to  complete  the  idea  of  a  Pronouncing  Diction- 
ary, and  to  leave  but  little  expectation  of  improvement,  ft  must 
be  confessed  that  his  Dictionar)'  is  generally  superior  to  every 
thing  that  preceded  it,  and  his  method  of  conveying  the  sound  of 
words  by  spelling  them  as  they  are  pronounced,  is  highly  rational 
and  useful.  But  here  sincerity  obliges  me  to  stop.  The  numer- 
ous instances  1  have  given  of  impropriety,  inconsistency,  and 
want  of  acquaintance  with  the  analogies  of  the  language,  suf- 
ficiently show  how  imperfect  I  think  his  Dictionary  is,  upon  the 
whole,  and  what  ample  room  was  lefl  for  attempting  another, 
that  might  better  answer  the  purpose  of  a  guide  to  pronun- 
ciation." 

"The  last  writer  on  this  subject  is  Mr.  Nares,  who,  in  his 
Elements  of  Ortlioepy,  has  shown  a  clearness  of  iiielliod,  and  an 
extent  of  observation,  which  deserve  the  highest  encomiums 


I 


Ixii 


INTRODUCTION. 


But  he  seems,  on  many  occnsions*  to  have  mistaken  the  best 
usage,  and  to  have  paid  too  liltJe  attention  to  the  first  principles 
of  pronunciation." 

Soon  after  the  publication  of  Walker's  Dictionary,  appeared 
the  Dictionary  of  Stephen  Jones,  wlio  undertakes  to  correct  the 
errors  of  Sheridan  and  Walker.  Tliis  author  objects  to  Sheridan, 
that  he  has  not  introduced  the  Italian  sound  of  n,  [as  in  father,] 
in  a  single  instance,  and  that  Walker  has  been  too  sparing  in  the 
use  of  it.  He  objects  that  Sheridan  has  not,  by  any  peculiar 
marks,  pointed  out  the  sound  of  oi  or  oy,  as  in  noise  and  cloij ; 
and  that  Walker  has  given  distinct  marks  of  pronunciation  to  the 
diphthong  on,  wliicli  are  terrific  to  tlie  learner,  and  not  well  calcu- 
lated to  express  the  exact  sound.  He  considers  it  as  no  trivial 
error  in  Walker's  sj'steni,  that  he  uses  the  long  e  in  place  of  the 
short  y,  which  gives  to  asperity,  for  example,  the  ludicrous  sound 
of  asperectee.  He  notices  also,  as  a  fault  in  Walker's  scheme, 
that  he  makes  no  difference  in  the  sound  of  oo  in  toot,  tooth,  and 
in  look  J  took. 

Jn  all  these  particulars,  except  that  of  oi  and  oy,  I  think  every 
man  who  understands  genuine  English,  will  accord  with  Jones. 
From  careful  observation,  while  in  England,  1  know  that  Jones's 
notation  is  far  more  correct  than  that  of  Sheridan  or  Walker; 
and,  e.xcept  in  two  or  three  classes  of  words,  his  pronunciation  is 
exactly  that  which  I  uniformly  heard  in  England,  and  nearly  the 
same  as  that  ot  well-educated  gentlemen  in  New  England. 

A  few  years  after  the  appearance  of  Jones's  Dictionary,  Wil- 
liam Perry  published  a  Pronouncing  Dictionarj',  in  which  an 
attempt  is  made  to  indicate  tlie  sounds  of  the  letters  by  certain 
arbitrary  marks.  In  this  work,  the  author  has  rejected  most  of 
the  peculiarities  of  Sheridan,  Walker,  and  Jones,  and  given  the 
language  nearly  as  it  was  spoken,  before  those  authors  undertook 
to  regulate  the  pronunciation.  This  author's  manner  of  desig- 
nating tlie  sounds  of  the  letters  is  too  complex  for  convenience, 
but  his  pronunciation  is  nearer  to  the  actual  usage  in  England, 
than  that  of  either  of  his  predecessors  before  mentioned.  His 
orthography  also  is  more  correct,  according  to  present  usage, 
than  that  of  his  predecessors. 

Duri  ig  the  year  lSii8,  appeared  the  Dictionarj-  of  R.  S.  Jame- 
son, of  Lincoln's  Inn,  intended  to  combing  the  merits  of  the  most 
popular  Dictionaries,  and  to  correct  the  false  pronunciation  of 
Walker,  whose  notation  in  some  classes  of  words  he  entirely 
rejects.  He  condemns,  as  a  slovenly  enunciation,  the  sound 
given  to  d,  which,  before  i  and  u.  Walker  directs,  in  certain 
words,  to  be  pronounced  like  j.  He  rejects  also  his  notation  of 
ch,  or  tsh,  in  congratulation,  Jlatulent,  natural,  and  all  similar 
words.  He  rejects  also  the  affected  pronunciation  of  Sheridan  and 
Walker,  in  such  words  as  guide  and  L>7i(L  Most  of  the  other  er- 
rors of  Walker  he  copies,  as  he  does  his  antiquated  orthography. 

The  English  orthoepists  have  analyzed,  and  in  general  have 
well  defined  or  described,  the  sounds  and  appropriate  uses  of  the 
letters  of  the  alphabet.  Sheridan's  analysis,  which  appeared  a 
few  years  before  Walker's,  is,  for  the  most  part,  correct;  but,  in 
describing  the  sounds  of  what  may  be  called  tlie  diphthongal 
vowel  i,  I  think  he  has  erred,  in  making  it  to  consist  of  the 
broad  a  or  tiw  and  e.  He  admits,  indeed,  tliat  the  voice  does  not 
rest  on  the  sound  air,  but  he  contends  that  the  mouth  is  opened 
to  the  same  degree  of  aperture,  and  is  in  the  same  position,  as  if 
it  were  going  to  sound  uk  ;  but  before  the  voice  can  get  a  passage 
to  the  lips,  the  under  jaw  is  drawn  up  to  the  position  for  sounding 
e.  On  this  it  is  justly  remarked  by  Walker,  that  aio  and  c  are 
precisely  the  component  elements  of  the  diphthong  oi  and  oy. 
If  the  aw  is  pronounced,  1  would  add,  then  i  and  oy  must  be 
pronounced  exactl)'  alike;  and  if«io  is  not  pronounced,  then  it  is 
not  a  component  part  of  the  diphthongal  vowel  i. 

Walker  contends  that  this  diphtliong  i  is  composed  of  the 
sound  ^  the  Italian  a,  as  in  father,  and  the  sound  of  c.  If  so,  he 
must  have  given  to  <i  a  very  different  sound  from  that  which  we 
are  accustomed  to  give  it.  But  this  is  a  mistake  ;  that  sound  of 
a  is  no  more  heard  in  i,  than  the  sound  of  flic.  Tiie  sound  of  i  in 
fight,  mind,  timr,  id!r,  is  not  faircght,  maiccjid,  tarccm^  aicetllc  ; 
nor  is  it  fleghl,  iii/irnd,  Kir.m,  tir.dlc.  Let  any  man  utter  the  aw 
or  the  Italian  a  before  the  e,  and  he  will  instantly  perceive  the 
error,  and  reject  both  definitions,  as  leading  to  a  false  pronuncia- 
tion. The  truth  is,  the  mouth,  in  uttering  i,  is  not  opened  so 
wide  as  in  uttering  aw  or  a  ;  the  initial  sound  is  not  that  of  njo  or 
a;  nor  is  it  possible,  by  any  characters  we  possess,  to  express 
the  true  sound  on  paper.  The  initial  sound  is  not  formed  so 
deep  in  the  throat  as  aw  or  0. ;  the  position  of  the  organs  is 


*  /a  many  iiutancet,  I  luppoae  the  writer  meani. 


nearly',  yet  not  exactly  the  same.  The  true  sound  can  be  learned 
only  bv  the  ear. 

Equallj-  inaccurate  is  the  definition  of  the  first  sound  of  u,  or 
long  u,  which  these  writers  allege  to  consist  of  the  sounds  of 
e  and  oo,  or  you.  It  has  this  sound,  indeed,  in  certain  words,  as  in 
unite,  union,  and  others ;  but  this  is  a  departure  from  the  proper 
sound  of  this  character,  as  heard  in  cube,  abuse,  durable,  human, 
jury.  These  words  are  not  pronounced  kcouli,  abcoose,  dcoorable, 
hcooman,  jeoory.  The  eftort  to  introduce  this  aflected  pronuncia- 
tion is  of  most  mischievous  tendency.  The  sound  of  e  is  not 
heard  in  the  proper  enunciation  of  the  Englisli  u,  and  for  that 
reason  it  should  not  be  so  stated  on  paper,  nor  named  yu  ;  as  the 
error  naturally  leads  to  a  corrupt  pronunciation.  Dr.  Kenrick 
remarks,  that  we  might  as  well  prefix  y  to  the  other  vowels,  as 
to  n,  and  pronounce  them  ya,  ye,  yi,  yo. 

But  this  is  not  the  whole  evil ;  this  analysis  of  u  has  led  orthoe- 
pists to  give  to  our  first  or  long  u  two  distinct  sounds,  or  rather 
to  make  a  diphthong  and  a  vowel  of  this  single  letter.  Thus 
they  make  it  a  diphthong  in  almost  all  situations,  except  after  r, 
where  they  make  it  a  vowel  equivalent  to  oo,  or  the  French  on. 
They  represent  ti  as  being  equivalent  to  cic,  that  is,  e  and  oo,  in 
cube,  tube,  duty,  confusion,  endure,  pronounced  kcinbe,  tcirbc, 
deiDty,  confcicsion,  cndcwre ;  but  in  brute,  fruit,  rude,  intrude, 
ruby,  they  make  u  equivalent  to  oo ;  thus,  broote,  froot,  roode, 
introode,  rooby. 

I  know  not  where  this  affectation  originated  ;  it  first  appeared 
in  Sheridan's  Dictionary,  but  it  is  a  most  unfounded  distinction, 
and  a  most  mischievous  error.  No  such  distinction  was  knov.'n 
to  Dr.  Johnson  ;  he  gives  the  long  u  but  one  sound,  as  in  con- 
fusion;  and  no  such  distinction  is  observed  among  good  speakers 
generally,  either  in  this  country  or  in  England.  I  was  particu- 
larly attentive  to  the  public  speakers  in  England,  in  regard  to  <. 
tliis  point,  and  was  happy  to  find  that  very  few  of  them  made  the  i 
distinction  here  mentioned.  In  that  country,  as  in  this,  the  long 
u  has  a  uniform  sound  after  all  the  cojisonants. 

The  source  of  the  error  in  this,  as  in  another  case  to  be  men- 
tioned hereafter,  may  be  an  inattention  to  the  manner  in  which 
the  articulations  affect  the  vowels  which  follow  them.  To 
understand  this,  it  will  be  necessary  or  useful  to  examine  the 
anatomical  formation  of  articulate  sounds. 

"  An  articulate  sound,"  says  Lowtli,  "  is  the  sound  of  the 
human  voice,  formed  by  the  organs  of  speech.  A  vowel  is  a 
simple  articulate  sound." 

These  definitions  seem  not  to  be  sufficientlv  accurate.  Articu- 
lation, in  human  speech,  is  the  jointing,  juncture,  or  closing  of 
the  organs,  which  precedes  and  follows  the  vowels  or  open 
sounds,  and  which  partially  or  totally  intercepts  the  voice.  A 
vowel  or  vocal  sound  is  formed  simply  by  opening  the  mouth. 
Thus,  in  sounding  a  or  o,  the  mouth  is  opened  in  a  i)articular 
manner,  but  without  any  articulation  or  closing  of  the  organs. 
In  strictness,  therefore,  a  simple  vowel  is  7iot  an  articulate  sound, 
as  Lowtli  supposes;  and  it  is  certain  that  many  irrational  ani- 
mals, without  the  power  of  articulation,  do  utter  vowel  sounds 
with  great  distinctness. 

An  articulate  sound,  then,  is,  properly,  a  sound  preceded  or 
followed,  or  both,  by  an  articulation  or  junction  of  the  organs. 
Thus  ba,  ah,  and  bad,  are  articulate  sounds ;  the  vowel  being 
begun  or  closed,  with  a  junction  of  the  lips,  interrupting  tlie 
voice,  in  ba  and  ab ;  and  in  bad,  the  vocal  sound  being  preceded 
by  one  articulation  and  followed  by  another.  The  power  of 
articulation  constitutes  the  great  difference  between  men  and 
brutes;  the  latter,  being  unable  to  articulate,  can  utter  only 
vocal  sounds.  The  imperfect  articulations  of  the  parrot  and 
some  other  animals,  form  no  exception  that  deserves  notice. 

I  give  the  name  articulation  to  the  act  of  joining  the  organs, 
and  to  the  character  or  letter  which  represents  the  junction.  In 
the  latter  sense,  the  word  is  equivalent  to  consonant  ;  and  articu- 
lation may  be  considered  tiie  preferable  term,  as  it  expresses  the 
fact  of  closing  the  organs. 

Human  speech,  then,  consists  of  vocal  sounds  separated  and 
modified  by  articulations  of  the  organs.  We  open  the  mouth  in 
a  particular  manner,  to  utter  a  vowel ;  we  then  close  the  organs, 
interrupt  that  sound,  and  open  the  organs  to  utter  a  second 
vowel;  and  continue  this  opening  and  closing,  to  the  end  of  the 
word.    This  process  is  carried  on  with  surprising  rapidity. 

Now,  in  ])assiiig  from  an  articulation,  or  close  position,  to  an 
open  position  for  uttering  a  vowel,  it  happens  often  that  a  very 
slight  sound  of  e  is  uttered  so  as  to  be  |)erce|)tible  to  the  ear, 
either  before  or  nfler  the  utterance  of  the  proper  vowel.    This  is  I 
remarkably  the  case  with  the  long  vowels  preceding  r ;  for  such 


INTRODUCTION.  Ixiii 


IS  Uie  nature  of  that  letter,  tliat  hiire,  mirc,  viorc,  parent,  iippa- 
rail,  &c.,  can  not  well  be  pronounceii  witliout  a  sliglit  sound  of 
c  between  the  long  vowel  and  the  consonant.  Thus  the  words 
abuve  named  are  pronounced  nearly  buer,  mier,  mocr,  purrcnt, 
appucrcnt;  and  horc,  7niie,  approach  toward  two  syllables  drawn 
very  closely  together. 

A  like  case,  tliough  less  obvious,  occurs  in  uttering  u,  particu- 
larl)'  after  the  labial  and  palatal  articulations.  In  passing  from 
the  articulations  cb,  eg,  em,  ep,  or  pe,  to  the  sound  of  ii,  as  in 
mute  and  pure,  we  are  apt,  insensibly,  to  utter  a  sliglit  sound  of 
e;  and  this  utterance,  which  proceeds  from  the  particular  situa- 
tion of  the  organs,  has  been  mistaken  for  tin;  iirst  component 
sound  of  the  long  or  open  Ji.  The  same  cause  has  given  rise  to 
th(!  pronunciation  of  e  before  the  vowel  in  such  words  as  guide, 
guard,  kind,  guise.  This  is  precisely  similar  to  the  vulgar  pro- 
nunciation of  cotr,  goicn,  eountij,  town,  &c.,  that  is,  keoiv,  geoirn, 
keounlij,  teown  —  a  pronunciation  formerly  common  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  not  yet  wholly  extinct.  This  vicious  pronunciation,  in 
all  words  of  this  kind,  whether  countenanced  by  men  of  low  life 
or  of  fashionable  life,  ought  to  be  carefully  avoided  ;  as  the  slen- 
der sound  of  e,  in  such  cases,  gives  a  feebleness  to  the  words 
utterly  inconsistent  with  that  full,  open,  and  manl}'  enunciation 
which  is  essential  to  eloquence. 

The  genuine  sound  of  u  long,  detached  from  the  jnfluencc  of 
consonants,  is  the  same  in  all  tiie  words  above  specified  ;  and  the 
reason  why  it  has  been  made  a  distinct  vowel  after  as  in  rude, 
[rood,]  is,  that  the  organs  arc  open  before  the  sound  commences; 
whereas,  when  it  follows  most  of  our  consonants,  the  sound  is 
conunenced  inimediatelv  after  an  articulation,  or  close  posit  on  of 
the  organs,  as  in  mutable  and  infusion.  For  this  reason,  u  has 
more  distinctly  its  long  or  open  sound  after  labials  and  i)alatals, 
than  after  r  ;  but  this  accidental  circumstance  should  not  be  the 
ground  of  radical  distinctions,  equivalent  to  the  sounds  of  differ- 
ent letters. 

There  is,  in  Walker's  analysis  of  the  alphabet,  an  error  pecu- 
liar to  himself.  Tliis  is,  in  making  a  distinction  between  the 
short  i  when  it  is  followed  by  a  consonant,  and  when  it  is  not ; 
as  in  ability.  In  this  case,  he  calls  the  first  i,  in  abil,  short;  but 
the  second  he  calls  open,  and  equivalent  to  e  in  equal.  (See 
Principles  107,  544.)  He  also  makes  tlie  unaccented  y,  at  the 
end  of  a  syllable,  precisely  like  the  first  sound  of  .c  in  me,  meter. 
Abilitii,  then,  written  according  to  his  principles,  would  be 
abilettce.  Never■^vas  a  grosser  mistake.  The,  sound  of  i  and  i/ 
in  unaccented  syllables,  whether  followed  by  an  articulation  or 
not,  is  always  the  short  sound  of  e  long,  that  is,  e  shortened;  the 
same  sound  in  quality  or  kind,  but  not  in  quantitj'.  To  prove 
this  fact,  nothing  is  necessary  but  an  attention  to  the  manner  in 
which  the  words  little  and  liny  are  pronounced,  when  they  are 
made  emphatical  by  utterance.  They  are  then  pronounced  leelle, 
teeny;  and  this  we  hear  every  day,  not  only  among  children, 
but  often  among  adults.  In  this  change  of  pronunciation,  there 
is  nothing  more  than  a  prolongation  of  the  sound  of  i,  which,  in 
the  syllables  lit,  tin,  is  short,  in  leette,  teeny,  is  long. 

In  consequence  of  this  mistake.  Walker  has  uniformly  made  a 
different  notation  of  i  when  accented,  and  followed  by  a  con- 
sonant in  the  same  syllable,  and  when  it  stands  alone  in  the 
syllable  and  unaccented.  Thus  to  the  first  i  in  ability  he  assigns 
a  diflerent  sound  from  that  of  the  second  ;  and  in  article,  he  gives 
to  i  the  sound  of  e  long,  arteecle  ;  but  in  articular,  articulate,  he 
gives  it  tiie  short  sound,  tik.  It  is  in  consequence  of  this  mis- 
take, that  he  has  throughout  his  Dictionary  assigned  to  i  and  y 
unaccented,  and  to  y  unaccented  terminating  words,  the  sound  of 
e  long  ;  an  error,  which,  it  is  ascertained  by  actual  enumeration, 
extends  to  more  than  eteren  thousand  vnwils  or  syllables  ;  an 
error,  wiiicli,  if  carried  to  the  full  extent  of  his  principles,  would 
subvert  all  the  rules  of  English  versification.  Jones  and  I'erry 
have  corrected  this  error  in  their  notations,  throughout  the 
language. 

If  it  should  be  said  that  Walker  did  not  intend  to  direct  y,  in 
this  case,  to  be  pronounced  as  e  long,  but  that  his  notation  is  in- 
tended only  to  mark  the  quality  of  the  sound,  it  maj'  be  replied, 
he  either  intended  the  sound  to  be  that  of  e  long,  according  to  his 
e.xpress  direction,  or  he  did  not.  If  he  did,  his  notation  is  not 
according  to  any  good  practice,  either  in  England  or  the  United 


*  From  the  fnct,  which  Walker  relates  of  himself,  <Vrin.  94  ,)  that  he  made 
a  distinction  between  the  sound  of  ee  in  fife  and  in  me(t,  until  he  had  consulted 
good  speakers,  and  particuhirly  .Mr.  Garrick,  who  could  find  no  diflVrence  in  the 
sound,  it  might  be  inferred  that  his  ear  was  not  very  accurate.  Hut  his  mist.ike 
evidently  arose  from  not  attending  to  the  effect  of  the  articulation  in  the  latter 
word,  which  stops  the  sound  suddenly,  but  does  not  vary  it.    It  is  the  same 


States  ;  and  by  changing  a  short  vowel  into  a  long  one,  his  nota- 
tion would  subvert  the  rules  of  metrical  composition.  If  he  did 
not,  his  notation  is  ada])ted  to  mislead  the  learner,  and  it  does 
mislead  learners,  wherever  his  book  is  strictly  followed.  In 
truth,  this  notation  is  generally  condemned  in  England,  and 
universally  rejected  in  practice.* 

In  the  notation  of  sounds,  there  is  a  mistake  and  inconsistency 
in  most  orthoepists,  which  deserves  notice,  not  on  account  of 
its  practical  importance  so  much,  as  to  expose  an  error  in  syllab- 
ication or  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  which  has  been 
maintained  bj-  all  writers  in  (ireat  Britain,  from  time  immemorial. 
The  rule  is,  that  "a  single  consonant  between  two  vow<-ls,  must 
he  joined  to  the  latter  .syllable."  According  to  this  rule,  lialiil, 
baron,  tenet,  are  to  be  divitled  thus,  liu-bit,  ba-ron,  te-nrt. 

This  rule  is  wholly  arbitrary,  and  has  for  ages  retarded  and 
rendered  diliicult  the  acquisition  of  the  language  by  children. 
How  is  it  possible  that  men  of  discernment  should  support  a  rule, 
that  in  thousands  of  words  makes  it  necessary  to  break  a  syllable, 
detaching  one  of  the  letters  essential  to  it,  and  giving  it  a  place 
in  the  ne.xt.'  In  the  words  above  mentioned,  hub,  bar,  ten,  are 
distinct  syllables,  which  can  not  be  divided  without  violence. 
In  many  words,  as  in  these,  this  syllable  is  the  radix  of  tin- 
word  ;  the  other  S3-Ilable  being  formative  or  adventitious.  But 
where  this  is  not  the  case,  convenience  requires  that  syllables 
should,  if  possible,  be  kept  entire  ;  and  in  all  cases,  the  division 
of  syllables  should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  such  as  to  lead  the 
learner  to  a  just  pronunciation. 

As  in  our  language  the  long  and  short  vowels  are  not  dis- 
tinguished by  differences  of  cli?racter,  when  we  see  a  single 
consonant  between  vowels,  we  <,an  not  determine,  from  the  pre- 
ceding vowel  character,  whether  the  sound  is  long  or  short.  A 
stranger  to  the  language  knows  not  whether  to  pronounce  habit, 
ha-bit  or  hab-it,  till  he  is  instructed  in  the  customary  pronuncia- 
tion. It  was  probably  to  avoid  this  inconvenience,  that  our 
ancestors  wrote  two  consonants  instead  of  one  in  a  great  number 
of  words,  as  in  banner,  dinner.  In  tiiis  respect,  however,  there 
is  no  uniformity  in  English  ;  as  we  have  generally  retained  the 
orthography  of  the  languages  from  which  we  have  received  the 
words,  as  in  tutor,  rigor,  silent,  and  the  like. 

Now,  it  should  be  observed  that  although  we  often  see  the 
consonant  doubled,  as  in  banner,  yet  no  more  than  one  articula- 
tion, in  these  cases,  is  ever  used  in  speaking.  We  close  the 
organs  but  once  between  the  first  and  second  syllable,  nor  is  it 
possible  to  use  both  the  letters  7;,  without  pronouncing  baa,  then 
intermitting  the  voice  entirely,  opening  the  organs  and  closing 
them  a  second  time.  Hence,  in  all  cases,  when  the  same  conso- 
nant is  written  twice  between  vowels,  as  in  banner,  dinner,  bel- 
ter, one  of  them  only  is  represented  by  an  articulation  of  the 
organs;  the  other  is  useless,  except  that  it  prevents  any  mistake 
as  to  the  sound  of  the  preceding  vowel. 

In  the  notation  of  most  orthoepists,  there  is  inconsistency,  at 
least,  if  not  error.  If  they  intend  to  express  the  true  pronuncia- 
tion by  using  the  precise  letters  necessary  for  the  purpose,  they 
all  err.  For  instance,  they  write  bar'run  for  bar'on,  when  one 
articulation  only  is,  or  possibly  can  be,  used  ;  so  also  ballance, 
biggol,  biggamy,  mellon,  mr.ttaphor,  viellody.  Tliis  is  not  only  use- 
less, for  tlie  use  of  the  accent  after  the  consonant,  as  bar'on,  baV- 
tince,  big'ot,  mcl'on,  <X:c.,  completely  answers  the  purpose  of 
determining  the  pronunciation,  but  it  is  contradictory  to  their 
own  practice  in  a  vast  number  of  cases.  Thus  they  write  one 
consonant  only  m  civil,  cirie,  rivet ;  and  Walker  writes  hollonade, 
doubling  /,  but  kolony,  kolonise,  with  a  single  /.  This  want  of 
system  is  observable  in  all  the  books  which  are  offered  to  the 
public  as  standards  of  orthoepy. 

A  still  greater  fault,  because  it  may  lead  to  innumerable  prac- 
tical errors,  consists  in  the  notation  of  unaccented  syllables.  In 
this  particular,  there  is  error  and  discrepancy  in  the  schemes  of 
the  orthoepists,  which  shows  the  utter  impossibility  iif  carrying 
them  into  effect.  The  final  y  unaccented  Walker  makes  to  be 
e  long,  as  I  have  before  observed;  while  Sheridan,  Jones,  and 
Perry,  make  it  equivalent  to  short  i,  or,  at  least,  give  it  a  short 
sound,  according  to  universal  practice.  Walker  pronounces  the 
last  vowel  in  natural  and  national,  as  a  short;  Sheridan,  as  e 
short,  nnturel  ;  Jones,  as  u  short,  nalurul.    Sheridan's  notation 


mistake  which  he  madi"  in  llie  sound  of  i  in  the  second  syllable  of  ahility,  which 
he  calls  short,  while  the  .sound  of  the  second  i  and  of  t/  is  that  of  lonR  t.  The 
celebrily  of  \\  alkcr  as  a  teacher  of  elocution,  and  his  Key  to  the  I'ronunciation 
of  .Xncient  .Names,  which,  with  a  few  exceptions,  is  a  pood  standard  work, 
have  It'll  many  persons  to  put  more  confidence  in  his  English  Orthoepy,  than  a 
close  examination  of  its  prinripio  will  support. 


Ixiv 


INTRODUCTION. 


may  be  a  mistake,  for  he  gives  to  nl  in  national,  the  sound  of  ul. 
In  the  adjective  deliberate,  Walker  and  Jones  give  a  in  the  last 
syllable  its  proper  long  sound  ;  and  Sheridan,  the  sound  of  e 
short,  deliberet.  Dignitary  is  pronounced  by  Sheridan  dignitery, 
and  Walker  and  Jones  give  to  a  its  short  sound,  as  in  ut.  The 
terminating  sj-llable  ncss  is  pronounced  by  Walker  and  Jones 
nes,  by  Sheridan  nis ;  as,  blessednrs,  blesscdnis.  The  same  differ- 
ence exists  in  their  notation  o{  less ;  Sheridan  pronouncing  it 
lis,  as  in  blawetis,  and  Walker  and  Jones  giving  e  its  proper 
sound.  These  differences,  and  many  others,  run  through  their 
works,  and  appear  in  a  large  portion  of  all  the  words  in  the 
language. 

Now,  it  is  probable  that  all  these  gentlemen  pronounced  these 
words  alike,  or  so  nearly  alike,  that  no  difference  would  be  noticed 
by  a  bystander.  The  mischief  of  these  notations  is,  that  attempts 
are  made  to  express  minute  distinctions  or  shades  of  sounds,  so 
to  speak,  which  can  not  be  represented  to  the  eye  by  characters. 
A  great  part  of  the  notations  must,  necessaril}',  be  inaccurate, 
and  for  this  reason,  the  notation  of  the  vowels  in  unaccented 
syllables  should  not  be  attempted.  From  a  careful  attention  to 
this  subject,  I  am  persuaded  that  all  such  notations  are  useless, 
and  many  of  them  mischievous,  as  they  lead  to  a  wrong  pronun- 
ciation. In  no  case  can  tlie  true  pronunciation  of  words  in  a 
language  be  accurately  and  completely  expressed  on  paper ;  it 
can  be  caught  only  by  the  ear,  and  by  practice.  No  attempt  has 
ever  been  made  to  mark  the  pronunciation  of  all  the  sounds, 
in  any  other  language  ;  and  in  our  language  it  is  worse  than 
useless. 

.\s  Walker's  pronunciation  l  as  been  represented  to  the  people 
of  this  country  as  the  standai  i,  I  shall  confine  my  remarks 
chiefly  to  his  work,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  its  merits,  and 
correct  any  erroneous  impressions  which  have  been  received 
from  such  representations. 

1.  The  first  class  of  words  which  I  shall  mention,  is  that  in 
which  a  has  what  is  called  its  Italian  sound,  as  we  pronounce  it 
in  fatlicr,  psalm,  calm.  From  a  hasty  enumeration  of  words  of 
this  class,  I  find  there  are  two  or  three  hundred  in  number,  in 
which  Walker  gives  to  a  its  short  sound,  as  in  fat,  bat,  fancy, 
when,  in  fact,  the  most  respectable  usage  in  England,  as  well  as 
in  the  United  States,  gives  that  letter  its  Italian  sound.  This 
error  Jones  and  Perry  have  corrected.  To  be  correct  in  this 
class  of  words,  we  have  only  to  retain  the  customary  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  Northern  States. 

2.  The  notation  of  the  sound  of  oo  by  Walker  is  wrong  in 
most  or  all  the  words  in  which  oo  are  followed  by  I;,  and  in  some 
others.  Notwithstanding  the  distinction  between  the  long  and 
short  sound  of  oo  is  clear,  and  well  established  in  a  great  number 
of  words,  yet  he  assigns  the  short  sound  to  eight  words  only,  viz. 
wool,  wood,  good,  hood,  foot,  stood,  understood,  and  withstood. 
(Prin.  307.)  It  seems  inconceivable  that  a  man,  bred  or  resident 
in  London,  should  assign  to  oo  in  book,  cook,  took,  and  other  like 
words,  the  same  sound  as  in  cool,  boom,  boot,  food.  Jones  and 
Perry  have  corrected  this  notation,  and  given  the  pronunciation 
according  to  good  usage,  and  just  according  to  our  customary 
pronunciation.  While  in  England,  I  did  not  hear  a  single  word 
of  this  class  pronounced  according  to  Walker's  notation. 

3.  To  the  letters  c/t  in  bench,  bunch,  clinch,  drench,  inch,  tench, 
wrench,  and  many  other  words.  Walker  gives  the  French  sound, 
that  is,  the  sound  of  sh,  instead  of  ch ;  as,  bensh,  insh,  &c.  It 
would  seem  by  this  and  other  examples  of  wrong  notation,  that 
the  authi  r  had  been  accustomed  to  some  local  peculiarities,  eitlier 
in  London,  where  all  kinds  of  dialects  are  heard,  or  in  some  otlier 
place.  In  this  instance,  he  gives  to  these  words  a  pronunciation 
diflerent  from  that  of  other  orthoepists,  and  one  which  I  have 
never  hoard,  eitlier  in  England  or  in  this  country.  His  notation 
is  palpably  wrong,  as  our  customary  pronunciation  is  universally 
correct. 

4.  It  has  been  already  remarked,  that  Walker's  notation  of  the 
sound  of  i  and  y  short,  in  unaccented  syllables,  which  he  directs 
to  be  pronounced  like  e  long,  in  mc,  viele,  is  contrary  to  all  good 
usage,  and  is  rejected  by  every  other  orthoepist,  except  Jameson. 
Walker  admits  i  to  be  short,  when  followed  by  a  consonant  in 
the  same  syllabic.  Thus  the  first  i  in  ability  is  short,  but  the 
second  i  and  the  y  are  long  e,  ubitcetrc.  Now,  oljserve  the  con- 
8e(|uciice.  In  the  plural,  abilities,  according  to  his  rule,  must  be 
pronounced  abilecteez  ;  but  the  word  is  never  thus  pronounced; 
univerMally  it  ia  pronounced  abilitiz  ;  the  last  vowel  sound  is,  in 
practice,  immediately  followed  by  a  consonant,  and  'ny  his  own 
rule,  MiUHt  be  short.  Then  the  result  is,  y  in  ability  is  long  c,  but 
ie  ill  the  plural,  is  short  i.    And  for  this  change  of  sound,  no 


provision  is  made  in  Walker's  scheme,  nor  in  any  other  that 
I  have  ever  seen. 

5.  In  the  analysis  of  the  sounds  of  our  letters.  Walker  alleges 
the  diphthong  ou,  ow,  to  consist  of  the  broad  a  or  ate,  and  the  i 
Italian  sound  of  u.  According  to  his  scheme,  about,  abound, 
round,  noie,  tow,  are  to  be  pronounced  abawvt,  abaicund,  rairu7iil, 
natou,  Tuwu.  But  who  ever  heard  this  pronunciation  The  fact  | 
is  not  so;  the  broad  sound  of  a  is  not  the  initial  sound  of  this 
diphthong;  it  is  not  commenced  as  deep  in  the  throat,  or  with 
the  same  aperture,  as  aw ;  it  is  a  sound  that  can  be  learned  only 
by  the  ear.  The  pronunciation  of  this  diphthong  is  uniform  in 
both  countries. 

6.  In  noting  the  sound  of  the  unaccented  vowels,  and  those 
which  have  the  secondary  accent,  there  are  mistakes  without 
number,  in  all  the  schemes  which  I  have  seen,  and  one  continued 
series  of  differences  between  the  orthoepists.  The  following 
is  a  specimen. 


Sheridan. 

Walker. 

Jones. 

Deliverense, 

Deliveranse, 

Deliveranse. 

Dignytery, 

Dignetare, 

Dignytary. 

Anser, 

Ansur, 

Ansur. 

Assembledzh, 

Assembladje, 

Asse  mbladzhe. 

Averaje, 

Averaje, 

A  veredzh. 

rrin, 

Barren, 

Barren. 

P.  nal. 

Penal, 

Penul. 

Ponnens, 

Pennanse, 

Pennunse. 

Pennytenshel, 

Pennetenshal, 

Pennytenshul. 

Penny  tensherry. 

Pennetenshare, 

Pennytenshary 

Persunidzh, 

Persunidje, 

Persunedje. 

Proksymet, 

Proksemat, 

Proksymet. 

Proflyget, 
Pennetrent, 

Proflegat, 

Proflyget. 

Pennetrant, 

Pennetrant. 

Akkuzaturry, 

Akkuzatore, 

Akkuzatury. 

Akkrymunny, 

Akkremone, 

Akkrymunny. 

Allymunny, 

Allemun«e, 

Allymunny. 

Seremunny, 

Seremone, 

Serymony. 

I  take  no  notice  of  the  different  letters  by  which  these  writers 
express  the  same  sound,  one  using  e  where  another  uses  y,  but  of 
the  different  sounds  which  they  give  to  the  vowels  in  the  second, 
third,  or  last  syllable.    Now,  I  appeal  to  any  person  who  has  a 
tolerably  correct  ear,  whether  it  is  the  sound  of  a  that  is  uttered 
by  good  speakers,  or  any  speakers,  in  delireranre  and  dignitary. 
Is  it  the  sound  of  a  that  we  hear  in  the  last  syllable  of  penance,  j 
penetrant,  and  assemblage  ?    Do  we  hear,  in  the  last  syllable  of  i 
profligate,  the  short  a,  as  in  fat?    So  far  from  it,  that  a  public  - 
speaker,  who  should  utter  the  sound  of  a  so  that  it  should  be  | 
distinctly  recognized  in  any  polite  audience,  would  expose  him-  '■ 
self  to  ridicule.    The  sound  of  the  last  vowel  approaches  to  that  | 
of  e  or  u,  and  the  notation  of  Sheridan  is  nearest  the  truth.  But 
any  notation  is  worse  than  useless  ;  for  without  it,  there  would 
be  no  difference  in  customary  pronunciation. 

To  show  the  utter  impracticability  of  expressing  the  unac-  j 
cented  vowels,  in  all  cases,  with  precision,  let  the  reader  observe 
Walker's  notation  of  a  in  the  word  moderate,  and  its  derivatives. 
In  the  adjective  and  verb,  the  a  is  long,  as  in  fate;  in  modertitely 
and  moderateness  it  is  short,  as  in  fat.  This  is  certainly  incorrect 
notation  ;  no  good  speaker  ever  pronounces  these  words  mnd- 
erathi,  moderutness.  In  addition  to  this,  the  a  in  the  verb  to 
moderate,  is  more  distinctly  prono\uiced  than  it  is  in  the  adjective, 
in  which  it  has  rather  the  sound  of  e  short,  modcret ;  at  least  the 
sound  is  more  nearly  tliat  off  than  of  a.  And  this  distinction  of 
sound,  between  letters  in  tlie  same  word,  when  an  adjective,  and 
when  a  verb,  occurs  in  a  multitude  of  cases  —  a  distinction  for 
which  no  provision  is  made  in  any  system  of  orthoepy  that  I 
have  seen,  and  one  which  must  be  left  to  the  cognizance  of  the 
ear  alone. 

There  is  another  class  of  vowel  sounds  that  comprises  too 
many  inaccuracies  to  be  overlooked.  This  is  the  class  in  which 
the  first  syllable  has  an  unaccented  t,  as  in  debate.  In  all  words  j 
of  this  kind,  Walker  directs  the  leller  e  to  have  its  long  sound,  as 
in  me,  mete.  Then,  become,  bedeck,  begin^  debate,  debar,  declare, 
elect,  legitimate,  mechanic,  medicinal,  memorial,  necessity,  peculiar, 
petition,  rebuke,  recant,  relate,  secure,  select,  velocity,  Ac,  are  to 
be  pTonou7iced  beecome,  beedeck,  beegin,  deebale,  deebar,  decclare,  \ 
relecl,  leegitimute,  mcechanlc,  mecdieinal,  mccmorial,  neecessily, 
pcecutiar,  pcctition,  reebuke,  reecant,  rcetale,  seecure,  seclect,  vee 
locily,  &c. 

Accordinir  to  this  notation,  the  first  vowel  c  in  cril,  even,  and 
in  ccent,  is  to  have  the  same  sound,  being  all  marked  with  the 


1  N  T  II  O  I) 


IJ  C  Tl  O  N  . 


eaine  figure.  Now,  lot  inp  ask,  where  a  s])eakor  can  be  found 
who  pronounces  tliese  words  in  this  manner.  Who  ever  lieard 
of  sucii  a  pronunciation  Tiiis  notation  is  erroneous  and  niis- 
cliievous,  as  it  is  inconsistent  witli  the  reguhir  accent,  whicli 
carries  tlie  stress  of  voice  forward  to  tlie  next  syllable,  and  must, 
necessarily,  leave  the  first  vowel  with  the  feeble  sound  of  short  i 
or  ij.  This  g/iort  sound,  and  not  the  long  one,  as  in  even,  is  that 
which  we  always  hear  in  such  words. 

The  like  error  occurs  in  Walker's  notation  of  i  in  direct,  di- 
mhiisli,  and  many  other  words.  Walker  himself,  under  despatch, 
calls  the  sound  of  e  the  short  i;  but  under  rule  107,  says  this 
sound  of  z  can  not  be  properly  said  to  be  short,  as  it  is  not  closed 
by  a  consonant ;  yet  it  has  half  its  diphthongal  sound,  the  sound 
of  c' .'  This  reason,  that  i  or  e  is  not  short,  because  the  sound  is 
not  closed  by  a  consonant,  is  entirely  groundless,  and  contra- 
dicted by  the  universal  pronunciation  of  thousands  of  Knglish 
words.  To  direct  such  words  to  be  pronounced  decreet,  deemin- 
ish,  is  inexcusable.  This  error  corresponds  with  that  specined 
under  No.  4,  supra. 

Thus  there  is  neither  uniformity  nor  consistency  among  the 
orthoepists,  in  the  notation  of  the  unaccented  vowels;  and  it  is 
hardly  possible  there  should  be,  for  many  of  the  sounds  are  so 
slight,  in  ordinary  pronunciation,  that  it  is  almost  impossible  for 
the  ear  to  recognize  the  distinctions,  and  absolutely  impossible  to 
express  them  on  paper.  In  truth,  as  Dr.  Ash  remarks,  in  a  dis- 
sertation prefixed  to  his  Dictionary,  the  sounds  of  the  five  vowels, 
in  unaccented,  short,  and  insignificant  syllables,  are  nearly  coin- 
cident; and  it  must  be  a  nice  ear  that  can  distinguish  the  differ- 
ence of  sound  in  the  concluding  syllabic  of  altar,  alter,  manor, 
murmur,  siitijr.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  notation  of  such 
vowels  at  all  savors  of  hypercritical  fastidiousness,  and,  by  aiming 
at  too  much  nicety  and  exactness,  tends  only  to  generate  doubts 
and  multiply  differences  of  opinion.  If  the  accent  is  laid  on  the 
proper  syllable,  and  the  vowel  of  that  syllable  correctly  pro- 
nounced, the  true  pronunciation  of  the  word  will  follow  of 
course  ;  at  least  the  pronunciation  is  more  likely  to  be  right  than 
wrong,  and  no  mistake  will  occur,  which  shall  be  an  object  of 
notice. 

Nor  can  I  approve  the  practice  of  writing  all  words  in  differ- 
ent characters,  to  express  their  pronunciation,  as  if  their  proper 
letters  were  so  many  hieroglj'phics,  requiring  interpretation.  A 
great  part  ot  English  words  have  an  orthography  sufficiently  reg- 
ular, and  so  well"  adapted  to  express  the  true  pronunciation,  that 
a  few  general  rules  only  are  wanted  as  a  guide  to  the  learner. 

7.  Another  error  of  notation,  in  most  of  the  English  books,  is 
that. of  the  vowel  in  the  first  syllable  of  circle,  circumstance,  and 
many  other  words,  the  first  syllable  of  which  Sheridan  first,  and 
aflerwards  Walker  and  Jones,  directed  to  be  pronounced  ser. 
This  pronunciation  1  have  never  heard  either  in  England  or  in 
this  country.  Perry's  notation  makes  the  syllable  sur,  according 
to  all  the  usage  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 

f.  Another  objection  to  the  books  offered  as  standards  of 
pronunciation,  particularly  to  the  Dictionaries  of  Sheridan  and 
Walker,  is,  that  the  rules  are  inconsistent,  or  the  execution  of 
the  work  is  inconsistent  with  the  rules.  Thus  Walker  lays  it 
down  as  a  rule,  (No.  357,)  that  c  after  the  accent,  and  followed 
by  ea,  ia,  ie,  io,  or  cons,  takes  the  sound  of  sh,  as  in  ocean, 
social,  Phocion,  saponaceous,  which  are  pronounced  as  if  written 
oslican,  sosheal,  Pliosheon,  siiponashcous.  But  in  the  Dictionary, 
the  author  departs  from  the  rule,  and  directs  these  words  to  be 
pronounced  as  if  written  oshun,  soshal,  saponashus.  So  also  in 
gracious,  ancient,  especial,  provincial,  tenacious,  rapacious,  and  I 
know  not  how  many  others,  the  author  departs  from  his  own 
rule  ;  so  that  either  his  rule  or  his  practice  nmst  be  wrong. 

And  here  it  may  be  proper  to  notice  a  mistake  of  the  author, 
which  has  led  to  an  erroneous  notation  in  a  great  number  of 
words.  The  mistake  is,  that  he  assigns  to  c  and  I  before  the 
vowels  ea,  ia,  ie,  co,  and  io,  the  sound  of  5/1.  Thus  in  ocean,  he 
considers  c  as  pronounced  like  sh  ;  and  in  partial,  he  considers 
the  sound  of  sk  as  proceeding  from  /  only.  Now,  the  truth  is, 
that  the  sound  oi sh,  in  these  and  in  all  similar  cases,  results  from 
the  combination  of  c,  t,  or  s,  with  the  following  vowel;  that  is, 
from  the  rapid  enunciation  and  blending  of  the  two  letters. 
Then  the  sound  of  the  first  vowel  being  blended  with  e  or  t,  it 
ought  not  to  be  repeated,  and  form  a  distinct  syllable.  To  make 
three  syllables  of  ocean,  is  to  use  the  vowel  «  twice.  In  most 
cases,  all  the  orthoepists  agree  in  pronouncing  these  combinations 
correctly  in  dissyllables,  and  primitive  words  ;  as,  oshun,  trrashus, 
lenashus,  parshal ,  suhstanshal,  nashiin,  relashun,  prcshus,  and  the 
like.    But  in  a  number  of  words  that  are  primitive  in  our  lan- 


guage, Walker  and  Jones  depart  from  this  rule  ;  for  although 
they  pronounce  conscience  in  two  syllables,  conshrnse,  yet  they 
pronounce  nescience  and  prescience  in  l\trve,  neshyettse,  preshijense. 
So  also  when  they  make  tial  one  syllable  in  the  priiiulive  word, 
they  make  two  syllables  of  these  letters  in  the  derivatives;  par- 
tial is  parshal,  but  partialitij  is  parshealitij.  Thus  one  error  has 
led  to  another,  and  a  large  part  cf  all  words  of  this  kind  are  mis- 
pronounced. Sheridan  and  Terry,  in  this  respect,  are  consistent 
and  correct;  making  one  syllable  only  of  cia,  cie,  cio,  tin,  tio, 
both  in  primitives  and  derivatives,  throughout  the  language.  A 
single  line  of  poetry  ought  to  settle  this  point  forever. 

Erpatiale  free  oVr  all  this  scene  of  man.  Pope. 

9.  A  remarkable  instance  of  inconsistency  occurs  in  the  fol- 
lowing words.  .Armature,  aperture,  brevialurc,  feature,  &c., 
Walker  pronounces  armatshure,  apertsliure,  breviatsliure,  over- 
tsliv.re;  but  forfeiture  is  forfcctijure,  and  judicature,  lif^nturc,  litr- 
ratiire,  miniature,  nunciature,  portraiture,  prefecture,  quadrature, 
signature,  are  pronounced  as  here  written.  Can  any  reason  be 
possibly  assigned  for  such  inconsistency 

10.  Obedience  and  its  family  of  words  Walker  pronounces 
obcjecnce,  obe.jeent,  obrjeentlij ;  but  disobedience,  disobedient,  as 
here  written.  Expedient  is  either  as  here  written,  or  expcjeent ; 
but  expedience  without  the  alternative.     Why  this  inconsistency  ? 

11.  Obdurate,  obduracy,  are  marked  to  be  pronounced  obdurate 
or  objnrate,  obduracy  or  objuracy ;  but  objurately,  uiiiuriileness, 
without  an  alternative.  In  these  last  words  occurs  another  error  ; 
the  a  in  the  third  syllable  is  made  short,  as  if  pronounced  rat  —  a 
deviation  from  all  good  usage. 

This  notation  of  obdurate  is  inconsistent,  also,  with  tiiat  of  in- 
durate, and  with  that  oi'  obdure  —  an  inconsistency  which  appears 
to  have  no  plausible  pretext. 

The  conversion  of  d  intoj  before  i  is  rejected,  I  believe,  in  all 
words,  by  Jones,  Perry,  and  Jameson,  and  before  u  is  rejected 
by  Perry  and  Jameson,  and  in  many  words  by  Jones.  It  is  a  de- 
parture from  orthography  wholly  inexcusable. 

12.  Walker  (Principles,  No.  lays  it  down  as  a  rule,  that 
when  a  is  preceded  by  the  gutturals  hard  g  or  c,  [he  should  have 
said  palatals,]  it  is,  in  polite  pronunciation,  softened  by  the  inter- 
vention of  a  sound  like  e,  so  that  card,  cart,  guard,  regard,  are 
pronounced  like  heard,  heart,  gheard,  regheard.  Now,  it  is  re- 
markable that  in  the  vocabulary  or  dictionary,  the  author  has 
departed  from  his  rule,  for  in  not  one  of  the  foregoing  words, 
except  guard,  nor  in  a  multitude  of  other  words  which  fall  within 
the  rule,  has  he  directed  this  sound  of  e  before  the  following 
vowel.  Had  he  conformed  to  his  own  rule,  he  must  have  per- 
verted the  pronunciation  of  car,  carbuncle,  care,  carcass,  cardinal, 
cargo,  garden,  garter,  discard,  and  a  long  list  of  other  words,  too 
long  to  be  here  enumerated.  The  English  orthoepists  now  con- 
fine this  prepositive  sound  of  e  to  guard,  guaranty,  guardian, 
guile,  hind,  and  a  few  others.  The  probable  origin  of  this  fault 
has  been  already  assigned,  in  treating  of  the  letter  u.  It  is  an 
affected  pronunciation,  which  Nares  calls  "a  monster,  peculiar  to 
the  stage."  Indeed,  this  slender  sound  of  e  before  anotlier  vowel, 
is  wholly  incompatible  with  that  manly  enunciation  which  is 
peculiarly  suited  to  the  genius  of  the  language.  Perry  and 
Jameson  have  rejected  it. 

13.  In  the  first  edition  of  Walker's  Dictionary,  the  author, 
under  the  word  tripod,  ohsPTvca,  that  "all  words  of  two  syllables, 
with  the  accent  on  the  first,  and  having  one  consonant  between 
two  vowels,  ought  to  have  the  vowel  in  the  first  syllable  long." 
But  this  was  too  rash,  for  such  words  as  cem'ent,  des'crt,  preface, 
pres'ent,  prof  it,  rcb'el,  trop'ic,  and  a  multitude  of  others,  stand, 
in  the  author's  book,  in  direct  opposition  to  his  own  rule.  In  a 
subsequent  edition,  the  author,  or  some  other  person,  has  qualified 
the  rule  by  an  exception  in  favor  of  settled  usage.  This  excep- 
tion destroys  the  value  of  the  rule  ;  and  indeed  there  is,  and  there 
can  be,  no  rule  applicable  to  words  of  this  class.  The  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  first  vowel  can  be  known  only  by  the  usage. 

14.  The  derivatives  of  nation  and  ratio  Walker  and  Jones 
pronounce  nash'onal,  rash'onal.  If  this  should  be  defended  on 
the  ground  of  the  shortening  power  of  the  antepenultimate  ac- 
cent, then  let  me  ask  why  we  have  not  nosh'onal  from  notion, 
decosh'onal  from  devotion,  probash'oncr  from  probation,  stash'on- 
ari/  from  station?  Why  make  rules  and  not  apply  them  ?  Why 
indulge  such  palpable  inconsistencies  and  multiply  anomalies.' 

15.  Possess  is,  by  the  English  orthoepists,  pronounced  puzzrss  ; 
but  why  not,  then,  pronounce  assess,  assist,  assassin,  concession, 
obsession,  with  the  sound  of:  ?  Can  any  good  reason  be  assigned 
for  ta&king  possess  an  exception  to  the  pronunciation  of  this  class 


Ixvi 


INTRODUCTION, 


of  words?  This  utterance  of  sounds  through  the  nose  is  always 
disagreeable  to  the  ear,  and  should  be  restricted  to  words  in 
which  usage  is  established.  Good  taste  should  rather  induce  a 
limitation  than  an  extension  of  this  practice.  This  remark 
applies  also  to  some  words  beginning  with  dis,  in  which  Walker 
goes  beyond  other  orthocpists  in  giving  to  s  this  nasal  sound. 

16.  Walker  lavs  it  down  as  a  fact,  that  u  has  the  sound  of  e 
and  00  or  yu.  This  is  true  in  many  words,  as  in  union,  unilc, 
unanimitij,  &c.  Hence,  according  to  his  principle,  u  in  these 
words  is  to  be  pronounced  rjunion,  yunttc,  without  the  letter  y 
prefixed.  Yet  he  writes  these  and  similar  words  with  y,  yuniun, 
which,  upon  his  principles,  would  prefix  yic  to  the  sound  of  yu, 
and  the  pronunciation  would  be  yuyunitc,  or  cooyunite.  But  his 
notation  of  this  sound  of  u  is  not  uniform  ;  for  he  writes  disu/tioii 
and  disunite  without  jj,  though  it  must  be  as  proper  in  the  com- 
pound as  in  the  simple  word.  The  same  inconsistency  occurs 
laetween  use,  written  yusc,  yuze,  and  disuse,  disuze. 

17.  There  is  a  fault  in  Walker's  notation  of  o,  when  it  has  the 
sound  of  ou,  the  French  ou.  In  the  Key,  he  marks  o,  when  it 
has  this  sound,  with  the  figure  2,  and  gives  move  as  an  example. 
Then,  according  to  his  Key,  o  alone,  when  thus  marked,  sounds 
as  00.  But  in  the  Vocabulary,  he  thus  marks  both  vowels  in 
book,  look,  boot,  and  all  similar  words.  Then,  according  to  his 
notation,  each  of  the  vowels  has  the  sound  of  oo,  and  booh,  look, 
are  to  be  pronounced  boo-ook,  loo-ook.  He  certainly  did  not  in- 
tend this  ;  but  such  is  precisely  his  direction,  or  the  result  of  his 
notation  ;  and  a  foreigner,  without  counter-direction,  must  be  led 
into  this  pronunciation. 

The  same  fault  occurs  in  his  notation  of  ee,  as  in  meet  and  seek. 

18.  Volume,  Walker  and  Jones  pronounce  vohjume,  but  this  i.s 
not  exactly  correct.  Will  it  be  said  that  in  volume  the  u  is  long.-" 
This  is  not  tiie  fact;  at  least  I  never  heard  it  thus  pronounced 
either  in  England  or  America;  it  is  always  short  in  common 
usage,  i.  e.,  has  the  first  sound  of  «,  shortened. 

19.  Ink,  uncle,  concord,  concourse,  concubine,  are  pronounced 
by  Walker,  ingk,  tingkl,  kongkord,  konghorsc,  kongkubine ;  and 
these  odious  vulgarisms  are  offered  for  our  adoption.  There  can 
be  no  apology  for  such  attempts  to  corrupt  our  language. 

20.  It  is  known  that  the  word  imagery  is,  by  Walker  and  the 
other  orthocpists,  pronounced  in  four  syllables  ;  the  final  e  of  the 
primitive  word  being  detached  from  it,  and  uttered  with  r,  as  a 
distinct  syllable.  Why  savagery  has  escaped  the  same  fate,  I  do 
not  know.  It  is  obvious  that,  in  negligent  practice,  these  words 
have  often  been  thus  pronounced.  But  tlie  most  correct  pro- 
nunciation retains  the  original  word  entire  in  the  derivative,  the 
slight  sound  of  c  before  r  no  more  constituting  a  syllable,  than  it 
does  in  more  and  mire.    Take  the  following  examples:  — 


Of  marble  stone  was  cut 
An  altar  carv'd  with  cunning  imagery.  Spenser. 

When  in  those  oratories  might  you  see 

Rich  carvings,  portraitures,  and  imagery.  Dryden. 

Your  gift  shall  two  large  goblets  be 
Of  silver,  wrought  with  curious  imagery.  Dryden. 

What  can  thy  imagery  of  sorrow  mean.'  Prior. 

Pronounced  in  four  syllables,  imagery,  in  these  lines,  makes 
a  syllable  too  much,  and  injures  the  measure,  and  in  the  last 
example  utterly  destroys  it.  The  true  pronunciation  of  Spenser, 
Dryden,  and  Prior,  is  the  same  as  it  always  has  been  in  my  ele- 
mentary books.  [Although  the  same  remarks  may  be  applicable 
to  such  words  as  bravery,  finery,  knavery,  scenery,  slavery,  &c., 
it  has  been  thought  best  to  make  a  distinct  syllable  of  the  e  and 
r,  to  avoid  misunderstanding  as  to  the  sound  intended.] 

21.  Formerly  the  words  puissance,  puissant,  had  the  accent 
on  the  second  syllable  ;  although  the  poets  seem,  in  some  in- 
stances, to  have  blended  the  four  first  letters  into  one  syllable. 
But  the  modern  change  of  the  accent  to  the  first  syllable,  is  not 
in  accordance  with  English  analogies,  and  it  impairs  the  measure 
of  many  lines  of  poetry,  in  which  these  words  occur.  In  the 
adverb  jmissantly,  it  has  a  very  bad  effect. 

The  foregoing  observations  extend  to  whole  classes  of  words, 
in  which  the  genuine  pronunciation  has  been  changed,  unsettled, 
and  perverted.  It  would  be  inconsistent  with  the  limited  nature 
of  this  Introduction,  to  enter  into  an  examination  of  every  par- 
ticular word  of  disputable  pronunciation.  It  seems  to  be  inex- 
pedient and  useless  to  bestow,  as  Walker  has  done,  half  a  page, 
or  a  page,  on  a  single  word,  in  attempting  to  settle  some  trifling 
point,  or,  in  many  cases,  to  settle  a  point  that,  in  this  country, 
has  never  been  disputed. 

To  give  a  brief  statement  of  the  errors,  diversities,  and  contra- 
dictions of  the  principal  schemes  of  orthoepy  which  have  been 
offered  to  the  public,  within  the  last  half  century,  two  classes  of 
words  only  will  be  sufficient  as  specimens. 

The  following  lists  are  not  complete,  but  they  comprehend  the 
greatest  number  of  words  in  their  respective  classes.  The  dates 
at  the  head  of  the  columns,  designate  the  year  when  the  Dic- 
tionaries in  my  possession  were  published,  indicating  nearly,  but 
not  exactly,  the  origin  of  each  scheme.  In  the  orthography,  I 
have  given  the  letters  used  by  each  author,  in  the  syllable  which 
contains  the  difference  of  pronunciation  ;  in  the  others,  I  have 
followed  the  common  orthography. 


Sheridan. 

IValker. 

Jones. 

Perry. 

Jameson. 

1784. 

1794. 

1798. 

1805. 

1827. 

Abbrcvyature, 

Abbroveatshure, 

Abbreviature, 

Abbrev'iature, 

Abbrcveature. 

Accentuate, 

Accentshuate, 

Accentuate, 

Accentuate, 

Accentuate. 

Accentuation, 

Accentshuation, 

Accentuation, 

Accentuation, 

Accentuation. 

Actual, 

Actsh  ual, 

Actual, 

Actual, 

Actual. 

Actuate,  «&c., 

Actshiiate, 

Actuate, 

Actuate, 

Actuate. 

.\dniikstshur. 

Admikstshure, 

Admixture, 

Admixture, 

Admixture. 

Adventuil, 

Adventshual, 

Adventual, 

Adventual, 

Adventual. 

Ad  ventshur. 

Adventshure, 

Adventure, 

Adventure, 
Agriculture, 

Adventure. 

Agriculture, 

Agricultshure, 
Apertsliure, 

Agriculture, 

Agriculture. 

Aperture, 

Aperture, 
Architcctsliure, 

Aperture, 

Aperture. 

Arkitoktshur, 

Architoctshure, 

Architecture, 

Architecture. 

Armature, 

Armatshure, 

Armature, 

Armature. 

Artuatc, 

Artshuate, 

Artuate, 

Attaintsliur, 

Attaintshure, 

Attainture, 

Attainture. 

Aventshur, 

A  vcntsliure. 

Aventure, 

A  vc^nture. 

Befortun(>, 

Befortshune, 

Bel'ortune, 

Befortuiio, 

Be  fortune. 

Hountyus, 

Bountoheous, 

Bounteous, 

Bounteous, 

Bounteous. 

('alinture. 

Calentshure, 

Calentu  re. 

Calenture, 

Calenture. 

(capitulate. 

(."apitulnte. 

Ca])itulate, 

Capitulate, 

Capitulate. 

Capsular, 

('apshular. 

Ca|)sluilar, 

Capsular, 

Cajisular. 

Captnliur, 

Cajitslmre, 

Ca[)tsliur, 
Cartulary, 

Captu  re. 

Capture. 

Cartulary, 

Cartshulary, 

Cartulary, 

Cartulary. 

Celature, 

Celatsh  urc, 

Celatshure, 

Celature, 

Celature. 

CinclHliur, 

Cinctshiire, 

Cincture, 

Cincture, 

Cingkture. 

('lauHhur, 

Clau/.liure, 

Clauzhure, 

Clauzhure, 

Clauzhur. 

CoinmonHurate, 

Comiiicnshurate, 

Conimensliuratc, 

Commensurate, 

Conimensurnti.' 

Coininutiial, 

('omiiiutsliu.il, 

Coinmutshual, 

Comniutual, 

Commutual. 

Cornpactshur, 
Compuatuhur, 

Coin])actshiiri', 

('ompiictiirc. 

Conipacture, 

Coinpacture. 

Compos  tiihurc, 

Compostshure, 

Coniposturo. 

INTRODUCTION. 


Ixvii 


S/icridtiH. 

Wnlher 

JOJIPS. 

PerTij. 

Jameson. 

1  /  o4 . 

1  TdJ 

1  /  :M . 

I  4  Jo. 

J  oOo. 

lH!i7. 

Concrclsliur, 

Ooncrctsh  ure, 

(Joncretsluire, 

Concreture, 

Concr<'ture. 

Coufjratsliulate  J 

(Jongratulatc, 

Con  t^ratu  late, 

Congratulate. 

Coiijt'ctshur, 

Oon  jectsliure, 

(_/onj(»ctur, 

Conjecture. 

Conjecture. 

Ooii  j  unctshurj 

Oonj  unctshur6j 

(Jonjunctur, 
Cvon  natshural, 

Conjuncture, 

Conjunkture 

OouiKiturul, 

(Jon natshural  J 

Connatural, 

Connatural. 

(Joiistitucnt) 

(Jonstitshucnt, 

C/onstitucnt, 

Constituent, 

Constituent. 

Constructshur, 

(Jonstructsiiurc, 

Con  structure. 

Constructure, 

Constructure 

(^oiitcxtshur^ 

(->  on  tc  X  tsh  u  re , 

(Jontextshure, 

Contexture, 

Contexture. 

(Jon  vciilu;il, 

Conventshual, 

(Jon  ventual, 

Conventual, 

Conventual. 

(J  0  u  u  t  rn  3.  t  u  r  (1 1 

Countcrnatshural, 

CounternaturaJ, 

Counternatural. 

I.j^n  »*t4;Mr»r\i'ia 

Curtcheous, 

vyourteous. 

(Jrt*iit-sliur, 

1  . rof  c li  1 1  ri» 
i  I,  loll  u  i  l  , 

V_y  1  I.  uLOllUltJ, 

Creature, 

Cullsliur, 

(Jultshuro, 

Culture, 

Culture, 

Culture. 

Oebentsliuro, 

Debenture, 

Debenture, 

Debenture. 

Oococtshure, 

Decocture, 

Decocture, 

Decocture. 

1)  0  fV'  IltsllUTj 

Oefeatshure, 

Defeature, 

Defeature. 

Dcj  t?c  tsllur  J 

Dejectshure, 

Dejecture, 

Dejecture. 

• 

Dejecture. 

Oc  piirtsliurj 

Dcpartshure, 

Departshurc, 

Departure, 

Departure. 

Dictatshur, 
D  iscotnfitsliurj 

Dictatshure, 

Dictature, 
Discoinfity  ure, 

Dictature. 

Disconifityure, 

Uiscorntiture, 

Discomfiture 

T  1  it"r>r»ii  T'tciiiio 

Discourtshus, 

Discourteous, 

Discurcheous, 

Discourteous 

1  till  T  1 1)  rn  1 1 

13  isnatsliuraiize, 

Disnaturalize, 

Disnaturalize, 

Disnaturalize 

JL)  isiiiitsh  iirt'd^ 

Oisnatshured, 

Disnatshured, 

Disnatured. 

D  ivostsliUTj 

Di  vestshure, 

Divestshure, 

Divesture, 

Divesture. 

1  1  n  1 n  c 
XJ  U  U  >  XlOj 

rjiIcClUal) 

Duteous  or  Outsheous, 

D  uteous, 

Duteous, 

Duteous. 

Effectshual, 

Effectual, 

Effectual, 

JliUectual. 

Linra.ptshur, 

Enraptshure, 

Enraptshure, 

Enrapture, 

Enrapture. 

s  t  im  r^'  ^ 

Estshuary , 

Estuary, 
Estuate, 

Estuary, 

Estuary. 

r'jstuiitp, 

Estshuate, 

r^stuate, 

Estuate. 

1'^  vt^ntiinl, 

Eventshual, 

ventual, 

Eventual, 

Eventual. 

lljXpOStuliltCj 

Expostshulate, 

Expostulate, 

Expostulate, 

Expostulate 

Factsliurj 

Factshure, 

Facture, 

Facture, 

Facture. 

Fastuous, 

Fastshuous, 

Fastshuous, 

Fastuous. 

I*  oatsliiir. 

Featshure, 

Featshure, 

Feature, 

r  eteyer. 

r isLUia, 

r  istsnuia, 

Fistshula, 

Fistula, 

Fistula. 

h  latul<?ncGj 

Flatshulence, 

Flatulen  ce. 

Flatulence, 

Flatulence. 

I  latiiouSj 

Flatsliuous, 

Flatuous, 

Flatuous. 

I'  luctuatc- 

Fluctshuate, 

Fluctuate, 

Fluctuate, 

r  luctuate. 

i*  ortun6, 

Fortshune, 

Fortshune, 

Fortune, 

Fortune. 

t  ractshur, 

Fractshure, 

Fractshure, 

Fracture, 

Fracture. 

Frucluous," 

Fructshuous, 

Fructuous, 

Fructuous, 

Fructuous. 

I*  UtsllUTj 

Futshure, 

Futshur, 

Future, 

Futyure. 

Grarnitsllur, 

(jarnitshure, 

Garniture, 

Garniture, 

Garniture. 

(jroslsliur, 

Gestshure, 

Gestshure, 

Gesture, 

Gesture. 

GrratiilatG  J 

Crratshulate, 

Gratulatc, 

Gratulate, 

Gratulate. 

(jruttural  J 

Guttshural, 

Oiif  f  nrni 
Vjr  U  t  L  U  r  (1 1 , 

Guttural, 

cultural . 

Ifnhitiiit 

J.  AclUILUiXl. 

rl  rtT"t  itcillH* 
1  11.' 1  (.ll^lllLblllirj 

Plahitshual, 
I^orticultshurc, 

r-i  iritfiii  1 
JXitUIlUdl, 

Habitual, 

Habitual. 

l-i  r\»"tif*ii  It  11  »*<» 

X 1  uriiL'  uiiure. 

Horticulture 

Horticulture. 

^^ortulan, 

Hortshulan, 

Hortulan, 

Hortulan, 

Hortulan. 

1  llnatslinr^ 

Illnatshure, 

Illnatshure, 

lUnature, 

Illnatyur. 

lnini6nsliur3.blG| 

Ininienshurable, 

I  niniensh  arable. 

Inimenshurable, 

Immcnsurablt 

Impetuous, 

Inipetshuous, 

Impetshuous, 

Impetuous, 

Impetuous. 

I  niporlunatc  J 

I  ni  portsh  u  n  ate , 

Importunate, 

Importunate. 

I  rupostsliUTi 

1  nipostshure, 

Impostshure, 

Imposture, 

Impostyur. 

Incestuous^ 

Incestshuous, 

Incestshuous, 

Incestuous, 

Incestuous. 

1  n  do  ntsliur* 

Indentshure, 

Indentshure, 
InefFectshual, 

Indenture, 

Indentyur. 

1  n  (»  frPf  1 1  n  1 
lilt.  ilL^LUillf 

Ineffectshual, 

Ineffectual, 

Ineffectual. 

1  lllu-LLltJ.  Lt-  J 

Insculptshur, 

1  nfatshuatc, 

Infatuate, 
Insculptshure, 

Infatuate, 

Infatuate. 

Insculptshure, 

Insculpture, 

Insculptyur. 

X  lis  lA  1  (11  . 

Insh  ular. 

Insular, 

Insular, 

Insular. 

I  nsulatod  ^ 

Inshulatod, 

Insulated, 

Insulated, 

Insulated. 

Intellectual^ 

Intellectshual, 

Intcllectshual, 

Intellectual, 

Intellectual. 

Jointshur, 

Joinlshure, 

Jointure, 

Jointure, 

Jointyur. 

J  u  n  ctshuTj 

J  unktshure, 

Junctshure, 

Juncture, 

Junctyur. 

Lectshur, 
Leo^islatshur, 

Lectshure, 

Lectshure, 

Lecture, 

Lecty  ur. 

Eei^islatshurej 

Legislature, 

Legislature, 

Legislatyur 

JNlantua^ 

iVlantshua, 
INlan  ufactshure^ 

Mantua, 

Mantua, 

Mantua. 

Alanufactshur, 

Manufactshure, 

Manufacture, 

Manufactyur. 

Maturate  J 

IVIatsh  urate, 
Mcnshurable, 

Matshurate, 

Maturate, 

Maturate. 

IVIeiisliurabley 

Menshurable, 

Mensurable, 

Mensurable. 

Meteor, 

M  isTortsliunj 

Aleteor  or  Metsheor, 

Meteor, 

Meteor, 

Meteor. 

iVl  itiiwirtvli  M  np 

J>'AI91W1  LSIIUIK,, 

]VI  isfortsh  une, 

M  isfortune, 

Alisfortune . 

Mixtshur, 

Mixtshure, 

Mixtshure, 

Mixture, 

Mixtyur. 

Moistshur, 

Moistshure, 

Moistshure, 

Moisture, 

Moistyur. 

Morshur, 

Morshure, 

Morsliure, 

Morshure. 

Mutshual, 

Mutshual, 

Mutshual, 

Mutual, 

Mutual. 

Natshur, 

Natshure, 

Natshur, 

Natchure, 

Nateyur. 

Natshural, 

Natshural, 

Nattshural, 

Natural, 

Natural. 

Ixviii 


INTRODUCTION  . 


Sheridan. 
17ti4. 
Noctshuary, 
Nurtshur, 
Overtshur, 
Paintshur, 
Pastsliur, 
Peninshula, 
Periostshum, 
Perpetshual, 
Perpetshuity, 
Pictshur, 
Piteous, 
Plentshus, 
Postshur, 
Postshulate, 
Presumptuous, 
Projectshur, 
Promptshur, 
Punctshual, 
Punctshur, 
Pustshul, 
Raptshur, 
Recapittshulate, 
Ritshnal, 
Ruptshur, 
Sanctshuary, 
Satshurate, 
Scriptshur, 
Sculptshur, 
Septshuagint, 
Sittshuate, 
Spirittshual, 
Sportshul, 
Stattshuary, 
Stattshu, 
Stattshur, 
Stattshut, 
Strictshur, 
Structshur, 
Suuiptshuous, 
Shootshur, 
Tarantshula, 
Tempestuous, 
Tenshur, 
Textshuary, 
Textshur, 
Tinctshur, 
Titshular, 
Tortshur, 
Tortshuous, 
Tritshuration, 
Tshoomultshuous, 
Unctsliuous, 
Unstattshutable, 
Vestshur, 
Ventsliur, 
Veolentchelo, 
Vertshu, 
Vitshuline, 
Voluptshuous, 
Vultshur, 
Waflshur, 


Walker. 
17i>4. 
Noctshuary, 
Nurtshure, 
Overtshure, 
Paintsliure, 
Pastsliure, 
Peninshula, 
Periostshum, 
Perpetshual, 
Perpetuity, 
Pictshure, 
Pitcheous, 
Plentshus, 
Postshure, 
Postshulate, 
Prezumtshuous, 
Projectshure, 
Promptshure, 
Punctshual, 
Punctshure, 
Pustshule, 
Raptsliure, 
Recapittshulate, 
Ritshual, 
Ruptshure, 
Sanctshuary, 
Satshurate, 
Scriptshure, 
Sculptshure, 
Septshuagint, 
Sittshuate, 
Spirittshual, 
Sportshule, 
Stattshuary, 
Stattshu, 
Stattshure, 
Stattshute, 
Strictshure, 
Structshure, 
Sumptshuous, 
Sutshure, 
Tarantshula, 
Tempestshuous, 
Tenshure, 
Textshuary, 
Textshure, 
Tinctshure, 
Tittshular, 
Tortshure, 
Tortshuous, 
Tritshuration, 
Tuniultshuous, 
Ungktshuous, 
Unstattshutable, 
Vcstshure, 
Vcntshure, 
Veolentshelo, 
Vertshu, 
Vitshuline, 
Voluptshuous, 
Vultshure, 
VVaftshure, 


Jones. 

1798. 
Noctuary, 
Nurtshure, 
Overture, 
Paintshure, 
Pastsliure, 
Peninshula, 
Periosteum, 
Perpetshual, 
Perpetuity, 
Pictshur, 
Piteous, 
Plenteous, 
Postshure, 
Postshulate, 
Prezumtshuous, 
Projectshure, 
Promptshure, 
Punctual, 
Punctshure, 
Pustshule, 
Raptshur, 
Recapittshulate, 
Ritshual, 
Ruptshure, 
Sanctuary, 
Satshurate, 
Scriptshure, 
Sculptshure, 
Septuagint, 
Situate, 
Spirittshual, 
Sportshule. 
Stattshuary, 
Stattshu, 
Stattshure, 
Stattshute, 
Strictshure, 
Structshure, 
Sumtshuous, 
Sutshure, 
Tarantshula, 
Tempestshuous, 
Tenshure, 
Textshuary, 
Textshure, 
Tinctshure, 
Titshular, 
Tortshure, 
Tortshuous, 
Tritshuration, 
Tumultsliuous, 
Unctuous, 
Unstattshutable, 
Vestshure, 
Ventshure, 
Vcolonchelo, 
Vertshu, 
Vitshuline, 
Voluptshuous, 
Vultshure, 
Waftshure, 


Perry. 
Iri05. 
Noctuary, 
Nurture, 
Overture, 
Painture. 
Pasture, 
Peninsula, 
Periosteum, 
Perpetual, 
Perpetuity, 
Picture, 
Piteous, 
Plenteous, 
Posture, 
Postulate, 
Presumptuous, 
Projecture, 
Prompture, 
Punctual, 
Puncture, 
PustJle, 
Rapture, 
Recapitulate, 
Ritual, 
Rupture, 
Sanctuary, 
Saturate, 
Scripture, 
Sculpture, 
Septuagint, 
Situate, 
Spiritual, 

Statuary, 

Statu, 

Stature, 

Statute, 

Stricture, 

Structure, 

Sumptuous, 

Suture, 

Tarantula, 

Tempestuous, 

Tenshur, 

Textuary, 

Texture, 

Tincture, 

Titular, 

Torture, 

Tortuous, 

Triturate, 

Tumultuous, 

Unctuous, 

Unstatutable. 

Vesture, 

Venture, 

Violoncello, 

Virtue, 

Vituline. 

Voluptuous, 

Vulture, 

Waflurc. 


Jameson. 
\&.>7. 
Noctuary. 
Nurtyur. 
Overture. 

Pastyur. 

Peninsula. 

Periosteum. 

Perpetual. 

Perpetuity. 

Pictyur. 

Piteous. 

Plenteous. 

Postyur. 

Postulate. 

Presumptuous. 

Projecture. 

Promptyur. 

Pungtual. 

Pungktyur. 

Pustule. 

Raptyur 

Recapitulate. 

Ritual. 

Ruptyur. 

Sangktuary. 

Saturate. 

Scriptyur. 

Scuiptyur. 

Septuagint. 

Situate. 

Spiritual. 

Statuary. 

Statu. 

Statyur. 

Statute. 

Strictyur. 

Structynr. 

Sumptuous. 

Suteyur. 

Tarantula. 

Tempestuous. 

Tenshur. 

Textuary. 

Textyur. 

Tingktyur. 

Titular. 

Tortyur. 

Tortuous. 

Trituration. 

Tumultuous. 

Ungktuous 

Vestyur. 
Ventyur. 
Veolontsello. 
Virtu. 

Voluptuous. 
Vultyur. 


This  ta1)le  of  words  may,  perhaps,  be  thought  a  burlesque  on 
English  orthoepy.  It  certainly  presents  a  phenomenon  altogether 
novel  in  the  history  of  language. 

Of  these  five  authorities,  the  notation  of  Perry,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  few  words  ending  in  vrc,  is  most  nearly  accordant 
to  tlie  present  usage  in  England,  as  far  as  my  observations,  while 
in  that  country,  extended.  That  of  Walker  is  by  far  the  most 
remote  from  that  usage.  From  an  actual  enumeration  of  the 
Byllablea  in  certain  classes  of  words  in  which  the  vowel  is  errone- 
ously pronounced,  in  Walker's  scheme,  I  have  ascertained  that 
the  number  amounts  to  more  than  ttoelve  thousand,  without 
including  B(*veral  classes  of  unaccented  syllables,  which  would 
swell  the  niiiilber  by  some  thousands.  Of  this  whole  number,  I 
did  not,  ivliilc  in  England,  hear  one  vowel  pronounced  according 
to  Walker's  notation.    The  zeal  manifested  in  this  country  to 


make  his  pronunciation  a  standard,  is  absolute  infatuation,  as, 
if  adopted  in  its  full  extent,  it  would  introduce  many  differences 
in  the  pronunciation  of  words  in  the  two  countries,  in  which 
sameness  now  exists;  and  even  the  attempt,  should  it  not  be 
successful,  must  multiply  discordancies  and  distract  opinions, 
and  thus  place  the  desired  uniformity  at  a  greater  distance  than 
ever.  Fortunately,  Walker's  pronunciation  has  never  been  gen- 
erally received  in  England,  and  where  it  has  been  received,  we 
see,  by  Jameson's  Dictionary,  that  it  is  becoming  unpopular  and 
obsolete.  Walker's  pronunciation  of  several  classes  of  words 
is  also  condemned  by  Jones  and  Knowles. 

We  observe  in  the  following  list,  that  the  three  first  of  these 
orthoepists  have  no  rule  by  which  their  pronunciation  is  regulated. 
Mence  the  want  of  uniformity'  in  words  of  like  orthography. 
See  bounteous,  courteous,  duteous,  and  plenteous.    Why  should 


INTRODUCTION. 


plentious  bo  reduced  to  two  syllables,  when  hountc.ovs  is  pro- 
nounced in  three?  And  wliat  reason  can  bo  assigned  for  the 
ditlerent  notation  of  capitulate  and  recapitulate.? 

A  remarkable  instance  of  inconsistency  in  Walker's  notation, 
occurs  in  words  of  more  syllables  tlian  two,  ending  in  turc. 
Thus  we  find  turc  converted  into  cliure  [tshure]  in 


Abbreviatshure. 

Adinixtshure. 

Adventshuro. 

Agricultshure. 

Aperlsluire. 

Attaintsliure. 

A  venlshure. 

Celatsliure. 

Calentshure. 


Conipactshure. 

Conipostsliure. 

Concretsluire. 

Conjeclshure. 

Conjunctsliuro. 

Contextshure. 

Debentshure. 

Decoc  tshure. 

Defeatshure. 


Dejoctshure. 

Departsliure. 

Dictatshuro. 

Divcslshurc. 

Impostshuro. 

Indentshure. 

Ovortshuro. 

I'rojoctshure. 


But  in  the  following  words  the  terminating  syllable  remains 
unaltered. 

IHiterature.  Literature.  Prelaturo. 

Inti  inporature.  Miniature.  Quadrature. 

Investiture.  Nunciature.  Serrature. 

Judicature.  Nutriturc.  Signature. 

Ligature.  Prefecture.  Temperature. 

Limature. 

In  this  class  of  words,  Sheridan  and  Jones  are  also  inconsistent 
with  themselves,  though  not  to  the  same  extent  as  Walker. 
Perry  and  Jameson  retain,  in  all  these  words,  the  true  orthog- 
rapliy  and  pronunciation.  In  these  words,  also,  Walker  gives  to 
!/,  in  the  last  sj'Uablc,  its  first  or  long  sound  ;  but  this  is  an  in- 
accurate notation  ;  tlio  sound  is  that  of  the  long  u,  shortened, 
at  least  so  far  as  my  observation  extends,  either  in  England  or 
the  United  States. 

In  the  following  classes  of  words,  as  pronounced  by  Walker, 
there  is  either  error  or  inconsistency,  or  both. 


Assidjuous. 

Commcdious  or  Commojeus. 
Credjulous. 
Dividual  or  Dividjual. 
Fastidious  or  Fastidjeous. 
Gradient  or  Grajcent. 
Gradual  or  Gradjual. 
Guardian  or  Guarjean. 
Hideus  or  Hidjeous. 
Immediacy  or  Immojoasy. 
Incendiarv  or  Incenjeary. 
Individual  or  Individjual. 
Jngrejent  [for  hioredlont.] 
Insidious  or  Insidjeus. 
Intermedial  or  Intermejeal. 
Invidious  or  Invidjeus. 
Mediocrity  or  Mejoocrity. 
Medium  or  Mejeum. 
Melodious  or  Melojeus. 
Meridian  or  Meridjean. 
Modulate  or  Modjulate. 
Nidjulation. 
Nodjule. 

Noctidyal  or  Noctidjeal. 


Obejecnce. 
Obejeent. 

Obduracy  or  Objuracy. 

Obdurate  or  Obj urate. 

Occidjuus. 

Odium  or  Ojeum. 

Ojus  or  Ojeus. 

Ordeal  or  Orjeal. 

Penjulous. 

Penjulum. 

Predial  or  Prejeal. 

Prelujeus. 

Presidjeal. 

Procejure. 

Quotijean. 

Radiate  or  Rajeate. 

Radiant  or  Rajeant. 

Radius  or  Rajeuis. 

Reziiljual. 

Sardius  or  Sarjeus. 

Sedulous  or  Sedjulous. 

Studious  or  Stujeus. 

Tedious  or  Tejeus. 


It  would  seem  that,  in  a  large  part  of  these  words,  we  may 
take  our  choice,  cither  to  retain  the  proper  sound  of  d,  or  to 
convert  it  into  that  of_;'.  This  choice  certainly  makes  an  odd 
kind  of  standard.  But  why  mediate  should  retain  the  sound  of 
(/,  while  iviviediacij  and  medium  suffer  a  change  ;  or  why  radiate 
should  be  given  in  the  alternative,  radiate  or  rajealc,  while  irra- 
diate and  irradiance  arc  not  subjected  to  any  change  ;  or  why 
obedience  should  be  changed  into  obcjeence,  and  disobedience  re- 
main unchanged,  1  am  not  able  to  conjecture. 


*  Walker'fi  Dictionary  1ms  been  tnunpctfil,  in  this  country,  as  the  standard  of 
orthoepy  in  F.ngliind.  This  i.s  so  far  from  the  truth,  that  three  later  compilers 
of  pnmouncing  dictionaries,  living  in  London,  have  expressly  condemned  his 
pronunciation  in  whole  classes  of  words. 

Walker's  notation  of  a  before  s,  in  such  words  as  lass,  last,  past,  i;iving  a  the 
short  sound  it  has  in  fun,  lack,  is  condemned  by  Jones,  who  calls  it  a  mincinir, 
modern  affrctation.  Walker's  givinj  to  oo  in  look,  took,  and  others,  the  same 
soiuid  a.s  in  tonik,  tout,  is  condemned  by  the  same  author.  Walker's  givin;;  to 
the  short  i  and  ;(  the  sound  of  ee  or  Ions  in  such  words  as  glonj,  probity, 
which,  by  his  notation,  are  to  be  pronounced  irloree,  probtetee,  Jones  pronounces 
to  be  ludicrous.    This  error  extends  to  more  than  eleven  thou-sanil  s.\  llables. 

Walker's  change  of  the  sound  of  d  into  that  of  j,  in  certain  clas.scs  of  words, 

K 


These  classes  of  words  exhibit  a  specimen  of  the  modern 
ORTiioKPV,  so  called,  of  our  language;  it  is  indeed  a  brief  and 
imjjerfi'ct  specimen,  for  1  have  ascertained  by  actual  enumera- 
tion, that  a  catalogue  of  all  the  differences  of  notation  in  these 
authors,  would  comprehend  about  one  third  of  all  the  words  in 
their  vocabularies.  Amidst  this  mass  of  errors  and  contradic- 
tions, our  consolation  is,  that  the  good  sense  of  the  English 
nation,  a  learned  and  respectable  people,  is  triumphing  over  the 
follies  and  caprices  of  fashion,  and  frowning  on  this  most  mis- 
chievous spirit  of  innovation." 

In  proportion  as  the  importance  of  settled  usages  and  of  pre- 
serving inviolate  the  i)roper  sounds  of  letters,  as  the  true  and 
only  safe  landmarks  of  pronunciation,  shall  be  appreciated  by  an 
enlightened  people,  just  in  that  proportion  will  all  attempts  of 
afiected  speakers  to  innovate  upon  such  established  usages,  be 
reprobated  and  resisted. 

The  intentions  of  the  men  who  have  undertaken  to  give  a 
standard  of  pronunciation,  have,  uncpiestionably,  been  upright 
and  sincere  ;  but  facts  have  proved  that  instead  of  good,  they 
have,  on  the  whole,  done  harm;  for  instead  of  reducing  the  pro- 
nunciation of  words  to  uniformity,  they  have,  to  a  considerable 
extent,  unsettled  it,  and  multiplied  difteronces.  The  whole 
process  of  these  attempts,  from  Sheridan's  first  publication,  is 
within  my  memory  ;  and  I  am  confident  that,  whatever  has  been 
the  cftect  of  these  attempts  in  Great  Britain,  the  result  of  them, 
in  the  United  States,  has  been  to  multiply  greatly  the  diversities 
of  pronunciation.  And  sudi  is  t)ie  present  state  of  the  authori- 
ties, offered  as  standards,  that  it  is  impossible,  from  books,  to, 
gain  a  correct  knowledge  of  what  is  the  general  usage.  If  I  had 
no  other  means  of  knowing  this  general  usage,  than  the  English 
books,  I  should  be  utterly  unable  to  ascertain  it,  and  should  give 
up  the  attempt  as  hopeless. t 

Some  of  the  difi'eronces  of  notation,  in  the  several  books,  may 
be  rather  apparent  than  real ;  but  with  all  due  allowance  for  this 
imperfection  of  the  schemes,  I  am  persuaded  that  there  are  ten 
difl'erences  among  these  orthoepists,  where  there  is  one  in  the 
actual  pronunciation  of  respectable  people  in  England  and  the 
United  States  ;  and  in  most  of  them  the  notation,  if  strictly  fol- 
lowed, will  lead  to  ten  differences  of  pronunciation,  where  one 
only  now  exists  in  the  actual  practice  of  the  two  countries. 

This  effect  of  multiplying  doubts  and  diversities  has  resulted 
from  very  obvious  causes. 

1.  The  limited  acquaintance  of  orthoepists  with  the  general 
usage,  and  their  taking  the  pronunciation  of  London,  or  some 
dialect  or  local  practice  in  that  city,  for  the  best  usage.  The 
propagation  of  such  a  dialectical  or  peculiar  practice  would  of 
course  disturb  the  uniformity  of  any  other  practice  in  other  parts 
of  England  or  in  this  country. 

2.  "The  difficulty,  or  rather  impracticability,  of  representing 
sounds,  and  nice  distinctions  of  sound,  on  paper;  especially  in 
unaccented  syllables. 

3.  The  partiality  of  authors  for  the  practice  of  particular 
speakers,  either  stage  players  or  others,  which  would  lead  them 
to  denominate  that  the  best  practice  which  had  been  adopted  by 
their  favorites. 

4.  A  spirit  of  fastidious  hypercriticism,  which  has  led  writers 
to  make  minute  distinctions,  that  are  liable  to  be  disputed,  and 
which  tend  only  to  perplex  the  inquirer,  and  generate  uncertainty 
or  diversity,  where  no  essential  diflerence  had  previously  ex- 
isted in  practice.  This  spirit  is  continually  producing  new  books 
and  ni;w  schemes  of  orthoepy,  and  every  additional  book  serves 
only  to  increase  the  difficulty  of  uniting  opinions  and  establishing 
uniformit}-. 

This  view  of  the  subject  is  probably  the  most  favorable  that 
can  be  presented.  The  real  fact  seems  to  bo  this :  these  men 
have  taken  for  the  standard  what  they  were  pleased  to  call  the 
best  usaire,  which,  in  many  cases,  is  a  local  usage,  or  some  favor- 
ite peculiarity  of  particular  speakers,  at  least  if  they  have  had 
any  authority  at  all ;  or  they  have  given  the  pronunciation  which 

is  condemned  by  Jameson,  lie  remarks  that  \\'alker*s  ailjulation  for  adulation; 
compeiijeiim  for  compendium  ;  intrrrjcut  for  ingredient,  if  spoken  with  solemnity, 
would  be  intolerable.  He  condemns,  also,  \N'alker's  change  of  (u  into  tsh,  in 
such  words  as  congrat.-ihulntion,  ftntshnlent,  vatshnral.  This  pronunciation, 
Knowles,  a  still  later  compiler,  declares  to  be  absolute  pedantry  and  eulganty, 

t  The  multiplicity  of  books  for  instnictini  us  in  our  vernacular  lancuage,  is 
an  evil  of  no  small  maiinitudR.  Kvery  man  has  some  peculiar  notions  which  he 
wishes  to  propagate,  and  there  is  scarcely  any  peculiarity  or  absurdity  for  which 
some  authority  may  not  be  found.  'J"he  facility  of  book-making  favors  this  dis- 
position ;  and  while  a  chief  qualification  for  authorship  is  a  dextrous  use  of  an 
inverted  pen,  and  a  pair  of  scissors,  we  are  not  to  expect  relief  from  the  evil. 


Ixx 


INTRODUCTION. 


happened  to  please  their  fancy,  though  not  authorized  by  usage 
In  this  manner  they  liave  attempted  to  bend  the  common  usage 
to  their  particular  fancies. 

It  has  been  in  this  manner,  by  presenting  to  tlie  public  local 
or  particular  practice,  or  mere  innovation,  for  a  standard,  instead 
of  general  or  national  usage,  that  the  authors  above  mentioned 
have  unsettled  the  pronunciation  of  many  words,  and  multiplied 
diversities  of  practice.  These  attempts  to  obtrude  local  usage  on 
the  public,  and  bend  to  it  the  general  or  national  usage,  are  the 
boldest  assumptions  of  authority  in  language  that  the  history  of 
literature  has  ever  e.xhibited.  In  England,  however,  these  pre- 
tensions to  direct  the  pronunciation  of  the  nation,  have  less  effect 
than  they  have  in  the  United  States,  for  this  obvious  reason,  that 
in  England  pronunciation  is  regulated  almost  e.xclusively  by  the 
practice  of  the  higher  classes  of  society,  and  not  by  books;  hence, 
if  books  do  not  e.Khibit  the  customarj'  pronunciation,  tlie  falsity 
of  notation  is  easilv  detected,  and  the  work  which  offers  it  is 
neglected.  But  in  this  country,  where  the  people  resort  chiefly 
to  books  for  rules  of  pronunciation,  a  false  notation  of  sounds 
operates  as  a  deception,  and  misleads  the  inquirer.  How  long 
the  citizens  of  this  country  will  submit  to  tlicse  impositions,  time 
only  can  determine. 

The  English  language,  when  pron  lunced  according  to  the 
genuine  composition  of  its  words,  is  a  nervous,  masculine  lan- 
guao-e,  well  adapted  to  popular  eloquence;  and  it  is  not  improb- 
able that  there  may  be  some  connection  between  this  manly 
character  of  the  language  and  the  freedom  of  the  British  and 
American  constitutions.  They  may,  perhaps,  act  and  react  upon 
each  other  mutually,  as  cause  and  effect,  and  each  contribute  to 
the  preservation  of  the  other.  At  the  same  time,  the  language 
is  by  no  means  incapable  of  poetical  sweetness  and  melody. 
The  attempts  to  refine  upon  the  pronunciation,  within  the  last 
half  century,  have,  in  my  opinion,  added  notliing  to  its  smooth- 
ness and  sweetness,  but  have  very  much  impaired  its  strength  of 
expression  as  well  as  its  regularity.  The  attempts  to  banish  the 
Italian  sound  of  «,  and  to  introduce  the  sound  of  e  before  i  and  u, 
as  in  Linii,  guard,  did]],  &ic.,  ought  to  be  resisted,  as  injurious  to 
I'le  manly  character  of  the  genuine  English  pronunciation.* 

In  order  to  produce  and  preserve  a  tolerable  degree  of  uni- 
formity, and  the  genuine  purity  of  our  language,  two  things 
appear  to  bo  indispensable,  viz., 

1.  To  reject  the  practice  of  noting  the  sounds  of  the  vowels  in 
the  unaccented  syllables.  Let  any  man,  in  genteel  society  or  in 
public,  pronounce  the  distinct  sound  of  a  in  the  last  syllable  of 
important,  or  the  distinct  sound  of  e,  in  the  terminations  less  and 
ness,  as  in  hopeless,  happiness,  and  he  would  pass  for  a  most  in- 
elegant speaker.  Indeed,  so  different  is  tiie  slight  sound  of  a 
great  part  of  the  unaccented  vowels,  in  elegant  pronunciation, 
from  that  which  is  directed  in  books  of  orthoepy,  tliat  no  man 
can  possibly  acquire  the  nicer  distinction  of  sounds,  by  means  of 
books  ;  distinctions  which  no  characters  yet  invented  can  express. 
Elegant  pronunciation  can  be  learned  only  by  the  ear.  The 
French  and  Italians,  whose  languages  are  so  popular  in  Europe, 
have  never  attempted  to  teach  the  sounds  of  their  letters  by  a 
system  of  notation  embracing  the  finer  sounds  of  tlie  vowels. 

2.  To  preserve  Jiurity  and  uniformity  in  pronunciation,  it  is 
necessary  to  banish  from  use  all  books  which  change  the  ortliog- 
rapliy  of  words,  to  adapt  the  pronunciation  to  tlie  fashion  of  the 
day.  The  scheme  now  pursued  is  llie  most  misciiievous  project 
for  corrupting  the  language  that  human  ingenuity  ever  devised. 
By  removing  the  landmarks  of  language,  all  the  fences  which 
can  secure  the  purity  and  regularity  of  the  language  from  un- 
licensed depredations  without  end  are  demolished,  the  chief  use 
and  value  of  alphabetical  writing  are  destroyed,  and  every  thing 
is  given  to  chance  and  to  caprice. 

In  determining  the  pronunciation  of  words  in  this  work,  I  Jiave 
availed  myself  of  the  most  respectable  English  autiiorities,  as 
well  as  of  my  own  personal  observations  in  both  countries,  and  of 
the  observations  of  American  gentlemen  of  erudition,  who  have 
visited  England.  In  selecting  from  a  mass  of  contradictory 
authorities,  I  may  not,  in  all  cases,  have  adopted  the  best  pro- 
nunciation ;  but  i  have  spared  no  pains  to  execute  this  part  of 
the  work  with  fidelity. 

In  general,  the  rules  I  have  prescribed  to  myself  are  these. 
1.  The  usage  of  respectable  people  in  England  and  the  United 


•  The  Frrnch  InnKiiiiKe,  by  the  loin  or  Impprreot  ime  of  nrticiilationii,  thniich 
rpnderi-d  iNuiy  in  iltlt-rancr,  htiM  hf-coinr;  ho  frrble  in  Hoiiiifl  to  Ite  until  for  Itolrl, 
iniprt-HHivt;  cliHiticnrf,  I'roni  I  ur  Hfii-rirnt'nK  whirli  I  }i;iV4^  witncK^icd  in  tliv 
(^'lianiliur  of  l^rputien  in  I'lirtft,  I  Hlioiild  Hupposf;  thf  orntor  niUNt  (l«>pi'nil  ;UnioHt 
intlrely  on  hit  own  animation  and  action  fur  auccem  in  popular  Kpeuking,  with 


States,  when  identical  in  the  two  countries,  settled  and  undis 
puted.  This  rule  comprehends  most  of  the  words  in  the  lan- 
guage. 2.  When  usage  is  unsettled  or  uncertain,  I  have  adjusted 
the  pronunciation  to  the  regular,  established  analogies  of  the 
language,  as  far  as  these  can  be  definitely  ascertained  ;  having, 
however,  in  accentuation,  some  regard  to  euphony,  or  the  prosaic 
melod}'  wliich  proceeds  from  a  due  succession  of  accented  and 
unaccented  syllables. 

There  are  some  words,  differently  pronounced  by  respectable 
people,  in  which  no  decisive  reasons  appear  for  preferring  one 
mode  of  pronouncing  them  to  another  ;  either  might  be  adopted, 
without  any  injury  to  melody  or  analogy.  I  see  no  particular 
reason  why  paVent  should  have  its  first  vowel  short,  and  mu'tron, 
pa'tron,  andpa'triot,  tlie  first  vowel  long.  Much  less  do  I  approve 
the  reasons  assigned  for  making  the  a  short  in  mat'ronal ,  and  not 
in  via'tronly,  or  short  in  pat'roual,  and  not  in  pa'troness.  The 
reasons  assigned  by  Walker  appear  to  me  to  be  absolute  trifling. 
The  rule  of  uniformity  is  paramount  to  every  other,  excepting 
that  of  general,  undisputed  custom ;  and  when  the  practice  is 
unsettled,  it  seems  to  be  the  duty  of  the  lexicographer  to  be 
guided  by  that  rule,  for  his  authority  may  lead  to  tiie  uniformity 
desired. 

In  a  few  instances,  the  common  usage  of  a  great  and  respect- 
able portion  of  the  people  of  this  country  accords  with  the  analo- 
gies of  the  language,  but  not  with  the  modern  notation  of  English 
orthoepists.  In  such  cases,  it  seems  expedient  and  proper  to  re- 
tain our  own  usage.  To  renounce  a  practice  confessedly  regular, 
for  one  confessedly  anomalous,  out  of  respect  to  foreign  usage, 
would  hardly  be  consistent  with  the  dignity  of  lexicography. 
When  we  have  principle  on  our  side,  let  us  adhere  to  it.  The 
time  can  not  be  distant,  when  the  population  of  this  vast  country 
will  throw  off  their  leading-strings,  and  walk  in  their  own  strength  ; 
and  the  more  we  can  raise  the  credit  and  authority  of  principle 
over  the  caprices  of  fasliion  and  innovation,  the  nearer  we  ap- 
proach to  uniformit}'  and  stability  in  practice. 

It  is  difficult,  if  not  impracticable,  to  reconcile  the  opinions  of 
a  nation,  in  regard  to  every  point,  either  of  orthography  or  pro- 
nunciation. Every  attempt  that  has  yet  been  made  in  regard  to 
the  English  language,  has  served  only  to  increase  the  difficulty  ; 
and  as  a  gentleman  remarked  to  me  in  London,  a  convention  of 
learned  men  could  not  effect  the  object,  for  no  two  men  would 
think  alike  on  the  subject. 

The  language  of  a  nation  is  the  common  property  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  no  individual  has  a  right  to  make  inroads  upon  its  prin- 
ciples. As  it  is  the  medium  of  communication  between  men,  it 
is  important  that  the  same  written  words  and  the  same  oral  sounds 
to  express  the  same  ideas,  should  be  used  by  the  whole  nation. 
When  any  man,  therefore,  attempts  to  change  the  established 
orthograpliy  or  pronunciation,  except  to  correct  palpable  errors 
and  produce  uniformity,  by  recalling  wanderers  into  the  pale  of 
regular  analogies,  he  offers  an  indignity  to  the  nation.  No  local 
practice,  however  respectable,  will  justify  the  attempt.  There 
is  great  dignit}',  as  well  as  propriety,  in  respecting  the  universal 
and  long-established  usages  of  a  nation. 

With  these  views  of  the  subject,  I  feel  myself  bound  to  reject 
all  modern  innovations,  whicli  violate  the  established  principles 
and  analogies  of  the  language,  and  destroy  or  impair  the  value  of 
alphabetical  writing.  1  have,  therefore,  endeavored  to  present  to 
my  fellow-citizens  tlie  English  language  in  its  genuine  purity,  as 
we  have  received  the  inheritance  from  our  ancestors,  without 
removing  a  landmark.  If  the  language  is  fatally  destined  to  be 
corrupted,  I  will  not  be  an  instrument  of  the  mischief. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

Irregular  as  is  the  orthography  of  the  English  language,  and 
unsettled  or  corrupt  as  is  the  pronunciation,  tiiere  is  nothing 
either  in  English  or  in  any  other  language  of  which  I  liave  any 
knowledge,  which  exhibits  so  strikingly  the  low  state  of  philol- 
ogy, as  the  etymological  deductions  of  words,  or  the  history  of 
their  origin,  aHinltii-s,  and  primary  signification.  To  enable  the 
young  iiKpiirer  to  estimate  the  erudition,  correctness,  or  negli- 
gence of  writers  on  this  subject,  and  to  awaken  more  attention  to 
this  branch  of  learning,  I  will  state  briefly  the  results  of  iny 
researches,  and  the  opinions  which  I  have  been  compelled  to 


littlo  or  no  aid  from  the  strcnsth  and  beauty  of  langunge.   The  InnRungo  of 

popular  i-loqiicnci'  ohotild  be  ntilluT  lln-  ii  tliiuK  cant  of  the  slajji',  nor  the 

iiiiiii  iiiC  iiHi'Otatiim  of  iliinilics,  nor  llir  tiiihy  l:\\k  of  llir  niirsrry.  .'^uc  h  \v;is  nut 
llu;  l,ui(!ii;ii;e  of  l)einosllii  iie»  nor  of  Ciii  io  ;  and  such  may  never  be  the  hill- 
gunge  of  the  Britiab  Chatham  and  of  the  American  Ames. 


INTRODUCTION.  Ixxi 


form  on  the  merits  of  tlic  principal  treatises  on  this  subject. 
And  if  these  opinions  or  tliis  statement  should  be  charged  to 
egotism,  or  my  overweening  confidence  in  the  success  of  my 
own  investigations,  my  apology  is,  that  I  have  suffered  so  much 
myself  by  a  misplaced  confidence  in  the  erudition  of  writers ;  I 
have  so  often  embraced  errors  which  it  has  cost  me  more  labor  to 
unlearn  than  to  learn  ;  that  if  I  can  prevent  my  fellow-citizens, 
who  have  a  taste  for  this  study,  from  being  subjected  to  the  same 
evils,  I  shall  think  the  advantage  obtained  more  than  a  balance 
for  any  unmerited  imputation. 

The  first  example  of  etymology  which  1  shall  mention  is  that 
of  Josephus,  the  historian  of  the  Jews,  who  informs  his  readers 
that  the  first  man  "  was  called  .idam,  which,  in  the  Hebrew 
tongue,  signifies  one  that  is  red,  because  he  was  formed  out  of 
red  earth  compounded  together;  for  of  that  kind  is  virgin  and 
true  earth."  Here  is  a  mistake  proceeding  from  a  mere  resem- 
blance of  words  ;  it  being  certain  that  Adam  no  more  signifies 
rrd.  earth,  than  it  does  red  cedar.  This  mistake  is  connected 
witli  another,  that  Adam  was  the  proper  name  of  the  first  man, 
an  individual  ;  whereas  the  word  is  the  generic  name  of  the 
human  species,  and,  like  man  in  English,  signifies  form,  shape, 
image,  expressing  distinctively  the  characteristic  eminence  or 
distinction  of  form  of  the  human  race.  This  fact  explains  the 
use  of  the  plural  pronoun,  in  the  account  of  the  creation  of  the 
species.  "  And  God  said.  Let  us  make  man  in  our  image,  after 
our  likeness;  and  let  them  have  dominion  over  the  fish  of  the 
sea,"  {Sec.  Gen.  i.  26.  It  is  evident,  also,  that  the  words  used  in 
relation  to  the  species,  the  iviage,  the  likeness  of  God,  have  ref- 
erence, not  only  to  their  intellectual  and  moral  faculties,  but 
also  to  their  external  form  ;  and  so  the  apostle  interprets  the 
words,  1  Cor.  xi.  7.  Not  that  God  has  any  bodily  shape  of 
whicli  man  can  be  the  image,  but  that  man  has  a  superior  or 
super-excellent  form,  corresponding  to  his  intellectual  powers, 
and  distinguishing  him  from  all  other  animals.  Now,  the  mis- 
lake  of  Josephus  has  infected  the  Christian  world  for  eighteen 
hundred  years,  and  the  mistake,  with  erroneous  inferences  from 
it,  enters  into  the  most  recently  published  systems  of  theology. 

Among  the  most  celebrated  authors  of  antiquity,  who  have 
written  on  the  subject  of  language,  is  Varro,  who  has  lefl  a 
treatise  De  Lingua  Lalina.  On  this  author's  learning,  Cicero, 
Quinctilian,  and  Augustine  have  bestowed  the  most  unbounded 
praises.  He  is  pronounced  to  have  been  vir  egregius ;  eruditis- 
siinas  Romaiwrum ;  peritissimus  lingua?  LatiniB  et  omnis  anti- 
quitatis,  sine  ulla  dubitatione,  doclissimus*  He  was,  doubtless, 
a  man  of  uncommon  erudition  for  the  age  in  which  he  lived  ; 
and  his  etymological  treatise  may  be  consulted  with  advantage, 
by  persons  who  have  knowledge  enough  of  this  subject  to  sepa- 
rate the  certain  or  probable  from  the  improhable  and  conjectural. 
But  it  is  certain,  from  what  remains  of  his  treatise,  that  his 
knowledge  of  the  origin  of  words  did  not  extend  beyond  the 
most  obvious  facts  and  principles.  Thus  he  deduces  initium 
from  ineo ;  exitus  from  exeo ;  victoria  from  rinco.  All  this  is 
well ;  and  we  have  reason  to  think  him  correct,  in  deducing 
Tellu.<!,  fleece,  from  vellere,  to  pluck,  as,  doubtless,  fleeces  were 
plucked  from  sheep,  before  the  use  of  shears.  And  we  have 
reason  to  believe  him  when  he  informs  us  that  imber  was  origi- 
nally written  himber ;  that  hircus  was  written  by  the  Sabines 
Jircus,  and  hmdus,  fcdus. 

Very  difierent  must  be  our  opinion  of  the  following  ety- 
mologies. 

Pater,  says  Varro,  is  from  patefacio ;  ager  cultxis  is  so  called 

*  Of  tlio  full  value  of  thf^-se  enconiiuiiis  we  can  Imrdly  judge,  as  most  of 
Varro's  writinjs  Invo  p;Tislicd,  and  some  of  tho.se  which  survive  appear  in  a 
mutilated  form.  But  the  greater  his  erudition,  the  more  striking  will  appear 
his  ignorance  of  this  subject. 

t  Thus  far  had  I  written,  hefore  I  had  rem  this  author's  IIermts  Sctthicus. 
By  this  work  I  find  the  author  agrees  with  me  in  regard  to  the  identity  and 
common  origin  of  many  of  the  Gothic  and  Greek  prepositions.  Indeed,  I  h.id 
supposed  that  proof  of  such  an  ohvious  fact  could  hardly  be  necessary,  in  the 
present  state  of  philological  knowledge.  Some  of  these  prepositions  he  has 
illustrated  with  a  good  degree  of  accuracy  ;  although,  should  this  work  ever 
fall  into  his  lian<ls,  I  think  he  will  be  convinced  that  in  one  or  two  imimrtant 
points,  his  explanations  are  defective.  In  regard  to  other  prepositions,  I  am 
satisfied  the  author  has  ventured  upon  unsafe  ground  ;  at  least  his  opinions 
appear  to  me  not  to  be  well  supported. 

in  respfct  to  his  explanations  of  the  names  of  the  mythological  deities,  it  ap- 
pears to  me  the  author,  like  all  other  authors  whose  works  I  have  seen,  wanders 
in  darkness.  From  all  my  researches  into  the  origin  of  words,  I  have  drawn 
this  conclusion,  that  the  pigan  deities  are  mostly  the  powers  or  supposed  pow- 
ers of  nature,  or  imaginary  beings  supposed  to  preside  over  the  various  parts  of 
creation,  or  the  qualities  of  men,  dtified,  that  is,  exalted  and  celebrated  as  super- 
natural agents.  There  are  few  of  tlie  names  of  these  deities  which  I  pretend  to 
understand  ;  but  there  are  a  few  of  them  that  seem  to  be  too  obvious  to  be  mis- 
taken.  Ji'o  person,  I  think,  can  doubt  that  the  Drijads  are  named  from  an 


because  in  it  seeds  coalesce  or  unite  with  the  earth  ;  referring 
ager,  perhaps,  to  the  root  of  agger,  or  the  Greek  ayi  ioa>.  Campus, 
he  says,  was  so  named  because  fruits  were  first  gathered  from 
the  open  field,  deducing  the  word  from  capio.  Next  to  this  were 
the  hills,  cotles,  so  named  colendo,  from  colo,  because  these  were 
cultivated  next  to  the  open  plain.  That  land  or  field  which  ap- 
peared to  be  the  foundation  of  cattle  and  money,  was  called 
fundus,  or  it  was  so  called  because  it  pours  forth  [fundat]  annual 
crops.  He  deduces  cogitare  from  cogcndo  ;  concilium  from  cogi- 
tatione ;  cvra  from  burning  cor,  the  heart;  volo  from  voluntas, 
and  a  volatu,  a  flying,  because  the  mind  flies  instantly  whither  it 
will.  How  low  must  have  been  the  state  of  philology,  when 
such  improbable  conjectures  as  these  could  attract  the  enco- 
miums before  mentioned  from  Cicero  and  Quinctilian  '. 

The  reader  will  find  many  things  in  Isidore  and  Priscian 
worthy  of  his  attention,  though  much  of  what  their  works  con- 
tain is  now  so  familiar  to  scliolars  of  moderate  attainments,  as 
scarcely  to  repay  the  labor  of  perusal,  liut  he  who  learns  that 
Isidore  makes  oratio,  a  compound  of  oris  ratio;  nomcn,  a.  con- 
traction of  notamen ;  and  that  he  derives  verbum  from  rerberalo 
acre,  will  hardly  think  it  worth  his  labor  to  pursue  his  researches 
into  tliat  author's  works.  Nor  will  he  be  disposed  to  relish  Pris- 
cian's  deduction  of  litcra  from  tegilitera,  because  a  letter  affords 
the  means  of  reading,  or  from  lituro,  to  obliterate,  because  the 
ancients  used  to  write  on  wax  tables,  and  afterwards  to  obliterate 
what  they  had  written. 

Vossius  wrote  a  folio  on  the  etymology  of  Latin  words;  but 
from  repeated  examinations  of  his  book,  I  am  persuaded  that 
most  of  his  deductions  are  far-fetched,  conjectural,  and  fanciful ; 
many  of  them  are  certainly  erroneous. 

Menage  and  Minshew  I  have  not  consulted  ;  chiefly  because 
from  such  extracts  as  I  have  seen,  from  their  writings,  I  am 
certain  that  little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  their  opinions, 
except  in  cases  too  plain  to  be  mistaken. 

Junius  and  Skinner,  the  authorities  for  most  of  Ihe  etymologies 
of  Bailey  and  Johnson,  are  sufficiently  correct  in  referring  Eng- 
lish words  to  the  language  from  which  they  are  immediately  de- 
rived, especially  when  the  orthography  is  too  plain  to  be  mistaken. 
They  inform  us,  thiit  father  is  from  the  Saxon  f(nder,  that  drop  is 
from  the  Saxon  droppan,  that  picket  is  from  the  French  piquet, 
aiid  the  like.  So  Johnson  informs  us  that  accent  is  from  the 
Latin  accentus,  and  accept  from  the  French  accepter,  Latin  ac- 
cipio.  All  this  is  well,  but  it  can  hardly  be  called  etymology,  or 
the  deduction  of  words  from  their  originals. 

Whiter,  in  his  Etvmologicon  Magnum,  the  first  volume  only 
of  which  I  have  perused,  began  his  work  on  a  good  plan,  that  of 
bringing  together  words  of  the  same  or  of  cognate  radical  letters, 
and  in  pursuance  of  his  plan,  he  has  collected  many  real  affinities. 
But  he  has  destroyed  the  value  of  his  work  by  mistaking  the 
radical  sense  of  many  words,  and  by  confounding  words  of  dif- 
ferent elements. 

Jamieson,  in  his  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Scottish  Lan- 
guage, has  collected  the  affinities  of  words  in  that  language, 
particularly  words  of  Gothic  and  Teutonic  origin,  with  industry, 
and  probably  with  judgment,  and  a  good  degree  of  accuracy.  In 
some  instances,  I  think,  he  has  departed  from  correct  principles 
of  etymology,  and  mistaken  facts  ;  and  he,  as  well  as  Whiter,  falls 
very  short  of  truth  in  a  most  important  particular,  a  clear  under- 
standing of  the  primary  sense  of  words.  Jamieson's  Dictionary, 
however,  contains  a  valuable  addition  to  our  stock  of  etymo- 
logical materials.! 


oak  or  tree.    Hence  I  infer  that  this  name  was  applied  to  certain  imaginary 
beings  inhabiting  the  forests. 
iS'o  person  can  doubt  that  JVereus,  the  deity  of  the  sea,  and  the  nereids, 

nymphs  of  the  sea,  are  named  from  the  Oriental  ins,^^.^,  a  river,  from  the 

corresponding  verb,  to  flow.  No  person  doubts  that  Flora,  the  goddess  of  flow- 
ers, is  merely  a  flower  deified. 

Hence  I  infer  that  the  true  method  of  discovering  the  origin  of  the  pagan 
deities,  is  to  find  the  meaning  of  their  names. 

Now,  Diana  is  the  goddess  of  hunting.  What  quality,  then,  ii  most  necessary 
for  a  hunter.'  What  quality  would  rude  men,  destitute  of  the  weapons  which 
we  possess,  most  value  n.^  useful  in  obtaining  subsistence  ?  Doubtless  courage 
and  swiftness.  Thus  we  have  substantial  reiisons  for  believing  that  Diana  is  the 
Celtic  rian  or  dian,  which  signifies  bold,  strong,  vehement,  impetuous,  the  root 
of  Danube,  Don,  and  other  names  of  large  rivers. 

If  we  examine  the  name  of  Minerra,  we  shall  find  that  the  first  syllable  con- 
tains the  elements  of  manus,  the  hand,  and  of  mind;  and  the  last  constituent 
part  of  the  word  corresponds  well  with  tlie  German  arbeit,  D.  arbeid,  labor,  work, 
the  last  consonant  being  lost.  Well,  what  are  the  characteristics  of  Miner%'a  .' 
Why,  she  is  the  goddess  of  wisdom  and  of  the  arts.  The  sense  of  ftcof,  would 
give  one  of  her  characteristics,  and  that  of  maniu  and  arbeit,  the  olbcr;  but 
which  is  the  true  word,  I  do  not  know. 


Ixxii 


INTRODUCTION. 


To  Home  Tooke  are  we  indebted  for  the  first  explanation  of 
certain  indeclinable  words,  called  conjunctions  a.nd  prepositions ; 
and  for  this  let  him  have  all  merited  praise.  But  his  researches 
were  very  limited,  and  he  has  fallen  into  most  material  errors, 
particularly  in  his  second  volume.  I  have  made  no  use  of  his 
writings  in  this  work. 

The  Hermes  of  Harris,  according  to  Dr.  Lowth,  "  is  the  most 
beautiful  and  perfect  example  of  analysis  that  has  been  exhibited 
since  the  days  of  Aristotle."  This,  in  my  opinion,  is  not  the 
character  of  the  work,  which,  for  the  most  part,  consists  of  pas- 
sages from  the  works  of  Aristotle,  Ammonius,  Apollonius,  Pris- 
cian,  and  other  grammarians.  It  is  little  more  than  a  collection 
of  the  opinions  of  the  ancient  writers  on  philology,  whose  meta- 
physical subtilties  rather  obscure  than  illustrate  the  subject.  To 
show  how  easily  men  may  be  misled  by  metaphysics,  when 
applied  to  the  plainest  subject  imaginable,  take  the  following 
I  example  from  the  Hermes. 

1  respects  our  primary  perception,  and  denotes  individuals  as 

iinknojfn ;  the  respects  our  secondary  perception,  and  denotes 
individuals  as  known."  [This  is  nearly  a  literal  translation  of  a 
passage  in  Priscian,  lib.  17.] 

To  illustrate  the  truth  of  this  observation,  the  author  gives  the 
following  example  :  "  There  goes  a  beggar  with  a  long  beard;  " 
indicating  that  the  man  had  not  been  seen  before  ;  and,  there- 
fore, a  denotes  the  primary  perception.  A  week  after,  the  man 
returns,  and  I  say,  "  There  goes  the  beggar  with  the  long  beard  ;  " 
the  article  the  here  indicating  the  secondary  perception,  that  is, 
that  the  man  had  been  seen  before.  All  this  is  very  well.  But 
let  us  try  the  rule  by  other  examples,  and  see  whether  it  is  uni- 
versal, or  whether  it  is  the  peculiar  and  proper  office  of  an  or  a 
to  denote  primary  perception. 

"The  article  a,"  sa3's  Harris,  "leaves  the  individual  unascer- 
tained"   Let  us  examine  this  position. 

"  But  Peter  took  him,  saying.  Stand  up  ;  I  myself  also  am  a 
man."  Now,  according  to  Harris,  a  here  denotes  the  primary 
perception,  and  the  individual  is  unascertained.  That  is,  this 
man  is  one  I  have  never  seen  before. 

"  He  that  cometh  to  God  must  believe  that  he  is,  and  that  he 
is  a  rewarder  of  them  that  diligently  seek  him."  Whether  a,  in 
this  sentence,  denotes  first  perception,  I  can  not  determine;  but 
sure  I  am  the  individual  is  not  letl  unascertained. 

A.  B.  says  to  me,  "  I  have  lately  dismissed  an  old  servant,  who 
has  lived  with  me  for  thirty  years."  Here  an  may  present  a 
primary  perception  to  the  hearer,  but  not  so  to  the  speaker.  To 
both,  the  individual  must  be  well  ascertained. 

It  appears,  then,  that  this  definition  of  an  or  a  is  incorrect ;  and 
the  pains  of  these  metaphysical  writers,  who  form  such  perfect 
analyses  of  language,  is  little  better  than  learned  trifling.  On 
testing  the  real  character  of  an  or  a  by  usage  and  facts,  we  find 
it  is  merely  the  adjective  one,  in  its  Saxon  orthography,  and  that 
its  sole  use  is  to  denote  one,  whether  the  individual  is  known  or 
unknown,  definite  or  indefinite. 

Again,  Harris  translates  and  adopts  the  definition  which  Aris- 
totle has  given  of  a  conjunction.  "  An  articulate  sound  or  part 
of  speech  devoid  of  signification  by  itself,  but  so  formed  as  to 
help  signification,  by  making  two  or  more  significant  sentences 
to  be  one  significant  sentence." 

This  is  so  far  from  being  true,  that  some  of  the  conjunctions 
are  verbs,  equivalent  to  join,  unite,  or  add,  in  the  imperative 
mode.  In  like  manner,  the  prepositions  called  inseparable,  and 
used  as  prefixes,  are  all  significant  per  se,  although,  by  custom, 
they  sometimes  lose  their  appropriate  use.  For  example,  re, 
which  denotes  repetition,  has  lost  its  use  in  recommend,  which  is 
equivalent  to  commend,  without  the  sense  of  repetition.  But 
still  it  has  ordinarily  an  appropriate  sense,  which  is  perfectly 
understood,  even  wlien  first  prefixed  to  a  word.  Let  any  person 
prefix  this  word  to  pronounce  for  the  first  time,  and  direct  a  boy 
fourteen  years  old  to  rcpronounce  his  oration,  and  he  would  per- 
fectly well  understand  the  direction. 

Bryant,  the  author  of  "  An  Analysis  of  Ancient  Mythology," 
whose  works  I  Hhould  love  to  read,  if  I  could  have  confidence  in 
his  opinions,  has  given  to  the  public  a  history  of  the  Cuthites,  or 
descendants  of  Ham,  a  race  of  bold  adventurers,  who,  as  he  sup- 


Tin-  two  rirciimHtanceii  which  chiefly  (listin(;iii<ih  Ilrrmlts,  are  his  lahor.i  nnil 
his  club.  W't  never  hear  nf  Ilrreuhs  hut  witli  these  nrcompaniments.  Nitw, 
the  firsl  Ryllahle  or  hi«  niime  is  precisely  tlie  root  of  the  iln^vM  tn  .  iiv,  rpj  ik.i, 
tlint  ifl,  toy  or  coK,  which  would  give  the  sense  of  worl<,  lahor.  \\'hether  the 
Lint  constituent  nf^  the  n.imc  is  xA-iot,  or  from  that  rool,  I  shall  not  pretend  to 
affirm.  Indeed,  I  ofTer  these  explanations  rather  as  probable,  than  as  clearly 
proved ;  but  tbey  do  appear  to  bo  probablij  well  founded.   Hercules,  then,  was  a 


poses,  made  expeditions  by  sea  and  land,  introducing  arts,  found- 
ing cities,  and  corrupting  religion  by  the  propagation  of  Sabian- 
ism  For  proof  of  his  opinions,  he  relies  very  much  on  etymology 
and  the  signification  of  names.  Two  or  three  examples  of  his 
deductions  will  be  sufficient  to  show  his  manner  of  proof.  Ham, 
or  Cham,  signifying  heat  and  the  sun,  he  deduces  from  C>3n,  to 
be  hot,  to  heat.  So  far  he  may  be  correct.  But  he  goes  on  to 
deduce  from  this  root,  also,  as  Castell  had  done  before  him,  the 
Greek  xavua,  heat,  not  considering  that  this  is  from  y.aiw,  to  burn, 
in  which  m  is  not  radical ;  but  probably  s  is  the  radical  consonant, 
as  this  occurs  in  the  derivatives.  Kuiuu  has  no  connection  with 
Ham.  From  Cam,  or  Cham,  he  then  deduces  the  Latin  camera, 
Gr.  xaiiana,  an  arched  roof  or  vault,  whence  our  chamber,  though 
it  is  not  easy  to  discover  the  connection  between  this  word  and 
heat ;  and  from  the  same  root  he  deduces  Camillus,  Camilla,  and 
many  other  words,  u'ithout  any  support  for  his  opinions  but  a' 
mere  similarity  of  orthography  in  the  first  syllable.  In  all  this 
he  is  certainly  wrong. 

The  Greek  0foc,  God,  he  supposes,  most  unwarrantably,  to  be 
formed  from  the  Egyptian  Thcuth,  or  Thoth,  Mercury. 

The  sun  he  supposes  to  have  been  styled  El-uc  ;  El  [/]Aioc] 
and  7/,c  or  och,  a  title  of  honor  among  the  Babylonians.  This 
word,  says  Bryant,  the  Greeks  changed  into  Xvyog,  [a  wolf,]  and 
hence  the  Latin  lux,  lucco.  A  strange  conjecture  this,  not  to 
call  it  by  a  harsher  name.  Now,  if  Bryant  had  examined  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  and  the  Welsh,  he  would  have  seen  his  mis- 
take ;  for  the  Saxon  leoht,  liht,  Dutch  and  German  liclit,  are 
from  the  common  root  of  the  Welsh  Ilug,  a  shooting  or  gleaming, 
lluciaw,  to  throw.  Hue,  a  darting  or  flashing,  the  root  of  luceo  ;  a 
simple  root,  that  can  have  no  connection  with  El-uc. 

Excepting  Faber's  work  on  the  Cabiri,  I  have  seen  scarcely 
a  book  in  any  language,  which  exhibits  so  little  et3'mological 
knowledge,  with  such  a  series  of  erroneous  or  fanciful  deductions, 
as  Bryant's  Analysis.  Drummond's  Origines  abounds  with  ety- 
mological deductions  of  a  similar  character. 

Gebelin,  a  French  writer,  in  His  Monde  Primitif,  has  bestowed 
much  labor  in  developing  the  origin  and  signification  of  words  ; 
but  a  large  part  of  his  labor  has  produced  no  valuable  effect.  His 
whole  system  is  founded  on  a  mistake,  that  the  noun  is  the  root 
of  all  other  words. 

Of  all  the  writers  on  etymology,  whose  works  I  have  read  or 
consulted,  Spelman  and  Lluyd  are  almost  the  only  ones  in 
whose  deductions  much  confidence  can  be  placed.  I  do  not 
name  Camden,  Hickes,  Selden,  and  Gibson,  as  their  etymo- 
logical inquiries,  though  generally  judiciously  conducted,  were 
very  limited.  This  is  true,  also,  in  some  degree,  of  Spelman 
and  Lluyd ;  but  the  researches  of  Spelman  into  the  origin  of 
law  terms,  and  words  of  the  middle  ages,  have  generally  pro- 
duced very  satisfactory  results.  From  the  limited  nature  of  the 
designs  of  Spelman  and  Lluyd,  errors  may  have  occasionally 
escaped  them  ;  but  they  are  few,  and  very  pardonable. 

I  know  of  no  work  in  any  language,  in  which  words  have 
been  generally  traced  to  their  original  signification,  with  even 
tolerable  correctness.  In  a  few  instances,  this  signification  is 
too  obvious  to  be  mistaken  ;  but  in  most  instances,  the  ablest 
etymologist  is  liable  to  be  misled  by  first  appearances,  and  the 
want  of  extensive  investigation.  I  have  been  often  misled  my- 
self, by  these  means,  and  have  been  obliged  to  change  my  o))in- 
ions,  as  I  have  advanced  in  my  inquiries.  He^ice  the  tendency 
of  my  researches  has  been  very  much  to  increase  inj'  caution  in 
referring  words  to  their  originals  ;  and  such,  I  am  persuaded, 
will  be  the  result  of  all  critical  and  judicious  investigations  into 
the  history  and  affinities  of  language. 

A  principal  source  of  mistakes  on  this  subject  is  a  disregard 
of  the  identity  of  the  radical  consonants,  and  a  licentious  blend- 
ing and  confounding  of  words,  whose  elementary  letters  are  7iot 
commutuble.  Another  source  of  error  is  an  tinwarrantable  license 
in  prefixing  or  inserting  letters,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  an 
identity  or  resemblance  of  orthography  ;  a  fault  very  justly  op- 
posed by  Sir  William  Jones. 

Tlie  l(-arned  Dr.  Good,  in  his  Book  of  Nature,  Lecture  IX.  of 
the  second  series,  suggests  it  to  be  probable  that  both  j"']'"-  iind 
father  issued  from  the  Hebrew  source  TDX.    He  then 

name  given  to  any  hold,  lieroic  leader  of  a  tribe  of  rude  men,  who  was  distin- 
KUishi'it  for  his  achievements  as  a  warrior ;  and  this  name  mii.it  have  originated 
in  very  early  ajies,  when  chihs  were  the  principal  weapons  of  war,  and  instru- 
mi^nts  of  defense.  And  hence,  probably,  the  origin  of  the  scepter,  as  a  badge  of 
royalty.  Now,  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  I  hat  the  war  club  of  rude  nations,  at  this 
day,  especially  of  tho  savage  nations  of  the  South  Sea  Isles,  is  uf  the  same  shapo 
OS  tlic  ancient  scepter. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixxiii 


fearlessly  ventures  to  aflirm,  that  tliere  is  scarcely  a  language  or 
dialect  in  the  world,  polished  or  barbarous,  in  whicii  the  same 
idea  is  not  expressed  by  the  radical  of  one  or  the  other  of  these 
terms.  True,  the  letter  S<  is  found  in  most  words  of  this  signifi- 
cation ;.  altliough  our  knowledge  of  languages  is  too  limited  to 
warrant  such  a  broad  assertion.  But  the  attempt  to  deduce  all 
words  signifying  father  I'rom  the  Hebrew,  must  certainly  fail  ; 
for  we  know  from  history,  that  a  great  part  of  Asia  and  of  Europe 
was  inhabited  before  the  existence  of  the  Hebrew  nation.  Be- 
sides, a  large  portion  of  the  European  population  have  no  word 
(bi  father,  which  can  be  rationally  deduced  from  XS.  The  Welsh 
tad,  whence  our  daddy,  the  Gothic  atta,  Irish  aithnir,  Basque 
aitii,  and  Laponnic  atki,  can  not  be  formed  from  tlie  Hebrew 
word,  the  letter  d  and  t  not  being  coniniutable  with  b.  One 
would  suppose  that  a  learned  [diysiologist  could  not  fail  to  assign 
the  true  cause  of  the  similarity  of  words  bearing  the  sense  of 
father  and  mother,  among  tlie  nations  of  the  earth.  The  truth  is, 
the  sound  of  «,  is  very  eas}',  and  probably  the  easiest  for  children, 
being  formed  by  simply  opening  the  nioXith,  without  any  exertion 
of  the  organs  to  modulate  tlie  sound.  So,  also,  the  articulations 
b,  m,  and  d  or  t,  being  natural  and  easy,  will  generallj'  enter 
into  the  first  words  formed  by  children.  The  labials  are  formed 
by  simply  closing  the  lips,  and  the  dentals,  by  placing  the  tongue 
against  the  root  of  tlie  upper  teeth  ;  the  position  which  it  naturally 
occupies  in  a  healthy  child.  From  these  circumstances,  we  may 
fairly  'infer,  a  priori,  t\\a.t  such  words  as  ah,  aba,  jiapa,  tad,  mamma, 
must  be  the  first  words  uttered  by  children.  Indeed,  were  the 
whole  human  race  to  lose  tiieir  present  names  for  father,  mother, 
and  nurse,  similar  names  would  be  formed  by  a  great  portion  of 
mankind,  without  any  communication  between  different  nations. 

The  author  further  observes,  that  the  generic  terms  for  the 
Deity  are  chiefly  the  three  following  —  M  or  AUah,  Thcus  or  Deus, 
and  God.  "  Besides  these,  there  is  scarcely  a  term  of  any  kind,  by 
which  the  Deity  is  designated,  in  any  part  of  the  world,  whether 
among  civilized  or  savage  men.  Yet  these  proceed  from  the 
same  common  quarter  of  the  globe."  True;  men,  and  of  course 
words,  all  came  from  a  common  quarter  of  the  globe.  But  it  so 
happens,  that  these  three  terms  must  have  originated  among  dif- 
ferent families,  or  from  different  sources,  for  they  are  all  formed 
with  different  radicals,  and  can  have  had  no  connection  with  a 
common  radix.  But  it  happens,  also,  that  not  one  of  these  terms, 
as  far  as  I  can  Jearn,  e.xists  among  the  Slavonic  nations,  who 
compose  a  large  portion  of  all  the  population  of  Europe,  and 
whose  name  of  God  is  Bog,  a  word  radically  distinct  from  all 
wliich  the  author  has  mentioned. 

The  author  proceeds  to  say,  "  that  the  more  common  etymon 
for  death,  among  all  nations,  is  mor,  mart,  or  mat."  But  if  either 
.  of  these  terms  for  death  is  a  native  word  among  the  great  Gothic, 
Teutonic,  and  Slavonic  families,  which  constitute  the  half  or  two 
fliirds  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  Europe,  I  have  not  been  able  to 
find  it.  Besides,  mor  and  mut  are  words  radically  distinct,  and 
thus  originated  in  different  families. 

"  Sir,"  says  the  author,  "  is,  in  our  language,  the  common 
title  of  respect ;  and  the  same  term  is  employed  in  the  same  sense 
throughout  eecry  quarter  of  the  globe.  In  the  Sanscrit  and  Per- 
sian, it  means  the  organ  of  the  head  itself."  He  finds  the  word 
in  Arabia,  Turkey,  in  Greek,  among  the  Peruvians  in  South 
America,  in  Germany,  Holland,  and  tiie  cor.tiguous  countries. 
In  some  of  the  languages  of  these  countries  I  have  found  no  such 
word  ;  but  if  it  exists,  the  author's  inference,  that  the  name  of  the 
head  gave  rise  to  this  term  of  respect,  (for  this  is  what  I  under- 
stand him  to  mean,)  is  totally  unfounded  ;  and  equally  fanciful 
and  unfounded  is  his  supposition,  that,  by  the  loss  of  h  from  s/ier, 
the  pronoun  licr,  and  the  German  herr,  lord,  are  to  be  deduced 
Ixom  sir.  In  all  this  it  is  demonstrably  certain  there  is  no  truth 
or  even  semblance  of  reality. 

Man  the  author  deduces  from  the  Hebrew  nfZt  to  discern  or 
discriminate,  a  sense  I  do  not  find  in  the  Lexicons ;  and  hence 
he  infers  that  the  radical  idea  of  man  is  that  of  a  thinking  or  a 
reasonable  being.  With  this  word  he  connects  Menu,  Menes, 
Minos,  and  i<«ioc,  mens,  mind  ;  a  sweeping  inference,  made  at 
random,  from  a  similarity  of  orthography,  without  a  distant  con- 
ception of  the  true  primary  meaning  of  either  of  these  words. 
But  what  is  worse,  he  appears,  if  I  do  not  mistake  his  meaning, 
to  connect  with  these  words  the  tone,  tanato,  or  tangi,  of  the 
Sandwich  Isles  ;  words  which  are  formed  with  a  radical  initial 
consonant,  not  convertible  with  m,  and  most  certainly  uncon- 
nected with  man.  See  the  words  Father,  Man,  and  Sir,  in  the 
Dictionary. 


The  author  offers  some  other  etymologies  and  affinities  equally 
remote  from  truth,  and  even  from  probability. 

The  governing  principles  of  etymology  are,  first,  the  identity 
of  radical  letters,  or  a  coincidence  of  cognates,  in  difl'erent  lan- 
guages;  no  aliinity  being  admissible,  except  among  words  whose 
primary  consonants  are  articulations  of  the  same  organs,  as  B,  F, 
M,  P,  V,  and  W;  or  as  D,  T,  Th,  and  S  ;  or  as  G,  C  close,  K, 
and  Q;  R,  L,  and  D.  Some  excejitions  to  this  rule  must  be  ad- 
mitted, but  not  without  collateral  evidence  of  the  change,  or 
some  evidence  that  is  too  clear  to  be  reasonably  rejected. 

Second.  Words  in  different  languages  are  not  to  be  considered 
as  proceeding  from  the  same  radix,  unless  they  have  the  same 
signification,  or  one  closely  allied  to  it,  or  naturally  deducible 
from  it.  And  on  this  point,  much  knowledge  of  the  primary 
sense  of  words,  and  of  the  manner  m  which  collateral  senses 
have  sprung  from  one  radical  idea,  is  necessary  to  secure  the 
inquirer  from  mistakes.  A  competent  knowledge  of  this  branch 
of  etymology  can  not  be  obtained  Iroin  any  one,  or  from  two  or 
three  languages.  It  is  almost  literally  true,  that,  in  examining 
more  than  twenty  languages,  I  have  found  each  language  to 
throw  some  light  on  cvcrij  other. 

That  the  reader  may  have  more  clear  and  distinct  ideas  of 
what  is  intended  by  commutable  letters,  and  the  principles  by 
which  etymological  deductions  are  to  be  regulated,  it  may  be 
remarked  that  commutable  or  interchangeable  letters  are  letters  of 
the  same  organs;  that  is,  letters  or  articulations  formed  by  the 
same  parts  of  the  mouth.  Thus,  //,  m,  and  p,  arc  formed  immedi- 
ately by  the  lips,  the  position  of  which  is  slightly  varied  to  make 
the  distinction  between  these  letters,  /'and  v  are  formed  by  the 
lips,  but  with  the  aid  of  the  upper  teeth.  Now,  the  difference  of 
the  jointings  of  the  organs  to  utter  these  letters  is  so  small,  that 
it  is  easy  for  men,  in  utterance,  to  slide  from  one  form  into 
another. 

The  following  examples  will  illustrate  this  subject. 

Labial  Letters  commuted  for  other  Labials. 
English  bear,  Lat.  fcro,  pario,  G.  (pto<u,  ipootui,  D.  voeren, 
G.  fiihren. 

Here  is  the  same  word  written  in  different  languages,  with  five 
different  initial  letters. 

German  wahr,  true,  L.  verus. 

Celtic  iamh,  lav,  the  hand,  Goth.  lofa. 

L.  gubernu.  Ft.  gouvcrner.  Eng.  govern. 

Dental  Letters  commuted  for  other  Dentals. 
Eng.  dew,  G.  thau. 
Eng.  good,  G.  gut. 
Eng.  dare,  Gr.  ^uooeui. 
Eng.  day,  G.  tag.^^ 
Eng.  thank,  D.  dankcn. 
Eng.  brother,  D.  broeder. 

Palatal  Letters  commuted  for  other  Palatals. 
Eng.  call,  W.  galw,  Gr.  xaXtw. 
Eng.  get,  It.  cattare. 
Greek  /fifia,  L.  hiems,  winter. 

Dentals  converted  into  Sibilants. 
Eng.  water,  G.  tcasser. 
Lat.  dens,  a  tooth,  G.  zahn. 
Eng.  let,  Fr.  laisser. 
Ch.  nr,  Heb.  Sl^. 
Sax.  tid,  time,  G.  zeit.  ' 

Change  of  Linguals 
Eng.  escort,  Sp.  and  Port,  escolta. 
Fr.  blanc,  while,  Port,  branco. 

Change  of  F  into  //. 
Sp.  habla  for  L&t.  fabula  ;  haz  for  fades,  face  ;  hacer  for  fucio. 

It  is  believed  that  n  and  s  are  sometimes  convertible  ;  as  in 
Latin  pono,  posui,  and  also  r  and  s,  as  in  English  iron,  German 
isen. 

Letters  formed  by  different  organs  are  not  commutable  ;  hence 
we  are  not  to  admit  a  radical  word  beginning  or  ending  with  b, 
f,  or  V,  to  be  the  same  as  a  word  beginning  or  ending  with  g,  d, 
t,  r,  or  s;  nor  a  word  whose  radical  letters  are  tti,  n,  to  be  the 
same  as  one  whose  elements  are  r,  d,  or  s,  t.  If  such  words  are 
in  any  case  the  same,  they  must  have  suffered  some  anomalous 


Ixxiv 


INTRODUCTION. 


changes ;  changes  which  are  very  unusual,  and  which  are  never 
to  be  admitted  without  the  clearest  evidence. 

When  this  work  was  in  the  press,  I  first  obtained  a  sight  of  a 
"History  of  the  European  Languages,"  by  the  late  Dr.  Alex- 
ander Murray,  professor  of  Oriental  languages  in  the  University 
of  Edinburgh. 

From  a  hasty  perusal  of  the  first  volume,  I  find  this  learned 
professor  studied  the  European  languages  with  much  .attention 
and  profit.  He  has  gone  further  into  the  origin  and  formiition  of 
languages,  than  any  author  whose  works  I  have  read  ;  and  his 
writings  unfold  many  valuable  principles  and  ficls.  But  he 
formed  a  theory  which  he  attempted  to  support,  in  my  opinion, 
with  little  success  ;  at  least,  on  his  principles,  all  the  usual  rules 
of  ctvmology  are  transgressed,  and  all  distinction  between  words 
of  different  radical  letters  is  abandoned.  According  to  his  theory, 
nine  words  are  the  foundations  of  language,  viz.,  ag,  wag,  liioag, 
bug,  or  bwog,  [of  which  fag  and  pag  are  softer  varieties,]  dioag, 
tincag,  or  ticng,  gioig,  or  cwag,  lag,  and  hlag,  mag,  nag,  and 
huag,  rag,  and  Ura^,  sicag.  "  By  the  help  of  these  nine  words  and 
tlirir  compounds,  all  the  European  languages  have  been  formed." 
These  are  the  author's  words. 

To  make  out  his  scheme,  he  joins  ng,  having,  to  wag,  move, 
and  forms  a  diminutive,  toagng,  to  move  a  little  or  often.  With 
ba,  bear  or  bring,  and  la,  hold,  tcagaba  signifies,  literally,  move- 
bearing,  and  wagla  is  move-having.  Then  waguba  contracted 
into  wabba,  to  wave,  to  weave,  and  ^tagla  into  wala,  to  turn. 
From  dag,  to  wet,  bedew,  comes  damp  ;  from  ccag,  to  chew,  comes 
champ  ;  fal,  joined,  wrought  together,  from  fag,  to  work,  to  join  ; 
hwal  and  hal,  to  hold,  and  turn,  from  hicag ;  bat  from  bagd  or 
bagt;  bigt,  a  bite,  from  bigt ;  bladder  from  blag ;  modera,  mother, 
the  producer,  from  magd,  produced  ;  bottom  from  bogd,  a  stump, 
root,  or  foundation;  field  from  fagd  ;  earth,  from  airtha,  acertha, 
from  acer,  aker,  ager ;  field,  an  uncultivated  plain,  from  fag,  to 
make  to  fall. 

It  seems  that,  in  order  to  maintain  his  theory,  it  was  necessary 
to  make  it  ap[)enr  that  formed  a  part  of  all  original  words,  and 
that  this  letter  has,  in  modern  words,  been  dropped.  The  author 
then  introduces  this  letter  into  words  where  it  never  had  any 
place,  such  as  field,  earth,  bat,  &c.  The  author's  work  presents 
one  of  the  most  singular  medleys  of  truth  and  error,  of  sound 
observation  and  ^-isionary  opinions,  that  has  ever  fallen  under 
my  notice. 

On  the  same  'principles  he  must  have  inserted  the  letter  g  in 
bear,  fero,  pario,  ;  in  bend,  found,  tame,  du/nau),  domo ;  in 

dream,  loandcr,  turn,  &c. ;  and  supposed  them  to  have  been 
originally  beager,  fegro,  pagrio,  S"l33,  begnil,  fougnd,  tagme, 
duyuaui,  dogmo,  dreagm,  wagnder,  tugrn,  &c. 

Now,  on  such  a  principle  as  this,  we  might  deduce  any  word  in 
the  language  from  any  other  word,  or  from  any  root  that  could  be 
imagined.  In  short,  all  such  theories  are  the  produce  of  wild 
conjecture,  and  they  serve  no  purpose  but  to  confound  the  stu- 
dent, and  bring  the  study  of  etymology  into  contempt. 

ACCENTUATION. 

Accent  is  the  more  forcible  utterance  of  a  particular  syllable 
of  a  word,  by  which  it  is  distinguished  from  the  others.  The 
accented  syllable  of  a  word  serves,  therefore,  as  a  kind  of  resting- 
place  or  support  of  the  voice,  which  passes  over  the  unaccented 
syllables  with  more  rapidity  and  a  less  distinct  utterance. 

Accent  is  of  two  kinds,  »r  rather  of  two  degrees  of  force  — 
primary  and  sneondary.  Words  of  one  syllable  can  have  no 
accent.  Word.s  of  two  syllables  have  the  primary  accent  only. 
Words  of  tliree  and  four  syllables  may  have  the  primary  and 
secondary  accent;  but  many  of  them  have  no  secondary  accent 
that  deserves  notice  ;  such  are  dignity,  enemy,  annuity,  fidelity. 
In  words  of  fonr,  five,  or  more  syllables,  a  secondary  accent  is 
often  etJKcntial  to  a  clear,  distinct  articulation  of  the  several  syl- 
lables. Thus  hclerogrneous  can  not  be  well  uttered  without  two 
accented  syllables  ;  the  fourth  syllable  receiving  the  principal 
stress  of  th(:  voice,  and  the  first  clearly  distinguished  by  more 
forcible  utterance  than  llie  second,  third,  fifth,  and  sixth. 

The  accent  of  most  English  words  has  b(H'n  long  established  ; 
and,  evidently,  it  liM  been  determined  by  the  natural  ease  of 
speaking,  without  the  aid  of  rules  or  instruction.  If  any  man 
should  ask,  why  we  lay  the  accent  of  such  words  as  elocution, 
meditation,  reJution,  eongralalalion,  on  the  last  syllable  except 
one,  the  answer  is,  that  such  accentuation  renders  the  pro- 
nunciation morn  easy  to  the  organs  of  speech,  and  more  agree- 


able to  the  ear,  than  the  accentuation  of  any  other  syllable.  The 
ease  of  speaking,  and  a  kind  of  prosaic  melody,  resulting  from  a 
due  proportion  of  accented  and  unaccented  syllables,  which  en- 
ables the  speaker  to  bound  with  ease  from  one  accented  syllable 
to  another,  without  omitting  those  which  are  unaccented,  are  the 
two  great  principles  by  which  the  accentuation  of  words  has 
been  regulated.  And  it  is  to  be  extremely  regretted  that  these 
principles  should,  in  any  instances,  be  neglected,  or  forced  to 
yield  to  arbitrary  reasons  of  derivation,  or  to  a  pedantic  affecta- 
tion of  foreign  pronunciation.  When  we  know  that  the  great 
mass  of  a  nation  naturally  fall  into  a  particular  manner  of  pro- 
nouncing a  word,  without  any  rule  or  instruction,  we  may  rely 
upon  this  tendency  as  a  pretty  certain  indication  that  their  ac- 
centuation is  according  to  the  analogies  of  the  language,  by 
which  their  habits  of  speaking  have  been  formed  ;  and  this  ten- 
dency can  not  be  opposed  without  doing  violence  to  those  analo- 
gies and  to  national  habits. 

Thus,  formerly,  the  word  horizon  was  universally  accented  on 
the  first  syllable,  and  this  accentuation  was  according  to  the 
settled  analogy  of  the  language.  But  the  early  poets  had  a  fancy 
for  conforming  the  English  to  the  Greek  pronunciation,  and 
accented  the  second  syllable;  the  orthoepists  followed  them; 
and  now  we  have  this  forced,  unnatural  pronunciation  of  the 
learned,  in  collision  with  the  regular,  analogous,  popular  pro- 
nunciation. By  this  affectation  of  the  Greek  accent,  the  flowing 
smoothness  of  the  word  is  entirely  lost. 

In  like  manner,  an  imitation  of  the  French  pronunciation  of 
confesseur  and  successeur  led  the  early  poets  to  accent  the  Eng- 
lish words  on  the  first  syllable,  in  violation  of  analogy  and 
euphony  ;  and  some  orthoepists  affect  to  follow  them  ;  but  public 
usage  frowns  on  this  affectation,  and  rejects  their  authority. 

There  are  many  words  in  the  English  language,  indeed  a  large 
part  of  the  whole  number,  which  can  not  be  reduced  under  any 
general  rule  of  accentuation,  as  the  exceptions  to  any  rule  formed 
will  be  nearly  as  numerous  as  the  words  which  the  rule  embraces. 
And,  in  most  instances,  we  shall  find  in  the  structure  of  the 
words  satisfactory  reasons  for  the  difference  of  pronunciation. 

DISSYLLABLES. 

No  general  rule  can  be  given  for  the  accentuation  of  words  of 
two  syllables.  It  is,  however,  worth  observing,  that  when  the 
same  word  is  both  a  noun,  or  an  adjective,  anil  a  verb,  it  happens, 
in  many  instances,  that  the  noun  or  adjective  has  the  accent  on 
the  first  syllable,  and  the  verb  on  the  last ;  instances  of  which 
we  have  in  ab'sent,  to  absent' ;  con' cert,  to  concert' ;  ex'port,  to 
expdrt.  The  reason  is,  the  preterit  and  participles  of  the  verbs 
require  to  have  the  same  syllable  accented  as  the  verb  ;  but  if 
the  first  syllable  of  the  preterit  and  participles  were  to  be  ac- 
cented, it  would  be  difficult  to  pronounce  the  words,  as  may  be 
perceived  by  attempting  to  pronounce  ab'senting,  con'certcd,  con'- 
ducted,  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable. 

In  a  few  instances,  the  word  has  a  different  accent  when  a 
noun,  from  that  which  it  has  when  an  adjective  ;  as  Au'gust, 
august' ;  gallant',  gal'lant. 

TRISYLLABLES. 

Words  of  three  syllables,  derived  from  dissyllables,  usually 
retain  the  accent  of  their  primitives.  Thus, 

P6et,  poetess;  pleas' ant,  pleas' antly;  grdcious,  grAciously ;  re- 
lite,  related;  poli'te,  poli'lcst. 

In  like  manner,  words  of  four  syllables,  formed  from  dissylla- 
bles, generally  retain  the  accent  of  the  primitives;  as  in  coUecl'- 
ible,  Iroin  collect',  scr'ciceable,  from  ser'rice. 

In  all  cases,  the  preterit  and  participles  of  verbs  retain  the 
accent  of  the  verbs. 

Words  ending  in  tion,  sion,  tian,  ciaus,  tious,  cial,  cian,  tial, 
tiate,  ticnt,  cicnt,  have  the  accent  on  the  syllable  preceding  that 
termination ;  as,  motion.  Christian,  precious,  erudition,  pa- 
tient, «fcc. 

Words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  ending  in  ty,  have,  for  the 
most  part,  the  accent  on  the  antepenult;  as,  gratuity,  propriety, 
prosperity,  insensibility. 

Trisyllal)le3  ending  in  mcnt,  for  the  most  part,  have  the  accent 
on  the  first  syllable  ;  as,  complimtiil ,  detriment;  but  to  this  rule 
ther<?  are  many  exce])tions,  and  particularly  nouns  fc'.'.ied  from 
verbs;  as,  amendment,  comma  nil  mint. 

Words  with  the  following  terminations,  have  the  accent  on  the 
last  syllable  except  two,  or  antepenult :  — 


I 


INTRODUCTION 


Ixxv 


— jluous  ;  as,  super'JIuous,  mellifluous. 

— firoiis  ;  as,  liucciferous,  argentiferous. 

— fluent  ;  as,  circumfluent. 

— cracy  ;  as,  demuc'racy,  tlieoc  racy. 

— gonal ;  as,  diug'onal,  Itexag'oiuil. 

— •        csmog'ony,  thcog'ony. 

— machy  ;  as,  logom'achy,  tkeom'achy. 

— loquy  ;  as,  ob'loqvy,  vcntril'oquy. 

— matliy  ;  a.s,  jiolyniUitlty. 

— meter;  as,  barum'ctcr.,  hygrom'cter. 

— nomy  ;  as,  ccon'oiny,  astron'omy. 

— "oU  '  as, /i/ii7o/'o«-(/,  cosmol'ugy. 

— piithy  ;  as,  up'iilliy,  antip'atlty. 

•phony;  as,  eu'plinnij,  sym' phony. 
— parous;  as,  orip'urous,  vivip'arous. 
— scopy  ;  as,  ticuteros'copy,  acros'copy. 
— strophe;  as,  upos'trnphe,  catas'trophe. 
— vomous;  as,  ignie'imous. 
— vorouji ;  as,  carniv'orous,  graminiv'orous. 
— tomy ;  as,  unal'omy,  lithot'omy. 
— raplty  ;  as,  geog'ruphy,  orlhog'raphy. 

Compound  words,  as  book-case,  ink-stand,  pen-knife,  note-book, 
usuall)'  have  a  sliglit  accent,  that  is,  one  syllable  is  distinguished 
by  some  stress  of  voice  ;  but  as  the  otlier  syllable  is  S!i;nificant 
by  itself,  it  is  uttered  with  more  distinctness  than  the  sj'llables  of 
other  words  which  are  wholly  unaccented.  And  in  some  words 
there  are  two  accents,  one  on  each  component  part  of  the  word, 
which  are  barely  distinguishable.  Thus,  in  legislative,  legislator, 
legislature,  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  can  hardly  be  dis- 
tinguished from  that  on  the  third  ;  and  if  a  speaker  were  to  lay 
the  primary  accent  on  the  third  syllable,  his  pronunciation  would 
hardly  be  noticed  as  a  singularity.  Indeed,  there  are  some  com- 
pound words,  in  which  there  is  so  little  distinction  of  accent,  that 
it  is  deemed  unnecessary  to  mark  either  syllable  or  part  of  the 
word  as  accented. 

As  to  a  great  part  of  English  words,  their  accent  must  be 
learned  from  dictionaries,  elementary  books,  or  practice.  There 
is  no  method  of  classification,  by  which  they  can  be  brouglit 
under  a  few  simple  general  rules,  to  be  easily  retained  by  the 
memory  ;  and  attempts  to  effect  this  object  must  only  burden  the 
memory,  and  perple.x  the  learner. 

The  differences  in  the  accentuation  of  words,  either  in  books 
or  in  usage,  are  not  very  numerous.  In  this  respect,  the  language 
is  tolerably  well  settled,  e.Kcept  in  a  few  words.  Among  these 
are  acceptable,  commendable,  confessor,  successor,  receptacle,  re- 
ceptory,  deceptory,  refragable,  dyspcpsy,  which  the  orthoepists 
incline  to  accent  on  the  first  syllable.  But  with  regard  to  most 
of  these  words,  this  accentuation  is  contrary  to  common  usage, 
and  with  regar<i  to  all  of  them,  it  ought  to  be  rejected.  The  ease 
of  pronunciation  requires  the  accent  to  be  on  the  second  syllable, 
and  no  effort  to  remove  it  can  ever  succeed. 

The  words  accessory,  desultory,  exemplary,  and  peremptory, 
would  all  have  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  were  it  not 
very  dilHcult,  with  this  accent,  to  articulate  the  three  last  sylla- 
bles of  the  derivatives,  accessorily,  desultorily,  exemplarily,  per- 
emptorily. It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  primary  accent  is  laid 
on  the  first  syllable,  and  then  a  secondary  accent  on  the  third 
enables  tiie  speaker  to  articulate  distinctly,  and  with  tolerable 
ease,  the  last  syllables.  If  the  primary  accent  is  laid  on  the  sec- 
ond syllable,  there  can  be  no  secondary  accent.  Yet  the  natural 
accent  of  the  primitives  being  on  the  second  syllable  of  the  three 
first,  and  the  derivatives  little  used,  we  find  good  speakers  often 
lay  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable;  nor  is  it  ea.sy  to  chance 
the  practice. 

This  cirtumstance  of  regarding  the  pronunciation  of  derivative 
words,  in  settling  the  accent,  has  been  eitiier  wholly  overlooked, 
or  not  sufficiently  observed  in  practice.  Hence  the  orthoepists 
accent  the  second  syllable  of  the  verbs  alternate,  demonstrate, 
contemplate,  compensate,  confiscate,  expurgate.  Notwithstand- 
ing all  authorities,  however,  such  is  the  tendency  to  consult 
ease  and  melody  in  utterance,  that  many  respectable  speakers 
lay  the  accent  of  these  and  similar  words  on  the  first  syllable. 
The  reason  of  this  is  obvious,  although,  perhaps,  it  never  oc- 
curs to  the  speakers  themselves.  It  is,  that  when  the  accent 
is  laid  on  the  second  syllable,  the  two  last  syllables  of  the 
participles  altern'ating,  demon'strating,  compen'sated,  &c.,  are 
•ither  pronounced  with  diliiculty,  being  wholly  unaccented,  or 
they  are  disgustingly  feeble.  How  very  difficult  it  is  to  utter 
distinctly  the  words  alternating,  demonstrating,  &c.,  with  the 


accent  on  the  second  syllable;  the  organs  being  compelled  to 
change  their  position,  and  form  lliree,  four,  five,  or  six  articula- 
tions in  an  instant,  to  utter  the  two  last  syllablrs  I  Hut  place  the 
primary  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and  a  secondary  one  on  the 
third,  and  the  voice  resting  on  these,  the  K|)eaker  is  enabled  to 
bound  with  ease  from  syllable  to  syllable,  and  utter  the  whole 
word  distinctly,  without  effort  —  al'tcrnating,  diin'onstrating. 

In  compensate  and  conjiscale,  the  accent  on  the  second  svl- 
lablo  leaves  the  last  syllable  of  the  participle  most  miserably 
weak.    What  a  feeble  line  is  this  of  I'ojie  !  — 
K:ich  seciniiii!  ill,  cowpen' sated  of  course. 

This  evil  is  remedied  by  ])laoing  the  primary  accent  on  the 
first  syllable,  and  a  secondary  one  on  the  third;  com'pensated  ; 
com'pensuting;  confiscating ;  cuiiflscated ;  the  full  sound  of 
a  giving  due  strength  to  the  last  syllables. 

It  is  further  to  be  observed  that  there  are  some  words  which, 
in  poetry  and  prose,  must  be  differently  accented,  as  the  accent 
has  been  transferred  by  usage  from  one  syllable  to  another  with- 
in the  two  last  centuries.  Nares  enumerates  more  than  a  hun- 
dred words,  whose  accent  has  been  thus  changed  since  the  age 
of  Shakspeare.  Of  this  class  of  words  are  aspect,  process,  sojourn, 
convex,  contest,  retinue,  conrerse,  the  noun  horizon,  which  Milton 
accents  on  the  second  syllable,  and  acceptable,  which  he  accents 
on  the  first,  as  he  docs  attribute  and  contribute.  But  the  accent 
of  all  these  words  has  been  cliange<l  ;  the  seven  first  have  the 
accent  indisputably  on  the  first  syllable  ;  the  two  last,  on  the 
second  syllabh?  ;  and  although  some  diftVrence  of  opinion  may 
e.xist  as  to  the  accentuation  of  horizon  and  acceptable,  yet  tlie 
practice  of  accenting  horizon  on  the  first,  and  acceptable  on  the 
second,  is  according  to  regular  analogies.  [In  respect  to  horizon, 
however,  this  is  not  here  insisted  on,  as  later  usage  is  against 
accenting  the  first  syllable.] 


OF  JOHNSON'S  DICTIONARY, 

AND  OF  TIIE    MANNER  IN   WHICH  TIIE  FOLLOWING 
WORK  IS  EXECUTED. 

Dr.  Johnson  was  one  of  the  greatest  men  that  the  English 
nation  has  ever  produced;  and  when  the  exhibition  of  truth 
depended  on  his  own  gigantic  ])owers  of  intellect,  he  seldom 
erred.  But  in  the  compilation  of  his  Dictionary,  he  manifested 
a  great  defect  of  research,  by  means  of  which  he  often  fell  into 
mistakes;  and  no  errors  are  so  dangerous  as  those  of  great  men. 
The  authority  created  by  the  general  excellence  of  their  works, 
gives  a  sanction  to  their  very  mistakes,  and  represses  that  spirit 
of  inquiry  which  would  investigate  the  truth,  and  subvert  the 
errors  of  inferior  men.  It  seems  to  be  owing  to  this  cause, 
chiefly,  that  the  most  obvious  mistakes  of  Johnson's  Dictionary 
have  remained  to  this  day  uncorrected,  and  still  continue  to  dis- 
figure the  improved  editions  of  the  work  recently  published. 

In  like  manner,  the  opinions  of  this  author,  when  wrong,  have 
a  weight  of  authority  that  renders  them  extremely  mischievous. 
The  sentiment  contained  in  this  single  line. 

Quid  te  eiempta  jurat  itpiiiit  tte  pluribus  una? 

is  of  this  kind;  that  we  are  to  make  no  corrections,  because  we 
can  not  complete  the  reformation  —  a  sentiment  that  sets  itself  in 
direct  opposition  to  all  improvement  in  science,  literature,  and 
morals;  a  sentiment,  which,  if  it  had  been  always  an  efficacious 
principle  of  human  conduct,  would  have  condemned,  not  only 
our  language,  but  our  manners  and  our  knowledsre,  to  everlasting 
rudeness.  And  hence,  whenever  a  proposition  is  made  to  cor- 
rect the  orthography  of  our  language,  it  is  instantly  repelled  with 
the  opinion  and  ipse  dixit  of  Johnson.  Thus,  while  the  nations 
on  the  European  continent  have  purified  their  languages,  and 
reduced  the  orthography  to  a  good  degree  of  regularity,  our 
enemies  of  reform  contend  most  strenuously  for  retaining  the 
anomalies  of  the  language,  even  to  the  very  <ags  and  tatters  of 
barbarism.  But,  what  is  more  extraordinary,  the  very  persons 
who  thus  struggle  against  the  smallest  improvement  of  the 
orthography,  are  the  most  ready  to  innovate  in  the  pronunciation, 
and  will,  at  any  time,  adopt  a  change  that  fashion  may  introduce, 
though  it  may  infringe  the  regularity  of  the  language,  multiply 
anomalies,  and  increase  the  diliiculty  of  learning  it.  Nay,  they 
will  not  only  innovate  themselves,  but  will  use  their  influence  to 
propagate  the  change,  by  deriding  those  who  resist  it,  and  who 


Ixxvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


strive  to  retain  the  resemblance  between  the  written  and  spoken 
language. 

A  considerable  part  of  Johnson's  Dictionary  is,  however,  well 
executed  ;  and  when  his  definitions  are  correct,  and  his  arrange- 
ment judicious,  it  seems  to  be  expedient  to  follow  him.  It 
would  be  mere  affectation  or  folly  to  alter  what  can  not  be 
improved. 

The  principal  faults  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  are, 

1.  The  want  of  a  great  number  of  well-authorized  words  be- 
longing to  the  language.  This  defect  has  been,  in  part,  supplied 
by  Mason,  but  his  supplemental  list  is  still  imperfect,  even  in 
common  words,  and  still  more  defective  from  the  omission  of 
terms  of  science. 

2.  Another  great  fault,  that  remains  uncorrected,  is  the  manner 
of  noting  the  accented  .sj'llable  ;  the  accent  being  laid  uniformly 
on  the  vowel,  whether  it  closes  the  syllable  or  not.  Thus  the 
accent  is  laid  on  c  in  tt'nant  as  well  as  in  tdacher,  and  llie  in- 
quirer can  not  know  from  the  accent,  whether  the  vowel  is  long 
or  short.  It  is  surprising  that  such  a  notation  should  still  be 
retained  in  that  work. 

3.  It  is  considered  as  a  material  fault,  that,  in  some  classes  of 
words,  Johnson's  orthography  is  either  not  correct  upon  princi- 
ple, or  not  uniform  in  the  class.  Thus  he  writes  heedlessly,  with 
ss,  but  ctirelcshj,  with  one  s  ;  defence,  with  r,  but  defciisihlc,  dc- 
feiisiee,  with  s  ;  ri£rour,  inferiour,  with  u,  but  rigorovs,  inferiority, 
without  it  ;  publick,  tiuthenticl;,  with  /.-,  but  publication,  authenti- 
cate, without  it ;  and  so  of  many  other  words  of  the  same  classes. 

4.  The  omission  of  the  participles,  or  most  of  them,  is  no  small 
defect,  as  many  of  them,  by  use,  have  become  proper  adjectives, 
and  require  distinct  definitions.  The  additions  of  this  kind  in 
this  work  are  very  numerous.  It  is  also  useful,  both  to  natives 
and  foreigners,  to  be  able,  by  opening  a  dictionary,  to  know  when 
the  final  consonant  of  a  verb  is  doubled  in  the  participle. 

5.  The  want  of  due  discrimination  in  the  definitions  of  words 
that  are  nearljf  synonymous,  or  sometimes  really  synonymous, 
at  other  times  not,  is  a  fault  in  all  the  dictionaries  of  our  lan- 
guage which  I  have  seen.  Permeate,  says  Johnson,  signifies  to 
pass  through;  and  Permeahle,  such  as  may  he  passed  through. 
But  we  jniss  through  a  door  or  gate  ;  although  we  do  not  permeate 
it,  or  say  that  it  is  permeable.  Obedience,  says  Johnson,  is  obse- 
quiousness;  but  this  is  rarely  the  present  sense  of  the  word;  so 
far  from  it,  that  obedience  is  always  honorable,  and  obsequiojisness 
usually  implies  meanness.  Peculation,  says  Johnson,  is  robbery 
of  the  public,  theft  of  public  money.  But  as  robbery  and  theft  are 
now  understood,  it  is  neither.  Inaccuracies  of  this  kind  are 
very  numerous. 

6.  There  are  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  some  palpable  mistakes 
in  ortliography,  such  as  comptroller,  redoubt,  and  some  others, 
there  being  no  such  legitimate  words  in  the  language.  In  other 
instances,ihe  author  mistook  the  true  origin  of  words,  and  has 
erred  in  tlie  ortliography,  as  in  chymislry  and  diocess. 

7.  The  mistakes  in  etymology  are  numerous;  and  the  whole 
scheme  of  deducing  words  from  their  original  is  extremely 
imperfect. 

S.  The  manner  of  defining  words  in  Johnson,  as  in  all  other 
dictionaries,  is  susceptible  of  improvement.  In  a  great  part  of 
the  more  important  words,  and  particularly  verbs,  lexicograpliors, 
eitlier  from  negligence  or  want  of  knowledge,  have  iiiv<'rted 
the  true  order,  or  liave  disregarded  all  order,  in  the  definitions. 
There  is  a  primary  sense  of  every  word,  from  whicii  all  the  other 
have  proceeded  ;  and  whenever  tliis  can  be  discovered,  this  sense 
should  stand  first  in  order.  Thus  tlie  primary  sense  of  make  is 
to  force  or  compel  ;  but  this  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  is  the  fifteenth 
definition  ;  and  this  sense  of  facio  in  Ainsworth,  the  nineteenth. 

'J.  One  of  the  most  objectionalile  parts  of  Jolmson's  Dictionary, 
in  my  opinion,  is  tlie  great  nuiiil)er  of  passages  cited  from  authors, 
to  r-xemplify  his  definitions.  Most  Knglish  words  are  so  famil- 
iarly and  perfectly  niiderstopd,  and  the  sense  of  them  so  littk- 
lialile  to  b(?  called  in  question,  tliat  they  may  be  safely  left  to  rest 
on  the  autliority  ol'  tlie  lexicograplii-r,  without  exam|)les.  Who 
needs  extracts  from  three  autiiors,  Kiiolles,  Milton,  and  Berkeley, 
to  prove  or  illustrate  the  literal  meaning  of  hand?  Who  needs 
extracts  from  Slialtsprare,  ISacoti,  South,  and  Dryden,  to  prove 
hummer  to  be  a  legitimate  Knglish  word,  and  to  signify  an  in- 
atrunient  for  driving  nails.'    So,  under  household,  we  find  seven 


•  There  i»,  nmong  nomc  poelii  of  the  present  (l.iy,  nn  anectatinn  of  reviviiiK 
the  line  of  obnolctu  wurdi  Boinr  of  theiie  may,  prrhnpfi,  he  revived  to  ndviin- 
tage  ;  but  when  llila  priictico  pruceedn  so  fiir  a*  to  iiiukv  a  ijloDHary  iiucessury 


passages  and  nearly  thirty  lines  employed  to  exemplify  the  plain 
interpretation,  a  family  living  together. 

In  most  cases,  one  example  is  sufficient  to  illustrate  the  mean- 
ing of  a  word  ;  and  this  is  not  absolutely  necessary,  except  in 
cases  where  the  signification  is  a  deviation  from  the  plain,  literal 
sense,  a  particular  application  of  the  term ;  or  in  a  case  where  the 
sense  of  the  word  may  be  doubtful  and  of  questionable  authority. 
Numerous  citations  serve  to  swell  the  size  of  a  Dictionary,  with- 
out any  adequate  advantage.  But  this  is  not  the  onl}'  objection 
to  Johnson's  exemplifications.  Many  of  the  passages  are  taken 
from  authors  now  little  read,  or' not  at  all;  whose  style  is  now 
antiquated,  and  by  no  means  furnishing  proper  models  for  stu- 
dents of  the  present  age. 

In  the  execution  of  this  work,  I  have  pursued  a  course  some- 
what different ;  not,  however,  without  fortifying  my  own  opinion 
with  that  of  other  gentlemen,  in  whose  judgment  I  have  con- 
fidence. In  many  cases,  where  the  sense  of  a  word  is  plain  and 
indisputable,  I  have  omitted  to  cite  any  authority.  I  have  done 
the  same  in  many  instances,  where  the  sense  of  a  word  is  wholly 
obsolete,  and  the  definition  useful  only  to  the  antiquary.  In 
some  instances,  definitions  are  given  without  authority,  merely 
because  I  had  neglected  to  note  the  author,  or  had  lost  the  refer- 
ence. In  such  cases,  I  must  stand  responsible  for  the  correctness 
of  the  definition.  In  all  such  cases,  however,  I  have  endeavored 
to  be  faithful  to  the  duty  of  a  lexicographer  ;  and  if,  in  any  in- 
stance, a  mistake  has  escaped  me,  I  shall  be  happy  to  have  it 
suggested,  that  it  may  be  corrected. 

In  general,  I  have  illustrated  the  significations  of  words,  and 
proved  them  to  be  legitimate,  by  a  short  passage  from  some 
respectable  author,  often  abridged  from  the  whole  passage  cited 
by  Johnson.  In  many  cases,  I  have  given  brief  sentences  of  my 
own  ;  using  the  phrases  or  sentences  in  which  the  word  most 
frequently  occurs,  and  often  presenting  some  important  maxim 
or  sentiment  in  religion,  morality,  law,  or  civil  policy.  Under 
words  which  occur  in  the  Scriptures,  I  have  often  cited  passages 
from  our  common  version,  not  only  to  illustrate  the  scriptural  or 
theological  sense,  but  even  f>he  ordinary  sighifications  of  the 
words.  These  passages  are  short,  plain,  appropriate,  and  famil- 
iar to  most  readers.  In  a  few  cases,  where  the  sense  of  a  word 
is  disputed,  I  have  departed  from  the  general  plan,  and  cited  a 
number  of  authorities. 

In  the  admission  of  words  of  recent  origin  into  a  Dictionary, 
a  le.xicographer  has  to  encounter  many  difficulties ;  as  it  is  not 
easy,  in  all  cases,  to  determine  whether  a  word  is  so  far  author- 
ized as  to  be  considered  legitimate.  Some  writers  indulge  a 
licentiousness  in  coining  words,  which  good  sense  would  wish  to 
repress.  At  the  same  time,  it  would  not  be  judicious  to  reject  all 
new  terms,  as  these  are  often  necessary  to  express  new  ideas; 
and  the  progress  of  improvement  in  arts  and  science  would  be 
retarded  by  denying  a  place  in  dictionaries  to  terms  given  to 
things  newly  discovered.  But  the  lexicographer  is  not  answer- 
able for  the  bad  use  of  the  privilege  of  coining  new  words.  It 
seems  to  be  his  duty  to  insert  and  explain  all  words  which  are 
used  by  respectable  writers  or  speakers,  whether  the  words  are 
destined  to  be  received  into  general  and  permanent  use  or  not. 
The  future  use  must  depend  on  public  taste,  or  the  utility  of  the 
words  —  circumstances  which  are  not  within  the  lexicographer's 
control. 

Lexicographers  are  sometimes  censured  for  inserting  in  their 
vocabularies  vulgar  words,  and  terms  of  art,  known  only  to  par- 
ticular artisans.  That  this  practice  may  be  carried  too  far,  is 
admitted  ;  but  it  is  to  be  remarked  that,  in  general,  vulgar  words 
are  the  oldest  and  best  authorized  words  in  language  ;  and  their 
use  is  as  necessary  to  the  classes  of  people  who  use  them,  as 
elegant  words  are  to  the  statesman  and  the  poet.  It  may  be 
added,  that  such  words  arc  often  particularly  useful  to  the  lexi- 
cographer, in  furnishing  him  with  the  primary  sense,  which  is  no- 
where to  be  found  but  in  popular  use.  In  tliis  work  I  have  not 
gone  (juite  so  far  as  Johnson  lias  done,  in  admitting  vulgar  words. 
Some  of  them  are  too  low  to  deserve  notice. 

The  catalogue  of  obsolete  words  in  Johnson  has  been  consider- 
ably augmented  by  Mason.  I  have,  though  somewhat  reluc- 
tantly, inserted  nearly  the  whole  catalogue,  which,  I  presume, 
amouirts  to  seven  or  eight,  and  perhaps  to  ten  thousand  words. 
Most  of  these  may  be  useful  to  the  antiquary  ;  but  to  the  great 
mass  of  readers  they  are  useless.* 


to  the  iinderritaiidinc  of  a  poem,  it  seems  to  he  a  violation  of  good  taste.  How 
diirereiit  in  the  siiii|ilu  eh-gnncc  of  Dryden,  Pope,  Gray,  Golilsmitli,  and  Cow 
per ! 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixxvii 


I  have  also  inserti'd  many  words  wliicli  are  local  in  Enjrland  ; 
being  retained  from  the  different  languages  that  have  been 
spokt>n  in  that  country,  but  whicli  are  no  more  a  part  of  our 
present  language  in  the  United  States,  than  so  many  Lapland 
words.  These,  however,  occur  in  books  which  treat  of  agricul- 
ture and  the  arts  —  books  which  are  occasionally  read  in  this 
country. 

Law  terms,  which  are  no  part  of  the  proper  language  of  the 
United  States,  and  never  can  be,  as  the  things  they  express  do 
not  exist  in  this  country,  are,  however,  retained,  as  it  is  necessary 
that  the  gentlemen  of  the  bar  should  understand  them  ;  and  it 
will  be  time  to  dismiss  them  from  books  when  they  are  obsolete 
in  practice. 

As  to  Americanisms,  so  called,  I  have  not  been  able  to  find 
many  words,  in  respectable  use,  which  can  be  so  denominated. 
These  I  have  admitted  and  noted  as  peculiar  to  this  country.  I 
have  fully  ascertained  that  most  of  the  new  words  charged  to  the 
coinage  of  this  country,  were  first  used  in  England. 

In  exhibiting  the  origin  and  affinities  of  English  words,  I  have 
usually  placed  Jirst  in  order  the  corresponding  word,  in  the  lan- 
guage from  or  through  which  we  have  received  it ;  then  the  cor- 
responding words  in  the  languages  of  the  same  family  or  race  ; 
then  the  corresponding  word  in  the  languages  of  other  families. 
Thus,  for  example,  the  word  break  we  have  from  our  Saxon 
ancestors ;  I  therefore  give  the  Saxon  word  first ;  then  the 
same  word  in  the  other  Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages ;  then 
the  Celtic  words ;  then  the  Latin  ;  and,  lastly,  the  ilebrew, 
Chaldaic,  and  Arabic.  This  order  is  not  followed  in  every  in- 
stance, even  of  vernacular  words,  but  it  is  the  more  general 
course  I  have  pursued.  When  there  can  be  no  rational  doubt 
respecting  the  radical  identity  of  words,  I  have  inserted  them 
without  any  expression  of  uncertainty.  When  there  appears  to 
be  any  reason  to  question  that  identity,  I  have  mentioned  the 
probability  only  of  an  affinity,  or  inserted  a  query,  to  invite  fur- 
ther investigation.  Yet  I  am  aware  that  many  things,  which  in 
m^'  view  are-  not  doubtful,  will  appear  so  to  persons  not  versed 
in  this  subject,  and  who  do  not  at  once  see  the  chain  of  evidence 
which  has  leil  me  to  my  inferences.  For  this  there  is  no  remedy 
but  further  investigation. 

In  regard  to  words  which  have  been  introduced  into  the  lan- 
guage in  modern  days,  1  have  generally  referred  them  to  the 
language  from  which  the  English  immediately  received  them. 
A  great  part  of  thtse  are  from  the  Latin,  through  the  French  ; 
sometimes,  probably,  through  the  Italian  or  Spanish.  In  some 
instances,  however,  the  order  is  reversed ;  indeed,  it  can  not 
always  be  known  from  w^hich  language  the  words  have  been 
received,  nor  is  it  a  matter  of  any  consequence. 

One  circumstance,  however,  deserves  to  be  particularly  noticed — 
that  when  I  refer  a  vernacular  word  to  the  corresponding  word  in 
one  of  the  Shemitic  languages,  I  would  not  have  it  understood 
that  the  English  word  was  derived  or  borrowed  from  that  Oriental 
word.  For  example,  I  have  given  the  Shemitic  as  the  verb 
corresponding  with  the  English  break,  that  is,  the  same  word  in 
those  languages ;  not  intending  by  this  that  our  ancestors  bor- 
rowed or  received  that  word  from  the  Chaldeans,  Hebrews,  or 
other  Shemitic  aation.  This  is  not  the  fact.  It  would  be  just  as 
correct  for  tlie  compiler  of  a  Chaldee  or  Hebrew  Lexicon  to 
derive  pTt  from  the  English  break  or  German  brechen.  So 
when  I  deduce  coin,  through  the  French,  Spanish,  or  Italian, 

from  the  Arabic,  •  1  «,  I  do  not  consider  the  word  as  borrowed 

from  the  Arabic,  but  as  proceeding  from  a  common  radix.  With 
regard  to  vermieiilar  words,  in  any  European  language,  such  de- 
duction is  always  incorrect.  Yet  errors  of  this  kind  abound  in 
every  book  I  have  seen,  which  treats  of  this  subject.  The  truth 
is,  all  vernacular  words  in  the  languages  of  Europe  are  as  old  as 
the  same  words  in  Asia  ;  and  when  the  same  words  are  found  in 
the  Shemitic  and  Japhetic  languages,  it  is  almost  demonstrably 
certain  that  these  words  were  in  use  before  the  dispersion;  the 
nations  of  both  families  have  them  from  the  common  stock,  and 
the  words,  like  the  families  of  men  which  used  them,  are  to  be 
considered  as  of  the  same  antiquity. 

When,  therefore,  I  state  the  words  of  another  language  as  cor- 
responding with  vernacular  words  in  the  English,  they  are  offered 
as  affinities,  or  the  same  word  varied  dialectically,  perhaps,  in 
orthographv  or  signification,  but  words  from  the  same  root  as  the 
English.  Thus,  under  the  word  bright,  I  state  the  Saxon  word, 
and  then  the  corresponding  word  in  the  Ethiopic,  the  participle 
of  a  verb  ;  not  that  our  ancestors  borrowed  the  word  from  the 


Ethiopians,  b\it  that  the  verb  from  which  brii;ht  was  derived, 
though  lost  in  the  Saxon,  is  still  retained  in  the  Ethiopic.  This 
fact  i)roves  that  the  ancestors  of  the  Saxons  once  used  the  verb, 
but  sutfered  it  to  go  into  disuse,' substituting  shine,  scinan,  in  its 
place. 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  British  authors  and  travelers 
admit  into  their  writings  foreign  words,  without  conforming  them, 
in  orthography,  to  regular  English  analogies.  It  is  owing  to  this 
disregard  of  the  purity  and  regular  form  of  orthography  in  Eng- 
lish, that  we  arc  perplexed  with  such  words  as  burlesque,  soup, 
group,  tour,  corps,  depot,  suite,  pacha,  cn7iui,  and  many  others. 
In  this  respect,  modern  writers  manifest  less  taste  than  the 
writers  of  former  centuries,  who,  when  they  borrowed  foreign 
words  wrote  them  in  conformity  to  English  analogies.  Tliis 
practice  of  blending  with  the  English  many  words  of  an  orthog- 
raph}:  which  in  our  language  is  anomalous,  is  very  embarrassing 
to  readers  who  know  only  their  vernacular  tongue,  and  often 
introduces  an  odious  diffi^rence  between  the  pronunciation  of 
different  "classes  of  people  —  an  evil  more  sensibly  felt  in  this 
country  than  in  Great  Britain,  where  differences  of  rank  exist; 
in  short,  it  multiplies  the  irregularities  of  a  language,  already  so 
deformed  by  them  as  to  render  it  nearly  impracticable  for  our 
own  citizens  ever  to  overcome  the  difficulties  of  its  orthography  — 
irregularities  which  foreigners  deem  a  reproach  to  the  taste  of  a 
literary  nation. 

Where  is  the  good  sense  which  should  dictate  a  manly  firmness 
in  preserving  the  regular  analogies  and  purity  of  the  language 
Where  is  there  a  due  attachment  to  unikormitv,  which  consti- 
tutes the  principal  beauty  and  excellence  of  a  language,  and, 
beyond  all  other  means,  facilitates  its  acquisition  I  would  not 
refuse  to  admit  foreign  wonls  into  the  language,  if  necessary  or 
useful ;  but  I  would  treat  them  as  our  laws  treat  aliens  ;  I  would 
compel  them  to  submit  to  tlic  formalities  of  naturalization,  before 
they  should  be  admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizenship;  I  would  con- 
vert them  into  English  words,  or  reject  them.  Nor  would  I  per- 
mit the  same  word  to  be  written  and  pronounced  in  two  different 
ways,  one  English,  the  other  French.  The  French  suite  in  Eng- 
lish is  suit,  wliether  it  signifies  a  set  of  clothes,  or  of  apartments, 
or  of  armor,  or  of  attendants. 

In  the  orthography  of  certain  classes  of  words  I  have  aimed  at 
uniformity  ;  but  I  have  not  proceeded  so  far  in  this  desirable  ref- 
ormation of  the  common  spelliner,  as  my  own  wishes  and  strict 
propriety  might  dictate.  Thus,  if  vicious,  from  the  Latin  vitium, 
is  written  with  c,  the  verb  vitiate  should  regularly  be  written  with 
the  same  letter  ;  and  we  have  |)recedents  in  the  words'  appreciate 
and  depreciate,  from  the  Latin  prctium.  In  like  manner,  expa- 
tiate should  be  conformed  to  the  orthography  of  spacious;  exceed, 
proceed,  and  succeed,  should  follow  the  analogy  of  concede,  inter- 
cede, and  recede.  These  arc  points  of  minor  importance,  but  far 
from  being  unimportant. 

In  writing  the  termination  of  such  verbs  as  civilize,  legalize, 
modernize,  there  is  a  diversity  which  may  be  corrected  without 
inconvenience.  We  indeed  have  some  of  the  verbs  of  this  class 
from  the  French,  in  which  language  iser  is  the  termination  ;  hut 
most  of  them  we  have  borrowed  directly  from  the  Latin  or  Greek, 
or  perhaps  from  the  Spanish  or  Italian,  or  they  are  of  our  own 
coinage.  As  the  termination  ire  is  conformable  to  the  Greek 
original,  as  it  has  a  definite  meaning,  and  as  it  expresses  the 
true  pronunciation  in  Engfish,  it  seems  expedient  to  reduce  the 
whole  class  to  a  uniformity  of  orthography. 

Enterprise,  devise,  comprise,  revise,  compromise,  and  surprise, 
belong  to  a  different  class,  and  retain  the  orthography  of  their 
originals. 

There  is  a  fact  respecting  the  pronunciation  of  gn  in  cognizance 
and  recognizance,  which  seems  to  hove  escaped  observation  ;  this 
is,  that  g  was  introduced  to  express  a  nasal  sound,  as  in  the  French 
gn,  or  Spanish  H,  but  not  for  the  purpose  of  being  pronounced  as 
ff.  It  is  probable  that  the  Latins  cliantred  co7i,  before  nosco,  into 
cog,  for  this  reason  ;  and  it  may  be  inferred,  from  the  modern 
pronunciation  of  these  words,  that  the  Greeks  omitted  or  softened 
the  sound  of  y  in  yiyxurrxo)  and  yiyioiioi.  However  this  may  be, 
the  old  pronunciation  of  the  words  was  undoubtedly  conusance, 
or  conizance,  reconizance  ;  and  hence,  in  the  old  writers  on  law,  the 
letter  g  was  omitted.  Indeed,  there  is  a  harshness  in  the  pro- 
nunciation of  g  in  these  words,  that  offends  the  organs  both  of 
the  speaker  and  hearer,  and  which  well  justifies  the  pronunciation 
of  the  old  lawyers  —  a  pronunciation  which  we  freq\iently  hear  at 
this  day  among  gentlemen  of  the  bar. 

Whether  the  Latins  pronounced  the  letter  g  in  such  words  as 
benignus,  condignxis,  malignus,  it  is  of  no  moment  for  us  to  deter- 


ixxviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


mine.  In  our  mode  of  writing  benign,  condign,  malign,  tlie 
sound  of  g  must  be  dropped ;  but  it  is  resumed  in  the  derivatives, 
benignitij,  condignity,  vialignity :  so  in  design,  designate ;  resign, 
resignation* 

In  noting  the  obsolete  words,  which  amount  to  some  thousands, 
I  may  have  committed  mistakes;  for  words  obsolete  in  one  part 
of  the  British  dominions,  or  in  some  part  of  the  United  States, 
I  niav  be  words  in  common  use  in  some  other  part  of  such  domin- 
ions not  within  my  knov\'ledge.  The  rule  I  have  generally  ob- 
served, has  been  to  note  as  obsolete  such  words  as  1  have  not 
heard  in  colloquial  practice,  and  which  I  have  not  found  in  any 
writer  of  the  last  century.  The  notation  of  such  words  as  are 
disused,  may  be  of  use  to  our  own  youth,  and  still  more  to  for- 
eigners who  learn  our  language. 

Under  the  head  of  etymology,  in  brackets,  the  reader  will  observe 
references  to  another  work,  for  a  more  full  explanation  or  view  of 
the  affinities  of  the  words  under  which  these  references  occur. 
These  are  references  to  a  S^'nopsis  of  the  principal  uncompounded 
words  in  twenty  languages  —  a  work  that  is  not  published,  and  it 
is  uncertain  whetlier  it  will  ever  be  published.  But  if  it  should 
be,  these  references  will  be  useful  to  the  philologist,  and  1  thought 
it  expedient  to  insert  them. 


ENGLISH  ALPHABET. 

Language  or  speech  consists  of  human  voices  or  articulate 
sounds,  intended  to  communicate  thoughts  or  ideas  from  one 
person  to  another. 

Articulate  voices  are  those  which  are  formed  by  closing  and 
opening  the  organs  of  speech  —  the  lips,  the  tongue,  tlie  teeth, &c. 
An  articulation  is  a  jointing  or  closing  of  the  organs,  as  in  pro- 
nouncing ah,  ed,  op,  un,  at,  eth,  ag,  eng. 

Articulate  sounds  of  the  human  voice  are  represented  by  letters 
or  characters  written,  painted,  engraved,  or  printed.  A  letter,  or 
letters  in  combination,  form  syllables  and  words,  which  are  the 
symbols  of  ideas. 

To  letters,  syllables,  and  words,  are  annexed  certain  sounds, 
which,  being  uttered  by  the  organs  of  sjjeecli,  communicate  ideas, 
through  the  instrumentality  of  the  ears.  When  letters  and  words 
are  written,,  painted,  engraved,  or  printed,  they  communicate 
thoughts,  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  eyes. 

In  order  to  the  communication  of  thoughts  or  opinions  cor- 
rectly, from  one  person  to  another,  it  is  essential  that  both  persons 
sliould  annex  the  same  sounds  to  tlie  same  letters  and  words;  or 
that  the  letters  and  words  used  sliould  be  symbols  of  the  same 
thoughts  to  both  persons.  This  identity  of  sounds  and  symb.ols 
constitutes  a  particular  language,  the  instrument  of  social  inter- 
course in  a  nation. 

In  the  English  language,  the  letters  are  twenty-six ;  represent- 
ing sovmds,  simple  or  compound  ;  or  modifying  such  sounds. 
Letters  are  of  two  kinds,  vowels  and  consonants. 
Vowels  are  vocal  sounds,  uttered  by  opening  the  mouth  or 
organs  of  speech,  without  a  contact  of  the  parts  of  the  mouth. 
The  sound  of  a  perfect  vowel  may  be  prolonged  at  pleasure,  with- 
out altering  the  position  of  the  organs.  Such  is  the  first  or  long 
sound  of  a,  c,  o. 

The  vowels  in  the  English  are  six  —  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y.  But  i  and 
7/  are  not  always  simple  vowels;  and  y  is  sometimes  used  as  a 
consonant.  These  letters  also  represent  different  sounds  —  a  cir- 
cumstance which  creates  much  difficulty  in  learning  the  language. 

Tlie  broadest  or  deepest  vowel  sound  is  that  of  a  in  fall,  au  in 
avghl,  aw  in  laic.  This  sound  retpiires  the  largest  opening  of  the 
mouth.  A  less  opening  of  the  organs  gives  the  sound  of  the  Ital- 
ian a,  as  in  father,  glass.  One  less  deep  gives  tiie  sound  of  the 
short  a,  as  in  fat,  cat,  can.  A  still  smaller  opening  gives  the 
Hound  of  a  in  fate,  make;  and  a  still  smaller,  gives  the  sound  of  e 
in  mete,  feet.  The  first  sound  of  o,  as  in  note,  is  made  by  a  circu- 
lar posilion  of  the  lips;  and  with  a  less  circular  opening  of  the 
lips  we  utter  the  sound  of  oo  in  tool. 

The  first  or  long  sound  of  t  is  compound,  as  in  ■pine ;  so  is  the 
first  sound  of  u  in  due,  suit,  tribunal.  These  sounds  can  not  be 
exactly  expressed  or  described  in  writing. 


The  first  or  long  sound  of  each  vowel  is  exemplified  in  the 
following  words  :  — 

a  in  make,  name.  o  in  note,  hold. 

e  in  vi-e,  mete.  u  in  duty,  true. 

i  in  j)ine,  bind.  y  in  dry,  defy. 

The  short  sound  of  each  vowel  may  be  exemplified  in  the  fol- 
lowing words  :  — 

a  in  mat,  ban.  o  in  not,  boss. 

e  in  bet,  men.  v  in  dun,  must. 

i  in  bit,  pin.  y  in  pity,  duty. 

The  vowel  a  has  a  third  sound,  called  broad,  as  in  ball,  all, 
walk.  The  same  sound  is  expressed  by  au  in  taught,  and  by  aw 
in  saw.  This  sound  is  shortened  in  what,  quadrant,  quality.  Its 
remaining  sound  is  the  Italian  one  mentioned  above,  as  in  father, 
glass. 

The  vowel  e  has  the  sound  of  long  a  in  a  few  words,  as  in  prey, 
survey,  their. 

The  letter  i  retains  its  French  sound,  that  of  the  English  long  e, 
in  some  words  which  we  have  received  from  the  French  lan- 
guage, as  in  pique,  marine,  viachine. 

The  vowel  o,  in  a  few  words,  has  the  sound  of  oo,  the  French 
071,  as  in  move,  prove,  lose.  This  sound  of  oo  is  shortened  in 
book,  look.  In  a  few  words,  o  has  the  sound  of  u  short,  as  in 
dove,  love. 

The  first  sound  of  y,  as  in  dry,  is  the  same  as  that  of  i  in  pine  ; 
and  its  short  sound  in  glory,  pity,  is  the  same  as  that  of  i  in  pin, 
brisk.  This  short  sound  of  i  and  j/  is,  properly,  the  short  sound 
of  e  long.  Hence  little,  when  the  first  vowel  is  prolonged,  be- 
comes leetle.    Hence  beeji  is  pronounced  bin. 

The  short  e  in  let  is  nearly,  but  not  precisely,  the  short  sound 
of  a  in  late. 

[Short  e  before  r  at  the  end  of  a  word,  and  before  r  followed  by 
any  consonant  but  itself  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  verges  toward 
the  sound  of  short  u,  as  in  her,  fertile,  in  which  e  has  not  exactly 
the  same  sound  as  in  herring,  ferry.  Most  persons,  indeed,  as 
Smart  remarks,  run  completely  into  the  souml  of  short  u,  pro- 
nouncing the  first  syllable  of  fnercy  and  of  murder  alike.  Those 
who  are  more  delicate  in  their  pronunciation,  endeavor  to  avoid 
this  in  accented  syllables,  retaining  very  slightly  the  sound  of 
short  e,  though  it  is  difficult  to  do  this,  in  some  cases,  without 
running  into  the  sound  of  a.  These  remarks  apply  also  to  the 
sound  of  short  i  and  y  in  the  same  circumstances,  as  in  sir,  circle, 
mirth,  &c.  Smart  remarks  that,  "  even  among  the  more  refined 
classes,  sir,  dirt,  bird,  are  pronounced  siir,  durt,  burd  ;  and,  in- 
deed, in  all  very  common  words,  it  would  be  somewhat  affected  to 
insist  on  the  delicacy  refered  to."] 

The  vowel  u,  in  some  words,  has  the  sound  of  oo  in  book,  as  in 
pull,  full,  put. 

The  letter  u,  in  some  words,  is  pronounced  yu,  in  which  case  it 
is  anomalous,  representing  both  a  consonant  and  a  vowel.  This 
pronunciation  occurs  in  words  which  begin  with  u,  forming  a  syl- 
lable by  itself ;  as  in  unite,  union,  unanimous  ;  and  before  r,  as  in 
failure,  measure,  insure,  and  in  a  few  other  cases. 

Some  English  writers  allege  that  the  proper  sound  of  u  is  yu. 
This  is  a  great  mistake  ;  the  true  sound  is  nearljj  eu,  but  these 
letters  do  not  express  its  exact  sound. 

The  letter  w  has  its  form  and  its  name  from  the  union  of  two 
v's,  in  old  books;  v  being  called  yu.  This  name  is  ill  chosen,  and 
not  adapted  to  express  its  sound.  This  letter  is,  properly-,  a 
vowel,  with  the  sound  of  oo,  French  on,  but  shortened  in  pro- 
nunciation, as  in  dwell,  pronounced  dooel'. 

That  70  is  a  vowel,  is  proved  by  the  fact,  that  its  sound,  oo,  may 
be  prolonged  at  pleasure,  with  the  same  position  of  the  organs  ; 
and  it  has  the  same  sound  both  in  the  middle  and  at  the  beginning 
of  a  word  ;  as  in  dwell,  well.  Yet  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  it 
is  preceded  by  a,  as  a  wall,  a  woolen  garment,  which  has  led 
writers  to  number  it  among  the  consonants. 

\V,  before  another  vowel,  forms  a  diplitliongal  sound  ;  at  least 
this  coinl>ination  seems  to  deserve  a  pla<!e  among  diphthongs.  It 
corresponds  exactly  with  u  before  a  vowel,  as  in  equal,  equity,  in- 
iquity, antiquity,  quote,  question,  persuade,  in  which  w  might  be 
substituted  ibr  H,as  it  is  in  the  Dutch  language. 

In  a  few  words,  w  is  written  before  h,  but  pronounced  after  it, 
as  in  when,  witite,  pronounced  hooen,  hooite.  This  absurdity  has 
proceeded  from  a  change  of  the  order  of  letters  in  the  Saxon,  in 
which  h  preceded  u  ;  tlius,  hwen.  Incite. 


*  Ttio  Spanliih  puHo  in  the  Ijntin  jnigntui  nnd  our  word  pmim,  the  D.  pand,  \» 
Ihe  Lalin  pignut.    So  wu  prunoimce  impune,  for  impugit,  French  impugner,  from 


I N  T  11  <>  D 


Ixxix 


Before  r,  as  in  icrench,  icring,  w  is  not  pronounced.  Before 
the  diphthong  ou,  as  in  tcound,  w  aids  in  forming  a  triplUliong. 

Following  o,  to  forms  part  of  a  diplithong,  as  in  nuic,  vow  ;  or  is 
mute,  as  in  low,  sloio,  srioio. 

Two  vowels  rapidly  pronounced  in  one  S3'llable,  constitute  a 
diphthong;  as  oi  in  join  ;  oij  in  joy;  oit  in  sound;  and  oic  invoio. 

Two  vowels  in  succession,  when  one  only  is  pronounced,  do 
not  form  a  diplithong.  In  my  books  I  follow  Slieridan,  and  de- 
nominate sucli-vowels  a.  digraph ;  that  i.s,  double  written.  Such 
are  the  following  :  ai,  ay,  au,  aw,  ea,  ce,  ei,  cu,  cw,  cy,  ie,  ov,  vi. 

Consonants  are  the  letters  which  represent  the  articulations  of 
the  organs.  The  letters  of  this  sort,  in  the  Englisii  language,  are 
the  following,  in  large  and  small  characters:  B,  b  ;  C,  c  ;  D,  d  ; 
F,  f;  G,  g;  H,  h ;  J,  j ;  K,  k  ;  L,  1 ;  M,  m;  N,  n  ;  1',  p  ;  Q,  q  ; 
R,  r;  S,  s;  T,  t;  V,  v ;  X,  x;  Z,  z. 

The  articulations  or  jointings  made  by  these  letters,  may  be 
learned  from  the  following  syllables  :  ab,  ac,  ad,  of,  ag,  aj,  a/,, 
al,  am,  an,  up,  aq,  ar,  as,  at,  av,  ax,  az.  Observe  the  point  of 
contact  in  the  organs  wiiich  stops  the  sound. 

The  letters  b,f,  j>,  m,  v,  represent  the  articulations  of  tlie  lips, 
and  are  called  labials,  or  lip-letters. 

The  consonants  d,  t,  I,  n,  and  th,  represent  the  jointings  of  the 
tongue  and  the  upper  teeth,  or  gum  in  which  the  teeth  are  inserted. 
For  this  reason,  they  are  denominated  dentals,  or  tooth-lcttcrs. 

The  consonants  close  c,  close  g,  k,  and  q,  represent  the  articu- 
lations of  the  lower  part  of  the  tongue  and  upper  part  of  the 
mouth,  or  palate  ;  hence  they  are  ctiWifX  palatals,  or  palate-letters. 

The  consonants  s  and  z  represent  the  position  of  the  end  of  the 
tongue  near  the  upper  teeth  ;  and  when  pronounced,  the  breath 
issues  or  is  driven  out  between  the  tongue  and  teeth,  with  a  hiss- 
ing ;  hence  these  letters  are  called  sibilants,  or  hissiyig-letters. 
The  letter  c  before  e,  i,  and  y,  is  precisely  equivalent  to  s. 

The  letter  r  is  uttered  with  a  jar  or  vibration  of  the  end  of  the 
tongue,  near  the  upper  teeth. 

The  letters  j  and  x  represent  eqiCh  two  sounds  ;  those  of  j  may 
be  expressed  by  dj,  and  those  of  z  by  ks.  The  consonant  g  before 
e,  I,  and  y,  is,  in  many  words,  the  exact  equivalent  of  j. 

The  close  articulations  interrupt  all  distinct  sound  ;  such  are  k, 
p,  and  t,  as  in  ak,  ap,  at.  These  are  called  mutes.  B  and  d  are 
mutes,  but  less  close. 

C  and  g  are  c-lose  articulations  at  the  end  of  syllables,  as  in 
public,  rag.  At  the  beginning  of  syllables,  they  are  close  before 
a,  o,  and  xi,  as  in  can,  cot,  cud  ;  gap,  go,  gun.  But  before  e,  i,  and 
rj,  c  is  equivalent  to  s,  as  in  cedar,  city,  cycle;  and  g  is  sometimes 
close,  as  in  gift,  and  sometimes  compound,  as  in  general,  ginger. 

The  consonants  which  represent  articulations  not  close,  are/i  /, 
m,  n,  r,  s,  c,  z  ;  as  in  the  syllables  cf,  el,  em,  en,  er,  cs,  ec,  ez. 

H  represents  a  breathing,  and  is  denominated  aspirate. 

There  are,  in  English,  four  articulations,  for  which  there  are  no 
single  characters  ;  but  they  are  represented  by  cli,  sh,  th,  and  ng. 

The  sound  of  r/t,  as  in  church,  cheer,  may  be  represented  by  tsh. 

The  sound  of  sh  occurs  in  shine,  shall.  It  is  precisely  equiva- 
lent to  the  French  ch. 

Th  are  aspirated  in  think,  throne;  but  vocal  in  that,  thou. 

Walker,  in  explaining  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  represents  or 
denominates  the  consonant  b  as  flat,  and  p  as  sharp ;  v  as  flat,  and 
/  as  sharp  ;  d  as  flat,  and  t  as  sharp  ;  th  in  thee,  thou,  as  flat,  and 
til  m  think,  as  sharp.  These  epithets  do  not  express  the  powers 
of  these  consonants,  nor  the  differences  b«tween  them.  The  true 
representation  of  them  is  this  :  JS  is  a  labial,  representing  a  less 
close  articulation  than  which  indicates  a  compression  of  the  lips, 
that  instantly  stops  all  sound.  The  articulation  is  the  same.  D 
represents  a  less  close  articulation  of  the  tongue  and  upper  teeth 
than  /.  T  represents  an  articulation  of  the  upper  teeth  and  the 
lower  lip,  with  a  breathing  without  sound  ;  v  represents  the  same 
articulation  with  sound.  S  represents  a  near  articulation  of  the 
end  of  the  tongue  and  the  upper  teeth,  with  a  breathing  or  hissing 
without  sound ;  2  represents  the  same  articulation  with  a  hissincr 
sound.  The  same  distinction  exists  between  the  articulation  sli 
as  in  fresh,  and  that  of  zh  as  in  osier,  fusion,  delusion. 

The  sound  of  ng  is  simple,  and  occurs  in  sing,  thing,  in  which 
the  articulation  is  not  close.  The  same  is  also  true  of  the  parti- 
ciples and  verbals,  as  singing,  singer.  But  there  is  anotlier  class 
of  words,  as  anger,  longer,  in  which  the  g  goes  to  the  subsequent 
syllable,  while,  at  the  same  time,  the  peculiar  sound  of  ng  is  re- 
tained on  the  preceding  s\-llable.  To  indicate  this,  such  words 
are  marked  with  a  double  accent,  thus,  nn"gcr,  lon"gcr,  denoting 
that  they  are  not  to  be  pronounced  either  ant;-er,  or  an-ger,  but 
with  the  peculiar  sound  of  ng  followed  hy  g,  as  described  above. 


Yet  there  are  not,  in  this  case,  tiro  articulations,  as  some  or- 
thoiipists  seem  to  suppose.  The  g  directly  succeeds  the  peculiar 
sound  of  «^  without  any  new  position  of  tlic  organs,  so  that  there 
is  only  one  articulation  or  jointii  g  between  the  syllables,  though 
that  is  a  close  one. 

Ortho(!pists  represent,  that,  in  the  combination  nk,  as  in  ink, 
bank,  n  has  the  sound  of  ng.  This  is  a  mistake.  The  sound  of 
ng  is  nasal,  the  articulation  being  less  close  than  71/;:.  If  the  n  in 
such  words  liad  the  sound  of  ng,  then  ink  would  have  a  nasal 
sound,  iug,  preceding  k;  but  this  is  not  the  fact;  on  the  other 
hand,  the  close  articulation  k  slops  all  sound.  Walker,  then,  in 
representing  bank,  brink,  as  being  pronounced  bangk,  bringk,  en- 
tirely mistakes  the  fact. 

NoTK.  —  In  this  work,  the  diphthongs  of  foreign  words,  from 
which  anglicized  words  are  derived,  are  very  oflen  rejected  ;  as  in 
economy,  edematous,  athencum,  mancuccr,  pean.  The  diphthongs 
CE  and  (c  are  of  diflicult  formation  in  writing,  and  of  no  use  in 
English  words. 


RULES  FOR  PRONUNCIATION, 

AND  EXPLANATIONS  OF  THE  MANNER  OF  DESIGNAT- 
ING SOUNDS  IN  THIS  WORK. 

The  first  or  long  sound  of  the  vowels  is  designated  by  a  horizon- 
tal mark  over  the  vowel,  thus,  a,  e,  i,  o,  Q,  y.  This  mark  is  not 
necessary  (though  it  is  here  used)  in  words  and  syllables  ending 
in  e,  after  a  single  consonant,  as  in  fate,  mete,  rite,  note,  mute,  in 
which  the  first  vowel  is  long,  and  the  final  e  is  silent.  So  also  it 
is  unnecessary  in  the  last  syllables  of  colonnade,  fortitude,  anti- 
podc,  suicide,  proselyte,  consecrate,  and  others  of  similar  formation. 

The  first  sound  of  a  vowel  is  also  indicated  by  the  mark  of 
accent  immediately  after  the  vowel,  as  in  fa'vor,  cc'dar,  vi'tal, 
glo'ry,  tru'ly,  cy'cte. 

The  second  or  short  sound  of  a  single  vovwl  is  indicated  bv 
one  or  more  con.sonants  terminating  the  word  or  syllable,  as  in 
ban,  band,  pen,  bend,  pin,  flint,  not,  plot,  sun,  must,  cyst,  withstand, 
descend,  rotund. 

The  short  sound  is  also  indicated  by  the  mark  of  accent  im- 
mediately after  a  single  consonant,  as  in  sal'ary,  en'ergy,  infamy, 
bot'any,  hus'band,  sym'bol. 

The  third  or  broad  sound  of  a  is  designated  by  two  points 
under  the  vowel ;  thus,  ball,  broad.  But  the  necessity  of  these 
points  is  superseded  by  a  general  rule,  that,  in  most  words  in 
which  a  is  followed  by  Id,  Ik,  II,  as  in  bald,  balk,  fall,  the  letter  a 
has  its  broad  sound.  [Still  the  a  is  generally  used  for  greater 
clearness.] 

This  broad  sound  occurs  in  the  digraphs  au  and  aio ;  as  in 
taught,  law. 

When  this  broad  a  is  shortened,  the  sound  is  indicated  by  a 
single  point  under  a ;  as  in  \rhnt,  r/uadrant. 

The  fourth  or  Italian  sound  of  a  is  designated  by  two  points 
over  the  letter  ;  l\\ns,  bftr,  mfjst,  filther. 

The  letter  e  having  the  sound  of  a  long,  has  a  mark  under  the 
letter  ;  as  in  prey,  convey. 

The  letter  when  it  has  the  sound  of  e  long,  has  two  points 
over  the  letter;  thus,/«n«-i/c,  marine. 

The  letters  i  and  o,  when  they  have  the  sound  of  u  short,  have 
a  curving  mark  ;  thus,  bird,  dove. 

The  vowel  o  has,  in  a  few  words,  the  sound  of  00,  French  ok, 
which  is  indicated  by  two  dots  over  the  letter;  thus,  mflve,  lOse. 
This  sound,  when  shortened,  is  designated  by  a  point  under  each 
of  the  vowels;  thus,  book,  look;  biish,full. 

The  two  letters  00,  without  points,  have  the  sound  of  the 
French  ou  ;  as  in  fool,  room. 

The  digraphs  ai,  ay,  always  have  the  sound  of  the  first  or  long 
a,  unless  otherwise  marked. 

The  digraphs  ea,  ee,  ci,  ie,  always  have  the  sound  of  the  first  or 
long  e,  unless  otherwise  marked. 

In  all  cases,  when  one  vowel  of  a  digraph  is  marked,  that 
vowel  has  the  sound  designated  by  the  mark,  and  the  other  is 
quiescent ;  thus,  upbraid,  arrayed,  deceit,  siege,  appear,  course^ 
jl6at,  broad,  vein,  shOw. 

By  marking  the  vowel  o,  in  the  digraphs  ou  and  otc,  the 
digraph  is  distinguished  from  the  diphthong;  thus,  in  sdurce,  ou 
are  a  digraph;  but  in  sour  they  are  a  diphthong;  and  bOic,  a 
weapon,  is  distinguished  from  bow,  to  bend.  I 


Ixxx  INTRODUCTION. 


Thus  ou  and  ow,  without  a  mark,  are  always  diphthongs. 

The  digraphs  eu,  etc,  and  ui,  have  the  sound  of  the  first  u;  as 
in  feud,  brcic,  bruise.  The  writers  who  attempt  to  give  u  and  ew, 
afler  r,  the  sound  of  oo,  as  in  rude,  brew,  [rood,  iroo,]  encourage 
an  affected  pronunciation.  In  all  such  words,  u  and  etc  have  the 
proper  sound  of  u  in  duty,  tumult,  lucid,  both  in  this  country  and 
in  the  general  usage  in  England.  Some  persons  affect  to  pro- 
nounce the  letters  e  and  ic  distinctly,  e  and  oo ;  but  this  affectation 
was  condemned  by  Wallis,  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

The  vowel  i,  in  the  termination  ire,  is  always  short;  as  in 
motive,  relative,  pronounced  motiv,  rclativ. 

The  peculiar-articulation  of  the  letter  r  renders  it  necessary  to 
utter  a  slight  sound  of  e  short  between  a  vowel  and  that  letter. 
Thus,  bare,  mere,  mire,  more,  mure,  are  pronounced  bder,  meer, 
mier,  moer,  muer ;  so  in  parent,  apparent,  pronounced  nearly 
pacrcnt,  appacrciit.  This  necessity  makes  a  slight  variation  in 
the  sound  of  a,  but  too  inconsiderable  to  deserve  a  particular 
mark  of  distinction. 

The  accented  syllable  is  designated  by  this  mark'  at  the  end, 
as  in  la'bor,  glo'rij,  ten'or,  amend',  det'rimcnt,  icithdraw' ,  avoir', 
destroy',  renew'. 

After  syllables  having  two  or  more  consonants  followed  by  e 
quiescent,  or  a  diphthong,  the  accent  has  no  effect  upon  the  vow- 
el, as  in  dislodge',  rejoice'. 

In  many  cases,  the  mark  over  the  vowel  might  designate  both  the 
sound  of  the  vowel  and  the  accented  syllable,  as  in  abrade,  up- 
braid, deduce,  besiege;  but  the  accent  is  uniformly  marked.* 

The  letters  cit,  in  v/ords  from  the  French,  are  pronounced  as 
sh,  and  over  the  letter  c  is  a  mark  ;  thus,  chaise,  pronounced 
shiyz. 

The  letters  ce,  ci,  and  ti,  before  a  vowel,  often  blend  into  the 
sound  of  sh.  Thus,  ocean,  Phocion,  motion,  are  pronounced 
o'shun,  Plin'shun,  mo'shun.  Hence,  ceous,  cious,  tious,  blend  into 
the  syllable  shus,  as  in  cetaceous,  gracious,  factious,  pronounced 
ceta'shus,  gra'shus,  f(ic'sltas.\ 

The  termination  sion,  after  a  consonant,  is  pronounced  shun; 
concession  is  pronounced  concesli' un.  But  after  a  vowel,  it  is 
pronounced  zhun;  diffusion  is  pronounced  diffu'zhun. 

The  termination  tioii,  in  most  words,  is  pronounced  shun,  after 
a  vowel  or  consonant ;  nation,  affection,  are  pronounced  na'sliun, 
uffec'shun. 

In  a  few  words,  tian,  tion,  are  pronounced  chun ;  as  in  Chris- 
tian, bastion.    Egyptian  is  an  exception  ;  Egypshun. 

The  termination  sier,  when  not  under  the  accent,  is  pronounced 
zhcr  or  zhur,  as  in  o'sier,  bra' sier ;  but  when  under  the  accent,  it 
has  the  sound  of  seer,  as  in  cuirassier' . 

Wlien  two  accents  occur  after  e  or  i,  and  before  ci  and  ti,  they 
indicate  that  the  preceding  syllable  ends  with  the  pronunciation 
of  sh.  Thus,  pre"cious,  vi"tiate,  are  pronounced  ^>res/t'oas,  visl:'- 
ate;  the  ci  and  ti  blending  into  tb.e  sound  ol' sh. 

In  such  words  as  pronunciation,  euphony  seems  to  require  that 
cia  sho  lid  be  uttered  in  two  syllables,  pro-nun-ci-a'tion,  to  pre- 
vent the  repetition  of  the  sound  of  sh  ;  pronunshasliun.\ 

Dr.  Ash  remarks,  that  the  different  vowels,  in  unaccented  syl- 
lables, are  pronounced  alike,  or  nearly  so.  Thus,  in  the  words 
altar,  alter,  manner,  manor,  murmur,  all  the  vowels  of  the  last  syl- 
lables have  nearly  tlie  same  sound.  Hence  it  is  useless  to  mark  the 
unaccented  vowels,  their  sounds  being  too  obscure  and  indistinct 
to  be  defined,  or  to  be  distinguislied  by  marks.  The  nice  dis- 
tinctions between  them,  if  any  exist,  are  to  be  acquired  only  by 
usage  and  good  taste. 

The  letters  gh,  in  most  English  words,  are  quiescent.  In  the 
following,  they  arc  pronounced  like  /;  cough,  chough,  dough, 
enough,  hough,  laugh,  rough,  slough,  tough,  trough. 

II  after  r  is  mutt;,  as  in  rhetoric. 

G  and  h  before  n  are  mute,  as  in  gnaw,  knave. 

W  before  r  is  mute,  as  in  wrest,  xcrong. 

In  a  few  words,  A  afler  w  is  pronounced  before  it,  as  in  what, 
wh  ich. 

Tn  the  termination  en,  c  is  usually  mute,  as  in  ^roken,  [jro- 
nounced  hrnhn. 


*  It  in  iiaid  by  soine  writer,  that  the  accent  neviT  falls  nn  a  vowel,  biit  nlwnya 
on  a  con«onanl.  This  ia  a  Rreat  niixtalte.  The  last  ayllable  of  forener.  ha.s  the 
accent  on  Ibc  laat  aylluble,  and  on  the  vowcIh  which  enil  the  xyllahle.  In  open, 
the  iccent  ia  on  the  flnt  ayllahle,  in  which  there  in  no  consonant. 


The  final  e  is  mute  after  /,  in  the  following  syllables  :  ble,  clc, 
die,  fle,  gle,  kle,  pic,  tie,  zle. 
B  after  to  is  mute,  as  in  dumb. 

L  is  mute  before  k,  as  in  walk;  before  m,  as  in  calm;  and 
before  /,  as  in  half,  calf. 

JV  is  mute  after  jn,  as  in  hymn. 

Ph  are  always  pronounced  like/,  as  in  philosophy;  but  they 
are  silent  in  phthisic,  pronounced  tizzic. 

P  is  mute  before  s,  as  in  psalm  ;  and  before  t,  as  in  ptyalism, 
Ptolemy. 

In  the  terminating  syllable  of  adjectives,  ous,  the  letter  o  is 
always  silent. 

The  unaccented  y,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  short,  like  i  in  pin, 
pit,-  as  in  glory,  probity.  In  the  plural  of  such  words,  ies  are 
pronounced  iz,  as  glories,  pronounced  gloriz. 

But  !/,  in  monosyllables,  has  its  first  sound,  as  in  dry,  my ;  and 
in  verbs  and  plurals  of  nouns  the  same  sound  occurs  in  the  in- 
flections, as  in  fly,  flies  ;  try,  tries  ;  pronounced  _^£ze,  trlze. 

In  the  termination /(/,  the  y  has  its  first  sound,  as  in  fortify.  So 
also  i  in  the  last  syllable  of  fortifies. 

S  has  its  proper  sound  after  /,  k,  t,  and  th  aspirate,  as  in 
chiefs,  caps,  franks,  pits,  deaths. 

S  has  tiie  soiind  of  z  after  b,  d,  g,  gh,  I,  m,  n,  r,  s  and  z,  v, 
aw,  ay,  etc,  ey,  ow,  oy,  sh,  ng,  th  vocal,  ch,  oe,  ie,  and  after  e  fol- 
lowed by  c  final ;  as  in  robs,  robes,  races,  rods,  rides,  rags,  rages, 
toils,  dreams,  sighs,  rains,  bars,  waves,  roses,  passes,  mazes,  laws, 
days,  news,  preys,  vows,  joys,  brushes,  sings,  breathes,  churches, 
foes,  flies. 

S  before  m  has  the  sound  of  r,  as  in  spasm,  baptism 
The  letter  z,  in  Welsh  words,  is  pronounced  as  the  vocal  th  in 
tliat,  thou. 

In  many  cases,  a  word,  the  better  to  express  the  pronunciation, 
is  written  a  second  time,  in  the  letters  most  proper  for  the  pur- 
pose. In  this  case,  the  pronunciation  of  the  radical  word  is  to 
be  observed  in  the  derivatives,  unless  otherwise  noted.  Thus, 
bright  is  written  brite,  to, show  the  pronunciation;  and  this 
pronunciation  is  to  be  observed  in  its  derivatives,  brightness, 
brightly. 

The  letter  u,  it  has  been  remarked,  has  the  sound  of  yu  in 
words  in  which  this  letter  forms  a  syllable  by  itself,  as  in  u-nit, 
u-nanimous,  u-biquity,  usurp,  and  in  some  monosyllables,  as  in 
use,  pronounced  yuse. 

In  extending  this  sound  to  u  after  d,  as  in  gradual,  credu- 
lous. Walker  has  changed  the  sound  of  d  to  that  of  dj  ;  and 
gradual  becomes  grudjual  or  grajual ;  credulous  is  changed 
to  crcdjnlous  or  crejalous.  But  this  pronunciation  of  Walker  is 
severely  condemned  by  Jameson  and  Kiiowles.  So  also  Walker's 
butshctis  for  beauteous,  plcntshus  for  plenteous,  are  condemned 
and  discarded.  The  same  fate  attends  Walker's  ingrejent  for  in- 
gredient, and  other  words  of  a  like  orthography. 

The  present  practice  is  to  give  to  u  the  sound  of  yu,  in  such 
words  as  nature,  feature,  rapture  ;  which  are  pronounced  7ia.t-yur, 
feat-yur,  rapt-yur.  This  practice  seems  to  have  been  adopted 
to  avoid  the  common  corruption  of  a  change  of  t  into  tsh,  as  in 
natshur  —  a  pronunciation  condemned  by  the  latest  orthot'pists. 

But  in  words  of  more  syllables  than  two,  this  pronunciation  of 
u  as  j/u,  in  the  last  syllable,  as  in  caricature,  literature,  judicature, 
is  not  to  be  commended.  [Still,  as  the  corruption  referred  to  oc- 
curs quite  as  frequently  in  wor(ls  of  this  class  as  in  those  of  two 
syllables,  it  has  been  thought  best  to  place  them  all  on  the  same 
footing,  and  to  mark  with  the  sound  of  u  as  heard  in  unite,  all  the 
terminations  in  ure,  with  their  derivatives.] 

The  termination  ed,  in  the  past  tense  and  participles  of  verbs, 
retains  the  vowel  e,  in  this  vocabulary,  for  showing  the  proper 
orthography,  especially  to  foreigners;  but  in  the  customary  pro- 
nunciation, this  vowel  is  omitted,  except  afler  d  and  t.  Thus, 
abandoned,  delivered,  charmed,  are  pronounced  abandond,  dc- 
liverd,  charmd.  This  rule  extends  to  all  cases,  except  to  some 
formal  uses  of  particular  words,  or  to  occasional  uses  of  some 
words  in  verse. 

After  d  and  <,  this  termination  ed  is,  from  necessity,  pronounced 
as  a  distinct  syllable ;  as  in  abraded,  hated. 


t  Tlio  Kn^lish  orfhoepisls  allepe  thai  the  letter  c,  in  ciich  words,  has  the 
sound  of  .1/1.  This  is  a  mistake.  The  proniincialrc.n  of  sk,  in  such  words,  is  the 
cfrect  of  bli  iwlinn  the  sound  of  c  with  the  following  vowel.  This  mistake  has 
niihled  Walker  and  others  into  a  multitude  of  errors. 


IXZXI 


ORTHOGRAPHY  OF  DR.  WEBSTER 

AS  EXHIBITED  IN  THIS  VOLUME. 


1.  Terminations  in  our  changed  into  or.  —  Such  words  a.s  favor, 
labor,  &c.,  formerly  ending  in  our,  drop  the  u.  One  word,  how- 
ever, is  here  given  in  both  ways,  viz..  Savior,  Saviour. 

2.  Terminations  in  ck  changed  into  c. —  Words  of  more  than 
one  syllable,  ending  in  ic  or  iac,  which  formerly  ended  in  k,  have 
dropped  the  k,  as  in  music,  maniac,  &c.  Add  to  these  almanac, 
sandarac,  limbec  (from  alembic)  ;  also  havoc.  The  k  is  retained 
(1)  in  a  few  derivatives,  as  colicky,  trafficker,  mimicking,  &c.,  to 
prevent  an  erroneous  pronunciation  ;  (2)  in  all  monosyllables,  as 
sick,  stick,  wreck.  Sec,  and  hence  in  their  compounds,  as  brain- 
sick, candlestick,  shipwreck,  &c. ;  (3)  in  all  other  terminations 
except  ic  and  iac,  as  in  arrack,  hammock,  &c. 

3.  Terminations  in  re  changed  into  Eu.  —  Such  words  as  centre, 
metre,  theatre,  &c.,  with  their  compounds,  have  the  re  changed  into 
er,  as  center,  meter,  theater,  &c.  Some  hundreds  of  words,  like 
chamber,  cider,  diameter,  «&c.,  have  already  undergone  this  change, 
which  is  here  extended  to  about  twenty  more,  to  complete  the 
analogy,  jlcre,  lucre,  and  massacre,  are  necessarily  excepted,  be- 
cause the  change  would  lead  to  an  erroneous  pronunciation.  The 
above  words,  however,  are  here  given  in  both  modes  of  spelling. 

4.  Words  in  ichich  the  final  consonant  is  not  doubled  in  adding 
such  for matives  as  i.ng,  ed,  er,  &^c.  —  It  is  a  rule  extending  to 
many  hundreds  of  cases,  that,  in  adding  to  a  word  such  formatives 
as  ing,  ed,  er,  &c.,  a  single  consonant  at  the  end  of  a  word  is 
doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  the  last  syllable,  as  in  forgetting, 
beginning,  excelling  ;  but  is  not  doubled  when  the  accent  falls  onany 
preceding  syllable,  as  in  benefiting,  gardener,  &c.  This  rule  has 
been  violated  in  the  case  of  about  fifty  words  ending  in  I,  whose 
derivatives  have  had  the  I  doubled,  as  traveller,  &c.  These  words 
are  here  restored  to  their  true  analogous  spelling,  as  recommended 
by  Walker,  Lowth,  Perry,  and  others,  as  in  traveling,  canceled, 
leveler,  counselor,  duelist,  marvelous,  &c.  On  the  same  principle, 
woolen  is  spelled  with  a  single  I.  It  does  not  interfere  with  this 
rule  that  chancellor,  and  the  derivatives  of  metal  and  crystal,  as  met- 
alline, metallurgy,  crystalline,  crystallize,  &c.,  have  the  I  doubled, 
since  they  come  directly  from  the  Latin  cancellarius  and  metallum 
(Greek  ^haXXov),  and  the  Greek  xovaxaXXo^.  The  above  rule  is  also 
applied  to  the  derivatives  of  worship  and  bias,  making  them  wor- 
shiping, worshiped,  worshiper,  biasing,  biased.  Bigoted  has  already 
taken  its  true  spelling  with  but  one  t,  and  such  should  be  the  spell- 
ing oi  carbureted,  sulphureted,  &c. 

5.  Distinction  between  verbs  in  ir.E  and  ise.  —  Verbs  from  the 
Greek  itw,  and  others  formed  in  analogy  with  them,  have  the  ter- 
mination ize,  as  baptize,  legalize,  &c.  Catechise  and  exorcise  are 
exceptions.  Verbs,  and  also  some  nouns,  derived  directly  from  the 
French,  with  a  few  from  other  sources,  end  in  ise,  as  advertise, 
advise,  affranchise,  amortise,  chastise,  circumcise,  comprise,  com- 
promise, criticise,  demise,  despise,  devise,  disfranchise,  disguise, 
divcrtise,  emprise,  enfranchise,  enterprise,  exercise,  manumise,  mer- 
chandise, misprise  (to  mistake),  premise,  reprise  (to  take  again), 
revise,  supervise,  surmise,  surprise. 

6.  Terminations  in  able.  —  Able,  when  incorporated  into  words 
ending  with  silent  e,  cuts  it  off,  as  in  blamable,  except  after  c  or  g, 
as  in  noticeable,  changeable. 

7.  Compounds  of  words  ending  in  ll.  —  Such  compounds  as 
befall,  miscall,  install,  forestall,  inlhrall,  enroll,  retain  the  double  I, 
to  prevent  a  false  pronunciation,  making  the  last  vowel  short,  as 
befal,  enrol,  &c.  For  the  same  reason,  double  I  should  be  retained 
in  the  nouns  installment,  inthrallment,  thralldom,  and  enrollment. 

8.  Defense,  Offense,  and  Pretense. —  In  these  words,  «  is 


substituted  for  c,  because  s  is  used  in  the  derivatives,  as  defensive, 
offensive,  pretension.  The  words  expense,  recompense,  and  license, 
have,  on  this  ground,  undergone  the  same  alteration  within  com- 
paratively a  short  period,  and  a  change  in  the  three  mentioned  above 
would  complete  the  analogy.  These  words  are  here  given  in  both 
forms  of  spelling. 

9.  Foretell,  Distill,  Instill,  Fulfill.  —  These  words  retain 
the  II  of  their  primitives,  for  it  must  be  retained  in  the  participles 
and  other  derivatives,  as  foretelling,  distiller,  instilling, fulfilled,  «&c. 
In  this  case,  it  is  only  necessary  to  remember  the  rule,  that  the 
spelling  of  the  original  words  tell,  still,  fill,  is  retained  in  all  the 
derivatives. 

10.  Connection,  Deflection,  Inflection,  Reflection.  — 
These  follow  the  spelling  of  their  verbs,  connect,  deflect,  inflect,  reflect. 

11.  Derivatives  of  Dull,  Skill,  Will,  and  Full.  —  These  re- 
tain the  II,  viz.  dullness,  fullness,  skillful,  icillful,  to  prevent  the 
inconvenience  of  exceptions  to  a  general  rule.  Walker  says,  there 
is  no  reason  why  we  should  not  write  dullness,  fullness,  skillfuh 
and  willful,  as  well  as  stifl'ncss,  gruffness,  and  crossness. 

12.  Derivatives  of  Villain.  —  The  derivatives  of  villain  ought  to 
retain  the  i,  as  in  villainous,  villainy,  &c.  This  is  the  case  in  all 
similar  words  when  the  ain  is  not  under  tlie  accent,  as  mountain- 
ous from  mountain,  captaincy  from  captain,  chieftaincy  from  chief- 
tain, chaplaincy  from  chaplain,  certainty  from  certain,  &.C.  Both 
modes  of  spelling,  however,  are  given  in  this  volume. 

13.  Mould  and  Moult.  —  These  words  should  be  written  mold 
and  molt,  like  gold,  bold,  fold,  colt,  &c.,  in  which  the  u  has  been 
dropped,  or  was  never  introduced ;  but  they  are  here  given  in  both 
ways. 

14.  Terms  in  chemistry.  —  The  ortliography  oxyd  (from  o;i;s)  is 
considered  preferable  to  oxide,  because  in  all  other  derivatives  the 
Greek  u  is  represented  by  the  English  y,  as  in  oxygen,  hydrogen, 
&c.  In  such  terminations  as  chlorid,  fluorid,  ammid,  &c.,  the 
final  e  is  not  used,  because  they  are  formed  in  analogy  with  acid, 
and  the  e  is  unnecessary,  and  might  lead  to  the  error  of  giving  a 
long  sound  to  the  preceding  i.  Such  words  as  salicin,  cerin,  vera- 
trin,  &c.,  also  omit  the  final  c  in  most  cases,  because  it  is  unneces- 
sary, though  it  is  retained  in  bromine,  chlorine,  fluorine,  iodine,  and 
a  very  few  others.  The  spelling  of  the  last  class  of  words  has  the 
authority  of  Brande's  Encyclopedia,  the  Penny  Cyclopedia,  and 
some  distinguished  chemical  works. 

15.  Woe.  —  This  word  takes  the  final  e,  like  doe,  foe,  hoe,  sloe, 
toe,  and  all  similar  nouns  of  one  syllable.  The  termination  in  o  be- 
longs, among  monosyllables,  to  the  other  parts  of  speech,  as  go,  so, 
and  to  nouns  of  more  than  one  syllable,  as  motto,  potato,  tomato,  &,c. 

16.  Practice,  as  a  verb.  —  This  verb  should  be  spelled  like  the 
noun,  with  a  c,  as  in  notice,  apprentice,  and  all  similar  words  in 
which  the  accent  precedes  the  last  syllable.  The  distinction  of 
spelling  between  the  noun  and  verb  belongs  properly  to  words  ac- 
cented on  the  last  s)'Ilable,  as  device,  n.,  devise  (pronounced  de- 
vize'), V.  To  apply  the  distinction  here,  and  spell  the  verb  practise, 
tends  to  give  it  the  same  pronunciation  (practize)  as  we  often  find 
in  uneducated  persons ;  but  as  this  spelling,  though  in  opposition 
to  the  regular  analogy,  is  more  prevalent,  the  verb  is  here  given 
in  both  ways. 

17.  Drouth  is  given  as  spelled  by  Spenser,  Bacon,  &c.,  and  as 
still  extensively  pronounced  ;  and  hight  as  spelled  by  Milton,  and 
derived  from  high.  They  are,  however,  placed  under  druusht  and 
height,  the  more  ordinary  spelling,  though,  on  some  accounts,  the 
old  spelling  is  to  be  preferred. 


Ixxxil- 


ALPHABETS. 


HEBREW  AXD 
CHALDEE. 


SAMARI- 
TAN. 


JVam&s. 


ARABIC. 
Final. 


JilediaL 


Initial. 


Aleph 

Elif 

\ 

L 

L 

\ 

Beth 

Be 

A 

J 

Gimel 

3 

1 

Jim 

S 

C  Dal 

Dalpth 

1 

> 

(  Dhal 

He 

n 

He 

Vau 

1 

Wau 

3 

i 

Zain 

T 

Ze 

j 

> 

> 

j 

C  Ha 

c 

Cheth 

n 

(  Kha 

t 

C  Ta 

Is 

k 

k 

is 

X  eiii 

a 

V 

(  Tha 

li 

Yod 

m 

Ye 

A 

Caph 

a 

Kef 

i: 

Lamed 

I 

Lam 

5 

Mem 

a 

Mim 

r 

r 

♦ 

Nun 

Nun 

X 

Samech 

D 

wanting 





— 

— 

Ain 

C  Ain 

X 

i  Gain 

i 

X 

£ 

Phe 

CI  D 

a 

Fe 

(J 

X 

i 

C  Tsad 

a.  *A 

^  A5 

Tzaddi 

r  - 

(  Dhad 

to. 

Koph 

p 

Kaf 

6 

'i. 

'i 

Resh 

^ 

Re 

J- 

J- 

Sin 

C  Sin 

(_r* 

Shin 

(  Shin 

u- 

(J** 

C  Te 

1  «. 

A 

J 

Thau 

n 

A 

(  The 

A 

J 

Olaph 

Beth 

Gomal 

Dolath 

He 

Vau 

Zain 

Heth 

Teth 

Yud 

Coph 
Lomad 
Mim 
Nun 

Semcath 

Ee 

Pe 

Tsode 

Kuph 
Rish 

Shin 
Tau 


SYRI,\a 
Final. 

i  I 


o 

1 


oi 
a 
V 


4 


MtdwX.  InitiaL 

I  i 

<5.  ^ 


ai 
a 
V 


£1^ 
X 


The  Arabic  vowols  are  only  three,  viz.  Fatha,      a,  e  ;  Kesra,  "J  o,  i ;  Dhamnia,  J_  o,  u. 

The  diacritical  signs  are  Jesm  ^  or  quiescent  Sheva  ;  Toshdid      or  Dagesh  forte  ;  Hamza  f_  placed  over  Elif  when 
Nunnation  or  double  final  vowels,      ~        showing  tliat  they  are  to  be  pronounced  an,  en  or  in,  on  or  un. 
The  Persians  use  the  Arabic  alphabet,  with  the  addition  of  Pe,  j  ;  Che,      ;  Ghaf,  f  ^  ;  and  Zhe,J. 


OI 
O 
1 


J 


radical. 


ETHIOPIC  ALPHABET. 


A  short. 

U. 

I. 

A  long. 

E. 

Y. 

0. 

Alph 

(V  u 

A,  i 

A  a 

A.  c 

?^  y 

A  0 

Bet 

n  ba 

fV  bu 

n  ba 

«  1 

a  be 

-n  by 

0  l)0 

Geniel 

T  g" 

1  g» 

'J  ga 

'L  ge 

gy 

go 

Den 

£  da 

^  du 

Ji  di 

£  da 

£  dc 

^  dy 

^  do 

Hoi 

U  iia 

If  hu 

hi 

V  ha 

y  he 

IT  ho 

Waw 

(D  wa 

(IX  vvu 

\vi 

<p  wa 

we 

wy 

p  wo 

Zai 

H  za 

zu 

H,  zi 

H  za 

H,  ze 

71  zy 

H  zo 

Haut 

(]^  ha 

rh-  hu 

fix  hi 

/t»  ha 

(h  he 

rh  hy 

rh  ho 

Hharm 

ha 

■V  hu 

^  hi 

ha 

•"i  he 

r\  hy 

ho 

Tait 

m  tha 

n>  thu 

n\  tbi 

rfi  tha 

ra  the 

^  thy 

(\\  tho 

Yaman 

p  ya 

F  yu 

R.  yi 

ya 

^  ye 

^  yy 

p-  yo 

Quaf 

n  ka 

r>  ku 

n.  ki 

n  ka 

n.  ke 

^  ky 

^  ko 

Lawi 

A  la 

A-  lu 

A,  li 

A  la 

A.  le 

A  ly 

A-  lo 

Mai 

(J^  ma 

£7>  mu 

mi 

<^  ma 

me 

^  my 

mo 

"XT  1 

jNahas 

^  na 

V  nu 

\  ni 

9  na 

'i.  ne 

^  ny 

9"  no 

Saut 

UJ  sa 

U>  su 

Ui,  si 

Ui  sa 

Ui  se 

sy 

ip  so 

Ain 

0  a 

O  u 

Q,  a 

6  y 

P  0 

Af 

fa 

.<  fu 

<  fa 

<  fe 

4:  fy 

fo 

Fait 

^  pa 

^  PU 

K  pi 

pa 

A.  pe 

?i  py 

po 

Psa 

T  pa 

T  pu 

T  pi 

J  pa 

T  pe 

T  py 

T  po 

Zadai 

8  za 

ft^  zu 

8.  zi 

8  za 

a  ze 

8"  zy 

8  zo 

Zappi 

9  zza 

9-  zzu 

q.  zzi 

q  zza 

zze 

6  zzy 

zzo 

Kaf 

ka 

^  ku 

^  ki 

J  ka 

'fe  ke 

^  ky 

<P  ko 

Rees 

/J  ra 

4,  ru 

&  n 

I,  ra 

L  re 

Q  ry 

C  ro 

Saat 

f\  sa 

iS,  su 

i\  si 

1^  sa 

i\  se- 

n  sy 

iS  so 

Tawi 

-^  ta 

1:  tu 

t:  ti 

^  ta 

te 

1^  ty 

^  to 

Note.  —  In  the  foregoing  alphabets,  the  order  of  the  Arabic  and  Ethiopia  letters  is  conformed  to  that  of  the  Chaldee  and 
Hebrew.    The  reader  will  observe  two  or  three  defects,  which  are  owing  to  the  imperfection  of  the  fonts  of  type. 


Ixxxiv 


DIRECTIONS  AND  EXPLANATIONS. 


*»*  Compound  words,  which  in  ordinary  writing  have  the  parts  separated  by  a 
hyphen,  are  arranged,  when  numerous,  directly  after  the  word  which  forms  their 
first  part.  In  many  cases,  however,  especially  when  their  number  is  small,  they  are 
arrange  d  in  their  regular  alphabetical  order.  If,  then,  a  compound  word  is  not  found 
in  the  first-mentioned  place,  it  should  be  sought  in  its  strictly  alphabetical  order. 


***  At  the  end  of  some  of  the  etymologies,  there  are  references,  (as,  under  llie 
word  Abate,  "See  Class  Bd,  No.  23,  33,")  which  point  to  corresponding  parts  in 
the  author's  "  Synopsis  of  Words  in  Twenty  Languages  "  —  a  work  which  has  not 
yet  been  published. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


a.  stands  for  adjective. 
adn  adverb. 

comp.  .  .  .  comparative,  or  compound. 

con  conjunction,  or  connective. 

exclam.  .  .  exclamation,  or  interjection. 

/.  feminine. 

m  masculine. 

n  name,  or  noun. 

obs.  .  .    .  obsolete. 
pL  plural. 

pp  participle  passive,  or  perfect. 

ppr  participle  present. 


pret. 
pron. 


Am. 


preposition. 

Dan. .  stands  for 

Danish. 

Lat.  or  L.  stands  for 

preterit  tense. 

D  

Dutch,  or  Belgic. 

pronoun,  a. 
superlative. 

-E"S-  

England,  or  English. 
Ethiopic. 

verb  intransitive. 

Fr  

French. 

verb  transitive. 

German. 

America,  or  Ameri- 

Gothic. 

can. 

6r.   

Greek. 

Arabic. 

Hebrew. 

Arnioric. 

Icelandic. 

Chaldee. 

Irish,  or  Gaelic. 

Cornish. 

Italian. 

Latin. 

Persic,  or  Persian. 
Portuguese. 
Russian. 
Samaritan. 
Sanscrit. 
I  Saxon,  or  Anglo- 
Saxon. 
Spanish. 
Swedish. 
Syriac. 
Welsh. 


KEY  TO  THE  PRONUNCIATION. 


A,  E,  I,  &c.,  /      ■    (  mate,  m«te,  mite, 
'     '   '       '    as  in  '        '  ' 

long  or  open,  )         (  mote,  mute,  aye. 

A  Italian,  or  AU,  .  .  far. 

A  broad,  AU  or  AW,  fall. 

A,  what. 

£  like  long  a  prcy,  there. 

EE,^,  or  CE, ) 

like  long  e,  i 


,  meet,  c<csura. 


EW,  or  EU,  like  long  u,  as  in  new,  feud. 

I  like  long  e,  marine. 

I  like  short  u  bird. 

O,  move. 

0  like  shoit  u  dove. 

O,  wolf. 

6l  or  OY,  Oil,  boy. 

OO,  moon. 


OO  as  in  book. 

OU  or  OW,  about,  town. 

U,  bull. 

XI  like  yu  unite. 

e  hard,  or  €H,  like  k,  .  .  .  cany. 

C  soft,  ^ike  s  certain. 

CH,  niucA. 

CU  like  sh  maciine. 


CK  hard,  like  k,  ,  .  as  in  .  .  sick. 

<5  soft,  like  j,  ^em. 

G  hard  ^ive. 

S  like  2,  as,  was. 

S,  west. 

TH  tAis. 

TH,  thin. 


REMARKS. 


1.  Improper  Diphthonffs.  —  In  these,  the  vowel  which  is  sounded  is 
alone  marked,  as  in  di,  ea,  or  ed,  vu,  &c. 

2.  Double  Accent  (").  —  This  is  used  in  two  cases  :  (1)  "V^Tien,  in  such 
words  as  an"ger,  (pronounced  ang'(jer,)  the  g  is,  as  it  were,  drawn  back 
to  the  preceding  syllable,  forming  with  n  the  sound  of  ny,  while  it  is  also 
retained  with  its  proper  hard  sound  in  its  own  syllable.  Thus  the  dis- 
tinction is  marked  between  such  words  as  lon"ger,  of  greater  length, 
and  long'er,  one  who  longs.  (2)  When,  in  the  case  of  e  or  i  followed  by 
ci  or  ti,  the  sound  of  sh  is  drawn  back  to  the  precediiig  syllable,  as  in 
spe"cial,  discre'  tion,  adiW'tion,  vi"c>ous,  (pronounced  spesh'al,  diskresh'- 
vn,  addish'un,  rish'us.)  The  double  accent  is  also  used  when  the  sound 
of  zh  is  drawn  back,  as  in  transi'tion,  ri"sion,  (pronounced  tramizh'un, 
vizh'un;)  but  this  peculiarity  is  also  indicated  either  by  respcUing  or  by 
the  marked  S.  MTien  the  single  accent  (')  and  double  accent  (")  both 
occur  on  the  same  word,  the  former  is  to  be  considered  the  primary,  and 
the  latter  the  secondary  accent,  as  in  cheese' mon"ger. 

3.  Vowch  in  Italics.  —  Vowels  which  are  Italicized  are  not  sounded, 
as  the  a  in  metal ;  the  e  in  used,  hazel,  burden  ;  the  i  in  evil,  cous/n  ;  the 
o  in  beckon,  &c.  Hence,  the  termination  ed  in  participles  and  adjectives, 
when  the  e  is  Italicized,  though  separated  to  the  eye,  does  not  to  the 
tar  form  a  distinct  syllable.    Thus  itsed  is  pronounced  in  one  syllable. 

4.  Accented  Syllables.  —  A^Tien  an  accented  syllable  ends  in  a  conso- 
nant, the  vowel  which  it  contains  has  its  regular  short  or  shut  sound, 
unless  otherwise  denoted  according  to  the  key. 

5.  Unaccented  Syllables.  —  When  an  unaccented  syllable  ends  in  a 
vowel  other  than  e  mute,  this  vowel  has  an  obscure  or  faint  sound,  un- 
less otherwise  marked.  The  obscure  a  is  usually  the  short  Italian  a,  as 
in  America.  The  obscure  e,  i,  and  y,  have  the  open  sound  of  e  shortened, 
as  in  e^*ent,  lab/al,  duty;  and  hence,  in  rcspelling  for  pronunciation,  the 
e  is  used  to  denote  these  sounds.  The  obscure  o  and  M  have  their  regular 
open  sounds,  but  somewhat  shortened,  as  in  monopoly,  si/perflwotis. 
When  the  unaccented  syllabic  ends  in  a  consonant,  the  vowel  which  it 
contains,  if  single,  has  its  regular  short  or  shut  sound,  as  in  Assign,  ex- 
plain, furnish,  connective,  cali/mny  ;  but  a  in  such  words  as  monarcliy,  cS:c., 
nas  the  faint  sound  of  the  Italian  a.  In  neither  of  these  cases  should 
the  sound  of  the  other  vowels  (a,  e,  i,  o,  y)  run  into  that  of  u  in  ti/b. 

6.  Terminations  in  ICE,  lOE,  ^c.  —  'Wlien  the  i  in  such  terminations  as 
ice,  iije,  He,  ime,  tjie,  ise,  ite,  iie,  is  not  marked  with  any  distinctive  char- 
acter, it  is  to  be  considered  short,  as  in  malice,  vestige,  hostile,  feminine, 
4tc.,  pronounced  mal'is,  ves'tij,  hos'til,  fem'inin,  &c. 

7.  Long  A  before  R.  — The  long  sound  of  a  before  r  in  the  same  syllable, 
as  heard  in  fare,  pair,  parent,  bear,  &e.,  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  fate  ;  or, 
more  exactlv,  it  begins  with  the  latter  sound,  and  ends  with  the  faint  sound 
of  e  or  o.  In  this  case,  however,  tlie  a  should  never  be  made  a  distinct 
•yllablc,  f'l'er,  pay 'rent,  \m\.  fire,  Ikc.  So  prayer,  tliough  spelled  in  two 
•vUables,  should  be  pronounced  in  one,  as  prnre.  Hy  many,  however, 
tne  first  part  of  thif  compound  sound  it  entirely  omitted,  and  the  a  in 


fare,  &c.,  is  pronounced  like  the  a  in  fat,  but  much  lengthened  in  quan- 
tity. This,  according  to  Smart  and  all  the  later  orthoepists,  as  well  as 
Walker,  is  a  departure  from  true  English  usage. 

8.  Italian  A.  — The  sound  of  a  in  far,  daunt,  &c.,  and  its  sound  in  fast, 
pant,  &c.,  being  radically  the  same,  is  represented  by  the  same  charac- 
ter, tl.  Yet,  in  words  like  fast,  clasp,  ask,  pass,  waft,  path,  pant,  &c.,  the 
sound  is  not  so  much  prolonged  as  in  far ;  and  in  such  words  as  dance, 
advantage,  it  is  shortened  still  more,  and  by  some  is  changed  into  the 
sound  of  a  in  fat. 

9.  Broad  a.  —  The  distinction  between  the  broad  a  (a),  or  mo,  and  the 
same  sound  shortened  (9),  as  in  what,  is  readily  perceived.  In  some  words, 
however,  as  salt,  cobalt,  &c.,  the  a  is  not  so  broad  as  in  all,  nor  so  short 
as  in  what ;  but,  in  respect  to  this  nicer  distinction,  the  e.ir  must  decide. 

10.  Short  E  before  R.  —  The  sound  of  short  e  before  r  at  the  end  of  a 
word,  or  followed  by  another  consonant  than  r,  as  in  confer,  perform, 
herd,  earth,  &c.,  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  short  u  before  r;  but 
some,  particularly  in  Bngland,  attempt,  in  this  case,  to  give  the  e  its  reg- 
ular short  sound,  as  heard  in  hen,  herald,  herring.  The  same  remarks 
may  be  made  respecting  ir,  to  which  some  attempt,  in  such  words  as 
viVgin,  niiVth,  &c.,  to  give  the  regular  sound  of  short  e  and  r. 

11.  Sho)-t  o.  —  The  shut  sound  of  o  before  r  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in 
nor,  being  unavoidably  the  same  as  that  of  a,  is  not  marked  with  any 
distinctive  character.  A  sound  intermediate  in  length  between  that  of 
a  in  all  and  of  o  in  not  is  heard  in  such  words  as  off,  soft,  song,  cloth, 
loss,  frost,  &c.    Here,  however,  a  drawl  is  carefully  to  be  avoided. 

12.  Long  v.  —  The  long  or  open  sound  of  n  has  been  considered  by 
many  as  a  diphthong  composed  of  e,  or  y,  and  oo.  Dr.  Webster  regarded 
it,  in  most  cases,  as  a  peculiar  vowel  sound,  nearly  resembling;  e  and  oo, 
but  so  much  closer  as  hardly  to  be  diphthongal ;  and  considered  the  sound 
as  yoo  only  when  it  begins  a  syllable,  or  when  it  is  hoard  in  certain 
terminations,  as  in  lire,  &c.  There  is  a  strong  tendency,  wliich  ought 
to  be  carefully  avoided,  to  change  this  sound  into  oo  after  d,  t,  I,  n,  and 
s,  as  doo'ty  for  diV'ty,  &c. ;  but  in  avoiding  this,  as  Smart  remarks,  the  i< 
must  be  kept  very  close,  and  not  run  into  dyiity  or  dc-uty.  Walker 
sounds  u  like  oo  after  r ;  but  even  here,  the  best  speakers,  in  Dr.  Web- 
ster's view,  give  a  slight  softening  between  the  vowel  and  the  consonant, 
pronouncing  rtidc  in  a  less  broad  and  open  manner  than  rood,  i.  e.,  giving 
the  u  its  distinctive  sound. 

13.  Rcspelling  for  Pronunciation.  —  (1)  In  respelling  the  French  en, 
on,  &c.,  the  letters  ng  are  designed  simply  to  mark  the  vowel  as  nasal, 
and  are  not  to  be  pronounced  themselves.  (2)  The  respelling  of  a  word, 
when  a  number  of  related  words  follow,  applies  to  all  of  them  down  to 
some  other  word  which  is  respelled.  (3)  Compound  words,  which  are 
not  respelled  or  otherwise  marked,  are  to  be  pronounced  like  the  simple 
words  of  which  they  are  composed;  but  of  and  icith  at  the  end  of  com- 
p()un<ls,  like  hereq/",  hereiriVA,  &c.,  have  their  final  consonants  sounded 
as  in  dq^",  smith.  * 


AMERICAN  DICTIONARY 

OF 

THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


A  AB  ABA 


A is  the  first  letter  of  the  alphabet  in  most  of  the 
known  languages  of  the  earth ;  in  the  Ethiopic, 
however,  it  is  the  thirtpfiu/i,  and  in  the  Runic,  the 
teiM.  It  i:!  naturally  the  first  letter,  because  it 
represents  the  first  vocal  sound  naturally  formed 
by  the  human  orpans ;  being  the  sound  uttered 
with  a  mi  re  opening  of  the  mouth  without  con- 
straint, and  without  any  effort  to  alter  the  natural 
position  or  configuration  of  the  lips.  Hence  this 
letter  is  found  in  many  words  first  uttered  by  in- 
fants ;  which  words  arc  the  names  of  the  objects 
with  which  infants  are  first  concerned,  as  the 
breast,  and  the  parents.  Hence  in  Hebrew  DK  am, 
is  mother,  and  ab,  is  father.  In  Chaldee  and 
Syriac,  aMa  is  father  ;  in  Arabic,  ulia ;  in  Ethiopic, 
abi !  in  Malayan  and  Bengalese,  buppa :  in  Welsh, 
tad,  whence  we  retain  dad ;  in  Old  Greek  and  in 
Gothic,  acta  ;  in  Irish,  aithair  ;  in  Cantabrian,  aita ; 
in  Lapponic,  alki;  In  Abyssinian,  abba;  in  Am- 
haric,  aba ;  in  Shilhic  and  Melindane,  African 
dialects,  baba  ;  and  papa  is  found  in  many  nations. 
Hence  the  Latin  mamma,  the  breast,  which  is,  in 
popular  use,  the  name  of  mother ;  in  Swedish, 
amma  is  a  nurse.  This  list  might  be  greatly  ex- 
tended ;  but  these  e.tamples  prove  A  to  be  the  first 
natural  vocal  sound,  and  entitled  to  the  first  place 
in  alphabets.  The  Hebrew  name  of  this  letter, 
aUph,  signifies  an  oz  or  a  leader. 

A  has,  in  English,  four  sounds ;  the  long  or 
slender,  as  in  place,  fate ;  the  broad,  as  in  wall, 
fall,  which  is  shortened  in  squad,  what;  the  open,  or 
Italian,  as  in  /otArr,  which  is  shortened  in  china; 
and  the  short  sound,  as  in  faL  Its  primitive  sound 
was  probably  av>.  A  is  also  an  abbreviation  of  the 
Saxon  an  or  nne,  one,  used  before  words  beginning 
with  an  articulation  ;  as,  a  table,  instead  of  an 
table,  or  one  table.  This  is  a  modern  change  ;  for 
in  Saxon  on  was  used  before  cons<mant3  as  well  as 
vowels  :  !is,  on  tid,  a  time,  an  sear,  a  year.  [See 

A  N.I 

This  letter  serves  as  a  prefi-T  to  many  English 
words,  as  in  asleej-,  awake,  afootj  aground,  arroing. 
In  some  cases,  this  is  a  contraction  of  the  Teutonic 
ffe,  as  in  asleep ;  aware,  from  tlie  Saxon  geslapan, 
to  sleep,  gewarian,  to  beware  ;  the  Dutch  geicaar. 
Sometimes  it  is  a  corruption  of  the  Saxon  on  ;  as, 
again,  from  ongean  ;  awake,  from  onwacian,  to  watch 
or  wake.  Before  participles,  it  may  be  a  contrac- 
tion of  the  Celtic  ag,  the  sign  of  the  p.irticiple  of 
the  present  tense  ;  as,  ag-radh,  saying  ;  a-saijing, 
a-going.  Or  this  may  be  a  contraction  of  on,  or, 
what  IS  equally  probable,  it  may  have  proceeded 
from  a  mere  accidental  sound  produced  by  negli- 
gent utterance.  In  some  words,  a  may  be  a  con- 
traction of  at,  of,  in,  to,  or  an.  In  some  words  of 
Greek  original,  a  is  privative,  giving  to  them  a 
negative  sense,  as  in  anonymous,  from  u  and  uxufio, 
name. 

Among  the  ancients,  A  was  a  numeral,  denoting 
500 ;  and  with  a  dash,  a,  5000.  In  the  Hebrew, 
Syr.,  Ch.,  Sam.,  and  Ar.,  it  denotes  one  or  unity. 
In  the  Julian  calendar,  A  is  the  first  of  the  seven 
dominical  letters. 

Among  logicians.  A,  as  an  abbreviation,  stands 
for  a  universal  aftirmative  proposition.    A  asserts; 


E  denies.  Thus  in  barbara,  a,  thrice  repeated,  de- 
notes so  many  of  the  pro[)ositions  to  be  universal. 

The  Romans  used  A  to  signify  a  negative  or  dis- 
sent in  giving  their  votes;  A.  standing'  for  antiquo, 
I  oppose  or  object  to  the  proposed  law.  Opposed 
to  this  letter  were  U.  R.,  uti  rogas,  be  it  as  you 
desire  —  the  words  used  to  express  assent  to  a 
pro[>osition.  These  letters  were  marked  on  wooden 
ballots,  and  each  voter  had  an  atiirmative  and  a 
negative  put  into  his  hands,  one  of  which,  at 
pleasure,  he  gave  as  his  vote.  —  In  criminal  trials, 
A.  stood  for  absolve,  1  acquit ;  C.  for  cundemno,  I 
condemn ;  and  N.  L.  for  non  liquet,  it  is  not  evi- 
dent ;  and  the  judges  voted  by  biUlots  thus  marked. 
—  In  inscriptions,  A.  stands  for  .Augustus;  or  for 
ager,  aiunt,  aurum,  argentum,  &.C. 

A.  is  also  used  for  anno  ;  as  in  A.  R.,  for  anno 
Domini,  the  year  of  our  Lord  ;  and  A.  M.,  for  a;iHo 
mundi,  the  year  of  the  world  ;  and  also  for  ante,  as  in 
A.  M.,  for  ante  m/rru/iem,  before  noon;  and  for  arti, 
as  in  A.  M.,  fox  artiummagister,  master  of  arts.  With 
the  Romans,  A.  U.  C.  sto<»d  for  anno  urbis  eonditts,  in 
the  year  from  the  building  of  the  city  of  Rome. 

In  algebra,  a  and  the  first  letters  of  the  alphabet 
represent  known  quantities  —  the  htst  letters  arc 
sometimes  used  to  repri'sent  unknown  quantities. 

In  music,  .\  is  the  nominal  of  the  sixth  note  in 
the  natural  diatonic  scale — called  by  Guido  la. 
It  is  also  the  name  of  one  of  the  two  natural 
moods  ;  and  it  is  the  open  note  of  the  2d  string  of 
the  violin,  by  which  the  other  strings  arc  tuned 
and  regulati  cl. 

In  pliannaaj,  tl  or  aH,  abbreviations  of  the  Greek 
ana,  signify  of  each  scparutettj,  or  that  the  tilings 
mentioned  should  be  taken  in  quantities  of  the 
same  weight  or  measure. 

In  chemistry,  AAA  stand  for  amalgama,  or  ainal- 
gamation. 

In  commerce,  A.  stands  for  accepted,  as  in  case  of 
a  bill  of  exchange.  Merchants  also  number  their 
books  by  the  letters.  A,  li,  C,  instead  of  figures. 
Public  otlicers  number  their  exhibits  in  the  same 
manner  ;  as  the  document  A,  or  B. 

Alpha  and  Omega,  the  first  and  last  letters  of  the 
Greek  alphabet,  are  used  in  Scripture  for  the  be- 
ginning and  etid  —  representative  of  Christ. 

In  mathematics,  letters  are  used  as  representatives 
of  numbers,  lines,  angles,  and  quantities.  In  argu- 
ments, letters  are  substituted  for  persons,  in  cases 
siip[)osed,  or  stated  for  illustration  ;  as,  A  contracts 
with  B  to  deliver  property  to  D.  —  In  the  English 
phraseology,  "  a  landlord  has  a  hunilred  a  year," 
"  the  sum  amounted  to  ten  dollars  a  m.an,"  a  is 
merely  the  adjective  one,  and  this  mode  of  expres- 
sion is  idiom.itic ;  a  hundred  in  a  [one\  year ;  ten 
dollars  to  o  [one]  man. 

A  AM,  n.  [Ch.  nON,  or  NON,  a  cubit,  a  measure 
containing  five  or  six  palms.]  .\  measure  of 
liquids  among  the  Dutch,  varj  ing  indill'erent  cities 
from  37  to  41  English  wine  gallons. 

AA-RO\'I€,       (  a.    Pertaining  to  Aaron,  the  Jew- 

A.\-RO.\'ie-AL,  j  ish  high  priest,  or  to  the  priest- 
hood of  which  he  was  the  head.  Doddridge. 

AB,  in  English  names,  is  an  abbreviation  of  Mbey 
or  Mbot ;  as,  Mton,  Mbeij-tj>wn,  or  Mbot-luwn. 


AB,  a  prefix  to  words  of  Latin  origin,  and  a  Latin 
preposition,  as  in  abduct,  is  the  Greek  nm,  and  the 
Eng.  of,  Ger.  ab,  D.  af,  Sw.  Dan.  af,  written,  in  an- 
cient Latin,  af.  It  denotes  from,  separating  or  de- 
parture. 

AB  ;  the  Hebrew  name  of  father.  [See  Abb*.] 
AB  ;  the  eleventh  month  of  the  Jewish  civil  year, 
and  the  fifth  of  Uie  ecclesiastical  year,  answering 
to  a  part  of  July,  and  a  part  of  August.  In  the 
Syriac  calendar,  jJ6  is  the  name  of  the  last  sum- 
mer month. 

AB'A-C  A,  n.  A  kind  of  flax  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 
AB-A-(^IS'€US,  n.    In  ancient  arrhitfcture,  the  square 

compartments  of  .Mosaic  pavements. 
AB'A-CIST,  n.  [from  abacus.] 

One  that  casts  accounts  ;  a  calculator. 
A-B.\CK',  adi>.    [a  and  back,  Sax.  un  bxc  ;  at,  on,  or 

toward  the  b.ick.    See  Back.] 
Toward  the  back  ;  on  the  back  part;  backward. 

In  seamen^s  language,  it  signifies  the  situation  of 

the  sails,  wlien  pressed  back  against  the  nia.st  by 

the  wind. 

Taken  aback,  is  when  the  sails  are  carried  back 
suddenly  by  the  wind. 

iMid  aback,  is  when  the  sails  are  purposely  placed 
in  that  situation  to  give  the  ship  sternway. 

Jifariner^s  Diet, 
AB'A-eOT,  n.    The  cap  of  state,  formerly  used  by 
English  kings,  wrought  into  tne  figure  of  two 
crowns. 

AB-.\CTOR,  7u  [Latin,  from  abigo,  ab  and  ago,  to 
drive.] 

In  law,  one  that  feloniously  drives  away  or 
steals  a  herd  or  numbers  of  c.ittle  at  once,  in  dis- 
tinction from  one  that  steals  a  sheep  or  two. 
AB'A-eUS,  n.  [L.  abacus,  any  tiling  flat,  as  a  cup- 
board, a  bench,  a  slate,  a  table  or  board  for  games ; 
Gr.oSal.  Usually  deduced  from  the  Oriental,  p2N 
abak,  dust,  because  the  ancients  used  tables  cov- 
ered with  dust  for  making  figures  and  diagrams.] 

1.  Among  tlie  Komans,  a  cupboard  or  biiflet. 

2.  An  instrument  to  facilitate  operations  in  arith- 
metic. On  this  are  drawn  lines  ;  a  counter  on  the 
lowest  line  is  one:  on  the  next,  ten;  on  the  third, 
a  hundred,  &c.  On  the  spaces,  counters  denote 
half  the  number  of  the  line  above.  Other  schemes 
are  called  by  the  same  name.  The  name  is  also 
given  to  a  table  of  numbers  cast  up  ;  as,  an  abncut 
of  addition ;  and,  by  analogy,  to  the  art  of  num- 
bering, as  in  Knighton's  Chronicon.  F.ncyc, 

;i.  In  aichitccturc,  a  table  constituting  the  upper 
member  or  crowning  of  a  culiimn  and  its  capital. 
It  is  .square  in  the  Tuscan,  Doric,  and  Ionic  or- 
ders, but  its  sides  are  arched  inward  in  the  Co- 
rinthian and  Composite.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  a  concave  molding  on  the  capital  of  the  Tus- 
can pedestal,  and  to  the  plinth  above  the  boultin 
in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  ortlers.  F.ncyc 

4.  A  game  among  the  Romans ;  so  called  from 
its  being  played  on  a  board,  somewhat  in  the 
manner  of  chess.  P.  Cijc. 

AB'.\-CUS  HAR-.MO\'IC-US,n.  The  structure  and 
disposition  of  the  keys  of  a  musical  instrument. 

AB'.\-CUS  MA'JOR,  n.  A  trough  used  in  mines  to 
wash  ore  in.  Kucye. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.\RI.\E,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK  TOXE,  BU'LL,  liNITE.— 

AN"GER,  VI"CIOU&  — 6  as  K  ;  C  ii3  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  3H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1 


1 


ABA 


ABA 


ABB 


AB'A-eUS  PY-THA-GOR'ie-US,  7!.  The  multipli- 
cation table,  invented  by  Pythagoras. 

A-BAD'DON,  K.  [Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  12H  aJiad,  to 
be  lost,  or  destroyed  ;  to  perish.] 

1.  Ttie  destroyer,  or  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit. 
Rev.  ix. 

a.  'I'lie  bottomless  pit.  Milton. 

A-BAFT',  adv.  or  prep.  [Sax.  eft,  or  aft,  again.  Hence 
efUr  or  itfler,  after,  subsequent ;  Sax.  mflan,  behind 
in  place;  to  which  word  is  prefixed  —  bfaJUin^ 
behind  —  and  tliis  word  is  corrupted  into  abaft.'^ 

A  sea  term,  signifying  in  or  at  the  hinder  part 
of  a  ship,  or  the  parts  wliich  lie  toward  the  stern ; 
opposed  to  afore.  Relatively,  it  denotes  furVier 
H/J,  or  toward  the  stern  ;  as,  abaft  the  mainmast. 
Maft.  the  beam,  is  in  that  arch  of  the  horizon  which 
is  between  a  line  drawn  at  right  angles  with  the 
keel,  and  the  point  to  which  the  stern  is  directed. 
It  i:-  often  contracted  into  aft  Mar.  Diet. 

A-B.\I'SANCE.    See  Obeisance. 

AB-aL'IE.\'-aTE,  v.  L  [See  Alienate,  Auene.] 
To  transft  r  the  title  of  property  from  one  to  anoth- 
er ;  a  term  of  the  civil  law,  rarely  or  never  used  in 
common  taw  proceedings. 

AB-AL'lEi\-A-TE0,  pp.  Transferred  from  one  to 
another. 

AB-AL'IEN-A-TING,  ppr.  Transferring  from  one 
to  another. 

AB-.\Ix-lEX-A'TION,  n.     The  transferring  of  title 

to  property.  .  [See  Alienation.] 
A-B.\i\'DO.\,  V.  L    [Ft.  abandonner ;  Sp.  and  Port. 

abandonar;  It.  abbandonare ;  said  to  be  from  baji 

and  donner,  to  give  over  to  the  ban  or  proscription  ; 

or  from  a  or  ab  and  bandum,  a  flag  or  ensign.] 

1.  'I'o  forsake  entirely  ;  as,  to  abandon  a  hopeless 
enterprise. 

Woe  to  OiAl  jeneratioD  by  which  tlie  testimony  of  God  shall 
be  aijandojted.  Dr.  Mason. 

2.  To  renounce  and  forsake ;  to  leave  with  a 
view  never  to  return  ;  to  desert  as  lost  or  desper- 
ate ;  as,  to  abandon  a  country  ;  to  abandon  a  cause 
or  party. 

3.  To  give  up  or  resign  without  control,  as  when 
a  person  yields  himself,  without  restraint,  to  a 
propensity  ;  as,  to  abandon  one's  self  to  intem- 
perance. Abandoned  oner  and  abandoned  of  are 
obsolete. 

4.  To  resign ;  to  yield,  relinquish,  or  give  over 
entirely. 

Verus  ahaixdoned  the  carea  of  empire  to  his  wiser  col- 
league. Gibion. 

5.  In  commerce,  to  relinquish  to  insurers  all 
claim  to  a  sliip  or  goods  insured,  as  a  preliminary 
toward  recovering  for  a  total  loss.  Park. 

A-B.\N'DON,  n.    One  wlio  totally  forsakes  or  de- 
serts.   [  Ob.i.] 
9.  A  relinquishment.    [JW*?  7wc/^.]  Karnes. 
A-BAN'D0N-£D,  pp.    Wholly  forsaken  or  deserted. 
2.  a.  Given  up,  as  to  a  vice :  hence,  extremely 
wicked,  or  sinning  without  restraint ;  irreclaima- 
bly  wicked. 

A-BAN-DON-EE',  n.     In  law,  one  to  whom  any 

thinir  is  alinndoned. 
A-UAN'I)(  ).\  Kli,  ;i.    One  who  abandons. 
A-BA V'DU.N'-I.N'G,  ppr.     Forsaking    or  deserting 

wholly  ;  renouncing  ;  yielding  one's  self  without 

restraint. 

A-B.\N'UON-ING,  n.    A  forsaking;  total  desertion. 

When  lhn»  the  helm  of  Justice  ia  alxvniloned,  a  universal  abavr 
dotting  of  a]]  other  posu  will  succeed.  Burke. 

A-B.\N'DO.\-.ME.\T,  n.  A  total  desertion  ;  a  state 
of  being  forsaken. 

2.  In  commerce,  the  relinquishing  to  underwri- 
ters all  the  property  saved  from  loss  by  shipwreck, 
capture,  or  other  peril  stated  in  the  policy.  7'liis 
abandonment  must  be  made  before  the  insured  can 
demand  indemnification  for  a  total  loss.  Park. 

A-B.\.\'DU.M,  lu  In  old  law,  any  thing  forfeited  or 
ctinli^'i-atcd. 

AB-A\-.\I"TION,  (-an-nisb'un,)  n.    [Low  T.al.] 

A  banishment  for  one  or  two  years  for  man- 
slaughter.   [JVo(  much  ii.<rd.]  Diet. 
A-BAP-TIS'TO.\,  n.     The  perforating  part  of  the 
old  trephine,  an  instrument  used  in  trepanning. 
[Ob^.]  Coze. 
A-BAIIE',  o.  (.    [Sax.  nianan.    See  Bare.] 

To  make  bare  ;  to  uncover.    [JVdI  in  use.] 
AD-.\K-TI(;-lI-LS'TION,  n.    [See  Artici'Late.] 
In  aniiloiny,  that  species  of  articulation  or  struc- 
ture of  joints,  which  admits  of  t":inifest  motion; 
culled  also  diartliro^iii  and  dr-arLiculation. 

F.ncyc.  Core. 

A-B.\3',  n.  A  »veight  in  Persia  used  in  weiphing 
IM^nrls,  one  eighth  lexit  than  the  European  carat. 

F.nctjc. 

A  B^HK',  r.  t.  [Ft.  abaitarr,  from  bas,  low,  or  tlie 
Ixiltoni  ;  VV.  bntu  ;  Latin  and  (Jr.  ba.n.t ;  Eng.  baaei 
It.  ahbiunare ;  Sp.  baio,  low.    See  Ahash.] 

1.  The  literal  nennc  of  nhiue  is,  to  lower  or  rte- 
prenK,  to  throw  or  cant  down,  rh  used  by  Ilacon, 
''too//o*«  the  eye."  Hut  the  word  is  seliloin  used 
in  reference  to  maU:rial  Ihingii. 


2.  To  cast  down ;  to  reduce  low  ;  to  depress ; 
to  humble  ;  to  degrade ;  applied  to  the  passions, 
rank,  othce,  and  condition  in  ife. 

Those  lh.Hl  w«lfe  in  pride  he  ij  «ble  to  abase.  Dan.  iv. 

Wliosoerer  exalteth  hiiitself  shall  be  abased. 

M-ut.  xxiii.  Job  xl.   2  Cor.  xi. 

A-BaS'£D,  pp.  Reduced  to  a  low  state,  humbled, 
depressed. 

in  heraldry,  it  is  used  of  the  wings  of  eagles, 
when  tlie  tops  are  turned  downward  toward  the 
point  of  the  shield  ;  or  when  the  wings  are  shut, 
the  natural  way  of  bearing  them  being  spread, 
with  the  top  pointing  to  the  chief  of  the  angle. 

Bailey.  Chambers. 

A-BaSE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  humbling  or  bring- 
ing low  ;  also,  a  state  of  depression,  degradation, 
or  humiliation. 

A-BASH',  V.  t.  [Heb.  and  Ch.  WtS  bosh,  to  be  con- 
founded, or  ashamed.] 

To  make  tlie  spirits  to  fail ;  to  cast  down  the 
countenance ;  to  make  ashamed ;  to  confuse  or 
confound,  as  by  exciting  suddenly  a  consciousness 
of  guilt,  error,  inferiority,  &,c. 


They  heard  and  were  abashed. 


Mllon. 


A-BASH'ED,  pp  Confused  with  shame,  confound- 
ed ;  put  to  silence  :  followed  by  at. 

A-B.\SH'ING,  ppr.    Putting  to  shame  or  confusion. 

A-BASH'MENT,  n.    Confusion  from  shame. 

A-BaS'ING,  ppr.  Humbling,  depressing,  bringing 
low.  . 

A-BAS'SI,  or  A-BAS'SIS,  n.  A  silver  coin  of  Per- 
sia, of  tlie  value  of  twenty  cents,  about  ten  pence 
sterling.  Encyc. 

A-BaT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  or  can  be  abated ;  as, 
an  abatable  writ  or  nuisance. 

A-BATE',  V.  t.  [Ft.  abattre,  to  beat  down  ;  battre,  to 
beat,  to  strike  ;  Sp.  batir,  abatir  ;  Port,  bater,  abater  ; 
It.  battere,  abbattere;  Heb.  Ch.  103  n,  liabat;  to  beat ; 

Syr.  s~^CXt^  id    Ar  I^a^I.  habata,  to  beat,  and 


t.  aJl'^^  kabata,  to  beat  down,  to  prostrate.  The 

Saxcn  has  the  participle  gcbatud,  abated.  The 
prefix  is  sunk  to  a  in  abate,  and  lost  in  the  parti- 
ciple beat.    See  Class  Bd.  No.  23,  33.] 

1.  To  beat  down  ;  to  pull  down ;  to  destroy  in 
any  manner ;  as,  to  abate  a  nuisance. 

2.  To  lessen;  to  diminish;  to  moderate;  as,  to 
abate  zeal ;  to  abate  pride ;  to  abate  a  demand  ;  to 
abate  courage. 

3.  To  lessen  ;  to  mitigate  ;  as,  to  abate  pain,  sor- 
row, or  misery.  Addiion. 

4.  To  overthrow  ;  to  cause  to  fail  ;  to  frustrate 
by  judicial  sentence  ;  as,  to  abate  a  writ. 

5.  To  deject ;  to  depress ;  as,  to  abate  the  soul. 
[Obs.] 

(j.  To  deduct. 

Nothing  to  add,  and  nothing  to  aliate.  Pope. 

7.  To  cause  to  fail ;  to  annul.  By  the  English 
law,  a  legacy  to  a  charity  is  abated  by  a  deficiency 
of  assets. 

8.  To  remit ;  as,  to  abate  a  tax. 

A-BaTE',  v.  i.  To  decrease,  or  become  less  in 
strength  or  violence;  as,  pain  abates;  a  storm 
abates. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  be  defeated,  or  come  to  nought ; 
as,  a  writ  abates.  By  the  civil  law,  a  leg.TCy  to  a 
charity  dties  not  abate  by  deficiency  of  assets. 

3.  In  taw,  to  enter  into  a  freehold  after  the 
death  of  the  last  possessor,  and  before  the  heir  or 
devisee  takes  possession.  Blaclcstone. 

4.  In  horsemanship,  to  perform  well  a  downward 
motion.  A  horse  is  said  to  abate,  or  take  down 
his  curvets,  when,  working  upon  curvets,  he  puts 
botli  his  hind  legs  to  the  ground  at  once,  and  ob- 
serves the  same  exactness  in  all  the  times. 

Encyc. 

A-BAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Lessened ;  decreased  ;  de- 
stroyed ;  mitigated  ;  defeated ;  remitted ;  over- 
thrown ;  depressed. 

A-BATE'MENT.  n.  The  act  of  abating;  the  state 
of  being  abiitetl. 

2.  A  reduction,  removing,  or  pulling  down,  as 
of  a  nuisance.  Btackstone. 

3.  Diminution,  decrease,  or  mitigation,  as  of 
grief  or  pain. 

4.  Uetluction,  sum  withtlrawn,  as  from  an  ac- 
count. 

5.  Overthrow,  failure,  or  defeat,  as  of  a  writ. 

Blackstone. 

fi.  The  entry  of  a  stranger  into  a  freehold  after 
the  death  of  the  last  possessor,  before  the  heir  or 
devisee.  Blackstone. 

7.  In  heraldry,  a  mark  of  dishonor  in  a  coat  of 
arms,  by  which  its  dignity  is  debased  for  some 
stain  on  the  character  of  llie  wearer. 
A-HAT'Ell,  n.    The  pi  rsoii  or  Ihing  lliat  abates. 
A-HAT'IiN(),  ppr.    Pulling  down;  diminishing;  de- 
feating ;  remitting. 


A-BaT'OR,  7u  a  person  who  enters  into  a  free- 
hold on  the  death  of  the  last  possessor,  before  the 
heir  or  devisee.  Blackstone. 

AB'A-TIS,     )  71.    [Fr.  abatis.]   [from  bealintr  or  pull- 

AB'AT-TIS,  i  ing  down.  Fr.  ubaUre.]  Rubbish. 
In  fortification,  piles  of  trees,  or  branches  of  trees 
sharpened,  and  laid  with  their  points  outward,  in 
front  of  ramparts,  to  prevent  assailants  from 
mounting  the  walls.  Encyc. 

A-BAT-TOIR',  (a-bat-wor',)  7!.  [Fr.]  A  buUding 
for  the  slaughtering  of  cattle. 

AB'A-TtJDE,  71.  [from  abaU.]  Any  thing  dimin- 
ished. Bailey. 

AB'A-TtfRE,  71.  [from  abate.]  Grass  beaten  or 
trampled  down  by  a  stag  in  passing.  Diet. 

A-BAUM',  71.    A  species  of  red  clay.    [JVo£  fit  itse.] 

AB-AVV'£D,pp.    Abashed.    [04s.]  Chaucer. 

ABB,  71.  [Sax.  ab  or  ob.]  Among  weavers,  yarn 
for  the  warp.    Hence  abb-wool  is  wool  for  the  abb 

Encyc. 

AB'BA,  71.  In  the  Chaldee  and  Syriac,  a  father; 
and  figuratively,  a  superior.    Sans,  appen. 

In  the  Syriac,  Coptic  and  Ethiopic  churches,  it 
is  a  title  given  to  the  bishops,  and  the  bishops  be- 
stow the  title,  by  way  of  distinction,  on  the  bishop 
of  Alexandria.  Hence  the  title  Baba,  or  Papa, 
Pope  or  Great  Father,  which  the  bishop  of  Alexan- 
dria bore,  before  the  bishop  of  Rome. 

AB'BA-CY,  n.  [from  abba.  Low  Lat.  abbatia.]  The 
dignity,  rights  and  privileges  of  an  abbot.  It  com- 
prehends the  government  and  revenues. 

AB-BAT'ie-AL,  )       i,  ,      ■     .  ui 

AB-BA'TIAL  Belonging  to  an  abbey. 

AB'BE,  (ab'by,)  n.    [Fr.  abbe,  from  abba.] 

In  a  monastic  sense,  the  same  as  an  abbot ;  but 
more  generally,  a  title  in  Roman  Catholic  countries, 
without  any  determinate  rank,  office,  or  rights. 
The  abbes  are  numerous,  and  generally  have  some 
literary  attainments  ;  they  dress  as  academics  or 
scholars,  and  act  as  instructors,  in  colleges  and 
private  families  ;  or  as  tutors  to  young  gentlemen 
on  their  travels ;  and  many  of  them  become 
authors. 

AB'BESS,  71.  [from  abba.] 

A  female  superior  or  governess  of  a  nunnery, 
or  convent  of  nuns,  having  the  authority  over  the 
nuns  which  the  abbots  have  over  the  monks. 
pSee  Abbey.] 

AB'BEY,  71.  pi.  Abbeys,  [from  abba.] 

A  monastery  or  society  of  persons  of  either  sex, 
secluded  from  the  world  and  devoted  to  religion. 
The  males  are  called  monks,  and  governed  by  an 
abbot ;  the  females  are  called  nuns,  and  governed 
by  an  abbess.  These  institutions  were  suppressed 
in  England  by  Henry  VIII.;  but  they  still  exist 
in  Roman  Caltiolic  countries. 

AB'BEV'-LUB-BER,  7i.  A  name  given  to  monks  in 
contempt  for  their  idleness. 

AB'BOT,  71.  [formerly  Abbat,  from  abba,  latinized 
abbas,  -atis,  or  from  Heb.  plural  ni3N,  aboth.]  The 
superior  or  governor  of  an  abbey  or  monastery. 
Originally,  monasteries  were  founded  in  retired 
places,  and  the  religious  had  no  concern  with 
secular  artairs,  being  entirely  subject  to  the  prel- 
ates. But  the  abbots,  possessing  most  of  the 
learning  in  ages  of  ignorance,  were  called  from 
their  seclusion  to  aid  the  ehurches  in  opposing 
heresies  ;  monasteries  were  founded  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  cities ;  the  abbots  became  ambitious,  and  set 
themselves  to  acquire  wealth  and  honors  ;  some 
of  them  assumed  the  miter,  threw  ofl'their  depend- 
ence on  the  bishops,  and  obtained  seats  in  parlia- 
ment. For  centuries,  princes  and  noblemen  bore 
the  title  of  abbots.  At  present,  ill  Roman  Catholic 
countries,  abbots  are  regular,  or  such  as  take  the 
vow,  ami  wear  the  habit  of  the  order;  and  toni- 
mendalory,  such  as  are  seculars,  but  obligeil,  when 
of  suitable  age,  to  take  orders.  The  title  is  borne 
also  by  some  persons  who  have  not  the  govern- 
ment of  a  monastery  ;  as  bishops  whose  sees  were 
formerly  abbeys.  Encyc. 

AB'liOT-SHIP,  H.    The  state  of  an  abbot. 

AB-liRE'Vl-ATE,  c.  (.  [U.  abbrcrinre  :  Sp.  aJm  mr  ; 
Port,  abbreviar ;  frtiiii  L.  abbrerio,  brevio,  from 
brceis,  short  ;  contracted  from  Gr.  Siiaxvs,  from 
the  root  of  breali,  which  see.] 

1.  To  shorten  ;  to  iiitike  shorter  by  contracting 
the  parts.  [In  tJiis  sense  not  much  used,  nor  often 
applied  to  material  snbsttinces.] 

2.  To  shorten ;  to  abridge  by  the  omission  or 
defalcation  of  a  part ;  to  reduce  to  a  smaller  com- 
pass ;  as,  to  abbrrriale  a  writing. 

3.  In  mathematics,  to  reiluce  fractions  to  lower 
terms.  IVallis. 

AB-HRE'VI-.'V.TE,  71.    An  abridgment.  [Obs.] 

EhloL 

AB-BRF,'VI-A-TEI),  pp.  or  a.  Shortened ;  reduced 
to  lower  terms  ;  abriilged. 

2.  In  botany,  an  abbreviated  perianth  is  short- 
er llirm  the  tulii'  of  the  corol.  Marlyn. 

AB-HUIC'VI-A-TIN'C,  ppr.  Shortening;  contract- 
ing in  length,  or  into  a  smaller  compass;  reducing 
to  lower  terms. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PRBY.  — PIiVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


2 


ABD 


ABE 


ABl 


AB-nUE-VI-A'TION,  n.  Tile  act  of  shortening  or 
cuntructin^. 

2.  A  letter  or  a  few  letters  used  for  a  word  ;  as, 
Gen.  for  Orne^-u;  U.  S.  A.  for  Uniled  S(o(m  o/ 
AmiTicn.  Also,  an  arbitrary  mark,  used  for  the 
same  purpose  ;  as,  $  for  dollar ;  V  copper,  or 
the  planet  Venus. 

3.  Tile  reduction  of  fractions  to  lower  terms. 

4.  In  music,  one  dash,  or  more,  through  the  stem 
of  a  note,  dividiuR  it  respectively  into  quavers, 
semiquavers,  or  demiseiniciuavers. 

P.  Cyr..  Brande, 

All-nRF.'VI-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  abridges  or  re- 
duci  s  to  a  smaller  compass. 

AH-URK.'VI-A.T01tS,n.  pt.  A  college  of  seventy-two 
persons  in  the  chancery  of  Rome,  whose  duty  is  to 
draw  up  the  pope's  briefs,  and  reduce  petitions, 
when  granted,  to  a  due  form  for  bulls. 

AH-BRi5'Vl-A-TO-UY,  a    Shortening;  contracting. 

An-llUi?.'VI-A-TyRE.  II.  A  letter  or  character  for 
shortening  ;  an  abridgment,  a  compi'nd. 

\,  B,  C  J  the  three  first  letters  of  the  alphabet, 
used  for  the  whole  alphabet. 

Jl-B-C-Book ;  a  little  book  fur  teaching  the  ele- 
ments of  reading.  Shuk. 

AH-DAIj-a'VI,  n.   The  Egyptian  melon. 

AB'D.ALS,  n.  pL  The  naiiie  of  certain  fanatics  in 
the  iMiiliainniedan  countries  of  Asia,  who,  in  ex- 
cess of  zeal,  sonii^times  run  into  the  streetSj  and 
attempt  to  kill  all  they  meet  who  arc  of  a  ditlerent 
religion ;  and  if  they  are  slain  ft>r  their  madness, 
they  think  it  meritorious  to  die,  and  by  the  vulgar 
are  deemed  martyrs.  Knctjc, 

AB' DE-RITE,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Abdera,  a  mar- 
itime town  in  Thrace.  Demorritus  is  so  called 
from  being  a  native  of  the  place.  As  he  was 
given  to  laughter,  foolish  or  incessant  laughter  is 
called  abderian.  fVhitakrr, 

AB'DEST,  n.  Purification  by  washing;  a  Moham- 
medan rite. 

AB'DI-CANT,  o.  [Sec  Abdicate.]  Abdicating;  re- 
nouncing. 

AB'DI-CATE,  D. «.  [L.  abdir.o;  ab  and  di'co,  to  ded- 
icate, to  bestow ;  but  the  literal  primary  sense  of 
dico  is  to  send  or  thrust.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  relinquish,  renounce,  or 
abandon.  Forslcr. 

2.  To  abandon  an  office  or  trust,  without  a  for- 
mal resignation  to  those  who  conferred  it,  or  with- 
out their  consent ;  also,  to  abandon  a  throne,  with- 
out a  formal  surrender  of  the  crown. 

Case  of  Kintr  James,  Blactcstone. 

3.  To  relinquish  an  office  before  the  expiration 
of  the  time  of  service.    Case  of  Diocletian,  Oibbon 
also  Case  of  Peter  III.,  Coze's  Russ. 

4.  To  reject ;  to  renounce  ;  to  abandon  as  a  right. 

Burke. 

5.  To  cast  away;  to  renounce;  as,  to  abdicate 
our  mental  faculties.    [  Unusual.]       J.  P.  Smith. 

ti.  In  tke  civil  late,  to  disclaim  .a  son  and  expel 
him  from  the  family,  ;is  a  father ;  to  disinherit 
during  the  life  of  the  father.  Encyc 
AB'DI-tiATE,  !!.  i.    To  renounce;  to  abandon;  to 
cast  off;  to  relinquish  as  a  right,  power,  or  trust. 

Though  a  kin^  may  ahdicatt  for  his  own  penon,  he  can  not 
abdioaie  for  the  inonarctiy.  Burke. 

AB'DI-€a-TED,  pp.  or  n.  Renounced;  relinquished 
without  a  formal  resignation  ;  abandoned. 

AB'DI-CA-TING,  ppr.  Relinquishing  without  a 
formal  resignation  ;  abandoning. 

AB-DI-t:A'TIO.\,  71.   The  .act  of  abdicating;  the 
ab.andoning  of  an  office  or  trust,  without  a  formal 
surrender,  or  before  the  usual  or  stated  time  of  ex- 
piration. 
2.  A  casting  off;  rejection. 

AB'DI-CA-TIVE,  or  AB-Die'A-TIVE,  o.  Causing 
or  implying  abdication.  Diet. 

AB'DI-TiVE,  a.  [L.  abdo,  to  hide;  ab  and  do.] 
Having  the  power  or  quality  of  hiding.  [Little 
)uird.]  DicL 

AB'DI-TO-RY,  n.  A  place  for  secreting  or  preserv- 
ing goods.  Cowel. 

AB-DO'MEN,  or  AB'DO-JIE.V,  n.  [L.,  perhaps  abdo 
and  omentum.] 

1.  The  lower  belly,  or  that  part  of  the  body 
which  lies  between  the  thorax  and  the  bottom  of 
the  pelvis.  It  is  lined  with  a  membrane  called 
peritoneum,  and  contains  the  stomach,  liver, 
spleen,  pancreas,  kidneys,  bladder,  and  intestines. 
It  is  separated  from  the  breast  internally  by  the 
diaphragm,  and  externally  by  the  extremities  of 
the  ribs.  Quincy. 

2.  In  insects,  that  part  of  the  body  posterior  to 
the  corselet.  In  some  species,  it  is  covered  with 
wings,  and  a  case.  It  is  divided  into  segments  or 
rings,  on  the  sides  of  which  are  small  spiracles  by 
which  the  insect  respires.  D.  J^'at.  Hist. 

AB-DOM'IN-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  lower  belly. 

AB-DO.M'IN-AL,  n. ;  pf.  Aboominau.  \n  ichthyol- 
ogy, the  .abdominals  are  a  cl.ass  or  order  of  fish 
whose  ventral  fins  are  placed  behind  the  pectoral, 
and  which  belong  to  the  division  of  bony  fish.  The 


class  contains,  among  other  fishes,  the  loclie,  sal- 
mon, pike,  argentine,  atlierine,  mullet.  Hying  fish, 
herring,  and  carp.  Encyc. 
AB-UO.M'IN-AL  KING,  or  IN"GUIN-AL  RING,  n. 
An  oblong  tendinous  ring  in  each  groin,  through 
which  passes  the  spermatic  cord  in  men,  and  the 
round  ligaments  of  the  uterus  in  women. 

Med.  DicL 

AB-DO.M'IN-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  abdomen  ; 
having  a  large  belly.  Cowpcr. 

AB-UOCE',  V.  U  [L.  abduco,  to  lead  away ;  of  ab  and 
duco,  to  lead.    See  Duke. 

To  draw  from  ;  to  withdraw,  or  draw  to  a  dif- 
ferent part ;  used  chiefly  in  anatomy. 

AB-DO'CENT,  a.  Drawing  from,  pulling  back  ; 
used  of  those  muscles  which  pull  back  certain 
parts  of  the  body,  for  separating,  opening,  or  bend- 
ing them.  The  abducent  muscles,  called  abductors, 
are  opposed  to  the  adducent  muscles  or  atlducturs. 

Med.  Diet. 

AB-DUCT',  V.  L  To  take  away  surreptitiously  and 
by  force. 

AB-I)U€'TION,  71.  In  a  general  serise,  the  act  of 
drawing  apart,  or  carrying  away. 

2.  In  surgery,  a  s|)ocies  of  fracture,  in  which  the 
broken  parts  recede  from  each  other. 

3.  In  logic,  a  kind  of  argumentation,  called  by 
the  Greeks  apagogc,  in  which  the  major  is  evident, 
but  the  minor  is  not  so  clear  a;!  not  to  require  fur- 
ther proof;  as  in  this  syllogism,  "  All  whom  God 
absolves  are  free  from  sin :  God  absolves  all  who 
are  in  Christ ;  therefore  all  who  are  in  Christ  are 
free  from  sin."  Encyc. 

4.  In  law,  the  taking  and  carrying  away  of  a 
child,  a  ward,  a  wife,  4cc.,  either  by  fraud,  per- 
suasion, or  open  violence.  Blackstone, 

AB-DUC'TOR,   n.     In   anatomy,  a  muscle  which 
serves  to  withdraw,  or  pull  back,  a  certain  part 
of  the  body  ;  as  the  abductor  oculi,  which  pulls  the 
eye  outward. 
2.  A  person  guilty  of  abduction. 

A-BE.^R',  (a-bare',)  J),  f.  [Sax.  aAffiron.]  To  bear;  to 
behave.    [OAv.]  Spenser. 

A-BEaR'ANCE,  71.  [from  abear,  now  disused  ;  from 
bear,  to  carry.]    Behavior,  demeanor. 

Blackstone. 

A-BE-CE-DA'RI-AN,  71.  [a  word  formed  from  the 
first  four  letters  of  the  alphabet.]  One  who 
teaches  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  or  a  learner  of 
the  letters. 

A-BE-CE'DA-RY,      )  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  formed 
A-BE-CE-Da'RI-AN,  j     by  the  letters  of  the  alpha- 
bet. 

A-BED',  adv.    [See  Bed.J    On  or  in  bed. 

A-Br:LE',  or  A'BEL-TREE,  n.  A  name  of  the 
white  poplar.    [See  Poplar.] 

A-BeL'I-ANS,  AB-E-L0'NI-.4NS,  or  A'BEL-tTES, 
71.  pi.  In  church  history,  a  reputed  temporary  sect 
in  Africa,  mentioned  only  by  Augustine,  who 
states  that  they  married,  but  lived  in  continence, 
after  the  manner,  as  they  pretended,  of  Abel,  and 
attempted  to  maintain  the  sect  by  adopting  the 
children  of  others.  J.  Murjock. 

A'BEL-MOSK,  71.  A  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 
hibiscus,  or  Syrian  mallow.  The  plant  rises  on  a 
herbaceous  stalk,  three  or  four  feet,  sending  out 
two  or  three  side  branches.  The  seeds  have  a 
musky  odor,  (whence  its  name,  /loirxoi,)  for  which 
reason  the  Arabians  mix  them  with  coffee. 

A'BER,  71.    In  Cl  itic,  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

A-BER'DE-VINE,  71.  The  European  siskin,  Co7^ 
duelis  spinus,  a  small  green  and  yellow  finch. 

AB-ER'RA\CE,   j  7u    [L.  aberrans,  aberro,  to  -wan- 

AB-ER'RAi\'-CY,  j  der  from  ;  of  ab  and  erro,  to 
wander.] 

A  wandering  or  deviating  from  the  right  way, 
but  rarely  used  in  a  literal  sense.  In  a  figuratwr 
sense,  a  deviation  from  truth,  error,  mistake  ;  and 
in  morals,  a  fault,  a  deviation  from  rectitude. 

Brown. 

AB-ER'RANT,  a.  Wandering;  straying  from  the 
right  way. 

AB-ER-Ra'TION,  71.  [L.  aberratio.]  The  act  of 
wandering  from  the  right  way  ;  deviation  from 
truth  or  moral  rectitude  ;  deviation  from  a  straight 
line. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  small  apparent  motion  of  the 
fixed  stars,  occasioned  by  the  progressive  motion 
of  lieht  and  the  earth's  annual  motion  in  its  orbit. 
By  this,  they  sometimes  appear  twenty  seconds 
distant  from  their  true  situation.  Lunier. 

3.  In  optics,  a  deviation  in  the  rays  of  light, 
when  inflected  by  a  lens  or  speculum,  by  which 
they  are  prevented  from  uniting  in  the  same  point. 
It  is  occasioned  by  the  figure  of  the  gla.ss  or  specu- 
lum, or  by  the  unequal  refrangibility  of  the  rays 
of  light.  Encyc. 

Croirn  n/ aJm-otion  ;  a  luminous  circle  surround- 
ing the  disk  of  the  sun,  depending  on  the  aberra- 
tion of  its  rays,  by  which  its  apparent  diameter  is 
enlarged.  Cue. 
AB-ER'RING,  part  a.    Wandering  ;  going  astray. 

Brown. 


AB-ER-RU.NC'ATE,  v.  U  fL.  anerrunco.]  To  pull 
up  by  the  roots  ;  to  extirpate  utterly.    [AoC  u^rd.] 

Diet. 

A-BET',  tJ.  L  [Sax.  betan,  gebrtan  ;  pro|«-rly,  to  push 
forward,  to  advance  ;  hence,  to  amend,  to  revive, 
to  restore,  to  make  better;  and  applied  to  fire,  to 
increase  the  flame,  to  excite,  to  promote.  Hence, 
to  aid  by  encouraging  or  instigating.  Hence,  in 
Saxon,  JVVi  if le  nan  man  the  fyr;  Let  no  man  bet 
(better,  excite)  the  fire,  LL.  Ina.  78.] 

1.  To  encourage  by  aid  or  countenance,  but  now 
used  chiefly  in  a  bad  sense.  To  abet  an  opinion," 
in  the  aimse  of  support,  is  used  by  Bishop  Cumber- 
land ;  but  this  use  is  hardly  allowable. 

2.  In  law,  to  encourage,  counsel,  incite,  or  assist 
in  a  criminal  act. 

A-BET',  71.    The  act  of  aiding  or  encouraging  in  a 

crime.    [jVof  used.] 
A-BET'MEi\T,  71.    The  act  of  abetting. 
A-BET'TED,  pp.    Incited,  aided,  encouraged  to  a 

crime. 

A-BET'TING,  ppr  Counseling,  aiding  or  encourag- 
ing to  a  crime. 

A-BET'TOK,  71.  One  who  abets,  or  incites,  aids  or 
encourages  another  to  rouimit  a  crime.  In  treason, 
there  are  no  abettors ;  all  persons  concerned  being 
principals. 

AB-E-VAC-IT-A'TIOX,  71.  [ab  and  rrarualion.]  In 
medicine,  a  partial  evacuation  of  morbid  humors  of 
the  body,  either  by  nature  or  art.  Cue. 

A-BEY'ANCE,  (a-bay'ance,)  n.  [Norm,  ahbaiauuce, 
or  ahaizancc,  in  expectation,  boyance,  expectation, 
(iu.  Fr.  buyer,  to  gape,  to  look  a  long  time  with  the 
mouth  open  ;  to  stand  looking  in  a  silly  manner; 
It.  badare,  to  amuse  one's  self,  to  stand  trifling  ; 
"tenere  a  bada."  to  keep  at  bay;  "  star  a  bada," 
to  stand  trifling.  If  Bd  are  the  radical  letters,  it 
seems  to  belong  to  the  root  of  abide.    Sie  Bay.] 

1.  In  expectation  or  contemplation  of  law.  The 
fee  simple  or  inheritance  of  lands  and  tenements 
is  in  abeyance,  when  there  is  no  person  in  being  in 
whom  it  can  vest ;  so  that  it  is  in  a  st.ate  of  expec- 
tancy or  waiting  until  a  proper  person  shall  appear. 
Thus,  if  land  is  leased  to  A  for  life,  remainilcr  to 
the  heirs  of  B,  the  remainder  is  in  abeyance  till  the 
death  of  B.  Blackstone. 

2.  Popularly,  a  state  of  suspension,  or  temporary 
extinction.  Eel.  Rev 

AB'GKE-GATE,  v.  «.    [L.  abgre^o,  ab  and  grex.] 

To  separate  from  a  herd.  [Uhs.] 
AB-GRE-Ga'TION,  71.   Separation  from  a  herd  or 

flock.  [Obs] 
AB  HOR',  t'.  t.    [L.  abhorreo,  of  ah  and  horrro,  to  set 

up  bristles,  shiver  or  shake  ;  to  look  terrible.] 

1.  To  hate  extremely,  or  with  contempt  ;  to 
loathe,  detest,  or  abominate.  Shale. 

2.  To  despise  or  neglect.  Psal.  xxii  21.  Amos 
vi.  8. 

3.  To  cast  off  or  reject.    Psal.  Ixxxi.x.  38. 
AB-HOR'RED,  pp.  or  a.     Hated  extremely ;  de- 
tested. 

AB-HOR'RENCE,  j  71.    Extreme  hatred  ;  dctesta- 
AB-HOR'REN-CY,  j    tion  ;  great  aversion. 
AB-HOR'RENT,  a.   Hating;  detesting;  struck  with 
abhorrence. 

2.  Contrary;  odious;  inconsistent  with  ;  expres- 
sive of  extreme  opposition  ;  as,  slander  is  abhorrent 
to  all  ideas  of  justice.  In  this  sense,  it  should  be 
always  followed  by  to  —  abhorrent  from  is  not 
agreeable  to  the  English  idiom. 

AB-HOR'RE.\T-LY,  adv.    With  abhorrence. 

AB-HOR'RER,  71.    One  who  abhors. 

AB- HOR'RI.NG,  ppr.  Having  great  aversion;  de- 
testing. As  a  noun,  it  is  used  in  Isaiah  Ixvi.  for 
the  object  of  hatred  —  "  an  abhorring  to  all  flesh." 

A'BIB,  n.    [Heb.  3K,  ai, swelling,  protr'.erant.  Ch. 
abab,  to  produce  the  first  or  early  fruit ;  a^3K 
abib,  a  full  grown  ear  of  corn.J 

The  first  month  of  the  Jewish  ecclesi.astiral  year, 
calli^d  also  J\T.<nn.  It  begins  .at  the  spring  t  iiuinox, 
and  answers  to  the  latter  part  of  .Nlarch  and  be- 
ginning of  April.  Its  name  is  derived  from  the 
'full  growth  of  wheat  in  Esypt,  which  took  place 
anciently,  as  it  docs  now,  at  that  season. 

A-BlDE',B.  i.  pret.  and  part.  Abode.  [Ar.  ,Sj\  abada, 
to  be  or  exist,  to  continue  ;  W.  bod,  to  he  ;  Sax. 
bidan,  abidan ;  Sw.  bida :  I),  beiden ;  Dan.  bie  for 
bide;  Russ.  vitayu,  lo  dwell,  rest,  continue,  stand 
firm,  or  be  st.ationary  for  any  time  indefinitely. 
Cl.ass  Bd.  No.  7.] 

1.  To  rest,  or  dwell.    Gen.  xxix.  19. 

2.  To  tarry  or  stay  for  a  short  time.    Gen.  xxlv. 

3.  To  continue  permanently  or  in  the  same  state ; 
to  be  firm  and  immovable.    Psal.  cxix.  90. 

4.  To  remain  ;  to  continue.    Acts  xxvii.  31. 
A-BIDE',  r.  U   To  wait  for;  to  be  prepared  for ;  to 

await. 

Bonda  itnd  afflictions  aUdU  me.  —  Acts  xx.  23. 
[For  IS  heic  iinclvrslooU.) 

2.  To  endure  or  sustain. 

To  abidt  Uie  iiidi^n.ilion  of  the  Lord    -  Jorl  li.  II. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  ITNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


3 


ABJ 

3.  To  bear  or  endure ;  to  bear  patiently  ;  as,  I 
can  not  abide  his  impertinence. 

This  verb,  when  intransitive,  is  followed  by  in  or 
at  before  the  place,  and  wiUi  before  the  person  ; 
Abide  v>itk  me — at  Jerusalem,  or  in  this  land. 
Sometimes  by  on ;  The  sword  shall  abide  on  his 
cities.  And  in  the  sense  of  wait,  by  for;  Abide  for 
me.  Hosea  iii.  3.  Sometimes  by  by ;  Abide  by  the 
crib.    Job  xxxix. 

In  general,  abide  by  signifies  to  adhere  to,  main- 
tain, defend,  or  stand  to  ;  as,  to  abide  by  a  promise, 
or  by  a  friend  ;  or  to  suffer  the  consequences  ;  as,  to 
abide  by  the  event,  that  is,  to  be  fixed  or  permanent 
in  a  particular  condition. 

A-BlD'ER,  n.    One  who  dwells  or  continues. 

A-BID'ING,  ppr.  Dwelling;  remaining;  continu- 
ing; enduring;  awaiting. 

A-BID'ING,  n.  Continuance ;  fixed  state ;  resi- 
dejice  ;  an  enduring. 

A-BlD'ING,  a.    Continuing ;  permanent. 

A-BID'I\G-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  continue; 
permanently.  Hawcis. 

A-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  habUete;  It.  abUitd  ;  Sp.  habUi- 
dad  ;  L.  habUilas,  ableness,  fitness,  from  habeo,  to 
have  or  hold.] 

1.  Physical  power,  whether  bodily  or  mental, 
natural  or  acquired  ;  force  of  understanding  ;  skill 
in  arts  or  science.  Miliiy  is  active  power,  or 
power  to  perform  ;  as  opposed  to  eapaeitu,  or  power 
to  receive.  In  the  plural,  abilities  is  mucii  used  in 
a  like  sense  ;  "and  also  for  faculties  of  the  mind, 
and  acquired  qualifications.  Franklin. 

2.  Riches,  wealth,  substance,  which  are  the 
means,  or  which  furnish  the  power,  of  doing  cer- 
tain acts. 

They  gave  according  to  Iheir  ability  to  the  work.  —  Ezra  ii. 

3.  Moral  power,  depending  on  the  will  —  a  mcla- 
physical  and  theological  :>ense. 

4.  Civil  or  legal  power  ;  the  power  or  right  to  do 
certain  thinjs  ;  as,  an  abdily  to  transfer  property  or 
dispose  of  eti'ects  —  ability  to  inherit.  It  is  opposed 
to  disability.  '  Cyc. 

jlB  IjV-r"TIO,jl,.]    From  the  beginning. 
AB-IX-TEST'ATE,  a.    [L.  ab  and  inUMatas  —  dying 
without  a  will,  from  in  and  tester,  to  bear  witness  ; 
W.tijst;  Arm.  test,  witness.  See  Test  and  Testifv.] 
In  the  civil  laze,  inheriting  the  estate  of  one  dying 
without  a  will. 
AB-JEtJT',  V.  t.    To  throw  away;  to  cast  down. 

[Olj.^\]  Spenser. 
AB'JEfJT,  a.    [L.  abjcctus,  from  abjicio,  to  throw 
away,  from  ab  and  jocio,  to  throw.] 

J.  Sunk  to  a  low  condition;  applied  to  persons  or 
Oiinjs. 
Hence, 

2.  Worthless,  mean,  despicable;  low  in  estima- 
tion ;  without  hope  or  regard. 
AB'JECT,  71.    A  person  in  the  lowest  condition  and 

despicable.    Psal.  xxxv. 
AB-JECT'ED-XESS,  71.    A  very  low  or  despicable 

condition.    [Little  used.] 
AB-JEC'TIO.N,  71.     A  state  of  being  cast  away; 

hence,  a  low  state  ;  meanness  of  spirit ;  baseness. 
AB'JE€T-LY,  adv.    In  a  contemptible  manner ; 

mr-anlv  ;  servilely. 
AB'JECT-NE.SS,  ti.     The  state  of  being  abject; 

meanness  ;  servility. 
ABJO'DI-eA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Given  by  judgment 

from  one  to  another.  Knowlcs. 
AB-JU-Di  eA'TION,  7t.  Rejection.  Knowles. 
AB-JU-RA'TIOx\,  71.    [See  Abjure.] 

1.  The  act  of  abjuring  ;  a  renunciation  upon 
oalll ;  as,  "  an  abjuration  of  the  realm,"  by  which  a 
person  swears  to  leave  the  country,  and  never  to 
return.  It  is  used  also  for  the  oath  of  renuncia- 
tion. Formerly,  in  England,  fehms,  taking  refuge 
in  a  church,  and  conf  ssing  their  guilt,  could  not 
be  arrested  and  tried,  but  might  save  their  lives  by 
abjuring  the  realm  ;  that  is,  by  taking  an  uatii  to 
quit  the  kingdom  forever. 

2.  A  rejection  or  denial  with  .solemnity  ;  a  sol- 
emn renunciation  ;  as,  an  attjurution  of  heresy. 

OaUi  of  abjuration  ;  an  oath  asserting  the  right  of 
the  present  royal  family  to  the  crown  of  England, 
and  expressly  disclaiming  such  right  in  the  de- 
scendants of  the  pretender.  Brandt. 

AB-JO'RA-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  abjuration. 

AB-JOUE',  V.  t.  [L.  nhjuro,  to  deny  upon  oath,  from 
ab  and  juro,  to  swear.] 

1.  To  renounce  upon  oath  ;  to  abandon  ;  as,  to 
abjure  allegiance  to  n  prince. 

2.  To  renounce  or  reject  with  solemnity  ;  to  re- 
ject ;  as,  to  abjure  errors,  abjure  reason. 

3.  To  recant  or  retract.  Shali. 

4.  To  banish.    [J'l'nt  uieil.] 

AB-JPRE',  r.  i.    To  abjure  the  re.ilm.  Burnet. 
AH-jrR'/;b,  pp.     Renounced  upon  oath;  soeniny 
recanted. 

AB-Jf  RFVMENT,  n.    Renunciation.  J.  IfalL 

AB  Ji'  H'ER,  n.    (Jnc  who  abjures. 
ABJrR'I.\<»^  ppr.     It'-nouncmg  upon  oath;  dis- 
claiming with  Dolemnity. 


ABL 

AB-LAC'TaTE,  !).  (.  [L.  ablarto;  from  ab  and  lac, 
milk.]    To  wean  from  the  breast.    [Little  used.] 

AB-LAC-Ta'TION,  n.  [L.  ab  and  lac,  milk.  Lacto, 
to  suckle.] 

1.  In  medical  authors,  the  weaning  of  a  child  from 
the  breast. 

2.  Among  ancient  gardeners,  a  method  of  graft- 
ing, in  which  the  cion  was  not  separated  from  the 
parent  stock,  till  it  was  firmly  united  to  that  in 
which  it  was  inserted.  This  is  now  called  grafts 
ing  by  approach  or  inarching.    [See  Graft.] 

AB-LAa-UE-A'TlON,j2.  [L.  ablaqucalio,  from  oi and 
laquear,  a  roof  or  covering.] 

A  laying  bare  the  roots  of  trees  to  expose  them 
to  the  air  and  water — a  practice  among  gardeners. 
AB-La'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  ab  and  latio,  a  carrying.] 

A  carrying  away.  In  medicine,  the  taking  from 
the  body  whatever  is  hurtful ;  evacuations  in  gen- 
eral. In  chemistry,  the  removal  of  whatever  is  fin- 
ished or  no  longer  necessary. 
AB'LA-TIVE,  a.  or  n.  [Fr.  ablatif;  It.  ablativo  ;  h. 
abtativus  ;  L.  ablatus,  from  aufero,  to  carry  away, 
compounded  of  ab  and /ero.] 

A  word  applied  to  the  sixth  case  of  nouns  in 
the  Latin  language,  in  which  case  are  used  words 
when  the  actions  of  carrying  away  or  talcing  from 
are  signified. 

Ablative  absolute,  is  when  a  word  in  that  case  is 
independent,  in  construction,  of  the  rest  of  the 
sentence. 

A-BLaZE'.  arfc.    On  fire ;  in  a  blaze.  Milman. 
A'BLE,  (a'bl,)  a.     [Norm,  abkz,  liable;  liabier,  to 
enable,  from  L.  Iiabilis.] 

1.  Having  physical  power  sufficient;  having 
competent  power  or  strength,  bodily  or  mental  ; 
as,  a  man  able  to  perform  military  service  —  a  child 
is  not  able  to  reason  on  abstract  subjects. 

2.  Having  strong  or  unusual  powers  of  mind,  or 
intellectual  qualifications;  as,  an  able  minister. 

Provide  out  of  all  Israel  obit  men.  —  Ex.  xviii. 

3.  Having  large  or  competent  property,  or  simply 
having  property,  or  means. 

Every  man  gliall  give  as  he  is  able,  —  Deut.  xvt. 

4.  Having  competent  strength  or  fortitude;  as, 
he  is  not  able  to  sustain  such  pain  or  affliction. 

5.  Having  sufficient  knowledge  or  skill ;  as,  he 
is  able  to  speak  French ;  slie  is  not  able  to  play  on 
the  piano. 

6.  Having  comi)etent  legal  power  or  qualifica- 
tions ;  as,  an  illegitimate  son  is  not  able  to  take  by 
inheritance. 

A'BLE,  D.t.   To  enable.  [Obs.] 

I'll  able  them.  ShaL 

A'BLF--B0D-I£D,  a.  Having  a  sound,  strong  body, 
or  a  body  of  competent  strength  for  service,  in 
marine  language,  it  denotes  skill  in  seamanship. 

AB'LE  GATE,  v.  L    [L.  ablego.]    To  send  abroad. 

r  Obs.] 

AB-LE-Ga'TION,  71.    The  act  of  sending  abroad. 

roi.v.i 

AB'LEN,  or  AB'LET,  7i.  A  small  fresh-water  fish, 
_  the  bleak. 

A'BLE-NESS,  n.  Ability  of  body  or  mind  ;  force  ; 
vigor. 

AB'LEP-SY,  71.  [Gr.  affXexPia.]  Want  of  sight ; 
blindness. 

A'BLER,  and  A'BLEST;  comp.  and  superl.  of 
Able. 

AB'LI-GaTE,  v.  U    [L.  abligo.]    To  tie  up  from. 

[Obs.] 

AB'LO-CaTE,  ».  t.    [L.  abloeo;  ab  and  loco,  to  let 

out.]    To  let  out  ;  to  lease.       Calvin's  Lez.  Jur. 
AB-LO-CA'TION,  71.    A  letting  to  hire. 
AB-LuDE',  I!.  (.    [L.  nbludu  :  ab  and  ludo,  to  play.] 

To  be  unlike  ;  to  difler.    [JVoJ  used.]  Hall. 
AB'LU-E.NT,  a.    [L.  abluo,  to  wash  away  ;  ab  and 

luo  or  lavo,  to  wash  ;  Ir.  lo  or  lua,  water.] 
Washing  clean  ;  cleansing  by  water  or  liquids. 
AB'LU-ENT,  71.     In  medicine,  that  which  thins, 

purifies,  or  sweetens  the  blood.  Quincy. 
AB-LC"TIO.\,  II.     [L.  ablatio,  from  ab  and  luo  or 

lavo,  to  wash.  ] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  act  of  washing;  a 
cleansing  or  purification  by  water. 

2.  Ap|)ropriately,  the  washing  of  the  body  as  a 
preparation  for  religious  duties,  enjoined  by  Moses, 
and  .still  practiced  in  many  countries. 

3.  In  cAcHii-vfri/,  the  purification  of  bodies  by  the 
affusion  of  a  proper  liquor,  as  water  to  dissolve 
salts.  Quiney. 

4.  In  medicine,  the  washing  of  the  body  ritcrnally, 
as  by  baths  ;  or  internally,  by  diluliug  fluids. 

."j.  Pope  has  used  ablution  for  the  water  used  in 
cleansing. 

f).  ]n  Uic  Roman  Catholic  church,  ti  small  quantity 
of  wine  and  water,  which  is  used  to  wash  the  chalice 
and  the  priest's  fingers  a(\er  the  communion,  and 
which  then,  an  ctmtaining  portions  of  the  conse- 
crated e  cnients,  is  drunk  by  the  priest. 

Bishop  Fill  Patrick. 

AB-LO'VI-ON,  71.    [L.  fflWiio.J 

That  which  is  w.i.slied  on.  DioighL 


ABO 

A'BLY,  adv.  In  an  able  manner ;  with  great  ability. 
AB'NE-GaTE,  c.  t.    To  deny. 

AB-NE-GA'TI0.\,  7!.    [L.  abnego,  to  deny,  from  ab 
and  nego ;  W.  naca,  nacau  ;  Sw.  neka,  to  deny  ;  W. 
Tiac,  no  ;  Eng.  7iay  ;  L.  nec,  not ;  Ir.  nach,  not.]  A 
denial  ;  a  renunciation  ;  self-denial.  Hammond. 
AB'NE-Ga-TOR,  n.    One  who  denies,  renounces, 

or  opooses  any  thing.  Sandys. 
AB'NET,  7u    The  girille  of  a  Jewish  priest. 
AB'NO-DaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  abnodo ;  ab  and  nodus,  a 

knot.]    To  cut  knots  from  trees. 
AB-NO-DA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  cutting  away  the 

knots  of  trees.  DicL 
AB-NORM'I-TY,  71.    [L.  abnormis,  irregular ;  ab  and 

7io7Tia,  a  rule.]    Irregularity  ;  deformity.  Diet. 
AB-NORM'AL,    )  0,     [L.   abnormis,   supra.]  Not 
AB-NORM'OUS,  j     conformed  to  rule  ;  irregular  ; 
deformed.  DicL 

2.  In  botany,  when  the  organs  of  a  plant  have  a 
greater  or  less  number  of  parts  than  the  regular 
number,  they  are  said  to  be  abnormal.  Brande. 
A-BoARD',  adv.  [a,  for  on,  and  board.    See  Board.] 
Within  a  ship,  vessel,  or  boat. 
To  go  aboard;  to  enter  a  ship,  to  embark. 
To  fall  aboard;  to  strike  a  ship's  side. 
To  gel  aboard;  to  get  foul  of,  as  a  ship. 
Aboard  main  tack ;  an  order  to  draw  a  corner  of 
the  main-sail  down  to  the  chess-tree. 

Encruc.    Mar.  Diet. 
A-BoD'ANCE,  71.  [from  bode.]     An  omen.  [JVo( 

M.««/.]^  Jackson. 
A-BoPE',  pret.  of  .\bide. 

A-BoDE',  71.  [See  Abide.]  Stay  ;  continuance  in  a 
place  ;  residence  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time. 

2.  A  place  of  continuance  ;  a  dwelling ;  a  hab 
itation. 

3.  To  77iaA-e  abode ;  to  dwell  or  reside. 
A-BoDE',  r.  f.    [See  Bode.]    To  foreshow.  Sliak. 
A-BoDE',  V.  i.   To  be  an  omen.  Dryden. 
A-Bc)DE'.MENT,  71.  [from  bode.]    A  secret  anticipa- 
tion of  something  future.  Shak. 

A-BoD'ING,  71.    Presentiment;  prognostication. 

Hall. 

A-BOL'ISH,  v.  t.  [Fr.  abolir ;  L.  aboleo ;  from  ab 
and  oleo,  oleseo,  to  grow.] 

1.  To  make  void  ;  to  annul ;  to  abrogate ;  applied 
chiefly  and  appropriately  to  established  laws,  con- 
tracts, rites,  customs  and  institutions  ;  as,  to  abol- 
iih  laws  by  a  repeal,  actiial  or  virtual. 

2.  To  destroy,  or  put  an  end  to  ;  as,  to  abolish 
idols,  Isa.  ii. ;  to  abolish  death,  2  Tim.  i.  This 
sense  is  not  common.  To  abolish  posterity,  in  the 
translation  of  Pausanias,  lib.  3,  ca.  6,  is  hardly  al- 
lowable. 

A-BOL'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  annulled,  ab- 
rogated, or  destroyed,  as  a  law,  rite,  custom,  &c. 

A-BOL'ISH-KD,  pp.  Annulled  ;  repealed ;  abro- 
gated, or  destroyed. 

A-BOL'ISH-ER,  71.    One  who  abolishes. 

A-BOL'ISH-ING,  ppr.  Making  void;  annulling; 
destroving. 

A-BOL'iSH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  annulling ;  abro- 
gation ;  destruction.  Hooker, 

AB-0-LI"TION,(ab-o  lish'un,)7i.  The  act  of  .abolish- 
ing ;  or  the  state  of  being  abolished  ;  an  aniuilling ; 
abrogation  ;  utter  destruction  ;  as  the  abolition  of 
laws,  decrees,  ordinances,  rites,  customs,  debts, 
&c. 

2.  The  putting  an  end  to  slavery  ;  emancipation. 
The  application  of  this  word  to  persons  and 
things,  is  now  unusual  or  obsolete.  To  abolish 
persons  and  senses,  the  language  of  good  writers 
formerly,  is  no  longer  legitimate. 
AB-0-LI"TION-ISM,  71.  The  principles  of  an  abo- 
litionist. 

AB-0-LI"TION-IST,  71.  A  person  who  favors 
abolition,  or  the  immediate  eni.incipation  of  slaves. 

A-BOL'LA,  >i.  [Lat.]  An  ancient  military  garment, 
worn  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

The  fourth  stomach  of  a  ruminant  animal. 
A-BOM'IN-A-BLE,   a.     [See  Abominate.]  Very 
hateful  ;  detestable  ;  loathsome. 

2.  This  word  is  applicable  to  whatever  is  odious 
to  the  mind  or  offensive  to  the  senses.  .Hilton. 

3.  Unclean.    Levit.  vii. 
A-BOM'IN-A-BLE-NESS,  7t.    The  quality  or  state 

of  being  very  odious;  hatefuln 'ss. 
A-BOJI'IN-A-BLY,  adr.     Very  odiously;  detesta- 
bly ;  sinfully.    1  Kings  xxi. 
2.  In  vulgar  language  extremely,  excessively. 
A-BO.M'IN-.\TE,  7'.  (.    [L.  abomino,  supposed  to  be 
formed  by  ab  ni\d  omen  ;  to  deprecate  as  ominous; 
J\Iay  the  gods  avert  the  evil  I] 
To  hate  extremely  ;  to  abiior ;  to  detest. 

Southern. 

A-BOM'IX-A-TED,  pp.  Hated  utterly;  detested; 
abhorred. 

A-BO.M'IN-A-TING,  ppr.  Abhorring;  hating  ei- 
tremelv. 

A-BOM-IN-A'TION,  71.  Extreme  hatred;  detesta- 
tion. Swift. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


4 


ABO 

2.  Tlie  object  of  detestation,  a  common  sig-nifica- 
(ion  in  Scripture, 

The  way  of  ilie  wicked  li  an  abomvialion  to  the  Lord.  — 
Prov.  XV. 

3.  Hence,  defilement,  pollution,  in  a  physical 
sense,  or  evil  doctrines  and  practices,  which  are 
moral  defilements,  idols  and  idolatry,  are  called 
abominations.  The  Jews  were  an  abomination  to 
the  Epyplians  ;  and  the  sacred  animals  of  the 
Egyptians  were  an  abomination  to  the  Jews.  The 
Koman  army  is  called  the  abomination  of  desolation. 
JIalt.  xxiv.  13.  In  short,  whatever  is  an  object  of 
extreme  haired,  is  called  an  abomination. 

A-liOllI)',  ?i.  [Fr.  Sec  Uordkr.]  Literally,  arrival, 
but  used  for  hrst  appearaiu-e,  manner  of  accosting, 
or  a<ldress,  but  not  an  English  word.  Cliestfrftrht. 

A-BOUD',  V.  L  To  approach  ;  to  accost.  [JV«£  in 
lisc] 

AB-0-RI(i'IN-AL,  a.  [L.  ab  and  onVo,  oriRin.  See 
Origin.]  First ;  original  ;  aboriginal  people  are  the 
first  inhabitants  of  a  country. 

AboTt^ittal  tribes  of  Aincricu.  President  SmiOl. 

Alt-O-Rlti'IN-AL,  n.  An  original  inhabitant.  The 
first  settlers  in  a  country  are  called  aboriginals ;  as, 
the  Celts  in  Europe,  and  Indians  in  America. 

President  Smith, 

AB-O-RIG'IN-KS,  n.  pi.  The  first  iiiliabitanls  of  n 
country.  [This  word  is  not  regularly  formed,  but 
has  become  generally  prevalent.]    [See  Ahobkji- 

NA1..1 

A-I)OK.SE'MENT,  (a-bors'ment,)  h.    [See  Aiiort.] 

Abortion.    [j\^ef  in  use.] 
A-HOR.T',  V,  1.    [L.  aborlo;  ab  and  ortns,  orior,] 

To  miscarry  m  birth.  Herbert. 
A-HOUT',  H.  An  abortion.  [JVot  in  use.]  Burton. 
A-1!0R'T10N,  n.    [L.  ahorlio,  a  miscarriage  ;  usually 

deduced  from  ab  and  orior.] 

1.  Tliti  act  of  miscarrying,  or  producing  young 
before  the  natural  time,  or  before  the  fetus  is  per- 
fectly formed. 

a.  The  fetus  brought  forth  before  it  is  perfectly 
formed. 

3.  In  a  figurative  sense,  any  fruit  or  produce  that 
does  not  come  to  matiirity,  or  any  thing  which 
fails  in  its  progress,  before  it  is  matured  or  perfect, 
as  a  design  or  project. 
A-BORT'IVF.,  a.  Brought  forth  in  an  immature 
state  ;  failing,  or  coming  to  naught,  before  it  is 
complete. 

2.  Failing  in  its  effect ;  miscarrying ;  producing 
nothing  ;  as,  an  abortioe  scheme. 

3.  Productive  of  nothing  j  as,  abortive  gulf,  in  Mil- 
ton, but  not  legitimate. 

4.  Pertaining  to  abortion  ;  as,  abortive  vellum, 
made  of  the  skin  of  an  abortive  calf.  Encrjc. 

5.  In  medicine,  procuring  abortion ;  as,  abortive 
medicines.  Parr. 

6.  In  botanij,  an  abortive  flower  is  one  which 
falls  without  producing  fruit.  Martyn, 

This  term  is  applied  to  parts  imperfectly  formed  ; 
as,  an  abortive  stamen,  whose  filament  has  no 
anther  ;  or  to  such  as  do  not  arrive  at  perfect  ma- 
turity, as  a  seed  tinimpregnated.  Brandc, 

A-BORT'IVE,  71.  That  which  is  brought  forth  or 
born  prematurely. 

A-BOKT'lVE-LY,  adv.  Immaturely ;  in  an  un- 
limelv  manner. 

A-BORT'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  abor- 
tive ;  a  failing  in  the  progress  to  perfection  or  ma- 
turitv  ;  a  failure  of  producing  the  intended  eflect. 

A-BOliT'MENT,  n.    An  untimely  birth.  Bacon, 

A-BOUi\D',  V.  i.  [L.  abumlo  :  Fr.  abonder ;  It.  oi- 
bondarc ;  Sp.  abumlar.  If  this  word  is  from  L. 
undo,  a  wave,  the  latter  has  probably  lost  its  first 
consonant.  Mound  may  n.iturally  be  deduced 
from  the  Ccllic.  Arm.  fonn,  plenty  ;  fonna,  to 
abound ;  W.  fiiniaw,  to  produce,  to  generate,  to 
abound,  from  fion,  a  source,  the  root  of  fynon,  L. 
fons,  a  fountain.  Or  it  may  be  connected  with  L. 
bonus,  in  the  .sense  of  extending,  enlargement.] 

1.  To  have  or  possess  in  great  quantity  ;  to  be 
copiously  supplied ;  followed  by  with,  or  in  ;  as,  to 
abound  with  provisions  ;  to  abound  in  good  things. 

2.  To  be  in  great  plenty  ;  to  be  very  prevalenu 
Where  sin  ahoundtd,  ^ccdid  much  more  abound,  —  Rom.  t. 

A-BOUND'ING,  ppr.  or  «.    Having  in  great  plenty; 

being  in  gre.at  plenty  ;  being  Very  prevalent ;  gen- 

erallv  prevailing. 
A-BOil.ND'I.N'G,  n.    Increase.  South, 
A-BOUT',  prep.     [Sax.  abutan,  onbutan,  embutan, 

about,  around;  on,  or  emb,  coinciding  wilh  Gr. 

ttpt"^  and  butan,  without,  [see  But,]  literally, 

around,  on  the  ouuide.] 

1.  Around  ;  on  the  exterior  part  or  surface. 

Bind  them  about  thy  neck.  — Pror.  iii.  3.    Isa.  1. 
Hence, 

2.  Near  to  in  place,  with  the  sense  of  circularity. 
Get  you  up  from  ahoul  the  tabernacle. —  Num.  xti. 

3.  Near  to  in  timf. 

He  went  out  aboui  tlifl  thinl  hour.  —  Mult.  xxi.  3. 


ABU 

4.  Near  to  in  action,  or  near  to  the  performance 
of  some  act. 

Paul  was  about  lo  open  his  mouth.  —  Acts  iviii.  li. 
They  wcrv  abvut  to  lice  out  of  the  ship.  —  Acts  xxvii.  30. 

5.  Near  to  the  person ;  appended  to  tlu;  clothes. 
Every  thing  about  him  is  in  order.  Is  your  snufi!°- 
box  about  yuu 

From  tiearncss  on  all  siilcs,  the  transition  is  easy 
to  the  idea  of  a  concern  witli.  Hence. 

6.  Concerned  in,  engaged  in,  relating  to,  re- 
specting ;  as,  what  is  he  about? 

I  must  be  o&oul  my  Futher's  business.  —  Luke  il.  49. 
The  painter  is  not  to  tako  sa  much  [lains  about  the  ttrnpery 
as  about  the  face.  Dryden. 

7.  In  compass  or  circumference ;  two  yards 
about  the  stem. 

8.  Near  to  in  number  or  quantity. 

There  fell  that  day  about  three  thousand  men.  — Ex.  xxxii. 
A-BOUT',  adv.    Near  to  in  quality  or  degree;  as, 
about  as  high,  or  as  cold. 

0.  Here  and  there  ;  around ;  in  one  place  and 
another. 

Wanilerin  J  about  from  house  lo  house.  —  I  Tim.  T. 

3.  Round,  or  the  longest  way,  opposed  to  across, 
or  the  shortest  way  ;  as,  a  mile  about,  and  half  a 
mile  across. 

To  bring  about ;  to  bring  to  the  end  ;  to  effect  or 
accomplish  a  purpose. 

To  come  about ;  to  change  or  turn  ;  to  come  to  the 
desired  point.  In  a  like  sense,  seamen  say  go 
about,  when  a  ship  changes  her  course  to  go  on  the 
other  tack. 

Readij  about,  about  ship,  are  orders  for  tacking. 
'J'o  go  about,  signifies  to  enter  vpon;  also  to  pre- 
pare ;  to  seek  the  mran.-i. 

Why  go  ye  about  lo  kill  me  f  —  John  tII. 
A-BOVE',  prep.     [Sax.  abufan,  bufan,  bufon;  D. 
boveu.] 

1.  Literally,  higher  in  place. 

The  fowls  that  ily  above  the  earth.  —  Gen.  1.  20. 

2.  Figuratively,  superior  in  any  respect. 

I  saw  a  \[^hi  above  tlle  brightness  of  the  sun.  —  Acts  xxvi. 
The  price  of  a  virtuous  woman  is  oiove  rubies.  —  Prov.  xxxi. 

3.  More  in  number  or  quantity  ;  as,  the  weight  is 
above  a  tun. 

He  was  seen  by  above  live  hundred  brethren  at  once.  —  I  Cor. 
XV.  6. 

4.  More  in  degree  ;  in  a  greater  degree. 

ilananiah  feared  God  above  many.  —  Neh.  vii.  2. 
The  serpent  is  curs'-d  above  all  cattle.  —  Gen.  iii. 

5.  Beyond  ;  in  excess. 

In  stripes  above  measure.  —2  Cor.  xl. 

God  will  not  sutfer  you  to  be  tempted  above  what  vc  are  able. 
—  1  Cor.  X.  13. 

6.  Beyond  ;  in  a  state  to  bo  unattainable ;  as, 
things  above  comprehension. 

7.  Too  proud  for ;  as,  this  man  is  above  his 
business. 

8.  Too  elev.ited  in  mind  or  rank  ;  having  too 
much  dignity  for ;  as,  this  man  is  above  mean  ac- 
tions. 

9.  It  is  often  used  elliplically  for  heaven,  or  the 
celestial  regions ;  as,  the  powers  above. 

Let  not  God  re^rd  it  from  above. — Job  Iii. 

10.  In  a  book  or  writing,  it  denotes  before  or  in  a 
former  place  ;  as,  wluit  has  been  said  above;  supra. 
This  mode  of  speaking  originated  in  the  ancient 
mtinner  of  writing,  on  a  strip  of  parchment,  be- 
ginning at  one  entl  and  proceeding  to  the  other. 
Tiie  beginning  was  the  upper  end. 

A-BOVE',  adv.    Overhead  ;  in  a  higher  place. 

Bacon, 

2.  Before.  Dryden, 

3.  Chief  in  rank  or  power.    Deut.  .xxviii. 
Move  all  is  elliptical;  above  all  considerations; 

chiefly  ;  in  preference  to  other  things. 

A-BOVE'-BoARl),  adv.  Above  tile  board  or  table  ; 
in  open  sight ;  tvilhout  trick,  concealment,  or  de- 
ception. 'J'his  expression  is  said  by  Johnson  to  be 
borrowed  from  gamesters,  who,  when  they  change 
their  cards,  put  their  hands  under  the  table. 

.\-BClVE'-ClT-EI),  a.  Cited  before,  in  the  preceding 
p.art  of  a  b(M)k  or  writing. 

A-I!(-iVE'-GROUND,  <i.    Alive;  not  buried. 

A-B0VE'-ME.\-TIO.\-ED,  a.    Mentioned  before. 

AB  OVO  USQUE  AD  jMAIJi,  [L.]  From  the  cgc  to 
tlie  apples;  friun  Ihe  beginning  of  supperto  the  end  ; 
from  the  first  dish  to  the  last. 

A-BOV'E'-SAID,  a.   Mentioned  or  recited  before. 

ABP. ;  abbrev.  for  Archbishop. 

AB-RA-€A-I)AB'RA,  ji.  The  name  of  a  deity,  wor- 
shiped by  the  Syrians  ;  a  cabalistic  word.  The 
letters  of  bis  name  writlen  on  paper,  in  the  form 
of  an  inverted  triangle,  were  recommended  by 
Samoniciis  as  an  antidote  against  certain  di.se.ases. 

Encyc. 

AB-RaDE',  r.  f.    [L.  ahraAo,  to  scrape  ;  from  rado,] 
To  rub  or  wear  ofl";  to  waste  by  friction  ;  used 
especially  to  expri^ss  the  action  of  sharp,  corrosive 


ABR 


medicines,  in  wearing  away  or  removing  Iho 
mucus  of  the  meniliraiies. 
AH-RaD'EU,  pp.     Rubbed  or  worn  off;  worn; 

scraped. 

AB-RaI)'1NG,  ;7>r.    Rubbing  off;  wearing. 

AH-RAIJ'ING,  71.  In  agriculture,  the  crumbling 
down  of  banks  of  earth,  from  the  effects  of  frost,  or 
of  the  alternate  action  of  drought  and  moisture. 

Brande. 

A-BRA-HAM'ie,  o.  Pertaining  to  Abraham,  the 
patriarch  ;  as,  Abrahamic  ct>venant.  Mason, 

Abraham  Men,  formerly  were  imposttjrs,  in  Eng- 
land, who  wandered  about  the  country,  personat- 
ing lunacy.  P.  Cijc, 
To  sbnm  Abraham,  to  feign  sickness.  Qoldsmilh, 
A-BRANCIi'l-AN,  71.   (Terms  applied  to  an  order 
A-BRANCII'I-A,  «.;)/.  (     of  Annelitla,  so  called  be- 
cause the  s|MTies  composing  it  have  no  external 
organs   of  respiration ;    including    worms  and 
leeches.  Brande. 
AB-RS'»ION,  (ab-ra'zhiin,)  n.  The  act  of  wearing  or 
rubbing  off;  also  substance  worn  olfby  attrition. 

Q_uiney. 

A-BREAST',  (a-brcst',)  adv.  (from  a  and  breast.]^ 

1.  Side  by  side;  with  the  breasts  in  a  line.  Two 
men  rode  abreast. 

2.  In  marine  language,  ships  are  abreast  when 
their  heads  are  equally  advanced  ;  and  they  are 
abreast  of  objects  when  the  objects  are  on  a  line 
with  the  beam. —  Hence, 

3.  Opposite  ;  against ;  on  a  line  with  —  as,  a  ship 
was  abreast  of  Montauk  point.  — A  sea7nnn*s  phrase. 

AI!-RE-NUN-Cl-A'TIO.\',  7i.  Renunciation;  abso- 
lute denial.    [JVot  used.]  Mede. 

AIl-REP'TION,  n.  abripio.]  A  carrying  away  ; 
or  stattr  of  being  sei/.ed  and  carried  nway. 

A-BREU-VOIIV,  (a-bru-vwor',)  71.  [Fr.  abreuvoir,  a 
watering-place,  from  abreuvcr,  to  water  ;  Sp.  abr&- 
var,  id.,  from  Gr.  0oc\i,t,] 

Among  masons,  tile  joint  between  stones,  to  be 
filled  wilh  mortar. 

A-BRIDGE',  (a-bridj',)  ».  t.  [Fr.  abrfgrr,  from  Gr. 
tiiiaxvf,  short,  or  its  root,  from  tlie  root  of  break,  or  a 
verb  of  that  family.] 

1.  To  make  shorter ;  to  epitomize  ;  to  contract 
by  using  fewer  words,  yet  retaining  the  sense  in 
substance  —  used  of  writings;  as,  Justin  abridged 
the  liisttiiy  of  Trogiis  Poinpeiiis. 

2.  To  lessen  ;  to  diminish  ;  as,  to  abridge  I.ibor  ; 
to  abridge  ptiwer  or  rights.  '  Smitlu 

3.  To  dejirive  ;  to  cut  off  fnmi  ;  followcil  by  of: 
as,  to  abridge  one  of  his  rights,  or  enjoyments.  To 
abridge  from,  is  now  obsolete  or  improper. 

4.  In  algebra,  tt>  reduce  a  coiiiiiound  tpiantity  or 
equation  to  its  more  simple  expression.  The  equa- 
tion tliiKS  abridged  is  called  a  formula,  Cyc. 

A-BRIDG'KD,  or  a.  Made  shorter;  epitonii/.ed  ; 
reduced  to  a  smaller  compass;  lessened;  deprived. 

A-Bllll)G'ER,  71.  One  who  abridges;  one  who 
makes  a  compend. 

A-URIDCING,  ;);)r.  Shortening;  lessening ;  depriv- 
ing :  debarrin-;. 

A-I!RIDG'MK.\T,  n.  An  epitome  ;  a  compend  or 
summary  of  a  book. 

2.  Diminution  ;  contraction  ;  reduction  ;  as,  an 
abridgment  of  e-xpenses. 

.3.  ftc|)rivation  ;  a  debarring  or  restraint  ;  as,  an 
abridgment  of  pleasures. 

A-BR6ACH',  adv.    [.See  Broach.] 

Broached  ;  letting  out  or  yieltling  liquor,  or  in  n 
posture  for  letting  out ;  as,  a  cask  is  abroach.  Fig- 
uratively used  by  Shakspeare  fur  settiim  hitjse,  or 
in  a  state  of  being  diffused,"  Set  mischief  abroach; " 
but  this  sense  is  unusual. 

A-BROAD',  (,i-brawd',)  adv.    [See  Broad.] 

In  a  general  sense,  at  large  ;  widely  ;  not  con- 
fined to  narrow  limits.  Hence, 

1.  In  the  open  air. 

2.  Beyond  or  out  of  the  walls  of  a  house  ;  as,  lo 
walk  abroad. 

3.  Beyond  the  limits  of  a  camp.    Dent,  xxiii.  10. 

4.  Beyond  the  bounds  of  a  countrj' ;  in  foriMgn 
countries  ;  as,  to  go  abroad  for  nil  education  ;  we 
have  broils  at  home  and  enemies  abroad. 

a.  Extensively  ;  before  the  public  at  large. 

lie  be^n  to  blaze  abroad  tlic  matter.  —  Mark  i.  15.   Kslher  1. 

f>.  ^Vidcly  ;  with  expansion  ;  as,  a  tree  spreads 
lis  branches  abroad, 

AB'RO-GA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  abrogated. 

AB'UO-GaTE,  v.  t,  [L.  abrogo,  to  repeal  ;  from  ab 
and  rogo,  to  ask  or  propose.  Sec  the  English 
reach.    Class  Rg.] 

To  repeal  ;  to  annul  by  an  authoritative  act ;  to 
abolish  by  the  authority  of  the  maker  or  his  suc- 
cessor ;  applied  to  Hie  repeal  of  laws,  decrees,  or- 
dinances, the  abolition  of  established  customs,  iic. 

AB'RO-G  A-TED,  pp.  Repealed  ;  annulled  by  an  act 
of  authoritv. 

AB'RO-GA-TI.VG,  ppr.    Repealing  by  authority  ; 

makinc  void. 
AB-RO(;a'TION,  71.    The  , -let  of  abrogating  ;  repeal 

by  authority  of  tlie  legislative  power. 


TONE,  BULL,  X;N1TE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  G  as  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ABS 

A-BKOOD',  adr.    [See  Brood.]    In  the  action  of 

brooding.    [JVut  in  luie.]  Sancroft, 
A-BROOD'I^G,  71.    A  sitting  abrood.    [JVul  in  use.] 

Barret. 

A-BROOK',  V.  t.  To  brook,  to  endure.  [JVu(  in 
use.]    See  Brook.  Shak. 

A-BROT'A-.NOID,  n.  [Gr.  aSporovov,  and  £i<5os, 
form.]  A  species  of  coral  belonging  to  the  genus 
Madrepora.  It  is  one  of  the  reef-corala  of  the 
East  Indies. 

A-BROT'A-NUM,  n.    [Gr.  aSporovov.] 

.\  species  of  evergreen  plant  arranged  under  the 
genus  Artemisia;  called  also  SoutJiernwood. 

AB-RUPT',  a.  [L.  abruptus,  from  abrumpo,  to  break 
off  ;  of  ab  and  rumpo.    See  Rupti're.] 

1.  Literally.,  broken  off,  or  broken  short.  Hence, 

2.  Steep,  craggy  ;  applied  to  rocks,  precipices, 
and  the  like. 

3.  Fi<ruralively,  sudden  ;  without  notice  to  pre- 
pare the  mind  for  the  event ;  as,  an  abrupt  entrance 
or  address. 

4.  Unconnected  ;  having  sudden  transitions  from 
one  subject  to  another;  as,  an  abrupt  style. 

Ben  Junson. 

5.  In  botany,  an  abrupt  pinnate  le.af  is  one  vvhieh 
has  neither  leaflet,  nor  tendril  at  the  end. 

Martyn. 

AB-RUPT',  n.    A  cha.sm  or  gulf  with  steep  sides. 

Over  Ihe  vast  abrupt.  AHlton. 

[  Tflis  use  of  the  word  is  infrequent.] 

AB-RUPT'ED,  a.    Torn  off;  torn  asunder. 

AB-RUP'TIOX,  n.  A  sudden  breaking  off;  a  vio- 
lent separation  of  bodies.  fVoodward. 

AB-RUPT'LV,  ado.  Suddenly  ;  without  giving  no- 
tice, or  without  the  usual  forms  ;  as,  the  minister 
left  France  abruptly. 

AB-RIIPT'NESS,  n.     A  state  of  being  broken ; 
craggedness  ;  steepness. 
•2.' Figuratively,     suddenness;  unceremonious 

■  haste  or  vehemence. 

AB'SCESS,  n.  [L.  abscessus,  from  ab  and  eedo,  to 
go  from.] 

A  cavity  containing  pus,  or  a  collection  of  puru- 
lent matter,  in  some  part  of  the  body,  formed  by 
the  proiess  called  suppuration,  consequent  on  in- 
flammation. 

AB-SCI.\D',  V.  t.  [L.  abscindo.]  To  cut  off.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

AB'SCISS,     (  n.    [L.  abscissas,  from  ab  and  scindo, 
AB-SCIS'SA,  (     to  cut ;  Gr.  cr\i{oj.    See  Scissors.] 
In  conies,  a  part  of  the  diameter  or  transverse 
axis  of  a  conic  section,  intercepted  between  the 
vertex  or  some  other  fixed  point  and  a  semiordi- 
nate.  Encyc. 

Oenerally,  any  part  of  the  diameter  or  axis  of  a 
curve,  comprised  between  any  fixed  point  wliere 
all  the  abscisses  begin,  and  another  line,  called  the 
ordinate,  which  is  terminated  in  the  curve. 

Barlow. 

AB-SCIS'SION,  (-sizh'un,)  n.    [See  Absciss.] 

1.  A  cutting  off,  or  a  being  cut  off.  In  surgery, 
the  separation  of  any  corrupted  or  useless  part  of 
the  body,  by  a  sharp  instrument ;  applied  to  the 
soft  parts,  as  amputation  is  to  the  bones  and  flesh 
of  a  limb.  Quinri/. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  of  speech,  when,  having 
begun  to  say  a  thing,  a  speaker  stops  abruptly,  as 
su|)posingthe  matter  sufficiently  understood.  Thus, 
"  He  is  a  man  of  so  much  honor  and  candor,  and 
such  generosity  —  but  I  need  say  no  more." 

AB-SL'Oi\I)',  !i.  1.  [L.  uhsconilo,  to  hide,  of  abs  and 
condo,  to  hide,  i.  e.  to  withdraw,  or  to  thrust  aside 
or  into  a  corner  or  secret  place.] 

1.  To  retire  from  public  view,  or  from  the  place 
in  which  one  resides  or  is  ordinarily  to  be  Sound  ; 
to  withdraw,  or  absent  one's  self  in  a  private  man- 
ner ;  to  be  concealed  ;  appropriately  used  of  per- 
sons who  secrete  themselves  to  avoid  a  legal  pro- 
cess. 

2.  To  hide,  withdraw,  or  be  concealed. 

The  marrnol  aliecortdt  in  wiiilf  r.  /?iy. 

AB-SCOND'ER,  n.  One  who  withdraws  from  pub- 
lic notice,  or  conceals  himself  from  public  vi('W. 

AB  SCOND'ING,  ;;/)r.  or  «.  Withdrawing  [irivatcly 
from  public  view  ;  as,  an  absconiling  debtor,  who 
confines  himself  to  his  apartments,  or  absents  him- 
self to  avoid  Ihe  ministers  of  justice.  In  the  latter 
sense,  it  is  properly  an  adj(;rtive. 

AB'HE.NCE,  n.  [I,,  absene,  from  absum,  abesse,  to  be 
away  ;  ab  and  num.] 

1.  A  slate  of  being  at  a  distance  in  place,  or  not 
in  company.  It  is  used  to  denote  any  distance  in- 
definitely, either  in  the  same  town,  or  country,  or 
in  a  foreign  country,  and  prininrily  supfioscs  a  pri- 
or presence  ;  as,  speak  well  of  one  in  ills  ub.sence. 

2.  tVant ;  destitution;  implying  no  precious  pres- 
ence. 

In  ttw  abMnet  ofconvenUonnI  law.  Ch,  Ktnl. 

3.  In  lavD,  non-appearance ;  a  not  being  in  court 
to  answer. 

4.  MeedleKsnesfl  ;  inattention  to  things  present. 
Abience  of  mind  (a  the  attention  of  the  mind  to  n 


ABS 

subject  which  dt)es  not  occupy  the  rest  of  the  com- 
pany, and  which  draws  the  mind  from  things  or 
objects  which  are  present,  to  others  distant  or 
foreign. 

AB'SEN'T,  a.  I\*ot  present ;  not  in  company  ;  at 
such  a  distance  as  to  prevent  communication.  It 
is  used  also  for  being  in  a  foreign  country  ;  as,  a 
gentleman  is  absent  on  his  travels. 

Absent  from  one  another.  —  Gen.  xxxi.  49. 

2.  Heedless  ;  inattentive  to  persons  present,  or 
to  subjects  of  conversation  in  company  ;  as,  an  ab- 
sent man  is  uncivil  to  the  company. 

3.  In  familiar  language,  not  at  home  ;  as,  the 
master  of  the  house  is  absent.  In  other  words,  he 
does  not  wish  to  be  disturbed  by  company. 

AB  SENT',  V.  t.  To  depart  to  such  a  distance  as  to 
prevent  intercourse  ;  to  retire  or  withdraw  ;  to  for- 
bear to  appear  in  presence  ;  used  with  the  recip- 
rocal pronoun  ;  as,  let  a  man  absent  himself  from 
the  company. 

AB-SENT'ED,  pp.   Retired  or  withdrawn. 

AB  SENT-EE',  n.  One  who  withtlraws  from  his 
country,  office,  or  estate ;  one  who  removes  to  a 
distant  place  or  to  another  country. 

In  recent  political  writers,  a  landholder  or  cap- 
italist, who  derives  his  revenue  from  one  country, 
and  resides  in  and  expends  it  in  another. 

P.  Cyc. 

AB-SENT-EE'ISM,  n.  Absence  from  duty  or  sta- 
tion :  applied  to  the  act  of  residing  in  a  country 
different  from  that  from  which  one's  resources  are 
derived. 

AB-SENT'ER,  n.    One  who  absents  himself. 
AB-SENT'ING,  ppr.    Departing;  withdrawing. 
AB-SE.\T'MENT,  n.    A  state  of  being  absent. 

BarrovJ. 

AB-SIN'THI-AN,  a.  [from  absinthium.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of  wormwood.  Randolph. 

AB-SIN'THI-A-TED,  a.  Impregnated  with  worm- 
wood, o  o  o- 

AB-SIN'THI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  aiptvetov;  Per. i^rf^r^^^^ 

afsinthin ;  the  same  in  Chaldaic.  Budsus,  in  his 
commentaries  on  Theophrast,  supposes  the  word 
composed  of  a  priv.  and  xpip3o(,  delight,  so  named 
from  its  bitterness.  But  it  may  be  an  Oriental 
word.] 

The  common  wormwood ;  a  bitter  plant,  used  as 
atonic.    A  species  of  Artemisia. 
AB'.SIS.   In  astronomy.    [See  Apsis.] 
AB'SO-LUTE,  a.    [L.  absolutus.    See  Absolve.] 

1.  Literally,  in  a  general  sense,  free  or  independ- 
ent of  any  thing  extraneous.  Hence, 

2.  Complete  in  itself;  positive;  as,  an  absolute 
declaration. 

3.  Unconditional  ;  as,  an  absolute  promise. 

4.  Existing  independent  of  any  other  cause  ;  as, 
God  is  absolute. 

5.  Unlimited  by  extraneous  power  or  control ;  as, 
an  absolute  government  or  prince. 

6.  Not  relative  ;  as,  absolute  space.  Stillingfieei. 

7.  In  chemistry,  pure,  unmixed  ;  as,  absolute  al- 
cohol. 

In  grammar,  the  case  absolute,  is  when  a  word 
or  member  of  a  sentence  is  not  immediately  de- 
pendent on  the  other  parts  of  the  sentence  in  gov- 
ernment.   A  clause  independent. 

Absolute  equation,  in  astronomy,  is  the  sum  of 
the  optic  and  eccentric  equations. 

Absolute  numbers,  in  algebra,  are  such  as  have 
no  letters  annexed  ;  as,  2a-|-36=48.  The  two  latter 
numbers  are  absolute  or  pure.  Encyc. 

Absolute  space,  in  physics,  is  space  considered 
without  relation  to  any  other  object.  Bailey. 

Absolute  gravity,  in  philosophy,  is  that  property 
in  bodies  by  which  tliey  are  said  to  weigh  so 
much,  wilhotit  regard  to  circumstances  of  modifi- 
cation, and  this  is  always  as  the  quantity  of  mat- 
ter they  contain.  Bailey. 
AB'SO-l>UTE-I.Y,  adi\  Completely;  wholly  ;  as, 
a  thing  is  absolutely  iinintt^lligible. 

2.  Without  dependence  or  relation  ;  in  a  state 
unconnected. 

Absolutely  v/e  can  not  (liscomm^nd,  we  can  not  abiohHely  np- 
prove,  either  willin^nesd  to  live,  or  Ibrwardncfs  to  clif. 

hooker. 

3.  Without  restriction  or  limitation ;  as,  God 
reigns  absolutelij. 

4.  Without  cimdition  ;  as,  God  docs  not  forgive 
ab.iolulehj,  but  upon  condition  of  faith  and  re- 
pentance. 

5.  Positively,  peremptorily ;  as,  command  me 
absolutely  not  to  go.  Milton. 

AB'SO-LUTE-NESS,  n.  Independence  ;  complete- 
ness in  itself. 

2.  Despotic  authority,  or  that  which  is  subject  to 
no  extranet)us  restriction,  or  ct)nlrol. 

AB-HO-LO'TION,  n.  In  Ihe  einl  lair,  an  acquittal, 
or  sentence  of  a  judge  declaring  an  accused  person 
Innocent.  In  the  canon  law,  it  remission  of  sins 
pronounced  by  n  priest  ill  favor  of  a  piMiitent. 


ABS 

Anumg  Protestants,  a  sentence  by  which  an  ex- 
cominitnicated  person  is  released  from  his  liability 
to  punishment.  Ai/liffe.  South. 

AB'SO-LuT-lS.M,  71.    State  of  being  absolute;  or 
principles  of  absolute  government. 
2.  Doctrine  of  predestination.  Ash. 

AB'SO-LOT-IST,  n.  One  who  is  in  favor  of  an  ab- 
solute government. 

AB'SO-LU-TO-RY,  or  AB-SOL'TJ-TO-RV,  a.  Ab- 
solving ;  that  absolves. 

AB-SOLV'A-TO-RY,  a.  [from  absolve.]  Containing 
absolution,  pardon,  or  release ;  having  power  to 
absolve.  Cutgrave. 

AB-SOLVE',  (ab-zolv',)  v.  t.  [L.  absolve,  from  ab  and 
soloo,  to  loose  or  release  ;  Cli.  rhv,  shalah,  to  ab- 
solve, to  finish  ;  Heb.  shal,  to  loose  or  loosen. 
See  Solve.] 

To  set  free  or  release  from  some  obligation,  debt, 
or  responsibility  ;  or  from  that  which  subjects  a 
person  to  a  biirtlen  or  penalty  ;  as,  to  absolve  a  per- 
son from  a  promise  ;  to  absolve  an  offender,  which 
amounts  to  an  acquittal  and  remission  of  his  pun- 
ishment. Hence,  in  the  civil  law,  the  word  was 
used  for  acquit ;  and  in  ths  canon  hiw,  for  forgive, 
or  remit.  In  ordinary  language,  its  sense  is  to  set  free 
or  release  from  an  engagement.  Fonnerly,  good 
writers  used  the  word  in  the  sense  of  finish,  accom- 
plish ;  as,  to  absolve  work,  in  Milton  ;  but  in  this 
sense,  it  seems  to  be  obsolete.  Young  has  also 
used  it  for  resolve  or  explain  ,■  as,  "  Absolve  we 
this   "  but  this  sense  is  rare. 

AB-SOLV'ED,  pp.  Released  ;  acquitted  ;  remitted  ; 
declared  innocent. 

AB-SOLV'ER,  7!.  One  who  absolves;  also,  one  that 
pronounces  sin  to  be  remitted. 

AB-SOLV'ING,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  a  debt,  or 
charge  ;  acquitting  ;  remitting. 

AB'SO-NANT,  a.  [See  Absonous.]  Wide  from  the 
purpose  ;  contrary  to  reason. 

AB'SO-NOUS,  a.  [L.  absonus  ;  ab  and  sonus,  sound  ] 
Contrary  to  reason  ;  unmusical,  or  untunable. 

Oranvtlle.  Fothcrby. 

AB-SORB',  71.  t.    [L.  absorbco,  ab  and  sorbeo,  to  drink 

in;  Ar.  i^^^  sharaba;  Eth.  I'l^fl  (114(1 
id. ;  Rab.  nitr,  sharap ;  to  draw  or  drink  in ;  whence 
sintp,  sherbet,  shrub.] 

1.  To  drink  in  ;  to  suck  up ;  to  imbibe ;  as  a 
sponge,  or  as  the  lacteals  of  the  bod}'. 

2.  To  drink  in,  swallow  up,  or  overwhelm  with 
water,  as  a  body  in  a  whirlpool. 

3.  To  waste  wholly  or  sink  in  expenses  ;  to  ex- 
haust ;  as,  to  absorb  an  estate  in  luxury. 

4.  To  engross  or  engage  wholly  ;  as,  absorbed  in 
studv  or  the  pursuit  of  wealth. 

AB-S6rB-A-BIL'I-TY,  71.  A  state  or  quality  of 
being  absorbable. 

AB-SORB'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  imbibed  or 
swallowed.  Kerr's  Lavoisier. 

AB-SORB'BD,  or  AB-SORPT',  pp.  Imbibed  ;  swal- 
lowed ;  wasted ;  engaged  ;  lost  in  study  ;  wholly 
engrossed. 

AB-SORB'ENT,  a.    Imbibing  ;  swallowing. 

Absorbent  groumi,  in  painting,  a  ground  prepared 
for  a  picture,  chiefly  with  di.steinper,  or  water 
colors,  by  which  the  oil  is  immediately  absorbed, 
and  thus  the  work  hastened.  Brande. 

AB-SORB'ENT,  7i.  In  anatomy,  a  vessel  which  im- 
bibes, as  the  lacteals  and  lymphatics.  In  medicine, 
a  substance  used  to  absorb  acidity  in  the  stomach, 
as  magnesia,  chalk,  &c.  Encyc. 

AB-SORB'ING,  ppr  or  a.  Imbibing;  engrossing; 
wasting. 

AB-SORP'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  imbibing 
or  swallowing  ;  either  by  water,  which  overwhelms, 
or  by  substances,  which  drink  in  and  retain  liquids  ; 
as,  the  absorption  of  a  body  in  a  whirlpool,  or  of 
water  by  the  earth,  or  of  the  humors  of  the  body  by 
drj'  powders.  It  is  used  also  to  express  the  swal- 
lowing up  of  substances  by  the  earth  in  chasms 
made  by  earthquakes,  and  the  sinking  of  large 
tracts  in  violent  commotions  of  the  earth. 

2.  Entire  occupation  or  engrossment  of  mind  ;  as, 
ab.iorption  in  business. 

3.  In  ;iAi/.«o/<)iri(,(me  of  the  vital  organic  fimctions, 
which  conveys  ti)  the  ciicttlating  system  Ihe  male- 
rials  of  nutrition,  by  means  of  the  lacteals,  and  the 
effete  particles  of  the  body,  by  metuis  of  the  lym- 
phatics. 

4.  In  chemistry,  the  conversion  of  a  gaseous  fluid 
into  a  liquid  or  solid,  by  unioB  with  another  .sub- 
stance, t/re. 

AB-SORP'TIVE,  0.    Having  power  to  imbibe. 

Dane  in. 

ABS' QUE  HOC;  without  this  or  that ;  in  law,  words 
used  in  traversing  what  has  been  alleged,  and  is 
repeated. 

AB-STAIN',  V.  i.  [1,.  abstineo,  to  keep  from;  abs 
and  lenro,  to  hold.    See  Tenant.] 

In  a  grnernl  sense,  to  fiirbear,  or  refrain  from,  vol- 
untarily ;  but  used  chiefly  to  denote  a  lestriiint 
upon  the  passions  or  appetites  ;  to  refrain  Irom  in- 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


ABS 


dulsence  ;  as,  to  alistain  from  the  use  of  ardent 
spirits  ;  to  abslaui  from  luxuries. 

AbtUu»  from  meat*  ofli-red  10  idoli.  —  AcU  sr. 

AB-STk'iMI-OUS,  a.  [L.  abstemius,  from  abs  and 
iemelum,  an  ancient  name  of  strong  wine,  according 
to  Fabius  and  Gellius.  Hut  Vossius  supposes  it  to 
be  from  abstineo,  by  a  change  of  n  to  m.  It  may  be 
from  tiK;  root  oftimeo,  to  fear,  tliat  is,  to  withdraw.] 

1.  Sparing  in  diet;  refraining  from  a  free  use  of 
food  and  strong  drinks. 

lusUiiices  of  longevUy  are  chiefiy  among  the  abstewioug. 

ArbuOtnot. 

2.  Sparing  in  the  enjoyment  of  animal  pleasures 
of  any  kind.  [  This  sense  is  less  commutty  and  perhaps 
nut  tr<rUintiite.] 

3.  Sparingly  used,  or  used  with  temperance  ;  be- 
longing to  abstinence;  as,  an  abstemious  diet,  an 
abstrniious  life. 

AB-STK'MI-OUS-LV,  adv.    Temperately ;  with  a 

sparing  use  of  meat  or  drink. 
AB-STe'MI-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

temperate  or  sparing  in  the  use  of  food  aiid  strong 

drinks. 

This  %vord  expresses  a  greater  degree  of  absti- 
nence than  temperance. 

AB-STKN'TION,  n.    The  act  of  abstaining. 

AB-S'l'ERcSE',  (ab-sterj',)  v.  t.  [L.  abstergeo,  of  abs 
and  tcrgco,  to  wipe.  Tergeo  may  have  a  common 
origin  with  the  Sw.  t^cka,  G.  trocknen^  D.  droogen^ 
Sax.  drijgan,  to  drj' ;  for  these  Teutonic  verbs  sig- 
nify to  wipCf  as  well  as  to  dry.] 

To  wipe  or  make  clean  by  wiping  ;  to  cleanse  by 
lotions  or  similar  applications.  [Used  chirfiij  as  a 
medical  term.] 

AB-STEKC'E.NT,  a.    Wiping  ;  cleansing. 

AB-STERCENT,  n.  A  medicine  which  cleanses 
away  foulness,  as  lotions ;  but  the  use  <)f  the  word 
is  nearly  superseded  by  ditcrgcnty  which  see. 

AB-STER'SION,  ».  [from  L.  abstergeo,  ubslersiis.] 
The  act  of  wiping  clean;  or  a  cleansing  by  lotions 
or  simihxr  applications.  [See  Deterge,  Detkr- 
910  N.l  Bacon. 

AB-STER'SIVE,  a.  Cleansing  ;  having  the  quality 
of  removing  foulness.    [See  Detersive.] 

AB'STI-NENCE,  n.  [L.  abstinentia.    See  AnsTiin.] 
1.  In  general,  the  act  or  practice  of  voluntarily  re- 
fraining from,  or  forbearing  any  action. 

Abstnenee  from  every  ttiiii»  which  v\n  be  deemed  labor. 

Paley'a  PHlot. 

More  appropriately, 

9.  The  refraining  from  an  indulgence  of  appetite, 
or  from  customary  gratifications  of  animal  propen- 
sities. It  denotes  a  total  forbearance,  as  in  fasting, 
or  a  forbearance  of  the  usual  quantity.  In  the  lat- 
ter sense,  it  may  coincide  with  temperance  ;  but  in 
general,  it  denotes  a  more  sparmg  use  of  enjoy- 
ments than  temperance.  (Besides,  abstinence  implies 
previous  free  indulgence  ;  temperance  does  not.) 

AB'STI-NENT,  a.  Refraining  from  indulgence,  es- 
ppciallv  in  the  use  of  food  and  drink. 

AB'STl-NENT-LY,  adv.    With  abstinence. 

AB'STl-NENTS,  ji.  pi.  A  sect  which  appeared  in 
France  and  Spain  in  the  third  century,  who  op- 
posed marriage,  condemned  the  use  of  flesh  meat, 
and  placed  the  Holy  Spirit  in  the  class  of  created 
beings. 

AB-STORT'ED,  o.    Forced  away. 

AB-STRA€T',  v.  L  [L.  abstraho,  to  draw  from  or 

separate  ;  from  abs  and  traJw,  which  is  the  Eng. 

draw.    See  Draw.] 

1.  To  draw  from,  or  to  separate;  as,  to  abstract 
an  action  from  its  evil  eflfects  ;  to  abstract  spirit 
from  any  substance  by  distillation  ;  but,  in  this  lat- 
ter sense,  extract  is  now  more  generally  used. 

2.  To  separate  ideas  by  the  oiwration  of  the' 
mind  ;  to  consider  one  part  of  a  complex  object  by 
itself.  Home. 

3.  To  select  or  separate  the  substance  of  a  book 
or  writing ;  to  epitomize  or  reduce  to  a  summary. 

Watts. 

4.  To  take  secretly  for  one's  own  use  from  the 
property  of  another,  when  placed  in  one's  power ; 
to  purloin ;  as,  to  abstract  goods  from  a  parcel,  or 
money  from  a  bank.  IlowiL 

5.  In  chemistry,  to  separate,  as  the  more  volatile 
parts  of  a  substance  by  repeated  distillation,  or  at 
lea!^t  by  distillation. 

AB'STRA€T,  a.  (L.  abstractus.]  Separate;  dis- 
tinct from  something  else.  An  abstract  idea,  in 
metaphysics,  is  an  idea  separated  from  a  complex 
object,  or  from  other  ideas  which  naturally  accom- 
pany it ;  as  the  solidity  of  marble  contem|)lated 
apail  from  its  color  or  figure.  Encyc. 

Mstracl  terms  are  those  which  express  abstract 
ideas,  as  beauty,  whiteness,  roundness,  without 
regarding  any  subject  in  which  they  exist ;  or  o*- 
stract  terms  are  the  names  of  orders,  genera,  or 
species  of  things,  in  which  there  is  a  combination 
of  similar  qualities.  StewarL 

.Abstract  numbers  are  numbers  used  without  ap- 
plication to  things,  as  6,  8,  10;  but  when  applied 


ABS 


to  any  thing,  as  6  feet,  10  men,  they  become  con- 
crete. 

Mstract  or  pure  mathematics,  is  that  which 
treats  of  magnitude  or  quantity,  without  restriction 
to  any  species  of  particular  magnitude,  as  arithme- 
tic and  geometry  ;  opposed  to  which  is  mixed  math- 
ematics, which  treats  of  simple  properties,  and  the 
relations  of  quantity,  as  apjilied  to  sensible  objects, 
as  hydrostatics,  navigation,  optics,  &c.  Kncyc. 

2.  Separate  ;  existing  in  the  mind  only  ;  as,  an  ab- 
stract subject ;  an  abstract  question ;  and  hence, 
difficult,  abstruse. 

AB'STRA€T,  n.  A  summary,  or  epitome,  contain- 
ing the  substance,  a  general  view,  or  the  principal 
heads  of  a  treatise  or  writing.  Watts. 

2.  Forini:rly,  an  extract,  or  a  smaller  quantity, 
containing  the  essence  of  a  larger. 

In  tJie  abstract,  in  a  state  of  separation,  as  a  sub- 
ject considered  in  the  abstract,  i.  e.  without  ref- 
erence to  particular  persons  or  things. 

AB-STRAtT'ED,  ;);>.  or  a.  Separated;  purloined; 
refined;  exalted;  abstruse;  absent  in  mind. 

JMilton.  Donne, 

AB-STRACT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  separate  state,  or  in 
contemplation  only.  Dn/dcn. 

AB-STRAt;T'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ab- 
stracted. Baxter. 

AB-STRAeT'ER,  7U  One  who  makes  an  abstract, 
or  summary. 

AB-STRAt'T'ING,  ppr.     Beparating;  purloining; 

making  a  summary. 
AB-STUAe'TlON,  ii.    The  act  of  separating,  or 

state  of  being  separated. 

2.  The  operation  of  the  mind  when  occupied  by 
abstract  ideas  ;  as  when  we  contemplate  some  par- 
ticular part  or  property  of  a  complex  object  as  sep- 
arate from  the  rest.  Thus,  when  the  mind  con- 
siders the  branch  of  a  tree  by  itself,  or  the  color  of 
the  leaves,  as  separate  from  their  size  or  figure,  the 
act  is  called  abstraction.  So,  also,  when  it  consid- 
ers whiteness,  softness,  virtue,  existence,  as  separate 
from  any  particular  objects.  Encyc. 

The  power  which  the  understanding  has  of  sep- 
arating the  combinations  which  are  presented  to  it, 
is  distinguished  by  logicians  by  the  name  of  ab- 
straction. Stiicart. 

Abstraction  is  the  ground-work  of  classificaticm, 
by  which  things  are  arranged  in  orders,  genera,  and 
species.  We  separate  in  idea  the  qu;i!ities  of  cer- 
tain objects  which  are  of  the  same  kind,  from 
others  which  are  different  in  each,  and  arrange  the 
objects  having  the  same  properties  in  a  class,  or 
collected  body. 

3.  A  separation  from  worldly  objects ;  a  recluse 
life  ;  as,  a  hermit's  abstraction. 

4.  Absence  of  mind  ;  inattention  to  present  ob- 
jects. 

5.  Taking  for  one's  own  use  part  of  the  property 
of  another  when  placed  in  one's  power.  [Recent 
usage,] 

6.  In  the  process  of  distillation,  the  term  is  used 
to  denote  the  separation  of  the  volatile  parts,  which 
rise,  come  over,  and  are  condensed  in  a  receiver, 
from  those  which  are  fixed.  It  is  chiefly  used, 
when  a  fluid  is  repeatedly  poured  upon  any  sub- 
stance in  a  retort,  and  distilled  off,  to  change  its 
state,  or  the  nature  of  its  composition.  JVicholson. 

AB-STRA€T'IVE,  o.   Having  the  power  or  quality 

of  abstracting. 
AB-STRAt'T'lVE,         )  a.    Abstracted,  or  drawn 
AB-STRAtT-r'TlOUS,  j      from  other  substances, 

particularly  from  vegetables,  without  fermentation. 

Cyc, 

AB'STRACT  LY,  adv.     Separately ;  absolutely  ;  in 

a  state  or  manner  unconnected  witli  any  thing 

else  ;  as,  matter  abstractly  considered. 
AB'STRAt'T-NESS,  n.    A  separate  state ;  a  state 

of  being  in  contemplation  only,  or  not  connected 

with  any  object. 
AB-STRINGE',  ».  t   To  unbind. 
AB-STRODE',  v.  t  [Infra.]    To  thrust  away.  [JVo« 

used.]^ 

AB-STkCSE',  a.  [L,   abstrusus,  from  abstrudo,  to 


thrust  away,  to  conceal ;  abs  and  trudo;  Ar. 


tarada  ;  Ch.  TiO,  to  thrust ;  Syr.  Sam.  id. ;  Eng.  to 
thnist.]  Hid ;  concealed  ;  hence,  remote  from  ap- 
prehension ;  diflicult  to  be  comprehended  or  under- 
stood ;  opposed  to  what  is  obvious,  [.A'ut  used  of 
material  objects,] 

Motiiphyaica  ij  an  abttriue  BCicocc.  Enc^je. 

AB-STROSE'LY,  od».    In  a  conce.aled  manner;  ob- 
sciirelv J  in  a  manner  not  to  be  easily  understood. 

AB-STROSE'NESS,  n.    Obscurity  ol^  meaning  ;  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  diflicult  to  be  understood. 

Boiile, 

AB-STRO'SI-TY,  n.   Abstruseness ;  that  which  is 
abstruse. 

AB-SC'ME',  r.  t.    To  bring  V)  an  end  by  a  gradual 

waste ;  to  consume. 
AB-SURD',  0.    [L.  absurdus,  from  ab  and  surdus. 


ABU 


deaf,  insensible.]  Opposed  to  manifest  truth  ;  in- 
consistent with  reason,  or  the  plain  dictates  of  com- 
mon sense.  An  absurd  man  acts  contrary  to  the 
clear  dictates  of  reason  or  sound  judgment.  An 
absurd  proposition  contradicts  obvious  truth.  An 
absurd  practice  or  opinion  is  repugnant  to  the 
rea.sun  or  common  apprehension  of  men.  It  is  ab- 
surd to  say  six  and  six  make  ten,  or  that  jilaiits  will 
take  root  in  stone. 

AB-SURD'I-TY,  lu  The  quality  of  being  inconsist- 
ent with  obvious  truth,  reason,  or  sound  judg- 
ment. Want  of  judgment,  applied  to  men ;  want 
of  [iropriety,  applied  to  things.  Johnson, 

2.  That  which  is  absurd :  in  this  sense  it  has  a 
plural ;  the  absurdities  of  men. 

AB-SURD'EY,  adv.  In  a  manner  inconsistent  with 
reason,  or  obvious  propriety. 

AB-SURD'i\ESS,  lu  The  same  as  Absurdity,  and 
less  used. 

A-BUND'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  abondance.  See  Ahoijnd.J 
Great  plenty  ;  an  overflowing  quantity  ;  ample  sul- 
ficiency  :  in  strictness  applicable  to  quantity  only  ; 
but  sometimes  used  of  number  ;  as,  an  abundance  of 
peasants.  Addison. 
In  Scripture, 

The  abundance  of  the  rich  U  great  wealth.  —  Eccl.  v.  Mark 
xii.    Luke  xxi. 

The  abuntlance  ol  the  leas  U  great  plenty  of  fbli.  —  Deul. 
xxxiii. 

It  denotes  also  Aillncss,  overflowing ;  as,  the 
abundance  of  the  heart.    Matt.  xii.    Luke  vi. 

A-BUND'ANT,  a.  Plentiful;  in  great  quantity; 
fully  sulTicient  ;  as,  an  abundant  supply.  In  Scrip- 
ture, abounding;  having  in  great  quantity;  over- 
flowing with. 
The  Lord  Uod  Is  ahundant  in  goodaeu  and  triilh.  —  Ex.  xxxiv. 
Mundant  number,  in  arithmetic,  is  one,  the  sum 
of  whose  aliquot  parts  exceeds  the  number  itself. 
Thus  I,  2,  3,  4,  fi,  the  aliquot  parts  of  12,  make  the 
sum  of  IT).  This  is  opposed  to  a  deficient  number, 
as  14,  whose  aliquot  parts  are  1,  2,  7,  the  sum  of 
which  is  10  ;  and  to  a  perfect  number,  which  is 
equal  to  the  sum  of  its  alicpiot  parts,  as  6,  whose 
aliquot  parts  .are  1,  2,  3.  Enciir. 

A-BUND'Ai\T-LY,  adv.  Fully  ;  amply  ;  plentift;lly  ; 
in  a  suflicient  degree. 

A-Bu'SAGE,  H.    Abuse.    [jVot  used.] 

A-IiUSE',  ».  «.  [Fr.  abuser;  Sp.  abusar;  It.  abusare  : 
L.  abator,  abiisus,  of  ab  and  utor,  to  use  ;  Ir.  idh ; 
W.  gwcth,  use  ;  Gr.  cOui,  to  accustom.    See  Use.] 

1.  To  use  ill;  to  maltreat;  to  misuse;  to  use 
with  bad  motives  or  to  wrong  purposes ;  as,  to 
abuse  rights  or  privileges. 

They  llutt  use  this  world  as  not  abusing  it.  — 1  Cor.  vii, 

2.  To  violate;  to  defile  by  improper  sexual  in- 
tercourse, l^penser. 

'    3.  To  deceive  ;  to  impose  on. 

Nor  be  with  all  Uicae  templiiio;  wonts  abused.  Pope. 

4.  To  treat  rudely,  or  with  reproachful  language  ; 
to  revile. 

He  mocl{ed  and  abused  them  shamefully.  A/.tc. 

5.  To  pervert  the  meaning  of ;  to  misapply ;  as, 
to  abuse  w'ords. 

A-BCSE',  »i.  HI  use ;  improper  treatment  or  employ- 
ment ;  application  to  a  wrong  purpose  ;  as,  an 
abuse  of  our  natural  powers  ;  an  abase  of  civil 
rights,  or  of  religious  privileges ;  abuse  of  advan- 
tages, &,c. 

Liberty  may  be  endangered  by  the  abuses  of  liberty,  ns  well  at 
by  the  alntees  of  power.  I^deralist,  Madison. 

2.  A  corrupt  practice  or  custom  ;  as,  the  abuses 
of  government. 

3.  Rude  speech  ;  reproachful  language  addressed 
to  a  iHTSon  ;  contumely  ;  reviling  words.  Mdlon. 

4.  Violation  of  a  female. 

After  the  abuse  he  forsook  me.  Sidney. 

5.  Perversion  of  meaning  ;  improper  use  or  ap- 
plication ;  as,  an  abuse  of  words. 

A-BC'S'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Ill-used  ;  used  to  a  bad  pur- 
pose ;  treated  with  rude  language  ;  misemployed  ; 
perverted  to  bad  or  wrong  ends  ;  deceived  ;  defiled ; 
violated. 

A-BC'SE'FIJL,  a.  Using  or  practicing  abuse;  abu- 
sive. Bp.  Barloir. 

A-BOS'ER,  n.  One  who  abuses,  in  speech  or  be- 
havior ;  one  that  deceives  ;  a  ravislier  ;  a  sodomite. 
1  Cor.  vi. 

A-BC'S'ING,  ppr.  Using  ill ;  employing  to  bad  pur- 
poses ;  deceiving  ;  violating  the  person  ;  perverting. 

A-BO'SION,  (a-bu'/.hun,)  H.  Abuse;  evil  or  corrupt 
usage  ;  reproach  ;  deceptiim.  [Little  used.]  Spenser, 

A-BO.S'IVE,  a.  Practicing  almse ;  offering  harsh 
words,  or  ill  treatment ;  as,  an  abusive  author  ;  an 
abusive  fellow. 

2.  Containing  aWse,  or  that  is  the  instrument 
of  abuse ;  as,  aba.tire  words  ;  nide ;  reproachful. 
In  the  sense  of  deceitful ;  as,  an  abusive  treaty 
(Utile  used.]  Baron. 

A-Bf'S'I VE-I.Y,  adv.  In  an  abusive  m.-uiner; 
nidelv  ;  repro,aclifully. 

A-BCS'1VE-.\ESS,  n.     Ill-usage;  the  quality  t< 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  <S  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


7 


ACA 


ACA 


ACC 


being  abusive  ;  rudeness  of  language,  or  violence 
to  the  person.  Barlow. 

A-BUT',  r.  i.  [Fr.  aboutir,  from  bout,  an  end.]  To 
border  upon ;  to  be  contiguous  lo  ;  to  meet ;  in 
strictness,  to  adjoin  to  at  the  end  ;  but  tliis  dis- 
tinction has  not  always  been  observed.  The  word 
is  chiefly  used  in  describing  the  bounds  or  situa- 
tion of  land,  and,  in  popular  language,  is  contracted 
into  but ;  as,  butted  and  bounded. 

A-BUT'.MENT,  n.  The  head  or  end  ;  that  which 
unites  one  end  of  a  thing  to  another ;  chiefly  used 
to  denote  the  solid  pier  or  mound  of  earth,  stone  or 
timber,  which  is  erected  on  the  bank  of  a  river  to 
support  the  end  of  a  bridge  and  connect  it  with  the 
land. 

S>.  That  which  abuts  or  borders  on  another. 

Bryant. 

A-BUT'TA' ,  n.  The  butting  or  boundary  of  land 
at  the  end  ;  a  head-land.  Spelman.  Cowcl. 

Also,  in  a  more  general  sejise,  in  the  plural,  the 
boundaries  of  land. 
AB'VO-LaTE,  v.  i.    To  fly  from. 
AB-VO-La'TION,  n.    The  act  of  flying  from. 
A-Bf,  V.  L  or  i.    [Probably  contracted  from  abide.} 
To  endure  ;  to  pay  dearly  ;  to  remain.  [Ofts.] 

Spenser. 

A-BYSM',  (a-byzm',)  n.  [Old  Fr. ;  now  abtme.  See 
Abvss.I    .a  gulf.  S/ioi. 

A-BYS'AIAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  abyss. 

A-BYS.S',  71.  [Gr.  a/iuoffos,  bottomless,  from  a  priv. 
and  /j(ui7o-a5,  bottom.  Ion.  for  iSvBoi.  See  Bottom.] 
A  bottomless  gulf;  used  also  for  a  deep  mass  of 
waters,  supposed  to  have  encompassed  the  earth  in 
the  beginning. 

D.u-kness  was  upon  the  Cice  of  the  deep,  (or  abyss,  as  it  is  in  the 
iscpluagmt.) — Gen.  i.'2. 

The  word  is  also  used  for  an  immense  cavern 
in  the  earth,  in  which  God  is  supposed  to  have  col- 
lected all  the  waters  on  the  third  day  of  the  creation. 
It  is  used  also  for  hell,  Ereljus.  Enajc. 

2.  That  which  is  immeasurable ;  that  in  which 
any  thing  is  lost. 

Thy  throne  is  darkness,  m  the  abyss  of  light.  MVion. 
The  aJbyss  of  time.  Dryj£n. 

3.  In  antiquity,  the  temple  of  Proserpine,  so  called 
from  the  immense  treasures  it  was  supposed  to  con- 
tain. Encyc. 

■1.  In  heraldry,  the  center  of  an  escutcheon. 
He  tjeais  azure,  a  ficur  de  Us,  m  abyss.  Encyc. 

S  ^  ^ 


AB-YS-SL\'I-AX,  a.  [Ar. 


habashon,  Abys- 


.  hahasha,  to  col- 


sinians,  Ethiopians,  from 

lect,  or  congregate.] 

1.  A  name  denoting  a  mixed  multitude  or  a  black 
race.  Ludolf.  Castell, 

2.  Belonging  to  Abyssinia. 
AB-Y.'^-SI.V'l-.ViN'S,  n.  pi.    A  sect  of  Christians  in 

Abyssinia,  who  admit  but  one  nature  in  Jesus 
Christ,  and  reject  the  council  of  Chalcedon.  They 
are  governed  by  a  bishop,  or  metropolitan,  ctilled 
Abuna,  who  is  appointed  by  the  Coptic  patriarch  of 
Alexandria  residing  at  Cairo.  Encyc. 

AC,  in  Saxon,  oak,  the  initial  syllable  of  names ;  as, 
JlcUin,  oaktown. 

A-Ca'CIA,  n.  [L.  acacia,  a  thorn,  from  Gr.  o<rj,  a 
point.]  A  genus  of  elegant  trees  and  shnbs  with 
pinnated  leaves.  From  the  juice  of  one  of  its  spt'.ies 
is  produced  jotcfAn,  a  mild,  astringent  drug,  l;.jineiy 
called  terra  Japonica.  From  the  juice  of  anoth.  t 
species  is  produced  the  Oam  Arabic.  But  most  ot 
the  drug  which  passes  under  this  name,  is  the  in- 
spissated juice  of  unripe  sloes.  Encyc. 

A-C.^'CI.^,  among  anti</uarie.s,  is  a  name  given  to 
something  like  a  roll  or  bag,  seen  on  medals,  as  in  the 
hands  of  several  emperors  and  consuls,  gome  take 
it  to  represent  a  handkerchief  rolled  up,  with  which 
signals  were  given  at  the  games ;  others,  a  roll 
of  petitions ;  and  some,  a  purple  bag  of  earth,  to 
remind  them  of  their  mortality.  Encyc. 

A-CA'CIANS,  II.  pi.  In  church  history,  were  cer- 
tain sects,  so  denominated  from  their  leaders,  Aca- 
cius,  bishop  of  Cesarea,  and  Acacius,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople.  Some  of  these  maintained  that 
the  Son  was  only  a  similar,  not  the  same,  substance 
with  the  Father ;  others,  that  he  was  not  only  a 
distinct  hut  a  dissimilar  sul  stanc^.  Encyc. 

Af '-A-I)i'..ME',  Ji.  An  acad'.niy  ;  a  society  of  persons. 
fJV'ol  iLscd.]    The  acadeiry  or  school  of  Plato. 

Ae-.A-I)P.'.MI-.\Ij,  a.    Periaining  lo  an  academy. 

AC-A-DR'.MI-A.N,  n.  i*.  member  of  an  academy  ;  a 
student  in  a  univers'.y  or  college. 

AC-A-I)E.M'ie,       '  a,    Helimging  to  an  academy, 

AC-A-I>E.M'IC-AL,  (  or  to  a  college  or  university  ; 
an,  (uvu/rmic  Htudiefl.  fVarburton,  Also,  noting  what 
belongH  Ut  the  hcIiix>1  or  philosophy  of  Plato  ;  u-h, 
tlio  arademie  Hect. 

AOA-DE.M'IC,  71.  One  who  belongtrd  to  the  school 
or  adhered  to  the  philosophy  of  Sucratcs  and  Plato. 


The  latter  is  considered  as  the  founder  of  the  aca- 
demic philosophy  in  Greece.  lie  tauglit,  that  mat- 
ter is  eternal  and  infinite,  but  without  form,  refrac- 
tor}', and  tending  to  disorder  ;  and  that  there  is  an 
intelligent  cause,  the  author  of  spiritual  being,  and 
of  the  material  world.  Enfield. 
2.  A  student  in  a  college  or  university.  IVatls. 
Ae-A-DEM'ie-AL.-LY,  adv.  In  an  academical  man- 
ner. 

Ae-A-DE-ra"CIAN,  71.    [Fr.  aeademicien.] 

A  member  of  an  academy,  or  society  for  proratv 
ting  arts  and  sciences ;  particularly,  a  member  of 
the  French  academies. 

A-CAD'E-MISM,  ti.  The  doctrine  of  the  academic 
philosophy.  Baxter. 

A  CAD'E-MIST,  7i.  A  member  of  an  academy  for 
promoting  arts  and  sciences;  also,  an  academic  phi- 
losopher. 

A-CAD'E-.MY,  71.    [L.  academia;  Gr.  aicor'ijjjia.] 

Originally,  it  is  said,  a  garden,  grove,  or  villa, 
near  Athens,  where  Plato  and  his  followers  Iteld 
their  philosophical  conferences. 

1.  The  school  of  Plato. 

2.  A  school,  or  seminary  of  learning,  holding  a 
rank  between  a  university,  or  college,  and  a  com- 
mon school ;  also,  a  school  for  teaching  a  particular 
art,  or  particular  sciences  ;  as,  a  military  academy. 

3.  A  house,  in  which  the  students  or  members 
of  an  academy  meet ;  a  place  of  education. 

4.  A  society  of  men  united  for  the  promotion  of 
arts  and  sciences  in  general,  or  of  some  particular 
art  or  science. 

5.  The  term  academy  is  especially  applied  to  an 
institution  for  the  cultivation  and  promotion  of  the 
fine  arts,  partaking  of  the  character  both  of  an 
association  of  artists  for  mutual  improvement  and 
of  a  school  of  instruction. 

Academy  fif^ure ;  in  painting,  a  drawing  usually 
made  with  black  and  white  chalk,  on  tinted  paper, 
after  the  living  model.  Brande. 
A-CAL-E'PHAN,  71.     f  [Gr.    anaXriipri,  a  nettle.] 
A-CAL-E'PHA,  71.  pi.    >   Terms  applied  to  a  class  of 
A-CAL-E'PH^,  71.  pi.  J   marine,  nidiate  animals  or 
zoophytes ;  so  called  from  the  property,  possessed 
by  most  of  the  species,  of  irritating  and  inflaming 
the  skin  when  touched  ;  including  the  medusa,  sea- 
nettle,  jelly-fish,  &c.  [Acalepli  is  sometimes  found.] 

Brande. 

AC-.^-Na'CEOUS,  (ac-a-na'shus,)  a.  [Gr.  axavoi,  a 
prickly  shrub.] 

Anned  with  prickles.    A  class  of  plants  are 
called  Acanace^s.  Milne. 
A-€AN'TH.\,  n.    [Gr.  oKapBa,  a  spine  or  thorn.] 
In  botany,  a  prickle ;  in  zoology,  a  spine  or  prickly 
fin  ;  the  spinous  process  of  the  vertebrje.  Encyc. 
AC-AN-THa'CEOUS,  a.   Armed  with  prickles,  as  a 
plant, 

A-€AN'THICE,  71.   The  sweet  juice  of  ivy  buds. 

A-CAN'THINE,  a.    [See  Acanthus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  plant  acanthus.  The  acantJiine 
garments  of  the  ancients  were  made  of  the  down 
of  thistles,  or  embroidered  in  imitation  of  the  acan- 
thus.  Encyc. 

A-CAN'THO-POD,  ti.     [Gr.  a/cai/0o,  a  spine,  and 

TtOVi,  foot,] 

A  term  applied  to  a  tribe  of  clavicom  coleopter- 
ous insects,  including  those  species  with  spiny 
legs.  Brande. 

A-€AN-THOP-TE-RY(5'I-AN,  n.  The  name  of  an 
order  of  fishes. 

A  CAN-THOP-TE-RYC'I-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  aKai^Ba,  a 
thorn,  and  Trrcpvyioi',  a  little  feather,  from  nrepov, 
a  feather.] 

In  zoology,  having  back  fins,  which  are  hard,  bony 
and  prickly  :  a  term  applied  to  certain  fishes.  Linn. 

A-CAN'THUS,  71.  [Gr.  uKavOus,  L.  acanthus,  from 
aKiip6a,  a  prickle  or  thorn.    See  Acant:ia.] 

1  The  plant  bear's  breech  or  brank  ursine  ;  a 
'enus  of  several  species,  receiving  their  name  from 
t  ""eir  prickles. 

2.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  resembling  the 
foliage  or  leaves  of  the  acanthus,  used  in  the  capi- 
tals of  the  Corinthian  and  Coiniiosite  orders. 

Jiltlton.  Encyc. 

A-CAN'TI-CONE,  71.    See  Pistacite. 

A-C.^N'ZI-I,  71.  i>l.  The  name  given  to  light-horse 
in  Turkey.  Knowles. 

A-CAIl'I-UAN,  71.       )  Terms  applied  to  a  division 

A-CAR'l-DA,  71.  pl.\  of  Arachiiida,  including  the 
mite,  (atarus,)  and  the  tick,  (^ncinns.) 

A-CaK.N'AR,  71.  A  bright  star  of  the  first  magni- 
tude, in  Eridanus.  Bailey. 

AC'A-RUS,  71.  A  mite  ;  a  minute  animal  of  the  class 
Arachnida.  Brande. 

A-€AT-A-LEe'Tie,7i.  [Gr.  a«raraA>!i(roj,not  defec- 
tive at  the  end,  of  (tiiru  and  Xr))f,i,to  cease;  Ir. 
lieshim.'\  A  verse,  which  has  the  complete  number 
of  syllables  without  defect  or  superfluity.  Johnson. 

A-€AT'A-LEP-SY,  ii.  [Gr.  a«uraAi)i//iu  ;  a  and 
KnTft^ati}iait(.i,  to  colltprrheud.] 

Impossibility  of  complete  discovery  or  compre- 
hension ;  inrofiiprelieiiHihilitv.     [Little  used.} 

A-CA'l'-A-LEP'Tie,  a.  Incoiiipreliensible. 


A-Ca'TER,  A-€aTES'.  See  Cateber  and 
Cates. 

A-CA-THXR'SIA,  n,  [Gr.] 

1.  In  medicine,  impurity  of  the  blood  and  humors. 

2.  In  surgery,  the  filth  or  sordes  proceeding  from 
a  wound. 

A-CAU'LOUS, a.  [V.  a  priv.  and  caulis,  Gr.  xnuXaf , 
a  stalk,  W.  haul ;  D.  kool,  cabbage.  See  Colewort.] 
In  botany,  without  the  stem  called  caulis ;  as  the 
Carlhie  thistle. 

AC-CeDE',  v.  u  [L.  accede,  of  ad  and  cedo,  to  yield 
or  give  place,  or  rather  to  move.] 

1.  To  agree  or  assent,  eis  to  a  proposition,  or  to 
terms  proposed  by  another.  Hence,  in  a  negotia- 
tion, 

2.  To  become  a  party,  by  agreeing  to  the  terms 
of  a  treaty  or  convention. 

A€-Ck.D'ING,  ppr.  and  a.  Agreeing;  assenting;  be- 
coming a  party  to  a  treaty  by  agreeing  to  the  terms 
proposed. 

AC-CEL'ER-aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  accctero,oi ad  and  celero, 
to  hasten,  from  ccler,  quick;  Gr.  kiXik;  Heb.  Ch. 
Syr.  and  Eth.  ^hp,  r\hp  or  Vp,  to  be  light,  nimble  ; 
Byr.  to  hasten.  In  Ch.  and  Ar.  this  root  signifies, 
also,  to  be  small,  or  minute.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  faster ;  to  hasten  ;  to  quick- 
en motion  ;  to  add  to  the  velocity  of  a  moving  body. 
It  implies  previous  motion  or  progression. 

2.  To  add  to  natural  or  ordinar>'  progression  ;  as, 
to  accelerate  the  growth  of  a  plant,  or  the  progress 
of  knowledge. 

3.  To  bring  nearer  in  time ;  to  shorten  the  time 
between  the  present  time  and  a  future  event ;  as, 
to  accelerate  the  ruin  of  a  goveniment ;  to  accelerate 
a  battle.  Bacon. 

At'-CEL'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Quickened  in  mo- 
tion ;  hastened  in  progress. 

AcceleraUd  motion ;  in  mechanics  and  physics,  that 
which  contiijually  receives  accessions  of  velocity. 
At'-CEL'ER- A-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.   Hastening ;  increas- 
ing velocity  or  progression. 

Accelerating  force ;  the  force  which  causes  acceler- 
ated motion. 

AC-CEL-ER-a'TION,  71.   The  act  of  increasing  ve- 
locity or  progress  ;  the  state  of  being  quickened 
in  niotiim  or  action;. as,  a  fiilling  body  moves  to- 
>   wards  the  earth  with  an  acceleration  of  velocity.  It 
is  the  opposite  of  retardation. 

Acceleration  of  tJie  moon,  is  the  increase  of  the 
mtx)n's  mean  motion  from  the  sun,  compared  with 
the  diurnal  motion  of  the  earth  ;  the  moon  moving 
with  more  velocity  now  than  in  ancient  times  —  a 
discovery  made  by  Dr.  Halley. 

The  diurnal  acceleration  of  tJie  fixed  stars,  is  the 
time  by  which  they  anticipate  the  mean  diurnal 
revolution  of  the  sun,  which  is  nearly  three  minutes 
fifty-six  seconds.  Cyc. 

The  acceleration  of  the  planets,  is  the  increasing 
velocity  of  their  motion,  in  proceeding  from  the 
apogee  to  the  perigee  of  tlieir  orbits.  Brande. 
Ae-CEL'ER-A-TIVE,a.  Adding  to  velocity  ;  quick- 
ening progression.  Rrid. 
AC-CEL'ER-A-TO-RY, a.  Accelerating;  quickening 
motion. 

AC-CEND'  V.  L  [L.  acceii<io,  to  kindle  ;  ad  and  can- 
deo,  caneo,  to  be  vvhile,  canus,  white  ;  W.  can,  while, 
bright ;  also,  a  song.  Whence  canto,  to  sing,  to 
chant;  cantus,  a  song;  Eng.  cant;  W.  caiiu,  to 
bleach  or  whiten,  and  to  sing  ;  eynnud,  fuel. 
Hence,  kindle,  L.  Candidas,  candid,  white.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  throw,  dart,  or  thrust ;  to  shoot, 
as  the  rays  of  light.  Hence,  to  cant,  to  throw.  See 
Chant  and  Cant.]  To  kindle ;  to  set  on  fire. 
[  77ie  verb  is  not  used.} 

AC-CEN'D-I-BIL'I-TY,  71.  Capacity  of  being  kin- 
dled, or  of  becoming  inflamed. 

AC-CEXD'I-BEE,  a.  Capable  of  being  inflamed  or 
kindled.  Ure. 

A€-CEN'SION,  71.  The  act  of  kindling  or  setting  on 
fire  ;  or  the  state  of  being  kindled  ;  inflammation. 

ACCENT,  71.  [E.  accenlus,  from  ad  and  cano,  can- 
tnm,  to  sing;  W.  canui  Corn,  kana ;  Ir.  ca7iaim. 
See  AccENr>.] 

1.  The  modulation  of  the  voice  in  reading  or 
speaking,  as  practiced  by  the  ancient  Greeks,  which 
rendered  their  rehearsal  musical.  More  strictly,  in 
English, 

2.  A  iKirtictilar  stress  or  force  of  voice  upon  cer- 
tain syllables  of  words,  which  distinguishes  them 
from  tlie  others.  Accent  is  of  two  kinds,  primary 
anil  sei  imdary  ;  as  in  as'pi-ra'tion.  In  uttering  this 
word,  we  iibservc  the  7ir,.(  and  tliird  syllables  are 
distumuishi'd  ;  the  third  by  a  full  somikI,  which  con- 
stitutes the  primary  accent ;  the  fir.-!t,  by  a  liegree  of 
force  in  the  voice  which  is  less  than  that  of  the 
primary  accent,  but  evidently  greater  than  that 
which  falls  on  the  second  and  fourth  syllables. 

V\  hen  the  full  accent  falls  on  a  vowel,  that  vowel 
has  its  hing  sound,  as  in  vo'cal;  but  when  it  falls 
on  an  articulation  or  consonant,  the  preceding 
vowel  is  short,  as  in  hab'it.  Accent  alone  regulates 
English  verse. 

;t.  A  mark  or  character  used  in  writing  lo  direct 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


ACC 


the  str(;ss  of  thti  voici;  iu  proimnciaUoti.  Our  aii- 
ciistor.i  luiinivvi'il  fnmi  tlio  (irock  l:iiii!iiaKi)  tliri*  of 
llicsf  cliaracters,  tlu:  acute  ('),  tlio  grave  O,  mid  tlie 
circuinllcx  (",  or  In  the  Greek,  tlie  first  sliows 
vvliuii  tlic  voice  is  to  be  raisod  ;  the  second,  wlien 
It  is  to  he  ik'prcs.scil  ;  and  tlie  third,  when  tlie 
vowel  is  to  be  uttered  with  an  uiidulaliiitf  sound. 

•1.  A  modulation  of  the  voice  expressive  of  pas- 
sion or  s<'ntinients. 

The  Icinlcr  acceiU  of  a  woinaii'o  cry.  Prior. 

5.  Manner  of  speaking. 

A  mnn  of  plain  accent.    (f)be.)  Shah. 

•  6.  Poetically,  words,  language,  or  expressions  in 
general. 

Winds  I  on  your  winffs  to  heuvt^n  her  accents  Itear, 

Sucli  wonls  aa  hcaVL-ii  ulone  ia  lit  lo  hear.  Drydcn. 

7.  Tn  music,  either  the  stress  laiil  on  the  accented 
parts  of  the  bar,  called  ir-rammiitic.ul  accent ;  or  the 
emphasis  dictated  by  teelins,  and  giving  the  music 
its  peculiar  e.xpressitm,  called  uraturical  accent. 

Ci/c. 

8.  A  peculiar  tone  or  inlloction  of  voice. 

y.  In  mtithnnalics,  accents  are  iisi^d  to  distinguish 
magnitudes  of  the  same  or  similar  kind,  expressed 
by  the  same  letter,  but  ditteriiig  in  value  ;  as,  a',  u". 

10.  An  accent  at  the  right  hand  of  a  nuuih  r  ex- 
presses a  minute  of  a  degree,  two  accents  a  second, 
&,c.  /'.  tV. 

A€-CENT',  V.  t.  To  express  accent ;  to  utter  a  s\  1- 
lable  with  a  particular  stress  or  inodiilaiion  of  the 
voice.  In  puelnj,  to  utter  or  pronounce  in  general. 
Also,  to  note  accents  by  nnirks  in  writing. 

Locke.  fVottoii. 
AC-CEXT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Uttered  with  accent ; 
marked  with  accent. 

.Accented  parts  of  a  bar,  in  imusic,  are  those  parts 
of  the  bar  on  which  the  stress  falls;  as  the  first 
and  third,  in  common  time.  P.  Cijc. 

AC-CENT'ING,  ppr.  Pronouncing  or  marking  with 
accent. 

Ae-CK.VT'OR,  n.  In  music,  one  that  sings  the  lead- 
ing part. 

AC  CKXT'U-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  accent. 

Ae-CEi\T'lj-ATK,  r.  t.  To  mark  or  pronounce  with 
an  accent  or  with  accents. 

Ae-CENT'q-A-TED,  pp.  Marked  or  pronounced 
with  an  accent. 

AC-CENT' IJ-A -TING,  ppr.  Marking  or  pronounc- 
ing with  an  accent. 

A€-CEN'T- tJ-.\  'TION,  ji.  The  act  of  placing  accents 
in  writing,  or  of  pronouncing  them  in  speaking. 

A€-CEPT',  V.  t.  [L.  accrpto,  from  accipio,  ad  and 
capio,  to  take  ;  Fr.  accepter ;  Sp.  aceptar  ;  Port,  acci- 
tar  ;  It.  accr.Uare.    See  Lat.  capio.  Class  Gb.l 

1.  To  tiikc  or  receive  what  is  otTered  with  a  con- 
senting mind  ;  to  rective  with  approb.ation  or  favor ; 
as,  he  made  an  ofler  which  was  accepted. 

Blc^,  T.onl,  his  snbstaace,  and  accept  Uio  work  of  his  hands.  — 
Dciit.  xxxUi. 

Observe  the  difference  between  receive  and  accept. 

He  receiaed  an  appointment,  or  the  offer  of  a  commission,  but 
he  ilij  nol  accept  it. 

2.  To  regard  with  partiality  ;  to  value  or  esteem. 

U  is  not  gooit  to  accept  the  person  of  the  wicked.  —  Frov.  xviii. 
2  Cor.  viii. 

In  ilicolo<ry,  acceptance  with  God  implies  forgive- 
ness of  sins  and  receiition  into  his  favor. 

3.  To  consent  or  agree  to  ;  to  receive  as  temis  of 
a  contract ;  as,  to  accept  a  treaty  ;  —  often  followed 
by  of:  as,  accept  of  the  terms. 

4.  To  understand;  to  have  a  particular  idea  of ; 
to  receive  in  a  particular  sense ;  as,  how  is  this 
phrase  to  be  accepted  ? 

.5.  In  commerce,  to  agree  or  promise  to  pay  ;  as,  a 

bill  of  exchange.    [See  Acceptance.] 
A€-CEPT'A-I!I.E,  n.    Thtit  may  be  received  with 

pleasure  ;  hence,  pleasin";  to  a  receiver ;  gratifying  ; 

as,  an  aeceptubU  present. 
2.  Agreeable  or  pleasing  in  pcrstm ;  as,  a  man 

makes  himself  ncrc/ird/i/c  by  his  services  or  civilities. 
A€-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS,  j  H.  The  quality  of  being 
Ae-CEPT-.\-BIL'I-TV,    (     agreeable  to  a  receiver, 

or  to  a  person  with  wliom  one  has  intercourse. 

[The  latter  word  i^  tittle  iLsed,  or  nut  at  all.] 
AG-CEPT'A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  manner  to  please,  or 

give  satisfaction. 

Let  ua  haTC  grace  whereby  wa  may  serve  God  acceptably.  — 
Heb.  xii. 

AC-CEPT'ANCE,  71.  A  receiving  with  approbation 
or  satisfaction ;  favorable  reception  ;  as,  work  done 
to  aeeqitancc. 

Tliey  shall  come  up  with  acceptance  on  my  ottor.   Isa.  Ix. 

2.  The  receiving  of  a  bill  of  exchange  or  order, 
in  such  .1  manner  as  to  bind  the  accepter  to  make 
payment.  This  must  be  by  express  words ;  and  to 
charge  the  drawer  with  costs,  in  case  of  non-pay- 
ment, the  acci'ptance  miisi  be  in  writing,  iindi  r, 
across,  or  on  the  back  of  the  bill.  Blackstone. 

3.  An  agreeing  to  terms  or  proposals  in  commerce, 


ACC 


by  which  a  bargain  is  concluded  and  the  parties 
bound. 

4.  An  agreeing  lo  the  act  or  contract  of  another, 
by  some  act  which  hmds  the  person  iu  law  ;  as,  a 
bishop's  taking  rent  reserved  on  a  b  ase,  made  liy 
liis  predecessor,  is  an  acceptance  of  the  t(;riiis  of  tlie 
lease,  and  binds  the  parly.  Lam. 

5.  In  vicrcaiitile  lantsttarrr.  a  bMl  of  exchange  ac- 
ce|)ted  ;  as,  a  merchant  receives  another's  acceptance 
in  payment. 

6.  Formerly,  the  sense  in  which  a  word  is  under- 
stood.    [06s.]     See  ACCEFTATION. 

AC-(;i;PT-A'TION,  n.  Kind  reception;  a  receiving 
with  favor  or  approbation. 

This  is  a  sayinff  worthy  of  all  acceplntion.    I  Tim.  1. 

2.  A  state  of  being  acceptable ;  favorable  regard. 

Some  thing^s  are  of  great  dignity  and  acceptation  *  i(liti(vl. 

Jlooter. 

But  in  this  sense  acceptableness  is  more  generally 
used. 

3.  The  meaning  or  sense  in  which  a  word  or  ex- 
pression is  tiiidcrsliioil,  or  generally  received  ;  as,  a 
term  is  to  be  used  according  to  its  usual  acceptation. 

4.  Reception  in  general,    f  Oi.s\] 
AC-CEPT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    KintUy  received  ;  regarded  ; 

agreed  to ;  understood  ;  received  with  a  pledge  to 
pay,  as  a  bill  of  exchange. 

.AC CEPT'ER,  JI.  A  jierson  who  accepts  ;  the  pi.Tson 
who  receives  a  bill  of  exchange  so  as  to  bind  him- 
self to  pay  it.    [See  Acceptance.] 

Ae-CEI>-Ti-LA'TION',  w.  [from  L.J  Remission  of 
a  debt  by  an  acquittance  from  the  creditor,  without 
receiving  the  money.    [J^otused.]  Cottfrare. 

AG-CEPT'ING, /(/ir.  Receiving  favorably;  agreeing 
to  ;  understanding ,  primiising  to  pay,  as  a  draft. 

AC-CEP'TION,  n.  Acceptation  ;  the  reeeivt;d  sense 
of  a  word.    LXot  nownscd.]  Ifammand. 

AC-CEPT'IVE,  a.    Ready  to  accept.    [JV(4  used.] 

B.  JoiUion. 

A€-CESS',  or  A€'CESS,  n.  [L.  accessus,  from 
acccdo.    See  Accede.    Fr.  accds.] 

\.  A  coming  to  ;  near  apjiroach  ;  admittance ; 
admission  ;  as,  to  gain  access  to  a  prince. 

2.  Approach,  or  the  way  by  which  a  thing  may 
be  ajiproached  ;  as,  the  access  is  by  a  neck  of  bind. 

Bacon. 

3.  Means  of  approach  ;  liberty  to  approach ;  im- 
plying previous  obstacles. 

By  whom  also  we  have  access  by  faith.   Rom.  v. 

4.  Admission  to  sexual  intercourse. 

During  covprtiirp,  access  of  the  husbaud  shall  h"  presumed, 
unless  the  couUury  be  shown.  Blackstone. 

5.  Addition  ;  increase  by  something  added  ;  as, 
an  access  of  territory  ;  but  in  this  sense  accession  is 
more  generally  used. 

6.  The  return  of  a  fit  or  paroxysm  of  disease,  or 
fever.    In  this  sense  accession  is  generally  used. 

Ae'CES-SA-RI-LY.    See  AccEsaoniLT. 

A€'CES-S.V-UI-NESS.    See  Accessoriness. 

AC'CES-SA-RY.    See  Accessory. 

AC-CESS-r-BIL'I-TY,  ?!.  The  quality  of  being  ap- 
proachable, or  of  admitting  access.  Langhorne. 

AeCEfS'l-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  approached  or 
reached;  appro.ichablo ;  applied  to  tilings;  as,  an 
acrcssibtc  to\\'n  tir  mountain. 
2.  Easy  of  approach ;  all'able  ;  vsed  of  persons. 

A€-CES.S'I-nLY,  adi\   So  as  to  be  accessible. 

AC-CES'SION,  «.  [L.  aceessio.]  A  coining  to  ;  an 
acceding  to  and  joining ;  as,  a  king's  accessioit  to  a 
confederacy. 

2.  Increase  by  something  added  ;  that  which  is 
added  ;  augmentation ;  tts,  an  accessiott  of  wealth  or 
territory. 

The  only  accession  which  the  Roman  empire  recei%'cd,  wrs  the 
province  of  BriUtin.  Ciltbon, 

3.  In  late,  a  mode  of  acquiring  property,  by  which 
the  owner  of  a  corporenl  substance,  which  receives 
an  a-dilition  by  growth,  or  by  labor,  has  a  right  to 
the  tiling  added  or  the  improvement ;  provided  the 
thing  is  not  changed  into  a  different  species.  Thus 
tlie  owner  of  a  cow  becomes  the  owner  of  her  calf. 

Black-ytone. 

4.  The  act  of  arriving  at  a  throne,  an  olhce,  or 
dignity. 

5.  The  invasion  of  a  fit  of  a  periodical  disease,  or 
fever.  It  differs  from  exacerbation.  .Accession  im- 
plies a  total  previous  intermission,  as  of  a  fever ; 
exacerbation  implies  only  a  previous  remission  or 
abatement  of  vitdence. 

AG-CES'SION-AL,  a.  Additional. 

.\e-CES-S5'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  accessory ;  as, 
accessorial  agency,  accessorial  guilt.   Burr's  Trial. 

Ae'CES-SO-RI-LY,  adv.  [See  Accessory.]  In  the 
manner  of  an  accessory  ;  by  subordinate  means,  or 
in  a  secondarv'  character ;  not  as  princii>al,  but  as  a 
stiborilinate  apent. 

Ae'CE.S-.s;()-KI-.\ESfe,  n.  The  state  of  being  acces- 
sor}', or  of  being  or  acting  in  a  secondary  character. 

ACCES-SO-RY,  a.  [L.  accesstfriuji,  from  acce.-<sus, 
acccdo.  Sec  Accede.  This  'tijprd  is  accented  on 
the  first  syllable  on  account  of  the  derivatives, 


ACC 


which  It  tpiire  a  secondary  accent  on  the  thin! ;  but 
the  natural  accent  of  accessory  is  on  the  second  syl- 
lable, and  thus  it  is  often  pronounced.] 

1.  Acceding  ;  contributing  ;  aiding  in  producing 
some  effect,  ur  acting  in  subordination  to  the  prin- 
cipal agent.  Usually  in  a  bad  sense;  as,  John  was 
accessory  to  the  felony. 

2.  Aiding  in  certain  acts  or  effects  in  a  secondary 
manner;  as,  acccssori/ sounds  in  music.  Knnje^ 

Accessory  nerves,  in  auatcjiiiy,  a  pair  of  nerves, 
which,  arising  from  the  nii  iliilla  iu  the  verlebrie  ot^ 
the  neck,  ascend  anil  eiiti  r  the  skull  ;  then,  passing 
out  with  the  par  vaiium,  are  distributed  into  the 
muscles  of  the  neck  anil  shoulders.  Enryc. 
At)'(;ES-SO-ll Y,  71.  Ill  law,  one  who  is  guilty  of  a 
fi  loiiy,  not  liy  committing  the  offense  in  person  or 
as  |>rincipal,  but  by  advising  or  commanding  another 
to  coniiiiit  tlie  crime,  or  by  concealing  the  ofl'ender. 
'I'here  may  be  accessories  in  all  felonies,  but  not  in 
treason.  An  accessory  bifure  the  fact,  is  one  who 
counsels  or  commands  another  to  commit  a  felony, 
and  is  not  present  when  the  act  is  executed;  after 
the  fact,  when  one  receives  and  conceals  the  of- 
fender. 

2.  That  which  accedes  or  belongs  to  something 
else,  as  its  principal. 

.Accessory,  among  painters,  an  epithet  given  to 
parts  of  a  hislory-pii  ce  whicli  are  merely  orna- 
mental, as  vases,  armor,  &e. 

AC'CI-M-€A-TV<RA,  (at'che-iik-ka  tii'rai,)  n.  [It.] 
In  music,  a  grace  note,  one  semitone  below  the 
note  to  which  it  is  prefixed.  Brunde. 

A€'CI-I)£[VCE,  71.  [See  Accident.]  A  small  book 
containing  the  rudiments  of  grammar. 

ACCl-UEi\"I',  71.  [I>.  accidens,  falling,  from  ad  and 
cado,  to  fall ;  VV.  eodum,  a  fall,  cwyzaw,  to  fall  ;  Ir. 
kudaim  ;  Corn,  kotha;  Arm.  kuetlia,  to  fall.  See 
Case  and  Cadence.    Class  Gd.] 

1.  A  coming  or  falling ;  an  event  that  takee 
place  without  one's  foresight  or  expectation ;  an 
event  which  proceeds  from  an  unknown  cause,  or 
is  an  unusual  effect  of  a  known  cause,  and  there- 
fore not  expected  ;  chance  ;  casualty  ;  contingency. 

2.  That  which  takes  place  or  begins  to  exist  with- 
out an  efficient  intelligent  cause  and  without  de- 
sign. 

All  of  them,  in  his  opinion,  owe  their  being  lo  fate,  accident,  or 
the  blind  action  of  stupid  in;vlter.  Dwigltt. 

3.  Ill  logic,  a  property,  or  quality  of  a  being  which 
is  not  essential  to  it,  as  whiteness  in  paper.  This 
word  is  also  ajiplied  to  all  qualities  in  opposition  to 
substance,  as  stcectness  and  softness,  and  to  things 
not  essential  to  a  body,  as  clothes.  Encyc. 

4.  In  grammar,  something  belonging  to  a  wjird, 
but  not  essential  to  it,  as  gender,  number,  and  case. 

Encyc, 

5.  In  heraldry,  a  point  or  mark,  not  essential  to  a 
coat  of  arms.  Enctjc. 

Ae  ci-UENT'AL,  a.  Happening  by  chance,  or 
rather  unexpectedly;  casual;  fortuitous;  taking 
place  not  according  to  the  usual  course  of  things; 
opposed  to  that  which  is  constant,  regular,  or  In- 
tended ;  as,  an  accidental  visit. 

2.  Ncm-essential ;  not  necessarily  belonging  to; 
as,  songs  are  accidental  to  a  play. 

Accidental  fats  and  sharps,  in  music,  arc  those 
flats  and  sharps  which  arc  prefixed  to  such  notes 
as  would  be  natural  by  the  signature.  The  natural 
sign,  prefixed  to  a  note,  is  also  accidentally  fiat  or 
sharp,  according  as  the  note  is  sharp  or  flat  by  the 
signature. 

Accidental  colors,  are  those  which  depend  upon 
the  alTections  of  the  eye,  in  distinction  from  Ihose 
which  belong  to  the  light  itself.  Kncyc 

Accidental  point,  in  perspective,  is  that  point  in 
the  liori/ontal  line,  where  the  projections  of  two 
lines  parallel  to  each  other  meet  the  persjicctive 
plane.  Encyc. 

A€-C1-DE.\T',\L,  71.  Accidentals,  in  music,  are  acci- 
dental flats  or  sharps.  Accidentids,  in  painting,  arc 
those  chance  etlects,  arising  from  luminous'' rays 
falling  on  certain  objects,  by  which  they  are 
broiiuht  into  a  stronger  licht,  and  tln  ir  shadows 
rendered  more  intense,  than  they  otherwise  would 
be.  Brande. 

AC-CI-DUXT'AI^LY,  adv.  By  chance;  casually; 
fortuitouslv  ;  not  essentially. 

AC-CI-I)E.\T'AL-i\ESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
casual.    [Little  used.] 

AC-CI-UE.\'TIA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  acci- 
dence.   [JVot  uscd.\  MinrUm, 

AC-CI-PE.N'SER,  71.    See  Acipenser. 

Ae-("IP'I-E.\T,  71.    A  receiver. 

AC-CIP'I-TER,  71.    [I>.  nd  and  capio,  lo  seize.] 

1.  A  name  eiven  to  a  fish,  the  .MiUtis  or  Luctrna. 
a  species  of  Trigla.  Cye. 

2.  In  ornitJiotogy,  one  of  the  order  of  rapacious 
birds. 

The  Accipitres  have  a  hooked  bill,  the  superior 
mandible,  near  the  base,  being  i  xtr^nded  on  etich 
side  beyond  the  inferior.  The  genera  are  the  Vul- 
ture, the  Falro  or  hawk,  and  the  Strix  or  owl. 


TOiXE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS._e  as  K  ;  ft  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


a 


ACC 


ACC 


ACC 


A€-CIP'I-TRINE,  a.  [Supra.]    Seizing;  rapacious; 

a^,  the  accipitrine  order  of  birds.  fid.  Knctjc. 

AC-CI'i'E',  V.  t.    [L.  ad  and  nt.,,  to  cite.]    To  call ; 

to  cite  ;  to  summon.         i  ii.-n/.] 
AC-CLaIM',  v.  t.    [L.  iii  fiiiniK,  ad  and  clamo,  to  cry 

out;  Sp.  chimur ;  Full,  clunmr ;   It.  clamare;  W. 

llevaht ;  Ir.  Uamham.    See  Claim,  Clamor.]  To 

applaud.    [LiUle  «,^■(.•^/.]  Hall. 
A€-eLAlM',  71.    A  sliout  of  joy;  acclamation. 

.Vihon. 

Ae-GLA-MA'TION,  M.  [L.  acdamatio.  See  Acclaim.] 

1.  A  shout  of  applause  uttered  by  a  multitude. 
Anciently,  acclamation  was  a  form  of  «  (M(Is,  ut- 
tered with  vehemence,  somewhat  resemliliufr  a 
song,  sometimes  accompanied  with  applauses  wliich 
were  given  by  the  hands.  Acclamations  were 
ecclesiastical,  military,  nuptial,  senatorial,  synodi- 
cal,  theatrical,  &c. ;  they  were  musical  and  rliyth- 
mical,  and  bestowed  for  joy,  ri'spi'cl,  and  even 
reproach,  and  oftru  repeated,  five,  twenty,  and 
even  sixty  and  eiijhty  times.  In  the  later  ages  of 
Home,  acclamations  were  performed  by  a  chorus 
of  nmsic  instructed  for  the  purpose.  Encijc. 

In  modern  times,  acclamations  are  expressed  by 
hurrahs ;  by  clapping  of  hands  ;  and  often  by  re- 
peating vimt  rex,  vivat  resptiblica,  long  live  the  king 
or  republic,  or  other  words  e.\pressive  of  joy  and 
good  wishes. 

2.  In  archtrology,  a  representation,  in  sculpture  or 
on  medals,  of  people  expressing  joy.  Aalamution 
medals,  are  tliose  on  which  laudatory  acclamations 
are  recorded.  Eliiics. 

AC-eLAM'A-TO-RY,  a.  Expressing  joy  or  applause 
by  shouts,  or  clapping  of  hands. 

Ae-CLl'MATE,  V.  U  \ac,  for  ad,  and  climate.]  To 
habituate  the  body  to  a  climate  not  native,  so  as 
not  to  be  pectiliarly  exposed  to  its  endemic  diseases. 

Ae-CLT'MA-TED.yip.  or  a.  Habituated  to  a  foreign 
climate,  or  a  climate  not  native ;  so  far  accustomed 
to  a  foreign  climate  as  not  to  be  pecidiarly  liable  to 
its  endemic  diseases.  Med.  Repository. 

A€-eLI-JlA'T10N,  71.  The  process  of  becoming 
habituated  to  a  foreign  climate. 

2.  The  slate  of  being  habituated  or  inured  to  a 
climate. 

AC-CLl'MA-TIZE,  v.  t.  To  inure  plants  to  a  climate 
different  from  that  which  is  natural  to  theuL  Brande. 

Ae-eLI'MA-TIZ--£;D,  pp.  and  a.  Inured  to  a  dif- 
ferent climate. 

Ae-€LI'iMA-TiZ-ING,  ppr.  Iimring  to  a  dilTerent 
climate. 

A€;-eLI'MA-TllRE,  7i.  Act  of  acclimating,  or  state 
of  being  acclimated.  Caldwell. 

AC-CLIVI-TY,  n.  [L.  acclivus,  acclivis,  ascending, 
from  ad  and  clious,  an  ascent ;  Ir.  clui ;  Gr.  Eol. 
kAittu?  ;  Sax.  clif,  a  cliff,  bank  or  shore;  clifiaa, 
cleofian,  to  cleave  or  split.    See  Clipf.] 

A  slope  or  inclination  of  the  earth,  as  the  side  of 
a  hill,  considered  as  ascendin;;,  in  oppusitiun  to  de- 
clioilij,  or  a  side  descending.  Rising  ground  ;  ascent ; 
the  talus  of  a  rampart. 

Ae  CLl' VOUS,  a.    Rising,  as  a  hill  with  a  slope. 

Ae  CLOY',  V.  L  To  till  ;  to  stuli";  to  till  to  satiety. 
[See  Clov.]  Spenser. 

AC-COIL',  v.  i.   To  encircle ;  to  gather  around. 

Speiiser, 

AG-CO-LaDE',  71.    [L.  a/1  and  eollum,  neck.) 

A  ceremony  formerly  usimI  in  conferring  knight- 
hood ;  but  whether  an  embrace  or  a  blow,  seems 
not  to  be  settled.  Cyc. 

AC'CO-LE.NT,  71.  [h,  wl  and  colo.]  A  borderer ;  one 
who  dwells  on  a  border  of  a  country,  or  near,  j^sli. 

Ae-C().M'.\IO-I).\-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  accummodable.  See 
Accommodate.] 

That  may  be  fitted,  made  suitable,  or  made  to 
agree.    [Lillle  used.] 

AC-eOM'M()-nA-liLI>NESS,  71.  The  capability  of 
accommoilating.  • 

A€;-€0,M'.MO-DaTR,  7).  t.  [I.,  aeeom/nodn,  to  apply 
or  suit,  from  a^^  and  co7ii77ii«^,  to  profit  or  help;  of 
C07I,  with,  and  mudu.i,  measure,  proportion,  limit,  or 
manner.    See  Modk.] 

1.  To  tit,  adapt,  or  make  suitable;  as,  to  accom- 
modute  ourselves  to  circumstances  ;  to  accommodate. 
the  choice  of  subjects  to  the  occasions.  Foley. 

2.  To  supply  with  or  furnish  ;  — followed  by 
with  ;  as,  to  accommodate  a  man  with  apartments. 

3.  To  supply  with  conveniences  ;  as,  \,a  accommo- 
date a  friend. 

4.  To  reconcile  things  which  are  at  variance  ;  to 
adjust ;  as,  to  accommodate  differences. 

!>.  To  show  fitness  or  agreement ;  to  apply  ;  as, 
to  accommodate  pro))hecy'to  events. 
i>.  Tti  lend  to  —  a  commercial  sen.te. 
Ill  an  intransitive  sense,  to  agree,  to  be  conform- 
able to,  as  used  by  lloyle.    [  Ohs.] 
AG  CO.M'.MO-U.Yl'E,  71.    Suitable;  fit;  adapted;  as, 

mi-ails  accommodole  to  tile  end.      Jtai/.  '/'///(itvi.ii. 
AC  fO.M'MO-IJA  'I  KD,  /./..    Kitted  :  adjiiHled  ;  adapt- 
ed ;  a|iplied  ;  also,  f'uriiishiul  with  conveniences  ; 
iL»,  we  are  well  accommoiiutrd  with  lodgings. 
AeCD.M'.MO-D.VTE  LY,     adv.       Suitably;  filly. 
[/aUU  used.]  More. 


AC-eOM'AlO-DATE-NESS,  71.  Fitness.  [LiUle 
used.  ] 

AC-Ci).\I'MO-Da-TING,  ppr.  Adapting;  making 
suitable ;  reconcUing ;  fornishmg  with  conveni- 
ences ;  applying. 

Ae-eOM'MO-DA-TING,  a.  Adapting  one's  self  to  ; 
obliging  ;  yielding  to  the  desires  of  others ;  disposed 
to  comply,  and  to  oblige  another ;  as,  an  accommo- 
datintr  man. 

AC-eo.M-MO-DA'TION,  71.  Fitness;  adaptation; 
—  followed  by  to. 

The  orgiiQ(z;ilion  of  the  body  wilh  accommodation  to  its  func- 
tions, liale. 

2.  Adjustment  of  differences ;  reconciliation  ;  as 
of  parties  in  dispute. 

3.  Provision  of  conveniences. 

4.  In  the  p/wra?,  conveniences ;  things  furnished 
for  use ;  —  chiefly  applied  to  lodgings. 

5.  In  mercantile  language,  accommodation  is  used 
for  a  loan  of  money  "which  is  often  a  great  c»7i- 
venience.  An  accommodation  note,  in  the  language 
of  bank  directors,  is  one  drawn  and  oti'erefi  f  ur  dis- 
count, for  the  purpose  of  borrowing  its  aniimiit,  in 
oppositiiui  to  a  note  which  the  owner  lias  received 
in  payment  for  goods. 

In  England,  an  accommodation  bill  is  one  given  in- 
stead of  a  loan  of  money.  Crabbe. 

6.  It  is  also  used  of  a  note  lent  merely  to  accom- 
modate the  borrower. 

7.  In  theology,  accommodation  is  the  application 
of  a  passage  to  soinething  not  originally  intetided  by 
it,  on  the  ground  of  resemblance  or  analogy. 

Miiiy  of  hose  qnolatioiis  wpre  probably  iulciicled  as  nothing 
inure  than  accomniudalioris.  Paiey, 

8.  In  marine  language,  an  accommodation  ladder  is 
a  light  ladder  hung  over  the  side  of  a  ship  at  the 
gangway. 

AC  eOM'MO-DA-TIVE,  o.  Furnishing  accommo- 
dation. 

AC-eOM'MO-DA-TOR,  71.  One  that  accommodates ; 
one  that  adjusts.  fVarburton. 

AC-Cn.M'PA-NA-BLE,  a.  [See  Accompany.]  So- 
ciable.   [JVuf  used.] 

AC-€OM'l'A-NI-£r),  jtp.  Attended  by:  connected 
with. 

A€-COM'PA-NI-MENT,  77.  [Fr.  accompagnemcnt. 
See  Accompany.]  Something  that  attends  as  a* 
circumstance,  or  which  is  added  by  way  of  orna- 
ment to  the  principal  thing,  or  for  the  sake  of  sym- 
metrj'. 

.Accompaniment,  in  music,  the  subordinate  part,  or 
parts,  accompanying  the  voice,  or  .a  principal  in- 
strument; also,  the  harmony  of  a  figured  base. 

Accompaniment  of  the  scale,  in  music,  the  hartnony 
assigned  to  the  series  of  notes  forming  the  diatonic 
scale,  ascending  and  descending.  P.  Cyc. 

Accompaniment,  in  painting,  an  object  accessory 
to  the  principal  object,  and  serving  for  its  orna- 
ment or  illustration.  Brande. 
AC-eO.M  PA-NIST,  71.   The  performer  in  music  who 

takes  the  accompanying  part.  Busby. 
AC-COM' PA-NY,  7'.  t.    [Fr.  accompagner ;  Sp.  acom- 
panar ;  Vort.  accompanhur.    See  Company.] 

1.  To  go  with  or  .attend  as  a  companion  or  asso- 
ci.ite  on  a  journey,  walk,  etc.  ;  as,  a  man  accom- 
panies his  friend  to  church,  or  on  a  tour. 

2.  Til  be  with,  as  connected;  to  attend  ;  as,  pain 
accompanies  disease. 

AC-COM'PA-NY,  V.  i.  To  attend;  to  be  an  asso- 
ciate; as,  to  acco77i^a7ii/ with  others.  [OAs.] 

Bacon. 

2.  To  cohabit.  Milton. 

3.  In  music,  to  perform  the  accompanying  part  in 
a  composition.  Busbif. 

AC-COM'PA-NY-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Attending  ;  going 
with,  as  a  companion. 

Ae-CO.M'PLlCi;,  71.  [Fr.  complice;  L.  complicalus, 
folded  together,  of  coii,  with,  and  plica,  to  fold  ;  \V. 
plegy,  to  plait  ;  Arm.  plega.  See  Complex  and 
Pleohe.]  An  associate  in  a  crime;  a  partner  or 
partaker  in  guilt.  It  was  formerly  used  in  a  good 
sense  for  a  co-operator,  but  this  sense  is  wholly  ob- 
solete. It  is  followed  by  with  before  a  person  ;  as, 
A  was  an  accomplice  7rif/i  I!  in  the  murder  of  C. 
Drvdi'ii  uses  it  with  to  before  a  thing. 

AC-CO.M'PI.ICE-SHIP,  J!.  'Phe  state  of  being  an 
accomplice.  II.  Taylor. 

AC-CO.M'PLISH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  aecomplir,  to  finish',  from 
ad  and  L.  compleo,  to  complete.  See  Complete.] 
To  complete  ;  to  finish  entirely. 

'i'lKit  He  would  ncromplish  seventy  yciirs  hi  the  di'sulalion  of 
J.  riimil.  ni.  —  Dan.  ix. 

2.  To  execute ;  as,  to  accomplish  a  vow,  wrath,  or 
fury.    Lev.  xiii.  and  vx. 

3.  To  gain  ;  to  obtain  or  efTi  ct  by  successful  ex- 
ertions ;  as,  to  accomplish  a  purpose.    I'rov.  xiii. 

4.  To  fulfill  or  bring  to  jiass  ;  as,  to  accomplish  a 
prophecy. 

'I'liU  lhat  b  wrillen  iniiBl  yet  b«?  accortiplinhed  ill  me.  —  Lulic 
xxil. 

5.  To  furnisft  with  qualities  which  serve  to 


render  the  mind  or  body  complete,  as  with  valuable 
endowments  and  elegant  manners. 
G.  To  arm  and  equip. 

The  annorprs  accomplishing  the  knights.  Shak. 
.'Ve-eOM'PHSH-£D,  pp.    Finished ;  completed  ;  ful- 
filled; executed  ;  effected. 

2.  a.  Well  endowed  with  good  qualities  and 
manners;  complete  in  acquirements;  having  a 
finished  education  ;  applied  usually  to  actpiired 
qualifications,  without  including  moral  excellence. 

3.  Fashionalile.  SwifU 
Ae  CO.M'PLI.-^li-ER,  71.    One  who  accomplishes. 
AC-CO.M'PLISH-ING,  p/)r.    Finishing;  completing; 

fulfilling  ;   executing ;  elTecting  ;  furnishing  with 
valuable  qualities. 
Ae-eOM'PLISH-.MENT,  n.     Completion;  fulffll- 
ment;  entire  performance;  as,  the  accomplishment 
of  a  prophecy. 

2.  The  act  of  carrying  into  eflect,  or  obtaining  ait 
object  designed;  attainment;  as,  the  accomplishment 
of  our  desires  or  ends. 

3.  Acquirement ;  that  which  constitutes  excel- 
lence of  mind,  or  elegance  of  maiiners,  acquired  by 
education. 

AC-eO.MPT'.    [Obs.]    See  Account. 

AC-eO.MPT'ANT.    [Obs.]    See  Accquntant. 

AC-CORD',  77.  [Fr.  accord,  agreement,  consent ; 
«cc(J7-fifr,  to  adjust,  or  reconcile  ;  Sp.  acordar  ;  Arm. 
accord,  accordi ;  It.  accordo,  accordare.  The  I^al. 
has  concors,  concordo.  (iu.  cor  and  cordis,  the 
heart,  or  from  the  same  root.  In  some  of  its  appli- 
cations, it  is  naturally  deduced  from  chorda.  It. 
corda,  the  string  of  a  musical  instrument.] 

1.  Agreement ;  harmony  of  minds ;  consent  or 
concurrence  of  opinions  or  wills. 

They  all  cootiiuied  wilh  one  accoid  in  prayer.  —  Acts  i. 

2.  Concert ;  harmony  of  sounds ;  the  union  of 
different  sounds,  which  is  agreeable  to  the  ear; 
agreement  in  pitch  and  tone ;  as,  the  accord  of 
notes  ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is  more  usual  to  emiiloy 
concord  or  chord. 

3.  Agreement :  just  correspondence  of  things ;  as, 
the  afcorT/ of  light  and  shade  in  painting. 

4.  Will ;  voluntary  or  spontaneous  motion  ;  used 
of  the  will  of  persops,  or  the  natural  motion  of 
other  bodies,  and  preceded  by  own. 

Being  more  for\varii  of  his  own  accord.  — 2  Cor.  viii. 
That  wliicli  groweth  of  its  own  accord  Uiou  sliaJt  not  reap. 
L.ev,  xxY. 

5.  Adjustment  of  a  difference ;  reconciliation  ; 
as,  the  mediator  of  an  accord. 

li.  In  law,  an  agreement  between  parties  in  con- 
troversy, by  which  satisfaction  for  an  injuty  is 
stipulated,  and  which,  when  executed,  bars  a  suit. 

Blachstone. 

7.  Permission,  leave. 
AG-CORD',  V.  t.    To  make  to  agree,  or  correspond  ; 
to  adjust  one  thing  to  another. 

Her  luuida  accorded  llie  lute's  music  to  the  voice.  Sidney. 

2.  To  bring  to  an  agreement ;  to  settle,  adjust,  or 
compose  ;  as,  to  accord  suits  or  controversies. 

Hale. 

3.  To  grant,  to  give,  to  concede  ;  as,  to  accord  to 
one  due  praise. 

AG-GORD',  V.  i.    To  agree  ;  to  be  in  correspondence. 

My  lieart  accordedt  with  my  tongue.  Sliak. 

2.  To  agree  in  pitch  and  tone. 
AG-GORD' A  BLE,  a.    Agreeable;  consonant. 

Oower. 

AG-GORD'ANCE,  77.  Agreement  wilh  a  person  ;  con- 
formity with  a  thing.  Shak. 

AC-GOIId'.VNT,  a.  Corresponding;  consonant; 
agreeable. 

AC  GORD'ANT-LY,  add.  In  accordance  or  agree- 
ment. Dwight. 

AC-GORD'ED,  pp.    Made  to  agree  ;  adjusted. 

AG-GORD'ER,  71.  One  that  aids,  or  favors.  [Little 
used.  ] 

AG-GORD'ING,  ;>pr.  or  a.    Agreeing;  harmonizing. 

Th'  accorthng  music  of  ft  well-mixl  state.  Pope. 

2.  Suitable ;  agreeable  ;  in  accordance  with.  In 
these  senses,  the  word  agrees  with  or  refers  to  a 
sentence. 

Our  7j'nl  should  be  according  to  itnowledge.  Sprat. 
Noble  is  tlie  taine  Uiat  is  built  on  candor  and  in^jenuity,  accord' 
ing  to  those  lieautitui  lines  of  Sir  John  Denhaiii.  Sjtect. 

Here  the  vvhide  preceding  parts  of  the  sentence 
are  to  accord,  i.  e.  agree  with,  corresponti  wilh,  or 
be  suitable  to,  what  follows.  According,  here,  has 
its  true  participial  sense,  agreeing,  and  is  followetl 
by  to.    It  is  never  a  preposition. 

AG-GORD'ING-I.Y,  adr.  Agreeably;  suitiibly ;  in  a 
manner  conformable  to. 

Those  who  live  in  faith  and  good  works,  will  be 
rewarded  acrordingli/. 

AC-GORO'l-OiN,  n.  Ifrom  ot^cord.]  A  small  keyed 
wind  instrument,  wliosi^  tones  are  generattul  by  the 
play  of  wind  upon  metallic  reeds.  It  is  a  small 
wind  rliesi,  the  sides  of  which  are  made  to  fiild  and 
expand  like  a  bellows.    On  the  top  are  apertures  in 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHi^T  METU,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRB.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.- 


10 


ACC 


ACC 


ACC 


winch  the  reeds  are  iiiscrtcd,  nnd  upon  h  liidi  tlm 
reeds  pluy.  Km  li  key  playiiij!  on  two  apertures,  tile 
reeds  of  which  are  furnished  with  reversed  valves, 
is  made  to  roniniand  two  successive  notes  in  tlie 
sealo.accordiUR  as  the  wind  is  drawn  in  by  expand- 
ing the  chest,  or  forced  out  by  closing  it.  In  addi- 
tion to  Ihi'  keys,  there  is  a  slide  which  opens  upon 
nreds  attuned  to  the  harmonics  of  the  tonic  and 
dominant,  by  opening  which  the  air  has  an  liar- 
inunic  accompaniment.  'I'he  bottom  of  the  chest 
is  furnished  with  a  large  key,  by  which  the  chest 
may  be  opened,  and  suddenly  exhausted  or  filled, 
as  need  requires.  This  is  a  melodious  portable  in- 
strument, commanding  two  or  three  octaves  in  the 
diatonic  scali\  Prof.  Fitch. 

AC-COR'I'O-RaTE,  v.  U  To  unite.  [jXul  in  xusc] 
fSee  Incorporate.]  jifilton. 

AC-eOST',  I).  (.  [Fr.  arr.n.iter;  ml  and  cute,  side, 
border,  coast ;  G.  loiste;  D.  kiist;  Dan.  /.i/s/.] 

To  approach ;  to  draw  near ;  to  front,  or  face. 
[JVtft  in  iisc] 

2.  To  speak  first  to  ;  to  address.  Jiniton.  Dnjden. 
AC-COST',  V.  i.  To  adjoin,  [■^'"i  i"  tisr.]  Spenser. 
AC-COST'A-BLE,  o.    Easy  of  access  ;  familiar. 

HoioelL 

AC-COST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Addressed  ;  first  spoken  to. 
In  hernlilni,  being  side  bv  side. 

AC-CO-ST'ING,  ppr.    Addressing  bv  first  speaking  to. 

AC  eOLrcHE'.MENT,  (ac-coosh'mong,)  «.  [Fr.]  De- 
livery in  child-bed. 

AC-eOUCH-EUR',  (ac-coo-share',)  «.  [Fr.]  A  man" 
who  assists  women  in  childbirlh. 

AC-COUNT',  II.  [Fr.  conic:  It.  conto ;  Sp.  ciicnia ; 
.\rm.  count;  nn  account,  reckoning,  computation. 
Formerly  writers  used  accompt  from  the  Fr.  comptc. 
See  Count.] 

1.  A  sum  stated  on  paper ;  a  registry  of  a  debt  or 
credit ;  of  debts  and  credits,  or  charges  ;  an  entry 
in  A  book  or  on  paper  of  things  bought  or  sold,  of 
payments,  services,  &c.,  including  the  names  of 
the  parties  to  the  transaction,  date,  and  price  or 
value  of  the  thing. 

.Recount  sicnifies  a  single  entrj',  or  charge,  or  a 
statement  of  a  number  of  particular  debts  and 
credits,  in  a  book  or  on  a  separate  paper ;  and  in  the 
plural,  is  used  for  the  books  containing  such  entries. 

•2.  A  computation  of  debts  and  credits,  or  a  general 
statement  of  particular  sums  ;  as,  the  account  stands 
thus  ;  let  him  exhibit  his  account. 

3.  A  computation  or  mode  of  reckoning;  applied 
to  other  things  than  money  or  trade;  as,  the  Julian 
account  of  time. 

4.  Narrative  ;  relation  ;  statement  of  facts  ;  recital 
of  particular  transactions  and  events,  verbal  or 
written  ;  as,  an  account  of  the  revolution  in  France. 
Hence, 

5.  An  assignment  ef  reasons;  explanation  by  a 
reciuil  of  particular  transactions,  given  by  a  person 
in  an  employment,  or  to  a  superior,  often  implying 
responsibility  ;  answering  for  conduct. 

Give  oil  account  of  thy  slewartUhip.  —  Liike  xvi. 
Without  responsibility  or  obligation. 

He  ^velli  not  account  of  Iiis  niatlere.  —  Job  xxxiii. 

6.  Reason  or  consideration,  as  a  motive  ;  as,  on 
all  acconntji,  on  every  account. 

7.  Value  ;  importance  ;  estimation  ;  that  is,  such 
a  state  of  persons  or  things  as  renders  them  worthy 
of  more  or  less  estimation ;  as,  men  of  account 

What  is  the  son  of  inan,  tliat  lliou  niakcsl  account  of  him? 

—  I's  il.  CXiiv. 

8.  Profit ;  advantage ;  that  is,  n  result  or  produc- 
tion worthy  of  estimation.  To  find  our  account  in 
a  pursuit ;  to  turn  to  account.    Philip,  iv. 

9.  Regard  ;  behalf;  sake;  a  sense  deduced  from 
charges  un  book. 

Put  that  10  my  account.  —  PJiileni.  IS. 

To  make  account,  that  is,  to  have  a  previous 
opinion  or  expectation,  is  a  sense  now  obsolete. 

A  writ  of  account,  in  law,  is  a  xvrit  which  the 
plaintift' brings  demanding  that  th(^  defendant  should 
render  his  just  account,  or  show  good  cause  to  the 
contrarv  ;  called  also  an  action  of  accounL  Ciiwcl. 
AC-COUNT',  B.  (.  To  deem,  judge,  consider,  think, 
or  hold  in  opiajM|. 

I  anJ  my  son  .^olfTon  shall  be  accounted  ofTrnders.  —  1  King^  i. 

2.  To  account  of,  to  hold  in  esteem  ;  to  value. 

Silver  was  not  any  thing  accounted  of  in  the  days  of  Solomon. 

—  I  Kin^B  X. 

3.  To  reckon,  or  compute  ;  as,  the  motion  of  the 
sun  whereby  years  are  nccounlnl :  also,  to  assign  as 
a  debt ;  as,  a  project  accounted  to  his  service  ;  but 
these  uses  are  antiquated. 

AC^eOUNT',  V.  i.  To  render  an  account  or  relation 
of  particulars.  An  officer  must  account  iciUi  or  to 
the  treasurer  for  money  received. 

2.  To  |nvc  reasons  ;  to  assign  the  causes ;  to  ex- 
plain ;  with  for  ;  as,  idleness  accounts  for  poverty. 

3.  To  render  reasons  ;  to  answer  for  in  a  respon- 
sible character  ;  as,  we  must  account  for  all  the  tal- 
ents intrusted  to  us. 

AC-eOUNT-.\-BIL'I-TY,  n.     The  st.ate  of  being 


liable  to  answer  for  one's  con'luct ;  liability  to  give 
account,  and  to  receive  reward  or  punishment  for 
actions. 


The  awful  iiiea  of  accounlability. 


R.  Hall. 


2.  Liability  to  the  payment  of  money  or  of  dam- 
ages ;  responsibility  for  a  trust. 
AC-COUNT'A-HI.E,  «.    Liable  to  be  called  to  ac- 
count ;  answerable  to  a  supi  rior;  as,  every  man  is 
accountable  to  (iod  fvr  his  conduct. 

2.  Subject  to  pay,  or  iiiaki^  good,  in  case  of  loss. 
A  sherili  is  accountable,  as  bailifi'and  receiver  of  goods. 

.Accountable  fur,  that  may  be  explained.  [JVot 
eleiTant.'\ 

AC-eOUNT'A-BLE-NESS,  «,  Liablencss  to  answer 
or  to  give  account ;  the  state  of  being  answerable, 
or  liable  to  the  payment  of  money  or  damages. 

.AC-COUNT' A  BLY,  adv.   In  an  accountable  manner. 

AC-COUNT'ANT,  n.  One  skilled  in  mercantile  ac- 
counts ;  mop;  generally,  a  person  who  ktu'ps  ac- 
counts ;  an  ollic.er  in  a  jiublic  office  who  has  charge 
of  the  accounts.  In  Great  Britain,  an  i>lhc  er  in  the 
Court  of  Chancery  who  reciuves  the  money  paid 
into  the  court,  and  deposits  it  in  the  Bank,  is  called 
accountant-  <ren  eral. 

AC-COUNT'ANT-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  employ- 
ment of  an  accountant. 

AC-COUNT'-BOOK,  n.  A  book  in  which  accounts 
are  ke|)t.         '  '  Sicifl. 

AC  eoUNT'ED,  pp.    Esteemed  ;  deemed  ;  consid- 
ered ;  regarded  ;  valued. 
.Ice.ountrd  fir;  explained. 

AC-COUNT'ING,  p/jr.  Deeming  ;  esteeming ;  reck- 
oning; rendering  an  account. 

.Accounting  for ;  rendering  an  account  ;  assigning 
the  reasons  ;  unfolding  the  causes. 

AC-COUNT'LN'G,  ;i.  The  act  of  reckoning  or  adjust- 
ing accounts. 

AC-C(5UP'LE,  (ac-cup'pl,)  v.  t.  To  couple;  to  join 
or  link  togethi;r.    [^uc  Couple.] 

AC-COUP'LE-ME.NT,  (ac-cup'pl-nient,)  n.  A  coup- 
lings a  ctmnecting  in  pairs ;  junction.    [Little  used.] 

AC-COUR'AGE,  (ac-cur'age,)  v.  U  [See  Courage.] 
To  encourage.    [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

AC-CoURT',  r.  (.  [See  Court.]  To  entertain  with 
courtesy.    [J^ot  used.]  Spenser. 

AC-COU'TER,  j  (ac-coot'er,)  tJ.  (.     [Fr.  accoulrcr ; 

AC-COU'TRE,  (  contracted  from  accoustrer,  from 
Norm,  co.vfc,  a  coat,  coster,  a  rich  cloth  or  vestment 
for  festivals.  I  think  this  to  be  the  true  origin  of 
the  word,  rather  than  coudre,  couture,  couturier.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  dress  ;  to  equip  ;  but  appro- 
priattlij,  to  array  in  a  military  dress  ;  to  put  on,  or 
to  furnish  with  a  military  dress  and  arms  ;  to  equip 
the  body  for  military  service. 

AC-COU'TER-BD,  )  pp.  Dressed  inarms;  equipped. 

AC-e^'iU'TRKD,     S  Beattic. 

AC-COU'TER-LNG,  ppr.  Equipping  with  military 
habiliments. 

AC-COU'TER-MENTS,  )  71.  pi.  Dress  ;  equipage  ; 
AC-COU'TRE-MENTS,  (     furniture  for  the  body  ; 

appropriately,  military  dress  and  arms  ;  equipage 

for  military  service. 
2.  In  common  usage,  an  old  or  unusual  dress, 
AC-COY',  V.  t,  [old  Fr.  aecoisir.] 

To  render  quiet  or  diffident ;  to  soothe  ;  to  caress. 

rofrs-.l  Spenser. 
AC-CRED'IT,  ».  «.    [Fr.  accrediter;  Sp.  acred itar ;  It. 

accreditare ;  to  give  authority  or  reputation  ;  from 

T*.  ad  and  credo,  to  believe,  or  give  faith  to.  See 

Credit.] 

'J"o  give  credit,  authority,  or  reputation  ;  to  accred- 
it an  envoy,  is  to  receive  him  in  his  public  character, 
and  give  him  credit  and  nink  accordingly. 
.AC-CRED-IT-A'TION,  n.    That  which  gives  title  to 

credit,    [f.ittle  used.] 
AC-GRED'IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Allowed  ;  received  with 
reputation  ;  authorized  in  a  public  character. 

Christ  Obs. 

AC-CRED'IT-ING,  ppr.  Giving  authority  or  repu- 
tation. 

AC-CRES'CE.NT,  a.    [See  Accretion.]  Increasing. 

_  Skuchford. 
AG-CRE'TION,  n.    [L.  accretio,  increase  ;  accres'co, 

to  increase,  literally,  to  grow  to ;  ad  and  cresro ; 

Eng.  accrue;  Fr.  accroitre.    See  Increase,  Accrue, 

Grow.] 

1.  A  growing  to;  an  increase  by  natural  growth  ; 
applied  to  the  increase  of  organic  bodies  by  the  ac- 
cession of  parts.  .arbuthiint. 

2.  An  increase  by  an  accession  of  parts  exter- 
nally. Baron. 

3.  In  fAe  deil  lam,  the  adhering  of  property  to 
something  else,  by  which  the  owner  of  one 
thing  becomes  possessed  of  a  right  to  another  ;  as, 
when  a  legacy  is  left  to  two  persons,  and  one  of 
them  dies  before  the  testator,  the  legacy  devolves  to 
the  survivor  by  right  of  accretion.  Encyc 

AG-CRI_M-I-Na'TION,  n.  Accusation. 

.\C  CRE'TIVE,  a.    Increasing  by  growth  ;  growing; 

adding  to  by  growth;  as,  the  accrctioe  motion  of 

plants. 

.\C  CROACII',  II.  i.    [Fr.  accroclier,  to  fix  on  a  hook  ; 


coming ; 


from  croc,  crochet,  a  hook,  from  the  same  elcinunls 
as  crook,  which  s«;e,] 

1.  To  hook,  or  draw  to,  as  with  a  hook  ;  but  in 
tJlis  sense  not  used. 

2.  To  encroach  ;  to  draw  away  from  another. 
Hence,  in  t>ld  laws,  to  assume  the  exercise  of  royaJ 
prerogatives.  Hluckstimt. 

The  noun  accroachment,  an  encroachment,  or  at- 
tempt to  exercise  royal  power,  is  rarely  or  never 
used.  U>KV.  Encroac'H.] 
AC-CROL',  (ac-cru',)  r.  i.  [Fr.  nccroitre,  accru,  to  in- 
crease ;  Ij.  acere-ico,  cresco  ;  Sp.  crecer  and  acrecer ; 
It.  cre^^eerr,  accrcscere  ;  Port,  crecer;  Arm.  crLiqi,] 

Literally,  to  grou>  to ;  hence,  to  arise,  proceed  or 
come  ;  to  be  added,  as  increa.se,  profit,  or  damage  ; 
as,  a  profit  accrurji  to  government  from  the  coinage 
of  copper ;  a  loss  accrues  from  the  coinage  of  gold 
and  silver. 

AC-CROE',  (ac-cni',)  n.  Something  that  accedes  to 
or  follows  the  property  of  ancrther.  [Obs.] 

AC-CRO'l.\(i,  ppr.   Growing  to  ;  arising; 
bt'ing  aildeil. 

AC-CIIC'MI^NT,  n.  Addition  ;  increase.  [LUUe 
used.]  Montagu. 

AC-CU-Ba'TION,  n.  [L.  accxibatio,  a  reclining,  from 
orf  and  c«4«,  to  lie  down.  Sec  Ct,'BE.l  A  lying  or 
reclining  on  a  couch,  a.s  the  ancients  at  their  meals. 
The  manner  was  to  recline  on  low  beds  or  couches, 
with  the  head  resting  on  a  pillow  or  on  the  elbow. 
Two  or  three  men  lay  on  one  bed,  the  fei  t  of  one 
extended  behind  the  back  of  another.  This  prac- 
tice was  not  permitted  among  soldiers,  childn  n, 
and  servants;  nor  was  it  known,  until  luxury  had 
corrupted  manners.  Kneyc. 

AC-CUiMB',  V.  i.  [L.  accumbo ;  ad  and  cubo.]  To 
recline,  as  at  table.    [jYol  tused.] 

AC-CU.M'BEN-CY,  n.  State  of  being  accuinbeiit  or 
reclining. 

AC-CU.M'BENT,  a.  [I*,,  aecumbens,  accumbo^  from 
cubo.  See  AccoBATioN.]  Leaning  or  reclining,  as 
the  ancients  at  their  meals. 

In  botany,  when  one  part  of  an  organ  is  applied 
to  another  by  its  edge,  it  is  said  to  be  uccumbenu 

Brandc. 

AC-CCiMU-LATE,  r.  U  [L.  ar.cumulo;  ad  and  cu- 
viulo,  to  heap;  cumulus,  a  heap;  Sp.  acumular ;  It. 
accaniulare  ;  Fr.  accumuler,  combler.] 

1.  To  heap  up ;  to  pile  ;  to  amuss ;  as,  to  accumu- 
late earth  or  stones. 

2.  To  collect  or  bring  together;  .is,  to  accumulate 
causes  of  misery  ;  to  accumulate  wealth. 

AC-CU'MU  LaTE,  v.  i.    To  prow  to  a  great  size, 

number,  or  quantity  ;  to  increase  greatly  ;  as,  public 

evils  accumulate, 
AC-CO'.MU-X^TE,  a.     Collected  into  a  ma.ss  or 

quantitv.  Bacon. 
AC-Cu'Mtr  LJ-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Collected  into  a  heap 

or  great  quantity. 
AC-CO'.ML^-LA-'J'ING,  ppr.    Heaping  up ;  amassing  ; 

increasing  greatlv. 
AC-CO-Mlf  LA'TiON,  n.   The  act  of  accuinul.ating  ; 

the  state  of  being  accumulated ;  an  amassing ; 

a  collecting  together ;  as,  an  accumulation  of  earth 

or  of  evils. 

2.  In  law,  the  concurrence  of  several  titles  to  the 
same  thing,  or  of  several  circumstances  to  the  same 
proof.  Encyc. 

3.  In  universities,  an  accumulation  of  degrees,  is 
the  taking  of  several  together,  or  at  smaller  iiiterv;Us 
than  usual,  or  than  is  allowed  by  the  rules.  Enciic. 

AC-CU'.MU-LA-TIVE,  a.  That  accumulates;  heap- 
ing up;  accumulating. 

AC-CU'.MU-LA-TIVE-LY,  ade.  In  an  accumulative 
manner;  in  heaps. 

Ae  CO'MU-LA-TOR,  ru  One  that  accumulates, 
gathers,  or  amasses. 

AtVCU-RA-CY,  n.  [L.  accuratio,  from  accurare,  to 
take  care  of;  ad  and  curare,  to  lake  care;  euro, 
care.    See  Care.] 

1.  Exactness  ;  exact  conformity  to  truth  ;  or  to  a 
rule  or  model ;  freedom  from  mistake  ;  nicety  ;  cor- 
rectness ;  precision  which  results  from  care.  The 
accuracy  of  ideas  or  opinions  is  conforiiiity  to  truth. 
The  value  of  testimony  depends  on  its  accuracy; 
copies  of  legal  instruments  should  he  taken  \^'ith 
accuracy. 

2.  Closeness ;  tightness ;  as,  a  tube  sealed  with 
accuracy. 

AC'CU-R.\TE,  a.  [L.  aeeuTatus.]  In  exact  con- 
formity to  truth,  or  to  a  standard  or  nile,  or  to  a 
moilid ;  free  from  failure,  error,  or  defect ;  as,  an 
accurate  account ;  accurate  measure ;  an  tucurate 
expression. 

2.  Determinate;  precisely  fixed;  as,  one  body 
may  not  have  a  very  accurate  influence  on  another. 

Baron. 

3.  Close ;  perfectly  tight ;  as,  an  accurau  scaling 
or  luting. 

AC'CU-RATE-LY,  adr.  Exactly  ;  in  an  accurate 
manner ;  with  precision  ;  without  error  or  defect ; 
as,  a  writing  accuratchj  copied. 

2.  Closely  ;  so  as  tu  be  perfectly  light ;  as,  a  vial 
accurately  stopfM-d.  Comstoek, 


TONE,  B!,'LL,  qNITE.-.\N"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

_ 


ACE 


ACE 


ACH 


AyeU-RATE-NESS,    n.     Accuracy;  exactness; 

nicely ;  precision. 
A€-eUKSE',  (ac -curs',)  v.  U    [Ac,  for  od,  anJ  curse..] 
To  devote  to  ilestniction  ;  to  imprecate  nii^^cry  or 
evil  upon.    \_Tkis  verb  is  rarely  imed.    See  Curse.] 
Ae  eUUS'ED,  pp.  or  o.  (pnrf.  pronounced  ac-curst' ; 
adj.  ai  -curs'ed,    Doomed  to  destruction  or  misery.) 
The  city  sh:Ul  be  acoirstd.  —  Juhii  vi. 
9.  Separated  from  the  faithful ;  cast  out  of  the 
church  ;  excommunicated. 

I  covilj  wiah  myself  accurBed  from  Christ.  St.  Paul. 

3.  Worthy  of  the  curse  ;  detestable ;  execrable. 

Keep  from  the  ojccursed  thiitg.  — Josh.  vi. 

Hence, 

4.  Wicked  ;  malisrnant  in  the  extreme. 
AG-CO'SA-BLE,  a.    Tliat  may  be  accusi!(l ;  charjrea- 

ble  with  a  crime  ;   blamable  ;  liable  to  censure  ; 

followed  by  of. 
AG-eO'SANT,  n.    One  who  accuses.  Hall. 
Ae-€u-SA'TION,  n.    Tlie  act  of  char<rin!;  with  a 

crime  or  offense ;  the  act  of  accusing  of  any  wrong 

or  injustice. 

2.  The  charge  of  an  oiK^nse  or  crime;  or  the 

declaration  containing  the  charge. 

Tliey  set  over  liis  Iiead  his  accusation.  —  Matt,  xxvii. 
AC-eO'SA-TIVE,  a.  or  n.    A  term  pivcn  to  a  case 

of  nouns,  in  grammars,  on  wliich  the  action  of  a 

verb  terminat.es  or  falls  ;  called  in  English  grammar 

the  objrctive  case. 
AG-eO'SA-TIVE-LY,  adv.   In  an  accusative  manner. 

2.  In  relation  to  the  accusative  case  in  grammar. 
Ae-€u'SA-TO-RY,  a.     Accusing;    containing  an 

accusation  ;  as,  an  accusatory  libel. 
Ae-€uSE',  V.  t.    [L.  accuse,  to  blame,  or  accuse ; 

ad  and  causor,  to  blame,  or  accuse ;  causa,  blame, 

suit,  or  process,  caiuc  ;  Fr.  accuser  ,■  Sp.  acusar  ;  Port. 

acctisar  i  It,  accusare ;  Aitt\.  accusi.    The  sense  is,  to 

attacli,  to  drive  against,  to  charge  or  to  fall  upon. 

See  Cause.] 

1.  To  charge  with,  or  declare  to  Iiave  committed  a 
crime,  either  by  plaint,  or  complaint,  information,  in- 
dictment, or  impeachment ;  to  cliarge  with  an  offense 
against  the  laws,  judicially  or  by  a  public  process  ; 
as,  to  accuse  one  of  a  high  crime  or  misdemeanor. 

2.  To  charge  with  a  fault ;  to  blame. 

Their  thoughts  in  the  meanwhile  accusing  or  else  excusuig  one 
another. — liom.  ii. 

It  is  followed  by  o/hefore  the  subject  of  accusa- 
tion ;  the  use  of for  after  this  verb  is  illegitimate. 

Ae-euS'£D,  pp.  or  0.  Charged  with  a  crime,  by  a 
legal  process  ;  charged  witli  an  offense ;  blamed. 

AC  eOS'ER,  n.  One  who  accuses  or  blames  ;  ail 
oflicer  who  prefers  an  accusation  against  anotlier 
for  some  offense,  in  the  name  of  the  government, 
before  a  tribunal  that  has  cognizance  of  the  offense. 

AC-eOS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Charging  with  a  crime  ; 
blaming. 

A€^eUS'TOM,  V.  t.  [Fr.  acroutumer,  from  ad  and 
coutume,  cousUime,  custom.    See  Custom.] 

To  make  familiar  by  use;  to  form  a  habit  by 
practice ;  to  habituate  or  inure ;  as,  to  accustom 
one's  self  to  a  spare  diet. 

Ae-€U3'TOJI,  V.  i.    To  be  wont,  or  habituated  to 
do  any  thing.    \_LiUh  usciL] 
2.  'i'o  cohabit.    [J^Tot  use.d.\  Milton. 

AG-eUS'TO.M,  n.    Custom.    t-Vni  used,]  Mdton. 

AG-eUS'TOM-.'V-BLE,  n.  01  long  custom  ;  habit- 
ual ;  customary.    [LitUc  used.] 

AC  eUS'TO.AI-A-BLY,  ado.  According  to  custom 
or  habit.    {Little  used.] 

AeeUri'TOM-ANCE,  n.  Custom;  habitual  use  or 
practice.    [JVot  used.]  Boyle. 

Ae-eUS'TOM-A-RI-LV,orfu.  According  to  custom  or 
common  practice.  [See  Customarily.]  [Litllcused.] 

Ae-eUS'TOM-A-RY,  a.  Usual;  customary.  [See 
CusTOMAny.J    [lAtUe  used.] 

Ae-eUS'TOM-i!b,  pp.  Being  familiar  by  use; 
habituated  ;  inured. 

2.  a.  Usual ;  oflen  practiced  ;  as,  in  their  accus- 
tmncd  manner. 

AC  eUS'TOM-ING,  ppr.  Making  familiar  by  prac- 
tice ;  inuring. 

ACE,  71.  [E.  tti,  a  unit  or  pound;  Fr.  as:  It.  a.iso ; 
D.  aas;  G.  a.M  ;  Pp.  as.] 

1.  A  unit ;  a  single  point  on  a  card  or  die  ;  or  the 
card  «>r  die  so  markt^l. 

2.  A  very  small  ijiiantity;  a  particle;  an  .atom; 
n  trifle  ;  as,  a  creditor  will  not  abate  an  ace  of  his 
demantl. 

A-CEE'I)A-MA,  V.  [Ch.  Spn,  a  field,  and  Nm,  Ch. 
8yr.  and  Ham.,  blood.] 

A  field  said  to  have  lain  south  of  Jerusalem,  the 
■nme  .'is  the  poller's  fnlil,  piiriliasid  witli  the 
bribe  wliii:h  Juilas  took  for  betraying  his  master, 
and  thi  ri  fore  called  the  field  of  blood,  it  was  ap- 
propriat(;d  lo  the  interment  of  strangers. 
A-(;KI'irA-I.,AN,  n.  /  [Gr.  ««i./,uAo*.]  Terms  ap- 
A-CEI'II'A-EA,  71.  pi.  \  plii  il  to  a  class  of  moMiis- 
rouH  nnimaU,  comprehending  those  which  havir  no 
head,  oh  the  oyster  and  iniixcle.  Hell. 


.\-CEPIl'A-Ll,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  a  and  KfbaXn.]  A  sect  of 
levelers  who  acknowledged  no  chief  or  head. 

A-CEPII'A-LIST,  77.  One  who  acknowledges  no 
head  ttr  superit^tr. 

A-CEPII'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  KCtpaXr;,  a 
head.] 

1.  Without  a  head,  headless.  In  history,  the 
term  Aceplmli  was  given  to  several  sects  who 
reftised  to  follow  some  noted  leader,  and  to  stich 
bishops  as  were  exempt  from  the  jurisdiction  and 
discipline  of  their  patriarch.  It  was  also  given  to 
certain  levelers  who  acknowledged  no  head  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  I.  It  was  also  applied  to  the 
BI.Miimyes,  a  pretended  nation  of  Africa,  and  to 
other  tribes  in  the  East,  whom  ancient  naturalists 
represented  as  having  no  head ;  their  eyes  and 
ni  iiitli  111  ing  placed  in  other  parts.  Modern  dis- 
coveries have  dissip.ited  tliese  fictions.  In  EnglUh 
laws,  men  who  held  lands  of  no  particular  lord, 
and  clergymen  who  were  under  no  bishop. 

LL.  Hen.  I.  Cowel. 

2.  In  botany,  applied  to  ovaries,  the  style  of 
wliich  springs  from  their  base,  instead  of  their 
apex.  Brande. 

'i.  In  nnntomy,  applied  to  a  fetus  liaving  no  head. 

.A-CEPII'A-LUS,  77.  An  obsolete  name  of  thetrenia  or 
tape-worm,  which  was  formerly  supposed  to  have 
no  head  ;  an  error  now  exploded.    Tlie  term  is  also 

_  used  to  express  a  verse  defective  in  the  beginning. 

aCE'-POIi\'T,  7!.  The  side  of  a  card  or  die  that  has 
but  one  spot. 

ACE-RAN,  71.     )     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  Ktpai;,  horn.] 
AC'E-U.A,  77.  pi.  \       Terms  applied  to  a  family  of 
apterous  insects,  without  antennte  ;  and  to  a  family 
of  gastropod  molluscous  animals,  without  tentacles. 

Brande. 

A-CERB',  a.  [L.  acerbus ;  G.  herbe,  harsh,  sour,  tart, 
bitter,  rough,  whence  herbst,  autumn,  herbstzeit, 
harvest  time;  D.  herfst,  harvest.    See  Haktest.] 

Sour,  bitter,  and  harsh  to  the  taste ;  sour,  with 
astringency  or  roughness;  a  quality  of  unripe 
fruits.  Quincy. 

A-CERB'aTE,  v.  t.  To  make  sour,  bitter,  or  harsh 
to  the  taste. 

A-CERB'A-TING,  ppr.    Making  sour. 

A-CERB'I-TY,  71.  A  sourness  with  bitterness  and 
astringency. 

2.  Harshness,  bitterness,  or  severity  ;  applied  to 
persons  or  things ;  as,  acerbity  of  temper,  acerbity 
of  pain.  Barrow. 
A-CER'ie,  a.    [L.  accr,  a  maple-tree.]  Pertaining  to 
the  maple ;  obtained  from  the  maple  ;  as,  aceric  acid. 

Ure. 

A-CER'I-DisS,  71.  p?.  [Gr.  o  priv.  and  Krjpos,  wa.x.] 
Plasters  made  without  wax.  Parr. 

AC'EK-oSE,  j  a.    [L.  acerosus,  chaffy,  from  acus, 

AC'ER-OUS,  j  chaff,  or  a  point.]  In  botany,  daffy; 
resembling  chaff. 

2.  An  acerous  or  acerose  leaf  is  one  which  is 
linear  and  permanent,  in  form  of  a  needle,  as  in 
pine.  Martyn. 

A-CER'RA,  71.  [L.]  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  vessel 
ill  which  incense  was  burnt ;  a  censer. 

Adam's  Ant. 

A-CERV'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  heap. 

A-CERV'aTE,  o. «.    To  heap  up. 

A-CERV'ATE,  a.     In  natural  history,  heaped,  or 

growing  in  heaps,  or  in  closely  compacted  clusters. 
A-CERV'oSE,  a.    Full  of  heaps.  [Obs.] 
A-CES'CENCE,  (  ti.     [L.  acescens,  turning  sour, 
A-CES'CEX-CY,  i     from  acesco.     See   Acid.]  A 

turning  sour  by  spontaneous  decomposition,  and 

hence  a  being  moderately  sour  ;  a  tendency  to  turn 

sour. 

A-CES'CENT,  a.  Turning  sour;  readily  becoming 
tart  or  acid  by  spontaneous  decomposition.  Hence, 
slightly  sour  ;  but  the  latter  sense  is  usually  ex- 
pressed by  acidulous  or  sub-acid.  J^icholson. 

A-CES'TI.S,  71.  [Gr.]  A  factitious  sort  of  chryso- 
colla,  matle  of  Cyprian  verdigris,  urine,  and  niter. 

Cyc. 

A-CE-TAB'II-LUM,  ti.  [L.  from  acetum,  vinegar. 
See  Acid.]  Among  the  Romans,  a  vinegar  cruse 
or  like  vessel,  and  a  metisure  of  about  one  eighth 
of  a  pint. 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  cavity  of  a  bone  for  receiving 
the  protuberant  end  of  another  bone,  and  therefore 
forming  the  articulation  called  ennrthrosis.  It  is 
used  especially  for  the  cavity  of  the  os  innomiua- 
tum,  which  receives  the  head  of  the  thigh  bone. 

2.  A  glandular  substance  found  in  the  placenta 
of  some  tiiiiiiials. 

3.  In  botany,  the  trivial  nttme  of  a  species  of 
Peziza,  tlie  cup  peziza;  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  cup. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  cotyledon. 

5.  A  species  of  lichen.  Cyc. 
C.  In  rntomoloiry,  the  socket  on  Ihc  trunk,  in 

which  the  leg  is  insertisl.  Brande. 

7.  A  sucker  of  the  Sepia  or  cuttle-fish,  and  of 
other  similar  molluscous  tmiinal'i.  Brands, 
AC-E-TA'ltl-OUS,  n.    Used  in  salads;  n%,  nrclarious 
plants.  Brande. 


AC'E-TA-RY,  71.  [See  Acid.]  An  acid  ptilpv  sub- 
stance in  certain  fruits,  as  ilie  pear,  inclosed  in  a 
congeries  of  small  calculous  bodies,  toward  the 
base  of  the  fruit.  Grew. 

AC'E-Ta'I'E,  h.  a  salt  formed  by  the  union  of 
acetic  acid  with  any  salifiable  base. 

AC'E-Ta-TED,  a.    Combined  with  acetic  acid. 

A-CK'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  acetic  acid ;  as,  acetic 
ether.  Ure. 

A-Ci5'TIC  ACID,  71.  An  acid  composed  of  carbon, 
hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  always  in  the  same  uni- 
form and  definite  proportions.  It  exists  in  vinegar 
in_a  dilute  and  impure  state. 

A-Cic-TI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.  The  act  of  making  ace- 
tous or  sour ;  or  the  operation  of  making  vinegtir. 

Cyc. 

A-CeT'I-FY,  v.  t    To  convert  into  acid  or  vinegar. 

Aikin. 

A-CkT'I-F?,  v.  i.  To  turn  acid.  F.ncyc.  Dom.  Econ. 

AC-E-TIM'E-TER,  71.  [L.  acctum,  vinegar,  and 
pcrpoVf  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  strength  of 
vinegar.  Ure. 

AC-E-TIM  E-TRY,  71.  The  act  or  method  of  ascer- 
taining the  strength  of  vinegar,  or  the  proportion 
of  acetic  acid  contained  in  it.  Ure. 

ACE-ToNE,  71.  A  new  chemical  name  for  the 
pyro-acetic  ^irit.  Ure. 

.A-CK'TOUS,  )  a.    1.  Sour;  acid;  as,  acetous  spirit. 

AC-E-T6SE',  ;  Boyle. 

y     2.  Causing  acetification  ;  as,  acetous  fermentation. 

A-Cif.'TOUS  "ACID,  11.  A  term  formerly  applied  to 
impure  and  dilute  acetic  acid,  under  the  notion  that 
it  was  composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  the 
same  proportions  as  in  acetic  acid,  but  with  less 
oxygen.  It  is  now  known  tliat  no  such  acid  exists, 
so  that  tliis  term  is  not  now  in  use. 

A-Cic'TUiM,  71.  [L.  See  Acid.]  Vinegar;  a  sour 
liquor,  obtained  from  vegeltibles  dissolved  in  boiling 
water,  and  from  fermeutetl  and  spirituous  liquors, 
by  exposing  them  to  heat  and  air.    This  process  is 

_  called  the  acid  or  acetous  fermentation. 

aCIIE,  (ake,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  ace,  ecc ;  Gr.  axc'J,  to  ache  or 
be  in  pain  ;  o\o<;,  pain.   Tile  primary  sense  is,  to  be 
pressed.    Perhaps  the  Oriental  pty,  to  press.] 
Ake  would  be  a  better  spelling  of  this  word. 

1.  To  suffer  pain  ;  lo  have  or  be  in  pain,  or  in 
continued  pain  ;  as,  the  head  achejs. 

2.  To  suffer  grief,  or  extreme  grief;  to  be  dis- 
_  tresseil ;  as,  the  heart  aches. 

ACHE,  (ake,)  n.  Pain,  or  continued  pain,  in  opposi- 
tion to  sudilen  twinges,  or  spasmodic  pain.  It  de- 
notes a  more  moderate  degree  of  pain  than  pang, 
aniriash,  and  torture. 

A-CHE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Achaia  in  Greece,  and 
to  a  celebrated  league  or  confederacy  established 
there.  This  state  lay  on  the  Gulf  of  Corinth,  with- 
in Peloponnesus. 

A-€HE'iMl-UM,  71.  [Gr.  nxriv,  poor.]  In  botany,  a 
small  bony  fruit,  consisting  of  a  single  seed,  which 
neither  adlieres  to  the  pericarp  nor  open^  wlien  ripe. 

A-CIIERN'AR,  71.  A  starof  the  first  UKtgiiitiiile  in  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  constellatimi  Endanus. 

A€H'E-RON,  71.  [Gr.  uvf>  pain,  and  p  ios,  a  river 
or  stream.]  A  fabled  river  of  hell  or  the  lower  re- 
gions. Ancient  Poets. 

ACH'ER-SET,  71.  An  ancient  measure  of  corn,  stip- 
posed_to  be  iibotit  eight  bushels.  Kncnc. 

A-CHIeV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Achieve.]  That  "may 
be  performed.  Barrow. 

A-ClllK VANCE,  71.    Perfonnance.  Elyot 

A-Cllll-.VE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  achcver,  to  finish  ;  Arm. 
ar.r.liui;  old  Fr.  chei-cr,  to  come  to  the  end,  from  Fr. 
elirf,  the  head  or  end ;  old  Eng.  chere ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  acabar,  from  cabo,  end,  cape.    See  Chief.] 

1.  To  perform,  or  execute  ;  to  accomplish  ;  to 
finish,  or  carry  on  to  a  final  close.  It  is  appropri- 
ately used  for  the  effect  of  efforts  made  by  the 
hand  or  bodily  exertion  ;  as,  deeds  achieved  by  valor. 

2.  To  gain  or  obtain,  as  the  result  of  exertion. 

Show  .ill  tjie  spoils  by  valiant  kings  adiieved.  Prior. 

A-CniEV'£D,  pj>.  Performed;  obtained;  accom- 
plished. 

A-CH1eVE'ME.\T,  71.  The  performance  of  an 
action. 

2.  A  great  or  heroic  deed;  I^pthing  accom- 
plisheil  by  valor,  or  boldness. 

3.  An  obtaining  fcy  exertion. 

4.  An  escutcheon  or  ensigns  armorial,  granted 
for  the  perfiinniince  of  a  great  or  honorable  arfion. 

Enrye. 

A-CHIi~;V'EI?,  71.  One  who  accomplishes  a  purpose, 
or  obtains  an  object  by  his  exertions. 

A-CHIeV'ING,  ppr.  Performing;  executing;  gain- 
ing. 

ACII'ING,  ppr.  or  <7.  [See  Ache.]  Being  in  pain; 
siiflering  dislress. 

ACII'INti,  11.    Pain  ;  continued  pain  or  distress. 

A'CHI-OTE,  71.  The  anotta,  a  tree,  and  a  drug 
used  for  d)  eiiig  n  il.  The  bark  of  the  tree  makes 
good  cordage,  and  the  wood  is  u.sed  lo  excite  fire 
by  friction.    [See  Anotta.)  Clavigcro. 


KATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY.  —  PINE,  MA1UM3,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  UOVR,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


13 


ACl 

ACH'I-UTTE,  n.    A  syiionyni  of  Dioptase. 

A  €1ILAM-YU'E OUri,  a.  [<i  iici;.  nmi  Gr.  \A.i/iv{,  a 
g;iriiii'm.J  In  botany,  naked,  liaving  no  tlur.il  cn- 
vi.lci|>e.  Lindley. 

A'€II011,  n.    [Gr.  a\i.<ii,  sordes  capitis.] 

1.  Tile  scald  liead,  a  disease  lunninj;  scaly  enip- 
tions,  supposed  to  be  a  critical  evacuation  of  acri- 
monious Imniors ;  a  species  of  lierpes. 

jitiopcr,  Qtiincij, 

2.  In  mijtholo^,  the  pod  of  Hies,  said  to  have 
been  worshiped  by  the  Cyrencans,  to  avoid  being 
vexed  hv  tliosc  insects.  Ennjc. 

AeH-KO-"M.\T'ie,  a.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  xPw^'O) 
color.] 

Destitute  of  color.  Achromatic  telescopes  are 
formed  of  a  combination  of  lenses,  which  .separate 
the  variously  colored  rays  of  light  to  e(|iial  anjjles 
of  divergence,  at  dilTi  rent  angles  of  n  IVai  tioii  of 
the  mean  ray.  In  this  case,  the  rays  being  made 
to  refract  toward  contrary  parts,  the  whole  ray  is 
caused  to  deviate  from  its  course,  without  being 
separated  into  colors,  and  the  optiral  aberration 
:u"ising  from  the  various  cctlors  of  light,  is  pre- 
vented.   This  telescope  is  au  invention  of  Dollond. 

JVichultioiu 

Aen-RO-.MA-TIC'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
achromatic. 

Aeil-Ro'.M.V-TIS.M,  n  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  XP"/"', 
color.] 

1.  The  destruction  of  the  primary  colors,  which 
accompany  the  image  of  an  object  seen  thro\igli  a 
prism  or  lens.  Brande. 

2.  The  state  of  being  achromatic ;  as,  the  achro- 
mati.^m  of  a  lens.  Cyc. 

A-Cie'lJ-LiE,  71.  pt.    [L.  aciciJa.]    The  spines  or 

prickles  of  some  aiiiniiUs  and  plants.  Cyc. 
A-CIC'lJ-L.-VR,  a.    [L.  aciciila,  I'riscian,  a  needle, 

from  Gr.  ann,  L.  acics,  a  point.    !See  Acic] 

In  the  shape  of  a  needle ;  having  sharp  points 

like  needles.  Kirwan.  jSInrlyn. 

An  acicular  prism  is  when  the  crj  stids  are  slender 

and  straight.  Phillips. 
A-Cie'lI-L.\R-LY,  fli/r.   In  the  manner  of  needles, 

or  prickles. 

A-Cie  il-LATE,  a.  [L.  acicula,  a  needle.]  In  tlie 
fomi  of  a  needle. 

A-Cie'lJ-LI-FORM,  a.   Having  the  form  of  needles. 

ACID,  a.  [L.  aciiliis ;  Sax.  icced,  vinegar;  from  the 
root  of  acies,  edge ;  Gr.  aM; ;  VV.  atcc,  an  edge  or 
point.    See  Edge.1 

Sour,  sharp  orbiting  to  the  taste;  having  the 
taste  of  vinegar  ;  as,  aciil  fruits  or  liquors. 

ACID,  H.  In  common  laiitruaae,  a  sour  substance. 
In  chemistry,  a  compound  capable  of  uniting  with 
salifiable  bases,  and  thereby  forming  salts.  An  acid 
may  be  composed  either  of  a  simple  or  compouiul 
acidifiable  base  united  with  one  or  more  acidifying 
principles.  Those  acids  which  were  first  recog- 
nized were  sour  to  the  taste  (hence  the  name)  and 
capable  of  reddening  blue  vegetable  colors.  iMany 
acids  are  now  known  which  have  neither  of  these 
properties.  An  acid  is  always  the  electro-negative 
ingredient  of  a  salt. 

AC-iD-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [acid  and  L.  /ero.]  Con- 
taining acids,  or  an  acid. 

Jicidifrroiis  minerals  are  such  as  consist  of  an 
earth  combined  with  an  acid,  aa  carbonate  of  lime, 
ahuninite,  &c.  PkUlips. 

A-CID'I-Kt-A-BLE,  a.  [from  acidify.] 

Capable  of  being  converted  into  an  acid,  by  union 
with  an  acidifying  principle. 

A-CID-I-KI-e.\'TIO.\,  71.     The  act  or  process  of 
aridifying  or  changing  into  an  acid. 

A-CID'l-f'I-£D, Made  acid;  converted  into  an 
acid. 

A-CID'I-FI-ER,  71.  A  simple  or  compound  principle, 
whose  presence  is  necessary  for  acidity.  The  ele- 
mentary acidifying  principles  are  oxygen,  chlorine, 
bromine,  iodine,  tiuorine,  sulphur,  selenium,  and 
tellurium.  Cyanogen  may  be  named  as  an  exam 
pie  of  a  compound  acidifying  principle,  and  prob- 
ably there  are  one  or  two  more.  No  acid  is  known 
which  does  not  contain  one  of  these  subst:uices* 

A-CID'I-F?,  I'.  (.  [acuZand  L.  facie.] 

To  make  acid  ;  but  appropriately,  to  convert  into 
an  acid,  chemically  so  called,  by  combination  with 
any  substance. 

A-C1I)'I-F?-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  acid;  convert- 
ing into  an  acid  ;  having  power  to  change  into  an 
acid.  Oxygen  is  called  an  acUifying  principle  or 
element. 

AC-ID-I.M'E-TER,  71.  [acid  and  Gr.  h^toov,  me.xs- 
ure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  strength  of 

acids.  Ure. 
A-CID'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  aciddi,  from  acirf.] 

The  quality  of  being  sour;  sourness;  tartn'^ss  ; 

sharpness  to  the  taste. 
AC!D-.VES.-<,  n.    The  quality  of  being  sour  ;  acidity. 
A-CID'II-L.C,  71.  pi.    Medicinal  springs  impregnated 

with  carbonic  ,icid.  Parr. 
A-C1D'IJ-L.\TE,  r.  t,     [I,,  aciilulus,  slightly  sour; 

Fr.  aciiluler,  to  make  slightly  sour.    See  .Vcid.) 


ACM 

To  tinge  with  an  acid;  to  make  .acid  in  a  niod- 
enite  degree.  .^rlniUinut. 
A-Cll)'IJ-l,A-TED,7.p.  or  a.    Tinged  with  an  aciil ; 

made  slightly  sour. 
A-CID'i;-L.A-Tli\G,p/ir.   Tinged  with  an  acid. 
ACID-IiLE,      j  ;i.    In  chemistry,  a  salt,  in  which 
A-CID'II-LUM,  j     the  acid  is  in  excess;  as,  tartaric 

acidiilam.  oxalic  uciduluiiu 
A-CID'U-LOUS,  a.    [L.  acidulus.    See  Acid.] 

Slightly  sour  ;  sub-acid  ;  as,  ncidulou.^  sulpliatc. 
.Acidulous  minerid  waters,  are  such  as  contain 
carbonic  acid.  Brantlc. 
AC'I-FUR.M,  a.    [L.  acus,  a  needle,  and/uraia,  form.] 

Shaped  like  a  needle. 
AC-I-NA'CEOUS,  a.    [L.l    Full  of  kernels. 
AC-I-NACI-FOK.M,  a.    [L.  aciniiccj,  a  cimeter,  Gr. 
aKifuKni,  and  Li.  forma,  furm.] 
In  botany,  I'ornied  like,  or  resembling  a  cimeter. 

Jilurtyn. 

A-CIX'I-FOR.M,  a.  [L.  acinus,  a  grape  stone,  and 
forma,  shape.] 

Having  clusters  like  the  stones  of  grapes  ;  full  of 
siiiall  kernels.  The  uvea  or  posterior  lamina  of  the 
iris  in  the  eye,  is  c;illed  the  acinifurm  tunic,  from  its 
color  ri'sembling  that  of  an  unripe  grape.  Parr. 

Ac'\-OLJs'  j       [From  L.  aciHi<.«.  See  Aciniform.] 
Consisting  of  minute  granular  concretions ;  ustd 
in  mineralogy.  Kirwan. 
AC'IN-US,  11.  [L.] 

1.  In  iiowiiy,  one  of  the  small  grains  which  com- 
pose the  fruit  of  the  blackberry,  and  other  similar 
plants. 

2.  In  anatomy,  this  term  is  applied  to  the  ultimate 
secerning  follicles  of  glands,  or  the  granulations 
composing  the  structure  of  some  conglomerate 
glands,  as  the  liver. 

AC-I-l*Ei\'SER,  «.  In  ichthyology,  a  genus  of  fishes 
of  the  order  of  Chondropterygii,  having  an  obtuse 
head  ;  the  mouth  under  tho  head,  retractile  and 
without  teeth.  To  this  genus  belong  the  sturgeon, 
sterlet,  huso,  &c.  Cyc, 

Ae-K.\UVVL'EDGE,  (ak-nol'edge,)  v.  L  [ad  and 
knowledge.     See  Know.] 

1.  To  own,  avow,  or  admit  to  be  true,  by  a 
declaration  of  assent ;  as,  to  acknowledge  the  being 
of  a  God. 

2.  To  own  or  notice  with  particular  regard. 

In      thy  \v:iyg  acknowledge  God.  —  Prov.  iii.    Isa.  ixxiii. 

3.  To  own  or  confess,  as  implying  a  conscious- 
ness of  guilt. 

1  ackiiotnled^e  my  trtinsjressions,  and  my  sin  Ib  ever  before  me. 
—  Ps.  li.  and  xxxii. 

4.  To  own  with  assent ;  to  admit  or  receive  with 
approbation. 

He  Uiat  acknomledseth  the  Son  hath  the  Ritlicr  also.  — 1  John  ii. 
2  'I'iin.  ii. 

5.  To  own  with  gratitude  ;  to  own  as  a  benefit ; 
as,  to  acknowledge  a  favor,  or  the  receipt  of  a  gift. 

They  his  gi!l3  acknowledged  not.  Milton. 

6.  To  own  or  admit  to  belong  to;  as,  to  acknowl- 
edge a  son. 

7.  To  receive  with  respect. 

All  Uwt  see  them  shall  acknowledge  that  they  aw  the  teed  which 
ilie  Loal  hath  ble&icd.  —  Is;i.  vi.    1  Cor.  xvi. 

8.  To  own,  avow,  or  assent  to  an  act  in  a  legal 
form,  to  give  it  validity  ;  as,  to  acknowledge  a  deed 
bet'ore  competent  authoritv. 

Ae-K.\0\VL'EDG-£:D,;;p.  or  a.  Owned  ;  confessed  ; 
noticed  with  regard  or  gratitude  ;  received  with  aji- 
probation  ;  owned  before  authoritv. 

AC-KiNOWL'EDG-ING,  ppr.  Owning  ;  confessing  ; 
approving ;  grateful :  but  the  latter  sense  is  a  Galli- 
cism, not  to  be  used. 

Ae-K.NO\VL'EDG-ME\T,  71.  The  act  of  owning  ; 
confession  ;  as,  the  acknowledgment  of  a  fault. 

2.  The  owning,  with  approbation,  or  in  the  tnie 
character  ;  as,  the  acknowledgment  of  a  God,  or  of  a 
public  minister. 

3.  Concession  ;  admission  of  the  tnith  ;  as,  of  a 
fact,  position,  or  principle. 

4.  The  owning  of  a  benefit  received,  accompanied 
with  gratitude ;  and  hence  it  combines  the  idea  of 
an  erpres.^ion  of  thanks.  Hence,  it  is  used  also  for 
something  given  or  done  in  naurn  for  a  favor. 

5.  A  declaration  or  avowal  of  one's  own  act,  to 
give  it  logiil  validity  ;  as,  the  acknowledgment  of  a 
deed  before"a  proper  oflicer. 

Acknowledgment-money,  in  some  parts  of  England, 
is  a  sum  paid  by  tenants,  on  the  death  of  tlu'ir  land 
lords,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  their  new  lurds. 

Kncyc. 

ACME,  (ak'my,)  n.    [Gr.  aKfin.] 

The  top  or  highest  point;  the  height  or  crisis  of 
any  thing.  It  is  used  to  denote  the  maturity  or 
perfection  of  an  animal.  Among  physicians,  the 
crisis  of  a  disease,  or  its  utmost  violence.  Old  med- 
ical writers  divided  the  progress  of  a  disease  into 
four  periods  ;  the  arcAc,  or  beginning,  the  anabasis, 
or  incre.-use,  the  acme,  or  utmost  violence,  and  the 
partirme,  or  decline. 

.^e'.MITE,  71.  [Gr.  uit/ji),  a  point.]    A  miner.il  of  the 


ACO 

niigile  family,  occurring  in  long,  pninti  d  crystals,  of 
a  (lark  lirowiiish  color,  and  u  bright  and  somev\ hat 
resinous  luster. 
Ae'iNE,(ak'ii>,)  71.  [Gr.] 

A  small,  hard  pimple  or  tubercle  on  the  face. 

i^uincy. 

A-GOLI)',  aai).  Cold ;  very  cold  ;  as,  Tom's  a-cotd. 
[Ubs.]  Shak. 

A-€OI,'0-(jY,  71.    IGr  axof  and  >o)  of.] 

'I'lie  doctrine  oi  remedies,  or  the  materia  medica. 

A-eOL'O-TllI.ST,  /  ,    !•  1 

ACO-LYTII,        i  "•  ""'"^■"-'f^-] 

In  Uie  ancient  church,  one  of  the  subordinate  offi- 
cers, who  lighted  the  lamps,  brought  forward  the 
elements  ol  the  sacraments,  attended  the  bishops, 
&c.  An  otricer  of  the  like  character  is  still  em- 
ployed ill  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  Encyc. 

ACOM-T'l'K,  71.   ri,.  aconitum:  Gr.  hkovitoi:] 

The  herb  wolf's-bane,  or  monk's-hood,  a  poison- 
ous plant ;  and  in  jMietr)',  used  for  poison  in  general. 

A-eON'I-TIN,  71.  A  poisonous  vegetable  principle  or 
alkaloiil,  extracted  from  the  aconite.  Brande. 

A-CON''I'I-AS,  71.  [Gr.  uKovriai  j  a«:oi'rioi',  a  dart, 
from  loiwi'.] 

1.  A  species  of  serpent,  called  dart-snake,  or 
jacnlum,  from  its  manner  of  darting  on  its  prey. 
This  serpent  is  about  three  feet  in  length  ;  of  a  light 
gray  color,  with  black  spots  resembling  eyes ;  the 
belly  perfectly  white.  It  is  a  native  of  Africa  and 
the  .Mediterranean  i-Ies  ;  is  the  swiftest  of  its  kind, 
and  coils  itself  upon  a  tree,  from  which  it  darts 
upon  its  iirey. 

2.  \  comet  or  meteor  resembling  the  serpent. 
A-GOI",  adv.  [a  and  copi.] 

.\t  the  top.    [Obs.]  Jonson. 
A'COllS,  n.    [Sax.  eeccrn,  from  ac  or  ac,  oak,  and 
corn,  a  grain.] 

1.  The  seid  or  fniit  of  the  oak;  an  oval  nut 
which  grows  in  a  rough  permanent  cup. 

The  Gml  w^tth'i^  of  Boston  were  reduced  to  the  neeesuty  of 
feeding  on  dania,  lausclvs,  ground-nuts,  and  acorns. 

B.  Trombult. 

2.  In  marine  language,  a  small  ornamental  piece 
of  wood,  of  a  conic.'U  shape,  fived  on  the  point  of 
the  spindle  above  the  vane,  on  the  mast  head,  to 
keep  the  vane  from  being  blown  oil".     Mar.  Did, 

3.  In  natural  history,  the  Lepas,  a  genus  of  shells 
of  several  species,  found  on  the  British  coast.  The 
shell  is  multivalvular,  unequal,  and  fixed  by  a  stem  ; 
the  valves  are  parallel  and  perpendicular,  but  they 
do  not  open,  sti  that  the  animal  performs  its  func- 
tions by  an  aperture  on  the  top.  These  shells  are 
always  fixed  to  scune  sciliil  body. 

S'eOR.\-£l),  a.    Furnished  or  loaded  with  acorns  ; 

fed  with  acorns.  Shak, 
ACOR-US,  71.    [L.,  from  Gr.  aKopof.] 

1.  Sweet  Hag,  or  sweet  rush. 

2.  In  natural  history,  blue  coral,  which  grows  in 
the  form  of  a  tree,  on  a  rocky  bottom,  in  some  parts 
of  the  .\frican  seas.  It  is  brought  from  the  Caina- 
rones  and  Benin.  Enajc. 

3.  In  medicine,  this  name  is  sometimes  given  to 
the  great  galangal.  Encyc. 

A-COS'.MI-.\,  71.  [Gr.  n  priv.  and  r-xx/iof,  order, 
be.aiity.]  Irreiularity  in  disease,  particularly  in 
crises ;  also,  ill  hralth,  with  loss  of  color  in  the 
face.  Parr.  Blaneard, 

A-eO-TYI.-K'DOX,  71.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  KuToXnioiv, 
from  KiiTi'Xti,  a  holloxv.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  in  which  the  seed-lobes,  or 
cotyledons,  are  not  present,  or  are  indistinct.  Part- 
ington, Tlie  acotyU'dons  form  a  grand  dix'ision  of 
the  vegetable  kingdom,  including  the  ferns,  lichens, 
&c.,  and  correspond  to  the  Cnqitn'mmia  of  Linnsus. 

A-eO-TYL-K'DO.N-OUS,  a,  ihavjng  either  no  seed- 
lobes,  or  such  as  are  indistinct,  like  the  ferns,  lich- 
ens, &c. 

A-eOUCH'Y,  71.  [Fr.  araiicAi.]  A  small  species  of 
cax-y,  the  olive  cavy ;  sometimes  called  the  Surinam 
nibbit. 

.\-eOUS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  oKovoriKJi,  from  aKovto,  to 
hear.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ears,  to  the  sense  of  hearing,  or 
to  the  doctrine  of  sounds. 

Acoustic  duct,  in  anatomy,  the  meatus  auditorius, 
or  external  passage  of  the  ear. 

Acoustic  ressei-t,  in  aiiciriir  theaters,  were  brazen 
tubes  or  vessels,  shaped  like  a  bell,  used  to  propel 
the  voice  of  the  actors,  so  as  to  render  them  audi- 
ble to  a  great  distance  ;  in  some  theaters  at  the  dis- 
tance of  41)1)  feet.  Encyc, 

Acoustic  instrument,  or  auricular  tube ;  called  in 
popular  language  an  ear-trumpet.  Parr, 

Acviistics,  or  AcoiLsmatics,  w,as  a  name  given  to 
such  of  the  ilisciples  of  Pythagoras  as  had  not  com- 
pleted their  five  years'  probation. 
.\-eoUS'Ties,  71.  The  science  of  sounds,  teaching 
their  cause,  nature,  and  phenomena.  This  science 
is,  by  some  writers,  divided  into  diaeoustics,  which 
explains  the  properties  of  sounds  coming  directly 
from  the  sonorous  body  to  the  ear  ;  and  caiaroiistics, 
which  treats  of  retlected  sounds.  But  the  distinc- 
tion is  considered  of  little  real  utilitv. 


TC'.VE,  lilj'LL,  IIXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  xs  Z  ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


13 


ACQ 


ACR 


ACR 


2.  In  viciticiiic,  tills  term  is  sointtimes  used  for 
remedies  for  deafness,  or  imperfect  hearing. 

Ae-aUAiXT',  V.  U     [Old  Fr.   accobtter,  to  make 
known,  whence  accuintance,  acquainlance.  Uu. 
,  o  J 

Per.  Vvl*^^  kunda,  knowing,  intelligent ;  Ger. 
kunilc,  knowledge ;  kund,  known,  public  ;  D.  kmid 
or  ktuide,  knowledge;  Sw.  kdnd,  known;  Dan. 
kienUr,  to  know,  to  be  acquainted  with.  These 
words  seem  to  have  for  their  primitive  root  the 
Goth,  and  Sax.  kunnnn,  to  know,  the  root  of  cioi- 
ning ;  Ger.  kennen;  D.  kunncjiykanj  Eng.  cati  and 
ken  ;  which  see.] 

1.  To  make  known  ;  to  make  fully  or  intimately 
known  ;  to  make  familiar. 

A  man  of  sorrows  and  acquainted  witii  grief.  ~~  Isa.  liii. 

2.  To  inform ;  to  communicate  notice  to ;  as,  a 
friend  in  the  country  acquaints  me  with  his  success. 
Of  before  the  object  —  as  to  acquaint  a  man  of  this 
design  —  has  been  used,  but  is  obsolete  or  im- 
proper. 

3.  To  art/uaint  one's  self,  is  to  gain  an  intimate  or 
particular  knowledge  of. 

Acquainz  now  th-jself  wilh  him,  and  be  at  peace. — Job  xxil. 
Ae-QUAlNT'.\>fCE,  ?i.  Familiar  knowledge ;  a 
slate  of  being  acquainted,  or  of  having  intimate  or 
more  than  slight  or  superficial  knowledge;  as,  I 
knoio  the  man,  but  have  no  acquaint anct  witli  him. 
Sometimes  it  denotes  a  more  slight  knowledge. 

2.  A  person  or  persons  well  known  ;  usually  per- 
sons we  have  been  accustomed  to  see  and  coi'verse 
with,  but  not  standing  on  the  more  intimate  relation 

friendship. 

Lover  and  friend  hast  thou  put  fiir  from  me,  and  my  aiTjtwinX- 

anct  into  darlvn(-ss.  —  Ps.  Ixxxviii. 
My  acq^ioinianct  are  estmn jed  fnjm  me.  —  Job  rax. 

Acquaintances,  in  the  plural,  is  used,  as  applied  to 
Individual  persons  known  ;  but  more  generally, 
aa]uaintance  is  used  for  one  or  more. 
Acquaintant,  in  like  sense,  is  not  used. 

Ae-aU.\IXT'AJ\CE-SHIP,  n.  State  of  being  ac- 
quainted. Chalmers. 

AC-CiUAlXT'ED,  pp.  Known  ;  familiarly  known  ; 
informed  ;  having  personal  knowledge. 

Ae-(iL'AiNT'ING, ;<;)r.  Making  known  to;  giving 
notice  or  information  to. 

A€^(iUE:^T',  u.    [L.  acqui.''itits,  acijuiro.] 

1.  Acquisition  ;  the  thing  gained.  Bacon. 

2.  Conquest ;  a  place  acquired  by  force.  Bacon. 
A€-CitJI-E;?CE',  (ak-que-ess',)  v.  i.    [L.  acquiesco,  of 

ad  and  qai&sco,  to  be  quiet ;  quies,  rest ;  Fr.  acqui- 
csr.er.] 

1.  "I'o  rest  satisfied,  or  apparently  satisfied,  or  to 
rest  without  opposition  and  discontent,  usu;il!y  im- 
plying previous  opposition,  uneasiness,  or  dislike, 
but  ultimate  compliance,  or  submission ;  as,  to 
aviuie-sce  in  the  dispensations  of  Providence. 

2.  To  assent  to,  upon  conviction  ;  as,  to  acquiesce 
in  an  opinion  ;  that  is,  to  rest  satisfied  of  its  cor- 
rectness, or  propriety. 

Jlr.quir^icrd  in  ;  in  a  passive  sense  complied  with , 
submitted  to,  without  opposition  ;  as,  a  measure  has 
been  ar*iuicscc4  in. 

Ae  UUl-ES'CENCE,  n.  A  quiet  assent ;  a  silent 
submission,  or  submission  with  apparent  content  ; 
distinguished  from  avowed  consent  on  the  one 
hand,  and  on  the  other,  from  opposition  or  open  tlis- 
content ;  as,  an  acjiuiesccncc  in  the  decisions  of  a 
court,  or  in  the  allotments  of  Providence. 

Ae-aUr-ES'CE.NT,  a.  Resting  satisfied  ;  easy  ;  sub- 
mitting; disposed  to  submit.  John.ion, 

AC-aUI-ES'ClNG,  ppr.  Uuietly  submitting  ;  resting 
content. 

AC-aL'IR-.\-BlL'I-Ty,  71.  Slate  of  being  acquira- 
ble. Palcy. 

.'VC-aUTR'.\-nLE,  a.    That  may  be  acquired. 

AG-CiUIRE',  r.  t.  [L.  acquiro,  ad  and  quairo,  to  seek, 
that  is,  to  follow,  to  press,  to  urge  ;  acquiro  signifies 
to  pursue  to  the  end  or  object;  Fr.  acquerir;  Sp. 

wlquirir;  Ar.  \^   kara ;  Heb.  •>pn  to  seek,  to 

make  toward,  to  follow.  The  L.  qu/rswi,  unless 
contracted,  is  probably  from  a  dilTercnt  root.  See 
Class  Gr,  and  Gs.  ] 

To  gain,  by  any  means,  Homt^thing  which  is  in  a 
d<!;ree  pirrman;  nt,  or  wliiih  beconxfs  vested  or 
inherent  in  the  [Kissessor ;  n.i,  to  acquire  a  title, 
estate,  learning,  habits,  Hkill,  dominion,  &lc.  Pi'ants 
ocjfHtre  a  green  color  from  the  8olar  rriy^.  A  mere 
(enip<»rary  possession  is  not  cxpresst^d  by  acquire, 
but  by  /rain,  ubtnin,  jrrucure ;  tw,  to  tt^Uiit  [not  ac- 
futrc]  a  bixik  on  loan. 

Orient  U  111"  titt.-  wh-'p-by  a  man,  on  tl-'*  d*^th  vl  Wtr.  unc^ilor, 
arrjitirtt  UU  CBUIr,  by  right  of  rcprcaeittAtion,  m  r.U  \:  -^r  at 
Ihw.  liiackttone. 
Ae-aUTR'KD,  pp.  or  a.    Gaineil,  obtained,  or  rc- 
c/;ived  from  art,  labor,  or  other  means,  in  distinc- 
tion from  IhoKe  tliingK  which  are  bestowed  by  naliire. 


Thus  we  say,  abilities,  natural  and  acquired.  It 
implies  title,  or  some  perin:ineiice  of  possession. 

Ae-aUlRE'MEiNT,  h.  The  act  of  actpiiring,  or  that 
which  is  ac(|uired  ;  nttainment.  It  is  used  in  oppo- 
sition to  natiual  gifts;  ns,  eloquence,  and  skill  in 
music  and  p^unting,  are  acquire:nf:nts;  genius,  the 
gift  of  nature.  It  denotes  especially  yjercfow«V  attain- 
ments, ill  opposition  to  material  or  external  things 
gained,  which  are  more  usually  called  acquisitions  ; 
but  this  distinction  is  not  always  observeil. 

Ae  ui'IR'ER,  n.    A  person  who  acquires. 

AG-UUIR'LNG,  n.  Acquirement. 

AG-UUlR'IiN'G,  ppr.  Gaining,  by  labor  or  other 
means,  somt  tiling  that  has  a  degree  of  permanence 
in  the_possessor. 

AG-dUl'RY,  n.  Acquirement.  [A'bt  usrrf.]  Barrow. 

ACaUIS-ITE,  a.    Gained.    [JVot  used.]  Burton. 

AC-dUl-SF'TlOX,  ;i.  [L.  acqnisitio,  from  acquidtus, 
acquitsivi,  which  are  given  as  the  part,  and  pret.  of 
acquiro;  but  qu'£sici  is  probably  from  a  difi'erent 

root  ;  W.  ceisiaw  ;  Eth.  chasas,  clias;  Ar. 

^j^^  kassa,  to  seek.    Class  Gs.] 

1.  The  act  of  acquiring;  as,  a  man  takes  pleasure 
in  the  acquisition  of  property,  as  well  as  in  the  pos- 
iession. 

2.  The  tiling  acquired,  or  gained  ;  as,  learning  is 
an  nr/piisitton.  It  is  used  for  intellectual  attainments, 
as  well  as  for  external  things,  property  or  dominion  ; 
and  in  a  good  sense,  denoting  something  estimable. 

Ae-Q.L'IS'1-TIVE,  a.  That  is  acquired  ;  acquired  ; 
[but  improper.']  TVvlfon. 

AC-aUIS'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.  Noting  acquirement. 
A  word  is  said  to  be  used  acquisitively,  when  it  is 
used  with  to  or  for  following.      Lilly's  Oramwar. 

AC-aUIS'I-TIVE-XESS,  »i.  Desire  of  possession; 
propensity  to  acquire. 

AC-aUIST',  71.  See  AcqUEST.  [JVo(  iti-crf.]  Mdton. 

AC-tiUIT',  V.  U  [Fr.  acquitter ;  \V.  gadu,  •;adaie  ;  L. 
cedo  ;  Arm.  kitat,  or  quytaat,  to  leave,  or  forsake  ;  Fr. 
quitter,  to  forsake  ;  Sp.  quitar  ;  Port,  quitar ;  It.  quitare, 
to  remit,  forgive,  remove  ;  D.  kipytcn  ;  Ger.  qnitjiren.] 
To  set  free ;  to  release  or  discharge  from  an  obli- 
gation, accusation,  guilt,  censure,  suspicion,  or 
whatever  lies  upon  a  person  as  a  charge  or  duty  ; 
as,  the  jury  acquitted  the  prisoner  ;  we  acquit  a  man 
of  evil  intentions.  It  is  followed  by  of  before  the 
object ;  to  acquit  from  is  obsolete.  In  a  reciprocal 
sense  as,  the  soldier  acquittal  hiiu.self  well  in  battle, 
the  word  has  a  like  sense,  implying  the  discharge 
f>f  a  duty  or  obligation.  Hence  its  use  in  express- 
ing erreUence  in  performance ;  as,  the  orator  acquitted 
him.^elf  well,  that  is,  in  a  manner  that  his  situation, 
and  public  t'xpectation,  demanded. 

Ae-tiUlT'.MEXT,  7!.    The  act  of  acquitting,  or  state 
of  being  acquitted.  Soutli. 
[This  word  is  superseded  by  ActiuiTTAL.] 

Ae-liUIT'TAL,  7t.  A  judicial  setting  free,  or  deliv- 
erance from  the  charge  of  an  offense,  as  by  verdict 
of  a  jury,  or  sentence  of  a  court  ;  as,  the  acquittal 
of  a  principal  operates  as  an  acquittal  of  the  acces- 
sories. 

AC-aUIT'TANCE,  n.  A  discharge  or  release  from 
a  debt. 

2.  The  writing,  which  is  evidence  of  a  discharge; 
a  receipt  in  fuU,  which  bars  a  further  demand. 

A€-QUIT'TAXCE,  i'.  t.  To  acquit.   [Obs.]  Shak. 

AG-aUIT'TED,  pp.  .Set  free,  or  judicially  dis- 
charged from  an  accusation  ;  released  from  a  debt, 
duty,  obligation,  charge,  or  suspicion  of  guilt. 

At^ftUIT'TlXG,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  accusation  ; 
releasing  from  a  charge,  obligation,  or  suspicion  of 
guilt. 

A-GRaSE',  )  V.  t.  To  make  crazy  ;  to  infatuate. 
A-eR.A/.E',  I     (See  Crazv.] 

2.  To  impair;  to  destroy.    [A'ot  in  use.] 
ACKA-SY,  71.  [Gr.  a</>ai7ia,  from  u  priv.  and  Kpaais, 
constitution  or  temperament.] 

1.  In  medical  authors,  an  excess  or  pretlominancy 
of  one  quality  above  another,  in  mixture,  or  in  the 
human  constitution.  Bailey. 

2.  Excess ;  irregularity. 

a'GRE,  (a'ker,)  71.  [Sax.  acer,  acrra,  or  o'crr;  Ger. 
acker;  1).  akker  ;  Sw.  acker;  Dan.  ai;cr;  VV.  c^r;  Ir. 
acra;  Ice.  alir;  Pers.  akkar ;  Gr.  Ij^t,  atrer. 

In  these  languages,  the  word  retains  its  jii  iuiitive 
sense,  an  open,  plowed, or  .sowed  li<  Id.  In  English, 
it  retained  its  original  signification,  that  of  any  open 
field,  until  it  was  liiniteil  to  a  definite  i|uaiitily  by 
statutes  31  Ed.  III.  .I  Ed.  I.  21  11.  \  lll.  Cowcl. 
A  preferable  spelling  of  this  word  would  be  akcr.] 

1.  A  qiianlily  of  land,  containing  IliU  square  rods 
or  perches,  or  4840  stpiare  yards.  This  is  the  Eng- 
lish statute  ncri,'.  The  acre  of  Scotland  cimlains 
Gl.'iO  2-5  square  yards.  The  French  arpenl  dillers 
not  greatly  from  the  English  stanilard  acre.  The 
Roman  juijcrum  w:us  3301)  mpiarc  yards. 

2.  In  the  Mogul's  ilominions,  acre  is  the  Bame  as 
Z/ic,  or  100,000  ru|)ee»,  equal  to  £\i,:M)  sterling,  or 
5o,.'i00  dollars. 

Acrc-Jifkl ;  a  sort  of  iliiel  in  the  open  field,  formerly 


fought  by  English  and  Scotch  combatants  on  their 
frontiers. 

Acre-tax. ;  a  tax  on  land  in  England,  at  a  ctjrtain 
_  sum  for  each  acre,  called  also  acre^^hot. 
A'CRED,  a.    Possessing  acres  or  landed  property. 

Pope. 

Ae'RID,  a.    [Fr.  acre;  L.  acer.] 

Sharp;  pungent;  bitter;  sliaip  or  biting  to  the 
taste  ;  acrimonious  ;  as,  acrid  salts. 

ACRlD-XE.ss,  n.    A  sharp,  bitter,  pungent  quality. 

AC-RI-MO'XI-OUS,  a.  Sharp  ;  bitter  ;  corrosive  ; 
abounding  with  acrimony. 

2.  Fig-uratirely,  severe ;  sarcastic ;  applied  to  lan- 
guage or  temper. 

Ae-RI-MO'XI-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  sharpness  or 
bitterness. 

AC-RI-.MO'NI-OUR-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  acninonious. 

AC'RI-MO-XY,  71.  [L.  acrimonia,  from  acer,  sharp. 
'I'lie  latter  part  of  the  word  seems  to  denote  like- 
ness, state,  condition,  like  head,  hood,  in  knight- 
hood ;  in  which  case  it  may  be  from  the  same  root 
as  maneo,  Gr.  /iti/w.] 

1.  Sharpness ;  a  quality  of  bodies,  which  cor- 
rodes, dissolves,  or  destroys  others  ;  as,  the  acrimony 
of  the  humors.  Bacon. 

2.  Figuratively,  sharpness  or  severity  of  temper  ; 
bitterness  of  expression  proceeding  from  anger,  ill- 
nature,  or  petulance.  South. 

AG'RI-SY,  11.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  »p<a-<f,  judgment.] 
A  state  or  condition  of  which  no  right  judgment 
can  be  formed  ;  that  of  which  no  choice  is  made ; 
matter  in  dispute  ;  iiijudiciousness.    [Little  used.] 

Bailey. 

2.  In  medicine,  defect  of  crisis,  or  of  a  separation 
and  expulsion  of  morbific  matter  iu  the  human 
bodv. 

A-€RI'T.\X,  71.    )     [Gr.    r.KOiTos,  indiscernible.] 
A-GRl'TA,  n.  pi.  \       Terms  applied  to  that  divis- 
ion of  radiate  animals  in  which  there  is  jio  distinct 
discernible  nervous  system,  and  no  separate  alimen- 
tary canal,  as  the  sponges,  polypes,  ice.  Brande. 
AC'RI-TLIDE,  71.    [.See  Acrid.] 

An  acrid  quality  ;  bitterness  to  the  taste  ;  biting 
heat. 

A€'RI-TY,  71.    Sharpness;  eagerness.  [Obsolete.] 
A-eRO-A-.M.\T'ie,        )  a.  [Gr.  aKpuaiiariKui,  from 
A-eRO-A-.MAT'ie-AL,  (     aKi.oa:^.u,  to  hear.] 

Abstruse  ;  pertaining  to  deep  learning ;  an  epithet 
applied  to  the  secret  doctrines  of  Aristotle.  Enfield. 
A-eRO-.Vr'l€,  a.    [Gr.  a;fpo.>7-(«r-c.] 

Abstruse;  pertaining  to  deep  learning;  and  op- 
posed to  exoteric.  Aristotle's  lectures  were  of  two 
kinds,  acroat.ic,  acroamatic,  or  esoteric,  which  were 
delivered  to  a  class  of  select  disciples,  who  had  been 
previously  instructed  in  the  elements  of  learnhig; 
and  exoteric,  which  were  delivered  in  public.  The 
former  respected  being,  God,  and  nature  ;  the  prin- 
cipal subjects  of  the  latter  were  logic,  rhetoric,  and 
policy.   The  abstruse  lectures  were  called  acruatics. 

Entield. 

A-eRO-CE-RAU'Xr-.VN,  a.  [Gr.  axpa,  a  sunmiit, 
and  Kcnuvv'o'i,  thunder.] 

An  epithet  applied  to  certain  mountains,  between 
Epirus  and  Illyricum,  in  the  4Ist  degree  of  liititudi\ 
They  project  into  the  .Adriatic,  and  are  so  termed 
from  being  often  struck  with  lightning.  Eneyc. 

AC'RO-eilORD,  71.  [L.  acrocJiordus,  from  Gr. 
anij  Jxo//^<oi',  a  wart.]  The  name  of  a  genus  of 
serpents,  found  in  Java,  covered  entirely  with  small 
scales,  which  resemble  granulated  wafts  when  the 
body  is  inrtated.  P.  Cyc. 

A€'R0-GE.\,  71.  [Gr.  ux/)()j  and  }  £ii/o/iai.]  A  cryp- 
toganiic  tir  acoljledonous  plant,  so  called  from  in- 
i  re.asiiig,  in  growth,  cliietly'at  its  extremity.  Brande. 

AC'RO-LITII,  71.  [Gr.  oKpof  and  XiOof.]  In  archi- 
tecture and  sculpture,  a  statue  whose  extremities 
were  of  stone.  Elme.". 

A-€ROI.'ITIl-.\X,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  acrolith ; 
formed  like  an  acrolith ;  as,  an  acrolithan  statue. 

Brande. 

A-€Ro'.MI-OX,  71.  [Gr.  axpos,  highest,  and  iu/705, 
.shoulder.] 

In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  spine  of  the  scapula 
which  receives  the  extreme  part  of  the  clavicle. 

^nincy. 

A-CRON'ie,       )  a.    [Gr.  iiv/)');,  e.xtreme,  and 

.\-GRO.N'ie-AL,  S  night.] 

In  astronomy,  a  term  applied  to  the  rising  of  a 
star  at  sunset,  or  its  setting  at  sunrise.  This 
rising  or  setting  is  called  ucroniail.  The  wtird  is 
opposed  to  cosmicni.  Bailey.  Encyc.  .fohn.-ton. 

A-CRO.N'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  ah  acroiiical  manner; 
at  the  rising  or  setting  of  the  sun. 

A-GROP'D-MS,  n.  [<;r.  oKpoi  and  roXij.]  A  cita- 
tlel ;  the  citadel  in  Athens. 

ACRO-SPIRE,  71.  [(."r.  oKfiof,  highest,  and  awcipa, 
a  spire,  or  spiral  line.] 

The  sprout  at  the  ends  of  seeds  when  they  begin 
to  germinale  ;  the  pliimir,  or  plumule,  so  called  from 
its  spiral  form.  Mortimer. 

A€'RO-Sl'II{-f.i),  a.  Having  n  sprout,  or  having 
sproutetl  at  both  ends.  Mortimer. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  HIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQUV,  BQQK.— 


14 


ACT 


ACT 


ACT 


This,  and  tlie  preceding  word,  are  especially  used 
by  the  KiL){lish  nialsters. 
A-CKOSS',  (a-kr:iiis',)  ;)rr;».  [«  and  crois.  See  Cuoss.] 

1.  From  side  lo  side,  opposeil  to  ulmi!;,  wliich  is 
in  tlie  dirrclion  of  Uic  Icngtii ;  allivvart;  quiU-  over ; 
as,  a  hridge  is  laid  across  a  river. 

U.  Intersecting  j  passing  over  at  any  angle;  as,  a 
line  p:u*sing  acrtwy  another. 

.\  €llC>tf'Tl€,  «.  [Or.  aifua,  extremity  or  beginning, 
and  i7ri\''4,  oriler  or  verse.] 

A  composition  in  verse,  in  which  the  first  letters 
of  tlie  lilies,  taken  in  order,  form  the  name  of  a  per- 
son, kiniidom,  city,  ice,  which  is  the  subject  of  the 
composition,  or  some  title  or  motto. 

A-€KUS''J'IC,  «.  'J'liat  relates  to,  or  contains  an 
acrostic. 

A-CKOS'Tie-'VL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an 
acrostic. 

A-eil()-Tl'M,EO'Tie,  K.  [Gr.  «)c;ios,  extreme,  and 
T£\iurr;,  emi.] 

Among  ecctivlastirni  wriln-s,  an  appellation  given 
to  any  thing  added  to  tlie  end  of  u  p.salin  ur  hymn  ; 
as  a  dovology. 

A-tltO-Tri'Ul-A,  n.  pi.  \  [^''-  ■"!'^-">P^  ^  summit.] 
In  architecture^  a  term  apjilied  to  small  pedestals, 
usually  withuiit  a  base,  aiieieiiily  placed  at  the  two 
(Wtremes,  or  in  the  miiidle  nf  pt  diiiieiits  or  froiitis- 
piec(;s,  serving  to  support  the  r-talues,  tScc.  It  also 
signifies  the  limirt-s  placetl  as  oniaiiients  on  tlu?  tops 
of  <'hurches,  and  Ihi;  sharp  pinnacles  that  stand  in 
ranges  about  Hat  buildings  with  rads  and  balusters. 
Anciently  tlie  word  signified  the  extremities  of  the 
body,  .IS  the  head,  hands,  and  feel.  Ettcyc. 

A-eKO-Tf:'RI-.\I^,  «.  Pertaining  to  the  acroter ,  as, 
acrotfrial  (iriiaUK'iits.  F.  Ctjc. 

A-eRO-THV.\ri-(>\,  )i.  [Gr.  u<po{,  e.\treine,  and 
^I'liOs,  thyme.] 

.Vnioiig  ;iAy.>ii:mH.v,  a  species  of  wart,  with  a  nar- 
row basis  and  broad  top,  liaving  tlie  color  of  thyme. 
It  is  calh'd  T/iiiiiiuj.  C(ku.v. 

A-eKOT'O-.MOL'S,  a.  [Gr.  aKfjuv,  top,  and  Trjn-i  i,  to 
cut.]  In  mi/icj-tt/u^'-i/,  having  a  cleavage  parallel  with 
the  top.  Dana. 

At'T,  I.  I.  [Gr.  ayii<,  L.  a^o,  to  urge,  drive,  lead, 
bring,  do,  perform  ;  or  in  general,  to  move,  to  exert 
force;  Cantabrian,  Cir,  force;  W.  eirnii  Ir.  eigraii, 
force  ;  Ir.  ais/e^  to  act  or  carry  on  ;  earhdam,  to  do  or 
act  I  actainty  to  ordain;  eucht^  uc/if,  deed,  act^  condi- 
tion ;  I'r.  agir  ;  It.  agire,  to  do  or  act.] 

..  To  exert  power ;  as,  the  stomach  acts  upon 
food  ;  tlie  win  acU  upon  the  body  In  producing 
motion. 

2.  To  he  in  action  or  motion  ;  to  move. 
He  liiiiigB  iH-twitrn,  in  doubt  tu  act  or  rest.  Pope, 
'i.  To  behave,  demean,  or  conduct,  as  in  morals, 

private  tluties,  or  public  olfices  ;  as,  we  know  not 
why  a  minister  has  acted  in  this  manner.  Hut  in 
this  sense,  it  is  most  fretpieiit  in  popular  language  ; 
as,  how  the  man  acts  or  luis  acted. 

To  act  up  III,  is  to  eipial  in  action  ;  to  fulfill,  or  per- 
form a  corres|ioiidetil  action  ;  as,  he  has  acted  up  tu 
his  engagement  or  his  advantages. 
ACT,  p.  L  To  jierforiu ;  to  represent  a  character  on 
the  stage. 

Act  well  yonr  part ;  there  all  the  honor  lies.  Pope. 

2.  To  feign  or  counterfeit.  [Obs.  or  improper.] 
With  acted  foor  the  villain  thus  pursued.  Dryden. 

3.  To  put  in  motion ;  to  actuate ;  to  regulate 
movements. 

.Moat  people  in  the  world  are  acted  by  levity.    Soudi.  Locke. 
[Ill  lAis  latter  sense  obsolete,  and  superseded  bij 
.Ae  rUATE,  ichich  see.] 
ACT,  H.    'I  he  exertion  of  power ;  the  effect,  of  which  ' 
power  exerted  is  the  cause  ;  ius,  the  act  of  giving  or 
ruci'iving 

In  this  sense,  it  denotes  an  operation  of  the  mind. 
Thus,  to  discern  is  an  act  of  the  understanding  ;  to 
judge  is  an  act  of  the  will. 

2.  That  which  is  done  ;  a  deed,  exploit,  or  achieve- 
ment, whether  good  or  dl. 

And  his  niir.tcles  luid  lus  acts  tvliich  he  did  in  Uie  midst  of 
Kgypt.  —  Dii.l.  xi. 

3.  Action  ;  [lerforniance  ;  production  of  ctTects  ; 
as,  an  act  of  charity.  But  tJtis  sense  ls  closely  allied 
to  tlie  furegving. 

4.  A  sttite  of  reality  or  real  existence,  as  opposed 
to  a  possibility. 

Tlic  swds  of  plants  are  not  at  first  in  act,  but  in  possibility,  what 
Uicy  afterwarvl  <rrow  to  be.  Hooker. 

%  In  general,  act  denotes  action  completed;  but 
preceded  by  in,  it  denotes  incomplete  action. 

She  w.ia  uU:cn  in  tlie  very  act,  — John  viii. 

In  act  is  n.sed  also  to  signify  incipient  action,  or 
a  state  of  prcpiiralion  to  exert  power ;  as,  "  In  act 
lo  strike,"  a  poetical  use. 

fi  A  part  or  division  of  a  play  lo  be  performed 
wilhoiit  interruption  ;  after  which  the  action  is  sus- 
pended to  give  respite  to  the  performers.  Acts  are 
divided  into  smaller  portions,  called  scenes. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.— 


7.  The  result  of  public  deliberatimi,  or  the  decis- 
ion of  a  prince,  h  gislative  body,  council,  court  of 
justice,  or  magistrate;  a  decree,  edict,  law,  judg- 
ment, resolve,  award,  detcrniiiiatioii  ;  as,  an  act  of 
parliament,  or  of  congniss.  The  term  is  also  trans- 
ferred iti  the  book,  reci>rd,  or  writing,  ctuitaiiiiiig 
the  laws  and  determinations.  Also,  any  instru- 
ment in  writing  to  verify  facLs. 

In  the  sense  of  agency,  or  power  to  produce  effects, 
as  in  the  passage  cited  by  Johnson  from  Eiliakspeare, 
tlie  use  is  improper. 

•To  try  Uie  vijfor  of  llvm,  and  apply 
AUaymeiits  tu  their  acl. 

J^f^  in  F.nglish  universities,  is  a  tliesis  maintained 
in  public,  by  a  candidate  for  a  degree,  or  lo  show  the 
pidliciency  of  a  student.  At  Oxford,  the  time  when 
masters  and  doctors  complete  their  degrees  is  also 
called  Hie  act,  wliich  is  held  with  gri^at  solemnity. 
At  Cambridge,  as  in  the  United  States,  it  is  called 
comiiiencemeut.  F.ncyc. 

Act  of  faith,  (auto  da  fi'-,)  in  Roman  Catholic  coun- 
tries, is  a  solemn  il.iy  held  by  the  Inipiisition  for  the 
puiiishiiient  of  heretics,  and  the  absolution  of  ac- 
cused persons  found  innocent;  or  it  is  the  sentence 
of  the  liiipiisition. 

Acts  iifthe  Apostlejt;  tlie  title  of  a  hook  in  the  New 
Testament,  containing  a  history  of  the  transactions 
of  till'  apostles. 

Acts  of  Sederunt :  in  Scots  law,  statutes  made  by  the 
lords  of  session,  sitting  in  jiidiiment,  by  virtue  of  a 
fcoltisli  act  of  parliamimt,  (l.')4l),)  empowering  them 
to  make  such  constitutions  or  regulations  as  they 
may  think  expeilieiit  for  ordering  the  procedure 
ami  forms  of  atimiiiistering  justice.  iirande. 

Ada  Diurna  ;  among  tlie.  Romans,  a  sort  of  gazelle, 
containing  an  authori/.ed  account  of  transactions  in 
Rome,  nearly  similar  to  our  newspapers. 

Acta  Populi,  or  Acta  Publico  ;  the  Roman  registers 
of  asst^niblies,  trials,  executions,  buildings,  liirtlis, 
marriages,  and  di^atlis  tif  illustrious  persons,  &c. 

Acta  Soncloruin!  the  lives  and  reputed  miracles  of 
Romish  saints. 

Ac/a  Senatus  ;  minutes  of  what  jiassed  in  the  Ro- 
man senate,  called  also  CoinmenUirii,  couimeniaries. 
ACT'EU, ;;;/.    Uone ;  performed;  represented  on  the 
stage. 

ACTI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Actium,  a  town  and  prom- 
ontory of  Epiriis  ;  as,  Action  games,  wliich  were 
instituted  by  Augustus,  to  celebrate  his  naval  victory 
over  Anthony,  near  that  town,  Sept.  2,  B.  C.  31. 
They  were  celebrated  every  five  years.  Hence, 
Action  years,  reckoneil  from  that  era.  F.iicije. 
AeT'ING,  ;)/»r.  or  n.    Doing;  perforiiiing ;  behaving; 

representing  the  character  of  another. 
A€T'ING,  H.    Action  ;  act  of  performing  a  part  of  a 

pl.ay.  Sliali.  ChurchUl. 

A€-TlN'I-.\,  71.  [L.  from  Gr.  (iKrie,  a  ray.]    A  genus 
of  Acaleplia,  having  a  circle  of  tentacles  or  rays 
around  the  mouth  ;  including  the  animal  fiowers  or 
sea-anemones.  Cite. 
A€-T1N'1-FI>R.M,  a.    [Gr.  anTiv,  a  ray,  and  "Lai. 

forma,  form. J  Having  a  radi.atcd  form. 
Ate-TIN'O-l.ri'E,  M.  [Gr.  u^^u,  a  ray,  and  >i9  {,  a 
stone.]  The  bright  green  variety  of  hornblende, 
occurring  usually  in  glassy  prismatic  crystiUs,  ami 
also  fibrous.  Dane. 
AC-TIN-O-LIT'ie,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  to  actint>- 
lite. 

Ae-TIN-OM'E-Tr.R,   n.     [Gr.  oktiv,  a  ray,  and 
ptrpoi ,  measure.] 

.An  instrument  for  measuring  the  intensity  of  solar 
radiatitni.  Daabeny. 
Ae'TlOX,  K.    [L.  actio.    See  Act.] 

1.  I.iUralhj,  a  driving  ;  hence,  the  state  of  acting 
I     or  moving  ;  exertion  of  power  or  force,  as  whiui  one 

body  acts  on  another  ;  or  action  is  the  effect  of  power 
exerted  on  (Uie  body  by  another  ;  motion  produced. 
Hence,  actiini  is  opposed  to  rest.  Action,  when 
produced  by  one  boily  on  another,  is  mechanical ; 
when  produced  by  the  will  of  a  living  being,  spon- 
taneous or  voluntary.    [See  Def.  3.] 

2.  An  act  or  thing  done  ;  a  deed. 

The  Lord  is  a  God  of  knowledge,  and  by  liim  are  aclione 
weighed —  1  S.tm.  ii. 

3.  In  mrchanics,  agency  ;  operation  ;  driving  im- 
pulse ;  ctfort  of  ime  body  upon  another  ;  as,  the 
action  of  wind  upon  a  ship's  sails ;  also,  the  cSect 
of  such  action. 

4.  In  ctliics,  the  external  signs  or  expression  of  the 
sentiments  of  a  moral  agent ;  conduct ;  bciiavior  ;  • 
demeanor ;  that  is,  motion  or  movement,  with  respect 
lo  a  rule  or  propriety. 

.1.  In  poetry,  a  series  of  events,  called  also  the 
subject  or  fable  :  this  is  of  two  kinds ;  the  principal 
action,  which  is  more  strictly  the  fable,  and  the  in- 
cidenuU  action  or  episode.  F.ncyc. 

G.  In  oratory,  gesture  or  gesticulation  ;  the  ex- 
ternal deportment  of  the  spe.tkcr,  or  tlie  accommo- 
dation of  his  attitude,  voice,  gestures,  ami  counte- 
nance, to  the  subject,  or  to  theithouglits  and  feelings 
of  the  mind.  F.nciie. 
7.  In  pltysiohgy,  the  motions  or  functions  of  the 


body,  vital,  animal,  and  natural ;  vital  and  involun- 
tary, as  the  action  of  the  heart  and  lungs  ;  auimat, 
as  iniisciilar,  and  all  voliiiitury  motions;  natural, 
as  iiiandiication,  deglutition,  and  digestion.  F.ncyc. 

ti.  In  laic,  literally,  ah  urging  for  right  ;  a  suit  or 
process,  by  which  a  demand  is  made  of  a  right ;  a 
claim  made  before  a  tribunal.  Actions  are  real, 
pemonal,  or  mijrd ;  real,  or  feudal,  when  tliti  di-mand- 
aiil  claims  a  title  to  real  estate  ;  per.sonol,  w  hen  a 
man  demands  a  debt,  personal  duty,  i>r  damages  in 
lieu  of  it,  or  satisfactiim  for  an  injury  to  person  or 
properly  ;  and  miied,  when  real  estate  is  demanded, 
with  damages  for  a  wrong  sustained.  Actitms  arc 
also  ciril  or  penal;  civil,  when  iiislitiited  solely  in 
behalf  of  private  persons,  to  reetwer  debts  or  dam- 
ages ;  penal,  when  instituted  to  recover  a  ptmalty, 
iiii|iosed  by  way  of  punishment.  The  word  is  also 
used  for  a  right  of  action  ;  a.s,  the  law  gives  an  acfion 
for  every  claim.  BlacLitnnr. 

A  chose  in  action,  is  a  right  to  a  tiling,  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  possession.  A  bond  or  note  is  a  chose  in 
action,  [Vr.  chose,  a  thing,]  and  gives  Ihe  owner  a 
right  to  prosecute  his  claim  lt>  the  money,  as  he  has 
an  absolute  property  in  a  right,  as  well  a-s  in  a  tiling, 
in  possession. 

9.  In  some  countries  of  Europe,  especially  France, 
action  is  a  share  in  the  capital  stock  tif  a  joint-stock 
company,  or  in  the  public  funds,  equivalent  lo  our 
term  share  ;  iind  coiisetiuently,  in  a  more  general 
sense,  in  the  plural,  to  stocks.  The  word  is  also 
used  for  iiio\'able  etfects. 

10.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  the  attitude  or  posi- 
tion of  the  several  parts  of  the  body,  by  which  they 
seem  to  be  actuated  by  passions  ;  as,  the  arm  ex- 
tended, to  represent  the  act  of  giving  or  receiving. 

11.  Hallle  ;  fight;  engagement  between  troops  in 
war,  H  hi  ther  on  land  or  water,  or  by  a  greater  or 
smaller  number  of  combatants.  This  and  the  8tli 
di'Iinition  exhibit  the  literal  meaning  of  action,  viz. 
a  driving  or  urging. 

(inoniitu  of  octiiin  ;  in  physics,  the  product  of  the 
mass  of  a  body  by  the  space  it  runs  through  and  its 
velocity.  Eneijc. 

In  many  ca-ses  action  and  act  arc  synonymous  ;  but 
some  distinction  between  them  is  observable.  Action 
seems  to  have  more  relation  to  the  power  that  acts, 
and  its  operation  and  process  of  acting  ;  and  act, 
more  relation  to  the  effect  or  operation  complete. 
Action  is  also  more  generally  used  lor  ordinary  trans- 
actions ;  and  act,  for  such  as  are  remarkable,  or  dig- 
nifii  d  ;  as,  all  our  actions  should  be  regulated  by 
prudence  ;  a  prince  is  distinguished  by  ac£,<  of  hero- 
ism or  liuiiKinity.  F.ncyc. 
Action-taking,  in  Phakspeare,  is  used  for  litigious. 

Ae'TlO.N-.V-HLE,  a.  That  will  bear  a  suit,  or  for 
which  an  artiim  at  law  may  be  sustained  ;  as,  to 
call  a  man  a  thief  is  actionable. 

Ae'T10.\-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  subjects  to 
h^gal  process. 

AC'TIO.V-A-RY,  or  AC'TION-IST,  v.  In  Europe,  a 
proprietor  of  stock  in  a  joint-stock  company  ;  one 
who  owns  actions  or  shares  of  slock. 

AeT'l  V-.\TE,  e.  (.    To  make  active.  B(uon. 

AGT'IVE,  a.    [h.  adieus;  Fr.  actif.] 

1.  That  has  the  power  or  quality  of  acting ;  that 
contains  the  principle  of  action,  independent  of  any 
visible  external  force  ;  as,  attnictioii  is  an  actite 
power;  or  it  may  be  defined,  that  communicates 
action  or  motion,  opposed  to  passive,  that  receives 
action  ;  as,  the  active  powers  of  the  mind. 

2.  Having  the  ptiwer  of  quick  motion,  or  the 
dis|iosition  to  move  with  speed  ;  nimble  ;  lively  ; 
brisk;  agile;  as,  an  ar/jcc  aiiiinal.    Hence,  * 

3.  Busy  ;  constantly  engaged  in  action  ;  pursuing 
■  business  with  vigor  and  assiduity  ;  opposed  to  dull, 

slow,  or  indolent ;  as,  an  active  olficiT.  It  is  also  op- 
posed to  sedentary  ;  as,  an  active  life. 

4.  Requiring  action  or  exertion  ;  practical  ;  opera- 
tive ;  producing  real  effects  ;  opposed  lo  .-peculatice ; 
as,  the  active  duties  of  life. 

5.  In  grammar,  active  verbs  are  those  which  not 
only  signify  action,  but  h.ave  a  noun  or  name  fol- 
lowing them,  denoting  the  object  of  the  action  or 
impression  ;  calk'd  also  transitive,  as  they  imply  the 
passing  of  the  action  expressed  by  the  verb  to  the 
object ;  a5,  a  profes,sor  in.-.-tructi  his  pupils. 

ti.  Active  capital,  or  leeidth,  is  money,  or  property 
that  m,iy  readily  be  converted  into  money,  and 
used  in  commerce  or  oUier  employment  for  prtifit. 

Hamilton. 

7.  Active  commercf, ;  the  commerce  in  w  hich  a  na- 
tion carries  its  own  productions  and  foreign  com- 
ino<lities  in  irv  own  ships,  or  which  is  prosecuted  by 
its  own  citi/.ens  ;  as  contradistiiiguislied  from  pas- 
sive commerce,  in  which  the  pr.tductions  of  one 
country  are  traiisiioned  by  the  people  of  another 
country. 

The  commerce  of  Great  Britain  and  of  the  United 
States  is  active:  that  of  China  is  passive. 

It  may  be  the  iiiten-st  of  foreign  nations  to  deprive  us,  u  Ear  as 
possible,  of  .-in  OCQoe  coiiimerM  ui  our  own  hownfm. 

fytenUul,  HamiUon. 

.\eT'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  active  manner;  by  action  ; 


AiV'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  7, ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ACU 


ADA 


ADD 


nimbly  ;  briskly.  In  ip-iimmnr,  in  an  active  signifi- 
cation ;  as,  a  word  is  used  actwelii. 

A€T'IVE-XESS,  «.  Tlie  quality"  of  being  active  ; 
tlie  faculty  of  acting  ;  niniblcness ;  quickness  of  mo- 
tion.   Less  used  than  Activi  rv. 

AeT-IV'l-TY,  n,  Tlie  quality  of  being  active  ;  the 
active  faculty  ;  nimbleness  ;  agility  ;  also,  the  habit 
of  diligent  and  vigorous  pursuit  of  business  ;  as,  a 
man  of  aclicittj.    It  is  ap])lied  to  persons  or  things. 

Sphere  of  aciiv'dij,  is  the  whole  space  in  which  the 
virtue,  power,  or  influence  of  any  object,  is  exerted. 

To  put  in  actioity;  a  French  phrase,  for  putting  in 
action  or  employment. 

AGT'LESS,  a.    VVithout  action  or  spirit. 

AeX'OR,  ji.  He  that  acts  or  performs ;  an  active 
agent. 

2.  He  that  represents  a  character,  or  acts  a  part  in 
a  play  ;  a  stage  player. 

3.  Ajnong  cicilians,  an  advocate  or  proctor  in 
civil  courts  or  causes. 

AeT'RESS,  n.    A  female  who  acts  or  performs,  and 

especially  on  the  stage,  or  in  a  play. 
AeT'U-AL,  a.    [Ft.  actuch    See  Act.] 

1.  Real  or  etiectual,  or  that  exists  truly  and  abso- 
lutely ;  as,  actual  lieat,  opposed  to  that  which  is 
virtual  or  potential  ,*  actual  cautery,  or  the  burning  by 
a  red-hot  iron,  opposed  to  potential  cautery,  or  a 
caustic  application,  that  may  produce  the  same 
elfect  upon  the  body  by  a  different  process. 

2.  Existing  in  act ;  re;U  ;  in  opposition  to  specula- 
tive, or  existing  in  theory  only ;  as,  an  actual  crime. 

3.  Existing  at  the  present  time  ;  as,  the  actual  sit- 
uation of  the  country.  Burke. 

4.  In  theologij,  actual  sin  is  that  which  is  commit- 
ted by  a  person  himself,  opposed  to  ori<^inal  sin,  or 
the  corruption  of  nature  supposed  to  be  communi- 
cated from  Adam. 

5.  That  includes  action. 

Bfsiil''s  lipr  walking  and  oUitr  actual  performances.  [Hardly 
legilii/uite.]  Aluik. 

AeT-tT-AL'I-TY,  n.    Reality.  Hawcis. 

AGT'U-AL-LY,  adv.    In  fact ;  reallv  ;  in  truth. 

AeT'li-AL-iZE,  V.  t.    To  make  actual. 

AeT'U-AL-lZ-lNG,;)^r.   Making  actual.  Culeridie. 

AeT'lI-Al>-XESS,  H.    The  quality  of  being  actual. 

ACT'lJ-A-RY,  n.    [L.  actaarius.] 

A  registrar  or  cbuk  ;  a  term  of  the  civil  law,  and 
used  originally  in  courts  of  civil  law  jurisdiction ;  but 
in  Europe  used  for  a  cli^rk  or  registrar  generally. 

In  F.nglanil,  this  term  is  now  used  for  the  man- 
ager of  a  joint-stock  company,  particularly  of  an 
insurance  company.  P.  Cijr. 

In  America,  it  is  chiefly  applied  to  the  manager 
of  a  life  insurance  company. 

AeT'U-ATE,  a.    Put  in  acticm.    [Little  used.] 

AGT'li-ATE,  V.  I.  [from  act.] 

To  put  into  action  ;  to  move  or  incite  to  action  ; 
as,  men  are  actuated  by  motives,  or  passions.  It 
seems  to  have  been  used  formerly  in  tiie  sense  of 
invigorate,  noting  increase  of  action  ;  but  the  use  is 
not  legitimate. 

AeT'U-A-'I'ED,  pp.    Tut  in  action ;  incited  to  action. 

AeT'lJ-A-TING,  ppr.  Putting  in  action  ;  inciting  to 
action. 

AeT-lI-A'TIOX,  n.    The  state  of  being  put  in  ac- 
tion ;  effectual  operation.  Olannillc. 
ACT'US,  71.     Among  tke  Romans,  a  measure  in 
building  equal  to  120  Roman  feet.    In  ancient  agrir- 
culture,  the  length  of  on^furrow. 
AG'U-.\TE,  V.  t.    [L.  acuo,  to  sharpen.    See  Acid.] 
To  sliarjien  ;  to  make  pungent,  or  corrosive.  [Lit- 
tle U.W/.1  llaroev. 
Ae-U-l"TIO.V,  n.  rfrom  L.  acuo,  to  sharpen.]  The 

sharpening  of  medicines  to  increase  their  effect.  . 
A-€!0'LE-ATE,  a.    [L.  aculeus,  frimi  ami,  Gr.  UKq,  a 
point,  and  tlie  diminutive  ul.    Sec  Acid.] 

In  botany,  having  prickles,  or  sharp  points  ;  point- 
ed ;  used  chiefly  to  denote  prickles  fixed  in  the 
bark,  in  distinction  from  tliorns,  which  grow  from 
the  wood.  Mdnc. 
2.  In  inolo<ry,  having  a  sting,  or  prickles, 
A-GO'LE-I, n.  p/.  [L.]  In //"(a«y ami  iuo/</;'-v,  prickles. 
AG'lJ-LON,  or  A€'Ii-l.US,  «.    [Gr.  uKuios,  pioh;i- 
bly  from  nr,  an  oak.] 
Thft  fruit  or  acorn  of  the  ilex,  or  scarlet  oak. 
A-GO'.ME.\,  n.    [L.  acumen,  from  aciu  or  aciw.] 

A  sharp  point ;  and  jiguraticehj,  quickness  of 
perception,  (n.-netration  of  mind,  the  faculty  of  nice 
diHcriinination. 
A-GO'iMIiN-ATE,  a.    [L.  aeuminatus,  from  acumen.] 
Having  a  long  projecting  and  highly  tapi'ring 
point.  J)c  Cundolle. 

A-eO'MIN-A-TEI),  a.    Sharpened  to  a  point. 
A-GIJ-.MI\  a'TIO.N",  n.    A  ttharpening;  termination 

tri  a  Kharp  [Kiint. 
AfM;  Pi;.S<;  TI'Il-A'TIOX,  n.    See  AciiruNcxuiiE. 
AfJ-li-l'UNC'TIJRE,  n.    ( li.  Mit*,  needle,  and  puHc- 
I      turn,  or  punctux,  n  pricking.] 

A  Kurgical  opi  ralion,  pi  rformed  by  pricking  the 
pan  aff'  Cted  with  a  needle,  lu  in  lieudaclies  and 
!•  thaririis.  Kncyc. 
A-COTE',  a.     [L.  otu/u.',  fharp  iminted  ;  Uu.  from 


acuo,  acu.^,  or  from  the  Oriental  Tn  kad  or  chad, 
sharp,  Ueb.  Ch.  Ar.] 

1.  Sharp  at  the  end ;  ending  in  a  sharp  point ; 
opposed  to  blwnt  or  obtuse.  An  acute  angle,  in  geom- 
etry, is  one  which  is  less  than  a  right  angle,  or 
which  subtends  less  than  ninety  degrees.  An 
acute-angled  triangle,  is  one  whose  three  angles  are 
all  acute,  or  less  than  ninety  degrees  eacli.  An 
acute-angled  cone,  is  one,  the  angle  at  the  vertex  of 
which  is  acute. 

2.  Figuratively,  applied  to  mental  powers ;  pene- 
trating ;  having  nice  discernment;  perceiving  or 
using  minute  distinctions ;  opposed  to  dull  or  stupid  ; 
as,  an  acute  reasoner. 

3.  .Applied  to  the  senses ;  having  nice  or  quick  sen- 
sibility ;  susceptible  of  slight  impressions  ;  having 
power  to  feel  or  perceive  small  objects;  as,  a  man 
of  £tci((c  eyesight,  hearing,  or  feeling. 

4.  An  acute  disease,  is  one  which  is  attended  with 
symptoms  of  some  degree  of  severity,  and  comes 
speedily  to  a  crisis,  as  a  pleurisy  ;  opposed  to 
chronic. 

5.  An  acute  accent,  is  that  wliich  elevates  or 
sharpens  the  voice. 

6.  In  music,  acute  is  applied  to  a  tone  wliicli  is 
sharp,  or  high  ;  opposed  to  grave. 

7.  In  botany,  ending  in  an  acute  angle,  as  a  leaf 
or  perianth.  Martyn. 

A-CuTE'LY,  adv.  Sharply ;  keenly  ;  with  nice  dis- 
crimination. 

A-€OTE'i\'ESS,  n.  Sharpness  ;  but  seldom  used 
in  this  literal  sense,  as  applied  to  material  things. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  faculty  of  nice  discernment  or 
perception ;  applied  to  the  senses,  or  the  under- 
standing. By  an  acuteness  of  feeling,  we  perceive 
small  objects  or  slight  impressions  ;  by  an  acutcness 
of  intellect,  we  discern  nice  distinctiims. 

3.  Sliarpness,  or  elevation  of  sound,  in  rhetoric 
or  music.  Boyle. 

4.  Violence  of  a  disease,  which  brings  it  speedily 
to  a  crisis. 

A-€U-TIa'TOR,  71.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  person 
whose  office  was  to  sharpen  instruments.  Before 
the  invention  of  fire-arms,  such  officers  attended 
armies  to  sharpen  their  instniments.  Eucyc. 

AD,  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  to.    It  Is  probably 

from  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Eth.  nnN,  Ar.     vt  to 

come  near,  to  approach  ;  from  which  root  we  may 
also  deduce  at.  In  composition,  the  last  letter  is 
usually  changed  into  the  first  letter  of  the  word  to 
which  it  is  prefixed.  Thus  for  adclamo,  the  Romans 
wrote  acclanio  i  for  adgredior,  aggredior ;  for  ad- 
Jirmo,  ajjirmo ;  for  adlrgo,  allego ;  for  ailpono,  ap- 
ponof  for  adripio,  arripw ;  for  adscribo,  ascribo  ;  for 
adtineo,  attineo.  The  reason  of  this  change  is  found 
in  the  ease  of  pronunciation,  and  agieeableness  of 
the  sounds. 

Md  homincm ;  to  the  man  ;  in  logic,  an  argument 
adapted  to  touch  the  prejudices  of  the  person  ad- 
dressed. 

M  inipiirendum  ;  in  law,  a  judicial  writ  command- 
ing inquiry  to  be  made. 

Ad  libitum ;  at  pleasure  ;  in  music,  applied  to  a 
part  or  accompaniment  which  may  be  performed  or 
not,  without  interfering  with  the  composition. 

Jid  valorem  ;  according  to  the  value  ;  in  commerce 
and  finance,  terms  used  to  denote  duties  or  charges 
laid  upim  goods,  at  a  certain  rate  per  cent,  upmi 
their  value,  as  stated  in  tliinr  invoices  ;  in  oiiposition 
to  a  sjiecific  sum  upon  a  given  quantity  or  number. 
A-DAG'TYL,  71.    [Gr.  u  priv.  and  (!(Mri',\'p{,  a  digit.] 

In  zoology,  a  locomotive  extremity  without  digits. 

Bra  ml e. 

AD'AGE,  71.    [L.  adagium,  or  adagio  ;  It.  a/lugio.] 

A  proverb  ;  an  old  saying,  which  has  obtained 
credit  by  long  use ;  a  wise  observation  handed  down 
from  antiquity. 
.\D-a'GI-0,  71.  [It.  adagio,  a  compound  of  ad  and 
agio,  leisure  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  vciu ;  L.  otium ;  Fr. 
aise ;  Eng.  case] 

In  music,  a  slow  movement.  A  piece  of  music, 
to  be  performed  in  adagio  ;  as,  an  adagio  of  Haydn. 
As  an  adverb,  slowly,  leisurely,  and  with  grace. 
When  repeated,  adagio,  adagio,  it  directs  tlie  move- 
ment to  bo  very  slow. 
AI)'AM,  n.  In  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  Ar.  Man;  prima- 
rily, the  name  of  the  human  species,  mankind  ; 
appropriately,  the  first  Man,  the  progenitor  of  the 
human  race.  The  word  signifies  fonn,  shape,  or 
suitable  form  ;  hence,  species.  As  a  verb,  Ibi;  word 
signifies,  in  Ethiopic,  to  please  or  be  agreeable;  ill 
Arabic,  to  join,  unite,  or  be  accordant,  to  agree.  It 
is  evidently  connected  with  nm  Uamah,  lleb.  Ch. 
Syr.,  to  be  like  or  equal,  to  fiirm  an  image,  to  assiin- 
ilati^ ;  whence  the  sense  of  likeness,  image,  form, 
shape  ;  (Jr.  ji  /iai,  a  body,  like.    [.See  Man.] 

Adaui\i  apple  ;  a  species  of  citron,  [see  Citbon  ;] 
also,  the  proinini'iit  [lart  of  the  throat. 

Adam's  nrrdle :  the  popular  iiami'  of  the  yucca,  a 
plant  of  four  species,  cultivated  in  gardens.    Of  the 


roots,  the  Indians  made  a  kind  of  bread.  [See 

Yl'CCA.] 

AD'A-MANT,  n.  [Gr.  afnivm  L.  adumas;  a  word 
of  Celtic  origin  ;  W.  ehedroen,  a  lodestoiie,  from 
ehed,  to  fly  or  move,  and  vacn,  or  maen,  a  stone. 
Chaucer  uses  adamant  for  the  lodeslcne.  Roniaunt 
of  tlie  Rose,  lin.  1182.  Ger.  diarnant  is  adamant  and 
diamond  ;  Sp.  diamante ;  Sw.  daniant ;  I'r.  aimunt, 
lodestonc.    See  Diamond.] 

A  stone  imagined  by  some  to  be  of  impenetra- 
ble hardness ;  a  nauie  given  to  the  diamond  and 
other  substances  of  extreme  hardness.  The  name 
has  often  been  given  to  the  lodestoiie  ;  as,  you  draw 
me,  you  hard-lieaited  adamant.  Shok.  But  ill  mod- 
ern mineralogy  it  has  no  technical  sigiiifieatiiui. 

AD-A-MANT-E'AX,  a.    Hard  as  adamant.  Jlilloyi. 

AD-A-MANT'INE,  a.  I\lade  of  adamant;  having 
the  qualities  of  adamant;  that  can  not  be  broken, 
dissolved,  or  penetrated  ;  as,  adamantine  bonds,  or 
chains. 

Adamantine  .'rpar  ;  a  variety  of  corundum,  with 
gray,  brown,  or  greenish  shades.  'I'liis  sKme  is 
very  hard,  and  of  difficult  fusion.  Dana. 
AD-AM'IG,  <7.  Pertaining  to  Adam.  Adamic  earth, 
is  the  term  given  to  common  red  day,  so  called  by 
means  of  a  mistaken  opinion,  that  Adam  means 
red  earth. 

AD'AM-ITES,  71.  pi.  In  church  hisUmj,  a  sect  of 
visionaries,  who  jiretended  to  establisli  a  state  of 
innocence,  and,  like  Adam,  went  naked.  They 
abhorred  marriage,  holding  it  to  be  the  effect  of  sin. 
Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  revive  this 
sect ;  one  as  late  as  the  15tli  century.  Encyc. 

AD-AM-IT'IG,  a.    Like  the  Adamites.  Taylor. 

AD-AN-SO'NI-A,  7i.  Ethiopian  sour  gourd,  monkey's 
bread,  or  African  calabash-tree.  It  is  a  genus  of 
one  species,  called  baobab,  a  native  of  .Africa,  and 
one  of  the  largest  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  The 
stern  rises  not  above  twelve  or  fifteen  feet,  but  is 
from  sixty-five  to  sevcnty-eiglit  feet  in  circum- 
ference. The  branches  shoot  horizontally  to  the 
length  of  sixty  feet,  the  ends  bending  to  the  ground. 
The  fruit  is  oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  ten 
inches  in  length,  and  covered  with  a  greenish 
down,  under  which  is  a  hard,  ligneous  rind.  It 
hangs  to  the  tree  by^  a  jiedicle  two  feet  long,  and 
contains  a  white,  spongy  substance.  'I'he  leaves 
and  bark,  dried  and  powdered,  are  used  by  the 
negroes  as  pepper  on  their  food,  to  promote  perspi- 
ration. The  tree  is  n;inied  fiom  M.  Adansoii,  who 
has  given  a  description  of  it.  Encyc. 

AD'A-PIS,  7!.  An  animal  of  the  pachydermatous 
order  of  mammals,  somewhat  resembling  a  hi'dge- 
hng  ;  now  extinct.  Buckland. 

A-DAPT',  7'.  t.  [S\i.  adaptor  ;  It.  adattarc  ;  L.  ad  and 
apto,  to  fit;  Gr.  omtx).] 

To  make  suitable  ;  to  fit,  or  suit  ;  as,  to  adapt  an 
instrument  to  its  uses  ;  we  have  provision  adapted 
to  our  wants.  It  is  applied  to  things  material  or 
immaterial. 

A-DAPT-A-BIL'I-TY,    )  7i.    The  quality  of  being 

A-DAPT'A-PiLE-NESS,  \    capable  of  adaptation. 

A-DAPT' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  adapted. 

AD-APT-a'TION,  71.  The  act  of  making  suitable,  or 
the  state  of  being  suitable,  or  fit ;  fitness. 

A-D.\PT'ED,  pp.    Suited  ;  made  suitable  ;  fitted. 

A-D  APT'ED-NESS,  71.  state  of  being  adapted  ;  suit- 
ableness. 

A-DAPT'ER, »!.    One  who  adapts. 
2.  In  rbemistni.    See  Adopter. 

A-DAPT'ING, /)/;•.    SiiiliuE;  making  fit. 

A-DAP'TION,  «.  Adaptation  ;  the  act  of  fitting. 
[Little  used,  and  hardly  legitimate.] 

A-DAPT'NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  fitted.  [JVot 
used.]  JVewtcm. 

a'DaH,  71.  A  Hebrew  month,  answering  to  the 
latti  r  part  of  February  and  the  beginning  of  Alarcli, 
the  I2tli  of  the  sacred  and  (ith  of  the  civil  year;  so 
named  from  "ilN,  to  become  glorious,  from  the  ex- 
uberance of  vegetation,  in  that  month,  in  Egypt 
and  Palestine.  I'arkhurst. 

AD  AR-HIT'RLU.M,  [L.]    At  will  or  pleasure. 

A-DAll'CE,  n.    [Gr.  .i,\i/>a';c.] 

A  saltish  concretion  on  reeds  and  grass  in  marshy 
grounds  in  Galatia.  It  is  lax  and  porous,  like  bas- 
taril  sponge,  and  used  to  clear  the  sUiii  in  leprosy, 
tetters,  &c.  (iuincy.  Plot. 

A-DXUXT',  V.  t.  To  subdue.  [JV'ot  used.  See 
Daunt.]  iskelton. 

AD-AW,  ».  f.    To  daunt ;  to  subject.    [JVot  used.] 

Spenser. 

A-DAA'S',  aJr.    On  or  in  days  ;  as  in  the  phrase  now 

a-dans. 

An  CAP-TA^r'nU.M,  [L.]  To  captivate;  ad  eap- 
Inndnm  rulgns.  to  please  and  attract  the  populace. 

AD-COK'PO-RATE,  v.  t.  To  unite  one  body  with 
another. 

ADD,  7'.  t.    [L.  addo,  from  ad  and  do,  to  give.] 

1.  To  set  or  |iiit  togeilier,  join,  or  unite  ;  as,  one 
thing  or  sum  to  anothiT,  in  an  aggregate;  as,  (wW 
three  III  four,  the  sum  is  s(  ven. 

•J.  To  unite  in  iilea  or  consideration  ;  to  subjoin  ;  as 
to  what  has  been  alleged,  let  this  nrguinent  be  adtled. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BgQK.— 


16 


ADD 


ADD 


ADF 


3.  To  increase  number. 

Thuu  iliall  add  ihrce  ciUcj  more  of  refuge.  —  Dcul.  xiK. 

4.  To  augment. 

R.  holkKini  rviil,  I  will  oM  W  your  yoko.  —  1  Kiiipi  xii. 

Ye  i\\A\  not  add  to  Ihe  wonl  v^'liich  1  command  you,  —  Dcut.  iv. 

As  here  used,  the  verb  is  intransitive,  but  there 
may  be  an  ellipsis. 

To  ulUt  to,  is  used  in  Scripture,  as  equivalent  to 
ffii'i",  or  heslow  upon.  Gen.  xxx.  Matt.  vi.  In  fial. 
ii.  the  werd  is  understood  to  siKoify  instruction  ; 
"  In  conlivence  they  acliltd  nolliin^  to  ine."  In 
narration,  lie  or  they  added,  is  i  lliptical  ;  he  addrd 
words,  or  what  follows,  or  he  continued  his  dis- 
course. 

In  general,  when  used  of  things,  adtl  implies  a 
principal  thins,  to  which  a  smaller  is  to  be  an- 
nexed, as  a  part  of  the  whole  sum,  mass,  or  number. 

AD-I)EC'I-.M.\TK,  V.  U    [L.  ad  and  drciinus,  tenth.] 
'I'o  take,  or  to  ascertain  tithes.  Diet. 

ADD'ED,  lip.  Joined  in  place,  in  sum,  in  mass  or 
aggregati',  in  number,  in  idea,  or  consideration  j 
united  ;  put  together. 

AD  nioE.M',  I).  (.  [Sec  Deem.]  To  award  j  to  sen- 
tence. [/MIeuscd.] 

AD.DF~Y'DUM,n.  :  pi.  Ad-den' DA.  [L.]  A  thing 
or  things  to  be  added  ;  an  appendix. 

AD'DEK,  w.  [Sax.  (tUrr  or  leHur,  a  serpent  and 
IJoison  ;  D.  adder,  Uu.  Sax.  ntrdrc,  a  serpent ;  Goth. 
nadr;  G.  natter;  W.  ni-ider ;  Corn,  naddijr ;  Ir. 
nathair  ;  L.  nalrii,  a  serpent.] 

A  venomous  serpent  of  several  species,  belonging 
to  the  vipiT  family. 

AD'DEIl-Kl.9,  n.  A  name  of  the  dragon-fly  or 
Libellula ;  sometimes  called  adde.i^buH. 

.\D'I)EK'S-G11ASS,  n.  A  plant  about  which  ser- 
pents lurk. 

.\D'DER'S-TO.\GUE,  n.  A  genus  of  ferns,  Ophio- 
irlussuin,  whose  seeds  are  produced  on  a  spike  re- 
sembling a  serpent's  tongue. 

AD'DER'S-VVilllT,  n.  Snakeweed,  so  named  from 
its  supposed  virtue  in  curing  the  bite  of  serpents. 

AD  DI-UIL'I-TY,  K.    The  possibility  of  being  added. 

Lncke. 

AD'DI-BLE,  a.    [See  Add.]    That  may  be  added. 

Locke, 

AD'DICE,  n.  [Obs.]    See  Adz. 

.MJ-DICT',  a.    Addicted.    [JVot  mnck  tised.] 

AD  DICT',  71.  t.    [L.  addico,  to  devote,  from  ad  and 

dico,  to  dedicate.] 
To  aiiply  one's  self  habitually  ;  to  devote  time 

and  attention  by  customary  or  constant  practice. 

[Sometimr-i  in  a  good  sense.'] 

Tliey  liavp  addicted  theniiielves  to  Uie  ministry  of  the  saints. 
—  1  Cor.  XV. 

More  u.9uallij,  in  a  bad  sense,  to  follow  customa- 
rily, or  devote,  by  habitually  practicing  that  which 
is  ill  ;  as,  a  man  is  addicted  to  intemperance. 

To  addict  onc^s  self  to  a  person  —  a  sense  borrowed 
from  the  Romans,  who  used  the  word  for  assigning 
debtors  in  service  to  their  creditors  —  is  found  in 
Ren  Jonson,  but  is  not  legitim.ite  in  English. 
AD-DICT'ED,  pp.    Devoted  by  customary  practice. 
At)-DieT'ED-.\ESS,  n.     The  quality  or  state  of 

being  adtlicted. 
AD-DIGT'ING,  ppr.    Devoting  time  and  attention; 

practicing  customarily. 
A1)-D1€'T10N,  H.    Tlie  act  of  devoting  or  giving  up 
in  practice  ;  the  state  of  being  devoted. 

\\m  addiction  wns  to  courses  vain.  Shak. 
9.  Among  the  Romans,  a  making  over  goods  to 
another  by  sale  or  legtil  sentence  ;  also,  an  assign- 
ment of  debtors  in  service  to  their  creditors. 

Encyr. 

ADD'ING,  ppr.  Joining;  putting  together ;  increasing. 

AD-DIT'A-.MENT,  ii.  [I,,  addilamrntum,  from  ad- 
ditu.1  and  ment.    See  .\i)d.] 

An  addition,  or  rather  the  thing  added,  as  furni- 
ture in  a  house ;  any  material  mixed  with  the 
princip.al  ingredients  in  a  compound.  Ancient 
anatomists  gave  the  name  to  an  cpiiihysis,  or  junc- 
tion of  bones  without  articulation.  [Little  used  in 
either  sense.l 

AD-DI"TIO.\,  n.    [L.  addilio,  from  addo.] 

1.  The  act  of  adding,  opposed  to  subtraction,  or 
diminution  ;  as,  a  sum  is  increased  by  addition. 

2.  .Any  thing  added,  whether  material  or  im- 
material. 

3.  In  arithmetic,  the  uniting  of  two  or  more  num- 
bers in  one  sum  ;  also  the  rule  or  branch  of  arith- 
metic which  treats  of  .adding  numbers.  Simple  ad- 
dition is  the  joining  of  stims  of  the  s.ame  denom- 
ination, as  pounds  to  pounds,  dollars  to  dollars. 
Compound  addition  is  the  joining  of  sums  of  dif- 
ferent denominations,  as  dollars  and  cents. 

4.  In  law,  a  title  annexed  to  a  man's  n.ame,  to 
show  his  rank,  occupation,  or  place  of  residence  ; 
as,  John  Doe,  Esq. ;  Ricliard  Roc,  Gent. ;  Robert 
Dale,  jl/ii^oii ;  Thomas  Way,  of  jYern  York. 

5.  In  miu<ic,  a  dot  at  the  right  side  of  a  note,  to 
lengthen  its  sound  one  half. 

6  In  heraldnj,  something  added  to  a  coat  of  arms. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— 


as  a  mark  of  honor,  opposed  lu  abatements  ;  as, 
bordure,  (juarter,  canton,  pj  ruii,  pile,  fee.  Encije. 

7.  In  distillinu,  any  thing  adiled  to  the  wa.sh  or 
liquor  in  a  state  of  fermentalion. 

8.  In  popular  laniruage,  an  advantage,  ornament, 
imiirovement ;  that  is,  an  addition  by  way  of 
eminence. 

AD-D1"TIUN-AL,  a.    That  is  added.    It  is  used  by 

Bacon  for  addition  ;  but  improperly. 
AD-DI"TI<  ).\-AL-I.Y,  I!y  way  of  addition. 

ADD'I-TIVE,  a.    That  may  be  added,  or  that  is  to 

be  added. 

ADI)'l-TO-RY,  a.    That  adds,  or  may  add. 
AD'DLE,  0.    [VV.  Iiadijl,  corrupt;  liadlu,  to  decay,  to 

putrify  ;   llcb.  Sin,  to  fail,  Ar.  ^»X2»  hadula,  to 

decline,  and  ^  chadala,  to  frustrate,  to  fail,  to 
cease;  Pax.  aidlian,  to  be  empty,  or  vain.] 

Uninipregnated  ;  not  fecundated  ;  also,  having 
lost  the  power  of  development ;  in  a  tnorbid  state  ; 
putrid  ;  applied  to  eggs.  Hence,  barren,  producing 
nothing. 

His  bniiiis  grow  addle.  Dryden. 
AD'DLE,  V.  I.   To  make  addle  ;  to  make  corrupt  or 

morbid.  Scott. 
.\U'DLiL.D,  pp.  or  a.     Morbid,  cornipt,  putrid,  or 

barren.  Brown. 
AD'DLE-HEAD'ED,  \  a.    Having  empty  brains. 
AD'1)LE-Pa-TED,    i  Dnjden. 
AD-DOOM',  r.  f.  [See  Doom.]  To  adjudge.  Spenser. 
AD-D0RS'£D,  (ad-dorst',)  a.   [L.  ad  and  dorsum,  the 

bark.] 

In  heraldry,  liaving  the  backs  turned  to  each 
other,  as  Acu-vtv. 
AD-DRESS',  V.  U    [Fr.  adresser;  Sp.  enderezar  ;  It. 
diriz'.are,  to  direct,  to  make  straight.    I'his  is  sup- 
posed to  be  from  L.  dirio-o.    See  Dress.] 

1.  To  prepare  ;  to  make  suitable  dispositions  for  ; 
to  enter  upon  ;  as,  he  now  addressed  himself  to  the 
business. 

Tunius  addresser!  his  men  to  sincl*;  li^ht.  Dryden. 
The  archangel  and  Ute  evil  spirit  addressing  themselves  for 
the  combat.  Addison. 

[  This  sense  is,  I  believe,  obsolete  or  little  used.] 

2.  To  direct  words  or  discourse;  to  apply  to  by 
words  ;  as,  to  address  a  discourse  to  an  assembly ; 
to  address  the  judges. 

3.  To  direct  in  writing,  as  a  letter  ;  or  to  direct 
and  transmit ;  as,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
Speaker.  Sometimes  it  is  used  with  the  reciprocal 
pronoun  ;  as,  he  addressed  himself  to  tlie  Speaker, 
instead  of,  he  addressed  his  discourse.  Tin?  phrase 
is  faulty,  but  less  so  than  the  following:  To  such 
I  woulil  address  with  this  most  affectionate  petition. 

younjj  Turnus  to  the  beauteous  m  iid  addressed,  Dryden. 
The  latter  is  admissible  in  poetry,  as  an  elliptical 
phrase. 

4.  To  present  an  address,  as  a  letter  of  thanks  or 
congratulation,  a  petition,  or  a  testimony  of  respect; 
as,  the  Icgishiture  addressed  the  President. 

.'■>.  To  court  or  make  suit  as  a  lover. 

6.  In  commerce,  to  consign  or  intrust  to  the  care 
of  another,  as  agent  or  factor  ;  .as,  the  ship  was  ad- 
dressed to  a  merchant  in  Baltimore. 
AD-DRESS',  n.  A  speaking  to ;  verbal  application  ; 
a  formal  manner  of  speech  ;  as,  when  introduced, 
the  President  made  a  short  address. 

2.  A  written  or  formal  application  ;  a  message  of 
respect,  congratulation,  th.anks,  petition,  &c. ;  as, 
an  aildress  of  thanks  ;  an  ofticer  is  removable  upon 
the  address  of  both  houses  of  assembly. 

3.  Manner  of  speaking  to  another ;  as,  a  man  of 
pleasing  address. 

4.  Courtship ;  more  generally  in  the  plural,  ad- 
dresses ;  as,  he  makes  or  pays  his  addresses  to  a  lady. 

5.  Skill ;  dexterity ;  skillful  management ;  as,  the 
envoy  conducted  the  negotiation  with  aildress. 

6.  Direction  of  a  letter,  &.C.,  including  the  name, 
title,  and  place  of  residence  of  the  person  for  «  hom 
it  is  intended.  Hence,  these  particulars  are  denom- 
inated a  man's  adtlress. 

AD-DRESS'£D,  (ad-drest',)  ;>p.    Spoken  or  applied 

to  ;  directed  ;  courted  ;  consigned. 
AD-DIIESS'ER,  71.    One  who  addresses  or  petitions. 
AD-DRESS'lXG,  ppr.     Speaking  or  applying  to; 

directing  ;  courting  ;  consigning. 
AD-DOCE',  D.  U    [L.  adduco,  to  lead  or  bring  to;  ad 

and  duco,  to  lead.    See  Duke.] 

1.  To  bring  forward,  present,  or  olTcr ;  as,  a  wit- 
ness was  adduced  to  prove  the  fact. 

2.  To  cite,  name,  or  introduce  ;  as,  to  adduce  an 
authority  or  an  argimicnt. 

AD-DuC'i:D,  rad-duste',)  pp.  Brought  for\vard ; 
cited  ;  alleged  in  argument. 

AD-DO'CENT,  a.  Bringing  forward,  or  together  ;  a 
word  applied  to  those  nmscles  of  the  body  which 
pull  one  part  toward  another.    [See  Addi'ctoe.] 

AD-DO'CER,  n.    One  that  adduces. 

AD-DO'CI-ULE,  o.    That  may  be  adduced. 


AD  DOC'INU,  ppr.  Uiinging  forward ;  citing  iu 
argument. 

AD-l)lI«;'  I  ION,  n.    The  act  of  bringing  forward. 
AD-DUC'TIVE,  a.    That  brings  forward. 
AD-DUe'TOR,  71.  !L.] 

A  muscle  which  draws  one  part  of  the  body 
toward  another ;  as  the  adductor  oculi,  which  turns 
the  eye  toward  the  nose  ;  the  adductor  poliicii  nianus, 
which  draws  the  thumb  toward  the  fingers. 
AD-DULCE',  (ad-duls',)  v.  t.     [I.,  ad  and  dulcis, 

sweet.]    To  sweeten.    [A'oi  used.]  Bacon. 
AD'EB,  71.    An  Egyptian  weight  of  210  okea,  each  of 
thr«?e  rotolos,  which  last  is  a  weight  of  about  two 
drams  less  than  the  English  pound.    But  at  Kosetla, 
the  adeb  is  only  l.'jO  okes.  Encyc. 
AD-E-LAN-Ta'DO,  n.  [Spanish.] 

A  governor  of  a  province ;  a  lieutenant-governor. 

Kobert'<on. 

AD'EL-ING,  71.  A  title  of  honor,  given  by  our  Saxon 
ancestors  to  the  children  of  princes,  and  to  ytmng 
nobles.  It  is  coni|>osed  of  adel,  or  rather  a-thel,  the 
Teutonic  term  for  noble,  illtftrioits,  and  tintr,  young, 
posterity.  Spelman.  Sw.  adeliir  ;  I),  cdel ;  (ier.  edcl 
and  adelifT,  noble  ,  Sp.  hidalgo.  We  obser\'e  the 
term  in  many  Saxon  names  of  princes  ;  .as,  Etlu  l-icolf, 
noble  wolf,  or  noble  help  ;  Ethel-bald,  noble  bold  ; 

Elhel-bcrt,  noble  brightness.    Ar.  ^^jj  atJiala,  to  be 

well  rooted,  to  be  of  noble  slocK  or  birth.   Class  Dl. 

AD'E-LITE,  71.  Adi  lites  or  .'Vlmoganens,  in  Spain, 
were  conjurers,  who  predicted  the  fortunes  of  indi- 
viduals by  the  flight  and  singing  of  birds,  and  other 
accidental  circumstances.  Ed.  Ennjc. 

A-DEL'O-POD,  71.    [Gr.  a  privative,  tri\u(,  apparent, 
and  Toi'i,  foot.] 
An  animal  whose  feet  are  not  apparent.  Mnrin. 

AD-E.MP'TION.  n.  [L.  adtmo,  to  take  away  ;  of  tid 
and  emo,  to  take,] 

In  tlie  civil  law,  the  revocation  of  a  grant,  dona- 
tion, or  the  like. 

AD-EN-OG'RA-PIIY,  ti.    [Gr.  at'rji.,  a  gland,  and 
) pw*<M,  to  describe.] 
That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  glands. 

AD'E.\-OID,  a.   [Gr.  a/im  ,  a  gland,  and  tiiJos,  form.] 
In  the  form  of  a  gland  ;  glandiform. 

AD-E.\-0-LOG'ie-.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  doctrine 
of  the  glands.  Encyc. 

AD-E.\-OL'0-0Y,  71.  [Gr.  ain",  a  gland,  and  \oyos, 
discourse.] 

In  annlfimij,  the  doctrine  of  the  glands,  their  na- 
ture, and  their  uses. 

AD'E-.\OS,  71.  A  species  of  cotton,  from  Aleppo, 
called  .also  marine  cotton. 

AD-E.\'-OT'0-.MY,  «.  [Gr.  aSriv,  a  gland,  and  ropr,, 
a  cutting.] 

In  anatomy  and  surgery,  a  cutting  or  incision  of  a 
gland.  Morin. 
AD-EPT',  71.    [L.  ttdeptus,  obtained,  from  adipUcar.] 
One  fiilly  sKilled  or  well  versed  in  any  art.  The 
tenn  is  borrowed  from  the  alchemists,  who  applied 
it  to  one  who  pretended  to  have  found  the  pliiloso- 
jiher's  stone,  or  the  panacea.  Encyr. 
AD-EPT',  a.    Well  skilled  ;  completely  versed  or  ac- 

quainled  with.  Boyle. 
AD-EP'TION,  n.    [L.  aih-plio.] 

.■\n  obtaining ;  actpiirement.    [04*.]  Bacon. 
AD-KPT'IST,  II.    An  adept. 

AD'E-CiUA-CY,  II.  [L.  adirijuatus,  of  ad  and  eequatus, 
made  equal.] 

'J'lie  state  or  quality  of  being  equal  to,  proportion- 
ate, or  sufficient ;  a  suliiciency  for  a  particular  pur- 
pose. 

The  adequacy  of  supply  to  the  cxpcodiUire, 

U'ar  in  Ditguiu. 

AD'E-dUATE,  a.  Equal  ;  proportionate  ;  corre- 
spondent to ;  fully  sullicient ;  as,  means  aileijuale 
to  the  object ;  we  have  no  adequate  ideas  of  infinite 
power, 

.Adequate  ideas,  are  such  as  exactly  represent  Iheir 
object, 

AD'E-CIUaTE,  v.  L  To  resemble  exactly.  [jVot 
u.<ed.]  Shelford. 

AD'E-tiUATE-l.Y,  adr.  In  an  adequate  manuet ;  in 
exact  [iroportion  ;  with  just  corres|Mmd>  uce,  rt-pre- 
sentation,  or  proportion ;  in  a  degree  equ.al  to  tlie 
object, 

AD'iUiUATE-.XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ade- 
quate ;  justness  of  proportion  or  representation  ; 
surticiency. 

AD-E-UUa'TIO.X,  71.    Adequateness.    [JVot  u.icd.] 

Bp.  Barluw. 

AD-ES-SE-N  A'RI-AXS,  71.  pL  [L.  adessc,  to  be  pres- 
ent.] 

In  church  hiitonj,  a  sect  who  hold  the  real  pres- 
ence of  Christ's  body  in  the  eucharist,  but  not  by 
transubstantiation.  They  differ,  however,  as  to 
tllis  presence  :  some  holding  the  body  of  Christ  to 
be  in  the  bread  ;  others,  about  the  bread.  Encyc, 
AD-FECT'ED,  a.  In  algebra,  coniiiounded  ;  consist- 
ing of  dill'erent  powers  of  the  unknown  quantity, 

Baden/. 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


A 


ADl 


ADJ 


AJ)-FIL'[-A.TED,  a.    Adopted  as  a  son.    [See  Af- 

flLlA  i  E.] 

AI)-FlL-f-A'TION,  71.    [L.  arf  and  filiiu<i,  a  son.] 

A  Gothic  custom,  by  which  tlie  children  of  a  for- 
mer marriage  are  put  upon  tiie  same  looting  willi 
those  of  a  succeeding  one ;  still  retained  in  some 
parts  of  Germanv. 

^DFPA^EM,    [L.]    To  the  end. 

AD-HeRE',  v.  i.  [L.  adiuireo,  ad  and  hcerco,  to  stick  ; 
Ir,  adfiaradJL,] 

1.  To  stick  to,  as  glutinous  substances,  or  by  nat- 
ural growth  5  as,  the  lungs  sometimes  adhere  to  the 
pleura. 

2.  'J'o  be  joined,  or  held  in  contact ;  to  cleave  to. 

3.  Figuratively^  to  hold  to,  be  attached,  or  remain 
fixed,  either  by  personal  union  or  conformity  of  faith, 
principle,  or  opinion  ;  as,  men  adhere  to  a  party,  a 
leader,  a  church,  or  creed. 

4.  To  be  consistent ;  to  hold  together  as  the  parts 
of  a  system. 

Every  tiling  adlures  togeliier.  Shak, 

AD-HkR'ENCE,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  sticking 
or  adhering. 

2.  Figuraiirehj,  a  being  fixed  in  attacliment ;  fidel- 
ity ;  steady  attachment  j  as,  an  adlurenee  to  a  party 
or  opinions. 

AD-HeR'EN-CY,  7u   The  same  as  Adherence.  In 
the  sense  of  thai  which  ad/iereSy  not  legitimate. 
_  Decay  of  Piety. 

AD-HeR'EXT,  a.  Sticking,  uniting,  as  glue  or  wax ; 
united  with  ,  as,  "  an  adherent  mode,"  in  Locke, 
tliat  is,  a  mode  accidentally  joined  with  jin  object, 
as  wetness  in  a  cloth. 

AD-HeR'E\'T,  71.  The  person  who  adheres;  one 
n  ho  follows  a  leader,  party,  or  profession  ;  a  fol- 
lower, or  partisan ;  a  believer  in  a  particular  faith 
or  church. 

Injhe  sense  nf  an  appendage,  obsolete. 

AD  HeR'ENT-LY,  ado.    In  an  adherent  manner. 

AD-IIeR'ER,  n.    One  that  adheres  ;  an  adherent. 

AD-He'SION,  (ad-he'zhun,)  n.    [L.  adhtcsio.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  sticking,  or  being  united 
and  attached  to;  as,  the  adhesion  of  glue,  or  of  parts 
united  by  growth,  cement,  and  the  like.  Mhesion 
is  generally  used  in  a  literal,  adherence  in  a  meta- 
phorical sense. 

2.  Sometimes,  figuratively,  adherence,  union,  or 
steady  attachment ;  firmness  in  opinion  ;  as,  an  ad- 
heiion  to  vice  ;  but  in  this  sense  nearly  obsolete. 
The  union  of  bodies  by  attraction  is  usually  de- 
nominated cohesion. 

The  term  adhesion,  in  physics,  has  been  applied  to 
the  force  by  which  bodies  of  ditferent  kinds  adhere 
when  united  ;  cohesion,  to  the  force  that  unites  the 
particles  of  homogeneous  bodies.  Brande. 

In  medicine,  the  union,  by  disease,  of  contiguous 
parts,  naturally  separate  ;  as,  the  adhesion  of  the 
lungs  to  tlie  pleura  ;  or  the  union  of  the  separated 
parts^of  a  wound,  in  the  process  of  healing. 
AD-HE'SIVE,  a.  Sticky;  tenacious,  as  glutinous 
substances ;  apt  or  tending  to  adhere.  Thus  gums 
arc  adlte^ive. 

Mlwswt  plaster  ;  in  medicine,  sticking  plaster  ; 
used  especially  for  uniting  the  lips  of  wounds. 

Jldhesive  iuJUimmation  ;  in  medicine,  that  kind  of 
inllammation  which  causes  adhesion. 

Mhesice  slate ;  a  variety  of  .slaty  clay,  adhering 
strongly  to  the  tongue,  and  rapidly  absorbing  water. 

Ure. 

AD-IlK'SIVE-LY,  ado.    In  an  adhesive  manner. 
AB-He'SIVE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  sticking  or 

adhering;  stickiness;  tenacity. 
AD-HIB'IT,  V.  L   [L.  luikibeo,  ad  and  liaieo,  to  have.] 

To  use,  or  apply.    [Hardy  used.] 
AD-HI-IiI"TIO.\,  H.    Applicaticm ;  use.  miitaker. 
.\0'HII/,  n.    A  star  of  the  sixth  magnitude,  upon  the 
garment  of  Andromeda,  under  the  last  star  in  her 
foot.  F.ncijc. 
AD  HOM'l-mM,  [L.]  To  the  man ;  to  the  interests 

or  passions  of  the  man. 
AD-HCJK-Ta'TION,  71.    [L.  adhorlatio.] 

Advice.    r.SVWom  used.] 
AD-HOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.    [L.  adhortor,  to  advise,  ad 
and  horti/r.] 
Advisory  ;  containing  counsel  or  warning. 

Polter\i  Antiq. 
A-DI-AI'II'OR-I.STS,  71.   IGr.  a,!ia0oor,f,  indifferent.] 
Moderate  Lutherans ;  a  name  given,  in  llie  six- 
teenth century,  to  certain  men  that  followed  Me- 
lancthon,  who  wa-i  more  pacific  than  Luther. 

Kneyc. 

Tlie  Adiapliorists  held  some  opinions  and  ccremo- 
nicH  to  be  inililfi-rent,  which  l.uther  condemned  as 
Kinfril  <ir  lif;r(-tic.-il. 

A-DI  AI'irOR  ri'EH.    See  Adiaphor.sts. 

A-DI-AI>ll'(J  ROUS,  a.  Indillerent  ;  neulnil.  A 
nain<:  given  by  lloyle  to  a  Mpirit  distilled  from  tar- 
tar, and  dome  other  vegetable  Hubstancex,  mullier 
acid  nor  alkahne,  or  not  poKseMsmg  the  distinct 
chanirter  of  any  clic  mica}  boily 

In  medicme,  dnnotini;  a  uiedicinn  which  will  do 
neither  harm  nor  good.  Danglinon. 


A-DiEU',  (a-du'.)  [Fr.  d  Dieu,  to  God  ;  a  compound 
word,  and  an  elliptical  form  of  speech,  lur  /  ci<;ii- 
mend  yon  to  Ooil.  It  is  calleil  an  adverb,  but  it  has 
none  of  the  juoperties  of  a  modifying  word.] 

Farewell ;  an  expression  of  kind  wishes  at  the 
parting  of  friends. 

A-DIEU',  71.  A  farewell,  or  commendation  to  the 
care  of  God  ;  as,  an  everlasting  adieu. 

AD  IJ^-DEF-I  J^PTUM,  [L.]  To  any  indefinite 
extent. 

AD  m-FI-J^PTUM,  [L.]    To  endless  extent. 
AD  IJV-QUI-REJVDUM,  [L.]    For  inquiry,  a  writ. 
AD  /JV  TER-IJil,  [L.]    In  tlie  mean  time  ;  for  the 
present. 

AD'L'V-oLE,  71.    See  Petrosilex. 
AD-I-POC'ER-aTE,  v.  U  To  convert  into  adipocere. 
AD-I-POC-ER-A'TION,  7i.     The  act  or  process  of 

being  chaiiged  into  adipocere. 
AD'H'O-CeRE',  71.   [L.  adcps,  fat,  and  cera,  Fr.  cire, 

wax.] 

A  soft,  unctuous,  or  waxy  substance,  of  a  light- 
brown  color,  into  which  the  muscular  fibres  of  dead 
animal  bodies  are  converted,  by  long  immersion  in 
water  or  spirit,  or  by  burial  in  moist  places  under 
peculiar  circumstances.  This  substance  was  first 
discovered  by  Fourcroy,  in  the  burying-ground  of 
the  Church  des  Iiinocens,  when  it  was  removed  in 
1787.  _  Lunier.    Med.  Rrpos.    Ed.  Eiicyc. 

AD'I-PoSE,  a.    [L.  adiposus,  from  adeps,  fat.  Q.U. 
Oh.  »20,  to  grow  fat ;  Heb.  and  Ch.,  fat,  gross,  stu- 
£>o  , 

pid  ;  Ar.  ^XJLSflj  tafashun,  fat,  bulky.] 

Fat.  In  anatomy,  the  adipose  membrane  is  tlie  cel- 
luhu-  membrane,  containing  the  fat  in  its  cells.  The 
adipose  arteries  and  veins  are  spread  on  the  coat  and 
fat  that  cover  the  kidneys.  —  The  adipose  sacs  and 
ducts  are  the  bags  and  ducts  which  contain  the  fat. 
Qniney.  Coze.  —  Adipose  tissue;  an  assemblage  of 
minute,  round  vesicles,  containing  the  fat;  closely 
agglomerated,  and  imbedded  in  the  interstices  of 

the  common  cellular  tissue.   Oeddings.  idipose 

substance;  animal  fat. 

AD'IT,  71.  [L.  aditus,  from  adeo,  aditum,  to  approach, 
ad  and  eo,  to  go.] 

An  entrance  or  passage ;  a  term  in  mining,  used 
to  denote  the  opening  by  which  a  mine  is  entered, 
or  by  which  water  and  ores  are  carried  away  ;  called 
also  the  drift.  It  is  usually  made  in  the  side  of  a 
hill.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  for  air-shaft,  but 
not  with  strict  propriety.  Encijc. 

AD-Ja'CEN-CY,  71.  [L.  adjaceo,  to  lie  contiguous, 
from  ad  and  jaceo,  to  lie.] 

The  state  of  lying  close  or  contiguous ;  a  border- 
ing upon  or  lying  next  to  ;  as,  the  adjacency  of  lands 
or  buildings.  In  the  sense  of  that  which  is  adjacent, 
as  used  by  Brown,  it  is  not  legitimate. 

AD-Ja'CENT,  a.  Lying  near,  close,  or  contiguous  ; 
bordering  upon ;  as,  a  field  adjacent  to  the  highway. 

AD-Ja'CENT,  71.  That  which  is  next  to  or  contigu- 
ous.   [Little  used.]  Locke. 

AD-Ja'CENT-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  adjacent. 

AD-JECT',  v.  U  [L.  adjicio,  of  ad  and  jacio,  to 
throw.] 

To  add  or  put,  aa  one  thing  to  another. 

Machiitrht. 

AD-JEC'TION,  77.  The  act  of  adding,  or  thing  add- 
ed.   [Little  lused.]  Brown. 

AD-JEe-TI"TIOUS,  a.   Added.  Parhhurst,  Oram. 

AD'JEG-TIVE,  77.  In  grammar,  a  word  used  with  a 
noun,  to  express  a  quality  of  the  thing  named,  or 
something  attributed  to  it,  or  to  limit  or  define  it,  or 
to  specify  or  describe  a  thing,  as  distinct  from  some- 
thing else.  It  is  called  also  an  attributive  or  attri- 
bute. 'X'hus,  in  the  phrase,  a  wise  rulcr^  icise  is  the 
adjective  or  attribute,  exjiressing  a  particular  prop- 
erty of  ruler. 

Adjective  color ;  a  color  which  requires  to  be  fixed 
by  some  mordant  or  base  to  give  it  permanency. 

Ure. 

AD'JEC-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  adjec- 
tive ;  as,  a  word  is  used  adjcctively. 

AD-JOIN',  V.  L  [Fr.  adjomdre;  L.  adjungo,  ad  and 
jungo.    See  Join.] 

To  join  or  unite  to  ;  to  put  to,  by  placing  in  con- 
tact ;  to  unite,  by  fastening  together  with  a  joint, 
mortise,  or  knot.  liiit  in  these  transitive  senses,  it 
is  rarely  used.    [See  Join.] 

AD-JOIN',  71. 1.  To  lie  or  be  next  to,  or  in  contact ; 
to  be  contiguous  ;  as,  a  farm  ai/joiain^  to  the  high- 
way. This  is  tlie  common  use  of  the  word,  and  to 
is  ofli^n  omitted  ;  as,  adjoining  the  highway. 

AD-JOIN'ANT,  a.    Coniiguous  to.    (JVof  used.] 

Curew. 

AD-JOIN'£T),  (ad-joind'j)  jip.    Joined  to;  united. 
AU-JOIN'ING,  ppr.    Joining  to;  adjacent;  contigu- 
ous. 

ADJOURN',  (ad-jurn',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  ajourner,  from  joiir- 
7i<*f ,  a  day,  tir  day's  work,  or  journey ;  It.  giorno. 
See  Journal,  Jol'rnkv.] 

Literally,  to  put  olf,  or  defer  to  another  day  ;  but 
now  used  to  denote  a  formal  intermission  of  busi- 
ness, n  pulling  olf  to  any  future  meeting  of  the 


same  body,  and  appropriately  used  of  public  bodies 
or  private  commissioners,  iulrusted  with  business  ; 
as,  the  court  adjcumed  the  consideration  of  the  ques- 
tion. 

ADJOURN',  V.  i.  To  suspend  business  for  a  time  ; 
as  from  one  day  to  another,  or  for  a  longer  period, 
usually  public  business,  as  of  legislatures  and  courts, 
for  repose  or  refreshment ;  as,  Congress  adjourned 
at  four  o'clock.  It  is  also  used  for  the  act  of  closing 
the  session  of  a  public  body ;  as,  the  court  adjourned 
without  day. 

It  was  moved  that  parliament  should  adjourn  for  six  weeJts. 

Select  Speeches,  vol.  v,  4U3. 
AD-J0URN'J5:D,  (ad-jurnd',)  pp.  Put  ofl",  delayed,  or 
deferred  for  a  limited  time. 

2.  As  an  adjective,  existing  or  held  by  adjourn- 
ment ;  as,  an  adjourned  session  of  a  court,  opposed 
to  stated  or  regular. 
AD  JOURN'ING,  ppr.    Deferring;  suspending  for  a 

time  ;  closing  a  session. 
AD-JOURN'iMENT,  71.    The  act  of  adjourning ;  as, 
in  legislatures,  the  adjournment  of  one  house  is  not 
an  adjournment  of  tile  other. 

2.  i'he  putting  ofl"  till  another  day  or  time  speci- 
fied, or  without  day  ;  that  is,  the  closing  of  a  session 
of  a  public  or  official  body. 

3.  The  time  or  interval  during  which  a  public 
body  defers  business;  as,  during  an  adjournment. 
But  a  suspension  of  business  for  refreshment,  be- 
tween the  forming  of  a  house  and  an  adjournment,  is 
called  a  recess.  In  Great  Britain,  the  close  of  a  sm- 
sioH  of  parliament  is  called  a  prorogation ;  as  the 
close  of  a  parliament  is  a  dissolution.  But  in  Great 
Britain,  as  well  as  in  the  United  States,  adjournment 
is  now  used  for  an  intermission  of  business  for  any 
indefinite  time;  as,  an  adjournment  of  parliament 
fiir  six  vveeks.  Select  Speeches,  vol.  v.  404. 

AD-JUD6E',  V.  L  [Fr.  adjuger,  from  juge,  judge. 
See  JuDOE.] 

To  decide,  or  determine,  in  the  case  of  a  contro- 
verted question  ;  as,  the  prize  was  adjudged  to  the 
victor ;  to  decree  by  a  judicial  opinion  \  used  ap- 
propriately of  courts  of  law  and  equity  ;  as,  the 
case  was  adjudged  in  Hilary  term  ;  a  criminal  was 
adjudged  to  suffer  death. 

It  has  been  used  in  the  sense  of  (0  judge  ;  as,  he 
adjudged  him  unworthy  of  his  friendship.  But  this 
sense  is  unusual. 

AD-JUDG'JED,  fad-judjd',)  pp.  Determined  by  judi- 
cial opinion  ;  decreed  ;  sentenced. 

.\D-JUDG'ING,  ppr.  Deterinining  by  judicial  opin- 
ion ;  sentencing. 

AD-JUDG'MENT,  71.    The  act  of  judging ;  sentence. 

Temple. 

AD-Ju'DI-CaTE,  ».  t.  [L.  adjudico,  to  give  sentence. 
See  Judge.] 

To  adjudge  ;  to  try  and  determine,  as  a  court.  It 
has  the  sense  of  adjudge. 

AD-Ju'DI-CaTE,  7>.  i.  To  try  and  determine  upon 
judicially  ;  as,  the  court  adjudicated  upon  the  case. 

AD-Ju'DI-Ca-TED,  pp.  Adjudged;  tried  and  de- 
cided. 

AD-JO'DI-Ca-TING,  ppr.  Adjudging;  trying  and 
determining. 

AD-Ju-DI-Ca'TION,  71.  The  act  of  adjudging  ;  the 
act  or  process  of  trying  and  determining  judicially  ; 
as,  a  ship  was  taken  and  sent  into  port  for  adjudica- 
tion. 

2.  A  judicial  sentence;  judgment  or  decision  of  a 
court. 

Whose  faniiliLB  were  parties  to  some  of  the  former  adjudicci. 
tions.  Btackitone. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  an  action  by  which  a  creditor  at- 
taches the  heritable  estate  of  his  debtor,  or  his  debt- 
or's heir,  in  paynnmt  or  security  of  his  debt ;  or  an 
action  by  which  the  holder  of  a  heritable  right,  la- 
boring under  a  defect  in  point  of  form,  may  supply 
that  defect.  Encyc. 

AD'JU-MENT,  71.    [L.  adjumentum.] 

Help  ;  support.    [JVuJ  used.] 
AD'JUNGT,  11,    [L.  ad/uncfui,  joined,  from  od/im^o. 
See  Join.] 

1.  Something  added  to  another,  but  not  essential- 
ly a  part  of  it ;  as,  water  absorbed  by  a  cloth  or 
sponge  is  its  adjunct.  Also,  a  person  joined  to  an- 
other. 

2.  In  metaphysics,  a  quality  of  the  body  or  the 
mind,  whether  natural  or  acquired;  as  color,  in  the 
body  ;  tliinking,  in  file  mind. 

;t.  In  grammar,  words  added  to  illustrate  or  am- 
plify the  force  of  other  words  ;  as,  tlie  History  of 
the  American  Jirrolittion.  The  words  in  Italics  are 
the  adjunctji  of  Jlistory. 

4.  Ill  music,  the  word  is  employed  to  denominate 
the  relation  bi  tweeii  the  principal  mode  and  th» 
modes  of  its  two  fifths.  Encyc 

'Phe  adjunct  deities,  among  the  Romans,  were  in- 
ferior deities,  which  were  added  as  assistants  to  the 
principal  gods  ;  a.s  Bellona  to  Mars  ;  to  Vulcan,  the 
Cubiri :  to  the  (iood  Genius,  the  Lares;  to  the  Evil, 
tile  Leniures.  Encyc. 

Ill  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  the  orf- 


FATE.  FAB,  FALl.,  Wl>.{LT.  —  METE,  PREY,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^QLF,  BQQK.— 
18 


ADL 


juiicLi  wen-  a  class  of  mcmbiTS  ntlnrlicil  to  tlin  piir- 
sint  ol"  particular  sciences.    Tliuy  were  twelve  in 
number,  creiileil  in  171(i.  F.nciic. 
Mmnct  lias  been  used  for  a  colleague,  but  rarely. 

IVoltoH. 

AD'.)UN€T,  a.    Added  to  or  united  with  ;  ajs,  an  ad- 

junrt  professor. 
AD-JUNC'TION,  71.    The  act  of  joining  ;  the  thing 

joined. 

AU  JUNCT'lVE,  a.   Joining;  liaving  the  quality  of 
joining. 

AD-JUNGT'IVE,  n.    That  which  is  joined. 
AD-JUXeT'IVK-LY,  mIb.    In  an  adjunctive  man- 
ner. 

AD-JUNGT'LY,  ade.    In  connection  with  ;  conse- 
quently. 

AD-JU-Ka'TION,  71.    The  act  of  adjuring  ;  a  solemn 
charging  on  oath,  or  under  the  penalty  of  a  curse. 

2.  The  form  of  oath.  Mdixon. 
AD-JC'RE',  V.  U    [L.  adjiiro,  to  swear  solemnly,  or 

compel  one  to  swear  ;  from  ad  and  juro,  to  swear.] 
1.  To  charge,  bind,  or  command  oil  oath,  or  under 
the  penalty  of  a  curse. 

JosliuA  (vljured  thorn  (il  that  lime,  paying,  CnrsM  bfi  the  man 
livlon:  the  Lonl,  tliat  rtsetb  up  tuid  buildcth  this  city  of 
Jericho. — Josh.  vi. 

9.  To  charge  earnestly  and  solemnly,  on  pain  of 
God's  wrath. 

I  adjurt  lliee  by  the  living  God.  —  Mntt.  xxvi.  Acts  xix, 

3.  To  conjure  ;  to  charge,  urge,  or  summon  with 
solemnity. 


Ye  Siicred  nlnre,  li-  ill  ol  yoo  ailjarrd.  Dnjden. 
The  coinmisaionere  adjured  ihein  not  to  let  pnss  bo  favorable 
an  opportunity  ol  lecuriii  j  Uicir  iiUTtic-i 

Marsliatl'i  Li/e  of  W'aihin^lon. 

AD^IPR'/TD,  pp.  Charged  on  oath,  or  with  a  denun- 
ciation of  God's  wrath  ;  solemnly  urged. 

AD-JOU'EK,  71.  One  that  adjures;  one  that  exacts 
an  oath. 

fiX>-i  C'R'ING,  p/>r.  Charging  on  oath,  or  on  the  pen- 
alty of  a  curse ;  beseeching  with  solenmity. 

ADJUST',  r.  i.  [Sp.  ajuslnr ;  Port,  id.;  It.  as'g-iiu's- 
tare  ;  Fr.  ajustrr,  to  fit  or  frame  ;  of  L.  ad,  and  Jus- 
tus, just,  e,\act.    See  Just.] 

1.  To  make  e.\act ;  to  fit ;  to  make  correspondent, 
or  contbrmable  ;  as,  to  adjust  a  garment  to  the  body, 
an  event  to  tlic  prediction,  or  things  to  a  standard. 

Swift.    Lockf.  Jiddison. 

2.  To  put  in  order ;  to  regulate  or  reduce  to  sys- 
tem ;  as,  to  adjust  a  scheme ;  to  adjust  atfairs. 

3.  To  make  accurate  ;  to  settle  or  bring  to  a  satis- 
factory state,  so  that  parties  are  agreed  in  the  re- 
sult ;  as,  to  adjust  accounts ;  the  differences  are  ad- 
justed. 

Af)-JUS'r'A-BLE,  a.-  That  may  or  can  be  adjusted. 

AD-JIJST'ED,  pp.  Made  exact  or  confonnable ;  re- 
duced to  a  right  form  or  standard  ;  settled. 

AD-JUST'ER,  71.  A  person  who  adjusts  ;  that  which 
regulates. 

AD-.IUST'I.\G,  ppr.  Reducing  to  due  form  ;  fitting; 
makins  exact  or  correspondent ;  .settling. 

AD-JUST'MENT,  71.  The  act  of  adjusting ;  regula- 
tion ;  a  reducing  to  just  form  or  order ;  a  making  fit 
or  coiiforuiable  ;  settlement.     IVatts.  fVnodward. 

AD'JIT-TAGE,  or  AJ'lJ-TAGE,  71.  A  tube  fitted  to 
the  mouth  of  a  vessel,  through  which  water  Is  played 
in  a  fountain.  Kncyc. 

.\I)'JLr-TA.\-CY,  71.  [See  Adjutant.]  The  ofiicc 
of  an  adjutant ;  skillful  arrangement.  Burke. 

.^D'JU-T.-^.N'T,  71.  [L.  adjutans,  aiding;  from  adjuto, 
to  assist,  of  ad  ^nn  juco,  jutum,  to  help.] 

In  mditar)!  affairs,  an  officer  whose  business  is  to 
assist  the  superior  officers  by  receiving  and  commu- 
nicating orders.  He  places  guards,  receives  and 
distributes  ammunition,  assigns  places  of  rendez- 
vous, &.C. 

MjiUant-gencra! ,  in  an  army,  is  the  chief  adjutant. 

MiiUants-frcncral,  among  tJie  JrsuiU,  were  a  select 
number  of  fathers,  who  resided  with  the  general  of 
the  order,  each  of  whom  had  a  province  or  country 
assigned  to  his  care.  Their  busini^ss  was  to  cor- 
respond with  that  province,  by  their  delegates,  em- 
issaries or  visitors,  and  give  information  of  occur- 
rences to  the  father-general.  Enenjc. 

The  ailjnlanl  is  a  very  large  species  of  crane, 
called  also  the  g-irrautie  crane,  a  native  of  India  ;  one 
of  the  most  voracious  and  carnivorous  birds  knotvn. 

P.  Cijc 

AI)  JUTE',  7>.  t.    To  help.  [JVottised.] 

AD-JC"T0R,  71.  A  helper.  [Little  used ;  its  compound 
CoADJL'Ton  15  in  comwon  ii.tr.] 

AD-JU'TRI.X,  II.    A  female  assistant. 

AD-JO'VANT,  a.    Helping;  assisting.  Howell. 

AD-JO' VA.Vr,  71.  An  ;ussi?tar.t.  In  medicine,  a  sub- 
stance added  to  a  prescription,  to  aid  the  o|>eration 
of  the  principal  ingredient  or  basis.        Ci/f.  J\led. 

AD-LE-GA'TI0.\,  71.  ad  and  Ic^atio,  an  embassy, 
from  le^o,  to  send.    Sec  Legate.] 

In  £Ar  public  law  of  the  German  empire,  a  right, 
claimed  by  the  states,  of  joining  their  own  miiiis- 
lers  with  those  of  the  emperor,  in  public  treaties 


ADM 

and  negotiation.^,  relating  to  the  common  interest 
of  tlK-  euipiri*.  Etirijc. 
AD  I.IH'I-TUM,  [L.]    At  pleasure;  without  restric- 
.\D-LO-eO'Tl(i.\,  11.    See  .Allocution.  [liim. 
AD-JIEAS'IJIIE,  (ad-mezh  ur,)  v.  t.    [ad  and  meas- 
ure.   Sec  Measuke.] 

1.  To  measure  or  .ascertain  dimensions,  size,  or 
capacity  ;  used  for  measure. 

•2.  To  apportitm  ;  to  assign  to  each  claimant  his 
right;  as,  to  admeasure  dower  or  common  of  pasture. 

Blackstone. 

AD-MEAS'TJR-CT),  pp.    Measured;  apportioned. 
AD-MEAS'nitE  .ME.N'T,  71.    The  measuring  of  di- 
mensions by  a  rule,  as  of  a  ship,  ca.sk,  and  the  like. 

2.  'I'lie  measure  of  a  thing,  or  dimensions  ascer- 
tained. 

In  these  uses  the  word  is  equivalent  to  vicasure- 
menf,  iiieHsuratioft,  antl  measure. 

3.  The  adjustment  of  proportion,  or  ascert.ain- 
meiit  of  shares,  as  of  dower  or  pasture  held  in  com- 
mon. This  is  done  by  writ  of  admeasurement,  di- 
rected to  the  sheriff.  Blackstone. 

.AD-JIEAS'IIR-ER,  71.    One  that  admeasures. 

AD-MEAS'TR-lNt;,  ppr.    Measuring;  apportioning. 

AD-MEi\-SU-Ra'TIO.\  is  equivalent  to  Admeasure- 
ment, but  not  iimcli  used.    [Sec  .Mensuratio.n.] 

AD-MIN'I-CI.E,  71     ri,.  adminiculum.] 
Help  ;  support.    [JSTid  used.] 

AD-Ml.\-I€'l'-I,AR,  <i.    Supplying  help;  helpful. 

AD-MI.\'IS-TER,  1.-.  L  [L.  admini.<:tro,  of  ad  and 
ministro,  to  serve  or  manage.    See  .Mimster.] 

1.  To  art  as  minister  or  chief  agent,  in  managing 
public  affairs,  under  laws  or  a  constitution  of  gov- 
ernment, as  a  king,  president,  or  other  suprfine 
olhoer.  It  is  used  also  of  absolute  monaiclis,  who 
rule  not  in  subortiination  ;  hut  is  more  strictly  appli- 
cable to  limited  monarchs  ami  other  supreme  exec- 
utive officers,  and  to  govi^rnors,  viceroys,  judges, 
and  the  like,  who  are  tinder  the  authority  of  law.s. 
A  king  or  a  president  admini^te^rs  the  government  or 
laws  when  he  executes  them,  or  carries  them  into 
effect.  A  judge  administers  the  laws  when  he  a\y 
plies  them  to  particular  cases  or  persons.  In  short, 
to  administer  is  to  direct  the  e.xecution  or  application 
of  laws. 

2.  To  dispense,  as,  to  administer  justice  or  the 
sacrament. 

3.  To  afford  ;  to  give  or  furnish  ;  as,  to  administer 
relief,  that  is,  to  act  as  the  agent.  To  administer 
medicine,  is  to  direct  and  cause  it  to  be  taken. 

4.  To  give,  as  an  oath  ;  to  cause  to  swear  accord- 
ing to  law. 

AD-JlIiN'IS-TER,  V.  i.  To  contribute  ;  to  bring  aid 
or  supplies  ;  to  add  something  ;  as,  a  shade  adnunu;- 
ters  to  our  couifiiit. 

2.  To  perform  ths  office  of  administrator ;  as,  A 
administers  mxm  the  estate  of  R. 

AD-iMl.N'IS-TER-KI),  pp.  Executed  ;  managed  ; 
governed  ;  aHi>rded  ;  given  ;  dispensed. 

AD-.MIN-IS-TE'RI-AI.,  a.  Pertaining  to  administra- 
tion, or  to  the  executive  part  of  government. 

AD- -M1N"I.''-'1"ER-IN(;, ppr.  Executing ;  carrying  into 
elfeel  ;  eivinc  ;  disjiensing. 

AD-.M I.N'lS-'l'K.xTE,  in  the  place  of  Administer, 
has  been  used,  but  is  not  well  authorized. 

AD-.ML\-IS-TRa'TION,  71.  The  act  of  administer- 
ing I  directitm  ;  management ;  government  of  public 
nfiitirs  ;  the  conducting  of  any  office  or  employment. 

2.  The  executive  part  of  government,  consisting 
in  the  exercise  of  the  constitutional  and  legal  pow- 
ers, the  general  superintendence  of  national  affairs, 
and  the  enforcement  of  laws. 

3.  The  persona  collectively,  who  are  intnisted 
with  the  execution  of  laws,  and  the  superintendence 
of  public  affairs;  the  chief  magistrate  and  his  coun- 
cil ;  or  the  council  alone,  as  in  Great  Britain. 

4.  Dispensjition  j  distribution  ;  exhibition  ;  as,  the 
administration  of  justice,  of  the  sacrament,  or  of 
grace.    I  Cor.  xii.   2  Uor.  ix. 

5.  The  management  of  the  estate  of  an  intestate 
person,  tinder  a  commission  from  the  jiroper  author- 
ity. This  management  consists  in  collecting  debts, 
paying  debts  and  legacies,  and  distributing  the 
property  among  tlM  heirs. 

6.  The  power,  Mfice,  or  commission  of  an  admin- 
istrator. 

Surrogate*  art  Butliorizrd  to  grant  (irfmin«lralion. 

Laicr  0/  Neu  York. 
It  U  mor«  uiuiil  to  lay,  teUert  of  adminutrtuion. 

Dla^iitone. 

7.  This  name  was  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  the 
staple  magazine  or  w.arehouse  at  Callao,  in  Peru, 
where  foreien  ships  must  unload.  Kncyc. 

AD-.MIN'IS-TRA-Tl  VE,  a.  That  administers,  or  by 
which  one  administers. 

AD-.MI.\-IS-TRa'TOR,  n.  A  m.an  who,  by  virtue  of 
a  commission  from  the  ordinary,  surrogate,  court 
of  probate,  or  other  proper  authority,  has  the  charsje 
of  the  gtKids  and  estate  of  one  dying  without  a  will. 

2.  One  who  administers,  or  who  directs,  man- 
ages, distributes,  or  dispenses  laws  and  rites,  either 
in  civil,  judicial,  inilitical,  or  erclesiastic^il  affairs. 
3  In  Scots  taw,  a  tutor,  curator,  or  guardian,  hav- 


ADM 

ing  the  care  of  one  who  is  incapable  of  acting  for 
himself'.  'J'lie  term  is  usually  applied  to  a  lather 
who  has  power  over  his  children  and  tlu-ir  esiat«, 
during  their  minority.  Knenc 

ADMIN  IS  TRA'TOU-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  an 
administrator. 

AD-.MIN-IS-TRA'TRIX,  71.  A  female  w  ho  adiiiinis- 
ti'rs  upon  the  estate  of  an  intestate ;  also,  a  female 
who  administers  government. 

AI)-.MI-RA-11II/I-TY,    (71.    The  quality  of  beinu'ad- 

AD'.MI-RA-IILE-N'ESS,  i  mirablc ;  the  power  of 
exciting  admiration. 

AD'.Ml  KA-IiI.E,  a.    [L.  admirabilh.] 

To  be  admired  ;  worthy  of  admiration  ;  having 
qualities  to  excite  wonder,  with  approbatiim,  esteem, 
or  reverence;  used  of  persons  or  things;  as,  the 
admirable  structure  of  the  body,  or  of  the  uiiivi.Tse. 

AD'.MI-R.\-liLY,  a</i>.  In  a  mannertocxcite  wonder, 
mingled  with  approbation,  esteem,  or  veneration. 

AD'.MI-IIAL,  n.  [In  the  Latin  of  the  middle  ages, 
amira,  aniiras,  admiralis,  an  emir;  Sp.  almirantc; 
Port.  id.  J  It.  ammiraglio ;   Fr.  amirat ;  from  Ar. 

s  S 

amara,  to  command,  j,a^1,  a  commander; 

S;ins.  amara;  Heb.  Cli.  Syr.  Sam  "^CK,  to  s|>eak. 
The  terminating  syllable  of  admiral  may  be  uA{,  the 
sea.  This  word  is  said  to  have  been  iiiiroduceil  into 
Europe  by  the  Genoese  or  Venetians,  in  the  12th  or 
I3th  ci'ntiirj-.] 

A  marine  commander  in  chief;  the  commander 
of  a  fleet  or  navy. 

1.  The  lord  lii^rlt  admind,  it\  Gre.at  Britain,  is  an 
officer  who  superintends  all  maritime  ati'airs,  and 
has  the  goveriiiiient  of  the  navy.  He  h.is  also  juris- 
diction over  all  maritime  causes,  and  commissions 
the  naval  officers. 

2.  The  admiral  of  the  fleet,  the  highest  officer 
under  the  admiralty.  When  he  emb.irks  on  an  ex- 
pedition, the  union  flag  is  displayed  at  the  main  top- 
gallant-ma.st-head. 

3.  The  vice-admiral,  an  officer  next  in  rank  antl 
command  to  the  admiral,  has  command  of  the 
second  squadron.  He  carries  his  flag  at  the  fore-top- 
gallant-masi-licad.  This  name  is  given  also  to  cer- 
tain officios  who  have  power  to  hold  courts  of  vice- 
admiralty  in  various  parts  of  the  British  dominions. 

4.  The  rear  admiral,  ticxt  in  rank  to  the  vice-ad- 
miral, has  command  of  the  third  squadron,  and 
carries  his  flag  at  the  mizzen-top-gallant-niast-head. 

5.  The  commander  of  any  single  fleet,  or  in  gen- 
eral any  Ha<r  officer. 

C.  The  ship  which  carries  the  admiral  ;  also  the 
most  considerable  ship  of  a  fleet  of  merchantmen, 
or  of  fishing  vessels.  Kncyc. 

7.  In  2iw/iij7(,  a  speciesof  shell-fish.  [See  Voll  ta.] 

8.  A  species  of  butterfly,  which  lays  her  eggs  on 
the  great  stinging  nettle,  and  delights  in  brambles. 

£7ic^c. 

AD'.MI-RAI^PHIP,  n.  The  office  or  power  of  an  ad- 
mir,al.    {Little  used.] 

AD'.Ml-R.lL-TV,  71.  In  Great  Britain,  the  office  of 
loril  high  admiral.  This  office  is  dischargetl  by  one 
person,  or  by  a  board  of  commissioners,  called  lords 
of  tlie  admiralty;  formerly  seven,  but  now  six  in 
number. 

2.  The  building  where  the  lords  of  the  admiralty 
transact  business. 

The  admiralty  court,  or  court  of  admiralty,  is  the 
supreme  court  for  the  trial  of  maritime  causes,  held 
before  the  lord  high  admiral,  or  lords  of  the  admi- 
ralty. 

In  general,  a  court  of  admiralty  is  a  court  for  the 
trial  of  causes  arising  on  the  high  sc.is,  as  prize 
causes  and  the  like.  In  the  United  States,  there  is 
no  admiralty  court,  distinct  from  others;  but  the 
district  courts,  established  in  the  several  states  by 
Congress,  are  invested  with  admiraltv  powers. 
AD-MI-Ra'TIOX,  11.  Wonder  mingled  with  pleas- 
ing emotions,  as  approbation,  esteem,  love  or  vener- 
ation ;  a  compound  emotion  excited  by  something 
novel,  rare,  great,  or  excellent ;  applied  to  persons 
and  their  works.  It  often  includes  a  slight  degree 
of  surprise.  Thus  we  view  the  solar  system  with 
admiration. 

Very  iie.ir  to  ndmiratton  is  the  wi*h  to  Bdmijrc.  Anon. 
It  has  been  sometimes  used  in  an  ill  sense,  denot- 
ing wonder  with  disapprobation. 

Ynor  boUlneu  1  with  adniirxitioii  tee.  DryiUn. 
Wlien  1  law  her,  1  wondeivd  with  yreal  tufnuraaon.  — Htt. 
xvii. 

.\D-MIRE',  r.  I.  [L.  admiror,  ad  and  im'ror,  to  won- 
der ;  Sp.  and  Port,  admirar ;  Fr.  admirer ;  It,  aminirare  ; 
Fr.  mirer,  to  look,  to  take  aim  ;  Corn,  miras,  to  look, 
see,  or  face  ;  .\rm.  ntirct,  to  stop,  hold,  keep  ;  \V. 
mtr,  visage  ;  also,  fair,  comely  ;  and  marr,  one  that 
looks  after,  keeps  or  guards,  a  TnoiiorjOr  hailifT ;  Russ. 
lamirayu,  to  be  astonished  or  stupefied  ;  la,  a  prefix, 
and  7»ir,  peace;  min/u,  to  pacify;  zamiriayu,  to 
make  peace.  The  primary  sense  is  to  hold,  to  stop, 
or  strain.  Ch.  and  Syr.  IDT  ;  L.  demiror.  Sec 
Moon  and  .Mar.] 


TO.VE,  BJJLL,  q.NITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


19 


ADM 


ADO 


ADO 


1.  To  regard  with  wonder  or  surprise,  minijled 
with  approl)ation,  esteem,  reverence,  or  affection. 

When  he  Rliall  come  to  be  glorified  in  liis  exinls,  anil  bo  ad- 
mired in  all  tliem  that  love  liim. — 2  Thess.  i. 

This  word  has  been  used  in  an  ill  sense,  but 
seems  now  correctly  restricted  to  tlic  sense  here 
given,  and  implying  sonutliing  great,  rare,  or  ex- 
cellent, in  the  object  admired. 

2.  To  regard  witli  afl'ection  ;  a  familiar  term  for 
to  love  trrcathj.  [It  is  an  error  to  follow  this  verb 
with  iin  infinitive  ;  as,  I  admire  to  see  a  man  con- 
sistent in  liis  conduct.  Ed.] 

AD-.MIIIE',  V.  i.    To  wonder ;  to  be  affected  with 
slight  surprise;  sometimes  with  at;  as,  to  admire 
at  his  own  contrivance.  Jiay. 
To  admire  at  sometimes  implies  disapprobation. 

AD-MIR'/iD,  pp.  Regarded  with  wonder,  mingled 
with  (ileasurable  sensations,  as  esteem,  love,  or 
reverence. 

AD-MlR'ER,  7!.  One  who  admires;  one  who  es- 
teems or  loves  greatly. 

AD-MlR'irv'G,  ppr.  Regarding  with  wonder  united 
with  love  or  esteem. 

AD-MIR'ING-LY,  adv.  With  admiration;  in  the 
manlier  of  an  admirer. 

AD-.MIS-SI-B1L'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ad- 
missible. JudfTC  Cliasc. 

AD-.MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  [See  Admit.]  That  may  be 
admitted,  allowed,  or  conceded ;  as,  the  testimony  is 
admissihlr. 

AD-.MIS'Sl-BLY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  admitted. 
AD-MIS'SION,  n.    [L.  admissio.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  admitting ;  as,  the  admis- 
sion of  aliens  into  our  country  ;  also,  the  state  of 
being  admitted. 

2.  Admittance  ;  power  or  permission  to  enter ;  en- 
trance ;  access ;  power  to  approach ;  as,  our  laws 
give  to  foreigners  easy  admissiun  to  the  rights  of 
citizens  ;  the  admLision  of  a  clerk  to  a  benefice. 

3.  Allowance ;  grant  of  an  argument  or  position 
not  fully  proved. 

AD-JMIT',  V.  L  [L.  admitto,  from  ad  and  7nilto,  to 
send  ;  Fr.  mcttrc] 

1.  To  suffer  to  enter  ;  to  grant  entrance,  whether 
into  a  place,  or  an  office,  or  into  the  mind,  or  con- 
sideration ;  as,  to  admit  a  student  into  college ;  to 
admit  a  serious  thought  into  the  mind. 

2.  To  give  right  of  entrance ;  as,  a  ticket  admits 
one  into  a  play-house. 

3.  To  allow  ;  to  receive  as  true ;  as,  the  argument 
or  fact  is  admitted. 

4.  To  permit,  grant,  or  allow,  or  to  be  capable  of; 
as,  the  words  do  not  admit  of  such  a  construction. 
In  this  sense,  of  may  be  used  after  the  verb,  or 
omitted. 

AD-.MIT'TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  admitted  or 
allo^ved. 

AD-MIT'TANCE,  71.    The  act  of  admitting  ;  allow- 
More  usually,  [ance. 

2.  Permission  to  enter ;  the  power  or  right  of 
entrance  ;  and  hence,  actual  entrance  ;  as,  he  gained 
admittimce  into  the  church. 

3.  Concession  ;  admission  ;  allowance ;  as,  the 
admittance  of  an  argument.    [JVof  used.'] 

4.  Shakspeare  uses  the  word  for  the  custom  or 
prerogative  of  being  admitted  ;  "  Sir  John,  you  are 
a  gentleman  of  excellent  breeding,  of  great  admit- 
tance :  "  but  the  license  is  unwarrantable. 

AD-.MIT'TED,  pp.    Permitted  to  enter  or  ajiproach  ; 

allowed  ;  granted  ;  conceded. 
AD-MIT'TER.  n.    He  that  admits. 
AD-MIT'TIN(j!,p/)r.   rermitiing  to  enter  or  approach  ; 

allowing  ;  conceding. 
AD-MIX',  V.  t.    To  mingle  with  something  else. 

[See  Mix.] 

AD-MIX'TIOX,  (ad-mix'chun,)  71.  [L.  admiitio,  or 
admiitio^  of  ad  and  jni.iceo,  lo  mix.    See  Mix.] 

A  mingling  of  bodies ;  a  union  by  mixing  differ- 
ent substances  together.  It  differs  from  composition 
or  chemical  combination  ;  fur  admirtion  docs  not  alter 
the  nature  of  the  substances  mixed,  but  merely  blends 
them  together  ;  wherea.s  in  composition,  the  piiilicles 
unite  by  affinity,  lose  their  former  properties,  and 
fonn  new  com|>ounds  with  different  properties. 

AD  -MIX'TIJRE,  71.  [from  odmii.] 

The  substance  mingled  with  another;  sometimes 
llic  act  of  mixture,  or  the  state  of  biding  mixed.  We 
say,  an  admirture  of  sulphur  with  alum,  or  the 
ailmiitnrr  of  different  bodies. 

AD-.Mf>N'ISII,  V.  t.  [},.  admoncOf  ad  and  moneo,  to 
teach,  warn,  admonish;  Fr.  ndmonrtrr ;  Norm. 
amoncaU  r  ;  .'^p.  amonr.tlar ;  I'ort.  anwrstar,  or  a^Jmo- 
estar ;  It.  ammonite ;  fj.  maJtnen,  cmtahncn ;  D. 
nuiancii,  to  dun,  vrrmaanrn,  to  admonish  ;  Kw.  mava. 
fOrmana  ;  Dan.  mane^firrmane  ;  Sax.  mttnan,  to  mean.] 

1.  'I'o  warn  or  notify  of  a  fault;  lo  reprove  with 
mildncHH. 

Count  him  not  •»  an  eiicmr,  hut  admoM$h  lilm  u  n  ItroUu-r, 
—  -i  IVu.  111. 

2.  To  counavl  againat  wrong  practices ;  to  caution 
or  udvinc. 

Attmoniah  one  uiothrr  In  pMlrna  ftnd  hfmni.  — Col.  Bl. 


3.  To  instruct  or  direct. 

IVIosrs  was  admonished  by  God,  whfn  he  waj  aliout  to  make 
the  tabernacle.  —  Heb.  viii. 

4.  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  to  reprove  a  member  of 
the  church  for  a  fault,  either  publicly  or  privately  ; 
tlie  first  step  of  church  discipline.  It  is  followed  by 
of  or  arrainst ;  as,  to  admonish  of  a  fault  committed, 
or  against  committing  a  fault.  It  has  a  like  use 
in  colleges. 

AD-MO>."ISII-£D,pp.  Reproved  ;  advised  ;  warned  ; 
instructed. 

AD-MON'ISII-ER,  71.    One  who  reproves  or  counsels. 

AD-MON'ISII-IXG,;);)r.  Reproving  ;  warning  ;  coun- 
seling 1  directing. 

AD-MONTSH-MENT,  71.    Admonition.  Shak. 

AD-JI0-NI"T10N,  71.  Gentle  reproof;  counseling 
against  a  fault;  instruction  in  duties;  caution; 
direction.  Tit.  iii.  1  Cor.  x.  In  church  discipline, 
public  or  private  reproof  to  reclaim  an  oflender;  a 
step  preliiiiinarj'  to  excommunication. 

.A.D-.MO-NI"TION-ER,  71.  A  dispenser  of  admoni- 
tions. Hooker. 

AD-MON'I-TIVE,  a.    Containing  admonition. 

Barrow. 

AD-MON'I-TIVE-LY,  <jrf!>.    By  admonition. 
AD-MON'I-TOR,  71.    An  adinonisher  ;  a  monitor. 
AD-MON'I-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  admonition ;  that 
admonishes. 

AD-.MORT-I-Za'TION,  71.    The  reducing  of  lands  or 

tenements  to  mortmain.  [See  .Mortmain.]  Encyc. 
AD-.M5VE',  f.  (.  [L.admovro.] 

To  move  to  ;  to  bring  one  thing  to  another. 
[Little  nsed.]  Broken. 
AD-NAS'CENT,  a.    [L.  ad  and  nasccns,  growing.] 
Growing  to  or  on  something  else.  Evelyn. 
AD-Na'TA,  71.    [L.  ad  and  natus,  grown,  from  nascor, 
to  grow.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  synonym  of  the  conjunctiva,  or 
outer  coat  of  the  eye,  reflected  over  the  ball  of  the 
eye  from  the  inner  surface  of  the  eyelids.  The 
term  has  also  been  applied  to  the  albuginea. 

2.  Such  parts,  growing  on  animal  or  vegetable 
bodies,  .as  are  usual  and  n.atural,  as  the  hair,  wool, 
horns ;  or  accidental,  as  fungus,  mistletoe,  and  ex- 
crescences. 

3.  Offsets  of  plants,  germinating  under  grotmd, 
as  from  the  lily,  narcissus,  and  hyacinth,  (^iiincy. ' 

Encyc. 

AD'NaTE,  a.    [L.  ad  and  natus,  grown.] 

In  botany,  pressing  close  to  the  stem,  or  growing 
to  it.  Jilartyn. 
AD'NOUN,  71.    [ad  and  nonn.] 

In  grammar,  an  adjective,  or  attribute.  [Little 
vscd.] 

AD-i\u'BI-La-TED,  a.    Clouded  ;  obscured. 
A-DO',  71.    [au.  a  and  do.] 

Bustle  ;  trouble ;  labor  ;  difficulty ;  as,  to  make  a 

great  ado  about  trifles  ;   to  persuade  one  with 

much  ado. 

AD-O-LES'CENCE,  71.  [L.  adolescens,  growing,  of  orf 
and  olesco,  to  grow,  from  oleo.    Heb.       to  ascend  ; 

Ar.  [Xs  to  be  high.] 

The  state  of  growing,  applied  to  the  young  of  the 
human  race  ;  youth,  or  the  period  of  life  between 
ehildhood  and  manhood. 

AD-O-LES'CENT,  a.  Growing ;  advancing  from 
childhood  to  manhood. 

AD-O-NIC'AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Adonis. 

Fair  Adaoean  ViiiuB.  Fabcr. 

A-DO'NI-A,  71.  pi.  Festivals  celebrated  anciently  in 
honor  of  Adonis,  by  females,  who  spent  two  days 
in  lamentations  and  infamous  pleasures.  Encyc. 

A-DON'IC,  0.  Monic  verse,  a  short  verse,  in  which 
the  death  of  Adonis  was  bewailed.  It  ctmsists  of  a 
dactyl  and  spondee.  Bailey.  Cyc. 

A-D0N'IC,7i.  An  Adonic  verse.  Among  the  ^nglo- 
Saxons,  a  poetic  verse  consisting  of  one  long,  two 
short  and  two  long  syllables.  Henry's  Brit.  2,  383. 

A-I)0'N1S,  71.  In  mythology,  the  favorile  of  Venus, 
said  to  be  the  son  of  Cinyras,  king  of  Cyprus.  He 
was  fund  of  hunting,  and  receded  a  mortal  wound 
from  the  lusk  of  a  wild  boar,  veniis  lamented  his 
death,  and  changed  him  into  the  llower  animione. 

A-DO'NIS,  M.    In  hoUiny,  bird's  eye  or  pheasant's  eye. 

A-DS'NISTS,  II.  ;y/.  [Heb.  Cli.  and  Syr.  \^-itt  Mun, 
Lord,  a  scriptural  title  of  the  Supreme  Being.] 

Among  critics,  a  sect  or  jiarly  who  maintiiin  that 
the  Hebrew  points  ordinarily  annexed  to  the  conso- 
nants of  the  word  Jehova/t,nrc  not  the  natural  points 
belonging  to  that  word,  and  that  they  do  not  express 
the  true  pronunciation  of  it ;  but  lh;u  they  are  vowel 
points  belongin(»  to  the  words  Jldonai  and  FJohim, 
applied  to  the  ineffable  name  Jrhorah,  which  the 
Jews  were  forbid  to  utter,  and  the  true  pronuncia- 
tion of  which  was  lost ;  they  were  llii  refure  always 
to  pronounce  Ihu  word  ./Idonai,  instead  of  .lehovah. 

Encjc. 

A-DOPT',  V.  [1j.  adopto,  of  ad  and  opto,  to  desire 
or  choose.    See  Oi-tion.] 

1.  'J'o  take  a  stranger  into  one's  family,  dh  son 


and  heir  ;  lo  take  one  who  is  not  a  child,  and  treat 
him  as  one,  giving  him  a  title  to  the  privileges  and 
rights  of  a  child. 

2.  In  a  spirttnal  sense,  to  receive  the  sinful  chil- 
dren of  men  inio  the  invisilile  church,  and  into 
God's  favor  and  protection,  by  which  they  become 
heirs  of  salvation  by  Christ.  Brown. 

3.  To  take  or  receive  as  one's  own  that  which  ia 
not  naturally  so  ;  as,  to  adopt  the  opinions  of  an- 
other ;  or  to  receive  that  which  is  new  ;  as,  to  adopt 
a  particular  mode  «f  husbandry. 

4.  To  select  and  take  ;  as,  which  mode  will  you 
adapt  ? 

A-DOPT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Taken  as  one's  own  ;  received 

as  son  anil  heir ;  selected  for  use. 
A-DOPT'ED-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  something 

adopted. 

A-DOPT'ER,  71.    One  who  adopts. 

2.  In  chemistni,  it  large,  round  receiver,  with  two 
necks,  diametrically  opposite  to  each  other,  one  of 
which  admits  the  neck  of  a  retort,  and  the  other  is 
joined  to  another  receiver.  It  is  used  in  distilla- 
tions, to  give  more  space  to  elastic  vapors,  or  to  in- 
crease the  length  of  the  neck  of  a  retort, 

A-DOPT'ING,  ppr.  Taking  a  stranger  as  a  son ;  tak- 
ing as  one's  own. 

A-DOP'TION,  71.    [L.  adoptio.] 

1.  The  act  of  adopting,  or  the  state  of  being 
adopted  ;  the  taking  and  treating  of  a  stranger  as 
one's  own  child. 

2.  The  receiving  as  one's  own  what  is  new  or 
not  natural. 

3.  God's  taking  the  sinful  children  of  men  into 
his  favor  and  protection.    Eph.  iv. 

Adoption  by  arms;  an  ancient  ceremony  of  pre- 
senting arms  to  one  for  his  merit  or  valor,  which 
laid  the  person  under  an  obligation  to  defend  the 
giver. 

Adojition  by  baptism,  is  the  spiritual  affinity  which 
is  contracted  by  god-fathers  and  god-children,  in 
the  ceremony  of  baptism.  It  was  introduced  into 
the  Greek  church,  and  afterward  among  the  an- 
cient Franks.  I'his  affinity  was  supposed  to  entitle 
the  god-child  to  a  share  of  the  god-father's  estate. 

Adoption  by  hair,  was  performed  by  cutting  off  the 
hair  of  a  person  and  .giving  it  to  the  adoptive  father. 
Thus  Pope  John  VIII.  adopted  Boson,  king  of  .4rles. 

Adoption  bij  matrimony,  is  the  taking  of  the  chil- 
dren of  a  wife  or  husband,  by  a  former  marriage, 
into  the  condition  of  natural  children.  This  is  a 
practice  peculiar  to  the  Germans,  but  is  not  so  prop- 
erly adoption  as  adfliation.  Encyc. 

Adoption  by  testament,  is  the  appointing  of  a  per- 
son to  be  heir,  by  will,  on  condition  of  his  taking 
the  name,  .arms,  &lc.,  of  the  adopter.  Encyc. 

In  Europe,  adoption  is  used  for  many  kinds  of 
admission  to  a  more  intimate  relation,  and  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  reception  ;  as,  the  admission  of  persons 
into  hospitals  or  monasteries,  or  of  one  society  into 
another.  Encyc. 
A-DOP'TION-IST,  71.  One  who  maintains  that 
Christ  was  the  son  of  God  by  adoption  only. 

J\Iurdock. 

A-DOPT'IVE,  a.    [L.  adoptivus.] 

That  adopts ;  as,  an  adoptive  father ;  or  that  is 
adopted  ;  as,  an  adoptive  son. 

A  DOPT'IVE,  71.    A  person  or  thing  adopted. 

A  DoR'A-BLE,  a.  That  ought  to  be  adored  ;  worthy 
of  divine  honor.'.  In  popular  use,  worthy  of  the 
utmost  love  or  respect. 

A-UoR'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  ador- 
able, or  worthy  of  adoration. 

A-DoR'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  worthy  of  ado- 
ration. 

AD-O-RS'TION,  71.  The  act  of  paying  honors  to  a 
divine  being  ;  the  worship  paid  to  God  ;  the  act  of 
addressing  as  a  God.  Adoration  consists  in  external 
homage',  accompanied  with  the  highest  reverence. 
It  is  useil  for  the  act  of  praying,  or  i)ref<:rring  re- 
(piests  or  thanksgiving  to  the  Supreme  Being. 

2.  Homage  paid  to  one  in  high  esteem  ;  profound 
reverence. 

Adoration,  among  the  Jews,  was  performed  by 
bowing,  kneeling,  and  prostration.  Among  ijo- 
mans,  the  devutei^,  with  his  head  covered  or  vailed, 
applied  his  riglit  hand  to  his  lips,  bowing  and  turn- 
ing himself  from  li  H  to  right.  The  Persians  fell  on 
the  face,  striking  the  forehead  against  the  earth, 
and  kissing  the  ground.  Tlie  adoiatiun  paid  to  the 
Grecian  and  Roman  eiiiprrois  consisted  in  bowing 
and  knei  liiig  at  the  IVi  i  of  the  prince,  laying  hold 
of  his  robe,  then  withdrawing  tlie  hand  anil  clap- 
ping it  to  the  lips.  Ill  modern  times,  adonition  is 
paid  to  the  pope  by  kissing  his  feet,  and  to  princes 
by  kneeling  and  kissing  the  hand.  This  word  was 
used  by  the  Romans  for  acclamation  or  great  ap- 
plause, given  lo  public  performers  ;  and  the  election 
of  a  pul>e  is  sonietiines  by  adoration,  that  is,  by  sud- 
den nceliimation  without  scrntinv.  Kncyc. 
A-D6RE',  r.  I.  [1,.  udoro.  Ill  Ch.  and  Heb.  Sth, 
Ao(/(ir,  to  honor,  re\  erenco,  or  glorify,  to  adorn ; 
Heb.  nK,  lo  be  iiiagnilieciit  or  glorious,  to  magnify. 


KATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI'l',  BOOK  — 


20 


ADR 

to  glorify.  This  word  is  usually  rcferrpd  to  the 
Latin  lid  urnrr-,  to  carrj'  to  one's  mouth  ;  ml  niul  os, 
oris;  as,  in  ordrr  to  kiss  one's  hand,  the  hand  is 
carried  to  one's  mouth.  See  Calniet,  ad  I'rrhum,  who 
cites,  in  contirination  of  this  opinion,  the  ancient 
practice  of  kissing  the  hand.  See  Job  xxxi.  1  Kims 
xix.  Ps.  ii.  Gen.  xli.  .\insworth  supposes  the 
word  to  he  a  compound  of  ad  and  oro,  to  pray  ;  and 
if  tlie  Hwd  is  compound,  as  I  suspect,  tliis  opinion 
is  most  probably  correct.] 

1.  To  worship  witli  profound  reverence;  to  ad- 
dress with  exalted  thoughts,  by  prayer  and  thanks- 
giving; to  pay  divine  honors  to;  to  honor  as  a  god, 
or  as  divine.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  love  in  the  liighest  degree  ;  to  regard  with 
the  utmost  esteem,  allectlon,  and  respect ;  ns,  tlic 
people  ailore  their  prince.  Tatlcr. 

A-l)oll'£D,  ;//>.  or  u.  Worshiped  as  divine ;  iilghly 
reverenced  ;  greatly  bi  loved. 

A-UOIl'EU,  )i.  One  who  worsliip.s,  or  honors  as  di- 
vine ;  in  popular  tannuaur,  an  admiring  lover. 

.V-DOK'I.NtJ,  ppr.  or  a.  Honoring  or  addressing  as 
illvine  ;  regarding  with  great  love  or  reverence. 

A-Doll'ING-LY,  adc.    With  adoration.  < 

.■\-I)()K.\',  V.  t.  [L.  adoriio,  ad  aiul  m-no,  to  deck  or 
beautify,  to  dress,  set  oft",  cvtol,  furnish  ;  Fr.  orncr ; 
Hp.  Ptirt.  ttrnar;  It.  oriiurej  Arm,  aoiirna,  Orno  is 
probably  tile  Saxon  hriiian,  gcrniian^  gcrinaii^ 
trrliruian,  to  touch,  to  strike,  to  adorn,  that  is,  to 
put  on.] 

1.  To  deck  or  decorate;  to  make  beautiful;  to 
add  to  beauty  by  dress ;  to  deck  with  cxtcriud  orna- 
ments. 

A  britle  oftornelh  lieisclf  withjeweU.  —  Isa.  t1. 

2.  To  set  off  to  advantage  ;  to  add  ornaments  to  ; 
to  enibclllsh  by  iiny  thing  external  or  adventitious  ; 
as,  to  adorn  a  speech  by  appropriate  action,  senti- 
ments with  elegance  of  language,  or  a  g.illery  witli 
pictures. 

3.  To  make  ple.ising,  or  more  plc.tsing ;  as,  great 
abilities  adurned  by  virtue  or  atfiibllity. 

4.  To  disnlav  tiie  beauty  or  excellence  of;  as,  to 
adorn  the  doctrine  of  God.    'I'itus  ii. 

.'V-DORX'.  ;u    Ornament.    [Obs.]  Sprnser. 
A-1X)K.\',  a.    Adorned  ;  decorated.   [Obs.]  Milton. 
A-DORN'ED,  pp.    Decked  ;  decorated  ;  embellished. 
.VDORN'Ell,  71.    One  who  adorns. 
A-DOUX'IXG,  ppr.    Ornamenting  ;  decorating  ;  dis- 
playing beauty. 
A-D6r.\"I.\G,  n.    Ornament ;  decoration.    1  Pet.  iil. 
A-DORN'ING-LY,  adv.    By  adorning. 
.•V-UOK.\'.ME.\T,  i;.    An  adorning;  ornament. 
AD-OS-Cu-L.^'TlON,  n.    [L.  ad  and  osculatio,  a 

kissing,  from  osculum,  a  kiss,  or  mouth.] 
The  impregnation  of  plants  by  the  mlling  of  tlie 

farina  on  the  pistil. .  Encijc. 
Mnscttlaiion  Is  also  defined  to  be  the  inserting  of 

one  part  of  a  plant  into  another.  Crabbe. 
,\-DOSS'£D,  (a-dost',)  a.    [Fr.  adossie,  part,  of  a- 

dosser,  to  set  back  to  back  ;  dos,  the  back.] 

In  hcraldrij,  denoting  two  figures  or  bearings 

placed  back  to  back.  F.ncyc. 
A-WiWS' ,  prrp.    [a  and  rfnwn.]    From  a  higher  to  a 

lower  situation  ;  downward  ;  implying  descent. 
,\-DO\VN',  adc.     Down  ;  on  the  ground  ;  at  the 

bottom. 

.ID  QUOD  D.i.WmM,  [L.j  In a  writ  directing 
the  sherHfto  inquire  what  damage  may  accrue  from 
the  grant  of  certain  liberties  or  franchises.  Brande. 
A-DRIOAD',  (a-dred',)o.    [See  Dread.]    Aifected  by 


dread.  [Obs.] 

  -eJv 

eration. 


ID  liF.F-ER-EJVDmr.     [L.]    For  further  consid- 


A-DRI-AT'ie,  a.  [L.  Mria  or  Hadria,  the  Gulf  of 
Venice.]  Pertaining  to  the  gulf  called,  from  Venice, 
the  Venetian  Gulf. 

A-DRt-AT'ie,  n.  The  Venetian  Gulf;  a  gulf  that 
washes  the  eastern  side  of  Italy. 

.V  DRIFT',  a.  or  adv.  [Sax.  adri/an,  gcdrifan,  and 
(/n/uii,  to  drive.  See  Drive.  Mrift  is  the  partici- 
ple of  the  verb.] 

LitrraUy,  driven;  floating;  floating  at  random; 
impelled  or  moving  without  direction.  an  adjec- 
tive, it  alirinjs  follows  its  noun  ;  as,  the  boat  was 
adrljX 

.\D-RO-G.5'TION,  n.  [L.  ad  and  rngo,  to  ask.  See 
Interrogate  and  Rocation.] 

A  species  of  adojitlon  in  ancient  Rome,  by  which 
a  person  capable  of  choosing  for  himself  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  relation  of  a  son  So  called  from 
the  questions  put  to  the  parties.  Encye. 

A  DROIT',  (a-droyt',)  a.  [Fr.  from  droit  -"ght, 
straight,  direct ;  whence  Jroitr,  the  right  1-  «nd  ;  It. 
dirittn,  right,  straight,  contracted  from  the  L.  di- 
Tcctiui,  dirigo  ;  .\rm.  dreL    See  Rikht.] 

Dextrous  ;  skillful ;  active  in  the  use  of  the  hand, 
and  Ji<niraiivelii,  in  the  exercise  of  the  ment.il  facul- 
ties ;  ingenious';  readv  In  invention  or  execution. 

A-DROIT'LY,  adv.  VVith  dexterity  ;  in  a  ready, 
skillful  manner.  ChrMrrfield. 

A-I)ROIT'NESS,  II.  Dexterity  ;  readiness  in  the  use 
of  the  limbs,  or  of  the  mental  fncullies.  Ilornc. 


ADU 

A-DR?',  a.  [Sax.  adri/an,  to  diy.] 

Thirsty  ;  in  want  of  drink.    [This  adjective  always 
follows  the  noun.]  Spectator. 
Al)-SCI-TI"TIOUS,  a,   [Ij,  eiscititiuSjadsc'isco^ascisco-, 
to  add  or  join.] 

Added  ;  taken  as  supplemental ;  additional ;  not 
requisite.  U'urlim. 
AD'SeRIPT,  n.  [1..  adscribo.]  One  who  is  held  to 
service  as  attached  to  some  onject  or  place,  as  when 
a  slave  is  made  an  atbrripl  of  the  soil.  Bancroft. 
AD-STIUC'TION,  «.  [I,.  aiMctio,  a.itrictio,  of  ad 
and  stringo,  to  strain  or  bind  fast.    See  Strict.] 

A  binding  fast.  Among  pAysician,*,  the  rigidity  of 
a  pari  of  the  body,  occasioning  a  retention  of  usual 
evacuations  ;  co.stiveness  ;  a  closeness  of  the  emunc- 
torles  ;  also,  the  styptic  eU'ecLs  of  medicines. 

Enci/c.  Quincy. 
AD-STRie'TO  UY,    AD-STRING'KiNT.     See  As- 
tringent. 

AD-1!-La'RI-A,  n.  [from  Mula,  the  summit  of  a 

Swiss  mountain.] 
A  term  applied  to  the  semi-transparent  varieties  of 

alblte  and  felspar;  its  color  Is  white,  or  with  a  tinge 

of  green,  vellow,  or  red.  Cleuvcland. 
Al)-y-l,A' T'lO.V,  71.    [L.  adulatio.] 

Servile  flattery  ;  praise  in  excess,  or  beyond  what 

is  merited  ;  high  cuinplinK'Ht.  Shak. 
AD'II-La-TOR,  11.    A  flatterer ;  one  who  oflers  praise 

servilely. 

AD'lJ-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Flattering  ;  containing  exces- 
sive praise  or  compliments  ;  servilely  praising  ;  as, 
an  adulatary  address. 

AD'lJ-LA-TKESS,  ji.  A  female  that  flatters  with 
servility. 

A-DUL'l'',  a.  [L.  adiiltus,  grown  to  maturity,  from 
oleo,  to  grow  ;  Ileb.  T\^y  to  ascend.] 

Having  arrived  at  mature  years,  or  to  full  size  and 
strength  ;  as,  an  adult  person  or  plant. 

A-DULT',  71.  A  person  grown  to  full  sl/,e  and 
strength,  or  to  the  years  of  manhood.  It  Is  also 
applied  to  full-grown  plants.  Among  civilians,  a 
person  between  fourteen  and  twenty-five  years  of 
age.  Encijc. 

Mult  schools;  schools  for  instructing  .adults,  who 
have  not  been  educated  in  their  youth  ;  first  estab- 
lished, in  England,  in  1811.  P.  Cijc. 

A-DUL'TER-ANT,  71.  The  person  or  thing  that 
adulter.ites. 

A-DUL'TER-aTE,  v.  t.  [h.  adnltero,  from  adulter, 
mixed,  or  an  adulterer  ;  ad  and  alter,  oilier.] 

To  corrupt,  debase,  or  make  impure  by  an  admix- 
ture of  baser  materials  ;  as,  to  adulterate  liipiors,  or 
the  coin  of  a  country.  Bonlr. 

A-DUE'TER-aTE,  v.  i.    To  commit  ,idulter\-.  [  Obs.] 

A-DUL'TER-ATE,  a.  Tainted  with  adultery;  de- 
based bv  foreign  mixture. 

A-DUL'T'ER-a-TED,  ;);).  or  a.  Corrupted  ;  debased 
by  a  mixture  with  something  of  less  value. 

A-DUL'TER-ATE-LY,  adv.  In  an  .adulterate  manner. 

A-DUL'TER-ATE-i\ESS,  71.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  debased  or  cornipted. 

A-DUL'TER-a-TING,  77;7r.    Debasing  ;  corrupting. 

A-DUL-TER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  adulterating, 
or  the  statft  of  being  adulterated,  corrupted,  or  de- 
based by  foreign  mixture. 

'I'he  adulteration  of  liquors,  of  drugs,  and  even  of 
bread  and  beer,  Is  a  common,  but  a  scandalous 
crime. 

A-DUL'TER-ER,  7i.    [L.  adulter.] 

1.  A  man  guilty  of  adultery  ;  a  man  who  has 
sexual  commerce  with  any  married  woman  except 
his  wife.    [See  Adultery.] 

2.  In  Scripture,  an  idol.iter.    Ezek.  xxill. 

3.  An  apostate  from  the  true  faith,  or  one  who 
violates  his  covenant  engagements  ;  a  very  wicked 
perscm.   Jer.  Ix.  and  xxill. 

4.  One  devoted  to  earthly  things.   James  iv. 
A-DUL'TER-ESS,  7t.    A  married  woman  guilty  of 

incontinence. 

.V-Dt'L'TER-INE,  a.  Proceeding  from  adulterous 
coiiinierre  ;  spurious.  Ilall. 

A-DUL'TER-INE,  n.  In  the  civU  law,  a  child  Issuing 
from  an  adulterous  connection. 

A-DUL'TER-OUS,  a.  Guilty  of  adultery  ;  pertiln- 
ing  to  adultery. 

2.  In  Scnpfiirf,  idolatrous ;  very  wicked.  Matt 
xll.  and  xvl.  .Mark  vili. 

A-DUL'TER-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  adulterous  man- 
ner. 

A-DUL'TER-Y,  ti.  [L.  adutterium.  See  Adulter- 
ate.]^ 

I.  Vlolafion  of  the  marriage  bed;  a  crime,  or  a 
civil  injury,  which  Introduces  or  may  Introduce, 
into  a  family,  a  spurious  olfsprlng. 

In  common  usage,  adultery  means  the  unfaithful- 
ness of  any  married  person  to  the  marriage  bed.  In 
England,  Parliament  grant  absolute  divorces  for  in- 
fidelity to  the  marriage  bed  In  either  party  ;  and  the 
spiritual  courts  divorce  a  meiw^a  el  Uiro. 

By  the  laws  of  Connreliciit,  the  sexual  intercourse 
of  any  m.aii  wllh  a  married  woman,  is  the  crime  of 
adultery  in  both  ;  such  intercourse  of  a  married 
man  with  an  unmarried  woman.  Is  fornication  in 


ADV 

both,  and  adidter>'  of  the  man,  wilhiii  (lie  meaning 
of  the  law  respecling  divon  e;  but  not  a  felonious 
adultery  in  either,  or  the  crime  of  adultery  at  com- 
mon law,  or  by  statute.  'Mils  latter  ofli  nsc  Is,  In 
England,  proceeded  with  only  in  the  vccleslanlical 
courts. 

2.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  all  manner  of  lewdness  or 
uncliastity,  as  in  the  seventh  coiiiiiiaiidiiient. 

,■).  In  Scripture,  idolatry,  or  apostasy  from  the  true 
God.    Jer.  ill. 

4.  In  old  laws,  the  fine  and  penalty  imposed  for 
the  ofl"ense  of  adulter)'. 

.").  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  the  Intrusion  of  a  person 
into  a  bishopric,  during  the  life  of  the  bishoji. 

Encyc. 

0.  Among  ancient  naturalists,  the  grafting  of  trees 
was  called  adultrry,  being  considered  a;)  an  un- 
natural union.  Pliny, 

A-DIJLT'NE.-'S,  71.    The  .state  of  being  adult. 

AD-U.M'BRAM  T,  a.  [See  AoL  MiinATE.]  Giving  a 
faint  shadow,  or  slight  n^semblancc. 

AD-U.M'BRaTE,  r.  t.  [L.  adumbro,  to  shade,  from 
umbra,  a  shade  ;  Fr.  ombre;  Sp.  sunihra  ;  It.  ombra.] 
'I'o  give  a  faint  shadow,  or  slight  likeness  ;  to  ex- 
hibit a  faint  reseiiihlaiice,  like  a  .-ilMilow. 

.'VD-U.M-IiR.VTIO.V,  71.  'J'lie  act  of  making  a  shadow 
or  faint  reseinblanre. 

2.  .\  faint  sketch  ;  an  imperfect  representation  of 
a  thing.  Bacon. 

3.  In  heraldry,  the  shadow  only  of  a  figure,  out- 
lined, and  painted  of  a  color  darker  than  the  field. 

DicL 

AD-II-Na'TION,  71.    [L.  ad  and  unu-o,  iinio.] 

The  state  of  being  united  ;  unlim.    [J^'it  used.] 

Cranmer. 

AD-UN'CI-TY,  71.    [L.  aduncitas,  hookedncs:^,  of  ad 
and  uncus,  a  hook.] 
ilookedncss  ;  a  bending  in  fonn  of  a  hook. 

.^rbuthnoL  . 

AD-UN'e'OUS,  a.    [L.  adanent.] 

Hooked  ;  bent  or  made  in  the  form  of  a  hook. 

Bacon. 

AD-UNaUE'.  (a-dunk',)  a.    Hooked.    [A*</t  used.] 

Bacon. 

A-DuRF/,  V.  I.    [L.  adurn,  ail  and  uro,  to  burn.] 

'JV)  bum  up.    [J\'ot  u.-.ed.]  Bacon. 
A-DUST',  a.   [L.  adustu.i,  burnt,  the  participle  of  adu- 
ro,  to  burn.] 

Burnt ;  scorched  ;  become  dry  by  heat ;  hot  and 

fieri,'. 

A-DUST'ED,  a.  Become  hot  and  dry  ;  burnt  ; 
.scorched. 

A-DUS'TION,  71.  The  act  of  burning,  scorrliing.  or 
heating  to  dryness  ;  a  st.ite  of  being  thus  heateo  or 
dried. 

.^D  y./l-LOiREJ\fj  [L.]  According  to  the  v.ilue.  An 
ad  rnlorem  duty  is  a  certain  per  ccntage  on  the  val- 
ue or  price. 

AD-VANCE',  (ad-v'ins',)  v.  U  [Fr.  aBaiiccr  ;  Sp.  araTt- 
zar,  to  move  forward  ;  It.  avanzare,  to  get  or  in- 
crease ;  Arm.  urnns,  to  advance.  This  word  Is 
foniied  on  van,  the  front,  which  seems  to  bo  the 
Ch.  and  Heh.  nju,  CJD,  surface,  face  ;  whence  Fr. 
fli'aiif. ;  It.  aranti,  before.] 

1.  To  bring  forw  ard  ;  to  move  further  in  front. 
Hence, 

2.  To  promote  ;  to  raise  to  a  higher  rank  ;  as,  to 
advance  one  from  the  bar  to  the  bench. 

3.  To  improve  or  make  better,  which  is  consid- 
ered as  a  progression  or  moving  forward  ;  as,  to  a<i- 
rance  one's  true  Interests. 

4.  To  forward  ;  to  accelerate  growth  ;  as,  to  ad- 
vance the  growth  of  plants. 

5.  To  ofler  or  pro|)ose  ;  to  bring  to  view  or  no- 
tice ;  as,  to  advance  an  opinion  or  an  argument. 

t>.  In  commrrcr,  to  supply  beforehand  ;  to  furnish 
on  credit,  or  before  goods  are  delivered,  or  work 
done  ;  or  to  furnish  as  a  part  of  a  stock  or  fund  ;  as, 
to  advance  money  on  loan  or  contract,  or  toward  a 
purchase  or  establislimenl. 

7.  To  furnish  for  others  ;  to  supply  or  pay  for  oth- 
ers, in  expectation  of  reimbursement. 

Tli**y  advnnrtd  (he  mon^jr  oul  of  ihrir  own  funds,  »ntl  took 
the  UKrilfa  dvrtU  in  UMir  own  iinm^. 

Kent,  Johnton't  Hep. 

8.  To  raise  ;  to  enhance  ;  as,  to  advance  the  price 
of  goods. 

AD-VANCE',  r.  i.  To  move  or  go  forward  ;  to  pro- 
ceed ;  as,  the  troops  advanced. 

2.  To  improve,  or  make  progress ;  to  grow  better, 
greater,  wiser,  or  older  ;  as,  to  ailvane.c  in  knowl- 
edge, in  stature,  in  wisdom,  or  In  years. 

3.  To  rise  in  rank,  ortice,  or  consequence  ;  to  be 
preferred  or  promoted  ;  as,  to  advance  in  political 
standing. 

.\I)-VA.NCE',  n.  Amoving  fonvard,  or  low,ird  the 
front.  Clarendon. 

2.  Gradual  progression  ;  improvement  ;  a-s,  an  ad- 
vance In  religion  or  knowledge.  Jliterbury. 

3.  .\dvancenient ;  promotion  ;  prcfennent ;  as,  an 
advance  in  rank  or  oflice. 

4.  First  hint  by  way  of  Invitation  ;  first  step  to- 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


■21 


r 

ADV 


ward  an  aCTeemont  ;  a?,  A  mad?  an  advance  to- 
ward a  reconciliation  with  li.  In  tliis  sense  it  ia 
very  frequently  used  in  the  plural. 

The  aniours  of  an  empress  require  llie  plainest  a/lvaruree. 

Gibbon. 

5.  In  trade,  additional  price  ;  profit ;  as,  an  ad- 
vance on  the  prime  cost  of  goods. 

6.  A  giving  beforehand  ;  a  furnishing  of  some- 
thing, on  contract,  bi  fore  an  einiivalent  is  received, 
as  money  or  goods,  toward  a  capital  or  stock,  or  on 
loan  ;  or  the  money  or  goods  thus  furnished  ;  as,  A 
made  large  advances  to  B. 

7.  A  furnishing  of  money  or  goods  for  others,  in 
expectation  of  reiinburseirient ;  or  the  property  so 
furnished. 

1  shall,  with  great  pleasure,  malte  the  necessary-  advances. 

.fay. 

The  account  was  made  up  with  intent  to  show  what  adi-ances 
hail  been  made.  Kent. 

Ill  advance in  front ;  before  ;  also,  beforehand  ; 
before  an  equivalent  is  received,  or  when  one  part- 
ner in  trade  has  furnished  more  than  his  proportion  ; 
as,  A  is  in  advance  to  B  a  thousand  dollars  or  pounds. 
AD-V.\NCE'-GUXRD,    i  n.     The  van-guard  ;  the 
AD-VANC'iSD-GUXRD,  (     first  line  or  division  of 
an  army  in  order  of  battle,  in  front  of  the  main 
btxly  :  opposed  to  rear-irnard. 
2.  A  small  party  in  advance  of  the  main-guard. 

Cyr. 

AD-VXXC'£D,  rad-vinst',)  pp.  or  a.  Jlovcd  for- 
ward ;  promoted  ;  improved  ;  furnished  beforehand  ; 
situated  in  front,  or  before  the  rest ;  also,  old,  hav- 
ing reached  the  dechne  of  life ;  xs,  advanced  in 
years  ;  an  advanced  age. 

AD-VSNCE'JIENT,  n.  The  act  of  moving  forward 
or  proceeding. 

2.  The  state  of  being  advanced  ;  preferment ; 
promotion,  in  rank  or  excellence ;  the  act  of  pro- 
moting. 

3.  Settlement  on  a  wife,  or  jointure. 

4.  Provision  made  by  a  parent  for  a  child  by  gift 
of  property,  during  his,  the  parent's  life,  to  which 
the  child  would  be  entitled  as  heir,  after  his  parent's 
death.  R.  jM.  Slicrman. 

5.  The  payment  of  money  in  advance  ;  money 
paid  in  advance. 

AD-VaXC'ER,  n.    One  who  advances  ;  a  promoter. 
Among  .sportsmen,  a  start  or  branch  of  a  buck's 
attire,  between  the  back  antler  and  the  palm. 

Kncyc. 

AD-Va\C'IN'G,  p/>r.  Moving  forward  ;  proceeding; 
promoting  ;  raising  to  higher  rank  or  excellence  ; 
improving;  supplying  beforehand,  as  on  loan,  or  as 
stock  in  trade. 

AD-VXNC'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  advance  or  promote. 

AD-VXNT'A6E,  n.  [Fr.  avanta^e,  from  avant,  be- 
fore ;  It.  vanUi^ffio  ,*  Sp.  ventaja.] 

1.  Any  state,  condition,  or  circumstance,  favora- 
ble to  success,  prosperity,  interest,  or  reputation  ; 
as,  the  enemy  had  tlie  o'/rrt/tM^c  of  elevated  ground. 

2.  Benefit ;  gain  ;  profit. 

What  advanUige  will  it  be  to  thee  ?  —  Joh  xxxv. 
There  exists,  in  Ute  economy  and  coiit^  of  nature,  an  indis- 
soluble  union  Ijetwcen  virtue  and  happiness;  between  duty 
and  adeanla^c.  Washington. 

3.  Means  to  an  end  ;  opportunity  ;  convenience 
for  obtaining  benefit;  as,  students  enjoy  great  ad- 
vantaircs  for  improvement ;  the  general  toolv  advant- 
age of  his  enemy's  negligence. 

4.  Favorable  state  or  circumstances ;  as,  jewels 
Bel  to  advanta^re. 

5.  Superiority,  or  prevalence  over  ;  with  of  or 
mcr. 

hnt  Satan  should        an  advantage  of  us  (or  ouer  us.)  —  2 
Cor,  ii. 

6.  Superiority,  or  that  which  gives  it ;  as,  the  mL- 
vanlage  of  a  good  constitution. 

7.  Interest ;  increase  ;  overplus. 

And  wilh  ndp<inta%e  mf^ans  to  pay  thy  love.    [0&«,]  Shale. 

8.  Additional  circumstance  to  give  prepondera- 
tion. 

AD-VXNT'AGE,  r.  U  To  benefit ;  to  yield  profit  or 
gain. 

Wtiat  is  R  man  adtantaged,  if  he  piin  the  wliole  world,  and 
lo*-  himself,  or  be  cast  nway  ?  —  Luke  ix. 

2.  To  promote  ;  to  advance  the  interest  of. 
AD-VX.\T'AGE-A -BLE,  a.  Profitable;  convenient; 

(^infill.    [Little  med.] 
AD-VA,\T'AG-£;I>,  pp.    Benefited  ;  promoted. 
AD-VA,\T'A6F^f;ilOUND,  n.     Ground  that  gives 
advantage  or  puperiority  ;  a  state  that  gives  supe- 
rior advantages  for  annoyance  or  resisttince. 

Clnrendnn. 

AD-VAN-TA'6EOUS,  a.  Being  of  advantage  ;  fur- 
nishing convenience,  or  opportunilv  to  gain  benefit ; 
gainful  ;  profitable  ;  useful ;  beneficial  ;  ns,  an  ad- 
vantajfrowi  |MHitiori  of  the  trtKips  ;  trade  is  advanta- 
l^eotu  to  a  nation. 

AD-VA.N-TA'GEonS  I-Y,  ndr.  In  an  advantageous 
manner  ;  profitably  ;  usefully  ;  convenicnily. 

jJriufAnnf. 

AD-VAN-TA'0EOUB-NES.H,  n.   The  quality  or  slate 


ADV 


of  being  advantageous  ;  profitableness  ;  usefulness  ; 

convenience.  Boyle. 
An-VANT'AG-ING,  ppr.    Profiting  ;  benefiting. 
Ap-VEe-TI"TIOUS,  a.  Brouglit  from  another  place  ; 

imported  ;  foreign. 
AD-VeNE',  v.  !.    [L.  advenio,  to  come  to,  ad  and  vc- 

71/0.] 

"1  o  accede,  or  come  to  ;  to  be  added  to,  or  become 
a  part  of,  though  not  essential.    [Little  user!.] 
AD-Ve'XI-ENT,  a.   Advening ;  coming  from  out- 
ward causes. 

AD'VENT,  n.  [L.  adventu.'!,  from  advenio,  of  ad  and 
reiiio,  to  come.    See  Find.] 

A  coming  ;  apprupriatehj,  the  coming  of  our  Sav- 
ior, and  in  the  calendar,  it  includes  four  Sabbaths 
before  Christmas,  beginning  on  St.  Andrew's  day, 
or  on  the  Sabbath  next  before  or  after  it.  It  is  in- 
tended as  a  season  of  devotion,  with  reference  to 
the  coming  of  Christ  in  the  flesh,  and  his  second 
coming  to  judge  the  world.  Encyc. 

AD-VEA'T'Ii\E,  a.    Adventitious.    [JVo£  used.] 

Bacon, 

AD-TOX-Tr'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  adventitius,  from  adve- 
nio.   See  Ai>VENT.] 

Added  extrinsically  ;  accidental ;  not  essentially 
inherent ;  casual ;  foreign. 

Diseases  of  continuance  get  an  adventitious  strength  from  cus- 
tom. Bacon. 

An-VEN-TI"TIOlTS-LY,  adv.  Accidentally. 
An  VEX-TI"TIOUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 
adventitious. 

AD-VENT'IVE,  a.  Accidental ;  adventitious.  [Lit- 
tle u^etl.]  Bacon. 

AD-VEiXT'IVE,  71.  The  thing  or  person  that  comes 
from  without.    [Little  «->■<•</.]  Bacon. 

AD-VENT'XJ-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  season  of  ad- 
vent. Saundcrson. 

AD-VEN'TIJRE,  7t.  [Ft.  aventure,  from  advenio.  See 
Advent.] 

1.  Hazard  ;  risk ;  chance  ;  that  of  which  one  has 
no  direction  ;  as,  at  ail  adventures,  that  is,  at  all  haz- 
ards.   [See  Venture.] 

2.  An  enterprise  of  hazard  ;  a  bold  undertaking, 
in  which  hazards  are  to  be  encountered,  and  the  is- 
sue is  staked  iipim  unforeseen  events.  Drijden. 

3.  A  remarkable  occurrence  ;  a  striking  event, 
more  or  less  important ;  as,  the  adventures  of  one's 
life.  Bacoji. 

4.  That  which  is  put  to  hazard  ;  a  sense  in  popu- 
lar use  with  sejiwen,  and  usually  pronounced  ven- 
ture. Something  which  a  seaman  is  permitted  to 
carry  abroad,  with  a  view  to  sell  for  profit. 

.d  bill  of  adventure,  is  a  writing  signed  by  a  person, 

who  takes  goods  on  board  of  his  ship,  wholly  at  the 

risk  of  the  owner. 
AD-VEN''Tl{RE,  v.  t.    To  risk,  or  hazard  ;  to  put  in 

the  power  of  unforeseen  events ;  as,  to  adventure 

one's  life.    [See  Ventube.] 
AD-VEiX'TTiKE,  ti.  i.    To  dare  ;  to  try  the  chance  ; 

as,  to  adventure  on  "the  tempestuous  sea  of  lib- 

ertv." 

AD-VEN'TIJR-J;D,  pp.  Put  to  hazard  ;  ventured  ; 
risked. 

AD-VEX'TI;R-ER,  ti.  One  who  hazards,  or  puts 
something  at  risk  ;  as,  merchiint-arfrnitiirer.s. 

2.  One  who  seeks  occasions  of  chance,  or  attempts 
bold,  novel,  or  evtraordinarj'  enterprises. 

AD-VEN'TURE-FUL,  a.  Given  to  adventure  ;  full 
of  enterprise.  BentJiam. 

AD-VEN'TIIRE-SOME,  a.  Bold;  daring;  incurring 
hazard.    [See  V'ENTt'REsoME.] 

Al)-VE.\'TURE-SOME-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of 
being  bold  and  venturesome. 

AD-VEN'TUR-ING,  ppr.  Putting  to  risk ;  hazard- 
ing. 

AD-VEN'TIIR-OUS,  a,    [Fr.  aventureux.] 

1.  Inclined,  or  willing  to  incur  hazard  ;  bold  to 
encoimter  danger  ;  daring  ;  courageous  ;  enterpris- 
ing :  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Full  of  hazard  ;  attended  with  risk ;  exposing 
to  danger;  requiring  courage :  applied  to  tilings;  as, 
an  ailventurou.i  undertaking. 

Aiul  litllowed  freedom  on  the  adventurous  tide.  Trumbull. 
AD-VEN'Tl!R-OUS-LY,  adv.    Boldly  ;  daringly  ;  in 

a  manner  to  incur  haz.ard. 
AI)-VEN'TlIR-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  act  or  quality  of 

beini;  adventurous. 
AU'VEKB,  H.    [Ij.  advcrhium,  o{ ad  ani  vcrbum,  to  a 

verb.] 

In  irrammar,  a  word  used  to  modify  the  sense  of 
a  verb,  participle,  adjective,  or  oilier  adverb,  and 
usually  placed  near  it ;  as,  he  writes  irrll ;  pa|)er  cj> 
trnnehj  white.  This  part  of  speech  might  be  more 
significantly  named  a  modifier,  as  its  use  is  to  viodifif, 
that  is,  to  vary  ortpialify  the  sense  of  another  worti, 
by  enlarging  or  restraining  it,  or  by  expressing  form, 
quality,  or  manner,  which  the  word  itself  docs  not 
express.  Tlitr  term  adverb,  denttting  position  merely, 
is  often  improper. 

AI)-VI'.RB'I-AI,,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  ailverb. 

AD-VERB'I-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  ad- 
verb. 


ADV 


AD-VER-Sa'RI-.A,  n.  [L.  from  adver.^us  See  Ad- 
verse.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  a  book  of  accoimts,  so  named 
from  the  placing  of  debt  and  credit  in  opposition  to 
each  other. 

2.  A  common  place  book.  Encyc. 

3.  In  literature,  a  miscellaneous  collection  of  notes, 
remarks,  or  selections  ;  used  as  a  title  of  books  or 
papers  of  such  character.  This  meaning  is  derived 
frou!  the  second.  ' 

AD-VER-Sa'RI-OUS,  a.    Adversary.  [Bad.} 

Soutlieu. 

AD'VER-SA-RY,  71.    [See  Adverse.] 

1.  An  enemy  or  foe  ;  one  who  has  enmity  at 
heart. 

The  Ijord  will  take  vengeance  on  his  adversaries.  —  Nah.  i. 
In  Scripture,  Satan  is  called  THE  adversabv,  by 
way  of  eminence.  —  1  Pet.  v. 

2.  An  opponent  or  antagonist,  as  in  a  suit  at  law, 
or  in  single  combat ;  an  opposing  litigant. 

AD'VER-S.-V-RY,  a.    Opposed  ;  opposite  to  ;  adverse. 

In  laWf  having  an  opposing  party  ;  as,  an  adversary 
*  suit ;  m  distinction  from  an  application,  in  law  or 
equitv,  to  which  no  opposition  is  made. 

AD-VERS'A-TIVE,  a.  Noting  some  difference,  con- 
trariety, or  opposition  ;  as,  John  is  an  honest  man, 
but  a  fan  itic.  Here  but  is  called  an  adversative  con- 
junction This  denomination,  however,  is  not  al- 
ways correct ;  for  but  does  not  always  denote  oppo- 
sition, but  something  additional. 

AD-VERS'A-TIVE,  n.  A  word  denoting  contrariety 
or  opposition. 

AD'VERSE,  (ad'vers,)  a.  [L.  adversus,  opposite  ;  of 
ad  and  versus,  tumetl ;  from  verto,  to  turn.  See  Ad- 
vert. This  word  was  formerly  accented,  by  some 
authors,  on  the  last  syllable ;  but  the  accent  is  now 
settled  on  the  first.] 

1.  Opposite  ;  opposing ;  acting  in  a  contrary  direc- 
tion ;  conflicting  ;  counteracting  ;  as,  adverse  winds  ; 
an  adverse  party. 

2.  Fijrurativebj,  opposing  desire ;  contrary  to  the 
wishes,  or  to  supposed  good ;  hence,  unfortunate  ; 
calamitous;  afllictive  ;  pernicious;  unprosperous  ; 
as,  adverse  fate  or  circumstances. 

AD-VERSE',  (ad-vers',)  ».  £.  To  oppose.  [JVo(  used,] 

Qower. 

AD'VERSE  LY,  adv  In  an  adverse  manner  ;  oppo- 
sitely ;  unfortunately  ;  unprosperously  ;  in  a  man- 
ner contrary  to  desire  or  success. 

AD'VERSE-NESS,  71.  Opposition  ;  unprosperous- 
ness. 

AD-VERS'I-TY,  71.  An  event,  or  series  of  events, 
which  oppose  success  or  desire  ;  misfortune  ;  ca- 
lamity ;  aflliction  ;  distress  ;  state  of  unhappiness. 

In  the  day  of  adversity,  consider.  —  Ecd.  vii. 
Ye  have  rejected  God,  who  saved  you  out  of  all  your  adversi- 
ties. —  1  Satn.  X. 

AD- VERT',  V.  u  [L.  adverto,  of  ad  and  verto,  to 
turn.] 

'I'o  turn  the  mind  or  attention  to  ;  to  regard,  ob- 
serve, or  notice  ;  with  tn  ;  as,  he  adverted  to  what 
was  said,  or  to  a  circumstance  that  occurred. 

AD-VERT'ED,  pp.    Attended  to  ;  regarded  ;  with  to. 

AIJ-VEIIT'ENCE,  )  «.    A  direction  of  the  mind  to; 

AD-VERT'EN-CY,  (  attention  ;  notice  ;  regard  ; 
consideration  ;  heedfulness. 

AD-VERT'ENT,  a.    Attentive  ;  heedful. 

AD-VERT'Ei\T-LY,  h(/i-.    In  an  advertent  manner. 

AD-VERT'ING,  ppr.  Attending  to;  regarding;  ob- 
serving. 

AD  VER  TISE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  avtrtir;  Ann.  avertis-.a, 
to  inform ;  from  ad  and  verto,  to  turn.  See  Ad- 
vert J 

1.  To  inform;  to  give  notice,  advice,  or  intelli- 
gence to,  whetlier  of  a  past  or  present  event,  or  of 
something  future. 

I  will  advertise  tliee  what  this  people  will  do  to  thy  people  in 

the  l.mi-rthiy.  —  Nuni.  ixiv. 
1  thouj^ht  to  advertise  tllec,  saying,  Buy  it  before  the  uihab- 

iuuts  antl  elders  ol  my  iieople.  —  Kulh  iv. 

In  this  sense,  it  has  of  before  the  subject  of  infor- 
mation ;  as,  to  futvcrti.<e  a  man  of  his  losses. 

2.  To  publish  a  notice  of;  to  publisli  a  written  or 
printed  account  of;  as,  to  adnrtu'ie  goods,  or  a  farm. 

Al)-VER-l'lS'A'D,  pp.  Inftirmetl ;  notified  ;  wiirned  ; 
used  of  persons:  published;  made  known;  liscd  ojf 
things. 

AD-VER'TIfiiE-ME.VT,  n.  Information  ;  admoni- 
tion ;  notice  given.  More  i;cneralhj,  a  publicatiim 
intended  to  give  notice  ;  this  may  iie  by  a  short  ac- 
count printed  in  a  newspaper,  or  by  a  written  ac  - 
count posted,  or  otherwise  made  public. 

AD  VER-TIS'ER,  II.  One  who  .-idvertiscs.  This  ti- 
tle is  often  given  to  public  prints. 

AD-VER-'I'IS'INti,  ppr.  Informing;  giving  notice; 
publishing  notice. 

2.  a.  Furnishing  advertisements;  as,  advertising 
customers. 

3.  Ill  the  sense  of  monitory,  or  active  in  giving 
intclligenco,  as  usetl  by  Sliakspeare.  [JVot  nmo 
ujtrd.  1 

AD-VICE',  71.    [Fr.  avis,  opinion,  notice  ;  Arm.  oots. 


FATB,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLK,  BQQK.— 


22 


ADV 


ADY 


A  Ell 


This  and  tlio  verb  ariscr,  to  ndvise,  seem  to  be 
formed  of  aU  and  the  I.,  viso,  to  see,  to  visil.] 

1  Counsel ;  iin  opinion  rcconuucndcd,  or  olfored, 
as  wortliy  to  lie  followed. 

Whit  advice  jfivc  vc  f — 'i  Clirun.  x. 

Willi  gooil  lu/cice  iiwko  w;ir.  —  Pr..».  xx. 

We  may  give  cu/riiv,  but  we  c:iu  nut  give  comluct.  fVarOr.'m. 

9.  Pnidence  ;  deliberate  consideration.  Sliak. 
3.  Information  as  to  the  state  of  an  affair  or  af- 
fairs ;  notice  ;  intollij»enee  ;  as,  wo  liavo  lato  <k/- 
I'icM  from  France.    [Cuinnioiilij  in  tlie.  plural.] 
To  lake  ailnicr,  is  to  consult  w  ith  others. 
AD-VICE'-BOAT,  n.    A  vessel  employed  to  carry 

dispatches  or  information. 
AD-VIS'A-BLE,  a.    [Sec  Advise.] 

1.  Proper  to  be  advised;  prudent;  expedient; 
proper  to  be  done  or  iiracticed  ;  as,  it  is  not  ndnis- 
able  to  proceed,  at  this  time,  to  a  choice  of  olficors. 
9.  Open  to  advice.  SoutJt. 
AD-VIS'A-BLE-NE.^S,  71.    The  quality  of  being  ad- 
visable or  expetiient. 
AD-VtS'A-BLY,  adv.    With  advice. 
AD- VISE',  V.  t.    [Fr.  aniscr  ;  Arm.  aviso  ;  Sp.  avijar ; 
It.  avvisare.    See  Advice.] 

1.  To  give  counsel  to  ;  to  offer  an  opinion,  as  wor- 
thy or  expedient  to  be  followed  ;  as,  I  advise  you  to 
be  cautious  of  speculation. 

'i  To  give  infiirniation  ;  to  communicate  notice  ; 
to  make  aci|uninted  with  ;  followed  by  o/before  the 
thing  communicated  ;  as,  the  merchants  were  ad- 
vised of  the  risk. 

3.  To  dehberate,  consider,  or  consult. 
Adcise  Ihvsrif  of  what  wonl  I  shall  bring  ngnln  to  him  that 
Kill  iiie.  —  1  Cliron.  xxi. 

But  in  this  sense  it  is  usually  intransitive. 
AD- VISE',  V.  i.    To  deliberate,  weigh  well,  or  con- 
sider. 

Advise  and  see  what  answer  1  shall  return  to  him  tJiat  sent  me. 
—  2  Sain.  xxi». 

To  advLte  with,  is  to  consult  for  the  purpose  of  tak- 
ing the  opinions  of  others. 
AD-VTS'iCD,  pp.  or  a.    Informed  ;  counseled  ;  also, 
cautious  ;  prudent ;  acting  with  deliberation. 

I.et  him  b?  ndrited  in  his  answers.  Bacon. 
WiUi  the  well  aitui*ed  is  wisiloiii.  —  Prov.  xiii, 

9.  Done,  formed,  or  taken  with  advice  or  deliber- 
ation ;  intended  ;  as,  an  advised  act  or  scheme. 

A1)-V'IS'EU-LY,  aJr.  With  deliberation  or  advice  ; 
heedfully  ;  purposely  ;  by  design  ;  as,  an  enterprise 
ttdvi-<edlii  undertaken. 

AD-VI>«T,D-NESS,  ii.  Deliberate  consideration  ;  pru- 
dent procedure. 

AD-VISE'WENT,n.  Counsel;  information;  circum- 
spection. 
9.  Consultation. 

The  action  standing  Ctfntjniied  nlii  for  advisement. 

Mass.  Reports. 

AD-VIS'ER,  B.  One  who  gives  advice  or  admoni- 
tion ;  also,  in  a  bad  sense,  one  who  instigates  or  per- 
suades. 

AD-ViS'ING,  ppr.   Giving  counsel. 
.\I)-VIS'IN'G,  II.    Advice  ;  counsel.  Shak, 
AU-VIS'O-RY,  a.    Having  power  to  advise. 

The  general  association  has  a  Jfeneral  advisory  su[X-rinten<lencc 
over  ail  the  ministers  ami  churches.  —  TrambitU's  Hisl. 
Conn,    iiladison.    Ramsay,  hist.  Car. 

9.  Containing  advice ;  as,  their  opinion  is  merely 
advisoni. 

.M)'VO-eA-CY,  n.  The  act  of  pleading  for  or  sup- 
porting ;  vindication  ;  defense  ;  intercession. 

Broim. 

9.  Judicial  pleading  ;  lawsuit.  Chaucer, 
AD'YO-CATE,  )i.    [L.  advocntus,  from  advoco,  to  call 
for,  to  plead  for ;  of  ad  and  voco,  to  call.  See 
Vocal.] 

1.  .Advocate,  in  its  primary  sense,  signifies  one 
who  pleads  the  cause  of  another  in  a  court  of  civil 
law.  Hence, 

9.  One  who  pleads  the  cause  of  another  before  any 
tribunal  or  judicial  court,  as  a  barrister  in  the  Eng- 
lish courts.  We  say  a  man  is  a  learned  lawyer 
and  an  able  advocate. 

3.  In  church  history,  a  person  appointed  to  defend 
the  rights  and  revenues  of  a  church  or  mon.ister)'. 

Knctjc. 

In  Europe,  advocates  have  different  titles,  accord- 
ing to  their  particular  duties. 

Consisforial  atlvocatcs,  in  Rome,  appear  before 
the  Consistory,  in  opposition  to  the  dispasal  of 
benefices. 

Elective  advocates  are  chosen  by  a  bishop,  abbot, 
or  chapter,  with  license  from  the  prince. 

Feudal  advocates  were  of  a  military  kind,  and  to 
attach  them  to  the  church,  had  gnints  of  land,  with 
power  to  lead  the  vassals  of  the  church  to  war. 

Fi-fcal  advocates,  in  ancient  Rome,  defended  causes 
in  which  the  Jiseus  or  private  revenue  of  the  cnijier- 
or  w.xs  concerned. 

Juridical  aiivocates  became  judges,  in  consequence 
of  their  attending  causes  in  the  Count*s  court. 

Matricular  advocates  defended  the  cathedral 
churches. 


Mditurij  advocates  were  emplnu'il  by  the  church 
to  defend  it  by  arms,  when  force  gave  law  to 
Europe. 

Some  advocates  were  called  nominative,  from  their 
being  noniiiialed  by  the  pope  or  king  ;  some  reirnlar, 
from  their  being  qualilii^d  by  a  projier  course  of 
study.    Some  were  supreme  ;  others^  subordinate. 

Advocate,  in  the  German  polity,  is  a  magistrate 
appointed  in  the  emperor's  nuiiie  to  administer 
justice. 

Faculty  of  advocates,  in  Scotland,  is  a  society  of 
eminent  lawyers,  who  practice  in  the  highest  courts, 
and  who  are  ailmittcd  members  only  upon  the 
severest  examination,  at  three  different  tiim  s.  It 
consists  of  more  tlian  two  hundred  members,  and 
from  this  body  are  vacancies  on  the  bench  usually 
supplied. 

Lord  advocate,  in  Scotland,  the  principal  crown 
lawyer,  or  prosecutor  of  crimes. 

Jud>re  advocate,  ill  courts  martial,  a  person  who 
manages  the  prosecution. 

In  En^rlish  and  .American  courts,  advocates  are  the 
same  as  counsel,  or  coimsi  lors.  In  Enfrland,  they 
are  of  two  degrees,  barristers  and  Serjeants  ;  the 
former,  being  apprentices  or  learners,  can  not,  by 
ancient  custom,  be  admitted  Serjeants  till  of  six- 
teen years'  standing.  BlucLsione.  Encyc. 

4.  One  who  defends,  vintlicates,  or  espouses  a 
cause  by  argumtmt ;  one  who  is  friendly  to  ;  as,  an 
advocate  for  peace,  or  for  the  oppressed. 

In  Scripture,  Christ  is  called  an  advocate  for  his 
people. 

We  have  an  advocaU  with  the  Father.  —  1  John  ii. 

AD'VO-CaTE,  v.  U  To  plead  in  favor  of ;  to  defend 
by  argument,  before  a  tribun:il  or  the  public ;  to 
support  or  vindicate. 

Those  who  advocate  a  discrimination. 

Hamillon's  Report  on  PubHc  Debt. 
The  Duke  of  York  advocated  the  imn  ii.in.eiit.  —  iliTwf;'*  on 

lite  Regency  in  the  House  of  I,or<ls,  I),  c.  27,  1»1U. 
The  Karl  of  Buckingham  advocated  llie  on>riiial  resolution. 

Ibid. 

The  idea  of  a  legislatulf ,  consisting  of  a  sinde  branch,  though 
advocated  by  some,  was  generally  repruGaleil. 

Ramsay,  Hisl.  Carolina. 
How  little  claim  pereons,  who  advocate  this  sentiincni,  really 
possess  to  be  considered  CalviiiLits,  will  af>pear  h-oiii  Uic 
following  quoLation.  Machettzie's  Life  of  Calvin. 

The  most  eminent  orators  were  engaged  to  advocate  his  cause. 

Mtt/ord. 

A  part  only  of  the  boily,  whose  cause  he  advocates,  ci'incide 
with  him  in  judgment.        Chris.  Obs.  xi.  43-1.  ^'coU. 

AD'VO-€a-TED,  pp.  Defended  by  argument ,  vin- 
dicated. 

AD'VO-eATE-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  duty  of  an 
advocate. 

AD'VO-Ca-TESS,  n.    A  female  advocate. 

Taylor. 

AO'VO-CA-TING,  ppr.    Supporting  by  reasons ;  de- 
fending ;  maintaining. 
AD-VO-Ca'TION,  n.  A  pleading  for ;  plea ;  apology. 

Shak. 

A  bill  of  advocation,  in  Scotland,  is  a  written  ap- 
plication to  a  superior  court,  to  call  an  action  before 
them  from  an  inferior  court.  The  order  of  the  su- 
perior court  for  this  purpose  Is  called  letters  of  ad- 
vocation. 

AD-VO-LO'TION,  n.    A  rolling  toward  sometliing. 
AD-VOU'TRER,  n.    An  adulterer. 
An-VOU'TRESS,  71.    An  adulteress.  BacoTi. 
AD-VOU'TKY,ii.   Adultery.   [LitUeused.]  Bacon. 
AD-VOW-KE',  71.    He  that  has  the  right  of  advow- 
son.  Comel. 
9.  The  advocate  of  a  church  or  religious  house. 

Cyc. 

AD-VOW'SON,  71.  [Fr.  avouerie,  from  avouer,  to 
avow ;  Norm,  avoerie,  or  avocson.  But  the  word 
was  latinized,  advocatio,  from  advoco,  and  avotc  is 
from  advoco.] 

In  English  law,  a  right  of  presentation  to  a  vacant 
benefice  ;  or,  in  other  words,  a  right  of  nominating 
a  person  to  officiate  in  a  vacant  church.  The  name 
is  ilerived  from  advocatio,  because  the  right  was  first 
obtained  by  such  as  were  founders,  benefactors, 
or  strenuous  defenders,  advocates,  of  the  church. 
Those  who  have  this  right  are  styled  patrons.  .\d- 
vowsons  are  of  three  kinds,  presentative,  collalive, 
and  donative ;  prcsejttative,  when  the  patron  presents 
his  clerk  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  to  be  insti- 
tuted ;  collative,  when  the  bishop  is  the  patron,  and 
institutes  or  collates  his  clerk,  by  a  single  act ;  dona- 
tive, when  a  church  is  founded  by  the  king,  and 
a.ssigned  to  the  patron,  without  being  subject  to  the 
ordinarj',  so  that  the  patron  confers  the  benefice 
on  his  clerk,  without  presentation,  institution,  or 
induction. 

Jldvowsons  are  also  appendant,  that  is,  annexed  to  a 
manor,  or  in  grtws,  that  is,  annexed  to  the  person 
of  the  patron.  Blackstone. 
AD-VOY'ER.    See  Avover. 
A-DY-NAM'ie,  a.   Weak;  destitute  of  strength. 

Adynamic  fevers,  in  medicine,  a  tenii  employed  by 
Pinel,to  denote  tnaTignant  or  putrid  fevers  attendetl 
with  great  muscular  debility.  Cyc.  Med. 


.\-l)V.\'A-.MV,  71.  [Gr.  a  privative  and  jtiva/iif, 
power.] 

In  medicine,  weakness;  want  of  strength  occa- 
sioneil  by  disease.  Morin. 

A-DY'TUiM,  71.    [I-at. ;  Gr.  i,!,vrov.] 

A  secret  apartinent.  In  ancient  temples,  a  secret 
place  from  whence  onicles  were  given. 

ADZ,  71.  [Sax.  adesc  ;  Sp.  u-.uela  ;  formerly  written 
in  Eng.  addice.] 

An  iron  instrument  with  an  arching  blade,  across 
the  line  of  the  handle,  anil  ground  from  a  base  on 
its  inside  to  the  outer  edge;  used  for  chipping  a 
hori/ontal  surface  of  timber.  Encyc. 

/E. ;  a  diphthong  in  the  Latin  language  ;  used  also  by 
tile  Saxon  writers.  It  answers  to  the  Gr.  ai.  The 
Sax.  IB  has  been  changed  into  e  or  ea.  In  deriva- 
tives from  the  learned  languages,  it  is  mostly  super- 
seded by  e,  and  cimvenience  seems  to  retjuire  it  to 
be  wholly  rejected  in  anglicized  words.  For  most 
words  found  with  this  initial  combination,  the  reader 
will  therefore  search  under  the  letter  E. 

i£D,  EU,  E.\D,  syllables  found  in  names  from  the 
Saxon,  signify  happy  ;  as,  Eadric,  happy  kingdom  ; 
Fjidriir,  happy  vit  tiiry  ;  FMicard,  prosperous  w  jttch ; 
EilL'ar,  successful  \m  apoii.  Gibson.  Lye. 

JE'DILK,  n.  [L.]  In  ancient  Rome,  an  officer  or 
magistrate,  who  had  the  care  of  the  public  build- 
ings, [o  dis,]  streets,  highways,  public  spectacles,  &c 

/IVGII-  OI'S,  n.  [Gr.  Ill)  iX(.  li  ;  iii(,  a  goat,  and  loi/i, 
the  eye.]  A  tumor  in  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye, 
antl  a  phint  so  called.  Quincy. 

iC'GlS,  71.  [<;r.  nij  If,  a  goat  skin,  and  shield  ;  from 
ai(,  a  goat.] 

A  shii'lil,  or  def-nsive  armor;  originally  applied 
to  the  shield  given  by  Jupiter  to  iMinerva. 

^^L,  AI,,  .•\LII,  or  E.AI,,  in  .^axon.  Eng.  all,  are  seen 
in  many  names ;  as  in  ^Xlfrcd,  Alfred,  all  peace  ; 
Jf:iwin,  all  roiHiueror.  Gibson. 

A'A.V  seems  to  be  one  form  of  help,  but  more  gener- 
ally written  clph  or  ii(/>/i ;  us  in  JF.lfu-in,  victorious 
aid;  ./3^V/ii7«7ii//i/i,  illustritnis  help.  Gibson, 

iE-.\E'IU,  «.  [L.  ^Uiiris.]  An  Ik  roic  poem,  written 
by  Virgil,  in  w  hich  .l-'.m  as  is  the  hero. 

iU'O-LIST,  71.  [L.  JEolus.]  A  pretender  to  inspi- 
riition.  Swift. 

.lE-o'Ll-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  /Eohis,  the  god  of  the 
winds. 

iE-O'LI-AX  IIXRP,  71.    See  Eolian  Hasp. 
yE-aUliN'O-LITE,  71.    See  Piichsto.ne. 
a'ER-.XTE,  v.  t.    [See  Air.] 

1.  In  chemistry,  to  combine  with  carbonic  acid, 
formerly  called  fxed  air.  [The  icord  luis  been  dis- 
carded from  modern  chemistry.] 

2.  In  zoolooy,  to  change  the  circulating  fluids  of 
animals  by  the  agency  of  the  air  ;  to  arterialize. 

A'Elt-A-TED,  Combined  Willi  carbonic  acid  ;  as, 
aerated  mineral  waters  ;  changed  by  the  agency  of 
the  air ;  arterialized. 

A'ER-A-'i'I.\G,  ppr.    Combining  with  carbonic  acid  ; 

_  changing  by  the  agency  of  the  air;  arti  rializiiig. 

A-EU-A''riO.\,  ji.  Ill  cheniistrij,  the  act  or  o|H'ration 
of  combining  with  carbonic  acid. 

9.  Ill  zoidofry,  the  change  in  the  circulating  fluids 
of  animals,  effected  by  the  agency  of  the  air  ;  as  the 
arterializtition  of  the  blooil  by  respiration  in  the 
higher  animals  ;  and  the  corresponding  change  in 
the  lower  animals. 

3.  In  an-ricultare,  the  exposure  of  soil  to  the  free 
at  lion  of  the  air,  as  essential  to  the  growth  of  plants. 

A-E'RI-.\L,  a.    [L.  ueriu.<.    See  Air.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  air,  or  atmosphere  ;  a:!,  arn'oi 
regions. 

9.  Consisting  of  air  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
air  ;  as,  aerial  particles. 

3.  Produced  by  air  ;  as,  aerial  honey.  Pope. 

4.  Inhabiting  or  frequenting  the  air;  as,  am'oi 
songsters. 

5.  Placed  in  the  air ;  high  ;  lofty ;  elevated ;  as, 
aerial  spires  ;  aerial  llight. 

.4m'a/ uciii ;  carbonic  acid.    [Oi.«.]  Ure, 
Aerial  perspective.    See  Pehsi'ecti  ve. 
A-k'RI-.'\.NS,  h.  pi.     In  church  history,  a  branch  of 
Allans,  so  called  from  .'\erius,  who  maintained  that 
there  is  no  difference  between  bisho|is  and  priests. 
a'E-RIE,  (a'ry  or  c'ry,)  7i.    [W.  eryr.  Corn,  er,  an 
eagle.] 

The  nest  of  a  bird  of  prey,  as  of  an  eagle  or 
hawk  ;  a  brood  of  such  birds.  Shalt, 

A-ER-l-FI-C.A'TlON,  «.  'J'lie  act  of  combining  air 
w  ith  ;  the  state  of  being  filled  with  air.  Fourrruy, 

9.  The  act  of  becoming  air,  or  of  (  banging  into 
an  aeriform  state,  as  siibslances  which  are  con- 
verted from  a  liquid  or  solid  form  into  gas  or  an 
clastic  vapor ;  the  state  of  being  aeriform.  Ibid. 

A'EU-I-FI-£U,  Having  air  infused,  or  combined 
with. 

a'ER-I-FORM,  a.    [L.  aer,  air,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  nature  of  air,  or  of  an  clastic 

fluid.    The  gases  are  aeriform  fiuids. 
A'ER-I-FY ,  r.  (.    To  infuse  air  into  ;  to  fill  w  ith  air, 

or  to  combine  air  with  ;  to  change  into  an  aeriform 

state. 

A-ER-0-DV-.\A.M'ieS,  n.    [Gr.  aip  and  Ivvaiiit,] 


Tu.NE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


23 


AFA 


AFF 


AFF 


Tile  scifnce  which  treats  of  tlie  iimtioii  of  the  air, 
and  of  tile  mechanical  etlects  of  air  in  motion. 

Braiide. 

A-ER-OG'-NO-SY,  n.  [Gr.  ar/o,  air,  and  ji-.xtis, 
knowledge.]  The  science  w  hich  treats  of  the  prop- 
erties of  air,  and  the  part  it  performs  in  the  opera- 
tions of  nature. 

A-EK-OG'R.\-PHY,  7!.  [Gr.  nrio,  air,  and  )  natpa,  to 
describe.]    A  description  of  the  air  or  atmosphere ; 

_  but  acrtilugv  is  chiefly  used. 

A'ER-0-LITi3, 71.  [Gr.  atio,  air,  and  AiOof,  a  stone.] 
A  stone  which  has  fallen  from  the  air,  or  atmos- 
pheric regions  ;  a  meteoric  stone. 

Ouiilotte.    Jilcd.  Rep. 

A-ER-0-LOG'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  aerologj-. 

A-EIl-OL'(i-GI.'?T,  II.    One  who  is  versed  in  aerolog)'. 

A-EU-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ai/o,  air,  and  \aj«s,  de- 
scription.] 

A  description  of  the  air ;  that  branch  of  philoso- 
phy which  treats  of  the  air,  its  constituent  parts, 
properties,  and  phenomena.  Enctjc. 
A'ER-O-MAIV-CY,  71.    [Gr.  ar\p,  and  fiavrcia,  div- 
ination.] 

Divination  by  means  of  the  air  and  winds. 
X-EU-O.M'E-TEil,  Ji.     [Gr.  ano,  air,  and  iicrpuy, 
measure.] 

1.  An  mstrtiment  for  making  the  necessary  cor- 
rections in  ascertaining  tlie  mean  bulk  of  gases. 

Ihbrrt. 

2.  An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  density  or 
rarity  of  air.  Morin. 

X-ER-biM'E-TRY,  n.  [as  above.]  The  science  of 
measuring  the  air,  including  the  doctrine  of  its 
pressure,  elasticity,  rarefaction,  and  comlensution. 
[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  now  disused,  the  term 
pneumatics  having  taken  its  place.]  Encijc. 

Rather  aerumetnj  is  tile  art  or  science  of  ascer- 
taining the  mean  bulk  of  the  gases.  Ure. 
A'EK-O-NAUT,  71.     [Gr.  anii  and  vavrrii,  a  sailor, 
from  mi  j,  a  ship.] 

One  who  sails  or  floats  in  the  air;  an  aerial  nav- 
igator: aypliejl  ta  persons  who  ascend  in  air  balloons. 

Hurhc. 

A-ER-O-NAUT'ie,  a.    Sailing  or  floating  in  tlie  air ; 

pertaining  to  aerial  sailing. 
A-ER-O-NAUT'ieS,  n.  The  doctrine,  science,  or  art 

of  sailing  in  the  air,  by  means  of  a  balloon. 
A'ER-O-NAUT-IS.M,  n.    'J'lie  practice  of  ascending 

and  floating  in  the  atmosphere,  in  balloons. 

JouriL  of  Science. 

a'ER-O-PIIVTE,  77.    [Gr.  arjp  and  ^dt  v,  a  plant.] 
A  plant  tliat  lives  e.xclusivcly  in  air,  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  hijilrophyte.  Brandc. 

A-ER-O-SCEP'SY,  71.  [Gr.  anp  and  aKt-rruiiai,  to 
exiilorc.] 

'I'he  (acuity  of  )>crception  by  the  medium  of  the 
air,  supposed  to  reside  in  the  antennae  of  insects. 

Kirby. 

A-ER-0S'€0-PY,  71.    [Gr.  «;;o  and  <7if£rr.//a^ii,to  see.] 
The  observation  or  jii^rception  of  the  air. 

A'ER-O-SlTE,  II.    See  REO-t^iLVER- 

A'ER-O-STAT,  77.  [Gr.  anp  and  oruruf,  sustaining, 
from  larriiii,  to  stand.] 

A  machine  or  vessel  sustaining  weights  in  the 
air ;  a  name  given  to  air  balloons.  Encyc. 

A-ER-O-STAT'ie,  a.  Suspending  in  air ;  pertaining 
to  the  art  of  aerial  navigation. 

A-ER-O-STAT'ieS,  w.  The  science  that  treats  of  the 
equilibrium  of  elastic  fluids,  or  of  bodies  sustained 
in  them  ;  hence,  the  science  of  aerial  navigation. 

A-ER-OS-Ta'TION,  71.  Aerial  navigation  ;  the  sci- 
ence of  raising,  suspending,  and  guiding  machines 
in  the  air,  or  of  ascending  in  air  balloons. 

2.  The  science  of  weighing  air.  Jldams. 
jE-R0'C;1.V-OUS,  a.    Partaking  of  cojiper  rust. 
A'ER-Y-LIGIIT,  a.    In  Mdton,  light  as  air  ;  used  for 

airy  Itirht. 

iES'-CH  V-MTE,  71.  A  black  or  dark  brownish  yel- 
low ore,  from  tile  Ural  Mounuiins ;  an  ore  contain- 
ing titanium,  zirconium,  and  cerium.  Dana. 

if.S-TllET'lCrf,  /        r/-         (1  T 

ES-THET'ieS,  i  «"'«'»■"'<'«•] 

The  theory  or  philosophy  of  taste  ;  the  science  of 
the  beautiful,  or  that  which  treats  of  the  princijiles 
of  the  belles  lettres  and  fine  nrLs. 

A-E-TIIE  OG'A-.MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  nqOm,  unusual,  and 
yaiioi,  niarriagf'.]  A  term  applied  to  cryptogamic 
plants,  fouiiiled  on  the  opinion,  that  the  ir  mode  of 
propagation  ii  not  hidden,  hut  (Mily  unusual.  Brande. 

iE-TI-OL'O-G V,  71.  [(Jr.  airiti,  cause,  and  Aojoj, 
di8Cotirse,]    'J'he  flcieiice  of  the  causes  of  disease. 

iE-TI''I'KS,  71.    Eagle  Htone,  wiiicli  see. 

A-FAR',  fl//n.    [a  and /«r.    See  Ear.] 

1.  At  a  distance  in  place  ;  to  or  Irntn  a  distance  ; 
uiwmI  with  from  preceding,  or  off  following  ;  as,  he 
WJo*  Ht-eii  from  nfiir  ;  1  saw  him  afar  off. 

M.  In  Srniiturc,  flguratively,  CHtranged  in  aflic- 
tlon  ;  alirnat4'd. 

My  l(iiiacnr-n  ilJiriil  a/ar       — P»^^.  xxxvtii. 

3.  AljKcnt ;  not  aiwiiiting. 

Why  iUit'l'-*!  Ihou  t^/ar       O  1.01  I.  —  Pi*].  X. 

4.  Not  of  the  viaihle  church  Epii.  11. 


A-Ff.ARD',  a.  [Sax.  aferan,  to  make  afraid,  .^ftard 
is  the  participle  passive.    See  Fear.] 

Afraid  ;  affected  with  fear  or  apprehension,  in  a 
more  modenite  degree  tlian  is  expressed  by  terrified. 
It  is  followed  by  of,  but  no  longer  used  in  books, 
and  even  in  popular  use  is  deemed  vulgar. 
AF'FA,  71.  A  weight  used  on  the  Guinea  co.ist,  equal 
to  an  ounce    The  half  of  it  is  called  eggeba. 

Enciic. 

AF-F.V  RIL'I-TY,  7i.  [See  Affable.]  The  quality 
of  being  atfable ;  readiness  to  converse ;  civility 
and  courteousness  in  receiving  others,  and  in  con- 
versation ;  condescension  in  manners.  JJffabUity 
of  countenance  is  that  mildness  of  aspect  which 
invites  to  free  social  intercourse. 

AF'FA-BLE,  a.  [h.  affabdis,  of  ad  s.ni  fabulor  See 
Fable.] 

1.  Easy  of  conversation  ;  admitting  others  to  free 
conversation  without  reserve ;  courteous  ;  com- 
plaisant;  of  easy  manners ;  condescending;  usually 
applied  to  superiors  ;  as,  an  affable  jirince. 

2.  Applied  to  extenial  appearance,  a^nWc  denotes 
that  combination  of  features  which  invites  to  con- 
versalicm,  and  renders  a  person  accessible,  opposed 
to  a  forbidding  aspect ;  mild  ;  benign  ;  as,  an  arable 
countenance. 

.\F'FA-BLE-XESS,  71.  Afl'ability. 

AF'F.V-BLY,  adv.  In  an  afTable  manner;  courte- 
ously ;  invitingly. 

.\F-FAB-lI-LA''i'tOX,  71.    The  moral  of  a  fable. 

AF-FaIR',  71.  [Fr.  affaire,  (lomfairc,  to  make  or  do  ; 
Ij.  faccre;  Sp.  hacer  :  It.  fare.  The  primarj'  sense 
offacio  is  to  urge,  drive,  impel.] 

1.  Business  of  any  kind  ;  that  which  is  done,  or 
is  to  be  done :  a  word  of  very  indefinite  and  indefinable 
signification.  In  the  plural,  it  denotes  transactions 
in  general  ;  as,  human  affairs  :  political  or  ecclesi- 
astical affairs;  also,  the  business  or  concerns  of  an 
individual ;  as,  his  affairs  are  embarrassed. 

2.  Matters  ;  state ;  condition  of  business  or  con- 
cerns. 

1  !i:ive  s'^nl  Uiat  ye  may  know  our  ajfairs.  —  Epb,  ri. 

3.  In  the  singular,  it  is  used  for  a  private  dispute, 
or  duel ;  as,  an  affair  of  honor. 

4.  In  military  language,  a  partial  engagement  of 
troops. 

5.  .Affairs,  in  the  plural,  public  concerns  and  their 
management ;  as,  "  at  the  head  of  affairs,"  Jjinius  ; 
"  a  talent  for  affairs,"  Prescott. 

AF-FAiM'ISir,  I',  t.    [Sej  Famish.]    To  starve. 
.\F-F.\.M'ISH-J1ENT,  ii.    A  starving. 
AF-FiiAR',  r.  e.    To  frighten.    [Obs.]  Spcn.ter. 
AF-FE€T',  r.  t.    [L.  affcio,  affectum,  of  ad  and  facio, 

to  make  ;  L.  affecto,  to  desire,  from  the  same  root. 

.Effect  is  to  make  to,  or  upcui,  to  press  upon.] 

1.  To  act  upon  ;  to  produce  an  efl^ect  or  change 
upon ;  as,  cold  affects  the  body ;  loss  affects  our 
interests. 

2.  To  act  upon,  or  move  the  passions  ;  as,  affected 
with  grief. 

3.  'I'o  aim  at ;  aspire  to  ;  desire  or  entertain  pre- 
tension to  ;  as,  to  affect  imperial  sway.  [Sec  the 
etymology  of  Affair.] 

4.  To  tend  to  by  natural  affinity  or  disposition  ; 
as,  the  drops  of  a  fluid  affect  a  spherical  form. 

5.  To  love,  or  regard  with  fondness. 

Think  not  that  wars  we  love  and  strife  affect.  Fair/ax. 
[This  sense  is  closely  allied  to  the  third.] 

6.  To  make  a  show  of ;  to  atteiniit  to  imitate,  in 
a  manner  not  natural ;  to  study  the  appearance  of 
what  is  not  natural,  or  re:il ;  as,  to  affect  to  be  grave  ; 
affected  friendship. 

It  seems  to  have  been  used  formerly  for  convict  or 
attaint,  as  in  Aylifte's  Parergon ;  but  this  sense  is 
not  now  in  use. 
AF-FE€T-A'TION,  7i.    [L.  affectatio.] 

1.  An  attempt  to  assume  or  exhibit  what  is  not 
natural  or  real ;  false  pretense  ;  artificial  appear- 
ance, or  show;  as,  an  affectation  of  wit,  or  of  virtue. 

Q.  Fondness  ;  alfection.  [.Vot  used.]  • 
Ifooker.  Ilall. 
.\F-FEeT'ED,  pp.  Impressed  ;  moved,  or  touched, 
either  in  person  or  in  interest ;  having  suflereti 
some  change  by  external  force,  loss,  danger,  ami 
the  like  ;  as,  we  are  more  or  less  affected  by  the 
failure  of  the  bank. 

2.  Touched  in  the  feelings  ;  having  the  fet'Iings 
excited  ;  as,  affected  with  cold  or  heat. 

3.  Having  the  passions  moved;  us,  affected  witli 
Borrow  or  joy. 

4.  a.  Inclined  or  disposed;  followed  by  to;  ns, 
well  affected  to  government. 

5.  a.  Given  to  false  show  ;  assuming,  or  pretend- 
ing to  possess  what  is  not  natural  or  real ;  as,  an 
affected  lady. 

C.  a.  Assumed  artificially ;  not  natural ;  as,  af- 
fected airs. 

7.  In  algebra,  this  term,  when  applied  to  an  eipia- 
tion,  denotes  Hint  two  or  lu'iri'  Krvi  r;il  powers  of  the 
unknown  (|u;tn(ity,  enter  into  Hie  e<|uatiiiii. 

AF-FEC"I''E1)-LV,  adv.  In  an  allected  manner; 
hypocritically  ;  with  more  show  than  reality  ;  for- 


mally ;  studiously  ;  unnaturally  ;  as,  to  walk  affcet- 
edhj  :  affectetUy  civil. 

AF-FEGT'EU-.XESS,  7t.  The  quality  of  being  af- 
fected ;  atfectatioii. 

AF-FECT-l-BlL'I-TY,  7i.  The  state  of  being  af- 
fectible. 

AF-FE€T'I-I5LE,  a.    That  may  be  afllcted. 
AF-FE€T'I>iG,  ppr.    Impressing;  having  an  effect 

on  ;  touching  the  feelings ;  moving  the  passions ; 

attempting  a  false  show;  greatly  desiring;  aspiring 

to  possess. 

2.  a.  Having  po\ver  to  excite,  or  move  the  pas- 
sions;  tending  to  move  the  affections ;  pathetic;  as, 
an  affecting  address. 

The  most  ajfecling  music  is  generally  tlis  most  simple 

Amford. 

AF-FECT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  an  affecting  manner; 

in  a  manner  to  excite  emotions. 
AF-FE€'TION,  7t.    [h.  affectio.]    The  state  of  being 

aflected.    [Little  used.] 

2.  Passion  ;  but  more  generally, 

3.  A  bent  of  mind  toward  a  particular  object, 
holding  a  middle  place  between  disposition,  which 
is  natural,  and  passion,  which  is  excited  by  the 
presence  of  its  exciting  object.  .Affection  is  a  per- 
manent bent  of  the  mind,  formed  by  the  presence 
of  an  object,  or  by  some  act  of  another  person,  and 
existing  without  the  presence  of  its  object. 

Encyc. 

4.  In  a  more  particular  sense,  a  settled  good-will, 
love,  or  zealous  nttaclimeiit ;  as,  the  affection  of  a 
parent  for  his  child.  It  was  formerly  followed  by 
to  or  toward,  but  is  now  more  generally  followed  by 
for. 

5.  Desire;  inclination;  propensity;  good  or  evil ; 
as,  virtuous  or  vile  affections.    Rom.  i.    Gal.  5. 

6.  In  a  general  sense,  an  attribute,  quality,  or 
property,  w  liich  is  inseparable  from  its  subject ;  as, 
love,  fear,  and  hope  are  affections  of  the  mind  ;  figure, 
weight,  &LC.,  are  affections  of  bodies. 

7.  Among  physicians,  a  disease,  or  any  particular 
morbid  state  of  the  body ;  as,  a  gouty  affection ; 
hysteric  affection. 

8.  In  painting,  a  lively  representation  of  passion. 

pybtton. 

Shakspeare  uses  the  word  for  affectation ;  but  this 
use  is  not  lenitimate. 
AF-FEC'TION-ATE,  a.    [Fr.  affectionne.] 

1.  Having  great  love,  or  affection  ;  fond  ;  as,  an 
affectionate  brother. 

2.  Warm  in  aflection  ;  zealous. 

Man,  in  his  love  to  God,  and  desire  to  please  liim,  can  never 
lie  too  affectionaie.  Speat. 

3.  Proceeding  from  affection ;  indicating  love ; 
benevolent ;  tender ;  as,  the  affeetioiiate  care  of  a 
parent ;  an  affectiunale  countenance. 

4.  Strongly  inclined  to.    [Liltle  used.]  Bacon. 
AF-FE€'T10X'-ATE-LY,  adc.   AVith  aflection  ;  fond- 
ly ;  tenderly  ;  kindly.    1  Tliess.  ii. 

AF-FEe'TlUN-ATE-NESS,  7i.  Fondness ;  good- 
will ;  atfection. 

AF-FEe'T!ON-£D,  a.  Disposed;  having  an  affec- 
tion of  heart. 

Be  kindly  affccUontxi  one  to  anotJier.—  Rom.  xii. 
2.  Affected  ;  conceited.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

AF-FEeT'IVE,  a.  That  aff'ects,  or  e.xcites  emotion  ; 
suited  to  affi'Ct.    [Little  used.] 

AF-FE€T'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  affective  or  impres- 
sive manner. 

.AF-FECT'OR,  ( 7i.    One  that  affects  ;  one  that  prac- 
AF-FEC  T'ER,  (    tices  affectation. 
.-VF-FEeT'lJ-OUS,  a.    Full  of  passion.  [Mused.] 

Leland. 

AF-FEER',  7'.  (.    [Fr.  «#cr,  to  set.] 
To  confirm.    fjVnf  used.] 

AF-FkER',  r.  f.  [Fr.  offerer,  affeurer,  or  afforer,  to 
assess  or  value.] 

In  law,  to  assess  or  reduce  an  arbitrary  jienalty  or 
amercement  to  a  precise  sum  ;  to  reiluce  a  general 
amercement  to  a  sum  certain,  according  to  the  cir- 
cumstances of  the  case.  Blackstone. 

.\F-Fr:ER'i'.'l),  pp.  Moderated  iii  sum  ;  assessed  ; 
reduced  to  a  certainty. 

AF-Fi5ER'MENT,  n.  'i'he  act  of  alfeering,  or  assess- 
ing an  amercement,  according  to  the  circumstances 
of  the  case. 

AF-Fj5ER'OIl,  77.  One  who  afleers  ;  a  persoii  sworn 
to  assess  a  penalty,  or  reiluce  an  uncertain  penalty 
to  a  certainty.  Cowel. 

.9F-FET-TU-0'S0,  or  COJ\'  JIF-FET'TO.  [It., 
from  L.  affectus.\ 

In  77iuii<:,  a  direction  to  render  notes  soft  and 
affecting. 

AF-FI'ANCE,  II.  [Norm,  affiaunce,  confidence;  Ir. 
dancer,  to  betrotli  ;  Sp.  jianza,  security  in  bail, 
ajinn-.iir,  to  give  security  or  bail,  from  fiar,  to  trust, 
to  bail,  to  confide  in  ;  Port.  id.  ;  Fr.  fier,  to  trust  ; 
It.  yi(/<i7-c,  ailiilare,  to  trust,  fidan-.a,  confidence, 
fidan-.arr,  to  bi  lrotli,  from  I,.  Jido,fides.] 

1.  The  marriage  contract  or  promise ;  faith 
pleilged. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


94 


AFF 

2.  i?tioiig  trust  or  reliance,  applied  cliietty  to  tlic 
SuprcKic  Itciiig. 

Til-  C  lirLsti.iii  look*  U)  CJoti  wilh  implicit  ajffiance.  Atterbitnj. 

AF-FI'A.VCE,  I',  t.    To  bftroth  ;  to  iiledge  one's  ftiitli 
or  tiilflity  ill  murriagc,  or  to  promise  iiiarriairc. 
'I'u  till',  silii  iiiivia,  he  W.U*  aJTianced.  Sjitnser. 
2.  To  give  confidence. 

AftanceS  in  my  faiOi.  Pojie. 

AF-FI'ANC-EI),  faf-fi'ansl,)  pp.  or  a.  Pledged  in 
marriage  ;  helrollied  ;  bound  in  failli. 

A1'-KI'A.\(;-EK,  It.  One  wlio  makes  a  contract  of 
marriage  hetween  parties. 

AK-FI'A.\C'-Ii\G, ;<;jr.  Pledging  in  marriage;  prom- 
ising lidelitv. 

.\F-Fl-UA'ViT,  ti.  [.An  old  law  verb  in  tlie  perfect 
tense  ;  he  made  oath  ;  from  ad  andjide-s,  faith.] 

A  declaration  iipon  oath.  In  ihe  Umtrd  Suursy 
more  generally,  a  declaration  in  writing,  signed  by 
the  party,  and  sworn  to,  before  an  authorised  magis- 
trate. 

AF-FI'fTI),  (af-f  ide',)  a.  or  part.  Joined  by  contract ; 
alRaiiced.  Shak. 

AF-FIl.E',  ».  t.    [Fr.  affllrr.] 

To  polish.    [jYut  usrd.]  Chanerr. 

AF-FII,'I-aTE,  1'.  t.  [Fr.  affilier,  to  adopt,  to  ini- 
tiate into  the  mysteries  of  a  religious  order  ;  L.  ad 
anA  Jtliii.i,  a  son.] 

1.  To  adopt ;  to  receive  into  a  family  as  a  son. 

2.  To  receive  into  a  society  as  a  member,  and 
initiate  in  its  mysteries,  plans,  &.c.  —  a  snisc  in 
which  the  word  wojs  much  itacd  by  the  Jacobiits  in 
France,  during  the  revolution, 

AF-FIL'I-A-TEU,  pp.  or  a.  .Adopted;  associated; 
received  into  a  society,  .^filiated  ..locietie.-i ;  local  so- 
cieties, connected  with  a  central  society,  or  with 
each  other. 

AF-FIL'I-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Adopting  ;  associating; 

receiving  into  a  society. 
AF-FIL-I-A'TION,  M.    Adoption  ;  association  in  the 

same  family  or  society. 

In  F,nirli.ih  law,  the  assignment,  by  law,  of  a 

chilli,  as  a  bastard,  to  its  father.  Brandt. 
AF'FI.V-ACE,  II.    A  refining  of  metals. 
AF-Fr.\'/;i),  a.    Joined  in  allinity.    [Ohs.]  Shak. 
AF-FIN'I-'l'V^,  Ji.    [L.  affmittis,  from  uffinis,  adjacent, 

related  by  marriage  ;  ad  and  ./iin>,  end. J 

1.  The  relation  contracted  by  marriage  between 
a  husband  and  his  wife's  kindred,  and  between  a 
wife  and  her  husband's  kindred;  in  contradistinc- 
tion from  consanguinity,  or  relation  by  blood. 

Soluinoii  made  afftnilij  with  Pli;tr.ioli.  —  I  Kiri<rs  iii. 

2.  Agreement ;  relation  ;  conformity  ;  resem- 
blance ;  connection  ;  as,  the  affinity  of  sounds,  of 
colors,  or  of  languages. 

3.  In  chrmislry,  thjX  attraction  wlych  takes  place, 
at  an  insensible  distance,  between  the  heteroge- 
neous particles  of  bodies,  and  forms  compounds. 

AF-FIIl.M',  r.  t.  [L.  affinno;  ad  and  frmo,  to  inaice 
firm.    i?ee  Firm.] 

1.  To  a.ssert  positively;  to  tell  with  confidence; 
to  aver ;  to  decl;ire  the  existence  of  something  ;  to 
maintain  as  true,  opposed  to  dcinj. 

Of  one  Josus,  whom  Piiul  ajjirmed  to  be  alive.  — Acts  xxv. 

2.  To  make  firm  ;  to  establish,  confirm,  or  ratify  ; 
as,  the  Supreme  Court  affirmed  the  juilgnient. 

AF-FIK.M',  r.  I.  To  declare  solemnly  before  a  court 
or  magistrate,  for  confirming  a  fact,  or  to  have  an 
atlinnation  administered  to,  by  way  of  confirmation, 
or  as  a  substitute  for  an  oath  ;  as,  the  witness 
afirmrd  to  the  fact,  or  he  was  affirmed  to  the  facL 

AF-FIUM'A-IJLE,  a.  That  may  be  asserted  or  de- 
clared ;  followed  by  of;  as,  an  attribute  affirmable  of 
every  just  man. 

AF-FlK.M'A-liLV,  adn.  In  a  way  capable  of  aflirni- 
atioii. 

AF-FIRM'AXCE,  n.    Confirmation  ;  ratification  ;  as, 
the  affirmance  of  a  judgment ;  a  st.itute  in  affirmance 
of  common  law. 
2.  Declaration  ;  affirmation.    [Little  used,] 

Seldcn.  Cincper. 
AF-FIRM'AXT,  n.    One  who  affirms. 
AF-FIK.M  A'TION,  >i.     The  an  of  afTirming  or  as- 
serting as  true  ;  opposed  to  ne*;ation  or  denial.  Shak. 

2.  That  which  is  asserted  ;  position  tleclared  as 
true  ;  averment.  Hammond. 

3.  Confirmation;  ratification;  an  establishment 
of  what  had  been  before  done  or  decreed,  /looker. 

4.  \  solemn  declaration  made  under  the  pen- 
alties of  perjurj-,  by  persons  who  conscientiously 
decline  taking  an  oath  ;  which  aflirmation  is  in  law 
equivalent  to  testimony  given  under  oath. 

AF-FIIl.M'A-TIVE,  a.  That  afiiniis  or  asserts; 
declaratory  of  what  exists  ;  opposed  to  negative;  as, 
an  affrmaiire  proposition. 

2.  I'onfirnialive  ;  ratifying;  as,  an  act  affirmatice 
of  comnitin  law. 

.X  In  n/m(ir/;,  [Hisitive  ;  a  term  applied  to  quan- 
tities which  have  the  sign  -\-  plu.t,  denoting  addi- 
tion, :ind  opposed  to  nriratirr,  or  such  as  have  the 
sign  —  minu.i,  denoting  subtraction. 

4.  Positive;  dogmatic.    [0*,v.]  Taylor. 


A  F  F 

AF-FIU.\1'A-Ti  VE,  n.  That  side  of  a  question 
which  artirms  or  maintains;  opposed  to  nrgutire; 
as,  tlii^nt  w  i  tc  Slovenly  votes  in  the  affirmatice,  and 
tliirtv-Iive  in  the  ncirutive, 

AF-FIK.M'A-TI  VE-LY,  adv.  In  an  afiirinative  man- 
ner ;  positively  ;  on  the  afiirnuitive  side  of  a  ques- 
tion ;  opposed  to  neirntivety. 

.AF-FIK.M'/Cl),  pp.  Declared;  asser*?t  averred; 
confirmetl  ;  ratified. 

AF  FIK.M'EU,  n.    One  who  affirms. 

AF-FIll.M'ING,  ppr.  Asserting  ;  declaring  positively  ; 
confirming. 

AF-FIX',  I'.  (.  [L.  affii;o,  affizum,  of  ad  and  figo,  to 
fix;  Gr.  viiyio,  Tiijuuoi,  irifw ;  Eng.  peg.  See 
Fix.] 

1.  To  unite  at  the  end  ;  to  subjoin,  annex,  or 
adil  at  the  close  ;  as,  to  affix  a  syllable  to  a  word  ; 
to  affix  a  se;il  to  an  instrumenl. 

2.  To  attach,  unite,  or  connect  with  ;  as,  names 
affixed  to  iile:is,  tir  ideas  uffixeil  to  things. 

3.  To  fix  or  fasten  in  any  manner.  In  this  sense, 
fx  is  more  generallv  used. 

AF'FI.X,  71.  A  syllable  or  letter  added  to  the  end  of 
a  «  <ird. 

AF-FI.X'KD,  (af-fixt',)  pp.  United  at  the  end  ;  an- 
nexed ;  attached. 

AF-FW'ltiQ,  ppr.  Uniting  at  the  end;  subjoining; 
attaching. 

AF-FI.\'l()iV,  n.    The  act  of  uniting  at  the  end,  or 

state  of  being  so  united.    [Little  used.] 
AF-FIX'TIIUE,  n.   That  wliiili  is  affixed.  Drake. 
AF-FLa'TIO.N,  n.    [I,,  nffio,  affiatum,  of  ad  and  fio  ; 

Eng.  blow.    See  Hi.uw.] 
.•\  blowing  or  breathing  on. 
AF-FLa'TUS,  n.  ri,.) 

1.  .\  breath  or  bl;ist  of  wind. 

2.  Inspiratitm  ;  communication  of  divine  knowl- 
etlge,  or  the  power  of  prophecy.  Spenee, 

AF-FLICT',  t\  t.  [L.  n^iVo,  afflieto,  of  ad  anil  fiiro, 
to  strike  ;  Eng.  ffoir  ;  Gr.  Eol.  ipX')  i.i,  to  strike  ; 
Gr.  irA'()'7,  li.  plaga,  a  stroke;  Goth,  flrkmi,  to 
strike,  llence,  Gvr.  flegcl ;  V.  vleael ;  Knn\.  ffuil,  g 
being  sujipri'ssed  ;  }j.  Jlarrellum.    !See  Flog.] 

1.  To  give  to  the  body  or  mind  pain  which  is 
continued  or  of  su:;;e  permanence ;  to  grieve,  or 
distress  ;  as,  one  is  afflicted  with  the  gout,  or  with 
melancholy,  or  with  losses  and  misfoitunes. 

Th'-v  ajjlict  thy  lierit.i*e,  O  Lord.  —  Ps.-xl.  xcv. 
9.  To  trouble  ;  to  harass  ;  to  distress. 

AF-FLICT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Affected  with  continued  or 
often  repeateil  pain,  either  of  body  or  mind  ;  suffer- 
ing grief  or  distress  of  any  kind  ;  followed  by  o(,  hij, 
or  with  :  as,  afflicted  at  the  loss  of  a  child,  by  the 
rheumatism,  or  witli  losses. 

AF-FLlCT'ED-iN'ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  af- 
rtictetl  ;  but  siipersetletl  by  AFFLicTioii. 

AF-FLICT'EU,  «.  One  who  afflicts,  or  causes  pain 
of  body  or  of  mind. 

AF-FLICT'ING, /i;/r.  Causing  continued  or  durable 
pain  of  body  or  of  mind  ;  grieving;  distressing. 

.\F-FLie r'lN'G,  a.  Grievous;  distressing;  as,  an 
nfflirliii  rr  evvnl. 

AF-FI,ie'TIO.\',  The  state  of  being  afflicted  ;  a 
state  of  pain,  distress,  or  grief;  as,  some  virtues  are 
seen  tnily  in  affliction. 

2.  The  cause  of  continued  pain  of  body  or  mind, 
as  sickness,  losses,  calamity,  adversity,  persecution. 

Miny  nre  the  affliction*  of  the  rijrhtcoui.  —  Paid,  xxxiv. 
AF-FLIGT'IVE,  a.    Giving  pjiin;  causing  ccmtinucd 
or  repeated  pain  or  grief;  painful ;  distressing. 

JIall. 

AF-FLICT'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  give  pain 
t>r  grief.  Brinrn, 

AF'FLU-ENCE,  n.  [L.  affluentia,  of  ad  and  fluo,  to 
Jioir.    See  Flow.] 

1.  Literally,  a  (lowing  to,  or  concourse.  In  (Ai.« 
sen.ie  it  is  rarely  used.  It  is  sometimes  written 
afflucncif, 

2.  Figuratively,  abundance  of  riches  ;  great  plenty 
of  worUlly  goods  ;  wealth.  Rogers. 

AF'FI.U-E.NT,  a.  Flowing  to;  more  genrralhj, 
wealthy  ;  abounding  in  gmds  or  riches  ;  abundant. 

Prior. 

AF'FLU-E\T-LY,  adv.   In  abundance  ;  abundantly. 
.\F'FI,UX,ii.    [h.  uffluxum,  from  affluo.    See  Flow.] 
The  act  of  flowing  to;  a  flowing  to,  or  that 
which  flows  to;  as,  an  afflux  of  blood  to  the  head. 
AF-FI,U.\'ION,  n.    The  act  of  flowing  to;  that 

which  flows  to.    [See  Afkli,-!.] 
.\F'FOIl-A(5E,  n.  [Fr.  ri/Tercr,  to  value.  SeeArFr.KH.] 
In  France,  a  duty  paid  to  the  lord  of  a  district, 
for  permission  to  sell  wine  or  other  liquors  within 
his  seigniorv.  Encije. 
AF-FOKCE'.SlE.NT,  n.  [ad  and  force,] 

In  old  charters,  a  fortress;  a  fortification  for  de- 
fiMise.  [Obs.]  Cyc. 
AF-FOUD^,  r.  L  [ad  and  the  root  of  forth,  furUier ;  G. 
fdrdrrn,Ui  further  or  promote  j  D.  voorilercn ;  Dan. 
befurdre,  to  further.  The  sense  is  to  send  forth. 
Hut  I  have  not  found  this  precise  word  in  the 
exact  sense  of  the  English,  in  any  other  langnaL'e.] 
I.  To  yield  or  produce,  as  fruit,  profit,  issues,  or 


A  1  •  F 

result.  Thus,  llie  earth  affords  grain  ;  a  well  qffords 
water  ;  trade  affords  profit ;  distilled  liquors  nffurd 
spirit. 

2.  To  yield,  grant,  or  confer ;  as,  a  good  life 
affords  consolation  in  old  age. 

3.  To  be  able  to  grant  or  sell  with  profit  or  vvilh- 
out  loss  ;  as,  A  can  afford  wine  at  a  less  price 
than  II. 

4.  To  be  able  to  expend  without  injury  to  one's 
estate  ;  as,  a  man  can  afford  a  sum  yearly  in  char- 
ily ;  or  to  be  able  to  bear  expenses,  or  the  price  of 
the  thing  purchased  ;  as,  one  man  can  aff'ord  to  buy 
a  farm,  which  another  can  not. 

5.  To  be  able  without  loss  or  with  profit. 


AF-FoUI)'EI),  pp.     Yielded,  as  fruit,  produce,  or 
result ;  si.ld  willioiit  loss  or  with  profit.  ■ 

AF-FoKD'li\(;,  ;<;<r.    Yielding;  producing;  selling 
without  loss  ;  bearing  expenses. 

.\F-F01l'EST,  r.  I.  [lul  ani\  forest.] 

To  convert  ground  into  forest,  :is  was  done  by  the 
first  Norman  kings  in  England,  for  the  purpose  of 
affording  them  the  pleasures  of  the  chase. 

AF-FOK-EST-a'TION,   ji.     'J'lie  act  of  turning 
ground  into  fnrest  or  wood  land.  Blackstvne 

AF-F()lt'EST-EI), ;)//.  or  a.    Converted  into  forest 

AF-FOK'EST-I.Vt;,  ppr.    Converting  into  fore>t 

AF-FI!A.\''CmSE,  v.  t.    To  make  free. 

AF-FltA.\'CIIIS-/;D,  ;>/).    Made  free. 

AF-Fl{AN"(;illSE-.ME.\T,  71.    [See  Fbaschise  and 
Disfranchise,  j 

The  act  of  making  free,  or  liberating  from  de- 
pendence or  servitude.    [Little  used.] 

AF-FKAN'CIIIS-IiNG,  ppr.    Making  free. 

.■\F-Fll.1P',  V.  U  or  B.  i.    [Vi.frayper,  to  strike  ;  Eng. 
rap.] 

To  strike.    ( Ohs.  |  Spenser.  . 

AF-FRaY',  1).  (.    To  frighten.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
.•\F-FR.^Y',  (71.     [Fr.  effraijer,  to  frighten; 

AF-FRaY'1ME.\X,  i     f^roi,  terror;   Arm.   eir'"-  ., 

effrcy.] 

1.  In  law,  the  fighting  of  two  or  more  persons,  in 
a  public  place,  to  the  terror  of  others.  A  fighting 
in  private  is  not,  in  a  legal  sense,  an  affray. 

Blackstone. 

2.  In  popular  language,  fray  is  used  to  express  any 
fighting  of  two  or  more  persons  ;  but  the  word  is 
ntiw  deeinirti  inelegant. 

3.  Tiiiiiiilt;  disliirliance.  Spenser. 
AF-FREI(;HT',  (af  fratc',)  0.  U    [See  Fiieioiit.] 

To  hire  a  ship  for  the  transportatjon  of  goods  or 

freiifiit.  Commerce. 
AF-FKEKJIIT'EI),  pp.   Hired  for  transporting  goods. 
.\I'-FREIGHT'EK,  n.     The  person   who  hires  or 

charters  a  ship  or  other  vessel  to  convey  gootis. 

H'alsll,  Am.  Rev. 
AF-FREIGIIT'.MENT,  n.   The  act  of  hiring  a  ship 

for  the  transportation  of  goods.       jjm.  Rev.  .^pp. 
.AF-FRET',  71.    [It.  affrellare,  to  hasten.] 

.\  furious  onset,  tir  attack.  [A^o?  ii.^c//.]  Spenser. 
AF-FRIC'TIO.X,  II.     The  act  of  rubbing.  LKot 

used.    See  Friction.]  Boifle. 
AF-F1UE.\D'EI),   (af-I^rend'ed,)  a.     M.ade  friends; 

reconciled.    [Ohs,]  Spenser. 
AF  FRIGHT',  (af-fritc',)c.  t.    [Sax.  friJitan.  See 

Fri<;ht.] 

To  impress  with  sudden  fear ;  to  frighten ;  to 
terrify  or  alarm.  It  expresses  a  stronger  impres- 
sion than  fear  or  apprehend,  and  perhaps  less  than 
terror. 

AF-FRlGIIT',  71.    Sudden  or  great  fear ;  terror ;  also, 

the  cause  of  terror  ;  a  frightful  object. 
AF-FRIGIIT'EI),         Suddenly  alarmed  with  fear; 

terrifietl  ;  followed  by  at  or  ici(A,  more  generally  by 

of ;  as,a^/"rn'/ifn/  nl  the  cry  of  fire. 
AF  FRT(;ilT'EI)-EY,  a//f.    With  fright. 
AF-FRlGIIT'ER,  ii.    One  who  frightens. 
AF-FRIGHT'FI.I,,  a.     Terrifying;    terrible;  that 

mav  excite  gr<at  fear;  dreadful. 
AF-FRI(;iri  'Fl.  [^LY,  adv.  Frightfully. 
AF-FRl(;HT'L\G,  ppr.     Impressing  sudden  fear; 

terrifving. 

AF-FRIGIIT'MEXT,  71.    Affright;  terror;  the  state 
of  being  frightened.    [Rarely  used.] 

[fn  common  dL.:conrse,  the  use  of  this  word,  in  alt  its 
forms,  is  superseded  by  Fright.  Friuiiti:d,  Frioht- 
riL.] 

AF-FRONT',  r.  t.    [Fr.  affronter  to  encounter  face 
to  face  ;  of  ad  and  h.frons,  front,  face.] 

1.  Literally,  to  meet  or  encounter  face  to  face,  in 
a  good  or  bad  sense ;  as, 

The  aodlljous  affronted  Uie  king'i  forcfu. 

Hayward.    Millpn.  Shak. 

LTht  foregoing  sense  is  ob.wlete.] 
,  To  offer  abuse  to  the  face  ;  to  insult,  dare,  or 
brave  openly  ;  to  offer  abuse  or  Insult  in  any  man- 
ner, by  words  or  actions ;  as,  to  dffront  one  by  giv- 
ing him  the  lie. 

3.  To  abuse,  or  give  cause  of  offense  to,  without 
being  present  with  the  person  ;  to  make  slightly 
angry  ;  a  popular  use  of  the  word. 


TCXE,  BULL,  yjJITE.  —  AN"GER,  YI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


4 


wo 


AFT 


AGA 


AF-FRONT',  n.  Opposition  to  the  face;  open  de- 
fiance ;  encounter.    [  Obs.] 

y.  Ill  treatment ;  abuse  ;  any  thing  reproachful 
or  contemptuous,  that  excites  or  justifies  resent- 
ment, as  foul  language,  or  personal  abuse.  It 
usually  expresses  a  less  degree  of  abuse  than  insult, 

3.  Shame  ;  disgrace.    [JVui  usual.'}  Jlrbuihnot. 

4.  In  popular  language,  slight  resentment ;  dis- 
pleasure. 

AF-FRONT'ED,  pp.  Opposed  face  to  face;  dared; 
defied ;  abused. 

2.  In  popular  lang^uage,  offended  ;  slightly  angry 
at  ill  treatment,  by  words  or  actions  ;  displeased. 

AF-FRONT-eE',  a.  In  heraldry,  front  to  front ;  an 
epitliet  given  to  animals  that  face  each  other.  Jlnh. 

AF-FKO.\T'EIt,  71.    One  that  affronts. 

AF-FRONT'IXG,  ppr.  Opposing  face  to  face  ;  defy- 
ing ;  abusing ;  oti'ering  abuse,  or  any  cause  of  dis- 
pleasure. 

AF-FRONT'ING,  a.    Contumelious  ;  abusive. 
AF-FR0NT'L\G-L,Y,  (kZb.    In  an  affronting  planner. 
AF-FKONT'IVE,  a.    Giving  offense;    tending  to 

offend  ;  abusive. 
AF-FROXT'IVE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  that  gives 

offense.    [Little  u^ed.] 
AF-FuSE', I'.  (.         affmido,  affusum,ad  and  f undo, 

10  pour  out.    See  Fuse. J 

To  pour  upon  ;  to  sprnikle,  as  with  a  liquid. 
AF-FVS' ED,  pi>.    Sprinkled  with  a  liquid  ;  sprinkled 

on  ;  having,a  liqviid  poured  upon. 
AF-FuS'IIs'G,  ppr.    Pouring  upon,  or  sprinkling. 
AF-FO'SION,  (af-fu'zhun,)  71.    The  act  of  pouring 

upon,  or  sprinkling  with  a  liquid  substance,  as 

upon  a  child  in  baptism. 
In  medicine,  the  act  of  pouring  water  on  the  whole 

or  part  of  the  body,  as  a  remedy  in  disease. 
AF-F?',  r.  t.    [Ft.  affier.]    To  betroth  ;  to  bind  or 

join.    [JVot  used.] 
AF-FV',  V.  t.    To  trust  or  confide  in.     [JVot  ■used.'] 
A-FIELD',  ado.    [a  and  field.] 

To  the  field.  Mdton. 
A-FlKE',  ado.  On  fire.  Onioer. 
A-FLAT',  a(/e.    [a  and^af.]    Level  with  the  ground. 

Bacun. 

A-FLO.\T',  ado,  or  a.    [a  and  Jlnat.] 

1.  Borne  on  the  water ;  fioating  ;  swimming ;  as, 
the  ship  is  afioat, 

2.  Figurat'iccUj,  moving ;  passing  from  place  to 
place  ;  as,  a  rumor  is  ajloui. 

3.  Unfixed;  moving  without  guide  or  control ;  as, 
our  affairs  are  all  ufiuuf..  [jis  an.  adjective,  tliis  word 
afwaif.'i  follows  Oit  noun.] 

A-FOOT',  at/o.'  [n,  or  on,  and /oof.]  On  foot ;  borne 
bv'the  feet ;  opposed  to  riding. 

2.  In  action  ;  in  a  state  of  being  planned  for  exe- 
culi{)n  ;  as,  a  design  is  afoot,  or  on  foot 
A-FoRE',  ado,  or  prep,  [a  and  fore.]    In  front. 

2.  Between  one  object  and  another,  so  as  to  inter- 
cept a  direct  view  or  intercourse  ;  as,  to  stand 
between  a  person  and  the  light  of  a  candle  —  a 
popular  use  of  the  word, 

,3.  Prior  in  time  ;  before  ;  anterior ;  prior  time 
l)eing  considered  as  in  front  of  subsequent  time. 

The  ^asii  wliicti  willierelli  a/ore  it  groweUi  'jp.  —  Psal.  cxxix. 

In  all  these  senses  it  is  now  inelegant,  and  super- 
seded by  before. 

4.  In  .leamen^s  la/i^'iinn'C,  toward  the  head  of  the 
ship  ;  further  forward,  or  nearer  the  stem  ;  as,  afore 
the  windlass.  jSfore  tlie  mast,  is  a  phrase  which  is 
a|)plied  to  a  conunon  sailor,  one  who  does  duty  on 
the  main  deck,  or  has  no  otiice  on  board  the  ship. 

Mar,  Diet. 

A-FoRE'Gd-ING,  a.     Going  before.     [See  Fore- 
going, which  is  chiefiy  used.] 
A-FOKE'H.\.\D,  adv.    [nfore  and  hand.] 

1.  In  time  previous;  by  previous  provision;  as, 
he  is  ready  aforelmnd, 

Hhi  is  come  a/orelLUrul  to  anoint  my  body.  —  Mark  xiv. 

2.  a.  Prepared  ;  previously  provided  :  as,  to  be 
a/orc/ia;i<f  in  business.  Hence,  in  popular  language, 
amply  provided  ;  well  supplied  with  the  means  of 
living;  having  means  beyond  the  requirements  of 
necessity  ;  moderately  wealthy.  This  word  is  pop- 
ularly changed  into  uforrkandrd,  brforchanded,  or 
rather  furrhuuded ;  as,  a  forehanded  farmer. 

A-F^5RE'.ME.^'-TIO.\•-f;l),  a.    [ofore  and  mentioned,] 
Mention(^d  before  in  the  same  writing  or  dis- 
couYse.  jiddison. 
A-Ff)llE'.\/1  M-ED,  a.    [nfore  and  name,] 

Nameil  before.  Peacham, 
A-FORE'SAIl),  (a-fSre'scd,)  a.    [afirre  and  snij,] 
Saiil  or  reciteil  before,  or  in  a  preceding  part. 
A-Fr)llE'TII()II(iHT,(-thawt,)o.  [ofore  and  thought.] 
Premeditated  ;  prepen.se  ;  as,  malice  aforelhoughl, 
whirli  tr*  required  to  constitute  murder.  C0771.  Law, 
A-FOIIE'TI.ME,  adv,    [nfore  and  (17716.] 

In  time  past ;  in  a  former  tiiue.  Bible. 
^  FOA-'/V-A'A/,  (ttfor  nhe-o'rl,)  [L.J  VVitlj  Ktrongcr 
rea>*7>n!<. 

A-FOIJL',  urfu.  or  a.  [a  mid  fuul.] 
\i)t  Tree ;  enuingled. 


Cotumbiad, 


A-FRaID'.  a,    [The  participle  of  Affray.] 

Impressed  with  fear  or  apprehension  ;  fearful. 
This  word  expresses  a  less  degree  of  fe.ar  than 
terrified  (ix  frightened.    It  is  followed  by  0/ before  the 
object  of  fear ;  as,  to  be  afraid  of  death  ;  Joseph 
was  afraid  to  sin  against  God. 
A-FRESH',  adv.    [a  and  fresh.] 

Anew  ;  again ;  recently  ;  after  intermission. 
They  crucify  the  Son  of  God  afresh.  —  Heb.  vi. 
AF'RI-CA,  n.    [Qu.  L.  a.  neg.  and  frigus,  cold.] 

One  of  the  four  quarters  or  largest  divisions  of 
the  globe ;  a  continent  separated  from  Europe  by 
the  ilediterranean  Sea. 

AF'Rie-AN  \        Pertaining  to  Africa. 

AF'RIG-An'  71.    A  native  of  Africa. 

This  name  is  given  also  to  tlie  African  mary- 
gold.  Tate's  Cowleti, 

A-FRONT',  adv.   In  front.  Shok, 

SFT,  a.  or  adv.    [Sax.  a-ft,  eft,  after,  behind.] 

In  seamen's  language,  a  word  used  to  denote  the 
stem,  or  what  pertains  to  the  stern  of  a  ship;  as  the 
aft.  part  of  the  ship  ;  haul  aft  the  main  sheet,  that  is, 
further  toward  the  stern.  Fore  and  aft  is  the  whole 
length  of  a  ship.  Right  aft  is  in  a  direct  line  with 
the  stern.  Mar,  Diet, 

AFT'ER,  a,  [The  comparative  degree  of  afL  But 
in  some  Teutonic  dialects  it  is  w  ritten  with  g ;  D. 
agter ;  Dan.  agters,  Tlie  Eng.  corresponds  with  the 
Sax.  wfter,  Sw.  efter,  Goth,  aftaro,  Dan.  efter.] 

1.  In  viarine  language,  more  aft,  or  toward  the 
stern  of  the  ship ;  as,  the  after  sails ;  after  hatch- 
way. 

2.  In  common  language,  later  in  time  ;  as,  an  after 
period  of  life.  Marsluill. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  is  often  combined  with 
the  following  noun  ;  as,  in  after-ages. 
aFT'ER,  prep.  Bchinti  in  place ;  as,  men  placed  in  a 
line  one  after  another. 

2.  Later  in  time ;  as,  after  supper.  This  word 
often  precedes  a  sentence,  as  a  governing  preposi- 
tion. 

After  I  am  risen  again,  I  will  go  before  you  into  Galilee.  — 
Matt.  xxvi. 

3.  In  pursuit  of,  that  is,  moving  behind,  following ; 
in  search  of. 

After  whom  is  the  kin^  of  Isniel  come  out  ?  —  1  Sam.  xxiv. 
Ye  shall  not  go  after  other  gods.  —  Deul.  vi. 

4.  In  imitation  of;  as,  to  make  a  thing  after  a 
model. 

5.  According  to ;  as,  consider  a  thing  after  its 
intrinsic  value.  Bacon, 

6.  According  to  the  direction  and  influence  of. 

To  walk  after  the  flesh  ;  to  live  after  the  flish.  —  Rom.  viii. 
To  judge  after  the  sight  of  the  eye.  —  Is.  xi. 

To  inquire  after,  is  to  seek  by  asking ;  to  ask 
concerning. 

To  follow  after,  in  Scripture,  is  to  pursue,  or  imi- 
tate ;  to  serve,  or  worship. 

AFT'ER,  adv.  Posterior ;  later  in  time ;  as,  it  was 
about  the  space  of  three  hours  after.  In  this  sense 
the  word,  however,  is  really  a  preposition,  the  object 
being  understood  ;  about  three  hours  after  the  time 
or  fact  before  specified. 

,^fter  is  prefixed  to  many  words,  forming  com- 
pounds, but  retaining  its  genuine  signification. 
Some  of  the  following  words  are  of  this  kind  ;  but  in 
some  of  th(;m  after  seems  rather  to  be  a  separate  word. 

XFT'ER-AC-CEPT-A'TION,  7i.  A  sense  not  at 
first  admitted.  Dryden, 

XFT'BR-Ae-eOUNT',  ji.    A  subsequent  reckoning. 

Killingbeck, 

XFT'ER-ACT,  ti.    A  subsequent  act. 
AFT'ER-a'GES,  71.  p/.  Later  ages;  succeeding  times. 
After-age,  in  the  singular,  is  not  improper. 

Addison, 

XFT'ER-ALL  is  a  phrase  signifying,  when  all  has 
been  considered,  said,  or  done ;  at  last ;  in  the  final 
result.  Pope. 

XFT'ER-BAND,  n.     A  future  link  or  connection. 

Milton. 

XFT'ER-BIRTII,  7i.  The  placenta  in  which  the 
fetus  is  involved,  and  which  comes  away  after 
deliverj*.  Wiseman. 

AFT'EK-CLAP,  7i.  An  unexpected  subsequent 
event ;  something  disagreeable  happening  after  an 
affair  is  supposed  to  be  at  an  end.  JIalliwell. 

AFT'ER-GO.M'ER,  7i.    A  successor. 

AKT'ER-COM'FORT,  71.   Future  comfort.  Jonson, 

AFT'ER-CON'DUGT,  71.    Subsequent  behavior. 

Sherloch, 

AFT'ER-eON-VIG'TION,  n.    Future  conviction. 

SoufA. 

AFT'ER-COST,  n.    Later  cost;  expense  after  the 

exeriilion  of  the  main  design.  Mortimer, 
AFT'Elt-CTllIRSE,  71.  Future  course.  Brown, 
AFT'ER-GROP,  «.    The  second  crop  in  the  same 

year.  Mortimer, 
AFT'ER-DAYS,  n.  »;.  Future  days.  Cungreve, 
iFT'ER-UI-Vl/LG'EU,  71.    A  subsequent  diviilger. 

Barter, 


AFT'ER-F.AT'AGE,  71.  Part  of  the  increase  a  'hj 
same  year,    [hirol.]  Bu  : 

AFT'Eli-EN-DEAV'OR,  (  en-dev'or,)  71.  Ap  en- 
deavor after  the  first  or  former  efibrt.  Loi  .e. 

AFT'ER-GA.ME,  71.  A  subsequent  scheme,  0  ex- 
pedient. WoUan, 

AFT'ER-GUARD,  7!.  The  seaman  stationed  o  >  the 
poop  or  after-part  of  the  ship,  to  attend  the  after- 
sails.  Mar,  Diet, 

AFT'ER-IIoPE,  71.    Future  hope.  Jonson. 

aFT'ER-HOURS,  71.  pi.  Hours  that  follow ;  time  fol- 
lowing. Shak. 

AFT'ER-IG'NO-RANCE,  71.   Subsequent  ignorance 

Stufford, 

AFT'ER-INGS,  n,pl.   The  last  milk  drawn  in  inUk 

ing  ;  strokings.  Orose, 
AFT'ER-KING,  71.  A  succeeding  king.  Shuchfurd, 
AFT'ER-LlFE,  n.  Future  life,  or  the  life  after  this. 

Butler, 

2.  A  later  period  of  life  ;  subsequent  life. 

Drtfden, 

AFT'ER-LIV-ER,  7!.    One  who  lives  in  succeeding 

times.  Sidney, 
AF  T'ER-LOVE,  71.  The  second  or  later  love.  Shak. 
AFT'ER-AIAL-ICE,  71.  Succeeding  malice.  Dniilen, 
AFT'ER-MATH,  71.  [afUr  and  math.  See  Mow.] 
A  second  crop  of  grass  in  the  same  season  ; 

rowen.  Holland, 
AFT'ER-MoST,   a,    Superl.    Hindmost,  in  7nari7te 

language;  nearest  the  stern  ;  opposed  to  foremost. 
AFT'ER-NOON',  ti.    The  p,irt  of  the  day  which 

follows  noon,  between  noon  and  evening.  Dryden, 
AFT'ER-PaIIS'S,  71.  pi.   The  pains  which  succeed 

childbirth. 

AFT'ER-PART,  71.  The  latter  part.  In  7nan'i!c  JaTi- 
guage,  the  pait  of  a  ship  toward  the  stern. 

Mar,  Diet, 

AFT'ER-PIiiCE,  77.    A  piece  performed  after  a  play  ; 

a  farce  or  other  small  entertainment.  Cumberland, 
AFT'ER-PROOF,  71.    Subsequent  proof  or  evidence  ; 

qualities  known  by  subsequent  experience. 

IVotton, 

AFT'ER-RE-PENT'ANCE,  71.  Subsequent  repent- 
ance. South, 

AFT'ER-RE-PoRT',  71.  Subsequent  report,  or  in- 
formation. Soutli, 

AFT'ER-SaILS,  71.  The  sails  on  the  mizzen-mast 
and  on  the  stays  between  the  main  and  mizzen- 
masts.  Mar,  Diet. 

AFT'ER-STaGE,  71.    A  subsequent  stage. 

aFT'ER-STaTE,  71.   The  future  state.  Olanville. 

AFT'ER-STING,  n.    Subsequent  sting.  Herbert, 

AFT'ER-STORil,  71.  A  succeeding  or  future  storm. 

Dryden, 

AFT'ER-SUP'PER,  ti.  The  time  between  supper 
and  going  to  bed.  Shak, 

AFT'ER-SWARiM,  71.  A  swarm  of  bees  which 
leaves  the  hive  after  the  first. 

AFT'ER-TaSTE,  71.  A  taste  which  succeeds  eating 
and  drinking. 

aFT'ER-TIIOUGHT,  (-thawt,)  71.  [See  Thought.] 
Reflections  after  an  act ;  later  thought,  or  expedi- 
ent occurring  too  late.  Dryden, 

AFT'ER-TIMES,  71.  ;)(.  Succeeding  times.  It  may 
be  used  in  the  singular.  Dryden, 

AFT'ER-TOSS'ING,  71.  The  swell  or  agitation  of 
the  sea  after  a  storm.  Mdison, 

AFT'ER-VVARD,  adv.  [See  Wabd.J  In  later  or 
subsequent  time.  Hooker. 

AFT'ER-VVISE,  a.   Wise  afterward  or  too  late. 

Addison. 

AFT'ER-VVIT,  n.  Subsequent  wit ;  wisdom  that 
comes  too  late.  L'K.-itrange, 

AFT'ER-VVIT'NESS,  71.  A  subsequent  or  future 
witness. 

AFT'ER-VVRATII,  7i.    Later  wrath  ;  anger  after  the 

provocation  has  ceased.  Hhali, 
AFT'ER- VVRIT'ER,  7i.   A  succeeding  writer. 

^_  ^  ^  Shuckford, 

A'GA,  71.      [Per.  t31  LK^        ""^  "'^O;  '<"'<li 

dominus,  herus  ;  also,  sir,  a  title  of  respect ;  Tart. 
aha,    Ciu.  the  oeh  in  Bcloeh,  and  ah  in  Balak,] 

In  the  Turkish  dominions,  a  commander  or  chief 
oflicer.  The  title  is  given  to  various  chief  oflicers, 
whether  civil  or  military.  It  is  also  given  by  cour- 
tesy to  any  distinguished  individual. 

Encyc,  Brande, 

A-GAIN',  (a-gen',)  ailv,  [Sax.  gean,  agen,  agean,  m- 
gcan;  D.  with  a  different  prefix,  tegen  ;  G.  dagegen, 
gegen ;  Sw.  igen  ;  Van.  igien ;  qu.  L.  con,  whence 
contra  i  Ir.  coiiiiic,  opposite,  a  meeting.  Hence  Sax. 
togeanes,  togcgncs,  against ;  but  placed  after  its 
object;  as,  "7ii  comen  heom  togeanes,"  they  come 
them  against.  I),  tegens,  against ;  jegcns,  toward  ; 
G.  enlgegcn,  dagegen,  against ;  begegnen,  to  meet  or 
encouTiter.  'J'he  primary  sense  is  to  turn,  or  to 
meet  in  front ;  or  the  name  of  the  fare,  front,  or 
forepart.  So,  in  Dan.  and  Sw.,  mod,  imod,  cinot, 
against,  is  our  word  7iirc;.]  * 
1.  A  second  time;  once  more. 

I  will  not  ognin  cur»o  the  ground.  —  Gen.  vUI. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  MUTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

?6   ~  :  '  ' 


AGA 

3.  It  nottA  sninclliing  furtlicr,or  additional  to  one 
or  more  panioiilurs. 

Vol  to  which  of  Uie  nim'ls  inhl  he  al  any  time,  Tliou  Hrt  my 
son  ;  tht«  tliiy  hiwe  I  Iw^iu-n  Ihoo  t  ftiul  nenin,  I  wiii  l^-  lo 
him  a  futliiT,  luul  hi-  tliitit  ho  to  nic  n  «oii  I  utid  agaiit,  ImI 
nil  llio  aiijj.  1«  of  CiiKl  wi)i»liip  him  >  —  Hub.  i. 

All  the  uses  of  this  word  carry  in  them  the  ideas 
of  return  or  repetition  ;  as  in  these  plirases, —  give 
it  bn(  k  again ;  give  him  as  iniicli  again,  tliat  is,  tlie 
siiiiie  quantity  once  more  or  repeated.  Tliere  is  not, 
in  tlic  wiirlil  again,  siicli  a  coninierce  as  in  London. 
Wlio  art  thou  tliat  answerest  again  ?  Wring  us 
word  again, 

Jigain  and  again  ;  often  ;  with  frequent  repetition. 
A-GAIiVST',  (a-genst',)  pirp.     [Sax.  togeanes.  See 
Ac\iN.] 

1.  In  opposition  ;  noting  enmity  or  disapprobation. 
Hl9  h:ind  will  b"  a^inel  every  tn-iii.  —Gen.  xvi. 

1  itin  againtl  ytuir  pillows.  —  Ki.  xiii, 

2.  In  opposition,  noting  contrariety,  contradic- 
tion, or  repugnance  ;  as,  a  decree  against  hiw,  rea- 
iion,  or  public  opinion. 

:i.  In  opposition,  noting  competition,  or  dilTerent 
Bides  or  parties  ;  as,  there  are  twenty  votes  in  the 
alfirmative  against  ten  in  the  negative. 

4.  In  an  opposite  direction ;  as,  to  ride  against 
the  wind. 

5.  Opposite  in  place  ;  abreast ;  as,  a  ship  is  against 
tile  mouth  of  a  river.  In  this  sense  it  is  often  pre- 
ceded by  orcr. 

Awron  lighleil  the  Limps  over  aptinst  the  candlesticks,  —  Num. 

G.  In  opposition,  noting  adversity,  injur}',  or 
contrariety  to  wislics ;  as,  this  change  of  measures  is 
against  us. 

7.  Bearing  upon  ;  as,  one  leans  against  a  wall. 

6.  In  provision  for;  in  preparatiiui  for. 

Urij.th  made  it,  ngain$t  Kinjr  Ahal  came  Irom  Dnmasciu.  — 

2  Kings  ivi. 

In  this  sense  against  is  a  preposition,  with  the 
following  part  of  the  sentence  for  an  object.  See 
Akter,  prep.  dcf.  2. 

In  short,  the  sense  of  this  word  is  opposition, 
variously  modified  according  to  its  application  to 
different  objects. 
AG'.\-L.\X-Y,  »i.    Destitution  of  milk. 
A-GAL'LOeil-U.M,  n.    [Gr.  from  ayaWiaopai,  to 
rejoice,  so  named  from  its  odor.l 

A  very  soft,  resinous  wood,  of  a  highly  aromatic 
smell,  brought  from  the  East  Indies,  and  burnt  as  a 
perfume,  &c.  It  h.is  sometimes  been  railed  aloes- 
wootl,  but  has  no  connection  with  the  common  aloe. 

Dungtison. 

AG-AL-MAT'O-LITE,  n.    [Gr.  o>  aX/ici,  image,  and 
XiH'i$,  stone.] 

A  soft  stone,  carved  into  images,  in  China,  and 
hence  called yiVurc-.</onc.  It  has  the  appearance  of 
soapstone,  but  contains  alumina  instead  of  mag- 
nesia. It  is  called,  in  German,  bildstein,  figure- 
stone,  and  by  Urongniart,  steatilr,  pagoditc. 

IG'.V.MIST,  n.    [Gr.  a  and  ju/ioj.]    An  unmarried 
person. 

y»G'.\-MOUS,  a.    [Gr.  a  neg.  and  ya/ios,  marriage.] 
In  botanij,  having  no  visible  organs  of  fructifica- 
tion. 

A  term  applied  to  cryptogamic  plants,  because 
they  have  no  distinct  sexual  organs,  or  to  those  in- 
ferior groups  of  crj  ptogtimic  plants,  in  which  there 
is  notliing  analogous  to  such  organs,  as  the  fun- 
guses, liclicns,  and  conferva:.     Lindlcy.  Brandt. 

A-G.\I'K',  a(ir.  or  n.    [a  and  ^apc.    See  G.vpe.] 

Gaping,  as  with  wonder,  expectation,  or  eager 
attention  ;  having  the  mouth  wiile  open.  Milton. 

.\G'.\-PE,  (ag'a-pc,)  n. ;  pi.   Aoapj:.     [Gr.  uj  oiri;, 
love.] 

.Among  tlif  primitive  Ckristian.',  a  love  feast  or 
feast  of  charity,  held  before  or  after  the  communion, 
when  contributions  were  made  for  the  poor.  'I'his 
feast  was  held  at  first  without  scandal,  but  after- 
ward being  abused,  it  was  condemned  at  the  coun- 
cil of  ("arthage,  A.  D.  397.  F.ncyc. 
AG'.\R-ie,  n.  [Gr.  a>  a(,i>:ui».  Uu.  from  jJ^aria,  in 
Sarmatia.  Dioscorides.] 

In  botany,  [L.  agaricus,']  the  name  of  a  genus 
of  funguses,  containing  numerous  species,  includ- 
ing many  of  the  most  common  mushrooms,  some  of 
which  are  valued  as  articles  of  food,  while  others  are 
jioisonous. 

In  pharmacy,  the  term  has  been  applied  to  two 
species  of  funguses,  belonging  to  the  Linnean  genu5 
boletus;  that  of  the  larch,  (B.  larieis,)  called  also 
male  agaric;  and  that  of  the  oak,  (B.  igniariu.^,) 
called  also  ffmale  agaric,  and  touchv.ood,  from  its 
readiness  to  take  fire.  The  former  has  been  used 
as  a  cathartic  ;  the  latter  as  a  styptic,  and  also  for 
tinder  and  in  dyeing.  Brande. 

Agaric  minrra} ;  a  light,  chalky  deposit  of  carbonate 
of  lime,  rubbing  to  a  powder  biaween  the  fingers  ; 
formed  in  caverns  or  fissures  of  limestone.  In  coin- 
position  it  is  identical  with  chalk.  It  is  used  as  an 
astringent  in  fluxes,  and  a  styptic  in  hemorrhages, 
A-G.UST',  or  A-GIIXPT',  a.    [au.  a  contraction  of 


AGE  . 

agazcd,  or  Goth,  agis,  Sax.  egesa,  horror.  See 
Aghast  ami  Gaze,] 

Struck  witli  terror  or  astonishment ;  amazed ; 
struck  silent  w  ith  horror. 


With  shuddering  horror  piile,  nnd  I'ya  aghast. 


MOlon. 


A-GAS'TRI-A,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  a  and  v-iffrr,//.]  A  class 
of  marine  animals,  supposed  to  lis  destitute  of  in- 
testines. Kirby. 

A-GaTE',  ado.    [a  and  gate.'] 

On  the  way  ;  going.    [  Ohs.']  Oowcr. 

AG'ATE,  n.  [Ft.  agate;  L.  achates,  gagates  ;  Gr. 
yayariii,;  so  called,  saj'S  I'liny,  37^  10,  because 
found  near  a  river  of  that  name  in  Sicily.  So  also 
Soliiius  and  Isidore.  But  Bochart,  with  iiiort; 
probability,  deduces  it  from  the  Punic  and  lleb. 
Tpy,  and  with  a  dilTerent  prefix  lleb.  Ip3,  nakail, 
s|K)lted.  The  word  is  used.  Gen.  xxx.  and  xxxi.,  to 
describe  the  speckled  and  spotted  cattle  of  Laban 
and  Jacob.] 

A  semi-pellucid,  uncrystallized  variety  of  quartz, 
presenting  various  tints  in  the  same  specimen. 
Its  colors  are  delicately  arranged  in  stripes  or  bands, 
or  are  blended  in  clouds  ;  wlu'ii  they  are  in  an- 
gulat  shapes,  like  the  outline  of  a  fortification,  iL 
is  called  furtijictttion  agate;  when  in  mossy  tlireads37 
moss  agate.  The  Scotch  pebble  is  a  fortificatitm 
agate.  It  has  always  been  esteemed  one  of  the 
liMst  valuable  of  the  precious  stones,  and  is  used 
for  rings,  seals,  cups,  beads,  boxes,  handles,  and 
also  for  mortars  for  chemical  purposes.  Dana. 
AG'A'i'E,  II.  An  instrument  used  by  gold-wire 
drawers,  so  called  from  the  agate  in  the  middle 
of  it. 

AG'.\-TINE,  a.    Pertaining  to  agate. 

A(;'A-TIZ-/."D,  a.  Having  the  colored  lines  and 
figures  of  agate.  Foiircnnj. 

.^gatized  wood;  a  kind  of  agate,  resulting  tVoin  the 
petrifaction  of  wood,  and  still  showing  something 
of  its  texture. 

AG'.\-TY,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  agate.  fVoodward. 

A-Ga'VE,  n.    [Gr.  aynvo{,  admirable.] 

'J'he  American  aloe.  The  great  aloe  rises  twenty 
feet,  and  its  branches  form  a  sort  of  pyramid  at  the 
tO|).  Encye. 

A-GaZE',  v.  U  [from  gaze.^  To  strike  with  amaze- 
ment.   rOfts.J  Spenser. 

A-GAZ'£D,  pp.  Struck  with  amazement.  [A'ut  in 
nse.]  Shak. 

AGE,  n.  [Fr.  a o'C ;  Arm.  oa^c;  deduced  by  Liiiiier 
from  Lat.  o'tas,  or  <tvum.  But  these  arc  untioubt- 
edly  contracted  words;  Goth.  aiu> ;  U.  cciiw;  Gr. 
ath)v  ;  from  the  Celtic,  \V.  liaug,  fullness,  com- 
pleteness, an  age,  a  space  of  time  ;  pi.  Iwgion  ;  the 
g  being  sunk  in  the  Latin  words;  in  the  Sanscrit, 
yugtt.] 

1.  The  whole  duration  of  a  being,  whether  ani- 
mal, vegetable,  or  ttther  kind  ;  as,  the  usual  age  of 
a  man  is  seventy  years  ;  the  age  of  a  horse  may  be 
twenty  or  thirty  years;  the  age  of  a  tree  may  be 
four  hundred  years. 

2.  That  part  of  the  duration  of  a  being  whicli  is 
between  its  beginning  and  any  given  time  ;  as, 
what  is  the  present  age  of  a  man,  or  of  the  earth  ? 

Jesos  beg;in  to  be  aliout  thirty  years  of  age.  —  Lnke  iii. 

3.  The  Latter  part  of  life,  or  long  continued  dura- 
tion ;  oldness. 

The  eyes  of  Israel  were  dim  for  age.  —  Gen.  xlviil. 

4.  A  certain  period  of  human  life,  marked  by  a 
difference  of  state ;  as,  life  is  diviiled  into  four 
stages  or  ages,  infancy,  youth,  manhood,  and  old 
age  ;  the  age  of  youth  ;  the  age  of  manhood. 

5.  The  period  when  a  person  is  enabled  by  law 
to  do  certain  acts  for  himself,  or  when  he  ceases  to 
be  controlled  by  parents  or  guardians  ;  as,  in  the 
United  States,  both  males  and  females  are  of  age  at 
twenty-one  years  old. 

6.  .Mature  years ;  ripeness  of  strength  or  dis- 
cretion. 

He  is  ofa^e;  ask  him, — John  U, 

7.  The  time  of  life  for  conceiving  childicn,  or 
perhaps  the  usual  time  of  such  an  event. 

S.irah  was  delivered  of  a  son,  when  she  wsj  past  age.  — 
lleb,  li. 

8.  A  particular  period  of  time,  as  di.~tingiiished 
from  otliers  ;  as,  the  golden  age,  the  age  of  iron, 
the  age  of  heroes  or  of  chivalry. 

9.  The  people  who  live  at  a  particular  period  ; 
hence,  a  generation,  and  a  succession  of  genera- 
tions ;  as,  ages  yet  unborn. 

The  mystery  liid  (bom  agee.  —  Col.  I. 

10.  A  century  ;  the  period  of  one  hundred  years. 
A'GED,  a.    Old  ;  having  lived  long ;  having  lived 

almost  the  usual  time  allotted  to  that  species  of 
being;  applied  to  animals  or  plants;  as,  an  aged 
man,  or  an  aged  oak. 

2.  Having  a  certain  age ;  having  lived  ;  as,  a 
man  aged  forty  years. 
A'GED,  n.    Olii  persons. 

And  the  aged  arose  and  stood  up  Job  xxix. 


AGG 

A'GEI)-LY,  ado.    Like  an  aged  person. 
A-(;E.\',  for  AoAi.N.  [Ubs.] 
A'OEN-t.'Y,  II.    [Ij.  ageus.    See  .Act.] 

1.  The  quality  of  mi>ving,  or  of  exerting  power; 
the  state  of  being  in  .action  ;  action  ;  operation  ; 
instrumitnt:ility  ;  as,  the  agency  of  Providence  in 
the  natural  world. 

2.  The  oftice  of  an  agent,  or  factor ;  business  of 
an  agent  intrusted  with  the  conci:rns  of  another  ; 
as,  the  principal  pays  the  charges  of  agency. 

A-GEN'I)A,  II.    [L.  tilings  to  be  done.] 

A  memorandiini-bfiok  ;  the  service  or  office  of  a 
rliurrh  ;  a  ritual  or  liturgy.  Kncyc. 
A'Ol'iXTj  a.    Acting;  opposed  to  patient,  or  sustain- 
ing action  ;  as,  the  body  agent.    [Little  used.] 

Bacon, 

A'GE.XT,  71.    An  actor;  one  that  exerts  power,  or 
has  the  power  lo  act ;  as,  a  moral  agent. 

2.  An  active  power  or  cause  ;  that  which  has  the 
power  to  produce  an  effect ;  as,  heat  is  a  imwerful 
agrnL 

3.  A  substitute,  deputy,  or  factor  ;  one  intrusted 
with  the  business  of  another;  an  attorney  ;  a  min- 
ister. 

A'GENT-SHIP,  71.    The  office  of  an  agent.  [JV'ot 

itsed.]    Wft  now  use  airrnat. 
A0-GE-LA'TlO.\,  II.    [L.  grill.] 

Concretion  of  a  lliiid.    [A'at  used.]  Brown. 
AG-GEN-EK-A'T10.\,  n.    [  I,,  ad  anil  grnrrnlw.] 
The  state  of  growing  to  another.    [jYot  nsed.] 

Brincn. 

AG'GEIl,  71.  [L.]   A  fortress,  or  mound.   [J\~ut  used.] 

I/eame. 

AG'GER-ATE,  r.  t.    [I,,  aggcro.]    To  heap.  [JVot 

used.] 

AG-GLR-A'TI0.\,  II.    .\  ht;aping  ;  acciimulalion  ; 

as,  aggeratinns  of  saiiil.  Roy. 
AG-GEll-oSE',  a.  In  heaps,  or  formed  in  heaps. 

IMna. 

AG-GLO.M'ER-aTE,  r.  (.    [L.  agglamero,  ad  and 
glomero,  to  wind  into  a  ball,  from  glomus,  a  ball  of 


yarn ;  from  the  Ilcb.  dVj,  to  involve ;  Qu.  Ar. 


lamma,  to  go  round  in  a  circle,  to  be  round,  to  col- 
lecl,  or  condense.] 

To  wind,  or  collect  into  a  b.all ;  lo  gather  into  a 
mass.  Young. 

AG-GLOM'ER-ATE,  v.  i.  To  gather,  grow,  or  col- 
lect into  a  ball  t)r  ma.s.s.  Ttiomson. 

AG  GLOM'ER-A-TEI),  pp.  Wound  or  rolltxted  into 
a  ball. 

AG-GLOM'ER-A-TI.\G,  ppr.  Winding  into  a  ball ; 
gathering  into  a  liiiiq), 

AG-GLOM-Ell-A'TION,  ii.  The  act  of  winding  into  a 
ball  ;  the  state  t»f  being  gathered  into  a  ball  or  mass. 

AG-GLu'TIM-.\NT,  n.  Any  viscous substaiice'wliich 
unites  other  substances,  by  causing  an  adhesion  ; 
any  application  which  tends  to  unite  parts  which 
have  ttio  little  adhesion.  Coze. 

AG-GLu'TIN-ANT,  a.  Uniting,  as  glue  ;  tending  to 
cause  adhesion. 

AG-GLO'TI.\-ATE,  tj.  t.  [L.  agglntino,  ad  and 
glutino,  from  gluten;  Eng.  glue;  Fr.  glu;  Arm. 
glud ;  W.  glyd.    See  Glue.] 

To  unite,  or  cause  to  ailhere,  as  with  glue  or 
other  viscous  substance  ;  to  unite  by  causing  an  ad- 
hesion of  substances. 

AG-GLO'TI.V-A-TEI),  pp.  GIned  together;  united 
by  a  viscous  subst.-ince. 

AG-GLu'TIN-,\-TING,  p/ir.  Gluing  together ;  unit- 
ing by  causing  adhesion. 

AG-GLU-TIN-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  uniting  by 
glue  or  other  tenacious  substance  ;  the  state  of 
being  thus  uniteil. 

AG-GLO'TIN-.\-TIVE,  a.  That  tends  to  unite,  or 
has  power  to  cause  adhesion.  IViseman. 

AG-GRACE',  I).      To  favor.    [jV<;(  ii.W.]  Spenser. 

AG-GUaCE',  n.    Kindness  ;  favor.  [A'otused.] 

Spenser. 

AG-GR.VND-IZ'.\-BLn,  a.  That  may  be  aggran- 
dized. 

AG-GRA\D-IZ-a'TION,  71.  The  act  of  aggrandiz- 
ing.   [JVot  used.]  ll'uterhonse. 

AG'GRAND-TZE,  r.  r.  [Fr.  agrandir,o{  L.  ad  and 
grandis.    See  Grand.] 

1.  To  make  great  or  greater  in  power,  rank,  or 
honor;  to  exalt ;  as,  to  aggrnndi-.e  a  family. 

2.  To  enlarge,  applied  to  Ithings  ;  as,  aggran- 
dize our  conceptions.  It  seems  to  be  n  applied 
to  the  bulk  or  dimensions  of  material  bi . 

AG'GRA.Vl)-IZ-/:i),p/i.  iMade  great  or  greater;  ex- 
alted ;  enlarged. 

AG-GKAND'IZE-MENT,  or  AG'GRAXD-IZE- 
MENT,  II.  The  act  of  aggrandizing  ;  the  state  of 
being  exalted  in  iiower,  rank,  or  htmor  ;  exaltation  ; 
enlargement ;  as,  the  emperor  seeks  only  the  ag- 
grandizement of  his  own  family. 

AG'GRAND-IZ-ER,  ii.  One  that  aggrandizes  or 
exalts  in  power,  rank,  or  honor. 

AG'GRA.NU-IZ  I.VG,  ;>;ir.  Making  great;  exalting; 
enlarging. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IT.MTE.  —  A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


AGG 


AGO 


AG-GRATE',  v.  t.    [It.]    To  please.    [.Ynt  iisei!.] 

SpciKser. 

AG'GRA-VATE,  v.  t.  [L.  ajrgravo,  of  ad  and  gravis, 
heavy.    See  Grave,  Gravity.] 

1.  'J'o  make  heavy,  but  not  v^-ed  in  thi^  literal  sense. 
Fi^iraticelij,  to  make  worse,  more  severe,  or  less 
tolerable  ;  as,  to  a:;ip-arate  llie  evils  of  life  ;  to  ag- 
gravate pain  or  piiiiishnient. 

2.  To  make  more  enormous,  or  less  excusable; 
as,  to  aiTirravate  a  crime. 

3.  To  e,\af,'gerate. 

4.  To  give  coloring  in  description  ;  to  give  an  ex- 
aggenited  representation  ;  as,  to  agp-avate  a  charge 
against  an  offender;  to  aggravate  circumstances. 

Outhrie.    Quint  Paley. 

Actions  and  molives  majiciously  asgracaud. 

'  WasJiington^e  Lift. 

Tlie  propriety  of  the  word  in  the  latter  passage  is 
questionable.  Aggravate  is  generally  used  in  ref- 
erence to  evils,  or  something  improper  or  unnatural. 

AG'GRA-Va-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Increased  in  severity  or 
enormity  ;  made  worse  ;  exaggerated. 

AG'GR.\-Va-T1NG,  -ppr.  Increasing  in  severity, 
enormity,  or  degree;  as  evils,  misfortunes,  paiu, 
punishment,  crimes,  guilt,  &.C. ;  exaggerating. 

AG-GRA- Va'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  worse, 
used  of  evils,  natural  or  moral ;  the  act  of  increas- 
ing severity  or  heinousness  ;  addition  to  that  which 
is  evil  or  improper ;  as,  an  aggravation  of  pain  or 
grief. 

2.  Exaggerated  representation,  or  heightened  de- 
scription of  any  thing  wrong,  improper,  or  unnat- 
ural ;  as,  an  aggravation  of  features  in  a  caricature. 

Paley.  .^ddi.-<on. 
AG'GRE-GaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  ttggrego,  to  collect  in 
troops  ;  of  ad  and  grez,  a  herd  or  band.    See  Gre- 
garious.] 

'i'o  bring  together;  to  collect  particulars  into  a 
sum,  mass,  or  body. 
AG'GRE-GATE,  (I.    Fprmed  by  a  collection  of  par- 
ticulars into  a  whole  ma^s  or  sum  ;  as,  the  aggre- 
gate amount  of  charges. 

.aggregiile  flowers,  in  botany,  are  such  as  are  com- 
posed of  florets  united  by  means  of  the  receptacle 
or  calyx.  Milttc. 

.Aggregate  animals,  in  zoology,  are  such  as  are 
united  in  a  comuu)n  organized  base  or  envelope, 
as  most  of  the  class  of  [)ul>'ps.  Brande. 

.Aggregate  corporation,  in  law,  is  one  which  con- 
sists of  two  or  mure  persons  united,  whose  exist- 
ence is  preserved  by  a  succession  of  new  members. 

BUickstj  ne. 

AG'GRE-G.\TE,  n.  A  sum,  mass,  or  assemblage  of 
particulars  ;  as,  a  house  is  an  aggregate  of  stones, 
brick,  timber,  &.c.  It  differs  from  a  compound  in 
this,  that  the  particulars  of  an  aggregate  are  less 
intimately  mixed  than  in  a  compound. 

2.  In  physics,  a  m;iss  formed  by  the  union  of 
homogeneous  particles  ;  in  distinction  from  a  com- 
pound, fiirmed  by  llie  union  of  heterogeneous  par- 
ticles. Ure. 

AG'GRE-Ga-TED,  pp.  Collected  into  a  sum,  mass, 
or  system. 

AG'GRE-GATE-I.Y,  ailv.  Collectively;  taken  in  a 
sum  or  mass. 

AG'GRE-GA-TING,  ppr.  Collecting  into  a  sum  or 
m.uss. 

AG-GRE-GA'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  aggregating  ;  the 
state  of  being  collected  into  a  sum  or  mass;  a  col- 
lection of  particulars  ;  an  aggregate. 

2.  The  union  and  coherence  of  bodies  of  the  .same 
nature.  .Aggregation  is  cau.sed  by  that  attraction 
which  takes  phice  at  an  insensible  distance  between 
the  homogeneous  particles  of  bodies,  and  forms 
masses. 

AG'GRK-GA-TIVE,  a.    Taken  together  ;  collective. 

AG'GRE-GA-TOR,  n.  lie  that  collects  into  a  whole 
or  nuiss.  barton. 

AG-GRESS',  V.  i,  [L.  aggredior,  aggressus,  of  ad 
and  groilior,  to  go.    riee  Grade.] 

To  make  a  first  attack  ;  to  commit  the  first  act  of 
hostility  or  offeiLse  ;  to  begin  a  (piarrel  or  contro- 
versy; to  assault  first,  or  invade.  Prior. 

AG-iiUErjS'I.S'G,  ppr.  Commencing  hostility  first; 
making  the  first  attack. 

AG-<;RES'!SK).\,  n.  The  first  attack,  or  act  of  hos- 
tility ;  the  first  act  of  injury,  or  first  act  li'.iding  to  a 
war  or  controversy.  L'K^lrajige. 

AG-GIIES.S'I  VE,  a.  Tending  to  aggress  ;  making  the 
first  attack.  Clarkson. 

AG-GREi^^  'OR,  n.  The  |)crson  who  first  attacks  ;  he 
who  first  commences  hostility  or  a  quarrel ;  an 
ansaultcr  ;  an  invader.  Dryden. 


The  iniolrnc/'  of  Uw  af^ttior  ta  i 
(il  111"  ■ult'Trr. 


mlly  proportluiicil  (»  the 
Atnft, 


AG-GKIkV'ANCE,  n.    [.See  Aoobikve.] 

Oppreiaion  ;  hanUhlp  ;  injury.    Hut  grievance  is 

more  g'*nerally  iistrd. 
AG-^;Rir;VE',  c.  (.  [of  ad  and  grirre,  from  grirf. 

rerlin|M  tin;  word  is  borrowed  directly  from  the  Sp. 

agraeuir,  to  Injure;  Fr.  grieer.    Hue  GniEr  and 

Ghavs.] 


1.  To  give  paiu  or  sorrow  ;  to  afflict. 

2.  To  bear  hard  upon  ;  to  op|iress  or  injure  in 
one's  rights ;  to  vex  or  liarass  by  civil  or  political 
injustice. 

AG-GRIKVE',  V.  i.  To  mourn  ;  to  lament.  [Jfot 
used.    See  Grieve.] 

AG-GRIkV'£D,  pp.  Pained;  afflicted;  civilly  or 
politically  oppressed. 

AG-GRIkV'ING,  ppr.  Afflicting;  imposing  hard- 
ships on ;  oppressing. 

AG-GROUP',  0.  t.  [Sp.  agrupar  i  It.  aggnippare,  ag- 
groppare,  to  knot  or  bring  together.    See  Group.] 

To  bring  together  ;  to  group ;  to  collect  many 
persons  in  a  crowd,  or  many  figures  into  a  whole, 
cither  in  statuary,  painting,  or  description.  Eucyc. 

AG-GKOUP'iD,  pp.  Collected  into  a  group  or  as- 
semblage. 

A-GH.\ST',  or,  more  correctly,  A-GXST',  a.  or  adv. 
[Perliaps  the  participle  of  agaze ;  otherwise  from  the 
root  of  ghastly  and  ghost.] 

Struck  with  amazement ;  stupefied  with  sudden 
fright  or  horror. 
AG'ILE,  a.  [Fr.  agile  ;  L.  agUis,  from  ago.  See  Act.] 
Nunble;  having  the  faculty  of  quick  motion  in 
the  limbs ;  apt  or  ready  to  move  ;  brisk  ;  active. 

AikI  bending  forwani  struck  his  ngile  heels.  Shak. 

A6'ILE-LY,  adv.   In  a  nimble  manner. 
AG'ILE-XESS,  7!.    Nimbleness ;  activity;  the  fac- 
ulty of  moving  the  limbs  quickly  ;  agility. 
A-GlL'l-TY,  n.    [h.  agilitas.] 

The  power  of  moving  the  limbs  quickly  ;  nim- 
bleness ;  briskness ;  activity  ;  quickness  of  motion. 

Hatts. 

A-GIL'LO-einJM,  n.    See  Aoallochum. 
a'GI-O,  71.    [Ital.  aggio,  surplus,  difference.] 

1.  In  commerce,  the  difference  in  value  between 
metallic  and  paper  money,  or  between  one  sort  of 
metallic  money  and  another.  JlcCulloch. 

2.  Premium  ;  sum  given  above  the  nominal  value ; 
as,  the  ao-io  of  exchange.  Lanier. 

A'Gl-0-TA(5E,  n.  [Fr.]  Stock-jobbing ;  the  ma- 
neuvers of  speculators  to  raise  or  lower  the  price  of 
stocks  or  public  funds.  Brande. 

A-GIST',  V.  t.  [If  the  primary  sense  is  to  lie,  or  to 
rest,  this  is  from  Fr.  gesir ;  Norm,  agiser,  to  be 
levant  and  couchant,  from  gistr,  to  lay  or  throw 
down ;  whence  gis^t,  cast ;  gistance,  a  casting. 
Class  Gs.  No.  18.  If  the  primary  significajion  is  to 
feed,  see  Nos.  5,  6,  10,  12,  and  5(i.    Ch.  Class  Gs.] 

In  law,  to  take  the  cattle  of  others  to  graze  at  a 
certain  sum  ;  to  feed  or  pasture  the  cattle  of  others ; 
used  originally  for  the  feeding  of  cattle  in  the  king's 
forests.  Coivel.  Blackstone. 

A-ClIST'MENT,  n.  The  taking  and  feeding  of  other 
men's  cattle  in  the  king's  forest,  or  on  one's  own 
laud;  also,  the  price  paid  for  such  feeding.  It  de- 
notes also  a  burden,  charge,  or  tax.  [In  canon  law, 
a  modus,  or  composition.   Johnson,  Qu.] 

Cowcl.    Bluclistone.  Enrifc. 

A-CIST'OR,       )  n.  An  otficer  of  the  king's  forest, 

A-GIST-A'TOR,  i  who  has  the  care  of  cattle  agisted, 
and  collects  the  money  for  the  same  ;  hence  called 
gist-taker,  which  in  England  is  corrupted  into  guest- 
tukf'r.  Encyc. 

A6'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [See  Agitate.]  That  may  be 
agitated,  shaken,  or  discussed. 

AG'I-TATE,  !i.  (.    [L.  agito,  from  ago.    See  Act.] 

1.  To  stir  violently  ;  to  move  back  and  forth  with 
a  quick  motion  ;  to  shake  or  move  briskly  ;  as,  to 
agitate  water  in  a  vessel. 

2.  To  move  or  force  into  violent  irregular  action  ; 
as,  the  wind  agitates  the  sea. 

3.  To  disturb,  or  excite  into  tumult ;  as,  to  agitate 
the  mind  or  passions. 

4.  To  discuss;  to  debate;  to  controvert;  as,  to 
agitate  a  qiiestitm. 

5.  To  consider  on  all  sides  ;  to  revolve  in  the 
mind,  or  view  in  all  its  aspects ;  to  contrive  by 
mental  deliberation  ;  as,  politicians  agitate  di-sperate 
designs.  King  Charles. 

fi.  'I'o  move  or  actuate.    [JVot  usr,d.]  Blachmorr. 

A6'I-TA-TEI),  p/).  Tossed  from  side  to  side;  sha- 
ken ;  moved  viidently  and  irregularly  ;  disturbed  ; 
discussed  ;  consideretl. 

ACI-Ta-TING,  ppr.  Shaking;  moving  with  vio- 
lence ;  disturbing  ;  disputing  ;  contriving. 

AG-I-Ta'TION,  n.  The  act  of^shaking  ;  the  state  of 
being  movMl  with  violence,  or  with  irregular  ac- 
tion ;  commotion  ;  as,  the  sea  after  a  storm  is  in 
agitation.  Bacon. 

2.  Disturbance  of  tranquillity  in  the  minii ;  per- 
turbation ;  excitement  of  passitm. 

3.  Discussion ;  examination  of  a  subject  in  con- 
troversy. J.'  Estrange. 

4.  A  state  of  being  deliberated  upiui,  with  a  view 
to  contrivance,  or  jilan  to  be  adopted  ;  as,  a  scheme 
is  in  agitation. 

Aft'I-'I'A-Tl  VK,  a.    Having  a  tendency  to  agitate. 

Ji('!-I  TA''1'0,  ill  mn.<7r,tli miles  a  broken  style  of  per- 
formance, ntlapled  to  a^vak('ll  surprisi;  or  perturba- 
tion. Vict  ofMn-iic. 

AG'l-TA-TOR,  71.    Onn  who  ngitiilea  ;  also,  nn  in- 


surgent ;  one  who  excites  sedition  or  revolt.  Ih 

aiit'uiiuty,  a  ciiarioteer,  that  is,  a  driver.  In  Crom 
well's  time,  certain  olficers  appointi  d  by  the  army 
to  manage  their  concerns  were  called  agitators. 

I  I  tune. 

AG'LET,  )  H.  [Fr.  uiguillctte,  a  point,  from  aiguille, 
AlG'LE'f,  i     a  needle,  from  flio-H,  sharp.   See  Acid.] 

1.  .\  tag  of  a  point  curved  into  the  representation 
of  an  animal,  generally  of  a  man ;  a  small  plate  of 
metal. 

2.  In  botany,  a  pendant  at  the  ends  of  the  chives 
of  flowersj^as  in  the  rose  and  tulip;  an  anther. 

A(5'LET-liA'BY,  n.  A  small  image  on  the  top  of  a 
lace.  Shak. 

AG'iMIN-AL,  a.  [L.  an-nien,  a  troop  or  body  of  men 
arrayed,  from  ago.] 

Pertaining  to  an  army  or  troop.      [Little  used.] 

AG'NAIL,  71.  lad  and  nail,  or  Sax.  ange,  pain,  and 
nail.] 

A  whitlow  ;  an  iiifl.-uiimation  round  the  nail. 

Badey. 

AG'NATE,  a.    [h.  agnatu.^.] 

Related  or  akin  by  the  father's  side. 
AG'NATE,  71.  [L.  agnatus,  adnascor,  of  aii  and  Tio^cor, 
to  be  born.    See  Nature.] 

Any  male  relation  by  the  father's  side.  Encyc. 
.\(;-NA'Ti.    [L.  pi.]    Relations  by  the  father's  side. 
AG-NAT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  descent  by  the  male 

line  of  ancestors.  Blackstone. 
AG-NA'TION,  7!.  Rel.ation  by  the  father's  side  only, 
or  descent  in  the  male  line,  distinct  from  cognation, 
which  includes  descent  in  the  male  and  f 'male  lines. 
AG'NEL,  71.  [from  agirns,  a  lamb,  the  figure  struck 
on  the  coin.] 

An  ancient  French  gold  coin,  value  twelve  sols, 
six  deniers.   It  was  called  also  7;iouto7i  rf'or  and 
agnel  d^or.  Encyc. 
AG-NI"TION,  71.    [L.  apiitio,  agnosco.] 

Acknowletlgmeut.    [Liule  used.]  Pearson. 
AG  NIZE',  7).  (.    To  acknowledge.    [JVutiii  Ttse.] 

Shak. 

AG-No'MEN,  71.    [L.]    An  ailditional  fourth  name, 
given  by  the  Romans,  on  account  of  some  exploit 
or  event ;  as,  .fffricanus  added  to  P.  C.  Scipio. 
2.  A  name  added  in  iiraise  or  dispraise. 
AG-NOM'IN-ATE,  v.  t.    [L.  agnomina  ;  ad  and  7iom- 
ino,  nomcn,  name.]- 
I'o  name.    [Little  used.] 
AG-NO.M-IN-A'TION,  n.    [L.  agnomen,  a  surname, 
of  ad  and  nomen.    See  Name.] 

1.  An  additional  name,  or  title ;  a  name  added  to 
another,  as  expressive  of  some  act,  achievement, 
&c.  ;  a  surname.  Encyc. 

2.  Allusion  of  one  word  to  another  by  sound. 

Camden. 

AG'NUS  GAS'TUS,  71.  [L.]  A  species  of  Vitex,  so 
called  from  the  Gr.  ayvos,  chaste,  from  its  imagined 
virtue  of  preserving  chastity.  n'J'lie  Athenian  ladies 
reposed  on  the  leaves  of  this  plant  at  the  feast  of 
Ceres.  The  Latin  cactus,  chaste,  now  addctl  to  the 
name,  forms  a  duplication  of  the  sense.  Encyc. 

AG'NUS  De'I,  71.    [Lamb  of  God.] 

1.  In  tlie  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  cake  of  wax 
stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  lamb,  supporting  the 
banner  of  the  cross.  It  is  supposed  to  possess  great 
virtues  in  preserving  those  who  carry  it,  in  faith, 
from  accidents,  &c.  Also,  a  part  of  the  mass,  in 
which  the  prayer  beginning  with  these  words  is 
repeated  by  the  priest.  Encyc. 

2.  A  prayer  beginning  with  these  words. 
AG'NUS  SCYTll'I-eUS.    [Scythian  lamb.] 

A  name  applied  to  the  roots  of  a  species  of  fern, 
Jlspidinm  Baromctz,  covered  with   brown  woolly 
scales,  and  in  shape  resembling  a  lamb ;  found  in 
Russia  and  Tartary. 
A-Go',  nilt\  or  a.    [Sax.  agan,  or  grand,  the  participle 
of  gan,  to  go  ;  contracted  from  agone.    See  Go.] 
Past ;  gone  ;  as,  a  year  ago. 
A-GOG',  adv.    [Fr.  d  gogo  ;  It.  agognare,  ardently  to 
desire.] 

In  a  state  of  desire  ;  highly  excited  by  eagerness 
after  an  object. 

Tlic  piiKly  S'^^'P'  when  ihe's  set  a^og.  DryiUn. 

A-Gfj'ING.    [The  participle  of  go,  with  the  prefix  n.J 
In  motion  ;  as,  to  set  a  mill  agoing  ,•  or  about  to  go ; 
ready  to  go ;  as,  he  is  agoing  iiiiinetliately.  The 
latter  u^<e  is  vulgar. 

A'GON,  71.  [Gr.]  T^ie  contest  for  the  prize.  [JVot 
luied.]  SancrofU 

A-GONE',  (a-gawn',)  ;>/).    [See  Ago  and  Gone.] 
Ago  ;  past ;  since.    [JVearly  obs.] 

AG'O-NIS.M,  71.    [Gr.  ay.wKT^is.] 

Contention  for  a  prize.  Diet. 

AG't)-NlST,  71.  Uiii-  who  contends  for  the  pri/.e 
in  public  games.  Milton  has  used  agonistr^  in  this 
sense,  and  so  culled  his  tragedy,  from  the  similitude 
of  Samson's  exertions,  in  slaying  the  Philistines, 
to  prize-fighting.  In  church  history,  the  discijiles 
of  l>oiiatus  are  called  agonistics. 

A<;-0-NlST'l(',        j  rt.    Pertaining  to  prize-fight- 

AG-()  NIST'IC-AL,  )  ing,  contests  of  strength,  or 
athletic  combats.  EnfieU. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL^W^.^T — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVF-,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

55 


AGR 


AGR 


AGU 


Afi-O-NtST'ie-AI.-l.V,  fl<ii).  In  an  agonisHc  man- 
ner ;  like  prizt-fisilitiiig. 

AG'0-M7.E,  V.  i.  [Gr.  aj-wn^w,  to  strive.  See 
A<io>v.] 

'J'o  writhe  with  eitreme  jiain ;  to  suffer  violent 
angiiish. 

To  wnan  null  Of oiMM  «t  evf ry  pore.  Popt. 
An'O-NJZE,  V.  U   To  distress  with  extreme  pain  ; 

lo  torture.  P"P^- 
AG'0-NIZ-£D,  pp.  Distressed  with  excessive  pain  ; 

tortured. 

AG'OiMZ-ING,  ppr.   Suffering  severe  pain;  writli- 

ins  with  torture. 
AG'O-NTZ-ING,  a.   Giving  extreme  pain. 
AG'0-NI/-ING-IA',  oi/u.    With  extreme  angiiish. 
AG-O-NO-TIIkTE',   k,     [Gr.  aj  wf,  contest,  and 

TiOni",  to  appoint.] 
An  officer  wlio  presided  over  ttie  games  in 

Greece. 

AG-0-i\'y-TMET'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  president 
of  tlie  Grecian  sanies. 

AG'O-NY,  n.  [(ir.  a;  i.ir,  a  contest  with  bodily  exer- 
tion ;  a  word  used  to  di'iu>te  the  athletic  games  in 
Greece;  whence  oi  i.ui",  anguish,  solicitude,  from 
a)  w,  L.  a^o.  In  Ir.  agrh  is  a  battle,  conflict ;  Gr. 
0)  (Ji'i^o),  to  strive.    See  Act.] 

1.  In  strictness,  pain  so  extreme  as  to  cause 
writhing  or  contortions  of  the  body,  similar  to  those 
made  in  the  athletic  contests  in  Greece.  Hence, 

2.  Extreme  [Kiin  of  body  or  mind  ;  anguish ;  ap- 
propriately, the  pangs  of  death,  and  the  sufferings  of 
our  i^avior  in  the  garden  of  Gethsenianc.  Luke  xxii. 

Violent  contest  or  striving.  Mure. 

A-GOOD',  adr.    In  earnest,    \j\ot  «.<<•</.]  Slinlc. 

A-G6L"TI,  j  (a-goo'tv,)  n.    [Uu.  Sp.  an-i«/o,  sharp  ; 

A-G0I;'TY,  i     L.  aculus.] 

A  quadruped  of  the  order  Rodentia;  arranged  by 
naturalists  in  tlie  genus  Cavia.  It  is  of  the  size  of 
a  rabbit.  The  upper  part  of  the  body  is  brownish, 
with  a  mixture  of  red  and  black  ;  the  belly  yi'llow- 
ish.  Three  varieties  are  mentioned,  all  peculiar  to 
South  .America  and  the  West  Indies.  It  burrows 
in  the  ground,  or  in  hollow  trees ;  lives  on  vegeta- 
bles ;  is  voracious  like  a  pig,  and  makes  a  similar 
grunting  noise.  It  holds  its  fiKid  in  its  fore  paws, 
like  a  stpiirrel.  When  scared  or  angry,  its  hair  is 
erect,  ami  it  strikes  the  ground  with  its  hind  feet. 
Its  flesh  is  wliite  and  well  tasted.  Encijc. 

A-GR.A.\r.MA-TIST,  n.  [Gr.  u  priv.  and  )/>u/<f«i,  a 
letter.] 

An  illiterate  person. 

A-GRA'R1-Ai\,  «.    [L.  anrarin.*,  from  airer,  a  field.] 

1.  Relating  to  lands.  AiipropriaUlij,  denoting  or 
pertaining  to  an  equal  division  of  lands  ;  as,  the 
O'srarian  laws  of  Rome,  which  distributed  the  con- 
quered and  other  public  lands  equally  among  all  the 
citizens,  limiting  the  quantity  which  each  might 
enjoy.  Authors  sometimes  use  the  word  as  a  uoitn  ; 
ati  axfariaji,  for  a<rrarian  law.  Burke. 

An  agrarian '  distribution  of  land  or  property 
would  make  tlie  rich  poor,  but  would  not  make 
the  poor  rich. 

2.  Pertaining  to  agrarianism. 
A-GRa'RI-A.\,  «.    One  in  favor  of  an  equal  division 

1       of  projierty  among  the  inhabitants  of  a  country. 
1    A-GRa'RI-AN-IS.M,  71.    An  equal  division  of  lands 
or  property,  or  the  principles  of  those  who  favor 
'       such  a  division. 

I    A-GlliiE',  V.  L    [Ft.  airrcer,  from  gT6,  will,  accord. 

I  This  is  contracted  from  Sp.  anrailar.  Port,  id.,  to 
please,  to  gratify,  whence  airradable^  agreeable ; 
from  the  root  of  L.  gratm,  W.  r/i<irf,  grace,  favor, 
that  comes  freely.  The  primary  sense  is  adcancing, 
from  the  same  root  as  L.  graduir ;  W.  r/iai,  [rhath  ;J 
Syr.  j^j  radah,  to  go.] 

1.  To  be  of  one  mind  ;  to  harmonize  in  opinion  ; 
as,  in  the  expediency  of  tlie  law,  all  the  parties 
agree. 

2.  To  live  in  concord,  or  without  contention  ;  as, 
parents  and  children  a^rre  well  together. 

3.  To  yield  assent;  to  approve  or  admit;  fol- 
lowed by  to ;  as,  to  atrree  to  an  offer,  or  to  an 
opinion. 

4.  To  settle  by  stipulation,  the  minds  of  parties 
being  airreeii  as  to  the  terms  ;  as,  to  agree  on  articles 
of  partnership. 

Di.lgt  Uioii  not  agret  with  me  for  n  penny  &  d.-iy  ? —  Mau.  xx. 

5.  To  come  to  a  compromise  of  differences  j  to  be 
reconciled. 

Agrtt  with  iWne  adTenary  quickly.  —  Matt,  t, 

6.  To  come  to  one  opinion  or  mind  ;  to  concur  ; 
as,  to  agree  on  a  place  of  meeting. 

This  sense  differs  not  essentially  from  the  fourth, 
and  it  often  implies  a  resolving  to  do  an  act.  John  ix. 

7.  To  be  consistent;  to  harmonize;  not  to  con- 
tradict, or  be  repugnant ;  as,  this  story  agrees  with 
what  has  been  related  by  others. 

Their  witness  agreed  not  togetlier.  —  Mark  xiT. 

8.  To  resemble  ;  to  be  similar ;  as,  the  picture 
docs  not  agree  with  the  original. 


9.  To  suit :  to  he  aicommodated  or  adapted  to  ; 
as,  the  same  food  does  not  agree  w  itli  every  consti- 
tution. 

A-GRl~;E',  r.  U  To  admit,  or  come  to  one  mind  con- 
cerning ;  as,  lo  agree  the  fact.  Also,  to  reriineile  or 
make  friends  ;  to  put  an  end  to  variance  ;  but  these 
senses  are  unusual  and  hardly  legitimnte.  Let  the 
parties  ajTff  the  fact,  is  really  elliptical;  Let  them 
agree  on  the  fact. 

A-GRF;E-.\-BIL'I-TY,  71.  Easiness  of  disposition. 
[.-Vu!  «.<(•(/.  1^  Chaucer. 

A-GRkE'A-BLE,  a.  Suitable;  conformable  ;  corre- 
s[Kin(lent ;  consistent  with  ;  as,  the  practice  of  virtue 
is  agreeable  to  the  law  of  God  and  our  own  nature. 

2.  In  pursuance  of ;  in  conformity  with  ;  as, 
agreeable  to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  House  took 
up  the  report  of  the  committee.  It  is  not  correctly 
followed  by  v)iOi.  In  this  sense,  some  writers  use 
afsreeabltj  for  agreeable,  but  in  violation  of  the  true 
principles  of  construction  ;  for  the  word  is  an  ad- 
jective or  attribute,  in  agreement  with  the  last 
clause  of  the  sentence.  The  House  took  up  the 
report  of  the  coiiiinittee,  (which  taking  up  was) 
agreeable  to  the  order  of  the  day.  The  use  of  agrec- 
ahhj  ill  this  sentence  would  pervert  the  sense. 

3.  Pleasing,  either  to  the  mind  or  senses ;  as, 
ainrrahle  manners  ;  fruit  agreeable  to  the  taste. 

A-GRkE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Suitableness:  conform- 
ity ;  consistency  ;  as,  the  agreeableness  of  virtue  to 
the  laws  of  God. 

2.  The  quality  of  pleasing  ;  that  quality  which 
gives  satisfaction  or  moderate  pleasure  to  the  iiiind 
yr  senses ;  as,  an  agreeableness  of  manners  ;  there 
IS  an  agrreablenesn  in  the  ta.ste  of  certain  fruits. 
This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  word. 

3.  Resemblance  ;  likeness ;  with  to  or  betteeen. 
The  azreeahtenett  betiseen  man  and  other  piirts  of  creation. 

[06*.]  Oreu). 

A-GRkE'A-BLY,  adv.  Pleasingly ;  in  an  agreeable 
manner ;  in  a  manner  to  give  plca.surc  ;  as,  to  be 
agreeably  entertained  with  a  discourse. 

2.  Suitably ;  consistently  ;  conformably. 

The  efT'-ct  of  which  is,  lliat  marriages  less  fn-^iiieut, 

agreeably  10  the  maxim  aliove  Ui3  ilown.  Paley. 

This  is  a  gross  error,  proceeding  from  mistake. 
Jigreeabhj  signifies,  in  an  agreeable  manner;  but  this 
is  not  the  sense,  nor  does  the  word  modify  the  verb 
oToir.  The  sense  i^  Marriages  grow  less  fretpient, 
which  (fact,  or  whide  member  of  the  sentence,  or 
proposition)  is  agreeable  to  the  maxim  above  laid 
down.  This  use  of  agreeably  is  comuion,  but  very 
erroneous. 

3.  Alike  ;  in  the  same  manner. 

Tioi\i  nmvd  agreeably.    [Obs.]  Sjieiiser. 
A-CwKiiED' ,  pp.     Being  in  concord  or  harmony  of 
opinion  ;  of  one  mind. 

Can  two  walk  to^nher  except  they  be  agreed  7  —  Amos  iii. 

3.  Assented  to ;  admitted  ;  as,  a  proposition  is 
agreed  to, 

3.  Settled  by  consent;  implying  bargain  or  con- 
tract ;  as,  the  tenus  were  agreed  t,i,  or  agreed  upon. 

A-GRl'?.E'I.\G,  ppr.  Living  in  ciacord  ;  concurring; 
assenting  ;  settling  bv  consen'. 

A-GRkE'L\G-LY,  adv.    In  conformity  to.  [Ltliie 

H.^■<•//J 

A-GR hE'iME\T,  7u  Concord  ;  harmony ;  conformity. 
Whtvt  agreement  hath  the  temple  of  Go<l  with  idols  ?  — 2  Cor.  vi. 

2.  Union  of  opinions  or  sentiments  ;  a-s,  a  good 
agreement  subsists  aaiong  the  members  of  the 
council. 

3.  Resemblance ;  conformity  ;  similitude. 
Expansion  aud  (turttion  have  this  fiirtlter  agreement.  Locke. 

4.  Union  of  minds  in  regard  to  a  transfer  of  in- 
terest; bargain  ;  compact;  contract ;  stipnlatiim  ;  as, 
he  made  an  agreement  for  the  purchase  of  a  bouse. 

Make  .an  agreement  with  me  by  a  present.  —  2  Kin^  xviii. 

5.  In  grammar,  concord,  which  see. 
A-GRE.S'Tie,       j  a.    [L.  ojrc^fw ;  Fr.  agre.^e ;  from 
A-G  U  ES'TIC-AL,  i    L.  ager,  a  field,  or  the  same 

root.] 

Rural ;  nistic  ;  pertaining  to  fields  or  the  country, 
in  opposition  to  the  city  ;  unpolished.  Gregory. 

A-GRIF-O-LA'TIO.V,  n.    Cultivation  of  the  soil. 

AG'RI-eUI^TOR,  ru  [L.  ager,  a  field,  and  cultor,  a 
cultivator.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  till  the  ground  ;  a 
farmer  ;  a  husbandman  ;  one  skilled  in  husbandry. 

AG-Rl-CUL'TIIR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  husbandry, 
tillage  or  the  culture  of  the  earth. 

AG'RI-CUL-TITRE,  n.  [L.  o^^cr,  a  field,  and  cuUura, 
cultivation.   See  Acre  and  Ci  ltube.I 

In  a  general  sense,  the  cultivation  of  the  ground, 
for  the  purpose  of  producing  vegetables  and  fruits, 
for  the  use  of  man  and  beast ;  or  the  art  of  prepar- 
ing the  soil,  sowing  and  planting  seeds,  dress- 
ing the  plants,  and  removing  the  crops.  In  this 
sense,  the  worti  includes  gardening,  or  horticulture, 
and  also  the  raising  and  feeding  of  cattle  or  stock. 
But  in  a  more  common  and  appropriate  sense,  it  is  used 
to  signify  that  species  of  cultivation  which  is  in- 


tended to  raise  grain  and  ullier  field  crops  fur  man 
aiitl  beast.    It  is  equivalent  t<i  bn^banilry. 

Jtgrieullure  is  the  most  genenil  occupation  of  man. 

AG-RI-CUL'TUR  IS.M,  n.  The  a«  or  science  of 
agriculture,    f/.ittle  i/.sf</.] 

AG-Rl-CUL'TIJR-IST,  ;i.  One  skilled  in  the  art  of 
cultivating  the  ground  ;  a  skillful  husbandman. 

AG'RI-MO-MY,  71.  [L.  argrmonia,  from  the  Gr. 
Thus  it  is  writtim  by  Pliny,  lint  in  lower  l^tin 
it  is  written  agrimonia.  SaitI  lo  be  from  Gr.  ap)  tiia, 
the  web  or  pearl  of  the  eye,  from  woj  oj,  white, 
which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure.  See  The- 
oph.  887.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  of  several  species.  Of  these, 
the  etipatoria  or  coiiiiikui  agrimony,  and  the  odorata 
or  sweet-scented,  arc  the  most  useful.  It  is  a  inild 
astringent  and  stomachic.  Kneye. 

AG-RIP-PI.\'I-A.\.«,  «.  pi.  In  elnirch  hi-ttory,  the  fid- 
lowers  of  .Agrippiniis,  bishop  of  Carthage  in  the  third 
century,  who  first  tttught  and  defended  the  doctrine 
of  rebaptization.  Kncyc. 

A-GKISE',  e. /.    [Sax  agrijmn.] 

To  shiver.    [A'lvf  1/1  ii>e.]  Chancer. 

A-GRf.«E',  i;.  t.  To  terrify  ;  also,  to  make  frightful. 
\J\^tit  in  i/.vc]  Sprn.-ier. 

A'tlllO.M,  71.  A  disease  frequent  in  Hi  ngal  and  other 
parts  of  the  East  liiilies,  in  which  the  tongue  chaps 
and  cleaves,  becom.-s  r(»ugh,  and  st<iiietinies  covered 
with  white  spots.  The  remedy  is  some  chalybeate 
liquor,  or  the  juice  of  inint.  Eneyc. 

A-GR().\'0-.MY,  71.  [Gr.  uj poj,  a  field,  and  mp-jj,  a 
rule.] 

The  art  of  cultivating  the  ground  ;  agriculture. 

Brande. 

AG-RO-STEM'MA,  71.  A  genus  of  plants  of  several 
species,  containing  the  common  corn  cockle,  wild 
Ivclinis  or  campion,  &.C. 

A-GROS'TIS,  71.    [Gr.  ay/iMnns.] 

Uenl-gra.ss  ;  a  genus  of  many  species. 

A-GRO.S-TOG'R.\-PIIY,  n.  A  description  of  the 
grasses. 

A-GROS-TOL'O  CY,  71.    [Gr.  ayptoarif,  grass,  and 

Xo>  "i.] 

That  part  of  botany  which  relates  to  the  grasses. 

Brande. 

A-GROUND',  adv.  [Of  a,  al,  or  011,  and  ground.] 
1.  On  the  ground  ;  a  marine  term,  signifj  ing  that 
the  bottom  of  a  ship  rests  on  the  ground  for  want  of 
sufRcient  depth  of  water.  When  the  ground  is 
near  the  shore,  the  ship  is  said  to  be  ashore  or 
stranded. 

Q.  Figuratively,  stopped  ;  impeded  by  insuperable 
obstacles. 

a'GuE,  (a'gu,)  77.  [Sax.  age,  oga,  or  hoga,  fear,  hor- 
ror ;  Arm.  hegea,  to  shake  ;  Goth,  agis,  fear,  agyan  or 
ogan,  to  fear  ;  Ir.  agh,  fear,  agba  or  aghaim,  lo  fear. 
The  radical  idea  is  a  shaking  or  shivering  similar  lo 
that  occasioned  by  terror.] 

1.  The  cold  fit  which  precedes  a  fever,  or  a  par- 
oxysm of  fever  in  interinittenls'.  It  is  accom|>anied 
with  shivering. 

2.  Chilliness  ;  a  chill,  or  state  of  shaking  with 
cold,  though  in  health. 

3.  It  is  used  for  a  periodical  fever,  an  inteniiillent, 
whether  quotidian,  tertian,  or  quarliin.  In  this  ca.si-, 
the  word,  which  signifies  the  preceding  cold  fit,  is 
used  for  the  disease. 

A'GuE,  r.  ^  To  cause  a  shivering  in  ;  to  strike  with 
a  colli  fit.  JIayirood. 

A'Gf'i:-eAkE,  71.  A  hard  tumor  on  the  left  side  of 
the  belly,  lower  than  the  false  ribs ;  supposed  to  be 
the  effect  of  intermittent  fevers.  Kneye. 

A'Guf.'I),  a.  Chilly  ;  having  a  fit  of  ague  ;  shivering 
with  cold  or  fear.  Sliak. 

A'GC'E-FIT,  71.  A  paroxysm  of  cold,  or  shivering; 
chilliness. 

A'GvE-PROOF,  ji.  Able  to  resist  agues  ;  proof 
against  agues. 

A-GUER'RY,  r.  (.  [Fr.  agurrrir ;  from  guerre,  war.] 
To  inure  to  the  n.ardsliips  of  war ;  to  instruct  in 
the  art  of  war.    [jV>(  111  use.]  Lyttletvn. 

A'GtJt^SPELL,  71.  A  chann  or  spell  to  cure  or  pre- 
vent ague.  Gay. 

A'GCB-STRUCK,  a.    Struck  with  .ague.  Ilnryt. 

A'GOE-TREK,  71.  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  sas- 
safras, on  account  of  its  febrifuge  qii.alilies.  Encuc. 

A-GUISE',  r.  L  [See  Guise.]  To  dress  ;  to  adorn. 
[jVot  in  luie.]  Sprnser. 

.\-GUI$E',  n.    Dress.    [JVot  in  use.]  .More. 

A'GU-ISH,  a.  Chilly  ;  somewhat  cold  or  shivering  ; 
also,  having  the  qualities  of  an  ague. 

Her  aguUh  love  now  glows  and  bnms.  Granville. 

A'GU-ISH-NESS,  ru  Chilliness;  the  quality  of  being 
aguish. 

A-GUIL-L.\-NEPF',  ti.  [from  a,  to,  gui,  misletoe, 
and  /'an  7101/,  the  new  year.] 

A  form  of  rejoicing  among  the  ancient  Franks,  on 
the  first  day  of  the  year  ;  derived  from  the  dniidical 
custom  of  cutting  misletoe,  which  w.as  held  s,acrcd 
by  the  dmids,  and,  on  the  first  day  of  the  year,  con- 
secrating it  by  crying  agutllaneuf,  the  new  year  to 
the  misletoe.    This  cry  is  said  to  be  still  observed  in 


"  "  I  

TO.NE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  —  AA-"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


2,0 


AID 


some  parts  of  Frnnce  ;  ami  the  ti  rm  came  to  signify 
also  a  begging  of  New  Year's  gifts.  Eiicijc. 
A'GUL,  )i.    A  species  of  tlie  Hedysaruiii. 

AH,  [Ger.  oc/i.]  An  exclamation,  expressive  of  sur- 
prise, pity,  complaint,  contempt,  dislike,  joy,  exul- 
tation, &c.,  according  to  the  manner  of  utterance. 

X-Ha'  ;  an  exclamation  expressing  triumph,  con- 
tempt, or  simple  surprise ;  hilt  the  senses  are  dis- 
tinguished by  very  dilferent  modes  of  utterance, 
and  different  modifications  of  features. 

2.  A  sunk  fence,  not  visible  without  near  ap- 
proach ;  spelt  more  comumnlv,  hah-hah.  Masuiu 

A-HAX'I-GEIl,  n     A  name  of"  the  gar-fish. 

A-HEAD',  (a-hed',)  adi:    [a  and  lieail,  or  at  head.] 

1.  Further  forward  than  another  thing  ;  in  front ; 
originally,  a  sea  term,  denoting  further  forward  than 
another  ship,  or  on  the  point  to  which  the  stem  is 
directed,  in  opposition  to  astern.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  Onward  ;  forward  ;  toward  the  point  before  the 
stem  or  head  ;  as,  move  ahead. 

3.  Headlong  ;  without  restraint  ;  precipitantly  ; 
as,  children  sulTered  to  run  ahead.    [JVo«  tu^ed.] 

L'Kstraji^e. 
A-HElGHT',  (a-hlte',)  adv.    [a  and  height.] 

Aloft ;  on  hish.    [.\ot  ii.^-cd.]  Shak. 
A-IIiGH',  ai/r.    On  high.    [Mt  used.] 
A-HoLD',  adv.    Near  the  wind;  as,  to  lay  a  ship 

aAold.  JJ\"ut  in  use]  Shak. 
A-HOL'.Af,  n.    The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of  Cer- 

brra.    Its  fruit,  is  a  plum  or  dmpe,  the  kernels  of 

which  are  very  poisonous. 
A-HOY',  eielam.    A  sea  term  used  in  bailing. 
XH'RI-.MAN.    See  Ariman. 

A-HULL',  adv.  With  the  sails  furled,  and  the  helm 
lashed  ;  applied  to  sliips  in  a  storm. 

AI,  n.    The  three-toed  sloth.    {Bradypus.)    P.  Cyc. 
AI-AI'A,  n.    The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of  PtataU 

ea  or  spoonbill  ;  called  also  the  roseate  spoonbill, 
AI-Cu'RUS,  n.    A  large  and  beautiful  species  of  par- 
'  rot,  found  in  Brazil  ;  its  head  beautifully  variegated 
with  yellow,  red,  and  violet  colors  ;  its  body  green  ; 
the  tips  of  its  wings  red,  and  its  tail  long  and  yel- 
low. Diet,  of  Mil.  Hist. 
AID,  V.  t.  [Fr.  aider  to  help  ;  It.  aiutare,  which  seems 

to  be  contracted  from  L.  adjuto.  In  .\r. 


aid,  signifies  to  assist  or  strengthen  ;  and  i  N 1  ayada, 

and      \  adawa,  to  help.   In  Welsh,  ced  is  a  benefit, 

and  the  word  wa.s  used  to  denote  the  aids  of  feudal 
tenants.] 

To  help  ;  to  assist ;  to  support,  either  by  furnish- 
ing strength  or  means  to  efi'ect  a  purpose,  or  to  pre- 
vent or  remove  evil. 
AID,  »i.    Help  ;  succor ;  support ;  assistance.  Watts. 

2.  The  person  who  aids  or  yields  support ;  a  help- 
er ;  an  auxiliary  ;  also,  the  thing  that  aids  or  yields 
succor. 

3.  In  F.nalish  law,  a  subsidy  or  tax  granted  by 
parliament,  and  making  a  part  of  the  king's  reve- 
nue. 

In  Franre,  aids  are  equivalent  to  customs  or  du- 
ties on  certain  consumable  commoditiesj  particular- 
ly wines  and  liquors  ;  nearly  equivalent  to  the  Eng- 
lish excise. 

4.  In  England,  a  tax  paid  by  a  . tenant  to  his  lord  ; 
originally,  a  mere  gift,  which  afterward  became  a 
right  deniandable  by  the  lord.  The  aids  of  this 
kind  were  chiefly  three.  1.  To  ransom  the  lord 
when  a  prisoner.  2.  To  make  the  lord's  eldest  son 
a  knight.   3.  To  marry  the  lord's  eldest  daughter. 

Blae.kstone. 

5.  An  aiddecamp,  so  called  by  abbreviation. 

6.  To  pray  in  aid,  in  law,  is  to  call  in  a  person  in- 
terested in  a  title,  to  assist  in  defending  it.  Thus 
a  tenant  for  life  may  pray  in  aid  of  him  in  remain- 
der or  reversion  ;  that  is,  he  may  pray  or  petition 
that  he  may  be  joined  in  the  suit  In  aid  or  hi  lp  main- 
tain the  title.  This  act  or  petition  is  called  aid- 
prayrr.  Cojcel.  BUickslone. 

Court  of  aids,  in  France,  is  a  court  which  ha-s  cog- 
ni7.ance  uf  causes  respecting  duties  or  customs. 

Kncye. 

AID'ANCE,  71.  Aid;  help;  assistance.   [Liule  used.] 

Shak. 

AID'ANT,  a.   Helping  ;  helpful ;  nupplying  aid.  [JVot 
used.] 

AID'DE-eAMP,  (aid'de-kong,)  ji.  [Fr.l 

In  mditnry  ajfairsy  an  ollicer  wliosi;  «luty  is  to  re- 
ceive and  conmiunicate  the  orders  of  a  general  ofh- 
C4fr.  It  IN  desimble  that  this  word  shuuld  be  natu- 
ralized, and  no  longer  pronounced  aid'de^konir, 

AID'KI),  pp.    Assinted  i  supported;  furnlaheu  with 
ftucrnr. 

AID'Ell,  n.    One  who  helps;  an  assistant,  or  anvil- 
AII)'IN(;,  ppr.  Helping;  aj*fi'*ting.  ['ary. 
AID'I.E.SK  a.    IlelplesH  ;  without  aid  ;  unsiipporti:d  ; 
undefendnd.  Shak. 


AIR 


Al'GRET,  Al'GRETTE,  n.  A  tuft,  as  of  feathers, 
diamonds,  &c. 

2.  In  zoology,  a  name  of  the  small  ivhite  heron. 
[See  Egret.]    '  Dtct  of  JTat.  IRsU 

3.  In  botany.    See  Egret. 

Al'GU-LET,  n.  [Fr.  Usually  contracted  into  Ai- 
glet.] 

A  point  or  tag,  as  at  the  ends  of  fringes. 
AlK'RAW,  7t.  A  popular  name  of  a  species  of  lichen, 

or  moss.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

AIL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  egUan,  to  be  troubled,  to  be  irksome  ; 
egle,  trouble,  grief.  In  the  Saxon,  it  is  impersonal.] 
To  trouble  ;  to  affect  with  uneasiness,  either  of 
body  or  mind  ;  used  to  express  some  uneasiness  or 
affection,  whose  cause  is  unknown  ;  as,  what  ails 
the  man  i   I  know  not  what  a'ds  him. 

What  aileOi  Ihee,  Hagar?  — Gen.  xxi. 

It  is  never  used  to  express  a  specific  disease.  We 
never  say,  he  ails  a  pleurisy  ;  but  it  is  usual  to  say, 
_  he  ails  something  ;  he  ails  nothing ;  nothing  ails  him. 
aIL,  n.  Indisposition,  or  morbid  affection. 
AlL'ING,  ppr.  Diseased;  indisposed;  full  of  com- 
_  plaints. 

AlL'MENT,  7!.    Disease;  indisposition;  morbid  af- 
fection of  the  body  ;  but  the  word  is  not  applied  or- 
_  dinarily  to  acute  diseases. 

AliM,  V.  i.  [Clii.  Ir.  oig-ham,  to  eye.  Skinner  refers 
this  word  to  the  old  Fr.  esiner.  If  this  was  the  or- 
thography, I  know  not  its  allinities.] 

To  point  at,  with  a  missive  weapon  ;  to  direct  the 
intention  or  jiurpose  ;  to  attempt  to  reach, or  accom- 
plish ;  to  tend  toward  ;  to  endeavor ;  followed  by 
at  before  the  object ;  as,  a  man  aijns  at  distinction  ; 
or  aims  to  be  rich. 
2.  To  guess  or  conjecture.    [O&s.]  Shak. 

AIM,  r.  t.  To  direct  or  point,  as  a  weapon  ;  to  direct 
to  a  particular  object ;  as,  to  aim  a  musket  or  an  ar- 
row, the  fist  or  a  blow  ;  to  aim  a  satire  or  a  reflec- 
tion at  some  person  or  vice. 

Al.M,  n.  The  pointing  or  direction  of  a  missile  weap- 
on ;  the  direction  of  any  thing  to  a  particular  point 
or  object,  with  a  view  to  strike  or  affect  it ;  as  of  a 
spear,  a  blow,  a  discourse,  or  remark. 

2.  The  point  intended  to  be  hit,  or  object  intend- 
ed to  be  affected  ;  as,  a  man  missed  his  aim. 

3.  Figuratively,  a  purpose;  intention  ;  design  ; 
scheme ;  as,  men  are  often  disappointed  of  their 
aim.  ^ 

4.  Conjecture ;  guess. 

It  is  impossible,  by  aim,  to  tell  it.    \Not  used  ] 

Spenser  on  Ireland. 

AIM'£D,  pp.    Pointed  ;  directed  ;  intended  to  strike 

or  affect. 
aI.M'EK,  n.    One  that  aims. 

AlM'ING,  ppr.  Pointing  a  weapon  at  an  object ;  di- 
recting any  thing  to  an  object ;  intending  ;  purpos- 
ing. 

AIM'LESS,  a.    Without  aim. 
Al.M'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  aim. 
AlR,  H.    [Fr.  air  ;  L.  aer  ;  Gr.  ai/p  ;  It.  aria  ;  Pp.  aip-e ; 
Port,  ar;  Arm.  ear,  eer ;  Ir.  aer;  W.  aioyr;  Cli.'V'iK, 

aur;  Syr.  ijj,  aar ;  Eth.  Ar.    Ljl,  aiijar. 

This  word,  in  the  Shcmitic  languages,  falls  under 
the  root  iiN  Heb.  and  Ch.,  to  shine.  The  radical 
sense  is  to  open,  expand ;  whence  clear ;  or  to  flow, 
to  shoot,  to  radiate.] 

1.  The  fluid  which  we  breathe.  Air  is  inodor- 
ous, invisible,  insipid,  colorless,  elastic,  possessed 
of  gravity,  and  easily  moved,  rarefied,  and  con- 
densed. 

Almospherie  air  is  composed  by  volume  of  20  or 
21  oxygt-n,  and  80  or  79  nitrogen  ;  by  weight,  of  8 
oxygen  to  28  nitrogen. 

The  body  of  air  surrounding  the  earth  is  called 
the  atmosphere.  The  specific  gravity  of  air  is  to  that 
of  water  nearly  as  1  to  828.  Air  is  necessary  to 
life ;  being  inhaled  into  the  lungs,  the  oxygenous 
part  is  separated  from  the  azotic,  and  is  supposed  to 
furnish  the  body  with  he.at  and  animation.  Air  is 
also  the  medium  of  sounds,  and,  under  ordinarj' 
circumstances,  is  necessary  to  combustion. 

2.  An  aeriform  body  ;  a  gas ;  as,  oxygen  is  called 
vital  air. 

3.  Air  in  motion  ;  a  light  breeze. 

liCt  vcm:U  oir*  through  trembling  oslcra  play.  Pope. 

4.  Vent ;  utterance  abroad  ;  publication  ;  publici- 
ty ;  as,  a  story  has  taken  air. 

You  gave  it  fiir  lyfun?  me.  Dryden. 

JVivd  is  used  in  like  manner. 

.'■>.  A  tune  ;  a  short  sorig  or  piece  of  music  adapted 
to  words  ;  also,  the  peculiar  niodlilation  of  the  notes, 
which  gives  music  its  character  ;  as,  a  soft  air  A 
song  or  piece  of  poetry  ftir  singing;  also,  the  lead- 
ing part  of  a  tun<!,  or  that  which  is  intended  to  ex- 
hibit the  greali  st  variety  of  melody. 

6.  The  perulinr  look,  appearance,  manner  or  mien 
of  a  person  ;  :ls,  a  heavy  air  ;  the  (ifr  (tf  a  y<mtli  ;  a 
graceful  air ;  a  lofty  air.  It  is  applied  to  manners 
or  gestures,  as  well  as  to  ftmtiircs. 


AIR 


7.  .lirs,  in  the  plural,  is  used  to  denote  an  afiect- 
ed  manner,  show  of  pride,  haughtiness  ;  as  when 
it  is  said  of  a  person,  he  puts  on  airs.  The  word  is 
used,  also,  to  express  the  artificial  motions  or  car- 
riage of  a  horse. 

8.  In  painting,  that  which  expresses  the  life  of  ac- 
tion ;  manner  ;  gesture  ;  attitude. 

9.  Any  thing  light  or  uncertain  ;  that  is  light  as 
air. 

Who  builds  his  hope  in  air  of  your  fair  looks.    [Q.U.  Obt.] 

/ilMk. 

10.  Advice;  intelligence;  information.  [04s.] 

[Bacon.] 

11.  Different  states  of  air  are  characterized  by  dif- 
ferent epithets;  as,  good  air,  foul  air,  morning  air, 
evening  air;  and  sometimes  air.i  may  have  been 
used  for  ill  scent  or  vapor,  but  the  use  is  not  legiti- 
mate. 

To  take  tlie  air,  is  to  go  abroad ;  to  walk  or  ride  a 
little  distance. 

To  take  air,  is  to  be  divulged  ;  to  be  made  public. 
aIR,  v.  t.  To  expose  to  the  air  ;  to  give  access  to  the 
open  air ;  to  ventilate  ;  as,  to  air  clothes  ;  to  air  a 
room. 

2.  To  expose  to  heat ;  to  warm  ;  as,  to  air  liquors. 

3.  To  dry  by  a  fire ;  to  expel  dampness ;  as,  to  air 
_  linen. 

AlR'A,  n.    Hair-grass,  a  genus  of  plants. 
aIR'-BAL-LOON'.    See  Balloon. 
AlK-BAL-LOON'IST,  n.    One  who  makes  or  uses 

air-balloous.  Ktrbii. 
AlR'-liLAD-DKR,  n.    A  ves:cle  or  cuticle  filled  with 

air,  as  the  cells  of  the  lungs.  Arttutlinut. 
•2.  The  bladder  of  a  fish,  containing  air,  by  which 

it  is  enabled  to  maintain  its  equilibriiua  in  the  wa- 
_  fer. 

AlR'-BORN,  a.    Bom  of  the  air.  Congreve. 

AlR'-BoRNE,  a.    Borne  in  or  by  the  air. 

aIR'-BRaV-ING,  a.    Braving  the  winds.  Shak. 

AlR'-BUILT,  (-bilt,)  a.  Erected  in  the  air  ;  having  no 
solid  foundation ;  chimerical ;  as,  an  air-built  castle ; 
air-built  hopes. 

AIR -CELLS,  71.  pi.  Cavities  or  cells  containing  air. 
In  plants,  certain  cavities  in  the  cellular  tissue,  by 
which  they  are  rendered  buoyant  in  water ;  in  birds, 
the  same  as  the  air-sacs  ;  in  insects,  dilatations  of 
the  air-vessels. 

AIR'-DRAWN,  a.  Drawn  in  air  ;  imaginarj'.  Shak. 

aIR'£D,  pp.  Exposed  to  air  ;  cleansed  by  air;  heat- 
ed or  dried  by  exposure  to  a  fire  ;  ventilated. 

AIR'ER,  71.    One  who  exposes  to  the  air. 
2.  A  frame  on  which  clothes  are  aired. 

aIR'-GUN,  n.  A  pneumatic  engine,  resembling  a 
musket,  to  discharge  bullets  by  means  of  the  elastic 
force  of  coinjiressed  air.  Encyc. 

AIR'-H6LD-ER,  71.  [air  and  hold.] 

An  instrument  for  holding  air,  for  the  purpose  of 
counteracting  the  pressure  of  a  decreasing  cohinin 

_  of  mercury.  Clayjield.  Dury. 

AlR'-HoLE,  71.  An  opening  to  admit  or  discharge  air. 

AIR'I-LY,  adv.    In  an  airy  manner. 

AlR'I-NESS,  71.  Exposure  to  a  free  current  of  air ; 
openness  to  the  air ;  as,  the  airiness  of  a  country- 
seat. 

2.  Gayety  ;  levity ;  as,  the  airiness  of  young  per- 
sons. 

aIR'ING,  ppr.  Exposing  to  the  air ;  warming  ;  dry- 
_  ing. 

aIR'ING,  77.  An  exposure  to  the  air,  or  to  a  fire,  for 
warming  or  drj  ing  ;  also,  a  walk  or  ride  in  the  open 
air ;  a  short  excursion.  The  exercise  of  horses  in 
the  open  air. 

AIR'-JACK-ET,  n.  A  jacket  having  air-tight  cells  or 
cavities  which  can  be  filled  witli  air,  to  render  per- 
sons buoyant  in  swiinniing.  Encyc. 

AIR'LESS,  n.  Not  open  to  a  free  current  of  air; 
wanting  fresh  air,  or  communication  with  open  air. 

AlR'LI.NfJ,  n.    A  thoughtless,  gay  person.  Junson. 

AIR'-PII'E,  71.  A  pipe  used  to  draw  foul  air  from  a 
ship's  hold,  by  means  of  a  communication  with  the 
furnace,  and  the  rarefaction  of  the  air  by  fire.  This 
pipe  is  intended  to  supply  the  comhnslioii  wilh  the 
air  of  the  hold,  by  preventing  the  access  of  other  air 
to  the  fire.  Encyc. 

AIR'-PLANT,  71.  A  name  given  to  certain  plants, 
which  will  pow  fora  long  time,  without  being  root- 
ed in  earth,  or  in  any  other  substance.  They  have 
been  supposed  to  derivt!  their  nourishment  wholly 
from  the  air  ;  but,  in  many  cases,  it  conies  from  oth- 
er plants,  or  from  vegetable  matter,  with  which  they 
are  in  contact.  Brandc, 

AIR'-POISK,  71.  [air  and  poise.] 

An  instnuneiit  to  measure  the  weight  of  the  air. 

AIR'-PUMP,  n.  A  machine  for  exhausting  the  air  of 
a  vessel.  The  machines  for  this  purpose  are  of  dif- 
ferent constructions. 

AIR'-SACS,  71.  pi.  Air-hags,  in  birds,  which  arc  cer- 
tain receptacles  of  air,  or  vesicles  lodged  in  the  fleshy 
parts,  in  the  hollow  bones,  and  in  the  alidonicn, 
which  all  communicate  with  the  lungs.  These  are 
Bup|K)sed  to  render  the  body  speoilicaMy  lighter,  and 
to  supply  the  place  of  a  muscular  diaphragm. 

Encyc 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHyt  METE,  PRfiY  PFNE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 

30 


/ 


ALA 


ALA 


ALB 


of  a  vcssri  in  which  (Mlnriferdus  liqiinrs  wero  kept  ; 
su  called  from  thi;  stone  of  u'hi<'h  it  was  uiafh;.  Al- 
so, till'  namo  of  a  measure,  containing  tin  imiiccs 
of  wine,  or  nine  tif  tiil.    Eiiajc.  Jfaci/tter.  Plinij. 

AL'A-ltAS-TEK,  a.  Made  of  aiahasttr,  ur  rcsi  inlijing 
it.  Jiilili.-^on. 

Mihaslrnm  <leni!rniile ;  a  kiiiil  of  laniinati  il  alabas- 
ter, variegated  witli  fi;;uri's  of  shrub:!  and  troe«, 
found  in  the  province  of  ilohenstein.  Knctic. 

AIj-A-I!AS''rKI-AN,ff.  IVrtainingtoorlikejilabaster. 

AL-A-l!A5i'TlUTE,  n.  A  vase,  box,  or  other  veasel 
of  alabaster,  used  by  tlic  (Jreeks  and  Uoniatis  for 
holding  perfuiues.  JUmcs. 


XIR'-SIIAFT,  71.  A  passajie  for  nir  into  a  mine,  usu- 
ally opened  in  a  perp'enilicular  direction,  and  ineet- 
ini  the  adits  or  horizontal  passaucs,  to  cause  a  free 
circulation  of  fresh  air  through  the  mine.  Encijc. 

AlR-SLACK'i'.'U,  (-slakt',)  a.  Slacked  or  pulverized 
by  exposure  to  the  air;  lus,  airslackeU  lime.  ^ 

A1K'-S'I'1K-UK\G,  (-stur-riiig,)  a.  Putting  the  air  in 
motion.  -"/«!/. 

Aril'-'fllUEAD,  n.  A  name  Riven  to  the  spid(!r's 
webs,  which  are  often  seen  (loating  in  the  air,  and 
serve  to  sup|>ort  the  spider  when  in  quest  of  prey. 

Knci/c. 

AIR'-TIIREAT'EN-ING,  (-thret'ning,)  a.  Thrcat- 
enins  the  air  ;  loftv.  Todd. 

AIR'-TIGHT,  (-tite,)  a.    [air  and  ti^ht-l 

So  tight  or  compact  as  to  be  iinperineable  to  air. 

JIR'-'l'KAI',  71.  A  contrivance  for  the  escape  of  foul 
nir  from  drains,  sewers,  &c. 

AIR'-VES-SEL,  71.  In  plants,  a  spiral  duct  contain- 
ing air,  and  supposed  to  bo  analogous  to  the  lungs 
in  animals.  Kncyc. 

2.  In  insccLi,  a  tube  or  trachea,  Ijy  which  air  is 
conveyed  through  the  body,  for  the  purpose  of  res- 
pinition. 

AIR'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  air;  as,  an  ainj  substance. 
2.  Relating  or  belonging  to  air  ;  liigh  in  air;  as, 
an  airy  flight ;  ainj  region. 

■  3.  Open  to  a  free  current  of  air  ;  as,  an  airy  situ- 
ation. 

4.  Liglit  as  air  ;  resembling  air  ;  thin  ;  unsubstan- 
tial ;  without  solidity  ;  as,  airy  ghosts.  An  airy 
dress  is  one  which  admits,  air,  and  is  cool. 

5.  Without  reality  ;  having  no  solid  foundation  ; 
vain  }  trifling ;  as,  an  airy  scheme  ;  airy  notions. 

6.  Gay  ;  sprightly  ;  full  of  vivacity  and  levity ; 
liglit  of  heart ;  lively  ;  as,  an  airy  girl. 

AIR'Y,  or  a'E-RIE,'  71.    [See  Aerie.] 

Anuinz  sitortsmen,  the  nest  of  the  hawk  or  eagle. 
AIR'Y-EL?-1.\G,  o.    Flying  like  air.  Tlionuion. 
AISLE,  or  AILE,  (ile,)  71.    [Fr.  aile  a  wing  ;  L.  a/a.] 

1.  In  archilccturc,  a  term  applied  to  the  side  por- 
tions of  a  church,  in  distinction  from  the  central 
portion  or  nave.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  walk  or  passage  in  a  church. 
AISL'£)U,  (i'ld,)  u.  Furnished  with  aisles.  Byron, 
AIT,  71.    An  islet,  or  little  i.sle,  in  a  river  or  l.Mte. 
AI-ZOON',  71.    [Sax.  ai:07i,  from  L.  aiiooii.    It  seems 

to  be  composed  of  Gr.  aii,  always,  Sax.  aa,  Eng. 
aye,  and  ^toof,  living.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  called  by  Miller  Snnpercive. 
The  name  h.as,  by  some  writers,  been  applied  to  the 
honse-leek  and  to  the  aloes.  Encyc. 

A-JaR',  aJv.    Partly  open  ;  as  a  door. 

A-JA'V.\,  71.  The  seed  of  a  plant  brought  from  Mal- 
abar, said  to  be  an  excellent  carminative,  and  very 
useful  in  the  colic.  Qniiicy. 

A-J0'G.\,  71.    Bugle-;  a  genus  of  plants.  Enciic. 

AJ'II-TAGE,  or  AD'Jli-TAGE,  ji.  [Fr. from  ajo'uter, 
to  join.] 

A  tube  fitted  to  the  mouth  of  a  vessel,  through 
which  the  water  of  a  fountain  is  to  be  played. 
A-KIIV',  n.    [a,  or  of,  and  kin.    See  Kin.] 

1.  Related  by  blood,  used  of  persons  ;  as,  the  two 
families  are  near  akin. 

2.  Allied  by  nature  ;  partaking  of  the  same  prop- 
erties ;  as,  envy  and  jealousy  are  near  aAiiu  [yViis 
adjective  w  lused  only  after  the  noun.] 

AL ;  in  Arabic,  an  adjective  or  inseparable  prefix,  an- 
swering to  the  Italian  iV,  and  the  Sp.  el  alid  la.  Its 
use  is  to  render  nouns  definite,  like  the  English  tJie ; 
as,  alkoran,  the  koran,  or  the  book,  by  eiiiinence  ;  al- 
cove, alckrmy,  alembic,  almanac,  &.c. 
AL,  in  English,  is  sometimes  a  contraction  of  the  Sa.t. 
athrl,  noble  or  illustrious. 

More  generally,  al,  in  composition,  is  a  contraction 
of  ttlil  or  alt,  old,  and  it  is  prefixed  to  many  names, 
as  Jllburg.    Sax.  eald :  Germ,  alt,  old. 

J)l,  in  the  composition  of  Latin  words,  is  written 
before  I  for  ad,  for  the  ease  of  pronunciation  ;  as  in 
allcvo,  alludo,  for  ad  lei'o,  ad  ludo. 
AL'A-HAS-TER,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  nXa^arpoi' ;  sui>- 
posed  to  be  from  a,  privative,  and  XafilSat'io,  to  take 
or  hold,  and  to  be  so  named  from  its  smoothness,  or 
from  vessels  having  no  handles.  Qh.] 

A  compact  variety  of  sulphate  of  lime,  or  gj  psum, 
of  fine  texture,  and  usually  white  and  semi-pellu- 
cid, but  sometimes  yellow,  red,  or  gray.  It  is  carved 
into  vases,  m.intel  ornaments,  &c.  The  name  is 
occasiontUly  ap|ilied  incorrectly  to  a  compact  variety 
of  carbonate  of  lime.  Dana. 

Among  antiquaries  and  artists,  the  name  alabaster 
■is  given  to  varieties  both  of  carbonate  of  lime  and 
g)-psum  ;  the  alabaster  vessels  of  the  ancients  hav- 
ing been  formed  of  both  those  substances. 

P.  Cyc. 

A  sub-variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  found  in  large 
masses,  fonned  by  the  deposition  of  calcareous  par- 
ticles in  caverns  of  limestone  rocks.  These  concre- 
tions have  a  foliated,  fibrous,  or  granular  structure, 
and  are  of  a  pure  white  color,  or  more  generally  they 
present  shades  of  yellow,  red,  or  brown,  in  undula- 
ting or  concentric  stripes,  or  in  sjiots.  CUaveland, 

Among  the  ancients,  alabaster  was  also  tlie  name 


A-L.ACK',  eiclam.  [Per.  i^)X£>  halaka,  perdition,  de- 
struction, and  alaksadan,  to  perish.] 
An  exclamation  expressive  of  soiTow. 

A-L.\CK'A-UaY  ;  an  exclamation  uttered  to  express 
regret  or  sorrow. 

A-LAC'RI-OUS,  a.  Cheerful. 

A-LAC'Iil-OUS-LY,  adv.   With  alacrity  ;  cheerfully. 

A-LAC'Rl-OUS-NESS,  71.    Itriskness.    [^Vot  u.Hcd.] 

A-LACRI-TY,  71.  [L.  alucritiis,  fniin  aluccr,  alacris.] 
Cheerfulness;  gayety;  spriglitliness ;  more  usually, 
a  cheerful  readiness  or  promptitude  to  do  some  act ; 
cheerful  willingness;  as,  the  soldiers  advanced  with 
alacrity  to  meet  the  enemy. 

A-LAD'IN-IST.S,  71.  pi.  Free  thinkers  among  the  Mo- 
hammedans. Kncyc 

AL'A-LITE,  n.  A  bright  green  variety  of  pyroxene, 
in  prisms  ;  obtained  first  near  tlie  village  of  .\la,  in 
Piedmont.  Cleaveland, 

X-I-A-MI'RE,  (i-la-me'ri,)  »7.  The  lowest  note  but 
one  in  Giiido  Aretine*s  scale  of  music.  Johnson. 

AL-.^-MODE',  adv.  [Fr.  d  la  mode,  after  the  fashion.] 
According  to  the  fashion  or  prevailing  mode. 

miillock. 

AL-A-MODE',  n.    A  thin  glossy  black  silk  for  hoods, 

X-LA-MORT',  a.  [Fr.  d  la  vwrt.]  Depressed  ;  mel- 
ancholy. 

A-LANl)',  adv.   At  or  on  land.  Sidney, 
A-LAN'TIN,  n.    An    amylaceous  or  starchy  sub- 
stance extracted  from  the  root  of  the  Angelica  arch- 
angelica  ;  identical  with  Inulin. 
A'L.4R,a.  [L.  a/a,  a  wing.]   Pertaining  to,  or  having 
AL'A-RY,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  wings.  [wings. 
A-LARM',  71.    [Dan.   larm,   noise,   bustle,  alarm  ; 
larme,  to  make  a  noise  or  bustle,  to  alarm;  G.  /ar77i, 
Idrmen,  id.  ;  Sw.  larm,  larma,  id. ;  Fr.  alurme,  alar- 
mer ;  Sp.  alarma,  alarmar  ;  It.  allarme,  allurutare  ; 
W.  alarm,  a  great  shout,  compounded  of  al,  very, 
most,  and  garm,  an  outcry.    The  Welsh  gives  the 
true  origin  and  primary  signification.] 

1.  Any  sound,  outcry,  or  information,  intended  to 
give  notice  of  aiiproaciiiiig  danger;  as,  to  sound  an 
a/ar77i. 

2.  A  summons  to  arms.  Dryden, 

3.  Sudden  surprise  with  fear  or  terror ;  as,  the 
fire  of  the  enemy  excited  an  alarm. 

4.  Terror ;  a  sensation  excited  by  an  apprehen- 
sion of  danger,  from  whatever  cause ;  as,  we  felt  an 
alarm  at  the  cry  of  fire. 

5.  A  mechanical  contrivance  for  awaking  persons 
from  sleep,  or  rousing  their  attention. 

B.  In  fencing,  an  ap|ieal  or  challenge.  Encyc 
A-L.\R.\I',  V.  L    To  give  notice  of  danger;  to  rouse 
to  vigilance,  and  exertions  for  safety. 

2.  To  call  to  arms  fur  defense. 

3.  To  sur|>rise  with  apprehension  of  danger ;  to 
disturb  with  terror;  to  fill  with  anxiety  by  the  pros- 
pect of  evil. 

A-LXR.M'-IiELL,  71.  A  bell  that  gives  notice  of 
danger. 

A-LAR.M'-€LOCK,  n,  A  clock  which  can  be  so  set 
as  to  ring  loudly  at  a  particular  hour,  to  wake  from 
sleep,  or  excite  attention. 

A-L.\R.M'/;D,  pp.  Notified  of  sudden  danger^  sur- 
prised with  fear ;  roused  to  vigilance  or  activity  by 
apprehension  of  approaching  danger ;  solicitous  at 
the  prospect  or  expectation  of  evil.  Tlius,  we  are 
alarmed  at  the  approach  of  danger,  or  alarmed  for 
the  safety  of  friends  at  sea. 

A-L.vR.M'lNG,  ppr.  Giving  notice  of  approaching 
danger  ;  rousing  to  vigilance ;  exciting  solicitude  by 
a  prospect  of  evil. 

A-LAR.M'ING,  a.  Exciting  apprehension ;  terrify- 
ing; awakening  a  sense  of  danger ;  as,  an  alarming 
message. 

A-LAR.M'ING-LY,  adr.    With  alarm;  in  a  manner 

to  excite  apprehension. 
A-LaR.M'IST,  71.    One  that  excites  alarm. 
A-LARM'-POST,  71.    A  place  to  which  troops  are  to 

repair  in  cases  of  an  alarm. 
A-LAR.M'-WATcn,  71.    A  watch  that  can  be  so  set 

as  to  strike  frequently  at  a  particular  hour,  to 

awaken  attention. 
A-L.iiR'U.M,  for  Alarm,  is  a  corruption,  and  is  not  to 

be  used. 

A-LAS',  exclam.    [Dutch,  helaas  ;  Fr.  helas.] 

An  exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow,  grief,  pity, 
concern,  or  apprehension  of  evil ;  sometimes  fol- 


lowed liy '/'717  or  while;  alas  the  day, Ukv  al:i*'k  a  day  , 
or  a/ay  the  while,  [Obs.]    ^jKtisrr,  exjiressiiig  an  un 
hapiiv  lime. 
A-L.A'l'E',  adr.    Lately.    [A'ot  used.] 

A'La'tED  j       f^"        "  i  alatu.i,  winged.] 

In  naiunil  history,  winged  ;  bordered  by  a  inem 
liranmis  or  leafy  expansion.  Brande. 

AI.-A-TEIt'.NUS,  71.  The  trivial  name  of  a  .speciee 
of  Rliaiiiiius  or  buckthorn. 

ALB,  71.    [L.  albiis,  Gr.  «A/.Of,  while.] 

A  tunic  or  ve.stinent  of  white  linen,  reachinc  to 
the  feet,  worn  by  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy.  Also, 
a  Turkish  coin,  called  also  an  aspcr,  value  one  hun- 
dred and  twelve  mills. 

AL'B.\-TROSS,  71.  An  aqu.itic  fowl^  belonging  to 
the  order  of  .\nseres.  The  bill  is  straight ;  the  upper 
mandible  crooked  at  the  point,  and  the  lower  one 
truncated  ;  tlie  nostrils  are  oval,  open,  and  but  little 
proiiiiiieiit,  and  placed  011  the  sides  ;  the  wings  are 
pennated,  and  there  are  three  webbed  toes  011  each 
foot.  The  upper  part  of  the  body  is  sonietimea 
white,  but  usually  of  a  spotted  brown,  and  the  belly 
white.  It  is  of  the  si/.e  of  a  pelican  or  larger,  very 
voracious,  prej  ing  on  fish  and  small  water  fowls. 
These  fowls  are  seen  in  great  numbers  about  the 
capes  of  the  two  continents,  and  on  the  north- 
eastern shores  of  Asia.  They  are  sometimes  called 
the  ^reat  gull.  Encyc. 

AL-Bi;'lT.  [This  is  supposed  to  be  a  compound  of 
all,  be,  and  it,  and  is  eiiuivalent  to  atlmit,  or  grant 
it  all.] 

Be  it  so ;  admit  all  that ;  although ;  notwith- 
standing. 

Whrn-jut  ye  say.  The  Loid  initb  it,  aVxit  I  hare  not  BiToken.  — 
i'j..  xiii. 


\This  word  is  nearly  antiquated.] 
AL-BES'CE.\T,  a.    [L.  aUiesco,  to  grow  white.] 

Becoming  white  ;  or  rather,  whitish  ;  niixlerate- 
ly  white.  Encyc. 
AL'BI-eoRE,  71.    [Port,  albacor;  aZ  and  iacoro,  "a  lit- 
tle pig.] 

A  marine  fish,  like  a  tunny,  noted  for  following 
ships. 

AI^liI-FI-e.\'TION,  71.    The  act  of  making  white. 

AL-BI-CE\'sr;S,  AL-BI-GEOIS',  ti.  pi.  A  party  of 
reformers,  who  separated  from  the  clmrrh  of  Rome 
in  the  12tli  century  ;  so  called  from  the  .Mbigeois,  a 
small  territory  in  France,  whwe  they  resided.  They 
are  sometimes  confounded  with  the  IValdenses  ;  but 
they  were  prior  to  them  in  time,  differed  from  them 
in  some  of  their  tenets,  and  resided  in  a  different 
part  of  France.  The  Roman  Catholics  made  war 
upon  them,  and  they  gradually  dwindled,  till  the 
Reformation,  when  the  remains  of  them  fi  ll  in  with 
the  followers  of  Zuiiiglius  and  the  Genevan  Protes- 
tants. Encyc. 

AL'BIN,  71.    [L.  albus,  white.] 

A  variety  of  apopliyllite,  of  an  opaque  white  color, 
from  Aussig,  in  Bohemia. 

AL'Bl-NISM,  71.    The  state  or  condition  of  an  albino. 

AL-BI'NO,  71.    [L.  albus,  white.] 

A  white  pt^rson  belonging  to  a  race  of  blacks. 
This  term  was  originally  applied,  by  the  Portuguese, 
to  the  white  negroes  on  the  ciwst  of  Africa  ;  but  is 
now  applied  generally  to  denote  individuals  of  any 
race  of  111*11,  characterized  by  a  preteniatural  white- 
ness of  the  skin  and  hair,  and  a  (leculiar  redness  of 
the  iris  and  jmpil  of  the  eye.  P.  Cyc. 

AL-Bl'i\0-1S.M,  71.    The  state  of  an  albino. 

Partington, 

AI/BI-ON,  71.  An  ancient  name  of  England,  still 
used  in  poetry.  It  is  supposed  this  name  was  given 
to  it  on  account  of  its  white  cliffs. 

AL'BITE,  71.  .\  species  of  mineral,  of  the  fchlspar 
family,  of  a  white  color;  differing  from  the  rommon 
feldspar  in  containing  soda  instead  of  p<itash.  It  is 
a  constituent  of  many  varieties  of  granitic  rocks. 

AL-Bo'R.'V,  71.    A  sort  of  itch,  or  rather  leprosy,  ter- 
minating without  ulceration,  but  with  fetid  evacua-  . 
tions  ill  the  uiouth  and  nostrils.  Quincy. 

AL-Bo'R.VK,  71.    The  white  mule  on  which  Mo- 
h.animed  is  said  to  have  journeyed  from  the  temple  I 
of  Jerusalem  to  heaven.  ' 

AL-BO-Gl.N'E-.\,  71.    [L.]    The  partial  coat  of  the 
eye,  formed  by  the  expansion  of  the  tendons  of  its 
straight  muscles,  at  their  insertion  into  the  sclerotica  '  1 
around  the  cornea.    It  forms  the  white  of  the  eye, 
so  called. 

AL-Bu-GlN'E-OUS,  a.  [L.  albugo,  the  white  «pol  in 
tlie  eye,  from  albus,  white.] 

Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  white  of  the  eye, 
or  of  an  egg.  Encyc, 
Jllbugineous  humor  s  the  aqueous  humor  of  the  eye. 

Encyc.  Quincy. 
AL-BC'GO,  71.  The  white  speck  in  the  eye,  called 
the  pill  a7iii  web,  and  also  the  flm,  haw,  dragon, 
pearl,  or  cicatrice.  It  is  a  disea.se  of  the  eye,  occa- 
sioned by  a  white  opaque  spot  growing  on  the  cornea 
and  obstnicting  vision.  It  is  called  also  leucomoy 
nebula,  pannus  oculi,  onyz,  unguis,  &.C, 

Q^uincy,  Encycm 


TO.N'E,  BJJLL,  XJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


» 


ALC 

AL'BUM,  71.    fl-  whitc.J 

1.  Aiming  t/ie  Homaiis,  a  white  table,  board,  or 
register,  on  which  the  iiaincs  of  public  officers  and 
public  transactions  were  entered.  Lot.  Diet. 

2.  A  book,  originally  blank,  in  which  foreigners 
or  strangers  insert  autographs  of  celebrated  persons, 
or  in  which  friends  insert  pieces  as  memorials  for 
each  other.  Also,  a  book  at  public  places,  in  which 
visitors  enter  their  names. 

AL-BO'iMEN,  n.    [L.,  from  albus,  white.] 

1.  The  white  of  an  egg. 

2.  A  substance,  which  forms  a  constituent  part  of 
both  the  animal  fluids  and  solids,  and  which  exists 
nearly  pure  in  the  white  of  an  egg.  A  substance, 
possessing  the  same  or  simil.ir  properties,  occurs  as 
a  proximate  principle  in  vegetables. 

3.  In  botany,  a  substance  interposed  between  the 
embryo  and  integument  of  the  seed,  in  some  plants. 
It  forms  the  bulk  of  the  seed  in  corn,  coffee,  the 
cocoa-nut,  and  the  cacas. 

AL-Bu'MIN-UUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  having  the 
properties  of  albumen. 

AL'BL'KX,  a.    Auburn.  Encyc. 

AL-BU1U\'U.M,  «.    [L.,  from  albus,  white.] 

The  white  and  softer  part  of  wood,  between  the 
inner  bark  and  the  hard  wood  or  duramen.  In 
America,  it  is  popularly  called  the  sap-wood.  This 
is  annually  acquiring  firmness,  and  thus  becoming 

AIj-CaDE',  n.    See  Alcaid.  [hard  wood. 

AL'CA-HEST,-  )  n.    [Ar.]    A  pretended  universal 

AL'KA-HEST,  )  solvent,  or  menstruum.  [See  Al- 
kahest.] 

AL-CA'lt;,  a.  Pertaining  to  Alcieus,  a  lyric  poet  of 
.\litylene,  in  I.e^hos,  who  flourished  about  the 
forty-fourth  Olympiad  ;  or  to  other  poets  of  the 
same  name,  of  which  three  are  mentioned  ;  one 
an  Athenian  tragic  poet,  and  another  a  Messenian. 

AL-eA'ieS,  71.  ;)(.  Several  kinds  of  verse,  so  called 
from  Alcajus,  their  inventor.  One  kind  consists  of 
five  feet,  a  spondee  or  iambic,  an  iambic,  a  long 
syllable,  and  two  dactyls.  Eacyc. 

S  f  ^ 

AL-C^IB',  n.    [Sp.  atcaijdc;  Port,  alcaide;  Ar. 

kaidon,  with  the  prefix  al,  from         hada,  to  lead, 

rule,  govern.    Hence  the  Cadi  of  the  Turks.] 

Among  the  J\Iiiors,  Spaniard.;,  and  Portuguese,  a 
governor.  In  Portugal,  the  chief  civil  magistrate 
of  a  town  or  city  ;  also,  the  jurisdiction  of  certain 
judges  of  appeal.  In  Spain,  the  governor  of  a  cas- 
tle or  fort ;  also,  a  jailer.       Span,  and  Port.  Vict, 

AI>-e.\L'DE,  n.  [Sp.]  In  Spain,  a  magistrate  or 
judge.  This  word  has  been  sometimes  hnproperly 
confounded  with  alcaid.  P.  Cyc. 

AL-€A-LI.M'E-TER,  ».    See  Alkalimetek. 

AL-€.\X'.\.\,  n.  [.\rabic.]  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Lawsonia  ;  and  a  powder,  prepared  from  its  leaves, 
used  by  the  Turkish  females  to  give  a  golden  color 
to  the  nails  and  hair.  Infused  in  water,  it  forms  a 
yellow  color ;  with  vinegar,  it  forms  a  red.  In 
Cairo,  it  forms  an  article  of  commerce.  From  the 
berries  is  extracted  an  oil,  used  in  medicine.  The 
same  as  Henna.  Encijc.  Thcophrast. 

AI.-C.\-VX'L.\,  n.  In  Spain,  a  tax  on  every  trans- 
fer of  property,  real  or  personal.        m  Kiicyc. 

AL-<;i;'UO,  ;i.  "  [L.] 

The  king-fishiT;  a  genus  of  birds,  of  the  order  of 
PiciE.  'J'he  species  are  numerous.  They  usually 
live  about  rivers,  feeding  on  fish,  which  they  t.ake 
by  darting  into  the  water  with  surprising  velocity. 
[See  Halcyon.] 

AL-eHE.\riG,       )a.    Relating  to  alchemy,  or  pro- 

AL-€HEiM'ie-AL,  j     duced  by  it. 

AE-eHEM'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  al- 
rhiiny. 

AL'€HE-MIST,  ji.    One  who  practices  alchemy. 
AI.-CllE-.MIHT'lt;,       )a.    Practicing  alchemy,  or 
AL-€IIE-.MIST'ie-AL,  j     relating  to  it. 
AE'CIIE  .MV,  n.     [It.  alchimia  ;  Ar.  al,  the,  and 

Ia>a±=}  lamia,  secn  t,  hidden,  or  the  occult  art, 


from  ^-t      '  kamai,  to  hide.  This  word,  according 

to  its  derivation,  would  more  jiroperly  be  spelled 
alchitny.    Hee  CH»:MisTiiif.] 

1.  The  more  Hublime  and  ilitlicult  parts  of  chem- 
istry, and  chiefly  such  as  ridale  lo  the  transnnita- 
llon  of  melaN  into  golil,  the  finding  a  universal 
remedy  for  disen«eM,  and  an  alkahest,  or  universal 
iHilvenl,and  other  thingii  now  trente<l  as  ridiculous. 
TliiH  (iretended  Hcience  was  much  rullivated  from 
the  thirteenth  to  the  Heventeeiilh  century,  but  is 
now  held  In  contempt. 

2.  Kormerly,  a  ii.ixed  metal  used  for  ntensilH. 
AI<G  .MA'.N'l  A.N,  a.    I'erlnining  to  .Mcniaii,  a  Ij^ic 

[Kiel  of  the  twenty-w-venth  01yiii|iiad,  celeJirated 
for  hli  amoroiiH  vcraeii.    The  Alciiianian  verae 


ALD 

consisted  of  six  anapests  or  their  equivalents, 
wanting  the  two  last  syllables.  Encyc. 
AL'€0,  ri.  \  quadruped  of  America,  nearly  resem- 
bling a  dog,  tint  mute  and  melancholy  ;  and  this 
circumstance  seems  to  have  given  rise  to  the  fa- 
ble that  dogs  transported  to  America  become  mute. 
The  animal  was  used  for  food  by  the  native  Ameri- 
cans, and  the  first  Spanish  settlers  ;  but  it  is  said  to 
be  now  extinct.  It  is  known  also  by  the  name  of 
Techichi.  Clavi^rero. 

AL'eO-HOL,  n.     [Ar.  y-nrx^  kahala ;  Heb.  Syr. 

and  Eth.  Snj,  to  paint  with  a  preparation  of 
powder  of  antimony.  The  Oriental  females  still 
practice  the  painting  of  the  eyebrows  with  this 
material.  The  name  was  applied  to  this  substance, 
and  afterward  to  other  fine  powders,  and  to  high- 
ly rectified  spirits.] 

Pure  or  highly  rectified  spirit,  obtained  from  fer- 
mented liquors  by  distillation.  It  consists  of  hy- 
drogen, carbon,  and  oxygen.  It  is  extremely  light 
and  inflammable,  and  a  powerful  stimulant  and  anti- 
septic. This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  word  ;  but 
originally,  in  Arabic,  it  signified  a  fine,  impalpable 
powder,  in  which  sense  it  is  still  used.  Rucyc. 

AL'eO-HOL-STE,  ji.  A  salt  in  which  alcohol  a|>- 
pears  to  take  the  place  of  the  water  of  crystalliza- 
tion. Brande. 

AL-CO-HOL'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  alcohol,  or  partak- 
ing of  its  (lualities,  Alcd.  Rep. 

AL-€0-HOE-I-ZA'TION,  ti.  The  act  of  rectifying 
spirit  till  it  is  wholly  deplile^'niated  ;  or  of  reducing 
a  snbstance  to  an  impalpalile  iiowiler. 

AL'eO-lIOL-iZE,  V.  t.  To  convert  into  alcohol  ;  to 
rectify  spirit  till  it  is  wholly  deplileginated  ;  also, 
to  reduce  a  substance  to  an  impalpable  powder. 

AL-€0-HOL'ME-TER,  n.  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  strength  of  sjiirits,  with  a  scale  gradu- 
ated so  as  to  indicate  the  per-centage  of  pure  al- 
cohol, either  bv  weight  or  volume.  Ure. 

AL-eO-HOL-.MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  al- 
coholineter  ;  as,  alcoJiolmetrical  tables.  Ure. 

AL-eO-MET'Rle-.\L,a.  Relating  to  the  alcoometer ; 
as,  alcometrical  tables.  Ure. 

AL-eO-O.M'E-TER,  n.  [Fr.  alcoomctrc]  An  instru- 
ment contrived  by  Gay-Liissac,  for  determining  the 
strength  of  spirits,  by  indicating  the  per-^entage  of 
pure  alcohol  by  volume.  Ure. 

AL'€OR,  71.  [Ar.]  A  small  star  adjoining  to  the 
large  bright  one  in  the  middle  of  the  tail  of  Ursa 
llajor.  Encyc. 

AL'eo-RAN.    See  Koran  and  Alkoran. 

AL-GOVE'  I       t^''"  "^''"'"i  composed  of  al,  with 


the  Ar.  <_0  kabba,  to  arch,  to  construct  with  an 

arch,  and  its  derivatives,  an  arch,  a  round  house  ; 
Eng.  cubby.] 

1  A  recess,  or  part  of  a  room,  separated  by  an 
estrade,  or  partition  of  columns,  or  by  other  corre- 
sponding ornaments  ;  in  which  is  placed  a  bed  of 
state,  and  sometimes  seats  for  company.  The  bed 
is  sometimes  raised  two  or  three  steps,  with  a  rail 
at  the  foot.  These  arc  frequent  in  Spain.  Encyc. 

9.  A  recess  in  a  library,  or  small  lateral  apart- 
ment for  books ;  or  a  similar  recess  in  a  room  of 
any  ki'id. 

3.  A  covered  building,  or  recess,  in  a  garden. 

4.  A  recess  in  a  grove. 

AL'GY-ON,  71.    The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 

king-fisher.    [See  Halovon.] 
AI.-GV-OiV'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Aleyoneffi,  (.^J- 
ci/onium,)  a  group  or  family  of  zoophytes,  allied  to 
AL'CY-O.N'-ITE,  ?i.    [Su;7ra."]  [the  sponges. 

A  fossil  zoophyte,  somewhat  resembling  a  fungus. 

J.  of  Science, 

AL-GY-O'NI-UM,  JI.  A  family  of  zoophytes,  branch- 
ing somewhat  like  a  plant,  and  when  alive  covered 
with  small  polviis,  shapeil  like  an  expanded  pink. 

AL-DE-Ha'RAN,  ji.  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude, 
situated  in  thi'  eye  of  Taurus.  It  is  the  bright  star 
in  the  group  of  five,  called  the  I/yadcs,      P.  Cyc, 

AIj'DICK,  n.    [L.  alnus  ;  Fr.  aunc,  aulnc  ;  Sax.  air.] 
A  tree,  usually  growing  in  moist  land,  and  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Alnus.    The  name  i.s  apjilied 
also  to  some  species  of  other  genera. 

AI/L)KR  ;  the  ancient  genitive  plural  of  the  Saxon 
"  en/,  all.   It  was  formerly  prefixed  to  adjectives  in 
the  siiprrlalivi' ;  lis,  aldrr-Jirst,  first  of  all ;  alder-best, 
best  of  all ;  alder-licfest,  or  alder-licocst,  (from  lief,) 
dearest  of  all.  Toove. 

A  l/'DElt-M  AN,  n. ;  ;</.  Ai.nEitMEN.  [S:\x.  aid,  ur  cnld, 

"  old,  comp.  older,  older,  and  i7i«/i ;  G.  alt ;  U.  oud.] 
1.  AiiKuigour  Suion  oiicr,iiiir.i,  a  senior  or  supe- 
rior. The  tilli  was  applied  to  princes,  dukes,  carls, 
senators,  and  pii'siding  iiiagislrati'S ;  also  to  arch- 
bishops and  bishops,  implying  superior  wisdom  or 
authority.  Thus  Ethelstan,  duke  of  the  Eiist- 
Anglians,  was  called  nlilrrman  of  all  England ; 
and  there  were  aldermen  of  cities,  counties,  and 


ALE 

castles,  who  had  jurisdiction  within  their  respec- 
tive districts. 

2.  In  present  usage,  a  magistrate  or  officer  of  a 
town  cor])orate,  next  in  rank  below  the  mayor. 
The  number  of  aldermen  is  different  in  different 
cities.  In  London,  the  number  is  twenty-six,  one 
in  each  ward,  and  the  office  is  held  for  life. 

Spelman.  Cowcl.  Encyc. 
In  the  United  Slates,  the  number  of  aldermen 
depends  on  the  charters  of  incorporation.  In  gen- 
eral, aldermen  have  the  powers  of  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  and,  with  the  mayor,  they  constitute  the 
court  of  th«!  corporation.  In  most  of  our  cities  they 
are  annually  elected  by  the  citizens. 

AL'DER-MAN-LiKE,  a.    Like  an  alderman. 

AL'DER-M.\N-LY,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  an  al 
derinan.  Swift. 

AL'DERiV,  a.    Made  of  alder. 

AL'DINE  E-DI"TIONS,  n.  p.  A  term  applied  to 
those  editions,  chiefly  of  the  classics,  which  pro- 
ceeded from  the  jiress  of  Aldus  Manutiiis,  of 
Venice,  for  the  most  part  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  term  has  been  recently  applied  to  certain  ele- 
gant editions  of  English  works. 

aLE,  ji.  [Sax.  ealu,  eale,  or  alolh  ;  G.  dl ;  Sw.  ol ; 
Dan.  ol;  Ir.  ol ;  Clu.  Ir.  olam,  to  drink.] 

1.  A  liquor  made  from  an  infusion  of  malt  by 
fermentation.  It  differs  from  beer  in  having  a 
smaller  proportion  of  hops,  and  hence  being  sweeter, 
and  of  a  lighter  color.  It  is  of  different  sorts,  chiefly 
pale  anA  brown ;  the  first,  made  from  malt  slightly 
dried  ;  the  second,  frfiin  malt  more  considerably 
dried  or  roasted.  Ale  was  the  coininon  drink  of  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  Europe.  It  is  usually  made 
with  barley  ;  but  sometimes  with  wheat,  rye, 
millet,  oats,  &c.  Encyc, 

2.  A  merry  meeting  in  English  country  places,  so 
called  from  the  liquor  drank.  Ben  Jonson, 

Medicated  ales  are  those  which  are  prepared  for 
medicinal  purposes,  by  an  infusion  of  herbs  during 
fermentation.  Encyc, 

aLE'-BENGII,  ji.  A  bench  in  or  before  an  ale- 
house. Iloniilies, 

aLE'-BER-RY,  71.  A  beverage,  made  by  boiling  ale 
with  spice,  sugar,  and  sops  of  bread.  Johnson, 

aLE'-BREVV-ER,  ji.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
brew  ale. 

aLE'-GON-NER,  ji.  [ale  and  coji,  to  know  or  see.] 
An  otficer  in  London,  in  former  times,  whose 
business  was  to  inspect  the  measures  used  in  public 
houses,  to  prevent  frauds  in  selling  liquors.  Four 
of  these  were  chosen  annually  by  the  livery-men, 
in  common  hall,  on  midsummer's  day.  j^ct  of  Pari, 

aLE'-GOST,  Ji.  Gostmary,  a  plant,  a  species  of 
Tanacetum. 

aLE'-FED,  a.    Fed  with  ale.  Stafford. 
aLE'-HOUSE,  ji.    A  house  where  ale  is  retailed ; 

and  hence,  a  tippling-liouse. 
aLE'-IIOUSE-K£EI''£R,  ji.    One  who  keeps  an 

ale-bouse. 

aLE'-KNiGHT,  n.    A  pot  companion.  Camden. 

aLE'-SHOT,  71.    A  reckoning  to  be  paid  for  ale. 

aLE'-SIL-VER,  ji.  a  duty  paid  to  the  lord  mayor 
of  London,  by  the  sellers  of  ale  within  the  city. 

aLE'-STaKE,  71.  A  stake  set  as  a  sign  before  an 
al(!-liouse.  Chaucer. 

aLE'-TaST-ER,  II.  An  officer,  in  former  times,  ap- 
pointed in  every  court  leet,  and  sworn,  to  inspect 
ale,  beer,  and  bread,  and  examine  the  quality  and 
quantity  within  the  precincts  of  the  lordship. 

Cowel. 

aLE'-VAT,  ji.    A  vat  in  which  ale  is  fermented. 

A  LE'-W^SH-£D,  (ale'-wosht,)  a.  Steeped  or  soaked 
in  ale.  Shah. 

aLE'-WIFE,  ji.   a  woman  who  keeps  an  ale-house. 

aLE'VVIFE,  /  JI.    [This  word  is  properly  aloof,  the  In- 

A'LOOF,  i  dian  name  of  a  fish.  See  VVintlirop 
on  the  culture  of  maize  in  America,  Phil.  Trans.  No. 
112,  p.  IO(i.>,  and  Baddam's  Jlemoirs,  vol.  2,  131.] 

An  American  fish,  belonging  to  the  genus  Clupea, 
and  called  Clupea  scrrala.  It  resembles  the  her- 
ring. The  established  pronunciation  is  alewifc,  pi. 
aleirivcs. 

A-LEG-TO-RO!\I'A-GHY,  ji.    [Gr.  o,\£at<.i/j,  a  cock, 

and  iiii\ri,  a  fight.]  Cock-fighting. 
A-LEG'TRY-O-MAN  GY,  7i.  [(Jr.  riXtxrpiiwi/,  acock, 
and  iinvTtia,  divination.] 

An  ancient  practice  of  foretelling  events  by  means 
of  a  cock.  The  twenty-four  letters  were  traQed  on 
the  ground,  and  a  grain  of  corn  laid  on  each  ;  a 
cock  was  then  permilled  to  pick  up  the  grains,  and 
the  letters  under  the  grains  selected,  being  formed 
into  words,  were  supposed  to  foretell  the  event  de- 
sired. Encyc. 
A-LGE',  adv.    [a,  or  at,  and  Ire.    Sec  Lee.] 

In  seamen's  language,  <m  the  side  opposite  to  the 
wind,  that  is,  opiiosile  to  the  side  on  which  it 
strikes.  The  In  liii  of  a  ship  is  alee,  when  jiressed 
close  to  the  lee  sidi'. 

JIard  alee,  or  Luff  alee,  is  an  order  to  put  the  helm 
to  the  lee  side. 

Helm's  alee ;  that  is,  the  krlm  is  aire,  a  notice  given 
as  an  order  to  the  seamen  >o  cause  the  head-sails  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,,  WIl^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


32 


ALG 


ALI 


ALl 


shake  in  the  wind,  witli  a  view  to  bring  the  ship 
abuilt.  Mar.  Dirt. 

AL'E-GAU,  ?i.  [u/f,  anil  I'r.  niVve,  sour.]  Siuir  alu  ; 
the  acid  of  ale  ;  vinegar  made  of  al>- 

AL'K-OlOK,  n.  [Fr.  alcirre  ;  L.  alacci  ^  Gay ;  cheer- 
ful;  spriglitly.    [J\'ii«  v.inl.]  '  Bacm. 

A-LEGUE',  V.  t.  To  lighten  ;  to  lessen  ;  to  assuage. 
[.N-ui  used.] 

ALE'lIUOF,  n.  Ground  ivy  ;  so  called  by  our  Saxnu 
ancestors  as  being  a  chief  ingredient  in  niak-'4g  ale. 

A-LE.MU'D.Vll,  «.     In  '/'iirknj,  an  oliicer  who  )ears 
the  green  standanl  of  Alohainined,  when  the  sii'tan 
appears  in  public.  Eacijc 
S    iSi       S  Ojf 

A-LE.\I'Bie,  71.    [Ar.  al  and  or  j^AjwJ  I  a«- 

bikon,  a  chemical  vessel.] 

A  chemical  vessel  used  in  distillation,  usually 
made  of  glass  or  metal.  The  bottom  |iait,  contain- 
ing the  li(|Uor  to  be  ilistilli'il,  is  called  the  r«rnr/<i7,  ; 
the  upper  part,  which  ri'ceivis  and  couilrnsi's  ihi' 
eteani,  is  called  the  hc<nl,  the  beak  of  which  is  titti'd 
to  the  neck  of  a  receiver.  The  heail  is  more  prop- 
erly the  alembic.  This  vessel  is  not  so  generally 
used  now,  as  the  worm-still  and  retort. 
A-I.EM'HllOTH,  II.  A  compound  of  corrosive  subli- 
mate ami  sal-anunoniac. 
.\-1.K.\(;T11',  ailr.    [a  and  length.] 

Al  fidl  length;  along;  stretched  at  full  length. 

Chuucfr. 

A-LEP'I-DOTE,  71.    rCr.  n  priv.  and  Asiri.,,  a  scale.J 

Any  fish  whose  skin  is  not  covi  ri'd  with  scales. 
A-LEIIT',  a.    [Kr.  alcrle  ;  Sp.  iihrto,  vigilant,  watch- 
fill,  e<lar  alrrla,  to  be  on  the  watch.] 

1.  Watchful;  vigilant;  active  in  vigilance.  Hence 
flM  military  phrase,  upon  the  alert,  upon  the  watcll, 
guarding  against  surprise  or  danger. 

2.  Brisk:  nimble  ;  moving  with  cideiity.  Spectator. 
■\-LWlT'.\E!S.S,  71.   liriskncss  ;  iiinibleness ;  spriglit- 

liness  ;  levity.  jJililiioii. 
AI--E0'RO-i\l.\X-CY,  71.     [Gr.  aXcvpov,  meal,  and 

p  ii  rrta,  divination.] 
*    .\  kind  of  divination  by  meal,  used  by  the  ancients. 

Kiicijc. 

A-LV;0'TI.\N, )  a.     Designating  certain  isles  in  the 
A-LEO'Tie,    (     Tacitic  Ocean,  eastward  of  Kam- 
schatka,  extended  north-eastward  toward  America. 
'J'he  word  is  formed  from  aleut,  which,  in  the  lan- 
guiige  of  these  parts,  is  a  bald  rock.  Tooke. 
A-LEVV,  n.    Shouting;  same  as  Halloo.  [OAs.] 

Spenatr. 

AL-EX-.\N'DER,  71.  The  name  of  a  plant  of  the 
genus  ^niyrniuin.  Muhlenberg. 

AL-EX-AN'l)EirS  FQOT,  n.    The  name  of  a  plant. 

AL-E.K-.-\.\'l)lU-Ax\j  a.'  Pertaining  to  Alexandria. 
There  are  many  cities  of  this  name,  in  various  parts  of 
tlie  earth.  The  term  is  often  applied  as  an  attribute, 
or  used  as  a  noun,  for  one  who  professed  or  taught 
the  sciences  in  the  school  of  .Vlexandria,  in  Egy|)t  ; 
a  place  highly  celebrated  for  its  literature  and  inag- 
niticenci?,  and  whose  library,  it  is  said,  consisted  of 
700,000  volumes.  U'he  Persians  and  'J'urks  write  for 
Alexander,  Seamier  or  Scoiuler ;  and  for  Alexandria, 
Scaiideroiia  ;  hence  Scanderoon,  a  seaport  in  Syria. 

AL-EX-A.X'DRINE,  (71.   A  kind  of  verse,  consisting 

AL-E.\-.\N'DRI-A.\,  (  of  twelve  syllables,  or  of 
twelve  and  thirteen  alternately  ;  so  called  from  a 
poem  written  in  French  on  the  life  of  Alexander. 
This  spi'cies  of  verse  is  peculiar  to  modern  ptietry, 
but  well  adapted  to  epic  poems.  The  vVlexandrine 
in  English  consists  of  twelve  syllables,  and  is  less 
used  than  this  kind  of  verse  is  among  the  French, 
whose  tragedies  are  generally  com|>osed  of  Alexan- 
drines. Pope.  Drijden. 

A-LE.X-I-PIIXR.M'ie,  a.  [Gr.  aXtJw,  to  e.vpel,  and 
tpaj'piiKoi-,  poison.] 

Expelling  or  resisting  poison  ;  antidot.al :  also, 
sudorific  ;  that  has  the  quality  of  expelling  poison  or 
iiifi  ction  by  sweat. 

A-LE.X-I-PH'ARM'ie,  n.  A  medicine  that  is  intended 
to  obviate  (he  effects  of  poison  ;  an  antidote  to  poison 
or  infection.  In  the  latter  si  nse,  applied  to  remedies 
in  malignant  fevers.  l)y  the  Greeks,  the  word  was 
used  for  an  amulet.  Quiitcij.  Encije. 

A-LEX-i-TEIl'ie,     ja.    [Gr.  aXffw,  to  expel,  and 

.\-LE.X-I-Tif.'Rl-.\L,  j    Sn^nT',iiio„,  poison.] 

Resisting  poison  ;  obviating  the  etTects  of  venom. 

A-EEX-I-TER'ie,  71.  A  medicine  to  resist  the  effects 
of  poison,  or  the  bite  of  venomous  animals  ;  nearly 
synonyinous  with  aleripharinic.  Used  Mso  by  the 
Creeks  for  an  amulet.  Quiiicy.  Kiicyc. 

AL'(;A,  n.    rL.l  Se,i-weed. 

AL'Oi.E,  11.  pi.  f  L.]  A  tribe  of  submersed  or  subaque- 
ous plants,  including  the  sea-weeds,  (/''ucits,)  and  the 
lavers,  (Ulra,)  growing  in  salt  water,  and  the  fresh- 
water confervas. 

AL'G.\-R()T,    )  n.    The  name  of  an  emetic  powder. 

AL'GA-UOTII,  j  a  compound  of  the  sesquoxyd  and 
sesquichlurid  of  antimony,  obtained  by  pouring 
water  into  a  solution  of  the  sescpiichlorid  of  that 
niebd.  It  is  either  an  Arabic  term,  or  from  the  name 
of  the  inventor,  Algarotti,  a  physician  of  Verona. 

Ure.    Quiiicy.  Kiicijc. 


AL'GaTES,  ado.  [Sai.  algeats;  all  and  geat,  u  gait, 
a  way.] 

lly  all  means  ;  on  any  terms.  [OAs.] 
So  , 

AL'CiE-P.P..\,  V.  [Ar.  oJ  and^^i>,  gabron,  the  re- 
duction of  parts  to  a  whole,  or  fractions  to  whole 
iiuiiibers,  from  the  verb,  which  signifies  to  consoli- 
date ;  lli  b.  Ch.  ^vr.  and  Eth.        to  be  strong.] 

The  science  ot'  quantity  in  general,  or  universal 
arithmetic.  Algebra  is  a  general  method  of  compu- 
tation, in  which  signs  and  symbols,  wliicli  arc  com- 
monly the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  are  made  to  repre- 
sent numbers  and  quantities.  It  takes  an  unknown 
(piantity  sought,  as  if  granted;  and, by  means  of  one 
or  inoie  quantities  given,  proceeds  till  the  quanfiiy 
s\i|iposcd  is  discovered,  by  some  other  known  quan- 
tity to  which  it  is  equal. 

This  scii'iice  was  of  Oriental  discovery ;  but 
whether  among  the  Arabians  or  Indians,  is  uncertain. 

AL-CE-1!1!.\'I€,        )  a.    Pertaining  to  aluebia  ;  coii- 

.\E-GE-11R.\'1C-.\L,  i  tainingan  operation  of  algebra, 
or  deduced  from  such  operation. 

.^iirfbraic  citrre  ;  aligiire  whose  intercepted  diame- 
ters bear  always  tile  same  proportion  to  tlieir  respec- 
tive ordiiiates.  Baileij. 

Ah-C.  E-liRA'ie-AL-I,Y,  adv.    By  algebraic  process. 

AE-(';E-BRa'1ST,  «.  One  who  is  versed  in  the  science 
of  algebra. 

AE'Gi;-l!RA-IZE,  V.  t.  To  perform  by  algebra,  or  re- 
duce to  algebraic  form, 

AL'GEN-Eli,  71.  A  fixed  star  of  tlie  second  magni- 
tude, in  the  right  side  of  Perseus.  ICiiciic. 

AL  GE-KINE',  n.  [from  jlt/ricrs.]  A  native  oi"  Al- 
pitrs,  a  city  and  a  country  on  the  north  coast  of 
Africa. 

AL-OE-RINE',  a.   Belonging  to  Algiers. 
AL'CID,  a.    [L.  algidus.] 
Cold.    [JVttt  used.] 

AL'Slo-NEsA  Chilliness,  coldness. 

AL-ClF'ie,  a. '  Producing  cold. 

AL'GOL,  71.    A  fixed  star,  in  Medusa's  head,  in  the 

constellation  Perseus,  remarkable  for  its  jieriodic 

variation  in  brightness. 
AL'GOR,  7!.    [L.]    Among  physieians,  an  unusual 

coldness  in  any  part  of  the  body. 
AL'GO-RITH.M,  j  n.    An  Arabic  term,  signiryiiig  nu- 
AL'GO-llISM,     (     merical  computation,  or  the  six 

operations  of  arithmetic.  Johnson.  Eneye. 

Also,  the  common  rules  of  comjmtation  in  any 

branch  of  analysis  ;  as,  the  algorithm  of  the  difler- 

cntial  calcidus.  Barlow.  Brande. 

AL'GOUS,  a.    [L.  alga,  se.vweed.] 

Pertaining  to  seii-weed  ;  abounding  with,  or  like 

sea-weed. 

AIj-OUA-ZtL' ,  71.  An  inferior  officer  of  justice  in 
Spain  ;  a  constable. 

AL-HEN'N.\,  71.   See  Alkexna  and  Henna. 

a'LI-AS,  [L.]  Otherwise  ;  as  in  this  example,  "  Sim- 
son,  alias  Smith  ; "  a  word  used  in  judicial  proceedings 
to  connect  the  different  names  by  which  a  person  is 
called,  who  attempts  to  conceal  his  true  name,  and 
pass  under  a  fictitious  one. 

A'LI-AS,  71.  A  second  writ,  or  execution,  issued 
when  the  first  has  failed  to  enforce  the  judgment. 

AL'I-BI,  71.  [L.]  Elsewhere;  in  another  place  ;  aZa!« 
term.  AVhen  a  persan  is  charged  with  an  offense, 
and  he  proves  that  he  could  not  have  committed  it, 
because  he  was,  at  the  time,  in  another  place,  he  is 
said  to  prove  an  alibi.  The  part  of  a  plea  or  allega- 
tion, which  avers  the  party  to  have  been  in  another 
place,  is  also  called  an  alibi. 

AL'I-BLE,  a.    Nutritive,  or  that  may  be  nourished. 

AL'l-UADE,  71.  [from  the  .\rabic.]  A  name  fiir  the 
index  of  a  graduated  instrument,  (such  as  a  quad- 
rant,) carrj  ing  the  sights  or  telescppe,  and  showing 
the  degrees  cut  off  on  the  arc  of  the  instrument. 

Uutljin. 

aL'IEX,  (al'yen,)  a.  [L.  aliemu!,  from  alius,  another ; 
Ir.  aile,  eile,  oile,  another ;  W.  alt,  other,  and  ai7, 
second  ;  Ann.  eel,  all,  eguile;  Corn,  gcle  ;  Gr.  aAAoj. 
Hence,  L.aiic/io,  to  alienate  ;  a/(cr,  another  ;  whence 
Fr.  alterer,  to  alter;  L.  attcrno,  to  alter,  to  alternate, 

and  alterco,  altercor,  to  altercate.  Eth.  kalra, 
to  alter,  to  change  ;  whence  alius,  another,  the 
second ;  the  first  letter  being  lost,  except  in  the 
Cornish  and  Annoric,  as  it  is  in  alL  See  Class  Gl. 
No.  36,  and  Ludolf,  367.] 

1.  Foreign;  not  belonging  to  the  same  country, 
land,  or  goveniment. 

2.  Belonging  to  one  who  is  not  a  citizen. 

3.  Estranged;  foreign;  not  allied;  adverse  to;  as, 
principles  alien  from  our  religion. 

aL'IEN,  ^i.'yen,)  n.  A  foreigner ;  one  born  in,  or 
belonging  to,  another  country  ;  one  who  is  not  a 
denizen,  or  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  a  citizen. 

2.  In  Scripture,  one  who  is  a  stranger  to  the  church 
of  Christ,  or  to  the  covenant  of  grace. 

Al  that  \xtw,  ye  were  without  Christ,  being  alknt  fium  tite 
conunouwcalth  of  Isrul.  —  Epb.  ii. 

In  France,  a  child  bom  of  residents  who  are  not 


citizens  is  an  aiun.  In  (iriat  Britain,  the  children 
of  aliens  born  in  that  coiiiiiry  are  mostly  natiinl 
born  8Ubji;cts  ;  and  the  cliililreii  of  British  subjectii, 
owing  allegiance  to  the  crown  of  England,  though 
born  ill  other  countries,  are  natural  subjecla,  and 
entitled  to  the  privdeges  of  resident  citizens. 

BluckstuM, 

Jilirn  duty;  a  tax  upon  goods  imported  by  aliens, 
beyond  the  duty  on  the  like  goods  imported  by  citi- 
zens ;  a  discriminating  duty  on  the  tiiuiiage  of  ships 
belonging  to  aliens,  or  any  extra  duties  inqiosed  by 
_  laws  or  edicts  on  aliens. 

Al.-lE.\-.\-lill/I-TV,  71.  'J'he  capacity  of  being  alien- 
ated or  transferred. 

'I'hi*  alUiuiUlili/  of  the  dom.'un.  Burke. 
.\I.'lE,\-A-ltLE,  a.    That  may  be  sold  or  transferred 
to  another;  as,  land  is  alienable  according  to  the 
laws  of  the  state. 
AL'IEN-ACE,  71.    The  state  of  being  an  alien. 

Why  restore  est-itea  lorreitiible  on  account  uf  alienage  7  Sloiy. 
aL'IEN-aTE,  (al'ycn-ate,)  v.  t.    [L.  a(ic7in.] 

1.  'I'o  transfer  title,  property,  or  right  to  another  ; 
as,  to  alienate  lands,  or  sovereignty. 

2.  To  estrange  ;  to  withdraw,  as  the  affections  ;  to 
make  indillerent  or  averse,  where  love  or  friendship 
before  subsisted  ;  with  from  ;  as,  to  alienate  the  lu-art 
or  alfections ;  to  alienate  a  man  from  the  friends  of 
llis  youth. 

3.  'J'o  apply  to  a  wrong  use. 

They  8ti:>Ii  not  alieimte  ttie  lii-Hl  frult»  of  the  I;\thI.  —  Kr/.-k.  xlviil. 
A L'l EX-ATE,  a.    [L.  alienatus.] 

Estranged  ;  willidrawn  from  ;  stranger  to ;  with 
from. 

O  aVttnate  from  God,  O  apiril  nccunl.  Miltun. 
The  Whi^  were  ai'uiiate  from  truth.  Stc\/\. 

aL'IE.V-a-TED,  pp.  Estranged;  withdrawn;  trans- 
ferred to  another. 

aL'1E.\-.^-T1i\G,  ppr.  Estranging;  transferring  to 
another. 

aL-1  EN-a'TION,  n.    [L.  alienatio.] 

1.  A  transfer  of  title,  or  a  legid  conveyance  of  prop- 
erty to  another. 

2.  'J'he  stale  of  being  alienated. 

3.  A  withdrawing  or  estrangement,  as  of  the 
heart  or  affections. 

4.  IXIirium;  derangement  of  mental  faculties; 
msaiiity.  Hooker. 

.^iumation-ojjice,  in  Great  Britain,  is  an  office  to 
which  all  writs  of  covenant  anil  entry,  on  which 
fines  are  levied  and  recoveries  sufferi  d,  are  carried, 
to  have  fines  for  alienation  set  and  paid  ther(;i>n. 

Encijc. 

aL'IEN-A-TOR,  71.    One  that  alienates  or  transfers 
_  property.  »art07i. 
aL-Iei\E',  (ale-yEen',)  v.  t.    [L.  alieno.] 

1.  To  transfer  title  or  property  to  another ;  to  sell. 
Nor  coiiltl  he  a/ie/i*  tlie  estate  even  wiUi  Ihc  conient  of  Uie 

lord.  Blaektlone. 

2.  To  estrange  ;  to  make  averse  or  indifferent ;  to 
turn  the  affections  from. 

The  prince  was  aliened  from  all  thouglits  of  the  nmrriiige. 

Clarendon. 

In  thi^  sense,  it  is  more  common  to  use  alienate. 
aL-IEN-kE',  71.    One  to  whom  the  title  of  property  is 
transferred. 

If  the  altefke  enters  and  becpe  posseesiou.  Blaekttone. 
aL'IEN-IS.M,  (il'yen-izm,)  71.    The  state  of  being  an 
alien. 

The  law  was  very  ^  ntle  in  the  conjtruclioi 
atienitm. 

A-LIFE',  adv.    [a,  or  071,  and  life.] 

On  my  life.  Shak. 
A-LIP'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  a/a,  wing,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

Having  wings. 
AL'I-FOllM,  a.    [L.  nla,  wing,  and  forma,  shape.] 
In  anatomy,  a  term  synonymous  with  pterygoid; 
applied  to  the  pterj  goid   process  of  the  sphenoid 
bone,  and  to  the  ptery  goid  muscles,  which  arise  from 
that  process. 

A-Ll6'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  ala,  wing,and  gero,  to  carrj-.] 

Slaving  wings. 
A-LIGHT',  ».  i.     [Sax.  alJitan,  gelihtan,  lihtan.  See 

LlOHT.] 

1.  To  get  down  or  descend,  as  from  on  horseback 
or  from  a  carriage. 

2.  To  descend  and  settle  ;  as,  a  flying  bird  alights 
on  a  tree. 

3.  To  fall  or  descend  and  lodge  ;  as,  snow  alights 
on  a  roof. 

A-LIGN',  (a-llne',)  v.  t.    [Fr.  a/i>7ier.] 

1.  To  adjust  to  a  line ;  to  Lay  out  or  regulate  by  a 
line. 

2.  t".  i.  To  form  in  line,  as  troops. 
A-LIG.\'.MENT,  71.    [Fr.  alignemcnU] 

The  act  of  ailjusting  to  a  line  ;  tlie  state  of  being 
BO  adjusted  ;  the  line  of  adjustment. 
A-LIKE',  a.    [Sax.  ffc/ic.    See  Like.] 

Having  resemblance  or  similitude  ;  similar. 

The  darkness  aud  Uie  liijht  are  bodi  alike  to  thee.  —  P».  xiii. 

[T/iM  adjective  neeer  precedes  the  noun  vluck  it 
ipidl\fies.] 


f  tlic  disahility  of 
A'eriL 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AM"GEH,  Vl"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THia 


33 


ALK 


ALL 


ALL 


A  LIKE',  adv.  In  the  same  manner,  form,  or  degree ; 
as.  we  are  all  alike  concerned  in  religion. 

He  fasliiuiielli  Uieir  hearts  alike.  —  r&.  xxx'ii. 

A-LtKE'-.MTND-ED,  a.  Having  the  same  mind  ;  but 
Lire-minded  is  more  generally  used. 

.AL'I-.MEN'T,  ;i,  [L.  aliineutuin,  from  alo,  to  feed  ;  Ir. 
ataiiiiy  ailiin,  olaini,  to  feed  or  imrse.] 

Tliat  wliich  nourishes;  food;  nutriment;  any 
ihins  which  feeds  or  adds  to  a  substance,  animal 
or  ve::et:ilile,  in  natural  growth. 

.AL-I-.ME-VT'AL,  a.  Supplying  food  ;  that  has  the  qual- 
ity of  nourishing ;  that  furnishes  the  materials  for 
natural  growth  ;  as,  chyle  is  alimental ;  alimfiital  sap. 

AL-I-.ME.NT'AL-LY,  ailc.  So  as  to  serve  for  nour- 
ishment or  food. 

AL-1-.ME.\T'A-RI-\ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  supply- 
ing nutriment. 

AL-1-ME.\T'A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  aliment  or  food  ; 
having  the  quality  of  nourishing;  as,  alimejttary 
p;irticle3. 

The  alimentary  canal^  in  animal  bodies,  is  the  great 
duct  or  intestine,  by  which  aliments  are  conveyed 
through  the  body,  and  the  useless  parts  evacuated. 

Mimenlartj  law,  among  tke  Roma'is,  was  a  law  which 
obliged  children  to  support  theit  parents.  Encijc. 

Obligation  of  aliment,  in  Sco£i /aw,  is  the  natural  obli- 
gation of  parents  to  provide  for  their  children.  Knatc, 
AL-1-.ME.\T-a''I'10N,  n.    The  act  or  power  of  afford- 
ing nutriment. 
2.  The  state  of  being  nourished.  Johnson,  Bacon, 
.AL-I-.ME.\T'1VE-.\ES.?,    n.     A  word  invented  by 
plirenologists,  to  denote  the  organ  which  communi- 
cates the  pleasure  that  arises  from  eating  and  drink- 
AL-I-Mo'NI-OUS,a.    [See  Alimony.]  [ing. 

Nourishing  ;  affording  food.    [Little  vscJ.] 
AL'l-MO-NY,  n.    [L.  alimonia,  of  alo,  to  feed.  See 
Aliment.] 

An  allowance  made  for  the  support  of  a  woman, 
legally  separated  from  her  husband.    The  sum  is 
fixed  by  the  proper  judge,  and  granted  out  of  the 
husband's  estate.  BlaeJistonc. 
AL'I-OTH,  n.    A  star  on  the  tail  of  the  Great  Bear, 

much  used  in  finding  the  latitude. 
.\L'I-PED,  a.    TL.  a/a,  wing,  and  pc.^,  foot.] 

Wing-footed ;  having  the  toes  connected  by  a 
membrane,  which  serves  as  a  wing. 
AL'I-PED-,  n.  [Supra.] 

An  animal  whose  toes  ate  connected  by  a  mem- 
brane, and  thus  serve  for  wings;  a  cheiropter;  as 
the  bat.  Dumeril. 
AL't-CiUAXT,  a.    [L.  aUqnantum,  a  little.] 

In  arithmetic,  an  aliquant  number,  or  part,  is  that 
which  does  not  measure  another  number  without  a 
remainder.    Thus  .5  is  an  aliquant  part  of  Iti,  for  3 
times  5  is  l.i,  leaving  a  remainder  I. 
AL'I-aUOT,  a.  [L.] 

An  aliquot  part  of  a  number  or  quantity  is  one 
which  will  measure  it  w  ithout  a  remainder.  Thus 
5  is  the  aliquot  part  of  15. 
AL'ISH,  a.    [from  ale.] 

Like  ale  ;  having  the  qualities  of  ale  Mortimer, 
AL'I-TRUNK,  7t.    [L.  a/a,  a  wing,  and  trunk.] 

The  segment  of  the  body  of  an  insect  towhich  the 
wind's  are  attached.  Kirb\j. 
A-LIVE',  a.    rSax.  <relifian,lo  live,  from  lifian,  to  live. 
See  LiFE.T 

1.  Having  life,  in  opposition  in  dead;  living;  be- 
ing in  a  state  in  which  the  organs  perform  their 
functions,  and  the  fluids  move,  whether  in  animals 
or  vegetables  ;  as,  the  man  or  plant  is  alive. 

2.  In  a  state  of  action  ;  unextinguished ;  unde- 
stroyed ;  unexpired  ;  in  force  or  operation ;  as,  keep 
the  process  alire. 

3.  Cheerful;  sprightly;  lively;  full  of  alacrity ; 
as,  the  company  were  all  alice. 

4.  Susceptible;  easily  impressed:  having  lively 
feelings,  as  when  the  mind  is  solicitous  about  some 
event ;  as,  one  is  alive  to  whatever  is  interesting  to 
a  friend. 

5  Exhibiting  motion  or  moving  bodies  in  great 
numbers  ;  as,  the  city  was  all  alive,  when  the  gen- 
eral entered. 

C.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  regenerated  ;  born  again. 
For  UiU  my  ton  was  ilead,  and  ii  ttiive.  —  Luke  xv. 

[  This  adjective  always  follows  tite  noun  lohick  it  qual- 

A-LIZ'.A-RtXE,  n.  [from  alizari,  the  commercial 
name  of  madder,  in  the  Levant.] 

A  peculiar  coloring  principle,  obtained  from  mad- 
der. BranUc. 
AL'KA-HEST,  n.  [Arab.] 

A  universal  nolvent  ;  a  menstruum  capable  of  dis- 
solving all  bodieH,  which  Paracelsus  and  Van  Ilel- 
miint  pri  ti  nded  tliey  |Hisnessed.  This  pretense  no 
lonei  r  imposes  on  the  credulity  of  any  man. 

The  word  is  iioinetiineii  used  for  fixed  salts  volatil- 
Iwd.  Encyc. 
AI^K  A  IIE.'^T'ie,  ij.    Pertaining  to  the  alkiihest. 
AI^KA-LES'CE.VCY,  71.    [See  Alkali.) 

A  tendency  to  become  alkaline  ;  or  a  tendency  to 
the  propertieii  of  an  alkali ;  or  the  ntate  of  a  Hiib- 
■tance  in  which  alKaline  properties  begin  to  be  de- 
veloped, or  U>  be  predominant.  Ure, 


AL-KA-LES'CENT,  a.  Tending  to  the  properties  of 
an  alkali ;  slightly  alkaline. 

AL'KA-LI,  (-11  or  -le,)  n. ;  pi.  Alkalies.    [Ar.  ^Xi* 

kali,  with  the  common  prefix,  the  plant  called  glass- 
wort,  from  its  use  in  tlie  manufacture  of  glass  ;  or 
Ihe  ashes  of  the  plant,  which  seems  to  be  its  primi- 
live  sense,  for  the  verb  signifies  to  fry.] 

A  salifiable  base,  having  in  a  greater  or  less  de- 
gree a  peculiar  acrid  taste,  the  power  of  changing 
blue  vegetable  colors  to  a  green,  and  the  color  of  tur- 
meric and  rhubarb  to  a  brown.  Some  chemists  com- 
prehend all  salifiable  bases  under  this  name. 

AL'KA-LI-FT-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  aJkalilied,  or 
converted  into  an  alkali. 

AL'KA-LI-FI-J;D,  pp.    converted  into  alkali. 

AL'K.\-L1-F?,  V.  L  To  form,  or  to  convert  into  an 
alkali. 

AL'K.'V-Lt-F?,  7).  i.    To  become  an  alkali. 
AL-K.\-LI(5'E-NOUS,  a.  [alkali,  and  yti/i/ow,  to  gen- 
erate.] 

Producinr  or  generating  alkali. 
AI^K.\-LIM'E-TER,  re.  [alkali,  and  Gr.  jUTpov,  meas- 
ure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  strength  of  al- 
kalies, or  the  quantity  of  alkali  in  potash  and  soda. 
Ure. 

AL-KA-LIil'E-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  ascertaining  the 
strength  of  alkalies.  jMcCulloch. 

AL'KA-LINE,  (-Ine  or  -in,)  a.  Having  the  properties 
of  alkali. 

AL-KA-LIN'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  which  constitutes 
an  alkali.  Thonu^on. 

AIj-KA'LI-OrjS,  a.    Having  the  properties  of  alkali. 

AL'K.V-LI-Z.\TE,  a.  Alkaline  ;  impregnated  with 
alkali.    [Obs.]  Boyle.  JVewton. 

AL-KA-LI-Za'TION,  re.  The  act  of  rendering  alka- 
line by  impregnating  with  an  alkali. 

AL'KA-LlZE,  V.  t.    [and  formerly  Alkalizate.] 
To  make  alkaline  ;  to  communicate  the  properties 
of  an  alkali  to,  by  mixture. 

AL'KA-LOID,  re.  A  salifiable  base  formed  and  exist- 
ing in  some  vegetables  as  a  proximate  principle,  and 
having  only  in  a  slight  degree  the  peculiar  properties 
of  an  alkali.  The  alkaloids  afe  numerous.  All, 
which  have  been  accurately  analyzed,  are  com- 
posed of  carbon,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  oxygen, 
and  tlieir  differences,  in  comparison  with  each  other, 
depend  upon  a  variation  in  the  proportions  of  their 
component  elements.  • 

AL'KA-NET,  re.  A  plant;  a  species  of  anchusa.  The 
root  is  used  to  impart  a  deep  red  color  to  oily  sub- 
stances, ointments,  plasters,  &c.  Encyc. 

2.  A  reddish-purple  dye,  obtained  from  the  root  of 
the  plant.  Brandc. 

AL-KE-KEN'GI,  re.  The  winter  cherry,  a  species  of 
Physalis.  The  plant  bears  a  near  resemblance  to  so- 
lanuin,  or  nightshade.    The  berry  is  medicinal. 

Chambers, 

AL-KEN'NA,  )  n.    A  species  of  Lawsonia.   The  pul- 

AL-HE.VNA,  \  verized  leaves  of  this  plant  are  much 
used  by  the  Eastern  nations  for  staining  their  nails 
yellow.  The  powder,  being  wet,  forms  a  paste, 
which  is  bound  on  the  nails  for  a  night,  and  the  col- 
or thus  given  will  last  several  weeks.  The  same  as 
henna,  Encyc, 

AL-KERMT;.?,  re.    [Arab.    See  Kermes.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  compound  cordial,  in  the  form  of  a 
confection,  deriving  its  name  from  the  kermes  ber- 
ries, its  principal  ingredient.  Its  other  ingredients 
are  said  to  be  pippin-cider,  rose-water,  sugar,  amber- 
gris, musk,  cinnamon,  aloes-wood,  pearls,  and  leaf- 
gold.  Quincy.    Chamber.-'.  Encyc. 

AL-KER'VA,  re.  An  Arabic  name  of  the  i'alma  Chris- 
ti.  Quincif. 

AL'KO-RAN,  re.  [Arab,  al,  the,  and  koran,  book.  The 
Book,  by  way  pf^ eminence,  as  we  say  the  Bible.  See 
Koran.  It  is  pronounced,  I  believe,  by  Orientalists, 
alkorawn.] 

The  book  which  contains  the  Mohammedan  doc- 
trines of  faith  and  practice.  It  was  written  by  Mo- 
hammed, in  the  dialect  of  the  Koieish,  which  is  the 
purest  Arabic  ;  but  the  Arabian  language  has  sulfered 
such  changes  since  it  was  written,  liiat  the  language 
of  the  Koran  is  not  now  intelligible  to  the  Arabians 
themselves,  without  being  learned  like  other  dead 
languages.  Jficbuhr.  Encyc. 

AL'KO-RAN,  )  n.    In  Eastern  architecture,  the  name 

AL'CO-RAN,  I  of  high,  slender  towers,  attached 
to  mosipies,  in  which  the  priests,  at  stated  times,  re- 
cite aloud  prayers  from  the  Koran.  Gatit, 

AL'KO-KAN-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  strictly  to  the 
letter  of  the  Koran,  rejecting  all  nmiments.  The 
Persians  arc  generally  yVlkoraiiisIa  ;  Ihe  Turks, 
Arabs,  and  Tartars,  admit  a  multitude  of  tradiliiuis. 

.ALL,  (:\\v\,)  a.    [S:i\.  enl ;  Dan.  a/;  (1.  all;  Sw.  all ; 

"  W.  oil  nr  holl ;  Arm.  oil ;  Ir.  nile;  Gr.  0X05;  Sheiiiil- 
ic  S3,  from  nS^,  raUih,  to  be  ended  or  coiiipleted,  rt» 
perfect.  The  Welsh  retains  the  liis|  radical  Irtler. 
'J'liis  is  radically  the  same  word  as  heal;  for  in  Sw. 
hrl,  and  in  Dan.  hele,  signify  all,  and  these  words 
arc  from  the  root  of  had.  See  Call,  IIcal,  and 
Whole.] 


1.  Everj'  one,  or  the  whole  number  of  particulars. 

2.  The  whole  quantity,  extent,  duration,  amount, 
qualify,  or  degree  ;  as,  all  the  wheat;  all  the  land  ; 
all  the  year  ;  all  the  strength.  This  word  signifies, 
then,  the  whole  or  entire  thing,  or  all  the  parts  or 
particulars  which  compose  it.  It  always  precedes  the 
definitive  adjectives  Uie,  my,  thy,  his,  our,  your,  Uieir ; 
as,  all  the  cattle  ;  all  my  labor  ;  all  thy  goods  ;  all  his 
wealth  ;  all  our  families ;  all  your  citizens  ;  all  their 
property. 

This  word,  not  only  in  popular  language,  hut  in 
the  Scriptures,  often  signifies,  indefinitely,  a  large 
portion  or  number,  or  a  great  part.  Thus,  all  the  cat- 
tle in  Egj  pt  died,  aZ(  Judea  and  all  the  region  round 
about  Jordan,  all  men  held  John  as  a  prophet,  are 
not  to  be  understood  in  a  literal  sense,  but  as  includ- 
ing a  large  part  or  very  great  numbers. 

This  word  is  prefixed  to  many  other  words  to  en- 
large their  signification ;  as,  already,  always,  all-pre- 
railintr. 

ALL,  adv.  Wholly  ;  completely  ;  entirely  ;  as,  all 
along;  all  bedewed  ;  all  over;  my  friend"  is  all  for 
amusement ;  I  love  my  father  all.  In  the  ancient 
phrases,  all  too  dear,  all  so  long,  this  word  retains  its 
appropriate  sense  ;  as,  "  lie  thought  them  sixpence 
all  too  dear,"  that  is,  he  thought  them  too  dear  by 
the  sum  of  sixpence.  In  the  sense  of  although,  as, 
"  all  were  it  as  the  rest,"  and  in  the  sense  oi  just,  or 
at  the  moment,  as,  "  all  as  his  straying  flock  he  fed," 
it  is  obsolete,  or  restricted  to  poetn-. 

/(  is  all  one,  is  a  phrase  equivalent  to  the  same  thing 
in  effect ;  that  is,  it  is  wholly  the  same  thing. 

./?//  tJie  better,  is  eqiiivaient  to  loholly  the  better; 
that  is,  better  by  the  whole  difference. 
ALL,  re.    The  whole  number ;  as,  all  have  not  the 
same  disposition  ;  that  is,  all  men. 

2.  The  whole  ;  the  entire  thing ;  the  aggregate 
amount ;  as,  our  all  is  at  stake. 

And  Laban  said,  AIL  tlial  ihoii  seest  is  mine.  — Geo.  xxxi. 

This  adjective  is  much  used  as  a  noun,  and  ap^ 
plied  to  persons  or  things. 

Jill  in  all,  is  a  phrase  which  signifies,  all  things  to 
a  person,  or  every  thing  desired. 

Thou  shall  be  all  in  all,  and  I  in  Uiee, 

Forever.  Millon. 

When  the  words  and  all  close  an  enumeration  of 
particulars,  the  word  all  is  either  intensive,  or  is  add- 
ed as  a  general  term  to  express  what  is  not  enumer- 
ated ;  as,  a  tree  fell,  nest,  eagles,  and  all. 

Estrange. 

M  all,  is  a  phrase  much  used  by  way  of  enforce- 
ment or  emphasis,  usually  in  negative  or  interroga- 
tive sentences.  He  has  no  ambition  at  all ;  that  is, 
not  in  the  least  degree.    Has  he  any  property  at  all  7 

All  and  some,  in  Spenser,  Mason  interprets,  ojie  and 
all.  But  from  Lye's  Saxon  Dictionary,  it  ajipears 
that  the  phrase  is  a  corruption  of  the  Sax.  calle  at 
somne,  all  together,  all  at  once,  from  somne,  together, 
at  once.    [See  Lye,  under  Somne.] 

All  in  the  wind,  in  seamen's  language,  is  a  phrase 
denoting  that  the  sails  are  parallel  with  the  course  oJ' 
the  wind,  so  as  to  shake.  Afar.  Diet. 

All  is  well,  is  a  watchman's  phrase,  expressing  a 
state  of  safety. 

All,  in  composition,  enlarges  the  meaninz,  or  adds 
force  to  a  word  ;  and  it  is  generally  more  ciiiph;ifical 
than  most.  In  some  instances,  all  is  incorporated  in- 
to words,  as  in  almighty,  already,  always ;  but  in  most 
instances,  it  is  an  adjective  prefixed  to  other  «'ords, 
but  separated  bv  a  h\  phen. 
ALL-A-BAN'DO"N-£D,  a.    Abandoned  by  all. 

Skclton. 

ALL-AB-IIOR'REl),  a.    Detested  by  all.  Shak. 

ALL-AH-SORU'I.NG,  n.  Engrossing;  that  drowns  or 
supersedes  all  otlii  r  considerations. 

ALI.-AC-C().\I'1'L1.<I1-/!I),  a.  Fully  accomplished ; 
whose  1  docatioii  is  highly  finished  or  cimiplete. 

ALL-AI)-.MIK'L\(;,  a.    \Vholly  admiring.  Shak. 

,ALI.-.\I)-VIS'/:D,  «.    Advised  bv  all.  JCarJuitoi. 

ALL-.\-MOUT'.    [See  Alamort.] 

ALL-.\l'-lMlt')V'/vD,  a.    Approved  by  all.  Jllore, 

ALL-A-'l'O.V'I.VG,  a.  .Atoning  for  all  ;  niaking  com- 
plete atonement.  Drydrn, 

AL1..-BE.aR'LN"G,  a.  Producing  every  thing  ;  omnipa- 
rous.  .Mar.<lnn, 

ALL-BEAfi'TE-OI'S,  a.    Perfecllv  beautiful.  Pope. 

ALL-iUMloLD'L\G,  a.  Beholding  or  seeing  all 
things.  Dranlon. 

ALL-liL.'vST'l.\G,  a.  Illasling  all;  defaming.  «r  de- 
slro\'ing  all.  JMarston. 

ALL-I!OU,\'TB-OUS,  /  n.  Perfecllv  bountiful;  of  in 

ALL-liOIIiN'TI-FlM,,  j     finite  bountv. 

ALI.-CII.AiN'G'IN'i;,  a.    Perpetually  changing.  Shan. 

ALL-CllEi;U'l.\G,  a.  That  cheers  all;  that  gives 
gayety  or  cli  'i  i fulness  to  all.  Shak. 

.\LL-(  O.M-M.\  N'D'I.N'G,  a.  Having  coinmand  or  sov- 
ereignly over  all.  Raleigh. 

ALl>-CO'.M  l'L?'l.\G,  a.  Complying  in  every  respect. 

More. 

ALL-CO.'M-PoS'LNG,  a.  That  makes  all  tranipiil  or 
peaceful.  Crashaw. 

ALL-eo.M-PRE-HEND'lNG,  a.  Comprehending  all 
thing.s. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRBV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


ALL 


ALL 


ALL 


ALL-e(1M-I'KE-HEi\'SIVE,  a.    ComiinliPiidinK  all 

tliincfs.  GlunciUe, 
ALL-tUN-lTlAL'ING,  a.    Hiding  or  conctnling  all. 

AI.I,-€ON'aUER-lNli,  (-konk'cr-,)  a.  Tliat  suliducs 
all.  Milton. 

AI.L-eON'SCIOUS,  a.  Conscious  of  all ;  all  know- 
ing. 

ALL-eON-STRAIN'ING,  a.    Constrain  inj:  all. 

])rnijtoit, 

AU.-eON'-S0M'ING,  a.   Tliat  consumes  or  ilevours 

all.  Poye. 
ALI.-CO.N'-TROI.L'ING,  a.   ControlIinR  all.  KvercU. 
ALL-UAK'ING,  a.    Uaring  to  attrnipt  every  thing. 

AT.I^DE  SIGN'ING,  a.    Dcsisnini  all  tilings. 
ALL-DE-tjTKOY'h\'G,  a.    Destroying  every  tiling. 

AI.I/-l)EV'AS-T.\-TIXG,  a.  Wasting  evi  rv  thing. 
ALL-l)E-VOUR'lNG,  a.    Eating  or  consuming  all. 

Pope, 

ALL-1)I.M'.ML\G,  a.    Obscuring  evcrj'  thing. 

Marsfon. 

AI,I,-I)I-KEeT'L\G,  a.  Directing  all  ;  governing 
all  things. 

ALL-DIS -CER.V'INc;,  n.    Disi  erning  every  thing. 
Al.L-UIS-COV'EK-l.N'G,  «.  Discovering  or  disclosing 

even'  thing.  J\Iurc. 
ALL-i)It>-GRA'C£I),  0.  Completely  disgraced. 

Shale, 

AI.I.-niS-PE.\S'IN(;,  a.    Dispensing  idl  things;  af- 
fording dispensation  or  pi'iinission.  Miltun. 
ALI,-l)l-Vl.\E',  a.    Siipreiiielv  excelli  nt.  lloiccU. 
ALL-Dl-Vl.\'lXG,  a.    Foretelling  all  things. 

FaiLthaw, 

ALI^nUEAD'ED,  a.    Dreaded  hv  all.  Shale. 
ALl^EK-Kl-C.i'CIOU^,  a.    Having  all  efficacy. 

Kvi-relt. 

ALI^Er-FF'OIE.NT,  a.  Of  perfect  or  unlimited  effi- 
raf  V  or  elhciencv. 

ALL-EL'0-UUE\T,  a.  Eloquent  in  the  highest  de- 
gree. Pope. 

ALL-E.M-BR.^'CIXG,  a.    Embracing  all  things. 

Crasbaw. 

ALL-E.ND'I.\G,  a.    Putting  an  end  to  all  things. 

ShuU. 

ALL-E.\-UGUT'£X-IXG,a.  Enlightening  all  things. 

Cotton. 

AI.L-EX-R.\0'f;D,  a.  Highly  enraged.  Hall. 
AI,L-ES.SEX'T1AI,,  a.  Wholly  essential.  EecrelU 
ALL-FLAM'IXG,  a.    Flaming  in  all  directions. 

BcaamonL 

ALI>-FOOLS'-DaY,  n.    The  first  of  April. 
ALL-FOR-GIV'IXG,  a.    Forgiving  or  pardoning  all. 

JJrijdcn. 

AI.L-FoURS',  )i.    [all  and  /our.] 

.•V  game  at  cards;  played  by  two  or  four  persons  ; 
so  called  from  the  four  chances  of  which  it  consists, 
viz.  High,  Low,  Jack,  and  the  Game. 

To  ito  on  all  fours,  is  to  move  or  walk  on  four  legs, 
or  on  the  two  legs  and  two  arms. 

AM^GIV'ER,  n.    The  giver  of  all  things.  Mllon. 

Al,L.-(;i.o'RI-OUS,  a.    Glorious  to  the  full  extent. 

ALL-GOOD',  a.    (.'onipli  tely  good.  Dnjdin. 

ALL-G6()n',  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  plant  Good- 
Henry,  or  English  Mercury,  ClunopoiUum  bonas  Uen- 
rictts, 

ALL-(;Ra'CIOUS!,  a.    Perfectly  gracious. 
ALL-GUID'IXG,  a.  Guiding  or  conducting  all  things. 

Sandys: 

ALL-HAIL',  excl    [aU  and  Sax.  lia-l,  health.] 

All  health  ;  a  plirase  of  salutation,  expressing  a 

wish  of  all  health,  or  safetv,  to  the  person  addressed. 
ALL-IIAL'l.oW,  (  n.  All-Saints-day,  the  first  of 
ALt^HAL'LoW?,  (     Xoveinber;  a  feast  dedicated 

to  all  the  saints  in  general.  [Colloquial.] 
ALL-llAL'LoW-TIDE,  n.    [Tid,  in  Sax.,  is  time] 

The  time  near  All-Saints,  or  Xovember  first. 
ALL-llAl'  I'V,  a.    Cimipletely  happy. 
ALL-lli.  \L',  n.  The  popular  name  of  several  plants. 
ALL-lir.ALMNG,  a.    Healing  all  things.  Srlden. 
ALL-IIKLP'L\(;,  a.    Assisting  all.  Sridm. 
ALL-llll)'l\G,  a.    Concealing  all  things.  Shak. 
ALL-I1()L'L6W,  B(/r.    Entirely;  completely;  as,  to 

beat  any  one  att-holtoic. 
ALI^IIO'LY,  a.    Coinpletelv,  perfectiv  li"lv. 
ALL-ll()N'()R-/;n,  (-on'ord,)  a.    Hoiiored'by  all. 
ALI^HlIRT'lX(;,o.    Hurting  , ill  things.  Shak. 
ALL-I'DOL-IZ-IXG,  a.    Worshiiiing  every  thing. 

Cra->7(a;p. 

ALI^IL-LC'ML\-.A-TIXG,  a.  Enlightening  every 
thing. 

ALL-1.M'I-Ta-TLNG,  a.    Imitating  every  thing. 

JlfoTf. 

ALL-IM-POR'TAXT,  a.  Important  above  all  things ; 

extremely  imixirtaiit.  Kvrrrtt. 
ALL-I.M-PREt-S'lVE,  a.    Impressive  to  the  utmost 

extent. 

ALI^IX-FOR.M'IXG,  a.  Actuating  all  by  vital  pow- 
ers. Sandi/s. 

ALL-IX'TER-EST-ING,  a.  Interesting  in  the  high- 
est degree. 

ALL-IN-TER'PRET-IXG,  «.    Explaining  all  things. 

Milton. 


ALL-JUDG'I.\G,  a.  Judging  all ;  jiosacssing  the  sov- 
ereign rit'lil  of  juilgiiig.  liuicc. 

ALL-JCST',  a.    IVilVctly  just. 

ALI.-KTNI)',  «.    I'eifeetly  kiiul  or  benevolent. 

ALL-KXCW'IXG,  a.  Having  all  knuivledge  ;  om- 
niscient. AtLttrburij. 

ALL-LI'CEXS-/5D,  a.  Licensed  to  every  thing.  Shah. 

ALL-LOV'IXG,  a.    Of  inflnito  lov(%  More. 

ALL-.MAK'IXG,  n.    Making  or  creating  all ;  oniiiific. 

Drijdcn. 

ALL-.MA-TuR'IXG,  a    Maturing  all  things. 

Drifdfn. 

ALL-MER'CI-Fl.  L,  a.  Of  jierfect  mercy  or  compas- 
sion. 

ALL-MUR'DEll-IN<;,  a.  Killing  or  destroying  every 
thing.  Fan.\hair. 

■ALL-O-liK'DLEXT,  a.    Entirely  obedient.  Crasliaw. 

.\LL-0-I)EV'lXG,  a.  [Sec  Obey.]  Receiving  obedi- 
ence from  all.  Shah. 

ALL-Oli-LIV'I  OUS,  a.  Causing  total  oblivion.  Shak. 

ALL-OI!-StJ0R'IXG,  a.    Obscuring  every  thing. 

ALL-Pa'TIENT,  a.    Enduring  every  thing  without 

inurniiirs.  Miiford. 
ALL-PEX'E-TR.\-TIXG,  a.  Penetrating  every  thing. 

Stafford. 

ALL-PER'FECT,  a.  Completely  perfect ;  having  all 
perfection. 

ALL-PER'FEeT-XEP.S,  n.    The  perfection  of  the 

whole  ;  entire  perflation.  More. 
ALL-PER-VaD'IXG,  a.    Pervading  every  place. 

Mien. 

ALI^PIP.R'CI.N'G,  a.   Piercing  every  thing.  Marxton. 
ALL-PO'TENT,  n.    Having  all  power.  Irving. 
ALL-POW'ER-FI'L,  a.    Almighty;  omnipotent. 

Strift. 

ALI^PR.AIS'/:D,  a.    Praised  by  all.  Shuk. 
ALL-PRE9'Ei\"r,  a.  Omnipresent. 
ALL-PRO-TECT'ING,  a.    Furnishing  complete  pro- 
tection. 

ALL-ROL'IXG,  a.    Governing  .ill  things.  Milton. 

ALL-SA-Ga'CIOUS,  a.  Having  all  sagacity  ;  of  per- 
fect discernment. 

ALL-SaIXTS'-DaY,  n.  The  first  day  of  November, 
called,  also,  a  feast  in  honor  of  all  the 

saints. 

ALL-SANe'TI-F?-IXG,  a.    Sanctifying  the  whole. 

IVist. 

ALL-SaV'ING,  a.  Saving  all.  SrIJcn. 
ALL-SEARCH'ING,  (-serch'ilig,)  a.    Pervading  and 

scarclnng  every  thing.  Soutli. 
A.LL-SeE'ING,  a.  Seeing  every  thing.  Dn/drn, 
ALL-SeER',  n.  One  that  sees  every  thing.  Shak. 
ALL-SHaK'ING,  a.  Shaking  all  things.  Shak. 
ALL-SHROUD'IXG,    a.    Shrouding ;  covering  all 

things. 

ALL-SHUN'NED,  a.   Shunned  by  all.  Shak. 

ALL-SoULS'-DaY,  n.  The  second  day  of  Xovem- 
ber ;  a  feast  or  solemnity  held  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  to  supplicate  for  the  souls  of  the  faithful  de- 
ceased. 

AIjL'SPICE,  77.  The  berry  of  the  pimento,  a  tree  of 
the  West  Indies  ;  a  spice  of  a  mildly  pungent  t;iste, 
and  agreeably  aromatic.  It  has  been  supposed  to 
combine  the  flavor  of  cinnamon,  nutmegs,  and 
cloves ;  and  hence  the  name. 

Knajc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

ALI^SUB-MIS'SIVE,  a.   Wholly  submissive. 

ALL-SUF-FI"C1EN-CY,  n.  Complete  or  infinite  abil- 
ity. Hall. 

ALL-SUF-FI"CIEXT,  a.  Sufficient  to  every  thing  ; 
infinitely  able.  Hooker. 

ALL-SUF-FI"CIENT,  ji.  The  all-sufficient  lieing  ; 
God.  JVhitloek. 

ALL-Sim-ROUXD'ING,a.  Encompassing  the  whole. 

ALI--SUR-Vt;Y'IXG,  (-sur-vii'ing,)  a.  [See  SL-nvEr.] 
Surveving  everv  thing.  Sandijs, 

ALL-SUS-TaIN'IXG,  a.    Ujiholding  all  things. 

Beatuiiont, 

ALL-TELL'ING,  a.  Telling  or  divulging  every  thing. 

Shak. 

ALI^TRI'UMPH-IXG,  a.  Triumphant  every  where 
or  over  all.  Jon.-on. 

ALL-W.\TCII'£n,  a.   Watched  throughout.  Shak. 

ALI^WISE'  a.  Posse5.sed  of  infinite  wisdom.  South. 

ALI^WIT'TED,  a.  Having  all  kinds  of  wit.  Jau.^on. 

ALL-W0R'S1HP-£D,  (-wur'shipt,)  a.  Worshiped  or 
adored  by  all.  Milton. 

ALL-WOR'THY,  a.  Of  infinite  worth ;  of  the  high- 
est worth. 

AL'LA-CITE,  n.  An  impure,  brownish  variety  of 
manganese  spar.  Daiia. 

AL'LAH,  71.  The  Arabic  name  of  the  Supreme  Be- 
ins. 

AL'L.AX-ITE,  71.  An  ore  of  the  metals  cerium  and 
lanthanum,  having  a  pitch-black  or  brownish  color. 
It  was  first  discovered,  as  a  sjiecies,  by  Mr.  Allan,  of 
Edinburgh.  Dana. 

AL-L.'VX-TO'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in  the 
allantois. 

AI--LAXTO'ie  ACID,  ti.  An  arid  of  animal  origin, 
found  in  the  liquor  of  the  allantois  of  the  fetal  calf. 
[See  /Vllamois.]  This  is  the  same  acid  which  was 
formerly  called  a7;i7iio(i£:  arirf. 


AL-LAN-TOIS',  j  71.  [Gr.  uAAu(,  a  Kausage,  and 
AL-LAX-TOID',  j     t,.l./?,  form.] 

A  thin  nirnibrane,  situated  be  tween  the  chorion 
and  ainnidii  in  qu.adrupeds,  anil  forming  one  of  the 
membranes  which  invest  the  fetus  in  those  nniiiials. 

i-jt.  Encye. 

AL'LA-TRATE,  v.  U    [L.  a«afro.] 

'I'o  bark,  !Ls  a  dog.    [JVut  «.«■</.]  Stuhbe.i. 

AI^-LA  Y',  V.  t.  [Sax.  alrci^an,  alriran,  to  lay,  t(t  set,  to 
depress,  lecgan,  to  lay,  to  east  or  strike  down  ;  G.  le- 
gen,  D.  legirrn,  to  lay  ;  Gr.  \tyt.\  The  Fr.  allirr,  to 
alloy,  Sp.  ligar,  seems  to  be  directly  from  the  L.  tiiro, 
to  bind  ;  but  this  may  be  the  same  word  diHereiitly 
applied,  that  is,  to  set,  to  fix,  to  make  fast,  to  unite. 
JUloij  and  nlloij  were  lormerly  used  indifierently  ;  but 
I  have  ncdL'oi/.ed  an  entire  distinction  between  them, 
applying  alluii  to  metals. J 

1.  To  make  cpiiet ;  to  pacify  or  appe.ise  ;  as,  to  al- 
lay the  tumult  of  the  pa.ssioiis,  or  to  allay  civil  com- 
motions. 

2.  To  abate,  mitigate,  subdue,  or  destroy  ;  as,  to  al- 
lay grief  or  pain. 


3.  To  obtund  or  repress,  as  acrimony  ;  as,  to  allay 
the  acrid  qualities  of  a  substance. 

4.  Formerly,  to  reduce  the  purity  of ;  as,  to  allay 
metals.  But  in  this  sense  alloy  is  now  exclusively 
used.    [See  Alloy.] 

AI-.-LAY',  71.  Formerly,  a.  baser  metal  mixed  with  a 
finer;  but  in  this  sense  it  is  now  written  Alloy, 
whielt  see. 

2.  That  which  allays,  or  abates  the  predominant 
qualilii's  ;  as,  the  a//<iy  of  colors.  JYcwtun. 

Also,  abatement ;  diminution  by  means  of  some 
mixture ;  as,  joy  without  allay.  But  alloy  is  now 
more  generally  used. 

AL-LaY'/JD,  pp.  Layed  at  rest  ;  quieted  ;  tranq'uil- 
ized  ;  abated  ;  [reduced  by  mixture.  Ob.'!.] 

AL-LaY'ER,  71.    He  or  that  which  allays. 

AL-LaY'I.\G,  ppr.  Uuieling  ;  reducing  to  tranquilli- 
ty ;  abatina  ;   reducing  by  mixture.  [06.,.] 

AL-LaY'.ME.\T,  77.  The  act  of  quieting,  or  a  state  of 
tranquillity  ;  a  state  of  rest  after  disturbance  ;  that 
which  allays ;  abatement ;  ease  ,  as,  the  allaiiment  of 
grief.  'Sluzk. 

AL'LE,  (al'ly,)  n.  The  little  auk,  or  black  and  white 
diver. 

AL-I,Et;T-A'TIOX,  71.  Enticement ;  allurement.  [M 

used.]  Coles. 
AL-LECT'IVE,  a.  Alluring.  [Xot -used.]  Chaucer. 
AL-LECT'lVE,  71.    Allurement.    [JVut  used.] 

Eliol. 

AL-LEDGE'.  See  Allege.  [This  spoiling,  corre- 
sponding to  abridge,  was  once  the  prevailing  one, 
and  would  still  be  preferable.] 

AL-LE-G.a'.\"E-AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mountains 
calM  Allenany,  or  Alleghenny. 

AL'LF.-G  A-.W,  n.  The  chief  ridge  of  the  great  chains 
of  mountains  which  run  from  N.  East  to  S.  West, 
through  the  Middle  and  Southern  States  of  Xorth 
America;  but,  more  appropriately,  i\\e  main  or  un- 
broken ridge,  which  casts  all  the  waters  on  one  side 
to  the  east,  and  on  the  other  siile  to  the  west.  This 
ridge  runs  from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia,  and  chains 
extend  through  the  United  States. 

This  name  is  given  also  to  the  River  Ohio,  above 
its  confluence  with  the  Moiiongaliela ;  but  improper- 
ly, as  the  Indian  name  of  the  river  to  its  source  is 
Ohio. 

AL-LE-GA'TIOX,  71.  Affirmation  ;  positive  assertion 
or  declaration. 

2.  That  which  is  affirmed  or  asserted  ;  that  which 
is  olfered  as  a  plea,  excuse,  or  justification. 

3.  In  eeclesiastieal  caurt>*,  a  formal  complaint,  or 
declaration  of  charges. 

AL-LEGE',  1'.  '.  [L.  allego,  ad  and  lego,  to  send  ;  Fr. 
alleguer  ;  Sp.  alegar;  Pitrt.  allegar  :  It.  allegare.  This 
is  only  a  modified  application  of  the  Eng.  lay  ;  L.  lo- 
co, to  set,  or  throw.    See  Cbass  Lg.] 

1.  To  declare  ;  to  aflirm  ;  to  assert;  to  pronounce 
with  positiveness  ;  a-s,  to  allege  a  fact. 

2.  To  produce,  as  an  argument,  plea,  or  excuse; 
to  cite  or  tjuote  ;  as,  to  allege  the  authority  of  a 
judgi'. 

AL-LEGE'.\-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  alleged  oraffirmc<;. 

Brotrn. 

AL-LEG'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Affirmed;  aasertcd,  whether 
as  a  charge  or  a  plea. 

AL-LEGE'.MEXT,  71.    Allegation.    [A-ot  in  use.] 

AL-I.EG'ER,  71.    One  who  alliriiis  or  declares. 

AL-LE'CI-AXCE,  71.  [old  Fr.,  from  L.  alligo,  of  ad 
and  ligo,  to  bind.    See  I.ieoe  and  Leaci'e.] 

The  tie  or  obligation  of  a  subject  to  his  prince  or 
government ;  the  duty  of  fidelity  to  a  king,  govern- 
ment, or  state.  Every  native  or  citizen  owes  allegi- 
ance to  the  government  under  which  he  is  born.  This 
is  called  natural  or  implied  allegiance,  which  arises 
from  the  connection  of  a  person  with  the  society  in 
which  he  is  horn,  and  his  duty  to  be  a  faithful  sub- 
ject, independent  of  any  express  promise.  Fjprcss 
allegiance,  is  that  obligation  which  proceeds  from  an 
express  promise,  or  oath  of  fidelity. 


TC.XE,  BfjLU  ITXITE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  aa  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ALL 


ALL 


ALL 


Local  or  temporary  allegiance  is  due  from  an  alien 
to  the  government  or  state  ia  wliicli  lie  resides. 

Blacfcstane. 

AL-LE'ei-ANT,  a.    Loyal.    [J^~ot  us-cl.]  *7inA-. 
AL-LE(i'ING,  ppr.     Asserting;    averring;  declaring. 
AL-LE-GOR'I€,        )  a.    In  tlie  manner  of  allegory  ; 
AL-LE-GOR'I€-AL,  J     figurative;    describing  by  re- 
semblances. 

AL-LE-GOR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  figurative  manner  ; 

by  wav  of  allegory. 
AL-LE-G(JR'ie-AL-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

allegorical. 

AL'LE-GO-RIST,  71.  One  who  allegorizes,  or  uses  al- 
legory, as  Buiiyun  or  Spencer. 

J.  IVarton.  IVarhurton. 

AL'LE-GO-RIZE,  v.  i.  To  form  an  allegory ;  to  turn 
into  allegory  ;  as,  to  allegorize  the  history  of  a  peo- 
ple. Campbtll. 

2.  To  understand  in  an  allegorical  sense  ;  as,  when 
a  passage  in  a  writer  may  be  understood  liternlly  or 
figuratively,  he  who  gives  it  a  figurative  sense  is  said 
to  (dlegoriie  it. 

AL'LE-GO-RIZE,  v.  i.  To  use  allegory ;  as,  a  man 
may  allegorize  to  please  his  fancy. 

AL'LE-G<J-RIZ-J;D,  pp.  Turned  into  allegory,  or  un- 
derstood nlleirorically. 

AL'LE-GO-RIZ-ER,  71.  One  who  allegorizes,  or  turns 
things  into  allegory. 

AL'LE  GO-RIZ-ING,  ppr.  Turning  into  allegory,  or 
understanding  in  an  allegorical  sense ;  using  alle- 
gory. 

AL'LE-GO-RY,  71.  [Gr.  aXXT|j-opia,  of  nXAor,  other, 
and  aXopevo),  to  speak,  from  a\opa,  a  furum,  an  ora- 
tion.] 

A  figurative  sentence  or  discourse,  in  wliich  the 
principal  subject  is  described  by  another  subject  re- 
sembling it  in  its  properties  and  circumstances.  The 
principal  subject  is  thus  kept  out  of  view,  and  we 
are  lelt  to  collect  the  intentions  of  the  writer  or 
speaker,  by  the  resemblance  of  tlie  secondary  to  the 
jirimary  subject.  Allegory  is  in  words  what  hiero- 
glyphics are  in  painting.  We  have  a  fine  examjile 
of  an  allegory  in  the  eightieth  Psalm,  in  which  God's 
chosen  people  are  rejiresented  by  a  vineyard.  The 
distinction  in  Scrijiture  between  a  purnble  and  an  al- 
legory, is  said  to  be,  that  a  parable  is  a  supposed  his- 
tory,"andan  allegory,  a  figurative  description  of  real 
facts.  An  allegory  is  called  a  continued  metaphor. 
The  following  line  in  Virgil  is  an  example  of  an  al- 
legory. 

CIiiu  Jite  jam  rivos,  pueri ;  flat  prala  biberunt. 
"  Sto^)  the  currents,  young  men  ;  the  meadows  have 
drank  sufficiently  ;"  "that  is,  Let  your  music  cense, 
our  ears  have  been  sufllciently  delighted.  Ennjc. 
AL-LE-GRF.T'TO.    [It.,  diminutive  of  allegro.]  de- 
notes, in  music,  a  movement  or  time  quicker  than  an- 
dante, but  not  so  quick  as  allegro.  Rousseau. 
AI,-LK'GRO.    [It.,  merry,  cheerful;  It.  leggiere  ;  Bp. 
ligero  ;  Fr.  leger,  light,  nimble.    See  Light.    In  this 
sense  it  is  used  in  the  poem  of  Milton  so  named.] 

In  music,  a  word  denoting  a  brisk  movement ;  a 
sprightly  part  or  strain ;  the  quickest  except  pres- 
to.   Piu  allegro  is  a  still  quicker  movement. 

Rou.'!seau. 

As  a  noun,  a  piece  of  music  to  be  performed  in  al- 
legro. 

AL-LE-LO'IAII,  71.  [Heb.  rf-nSVn,  Praise  in  Jah.] 
Praise  Jehovah  ;  a  word  used  to  denote  pious  joy 
and  exultation,  chiefly  in  hymns  and  anthems.  The 
Greeks  retained  the  word  in  their  EXtXfa  In,  Praise 
to  lo ;  probably  a  corruption  of  Jak.  The  Romans 
retained  the  latter  word  in  their  lo  triumphe. 

AL-LK-AI.\NI)E',  n.  A  slow  air  in  common  time,  or 
gnivr,  soil  inn  music,  with  a  slow  movemiint.  Also, 
a  brnk  dance,  or  a  figure  in  dancing.  Diet,  uf  Music. 

AL-LE  .M.A.N'.Nie,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Miemanni,  an- 
cii  iit  (Ji  riiians,  and  to  .^teraannin,  tlieir  country.  The 
word  is  generally  supposed  to  be  composed  of  «((  and 
manni,  all  mc;n.  Cluoer,  p.  tiS.  This  is  probably  an 
error.  The  word  is  more  jjrobably  composed  of  the 
Celtic  all,  other,  the  root  of  Latin  alius,  and  mmi, 
place  ;  one  of  another  place,  a  stranger.  The  VVelsli 
allmaiL  is  thus  rendered,  and  this  seems  to  he  the 
original  word.  Owen,  Welsh  Diet.. 

The  name  Alemnnni  seems  to  have  been  first  giv- 
en to  the  Germans  wiio  invaded  <iuul  in  the  reign  of 
Augustus.  Claner,  Germ.  Antiq. 

AIv-LF;'KI-().\,  n.  In  herahlnj,  an  eagle  without  beak 
or  fuet^  with  e.vpanded  wings  ;  denoting  Imperialists 
vauqui'^lUMl  and  disarmed.  Kneyr. 

AL-LE-VEOR',  ;i.  A  small  Swedi.sh  coin,  valiii!  about 
,'l  cent.  Kneije. 

AI^LE'VI-ATR,  J).  /.  [Low  L.  allevio;  ad  and  leixi,  to 
rais<;, /crw,  liglit  ;  Vr.  lerer  ;  \i.  tenure,  to  raise  ;  Sp. 
lUcar,  to  carry,  lerantar,  to  raisi',  and  Irnante,  a  ris- 
ing, and  the  eaHtern  coasts  of  the  Mediterran(?an, 
the  eiist,  so  called  fr<im  the  rising  of  tlie  t^un,  like 
orientul,  from  orior,  lo  ri.sc  j  Hax.  Idtjiait,  lo  be  em- 
inent,   .''ee  Lift.] 

I.  To  maki'  liglil ;  hut  always  in  a  figurative  dense, 
as  it  IH  not  applied  to  material  objects.  To  remove 
In  part ;  lo  li  Hsen,  mitigate,  or  make  cosier  to  be  <m- 
dureil  ;  applied  to  evila  j  ok,  to  alleviate  sorrow,  pain. 


care,  jiunishnient,  a  burden,  ic. ;  opposed  to  aiegra- 
Vdie. 

•2.  To  make  less  by  representation  ;  to  lessen  the 
magnitude  or  criminality;  to  extenuate  ;  applied  to 
mural  conduct;  as,  to  alleviate  an  offense.  [T/iis 
scuse  of  the  irord  is  rare.] 

AL-Le' VI-A-TED,  pp.  Made  lighter  ;  mitigated  ; 
eased  ;  extenuated. 

AL-Le'VI-a-TING,  ppr.  Making  lighter,  or  more 
tolerable ;  extenuating. 

AL-Li2-VI-A'TION,  7i.  The  act  of  lightening,  allay- 
ing, or  extenuating  ;  a  lessening,  or  mitigation. 

2.  That  which  lessens,  mitigates,  or  makes  more 
tolitnible ;  as,  the  sympathy  of  a  friend  is  an  allevia- 
tion of  grief. 

1  lave  not  \vant^<l  such  alleviations  of  life  as  friendship  could 
supply.    (Dr.  Johnson's  leller  to  Mr.  Hector.)  Bosioelt. 

This  use  of  allcriation  is  hardly  legitimate  without 
supplying  some  word  expressing  eril,  as  trouble,  sor- 
row, &,c. ■ — Without  such  alleviations  of  the  cares  or 
troubles  of  life. 
AL-Le'VI-.\-TIVE,  »!.  That  which  mitigates.  [JVot' 
in  use.] 

AL'LEy,  (al'Iy,)  n.  [Fr.  allec,  a  passage,  from  allcr, 
to  go;  Ir.  alladh.    Literally,  a  passing  or  going.] 

1.  A  walk  in  a  garden  ;  a  narrow  jjassage. 

2.  A  narrow  passage  or  way  in  a  city,  as  distinct 
from  a  public  street. 

3.  A  choice  taw,  originally  made  of  alabaster,  is 
so  called  by  boys.  Jlailiwell. 

4.  The  Alley,  i>x  Change  Alley ;  a  jilace  in  London 
where  stocks  were  formerly  bought  and  sold.  Ash. 

AL-LI-.\'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  allium,  garlic] 

Pertaining  to  allium,  or  garlic  ;  having  the  smell  or 

properties  of  garlic.  Barton. 
AL-LI'ANCE,  71.    [Fr.  alliance,  from  allier.  Her,  to  tie 

or  unite,  from  L.  ligo;  Gr.  Aim  ik.i;  .Sp.  aliauiu;  Port. 

aliani^a;  It.  alleanza;  from  the  same  root  as  liege, 

league,  allegiance.    Class  Lg.J 

1.  The  relation  or  union  between  families,  con- 
tracted by  marriage.  Dryden. 

'i.  Tlie  union  between  nations,  contracted  by  com- 
part, treaty,  or  league. 

The  treaty,  league,  or  compact,  which  is  the  in- 
strument of  confederacy  ;  sometimes,  perhaps,  the 
act  of  confederating. 

4.  Any  union  or  connection  of  interests  between 
persons,  families,  states,  or  corporations ;  as,  an  alli- 
ance between  church  and  state.  « 

5.  The  persons  or  parties  allied  ;  as,  men  or  states 
may  secure  any  alliances  in  their  [lower.  Addison. 

AL-LI'A,\T,  71.    Anally.    [Jfot  u.sed.]  IVotton. 

AL-LI"CIEN-CY,  71.  [L.  allicio,  ad  and  lacio  ;  G.  lock- 
en  ;  D.  lukken ,'  Sw.  lockaj  Dan.  lokke;  L.  allecto,  elicio. 
Class  Lg.] 

The  power  of  attracting  any  thing ;  attraction ; 
magnetism.    [Little  u-icd.]  Glanville. 
AL-L1"CIENT,  71.    That  which  attracts.   [M>t  v.ud.] 

Robinson. 

AL-LI'BD,  (al-lide',)  pp.    Connected  by  marriage, 

treaty,  or  similitude.    [.See  Ally.] 
AL'LI-GaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  alligo,  ad  and  ligo,  to  bind. 

See  Allegiance,  Liege,  IjEague.] 
To  tie  together  ;  to  unite  by  some  tie. 
AL'LI-Ga-TING,  ppr.    Tying  together;  uniting  by 

some  tie. 

AL-LI-Ga'TION,  71.  The  act  of  tying  together;  the 
state  of  being  tied.    [Little  used.] 

2.  A  rule  of  arithmetic  for  finding  the  price  or  val- 
ue of  compounds,  consisting  of  ingredients  of  differ- 
ent values.  Thus,  if  a  quantity  of  sugar,  worth  eight 
cents  the  pound,  and  another  quantity  worth  t<'n 
cents,  are  mixed,  the  question  to  he  solviul  by  alliga- 
tion is,  what  is  the  value  of  the  mi-xture  by  the  pound. 
Alligation  is  of  two  kinds,  medial  and  aiternate  ;  7nc- 
dial,  when  the  rate  of  a  mixture  is  sought  from  the 
rates  and  quantities  of  the  simples;  alternate,  when 
the  quantities  of  the  simples  are  sought  from  the 
rates  of  the  simples,  and  the  rate  of  the  mixture. 

AL'LI-Ga-T()R,  »j.  [properly  allagarto,  from  the 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  lagarto,  a  lizard  ;  L.  laccr- 
ta.  The  Latin  word  seems  lo  be  connected  with  la- 
certiis,  the  arm ;  anrl  the  animal  may  be  named  from 
the  resemblance  of  his  legs  to  arms.] 

The  Amerii  aii  crocodile.  This  anini.al  has  a  long, 
naked  body,  four  feet,  with  five  toes  on  the  fiire  feet, 
and  fiiiir  on  the  hind,  armed  with  claws,  and  a  .ser- 
rated tail.  'J'lie  mouth  is  very  large,  ami  furnished 
with  sliarji  teetli  ;  the  skin  is  brown,  tough,  and,  on 
the  sides,  covered  with  tiihcrcles.  The  largest  of 
these  animals  grow  to  the  h  iiglh  of  si  vi  iitei  n  or 
eighteen  feel.  'J'liey  live  in  iiiui  alKUit  the  rivers  in 
warm  climates,  eat  fisli,  and  soiiii  tiiiu  s  cali  h  hogs 
on  file  shore,  or  dogs  which  are  su  iiiiiuiiig.  In  win- 
ter, they  burrow  in  the  eartii,  w  liirli  tin  y  enter  un- 
der wafer  and  work  iipwanl,  lying  lorpiii  till  spring. 
The  fi'iiiab-  lays  a  gri-.il  iiiiinl'irr  of  cL'gs,  which  are 
depositi'd  in  the  sand,  and  left  to  lie  liatrhcil  by  tile 
heat  of  the  siiii.  J'.uciic. 

AL'LI-(;A-T<JII-1>EAR,  71.  .\  West  Indian  fruit,  re- 
sembling a  iiear  in  shape,  from  one  lo  two  iiounds  in 
weight,  (^Laurus  I'ersca,  I. inn.)  It  contains  within 
its  rind  a  yellow,  bntyraceoiis  sub.stancu,  which. 


when  the  fruit  is  perfectly  ripe,  constitutes  an 
agreeable  food.  Kncuc.  ! 

AL-LIG'A-TITRE,  71.     See  Ligature,  which  is  the  | 
word  in  use. 

AL-LIS'ION,  (al-lizh'un,)  71.  [L.  allido,  to  dash  or 
strike  against,  of  ad  and  la;do,  to  hurt  by  striking  ;  Ir. 
leas,  a  sore  ;  D.  Iced,  a  hurl ;  D.  bcleedigrn ;  Ger.  be 
Icidigen,  to  hurt ;  Fr.  blejsser,  to  hurl.  La:do  forms  its 
participle  la:sus.    Class  Ld,-  Ls.] 

A  striking  against ;  as,  the  allisionof  the  sea  against 
the  shore.  Woodward. 
AL-LIT  ER-A'TION,  71.    [L.  ad  and  htrra,  a  letter.] 
The  repetition  of  the  same  letter  at  I  he  begin  ning'of 
two  or  more  words  immediately  sucici  iling each  other, 
or  at  short  intervals  ;  as /and  g  in  the  following  line: 
Fields  ever  fn?sli,  and  ^"oves  forever  green. 

AL-LIT'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting 
in,  alliteration. 

ALL-LOVES  ,  a  former  mode  of  .adjuration,  meaning 
/i;r  the  love  of  all,  as  of  heaven,  earth,  &c. ;  as,  .«p<'ak, 
of  all-tovjs !  Shale.  Toonc. 

AL-LO-Ca'TION,  71.  [L.  ad  and  locatio,  a  placing, 
from  /ecits-,  place.    See  Local.] 

Tne  act  of  putting  one  thing  to  another;  hence  its 
usual  sense  is,  tlie  admission  of  an  article  of  account, 
or  an  allowance  made  upon  an  account;  a  term  uscti 
in  the  English  exchequer.    [See  Allow.] 

Chambers.  .lohnson. 

AL-LO-e.\'TUR,  71.  [L.]  In  lam,  a  certificate  of  al- 
lowance of  cost  by  the  proper  officer. 

AE'LO-fHRO-ITE,  71.    [Gr.  aXX-JS  and  yn^ta.] 

A  fine-grained,  massive  garnet,  of  a  dingy  reddish- 
yellow  color.  Its  name  is  said  to  be  given  lo  it,  as 
expressive  of  its  changes  of  color  before  the  blov\'- 
pipe.     _  Dana. 

AL-LO-fU'TION,  71.  [L.  alloeutio,  of  ad  and  loquor, 
to  speak.    See  Eloquence.] 

1.  The  act  or  manner  of  sjieaking  to,  or  of  address- 
ing in  words. 

2.  An  address ;  a  formal  address,  as  of  a  general 
to  his  troops  ;  a  Roman  term,  rarely  used  in  English. 

Addison.  Kucyc. 

AL-Lo'DI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  allodium  ;  freehold  ; 
free  of  rent  or  service  ;  held  independent  of  a  lord 
paramount ;  ojiposed  lo  feudal.  Btackslone. 

AL-Lo'DI-AN  is  sometimes  used,  but  is  not  well  au- 
thorized. .  Cowel. 

AL-Lo'DI-UM,  71.  [Fr.  alien,  contr.  word.  Accord- 
ing to  O'Brien,  in  his  Focaloir,  or  Dictionary  of  the 
Irish,  this  word  is  the  Celtic  ullod,  ancient.  Accord- 
ing to  Ponloppidan,  it  is  composed  of  all  and  mZ/i,  all- 
property,  or  whole  estate.  In  Sw.  odal,  and  in  Dan. 
odel,  signify  allodial ;  the  word  being  used  as  an  ad- 
jective ;  Sw.  odalgods,  that  is,  odal  goods,  signifies  al- 
lodial lands  ;  and  odaljord,  odal  earth,  is  used  as  its 
synonym.  Odalman  is  one  who  possesses  allodial 
land  ;  odalbonde  is  a  yeoman  or  freeholder ;  odelt  sig- 
nifies undivided  ;  o,  in  Swedish,  being  a  prefix,  an- 
swering lo  the  English  un,  and  giving  to  words  a 
negative  signification.  If  0  in  odal  is  this  prefix,  and 
dal  from  the  root  of  deal,  the  word  signifies  undivided. 
But  some  obscurity  rests  on  this  word.  Poutoppi- 
-  dan's  derivation  is  most  probably  the  true  one.] 

Fri'ehold  estate  ;  land  which  is  the  ah.soliite  iirop- 
erty  of  the  owner  ;  real  estate  held  in  ab.solute  inde- 
pendence, without  being  subject  to  any  rent,  service, 
or  acknowledgmeiif  to  a  superior.  It  is  thus  oppos^'ii 
to  feud.  In  ICiiglaiid,  there  is  no  allodial  laud,  all 
land  being  held  of  the  king  ;  but  in  the  United  States, 
most  lands  are  allodial. 

AL-LONGE',  (al-lunj',)  n.  [Fr.  a'longrr,  to  lengthen, 
to  thrust;  allonge,  leiigtlR-iicd,  of  ad  and  long.] 

1.  A  pass  with  a  sword  ;  a  IhrusI  made  by  stepping 
forward  and  extending  the  arm  ;  a  term  used  in  fen- 
cing, often  contracted  into  lunge. 

2.  A  long  rein,  when  a  horse  is  trotted  in  the 
hand.  Johnson. 

.\L-LOO',  71.  (.  or  i.   To  incite  dogs  by  a  call. 

J'hillip.<. 

[See  the  correct  word.  Halloo.] 

AL-LO-PATII'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  allopnihy  or  the 
mode  of  cure  bv  producing  an  opposite  state. 

AL-LO  PATll'IC-AI,  LY,  adv.  Ill  a  nianiu  r  coii- 
fiirmnbli'  to  allop.itliy. 

AL-LOI".\- Tlll.'^  T,  One  w  ho  practices  medicine 
acconliiig  lo  llie  principles  and  rules  of  allopathy. 

AL-LOI"A-TIIV,  u.  [Gr.  liAAus,  other,  and  rrdOus, 
nioibid  condition.] 

'J'liat  nil  t hod  of  medical  practice,  in  which  tllote 
is  an  nifc'iiipf  lo  cure  disease  by  the  production  of  a 
condition  of  fill'  system  cillicr  dilii  reiil  from,  o|ipo- 
sitefo,oi  incomp.'iiible  with,  the  coiidilioii  esseiilial 
lo  file  disease  to  he  cured  ;  the  ordinary  mode  of 
medical  practice,  in  opposition  to  homaoputliii. 

AL'LO-PIIANE,  H.  [(Jr.  «X,\oj,  other,  and  qnttvoi,  to 
ajipear.] 

A  clayey  or  aluminous  mineral,  of  a  blue,  and 
somi-fiuies  of  a  green  or  brou'n  color,  which  occurs 
ina.ssive,  or  in  iiiiilative  shapes.  It  gelalinizes  in 
acids,  and  loses  its  color  before  the  blow  pipe', 
whence  its  name.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica,  alu- 
mina, and  water,  and  derives  its  color  from  a  small 
portion  of  copjier.  Dana. 


FATE,  FAft,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PUBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


■  ALL  

AL'LO-aUY,  n.    [L.  aU  and  loiiiwr.] 

A  speaking  to  ■iiiotlicr. 
AL-LOT',  r.  1.    [«C      aiul  lot ;  Pav.  klut.  See  Lot.] 
1.  To  iliviilf  or  (iistriliulr  liy  lot. 
■J.  'I'o  ilisti  ibiili-,  o;  parcel  imt  in  parts  or  portions  ; 
orto  (listnliiitc  11  share  to  eaoli  individual  concerned. 

:!.  To  grant,  as  a  portion  ;  to  give,  assign,  or  ap- 
point in  general  ;  as,  let  every  man  be  contented 
Willi  tliat-H  liieli  i'rovidence  n/(ef.<  to  him. 
AL-M)T'IMi;.\T,  II.    Tlie  act  of  allotting'. 

•2.  That   which  is  allotted  ;  a   share,  part,  or 
portion  granted  or  distributed  ;  that  which  is  as- 
signed by  lot,  or  by  the  act  of  God. 
J.  A  part,  portion,  or  place  appropriated. 
In  ;\  firUI,  Oicn;  is  lui  aUolintut  for  olives.  Broome. 
AI,-I.OT'TED,  pp.    distributed  by  lot;  granted; 
assigned. 

.\L-LOT'TER-Y  is  used  by  Pliakspeare  for  Allot- 

MEMT  ;  but  is  not  authorized  by  usage. 
.XL-LOT'TING,  ppr.    Distributing  by  lot;  giving  as 

portions ;  assigning. 
.\L-LO\V',  ».  t.    [Pr.  alloiicr,  from  loiirr;  I,,  loco,  to 

tail,  set,  place;  VV.  Uogi;  Norm,  allucr.    See  Lav. 

Class  Lg.] 

1.  To  grant,  give,  or  yield  ;  as,  to  allow  a  servant 
his  liberty  ;  to  allow  a  pension. 

•2.  'J'o  iidmit ;  as,  to  alloio  the  truth  of  a  proposi- 
tion ;  to  iilhiiD  a  claim. 

li.  To  ailinit ;  to  own  or  acknowledge ;  as,  to 
ii(/i>w  the  right  of  the  president  to  displace  ofliceis. 

4.  To  approve,  justify,  or  sanction. 

Ye  altox  Uie  (li-cds  of  your  fiiUicra.  —  Luke  xi.    Roiti,  vii. 

.'>.  To  afford,  or  grant  as  a  compensation;  as,  to 
nllow  a  dollar  a  day  for  wages. 

li.  'I'o  abate  or  deduct ;  as,  to  atloie  a  sum  for  tare 
or  leakage. 

7.  To  permit ;  to  grant  license  to ;  as,  to  allow  a 
stui  to  be  absent. 

AL-LO\V'.\-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  permitted  as  law- 
ful, or' admitted  as  true  and  proper;  not  forbidden  ; 
not  unlawful  or  improper ;  as,  a  certain  degree  of 
freedoni  is  allotcablr-  among  friends. 

AL-LOVV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
allowable  ;  lawfulness  ;  exemption  from  prohibition 
or  impropriety.  South. 

AL-LOW'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  allowable  manner; 
with  proprietv.  Loiclh. 

AI^LOVV'ANOE,  n.  The  act  of  allowing  or  ad- 
mitting. 

2.  Permission  ;  license;  approbation;  sanction; 
usually  slight  apjirobation.  Locke.  S/mk. 

.\dinission ;  assent  to  a  fact  or  state  of  things  ; 
a  granting.  Hooker. 

4.  Freedom  from  restraint ;  indulgence. 

5.  That  which  is  allowed  ;  a  portion  appointed  ; 
u  stated  quantity,  as  of  food  or  drink  ;  hence,  in 
scaineii^a  languaire,  a  limited  quantity  of  meat  and 
drink,  when  provisions  fall  short. 

6.  .Abatement ;  deduction  ;  as,  to  make  an  allow- 
ance for  the  inexperience  of  youth. 

7.  Established  character  ;  roputation  ;  as,  a  pilot 
of  approved  allowance.    [O^s.]  Sh^ik. 

8.  In  commerce,  a  customary  deduction  from  the 
gross  weight  of  goods,  difl'erent  in  ditferent  coun- 
tries, such  as  tare  and  trcL  P.  Cyc. 

AL-L0U''.\NCE,  v.  t.  To  put  upon  allowance  ;  to 
restrain  or  limit  to  a  certain  quantity  of  provisions 
or  drink  ;  as,  distress  compelled  the  captain  of  the 
ship  to  ttllttwance  his  crew. 

AlrI>0\V'^I),  pp.  Granted  ;  permitted  ;  assented  to  ; 
admitted  ;  approved  ;  indulged;  assigned  ;  abated. 

AL-L0\V'ER,  It.  One  who  allows,  permits,  grants, 
or  authorizes. 

AI^LOW'ING,  ppr.  Granting;  permitting;  admit- 
ting ;  approving  ;  indulging  ;  deducting. 

AL-LOY',  V.  I.  [Fr.  allier,  to  unite  or  mix  ;  L.  alligo, 
ad  and  ligo,  to  bind  ;  Gr.  \  v)  oio  ;  Sp.  I'igar,  to  tie  or 
bind,  to  alluij  or  mix  base  metals  with  gold  or  silver, 
to  league  or  confederate  ;  Port.  id. ;  It.  legare.  We 
observe  that  alloij  and  league,  alliance,  allij,  are  from 
the  same  root.    Class  Lg.] 

1.  To  reduce  the  purity  of  a  metal,  by  mixing  with 
it  a  portion  of  one  less  valuable ;  as,  to  alloy  gold 
with  silver,  or  silver  with  copper. 

2.  To  mix  metals.  Lavoisier. 

3.  To  reduce  or  abate  by  mixture ;  as,  to  alloy 
pleasure  with  misfortunes. 

AL-LOY',  71.  In  coinage,  a  baser  metal  mixed  with  a 
finer. 

2.  In  cheml.itry,  the  mixture  of  different  metals  ; 
any  metallic  compound  except  that  of  mercury  with 
another  metal,  w  hirh  is  calledan  amalgam. 

3.  Evil  mi.xed  with  good  ;  as,  nohai>pincss  is  with- 
out alloii. 

AL-LOY'.\GE,  n.    [Fr.  alliagr,  from  allirr.] 

1.  The  act  of  alloying  metals,  or  the  mixture  of  a 
baser  metal  with  a  finer,  to  reduce  its  purity  ;  the 
act  of  mixing  metals. 

9.  The  mixture  of  different  metals.  lAivoi.iirr. 
AL-LOY'fTD,  pp.     Mixed,  as  metals;  reduced  in 

purity  ;  debased  ;  abated  by  foreign  mixture. 
AL-LCiY'I.NG,  ppr.    Mixing,  as  metals;  reducing  in 
purity  ;  abating  by  foreign  mixture. 


ALM 

,\LL'S1'I("E,  n.    See  und<  r  tint  coiiipoiinds  of  All. 
.\L-L01)E',  e.  i.    [L.  alluilo,  to  Miule  ii|ioii  or  make 

sport  with,  of  ad  and  liiilo,  to  play  ;  Sp.  Port,  aluilir ; 

It.  atlailirc.    Class  Ld.] 

To  refer  to  something  not  directly  mentioned  ;  to 

have  reference;  to  hint  at  by  remote  suggestions; 

as,  that  story  alluilcs  to  a  recent  transaction. 
AL-Lul)'ElJ,  pp.    Referred  to  ;  hinted  at. 
AL-LuO'LNG,  ppr.    Having  reference ;  hinting  at. 
AL-LU'ML\-Ult,    n.     [Fr.  allumcr,  to  light.  See 

LiMNEIl.] 

One  who  colors  or  paints  upon  paper  or  parch- 
ment, giving  light  and  ornament  to  letters  and 
figures.  Cowel.  Encijc. 

This  is  now  written  TjIMneu. 
AI^LullE',  V.  t.    [Fr.  Icurrcr,  to  decoy,  from  leurrc,  a 
lure.] 

To  attempt  to  draw  to ;  to  tempt  by  the  offer  of 
some  good,  real  or  aiiparent;  to  invite  by  something 
flattering  or  acceptable  ;  as,  rewards  allure  men  to 
brave  danger.  Sonietiines  used  in  a  bad  sense,  to 
allure  to  evil ;  but  in  this  sense  entice  is  more 
common.  In  Uosea  ii.  14,  allure  is  used  in  its  genu- 
ine sense ;  in  2  Peter  ii.  IH,  in  the  sense  of  entice. 

.\L-Luli'AT),  pp.  Teniiited,  drawn,  or  invited,  by 
something  that  appears  desirable. 

AL-LCKE'.MENT,  n.  That  which  allures;  any  real 
or  apparent  good  held  forth,  or  operating,  as  a  motive 
to  action  ;  temptation;  enticement ;  as,  Ihc  allure- 
ment^ of  pleasure,  or  of  honor. 

AL-LOll'EK,  Ti.    lie  or  that  which  allures. 

AL-Lull'I.NG,  ppr.  Drawing;  templing;  inviting  by 
some  real  or  apparent  good 

2.  a.  Inviting ;  having  the  quality  of  attracting 
or  tempting. 

AL-LCll'Ii\G-LY,  a(/(7.  In  an  alluring  manner;  en- 
ticingly. 

AL-LOR'ING-N'ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  alluring  or 
tempting  by  the  prospect  of  some  good.  [Harcly 

AL-Lu'SIOX,  (al-ln'zhun,)  n.  [Fr.  from  allusio.  Low 
L.    See  Allcdk.] 

-V  reference  to  something  supposed  to  be  known, 
but  not  explicitly  mentioned;  a  hint ;  a  sugL'estion. 

Burnet. 

In  rhetoric,  a  reference  to  some  striking  incident 
in  history,  or  passage  in  some  writer,  which  illus- 
trates, and  at  the  same  time  pleases,  by  resem- 
blance. 

AL-Lu'SIVE,  a.  Having  reference  to  something  not 
fully  expressed.  South. 

AL-Lu'SI  VE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  allusion ;  by  impli- 
cation, remote  suggestion,  or  insinuation. 

Hammond. 

AL-Lu'SIVE-NESS,  ?i.    The  quality  of  being  iUlu- 

sive.    [Rarely  used.] 
AL-Lu'SO-RY,  a.    Allusive.  HeaHi. 
AL-Lu'VI-AL, o.    [See  Alluvion.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  alluvion ;  added  to  land  by  the 
wash  of  water. 

2.  Washed  ashore  or  down  a  stream ;  formed  by  a 
current  of  water;  deposited  from  water;  as,  alluvial 
ores  ;  alluvial  soil.  Kirwan. 

AL-LU'VI-ON,  n.  [L.  alluvia,  of  ad  and  lavo  or  luo, 
alluo,  to  wash.    See  Lave.] 

1.  A  gradual  washing  or  carrjing  of  earth  or 
other  substances  to  a  shore  or  bank ;  the  earth  thus 
added. 

2.  In  Zaw,  the  gradual  increase  of  earth  on  ashore, 
or  bank  of  a  river,  by  the  force  of  water,  xs  by  a 
current  or  by  waves.  The  owner  of  the  land  thus 
augmented  has  a  right  to  the  alluvial  earth. 

is.  In  physical  geography,  a  tract  of  alluvial  forma- 
tion ;  particularly  applied  to  the  bottom-lands  and 
deltas  of  rivers. 
AL-LO'YI-OUS,  a.  The  same  as  Alluvial.  [Obs.] 
AL-LO'Vl-UM,  n.  [L.]  Earth,  sand,  gravel,  and 
other  transported  matter,  which  has  been  washed 
away,  and  thrown  down  by  rivers,  floods,  or  other 
causes,  upon  land  not  permanently  submerged  be- 
neath the  waters  of  lakes  or  seas.  Lyell. 

la  this  tUiuBium  was  found  the  entire  skeleton  of  a  wh.tl'*. 

BuMaiul. 

AL-L?',  V.  U  [Fr.  allier :  reciprocal  verb,  s'alUcr,  to 
match  or  conlederate  ;  from  ad  and  licr,  to  tie  or 
unite  ;  L.  ligo.] 

1.  To  unite,  or  form  a  relation,  as  between  fami- 
lies by  marriage,  or  between  princes  and  states  by 
treaty,  league,  or  confederacy. 

2.  To  fonn  a  relation  by  similitude,  resemblance, 
or  friendship.  JVolc.  This  word  is  more  generally 
used  in  tbe  passive  fonn ;  as,  families  are  allied  by 
blood  ;  or  reciprocally  ;  as,  princes  ally  tAcmsclvcs  to 
powerful  states. 

Aly-LY',  n.  A  prince  or  state  united  by  treaty  or 
league  ;  a  confederate. 

The  alli£t  of  Rome  were  sl.-vres.  AmtM. 
2.  One  rtlated  by  marriage  or  other  tie ;  but  seldom 
applied  to  individuals,  except  to  princes  in  their 
public  capacity. 
.\L-LT'1NG,  ppr.   Uniting  by  marriage  or  treaty. 
AL'MA-CAN-TAU,  n.    See  ALMLCANTAn. 
.\L'MA-DIE,  n.    A  bark  canoe  used  by  the  Africans  ; 


ALM 

also,  a  long  boat  used  at  Calicut,  in  India,  eighty  feet 
long,  and  six  or  seven  broad  ;  called  also  cuthuri. 

Encyc. 

AL'.MA-<jEST,  71.    [ill  and  iiryiar,  greatest.] 

A  book  or  collection  of  problems  in  a.?tronoiny  and 
geometry,  drawn  up  by  Ptolemy.  'I'he  same  title 
has  been  given  to  other  works  of  the  like  kind. 

Kncijc. 

AL-MA'GKA,  7i.  A  fine,  deep-red  ocher,  with  an  ad- 
mixture of  purjde,  very  heavy,  dense,  but  friable, 
with  a  rough,  dusty  surface.  It  is  the  sd  aUicum  of 
the  ancients.  It  is  austere  to  the  t;iste,  a.stringent, 
melting  in  the  inoi.th,and  staining  the  skin.  It  is 
used  as  a  paint  and  as  a  medicine.  Encyc. 

JiL'MJI  MXTER,  [L.]  Fostering  mother;  a  college 
or  seminary  where  one  ia  educated. 


AL'MA-N.\e,  n.  [Ar.  al  and  ^\JL.«  manacJi,  manack, 
a  calendar,  or  diaiy.]  C 

.\  small  book  or  table,  containing  a  calendar  of 
days,  weeks,  and  months,  with  the  times  of  the 
rising  and  setting  of  the  sun  and  moon,  changes  of 
the  moon,  eclipses,  hours  of  full  tide,  slotted  festivals 
of  churches,  stated  terms  of  courts,  observations  on 
the  weather,  ii.c.  for  the  year.  This  calendar  is 
sometiines  published  on  one  side  of  a  single  sheet, 
and  called  a  slieel-alinanac. 

The  (Jaltic  nations  formerly  engraved  their  calen- 
dars on  pieces  of  wood,  on  swords,  helves  of  axes, 
and  various  other  utensils,  and  especially  on  walk- 
ing-sticks. Many  of  these  are  preserved  in  the  cab- 
inets of  the  curious.  They  are  called,  by  different 
nations,  rimstoclis,  prim:itaries,  runstocks,  ruiuilaffs, 
clogx.  Sec. 

'i'he  characters  used  are  generally  the  Runic  or 
Gothic.  Junius.    Encyc.    Tookc^s  Russia. 

AL'.MA-.\Ae-MAK-ER,  71.    A  maker  of  almanacs. 

AL'MAN-DINE,  n-  [Fr.  and  It.]  In  mineralogy, 
precious  garnet,  a  beautiful  mineral  of  a  red  color, 
of  various  shades,  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow  or 
blue.  It  is  coiniiionly  translucent,  sometimes  trans- 
parent. It  occurs  crystallized  in  the  rhombic  dodeca- 
hedron. PhUlips. 

AL'ME,  or  AL'M.VI,  n.  Girls  in  Egypt,  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  amuse  company  with  singing  and 
dancing.  Encijc.  Savary. 

AL-.Mk'N.\j  7!.  A  weight  of  two  pounds,  used  to 
weigh  safiron  in  several  parts  of  Asia,      Sp.  Dict^ 

AL-MIGIIT'I-LY,  (awl-mit'e-le,)  adv.  With  almighty 
power.  //.  Taylor. 

AL-MIGHT'I-XESS,  7t.  Omnipotence;  infinite  or 
boundless  power  ;  an  attribute  of  God  only. 

AI^MIGIIT'Y,  o.    [u// and  j<i;<,rA(i/.    See  Might.] 

Possessing  all  power  ;  omnipotent ;  being  of  un- 
limited miglit ;  being  of  boundless  sulficiency  ;  op- 
propriatelii  applied  to  t]ic  Supreme  Being. 

AL-MTGiri''Y,  71.    The  Omnipotent  God. 

AL'MOiSD,  71.  [Fr.  amandc  ;  It.  inandula  i  Sp.  almen- 
dra  ;  Ger.  mandel.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  the  almond-tree  ;  an  ovate,  com- 
pressed nut,  perforated  with  |>ores.  It  is  either 
sweet  or  bitter.    [It  is  popularly  pronounced  a;7i<i7id.] 

J^ichoUon.  Encyc. 

2.  The  tonsils,  two  glands  near  the  basis  of  the 
tongue,  are  called  alinondi,  from  their  resemblance 
to  that  nut ;  vulgarly,  but  improperly,  called  the 
almonds  of  Uic  cars,  as  they  belong  to  the  throat. 

Quincy,  Johiinon. 

3.  In  Portugal,  a  measure  by  which  wine  is  sold, 
twenty-six  tif  which  make  a  pipe.  Encyc. 

[But  in  Portuguese  it  is  written  almuele.] 

4.  Among  lapidaries,  alnumds  signify  pieces  of 
rock  crystal,  used  in  adorning  branch  candlesticks, 
so  called  from  their  resemblance  to  this  fruit.  Eiuye. 

AL'.MOND-FUR'iN'ACE,  71.  A  kind  of  furnace  used 
in  the  refining  process,  to  separate  the  metal  from 
ciiniers  and  otlier  foreign  matter.  Chambers. 

AL'iMO.\D-OIL,  71.  A  bland,  fixed  oil,  obtained  from 
almonds  bv  pressure,  Ure. 

AL'MO.ND-SllAP-iJD,  (-shupt,)  a.  Having  the  form 
of  an  aImoiid._ 

.VL'.MOND-TRkE,  II.  A  species  of  Amygdalus  ;  the 
tree  which  produces  the  almond.  The  leaves  and 
flowers  resemble  those  of  the  peach,  but  the  fruit  is 
longer  and  more  compressed,  the  green  coat  is  thin- 
ner and  drier  when  ri|>c,  and  the  shell  is  not  so  rug- 
ged. Miller. 

AL'MOND-WIL'LOW,  71.  A  willow  with  leaves  of 
a  light  green  pn  both  sides.  Mason,  from  ShenstoHC, 

AL'.MO.\"-ER,  71.    [See  Alms.] 

.\n  officer  whose  duty  is  to  distribute  charity  or 
alms.  By  the  ancient  canons,  every  monastery  was 
to  disjiose  of  a  tenth  of  its  income  in  alms  to  the 
poor,  and  all  bishops  were  obliged  to  keep  an  al- 
moner. This  title  is  sometimes  given  to  a  chap- 
lain ;  as,  the  almoner  of  a  ship  or  regiment. 

The  lord  alniuuer,  or  lard  high  almoner,  in  Ensland, 
is  an  ecclesiastical  ofiicer,  generally  a  bishop,  who 
has  the  forfeiture  of  all  tieodands,  and  the  goods  of 
self-murderers,  which  lie  is  to  di.'-tribiite  to  the  (loor. 

The  grand  almoner,  in  France,  is  the  first  ecclesi- 
astical dignitar>',  and  has  tbe  superintendence  of 
hospitids.         '  Encyc 


TONE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SU;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


37 


ALO 

AL'.MON-RY,  n.    [corrupted  into  ambri/,  aumbry,  or 
ainiicni.] 

Tlie  |ilace  where  th«  aluioner  resides,  or  vvliere 
the  ahiis  are  distributed. 
AL'-MOST,  arfc.    [all  and  most.    The  Saxon  order  of 
"  writing  was  thus:  "all  must  who  were  present." 
Sax.  Chron.  p.  i>25.    We  now  use  a  duplication, 
almost  all  who  were  present.] 
Nearly  ;  well  nigh  ;  for  the  greatest  part. 
Almost  Ulou  persuadest  me  to  l}e  a  Cirlstian.  — .-Vcls  xxTi. 
XLMS,  (aniz,)  n.  pi.    [Sax.  almes;  old  Eng.  almesse  ; 
Norm,  almoi'rnes ;  Fr.  aumdnes ;  D.  aidmocs ;  S\v. 


almosa;  Dan.'almisse :  G.  ahnosen  ;  I.,  deemusma  ;  (Jr. 
(\crin:iGfvn.  The  first  syllables  appear  to  be  from 
c\'.tu>,  to  pity.] 

Any  thing  given  gratuitously  to  relieve  the  poor, 
as  money,  food,  or  clothing,  otherwise  called  charitij. 

A  lame  man  wss  laid  daily  to  ask  an  a'rrts.  —  Acts  iti. 
Coriieliiis  gave  much  aiine  to  die  j^eopli.-. —  Acts  x. 
Tenure  bii  free  alms,  or  frank  almoign,  in  England, 
is  that  by  which  the  possessor  is  bmiiul  to  |)iay  for 
the  soul"  of  the  donor,  whether  dead  or  alive  ;  a 
tenure  by  which  mostoftlie  ancient  monasteries  and 
religious  houses  in  England  held  their  lands,  as  do 
the  parochial  clergy,  and  many  ecclesiastical  and 
eleemosynary  establishments  at  this  ilay.    Land  thus 
held  was  free  from  all  rent  or  other  service.  Bltirl.ston'^. 
XL.MS'-BXSKET,    ALMS'-BOX,  SLJIS'-CIIEST. 

Vessels  appropriated  to  receive  alms. 
.KLMS'-DEED,  n.   An  act  of  charity  ;  a  cluiritable 

XLMS'-FOLK,  (amz'fok,)  n.    Persons  suitported  by 

alms.    [.Vo(  used.] 
AL.MS'-GIV-ER,  n.   One  who  gives  to  the  poor. 

Baron. 

ALMS'-GIV-IXG,  n.    The  bestownient  of  charity. 
aL.MS'-HOUSE,  n.    A  hoii.se  appropriated  for  the  use 
of  the  piuir,  who  are  suppoiteil  by  the  public. 

In  Ensland,  the  term  is  also  applied  to  houses  for 
supporting  the  poor  on  private  charitable  foundations. 

P.  Cyc. 

ALMS'-.^l.\N,  n.    A  man  who  lives  by  alm«.  Slink. 

XLMS'-MEN,         I  n.  pi.  Persons  suppoileil  by  charity 

XLMS'-PkO-PLE,  (    or  by  public  provision. 

AL'.MU-€.\N-TAR,  n.  [.\r;ibic.]  A  term  applied  to 
circles  of  the  sphere  parallel  to  the  horizon,  con- 
ceived to  pass  through  every  degree  of  the  meridian. 

HuUoiL. 

AL'iMU-CAN-TAR'S  STAFF,  n.  An  instrument  of 
box  or  pear-tree,  having  an  arch  of  fifteen  degrees, 
formerly  used  to  take  observations  of  the  sun,  about 
the  time  of  its  rising  or  setting,  to  find  the  amplitude 
and  the  variation  of  the  compass.  Encyc.  Clia.itbers. 
AL,-MU'I)E,  n.     A  wine  measure  in   Portugal,  of 

which  tvventy-six  make  a  pipe.  Pari.  Diet. 

AL'.MUG,  *   H.    In  Scripture,  a  tree  or  wood  about 
AL'GU.M,  (     which  the  learned  are  not  agreed.  The 
latest  probable  conjecture  is,  that  the  word  denote- 
the  saniial-wood  of  the  East.  Kitlo. 

The  Vulgate  translates  itfi^-na  tliyina,  rmii  the  Sep 
tuagiiit,  wroitirAt-woorf  ;  others,  cbonij,  brazil,  or  pine  ; 
and  the  Rabbins  render  it  coral.  It  was  used  for 
musical  instruments,  staircases,  &.C. 

The  Vnjinum  is  the  citron-tree,  from  Mauritania, 
much  esteemed  by  the  ancients  for  iu  fragrance  and 
beauty.    The  a/mi<»,  almugim,  or  algumim,  or  simply 
guinmim,  is  most  probably  a  gummy  wood,  and  per- 
haps may  be  the  shittim,  often  mentioned  in  Scrip- 
ture.   See  1  Kings  x.  11  Culmii.  F.ncijc. 
AL'NAGE,  Ji.     [Fr.  aninage,  now  .softeiud  into  nii- 
Tiage ;  L.  ulna;  Gr.  '.iXci  r,,  an  arm,  a  cubit ;  \V.  din  ; 
lr"uelen,  uUt,  or  udcan,  an  elbow,  a  nook  or  corner. 
See  Ell.] 
A  me.asuring  by  the  ell. 
AL'N.\-GEIl,  (  n.    A  measurer  by  the  ell ;  a  sworn 
AI..'N.\-GAR,  \    oHicer,  whose  duty  was  to  inspect 
and  measure  woolen  cloth,  and  fix  upi;n  it  a  .seal. 
This  office  was  abolished  by  st  ilute  II  antl  19  Will. 
III.    No  duty  or  olfice  of  this  kind  exists  in  the 
United  States. 
AL'NI(iIIT,  (awl'nne,)  tu    A  cake  of  wa.x  with  the 
'"  wick  in  the  midst.  Bacon. 
AL'OE,  (al'o,)  ;i.    [I..  aloU  ;  Gr.  nh»t ;  Sp.  Port.  It.  Fr. 
alur  ;  lli  b.  pi.  D^'^nN,  aloe-trees.] 

In  biitanij,  a  g.;nii8  of  the  class  and  order  Hexan- 
dria  .Monogynia,  of  many  species ;  all  natives  of 
warm  climates,  and  most  of  them  of  the  southern 
part  of  Africa. 

Amiiiig  the  Mohammedans,  the  aloe  is  a  sym- 
bolic plant,  es|«'cially  in  Egypt  ;  and  every  one  who 
reliirnn  from  a  pilgrimag.;  to  Mecca  hangs  it  ovi'r 
his  street  door,  as  a  token  thai  he  hxs  performed  the 
Joiirni^v. 

In  Africa,  the  leaves  of  the  Guinea  aloe  are  made 
into  durable  ropi:!i.  f)f  ontr  specii  s  an;  made  fisliing- 
lini'K,  bow  strings,  stockings,  anil  baimnorks.  The 
leaven  of  anothitr  spi^cics  hold  rain  wtiti  r. 
AL'OES.  n.  In  m«/icin',  the  inxpissati  il  juice  tif  the 
oloe.  The  juice  is  collected  from  the  li  aves,  which 
are  cut  and  put  in  a  tub,  and  when  a  large  ipiantiiy 
li  procured,  it  in  Iwdled  to  a  suitable  ctUHisli  nce  ;  or 
it  is  ex|H*Hed  U)  the  sun,  till  all  the  lliiid  part  is  ex- 
haled.   There  arc  several  kinils  sold  in  the  shops  ; 


ALO 

as,  the  Socotrine  aloes  from  Socotora,  an  isle  in  the 
Indian  Ocean  ;  the  heptttic  or  cuiuiiion  Barbadoes 
ahies;  and  the  fetid  or  caballine  aloes. 

.^loes  is  a  stimulating  stomachic  purgative  ;  when 
taken  in  small  doses,  it  is  useful  for  people  of  a  lax 
htiliit  antl  sedentary  life.  Encyc. 
AL'oES-WOOD,  «.    See  AcALLocHt  M. 
.AL-O-ET'ie,  "      )  a.    1.  Pertaining  to  altie  or  aloes ; 
AL-0-ET'ie-.\L,  i    partakingofthe  qualities  of  aloes. 
2.  Ctmsisting  chiedy  of  aloes ;  having  aloes  as  a 
principal  ingretlient ;  as,  an  atactic  preparation. 
AL-O-ET'ie,  n.    A  meilicine  consisting  cliiefly  of 

aloes.  Quincif. 
A-hOFT',  ado.    [a  and /oft.    See  Loft  and  LiKf.] 

1.  On  high ;  in  the  air ;  high  above  the  ground  ; 
as,  the  eagle  soars  aloft 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  in  the  top ;  at  the  mast 
head  ;  or  on  the  higher  yards  or  rigging.  Ilence,  on 
the  upper  part,  as  of  a  btiililing. 

A-Lo'GI-.ANS,  n.  ;)/.    [  i  neg.  and -Xo)  o?,  word.] 

In  church  history,  a  sect  of  ancient  heretics,  who 
denied  Jesus  Christ  to  be  the  Logos,  and  consequently 
rejected  the  Gospel  of  St.  John.        Buck.  Encvc. 
AL'O-GO-TRO-PHY,  ?i.    [Gr.  uX'i)  os,  unreasonable, 
and  T.  opri,  nutrition.] 

A  disproportionate  nutrition  of  the  p.irts  of  the 
body,  as  when  one  part  receives  more  or  less  nour- 
ishment and  growth  than  another.  Bailei/. 
AL'0-M.\i\-CY,  ?!.    [Gr.  (iAs,  salt,  and  /iaiTuu,  div- 
ination.] 

Divination  by  salt.  Morin. 
AL'O-GY,  H.    [Gr.  «  and  Xoj  (>«.] 

Unreast>nableness  ;  absurdity.  Brown. 
A-LoNE',  a.    [all  antl  one;  Germ,  allcin;  D.  alleen  ; 
Sw.  allrjia  ;  Dan.  allene.] 

1.  Single;  solitary;  without  the  presence  of 
another ;  ajiplied  to  a  person  or  thing. 

It  is  not  good  that  man  shonlti  be  alone.  — Uen.  ii. 

[  This  atljectire  follows  its  noun.] 

2.  It  is  applied  to  two  or  more  persons  or  things, 
when  separate  from  t)thers,  in  a  place  or  condition 
by  themselves ;  without  company. 

And  wlfn  thf^y  were  alone,  he  expounded  .all  things  to  liis  disci- 
pi-  s.  —  Mark  iv. 

3.  Only. 

Thoii,  whos-?  name  a'one  is  Jehovah.  — Ps.  Ixxxiii. 
This  sense  at  first  appears  to  be  atlverbial,  but 
really  is  not ;  whose  name,  single,  solitary,  witliout 
another,  is  Jehovah. 

_  To  let  alone,  is  to  sulTer  to  rest ;  to  forbear  molesting 
or  meddling  with  ;  to  sutler  to  remain  in  its  present 
state.    Mone,  in  this  phriuse,  is  ail  adji'ctive,  the 
word  to  which  it  refers  being  omitted  ;  let  me  alone  ; 
lot  them  alone  ;  let  it  alt)ne  ;  that  is,  sutfer  it  to  he 
unmolested,  or  to  remain  as  it  is,  or  let  it  remain  by 
A-LoNE',  ado.    Separately  ;  by  itself.  [itself. 
A-LoXE'LY,a.  or  atiu.  Only  ;  merely  ;  singly.  [A'ot 
Abused.]  Ooiecr. 
■iIX)i\E'\ESS,  n.    That  state  which  belongs  to  no 
^Sither.    [JVot  xLscd.']  Montague. 
A-LONG',  ado.    [Sax.  and-lang  or  ond-lang ;  Fr.  au 
long,  le  long.    See  Long.    The  Saxons  always  jire- 
fixed  aiirf  or  o)i(/,  and  the  sense  seems  to  be,  by  the 
length,  or  opposite  the  length,  or  iu  the  direction  of 
the  length.] 

1.  By  the  length  ;  lengthwise  ;  in  a  line  with  the 
length  ;  as,  the  troops  marched  along  the  bank  of  the 
river,  or  along  the  highway.     I  Sain.  vi. 

2.  Onward  ;  in  a  line,  or  with  a  progressive  mo- 
lion  ;  as,  a  meteor  glides  along  the  sky  ;  let  us  walk 
along, 

AU  along,  signifies  the  whole  length  ;  through  the 
whole  distance  ;  in  the  whole  way  or  length. 

Ubniael  went  fotah,  weeping  all  along  as  he  went. — Jer.  xli. 
I  Sam,  xxviii. 

Along  with,  signifies  in  company  ;  joined  with  ;  as, 
go  along  with  us.    Sometimes  with  is  omitted. 

Come,  tlien,  my  friend,  niy  genins,  conip  along.  Pope. 
Along  side,  in  seamen's  language,  that  is,  by  the 
Icngth"or  in  a  line  with  the  side,  signifies  side  by 
side,  as  by  another  ship,  or  by  the  side  of  a  wharf 

Along  shore,  is  by  the  shore  or  coast,  lengthwise, 
and  near  the  shore. 

Lying  along,  is  lying  on  the  side,  or  pressed  down 
by  the  weight  of  sail.  Mir,  Diet, 

A-LONGST',  adv.    Along  ;  through  or  by  the  length. 

(Olis.j  Knolle.'<. 
A-LOOF',  adv.    [probably  from  the  root  of  leave,  to 
depart.] 

1.  At  a  distance,  hut  within  view,  or  at  a  small 
distance,  in  a  literal  scn.ie;  as,  to  stand  aloof, 

2.  In  a  figurative  acjisc,  not  concerned  in  a  design  ; 
declining  to  take  any  share,  implying  circumspec- 
tion ;  kei.'ping  at  a  distance  from  the  point,  or  mtitter 
in  debate. 

A-LOOF'NESS,  tu  The  keeping  at  n  distance. 

Coleridge. 

AI/O-PE-OY,  n.    (Gr.  a\'  <vi]l,  a  fox,  whose  urine  is 
said  to  occasion  baltlness.] 

A  disease,  calleil  the /i)j-fm7  or  sn/rf,  which  Is  a 
falling  off  of  the  hair  from  any  part  of  the  body. 

Qutnri/.    Encyc,  Bailey, 


ALR 

A-LOUD',  ado,  [a  anil  loud;  Sax.  gehlyd,  clamor. 
See  LoL'D.]  Loudly;  with  a  loud  voice,  or  great 
noise. 

Cry  alowl,  spare  not.  —  Isa.  Iviii. 
A-Lo\V',  adv.    In  a  low  place,  or  a  lower  part ;  op- 
posed to  aloft,  Dryden. 
ALP,  n.       >  [Qu.  Gr.  aX<pof,  white  ;  L.  ulbus.  The 
ALPS,  n,  pi,  (     Celts  calletl  all  high  mountains  alpes  or 
olbe.    Cluvcr.    'i'hucyilities  mentittns  a  castle,  in  the 
territory  of  Argits,  situated  tm  a  hill,  antl  ctilled 
Olpas  or  Olp.    Lib.  3,  Ca.  10.5.    PelUiittier,  Ilisl.  des 
Celtes,  Liv.  1.  15.    The  derivation  of  the  word  from 
u> /jii?,  white,  is  therefore  doubtful.    In  Ir.  or  Gaelic, 
ailp  is  a  huge  mass  or  lumj).] 

A  liiL'b  mountain.  The  name,  it  is  supposed,  was 
originally  given  to  mountains  whose  ttijis  were  cov- 
ereti  with  snow,  and  hence  appropriately  applied  to 
the  mountains  of  Switzerland  ;  so  that  by  Alps  Is 
generally  understt)t)d  the  latter  mountains.  But 
geographers  apply  the  name  to  any  high  mountains. 

Pmherton. 

AL  PACA,  n.    An  animal  of  Peru,  used  as  a  lie.ast  of 
burden,  and  more   particularly  for  its  wool  ;  the 
Cauieliis  Pacoof  Linnanis,  and  tlie  Pacos  of  Pennant. 
AL'PHA,  n.    [Hell.  '\-'hi<,  an  ox  or  loader.] 

The  first  letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet,  answering 
to  A,  and  used  to  ttenote  first  or  beginning. 

I  am  .Alpha,  and  Oniegii.  —  Uev.  i. 

As  a  numeral,  it  stands  for  one.  It  was  formerly 
used  ;il-io  to  denote  chief;  as,  Plato  was  the  Alpha  of 
the  wits. 

AL'PII  A-HET,  7!.    [Gr.  aU,a  and  /?f|ra,  A  and  B.] 
The  letters  of  a  language  arranged  in  the  cus- 
tomary order  ;  the  series  of  letters  which  form  the 
elements  of  speech. 
AL'PHA-BET,  v.  t.    To  airange  in  the  order  of  an 
alphabet  ;  to  form  an  alphabet  iu  a  book,  or  desig- 
nate the  leaves  by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet. 
AL-PHA-BET-A'RI-.\N,  n.    A  learner  while  in  the 
A,  B,  C. 

AL-PHA-BET'ie,       )  a.    1.  In  the  order  of  an  al- 
AL-PHA-BET'ie-AL,  (     phabet,  or  in  the  order  of 
the  letters  as  customarily  arranged;  as,  an  alphabet- 
ical arrangement  or  series. 

2.  Furnished  with  an  alphabet ;  as,  an  alphabetical 
language. 

3.  Expressed  by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet ;  as, 
alphabetic  writing. 

AL-PH,\-BET'ie-.\L-LY,  adr.    In   an  alphabetical 

manner ;  in  the  customary  order  of  the  letters. 
AL-PllE'NIX,  )(.    [al  aud  phirnix.'] 

White  barley  sugar,  n.sed  fiir  colds.  It  is  common 
sugar  bt>iled  till  it  will  easily  crack  ;  then  ptuired 
upon  an  oiled  marble  table,  and  molded  into  various 
figures.  Eneyc. 
AL'PIIEST,  n.  A  small  fish,  having  a  purple  back 
and  belly,  with  yellow  sides,  a  smooth  mtiuth,  and 
thick,  fit'shy  lips  ;  always  caught  near  the  shore  or 
among  rocks.    Labrus  Cinffidus  Linn. 

nict.  ofMit.  IPst. 
AL-PHIT'0-MAN-CY,M.    Divination  by  barley-ineal. 

Knowles. 

AL-PllON'SIN,  71.  A  surgical  instrument  for  extract- 
ing bullets  from  wountis,  so  called  fmm  its  invtuitor, 
Aiplioii.sus  Ferrier  of  Xaplos.  It  consists  of  three 
branches,  which  close  by  a  ring,  and  open  when  it  is 
drawn  back.  Kncuc. 
AL-PIIO.\'SIN  Ta'BLES,  n.  Astronomical  tables 
which  were  publislietl  in  ia,')3,  under  the  patronage 
of  Alphonso  X.,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon.  P.  Cue. 
AL'PHUS,  71.    [Gr.  aX.«'.s,  white.] 

That  species  of  leprosy  calletl  vitiligu,  in  which 
the  skin  is  rough,  with  white  sjiots.  Qniney. 
AL'PI-GE.N'E,  a.   Produced  or  growing  in  .\lpiiie 
regit)ns. 

AL'PIXE,  fine  or  in,)  o.    [/-.  oZ/nnii.s  from  Alpes.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  Alps,  or  to  any  lofty  moun- 
tain ;  very  high  ;  elevated.        Milton.  Thomson. 

2.  Growing  on  high  nunintains  ;  as,  alfiine  plants. 
The  alpine  strawberry,  is  a  kind  of  strawberry  grow- 

ins  tm  loftv  hills.  Mason,  Supp. 

AL'PISTE,  i  n.  The  seed  of  a  species  of  canary  gia.ss, 
AL'PI-A,     \     {Phalaris,)  a  small  seed  used  for  feeil- 

ing  birds.  F.ncye. 
AL'tiUI-ER,  n.    A  mea.sure  in  Portugal  ft>r  dry  things, 
as  well  as  liquids,  containing  half  an  almude,  or 
about  two  gallons.    It  is  called  also  cantor. 

Port.  Diet, 

A'i.'ClXn-FCiV,  (al'ke-foo,)  v,  A  sort  of  lead  ore, 
[galena,]  whiili,  when  broken,  looks  like  siilphitret 
of  aiiliniony.  It  is  fouiul  iu  Cornwtill,  Englanil  ; 
useil  by  ptltters  lo  give  a  green  varnish  to  their 
w;ires,'and  called  potter's  ore,  A  small  mixture  of 
inangtinese  gives  i(  a  blackish  hue.  Encyc, 
AL-READ'Y,  (al-red'dy,)  ado,  [all  and  ready.  See 
■■REAor.] 

Literally,  a  state  of  complete  preparation  ;  but,  by 
an  I'asy  tlfrtertitm,  the  sense  is,  at  this  lime,  or  at  a 
specified  time. 

FHaji  in  come  nJrewly,  —  Matt.  xvii. 
Joseph  wan  in  Kgypt  atrtady,  —  Kxod.  i. 

It  has  reference  lo  past  time,  but  may  be  used  for 
a  future  p.isl  ;  as,  when  you  shall  arrive,  the  business 


FATE,  FAE,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


38 


ALU 


wiil  be  already  completed,  or  will  have  been  com- 
pb^ted  alreaJv. 
Ali'SO,  ailv.   \all  and  so.    Sax.  eal  and  stca;  eal,  all, 
the  whole,  and  .virn,  so.] 
Likewise  ;  in  like  manner. 

W'hTe  your  tivasuir  b,  Oi«-n:  will  your  liearta  te  alto.  —  Mfitl. 

XVi. 

ALT,     )  a.    [It.,  from  L.  altm,  high  ;  Celt,  oft,  aill 
AL'TO,  (  .a  high  place  ;  llcb.  n^TV,  "pper,  Yi,  high.] 
In  music,  a.  term  applied  t.>  high  miles  in  the  scale. 
In  sculpture,  altu-relieio,  high  relief,  is  when  the 
figures  project  half  or  more,  without  being  entirely 
detarhi  d  from  the  gronnil.  Encije^  Ctic. 

AL-'r.\'ie,  or  AL-T.^'IA.\,  a.  [Tart.  aJalau,  perhaps 
al-lag,  hish  mountain.    'I'ooke,  1,  li>l.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Altai,  a  vast  ridge  of  mountains 
extending,  in  an  easterly  direction,  through  a  consid- 
erable iiartof  .\sia,  and  forming  a  boundary  between 
the  Russian  and  Chinese  dominions. 

Pinherton,  Knciic. 
AL'TAR,  n.    [L.  altare,  probably  from  the  same  root 
"as  alius,  high  ;  Celt,  all,  a  hii;h  place.] 

1.  A  mount  ;  a  table  or  elevated  place,  on  which 
sacrifices  were  ancii'utly  olleri'd  to  some  deity. 
Altars  were  originally  made  of  turf,  afterward  of 
stone,  wood,  or  horn  ;  some  were  round,  others 
square,  others  triangular.  They  ditfercd  also  in 
height,  but  all  faced  the  east.  The  principal  altars 
of  the  Jews  were  the  altar  t»f  incense,  of  burnt-olfer- 
ings,  ami  of  show-bread  ;  all  of  shittim  wood,  and 
covi  red  with  gold  or  brass.  Enctje. 

2.  In  Kpiscupid  cimrehrs,  the  communion  table; 
andj/irurd/irWjf,  a  church  j  a  pl.ace  of  worship. 

3.  In  Scripture,  Christ  is  c.Mled  the  o/Mr  of  Chris- 
tians, he  being  the  atonmg  sacrifice  for  sin. 

We  h!ivc  an  nJar,  wheR-of  Uw'y  Iwtc  ito  ri^bl  to  e.it,  wlio  terrc 
tiU<eriuicU-«.  —  tteli.  xiii. 
AL'T.AR-t'LOTII,  n.   A  cloth  to  lay  upon  an  altar  in 
rhiirrhes. 

AL'TAK-FrRE,  n.    Fire  on  an  alt.ar. 

AL'TAR-PIkCE,  Ji.  1.  A  iKiiiiting  placed  over  the 
altar  in  a  church.  Jf^artun. 

2.  The  entire  decoration  of  an  altar  taken  collect- 
ively. OirilL 

AL'T'AR-WISE,  adv.  Placed  in  the  manner  of  an 
altar.  JIineelL 

AL'TAR-.\GE,  71.  The  profits  arising  to  priests  from 
oblations,  or  on  account  of  the  altar.  Also,  in  law, 
altars  erected  in  virtue  of  donations,  before  the 
Reformation,  within  a  parochial  church,  fur  the  pur- 
pose of  singing  a  mass  for  deceased  friends.  Encijc 

AL'TAR-IST,        (  H.     In  uld  Inirs,  an  appellation 

AL'TAU-Tll.A.VK,  (  given  to  the  priest  to  whom 
the  altarage  belonged  ;  also,  a  chaplam.  Ctje. 

Ah'TUll,  r.  (.  [Fr.  altrrcr ;  Sp.  aitcrar;  It.  altcrare; 
from  L.  o/tcr, another.  See  Alien.  is  supposed 

to  be  a  contraction  of.^XAorcy/jvus,  alienus,  of  uAXoj 
and  CTtpoi.] 

1.  To  nLike  some  change  in  ;  to  make  diiferent  in 
some  p.articular ;  to  vary  in  some  degree,  without  an 
entire  change. 

My  CdT^nant  will  1  not  brrnk.  nor  alttr  (he  tiling  that  has  gone 
out  of  iny  H^-M.  —  Pt.  Uxxix. 

2.  To  change  entirely  or  materially ;  as,  to  alter 
an  opinion.  In  general,  to  alter  is  to  change  |i;ir- 
tially  ;  to  chanire  is  more  generally  to  substitute  one 
thing  for  another,  or  to  make  a  material  ditference 
in  a  thing. 

Al.'TER,  e.  i.   To  become,  in  some  p'spects,  different; 
to  vary  ;  as,  tRe  weather  altns  almost  daily. 
The  Uw  which  ail^eth  not.  —  Dan.  vi. 

AL-TER-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sus- 
ceptible of  alteration. 

AL'TER-.\-BLE,  a.  That  may  become  different; 
that  mav  varv. 

AL'TEK-A-BLE-.\EPS,  n.  The  quality  of  admitting 
alteration  ;  variableness. 

AL'TER-A-BLV,  adc.  In  a  manner  that  may  be  al- 
tered, or  varied. 

AL'TER-AGE.n.    [from  o/o,  to  feed.] 

The  breeding,  nourishing,  or  fostering  of  a  child. 
Sir  J.  Darirs.    But  tliis  is  not  an  English  word. 

AL'TER-A.\T,  a.    Altering  ;  gra.lually  changiu". 

AL'TER-.\.Vr,  II.  .\  medicine  which  gradually  cor- 
rects the  state  of  the  body,  and  changes  it  from  a 
dise.'ised  to  a  healthy  condition  ;  an  alterative. 

AL-TER-.^'TIO.\,  «.    rU  allrratio.] 

The  .act  of  making  tiifferent,  or  of  varying  in  some 
partictilar  ;  an  altering  or  partial  change  ;  also,  the 
change  made,  or  the  loss  or  acquisition  of  qu.alities 
not  essential  to  the  form  or  nature  of  a  thing.  Thus 
a  cold  substance  suffers  an  alteration  when  it  be- 
comes hot. 

AL'TBR-.\-TIVE,  n.  Causing  alteration  ;  having  the 
power  to  restore  the  healthy  functions  of  the  body, 
without  sensible  evacuations. 

{VL'TER-.\-TIVE,  71.  A  medicine  which  gradually 
inditces  a  change  in  the  habit  or  constitution,  anil 
restores  healthy  functions  without  sensible  evacua- 
tions. This  word  is  more  generally  used  than 
altrrant. 

AL'TER-GaTE,  r.  i.  [L.  altrrcor,  altereo,  from  alter, 
another.] 


To  contend  in  words ;  to  disptite  with  zeal,  beat, 
or  anger  ;  to  wnmsle. 
AL-TER-e.\'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  allrrculia.] 

Warm  contention  in 'words;  dispute  carrieii  on 
with  heat  or  anger;  controversy  ;  wr.iugle. 
AL'TERN,  o.    [h.  alternus,  o( alter,  another.] 

1.  .Acting  by  turns;  one  succeeding  another;  ai- 
ternatr,  which  is  the  word  generally  used. 

2.  In  cryslallotrraphit,  exhibiting,  tin  two  parts,  an 
upper  and  a  lower  part,  faces  which  alternate  uiiioiig 
themselves,  but  which,  when  the  two  (Kirts  are  coni- 
[lared,  correspond  with  each  other.  Clfacland. 

.Utern-basr,  in  trii^onoiiietni,  is  a  lenti  used  in  dis- 
tinctitm  from  the  true  base.  Thus  in  oblique  trian- 
gles, the  true  base  is  the  .sum  of  the  sides,  and  tlu  n 
the  difference  of  the  sides  is  the  altern-base  :  or  the 
true  base  is  the  diUcrencc  of  the  sides,  anti  then  the 
sum  of  the  siiles  is  the  altem-base.  Encyc. 

AL-TKR.\'A-Cy,  n.  Performance  or  actions  by 
turns.    [Little  iiseil.] 

AL-TERN'AL,  n.    Alternative.    [I.iltle  u.'ied.] 

AL-TER.\'AL-Ly,aWr.   liy  turns.  tLiUle  y.<rd.]  Man. 

AL-TEK.\'.\.\"T,  a.  .\  term  applii  (1  in  geology  when 
a  rock  is  composed  of  alternating  Layers. 

AL-TERi\'ATE,  o.    [  L.  altcriiatas.] 

1.  Being  by  turns  ;  one  following  the  other  in 
succession  of  time  or  place ;  hence,  reciprocal. 

AiiJ  UtI  alurmte  p;uKiioik«  f.iJl  .tml  n^.  Pope, 

2,  In  botany,  parts  are  alternate,  when  they  ."ui.se 
at  nearly  ri  gular  tlistances  from  each  other  around 
an  axis,  and  not  from  the  stiine  plane.  Lindley. 

.Alternate  alligation.    See  .\i.i-iaATlox. 
jjltrrniite  an^rles  ,■  in  trcomrtrii,  the  internal  angles 
made  by  two  lines  with  a  third,  on  opposite  sides  of 
it.    If  the  two  lines  are  ptirjllel,  the  alteniate  angles 
are  c.iual.  P.  Cue. 

In  heraldry,  the  first  and  fuirth  quarters,  and  the 
second  and  third,  are  usually  of  the  same  nature, 
and  are  c.-illed  alteniate  quarters. 
AI^TER.N'ATE,  h.    1.  That  which  hapjKns  by  turns 
with  something  else  ;  vicissitude.  Prior. 

2.  In  tlie  Preslnjterian  church,  a  substitute  or 
second  ;  one  designated  to  take  the  place  of  another 
in  p  -rf.trining  some  dutv,  in  case  of  failure. 
AL'TEU.\-ATE,  r.  t  [\^  alterm.  See  .Vlter.  With 
the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  the  participle 
ttltrmatina  can  hardly  be  pronounced.] 

To  perform  by  turns,  or  in  succession  ;  to  cause  to 
succeed  by  turns ;  to  change  one  thin<:  for  another 
recipriK.Tlly  ;  as,  God  alternates  good  and  evil. 
AL'TER.\-ATE,  r.  i.    To  happen  or  to  act  by  turns; 
as,  the  fiood  and  ebb  tides  alternate  with  each  other. 
2.  To  follow  reciprocally  in  place. 
UilVcivnt  species  alternating  witji  each  other.  Jurtmn. 
AL-TERN'ATE-LY,  adv.    In  reciprocal  succession  ; 
by  turns,  so  that  each  is  succeeded  by  that  which  it 
succeeds  ;  as  night  ftiUows  tlay  and  dav  fitllows  night. 
AL-TERX'ATE^.\ESS,  n.    The  (piality  of  being  alter- 
nate, or  of  following  in  succession. 
AL'TEU\-A-TING,;);)r.    Performing  or  following  by 
turns. 

AL-TERN-A'TION,  n.  The  reciprocal  succession  of 
thinus,  in  time  or  place  ;  the  act  tif  ftiUowing  anil 
being  followed  in  successitm  ;  xs,  we  obsen'e  the 
alternation  of  day  and  night,  cold  and  heat,  summer 
and  winter. 

2.  The  different  changes  or  alterations  of  orders 
in  numbers.  Thus,  if  it  is  required  to  know  how 
many  changes  can  be  rung  on  six  bells,  intUtiply  the 
numbers  1,  2,  3, 4,. 5,  6, continually  into  one  another, 
and  the  Last  proiluct  is  the  number  required.  This  is 
also  called  permutation. 

X  The  answer  of  the  congregation  speaking  alter- 
nately with  the  minister. 

4.  Alternate  performance,  in  the  choral  sense. 

JiliLson. 

AL-TERX'.\-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  altrmatif.^ 
Offi  rins  a  choice  of  two  things. 

AL-TER.\'.\-TI  VE,  n.  That  which  may  be  chasen  or 
omitted  ;  a  choice  of  two  things,  so  that  if  one  is 
taken,  the  other  must  he  lefL  Thus,  when  two 
things  offer  a  choice  of  one  only,  the  two  things  .are 
called  altrmatires.  In  strictness,  lluii,  the  word 
can  not  be  applied  to  more  than  tiro  things,  and 
when  one  thing  only  is  offered  for  choice,  it  is  said 
there  is  no  alternatiee. 

B.;lwc<n  tlieae  cLlgrnatieet  thrn  is  no  niidjle  ground. 

CranA. 

AL-TER.V''.\-TIVE-LY,  ade.  In  the  manner  of  al- 
ternatives ;  in  a  manner  that  admitj  the  choice  of 
one  out  of  two  things. 

AI^TER.V  A  TI  VE-.N  ESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  alternative. 

.\I.-TER.\'I-TY,  n.   Succession  by  turns ;  alternation. 

.\L-TIIF:'.\,  n.  [Gr.  oAtyaia,  from  oAyw,  or  aXi/an  w, 
to  heal.] 

In  botany,  a  genua  of  the  cl.ass  and  order  Mono-  I 
delphia  Polyandria,  of  .several  species.  The  cinii- 
mim  species  is  called,  in  Enslisli,  marsh-malloir.  It 
has  a  perennial  root,  and  an  annual  st.ilk,  rising  four 
or  five  feet.  It  aboiuids  With  mucilage,  iuid  is  used 
as  an  emollient. 
AlrTHOCGH',  (aUW,)  ohs.  verb,  or  used  onlv  in  the 


imperative,  [all  and  tlumgh ;  from  Sax.  lhaJi  or  Uieah ; 
It.  daighim,  to  give  ;  Ger.  dock  ;  D.  dog ;  Sw.  duck 
and  dnda  ;  Dan.  dog,  though.    Sec  Tiiuluh.] 

Grant  all  this  ;  be  it  so  ;  allow  all ;  suppose  that ; 
admit  all  that;  a:),  "  alUumgh  the  fig-tree  shall  not 
blo-ssom."  Ilab.  iiL  That  is,  grant,  admit,  or  sup- 
po.se  what  follows  —  "the  fig-tree  shall  not  blos- 
som." It  is  a  transitive  verb,  and  admits  afltr  it 
the  dehnitive  Uiut  —  although  that  the  fig-tree  shall 
not  blossom  ;  but  this  use  of  the  verb  has  been  long 
obsolete.  The  woril  m.ay  be  defined  by  notwiUistand- 
ing,  non  obstante  i  as  nut  opposing  ni.ay  be  equivalent 
to  admitting  t)r  supposing. 

AL-TIL'O-Uf  E.VCE,  jt.  [L.  o/fiu,  high,  and  loqucrr, 
Uu/urns,  sjieaking.] 

Lolly  sjH'ech  ;  pompous  language. 

AL-TIL'C>-UL'E.\T,  a.    High  sounding;  pompons. 

.ishe. 

AL-TI.M'E-TER,  n.    [L.  altos,  high,  and  Gr.  ptrpa^, 

nie.a^ure.    See  .MEAst'RE  and  .Mode.] 
An  instrument  for  taking  altitudes  geometrically, 

a3  a  tpiadrant. 
AL-TI.M'E-TRY,  n.   The  art  of  a.scertaining  altitudes 

by  taking  ancles  with  a  pro|)er  instniinent,  and  by 

trigonometrical  calculations,  without  actual  men- 

stiratitm. 

AI/TI.\,  n.  A  money  of  account  in  Russia,  v.altie 
three  kopecks,  or  about  three  cents  ;  also,  a  lake  in 
Siberia,  ninety  miles  in  length.        Tuoke.  Encye. 

.•\L-TIXt''.\R,  n.  .\  species  of  factitious  salt  or  pow- 
der, used  in  the  fusion  and  purification  of  metals, 
prepared  in  various  ways.    [.See  Ti>cai_]  Encye. 

AL-TI.S'0-.\.\.\T,  j  o.    [L.  altus,  high,  and  sonans, 

AL-TIS'O-NUL'S,  {     sounding;  foiiu.'i,  sound.] 
High  sounding  ;  lofty  or  poiiifious,  as  language. 

Erelyn, 

AL'TI-TCDE,  n.  [L.  altitude,  of  altu-i,  high,  and  a 
conimon  tcniiination,  denoting  state,  condition,  or 
manner.] 

1.  Space  extended  upward  ;  height ;  the  eleva- 
tion 01  an  object  above  its  fotiiidalion  ;  as,  the  alti- 
tude of  a  moiititain,  or  coliinin  ;  or  the  elevation  of 
an  object  or  place  above  the  surface  on  which  we 
stand,  or  above  the  earth  ;  as,  the  altitude  of  a  cloud 
or  meteor ;  or  the  elevation  of  tme  object  above 
another,  as  of  a  bird  above  the  top  of  a  tree. 

2.  In  a.^tronomy,  the  elevation  of  a  |Miint,  or  star,  or 
other  ct  lesti.il  object,  above  the  horizon  ;  marked  by 
the  arc  of  a  vertical  circle  intercepti-d  between  such 
point  and  the  horizon.  This  is  either  true  or  ap- 
parent altittiile  ;  true,  when  taken  from  the  rational 
or  real  lioriiion  ;  apparent,  when  taken  from  the  sen- 
sible or  apparent  luirizon. 

3.  Figuraticety,  h\^h  degree;  superior  excellence; 
highest  jtoint  of  excellence. 

He  is  pruU'l  to  the  aititude  of  his  virtue.  Shak. 

The  altituile  of  the  eye,  in  perspective,  is  a  right 
lint-  let  fall  from  the  eye,  perp..'iidicular  to  the  geo- 
metrical plane.  Encyc 

.Meridian  altitude,  \s  an  arc  of  the  meridian  between 
the  horizon  antI  any  p<iint,  or  the  i^'nter  of  any  ob- 
ject, on  the  meridian. 
AL-TIV'U-L.\.\T,  a.     [L.  altos,  high,  and  rolmu, 
flying.] 

Fly  ing  hiih. 
AL'TO,  [It.,  from  L.  altos.]  High. 

In  miL-dc.    1.  See  .-\lt. 

2.  The  counter-tenor  part,  or  that  between  the 
ttnor  and  treble. 

3.  The  tenor  Wolin. 

Jllio  et  Basso :  high  and  low  ;  in  oU  late,  terms  used 
to  sinnify  a  submission  of  all  dilfereuccs  of  every 
kinil  to  arbitnttion. 

AL'TO-CL.'IF,  n.  The  counter-tenor  clef,  or  the  C 
clef,  placed  on  the  third  line  of  the  staff. 

.ll.'TO-OC-r.i'yO,  [It.)    .An  iM;Iave  higher. 

JlL'rO-Rl>l.tE'I^O,  [11.1 

High  relief,  in  sculpture,  is  the  projection  of  a 
figure,  half  or  more,  without  being  eutirelv  de- 
tached. Cfc 

.iL'TO-Rl-PlE'.VO,  [It.] 

The  tenor  of  the  irreat  chorus,  which  sings  and 
plavs  only  in  (Kirticular  places.  Encyc 

.iL'  fO-Vr-O-Ui,  [It.]    A  small  tenor  vioL 

A1.'T0-V10-LV.\0,  [It.1    A  small  tenor  violin. 

AL-T(>-<;E'f  H'ER,  adv.  [all  and  together.    See  To- 

t;ETHER.] 

Wholly ;  entirely  ;  completely  ;  without  e;;ception. 

Errry  man  at  turn  U-sl  eUAte  it  a.'(i><e£A*T-  vanity.  —  Pol.  xxxix. 

AL'IJ-DEL,  It.  [a  and  lutam,  without  lute.  Lunirr.] 
In  chemistry,  aliidels  are  earthen  pots  without 
bottoms,  that  they  may  be  exactly  fitted  into  each 
other,  and  used  in  siibliiii.ation.s.  .At  the  bottom  of 
the  furnace  is  a  pot  containing  the  m.atter  to  be  sub- 
limed, and  >at  the  top  a  head  to  receive  the  volatile 
matter.  i^uinry.  Enrye. 

.ALTM,  n.    [L.  alumrn.] 

\  sulphate  of  alumina  and  p<it.i.ssa.  This  sub- 
stance is  white,  transparent,  and  ver\'  astringent: 
but  seldom  fiiuiifl  pure  or  crystallized.  This  salt  19 
ttstially  pri-pared  by  roasting  and  lixiviating  ct-riain 
schists  conl.aining  pyrites,  and  to  the  lye  adding  a 
certain  quantity  of  puL-issa  ;  the  salt  is  then  obtained 


TC.NE,  Bf  LL,  tlXITE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — e  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SU;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


30 


AM 

by  crystallizatiim.  Alum  is  of  gieiit  use  in  medicine 
ami  the  arts.  In  nu-dicinc,  it  is  used  as  an  astrin- 
gent ;  internally,  in  henioptcii,  diarrhea,  and  dysen- 
tery ;  externally,  as  a  styptic  applied  to  bleeding 
vessels,  and  as  an  escharotic.  In  the  arts,  it  is  used 
in  dyeing,  to  fix  colors  ;  in  makini;  candles,  for  hard- 
ening the  tallow ;  in  tanning,  for  restoring  the  cohe- 
sion of  skins.  Encijc.  Fuurcroy. 

AL'UM, !).  t.  In  dyeing,  to  impregnate  or  steep  in  a 
solution  of  alum.  Ure. 

AL'UM-E.\RTH,  n.  A  massive  mineral,  of  a  black- 
ish-brown color,  a  dull  luster,  and  rather  soft  con- 
sistence, chiefly  composed  of  carbon,  silica,  and  alu- 
mina ;  an  impure  earthy  variety  of  liL'uite.  Vre. 

A-H)'MI-N.\,  j  n.    One  of  the  earths,  consisting  of 

Alj'tJ  MINE,  (  the  metal  aluminum  and  oxygen. 
It  is  the  characterizing  ingredient  in  common  clay, 
and  is  sometimes  called  pure  claij.  When  moistened 
with  water,  it  forms  a  plastic  mass.  Dana. 

A-LU-MI.\-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  Containing  or  affording 
alum. 

A-Lu'MIX-I-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  alumina. 

CkapUil. 

A-Lu'JUN-ITE,  71.  Subsulphate  of  alumina  ;  a  min- 
eral that  occurs  in  small  roundish  or  reniform  masses. 
Its  color  is  snow  white  or  yellowish  white. 

^'fdii.    Jinncson.  Clcavclantl, 

A-LP'MfN-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  alum. 

A-Lu'.'MIX-U.M,  n.  The  name  given  to  the  metallic 
base  of  alumina. 

AL'UM-ISH,  a;  Having  the  nature  of  alum;  some- 
what resembling  alum. 

A-LUM'iVUS,  ji. :  pi.  Alumsi.  [L.,  from  alo,  to 
nourish.]  A  pupil ;  one  educated  at  a  seminaiy  is 
called  an  aliimnus  of  that  institution. 

AL'UM-SLaTE,  ?i.  A  variety  of  shale  or  clay  slate, 
containing  iron  pyrites,  the  decomposition  of  which 
leads  to  the  formation  of  alum,  which  often  efflo- 
resces on  the  surface  of  llie  rock. 

AL'UM-SToXE,  »i.  The  silicious  subsulphate  of  alu- 
mina and  potash.  Cleuveland. 

A-I.C'TA,  11.  [L.]  A  species  of  leather-stone,  soft,  pli- 
able, and  not  laminated.  Qaiucij. 

AL-U-Ta'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  aluta.] 
Of  a  pale  brown  color. 

AL-TT-Ta'TION,  n.    [L.  aluta,  ta?med  leather.] 
The  tanning  or  dnrssing  of  lealli--r. 

AL'VE-A-RV,  ji.  [L.  aU-cariuai,  alccare,  a  bee-hive, 
from  alms,  the  belly.] 

1.  A  hce-hive.  Barret. 

2.  In  aiiatomij,  the  hollow  of  the  external  ear,  or 
bottom  of  the  concha.  Qnincij. 

AL'VE-O-LAR,  t'a.  [L.  alvei-lus,  a  socket,  from  aU 
AL'VE-O-LA-RY,  (     veaf,  a  hollow  vessel.] 

Containing  sockets,  hollow  cells,  or  pits  :  pertain- 
ing to  sockets.  Anata-my. 

The  alveolar  processes,  .^rs  the  processes  of  the 
maxillary  bones,  containing  the  sockets  of  the  teeth. 
AL'VE-O-LATE,  a.     [L.  alveolatus,  from  alveus,  a 
hollow  vessel.] 

Dee|)ly  pitted,  so  as  to  resemble  a  honey-comb. 
AL'VE-OLE,     (       rx    ^-       <•  7       1  [Marlyn. 
AL-VE'O-LUS,  i  "•   [I-.dim.ofa.W.]  L 

1.  A  cell  in  a  honey-comb. 

2.  The  socket  in  the  jaw,  in  which  a  tooth  is  fixed. 

3.  A  sea  fossil,  of  a  conic  figure,  composed  of  a 
number  of  hemispherical  portions,  like  bee-hives, 
joined  by  a  pipe  of  communication.  Encye. 

4.  The  term  is  likewise  applied  to  one  of  the  hem- 
ispherical portions  of  the  above  fossil. 

AL'VE-O-LITE,  <i.    [L.  uliscuhui,  and  Or.  N.O.)?.] 

In  natural  history,  a  genus  of  stony  liulypiers,  or 
coral  zoophytes,  forniid  by  numerous  concentric 
layers  of  a  hemis|)licri(^al  figure,  each  composed  of 
little  cells  ;  the  same  as  the  alveolus. 

Diet.  IIIM.  Mit. 

AL'VIXE,  a.  [from  alnus,  the  belly.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lower  belly  or  intestines  ;  as, 

alrine  discharges.  Darwin. 
AI»-WAR'CltI.\l,  n.    The  spotted  plover,  CharaiJrius 

Apricar'nis.  Pennant. 
AL'WaY,    i  aih.  [all  and  irny ;  Sax.  eal  and  wetr, 
AI/WAYS,  i    way  ;  properly,  a  going,  at  all  goings; 

hence,  at  all  times.] 

1.  I'eriietually  ;  throughout  all  time;  as,  God  is 
always  the  i»aine. 

2.  Continually  ;  without  variation. 

I  do  o/(jvit/ ihoM  Ulilljs  wliicU  pli-iiuft  him. — Jotm  viii.  Matt. 

XXVlij. 

3.  Continually  or  constantly  during  a  certain  pe- 
riod, or  regularly  at  itated  intervals. 

Mrphllxnli'-tli  a)i:i)l  rat  Lfnil  altnay  at  my  tjiUe,  —  2  Sam.  ix. 

4.  At  all  convenient  timeg  ;  regularly. 

Cornrllui  pnyril  lo  (Jorl  atway.  —  Acu  x.  Luko  iviil.   Eph.  vl. 

Mtcay  ia  now  seldom  used.  The  application  of 
thin  cum|M>iind  to  (ii7ic  proccedH  from  tlie  primary 
iM'nue  of  leaij,  which  i»  a  going  or  passing  ;  hence, 
cunlinuatioii. 

A.  M.  Hlanrl  for  artium  manvitrr,  master  of  arts,  the 
iierond  de  gree  givi  n  by  universities  and  colleges  ; 
called^  in  Bome  countrieH,  doctor  of  philosophy.  In 
America,  thin  degree  \»  conferred,  without  examinu- 
tion,  on  bnchelora  of  three  yearit'  ntanding. 


AM  A 

A.  M.  stand  also  for  a/i7io  mundi,  in  the  year  of  the 
\\'orld. 

AM,  the  first  person  of  the  verb  to  be,  in  the  indicative 
mode,  present  tense.  Sa.x.  C0771 ;  Gr.  ttpt  ;  Goth,  im; 
Pcrs.  UHi. 

1  AM  tllat  I  AM.  —Ex.  iii. 
A'MA,    i  n.    [D.  nam,  a  vessel.]    In  church  affairs,  a 
Ha'.MA,  (     vessel  to  contain  wine  for  the  eucharist. 

Encyc. 

a'I\I.\,  77.    A  wine  measure,  as  a  cask,  a  pipe,  &:c. 
AM-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [L.  amahilis,  from  amo,  to  love.] 
Loveliness;  the  power  of  pleasing,  or  rather  the 
combination  of  agreeable  qualities  which  win  the 
affections.  Taylor. 
AM'A-DOT,  n.    A  sort  of  pear.  Johnson. 
A.M'A-D5U,  71.    [Fr.]    A  variety  of  the  Boletus  ignia- 
rius,  found  on  old  ash  and  other  trees,  called  spunk 
and  German  tinder.  Ure. 

This  is  written  also  arnadow,  and  called  black 
match,  and  pyrotechnical  sponge,  on  account  of  its  in- 
flannnabiiity.  Cyc. 
A-MaIX',  aJu:    [Sax.  a  and  mcegn,  force,  strength. 
See  May,  Might.] 

With  force,  strength,  or  violence;  violently;  fu- 
riously ;  suddenly ;  at  once. 

What  when  we  fled  amain.  RRlton. 
Let  go   amain,  in  seamen's  language,  or  i^trike 
anifiin,  is  to  let  fall  or  lower  at  once.      Mar.  Diet 
A-MAL'GAM,  7!.    [Gr.  /xaXa}  pa,  from  (iaXairiroj,  to 
soften.    Its  usual  derivation  is  certainly  erroneous.] 

1.  A  compound  of  mercury  or  quicksilver  with 
another  metal ;  any  metallic  ailoy,of  which  mercury 
forms  an  essential  constituent  part.  Cyc. 

2.  A  mixture  or  compound  of  diflerent  things. 

Burke. 

A-MAL'GAM-aTE,  v.  t.  To  compound  quicksilver 
with  another  metal.    Gregory  uses  atnalgamizc. 

2.  To  mix  different  things,  to  make  a  compound  ; 
to  unite. 

A-MAL'GAM-aTE,  v.  i.  To  unite  in  an  amalgam  ; 
to  blend. 

A-MAL'GAM-.A-TED,pp.  Compounded  with  quick- 
silver ;  blended. 

A-JIAL'GAM-A-TING,  ppr.  Compounding  quick- 
silver with  another  metal ;  blending. 

A-M.\L-GAM-A'TION,  71.    The  act  or  operation  of 
compounding  mercury  with  another  metal ;  applied 
particularly  to  tlie  process  of  separating  gold  and 
silver  from  their  ores  by  means  of  msrcury.  Ure. 
2.  The  mixing  or  blending  of  diffeient  things. 

A-.MAN'DO-LA,  7i.  A  green  marble,  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  honey-comb,  and  containing  white 
spots;  of  100  parts,  76  are  mild  calcareous  earth,  20 
schist,  and  2  iron.  The  cellular  appearance  proceeds 
from  the  schist.  Kincan.  JVichtilson. 

A-MAX-IJ-E.X'SIS,  77.    [L.,  from  manus,  hand.] 

A  person  whose  employment  is  to  write  what 
another  dictates,  or  to  copy  what  another  has 
written. 

AM'A-RAXTH,  n.    A  color  inclining  to  purple.  Cyc. 
AM'A-KAx\TIl,        )  n.    [Gr.  u/inpai-rus,  of  a  neg. 
A.M-A-R.\\TirUS,  j     and  imnaivoi,  to  decay;  so 

called,  it  is  stiid,  because  its  flowers,  when  cropped, 

do  not  soon  wither.] 

1.  Flower-gentle  ;  a  genus  of  plants,  of  many  spe- 
cies. Of  these  the  three  colored  has  long  been  cul- 
tivated in  gardens,  on  account  of  the  beauty  of  its 
variegated  leaves.  Encyc. 

2.  In  poetry,  an  imaginary  flower  that  never  fades. 

Milton. 

AM-A-RAXTH'IXE,  a.  Belonging  to  amaranth  ;  con- 
sisting of,  containing,  or  resembling  amaranth. 

.VMAR'I-TCDE,  77.    [L.  amaritudo,  from  amartis,  bit- 
ter ;  from  Heb.  10  bitter.] 
Bitterness.    [J\rot  much  jisrrf.] 

AM-A-RYI.'LI.S,  71.  [The  name  of  a  country  girl  in 
Tlieocritus  and  Virgil.] 

In  botany,  lily  asphotlel,  a  genus  of  liliaceous  plants 
of  severtil  species,  which  are  cultivated  in  gardens 
for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers.  Encyc. 

A-MaSS',  v.  I.  [Fr.  ama.-<ser  i  It.  antmassare. ;  L.  vtassa, 
a  heap  or  lump  ;  Gr.  pui^a.    See  Mass.] 

1.  To  collect  into  a  heap  ;  to  gather  a  gr(!at  quan- 
tity ;  to  accunmlate  ;  as,  to  ama-is  a  treasure. 

2.  To  collect  in  great  numbers  ;  to  add  many 
things  together ;  as,  to  u77i«,m  words  or  phrasi's. 

A-MAS.S',  71.    An  assemblage,  heap,  or  accumulation. 


[This  is  superseded  by  Mass.] 
\-I\I.\SS'/CI), " 


A-'MASS'/CI),  (a-mUst',)         Collected  in  a  heap,  or 

in  a  great  quantity  or  number;  accumulated. 
A-Ma.'^S'I  \(;,  ppr.    Collecting  in  a  heap,  or  in  a  large 

quantity  tir  number. 
A-MASS'MENT,  71.    A  heap  collected  ;  a  large  quan- 
tity or  number  brought  together  ;  an  accumulation. 
A-MaTE',  v.  i.    [See  Mate.]    'J'o  accompany  ;  also, 

to  tcrrif\'.  to  perplex.    [JVot  u.sid,^ 
AM-A-TllOR',  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  a 
amo,  to  loVC] 

A  person  attached  to  a  particular  pursuit,  study,  or 
science,  as  to  music  or  painting;  one  who  has  a 
taste  for  the  arts.  More  paiticularly,  one  v\  ho  cul- 
tivates any  study  or  art,  from  Itiste  or  attachment, 
without  pursuing  it  professionally.  Burke. 


.  amalor,  a  lover,  from 


AMB 

AM'.\-'J'I  VE-.\ESS,  71.  In  phrenology, a.n  organ  which 
is  supjtosed  to  influence  sexual  desire  ;  propensity  to 
love. 

AM-A-To'RI-AL,  (  a.  [L  amatorius,  from  amo,  to 
AM'A-TO-KY,      i  love.] 

1.  Relating  to  love;  as,  amatorial  verses;  causing 
love  ;  as,  amatory  potions  ;  produced  by  sexual  inter- 
course ;  as,  amatorial  progeny.  Darwin. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  term  ajiplied  to  the  oblitiue  mus- 
cles of  the  eye,  from  their  use  in  ogling. 

AM-A-To'RI-AL-LY,  ado.  In  an  amatorial  manner ; 
by  way  of  love.  Darwin. 

AM-A-To'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  love ;  as,  anmto- 
rian  odes.  Johnson. 

AM-A-To'RI-OUS,  o.    Pertaining  to  love.  Milton. 

AM-ADR-o'SIS,  7!.    [Gr.  .i/iav/xis,  obscure.] 

A  loss  or  decay  of  sight  from  a  palsy  of  the  optic 
nerve,  without  any  visible  defect  in  the  eye,  except 
an  immovable  pujiil ;  called  also  gutta  serena,  the 
"  di-op  serene  "  of  iMilton.  Sometimes  the  disease  is 
periodical,  coming  on  suddenly,  continuing  for  hours 
or  days,  and  then  disappearing.  It  has  sometimes 
been  cured  by  electricity.  Encyc.  Coze. 

A-MAUS'ITE,  7i.    [See  Petrosilex.] 

A-MaZE',  v.  t.    [Qu.  Ar.  ijm.^S.  amasa,  to  perj'lex 

or  confuse  ;  or  from  maze.] 

To  confound  with  fear,  sudden  surprise,  or  won- 
der ;  to  astonish. 

They  shall  he  afraid  ;  they  shall  be  amazed  at  one  anoUier.  — 
Isa.  xiii. 

They  were  all  amazed,  and  glorified  God.  —  Miu-k  ii.    Ltilje  v. 

This  word  implies  astonishment  or  perplexity,  aris- 
ing from  something  extraordinary,  unexpected,  un- 
accountable, or  frightful. 
A-MaZE',  71.  Astonishment ;  confusion  ;  perplexity, 
arising  from  fear,  surprise,  or  wonder.  It  is  chieliy 
used  in  poetry,  and  is  nearly  synonymous  witii 
amazement. 

A-MaZ'£D,  pp.    Astonished  ;  confounded  with  fear, 

surprise,  or  wonder. 
A-MaZ'ED-LY,  fi[/7'.   With  amazement ;  in  a  manner 

to  confound.    [Little  used.] 
A-MaZ'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  confounded 

with  fear,  surprise,  or  wonder ;  astonishment ;  great 

wonder. 

A-MaZE'MENT,  71.  Astonishment ;  confusion  or  per- 
plexity, from  a  sudden  im|)ression  of  fear,  surprise, 
or  wonder.  It  is  sometimes  accompanied  with  fear 
or  terror;  sometimes  merely  extreme  wonderor  admi- 
ration at  some  great,  sudden,  or  unexpected  event, 
at  an  unusual  sight,  or  at  the  narration  of  extraordi- 
nary events. 

A-ilAz'lUG,  ppr.  Confounding  with  fear,  surprise, 
or  wonder. 

2.  a.  Very  wonderful;  exciting  astonishment  or 
perplexity. 

A-MaZ'ING-LY,  adv.  In  an  astonishing  degree  ;  in  a 
manner  to  excite  astonishment,  or  to  perplex,  con- 
found, or  terrify. 

AM'A-ZON,  71.  [This  is  said  to  be  formed  of  n  neg. 
and  iJa^oi,  breast.  History  informs  us,  that  the' 
Amazons  cut  oft'  their  right  breast,  that  it  might  imt 
incommode  them  in  shooting  and  hurling  the  javelin. 
This  is  doubtless  a  fable.] 

1.  The  Amazons  are  said  by  historians  to  have 
been  a  race  of  female  warriors,  who  founded  an  em- 
pire on  the  River  Thermodon,  in  Asia  Minor,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Euxine.  They  are  said  to  havi^  excluded 
men  from  their  society,  and  by  their  warlike  enter 
prises,  to  have  ctmquered  and  alarmed  surrounding 
nations.   Some  writers  treat  these  accounts  as  fabli  s. 

Jlcrod.  .lustin. 
9.  By  analogy,  a  warlike  or  masculine  woman  ;  a 
virago. 

3.  This  name  has  been  given  to  some  .\meriraii 
females  on  the  banks  of  the  largest  rivi  r  in  the 
world,  who  joined  their  husbands  in  attacking  the 
Spaniards  that  fir.st  visited  the  country.  This  trivial 
occurrence  gave  the  n.ime  .Amazon  to  that  river, 
whose  n^al  name  is  Mnranon.      Garcilassn,  p.  COIi. 

AiM-A-ZO'NI-.'VN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resimbling 
an  Amazon,  .^jtplicd  to  females,  bold  ;  of  masculine 
manners ;  warliki:. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  River  Maranon  in  South  Amer- 
ica, or  to  Amazonia,  the  country  lying  on  th.at  river. 

AMU,   AM;    about;  around;  usi^l  in  composition. 

Sax.  rmb,  ymh :  \V.  77777    Ir.  ini,  vm  :  G.  17//1  ;  I).  0711  ; 

Dan.  om  ;  Sw.  om  ;  Gr.  li/ii/ji  ;  L.  tf77i  or  amb. 
AM-HA'fiRS,  71.    [I/.  «777i,  and  ago,  to  drive.] 

1.  A  circuuiloi'iition  ;  a  circuit  of  words  to  express 
ideas  which  may  he  expressed  in  fewer  vvoit^s. 

2.  A  winding  or  turning. 

AM-l!A'("JI-OUS,  <7.  Circumlocutory. 

A.M-HAS'.<.\-l)OR,  71.  [This  is  Ihe  more  commcm  or- 
thography ;  but  good  authors  write  also  C777/777,-;.<a7/yr ; 
and  as  the  orthography  of  emba.isy  is  established,  it 
would  be  belter  to  write  f77ii<n.*«ii(/iir,  as  it  is  written 
by  IMackstone.    See  Emiiassauoii.] 

AM'Bl  '  j  "■    f^"^"  "l'^'''  "         '  "'"'> 

Literally,  a  brim  ;  but  in  surgery,  an  instrument  for 


FATE,  FAR,  FjVLL,  WH,^T — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


AMB 

rc'diicinj;  ilisUicatcil  shoulders ;  so  calli  cl  ficuii  the 
jutting  uf  its  (•.xirtiiiity.    Also,  the  iu:uisii-liti>. 

(^HtllClJ,    F.ncijc,  Cozi\ 
AM'BEK,  71.    [Fr.  ambre;        ainbar;  Port,  ill.;  It. 

o-  -  - 

ambra;  an  Oficiit;il  word  ;  Pors-^AjLc  ai'bar  or  ana- 

bar;  Ar.^^jkJLc  anbarun.    In  1  Kings  x.  2,  10,  the 

Arabic  is  rendered  spices.  The  .\rabir  word  is  ren- 
dered by  Castell,  amftcr,  a  marine  !ish,  a  sliield  made 

of  skins,  crocus,  and  finius.  lu  Eth.  anba- 
ra,  is  rendered  a  mltale;  and  the  word  is  used  in  Jo- 
nab  ii.  1,  and  Matt.  xii.  40.    'I'liis  word  is  pl.iced  by 

Castell  under  i_<Jk£  ammba,  to  produce  grapes,  and 
S  , 

signifies  grapes,  Cli.  and  Il<b.  2:y  Tlie 


Chaldce  verb  signifies  to  join  or  connect,  and  the 
sense  of  this  word,  applied  to  grapes,  is  a  cluster, 
like  ^rapc  in  English.  It  signifies,  also,  in  Ch.,  a  tu- 
mor, a  pustule,  a  mountain,  the  sense  of  which  is  a 
lump  or  mass  collected  ;  and  this  may  be  the  sense 
of  omirr.  In  German,  Dutch,  Swedish,  and  Danish, 
it  has  a  name  corresponding  to  the  Lnglish  bura- 
stone.] 

A  hard,  semi-pellucid  substance,  tasteless  and 
without  smell,  except  when  pounded  or  heated, 
when  it  emits  a  fragrant  odor.  It  is  found  in  al- 
luvial soils,  or  on  the  sea  shore,  in  many  places  j 
particularly  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic,  in  Kiirope, 
and  at  Cape  Sable,  in  Maryland,  in  the  United  States. 
The  ancient  opinion  of  its  vegetable  origin  seems 
now  to  be  established,  and  it  is  believed  or  known 
to  be  a  fossil  resin.  It  yields,  by  distillatiim,  an  cin- 
pyreuinatic  oil,  and  the  succinic  acid,  which  sub- 
limes in  small,  white  needles.  Its  color  usually  pre- 
sents some  tinge  of  yellow.  It  is  highly  electrical, 
and  is  the  basis  of  a  varnish. 

Journal  of  Science,    Knciie,  Chambers, 

A.M'BKU,  a.    Consisting  of  or  resembling  amber. 

A;M'I!KR,  i>.  (.   To  scent  with  amber. 

A.M'Blill-DRINK,  n.  A  drink  resembling  amber  in 
color. 

A.M'BER-DROP-PIN"G,  0.  Dropping  amber.  jWlton. 

A.M'BER-SeEU,  71.  Musk-seed  ;  a  seed  somewhat 
resembling  millet.  It  is  of  a  bitterish  taste,  and 
brought  from  Egypt  and  the  West  Indies. 

Cliambers. 

A-M'BER-TREE,  71.  The  English  name  of  a  species 
of  .\iitliospermum,  a  shrub,  with  evergreen  leaves, 
which,  when  bruised',  emit  a  fragrant  odor. 

Milter. 

A.M'BER-GR1IS,  7i.  [amber,  and  Fr.  gris,  gray  ;  ffray 
amber.] 

A  solid,  opaque,  ash  cwBred,  inflammable  substance, 
variegated  like  marble,  remarkably  light,  rugged  on 
its  surface,  and  wlieii  heated,  it  has  a  fragrant  odor. 
It  does  not  etfervesce  with  acids  ;  it  melts  eiisily  into 
a  kind  of  yellow  resin,  and  is  soluble,  but  not  readi- 
ly, in  spirit  of  wine.  Various  opinions  have  been 
entertained  respecting  its  origin  ;  but  it  is  well  ascer- 
tained that  it  is  a  morbid  secretion  into  the  intestines 
of  the  spermaceti  whale,  a  species  of  Physeter.  It 
■  has  been  found  in  that  species  of  whale,  but  usually 
is  found  floating  on  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  in  re- 
gions frequented  by  whales  ;  sometimes  in  masses 
of  from  (lO  to  225  lbs.  weight.  In  this  substance  are 
found  the  beaks  of  the  cuttle-fish,  on  which  that 
whale  is  known  to  feed.  It  is  highly  valued  as  a 
material  in  perfumery.  Encye. 
A.M-Bl-DEX'TEK,  7i.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  dcxUr,  the 
right  hand.] 

1.  A  person  who  uses  both  hands  with  equal  facil- 
ity. 

2.  A  double  dealer ;  one  equ.illy  ready  to  act  on 
either  side  in  party  disputes.  [This  setise  13  used  in 
ludicrous  language.] 

3.  In  laic,  a  juror  who  takes  money  from  both  par- 
ties, for  giving  his  verdict.  Cowel. 

AM-BI-DEX-TER'I-TY,        (  n.    The  facultv  of  us- 

AM-BI-DE.\'TROt'S-NESS,  (  ing  both  hands  with 
equal  facility  ;  doubli;  dealing  ;  tlie  taking  of  money 
from  both  parties  for  a  verdict. 

AM-Bl-DEX'TROUS,  a.  Having  the  faculty  of  using 
both  hands  with  equal  ease  ;  practicing  or  siding 
with  both  parties. 

A.M'BI-  ENT,  a.  [L.  ambiais,  from  ambio,  to  go  round, 
from  amb,  about,  and  eo,  to  go.] 

Surrounding  ;  enconijiassing  on  all  sides  ;  invest- 
ing ;  applied  to  fluids  or  diffusible  substances;  as, 
the  ambient  air.  Mtlton. 

AM-B1G'E-N.\L,  11.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  genu,  s 
knee.] 

An  ambigenal  huperbola,  is  one  of  the  triple  hyper- 
bolas of  the  second  order,  having  one  of  its  infinite 
legs  failing  within  an  angle  formed  by  the  asymp- 
totes, and  the  other  without.  Encije. 
A.M'B1-GU,  7u    [Fr.    .See  Ambiguity.] 


AMli 

All  i  iitertainmeiaor  feast,  consisting  of  a  medley 
of  dishes.  Kinjr. 

A:M-l>l-(!f''I-TY,  71.    [Tj.  ambi^iitas,  from  amii>i>.] 
Doubtfulness  or  uncertainly  of  signification,  from 
a  word's  being  sn.sceptilile  of  ditlerent  meanings; 
double  meaning;  as,  words  should  be  used  which 
admit  of  no  ambifruity. 

A.M-BIC'lJ-OUS,  a.    [L.  arai.i>i<iw.] 

Having  two  or  more  meanings;  doubtful;  being 
of  uncertain  signification  ;  susceptible  of  difl'erent 
interpretations  ;  hence,  obscure.  It  is  applied  to 
words  and  expressions  ;  not  to  a  dubious  state  ol 
mind,  though  it  may  be  to  a  jierson  using  words  of 
doubtful  signification  ;  as,  the  ancient  oracles  were 
ambiiruons,  as  were  their  answers. 

AM-BKi'IJ-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  ambiguous  manner ; 
with  doubtful  meaning. 

A.M-BIG'U-OUS-i\ESS,  77.  The  quality  of  being  am- 
biguous ;  uncertainty  of  meaning  ;  ambiguity  ;  and 
hence,  obseuritv. 

AM-BII/E-VUl/'S,  a.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  l<rrus,  left.] 
Lefl-handed  on  both  sides.    [JVot  in  use.\ 

Brown. 

AM-BIL'O-GY,  Ti.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  Gr.  Xoyo^, 
speech.] 

Talk  or  language  of  doubtful  meaning. 
AM-BIL'O-aUOUS,  a.    [L.  ambo,  both,  and  loquor,  to 
speak.] 

Using  ninbigiions  expressions. 

AM-HII/O-CiUV',  71.  The  use  of  doubtful  or  ambigu- 
ous expressions. 

A.M'BIT,  71.  [Ij.  amiitii.;,  a  circuit,  from  aiiiJio,  to  go 
about.    See  Ambient.] 

The  line  that  encompasses  a  thing.  In  growctry, 
the  perimeter  of  a  figure,  or  of  the  surface  of  a  body  ; 
the  periphery  or  circumference  of  a  circular  body. 

Johnson.  Kncyc, 

AM-BI"TION',  71.  [L.  ambitio,  from  a«ifti«,  to  go  about, 
or  to  seek  by  making  interest;  of  awift,  about,  and  eo, 
to  go.  [See  Ambages.]  This  word  had  its  origin  in 
the  practice  of  Roman  candidates  for  oflicc,  who 
went  about  the  city  to  solicit  votes.] 

A  desire  of  preferment,  or  of  honor;  a  desire  of 
excellence  or  .superiority.  It  is  thus  usi  d  in  a  good 
sense  ;  as,  emulation  may  spring  from  a  laudable  am- 
bilinn.  It  denotes  more  commonly,  however,  an  in- 
ordinate desire  of  power,  or  eminence,  often  accom- 
panied with  the  use  of  illeg.il  means  to  obtain  the 
object.  It  is  sonieliines  followed  by  of;  as,  a  man 
has  an  ambition  of  wit.  Milton  has  used  the  word  in 
the  Latin  sense  of  going  about  to  solicit  or  obtain  ; 
but  this  sense  is  hardly  legitimate. 

A.M-BI"TION,  V.  t.    [Fr.  ambuionncr.] 

Ambitiously  to  seek  after,    [f.iltlc  used.]  King. 

AM-n["T10N-LESS,  a.  Devoid  of  ambition.  Pollok. 

AM-BI"T10US,  a.    [L.  atnbitiosus.]^ 

1.  Desirous  of  power,  honor,  oince,  superiority,  or 
excellence  ;  aspiring  ;  eager  for  fame  ;  followed  by 
of  before  a  noun  ;  as,  ambitious  of  glor>'. 

2.  Showy  ;  adapted  to  command  notice  or  praise  ; 
as,  ambitious  ornaiiieiits. 

3.  Figuratively,  eager  to  swell  or  rise  higher ;  as, 
the  ambitions  ticean.  Shak. 

AM-BI"TK)US-LY,  adr.  In  an  ambitions  manner; 
with  an  eager  desire  after  preferment  or  siipeiiority. 

AM-BI"T1()US-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  am- 
bitions ;  ambition.  Being  nearly  synonymous  with 
ambition,  it  is  not  often  used. 

AM'BI-TUS,  71.  [Ij.)  1.  The  circumference  or  exte- 
rior edge  or  border  of  a  thing. 

2.  In  Roman  late,  the  open  space  surrounding  a 
building  or  tomb.  Kncyc. 

3.  In  Roman  history,  a  canvassing  for  votes  by  can- 
didates for  office. 

AM'BLE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  ambler,  from  L.  ambulo,  to  walk  ; 
Qu.  atnb,  about,  and  the  root  of  Fr.  allcr.] 

1.  To  pace  ;  to  move  with  a  certain  peculiar  p.tce. 
as  a  horse,  first  lifting  his  two  legs  on  one  side,  and 
then  changing  to  the  other.  FMin.  Kncyc. 

2.  To  move  easy,  without  hard  shocks. 

Ilim  time  amblea  ft-ilhal.  Shak. 

3.  In  a  ludicrous  sense,  to  move  with  submission, 
or  by  direction,  or  to  move  aflfectedly.  John.'^on, 

A.M'BLE,  71.  A  [leculiar  pace  of  a  horse,  in  which  the 

two  legs  of  the  same  side  rise  together. 
AM'BLER,  71.    A  horse  which  ambles  ;  a  pacer. 
A..M'BLI»\G,  p;>r.  or  a.    Lifting  the  two  legs  on  the 

same  side  at  fir.«t  going  oil',  anil  then  changing. 
A.M'BLING-LY,  ado.    With  an  ambling  gait. 
A.M'BLY  GON,  71.    [Gt.  apliXvf,  obtuse,  and  jwiia, 

an  angle.] 

An  obtuse-angled  triangle  ;  a  triangle  with  one  an- 
gle of  more  than  ninety  degrees.     Badry.  Kncyc. 
AM-BLYG'ON-.\L,  a.    Containing  an  obtuse  angle. 

M. 

AM-BLYG'ON-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  a^/?Xt7  wi-iot,  having  an 
obtuse  angle.] 

A  mineral  froni  Saxony,  of  a  pale-green  color, 
sometimes  spotted,  somewhat  resembling  pyroveiie. 
It  consists  of  phosphoric  acid  and  alumina',  with  9 
per  cent,  of  litliia.  Dana. 
A.M'BLY-O-PY,  71.    [Gr.  ,<^/?.Vi.,,  dull,  and  u>d,  eye.] 
Weakness  of  sight,  witlioiil  any  0|>acily  of  the  cor- 


AMB 

nea,  i,T  of  the  interior  of  the  eye  ;  either  absolute 
weakness  of  sight  from  disease  itr  old  age  ;  or  rela- 
tive, when  objects  can  be  seen  only  in  a  certain  lit'ht, 
distance,  or  position,  as  in  day  and  night  blindness, 
near  and  far  sightediiess,  and  btrabisnius  or  squint- 
ing. Saucages. 

AiM'liO,    i  71.    [Gr.  apffaip,  a  pulpit;   L.  umbo,  a 

AM'BON,  (  boss.] 

An  oblong,  elevated  pulpit,  in  the  early  Christian 
churches,  but  disused  after  the  fourteenth  century. 

GusdI. 

AM-BRE-A'DA,  71.  [from  amber.]  A  kind  of  facti- 
tious amber,  which  the  Europeans  sell  to  the  Afri- 
cans. Kncyc, 

AM-liKC'ie  ACID,  71.  An  acid  formed  by  digesting 
aiiibreme  in  nitric  acid. 

A.M-BRii'LNE,  71.  One  of  the  animal  proximate  prin- 
ciples, and  the  chief  constituent  of  ambergris. 

AM-BRo'SlA,  (am-bro'/.ha,)  n,  [Gr.  a  neg.  and  /7/)o- 
To(,  mortal,  because  it  was  supposed  to  confer  immor- 
tality on  them  that  fed  on  it.]  - 

1.  In  heathen  antiquity,  the  iinaginarj'  food  of  the 
gods.  Hence, 

2.  Whatever  is  very  pleasing  to  the  taste  or  smell. 
The  name  has  also  been  given  to  certain  alexiphar- 
mic  compositions. 

3.  A  genus  of  plants. 

.\M-I!Ro'i?l-AC,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  ambrosia. 

AM-BIIO'SIAL,  (am-bro'/.hal,;  a.  Partaking  of  the 
1  alure  or  qualities  of  ambrosia  ;  fragrant ;  delighting 
ti  e  taste  or  smell  ;  as,  ambrosial  dews.  P.en  Jonson 
uses  ambrosiac  in  a  Ijke  sense,  and  Bailey  has  ambro- 
sian,  but  these  seem  not  to  be  warranted  by  usage. 

A.M-BIIO'SSIAL-LY,  adv.    In  an  ambrosial  way. 

A.M-BKO'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Ambrose.  The 
Jimbrosian  ofiice,  or  ritual,  is  a  formula  of  worship  in 
the  church  of  Milan,  instituted  by  St.  Ambrose. 

A.M-BUo'SIAN-CHANT,  71.  A  mode  of  singing  or 
chanting  introduced  by  St.  Ambrose.  It  was  iiion; 
moniitoiious  than  the  Gregorian,  which  was  used 
afterward. 

AM'BRO-SIN,  71.  In  f/ic  77ii(iiy/c  affci,  a  coin  struck  by 
the  dukes  of  Milan,  on  which  St.  Ambrose  was  rep- 
resented on  horseback,  with  a  whip  in  his  right  hand. 

AM'BRY,  71.  [contracted  from  Fr.  aumOnerie,  almonry, 
from  old  Fr.  ulmoignc,  alms.] 

1.  An  almonry  ;  a  place  where  alms  are  deposited 
for  distribution  to  the  poor.  In  ancient  abbeys  and 
priories  there  was  an  office  of  this  name,  in  which 
the  almoner  lived. 

2.  A  place  in  which  are  deposited  the  utensils  fiir 
house-keeping ;  also,  a  cupboard ;  a  place  for  cold 
victuals. 

AMBS'-aCE,  (am/.'acc,)  n,    [L.  ambo,  both,  and  ace] 

.\  double  ace,  as  when  two  dice  turn  up  tlie  ace. 
AM'IIU-LANCE,  71,  [Fr.]  A  flying  hospital ;  a  mov- 
able hospit.'il,  or  place  of  succor  for  the  wouinled, 
formed,  for  the  occasion,  on  the  field  of  liallle,  or  in 
its  immediate  vicinity  ;  first  introduced  into  the 
French  armies.  Cijc,  .Med. 

AM'IiU-LAN'I',  a.    [L.  ambulans,  from  ambiilo.] 

Walking;  moving  from  pl.ice  to  pbice.  Kncyc. 
.Ambulant  brokers,  in  Amsterdam,  are  exchange- 
brokers  or  agents,  who  are  not  sworn,  and  whose 
testimony  is  not  received  in  courts  of  justice. 
A.M'BU-L.aTE,  v.  i.    To  walk;  to  move  backward 

and  forward. 
AM-BU-LA'TION,  71.    [L.  a77iftu/a(io.l 

A  walkiiii;  about ;  the  act  of  walking. 
AM'liU-LA-TIVE,  a.  Walkini. 
A.\l'BU-LA-TO  RY,  a.  That  h.is  the  power  or  faculty 
of  walking;  as,  an  animal  is  ambulatory. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  walk  ;  as,  an  ambulatory  view, 

3.  Moving  from  place  to  place  ;  not  stationary  ;  as, 
an  ambulatory  court,  which  exercises  its  jurisdiction 
in  different  places.  Johnson, 

4.  Ill  ornithology,  formed  for  walking  ;  applied  to 
the  feet  of  birds  with  three  toes  before  and  one  be- 
hind. Brande. 

A.M'BU-LA-TO-RY,  71.  A  place  to  walk  in  ;  applied 
to  any  place  in  buildings,  inclosed  by  a  colonnade  or 
arcade,  as  porticoes  and  corridors  ;  also,  to  the  aisles 
or  passages  in  churches.  P.  Cye, 

AM'BU-RY,  )  71.     [Clu.  L.  iii7iiff,  the  navel  ;  Gr. 

AJV'BU-RY,  t  a,,il,.,^.] 

Among  farriers,  a  tumor,  wart,  or  swelling  on  a 
horse,  full  of  blood,  and  soft  to  the  touch.  Kncyc, 

AM'BUS-CaDE,  71.  [Fr.  etnbujfcadc;  Sp,  and  Port.  C7n- 
boscada  .*  It.  imboscata,  from  It.  imbo..icare  ;  Sp.  embos- 
car,  to  lie  in  bushes,  or  concealed  ;  in  and  bosca,  basque, 
a  wood  ;  Eng.  bu.ih,] 

1.  Literally,  a  lying  in  a  wood,  concealed,  for  the 
purpose  of  attacking  an  enemy  by  surprise ;  hence, 
a  lying  in  wait,  and  concealed  in  any  situation,  for  a 
like  purpose. 

2.  A  private  station  in  w  hich  troops  lie  concealed, 
with  a  view  to  attack  their  enemy  by  surprise  ;  ain- 
bush. 

3.  A  bodv  of  troops  lyini  in  ambush. 
AM'BUS-CaDE,  r.  f.    To  lie  in  wait  for,  or  to  attack 

from  a  concealed  position. 
AM'BL'S-CaD  ED,  pp.  Having  an  ambush  laid  against, 
or  attacked  from  a  private  station ;  as,  his  troops  were 
ambuscaded. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  I'NITE.  — .\.\"GER,  VI"CI0US  C  as  K  ;  <5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


6 


41 


AME 

A.M'BUS-€aD-ING,  ppr.  Lying  in  wait  fur;  attack- 
ins  friim  a  secret  station. 

AM'IilJSH,  71.  [Fr.  cmbuclic,  of  in  and  bush ;  Dan.  busk  ; 
D.  bosch  i  Ger.  buscfi ;  Fr.  bosquet,  boscage,  bucage, 
bois.    See  Bush.] 

1.  A  private  or  concealed  station,  where  troops  lie 
in  wait  to  attaclt  tlieir  enemy  by  surprise. 

2.  Tile  state  of  lying  concealed,  for  the  purpose  of 
attacking  by  surprise  ;  a  lying  in  wait. 

3.  The  troops  posted  in  a  concealed  place,  for  at- 
tacking by  surprise. 

Lay  Ihee  an  ambush  for  the  city.  —  Josh.  viii. 

ASI'BIJSH,  V.  U  To  lie  in  wait  for ;  to  surprise,  by  as- 
sailing unexpectedly  from  a  concealed  place. 

AM'BUSH,  V.  i.  To  lie  in  wait,  for  the  purpose  of  at- 
tacking by  surprise. 

Nor  saw  tlie  siiaJie,  that  ambushed  for  his  prey.  Trumbull. 

AM'BUSH-£D,  (ain'busht,)  pp.  Lain  in  wait  for  ;  sud- 
denly attacked  front  a  concealed  station. 

A.M'Hi;Sll-lNG,  ppr.  Lying  in  wait  for;  attacking 
frt>in  a  (  (inccaled  station. 

AM'BUSH-MEN'T,  n.    An  ambush  ;  which  see. 

A.M-BDS'TION,  71.  [L.  ambustio,  from  amburo,  to  burn 
or  scorch  ;  of  amb,  about,  and  uro,  to  burn.] 
Among  pA7(sicia«i,  a  burning  ;  a  burn  or  scald. 

AM'EL,  «.    [Fr.  email.] 

The  matter  with  which  metallic  bodies  are  over- 
laid in  the  process  of  enameling  ;  but  its  use  is  super- 
seded by  eiiaiiicl  i  which  see.  Boyle. 

A-MRL'IOR-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  meliorated. 

A-.Mi;L'10R-aTE,  v.  U  [Fr.  aihcUorer,  from  L.  melior, 
better.] 

To  make  better ;  to  improve ;  to  meliorate. 
_  S.  S.  Sinitli.    Christ.  Obs.  Buchanan. 

A-MkL'IOR-aTE,     i.  To  grow  better ;  to  meliorate. 
A-.MkL'10R-.a-TED,  pp.    Grown  better;  improved. 
A-.Mi;L'IOR-A-TING,    ppr.     Becoming  or  making 
bitter. 

A-MuL-IOR-a'TION,  71.  A  making  or  becoming  bet- 
ter ;  improvement ;  melioration. 

A-.MEN'.  This  word,  with  slight  differences  of  or- 
thography, is  in  all  the  dialects  of  the  Slieinitish 
stock.  As  a  verb,  it  signifies  to  confirm,  establish, 
verify  ;  to  trust,  or  give  confidence  ;  as  a  noun,  truth, 
firmness,  trust,  confidence  ;  as  an  adjective,  firm,  sta- 
ble. In  English,  after  the  Oriental  manner,  it  is  used 
at  the  beginning,  but  more  generally  at  the  end  of 
declarations  and  prayers,  in  the  sense  of,  be  it  Jirm, 
be  it  established. 

And  let  lUl  the  people  say,  Amen.  —  Ps.  cW. 

The  word  is  useil  also  as  a  noun :  "  All  the  prom- 
ises of  God  are  amcii  in  Christ,"  that  is,  firmness, 
stability,  ctmstancv. 
A-iMr.-NA-BIL'I-TY,    In.    The  state  of  being  ame- 
A-Ml£'NA-BLE-NESS,  j     nahle  ;  liability  to  answer. 

Judge  Story. 

A-.'\lE'NA-BLE,  a.  [It.  mcnare;  Fr.  mener,  amener ; 
Norm,  amesner,  to  lead,  to  bring;  Fr.  amcmcr.  It.  am- 
mainare,  in  marine  language,  to  strike  sail.] 

1.  In  old  law,  easy  to  be  led ;  governable,  as  a 
woman  by  her  husband.    [This  sense  u<  obsolete.] 

2.  Liable  to  answer  ;  responsible ;  answertible  ;  li- 
able to  be  called  to  account ;  as,  every  man  is  amenor- 
ble  to  the  laws. 

We  retain  this  idiom  in  the  popular  phrase,  to  bring 
171,  to  make  answerable ;  as,  a  man  is  brought  in  to 
pav  the  debt  of  another 
AMe'.\A-BLY,  ado.    In  an  amenable  manner. 
A.M'E.V-AOE,  71.  (     To  manage.    [OAs.J  Spenser. 
A.M'EN-ANCE,  71.    Conduct ;  behavior.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

A-MEXD^,  V.  t  [Ft.  amender^  L.  emendo,  of  e  neg. 
and  vunda,  mendum,  a  fault ;  W.  viann,  a  sjiot  or 
blemish  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  emendar ;  It.  ammendarc.  See 
Mend.] 

1.  To  correct ;  to  rectify  by  expunging  a  mistake  ; 
as,  to  amend  a  writ. 

2.  'J'o  reform,  by  quitting  bad  habits  ;  to  make  bet- 
ter, in  a  moral  sense  ;  as,  to  amend  our  ways  or  our 
conduct. 

3.  To  correct ;  to  supply  a  defect ;  to  improve  or 
make  better,  by  some  addition  of  what  is  wanted, 
as  widl  as  by  expunging  what  is  wrong  ;  as,  \o  amend 
a  hill  before  a  legislature.  IIimicc  it  is  applied  to  the 
corr*rctinn  of  authors,  by  restoring  passages  which 
had  bfcn  omitted,  or  restoring  the  true  reading. 

A-MK.N'I)',  E-  i.  To  grow  or  become  better,  by  refor- 
mation, or  rectifying  something  wrong  in  manners 
ur  morals.  It  differs  from  improve,  in  this,  that  tu 
amrnd  imjilies  Hoinetliing  previously  wrong  ;  to  im- 
prore,  i](Hi»  not. 

A-.ME.\I)'A-IILE,  a.  That  may  bo  amended  ;  capable 
of  forrcrlion  ;  a-i.  an  umrndnbtr  writ  or  error. 

A-.MK.\I)'A-Tf)  IIV,  a.  Thai  uiiieiids ;  supplying 
niiicndiiieiit ;  corrective. 

jJ--WA;A"/J/;',  n.  |l"r. )  A  pi'ciiiiiary  piinistiment,  or 
fine  ;  a  rcpanition  or  recantation.  The  amende  ho- 
vf/rahtr,  m  Fraiicir,  is  an  infamniis  piinishiijent  iu- 
nicl'  d  on  traitors,  |i.irririi|i'>i,  and  kui  rib  gioiis  pi^r- 
uins.  The  nlfeiider,  lieing  leil  into  coiirl  with  a 
rope  about  llix  neck,  and  a  lighte.il  torch  in  his 
hand,  bi^gii  pardon  uf  his  Goil,  the  court,  &.c,  Tlieie 


AME 

words  also  denote  simply  a  recantation  in  open  court, 

or  in  presence  of  the  injured  person.  Encyr. 
2.  In  popular  kuigiicigr,  the  phrase  denotes  a  public 

recantation  ahd  re|iaiation  to  an  injured  party,  for 

improper  language  or  treatment. 
A-MEi\I)'EI),  pp.    Corrected  ;  rectified  ;  reformed  ; 

improved,  or  altered  for  the  better. 
A-MENI)'ER,  71.    The  person  that  amends. 
A-ME.\D'FUL,  (7.    Full  of  improvement. 
A-IIEND'ING,  j>j)r.    Coirecting  ;  reforming ;  altering 

for  the  better. 
A-MEND'MEi\T,  71.    An  alteration  or  change  for  the 

better ;  correction  of  a  fault  or  faults  ;  reformation  of 

life,  by  quitting  vices. 

2.  In  legi.slalive  proceedings,  any  alteration  in  a  bill 
or  motion,  by  adding,  changing,  or  omitting. 

3.  In  law,  the  correction  of  an  error  in  a  writ  or 
process. 

Shakspeare  uses  it  for  the  recovery  of  health,  but 
this  sense  is  unusual. 
A-MENDS',  71.  pi.    [Fr.  amende  ] 

Compensation  for  an  injury ;  recompense ;  satis- 
faction ;  equivalent ;  as,  the  happiness  of  a  future 
life  will  more  than  make  amends  for  the  miseries 
of  this. 

A-MEN'I-TY,  71.  [L.  amanilas ;  Fr.  amenite ;  L. 
amfFnus;  W.  mvtyn,  good,  kind.] 

Pleasantness ;  agreeableness  of  situation ;  that 
which  delights  the  eye  ;  -used  of  places  and  prospects. 

Brown. 

JlMEJVSA  ET  TOiRO,[lu.]  From  board  and  bed. 
A  divorce  from  board  and  bed  is  when  husband  and 
wife  separate,  but  the  husband  maintains  the  wife. 

AISI'ENT  ) 

A  MENT'UM  i  ''"'™'''™>    thong,  or  strap.] 

In  botany,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  consisting  of 
many  scales,  ranged  along  a  stalk  or  slender  axis, 
which  is  the  common  receptacle ;  as  in  birch,  oak, 
chestnut.  Jilartyn. 

A  spike,  the  bracts  of  which  are  all  of  equal  size, 
and  closely  imbricated,  and  which  is  articulated  with 
the  stem.  Lindley. 

AM-EN-Ta'CEOUS,  a.  I.  Growing  in  an  ament ;  re- 
sembling a  thong  ;  as,  the  chestnut  lias  an  amenta- 
ceous inflorescence.  J\Iartyn. 

2.  Furnished  with  amenta  ;  having  flowers  ar- 
ranged in  aiitents  ;  as,  amentaceous  plants.  Brande. 

A-MERCE',  (a-mers'j)  v.  U  [.V  verb  formed  from  <i,  for 
0)1  or  at,  and  Fr.  mcrci,  mercy,  or,  from  L.  merces, 
rewarii.] 

1.  To  inflict  a  penalty  at  mercy ;  to  punish  by  a 
pecuniary  penalty,  the  amount  of  which  is  not  fi.xed 
by  law,  but  left  to  the  discretion  or  7nercy  of  the 
court ;  as,  the  court  amerced  the  criminal  in  the  sum 
of  one  hundred  dollars. 

2.  To  inflict  a  pecuniary  penalty ;  to  punish  in 
general.  Milton  uses  of  after  amerce:  "  Millions  of 
spirits  amerced  0/ heaven  ;  "  but  this  use  seems  to  be 
a  poetic  license. 

A-MER'CM3,  pp.   Fined  at  the  discretion  of  a  court. 

A-MERCE'JMF.NT,  (a-mers'ment,)  71.  A  pecuniary 
penalty  inflicted  on  an  offender  at  the  discretion  of 
the  co;;ri.  It  differs  from  a  Jine,  in  that  the  latter  is, 
or  was  originaUy,  a  fixed  and  certain  sum  prescribed 
by  statute  for  an  offense  ;  but  an  amercement  is  arbi- 
trary. Hence  the  practice  of  ajficrino-.  [See  Affeer.] 
But,  in  .America,  the  word  fine  is  now  used  for  a  pe- 
cuniary penalty  which  is  uncertain  ;  and  it  is  com- 
mon, in  statutes,  to  enact  tiiat  an  offender  shall  be 
.^Tifrf,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court.  In  England,  also, 
fines  are  now  usually  discreliimary.  Thus  the  word 
fine  has,  in  a  measure,  siiper.sedeti  the  use  of  amerce- 
ment This  word,  in  old  books,  is  written  amercia- 
ment. 

Smerccmcnl  royal,  is  a  penalty  imposed  on  an  officer 
for  a  misdemeanor  in  his  otlicc. 

A-MER'CER,  71.  One  who  sets  a  fine  at  discretion 
upon  an  offender. 

A-MER'I-CA,  71.  [from  Amerigo  Vespucci,  a  Flor- 
entine, who  pretended  to  have  first  discovered  the 
western  continent.] 

One  of  the  great  continents,  first  discovered  by 
Sebastian  Cabot,  June  II,  O.  S.,  1498,and  by  Colum- 
bus, or  Christoval  Colon,  Aug.  1,  the  same  year.  It 
extends  from  the  eightieth  degree  of  north,  to  the 
fifty-fourth  degree  of  south  latitude;  and  from  the 
thirty-fifth  to  the  one  hundred  and  fifty-sixth  degree 
of  longitude  west  from  Greenwich,  being  about  nine 
thousand  miles  in  length.  Its  breadth  at  Darien 
is  narrowed  to  about  forty-five  miles,  but  at  the 
northern  extremity  is  nearly  four  thousand  miles. 
From  Darien  to  the  north,  the  continent  is  called 
J^iirth  .America,  and  to  the  souUi,  it  is  culled  South 
Jimerica. 

A-MER'I-CAN,  a.   Pertaining  to  America. 

A-.MER'I-CAN,  71.  A  native  of  America;  originally 
applied  to  the  aboriginals,  or  copper-colored  races, 
found  here  by  tlio  Eiiropi  ans  ;  but  now  applied  to 
the  descendants  of  Eiiropi^tins  born  in  America,  es- 
pecially to  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States. 

The  iianic  American  inuiit  alwnyi  exalt  Uie  priile  ofpatriotlmn. 

Wajtliington. 

A-MER'I-CAI^-I|iiyf ,  n.   An  Idiom  peculiar  to  America. 


AMI 

2.  The  love  which  American  citizens  have  to  their 
own  roiinlry,  or  the  preference  of  its  interests. 

A-.MER'l-CAN-iZE,  v.  t.  To  render  American;  to 
naturalize  in  America. 

aMES'-aCE.    See  Ambs-ace. 

A-MET-.\-Bo'LI-AN,  7i.  )  [Gr.  a  neg.  and  ucra/JaXAw, 

A-MET-A-I!o'LI-A,7i.;y/.  (     to  change.] 

In  zoology,  terms  denoting  a  division  of  insects 
which  do  not  undergo  any  metamorphosis.  Brande. 

A-iMETH'O-DIST,  71.    A  quack.    [JVot  used.] 

AM'E-THYST,  71.  [L.  amethyst:is ;  Gr.  u/jtSvtrrns, 
which  the  Greeks  supposed  to  be  formed  from  a  neg. 
and  pi^vLi,  to  inebriate,  from  some  supposed  quality 
in  the  stone  of  resisting  intoxication.  Plin.  xxxvii. 
9,  mentions  an  opinion,  that  it  takes  its  name  from 
its  colorapproachiug  that  of  wine,  but  not  reaching  it.] 
A  sub-species  of  iiuartz,  of  a  bluish  violet  color,  of 
different  degrees  of  intensity.  It  generally  occurs 
crystallized  in  liexahedral  prisms  terminated  by  cor- 
responding pyramids ;  also  in  rolled  fragments,  com- 
posed of  imperfect  prismatic  crystals.  Its  fracture  is 
conchoidal  or  splintery.  It  is  wrought  into  various 
articles  of  jewelry.  Cleaveland.  Encyc. 

Oriental  amethyst;  the  violet  blue  variety  of  trans- 
parent crystallized  corundum. 

AM'E-THYST,  in  heraldry,  signifies  a  purple  color. 
It  is  the  same,  in  a  nobleman's  escutcheon,  as  pur- 
pure  in  a  gentleman's,  and  mercury  in  that  of  a 
sovereign  prince.  Encyc. 

AM-E-THV'ST'INE,  a.    1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling amethyst ;  anciently  applied  to  a  garment  of 
the  color  of  amethyst,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Tyrian  and  hyacinthine  purple. 
2.  Composed  of  the  amethyst ;  as,  an  amethystine 

_  cup.  Brande. 

a'MI-A,  71.  A  genus  of  fish,  of  the  Abdominal  order, 
found  in  the  rivers  of  Carolina.  Pennant. 

A-iMI-A-BIL'I-TY,  71.  Amiableness. 

A'MI-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  amable ;  L.  amabilis;  from  amo, 
to  love.] 

1.  Lovely;  worthy  of  love ;  deserving  of  affection  ; 
applied  usually  to  persons.  But  in  Psal.  Ixxxiv.  1, 
there  is  an  exception  :  "  How  amiable  are  thy  taber- 
nacles, O  Lord ! " 

2.  Pretending  or  showing  love. 

Lay  amiable  siege  to  Uie  honesty  of  this  Ford's  wife.  Shak. 
But  this  use  is  not  legitimate. 
a'MI-A-BLE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  deserving  love  ; 
loveliness. 

a'MI-A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  amiable  manner ;  in  a 
manner  to  excite  or  attract  love. 

A:\I-I-AN'THUS,  71.  [Or.  aiiiavro{,  of  a  neg.  and 
piiiii'M,  to  pollute  or  vitiate  ;  so  called  from  its  in- 
combustibility.   Plin.  311.  19.] 

Earth-flax,  or  mountain-flax ;  a  mineral  substance 
somewhat  resembling  flax,  belonging  either  to  the 
species  pyroxene  or  hornblende,  usually  grayish,  or 
of  a  greenish  white  ;  sometimes  of  a  yellowish  or 
silvery  whit<',  olive  or  mountain  green,  of  a  pale 
flesh  red  or  ocher  color,  tt  is  composed  of  delicate 
filaments,  very  flexible,  and  somewhat  elastic,  often 
long,  and  resembling  threads  of  silk.  It  is  incom- 
bustible, and  has  sometimes  been  wrimglit  into  cloth 
and  paper.  Kirwan.    Encyc.  Cleaveland. 

AM-I-AN'THI-FORM,  a.    [amianthus  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  likeness  of  amianthus. 

Amintillii/orm  arseiiiate  of  copjier.  Pltitlips. 

AM-I-AN'TIIIN-ITE,  71.  A  species  of  amorphous 
mineral,  a  variety  of  actinolite ;  its  color  a^h, 
greenish,  or  yellowish  gray,  often  mixed  with  yel- 
low or  red ;  its  fracture  confusedly  foliated  and 
fibrous.  Kirwan. 

AM-l-AN'TIIOID,  71.  [amianthus  and  Gr.  ei6<'s,  form.] 
A  variety  of  asbestus,  composed  of  long  capillary 
filaments,  flexible  and  very  elastic  ;  more  flexible 
than  the  fibers  of  asbestus,  but  stift'er  and  more 
elastic  than  those  of  amianthus.  The  color  is  olive 
green,  or  greenish  white.  Jlaily.  Cleaveland. 

AM-l-AN'Til01D,a.    Resembling  amianthus  in  form. 

A.M'I-CA-BLE,  n.  [L.  <jmii;aAi;ijf,from  a)7iicii.«,  a  friend, 
from  amo,  to  love.] 

1.  Friendly;  peaceable;  harmonious  in  social  or 
mutual  transactions;  usually  applied  to  the  disposi- 
tions of  men  who  have  business  with  each  other,  or 
to  their  intercourse  and  transactions  ;  as,  nations  or 
mim  have  come  to  an  amicable  aiijiistment  of  their 
differences. 

2.  DisiKised  to  peace  and  friendship  ;  as,  an  a77aca- 
ble  temper. 

[But  rarehj  applied  to  a  single  person.] 

AM'I-CA-BLE  i\  loss,  71.  'I'he  quality  of  being  peace- 
able, friendly,  or  disposed  to  pimce  ;  friendliness;  a 
disjiosition  to  preserve  pt-ace  tind  friendshi]). 

AM'l-CA-BLY,  (ii/e.  In  a  friendly  manner;  with  har- 
mony or  good-will;  without  controversy;  as,  the 
dispute  was  amicahly  atljtisted. 

AM'ICT,  j  71.   [L.  amirtus,  from  fl77iicior,  to  clothe;  Fr. 

AMMl'E,  \     nniiet ;  Sp.  amito  ;  Port,  amieto.] 

A  square  linen  dolh  that  a  Roman  Catholic  priest 
ties  about  his  neck,  hniiging  down  behind,  under  Ihe 
alb,  whirl!  he  olliciatcs  at  mass.  Sp.  and  Port.  Diet, 

A-MID',      )  prrp.   [of  a  and  Stix.  »iu/)/,  the  middle; 

A-MIDST',  i     L.  mcdius.   ^mid.it  is  the  superlative 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MftTE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


42 


AM  M 

degree,  middcsl,  a  rontraclion  iif  Sax,  mid-mesta,  mid- 
most.   See  MiuuLE  anil  AIidst.] 
1.  In  tlic  midst  iir  niiddli-. 

•J.  Among;  mingled  with;  as,  a  sheiilierd  amiil.it 
his  lliu  k. 

3.  Surrounded,  encompassed,  or  enveloped  with  ; 
as,  arai</.v(  the  sliade ;  amid  the  waves,  ^mid  is  used 

AM'UlTiiT,  i       '^•^'^  '"'"'"^ 

Ail'l-DI.N'K,  n.  Starch  modified  iiy  heat  so  as  to  be- 
come a  transparent  mass,  like  liorn,  which  is  soluble 
in  cold  water. 

A-MIU'-SIIIPS ;  in  marine  langu<i(;c,  the  middle  of  a 
ship,  with  regard  to  her  length  and  breadth. 

AM'l-LOT,  11.  A  while  fish  in  the  Wexiean  lakes, 
more  than  a  foot  in  length,  and  inucli  esteemed  at 
the  table.  C/uciVcro. 

A-iMISS',  a.    [«  and  See  Miss.] 

1.  Wrong  ;  faulty  ;  out  of  order  ;  improper ;  a.s,  it 
may  ni>t  be  amiss  to  ask  advice.  [  This  adjective  nl- 
Wttijs  follows  it.i  noun.] 

'j.  adc.  In  a  faulty  ujanner ;  contrary  to  propriety, 
truth,  law,  or  morality. 

i't'  ask  and  reo-ivc  not,bccavise  yc  luk  amiss.  —  James  w. 

Applied  to  the  body,  it  signifies  indisposed  ;  its,  I 
am  somewhat  nmiss  to-day. 

AM'I-TY,  n.  [I'r.  amitic ;  It.  atnistd,  amista.de  ;  Sp. 
amLilad,  from  amistar,  to  reconcile  ;  Port,  amizadc  ; 
Norm,  ami-itre,  friendship,  flwtei,  friends,  amcw,  ametz, 
bflitved.    Clu.  L.  a/no,  amicitia.] 

Triendship,  in  a  general  sense,  between  individ- 
uals, societies,  or  nations;  harmony;  good  under- 

~  standing;  as,  our  nation  is  in  amitij  with  all  the 
world  ;  a  treaty  of  nmi(y  anil  commerce. 

AM'.MA,  n.    [lleh.  DM,  mother.] 

1.  An  abbess  or  spiritual  mother. 

2.  A  girdle  or  truss  used  in  rupture.s.    [Gr.  nii/in.] 

Core. 

AyVMAS,  71.  [G.  amtmann  ;  D.  amptman  ;  Dan.  atnt- 
mand;  a  compound  of  ampt^  Sax.  ambaht,  or  rmbeht^ 
ollice,  duty,  charge,  and  man.    See  KMnAssAooK.] 

In  same  European,  nations,  a  judge  who  has  cogni- 
zance of  civil  causes.  Kncifc. 

AM'iMID,  »i.    [formed  from  ammonia.] 

A  compound  of  ammidogen  with  an  element,  in 
which  anuuidogen  is  the  electro-negative  ingredient. 

AM-MID'O-CEN,  n.  [ammid  and  Gr.  )£i'i'aw,  to 
produce.  ]^ 

A  basilying  and  basic  princii)lc,  composed  of  two 
etpiivalents  of  hydrogen  and  one  of  nitrogen. 
AM'MI  liAIj,  II.    Xn  obsolete  form  uf  admiral. 

iVa.m'm'iTI:,  i  "•  "/^''"f' 

A  sandstone  or  freestone,  of  a  pale  bro\vn  color, 
very  heavy,  of  a  lax  texture,  composed  of  small 
round  granules,  ceintnteil  by  an  earthy,  fp;irry 
matter.  The  grit  or  granules  are  small  -stalagmites, 
composed  of  crusts  or  coats  including  one  another. 
It  is  the  roe-stone  or  oolite  of  recent  authors. 

Da  Co.ila.    J'lin.  37.  10. 

AM'MO-eilRYSE,  (am'mo-kris,)  ii.  [Gr.  aiijios,  sand, 
and  \<n'(T(j5,  gold.] 

.-\  yellow,  soft  stone,  found  in  Germany,  consisting 
of  iiiossy  yellow  particles.  \\'hen  rubbed  or  ground, 
it  is  used  to  strew  over  writing,  like  black  sanil  with 
us.    Qu.  yrllitto  mica.  Pltn.  37.  1 1.  Kncijc. 

A.M-MO-I)-t'TES,  n.  [Gr.  anpos,  sand,  and  Sow,  to 
enter.] 

The  sand  eel,  a  genua  of  fish,  of  the  Apodal  order, 
about  a  foot  in  length,  w  ith  a  compressed  head,  a 
long,  slender  body,  and  scales  hardly  |)erceptible. 
Two  species  are  now  recognized  by  naturalists.  It 
buries  itself  in  the  sand,  and  is  found  also  in  the 
stomach  of  the  por]>oise,  which  indicates  that  the 
latter  fish  roots  up  the  sand  like  a  hog.  Encyc. 
AM-Mo'-NI-.A,  II.  [The  real  origin  of  this  word  is  not 
ascertained.  Some  authors  suppose  it  to  be  from 
^m?ii(i;i,a  title  of  Jupiter,  near  whose  temple  in  Upper 
Egypt  it  was  generated.  Others  suppose  it  to  be  trom 
Ammonia,  a  C'yrenaic  territory  ;  and  others  deduce  it 
from  a^iftoi,  sand,  as  it  was  found  in  sandy  ground.] 

Ammonia  is  an  lUkali,  which  is  ga-seous  or  aeril'onii 
in  its  uncombined  state,  and  is  composed  of  three 
equivalents  of  hydrogen  and  one  of  nitrogen  ;  now 
considered  an  aminid  of  hydrogen.  It  is  olten  called 
roliitilf  alkali. 

AM-Mo'-\I-.\C,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  ammonia,  or 
AM-.Mll-.\I'Ae-AL,  (     possessing  lis  properties. 
A.M-.Mo'.NI-.\e,  or  GUM-A.M-.Mo'M-A«,  ;i.  [Sec 

A.MMOMA.] 

The  concrete  juice  of  an  umbelliferous  plant,  the 
Dorema  ammoniacum,  brought  from  Persia  in  large 
nuusses,  composed  of  tears,  internally  white,  and  ex- 
ternally yellow.  It  has  a  fetid  snu  ll,  and  a  nauseous, 
sweet  taste,  followed  by  a  bitter  one.  It  is  inllam- 
mablc,  soluble  in  water  and  spirit  of  wine,  and  is  used 
in  medicine  as  a  deobstruent  and  resolvent.  Kncijr. 
AM-.Mo'NI-.\N,  a.  Relating  to  Ainmonius,  siirnanied 
Saccas,  of  Alexandria,  who  flourished  at  the  end  of 
the  second  century,  and  was  the  founder  of  the 
eclectic  system  of  philosophy  ;  or  rather,  he  com- 
pleted the  e-stablishment  of  the  sect,  which  origi- 
nated with  Pouimo.  Knfifid. 


A  MO 

AM'MOX-ITE,  n.  [r.omn  Ammnnis,  from  Jupitrr  Am- 
nion, whose  statues  Were  represented  with  ram's 
horns.] 

The  .serpcnt-.stone,  or  cornu  Ammonis,  a  fossil  .shell, 
curved  into  a  sjiiral,  like  a  rain's  horn  ;  of  various 
si;^es,  from  the  smallest  grains  to  three  feet  in  diam- 
eter. This  fossil  is  found  in  strata  of  limestone  and 
cla)',  and  in  argillaceous  iron  ore.  It  is  smooth  or 
ridged  ;  the  ridges  straight,  crooked,  or  undulated. 

Cy.    F.nnjc.    FUn.  37.  10. 
AM-MO'NI-UM,  71.    A  compound  radical,  consisting 
of  four  equivalents  of  hydrogen  and  one  of  nitrogen, 
and  liaving  the  habitudes  and  chemical  relations  of 
an  eleiuenl. 

AM-M()-.\I'i;-RET,  i  71.  A  term  once  applied  to  cer- 
A.M-MO-i\I'A-KET,  j  tain  supposed  compounds  of 
ammonia  and  a  pure  metal.  All  of  these  have  been 
ascertained  to  be  salts  composed  of  ammonia  with  an 
acid  of  the  nu'tal,  which  renders  the  term  incorrect 
and  useless. 

A.'\1-MU-NI"TI0N,  71.  [L.  ad  and  77tii«itio,  from  munio, 
to  fortify.] 

Military  stores,  or  provisions  for  attack  or  defense. 
In  modern  usage,  the  signification  is  confined  to  the 
articles  which  are  used  in  the  discharge  of  fire-arms 
and  ordnance  of  all  kinds  ;  us  powder,  balls,  bombs, 
various  kinds  of  shot,  *cc. 

Ammunition  bread,  shoes,  stockings,  &.C.,  are  such 
as  are  contracted  for  by  government,  and  served 
out  to  the  private  soldiers.  Encyc.  Am. 

AM'NES-TY,  71.  [Gr.  ii/ii'riTTiiT,  of  a  neg.  and  /ii't)^!?, 
memory,  from  the  root  of  i;ic/i.v,  mind.    See  .Mind.J 

.\n  act  of  oblivion ;  a  gimeral  pardon  of  the  of- 
fensfs  of  subjects  against  the  government,  or  the 
proclamation  of  such  pardon. 

\M'!\I  u  v'  j  "■    f*""^'  "'"'""  >  "  vessel  or  membrane.] 
The  innermost  membrane  surrounding  the  fetus  in 
the  womb,    it  is  thin,  transparent,  and  soft,  smooth 
on  the  inside,  but  rough  on  the  outside.  Encyc. 
AM-NI-OT'I€,',  a.     Pertaining  to  the  amnios;  con- 
tained in  the  amnios  ;  as,  the  amniotic  fluid. 
2.  Relating  to  the  liquor  of  the  amnios. 
Amniotic  acid,  an  acid  found  in  the  amniotic  fluid 
of  the  cow  ;  considered  the  same  as  the  allantoic 
acid. 

AM-(T;-H^'.\i\,  a.    Alternately  answering.  Warton. 
AM-tE-B.E'Lr.\l,7!.  [Gr.  ii(ioi/yuios,  alternate;  a/ioi/Ji;, 
•  change.] 

A  poem  in  which  persons  are  represented  as  speak- 
ing alternately,  as  tlie  third  and  seventh  eclogues  of 
Virgil.  Encyc. 
A-iMO-LI"TION,  71.   Removal.       ,   _  , 

A-!Mo'.MUJI,  n.  [Gr.  ayiwunv;  Ar.  liamauina. 


plant.] 

A  genus  of  plants  ;  all  natives  of  warm  climates, 
and  remarkable  for  their  pungency  and  aromatic 
properties.  It  includes  tlie  ^ranum  paradisi,ox  grains 
of  paradise.  Cyc. 

True  amomum  is  a  round  fruit,  from  the  East,  of 
the  size  of  a  grape,  containing,  under  a  membranous 
cover,  a  number  of  angular  seeds  of  a  dark  brown 
color,  in  three  cells.  Of  this  fruit,  ten  or  twelve 
grow  in  a  cluster,  adhering,  without  a  pedicle,  to  a 
woody  stalk.  It  is  of  a  pungent  taste  and  aromatic 
smell,  and  was  formerly  much  used  in  medicine,  but 
is  now  a  stranger  to  the  sliojjs. 

Plin.  12.  13.  Enajc. 
A-M(5.\G',  ra-nuing',)        j  frrp.  [Sax.  onmamr,  ongc- 
A-.MONGS'l ',  (a-nmngst',)  (    mang,  among  ;  ^r7iia«- 

£a7i,  to  mingle  ;  I),  and  Ger.  niengen. ;  Sw.  miEntra  ; 
an.  wKEiiwi! ;  to  mingle  ;  Gr. /n)  i/uoj.    See  .Mixgue.] 

1.  In  a  ffenerat  or  primitive  sense,  mixed  or  min- 
gled with  ;  as  tares  amon/r  wheat. 

2.  Conjoined,  or  associated  with,  or  making  part 
of  the  number. 

Ble8ft-*d  nrt  tliou  among  women.  —  Luke  1. 

3.  Of  the  number  ;  as,  there  is  not  one  among  a 
thousand  |>ossessing  the  like  qualities. 

A-Mf)'\I-AN,  a.  [from  Amon  or  Hamon,  a  title  of 
Jupiter,  or  rather  of  the  sun  ;  .\r.  Ileh.  and  t'h.  Dn, 
non,  Ham  or  Camah,  which,  as  a  verb,  signifies  to 
heat  or  warm,  and,  as  a  noun,  heat  or  the  sun,  and  in 
Arabic,  the  supreme  God.] 

Pertaining  to  Jupiter  Ammon,  or  to  his  temple  and 
worship  in  Upper  Egypt.  Bryant. 
AM-0-Ra'I)0,  71.    [I,.  a>iior,  love,  amo,  to  love.  But 
the  word  is  ill  formed.] 
A  lover.    [See  Inamorato,  which  is  chieflv  used.] 
Ch.  Ret.  Appeal. 
7\,M-0-RE'A\S,  II.  pi.   A  sect  of  Gemaric  doctors  or 
commentators  on  the  Jerusalem  Talmud.    The  .\m- 
oreans  succeeded  the  .Mishnic  doctors,  and  were 
followed  bv  the  Scbureans. 
AirO-RET.'n.    [U  umiir,  love.]    A  lover. 
A.M-O-RETTE',  n.    [L.  omer,  love  ;  Er.  amourette.] 
\n  amorous  woman  ;  also,  a  love  knot,  or  a  tritiing 
love  aflair.  Good's  Sacred  Idi/U.  Chaucer. 


AMP 

AM'O-Rl.^r,  n.    [I,,  amor,  love.] 

.A  lover  ;  a  gallant ;  an  inamorato,  BoyU» 
AM-O-RO'SA,  II.    [It.]    A  wanton  woman. 
AM-O-ltO'.SO,  II.    [It.,  from  aaiur,  love.] 

A  lover  ;  a  man  enamored. 
AM'<-)-ROU,S,  a.    [l'"r,  amuureaz;  It.  amoroso;  from  L. 
amor,  love.]  ' 

1.  inclined  to  love  ;  having  a  propensity  to  love,  or 
to  sexual  enjoyment ;  loving ;  fond. 

2.  Ill  love  ;  enamored.  Shak. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  love  ;  produced  by  love  ; 
indicating  love  ;  as,  amorous  di-liglit ;  amorous  airs. 

Jl/i7(<iii.  Waller. 
AM'O-ROUS-LY,  (k/o.    In  an  amorous  manner ;  fimd- 
Iv  ;  lovingly. 

AM'()-ROUt<-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  inclined 
to  love,  or  to  sexual  pleasure  ;  fondness;  loviiigness, 

Sidney. 

A-MOUPII'OIJS,  a.    [Gr.  a  neg.  and  /i/)p0i!,  form.] 
Having  no  determinate  form;  of  irregular  shape; 
not  of  any  regular  figure.  Kirwan. 

A-MOIIPII'V.  n.  Irregularity  of  form  ;  deviation  from 
a  detiTininate  shape.  Swift. 

A-.MORT',  adr.    [L.  mors,  mortuus.] 

Ill  the  slate  of  the  dead  ;  dejected  ;  spirilles.s.  Shak. 

A-Mt)llT-l-ZA'TIO.\,  i  II.    The  act  or  right  of  alien- 

A-.MOKT'I'/,E-ME.\T,  \  ating  lands  or  ti  iieinents  to 
a  corporatiiui,  which  w:is  considered  foriii'rly  as 
transferring  Iheni  to  dind  hands,  as  such  aiiciiations 
were  mostly  made  to  religious  houses  for  superstitious 
uses.  Bliwkslone. 

A-MOIIT'IZE,  r.  t.  [Norm,  amortizrr,  amortir ;  Sp. 
amortiior,  to  sell  in  mortmain  ;  It.  aminortire,  to  ex- 
tinguish, from  morte;  L,  juars,  death.  See  Mort- 
main.] 

Ill  Knirli.ih  hue,  to  alienate  in  mortmain,  that  is,  to 
sell  to  a  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  ecclesiastical 
or  temporal,  and  their  successors.  This  was  con- 
siden-d  as  selling  to  dead  hands.  This  can  not  be 
done  without  the  king's  license.  [See  Moutmaix.] 
Bluclutune.  Cowcl. 
A-Mo'TfON,  71.    [h.amotio;  amovco.] 

Removal.  Warlnn. 
In  law,  deprivation  of  possession.  Blackstone. 
A-MOU.\T',  I',  i.     [I"r.  monter,  to  ascend;  Norm. 
amont,  upward  ;  Sp.  Port,  montnr  ;  It.  montare;  from 
L.  iii()ii.<,  a  mountain,  or  its  root ;  W.  mijnyz.] 

1.  To  ri-se  or  reach,  by  an  accumulation  of  par- 
ticulars, to  an  aggregate  whole  ;  to  compose  in  the 
whole  ;  as,  the  interest  on  the  several  sums  amounts 
to  fifty  dollars. 

2.  To  rise,  reach,  or  extend  to,  in  effect  or  sub- 
stance ;  to  result  in,  by  consequenci|,  when  all  things 
are  considered  ;  as,  the  testimony  of  these  witnesses 
amounts  to  very  little.  Bacon. 

A-.MOUNT',  71.  I'lie  sum  total  of  two  or  more  partic- 
ular sums  or  quantities  ;  as,  the  amount  of  7  and  9 
is  lii. 

2.  The  cfTect,  substance,  or  result ;  the  sum  ;  as,  the 
amount  of  the  testimony  is  this, 
A-MOI'NT'ING,  jtjir.    Rising  to,  by  accumulation  or 
addition;  coining  or  increasing  to;  resiilliiig,  in 
elli'Ct  or  substance. 
7\-Mc')I'R',  71.    [I'"r.,  from  L.  amor,  love.] 

An  unlawful  connection  in  love;  a  love  intrigue; 
an  atl'air  of  gallantrv.  South. 
A-.MOV'AL,  II.    fL.  amnrfo.] 

Total  removal.  [.Vut  used.]  Erelyn. 
A-MO\'E',  r.  t.    [L.  amoveo,  a  and  vioveo,  to  move.] 

1.  'l"o  remove.    [JVot  used.]  Spen.icr. 

2.  In  law,  to  remove  from  a  post  or  station.  Hale. 
.•\-M<'^V  I\G,  a.    Moving  away. 

A.M'PE-I.ITE,  71.  [Gr.  njiirf  Au{,  a  vine.]  The  name 
of  an  eanh  abounding  in  pyrites,  used  by  the  an- 
cienls  to  kill  insects,  &.C.,  on  vines ;  hence  the  name. 
The  term  has  also  been  applied  by  Hrongniart  to  a 
compound  of  alum,  and  graphic  schist. 

AM-Plim'I-AI,, 

A.M-PIIIU'I 

A.M-PIHIi'l-A,  71.  pi. 

In  zoology,  the  Amphibia  are  a  cl.a.ss  of  animals,  so 
formed  as  to  live  on  lanil,  and  fiir  a  long  time  under 
water.  Their  heart  has  but  one  ventricle ;  their 
blood  is  red  and  ccild;  and  they  have  such  command 
of  the  lungs,  as  for  a  considerable  time  to  sus|M-nd 
respiration.  This  class  of  animals  is  divided  into 
two  orders,  the  Reptiles  and  the  Serpents.  To  the 
first  belong  the  Testiido  or  tortoise,  the  Draco  or 
dragon,  the  I,acerta  or  lizard,  and  the  Rana  or  frog  ; 
to  the  second,  the  ("rotalus,  lioa.  Coluber,  yVngiiis, 
Amphisbmna,  and  Ca-cilia.  Z.11111. 

The  term  has  also  bi'i-n  applied  by  Cuvier  to  des- 
ignate a  family  of  marine  qiiadriip.  ds,  including  the 
seal  and  walrus.  Enryc. 

This  term  is  strictly  applicable  only  to  such  ani- 
mals as  possess  both  lungs  and  gills,  as  the  siren,  or 
other  equivalent  organs,  a.s  some  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals. Less  strictly,  it  may  be  applied  to  such  ani- 
mals as  breathe  by  gills  at  one  period  of  their  exist- 
ence, and  bv  lungs  at  another,  as  the  frog.  P.  Cue. 

AM-PIIII!'I-()-I,r  rE,  n.  [Gr.  a,70i,ii..,-,  amphibious, 
and  \tii.i<,  stone.] 

A  term  denoting  the  fossil  remains  of  the  Am- 
phibia of  Liiinn'Us.  Did.  IFuL  .Yat. 


li'l-A.'il.'p'.^  ''■"«.•''■'•■•] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GEE,  VI"CI0U3  C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  8U ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


43 


j  A  M  P 

j  A.M-PillB-I-O-LOC'If-AL,  o.  [Infra.] 
Pcrtaiiiinu  to  itmpliihio  ok)'. 
A.M-PHIB-I-Ol^O-CY,  71.    [Gr.  a/i(/ii,  on  both  Bides, 
/Jims,  life,  and  Aoj  oi,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  ampliibious  animals,  or 
the  history  and  description  of  such  animals. 
AM-PIIIB'I-OUS!,  a.    [iiee  Amphibial.] 

1.  Having  tlie  power  of  living  in  two  elements,  air 
and  water,  as  frogs,  crocodiles,  beavers,  and  the 
like. 

2.  Of  a  mixed  nature ;  partaking  of  two  natures  ; 
as,  an  ampkibioiis  breed. 

AJl-PHIB'I-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  able 
to  live  in  two  elements,  or  of  partaking  of  two  na- 
tures. 

AM-PIUB'I-UJr,  ?i.    That  which  lives  in  two  cle- 

nii-nts,  as  in  air  and  water. 
A.M'PIII-BOLE,  n.    [Gr.  a/jv!''/^oX''?,  equivocal ;  u;<0i 

and  (iaWio.] 

A  name  given  by  Haiiy  to  a  species  of  minerals, 
including  tremolitc,'  hornblende,  and  actinolite.  Its 
primitive  form  is  an  oblique  rhombic  prism. 

Clcfjvrlajid. 

AM-PHI-BOL'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  amphibole ;  re- 
sembling amphibolc,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  and 
characters.  Cooprr. 

JimphiboHc  rocks ;  such  as  contain  amphibole  or 
hornblende  as  a  leading  constituent. 

Did.  W-st.  JVaf. 

AM-PHIB'O-LITE,  71.  Trap,  or  greenstone  ;  a  rock  with 
a  base  of  anipliibiile  or  hornblende.  Diet.  Hist.  JVat. 

AM-PlIlB-0-LOG'lt;-.\L,  a.  Doubtful;  of  doubtful 
meaning. 

Ai\I-PHIB-0-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  With  a  doubtful 
meaning. 

AM-PllI-BOL'O-OY,  n.  [Gr.  iti-6i,/Sa\\u,  and  Xoyos, 
speech  ;  a/i  .'w  /f>A->;  in.] 

A  phrase  vi  ili-ruin^r,  susceptible  of  two  interpre- 
tations; anil  iiLiii-e,  a  phrase  or  discourse  of  uncer- 

■  tain  meaning.  Am|ihibology  arises  from  the  order 
of  the  phrase,  rather  than  from  the  ambiguous  mean- 
ing of  a  word,  which  is  called  aiuivocation.  We 
have  an  example  in  the  answer  of  the  oracle  to 
Pyrrhus ;  "  Aio  te  Romanos  vincere  posse."  Here 
U  and  Homanos  may  eitlier  of  them  precede  or  fol- 
low viMtre  jxK-ir,  and  tlie  sense  may  be  either,  you 
may  conquer  the  Ruiitiin.-i,  or  the  Romans  may  con- 
quer yiiit.  The  Englisli  language  seldom  admits  of 
auipiiibology.  Encyc.  .Johnson. 

AM-P!11B'O-LOI0,  .'V  rock  composed  of  amphi- 
bole and  f.  Ispar,  in  which  the  amphibole  predom- 
inates ;  a  variety  of  greenstone.      Diet.  Hist.  JVat. 

AiM-PH!B'<j-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  aifinSoXos ;  a/<0i  and 
/y..vx,.,,  to  strike.] 

Tossed  from  one  to  another  ;  striking  each  way, 
witli  mutual  blows.    [Little  used.'] 

AM-PliUi'O-LY,  n.  [Gr.  a,,<p(0o\ia;  a/i^i,  both 
ways,  and  :Ja,\\i.i,  to  strike.] 

Ambiguity  of  meaning.    [Jlardy  nsed.]  Spelman. 

AM'PHl-BRAeH,  n.  [Gr.  a/i0(,  and  Ppaxvi,  short.] 
In  iiactnj,  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the  middle  one 
long,  the  first  and  Inst  short;  as,  hdhirS,  in  Latin. 
In  English  verse,  it  is  used  as  the  last  foot,  «'hen  a 
syllable  is  added  to  the  usual  number  forming  a 
double  rhyme  ;  as. 


Tlic  pi- 


,  yon  Ihink,  is  incorrect ;  why,  uike  it. 

Pope.  Trumbull. 


AM'PIII-eO-ME,  71.    [Gr.  a//0i  and  ^o/irj,  hair.] 

A  kind  of  figured  stone,  of  a  round  shape,  but 
rugged  and  beset  with  eminences ;  called  also 
KrotyloSy  on  account  of  its  supposed  i)ou-er  of  excit- 
ing love.  Anciently,  it  was  used  in  divination  ;  but 
it  is  little  known  to  the  moderns.  Encyc. 

AiM-PHie-TY-ON'U;,  «.  Pertaining  to  the  august 
council  of  Amphictyon.s. 

A.M-PHIC''I'Y-0.\S,  71.  pi.  In  Orccian /li.NYorT/,  an  assem- 
bly *tr  council  of  d<;putics  from  the  ditlerent  states  of 
Greece,  supposed  to  be  so  called  from  .Ampbictyon, 
the  son  of  Deucalion  ;  but  this  opinion  is  probably  a 
fable.  Ten  or  twelve  states  were  represented  in  tiiis 
assembly,  which  sat  alti  riiately  at  'I'liermopylie  and 
at  Delphi.  Each  city  srnt  two  deputies,  one  called 
Hirramiirmon  and  the  otlier  Pyiarroras.  The  former 
inspected  the  sacrifici  s  and  ceremonies  of  religion  ; 
the  latter  had  the  charge  of  deciding  causes  and  dif- 
ferences between  [irivate  persons.  The  former  was 
tli.xted  by  lot  ;  the  latter  bv  a  plurality  of  voices, 
'i'hey  had  an  I'ipial  ri;-lil  to  di  liberate  and  vote  in  all 
matters  relatmg  to  thi-  (  ommon  inlcrests  of  Greece. 

foils.    I'lin.    Slrnho.  Kncyc. 

AM'PHID,  71.  A  term  applied  to  compounds  consist- 
ing of  acids  and  bases,  as  distinguished  from  haloid 
c<>m|«>undM.  Ba-idius. 

A.M-PHIG'A-.MOIJS,  a.    [Gr.  a,,.t>i  and  ya„..i.] 

A  term  applied,  by  Dccandolle,  to  the  lowest  class 
of  plants,  or  those  whose  structure  is  entirely  cellular, 
and  wliirh  have  no  distinct  sexual  organs. 

AM'Plll^KNE,  71.    ((;r.  onw  anil  ,  ji-o!.] 

In  minrrnlojTH,  aimthiT  name  of  the  Icucite  or  Vc- 
Kuvian. 

AM  Pill  IU',.\-A  Hk'DRAI,,  a.  [Or.  au<4i,  and  licza- 
hutral.] 

In  crytlaUofraphj/,  wlien  the  focei  of  tho  cryatal, 


AMP 

counted  in  two  different  directions,  give  two  hexa- 
heilral  outlines,  or  are  found  to  be  six  in  number. 

Cicarcland. 

AM-PHIM'A-CBill,  ji.  [Gr.  ainpiiiaKpos,  long  on  both 
sides.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the  mid- 
dle one  short  and  the  others  long,  as  in  cdstitds. 

AM-PHIP'NECST,  71.  [Gr.  a/<0ij  and  Tri-tu.]  A 
term  applied  to  a  tribe  cf  reptiles,  which  have  both 
lungs  and  gills  at  ilie  same  time  ;  comprehending  the 
true  amphibia,  as  the  proteus  and  siren.  Brandc. 

AM'PHI-POD,  71.    [Gr.  aiiqu  and  ruuj.] 

One  of  an  order  of  crustaceous  animals,  with  sub- 
caudal,  natatory  feet,  and  sessile  eyes.  Brandc. 

AM-PHlP'llO-St?LE,  71.  [Gr.  an<pi,  npo,  before,  and 
ffriiX'if,  a  column.] 

A  double  prostyle,  or  an  edifice  with  columns  in 
front  and  behind,  but  not  mi  the  sides.  Morin. 

A-M-PHIS-B.'E'NA,  h.  [Gr.  anlHtnioivn,  of  afiifiif  and 
(iaivw,  to  go  ;  indicating  that  the  animal  moves  with 
either  end  foremost.] 

A  genus  of  serpents,  with  the  head  small,  smooth, 
and  blunt ;  the  nostrils  snuall,  the  eyes  minute  and 
blackiRh,  and  the  mouth  furnished  with  small  teeth. 
The  body  is  cylindrical,  and  divided  into  numerous 
annular  segments  ;  the  tail  obtuse,  and  scarcely  to 
be  distinguished  from  the  head,  whence  the  belief 
that  it  moved  equally  well  with  either  end  foremost. 
There  are  two  species  ;  the  fuUirinosa,  black  with 
white  spots,  found  in  Africa  and  America  ;  and  the 
alba,  or  white  species,  found  in  both  the  Indies,  and 
generally  in  ant-hillocks.  They  feed  on  ants  and 
earth-worms,  and  were  formerly  deemed  poisonous  ; 
but  this  opinion  is  exploded.  Encijc.  Cyc. 

The  aquatic  ainphisbjena,  Qordius  aquaticus.  Linn., 
is  an  animal  resi  inbling  a  horse-hair,  found  in  water, 
and  moving  with  either  end  foremost.  The  vulgar 
opinion  that  this  is  an  animated  horse-hair  is  found 
to  be  an  error.  This  hair-worm  is  generated  in  the 
common  black  beetle,  in  which  the  parent  wonn  lays 
its  eggs ;  and  is  sometimes  found  in  the  earth  and  on 
the  leaves  of  trees.        Lister,  Phil.  Trans.  JVo.  83. 

AM-PHIS'CI-T,      )  71.  pi.    [Gr.  .l;l(^I,  on  both  sides, 

AM-PHIS'CIANS,  \     and  (tkio,  shadow.] 

In  gcoirraphy,  the  inhabitants  between  the  tropics, 
whose  shadows,  in  one  part  of  the  year,  are  cast  to 
the  north,  and  in  the  other  to  the  south,  according 
as  the  sun  is  south  or  north  of  their  zenith. 

AM'PHI-TANE,  71.  A  name  given. by  ancient  nat- 
uralists to  a  fossil,  called  by  Dr.  Hill,  Pijricubiuin. 
I'liny  describes  it  as  of  a  square  figure  and  a  gold 
color,    (iu.  Cubic  pi/ritcs.       Plinif,  37,  iO.  Encyc. 

AM-PHI-THi"c'.V-TEk,  j  n.   [Gr.  auiliiULnrpoi;  ofampi, 

AiM-PHI-THe'A-TRE,  i  about,  and  biarpov,  thea- 
ter, from  Aeaoiiai,  to  see  or  look.] 

1.  An  edifice  in  an  oval  or  circular  form,  having 
its  area  encompassed  with  rows  of  seats,  rising 
higher  as  they  recede  from  the  area,  on  which  peo- 
ple used  to  sit  to  view  the  combats  of  gladiators  and 
of  wild  beasts,  and  other  sports.  The  ancient  thea- 
ter was  a  semicircle,  but  exceedhig  it  by  a  fourth 
part  of  its  diameter  ;  tiie  amphitheater  was  a  double 
theater,  and  its  longest  diameter  was  to  its  shortest 
as  I  1-2  to  1.  Anip'iitheaters  were  at  first  of  wood, 
but  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  one  was  erected  of  stone. 
The  area,  being  covered  with  sand,  was  called  arena. 

Kennct. 

2.  In  gardening,  a  disposition  of  shrubs  and  trees 
in  the  form  of  an  amphitheater,  on  a  slope,  or  form- 
ing a  slope,  by  placing  the  lowest  in  front.  An  am- 
phitheater may  also  be  formed  of  turf  only.  Encyc. 

A.M-PIII-TlIf:'A-TR.\X,,  a.  Resembling  an  amphi- 
theati^r.  Tooke. 

AM-PHI-TIIE-AT'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ex- 
hibited in  an  amphitheater.  IVarlon. 

AM'PHI-TRITE,  11.  [Gr.  apipirptrri,  a  goddess  of  the 
sea.] 

A  genus  of  marine  animals,  of  the  I.innman  order 
Mollusca,  arranged  by  Cuvier  in  the  class  Annelida. 

AM-PHOD'E-LITE,  71.  A  reddish  crj  stallized  mineral 
from  Finland  ;  consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  alumina, 
and  lime,  with  a  small  portion  of  iron  and  manga- 
nese. '  Diina. 

AM'PllO-RA,  71.  [L.  amphora;  Gr.  aiiijiopcvi  or  ii/k/ii- 
ipontvi  ;  apifii  and  ilmpcio.] 

Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  a  two-handled 
vessel  used  for  holding  wine,  oil,&.c.  The  amphora 
of  the  Romans  contained  forly-eight  sextaries,  equal 
to  about  seven  gallons  and  a  pint,  English  wine 
measure.  The  (Jri  cian  or  Attic  aniphor  contained 
about  a  third  more.  This  was  al.so,  anuuig  the  Ro- 
mans, a  dry  measure  of  about  three  bushels.  .Among 
the  Venetians,  it  is  a  liiiuid  measure  of  si.\teen  ipiarts. 

Enryc. 

This  name  was  formerly  used  in  England  ;  but 
the  capacity  of  the  .Sax.  ombra  is  not  certainly  known. 

/./,.  //i<r.  Cap.  70.  IVdkins,  Prtf.  LL.  ^thclstun. 
Sprluian. 

A.M'PIIO-RAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  an 
AM'PI.E,  n.    [Vr.  ample;  Ij.  ainplus.]  [amphora. 

1.  Large  ,  wide  ;  spacious  ;  extended  ;  as,  ample 
room.  'I'his  word  carries  with  it  (he  sense  of  room 
or  H|>ace  fully  siitlicienl  fur  the  use  intended. 

2.  Great  in  bulk,  or  size  ;  as,  an  ample  tear.  Shale. 


AMU 

3.  Liberal  ;  unrestrained  ;  without  parsimony  ;  ful- 
ly sufficient ;  as,  ample  provision  for  the  table;'  ample 
justice. 

,4.  Liberal  ;  magnificent ;  as,  ample  promises. 
5.  Diffusive;  not  brief  or  contracted  ;  as,  an  ample 
narrative.  .[ciency  ,  abundance. 

AM'PLE-NESS,  71.     Largeness  ;  spaciousness ;  sufti- 
AM'PLEST,  a.  snperl.    Most  ample  or  extended. 
AM-PLEX'I-eAUL,  a.    [L.  amplcxor,  to  embrace,  of 
amb,  about,  and  pUco,  plexus,  to  fold,  and  caulisy 
/CHnXut,  a  stem.] 

In  botany,  nearly  surrounding  or  embracing  the 
stem,  as  the  base  of  a  leaf. 
A.M'PLI-ATE,  V.  t.    [L.  amplio.    See  Ample.] 

To  enlarge ;  to  make  greater ;  to  extend.  [Little 
jLsed.] 

AM-PLI-a'TION,  n.  Enlargement;  amplification; 
diftuseness.    [Little  used.] 

9.  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  deferring  to  pass  sentence  ; 
a  postponement  of  a  decision,  to  obtain  further  evi- 
dence. Ennic. 

A.M-PLIF'1-CaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  amplijico.]  To  enlarge  ; 
to  amplify. 

AIU-PLI-FI-Ca'TIOIV,  77.    [L.  fl77i;)Zi^ca(io.] 

1.  Enlargement ;  extension. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  diffusive  description  or  discussion  ; 
exaggerated  representation  ;  copious  argument,  in- 
tended to  present  the  subject  in  every  view,  or  in 
the  strongest  light ;  diffuse  narrative,  ora  dilating  up- 
on all  the  particulars  of  a  subject ;  a  description  given 
in  more  words  than  are  necessary,  or  an  illustration 
by  various  examples  and  proofs.  [treated. 

AiVl'PLI-FI-£D,  pp.    Enlarged  ;  extended  ;  diffusively 
AAI'PLI-Fl-ER,  71.    One  who  amplifies  or  enlarges  ; 
one  who  treats  a  subject  diffusively,  to  exhibit  it  in 
the  strongest  light.  Sidney. 
AM'PLI-Fi',  r.  t.    [Fr.  amplifier;  L.  amplijico;  of  anv- 
plus  and  facio,  to  make  large.] 

1.  To  enlarge  ;  to  augment ;  to  increase  or  extend, 
in  a  general  sense ;  applied  to  material  or  vnmatcrial 
things. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  to  enlarge  in  discussion  or  by  repre- 
sentation ;  to  treat  copiously,  so  as  to  present  the 
subject  in  every  view,  and  ill  the  strongest  lights. 

3.  To  enlarge  by  addition  ;  to  improve  or  extend  ; 
as,  to  amplify  the  sense  of  an  author  by  a  parajihrase. 

xMM'PLI-FV,  V.  i.  'i'o  speak  largely  or  copiously  ;  to 
be  ditt'use  in  argument  or  description  ;  to  dilate  upon  ; 
often  followed  by  071 ;  as,  to  amplify  on  the  several 
topics  of  discourse.  Watts. 

2.  To  exaggerate  ;  to  enlarge  by  representation  or 
descrijition  ;  as, 


Homer  amplifies,  —  not  invents. 


Pope. 


AM'PLI-FS'-ING,  ppr.    Enlarging ;  exaggerating ;  dif- 
fusively treating. 
AM'PLI-TUDE,  71.   [L.  amplitudo,  from  ampins,  large.] 

1.  Largeness  ;  e.xtent,  applied  to  bodies ;  as,  the 
amplitude  of  the  earth. 

2.  Largeness  ;  extent  of  capacity  or  intellectual 
powers  ;  as,  amplitude  of  mind. 

3.  Extent  of  means  or  power;  abundance;  suf- 
ficiency. JVults. 

Jlinpiitude,  in  astronomy,  is  an  arch  of  the  liori/.on 
intercepted  between  the  true  east  and  west  points 
and  the  center  of  the  sun  or  a  star  at  its  rising  or  set- 
ting. At  the  rising  of  a  star,  the  amplitude  is  eastern 
or  ortive ;  at  the  setting,  it  is  western,  occiduous,  or 
occasive.  It  is  also  northern  or  southern,  when 
north  or  south  of  the  equator.        Johnson.  Encyc. 

Jlmplitude  of  die  range,  in  projectiles,  is  the  hori- 
zontal line  subtending  the  path  of  a  body  thrown,  or 
the  line  which  measures  the  distance  it  has  moved. 

Johnson,  Chambers. 
Magnctical  amplitude,  is  the  arch  of  the  horizon 
between  the  sun  or  a  star,  at  its  rising  or  setting,  and 
the  east  or  west  point  of  the  horizon,  by  the  com- 
pass. The  ilifl'erence  between  this  and  the  true  ani- 
jilitude  is  the  variation  of  the  compass.  Encyc. 

AM'PLY,  ado.    Largely  ;  liberally  ;  fully  ;  sufficiently  ; 
copiously  ;  in  a  diflusivc  manner. 

AM-PUL-La'CEOUS,  n.    Like  a  bottle  or  infiated 
bladiler  ;  swelling.  Kirbi;. 

AM'PU-T.\TE,  V.  t.    [L.  amputo,  of  amb,  about,  and 
puto,  to  jtriiue.] 

1.  To  prune  branches  of  trees  or  vines  ;  Jo  cut  off. 

2.  To  cut  off  a  limb  or  other  part  of  an  animal 
body;  a  term  of  surgery.  [body. 

AM'PU-Ta-TEI),  ;);).    Cut  off";   separated  from  the 
AM'PU-TA-TlN(i,  ppr.    Cutting  oil"  a  limb  or  part  of 
the  body. 

AM-PU-TA'TION,  71.    [L.  ampxitatio.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  cutting  oil"  a  limb  or  other 
part  of  the  body. 

AM'IJ-LET,  71.    [L.  amuletum;  Fr.  amulette;  Sp.  iimu- 
leto  ;  from  Lat.  amolior,  amolitiis,  to  remove.] 

Somelliing  worn  as  a  ri-medy  or  preservative 
against  evils  or  iiiiscbh'f,  such  as  di.seases  and  witch- 
craft. Amulets,  in  (lays  of  ignorance,  were  com- 
mon. They  consisted  of  certain  stones,  metals,  or 
plants;  soiiieliiiics  of  words,  characters,  or  sen- 
tences, arranged  in  a  particular  order.  They  were 
appended  to  the  neck  01  other  |>art  of  the  body. 
Among  some  nations  they  tire  still  ill  use.  Encyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


44 


AN 

AM  IJ-I,iyi"ie,  n.    IVrtaininc  to  an  ainiili  t. 

A-liril-fOS'l-TY,  H.    Thf  quality  of  lees  or  scum. 

A-MOSiy,  V.  t.  [b'r.  amitsrr,  to  stop  or  keep  at  bay,  to 
di-taiii  ;  from  mtiscr,  to  loitfr  or  trifle  ;  It.  miuiare,  to 
K.i/.e  or  stand  idle  ;  (jcr.  miis^iff,  idle.  Q.u.  Gr.  fiu^u  ; 
Lat.  T/ijw.vo.] 

1.  To  entertain  the  mind  agreeably  ;  to  occupy  or 
detain  attention  with  a(,'reenble  objects,  whether  by 
sinniuc,  conversation,  or  a  show  of  curiosities.  Dr. 
Johnson  remarks,  tliat  a»iii.ve  implies  something  less 
lively  than  tlivcrt,  and  less  important  than  please. 
lleuce  it  is  often  said,  we  are  innuscd  with  trilles. 

a.  To  detain  ;  to  cnsage  the  attention  by  liope  or 
expectation  ;  as,  to  amuse  one  by  tlatterinc  promises. 

A-.MC'S'/';D,  p;>.  Agreeably  entertained  i  having  the 
mind  ennaged  by  something  pleasing. 

A-i\lC'Siy.ME.\T,  n.  That  which  amuses,  detains,  or 
engages  the  mind  ;  entertainment  of  the  mind  ; 
pastime;  a  pleasunible  occupation  of  the  senses,  or 
that  which  furnishes  it,  as  dancing,  sports,  or  music. 

A-.MCS'lCR,  n.  One  who  amuses,  or  affords  an  agree- 
alile  entertainment  to  tlie  mind. 

A-.Mf'S'lXC;,  p/ic.  or  II.  Entertaining;  giving  moder- 
ate pleasure  to  the  mind,  so  as  to  engage  it ;  pleasing. 

A-.Mf'S'lN'R-LV,  ado.    In  an  anmsing  manner. 

A-MC'.SI  VE,  ff.  That  hits  tlic  power  to  amuse  or  en- 
tertain the  nrind. 

A-llf''t<IVE-Ly,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  give  amuse- 
ment. 

A-.MV(;'D.\-L.\TE,  a.  [h.  aimj^dulus,  an  almond.] 
M.ade  of  almonds. 

A-.MV'(J'D.\-LATE,  »i.  .\n  emulsion  made  of  al- 
monds;  milk  of  almonds.  Bailey.  Coze. 

2.  .'V  salt  whose  acid  is  Iho  amvgdalic. 
A-MYG-DAL'ie  ACID,  n.    An  acid  obtained  from 

the  bitter  .alnu>nd. 
A-.MVG'l)A-Lli\E,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
almond. 

A-MVG'D  A-LI.N'E,  71.  A  crj'stalline  substance  obtained 
from  the  kernel  of  the  bitter  almond. 

.'V-.MVG'D.V-LOin,  n.  [Gr.  a/inj  r'aAtu,  an  almond, 
and  cii'.K-,  form  ;  Ger.  mandel-slrin,  almond-stone.] 

A  varii  ty  of  trap  rock,  containing  small  cavities, 
occupied,  wholly  or  in  part,  by  nodules  or  geodes  of 
dilferent  minerals,  particularly  ag.atcs,  quart/.,  calca- 
reous spar,  and  the  zeolili's.  When  the  inili:'dded 
luiner.als  are  detached,  it  is  parous,  like  lava.  Diiiia. 

A-.MVG-l).\-LOID'.VL,  a.  Pertaining  U)  or  consisting 
of  amygdaloid. 

A.M-Y-La'CEOUS,  71.    [L.  amylum,  starch,  of  n  priv. 
and  /ii'A'/,  f   mill,  being  formerly  made  without 
grinding.    Plin.  18.  ".] 
St.irchy  ;  pertaining  to  starch  ;  resembling  starch. 

A-MVL'IC  ACID,  71.  A  volatile  acid  obtained  from 
starch.  Turner. 

A.M'V-IilXE,  n.  [L.  amylum;  Gr.  afivXnv  ;  ajxvXof, 
unground,  ,i  and  iiuXn,  mill.) 

The  insoluble  portion  of  starch  which  constitutes 
the  covering  of  the  sphcricles.  Thomson. 

A.M'Y-RALD-IS.M,  n.  In  church  history,  the  doctrine 
of  universal  grace,  as  explained  by  .\myraldus,  or 
Aniyniiilt,  of  France,  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
He  taught  that  God  desires  the  happiness  of  all  men, 
and  that  none  are  excluded  by  a  divine  decree,  but 
that  none  can  obtain  salvation  without  faith  in 
Christ ;  that  God  refuses  to  none  the  power  of 
believing,  though  he  does  not  grant  to  all  his  assist- 
ance to  improve  this  power.  E?icyc. 

A.\,  a.  [Sax.  an,  aiic,  one  ;  D.  ecn;  Ger.  cin  ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  CH  ;  Ft.  on,  ua,  uiu:  Sp.  uii,  nno;  It.  u7io,  «7ia  ; 
L.  unuSy  una,  unuin  ;  Gr.  cv  ;  Ir.  cirty  can,  aon ;  VV. 
U7i,  ijn  f  Corn,  uynya  ;  Arm.  t/«7iaa.] 

One ;  noting  an  individual,  either  definitely, 
known,  certain,  specified,  or  understood  ;  or  indefi- 
nitely, not  certain,  known,  or  specilied.  Definitely  ; 
as,  "  Noah  built  an  ark  of  Gopher  wood :  "  "  Paul 
was  an  eminent  apostle."  Indefinitely  ;  a-s,  "  Bring 
me  ail  orange."  Before  a  consonant  the  letter  ti  is 
dropped;  as,  a  man  ;  but  our  ancestors  wrote  an  man, 
an  king.  This  letter  represents  an  delinilely,  or  in- 
definitely. Delinitely  ;  as, "  I  will  take  you  to  me  for 
a  people,  and  I  will  be  to  you  a  God."  Ex.  vi.  In- 
definitely ;  as,  "  The  province  of  a  judge  is  to  decide 
controversies."  .^n,  being  the  same  word  a.s  one, 
should  not  be  used  with  it ;  "  such  an  one,"  is  tau- 
tology ;  the  true  phrase  is  such  one.  Although  an,  a, 
and  one,  are  the  same  wowl,  and  always  have  the 
same  sense,  yet  by  custom,  on  and  a  are  used  exclu- 
sively as  a  definitive  adjective,  and  one  is  used  in 
numbering.  Where  our  ancestors  wrote  an,  (i«a, 
Oinj,  we  now  use  one,  two,  three.  So  an  and  a  are 
never  used  except  with  a  noun  ;  but  one,  like  other 
adjectives,  is  sometimes  used  without  its  noun,  and 
as  a  substitute  for  it :  "  One  is  at  a  loss  to  assign  a 
reason  for  such  conduct." 

Jin  is  to  be  used  before  a  vowel  and  before  a  silent 
A  ,*  as,  an  hour.  It  is  also  used  befiire  A  when  the 
accent  of  the  word  falls  on  any  syllable  except  the 
first,  as  in  historian,  and  historiotrrapher. 

AN,  in  old  English  authors,  signifies  |/';  as,  "./Sn  it 


please  your  honor.' 


So  in  Gr.  ai'  or  cav,  .\r. 


ANA 

Sam.  and  L.  an,  if  or  whether  ;  Ir.  an,  Ch.  |N  or  pK 
if,  whether.    It  is  probably  an  imperative,  like  if, 
ffif,  f^ive.    On.  Sax.  annau,  or  anan,  to  give. 
A'NA,  as,  or  a.    [Gr.  af.i.j 

In  medical  prescriptions^  it  denotes  an  equal  quan- 
tity of  the  several  ingredients  ;  as,  wine  and  honey, 
ana,  HO.  or  0.  o/..  ii.,  that  is,  of  wine  and  himey  each 
two  ounces. 

A'XA,  as  a  termination,  denotes  a  collection  of  memo- 
rable sayings.  ThuSj  Scaligerana  is  a  hook  con- 
taining the  sayings  ot  Scaliger.  Similar  collections 
existed  among  the  ancients,  as  the  Dicta  Collectanea, 
or  sayings,  of  Julius  Osar. 

AN-.\-B.-\P'TIS.M,  n.    [See  .Anaiiaptist.] 

The  doctrine  of  the  Anabaptists.  Ash. 

AN-.\-B.\P'TIST,  71.  [Gr.  ai/u,  again,  and /3nirriar7,f, 
a  baptist.] 

One  wlio  holds  the  doctrine  of  the  baptism  of 
adults  alone,  or  of  the  invalidity  of  infant  baptism, 
and  who  of  course  maintains,  that  those  who  have 
been  bapti/.i  d  in  their  infancy  ought  to  be  baptized 
again.  With  these  sentiments  is  generally  united 
the  belief,  that  baptism  ouglit  always  to  be  peifoniK^d 
by  immersion.  Kncye. 

A.\-A-B AI'-TIST'IC,       )   a.    Relating  to  the  Ana- 

A.\-A-BAP-TIST'IC-.\L,  \  baiitists,  or  to  their  doc- 
trines. Miltun.  Bull. 

AN-A-BAP'TI.'ST-RY,  n.    The  sect  of  Ajiabaptists. 

AN-.\-B,\P-TIZE',  V.  t.   To  rebaptize.    [jXul  used.] 

miitiocL 

.■VN-,\-BRf)'SIS,  n.    A  wasting  awav  of  the  body. 
AN-A-CA.MP'Tie,a.    [Gr.  .ii'.i  aiid^.n.irrr,',  to  bend.] 

1.  Reflecting  or  reflected  ;  a  word  formerly  applied 
to  that  part  of  optics  which  treats  of  reflection  ;  the 
same  as  what  is  now  called  catoptric.  [See  Catop- 
trics.] 

2.  Anacamptic  sounds,  among  the  Orceins,  were 
sounds  produced  by  reflection,  as  in  echoes  ;  or  such 
as  proceeded  downward  from  acute  to  grave.  Busby. 

A\-A-eA.Ml"Tie-AL,-I,Y,  aiir.  By  reflection;  as, 
echoes  are  sounds  produced  anaeampticalhi.  Hutton. 

AN-A-CA.MP'TICS,  n.    The  doctrine  of  reflected  light. 
[See  Catoptrics.] 
2.  The  doctrine  of  reflected  sounds.  Hutton. 

AN-A-€AR'Dl-Ui\I,  7i.  The  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants,  a  species  of  which  produces  the  cashew-nut, 
or  marking  nut,  which  furnishes  a  tliiekish,  red, 
acrid,  inflammable  liquor,  which,  when  used  in  mark- 
ing, turns  black,  and  is  very  durable.  Ure. 

AN-A-eA-TllAll'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  nv",  upward,  and 
Aatf"ip<Ti<,  a  purging.    See  ('athartic] 

Cleansing  by  exciting  discharges  from  the  mouth 
and  nostrils.  (putney. 

AN-A-CA-THSR'Tie,  7i.  A  medicine  which  excites 
discharges  by  the  mouth,  or  nose,  as  expectorants, 
emetics,  sternutatories,  and  masticatories.  Quincy. 

AN-A-CEPII-.A-L.'E-o'SIS,  Ti.  In  r/iffuric,  a  recapitu- 
lation of  the  lieads  of  a  discourse. 

AN-.\eiI'0-RET.    See  Anchoret. 

AN-ACH'RO-iMS.M,  n.    [Gr.  uci,  and  xoupo;,  time.] 
An  error  in  computing  time  ;  any  error  in  chro- 
nology, by  which  events  are  misplaced  in  regard  to 
each  other. 

A.\-AeH-RO-NIS'Tie,  a.  Erroneous  in  date  ;  con- 
taining an  anachronism.  ffarlon. 

AN-.'\-CLAS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  aj-u  and  K>,aats,  a  breaking, 
from  k\<ii,>,  to  break.] 

Refracting  ;  breaking  the  rectilinear  course  of  light. 
Anaclastic  glasses ;  sonorous  glasses  or  phials,  which 
are  flexible,  and  emit  a  vehement  noise  by  means  of 
the  human  breath  ;  called  also  vexing  glasses,  from 
the  fright  which  their  resilience  occasions.  They 
are  low  phials  with  flat  bellies,  like  inverted  tunnels, 
and  with  very  thin,  convex  bottoms.  By  drawing 
out  a  litl'e  air,  the  bottom  springs  into  a  concave 
form  with  a  smart  crack  ;  and  by  breathing  or  blow- 
ing into  them,  the  bottom,  with  a  like  noise,  springs 
into  its  former  convex  form.  F.nciic. 

A.\-.\-CI.AS'Ties,  71.  That  part  of  optics  which 
treats  of  the  refraction  of  light ;  commonly  called 
dioptrics,  which  see.  Kncyc. 

AN-A-CCE-NO'SIS,  71.  [Gr.  ai/axoiiuai; ;  ava  and 
KOivo^,  common.] 

A  figure  of  rhetoric  by  which  a  speaker  applies  to 
his  opponents  for  their  opinion  on  the  point  in 
debate.  Ualker. 

AN-A-eO-LO'TIIOX,  71,  [Gr.  apaKo\ov9ov,  not  fol- 
lowing.] 

A  term  in  grammar,  denoting  the  want  of  sequence 
in  a  sentence,  one  of  whose  members  docs  not  cor- 
respond with  the  remainder.  Brande. 

AN-A-CON'DA,  n.  A  name  given  in  Ceylon  to  a 
large  snake,  a  sjiecies  of  Boa,  which  is  said  to  de- 
vour travelers.    Its  flesli  is  excellent  food.  F.nctic. 

A-XAC-RE-O.X'Tie,  a.  Pertaining  to  .Anacreo'n,  a 
Greek  poet,  whose  odes  and  epigranis  are  celebrated 
for  their  delicate,  easy,  and  graceful  air,  and  for  their 
exact  imitation  of  nature.  The  .An.acreontic  verse 
consists  of  three  feet  and  a  half;  the  first  foot 
cither  a  sp<mdec  or  iambus,  or  an  anaiwst ;  the  rest 
usually  spondees  or  iambuses ;  as, 

9fXoi  \ty'.tv  Arpctca^  — 
M£.\cr£  yXvHtl  /iaAoecra. 


ANA 

A-.\AC-RE-0.\'TI€,  7i.    A  poem  composed  in  the 

manner  tif  Aiiacreon. 
A.N'A-DE.M,  n.    [Ct.  ,i|.ar?rj,ia.] 

A  garland  or  lillet.    A  chaplet  or  crown  of  flower*. 

If.  Hromnr. 

AN'-A-DI-PLO'SIS,  71.  [Gr.  afo,  again,  and  liijrAoof, 
double.] 

I)ii]ilication,  a  ficiirc  in  rhetoric  and  poeirj-,  con- 
sisting in  the  repetition  of  tin;  last  xvord  or  words  in 
a  line  or  clause  of  a  sentence,  in  the  beginning  of 
the  next;  as,  "  lie  retained  his  virtues  aniiilst  all 
his  misfortunes  —  misfortunes  which  no  prudence 
could  foresee  or  prevent."  F.nryc. 

A.\'A-l)RO.M,  II.  [Sec  below.]  A  fish  that  ascends 
rivers.  Murin. 

A-.\.\l>'RO-MOUa,  o.  [Gr.  ava,  upward,  and  i/wpos, 
course.] 

Ascending;  a  word  applied  to  such  fish  as  pass 
from  llic  sea  into  fresh  waters,  at  stated  seasons. 

Encyc. 

.\\'.'\-GLYPII,  7(.    [Gr.  avn,  and  >  Au0w,  to  cngnive.] 
An  ornament  made  by  sciilpliire. 

AN-A-(;i.yPII'lC,  n.  In  flnciVnf  sru/pf«rc,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  chased  or  embossed  work  on  metal,  or  to  any 
thing  worked  in  relief.  Brande. 

AN-A-GLYP'Tie,  a.  Relating  to  the  art  of  carving, 
engraving,  enchasing,  or  embossing  plate.  Evelyn. 

A-N'AG-.\OR'I-SIS,  n.  [(Jr.  „v,i)  v,.,niGn.]  Ri'cogni- 
tion  i  the  unraveling  ol  a  plot  in  dramatic  action. 

Blair. 

AN'.\-G0-GE,  n.  [Gr.  Ti  nj'W)  17,  of  ava,  upward,  and 
u/t.))  r;,  a  leading,  from  ayio.] 

An  elevation  of  min<l  to  things  celestial  ;  the 
spiritual  meaning  or  application  of  words;  also,  the 
application  of  the  tyixrs  and  allegories  of  the  Old 
Testament  to  subjects  of  the  New.  Encyc 

AN-A-GO-GET'IC-AL,  a.  .Mysterious. 

.'V.N'-.\-GOG'ie-AL,  a.  Mysterious;  elevated;  spirit- 
ual ;  as,  the  rest  of  the  Sabbath,  in  an  anagogical 
sense,  sicnifies  the  repose  of  the  saint.s  in  heaven. 

A\-A  (;( )c;'lC  AL-LY,  a</t'.  In  a  mysterious  sense; 
wiih  relisious  elevation. 

AN-.\-(;oG'ies,  71.    Mysterious  considerations. 

L.  .Addison. 

AN'.\-GRAM,  71.    [Gr.  ai>a  and  )/ia/i;ia,  a  letter.] 

A  transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  name,  by  which 
a  new  word  is  formed.  Thus  Oa/c«u.v  becomes  angc- 
liis;  IVilliam  .Voy  (attorney-generil  to  Charles  I.,  a 
laborious  man)  iiiav  be  turned  into  I  niuiil  in  lair. 

AN-A-CKAM-MAT'ie,       (a.  Making  "an  anagram. 

A.N-A-Gi! AM-MAT'IG-AL,  (        Camden's  Remuins. 

AN-A-GRA.M-.M.\T'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner 
of  an  anagram. 

AN-A-GRA.M'.MA-TIS.M,  71.  The  act  or  practice  of 
making  anagrams.  Camden. 

A.N-A-GKAM'.MA-TI.-<T,  n.    A  maker  of  anagramn. 

AX-A-GRA.M'.MA-TIZE,  v.  i.    To  make  anagrams. 

Jirrberi. 

AX'A-GR.\PH,  77.    An  inventory  ;  a  commentary. 

/Cninclci, 

A.X'A-GROS,  n.    A  measure  of  grain  in  Spain,  con- 
taining something  less  than  two  bushels.  Encjc. 
.\'.NAL,  a.    [L.  auK,<.] 

Pert.aining  to  the  anus ;  situated  near  the  anus  j 
as,  the  anal  fin.  Encyc.  Pennant. 

.\-N.\L'CI.M,     )  71.    A  white  or  flesh-red  mineral,  of 
A-.VAL'CI.ME,  i     the  zeolite   family,  occurring  in 
twenty-four  sided  (trapezoidal)  crystals,  and  some- 
times in  cubes.    It  is  common  in  amygdaloid  and 
some  lavas.  Dana. 

By  friction,  it  acquires  a  wealc  electricity  ;  hence  itj 
name,  [Gr.'ii/aVAij,  weak.]  Clenreland. 
.\N-.\-LRe'Tie,  a.    Collecting  or  selecting;  made  up 

of  selections  ;  as,  an  analecttc  magazine. 
AN'A-LE€TS,  n.    [Gr.  am  and  Aty'  ',to  collect.] 

A  collection  of  snort  pieces,  as  essays,  remarks,  &c. 

Encyc 

AN'A-LEM-MA,  71.    [Gr.  ava\nptia,  altitiKle.] 

1.  Ill  geometry,  a  projection  of  the  sj^here  on  the 
plane  of  the  meridian,  orthographically  made  by 
straight  lines,  eirrles,  and  ellipses,  the  eye  being  sup- 
posed at  an  infinite  distance,  and  in  the  e.ast  or  west 
points  of  the  horizon.  Also, 

2.  An  instrument  of  wood  or  brass,  on  which  this 
kind  of  projection  is  drawn,  with  a  horizon  or  cursor 
fitted  to  it,  in  which  the  solstitial  colure,  and  all  the 
circles  jiarallcl  to  it,  will  be  concentric  circles ;  all 
circles  oblique  to  the  eye  will  be  ellipses;  and  all 
circles  whose  planes  pass  through  the  eve  will  be 
right  lines.  Encye.  jlsh. 

AN-.\-LEP'SIS,7i.    [Gr.  aiaXri'p'ii  f"""  avaXaplSaff, 

to  receive  again.] 

The  augmentation  or  nutrition  of  an  cmarinlcd 

body  ;  recover}'  of  strength  after  a  disease.  Quiney. 
AX-A-LEP'Tie,   a.     (.'orroboniting ;  invigorating; 

giving  strength  after  disease. 
AS'-.A-LEP'TIC,  n.    A  medicine  which  gives  .strength, 

and  aids  in  restoring  a  body  to  health  alter  sicknesj; 

a  restorative. 

.\.\-AL'0-GAL,  a.    Analogous.    [JVot  used.]  Half. 

AX-.\-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  Having  analog)- ;  used  by  way 
of  analogy  ;  bearing  some  n'lation.  Thus  analogical 
reasoning  is  rea.soning  from  some  similitude  which 
things  known  bear  to  things  unknown.  An  analogical 


TONE,  BIJLL,  XiXITE.  —  AN"GEK,  VI"CIOUS — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


45 


ANA 


ANA 


ANA 


word  is  one  wliicli  c;iiTies  with  it  simie  relation  to  the 
oiiisina!  idea.  Thus  tlie  word  Jirm  i>iiniarily  denotes 
solidity  or  compactness  in  a  material  body  ;  and  by 
analogy,  when  used  of  the  mind,  it  conveys  the  idea 
of  qualities  having  a  similitude  to  the  solidity  of 
bodies,  that  is,  fixedness  or  immovabilitv.  Watts, 
AJ<A-L-OG'I€^AL-LY,  adr.  In  an  analogical  man- 
ner ;  by  way  of  similitude,  relation,  or  agreement. 
Thus,  to  reason  analog-icalhi  is  to  deduce  inferences 
from  some  agreement  or  relation  which  things  bear 
to  each  other. 

4N-A-LOG'ie-AL-NESS,  v.    The  quality  of  being 
analogical ;  fitness  to  be  applied  for  the  illustration 
of  some  analog\'.  Juhnson, 
i-NAL'0-GlSM,'n.    [Gr.  m  a\oyi(Tiini.] 

1.  An  argument  from  the  cause  to  the  effect. 

Jukiison. 

9.  Investigation  of  things  by  the  analogy  they 
bear  to  each  otiier.  Crubbe. 

\-NAL'0-GrST,  71.    One  who  adheres  to  analog)-. 

l-NAL'O-OiZE,  V.  t.  To  explain  by  analogy  ;  to 
form  some  resemblance  between  different  things  ;  to 
consider  a  thing  with  regard  to  its  analogy  to  some- 
thing else.  Cheyne. 

\-XAL'0-GOUS,  a.  Having  analogy  ;  bearing  some 
resemblance  or  proportion  ;  followed  by  to  ;  as,  there 
is  something  in  the  exercise  of  the  mind  analogous  to 
that  of  body. 

\-XAL'0-GOUS-LY,  adu.    In  an  analogous  manner. 
AX'A-LOGUE,  (iui'a-log,)  n.  [Ft.,  from  Gr.  ai  aXoy  ..5.] 
1.  A  word  correspon(ling  with  another ;  an  analo- 
gous term.  Pritcfiard. 
■2.  An  animal  or  other  thing  resembling  another. 
A-NAL'O-GY,  7t.    [Gr.  a^oAo/ia,  of  aia  and  Xoyos, 
ratio,  proportion.] 

1.  An  agreement  or  likeness  between  things  in 
some  circumstances  or  effects,  when  the  things  are 
otherwise  entirely  ditferent.  Learning  enlightens  the 
mind,  because  it  is  to  the  mind  what  light  is  to  the 
■eye,  enablina  it  to  discover  things  before  hidden. 
VVhcn  both  the  things  which  have  an  analogy  follow 
a  preposition,  that  preposition  must  be  between  or 
betmizt ;  as,  there  is  an  analopj  between  plants  and  ani- 
mals, or  beticeen  customs.  Vyiien  one  of  the  things 
precedes  a  verb,  and  the  other  follows,  the  preposi- 
tion used  must  be  to  or  ■with ;  as,  a  plant  has  some 
analogy  to  or  with  an  animal. 

2.  With  grammarians,  analogy  is  a  conformity  of 
words  to  the  genius,  structure,  or  general  rules  of  a 
language.  Thus  the  general  rule  in  English  is,  that 
the  plural  of  a  noun  ends  in  es ;  tlierefore  all  nouns 
which  have  that  plural  termination  have  an  anal- 
ogy, or  are  formed  in  analogy  with  other  words  of  a 
like  kind.  Johnson.  Encyc. 

A-XAL'Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  avaXvais,  of  ava  and  Xucrij,  a 
loosing,  or  resolvmg,  from  Au'j,  to  loosen.  See 
Loose.] 

1.  The  factitious  separation  of  a  compound  body 
into  its  constituent  parts  ;  a  resolving  ;  as,  an  analy- 
sis of  water,  air,  or  oil,  to  discover  its  elements. 

2.  A  consideration  of  any  thing  in  its  separate 
parts  ;  an  examination  of  the  different  parts  of  a  sub- 
ject, each  separately,  as  the  words  which  compose 
a  sentence,  the  notes  of  a  tune,  or  the  simple  propo- 
sitions which  enter  into  an  argument.  It  is  opposed 
to  synthesis. 

In  mathematics,  analysis  is  the  resolving  of  prob- 
lems by  reducing  them  to  equations.  The  analysis 
of  finite  quantities  is  otherwise  called  algebra,  or  spe- 
cidus  arithmetic.  The  analysis  of  infinites  is  the  meth- 
od of  Jluxions,  or  the  cnlculus.  Encyc. 

Ancient  analysvi ;  in  mathematics,  a  method  of  pro- 
ceeding from  the  thing  sought,  as  taken  for  granted, 
through  its  consequences,  to  something  really  grant- 
ed or  known  ;  opposed  to  syntAcns.  I'his  cliierty  re- 
spected geometrical  investigations.  Iluttnn. 

In  logit,  analysis  is  the  tracing  of  things  to  their 
source,  and  the  resolving  of  knowledge  into  its  origi- 
nal principles. 

3.  A  syllabiis,  or  table  of  the  principal  heads  of  a 
continued  discourse,  disposed  in  their  natural  order. 

4.  A  brief,  methodical  illustration  of  the  principles 
of  a  science.  In  this  sense  it  is  nearly  synonymous 
with  synopsis. 

AN'A-LVST,  71.  One  who  analyzes,  or  is  versed  in 
analysis.  Kirwau. 

AN-A-LYT'ie,       /  o.    Pertaining  to  analysis  ;  that 

AN-A-LYT'IC-.AL,  i  resolves  into  first  principles; 
that  separates  into  p.nrls  or  original  princijiles  ;  that 
resolves  a  compound  body  or  subject ;  as,  an  analyt- 
ical experiment  in  chemistry,  or  an  analytical  investi- 
gation.   It  is  opposed  to  synthetic. 

A.V  A-LVT'IC-AI.  LY,  rirfii.  in  the  manner  of  nnal- 
ysiii ;  by  way  of  separating  a  body  into  its  constitu- 
ent partM,  fir  a  subject  into  its  principles. 

AN-A-LYT'ICS,  iu    Tlio  science  of  analysis.  [Sec 

A.V-A-I,7/,'A-I!I,E,  a.    That  can  be  analyzed. 
A.N-A  I,?7.'A-11LE  .NESH,  n.    The  state  of  being  an- 
aly/.able. 

AN'A  LtZE,  r.  f.    [Gr.  aeoAu-i.   See  Ajcaltiik.] 
'IVi  rcHolve  n  hu<ly  into  itfl  elemi^ntA  ;  to  He[)anttc  a 
c»Hi[Miiind  mihjecl  into  ilx  parts  or  prnpoHitions,  for 
the  piiriH/xe  of  nn  examination  of  cacti  HCinirately  ; 


as,  to  analyze  a  fossil  substance  ;  to  analyze  an  action 

to  ascertain  its  ninrality. 
AN'.\-L^'Z-£n,       Resolved  into  its  constituent  parts 

or  princijdes,  for  examination. 
AN'A-L1i'Z-ER,  71.    One  who  analyzes;  that  which 

analyzes  or  has  the  power  to  analyze. 
AN'.\-LVZ-IJ>iG,  ppr.    Resolving  into  elements,  con- 
stituent parts,  or  first  principles. 
AN-AM-Nk'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  ai  a/.eijffis.] 

A  figure  in  rhetoric,  which  calls  to  remembrance 

something  omitted.  Knowles. 
AN-AM-NES'Tie,  a.    That  aids  the  memory. 
AN-A-MORPH'O-SIS  or  AN-A-MORrU-o'SIS,  n. 

[Gr.  ava  and  pnpifioxri!,  formation.] 

1.  In  perspective  drawings,  a  deformed  or  distorted 
portrait  or  figure,  which,  in  one  point  of  view,  is 
confused  or  unintelligible,  and  in  another,  is  an  ex- 
act and  regular  representation  ;  or  confused  to  the 
naked  eye,  but  reflected  from  a  plain  or  curved  mir- 
ror, appearing  regular,  and  in  right  proportion.  Encyc. 

2.  In  botany,  any  part  of  a  i)lant  in  which  there  is 
an  unusual  degree  of  cellular  development,  is  said  to 
be  in  a  state  of  anamorphosis.  Lintlley. 

A-N.A'NAS,  71.    The  name  of  a  species  of  Bromelia  ; 

the  pine-apple.  Encyc. 
AN-AN"GU-L.\R,  a.    Without  angles. 
AN'A-PEST,  71.  [Gr.  nva  and  TTdi-ii.to  strike.  Bailey.] 
In  poetry,  a  foot  consisting  of  three  syllables,  the 

first  two  short,  the  last  long ;  the  reverse  of  the  rfuc- 

tyl;  as, 

C3n  a  bosom  so  gentle  remain 

Unmoved  when  her  Corydon  sighs  Shenstone. 

AN-A-PEST'ie,  71.    The  anapestic  measure.  Bentley. 
AN-A-PEST'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  anapest ;  consist- 
ing of  anapestic  feet. 
A-NAPH'O-RA,  n.    [Gr.  from  a,  a$£ow.] 

1.  A  figure  in  rhetoric,  when  the  same  word  or 
words  are  repeated  at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more 
succeeding  verses  or  clauses  of  a  sentence  ;  as, 
"  Wltere  is  the  wise Where  is  the  scribe  ?  Where 
is  the  disputer  of  this  world   "  Johnson. 

2.  Among  physicians,  the  discharge  of  blood  or  pu- 
rulent matter  by  the  mouth.  Encyc.  Coze. 

AN-A-PLE-ROT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  ai/nTrXDo,,-,.,  to  fill.] 

Filling  up ;  promoting  granulation  of  wounds  or 
ulcers. 

AN-A-PLE-ROT'ie,  71.  A  medicine  which  promotes 
the  granulation  or  incarnation  of  wo«nds  or  ulcers. 

Encyc.  Parr. 

AN'ARCH,  7!.  [See  Anarchy.]  The  author  of  con- 
fusion ;  one  who  excites  revolt.  Milton. 

A-NXRCH'IP,       j  a.    Without  rule  or  government ; 

A-NXRCH'IC-AL,  \  in  a  state  of  confusion  ;  applied 
to  a  state  or  society.  Fielding  uses  anarchial,  a  word 
of  less  ditlicult  pronunciation. 

AN'ARCH-ISM,  7i.    Confusion  ;  anarchy. 

AN'AReH-IST,  71.  An  anarch  ;  one  who  excites  re- 
volt, or  promotes  disorder  in  a  state.  Stephens. 

AN'AR€H-Y,  7i.  [Ql.  at'afix<a,o{  a  pr'w.  tiiiii  apxn, 
rule.] 

Want  of  government ;  a  state  of  society  when 
there  is  no  law  or  supreme  power,  or  when  the  laws 
are  not  efficient,  and  individuals  do  what  they  please 
with  impunity  ;  political  confusion. 

A-NAR'RIII-€'HAS,  71.  The  sea-wolf;  a  genus  of  rav- 
enous fish,  of  the  order  of  Apodals,  found  in  the 
northern  seas. 

AN-ARTII'ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  an  priv.  and  apO.ooi',  a  joint 
or  article.] 

In  grammar,  without  the  article.  Bloomjield. 

A'NAS,  71.  [L.]  A  genus  of  water-fowls,  of  the  or- 
der Anseres,  including  the  various  species  of  ducks. 
The  species  are  very  numerous. 

AN-A-SAR'e,\,  71.  [Gr.  ava,  in  or  between,  and  o-upf, 
flesh.] 

Dropsy  of  the  cellular  membrane  ;  an  effusion  of 
serum  into  the  cellular  substance,  occasioning  a  soft, 
pale,  inelastic  swelling  of  the  skin.  Quincy.  Coze. 

AN-A-SaR'COUS,  a.  Belonging  to  anasaica,  or  drop- 
sy ;  dropsical. 

AN-A-STAL'Tie,  ii.    [Gr.  (ii'ni77;cXXa),  to  close.] 
In  medicine,  astringent ;  styptic.  Coze. 

AN-A-STAT'ie-PRINT'L\G,  71.  A  mode  of  obtain- 
ing a  fiic-simile  of  any  printed  page,  engraving,  &c., 
on  a  plate  of  zinc,  from  which  an  impression  can  be 
taken,  as  from  the  stone  of  the  lithographic  press. 

A-.N  AS  TO  MAT'IC,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  remov- 
ing (ilistnietions. 

A-NA.S'TO-AIosE,  V.  i.    [Gr.  nun  and  aro/ta,  mouth.] 
To  inosculate  ;  to  communicate  with  each  other  ; 
applied  to  tlie  vessels  of  the  body,  as  the  arteries  and 
veins.  Dartrin,  Encyc. 

A-N.\S'TO-MO  SING,  ppr.  or  a.  Inosculating  ;  commu- 
nicating with  each  other ;  as,  anastomosing  vessels. 

A-N A.S-TO-.MfS'.siS,  n.  The  inosculation  of  vessels, 
or  the  opening  of  one  vessel  into  another,  as  an  arte- 
ry into  another  artery,  or  a  vein  into  a  vein.  Coze. 

In  older  authors,  lUe  supposed  opi'ning  of  the  mouths 
of  the  extreme  vessels,  causing  a  discharge  of  their 
contents,  as  in  excretion. 

A-.N  AS-TO  MflT'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  anastomosis. 

A-NAS-TO-MOT'ie,  n.  A  medicine  supposed  to  have 
the  power  of  opening  the  mouths  of  vessels,  and  re- 


moving obstnutions  ;  such  as  cathartics,  deobstru- 
ents,  and  siidorifics.  Encyc 

A-NAS'TRO-PIIE,  71.  [Gr.  ai/dorpo^ij,  a  conversion, 
or  inversion.] 

In  rhetoric  and  grammar,  an  inversion  of  the  natu- 
ral order  of  words ;  as,  sazu  per  et  scapulas,  for  per  saxa 
et  scopulos.  Encyc. 

AN'A-TASE,  71.  [Gr.  avaToaif,  extension,  so  named 
from  the  length  of  its  crystals.] 

A  native  oxide  of  titanium,  also  called  octaliedrite, 
occurring  in  brilliant  octahedral  crystals,  of  a  brown 
or  somewhat  bluish  color  externally,  but  greenisli- 
vellow  by  transmitted  light.  Dana. 

A-"NATH'E-MA,  71.  [Gr.  avaGtna,  from  aj/nntfi/^ii, 
to  place  behind,  backward,  or  at  a  distance,  to  sepa- 
rate.] 

1.  Excommunication  with  curses.  Hence,  a  curse 
or  denunciation  by  ecclesiastical  authority,  accompa- 
nying excommunication.  This  species  of  excommu- 
nication was  practiced  intheancientchurchesagainst 
notorious  offenders  ;  all  churches  were  warned  not  to 
receive  them  ;  all  magistrates  and  private  persons 
were  admonished  not  to  harbor  or  maintain  them, 
and  priests  were  enjoined  not  to  converse  with  them, 
or  attend  their  funeral. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  anathemas,  judiciary  and 
abjuratemj.  The  former  is  pronounced  by  a  council, 
pope,  or  bishop  ;  the  latter  is  the  act  of  a  cgnvert  who 
anathematizes  the  heresy  which  he  abjures. 

9.  In  heathen  antitjuity,  an  offering  or  present  made 
to  some  deity,  and  hiiiig  up  in  a  temple.  Whenever 
a  person  quitted  his  employment,  he  set  apart,  or  ded- 
icated, his  tools  to  his  patron  deity.  Persons  who 
had  escaped  danger  remarkably,  or  been  otherwise 
very  fortunate,  testified  their  giatitude  by  some  offer- 
ing to  their  deity.  Encyc. 
A-NATH-E-MAT 'le-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  anathema. 
A-NATH-E-MAT'le-AL-LY',  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
anathema. 

A-NATH'E-MA-TIPM,  71.  Excommunication.  Hooker. 

A-i\ATH-E-MA-TI-Za'TION,  71.  The  act  of  anathe- 
matizing. Encyc. 

A-NATH'E-MA-TiZE,  v.  t.  To  excommunicate  with 
a  denunciation  of  curses  ;  to  pronounce  an  anathema 
against.  Hammond. 

A-NATH'E-.^IA-TIZ-£D,  pp.  Excommunicated  with 
curses. 

A-NATH'F.-M.\-TIZ-ER,  71.  One  who  pronounces  an 
anathema.  Hammond. 

A-NATH'E-MA-TlZ-ING,p;i7-.  Pronouncing  an  anath- 
ema. 

AN-A-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  ancis,  a  duck,  and  fcro,  to 
produce.] 

Producing  ducks.  Brown. 

A-N.\T'0-CIS.M,  71.  [L.  anatocismus,  from  Gr.  ava, 
again,  and  roKoq,  usury.] 

Interest  upon  interest;  the  taking  of  compound  in- 
terest ;  or  the  contract  by  which  such  interest  is  se- 
cured.   [Rarely  used,]  John.ton.  Cicero. 

AN-A-TOSl'ie-.'VL,  a.  Belonging  to  anatomy  or  dis- 
sectiim  ;  produced  by  or  according  to  the  principles 
of  anatomy,  or  natural  structure  of  the  body  ;  relating 
to  the  parts  of  the  body  when  dissected  or  separated. 

AN-A-TO.M'lt'-AL-LY,  ado.  In  an  anatomical  man- 
ner ;  by  means  of  dissection ;  according  to  the  doc- 
trine of  anatomy. 

A-N.\T'0-.MIST,  71.  One  who  dissects  bodies  ;  more 
generally,  one  who  is  skilled  in  the  art  of  dissection. 

A-N'AT-O-.Mt-ZA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  anatomising. 

A-NAT'O-.MIZE,  ti.  (.  To  dissect ;  to  divide  into  the 
constituent  parts,  for  the  imfpose  of  examining  each 
by  itself;  to  lay  open  the  interior  structure  of  tlie 
parts  of  a  body  or  subject ;  as,  to  anatomize  an  animal 
or  plant ;  to  anatomize  an  argument. 

A-NAT'OMIZ-/"D,  pp.  Dissected,  as  an  animal  body. 

A-NAT'O-MIZ-ING,  ppr  Dissecting. 

A-N.\T'0-MY,  n.  [Gr.  avar.ipii,  ot  ava,  through,  and 
Toun,  a  cutting.] 

1.  The  art  of  dissecting,  or  artificially  separating 
the  diflerent  parts  of  an  animal  body,  to  discover  their 
situation,  structure,  and  economy. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  the  structure  of  the  body, 
learned  by  dissection ;  as,  a  physician  understands 
anatomy, 

3.  Tiie  act  of  dividing  any  thing,  corporeal  or  in- 
tellectual, fax  the  purpose  of  examining  its  parts;  as, 
the  anatomy  of  a  plant,  or  of  a  discourse. 

4.  The  body  stripped  of  its  integuments  and  mus- 
cles ;  a  skeleton,  or  the  corporeal  frame  of  bones  en- 
tire, without  the  skin,  llesli,  and  vessels.  [Jili  im- 
proper ^lse  of  the  word,  and  vulgar,] 

5.  Ironically,  a  meager  iierson. 
AN-A-TREP'Tie,  «.    [(ir.  m  nr^jf  jtm,  to  overturn.] 

Overthrowing  ;  defi  ating  ;  prostrating  :  a  word  ap- 
plied to  those  l)ialogues  of  Plato  which  represent  a 
complete  defeat  in  the  gvmnastic  exercises.  Enjield. 
AN'.V-TRON,  71.    [from  Gr.  viroov,  niter.] 

1.  Soda,  or  mineral  fixed  alkali. 

2.  iSpume,  or  glass-gall ;  a  scum  which  rises  upon 
melted  glass,  in  the  furnace,  and,  when  taken  off, 
dissolves  in  the  air,  and  then  coagulates  into  common 
salt. 

3.  The  salt  which  collects  on  the  walls  of  vaults. 

Coze.  Johnson. 


FATE,  FAK,  FALL,  \VH.^T  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  UQQK. 


46 


ANC 

AN'BU-IIY,  71.  A  soft  tumor  on  horses,  containing 
blood. 

!2.  A  sort  of  c.ill  produced  by  in.4ect9  on  the  roots 
of  turnips,  cabbagi's,  &:c. 
Ai^''C'i;."<-'rOR,  II.    [I'r.  ancejitres,  ancltres ;  It.  anteces- 
sor, of  tniUf  bt'fvire,  and  cedoj  to  go.] 

One  from  whom  a  person  descends,  either  hy  the 
fallii  r  or  nuitlier,  at  any  distance  of  time,  in  tiie  tentli 
or  hundredth  generation.  An  aiirMfor  precedes  in  the 
order  of  nature  or  blood  ;  a  predecessor,  in  the  order 
of  olhce. 

AN-CKS-TO'RI-AL,  ff.    Ancestral.  PaUok. 

AN-CES'TR.\L,a.  Relating  or  belonging  to  ancestors  ; 
claimed  or  descending  from  ancestors  ;  as,  an  ances- 

A.N-t'E.S'TRESS,  n.    A  female  ancestor.    [(ruZ  estate. 

A.N"CES-TRY,  ii.  A  series  of  ancestors,  or  progenitors  ; 
lineagt^  or  those  who  compose  the  line  of  natural  de- 
scent.   Hence,  birth  or  honorable  descent.  Addhun. 

ANGfl'I-LOI'S,  n.  [Gr.  cujiAw;//,  from  aij;,  a  goat, 
and  ut\p,  an  eye.  Uu.] 

The  goat's  eye ;  an  abscess  in  the  inner  angle  of 
the  eve  ;  an  incipient  fistula  laclmmalis.  Cure. 

ANeil'OR,  )i.    [1,.  ancknra;  Gr.  uji"/"'  >' 
ancora  ;  Sp.  ancia  ;  D.  G.  Dan.  anker ;  Sw.  ankare  ; 
Ir.  ankaire,  ancoir,  or  ingir;  Corn,  ankar  ;  Ar.  ankar  ; 
Pers.  angliar  ;  Russ.  iacor  :  Pr.  aiicre  ;  Arm.  ancor.] 

1.  An  iron  instrument  for  holding  a  ship  or  other 
vessel  at  rest  in  water.  It  is  a  strong  shank,  with  a 
ring  at  one  en<l,  to  which  a  cable  may  be  fastened  ; 
and  with  two  arms  and  flukes  at  the  other  end, 
forming  a  suitable  angle  with  the  shank  to  enter  the 
ground. 

In  seainrjt^s  lanrruage,  the  anchor  comes  home,  when 
it  is  dislodged  from  its  bed,  so  as  to  drag  by  the  vio- 
lence of  the  wind,  sea,  or  current. 

Foul  anchor,  is  when  tlie  anchor  hooks  or  is  entan- 
gled with  aiu>ther  anchor,  or  with  a  wreck  or  cable, 
or  when  the  slack  cable  is  entangled. 

The  anchor  a  cock  bill,  is  when  it  is  suspended  per- 
pendicularly from  the  cat-head,  ready  to  be  let  go. 

The  iinciior  a  peak,  is  when  it  is  drawn  in  so  tight 
as  to  bring  the  siiip  directly  over  it. 

The  anchor  is  a  trip,  or  a  weiirk,  when  it  is  just 
drawn  out  of  the  ground,  in  a  perpendicular  direction, 
either  by  the  cable  or  the  buoy-rope. 

To  back  an  anchor,  is  to  lay  down  a  small  anchor 
ahead  of  that  by  wliich  the  ship  rides,  with  the  cable 
fastened  to  the  crown  of  the  latter  to  prevent  its  com- 
ing home. 

.it  anchor,  is  when  a  ship  rides  by  her  anchor. 
Hence,  to  tie  or  ride  at  anchor. 

To  east  anchor,  or  to  anchor,  is  to  let  go  an  anchor, 
to  keep  a  ship  at  rest. 

To  weigh  anchor,  is  to  heave  or  raise  the  anchor  out 
of  the  ground. 

Anchors  are  of  different  sizes.  The  principal,  and 
that  on  which  most  dependence  is  placed,  is  the  sheet 
anchor.  Then  come  the  best  boteer,  the  siiia/(  bower, 
the  spare  anchor,  the  stream  anchor,  and  the  hedge 
anchor,  which  is  the  smallest.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  In  a  Jigurative  sen.ie,  that  which  gives  stability 
or  security  ;  that  on  which  we  place  dependence  for 
safety. 

Which  hope  we  have  at  an  anchor  of  the  soul,  both  sure  and 
st''!uil;ist. — Heb.  vi. 

3.  In  architecture,  anchors  are  carved  work,  some- 
what resembling  an  anchor.  It  is  commonly  a  part 
of  the  ornaments  of  the  boultins  of  capitals  in  the 
Tuscan,  Doric,  and  Ionic  orders,  and  on  the  mold- 
ings of  cornices. 

In  heraldry,  anchors  are  emblems  of  hope.  Enctjc. 
ANt'H'OR,  V.  t.    To  place  at  anchor;  a-s,  to  uiu/ior  a 
ship.    A  sliip  is  anchored,  but  not  moored,  by  a  single 
anchor. 

9.  To  fix  or  fasten  on  ;  to  fix  in  a  stable  condition. 
ANeil'OR,  i\  i.    To  cast  anchor  ;  to  come  to  anchor; 
as,  our  ship  anchored  olf  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
2.  To  stop  ;  to  fix  or  rest  on. 
AN€H'OU-A-BLE,  a.    Fit  for  anchorage.  Herbert. 
ANt'H'OR-AGE,  >i.    Anchor-ground  ;  a  place  where 
a  ship  can  anchor,  where  the  ground  is  not  too  rocky, 
nor  the  water  too  deep  nor  too  shallow. 

2.  The  hold  of  a  ship  at  anchor,  or  rather  the  anch- 
or and  all  the  necessary  tackle  for  anchoring. 

3.  A  duty  imposed  on  ships  for  anchoring  in  a  har- 
bor. 

AXeil'OR-KD,  jrp.    Lying  or  riding  at  anchor;  held 
bv  an  anchor  ;  fixed  in  safety. 

ANeirO-RESS,  ji.    A  female  anchoret.  Fairfax. 

ANGH'O  RET,  In.    [Gr.  oi'ax')')'iJ-i|{,  from  anaxoy- 

ANGH'O-RX'I'E,  \    ,ot'->,  to  retire,  of  avn  and  \oipeu>, 
to  go.    Written  by  some  authors  anachoreU] 

A  hermit ;  a  recluse  ;  one  who  retires  from  society 
into  a  desert  or  solitary  place,  to  avoid  the  tempta- 
tions of  the  world,  and  devote  himself  to  religious 
duties.  Also,  a  monk,  who,  with  the  leave  of  the 
abbot,  retires  to  a  cave  or  cell,  with  an  allowance 
from  the  monastery,  to  live  in  solitude.  Encyc 

ANeH-O-RET'lC,       jo.    Pertaining  to  a  hennit,  or 

Ai\eH-0-RET'ie-AL,  (    his  mode  of  life. 

ANeH'OR-GROUND,  n.    Ground  suitable  for  anchor- 
ing. 

ANeH'OR-MoLD,  n.  The  hold  or  fastness  of  an  anch- 
or ;  security. 


ANC 

ANeil'OR-ING,  jipr.  Coming  to  anchor  ;  ca-sting 
anchor  ;  mooring. 

ANeil'()R-i*.MITH,  v.  The  maker  or  forger  of  .anch- 
ors, or  one  whose  occupation  is  to  make  nnrliors. 

AN-CIIC  VY,  H.  [Port,  and  Hp.  unchova  ;  Fr.  anchois  ; 
It.  acciuga  ;  G.  unschove.  ] 

A  small  fish,  about  tiiree  inches  in  length,  of  the 
genus  Clupea  or  herring,  found  and  caught  in  vast 
numbers  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  pickled  for  ex- 
portation.   It  is  used  as  a  sauce  or  se.isoning. 

AN-CIIo'VY-PEaR,  ti.  a  fruit  of  the  West  Indies, 
produced  by  a  species  of  the  genus  Grias.  It  resem- 
bles the  mango  in  taste,  and,  like  it,  is  sometimes 
pickled  when  green.  Kncijc.  of  Ihm.  Kcon. 

ANeil'Y-LoS-*:D,  (Snk'c-lost,)  a.  Immovably  united 
or  fixed,  as  joints  of  bon(^s.  Mantell. 

AN€II-Y-I,0't>iS,  71.  |Gr.  nj/ci'X'.)<r(5,  from  oj'icijAus, 
crooked.] 

Slill'ness  of  a  joint;  immobility  of  a  joint  natural- 
ly movable. 

ANCH-Y-LOT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  anchylosis. 
aN'CIE.N'T,  a.    [Fr.  ancien;  It.  uiiiiaiiu,  an:i ;  from  L. 
ante,  antitiuus.] 

1.  Old  ;  that  happened  or  existed  in  former  limes, 
usually,  at  a  great  distance  of  time  ;  as,  ancient  au- 
thors, ancient  days.  Old,  s.iys  Johnson,  relates  to  the 
duration  of  the  thing  itself;  as,  an  old  coat ;  and  an- 
cient, to  time  in  general  ;  as,  an  ancient  dress.  But 
this  distinction  is  not  always  observed.  We  say,  in 
old  times,  as  well  as  ancient  times  ;  old  customs.  &c. 
We  usually  apply  both  ancient  and  old  to  things  sub- 
ject to  gradual  decay.  We  say,  an  old  man,  an  an- 
cient record  ;  but  never,  the  old  sun,  old  stars,  an  old 
river  or  mountain.  In  general,  however,  ancient  is 
opposed  to  modern,  and  old  to  new,  fresh,  or  recent. 
When  we  speak  of  a  thing  that  existed  formerly, 
which  has  ceased  to  exist,  we  commonly  use  ancient  ; 
as,  ancient  republics,  ancient  heroes;  and  not,  old  re- 
publics, old  heroes.  But  when  the  thing  which  be- 
gan or  existed  in  former  times,  is  still  in  existence, 
we  use  either  ancient  or  old;  as,  ancietit  statues  or 
paintings,  or  old  statues  or  paintings  ;  ancient  authors, 
or  old  authors,  meaning  books.  But,  in  these  exam- 
ples, ancient  seems  the  most  correct,  or  best  author- 
ized. Some  persons  apjily  ancient  to  men  advanced 
in  years,  still  living  ;  but  this  use  is  not  common  in 
modern  practice. 

2.  Old  ;  that  has  been  of  long  duration  ;  as,  an  an- 
cient forest ;  an  ancient  city. 

3.  Known  from  ancient  times ;  as,  the  ancient  con- 
tinent, opposed  to  the  new  continent.  Robertson. 

aN'CIENT,  n.  [Supra.]  Generally  used  in  the  plural, 
ancicntjs.  Those  who  lived  in  former  ages,  ojiposed 
to  moderns. 

In  Scripture,  very  old  men.  Also,  governors,  rulers, 
political  and  ecclesiastical. 

Tlie  I.onI  will  enter  into  judgment  with  llie  anrieni*  of  his  peo- 
ple. —  Isji.  iii.    Jer.  xix. 

God  is  called  "  the  Ancient  of  days,"  from  his  eter- 
nal existence.    Dan.  vii. 

Hooker  uses  the  word  for  seniors:  "they  were  his 
ancients ;  "  but  the  use  is  not  authorized. 

2.  Ancient  is  also  used  for  a  flag  or  streamer,  in  a 
ship  of  war,  or  the  colors  of  a  regiment ;  and  for  an 
ensign  or  the  bearer  of  a  flag,  as  in  Shakspeare. 
Cowel  supposes  the  word,  when  used  for  a  flag,  to 
be  a  ciwruption  of  end-sheet,  a  Hag  at  the  stern.  It  is 
probably  Uie  Fr.  enseigne.    Johnson.  Cotoel.  Kncijr. 

Ancient  demesne,  in  English  laic,  is  a  tenure  by  which 
all  manors  belonging  to  the  crown,  in  the  reign  of 
William  the  Coniiueror,  were  held.  The  numbers, 
names,  &c.,  of  these  were  all  entered  in  a  book  called 
Domes-day  Book.  Cowel.  Blackstone. 

Council  of  Ancients,  in  French  hu.tory,  the  higher 
branch  of  the  legislative  body,  in  the  constitution  of 
179.i. 

AN'CIENT-LY,  arfr.  In  old  times  ;  in  times  long  since 
past ;  as,  Rome  was  anciently  more  populous  than  at 
present. 

AN'CIE.\T-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  ancient ;  an- 
tiquity ;  existence  from  old  times. 

Ai\'CIE.NT-RY,  71.  Dignity  of  birth ;  the  honor  of  an- 
cient lineage.  Spenser  on  Ireland.  Shak. 

Ai\'CIENT-Y,  71.   Age  ;  antiquity.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Martin, 

AN'CIEN'T-Y,  71.  In  some  old  English  statutes  and  au- 
thors, eldership  or  seniority.    14  Hen.  III. 

AN-CI'LE,  n.  [L.]  In  Roman  antiquity,  the  sacred 
shield  of  Mars,  said  to  have  fallen  from  heaven  in  the 
reign  of  Nuina.  Adams. 

AN'CIL-LA-RY,  a.    [L.  ancilla,  a  female  servant.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  maid-servant,  or  female  service. 

Blackstone. 

2.  Subservient  or  subordinate  to ;  as,  a  court  ancii- 
lary  to  another  jurisdiction. 

AN-CIP'I-TAL,  a.    [L.  anceps.] 

Doubtful,  or  double  ;  double-faced,  or  double- 
formed. 

In  botany,  two-edged  ;  compressed,  and  forming 
two  opposite  angles,  as  a  stem  ;  having  two  promi- 
nent, longitudinal  angles,  with  a  coiive.x  disc,  as  a 
leaf.  Barton,  Elem.  of  Botany. 

AN'CO.ME,  71.  A  small  ulcerous  swelling,  coming  sud- 
denly. Boucher. 


AND 

AN'CON,  n.    [I.,  ancon  :  Gr.  u>«tui.,  the  i  lbow.] 

The  olecranon,  or  elbow  ;  the  larger  posterior  pro- 
cess at  the  upper  end  of  tli(>  ulna. 

AN'CO.NES,  n.  pi.    [L.  ancon  ;  Gr  uj k'.ii'.] 

In  ureAifcctiirc,  the  brackets  sup|Hirting  a  comii;e  on 
the  flanks,  as  in  diKirways,  &.c. ;  also,  the  corners  or 
t(Uoins  of  walls,  cross-beams,  or  rafters.  Gwdt. 

AN'CO-NY,  71.  [probably  from  u;(<ui',  the  cubil,  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  arm.] 

In  irun  works,  a  piece  of  half  wrought  iron,  in  the 
shape  of  a  bar  in  the  middle,  but  rude  and  iinwroiiglit 
at  the  ends.  A  piece  of  ca.st  iron  is  melted  olf  and 
hammered,  at  a  forge,  into  a  mass  of  two  feet  long, 
and  of  a  square  shape,  which  is  called  a  bloom  ;  then 
carried  to  a  finery,  and  worked  into  an  ancony ;  it  is 
then  sent  to  a  cliafery,  «  here  the  ends  are  wrought 
into  the  shape  of  the  middle,  and  the  whole  is  made 
into  a  bar.  Encyc. 

AND,  cuii;.  [Sax.  and  ;  Gcr.  und ;  D.  ende  or  en  ;  and.] 
And  is  a  conjunction,  connective,  or  conjoining 
word.  It  signifies  that  a  word  or  part  of  a  sentence 
is  to  be  added  to  what  precedes.  Thus,  give  me  an 
apple  and  an  orange  ;  tlmt  is,  give  me  an  apjile,  add, 
or  give  in  adtUtioii  to  that,  an  orange.  John  and  Pe- 
ter and  James  roile  to  New  York  ;  that  is,  John  rode 
to  .\ew  York,  add  or  furllicr  Poter  rode  to  New  York, 
Olid  James  rode  to  New  York. 

AN-D.\-I..O'SITE,  n.  A  mineral,  occurring  usually  in 
thick  lamellar  forms,  of  a  grayish  or  pale  reddish 
tint,  and  sometimes  in  rhombic  prisms,  and  com- 
posed chiefly  of  silica  and  alumina.  .  Its  name  is  de- 
rived from  Andalusiaj  in  Spain,  where  it  was  first 
disctivered.  In  a  variety  called  cross-stune,  or  ehtas- 
tolite,  the  crysttils,  when  cut  transversely,  show  a  tcs- 
selated  structure,  or  ap|H>ar  to  consist  of  four  white 
crystals,  placed  so  as  to  make  a  white  cross,  and  set 
in  a  dark  ground.  Dana. 

A.\'-DAJ\r''JE.  [It.,  from  andare,  to  go ;  Eng.  to  icenrf, 
to  wander.] 

In  niiuic,  a  word  used  to  direct  to  a  movement 
moderately  slow,  between  largo  and  allegro,  Encyc 
As  a  noun,  it  deiiot<;s  a  piece  of  music  to  be  per- 
formed in  andante. 

AN'I)AR-A€,  71.    Red  orpiment.  Coic. 

AN'I)E-.\N,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Andes,  the  great 
chain  of  mountains  extending  through  South  .Xiner- 
ica.  Columbiad,  3,  Ki8. 

AN-1)I'R  A,  n.  The  name  of  the  genus  of  plants  which 
rompreheiuls  ihe  cabbage  bark-tree  of  Jamaica. 

.•\.\U'I-RO.V,  n.  [Tent,  andena,  or  andela.  In  Sax. 
the  corresponding  word  is  brandisen,  brand  or  fire 
iron  ;  D.  brand-yzer.  The  Fr.  landier,  -\rni.  lander, 
Junius  thinks,  is  our  and-iron,  with  the  French  I  pre- 
fixed.] 

An  iron  utensil  used  in  Great  Britain,  where  coal 
is  the  common  fuel,  to  support  the  ends  of  a  spit ;  but 
in  America,  used  to  support  the  wood  in  fireplaces. 
AN-DRA-NAT'O-.MY,  n.    [Gr.  avna,  ai6i>j(,  a  man, 
and  avarHjin,  dissection.] 

The  dissection  of  a  hiunan  body,  especially  of  a 
male.  Coie.  (^ui?icy. 

A.N'DRE-O-LITE,  n.    .\  mineral,  the  harmotonie,  or 

cross-stone.  Ure. 
A.\-DROG'Y-NAL,    )  a.  [Gr.  aiTfO,  a  man,  and  j-vci;, 
.U\-l)ROG'Y-NOUS,  i  woman.] 

Having  two  sexes;  being  male  and  female;  her- 
maphroditical. 

In  Autanv,  the  word  is  applied  to  a  plant  bearing 
both  staminiferous  and  pistilliferons  flowers  on  the 
same  root.  These  plants  constitute  the  class  Monce- 
cia,  in  Linnieus's  system.  '  Milne. 

AN-DROG'Y-NAL-LY,  adv.  AVith  the  parts  of  both 
sexes. 

AN-DROCY-NUS,  n.    ,\n  hermaphrodite.  Johnson. 

AN-DR0II)'KS,  n.  [Gr.  avnp,  man,  and  s,  form.] 
A  machine  in  the  human  form,  which,  by  certain 
springs,  perforins  some  of  the  natural  motions  of  a 
living  man.  One  of  these  machines,  invented  by  .M. 
Vaucanson,  appeared  at  Paris  in  1738,  representing  a 
flute-plajer.  Encye. 

AN-DRO.M'E  DA,  n.  .\  northern  constell.ation,  behind 
Pcg.Tsus,  Cassiopeia,  and  Perseus,  representing  the 
figure  of  a  woman  chained. 

2.  The  name  of  a  celebrated  tragedy  of  Euripides, 
now  lost.  Encyc. 

3.  Also,  a  genus  of  plants. 
AN'DRON,  n.    [Gr.  ,ii>no,  a  man.] 

In  Oreeian  and  Roman  architecture,  the  apartment 
appropriated  for  the  males.  This  was  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  house,  and  the  gynaceum,  or  a|)artinenl 
for  females,  was  in  the  upper  |iart.  Brande. 

AN-DRO-PET'.\L-Ol'S,  a.  [Gr.  .ii-no  and  Tfr,iXoi.] 
An  epithet  applied  to  double  flowers,  produced  by 
the  conrersiim  of  the  stamens  into  petals,  as  in  the 
garden  ranunculus.  Brande. 

AN-DROPH'A-GI,  71.  [Gr.  ani/i,  man,  and  ipu}  u,  to 
eaL] 

.^Ian-eaters  ;  but  the  word  is  little  used,  being  su- 
perseded by  .\nthropophagi,  which  see.  Herodotus 
mentions  people  of  this  ch.iracter.       .Melpom.  100. 
AN-DROT'O-.MY,  n.    [Gr.  ai  r,,o,  a  man,  and  r..jii),  a 
cutting.] 

.K  cutting  of  human  bodies  ;  dissection  of  the  hu- 
man body,  as  distinguished  from  zootomy. 


TONE,  BfJLL,  QNITE  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


17 


ANG 

ASK\R',prep.    Near.  Mtcrburtj. 
A.V'EC-Do-TAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  anecdotes. 
AN'E€-UOTE,  n.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  e^iiSM/ii,  to  pub- 
lish ;  iKf  ir  ,f,  given  out.] 

1.  In  its  ori^rinal  sense,  secret  hislorj',  or  facts  not 
generally  known.  But  in  more  common  iioowc,  a  par- 
ticular or  detached  incident  or  fact  of  an  interesting 
nature  ;  a  biographical  incident ;  a  single  passage 
of  private  life.  Proropius  gave  the  title  of  anecdotes 
to  a  book  he  published  against  Justinian  and  his  wife 
Theodora;  and  similar  collections  €tf  incidents  in  the 
lives  of  eminent  men  are  now  common.  Encyc. 

2.  The  relation  of  an  incident  or  particular  event 

Jilebnoth. 

AN-Ee-DOT'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  anecdotes 

Bolintrbroke. 

A-NkLE',  r.  L    [Sax.  all,  oil.] 

To  ffive  extreme  unction.    [.Vu(  used.]  Shale, 
AX-E-MOG'R A-PH Y,  n.  [Gr.  m  t^oj,  wiiid,  and  ypa,pri, 
description.] 

A  description  of  the  winds.  Johnson. 
AN-E-MOL'O-GY,  n.    [Gi.  aicpoi,  wind,  and  Xuyo;, 
discourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  winds,  or  a  treatise  on  the  subject. 
AN-E-.MOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  ape/^  js,  wind,  and  fierpcoi, 
to  measure.] 

An  instrument  or  machine  for  measuring  the  force 
and  vehjcity  of  the  wind.  Encuc. 
A-NEM'O-NE,  n.  [Gr.  avtptiovr),  from  aveu"i,  w'ind. 
It  was  by  the  ancient  Greeks  written  ai  CfioiAm.  The- 
oph.  lib.  I),  cap.  7.  Plin.  31.  23.  Venus  is  said  to  have 
changed  her  Adonis  into  an  anemone.  Ovid.  Metara. 
lib.  10.  73.1.] 

Wind-flower ;  a  genus  of  plants  of  numerous  spe- 
cies. Some  of  the  species  are  cultivated  in  gardens, 
of  which  their  double  flowers  are  among  the  most  el- 
egant ornaments. 

Sea  Jliicmone.    See  Animal-Flower. 
.A-NEM'O-.VIN,  n.  An  acrid,  crjstallizable  substance, 
obtained  from  some  species  of  anemone.    It  burns 
like  camphor.  Brandc. 
A-NEM'O-SeOPE,  n.  [Gr.  ai  euus,  wind,  and  truo-eu, 
to  \iew.] 

A  machine  which  shows  the  course  or  direction  of 
the  wind.  Encyr. 

ASEST' ,  prep.  About;  concerning,  over  against :  a 
Scottish  word.    Uu.  Gr.  uufTi. 

AXES.    See  Awss. 

AN'EU-RIS.M,  Ji.  [Gr.  ava,  and  Cfovv  to  dilate,  from 
eoni'i,  broad.] 

A  soft,  pulsating  tumor,  arising  from  the  preternat- 
ural dilatation  or  rupture  of  the  coats  of  an  artery. 
This  is  either  encysted  or  diffused.  The  encysted 
aneurism  is  when,  the  co.ats  of  the  arterj-  being  only 
dilated,  the  blood  is  confined  within  its  proper  coat. 
Of  this  kind  is  the  varicose.  The  diffused  aneurism 
includes  all  those  in  which,  from  an  aperture  in  the 
arter}',  the  blood  is  spread  about  in  the  cellular  mem- 
brane, out  of  its  proper  course.        Quincy.  Coie. 

AN-RU-KIS'.MAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  aneurism. 

A-NEW.  adv.    [a  and  iicir.] 

Over  again  ;  another  time  ;  in  a  new  form  ;  as,  to 
arm  anew ;  to  create  aneir. 

AX-FRAe-TU-OS'I-TY,  n.  A  state  of  being  full  of 
windings  and  turnings. 

AX-FRAe'TU-OUS,  a.  [L.  anfraetus,  of  amb,  about, 
and  frnctus,  broken.    See  Bbeak.] 

Winding  ;  full  of  windings  and  turnings  ;  written, 
less  correctly,  Ankractl'osl.  Ray. 

AX-FRAe'TiJ-OUS-NESS,  ii.  A  state  of  being  full  of 
windings  and  turnings. 

AX-FRAC'TIIRE,  n.    .\  mazy  winding. 

AX-G.\-HI-A'TIO.\,  n.    [\..  anirario  :  Gi.  ayyapevu, 
to  compel ;  a  word  of  Persian  origin.] 
Compulsion  ;  exertion.    [JVat  iiscd.] 

AX-GEI-OT'O-i.IY,  n.    See  Anoiotomv. 

AX'GEL,  71.  [L.  angeUis;  Gr.  ayytXii,  a  messenger, 
from  uyyeWui,  to  tell  or  announce  ;  Ir.  alalia,  a<;al- 
laim,  to  speak  or  tell ;  from  the  root  of  call,  or  of  Ar. 

kauJa,  to  say,  to  tell.   Sa.T.  angel ;  Ir.  aingeal,  or 

aingiol ;  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  engel ;  ^p.  angel ;  It.  angelo; 
Port,  anjo  ;  Ft.  ange ;  Russ.  angel.] 

1.  Literally,  a  messenger;  one  employed  to  commu- 
nicate news  or  information  from  one  iwrson  to  anoth- 
er at  a  distance.    But  apprnpriately, 

2.  A  spirit,  or  a  spiritual  intelligent  being,  employed 
by  God  to  conimunic.itc  his  will  to  man.  Hence,  an- 
CelH  arc  ministers  of  God,  and  ministering  spirits. 
Ileb.  i. 

3.  In  a  ba/l  .ien.ie,  nn  eril  spirit ;  a.s,  the  angel  of  the 
bottomless  pit.    .Matt.  x\v,    1  Cor.  vi.  Kev. 

4.  (Jhrist,  the  mediator  and  head  of  the  church. 
Rev.  X. 

5.  A  minister  of  the  gospel,  who  la  nn  embassador 
of  God.    Ki  v.  ii.  and  ill. 

ft.  Any  beine  whom  God  employti  to  execute  his 
Judgments.    Kw.  xvi.  Crudcn. 
7.  In  lA<  itylc  of  lave,  a  verj'  beautiful  person. 

Shak. 

2N'CiEI.,  n.  A  flih  found  nn  the  cnnit  of  Carolina,  of 
the  Thoracic  order,  and  genun  ChmtcMloii.  It  has  a 
Hiiiall,  projecting  nioiilh  ;  the  lamina:  above  the  gills 


ANG 

are  armed  with  cerulean  spines  ;  the  body,  a  foot  in 
leiiEth,  appears  as  if  cut  off,  and  waved,  and  covered 
\^'ith  large  greon  scales.  Pennant,  from  Cate^by, 
aN'CEL,  n.  A  gold  coin,  fomierly  cuiTent  in  England, 
bearing  the  figure  of  an  angel.  Skinner  says  this  de- 
vice «'as  impressed  upt>n  it  in  allusion  to  an  observa- 
tion of  Pope  Gregorj'  tlie  Great,  who,  seeing  some 
beautiful  English  youths  in  the  market  at  Rome, 
asked  who  they  were;  being  told  they  were  .^i/in'//, 
English,  he  replied,  they  ought  rather  to  be  called 
auireli,  angels.  This  coin  had  different  values  under 
different  princes ;  but  is  now  an  imaginary  sum  or 
money  of  account,  implying  ten  shillings  sterling. 

Encijc 

aX'6EL,  a.    Resembling  angels ;  angelic ;  as,  angel 

whiteness.  Sliak. 
aN'6EL-AGE,  n.    The  existence  or  state  of  angels. 

Beaumont  ij-  Fletcher. 
aN'6EL-BED,  71.    An  open  bed  without  posts. 

Knowles. 

aN'OEL-FISH,  71.  A  species  of  shark,  the  Squalus 
squatina.  It  is  from  six  to  eight  feet  long,  with  a 
large  head,  teeth  broad  at  the  base,  but  slender  and 
sharp  above,  disposed  in  five  rows,  all  around  the 
jaws.  The  fish  takes  its  name  from  its  pectoral  fins, 
which  are  very  large,  and  extend  horizontally,  like 
wings  when  spread.  This  fish  connects  the  genus  of 
Rays  with  that  of  Sharks,  partaking  of  the  charac- 
ters of  both  ;  but  it  differs  from  both  in  this,  that  its 
mouth  is  placed  at  the  extremity  of  the  head. 

Encyc. 

AX-GEL'ie,       j  a.    [L.  angeliai.'i.] 

AX-GEL'IC-AL,  (  Resembling  angels  ;  belonging  to 
angels,  or  partaking  of  their  nature;  suiting  the  na- 
ture and  dignity  of  angels. 

AN-GEL'l-CA,,  71.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  umbellif- 
erous plants,  arranged,  by  Linnseus,  in  the  class  and 
order  Pentandria  Dig\  nia. 

AX-GEL'ie-AL-LY,  a'dv.    Like  an  angel. 

AX-GEL'ie-AL-XESS,  ti.  The  c[uality  of  being  an- 
gelic ;  excellence  more  than  human. 

aX'GEL-ITES,  in  church  history,  so  called  from  .\nge- 
lium  in  Alexandria,  where  they  held  their  first  meet- 
ings; a  sect  of  heretics,  near  the  close  of  the  fifth 
century,  who  held  the  persons  of  tiie  Trinity  not  to 
be  the  same,  nor  to  exist  by  their  own  nature ;  but 
each  to  be  a  God,  existing  bj'  participating  of  a  deity 
common  to  them  all.  'I'hey  are  sailed,  also,  Sever- 
iTEs,  from  Sevcrus,  their  head  ;  and  Theodosiaxs, 
from  one  Theodosius,  whom  they  made  their  pope. 

Encyc. 

aN'GEL-LiKE,  a.  Resembling  or  having  the  manners 
of  angels. 

aX-GEL-OL'O-CY,  71.    [angel  and  Xoyif.] 

A  discourse  on  angels ;  or  the  doctrine  of  angelic 

beings.  Ch.  Spect/itor. 

AX'GE-LOT,  71.    [Fr.  anche,  the  reed  of  a  hautboy  or 

other  wind-instrument  of  music] 

1.  An  instrument  of  music,  somewhat  resembling 
a  lute.  Johnson. 

2.  An  ancient  English  coin,  struck  at  Paris  while 
under  the  dominion  of  England  ;  so  called  from  the 
figure  of  an  angel  supporting  the  escutcheon  of  the 
arms  of  England  and  France.  Also,  a  small,  rich 
sort  of  cheese,  made  in  Xormandv.  Encyc. 

AX'GEL-PkO'PLKD,  a.    Peopled  with  angels. 

Jeicsbttry. 

aX'GEL-SHOT,  71.    [Fr.  angr,  a  chain-shot.] 

Chain-shot,  being  two  halves  of  a  cannon-ball  fast- 
ened to  the  ends  of  a  chain. 
aN'GEL-WEL'CO.ME,  71.    AVelcome  by  angels. 

Boiering. 

XN'GELr-WIXG-£D,  a.    Winged  like  angels. 

Thomson. 

aN'GEL-WOR-SHIP,  71.    The  worshiping  of  angels. 

Trapp. 

AN"GER,  71.  [L.  ango,  to  choke,  strangle,  ve.x  ; 
whence  angor,  vexation,  anguish,  the  quinsy,  angi- 
na. Gr.  aj  \w,  to  strangle,  to  strain  or  draw  together, 
to  vex.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  press,  squeeze, 
make  narrow;  Gr.  nyxh  "far;  Sax.  etige;  G.  enge; 
D.  Dan.  eng,  narrow,  strait;  W.  171^.    This  word 

m.ay  be  connected  in  origin  with  the  Ar.  Aa- 


7u7ia,  to  be  angry,  and  (^>ob.  chanaka,  to  strangle  ; 
Heh.  Ch.  Syr.  Etii.  p:n,  to  strangle.  In  Siix.  onire 
signifies  vexed  ;  angmod,  sad,  anxious ;  ang-set,  a  car- 
buncle ;  angsum,  pressed  close  ;  anrsumian,  to  vex, 
to  make  anxious;  F,n^.  anguish,  amwus ;  L.  angus- 
lus,  angina,  &.C.    See  Anoi  isH.] 

1.  A  violent  passion  of  the  mind  excited  by  a  real 
or  supposed  injury  ;  usually  accompanied  witii  a  |>ro- 
pensily  to  take  vengeance,  or  to  obtain  satisfaction 
from  the  offending  party.  This  passion,  however, 
varies  in  degrees  of  violence,  and,  in  ingenuous 
minds,  may  be  attended  only  with  a  desire  to  re- 
prove or  chide  the  ofl'endc'r. 

Anger  is  also  excited  by  nn  injury  ortV'red  to  a  reln- 
tion,  friend,  or  party  to  wliirli  one  is  attached  ;  and 
some  degrees  of  it  may  be  excited  by  cruelty,  injus- 
tice, or  oppression  otfered  to  those  with  whom  one 


ANG 

has  no  immediate  cimncction,  or  even  to  the  commu- 
nity of  which  one  is  a  member.  Xor  is  it  unusual  to 
see  something  of  this  passion  roused  by  gross  absurd- 
ities in  others,  especially  in  controversy  or  discussion. 
Anger  may  be  intiamed  till  it  rises  to  rage  and  a  tem- 
porary delirium. 

2.  {"ain  or  smart  of  a  sore  or  swelling ;  tJie  literal 
$e)ise  of  the  word,  but  little  used. 
AN"GER,  V.  t.  To  excite  anger;  to  provoke  ;  to  rouse 
resentment. 

2.  To  make  painful ;  to  cause  to  smart ;  to  inflame ; 
as,  to  anger  an  ulcer.  Bacon. 
AN"GER-£D,  pp.    Provoked  ;  made  angry. 
AN"GER-LY,  adc.    [anger  and  ZiAe.] 

In  an  angry  manner ;  more  generally  written  As- 

GRILY. 

AX'-GI'NA,  71.  [L.,  from  ango,  to  choke.  See  Anger.] 
In  medicine,  a  term  applied  to  all  inflammatory  af- 
fections of  the  throat  or  fauces,  from  the  accompany- 
ing dirticulty  of  breathing  ;  including  the  quinsy,  ma- 
lignant sore-throat,  croup,  mumps,  &.c.  Ctillen. 

Anifina  pectoris ;  a  peculiar,  painful,  periodic,  nerv- 
ous affection  of  the  chest. 
AX-Gl-OG'R.\-PHY,  71.    [Gr.  ayyctop,  a  vessel,  and 
ypa'Pn,  description.] 
A  description  of  the  vessels  in  the  human  body. 

.a'sh. 

AX'-GI-OL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  ayyaut;  a  vessel,  and  Xjy- 
os,  discourse.] 

A  treatise  or  discourse  on  the  vessels  of  the  human 
body,  as  the  arteries,  veins,  lymphatics,  &c. 

Bailey.  Quincy. 
AN'ei-0-MOX-0-SPER.^I'OUS,  n.    [Gr.  ayycio^,  a 
vessel,  p'ifoi,  alone,  and  cTrtppa,  seed.] 
Producing  one  seed  only  in  a  seed-pod.  Johnson, 
AN'(5l-0-SeOPE,  71.   [Gr.  aj/cioi-,  a  vessel,  and  axo- 
!r£(.),  to  view.] 

An  instrument  for  examining  the  capillary  vessels 
of  a  bod)'.  Morin. 
AN'GI-O-SPERM,  71.  [Gr.  ayyeiov,  a  vessel,  and  irrtp- 
pa,  seed.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  which  has  its  seeds  inclosed  in  a 
pericarp. 

AX-GI-O-SPERM'OUS,  a.  Having  seeds  inclosed  in  a 
pod  or  other  pericarp.  In  Linnajus's  system,  the  sec- 
ond order  of  plants  in  the  class  Didynamia  are  called 
Angiospermia.  This  word  is  opposed  to  gymnosperm- 
ous,  or  naked -seeded. 

AN-(5l-0T'0-MY,  71.  [Gr.  ayytiov,  a  vessel,  and  roprf, 
a  cutting.] 

1.  In  medicine,  the  opening  of  a  vessel,  whether  a 
vein  or  an  artery,  as  in  bleeding.  It  includes  both 
arteriotomy  and  phlebotomy. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  dissection  of  the  vessels  of  the 
body.  Parr. 

AN"(j!LE,  71.  [Fr.  angle;  L.  angulus,  a  corner  ;  (Jr. 
ayKvXo^  ;  W.  ongle  ,■  G.  and  D.  angel,  a  hook,  an  an- 
gle f  Dan.  angel,  a  hook,  angle,  a  sting ;  Sax.  an- 
gel, a  hook  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  anguto  ;  It.  angolo.  The 
German  has  angcln,  to  angle  with  a  hook;  but  in  D. 
hengel  is  the  rod,  and  hengclen,  to  angle,  du.  Aiii^e 
and  Aaii^r.] 

In  popular  language,  the  point  where  two  lines 
meet,  or  the  meeting  of  two  lines  in  a  point ;  a 
corner. 

In  geometry,  the  space  comprised  between  two 
straight  lines  that  meet  in  a  point,  or  between  two 
straight  converging  lines,  which,  if  e.\tend"d,  would 
meet ;  or  the  quantity  by  which  two  straight  lines, 
departing  from  a  point,  diverge  from  each  other,  'i'he 
point  of  meeting  is  the  vertex  of  the  angle,  and  the 
lines  containing  the  angle  are  it-s  sides  or  legs. 

In  optics,  the  angle  of  incidence  is  the  angle  which  a 
ray  of  light  makes  with  a  perpendicular  to  that  point 
of  the  surface  of  any  medium  on  which  it  falls. 

The  angle  of  refraction  is  the  angle  which  a  ray  of 
light  refracted  makes  with  n  perpendicular  to  that 
point  of  the  surface  of  the  refracting  medium  im 
which  it  falls.  Encyc. 

A  right  angle  is  one  formed  by  a  right  line  falling 
on  another  pel  pendicularly,  or  an  angle  of  90  degrees, 
making  the  quarter  of  a  circle. 

An  obtuse  angle  is  greater  than  a  right  angle,  or 
more  than  'JO  degrees. 

An  acute  angle  is  less  than  a  right  angle,  or  less 
than  90  degrees. 

A  rcctdiueal  or  right-lined  angle  is  formed  by  two 
right  lines. 

A  curvUineal  angle  is  formed  by  two  curved  lines. 
A  77n>fii  angle  is  formed  by  a  right  line  with  a 
cur\'ed  line. 

Jidjaccnt  or  contiguous  angles  are  such  as  have  one 
leg  common  to  both  angles,  and  both  together  are 
equal  to  two  right  angles. 

Kilernal  angles  are  angles  of  any  right-lined  figure 
without  it,  when  the  sides  are  produced  or  length- 
ened. 

Internal  angles  are  those  which  are  within  any 
right-lined  figure. 

Oblique  angles  are  cither  acute  or  obtuse,  in  opposi- 
tion to  right  angles. 

A  solid  angle  is  the  meeting  of  three  or  more  plane 
angles  at  one  point. 

A  spherieiU  angle  is  one  made  by  the  meeting  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.— PIXE,  MAIUXE,  BIRD.  — XOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK — 


48 


ANG 


ANI 


ANl 


two  arches  of  gn  at  cirrlfs,  vvliicli  imitiially  cut  one 
auutlier  on  tlie  surface  of  the  globe  or  sphere. 

Bailey. 

AN"GLE,(ang'i;l,)n. 

1.  A  hook  ;  an  instminont  to  take  fish,  consisting 
of  a  rod,  a  line,  anil  a  hook,  or  a  line  and  hook. 

2.  One  who  may  be  easily  enticed  ;  a  Rnll.  Shak. 
AN"GLE,  V.  i.    To  fish  with  an  angle,  or  with  line 

and  hook. 

2.  1'.  (.  or  i.  To  fish  for ;  to  try  to  gain  by  some 
bait  or  insinuation,  as  men  iingle  for  fisli ;  as,  to 
aii^'te  for  the  hearts  of  people,  or  to  aii^lr.  hearts. 

Sliuk.  SiJiinj. 
AN"GIiED,  a.   Having  angles :  used  ouhj  in  compounds. 
AN"GLER,  n.    One  that  lishcs  with  an  angle  ;  also,  a 
fish,  a  specie3  of  Lophius,  sometimes  called  Jinliin^- 
frog. 

AN"GL£-ROD,  n.  The  rod  or  pole  to  which  a  line 
and  hook  are  fastened. 

AN"GLE-.SITE,  n.  Native  sulphate  of  lead.  It  oc- 
curs in  white  or  yellowish  prismatic  ciystals,  semi- 
transparent,  with  a  glassy  or  adamantine  luster,  and 
is  found  associated  with  other  ores  of  lead.  The 
name  is  from  Anglesea,  a  British  locality  of  the  min- 
eral. Dana. 

A.\"GLie,       )  0.  [from  .Sngles  ;  Pax.  inir,  a  plain  or 

A.\"GLie-AN,  i  meadow,  and  lie,  like,  or  cuos, 
like,  which  is  the  root  of  the  I,,  tens,  in  pulilica.'',  and 
all  similar  adjectives.  From  imr  was  ftunied  .Onirics, 
the  English,  to  which  is  added  this  connuon  nliis,  ic. 
The  Angles  were  the  lng;cvones  of  Tacitus,  ing- 
ironers,  dwellers  on  the  plain  or  levil  land,  near  the 
Elbe  and  Weser.  [See  English  and  Wo.nt.]  Ing 
is  annexed  to  many  English  names,  as  Reading, 
Basing,  Kettering,  towns  situated  on  Hat  landj 

English  ;  pertaining  to  England  or  the  English 
nation  ;  as,  the  Anglican  church.  Pinkrrton. 

A.V"OLie-.\X,  II.  A  member  of  tlie  Church  of  Eng- 
land. Biirki: 

.3.V"  GLI  CE,  [L.]  In  English,  in  the  English  manner. 

.\.V"GLI-CISJI,  «.  An  English  idiom;  a  form  of  lan- 
guage peculiar  to  the  English.  M'dton. 

AX"GLI-CIZE,  V.  L  To  make  English  ;  to  render 
conformable  to  the  English  idiom,  or  to  English 
analogies. 

.\N"GLI-CIZ-£D,  pp.  Made  English  ;  rendered  con- 
formable to  the  English  idiom. 

AN"GLING,  ppr.    Fishing  with  an  angle. 

A.V'GLIXG,  II.  A  fishing  with  a  rod  and  line;  the 
art  of  fishing  with  an  angle. 

A\"GLO-.'^-MEK'I-e.\N,  Ji.  A  descendant  from  Eng- 
lish ancestors,  born  in  America,  or  the  LTnitcd  States. 

AN"'GEO-A-MER'I-eAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  de- 
scendants of  Englishmen  in  America. 

AN"GLO-D.\'MSH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  English 
Danes,  or  the  Danes  who  settled  in  England. 

TVoUon. 

AN"GEO-XOR'MAiV,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  English 

Normans.  JVuUvn. 
AN"GEO-.\OROIAN,  n.    An  English  Norman. 
AN"GLO-S.\X'ON,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Saxons  who 

settled  in  England,  or  English  Saxons. 
AX"GLO-SAX'ON,  n.    An  English  Saxon  ;  also,  the 

language  of  the  English  Saxons. 
AX-Go'L.\-PeA,  or  PIG'EOX-PeA.    A  species  of 

Cvtisus. 

AX''GOK,  71.    [L.    See  Asoer.] 

1.  Pain  ;  intense  bodily  pain. 

2.  The  retiring  of  the  native  bodily  heat  to  the 
center,  occasioning  headache,  palpitation,  and  sad- 
ness. Knctic.  Coxr. 

A\"GR£D,  or  AX"GER-£:D,  pp.  Made  angry  ;  pro- 
voked. 

AX"GRI-LY,  orfu.    In  an  angry  manner;  peevishly; 

willi  indications  of  resentment. 
AX"GRY,  a.    [See  Axger.] 

1.  FeeliHg  resentment ;  provoked  ;  followed  gen- 
erally by  icitA  before  a  person. 

God  is  angry  tcilh  the  wickeil  fvcr>'  d^y.  — P*- 
But  it  is  usually  followed  by  al  before  a  thing. 
\VlK'r,'fjre  sliyuIJ  UoJ  be  an^ry  at  ihy  voice  I  —  tkch's.  r. 

2.  Showing  anger  ;  wearing  the  marks  of  anger ; 
caused  by  anger ;  as,  an  angry  countenance  ;  angry 
words. 

3.  Inflamed,  as  a  sore;  red;  manifesting  intlam- 
niation. 

4.  Raging  ;  furious  ;  tunmltuous. 
Or  clitiii  the  an^ry  vengeance  of  Uic  wiivca. 

Judge  TrumluU. 

ANG-Sa'XA,  or  AXG-S.\'VA,  n.  A  red  gum  of  the 
East  Indies,  like  that  of  dragon's  blood.  Coze. 

AX"GU,  n.  Bread  made  of  the  Cassada,  a  plant  of  the 
West  Indies. 

AX"GUI-FER,  71.  [L.  onnT/ii,  a  serpent,  and  fcro,  to 
bear ;  Sans,  agui.] 

In  asirimnmij,  a  cluster  of  stars  in  the  form  of  a 
man  holding  a  serpent ;  Serpentarius,  one  of  the  con- 
st llaiiMns  oflli''  nurtliern  hemisphere.  .ish. 
AX-GiriL'LI-FORM,  a.     [L.  anguilla,  an  eel,  and 
forma,  sliap?.] 

In  the  form  of  an  efl  ;  resenililing  an 

Tins  term  is  emiiloyed  by  Cuvier  to  donote  a  fam- 


ily of  apoilal  fishes,  including  the  eel,  and  other 
fishes  rrs('nihling  it  in  form  and  structure. 

AN-GU1.\'E-AI.,  a.  [L.  aiigui.-,;  a  snake.]  Resem- 
bling or  prrtaining  to  a  .snake, 

AN"G  UI.^II,  7(.  [l'"r.  angoifge  ;  It.  an^oscia  ;  Sp.  anjria ; 
Port,  nngusiia,  showing  the  direct  derivation  of  this 
word  from  L.  angn.-!l.iu,  narrowness,  from  pressure  ; 
D.  and  G.  angst ;  Dan.  angcst.  This  and  a  numerous 
class  of  words  are  from  the  root  n/i^,  eng,  denoting 
narrow,  from  pressure.    See  Anger.] 

Extreme  pain,  either  of  body  or  nund.  As  bodily 
pain,  it  may  dilfer  from  agony,  which  is  such  dis- 
tress of  the  whole  body  as  to  cause  contortion, 
whereas  anguish  may  be  a  local  pain,  as  of  an  ulcer, 
or  gout.  But  anguish  and  agony  are  nearly  synony- 
mous. As  pain  of  the  mind,  it  signifies  any  keen 
distress  from  sorrow,  remorse,  despair,  and  the  kin- 
dred passion.s. 

And  they  hearkened  not  to  Moses,  for  angitiek  ol'  spirit,  itnd  for 
cruel  boniiiigc.  —  Ex.  vi. 

AN"GUIS1I,  V.  t.  To  distress  with  extreme  pain  or 
grief.  'I'cmple. 

AX"GUISII-KD,  (ang'gwisht,)  pp.  Extremely  pained  ; 
tortured  ;  deeply  distie-ssed. 

.\X"(;  I'-EAU, «.  Having  an  angle,  angles,  or  corners ; 
pointed  ;  as,  an  angular  figure. 

2.  Consisting  of  an  angle;  forming  an  angle;  as, 
an  angular  point.  Angular  motion  ;  the  motion  of  a 
body  moving  circularly  about  a  fixed  point,  as  of  a 
planet  or  pendulum.  Ilniton. 

AX"GU-EAR'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  having  an 
angle  or  corner. 

.\X"GU-L.\R-LY,  adn.  With  angles  or  corners;  in 
the  direction  of  the  angles. 

AX"G1J-IjAR-XESS,  ji.  The  quality  of  bi  ing  angular. 

AX"GU-L.\-TEU,  a.    Formed  with  angli  s  or  corm  rs. 

pyondirard. 

AX"GU-LOS'I-TY,  71.    A  state  of  being  angular. 
AN"GU-LOUS,  a.   Angular ;  having  corners  ;  hooked. 

Olanvillc. 

.■VN-GUST',  a.    [L.  onn^wd/.?.] 

Narrow  ;  strait.    uVot  used.]  Burton. 
AX-GU.ST'ATE,  a.    Narrow;  diminishing  rapidly  in 
breadth. 

AN-GUST-A'TION,  71.  [L.  angustus,  narrow.  See 
Anger.] 

The  act  of  making  narrow  ;  a  straitening,  or  being 
made  narrow.  IVisrman. 

AN-GUST'I-CLAVE,  n.  [L.  angustas,  narrow,  and 
clavu.i,  a  knob  or  stud.] 

A  robe  or  tunic  embroidered  with  purple  stiuis  or 
knobs,  or  by  purple  stripes,  worn  by  Roman  knights. 
The  laticlave,  with  broader  studs,  was  worn  by  sen- 
ators, (^uinctilian.  Kcnnct. 

AN-llE-LS'TIOX  71.  [L.  anhelo,  to  pant,  or  breathe 
with  difficulty  ;  from  halo,  to  breathe.] 

Shortness  of  breath ;  a  panting;  difficult  respira- 
tion. Kncyc.  Coxr. 

AN-IlE-LoSE',  a.  Out  of  breath;  panting;  breathing 
with  difficulty.    [Litile  ttscd.]  Dirt. 

AN'HI-MA,  71.  A  Brazilian  aquatic  fowl,  larger  than 
a  swan,  and  somewhat  like  a  crane  ;  the  Palamedea 
cornuta  (Linn.),  or  horned  screamer.  Its  head  is 
small,  its  bill  black,  the  toes  armed  with  long  claws. 
Hut  what  is  remarkable,  is  a  horn  growing  from  its 
forehead  ;  and  the  second  joint  of  the  wing  is  armed 
with  two  straight  triangular  spurs,  an  inch  in  length. 
The  fidelity  between  the  male  and  female  is  so  gn  at, 
that  when  one  is  dying,  the  other  remains  by  the  car- 
cass till  it  expires.  Diet,  of  JVat  ///.>■(. 

AN'IIY-DRITE,  tu  [So  called  because  destitute  of 
water.    See  Anhydrous.] 

Anhydrous  gypsum ;  differing  from  gj  psum  in  not 
containing  water.  It  occurs  in  rectangular  crj  stals, 
nearly  colorless,  or  of  pale  shades  of  blue  or  red  ;  also 
fibrous,  radiated,  and  granular.  A  siliceous  variety 
is  called  vulpinitc.  Dana. 

AX  IIS'DROUS,  a.    [Gr.  avvipos,  dry;  a  priv.  and 
vii.'fi,  water.] 
Destitute  of  water  ;  as,  anhydrous  salts  or  acids. 

AN-I-E.\T'ED,  a.  [It.  7iiCTitc,  nothing;  iVorm.  ncant; 
Fr.  aneantir,  to  annihilate.] 

Frustrated  ;  brought  to  naught.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

A-NIGHT',  adv.  [a,  or  at,  and  night.] 

In  the  night  tmie.  Anights,  in  the  plural,  is  used 
of  frequent  and  customary  acts. 

You  must  coine  in  Ciirlier  anighu.  SkaJ:. 

AN'IL,  71.  [Sp.  ani7,  indigo  ;  Port,  anil;  D.  anyl;  Ar. 
S 

nilun,  slender,  nila,  blue.] 

A  shrub  from  whose  leaves  and  stalks  indigo  is 

made  ;  a  species  of  Indigofera,  or  indigo  plant. 
ANJILE,  a-    Aged  ;  imbecile.  [Ennie. 
A-NIL'I-TY,  71.    [L.  anilis,anUitas,  tmm  anits,  an  old 

woman  ;  Celtic,  hen,  old.] 
The  state  of  being  an  old  woman  ;  the  old  age  of 

a  woman  ;  dotage. 
A.\'I-MA-BI,E,  o.   Susceptible  of  animation. 
AX-I-.MAD-VER'SAL,  71,    That  which  has  the  power 

of  perceivine  and  judging.  More. 
A.\-I-MAD-VER'SION,  71.    [L.  animadversio.] 


Remarks  by  way  of  censure  01  criticism  ;  reproof: 
blame.  It  may  soiiu  liiiu's  be  nsa  d  for  puni^hmrnt,  or 
punishment  may  be  implied  in  the  word,  but  (his  in 
not  common.  In  I'-n  ecclesiastical  sense,  it  dilferH 
fnini  censure,  says  Aylille  ;  censure,  respecting  spir- 
itual punishment,  and  animadversion,  a  temporal 
one.  Glanville  uses  tlie  word  in  the  sense  of  percep- 
tion, but  this  use  is  not  authorized. 

AN-I-MAI)-VEll'SIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  of 
perceiving.  Gl-.ifiedle. 

AX-I-MA1)-VER'SIVE-XESS,  71.  The  power  of  an- 
imadverting. 

A.\-I-MA1)-VERT',  V.  1.  [E.  animadverto,  of  animus, 
mind,  and  adrrrln,  to  turn  to.] 

1.  To  ttnn  the  mind  to  ;  to  c<msidcr. 

2.  To  consider  or  remark  uiioii  by  way  of  criticism 
or  censure.  Drydcn. 

To  inrtirt  punishment ;  fidlowed  by  upon.  Grew. 
AN-I-MAU-VEU1''ER,  71.    One  who  animadverts  or 

makes  remarks  by  way  of  censure. 
AN-I-IMAD-VERT'ING,  ppr.     Considering;  remark 

ing  by  way  of  ci'itici;>in  or  censure. 
AN'I-MAL,  71.    [L.  animal,  iViiiu  anirlia,  air,  breath, 
soul;  (Jaelic  anani,  breath.    The  \V.  has  envil,  en,  a 
being,  soul,  spirit,  and  7;ii7,  a  beast ;  Arm.  anrval ; 
San.  an,  animi.    (in.  Dan.  aande,  Sw.  ande,  breath.] 

An  organized  body,  endowed  with  life,  sensation, 
and  the  power  of  voluntary  motion  ;  a  living,  sensi- 
tive, locomotive  body  ;  as,  man  is  an  intelligent  ani- 
mal. Animals  arc  essentially  distinguished  from 
plants  by  the  property  of  sensation.  The  contractile 
property  of  some  plants,  as  the  Mimosa,  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  effect  of  .icn.iation,  but  it  may  be 
merely  the  effect  of  irritability. 

The  distinction  here  made  between  animals  and 
vegetables  may  not  be  philosoiihically  accurate  ;  for 
we  can  not  perhaps  asccrtiiin  the  precise  limit  be- 
tween the  two  kinds  of  beings  ;  but  this  is  sulhciently 
correct  for  comninn  practical  purposes. 

The  history  of  animals  is  callfd  loologij. 

By  way  of  contempt,  a  dull  jierson  is  called  a 
stupid  animal. 

AN'I-.MAE,  a.  Tlmt  belongs  or  relates  to  animals ;  as, 
animal  functions. 

Animal  is  distinguished  from  intellectual :  as,  animal 
appetites,  the  appetites  of  the  body,  as  hunger  and 
thirst. 

The  animal  functions  include  sensation,  and  vol- 
untary motion,  in  distinction  from  the  natural  and 
vital,  or  the  organic  functions. 

Animal  life  is  ojiposed  to  vegetable  life. 

Animal  is  opposed  also  to  spiritual  or  rational,  which 
respects  the  soul  and  reasoning  faculties ;  :ls,  animal 
nature,  spiritual  nature,  rational  nature. 

Animal  fi)od  may  signify  that  food  which  nourishes 
animals  ;  but  it  usually  denotes  food  consisting  of 
animal  llesli. 

Animal  economy  is  the  system  of  laws  by  which 
the  bodies  of  animals  are  governed,  and  depending 
on  their  organic  structure. 

Animal  sjiirits,  in  the  plural,  denotes  the  nervous 
fluid,  and  in  popular  language,  life,  vigor,  energy. 

Animal  system,  denotes  the  living  animal  organi- 
zation. 

Animal  kingdom,  denotes  the  whole  cliiss  of  beings 
endowed  w  illi  animal  life  Kncyc.  Johnson. 

AX-I-.M.\L'€U-L.\R,  )  a.    Pertaining  to  animalcules. 

AX-I-MAE'eU-ElXE,  i  /.on.  Ree. 

AX'-I-M.\E'GULE,  71.    [Ij.  animalculuni,  animalcula.] 
A  little  animal ;  but  appropriately,  an  animal 
whose  figure  can  not  he  discerned  without  the  aid 
of  a  magnifying  glass  ;  such  as  are  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye.    Animalculw  [L.  pi.]  is  also  used. 

AN-I-.MAL'eU-UST,  71.  One  versed  in  the  knowl- 
edge of  animalcules.  Keith. 

AX'I-.M.\Lr-FLOW-ER,  71.  In  zoology,  a  name  ap- 
plied to  several  siM-cies  of  marine  animals,  (:oo;)*i/t^s,) 
but  more  es|ieciaily  to  the  Actinias  or  sea-anemones. 
They  are  usually  fixed  to  rocks,  and  appear,  when 
expanded,  like  a  large  flower,  much  resembling  an 
Aster.  .At  the  center  of  the  flower  is  the  moulli  of 
the  animal,  and  around  it  there  are  one  or  more  cir- 
cles of  slender  apiiendages,  called  tentacles,  corre- 
sponding in  position  to  the  petals  of  the  Aster.  'J'he 
colors  of  these  animal  flowers  are  often  of  singular 
beauty.  They  are  also  called  polyjts,  and  are  iden- 
tical in  stnicture  with  a  large  part  of  corid  animals. 

The  other  marine  aniin.'ils,  to  which  the  term  ani- 
mal-fiowcr  is  also  extended,  belong  to  the  Ilolothii- 
rias,  which,  with  the  Actinias,  were  ranged  under 
the  Molliisca,  by  Linn.TUS ;  and  to  the  Tubiilarias, 
Sertularias,  Hydras,  and  Aligonia,  which  were 
classed  with  the  zoophytes.  They  are  all  arranged 
under  the  zoophytes  by  Cuvier.  Ci/c. 

A.N'I-.M.Mj-ISIl,  u.    Like  an  animal.  Cudicortk, 

AN'I-M.\L-I¥.M,  «.  The  state  of  mere  animals,  actu- 
ated by  sensual  npjietites  only,  without  intellectual 
or  moral  qualities.  Bcecher. 

.\N-I-.M.\I/I-TY,  II.    Animal  existence. 

A.\-I-.MAL-l-'/,.\'T10X,  71.  The  act  of  giving  animal 
life,  or  endowing  with  the  properties  of  an  animal. 

Med.  Rrpos 

2.  C  nversion  into  animal  matter,  by  the  procvwea 
of  assimilatiim. 


TONE,  BULL,  XJ-MTE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS  e  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SI! ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ANN 


AN'I-JIAL-IZE,  V.  L  To  give  animal  life  to ;  to  en- 
dow with  the  properties  of  animals. 

2.  To  convert  into  animal  matter. 
AN"I-MA1^IZ-£D  pp.    Enilowed  with  animal  life. 
A.X'I-.MAL-IZ-IJiG,  ppr.    Giving  animal  life  to. 
AN'1-.M.\L-MAG'NET-IS.M,  n.    A  supposed  agent  of 

a  peculiar  and  mysterious  nature,  said  to  have  a  pow- 
erful intlueuce  on  the  patient  when  acted  upon  by 
contact  or  voluntary  emotion,  on  the  part  of  the  op- 
erator.   See  Mesmerism. 

AX'I-iMAL-NESS,  )i.    The  suate  of  anim:il  existence. 

A^'I-^IaTE,  t.  t.    [L.  animo.    See  Animal.] 

1.  To  give  natural  life  to ;  to  quicken ;  to  make 
alive  ;  as,  the  soul  animates  the  body. 

9.  To  give  powers  to,  or  to  heighten  the  powers  or 
effect  of  a  thing  ;  as,  to  animate  a  lyre. 

3.  To  give  spirit  or  vigor ;  to  infuse  courage,  joy, 
or  other  enlivening  passion  ;  to  stimulate  or  incite  ; 
as,  to  animate  dispirited  troops. 

AN'I-MATE,  a.    Alive ;  possessing  animal  life. 

Miltm. 

[This  ward  is  used  chiejlij  in  poetry  fur  Animateo.] 
AN'I-Ma-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Ueing  endowed  with  animal 
life ;  as  the  various  classes  of  animated  beings. 

2.  a.  Lively  ;  vigorous  ;  full  of  spirit ;  indicating 
animation  :  as,  an  animated  discourse. 

AN'I-JI  A-TIXG,  ppr.  Giving  life ;  infusing  spirit ;  en- 
livening. 

AX'l-MA-TIXG-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  animate  or  excite 
feeling. 

AA-I-.\lX'TIOX,  71.  The  act  of  infusing  life  ;  the  state 
of  being  animated. 

2.  The  state  of  being  lively,  brisk,  or  full  of  spirit 
and  vigor ;  as,  lie  recited  the  story  with  great  ani- 
mation, 

AN'I-.Ma-TIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  of  giving  life 
or  spirit.  Jokn.-ivn, 

AN'I-.Ma-TOR,  v.  One  that  gives  life;  that  which 
infuses  life  or  spirit. 

AX'OI-E,  n.  [Fr.]  In  heraidni,  a  term  denoting  that 
the  eyes  of  a  rapacious  animal  are  borne  of  a  dif- 
ferent tincture  from  the  animal  itself. 

AN'IM-E,  «.  [Sp.]  A  resin  exuding  from  the  stem 
of  a  large  American  tree,  (a  species  of  Hyuiensa.) 
called  by  the  natives  courbarit :  by  Piso,  jetniba.  It 
is  of  a  transparent  amber  color,  a  light,  agreeable 
smell,  and  of  little  or  no  taste.  It  dissolves  entirely, 
but  not  readily,  in  rectified  spirit  of  wine,  and  is 
used,  like  gum  copal,  as  a  varnish.  Encyc. 

AN-I-.MET'TA,  v.  Among  ecclesiastical  writers^  the 
cloth  which  covers  the  cup  of  the  eucharist.  Encyc 

A.N'I-MISM,  n.    [L.  anima.] 

The  doctrine  that  the  phenomena  of  the  animal 
economy  are  produced  by  the  agency  of  the  soul,  as 
taught  by  Stahl  and  Sauvages  ;  also,  the  doctrine 
that  the  living  phenomena  of  organized  bodies  are 
produced  by  an  actuating  or  vital  principle,  distinct 
from  the  substance  of  those  bodies.         Cijc.  Med. 

AN'I-.MIST,  «.  One  who  maintains  the  doctrine  of 
animism. 

jl.V'l-MO  FU-RAjVDI,  [L.]  In  law,  with  intent  to 
.steal. 

AN-I-.MoSE',  a.  [L.]  Full  of  spirit ;  hot;  vehement; 
resolute. 

AN-I-.MOSE'NESS,  71.    Spirit;  vehemence  of  temper. 

A.N'-I-.MOS'I-TV,  71.  [L.  nnimosiias ;  Fr.  animosite  ; 
from  L.  animosus,  animated,  courageous,  enraged  ; 
from  animus,  spirit,  mind,  passion.  So  in  Teutonic, 
mod,  mind,  signifies  also  pride,  p;u<sion,  anger.  jSni- 
mas,  spirit,  Gr.  ai/i/i  if,  wind,  bre.ath,  is  from  flowing, 
swelling,  rushing,  which  gives  the  sense  of  violent 
action  and  passion.    See  Ammal.] 

Violent  hatred,  leading  to  active  opposition  ;  active 
enmity,  .^nimusitij  differs  from  enmitij,  which  may 
be  secret  and  inactive  ;  and  it  expresses  a  less  crim- 
inal passion  than  malice.  .Animosity  seeks  to  gain  a 
cause  or  destroy  an  enemy  or  rival,  from  hatred  or 
private  interest ;  malice  seeks  revenge  for  the  sake  of 
giving  p<'tin. 

A-NIN"GA,  71.  A  root  growing  in  the  West  Indies, 
like  the  China  plant,  used  in  refining  sugar. 

Encyc. 

AN'I-ON,  71.    [Gr.  apa,  upward,  and  iwi/,  going.] 

The  same  as  electm-nc^ntire  v]emt;nt,  or  tho  element 
which,  in  electro-cliemiral  decomiHisitions,  is  evolved 
from  ita  combinations  at  that  surface  by  which  the 
electric  current  ciilcrs  the  electrolyte;  opposed  to 
eatiun. 

AN'ISE,  (an'nis,)  n.  [L.  anisum;  Gr.  avil^ni/,  Ar. 
ainisuiu    CasL  I  fill*.] 

An  annual  plant,  placed  by  Linmciis  under  the 
BeniiK  I'impinella.  It  grows  naturally  in  Egypt,  and 
18  cultivated  in  SjKiin  and  Malta,  whence  thi^  seeds 
are  im|H>rted.  Tliewtalk  rises  a  foot  and  a  half  high, 
dividing  into  sh  ndi  r  branches,  garnished  with  nar- 
row leaven,  cut  into  three  or  four  narrow  segments. 
The  brancheH  terminate  in  large,  loose  umbels,  com- 
pom.'d  of  smaller  iiinln  ls  or  rays,  on  long  footstalks. 
The  tlowerH  are  Hiiiall,  and  of  u  yellowish  while  ; 
the  (M'ed«  oblong  and  Hwelling.  AniHe-secds  have  an 
aromatic  ><mell,aiid  a  pleaxaiil,  warm  taste;  they  are 
UHcful  in  warming  the  xloinarh  and  exix  lli-ig  wind. 

Knryc.    Thriiph.  lib.  7.  ll.    I'lin.  20.  17. 

AN'ISE-BEEU,  n.    The  leed  of  aniHc. 


AN-IS-ETTE',  71.  A  cordi:iI  flavored  with  anise-seed. 

ANK'EK,  n.  [Dutch.] 

.\  measure  of  wine  and  spirits,  (particularly  the 
latter,)  formerly  used  in  England,  and  containing  ten 
wine  gajlons,  P.  Cyc- 

ANK'EU-lTE,  71.  A  mineral  consisting  of  the  car- 
bonates of  lime,  magnesia,  and  iron.  It  resembles 
carbonate  of  lime  in  color  and  crystalline  structure, 
but  turns  brown  on  exposure,  owing  to  the  iron  it 
contains. 

ANK'LE,  (ank'I,)  ti.    [Sax.  ancleow ;  D.  ciikeL] 

The  joint  which  connects  the  foot  with  the  leg. 
A.\K'LE-BoXE,  71.    The  bone  of  the  ankle;  the 
astragalus. 

AiN'K'LET,  71.  A  little  ankle  ;  an  ornament  for  the 
ankle. 

AN'LACE,  7t.   A  short  dagger  shaped  like  a  scythe. 

[Obs.] 

ANN,       )  71.    In  Scotch  law,  the  right  of  the  executor 

AN 'NAT,  (  of  a  deceased  clergj  uian  to  a  half-year's 
revenue  of  his  benefice.  Ed.  Encyc. 

AN'N.\L,  71.  In  tJie  Roman  CathvUc  church,  a  mass  said 
fur  any  person  every  day  during  the  year,  or  a  mass 
said  oh  a  particular  dav  everv  year.  P.  Cyc. 

AN'NAL-IST,  n.    [See  Annals.] 

A  writer  of  annals.  Encyc. 

AN'NAL-IZE,  V.  L    To  record  ;  to  write  annals. 

[JVut  much  used.] 

AN'N.\LS,  71.  pi.  [L.  annales,  anmdis,  from  annus,  a 
year,  the  root  of  which  may  be  the  Celtic  an,  ain, 
a  great  circle.  Varro  says  the  word  annus  signifies  a 
great  circle.] 

1.  A  species  of  history  digested  in  order  of  time, 
or  a  relation  of  events  in  chronological  order,  each 
event  being  recorded  under  the  year  in  which  it 
happened.  Annals  differ  from  history,  in  merely 
relating  events,  without  observations  on  the  motives, 
causes,  and  consequences,  wliich,  in  history,  are 
more  diffusively  illustrated. 

2.  The  books  containing  annals ;  as,  the  .innals  of 
Tacitus. 

AN'iNATS,  71.  pi.    [L.  aiiTiM^.] 

A  year's  income  of  a  spiritual  living ;  the  first  fruits, 
originally  given  to  the  pope,  upon  the  decease  of  a 
bishop,  abbot,  or  parish  clerk,  and  paid  by  his  suc- 
cessor. In  England,  they  were,  at  the  reformation, 
vested  in  the  king,  and  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne, 
restored  to  the  church,  and  vested  in  trustees  to  form 
a  fund  for  the  augmentation  of  poor  livings,  com- 
monlj-  called  Queen  Anne's  boftnty.  Encyc. 

AN-NeAL',  V,  t.  [Sax.  anuelan,  on-telan,  to  kindle  or 
inflame,  to  heat ;  from  a:lan,  to  kindle,  to  heat,  or 
bake,  and  to  anoint  with  oil.  Sax.  lel,  oil.  Hence* 
it  may  be  inferred,  that  oil  is  named  from  inflaming, 
or  burning.] 

To  heal ;  to  heat  and  cool  slowly,  as  glass,  cast- 
iron  or  other  metals,  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  them 
less  brittle,  vulgarly  called  nealintr.  This  is  done 
by  heating  the  glass  or  metal  nearly  to  fluidity,  and 
then  suffering  it  to  cool  gradu;illy.  Metals  made 
hard  and  brittle  by  hammering,  by  a  similar  pro- 
cess, recover  their  malleability.  Johnson.  The  word 
has  also  been  applied  to  the  heating  of  glass  to  fix 
colorj<,  and  to  the  baking  of  tiles.    Bailey.  Encyc. 

AN-NkAL'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Heated;  tempered;  made 
malleable  and  less  brittle  by  heat. 

AN-Ne.VL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Heating ;  tempering  by 
heat^ 

AN-NeAL'ING,  71.  The  process  of  applying  heat  for 
the  purpose  of  removuig  brittleness  or  increasing 
ductility. 

AN'NE-LID,  )  f[L.  annellus,  a  little  ring, 
AN-NEL'I-DAN,  J     and    Gr.    r.,S<,s,  form;] 

AN-NEL'l-DA,  )  ,  l  Terms  ajiplied  to  a  divis- 
AN-NEL-La'T.\,  !  [    ion  of  the  artimlata,  or 

articulate  animals,  characterized  by  an  elongated 
body,  formed  of  numerous  rings  or  annular  seg- 
ments, including  the  earth-worm  and  various  other 
animals. 

AN-NECT'ANT,  (I.    Connecting;  annexing. 
AN-NEX',      t.    [li.  anneeto,  anueruni ;  Fr.  annerer ; 
of  ad  and  7iec(o,  to  tie,  or  connect.] 

1.  To  unite  at  the  end  ;  a!<,  to  annex  a  codicil  to  a 
will.   To  subjoin  ;  to  affix. 

2.  To  unite,  as  a  smaller  thing  to  a  greater;  as,  to 
annex  a  province  to  a  kingdom. 

3.  To  unite  to  something  preceding,  a.s  the  main 
object ;  to  connect  with  ;  as,  to  annex  a  penalty  to  a 
prohibition,  or  punishment  to  guilt. 

AN-NEX',  )i.  I.    To  join  ;  lo  be  united.  Touke. 

AN-i\K.\',  ».    Somi'thing  annexed. 

AN-Ni;.X-A'TIO,\,  H.  The  act  of  annexing,  or  uniting 
at  the  end  ;  conjunction  ;  aildition  ;  the  act  of  con- 
necting ;  union.  In  En^rli^fh  law,  the  uniting  of  lands 
or  ri-nts  to  the  crown. 

AN-NEX'KI),  (an-next',)  pp.  Joined  at  the  end  ;  con- 
nected with ;  aflixed. 

AN-NK.\'ING,  ppr.    Uniting  at  the  end  ;  affixing. 

AN-NE.V'ION,  n.  The  act  of  annexing;  annexation  ; 
addition,    [/.illte  used.] 

AN-NKX'MENT,  11.  The  act  of  annexing ;  the  thing 
annexed.  Sliak. 

AN-NI'Hl  LA  BEE,  a.    That  mav  be  aniiihilateil. 

AN-NI'III-LATE,  v.  t.    [L.  nd  and  ntlaUim,  a  trifle.] 


1.  To  reduce  to  nothing  ;  to  destroy  the  existence 
of;  as,  no  human  jiower  can  annihilate  matter. 

2.  To  destroy  the  form  or  peculiar  dislinelive  prop- 
erties, so  that  the  specific  thing  no  longer  exists; 
as,  to  annihilate  a  forest  by  cutting  and  carr>'ing  away 
the  trees,  though  the  timber  may  still  exist;  to  aiiiii- 
hUate  a  house  by  demolishing  the  structure. 

AN-Nl'HI-LATE,  a.    Annihilated.  Svtith. 
AN-NI'HI-La-TED,  pp.     Reduced  to  nothing;  de- 
stroyed. 

AN-Ni'HI-La-TING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  nothing; 
destroying  the  specific  form  of. 

AN-NI-IIl-LA'TIOiN,  71.  The  act  of  reducing  to  noth- 
ing, or  non-existence  ;  or  the  act  of  destroying  the 
form  or  combination  of  parts  under  which  a  thing 
exists,  so  that  the  name  can  no  longer  be  applied  to  it ; 
as,  the  annihilation  of  a  corporation. 
2.  The  state  of  being  reduced  to  nothing. 

AN-NI-VERS'A-RI-LY,  adc.    Annually.  Hull. 

AN-NI-VERS'A-RY,  a.  [L.  annieersurius,  of  annus, 
year,  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

Returning  with  the  year,  at  a  stated  time ;  annual ; 
yearly  ;  as,  an  anniversary  feast. 

.Anniversary  days,  in  tlie  Roman  Catholic  church,  arc 
the  days  in  which  an  office  is  yearly  performed  for 
the  souls  of  the  deceased,  or  in  which  the  martyrdom 
of  the  saints  is  vearly  celebrated.  P.  Cyc. 

AN-NI-VERS'A-RY,  71.  A  stated  day  returning  with 
the  revolution  of  the  year.  The  term  is  applied  to  a 
day  on  which  some  remarkable  event  is  annually 
celebrated,  or  a  day  on  which  an  interesting  event  is 
commemorated  by  solemnities  of  religion,  or  exhibi- 
tions of  respect.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  ckurclt,  an  of- 
fice yearly  performed  for  the  souls  of  the  deceased. 

2.  The  act  of  celebration ;  performance  in  honor 
of  an  event.  Dnjden. 

AN'NI-VERSE,  71.    Anniversary.  [JVo«  uscrf.]  Dryden. 

AJ^'^rO  DOM'I-J\rT,  [L.]  In  the  year  of  our  Lord, 
noting  the  time  from  our  Savior's  incarnation ;  as, 
j3ii»o  Domini,  or  A.  D.  1800. 

This  was  UTiucn  Anno  Doniioi  1S09,  aod  revised  .4.  D.  1S25 
and  1827.  W. 

AN-NOM-IN-A'TION,  71.  [L.  ad  and  nominatio,  from 
nomino,  to  name,  from  nomen.] 

1.  A  pun  ;  the  use  of  words  nearly  alike  in  .sound, 
but  of  different  meanings  ;  a  paronomasia.  Encyc. 

2.  Alliteration,  or  the  use  of  two  or  more  words 
successively  beginning  with  the  same  letter. 

Tynchitt. 

.aJTJrO  MUJ\r'DT,  [L.]    In  the  year  of  the  world. 
AN-No'N.\,  71.    [L.  annuna,  from  annus,  a  year.]  A 
year's  production  or  increase  ;  hence,  provisions. 

2.  In  the  Roman  empire,  a  contributiiui  or  t;ix,  p.aya- 
ble  in  com,  imposed  on  some  of  the  more  feriile 
provinces.  Brande. 
AN'NO-TaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  annoto.] 

To  comment ;  to  make  remarks  on  a  writing. 

Taller. 

AN-NO-Ta'TION,  71.  [L.  annotatio,  of  ad  and  noUitio, 
a  marking,  from  nolo,  to  mark,  or  notii,ii  mark.] 

1.  A  remark,  note,  or  commentary  on  some  passage 
of  a  book,  intended  to  illustrate  its  meaning  ;  gener- 
ally used  in  the  plural ;  as,  annotations  on  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

2.  The  first  symptoms  of  a  fever,  or  attack  of 
a  paroxysm.  Coxe. 

AN'NO-Ta-TOR,  71.  A  writer  of  notes  ;  a  commen- 
tator, a  scholiast ;  one  who  writes  notes  to  illustrate 
the  composition  of  an  author. 

AN-No'T.\-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  annotations. 

A.N-NOT'TO.    See  Asotta. 

AN-NOUNCE',  (an-noiins',)  i\  U  [Fr.  annoncer;  It. 
annunziare;  L.  rtii»i/ii(-io,  to  deliver  a  message,  of  ad 
and  nuncio,  to  tell,  from  nuncius,  a  messenger.] 

1.  To  publish  ;  to  proclaim  ;  to  give  notice,  or  first 
notice  ;  as,  the  birth  of  Christ  was  announced  by  an 
angel. 

2.  To  pronounce  ;  to  declare  by  judicial  sentence. 

Prior. 

AN-NOUN'C£D,  (an-nounst',)  pp.  Proclaimed  ;  first 
published. 

AN-NOUNCE'ME.\T,  (an-noiins'ment,)  71.  The  act 
of  giving  notice  ;  proclamation  ;  publication. 

AN-NOIJN'CER,  71.  One  that  announces,  or  first 
gives  notice  ;  a  procbiiiuer. 

AN-NOUN 'CING, /i;)r.  Introducing  notice  ;  first  pub- 
lishing ;  proclaiming. 

AN-NOV',  I!.  L  [Norm,  annoyer,  from  neure,  iiuire,  to 
hurt ;  Fr.  uuire  i  It.  nuoccrci  from  L.  twceo,  to  hurt, 
- 

that  is,  to  strike  ;  Syr.  j,dJ,  .^r.  lO  iin'.«,  to  strike, 

to  hurt;  lleb.  ami  Ch.  n3!, to  strike.  Hence,  proba- 
bly, L.  nrco,  to  kill.    Sei'  Ni'uanck  and  Nonious.] 

To  incomiiiodi' ;  to  injure  or  disturb  by  continued 
or  repeated  acts  ;  to  tease,  vex,  or  molest ;  as,  \o  annoy 
an  army,  by  iiii|ii'ding  their  march,  or  by  a  continued 
cannonade. 

AN  NOY',  n.  Injury  or  molestation  from  continued 
acts  or  inconveiiu  nci'.  Shnk.  Bealtie. 

AN-NOY'.ANCE,  71.  That  which  annoys  or  injures  ; 
the  act  of  annoying  ;  the  state  of  being  annoyed.  It 
includes  something  more  than  inconvenience. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PKBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  IlIRI).— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


SO 


ANN 

AN-.VOY'KD,  /)/).  Iiiciiniimxied,  iiijuiod,  or  molested 
l)y  siiiiielliiiig  lliut  is  cuntiiuud  or  rvpoaled. 

Ai\-NOV'I;K,  n.    On.-  timt  umioys. 

AN-N'OVriJl,,  «.  (Jiving  trouble;  incoiniiiodin;; ; 
iiU)li"itins.    lA'iit  used.]  Cliiiucrr. 

A.\-.N()Y'li\G,  ppr.  Incommoding;  liinting ;  ino- 
li'stiiiL'. 

A.V-.VOY'OJJS,  a,  Troiiblisome.  [Aoi  iwcrf.]  Chaucer. 
AN'iNU-Al.,  (1.    [Fr.  annuel ;  ^\).  anual;  It.  anniuilc! 

Ij.  aiiiiuli.-i,  from  annus,  a  year ;  Gr.  tfus,  enoj ; 

&>ans.  antia,] 

1.  Yearly  ;  tlmt  returns  every  year  ;  coming  yearly  ; 
us,  an  annual  t'vlist. 

•2,  U'lsting  or  continuing  only  one  year  or  season; 
tliat  rxiuires  to  he  renewed  every  year;  as,  an 
annual  plant.  Leaves  that  grow  in  the  spring,  and 
p.  lish  in  the  autumn,  are  called  annual,  in  opposi- 
tion to  et^er^rcen. 

\S.  I'l'rfornied  in  a  year ;  as,  tlie  annual  motion  of 
the  earth. 

A.\'NU-AL,  n.  A  small  hook  published  yearly,  con- 
taining select  compositions  and  eb-gant  engravings. 

.VN'NU-AL,  II.  A  plant  that  lives  but  one  year,  or 
rather  but  one  summer.  Martyn. 

.'VN'i\U-AI^-LY,  adv.  Yearly  ;  returning  every  year  ; 
year  bv  year. 

AN'M'-A-UY,  n.    Annual.  [04.<.]    J.  Hall. 

AN-.NU'1-'1"ANT,  71.    [See  Annuity. 1 

One  who  receives,  or  is  entitled  to  receive,  an 
annuity. 

A.\-NO'l-TY,  n.  [Vt.  annuite,  from  annus,  a  year. 
!?ee  Annual.] 

A  sum  of  mcmoy,  payable  yearly,  to  continue  for  a 
given  number  of  years,  for  life  or  forever;  an  annu- 
al ineiinie  charged  on  the  person  of  the  grantor ;  or 
an  aiimial  allowance.  Governments  often  borrow 
oKini  y  upon  annuities  ;  that  is,  for  a  certain  sum 
advanei'd  on  loan,  the  government  contracts  to  pay 
the  lender  a  specific  sum,  for  life,  or  for  a  term  of 
years.  The  stock  created  by  such  loans  is  trans- 
ferable. 

AN-XUL',  V.  U  [Fr.  annuUer,  of  L.  ad  nullum,  to 
notliing.J 

1.  To  make  void  ;  to  nullify  ;  to  abrogate ;  to 
abolish ;  used  appropriately  of  laws,  decrees,  edicts, 
decisions  of  courts,  or  other  established  nilcs,  perma- 
nent usages,  and  tlie  like,  which  are  made  void  by 
ciunpetent  authority. 

2.  To  reduce  to  nothing;  to  obliterate.  [JVut  171 
raiic/i  use,]  Miltoiu 

A.\'i\U-LAU,  o.  [L.  a7iH«?u.s,  a  ring,  from  Celtic  ain, 
a  circle,  and  ul,  young,  small ;  annulus,  a  little 
circle.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  ring ;  pertaining  to  a  ring. 

jiunulnr  crijstul  is  when  a  hexaliedral  prism  has  six, 
or  an  octahedral  prism  eight  marginal  faces,  dis- 
posed in  a  ring  about  each  base ;  or  when  these 
prisms  are  truncated  on  all  their  terminal  edges. 

Cleavrland. 

jinnular  eclipse,  an  eclipse  of  the  sun,  in  which  the 
moon  conceals  the  whole  of  the  sun's  disc,  excejjt  a 
bright  ring  around  the  border.  Brande. 

AN'N'U-LA-RY,  a.    Having  Ihe  form  of  a  ring.  Ray. 

Ai\'NU-L.\TE,     )  a.    Furnished  with  rinss,  or  cir- 

A.N'NU-L.\-TUD,  (  cles  like  rings;  having  belts; 
surrounded  by  rings. 

A.N-iN'U-LA'TION,  71.  A  circular  or  ring-like  for- 
mation ;  a  ring  or  belt. 

A.\'.NU-LET,  n,    [L.  annuliLs,  a  ring.] 

In  architecture,  a  small  .square  member  in  the  Doric 
cn|>ital,  under  the  ijuarter  round  ;  also,  a  narrow,  liat 
molding,  which  is  common  to  many  parts  of  columns, 
ns  in  the  bases  or  capitals ;  called  also  a  llllet,  a 
li.slil  or  cincture,  or  a  list,  timea,  eyebrow,  or  scpuire 
rabbet.  Knryc. 

In  heraldry,  a  little  circle,  home  as  a  charge  in 
coats  of  arms ;  formerly  reputed  a  mark  of  nobility 
and  jurisdiction  ;  it  being  the  cusTom  of  prelates  to 
receive  their  investiture  per  bacutum  et  annulum,  by 
stair  and  ring.  It  denotes  also  strength  and  eternity, 
by  its  circular  form.  Among  tJie  liumans,  it  n-pre- 
sented  libeity  and  distinction  of  rank.  It  dc^notes 
also  a  dilferelice,  or  mark  of  distinction,  which  the 
fifth  brother  of  a  family  ought  to  hear  in  his  coat 
of  arms.  Kucuc.  Johnson. 

Ai\-NUL'I-f;n,  pp.    M.ide  void  ;  abrogated. 

A.\-NUL'Ll.\(i,  ;)pr.    Abrogating;  abolishing. 

A.\-:NUL'M  e.NT,  71.    The  act  of  aiinulliiig. 

AN'NU-LoSIi,  a.  [L.  annulus.]  Furnished  with 
rings  ;  composed  of  rings. 

The  jl/iiii//o.ie  animals  [L.  an7ii//<>.<a]  are  the  same 
as  the  articulate  animals,  ot  Jlrticulala.  I'artingtou. 

A.\-i\0'.MK-RaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  annumeru,  of  ad  and 
numero,  to  number,  from  7mMrrii.*,  number ;  \V. 
7n'rrr;  Ir.  nuiver  or  nuinther.    See  Number.] 

To  adil  to  a  former  number ;  to  unite  to  something 
before  mentioned.  Johnson. 

AN-NU-.ME-Ka'TION,  71.  Addition  to  a  former 
number. 

A.N-.Nir.N'CIATE,  f.  t.    [See  Announce.] 

To  bring  tidings  ;  to  aniioiince.  Chaucer. 

A.N'-NIJ.N-UI-A'TIO.N,  71.  An  announcing  ;  the  tidings 
brought  by  the  angel  to  .Mary,  of  Ihe  incarnation  of 
Christ.    Also,  the  day  celebrated  by  the  church,  in 


ANO 

memory  of  the  angel's  sahit.itlon  of  the  blessed 
Virgin,  which  is  the  •J.illi  of  .March.  'J'lU!  Jews  give 
the  title  to  a  part  of  the  ceremony  of  the  passover. 

JCneijc. 

9.  Proclamation  ;  promulgation. 

AN-.NU.\-(.'l-A'Tl)ll,  71.  (Jne  who  announces;  an 
otfieer  in  the  church  of  Con.stantinople,  whosi^  busi- 
ness was  to  infiirni  the  people  of  tJie  festivals  which 
were  to  be  celebrated.  F.ncyc. 

AN'OUli,  71.  [(ir.  avii,  upward,  and  hfrnf,  way.]  In 
clectro-chemiitry,  the  way  by  which  the  electric  cur- 
rent enters  substances  through  which  it  passes,  or  Ihe 
surface  at  which  the  electric  current  enters  the  (electro- 
lyte ;  opposed  to  cathode,  and  eipiivahrnt  to  posittec  pole. 

.ViN'O-DVNE,  n.    [Gr.  a  or  ar  priv.  and  ii6iii>ri,  |i.ain.] 
Any  medicine  which  allays  pain,  as  an  opiate,  par- 
egoric, or  narcotic.  Coxc. 

.\N'0-1)?.\E,  a.    Assuaging  pain. 

A.N'0-I)?-i\UUt5,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  an  ano- 
dyne. Coles. 

7\-i\()INT',  7\  t.  [Ft.  oiiidre,  part,  oint;  J^p.  untnr,  to 
auoiiil ;  L.  uniro  ;  Sp.  untrir;  It.  uuirrre,  i\r  u^rnrre.] 

1.  To  pour  oil  upon  ;  to  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil 
or  unctuous  substances  ;  also  to  spread  over,  as  oil. 
VVe  say,  the  man  anoints  another,  or  the  oil  anoints 
him. 

2.  To  consccnite  by  unctiim,  or  the  use  of  oil. 

Tliou  s)i;Ut  anoint  the  uttar  and  siinclit'^  it.  —  Ex.  xxix. 

3.  To  smear  or  daub. 

lie  anointed  llic  oys  of  lUc  blind  man  with  clay.  —  John  ix. 

4.  'I'o  priepare,  in  allusion  to  the  consecrating  use 
of  oil. 

Anoint  tlio  sliicld.  —  Isaiah  xxi. 
To  anoint  the  head  with  oil,  Ps.  .\.\iii.  seems  to  sig- 
nify to  communicate  tlie  consolations  of  the  Holy 
Spirit. 

The  use  of  oil  in  consecrations  was  of  high  anti- 
quity. Kings,  prophets,  and  priests  were  set  apart  or 
consecrated  to  their  olHces  by  the  use  of  oil.  Hence 
the  ptrculiar  application  of  the  term  anointed  to  Jesus 
Christ. 

A-XOINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Smeared  or  rubbed  with  oil ; 
set  apart ;  consecrated  with  oil. 

A-NOIi\T'EU,  11.  The  Messiah,  or  Son  of  God,  con- 
secrated to  the  great  office  of  Redeemer ;  called 
the  Lord^s  anointed.  Cyrus  is  also  called  the  Lord^s 
anointed.    Isaiah  .\lv. 

A-NOINT'ER,  71.    One  who  anoints. 

A-i\OINT'lNG,  ppr.  Smearing  with  oil  ;  pouring  on 

.   oil,  or  other  oleaginous  substance  ;  consecrating. 

A-NOINT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  smearing  with  oil ;  a 
consecrating. 

A-NOINT'iMENT,  n.    The  act  of  anointing,  or  state 

of  being  anointed. 
A-NOM'AL-ISiM,  n.   An  anomaly  ;  a  deviation  from 

rule. 

A-NO.M-A-LIST'IC,       )  <i.      Irregular ;  departing 
A-NOM-A-LIST'IC-AL,  \    from  common  or  estab- 
lished rules. 

In  astronomy,  the  anomal'mtic  or  periodical  year  is 
the  time  in  which  the  earth  passes  through  its  orbit, 
which  is  longi'r  than  the  tropical  year  on  account  of 
the  precession  of  the  eqtiinoxe.s. 

A-N'O.M'A-LOIJS,  a.  Irregular  ;  deviating  from  a  gen- 
eral rule,  method,  or  analogy  ;  applied,  in  grammar, 
to  words  which  deviate  from  the  common  rules  in 
inflection  ;  and  in  astronomy,  to  the  seemingly  irreg- 
ular motiims  of  the  planets  ;  but  applied  also  gener- 
ally to  whatever  is  irregular;  a-s,  an  anomalous  char- 
acter ;  anomalous  proniinoiation. 

A-.\(  ).M'A-LOUS-LY,  a/fe.  Irregularly;  in  a  manner 
dill'erent  from  cummtm  rule,  method,  or  analogy. 

.\-iSO.M'.\-LY,  71.  [Fr.  anomalie  ;  Sp.  anomatia  ;  Gr. 
iiv  'itaXia,  inequality,  of  u  priv.  and  opi'iAu;,  equal, 
similar;  Celtic,  \V.  Itama  or  liaval;  Ii.  amhail,  sim- 
ilar.] 

1.  Irregularity  ;  deviation  from  the  common  rule  ; 
thus  oxen,  Ihe  plural  of  ox,  is  an  anomaly  in  gram- 
mar, as  the  regular  plural  would  be  axes. 

2.  In  a.s-tr(^7iomi/,  the  angular  distance  of  a  planet 
from  its  perdielion,as  seen  from  the  sun  ;  either  true, 
mean,  or  eccentric.  Encyc. 

3.  In  mu.'Hc,  a  small  dieviation  from  a  perfect  inter- 
val, in  tuning  instruments  with  fixed  notes ;  a  tem- 
perauuent.  Ed.  Enct/c 

A.N-0-.M(E'ANS,  71.  pi.    [Gr.  ai-opoto;,  dissimilar.'] 
In  church  history,  the  pure  Ari-ans,  as  distinguished 
from  the  Semi-Arians.   They  held  the  Son  to  be 
unlike  the  Father  in  his  essential  n.ntiire.  F.ncyc. 
A-NO'.MI-A,  71.    [Gr.  avoiiia  ;  a  priv.  and  >"»/io;,  rule.] 
A  genus  of  bivalve  shells,  so  called  from  their  un- 
equal valves  ;  the  beaked  cockle. 
A.N'O-.MITE,  71.   A  fossil  shell  of  the  genus  .Anomia. 

Jamcsotu 

AN'O-.MY,  71.    [Gr.  avoptia.] 

A  vioKation  of  law.    [Rarely  used.]  Bramhall. 

.A-XON'.  adc.  [Sax.  on  an,  in  one  ;  not,  as  Junius 
supposes,  in  OTie  minute,  but  in  continuation,  without 
intermission  ;  applied  originally  to  extension  in  meas- 
ure, and  then  to  time  by  analog)'.  "  And  sa  don 
that  hi  sa'gon  on  north-east,  fir  min  i  and  bnid  with 
thoue  eartfie  and  weax  on  lengtlie  up  an  on  to  tliam 
wolcue."    Sax.  Cliron.  A.  U.  11)22.    And  they  said 


ANS 

that  they  saw  in  the  norlli-rast  n  grenl  fire  iinil 
broad,  near  the  earth,  and  it  increased  in  length  171 
eonlinualion  to  lUo  clouds.  See  also  An.  Uoiii.  1127  ] 
1.  (tuickly;  without  interinissiou  ;  soon;  iiiiiiio- 
di.ately. 

id  anon  witli  Joy  n-o.tT. 


'J'li'.»'iin«  ii  h**  lli:U  hfntriHh  the  won!, 
eth  it. —  Matl.  xiii. 


2.  Soiiii'times  ;  now  ami  then  ;  at  other  times;  iic- 
coinpaiiied  wilh  erer,  ertr  and  anon. 
A-\0,\' Y-.MOIJS,  a.    [I'r.  amntynic  ;  L.  anonymns  ;  Gr. 
fU'Mi  j'/ios,  of  11  priv.  tiiiil  (iv'ti'it,  name.    See  Name.] 
Nameless  ;   wanting  a  name  ;  without  the  real 
name  of  the  author  ;  as,  an  anonymous  jHtmplilet. 
A-NO^'^■-.MOUS.I,Y,  «(/r.    Without  a  name. 
AN-()  PI,0-TllK'lU-IJ.M,7i.  [Gr.  av  li(-g.,  orrAoi-,  arms, 
and  Ot}itinr,  a  beast.] 

The  nann;  given  by  Ciivier  t(t  a  genus  of  extinct 
quatlrupeds  of  Ihe  order  Paeliyderiiiata,  \\  hose  bones 
were  first  found  in  Ilii;  gypsum  tpiarries  near  Paris; 
characleri/ed  by  the  shortness  and  feebleness  of  their 
cauiiii'  Ii-elh,  whence  Ihe  name. 
A-NOP'SY,  71.    [Gr.  (ii-  neg.  anil  i.til,  sight.] 

Want  of  sight ;  invision.  [/.illlc  uicd.]  Brown. 
AN'O-ltEX-Y,  71.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  o/.f(i{,  apiielite.] 

Want  of  appetite,  without  a  loathing  of  food.  Coze 
A-,\ORjM'AL,  a.    Not  according  to  rule  ;  abnormal. 
A-NOR'TIIITE,  71.    A  sjiecies  of  uiim  ral  of  the  feld- 
spar family,  occurring  in  small  glassy  crystals.  It 
has  been  found  only  in  lava.s. 
AN-OTII'ER,  (an-utfi'er,)  a.  [aTi,  or  07if,  and  other.] 

1.  Not  the  same  ;  different ;  as,  we  have  one  form 
of  government ;  France,  another. 

2.  One  more,  in  addition  to  a  former  niimbier,  in- 
definitely ;  ,as,  grant  one  request,  they  will  ask  att- 
otJtrr  favor,  another,  and  another. 

3.  Any  other;  any  difl'erent  person,  indefinitely  ; 
as, "  Let  flTio/Acr  praise  theej  and  not  thy  own  iiioiilli.'! 
This  word  is  often  used  without  a  noun,  becoming  a 
substitute  for  the  name  of  a  person  or  thing  ;  as  in 
the  last  example.  It  is  also  much  listed  in  opjiosition 
to  one,  as  in  llie  first  antl  second  passages  cited.  It 
is  also  frequently  used  with  one,  in  a  reciprtical  sense  ; 
as,  "  Love  one  anotlicr  ;  "  "  Hear  one  anot/ier^s  bur- 
dens ;  "  that  is,  love  one,  or  lt:t  one  love  another. 

AN-OTH-EK-GAINES,  adv.  Of  another  kind.   [  04s.] 

Sidney. 

AN-CTII'ER-GaTES,  arfe.    Of  another  sort.  [Olis.] 

Sanderson. 

AN-OTII'ER-GUTSE,  a.  [another  and  Fr.  ipiise,  way, 

manner ;  Sax.  wise.    'I'he  Saxon  manner  of  writing 

this  word  would  be  anothrr-tcise.] 
Of  a  different  kind  ;  ditferent.    This  is  a  vulgar 

word,  and  usually  contracted  into  otJicr-sruess. 
A-NOT'T.\,  71.    An  elegant  red  coloring  substance, 

obtained  from  the  pulp  of  the  seed-vessel  of  the  liixa 

Orellana. 


AN'Sa-TED,  a,    IL.  a7i,'!a(M.!,  from  n7i.«a,  a  handle.] 
Having  a  handle  or  handles,  or  something  in 


the 

form  of  handles.  Johnson. 
AN'SER,  71.    [L.,  a  goose.] 

1.  In  zooloa-y,  the  trivial  name  of  the  goose,  [Anas 
a7i.«fr,]  x\  hether  tame  or  wild,  'i'he  dotnestic  goose 
is  the  gray -lag  or  wild-goose,  domesticated. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  small  star,  in  the  milky  way, 
between  the  swan  and  eagle.  Encyc. 

AN'SER-INE,  a.    [L.  anserinns,  from  anser,  a  gotise.] 

1.  Resembling  the  skin  of  a  goose  ;  uneven  ;  as,  an 
anserine  skin.  Encyc. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Anseres. 

AN'SER-iiS,  71.  pi.  In  Linnajus's  .system,  the  third 
order  of  Avcs  or  birds,  whose  ch.aracteristics  are  a 
smooth  bill,  broadest  at  the  point,  covered  with  a 
smooth  skin,  and  furnished  with  teeth.  The  tongue 
is  fleshy,  and  the  toes  tire  webbed  or  palmatetl.  It  in- 
cludes all  the  w  eb-footed  water  fowls,  with  legs  and 
feet  adapted  to  swimming. 

AN'SLaIGHT,  71.  [See  Slat.]  An  attack ;  an  affray. 
[JV77(  7'7i  itse.] 

AN'SWER,  (an'stir,)  v.  t  [Sax.  a7itt?irarm7i,  of  aTifi, 
against,  and  Sax.  .^nran  or  sieerian  or  steeri^an,  Goth. 
.fwaran,  to  swear.  'J'he  primitive  sense  of  sicear  was 
merely  to  speak  or  affirm  ;  ami  hence,  originally, 
oath  was  used  after  it,  tv  surar  an  oath ;  wliicli  is  not 
a  pletuiasm,  as  Lye  supposes,  but  the  primitive  form 
of  expression  retained.  The  sense  of  answer  is  an 
opposite,  a  returned  word  or  speech.  Hence  we  ob- 
serve tlie  Saxon  has  andwyrd,  antiword,  an  answer; 
Goth,  andawaurd ;  I),  antwoord ;  Ger.  antworL] 

1.  To  speak  in  return  to  a  call  or  question,  or  to  a 
speech,  declaration,  or  argument  of  another  jTerstm  ; 
as,  "  I  have  ralleil,  aiitl  ye  have  not  rtii.fircro/." 
"  He  an.imered  the  question  or  the  argument."  This 
may  be  in  agreement  and  confirmation  of  what  was 
said,  or  in  opposition  to  it. 

2.  To  be  equivalent  to;  to  be  adequate  to,  or  suf- 
ficient to  accomplish  the  object.  "  .Money  answereUi 
all  things,"  noting,  primarily,  return. 

3.  To  comply  with,  fulfill,  pay,  or  satisfy;  as,  he 
answered  niy  order  ;  to  ansuer  a  ilebt. 

4.  To  act  in  return,  or  opposition  ;  a.s,  the  enemy 
ans-reered  our  fire  by  a  shower  of  grape-shot. 

To  bear  a  due  proportion  to  ;  to  be  equal  or  iid- 
equate  ;  to  suit  ;  as,  a  «ca|xm  does  not  ansteer  the 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


51 


ANT 


'       size  ami  strength  of  the  m:in  using  it ;  tlie  success 
1 1      does  not  answer  our  expectation. 
I         0.  To  perform  wliat  was  inlendod  ;  to  accomplish  ; 
■  I      33,  the  measure  does  not  atigmer  its  end  ;  it  does  not 
' ;      answer  the  purpose 

I ;        7.  To  be  opposite  to  ;  to  face  ;  as,  fire  answers  fire. 

8.  To  write  in  reply  ;  to  reply  to  another  writing 
by  way  of  explanation,  refutation,  or  justification  ; 
its,  to  answer  a  pamphlet. 

9.  To  solve,  as  a  proposition  or  problem  in  math- 
ematics. 

Tliis  word  may  be  applied  to  a  great  variety  of  ob- 
jects, expressing  the  idea  of  a  return;  as  the  notes 
or  sounds  of  birds,  and  other  atiimals  ;  an  echo,  &c. 

10.  To  respond  to,  or  attend  upon ;  as,  an  atten- 
tive servant  instantly  answers  the  bell. 

AM'SVVER,  V.  i.  To  reply ;  to  speak  by  way  of  re- 
turn ;  as,  there  is  none  to  ansioer.    1  Kings  xviii. 

2.  To  be  accountable,  liable,  or  responsible  ;  fol- 
lowed by  to  before  the  person,  and  fur  before  the 
thing,  for  which  one  is  liable;  as,  the  man  must 
ausioer  tu  his  employer  for  the  money  intrusted  to 
his  care  ;  we  can  not  answer  to  Goi  for  our  offenses. 

3.  To  vindicate,  or  give  a  justificatdry  account  of; 
followed  by  for ;  as,  a  man  can  not  answer  fm  his 
friend. 

4.  To  correspond  with ;  to  suit  with ;  followed 
by  to. 

As  in  water  face  antviereth  to  fice,  so  Uie  he.art  of  man  to  man.  — 
Prov.  xxvii. 

5.  To  act  reciprocally,  as  the  strings  of  an  instru- 
ment to  the  hand.  Dryden, 

6.  To  stand  as  opposite  or  correlative  ;  as,  alle- 
giance in  the  subject  anstccrs  to  protection  on  the 
part  of  the  prince  or  government. 

7.  To  return,  as  sound  reverberated  ;  to  echo. 

Tlie  noiie  seems  lo  fly  away,  and  answer  at  a  great  distancy. 

Encyc,  art.  Eclio. 

8.  To  succeed  ;  to  effect  the  object  intended  ;  to 
■  have  a  good  efiect ;  as,  gypsum  answers  as  a  manure 

on  a  dry  soil. 

.\.\'S\VER,  n.  A  reply ;  that  which  is  said,  in  return 
to  a  call,  a  question,  an  argument,  an  allegation,  or 
address. 

A  soft  answer  t'rmetli  away  wrath.  —  Prov. 

f  r^dl'.-d  Kim,  but  lif  guve  me  no  answer.  —  Cant.  T. 

2.  An  account  to  be  rendered  to  justice. 

He  will  call  you  to  so  hot  an  answer  for  it.  Shak. 

3.  In  law,  a  counter-statement  of  facts,  in  a  course 
of  pleadings  ;  a  confutation  of  what  the  other  party 
has  alleged. 

4.  A  writing,  pamphlet,  or  book,  in  reply  to  another. 

5.  A  reverberated  sound  ;  an  echo. 

6.  A  return  ;  that  which  is  sent  in  consequence  of 
some  petition ;  as,  a  blessing  is  sent  in  answer  to 
prayer. 

7.  A  solution,  the  result  of  a  mathematical  oper- 
ation. 

8.  The  reply  of  a  legislative  body  or  house  to  an 
address  or  message  of  the  supreme  magistrate. 

AN'SVVER-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  answered  ;  that 
to  which  a  reply  may  be  made ;  usually  implying 
that  the  answer  may  be  satisfactory  ;  as,  an  answer- 
1       able  argument. 

I  2.  Obliged  to  give  an  account,  or  liable  to  be  called 
to  account;  amenable;  responsible;  as,  an  agent  is 
an.-fweraMe  lo  his  principal. 

3.  Obliged  or  liable  to  pay,  indemnify,  or  make 
got)d ;  as,  to  be  answerable  for  a  debt  or  for  damages. 

4.  Correspondent ;  agreeing  with  ;  in  conformity 
with  ;  as,  the  features  expressed  in  a  picture  are 
answerable  to  the  original. 

.").  Suitable;  suited  ;  proportionate;  as,  an  achieve- 
ment answerable  to  the  preparation  for  it. 

6.  Equal ;  correspondent ;  proportionate ;  as,  the 
success  is  arvncrrable  to  my  desires. 
A.\'HVVEK-A-BLE-NE«S,  n.    The  quality  of  being 
answerable,  liable,  responsible,  or  correspondent. 
I    AN"'.SWEll-A-BLY,  ailc.    In  due  proportion;  corre- 
i       s[iondencc,  or  conformity ;  suitably  ;  as,  continents 
have  rivers  answerably  larger  than  isles. 
A.N".SVVER-£D,  pp.    Reiilied  to  ;  fulfilled  ;  paid  ;  com- 
plied with  ;  accomplished  ;  solved  ;  confuted. 
A.N'.SWER-ER,  n.    One  who  answers;  ho  or  that 
which  makes  a  return  to  what  another  has  spoken ; 
he  who  writes  an  answer. 
A,\''SVVER-I\(;,  ppr.    Replying;  corresponding  to; 
fulfilling;  solving;  succeeduig;  reverberating;  con- 
ftitinir. 

AN'SWER-JOU'ItER,  n.    One  who  makes  a  business 

of  writing  answers.  SmifL 
AN'HVV'ER-I.ESS,  a.  That  has  no  answer,  or  that  can 

not  he  nnKWered.  Ili/ron. 
AN'T,  in  old  authors,  Is  a  contraction  of  an  it,  that  is, 

(/■if.  (.Sec  An.) 
AN'T,  in  our  vulgar  dialect,  as  in  the  phnises  I  On't,  you 
1  fln'f,  he  Bn't,  we  fln'l,  &.C.,  is  undoubti  dly  a  contrac- 
I  lion  of  the  Danish  rr,  err,  the  Kubnantive  verb,  in 
I  the  present  tens/!  of  Ihe  indicative  modi',  .and  not;  I 
I  er-tuil,  WK  tre-nol,  he  cr-not ;  or  of  the  .Swedish  or,  the 
i  same  verb  ;  infinitive  vara,  to  be.  'I'hese  iibrases  are 
I       duulillcsH  legitimate  remains  of  the  Gothic  dialect. 


ANT 


AN'J',  ;i.  [Sax.  tnnet,  emmet,  contracted  into  ant ;  Get. 
unLeise.] 

An  emmet ;  a  pismire.  Ants  constitute  a  genus 
of  insects  of  the  order  Ilymonoptera,  of  which  the 
characteristics'  are,  a  small  scale  between  the  breast 
and  bt:lly,  with  a  joint  so  deep  that  the  animal  ap- 
pears as  if  almost  cut  in  two.  The  females,  and  the 
neuter  or  working  ants,  which  have  no  sexual  char- 
acteristics, are  furnished  with  a  hidilen  sting ;  and 
both  males  and  females  have  wings,  but  the  neuters 
have  none.  These  insects  keep  together  in  com- 
panies, and  maintain  a  sort  of  republic.  They  raise 
hillocks  of  earth,  in  which  they  live.  In  these  there 
are  paths,  leading  to  the  repositories  of  their  provis- 
ions. 'I'he  large  black  ants,  in  the  warm  climates  of 
America,  to  avoitl  the  effects  of  great  rains,  build 
large  nests  on  trees,  of  light  earth,  roundish,  afld 
plasteredsmooth.  Encyc. 

AiVT'-I!E.\!{,     /  n.    Names  applied  to  a  species  of  a 

AJi'T'-E.VT-ER,  )  genus  of  quadrupeds  that  feed  on 
ants,  (Myrmcccplia^a,  ant-eater).  These  animals 
have  no  teeth,  but  a  snout  or  muzzle,  with  a  long 
cylindrical  tongue.  The  nam"  juif-Arnr  is  applied  to 
the  larger  species  of  the  gmus;  iliat  of  ant-eater  is 
common  to  all  the  species. 

XNT'-EGGS,  71.  pi.  Little  white  balls  found  in  the  hil- 
locks of  ants,  usually  supposed  to  be  their  eggs,  but 
found,  on  examination,  to  be  the  young  brood  in  their 
first  and  second  state,  particularly  the  latter.  They 
are  vermicules,  wrapped  in  a. film,  composed  of  a 
silky  substance  spun  by  themselves,  like  the  cocoons 
of  silk-worms.  Encye. 

ANT'HILL,  n.  A  little  tumulus  or  hillock,  formed  by 
ants,  for  tlieir  habitation. 

AN'TA,  71.  In  ancient  architeeture,  a  square  pillar  at 
the  comer  of  a  building  ;  a  pilaster ;  written  also  ante. 

ANT-AC'ID,  71.  [ami  and  acid.] 

In  medicine,  a  remedy  for  acidity  of  the  stomach,  as 
an  alkali  or  absorbent. 

ANT-AC'ID,  a.    Counteractive  of  acidify. 

AA'T-AC'RID,  71.  [anti  and  acrid.] 
That  which  corrects  acrimonv. 

AN-TAG'O-NISM,  n.  Opposition  of  action  ;  counter- 
action of  things  or  principles.    Good,  B.  of.Yature. 

AN-TAG'O-NIST,  p.  [Gr.  ai/ri,  against,  and  awia- 
rm,  a  champion.    See  Act  and  Agony.] 

1.  One  who  contends  with  another  in  combat; 
used  primarily  in  the  Grecian  games ;  an  adversary. 

2.  An  opponent  in  controversy.  Campbell. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  muscle  whieh  acts  in  opposition 
to  another  ;  as  a  ficior,  which  bends  a  part,  is  the  an- 
t^ironi^t  of  an  extensor,  which  eitends  it. 

AN-TAG'O-NIST,  a.  Counteracting;  opposing  ;  com- 
bating ;  as,  an  antaironist  muscle. 

AN-TAG-O-NIST'ie,  a.  Opposing  in  combat;  con- 
tending against. 

AN-TAG'O-NiZE,  f.  i.  To  contend  against ;  to  act 
in  oppositiim  ;  to  oppose  in  argument. 

AN-TAG'O-NIZ-ING,  ppr.    Acting  in  opposition. 

AN-TAG'O-NY,  7t.    Contest ;  opposition.  Jliltov.. 

ANT-AL'(5l€,  a.  [Gr.  ni/ri,  against,  and  «>)  os,  pain.] 
Alleviating  pain  ;  anodyne.    [Little  used.] 

ANT-AL'KA-LI,       )  n.    In  medicine,  a  remedy  for 

ANT-AL'KA-LINE,  (  the  purjiose  of  neutralizing 
alkali,  or  of  counteracting  an  alkaline  tendency  in 
the  system.  Jloojier.    P.  Cue 

ANT-AN-A-CLa'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  avTavoiK\a<jii,  a  driv- 
ing back.] 

1.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  which  consists  in  repeating 
the  same  word  in  a  different  sense  ;  as,  whilst  we 
live,  let  us  live.  Learn  some  craft  when  young,  that 
when  old  you  may  live  without  craft. 

2.  It  is  also  a  repetition  of  words,  beginning  a  sen- 
tence, after  a  long  parenthesis;  as,  shall  that  heart, 
(which  not  only  fei  Is  them,  but  which  has  all  mo- 
tions of  life  placed  in  them,)  shall  that  heart,  &c. 

Smitli's  Rhet. 

ANT-AN-A  Go'GE,  (ant-an-a-go'jy,)  ti.  [Gr.  ui-ri, 
against,  and  aixi)  m)  i;,  a  taking  up.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  figure  which  consists  in  replying  to 
an  advers.ary,  by  way  of  recrimination  ;  as,  when 
the  accusation  of  oni!  party  is  unansvveralde,  the  ac- 
cused person  charges  him  with  the  same  or  other 
crime.  Bailey. 
ANT-APII-RO-DI.'5'I-Ae,  a.  [Gr.  avrt,  against,  and 
ui/i;y')(5iiTiof,  venereal,  from  A'/i/io^irn,  Venus.] 

Antivenereal ;  having  flie  quality  of  extinguishing 
or  lessening  venereal  desire. 
ANT-AI'Il-RO-DlS'l-Ae,  n.    A  medicine  that  lessens 
or  extinguishes  the  venereal  appetite. 

Rncyc.  Coxc. 

ANT-Al>H-KO-DIT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  See  the  preceding 
wonls.] 

Antivenereal  ;  abating  the  venereal  appetite,  or 

cflieacious  against  the  venereal  disease. 
ANT-AI'11-KO-DIT'IC,  71.    A  nredirine  which  abates 

the  venereal  apiH^tite,  or  is  good  against  the  venere;il 

diseruse.  Core,  Qnincy. 

ANT-Al'-O-PLEC'Tie,  a.    Good  against  apoplexy. 
ANT-AR'CIII9;M,  ti.    [Gr.  nvrt  and  ,i,,>7;.] 

Opposition  to  nil  government,  or  lo  all  restraint  of 

individuals  by  law. 
AN'l'-AR'CniST,  71.    One  who  opposes  all  social  gov- 

ernmenl,  or  all  control  of  indiviiluals  by  law.  I 


ANT  I 

ANT-AR-CIIIST'I€,       )  a.    Opposed  to  all  human 

ANT-XR-eHi."T'ie-AL,  j  government. 

ANT-ARCTIC,  a.  [Gr.  avr,,  against,  and  aj.Aros, 
the  Bear,  a  northern  constellation.] 

Opposite  to  the  northern  or  arctic  pole  ;  relating  to 
the  southern  pole  or  to  the  region  near  it,  and  applied 
especially  to  a  lesser  circle,  distant  from  the  pole  23° 
28'.  Thus  we  say  the  antarctic  pole,  antarctic  circle, 
or  antarefic  region.  Encyc. 

AN-Ta'RkS,  71.  'i'he  name  of  a  star  (jf  the  first  mag- 
nitude, called  also  the  Scorpion^s  Heart.  Encyc. 

ANT-AR-THRIT'ie,    a.     [Gr.   avn,  against,  and 
aiSpiri{,  gout.] 
Counteracting  the  gout. 

ANT-AR-TlIRIT'ie,  n.  A  remedy  which  cures  or 
alleviates  the  gout. 

ANT-ASTH-MAT'ie,  (-ast-mat'ik,)  a.  [Gr.  air,, 
against,  and  arrOpn,  asthma.] 

Opposing  the  asthma.  ' 

ANT-ASTH-iMAT'ie,  71.    A  remedy  for  the  asthma. 

AN'TE;  a  Latin  preposition,  the  Gr.  avri,  Sax.  tind 
Goth,  and:  much  used  in  the  composition  of  English 
words,  especially  in  words  from  the  Latin  and  Greek 
languages.  It  signifies  before  in  place,  in  front ;  hence 
opposite,  contrary  ;  and  figuratively,  before  in  tine. 
I'he  Latin  ante  is  generally  used  in  the  sense  of  before, 
and  the  Greek  a^'ri  in  that  of  opposite,  or  in  the 
place  of. 

AN'TE,  )  71.  A  pilaster.  In  heraldry,  ante  denotes  that 

AN'TA,  i  the  pieces  are  let  into  one  another,  in 
the  manner  there  expressed,  as  by  dove-tails,  rounds, 
swallow-tails,  &c.  Encyc. 

AN'TE-ACT,  71.  [ante  and  act.]    A  preceding  act. 

AN'TE-AL,  a.    Being  before  or  in  front.  Fleming. 

JiK'TE  BEVLUM,  [L.]    Before  the  war. 

AN-TE-CE-Da'NE-OUS,  a.  [Infra.]  Antecedent; 
preceding  in  time.  Owen. 

AN-TE-CICDE',  V.  t.  [ante  and  cedo,  to  go.  See  Cede.] 
To  gojiefore  in  time  ;  to  precede.  Hale. 

AN-TE-CfoO'ENCE,  71.  The  act  or  state  of  going  be- 
fore in  time  ;  precedence.  In  astronomy,  an  apfiarent 
motion  of  a  planet  tow  ard  the  west,  or  contrary  to 
the  oriler  of  the  signs.  F.nnic. 

AN-TE-CiiD'EN-CV,  71.  The  act  or  state  of  going  be- 
fore. 

AN-TE-ClcD'ENT,  a.  Going  before  in  time  ;  prior  ; 
anterior ;  preceding ;  as,  an  event  antecedent  to  the 
deluge. 

AN-TE-Ci":D'ENT,  77.  That  which  goes  before  in 
time ;  hence,  in  writings,  that  which  precedes  in 
place.  In  g^rammar,  the  noun  to  which  a  relative  or 
other  substitute  refers  ;  as,  Solomon  was  the  prince, 
who  built  the  Temple.  In  logic,  the  first  of  two 
propositions  in  an  enthymeine,  or  argument  of  two 
propositions ;  as,  every  man  is  mortal ;  therefore 
every  king  is  mortal.  Here  the  first  proposition 
(every  man  is  mortal)  is  the  antecedent ;  the  sectmd, 
the  conset/uent.  Also,  the  first  and  conditional  part 
of  a  conilitional  or  hypothetical  proposition  ;  as,  if 
the  sun  is  fixed,  the  earth  must  move.  Here  also 
the  second  part  is  called  the  consequent. 

Johnson.    Duncan.  Watts. 
In  mathematics,  the  first  of  two  terms  of  a  ratio,  or 
that  which  is  compared  «  ith  the  other.  Encyc. 

AN-TE-CkD'ENT-LY,  adv.  Previously  ;  at  a  time 
preceding. 

AN-TE-CES'SOR,  71.    [L.,  whence  ancestor.    See  An- 

TECEDE.] 

1.  One  who  goes  before;  a  leader;  a  principal. 
It  was  formerly  a  title  given  to  those  who  excelled 
in  any  science;  to  professors  of  civil  law;  and  in 
the  universities  of  France,  the  teachers  of  law  take 
the  title  in  their  theses. 

2.  One  that  possessed  land  before  the  present  pos- 
sessor. Bradij. 

AN'TE-CIIaM-BER,  71.  [a7i(c,  before,  and  c/ia«iftrr.'] 
A  chamber  or  apartment  before  the  chief  apart- 
ment to  which  it  leads,  and  in  which  persons  wait 
for  audience.  Dn/dcn. 
AN'TE-CIIAP-EL,  71.    The  part  of  the  chapel  through 
which  is  the  passage  to  the  choir  or  body  of  it. 

J(Vir^t»7i. 

AN-Tk'CI.AN,  71.  [Gr.  auri,  opposite,  and  ontw,  to 
dwell  ;  L.  antaxi.] 

In  geography,  the  anlecians  are  those  inhabitants 
of  the  earth,  under  the  same  meriilian,  and  at  the 
same  distance  from  the  etpiator,  but  on  opposite 
sides,  one  party  north,  the  other  south.  They  have 
the  same  hours  of  day  and  night,  but  opposite  sea- 
sons; it  being  winter  with  one  when  it  is  summer 
wMth  the  other,  Unrt/e.. 

AN-TE-eO-I.UM'BI-AN,  a.  Before  Columbus,  or  his 
discovery  of  America. 

.MV-TE-€UR'SU1{,  n.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  cnrsor,  a 
runner,  from  cnrro,  to  run.    See  (JoiiiisK.l 

One  who  runs  before;  a  forerunner.  In  Ihe  Ro- 
man armies,  Ihe  nntecnrsors  wore  a  body  of  horse 
detacheil  lo  obtain  intelligence,  and  to  get  provisions, 
.liC,  for  I  hi'  main  bmlv.  Encye. 

AN'TI'MIATI''.,  71.  [Infra.] 

1.  Prior  dali'  ;  a  date  antecedent  to  another.  Good. 
9.  Antiri|)ati(m.  Donne. 

AN'TE-DATE,  11.  t.  [L.  aiifc  and  datum,  given.  See 
Date.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIl^T.  — MflTE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


58 


ANT 

1.  'J"a  (late  licfore  tile  tiiifi  time  ;  lima, to  aiiteilutr  a 
dred  or  a  Imml,  is  to  express  a  (late  anterior  to  tile 
true  time  of  its  execution. 

2.  To  anticipate  ;  to  talce  before  tlie  true  time. 

AnJ  antedaU  llw  bluo  nbovo.  Pojw. 

A.N'TE-D.Vr-ED,  pp.  Dated  before  the  tnie  time  ;  an- 
ticipated. 

A.\"l'i;-U.tT-ING,  ppr.  Dating  before  tlie  true  time; 
anti(-i|)atinf;. 

.VN  ■l  lM)l-LO'V'r-AI-,  I  a.  [I^.  ante,  and  diluvium,  vl 
AN-TE-UI-LO'Vl-AN,  t     flood.  SeeLwi:.] 

Before  the  tluod,  or  dcluse,  in  Noali's  tune ;  ex- 
isting, happening,  or  relating  to  what  happened  be- 
fore the  deluge. 
A.\-TE-l)I-LO'VI-AN,  71.    One  who  lived  before  the 
(lehige. 

A.N"TK-LOPE,  n.  [L.  autilopr,  Qu.  Gr.  npri  and 
fXaPus,  resembling  a  deer.  Said,  by  Cuvier,  to  be 
derived  from  Gr.  «i'Of)A'.<;,  (/irCus,  flower,  and  i.t\L, 
eye,)  applied,  by  Eustathius,  to  the  gazel,  in  allu- 
sion to  its  beautiful  eyes.l 

In  zoolo^ii,  the  name  of  a  genus  of  ruminant  quad- 
rupeds, intermediate  between  the  deer  and  goat. 
Their  horns  are  solid  and  permanent,  straight  or 
curved  ;  in  some  species  annulated ;  in  others,  sur- 
rounded by  a  spiral ;  and  in  others,  smooth.  They 
resemble,  in  general,  the  deer,  in  the  lightness  and 
eli  gaiu  e  of  their  forms,  and  in  their  agility.  They 
inhabit,  mostly,  open  plains  or  mountains,  and  some 
species  go  in  herds  of  two  or  three  thousand.  'J'he 
eyes  of  some  species,  as  the  gazel,  are  l.irge,  black, 
and  of  exquisite  beauty  and  vivacity,  and  are  there- 
fore a  favorite  image  with  the  Eastern  poets.  F.ncyc, 

AM-TE-Ll)'CA.\,  a.  [L.  anUlucauus,  o{  anif,  before, 
and  tux,  light.] 

Heing  before  light;  a  word  applied  to  assemblies 
of  Christians,  in  ancient  times  of  persecution,  held 
before  light  in  the  morning.  F.ncyc. 

AN-Tlv-.ME-RIU'I-.\N,  a.  [ante,  before,  and  meriilian.] 
lleing  before  noon  ;  pertaining  to  the  forenoon. 

ANT-E-.MET'ie,  a.    [Gr.  airi,  against,  and  emetic, 
from  ifieto,  to  vomit.] 
Restraining  or  allaying  vomiting.  Quincy. 

ANT-E-.MET'ie,  n.  A  medicine  which  checks  vom- 
iting. Quincy.  Coze. 

AN-TE-MO-SA're,  a.  Being  before  the  time  of  Moses. 

AN-TE-MU.\'DAi\E,  a.  [ante,  before,  and  muudun, 
the  worhl.] 
Being  before  the  creation  of  the  world. 

AN-TE-.MO'U.\L,  n.  In  old  castle.-t,  a  barbacan  or 
outwork,  consisting  of  a  strong,  high  wall,  with  tur- 
rets in  front  of  the  gate,  for  defending  the  entrance. 

Henry's  Brit. 

AN-TE-NI'CENE,  a.  [ante,  before,  and  JVi'cenc,  from 
JV/cf.] 

Anterior  to  the  first -council  of  Nice ;  as,  antenicmt 
faith.  Encyc. 

AN-TE.\'\AL,  a.    Belonging  to  the  antenna. 

AN-TEN'X.'E,  H.  pU    [L.  antenna,  a  sail  yard.] 

In  zooloipj,  certain  movable,  articulated  organs  of 
sensation,  attached  to  the  heads  of  insects,  and  of 
Crustacea  or  crab-like  animals ;  two  in  the  former, 
and  usually  four  in  the  latter.  They  are  used  as 
organs  of  touch,  and  in  some  species,  the  cavity  of 
the  ear  is  situated  near  the  basal  joint.  In  insects, 
thi^y  are  vulgarly  called  horns,  and,  also  feelers,  but 
this  latter  term  is  more  properly  applied  to  the  palpL 

AN-TEN-NIK'ER-OUS,  a.    Bearing  antenna;. 

AX-TE.\'NI-FORM,  a.    [L.]    Shaped  like  antenna-.. 

AN-TE-NU.M'BEU,  n.  A  number  that  precedes  an- 
other. Bacon. 

AN  TE-NUP'T:.\L,  a.  [ante  and  nuptial.] 

Being  before  marriage  ;  as,  an  antenuptial  agree- 
ment ;  antenuptial  children.  Kent^ 

Ai\-TE-PAS'eUAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  time  before 
Easter.  JVelsoii. 

AN'TE-PAST,  n.  [ante,  before,  and  pastum,  fed.] 

A  foretaste  ;  something  taken  before  the  proper 
Hme. 

A.N'TE-PE-NULT',  n.    [L.  ante,  before,  pene,  almost, 
and  ultimus,  last.] 
The  last  syllable  of  a  word  except  two  ;  as,  syl  in 

,<nfllaltle. 

AX-TE-PE-XUI.T'I-HATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  last 
svllable  but  two. 

ANT-EP-I-LEP'Tie,  a.  [airi,  against,  and  cn-iX/iirn- 
Kof,  epileptic,  from  eiriXa/i/Jiivoj,  to  seize.] 
Resisting  or  curing  epilepsy. 

ANT-EP-I-LEP'Tie,  n.    A  remedy  for  the  epilepsy. 

AN-TE-PO-$l"TIU.\,  ji.  [L.  auU,  before,  and  posi- 
tion, from  pouo,  to  place.] 

In  grammar,  the  placing  of  a  word  before  another, 
whirl),  bv  ordinary'  rules,  o.ight  to  follow  it. 

AN-TB-PIlE-Die'A-iME.\T,  n.  [ante  and  prrJicamenU] 
A  term  applied  to  certain  previous  matters  requisite 
to  a  clear  understanding  of  the  predicaments  and 
categories,  as  definitions  of  coininon  terms.  Cue. 

AN-Te'RI-OR,  a.    [L.]    Before  in  lime  ;  prior ;  ante- 
cedent i  preceding  in  time. 
2.  Before  or  in  front  in  place. 

AN-TE-RI-OR'1-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  anterior, 
preceding,  or  in  front;  a  state  of  being  before  in  time 
or  situation. 


ANT 

AN'TK-ROO.M,  n.  [untt  and  room.] 

A  room  bi'Iore  or  in  fronl  of  aii'  Mii-r.  Dunrin. 
AN'TP.S,  I  n.  III.     [I/.]     Pillars  of  large  diim-nsions 
AN'Tvi;,  \     that  support  Ihi'  front  of  a  building. 
AN-TE-STAT'1;RE,  ».  [ante  and  stature.] 

In/i<r((/;c(i(iuii,  a  small  retrenchment  or  work  formed 
of  palisades,  or  sacks  of  earth.  Encyc. 
AN-TE-yTO.M'A€Il,  n.  [ante  and  stomach.] 

A  cavity  which  leads  into  the  stomach,  as  in  birds. 

liuu. 

AN-TE-TE.\rPLE,  7i.   The  nave  in  a  clmreh.    [ Uhs.] 

AN-TE-VERT',  v.  t.  [L.  antcrcrlo.]  To  prevent. 
[JVo«  in  i/,sf.]  Jlall. 

Ai\-THEL-.MlN'Tie,  a.  [./jri,  against,  and  tA;ia«,  a 
worm.] 
Good  against  worms. 

AN-TllEh-.MIiN'TIC,  ;i.  A  remedy  for  worms  in  the 
intestines.  Encyc.  Core. 

A.N'TIIEM,  n.  [Gr.  oiri,  against,  and  ii/jtos,  a  hymn, 
from  i'livno,  to  sing,    fee  IIvmn.] 

A  hymn  snug  in  alternate  jiarts ;  but  in  modern 
usage,  a  sacred  tune  or  piece  of  music  set  to  words, 
taken  fr(un  the  Psalms  or  ollii  r  jiai  ts  of  the  Scriptures, 
first  introduced  into  the  English  church  service  in 
Elizabeth's  reiirn.  Encyc. 

AN'TIIE.M-WISE,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  antliem ; 
alternately.  Bacon. 

AN'TllE-JilS,  71.    Camomile.  ■I'atr. 

AN'TllER,  n.  [E.  antliera,  a  flowery  plant,  from  tho 
Greek  luUrj/joc,  rtowery,  from  ru Cuj,  a  tlower.l 

In  Aotn/ii/,  the  summit  or  top  of  the  stamen,  elevated 
by  means  of  the  filament  or  thread.  It  contains  the 
pollen,  or  fertilizing  dust,  which,  when  mature,  is 
emitted  for  the  inipregnati<ui  of  the  ov.iry.  It  is 
called  by  Ray  the  apcz,  and  by  iMalpighi  the  capsula 
staminis,  JMilnc.  Jilartyn. 

AN'THEll-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  anthers. 

jJjiVif.  Rrs.  4,  404. 

AN'THER-DUST,  7>.  The  dust  or  pollen  of  an  anther. 

AN-THER-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [antJier  muifero,  to  bear.] 
Producing  anthers,  as  {ilants ;  supporting  anthers, 
as  a  part  of  a  (lower.  Barton,  1(Q. 

AN-THES-TiS'UI-ON,7i.  [Gr.]  The  sixth  month  of  the 
Athenian  year,  consisting  of  29  days,  and  answering 
to  a  part  of  November  and  a  part  of  December.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  so  called  from  the  Antliesteria,  a 
festival  in  honor  of  Bacchus,  celebrated  in  that 
month,  and  so  called  from  ui/l)o(,  a  Hower  ;  garlands 
of  flowers  being  otTered  to  Bacchus  at  that  festival. 

AN-THO'BI-AN,  n.    [Gr.  avOo;  and  /Sw;.] 
An  animal  that  lives  on  flowers. 

AN-TIIo'Dl-UiM,  71.  [Gr.,  from  ai/en(,  a  flower.]  In 
botany,  the  inflorescence  of  a  compound  flower  ;  or 
the  common  calyx  of  a  compound  tlower.  Lindlcy. 

AN-TIIO-LOG'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  anthology. 

AN-TIIOL'O-G Y,  71.  [Gr.  apiof,  a  flower,  and  Au>  oj, 
a  discourse,  or  \oy  m,  a  collection.] 

1.  A  discourse  on  flowers.  Encyc. 

2.  A  collection  of  flowers  ;  a  garland.  Minson. 

3.  A  collecliim  of  beautiful  passages  from  authors ; 
a  collection  of  poems  or  eiiignuns,  iiarticulaily  ajiplied 
to  a  collection  of  ancient  Greek  epigrams. 

4.  In  the  Greek  church,  a  collection  of  devotions,  or 
a  book  of  offices.  Johiis. 

AN-THOPII'YI^LITE,  7i.  [Gr.  avSof,  a  flower,  and 
(pvWoi),  a  leafj 

A  mmeral  of  the  hornblende  family,  occurring  in 
brittle  fibers,  or  fibrous  or  bladed  masses,  of  ditl'erent 
shades  of  dark  brown,  and  with  a  semi-metallic 
luster.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica,  magnesia,  and 
oxyd  of  iron,  and  is  found  abundantly  in  some  va- 
rieties of  primary  rocks.  Dana. 

AN-TIIOPII-YI.-LlT'ie,  0.  Pertaining  to  anlhopliyl- 
litc  or  containing  it.  Hitchcock. 

AN'THO-RIS.M,  71.  [Gr.  oi'7-<,  opposite,  and  o/jio/iof, 
definition.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  description  or  definition  contrary  to 
that  which  is  given  by  the  adverse  party.  .Ssh. 
AN'THKA-CITE,  n.  [Gr.  ai-c/juj,  a  burning  co;U,  and 
XiSos,  a  stone.] 

A  hard,  compact  variety  of  mineral  coal,  of  high 
luster,  ditfering  from  bituminous  coal  in  containing 
little  or  no  bitumen,  in  consequence  of  which  it 
burns  without  flame.    The  purer  specimens  consist 
wholly  of  carbon.   It  is  iUso  called  glance  coal,  and 
blind  coal.  Dana. 
A.\-TI1R.\  CIT'ie,  a.   Pertaining  to  anthracite. 
A.N'-THRAe'O-LITE.    See  Abthuaciti:. 
AN-TIlRA-eO-TIIic'RI-UM,  71.    [Gr.  a^ipa(,  a  coiU, 
and  inpiov,  a  beast.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  pachydermatous  quadru- 
peds, first  found  in  Italy,  in  tertiary  lignite  or  brown 
coal,  whence  the  name.  Dana. 
AX'TIIRA.X,  71.    [Gr.  S«;7ra.] 

A  carbuncle  ;  a  malignant  ulcer,  with  intense 
burning.  The  ancients  gave  this  name  to  a  gem, 
and  it  is  sometimes  used  for  litlianthrax  or  pit-coal. 

En  cue. 

,\N-TIIRO-PO-GLOT'TUS,  71.    [Gr.  oi/5/.w-us,  man, 

and  )\uTTii,  the  tongue.] 
An  animal  which  ha.s  a  tongue  resembling  th.it  of 

man,  of  which  kind  are  parrots.  Encye. 
A.\-TIIRO-POG'R.\-PHy,  «.    [Gr.  afSp<.Miof,  man, 

and  )(m>^r;,  description.] 


ANT 

A  description  of  man  or  the  human  race,  or  of  the 
parts  (if  the  liuiiiaii  body.  Eneijc. 

More  particularly,  Iliat  braurli  of  phiisirnl  geoirra- 
phii,  which  treats  of  llic  actual  distribution  of  the 
human  race,  as  distinguished  liy  physical  <'liaracl«-r, 
language,  institutions,  and  customs  ^  in  distinction 
from  clhnugrophy,  which  treats  historically  of  the 
origin  and  filiation  of  races  and  nations.  F.  Cue. 
AN-TllR()-PU-EUG'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  anthro- 
pology ;  according  to  human  manner  of  sjieaking. 

Kirwan. 

AiN'-TIIRO-POL'O-ClST,  7i.  One  who  describes,  oi 
IS  versed  in  the  physical  history  of  man  or  of  the  hu- 
man body. 

A.\-TIIR()  POE'O-GV,  n.  [Gr.  afS/jw.Toj,  man,  and 
Au)-  K,  discourse.] 

1.  .\  discourse  upon  human  nature.  Enajc. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  the  stnicture  of  the  liuinan 
body  ;  the  natural  history  or  physiology  of  the  human 
species. 

3.  More  definitely,  the  science  of  m.an,  considere  d 
physically,  intellectually,  and  morally, or  in  his  entire 
nature.  Kunt.    P.  Cyc. 

4.  The  word  denotes  that  manner  of  expression  by 
which  the  inspired  writers  attribute  human  parts  and 
passions  to  (<od.  Encyc. 

AN'TIIRO-PO-.M A.V-CY,  7i.  [Gr.  ai/S/juirof,  man,  and 
papTiia,  divination. J 

Divination  by  inspecting  the  entraUs  of  a  human 
bciiiE.  Encyc. 

AN-TllRO-PO-.MORPII'rSM,  7i.  The  representation 
of  the  Deity  under  a  human  form,  or  with  human 
attributes  and  aflections.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  heresy  of  the  .Anthropomorphites.  Encyc. 

A^'-TIIR()-PO-.^iORPH'IST,  71.  One  who  represents 
Deity  under  a  human  form,  or  with  human  attri- 
butes. 

AN-THRO-PO-AIORPII'ITE,  n.  [Gr.  ofSpuTOf ,  man, 
and  {toixpn,  form.] 

One  who  believes  a  human  form  in  the  Supreme 
Being.  A  sect  of  ancient  heretics  are  called  Jlntliro- 
pomorphitrs.  Encyc 

A.\-TllRO-PO-MORPH-IT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  an- 
thropomorphism. Kitlo. 

AN-TIIRO-I'O-.MORPU'IT-IS.M,  »i.  The  doctrines  of 
AnIhrop<imorpliites. 

AN-TIIRO-PO-.MORPII'OUS,  a.  Belonging  to  that 
which  has  the  form  of  man  ;  having  the  figure  of  or 
resemblance  to  a  man.  j?,.7i.  Encyc. 

AN-THRO-PO-P.Vni'ie-AL,  a.  Subject  to  human 
passions. 

AN-TIIRO-PO-PATII'ie-AI^EY,  adv.  When  human 

passions  are  ascribed  to  a  being. 
AN-TIIRO-POP'A-TIIY,  ti.   [Gr.  avipurros,  man,  and 
iru3i)f,  passion.] 

The  affections  of  m.an,  or  the  application  of  human 
passions  to  the  Supreme  Being.  Owen.  Encyc.  .^sh. 
A.VTIIRO  POPII'.V-GI,  71.  pi.    [Gr.  o^S/;w-to{,  man, 
and  (/iiij-oj,  to  eat.] 
Man-eaters ;  cannibals ;  men  that  cat  human  flesh. 

Johnson.  Encyc. 
AN-TIIUO-POPH'A-GOUS,  a.    Feeding  on  human 
flesh. 

AN'-TlIRO-POPH'A-6Y,  ji.     The  eating  of  hunmn 

flesh,  or  the  practice  of  eating  it.  Johnson.  Encyc. 
A.\-THRO-POS'€0-PY,  71.    [Gv.  avi,iu>nof,  man,  and 
aKO!T€io,  to  view.] 

The  art  of  discovering  or  judging  of  a  man's  char- 
acter, |)assions,  and  inclinations,  from  tlic  lineaments 
of  his  bodv.  Encyc. 
AX-TIIRO-POS'O-PHY,  71.    |  Gr.  ai/ipuvos,  man,  and 
ooifita,  wisdom.] 

Knowledge  of  the  n.atiire  of  man  ;  .acquaintance 
with  man's  structure  and  functions,  comiirehi  nding 
anatomy  and  physiology.  Encyc. 
AN-TIIKb-POT'O-MY,  71.   [Gr.  av^pioiiof,  a  man,  and 
TO;. 7),  a  cutting.] 
The  anatomy  or  dissection  of  the  human  body. 

Morin. 

ANT-in'P-NOT'ie,  a.   [corrupt  orthography.]  See 

Antiuvpnotic. 
.■VNT-lIYP-0-eiIO.\'DRI-.\e.     See  Antihvpocho.n- 

DRIAC. 

AN'T-IIY-POPII'O-RA.    See  Astihvpophoba. 

A.\T-IlYS-TER'ie.    See  AsTrnvsTERir. 

.A-X'TI,  [Gr.  See  Aste.]  A  preposition  signifying 
again.-'t,  opposite,  contrary,  or  in  place  of;  used  in 
many  English  words. 

AN-TI-.\B-0-LI"TION-IST,  n.  One  who  opposes  ab- 
olition. 

AN-TI  A-.MER'I-€.\\,  a.    Opposed  to  Americ.-i,  or  to 
the  true  interests  or  government  of  the  United  States  ; 
opposed  to  the  revolution  in  America.  Mirshall. 
A.\-  IT- A-POS'TEE,  71.  One  who  opposes  the  apostles 
A.N'-TI-AR-.MIX'I-AN,  11.    One  who  opposes  Armin 
ianism. 

AiVTI-XR-THRIT'ie.a.  [See  Astahthmtic]  Goci 
against  the  gout. 

AN-TI-A  R-TIlRlT'ie,  71.    A  remedv  for  the  gout. 

AX-TI-ASTII-MAT'ie,  7i.   A  remedy  for  the  a.-llima. 

AN-TI-AT-TRI"TIO.\',  71.  .\  compound  applied  to 
machinery  to  prevent  the  effects  of  friction,  often 
consisting  of  plumbago,  with  some  oily  substance. 

Brandt. 


TONE,  BI7LL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CII  as  SU  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


53 


ANT 


ANT 


ANT 


AN-TI-BAe'em-US,  n.  [Gr.  .iiri  ana  l<aK\:i''s,  a 
foot  of  one  short  and  two  long  syllables.] 

Ill  partnj,  a  foot  of  three  syllabk'S,  the  two  first 
long^  aiul  the  last  short;  as,  anilnre;  opposetl  to  the 
bacchiiis,  in  which  tile  first  syllable  is  short  anil  the 
two  last  loiif;.  Trumbull.    Enciic.    Gr.  Lcz. 

AN-TI-BA-SIL'ie-AN,  a.    [Gr.  «  ri/ami  /ItaiXtKn, 
a  palace  ;  L.  b<UiiliciL<,  royal,Aa,-//<f«,a  hall  of  justice.] 
Opposed  to  royal  state  and  iiiaKiiificeiice. 

Phtuulcit,  Brit.  Empire. 
AN'TI-BIL'IOUS,  (-bil'yus,)  o.    Counteractive  of  bil- 
ious complaints. 
AN'TI-BK.V€H'I-AI/,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  fore  ann. 
AN'TIG,  a.  [from  Fr.  antique;  L.  aniiijuus ;   It.  an- 
tieo ;  a  sense  derived  from  the  grotesque  li^'iiies  of 
antique^.'^ 
Odd  ;  fantastic  ;  as,  antic  tricks. 
AN'Tie,  n.    A  liulfoon  or  merry  Andrew;  one  that 
practices  odd  gesticulations.  Slmh. 
2.  Odd  appearance  ;  fantastic  figure.  Spenser. 
A.V'Tie,  V.  t.    To  make  antic.  Skuk. 
AN-TI-CA-eHEe'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  ann,  and  /tax«ri)j, 
of  an  ill  habit  of  body.] 

Curing  or  tending  to  cure  an  ill  habit  of  the  con- 
stitution. JuliiLiun. 
AN-Ti  eA-eHEe'Tie,  n.    A  medicine  that  tends  to 

correct  an  ill  habit  of  body  Core. 
AN'TI-eAL'VIN-IST,  n.     One  opposed  to  Calvin- 
ism. 

AX'TI-eAI--VIN'-IST'ie,  a.    Opposed  to  Calvinism. 
AN-TI-exR-NIV'6-ROUS,  a.    Opposed  to  feeding  on 
flesh. 

Ai\-TI-eA-TARnH'AL,  (  ka-tir'ral,)  u.  [ai  ri,  against, 
and  KUTafpiifji,  a  catarrh.] 
Good  against  catarrh. 
AN-TI-CA-TaRRH'AL,  n.    A  remedy  for  catarrh. 

Cuxe. 

AN-Tl-eAU-SOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.   ann,  against,  and 
Kai'aui,  a  burning  fever.] 
■  Good  against  a  burning  fever. 

AN-TI-€AU-SOT'ie,  71.  A  remedy  for  a  burning 
fever.  Cuic. 

AN'TI-CHAM-BER,  n.  Dr.  Johnson  prefers  .Snte- 
cliamber,  which  see.  But  ante  and  anti  are  the  same 
word  in  ditferent  dialects,  and  have  the  same  rad- 
ical siiinification.    [See  Aste.] 

AN'TI-eilKIrfT,  n.  [Gr.  <ii  r<,  against,  and  Christ.} 
A  great  adversary  of  Christ ;  the  man  of  sin  ;  de- 
scribed I  John  ii.  18.  2  Thess.  ii.  Rev.  ix.  Prot- 
estants generally  suppose  this  adversary  to  be  the 
Papal  power ;  and  some  divines  believe  that,  in  a 
more  generah  sense,  the  word  extends  to  any  persons 
who  deny  Christ  or  oppose  the  fundamental  doc- 
trines of  i'liristianit}'.         Encyc.    Bruioii.  Duel;. 

AN  Tl  fllRIST'lAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Antichrist; 
oiipiisitr  tci  or  (i|ipiising  the  Christian  religion. 

AN-TI-CIIKIST'lAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Antichrist; 
one  opposed  to  the  Christian  religion. 

AN-TI-€HRIST'IAi\'-IS.M,  n.  Opposition  or  contra- 
riety to  the  Christian  religion. 

AN  TI  eilRIST-IAN'l-TV,  n.  Opposition  or  con- 
trariety to  Christianity. 

AN-TI-eHRIST'IAN-IZE,«.(.  To  seduce  from  Cliris- 
tianity. 

AN-TI-'eilRON'ie-AL,  a.  [Gr.  airi  and  xpofo;, 
time.]  Deviating  from  the  proper  order  of  time  ; 
erroneously  dated. 

AN-TI-eilRON'ie-AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  anticlironical 
manner. 

AN-TI€irRO-NIS.M,  n.   [Gr.  avri  and  xpoi-ot,  time.] 

Deviation  from  the  true  order  of  time.  Sr/itoi. 
AN-TIC'I-P.\NT,  a.    Anticipating;  applied,  in  medi- 
eiiie,  to  periodic  diseases,  each  of  whose  attacks  re- 
curs at  an  earlier  period  than  the  one  preceding. 

Parr. 

AN  TIC'I-PaTE,  r.  L  [L.  anticipo,  of  ante,  before, 
and  ruput,  to  take.] 

1.  To  take  or  act  before  another,  so  as  to  prevent 
him  ;  to  take  first  possession. 

2.  To  take  b(!fore  the  proper  time ;  as,  the  advocate 
has  anttcipated  that  part  of  his  argnnient. 

3.  To  foretaste  or  foresee  ;  to  have  a  previous 
view  or  impression  of  something  future  ;  as,  to  an- 
ticipate the  pleasures  of  an  entertainment ;  to  antici- 
palj:  the  evils  of  life. 

4.  To  prevent  by  crowding  in  before ;  to  preclude. 

Jokruoiu 

[This  snt.se  u  emtntiallu  included  in  the Jir.'it.] 
AN-TIC'I-P^-TEIJ,  pp.    'i'aki  n  before  ;   foretasted  ; 

foreseen  ;  prrrchided  ;  prevented. 
A1V-TIC'I-Pa-TI.\G,  ppr.  Takingbefore  ;  foretasting; 

nrerludiiig;  pri^venting. 
A.\-'I'l<M-I'-\''I'ION,  71.   The  art  of  takingup,  placing, 

or  considering  Hoinrlliing  before  the  jiroper  timi!,  in 

natiinil  order  ;  preventicm. 

2.  t'tiTvtiixU:  ;  previoin  view  or  impression  of  what 
in  to  liapp<:n  afterward  ;  oh,  tlie  anticipation  of  llie 
joy*  of  iieaven. 

'Die  Uuppj  anticipation  of  a  mivwcd  cxiilenc^  In  conipnny  with 
tlR  ■I'iriU  ul  UlT  )<ut.  Thotlry. 

3.  Prevloiin  notion:  preconceived  opinion,  pro- 
diir<-ri  In  Ilic  mind  l>erore  the  truth  ii  known  ;  alight 
previous  im[)reriHion. 


4.  Tile  attack  ol  a  fevei  before  the  usual  time. 

Coze. 

5.  In  music,  the  obtrusion  of  a  chord  upon  a  syn- 
copated note,  to  which  it  forms  a  discord.  Busby. 

AN-TIC'I-PA-TIVE,  a.    Containing  aiiticipatiim. 
AN-TIC'I-Pa-TOR,  n.    One  who  anticipates. 
AN-TIC'I-P.\-TO-RY,  a.    Taking  before  the  time. 

Mure. 

AN-TI-CLl'MAX,  n.    [Gr.  avrt,  opposite,  and 
climax.    .See  Climate.] 

A  sentence  in  which  the  ideas  fall  or  become  less 
inipoilant  and  striking  at  the  close,  opposed  to  c/i»«ij:. 
For  example, 

And  tlioti,  IJaMiousic,  tiiou  jrreat  jrod  of  war, 
lji.'iiL'Miaiit-coloin_'l  10  the  eari  of  Mar. 

AN-TI-eLI'NAL,  a.  [Gr.  nvri  and  kXivi.^,  to  incline.] 
Marking  inclination  in  opposite  directions. 
Ill  ireitliiiTij,  an  aiitielinal  line,  or  axis,  is  a  line  from 
whic  h  strata  dip  in  opposite  directions. 
AN'Tie  LY,  add.  In  an  antic  manner ;  with  odd  pos- 
tures and  gesticulations  ;  with  fanciful  appearance. 

Shak. 

AN'Tie-MSSK,  n.    A  mask  of  antics.     B.  Jonsnn. 
AN-TI-eON-STI-Tu'TION-AL,  a.     Oppnsed  to  or 

against  the  constituticm.  Bulinirbriike. 
AN-TI-eON-STI-TC'TION-AL-IST,n.   One  opposed 

to  the  constitutinu. 
AN-Ti  eoN -  l  A'ClON-IST,  n.  One  who  opposes  the 

doctrine  of  contauion. 
AN-TI-eo\-T.\'CIOUS,  a.      [Gr.  airi  and  conta- 

ff'ious.]    Opj)osiiig  or  destroying  contagion. 
AN-TI-eON-VULS'IVE,n.  [Gr.  ai/ri  and  conrulsive.] 

Good  against  convulsions.  Floyer. 
AN'TI-COK,  11.     [anti  and  Fr.  caur,  or  L.  cor,  the 

heart.] 

Among  farriers,  an  inflammation  in  a  horse's 
throat,  answerinir  to  the  quinsy  in  man.  Encyc. 

AN-TI-eOS-.MET'ie,  a.  [anti  and  cosmetic.  See  Cos- 
metic]   Destructive  or  injurious  to  beauty. 

AN-TI-eOS-MET'ie,  ;i.  Any  preparation 'which  in- 
jures beauty.  ' 

AN'TI-CoURT,  a.  In  opposition  to  the  court.  [JVo£ 
iLsed.]  Reresby. 

AN-TI-€oURT'IER,  (an-ti-kort'yur,)  n.  [anti  and 
courtier.] 

One  who  opposes  the  court,  or  the  measures  of  ad- 
ministration, AA. 

AN'TI-eOUS,  a.    [L,  anticus.]  • 

In  botany,  turned  inward  toward  the  axis ;  in  an- 
thers, denoting  that  the  line  of  dehiscence  is  turned 
toward  the  pistil.  Lindlni. 

AN-TI-CRE-A'TOR,  n.  One  that  opposes  the  Creator. 

AN-TI-DEM-O-CRAT'ie,       )  a.    Opposing  democ- 

AN-TI-DE.M  ()  €RAT'ie-AL,  )  racy  ;  contrary  to 
govcriiinent  by  the  people.  Mitford. 

AN'TI-Do-TAL,  o.  That  has  the  quality  of  prevent- 
ing the  ill  efiects  of  poison,  or  of  any  thing  noxious 
or  mischievous. 

AN-Tl-Do'TAL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  anti- 
dote ;  by  way  of  antidote.  Brown. 

AN'TI-DOTE,  n.  [Gr.  ai  rifSoTo?,  of  avri,  against,  and 
61S0H11,  to  give  ;  W.  dndi,  to  give.] 

1.  A  medicine  to  counteract  the  effects  of  poison, 
or  of  any  thing  noxious  taken  into  the  stomach. 

2.  Whatever  tends  to  prevent  mischievous  effects, 
or  to  counteract  the  evil  which  something  else  might 
jiroduce. 

AN-TI-DoT'ie-AL,  a.    Serving  as  an  antidote, 
AN-TI-DoT'I€-AL-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  antidote. 

Brown. 

AN-TI-DYS-EN-TER'I€,  a.  [Gr.  ni/n,  against,  and 
6v(TfvTeotK'>i,  dysenteric] 

Good  against  the  dysentery,  or  bloody  flux. 
AN-TI-DYS-EN-TER'ie,  n.    A  remedy  for  dysentery. 

Coze. 

AN-TI-DYS-tJ'Rie,  (I.  [Gr.  airi,  6vi,  and  ovp»v, 
urine.] 

Counteracting  or  curing  dysury,  or  a  difliculty  of 
voiding  urine. 
AN-TI-E-MET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ann,  against,  and  cpcriKOf, 
emetic,  from  epeto,  to  vomit.] 

Having  the  quality  of  allaying  vomiting. 
AN-TI-E-MET'ie,  n.  A  reinedj-  to  check  or  allay  vom- 
iting. 

AN-TI-EN-NE-A-IIK'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  ann,  opposite, 
ennca,  nine,  and  e^pa,  side.] 

In  cryslalog-raphy,  having  nine  faces  on  two  oppo- 
site parts  of  the  crystal.  Clearrland. 
AN-TI  EN-TIIU-SI-AST'ie,  a.  [anti  and  enthusiastic] 

Opposing  enthusiasm.  Shafl.^bun{. 
AN'TI ENT-RY, 71.  [more correctly,  Ancientby.]  Cast 
of  antiquity  ;  that  which  is  ancient ;  applied  to  lan- 
guage. WcsL 
AN-TI-EP-MJ;I"TK;,  «.    opposing  epilepsy. 
AN-Tl-E-Plij'CO-PAii,  a.    Adverse  to  episcopacy. 

71".  Charles  f. 

AN-TI-E-VAN  GEL'IC-AL,  n.  Contrary  to  orlhodoxy, 

or  th(^  genuine  sense  of  the  gospel.  Mdner. 
AN'']'I-FACE,  71.  Opposite  face.  Jnnson. 
AN-TI-FA-NAT'ie,  >i.    An  opposer  of  fanaticism. 

Jililton. 

AN-TI-FP.'BRIl.E,  or  AN-TI-FEB'RILE,  a,  [Gr.  ui-- 
Tf,  iigatnst,  and  febrile..] 


'J'hal  has  the  quality  vt'  abating  f.'Vcr  ;  opposing  01 
t'-ndiiii;  to  cure  fever. 

AN-Tl-FR'BRILE,  or  AN-TI-FRB'RII,E, 71.  A  med- 
icine thai  cures,  abates,  or  leniU  to  allay  fever. 

AN-TI-FED'ER-AL,  a.  Opposing  the  federal  consti- 
tution. 

AN-Tl-FED'ER-AL-IS.M,  11.  Opposition  to  the  ratifi- 
cation of  the  constitution  of  the  United  h^tates. 

AN-TI-FED'ER-A  L-lf  T,  n.  One  who,  at  the  forma- 
tion of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  opposed 
its  adoption  and  ratilication. 

AN-Tl-FLAT'TER-ING,  a.    Opposite  to  flattery. 

Delanu. 

AN-TI-FLAT'U-LENT,  a.    Op|)osing  flatulence. 

ANTI-GA-LAC'Tie,  71.  A  medicine  which  tends  to 
diminish  the  secretion  of  milk. 

AN'TI-GRAPH,  71.    A  copy. 

AN-TI-GUG'GLER,  71.    [anti  and  srusrsrle.] 

A  crooked  tube  of  metal,  so  bent  as  to  be  intro- 
duced into  the  neck  of  a  bottle,  for  drawing  out  the 
liquor  without  disturbing  the  sediment,  Encyc. 

AN-TI-IIEC'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  ui/n,  against,  and  Ut-hcj!, 
hectic] 

That  has  the  quality  of  opposing  or  curing  hectical 
disorders. 

AN-Tl-IIEC'Tre,  71.    A  medicine  that  is  good  in  the 

cure  of  hectic  disorders.  Encyc.  Coze. 

AN-TI-HE'I.IX,  71.    [Gr.  ann  and  iXiJ.] 

The  semicircular  prominence  of  the  external  ear, 
situated  before  and  within  the  helix. 
AN-TI-IIYP-NOT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  .1,  n  and  eir.'  .5,  sleep.] 
Counteracting  sleep;  tending  to  prevent  sleep  or 
lethargy. 

AN-TI-HYP-NOT'ie,  n.  A  medicine  that  prevents  or 

tends  to  prevent  sleefi.  Core. 
AN-TI-HYP-O-CHON'DRI-Ae,  a.   [Gr.  ai-Ti  and  Oiro- 

Xont^piuK'ii,  h}'i)ocliondriac.] 

That  counteracts  or  tends  to  cure  hypochondriac 

atfi'clions  and  di'pression  of  spirits, 
AN-TI-llVP-(<  eiloX'DRI-Ae,  71,  A  remedy  for  hyp- 

oclinmliiar  alli-ctioiis  and  low  spirits, 
AN-Tl-IIY-POPIl'O-RA,  71.     [Gr.  uiri  and  i-Tnipopa, 

an  inference.] 
In  rhetoric,  a  figure  which  consists  in  refuting  an 

objection  by  the  opposition  of  a  contrary  sentence. 

Smith.  Johnson,  .^sh. 
AN-TI-IIYS-TER'I€,  a.     [Gr.  ,inn  and  {.ort/ja,  ute- 

nis.]    Counteracting  hysterics. 
AN-TI-HYS-TER'ie,  71!     A  medicine  that  cures  or 

counteracts  hysterical  affections.  Coze. 
AN-'i'l-LITH'ie,  a.    [Gr.  „nn  and  XiO-.s,  stone.] 

Teiidiim  to  prevent  the  formation  of  urinary  calcu- 
li, or  to  dcstroN'  them  when  formed. 
AN-T1-LITH'I€,  n.  A  medicine  that  tends  to  prevent 

the  formation  of  urinary  calculi,  or  to  destroy  them 

when  formed. 

AN-TI-LITH-O-TRIP'TIST,  71,   [Gr,  ann,  Xi9 )s,  and 

Tpi/^IO.] 

One  opposed  to  lithotripsy. 
AN-TI-LOG'A-RlTll.M,  71.  [anti  and  logarithm.] 

The  complement  of  the  logarithm  of  any  sine, 
tangent,  or  secant,  to  that  of  90  degrees.  Bailey. 

The  complement  of  a  logarithm  ;  more  generally, 
the  niiinber  to  a  logarithm.  P.  Cyc. 

AN-TIL'O-GY,  71,  [Gr.  ui>n,  against,  and  Ai7ji7s, 
speech.] 

A  contradicti»)ii  between  any  words  or  passages  in 
an  author. 

AN-TI-LOI'Mie,  71.  [Gr.  aiTi  and  Aoinos,tlie  plague.^ 
A  remedy  against  the  plague,  Brandc. 

AN-TI  L'O-aiJIST,  71,    A  contradictor.  [Obs.] 

AN-TIL'O-UUY,  77.    [Gr.  ann  and  loquur.] 
Preface.  [Olis.] 

AN-TI-MA-6l.S'TKie-AL,  a.  Opposed  to  the  office 
of  magistrates,    [A'ot  used.]  SauUi. 

IJllTKMA^NrAC-AlJ"-  77,a7,/a..] 
Counteracting  or  curing  madness  or  frenzy. 

Beanie. 

AN'TI-MASK,  71.  A  lesser  mask  ;  in  contradistinction 
to  the  priueiiial  or  main  mask.  Bacon. 

AN-T1-.Ma'SO.\,  71.    One  opposed  to  freemasonry. 

AN-TI-MA-SON'H;,  a.    Ojiposing  freemasonry. 

AN-TI-iM A'SON-RV,  71,    Opposition  to  fieemasonn-. 

AN-TI-.ME-TAB'()-I,E,  rau-li-me-tab'o-ly,)  «.  [Gr. 
aiTi,  against,  and  piro0o\ri,  mutation.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  setting  of  two  things  in  opposition  to 
each  other;  as,  an  honorable  action  may  be  attended 
with  labor,  but  the  labor  is  soon  past,  and  the  honor 
is  iiniiiorial.  I'.neyc. 

AN-TI-1\IE-TATII'E-S1S,  77.  [Gr.  aiTi,  against,  and 
jicrii^£'7u,  a  transposition.] 

In  rhetoric,  an  inversion  of  the  parts  or  niembns 
of  an  antithesis;  as,  "Compare  the  arrival  of  this 
governor  with  the  vielory  of  that  general."  "  Com- 
pare this  peace  with  that  war." 

Cicero  in  ycrrein.  Encyc. 

AN-TIJI'E  TER,  77.    [Gr.  a. n  and  pcrpon,  measure.] 
An  optical  iiistniiiient  for  measuring  angles  with 
greater  nrciirary  than  can  be  done  by  the  usual 
(piiidraiits  or  sextants.  Recs. 

AN-TI-.MKT'RIC-AI,,  n.  Contrary  .0  the  rules  of 
meter  or  verse.  Bailet/. 

AN-TI-MIN-IS-TE'RI-AL,  o.  [oTiti  Bnd  ministerial.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F/II-L,  WHAT  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK. 


ANT 

til  tlic  ministry,  ur  adiiiiiiiscrutlon  of  gov- 

ernini-nt. 

A.\-'l'l-.MIX-IS-'i'r;'IU-.\l.-IS'l',  a.  On.'  that  opposes 
tlu>  ministry. 

AN-'l  l..MO-.\AReiriC-AL,  a.  [:ini:,  against,  and 
jlionarchicat.] 

Oppiised  to  monardiy  ;  that  opiioscs  a  kindy  gov- 
crnini-nt.  Jiiittisoii. 

AN-'ri-.MO-X.\  RCirie-AI--XESS,  n.  Thu  quality  of 
lii'ini!  ojiposi  il  to  monarchy. 

.\N-'l'l-M().\'AUeil-lST,  n.  .\n  opposi-r  of  monarchy. 

A.\-'l'l-.Mf)'Nl  AL.  fl.  [from  antinwnii.] 

Pertaining  to  aniinion)  ,  or  puilal^iu!;  of  jts  (piali- 
ties  ;  composed  of  aiitijnuny,  or  containing  antimony 
as  the  principal  iniircdii'TU. 

A.\-  l'l  .Mo'Nl-AI,,  «.  A  pri  paralion  of  antimony  ;  a 
mcdicino  in  which  antimony  is  thu  princi|ial  iiigre- 
dit'iit.  _  F.iicijc. 

AN'  Tl-.Mfl'.N'I-ATK,  n.  A  compound  or  salt  com- 
posed of  antiinonic  acid  anil  a  hiise.  Ilnirij. 

AN-'ri-.Mo'N'l-A-'l'Kl),  a.  Vartaking  of  antimony; 
miM'd  or  prepared  with  nnlimony  ;  ai,  nntimimiaiej 
tartar.  jVirlmlson. 

A.N'-'l'l-MO.X'IC,  II.   Pertaining  to  antimonv.  Ilmni. 

AN-'I'l-.MON'ie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of  two 
eipiivalents  of  antimony  and  live  of  oxygen. 

AN'Tl-.MO-NI'rE,  H.  A  com])oitnd  of  antilnonions 
acid  and  a  base.  Jlciini. 

AN-Tl-.Mfi'NI-OlJS  ACID,  n.  An  .icid  cimsisting  of 
two  eipiivalents  of  pntimoiiy  and  four  of  oxygen. 

AN'Tl-.MO-NY,  11.  [Fr.  anlimoinr :  I.ow  L.  aiilimo- 
tittiin;  It.  autinuiitio ;  Hp.  id.  This,  by  some  writers, 
is  supposed  to  h«  comjiosed  of  tiiiti  and  Kr.  iiiuiuc, 
monk,  from  the  fact  that  certain  monks  were  poi- 
soTU'il  hy  it.  This  story,  reported  hy  Furrtiere,  is 
treated  by  .Morin  as  fabulous,  and  by  him  it  is  said 
U>  be  composed  of  (Ir.  iivrt,  against,  and  ftovo^^ 
alone,  and  so  named  because  it  is  not  toiiiid  alone. 
Th  ■  real  trutli  is  not  ascertained.] 

I'rimitrihjy  a  metallic  ore  coirsisting  of  sulphur 
combined  with  a  metal  ;  the  snlphuret  of  antimony, 
the  xlibium  of  tlie  Romans,  and  the  irri/i^ii  of  the 
Greeks.  It  is  a  blackish  mineral,  which  stains  the 
hands,  hard,  brittle,  full  of  lung,  sliiiiing,  neerile-Iike 
striie.  It  is  found  in  the  mines  of  ISohemia  and  Hun- 
gary, in  France  and  Knglaiid,  and  in  America. 
'I'his  word  is  also  used  for  the  pure  metal  or  reiruliis 
of  aiitiminty^  a  metal  of  a  grayish  or  silvery  white, 
verj  brittle,  and  of  a  plated  or  scaly  texture,  and  of 
moderate  specific  gravity.  By  exposure  to  air,  its  sur- 
face becomes  tarnished,  but  does  not  rust.  It  is  used 
.as  an  ingredient  in  concave  mirrors,  giving  them  a 
finer  texture.  In  bells,  it  renders  the  sound  more 
clear  ;  it  renders  tin  more  hard,  white,  and  sonorous, 
and  gives  to  printing  types  more  tirmness  ami  smooth- 
ness. It  is  also  useful  in  promoting  the  fusion  of 
metals,  and  especially  in  casting  cannon  balls.  In 
its  crude  state,  it  is  harmless  to  the  human  constitu- 
tion i  but  many  of  its  preparations  act  violently  as 
emetics  and  cathartics.   Cltambcrs.  F.nnjr..  JVicftuUoii. 

AN-TI-MOR'AL-IST,  «.    An  opposer  of  morality. 

IVtirbtirton. 

AN-TI-MC'SIC-AL,  a.  Opposed  to  music  ;  having  no 
ear  for  music.  Jlmer.  Rcvicie. 

AN-TI-i\E-PHRIT'ie,  «.  [anti  and  nepUritic,  which 
see.] 

Counteracting  diseases  of  the  kidneys.  Coze. 
AN-TI-XF.-PHRlT'ie,  n.    A  medichie  that  tends  to 

remove  diseases  of  the  kidneys. 
AN-TI-No'.MI-.'VN,  a.    [Gr.  ai/n,  against,  and  vofto{, 

law.] 

Against  the  law ;  pertaining  to  the  Antinomians. 

AN-TI-No'MI-AN,  n.  One  of  a  sect  who  maintain 
that,  under  the  gospel  dis|X'ns.ation,  the  law  is  of  no 
use  or  obligation  ;  or  who  hold  doctrines  which  su- 
persede the  necessity  of  good  works  and  a  virtuous 
life.  This  sect  originated  witli  John  Agricola,  about 
the  year  1538.  .  F.nnic. 

AN-TI-No'MI-AX-ISM,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  Anti- 
nomians. Ilall. 

AN'TI-NO-MIST,  n.  One  who  pays  no  rezard  to  the 
law,  or  to  good  works.  Siiinlrr.imi. 

AN"TI-iNO-.\I Y,  II.     A  contradiction   between  two 
laws,  or  between  two  parts  of  the  same  law.  Baker. 
2.  A  law  or  other  thing  opposite  or  contrary. 

.Mitliiti.  Taylor. 

AN-TI-f)'eiII-.W,  a.  Pertaining  to  Antioelms,  the 
funiider  of  a  sect  of  philosopliers,  a  cotemporary 
with  Cicero.  This  sect  was  a  branch  of  the  Aca- 
demics, thoiiiih  .'\ntiochus  was  a  r^toic.  He  attempted 
to  reconcile  the  doctrines  of  the  dilTerent  schools,  and 
was  the  last  preceptor  of  the  Platonic  school.  F.iinjr.. 

The  .^Htiocbian  rpoch  was  a  method  of  computing 
time,  from  the  proclamation  of  liberty  granted  to  the 
city  of  Antiocli,  about  the  time  of  the  buttle  of  Phar- 
salia.  y.ncijc. 

AN-TI-P.A'P.\L,  a.    Opposing  Popery. 

AN-TI-PA-PlST'ie,       (  a.     Opposed  to  Popery-  or 

AN-TI-PA-PIST'ie-AL,  j     Papacv.  Jortln. 

AN  TI-PAR'AL-LEL,  a.  Running  in  a  contrary  di- 
rection. J/amiiumd, 

AN-TI-PAR-.\-LYT'ie,  a.  [a.  ri  and  imralijtic,  which 
see.] 

C;ood  against  the  palsy. 


ANT 

Ai\-Tl-PAR-A-LY'l''ie,  ».    A  remedy  for  the  palsy. 

Coze. 

AX-TI-P.\-TI1E  I 'le,        )u.    [See  Antipathy.] 
AN-TI-PA-TIIET'ie-AL,  \     Having  a  natural  con- 

trarielv,  or  constitutional  aversion  to  a  lliing. 
AN-Tl-PA-TIIET'ie-AI,-NESS,  ii.    The  <piality  or 

state  of  having  an  aversion  or  contrariety  to  a  thing. 

.JllhlLSUIi. 

AN-TI-PATH'ie,  a.    [Gr.  am  and  ir.iOet.] 

Having  opposite  alfeclions.    In  medicine,  the  same 

as  AlI-OI'ATHIO. 

AN-TU"A-TlIOUS,  a.  Adverse;  having  a  natural 
contrariety.  Biauin.  Fl. 

AN-TIP'.A-TIIY,  71.  [Gr.  oiri,  against,  and  Tu'Jof, 
feeling.] 

Natural  aversion  ;  instinctive  contrariety  or  oppo- 
sition in  feeling;  an  aversion  felt  at  the  presence, 
real  or  ideal,  of  a  particular  object.  This  word  liter- 
ally di^tiotcs  a  nalural  aversion,  which  may  be  of  dif- 
ferent degrees,  and  in  some  cases  may  excite  terror 
or  horror  at  the  presence  of  an  object.  Such  is  the 
aversion  of  animals  for  their  natural  enemies,  as  the 
antiimthij  of  a  mouse  to  a  cat  or  a  weasel.  Some- 
limes  persons  have  an  insu[)erablo  constitutional  a«- 
tipitthij  to  certain  kinds  of  food. 

'I'he  \vord  is  applied,  also,  to  aversion  contracted 
by  evperience  or  liabit  ;  as  when  a  person  has  suf- 
fered an  injury  from  some  food,  or  from  an  animal, 
which  btfore  was  not  an  object  of  hatred,  or  \\'hen 
a  particular  kind  of  food  or  medicine  is  taken  into  a 
sickly  stomach,  and  which  nauseates  it,  the  elTect  is 
aiifiiKirJnj,  which  is  olteii  of  Inns  continuance. 

.'Vutipathy,  howevi.-r,  is  often  allected  ;  as  when 
persons  pretend  a  great  aversion  to  things  from  false 
delicacy. 

•2.  In  ethics,  antipathy  is  hatred,  aversion,  or  repug- 
nancy ;  Imtrrd  to  persons ;  arrr.iioii  to  persons  or 
things;  repufrnancy  to  actions.  Of  these,  hatred  is 
most  volunt.ary.  Jirersinn,  and  antipathy,  (in  its  true 
sense,)  depend  more  on  the  constitution  ;  reputrnancy 
may  depend  on  reason  or  education.  Eiicyc. 


Invi'teiMti'  andpalhies 
atuichiijciils  to  olli''l 


just  pmiciilar  nations,  nml  pimsionale 
,  lire  to  U'  avuiiU'd.  Wweliittglon. 


3.  Ill  physics,  a  contrariety  in  the  properties  or  af- 
fections of  matter,  as  of  oil  and  water,  which  will 
not  mix. 

.Antipathy  is  regularly  followed  by  to,  sometimes  by 
ai^nin.-tt,  and  is  o[)pos-'d  to  .s-i/  itjinlhii. 
Ai\'-TI-PA-TRI-t)T'ie,  or  AN-Tl-PAT-RI-OT'IG,  a. 
Not  patriotic;  opposing  the  interests  of  one's  country. 
Antipatriouc  pn^jiulices.  Johnson. 
AN-TI-PE-DO-BAP'TIST,  n.  [Gr.  nvri,  against,  iruij, 
irai(li/{,  a  child,  and  linnTilM,  to  baptize.] 
One  who  is  opposed  to  the  baptism  of  infants. 

Buck. 

.\N-TI-PE-RI-OD'ie,  n.  In  medicine,  a  remedy  pos- 
sessing the  property  of  preventing  the  return  of  peri- 
odic diseases,  as  intermitteiits.  Ci/c.  J\Fc(L 

AN-TI-PER-l-STAL'Tie,  a.    [See  Pebistaltic.] 

1.  Opposite  to  peristaltic:  acting  upward,  in  a  di- 
rection contrary  to  peristaltic ;  as,  antiperistaltic  mo- 
tion. 

2.  Coiinteractini.'  or  checking  [icristaltic  motion  ; 
as,  an  nntiprri^inltir  reineilv. 

AN-TI-PE-RIS'TA-SIS,  n."  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
TTcniaranii,  a  standing  around.] 

The  oppositiim  of  a  ctmtraiy  quality,  by  which  the 
quality  opposed  actpiires  strength  ;  or  the  action  by 
which  a  body  attacked  collects  force  by  o|)position  ; 
or  the  intension  of  the  activity  of  one  quality  by  the 
op[)osition  of  another.  Thus  quii'kliine  is  set  on  fire, 
or  sensible  heat  is  excited  in  it,  by  mixture  with  wa- 
ter ;  antI  cold  applied  to  the  human  bod>'  may  increase 
its  heat.  Johnson.    Drifdrn.  Qnineit. 

AN-TI-PER-I-STAT'ie,  «.  Pertaining  to  antiperista- 
sis.  .Ish. 

AN-T1-PES-TI-LE.\'TI.\L,  a.  [aufi  and  pestilential, 
which  see.] 

Counteracting  contagion  or  infection  ;  having  the 
qualitv  of  opposing  or  destroying  pestilential  diseases. 
AN-Tl-'PIILO-GlS'TJAN,  (an-te-llo  jis'chaii,)  ii.  [a«(i 
anil  phluiriston,  which  see.] 

An  opposer  of  the  theory  of  phlogiston. 
AN-TI-PIILO-GIS'TIC,  a.  Counteracting  a  phlogistic 
condition. 

2.  Opposed  to  the  doctrine  of  phlogiston;  as,  the 

antiphto'sistic  system. 
AN-TI-PIILO-GlS'Tie,    71.     Any  medicine  or  diet 

which  tends  to  obviate  a  phlogistic  coiiilitiim.  Coxe. 
A.N'TI-PIION,  71.    [See  Antipiionv.I    Tlie  chant  or 

alternate  sincing  in  choirs  of  cathedrals. 
A\-TIPII'O.V-AI,,      )  a.    [See  Antiphony.]  Pcr- 
A.\-TI-PlI().\'ie,       >     taming  to  aiiIi|)lionv  or  al- 
A.\-TI-Pll()\'ie-AI,, )      ternate  simiiUL'.  Eneye. 
AN-'l'IPll'ON-AL,  n.  .\  book  of  antiphiins  or  anthems. 

Bnrnrt* 

AN-TIPH'O-NA-RY,  n.  [Gr.  airi,  contrary,  and  4,0,,  r,, 
sound,  voice.] 

.\  service  book,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church, 
containing  all  the  inWialories,  resiwnsories,  collects, 
and  whatever  is  said  or  sunn  in  the  choir,  except  the 
lessons  ;  called  also  a  re.sponsary;  compiled  by  Greg- 
or)-  the  Great.  F.neye. 


ANT 

AN-'i'IPII'O-NER,  n.  A  bookof  anthems  or  nntiphnns. 

Chaaeer, 

AN-TIPII'O  NY,  71.  [Gr.  opri,  contniry,  and  ^ui-i;, 
voice.] 

1.  The  answer  of  one  choir  to  another,  when  an 
anthem  or  psalm  is  sung  alternately  by  two  choini ; 
alternate  singiiii:. 

2.  A  species  of  psalmody,  when  a  congregation  in 
diviili'd  into  two  parts,  and  each  sings  the  verses  al- 
ternately. Encyc. 

3.  'I'lie  words  given  out  at  the  beginning  of  a  psalm, 
to  which  both  the  choirs  are  to  accommodate  their 
singing.  Encyc. 

4.  A  musical  composition  of  several  verses,  extract- 
ed from  tlillerent  psalms.  Encyc. 

AN-Tll'H'RA-SIS,  11.    [Gr.  apri,  against,  and  ^paaif, 

a  form  of  speech.] 
The  use  of  words  in  a  sense  opposite  to  their  proi>- 

er  meaning  ;  as  when  a  court  of  ju.stice  is  calb  il  a 

court  of  venireanee.  Johnson.  Ji<ti. 

AN 'ri-i'IIR.\ST'ie,       (a.    Pertaining  to  antiphra- 
A.\-T1  I'llRAST'IC-AL,  1     si.s.  M.. 
AN-Tl  I'lIRAST'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of 

aiitipltrasis, 

A.\-TI  PII  VS'ie-.\L,  a.  Contrary  to  physics  or  to  n.v 
tlire. 

,\.\-TlP'0-DAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  antipodes,  or 

those  who  have  their  feet  directly  opposite. 
.\.N"TI-lHil)E,  n. :  pi.  An'ti-podes  or  An-tif'o-oes. 

[Gr.  aiTi,  opposite,  and  iroej,  iT  'Cof,  foot.] 
A  term  appliett  to  those  who  live  on  opposite  sides 

of  the  globe,  and,  of  course,  whose  feet  are  directly 

opptisite. 

.\.\- ri.Po'DE-.\N,  a.  Antipodal ;  pertaining  to  the 
aiitipiiiles. 

.\.\-TI-POI'S0N,  ».  .\n  antidote  for  poistm.  Brown. 
AN'TI-POPE,  n.    [anti  and  pope.] 

One  who  usurps  the  Papal  power,  in  opposition  to 
the  pope.  .Addison.' 
A.X'Tl-l'oRT,  71.    .\n  outward  gate  or  door. 

SmitJi. 

AN-TI  PllE  LAT'ie-AL,  a.    Adverse  to  prelacy. 

_  MortAiR. 
AN'TI-PRIeST,  n.    An  op|>oser  or  enemv  of  priests. 

IVotrrhnid. 

AN-TI-PRIi:ST'CRXFT,  «.   Opposition  to  priestcraft. 

Burke. 

AN-TI-PRIN'CI-PLE,  n.    An  op|>osite  principle. 

Uprnser. 

AN-TI-PROPII'ET,  n.  An  enemy  or  opposer  of  proph- 
ets. jVcde. 
A\-TIP-SOR'>e,  a.    [Gr.  avn  and  i/zcupn,  the  itch.] 

Efficacious  in  curing  the  itch. 
AN-TIP-TCSIS,  H.    [Gr.  uvti  and  nTwaif,  case.] 
In  grammar,  the  |iulting  of  one  case  for  another. 

Johnson. 

.\N-TI-Pu'RI-T.\.\',  n.    An  opposer  of  Puritans. 

Warton, 

AN-TI-(1Ua'KI-.\N,  a.    Pertaining  to  antiquaries,  or 
to  antiquity.    .As  a  noun,  this  is  used  for  .Antihi  arv. 
A.N-TI-UUX'RI-AN-IS.M,  11.    Love  of  antiquities. 

Warburton. 

AN'Ti  aUA-RY,  71.    [I,,  antiquarius.] 

One  who  studies  into  the  history  of  ancient  things, 
as  statues,  coins,  medals,  paintings,  inscriptions, 
books,  and  manuscripts,  or  searches  for  them,  anJ 
explains  their  origin  and  purport ;  one  versed  in  an- 
tiquity. 

.A.N'Tl  lir.ATE,  r. /.    [L.  oii^i^uo.    Sec  .AxTiqUARv.] 
To  make  old,  or  olisolete  ;  to  make  old  in  such  a 
degree  as  to  put  out  of  use.    Hence,  when  applied 
to  laws  or  customs,  it  denotes  to  make  void,  or  ab- 
rogate] 

Climtiaiiity  mi^t  rcAsonatjIy  introduce  new  laws,  and  anliqunU 
or  abrogate  oUl  one*.  Hale. 

AN'Ti  aUA-TEI),  pp.  or  a.  Grown  old  ;  obsolete  ; 
out  of  use;  having  lost  its  binding  force  by  non- 
observance  ;  as,  an  antiquated  late. 

AN'TI-aUA-TEU-NESS,  lu  The  state  of  being  old 
or  obsolete. 

AN'  TI-UL'.VTE-.XESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  obso- 
lete. 

.A.\-Tl-QU.^'TIO.\,  71,  Thcsuitcofbeingantiqiiatcd. 

Beaumont. 

.AN-TiaUE',  (an-teek',)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  antiyuii.<, 
probably  from  ante.] 

1.  Old  ;  ancient ;  of  genuine  antiquity  ;  in  this 
sense  it  usually  refers  to  the  nourishing  ages  of 
Greece  and  Rome  ;  as,  an  antique  statue. 

2.  Old,  as  respects  the  present  age,  or  a  modern 
period  of  time  ;  of  old  fashion  ;  as,  an  anli<iur  rolK'. 

3.  Odd  ;  wild  j  fantastic  ;  more  generally  written 
antic. 

.AN  TfUt.'E',  ^an-teek',>  n.  In  general,  any  thing  very 
old  ;  but  in  a  more  limited  sensi^,  the  remains  of 
anciiMit  artists,  as  busts,  statues,  paintings,  and 
vases,  the  works  of  Grecian  and  Roman  antiquity. 

.\.\-TTlil'E'I,Y,  ade.    In  an  antique  manner. 

.A.N'-TKHI'E'NESS,  (an-teek'ness,)  B.  The  quality  of 
being  antique  ;  an  appearance  of  ancient  origin  and 
workmanship.  .tdditon. 

A.\-TI(i'L'l-TY,  (an-tik'wc-tc,)  n.    [I,.  antiquUas.) 
1.  Ancient  times  ;  former  ages  ;  times  hing  smce 


Time,  IU.I.L,  ignite.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0L'S.  — e  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 

~  ^ 


ANT 


ANT 


past;  a  very  indefinite  term  ;  as,  Cicero  \v;is  the  most  | 
t'luquent  oralor  of  aiU'uiuitij. 

2.  Tlie  ancients  ;  tlie  people  of  ancient  times  ;  as, 
tlie  fact  is  admitted  by  all  anliqidtij. 

Meaning  that  mankind  are  inclined  to  verily  llie  predictions  of 
anUqtiity,  T.  Dawes, 

3.  Ancientness ;  great  age ;  the  quality  of  being 
ancient ;  as,  a  statue  of  remarkable  antiquitij ;  a 
family  of  great  antiijuitii. 

4.  Old  age  ;  a  LadicrDtLS  sense  used  by  Shakspp.are. 

5.  The  remains  of  ancient  times.  In  tliis  sense  it 
is  usually  or  always  plural.  Anlitmilies  comprehend 
all  the  remains  of  ancient  times ;  all  the  monu- 
ments, coins,  inscriptions,  edifices,  history,  and  frag- 
ments of  liti  iatiire,  ollices,  habiliments,  weapons, 
manners,  ci'Ii  mkjiiu  s  ;  in  short,  whatever  respects 
any  of  the  am  lent  nations  of  the  earth. 

AX-TI-RHEC-MAT'lt;,  a.  Etficacious  in  cases  of 
rheuinatisin. 

A.\-TI-REV-0-Ltj'TIO.\-A-RY,  a.  [See  Revolu- 
tion.] 

Opposed  to  a  revolution  ;  opposed  to  an  entire 
change  in  the  form  of  government.  Burhc. 
AX-TI-KEV-O-Lu'TIOX-IST,  v.     One  who  is  op- 
posed to  a  revolution  in  guvernment. 
A.\-Tl-SAB-l!A-T.A'll[-A\,  «.    [aiiti  and  Sabbath.] 
One  of  a  sect  who  oppose  the  observance  of  the 
Christian  Sabbath  ;   iiiaintniniiig  that   the  Jewish 
Sabbath  was  only  of  ceremonial,  not  of  nioral  obli- 
gation, and  was  consequently  abolished  by  Christ. 

Eiicyc. 

AN-TI-SA'Br-AN,  a.    [See  Sabiax.] 

Opposed  or  contrary  to  Sabianism,  or  the  worship 
of  the  celestial  orbs.  Faber. 
Ai\-TI-SAC-EU-Do'TAL,  a.    Adverse  to  priests. 

Waterland. 

AN-TIS'CIANS,  )  n.  pi.    [L.  antiscii,  of  Gr.  avTi,  op- 

AN-TIS'CI-I,       \      posite,  an  J  ajciu,  shadow.] 

In  geom-iiphy,  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth,  living 
on  different  sides  of  the  equator,  whose  shadows  at 
noon  are  cast  in  contrary  directions.  Those  who 
live  north  of  the  equator  are  antiscinns  to  those  on 
the  south,  and  vice  versa ;  the  shadows  on  one  side 
being  cast  toward  the  north  ;  those  on  the  other, 
towar<l  the  soiuh.  Eneijc. 

.'V\-TI-St'OR-liu'Tie,       )  a.     [anti  and  scorbutic, 

.\N-TI-SeOil-liO'Tl€-AL,  S  which  see.]  Counter- 
acting the  sciirvv. 

A.V-TI-SCOK-Bu'Tie,  n.    A  remedy  for  the  scurvy. 

AX-TI-SeRll"l'IJR-.VL,  a.  Xot  accordant  with  tlie 
Sacred  Scriptures. 

AN-TI-SeRIP'TIiR-IS.M,  n.  Opposition  to  the  Holy 
Scriptures.  Boyle. 

Ax\-TI-SCRII"TlTR-IST,  n.  One  that  denies  revela- 
tion. ,  Boijle. 

AN-TI-SEP'Tie,  a.  [fir.  avri  and  at,7TTu(,  putrid, 
from  anttoi,  to  putrel'y.] 

Opposed  to,  or  counteracting,  a  putrescent  tenden- 
cy in  t'le  system. 

AN-TI-SEP'Tie,  n.  A  substance  which  resists  or 
corri'Cts  putrefaction,  as  aeids  and  saline  substances. 

2.  A  remedy  which  counteracts  a  putrescent  ten- 
dency in  the  svstem,  as  cinchona. 

AN-TI-SLaV'E'R-Y,  71.    Opposition  to  slavery. 

AN-Tl-So'CI.\L,  a.    [See  Social.] 

1.  Averse  to  society  ;  that  tends  to  intcmpt  or 
destroy  social  intercourse.         Piiscalis,  J[^d.  Hep. 

2.  Hostile  to  the  existence  of  society  ;  as,  anti- 
social i)rinciples. 

AN-TIS'PA-rilS,  n.  [Gr.  airi,  against,  and  n-au,  to 
draw.] 

A  revulsion  of  fluids  from  one  part  of  the  body  to 
another.  Qiiincy. 

AN-Tl-SPAS-MOD'ie,  a.  [Gr.  airi,  against,  and 
ffnaafioi,  from  o-ttmw,  to  draw.] 

Opiusing  spasm  ;  resisting  convulsions ;  as  ano- 
dynes. One. 

AN-1'I-SPAS-MOD'ie,  n.  A  remedy  for  spasm  or 
convulsions,  as  opium,  balsam  of  Peru,  and  the 
essential  oils  of  vegetables.  Core. 

AN'TI-SPAST,        In.  [Gr.  ui/n  and  (rra'.i,  to  draw.] 

A.\-TI-SPAS'TUS,  i  In /.ro.,Wi/  a  tetrasyllable  foot, 
in  which  thn  first  and  last  syllables  are  short,  and  the 
middle  syllables  long. 

AN-TI-SPA.S'TIC,  a.    [See  Antupash.] 

1.  Causing  a  revulsion  of  fluids  or  humors. 

Johnson. 

2.  Counteracting  spiLsm ;  antispasmodic. 
AN-TI-SPA.S'TIC,  n.    In  old  icritcrs,  a  medicine  sup- 
posed to  act  by  causing  a  revulsion  of  the  humors. 

2.  A  rinncdy  that  counteracts  spasm ;  an  anti- 
AN-TI-SPI.E.\'ET-ie,  II.    [See  Sfleen.]  [siiasniodic. 
Good  ax  a  remedy  in  diseaseH  of  the  spli^en. 

.Johnson, 

AN-TIH'TA-SI.S,  n.  [Gr.  airi,  opposite,  and  <rr.icris, 
•tat  ion.] 

In  oriitimj,  the  defenHC  of  an  action  from  the  con- 
Bideration  l\M  if  it  had  been  omitted,  soinething 
woruK  woulil  have  happened.  ICncijc. 
A.N-TIS'Tfi*  71.  [I..] 

The  rliii  f  prii  nl  or  pri'lalc.  Milton. 
A.\-TIS'TKO-PIIE,7i.    [Gr.  acri,  oppOHlte,  and  arpo- 
ipn,it  timilng.] 


1.  In  ^rrammar^  the  changing  of  things  mutu;illy 
depemling  on  each  other;  reciprocal  couvei-siou  ;  as, 
the  master  of  the  servant,  the  servant  of  the  master. 

2.  .\mong  Uie  ancients,  that  part  of  a  song  or 
dance,  around  the  altar,  which  was  performed  by 
turning  from  the  left  to  the  right,  in  opposition  to  the 
strophe,  which  was  performed  by  turning  from  the 
right  to  the  left.  The  ancient  odes  consisted  of 
stanzas  called  strophes  and  antistrophes,  to  which  was 
often  added  the  rpode.  These  were  sung  by  a  choir, 
which  turned  or  changed  places  when  they  re- 
peated the  diflerent  j)arls  of  the  ode.  The  epodc 
was  sung  as  the  chorus  stood  still.    [See  Ode.] 

TVesVs  prcf.  to  his  Pindar. 
AX  TI-STROPH'ie,a.    Belonging  to  the  antistrophe. 
AX-'ri.-^'TKO-PlIOiV,  7!.   A  figure  which  repi-ats  a 

word  nflcii.  Mdton. 
AX-Tl-STRU-MAT'ie,  )  a.    [oTiJiand  struma,  a  scrof- 
AN-TI-STRu'MOUS,    j     ulous  swelling.] 
Good  against  scrofulous  disorders. 

Johnson.  Wiseman. 
AN-TI-SYPH-I-LIT'ie,  a.   Efficacious  against  syph- 
ilis, or  the  venereal  disease  ;  antivenereal. 
AX'TI-THE-ISM,  71.    [Gr.  avri  and  tftuj.] 

Ojiposilion  to  tlie  belief  of  a  God.  Chalmers. 
AN'TI-THE-IST,  71.    One  who  opposes  the  belief  of  a 
God. 

AX-TI-THE-IST'ie-AL,  a.  Opposing  the  belief  of  a 
God. 

AX-Tt-THE-IST'ie-AL-LY,  ode.  By  opposing  the  be- 
lief in  a  God. 

AN-TITH'E-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ai/ri0£<ris,  of  avri  and  Stiris, 
from  rilJrifit,  to  place.] 

1.  In  rhetoric,  an  opposition  of  words  or  senti- 
ments; contrast;  as,  "When  our  vices  leaee  us, 
we  flatter  our.selves  we  leare  them."  "  The  prodigal 
robs  his  heir,  the  miser  robs  himself."  *'  Excess  of 
ceremony  shows  ira/i(  of  breeding."  "  Liberty 
trith  laws,  and  government  tcithout  oppression." 

2.  Opposition  of  opinions:  controversy.  Encye. 
AX-TI-'I'HICT'ie,        (a.     Pertaining  to  antithesis, 
AX-TI-THBT'ie-AL,  j     or  opposition  of  words  and 

sentiments  ;  containing  or  abounding  with  antithe- 
sis. Enfield.  Encijc. 

AX-TI-THET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    By  antithesis.  Byron. 

AX-TIT'RA-GUS,  n.  A  prominence  on  the  lower 
posterior  portion  of  the  external  ear,  opposite  the 
tragus. 

AN-TI-TRIX-I-Ta'RI-AN,  71.  ,  [a7i«i  and  trinifariaji, 
which  see.] 

One  who  denies  the  Trinity,  or  the  existence  of 
three  persons  in  t!ie  floilliead.  Encyc. 

AX-TI-TlilX-l-TA'Rl -AX,  a.    Opposing  the  Trinity. 

AX-T1-TR1X-I-Ta'I11-AX-1S.M,  71.  A  denial  of  the 
Trill  itv. 

AX-TIT"'R0-PAT.,  )  a.  [Gr.  airi  and  menot.] 
AX-TIT'RO-POUS,  (  In  botany,  denoting  that  the 
radicle,  in  a  seed,  is  at  the  extremity  most  remote 
from  the  hiluin,  or  that  the  embryo  is  inverted  with 
respect  to  the  seed.  Lindley. 
AX'Tl-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  nvTiTvanv,  of  atni,  against, 
and  TiJiT-uf,  a  type  or  pattern.] 

That  of  which  the  type  is  the  prefiguration.  Thus 
the  paschal  lamb,  in  Scripture,  is  the  type,  of  which 
Christ  is  the  antitype.  An  antitype,  then,  is  some- 
tiling  which  is  formed  according  to  a  model,  or  pat- 
tern, and  bearing  strong  features  of  resemblance 
to  it. 

In  tJie  Orcek  liturjnj,  the  sacramental  bread  and 
wine  are  called  antitypes,  that  is,  ligures,  similitudes  ; 
and  the  Greek  fathers  used  the  word  in  a  like  sense. 

Kncyc. 

AN-TI-TYP'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  antitype  ;  ex- 
plaining the  type.  Johnson. 

AN-TI-TYP'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  antitvpe. 

AX-TI-VA-RI'O-LOUS,  a.  [anti  and  earioluus,  which 
see.] 

Preventing  the  contagion  of  the  small-pox. 

Med.  Rep. 

AN-TI-VE-Xe'RE-.\L,  a.  [anti  and  venereal,  which 
see.] 

Resisting  venereal  poison. 

AXT'LER,  n.  [from  the  root  of  ante,  before;  Fr. 
andoailler.    See  .\nte.] 

A  start  or  brancli  of  a  horn  of  a  cervine  anim.al, 
as  of  the  stag  or  moose.  The  branch  next  to  the 
h(;ad  is  called  the  brow-antler,  and  the  branch  next 
above,  the  bes-antler.  Encye. 

ANT'LER-Kl),  a.    Furnished  with  antlers.  Enc'ijc. 

A  NT'-LTKE,  n.    Resembling  the  habits  of  ants. 

AN-To'NI-AN,  a.  Noting  certain  medicinal  waters 
in  Germany,  at  or  near  Tonstein.  Enciic. 

Ai\-TOX-0-.MA'SI.\,  n.  [Gr.  mri  and  opopa,  name.] 
The  use  of  the  name  of  some  office,  dignity,  pro- 
fession, science,  or  trade,  instead  of  the  proper  name 
of  the  jierson  ;  as  when  his  majesty  is  used  for  a  king, 
or  his  lordship  for  a  nobleman  ;  or  when,  instead  cjf 
Aristotle,  we  say,  tJte  philosopher  :  Or,  conversely,  tin; 
use  of  a  proper  name  instead  of  an  appellative,  as 
when  a  wise  man  is  callml  a  Ciito,  or  an  eminent 
orator  a  Cicero,  the  application  being  supporti^d  by  a 
rcsiuiiblance  in  charackr.  Encyc. 

AN-TON-0-.MAS'Tie-AL.-LY,  adv.  By  the  figure  an- 
timoniasia. 


AX'TRE,  (an'tur,)  7i.    [L.  antrum.]    .\  cavern. 

S/mk.  Othello. 

A'NUS,  )i.  The  opening  of  tlie  body  by  which  excre- 
ment is  expulkd. 

AN-u'BIS,  71.  An  Egyptian  deity,  the  conductor  of 
departed  spirits,  and  represented  by  a  human  figure 
with  the  head  of  a  dog  or  fox. 

AN'VIL,  71.  [Sax.  anfilt,(Bnfilt;  D.  aanbccld;  old  Eng. 
anvelt.  The  first  syllable  seems  to  be  the  preposi- 
tion oil,  from  the  lielgic  dialect  aan.  The  last  syl- 
lable is  from  the  verb  build ;  in  Germ,  bilden,  to  form 
or  shape,  and  bild,  an  image  or  form,  which  in  Dutch 
is  hceld.  To  build  is  to  shape,  to  form,  and  anvil,  that 
is,  oil  build,  is  that  on  whicli  things  are  sliaped.  The 
Latin  word  incus,  incudis,  is  formed  by  a  like  anal- 
ogy from  in  and  cudo,  to  hammer,  or  shape  ;  and  the 
same  ideas  are  connected  in  tlie  Celtic;  W.  eingion; 
Ir.  inneon,  anvil,  and  innconam,  to  strike.] 

-An  iron  block  with  a  smooth  face,  on  which 
smiths  hammer  and  shape  their  work.  Fi^aratively, 
any  thing  on  which  blows  are  laid.  Shali. 

To  be  on  tite  anvd,  is  to  be  in  a  state  of  discussion, 
formation,  or  jireparation,  as  when  a  scheme  or 
measure  is  forming,  but  not  matured.  This  figure 
bi'ars  an  analogy  to  that  of  (/(.-citysioii,  a  shaking  or 

AN'VIL-£D,  a.    Wrought  on  the  anvil.  [beating. 

Beaumont  4*  Fletcher. 

AjVX-I'E-TY,  (ang-zi'e-ty,)  71.  [L.  anxictas,  from  aiu- 
ius,  solicitous  ;  L.  ancro.    See  .\nger.] 

1.  Concern  or  solicitude  respecting  some  event, 
future  or  uncertain,  which  disturbs  the  mind,  and 
keeps  it  in  a  state  of  painful  uneasiness.  It  ex- 
presses more  than  uneasiness  or  disturbance,  and  even 
more  than  trouble  or  solicitude.  It  usually  springs 
from  fear  or  serious  apprehension  of  evil,  and  in- 
volves a  suspense  respecting  an  event,  and  often  a 
perplexity  of  mind,  to  know  how  to  shape  our  con- 
duct. 

2.  In  medical  language,  uneasiness ;  unceasing 
restlessness  in  sickness. 

AXX'tOUS,  (ank'shus,)  a.  Greatly  concerned  or 
solicitous  res[)ecting  something  future  or  unknown  ; 
being  in  painful  suspense  ;  applied  to  persons ;  as, 
to  be  anxious  for  the  issue  of  a  battle. 

2.  Full  of  solicitude  ;  unquiet;  applied  to  tilings; 
as,  anxious  thoughts  or  labor. 

3.  Very  careful  ;  solicitous  ;  as,  anxioiu  to  phrase  ; 
anxious  to  commit  lio  mistake. 

It  is  followed  by  for  or  about,  before  the  object. 
ANX'IOUS-LY,  adr.    In  an  anxious  manner  ;  .solicit- 
ously ;  with  painful   uncertainty  ;  carefully  ;  un- 
qiiietly. 

ANX'IOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  anxious  ; 
great  solicitude.  Juhnsun. 

AN'Y,  (en'ny,)  a.  [Sax.  anig,  ccnig;  D.  eenig ;  Ger. 
einig.  This  word  is  a  compound  of  an,  one,  and  ig, 
which,  in  the  Teutonic  dialects,  is  the  ic  of  tlie 
Latins,  mus-ic-ns.    .^ny  is  unic-us,  one-Wee.] 

1.  One,  indefinitely. 

Nor  Itnowotli  any  man  the  FiUher,  save  the  Son.  —  Mall.  xi. 
h  a  soul  shall  sin  against  any  of  llie  conmiandinents.  —  Lev.  iv. 

2.  Some ;  an  indefinite  number,  plurally  :  for 
though  the  word  is  formed  from  one,  it  often  refers  to 
manij.  Are  there  any  witnesses  present.'  The  sense 
seems  to  be  a  small,  uncert;iin  number. 

3.  Some  ;  an  indefinite  quantity  ;  a  small  portion. 

Who  will  bliow  us  any  good  i  —  Ps.  iv. 

4.  It  is  often  used  as  a  substitute,  the  person  or 
tiling  being  tinderstuod. 

And  when  ye  sUtntI  praying,  f  )rgivc,  if  ye  h.ave  anghl  agaii:Kl 

any.  —  Mart;  xi. 
If  any  lack  wisdom,  let  liim  ask  it  ol  Uod.  —  James  i. 

It  is  used  in  opposition  to  none.  Have  you  any 
wheat  to  sell I  liave  7ionp. 

AX'Y-WISE,  is  sometimes  used  adverbially  ;  but  the 
two  words  may  be  separated,  and  used  with  a  prep- 
osition, in  any  icise. 

A-o'NI-AX,  a.  [from  ^o;iia,  a  part  of  BiEotia,  in 
Greece.] 

Pertaining  to  the  muses,  or  to  Aonia,  in  Bipotia. 
The  Aoiiian  fount  was  Aganippe,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Helicon,  not  far  from  Thebes,  and  sacred  to 
the  muses.  Hence  the  muses  were  called  Aonides. 
Drydcn's  yirgil.  Eclogue  10.  Iti.  But  in  truth,  jiiinia 
it.self  is  formed  from  the  Celtic  aon,  a  spring  or  foun- 
tain, [the  fabled  son  of  Neptune,]  and  this  word 
gave  name  to  Aonia.  As  the  muses  were  fond  of 
springs,  the  word  was  a|iplied  to  the  muses,  and  to 
inoiintains  which  were  their  favorite  residence,  as  to 
Parnassus.  Milton. 

A'O-RIST,  71.  [Gr.  aopinTos,  indefinite,  of  a  priv. 
and  6(<ns,  limit.] 

'I'he  name  of  certain  tenses  in  the  grammar  of  the 
Greek  language,  which  express  an  action  as  com- 
pleted in  past  time,  hut  leave  it,  in  other  resjiects, 
wholly  iiiili'teriniiiale. 

A-O-RIST'lC,  n.  Indefinite  ;  pertaining  toanaprist, 
or  indefinitt'  tense. 

S-ORT'A,  n.  [Gr.  aofirr],  the  great  artery  ;  also,  an 
nrk,  or  chest.] 

The  great  artery,  or  trunk  of  the  arterial  system, 
proceeding  from  the  left  ventricle  of  the  heart,  and 
giving  origin  to  all  the  arteries,  except  the  imlnio- 


FATE,  FAR,  F^I.L,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 

-_  — 


APE 

nary  aitorits.  It  first  rises,  wlion  it  is  lalliil  the 
atcmUiniT  aorta  .  then  makes  a  great  curve,  when  it 
gives  otV  branelies  to  tlie  head  anil  ii|)pfr  e.xtrenii- 
ties;  then  prmceils  downward,  called  llic  Uvsceitd- 
iiitr  liortH,  wlun  it  gives  otf  liranrhes  to  the  trunk; 
and  tinally  divides  into  the  two  iliacs,  wliich  supply 
the  pelvis  and  lower  extremities.  Cue.  Parr. 

A-ORT'AL,  (  o.     Pertaining  to  the   aorta,  or  great 

A-ORT'ie,  i     arterj-.  Darwin. 

A-PaCK',  ai/e.    [n  and  pari-.J 

With  a  niiick  p.-iee;  iiuiek;  fast;  speedily;  with 
haste ;  hastily ;  applied  to  things  in  motion  or  pro- 
gression ;  as,  birds  tly  apace  ;  weeds  grow  «;)8ci-. 

AP'A-OO-CE,  n.  [Gr.,  from  iirraj  w,  to  draw  aside,  of 
ar  i,  from,  and  .i;  u,  to  drive.] 

1.  In  lu'jic,  abdnttion  ;  a  kind  of  argument, 
wherein  the  greater  extreme  is  evidently  contained 
in  the  medium,  but  the  medium  not  so  evidently  in 
the  lesser  extreme,  as  not  to  require  further  proof. 
Thus,  "  All  whom  God  absolves  are  free  from  sin  ; 
but  God  absolves  all  who  are  in  Christ  :  therefore  all 
who  are  in  Christ  are  free  from  sin."  The  first  prop- 
osition is  evident;  but  the  second  may  reiiiiire  fur- 
ther proof,  as  tliat  God  received  full  satisfaction  for 
sin  by  the  siitlering  of  Christ. 

2.  In  mathematical  a  progress  or  passage  from  one 
proposition  to  another,  when  the  first,  having  been 
demonstrated,  is  employed  in  proving  otiiers. 

3.  In  the  Jlihenian  law,  the  carrying  a  criminal, 
taken  in  the  fact,  to  a  magistrate.  Kiicijc. 

AP-.\-GOtj'IG-.\L,  rt,  .'\n  apa:fo^ica!  demonstration  is 
all  indirect  w;iy  of  proof,  by  showing  the  absiydity 
or  impossibility  of  the  contrary  ;  corresponding  to 
the  reduetio  ad  ab.turdum,  or  ad  inipv.s.^ibde. 

AP-.V-L.\Ciri-.'\.N',  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Apalaclies, 
a  tribe  of  Indians  in  tlie  western  part  of  Georgia. 
Hence  the  word  is  applied  to  the  mountains  in  or 
near  their  countr}',  whirli  arc  in  fact  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  AUeganean  ridses. 

AP'AN-AGE.    See  Afpanace. 

.•V-P.\N'THRO-PV,  Ti.  [Gr.  11170,  from,  and  avOpw-os, 
inan.J 

An  aversion  to  the  company  of  men ;  a  love  of 
solitude.  Enoic. 
AP-.^-RITII'ME-Sia.  n.    [Gr.]    In  rhetoric,  enumera- 
tion. 

A-P.'y.RT',  di/r.    [a  nnd  part :  Fr.  apartf.    See  Part.] 

1.  Separately  ;  at  a  distance  ;  in  a  state  of  separa- 
tion, as  to  place. 

Jeaiis  departiui  lhenc«  inio  a  desert  place  apart. —  Malt.  liv. 

2.  In  a  state  of  distinction,  as  to  purpose,  use,  or 
character. 

Tlie  Lord  liath  let  a;Mrt  him  thnt  b  godly  for  himself. —  Ps.  iv. 

3.  Distinctly ;  separately ;  as,  consider  the  two 
propositions  apart 

A.  .\snle  ;  in  exclusion  of ;  as,  apart  from  all  re- 
gard to  his  morals,  "he  is  not  qualified,  in  other 
respects,  for  the  oflice  he  holds. 
A-P.\RT'.ME.\'T,  n.    [Fr.  apartement,  or  appartement, 
of  ab  or  a,  from,  and  partir,  to  depart.    See  Part.] 

.\  room  in  a  building;  a  division  in  a  house,  sef>- 
arated  from  others  by  partitions ;  a  place  separated 
by  inclosure. 

AP-A-THET'ie,  a.  Void  of  feeling  ;  free  from  pas- 
sion ;  insensible.  Harris. 

AP'.\-THIST,  n.    One  destitute  of  feeling. 

AP-A-TIlIST'ie-AL,  a.    Apathetic.  Srtcard. 

AI"A-THY,  71.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  Tr.ifloj,  pa.ssiim.] 

Want  of  feeling  ;  privation  of  passion,  or  insen- 
sibility to  pain  ;  applied  eitJicr  to  lJu  body  or  the  mind. 
As  applied  to  the  mind,  it  is  stoicism,  a  calmness  of 
mind  incapable  of  being  ruffled  by  pleasure,  pain,  or 
pa.ssion.  In  the  first  ages  of  the  cliuroh,  the  Chris- 
tians adopted  the  term  to  express  a  contempt  of 
earthly  concerns. 

(Quietism  is  only  apathy  disguised  uiider  the  appearance  of  de- 
votion. £neyc. 

AF'A-TITE,  71.  [from  Gr.  a-araoi,  to  deceive ;  it 
having  been  often  mistaken  for  other  minerals.] 

Native  phuspliate  of  lime.  It  occurs  usually  in 
eix-sided  prisms,  of  a  green  or  greenish  color ;  re- 
sembling beryl,  but  much  softer.  Its  |M>wder  phos- 
phoresces on  hot  coals.  The  phosphorite  of  Wer- 
ner is  an  earthy  variety.  Dana. 

APE,  n.  [D.  aap  :  Dan.  abe:  Sax.  apa;  Sw.  and  Ir. 
apa  ;  Ice.  ape Germ,  fl^e ;  W.  ab,  or  epa,  so  named 
from  the  celerity  of  its  motions.] 

I.  .\  genus  of  quadruniana,  found  in  the  torrid 
zone  of  both  continents,  containing  a  great  number 
of  species.  In  common  use,  the  word  extends  to  all 
the  tribe  of  monkeys  and  baboons;  but  in  zoolog}', 
ape  is  limited  to  such  of  these  animals  as  hax'e  no 
tails  ;  while  those  with  short  tails  are  called  baboon.', 
and  those  with  long  ones,  monkeys.  These  animals 
have  four  cutting  teeth  in  e.ach  jaw,  and  two  canine 
teeth,  with  obtuse  grinders.  The  feet  are  formed 
like  bands,  with  four  fingers  and  a  thumb,  and  Hat 
nails.  Apes  are  lively,  full  of  frolic  and  chatter, 
thieving,  and  mischiex'ous.  They  inhabit  the  for- 
ests, and  live  on  fruits,  leaves,  and  insects.  Encij-. 

3.  One  who  imitates  servilely,  in  allusion  to  the 
manners  of  the  ape  ;  a  silly  fellow. 

APE,  V.  L   To  imitate  servilely  ;  to  mimic,  as  an  ape 


API! 

imitates  human  actions.    Weak  i«'rson3  are  always 
prone  to  ape  loreigners. 
A-Plc.\K',  «Jc.    [a  and  ;»•<;/.■,  a  point.    See  Peak.] 

1.  On  the  point  ;  in  a  posture  to  pierce,  ./uhnson. 

2.  In  seamen's  laniruage,  perpendicular.  The  aiirh- 
'  or  is  apeak,  when  the  cubic  is  drawn  so  as  to  bring 

the  ship  directly  over  it.  Mar.  Diet, 

AP'EN-S'INE,  a.  [L.  apetniinus ;  ad  and  prnninus, 
an  epithet  applied  to  a  peak  or  ridge  of  the  Alps. 
JJvij.  Celtic  pen  or  ben,  the  peak  of  a  iiiountain,  or 
in  general,  a  mountain.] 

Pertaining  to  or  designating  a  chain  of  mountains 
which  extend  from  the  Alps,  south  of  the  plains  of 
Piedmont,  and  around  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  to  the  cen- 
ter of  Italy,  and  thence  south-ea-st  to  yie  extremity. 

AP'FX  NINES  j  "■  '""""''''"^  above  described. 

A-PEP'SY,  11.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  -mru,  to  digest.] 

Defective  digestion  ;  indigestion.  Coxe. 
A'PER,  II.    [from  ape.]    One  who  apes. 

2.  [L.]    In  zoology,  the  wild  boar. 
A-PK'lU-fl.VT,  a.    [L.  apcnViw,  o^irno  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
abrir ;  ll.  aprire  ;  Fr.  oiifrir.] 

Opening:  that  has  the  quality  of  opening;  deob- 
strtieiit;  laxative. 
A-Pk'III-E.\T,  71.  Formerly,  a  medicine  supposed  to 
possess  the  property  of  opening  the  mouths  of  the  ex- 
treme vessels,  and  thus  removing  obstructions  ;  an 
an;istoniotic  ;  a  deobstrueiit.  .As  notp  used,  a  remedy 
that  promotes  excretion,  or  a  lax.ative. 
A-PERT-TIVE,  a.    Opening;  deobstruent ;  aperient. 

Harvey. 

.\-PERT',  a.    [L.  apertus.] 

Open  ;  eviilent  ;  undisguised.  [J^'ot  uaed.]  Fotherlni. 
A-PEll'TIO.\,  71.  The  act  of  opening ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing opened  ;  an  opening ;  a  gap,  aperture,  or  passage. 
[I.iiile  used.]  h'iseman.  WutUtn. 

A-PERT'1,Y,  a/;i.'.    Openly.    [LitUcused.l  Bale. 
A-PEKT'.\ESS,  71.    [L.  aprHus.] 

0|>enness.    [Rarely  used.']  Holder. 
A-PEKT'OR,  ji.    A  muscle  that  raises  the  upper  eye- 
lid ;  usually  called  the  levatur  of  the  upper  eyelid. 

Qutnetf. 

AP'ER-TIIRE,  n.  The  act  of  opening ;  more  general- 
ly,  an  opening;  a  gap,  clefl,  or  chasm;  a  passage 
perforated  ;  a  hole  tlirough  any  solid  substance. 

Holder.    J^'ewttm . 

2.  An  opening  of  meaning  ;  explanation.  [A'Dt 
used.]  Taylor. 

3.  In  geometry,  the  space  between  two  right  lines, 
fonning  an  angle.  Encye. 

AP'ER-Y,  71.    The  practice  of  aping.  ColerUl^c. 

A-PET'.\Lr-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  a  neg.  and  iztraXuv,  a  flower 
leaf,  or  petal.] 

In  botany,  having  no  petals,  or  flower  leaves  ;  hav- 
ing no  corol.  Martini. 

A-PET'.\L-OUS-XESS,  71.  A  state  of  being  without 
petals. 

A'PE.X,  71. ;  j)l.  Apexes.    [L.  apez,  pi.  apices.'] 

The  tip,  point,  or  summit  of  any  thing.  In  antiqui- 
ty, the  cap  of  a  tlamen  or  priest ;  the  crest  of  a  hel- 
met. In  grammar,  the  mark  of  a  long  syllable.  In 
botany,  formerly,  the  anthers  of  flowers,  or  top  of  the 
stamens,  like  a  knob ;  at  present,  the  point  or  termi- 
nation of  any  part,  as  a  leaf,  seed,  or  ovule. 

Martyn,  Lindley. 

A-PII.'ER'E-SIS,  )  (a-fer'e-sis,)  71.  [Gr.  ujto,  from,  and 

A-PIIEII'E-SIS,  (     liiyfw,  to  t:ike.] 

1.  In  grammar,  the  taking  of  a  letter  or  syllable 
from  the  beginning  of  a  word.  Thus,  by  apha-rcsis, 
omittere  is  xvrilten  mittere.  Encyc. 

2.  In  the  healing  art,  the  removal  of  any  part  dis- 
eased or  superfluous.  Parr. 

In  surgery,  amputation.  Qaincy. 
A-PIIAN'ES-ITE,  71.   [Gr.  ai!inirri(,  indistinct.] 

.\  copper  ore,  of  a  dark-bluish  or  verdigris-green 
color,  consisting  of  arsenic  acid  and  oxyd  of  copper. 
APH-AN-IST'IG,  a.    In  mineralogy,  indistinct. 
APll'A-NITE,  n.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  -pairw,  to  show.] 
A  very  compact,  dark-colored  rock,  consisting 
chiefly  of  hornblende.  Dana. 
A-PHeL'ION,  (a-fEl'yon,)n.  [Gr.  aTTo,  from,  and  I'lXios, 
the  sun.] 

That  point  of  a  planet's  orbit  which  is  most  distant 
from  the  sun  ;  opposed  to  perihelion. 

APH-I-DIV'O-ROUS,  a.  [of  aphis,  the  puceron  or 
viiie-frctler,  and  voro,  to  eat.] 

Eating,  devouring,  or  subsisting  on  the  aphis,  or 
plant-louse.  Darwin, 

A-PHI-LAN'THRO-PY,  71.  [Gr.,  of  ,1  neg.  and  (/.iXoi-- 
GpojTTia,  of  iptXco),  to  love,  and  avOpwiT'ii,  man.] 

Want  of  love  to  mankiii|l.  In  medicine,  the  first 
stage  of  melancholy,  when  solitude  is  preferred  to 
society.  Coxe. 

A'PIIIS,  B.  In  zoology,  the  puceron,  vine-fretter,  or 
plant-louse  ;  a  genus  of  insects  belonging  to  the  or- 
der Hemiptera.  The  aphis  is  furnished  with  an  in- 
flected beak,  and  with  antennx  longer  than  the  tho- 
rax. In  the  same  species,  some  individuals  have 
four  erect  xvings,  and  others  are  entirely  without 
wings.  The  feet  are  of  the  ambulatory  kind,  and 
the  belly  usually  ends  in  two  horns,  from  which  is 
ejected  the  siibstince  called  honey-dew.  The  species 
are  very  numerous.  Encyc. 


APL 

APII  I.O  CIH'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  .1  priv.  and  ip\oyir,f,  in- 
flaiiinialile.] 

Flaineless  ;  a",  an  aphhgistic  lamp,  in  which  a  coil 
of  wire  is  kept  in  a  state  of  continued  ignition  by  al- 
cohol, without  llauie.  Comstock. 
APll'O-NY,  71.    [Or.  u  priv.  and  ipuvit,  voice.] 

A  loss  of  voice  ;  dumbness.  Johnson.  Cote. 

APirO-RIS.M,  (afo-rizm,)  71.  [Gr.  a^ooia/iot,  deter- 
mination, distinction  ;  from  aip'ini^u,  to  sepanitc.] 

A  maxim  ;  a  precept  or  principle  expressed  in  a 
few  words  ;  a  detached  sentence  coiiUiining  some 
important  truth  ;  as,  the  aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,  or 
of  the  civil  law.  Encyc. 
APII  ()-RIS.M'ER,  71.  Adealcr  iiraphorisms.  Milton. 
AI'irO-ltl.ST,  71.    A  writer  of  aphorisms. 
AI'II-O-UI.-^T'IC,       la.    Ill  the  form  of  an  apho- 
APll-O-RIST'ie-AL,  i     rism  ;  in  the  form  of  short, 

iincnnnected  sentences;  as,  an  aphoristic  style. 
APII-O-UIST'ie-AL-LV,  ado.  In  the  form  or  manner 

of  aphorisms 
APII'RITE,  71.    [Gr.  a<j>oo(,  froth.] 

An  earthy  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  having  a 
silvery  luster  ;  the  silvery  chalk  of  Kirwan,  and  the 
schaumerdc  (foam-earth)  of  Werner.  Dana. 
AI'Il'RI-ZITE,  «.    A  variety  of  black  tourmalin. 

Phillips. 

APII-RO-DIS'I-AG,       )  a.    [Gr.  a<l>eoSiato{,  venere- 
APII-UO-DI-SI'At'-AL,  i    al,  .XijipoSirn,  Venus,  from 
froth.] 

Exciting  venereal  desire;  increasing  the  appetite 
for  sexual  connection. 
APH-RO-DIS'I-Ae,  (af-ro-dizh'e-ak,)  n.    A  provoca- 
tive to  venerj'.  Encyc.  Quincy. 
APII-RO-DI'TA,  n.  In  zoology,  a  genus  of  marine  An- 
nelida, cliaracteri/.ed  by  two  rows  of  ineiiibrnnous 
scales  along  the  back,  covering  the  brancliiie.  A  spe- 
cies, on  the  British  co<ist,  is  called  the  sea-mouse 
APH'RO-DITE,  71.    [Gr.  A(,!ipoair7,.] 

A  follower  of  Venus.  Cleavetand. 
APII-RO-DI'TE,  71.    A  name  of  Venus,  so  called  froth 
Gr.  a'l)poi,  frotli,  from  which  the  gotldcss  was  sup- 
posed to  h;ive  been  produced.    [See  Venl*».] 
APH-TIIIT'A-LITE,  n.    A  compound  salt,  consisting 
chiefly  of  the  siilpliatcs  of  potiish  and  soda,  and  com- 
mon salt ;  founil  on  the  lavas  at  Vesuvius.  Dana. 
APH'TIIO.VG,  (af'thong,)  71.    [Gr.  uro,  witliont,  and 
tjiSiiyyif,  sound.] 

A  letter,  or  combination  of  letters,  which,  in  the 
customary  pronunciation  of  a  word,  have  no  sound. 
Focaloir,  or  Diet.  i>f  tJie  Htberno-Celtic  Language, 
APH'TllOUS,  a.    [Gr.  at^Sai,  ulcers  in  the  mouth.] 
Pertaining  to  the  thrush,  (^aphtJiie  ;)  of  the  n.ature  of 
the  thrush,  or  ulcerous  aflectiun  of  the  mouth. 

Bigelow. 

.VPH'YL-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a  neg.  and  iptiXXir,  folium, 
a  leaf.] 

In  6o(a7i!/,  destitute  of  leaves,  as  the  rush,  mush- 
rooms, garlic,  some  sea-weeds,  &c.  MUne. 
.\'PI-.A-RIST,  71.    One  who  keefis  an  apiarj*.  Kirby. 
.\'PI-.\-RY,  71.    [L.  apiarium,  of  apis,  a  bee.] 

The  place  where  bees  are  kept;  a  stand  or  shed  for 
bees. 

A'PI-AS-TER,  71.    [from  T..  avb,  a  bee.] 

The  trivial  name  of  a  bird,  a  species  of  Merops,  or 
bee-eater.  'J'he  apiiuster  has  an  iron-colored  back, 
and  a  belly  of  bluish-green.  Encyc 

AP'l-C'i?s  ) 

A'PEX-ES  (  .\PEi  and  A.nther. 

A-PIC'lt-LA-TED,  a.    In  botany,  terminated  abruptly 

by  a  small,  distinct  point,  as  a  leaf. 
A-PIi;CE',  ttdc.    ^a  and  piece.] 

To  each  ;  noting  the  share  of  each  ;  as,  here  is  an 

orange  apiece. 

A'PIS,  71.  In  mythology,  an  ox,  worshiped  in  ancient 
Egx  pt,  .as  a  divinity. 

A'PIS,  71,  [I/.]  In  zoology,  the  bee,  a  genus  of  insects 
of  the  order  Ilyinenoptera.  The  mouth  has  two 
jaws,  and  a  proboscis  infolded  in  a  double  sheath  ; 
the  wings  are  four,  the  two  foremost  covering  the 
hinder  ones  xvhen  at  rest.  The  females  and  working 
bees  have  a  sting.  Encyc. 

AP'ISII,  a.  [See  .\pe.]  Having  the  qualities  of  an 
ape  ;  inclined  to  imitate  in  a  servile  manner ;  hence, 
foolish ;  foppish  ;  atfected  ;  trifling  ;  insignificant ;  as, 
an  apish  fellow;  apish  m,inners. 

AP'ISH-LY,  ailr.  In  an  apish  manner;  with  serx'Ue 
imitation  ;  foppishly. 

AP'I.'^H-NESS,  71.  'fhe  quality  v  being  apish  ;  mim- 
icry ;  foppery. 

A-PIT'P.VT  ;  with  quick  beating  <  palpitation  ;  a 
xvord  formed  from  the  sound,  pit  a  A  pat,  or  from 
beaL 

.\P-L.\-XAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  a  neg.  and  irAo  ato,  to  wan- 
der.] 

An  aplanatic  telescope  is  one  which  e,  'irely  cor- 
rects the  aberration  of  color  of  the  raj  s  of  -ght.  It 
is  thus  distinguished  from  the  achromatic,  wh  h  only 
partially  corrixts  the  aberration.  Ed.  Eh^e, 

A  PI, AS'TIC,  a.    Not  plastic  or  easily  molded. 

AP'LO.ME,  n.    [Gr.  .ir>o.<,  simple.] 

.\  mineral  closely  allieil  to  garneL  It  is  considered 
by  Jameson  as  crystallized  common  garnet.  It  is  a 
rare  mineral,  found  in  dodecalu  ilrons,  with  rhombic 
faces,  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  cube  by  one 


TONE,  BULL,  liXITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


APO 


APO 


APO 


of  the  most  simple  laws  of  decrement,  tliat  of  a  sin- 
gle range  of  particles,  parallel  to  all  the  edges  of  a 
fuhe.  Jla^nj.  Cleavdand, 

A.-1'LUS'TRE,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  atji^acTov,  the  summit 
of  the  poop  of  a  ship.] 

In  R  iman  antiquity,  an  ornament  made  of  wooden 
planks,  rising  from  the  stern  of  a  ship,  corresponding 
to  the  Greek  apldtLston,  (tiijtXaaTOf  ;)  by  the  side  of 
which  a  pole  H  as  erected  with  a  flag  or  ribbons  at- 
tached, to  indicate  the  course  of  the  wind. 

Smithes  Diet. 

A-POe'A-LYPSE,  (a-poc'a-lyps,)  n.  [Or.,  from  aruica- 
AuTrrw,  to  disclose  ;  inrn  and  xiiAu^ru,  to  cover.] 

Revelation  ;  discovery  ;  disclosure.  The  name  of 
a  book  of  the  New  Testament,  containing  many  dis- 
coveries or  predictions  respecting  the  future  state  of 
Christianity,  written  by  St.  John,  in  Patmos,  near 
the  close  of  the  first  century. 

A-POC-A-LYP'TJe,       )  a.  Containing  or  pertaining 

A-POe-A-LYP'TI€-AL,  i    to  revelation ;  disclosing. 
9.  Pertaining  to  the  apocalypse. 

A-POe-A-LYP'TI€-AL-LY,  adv.  By  revelation  ;  in 
the  manner  of  disclosure  ;  in  relation  to  the  apoca- 
lypse. 

AP-0-e.\RP'OUS,  a.    [Gr.  arro  and  Kamo;,  fruit.] 
In  botany,  a  term  denoting  that  the  carpels  of  a 
compound  pistil  are  either  enturely  or  partially  dis- 
tinct. Lindlev. 

A-POC'O-PaTE,  t'.  <.  [See  Apocope.]  To  cut  off  or 
drop  the  last  letter  or  .sj  liable  of  a  word. 

A-POe'0-P.\-TED,  j>p.  or  a.  Shortened  by  the  omis- 
sion of  the  last  letter  or  syllable. 

A-POC'O-Pa-TIXG,  ppr.  Cutting  off  or  omitting  the 
last  letter  or  syllable. 

A-POC'O-PE,  n.    [Gr.  airoKO-nq,  abscission,  of  airo  and 

KO^TOl,  to  cut.] 

The  cutting  off  or  omission  of  the  last  letter  or  syl- 
lable of  a  word  ;  as,  di  for  dii. 
A-POC'RI-SI-A-RY,      (71.  [Gr.,  from  ajroxpitrif,  an- 
A-POC-RI-SI-a'RI-US,  j    swer;  an-u/c.oii'u^ai,  to  an- 
swer.] 

.^ncienthj,  a  term  applied  to  the  residents  at  the  im- 
perial city,  Constantinople,  in  the  name  of  a  foreign 
church  or  bishop,  including  the  pope's  legate  or  nun- 
cio, whose  office  was  to  negotiate,  as  proctors,  at  the 
emperor's  court,  in  all  ecclesiastical  causes  in  which 
their  principals  were  concerned.  The  term  was  also 
applied,  under  the  early  French  kings,  to  the  highest 
officer  in  the  royal  court,  nearly  corresponding  to 
chancellor.  Encyc.  Spclinan-. 

AP-0-€RUST'I€,  a.  [Gr.  airon-pown/tn,  from  arro  and 
Kpovoj,  to  drive.] 
Astringent ;  repelling. 

AP-O-CRUST'ie,  n.  A  medicine  which  constringes, 
and  repels  the  humors  ;  a  repellent.  Quincy.  Cuxe. 

A-POC'RY-PlI.'i,  71.  [Gr.,  from  anoKpyrrTu  ;  otto  and 
Kfiv^TG),  to  conceal.] 

Literallij,  such  things  as  are  not  published  ;  but  in 
an  appropriate  sense,  hooks  whose  authenticity,  as  in- 
spired writings,  is  not  admitted,  and  whicli  are  there- 
fore not  considered  a  part  of  the  sacred  canon  of  the 
Scripture.  Wlien  the  Jews  published  their  sacred 
books,  they  called  them  canonical  and  dicine  ;  such  as 
they  did  not  publish  were  called  apucryp/ial.  The 
Jewish  apocryphal  books  are  received  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  as  canonical,  but  not  by  Protestants. 

Encyc. 

A-POC'RY-PIIAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  apocrypha ; 

not  canonical ;  of  uncertain  authority  or  credit ;  false ; 

fictitious.  Cuntrreve.  Hooker. 

A-POe'UY-PII.\L-LY,  adv.    Uncertainly  ;  not  indis- 

put;iblv. 

A-POC'RY-PHAL-NESS,  71.  Uncertainty  as  to  au- 
thenticity; doubtfulness  of  credit  or  genuineness. 

AP'O-DAL,  a.  [See  Apodes.]  Without  feet.  In  lool- 
ogti,  destitute  of  ventral  fins  ;  denoting  an  order  of 
fisiies. 

AP'ODES,  71.  pi.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  irovf,  Ttoini,  foot.] 
A  term  applied  to  animals  that  have  no  feet ;  es- 
pecially to  certain  fabulous  birds  whicli  were  said  to 
have  no  legs,  and  also  to  some  birds  which  have  very 
short  legs. 

In  zoology,  the  Apodes  are  an  order  of  fishes  which 
have  no  ventral  fins  ;  the  first  order  in  Linnajus's 
system.  Encyc. 

AP-O-UIC'TIC,       I  a.    [Gr.  awoiki^s,  evidence,  of 

AP  O  DIC'TIC  AI,,  j      nrr  -  and  (i£iKn./.i,  to  show.] 
iJemonslrative ;    evident  beyond  coiilradiction  ; 
ctearlv  proving.  Brown.  Glanrille. 

AP-0-lilC'TlC-AI>-LY,  alv.  So  as  to  be  evident  be- 
yond contradiction. 

AP O-DIX'IS^  71.    [Gr.]    Full  demonstration.  Buck. 

A-PfJlJ'0-.yi.S,  71.  [Gr.l  In  grammar,  the  principal 
chiuae  -.f  a  conditional  sentence,  expressing  the  re- 
tull  ;  as  distinguished  from  the />ri<r«,,ia- or  siiliordinatc 
claUi*,  which  expresses  a  condition.  Thus,  in  the 
apruence,  "  'J'huugli  he  slay  me,  yet  will  I  trust  in 
bim,"  tlie  former  clause  is  the  proUuiii,  and  the  latter 
the  apudoxii,  Jty  noun;  res|>ectuble  graiiiiriarians,  this 
di'tincJon  is  not  i^iuifiried  to  conditional  sentenceH, 
hut  is  extiMided  to  others  similarly  constructed. 

AP'O-GEE,  w.  [apof^f-on,  apof^cum;  Gr.  ano,  from,  and 
yr/,  the  earth.] 

In  modern  anlronomy,  that  point  in  the  orbit  uf  the 


moon,  which  is  at  the  greatest  distance  from  the 
earth. 

In  ancient  astronomy,  that  point  in  the  orbit  of  the 
sun,  or  of  a  planet,  wiiich  is  at  the  greatest  distance 
from  the  earth.  The  ancients  regarded  the  earth  as 
fixed  in  the  center  of  the  system,  and  therefore  as- 
signed to  the  sun,  with  the  planets,  an  orbit  and  an 
apogee ;  but  the  moderns,  considering  the  sun  as  the 
center,  use  the  terms  perihelion  and  aphelion,  to  de- 
note the  least  and  greatest  distance  of  the  planets 
from  that  orb.  The  sun's  apogee,  therefore,  is,  in 
strjctness,  the  earth's  aphelion.      Encyc.  Johnson. 

A-Po'GON,  71.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  rriojui',  beard,  because 
its  jaws  want  the  appendages  called  beard.] 

The  name  of  a  sub-genus  of  fishes,  subordinate  to 
the  genus  Perca,  {perch,)  one  species  of  which  inhab- 
its the  Mediterranean.  Cuoier. 

AP'O-GRAPH,  71.    [Gr.  airo}  paipov  ;  ctT:oypa(pu.] 
An  exemplar  ;  a  copy  or  transcript.  .3sh. 

A-POL-LI-NA'RI-AN,  a.    [from  .Apollo.] 

The  j^pollinarian  games,  in  Roman  antii/uity,  were 
celebrated  in  honor  of  Apollo ;  instituted  A.  R.  543, 
after  the  battle  of  Cannm.  They  were  merely  scen- 
ical,  with  exhibitions  of  music,  dances,  and  various 
mountebank  tricks.  Encyc. 

A-POL-LI-N.\'RI-ANS  ;  in  church  history,  a  sect,  de- 
riving their  name  from  Apollinaris,  bishop  of  Laodi- 
cea,  in  the  4th  century,  who  denied  the  proper  hu- 
manity of  Christ ;  maintaining  that  his  body  was  en- 
dowed with  a  sensitive,  and  not  witli  a  rational  soul, 
and  that  the  divine  nature  supplied  the  place  of  the 
intellectual  principle  in  man.         Encyc.  Hooker. 

A-POL'LO,  71.  A  deity  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
and  worshiped  under  the  name  of  Phmbus,  the  sun, 
as  the  fountain  of  light  and  heat.  He  was  the  pre- 
siding deity  of  archery,  prophecy,  medicine,  and 
music,  and  president  and  protector  of  tlie  Muses. 

Brajide. 

A-POL'LO-BEL-VI-DitRE',  n.  A  celebrated  statue 
of  Apollo,  in  the  Belvidere  gallery  of  tlie  Vatican 
palace  at  Rome,  esteemed  one  of  the  noblest  rep- 
resentations of  the  human  frame.  Brande. 

A-POLL'YON,  71.    [Gr.  imoXXvon;  destroying.] 

The  destroyer;  a  name  used.  Rev.  ix.  II,  for  the 
angel  of  the  bottomless  pit,  answering  to  the  Hebrew 
.Abaddon. 

A-POL-O-GET'ie,       \a.  [Gr.  a7ruXo>^£o;ioi,  to  speak 
A-POL-O-GET'ie-AL,  j     in  defense  of;  oiru  and  \oy- 
05,  speech.] 

Defending  by  words  or  argtiments ;  excusing  ;  said 
or  written  in  defense,  or  by  way  of  apology  ;  as,  an 
apologetic  essav.  Boyle. 
A-POL-O-GET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  apology 
or  excuse. 

A-POL-0-GET'ieS,  7!.  That  branch  of  theology  which 
defends  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  sets  forth  the  evi- 
dence of  theu-  divine  authority. 

A-POL'O-CIST,  71.  [See  Apologt.]  One  who  makes 
an  apology ;  one  who  speaks  or  writes  in  defense  of 
anotiier. 

A-POL'O-GiZE,  V.  i.  To  make  an  apology  ;  to  write 
or  speak  in  favor  of,  or  to  make  excuse  for  ;  followed 
by  for  ;  as,  my  correspondent  apologised  for  not  an- 
swering niy  letter. 

A-POL'O-GlZ-ER,  71.  One  who  makes  an  apology  or 
defends. 

AP'O-LOGUE,  (ap'o-Iog,)  n.  [Gr.  ajroXoyos,  a  long 
speech,  a  fable.] 

A  moral  fable  ;  a  story  or  relation  of  fictitious 
events,  intended  to  convey  useful  truths.  An  ap- 
ologue differs  from  a  parable  in  this:  the  parable  is 
drawn  from  events  which  pass  among  mankind,  and 
therefore  requires  probability  in  the  narrative ;  the 
apologue  is  founded  on  supposed  actions  of  brutes  or 
inanimate  things,  and  therefore  is  not  limited  by 
strict  rules  of  probability.  Esop's  fables  are  good 
examples  of  apologues.  Encyc. 

A-POL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  arroXoyia,  of  airo  and  Xoyof, 
discourse.] 

An  excuse  ;  something  said  or  written  in  defense 
or  extenuation  of  what  appears  to  others  wrong  or 
unjustifiable,  or  of  what  may  be  liable  to  disajipro- 
bation.  It  may  be  an  extenuation  of  what  is  not 
perfectly  justifiable,  or  a  vindication  of  what  is  or 
may  be  disapproved,  but  which  the  apologist  deems 
to  be  right.  A  man  makes  an  apology  for  not  fulfill- 
ing an  engagement,  or  for  publishing  a  pamphlet. 
An  apology,  then,  is  a  reason  or  reasons  assigned  for 
what  is  wrong  or  may  appear  to  be  wrong,  and  it  may 
he  either  an  extenuation  or  a  justification  of  some- 
thing that  is  or  7niii/  be  censured  by  those  who  are 
not  acquainted  with  the  reasons. 

AP-tJ-.ME-CO.M'E-TllV*  71.  [Gr.  ano,  pr,KOi,  distance, 
and  111  Tjnif,  measure.] 

The  art  of  measuring  things  distant. 

AP-O-NEU-Ro'SIS,  71.  [(Jr.  11770,  from,  and  vtvpov,  a 
nerve;  W.nerth;  Arm.  iiirz.    See  Neiive.] 

An  expansion  of  a  tendon  in  the  manner  of  a 
membrane  ;  a  tendinous  expansion  in  which  a  mus- 
cle terminates,  inserted  into  other  relatively  fixed 
parts,  or  covering  and  confining  other  niiiscles,  and 
foriuiiig  a  fascia.  Kncye.  BlancartL 

AP-O  PE.MP'Tie,  o.  [Gr.  airu,  fronij  and  irt^iru,  to 
Nend.l 


Denoting  a  songor  hymn  among  the  ancients,  sung 
or  addressed  to  a  stranger,  on  his  departure  from  a 
place  to  his  own  country.  It  may  be  used  as  a  noun 
for  the  hymn.  Encyc, 
A-POPH'A  SIS,  71.  [Gr.  airo,  from,  and  ^oirij,  form  of 
speech.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  waving  or  omission  of  what  one, 
speaking  ironically,  would  plainly  insinuate  ;  as,  "  I 
will  not  mention  another  argument,  which,  however, 
if  I  should,  you  could  not  refute."  Smith,  Johnson. 
AP-0-PHI,EG-MAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  airu,  from,  and  ,p\ey- 
pn,  phlegm.] 

Having  the  quality  of  exciting  discharges  of  phlegm 
or  mucus  from  the  mouth  or  nostrils. 
AP-O-PIILEG-MAT'IC,  n.    A  medicine  which  excites 
discharges  of  phlegm  or  mucus  from  the  mouth  or 
nostrils.  Coze. 
AP-O-PHLEG'MA-TISM,  71.   An  apophlegmtic. 

Bacon. 

AP-O-PHLEG-MAT'I-ZANT,  71.    An  apophlegmatic. 

Quincy.  Coze. 

AP'OPH-THEG.M,  )  (ap'o-them,)  71.    [Gr.  uir .,  from, 

AP'O-THEGM,  i  and  <f,«£^,ia,  word.  It  would  be 
eligible  to  reduce  this  harsh  word  to  apalhem.] 

A  remarkable  saying ;  a  short,  sententious,  in- 
structive remark,  uttered  on  a  particular  occasion,  or 
by  a  distinguished  character ;  as  that  of  Cyrus,  "  He 
is  unworthy  to  be  a  magistrate,  who  is  not  better 
than  his  subjects  ;  "  or  that  of  Cato,  "  Homines,  nihil 
agendo,  discunt  male  agere,"  Men,  by  doing  nothing, 
soon  learn  to  do  mischief. 

A-POPH'Y-GE,  71.    [Gr.  otto,  from,  and  ijivyi,  flight.] 
In  architecture,  that  part  of  a  column  where  it 
springs  out  of  its  base  ;  sometimes  called  the  spring 
of  the  column.  Chambers. 

A  concave  part  or  ring  of  a  column,  lying  above  or 
below  the  flat  member;  called  by  the  French,  le 
conge  d'en  bus,  or  d'en  haut,  and  by  the  Italians,  il 
cava  di  basso,  or  di  sopra.  It  was  originally  a  ring  or 
ferule  to  bind  the  extremities  of  wooden  columns, 
and  keep  tliein  from  splitting  ;  afterward  imitated 
in  stone  pillars.  Encyc. 

A-POPH'YI^LlTE,  71.  [Gr.  uro,  from,  and  0iiXA.>i',  a 
leaf;  so  called  from  the  readiness  with  which  its 
lamins  are  separated.] 

A  zeolitic  mineral,  occurring  in  pearly,  laminated 
masses,  or  crystallized  in  glassy,  square  prisms,  with 
pyramidal  terminations,  which  break  very  readily 
across,  and  afford  a  surface  with  a  pearly  luster.  It 
consists  of  silica,  lime,  and  potash.  From  its  peculiar 
luster,  it  is  sometimes  called  ichtliyophthalmite,  or  fish- 
eve  stone.  Dana. 

A-POPH'Y-SIS,  71.  [Gr.  oto,  from,  and  4,vai(,  growth.] 
A  process  of  a  bone  ;  a  prominent  part  of  a  bone, 
forming,  originally,  a  continuous  part  of  the  body  of 
the  bone,  in  distinction  from  epiphysis. 

AP-0-PLE€'TI€,        /  a.    [See  Apoplexy.] 

AP-O-PLEC'Tie-AL,  j  Pertaining  to  or  consisting 
in  apoplexy  ;  as,  an  apoplectic  fit ;  or  predisposed  to 
apoplexy  ;  as,  an  apoplectic  habit  of  body. 

.AP-O-PLEC'Tie,  «.  A  person  affected  with  apoplexy. 

KnatchbuU. 

AP'0-PLEX-£D,  (ap'o-plext,)  a.    Affected  with  apo- 
plexy. Shak. 
AP'O-PLEX-Y,  71.    [Gr.  anoirXrilia,  of  otto,  from,  and 
nXiaaLi),  to  strike.] 

Abolition  of  sense  and  voluntary  motion,  from  sus- 
pension of  the  functions  of  the  cerebrum. 

Dryden,  for  the  sake  of  measure,  uses  apoplex,  for 
apoplexy. 

AP'O-RON,   )  71.    [See  Aporh.]    A  problem  difficult 
AP'O-KIME,  S     to  be  resolved.  Encyc. 
A-PO'RI-A,  71.    [Gr.  arrofita,  from  arropos,  inops  con- 
silii,  of  a  and  nopo;,  way  or  passage.] 

1.  In  rhetoric,  a  doubting  or  being  at  a  loss  where 
to  begin,  or  what  to  say,  on  account  of  the  variety  of 
matter.  Smith. 

2.  In  the  medical  urt,  febrile  anxiety;  uneasiness; 
restlessness  from  obstructed  perspiration,  or  the 
stoppage  of  any  natural  secretion.  Coxe. 

A-PO-SEP'E-DIN,  71.  [Gr.  fiiro,  from,  and  atiiri^uv, 
putrefaction.]  A  peculiar  crjstallized  substance  ob- 
tained from  putrid  cheese.  Brande. 

A-P0S-I-0-Pe'S1S,  71.  [Gr.  a!ro(7iojiri(<ri5,  of  uiru  and 
ciMjrao),  to  be  silent.] 

Reticency  or  sujipression  ;  as  when  a  speaker,  for 
some  cause,  as  fear,  sorrow,  or  anger,  suddenly 
breaks  ofl'his  discourse,  before  it  is  ended  ;  or  speaks 
of  a  thing  when  he  makes  a  show  as  if  he  would  say 
nothing  on  the  subject ;  or  aggravates  what  he  pre- 
tends to  conceal,  by  uttering  a  part  and  leaving  the 
remainder  to  be  ui>derstood.  SmitJu  Johnson.  Encyc. 

A-POS'TA-SIS,  71.    [Gr.  amaraatf.] 

1.  In  ancient  vicdicine,  the  termination  or  crisis  of  a 
disease  by  some  secretion  ;  in  oppositicm  to  7netastasix, 
or  the  termination  by  transfer  to  another  part.  Hence, 

2.  An  abscess  ;  jiuch  collection  of  purulent  matter 
having  been  consiilered  a  critical  secretiiui,  and 
hence  called,  in  Greek,  anoarripa,  and  in  Latin,  ab- 
scessus.  HIaneurd. 

3.  The  throwing  off  or  separation  of  exfoliated  or 
fractured  \)tmt\.  Coxe. 

A-POS'TA  SV,  71.  [Gr.  oiroffTniris,  a  defection,  of 
atl>iaTnpi,  to  depart,  airo  nnd  larij/xi.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PHEV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


5R 


APO 

1.  An  abaiuUmiin-nt  «t"  wlmt  one  has  profi-sscd  ;  a 
total  (It'scrtion  or  drparture  I'roni  one's  faitli  or  re- 
ligion. 

2.  'I'lie  dRscrtion  from  n  party  to  wliich  one  lias 
A-POtf'TATE,  II.    [Or.  UTru<rr,irr(s.]  [adhered. 

One  who  has  forsaken  the  church,  sect,  or  profes- 
sion to  wliicli  lie  l>el"orc  adhered.  In  its  original 
sense,  apjilied  to  one  who  lias  abandoned  his  re- 
ligion ;  but  correctly  applied  iUso  to  one  who  aban- 
dons a  political  or  other  party. 

In  (Ac  Roman  Catholic  church,  one  who,  without  a 
legal  dispensation,  forsakes  a  religious  order,  of 
which  he  has  made  profession.  Encijc. 

A-POS'TATE,  a.    False  ;  traitorous.  Spnixcr. 

AP-O-STAT'ie-AL,  a.  Alter  the  manner  of  an  apos- 
tate. SniKlij.i. 

A-POS'T.\-TIZE,  r.  i.  To  abandon  one's  profession 
or  church  ;  to  forsake  principles  or  faith  which  one 
has  professed,  or  the  party  to  which  one  has  been 
attached.  IVorthiiifrlon. 

A-POti''i'A-TIZ-ING,  j)pr.  Abandoning  a  clnirch,  pro- 
fession, sect,  or  party. 

A-POS'TE-.MATE,  ».  i.  To  form  into  an  abscess  ;  to 
swell  and  fill  with  pus. 

A-POS-TE-.MA'TION,  n.  The  formation  of  an  apos- 
teme  ;  the  process  of  gathering  into  an  abscess;  writ- 
ten corruptly  imposthumation. 

AP-OS-TE.M'.V-TOUi^l,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  abscess  ; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  an  apostenie. 

Juurn.  of  Science. 

AP'OS-TeME,  71.  [Gr.  aTrncrriiiii,  from  m^iantiii,  to 
go  off,  to  recede  ;  urm  and  !iTri)(»i,  to  stand.] 

An  abscess :  a  swelling  filled  with  purulent  mat- 
ter ;  written  also  corruptly  imposthnmc. 

A  I'OS-TF.-HI  O'RT,  [L.  po.iterwr,  after.] 

Arguments  a  postcriiiri,;irc  drawn  friun effi-cts,  con- 
sequences, or  facts  ;  in  oppitsition  to  reasoning  a  priori. 

A-POS'TIL,  n.  [Ft.  apostUlc]  A  marginal  note  or 
reference  ;  a  postscript. 

A-POS'TLE,  (a-pos'l,)  n.  [L.  apostnliis  :  Gr.  a-oaruXof, 
from  uT'-CTrcAXw,  to  send  away,  of  njrj  and  ffrtAAw, 
to  send ;  Germ,  sullfii,  to  set.] 

A  person  deputed  to  execute  some  important 
business ;  but  appraprintrUiy  a  disciple  of  Christ 
commissioned  to  preach  the  gospel.  Twelve  per- 
sons were  selected  by  Christ  for  this  purpose  ;  and 
Judas,  one  of  the  number,  proving  an  apostate,  his 
place  was  supplied  by  .Matthias.    Acts  i. 

The  title  of  apostle  is  applied  to  Christ  himself, 
Ileb.  iii.  In  the  primitive  ages  of  the  church,  other 
ministers  were  called  apuMlet,  Rom.  xvi. ;  as  were 
persons  sent  to  carry  alms  from  one  church  to  an- 
other, Philip,  ii.  This  title  was  also  given  to  per- 
sons who  first  planted  the  Christian  faith.  Thus 
Dionysius  of  Corinth  is  called  the  apostle  of  France  ; 
and  the  Jesuit  missionaries  are  called  uposlks. 

Among  the  Jews,  flic  title  was  given  to  officers 
who  were  sent  into  distant  provinces,  as  visitors  or 
commissioners,  to  see  the  laws  observed,  and  to  col- 
lect nuiney  or  tribute. 

Apostle,  in  the  Greek  liturgy,  is  a  book  containing 
the  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,  printed  in  the  order  in  wliich 
they  are  to  be  read  in  the  churches  through  the  year. 

Kncijc. 

A-POS'TLE-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  an 
apostle. 

A-POS'TO-L.\TE,  n.     A  mission ;  the  dignity  or 
office  of  an  apostle.    Ancient  writers  use  it  for  the 
office  of  a  bishop ;  but  it  is  now  restricted  to  the  dig- 
nity of  the  pope,  whose  see  is  called  the  apostolic 
see.  Encyc. 
liP-OS-TOL.'ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
AP-OS-TOL'ie-AL,  j     apostles  ;  as,  the  apostolic  age. 
2.  According  to  the  doctrines  of  the  apostles;  de- 
livered or  taught  by  the  apostles  ;  as,  apostolic  faith 
or  practice. 

Apostolic  constitutions  ;  a  collection  of  regulations 
attributed  to  the  apostles,  but  generally  supposed  to 
be  spurious.  They  appeared  in  the  fourth  century, 
are  divided  into  eight  books,  and  consist  of  rules  and 
precepts  relating  to  the  duty  of  Christians,  and  par- 
ticularly to  the  ceremonies  and  discipline  of  Uie 
church. 

Apostolic  fathers ;  an  appell.ation  given  to  the  Chris- 
tian writers  of  the  first  century. 
<P-OS-T()L'I€-AL-LY,  atlo.    In  the  manner  of  the 
apostles. 

«P-OS-TOL'ie-AL-NEPS,  7i.  The  quality  of  being 
apostolical,  or  accordant  with  the  doctrines  of  the 
njmstles. 

vP-05>-TOL'ieS,  n.  pi.  Certair»sects,  so  called  from 
their  pretending  to  imitate  the  practice  of  the  apos- 
tles, abstaining  from  marriage,  from  wine,  flesh,  pe- 
cuniary reward,  &c.,  and  wandering  about  clothed 
in  white,  with  long  beards  and  bare  heads.  Saga- 
rclli,  the  founder  of  one  of  these  sects,  was  burnt  at 
Parma  in  I3QU.  Enci/c. 

VPOS'TRO-PHE,  n.  fGr.  oiro,  from,  and  arpuijin,  a 
turning.] 

1.  In  rhetoric,  a  diversion  of  speech ;  a  digressive 
address  ;  a  changing  the  course  of  a  speech,  and  ad- 
dressing a  person  who  is  dead  or  absent,  as  if  present ; 
o*  a  short  address  introduced  into  a  discourse,  di- 
rected to  some  person  diUVrenl  from  the  party  to 


APP 

which  the  main  discourse  is  directi  d,  as  whi  n  an 
advocate,  in  an  argument  Iti  the  jury,  turns  and  ad- 
dresses a  few  ri'iiiarks  to  the  court.    Encijc.  .tinilJi. 

2.  In  ^amtnar,  tile  contraction  of  a  word  by  fhe 
omission  of  a  letter  or  lelic  r<,  which  (iiiiissum  is 
marktul  by  a  ciuiiina  ;  as,  ealPd  fiir  cnllrii.  The  comma 
used  for  this  purpose  may  also  be  called  an  apostrophe. 

AP-Ot^-TKOPII'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  apostrophe  ; 
noting  the  contraction  of  a  word.  Jiltirrai/. 

A-POS'TllO-PIIIZE,  1'.  (.    To  address  by  apostrophe. 

2.  To  contract  a  «  ord  by  omitting  a  letter  or  letters. 

3.  I'o  mark  with  a  comma,  indicating  the  omission 
of  a  letter. 

A-POS'TKO-PHIZE,  r.  i.  To  make  an  apostrophe,  or 
short,  detached  address  in  speaking. 

A-POS'TRO-PIliZ-KI),  pp.  Addressed  by  way  of  di- 
gression ;  contracted  by  the  omission  of  a  letter  or 
letters  ;  marked  by  an  apostrophe. 

A-POS'TIIO-PIIIZ-ING,  ppr.  Addressing  in  a  thgres- 
sion  ;  contracting  or  marking  by  apostrophe. 

AP-0-TACTri,'E,  n.  [Gr.  aTrornKTOi,  from  oTorarrw, 
to  renounce  ;  airo  and  rarrio,  to  ordain.] 

One  of  a  sect  of  ancient  Christians,  who,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  first  believers,  renounced  all  their  efl"i'cts 
anil  possessions.  Encyc. 

AP-O-TEL-ES-.MAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  airnTcXeapaTiKos, 
from  nrrorcXiop  I,  an  effect  of  the  stars.] 

Relating  to  astrology  ;  teaching  by  the  science  of 
the  stars.  '  Gau.fscn. 

A-P()TII'E-€.\-RY,  n.  [L.  apothrca,  Gr.  atoUiiKn,  a 
repositor)',  from  arrnriiript,  to  deposit  or  lay  aside,  or 
from  iiiKi],  a  chest.] 

1.  One  who  practices  pharmacy ;  one  who  pre- 
p:in  s  drugs  for  medicinal  uses,  and  keeps  them  for 
sail'.  In  En/flanil,  apothecaries  were  formerly  obliged 
to  prepare  medicines  according  to  the  foriiiiihis  pre- 
srribi  il  by  the  college  of  physicians,  and  were  liable 
to  have  their  sliops  visited  by  the  censors  of  the  col- 
lege, who  had  power  to  destroy  medicines  which 
were  not  good.  Apothecaries  are  now  the  most  nu- 
merous class  of  medical  practitioners  in  Engl.md, 
called  general  practitioners. 

2.  In  the  middle  a^rrs,  an  apothecary  was  the  keeper 
of  any  shop  or  warehouse  ;  and  an  officer  appointed 
to  take  charge  of  a  magazine.  Encyc. 

AP'O-TIIEG.M,  (ap'o-thein,)  n.    [See  Apophthegm.] 
A  reniark.iWe  saving ;  a  short,  instructive  remark. 
AP-0-TIIEG-.MAT'ie,       (  a.    In  the  manner  of  an 
AP-O-TIIEG-IMAT'lC-AL,  !     apothegm.  W'urtun. 
AP-O-TIIEG'MA-TIST,  n.    A  collector  or  maker  of 

apothegms.  Pope. 
AP-O-TIIEG'MA-TIZE,  r.  t.    To  utter  apothegms,  or 

short,  instructive  sentences. 
j1g»-0-TUR'0-SIS,  n.    [Gr.  ajtoSeuo-ij,  of  airo  and 

ecos,  God.] 

Deification  ;  consecration  ;  the  act  of  placing  a 
prince  or  other  distinguished  person  among  the 
heathen  deities.  This  honor  was  often  bestowed  on 
illustrious  men  in  Home,  and  followed  by  the  erec- 
tion of  temples,  and  the  institution  of  sacrifices  to 
the  new  deitv.  Encyc 

AP-O-TllK'O-SIZE,  r.  <.  To  consecrate,  or  c.\alt  to 
the  dignity  of  a  deity  ;  to  deify.  Bacon. 

A-POTII'E-SIS,  w.   [Gr.  aTori&i/;u,  to  put  away.] 

1.  The  reduction  of  a  dislocated  bone.  Coie. 

2.  A  place  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel  in  the 
primitive  churches,  furnished  with  shelves,  for 
books,  vestments,  &.c.  IVhcUr. 

A-POT'O-ME,  II.    [Gr.  UTruTt/n'W,  to  cut  off.] 

1.  In  muOiemattcs,  the  dillerence  between  two 
quantities  commensurable  only  in  power ;  as  between 

V''  and  I,  or  between  the  diagonal  and  side  of  a 
square.  Hiitlon. 

2.  In  music,  that  portion  of  a  tone  major  which  re- 
mains after  deducting  from  it  an  interval,  less  by  a 
comma  than  a  semitone  major.  Bu.-liy. 

'J'he  part  remaining  of  a  greater  tone  after  a  gre.iter 
semitone  has  been  taken  from  it.  The  Greeks,  sup- 
posing the  greater  tone  could  not  be  divided  into  two 
equal  parts,  called  the  smaller  part  apotomr,  and  the 
other  limma.  This  refers  to  the  proper  ajHitome,  said 
to  have  been  so  denominated  by  Pjtliagoras,  and 
corres|Hmding  to  the  chromatic  or  minor  semitone, 
as  the  lunula  to  the  diatonic  or  m.ijor  semitone. 

Culcott,  Ed.  Encyc. 
The  difference  between  a  greater  and  lesser  semi- 
tone. Encyc. 

This  refers  to  the  apotome  major  of  Boctliius,  cor- 
responding to  the  enharmonic  diesis.     This  term 
apotome  was  also  applied  by  the  ancient  musicians 
to  several  other  peculiar  intervals.         Eji  Encyc. 
AP-O-TREP'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  oiru  and  rpcTru,  to  turn.] 

The  resolution  of  a  suppurating  tumor.  Coic. 
AP-0-TR0-PA:'A,  «.  pi.  [Gr.  iijri)  and  Tperi,i,lo  tuni.] 
In  ancient  poetry,  verses  or  hymns  cmnposed  for 
averting  the  wrath  of  incensed  deities.   The  deities 
invoked  were  called  apotropa^ans.  Encyc, 
AP'O-ZE.M,  n.    [Gr.  .it«  and  >tw,  to  boil.] 

.\  decoction,  in  which  the  medicinal  substances  of 
plants  are  extracted  bv  boiling.    Encyc.  H'lsrman. 
.\P-0-ZE.M'I€;-.\L,  a.  'Like  a  decoction.  Whitaker. 
AP-PAIR',  r.  L    To  impair.    [Aof  in  ii.<f.] 
AP-PAIR',  p.  i.    To  degenerate.    [JVot  in  u^c] 


APP 

AP  PALL',  (ap-paul',)  v.  L  [Fr.  palir;  L.  patteo,  to  be- 
couii'  pale.    See  Pali;.] 

1.  To  depress  or  discourage  with  fear;  to  impress 
with  fear,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  mind  shrinks, 
or  loses  its  firmness  ;  a.s,  the  sight  appailcd  the  stout- 
est heart. 

2.  To  reduce,  allay,  or  destroy  ;  as,  to  appall  thirst. 
[Unitsual.]  Thonison. 

AP-PALL',  i".  i.    To  grow  faint ;  to  be  dismayed. 

I'.ulgate. 

.M'-PALL'KD,  (ap-paiild' )  pp.  Depressed  or  dis- 
heartened with  fear;  reduced. 

AP-PALL'INt;,  p/ir.  Depressing  with  fear;  reducing. 
2.  a.  .Adajiti  d  to  depress  courage. 

AP-PALL'I.\(;-LY,  adc.    In  a  manner  to  appall. 

AP-I'ALL'ME.NT,  n.  Depression  occasioned  by  f  ^ar; 
discouragement. 

AP'PA\-.\0E,  n.  [Fr.  apanage,  an  estate  assigned  to 
a  younger  son  for  his  maintenance  ;  an  appendix,  de- 
pendence, appurtenance  ;  It.  appanna^trio,  an  appen- 
dage. If  this  word  is  tVom  the  panairc,  panairuim  of 
the  middle  ages,  it  is  from  panis,  fiiod,  provision  ;  It. 
panni;i'iu,  provision.  This  is  probably  the  true  origin 
of  the  word.] 

1.  The  portion  of  land  assigned  by  a  sovereign 
prince  for  the  subsistence  of  his  younger  sons. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

2.  Formerly,  in  France,  lands  a.ssigned  by  the 
king  for  the  maintenance  of  his  younger  sous,  as 
their  patrimony  ;  but  on  condition  that,  on  the  failure 
of  male  offspring,  they  were  to  revert  to  the  cnjwn. 
From  the  appanage  it  was  customary  for  the  sims  to 
take  their  titles  or  suriianics.       Spetman.    P.  Cyc, 

3.  Sustenance;  means  of  nourishing. 

Wf.iUli  —  th'-  appanage  uf  wit.  S/ci/t. 
.\P-PAN^\-GIST,  II.    A  prince  to  whom  an  appanage 

was  granted.  /■•.  Cyc. 

AP-P.\-Ra'TUS,  n  ;       AervRATf^Es.    [L.,  from  ap- 

paro,  to  prepare,  of'  ad  and  pnro.] 

1.  Things  provided  as  iiieaiis  to  some  end  ;  as  the 
tools  of  an  artisan,  the  furniture  of  a  house,  instru- 
ments of  war.  In  more  technical  language,  a  com- 
plete set  of  instruments  or  utensils,  for  performing 
any  operation  or  experiment.         Cavnilo.  Eneitc. 

2.  In  .fi/rn-pry,  the  operation  of  cutting  for  the 
stone,  of  three  kinds,  tlie  small,  the  great,  and  the 
high.  Encyc.  Coze. 

Apparatus  is  also  used  as  the  title  of  several  books, 
in  the  form  of  catalogues,  bibliuthccas,  glossaries, 
dictionaries,  &c.  Encyc. 
AP-PAR'EL,  71.  [Fr.  apparcil,  from  parer,  to  dress  or 
set  off;  Sp.  aparcjar ;  L.  paro,  apparo,  to  prepare; 
Arm.  para  ;  Port.  apareUio,  Sp.  aparejo^  tackle,  whence 
parrel  in  seamen's  language;  Cli.  Ileb.  iiaro ; 

Ar.        bara.    Class  Br.  No.  8,  10,  19.] 

1.  Clothing;  vesture  ;  garments;  dress. 

2.  External  habiliments  or  decorations ;  appear- 
ance ;  as,  religion  appears  in  the  natural  appart!  of 
simplicity. 

Glorioiu  in  appartl.  —  isa.  IxiiL 

3.  The  fiirniture  of  a  ship,  as  sails,  ngging,  an- 
chors, &.C. 

AP-P.\R'EL,  V.  L   To  dress  or  clothe 

They  who  Hre  gorgeously  appareled  iire  in  kingi'  cnum. — 
I.iike  vii. 

2.  To  adoni  with  dress. 

Sli"  dill  apparel  lier  npparr!.  S^nfy. 

3.  To  dress  with  external  ornaments  ;  to  cover  with 
something  ornamental ;  to  cover,  as  with  garments  ; 
as,  trees  appareled  with  flowers,  or  a  garden  with 
verdure. 

4.  To  furnish  with  external  apparatus;  as,  ships 
appareled  for  sea. 

AP-P.\Il'EL-f;D,  pp.     Dressed  ;  clothed  ;  covered  as 

with  dress  ;  furnished. 
AP-P.\U'EI>-ING,  p;;r.    Dressing;  clothing;  covering 

as  with  dress  ;  furnishing. 
AP-PAR'K.N'CE,  (  II.    Appearance.    [JVet  in  itsc] 
AP  PAR'E.N'-CY,  i  Chaucer.  Oowcr. 

AP-PAR'E.NT,  a.    [See  Appear.] 

1.  That  may  be  seen,  or  easily  seen  ;  visible  to  the 
eye;  within  sight  or  view.  Allrrhury. 

2.  Obvious  ;  plain  ;  evident ;  indubitable  ;  as,  the 
wisdom  of  the  ("reator  is  apparent  in  his  works. 

3.  Visible,  in  opposition  to  hut  or  secret ;  as,  a  man's 
apparent  conduct  is  good. 

4.  Visible  ;  appearing  to  the  eye  ;  seeming,  in  dis- 
tinction from  Irxie  or  real  ;  as,  the  apparent  motion 
or  diameter  of  the  sun. 

Heirs  apparent  are  those  whose  right  to  an  estate 
is  indefeasible,  if  they  survive  the  ancestor ;  in  dis- 
tinction from  prrsumptire  heirs,  who,  if  the  ancestor 
should  die  immediately,  would  inherit,  but  whose 
right  is  liable  to  be  defeated  by  the  birth  of  a  nearer 
heir  Blackstone, 
AP-PAR'E.\T-LY,  arfr.  Openly;  evidently  ;  as.  the 
goodness  of  God  is  apparently  manifest  in  his  works 
of  providence. 

2.  Seemingly  :  in  appearance  ;  as,  a  man  may  be 
apparently  friendly,  yet  malicious  in  heart- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  yNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


59 


APP 


APP 


APP 


AI'-PaR'E.\T-NESS,  n    Plainness  to  tlie  eye  or  the 

mind  ;  visil)leness  ;  obviousnt'ss. 
AP-PA-Rr'TlON,  (ap-pa-risli'un,)  n.    [See  Appear.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  appearance  ;  visibility.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Milton. 

2.  The  thing  appearing  ;  a  visible  object ;  a  form. 

Mdluiu  Sliak. 

3.  A  gliost ;  a  specter ;  a  visible  spirit.  [  Tliis  is 
now  the  usual  sense  of  tlie  word.] 

4.  Mere  appearance  ;  opposed  to  reality. 

jyenkanu 

5.  In  astronomy,  the  first  appearance  of  a  star  or 
other  luminary,  after  having  been  obscured ;  opposed 
to  occidtation. 

AP-PAR'I-TOR,  71.  [L.,  from  apparo,  to  prepare,  or 
appareo,  to  attend.] 

Among  the  Romans,  any  officer  who  attended 
magistrates  and  judges  to  execute  their  orders.  In 
England,  a  messenger  or  otiicer  who  serves  the 
process  of  a  spiritual  court,  or  a  beadle,  in  a  univer- 
sity, who  carries  the  mace.  JEncyc. 

AP-PAY',  V.  t.    rSp.  and  Port,  apagar.] 

To  satisfy.    [Obs.]    [See  Pay.]  Sidney. 

AP-PkACH',  r.  f.  To  accuse  ;  to  censure  or  reproach. 
[Obs.]    [See  Impeach.]  Skak. 

AP-PliACH'iMENT,  n.  Accusation;  charge  exhib- 
ited^  [Obs.]  fVotton. 

AP-PeAL',  v.  i.  [Fr.  appelrr  ;  It.  appellare  ;  Sj).  ape- 
lar  ;  Port,  appellar  ;  L.  appello  ;  ad  and  pello,  to  drive 
or  send  ;  Gr.  /3'uA^^^).  We  do  not  see  the  sense  of 
call  in  pcllo,  but'  to  drive  or  press  out,  is  the  radical 
sense  of  calling,  naming.  This  word  coincides  in 
elements  with  h,  balo,  Eng.  bawl,  and  peal.  Class 
131.] 

1.  To  refer  to  a  superior  judge  or  court,  for  the 
decision  of  a  cause  depending,  or  the  revision  of  a 
cause  decided  in  a  lower  courL 

1  appeal  lo  Cesar.  —  Acta  xxi. 

2.  To  refer  to  another  for  the  decision  of  a  ques- 
"tion  controverted,  or  the  counteraction  of  testimony 

or  facts ;  as,  I  appeal  to  all  mankind  for  the  truth  of 
what  is  alleged. 
AP-PeAL',  v.  t.  To  call  or  remove  a  cause  from  an 
inferior  to  a  superior  judge  or  court.  This  may  be 
done  after  trial  and  judgment  in  the  lower  court ;  or 
by  special  statute  or  agreement,  a  party  may  appeal, 
before  trial,  upon  a  tictitious  issue  and  judgment. 
We  say,  the  cause  was  appealed  before  or  after 
triah 

AP-PeAL',  v.  t.  In  criminal  law,  to  charge  with  a 
crime  ;  to  accuse  ;  to  institute  a  private  criminal 
prosecution,  for  some  heinous  offense  ;  as,  to  appeal 
a  person  of  felony.  This  process  was  ancieinly 
given  to  a  private  person  to  recover  the  weregild, 
or  private  pecuniary  satisfaction  for  an  injury  lie  had 
received  by  the  nmrder  of  a  relation,  or  by  some 
[)ersonal  injury.  Blackstone. 

AP-PilAL',  71.  The  removal  of  a  cause  or  suit  from 
an  inferior  to  a  superior  tribunal,  as  from  a  conmion 
pleas  court  to  a  superior  or  supreme  court.  Also, 
the  right  of  appeal. 

9.  An  accusation  ;  a  process  instituted  by  a  private 
perscm  against  a  man  for  some  heinous  crime  by 
which  he  has  been  injured,  as  for  murder,  larceny, 
via  ijlicm.  Blaclcsttme. 

3.  A  summons  to  answer  to  a  charge.  Dryden. 

4.  A  call  upon  a  person  ;  a  reference  to  another  for 
proof  or  decision. 

In  an  oath,  a  person  makes  an  appeal  to  the  Deity 
for  the  truth  of  his  declaration. 

5.  Resort ;  recourse. 

Kvery  milder  meliioil  is  U>  be  Lhcd,  before  a  n.ition  makee  an  ap- 
ptal  lo  aims.  KcnI. 

AP-PEAL' A-BI.E.  a.  That  may  be  appealed  ;  that 
may  be  removed  to  a  higher  tribunal  for  decision  ; 
as,  the  cause  is  appealable. 

a.  'i'hat  may  be  accused  or  called  to  answer  by 
appeal ;  applied  to  persons  i  as,  a  criminal  is  appeal- 
able for  manslaughter. 
AP-PeAL'ANT,  71.    One  who  appeals.    [JVof  used.] 

Shnk. 

Al'-PicAIj'KT),  (ap-pecld',)  pp.  Removed  to  a  higher 
court,  as  a  cause  ;  prosecuted  for  a  crime  by  a  private 
person,  as  a  criminal. 

AP-PkA1,'E11,  71.    One  who  appeals;  an  appellor. 

AI'-l'KAL'l.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Removing  a  cause  to  a 
higher  tribunal  ;  proitecuting  as  a  private  person  for 
an  offense  ;  referring  to  another  for  a  decision. 

AP-Pf;AK',  ».  1.  [h.  ajrjmreo,  of  ail  and  paren,  to  ap- 
pear, or  be  manifest ;  It.  apparire ;  Hp.  parcccr,  apa- 
recer  ;  Fr.  npparoir,  apparoitre.    Class  jJr.] 

).  To  come  or  be  in  sight ;  to  be  in  view  ;  to  be 
vlalblc. 

Th«  lepnwy  apptarelh  In  llie  iildii  of  Ihe  fleih.  —  I^ev.  xlii. 
^   Aii'l  Ooil  ^uii,  Iji-l  Uic  ilry  laiiil  appear.  — G«mi.  i. 

2.  To  become  viHibIc  to  the  eye,  sui  a  spirit,  or  to 
the  apprehension  of  the  mind  ;  o  sense  frequent  in 
Scripture. 

Th^  I«onl  app4ared  lo  Abnirn,  and  Mid.  — Gen,  xll. 
'i'he  ttfig"!  of  tli'3  1,'jr'l  apptartd  lo  him  In  ■  flairu;  of  lire  out  of 
Uie  niidal  or  Uie  buili.  —  Kl.  lU. 

3.  To  ftand  In  preaencc  of,  as  partlcii  or  advocntca 


before  a  court,  or  as  persons  to  be  tried.  'I'he  de- 
fendant, being  called,  did  not  appear. 

We  must  all  appear  before  tlie  judgment  seat  of  Christ. — 2 
Cor.  V.  . 

4.  To  be  obvious ;  to  be  known,  as  a  subject  of 
obseri'ation  or  compreliension. 

Let  Uiy  work  appear  lo  thy  servant.  —  Ps.  xc. 

It  doth  not  yet  appear  what  we  shall  be.  —  1  John  iij. 

5.  To  be  clear  or  made  clear  by  evidence ;  as,  this 
fact  appears  by  ancient  records. 

But  sin,  that  it  mi^ht  appear  sin.  —  Rom.  \'ii. 

6.  To  seem,  in  opposition  to  reality. 

They  disfi^jure  their  faces  that  they  may  ajwear  to  men  to  fast. 

—  Matt.  vi. 

7.  To  be  discovered  or  laid  open. 

That  Uiy  sh.une  may  appear.  —  Jer.  xiii. 

AP  PEAR',  7!.    Appearance.  [OJs.] 

AP-PkAR'AXCE,  71.  The  act  of  coining  into  sight; 
the  act  of  becoming  visible  to  the  eye  ;  as,  his  sud- 
den appearance  surprised  me. 

2.  The  thing  seen;  a  phenomenon;  as,  an  appear- 
ance in  the  sky. 

3.  Semblance  ;  apparent  likeness. 

There  was  upon  Ihe  tabernacle  as  it  were  tlie  appearance  of  (ire. 

—  Num.  ix. 

4.  External  show ;  semblance  assumed,  in  opposi- 
tion to  reality  or  substance  ;  as,  we  are  often  de- 
ceived by  appearances;  he  has  the  appearance  of 
virtue- 

For  man  looketh  on  the  outward  appearance.  —  1  Sam.  xvi. 

5.  Personal  presence ;  exhibition  of  the  person  ;  as, 
he  made  his  first  appearance  at  court,  or  on  the  stage. 

0.  Exhibition  of  the  character;  introduction  of  a 
person  to  the  public  in  a  particular  character ;  as,  a 
person  makes  his  appearance  in  the  world  as  an  his- 
torian, an  artist,  or  an  orator. 

7.  Probability  ;  likelihood.  Bscon. 
This  sense  is  rather  an  inference  from  the  thiid 

or  fourth  ;  as,  probability  is  inferred  from  external 
semblance  or  show. 

8.  Presence;  mien;  figure;  as  presented  by  the 
person,  dress,  or  manners  ;  as,  the  lady  made  a  noble 
appearance. 

9.  A  being  present  in  court ;  a  defendant's  filing 
common  or  special  bail  to  a  process. 

in.  An  apparition.  .Addison. 

AP-PeAR'ER,  n.    The  persor^  that  appears.  Brown. 

AP-PeAR'ING,  ppr.  Coming  in  sight;  becoming 
evident ;  making  an  external  show  ;  seeming;  hav- 
ing^the  semblance. 

AP-PeAR'IJ\G,  71.  The  act  of  becoming  visible  ;  ap- 
pearance. 

AP-PiiAS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  appeased, quieted, 
calmed,  or  pacified. 

AP-PeAS'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  ap- 
peasable. 

AP-PeASE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  apalser,  of  ad  and  palz,  peace  ; 
L.  pax.    See  Peace.] 

To  make  quiet ;  to  calm  ;  to  reduce  to  a  state  of 
peace  ;  to  still  ;  to  pacify  ;  as,  to  appease  the  tumult 
of  the  ocean,  or  of  the  passiims ;  to  appease  hunger 
or  thirst.  [This  word  is  of  a  general  application  to 
even/  tiling  in  a  disturbed,  rifjled,  or  a<ritatcd  state.] 

AP-Pe.\S'£D,  fap-peezd',)  ]>p.  Quieted  ;  calmed  ; 
stilled  ;  pacified. 

AP-PeASE'MENT,  71.  The  act  of  appeasing;  the 
state  of  being  in  peace. 

AP-PeAS'EU,  71.    One  who  appeases  or  pacifies. 

AP-PeA'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  appease; 
mitigating ;  quii^ting. 

AP-PEL'LAN-CY,  71.    Appeal;  capability  of  appeal. 

AP-PEL'LANT,  7,.    [See  Appeal.] 

1.  One  who  appeals,  or  removes  a  cause  from  a 
lower  lo  a  higher  tribunal. 

2.  One  who  prosecutes  another  for  a  crime. 

3.  One  who  challenges  or  summons  another  to 
single  combat, 

4.  In  church  history,  one  «  ho  appeals  from  the 
Constitution  IJnigenitus  to  a  general  council.  Kncyc. 

Partii  appellant ;  in  law,  the  party  who  appeals. 
AP-PEI/LATE,  71.    A  per.stm  appealed,  or  prosecuted 
for  a  crime.   JJVut  ;ioid  nsij.   See  Appellee.]  Ayliffc. 
AP-PEL'LATE,  a.     Pertaining  to  appeals ;  having 
cognizance  of  appeals  ;  as,     appellate  jurisdiction." 

Const,  of  tlie  United  States. 
Appellate  )uilge«.  Barke,  Ilec.  in  France. 

Party  appellate ;  in  law,  the  party  appealed  against. 
AP-PEL-LA'TION,  7i.    [I,,  appellatio.    Sec  Appeal.] 
Name  ;  the  word  by  which  a  thing  is  called  and 
known.    Spenser  uses  it  for  appeal. 
AP-PEI,'I.A-TI  VE,  a.   Pertaining  to  a  common  name  ; 

noting  the  common  name  of  a  species. 
AP-PEI/I,A-TI  VE,  71.  A  commun  ntiine,  in  distinction 
frtun  a  proper  name.  A  common  name,  or  appellative, 
stands  for  a  whole  cla.ss,  gi-iius,  or  species  of  beings, 
or  for  universal  ideas.  Thus  man  is  the  name  of  Ihe 
whole  human  race,  and /i/ii'/  of  all  winged  animals. 
Tree  is  the  name  of  all  plants  of  a  particular  class  ; 
plant  ami  vegetable  are  names  of  things  that  grow  out 
of  the  earth.  A  proper  name,  on  the  oilier  hand, 
etands  for  a  single  thing  ;  as,  London,  Philadelphia, 
Washington,  Boston. 


AP-PEL'LA-TIVE-LY,  ado.  According  to  the  man- 
ner of  uoiins  appellative  ;  in  a  manner  to  express 
whole  classes  or  species  ;  as,  Hercules  is  sometiuies 
used  appellativcly,  that  is,  as  a  comtnon  name  to  sig- 
nify a  strong  man.  Johnson. 

AP-PEL'LA-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  an  appeal. 

AP-PEL-LEE',  71.    The  defendant  in  an  aiipeal. 

2.  The  person  who  is  appealed,  or  prosecuted,  by  a 
private  man  for  a  crime.  Blackstone. 

AP-PEL-LOR',  71.  'I'he  person  who  institutes  an  ap- 
peal, or  prosecutes  another  for  a  crime.  Blackstone. 

This  word  is  rarely  or  never  used  for  the  plaintiff 
in  appeal  from  a  lower  court,  who  is  called  the  ap- 
lii'llunt.  .Appellee  is  opposed  both  to  appellant  and 
appellor. 

Al'-I'EXD',  V.  t.  [L.  appendo,  of  ad  and  pendco,  to 
hang.] 

1.  To  hang  or  attach  to,  as  by  a  string,  so  that  the 
thing  is  suspended  ;  as,  a  seal  appended  to  a  record. 

2.  To  add,  as  tin  accessary  to  the  principal  thing. 

Johnson. 

AP-PEND'A(>E,  71.  Something  added  to  a  principal 
or  greater  thing,  though  not  necessary  tt>  it,  as  a  por- 
tico to  a  house. 

Modesty  is  the  appendage  of  sobriety.  Taylor. 
In  botany,  any  part  subordinate  to  another  part,  as 
hairs  and  glands  to  a  stem  or  leaf,  or  nectaries  to  th^ 
corolla.    More  strictly,  any  part  arising  from  and 
around  the  axis,  as  leaves  around  the  stem. 

AP-PEND'ANCE,  )  71.    Something  annexed.  [JVbt 

AP-PEND'ENCE,  (      used.]  Bp.  Hall. 

AP-PEND'ANT,  a.  Hanging  to ;  annexed  ;  belong- 
ing to  something  ;  attached;  as,  a  seal  appendant  to 
a  paper. 

2.  In  law,  common  appendant,  is  a  right,  belonging 
to  the  owners  or  occupiers  of  land,  to  put  common- 
able beasts  upon  the  lord's  waste,  and  upon  the 
lands  of  other  persons  within  the  same  manor.  An 
advowson  appendant,  is  the  right  of  patronage  or 
presentation,  annexed  to  the  possession  of  a  manor. 
So  also  a  common  of  fishing  may  be  appendant  to  a 
freehold.  Blackstone.  Cowel. 

AP-PEND'ANT,  n.  That  which  belongs  to  another 
thing,  as  incidental  or  subordinate  to  it. 

AP-PEND'ED,  ]>p.    Annexed  ;  attached. 

AP-PEND'I-CATE,  v.  t.  To  append  ;  to  add  to.  [Obs.] 

AP-PEND-I-CA'TION,  7l  An  appendage  or  atljunct. 
[Obs.]  Hale. 

AP-PEND'I-€LE,  71.    A  small  appendage. 

AP-PEN-DICq-LATE,  a.  In  botanij,  having  an  ap- 
pendage, as  a  leaf  with  lobes  attached  to  the  petiole, 
a  calyx  with  expansions,  or  a  corolla  with  a  nectary. 

Smith.  Lindley. 
.^ppendieulatelcaf ;  a  small  appended  leaf,  H^itlicring. 

AP-PEXD'ING,  p;i7-.    Annexing;  attaching 

AP-PEND'IX,  71.;  pi.  Appendixes.  [L.  The  Latin 
plural  is  .^ppeiutices.    See  Append.] 

1.  Something  appended  or  added. 

Normandy  become  an  appendix  to  England,  Hate. 

2.  An  adjunct,  concomitant,  or  appentlage.  Wnf/.?. 

3.  More  generally,  a  sujiplement  or  short  treatise 
added  to  a  book. 

AP-PER-CElVE',  V.  t.     [Fr.  apcrcevoir.]     To  com- 
prehend.   [  Obs.]  Chaucer. 
AP-PER-CfeP'TION,  71.    [ad  and  perception.] 

Perception  that  reflects  upon  itself;  consciousness. 

Leibnitz.  Rcid. 

•AP-PER'IL,  71.    Peril ;  danger.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shuk. 
AP-PER-TaIN',  v.  i.    [Fr.  apparlenir  ;  It.  appartcuere  ; 
L.  ad  and  prrUneo,  to  pertiiin,  of  per  anil  (riii-o,  to  j 
hold.    Pertinco  is  to  reach,  to,  to  extend  to,  hence  to 
belong.    See  Tenant.] 

To  belong  to,  whether  by  right,  nature,  or  appoint- 
ment.   [See  Pertain.] 

Give  it  to  him  to  wliom  it  appertaincth.  —  Lev.  vi. 
AP-PER-TAIN'ING,  ppr.  Belonging. 
AP-PER-TAIN'ING,  71.    That  which  belongs  to  a 
thing. 

AP-PER-TAIN'MENT,7«.    That  which  belongs.  Shak. 

AP-PEH'TE-NENCE,  71.    See  Appurtenance. 

AP-PER'Tl-NENT,  a.  Belonging;  now  written  Ap- 
purtenant. Shak. 

AP-PER'TI-NENT,  71.  That  which  belongs  to  some- 
thing else,    [Obs.]  Shali. 

[See  .ApPUKTENANirE.] 

AP'PE-TENCE,  I  n.  [L.  nppetenlia,  npprlrns,  from 
AP'PE-TEN-CY,  )     nppeto,  to  desu-e  ;  of  ad  and  pcto, 

to  ask,  supplicate,  or  seek  ;  Ch.  CO  ;  Eth. 
fatoOy  to  tiesire,  to  witrfal  ;  Dnn.  bnir  ;  D.  hidden  ;  Ger. 
bitten;  Arm.  pitii :  ICns-  hiii ;  Sax.  bithtn  ;  Sw.  bcdja; 
li.  invito^  oiinpound.    Thti  piiinary  sense  is  to  strain, 
to  urp:o,  or  press,  or  lo  ndvance.  See  Hid.  Class  nd.j 

1.  In  rt  ffcnn-al  sntsr^  desire  j  but  especially  carnal 
desire;  sensual  appelile. 

tl.  Tlic  fiispositmn  of  orpanized  bodies  lo  select 
and  imbibe  sueb  portions  nf  matter  as  serve  to  sup- 
port and  nourish  Ilicm,  or  such  particles  as  are  de- 
Higned,  ihrouph  their  agency,  to  carry  on  the  animal 
or  vegetable  economy. 

Tliw*  Iiiciciiis  linvc  momh»,  nnd  by  nnlnial  iflccUon  or  apptteruy 
Uk'Y  »t)«orb  lucli  purl  of  the  fluid  tut  in  iigrccalilf  to  (li?ir 
pwliito.  Dartein. 


FATE,  FAE,  FALL,  WII^T — MUTE,  PKBY  PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  

60-  ~  ■  = 


APP 

3.  An  inrliimtinn  or  propensity  in  itniinals  to  per- 
form certain  actions,  as  in  tlie  yoiiiis  to  suck,  in 
aiiimtic  fowls  to  enter  into  water  and  to  swim. 

4.  Attraction,  or  the  tendency  in  Imdies  to  move 
toward  eacli  otlier  and  nnitc.  Coiicmicii.-!. 

AI"PK-TE.\"r,  a.    Desiring  ;  verv  desirous.  Buck. 

AP-I*K-T1-I!IL'I-TY,  ii.  Tlie  quality  of  being  de- 
sir.ilile  for  Kratification. 

Al"l'E-'rMU>E,  <!.  [Low  X^.  appetibilis,  from  appdo.] 
Desirable  ;  that  may  be  the  object  of  sensual  desire. 

AP'l'E-'l^ITE,  II.  fL.  appctUus,  from  appclo.  See  Ap- 
petence.] 

1.  ']"lie  natural  desire  of  pleasure  or  Rood  ;  the  de- 
sire of  gratification,  eillier  of  the  body  or  of  the 
mind.  .IppctiUs  are  passions  directed  to  general  ob- 
jects, as  the  appnile.  for  fame,  glory,  or  riches  ;  in  dis- 
tinction from  passions  directed  to  some  particular 
objects,  which  retiiin  their  proper  name,  as  tlie;)as- 
siun  of  love,  envy,  or  gratitude.  Passion  docs  not 
e.xist  without  an  object ;  natural  appetites  exist  first, 
and  are  then  directed  to  objects.  Kncyc. 

3.  .\  desire  of  food  or  drink. 

3.  Strong  desire ;  eagerness  or  longing.  Clarendon. 

4.  TUc  thing  desired. 


Power  being  tlie  natural  appedle  of  prlncei. 


Appetites  are  natural  or  arlijicial.  Hunger  and 
thirst  arc  milural  apiietiles  ;  the  appetites  for  olives, 
toliacco,  snulf,  &.C.,  are  artificial. 

In  olil  authors,  appetite  is  followed  by  to,  but  reg- 
ularly it  should  be  followed  hy  fur  before  the  object; 
as,  an  appetite /ur  pleasure. 

To  lie  given  to  appetite,  is  to  be  voracious  or  glutton- 
ous.   Prov.  xxiii.  2. 
AP-PE-TI"TION,  n.    [L.  appctitio.]    Desire.  IRarely 
used.] 

AP'PE-TI-TIVE,  a.  That  desires  ;  that  lia-s  the  qual- 
ity of  desiring  graliticatiun  ;  as  appetitive  power  or 
faculty.  JIale. 

AP'P1-/VN,  a.  Designating  something  that  belongs  to 
Appius,  particularly  a  way  from  Komc  through 
Capua  to  Brundusium,  now  Brindisi,  constructed 
partly  by  Appius  Claudius,  A.  K.  441.  It  is  more 
than  330  miles  in  length,  formed  of  hard  stones 
squared,  and  so  wide  as  to  admit  two  carriages 
abreast.  Licy.  Lempricre. 

AP-PL.\UD',  V.  t  [L.  applaudo ;  ail  and  plaiido,  to 
make  a  noise  by  clapping  the  hands  ;  Sp.  aplaudir  ; 
It.  applaudirc ;  Ft.  applaudir.  This  word  is  formed 
on  the  root  of /aiL*!, /aH//t) ;  Eng.  loud;  \V.  clod,  praise, 
from  lUid,  what  is  forcilily  uttered  ;  llodi,  to  reach 
out,  from  Uawd,  that  shoots  out.  It  coincides  also 
with  VV.  bloei,  a  shout,  or  outcry  ;  bloeiiaw,  to  shout; 
blozc^st,  applause,  acclamation.  Ir.  Maodli,  u  shout ; 
blath,  praise.  'I'hese  may  all  be  of  one  family. 
Class  Ld.    See  Loto.] 

1.  To  praise  by  clapping  the  hands,  acclamation, 
or  other  significant  sign. 

2.  To  praise  by  worils,  actions,  or  other  means ;  to 
express  approbation  of;  to  commend  ;  used  in  a  gen- 
eral sense.  Pope. 

AP-PLAUD'ED,  pp.  Praised  by  acclamation,  or  other 
means ;  commended. 

AP-PLAIJD'EK,  n.    One  who  praises  or  commends. 

AP-PLAUD'ING, ppr.  Praising  by  acclamation  ;  com- 
mending. 

AP-PLAIJSE',  n.    [L.  applatunis.] 

A  shout  of  approbation  ;  approbation  and  praise, 
expressed  hy  clapping  the  hands,  acclamation,  or 
hii/.zas ;  approbatitm  expressed.  In  antiquity,  ap- 
plause differed  from  acclamation ;  applause  was  ex- 
pressed by  the  hands,  and  acclamation  by  the  voice. 
There  were  three  species  of  applause  ;  the  bombus,  a 
confused  din  made  by  the  hands  or  mouth  ;  the  im- 
brices, and  testie,  made  by  beating  a  sort  of  sounding 
vessels  in  the  theaters.  Persons  were  appointed  for 
the  purpose  of  applauding,  and  masters  were  cm- 
ployed  to  teach  the  art.  The  applaiiders  were  di- 
vided into  choruses,  and  placed  opposite  to  each 
other  like  the  choristers  in  a  cathedral.  Kncyc. 

AP-PLAU'S1\'E,  a.  Applauding  ;  containing  ap- 
plause. Joiuon. 

AP'PLE,  (ap'pl,)  n.  [Sax.  appl,  appil ;  D.  appet ;  Ger.  ap- 
fel ;  Dan.  ttble ;  Sw.  irple ;  \V.  aval ;  Ir.  ab/tal  or  tiblial ; 
Ann.  aval;  Russ.  aibloko,  or  yabloko.  'i'his  word  pri- 
marily signifies  fruit  in  general,  especially  of  a  round 

fonn.   In  Pers.  the  same  word  J^^^,  prononnced 

ubhul,  signifies  the  fruit  or  berries  of  the  savin  or 
juniiK'r.  Castcll.  In  Welsh  it  signifies  not  only  the 
apple,  but  the  plum  and  other  fruits.  IJiuyd.  Aval 
melynliir,  a  lemon  ;  acal  euraid,  an  orange.  Owen.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  the  apple-tree,  [Pyrus  malus,\  from 
which  cider  is  made. 

2.  The  apple  of  tJie  eye,  is  the  pupil. 

.^pple  of  love,  or  lace-apple,  the  tomato,  or  Solanum 
lycopersicum.  The  stalk  is  herbaceous,  with  oval, 
pinnated  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers.  The 
berry  is  smooth,  soft,  of  a  yellow  or  reddish  color, 
and  is  used  in  soups  and  broths.  IZneyc. 

AP'PLE,  r.  t.    To  form  like  an  apple.  Marshall. 

AP'PLE-GRXFT,  n.  A  cion  of  the  apple-tree  engrafled. 


APP 

AP'PLE-II.\R'VEST,  n.    The  gathering  of  apples,  or 

the  time  of  gathering. 
AP'PLE-JOIl.V,  (ap'pl-jon,)  n.    A  kind  of  apple  which 

keeps  long,  but  becomes  withered.  Sluik. 
AP'PLE-PIE,  ji.    A  pie  made  of  apples  inclosed  in 

paste,  or  covered  with  paste,  as  in  Englaiul. 
AP'PLE-SAUCE,  11.    A  sauce  made  of  stewed  apples. 
AP'PLE-TART,  )i,    A  tart  made  of  apples  baked  on 

paste. 

AP'PLE-TREE,  n.  A  tree  arranged  by  I.innaMis  un- 
der the  genus  Pyrus.  The  fruit  of  tliis  trei;  is  in- 
definitely various.  The  European  crab  apple  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  original  kind,  from  wliich  all  others 
iiave  sprung.  New  varieties  are  springing  annually 
from  the  seeds. 

AP'PLE-WOM'AN,  71.  A  woman  who  sells  apples 
and  other  fruit. 

AP'PLE- YARD,  ?!.  An  orchard  ;«on  inclosure  for 
apples. 

AP-PLI'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Apply.]  That  may  be  ap- 
plied. 

AP-PLI'ANCE,  n.   The  act  of  applying,  or  the  thing 

applied.  Krcrett.  H.'ialt. 

AP-PLl-€A-RIL'l-TY,n.    [.'ee  Apply.]    The  quality 

of  being  applicable,  or  fit  tu  he  applied. 
.■\P'PLI-€A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  applied  ;  fit  to  be 

applied,  as  related  to  a  thing  ;  that  may  have  relation 

to  something  else  ;  as,  this  observation  is  applicable 

to  the  case  under  consideration. 
AP'PLI-eA-BLE-NESS,  n.    Fitness  to  be  applied  ; 

the  quality  of  being  applicable. 
AP'PLI-CA-BLY,  ado.    In  such  a  manner  that  it  may 

be  applied. 

AP'PLI-CAN-CY,  n.   The  state  of  being  applicable. 
AP'PLI-CAXT,  n.    One  who  applies ;  one  who  makes 
request ;  a  petitioner. 

The  applieanl  for  a  cup  of  writer  decltirea  himself  to  lie  the 

\lts»i.*i.  Plumtret. 
The  court  n'qtiire  the  applicant  to  appear  in  pereon.  Z.  Sici/t. 

AP'PLI-€.\TE,  n.  A  right  line  drawn  across  a  curve, 
so  as  to  be  bisected  by  the  diameter;  an  ordinate. 

Ci/e. 

AP'PLT-eATE-OR'DI-\ATE  n.  A  right  line  applied 
at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of^  any  conic  section,  and 
bounded  bv  the  curve.  Bailey. 

AP-PLI-Ca'TION,  h.    [L.  applicatio.    See  Apply.] 

1.  The  act  of  laying  on  ;  as,  the  application  of 
emollients  to  a  diseased  limb. 

2.  Tlie  thing  applied  ;  as,  the  pain  was  abated  by 
the  application. 

3.  The  act  of  making  request  or  soliciting ;  as,  he 
made  application  to  a  court  of  chancerj'. 

4.  The  act  of  applying  as  means  ;  tlie  employment 
of  means  ;  as,  children  may  be  governed  by  a  suitable 
application  of  rewards  and  piinishiiionts.  This  is  tlie 
first  signification  directed  to  moral  objects. 

5.  The  act  of  fixing  the  mind  ;  intenseness  of 
thought ;  close  study  ;  attention  ;  as,  to  injure  the 
health  by  aiiplication  to  study. 

Had  hw  anplicntion  been  equal  to  his  lalentj,  liis  pro^Fs  niij^hl 
have  Ueeu  greater.  J.  Jay. 

6.  The  act  of  directing  or  referring  something  to  a 
particular  case,  to  discover  or  illustrate  the  agree- 
ment or  disagreement ;  as,  I  make  the  remark  and 
leave  yon  to  make  the  application. 

7.  In  ttieology,  the  act  by  which  the  merits  of  Christ 
are  transferred  to  man,  for  his  justification. 

8.  In  geometry,  division ;  or  the  applying  one 
quantity  to  another,  wliose  areas,  but  not  figures, 
shall  be  the  same ;  or  the  transferring  a  given  line 
into  a  circle  or  other  figure,  so  that  its  ends  shall  be 
in  the  perimeter  of  the  figure.  Kncyc. 

9.  In  sermons,  that  part  of  the  discourse,  in  which 
the  principles  before  laid  down  and  illustrated,  are 
applied  to  practical  uses. 

.Application  of  one  science  to  another,  is  the  use  of 
the  principles  of  one  for  the  purpose  of  enlarging  or 
perfecting  the  other  ;  particularly  applied  to  the  dif- 
ferent branches  of  the  nialheiiiatical  sciences  ;  as,  the 
application  of  algebra  to  geometry.  Cyc. 

AP'PLI-CA-TIVE,  0.    That  applies.  Bramhall. 

APTLI-CVTO-RY,  a.  That  includes  the  act  of  ap- 
plving.  Edieards^s  IPist.  of  Redemption. 

AP'PLI-e.\-TO-RY,n.  That  which  applies.  Taylor. 

AP-VLI'En,  pp.  Put  on  ;  put  to  ;  directed  ;  employed. 

AP  PLI'ED-LY,  a/lv.  In  a  manner  which  may  be  ap- 
plied.    [JVot  ill  use.]  Moiitarru. 

AP-PLI'ER,  n.    One  that  applies. 

AP-PLI'.MEXT,  II.    Application.    [JVot  in  use.] 

.Marston. 

AP-PLY',  r.  t.  [L.  applico,  of  ad  and  plico,  to  fold  or 
knit  together;  Fr.  appliqner;  Sp.  aplicar ;  It.  ap- 
plicare ;  W.  plegy,  to  bend  or  fold  ;  .\rm.  plega,  to 
l"i>ld  or  pl.ait;  pleca,  a  fold;  Gr.  TrAtnu,  to  knit,  or 
twist ;  Sax.  plegan,  plegian,  pleggan,  to  play,  to  bend 
to  or  apply,  incumbere  ;  Dan.  fliig,  a  fold  j  D.  plooi, 
a  fold ;  plooijen,  to  plait ;  Eng.  ply,  display,  and  em- 
ploy. The  word  ple^i,  plico,  is  formed  from  the  root 
of  lay.  Sax.  lecgan.  The  sense  then  is  to  lay  to  ;  anil 
it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  we  use  lay  to  in  the  pre- 
cise sense  of  ply  anil  apply.  It  is  certain  from  the 
Welsh  that  the  first  conson.ant  is  a  prefix.] 
1.  To  lay  on  ;  to  put  one  thing  to  another  ;  as,  to 


APP 

apply  the  hand  to  the  breast ;  to  apply  incdicnmenta 
to  a  diseased  part  ol'Ilie  body. 

2.  To  use  or  employ  for  a  particular  purpose,  or  in 
a  particular  c;i»e  ;  us,  to  apply  a  sum  of  money  to  the 
paynirnt  of  a  debt. 

3.  To  pt>t,  refer,  or  use,  as  suitable  or  relative  to 
something ;  ;is,  to  apply  the  testimony  to  the  case. 

4.  To  fix  the  mind  ;  to  engage  and  employ  with 
attention  ;  as,  "  .^pply  thy  heart  to  instruction." 

Proverbs. 

5.  To  address  or  direct ;  as,  "  sacred  vows  applied 
to  Pluto."  Pope. 

G.  To  betake  ;  to  give  the  chief  part  of  time  and 
attention  ;  as,  to  apply  one's  self  to  the  study  of 
botany.    'I'his  is  essentially  the  fourth  sense. 

7.  'i'o  make  application  ;  to  have  recourse  by  re- 
quest ;  as,  to  apply  one's  self  to  a  counselor  for  ad- 
vice. This  is  generally  used  intransitively  ;  as,  to 
apply  to  a  counselor. 

fe.  To  busy  ;  to  keep  at  work  ;  to  ply.  [  Obs.  Su- 
perseded by  ;)/;/,  n  hich  see.]         Sidney.  Spenser. 

AP-PL^',  r.  i.  To  suit ;  to  agree  ;  to  have  some  con- 
nection, agreement,  or  analogy;  as,  this  argument 
applies  well  to  the  case. 

2.  To  make  request  to ;  to  solicit ;  to  have  re- 
course to  ;  with  a  view  to  gain  something  ;  as,  to 
apply  to  the  president  for  an  office  ;  I  applied  to  a 
friend  for  inforinalion. 

AP-PL?'li\(i,  ;;;)r.    Laying  on  ;  making  application. 

AP-POG-dl-Ji-TV'RA,  n.  [It.]  In  mi/.v,c,  a  note  in 
a  smaller  character  than  the  regular  notes  of  the 
piece,  inter]>osed  between  two  of  the  latti  r,  and 
sharing  the  time  of  the  following  nolo ;  used  for 
transition  or  expressitm. 

AP  POINT',  v.  t.    [Fr.  ajipaintrr,  to  refer,  to  give  an 
allowance  ;  Sp.  apuntar,  to  point  or  aim,  to  shari>en, 
to  fasten  as  with  points  or  nails ;  It.  appunlarc,  to 
appoint,  or  sharpen.    See  Poi  xi*.! 

1.  To  fix  ;  to  settle ;  to  esuiblish  ;  to  make  fast  - 

When  he  ajtpoiiiUd  tjie  fouudalioii*  of  tlie  earlii. —  Proir.  iriil. 

2.  To  constitute,  ordain,  or  fi.T  by  decree,  order,  or 
decision. 

Iy»t  Pharaoh  appoint  oJTicen  o»er  the  I.wl  Gen.  xh. 

He  hath  npfioinUit  a  day  in  which  lie  will  Judge  tiie  world.  — 
Acts  xvii. 

3.  To  allot,  assign,  or  designate. 

A.arou  and  his  sons  sliali  appoint  every  on*)  to  bta  •crvice.  — 
Num.  IV, 

These  cities  were  appointed  for  all  the  children  of  Israel.  — 
Josh.  XI. 

4.  To  purpose  or  resolve  ;  to  fix  the  intention. 

For  so  he  had  ajij)ointed.  —  .Acts  XX. 

5.  To  ordain,  command,  or  order. 

Thy  s'Tvantj  are  ready  to  do  whatever  my  lord  tlie  kin;^  shall 
appiiint. — 2  Sarn.  xv. 

6.  To  settle  ;  to  fix,  name,  or  determine  by  agree- 
ment ;  as,  they  appointed  a  time  anil  place  for  the 
meeting. 

7.  .Milton  uses  the  word  in  a  peculiar  sense,  "Ap- 
point not  heavenly  disposition,"  Sam.  Jlgon. ;  i.  e., 
point  not  to  it  by  way  of  censure  or  condemnation  ; 
arr.iign  not. 

AP-POI.N  T',  r.  i.    To  ordain  ;  to  determine. 

2  Sam.  xvii.  14. 
AP-P01.\T'A-BLE,  a.    Th.it  may  be  appointed  or 
constituted  ;  a.s,  officers  arc  appnintahle  by  the  exec- 
utive. Fcderali.-t,  '.Madison. 
AP-P01.\T'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Fixed  ;  set ;  established  ;  de- 
creed ;  ordained  ;  constituted  ;  allotted. 

2.  Furnished  ;  equipped  with  things  necessary ; 
as,  a  ship  or  an  army  is  well  appointed. 
.\P-POL\T-EE',  II.    A  person  apiKiinted.    "  The  com- 
mission aiithori7.cs  them  to  make  appointments,  and 
p-av  the  appainte^s.^^ 

Circular  of  Jfajs.  Rcprejcntativcf,  1768;  also  fflua- ■ 

ton^s  Reports. 
2.  A  foot  solilier  in  the  French  army,  who,  for 
long  service  and  bravery,  receives  more  pay  than 
other  privates.  Kncyc.  Bailey. 

AP-POIi\T'ER,  71.    One  who  appoints. 
AP-POINT'ING,  ppr.     Setting;   fixing;  ordaining; 

coiistitiiting  ;  assigning. 
AP-POL\T'.ME-\"T,  II.    The  act  of  appointing  :  desig- 
nation to  oflice ;  as,  he  erred  by  the  appointment  ol 
unsuitable  men. 

2.  Stipulation  ;  assignation  ;  the  act  of  fixing  by 
miiliial  agreeipent ;  as,  they  made  an  appointment 
to  meet  at  six  o'clock.  , 

3.  Decree  ;  established  order  or  constitution  ;  as,  it 
is  our  duty  to  submit  to  the  divine  appomtmenti. 

4.  Direction  ;  order ;  command. 

Wheat,  salt,  wine,  and  oil,  let  it  be  given  acconling  lo  the  ap- 
pointinenl  of  tjie  pricsu.  —  Kz.  vi. 

5.  Equipment,  furniture,  as  for  n  ship,  or  an  army  ; 
whatever  is  ap|Hiinted  for  use  and  nianacenienL 

6.  The  accoutennents  of  military  officers,  as  belts, 
sashes,  gorgets,  &c.,  used  in  the  plural. 

Campbell's  Ml.  Did. 

7.  An  allowance  to  a  person  ;  a  salary  or  |»ension, 
as  to  a  public  officer ;  properly  used  only  in  the 
plural. 

Appointments  differ  from  wages  in  being  a  special 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — A N"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


61 


APP 


APP 


APP 


gmnt,  or  gratification,  not  fixed,  whereas  wages  are 
fixed  and  ordinary.  Knctjc. 

8.  A  devise  or  grant  to  a  charitable  use. 

Blackstone, 

.  AP-PoRT'ER,  71,    [Fr.  apporter ;  L.  porto.l 

A  bringer  in ;  one  that  brings  into  the  realm.  [Aot 
m  useA  Hale, 

AP-P6R'TION,  V.  L  [L.  ad  and  portio,  portion.'  See 
Portion  and  Part.] 

To  divide  and  assign  in  just  proportion ;  to  dis- 
tribute among  two  or  more  persons  or  things  a  just 
part  or  share  to  each  ;  as,  to  o;j;;»rfioH  undivided  rights  ; 
to  appnrtion  time  among  various  employments, 

AP-PoR'TION -A'D,  pp.  Divided  ;  distributed  or  as- 
signed in  suitable  parts  or  shares. 

AP-I'dR'TIO\-ER,  71.    One  tliat  apportions. 

AP-PoR'TION-ING,  ppr.  Distributing  in  just  propor- 
ti(ms  or  shares. 

AP-PoR'TlON-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  apportioning; 
a  dividing  into  just  proportions  or  shares ;  a  dividing 
and  assigning  to  each  proprietoi'his  just  portion  of  an 
undivided  right  or  property. 

Hamilton,  Rep.  Feb.  13,  1793. 

AP-PoSE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  apposer,  to  set  to ;  L.  appono. 
See  Apposite.] 

1.  To  put  questions  ;  to  examine.    [See  Pose.] 

Bacon. 

9.  To  apply.  Harvey. 
AP-PoS'ER,  «.    An  examiner;  one  whose  business  is 

to  put  questions.  In  the  English  Court  of  Exchequer 
there  is  an  officer  called  the  foreign  appaaer.  A 
bisliop's  examining  chaplain  was  formerly  called  his 
apposer  :  ordinarily  pronounced  pu.scr.  Encyc. 
AP'PO-SITE,  n.  [L.  appositus,  set  or  put  to,  from  ap- 
pono, of  ad  and  pono,  to  put  or  place.] 

Suitable  ;  fit ;  very  applicable  ;  well  adapted  ;  fol- 
lowed by  to ;  as,  this  argument  is  very  apposite  to  the 
case. 

AP'PO-SITE-LY,  otii).    Suitably;  fitly;  properly. 

Harvey. 

APTO-SITE-NESS,  71.  Fitness;  propriety;  suitable- 
ness. Hale. 

AP-PO-?I"TION,  71.  The  act  of  adding  to ;  addition ; 
a  setting  to  ;  accretion. 

Ey  the  apposition  of  new  matter.  ArhuOimt. 
9.  In  srrannnar,  the  state  of  two  nouns  put  in  the 
same  case,  without  a  connecting  word  between 
them  ;  as,  I  admire  Cicero,  the  orator.    In  this  case, 
the  second  noun  explains  or  characterizes  the  first. 

AP-POSS'I-TIVE,  o.   Apposite;  applicable.  Knutchbull. 

AP-I'Ra1S'AL,  (ap-praz'al,)  7i.  A  valuation  by  au- 
thority ;  an  appraisement.  Stat.  Conn.  1824. 

AP-PRaISE',  u.  t.  [Fr.  apprccier ;  Sp.  apreciar  ;  It.  ap- 
prciiarc,  to  set  a  value  ;  from  L.  ad  and  pretium, 
price.    See  Price  and  Appreciate.] 

This  word  is  written  and  often  pronounced  after  the 
Frencji  and  Italian  manner.  But  generally  it  is  pro- 
nounced more  correctly  apprize,  directly  from  the  D. 
pnjs  ;  W.prLs;  Eng.  price  or  prize.    [See  Apprize.] 

To  set  a  value  on  ;  to  estimate  the  worth  of,  par- 
ticularly by  persons  appointed  for  the  purpose. 

AP-PR A  ISE'.MENT,  n.  The  act  of  setting  the  value  ; 
a  valuation.    [See  Apprizement.] 

AP-PRaIS'ER,  n.  One  who  values;  appropriately,  a 
person  appointed  and  sworn  to  estimate  and  fix  the 
value  of  goods  and  estate.    [See  Apprizer.] 

AP-PRE-eA'TIOiV,  71.    Earnest  prayer.  HaU. 

AP'PRE-CA-TO-RY,  a.    Praying  or  wishing  good. 

AP-PRk'CIA-BLE,  (ap-prS's'ha-bIc,)  a.  [See  Appre- 
ciate.] Tliat  may  be  appreciated;  capable  of  being 
duly  estimated  ;  valuable.  Encyc. 

2.  That  may  be  estimated  or  determined  ;  as,  an 
appreciable  quantity. 

AP-PRk'CIaTE,  (ap-prCshate,)  v.  U  [Fr.  apprecier, 
to  set  a  value  ;  L.  ad  and  pretium,  value,  price;  D. 
pn/s;  W.prii;  Get.  preLi.    See  Price.] 

1.  To  value ;  to  set  a  price  or  value  on  ;  to  esti- 
mate ;  as,  we  seldom  suliiciently  appreciate  the  ad- 
vantages we  enjoy. 

2.  To  raise  the  value  of. 

Ix-iit  a  BiiiUlen  penc-  should  apjtrccinte  tlie  money.  liameay. 

[Not  used  in  the  latter  sense  in  England,  and  but 
little  in  America.] 
AP  PUk'CIa'I'E,  v.i.  To  rise  in  value;  to  become 
of  more  value  ;  as,  the  coin  of  the  country  nppre 
ciulM:  public  securities  appreciated  when  the  debt 
was  funded.  [Not  used  in  this  sense  in  England 
anti  but  little  in  America.] 
AI'-PRi;'ClA-TEI),  ;/;).    Valued  ;  prized  ;  estimated; 

ndvaiici-d  in  vahw. 
AP  PRR'CIA-TI.Nfi,  ppr.    Setting  a  value  on;  csti 

mating  ;  risintr  in  value. 
AP-I'Rk  CI-A'TIO.N,  n.    A  setting  a  value  on  j  n  just 
valuation  or  eHtimate  of  merit,  weight,  or  any  moral 
consideration. 

IVtLHhinfflon^g  Inaiiff.  Speeek,  Apr,  30,  1789, 
2.  A  rixing  in  value  ;  increnHc  of  worth  or  value, 
Mar.tfiall,  /.tfr  of  Wa.'ihmoton.    Hamilton's  Report, 

Feb.  13,  I7!I3. 
[See  remark  uruler  Appreimate.] 
AP-Plfl".  III'NI)',  r.  I.    [I.,  ofrjirrhmilo,  of  ad  and  pre- 
htmlv,  to  take  or  wi/.e  ;  Kax.  hrndan  or  hentan.'^ 
1.  To  take  or  ncize  ;  to  lake  hold  of.    In  thin  liter 


al  sense,  it  is  applied  cliiefly  to  taking  or  arresting 
persons  by  legal  process,  or  with  a  view  to  trial ;  as, 
to  ajrprc/iend  a  thief. 

2,  To  take  with  the  understanding,  that  is,  to  con- 
ceive in  the  mind  ;  to  unilerstaiul,  without  passing  a 
judgment,  or  making  an  inference. 

1  apprehend  not,  why  — 

So  many  uild  so  variooa  laws  are  given.  Milton. 

3,  To  think  ;  to  believe  or  be  of  opinion,  but  with- 
out positive  certainty  ,  as,  all  this  is  true,  but,  we  ap- 
prehend, it  is  not  to  the  purpose. 

Notwithstanding  tliis  declaration,  we  do  not  apprehend  that  we 
are  giiilty  of  presmnpliun.         Encyc,  art.  Metaphysics. 

4,  To  fear  ;  to  entertain  suspicion  or  fear  of  future 
evil ;  as,  we  apprehend  calamities  from  a  feeble  or 
wicked  administration, 

AP  PRE-HEND'ED,  p;).  Taken;  seized;  arrested; 
conceived  ;  understood  ;  believed  ;  feared, 

AP-PRE-IIEND'ER,  7i,  One  who  takes  ;  one  who  con- 
ceives in  his  mind  ;  one  who  fears, 

AP-PRE-llEND'ING,  ppr.  Seizing  ;  taking ;  conceiv- 
ing ;  understanding;  believing;  fearing. 

AP-PRE-HEN'SI  BLE,  o.  Tliat  may  be  apprehended 
or  conceived. 

AP-PRE-HEN'SION,  n.  The  act  of  seizing  or  taking 
iiold  of ;  as,  the  hand  is  an  organ  of  apprehension. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  or  arresting ;  as,  the  felon,  af- 
ter his  aftprehension,  escaped. 

3.  The  mere  contemplation  of  things  without  af- 
firming, denying,  or  passing  any  judgment ;  the  op- 
eration of  the  mind  in  contemplatinig  ideas,  without 
comparing  them  with  others,  or  referring  tliem  to  e.x- 
ternal  objects ;  simple  intellection, 

fVatU.    Olanville.  Encyc. 

4.  An  inadequate  or  imperfect  idea,  as  when  the 
word  is  applied  to  our  knowledge  of  God,  Encyc. 

5.  Opinion  ;  cimception  ;  sentiments.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  often  denotes  a  belief,  founded  on  sufficient 
evidence  to  give  preponderation  to  the  mind,  but  in- 
sufiicient  to  induce  certainty ;  as,  in  our  apprehension, 
the  facts  prove  the  issue. 

To  be  false,  and  to  be  thought  false,  is  all  one,  in  respect  of  men, 
wlio  act  not  according  to  truth,  but  apprehension.  South. 

6.  The  faculty  by  which  new  ideas  are  conceived  ; 
as,  a  man  of  dull  apprehension. 

7.  Fear;  suspicion  ;  the  prospect  of  future  evil,  ac- 
companied with  uneasiness  of  mind. 

Claudius  was  in  no  small  apprehension  for  his  own  life. 

*  Addison. 

,\P-PRE-HEN'SIVE,  o,  Quick  to  understand  ;  as,  an 
apprehensive  scholar.  Holder.  South, 

2.  Fearful ;  in  expectation  of  evil ;  as,  we  were 
apprehensive  of  fatal  consequences. 

[This     the  usual  sense  of  the  word.'] 

3.  Suspicious  ;  inclined  to  believe  ;  as,  I  am  appre- 
hensive he  does  not  understanti  me. 

4.  Sensible ;  feeling ;  perceptive.    [Rarely  used.] 

Mdton. 

AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY,  ado.  In  an  apprehensive 
manner, 

AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-NESS,  71,  The  quality  of  being 
apprehensive  ;  re;idiness  to  understand  ;  fearfulness, 

AP-PREN'TICE,  Ji,  [Fr,  apprenti,  an  apprentice,  from 
apprendre,  to  learn  ;  L,  apprehendo.  See  Apprehend,] 

1.  One  who  is  bound  by  covenant  to  serve  a  me- 
chanic, or  other  person,  for  a  certain  time,  with  a 
view  to  learn  his  art,  mystery,  or  occupation,  in 
which  his  master  is  bound  to  instruct  him.  Appren- 
tices are  regularly  bound  by  indentures. 

Blarkstone. 

2,  In  old  law  books,  a  barrister,  considered  a  learn- 
er of  law,  till  sixteen  years  standing,  when  he  might 
he  called  to  the  degree  of  serjeant.  BlacL<tone. 

AP-PRE.N'TICE,  r.  t.  To  bind  to,  or  put  under  the 
care  of,  a  master,  for  tl»e  purpose  of  instruction  in  tlie 
knowlediie  of  a  trade  or  business. 

AP-PREN'TICE-FEE,  11.  A  sum  given  to  the  master 
of  an  apprentice  as  a  premium  for  the  instruction  of 
th(^  latter.  Blaclistone. 

AP-PREN'TICE-IIOOD,  n.  Apprenticeship.  [JVu( 
used.]  '  Shak. 

AP-PREN'TICE-SIIIP,  71.  The  term  for  which  an  ap- 
prentice is  bound  to  serve  his  master.  This  term,  in 
England,  is,  by  statute,  seven  years.  In  Paris,  the 
term  is  five  years,  in  the  greater  number  of  trades  ; 
after  which,  the  person,  before  he  is  qualified  to  ex- 
ercise th(^  trade  as  a  master,  must  serve  five  years  as 
a  journeyman  ;  during  which  term  he  is  called  thi; 
companion  of  his  master,  and  the  term  is  called  his 
companionship.  Encyc. 

The  statements  above  refer  to  a  former  state  of 
things,  .Apprenticeship,  as  obligatory,  was  abolislietl 
in  Frani,e  at  the  revolution  ;  and  in  England,  Lon- 
don and  a  few  other  corporate  towns  excepted,  by 
the  act  of  54  Geo.  III.  c,  9(i,  (1814,) 

P.  Cyc.  Bramle. 
2.  The  service,  state,  or  condition  of  an  apprentice; 
n  state  in  which  a  person  is  gaining  instruction  under 
a  master. 

AP-PRE.\'TIS-A0E,  71.  Apprenticeship,  [JVotinuse.] 

Bacon. 

AP  PKEST'f  ■  j  «•  ""•-"'•J 


111  botany,  pressed  close  ;  lying  near  the  stem,  or 
applying  its  upper  surface  to  the  stem, 

JSIartyn.    FA.  Encyc. 
AP-PRlSE',  V.  1.    [Fr.  appris,  participle  of  apprendre, 
to  leani,  or  inform.    See  Apprehend.] 

To  inform  ;  to  give  notice,  verbal  or  written  ;  fol- 
lowed by  of;  as,  we  will  apprise  the  general  of  an 
intended  attack  ;  he  apprised  the  commander  of  what 
he  had  done.  Thomson.  Porteus. 

AP-PRlS'£D,  (ap-prizd',)  pp.    Informed  ;  having  no- 
tice or  knowledge  communicated. 
AP-PRIS'ING,  ppr.    Informing ;  communicating  no- 
tice to. 

AP-PRiZE',  7'.  (.  [This  word  is  usually  written  ap- 
prai.^e,  as  if  deduced  from  the  Italian  nppreziare. 
There  is  no  other  word  from  which  it  can  regularly 
be  formed  ;  the  French  apprecier  being  recognized  in 
appreciate.  But  apprize,  the  word  generally  used,  is 
regularly  formed,  with  ad,  from  price,  prize ;  D.  prys; 
Ger.  preis ;  W.  pris ;  or  from  the  Fr.  priser,  to  prize  ; 
and  this  is  the  more  desirable  orthography.] 

To  value  ;  to  set  a  value,  in  pursuance  of  author- 
ity. It  is  generally  used  for  the  act  of  valuing,  by 
men  appointed  for  the  purpose,  under  direction  of 
law,  or  by  agreement  of  parties  ;  as,  to  apprize  the 
goods  and  estate  of  a  deceased  person.  The  private 
act  of  valuing  is  ordinarily  expressed  by  prize. 

AP-PRIZ'ii;D,  pp.  Valued  ;  having  the  worth  fixed 
by  authorized  persons. 

AP-PRIZE'iMENT,  71,  The  act  of  setting  a  value  un- 
der some  authority  or  appointment ;  a  valuation. 

Statutes  of  Conn.  Blaclistone. 
9,  The  rate  at  which  a  thing  is  v;ilued  ;  the  value 
fixed,  or  valuation  ;  as,  he  purchased  the  article  at 
the  apprizement. 

AP-PRIZ'ER,  71.  A  person  appointed  to  rate,  or  set  a 
value  on  articles.  When  apprizers  act  under  the 
authiirity  of  law,  they  must  be  sworn. 

AP-PRlZ'ING,  ppr.  Rating;  setting  a  value  under 
authority. 

AP-PRIZ'lNG,  71.  Tlie  act  of  valuing  under  authority. 

AP-I'RoACH',  11.  i.  [Fr.  approcher,  from  proclie,  near  ; 
It.  approcciare.  The  Latin  proximus  contains  the 
root,  but  the  word,  in  the  positive  degree,  is  not 
found  in  the  Latin.  It  is  from  a  root  in  Class  Brg. 
sienifying  to  drive,  move,  or  press  toward  ;  probably 

1.  To  come  or  go  near,  in  place ;  to  draw  near ;  to 
advance  nearer. 

AVlierefore  approached  ye  so  nigh  tlie  city  ?  —2  Sam.  si. 

2.  To  draw  near  in  time. 

And  so  much  the  more  as  ye  see  the  day  approaching.  —  Hcb.  x. 

3.  To  draw  near,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  to  advance 
near  to  a  point  aimed  at,  in  science,  literature,  gov- 
ernment, morals,  &c.  ;  to  approximate ;  as,  he  ap- 
proaches to  the  character  of  the  ablest  statesman. 

4.  To  draw  near  in  duty,  as  in  prayer  or  worship^ 
Tliey  take  dcliglit  in  approaching  to  God.  —  Isa.  li. 

AP-PRoACH',  7>.  t.  To  come  near  to;  as.  Pops  ap- 
proaches Virgil  in  smoothness  of  versification.  This 
use  of  the  word  is  ellqitical,  to  being  omitted,  so  that 
the  verb  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  transitive.  'I'he 
old  use  of  the  word,  as,  "  .Approach  the  iiand  to  the 
handle,"  is  not  legitimate. 
9.  To  have  access  carnally.    Lev.  xviii. 

AP-PRoACH',  71.  The  act  of  drawing  near ;  a  coining 
or  advancing  near;  as,  he  was  apprised  of  the  en- 
emy's approach. 

2.  Access  ;  as,  the  approach  to  kings.  Bacon. 

3.  The  path  or  avenue  which  leads  from  the  public 
road  or  highway  to  a  house  or  dwelling.  Doirnin<:. 

4.  \n  fortification,  approaches  wre  l\\e  works  thrown 
up  by  the  besiegers,  to  protect  them  in  their  advances 
toward  a  fortress. 

AP-PRo.\CH'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  approached  ; 
accessible. 

AP-PR6ACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ap- 
proachable, 

AP-PRoAClI'ER,  71.  One  who  approaches  or  draws 
near. 

AP-PRO.'VCH'ING, p;»r.  Drawing  nearer;  advancing 
toward. 

AP  PRO.VCII'ING,  71.  In  gardening,  the  act  of  in- 
praftiflg  a  sprig  or  shoot  of  one  tree  into  another, 
without  cutting  it  from  the  p,arcnt  stock  ;  called  also 
inarching  and  grafting  by  approach.  Encijc. 

AP-PRflACirLE.'^S,  a.    That  can  not  be  approached. 

AP-PRoACII'iMENT,  jt.  The  act  of  cimiing  near. 
[I.ililc  vscd.]  Brown. 

Ar'PRO-BATE,(7.    [h.approbatus.]    Approved.  ElyoL 

AP'I'RO-BaTE,  7).  t.    [L.  approbo,  to  approve.] 

To  ex|)ress  a|iprnbation  of ;  to  manifest  a  liking,  or 
degree  of  satisfaction.  "  The  cause  of  this  battle 
every  man  did  allow  and  approbate."  Hall,  Hen.  FH. 
Richard.ion's  Dictionary.  [This  word,  though  obsi>- 
lete  in  England,  is  occasitmally  used  in  America.] 

Mr.  Ilutchiniton  approbated  the  choice.  J.  Eliot. 

AP'PRO-BA-TED,  pp.    Approved  ;  commended. 
AP'PRO-Ba-TING,  pjir.    Expressing  approbation  of. 
AP-PRO-IiA'TION,  71.    [L,  approbatio.    See  Pnoor 
and  Prove,] 

1.  The  act  of  approving  ;  a  liking ;  that  state  or 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  Wll/^T  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  ByQK.— 


APP 


APP 


APT 


dispasition  of  the  mind,  in  which  we  assent  to  the 
propriety  of  a  lliins,  with  some  degree  of  pleasure  or 
satisl'uctlon ;  as,  tlie  laws  of  God  require  our  appro- 
bation, 

2.  Attestation ;  support ;  that  is,  active  ap|)robation, 
or  action,  in  favor  of  what  is  approvi;d.  S/wk. 

X  'I'lie  coniinenilalion  of  a  book  licensed  or  per- 
mitted to  be  publislied  by  authority,  as  was  formerly 
the  case  in  England. 
AP'I'UO-Ba-TIVE, a.   Approving;  implying  approba- 
tion. Milner. 
Al"l'KO-IlA-TO-RY,  a.   Containing  approbation  ;  ex- 

|in>~in^'  approbation.  Ash.  Scott. 

.\r  1M{(  >.\irT',  V.  t.  for  PnoMPT.  [A'ot  used.]  Bacon. 
Al'-IMtOOF',  n.  -Approval. 

2.  Certain  knowledge.  rj\''of  xiscd.']  Shak. 
AP-IM{01"ER-ATE,  r.  (.    [L.  appropero.] 

To  hasten.    [Aot  used.j 
AP-PUO-l'IN'aU.\TE,  V.  I.    [L.  appropinquo.'] 

To  draw  near.    fJVl'f  used.] 
AP-PRO-PIiV-aUA'TION,  71.    A  drawing  nigh.  [JVuf 

used.]  Hall. 
AP-PRO-PINaUE',  V.  t    To  approach.    [JVu<  tu^ed.] 

Htidibras. 

AP-PRO'PRF-A-BLE,  n.  [from  appropriate.]  Thiit  may 
be  appropriated  ;  that  may  be  set  apart,  sequestered, 
or  assigned  exchisively  to  a  particular  use.  Brown, 

AP-PRa'PRI-ATE,  e.  (.  [Fr.  approprier,  of  L.  ad  and 
proprins,  private,  peculiar.    See  Proper.] 

1.  To  set  apart  for,  or  assign  to  a  particular  tise,  in 
exclusion  of  all  other  uses ;  as,  a  spot  of  ground  is 
appropriated  for  a  garden. 

2.  To  take  to  one's  self  in  exclusion  of  others  j  to 
claim  or  use  as  by  an  exclusive  right ;  as,  let  no  man 
appropriate  the  use  of  a  common  benefit. 

3.  To  make  peculiar ;  as,  to  appropriate  names  to 
ideas.  Locke. 

4.  To  sever  an  .ecclesiastical  benefice,  and  annex 
it  to  a  spiritual  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  being 
the  patron  of  the  living.  BlarkMunc. 

.').  To  set  apart  or  vote  a  sum  of  money  for  a  par- 
ticular object ;  as.  Congress  has  appropriated  a  million 
o<  dollars  for  the  increase  of  the  navy.  [This  is  one 
of  the  most  common  lucs  of  the  word  in  .America.] 

AP-Pllo'PRI-.ATE,  a.  Belonging  peculiarly  ;  pecu- 
liar ;  set  apart  for  a  particular  use  or  person  ;  as,  re- 
ligious worship  is  an  appropriate  duly  to  the  Creator. 

a.  Jlost  suitable,  fit,  or  proper;  as,  to  use  appropri- 
ate words  in  pleading. 

AP-PRo'PRI-.\-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Assigned  to  a  partic- 
ular use ;  claimed  or  used  exclusively  ;  annexed  to 
an  ecclesiastical  corporation. 

AP-PRC'PRl-ATE-.NEtfS,  n.  Peculiar  fitness;  the 
quality  of  being  appropriate,  or  peculiarly  suitable. 

AP-l'll6'PRI-ATE-LY,  ado.  In  an  appropriate  or 
proprr  manner. 

AP  riio'PRl-A-TING,  ppr.  Assigning  to  a  particular 
person  or  use  ;  ftaiinihg  or  using  exclusively  ;  sever- 
ing to  the  perpetual  use  of  an  ecclesiastical  corporation. 

AP-PRo-PRl-.A'TIO.\,  71.  The  act  of  sequestering,  or 
a.ssisning  to  a  particular  use  or  person,  in  exclusion 
of  all  others  ;  application  to  a  special  use  or  pur[)ose  ; 
as,  of  a  piece  of  ground,  for  a  p:u-k  ;  of  a  right,  to 
one's  self;  or  of  words,  to  ideas. 

2.  In  law,  the  severing  or  sequestering  of  a  benefice 
to  the  perpetual  use  of  a  spiritual  corporation,  sole  or 
aggregate,  being  the  patron  of  the  living.  For  this 
purpose  must  be  obtained  the  king's  license,  and  Uie 
consent  of  the  bishop  and  of  the  patron.  When  the 
appropriation  is  thus  made,  the  appropriator  and  his 
successt»rs  become  [lerpeluiU  parsons  rf  the  church, 
and  must  sue  and  be  sued  in  that  name. 

Enir.  Late.  Blackstone, 

3.  The  setting  apart  by  vole  of  a  sum  of  money  to 
be  expended  for  a  given  pur|>ose,  and  also  the  money 
thus  set  apart ;  as,  an  appropriation  lias  been  made  to 
incre;ise  the  navv. 

AP-PRo'PRI-A-TiVE,  a.    That  appropriates. 

McCulloch. 

AP-PRo'PRI-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  appropriates. 

2.  One  who  is  possessed  of  an  appropriated  bene- 
fice. Blackstone. 
AP-PRO'PRI-E-TA-RY,  7t.    A  lay  possessor  of  the 

profits  of  a  benefice.  Spclman. 
AP-PROV'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Approve.] 

That  may  be  approved  ;  that  merits  approbation. 
AP-PROV'A-BLE-NESS,  7i.    The  quality  of  being  ap- 
provable. 

AP-PROV'AL,  71,    Approbation.    [See  Approve.] 

Temple. 

AP-PROV'ANCE,  71.    Approbation.    [See  Approve.] 

Thomson, 

AP-PROVE',  r.  t  [Fr.  approuver ;  L.  approbo,  of  aii 
and  probo,  to  prove  or  approve.  See  Approbate, 
Prove,  and  Proof.] 

1.  To  like  ;  to  be  pleased  with  ;  to  admit  the  pro- 
priety of;  as,  we  approve  the  measures  of  adminis- 
tration. This  word  may  include,  with  the  assent  of 
the  mind  to  the  propriety,  a  commendation  to  others. 

2.  To  prove  ;  to  show' to  be  true  ;  to  justify. 
VVoiiklst  tlioii  approve  thy  coiutancy  i  Approve 

rim  Uijr  ubcdiuiiK.  Milton. 

[  7^  sensCj  though  common  a  eetitury  or  two  ago,  13 
ncno  rare.] 


X  To  experience  ;  to  prove  by  trial.  [Mil  used. 
See  Prove.]  Shak. 

4.  To  make  or  show  to  he  worthy  of  approbation  ; 
to  commend  ;  as,  to  approve  one's  self  to  God  by 
righteousness. 

5.  To  like  and  sustain  as  right ;  to  comun  nd. 
Y'-l  tlu'ir  posU'rity  approve  tlifir  sayings.  —  r».  xlix. 

This  word,  when  it  signifies  to  be  pleased,  is  often 
followed  by  of,  in  which  use  it  is  intransitive  ;  as,  I 
approve  u/lhe  mi;asurc.  But  the  tendency  of  modern 
usage  is  to  omit  of.-  "  I  approve  the  measure." 

(j.  To  imprd^e.  BtocL-itone. 

7.  In  military  affairs,  to  sanction  officially  ;  as,  to 
approve  the  decision  of  a  court-martial.  • 
AP-1'RO V'^;i),  pp.     Liked;  commended;  shown  or 
proved  to  bi;  worthy  of  aiiprobation  ;  having  the  ap- 
probation and  supjiort  of. 

study  to  hhijw  tliyur-lf  approved  tu  God.  — 2  Tiin.  ii. 

.Approved  is  used  by  Shakspcare  for  proved ;  as, "  an 
approved  wanttm." 

Jesus,  (I  man  approved  of  God.  —  Act£  ii. 

This  word  here  seems  to  include  the  idea  of  Christ's 
real  oHice,  as  the  Messiah,  and  of  God's  love  and  ap- 
prtihalion  of  him  in  that  character.     Brown^s  DteL 
AP-PRoVE'.MENT,7!.  Approbation  ;  liking.  Haijaard. 

2.  In  lain,  when  a  person  indicted  for  fi  lony  or 
treason,  and  arraigned,  confesses  the  fact  before 
plea  pleaded,  and  appeals  or  accuses  his  accomplices 
of  the  same  crime,  to  obtain  his  pardtm,  this  confes- 
sion and  accusation  are  called  approccmnit,  and  tlie 
person  an  approver.  Blackstone. 

X  Improvement  of  common  lands,  by  inclosing 
and  convei'tiiig  them  to  the  uses  of  husbandry. 

Blackstone. 

AP-PROV'ER,  71.  One  who  approves.  Formerly, one 
who  [iroves  or  makes  trial. 

2.  In  taw,  one  who  confesses  a  crime  and  accuses 
another.  [.^ee  Approvement.]  Formerly,  those 
who  had  the  letting  of  the  king's  demesne,  in  small 
manors,  were  called  approvers  of  the  king.  In  Stat. 
1  Edw.  HI.  c.  8,  sheritt's  are  called  the  king's  ap- 
provers. 

In  old  law  writers,  a  bailiff  or  steward  of  a  manor 
is  called  an  approver.  Kncijc. 
AP-PKO V'l.Nt;,  ppr.     Liking;  commending;  giving 

(tr  expressing  approbation. 
AP-PROV'L\G,  a.    Yielding  approbation;  as,  an  a;i- 

provino  conscience. 
AP-PROV'ING-LY,  adv.    By  approbation. 
AP-PROX'I-IUANT,  a.    Approaching.    [JVo(  used.] 

Dering. 

AP-PROX'I-MATE,  a.  [L.  ad  and  proximus,  next. 
See  Approach.] 

Nearest  to  ;  next ;  near  to.  [  This  word  is  superseded 
by  Proximate.] 

.Approximate  ijuantities ;  in  mathematics,  those  which 
are  nearly,  but  not  absolutely,  equal.  Braiide. 
AP-PRI).\'I-MaTE,  r.  U    To  carry  or  advance  near; 
to  cause  to  approach.  .Aikin,  Shcnstone, 

To  apprariinale  tlio  iiiequ;vlity  of  riches  to  the  level  of  luilure. 

Burke. 

AP-PROX'I-MaTE,  v.  i.    To  come  near ;  to  approach. 

Burke. 

AP-PR0X'I-M.A-TED,  pp.   Carried  or  advanced  near. 

AP-PROX'I-iVlA  TlNG,  ;i;jr.  Advancing  near ;  caus- 
ing to  approach. 

AP  PROX-I-.Ma'TION,  71.  Approach ;  a  drawing, 
moving,  or  advancing  near.  Hale. 

2.  In  aritlimetic  and  algebra,  a  continual  approach 
or  coming  nearer  and  nearer  to  a  root  or  other  quan- 
tity, without  being  able  perhaps  ever  to  arrive  at  it. 

Rncyc,  Johnson. 

3.  In  medicine,  communication  of  disca.se  by  con- 
tact. Coi-e. 

4.  A  mode  of  cure  by  transplanting  a  disease  into 
an  animal  or  vegetable  by  immediate  contact.  Coze. 

AP-PR(JX'I-.M.\-TIVE,  a.  Approaching;  tli.at  a|)- 
proaches.  fjl.  F.ncyc, 

AP-PULSE',  (ap-puls',)  n.  [L.  appuUus,  of  ad  and 
pello,  to  drive.] 

1.  The  act  of  striking  against ;  as,  in  all  conso- 
nants there  is  an  appulse  of  the  organs.  Jlotder, 

2.  .\rrival  ;  kinding.  Bryant, 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  approach  of  any  planet  to  a 
conjunction  with  the  sun  or  a  star. 

AP-PUL'SION,  lu  The  act  of  striking  against  by  a 
moving  body. 

.\P-PULS'I  VE,  a.  Striking  against ;  driving  toward  ; 
as,  the  appuLsivt  inlluence  of  the  planets. 

Med.  Rep. 

AP-PULS'IVE-LY,  adv.  By«ppuIsion. 

AP-PI;R'TE\-AN'CE,  n.  So  written  for  Apperte- 
NENCE.  appartenanee.    See  Appertain.] 

Tlmt  which  belongs  to  something  else  ;  an  adjunct ; 
an  appendage  ;  as,  small  buildings  are  the  appurte- 
nances of  a  mansion.  Appropri.ately,  such  buildings, 
rights,  a|ul  improvements,  as  belong  to  land,  are 
called  \.\\^ippurtrnanccs. 

AP-PUR'TE.N-.A.\T,  a.    Belonging  to;  pertaining  to 
of  right ;  as,  a  right  of  way  appurtenant  to  land  or 
buildings.  Blackstone. 
In  taw,  common  appurtenant  is  that  which  is 


annexed  to  land,  and  can  be  clninKd  only  by  pre- 
scription or  iinriieiiiorial  usage,  on  a  legal  pr'  suin|>- 
tion  of  a  special  grant.  Blackstune, 

A'PRI-C.ATi:,  v.  i.    [L.  aprirnr.] 

To  bask  in  the  sun.    [/Jltic  used.]  Ray. 

A-PRKVI-TY,  11,    Sunshine.    [Liltir  uwl.] 

A'PRI-COT,  n.  Old  tMlhogiaiiliy,  aprir,„k.  [\V. 
bricijllen ;  y\rm.  briifPsen ;  l-'r.  abrieot,  whence  the 
present  orthography.  Junius  anil  .Skinner  allege 
that  the  Italians  formerly  wrote  the  word  bencoeo, 
berricoceoli.  At  present  they  write  it  albtcocca,  and 
the  Spaniards  albariciujue,  which  indicate  the  word 
to  be  formed  of  albiis  and  coccus,  wliiti?  berry  ;  Sp. 
albar,  white.  But  apricot  seems  to  be  formed  from 
the  old  orthography.] 

The  fruit  of  the  Jirmeniaea  vulgarii,  (a  species 
arrangiMl  by  Liniueus  in  th^  genus  Priinus  ;)  allied 
to  the  plum,  and  of  an  oval  figure  and  delicious  taste. 

A'PIUL,  n.    [I,,  nprilis  ;  Fr.  avril i  Sp.  abrii;  Ir.  abrail; 
Corn,  rbril ;  \V.  ebrill.] 
The  finirlh  month  of  the  year. 

A'PRIL-FOOL,  11.  (Jne  who  is  sportively  imposed 
upon  by  others  on  the  first  of  .Vpiil. 

i  PRI-O'Rj,  [L.]  Reasoning  a  priori  is  that  which 
deduces  conseipiences  from  definitions  formed,  or 
principles  assumed,  or  which  infers  effects  from 
causes  previously  known.  This  is  the  reverse  of  a 
posteriori.  Iledoe, 

A'PRO.V,  (.I'purn,)  n.  [Fr.  aprun  ;  a,  or  ag,  and  Celtic 
bron,  the  breast.]  / 

1.  A  clotli  or  piece  of  leather  worn  on  the  fore  part 
of  the  body,  to  keep  the  clothes  clean,  or  defend 
them  from  injury. 

2.  The  fat  skin  covering  the  belly  of  a  goose. 

Johnson. 

3.  In  gunnery,  a  flat  piece  of  lead  that  covers  the 
vent  of  a  cannim. 

4.  In  ships,  a  piece  of  carved  timber,  just  above  the 
foremost  end  of  the  keel.  Mar.  Diet,  - 

a.  A  platform,  or  flooring  of  plank,  at  the  entrance 
of  a  dock,  against  which  the  dock-gates  are  shut. 

Knetfc. 

6.  A  piece  of  leather  or  other  thing  to  be  sprcail  be- 
fore a  person  riding  in  a  gig,  chaise,  or  sulky,  to  de- 
fend him  from  rain,  snow,  or  dust. 

A'PRO.\-f;i),  a.    Wearing  an  .apron.  Pope. 

A'PRON-.M.\N,  71.  A  man  who  wears  an  apron;  a 
laboring  inan  ;  a  mechanic. 

AP'RO-POS,  (ap'ro-po,)  adv.  [Fr.  d  and  propos,  pur- 
pose.] 

1.  Opportunely;  season.ahly.  Warburton. 

2.  By  the  way  ;  to  the  purpose  ;  a  word  used  to 
introduce  an  incidental  observation,  suited  to  the 
occasion,  though  not  strictly  belonging  to  the  narra- 
tion. 

AP'SIS,  n.;pl.  Ap'si-des.  [Or.  aipts,  connection,  from 
OTTTio,  to  connect.] 

1.  In  ancient  astronomy,  the  apsides  were  the  two 
points,  in  the  orbit  of  the  sun  or  of  a  planet,  at  the 
greatest  and  least  distance  from  the  earth  ;  the  most 
distant  called  the  higher  or  greater  ;  the  least  distant, 
the  lower  or  lesser  apsis;  and  corresponding  to  the 
apogee  and  perigee.  In  modern  astronomy,  the  apsides 
nrv,  those  points,  in  the  orbit  of  a  primary  planet,  at 
the  greatest  and  least  distance  from  the  sun  ;  corre- 
sponding to  the  aphelion  and  the  perihelion  ;  also, 
those  points,  in  the  orbit  of  a  .secondary  planet,  at 
the  greatest  and  least  distance  from  its  primary  ;  cor- 
responding, in  relation  to  the  moon,  to  the  apogee 
and  perigee,  and  in  relation  to  the  satellites  of  Jupiter, 
to  the  apojove  and  perijove.  The  line  connecting 
these  is  called  the  line  of  the  apsides. 

Encye.  Meth.    Ed.  Eneye. 

2.  .Apsis,  or  absis,  is  the  arched  roof  of  a  house, 
room,  or  oven  ;  also  the  ring  or  coinp.ass  of  a  wheel. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  icriters,iin  inner  part  of  a  church, 
being  a  domed  semicircular  or  polj'gonal  termina- 
tion of  the  choir  or  aisles,  where  tlie  altar  was  placed, 
and  where  the  clergy  sat.  Also,  the  bishop's  seat  or  ^ ' 
throne,  in  ancient  churches;  called  also  exedra  and 
tribune.  This  same  name  w.as  given  to  a  reliquary 
or  case  in  which  tlie  relics  of  saints  were  kept. 

Eneye. 

APT,  a.  [L.  aptus,  from  apta,  to  fit ;  Gr.  uttw,  to  tie  ; 
Sax.  ha-p.] 

1.  Fit ;  suitable  ;  as,  he  used  very  apt  metaphors. 

2.  Having  a  tendency;  li.able  ;  used  of  things;  as, 
wheat  on  moist  land  is  apt  to  blast  or  be  wintcr- 
kdlod. 

3.  Inclined  ;  disposed  customarily  ;  used  of  persons ; 
as,  men  are  too  apt  to  slander  others. 

4.  Ready  :  quick  ;  u.-f<i  of  the  mcntiU  powers ;  as,  a 
pupil  apt  to  le.arn  ;  an  apt  wit. 

5.  Q.ualifled;  fit. 

AU  the  men  of  might,  ttiong  &nd  apt  for  war,  —  2  Kiogi  xziT. 

APT,  V,  t.    To  fit ;  to  suit  or  adapt.  [OAs.] 
APT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  adapted.    [Jvol  used.] 

Sherwood, 

AP'TaTE,  r.  t    To  make  fit.    ^A'of  used,]  Bailey, 
AP'TER-.\,  71.  pi.    [Gr.  n  priv.  and  rrr/ioi,  a  "  i"?  ] 
A  term  applied  to  insects  without  wings.  I'lie 
Aptcra,  constituting  the  seventh  order  of  insects  in 
Linnxus's  system,  comprehend  many  genera.  But 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ,  TH  as  in  THIS. 


63 


AQU 

later  zoologists  have  made  a  very  different  distribu- 
tion of  these  animals. 
AP'TER-AL,  a.    [Supra.]    Destitute  of  wings. 

In  architecture,  without  lateral  columns  ;  ap|)lied 
to  buildings  which  have  no  scries  of  colunms  along 
their  sides,  but  are  either  prostyle  or  aniphiprostyle, 
and  opposed  to  peripteral.  P.  Ci/c. 

AP'TEK-OUS,  a.  In  zoulogij,  destitute  of  wings; 
applied  to  insects  of  the  order  Aptera. 

2.  In  botany,  destitute  of  membranous  expansions, 
as  a  stem  or  petiole  ;  opposed  to  alate.  Brandc. 
AP'TEU-yX,  ?i.    [Gr.  a  neg.  and  -rfpi  f,  a  wing.] 
A  bird  of  New  Zealand,  with  only  short  rudiments 
of  wings,  armed  with  a  claw,  and  without  a  tail. 

Partington, 

APT'I-TUDE,  n.    [of  aptus,  apt.] 

1.  A  natural  or  acouired  disposition  for  a  particular 
purpose,  or  tendency  to  a  particular  action  or  effect ; 
as,  oil  has  an  aptituile  to  burn ;  men  acquire  an  apti- 
tude to  particular  vices. 

2.  Fitness ;  suitableness. 

3.  .\[>tness  ;  readiness  in  learning ;  docility. 
APT-I-TO'Dl.V-.-VL,  a.    Containing  aptitude. 
APT-I-Tu'DIN-AL-LY,  ado.    In  an  aptitudinal  man- 
ner. 

APT'LY,  atlv.  In  an  apt  or  suitable  manner ;  with 
just  correspondence  of  parts ;  fitly  ;  projjerly  ;  justly ; 
pertinently  ;  readily. 

APT'XESS,  n.  Fitness  ;  suitableness  ;  as,  the  aptness 
of  things  to  their  end. 

2.  Disposition  of  the  mind  ;  propensity  ;  as,  the 
aptness  of  men  to  follow  example. 

3.  Quickness  of  apprehension  ;  readiness  in  learn- 
ing; docility;  as,  an  aptness  to  learn  is  more  ob- 
servable in  some  children  than  in  others. 

4.  Teiidencv,  in  tilings  ;  as,  the  aptness  of  iron  to 
AP'TOTE,  H.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  rrrwtris,  case.]  [rust. 

In  grammar,  a  noun  which  has  no  variation  of 
termination,  or  distinction  of  cases ;  an  indeclinable 
noun. 

AP'Y-REX-Y,  n.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  Kvpcaau,  to  be  fe- 
verish, from  TTv/i,  fire.] 
The  absence  or  intermission  of  fever. 
A-PV'ROUS,  a.    [Gr.  a-vpi{,    priv.  and  irtip,  fire.] 
Incombustible,  or  that  sustains  a  strong  heat  with- 
out alii  ration  of  form  or  properties. 

.Ipijruus  bodies  differ  from  those  simply  refractory. 
Refractory  bodies  can  not  be  fused  by  heat,  but  may 
be  altered.  Encyc. 
A'Q,V.\,  n.  [L.  aqua  ;  Sp.  agiia ;  Port,  agaa  :  It.  acqua, 
water ;  Arm.  eagui,  to  water,  or  steep ;  Goth,  aliwa, 
water ;  wliich  in  Saxon  is  reduced  to  ea ;  G.  and  D. 
ei,  in  ciland ;  Fr.  eau ;  W.  gwy  or  aw ;  Ir.  oig  or  oiche  ; 
Amh.  oge.] 

A  Latin  word,  signifying  water ;  much  used  in 
pharmacy,  and  the  old  chemistry,  in  various  signifi- 
cations, determined  by  the  word  or  words  annexed. 

jiqua  furtis,  in  the  old  chemistry,  is  now  called 
nitric  aciiL 

.Sqiui  marina,  or  aqua  marine ;  a  name  which  jewel- 
ers sive  to  the  beryl,  on  account  of  its  color. 

.^qua  regis,  in  the  old  chemistry,  is  now  called 
nitro-muriatic  acid. 

Iqua  vitje  :  brandy,  or  spirit  of  wine. 

/  rfU.^'RI-AX,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of  Christians,  in  the 
primitive  church,  who  consecrated  water  in  the  eu- 
charist  instead  of^  wine  ;  either  under  a  pretense  of 
abstinence,  or  because  they  thought  it  was  unlawful 
to  drink  wine.  Encyc. 

A-QUa'RI-U.M,  71.  [L.]  An  artificial  pond  in  gardens 
for  rearing  aipiatic  plants.  Brandc. 

A-QUA'RI-US,  n.  [L.]  The  Water-bearer  ;  a  sign  in 
the  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  aliout  the  21st  of 
January  ;  so  called  from  the  rains  which  prevail,  at 
that  season,  in  Italy  and  the  East.  Also,  a  constel- 
lation of  the  zodiac,  containing,  according  to  Flam- 
steail,  108  stars,  and,  according  to  the  P.  Cyc,  loJ. 
The  sign  and  the  constellation  originally  coincided  ; 
but  from  its  recession,  in  consequence  of  the  preces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes,  tnc  sign  now  begins  in  the 
constellation  of  Capricorn. 

A-CiLTAT'IC,  a.    [L.  ar/uaticus.    See  Aqua.] 

Pertaining  to  water:  applied  to  animals  which  live 
in  water,  as  fishes;  or  to  such  as  frequent  it;  as, 
aquatic  fowls.  Applied  to  plants,  it  denotes  such  as 
grow  in  water.    Jlqnalical  is  rarely  used. 

A-CiUAT'ie,  n.  A  plant  which  grows  in  water,  as 
the  flag. 

AU'UA-TILE,  a.  That  inhabits  the  water.  [Rarely 
unrtl,]  Briiwn. 

A-U.UA-TI,\T'A,  a.  [L.  a/jua,  water,  and  It.  tinta,  dye. 
Bee  Ti^cTunr.) 

A  method  of  engraving  by  aqua  fortis,  by  which  an 
effect  IH  produced,  resembling  a  drawing  in  water 
colon  or  Indian  ink.  I'his  peculiar  iH'cct  is  produn-d 
by  covering  the  plate,  after  the  outlines  of  the  design 
have  been  etched,  with  a  granuiatcil  ground,  which 
peniiitti  the  acid  to  act  only  in  the  interstices  of  its 
ffrain,  now  furmr-d  hy  pouring  over  the  plate,  in  an 
mclined  fioHition,  a  htoiution  of  resin  in  iileohol.  Ori- 
ginally, the  proiiiid  was  fofmed  by  sifting  over  the 
plate  a  fine  powder  of  resin,  or  of  resin  and  asphal- 
tum,  and  then  heating  the  plate  ;  but  this  m<'tliod  is 
now  obnoletc.        '  P.  Cyc. 


ARA 

Aa'UE-DUCT,  (ak'we-dukt,)  n.  [L.  aqua,  water,  and 
dur,tiu<,  a  pipe  or  canal,  IVoiii  duco,  to  lead.  See  Duke.] 
A  conductor  or  ooniluit  of  water,  by  means  of 
pipes,  or  a  canal  or  tunnel,  or  other  channel,  sup- 
ported by  some  structure.  iMore  jiarticularly  aj)|ilied 
to  the  ancient  structures,  raised  on  one  or  more  series 
of  arches,  and  sustaining  one  or  more  channels,  con- 
ducted on  a  slightly  descending  plane.  These  have 
been  superseded,  in  a  great  measure,  in  modern 
times,  by  pipes  following  the  inequalities  of  tlie 
ground,  and  conveying  the  water  on  the  principle 
of  hydrostatic  pressure.  This  term  is  also  applied 
to  a  structure,  similar  to  the  ancient  aqueducts,  for 
conveying  a  canal  over  a  river  or  hollow  ;  more  prop- 

_  eriv  called  an  aqueduct-bridge. 

A'aCJE-OUS,  a.  Watery  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
water,  or  abounding  with  it. 

2.  iNlade  by  means  of  water  ;  as,  an  aqueous  solu- 
tion. 

.Aqueous  humor ;  in  anatomy,  one  of  the  humors  of 
the  eye  ;  a  transparent,  limpid  fluid,  occupying  the 
space  between  the  crystalline  lens  and  the  cornea, 
divided  into  two  chambers  by  the  iris.  Wistnr. 

A'QUE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  watery  ; 
waterishness  ;  wateriness. 

A'aUI-FORM,  a.    In  the  form  of  water. 

AQ'UI-LA,  n.  [L.,  whence  aquilinu.i ;  from  the  Orient- 
al b'py  to  be  crooked.  This  bird  is  probably  named 
from  its  curving  beak.] 

In  ornilliology,  the  eagle.  -Also,  a  northern  constel- 
lation, containing,  according  to  the  Britannic  cata- 
logue, 71  stars.  Encyc. 

AU'CJI-LINE,  (-lin  or  line,)  a.  [L.  aquilinus.  See 
Aquii-a.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  eagle. 

2.  Curving;  hooked;  prominent,  like  the  beak  of 
an  eagle  ;  applied  jiarticulaiiy  to  the  nose. 

Aa'UI-LON,  «.    [L.  aquilo.] 

The  noitli  wind.  S!iak. 

AQ-UI-Ta'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Aquitania,  one 
of  the  great  divisions  of  Gaul,  which,  according  to 
Cesar,  lay  between  the  Gaionne,  the  Pyrenees,  and 
the  ocean.  In  modern  days,  it  has  been  called  Gas- 
cony.  7'he  inhabitants,  in  Cesar's  time,  spoke  a  dif- 
ferent dialect  from  that  of  the  proper  Celts,  between 
the  Garonne  and  Seine.  This  dialect  bore  an  affin- 
ity to  the  Basque,  in  Biscay,  to  which  they  were 
contiguous  ;  and  some  remains  of  it  still  exist  in  the 
Gascon.  .-Xquitania  is  tile  country  of  tJie  Jiqui ;  from 
the  naine  of  the  people,  with  tan,  a  Celtic  word,  sig- 
nifying region  or  country.  The  Romans,  either  from 
their  general  usage,  or  from  not  understanding  the 
Celtic  tan,  annexed  another  termination  signifying 
country,  ia,  the  Ir.  ai  or  aoi,  Heb.  ''N  ai,  a  settlement 
or  habitation;  Gr.  nm,  land,  country;  Hindu,  tya, 
the  same.  Cesar,  Com.  lib.  i.  1.  D^.dnville. 

A.  R.  stand  for  ohtio  regni,  the  year  of  the  reign  ;  as, 
A.  R.  G.  R.  20,  in  the  20th  year  of  the  reign  of  King 
George. 

AR'AB,  n.  [Literally,  a  wanderer  or  dweller  in  a  des- 
ert.]   .\  native  of  Arabia. 

AU'.\-I!ESK,  71.  The  corrupt  modern  Arabic,  as  dis- 
tinguislied  from  the  pure  old  Arabic  of  the  Koran. 
[JVut  in  7isf.]  Outlirie. 

AR'A-BESCitJE,  (ar'a-besk)  ii.  An  ornament  execu- 
ted in  the  Arabesque  style. 

AR'A-BESaUE,  a.  [See  Arabian.]  In  the  manner 
of  the  Arabians  ;  applied  to  paintings  or  ornaments 
consisting  of  imaginary  foliage,  stalks,  |ilants,  &c., 
in  which  there  are  no  figures  of  men  or  animals. 

A-Ra'IU-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Arabia.  [Encyc. 

A-Ra'BI-.\N,  n.    A  native  of  Arabia;  an  Arab. 

AR'A-lilC,  a.  Belonging  to  Arabia,  or  the  language 
of  its  iiili!ibitants. 

AR'.\-I!I€,  71.    The  language  of  the  Arabians. 

.\-R.AB'l€-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  Arabian  manner. 

AR'.\-BIS.M,  71.  An  Arabic  idiom  or  peculiarity  of  lan- 
guage. Encyc.  Stuart. 

AK'A-BIST,  71.  One  well  versed  in  the  Arabic  lan- 
guage or  literature.  Encyc, 

AR'.\-liLE,  a.  [L.  aro  ;  Gr.  anoti),  to  plow ;  Ir.  arain.'] 
Fit  for  plowing  or  tillage  ;  hence  often  applied  to 
land  wliich  has  been  plowed  or  tilled. 

AR'.V-BY,  H.    Arabitu  JI/i7(o7i. 

A-RACII'NI-DAN,  n.    )    [Gr.  apaxvri,  a  spider,  and 

A-RA€H'M-DA,  71.  pi,  \       ti6,K,  form.] 

Terms  applied  to  a  class  of  articulate  animals, 
with  legs,  but  without  wings,  including  the  spi- 
ders, mites,  and  scorpions ;  arranged  by  Liiina;iis 
in  till.'  class  Insecta,  order  Aptera,  but  ditfering  from 
true  insects  by  the  absence  of  antennm,  and  by  not 
iincli  Tgoing  metamorphosis. 

A-RACII'NOII),  a,  [Gr.  anaxvy,  a  spider,  and  tiJot, 
form  ;  I  li  b.  T^K,  to  weave,  that  is,  to  stretch,  to 
draw  out  ;  Eng.  reach.] 

In  anatomy,  the  arachnoid  tunic  or  membrane  {tu- 
nica arachnoida)  is  a  viry  thin  and  delicate  semi- 
transparent  membrane,  wliiih  is  spread  over  the 
brain  and  the  spinal  cord  between  the  dura  mater 
and  pia  mater.  The  term  was  formerly  np^ilied,  al- 
so, to  llie  hyloid  meiiiliruiii',  or  iiiembrane  ol  the  vit- 
reous humor  of  the  eye,  and  to  the  capsule  or  proper 
coat  of  the  crystalline. 
The  ti:rin  araaeous  tunic  or  membrane  (tuTitca  aro- 


ARB 

iico)  was  formerly  used  as  synonymous  with  arach- 
noid. Cyc.    Wistar.  Parr. 

A-RACH'NOID,  71.  A  species  of  madrepore,  found 
fossil.  Cyc. 

A-UAeil-NOL'O-GIST,  n.  One  versed  in  arach- 
nology. 

A-RACII-NOL'O-GY,  77.    [Gr.  aoaxvrt  and  \oyn(,] 
The  science  or  historj'  of  spiders  and  other  Arach- 
nida. 

AR-A-€IIO'SIAN,  a.  Designating  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains which  divide  Persia  from  India. 

Jls.  Researches. 

AR-XIGN'EE,  (ar-rin'ya,)  )    n.    [Fr.,  a  spider.] 

AR-RaIGN',  (ar-rain',)  )  In  fortification,  the 
branch,  return,  or  gallery  of  a  mine.  Baileq. 

A-RaISE',  r.  t.    To  raise.    [JVot  used,]  Shdk. 

AR-A-MA'ie,  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  language  of 
the  Syrians  and  Chaldeans,  their  literature,  4cc. 

AR-A-Me'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Syrians  and  Chal- 
deans, who  were  descended  from  Aram,  son  of  Shem, 
or  to  tlieir  language. 

AR-.'i-ME'AN-IS.M,  n.  An  idiom  of  the  Aramean  lan- 
guage. 

A-RA-Xk'I-D.AN,  71.  )  Terms  applied  to  a  tribe  of 
A-R.A-N  lc'I-D^t;,  n,  pi,  j       Arachnida,  including  the 

proper  spiders.  Brande. 
A-Ra'NE-OUS,  a.    [L.  aranea,  a  spider,  or  cobweb.] 

1.  Resembling  a  cobweb. 

2.  Thin  and  delicate,  like  a  cobweb  ;  as,  the  ara- 
neous  membrane  of  the  eye.    [See  Arachnoid.] 

Derham, 

A-R.\'TI0N,  7t.    A  plowing.  Cowley, 

A-R-A'TOR,  71.    [L.l    A  plowman. 

AR'A-TO-RY,  o.    'L  hat  contributes  to  tillage. 

AR-AU-€-\'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  tribe  of  aborigi- 
nals, called  Araiicanians,  inhabiting  Arauco  and  tlie 
adjoining  districts,  in  Chili.  Molina. 

AR'B.\L-IST,  71.  [from  L.  arcui,  a  bow,  and  balista, 
an  engine  to  throw  stones  ;  Gr.  0a\Xoj,  to  throw.] 

A  cross-bow.  This  consists  of  a  steel  bow  set  in 
a  sliaft  of  wood,  furnished  with  a  string  and  a  trig- 
ger ;  and  is  bent  with  a  piece  of  iron.  It  serves  to 
throw  bullets,  darts,  arrows,  &.c.  Encnc. 

aR'BAL-IST-ER,  71.    A  cross-bowman.  Spc'cd, 

AR'Bl-TER,  71.  [L.]  A  person  appointed,  or  chosen 
by  parties  in  controversy,  to  decide  their  difierences. 
This  is  its  sense  in  the  civil  law.  In  modern  usage, 
arbitrator  is  the  technical  word. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  now  most  common,  a  person 
who  has  the  power  of  judging  and  determining,  with- 
out control ;  one  whose  power  of  deciding  and  gov- 
erning is  not  limited. 

3.  One  that  commands  the  destiny,  or  holds  the 
empire  of  a  nation  or  state.  Mdford. 

AR'BI-TRA-BLE,  a.    .Arbitrary ;  depending  on  the 
will.  Spelman. 
2.  Determinable.  Hall. 
AR-BIT'R.A-MEXT,  ji.    Will ;  determination  ;  decis- 
ion. Milton. 
2.  The  award  of  arbitrators.  Cowcl. 
In  this  sense,  award  is  more  generally  used. 
XR'BI-TR.A-RI-LY,  ado.   By  will  only  ;  despotically  ; 
absoliitelv. 

XR'BI-TRA-RI-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  arbi- 
trary ;  despoticalness  ;  tyranny.  Temple, 

AR-BI-TRa'RI-OUS,  a.  Arbitrary ;  despotic.  [JV'o« 
used.]  J\"orris.  More. 

XR-BI-TRA'RI-OUS  LY,ai/e.  Arbitrarily.  \J^ot  used.] 

Qlanville. 

XR'BI-TRA-RY,  a.    [L.  arbitru^us.] 

1.  Depending  on  will  or  discretion  ;  not  governed 
by  any  fixed  rules  ;  as,  an  arbitrary  decision  ;  an  ar- 
bitrary punishment. 

Avhitrary  power  is  most  easily  estatjlished  011  Ui?  niins  of  liberty 
abused  to  liceiiUousiiess.  Wajilungtou, 

2.  Despotic;  absolute  in  power;  having  no  exter- 
nal control ;  as,  an  arbitrarq  prince,  or  government. 

AR'BI-TRaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  arbilror.] 

1.  To  hear  and  decide,  as  arbitrators;  as, to  choose 
men  to  arbitrate  between  us. 

2.  In  a  ireneral  sense,  to  decide,  or  determine. 

South. 

XR'BI-TRATE,  v.  L  To  decide ;  to  determine ;  to 
judge  of.  JfiUon.  Shale 

XR-BI-TRa'TIOJV,  71.  The  hearing  and  determination 
of  a  cause  between  parties  in  controversy,  by  a  per- 
son or  persons  chosen  by  the  parties.  This  may  be 
done  by  one  person  ;  but  it  is  usual  to  choose  two  or 
three  ;  or  for  each  party  to  choose  one,  and  these  to 
name  a  third,  who  is  called  the  umpire.  Their  deter- 
mination is  called  an  award, 

XR'BI-TR.x-TOR,  71.  A  term  applied  to  a  person  or 
persons  chosen  by  |iailii  s  who  have  a  controversy,  to 
deteriiiiiie  their  (iillcreiices. 

The  act  of  the  parlies  in  giving  power  to  the  arbi- 
trators is  called  the  submi.'^sion,  unn  this  may  hevi-r- 
bal  or  irrillcn.  The  person  chosen  as  umpire,  by  two 
arbilrators,  when  the  parties  do  not  agree,  is  also 
called  an  arlntrattrr. 

2.  .An  arbiter,  governor,  or  president.  Milton. 

3.  In  a  more  citensive  sense,  an  arbiter;  one  who 
has  the  power  of  deciding  or  prescribing  without  con- 
trol. Addison.  Sliak. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MRTE,  PREY.  — PI.VE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


64 


ARC 


AR-1U-TKa'TR1X,  n.  A  feiiialo  who  arbitrates  or 
judjies.  Sherwood. 

AK'bl-TKESS,  K.    A  female  arbiter  or  witness. 

Coipjicr.  Mtllon, 

All'UOll,  >i.  [The  French  express  the  sense  by  An-- 
rfciii,  a  cradle,  an  aririr,  or  buvver;  Sp.  cmpamulo, 
tViini  parra,  a  vine  raised  on  stakes,  and  nailed  to  a 
wall.  Un.  Chaucer's  hcrber,  herbcrm,  a  lodge,  coin- 
cidiui;  wiHi  harbvr,  which  see.] 

1.  A  frame  of  lattice-work,  covered  with  vines, 
liranclu's  of  trees,  or  other  plants,  for  shade  ;  a 
bower. 

•2.  [L.]  In  iofniiy,  a  tree,  as  distinjiuislied  from  a 
!<hriib.  Jlrborci  ftrees)  formed  the  fourth  division  of 
the  seventh  family  in  the  Fliilosophia  Uulanicauf  Lin- 
na-us. 

;).  In  mechanici,  the  principal  spindle  or  axis  which 
coiumunicales  uiotiuii  to  the  rest  of  the  machinery. 

This,  in  America,  is  called  the  s-haft. 
AR'ISOR  V1aU\'JE,    [L.,  the  tree  of  Diana,  or 
silver.] 

\  precipitation  of  silver  in  a  beautiful  arbores- 
cent form ;  made  by  putting  mercury  into  a  solu- 
liou  of  nitrate  of  silver.  Turner. 

AR'IiOR  S.i-TUR'XI,  [h.,  tree  of  Saturn,  or  lead.] 
\  similar  arborescent  precipitation  of  lead,  best 
made  by  suspending  a  piece  of  zinc  in  a  solution  of 
acetate  of  lead.  Turnvr, 

XK'1K)-1!A-RY,  a.    Ilelonsins  to  a  tree. 

Ali'UOU-KD,  n.    Furnished  with  an  arbor.  Putluk 

AU'lU)-Il.\-TOR,  «.  One  who  plants  or  who  prui  -.a 
trees.  Evdijn. 

Xlt-llO'RE-OUf!,  a.    [I.,  arbormi.^;  from  arbor.] 

llelon!:in(!  to  a  tree  ;  resembling  a  tree  ;  constit  it- 
iuK  a  iri  i' ;  L'rowing  on  trees  ;  iis,  moss  is  arboren  . 

All  liO-REsi'L'E.NCE,  h.  [L.  orijrcico,  to  grow  t'.  a 
tree.] 

The  fijure  of  a  tree  ;  the  resemblance  of  a  tree  in 
mini  lals,  or  crystallizations,  or  groups  of  crystals  n 
that  form. 

AR-BO-RKS'CENT,  a.    Resembling  a  tree  ;  having 
the  figure  of  a  tree  ;  denilritical.  Encijc. 
•J.  From  herbaceous  becoming  woody.  J^Iartijn. 

AR-liO-RES'CENT  STXR'-FIj^II,  ».  A  species  of 
Asterias,  called,  also,  Capu.t  Jiledusie.    [See  Stak- 

AR'liU-RET,  n.    [It.  arbnrcto,  from  L.  arbor,  a  tree.] 
.V  small  tree  or  shrub  ;  a  place  planted  or  over- 
grown with  trees.  Jililton. 

AR-HO-Ri;'TU.M,  ji.  A  place  in  a  park,  nursery,  &c., 
in  which  a  collection  of  trees,  consisting  of  one  of 
each  kind,  is  cultivated.  Brande. 

AR-liOR-I-eUE''J'URE,  «.    [L.  arbor  and  cvlUira.} 
The  art  of  cultivating  trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly  for 
thnber  or  ornamental  purposes. 

XK-liOR'I-FOK.M,  «.    Waving  the  form  of  a  tree. 

AR'UUIt-ltiT,  H.  Une  who  makes  trees  his  study,  or 
who  is  Versed  in  the  knowledge  of  trees.  Jfoicdi 

AR-liOU-l-/.A'T10\,  H.  The  appearance  or  dgnrc  of 
a  tree  or  plant  in  niin(jn,als  or  fossils.    [See  Uehbo- 

RIZATION.J 

AR'BOR-IZE,  V.  t.    To  form  the  appearance  of  a  tree 

or  plant  in  minerals. 
AR'li(JK-VI.\E,  H.    A  species  of  bind-weed. 
AU'lir.S-Cl<E,  (ar'bus-sl,)  n.    [L.  ortuocuitts,  a  little 

tree.] 

A  dwarf  tree,  in  size  between  a  shrub  and  a  tree. 

Bradktj. 

AH-nUS'eU-LAR,  a.  Resembling  a  shriU);  having 
the  risure  of  small  trees.  Va  Cosla. 

AU-111JST'I\'E,  a.    [from  or6u,s(«m.] 

Containing  copses  of  trees  or  shrubs;  covered  with 
shrubs.  Barlram. 

XR-HL'ST'U.M,  n.    [L.    See  AnBOB.] 

A  copse  of  shrubs  or  trees  :  an  orchard. 

AR'liUTE,  K,    [L.  arbuUs.] 
'J'lie  strawberry-tree. 

AR-Bt"'TE-.\N,  a.  I'ertaining  to,  or  m.ade  of,  the 
strawberry-tree.  Encijc.  Erchjn. 

ARC,  JI.  [L.  areas,  a  bow,  vault,  or  arch;  arcuo,  to 
bend  ;  Gr.  aox';,  beginning,  origin  ;  aoxu,  to  begin, 
to  be  the  author  or  chief;  Fr.  arc,  arcbc  ;  Sp.  arco,  a 
bow  and  arc/i ;  Tort.  id. ;  It.  id.  ;  Arm.  goarec.  Tlie 
tireek  word  has  a  dilferent  application,  but  is  proba- 
bly from  the  saiii-;  root  as  arcat,  from  the  sense  of 
springing  or  stretching,  shooting  up,  rising,  which 
gives  the  sense  ol  a  vault,  or  bow,  as  well  as  of  chief 

or  head.  Heb.  J^^<,  to  weave ;  Syr.  •■s^i  to  desire, 
or  long  for  ;  Ar  ^  ^  aricha,  ariga,  to  emit  odor, 

to  dilfuse  fragriuice  ;  and  Ileb.  Jiy,  to  desire,  or  long 

for,  to  ascend  •,  Eth.  to  a.sccnd,  to  mount ;  .\r. 

id.  'i'lie  I'aJir.al  sense  of  all  these  roots  is,  to  stretch, 
strain,  reae'a  ;  Gr.  •mt  u> ;  L.  fraip-o  :  and  the  sense 
of  f/rc/i  is  'rom  stretching  upward,  ascending.  From 
arc  Ol  ar  \  comes  the  sense  of  bending,  deviating, 
and  f'm  in^.] 
In  fiii  iulrxj,  any  part  of  the  circumference  of  a 


circle,  or  other  curve,  lying  from  one  point  to  anoth- 
er; a  seizment  ttf  a  circb'.  Eitojc. 
AR-CADiy,  /I.    [Fr.,  from  areas;  Sp.  arcadn.] 

A  long,  continued  arch,  or  series  of  arches,  eleva- 
ted tui  t)i('rs  or  coliiinns  ;  a  walk  arched  above. 

2.  A  long,  arched  building  or  gallery,  lined  on  each 
side  Willi  sliops.  1'.  Cijc. 

AR-Ca'I)1-AN,  I  a.  Pertaining  tn  Arcadia,  a  nioiin- 
AR-CA'l)ie,     i    tainous  district  in  the  heart  of  the 

Peloponnesus.  Trans,  of  I'uusauias. 

AR-€A'I)I-AN,  n.    A  native  of  Arcadia,  in  Greece. 
AR-eA'Uie.S,  n.  pi.    The  title  of  a  book  in  I'ausaiiias, 

which  treats  of  Arcadia.  Trans,  b.  t). 

AK-€aNE',  a.    [la.  arcanas.] 

Hidden;  secret.    \J\'iil  much -used.] 

Trans,  of  Pausno'uu. 
XR-eS'NUM,  71. ;  pi.  Arcana.    [L.,  perhai.s  from  ar- 
eeo,  to  keep  in.] 

,V  secret ;  generally  used  in  the  plural ;  arcana,  se- 
cret things,  mysteries. 

In  medicine,  a  secret  reinedy.    In  Ihc  old  eheinuitnj, 
the  secret  virtue  of  any  thing.  Parr. 
AUe-BOU'TANT,  (-boo't.lng,)  n.    [Fr.  are  and  bout. 
See  About,  .'VuexMENr.] 

In  buildin!^,  a  Ilj  ing  buttress,  which  see.  Girilt. 
ARCH,  II.  [See  Aue.]  A  segment  or  part  of  a  circle. 
A  concave  or  hollow  structure  of  stone  or  brick,  sup- 
jiorled  by  its  own  curve.  It  may  In;  constructed  of 
wood,  and  supported  by  the  mechanism  of  the  work. 
This  species  of  structure  is  much  used  in  bridges. 
A  vault  is  properly  a  broad  arth.  Encijc. 

2.  The  space  between  two  piers  of  a  bridge,  wheu 
arched  ;  or  any  place  covered  with  an  arch. 
;i.  Any  curvature  in  the  form  of  an  arch. 
4.  The  vault  of  heaven,  or  the  sky.  .Shah. 
Triumplml  arches,  are  maiiniticent  structures  erect- 
ed to  adorn  a  triumph,  and  perpetuate  the  nieiiiory  of 
the  event. 

ARCH,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  an  arch  ;  to  form  with  a 
curve  ;  as,  to  arch  a  gate. 

XKCH,  V.  i.  To  make  an  arch  or  arches  ;  as,  to  arch 
bent^ath  the  sand.  Pope. 

ARCH,  a.  [It.  arcare,  to  bend,  to  arch,  to  cheat  or  de- 
ceive, from  arco  ;  U.  areas,  a  iiow  ;  G.  artr,  cuiiiiiiig, 
arch,  bad;  D.  ar^r,  crafty,  ru^ui.^h;  Sw.  «r^r ;  Dan. 
nrn';'-.  The  Teut.  arg  appears  to  be  allied  to  arch, 
and  to  be  the  Eng.  ron-iif.  This  circumstance,  ami 
the  Ann.  goaree,  [see  Aue,]  indicate  that  the  radical 
letters  in  arc,  arch,  ao\>\,  are  Rg.  The  radical  sense 
of  bend  is  to  strain.] 

Cunning  ;  sly  ;  shrewd  ;  waggish  ;  mischievous 
for  sport ;  mirthful;  as  we  say  in  popular  language, 
roguish  ;  as,  an  areh  lad. 

XKCII,  a.  Used  also  in  composition.  [Gr.  apx'ij, 
chief;  Ir.  arg,  noble,  famous.] 

Chief;  of  the  lirst  class;  principal;  as,  an  arch 
deed.  Shak. 

Shakspeare  uses  this  word  as  a  noun  ;  "  my  worthy 
arch  and  patron  ; "  but  the  use  is  not  authorized. 

ARClI-A-BO.M-li\'-A'TION,  ii.    Chief  abomination. 

Everett. 

AR-eiIjt;-0L'0-6Y,  71.  A  discourse  on  antiquity  ;  learn- 
ing pertaining  to  .antitiuity  ;  the  science  of  antiquities. 

AR-C1I^I>0-L0G'I€-.\L,  a.    Relating  to  archeology. 

XR-€II/E-0-LOG'ie--VL,-LY,  ad.  In  an  archaiological 
manner. 

AR-CII.'E-OL'O-GIST,  n.    One  versed  in  antiquity,  or 

ancient  learning. 
AR-CHA'ie,  a.    [Or.  anxaiKO^.]    Ancient ;  obsolete. 
AR-€11AI-0L'0-GY.    [See  AnrrfjEOLOov.] 
A11CI1'.\-IS.M,  71.    [Gr.  axpaios,  ajicient,  from  aoxi, 

beginning.] 

An  ancient  or  obsolete  word  or  expression.  JVatls. 
AReil-AN'GEL,  71.    An  angel  of  the  highest  order  ; 
an  angel  occupying  the  eighth  rank  in  the  celestial 
hierarchy.  Encye. 

2.  .\  name  applied  to  different  species  of  plants,  of 
the  genus  Lamium.  ll'lthcrin  ^r. 

ARCII-AN-GEL'ie,  a.   Belonging  to  archangels. 
ARCH-A-POS'TaTE,  71.    A  chief  aiwstate. 
ARCH-A-POS'TLE,  n.    The  cl.ief  apostle.  Trapp. 
ARCII-AReil'I-TKeT,  n.   The  supreme  architect. 

Sijlreslrr. 

ARCII-Bl";.VeON,  7u  The  chief  beacon,  place  of 
prospect,  or  sigiuU. 

XRCII-BISII'OP,  71.  A  chief  bishop  ;  a  church  digni- 
tary of  the  first  class  ;  a  nietrojKilitan  bishiip  who 
superintends  the  conduct  of  tlie  sutl'ragan  bishops  in 
his  province,  and  also  cxerci-ses  episcopal  authority 
in  his  own  diocese.  Clarendon. 

ARCII-I!ISII'OP-Rie,  71.  [archbhhop  and  ric  or  nek, 
territory  or  jurisdiction.] 
The  jurisdiction  or  place  of  an  archbishop;  the 

province  over  which  an  archbisiiop  exercises  authority. 

Clarendon. 

XRCIl-BOTCII'ER,  n.   The  chief  botcher,  or  mender, 

ironically.  Corbet. 
XRCII-BUILD'ER,  (-bild-cr,)  n.    Chief  builder. 

JIarmar. 

ARCH-BUT'LER,  71.  The  chief  butler;  an  otficer  of 
the  German  empire,  who  presented  the  cup  to  the 
emperor  on  solemn  occasions  ;  also  called  arch-eup- 
bearrr,  or  arch-akiixker  (G.  eri-selienkc.)  This  otfice 
belonged  to  the  king  of  Bohemiiu     Eneye.  The 


(ierinan  empire  was  dissolvi  il  in  IHOIl ;  and  the  stateii 
that  composed  it  were  uniti  il,  in  1314-16,  iiiidi  r  11 
dillerenl  form  of  union,  called  the  (Irnname  eaiifedcr- 
atiun.  All  the  |>eculiar  institutions  and  olhces  of  the 
(ieniian  1  nipire  are  of  course,  now  extinct. 

ARCII-CIIaM'BER-LAIN,  71.  [G.  eT-.-kammerer.] 
The  chief  chamberlain  ;  an  ofliccr  of  the  German 
empire  whose  olficc  was  similar  to  that  of  the  great 
chamberlain  in  England.  This  othce  belonged  to  the 
(  lector  of  Brandeiiburgh.  Encye. 

XRCII-CIIAN'CEL-LUR,  71.  [G.  frz-kaniler.]  A 
chief  chancellor ;  an  ollicer  in  the  German  empire, 
who  presided  over  the  secretaries  of  the  court.  Un- 
der the  two  lirst  races  of  French  kings,  when  Ger- 
many and  Italy  belonged  to  them,  three  archchan- 
cellors  were  appointed,  and  this  gave  rise  to  the  three 
arrhcbaiicellurs  of  the  German  empire,  who  were 
the  archbishops  of  Mentz,  of  Treves,  anu  of  Cologne. 

Encye. 

ARCII-CIIANT'ER,  n.   The  chief  chanter,  or  presi- 
dent of  the  chanters  of  a  church.  Henry. 
XRCIl-CllE.M'IC,  a.    Of  supreme  chemical  powers. 

Mdton. 

XRCU-€ON'-SPIR'A-TOR,  71.  A  principal  conspira- 
tor. Jilaundrell. 

XRt'll-eOUNT',  71.  A  chief  count;  a  title  fonnerly 
given  to  the  carl  of  Flanders,  on  account  of  his  great 
riches  and  power.  Encye. 

ARCll-CRIT'IC,  11.    A  chief  critic. 

ARCII-I)AP'I-FER,  71.  [areh,  chief,  and  L.  dapifer,  a 
food-bearer,  from  daps,  meat,  or  a  feast,  and  fero,  to 
carry.  ] 

An  officer  in  the  German  empire,  whose  ofllice 
was,  at  the  coronation  of  the  emperor,  to  carry  the 
first  dishes  of  meat  to  table  on  horseback,  called  also 
arch-sewer.  (G.  erz-traclisess.)  This  ollice  was  con- 
ferred, by  the  Golden  Bull,  on  the  elector  Palatine, 
but  afterward  assigned  to  the  elector  of  Bavaria. 

Encye.  . 

ARCII-ni;A'CO.\,  (-de'kn,)  n.  [.See  Deacon.] 

In  England,  an  ecclesia.stical  dignitary,  next  in 
rank  bi  low  a  bishop,  who  has  jurisdiction  either 
over  a  part  or  over  the  whole  of  the  diocese.  He  is 
usually  afipointed  by  the  bishop,  and  has  an  author- 
ity originally  derived  from  the  bishop,  but  now  inde- 

■  pendent  of  him.  He  has  a  court,  the  most  inferior 
of  ecclesiastical  courts,  for  hearing  ecclesiastical 
causes,  and  the  punishment  of  oll'emlers  by  spiritual 
censures.  BlackjiUme, 

ARCH-DiiA'eON-RY,  n.  The  office,  jurisdiction,  or 
residence  of  an  archdeacon.  In  Enirland,  every  di- 
ocese is  divided  into  .archdeaconries,  of  which  there 
are  si.xty,  and  each  archdeaconry  into  rural  dean- 
eries, and  each  deanery  into  parisiies. 

Blacluttone, 

XRCH-DeA'CON-SHIP,  n.  Tlie  oflice  of  an  arch- 
deacon. 

ARCH-UI'O-CkSE,  71.    The  diocese  of  an  archbishop. 
ARCH-DI-VINE',  71.    A  principal  theologian. 
ARCH-DRu'ID,  71.    [See  Dhuid.]    A  chief  druid,  or 

pontiff  of  the  ancient  druids. 

Henry,  Ilisl.  of  Eng.    Roicland^s  Mona  Antii^a. 
XRClI-UO'eAL,  a.    [See  AncHuuKE.]    Pertaining  to 

an  archduke. 

ARCH-DUCII'ESS,  71.  [See  Dlchf-ss.]  A  title  given 
to  the  females  of  the  house  of  Austria. 

.KRCH-DUCH'Y,  71.  The  territory  of  an  archduke  or 
archduchess.  jS.Ji. 

XRCH-DuKE',  71.  [See  Duke.]  A  title  given  to 
princes  of  the  house  of  Austria ;  all  the  .sons  being 
archdukes,  and  the  daughters  archduchesses.  Encye 

XRCH-DOKE'DO.M,  11.  The  territory  or  jurisdiction 
of  an  archduke  or  archduchess. 

AReil-E'.AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  arclieus  ;  as,  areheal 
ideas  ;  caused  by  the  arclieus ;  a^,  areheal  diseases. 
[  Obs.]  Cye. 

ARCH'A'U,  (Srclit,)  pp.  or  a.  Made  with  an  arch  or 
curve  ;  covered  with  an  arch  ;  in  the  form  of  an  arch. 

XRCH-E.\'E-.MY,  71.    A  principal  enemy.  Mdton. 

ARCII'ER,  71.  [Sp.  archeru ;  It.  areicre;  Fr.  archer; 
from  areas,  .a  bow.    See  Arch  and  .-Vrc.] 

A  bowman  ;  one  who  uses  a  bow  in  battle ;  one 
«  ho  is  skilled  in  tlie  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow. 

XRCH'ER-ESS,  71.    A  female  archer.  Markham. 

XRCH'ER-Y,  II.  The  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow  ;  the 
practice,  art,  or  skill  of  archers  ;  the  act  of  shooting 
with  a  bow  and  arrow. 

XRCH'ES-eoURT,  in  England,  so  called  from  the 
church  of  St.  Mary  le  bow,  (dc  areubus,)  whose  top  is 
raised  of  stone  pillars  built  archwise,  where  it  was 
anciently  held,  is  a  court  of  apjieal,  in  the  ecclesias- 
tical polity,  tlie  judge  of  which  is  called  the  dean  qf 
the  arclies.  This  court  had  pro[K'rly  jurisdiction 
only  over  the  thirteen  |>eculiar  jiarishes  in  London, 
belonging  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  but  the  I 
otfice  of  dean  of  the  arches  being  united  with  that  of  ' 
the  archbishop's  principal  official,  the  dean  now  re- 
ceives and  determines  ap|ieals  from  the  sentence  of 
all  inferior  courts  within  the  province  ;  ,and  from  him 
lies  an  appeal  to  the  king  in  chanci'ry.  This  and  all 
the  princi|>al  spiritual  courts  are  now  held  at  Doc- 
tors' Commons.  Blaekstone, 

XR-CHET',  (ir-sha'J  n.  [Fr.]  The  bow  of  a  violin,  or 
similar  instrument  of  music.    The  Frencn  term 


l!_.. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  XJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 

_  _ 


ARC 


ARC 


ARD 


a  arcltet  (with  bow)  denotes  generally  musical  in- 
struments played  with  a  bow,  as  the  violin,  viol,  &c. 

Porter. 

SUCH  'E-TtP-AL,  a.  Original ;  constituting  a  model 
or  pattern. 

Among  Platonists,  the  archetypal  world  is  the  world 
as  it  existed  in  the  idea  of  God  before  the  creation. 

Encyc. 

AReH'E-T?PE,  n.  [Gr.  apx^^rvnov ;  apx'l,  begin- 
ning, and  7v-uf,  form.] 

1.  The  original  pattt  rn  or  model  of  a  work  ;  or  the 
model  from  which  a  thing  is  made ;  as,  a  tree  is  the 
arclicUjpe  or  jiattern  of  our  idea  of  that  tree.  Watts. 

2.  Among  minters,  the  standard  weight  by  which 
others  are  adjusted. 

XReH-E'US,  71.  [Gr.  apx'i,  beginning,  or  afiX'Sy  ^ 
chief ;  W.  erchi.] 

A  term  used  by  the  old  chemists  to  denote  the 
internal  efficient  cause  of  all  things;  the  aniina 
munilt  or  plastic  power  of  the  old  philosophers  ;  the 
active  principle  of  the  material  world  ;  also,  the 
power  that  presides  over  the  animal  economy,  or  the 
l'(.s-  metlieatrtx.  Johnson.    Encitc.  Coze. 

ARCU-FEL'ON,  n.    [See  Felo.n.]    A  chief  felon. 

Mdlon. 

XRCH-FIEND',  n.    [See  Fiend.]    A  chief  fiend  or 

foe.  MiUon. 
ARCII-FL.^'.MEN,  n.    A  chief  flamen  or  priest. 

Herbert. 

ARCH-FL.\T'TER-ER,  n.    [See  Flatter.]    A  chief 

flatterer.  Baron. 
ARCH  FOE'  n.    [See  Foe. J   A  grand  or  chief  enemy. 

JShllon. 

ARCH-FOUND'ER,  n.    A  chief  foiind.  r.  Mdlon. 
ARCll-GO  V'ERN-OR,  n.    'I  he  chief  governor.  Brewer. 
ARCll-HER'E-SY,  n.    [See  Heresv.]    The  greatest 

heresy.  Butler. 
AKCll-HER'E-Tie,  n.  A  chief  heretic.  Shak. 
ARCH-HY?'U-€RITE,  ;i.    A  great  or  chief  hypocrite. 

Fuller. 

ARCHT-A-TER,  7i,  [Gr.  nnxo^,  chief,  and  lUTpoj, 
physician.]  Chief  physician  ;  a  term  applied,  on  the 
continent  of  Europe,  to  the  first  or  body  physician 
of  princes,  and  to  the  first  physician  of  some  cities ; 
in  Russia,  to  the  first  imperial  |)hysician.     P.  Cue. 

ARCH'ie-AL,  o.    Chief ;  primary.  HaUijmcll. 

AKCH-l-Dl-ACON-AL,  a.    [See  Deacon.] 

Pertaining  to  an  archdeacon  ;  as,  an  archidiaconal 
visitation. 

XRCH-I-E-PIS'eO-PA-CY,  n.  The  estate  of  an  arch- 
bishop. 

AR€ll-l-E-PIS'eO-PAL,  a.    [.See  Episcopal.] 

Belonging  to  an  archbishop;  as,  Canteilinry  is  an 
arehirpiseopid  see.  Ji'eever. 

AR€H-r'E-REY,  n.  [Gr.  aoxo;,  chief,  and  uocvs, 
priest.]  A  term  applied  to  the  hiiilu  r  order  of  clergy 
in  Russia  ;  including  the  metropolitans,  archbishops, 
and  hishops.  R.  Pinkcrlon. 

ARCH'IL,  n.  A  lichen,  which  grows  on  rocks,  in  the 
Canarj-  and  Cape  de  Verd  Isles,  and  which  yields  a 
rich  piiriile  color,  not  durable,  but  very  beautiful.  It 
is  bruised  between  stones,  and  moistened  with  strong 
spirit  of  urine  mixed  with  quick-lime.  It  first  takes 
a  purplish  red  color,  and  then  turns  to  blue.  In  the 
first  stale,  it  is  called  archd  ;  and  in  the  second,  lacmus 
or  liluiasi",  htonu.  Kncyc. 

AReU-l-Lo'Clll-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Greek  poet 
Archilochus.  In  ancient  prosody,  a  term  denoting  the 
four  metrical  combinations,  which  he  invented. 
There  are  three  dactylic  Archilochian  distichs,  and 
one  iambic  Archilochian  distich.  The  third  verse  of 
the  Iloratian  stanza  is  also  sometimes  called  ..Archi- 
lochian. 

ARCII-I-Ma'GUS,  n.  [See  Magician.]  The  high 
priest  of  the  Persian  ilagi,  or  worshipers  of  fire. 

Kncyc. 

AReiM-MAND'RITE,  71.  [Gr.  apx"!,  chief,  "  and 
Itiivdiia,  a  fold,  and  in  the  lower  empire,  a  monas- 
tery. (Father  Simon  derives  it  from  jnandrite,  a 
Syriac  word  for  7naM/c.  Kncyc.)  But  ^ai'dptrris  is  a 
regular  Greek  derivative  from  innv^pa.] 

In  the  Greek  church,  a  chief  of  a  monastery,  cor- 
rcsponiling  to  abb(d,  in  the  Romish  church;  or  a 
siiperiiiteiident  of  several  monasteries,  coirrespond- 
inp  to  nuperior  abbot,  OT  fat/ier  provincial,  in  the 
Roiiiir^li  church.  Brande.    P.  Cyc. 

In  IJie  Russian  Greek  church,  a  term  applied  to  the 
higher  order  of  chiefs  of  monasteries,  corresponding 
to  the  Romish  abbot,  in  distinction  from  Ilegumin, 
((Jr.  ii)  ot'tici/"i,  Riisrt.  itrumen,)  a  chief  of  a  smaller 
rnonasU.Ty,  corresponding  to  the  Romish  prior. 

li.  Pinkrrton. 

AR-CHI.M-K  Dk'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Archimedes,  a 
celebraKrd  («reek  [ihilosopher. 

Jirclumedran  tfcrew  ;  a  liiochine  for  raising  water. 
Invented  by  Archimedes,  and  consisting  of  a  tube 
riilb'd  in  a  spiral  form  round  a  cylinder. 

AKGII'l.\(;,7(//r.    Forming  an  arch  ;  covering  with  an 

AKCII'I.NG,  «.    (.'iirving  like  an  arch.  [arch. 

ARt;il  l-PEI/A  (JO,  n.  [AiithorH  are  not  agreeif  as  to 
the  origin  of  this  word.  Some  Huppose  it  to  be  com- 
(HMinded  of 'io^^f,  chief,  and  n-£  >a>  ,  sea  ;  others, 
of  /\(  vfiirjc,  and  iTe>a} fjc,  the  Kgeuii  l^ea.  See  Gib- 
bon, Milford,and  Ed.  Kncyc] 


Properly,  the  sea  which  separates  Greece  from 
Asia  Minor,  otherwise  called  the  Eacan  Sea,  and  con- 
taining the  Grecian  isles,  called  Cyrlades  and  Spor- 
ades,  but  in  a  general  sense,  a  sea  interspersed  with 
many  isles,  or  a  group  of  isles. 
AReH'I-TE€T, ;!.  [Gr.  aoxoi,  chief,  and  tcktuv,  a 
workman.    See  Techmcal.] 

1.  A  person  skilled  in  the  art  of  building ;  one  who 
understands  architecture,  or  makes  it  his  occupation 
to  form  plans  and  designs  of  buildings,  and  superin- 
tend the  artificers  employed. 

2.  A  contriver  ;  a  former  or  maker.  Ray. 
XRCH-l-TEeT'IVE,  a.    Used  in  building  ;  proper  for 

building.  JJcrhain. 
ARCH-I-TEeT-ON'Te,  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  architecture  Elmes. 

2.  That  has  power  or  skill  to  build.  Smellie,  ch.  13. 
AReiI-I-TEeT-OA"ieS,  n.     The  science  of  archi- 
tecture. .Ssk. 

AReH-I-TE€T'RESS,  n.    A  female  architect  fVotton. 

ARCH-I-TEeT'UR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of 
building  ;  that  is  according  to  the  rules  of  architect- 
ure. Mason. 

AIieH'I-TEGT-URE,  n.    [L.  architectura.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  building  ;  hut  in  a  more 
limited  and  approjiriate  sense,  the  art  of  constructing 
houses,  bridges,  and  other  buildings,  for  the  purpose 
of  civil  life  ;  often  called  civil  architecture. 

2.  Frame  or  structure ;  workmanship. 

Tlie  e:irth  is  a  piece  of  divine  arcliilcdure,  Burnet. 

Military  architecture  is  the  art  of  fortification. 
.A'ar.al  architecture  is  the  art  of  building  ships. 

aRCH'I-TRAVE,  n.  [Gr.  opx"!,  chief,  and  It.  trave, 
from  L.  trabs,  a  beam.] 

In  architecture,  the  lower  division  of  an  entabla- 
ture, or  that  part  which  rests  immediately  on  the 
column.  It  probably  represents  the  beam  which,  in 
ancient  buildings,  extended  from  column  to  column, 
to  support  the  roof.  Cyc. 

In  chimneys,  the  architrave  is  called  the  mantel- 
piece i  and  over  doors  and  windows,  the  hyperthe- 
rinn.  Johnson.  Encyc. 

ARCH'l-VAL,  a.  [See  Archives.]  Pertaining  to 
archives  or  records ;  contained  in  records.  Touhe. 

AR'€HIVES,  7).  p;.  [Gr.  aijxcion ;  Low  L.  archivum; 
Fr.  archives  ;  It.  archioio.'] 

The  place  in  which  records  are  kept ;  also,  the 
records  and  papers  which  are  preserved,  as  evidence 
of  facts.  ' 

AU'CHI-VIST,  n.  [Fr.  and  It.]  The  keeper  of  arch- 
ives or  records.  Encyc. 

AR€H'i-VOLT,  71.    [arch,  chief,  and  It.  volta.] 

In  architecture,  the  inner  contour  of  an  arch,  or  a 
band  adorned  with  moldings,  running  over  the  faces 
of  the  arch-stones,  and  bearing  upon  the  imposts.  It 
has  only  a  single  face  in  the  Tuscan  order;  two 
faces  crowned  in  the  Doric  and  Ionic,  and  the  same 
moldings  as  the  architrave,  in  the  Corinthian  and 
Composite.  Encyc. 

ARCH'LIKE,  o.   Built  like  an  arch.  Younir. 

ARCH'LUTE,    )        rr,       .,    ,  , 

ARCH'I-LCTE,         [!'•  •] 

A  large  lute,  a  theorbo,  the  base-strings  of  which 
are  doubled  with  an  octave,  and  the  higher  strings 
with  a  unison.  Busby. 

URClVhY, adv.    Shrewdly;  slvlv  ;  wittily;  jestingly. 

ARCH-MA-GI"CIAN,  (-ma-jisVan,)  n.'  The  chief 
magician.  Speiiser. 

ARCH-.MAR'SHAL,  n.  [G.  erz^narschall.]  The 
grand  marshal  of  the  German  empire  ;  a  dignity  that 
beliuiged  to  the  elector  of  Saxony. 

ARCH-iMOCK',  71.  Chief  mockery  :  the  fiend's  arch- 
viock.  Shak. 

ARC11'NES,S,  71.  Cunning;  shrewdness;  sly  humor, 
waggisliness. 

ARCIl'ON,  71.    [Gr.  ap\oii',  a  prince.] 

The  archons  in  Athens  were  cliief  magistrates, 
chosen,  after  the  death  of  Codrus,  from  the  most 
illustrious  families,  to  superintend  civil  and  religious 
concerns.  They  were  nine  in  number:  the  first  was 
properly  the  archon  ;  the  second  was  called  king :  the 
linvi\,  pidemarch,  or  general  of  the  forces.  The  other 
six  were  called  Ihesmotlieta,  or  legislators,  not  because 
they  enacted  laws,  but  declared  and  explained  them. 

Kncyc. 

ARCH'ON-eiirP,  ti.  The  office  of  an  archon,  or  the 
term  of  his  office.  Mdfnrd. 

ARCll-ON'TICS,  71.  In  church  hi.itory,  a  bninch  of 
the  Valentinians,  who  held  that  the  world  was  not 
creat(!d  by  God,  but  liv  angids  called  archontes. 

ARCll-PAS'TDlt,  ;i.  'i  he  chief  pa.stor  ;  the  shepherd 
aiirl  bishop  of  oiir  souls.  Barrow. 

AllCII-Plll-LOS'O-PllER,  71.    A  chief  philosopher. 

Hooker. 

ARCH  PIL'LAR,  71.   The  main  pillar.  Harmar. 

A  R<;il-Po'ET,  71.    The  jiriiicipal  poet. 

ARCII-P<)I^1-TI"CIA.\,  71.  J.<i  e  Pol  icy.]  An  emi- 
nent or  distingiiislieil  poltliciaii.  Bacon. 

ARCII-I'ON'TIFF,  71.  [See  Puntiif.J  A  supreme 
poiitilfor  priest.  Burke. 

AltCIl  lMU;i,'ATE,n.  [Sec  Prelate.]  A  chief  prelate. 

ARCH  PKES'l)y-TER,7i.  [See  Puksiivtjcb.]  A  chief 
presbyter  or  priest.  Rncyc. 


ARCH-PRES'BY-TER-Y,  ?i.   The  absolute  dominion 

of  preshyt^;r\',  or  the  chief  presbyterv.  .Mdlon. 
ARCII-PRIKST',  71.    [See  Priest".]    A  chief  priest. 

Jr.nciic. 

ARCH-PRI'MATE,  71.    The  chief  primate  ;  an  arch 

bishop,  over  other  archbishojis.  Mdlon. 
ARCH-PROPH'ET,  (  prof'et,)  71.    A  chief  prophet. 

fVarton. 

ARCII-PROT'EST-ANT,  71.    A  principal  or  distin- 
guished Protestant. 
ARCU-PUB'HC-AN,  71.    The  distinguished  publican. 

mil. 

ARCII-RER'EL,  71.    The  chtef  rebel.  Mdlon. 
ARCH'SToNE,  71.     The  stone  that  binds  an  arch  ; 

the  kev-stone. 
ARCH-TRaIT'OR,  71.    A  principal  traitor. 
ARCH-TREAS'UR-ER,  71.    [G.  erz-schalimeistcr.] 

The  great  treasurer  of  the  German  empire  ;  a  dig- 
nity assigned  to  the  elector  Palatine  by  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia,  but  claimed  by  the  elector  of  Hanover. 

GiifAi-ic. 

ARCH-TREAS'lJR-ER-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  arch- 
treasurer.  Collins'  Peerntre. 
ARCH-TY'RANT,  71.   A  principal  or  great  tyrant. 

Hall. 

ARCH-VIL'LAIN,  71.  [See  Villain.]  A  chief  or 
great  villain.  Shak. 

ARCH-VIL'LAIN-Y,  71.    Great  villainy. 

ARCH'WaY',  71.    A  way  or  passage  under  an  arch. 

ARCH'WaY-£D,  a.    Having  a  way  by  an  arch. 

ARCH-WIFE',  n.  A  woman  in  the  higher  ranks -of 
society. 

ARCU'VVTSE,  adv.  [arch  and  wise.    See  Wise.]  In 

the  form  of  an  arch. 
XRCO-GRAPH,  71.     An  instniment  for  drawing  a 

circular  arc  without  a  central  point.  llebcrt. 
ARC-Ta'TION,  /        r-,        ,      ,   , ,  1 

ar€'ti-tui)e|  i  [L- 

Preternatural  straitness  ;  constipation  from  inflam- 
mation or  spasm.  Coze. 
ARCTIC,  a.    [Gr.  no/trof,  a  bear,  and  a  northern  con- 
stellation so  called ;  W.  arth  •  It.  art,  a  hear.] 

Northern  ;  pertaining  to  the  northern  constellation 
called  the  Bear;  as,  the  arctic  pole,  circle,  region,  or 
sea. 

The  arctic  circle  is  a  lesser  circle  parallel  to  the 
equator,  23°  28'  from  th^  north  pole-    This,  and  the 
antarctic  circle,  are  called       polar  circles,  and  with- 
in these  lie  the  frigid  zones. 
ARC-TO-E-GYP'TIAN,  [Gr.  aoxr-.?  and  Eg>iptian.] 

1.  71.  A  northern  Eg>'ptian,  apparently  of  pure 
Caucasian  origin.  Morton. 

2.  a.  Relating  to  the  northern  Egj  ptians. 
AR€-Tu'RUS,  71.   [Gr.  aoKr„s,  a  bear,  and  <  voa,  tail.] 

A  fixed  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  in  the  constel- 
lation of  Bootes.  Encyc. 

ARCQ-ATE,  a.    [h.  arcuatus.    See  Arc] 
Bent  or  curved  in  the  form  of  a  bow. 

Marlyn.    Bacon.  B^y. 

ARC'TJ-A-TILE,  a.    Bent.  [Ubsl] 

ARC-ll-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  bending  ;  incurva- 
tion ;  the  stale  of  being  bent ;  curvity  ;  crookedness ; 
great  convexity  of  the  thorax.  Coze. 

2.  A  method  of  raising  trees  by  layers  ;  that  is,  by 
bending  branches  to  the  ground,  covering  the  sniail 
shoots  with  earth,  three  inches  deep  upon  the  joints, 
and  making  a  basin  of  earth  around  them  to  hold 
the  water.  When  these  have  taken  root,  they  are 
removed  into  a  nursery.  Chambers.  Kncyc. 

AR'CU-BAL-IST,  71.  [L.  areas,  a  bow,  and  batu-^ta, 
an  engine  for  throwing  stones.] 

A  cross-bow.  Warton, 

All  €U-BAL'!S-TER,  71.  A  cross-bowman  ;  one  who 
used  the  arcubalist.  Camden. 

ARI),  the  termination  of  many  English  words,  is  the 
Ger.  art,  species,  kind  ;  Sw.  and  IJan.  art,  mode,  na- 
ture, genius,  form  ;  Ger.  arlen,  to  take  afti  r,  resem- 
ble ;  Sw.  arta,  to  form  or  fashion  ;  Ger.  arlig,  of  the 
nature  of,  also  comely  ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  arlig,  hemiti- 
fiil ;  D.  aardcn,  to  take  after,  resemble  ;  aardig,  gi  ii- 
ti  il,  pretty,  ingenious.  We  observe  it  in  Gnddnrd, 
a  divine  temper  ;  Giffard,  a  disposition  to  give,  libi  r- 
ality  ;  Bernard,  filial  aflecliou  ;  sinndnrd,  drunkard, 
dotard,  A:c. 

AR  D.XS'SI.VEi!,  11.  A  very  fine  sort  of  Persian  silk  ; 
the  finest  used  in  the  looms  of  Fiance. 

AR'DEB,  71.  A  Turkish  measure,  a  little  more  than 
eight  bushels. 

aR'I)E.\-CY,  11.    [L.  ardens,  from  ardco,  to  burn.] 

Warmlli  of  passion  or  allection  ;  ardor ;  eager- 
ness ;  as,  the  ardency  of  love  or  zeal. 

AR'Dr.N'T,  a.  Hot;  burning;  that  causes  a  sensation 
of  burning;  as,  ardent  spirits,  that  is,  distilled 
spirits  ;  an  ardent  fever. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  or  quality  of  fire; 
fierce  ;  as,  ardent  eyes. 

3.  Warm,  applied  to  Ihe  passions  and  alTectiims  ; 
passionate  ;  allectionate  ;  much  engaged  ;  zealous  ; 
as,  ardent  love  or  vows  ;  ardent  zeal. 

AR'1)!;NT-1,V,  adv.     With  warmth  ;  afl'ectioiiately  ; 

passiimatelv. 
AK'DE.N'T-K'ESS,  71.  Ardency. 

AR'DERS,  n.p/.  Fallowings  or  plowiiigs  of  ground 

Grose. 


FATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WHJST  METE,  PUBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK  — 

(id   = 


ARE 

XR'DOK,  H.  fL.]  Ilwit,  ill  a  literal  sense;  as,  the 
ar'lor  iff  llie  siiii's  ra>3. 

•i.  Wariiitli,  iir  heat,  apiilicd  to  the  passions  and 
aHeitiiiiis  ;  easerness  ;  as,  he  pursues  study  with 
(4/ i/or  ;  they  fought  with  ari/or. 

Milton  uses  the  word  for  person  or  spirit,  briglit 
and  ( tfulEent,  but  hy  an  unusual  license. 
XU'DU-OUS,  (.ird'yu-ous,)  a.    [I:  arttuus ;  Ir.  ard, 
Uifih  ;  \\.  hardli;  It.  ttinUt,  hisli,  higlit.] 

1.  High,  lofty,  in  a  literal  sense ;  as, (iri/uoaj!  paths. 

Pope. 

2.  Diinriilt  ;  attended  with  Rrcat  labor,  like  the 
asreiidiiiR  of  acclivities;  as,  an  ardmius  cinploy- 
nii  nl,  t.isk,  or  enterprise. 

.\lM)U-OUtf-LY,  ade.    In  an  arduous  manner;  with 

laboriousness. 
XK'l)U-OUS  NESS,  (drd'yu-iis-,)  n.  Iliglit ;  difficulty 

of  execution. 

.\KK,  (ir  ;)  the  plural  of  the  substantive  verb  ;  but  a 
liitlerent  word  from  be,  am,  or  was.  It  is  from  tlie 
nw.  oara,  I)an.  viere,  to  be,  to  exist;  »  or  w  being 
lost.  We  are  ,■  ye  or  you  arc ;  tliey  arc ;  past  tense 
plural,  were. 

aKK,  n.    [L.  area.] 

Ill  France,  a  measure,  the  new  square  perch,  con- 
Liiiiin^  a  hundn^d  square  meters,  a  liltie  less  tlian 
two  square  perclies  of  2d  feet,  in  the  ancient  ineas- 
iiro.  Lanier. 

A'RK,  )  n.   The  lowest  m.te,  except  one,  in 

i  L,1-.UPRE^]  Guido's  scale  of  music.  [Stt  Ala- 
mike.]  Slial!. 

A'KK-A,  n.  [L.  I  suspect  this  to  be  contracted  from 
Ch.  NJ''-il<,  ariira,  an  area  or  bed  ;  Heb.  nr-ilf  ;  from 
a  root  wliicli  signilies  to  reach,  stretch,  lay,  or 
spread.] 

1.  Any  plain  surface,  as  the  floor  of  a  room,  of  a 
church  or  other  building,  or  of  the  ground. 

2.  Tlie  inclosed  space  or  site  on  which  a  building 
stands  ;  a  sunken  space  around  the  basement  of  a 
I'UilUing.  Owilt. 

3.  In  rrrometry,  the  superficial  contents  of  any 
figure  ;  tlic  surface  included  within  any  given  lines; 
as,  the  area  of  a  square  or  a  triangle. 

4.  Among  physiciaHs,  baldness ;  a  bald  space  pro- 
duced by  alopecy  ;  also,  a  name  of  the  disease. 

Core.  Parr. 

r>.  In  mining,  a  compass  of  ore  allotted  to  diggers. 
A-Rf?.Al)',  )       ,  ,1  'Coxe.] 

VRPKl)'  1  "  ■    J'^^' '"''dan.]  •■  ■' 

To  counsel  ;  to  advise.    [Oi.*.]  Spenser. 

.\'RE-.\\,,  a.  I'ortiiiuilig  to  an  area;  as,  arcni  inter 
stices,  (the  areas  or  spaces  iuclosed  by  tlie  reticulate 
vessels  of  leaves.)  Barli)n. 

.■\-Rr;'t;A,  «.  A  kind  of  palm-tree,  one  of  whose 
species  produces  the  areca  nut,  or  betel  nut,  which  is 
so  extensively  chewed  in  India,  with  tlie  leaf  of 
pepper  betel  and  lime.  •  Partin^tun. 

A-KKEK',  ailv.    In  a  reeking  condition.    [See  Keek.] 

Swift. 

AR-E-FAe'TtO.\,  n.    [h.  arcfacio,  to  dry-,  from  area.] 
The  act  of  drying  ;  the  state  of  growing  dry. 

Bacon. 

AR'E-FY,  p.  t    To  dr)-  or  make  dry.  Bucoiu 
A-RiC'NA,  H.    [L.  arena,  sand.] 

1.  In  /i>>mana«(///«i(i/,  the  area  in  the  central  part  of 
an  amphitheater,  in  winch  the  gladiators  fought  and 
other  shows  were  exhibited;  so  called  bi-cause  it 
was  covered  with  .sand.  Mam's  Rom.  Ant. 

2.  Fi^ratirrhj,  any  place  of  public  contest  or  ex- 
ertion ;  as,  the  arena  of  debate,  the  arena  of  life. 

y.  Among  physicians,  sand  or  gravel  in  the  kidneys. 
4.  The  middle  of  a  temple  or  inclosed  place. 
AR-E-.N'A'CEOt't',  a.    [from  arena,  sand.]  Sandy; 
having  the  proiierties  of  sand.  Woodward. 

2.  Easily  disintegrating  into  sand  ;  friable ;  as, 
arrnncenuji  limestone.  Kirwan. 
AK-E-i\.\'RI-OUS,  a.    [from  nrcna,  sand.]  Sandy. 
Jirrnarious  soil ;  soil  in  which  sand  is  the  prevail- 
ing ingredient.  Brande, 
.\R-E-.\a'TIO.\,  n.    \mnnvi.  physicians,  a  sand  bath  ; 
a  sprinkling  of  hot  sand  upon  a  disea:ied  person. 

Coze. 

A-REX'DAL-ITE,  ji.  In  mineralogy,  another  name 
of  epiilote,  or  pismcite ;  epulote  being  the  name 
given  to  it  by  Haiiy,  and  pistacUe  by  VVcnier.  [See 
Epiddte.] 

AU-E.\-I).\'TOR,  17.  [Buss,  arenda,  a  fann.  ftu.  Sp. 
arrendar,  to  rent.] 

In  Lironia,  and  other  protinces  of  Riuaia,  a 
fanner  of  the  farms  or  rents  ;  one  who  contracts 
with  the  crown  for  the  rents  of  the  farms.  He  who 
rents  an  estate  belonging  to  the  crown,  is  rallid 
cron>n.arendntor.  .^rende  is  a  ti^rm  used  bofli  for 
the  esUte  let  to  farm,  and  ihe  sum  for  which  it  is 
rented.  Tooke's  Russ.  ii.  283. 

A-RE.\-I-LlT'ie,  0.  [arena,  sand,  and  AiW-s,  a 
stone.] 

Pertaining  to  s.andstone  ;  consisting  of  s.andstone  ; 
as,  arenililic  mountains.  Kirwan. 
AR-E-.\OSE',  a.    Sandy  ;  full  of  sand.  Johnson. 
A  REN'U-LOUS,  a.    Full  of  small  sand. 
A  Rk'O-L.AR,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  areola. 

iMwrence. 

A-RE'0-L.\TE,  0.    Divided  into  small  spaces  or  areo- 


ARG 

lutions,  as  lliif  wiiisis  of  insi  cis,  tin:  leaves  of  plants, 
or  the  r('eept:ii-le  of  compound  (lowi-r.--.  Brande. 

A-I<E-<J-LA''ri<).\,  II.  .Any  small  space,  bounded  by 
some  part  dillenng  in  color  or  struelure,  as  the  .spaces 
botindt'd  by  llie  nervuies  of  tlie  wings  of  insects,  or 
those  hv  the  veins  of  leaves.  Brande. 

AR'E-Or.K,  j  a.    [I..]    The  colored  circle  round  the 

.\.-Rlc'0-l.A,  i     nip|ili',  or  round  a  pustule.  Knr.  Coir. 
In  anatomy,  an  interstice  in  tlie  capillary  network 
of  the  tissues.  Cue.  .Mrd. 

AR-E-OiM'E-TEU,  w.  [Gr.  af/,ii(,{,  rare,  ihin,  and 
ptTfic'-^,  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  siiecific  gravity 
of  liijiiids.  Fourcroy. 

AR-F^U-i>lET'RIC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  areom- 
eter. 

AU-E-O.M'E-TRY,  n.  The  measuring  or  act  of  meas- 
uring the  specific  gravity  of  tliiids. 

AR-E-t)P'A-GlTE,  n.  A  member  of  the  Areopagu-s, 
which  see.    Acts  xvii.  'M. 

AK-E-OP-A  (5IT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Areopagus. 

Milford. 

AR-E-OP'A-GUS, n.  [Gr.  Apuf,  Mars, and  hill.) 
A  sovereign  tribunal  at  Athens,  famous  for  the 
justice  and  impartiality  of  its  deci.  ions.  It  was  ori- 
ginally held  on  a  hill  in  the  city  of  the  .same  name  ; 
but  afterward  removed  to  the  Royal  Portico,  an  open 
square,  where  the  judges  sat  in  the  open  air,  in- 
closed by  a  cord.  Their  sessions  were  in  the  night, 
that  they  might  not  be  diverted  by  objects  of  sight, 
or  intliieiiced  by  the  presence  and  action  of  the 
speakers.  My  a  law  of  Solon,  no  person  could  be  a 
member  of  this  tribunal,  until  he  had  bet'u  archon,  or 
chief  magistrate.  'I'his  court  took  cognizance  of 
high  crimes,  impiety,  and  immorality,  and  watched 
over  the  laws  and  the  public  treasury. 

Lenrvrirre.    Kncve.    Pan.--anias.    Acts  xvii.  19. 

A'RE-O-Sl'YLE,  ».  [Gr.  <i.o,ii.>s,  wide,  and  arvXjs,  a 
column.]  A  term  denoting  an  arrangement  of  col- 
umns, with  wide  iiilercoluniiiiations,  of  from  four  to 
five  diainelers,  suited  only  to  the  Tuscan  order. 

P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

A-RE-O-SYS'TVLE,  71.  [Gr.  npaiof,  w"idc,  <tv,  ,  with, 
and  oTvX<j{,  column.]  A  term  denoting  a  modern 
manner  of  arranging  inteicolumniations,  which  con- 
sists in  placing  colunins  in  pairs,  thus  presenting  al- 
ternately very  wide  and  very  narrow  intercolumnia- 
tions.  Elmes.    P.  Cyc, 

A-RE-OT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  npaio;,  tllin.] 

Attenuating;  making  thin,  lus  liipiids  ;' rarefying. 

.'V-OE-dT'IC,  n.  A  medicine  which  attenuates  the 
humors,  dissolves  viscidity,  opens  the  pores,  and 
increases  pi-rspiration ;  an  attenuant.  Coze. 

AR-E-TOL'O-GY,  JI.  [Gr.  aiierq,  virtue,  and  Auyoj, 
discourse.] 

That  part  of  moral  philosophy  which  treats  of 
virtue,  its  nature,  and  the  means  of  attaining  to  it. 

Johnson. 

XR'GAIj,  n.  Unrefined  or  cnidc  tartar,'  a  substance 
adhering  to  the  sides  of  wine  casks.    Johnson.  Coze. 

XR'G.Vi\D-LA.MP,  n.  [from  the  name  of  the  in- 
ventor.] 

An  improved  lamp,  invented  by  Argand,  in  1780, 
in  which,  by  means  of  a  hollow  wick  and  a  glass 
chimney,  a  stnuig  and  clear  light  is  produced  by 
placing  tile  tlanie  between  two  currents  of  air. 

Brande. 

X R-G P.'.VN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Argo or  the  Ark.  Faber. 
XR'GE.N'T,  n.    [L.  argentum  ;  Gr.  (i/)^ti/JO<,  silver,  from 

apyof,  white  ;  Ir.  arg,  white  ;  airgiod,  silver,  money  ; 

Fr.  argent,  silver,  money  ;  Sans,  rajalam,  Qii.] 

1.  The  white  color  in  coats  of  arms,  intended  to 
represent  silver,  or  figuratively,  purity,  innocence, 
beauty,  or  gentleness.  Encijc. 

2.  a.  Silvery  ;  of  a  pale  white,  like  silver. 

Johnson,  Encyc. 

3.  a.  Bright  like  silver. 

Aik  of  yonder  ardent  fields  alKire.  Popt. 

XR-6E.N'T'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  silver  ;  consisting  of 
silver ;  containing  silver ;  combined  with  sdver. 
.^rgental  mercury,  the  native  amalgam  of  silver. 

Cleaceland. 

XR'6ENT-A\,  n.    An  alloy  of  nickel  with  copper  and 

zinc ;  German  silver. 
XR-GENT-A'TION,  n.   An  overlaying  with  silver. 

Johtu-ioiu 

XR'GEXT-IIORN-En,  a.  Silver-horned. 

XK  (5E.\T-IF'ER-0US,  a.    fL.  argciUam,  silver,  and 

f-ro,  to  produce.] 

Producing  silver  ;  as,  argentiferous  ore.  Kirwan. 
XR-OEN-TI'.VA,  71,    In  ichthyology,  n  genus  of  fishes 

of  the  order  Abdoraiuales ;  so  called   from  their 

silvery  scales.  Encyc. 
XR'CE.\T-I.VE,  a.    Like  silver;  pertaining  to  silver, 

or  sounding  like  [t.  Johnson, 
In  zoology,  silver-colored  ;  silvery  ;  applied  to  the 

scales  of  fishes. 
XR'OENT-INE,  n 

1.  In  minrra/affT/,  a  silicioiis  variety  of  carbonate  of 
lime,  having  a  silver>-white,  pearly  luster,  and  a 
waving  or  curved  lamellar  structure. 

2.  A  name  common  to  the  species  of  the  genus 
Argentina,  —  which  see. 


ARG 

XK'OE.\T-Ii\E  RE-PUlt'Ll€, /..    A  name  given  to 

Ihe  slates  of  Uueiios  Ayres,  a  South  American 

confederation. 
XR'OilL,  n.    The  gigantic  crane;  a  species  of  the 

genius  vVrdea.  Cyc 
XR'CIL,  n,    [L,  erf iUa,  white  clay,  from  Gr.  a^>o(, 

while.] 

In  a  general  sense,  clay,  or  potter's  earth  ;  but  in 
a  technical  saise,  pure  clay,  or  alumina.  Fourcroy. 
XR-GlI^LA'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  argitlaceu.i.] 

Partaking  of  the  nature  of  clay;  clayey  ;  consist- 
ing of  argil.  Kirwan. 
XR-GlL-I.lK'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  ar^ia,  clay,  and /i.™, 
to  produce.] 

Prodiiring  clay  ;  applied  to  such  eartlis  as  abound 
with  ari;il.  Kirwan. 

XU'tilL-UTE,  n.  .Argillaceous  schist  or  slate  ;  clay- 
slate.  Its  usual  color  is  bluish  or  blackish  gray, 
more  rarelv  greenish  gray.  Kirwan, 

AK-GII^Llt'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  argillite. 

XR-GII/LO-AR-E-NA'CEOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  clay 
and  sand,  as  a  soil. 

AR  GlL'LO-e'AL-€A'RE-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  clay 
and  calcareous  earth. 

AR  GIL'LO-eAL'CITE,  71.  [of  arg-i7/a,  clay,  and 
claz,  calcareous  earth.] 

A  species  of  calcareous  earth,  or  limestone,  with 
a  large  proportion  of  clay.  Kirwan. 

AR-GIL'LO-.MO'RITE,  71.  [of  argilla,  clay,  and 
muria,  brine  or  salt  water;  magnesia  being  obtained 
from  se.i-salt.] 

A  sjH  cies  of  earth  consisting  of  magnesia,  mixed 
with  silex,  alumine,  and  lime  ;  a  variety  of  mag 
nesite.  Ktnran.  Cteaeeland. 

AR-GIL'LOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  clay  ;  clayi'y  ;  par- 
taking of  cKiy  ;  belonging  to  clay.  Brown, 

XK'GIVE,  a.  Designating  what  belongs  to  Argos, 
the  capital  of  Argolis  in  Greece,  n  hose  inhabitants 
were  called  jlrgivi.  This  name,  however,  is  used  by- 
the  poets  for  the  Greeks  in  general.    Paus.  Traiui. 

AR'GO,  71.  The  name  of  the  ship  which  carried 
Jason  and  his  fifty-four  companions  to  Colchis,  in 
quest  of  the  golden  fleece. 

XK-<;o'.\.\,  n.    Pertaiiiiug  to  the  ship  Argo.  Faber. 

XR'GOL.    See  Aroal. 

XR-GOL'ie,  a.  Belonging  to  Argolis,  a  territory  or 
district  of  Peloponnesus,  between  Arcadia  and  the 
Egean  Sea  ;  as,  the  .^rgolic  (Jiilf.  D'jlurillc. 

XR-GOL'IfS,  71.  The  title  of  a  chapter  in  Pausa- 
niius,  which  treats  of  Argolis.         Trans,  b.  ii.  15. 

XR'GO-iN'AUT,  71.  [of  Afi;  01,  Jason's  ship,  and  kuu- 
7-i(f,  a  sailor.] 

One  of  the  persons  who  sailed  to  Colchis  with 
Jason,  in  the  Argo,  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece. 

Cicero.    Pliny.    Sir  IV.  Jones. 

XR-GO-NAUT'A,  71.    [.See  Abookaut.] 

A  geniis  of  shells,  of  the  cl.i.ss  Cephalopoda.  The 
shell  consists  of  one  spiral  involuted  valve.  The 
Argo,  with  a  subdeiitated  carina,  is  the  famous  nauti- 
lus, which,  when  it  sails,  extends  two  of  its  arms, 
spreading  a  membrane,  wliich  serves  for  a  sail,  and 
six  other  arms  are  thrown  out,  for  rowing  or  steer- 
ing. Encyc.  Cucier. 

XR-GO-NAUT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Argonauts, 
or  to  tlieir  voyage  to  Colchis ;  as,  the  .^rgonautic 
story.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

XR-G<J-\AUT'ies,  71.  A  poem  on  the  subject  of 
Jason's  voyage,  or  the  expedition  of  the  Argonauts  ; 
as,  the  .^ri'onautics  of  Orpheus,  of  V.  Flaccus,  and 
of  Apollonins  Rliodius.  Encyc. 

AR'OO  A'J}'f^IS,  the  ship  Argo,  is  a  constellation  in 
the  southern  hemisphere,  whose  stars,  in  the  Britan- 
nic catjilogue,  are  sixty-four.  Encyc 

XR'G()-SY,  71.  [Sp.  Jirgos,  Jason's  ship.]  A  large 
merchantman  ;  a  carac.  Shak. 

XR'GOE,  B.  u  [L.  arguo,  to  show,  argue,  accuse,  or 
convict ;  Fr.  argucr  ;  Sp.  argnir  :  It.  arguire.  The 
radical  sense  of  argue  is  to  urge,  drive,  press,  or 
struggle.] 

1.  To  reason  ;  to  invent  and  oflcr  reasons  to  sup- 
port or  overthrow  a  proposition,  opinion,  or  mea.surc  ; 
as,  A  argues  in  favor  of  a  measure  ;  B  argues 
against  iL 

2.  To  dispute  ;  to  reason  with  ;  followed  by  witA  ; 
as,  you  may  ar^u<  leiUi  your  friend  a  week,  without 
convincing  him. 

XR'GOE,  V.  u    To  debate  or  discuss;  to  treat  by 
reasiming  ;  as,  the  counsel  argued  the  cause  before  < 
llie  Supreme  Court ;  the  cause  was  well  argued. 

2.  To  prove  <>r  evince  ;  to  manifest  by  inference 
or  deduction,  or  to  show  reasons  for  ;  as,  the  order 
visible  in  the  universe  argues  a  divine  cause.  [ 

3.  To  persuade  by  reasons  ;  as,  to  argue  a  man  into  | 
a  difltTent  opinion. 

4.  Foniierly,  to  accuse  or  charge  with  ;  a  Kntin  1 
sense,  now  obsolete  ;  as,  to  arg-uc  one  of  profane- 
nes.s.  Dryden. 

XR'G0-/:D,  pp.    Deb.ited  ;  discussed;  evinced;  per-  ; 

stiaded  ;  accused. 
.1R'GU-ER,  71.    One  who  argues  ;  a  rcasoner  ;  a  dis- 

piiler  :  a  controvertist. 
XR'GU-ING,  ppr.    Inventing  and  ofTering  reasons; 

disputing  ;  discussing ;  evincing ;  persuading  ;  ac-  j 

cusiiig. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  «S  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


67 


ARl 


ARl 


ARai 


\R'<;U-IN(i,  ji.    Reasoning;  arRumeiitution. 

U  hal  doth  your  arguing  reprove  f  —  Jub  vi. 

1  ll'GU-MENT,  71.    [L.  argumciittm.] 

1  A  reason  offered  for  or  against  a  proposition, 
opinion,  or  measure ;  a  reason  offered  in  proof,  to 
induce  belief,  or  convince  the  mind  ;  followed  by 
for  or  arraitLst. 

2.  In  logic,  an  inference  drawn  from  premises 
whicli  are  indisputable,  or  at  least  of  probable  truth. 

Encijc. 

3.  The  subject  of  a  discourse  or  writing.  Shak. 

4.  An  abstract  or  summary  of  a  book,  or  the 
heads  of  the  subjects. 

5.  A  debate  or  discussion  ;  a  series  of  reasoning  ; 
as,  an  ara-ument  was  had  before  the  court,  in  wliich 
argument  M  the  reasons  wei'e  urged. 

t).  In  astronamtj,  the  quantity  on  which  another 
quantity  in  a  tai)le  depends;  as,  the  altitude  is  the 
argument  of  the  refraction.  Brnndc. 
AU-GU-MENT'A-CLE,  a.    That  admits  of  argument. 

AR-GU  MENT'AL,  n.  Belonging  to  argument ;  con- 
sisting in  argument.  Pope. 

XR-GU-.ME.\T-A'TION,  n.  Reasoning;  the  act  of 
reasoning  ;  the  act  of  inventing  or  forming  reasons, 
making  inductions,  drawing  conclusions,  and  apply- 
ing them  to  the  case  in  discussion.  Tlie  opf-ratiim 
of  inferring  propositions,  not  known  or  admitted  as 
true,  from  fects  or  principles  known,  admitted,  or 
proved  to  be  true.  Emijc.  IVntls. 

AR-GU-MENT'A-TIVE,  a.  Consisting  of  argument ; 
containing  a  process  of  reasoning;  as,  an  arrrumeiU- 
ative  discourse. 

2.  Showing  reasons  for;  as,  the  adaptation  of 
things  to  their  uses  is  argumentative  of  inlinite  v.'is- 
dom  in  the  Creator. 

3.  Addicted  to  argument ;  as,  an  argumentative 
writer. 

;iR-GU-.MENT'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  argumenta- 
tive manner.  Taylor. 

.aR-OU-MEJ^'rUM  AD  HOJiVI-KKM,  [L.]  An 
argument  drawn  from  the  i)rincii)les  or  conduct  of 
an  antagonist. 

AR-GU-MENT'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  ar- 
gumentative. 

AR'GUS,  71.  A  fabulous  being  of  antiquity,  said  to 
have  had  a  hundred  eyes,  who  was  placed  by  Juno 
to  guard  lo.  The  origin  of  this  story  may  perhaps 
be  found  in  the  Teutonic  word  arg,  crafty,  cunning, 
of  which  the  hundred  eyes  are  symbolical. 

AR'GU.S-SHELL,  7i.  A  species  of  porcelain-shell, 
beautifully  variegated  with  spots,  resembling,  in 
some  measure,  those  in  a  peacock's  tail.  Enctjc. 

AR-GuTE',  a.  [L.  argatus.]  Sharp  ;  shrill ;  subtile  ; 
vvittv.    [Litt'c  used.] 

AR-GOTE'NESS,  7i.  Acuteness;  wittiness.  [Little 
u.scd.]  Dnjden. 

A'RI-A,7i.    [It.]    Air;  tune. 

a'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Arius,  a  presbyt(^r  of  the 
church  of  Alexandria,  in  the  fourth  century ;  or  to 
his  doctrines. 

A'RI-AN,  V.  One  who  adheres  to  the  doctrines  of 
Arius,  who  held  Christ  to  be  a  created  being,  infe- 
rior to  God  the  Father  in  nature  and  dignity,  though 
the  first  and  noblest  of  all  created  beings  ;  and  also 
that  the  Holy  Spirit  is  not  God,  but  created  by  the 
power  of  the  Son.  Encyc. 

A'RI-AN-ISM,  71.    The  doctrines  of  the  Arians. 

A'RI-A.VIZE,  V.  i.  To  admit  the  tenets  of  the  Arians. 

Wurthingttm. 

A-RIC'I-NA,  77.  A  vegetable  alkaloid  obtained  from 
the  bark  of  a  species  of  Cinchona.  It  was  first 
brought  from  Arica,  in  Peru  ;  whence  its  name. 

AR'II),  a.    [I,,  aridns,  dry,  from  arco,  to  be  dry.] 

Dry  ;  exnausted  of  moisture;  parched  with  heat ; 
as,  an  arid  waste.  '  Tlnmison. 

AR'II)-AS,  71.  A  kind  of  taffeta,  from  the  East 
Indies,  made  of  thread  from  certain  plants.  Encyc. 

A-RID'I-TY,  (71.    Dryness;  a  state  of  being  with- 

AR'ID-.\ESS,  (     out  moisture.  Arlmtlinot. 
2.  A  dry  state  of  the  body  ;  emaciation  ;  the  with- 
erine  of  a  limb  ;  inarasnnis.  Coze.  Parr. 

A'RI-r;S,n.  [L.,  from  the  Celtic.  Ir.  reilJic,  or  rcceitli ; 
Corn,  urz,  a  ram  ;  VV.  /iwrz,  a  thrust,  a  ram.] 

'i'he  Ram  ;  a  constellation  of  the  zodiac,  dr.awn  on 
the  globe,  in  the  figure  of  a  ram.  Also  the  first  of 
the  twelve  signs  in  the  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters 
about  the  2lHt  of  March.  It  originally  coincided 
with  the  constellation  ;  but  from  its  recession,  owing 
to  the  precession  of  the  e(piino.\es,  it  now  begins  in 
the  constellation  of  Pisces. 
2.  The  battering  ram. 

AR'I-E-TATE,  r.  i.  [I,,  ancto,  from  arifts.]  To  butt, 
na  a  ram.    (A'u(  uncd.]  Juhn.won. 

AR-I-E  TA'TION,  71.  I'he  act  of  butting,  as  a  ram. 
'J'he  act  of  battering  with  the  aries  or  battering 
ram.  Ilncim. 

2.  The  act  of  striking  or  conflicting.  [Hnrcly 
lurd.]  Oltiniullc. 

AR-I-ET'TA,  n.  [It.]  A  short  8ong;  an  air,  or 
little  nir. 

A-RI(JHT',  <M/r.  [a  and  ri>A/.  Hax./^eri<;/i«.]  Rightly; 
In  a  right  form  ;  without  mistnke  or  crime. 


AR'IIi,  ill.    The  exterior  coat  or  covering  of  a 

A-KlLi'LUS,  (  seed,  fixed  to  it  at  the  base  only,  in- 
vesting it  wholly  or  partially,  and  falling  oft"  spon- 
taneously; by.  some  former  writers  called,  from  the 
Greek,  cahjptra.  It  is  either  succulent  or  cartilagi- 
nous ;  colored,  elastic,  rough,  or  knotted. 

Linntctis.    Milne.    Jilartyn.  Smith. 
An  expansion  of  the  funiculus,  or  placenta,  about 
.1  seed,  into  a  fleshy  body,  as  the  mace  of  a  nutmeg. 

Lindley. 

AR'IL-La-TED,  I  a.    Having  an  exterior  covering  or 
AIl'IL-LiJD,       )    aril,  as  coffee.   Encyc.  Eaton. 
AR'I-MAN,  ^ 

AR'I-MA,      >  71.    [Per.  aAriinoH ;  Sans,  ari,  a  foe.] 
AH'RI-MAN,) 

The  evil  genius  or  demon  of  tlie  Persians  ;  opposed 
to  yczofl,  yczduii,  (rrmozd^m  /ier/iii:(/a,  the  good  tienmn. 
The  ancient  magi  held,  that  there  are  two  deities  or 
principles ;  one  the  author  of  all  good,  eternally 
absorbed  in  light;  the  other,  the  author  of  all  evil, 
forever  buried  in  darkness  ;  or  the  one  represented 
by  light,  the  other  by  darkness.    The  latter  answers 
to  tlieZo/.e  of  the  Scandinavians,  whose  Celtic  name, 
siinifies  darkne.'is.    Originally,  the  Persians  held 
these  demons  or  princijiles  to  be  equal,  and  from  all 
eternity  ;  but  the  moderns  maintain  that  the  evil  prin- 
ciple is  an  inferior  being.    So  the  devil  is  called  the 
prince  of  darkness.  Encyc.  Qibbon.  As.  Researches. 
AR-I-O-La'TION,    i  71.     [L.   aritihts  or  hariolus,  a 
HAR-I-O-LA'TION,  (  soothsayer.] 

A_soothsaying  ;  a  foretelling.  Brmnn. 
AR'I-oSE,  a.    Characterized  by  melody,  as  distin- 
guished from  harmony. 

AlL-nili-lsohn  wants  the  ariose  beauty  ot  Handel — Tocal  m'.lody 
is  not  liis  forte  —  the  interest  ol  liis  airs  is  haniionic. 

For.  Ci".  Ren. 

AR-I-0'SO,a.    [It.,  from  or/a,  air.]    Light;  airy. 

It.  Diet. 

Literally,  \nihe  manner  of  an  air;  but  in  instru- 
mental music,  in  a  sustained  vocal  style.     P.  Cyc. 

Prefixed  to  an  air,  it  denotes  a  sustained,  elaborate 
stj  le,  apiiropriate  to  the  great  airs  of  the  opera. 

Rousseau,  Diet.  Jrfus. 
A-RTSE',  ti.  1.  JTirci.  Arose  ; /i/i.  Arisex  ;  (pron.  a-rize', 
a-roze',  a-riz'n.)  [Sax.  arisaii ;  U.  rijzcn ;  Goth,  reisan. 
^  c  ^ 

It  may  bo  allied  to  Ar.  raasa,  to  be  the  head 

or  chief;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Eth.  CN-i  head,  origin.] 

1.  To  ascend,  mount  up,  or  move  to  a  higher  place ; 
as,  vapors  arise  from  humid  places. 

2.  To  emerge  from  below  the  horizon  ;  as,  the  sun 
or  a  star  arises  or  ruse^. 

3.  To  get  out  of  bed  ;  to  leave  the  place  or  state  of 
rest;  or  to  leave  a  sitting  or  lying  posture. 

Tlie  king  arose  earl/  and  went  lo  tlie  den.  —  Diui.  vi. 

4.  To  begin  ;  to  spring  up ;  to  originate. 

A  persecution  arose  about  Stephen. — Acts  xi. 

5.  To  revive  from  death  ;  to  leave  the  grave. 

Many  Ixjdios  of  saints  arose.  —  Matt,  xxvii. 
Figuratively,  to  awake  from  a  state  of  sin  and  stu- 
pidity ;  to  repent. 

Arise  from  Uic  dead,  and  Christ  shall  give  Ihce  life.  —  Eph.  v. 

6.  To  begin  to  act;  to  exert  power;  to  move  from 
a  state  of  inaction. 

Let  Go{l  arise ;  let  his  enemies  be  scattered.  —  Ps.  Ixviii. 

7.  To  appear,  or  become  known  ;  to  become  vis- 
ible, sensible,  or  operative. 

'I'o  yoli  sliall  llie  sun  of  ri^btconsncRs  arise,  —  Matt.  iv. 
'J'iU  llic  day-star  shall  arise  In  your  hearts.  —  2  Pet.  i. 

8.  To  be  put  in  motion  ;  to  swell  or  be  agitated ;  as, 
the  waves  arose. 

0.  To  be  excited  or  provoked  ;  as,  the  wrath  of  the 
king  shall  arise. 

10.  To  emerge  from  poverty,  depression,  or  distress. 
Ey  whom  shall  Jacob  arise  ?  for  he  is  small.  —  Anios  ii. 

11.  To  appear  in  a  particular  character;  to  enter 
upon  an  office. 

There  orose  a  new  Hii^,  who  knew  not  Joseph.  — Kx.  i. 

12.  To  begin  sedition,  insiiiTection,  or  mutiny  ;  as, 
the  men  arose,  or  rose,  upon  their  officers. 

!.■).  To  invade,  assault,  or  begin  hostility  ;  followed 
by  againuL 

When  he  arose  against  nie,  I  caufjht  hiiu  by  the  beard.  —  1 
Sani.  xvii. 

In  this  sense,  the  \^'ord  a'roinst  really  liehuitrs  lo 
the  verb,  and  is  necessary  to  give  it  Iliis  iiieiiiiing. 
[See  Rise,  another  form  of  this  verb,  which  has  the 
same  signification,  and  is  more  generally  used  in 
popular  language.] 

A-RIS'IN'CJ,  7»pr.  Ascending;  moving  upward;  orisi 
ntiting,  or  proceeding  from;  getting  up;  sjiringiiig 
up  ;  nppt^aring. 

A-RlS'TA,  71.  [I..]  In  hotany,  the  awn  ;  the  pointed 
beard  which  issues  from  the  husk  or  scaly  flower- 
cup  of  the  grasses,  called  the  glume.  Jlilne. 

AR'IS-TARCII,  71.  [from  Ari.itarrhus,  n  critic  dis- 
tinguished for  severity  among  the  uiicioiits.]  A 
severe  critic.  Knowle*. 


AR-I.S-TARCII'I-AN,  a.    Severely  critical,  like  the 

ancient  critic  Aristarchus. 
AR'IS-TARCH-Y,  n.    [Gr.  apiaros,  best,  and  apxn, 

rule.] 

A  body  of  good  men  in  power,  or  government  by 
excellent  men.  Harrington, 

A-RIS'TATE,  a.  Awnt-d ;  having  a  pointed,  beard- 
like process  ;  as  the  glumes  of  wlieat. 

AR-IS-TOe'RA-CY,  7i.  [Gr.  aiHoT»s,  best,  and 
KjiaTco!,  to  hold  or  govern.] 

1.  A  form  of  government,  in  which  the  whole 
sujireme  power  is  vested  in  the  principal  persons  of 
a  state,  or  in  a  privileged  order.  When  the  supreme 
power  is  exercised  by  a  small  number,  the  govern- 
ment is  called  an  oligarchy.  I'he  latter  word,  how- 
ever, is  usually  applied  to  a  corrupted  form  of  aris- 
tocracy. 

a.  The  nobility  or  chief  persons  in  a  state. 
AR'lS-TO-€RAT,  or  A-RlS'TO-€RAT,  71.    One  who 
favors  an  aristocracy  in  principle  or  practice  ;  one 
«  ho  is  a  friend  to  an  aristocratical  form  of  govern- 
ment. Burke. 
AR-IS-TO-CRAT'ie,       /  a.    Pertaining  to  aristoc- 
Alf-JS-TO-CRAT'IC-AL,  j     racy;   consisting    in  a 
c  t  "eriiiiieiil  of  noliles,  or  priucip,ij  men  ;  as,  an  aris- 
*  r.  utic  constitution. 

2.  Partaking  of  aristocracy ;  as,  an  aristocratic 
measure  ;  aristocratic  pride  or  manners. 

AR-IS-TO-CRAT'ie-AL-lA',  adv.  In  an  aristocrat- 
ical manner. 

AR-lS-TO-CRAT'ie-AE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of 

being  aristocratical. 
AR-IS-TO-PHAN'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  Aristophanes. 

JV.  A.  Rev. 

AR-IS-TO-Tk'LI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Aristotle,  a 
celebrated  philosopher,  who  was  born  at  Stagyra,  in 
Maceilon,  aliciut  384  years  before  Christ.  'J'he  Aris- 
totelian philiisiiphy  is  otherwise  called  tlte peripatetic. 

AR-IS-Tt)-TK'Ll-AN,  71.  A  follower  of  Aristotle,  who 
was  a  disciple  of  Plato,  and  founded  the  sect  of /im- 

pajrfies.     [See  PEniPATETIc] 

AR-IS-TO-Tic'Ll-AN-IS.\l,  n.  The  philosophy  or  doc- 
trines of  Aristotle. 
AR-lS-TO-TEL'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  Aristotle  or  to 

his  philosophy. 

The  pernicious  effects  of  the  Aristotelic  system.  Schlegel,  Trans. 
AR'ITH-MAN-CY  of  A-RITH'M AN-CY,  71.  [Gr. 

api6/i05,iiuinber,  and  pavreia,  divination.] 

Divination,  or  the  foretelling  of  future  events  by  the 

use  or  observation  of  numbers. 
A-RITll'i\lE-Tie,  11.    [Gr.  afn6,aM,  to  number,  n^.ift- 

jirjTiKn,  the  art  of  numbering,  from  u/hO/ios,  number ; 

from  fiuUiuif,  number,  rhythm,  order,  agreement.] 
The  science  of  numbers,  or  the  ait  of  computation. 

The  various  operations  of  arithmetic  are  performeil 

by  addition,  subtraction, multiplication,  and  division. 
AR  ITH-MET'ie,  la.  Pertaining  to  arithmetic  ; 
AR-ITH-.'\lET'ie-AL,  )     according  to  the  rules  or 

method  of  aritlimetic. 
AR-ITH-MET'ie-AL-LY,  <i'/r.     According   to  the 

rules,  principles,  or  method  of  arithmetic. 
A-Rn'H-ME-TI"CIAN,  71.    One  skilled  in  arithmetic, 

or  versed  in  the  science  of  numbers. 
ARK,  71.    [Fr.  arcke;  L.  area;  Sp.  Vet.  It.  urea,  a 

chest  or  coffer  ;  Ir.  airg,  airlc ;  Sax.  ere  or  erk ;  G. 

arcke  ;  D.  arke ;  Ch.  tJiN.] 

1.  A  small,  close  vessel,  chest,  or  coffer,  such  as 
that  which  was  the  repository  of  l'-.e  tables  of  the 
covenant  among  the  Jews.  This  vyas  about  three 
feet  nine  inches  in  length.  The  li''  was  the  pro- 
pitiatory, or  mercy-seat,  over  ^^•hici>  were  the  cheru- 
bim. 'J'he  vessel  in  which  Moses  was  set  afloat 
upon  the  Nile,  was  an  ark  of  bulrushes. 

2.  The  large,  floating  vessel  in  which  Noah  and 
his  family  were  preserved  during  ths  deluge. 

3.  A  depository. 

Arise,  O  I.or^l,  into  thy  rest,  thou  and  the  ark  of  thy  strength.— 
I's.  cxxxii. 

4.  A  large  boat  used  on  American  rivers  to  trans- 
port produce  to  market. 

5.  Ill  f«7-/v  English  and  Scottiiti  irriters,  a  chest 
or  coffer;  as,  an  ark  for  meal  ;  a  bolting  <iW..  Still 
used,  in  the  north  of  England,  for  a  chest  containing 
meal.  P-  Cye. 

ARK'ITE,  n.  A  term  used  by  liryant  to  denote  0111- 
of  the  persons  who  were  preserved  in  the  ark,  or 
who,  accoriling  to  pagan  fables,  belonged  to  the  ark. 

ARK'ITE,  n.    lielongiiig  to  the  ark.   Bryant.  Faber. 

ARK''I"I/--ITF<,  I  11.   A  mineral,  now  called  H'ri'Hrrltc  ; 

ARG'TIZ  ITE,  j     a  variety  of  scapolite. 

ARM,  71.  [Sax.  arm,  rami:  1).  G.  Sw.  Dan.  arm;  L. 
arnrns,  an  nivii,  a  sliouliler,  a  wing.  In  Riiss.  a 
shoulder  is  ivimo,  which  may  he  the  same  wiuil  as 
the  li.  armus.  If  so,  this  word  belongs  to  the  rinit 
Rill,  coinciding  with  L.  ramn.t,  a  branch,  that  is,  a 
shiiiil,  like  the  Celtic  hruirh,  I,,  bruchium.  Hut  if  the 
I,,  armns  is  directly  fidiii  the  (ir.  il//(io{,  a  joint,  it 
would  seem  to  bi'  I'.M  iued  from  Gr.  anco,  to  fit.] 

1.  Till'  limb  of  the  liiiniau  body  which  extends 
from  the  si  Ider  to  the  hand. 

2.  'I'he  hiaiieh  of  a  tri'i^,  or  the  slender  part  of  a 
niacliiiie,  projecting  from  a  trunk  or  axis.  The  limbs 
of  animals  are  also  sometimes  called  arms. 


FATE,  FAR,  F/^LL,  WIIi>T.  —  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  DIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 

— 


ARM 


ARM 


ARM 


I 


3.  An  iiili!t  of  water  from  the  sea. 

4.  Fi'Tural.irclii,  power,  might,  strength ;  as,  tlio 
seciilar"a™i.  In  this  sense  tlie  word  is  otleii  used  in 
llic  Scriptures. 

To  whom  is  Ihe  arm  of  the?  Lonl  rfvraldl  f  —  l»n.  Ilii. 
ARM,  ».  (.     [I-  anno;  Fr.  armer;  Sp.  arinar ;  It. 
armure  ;  from  L.  an/iw.j 

1.  To  furnish  or  equip  with  weapons  of  oflense  or 
defense  ;  as,  to  arm  the  militia. 

2.  To  cover  witii  a  plate,  or  witli  wliatever  will 
add  strength,  force,  or  security  ;  as,  to  urm  the  liilt 
of  a  sworil. 

H.  To  funiisii  with  means  of  defense  ;  to  prepare 
for  resistance  ;  to  fortify,  in  a  moral  sense. 

Ann  )otir»"lvr»  with  the  stuiic  niiiul. —  I  Pel.  iv. 
4.  To  fit  up ;  to  furnish  with  the  means  of  action 
(ur  effect;  as,  to  arm  a  hook  in  angling;  to  urm  a 
ilressin;;  in  surgery.  To  arm  a  lomLsloitc,  is  to  fit  it 
with  an  armature. 
XU.M,  r.  i.  To  provide  with  arms,  weapons,  or  means 
of  attack  or  resistance ;  to  take  arms  ;  as,  the  nations 
arm  for  war. 

This  verb  is  not  really  intransitive  in  this  use,  but 
rellective,  th^-  pronoun  "beins!  omitted.   'I'lie  nations 
firm  —  ft)r,  Ihe  nations  arm  theiit^elccs. 
All-.\I.\'1)A,  II.    (."'p.,  from  armi:.] 

A  Heel  (d'  armed  ships  ;  a  sipiadron.  The  term  is 
usually  applied  to  the  Spanish  lii;et  calleil  Ihe  Iiioin- 
ciblc  AniiiUn,  consisting  of  13U  ships,  iut.'uded  to  act 
against  Knsland,  in  the  reign  of  Uueeu  Elizabeth, 
A.  I).  l.W. 

XU-.MA-l)lIVLO,  n.  [Sp. ;  so  called  from  being  armed 
with  a  bony  shell.] 

A  n.nne  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  the  different 
species  of  ipia  lrup:^ds,  belonging  to  the  Linnaian 
genus  Desyim^;  peculiar  to  South  America,  and 
called  by  the  Portuguese  ciicubeslo,  from  their  pecu- 
liar covering,  and  by  the  natives  of  Hrazil  tutun. 
These  aniiiiids  have  only  molar  teeth,  and  arc  cov- 
ered with  a  hard,  bony  shell,  divided  into  movable 
belts,  except  on  the  forehead,  shoulders,  and  haunches, 
where  it  is  not  movable.  The  belts  are  connected 
by  a  membrane,  which  enables  the  animal  to  roll 
itself  up  like  a  hedgehog.  'I'hese  animals  burrow  in 
the  earth,  where  they  lie  during  the  daytime,  sel- 
dom going  abroad  except  at  night.  They  are  of  dif- 
ferent sizes  i  the  largest  nu)re  than  throe  feet  in 
length,  without  the  tail.  They  subsist  cliielly  on 
fruits,  roots,  and  insects ;  sometimes  on  llesli.  When 
attacked,  they  roll  themselves  into  a  ball,  presenting 
thiur  armor  on  all  sides  to  any  assailant ;  but  tiiey 
are  inoUensive,  and  their  llesh  is  esteemed  good 
food.  £;ic;/<:. 

AR.M'.V-ME.NT,  n.  [L.  armamenta,  utensils,  tackle, 
frtun  anna.] 

I.  .\  body  of  forces-  equipiicd  for  war;  used  of  a 
land  or  naval  force.  It  is  more  generally  used  of  a 
naval  force. 

2.  In  naval  affairs,  the  guns  and  other  munitions 

of  war  with  which  a  ship  is  armed. 
AR.M-.\-.MENT' A-RY,  n.   An  armory ;  a  magazine  or 

arsenal.    [Hardy  luseU.] 
ARM'.\-T(TkE,  n.    [L.  armatura.] 

1.  Armor;  thiit  which  defends  the  body.  It  com- 
prehends whatever  is  worn  for  ilrfense  of  the  body, 
and  has  been  sometimes  used  for  offcn.tive  weapons. 
Armature,  like  arm.')  and  armnr,  is  used  also  of  the 
furniture  of  animals  and  vegetables,  evidently  in- 
tended for  Uieir  protection,  as  prickles,  spines,  and 
horns. 

2.  In  ancient  militanj  art,  an  exercise  performed 
with  missive  weapons,  as  darts,  spears,  and  arrows. 

Encyc. 

3.  The  armature  of  a  magnet,  is  a  piece  of  iron  used 
to  connect  the  two  poles,  in  order  to  maintain  the 
magnetic  jiower  undiminished. 

Furincrly,  the  armature  or  armor  of  a  magnet  con- 
sisted of  two  pieces  of  iron  applied  to  the  poles  of  a 
panUlelopipedal  magnet,  so  as  to  project,  and  partly 
inclose  the  magnet  on  one  side,  and  thus  give  to  the 
poles  a  direction  perpendicular  to  their  original  direc- 
tion. Each  of  these  pieces  was  c;illed  the  armature 
of  its  respective  pole,  and  the  two  together  the 
armature  of  the  magnet.  In  order  to  preserve  the 
po.ver  of  a  magnet  so  armed,  and  to  combine  the 
action  of  the  two  poles,  the  latter  were  connected 
bv  a  piece  of  iron,  which  also  served  as  an  armature, 
llorstvshoe  magnets  have  been  substituted  for  such 
armed  magnets,  and  the  term  armature  Ins  been 
thus  limited  to  the  piece  of  iron  connecting  the  pides. 

FjI.  F.ncye.  Enfield. 

ARM'-CIIaIR,  n.  A  chair  with  arms  to  supiwrt  the 
elbows. 

AR.M'i;D,  (arind,)  pp.  or  a. 

1.  Fiirnislieil  with  weapons  of  offense  or  defense  ; 
furnished  with  the  means  of  security  ;  fortified,  in  a 
nioral  senfc. 

2.  In  heraldry,  armed  is  when  the  beaks,  Liloiis, 
horns,  or  fi-et  of  birds  and  beiu-^ls  of  prey  are  of  a  dif- 
ferent color  from  the  rest  of  the  body.  Chambers. 

3.  Furnished  or  fitted  with  an  armalure,  as  a  mag- 
net or  loadstone. 

4.  In  botany,  having  prickles  or  thorns.  Encyc. 


[L.  armcnl(ms.] 


An  armed  ship,  is  one  which  is  taken  into  the  ser- 
vice of  goveriiuieiit  for  a  particular  occasion,  and 
armed  like  a  ship  of  war. 

Jirmrd  in  fiiile.  .\  ship  is  armed  in  flute,  i.  e.,  after 
the  maimer  of  a  tran-purt,  when  part  of  her  guns  have 
been  taken  out  for  the  sake  of  making  room,  and  her 
effective  armament  is  thus  reduced  below  that  at 
which  she  rates. 
AR.M'^;D-CH.a1R,  n.  Pee  An>i-CiiAm. 
A  U-.M  i;'.NI-A.'V,  H.    A  native  of  Armenia  ;  or  the  lan- 

guagi'  of  the  country.  Sir  IV.  Jinie-t. 

XR-.Mic'.Nl-AN,  n.  I'eitaining  to  .■\rmenia  ;  a  country, 
anil  formerly  a  kiiigiioiii,  in  Asia,  divided  into  Ar- 
menia Alajorand  Minor. 

Armenian  bole,  is  a  species  of  clay  from  Armenia, 
and  found  in  other  countries,  lint  the  term,  being 
of  uncertain  signification,  is  rejected  in  modern  min- 
eralogy.   [See  Hole.]  Criinstedf.  Ktrwan. 

Armenian  stone;  a  soft,  blue  stone,  consisting  of  cal- 
careous eartJi  or  gypsum,  with  the  oxyd  of  copper. 
It  is  too  soft  to  give  fire  with  steel,  loses  its  color 
when  heateil,  and  does  not  admit  of  a  polish. 

JVicholso7u 

AR-MEN'T'AT,, 
AR-ML.N'T'I.NE,  . 

Helongiiig  to  a  drove  or  herd  of  cattle. 
ARME-PC"IS-S.\.\T,  a.    [See  I'uissant.]  Powerful 

ill  arms.  IVeeccr. 
ARM'FUL,  n.    As  much  as  the  arms  can  hold. 
AR.M'GAUiNT,  (i.    Slender,  as  the  arm.    [Ml  in  use.] 

Shiik. 

ARM'IIoLE,  71.  [arm  and  hole.]    The  cavity  under  the 
shoulder,  or  the  armpit.  Bacoiu 
2.  A  bole  for  the  arm  in  a  garment. 

ARM'I-tiER,  71.  [Ij.  armi^cr;  anna  and  ^cro ;  liter- 
ally, one  that  bears  ariii^.] 

An  esquire  ;  a  knight's  companion.  But  in  present 
vsarre,  armiirrr  is  a  title  of  dignity  next  in  degree  to 
a  knight.  In  times  of  chiralry,  it  signilied  an  at- 
tendant on  a  knight,  or  other  person  of  rank,  who 
bore  his  shield,  and  rendered  liiin  other  military  ser- 
vices. So  in  antiquity,  Abimelech,  Saul,  &.C.,  had 
their  armor-bearers,  jiidg.  ix.  1  Sam.  xvi.  As  had 
Hector  and  Achilles.  Jlomcr.  This  title,  under  the 
Norman  French  princes,  in  England,  wasexchanged, 
in  common  usage,  for  esquire,  Fr.  ecuyrr,  a  word  of 
similar  import,  from  ecu,  L.  scutum,  a  shield.  Ann- 
iirer  is  still  retained  with  us  as  a  title  of  respei  t, 
being  the  Latin  word  equivalent  to  esquire,  w  liich 
see.  iSpclman. 

AR-Ml6'ER-OUS,  a.    Bearing  arms. 

AR.M'IL-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  annilla,  a  bracelet,  from 
annus,  the  arm.] 

Resembling  a  bracelet,  or  ring;  consisting  of  rings 
or  circles.  The  armillary  sphere  is  an  artificial  sphere, 
composed  of  a  number  of  circles  of  the  mundane 
sphere,  put  together  in  their  natural  order,  to  assist 
in  giving  a  just  conception  of  the  constitution  of  the 
heavens,  and  the  motions  of  the  celestial  bodies. 
This  artificial  sphere  revolves  upon  its  axis  within 
a  horizon,  divided  into  degrees,  and  movable  every 
way  upon  a  brass  sujiporter.  ■  Encyc. 

ARM'IE-La-TED,  a.    Furnished  with  bracelets. 

ARM'ING,  ppr.  Equipping  with  arms  ;  providing  with 
the  means  of  defense  or  attack,  preparing  for  resist- 
ance, in  a  moral  sense ;  fitting  with  an  armature,  as 
a  magnet. 

ARM'INGS,  71.  pt.  The  same  as  waist-clothes,  hung 
about  a  ship's  upper  works.  Chambers. 

AR-Mli\'IAi\,  a.  Pertaining  to  Arniinius,  or  desig- 
nating his  principles. 

AR-.MIN'IAN,  n.  One  of  a  sect  or  party  of  Chris- 
tians, so  calli^d  from  Arminius,  or  Harmansen,  of 
Holland,  who  flourished  at  the  close  of  the  Kith  cen- 
tury and  beginning  of  the  ITtli.  The  Amiinian  doc- 
trines are,  1.  Conditional  election  and  reproluttitiii, 
in  opposition  to  absolute  predestiiuttion.  2.  Univer- 
sal redemption,  or  that  the  atonement  was  iiiaile  by 
Christ  for  all  mankind,  though  none  but  believers 
can  be  partakers  of  the  benefit.  3.  That  man,  in 
order  to  exercise  true  faith,  must  be  regenerated  and 
renewed  by  the  operation  of  tin;  Holy  Spirit,  which 
is  the  gift  of  God  ;  but  that  this  grace  is  not  irresist- 
ible, and  may  be  lost ;  so  that  men  may  relapse  from 
a  state  of  grace,  and  die  in  their  sins.  Encyc. 

AR-MIN'IAN-IS.M,  ii.  The  peculiar  doctrines  or  tenets 
of  the  Arminians. 

AR.M-IP'O-TE.NCE,  7i.  [anna  and  potentia.  See  Po- 
tency.]   Power  ill  arms.  Johnson. 

ARM-IP'0-TE.\'T,'a.  Powerful  in  arms;  mighty  in 
battle.  Uryden. 

AR.M-IS'O-NOITS,  <j.  [nr77ia  and  sonus.    See  Souxu.] 
Sounding  or  rustling  in  arms.  Johnson. 

ARM'IS-TICE,  71.  [L.  anna  and  sisto,  to  .st.and  still  ; 
Gr.  iiTtpi  i  Sp.  armisticia  i  It.  armistizioj  Fr.  ar- 
mistice. ] 

A  cessation  of  arms,  for  a  short  time,  by  conven- 
tion ;  a  truce  ;  a  temporary  suspension  of  hostilities 
by  agreement  of  the  parties. 
AR.M'LESS,a.  Without  an  arm  ;  destitute  of  weapons. 

Beaumont  ^'  Fletcher. 
.\RM'LET,  n.  [dim.  of  arm.]    A  small  ann  ;  as,  an 
armlet  of  the  sea ;  a  piece  of  armor  for  the  arm  ;  a 
bracelet.  Dnjden.  Johnson. 


AR.M'OR,  n.  [from  arm.] 

1.  Defensive  arms;  any  habit  worn  to  protect  the 
body  in  battle  ;  formerly  called  liarness.  A  complete 
armor  forineily  consisted  of  a  casque  or  helmet,  a 
gorget,  ciiirnss,  gauntlets,  tasse.H,  brasseLs,  cnishiM, 
and  covers  for  the  legs,  to  which  the  spurs  were  fa.^1- 
eiied.  Eneye, 

III  English  statutes,  armor  is  used  for  the  whole  ap- 
paratus of  war  ;  including  ofleiisive  as  well  as  de- 
fensive arms.  The  statutes  of  armor  directed  what 
arms  every  man  should  provide,  27  Hen.  II.,  and  tli  il 
of  Westminster,  13  Edw.  I.  Hei^ce  armor  includes 
all  instruments  of  war. 

Blarkslone,  1).  iv.  ch.  7  ;  b.  i.  ch.  13.  Hen.  inst, 
Brit  1).  iii.  ch.  1. 

2.  In  a  .■tpiritual  sense,  a  good  conscience,  faith^iid 
Christian  graces  arc  called  armor.  Rom.  xiii.  Eph. 
vi.   2  Cor.  vi. 

Coat  armor,  is  the  escutcheon  of  a  person  or  family, 
with  its  several  charges  and  other  furniture,  as  man- 
tling, crest,  siijiporters,  motto,  &c.  Encyc. 
Armor  of  a  nia<snet :  the  same  as  armature.  Etl.  Enc. 
ARM'OR-U'EaR-ER,  h.    One  who  carries  the  armor 

of  another. 
AR.M'OR-ER,  n. 

1.  A  maker  of  armor  or  arms  ;  a  manufacturer  of 
instruments  of  war.  The  armorer  of  a  ship  has  the 
charge  of  the  arms,  to  see  that  they  are  in  a  condi- 
tion lit  for  service. 

2.  One  who  has  care  of  the  arms  and  armor  of 
another,  and  who  dresses  him  in  armor. 

'I'hr  arinorert  .accomplishing  Ihi;  kiiirjiiui.  Sltak. 

AR.M-6'RI-.M/,  a.     Belonging  to  armor,  or  to  the 
arms  or  escutcheon  of  a  family  ;  as,  ensigns  arinwria/. 

Blackstone. 

AR-^IOU'IC,  )  a.  [Celtic  or,  upon,  and  Tiiw,  the 
AU-.MOll'IC-AN,  j     sea;  that  is,  maritime.] 

Designating  the  north-western  part  of  France,  for- 
merly called  Annorica,  now  liretagne,  or  llritaniiy. 
This  part  of  France  is  peopled  by  inhabitants  who 
speak  a  dialect  of  the  Celtic.  It  is  usually  supposed 
their  ancestors  were  refugees  or  colonists  from  Eng- 
land. 

AR-.MOR'IC,  7!.    The  Language  of  the  Arnioricans  ; 

one  of  the  Celtic  dialects  which  have  remained  to 

the  present  times. 
AR-JIOR'IC-AN,  71.    A  n.itivc  of  Annorica,  or  Bre- 

tagne. 

ARM'OR-IST,  71.    One  skilleil  in  heraldr>-. 
AR.M'OR-Y,  7t.    A  place  where  arms  and  instruments 
of  war  are  deposited  for  safe  keeping. 

2.  Armor  ;  defensive  and  offensive  arms.  Milton. 

3.  Ensigns  armorial.  Upenser. 

4.  The  knowledge  of  coat-armor  ;  that  branch  of 
heraldry  which  treats  of  coat-armor.  F.ncye. 

5.  In  the  United  Slates,  a  place  or  building  in  which 
arms  are  manufactured. 

AR.M'PIT,  71.  [arTii  and  pit.]    The  hollow  place  or  cav- 
ity under  the  shoulder.  Jtlozon. 
AR.MS,  71.  pi.    [L.  anna ;  Fr.  anne  ;  Sp.  and  It.  arma.] 

1.  VVeapons  of  offense,  or  armor  for  defense  and 
protection  of  the  body. 

2.  War ;  hostility. 

Arms  mid  the  man  I  siiii^.  Dryden. 

To  be  in  arms;  to  bo  in  a  state  of  hostility,  or  prep- 
aration ft>r  war. 

To  arms,  is  a  phrase  which  denotes  a  taking  arms 
for  war  or  hostility  ;  particularly,  a  summoning  to  war. 

To  take  aniui,  is  to  arm  for  attack  or  defense. 

Bred  to  arms,  dimotes  that  a  person  has  been  edu- 
cated to  the  profession  of  a  soldier. 

3.  'Pile  ensigns  armori.al  of  a  family  ;  consisting  of 
figures  and  colors  borne  in  shiehls,  banners,  &c.,  as 
marks  of  dignity  and  distinction,  and  descending 
from  father  to  son. 

4.  In  lair,  arms  are  any  thing  which  a  man  takes 
in  his  hand  in  anger,  to  strike  or  .ass.ault  another. 

Cowel.  Blackstone, 

5.  In  botany,  one  of  the  seven  kinds  of  fulcra  or 
props  of  plants,  ennmctated  by  Linmeus  and  others. 
'I'lie  different  species  of  arms,  or  armor,  are  prickles, 
thorns,  forks,  and  stings,  which  seem  intended  to 
protect  the  plants  from  Injury  by  animals. 

.Vilne.  Martyn. 
Fire-arms,  arc  such  as  may  be  charged  with  pow- 
der, as  cannon,  muskets,  mort.ars,  &c. 

A  stand  of  amis,  consists  of  a  musket,  bayonet, 
cartridge-box  and  belt,  with  a  sword.  But  for  coiii- 
mon  stildiers  a  sword  is  not  necessary. 

In  falconry,  arms  are  the  legs  of  a  hawk  from  the 
thigh  to  the  foot.  Encyc 
ARMS'-E.N'D,  H.    At  the  end  of  the  arms  ;  at  a  good 

dist.aiice  ;  a  phrase  taken  from  boxers  or  wrestlers. 
ARM'-SHaP-KD,  (-shapt,)  a.    Shaped  like  the  arm. 
AR.M'S'-LEXGTH,  71.    The  length  of  the  arm. 

To  keep  at  arms-lengtJi,  is  sometimes  used  figura- 
tively for  keeping  one  off;  not  allowing  one  to  come 
into  close  contact  or  familiuritv. 
ARM'S'-Rj-.ACH,  71.    Within  reach  of  the  arm. 
AR'.MY,  71.    [Fr.  amife  ;  It.  arftArtr,  or  armhar;  tnm 
the  common  rivit  of  arm,  anno,  arma.] 

1.  .\  collection  or  hoily  of  men  armed  for  war,  and 
organized  in  companies,  battalions,  regiments,  brig- 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  0  as  J  j  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ARQ 


ARR 


ARR 


ades,  and  divisions,  under  prn])i;r  officers.  In  ijener- 
al,  an  army,  in  modern  times,  consists  of  infantry 
and  cavalry,  with  artillery  ;  altlionsli  tlie  union  of 
all  is  not  essential  to  the  constitution  of  an  army. 
Among  savages,  annies  are  diffrrently  furmid. 

2.  \  great  numher  ;  a  vast  niiiltiludu  ;  as,  an  army 
of  locusts  or  caterpillars.    Joel  ii.  2.5. 

XR'NOLD-IST,  ji.  A  disciple  of  Arnold  of  Brescia, 
who,  in  the  12th  century,  preaclicd  ajainst  the 
Roman  Catholic  church,  for  which  he  was  banished  ; 
but  he  was  afterward  permitted  to  return.  By  his 
preachin",  an  insurrection  was  excited,  for  wliich  he 
was  condemned-and  executed.  Eiicyc. 

XR'XOT,  71.  A  name  of  the  pignut  or  eailhnut,  a  spe- 
cies of  Carum,  (Bunium,  Linn.) 

XR-XOT'TO,  n.  The  Anotta ;  whicli  see.  Also,  a 
tree  so  called. 

A R'. NUTS,  n.    Tall  oat-grass. 

A-RO'MA,  71.    [Gr.  aowfia.] 

The  quality  of  plants,  or  other  substances,  which 
constitutes  their  fragrance,  which  is  perceived  by  an 
agreeable  smell,  accompanied  in  some  with  a  warm, 
spicy  taste. 

AR-0-.MAT'l€,       j  0-     Fragrant  ;  spicy ;  strong- 

AR-0-.M.\T'ie-.\L,  j  scented;  odoriferous  ;  having 
an  agreeable  odor. 

AR-O-.M.Vr'ie,  n.  A  plant,  drug,  or  medicine,  char- 
acterized by  a  fragrant  smell,  and  usually  by  a  warm, 
pungent  taste.  C//c.  Parr. 

AR-0-.MAT-I-Z.^'TION,  71.  The  act  of  impregnating 
or  KC.entins  with  aroma,  or  rendering  aromatic. 

A-RoMA-TiZE,  I',  t.  To  impregnate  with  aroma  ;  to 
infuse  an  aromatic  odor ;  to  give  a  spicy  scent  or 
taste  ;  to  perfume.  Baron. 

A-RO'M A-TIZ-£D,  pp.  Impregnated  with  aroma; 
rendered  fragrant. 

A-RO'.M.\-TIZ-ER,  71.  That  which  communicates  an 
aromatic  quality.  Evclyiu 

A-Ro'.M A-TIZ-L\G,  ppr.  Rendering  spicy;  impreg- 
nating with  aroma. 

A-Ro'.MA-TOUS,  a.  Containing  aroma,  or  the  princi- 
ple of  fragrance. 

AR'Ol'H,  71.  [a  contraction  of  arnmiz  p/n7i),«npSor«m.] 
.\  name  by  which  salfron  is  sometimes  called. 
Jlroph  Paracelsi,  a  chemical  preparation  of  Paracel- 
sus, formed  by  sublimation  from  equal  quantities  of 
hematite  and  sal  ammoniac.  'I'he  term  ampk  is  also 
used  by  the  same  writer  as  synonymous  with  Kllwn- 
truptic,  a  solvent  for  the  stone.  Ennjc.  Coze. 

A  ROSE' ;  the  past  or  preterit  tense  of  the  verb  to 
Arise. 

A-ROUXD',  prfp.    [o  and  roiiiif/.    See  Round.] 

1.  About;  on  all  sides;  encircling;  encompassing. 

A  lambent  fl.ime  around  his  Itrows.  Dryden, 

2.  In  a  looser  sense,  from  place  to  place ;  at  ran- 
dom. 

A  ROUND',  adv.   In  a  circle  ;  on  every  side. 

2.  In  a  looser  sense,  at  random  ;  without  any  fixed 
direction ;  as,  to  travel  around  from  town  to  town. 
[See  Round.] 

A-KOU'RA,  71.  [Gr.]  A  Grecian  measure  of  fifty  feet. 
Also,  a  square  measure  of  half  the  pletliron,  or,  ac- 
cording to  Suidas,  of  a  fourth  part  of  a  iilethron. 
The  Egj-ptian  arnura  was  the  square  of  a  hundred 
feet,  or  a  hundred  cubits.     .drhatk.    Smithes  Vict. 

A-ROUSE',  (a-rouz',)  r.  t.  [in  Ileb.  Sin  ;  Ar.  (j<3j.=»- 

haratza,  to  stir,  to  excite.  It  is  often  contracted  in- 
to rouse.  It  may  be  allied  to  D.  rmizcti;  G.  brauscn, 
to  rage,  to  stir,  bluster.    Class  Rs.] 

To  excite  into  action  that  which  is  at  rest ;  to  stir, 
or  put  in  motion  or  exertion,  that  which  is  languid  ; 
as,  to  arouse  one  from  aleep ;  to  arouse  the  dormant 
faculties. 

A-R(H!S'F,n,  pp.  Excited  into  action ;  put  in  motion. 
A-ROUS'ING,  ppr.    Putting  in  motion;  stirring;  ex- 
citing into  action  or  exertion. 
A-RoVV,  ado.    [a  and  row.]    In  a  row  ;  successively. 

Siihiry.  Shale. 

A-ROYNT',  a/iu.    Be  gone;  away.    [04.,.]  Shale. 
AR-PEQ'dl-O,  (ir-ped'je-o,)  71.     [It.,  from  ar^a,  a 
harp.] 

In  music,  a  term  denoting  that  the  notes  of  a  chord 
are  ht^ard  in  rapid  succession,  and  not  simultan(;(ms- 
ly  ;  or  the  striking  the  notcrs  (jf  a  chord  in  quick  suc- 
cvsiiion,  in  the  manner  of  playing  the  harp. 

Tiirk.  P.  Cyc. 
XR'PENT,  71.  [Fr.  a77>cn(;  Norm.  ar//c/i.  In  Domes- 
day, it  is  written  arptnnits,  arpmdns,  and  arpent. 
Cohirri"Ila  iiir-ntions  liiat  (he  tirrpnuiis  was  equal  to 
half  the  Itoinaii  jugrr.  The  word  is  said,  by  .Scali 
ger,  to  be  derived  from  arprndium,  i.  e.  nruiprndiuni, 
or  arriprnniuniy  .1  cord  for  meiusuring  land.  Spcbnan, 
l.unirr.} 

A  portion  of  land  in  France,  ordinarily  containing 
one  hundri'd  xqiiarc  rod-<  or  pi-n  In  «,  l  ach  of  18  feet. 
But  the  ariient  is  did'.  reni  in  ditlVreiit  parts  of 
France.  The  arpent  of  Paris  contains  Ml)  sipiare 
toiscH.  It  is  lemi  than  the  Knglisli  acre  by  about 
one  nevcnlh. 

Snrlman.   Eneye,    Citwrl.   Jlrlhur  Young. 
XR-aUE-IiCS-ADE',  n.    A  dixlilled  water  applied  to 


a  bruise  or  wound  ;  so  called  because  it  was  original- 
ly used  as  a  vulnerary  in  gunshot  wounds.  Purr. 
9.  The  shot  of  an  arqu.  buse.  j3.<A. 
XR'aUE-BUSE,  ,    (  a.     [Fr.  from  nrquer,  to  make 
HAR'aUE-BUSE,  (     crooked,  and  the  Teut.  bus,  a 
pipe,  a  gun  ;  D.  bus,  a  tube,  pipe,  gun  ;  Sw.  bossa,  a 
gun  or  cannon.    Hence  the  word  signifies  a  hook- 
gun.] 

A  sort  of  hand-gun  ;  a  species  of  fire-arms,  an- 
ciently used,  which  was  cocked  with  a  wheel.  It 
carried  a  ball  that  weighed  nearly  two  ounces. 
A  larger  kind,  used  in  fortresses,  carried  a  ball  of 
three  ounces  and  a  half  Encyc. 
XR-aUE-BUS-lEil',  71.  A  soldier  armed  with  an  ar- 
quebuse. 

AU'aUI-FOUX,  (ar'ke-foo,)  n.  A  kind  of  lead  ore, 
used  by  potters  to  give  their  wares  a  green  varnish. 

jMcCuUoch. 

AR'RACII,  71.  A  plant.  [See  Orrach.] 
AR-K,\CK',  71.  [contracted  into  racA'.]  A  spirituous 
liquor  from  the  Jiast  Indies.  The  name  is  said  to 
siirnify,  in  the  E;ist,  any  spirituous  liquor ;  but  that 
which  usually  bears  this  name  is  a  liquor  distilled 
from  toddy,  the  juice  of  the  cocoanut-tree,  procured 
by  incision.  Some  persons  allege  it  to  be  a  sjiirit  dis- 
tilled from  rice  or  sugar,  fermented  with  the  juice  of 
the  cocoanut 

AR'RA-GON-lTE,  n.  [from  Jlrragon,  in  Spain,  where 
it  was  first  observed.] 

In  mineralogy,  carbonate  of  lime,  crj'stallized  In 
rhombic  prisms,  or  in  forms  derived  from  the  same. 
It  differs  from  common  carbonate  of  lime,  or  calcare- 
ous spar,  in  its  crj'stallization  ;  the  crystals  of  the  lat- 
ter affording,  by  cleavage,  a  rhombohedron,  and  those 
of  the  arragonitc  a  rhombic  prism.  It  has  also  a  great- 
er liardness,  and  a  higher  specific  gravity  than  calca- 
reous spar.  Dana. 

AR-RaIGN',  (ar-rane',)  v.  t.  [Norm,  arranrr,  arrai- 
soner,  and  aresncr,  to  put  to  answer,  to  arraign.  The 
usual  derivation  of  this  word  from  Sax.  wregan,  ge- 
icregan,  to  accuse,  is  probably  incorrect.  It  appears  to 
be  of  Norman  origin,  and  if  5  is  radical,  it  coincides 
in  origin  with  L.  reus,  contracted  from  the  root  of 
res.] 

1.  To  call  or  set  a  prisoner  at  the  bar  of  a  court,  to 
answer  to  the  matter  charged  against  him  in  an  in- 
dietuieiit  or  information.  When  called,  the  indict- 
ment is  read  to  him,  and  he  is  put  to  plead,  guilty  or 
not  guilty,  and  to  elect  by  whom  he  will  be  tried. 

*  Blacksione, 

2.  According  to  law  writers,  to  set  in  order ;  to  fit, 
for  trial  ;  a.s,  to  arraign  a  writ  of  novel  disseisin.  To 
arraign  the  assize,  is  to  cause  the  demandant  to  be 
called  to  make  the  plaint,  and  set  the  cause  in  order, 
that  the  tenant  may  be  brought  to  answer.  Cowcl. 

3.  To  accuse ;  to  charge  with  faults.  Johnson. 
More  correctly,  to  call  before  the  bar  of  reason,  or 
taste  ;  to  call  in  iiuestion,  for  faults,  before  any  tri- 
bunal. 

Thfy  will  not  arraign  you  for  wnnt  of  knowled^.  Dryden. 

AR-R.aIGN',  (ar-rine',)  71.  Arraignment ;  as,  clerk  of 
the  arraigns.  Blackstone. 

AR-RaIGN'£D,  pp.  Called  before  a  tribunal  to  an- 
swer, and  elect  triers  ;  accused  ;  called  in  question. 

AR-RaIGN'ER,  71.    One  who  arraigns.  Coleridge. 

AR-RaIGN'ING,  ppr.  Calling  before  a  court  or  tribu- 
nal ;  accusing. 

AR-RaIGN'MENT,  n.  [Norm,  arresnemcnt,  arrayne- 
vient.] 

1.  The  act  of  arr.iigning ;  the  act  of  calling  and 
setting  a  prisoner  before  a  court  to  answer  to  an  ac- 
cusation, and  to  choose  his  triers. 

2.  Accus.ation. 

3.  A  calling  in  question  for  faults. 
AR-RaI'MENT,  71.  [See  Array.]   Clothes ;  garments. 

We  now  use  raiment. 
AR-RaNGE',  v.  f.    [Fr.  arranger,  of  ad  and  ranger,  to 
set  in  order ;  Arm.  renega,  rang,  rank,  a  row  or  line. 
See  Rank.] 

1.  To  put  in  proper  order  ;  to  dispose  the  parts  of  a 
whole  in  the  manner  intended,  or  best  suited  for  the 
purpose  ;  as,  troops  arranged  for  batth;. 

2.  To  adjust;  to  settle;  to  put  in  order;  to  pre- 
pare :  a  popular  use  of  the  word,  of  very  general  appli- 
cation. 

AR-RaNG'KD,  (ar-mnjd',)  pp.  Put  in  order ;  disposed 

in  the  proper  order  ;  adjusted. 
AR  RaNGE'MENT,  71,    The  act  of  putting  in  proper 

order ;  the  state  of  being  i)ut  in  order  ;  disposition  in 

suitable  form. 

2.  'i'liat  which  isdisposcd  in  order ;  system  of  parts 
disposed  in  du('  order. 

The  iiiUT'-Rt  of  llKil  porlitin  of  social  arrangemtnt  is  in  the  handa 
of  all  lht«e  who  compose  it.  llurkt. 

3.  Preparatory  mt^tisure ;  previous  disposition  ;  as, 
we  have  made  arrangrmenti  for  receiving  company. 

4.  Final  sellli  iin  iil ;  adjustment  by  agreement ;  as, 
tile  parties  have  inadi'  an  arrangement  bdvveeu  them- 
selves concerning  their  disputes:  u  popular  use  of  Uie 
word. 

.').  Classification  of  facts  relating  to  a  Subject,  or  of 
ohji  cis,  in  regular,  systc^matic  Older  ;  as,  the  Linnai- 
!     an  arrangement  of  plantH. 


AIM!  A  NCE!!,  «.    One  Ihat  puts  in  order. 
AI!  1!A\G'L\G,  ppr.    Putting  in  due  order  or  form, 
adjusting. 

AR'il.'VNT,  a.  [1  suppose  this  to  be  a  different  spell- 
ing of  Erbant,  whicli  see.] 

Notorious,  in  an  ill  sense  ;  infamous  ;  mere  ;  vile  ; 
as,  an  arrant  rogue  or  coward. 
AR'IIANT-LV,  adr.    Notoriously,  in  an  ill  sense;  in- 
famously ;  impiiilently  ;  shamefully. 
AR'RAS,  71.  n>aid  to  b,'  from  .^rras,  the  capital  of  Ar- 
tois,  in  the  French  Netherlands,  where  this  article 
was  manufactured.] 
Tapestry  ;  hangings  wove  with  figures.  Shak. 
AR-RAUGHT',  (  rawt,)  a.    Seized  by  violence. 

Spenser. 

AR-RaY',  71.  [Norm,  araie,  and  arran-,  arair,  to  array, 
settle,  prepare  ;  ray,  a  robe,  ami  the  array  or  panuel 
of  the  jury  ;  old  Fr.  arroi ;  [this  is  a  word  contruct- 
ed  ;]  Ir.  earradh,  a  suit  of  armtir,  furniture,  accoitter- 
nuuits,  wares  ;  It.  arredo,  furniture,  implements,  rig- 
ging ;  arrrdare,  to  prepare  or  equip;  Arm.  reiza,  lo 
put  in  order  or  arrange  ;  Sp.  arreo  ;  Port,  arreio,  ar- 
reyo,  array,  dress  ;  Port,  arrear,  to  dress.  Class  Rd, 
and  allied  tti  rod,  radius,  ray.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  make  straight  or  right,    ^ee  Dress.] 

1.  Order  ;  disposition  in  regular  lines  ;  as,  an  army 
in  battle  array.    Hence,  a  posture  of  defense. 

2.  Dress  ;  garments  disposed  in  order  upon  the  per- 
son. Dryden. 

3.  In  law,  the  act  of  impanncling  a  jury  ;  or  a  juiy 
impanneled  ;  thiit  is,  a  jury  set  in  order  by  the  sher- 
ifl",  or  called  man  by  man.         Blackstone.  Cowcl. 

Contmission  uf  array,  in  English  history,  was  acom- 
mission  given  by  the  prince  to  ofiicers  in  every  coun- 
ty, to  muster  and  array  the  inhabitants,  or  see  them 
in  a  condition  for  war.  Blackstone. 
AR-RaY',  b.  t.  To  place  or  dispose  in  order,  as  troops 
for  battle. 

2.  'i'o  deck  or  dress  ;  to  adorn  with  dress :  applied 
especially  to  dress  of  a  splendid  kind. 

Array  thyself  with  <7lopy.  —  Job  xl. 

Pllaraoh  arrayed  Joseph  with  line  linen.  — Gen.  xli. 

3.  To  set  a  jury  in  order  for  the  trial  of  a  cause  ; 
that  is,  to  call  them  man  by  man.  Blackstone.  Cowel. 

4.  To  envelop. 

Ill  gelid  caves  with  horrid  glooms  arrayed.  TrumhuU. 

AR-RaY'£!D,  (ar-rade',)  pp.  Set  in  order,  or  in  lines  ; 
arranged  in  order  for  attack  or  defense  ;  dressed  ; 
atlorned  by  dress  ;  impanneled,  as  a  jury  ;  enveloped. 

AR-RaY'ER,  71.  One  who  arrays.  In  some  early  Eng- 
lish statutes,  an  officer  who  had  care  of  the  soldiers' 
armor,  and  who  saw  them  tluly  accoutenul.  In 
some  reigns,  commissioners  of  anay  were  appoint- 
ed for  this  purpose.  Encyc. 

AR-R.aY'ING,  ppr.  Setting  in  order;  putting  on 
spleutlid  raiment;  impanneting. 

AR-Rk.\R',  ai/w.  [Fr.  urricrc,  behind.  In  some  of  its 
uses  it  has  the  sense  of  lower,  inferior.  [See  Arri- 
ere-ban.] Sp.  and  Port,  arriar,  to  Itiwer  sail  ;  Ann. 
rear,  rerr,  or  7-p/r,  the  fundament  ;  W.  rhrryr,  id., 
from  rhev,  thick.  Lunier  deiluces  arrear  and  arricre 
from  L.  ad  and  retro.  But  the  ilerivatioii  from  the 
Celtic  seems  most  probably  correct.] 

Behind  ;  at  the  hinder  part.  Spenser. 
In  tliis  seiisr  obsolrle.    But  from  this  use,  we  retain 
the  word  as  a  noun  in  the  phrase  i;i  arrear,  to  signi- 
fy behind  in  payment. 

AR-Ri;AR',  71.  That  which  is  behind  in  payment,  or 
which  remains  unpaid,  though  due.  It  is  generally 
used  in  the  plural ;  as,  tlve  arrears  of  rent,  wages,  anil 
taxes  ;  antl  supposes  a  part  of  the  money  iilreatly  paitl. 

AR-Rr.AR'AGE,  71.  [arrear  and  the  common  French 
termination  age.] 

Arrears;  any  sum  of  money  remaining  unpaid,  af- 
ter previous  payment  of  a  part.  A  person  may  he  in 
arrear  for  the  whtde  amtiunt  of  a  tU-bt ;  but  arrears 
and  arrearage  imply  that  a  part  has  been  paid. 

AR-RECT',  ■    (  a.     [L.  arrrctus,  raised,  erect,  from 

AR-RECT'ED,  (     arrigo.    See  Reach.] 

F.rert ;  attentive;  as  a  person  listening.  Jlkenside. 

AR-REN-Ta'TION,  71.  [Sp.  arrcndar,  to  rent,  to  lake 
by  lease;  of  ad  and  reddo,  to  return.    See  Rent.] 

In  the  forest  Imrs  of  England,  a  liccnsingthe  own<;r 
of  land  in  a  forest  to  inclose  it  with  a  small  ditch  and 
low  hedge,  in  consideratitm  of  a  yearly  rent.  Cowel. 

AR-REP-TI"TI0US,  (ar-rep-tish'us,)  a.  [E.  arreptus, 
of  ad  antl  rapio,  to  snatch.    See  Rai'aciocs.] 

1.  Snatched  awtiy. 

2.  [«ii  and  rc/w,  to  creep.  SccC'reep.]  Crept  in 
privily.  Johnson.  Bailey, 

AR-REST',  V.  t.  [Fr.  nrrlter,  fiir  arrester :  !?\>.  arres- 
tar  ;  It.  arrestare  ;  L.  resto,  Itt  sttip  ;  W  araws.arosi, 
to  stay,  wait,  tlwidl  ;  Eng.  to  rest.    See  Rest.] 

1.  To  obstruct;  to  slop;  to  check  or  hinder  mo- 
tion ;  as,  to  arrest  the  current  of  a  river ;  to  ai-resf 
tin;  senses. 

2.  'I'o  take,  seize,  or  apprehend  by  virtue  of  n  war- 
rant from  authority  ;  as,  to  arrest  one  for  debt,  or  for 
u  crime. 

3.  'I'll  seize  and  fix  ;  as,  to  arrest  the  eyes,  or  at- 
tenlit>it. 

The  uppenmnce  of  snch  R  person  In  the  world,  and  nt  such  n 
pi'i-iod,  ought  to  nrrett  the  cunsidenuion  ol  every  thinking 
mind.  Hitckniinatin: 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^U.,  WII/VF  MRTE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


70 


ARR 


ARR 


ART 


4.  To  hinder  or  restrain ;  as,  to  arrest  tlie  course 
of  justice. 

All-llKST'j  n.  The  Iiil<iiia  or  iipprclirndiiiK  of  a  per- 
son liy  vnliie  of  a  wiirranl  IVih"  iiiuhority.  An  ar- 
rest is  mad;'  liv  sei/.in-;  iir  toui'liin};  iln^  lioily. 

2.  Any  seizure,  or  taking  by  powtr,  iiliysic;il  or 
mural. 

3.  A  stop,  liinrtiTance,  or  restraint. 

■t.  In  law,  m\  arrn.it  of  judanient  is  tile  staying  or 
stopping  of  a  judsnienl  alli  r  veiilii  l,  for  causes  as- 
sianc'd.  Courw  have  power  to  arrest  judgment  for 
intrinsic  causes  appearing  upon  the  f;ici^  of  the  rec- 
ord ;  as  when  tinr  declaration  varies  froin  the  origi- 
nal writ;  when  the  venliet  dill'ers  materially  from 
the  pleadings  ;  or  when  llir  case  laid  in  the  declara- 
tion is  not  sntiicient,  in  |)iiint  of  law,  to  found  an  ac- 
tion upon.  The  motion  fir  this  purpose  is  c:illed  a 
motion  in  arrr.--l  of  jMd!.'m"nt.  Bliichslonc. 

.'■>.  ,\  mangy  hUMU>r  li  tu  i  <  ii  tin.'  ham  and  pastern 
of  tho  hirnl  le^s  of  a  hors. ,  Johit^iun. 

Alt-l{H.~<T-A'TlO.N,  )i.  Tlie  act  of  arresting  ;  an  ar- 
rest, or  sel/.ure. 

AR-KUST'EL),  /)/).  Seized;  apprehended;  stopped; 
hindered  ;  restrained. 

AK-lU;.<r'F,R,  I  II.    One  who  arrests.    In  Smti  law, 

.'VU-KliST'OK,  i  the  person  at  whose  suit  an  arrest- 
ment is  m:ide. 

Ail-llEST'lN'ti,  ypr.  Seizing;  staying;  hijidiring; 
restraining. 

All-11KST'ME.\T,  n.  A  term,  in  Scots  law,  applied  to 
persons  or  things.  Applied  to  prrtiuiis,  it  d.  noli'S,  in 
crhninal  cases,  the  securing  of  a  criminal  until  he 
undergoes  trial,  or  finds  caution  or  hail,  and  in  some 
civil  cases,  the  securing  of  a  delitor,  untd  he  gives  se- 
curity. Applied  to  t/iinir.i,  it  denotes  the  atlachment, 
by  a  creditor,  of  the  movable  irsUite  of  a  debtor,  or 
the  order  of  a  judgi^,  by  which  he  who  is  dt  blor  in  a 
movable  obligation  to  tile  arrester's  debtor,  is  pro- 
hibited to  make  payment  or  delivery,  till  the  debt 
due  to  the  arrester  is  paid  or  secured.  'I'he  debtor, 
thus  restrained,  is  called  Uie  arrcilce,  as  the  restrain- 
ing creditor  is  called  the  arrestrr.  Kit.  Kiicijc. 

AR-RF.T',  (ar-ri',)  n.  [Fr.  urrSt ;  arrester,  arrSter,  to 
detain,  to  fix,  to  determine.] 

A  French  word,  signifying,  1.  .'V  jiidament,  decis- 
ion, or  decree.  Applied  more  particularly  to  the  judg- 
ments and  decisions  of  courts  :ind  tribunals,  iiefoie 
the  revolution,  it  denoted  a  judgiiu  nt  or  decision  of 
a  soveieign  court,  such  as  the  parliaments,  chamber 
of  accounts,  court  of  aids,  and  some  others,  whose 
decisions  were  without  appeal,  and  could  be  reversed 
only  by  their  own  act,  or  by  the  king  or  his  council ; 
also,  the  decisions  or  decrees  of  the  royal  council, 
which  were  considered  as  a  part  of  the  French  law. 
2.  .Vii  arrest  or  seizure  of  persons,  or  a  seizure  or  at- 
tachment of  goods  ;  corresponding  to  the  Scotcli  law 
term  nrrc.ttmcnt. 

AR-IIKT',  V.  U  To  assign  ;  to  allot.  [Ohs.]  Spenser. 

AU-RII)E',  V.  t.    [L.  arrideo.1 

To  laugh  at ;  to  please  well.    [JVut  in  use.'] 

B,  Jonson, 

AU  RH"RF,',  (ar-reer',)  n.    [Fr.  arriire.] 

'J'lie  last  body  of  an  army ;  now  called  Rear, 
which  see. 

Jirrirre-ban  ;  tile  convocation,  by  the  sovereign,  of 
all  his  feudatories,  to  march  in  arms  against  the  en- 
emy. Enctjc.  Melh. 

Ban  and  arrim-ban  ;  the  assembly  of  the  vassals 
and  arritire  vassals,  convoked  by  the  sovereign  to 
march  against  the  eniMiiy.  Ban  refers  to  the  fiefs 
immediately  holding  of  the  king  ;  and  arriere-ban  to 
the  arriere  fiefs,  or  those  holding  of  the  vassals.  Baa 
signifies  proclamation,  and  iirrirrc-ban,  arriere  proc- 
lamation. This  word  is  used  in  the  sense  of  the  act 
of  convoking  ;  as,  the  sovereign  has  the  right  of  ban 
and  arriere-ban;  —  of  the  duty  of  assembling  whim 
convoked  ;  as,  subject  to  and  exempt  from  the  ban, 
&c. ; —  the  assembly  or  assembling  ;  as,  to  appear  at 
the  ban,&.c. ;  —  and  the  body  assembled,  as  muster  of 
the  ban,  general  of  the  ban.  Knnje.  jMrth. 

Arriere-fee,  or  firf ;  a  fee  or  fief  depenileiit  on  a 
superior  fee,  or  a  fee  held  of  a  feudatory. 

Arriere  vassal ;  the  vassal  of  a  vassal. 
AR'RIS,  n.  [Ft.  areste,ardte.  In  firrA/ffr/jirf,  the  edge 
formed  by  two  surfaces  ni('etnig  each  other,  whether 
pbine  or  curved  ;  applied  particularly  to  the  edges  in 
moldings,  and  to  the  raised  edges,  which  sop.irate  the 
riulings  in  a  Doric  column.  P.  Cijc. 

AR-UIS'IO.V,  (ar-rizh'un,)  n.    [L.  nrmio.]    The  .act 

of  sniding.  Asbe. 
AR-RIV'.VL,  n.    The  coming  to,  or  reaching  a  pl.acc, 
from  a  distance,  whether  by  water,  as  in  its  original 
sense,  or  by  land. 

a.  The  attainment  or  gaining  of  any  object,  by 
effort,  agreement,  practice,  or  study. 

3.  The  person  or  thing  arriving  ;  as,  news  brought 
by  the  last  arrieal. 

TIic  npxl  arrivals  hen;  will  ^Uilli-*r  builj  their  ncsis.  Warner. 

AR-RIV'ANCE,  n.    Coiniiany  coming,    f A'ot  «..ei/.] 

SIhUi. 

2.  Arrival  ;  a  reaching  in  progress.  [Obs.]  Bnurn. 
AR-RIVE',  p.  I.    [Fr.  arnver  ;  ,\rm.  arrirttnt,arrtrrin ; 
lu  arrivare;  Sp.  and  Port,  arribar;  o(  ad  and  Fr. 


rive,  Ihe  shore  or  sloping  bank  of  a  river;  Pp. 
rtbera  ;  L.  ri[nt ;  Sans.  and.  In  Irish,  nirbhe  is  ribs. 
It  appears  lliut  rib,  rive,  and  ripa  are  radicrilly  oiu; 
woril  ;  in  like  nninner,  co.sla,  u  rib,  and  coast,  are 
radically  the  same.] 

1.  I.itcrallij,  to  I'oiiie  to  the  shore,  or  bank.  Hence, 
to  cmiie  to  or  reach  in  progress  by  water,  followi^d  by 
ul.  We  urriiicd  at  Havre  de  (irace,  July  JO,  I8il. 
N.  W. 

2.  To  come  to  or  reach  by  traveling  on  land  ;  as, 
the  post  arrines  at  7  o'clock. 

iJ.  To  reach  a  point  by  progressive  motion  ;  to  gain 
or  compass  by  ellbrt,  practice,  study,  impiiry,  reason- 
ing, or  experiment;  as,  to  urrice  at  an  unusual  de- 
gree of  excellence  or  wickedness  ;  to  arrire  at  a  con- 

4.  To  happen  or  occur.  [elusion. 

Happy  1  to  vvlioin  this  glorious  (I'-iith  arrives.  Waller. 
AR-RTVr,',  e.  (.  To  reach.  [Mt  in  u.-<e.]  Shale. 
.\K-l{IV'li\<;,  ;>/);■.    Coming  to  or  reaching, by  water 

or  laud  ;  gaining  by  research,  crt"ort,  or  study. 
AU'KO-G ANCE,  n     [L.  arroirantia,  from  arrorra,  to 
claim  ;  of  ad  and  rajro,  to  beg,  or  desire  ;  Fr.  arro- 
i^ancc ;  Arm.  ro^rucntci;  Sp.  and  Tort,  arrogancia ; 
It.  nrrotrama.    See  Aurogatk.] 

The  act  or  quality  of  taking  much  upon  one's  self; 
that  speci(;s  of  pride  wliicli  consists  in  exorbitant 
claims  of  rank,  ilignity,  estiuntion,  or  power,  or 
which  exalts  tlit;  worth  or  imiunlaiice  of  the  person 
to  an  undue  degree;  proud  contempt  of  others; 
conceitedness  ;  presuin|)lion. 

I  will  Cluse  Uio  arrogance  of  liic  prouil  to  dose,  —  Isa.  xiii,  1 
Siuo.  ii.    Prov.  viii. 

.•\R'RO-G.\N-CY,  n.  Arrogance.  [This  ortlwgraphy 
is  tes.i  usual.] 

.■\K'llO-(;.'\i\'I ,  a.  Assuming  ;  making,  or  having  the 
disposition  to  make  exorbitant  claims  of  rank  or  esti- 
mation ;  giving  one's  self  an  undue  degree  of  im- 
portance ;  haughty  ;  conceited  ;  applied  to  jiersons. 

2.  Containing  arrogance  ;  marked  with  arrogance; 
proceeding  from  undue  claims  or  self-imporl;ince  ; 
applied  to  Oiings ;  as,  arrogant  pretensions,  or 
b-havior.  , 

Alt'UO  (; A.VT-IjY,  ado.  In  an  arrogant  manner; 
with  undue  pride,  or  self-importance. 

AR'RO-CANT-NE.SS,  «.    Arrogance.    [Litde  used.] 

AK'llO-GATE,  V.  t.  [L.  arrogo,  of  ad  and  nigo  ;  Fr. 
arroo-cr;  Sp.  and  Port,  arrogar  i  It.  arrogare.  The 
primary  sense  of  rogo,  to  ask,  is  to  reach  or  stretch.] 
To  assume,  demand,  or  challenge  more  than  is 
proper  ;  to  make  undue  claims,  from  vanity  or  false 
pretensions  to  right  or  merit ;  as,  the  pope  arrogated 
dtiminion  over  kings. 

.\R'KO-G.A-TED, Claimed  by  undue  pretensions. 

AR'RO-G.^-TING,  ppr.  Challenging  or  claiming  more 
power  or  respect  than  is  just  or  reasonable. 

AR-RO-Ga'TION,  VI.  The  act  of  arrogating,  or  mak- 
ing exorbitant  claims  ;  the  act  of  taking  more  than 
one  is  justly  entitled  to. 

.\R'RO-GA-TI VE,  a.  Assuming,  or  making  undue 
claims  and  pretensions.  Jfore. 

AR-ROJV'D/SSE-MEJ^-r,  (-mSng,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  ar- 
rondir,  to  make  round  ;  ol  ad  and  rond,  round.] 

Literally,  a  circuit,  or  district.  As  now  used,  in 
Prance,  it  (lenotes,  especially,  the  immediate  subdivi- 
sion of  a  department.  The  territory  of  France,  since 
the  revolutimi,  has  been  divided  into  departinenti ; 
those,  into  arrandis.^enients ;  tlmse,  into  cantons  j  and 
the'  latter,  into  commune.-^, 

AR-l!o'.«10-\,  (ar-ro'zhun,)  n.  [L.  arrodo.]  A 
irnawing. 

.Ml'KoW,  n.    [Sax.  nrfirn.    (lu.  roy,  rorfiiw,  a  shoot.] 

1.  A  missive  weapon  of  offense,  straight,  slender, 
pointed,  and  barbed,  to  be  shot  with  a  bow. 

2.  In  Scripture,  the  arrows  of  God,  are  the  appre- 
hensions of  his  wrath,  which  pierce  and  pain  the 
conscience.  Job  vi.  Ps.  xxxviii.  In  a  like  figur.a- 
tive  manner,  arrows  represent  the  judgments  of  God  ; 
as  thunder,  lightning,  tempests,  and  famine.  2  Sam. 
xxii.  Ez.  V.  Ilab.  iii.  The  word  is  used  also  for  slan- 
derous words  and  malicious  purposes  of  evil  men. 
Ps.  xi.  Prov.  XXV.  Jcr.  ix.  Ps.  Ixiv.  Cruden.  Brmrn. 

.\R'RO\V-GR.\SS,  n.  A  popular  name  of  dilferenl 
[ilants,  species  of  the  genus  Triglochin. 

AR'RoW-IIEAl),  (-bed,)  ii.    The  head  of  an  arrow. 
2.  The  popular  name  of  different  aquatic  plants, 
species  of  the  genus  Sagittaria  ;  so  called  from  the 
resemblance  of  their  leaves  to  the  head  of  an  arrow. 

AR'RDW-IIEAD'ED,  (-hed'ed,)  a.  Shaped  like  the 
heail  of  an  arrow. 

The  arrow-headed  characters,  are  certain  charac- 
ters found  on  the  ruins  of  Persepolis,  and  the  bricks 
of  Habylon,  and  in  some  other  idaces  of  the  East ; 
formed  by  a  combination  of  triangular,  or  wedge- 
like figures,  hence  called,  also,  cuneiform  charac- 
ters, p.  c>jc. 

AR'RoW-ROOT,  n.  A  popular  name  applied  to  the 
different  s|)ecies  of  the  genus  Maraiita.  The  Indians 
are  said  to  employ  the  roots  of  the  iM.  Galanga  in 
extracting  the  [loismi  of  arrows,  whence  the  name. 

From  the  root  of  the  .M.  Ariindinacea,  or  starch 
plant,  is  obtained  the  arrow-root  of  the  shops. 

2.  The  starch  of  the  Maranta  Aruiidinacea,  a  nu- 
tritive medicinal  food. 


AR-ROVV-SIIaP'KI),  (-shSpt,)  a.  Shaped  like  an  ar- 
row.   Ill  Audiiiy,  siigiltate. 

AK'l!o\V-Y,  a.    Consisting  of  arrows.  Milton. 
2.  Formed  like  an  arrow.  Coirper. 

.\RSE,  «.  (irs,)  [Sax.  earte;  V.  aar.i;  O.  nrsch  ;  Persic, 
arsit,  or  arst.]  'J'lie  buttocks,  or  hind  part  of  an 
animal. 

'J'o  hung  an  arse,  is  to  lag  behind  ;  to  be  sluggish, 
or  tardy.    [  yulgar.] 
XR.'^K'-S.MART,  n.    The  vulgar  name  of  a  sjiecies  of 

Polvgonuin,  or  knot-grass. 
AR's'E-.\.\1.,,  II.    [Sp.    Port.   Fr.  Arm.  arsenal;  It. 
arsenule ;  a  magazine  or  repository  of  stores  ;  in 
Italian  and  Spanish,  a  dock  or  dock-yard  ;  probably 
L.  arz  naralL-;  a  naval  citadid  or  repository.] 

A  repository  or  magazine  of  anus  and  military 
stores,  whetlii  r  for  land  or  naval  service. 

Ill  Kuirland,  and  other  Kuropean  countries,  a  pnti- 
lir,  establishment  where  naval  or  military  engines 
and  equipments  are  manufuctuied  or  stored. 

P.  Ctjc. 

AR-Sk'.M-ATF.,  v.  a  salt,  formed  by  arsenic  acid 
combined  with  any  base. 

XR'S£.X-ie,  ji.   [Ar.  uJu^j  lirnakun  ;  .Syr.       .  ti] 

larnila  ;  Gr.  aprrefiKov  ;  L,.  arsenicuin ;  Sp.  arsenico; 
Fr.  arsenic.] 

Arsenic  is  a  metal  of  a  steel  gray  color,  and  bril- 
liant luster,  and  ipiile  brittle.  It  forms  alloys  with 
most  of  the  metals.  Combined  with  suljdiur,  it 
forms  orpiiiient  and  realgar,  which  are  the  yellow 
and  red  sulpbiirets  of  arsenic.  Orpinient  is  the  true 
arsenicuni  of  the  ancients.  Plin.  34.  18.  Native  or- 
pinient appears  in  yellow,  brilliant,  and  seemingly 
taliky  masses  of  various  sizes;  realgar  is  red,  of 
different  shades,  and  often  crystallized  in  neeilles. 
Arsenic  is  also  found  as  a  mineralizer  in  cobalt, 
antimony,  copper,  iron  and  silver  ores.  It  is  brought 
chiefly  fnuii  the  cobalt  works  in  Saxony,  where 
zaffer  is  made. 

The  substance  known  as  arsenic,  in  the  shop*,  is 
the  arsenioiis  acid,  called  also  oiyd  of  arsenic  and 
white  arsenic.  Fourcroy.  JViehol.'cmi. 

XR-SEN'ie  .\C'in,  n.  An  acid  composed  of  two 
equivalents  of  arsenic  and  five  of  oxygen. 

AR-SE>i''ie-.\L, «.  lleloiiging  to  arsenic;  consisting 
of  or  containing  arsenic. 

AR-SE.N'lC-.yi'E,  V.  t.    To  combine  with  arsenic. 

AR-SE\'ie-A-TEI), /I/).  or«.  Combined  with  arsenic. 

AR'SEN-ITE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  arsenious  acid 
with  a  base. 

AR-Sk'NI-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
containing  arsenic ;  as,  arsenious  powder,  or  glass. 

Ure. 

AR-Sk'NI-OU.S  acid,  71.  An  acid  composed  of  two 
eipiivaleiits  of  arsenic  and  three  of  oxygen. 

ARSII'I.N'E,  H.  A  Russian  measure  of  two  feet  four 
inches  and  212  decimals.  This  seems  to  be  the 
Chinese  arschin,  of  which  four  make  three  yards 
English.  Toolic's  Ru.i.iia.  Knnje. 

AR'.SIS,  71.  [Gr.]  In  prosody,  that  point  in  a  meas- 
ure where  the  ieta--  is  put,  or  which  is  marked  by  a 
greater  stress  or  force.  llerninnn. 

That  elevation  of  voice  now  called  metrical  ac- 
eenluation,  accompanied  by  the  ictus,  orstroke  of  tlie 
foot,  marking  it.  It  is  uncertain  whether  the  arsis 
consisted  in  a  higher  musical  note,  greater  volume, 
or  longer  duration  of  sound,  or  in  all  combined. 

P.  Cijc. 

2.  In  Tniui'c,  the  rising  of  the  hand  in  beating 
time.  p.  Cye. 

A  R'SO.V,  7t.  [\orm.  Fr.  arsine,  ar.ieun  ;  from  L.  ardeo, 
arsnin,  to  burn.] 

Ill  law,  Ihe  malicious  burning  of  a  dwelling-house 
or  oiit-bniise  of  another  man,  which  by  the  common 
law  is  fi  lony.    'J'lie  definition  of  this  crime  is  varied 
by  statutes  in  dilfcrent  countries  and  sUites.    In  , 
t.'oniiecticut,  the  burning  not  only  of  a  dwelling-  i 
lions4;  or  contiguous  building,  but  of  a  ship  or  other  ' 
vessel,  is  declared  to  he  arson,  if  human  life  is 
thereby  destroyi  il  or  put  to  hazard.  I 

ART  ;  the  second   person,  indicative  mode,  present  j 
tense,  of  the  substantive  verb  am  ;  but  from  trcre, 
Sw.  vara,  Dan.  vitre,  I 

ART,  II.  I E.  uv.v,  ar(w ;  probably  contracted  from  the  j 
rmit  of  \V.  err:,  Ir.  ceariL  The  radical  sense  is  j 
strength,  from  stretching,  straining,  Xhr  primary  sense  ■ 
of  strength  and  power,  and  hence  of  skill.  See  an  | 
an.alogy  in  can.] 

1.  The  disposition  or  modification  of  things  by 
human  skill,  to  answer  the  purpose  intended.  In 
this  sense  art  stands  opposed  to  nature. 

Bacon.  F.ncyc 
9.  A  system  of  niles,  serving  to  facilitate  the  per- 
formance of  certain  actions  ;  opposed  to  science,  or 
to  speculative  principli'S  ;  as,  the  art  of  building  or 
engraving.  Arts  are  divided  into  useful  or  mechanic, 
and  liberal  or  polite.  The  mechanic  arts  are  those 
in  which  the  hands  and  body  are  more  concerned 
than  the  mind,  as  in  making  clothes  and  uti  nsils. 
The-se  arts  tire  called  trader.    The  libeml  or  polite 


TO.XE,  B}JLL,  q.\ITE.  — AN"GER,  V  T'CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a-s  in  THIS. 


71 


ART 


ART 


ART 


arts  are  those  in  ivliicli  the  miml  or  iin:i^Mii;itiuii  is 
chiefly  concerned,  as  poetry,  music,  anil  painting. 

In  America,  liierature  aiul  tiift  elo^.mt  arti  mnsi  grow  vip  side 
j  by  side  wiiii  ihe  coarKr  plants  ul  daily  necessity.  Irving. 

I         3.  Business  or  eniployinenl ;  as,  the  various  arts 
of  life.  Swift. 

4.  Sliill,  dexterity,  or  the  power  of  performing 
certain  actions,  acquii'ed  by  experience,  study,  or 
observation  ;  as,  a  man  lias  the  art  of  managing  his 
business  to  advantage. 

5.  Cunning  ;  artifice  ;  as,  "  Animals  practice  art 
when  opposed  to  their  superiors  in  streiigtli."  Crabbe. 

6.  Formerly,  in  an  academical  settle,  tlie  artSy  or 
the  liberal  arU,  denoted  the  sciences  and  philosophy, 
or  the  circle  of  academical  education  ;  hence,  de- 
grees in  tlie  arU:  master  and  bachelor  of  art>: 

Jlrt  and  part;  in  Se.ots  law,  a  term  denoting  the 
charge  of  contri\  ing  a  criminal  design  as  wi  ll  as  of 
participating  in  the  perp?tration  of  the  criminal  act ; 
said  to  be  an  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  artifez  et 
particeps. 

XK-TE-iMIS'IA,  n.  A  genus  of  plants  of  numerous 
species,  including  the  plants  calk'd  m'.igwort,  south- 
ernwood, and  wormwood.  Of  these  the  A.  -Vbsin- 
thium,  or  common  wormwood,  is  well  known. 

XR-Tk'RI-AL,  a.  'See  Artekv.]  Pertaining  to  an 
artery  or  the  arteries  ;  as,  arterial  action. 
2.  Contained  in  an  artery  ;  as,  arterial,  blood. 
.Arterial  blood  differs  from  venous  blood  particu- 
larly by  its  ligliter  florid  red  color,  anil  its  greater 
warmth  and  coagulability  —  changes  produced  by  the 
process  of  respiration. 

AU-Te-RI-AL-IZ-a'TIOX,  71.  The  process  of  making 
arterial.        _  .  JVatts. 

XR-TE'Rt-AL-iZE,  v.  t.  To  communicate,  as  to 
venous  blood,  the  qualities  of  arterial  blood ;  to 
make  arterial.  Prout. 

XR-Tic'RI-AL  IZ-ED,  pp.  or  a.    JIade  arterial. 
•  XR-Te'RI-AL-I/.-IXG,  ppr.    Rendering  arterial. 

XR-Tk-R[-0L'0-6V,  n.    [Gr.  o,;r<;//iu,  artery,  and 
Ao)  «5,  discourse.] 
A  treatise  or  discourse  on  the  arteries.  Morin. 

XR-Te-RI-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  u^r/j/xu,  an  artery, 
and  rl)^r|,  a  cutting.J 

J.  The  opening  of  an  artery  by  a  lancet,  or  other 
instrument  for  the  purpose  of  letting  blood. 

2.  That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  dis- 
section of  the  arteries. 

XR'TE-RY,;i.  [Gr.  upr^i/iii, from air, and  rrtpea, 
to  preserve  or  contain  ;  so  called,  from  the  opinion  of 
the  ancients,  that  the  arteries  contain  only  air.  The 
term  was  also  applied  to  the  trachea  or  windpipe, 
arteria  aspera.  In  Ger.  luft-ader,  air-vein,  is  the 
name  for  arterj' ;  in  Dutch,  slafr-adcr,  stroke-vein  ; 
in  Swed.  puls-ader.  pulse-vein  ;  Dan.  pids-aare,  pulse- 
vein  ;  that  is,  the  beating  vein.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  vessels  or  tubes  which  con- 
vey the  blood  from  the  heart  to  all  parts  of  the  body. 
There  are  two  principal  arteries  ;  the  aorta,  which 
rises  from  the  left  ventricle,  and  ramifies  through  the 
whole  body  ;  and  the  pulmonary  artery,  which  con- 
veys the  biood  from  the  right  ventricle  to  the  lungs, 
to  undergo  respiration.  An  artery  is  composed  of 
three  coats  ;  the  outer  consists  of  condensed  cellular 
membrane,  and  is  supplied  with  numerous  blood- 
vessels and  nerves  ;  the  middle  coat  consists  of  cir- 
cular fibers,  formerly  supposed  by  some  to  be  muscu- 
lar, but  now  regarded  as  a  peculiar  fibrous  tissue  ; 
the  inner  coat,  thin,  smooth,  and  dense,  confines  the 
blood  witnm  its  canal,  and  facilitates  its  motion. 

Purr.  Cyc. 

XR-Te'SIA.V,  a.    [from  Artois,  in  France.] 

Artesian  iriU-t  are  those  whicli  are  made  by  boring 
into  the  earth,  till  tlie  iiistrunieiit  reaches  water, 
which,  from  internal  pressure,  flows  spontaneously 
like  a  fountain. 

XllT'FtJL,  a.    [See  Ant.] 

1.  Performed  with  art  or  skill.  Dryilen. 

2.  Artificial,  as  opposed  to  natural.  Johnson. 

3.  Cunning  ;  practicing  art,  or  stratagem  ;  crafty  ; 
as,  an  artfal  boy.    \_Tliis  is  the  most  usual  sen.se.] 

4.  Proceeding  from  art  or  craft;  as,  an  nr(/ui 
pclieme. 

XllT'FtJL  LY,(w/o.  With  art,  or  cunning ;  skillfully  ; 
dr-xtrously, 

XRT'FIIL-XESS,  n.    Art;  craft;  cunning ;  address. 
XRTIIRIT'lC,  ) 
AR  THRIT'IC-AI.,  j  "■ 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  joints;  aff.'cting  the  joints. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  gout;  gouty. 
XR-THRI'TIS,  It.     [Gr.  a/j5/Jir<s, ' from   an^i„n;  a 

joint.] 

In  a  general  sense,  any  inflammation  of  the  joints  ; 
but  more  particularly,  the  g'»iil,  an  hereditaiy,  inter- 
mitting diiieiuse,  usually  afli  cliiig  the  smaM  joints  ; 
nometimi'H  the  Htomarli.  Cnxt.  (guinea. 

AH  THRO'III-A,  n.  [from  a//0()ow,  to  frame  or  artic- 
ulate] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  Hpecies  of  arlictilntion,  in  whirh 
the  head  of  one  bone  ii  received  into  tin:  Nliallmv 
■ocket  of  anollier  ;  uh  tli.at  iif  the  liuiiieruii  Into  the 
glenoid  cavity  of  Hip  itcapul.'i.  Encyc. 

2.  In  natural  hutitry,  a  geniM  of  imperfect  cryxlalti, 


found  in  complex  masses,  and  forming  long  single 
pyramids,  wilh  very  short  and  sU  iider  columns. 

Kncye. 

XR-TITRODTO,  a.    Relating  to  aithiodia,  which  see. 

XR'TIC.  This  word  is  erroneously  used  by  some 
autliors  for  arctic. 

XR'TI-CHOliE,  71.  [au.  the  first  syllable  of  Gr. 
afjTUTiKii.  Vr.  artichaut;  Arm.  artichauden  ;  ^p.alci- 
ckofa ;  Port,  alcachofra :  It.  carciofo,  carciofano,  or 
carciofnlo.  The  first  syllable  is  probably  the  L.  car- 
duus,  chard,  thistle,  corrupted.  D.  arti^jokj  G. 
artischocke  ;  Dan.  artiskok.] 

The  Cynara  Scolymus,  a  plant  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  thistle,  with  a  dilated,  imbricated  and  prickly 
calyx.  The  head  is  large,  rough,  and  scaly,  on  an 
upright  stalk.  It  is  composed  of  numerous  ovul 
scales,  inclosing  the  florets,  sitting  on  a  broad  recep- 
t.acle,  which,  with  the  fleshy  base  of  the  scales,  is 
the  eatable  part  of  the  plant.  Encyc.  Miller. 

Tha  Jerusalem  artichoke  is  a  species  of  sunflower, 
{Hrlianlhus  tuberosiu<.)  This  is  the  plant  commonly 
called  artichoke,  in  America.  The  term  Jerusalem 
is  here  a  corruption  of  the  Ital.  girasole,  sunflower. 

XR'TI-CLE,  71.  [L.  articulus,  a  joint,  from  art  us ; 
Gr.  apiiioi  .] 

1.  A  single  clause  in  a  contract,  account,  system 
of  regulations,  treaty,  or  other  writing ;  a  particular 
separate  charge  or  item  in  an  account ;  a  term,  con- 
dition, or  stipulation  in  a  contract.  In  short,  a  dis- 
tinct part  of  a  writing,  instrument,  or  discourse, 
consisting  of  two  or  more  particulars  ;  as,  articles 
of  agreement ;  an  account  consisting  of  many 
articles. 

2.  A  point  of  faith  ;  a  doctrinal  point  or  proposi- 
tion in  theology  ;  as,  the  thirty-nine  articles. 

3.  Comprehension  ;  as,  a  soul  of  great  article.  Shak. 

4.  A  distinct  part. 

Upon  pach  article  of  human  duty.  Pa'ey. 

5.  A  particular  commodity,  or  substance;  as,  an 
article  of  merchandise  ;  salt  is  a  necessary  article. 
In  (Common  usage,  tliis  word  is  applied  to  almost 
every  separate  substance  or  material. 

The  articles  which  compose  llie  blood.  Danc'in. 

G.  A  point  of  time.    [JVut  iii  use]  Clarendon. 

7.  In  grammar,  an  adjective  used  before  nouns,  to 
limit  or  define  their  application  ;  as,  hie,  ille,  ipse,  in 
Latin  ;  6,  //,  to,  in  Greek  ;  the,  this,  that,  in  English  ; 
le,  la,  les,  in  French  ;  ilf  la,  lo,  in  Italian.  The  pri- 
mary use  of  these  adjectives  was  to  convert  an  in- 
determinate name  into  a  determinate  one  ;  or  to  limit 
the  application  of  a  eommon  name  to  a  specific, 
known,  or  certain  individual.  But  article  being'an 
improper  term  to  express  the  true  signification,  I 
make  use  of  definitive,  which  see. 

In  Vie  article  of  dcatlt,  [L.  in  articulo  mortis  ;]  liter- 
ally, in  the  moment  of  death ;  in  the  last  struggle  or 
agony. 

.Articles  of  war ;  the  code  or  regulations  for  the 
government  of  the  army  in  Great  Britain,  and  of  the 
army  and  navy  in  tlie  United  States. 

./Irticles  of  the  nary  ;  the  code  or  regulations  for 
the  governmi  nt  of  the  navy  in  Great  Britain. 

Lord.i  of  articles  ;  in  ScottU-h  history,  a  committee  of 
the  parliament,  whose  business  was  to  prepare  and 
digest  all  matters  that  were  to  he  laid  before  it,  in- 
cluding the  preparation  of  all  bills  for  laws ;  called 
also  lords  articulars,  Robertson. 
XR'TI-CLE,  V.  t. 

1.  To  draw  up  in  distinct  particulars ;  as,  to 
article  the  enors  or  follies  of  man.  Taylor. 

2.  To  accuse  or  charge  by  an  exhibition  of  articles. 
"  lie  shall  be  articled  against  in  the  High  Court  of 
Admiralty."    Stat. ;«  Geo.  III. 

3.  To  bind  by  articles  of  covenant  or  stipulation  ; 
as,  to  article  ail  apprentice  to  a  mechanic. 

AR'TieijE,  t).  i.  [Supra.]  To  agree  by  articles;  to 
stipubrte.  -  Donne. 

AR'TI-CLED,  pp.  Drawn  up  in  particulars  ;  accused 
or  bound  by  articles. 

XR-TICy-LAK,  a.    [L.  artieularis.] 

Belonging  to  the  joints ;  as,  the  gout  is  an  articular 
disi'ase. 

AR-TIC'ir-LAR-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  sound  every  letter. 

XR-TIC-U-La'TA,  71.  pi.  [L.]  The  name  of  a  di- 
vision of  the  animal  kingdom,  characterized  by  a 
jointed  or  articulated  covering,  consisting  of  a  series 
of  annulations  or  rings,  corresponding  to  the  internal 
skeleton  of  the  vertebrated  animals.  This  division 
includes  the  Annelida,  or  worms  ;  the  Crustacea, 
or  crab-like  animals;  the  Arachnida,  or  S|)ider-like 
animals  ;  and  the  Insecta,  or  proper  insects. 

AR-TIC'IJ-L.\TE,  (I.  [L.  nrficuteii.v, jointed,  distinct.] 
1.  Formed  by  jointing  or  articulation  of  the  organs 
of  speech  :  applied  to  sound.  An  artieulatc  sound  is 
made  by  closing  and  opening  the  organs  of  speech. 
'I'lu!  jiiiictiim  or  closing  ol*  the  organs  forms  a  joint 
or  articulation,  a»  in  Ihe  syllables  ab,ad,  ap  ;  in  pass- 
ing from  one  nrticulalion  to  aniillii  r,  the  organs  are, 
or  may  be,  opened,  and  a  vowel  is  utten  il,  as  in 
attune:  and  the  dilliri'iit  aitiiiilalioiis,  wilh  Ihe  in- 
tervening vocal  sounds,  form  what  is  called  artieu- 
late,  sound.i  I  sounds  distinct,  separate,  and  modified 
by  articulation  or  jointing.    This  articulation  con- 


I  stitutcs  the  prominent  difteronce  between  the  liiiiiuin 
voice  and  tliat  of  brutes.  Ilrutts  open  the  nioiith 
and  make  vocal  sounds,  Uiit  have  either  not  at  all,  or 
very  imperfectly,  the  power  of  articulation. 

2.  Clear;  distinct;  as,  ar(jcu/u(c  pionuiiciation. 

3.  Exjiressed  in  articles,  or  ill  separate  particulars. 
[JVoi  tised.]  Bacon 

4.  In  7uili(7-a; //iitori/,  jointed  ;  formed  with  joints. 
XR-Tie'U-LATE,  V.  i.    To  utter  articulate  sounds  ; 

to  utter  distinct  syllables  or  words ;  as,  to  articulate 
distinctly. 
XR-TIC'II-LaTE,  v.  t. 

1.  To  form  into  elementary  sounds  ;  to  form  into 
distinct  syllables,  or  words ;  as,  to  articulate  letters 
or  language. 

2.  To  draw  up  or  write  in  separate  particulars. 
[.Yot  used.]  Shak. 

3.  To  treat,  stijiulate,  or  make  terms.    [JVot  tesed.] 

Shok. 

4.  To  joint.  Smith. 
XR-Tie'U-L.\-TED,  pp.  or  a. 

1.  Uttered  distinctly  in  syllables  or  words 

2.  Jointed  ;  having  joints  ;  as  a  plant  or  animal. 
X  R-TIC  f  I-  L  AT  ELY,  ado. 

1.  \\'itli  (li>tinct  utterance  of  syllables  or  words. 
9.  Article  1)\'  article;  in  det;iil.  Puleti. 
XR-Tie'U-LATE-XESS,  7i.     The  quality  of  being 
articulate. 

XR-TIC'IJ-La-TING,  ppr.  Uttering  in  distinct  syl- 
lables or  words. 

XR-Tie-li-LA'TION,  n. 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  joining  or  juncture  of  the  bones. 
This  is  of  three  kinds :  1st,  diarthrosLi,  or  a  movable 
connection,  including  enarthrosis,  or  the  ball  and 
socket  joint;  arthrodia,  which  is  tlie  same,  but  more 
superficial ;  ginglymus,  or  hinge-like  joint;  and  tro- 
choid, or  the  wheel  and  axle :  2d,  synarthrosis,  im- 
movable connection,  as  by  suture,  or  junction  by 
serrated  margins ;  harmony,  or  union  by  straight 
margins ;  and  gonipliosis,  like  a  nail  driven  in  a 
board,  as  the  teeth  in  their  sockets:  3ii,  symphysis, 
or  union  by  means  of  another  subsuince  ;  as  syn- 
chondrosis, union  by  a  cartilage  ;  syssarcosis,  union 
by  muscular  fibers ;  synneurosis,  union  by  tendons  ; 
syndesmosis,  union  by  ligameuts;  and  synostosis, 
union  by  a  bony  substance.  Quincy'  Core. 

9.  In  botany,  a  term  applied  to  the  ciuinectiou  of 
the  parts  of  a  plant  by  joints,  as  in  pods  ;  also,  to  \\u- 
nodes  or  joints,  as  in  cane  and  maiiie  ;  and  to  thj 
parts  intercepted  between  the  joints.  Kncye. 

3.  The  forming  of  words  ;  a  distinct  utterance  of 
syllables  and  words  by  the  human  voice,  by  means 
of  closing  and  opening  the  organs. 

4.  A  consonant ;  a  letter  noting  a  jointing  or  closing 
of  t  he  organs. 

AIIT'I-FICE,  71.  [L.  artifieiuin,  from  ars,  art,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

1.  Artful  contrivance;  an  artful  or  ingenious 
device,  in  a  good  or  bad  sense.  In  a  bad  sense,  it 
corresponds  with  trick,  or  fraud. 

2.  Art  ;  trade  ;  skill  acquired  by  science  or  pr.ic- 
tice.    l-Vut  used.] 

ART-IF'l-CER,  71.    [L.  artifex,  from  ars  and  facio.] 

1.  An  artist;  a  mechanic  or  manufacturer;  one 
whose  occupation  requires  skill  or  knowledge  of  a 
particular  kind,  as  a  silversmith  or  saddler. 

2.  One  who  makes  or  contrives ;  an  inventor ;  as, 
an  artificer  of  fraud  or  lies.  Milton. 

3.  A  cunning  or  artful  fellow.    [A'ut  used.] 

Ben  Jonson. 

XRT-I-FI"CIAL,  (irt-e-fish'al,)  a.  Made  or  contrived 
by  art,  or  by  human  skill  and  labor,  in  ojiposition  to 
natural;  as,  artificial  heat  or  light;  an  artificial 
magnet. 

2.  Feigned ;  fictitious ;  not  genuine  or  natural ;  as, 
artificial  tears. 

3.  Contrived  with  skill  or  art. 

4.  Cultiv.ati  d  ;  not  indigenous  ;  not  being  of  spon- 
taneous growth  ;  as,  artficial  grasses.  Gdibon. 

Jirtificial  argumeuts,  in  rhetoric,  are  arguiiii  iits  in- 
Vented  by  the  speaker,  in  distinction  from  laws, 
amiioiities,  and  the  like,  which  are  called  inartificial 
argiim.'uls  or  proofs.  Johnson. 

jirtificial  lines,  on  a  sector  or  scale,  are  lines  so 
contrived  as  to  represent  the  logarithmic  sines  and 
tangents,  which,  by  the  help  of  the  line  of  numbers, 
solve,  with  tolerable  exactness,  questions  in  trigo- 
nometry, navigation,  &,c. 
Jirtificial  numbers;  the  same  with  logarithms. 

Chamber.^.  Kncye. 
XRT-I-FI"CI-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  arti- 
ficial;  appearance  of  art.  Shenstone. 
ART-I-F1"CIAI,-LY,  ndi\    By  art,  or  human  skill 
and  contrivanre  ;   hence,  with  good  contrivance; 
with  art  or  ingenuity, 
ART-I-F1"CIAL-.\ESS,  7t.   The  quality  of  being  ar- 
tificial. 

Xll-TIL'LF.-RI.ST,  7i.    A  person  skilled  in  gunnery. 

AR-'i'lL'LE  KY,  71.  This  word  has  no  iiliiral.  [Fr. 
arfillerie ;  II.  artigtieria;  Sp.  artilleria.  In  Fr.  ar- 
tilleur,  artillier,  is  a  matross  ;  Sp.  artillar,  to  mount 
cannon.  In  .Ariiioric,  artillerii  is  arlilhiry,  and  an 
artist  is  artilhrr.  In  Norm.  I*r,  artillery  is  written 
articlarie.    The  Armoric  unites  this  word  with  art, 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  


72 


ARU 


ASC 


ASC 


artUt,  inilicatins  tliiit  the  priiiiiiry  sense  is,  instm- 
iiieiit!',  Ihirifs  I'nrniLil  liy  art,  or  nitlier  prepared  by 
iirt,  |iii  (iarati(ins.] 

1.  In  a  ireiiiriU  se7ise,  oflVnsive  weapons  of  war. 
Hence  it  was  formerly  used  for  bows  and  arrows. 

And  Ji>miUiiu»  g^ive  liU  arHllery  to  liis  lad.  —  1  Sam.  xx. 

But  in  present  nsagc,  appropriatetij, 

2.  Cannon  ;  great  guns  ;  ordnance,  inchidin<);  Runs, 
mortars,  howitzers,  es,c.,  with  tlieir  fiirniuire  of  car- 
ria^'i's,  balls,  bombs,  and  sliol  of  all  kinds,  and  also 
rocki.ts  and  grenades. 

;!.  In  a  more  citcndcd  sense,  tlie  word  includi^s 
tlu^  powder,  cartridges,  matclios,  utensils,  machines 
of  all  kinds,  and  horses,  that  belong  to  a  train  of 
artillery. 

4.  'I'lie  men  who  manage  cannon  and  mortars,  in- 
rliicling  uiatrosses,  gunners, bombardiers,  caunoniers, 
or  by  whatever  name  they  are  called,  with  the  olfi- 
cers  and  engineers,  and  the  persons  who  supply  the 
artillery  with  implements  and  nuiterials.  Kncyc. 

5.  'J'he  science  of  artillery  and  gunnery. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 
.liR-TIL'LEi-RY-MA.V,  n.    A  man  who  manages  a 

htrge  gun  in  firing. 
XKT'I-SA.V,  ».    [Fr.,  from  L.  OM.    See  Art.] 

1.  One  trained  to  manual  de.xterlty  in  any  art, 
mystery,  or  trade. 
'J.  A  handcraftsman  ;  a  mechanic. 
XIIT'IST,  n.     [Fr.  artislc;  lU  arlisLa;  from  L.  ars. 
See  Abt.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  one  who  is  skilled  in  the 
practice  of  some  art.  Dnjden. 

;2.  .^pprerpriately,  in  present  usage,  one  who  pro- 
fes.^^s  and  practices  one  of  the  liberal  arts,  in  «  hich 
science  ami  taste  preside  over  the  manual  execution. 
It  is  thus  that  the  artist  is  distinguished  from  the 
artisan,  who  follows  mechanically  the  rules  of  his 
lianderaft  or  art.  The  term  is  particularly  applied 
t.)  painters,  sculptors,  engravers,  and  architects. 

Elmcs. 

AR-Ti'STE',  (^iT-teeal',)  n.  [Fr.l  A  term  of  very  e.v- 
tensive  application  among  the  French,  to  denote  one 
who  is  peculiarly  de.vtrous  and  tasteful  in  almost 
ail)'  art,  as  an  opera  dancer,  and  even  a  hair-dresser 
or  a  cook.  This  term  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  E^nglish  word  artiit. 

AKT-l^T'ie,       )  a.    [from  ardsi.]    Pertaining  to  an 

AllT-IST'ie-.IL,  )  artist;  made  in  the  manner  of 
an  artist ;  conformable  to  art ;  regular. 

AKT-lpiT'ie-.^L-LY,  ailr.   In  an  artistic  manner. 

ART'LKSS,  o.  Unskillful;  wanting  art,  knowledge, 
or  skill.  Dryilrn. 

2.  Free  from  guile,  art,  craft,  or  stratagem  ;  simple  ; 
sincere;  unaffected;  undesigning;  as,  an  artless 
mind. 

3.  Contrived  without  skill  or  art ;  as,  an  artless 
tale. 

AR'I''LESS-LY,  ade.  Without  art  or  skill ;  in  an  art- 
less manner. 

•3.  Without  guile  ;  naturally ;  sincerely  ;  unalTcct- 
edlv.  Pope. 

ART'LESS-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  void  of  art 
or  guile  ;  simplicity  ;  sincerity  ;  unalTectedness. 

AR'TO-TY-RlTE,  ii.  [of  Gr.  oprof,  bread,  and  rvpos, 
cheese.] 

One  of  a  sect  of  heretics,  in  the  primitive  church, 
who  celebrated  the  eiirharist  with  bread  and  cheese, 
alleging  that  the  first  oblations  of  men  were  not  only 
of  the  fruit  of  the  earth,  but  of  their  flocks.  They 
admitted  females  to  the  priesthood  and  episcopacy. 

Enetjc. 

ART.'S'-MAM,  n.    A  learned  man.    [Obs.]  Shai. 

AR-IJ.N-DEL'IA.V,  a.  Pertaining  to  Arundel;  as, 
Jlriiiiilelian  marbles.  The  Ariindelian  marbles  are 
ancient  stones,  cont.tining  a  chronological  detail  of 
the  princip.-!]  events  of  Greece,  from  Cecrops,  who 
lived  about  1582  years  before  Christ,  to  the  archon- 
ship  of  Diognetus,  before  Christ  21)4.  The  engraving 
was  done  in  Paros,  and  the  chronology  is  called  the 
Parian  Chronirle.  These  stones  are  called  .^rundel- 
ian,  from  the  earl  of  Arundel,  who  employed  Wil- 
liam Petty  to  procure  relics  of  antiquity  in  the  East, 
in  1C2I.  These,  with  other  curiosities,  were  pur- 
chased, and  by  the  earl's  grandson  presented  to  the 
University  of  Oxford.  Their  antiquity  and  even 
their  authenticity  have  been  questioned.  Encye. 

A-RU.\-DI.\-A'CEOU.S,  a.    '\..  arundo,  a  reed.] 

Pertaining  to  a  reed  ;  re.sembliiig  the  reed  or  cane. 

AR-U.\-DL\'E-OUS,  a.    Abounding  with  reeds. 

A-RO'R.\,  n.  [Gr.  a/>vpa.]  Literally,  as  authors  sup- 
pose, a  plowed  field.  According  to  Herodotus  and 
Suidxs,  the  arura  of  Egypt  was  a  piece  of  ground 
fifty  feet  square.  Others  niake  it  a  square  of  100 
cubits;  others  of  100  feet.  The  Grecian  arum  w.is 
asquare  measure  of  half  the  plethron.  [See  Arour.i.] 
Encyc.    llcrod.,  Entrrpc. 

A-RUS'PEX,  n.    [L.]    A  soothsayer.  Dryden. 

A-RUS'PICE,  n.  Written  also  IIari'spice.  f  L.  nru.ipri, 
or  haruspex,  a  soothsayer,  or  diviner,  who  attempted 
to  foretell  events  by  consulting  the  entrails  of  bea.its 

slain  in  sacrifice.    Ciu.  Teut.  or/,  <jrf:  Eth. 
oricf,  cattle,  and  L.  specio,  to  view.] 


A  priest,  in  ancient  Ronu^,  whose  business  was  to 
inspect  the  entrails  of  victims  killed  in  sacrifice,  and 
by  them  to  foretell  future  events. 
A-KUS'PI-CY,  n.    'J  ill!  act  of  iirognosticating  by  in- 
spection of  the  entrails  of  beasts  slain  in  sacrifice. 

Butler. 

XR'VEL,  n.    A  funeral.  Orose. 

AS,  (a/,,)  adi\  [Pers.  asa,  like,  simil.-ir,  as;  Gr. 
wf ;  Uu.  Fr  aiLisi.  Hut  more  probably  the  English 
word  is  contracted  from  als,  G.  and  D.  It  corre- 
sponds in  sensi;  with  the  Persian.] 

1.  Literally,  like ;  even  ;  similar.  "  Ye  shall  be 
as  Gods,  knowing  good  and  evil."  "j?.5  far  as  we 
can  see,"  that  is,  like  far,  equally  far.  Hence  it  may 
be  explained  by  in  like  manner;  as,  do  03  you  are 
conimaiuled. 

2.  It  was  formerly  used  where  we  now  use  that. 
[Obs.] 

Thr  n-Imioim  are  so  uiic-rl.'un  as  they  rwi'.urc  a  great  deal  of  cx- 
niiiiiiauuii.  Jiacon. 

3.  It  was  formerly  used  for  as  if.  [Obs.] 

He  lies,  a*  lie  his  blUs  did  know.  Walter. 

4.  While;  during;  at  the  same  time.  "  He  trem- 
bled as  he  spoke."  But  in  most  of  its  uses,  it  is  re- 
solvable into  like,  equal,  even,  or  equally,  in  like  man- 
ner. In  some  phrases,  it  must  be  considered  a  nom- 
inative word,  or  other  words  must  be  supplied. 
**  Appoint  to  office  such  men  as  deserve  public  con- 
fidence." This  phrase  m.iy  be  elliptical  for  "such 
men  as  those  who  deserve  public  ctnifidence." 

j?.s  seems,  in  some  cases,  to  imply  the  sense  of 
proportion.  "  In  general,  men  are  more  liapjiy,  as 
they  are  less  involved  in  public  concerns." 

jj.v,  in  a  subsequent  part  of  a  sentence,  answers  to 
such  ;  gi\'e  us  such  things  as  you  please  ;  and  in  a 
preceding  part  of  a  sentence,  has  so  to  answer  to  it ; 
as  with  the  people,  so  with  the  priest. 
AS,  n.  [L.]  A  Roman  weight  of  twelve  ounces,  an- 
swering to  the  libra  or  pound. 

2.  A  Roman  coin,  originally  of  a  pound  weight ; 
but  reduced,  after  the  first  Puiiic  war,  to  two  ounces  ; 
in  the  second  Punic  war,  to  one  ounce  ;  and  by  the 
Papirian  law,  to  half  an  ounce.  It  was  originally 
stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  sheep,  sow,  or  ox  ;  and 
afterward  with  a  Janus,  on  one  sitle,  and  on  the  re- 
verse, a  rostrum  or  prow  of  a  ship. 

3.  An  integer;  a  whole  or  single  thing.  Hence 
the  English  ace.  Hence  the  Romans  used  the  word 
for  the  whole  inheritance  ;  ha;res  e.x  asse,  an  heir  to 
the  whole  estate.  Encyc. 

AS'A  ;  a  corruption  of  lasar,  an  ancient  name  of  a  gum. 
Literally,  the  healer  ;  from  the  Hebrew  asa,  a  pliysi- 
cian  or  healer.    Parr.    [See  Ooze.]  Encyc. 

AS-.\-DUL'ClS  ;  the  same  as  Benzoin. 

AS-A-F(I;T'I-D.\,  (  n.  [asa,  gum,  and  L.  fatidus,  fet- 

AS-A-FET'I-UA,  I,  id.] 

A  fetid  inspissated  sap,  from  Persia  and  the  East 
Indies.  It  is  the  concrete  juice  of  a  large  umbellifer- 
ous plant,  the  Ferula  assafetida,  much  used  in  med- 
icine, as  an  antispasmodic.  Encyc. 

AS'A-RIN,  ?i.  -V  cry.slallized  substance,  resembling 
camphor,  obtained  from  the  Asarum  Europoeum ; 
now  ctilled  camphor  of  iL-inrum. 

AS-UES'TI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  structure  of  as- 
bi:stlis. 

AS-HE.-^'TINE,  a.    [See  AsBESTtrs.] 

Pertaining  to  asbestiis,  or  partaking  of  its  nature 
and  (pialities ;  incombustible. 

AS-BLS'T1.\-ITE,  71.  [Sec  Asbestus.]  The  actino- 
lite  or  strahlstein.  Kirwan. 

Calcifrrous  asbestinite ;  a.  variety  of  actinolite,  par- 
tially effervescing.  Kirwan. 

AS-HES'TUS,  J  n.    [Gr.  aaffturos,  ine.xtinguishable  ; 

AS-l!ES'TOS,  \  of  u  neg.  and  a,3evvupi,  to  e.xtin- 
guish.] 

.\  term  applied  to  varieties  of  hornblende  and  py- 
ro.xene,  occurring  in  long,  delicate  fibers  ;  usually 
of  a  white  or  gray  color,  and  also  in  compact  fibrous 
m.isses  and  seams,  of  greenish  and  reddish  shades. 
The  liner  v.arieties  have  been  wfouglit  into  gloves 
and  cloth,  which  are  incombustible.  The  cloth 
was  formerly  used  as  a  shroud  for  dead  bodies,  and 
Ii.ts  been  recommended  for  firemen's  clothes.  As- 
bestus is  also  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  iron 
safes,  and  for  lamp-wicks.  Dana. 

Lignlform  asbestus  is  a  variety  of  a  brown  color, 
and  of  a  slaty  or  splintery  fracture,  and  if  broken 
across,  presents  an  irregular,  filamentous  structure, 
like  wood.  Kiraan. 
AS'BO-LIN,  n.    [Gr.  aa$o\,i.] 

.\  yellow,  oil-like  matter,  verj-  acrid  and  bitter,  ob- 
taineil  from  stmt. 
AS'CA-RIS,  71. ;  pU  As-car'i-des.  [Gr.] 

In  -.oolojry,  a  genus  of  intestinal  worms.  The  body 
is  cylindrical,  and  tapering  at  the  ends. 
.AS-rE.\l)',  V.  i.    [L.  a.%ccn</u,  from  scaiulo,  to  mount 
or  climb;  W.  esiryn,  to  rise  ;  cyn,  first, cliief.    It  has 
the  same  elements  as  begin.] 

1.  To  move  upward  ;  to  mount ;  to  go  up  ;  to 
rise,  whether  in  air  or  water,  or  upon  a  material 
obiect. 


2.  To  rise,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  to  proceed  from 
an  inferior  to  a  superior  degree,  from  mean  to  noble 
objects,  from  jiarticuL'trs  to  generals,  &c. 

3.  To  proceed  from  inoilern  to  ancient  times ;  to 
recur  to  former  ages ;  as,  our  inquiries  ascend  to  the 
remotest  antiquity. 

4.  In  a  corresponding  sense,  to  proceed  in  a  lino 
toward  ancestors  ;  as,  to  ascend  to  our  first  pro- 
genitors. 

5.  To  rise,  as  a  star ;  to  proceed  or  come  above 
the  horizon. 

(j.  In  viusic,  to  rise  in  vocal  utterance;  to  pass 
from  any  iiot(!  to  one  more  acute. 
AS-CE.\|j',  V.  t.    To  go  or  move  upward  upon  ;  as,  to 
ascend  a  hill  or  ladder;  —  or  to  climb;  as,  to  ascend 
a  tree. 

AS-CE.\D'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  ascended. 
AS-CEND'.ANT,  71.    Superiority,  or  commanding  in- 
fluence ;  as,  one  man  has  the  ascendant  over  another. 

2.  An  ancestor,  or  one  who  precedes  in  genealogy, 
or  degrees  of  kindred  ;  ojiposed  to  descendant. 

3.  Ilight;  elevation.    [Little  used.]  Temple. 

4.  In  astrology,  tlie  horo.sropi',  or  that  degree  of  the 
ecliptic  which  rises  above  the  horizon  at  the  time  d[ 
one's  birth  ;  supposed  to  have  influence  on  a  per- 
son's life  and  fortune.  Encyc. 

That  one  of  the  twelve  houses  of  heaven,  which 
at  any  time  is  about  to  rise  ;  called  also  the  first 
hou.'.c.  That  point  of  the  ecliptic,  included  in  it, 
which  is  just  rising,  is  called  the  horoscope,  :iuA  the 
planet,  or  other  heavmly  body,  which  rules  in  the 
house,  is  called  lord  ofUie  ascendant.  The  ascendant 
is  considered  the  stronge.st  house,  and  is  supposed  to 
exercise  an  especial  influence  on  the  fortune  of  a 
person  born  at  the  time.  P.  Cyc. 

Hence  the  phrnsits  to  be  in  the  (Licniflant,  dunotin^, 
to  have  commanding  power  or  influence,  and  lord 
of  the  ascendant,  denoting  one  who  has  possession 
of  such  power  or  influence;  as,  to  rule,  for  a  while,- 
lordoftltc  oscrndanL  Burke. 
AS-CEND'ANT,  a.  Superior  ;  prctlominaiit ;  surpass- 
ing. 

2.  In  astrology,  above  the  horizon. 
AS-CEMO'ED, p/<.  or  a.    Risen;  mounted  up;  gone 
to  heaven. 

AS-CE.NI)'E.\'-CY,  71.    Power  ;  governing  or  controll- 
ing influence. 


Custom  Uas  an  ascendency  over  tlic  understjuidii 


WatU. 


AS-CEND'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Rising;  moving  upward; 
proceeding  from  the  less  to  the  greater ;  proceeding 
iVoin  modern  to  ancient,  from  grave  to  more  acute. 
A  star  is  said  to  be  ascending,  when  rising  above  the 
horizon,  in  any  paralli  I  of  the  equator. 

Ascending  latitude,  is  the  latitude  of  .i  planet,  when 
moving  toward  the  north  pole. 

Ascending  node,  is  that  point  of  a  planet's  orbit, 
wherein  it  ptusses  the  ecliptic  to  -proceed  northward. 
It  is  also  called  the  northern  node. 

Ascending  vessels,  in  anatomy,  arc  those  which 
carry  the  blood  upward  or  toward  the  superior  parts 
of  tile  liody. 
AS-CEN'Sl6\,  (as-sen'sbiin,)  m.    [L.  a.«c7i.'fio.] 

1.  The  act  of  ascending  ;  a  rising  It  is  frequently 
applied  to  the  visible  elevation  of  our  Savior  to 
heaven. 

2.  The  tiling  rising,  or  ascending.  [jYut  autlior- 
izcd.  ] 

3.  In  astronomy,  ascension  is  either  right  or  oblique. 
Bight  ascension  of  the  sun,  or  of  a  star,  is  that  degree 
of  the  equinoctial,  counted  from  the  beginning  of 
Aries,  which  ris"s  with  the  sun  or  star,  in  a  right 
sphere  ;  or  the  arc  of  the  equator  intercepted  between 
the  first  point  of  Aries  and  that  point  of  the  equator 
that  comes  to  the  meriilian  with  the  sun  or  star. 
Oblique  iLicension,  is  an  arc  of  the  equator,  intercept- 
ed between  the  first  point  of  .Aries  and  that  point 
of  the  equator  which  rises  together  with  a  st.ar,  in 
an  oblique  s|ihere  ;  or  the  arc  of  the  equator  inter- 
ceptirtl  between  the  first  point  of  Aries  and  th.it 
point  of  the  equator  that  comes  to  the  horizon  with 
a  star.  ./ohnsoiu  Brande. 

AS-("EN'SIO.\-DAY,  7i.  A  festival  of  some  Christian 
churches,  held  ten  days,  or  on  the  Thursday  but 
one,  before  WliiLsuntide,  in  commemoration  of  our 
.«avior's  ascension  into  heaven,  alter  his  resurrec- 
tion ;  called  also  Jioly  Thursday. 

Ascensional  difference,  is  thi'  difference  between  the 
right  and  oblique  ascension  of  the  same  point  on  the 
surface  of  the  sphere.  Chambers. 

AS-CEN'SIVE,  a.  Rising;  tending  to  rise,  or  caus- 
ing to  rise.  Journ.  of  Science. 

AS-CENT',  7U    [L.  aseensus.] 

1.  The  act  of  rising ;  motion  upward,  whether 
in  air,  water,  or  other  lluid,  or  on  clev.ited  objects  ; 
rise  ;  a  mounting  upw  ard  ;  as,  the  osccnt  of  vapors 
from  the  earth. 

2.  The  way  by  which  one  ascends  (;  the  means  of 
ascending.  Baeon. 

3.  An  eminence,  hill,  or  high  place.  AdilUon. 

4.  The  degree  of  elevation  of  an  object,  or  the  an- 
gle it  makes  with  a  horizontal  line  ;  as,  a  road  has 
an  ascent  of  five  degrees. 

5.  Acclivity  ;  the  rise  of  a  hill ;  as,  a  steep  asemL 


TCXE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  :  G  aa  J  :  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


See  AcEscENCY,  Acescent. 


ASH 

AS-CER-TaIN',  v.  L  [from  the  L.  ad  certum,  to  a 
cert.iiiily.] 

1.  To  make  certain  ;  to  define  or  reduce  to  pre- 
cision, by  removing  obscurity  or  ambiguity. 

Tlie  divine  law  ascerlairis  Uie  Irulh.  Hooker. 

0.  To  mal^e  certain,  by  trial,  examination,  or  ex- 
periment, so  as  to  linow  what  was  before  unknown  ; 
as,  to  osr.ertain  the  weight  of  a  commodity,  or  the 
purity  of  a  metal. 

3.  To  make  sure  by  previous  measures.  [  Unusual.] 

'riic  mitiiitry,  in  order  lo  as^tain  a  majority  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  persuaded  the  queen  to  create  twelve  new  peers. 

SmoUeU. 

4.  To  make  certain  or  confident,  followed  by  an 
objective  and  of;  as,  to  ascertain  vs  of  the  goodness 

^  of  our  work.    [Uiiusuat.]  Drtjden. 
a.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  with  certainty  ;  to  render 
invariable,  and  not  subject  to  will. 

Tlie  niiltlness  and  precision  of  their  lav/a  ascertained  the  rule  and 
measure  of  t;ixation.  Gibbon. 

AS-CER-TaIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  made  cer- 
tain in  fact,  or  certain  to  the  mind  ;  that  may  be 
certainly  known,  or  reduced  to  a  certainty. 

Kerr^s  Lavohier. 

AS-CER-TaIX'£D,  pp.  Jlade  certain  ;  defined  ;  es- 
tablished]^ reduced  lo  a  certainty. 

AS-CER-TaIN'ER,  71.  The  person  who  ascertains  or 
makes  certain. 

AS-CER-TaIx\'ING,  ppr.  Making  certain;  fixing; 
establishing;,  reducing  to  a  certainty;  obtaining 
certain  knowledge. 

AS-CER-TaIN'iMENT,  n.  The  act  of  ascertaining  ; 
a  reducing  to  certainty ;  certainty ;  fixed  rule.  SwifL 

AS-CES'SAi\-CY 

AS-CES'SANT. 

AS-CET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  aaxriTOi,  exercised,  hardened  ; 
from  a(7x-£(.j,  to  exercise.] 

Retired  from  the  world;  rigid  ;  severe  ;  austere; 
unduly  rigid  in  devotions  and  mortifications. 

AS-CET'lU,  M. 

1.  In  the  early  church,  one  who  retired  from  the 
customary  business  of  life,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  duties  of  piety  and  devotion  ;  a  hermit ;  a  recluse. 

2.  One  who  practices  undue  rigor  and  self-denial 
in  religious  things. 

3.  The  title  of  certain  books  on  devout  exercises  ; 
as,  the  .^.iertics  of  St.  Basil. 

AS-CET'1-CISM,  «.   The  state  or  practice  of  ascetics. 

Bib.  Repos. 

AS'CI-I,       }  n.  pi.    [L.  fl.Tcii,  from  Gr.  a  priv.  and 

AS'CT-.\NS,  (     iTKia,  a  shadow.] 

Persons,  who,  at  certain  times  of  the  year,  have 
no  shadow  al  noon.  Such  are  the  inhabitants  of  the 
torrid  zone,  w  ho  hiive,  tit  times,  a  vertical  sun.  Bailey. 

AS'CI-TANS,  ?i.  pi.  [Gr.  acKoi,  a  bag  or  bottle  of 
skin.]  ' 

A  sect  fir  branch  of  Montanists,  who  appeared  in 
the  second  century.  They  introduced  into  their  as- 
semblies certain  bacchanals,  who  danced  around  a 
bag  or  skin  distended  with  air,  in  allusion  to  the 
bottles  filled  with  new  wine.    Matt.  i.ic.  Eticyc. 

AS-CI'TliS,  H.    [Gr.  wffKOt,  a  bladder.] 

Dropsy  of  the  belly  ;  a  tense,  equable  swelling  of 
the  belly,  with  fiuctuation,  from  a  collection  of 
serous  fiiiid  in  the  cavity  of  the  peritoneimi. 

AS-CIT'IC,       la.    Beltmging  to  an  ascites;  dropsi- 

AS-CIT'ie-AL,  i     cal;  hydropical. 

AS-CI-Tr'TlOUS,  (as-si-tish'us,)  a.  [L.  aicitus  ;  Low 
L.  ascititius  ;  from  ascisco,  to  take  to  or  associiite.] 

Additional ;  added  ;  supplemental ;  not  inherent 
or  origiutil. 

Homer  lias  l»^cn  reckoned  an  ascilitMus  name.  Pope. 

AS-CLK'PJ-AD,  n.  in  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  of  four 
feet,  the  first  of  which  is  a  spontiee,  the  second  a 
cliorianib,  and  the  last  two  dtictyls  ;  or  of  four  feet 
and  a  ciesiira,  the  first  a  spondee,  the  second  a  dac- 
tyl, then  the  ctesiira,  followed  by  two  dactyls  ;  as, 
Mtece  I  nis  ati  |  vis  |  edite  |  reglbus.  Eiicyc. 

AS-€RIH'A-HLE,  a.  [See  Ascbibe.]  That  may  be 
ascribed  or  attributed. 

AS  eillBE',  V.  t.  [L.  ascribe,  of  ad  and  scribo,  to 
write  ;  Eng.  .tcrapr.] 

1.  To  attribute,  impute,  or  set  to,  as  to  a  cause ;  to 
refer  an  efiect  to  its  cause  ;  as,  losses  are  often  to  be 
aacribcd  lo  imprudence. 

2.  To  attribute,  as  a  c|uality,  or  an  appurtenance  ; 
to  consider  or  allege  to  belong  ;  as,  to  ascribe  perfec- 
tion to  God,  or  imperfection  to  man.  Job  x.ixvi. 
P«.  Ixviii.    1  .Sam.  xviii. 

AS  CItlll' /•;!),  ;>/).  Attributed  or  imputed  ;  considered 
or  ttllcgi-d,  as  Ixdonging. 

AS  GUrii'l.NO,  ppr.  Attributing  ;  imputing  ;  alleg- 
ing lo  belong. 

A.S-t;RrP'TU).\,  (an  kriii'shiin,)  n.  The  act  of  as- 
cribing, iin|iuling,  or  allirrning  to  belong. 

AH-( :KII"-'I'I"'I'H)US,  a.  'Iliat  is  a.>icril)cd.  This 
word  waK  applied  to  villains  untler  thi^  fi  iidiil  sys- 
ti-iii,  wIki  were  aiinexi  cl  lo  the  fri  eliuld  and  iraiis- 
feralile  with  it.       Sprlman.    Lib.  A'ttrrr  Hcaccarti. 

A-SEX'IJ-AI.,  a.    Having  no  di»linct  sex. 

A.^ll,  n.  [.Sax.  ir.ic ;  Uan.  tuk  ;  Germ,  eacht ;  U. 
ettehr, )  lluu.  ytuen,] 


ASI 

1.  The  popular  name  of  different  species  of  trees 
of  the  Linnsan  genus  Fraxinus.  The  common  Eu- 
ropean ash  is  the  F.  excelsior. 

2.  Tlie  wood  of  the  ash-tree. 

ASH,  a.  Pertifining  to  or  like  the  ash  ;  made  of  ash. 
ASH,  V.  t.   To  strow  or  sprinkle  with  ashes  ;  as,  to 

ash  the  hair.  Huwel. 
2.  To  strow  with  ashes  for  the  purpose  of  manure. 
A-SIIaME',  v.  t.    To  shame.    [JVot  used.] 
A-SilAM'£D,  a.    [from  Sax.  gescamiaii  or  ascamian,  to 

be  ashamed,  to  blush,  from  scama,  shame  ;  originally 

a  participle.    See  Sh.ime.] 

1.  Afiected  by  shame  ;  abashed  or  confused  by 
guilt,  or  a  conviction  of  some  criminal  action  or  in- 
decorous conduct,  or  by  the  exposure  of  some  gross 
error  or  misconduct,  which  the  person  is  conscious 
must  be  wrong,  and  which  tends  to  impair  his  honor 
or  reputation.    It  is  followed  by  of. 

Thou  slialt  remember  thy  ways,  and  lie  ashamed.  —  Ex.  xvi. 
Israel  sliall  be  ashamed  of  his  own  counsel.  —  tiosea  xx. 

2.  Confused  by  a  consciousness  of  guilt  or  of  in- 
feriority, by  the  mortification  of  pride,  by  failure  or 
disapjiointment. 

The y  slialt  Iw  greatly  ashamed  that  tuist  in  imat^s.  —  Isa.  zlii. 

VrhL^  adjective  always  follows  its  itouu.] 
A-SHAM'Eb-LY,  adv.    Bashfully.    [M  ^iscd.] 
ASH'€0L,-OR-£D,  o.    Of  a  color  between  brown  and 

gray.  Woodward. 
ASH'EN,  a.    [See  Ash.]    Pertaining  to  ash ;  made  of 
ASH'ER-Y,  71.  [ash. 

1.  A  place  where  ashes  are  deposited. 

2.  A  place  where  potash  is  made. 

ASH'ES,  71.  pi.  without  the  singular  number.  [Sax. 
asca;  Goth,  aztra ;  D.  asch;  G.  asche;  Sw.  aska ; 
Dan.  aske ;  Basque,  auscua.] 

1.  The  earthy  particles  of  pombustible  substances 
remaining  after  combustion,  as  of  wood  or  coal. 

2.  The  remains  of  the  human  body  when  burnt. 
Hence,  figuratively,  a  dead  body  or  corpse. 

3.  In  Scripture,  ashes  is  used  to  denote  vileness, 
meanness,  frailty,  or  humiliation. 

1,  wlio  am  but  dust  and  ashes.  ■ —  Gen.  xviii, 
1  abhor  myself,  and  ivpent  in  dust  and  ashes.  — Job  xlii. 
Volcanic  ashes;  the  loose,  earthy  matter  ejected  by 
vidcanoes. 

ASH'-FlRE,  71.  A  low  fire  used  in  chemical  oper- 
ations. 

ASII'-HoLE,  71.  A  repository  for  ashes  ;  the  lowest 
ptirt  of  a  furnace.  » 

ASH'L.'\R,  i  71.  In  architecture,  a  facingmade  of  squared 

ASH'LER,  )  stones  ;  or  a  facing  made  of  thin  slabs, 
used  to  cover  walls  of  brick  or  rubble.  The  term 
has  also  been  applied,  in  England,  to  common  or  free 
stones  as  they  are  brought  from  the  quarry.  Oioilt. 

ASII'LER-ING,  71.  Oiiartering  for  lathing  to,  in  gar- 
rets, two  or  three  feet  high,  perpendicular  to  the 
floor,  and  reaching  to  the  under  side  of  the  rafters. 

A-SIIoRE',  ar/i'.    [a,  «(,  or  on,  and  See  Shore.] 

1.  On  shore ;  on  the  lanil  adjacent  to  water ;  to 
the  shore  ;  as,  bring  the  gooils  ashore. 

2.  On  land,  opposed  to  aboard ;  as,  the  captain  of 
the  ship  remained  ashore. 

3.  On  the  ground  ;  as,  the  ship  was  driven  ashore. 
ASII'-PAN,  71.    A  pan  beneath  a  grate  or  furnace  to 

receive  ashes. 
ASH'TO-RETH,  n.    [Ileb.]    A  goddess  of  the  Si- 

donians  and  Philistines,  the  same  as  the  Venus  of 

the  Romans. 
ASH'-TIIB,  7!.    A  tub  to  receive  ashes. 
ASH-WEDNES'DAY,  (ash-weiiz,'de,)  7i.    The  first 

day  of  Lent ;  supposed  to  be  so  called  from  a  custom 

in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  of  sprinkling  tishes, 

that  d.iy,  on  the  heads  of  penitents,  then  admitted  lo 

penance. 

ASH'-VVEED,  71.  A  plant,  the  small  wild  angelica, 
goutvvort,  goats-foot,  or  herb-gerard,  a  species  of  the 
genus  A^gopodium.  Encyc. 

ASII'Y,  a.    1.  Belonging  to  ashes. 

2.  Ash-colored  ;  pale  ;  inclining  to  a  whitish  gray. 

Shak. 

3.  Made  or  composed  of  ashes  ;  as,  the  u-s/iy 
womb  of  Ilie  pljenix.  Milton. 

4.  Filled  or  strowed  with  ashes;  as,  ashy  hairs. 

Chaucer. 

ASII'Y-PaLE,  a.    Pale  as  ashes.  Shale. 

A'SIA,  71.  One  of  the  fi)iir  ciuarters  of  the  globe. 
[A  name  originally  given  to  Asia  Minor  or  sonjo  part 
of  it ;  perhaps  from  the  Asses,  Ases,  or  Osses,  about 
Mount  Taurus.    Mallet,  J^orlh.  Ant.  i.  CO.  Pliny.] 

A'SIAN,  17.    Pertaining  lo  Asia.    Dryden.  Mitford. 

A'SI-ARGH,  (a'she-llrk,)  71.  [Jl.iia  and  apx'>i,  chief.] 
A  term  applied  to  the  chiefs  or  pontifl's  of  Procon- 
sular Asia,  who  had  the  superintendence  of  the 
public  games.    Acts  xix.  Mihicr. 

A-Sl-AT'ie,  (a-shc-at'ik,)  a.  Beltmging  to  Asia;  a 
quarter  of  the  globe  which  extends  fitmi  the  Strait 
of  Conslanlinoplu  and  the  Arabian  Gulf  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  on  the  cast.  It  is  probalile  the  name 
was  originally  appropriated  to  what  is  now  Asia 
Minor,  or  ralher  ti  p.irl  of  it. 

A-SI-AT'ie,  71.    A  ntilivf  of  Asia. 

A-SI-.\T'I-(,TS.M,  71.    Imitation  of  the  Asiatic  manner. 

A-HIDE',  adv.    [a  and  side.    See  Side.] 


ASL 

1.  On  or  to  one  side;  out  of  a  perpendicular  or 
straight  direction. 

2.  At  a  little  distance  from  the  main  part  or  body. 
Thou  shall  set  aside  that  which  is  full.  —  2  Kin<;3  iv. 

3.  From  the  body ;  as,  to  put  or  lay  aside  a  gar- 
ment.  John  xiii. 

4.  From  the  company ;  at  a  small  distance,  or  in 
private  ;  as  when  speakers  utter  something  by  them 
selves,  u|)on  the  stage. 

5.  Separate  from  the  person,  mind,  or  attention  ; 
in  a  state  of  abandonment. 

Let  us  lay  asitU  every  weight.  —  Heb.  xii. 

6.  Out  of  the  line  of  rectitude  or  propriety,  in  a 
moral  view. 

They  are  ail  gone  aside.  —  Ps.  xiv. 

7.  In  a  state  of  separation  to  a  particular  use  ;  as, 
to  set  aside  a  thing  for  a  future  day. 

To  .tct  aside,  in  judicial  proceedings,  is  to  defeat 
the  effect  or  operation  of,  by  a  subsequent  decision 
of  a  superior  tribunal ;  as,  lo  set  aside  a  verdict  or  a 
judgment. 

AS-IN-ii'GO,  71.    [Sp.  asnico,  a  little  ass.]    A  foolish 
fellow.  Mason. 

AS'I-NINE,  rarely  AS'I-NA-RY,  a.    [L.  asinus;  VV. 
asyn,  the  ass.] 

Belonging' to  the  ass;  having  the  qualities  of 
the  ass. 

ASK,  u.  U    [Sax.  ascian,  acsian,  or  axian;  D.  eischen; 

G.  heischen;  Ir.  ascaiin  :  Gr.  afttjto.  Qu.  Eth. 
a.yku,  lo  pray  or  beseech.  In  former  times,  the 
English  word  was  pronounced  az,  as  in  the  royal 
style  of  assenting  to  bills  in  parliament,  "Be  it  as 
it  is  axed."  In  Calmuc,  asoc  signifies  to  inquire. 
The  sense  is  to  urge  or  press.] 

1.  To  request ;  to  seek  to  obtain  by  words  ;  to  pe- 
tition ;  Willi  of,  in  the  sense  of  from,  before  the  per- 
son lo  whom  the  request  is  made. 

Ask  counsel  of  God.  —  Juda^s  xviii. 

2.  To  require,  expect,  or  claim. 

To  whom  men  have  committed  niucli,  0/  him  they  will  ask  the 
more.  — I.uke  xii. 

3.  To  interrogate,  or  inquire  ;  to  put  a  question, 
with  a  view  to  an  answer. 

He  is  of  age,  ask  him.  — John  ix. 

4.  To  require,  or  make  claim. 

Ask  me  never  so  much  dowry.  — Gen.  xxxiv.   Dan.  ii. 

5.  To  claim,  require,  or  demand,  as  the  price  or 
value  of  a  commodity  ;  to  set  a  price  ;  as,  what  price 
do  you  a.s/i:  ? 

6.  To  require,  as  physically  necessarj-. 

An  exigence  of  state  aske  a  much  longer  time  to  conduct  a  de- 
sign 10  maturity.  Addison. 

This  sense  is  nearly  Or  entirely  obsolete;  a.s4  being 
superseded  by  require  and  demand. 

7.  To  invite  ;  as,  to  u.ik  guests  to  a  wedding  or  en- 
tertainment ;  a.tk  my  frienil  to  step  into  the  house. 

ASK,  V.  i.    To  request  or  petition,  followed  by  for ;  as, 
ask  for  bread  ;  or  without /ur. 

Ask,  and  it  shall  be  given  you.  —  Malt.  vii. 
2.  To  inquire,  or  seek  by  request  ;  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  t^fler. 

Wherefore  dost  thou  ask  afler  my  name?  —  Gen.  xxxii. 
This  verb  can  hardly  be  considered  as  strictly  in- 
transitive, for  some  person  or  object  is  always 
understood. 

Ask  is  not  equivalent  to  demand,  claim,  and  require, 
at  least  in  modern  ustige  ;  much  less  is  it  equiva- 
lent lo  beg  and  beseech.    The  first  three  words,  de- 
mand, claim,  require,  imply  a  right,  or  supposed  right, 
in  the  person  asking,  to  the  thing  requested  ;  and 
beg  and  beseech  imply  more  urgency  than  ask.  A.'ck 
and  request  imply  no  right,  but  suppose  the  thing  di,-- 
sired  to  be  a  favor.    The  French  demander  is  cor- 
rectly rendered  by  ask,  rather  than  by  demand. 
AS-KAN'CE',  \  adv.    [D.  sclimns,  slopingly.]  Side- 
AS-KANT',    j     ways ;  obliquely  ;  toward  one  cor- 
ner of  the  eye.  Milton.  Dryden. 
ASKKI),  pp.    Requested  ;  petitioned  ;  questitmed  ;  in- 
ASK'ER,  71.  [lerrogated. 

1.  [from  ask.]  One  who  asks  ;  a  petitioner  ;  an 
inquirer. 

2.  A  water  newt.  Johnson. 
A-SKEVV,  ado     [G   sckief;  Dan.  skiicv ;   D.  schcif, 

awry,  crooked,  oblique.] 

With  a  wry  look  ;  aside  ;  askant ;  sometimes  in- 
dicating scorn,  or  contempt,  or  envy.  Spenser. 
ASK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Requesting;  petitioning;  inter- 
rogating ;  inquiring. 
2.  Silently  expressing  request  or  desire. 

Explain  llie  (Uitin,?  eye.  Pope. 

A-SLAKE',  V.  t.    [Sax.  aslacian.    See  Slack.] 

To  remit ;  to  slacken,    f  JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
A.S-LA'NI,  II.    A  Turkish  silver  coin  worth  from  115 

to  19(1  aspcrs.  Encyc. 
A-SLANT',  (I.  or  nrfi).    [a  anA  siant.  SeeSr.AiMT.l 
On  one  sitle  ;  obliquely  ;  not  perpendicularly  or 
with  a  right  angle. 

The  Bhaa  drove  through  his  neck  atlant.  Drydtn. 


FATE,  FAK,  PALL,  WH^T,  — METE,  PBBY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


74 


ASP 

A-SLEEP',  (I.  or  ado.  [a  and  sleep,  or  Sax.  gestajian, 
to  slepp.] 

1.  Sleei)ing  ;  in  a  slate  of  sleep ;  at  rest. 

SUcra  wna  f.u>l  asleep.  —  Juil;rt-s  iv. 
S.  To  a  state  of  sleep  ;  as,  to  fall  asleep. 

3.  Dead  ;  in  a  state  of  death. 

Concerning  (hcni  who  arc  atlttp,  Borrow  not.  —  1  Thcss.  iv. 

4.  To  death. 

For  sincf  the  falhen  fell  asleep,  all  tiling!  continue.  —2  Pet.  iii. 
A-SI,ol'E',  a.  or  mle.    [a  and  .•j/o/ic    Sec  Slope.] 

With  leaning  or  iiicliniition  ;  iiMiqiiely  ;  with  de- 
clivity or  descent,  as  a  hill ;  declining  from  an  up- 
right direction. 

Set  them  not  upright,  but  aslope.  Bacon. 
A-SLUG',  orfii.    In  a  sluggish  manner.    [JVti(  «.<«/.] 

Fntlierbij. 

AS-MO-Nk'AN,  a.  rortaining  to  Asnioneiis,  the 
.fiitlier  of  Simon,  and  chii;f  of  the  Asmoueans,  a 
family  that  reigned  over  the  Jews  li2R  years. 

AS-MO-.\r;'A.\,  n.    One  of  the  family  of  Asmoneus. 

A-SO'.MA-TOUS,  a.    Hit.  .i  priv.  aiiirirr.i/i.i,  body.] 
Without  a  material  body  ;  incorport^al.  Tmlil. 

XSP,       In.    [L.  (W/d'.t ;  fir.  iitTTif,  a  riniiid  shiild  and 

ASP'ie,  i  an  asp;  supposed  to  lie  from  Ileb.  and 
Ch.  SDK,  to  gather  in,  or  collect;  from  the  coil  of 
this  serpent,  with  his  head  elevated  in  the  center, 
like  the  boss  of  a  buckler.] 

A  small,  poisonous  serpent  of  Eiiypt  and  Libya, 
whose  bite  occasitms  inevitable  death,  but  withuiit 
pain.  It  is  said  that  the  celebrated  Cleopatra,  rtilher 
than  be  carried  a  captive  to  Rntne  by  Augustus,  suf- 
fered death  by  the  bite  of  the  asp  ;  but  the  fart  has 
been  questitmed.  Authors  are  not  agreeti,  to  whttt 
species  the  asp  of  the  iineieuts  should  be  refern  il. 
Bruce  thinks  it  the  Coluber  ceraslcj.  Linn.  Citeicr 
considers  it  the  Coluber  hitje,  Linn. 

AS-I'AL'A-THUiM,  n.  The  calambac,  a  variety  of 
the  agallocbum  or  aloes-wood  ;  also,  the  rose  wood, 
(/Ai,nium  Rhodium.)  Parr.  Cifc. 

AS-PAL'A-THUS,  n.  I.  A  genus  of  papilionaceous 
plants,  of  the  natural  order  Fabaceii',  (class  De- 
candria.  Linn.)  The  species  are  chielly  natives  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

2.  A  plant,  called  rose  of  Jerusalem,  or  our  lady's 
rose. 

3.  The  rose-wood,  (Lin-num  Rltodium,)  a  fragrant 
wood,  yielding  an  essential  oil  with  the  odor  of 
roses ;  furnished  by  two  species  of  Convolvulus, 
(C.  fioridws  and  C.  scoparvus,)  natives  of  the  Cana- 
ries. Parr.  Cije. 

AS-P.\R'A-(3IN,  n.  A  crystallized  substance,  first  dis- 
covered in  the  juice  of  asparagus,  the  precise  nature 
of  which  is  not  settled. 

AS-P.\R-  ^G'I.\-OUS,  a.  Properly,  allied  to  the  aspar- 
agus ;  but  in  kotticttkure,  denoting  plants  whose 
tender  shoots  are  eaten,  like  those  of  asparagus. 

Brandr. 

AS-P.\R'.\-GUS,  71.  [L.  and  Gr.  ;  probably  from 
airaoaTTio,  to  tear,  from  its  lacerated  appearance,  or 
from  the  root  of  <T7rtioa,  a  spire,  from  its  stem.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants ;  and  also  the  com- 
mon name  of  one  of  its  species,  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens, called  otherwise  .•iptirrtrt-iz-s,  .-Tiaraire,  and  vulgar- 
ly sparrow-^rass.  This  has  an  upright,  herbaceotis 
stalk,  bristly  leaves,  and  equal  slipulas.  The  roots 
have  a  bitterish,  mucilaginous  taste  ;  and  the  stalk 
is,  in  some  degree,  aperient  and  ileobstruent,  but 
not  very  etficacious. 

AS-PXR'T.\TE,  n.  Any  compound  of  the  aspartic 
acid  with  a  salifiable  base. 

AS-PAR'Tie  ACID,  n.  A  concrete  or  cryst.alline 
acid,  obtained  from  asparagtis,  and  composed  of  car- 
bon, hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  oxygen. 

AS'PEC T,  n.  [L.  a.-.prcrus,  from  aspicio,  to  look  on,  of 
ad  and  specio,  to  see  or  look.] 

1.  Look  ;  view ;  appearance  to  the  eye  or  the 
mind  ;  as,  to  present  an  object  or  a  subject  in  its 
true  a.-pe(t,  or  under  a  double  a.«p«(.  So  we  say, 
public  affairs  have  a  favorable  aspect. 

2.  Countenance  ;  look,  or  particular  appearance  of 
the  face  ;  as,  a  mild  or  severe  a.-fprct. 

3.  Look;  glance;  act  of  seeing.  [This  sense  ii 
now  unu--fual.\ 

4.  Position  or  situation  with  regard  to  seeinc,  or 
that  position  which  enables  one  to  look  in  a  particu- 
lar direction  ;  or,  in  a  more  general  sense,  position 
in  relation  to  the  points  of  the  compass  ;  as,  a  hotise 
has  a  southern  a-tpect,  that  is,  a  position  which  faces 
or  Umks  to  the  south. 

h.  In  aslroloiftj,  the  situation  of  one  planet  with 
respect  to  another,  or  the  angle  formed  by  the  rays 
of  light  proceeding  from  two  planets,  and  mectins  at 
the  eye.  The  asjwcts  are  five  ;  sextile,  when  the 
planets  arc  60"  distant ;  quartile,  or  quadrate,  when 
their  distance  is  90',  or  the  quarter  of  a  circle  ;  trine, 
when  the  distance  is  120' ;  opposition,  when  the  dis- 
tance is  180°,  or  h.alf  a  circle  ;  and  conjunction, 
when  they  are  in  the  same  degree. 

Encye.  Brande. 

AS'PECT,  r.  (.    To  behold.    [J\'<>t  u.>frf."]  Temple. 
AS-PECT'A-BLE,  a.   Tliat  may  be  seen.    [JVut  u-ied.] 

Raleiijh. 


ASP 

AS-PECT'ED,  a.    Having  an  aspect.    [JVo(  used.] 

B.  Jouson. 

AS-PEC'TIO.V,  71.   The  act  of  viewing.    [JVot  u.mt.] 

Brown. 

ASP'EX,  )  71.  [D.  espie;  G.  a.ipe,  e-spc  ;  Sax.  ifspe ;  Sw. 
ASP,       j     asp ;   Dan.  irsp ;    Ciu.  from    the  Ar. 

1    ^>Cvo4.  khojihafa,  to  be  agitated.] 

A  specitrs  of  the  poplar,  so  called  from  the  trem- 
bling of  its  leaves,  which  move  with  the  slightest 
impulse  of  the  air.  Its  leaves  arc  roundish,  smooth, 
and  stand  on  long,  slender  foot-stalks. 

ASP'E.X,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  aspen,  or  resembling  it ; 
made  of  aspen  wood. 

Nor  aajten  Icuves  conli'M  the  gentlest  breeze.  Oatj. 

AS'PER,  a.  [L.  See  Asperate.]  Rough ;  rugged. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 

AS'PER,  n.    [L.  aspiro,  to  breathe.J 

In  /rrammar,  the  Greek  accent,  importing  that  the 
letter  over  which  it  is  placed  ought  to  be  asiiirated, 
or  pronounced  as  if  the  letter  A  preceded  it.  F.ticijc. 

AS'PER,  II.  A  Turkish  coin,  of  which  thrive  make  a 
mediiie. 

Its  value  is  about  a  cent  and  12  decimals. 
AS'PER-aTE,  r.  t.    [L.  asprro,  from  asper,  rotigh.] 
To  make  rough  or  uneven.  Borjlc. 
AS'PER-S  TED,  pp.    Made  rough  or  uneven. 
AS-PER-a'T10.\,  n.    A  making  rough. 
AS-I'ER-GII.'LUS,  n.   The  brush  used,  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  for  sprinkling  holy  water  on  the 
people. 

AS-PER-GOIRE',  71.    [Fr.  aspcrsoir.]    A  sprinkling 

with  li()l\-  «':itcr. 
.AS  I'ER-I-ITVI.l-.VTE,  a.     [L.  asper,  rough,  and 

fohum,  a  leaf] 

Having  rough  le.aves. 

The  term  asperifoliate  (L.  asprrifoliir)  has  been  ap- 
plied, by  different  botanists,  to  a  natural  fiiniily  of 
plants,  characterized  by  a  mt)Uopetalous  corolla,  usu- 
ally with  four  divisions,  an  ovary  deeply  fotir-clc  ft, 
foniicrly  regarded  as  four  naked  seeds,  and  alternate 
leaves,  rough  to  the  touch,  whence  the  name.  These 
plants  constitute  the  forty-first  order  in  LiuiuTus's 
fragments  of  a  natitral  method,  .and  also  form  a  di- 
vision in  the  methods  of  Hermann,  Boerh.aave,  and 
Rav.    Thi  v  now  form  the  natural  order  Borai^iiiacc. 

A.'i-l'ER-I-I'O'Ll-OUS,  a.  Having  leaves  rough  to  the 
touch.    [Set?  the  prrcedinrr  icord.] 

AS-1*ER'I-TY,  71.    [L.  aspcritas,  from  asper,  rough.] 

1.  Roughness  of  surface  ;  uuevenness  ;  oppiised  to 
smaotJuiess.  Botjh. 

2.  Roughness  of  sound  ;  thf.t  qu.ality  which  grates 
the  eiir ;  harshness  of  pronunciation.  fVarttin. 

3.  Roughness  to  the  t.iste  ;  sourness. 

4.  Roughness  or  riiggedness  of  temper;  niorose- 
ness  ;  soitrness  ;  crabbedness.  Roirrrs. 

.5.  Sharpness.  Brrkclni. 
A-SPER.M'OU.S,  a.    [Gr.  n  priv.  and  trirto/ia,  seed.] 

In  botany,  destittite  of  seeds. 
AS-PER-.\A'T10.\,  It.    Disregard  ;  contempt. 
AS'PER-OUS,  «.    [L.  asper,  rough.] 

Rough  ;  uneven.  Boyle. 
AS-PERSE',  (a-s-pers',)  v.  U   [L.  aspergo,  aspcrsus,  of  ad 

and  spargo,  to  scatter ;  Ar.  ^       faraga,  to  split, 

divide,  scatter.    Sec  Class  Rrg.] 

1.  To  bespatter  with  fiuil  reports  or  false  and  in- 
jurious charges  ;  to  tarnish  in  point  of  reputation  or 
good  name  ;  to  slander  or  caluinnfate  ;  as,  to  asjicrse 
a  poet  or  his  writings  ;  to  asperse  a  character. 

9.  To  cast  upon.  1/eywood. 
AS-PERS'ER,  71.     One  that  asperses  or  vilifies  an- 
other. 

AS-PER'SIO^^,  71.  A  sprinkling,  as  of  water  or  dust, 
in  a  literal  stmse.  Shak. 

2.  The  spreading  of  calumnious  reports  or  cli.arges, 
which  t.arnisli  reputation,  like  the  bespattering  of  a 
body  with  foul  water  ;  calumny  ;  censure.  Bp.  HnlL 

AS-PER.S'O-RV,  a.   Tending  to  asperse  ;  defamatory. 

A.S-PHAl.T',       i  „     rr       »  i  t 

AS-PHALT'U.M,  j  "•  "'^0o^'-<'5-] 

Bitumen  Juiiaicum,  Jew's  pitch  ;  a  smooth,  hard, 
brittle,  black  or  brown  substance,  which  breaks  with 
a  polish,  melts  easily  whtui  heated,  and  when  pure, 
burns  without  leaving  any  ashes.  It  has  little  taste, 
and  scarcely  any  smell,  unless  heated,  when  it  emits 
a  strong  smell  of  pitch.  It  is  found  in  a  soft  or  liquid 
st.ate  on  the  surface  of  the  Dead  Sea,  which,  frtmi 
this  substance,  is  called  j^sphaltite,^,  or  the  Asiihaltic 
Lake.  It  is  found  also  in  the  earth,  in  many  parts 
of  .\sia,  Etirope,  and  America.  Forim  rly,  it  was 
used  for  embalming  dead  botlies  ;  the  soliil  nsphalt- 
um  is  still  employed  in  Artibia,  Egypt,  and  Persia, 
instead  of  pilch,  for  ships  ;  and  the  lliiid  asphaltiim 
is  used  for  varnishing, and  for  burnini  in  lamps.  It 
is  also  u.sed  for  p.avement  in  strc^ets.  A  s|>ecies 
found  in  Neufchatel  is  found  excellent  as  a  cement 
for  walls  and  pavements;  very  durable  in  air,  and 
not  peiu-irablf  by  water.  A  ctunposition  of  as|dialt- 
uni,  lamp-black,  and  oil  of  spike,  or  turpentine,  is  used 
for  drawing  black  figures  on  dial  plates.  JVicholson. 


ASP 

AS-PHAI.T'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  asphaltuin,  or  ctm- 
tainiiiE!  it;  bituminous.  Mdton. 

AS-PIIAI.T'ITE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  as- 
phaltiini.  BnjanL  IVilford. 

AS-PIIAl.T'US,  n.  Asphaltum. 

Naplitlia  nnd  .isphalUtt.  Milan, 

Afi'PIIO  nEL,  n.  [L.  asphodclus ;  Gr.  n<T(/,o<'r*o{. 
See  Theoph.  lib.  7.  Plin.  lib.  21.  17.  Perhaps  it  Is 
from  the  root  of  spud ;  Dan.  ■■.yiyrf ;  Sw.  spiut ;  Ice. 
spiont,  a  spear,  from  the  shape  of  its  leaves.] 

The  common  name  of  dilTercnt  sjiecies  of  the 
genus  Asphodeliis  ;  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  their 
flowers.  The  ancients  plantetl  asphodels  near  graves, 
to  supply  the  manes  of  the  dead  with  nourishment. 

Eneijc.  Johnson. 

AS-PIIU-RE-LA'TA,  7i.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ff^ufju,  a 
hammer ;  not  malleable.] 

A  series  of  seinimetallic  fossils,  fusible  by  fire,  and 
in  their  purest  sttite  not  malleable.  In  their  native 
state,  they  are  mixed  with  sulphur  and  other  .adven- 
titious matter,  in  the  form  of^  ore.  Under  this  tie- 
nomination  are  cbussed  bismuth,  antimony,  cobalt, 
zinc,  and  quicksilver.  Coze.  I'.ncyc. 

AS-PIIYX'I-A,  ( 71.  [Gr.  ao'jiv^ia,  of  a  priv.  and  ociwf  it, 

AS-PHYX'Y,    i  pulse.] 

Originally,  want  of  pulse,  or  cessatitm  of  the  ini>- 
tion  of  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  as  now  used,  apparent 
death,  or  suspended  aniintttion,  parliciiliirly  from 
suffocation  or  drowning,  or  the  inluihitinn  of  irrespi- 
rable  gases  ;  recently  applied  also  to  the  colla|>sed 
st.ite,  in  cholera,  with  want  of  pulse. 

ASP'ie,  71.    The  asp;  which  see. 

2.  A  piece  of  ordnance  carr>ing  a  twelve  pound 
shot. 

ASP'IC,  71.  [Fr.l  A  plant  growing  in  France, a  species 
of  lavender,  (Laraiidula  .•tpica,)  which  resembles  the 
cotnnKUi  kind  (/..  vera)  in  the  blue  color  of  its 
flowers,  and  in  the  figure  and  green  color  of  its 
U^aves.  It  is  ctilled  jnale  lavender,  spica  vardi,  antf 
pseudo-nardus.  The  oil  of  this  plant,  called  oil  of 
spike,  or  oil  of  aspic,  is  used  by  painters,  farriers,  and 
other  artificers.  It  is  very  inflamuiiible,  of  a  white 
color,  and  aromatic.  A'ichoLson.  Fourcroy. 

AS-PfR'ANT,  a.  Aspiring. 

.■\S-PIR'Ai\T,  »i.    [See  Aspire.]    One  who  .aspires, 
breathes  after,  or  seeks  with  eagerness.  Fabcr. 
2.  A  candidtite.  Hard. 

AS'PI-RATE,  r.  t.  [L.  aspiro,  to  breathe  or  blow  ; 
Gr.  aanatpto,  to  palpitate  ;  from  spiro  and  airatpoj  i 

Ar.  jX*o  safura,  to  hiss,  or  make  a  hissing  by  blow- 
ing on  a  wind  instrument.    See  Spire,  Spirit.] 

To  pronounce  with  a  breathing  or  full  emission  of 
breath.    We  aspirate  the  words  horse  and  house. 

Driiden. 

AS'PI-RATE,  t'.  I.  To  give  or  impart  a  stront;  breath- 
ing ;  as,  thir  letter  A  a.ipitates.  iJryden. 

AS'PI-RATE,  71.  A  letter  marked  with  an  asper,  or 
note  of  breathing  ;  a  mark  of  aspiration,  as  the  Greek 
accent.  Bentley. 

AS'PI-RATE,  a.    Pronounced  with  a  full  breath. 

JIalder. 

AS'PI-RA-TED,  pp.  Uttered  with  a  strong  emission 
of  breath. 

AS'PI-RA-TING,  ppr.    Pronouncing  with  a  full  breath. 
AS-PI-R.\'TIO.\,  n.    The  pronunciation  of  a  letter 
with  a  full  einissicm  of  breath.  Holder. 

2.  .\  breathing  after;  an  ardent  wi.sh  or  desir», 
chiefly  of  spiritual  blessings.  Watt.<. 

3.  The  act  of  aspiring  or  of  ardently  desiring  what 
is  noble  or  spiritual.  Shak. 

AS-Pl'RA-TO-RY,  a.    [Fr.  asitirer,  to  draw  breath.] 
Pertaining  to  bretithing;  suited  to  the  inhaling  of 
air.  Bujjion. 
AS-PIRE',r.  1.  [L.  a.<piro,  to  breathe.   See  Aspirate.] 

1.  To  desire  with  eagerness  ;  to  pant  after  an  ol>- 
ject,  great,  noble,  or  spiritual ;  followed  by  to  or  afLcr ; 
as,  to  aspire  to  a  crown,  or  after  immortality. 

2.  To  aim  at  something  elevated  ;  to  rise  or  tower 
with  desire. 

Asjtiring  to  be  gods,  if  angelt  fell, 

Aspiring  to  tie  ungrlj,  men  rwbel.  Pope. 

3.  To  rise  ;  to  ascend.         n'aller.    G.  Flelehrr. 
J\'ote.  —  This  word  has  been  used  transitively  ;  as, 

to  n.'.pire  tlirones :  to  aspire  tile  clouds,  (.l/nr/oio, 
Sliak.)  ;  but  properly  this  is  elliptical  for  a.^iire  to. 

AS-PIR'ER,  71.  One  who  aspires  ;  one  who  aims  to 
rise  in  power  or  consequence,  or  to  accomplish  .some 
itiiportant  object.  JUdlon. 

.AS-PIK'I.\G,  ppr.  Desiring  eagerly  ;  aiming  .at  some- 
thing noble,  great,  or  spiritual ;  rising. 

AS-l'IR'l.N'G,  a.  Ambitious;  animated  with  an  ar- 
di  nt  desire  of  power,  iin|H>rtance,  or  excellence. 

A.'^-PIR'I.NG,  II.    Ambition  ;  eager  desire  of  something 
great.  Hammond. 
2.  Points  ;  slops.    [JVot  v.'sed.]  Herbert. 

AS-PIR'1.\'(;-LY,  adv.    In  an  aspirins  manner. 

AS-l'IIl'l\G-.\ESS,  71    The  state  of  being  aspiring. 

.^S-PORT-A'TIO.N,  71.  [L.  aspoHatw,  of  abs  and 
porta,  to  carry  ;  W.  porthi,  to  cam".    See  Bear.] 

A  carr>  iiig  away.  In  law,  the  I'elimioiis  removal 
of  goods  from  the  place  where  they  were  de|Hisiled, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


75 


ASS 

is  an  asportation,  and  adjiidsed  to  be  theft,  liioiigh 
llie  20<)ds  are  not  carried  from  tlie  lumse  or  ajiart- 
nieni.  Blackslone. 
A-SUUINT',  adv.  [D.  schuinte,  a  slope;  schuiTis, 
slopingly;  Sp.  esquina;  D.  kant,  a  corner.  See 
Askance  and  Squint.] 

1.  To  the  comer  or  ansle  of  tlie  eye  ;  obliquely ; 
toward  one  side ;  not  in  the  straiglit  line  of  vision  ; 
as,  to  look  asquinf. 

2.  Not  will)  regard  or  due  notice.  Fox. 
ASS,  71.    [\V.  asyn  ;  Ir.  asan;  L.  asinus;  Fr.  fine,  for 

telle  ;  Ann.  o-sen ;  Sp.  Port,  asno  ;  It.  asino  ;  Qu.  from 
Gnlh.  aiiso,  Gr.  ovs,  an  ear.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Equus.  This  .mimal 
lias  long,  slouching  ears,  a  short  mane,  and  a  tail  cov- 
ered with  long  hairs  at  the  end.  He  is  usually  of  an 
ash  color,  with  a  black  bar  across  the  shoulders. 
The  tame  or  domestic  ass  is  patient  to  stupidity,  and 
carries  a  heavy  burden.  He  is  slow,  but  very  sure- 
footed, and  for  this  reason  very  useful  on  rough,  steep 

2.  A  dull,  heavy,  stupid  fellow  ;  a  dolt.  [hills. 
AS-SA-FET'I-DA,  n.  See  Asafietida. 

jJS-Sj?/',  [Ital.]  In  musk,  an  augmentative  adverb 
often  joined  to  a  word  indicating  the  movement  of  an 
air  01  other  composition  ;  as,  largo  assai,  very  slow; 
presti-  assai,  very  quick.  IlciLsseau,  JDitt.  Mus. 

AS-S.AfL',  r.  (.  [Fr.  assaillir,  from  L.  ajisilio,  to  leap 
or  rush  upon,  of  ad  and  salio,  to  leap,  to  rise.] 

1.  To  leap  or  fall  upon  by  violence  ;  to  assault ;  to 
attack  suddenly,  as  when  one  person  falls  upon 
another  to  beal  him. 

2.  To  invade  or  attack,  in  a  hostile  manner,  as  an 
army,  or  nation.  Spenser. 

3.  'i'o  attack  with  arguments,  censure,  abuse,  or 
criticism,  with  a  view  to  injure,  bring  into  disre- 
pute, or  overthrow. 

4.  To  attack  with  a  view  to  overcome,  by  motives 
applied  to  the  passions. 

Nor  bide  the  encounter  of  nsmiling  eyes.  SItak. 

AS-SaIL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  assailed,  attacked, 
or  invaded. 

AS-SAIL'ANT,  n.    [Fr.  assaUant.]    One  who  assails, 

attacks,  or  assaults. 
AS-S.aIL'ANT,  a.   .Assaulting ;  attacking;  invading 

with  violence. 
AS-SaIL'£D,  (as-s5ild',)  pp.    Assaulted ;  invaded  ; 

attacked  with  violence. 
AS-S.AlL'Ell,  n.    One  who  assails. 
AS-SaIL'IN'G,  ppr.    Assaulting,  invading  by  force; 

attacking  with  violence. 
AS-SaIL'-ME.\T,  71.    Att.ack ;  particularly,  an  attack 

of  disease,    [/.itde  used.]  .Johnson. 
AS-SA-P.AX'ie,  7t.    The  flying  squirrel ;  an  animal 

which  flies  a  little  distance  by  extending  the  skin 

between  the  fore  and  hind  legs.    [See  SciinuREL.] 
Diet.  TVcvoitz. 
AS'S.\-RON,  71.    The  omcr,  a  Hebrew  measure  of  five 

pints.  Encyc. 
AS-SaRT',  h.    [Old  Fr.  assarter,  to  grub  up.] 

1.  In  ancient  laws,  the  oflense  of  gnibbing  up  trees, 
and  thus  destroying  thickets  or  coverts  of  a  torest. 

Spelman.  Cowel. 

2.  A  tree  plucked  up  by  the  roots  ;  also,  a  piece  of 
land  cleared.  .^sli. 

AS-S.\KT',  V.  t  To  grub  up  trees  ;  to  commit  an 
assart.  Askniolc. 

AS-SAS'SI.\,7i.  [.\r.  ljaO*  luissa,  to  kill.] 

One  who  kills,  or  attempts  to  kill,  by  surprise  or 
secret  assault.  The  circumstance  of  surprise  or 
secrecy  seems  essential  to  the  signification  of  this 
word,  though  it  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  one 
who  lakes  any  advantage,  in  killing  or  attempting  to 
murder;  as,  by  attacking  one  when  unarmed. 

AS-S.^S'SIN-aTE,  v.  t.    To  kill,  or  attempt  to  kill,  by 
surprise  or  secret  assault ;  to  murder  by  sudden  vio- 
lence.   .Assassin,  as  a  verb,  is  not  now  used. 
2.  To  wavlav  ;  to  take  by  treachery.  Milton. 

A.S-SAS'SIN-'ATE,  71.  .\  murder  or  murderer.  [JV'ot 
used.]  B.  Jonson.  Dnideiu 

AS-SAS'SIN-A-TED,  pp.  Murdered  by  surprise  or 
secret  assault. 

A.S-S.\S'SI.N-A-TIXG,  ;(/ir.  Murdering  by  surprise  or 
secret  :issaiilt. 

AS-SAS-SI.N'-A'TION,  7i.  'I'lie  act  of  killing  or  mur- 
dering, by  surprise  or  secret  iLssault ;  iimrder  by 
violence. 

AS-HA.S'.'il.N'-A-TOR,  71.  An  assassin  ;  which  see. 
AH-SAS'Si\  t)l,'.'<,  a.  Murderous.  [Mused.] 
AS-HAS'SI.NS,  n.  pi.  In  Sirria, -.i  tribe  or  clan  called 
lsiiiaelian'<,  ltat;inists,  or  llalcnians.  They  originated 
in  Per«ia  iiboiit  the  year  1090;  whence  a  colimy  mi- 
grated and  nettled  on  the  mountains  of  Lcbaiiiin,  and 
were  remarkable  for  their  axsassinations.  Their 
religion  was  a  cnin{Hiiind  of  .Magianism,  Judaism, 
Chrixtianily,  and  Mohammed isin.  (;ne  nrtirb,'  of  thi:ir 
creed  wa«,  that  the  Holy  Spirit  resided  in  their  chief, 
and  th.at  lii»  ordem  pniceedi  d  from  (iod  hinisi  ln 
He  wan  called  Slieilih  al  jrliil,  lord  or  senior  of  the 
mountitin,  but  '\»  better  known  by  the  ili  iiunilnation 
of  old  man  of  the  mountain,  'i'hirt  barbarous  ehiedain 
and  hia  rullowcr*  (pread  l«nror  niiiong  nutinns  for  and 


ASS 

near,  for  almost  two  centuries,  w  hen  the  tribe  was 
subdued  by  Sultan  Bibaris.  Encyc. 

AS-Sa'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  assatus.] 
A  roasting.  ■  [Mt  used.] 

AS-SAULT',  71.  [Fr.  assault,  now  assaut ;  It.  Port. 
assalto ;  Sp.  asalto  ;  from  L.  assulto,  of  ad  and  salto, 
to  leap,  formed  on  salio,  or  its  root.  See  Assail. 
We  have  the  same  root  in  insult  and  result.] 

1.  An  attack  or  violent  onset,  whether  by  an  in- 
dividual, a  company,  or  an  army.  An  assault  by 
private  persons  may  be  made  with  or  without  weap- 
ons. An  assault  by  an  army  is  a  violent  hostile  at- 
tack ;  and  when  made  upon  a  fort  or  fortified  place, 
is  called  a  stomt,  as  opposed  to  sap  or  siege. 

2.  An  attack  by  hostile  words  or  measures :  as,  an 
assault  upon  the  [irerogatives  of  a  prince,  or  upon  a 
constitution  of  government. 

3.  In  law,  an  unlawful  setting  upon  one's  person  ; 
an  attempt  or  olTer  to  beat  another,  without  touching 
his  person  ;  as,  by  lifting  the  fist  or  a  cane,  in  a 
tlirealeniug  manner,  or  by  striking  at  him,  and  miss- 
ing him.  If  the  blow  aimed  takes  effect,  it  is  a 
bnttenj.  Blackstone.  Finch. 

AS-SAC'LT',  ji.  t.  To  attack  or  fall  upon  by  violence, 
or  with  a  hostile  intention ;  as,  to  assault  a  man,  a 
house,  or  town. 

2.  To  invade  or  fall  on  with  force  ;  as,  the  cry  of 
war  assaults  our  cars. 

3.  To  attack  by  words,  arguments,  or  unfriendly 
measures,  with  a  view  to  shake,  impair,  or  over- 
throw ;  as,  to  assault  a  character,  the  laws,  or  the 
administration. 

AS-SAULT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  assaulted. 

fVdliams. 

AS-SAULT'ED,  pp.  Attacked  with  force,  arms,  vio- 
lence, or  hostile  views. 

AS-SAULT'ER,  ti.  One  who  assaults,  or  violently 
attacks. 

AS-SAULT'ING,  ppr.  Attacking  with  force,  or  with 
hostile  measures. 

AS-SaY',  71  [Fr.  essai;  Sp.  msayo;  Port,  ensaio;  It. 
saggifl,  an  assay  ;  Fr.  cssayer,  to  try  ;  old  Fr.  essoyer, 
to  endeavor.  Kdham's  J\''orm.  Diet.  It.  assaggiare, 
to  try  ;  saggiare,  to  try,  essay  ;  Sp.  ensayar,  to  try  ; 
e  e 

Sw.  forsoka,  to  try ;  Dan.  fors'dge,  to  try,  examine, 
endeavor.  These  words  are  all  from  the  same  root  as 
seek,  the  radical  sense  of  which  is,  to  follow,  to  urge, 
press,  or  strain  ;  Sa.':.  secan,  to  seek ;  D.  zoeken ;  G. 

suchen Sw.  soka  ;  Dan.  &>ge ;  L.  sequor,  assequor,  to 
follow,  to  examine  ;  Ir.  seiehim  ;  It.  scguire ;  Sp.  sc- 
guir,  to  follow,  .^ssay  and  essay  are  radically  one 
word  ;  but  modern  usage  has  appropriated  assay  to  ex- 
periments in  metallurgy,  and  essay  to  intellectual  and 
bodily  efforts.    Class  b'g.    See  Essay.] 

1.  The  determination  of  the  quantity  of  any  par- 
ticular metal  in  an  ore,  or  other  metallic  compound 
alloy  ;  or  more  especially  the  detennination  of  the 
quantity  of  gold  or  silver  in  coin  or  bullion.  .Analysis 
is  the  determination  of  the  nature  and  proportions  of 
all  the  ingredients  of  a  compoiind.  Assaying  is 
called  the  dociinastic  art.  P.  Cyc  Encyc. 

2.  The  substance  to  be  assayed.  Ure. 

3.  In  law,  an  examination  of  weights  and  measures 
by  the  standard.  Cowel. 

4.  Examination  ;  trial ;  effort ;  first  entrance  upon 
any  business ;  attempt.  In  these  senses,  which  are 
found  in  old  authors,  now  rarely  used.  [See  Essay.] 

5.  Value.  [Obs.] 

Pearls  and  precious  stones  of  great  astay.  Spenser. 

AS-SAY',  7>.  t.    I.  To  determine  the  amount  of  a  partic- 
ular metal  in  an  ore,  alloy,  or  other  metallic  compound. 
2.  Figuratively,  to  apply  to,  as  to  the  touchstone. 

.MdUin. 

AS-SAY',  V.  i.   To  attempt,  try,  or  endeavor. 

He  assayed  to  go.  —  1  Sam.  xvii. 
r/n  this  sense  Essay  is  now  used.] 
AS-SAY'-B.VL'yVjVGE,  71.     A  balance  used  in  the 

process  of  assaying. 
AS-SaY'KI),  pp.    Examined  ;  tested  ;  proved  by  ex- 
periment. 

AS-SA  V'ER,  71.  One  who  examines  metallic  ores  or 
compounds,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  amount 
of  any  particular  metal  in  the  same,  particularly  of 
gold  or  silver.  An  officer  of  the  mint,  whose  btisi- 
n(»s  is  to  determine  the  amount  of  gold  or  silver  in 
coin  or  bullion. 

AS-SAY'-FUR'NACE,  71.  A  furnace  used  in  the  pro- 
cess of  assaying.  Ure. 

AS-SAY'ING,  71.  The  determination  of  the  amount  of 
any  particular  metal  in  a  metallic  compound.  [See 
Assay.] 

A.S-SAY'lNG,  ppr.  Trj  ing  by  some  standard  ;  exam- 
ining by  experiment,  as  metals  ;  proving  ;  attempting. 

AS-SaY'-.MAS'TER,  71.  An  assayer ;  an  officer  ap- 
[itiinteil  to  determine  the  amount  of  gold  or  silver  in 
coin  or  bullion. 

AS-.'^KC-TA'TION,  71.    Affendaiico  or  waiting  upon. 

AS-SE-COR'ANCE,  71.    Assurance.    [JVet  used.] 

Sheldon. 

AS-SE-CU-RA'TION,  n.  Assurance  ;  a  making  sure. 
[JVut  wied.]  Bp.  Hail. 


ASS 

AS-SE-eORE',  V.  t.    To  make  sure.    [J\ut  ^ised.] 

Bullokar. 

AS-SE-eC'TION,  71.    [L.  assequor.] 

.\n  obtaining  or  acquiring.  Jlijliffc. 

AS-SE.M'BLAOE,  n.    [Fr.    See  Assemble.] 

1.  .-V  collection  01  individuals,  or  of  particular 
things ;  the  stale  of  being  assembled.  Thomson. 
9.  Rarely,  the  act  of  assembling. 

AS-SEM'BLAi\CE,  71.  Representation ;  an  assem- 
bling.   [.\'ot  in  use.]  Shak.  Spniscr. 

AS-SEM'BLE,  !■.  t.  [Fr.  assembler ;  Sw.  sam/a;  Dan. 
samlci  I),  zamelen;  Ger.  sanuneln,  to  assemble.  Ii. 
siniid  ;  Dan.  sammcn ;  D.  lamen,  together.] 

To  collect  a  number  of  individuals  or  particulars 
into  one  place  or  body  ;  to  bring  or  call  together  ;  to 
convene  ;  to  congregate. 

AS-SEM'BLE,  v.  i.  To  meet  or  come  together  ;  to 
convene,  as  a  nuinber  of  individuals. 

AS-SIC,M'BLKU,/jp.  Collected  into  a  body;  congreg.ated. 

AS-SEM'BLEK,  H.   One  who  assembles. 

AS-SE.M'BLLNG,  ppr.  Coming  together;  collecting 
into  one  place. 

AS-SE.M'BI,L\G,  71.  A  collection,  or  meeting  to- 
gether.   Heb.  X. 

AS-SEM'BLY,  71.  [Sp.  asamblea;  It.  assamblea ;  Fr. 
asscmblec] 

1.  A  company  or  collection  of  individuals,  in  the 
same  place  ;  usually  for  the  same  purpose. 
9.  A  congregation  or  religious  society  convened. 

3.  In  a  civil  or  political  sense,  a  meeting  convened 
by  authority,  for  the  transaction  of  public  business  ; 
as,  the  assemblies  of  the  Roman  people  ;  the  assembly 
of  the  States-General,  and  the  National  ..Assembly,  in 
France. 

4.  In  some  of  the  United  States,  the  legislature,  con- 
sisting of  different  houses  or  branches,  whether  in 
session  or  not ;  more  usually  called  the  General  .As- 
sembly. In  .seme  states,  the  popular  branch,  or  Utilise 
of  Representatives,  is  denominated  Ihe^^ssembly.  [See 
the  constitution  of  the  several  states.] 

5.  A  collection  of  persons  for  amusement ;  as,  a 
dancing  assembly. 

G.  A  convocation,  convention,  or  council  of  min- 
isters and  ruling  elders,  delegated  from  each  presby- 
tery ;  as,  the  General  Assembly  of  Scotland,  or  of  the 
United  States.  Encyc. 

7.  In  armies,  the  second  beating  of  the  drum  be- 
fore a  march,  when  the  soldiers  strike  their  tents. 

Encyc. 

8.  An  assemblage.   [JVot  in  use.] 

Primary  assembly ;  a  meeting  of  the  people  or  legal 
voters  in  a  town,  city,  or  other  district,  who  ajtpear 
and  act  on  public  business  in  person,  and  a  majority 
of  whose  votes  originate  the  supreme  power  in  a 
state. 

AS-SEM'BLY-ROOM,  71.   A  room  in  which  persons 

assemble,  especially  for  amusement.  Cyc. 
AS-SENT',  71.    [L.  assensus,  from  assentior,  to  assent, 

of  ad  and  scntio,  to  think  ;  Eth.  sena  or  sana, 

concord,  and  its  derivative,  to  agree,  to  harmonize  ; 
Sw.  sinne,  mind,  sense;  D.  21/1,  mind;  zinnen,  to 
feel  or  mind  ;  G.  sinn,  sense ;  sinncn,  to  think  or  con- 
sider. The  Danes  preserve  the  final  consonant,  sind, 
mind,  sense,  inclination ;  W.  syn,  sense  ;  syniaw,  to 
perceive.] 

1.  The  act  of  the  mind  in  admitting,  or  agreeing  to, 
the  truth  of  a  proposition. 

F;iith  is  tlie  assent  to  any  proposition,  on  tlie  cretiit  of  the  pi-o- 
poser.  Locke. 

9.  Consent;  agreement  to  a  proposal,  respecting 
some  right  or  interest ;  as,  the  bill  before  the  house 
has  the  assent  of  a  great  majority  of  the  members. 

The  distinction  between  assent  and  consent  seems 
to  be  this:  absent  is  the  agreement  to  an  abstract 
proposition.  We  assent  to  a  statement,  but  we  do 
not  consent  to  it.  Consent  is  an  agreement  to  some 
proposal  or  measure  which  aflects  the  rights  or  in- 
terests of  the  consenter.  We  consent  to  a  proposal  of 
marriage.  This  distinction,  however,  is  not  always 
observed.  [.See  C'onsent.]  As.tentis  nn  act  of  the 
understanding;  consent  is  an  act  of  the  will.  So 
Baxter  speaks  of  ju.stifying  faith  as  the  assenting 
trust  of  the  understanding,  and  the  consenting  trust 
of  the  will.  •S'lert  .^tcditations. 

3.  Accord  ;  agreement.   2  Chroii.  xviii. 

Ronal  assent:  in  England,  t\u'  assent  of  the  sove- 
reign to  a  bill  which  has  passed  both  houses  of  par- 
linment,  given  in  the  House  of  Lords,  either  in  person 
or  by  comniissioni'rs.  P.  Cyc. 

AS-SENT',  71.  i.  'J'o  admit  as  true  ;  to  agree  to,  yield, 
or  concede,  or  rather  to  express  an  agrei^ment  of  the 
mind  to  what  is  allegi^i  or  proposed. 

The  Jcwt  alio  atstnted,  saying  Uiat  tlieic  tiling  weiv  to.  —  Act* 
xxiv. 

It  is  sometimes  used  for  ron^ciif,  or  to  express  an 
agreement  to  somelhinq  affecting  the  rights  or  in- 
terest of  the  person  nssentirvg.  Hut  to  assent  to  the 
marriage  of  a  daughter,  is  less  correct  than  to  consent. 
AS-SEN'l'-A'TlO.N,  71.  [L.  assenlalio,  from  asscntor,  to 
compiv] 

Compliance  with  the  opinion  of  another,  from 
flattery  or  dissimulation.  Chesterfield. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


7fi 


ASS 

AS-SENT-A'TOR,  n.    A  tIattKror. 
AS-HENT-A-To'lll-LY,  ai/i).    With  adulation.  [JVo« 

111  K.vi'.  J  Bacon. 
AS-Si;,\ T'ER,  71.    Que  who  assents,  agrees  to,  or 

adiiiils. 

AS-Slii\"l''Ii\G,  ppr.  Agreeing  to,  or  admitting  as 
true  ;  yicl<ling Jo. 

AS-SEi\'J''ING-LY,  orfti.  In  a  manner  to  express  as- 
sent ;  liy  nftrcemcnt. 

AS-SENT'MENT,  n.    Assent;  agreement.  [Rarely 

AS-SERT',  II.  t.  [L.  assero,  assertum,  to  claim  or  clml- 
Icnge,  to  maintam  or  assert ;  of  ad  and  sero.  The 
sense  of  sero  is  to  sow,  properly  to  throw  or  set.  To 
assert  is  to  throw  or  set  firmly.] 

1.  To  affirm  positively  ;  to  declare  with  assurance  ; 
to  aver.  Millim. 

•2.  To  maintain  or  defend  by  words  or  measures  ; 
to  vindicate  a  claim  or  title  to;  as,  to  a,w<T«  our 
riuhts  and  liberties.  Dnjden. 

AS-.-^EKT'ED,  pp.  Affirmed  positively;  maintained; 
vindicated. 

AS-SERT'ING,  ppr.  Declaring  with  confidence; 
maintaining r  defending. 

AS-SER'TION,  H.  1.  Tlio  act  of  asserting;  the  main- 
taining of  a  claim. 

'J.  Positive  declaration  or  averment ;  affirmation  ; 
position  advanced.  Brown. 

.•\S-;>ERT'l VE,  a.  Positive;  affirming  confidently; 
per('niptor>'.  OlatwiUr. 

A.-^-tiEltT'l'VE-IA',  a<;e.    Affirmatively.  Bidell. 

-•VS-f ERT'OR,  n.  One  who  allirnis  positively;  one 
who  maintains  or  vindicates  a  claim  ;  an  altirmcr, 
supporter,  or  vindicator.  Drijdcn. 

Afi-.-^EK  T'O-RV,  a.  .Mlirming ;  maintaining.  Bp.  Hall. 

AS-SESS',  V.  I.  [Kr.  a.-!scuir;  Norm,  asscr,  asseoir;  to 
settle,  fix,  ascertain,  ft»-^ev*s ;  It.  asse-stare,  a^iseUarci 
L.  a..sideo,  ad  and  scdco  ;  Eng.  to  sit,  or  set.  See  Set 
and  f^iT.] 

1.  To  fet,  fix,  or  charge  a  certain  sum,  as  a  ta.x ;  as, 
to  assfss  each  citizen  in  due  ))roporti<ui. 

2.  To  v.ilue  ;  to  fix  the  value  of  property,  for  the 
purpose  of  being  tiixed  ;  as  by  the  law  of  the  United 
States.  Also,  to  value  or  fix  the  profits  of  business, 
for  the  purpose  of  taxation. 

3.  'I'o  set,  fix,  or  ascertain  ;  as,  it  is  the  province  of 
a  jury  to  assess  damages. 

AS-SESS',  n.    Assessment.    [.TVot  used.] 
.\S-PE.'<S'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  assessed. 
.VS-SES.S'A-BLY,  adv.    Uy  assessment. 
AS-t<ESS'f."D,  (as-sest',)  pp.    Charged  with  a  certain 

sum  ;  valued  ;  set ;  fixed  ;  ascertained. 
AS-tf  ESS'ING,  ppr.    Charging  with  a  sum ;  valuing ; 

fixing ;  ascertaining. 
AS-SES'SION,  n.   A  sitting  down  by  a  person.  [JVut 

AS.SES'!?IO\-.\-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  assessors. 

AS-SESS'.MEXT,  ti.  A  valuation  of  properly  or  profits 
of  business,  for  the  purpose  of  taxation.  .'\n  ao.-sc;?s- 
mt'itt  is  a  valuation  made  by  authori/.ed  persons  ac- 
cording to  their  discretion,  as  opposed  to  a  sum  cer- 
tain or  determined  by  law.  It  is  a  valuation  of  the 
property  of  those  who  are  to  pay  the  tax,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  fixing  tlie  proportion  which  each  man  shall 
pay  ;  on  which  valuation  the  law  imposes  a  specific 
sum  upon  a  given  amount. 

Blackstone.    Laws  of  the  United  States. 
3.  A  tax  or  specific  sum  charged  on  persons  or 
property. 

3.  The  act  of  assessing ;  the  act  of  determining  the 
amount  of  damages  by  a  jury. 
AS-SESS'OR,  n.    One  appointed  to  assess  the  person 
or  property. 

•2.  .An  inferior  officer  of  justice,  who  sits  to  assist 
the  judge.  Encyc 

3.  In  England,  persons  chosen  to  assist  the  mayor 
and  aldermen  of  corporations,  in  matters  concerning 
elections.  Brande. 

4.  One  who  sits  by  another,  as  next  in  dignity. 

.mton. 

AP-SES-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  assessors,  or  a 
court  of  assessors.  Coze. 

.-VS'SETti,  II.  pi.  [Fr.  assez,  enough  ;  It  assai,  enough, 
or  many ;  Ir.  sath,  sufficiency  ;  sasadA,  satisfaction  ; 
I.,  sat,  satis,  enough.] 

1.  Goods  or  estate  of  a  deceased  person,  subject  by 
law  to  the  payment  of  his  debts  and  legacies ;  called 
assets,  because  sufficient  to  render  the  executor  or 
administrator  liable  to  the  creditors  and  legatees,  so 
far  as  such  goods  or  estate  may  extend.  Assets  are 
real  or  personal ;  real  a.':sets  are  lands  which  descend 
to  the  heir,  subject  to  the  fulfillnK  iit  of  the  obliga- 
tions of  the  ancestor  ;  personal  assets  are  the  money 
or  goods  of  the  deceased,  or  debts  due  to  him,  which 
come  into  the  hands  of  the  executor  oradministnitur, 
or  which  he  is  bound  to  collect  and  convert  into 
money.  Blackstone. 
3.  Effects  of  an  insolvent  debtor. 
3.  The  entire  property  of  all  sorts,  belonging  to  a 
merchant  or  to  a  trading  association.  .^rCulhck. 

AS-J'EV'ER,  I  V.  t,     [L.  assevero,  from  ad  and 

AS-SEV'ER-ATE,  i     the  Teutonic  sieear;  i^ax.  sioc- 
rian ;  Goth,  jfiraran,  to  swear,  to  atlirm  positively.] 
To  affirm  or  aver  positively,  or  with  solemnity. 


ASS 

AS-SEV'EK-A-TED,  pp.  Atririmd  or  averred  jiosi- 
tively. 

AS-SEV'ER-A-TING,  ppr.    Affirming  positively. 

AS-SEV-ER-A''1'10N,  ii.  Positive  alliriiiatioii  or  as- 
sertion ;  solemn  declaration.  This  word  is  not,  gen- 
erally, if  ever,  used  for  a  declaration  unileran  otlicial 
ontli,  but  fur  a  declaration  accompanied  with  so- 
lemnity. 

XSS'-IIEAD,  n.  ||a.«  and  hea<l.]  One  dull,  like  the 
ass;  one  slow  of  apprehension  ;  a  blockhead. 

euls-N UK'An's,  I     P'-   ['leb.  ^DH  pious.] 

A  sect  of  Jews  who  resorted  to  MuUiUliias  to  fight 
for  the  laws  of  their  God  and  the  liberties  of  tlii  ir 
country.  They  were  men  of  great  zeal,  an<l  ob- 
served the  traditions  of  the  elders.  From  these 
sprung  the  Pharisees  and  Essenes.  Knr.yc. 

.AS'Si-DENT,  a.  [L.  assidco,  assidens,  of  ad  and  scdco, 
to  sit.] 

jlssident  signs,  in  medicine,  are  such  as  usually 
attend  a  disease,  but  not  always  ;  distinguished  from 
paOwgnomic  signs,  which  are  inseparable  from  it. 

Kncyc. 

AS-SID'tT-ATE.a.  Daily.  [A'^ot  in  use.]  K.  Cliarlcs  I. 
AS-SI-Du'I-TV,  n.    [L.  a.isidHilus.    See  .Assiduous.] 

1.  Constant  or  close  application  to  any  business  or 
enterprise  ;  diligence.  .Addison. 

2.  Attention  ;  attentiveness  to  jiersons.  jlssiduities, 
in  the  plural,  are  studied  and  persevering  attentions. 

AS-SID'LJ-OUt5,  a.  [L.  assiduus,  from  assideo,  to  sit 
close,  ad  and  scdco  ;  Eng.  to  sit ;  Sax.  sittan,  scUan.] 

1.  Constant  in  application ;  as,  a  person  assiduoiLs 
in  his  occupation. 

2.  Attentive  ;  e.ircful ;  rcgul.ir  in  attendance ;  as, 
an  assidiionji  physician  or  niirsi;. 

3.  Perfiirmed  with  constant  diligence  or  attentiim  ; 
as,  assidnou.<  labor. 

AS-SID'i:-OUS-LY,  adv.  Diligently;  attentively; 
with  earnestness  and  care  ;  with  regular  attendance. 

AS-SID'lJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  Constant  or  diligent  appli- 
cation. 

AS-SIicGE',  D.  «.    To  besiege.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
AS-SI-Ei\'T'0,  n.    [Pp.  asicnto,  a  seat,  a  contract  or 
agreement ;  L.  assidco.] 

A  contract  or  convention  between  the  king  of 
Spain  and  other  powers,  for  furnishing  slaves  for  the 
Spanish  dominions  in  America. 

Contract  iif  the  .^ssicnto,  March  26,  1713,  referred  to 
in  Uie  treat!/  between  Oreat  Britain  and  Spam,  July 
13,  1713. 

.^ssii'nto  Company ;  a  company  to  whom  the  con- 
tract of  the  .Assiento  was  granted;  originally  the 
French  Guinea  Company  ;  but  when  the  contract 
was  transferred  to  England  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht, 
July  13,  1713,  the  South  Sea  Company. 

Encvc.  Mcth. 

AS-SI-ENT'IST,  71.  A  shareholder  or  stockholder 
of  the  Assicnto  company,  French  or  English  ;  one  of 
the  holders  of  the  .Assieiilo  contract.  Bancroft. 

AS-SIGN',  (as-sine',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  a^ssigner  ;  Sp.  asignar; 
Port,  assinar ;  It.  cutsegnare  ;  L.  assigno,  of  ad  and 
signo,  to  allot,  to  mark  out;  Ir.  sighin;  L.  signum,  a 
mark.  The  priinai-y  sense  of  sign  is  to  send,  or  to 
set.] 

1.  To  allot;  to  appoint  or  grant  by  distribution  or 
apportionment. 

The  priests  imd  a  portion  furigned  them.  —  Gen.  xlvii. 

2.  To  designate  or  appoint  for  a  particular  purpose, 
llicy  a^signtd  Bczer,  a  cily  of  refuge.  —  Josh.  xx. 

3.  To  fix,  specify,  or  designate ;  as,  to  assign  a 
limit. 

■1.  In  /ai«,  to  transfer,  or  make  over  to  another,  the 
right  one  has  in  any  object,  a.s  an  estate,  chose  in 
action,  or  reversion.  To  assign  dower,  to  make  over 
a  life  interest  in  lands  to  the  widow  of^  the  one  from 
whom  the  assignor  inherits.  Blackstone. 

To  assign,  in  bankruptcy,  to  transfer  property  to, 
and  vest  it  in  certain  persons,  called  assignce.i,  for 
the  benefit  of  creditors. 

5.  To  allege  or  show  in  particular ;  as,  to  assign  a 
reason  for  one's  conduct. 

6.  To  point  out  or  specify ;  as,  to  assign  errors. 
AS-SIGN',  71.    A  person  to  whom  property  or  an  in- 
terest is  transferred  ;  as,  a  deed  to  a  man  and  his 
heirs  and  assigns. 

AS-SIGN'A-BLE,a.  That  may  be  allotted,  appointed, 
or  assigned. 

2.  That  may  be  transferred  by  writing ;  as,  an  as- 
signable note,  or  bill. 

3.  That  may  be  specified,  shown  with  precision, 
or  designated  ;  as,  an  assignable  quantity. 

AS'S1G-.N.\T,  >i. 

1.  In  French  law,  the  assignment  of  an  annuity 
(rcnff)  on  an  estate,  by  which  the  annuity  is  based 
on  the  security  of  the  latter.  Hence, 

2.  Paper  currency,  issued  by  the  revolutionary 
government  of  France,  based  on  the  security  of  the 
lands  of  the  slate. 

.AS-SIG-NA'TION,  n.  An  appointment  of  time  and 
place  for  meeting  ;  used  chietly  of  love  meetings. 

2.  A  making  over  by  transfer  of  title.  [See  Aj- 
sig:«ment.] 

Toukc  uses  bank-assignations. 


ASS 

AS-8IG.\'/;D,  pp.  or  a.  Ap[K)iiited;  allotted;  made 
over  ;  shown  or  desigu.ited. 

AS-S1G.\-F;E',  II.  A  person  to  whom  an  assignment 
is  made;  a  person  appointed  or  di  piited  by  uiiotlier 
to  do  some  act,  iierfiifin  some  biuiiK^ss,  or  enjoy 
some  right,  privilege,  or  property  ;  as,  an  a.isignee  of 
a  bankrupt.  An  a.ssignei;  may  be  by  special  appoint- 
ment or  deed,  or  be  created  by  law  ;  as  an  executor. 

Cow/. 

Jissignees  in  bankruptcy;  in  England,  persons 
appointed,  under  a  coiiiiiiissioii  of  bankniptry,  to 
manage  the  estate  of  a  bankrupt,  Air  the  benefit  of 
his  creditors. 

AS-'^IG.N'ER,  (as-sln'er,)  7i.  One  who  assigns,  or 
aitpoiiits. 

AS-SI(;.N'1NG,  (as-sln'ing,)  ppr.    Allotting;  appoint- 

iii!!  ;  transferring;  showing  specially. 
A.S-SIG.\',ME.\T,  H.    An  allotting,  or  an  appointment 

to  a  particular  person  or  use. 

In  law,  1.  A  transfer  of  title  or  interest  by  writing, 

as  of  n  lease,  bond,  note,  or  bill  of  exchange. 

2.  'J'lie  writing  by  which  an  interest  is  tninsferrcd. 

3.  The  appoiiitiiient  or  designation  of  causes  or 
actions  in  court,  for  trial  on  particular  days. 

4.  The  conveyance  of  the  whole  interest  which  a 
man  has  in  an  e.sUite,  usually  for  life  or  years.  It 
dill'ers  from  a  lease,  which  is  the  conveyance  of  a  less 
term  than  the  lessor  has  in  the  estate.       iC.  Sicift. 

Jlssignuicnt  in  bankruptcy ;  the  transfer  of  the  prop- 
erty of  a  bankrupt  to  cirrtain  persons  c^WtitX  assignees, 
in  whom  it  is  vested  for  the  benefit  of  creditors. 

AS-SIGN-OR',  71.  An  assigner  ;  a  person  who  as- 
signs or  transfers  an  interest ;  as,  the  assignor  of  a 
bill  of  exchange. 

A.S.SI.M'1-LA-BL.E,  a.    That  may  be  a-ssimilated. 

AS-SI.MM-LATE,  v.  t.  [L.  asstmilo,  of  ad  and  stmilis, 
like.    See  Similar.] 

1.  To  bring  to  a  likeness  ;  to  cause  to  resemble. 

Swtft. . 

2.  To  convert  into  a  like  substance  ;  as,  food  is 
assimilated  by  conversion  into  animal  substances, 
flesh,  chyle,  blood,  &.C. 

AS-SliM'I-LATE,  r.  i. 

1.  To  become  similar. 

2.  To  perform  the  act  of  converting  food  to  the 
substance  of  the  body  ;  as,  birds  assimilate  less  than 
beasts.  Bacon. 

3.  To  be  converted  into  the  substance  of  tin;  body  ; 
as,  flesh  assimilates  more  readily  than  vegetables. 

AS-SI.M'I-LA-TED,  Brought    to    a  likeness; 

changed  into  a  like  substance. 

AS-SIM'I-LA-TING, /<;>r.  Causing  to  resemble  ;  con- 
verting into  a  like  substance. 

AS-SI.M-l-LA'TlON,  ii. 

1.  The  act  of  bringing  to  a  resemblance  ;  or  a  state 
of  resemblance. 

2.  The  act  or  process  by  which  bodies  convert 
other  bodies  into  their  own  nature  and  substance ; 
as,  llanie  assimilates  oil. 

3.  In  physiology,  the  conversion  of  nutriment  into 
the  fluid  or  solid  substance  of  the  body. 

4.  In  /y7-7Hfr ;ififyiu/<ifrj/,  the  supposed  conversion  of 
the  fluids  of  the  body  to  the  nature  of  any  morbific 
matter.  Parr. 

The  term  assimilation  has  been  limited  by  some,  to 

the  final  process  by  which  the  blood  is  converted 

into  the  substance  of  the  organs. 
AS-SI.M'I-L.A-TI  VE,  a.    Having  power  of  converting 

to  a  likeness,  or  to  a  like  substance.  IlakcwM. 
AS-SI.M'I-LA-TC)-RY,  o.    Tending  to  assimilate. 
AS-Sl.M'U-LATE,  v.  t.    [L.  assimuio.] 

To  feign.    [A'oi  usul.    See  Simi'Latl.] 
AS-SI.M-i:-LA'T10.\,  n.     A  counterf«ning 

used.    See  Simulation.] 
.AS-SI-Ne'GO,  71.    An  .ass.  HerbrrL 
AS-SIST',  r.  (.    [L.  assisto,  of  ad  and  sisto,  to  stand 

up  ;  Russ.  siihu,  to  sit,  or  be  placed  ;  Sp.  asiatir;  It. 

assiiitere;  Fr.  a.'isistrr.    Literally,  ttt  be  present,  or,  a;) 

we  still  say  in  English,  to  stand  by.] 
To  help  ;  to  aid  ;  to  succor ;  to  civc  support  to  in 

some  undert;tking  or  effort,  or  ill  time  of  distrti^s. 
AS-SIST',  V.  i. 

1.  To  lend  aid. 

2.  To  be  present ;  to  attend  ;  as,  to  assist  at  a  pub- 
lic meeting.    [j1  OiUlicisui.]  PrescotL 

AS-SIST'A.NCE,  71.  Help;  aid  ;  furlhi  rance  ;  succor ; 
a  contribution  of  support  in  bodily  strength  or  other 
means. 

AS-SIST' AXT,  a.    Helping;  lending  aid  or  support; 

auxiliary.  Hale. 
AS-SIST'AN'T,  n.    One  who  aids,  or  who  contributes 

his  strength  or  other  means  to  further  the  designs  or 

welfare  of  another;  an  auxiliary. 

2.  -An  attendant.    [LitUe  used.]  Dnjdm. 

3.  Formerly,  in  some  of  the  ^ew  England  States, 
a  member  of  the  upper  house  of  the  legislature. 

AS-SIST'A.\T-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  give  aid. 
AS-SIST' ED,  pp.    Hc)jied;  aided. 
AS-SIST'EII,  «.    On<f  that  lends  aid  ;  a  helper. 
.AS-SIST'ING,  ppr.     Helping;   aiding;  supporting 

with  strepEth  or  means. 
AS-SIST'LeSS,  a.    Witliout  aid  or  help.  Pope. 
AS-SIZE',  71.        j  [Fr.  assists ;  L.  assidco,  to  sit  by,  of 
AS-SIZ'ES,  lupL)     ad  and  aedeo,  to  sit ;  Ir  sinsair,  a 


[Aot 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITE — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K  ;  O  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


77 


ASS 


ASS 


ASS 


session.  See  Assess.]  JVote.  This  word  was  foiroerly 
UTitten,  ris  in  Frciicll,  assise. 

1.  Ori^iinullij,  an  assembly  of  knights  and  other 
substanlml  men,  with  a  bailiff  or  justice,  in  a  certain 
place  and  at  a  certain  time,  for  public  business.  The 
general  council,  or  H'lUenagcmote,  of  England,  was 
called  Ilie  fJe;icra(  j?s«jf.     Blackstone.  Olanville. 

2.  Fn  Englaiul,  the  Court  of  ^xshe,  popularly  called 
the  .^siiicj;,  is  the  sessions  held,  by  at  least  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  superior  courts,  in  each  of  the  counties, 
under  commissions  of  assize  for  civil  cases,  and  of 
oyer  and  terminer,  and  jail  delivery,  for  criminal 
cases.  The  commission  of  assize  originally  directed 
the  judges  to  take  assizes,  or  the  verdicts  of  a  par- 
ticular jurj'  called  the  assize,  now  obsolete.  P.  Cijc, 

3.  A  jury.  In  this  sense  the  word  was  applied  to 
the  grand  assize,  for  the  trial  of  property,  and  to  the 
petty  assize,  for  the  trial  of  possession.  In  Scotland, 
the  assize  consists  of  fifteen  men,  selected  from  a 
greater  number. 

4.  A  writ ;  as,  an  assize  of  novel  disseisin,  which  is 
given  to  recover  the  possession  of  lands,  tenements, 
rents,  common,  &c.,  of  which  the  tenant  has  been 
lately  disseised  ;  a.isize  of  viort  d'ancestor,  which  lies 
against  an  abator,  who  enters  upon  land  after  the 
death  of  the  ancestor,  and  before  the  heir  enters; 
assize  of  darrein  presentment,  or  last  presentation, 
which  lies  against  a  stranger  who  presents  a  clerk  to 
a  benefice,  from  the  person,  who  himself,  or  his  an- 
cestor, last  before  presented.  Blackstone. 

5.  A  particular  species  of  rents,  established  and 
not  subject  to  be  varied.  Eng.  Law. 

6.  The  time  or  place  of  holding  the  Court  of  Assize ; 
generally  in  the  plural,  assizes. 

7.  In  a  more  general  sense,  any  tribunal  or  court  of 
justice. 

8.  A  statute,  or  ordinance,  generally ;  as,  the  as- 
sizes of  the  realm  ;  the  assizes  of  the  forest,  niles  and 
regulations  for  the  management  of  the  royal  forests  ; 

,assize  of  arms,  a  statute  of  Hen.  II.  for  arming  the 
kingdom  ;  the  assizes  of  Jerusalem,  a  code  of  feudal 
laws  formed  by  the  crusaders  for  their  kingdom  of 
Jerusalem. 

9.  A  statute  of  regulation ;  an  ordinance  regu- 
lating the  weight,  measure,  and  price  of  articles  sold 
in  market ;  and  hence  the  word  came  to  signify  the 
weight,  measure,  or  price  itself ;  as,  the  assize  of  bread. 

Spelman.    Cowel.    Encyc.  Blackstone. 

10.  An  ordinance  fixing  the  standard  of  weights 
and  measures ;  hence,  the  standard  weights  and 
measures  ;  as,  the  custody  of  the  assize.  Blackstone. 

11.  Measure  ;  dimension.  [In  this  sense,  now  cor- 
rupted into  Size,  which  see.] 


An  hundretl  cubits  high  by  just  assize. 


Spenser. 


AS  SIZE',  V.  t  To  fix  the  weight,  measure,  or  price 
of  commodities,  by  an  ordinance  or  regulation  of 
authority. 

2.  To  fix  the  rate  of ;  to  assess,  as  taxes.  Buners. 

AS-SIZ'£D,  jrp.  Regulated  in  weight,  measure,  or 
price,  by  an  assize  or  ordinance ;  assessed. 

AS-SIZ'ER,  n.  An  officer  who  has  the  care  or  inspec- 
tion of  weights  and  measures.  Chambers. 

AS  SIZ'OR,  n.    In  .Sco'/aHi/,  a  juror.  Bailey. 

ASS'-^LIKE,  a.    Resembling  an  ass.  Sidney. 

AS-So'BER,  V.  t.  [See  Sobeb.]  To  make  or  keep 
sober.    [JVot  if.sctZ.'l  Oower. 

AS-SO-CIA-IiIL'I-T\',  n.  The  quality  of  being  capa- 
ble of  association ;  the  quality  of  sufi'pring  some 
change  by  sympathy,  or  of  being  affected  by  the 
affections  of  another  part  of  the  body.  Darioin. 

AS-SO'CIA-I!LE,  (as-so'sha-ble.)    [See  Associate.] 

1.  That  may  be  joined  to  or  associated. 

2.  Sociable  ;  companionable. 

3.  In  a  medical  sense,  liable  to  be  affected  by  sym- 
pathy, or  to  receive  from  other  parts  correspondent 
feelings  and  affections.  "The  stomach,  the  most 
associable  of  all  the  organs  of  the  animal  body." 

Jtled.  Rep.  Varwin. 
AS-So'CIA-RLE-NESS,  n.  Associability. 
AS-So'CIaTE,  (as-so'stiite,)  v.  L     [Fr.  associer;  L. 
associo,  of  ad  and  socio,  to  join.] 

1.  To  join  in  company,  as  a  friend,  companion, 
partner,  or  confederate  ;  as,  to  associate  others  with 
us  in  business,  or  in  an  enterprise. 

It  conveys  the  idea  of  intimate  union. 

2.  To  unite  in  the  same  nias.s;  as,  particles  of 
matter  assoctat.ed  with  other  substances. 

A8-80'<;IATE,  r.  i. 

1.  To  unite  in  company  ;  to  keep  company,  imply- 
ing intimacy  ;  as,  congenial  minds  are  disposed  to 
aif^ociate. 

2.  To  unite  in  action,  or  to  be  alfected  by  the 
action  of  a  different  part  of  the  body.  Darwin. 

AH-S0'<;IATK,  a. 

1.  Joined  in  interest  or  purpose  ;  confederate. 

Jifilt-on. 

3.  Joined  in  employment  or  ^flicc  ;  as,  iin  associate 
Judge. 

3.  In  medicine,  connected  by  hnbit  or  Hympathy  ; 
an,  ttjigociitle  HMjlions,  nurh  an  occur  xymputhetically, 
in  conKcipicna!  of  preceding  motions.  /Jarioin. 
AB^HO'CIA  TE,  n. 

1.  A  companion  ;  one  frequently  in  compnny  with 


another,  implying  intimacy  or  equality  ;  a  mate  ;  a 
fellow. 

2.  A  partner  in  interest,  as  in  business  ;  or  a  con- 
federate in  a  league. 

3.  A  companion  in  a  criminal  transaction ;  an 
accomplice. 

AS-S6'CIa-TED,  pp.  United  in  company  or  in  in- 
terest ;  joined. 

AS-So'CIATE-SIIIP,  n.  The  state  or  office  of  an 
associate.  Kncyc,  art.  Reynolds. 

AS-So'CIa-TING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  company  or  in 
interest ;  joining. 

AS-SO-CI-A'TION,  71. 

1.  The  act  of  associating ;  union  ;  connection  of 
persons. 

2.  Union  of  persons  in  a  company ;  a  society 
formed  for  transacting  or  carrying  on  some  business 
for  mutual  advantage ;  a  partnership.  It  is  often  ap- 
plied to  a  union  of  states,  or  a  confederacy. 

3.  Union  of  things ;  apposition,  as  of  particles  of 
matter. 

4.  Union  or  connection  of  ideas.  An  a-tsociation 
of  ideas  is  where  two  or  more  ideas  constantly  or 
naturally  follow  each  other  in  the  mind,  so  that  one 
almost  infallibly  produces  the  other.  Encyc. 

5.  .\n  exertion  or  change  of  some  extreme  part  of 
the  sensorium  residing  in  the  muscles  or  organs  of 
sense,  in  consequence  of  some  antecedent  or  attend- 
ant fibrous  contractions.  Darwin. 

6.  Among  Con gregationalists,  a  society  of  the  cler- 
gj-,  consisting  of  a  number  of  pastors  of  neighboring 
cinirches,  united  for  promoting  the  interests  of  re- 
ligion and  the  harmony  of  tlie  churches. 

AS-SO-CI-A'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  associa- 
tion of  clerg\'men. 

AS-So'CIA-TiVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  associ- 
ating, or  of  being  affected  by  sympathy. 

Darwin.  Miller. 

AS-So'ClA-TOR,  n.    A  confederate.  Dryden. 

[Associate  is  now  used.] 
AS-SOIL',  jj.  <.    [Old  Fr.,  from  L.  oWbo.]  To  solve; 

to  release  ;  to  absolve.    [Ofc.]       Taylor.  Bacon. 
AS-SOIL',  V.  t.    [Fr.  souiUer.]     To  soil;  to  stain. 

[Obs.] 

AS-SOIL'MENT,  7u    Act  of  assoiling;  absolution. 

More.  Speed. 

AS'SO-NANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ad  and  sono,  to 
sound.    See  Sound.] 

Ilesemblance  of  sounds.  In  rhetoric  and  poetrrf,  a 
concurrence  of  words  or  lines,  terminated  by  sounds, 
approximating  to,  but  not  concurring  in  a  rhyme. 

Encyc.  Mctk. 

AS'SO-NANT,  a.  Having  a  resemblance  of  sounds. 
In  Spanish  poetry,  assonant  rhxjmes  are  those  in  which 
a  resemblance  of  sounds  serves  instead  of  a  natural 
rhyme ;  as,  ligera,  tierra.  These  require  only  the 
same  vowel  in  the  last  or  two  last  syllables,  without 
any  concurrence  of  consonants  as  in  rhyme. 

AS-SORT',  ti.  (.  [Fr.  assortir  ;  It.  assortirc;  oi ad  and 
strrtir,  sortire,  to  sally  forth,  and  in  It.  to  draw  lots. 
See  Sort.] 

1.  To  separate  and  distribute  into  classes  things  of 
the  like  kind,  nature,  or  quality,  or  things  which  are 
suited  to  a  like  pqrpose.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to 
persons  as  well  as  things. 

2.  To  furnish  with  all  sorts.  Burke. 
AS-SORT', c.  i.    To  agree;  to  be  in  accordance  with  ; 

to  suit.  Milford. 
AS-Sf)RT'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Distributed  into  sorts,  kinds, 
or  classes. 

2.  Furnished  with  an  assortment,  or  witli  a  vari- 
ety ;  as,  a  vieW-assorted  store.  Burke. 

3.  Fitted  or  adapted  to. 


A.S-SORT'ING,  ppr.    Separating  into  sorts  ;  supjilying 

with  an  assortment;  agreeing. 
AS-SOUT'iME.\T,  n. 

1.  The  act  of  distributing  into  sorts,  kinds,  or 
classes,  or  of  selecting  and  suiting  things. 

2.  A  mass  or  quantity  distributed  into  kinds,  or 
sorts;  or  a  niiinber  of  things  assorted. 

3.  A  number  of  things  of  the  same  kind,  varied  in 
size,  color,  quality,  price,  form,  or  the  like,  to  suit 
the  market,  the  wants  of  people,  or  various  purposes  ; 
as,  an  assortment  of  thread,  of  silks,  of  calicoes,  &c. 

An  assortment  fit  \Y.uni\ni^.  W.  Core. 

4.  A  variety  of  sorts  or  kinds  adapted  to  various 
wants,  demands,  or  purposes  ;  as,  an  assortment  of 
goods.  Mercantile  Usage. 

AS-SOT',  V.  U  [Sec  Sot.]  To  infatuate ;  to  besot. 
[JVot  iLsed.]  Spenser. 

A.S-SUACJE',  v.  t.  [This  word  np[>ears  to  be  formed 
on  the  G.  sckwach!  I),  zwak,  w<'ak  ;  or  on  D.  lagt, 
soft,  gentle,  quiet,  which  coincides  with  the  Sax. 
mnig,  silence  ;  tnoigan,  to  be  silent  ;  whence  gesioi- 
gean,  to  be  silent;  G.  sctneeigen;  D.  zwygen,  id. 
In  Sax.  also,  gesioiran  is  to  cease,  fail,  rest,  be 
quiet.  Hut  the  Dutch  word  for  assauge  is  vcrzagten, 
to  soften.] 

To  sol'lcn,  in  a  figurntire  sense;  to  allay,  mitigate, 
ease,  or  lesHcn,  as  pain  or  grief;  to  appease  or  pacify, 
0.1  iHiHsion  or  tumult.    In  Rtrictness,  it  signifies  rather 


to  mod/rate,  than  to  quiet,  tranquilize,  or  reduce  to 
perfect  peace  or  ease. 
AS-SUAGE',  V.  i.    To  abate  or  subside. 

The  waters  assu/tged.  —  Gen.  viii. 
But  I  apprehend  the  sense  is,  —  the  waters  were 
checked.  Heb.  IB'. 
AS-SUaG'^D,  pp.    Allayed  ;  mitigated  ;  eased  ;  ap- 
peased. 

AS-SUaGE'MEXT,  n.    Mitigation  ;  abatement. 

AS-SUaG'ER,  n.  One  who  allays  or  pacifies;  that 
which  mitigates  or  abates. 

AS-SUAG'ING,  ppr.  Allaying;  mitigating;  appeas- 
ing; abating. 

AS-SUA'SIVE,  a.  [from  assuage.]  Softening  ;  miti- 
gating;  tranquilizing.  Pope. 

AS-SUB'JU-GaTE,  v.  t.  To  bring  into  subjection. 
[  Obs.J  ShaJc. 

AS-SUE-FAC'TION,  n.    [L.  assuefacio.] 

The  act  of  accustoming.    [Jfot  used.]  Brown. 

AS'SUE-TuDE,  n.    [L.  assuetudo,  from  assnetus,  part. 
of  assuesco,  to  accustom.] 
Custom  ;  habit ;  habitual  use.  Bacon. 

AS-SuME',  V.  t.    [L.  assnmo,  of  ad  and  sumo,  to  take.] 

1.  To  take  or  take  upon  one's  self.  It  differs  from 
receive,  in  not  implying  an  offer  to  give. 

The  God  assumed  his  native  fcrm  a^in.  Pope. 

2.  To  take  what  is  not  just ;  to  take  with  arrogant 
claims  ;  to  arrogate;  to  seize  unjustly  ;  as,  to  assume 
haughty  airs  ;  to  assujne  unwarrantalile  powers. 

3.  To  take  for  granted,  or  wilhcmt  proof ;  to  sup- 
pose as  a  fact ;  as,  to  assume  a  principle  in  reasoning. 

4.  To  appropriate,  or  take  to  one's  self;  as,  to 
assume  the  debts  of  another. 

5.  To  take  what  is  fictitious ;  to  pretend  to  pos- 
sess ;  to  take  in  appearance  ;  as,  to  assume  the  garb 
of  humility. 

AS-SuME',  V.  i. 

1.  To  be  arrogant;  to  claim  more  than  is  due. 

2.  In  law,  to  take  upon  one's  self  an  obligation  ;  to 
undertake  or  promise  ;  as,  A  assumed  upon  himself, 
and  promised  to  pay. 

AS-StTM'i^I),  pp.  Taken  ;  arrogated  ;  taken  without 
proof;  pretended. 

AS-SUM'ER,  71.  One  who  assumes;  an  arrogant  per- 
son. 

AS-SuM'ING,  ppr.   Taking ;  arrogating ;  taking  for 

granted  ;  pretending. 
AS-SuM'ING,  a.    Taking  or  disposed  to  take  upon 

one's  self  more  than  is  just ;  haughty ;  arrogant. 
AS-SuM'ING,  71.    Presumption.  Jonson. 
AS-SU.AIP'SIT,  71.    [pret.  tense  of  L.  as.^umo.] 

1.  In  tan),  a  promise  or  undertaking,  founded  on  a 
consideration.  This  promise  may  be  verbal  or  writ- 
ten. An  assumpsit  is  express  or  implied ;  express, 
when  made  in  words  or  writing  ;  implied,  when,  in 
consequence  of  some  benefit  or  consideration  accru- 
ing to  one  person  from  the  acts  of  another,  the  law 
presumes  that  person  has  promised  to  make  compen- 
sation. In  this  case,  the  law,  upon  a  principle  of 
justice,  implies  or  raises  a  promise,  on  which  an  ac- 
tion may  be  brought  to  recover  the  compensation. 
Thus,  if  A  contracts  with  B  to  build  a  house  for  him, 
by  implication  and  intendment  of  law,  A  promises  to 
pay  li  for  the  same,  without  any  express  words  to 
that  eft'ect. 

2.  An  action  founded  on  a  promise.  When  this 
action  is  brought  on  a  debt,  it  is  called  indebitatus  as- 
sumpsit, which  is  an  action  on  the  case  to  recover 
damages  for  the  non-pa)  ment  of  a  debt.  Blnclistone. 

AS-SUAIPT',  1).  t.    To  take  up  ;  to  raise.  [Barbarous, 

and  not  w.s-w/.]  Sheldon. 
AS-SUJIPT',  71.   That  which  is  assumed.  [JVu(  lused.] 

ChiUingicorUu 

AS-SUMP'TION,  Ji.    [L.  assttmptio.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  to  one's  self.  Hammond. 

2.  The  art  of  taking  for  granted,  or  supposing  a 
thing  without  proof ;  sujiposition.  JVTam.v. 

This  frivfs  no  sanction  to  the  unwarrnntnhle  assnmplion  that  the 
eon!  glct-ps  from  the  period  of  doutli  lo  the  rcsurivctioii  (»l  Uie 
body.  Tluniey. 

3.  The  thing  supposed  ;  a  postulate,  or  proposition 
assumed.  In  logic,  the  minor  or  second  proposition 
in  a  categorical  syllogism.  Encyc. 

4.  A  consequence  drawn  from  the  propositions  of 
which  an  argument  is  composed.  Enajr. 

ri.  Undcrtiiking  ;  a  taking  upon  one's  self.  Kent, 

6.  The  taking  up  a  persim  into  heaven.  Hence,  in 
the  Roman  Catliolic  and  Oreek  churches,  a  festival  in 
honor  of  the  miraculous  ascent  of  the  Virgin  Mary 
into  heaven.  Encyc. 

7.  Adoption.  Warton. 
AS-SUMP'TIVE,  fl.  That  is  or  may  be  assumed,  .^.t- 

sumptive  arms,  in  heraldnt,  are  siich  as  a  person  has  a 
right,  with  the  approbation  of  his  sovereign,  and  of 
the  heralds,  to  assume,  in  consequence  of  an  exploit. 

Encyc. 

AS-SUMP'TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  v.-ay  o;  assumption. 

AS-S0R'AN('E,  (as-shur'sris,)  «.  [!'r.,  from  a.-tsurcr, 
of  ni/ and  .»ftr,  .leur,  sure,  certni^..  Ciu.  ;hc  Rab.  and 
Talni.  "WIH  to  make  firm,  con.irin,  verify  ;  or  is  .vcitr 
tho  G.  :irar,  froi!!  liio  root  of  L.  veru.\ ,  more  probably 
it  is  from  11.  sieuraref  aasicurarc,  to  insure,  from  L. 
«cun«.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 


AST 


A  S  T 


AST 


1.  The  act  of  assurinp!,  or  of  inakini;  n  declaration 
in  terms  tliat  furnish  ground  of  confidence;  as,  I 
trusted  to  liis  assuraiicrs ;  or  the  act  of  furnisliing 
any  ground  of  full  confidence. 

Wlii-n-of  h(*  h;ith  given  agturance  to  nil  men,  in  Unit  Iw  li;\tli 
ntiscd  liini  from  tlie  dviul.  —  Aclj*  xvii. 

9.  Finn  persuasion  ;  full  confidence  or  trust;  free- 
dom from  doubt ;  certain  expectation ;  the  utmost 
certainty. 

Let  Hi  (Imw  near  wttli  a  ti'ue  heart,  in  full  assurance  of  fiiilh.  — 
Heb.  X. 

3.  Firmness  of  mind  ;  undoubting  steadiness ;  in- 
trppiility. 

Knive  men  meet  danger  wilJi  assurajKt.  KnoUes, 

4.  Excess  of  boldness;  impudence  ;  as,  his  assur- 
ance is  intolerable. 

5.  Freedom  from  excessive  modesty,  timidity,  or 
baslifulness ;  laudable  confidence. 

Convers:(tion  witli  the  world  will  give  them  knowledge  and  (W- 
titmnce.  Locke. 

6.  Insurance ;  a  contract  for  the  payment  of  a  sum 
on  occasion  of  a  certain  event,  as  loss  or  deatli.  Re- 
cently, assurance  has  been  used,  in  England,  in  ri'la- 
tion  to  life  contingencies,  and  insurance,  in  relation 
to  other  contingencies.    [See  Insuuance.] 

P.  Cyc. 

7.  Any  written  or  other  legal  evidence  of  the  con- 
veyance of  property.  In  England,  the  legal  evidences 
of  the  conveyance  of  property  are  called  tlie  ctnnmon 
assurances  of  the  kingdom.  Black.^tone. 

8.  Conviction.  TiUutson^ 

9.  In  throlotrii,  full  confidence  of  one's  interest  in 
Christ,  and  of  final  salvation. 

AS-SORE',  (ash-shure',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  assurer.  See  As- 
surance.] 

1.  To  make  certain ;  to  give  confidence  by  a  prom- 
ise, declaration,  or  other  evidence  ;  as,  he  assured  me 
of  his  sincerity. 

2.  To  confirm ;  to  make  certain  or  secure. 

Aod  it  Bhiill  be  assured  to  hijn. —  Lev.  xxvii. 

3.  To  embolden  ;  to  make  confident. 

And  hereby  we  shall  assure  our  hearts  b<-fyi\;  hini.  —  1  John  ill. 

4.  To  make  sure,  with  <>/ before  the  object  secured  ; 
as,  let  me  be  assured  nf  your  fidelity. 

5.  To  afliance  ;  to  betroth.    [  Obs.]  Shall. 

6.  To  insure ;  to  covenant  to  indemnify  for  loss. 
[See  Insure.] 

AS-S0R'>;D,  (ash-shurd',)  pp.  Made  certain  or  confi- 
dtmt ;  made  secure  ;  insured. 

AS-PC'R'/'.l),  (ash-shurd',)  fl.  Certain;  indubitable; 
not  doubting  ;  boltl  to  excess.  Bacon.  Shale. 

AS-SC'U'ED-LY,  (ash-shur'ed-ly,)  adv.  Certainly  ;  in- 
dubitably. 

AscuredJy  thy  son  Solomon  shall  reign.  — I  Kings  t. 
AS-SOR'ED-NESS,  (a'sh-shur'ed-ness,)  n.    The  state 
of  being  .assured  ;  certainty  ;  full  confidence. 

JIakewill. 

AS-Sv_'R'ER,  n.  One  who  assures;  one  who  insures 
against  loss  ;  an  insurer  or  underwriter. 

AS-SUR'(jENT,  a.    [L.  assurircns,  assurtro.'\ 

In  biitany,  rising  upward  in  a  curve  from  a  declin- 
ing bas^.  Marlijiu 

AS-SOR'ING,  (ash-shur'ing,)  ppr.  Making  sure  or 
confident;  giving  security  ;  confirming;  insuring. 

AS-S0R'1.\G-LY,  ailv.    In  a  way  to  create  assurance. 

AS-SWS(5E'.    See  Assuage. 

AS-SYR'I-A.\,  a.    Tertaining  to  Assyria, 

AS-TXR'TE,  n.  Ashtoreth,  a  goddess  of  the  Sidoni- 
ans  ;  the  same  as  Venus  of  the  Romans. 

AS'TE-IS.M,  n.    [Gr.  .!?•£'"«,  beautiful,  polite.] 

In  rhetoric,  genteel  irony  ;  a  polite  and  ingenious 
manner  of  deriding  another.  F.ncijc 

AS'TER,  n.    [Gr.  ar'/.n.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  with  compound  flowers,  many 
of  which  arc  cultivated  for  their  beauty,  particularly 
the  China  Aster.   The  species  are  very  immerous. 

AS-TK'RI-AS,  n.    [Gr.  arip,  a  star.] 

Stella  marina,  sea-star,  or  stiir-fish ;  a  subdivision 
or  family  of  radiate  animals,  chaniclerized  by  a  sub- 
orbicular,  depressed  body,  divided  into  rays,  usually 
five  in  number,  with  a  mouth  below,  <at  the  center. 
The  rays  vary,  in  length  and  form,  in  different  spe- 
cies, from  simple  salient  angles,  to  very  long,  and,  in 
some  siKicies,  minutely  ramifieti  processes. 

AS-Te'RI-a-TED,  a.  [Supra.]  Radiated  ;  presenting 
diverging  rays,  like  a  star  ;  as,  astcriated  sapphire. 

CUaceland. 

AS'TER-ISK,  n.  [Gr.  arcpwKO!,  a  little  star,  from 
a^rio,  a  star  ] 

The  figure  of  a  star,  thus,  *,  used  in  printing  and 
writing  as  a  reference  to  a  passage  or  note  in  tlie  mar- 
gin, or  to  fill  the  space  when  a  name,  or  part  of  a 
name,  is  omitted. 

AS'TER-IS.M,  11.  [Gr.  arcptapos,  a  little  star,  from 
aT'ifl,  a  star.] 

1.  Formerhi,  a  constellation  ;  as  now  used,  a  small 
cluster  of  stars,  cither  includetl  or  not  in  a  constella- 
tion, p.  Cyc. 

2.  An  asterisk,  or  mark  of  reference.  [This  is  less 
proper.] 

A  STERN',  ado.    [a,  or  at,  and  stem.    See  Stebs,] 


1.  In  or  at  the  hinder  part  of  a  ship ;  or  toward  the 
hinder  part,  ()r  backwartl  ;  :is,  Itt  co  astern. 

2.  lieliind  a  ship,  at  any  indefinite  dislanen. 

Mir.  Diet. 

AS'TER-Oin,  71.    [Gr.  ar'i",  a  star,  and       s,  form.] 
A  name  given  by  llersi  licl  to  liie  four  newly-dis- 
covered jilanels  between  the  orbits  of  .Mais  and  Ju- 
piter.   A  fifth,  Aslrwa,  has  since  been  discovered. 
AS-TER-C)II>'AI.,  a.    Resembling  a  star  ;  or  pertain- 
ing to  tile  asteroids.  Journ,  of  Science. 
AS-TEll-O  I'o'DI-UiM,  7i.  [Gr.  a~np,  a  star,  and  ttuik, 
nodoi,  ,a  foot.] 

A  kind  of  extraneous  fossil,  of  the  same  substance 
with  the  astrite,  to  which  it  serves  as  the  base. 

Kncye. 

A-STERT',  V.  L  To  startle.  [JVo(  in  use.]  Spenser. 
AS-THEN'IC,  0.    [Gr.    priv.  and  (rOfvo?,  strength.] 

In  medicine,  weak  ;  characterized  by  debility. 
AS-THEi\-OL'O-0Y,7i.  [Gr.  a  priv  ,  o-Ucmj,  strength, 
and  Ao}-'K,  iliscourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  diseases  connected  with  debility. 
ASTII'.MA,  (tist'mu,)  n.    [Gr.  ..it«^.i.]  [Core. 
A  chronic,  paroxysmal,  and  intermittent  disease  of 
respiration  ;  the  paroxysms  exacerbating  and  remit- 
ting ;  the  inspirations,  during  the  attack,  fuller  and 
more  fretiuent  than  natural,  but  with  a  sensation  of 
want  of  air,  accompanied  by  paleness  of  the  skin 
and  lividness  of  the  lips.  .  The  term  is  also  often  ap- 
plied to  any  chronic  dilficutty  of  breathing. 
ASTII-iM.AT'lC,  a.  I'i'rtaining  to  asthma;  also,  affect- 
ed by  asthma;  as,  an  asOitnatic  patient. 
ASTII-.MAT'IC,  71.    A  person  troubled  with  asthma. 

JlrbuUlnoU 

AS-TIP'U-LaTE,  for  Stipulate.  )  r  v  ,  ■  i 

AS-TlP-li-L.\'T10.V,  for  Stitulation.  j  L-™"'  "'  "'■"'•J 
A.S-To.\'E',  )  c.  t.  [See  Astonish.]   To  terrify,  or  as- 
AS-TO.\'Y,  i     timish.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
AS-To.\'/:r),   j  pp.  or  a.    Astonished.  [Obs.] 
AS-TON'I/JD,  !  Spenser.  Jililton. 

AS-TON'ISH,  V.  t.  [Old  Fr.  eslonncr,  now  ilonner ;  L. 
attono,  to  astonish  ;  ad  and  tono.  Sax.  ffcstun,  noise, 
and  stunian,  to  stun  ;  G.  staunen ;  Ann.  eston,  won- 
derfullj'.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  stop,  to  strike 
dumb,  to  fix.    See  Tone  and  Stun.] 

To  stun,  or  strike  dumb  with  sudden  fear,  terror, 
surprise,  or  wonder;  to  amaze;  to  confound  with 
some  sudden  passion. 

I,  Daniel,  was  astonished  at  the  vision.  —  Dan.  viii. 

AS-TON'ISH-£D,  (as-ton'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Amazed; 

confounded  with  fear,  surprise,  or  adinir.ition. 
AS-TO.N'ISH-ING,  ppr.   Amazing  ;  confounding  with 

wonder  or  fear. 
AS-TON'ISH-ING,  a.    Very  wonderful ;  of  a  nature 

to  excite  great  admiration  or  amazement. 
AS-TON'ISH-ING-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  or  degree  to 

excite  amazement.  Bp.  Fleetwood. 

.■\S-TON'ISlI-ING-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  exciting 

astonishment. 

AS-TON'ISII-MENT,  n.   Amazement;  ctmfusion  of 
mind  from  fear,  surprise,  or  admiration,  at  an  extra- 
ordinary or  unexpected  event. 
AS-TOUND',  I),  t.    [from  Old  Fr.  estonner.] 

To  astonish  ;  to  strike  dumb  with  amazement. 
AS-TOUi\I)'ED,  pp.    Astonished  to  dumbness. 
AS-TOUND'ING,  ppr.  Astonishing. 

2.  a.  Adapted  to  astonish. 
AS-TOUi\I)'.ME.\T,  71.    Amazement.  Colerid<re. 
A-STRAD'DLE,  ailu.  [a  and  straddle.  See  Straddle.] 
With  the  legs  across  a  tiling,  or  on  different  sides ; 
a.s,  to  sit  astraddle. 
AS-TR/E'A,  \       rr.  .  ^ 

AS-TRl"'A,  j       t^"^-  "5"'''''  ^  ^"'■•J 

1.  The  goddess  of  justice.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  sign  Virgo.  The  poets  feign  that  Jus- 
tice quitted  heaven,  in  the  golden  age,  to  reside  on 
earth  ;  but  becoming  weary  with  the  iniipiities  of 
men,  she  returned  to  heaven,  and  commenced  a  con- 
stellation of  stars.  Encyc. 

2.  A  small  planet,  discovered  in  Dec.  184.'>,  revolv- 
ing round  the  sun  in  1510  days,  and  belonging  to  tlie 
group  sometimes  called  asteroids. 

3.  A  species  of  coral  zoophytes,  of  a  rounded  form, 
and  covered,  when  alive,  with  animal  Howers. 

AS'TR.\-GAL,  71.  [Gr.  uTpayaXos,  a  turning  joint, 
vertebra,  spondylus.] 

1.  In  architecture,  n  little  round  molding  which  sur- 
rounds the  top  or  bottom  of  a  column,  in  the  form  of 
a  ring  ;  representing  a  ring  or  band  of  iron,  to  pre- 
vent the  splitting  of  the  column.  It  is  often  cut  into 
beads  or  berries,  and  is  used  in  ornamented  I'ntjibla- 
tures  10  separate  the  several  faces  of  the  architrave. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  gunnery,  a  round  molding  on  a  cannon  near 
the  mouth.  Encyc. 

AS-TRAG'A-LUS,  n.  [L.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  liuckle,  ankle,  or  sling  bone  ; 
the  upper  bone  of  that  part  of  the  foot  called  the  tar- 
sus, supporting  the  tibia.  Core. 

2.  A  genus  of  papUionaceous  plants,  of  the  natural 
order  F.abaceiE,  containing  nuniertms  species,  .some 
of  which  are  called,  in  English,  milk-vrtek  and 
lufuorice-telch.  Gum  tragacanlli  is  obtained  from 
different  species,  particularly  the  ./9.  verus. 


AS'TltAI,,  a.    [L.  astrami  Gr.  nr/jo,  a  star.] 

Ileliiiming  til  the  stars  ;  starry.  Pniden. 

A.S'Tlt  \1.-1, AMI',  II.  An  Argaiid  lump,  in  wliicli  the 
oil  is  contained  in  a  vessel  in  iIk'  roiin  id'  a  llaili  iii'd 
ring,  oblii|ui'ly  iiii'linril  outward  and  downward, 
and  surmounted  by  a  llatti  iii  il  lii'iiiispherii':il  ground 
glass;  the  whole  nrranu'i'iiu  nt  designed  to  throw  a 
strong  and  uninterrupted  liglit  on  the  table  below. 

A-STRAY',  Olid,    [a  and  .<(ru;(.    See  Stray.] 

Out  of  the  right  way  or  proper  pl.ace,  bolii  in  a  lit- 
eral and  figurative  sense.  In  morals  and  religion,  it 
signifies  wandering  from  the  path  of  rectitude,  from 
duty  and  happiness. 

Before  I  w.is  afHicted,  1  went  astray.  —  Vs.  cxix. 

Cattle  go  astray  when  they  leave  their  proper  own- 
ers orjnclosures.    See  Dent.  xxii. 
AS-TRi':'A,  71-   See  Astr.ka. 

AS-TRICT',  V.  U    [L.  astringo,  astrictu^.    See  As- 

TRINOE.] 

1.  To  bind  fast ;  to  confine.    [JVot  much  used.] 

2.  To  constrict  ;  to  contract. 

AS-TRH'T',  71.    Compendious;  contracted.  Weceer. 
AS-TRICT'ED,  pp.     Round  fast  ;    confined  ;  con- 
stricted. 

AS-TRICT'ING,  ppr.  Binding  fast;  confining;  con- 
AS-TlUe'TIO.\,  71.  [trading. 

1.  The  act  of  binding  fast,  or  confining. 

2.  A  contraction  of  parts  by  applications  ;  the  stop- 
ping of  fluxes  or  hemorrhages.  Coie. 

3.  Constipation.  .^rbuthnol. 

4.  In  Scotland,  thirlage  ;  an  obligation  to  have  corn 
ground  at  a  certain  mill,  p.iying  a  toll  called  multure. 

Ed.  Ennie.  Sinclair. 
AS-TRICT'IVE,  a.    liinding  ;  constricting  ;  styptic. 
AS-TRICT'O-RY,  a.  Astringent ;  binding;  aiit  to  bind. 
A-STRIl)E',  a</i>.    With  the  legs  across. 
AS-TRIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [I.,  aslrtfer;  astrum,  a  sUtr,  and 
fcro,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  containing  stars.    [LittJe  used.] 
AS-TRIG'ER-OUS,  n.    [I,ow  L.  astrigcr.] 

Bearing  stars.    [JVot  u.icd.] 
AS-TRINGE',  (as-trinj',)  v.  t.    [L.  a-ilringo,  of  oii  and 
stringo,  to  bind  fast,  to  strain.    See  Strain.] 

1.  To  bind  fast ;  to  constrict ;  to  contract ;  to  cause 
parts  to  draw  together.  Bacon. 

2.  To  bind  by  obligation.  fVolseij. 
AS-TRIXG'A'D,  pp.    iSound  fast;  constricted;  con- 
tracted. 

A.S-TRING'Ei\-CY,  71.  The  power  of  contracting  the 
parts  of  the  body  ;  that  quality  in  medicines  which 
causes  vital  contraction  of  the  soft  solids  ;  as,  the  os- 
tringrney  of  acids  or  bitters.      Bacon.  Jirbnthnot. 

AS-TRING'ENT,  rt.  Binding ;  contracting ;  strength- 
ening ;  opposed  to  laxatire.  Qiiincy, 

A.ilringent  principle  ;  in  ehcniLitru,  tannic  acid  or 
tannin  ;  characterized  particularly  by  forming  an  in- 
soluble compound  with  gi  latine.  Ure. 

AS-TRIi\'G'E.\'T,  71.  ,\  ineilicine  that  h.as  the  property 
of  causing  vital  contraction  in  the  soft  solids,  usually 
accompanied  with  increased  absorption  anil  dimin- 
ished excretion. 

AS-TRING'ER,    I  71.     [Fr.  austour,  autour,  a  gos- 

AUS-TRING'ER,  |  hawk.] 

A  falconer  that  keeps  a  goshawk.    Sliak,  Cowel. 

AS-TRING'IA'G,  ppr.  Binding  fast ;  constricting  ;  con- 
tracting. 

AS-TROG'R.\-PHY,  ti.  [Gr.  iirijo,  or  arnov,  a  star, 
and  ^  oiii/ji.),  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  lite  sttirs,  or  the  science  of  describ- 
ing them. 

AS'TRO-L.\BE,  71.  [Gr.  arno,  a  star,  .md  Xalhin,  to 
take.] 

1.  An  instrument  formerly  used  for  taking  the  al- 
titude of  the  sun  or  stiirs  at  sea. 

2.  A  stereograpliic  projection  of  the  sphere,  on  the 
plane  of  a  great  circle,  usually  either  upon  the  plane 
of  the  equator,  the  eye  being  sup|Mised  to  be  in  the 
pole  of  the  world,  or  upon  the  plane  of  the  meridian, 
the  eye  being  in  tlie  point  of  intersection  of  the  etiui- 
noctial  and  the  horizon. 

3.  Among  the  aitcienls,  the  same  as  the  modem  ar- 
millary  spiiiTe.  Encyc 

AS-TROI/.V-TRY,  71.    [Gr.  uaTtip  and  Aaroiin.] 

The  worship  of  the  stars.  Cudworth. 
AS-TR()I,'0-liER,     \  n.  [U  astrologus,  of  Gr.  «r""'', 
AS-TRO-L6'GI-.\.\, )     a  st.ar,  and  X'lyoi,  discourse.] 

1.  One  who  professes  to  foretell  future  eveiiLs  by 
the  aspects  and  situation  of  the  stars.  .Sstrologian  is 
little  used.  Wnlton. 

2.  Formerly,  one  \>  ho  understood  the  motions  of 
the  planet.s,  withimt  predicting.  Raleigh. 

AS-TRO-LOG'ie,       (  a.    IVrtaining  to  astrology ; 
AS-TRO-LOG'IC-AL,  (     professing  or  practicing  as- 
trology. ■ 

AS-TRO-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  as- 
trologj'. 

AS-TROI,'0-GIZE,  r.  1.    To  practice  astrology. 

AS-TROL'O-GY,  71.  [Supra.]  A  science  which  teaches 
to  judge  of  the  effects  and  inHiiences  of  tile  sU'irs,  and 
to  foretell  futun?  events  by  their  situation  and  differ- 
ent aspects  ;  called,  also,  jri^/icia/  a.-itrotogy.  This  sci- 
ence was  formerly  in  great  request,  as  men  ignorant- 
ly  supposed  the  heavenly  bodies  to  have  a  ruling  in- 


TON'E,  B5JLL,  tJMTE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  $  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


» 


AT 


ATH 


ATH 


Ituence  over  the  phj  sii  ;il  and  moral  world  ;  but  it  is 
now  iiniversaliy  exploded  by  true  science  and  piiilos- 
opliy. 

JVu(c  The  term  astrology  was  used  by  the  ancients 
in  the  sense  of  astrunonnj, 
AS  TR0N'0-.\1ER,  ?i.  One  who  is  versed  in  astrono- 
my ;  one  who  lias  a  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  tlie 
heavenly  orbs,  or  the  principles  by  which  their  mo- 
tions are  regulated,  with  their  various  phenomena. 

AlTR^^NSM'le-AL,  \  "■  P'^rtaining  to  astronomy. 

AS-TRO-NOM'It;-AL-LY,  arfo.  In  an  astronomical 
manner  ;  by  the  principles  of  astronomy. 

AS-TRON'O-MIZE,  v.  i.  To  study  astronomy.  [Lit- 
tle H.-'Cf/.l  Brmcn. 

AS-TRON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  aTpov,  a  star,  and  voftos,  a 
law,  or  rule.] 

The  science  which  teaches  the  knowledge  of  the 
celestial  bodies,  tlieir  magnitudes,  motions,  distances, 
periods  of  revolution,  eclipses,  order,  and  of  the  causes 
of  their  various  phenomena.  This  science  depends 
on  observations  made  cliiefly  with  instruments,  and 
upon  mathematical  calculations. 

AS'TRO-rieOPE,  7i.  [Gr.  arouf,  a  star,  and  aKoTreoi, 
to  view.] 

An  astronomical  instrument,  composed  of  two 
cones,  on  whose  surface  the  constellations,  with 
their  stars,  are  delineated,  by  means  of  which  the 
stars  niav  be  easily  known.  Encyc. 
AS-TROS'eO-PY,  n.  [See  Asteoscgi-e.]  Observation 
of  tile  stars. 

AS'TRO-THE-OL'O-GY,  ru  [L.  antrum,  a  star,  and 
theologiaj  divinity.] 

Natural  theology  founded  on  the  observation  of  the 
celestial  bodies.  Dtrham. 

A-STRUT',  adv.  [See  Strut.]  In  a  strutting  manner. 

AS-TuTE',  a.  [L.  astutiis,  from  astus,  craft,  subtilty  ; 
Ir.  aisde^  aiste,  ingenuity.] 

Shrewd  ;  sharp ;  eagle-eyed  ;  critically  examining 
or  discerning  ;  subtle  ;  cunning.  Saiuhjs. 

AS-TOTE'LY,adi).    Shrewdly;  sharply;  subtilly. 

AS-TuTE'N'ESS,  n.    Shrewdness  ;  cunning. 

A-SUN'DER,  ado.  [Sax.  asundrian,  to  divide.  See 
Sunder.]  Apart;  into  parts;  separately;  in  a  di- 
vided state. 

The  hoTd  iwlh  cut  asunder  the  cords  of  the  wicked.  —  Ps.  cxxLx. 

A-SWOON',  otii).    In  a  swoon.    [OJs.]  Oower. 
A-SV'LU.M,  II.    [L.  from  Gr.  aavX  ^v,  safe  from  spoil, 
tt  and  avXi},  spoil,  avXaoj,  to  plunder.] 

1.  A  sanctuary  or  place  of  refuge,  where  criminals 
and  debtors  shelter  themselves  from  justice,  and 
from  which  they  can  not  betaken  without  sacrilege. 
Temples  and  altars  were  anciently  asylums  ;  as  were 
tombs,  .statues,  and  monuments.  The  ancient 
heathens  allowed  asylums  for  the  protection  of  the 
vilest  criminals ;  and  the  Jews  had  their  cities  of 

2.  Any  place  of  retreat  and  security.  rrefuge. 
X  An  institution  for  tlie  protection  or  relief  of  the 

unfortunate  ;  as,  an  as-ijliim  for  the  poor,  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb,  or  for  the  insane. 
A-SY.\I'ME-TRAL,       /       rc  .>  =     .  i 
AS-Y.M-.MET'Rie-AL,  \       t^"^  Symmetry.] 

Not  having  syiniuetry.    [Liulc  used.]  More. 
A-SYM'.ME-TRY,  n.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  (jv/iiierpia, 
symmetry,  of  aw,  with,  and  /jf  r,ot(o,  to  measure.] 

The  want  of  proportion  between  the  parts  of  a 
thing.  It  is  also  used  in  mathematics  for  incom- 
mensurability, when  between  two  quantities  there  is 
no  coniinoii  measure.  Johnson. 
AS'Y.VIl'- TOTE, )!.  [(Jr.  a  priv.,  irvv,  with,  and  tttou, 
to  fall ;  not  meeting.]    Sometimes  pron.  a-symp'tote. 

A  line  which  approaches  nearer  and  nearer  to 
some  curve,  but,  though  infinitely  extended,  would 
never  meet  It.    'I'his  may  be  conceived  as  a  tangent 
to  a  curve  at  an  infinite  distance.  Cliamlirrs. 
AS-YMI'-TOT'ie-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  an  asymptote. 
Jlsymptotical  curves,  are  such  as  continually  ajiproach 
when  extended,  but  never  meet. 
A-SY.V-AR-TETE',  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.,  am,  and  aoriiw.] 
Literally,  disconnected  ;  not  fitted  or  adjiisteil. 
A.rynurtele  sentences  ;  those  of  which  the  nicMiibers 
are  not  united  by  connective  panicles  ;  as,  I  came, 
1  saw,  I  conquered.  Brande. 

.^synarlete  verse ;  in  prosody,  a  verse  consisting  of 
two  miMubers,  having  dill'erent  rhythms  ;  as  wht^n 
the  first  consists  of  iambuses  and  the  second  of 
trochees,  or  the  first  of  dactyls  and  the  second  of 
iaml»iiseH.  * 
A-SYN'DI-Vl'ON,  1).  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  atw^cM,  to  bind 
together.]  In  grammar,  a  figure  which  omits  the 
conn('rtive  ;  ;w,  rrni,  vidi,  riei.  It  stands  opposed  to 
polymjndctuH,  which  i.^  a  multijilication  of  connectives. 

Canijihell. 

AT,  prep.  [Sax.  <rl ;  Goth,  at ;  L.  ad.  At,  ail,  and  to, 
if  not  radically  the  same  word,  often  coincide  in 
signifiinlion.  in  VV^  ut  is  l:r,  ami  in  Danish  and 
Hwedi^h,  it  is  the  xigii  of  the  inliniiive  mode  ;  in 
Amh.  od,  or  ud,  in  toward.  'I'lif  word  ui  is  iloubtless 
the  Oriental  Nnn,  nnw,  (,'h.  and  lleb.  lo  come,  to 
approiu'h.  Ilrnie  it  prnnarily  denotes  presence, 
meettnif,  nenrnejiH,  dtrrrtion  toward.] 

In  ((eneral,  «/  deiiitle«  nearness  or  presence  ;  a«,  «/! 
the  ninth  hour,  at  ihv  Iioiiho  ;  but  it  ia  less  definite 


than  in  or  on ;  at  the  house,  may  be  in  or  near  the 
house.  It  denotes  also  toward,  versus  j  as,  to  aim  an 
arrow  at  a  mark. 

From  this  original  import  are  derived  all  the  vari- 
ous uses  of  a(.  At  the  sight,  is  witk,  present,  or  com- 
ing the  sight ;  at  this  news,  present  the  news,  on  or 
Mit/i  the  approach  or  arrival  of  this  news.  At  peace, 
at  war,  in  a  state  of  jieace  or  war,  peace  or  war  ex- 
isting, being  present ;  at  ease,  at  play,  at  a  loss,  &c., 
convey  the  Uke  idea.  At  arms,  furnished  with  arms, 
bearing  arms ;  at  hand,  within  reach  of  the  hand, 
and  therefore  near  ;  at  my  cost,  witli  my  cost ;  ut  his 
suit,  by  or  witk  his  suit ;  at  this  declaration,  he  rose 
from  his  seat,  that  is,  present,  or  coming  this  decla- 
ration ;  whence  results  the  idea,  in  consequence  of  it. 
At  his  command,  is  either  tinder  his  command,  that 
is,  literally,  coming  or  being  come  his  command,  in 
the  power  of,  or  in  consequence  of  it.  He  is  good 
at  engraving,  at  husbandry  ;  that  is,  in  performing 
that  business.  He  deserves  well  at  our  hands,  that 
is,  from  us.  The  peculiar  phrases  in  which  this 
word  occurs,  with  appropriate  significations,  are  nu- 
merous. At  first,  at  last,  at  least,  at  best,  at  the 
worst,  at  the  highest  or  lowest,  are  phrases  in  which 
some  noun  is  implied  ;  as,  at  the  first  time  or  begin- 
ning ;  at  the  last  time,  or  point  of  time  ;  at  the  least 
or  best  degree,  &:c. ;  all  denoting  an  extreme  pointer 
superlative  degree.  At  all,  is  in  any  manner  or  degree. 

At  is  sometimes  used  for  to,  or  toward,  noting  pro- 
gression or  direction  ;  as,  he  aims  at  perfection  ;  he 
makes  or  runs  at  him,  or  points  at  him.  In  this 
phrase,  he  longs  to  be  at  him,  at  has  its  general  sense 
of  approaching,  or  present,  or  with,  in  contest  or  attack. 

AT'A-BAL,  ji.  [Sp.]  A  kettle-drum  ;  a  kind  of  tabor, 
used  by  tlie  Moors. 

A-TACA-MITE,  n.  A  native  chloride  of  copper, 
originally  found,  in  the  form  of  sand,  in  the  desert 
of  Atacama,  between  Chili  and  Peru.  Dana. 

AT'A-GHAN,  n.  Among  the  Turks,  a  long  dagger, 
worn  in  a  belt,  with  pistols,  in  a  metal  scabbard. 

Byron. 

AT'A-MAN,  n.  [Russ.,  from  Polish  hctman,  a  general 
in  chief;  G.  hauptmann.]  A  hetnian,  or  chief  of  the 
Cossacks. 

AT-A-MAS'€0,  n.  The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 
the  genus  Amaryllis,  called  atamasco-libj. 

AT'A-RAX-Y,  71.  [Gr.  urapux"S>  of  "  priv.  and 
TopaxT],  tumult.] 

Calmness  of  mindt:  a  term  used  by  the  stoics  and 
skeptics  to  denote  a  freedom  from  the  emotions 
which  proceed  from  vanity  and  self-conceit.  Encyc. 

A-TAVY^'  I       l-^"^'  "  P"^'  ''"'^  '■"C'^i  order.] 

J^ote.  Atazia  is  more  generally  used  by  medical 
writers  than  ataxy. 

1.  Want  of  order  ;  disturbance  ;  irregularity.  ITall. 

2.  In  medicine,  irregularity  in  disease,  or  in  tlie 
functions ;  irregularity  in  the  crises  and  paroxysms 
of  fever.  Coxe.  Encyc. 

A  state  of  disease  characterized  by  great  irregu- 
larity. ■  Cyc.  Med. 

A-T.\X'ie,  o.  In  medicine,  irregular ;  characterized  by 
great  irregularity. 

Ataxic  fever ;  a  term  applied  by  Pinel  to  malignant 
typhous  fever.  Cyc.  Med. 

AT'CHE,  71.  In  Turkey,  a  small  silver  coin,  value 
about  six  or  seven  mills.  Encyc. 

ATE  ;  the  preterit  of  eat;  which  see. 

a'TE,  (a'ty,)  71.  [Gr.  an;,  mischief ;  nrao),  to  hurt. 
Ate  is  a  personification  of  evil,  mischief,  or  malice.] 

In  pagan  mythology,  the  goddess  of  mischief,  who 
was  cast  down  from  lieaveu  by  Jupiter.  Horn. 
II.  xix.  1-J5. 

AT'E-LENE,  a.    [Gr.  nrfXr/j,  imperfect.] 

In  mineralogy,  imperfect ;  wanting  regular  forms 
in  the  geuus.  Shepard. 

AT-E-LES'TITE,  77.  A  crystalline  mineral,  in  struc- 
ture resembling  spliene.  Shepard. 

A-TEL'L.\N,  a.  Relating  to  the  dramas  at  Atella,  in 
ancient  Italy.  Shaftesbury. 

A-TEL'LAN,  ii.  A  dramatic  representation,  satirical 
or  lirentious.  Shaftesbury. 

A  ■I'KM'PO,  or  A  TFJWPO  PRPMO,  [It.]  In  music, 
a  diri  ctioii  that,  alUr  any  change  of  movement,  by 
acceleration  or  retardation,  the  original  movement 
be  restorfMl. 

A  TKM'PO  dT-US'TO.    [It. ;  L.  in  tempore  ju.-:to.] 
In  music,  a  direction  to  sing  or  play  in  an  equal, 
true,  and  just  time. 

ATll-A-NA'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Athanasius,  bish- 
op of  Alexandria,  in  the  fourth  century.  The 
Athanasian  creed  is  a  forinulary,  confession,  or  expo- 
sition of  faith,  supposi'd  fornieriy  to  have  been  drawn 
up  by  Athanasius  ;  but  this  opinion  is  now  rejected, 
and  the  composition  is  ascribed  by  .some  to  Hilary, 
bishop  of  Aries.  It  is  a  summary  of  what  was 
callcil  the  orthodox  f.iith. 

ATll'A-NOR,  71.  [Ar.  and  Heb.  ■\;:n  tlinnor,  an  oven 
or  furnaci  .  ] 

A  digi'sting  furnace,  formerly  used  in  chemical 
operations,  ho  cunstrui  ted  as  to  inainlain  a  uniform 
and  durable  heat.  It  is  a  furnace  with  a  lateral 
lower  close  on  all  sides,  except  a  comuiiinication  be- 
low with  the  fireplace,  which  is  filled  with  fuel,  by 


an  opening  above  fitted  with  a  close  cover    As  the 
fuel  below  is  consumed,  that  in  the  tower  falls  down 
to  supply  its  place.  J\richolson. 
A'THE-IS.M,  «.    The  disbelief  of  the  existence  of  a 
God,  or  supreme  intelligent  Being. 

Atheism  is  a  kTocioiis  system,  tlwt  leaves  nothing  above  us  to 
excite  awe,  nor  arouud  us  lo  awaJtea  tenderness. 

Rob.  Ml. 

A'THE-IST,  71.    [Gr.  ofcu;,  of  a  priv.  and  6cos,  God.] 
One  who  disbelieves  tlie  existence  of  a  God,  or 
_  supreme  intelligent  Being. 

A'THE-IST,  a.    Atheistical ;  disbelieving  or  denying 

the  being  of  a  supreme  God.  Miltmu 
A-THE-IST'ie,  I 
A-THE-IST'ie-AL,  i  °- 

1.  Pertaining  to  atheism 

2.  Disbelieving  the  existence  of  a  God  ;  impious  ; 
applied  to  persons;  as,  an  atlieistic  writer. 

3.  Implying  or  containing  atheism  ;  applied  to 
things  ;  as,  atheistic  doctrines  or  opinions. 

A-THE-IST'IU-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  atheistic  manner ; 
impiously. 

A-TIIE-IST'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
atheistjcal. 

A'THE-IZE,  t).  i.    To  discourse  as  an  atheist.  [JVot 
_  useJ.]  Cudworlll. 
A'THE-IZE,  71.  t.    To  render  atheistic.  Berkelcu. 
A'THEL,  A'DEL  or  ^E'THEL  ;  noble,  of  illustrious 
birth ;  Sax.  a;dcl,  atlicl ;  G.  add  ;  D.  edel ;  Sw.  (cdcl ; 
-  c 

Dan.  a:del;  Ar.  ^j'V  atliala,  to  be  well  rooted,  to  be 

of  noble  origin.  This  word  is  found  in  many  Saxon 
names  ;  as  in  Atheling,  a  noble  youth  ;  Ethrlrcd, 
noble  counsel;  Ethelard,  noble  genius;  Klhclbcrt, 
noble,  bright,  eminently  noble  ;  Ethelwald,  noble  gov- 
ernmentj^  or  power  ;  Ethcltcard,  noble  defender. 

ATH-E-Nk'U.M,  11.  [Gr.  aih,uauw,  from  Athens.]  In 
ancient  Athens,  a  place  where  poets,  philosophers, 
and  rhetoricians  declaimed,  and  repeated  their  com- 
positions. In  the  United  States,  a  building  or  an 
apartment  where  a  library,  periodicals,  and  news- 
papers are  kept  for  public  use,  or  for  a  reading 
room,  so  called.  [JVutc.  This  word  is  anglicized,  by 
discarding  the  diphthong,  as  is  done  in  economy  and 
other  English  words.] 

A-THii'NI-.^N,  a.  [from  Athens.]  Pertaining  to 
Atheiis,  the  metropolis  of  Attica,  in  Greece. 

A-'I'Hii'NI-AN,  71.    A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Athens. 

A-THE-0-Lo'6l-AN,  71.  One  who  is  the  opposite  to 
a  theologian.  Hayward. 

A-THE-0L'0-GY,7!.   Atheism.    [M  in  use.]  Swift. 

A'THE-OUS,  a.    Atlieistic  ;  impious.  used.] 

Milton. 

ATH-E-Rl'NA,  ti.  A  genus  of  fishes  of  the  order 
Abdominales.  The  characters  are,  the  upper  jaw  is 
rather  Hat,  the  rays  of  the  gill  membrane  are  six,  and 
the  side  belt  or  line  shines  like  silver.  The  species 
best  known  is  the  A.  Hepsetus,  very  abundant  in  the 
Mediterranean,  where  it  is  caught  in  large  quantities. 

Pennant.    Ed.  Eneye. 

ATH'E-RINE,  7t.  A  name  common  to  the  species  of 
the  genus  Allierina. 

ATH-E-Ro'MA,  n.    [Gr.,  from  nBnna,  pap.] 

A  species  of  wen  or  encysted  tumor,  whose  con- 
tents are  curdy. 

ATH-E-ROM'A-TOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
an  atheroma  ;  having  tlie  qualities  of  an  atheroma.  • 

Wiseman. 

A-THIRST',  (a-thurst',)  a.  [a  and  t/iiVst.  See  Thirst.] 

1.  Thirsty  ;  wanting  drink. 

2.  Having  a  keen  appetite  or  desire. 

He  hail  a  soul  atidra  lor  knowledge.  Ch.  Obserfrr. 

ATH'LioTE,  71.    [See  Athletic.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  one  who  contended  for  the 
prize  in  tlie  public  games.  Hence, 

2.  A  contender  for  victory.      A.  Smith's  Theorii. 
ATH-LET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  aOXrirris ;  L.  alhleta,  a  wrestler  ; 

from  ufUX'jj,  strife,  contest.] 

1.  BeUmging  to  wrestling,  boxing,  running,  and 
other  exercises  and  sports,  which  were  practiced  by 
the  ancients,  usually  called  the  athletic  games.  Hence, 

2.  Strong  ;  lusty  ;  robust  ;  vigorous.  An  athletic 
body  or  constitution,  is  one  fitted  lor  vigorous  ex- 
ertions. 

ATH-LET'IC-.AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  strong,  robust,  or 
athletic  manner.  Borrow. 

ATH'LE-TISM,  >i.  The  act  of  contending  at  the  pub- 
lic games  ;  muscular  strength. 

A-TllWART',  ;)i(7).    [n  and  t/ii(7fl7(.    See  Thwart.] 

1.  Across  ;  from  side  to  side  ;  transverse  ;  as, 
athwart  the  path. 

2.  Ill  marine  language^  across  the  line  of  a  ship^s 
course  ;  as,  a  fleet  standing  olhieart  our  course. 

Athwart  hawse,  is  the  situation  of  a  ship  when  she 
lies  across  the  sti^in  of  another,  whether  in  contact 
or  at  a  small  distiince. 

Athwart  tlic  fore  foot,  is  a  phrase  applied  to  the 
flight  of  a  cannon-ball,  fired  by  cmc  ship  across 
nnolher  ship's  course,  ahead,  as  a  signal  for  her  to 
bring  to. 

AlJiwart  ships ;  reaching  across  the  ship  from  sMc  to 
sidi!,  or  in  that  diri^ction.  Mar.  Diet. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIIAlT.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


ATO 


ATR 


ATT 


A-TIIWART',  ailc.  In  a  ni;uiiier  to  cross  uiid  perplex ; 

crossly  ;  «ron|;;  wroiicl'ullv. 
A-TILT',  af/c.    [<i  ami  (i7/.    iSec  Tii,t.1 

1.  In  Ilii'  niunntr  <>t"  a  tilti  r  ;  in  the  position,  or 
Willi  till!  action  of  a  man  making  a  thrust;  as,  to 
stand  or  run  atiU. 

•2.  In  tile  manner  of  a  cask  tUteil,  or  with  one  end 
raised. 

AT'I-.MV,  II.    [Gr.  arijiia,  a  and  rifin,  honor.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  public  disgrace  ;  exclusion  from 
oflico  or  magistnicy,  liy  sonic  disqualifying  act  or  de- 
cree. Milfurd. 

AT-L.\N-Tr;'A.V,  j  o.    PerUiining  to  the  Isle  Atlantis, 

AT-Ii.\N'TI-.\N,  i    which  the  ancients  allege  was 
sunk  and  overwhelmed  by  the  ocean.  Flato. 
'2.  Pertaining  to  Atlas  ;  resembling  Atlas. 

AT-Ii.\N"Tf;S,  n.  p/.  [L.]  In  arcAi(ct/«rc,  figures  or 
half  figures  of  men,  used  instead  of  columns  or  pilas- 
ters, to  supi>ort  an  entablature.  P.  Ci/c 

AT-LAN''J'lt',  a.    [from  Mus  or  MlaiUU.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  that  division  of  the  ocean,  which 
lies  between  I^urope  and  Africa  on  the  cast,  and 
America  on  the  west. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Isle  of  Atlantis  ;  as,  Jillanlit 
island.  C'»/c. 

AT-L.VX'Tir,  «.  The  ocean,  or  that  part  of  the  iM^Van, 
which  is  between  Europe  and  Africa  on  the  east  and 
America  on  the  west. 

AT-L.\.V'TI-f.\,  j  «.    An  isle  menticmed  by  the  an- 

AT-L.^N'TIS,  I  cients,  situated  wi  SI  of  Ihe  Miait 
of  Cades,  or  Gibraltar.  The  piw  ls  iinMiliun  two  isles, 
and  call  them  lUspcrides,  western  iskvs,  and  Elijsian 
fields.  AuUiurs  are  not  agreed  whelhur  these  isles 
were  the  Canarii  s,  or  some  other  isles,  or  llic  conti- 
nent of  .\iiierica. 

AVw  Mantis,  (Aura  jjl/<in(i.< .)  a  fictitious  philo- 
sophical coiiimoiiweaUh  of  Lord  llacon,  or  the  piece 
describing  it;  composed  in  the  manner  of  More's 
Ulu/iia,  and  Uampanella's  Cilij  of  Vie  Sun.  One  part 
of  the  work  is  finished,  in  which  the  author  has  de- 
scribed a  college,  founded  for  the  study  of  Natiiri', 
under  the  name  of  Sutumoii^s  House.  TIic  inodi  l  of 
a  roiniuoiiwealth  was  never  executed.  Knciic. 

AT-1.A.\'TI-DkS,  n.  pi.  .\  name  given  to  the  Pleiades 
or  sirvi  n  stars,  which  were  feigned  to  have  been  tlu^ 
<laiiu'hters  of  .Mlas,  a  king  of  .MauiiU-inia,  or  of  his 
linitlier  Hesperus,  who  were  translated  to  heaven. 

AT'L.VS,  n.  [L.]  A  collection  of  ina|)3  in  a  volume ; 
supposed  to  be  so  called  from  a  picture  of  Atlas,  sup- 
porting the  heavens,  prefixed  to  some  collections. 

Johnson. 

2.  This  term  is  now  also  applied  to  works  in  which 
subjects  are  exhibited  in  a  tabular  form  or  arrange- 
ment ;  as,  an  historical  or  ethnographical  alias. 

3.  A  large,  square  folio,  resembling  a  volume  of 
maps,  called,  also,  alias-folio. 

4.  .\  silk-satin,  manhfactured  in  the  East  with  ad- 
mirable ingenuity.  jiUcises  are  plain,  striped,  or  (low- 
ered ;  but  they  have  not  the  fine  gloss  and  luster  of 
some  French  silks.  Encyc. 

5.  The  first  vertebra  of  the  neck,  articul.itiiig  im- 
nieiliately  with  the  occipital  bone,  and  thus  sustain- 
ing Ihe  head,  whence  the  name. 

(>.  .V  term  applied  to  paper ;  as,  aUas  fine.  Burke. 
.\T-.MO.M'E-TEU,  n.    [Gr.  ur/ios,  vapor,  and /i£T/;tu, 
to  measure.] 

.Vn  instrument  to  measure  the  quantity  of  exhala- 
tion from  a  humid  surface  in  a  given  time ;  an  evap- 
oromcter.  Ure. 
.\T'.MOS-PHERE,  n.    [Gr.  ar/iof,  vapor,  and  cifiaipa, 
a  sjiherr.] 

1.  'I'he  whole  mass  of  aeriform  fluid  surrounding 
the  earth. 

2.  In  electricitu,  the  space  around  an  electrical  body, 
thrnuah  which  Us  electrical  infiuence  extends. 

3.  Fi<ruraUvclt/,  |>ervading  iulluence ;  as,  a  moral 
atmosphere. 

AT-.MOS-PIIER'ie,       j  a.    Pertaining  to  the  atinos- 
AT-.MOS-PlIER'I€^AL,  (    pherc  ;  as,  atmospheric  air 
or  vapor* 

Atmospheric  air ;  common  air,  or  the  air ;  so  called 
in  distinction  from  vital  air  or  oxygen,Jfxn<  air  or  car- 
bonic acid,  and  other  gases. 

.atmospheric  stones :  meteoric  stones,  or  aiirolitcs. 

2.  Dependent  on  the  atmosphere. 


I  nm  an  atmosfttieric  creature. 


Pope. 


AT'OI.L,  n.  [.\  Maldive  word.]  A  name  given  to 
coral  islands  consisting  of  a  strip  or  ring  of  coral 
surrounding  a  central  lagoon.  Lijeil. 

AT'O.M,  n.  [Gr.  arojios ;  L.  alomus;  from  a,  not,  and 
Tf//K.),  to  cut.] 

1.  A  particle  of  matter  so  minute  as  to  admit  of  no 
division.  Atoms  are  conceived  to  be  the  first  princi- 
ples or  component  parts  of  all  bodies.  Qninri/. 

2.  In  chemi.itnj,  a  supposed  ultimate  particle  or  com- 
ponent part  of  a  body  ;  the  smallest  particle  supposed 
to  result  from  the  division  of  a  body,  without  decom- 
position. 

3.  Any  thing  extremely  small.  Shak. 
A-Ti).M'ie,       l  a.    Pertaining  to  atom's;  consi.sting 
A-T(».M'1€-AL,  i     of  atoms;  extremely  minute. 

The  aiiimieal  philosophii,  or  doctrini'  of  atoms,  said 
to  have  been  first  broached  by  Moschus,  hi  f.iri'  Ih;: 


Trojan  war,  but  much  cultivated  and  imprnved  by 
Epicurus,  teaches  that  atoms  arc  endued  with  grav- 
ity and  motion,  by  which  all  tilings  were  formed, 
without  the  aid  of  a  supreme  intelligent  Being. 

The  atomic  thcorii,  in  chcmislrif,  or  tile  doctrine  of 
definite  pro;iffrti»H.«,  teaches  that  all  chemical  combina- 
tions take  place  between  the  stipposeil  ultimate  parti- 
cles or  ato»i.s  of  bodies,  and  that  these  unite,  either 
one  atom  with  one  atom,  or  by  sums  of  atoms  which 
are  integral  multiples  of  unity.  'I'his  theory  was  first 
presented  by  Ualton. 

.Atomic  w'ciirht ;  the  relative  weight  of  a  supposed 
ultimate  particle  or  atom  of  a  body,  cousiilcied  in 
reference  to  some  standard  unit,  and  to  some  rule  fiir 
determining  when  bodies  unite  one  atom  with  one 

AT'O.M-IS.\I,  n.    The  doctrine  of  atoms.  [atom. 

AT'O.M-IST,  ».  One  who  holds  to  the  atoniical  plii- 
losophy. 

AT'O.M -IZE,  ».  «.   To  reduce  to  atoms.  Hailrr. 

AT'O.M-l.IKE,  a.    Resembling  atoms.  liminir. 

AT-O.M-OL'O-OY,  n.  The  doctrine  of  atoms,  h'uoiclcs. 

AT'OM-Y,  n.  A  word  used  by  Jshakspeoie  for  atui/i ; 
also,  an  abbreviation  of  anatomy. 

AT-f).\'E',    j  adr.    [ut  and  one] 

AT-'1'6XE',  )     Atone;  together;  at  once.  Spenser. 

.-V-TONE',  13.  I.  [t^upposed  to  be  compounded  of  at  and 
one.  The  Spanish  has  adunar,  to  unite  or  join,  and 
the  It.  adunurc,lo  assemble;  from  L.  od  and  vnus, 
unto.  In  Welsh,  dyun  signifies  united,  accordant, 
agreeing ;  dyunaw,  to  unite  or  agree  ;  from  mh,  one, 
and  dy,  a  prefix  denoting  iteration. — jVufe.  This 
word  was  formerly  written  attune.] 

1.  To  agree  ;  to" be  in  accordance  ;  to  accord 

fit'  and  Ailfi'tiiu  c\n  no  more  alone, 

TU-in  viulcnti-st  cyntnirit  t/.  Shak. 

[This  sense  is  obsolite."} 

2.  To  stand  as  an  equivalent ;  to  make  reparation, 
amends,  or  satisfaction  for  an  otlense  or  a  crime,  by 
which  reconciliation  is  procured  between  the  olfend- 
ed  and  offending  parties. 

Th'*  niurdi-rer  ft-ll,  i\nd  blood  atoned  for  Mootl.  Pope. 
By  what  propitiation  shall  I  atone  tor  my  (urincr  gravity  i 

Rathbler,  No.  10. 
The  Ur,*  of  a  slave  w.tj  deemed  lo  be  of  so  little  value,  dm  a  very 
slight  compcusauuu  atoned  for  taking  it  tiway. 

llabertson,  Charles  V. 

3.  To  atone  for;  to  make  compensation  or  amends. 

This  evil  was  atoned  for  by  the  good  effects  of  the  study  of  the 
pracucal  physics  of  AristoUe.  Schlegel,  Trant. 

The  ministry  not  atoning  /or  their  former  conduct  by  any  wise 
or  popuhtr  meajiure.  Junius. 

A-TOXE',  V.  t. 

1.  To  expiate ;  to  answer  or  make  satisfaction  for. 

Or  each  atone  his  guilty  love  with  life.  Pope. 

2.  To  reduce  to  concord  ;  to  reconcile,  as  parties  at 
variance  ;  to  appease.    [jVot  now  used.] 

A-ToN'£U,  pp.   Expiated  ;  appeased  ;  reconciled. 

Drydrn. 

A-ToXE'MEXT,  71.  Agreement;  concord;  reconcili- 
ation after  enmity  or  controversy.   Roin.  v. 

He  seeks  to  make  atonement 
Between  the  Duke  of  tiioWr  aj»d  your  UroUiei3.  Shak. 

2.  Expiation  ;  satisfaction  or  reparation  made  by 
giving  an  equivalent  for  an  injury,  or  by  doing  or  suf- 
fering that  which  is  received  in  satisfaction  for  an  of- 
fense or  injury  ;  with  for. 

And  Moses  said  to  Aaron,  Go  to  the  altar,  and  offer  Uiy  slii- 
oU'enn^,  and  thy  bumt-olt'ering,  and  make  oil  atonement  for 
thyselt  anil  for  the  people.  —  Ijcv.  ix. 

When  a  man  luu  b^'en  gtulty  of  any  vice,  the  liest  atonement  ho 
can  moke  for  it  ts,  to  want  oUierr  not  lo  lall  into  the  like, 
Speet.  No.  8. 

The  Phocians  behaved  with  so  much  pallantry,  that  they  were 
thought  to  Ijave  made  a  sujUcient  atonem«nl  for  their  liirmer 
olfcnse.  Potter,  Antuj. 

3.  In  theoloiry,  the  expiation  of  sin  made  by  the 
obedience  and  personal  sufferings  of  Christ. 

A-TOX'ER,  n.    He  who  makes  atonement. 
A-TOX'ie,  a.    Debilitated  ;  wanting  tone. 

In  medicine,  characterized  by  atony,  or  want  of  vi- 
tal energy  ;  as,  an  atonic  disease. 
A-TOX'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Jleconciling. 

2.  Making  amends,  or  satisfactitm. 
AT'O-X'Y,  n.  [Gr.  arai/ta,  defect,  of  u  priv.  and  rnvoj, 
tone,  from  rtiK.i,  to  stretch.] 

In  medicine,  debility  ;  a  want  of  tone  ;  defect  of 
muscular  power  ;  palsy.  H'ilson.  Coxe. 

More  particularly,  want  of  vital  energy  and  strength 
of  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  asthenia. 
.\-TOP',  aJr.    [a  and  top.    See  Top.]    On  or  at  the 

top.  jMilton. 
AT-RA-BIL-A'RI-AN,    )       rr    ,     i. ,    ui    i  i,  i  i 
AT-RA-niLr-A'RI-OUS,  j       [L.  afra  Wii, black  bde.] 
.AlTectcd  with  melancholy,  which  the  ancients  at- 
tributed lo  the  black  bile  ;  replete  with  black  bile. 
AT-KA-IlIL-A'RI-f)L"S-XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

melancholy,  or  affected  with  disordered  bile. 
AT-R.\-BIL'IA-RY,  a.     Melancholic,  or  hypochon- 
driacal ;  from  the  supi>osed  predominance  of  black 
bUe.  Cye.  Med. 

.^trabiliary  capsules,    [1^.    eapsuttn  atrabilar'ur ,  so 
calleil  from  their  siipjKised  ollici:  of  secreting  bLick 
bde  ;]  two  small  gland-like  bodies,  situated  one  on 
the  upper  and  interior  edge  of  e.ich  kidney  ;  called 
I     also  renal  ur  supra-renal  glands  or  capsules.  Cyc.  J\Jed. 


AT-RA-ltl'l.lS,  n.  [1,.  from  atra  and  bilis.]  Illack 
liile  ;  a  thick,  black,  acrid  fiiiid,  supposed  by  Ihe  an- 
cients lo  be  secrrletl  by  the  spleen,  pancreoiis  or 
atrabiliary  capsules,  but  only  a  morbid  st.ite  of  the 
proper  bile.  Cyc.  Med. 

AT-RA-.MENT-.t'CEOUS,o.  Black,  like  ink  ;  inky; 
as  the  airamentaceous  mucus  of  the  eye,  or  fiipnentuin 
nijrrum,  a  black  paslv  substance  covering  l\\v.  internal 
surface  of  the  choroid  coat  of  Ihe  eye.  Vecham, 

AT-UA-.ME\T'AL,     )  a.    [L.  atraincntum,  ink,  from 

AT-RA-MENT'OirH,  (     ater,  black.] 
Inky ;  black  like  ink. 

AT-RA-.ME.\T-A'RI-Oi;.-J,  a.  Like  Ink;  suitable  for 
makini:  ink.  The  sulphate  of  iron,  or  green  copper- 
as, is  called  alramcntanous,  as  being  the  material  of 
ink.  Foarcroy. 

A-TUIP',  n-/r.    [a  and  (n>.  SecTniP.] 

In  luiutieal  luniruatre,  the  anchor  is  atrip,  when 
drawn  out  of  the  ground  in  a  perpendicular  direc- 
tion. 'J'lie  topsails  arc  otri;),  when  they  are  hoisted 
to  the  top  of  the  mast,  or  as  high  as  possible. 

Mar.  DicL 

A-TRO'CIOUS,  a.    [L.  atroi,  trwr,  fierce,  cruel.] 

1.  Extremely  heinous,  criminal,  or  cruel ;  enor- 
mous, outrageous  ;  as,  atrocious  guilt  or  offense. 

2.  Very  grievous;  violent;  as,  atrocious  distem- 
pers^ ro/js.]  Cheyne. 

A-'l'Ko'tJlOUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  atrocious  manner; 
with  enormous  cruelty  or  guilt. 

A-TRO'C'IOU.S-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  enor- 
mously criminal  or  crui  l. 

A-TROC'l-TV,  71.  Enormous  wickedness  ;  extreme 
heinousness  or  cnielty  ;  as,  Ihe  atrocity  of  murder. 

AT'RO-PllY,  71.    [Gr.  u  priv.  and  roefo),  lo  mmrish.] 

1.  A  consumption  or  wasting  of  the  flesh,  willi  loss 
of  strength,  without  any  sensible  cause  ;  a  wasting 
from  ilefect  of  iiotirishinent.  Coze.  Encyc. 

2.  More  appropriately,  gradu.il  progressive  emaci.i- 
tion  and  exhaustion  from  defect  of  nutrition. 

AT-RO-I'I'.\.\,  (at-rc>pi'na,)  sometimes  called  A-tho'- 
pi-A,  n.  A  vegetable  alkaloid,  extracted  from  the 
Atropa  Belladonna,  or  deadly  nightshaiie.  It  is 
while,  brilliiuit,  and  crj  stalli/.es  in  long  needles. 

AT-TACII',  r.  u  [Fr.  uttaclicr,  to  tie  or  fasten,  to 
apply,  to  engage,  to  stick  ;  Ann.  stassa  ;  It.  altaccare; 
Xorm.  attoehir,  to  attack  ;  tuche,  tied,  fixed,  tacked 
togetlKtr ;  Port.  Sp.  alacar.  It  seems  to  be  allied  lo 
atiaci:,  and  the  sense  is,  to  put,  throw,  or  fall  on, 
hence,  to  seize,  and  stop,  coinciiling  with  the  Eng. 
take  ;  Sw.  taira ;  Dan.  taoc ;  Sax.  tj^ccan  ;  Gr.  hxopm  ; 
Jj.  tun  go,  for  tago  ;  Eng.  tuck;  &.C.  Class  Dg.  See 
Attack  and  Tack.] 

1.  To  take  by  legal  authority  ;  to  arrest  the  person 
by  writ,  to  answer  for  a  debt  or  demand  ;  applied  to 
a  taking  of  the  person  by  a  cicil  process  ;  being  never 
used  for  the  arrest  of  a  criminal.  It  is  applied  also 
to  the  taking  of  goods  and  real  estate  by  an  officer, 
by  virtue  of  a  writ  or  precept,  to  hold  the  same  to 
satisfy  a  judgment  to  be  rendered  in  the  suit. 

2.  To  t.'ike,  seize,  and  lay  hold  on,  by  moral  force, 
as  by  affection  or  interest ;  to  win  the  heart ;  to 
fasten  or  bind  by  moral  influence  ;  as,  attached  to  a 
friend  ;  attaching  others  to  us  by  wealth  or  flattery. 

3.  To  make  to  adhere  ;  to  tie,  bind,  or  fasten  ;  as, 
to  attach  substances  by  any  glutinous  matter;  lo 
attach  one  thing  to  another  by  a  string. 

4.  To  connect  with,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  as, 
to  attach  great  importance  lo  a  particular  circum- 
stance. 

AT-TACII'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  legally  attached  ; 
liable  to  be  taken  by  writ  or  precept. 

AT-TA-C'tlF.',  {at-ta-shi',)  7i.  [Fr.]  One  attached 
to  another,  as  a  part  of  his  suite  or  attendants  ;  par- 
ticularly, one  attached  to  the  suite  of  an  embas- 
sador. 

AT-TACII'f;D,  (at-tacht',)  pp.  Taken  by  writ  or 
precept ;  drawn  to  and  fixed,  or  united  by  affection 
or  interest ;  fastened  ;  connected  with. 

AT-TA(;iriXG,  ppr.  Taking  or  seizing  by  com- 
mandment or  writ ;  dntwing  to,  and  fixing  by  influ- 
ence;  winning  the  aflcctions ;  fastening;  connect- 
ing with. 

AT-TACII'MEXT,  n. 

1.  .\  taking  cd"  the  person,  goods,  or  estate,  by  a 
writ  or  precept  in  a  civil  action,  lo  secure  a  debt  or 
demand. 

2.  A  writ  directing  the  person  or  estate  of  a  person 
to  be  taken,  to  secure  his  appearance  before  a  court. 
Jn  England,  the  first  notice  to  appear  in  court  is  by 
summons  ;  and  if  the  defendant  disobeys  this  moni- 
titm,  a  writ  of  attachment  issues,  commanding  the 
sheriff  In  attach  him,  by  Uiking  gage,  or  security  in 
goods,  which  he  forfeits  by  iion-ap|>earance,  or  by 
making  him  find  safe  pledges  or  sureties  for  his  ap- 
pearance. But  in  trespasses,  an  atuicbment  U  Ihe 
first  process.  In  tftw  country,  attachment  is  more 
geneniUy  the  first  process ;  and  in  some  states,  the 
writ  of  attachment  issues  at  first  against  the  prop- 
erty or  person  of  the  defendant.  In  Connecticut, 
this  writ  issues  against  the  person,  goods,  or  land, 
in  the  first  insUincc,  commanding  lo  lake  the  gooda 
and  estate  of  the  defendant,  if  to  be  found  ;  or  other- 
wise, to  take  his  body.  In  England,  witnesses  not 
appearing  upon  a  summons,  may  bo  tal^en  by  otioci- 


TONE,  BULL,  l^XITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  j  G  m  J  ;  ■  M  Z  ;  CII  as  SH  ;  TH  m  in  THIS. 


11 


HI 


ATT 


ATT 


ATT 


pirnt ;  a  process  called  with  lis  a  capiat.  Altach- 
mi'iils  alsi)  issue  against  persons  for  cnntpiiipt  (if 
court.  'I'lie  court  uf  attadimnits,  in  Englanil,  is  held 
before  tlie  venlerors  of  the  forest,  to  attacli  and  try 
olfenders  against  vert  and  venison. 

Fiirnii.ni  atliiclimeiit,  is  tlie  t. iking;  of  tlie  money  or 
poods  of  a  del)lor  in  Ihj  ]i;nnis  uf  a  tliird  person  ;  as 
wlien  the  delitor  is  not  u  ithui  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
court,  or  has  absconded.  Any  person  wlio  has  goods 
or  cftects  of  a  debtor,  is  considered  in  law  as  the 
agent,  attorney,  factor,  or  trustee  of  the  debtor  ;  and 
an  attachment  served  on  such  person  binds  the 
propi^rty  in  his  hands  to  respond  the  judgment  against 
the  debtor. 

3.  Close  adherence  or  affection  ;  fidelity  ;  regard  ; 
any  passion  or  affection  lliat  hinds  a  person;  as,  an 
aXlacltinnit  to  a  friend,  or  to  a  party. 

4.  That  by  wliich  one  thing  is  attached  to  another ; 
as,  to  cut  the  nt-farhmi'nU  o!  a  miLscle. 

5.  Some  adjunct  attached  to  an  instrument,  ma- 
chine, or  other  ol)ject ;  as,  the  Eolian  attachment  to 
the  piano-forte. 

AT-TACK',  I'.  £.  [Fr.  attaqucr  ;  Arm.  attaa/i;  It.  al- 
taccarr,  to  fasten,  to  attacli  ;  attacco,  a  sticking  ;  Sp. 
aliicur,  to  assault,  to  fasten,  or  make  close,  to  cram  ; 
Port,  atacar,  to  attack,  to  tease,  to  fasten  ;  Hell,  and 
Ch.  Vpn,  to  thrust,  to  drive,  to  strike.  It  seems  to 
be  allied  to  uttuch  ;  but  the  latter  verb  agrees  better 

with  the  Etii.  tuk,  took,  to  press,  whence 

atool;,  to  press,  to  make  close ;  and  the 
Cli.  ria,  to  accuse,  to  unite.    Class  Dg.] 

1.  To  assault ;  to  fall  upon  with  force  ;  to  assail, 
as  with  force  and  aims.  It  is  the  appropriate  word 
for  the  commencing  act  of  hostility  between  armies 
and  navies. 

2.  To  fall  upon,  with  unfriendly  words  or  writing  ; 
to  begin  a  controversy  with  ;  to  attempt  to  overthrow 

,  or  bring  into  disrepute,  by  satire,  calumny,  or  criti- 
cism ;  as,  to  attack  a  man  or  his  opinions  in  a  pam- 
phlet. 

A'J'-TACK',  71.  An  onset ;  first  invasion  ;  a  falling  on 
with  force  or  violence,  or  Willi  calumny,  satire,  or 
criticism. 

AT-TACK'A-CLE,  a.  That  can  be  attacked  ;  assail- 
able. 

AT-'1'ACK'J;D,  (at-takt',)  ;ip.    Assaulted  ;  invaded  ; 

fallen  on  with  force  or  enmity. 
AT-TACK'ER,  n.    One  who  assaults  or  invades. 
AT-'J'ACK'IXG,  ;);)r.    Assaulting;  invading ;  falling 

on  with  force,  f  aliimnv,  or  criticism. 
A'l'-T.\-€01''Tie,  o.    Pertaining  to  the  Attacotti,  a 

tribe  of  ancient  liritons,  allies  of  the  Scots. 

Pinkerton, 

AT'TA-GAS,  )  71.    [L.]    Names  applied,  by  former 
AT'TA-CJEN,  i     naturalists,  to  a  variety  of  the  Te- 
Irao  bomuia,  or  liazel  grouse,  found  in  the  south  of 
Europe.  Camer. 
AT'TA-GHAN.    See  Ataghan. 

AT-TAIi\',  II.  L  [Fr.  and  Norm,  attrindre  :  L.  attingo, 
to  reach,  come  to,  or  overtake ;  ad  and  tantro,  to 
touch,  reach,  or  strike  ;  that  is,  to  thrust,  urge,  or 
push  to.  It  lias  no  connection  with  L.  attimo.  gee 
Class  Dg.] 

1.  To  reach ;  to  come  to  or  arrive  at,  by  motion, 
bodily  exertion,  or  efforts  toward  a  place  or  object. 

If  by  any  nicuns  Uiey  might  attain  lo  Piienice.  —  Acts  xxvii. 

2.  To  reach  ;  to  come  to  or  arrive  at,  by  an  effort 
of  mind. 

Sucli  knowlrdge  is  too  wonderful  for  me ;  it  is  liigh ;  1  can  not 
atmin  to  it.  —  Pa.  cxxxix. 

Uegiilarly  this  verb  should  be  always  followed  by 
to;  the  omission  of  to,  and  the  use  of  the  verb  in 
a  transitive  sense,  may  have  originated  in  mistake, 
from  the  opinion  that  the  verb  is  from  the  L.  attinco, 
and  eipiivalcnt  to  obtain. 
A'i'-TAiN',  V.  t. 

1.  To  gain  ;  to  compass  ;  to  achieve  or  accomplish, 
that  is,  to  reach  by  efforts;  without  («  following. 

In  lip  wwc  Who  hojiCB  to  attain  die  end  wiUiout  the  nifiiiis  ? 

Tillolgon. 

This  use  of  the  verb  is  now  established  ;  but  in 
Btrictness  to  is  here  implied  ;  attain  to  the  end.  The 
real  Hense,  as  in  the  intransitive  use  of  the  verb,  is, 
to  rrarh  or  come  to  the  end  or  purpose  in  view.  This 
word  alw.ays  lluplieH  an  rffnrt  toward  all  object. 
Ili  iice  it  Is  not  Kyniiiiyiiioiis  with  utitu}n  and  procure, 
which  do  not  necessarily  imply  such  ellort.  VVe 
procure  or  olitain  a  tiling  by  purclm,ii:  or  /i;n/i,  and  we 
oliluiii  by  inheritance,  hut  we  do  not  <//'(/iii  it  by  such 
meaiiH.  An  inatli  ntion  to  this  dislinclion  hiis  led 
food  authors  into  great  mistakes  in  the  use  uf  this 
word. 

a.  To  reach  or  come  to  a  place  or  object  by  pro- 
grcMHion  or  motion. 


But  r-n*  inch  UiUniTB  >hnll  hU  tfiin  attain. 
CuiKuiii  tic  nitw  atlaioM. 


Haott't  Taiso 

Milton 


3.  I'o  reach  in  cxcellcnco  or  degree  ;  to  cipial. 

llaenn. 

AT  T.^IN-A-IUL'1-Ty,  n.  Allalnablenemi.  Coleriilirc. 
A'l' TAIN'A-IILE,  o.    That  may  be  attained  ;  that 


may  be  reached  by  efforts  of  the  mind  or  body  ;  that 
may  be  compassetl  or  accomplished  by  efforts  directed 
to  the  object ;  as,  perfection  is  not  attainable  in  this 
life.  From  an  inattention  to  the  true  sense  of  this 
word,  as  explained  under  Attain,  authors  have  very 
improperly  used  this  word  for  obtainable,  procurable  ,■ 
as  in  the  fidlowing  passages:  "  The  kind  and  qual- 
ity of  food  and  liiiuor,  the  species  of  habitation,  furni- 
ture and  clothing,  to  which  the- common  people  of 
each  country  are  habituated,  must  be  attainable  with 
ease  and  certainty."  Paleij,  Pkilos.  b.  6,  chap.  11. 
"Gen.  Howe  would  not  permit  the  purchase  of  those 
articles  [clothes  and  blankets]  in  Philadelphia,  and 
they  were  not  attainable  in  the  country."  Marshall's 
Life  of  Washington,  3,  427.  Each  of  those  words 
should  be  obtainable. 
AT-TaIN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  at- 
tainable. 

AT-TaIN'DER,  71.  [Norm.  Fr.  atteindre,  to  corrupt, 
attaint ;  also  conviction  ;  L.  ad  and  tingo,  to  stain ; 
Gr.  r£>'jM.    Class  Dg.    See  Tinoe.] 

1.  Literally,  a  staining,  corruption,  or  rendering 
impure  ;  a  comtption  of  blood.  Hence, 

2.  By  the  common  laic,  an  immediate  and  insepara- 
ble effect  of  a  judgment  of  death  or  outlawry,  for  trea- 
son or  felony  ;  the  consequences  of  which  to  the  per- 
son attainted  are  forfeiture  of  lands,  tenements,  and 
hereditaments;  corruption  of  blood,  by  which  he  can 
no  longer  inherit,  or  traiisniit  an  inheritance  ;  and 
loss  of  reputation,  and  of  civil  rights  generally.  A 
statute  of  parliament  attainting  a  criminal,  is  called 
an  act  or  bill  of  attainder.  By  a  statute  of  3-4  Win. 
IV.,  the  consequences  of  attainder  are  limited  to  the 
life  of  the  person  attainted. 

Upon  the  thorongli  demonstnition  of  wliich  g\iilt  by  logal  <xl- 
tainder,  the  It-uclal  covenant  is  brolten.  BlacksUjne. 

3.  The  act  of  attainting. 

An  act  was  made  for  tlie  auaiiulcr  of  several  persons.  Encyc. 
Mite.  By  the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
no  bill  of  attainder  shall  be  passed  ;  and  no  attaintler 
of  treason  (in  consequence  of  a  judicial  sentence) 
shall  work  corruption  of  blood  or  forfeiture,  except 
during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

AT-TaIN'/SD,  (at-tiind',)  pp.    Reached  ;  achieved. 

AT-TaIN'ING,  ppr.  Reaching;  arriving  at;  accom- 
plishing. 

AT-TaIN'MENT,  77. 

1.  The  act  of  attaining ;  the  act  of  arriving  at  or 
reaching ;  hence,  the  act  of  obtaining  by  efforts  ;  as, 
the  attainment  of  excellence. 

2.  That  which  is  attained  to,  or  obtained  by  exer- 
tion ;  acquisition  ;  as,  a  man  of  great  attainments. 

AT-TaINT',  c.  t.    [See  Attaindeh.] 

1.  To  taint  or  corrupt  ;  to  extinguish  the  pure  or 
inheritable  blood  of  a  person  found  guilty  of  treason 
or  felony,  by  confession,  battle,  or  verdict,  and  con- 
sequent sentence  of  death,  or  by  special  act  of  par- 
liament. 

No  person  shall  be  attainted  of  lii^h  tueiison  where  corruption  of 
blood  is  incuneU,  but  by  llie  oath  of  iwo  wimossrs,  &c. 

Utat.  7  onrf  8  WUl.  111. 

2.  To  taint,  as  the  credit  of  jurors,  convicted  of 
giving  a  false  verdict.  This  is  done  by  special  writ 
of  attaint.  The  conviction  of  such  a  crime  attaints 
the  reputation  of  jurors,  and  rendiTs  them  infamous. 

3.  To  disgrace ;  to  cloud  witii  infamy  ;  to  stain. 

Spenser. 

4.  To  taint  or  corrupt.  ShaJc. 
AT-TaINT',  71. 

1.  A  stain,  spot,  or  taint.    [See  Taint.]  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  injurious;  that  which  impairs.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

3.  In  farriery,  a  blow  or  wound  on  the  legs  or  feet 
of  a  hor.se.  Encyc. 

4.  A  writ  which  lies  after  judgment  against  a  jury 
for  giving  a  false  verdict  in  any  court  of  record. 

AT-TaINT'ED,  pp.  St!iined  ;  corrupted;  rendered 
infamous  ;  rendered  incapable  of  inheriting. 

AT-TAINT'ING,  ppr.  Staining;  corrupting;  render- 
ing infamous  by  judicial  act ;  depriving  of  inheritable 
blood. 

AT-'J'AlNT'MENT,  71.    The  being  attainted. 

AT-TaINT'IJKE,  71.  A  staining  or  rendering  infa- 
mous ;  reiiroai'h ;  imputation. 

AT'TAR  OF  Uo'SES,  n.  A  highly  fragrant  concrete 
obtaiiii'd  in  Iiiiliafrom  the  petals  of  roses.    P.  Cyc. 

A'i'-'i'ASK',  11.  I.  To  task;  to  tax.  [JVot  used.  See 
Task.]  ■  Shak. 

AT-TaSTE',  1'.  f.    'I'll  taste.    [J^ot  used.   See  Taste.] 

AT-'f  EAI'PER,  I',  t.  [  E.  alteinpero,  of  ad  and  tempera, 
lo  temper,  mix,  or  moderate.    See  'I'emi'er.] 

1.  To  reduce,  modify,  tir  moderate  by  mixture,  as, 
to  attemper  heal  by  a  cooling  mixture,  or  spirit  by 
diluting  it  with  water. 

2.  To  soften,  mollify,  or  moderate  ;  as,  to  attemper 
rigid  justice  with  clemency. 

3.  To  mix  in  just  proporliiin  ;  lo  regulate  ;  as,  a 
mind  well  allemiirrid  Willi  kindness  and  justice. 

4.  To  accoinmodafe  ;  to  lil  itt  make  siiitahle. 

Acu  —  aUempercd  to  lh<-  l>  i'.-.  7'o/'#. 

AT-'l'E.M'PER-ANCB,  7i.    Teni|ieranc(-.    [JV.if  iwtrf.] 

CliniLefT. 


AT-TE.M'PER-ATE,  a.    [L.  uUempcralns.'] 
Tenipereil ;  proportioned  ;  suited. 


Hope  1 


t  be  proportioned  and  aUemperate  to  the  promise. 

Haininand. 


AT-TEJI'PER-aTE,  v.  t.   To  attemper.   [Mot  in  w.-c  ] 

Barrom. 

AT-TEM'PER-TCD,  pp.  Reduced  in  quality;  mod 
eiated  ;  softened  ;  well  mixed  ;  suited. 

AT-TEM'PER-ING,  p/>r.  Moderating  in  quality  ;  soft- 
ening ;  mixing  in  due  proportion  ;  making  suitable. 

AT-TEM'PER-LY,  adv.  In  a  temperate  manner. 
[JVfjf  in  vse.'\  Chaucer. 

AT-TEM'PER-MENT,  7i  A  tempering,  or  due  pro- 
portion. 

AT-TEAIPT',  V.  t.  [Fr.  attenter,  from  L.  allento,  to 
attempt,  of  ad  and  tcnto,  to  try  ;  Arm.  attempti.  The 
L.  tcnto  is  from  the  same  root  as  tendo,  to  strain  ; 
Gr.  Tfii'w.  Hence,  the  literal  sense  is  to  strain,  urge, 
stretch.] 

1.  To  make  an  efTort  to  effect  some  object ;  to 
make  trial  or  experiment ;  to  try  ;  to  endeavor ;  to 
use  exertion  for  any  purpose  ;  as,  to  attempt  to  sing  ; 
to  attempt  a  bold  flight. 

2.  'l"o  attack  ;  to  make  an  effort  upon  ;  as,  to  <z(- 
tenipt  tlie  enemy's  camp. 

This  verlt  is  not  always  followed  by  an  object,  and 
appears  lo  be  intransitive  ;  but  some  object  is  under- 
stood, or  a  verb  in  the  infinitive  follows  m  the  place 
of  an  object ;  as,  he  attempted  to  speak. 

AT-TEMPT',  71.  An  essay,  trial,  or  endeavor  ;  an  at- 
tack ;  or  an  effort  to  gain  a  point.  Bacon. 

AT-TEMPT'A-BEE,a,  That  may  be  attempted,  tried, 
or  attacked  ;  liable  lo  an  attempt,  or  attack.  Shak. 

AT-TE.MPT'ED,  pp.    Essayed  ;  tried  ;  attacked. 

AT-TEAIPT'Ell,  ;i.    One  vvlio  attempts,  or  attacks. 

Milton. 

AT-TEMPT'ING,  ppr.    Trying;  essaying;  making 

an  effort  to  gain  a  point;  attacking. 
AT-TEND',  V.  L    [L.  altendo  ;  Fr.  attenilre,  lo  wait, 

stay,  expect;  Sp.  atender;  It.  attendere;  L.  ad  and 

tendo,  to  stretch,  to  tend.    See  Teno.] 

1.  'J'o  go  with,  or  accompany,  as  a  companion, 
minister,  or  servant. 

2.  To  be  present ;  to  accompany  or  be  united  to  ; 
as,  a  cold  attended  with  fever. 

3.  To  be  present  for  some  duty,  implying  charge  or 
oversight ;  to  wait  on  ;  as,  the  physician  or  the  nurse 
attends  the  sick. 

4.  To  be  present  in  business ;  to  be  in  company 
from  curiosity,  or  from  some  connection  in  affairs  ; 
as,  lawyers  or  spectators  attend  a  court. 

5.  To  be  consequent  lo,  from  connection  of  cause  ; 
as,  a  measure  attended  with  ill  effects. 

ti.  To  await ;  lo  remain,  abide,  or  be  in  store  for  ; 
as,  happiness  or  misery  attends  us  after  death. 

7.  To  wait  for  ;  to  lie  in  wait.  Sliak. 

8.  To  wail  or  stay  for. 

Tliree  days  1  promised  tu  attend  my  doom.  Dryden, 

9.  To  accompany  with  solicitude  ;  to  regard  with 
interest. 

Their  hnn^er  thus  appeased,  their  care  attends 

The  doubtiiil  fortune  of  their  abstml  Iriends.  Drydcn. 

10.  To  regard  ;  to  fix  the  mind  upon. 

Tlie  pilot  dotli  not  attend  the  unsltilllul  wonli  of  die  passenger. 

Sidney. 

This  is  not  now  a  legitim.ate  sense.  To  express  this 
idea,  we  now  use  the  verb  intransitively,  with  to  — 
attend  to. 

11.  To  expect.    [Mot  in  use.]  Raleigh. 
AT  TEND',  v.i. 

1.  To  listen  ;  to  regard  with  attention  ;  usually  ftil- 
lowed  by  to. 

Attend  to  tlie  voice  of  my  supplictdion.  —  Ps.  Ixxxvi. 

Hence  much  used  in  the  imperative,  attend ! 

2.  'i"o  regard  with  observation,  and  correspondent 
practice  ;  as,  my  son,  attend  to  my  words. 

Hence,  to  regard  with  compliance. 

lie  hath  atleiuled  to  the  voice  ol  my  prayer.  —  Ps.  Ixvi. 

3.  To  fix  the  attention  upon,  .as  an  object  of  pur- 
suit ;  lo  be  busy  or  engaged  in  ;  as,  lo  attend  to  the 
study  of  the  Scriptures. 

4.  'i'o  wail  on  ;  to  acctimpaiiy  or  be  present,  in 
pursuance  of  duty;  with  on  or  h/w«  ;  as,  to  attend 
upon  a  coniniitlee  ;  to  attend  upon  business.  Hence, 

5.  To  wail  on,  in  service  or  worship  ;  to  serve. 
'I'liat  ye  may  attend  upon  tlie  Loitl  widn'ut  di^iiaciiun. —  I 

Cor.  vii. 

C.  To  stay  ;  lo  delay.    [  Ob.i.] 

Fur  thin  perli'Claili  she  musl  yel  atlrnd, 

Till  w  her  Mjiker  .lie  nipouie.1  lie.  Dimes. 

7.  To  wail;  to  be  within  call.  Spenser. 
AT-TE.ND'ANCE,  ii.  |Fr.] 

1.  The  act  of  waiting  on  or  serving. 

for  ht — ppiiainetli  lo  anollier  tribe,  of  wliich  no  mall  gave  at- 
tendance  at  Ihe  allar.  —  lleli.  vii. 

9.  A  wailing  on  ;  a  being  pri^sent  on  business  of 
any  kind  ;  as,  llie  attendance  of  witnesses  or  persons 
in  court  ;  attendance  of  menilicrs  of  the  legislature. 

3.  Service  ;  ministry  ;  as,  to  receive  attendanre. 

Shak. 

4.  1'hc  persons  attending  ;  n  train  ;  a  retinue. 

Miltoi.. 


FATE,  Fxn,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PUfiY.  — PINE,  MARlfNE,  BJRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WyLF,  BQQK.— 


ATT 


ATT 


ATT 


5  Attention;  ri'iiiird  ;  can-ful  ap|iliciition  uf  mind. 

Give  nuerulance  to  n-udiiijj.  —  t  Tim.  iv. 
6.  CxiU'ilation.    [Obs.]  Hooker. 
AT-TE.\  U'  A.NT,  a.   \  Fr.  J 

1.  Acconi|Kinying  ;  l>eing  present,  or  in  the  train. 
OthtT  tuiift  —  with  Uu-ir  attendant  moons.  MiUon. 

2.  Accoinp.inyinR,  connected  with,  or  immediately 
ftjllowing,  as  consequential;  as,  intemperance  with 
all  its  aUendanl  evils. 

3.  In  (aw,  depending  on,  or  owing  duty  or  service 
to  ;  as,  the  wife  attendant  to  the  heir.  CoieeL 

.lUenilant  teys;  in  miutic,  the  keys  or  scales  on  the 
fifth  abiive,  and  filth  lielow,  ^or  fourth  above,)  any 
key-note  or  tonic,  considered  in  relation  to  the  key 
or  scale  on  that  tonic.  Callcott. 
AT-TE.\D'.\\T,  n.  One  who  attends  or  accompanies 
in  any  character  whatever,  as  a  friend,  coinpaniim, 
minister,  or  servant ;  one  who  belongs  to  the  train. 

thrytlcn. 

2.  One  who  is  present ;  as,  an  attendant  at  or  upon 
a  meeting. 

3.  In  (aw,  one  who  owes  duty  or  service  to,  or  de- 
pends on  another.  OitccL 

4.  That  which  accompanies  or  is  consequcnl  to. 

A  love  of  laim>,  Ih.'  attendant  of  noble  spirits.  Pope. 
SliiiuM-  i»  the  attendant  of  vice.  Anon. 

AT-TE.\D'ED,  pp.     Accompanied;  Imving  attend- 
ants ;  ser\'ed  ;  waited  on. 
AT-TEN'D'ER,  n.    One  who  attends;  a  companion ; 

an  assttciate.    \_Little  u-vr//.] 
AT-TE.\D'ING,  ppr.    Going  with;  accompanying; 
waiting  on  ;  suijerintending  or  taking  care  of;  being 
I      present;  immediately  consequent  to;  serving;  list- 

enins;  regarding  with  care. 
I  .\'r-TK.\"r',  o.    Attentive.   2  Chron.  vi. 
!  .\T-TE.\T',  n.   Attention  ;  as,  with  due  attent. 
I  Spenser. 
.\T-TE\T'.\TES,  n.  pi.    Proceedings  in  a  court  of 

jtidicatiire,  after  an  inhibition  is  decreed,  jjitliffc. 
AT  TE.V'TIO.V,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  attending  or 
heeding ;  the  due  application  of  the  ear  to  sounds,  of 
the  eye  to  visual  objects,  or  of  the  mind  to  any  ob- 
jects presented  to  its  contemplation.  [Lileraliy,  a 
stretching  totcard.] 

Th<*y  SAv,  the  tonT'ies  of  dying  men 

Eiitltrce  attention  like  deep  h-mnony.  ShaJ:. 

2.  Act  of  civility,  or  courtesy ;  as,  attention  to  a 
straneer. 

3.  The  word  of  command  given  to  soldiers  before 
perforinin:;  any  exercise  or  evolution. 

AT-TE.N  I"1VE,  a.    [Kr.  attend/.] 

lleetlfiil ;  intent ;  observant ;  regarding  with  care. 
It  is  npplietl  to  the  senses  of  hearing  and  seeing,  as, 
an  pttentine  ear  or  eye;  to  the  application  of  the 
minil,  as  in  contemplatiim ;  or  to  the  application  of 
tlie  mind,  together  wit1i  the  senses  above  mentioned, 
as  when  a  jicrson  is  attentive  to  the  words,  and  to 
the  manner  and  matter  of  a  speaker,  at  the  same 
time. 

AT-TE.\T'IVE-LY,<i/f».  Heedfully;  carefully;  with 
fixed  attention. 

AT-TE.\T'IVE-.\ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  attent- 
ive ;  heedfniness;  attention. 

AT-TE.\T'LY,  ade.    Attentively.  Barrme. 

AT-TE.\'tI-A.\T,  a.  [See  Attenuate.]  .Making 
thin,  as  fiuids;  diluting;  rendering  less  dense  and 
viscid  ;  properly,  subtilizing  Uie  humors  of  the  body, 
or  breaking  them  int<i  liner  (Kirts. 

AT-TE.\''^-.\NT,  n.  A  medicine  that  thins  the  fluids ; 
a  diluent.  Coxc. 

Properly,  as  originally  used,  a  medicine  supposed 
to  passess  the  properl}'  of  rendering  the  blood  and 
other  humors  more  fluid,  by  diminishing  the  size  of 
the  particles,  either  by  abrasion  or  division  ;  in  the 
latter  case  called  al.-o  an  incident, 

AT-TE.\'U-aTE,  r.  (.  [I,,  ailenao,  of  ad  and  tenuo, 
to  make  th  n  ;  L.  tmnu ;  \V.  tenau ;  Ir.  tana  or 
tanaidke  ;  Eng.  thin  ;  whicli  see.] 

1.  To  make  thin  or  less  consistent ;  to  render  less 
viscid;  propirly,  to  siibtili/.e  the  humors  of  the  body, 
or  to  break  them  into  finer  parts ;  opposed  to  con- 
denjCy  litcras^aJe^  or  tJiicken. 

2.  To  comminute ;  to  break  or  wear  solid  sub- 
nances  into  finer  or  very  minute  pans. 

This  tiniiitemiptwi  ntotion  nniM  attenuate  And  wear  avi-ajr  th* 
h.tnlt-«t  r«xi.'s.  Tiatu.  of  Chaj-uil't  Cheinulry. 

In  alchemy,  to  pulverize,  or  reduce  to  an  im|inlpable 
powder.  Kncijc 

3.  To  make  slender ;  to  reduce  in  thickness. 
AT-TEN'U-ATE,  a. 

1.  .Made  thin,  or  less  viscid ;  made  slender. 

Haean. 

2.  In  botany,  attenuated  ;  growing  slender  toward 
a  point  or  extremity. 

AT-TE.\'I'-.\-TEr),  pp.  or  a.  Made  thin  or  less  vis- 
cid ;  comminuted  ;  made  slender.  In  botany,  grow- 
ing slender  toward  an  extremity. 

AT-TE.\'n-S-TIi\G,  ppr.  .Making  thin,  as  fluids; 
making  fine,  as  solid  substmces ;  making  slender  or 
lean. 

AT-TE.N'-U-A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  making  thin,  as 
fluids  ;  as,  the  attcn  nation  of  the  humors. 


3.  The  art  of  making  fine,  by  coininiiiution,  or  at- 
trition ;  piilverizatitin. 

Tlie  nuion  of  the  air  fnciliuttrs  t)ie  attenuation  ot  tlw-  roclfs. 

7'njii*.  Chaplal. 

3.  Tlic  act  or  process  of  making  slender,  thin,  or 
lean. 

AT'TER-aTE,  r.  U    [L.  attero,  to  wear.] 

1.  To  wear  away. 

2.  To  fiirin  or  acciiiinilate  hy  wearing. 
AT'TER-A-TEI),  ;»p.    Furiiu  trby  weariiis;.  lini/. 
AT-TEII-A'T1U.\,  n.    The  operatiim  of  forming  land 

by  t\ir  wearing  of  the  s:ra,  and  the  wearing  iif  the 
earth  in  one  place  anil  deposition  of  it  in  anotlu  r. 

«.<!/. 

AT-TEST',  V.  L  [Fr.  aUater;  L.  attr..ilor ;  of  ait  and 
tr.stor,  to  atririn  or  beiir  witness,  from  tutLs.  See 
Tkstikv.] 

1.  To  bear  witness  to  ;  to  certify  ;  to  aflirin  to  be 
tme  or  genuine  ;  to  make  a  sokinn  tleelaration  in 
wortls  or  writing,  to  sup|K)rt  a  fact  ;  appropriately 
used  for  the  aflirmalioii  id'  persims  in  tlieir  otheial 
capacity  ;  as,  to  attest  the  truth  of  a  writing,  to  atte^^t 
a  copy  of  record.  Persons  also  attest  writings  by  sub- 
scribing their  names. 

2.  To  bear  witness  to,  or  support  the  truth  of  a 
fact,  by  other  evidence  than  words ;  as,  the  ruins  of 
Palniynt  attest  its  ancient  magnificence. 

3.  To  call  to  witness  ;  to  invoke  as  conscious. 

Tile  s:\cnHl  streams  which  Iienve^'s  imperi.^  8t.-vte 

Altette  ill  t>.iths.  And  loan  to  viol.ite.  Dryden. 

AT-TEST',  n.  Witness ;  testimony ;  attestation. 

He  uscd.\ 

AT-TEST-.\'TIO.\,  n.  Testimony;  witness;  a  sol- 
emn or  official  declaration,  verbid  or  written,  in  su|i- 
port  of  a  fact ;  evitleccc.  The  truth  ap|R  ars  from 
the  attcslii'Acn  of  v.  :'.ise.~se.';,  or  of  the  proper  oflieer. 
Tile  subscription  of  a  name  to  a  writing  is  an  attcst- 

Al'-TEST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Proved  or  siipportetl  by  testi- 
mony solemn  or  ollicial ;  witnessed  to ;  supported  by 
evidence. 

.^T-TEST'IXG,  ppr.    Witnessing  to;  calling  to  wit- 
ness ;  aftirming  in  support  of. 
AT-TEST'OR,  n.    One  who  attests. 
AT'Tie,  a.    [L.  Alliens;  Gr.  Arriitoi.] 

Pertaining  to  Altica,  in  Greece,  or  to  its  principal 
city,  Athens ;  marked  by  such  qualities  .as  were 
characteristic  of  the  Athenians.  Thus,  Allic  wit, 
AUic  salt,  a  poignant,  delicate  wit,  peculiar  to  the 
Athenians  ;  an  Attic  style,  a  style,  pure,  chissical, 
and  elegant ;  Attic  faith,  inviolable  faith. 

Attic  dialect ;  the  dialect  of  the  ancient  Greek  lan- 
guage used  by  the  Athenians. 

Attic  base :  a  peculiar  base  used  by  the  ancient  ar- 
chitects in  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  orders,  and  by 
Palladio  and  some  others  in  the  Doric. 

F.neyc.  Cye. 

Attic  order  ;  an  order  of  small  square  pillars  at  the 
npixTinost  extremity  of  a  building.  This  had  its 
origin  in  .\thens,  and  was  intended  to  conceal  the 
roof.  These  pillars  should  never  exceed  in  hight 
one  third  of  the  hight  of  the  order  on  which  they 
arc  placed,  nor  be  less  than  one  quarter  of  it. 

Kneye. 

AT'Tie,  )  n.    A  storv  in  the  upper  part  of 

AT'Tie  STo'RY,  j    a  house,'  with  small  windows 

either  in  or  above  the  cornice. 
AT'Tie,  n.    .\  small  square  pillar  with  its  cornice  on 
the  iipiiermast  part  of  a  building.    .Attics  properly 
form  the  crown  of  the  building,  or  a  finishing  for  the 
other  orders,  when  they  are  used  in  the  structure. 

Encyc. 

2.  .\n  .\thenian  ;  an  Athenian  author. 

Joneses  Orcek  Orammar. 
AT'TIC-AL,  0,    Pertaining  to  Athens ;  pure,  clas- 
sical. Hammond. 
AT'TI-CISM,  >i.    The  pccnliar  style  and  idiimi  of  the 
Greek  language,  used  by  the  .\theiiians  ;  refined  and 
elegant  Greek  ;  concise  and  elegant  expression. 

JCneyc,  art.  Pliilos. 
2.  .\  particular  attachment  to  the  .\thenians. 

.Ultford. 

.Applied  particularly  to  the  act  of  siding  with  the 
Athenians,  during  the  Peloponnesian  war. 

ilobbrs^s  Tliuryd.  viii. 

AT'TI-CIZE,  V.  L  To  conform  or  make  ctinformablc 
to  the  language  or  idiom  of  .Attica.  .Adjectives  in  /f, 
when  altieized,  become  to^.    Joneses  Greek  Grammar. 

.AT' TI-CTZE,  p.  i.  To  use  Atticisms,  or  the  idiom  of 
the  .Athenians. 

2.  To  side  with  the  .Athenians,  or  to  siibserve  the 
interests  of  .Athens.  SmiM'i  Thueyd.  viii. 

.AT'Ties,  n.  pi.  The  title  of  a  hook  in  Paiisani.is, 
which  treats  of  Attica.  Trans,  of  Paus.  b.  1. 

AT-TI.NGE',  r. «.    [L.  auingo.] 
To  touch  lightly. 

.AT-TIRE',  r.  t  [.Vorin.  a((yrn-,  to  provide  ;  Fr.atours, 
dress,  attire  i  atoitrner,  to  dress  a  woman,  to  attire: 
atourneresse,  a  lire  woman ;  .Arm.  afuurin,  female 
ornaments;  G.  iirrrit,  to  adorn.  We  ret.-iin  (irr,  the 
simple  word,  applied  to  the  band  of  a  wheel,  and  this 
word,  in  the  D.  tocr,  coincides  with  tour.  See 
Cla-ss  Dr.] 


To  dress;  to  array;  to  adorn;  particularly,  to 
adorn  with  elegant  or  splendid  garments. 

With  Ui!r  linen  miter  8h.dl  Anmii  Ije  attired.  —  Lev.  xtI. 

AT-TIRE',  n.  Dress;  clothes;  habit;  but  appropri- 
ately, ornamentjil  dress. 

Can  a  bmie  forget  her  oixirs  7  —  Jer.  li. 

2.  The  horns  of  a  deer. 

3.  In  -lome  early  botanical  vritrr.t,  the  internal  parts 
of  a  flower,  included  within  the  cni|inleinent  or 
calyx,  and  the  foliation  or  corolla.  Florid  attire, 
called  thrums  or  suits,  as  in  the  flowers  of  the  mari- 
gold ami  tansy,  consists  commonly  of  three  parts,  of 
which  the  outer  part  is  the  floret.  Tins  corresponds 
to  the  floret  of  the  disc  in  compound  flowers.  Scmi- 
furm  attire,  consists  of  two  parts,  the  chives  and 
apices  ;  corresponding  to  the  stamens,  with  their  fil- 
ami  nls  and  anthers.  John.ion.  Cye. 

.AT-'I'IK'KD,  pp.  Dressed  ;  decked  with  ornaments 
or  attire.  > 

AT-'I'IR'ER,  n.  One  who  dresses  or  adorns  with 
attire. 

.AT-TIR'ING, ppr.  Dressing;  adorning  with  dress  or 
attire. 

AT-TI'TI,E,  V.  L    To  entitle.    [JVot  in  use]  Goicer. 

AT'Tl-TL'DE,  n.  [Fr.  altitude,  posture;  Sp.  actituti, 
from  I*,  actus,  airo.  llie  Italian  attitudine  is  posture 
and  fitness  ;  altitude  and  aptitude  being  united  in  the 
same  word.] 

1.  The  posture  or  position  of  a  person,  or  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  parts  of  his  body  are  dis|>osed,  par- 
ticularly in  relation  to  some  purpose  or  emotion ;  as, 
a  ihrenleiiing  attitude  ;  an  attitude  of  entreaty. 

2.  Posture  or  position  of  things,  in  a  corresponding 
relatitiii ;  as,  in  times  of  trouble  let  a  nation  preserve 
a  firm  altitude.  If'asliinirton's  Fareieell  Address. 

Hamilton.    Gov.  Smith,  J\r.  H. 

3.  In  painting  and  .iculplure,  the  posture  or  action 
in  which  a  figure  or  statue  is  placed  ;  the  gesture  of 
a  figure  or  statue  ;  such  a  disposition  of  the  parts  as 
stTVrs  to  express  the  action  and  sentiments  of  the 
person  represellteti.  Johnson  Eiuyc 

.A'r-TI-Tf''l)lN'-.AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  attitude. 
.AT-TOL'LE.NT,  a.    [L.  attollens,  attollo,  of  ad  and 
tollo,  to  hit.] 
Lifting  up;  raising  ;  as,  an  attotlent  muscle. 

Derhanu 

AT-TOL'LEXT,  n  A  muscle  which  raises  son  e 
part,  as  the  ear,  the  eyeball,  or  the  upper  eyelid ; 
otherwise  called  levator  or  elevator. 

Quincy.  Encyc. 
AT-TORN',  r.  i.    [L.  ad  and  tnmo  ;  Fr.  tourner  ;  .Arm. 
tuir^na,  Inmein,  to  turn  ;  Sp.  tornar ;  Port.  id.  ;  It 
attorniarc,  torniare.     Hence,  torniatnenlo,  a  tourna- 
ment; Sp.  torneo.    See  Turn.] 

In  tJte  feudal  lair,  to  turn,  or  transfer  homage  and 
service  from  one  lord  to  another.  This  is  the  act  of 
feudatories,  vassals,  or  tenants,  upon  the  alienation 
of  the  estate.  Blackstone.  Eneyc. 

AT-TOR.N'EY,  (at-turn'y,)  n.  ,  p/.  .Attobxevs.  [Norm. 
attournon  ;  tome,  id.  ;  from  tour,  tourn,  turn,  change. 
One  who  takes  the  turn  or  place  of  another.  See 
Attorn  and  Tinx.] 

One  who  is  legally  appointed  by  another  to  transact 
any  business  for  him.  .An  attorney  is  either  public 
or  private.  A  private  attorney  is  a  person  apptiinted 
by  another,  by  a  letter  or  power  of  attorney,  to  transact 
any  business  for  him  out  of  court.  .A  public  attorney, 
or  attorney  at  law,  is  an  oflieer  of  a  court  of  law,  le- 
gally qualified  to  prosecute  and  defend  actions  in  such 
court,  on  the  retilner  of  clients.  The  attorney  at  law 
answers  to  the  procurator,  or  proctor,  of  the  civilians 
and  canonists,  and  to  the  solicitor,  in  chancer)'. 

In  Great  Britain,  and  some  of  the  Uiiiud  States, 
attorneys  are  not  admitted  to  practice  in  any  court 
until  examined,  ajiproved,  licensed,  and  sworn  by 
that  court,  alter  winch  they  are  proper  officers  of  the 
court  ;  but  in  Connecticut,  an  attorney  admitted  and 
sworn  by  one  of  the  county  courts,  is  authorized  to 
practice  in  all  the  courts  of  the  State. 

In  Great  Britain,  attorneys  are  not  admitted  to 
plead  at  the  bar,  or  to  be  advocates  or  counsel,  in 
the  higher  courts  ;  this  privilege  being  confined  to 
barristers  and  Serjeants. 

In  jVcuj  York,  and  in  J\la.-i.<achiuieUs,  there  is  a  dis- 
tinction obser\'ed  between  attorneys  and  counselors 
at  law,  but  in  most  of  the  United  States,  the  two 
otTices  aic  combined,  or  that  of  attorney  alone  re- 
tained. 

In  yirsinia,  the  duties  of  attorney,  counselor,  con- 
veyancer, and  atlviKate,are  all  p^^f brined  by  the  same 
iiidividii.'d.  /Iirf. 

An  attorney  may  have  general  powers  to  transiict 
biisine.ss  for  another  ;  or  his  powers  may  be  special, 
or  limited  to  a  particular  .let  or  acts. 

Attorney  general,  in  Great  Britain,  is  an  officer  ap- 
pointed by  the  crown,  with  general  powers  to  act  in 
all  legal  proceedings,  in  which  the  crown  is  a  p.Trty ; 
p.anicularly,  to  prosecute  in  criminal  matters  affect- 
ing the  state.  In  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  some  of  the  State  covernments,  the 
attoniey  general  is  an  oflieer  with  corresponding 
powers. 

A  poirer,  letter,  or  varranl  of  allamry,  is  a  BTitten 


TO.NE,  BljLL,  XJ.MTE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  asK;CasJ;SasZ;CHlisSH;THa3in  TUl.S. 


9 


ATT 


AUU 


AVI) 


untliority  from  one  person  empowering  aiiotlier  to 

iransact  business  for  him. 
AT-TORN'EY,  r.  t.    To  perform  by  proxy  ;  to  employ 

as  a  prox^'.    [JVt»(  in  use]  Shak. 
AT-TORX'EY-SHIP,  (at-tum'y-ship,)  n.    The  office 

of  an  attorney  ;  agency  for  anotlii'r.  S/iak. 
AT-TORX'ING,  ppr.    Acknowledging  a  new  lonl,  or 

transferring  homage  and  fealty  to  the  purchaser  of  an 

estate. 

AT-TORX'JIEXT,  n.  The  act  of  a  feudatory,  vassal, 
or  tenant,  by  which  he  consents,  upon  the  alienation 
of  an  estate,  to  receive  a  new  lord  or  superior,  and 
transfers  to  liim  his  homage  and  service. 

Kiictfc.  Blachstone, 

.\T-TR.\€T',  V.  t.  [L.  attralio,  attractus,  of  ad  and 
Iraho,  to  draw.    See  Drag  and  Draw. J 

1.  In  physics,  to  draw  to,  or  cause  to  tend  to  ;  par- 
ticularly to  cause  to  approacli,  adhere,  or  coiui);ne  ; 
or  to  cause  to  resist  divulsion,  separation,  or  decom- 
position. 

2.  To  draw  by  influence  of  a  moral  kind  ;  to  invite 
or  allure  ;  as,  to  attract  admirers. 

4.  To  engage  ;  as,  to  attract  attention. 
AT-TR.\eT',  71.    Attraction.     [j\"ut  in  use.]  _ 

HiiJibras, 

AT-TRAeT-.\-BIL't-TY,  n.     Tile  quality  of  being 
attractable,  or  of  being  subject  to  the  law  of  attrac- 
tion, .^siat.  Researches. 
AT-TRA€T'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  attracted  ;  sub- 
ject to  attraction.                       Lavoisier,  hij  Kerr. 
AT-TR.^CT'ED,  pp.     Drawn  toward  ;   invited  ;  al- 


lured ;  engaged. 
AT-TRACT'ie,  I 
AT-TRA€T'I€-.*\L,  I 
AT-TRACT'ILE,  a. 


a.    Having  power  to  draw  to. 
[JVut  used.]  Ray. 
That  has  power  to  attract. 

Med.  Rep. 

AT-TR.\eT'IXG,  ppr.    Drawing  to  or  toward  ;  in- 
viting ;  alluring;  engaguig. 
AT-TK.\eT'lXG-LY,  adv.    In  an  attracting  manner. 
AT-TRAC'TIOX,  n. 

1.  In  physics,  the  power  or  force  which  draws 
bodies  or  their  particles  toward  each  other,  or  which 
causes  them  to  tend  toward  each  other,  or  to  resist  a 
countenicthig  tendency;  or  the  law  by  which  they 
tend  toward  each  other,  ar  resist  a  counteracting 
tendency. 

Attraction  is  distinguished  into  that  which  is  mani- 
fested between  bodies  or  masses  at  sensible  distances, 
and  that  which  is  manifested  between  the  particles 
or  molecules  of  bodies  at  insensible  distances.  The 
fonner  includes  the  attraction  of  frravity,  or  frravita- 
lion,  or  the  mutual  tendency  of  all  bodies  to  each 
other,  as  the  tendency  of  the  planets  toward  the  sun, 
or  of  a  stone,  when  raised  in  the  air,  to  fall  to  the 
earth  ;  and  also,  the  attraction  of  magnetism,  and  tliat 
of  clectricitij.  The  latter  takes  place  either  between 
particles  of  the  same  kind,  or  homogeneous  particles, 
and  is  then  called  tlie  attraction  of  a^^e^atiun,  or 
cohesion ;  or  between  dissimilar  or  heterogeneous 
particles,  uniting  them  into  compounds,  and  is  then 
called  chemical  attraction,  or  affinity.  The  attractions 
of  the  first  class,  however,  exist  between  particles  as 
well  as  masses  ;  and  the  surfaces  of  masses  in  con- 
tact, or  at  inappreciable  distances,  also  attract  each 
other,  causing  adhesion,  in  heterogeneous  as  well  as 
homogeneous  bodies. 

The  attraction  of  gravity  is  supposed  to  be  the  great 
principle  which  confines  the  planets  in  their  orbits. 
Its  power  or  force  is  directly  as  the  quantity  of  matter 
in  a  body,  and  inversely  as  the  squares  of  the  dis- 
tances of  the  attracting  bodies. 

2.  The  act  of  attracting ;  tlie  effect  of  the  princi- 
ple of  attraction. 

Alli&ction  may  be  pcrrormeJ  by  impuUe  or  some  oth*?r  means. 

Nemton't  Optica. 

3.  The  power  or  act  of  alluring,  drawing  to,  in- 
viting, or  engaging ;  as,  the  attraction  of  beauty  or 
eloquence. 

Elective  attraction,  or  elective  affinity,  in  chemistry,  is 
the  tendency  of  those  substances  in  a  mixture  to 
combine,  which  have  the  strongest  attraction. 
AT-TRACT'IVE,  a.    [Fr.  attraciif] 

1.  Having  the  power  orquality  of  attracting;  draw- 
ing to  ;  as,  the  attractive  force  of  bodies. 

2.  Drawing  to  by  moral  influence;  alluring;  in- 
viting ;  engaging ;  as,  the  attractive  graces. 

All  aUractiBC  uiidpn<Ufiiig.  Rotcoe. 

AT-TRAGT'IVE-LY,  adv.    Willi  the  power  of  at- 
tracting or  drawing  to. 

AT-TUAtT'IVE  XES.S,  n.     The  quality  of  being 
attractive  or  engaging. 

AT-')'KAe'l''()R,K.    'J'lie  [lerson  or  thing  that  attracts. 

AT-TKA'IIENT,  a.    [I,.  aUrahcis.] 
Drawing  to :  attracting. 

AT-'I  UA'Hi:XT,  n. 

1.  That  which  draws  to  or  attracts,  as  a  magnet. 

The  mulioii  of  the  il*^'-!  to  It*  Mralienl.  OlanviUt. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  mibstance,  formerly  nupponed  to 
poHHeHs  the  property  of  drawing  the  liiimorH  to  the 
part  where  applied,  hut  whic  h  really  only  e.vcites 
action  in  the  |>arl,  and  Ihim  may  increaiie  excretion, 
ox  an  apiopoDtic,  Hina|ii«ni,  nibefucient,  or  Hiippumtivc. 


AT-TRAP',  V.  t     [Qu.  Fr.  drop,  cloth.] 

To  clothe ;  to  dress ;  to  adorn  with  trappings. 
[JK^ot  in  use.]  Barret.  Spenser. 

,\T-TREeT-.\'TION,  n.    [L.  attrcctatio.] 

Frequent  handling.  Diet. 
AT-TRIB'U-TA-BLE,  a.    [See  Attribute.] 

That  may  be  ascribed,  imputed,  or  attributed  ;  as- 
cribable  ;  imputable  ;  as,  the  fault  is  not  attributable 
to  tlie  author. 

.\T-TRlB'liTE,  r\  (.  [L.  attrlbuo  ;  ad  and  trlbuo,  to 
divitle,  to  bestow,  to  assign  ;  tribns,  a  tribe,  division, 
or  ward;  Fr.  altribuer ;  Sp.  atribuir,  tribuir;  It. 
attribuirc.    See  'I'ribe.] 

1.  To  allot  or  attach,  in  contemplation  ;  to  ascribe  ; 
to  consider  as  belonging. 

We  auritiate  iiotliiiij  to  God  that  conuiini 

2.  To  give  as  due  ;  to  yield  by  an  act  of  the  mind  ; 
as,  to  attribute  to  God  all  the  glory  of  redemption. 

3.  To  impute  to  as  a  cause  ;  as,  our  misfortunes 
are  generally  to  be  attributed  to  our  follies  or  im- 
prudence. 

AT''J  RI-BI;TE,  n.  That  which  is  attributed  ;  that 
which  is  considered  as  belonging  to,  or  inherent  in  ; 
as,  power  and  wisdom  are  attributes  of  the  Suiireine 
Being  ;  or  a  quality  detennining  something  to  be 
after  a  certain  manner  ;  as,  extension  is  an  attribute 
of  body.  Eucijc. 

2.  (iuality  ;  characteristic  disposition ;  as  bravery 
and  generosity  in  men.  Bacon. 

3.  A  thing  belonging  to  another ;  an  appendant ; 
as,  the  arms  of  a  warrior.  In  painting  and  sculpture, 
a  symbol  of  office  or  character,  added  to  any  partic- 
ular figure  ;  as,  a  club  is  the  attribute  of  Hercules. 

Eficyc. 

4.  Reputation  ;  honor.  Shak. 
{A^it  a  proper  sense  of  this  vnrd.] 

AT-TRIB'U-TED,  pp.  Ascribed;  yielded  as  due; 
imputed. 

AT-TRIB'lf-TIXG,  ppr.  Ascribing;  yielding  or  giv- 
ing as  due ;  imputing. 

AT-TRl-BU'TION,  v.  The  act  of  attributing,  or  the 
quality  ascribed ;  commendation. 

AT-TRiB'lJ-TIVE,  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  expressing  an  attribute.  Harris. 

2.  That  attributes  ;  attributing  ;  as,  attributive  jus- 
tice. Bacon. 

AT-TRIB'l[-TIVE,  n.  In  rrrammar,  a  word  significant 
of  an  attribute ;  as  ail  adjective,  verb,  or  participle, 
which  denotes  the  attribute  of  a  substance  ;  or  an 
adverb,  which  denotes  the  attribute  of  an  attribute. 

Harrises  Hermes. 

AT-TRITE',  a.  [L.  attritus,  worn,  of  ad  and  tero,  to 
wear;  Gr.  rctpio.    See  Trite.] 

1.  Worn  by  rubbing  or  friction.  Milton. 

2.  In  Roman  Catholic  theology,  repentant  only  from 
fear  of  punishment. 

AT-TRITE'NESS,  n.    The  being  much  worn. 

Johnson. 

AT-TRI"TION,  (at-trish'un,)  n.  Abrasion;  the  act 
of  wearing  by  friction,  or  by  jubbing  substances 
together. 

The  cban^e  of  Mimcnt  is  efl'ecled  by  atlri&on  of  the  imvarvt 
etomacb.  Arbullinol. 

2.  The  state  of  being  worn.  Johnson. 

3.  W'ith  Roman  Catholic  divines,  grief  for  sin,  arising 
only  from  fear  of  punishment ;  the  lowest  degree  of 
repentance.  tVallis. 

AT-TCXE',  V.  t.  [of  ad  and  tune.  See  Tone  and 
Tune.] 

1.  To  tune,  or  put  in  tune  ;  to  adjust  one  sound  to 
another ;  to  make  accordant ;  as,  to  attune  the  voice 
to  a  harp. 

2.  To  make  musical. 

Venial  airs  —  attune  the  trcinblmj  leaves.  ^rilton. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  .arrange  fitly  ;  to  make  accord- 
ant ;  as,  to  attune  the  thoughts  ;  <o  attuJie  our  aims  to 
the  divine  will. 

AT-TC'X'£D, ;)/).  Made  musical  or  harmonious;  ac- 
cominodatetl  in  sound  ;  made  accordant. 

AT-TUiN'IXG,  ;»/)r.  Putting  in  tune;  making  mu- 
sical ;  making  accordant. 

A-TWaIX',  orfc.    In  twain  ;  asunder.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

A-TWEEN',  fli/y.    Between.    [Obs.]  Speu.^-er. 

A-TWIXT',  aJ«.    Betwixt.    [Ubs.]  S/icnscr. 

A-TWO',  nrf».    In  two.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

J] U  BALYE' ,  fo-bine',)  n.    [Fr.  aubain,  an  alien.] 

The  droit  a^aubaine,  in  France,  was  the  right  of  the 
king  to  the  succession  or  inheritance  of  a  foreigner 
not  naturalized,  or  of  a  foreigner  naturalized,  who 
had  left  no  heirs  within  the  kingdom,  and  who  had 
not  disposed  of  his  jiroperty,  while  living,  by  dona- 
tion or  testament.  Encyc.  Melh. 

This  right  was  abolished  in  1790,  by  the  National 
Assembly  ;  rcstoretl,  by  Na|)(ileiin,  in  i804  ;  partially 
abolished,  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  in  1814  ;  and  finally 
entirely  abolished  in  IHli).  P.  Cyc. 

AU'BIN,  n.    [Fr.]    A  broken  kind  of  gait  in  a  horse, 

"  between  an  aniblo  and  a  gallop,  vulgarly  called  a 
Canterbury  gallop. 

AIJ'BURX,(i.  [Thia  word  is  evidently  formed  from 
Fr.  bruu,  IL  bruno,  brown,  by  a  transiiosilion  of  the 
letters  r  and  n,  with  a  prefix,  auburn,  fttr  aubrun, 


from  breiiuan,  burn,  denoting  the  color  made  by 
scorcliiiis.] 
Reddish  brown. 

His  auburn  locks  on  cither  shoulder  flowed.  Dryden. 

AUCTION,  71.  [L.  auctio,  (augeo,  lo  increase,)  a  pul)- 
lic  sale ;  or  Eng.  to  ltau:k  ;  G.  lioken ;  properly,  to  cry 
out.    See  Hawk.] 

1.  A  public  sale  of  property  to  the  highest  bidder, 
and  regularly,  by  a  person  licensed  and  authorized 
for  the  purpose ;  a  vendue.  Contracts  for  services, 
supplies,  &c.,  sometimes,  are  sold  to  the  lowest  bid- 
der Among  the  Romans,  this  species  of  sale  was 
niitde  by  a  crier,  sub  hasta,  i.  e.,  under  a  spear  stuck 
in  the  earth. 

2.  The  things  sold  at  auction.  Pope. 
Dutch  auction ;  the  public  ofliT  of  property  at  a 

price  beyond  its  value,  then  gradually  lowering  the 

price,  till  some  one  accepts  it,  as  iitirciiaser.  P.  Cyc. 
AUG'TION-A-RY,  a.   Belonging  to  an  auction  or  puh 

lie  sale.  Dritden 
AUe-TIOX-EER',  n.    [L.  auctinnarius.] 

The  person  who  sells  at  auction  ;  a  person  licensed 

by  goveniment  to  dispose  of  goods  or  lands  by  public 

sale  to  the  highest  bidder. 
AUG-TinX-EER',  7'.  f.    To  sell  at  auction.  Cowper. 
AlI-eU-PA'TIOX,  71.    [L.  auciipatio,  from  aucupnr,  of 

avis  and  capio.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  taking  birds  ;  fowling  ;  bird- 

Ciitching.    [Little  used.] 
AU-Da'CIOUS,  a.    [L.  andax  ;  Fr.  audacieux  ;  from  L. 

uudeo,  to  dare.    The  sense  is,  advancing  forward.] 

1.  Very  bold  or  daring ;  impudent ;  contemning 
the  restraints  of  law,  religion,  or  decorum  ;  used  for 
bold  in  7cickcdness  i  applied  to  persons;  as,  an  auda- 
cious wretch. 

2.  Committed  with,  or  proceeding  from,  daring  ef- 
frontery, or  contempt  of  law  ;  as,  an  audacious  crime. 

3.  Bold;  spirited.  Milton.  S.  Jonson. 
AU-DA'C10r.S-LY,  adv.    In  an  impudent  manner; 

with  exc  ess  of  boldness.  Shak. 

All  D.\'ClorS-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  au- 
dacious ;  impudence  ;  audacity.  Sandys. 

ATJ-DAC'I-TY,  n.  Boldness  ;  .wmetimes  in  a  good 
sense  ;  daring  spirit,  resolution,  or  confidence. 

2.  Audaciousness  ;  impudence  ;  in  a  bad  sense ;  im- 
plying a  contempt  of  law  or  moral  restraint. 

A,UD'E-.\N-IS.M,  11.  Anthropomorphism  ;  or  the  doc- 
trine of  Audeus,  a  Syrian  of  the  fourth  century,  who 
maintained  that  God  has  a  human  shape  ;  from 
Gen.  i.  SG.  Encyc. 

AUD'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  audibilis,  from  audio,  to  hear. 
This  word  is  evidently  connected  with  the  name  of 
the  ear;  Gr.  onus,  ovams  ;  Vulg.  Gr.  ai'Sia.  The 
verb  audio  is  contracted  into  Sp.  oir;  Port,  ouvir: 
Fr.  ou'ir,  to  hear.  Hence,  in  law,  oyer,  and  from  the 
P'rench  oyez,  hear  ye,  the  barbarous  O  yes,  of  our 
courts.] 

That  may  be  heard  ;  perceivable  by  the  ear ;  loud 
enough  to  be  heard  ;  as,  an  audible  voice  or  whisper. 

AUD'I-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  audible. 

AUD'I-BLY,  adv.  In  an  audible  manner ;  in  a  man- 
ner so  as  to  be  heard. 

AUD'I-EXCE,  71.  The  act  of  hearing,  or  attending  to 
sounds. 


His  bold  discourse  had  audience. 


Milton. 


2.  Admittance  to  a  hearing ;  reception  to  an  in- 
terview, especially  with  a  sovereign  or  the  head 
of  a  government,  for  conference  or  the  trans.action 
of  business  ;  as,  Mr.  Pitt  had  an  audience  of  the  king. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  an  interview  of  mere 
ceremony  between  the  head  of  a  government  and 
the  representatives  of  fiLireign  powers ;  as  when  an 
embassador  requests  an  audience  of  leave. 

3.  An  auditory  ;  an  assembly  of  hearers. 

4.  In  Spain,  one  of  the  seven  supreme  courts,  to 
which  appeals  lie  from  the  inferior  courts,  and  from 
which  no  appeal  lies,  except  in  the  higher  civil  suits 
to  the  two  chanceries,  and  the  council  of  Castillo. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

In  t}te  former  Spanish  provinces  in  .America,  a  su- 
preme court  of  justice,  and  the  district  over  which 
its  jurisdiction  extended.       Robertson.  Ed.  Encyc. 

5.  'J'he  court  of  audience,  or  audience  court ;  a  court 
held  originally  before  an  archbishop  in  person  ;  that 
of  the  ari:hbi'sliop  of  Canterbury  is  now  held  by  the 
dean  of  the  arches  jis  his  oflici:il. 

AUD'I-EXCE-Cll.A.M-nER,  7i.  An  apartment  for  an 
"  audience  or  formal  meeting. 

AIJD'l-ENT,  71.    A  hearer.    [J\'i/(  in  use.]  Shelton. 
AUD'IT,  n.    [L.  audit,  he  hears.] 

1.  An  examination  of  an  account  or  of  accounts, 
with  the  hearing  of  the  parties  concerned,  by  proper 
oflicers,  or  persons  appoinled  for  that  purpose,  who 
conqiare  the  charges  with  the  vouchers,  examine 
witnesses,  and  state  the  balance. 

2.  'I'lie  result  of  8ueli  an  examination,  or  an  ac- 
count as  adjusted  by  auditors  ;  n  final  account.  Shak. 

AUD'IT,  I'.  (.  To  examine  and  ailju.st  an  account  or 
accounts,  by  proper  ofiicer.s,  or  by  perstms  legally 
Bulliorizeil  for  the  purpose  ;  as,  to  ni/(/i(  the  accounts 
tif  a  treasurer,  or  of  parlies  who  have  u  suit  depend- 
ing in  court. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T  METE,  PKBV.  — PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  


r 


AUG 


AUD'IT-IIOUHE,  II.  An  apiH'inl.ise  to  a  calhcdral, 
"  ill  wliicli  the  business  bi^^limfsinj:  r  >  it  is  transacti'il. 

AU-DVr.a  qUERE'UI,  [L.]  in  law,  when  a  dn- 
'  tundant  or  bail,  ajiaiiist  wlioni  jiidiiinent  lias  been 
riToviTcd,  complains  tliat  lie  has  already  satisfii'd 
the  dc  iiiaiid,  or  been  released  from  it,  an  audila 
qurrria,  is  a  writ  in  the  nature  of  a  bill  in  equity,  di- 
rected to  the  court,  enjoining  it  to  licar  tlio  parties, 
and  cause  justice  to  be  dune  them. 
AUU'IT-IVE,  11.    Having  the  power  of  hearing. 

Cottrravc. 

AUll'IT-OK,  [L.]  A  hearer;  one  who  attends  to  hear 
a  iliscoui"se. 

■J.  A  person  appointed  and  untliorized  to  examine 
an  accoiinl  or  accounts,  compare  the  charges  with 
till"  vouchers,  exaniiiio  the  parties  and  witnesses, 
allow  or  reject  charges,  and  state  the  balance.  It  is 
usual  with  courts  to  refer  accounts,  on  which  an 
action  is  brought,  to  auditors  for  adjiistinrnt,  and 
their  report,  if  received,  is  the  hssis  of  the  judmnent. 

In  Eit>rlauilj  there  are  olhcers  who  are  auditors  of 
courts,  of  the  revenue,  of  corporations,  &c.  In  the 
United  States  government,  and  the  state  govern- 
iniMits,  there  arc  auditors  of  the  treasury,  or  of  the 
public  accounts. 
AUU'IT-OR-!illir,  n.    The  office  of  auditor. 

Johnson. 

AUD'IT-O  RY,  a.  That  has  the  power  of  hearing  ; 
peilaining  to  the  sense  or  organs  of  hearing.  Jludilonj 
nrrne  ;  in  anotomii,  the  soft  part  (pnrtio  mollis)  of  each 
of  the  seventh  pair  of  nerves,  distributed  to  dilferent 
parts  of  the  labyrinth  of  the  internal  ear ;  the  seat  of 
tlie  sense  of  hearing. 
AUI)'1T-U-11Y,  n.    [L.  auditorium.] 

I.  An  audience;  an  assembly  of  hearers,  as  in  a 
church  or  lecturc-rooin. 

'2.  A  place  or  apartment  where  discourses  arc  de- 
livered.   In  ancient  churches,  the  nave,  where  the 
hearers  stood  to  be  instructed. 
3.  A  bench  on  which  a  judge  sits  to  hear  causes. 

•Kncyc. 

AUU'IT-P.ESf!,  n.  A  female  hearer.  JiUttun. 
AUr,  n.  .V  fool ;  a  simpleKm.  [See  O.vf.] 
jiU  F^IT,  (o-fi,)  [Fr.]  Literally,  to  or  up  to  the  ac- 
coinplishinent  of  any  thing,  i.  e.  master  of  it ;  per- 
fectly able  to  perforin  it.  As  the  plirase  is  followed 
by  de  in  I'rench,  it  ought  properly  to  be  followed  by 
of  in  English  ;  as,  he  is  entirely  au  fait  of  that 
matter. 

AV-iSK'AS,  a.  The -Jiiyf an  stable,  in  Grecian  my- 
thology, is  represented  as  belonging  to  Augcas  or 
Angias,  one  of  the  Argonauts,  and  afterward  king 
of  Eli.s.  This  prince  kept  a  great  number  of  oxen 
in  a  stable  which  was  never  cleansed,  until  Hercules 
undertook  the  task ;  a  task  which  it  seemed  imprac- 
ticable to  execute.  I.lence  the  Duncan  stable  came 
to  represent  what  is  deemed  impracticable,  or  a  place 
which  has  nut,  fur  a  long  time,  been  cleansed. 

Lemprirre, 

AU'GER,  «.  [D.  aveiraar.  The  Saxon  word  is  nafe- 
gar  or  naue~gar,  from  nafa,  the  nave  of  a  wheel,  and 
^<ir,  a  tool  or  a  borer.  It  is  probable  that  the  rciil 
word  is  nattirar,  corrupted.] 

1.  An  instruinent  for  boring  large  holes,  chiefly  used 
by  carpenters,  joiners,  cabinet  makers,  wheelwrights, 
and  shipwrights.  It  consists  of  an  iron  blade,  end- 
ing in  a  steel  bit,  with  a  handle  placed  at  right  an- 
gles with  the  blade.  Augers,  made  with  a  straight 
channel  or  groove,  in  some  places,  arc  called  pml- 
augers ;  the  modern  augers,  with  spiral  channels,  are 
called  sereifi-augers. 

2.  An  instrument  for  boring  or  perforating  soils  or 
rocks,  consisting  of  a  handle  for  working,  a  rod 
which  ni.ay  be  lengthened  .as  the  perforation  extends, 
and  a  bit,  mouth,  or  cutting  piece,  resembling  the 
bit  of  a  comnum  auger,  for  soils  or  soft  rocks,  and  a 
chisel  for  liarder  rocks.  Brandc.  Urc. 

AU'GKR-IIoLE,  n.    A  hole  made  by  an  auger. 

AU-GET',  n.  A  tube  filled  with  powder  and  extend- 
ing from  the  chamber  of  a  mine  to  the  extremity  of 
the  gallery,  used  in  exploding  mines.      Md.  Diet. 

AUGII  T,  (awt,)  n.  [Sax.  aicUtt,  alit,  or  oteilu,  ohwit, 
okt,  from  uit/it,  ici^hi,  a  creature,  animal,  thing,  any 
thing.  This  wM  seems  to  be  our  wight  and  ir Ait  ; 
and  I  suspect  the  L.  qui^  qutp,  quod,  quid,  what,  to  be 
the  same  word  varieil  in  orthography.  I'liis  word 
should  not  be  written  ought.] 

1.  Any  thing,  indefinitely. 

But  go,  my  son,  and      itaught  be  WAntin^.  Addison. 

2.  Any  part,  the  sin.allest ;  a  jot  or  tittle. 

Ttvn-  f.\i\fi\  not  aitght  of  any  ^od  Uiing  whicli  the  Lonl 
•iwkcn  Jush.  xxi. 

AU'OrTE,  71.  [Gr.  ai.)  i),  brightness.  Plin.  37,  10.] 
A  iniiienil,  called  by  llaiiy  pijrozcnc ;  occurring 
crystallized  in  oblique  prismatic  forms,  and  also  mas- 
sive, lamellar,  granular,  and  fibrous,  and  presenting 
usually  some  shade  of  green,  but  sometimes  white  or 
black.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica,  magnesia,  and 
lime,  with  oxyd  of  iron,  and  sometimes  oxjil  of 
manganese.  It  occurs  as  a  constituent  of  levas,  trap, 
and  basalt,  and  also  of  many  of  the  primar)-  rocks. 
DilTerenl  varieties  have  received  the  names  Sahlite, 


AUG 

Diopside,  Fussaitf,  Cocculite,  Baikalitr,  and  Oniphacite. 
Common  nsbostus  is  often  only  a  fibrous  uugitc. 
AU-GlT'ie,  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  augite  ;  resembling  augitc,  or  par- 
taking of  its  nature  and  characters. 

2.  Composed  of  augite,  or  containing  augitc  as  a 
principal  constituent ;  as,  augitic  rocks ;  au/ritic  por- 
phyry. 

AUG-MENT',  I'.  «.  [Ft.  augmentrr  ;  li.  augmeuto,aH<r- 
mentum,  from  augeo,  auri,  to  increase  ;  Gr.  ui*l<o, 
nt(w,  which  seeins  to  be  the  Eng.  to  waz,  or  to  eke; 
Sax.  eacan.] 

1.  To  increase  ;  to  enlarge  in  size  or  extent ;  to 
swi:ll ;  to  make  bigger ;  as,  to  aiignirnl  an  army,  by 
reenforcemeiit ;  rain  augments  a  stream. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  increase  or  swell  the  degree, 
amount,  or  magnitude  ;  as,  impatience  auifmcnls  an 
evil. 

AUG-ME\T',  11.  i.    To  increase ;  to  grow  larger;  as, 

a  stream  augments  by  rain. 
AUG'MENT,  n.    Increase ;  enlargement  by  a;ldition  ; 

state  of  increase. 

2.  In  philology, a  syllable  prefixed  to  a  word ;  or  an 
increase  of  the  iiuantity  of  the  initial  vowel. 

3.  In  medicine,  the  increase  of  a  disease,  or  the 
period  intervening  between  its  attack  and  higlit. 

Parr. 

AIJG-MENT'A-RLE,  a.    That  may  be  increased  ;  ca- 
pable of  augmentation.         IVal.A's  Jlmcr.  Review, 
AUG-.MEXT-A'TION,  n. 

1.  The  act  of  increasing,  or  making  larger,  by  addi- 
tion, expansion,  or  dilatation. 

2.  The  state  of  being  increased  or  enlarged. 

3.  The  thing  added  by  w  liich  a  thing  is  enlarged. 

4.  In  music,  a  tloubling  the  value  of  the  notes  of 
the  subject  of  a  fiigut;  or  canon.  Busby. 

.Augmentation  Court ;  in  Knghind,  a  ctmrt  erected 
by  27  lien.  VIII.,  to  augment  the  revenues  of  the 
crown  by  the  suppression  of  monasteries.  It  was 
long  ago  dissolveil.  F.ncyc. 

.Augmentation,  in  heraldry,  consists  in  addition.il 
charges  to  a  coat-armor,  often  given  as  marks  of 
honor,  and  generally  borne  on  the  escutcheon  or  a 
canton.  F.ncyc. 

AUG-MENT'A-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  or  pow- 
er of  aiigiuenting. 

AUG-iME.\T'EK,  n.    He  that  augments. 

AUG-MEi\T'I\(l,  ;)pr.    IncreiLsing;  enlarging. 

AU'GUR,  n.  [L.  augur.  The  first  syllable  is  from 
avis,  a  bird  ;  but  the  meaning  and  origin  of  the  last 
syllabic  are  not  obvious.] 

1.  Among  tlie  Romans,  an  officer  whose  duty  was 
to  foretell  future  events  by  the  singing,  chattering, 
flight,  and  feeding  of  birds,  or  by  other  signs  or  omtjns, 
derived  from  (!elestial  ]ihenoinena,  ap|ie,arances  of 
quadrupeds,  or  certain  accidents,  called  dim.  There 
was  a  college  or  community  of  augurs,  originally 
three  in  number,  and  afterward  nine,  four  patri- 
cians and  five  plebeians.  They  bore  a  stafl"or  wand, 
and  were  held  in  great  respect.  Eucyc   Eti.  Eneyc, 

2.  One  who  prctvnds  to  foretell  future  events  by 
omens. 

Wc  all  know  that  augur  un  not  took  at  augur  witliont  Inugiiinf . 

Buckmiiisur. 

AU'GUR,  r.  t.    To  guess ;  to  conjecture  by  signs  or 

omens  ;  to  prognosticate, 
AU'GUR,  V.  L    To  predict  or  foretell ;  as,  to  augur  ill 

success. 

AU'GU-R.\Ij,  a.  [L.  auguratis.]  Pertaining  to  augurs 
or  to  augury.  I'he  Romans  had  their  augural  staff 
and  augural  books. 

AU'GU-RaTE,  v.  i.  To  judge  by  augury  ;  to  predict. 
[Little  used.]  IVnrhurton. 

AU-GU-Ra'TIOI7,  n.  The  practice  of  augiirj-,  or  the 
foretelling  of  events  by  observing  the  actions  of  birds, 
or  certain  other  phenomena. 

AU'GUR-£D,  pp.  Conjectured  by  omens  ;  prognosti- 
cated. 

AU'GI'R-ER,  n.  An  augur.  [Mt  tegilimalc]  Shale 
AU-Gu'RI-.\L,  a.    Relating  to  augurs,  or  to  augury. 

Broicn. 

AU'GUR-I.NG,  pp.  or  a.    Prognosticating  ;  prescient ; 

as,  auguring  hope.  HJial;. 
AU'GUR-IZE,  V.  L   To  augur.    [jVot  in  use] 
AU'GU-R()US,a.  Predicting;  foretelling;  ftireboding. 
AU'GU-RV,  n.    [L.  augurium.] 

1.  The  art  or  practice  of  fiiretelling  events  by  ob- 
serving the  actions  of  birds,  or  other  irtit^nomena, 

2.  .\n  omen  ;  prediction  ;  prognostication.  Sliak. 
AU'GUR-i!>HIP,  n.   The  office,  or  period  of  oflice,  of 

an  augur.  Baron. 
AU-GUST',  a.    [L.  nugustui.    The  first  syllable  of 
this  word  is  probably  from  the  root  of  au'geo,  or  of 
awe.] 

Grand  ;  magnificent ;  majestic  ;  impressing  awe ; 
inspiring  reverence  ;  as,  augu-H  in  visage.  Drydrn. 

This  epithet,  as  a  title  of  honor,  was  first  conferred 
by  the  Roman  senate  upon  Octavius,  alter  confirm- 
ing him  in  the  sovereign  power. 
AU'GUST,  n.  The  eighth  month  of  the  year,  con- 
taining thirty-one  days.  The  olil  Roman  name  was 
Seitilis,  the  sislh  month  from  .March,  the  month  in 
which  the  primitive  Romans,  as  well  as  Jews,  be- 


AUR 

gan  the  year.  The  naiiio  was  changed  to  .iugunl 
in  honor  of  the  emperor  Octavius  AtignstiiH,  on  ac- 
count of  his  victories,  and  his  entering  on  his  first 
ctinsulati!  ill  that  month.  Ocbrlin. 
AU-GUST'Ai\,  a.  IVrtainiiig  to  Augustus;  as,  the 
Augustan  age. 

Tin:  Jiugustan  confession,  or  confession  of  Augs- 
burg, drawn  upat  Jlugusta  yindetinirnm,  nr  .\ilgsburg, 
by  l.iither  and  !\Irl.inrhllnm,  in  l.'):)0,  I'ontaiiis  the 
principb'S  of  the  Protestants,  and  their  re.isoiis  for 
sejiarating  from  the  Roman  (^atliidic  church.  Eucyc. 

The  .Augustan  history,  {kisturia  .Augusts ;)  a  seriei 
of  Roman  historians,  who  wrote  the  lives  of  the 
Roman  empi  rors,  from  Adrian  to  C'ariiius  inclusive  ; 
a  pi  riod  of  I(i7  years.  P.  Cyc. 

The  Augustan  age  of  any  natiimal  literature,  is  the 
supposed  period  of  its  highest  state  of  purity  and  re- 
finement. So  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  h:is  been 
called  the  .Augustan  age  of  Erencli  literature,  and 
that  of  Uuecn  Anne,  the  Augustan  age  of  English 
literature. 

AU-GUST-I.N'I-A.V?,  n.  pi.  Those  divines,  who,  from 
St.  .Aiigustin,  maintain  that  grace  is  elfixtiial  from 
its  nature,  absolutely  and  morally,  not  rcdatively  and 
gradually.  Eucyc. 

i\l!-(;|lST'IN'S,  \  n.  pi.    An  order  of  monks,  so 

AU-(;(jST-h\"I-ANS,  !  called  frtmi  St.  Auguslin  ; 
popularly  called  Au.tliu  fnars.  They  originally  were 
hermits,  but  were  congregated  into  one  body  by  Po|ie 
Alexander  IV.,  under  Lanfranc,  in  1-2M.  They 
clothe  in  black,  and  make  one  of  the  four  orders 
of  mendicants.  F.ncyc. 

AU  GUST'NESS,  71.  Dignity  of  mien;  grandeur; 
magirificence. 

AUK,  ».  [Provincially  a/A'.  Ij.  alca.]  A  popular  name 
applied  to  different  species  of  aquatic  birds  of  the 
genus  .Alea,  and  order  Anseres  ;  as,  the  great  auk  or 
northern  penguin,  the  little  auk  or  black  and  white 
diver,  the  Labrador  auk  or  putlin,  &.C, 

AU-LA'RI-AN,  71.  [L.  aula,  a  hall.]  At  Oxford,  the 
member  of  a  hall,  as  diMtinguishca  from  a  collegian. 

Chalmers. 

AU-LET'IG,  a.    [Gr.  ai  Xrjri/tot,  from  <iiXoj,  a  pipe.] 

Pertaining  to  pipes  or  to  a  pipi".    [Little  used.] 
AU'LIC,  a     [L.  aulicus,  from  aula,  a  hall,  court,  or 
p.alacc  ;  Gr.  un  A/;.] 
Pertjiining  to  a  royal  court. 

The  Aulic  Council,  was  a  suprema  court  of  the 
former  German  empire  ;  properly  the  supreme  court 
of  the  emperor,  as  the  Inqierial  Chamber  was  that  of 
the  empire.  Its  olliccrs  were  appointed  immediately 
by  the  emperor,  except  the  vice-chancellor,  who  was 
appointetf  by  the  archbishop  of  iMentz.  It  was  com- 
posed of  a  president,  who  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  a 
vice-chancellor,  and  eighteen  councilors  or  a.ssessors, 
nine  of  whom  were  Roman  Catholics,  and  nine  Prot- 
est^mts  ;  or,  according  to  the  statement  of  others,  only 
six  were  required  to  be  Protestants,  but  their  vote, 
when  unanimous,  was  reckoned  equal  to  that  of  .all 
the  rest.  Its  decisions  were  without  appeal,  but  sub- 
ject to  the  ratification  of  the  emperor.  It  always  fol- 
lowed the  emperor's  court,  the  established  scat  of 
which  was  at  Vienna.  It  ceased  at  the  death  of 
each  emperor, and  was  renewed  by  his  successor.  It 
became  extinct  when  the  German  empire  was  dis- 
solved in  1600.  F.ncyc.    IleUs.    P.  Cyc. 

'J'he  term  aulic  council,  is  now  applied  to  a  council 
of  the  war  dcpartinciit  of  the  .'Austrian  empire,  and 
the  members  of  dill'i  rent  provincial  chanceries  of  that 
empire,  are  called  ii«/tc  councilors.  P.  Cyc, 

The  Aulic,  in  some  European  universities,  is  an 
act  niainUiined  by  a  young  divine,  on  being  .admitted 
a  doctor  of  divinity.  It  begins  by  an  harangue  of  the 
chancellor  addressed  to  the  young  doctor,  atXer  which 
he  receives  the  cap  and  presides  at  the  jluiic  or  dis- 
putation. Eneyc, 
AU-.MaIL',  r.  t.    [Fr.  fmaiV.]    To  figure  or  v.ariegate. 

[.Yut  wicd,]  Spenser, 
AU.M'URV.    Pee  AMnur. 

XU.ME,  «.  A  Dutch  measure  for  Rhenish  wine,  con- 
taining 40  English  gallons.  Eneyc 

AUjVE,  (own,)  n,  [Fr.;  a  contraction  of  aulne  ;  L.  ulna.] 
A  French  cloth  meiusure,  but  of  dilferent  lengths 
in  dilfi  rent  parts  of  the  country.    At  Rouen,  it  is  an 
English  ell;  at  Calais,  1.52;  at  Lyons,  l.Olil ;  at 
Paris,  0.9.7.  Eneyc 

XUXT,  II.    [L.  amiM,  contracted.    Qii.  Fr.  («n«/'.J 
The  sister  of  one's  father  or  mother ;  correlative  to 
nephew  or  niece. 

AU'R.A,  n.  [L.  from  Hcb.  IN',  lar,  a  stream  ;  Gr.  avpa. 

"See  Am.] 

Litrrally,  a  breeze,  or  gentle  current  of  air;  but 
technically  used  to  denote  any  subtde,  inrisible  fluid, 
supiH)sed  to  flow  from  a  boily  ;  an  effluvium,  emana- 
tion, or  exhalation,  as  the  aroma  of  tlowers,  the 
fidor  of  the  blood,  a  supposed  fertilizing  emanation 
from  the  pollen  of  flowers,  &c. 

Epilept-.c  aura,  {aura  cpiirptica:)  a  sensation  as  of  a 
current  of  air,  rising  from  some  part  to  the  head, 
preci'ding  an  att<ack  of  epilepsy. 

FJcclrie  aura:  a  supposed  electric  fluid,  em.anating 
from  an  dectrified  body,  and  forming  a  mass  sur- 
rounding it,  called  the  eleetrie  atmosphtre.  [.See  At- 
mosphere, Electric] 


TONE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  — AiV'GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


AUR 


AUT 


AU'KATH,  Ji.    [^Supposed  to  be  from  aurum,  gold.] 

A  sort  of  pear. 
AU'RATE,  ti.    [L.  aurum^  gold;  Fr.  or;  from  tlie 
Hi  h.  and  Cli.  "iiN,  lisrht,  fire,  and  to  shine,  from  its 
coliir;  Ir.  or;  VV  jur;  Corn,  our;  Basque,  urrca; 
Arm.  aur,  gold.] 

A  combination  of  auric  acid  with  a  base ;  as,  aurate 
of  potash. 

AU'KA-TED,  a.     {h.  auralus.}     Resembling  gold; 
golden-colored  ;  gilded. 
•2.  Combined  with  auric  acid. 
Ar'RE-A'i'E,  a.    Golden;  gilded. 
AL'-Rli'LI-A,  71.    [from  auruiji,  or  aur,  gold,  from  its 
color.    t?ee  Chrysalis.] 

In  cnlomoloirij,  the  nymph,  chrjsalis,  or  pupa  of  an 
insect;  a  term  applied  to  insects  in  their  second  stage 
of  transformation,  particularly  when  quiescent,  and 
inclosed  in  a  hardish  case,  reflecting  a  brilliant, 
pol.l.*n  color,  as  in  some  of  the  Lepidopteni. 
ALT-KE  LI-A.\,  a.    Like  or  pertaining  to  the  aurelia. 

Ilumplircif.^. 

AU-Rf.'LI-AX,  n.  An  amateur  collector  and  breeder 
of  insects,  particularly  of  the  Lepiduptera. 

AU-Re'0-L.\,  n.    [L.  aiiruin,  gold.] 

The  circle  of  rays  with  which  painters  surround 
the  head  of  Christ  and  the  saints. 

AU'Rie,  a.  [from  atirum,  gold.]  Pertaining  to  gold. 
The  auric  acid  is  that  combination  of  gold  and  o.\y- 
gen,  in  which  the  oxygen  is  in  the  greatest  propor- 
tion to  the  gold,  or  the  sesquioxyd. 

AU'RI-CLE,  n.    [L.  auricula,  dim.  from  auris,  the  ear.] 

1.  The  external  ear,  or  that  part  of  the  ear  which 
is  prominent  from  the  head. 

2.  The  auricles  of  the  heart  are  two  muscular  sacs, 
situated  at  its  base,  and  exterior  to  the  ventricles ;  so 
called  from  their  resemblance  to  tlie  auricle  or  ex- 
ternal ear  of  some  quadrupeds.  Their  sijstole,  or 
contraction,  corresponds  to  tile  diastole  of  the  ven- 
tricles, and  vice  versa.    They  receive  tlie  Wood  from 

.  the  veins,  and  communicate  it  to  the  ventricles. 

Encyc.  Chtiinbcrs. 
AU'RI-CLED,  a.    Having  appendages  like  ears. 
AU-RIt''lI-L.\,  71.    A  species  of  Primula,  called,  from 

the  shape  of  its  leaves,  beards  ear. 
AU-Rie'lJ-L.\R,  a.  [from  L.  auricula,  the  ear.] 

1.  Pertaining  t  >  the  ear,  or  to  the  sense  of  hearing. 

2.  Secret ;  told  in  the  ear  ;  as,  auricular  confession. 

3.  Recognized  by  the  ear ;  known  by  the  sense  of 
hearing;  as,  auWcuiar  evidence. 

4.  Received  or  traditional ;  known  by  report ;  as, 
auricular  traditions.  Bacon. 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  auricles  of  the  heart.  Cijc.  Med. 
.Auricular  fcatkers  ;  in  birds,  the  circle  of  feathers 

surrounding  the  opening  of  the  ear. 

AU-Rie'lI-LAR-LV,  adv.    In  a  secret  manner;  by 

"  way  of  whisper,  or  voice  addressed  to  the  ear. 

AU-Rie'U-LATE,  a.  In  botany,  having  lobes  or  ap- 
pendages like  the  ear  ;  shaped  like  the  ear. 

.\n  auriculale  leaf  has  small  appended  leaves  or 
lobes  on  each  side  of  its  petiole  or  base. 

AU-Rie'U-L.\-TED,  a.  Having  appendages,  like  the 
ear  ;  as,  the  auriculated  vulture,  so  called  because  it 
has  a  projection  of  the  skin,  or  fleshy  crest,  extend- 
ing from  each  ear  along  the  side  of  the  neck. 

Ed.  Encyc.  Caricr. 

AU-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  aurifer,  {roui  aurum,  gold, 
and  fcro,  to  produce.! 

That  yields  or  produces  gold  ;  as,  auriferous  sands 
or  streams.*  Thom.ioa. 

AU'RI-FORM,  a.    [L.  auris,  the  car,  and  forma.] 
Ear-shaped  ;  having  the  form  of  the  human  ear. 

AU-RI'GA,  71.  [L.,of  aurca,  nrm,  a  head  stall,  a  bridle, 
and  re^a,  to  govern  or  manage.] 

1.  Literally,  the  director  of  a  car,  or  wagon.  In 
astronomy,  the  Wagonitr,  a  constellation  in  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  situated  between  Perseus  and  Gem- 
ini. 

2.  The  fourth  lobe  of  the  liver ;  also,  a  bandage 
for  the  sides.  Qtiincy. 

AU-RI-Ga'TION,  n.  fL.  auri>a.]  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  driving  horses  harnessed  to  carriages, 

AU-RIG'RA-PHY,  n.  The  art  of  writing  with  gold 
instead  of  ink. 

Ai;-KI-I'IG-.ME.\'TU.M.    Sec  Orpimem. 

ALT-RI-SeALP'I-UJI,  n.  [L.  aum,  ear,  and  scalpo,  to 
scr.ipc.J 

An  instrument  to  clean  the  ears ;  used  also  in 
operations  {if  surgery  on  the  ear. 
AC1U.-<T,  71.   [I*  u*n.«,  ear.]   One  skilled  in  disorders 

of  the  ear,  or  wli<i  professes  to  cure  them. 
AU'KOCIIS,  71.    ((;.  uriick.1,  the  ure-ur,  uru.i  and  uj-.] 
The  tinn  or  bison  of  Poland  ;  considereil  by  somr 
OK  the  cominnn  ox  in  a  wild  st-ite,  but  regarded  by 
Ciivier  as  a  distinct  species.   liones  nearly  analogous 
to  llnne  of  the  niirwhs,  but  iniirli  larger,  h.'ive  beoii 
found  foHMl  in  the  northern  parts  of  both  continents. 
Al VKI-'l'EI),  a.     [Ij.  auritiL^,  from  auris,  the  e.'ir.] 
Ran  d  ;  having  lobi'ii  or  appendages,  like  the  car  :  a 
U-iin  employed  bmh  in  !oo/«yy  and  botany. 
Al'  Rfi'RA,  n.    [)..  aurora:  .*^ans.  arun ;  Ch.  and 
'  lleb.  TIN  light,  and  ij?  to  raise.] 

1.  'I'he  rinne  light  of  the  morning ;  the  dawn  of 
day,  or  morning  twilight. 
9.  The  goddem  of  the  mominK,  or  twilight  dciflrd 


by  fincy.  The  poets  represented  her  as  rising  out  of 
the  ocean,  in  a  chariot,  with  rosy  fingers  dropping 
gentle  dew. 

3.  .\  species  of  crowfoot.  Johnson. 

Jiuro'ra  borea'lis,  or  Lumen  boreair ;  northern 
twilight ;  popularly  called  northern  lurhts.  This 
species  of  liglit  usually  appears  in  streams,  ascend- 
ing toward  the  zenith  from  a  dusky  line  a  few  de- 
grees above  the  northern  horizon.  Sometimes  it 
assumes  a  wavy  appearance,  as  in  America,  in 
March,  1782,  when  it  overspread  the  whole  hem- 
isphere. Sometimes  it  appears  in  detached  places  ; 
at  other  times,  it  almost  covers  the  hemisphere.  .\s 
the  streams  of  light  have  a  tremulous  motion,  they 
are  called,  in  the  Shetland  Isles,  merry  duncrrs. 
They  assume  all  shapes,  and  a  variety  of  colors,  from 
a  paie  red  or  yellow  to  a  deep  red  or  blood  color ;  and 
in  the  northern  latitudes,  serve  to  illuminate  the 
earth  and  cheer  the  gloom  of  long  winter  nights. 

Auro'ra  au.-ttra'lis ;  a  Corresponding  phenomenon 
in  the  southern  hemisphere  ;  the  streams  of  light 
ascending  in  the  same  maimer  from  near  the  soutli- 
ern  horizon. 

AU-Ro'R.\L,  a.  Belonging  to  the  aurora,  or  to  the 
ni'riliern  lights;  resembling  the  twilight.  E.  Qoodnch. 

AU'RU.M,  «.    [L.    See  Ai  rate.]  Gold. 

Jlu'runi  ful'minans,  (fulminating  gold,)  is  a  pre- 
cipitate, obtained  by  ammonia,  from  a  solution  of 
gipld  in  nitro-iuuriatic  acid.  'I'liis  precipitate  is  of  a 
brown  yellow,  or  orange  color,  ami  when  exposed  to 
a  moderate  heat,  detonates  with  considerable  noise. 
It  is  a  compound  of  auric  acid  and  tiie  oxyd  of  aiu- 
Iiionium. 

Jin'rum  mosa'icum,  or  musi'vum  ;  a  sparkling  gold- 
colored  substance,  obtained  by  heating  a  mix- 
ture of  sulphur  and  oxyd  of  tin  in  a  close  vessel. 
The  elements  of  the  oxyd  unite  with  separate  |)oi- 
tions  of  the  sulphur,  forming  sulphurous  acid,  and  the 
aurum  vtusivuni,  which  last  is  a  deiit*)-sulphuret 
(deuto-sulphid)  of  tin.  It  is  used  as  a  pigment. 
AUS-CUL-Ta'TION,  71.  [L.,  from  antiq.  aiise;  Gr. 
oi'f,  oi'oj,  the  ear,  and  cultus,  from  colo,  to  use  or 
exercise.] 

1.  The  act  of  listening,  or  hearkening  to. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  method  of  distinguisliing  diseases, 
particularly  in  the  thorax,  by  observing  tlie  sounds 
in  the  part,  generally  by  means  of  a  tube  applied  to 
the  surface.  Laennec. 

AUS-eUL'TA-TO-RY,.  a.  Pertaining  to  hearing  or 
listening. 

AU'SPI-e.xTE,  V.  t.  [L.  auspicor.]  To  give  a  favor- 
able turn  to,  in  coinmeuciiig ;  a  sense  taken  from  the 
Roman  practice  of  taking  the  auspicium,  or  inspec- 
tion of  liirds,  before  they  undertook  any  important 
business.  Buckets  Hrfections. 

2.  To  foreshow.  B.  Jutison. 

.^TJ'SPICE,     I  71,  pi.    [L.  au.^icium,  of  avis,  a  bird, 

AU'SPI-CES,  j     and  specio,  to  inspect.] 

1.  'J'he  omens  of  an  undertaking,  drawn  from 
birds  ;  the  same  as  Augurt,  which  see. 

2.  Protection  ;  favor  shown  ;.  patronage ;  influ- 
ence. In  this  sense  the  word  is  generally  plural, 
auspices. 

AU-SPr'CIOUS,  (aus-pish'us,)  a.  [See  Auspice.] 
Having  omens  of  success,  or  favorable  appearances  ; 
as,  an  auspicious  beginning. 

2.  Prosperous;  fortunate;  applied  to  pcrsojis ;  as, 
auspicious  chief.  Drydcn. 

3.  Favorable  ;  kind  ;  propitious  ;  applied  to  persons 
or  thintrs  ;  as,  an  auspicious  mistress.  ShaJc. 

AU-SPI"CIOUS-LY,  adv.     With  favorable  omens; 

happily;  prosperously;  favorably;  propitiously. 
AU-SPl"CTOUS-XESS,  n.   A  state  of  fair  promise; 

prosperity. 

AUS'TER,  71.    [L.J    The  .south  wind.  Pope. 
AU-STeRE',  a.   [L.  aitsto-its.]   Severe  ;  harsh  ;  rigid  ; 

stern  ;  appiteti  to  persons;  as,  an  austere  master;  an 

austere  look. 

2.  Sour  with  astringency;  harsh;  rough  to  the 
taste  ;  applied  to  things  ;  as,  austere  fruit  or  wine. 
AU-STP.RE'LY,  adv.    Severely  ;  rigidly  ;  harshly. 
AU-STeRE'NESS,  71,    Severity  in  manners;  harsh- 
ness ;  austerity. 
2.  Roughness  in  taste. 
AU-STER'I-TY,  71.    [L.  aM,5«cnto.?.]   Severity  of  man- 
ners or  life;  rigor;  strictness;  harsh  discipline.  It 
is  particularly  applied  to  the  mortifications  of  a  mo- 
nastic life,  which  are  called  austerities. 
AUS'TRAL,  (7.    [L.  australis,  from  auster,  the  south 
"  wind,  or  south.] 

Southern  ;  lying  or  being  in  the  south  ;  as,  austral 
land  ;  austral  ocean. 

Jlustral  siijns ;  the  last  six  signs  of  the  zodiac,  or 
those  south  of  the  equator.  Encyc. 
AUS-TRAL-A'.-!|A,  ii.  [aiutral  nt\A  Asia.']    A  name 
"given  to  the  countries  situated  to  the  south-i;ast  of 
Asia,  coiiipri  hending  TVew  Holland,  New  Guinea, 
New  Zealand,  &c.  Pmkcrtim. 
A.L'S-TRAI,-A'SI.\.N',  o.    Pertaining  Ui  vVustralasia ; 
'  as,  Jin  -itraln-^inn  regions. 

AIIS-TltAI^A'SlA.\,  11.    A  native  of  .Australasia. 

AUS-TRA'LI-A,  ii.  A  name  given  by  some  recent 
geocrapliers  to  all  the  Oce  anic  reuions  between  Asia 
and  America,  and  more  especially  to  New  Holland, 


xvhicli  is  also  called  the  continent  of  Australia,  or  i 
the  Austral  continent.  I 

AUS-TR.A'LI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Australia,  or  to 
New  Holland.  The  natives  of  New  Holland,  I'roiii 
their  resemblance  to  the  African  negroes,  are  called 
Australian  or  Austral  negroes. 

AUS-TllA'LLAN,  h.    A  native  of  .\ustralia. 

AUS'TRAL-IZE,  r.  i.  To  tend  toward  the  south  or 
south  pole,  as  a  magnet.  Brown. 

AUS'TRI-,V.\,  a.  [from  .iustria.  This  word  is  formed 
with  the  Latin  termination  ia,  country,  from  CE.,- 
terreich,  the  German  name,  which  is  eastern  rick, 
ea.stern  kingdom,  so  called  in  reference  to  the  west- 
ern dominions  of  Charli'magne.] 

Peruiiiiing  to  .Austria  ;  properly,  a  district  of  Ger- 
many, situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Danube,  between 
Bavaria  and  Hungary  ;  ori!.'iii;illy  a  marqiiisate,  then 
a  duchy,  and  finally  an  archduchy,  of  the  German 
empire.  The  term  was  afterward  applied  to  a  circle 
of  the  German  empire,  including  the  former  ;  and 
since  the  dissolution  of  the  German  empire,  (181)0,) 
it  Ikus  been  extended  to  an  empire,  including  exten- 
sive territories,  in  South-eastern  Germany  and  the 
adjoiiiin<!  countries. 

AUS'TIU-A.V,  71.    A  native  of  .Austria. 

AL'S'TIUNE,  a.    [L.  anstrinus,  froih  auster,  south.] 
Southern  ;  southerly.  Johnson. 

AUS'TUO-E-GVP'TIA'N,!!.  [L.  a«.v!pr  and  Eunjption.] 

1.  II.  A  southern  Egyptian,  supposed  to  have  origi- 
nated frcuii  Ethiopia. 

2.  a.  Relating  to  the  southern  Egyptians. 
AUS'TRO-.MAN-CY,  ?i.  [from  ouster,  the  south  wind, 

or,  aniongthe  poets,  wind  in  general,  and  Gr.  iiaiTcio, 
diviiiatimi.] 

.Soothsaying,  or  prediction  of  future  events,  from 
observations  of  the  winds.  Encyc. 
./iU'TI.R  DROIT,  (o'let  drvii.,)  [Law  Fr.]  Another's 
ri^'ht. 

A  U  TER  FOITS,  (6'ter  fwS  ;)  a  word  comiiosed  of  the 
French  autre,  another,  and /uitv, time,  introduced 
into  law  biiigiiage,  under  the  Norinan  princes  of  Eng- 
land. It  signifies,  at  another  time,  formerly  ;  as,  auler- 
foits  acijuit,  auterfotts  attaint,  auterfntts  convict,  formerly 
acquitted,  attainted,  or  convicted,  which  being  spe- 
cially pleaded,  is  a  bar  to  a  second  iirosecution  for 
the  same  olfense.  Blackstone. 

Aulerfoits  acquit  [Law  Fr.]  The  plea  of  a  for- 
mer acquittal. 

Auterfoits  attaint.  [Law  Fr.]  The  plea  of  a  for- 
mer attainder. 

Auterfoiis  convict.    [Law  Fr.]   The  pica  of  a  for- 
mer conviction. 
AU'TER  ylE,  (o'ter  vee,)  [Law  Fr.]    Another's  life. 

Tenant  pour  auter  vie  :  one  who  Iiolds  an  e.state  by 
the  life  iif  another.  Blaekslone. 
AU-TIIEN'TIC,  )a.  [Fr.  aiilAciid'^MC  ;  It.  and  Sp. 
AU-TlIE.N'Tie-AL,  \  autenlieo  ;  Low  L.  atitJienticus, 
from  the  Gr.  avUirrtKoi,  frtmi  ovtitvToi,  an  author 
or  maker ;  one  who  does  any  thing  by  his  own  right ; 
also,  one  who  kills  himself.  Tiie  first  syllable  is 
from  avT  {,  which  is  probably  from  the  root  of  author, 
auctur ;  and  the  sense  of  self-murderer  seems  to  in- 
dicate that  the  other  constituent  of  the  word  is  from 
•Jti'w,  iew:',  to  kill,  but  the  primary  sense  of  which 
is,  to  strike,  to  drive  or  thrust  with  the  hand,  &c. 
In  the  Word  bi^fore  us,  the  sense  is  to  throw,  or  to 
set  ;  hence  authentic  is  set,  fixed,  made  or  made  cer- 
tain bv  the  author,  by  one's  own  sclf.l 

1.  Having  a  genuine  original  or  aiitliorily,  in  oppo- 
sition to  that  which  is  false,  fictitious,  or  counterfeit  ; 
being  what  it  purports  to  be  ;  genuine  ;  true  j  applied 

to  things  ;  as,  an  authentic  paper  or  register.  1 

2.  Of  approvetl  authority  ;  as,  an  aiifAriific  writer.  I 

3.  In  law,  vested  with  all  due  formalities,  and 
legally  attested. 

4.  ill  mu.<ic,  having  an  immediate  relation  to  the 
key-note  or  tonic  ;  in  distinction  from  plural,  having 
a  corresponding  relation  to  the  filth  or  dmninant,  in 
the  octave  below  the  kev-note. 

Authentic  melodies  :  those  which  have  their  princi- 
pal notl^s  between  the  key-note  and  its  octave  ;  in 
distinction  from  pla^al  melodies,  which  have  their 
principal  notes  in  the  ocUive  below  the  fifth  of  tlie 
key. 

Authentic  moods  or  tones  :  in  the  ancient  eh  iireh  music,  ' 
the  four  ninods,  introduced  by  ."^t.  Ambrose,  in  which 
the  principal  notes  ofthe  melodies  are  contined  witliin 
the  octave  above  the  key-mite  ;  in  distinction  from 
the  ;i/«,'ii'  loiioils  i>r  rn«r.<,  introduced  by  Gregory  the 
Great,  in  which  the  priiicip  il  notes  ofthe  m-lodies 
are  confined  within  the  octave  below  the  fifth  of  the 
kev.  F.nrye. 

Aiilhenlic  or  perfect  cadence;  the  chord  or  harmony 
of  tlh;  dominaiil,  I'lilloweil  by  that  ofthe  tonic,  or 
the  progression  of  the  doiiiinaiit  to  the  tonic  ,  in  ilis- 
tinctioii  from  the  phfjiil  ciidrnce,  the  chord  of  the 
fourth  or  siibilominant,  followed  by  that  of  the  Ionic, 
or  the  progression  of  the  subdoiiiiiiant  to  the  tonic. 

Ciillrott. 

AU-T1IE.\'TIC-.AL  LY,  arfii.    In  an  nuthenlic  man- 
'"  ncr  ;  with  the  requisite  or  genuine  authority. 

Brown. 

AU-THEN'TIC-AI--NESS,  «.  The  qnalitv  of  being 
i     authentic;   genuineiiejis ;   the  quality  ot*  being  of 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  VVII^T.  —  Mi5TE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLK,  BQQK. — 


86 


AUT 


AUT 


AVA 


gooil  aiitlioiity  ;  authentic ily.    [Tlie  latter  word  id 
geiirrallii  u.mll]  Barrow. 
AU-Tllt:N"TlC  ATK,  r.  (. 

1.  To  rcTuliT  aiittii  iitic ;  to  gix'e  autliority  to,  by 
llii-  imHil,  atli  st;ilii)ii,or  luriiialitifs, rcciuiifd  by  biw, 
or  sullicioiit  to  eiititlt;  to  cri'ilit. 

The  king  6;Tvea  only  .n  «  iiouiry  lo  aulhenticnte  Uie  clu'ic  nt 
Jmlg  ».  Uurke. 

2.  'I'o  dcleriiiiiie  as  genuine  ;  as,  to  autliniticale  a 
portrait.  Walpole. 

AlJ-Tlli;\'Tie-A-TEr),  ;>/'•  Ki^ndercd  authentic  ; 
"  havine  received  the  forms  whicli  prove  genuineness. 
Al'-'l"llK.\'Tlt;-A-TL\(;,  Pit.    CiviuR  authority  by 

the  necessary  signature,  seal,  attestation,  or  otlier 

forms. 

Air-TIIKN-TI€^.^'TrON,  ?(.  The  act  of  authentici- 
"tius;  the  giving  of  autliority  by  the  necessary  I'or- 

nuilities  ;  ciinfinnatiou. 
AU-TIlKN-TIC'f-TY,  n. 

1.  'I'lie  quality  of  being  authentic;  of  established 
authority  for  truth  and  correctness. 

2.  Genuineness;  the  quality  of  being  of  genuine 
original.  [In  later  writers,  especially  tiiose  on  the 
evidences  of  Christianity,  this  term  is  restricted  in 
its  u.se  to  the  lirst  of  tlie  above  meanings,  aiid  dis- 
tinguished from  irenaitteiifjsn.  "  It  may  be  of  use," 
says  Bishop  Watson, "  to  static  the  diir<'rence  between 
lire  genuinenejis  and  the  autJitiiticitij  of  a  book. 
.V  ffenaine  book  is  that  which  was  written  by  the 
person  whose  name  it  bears.  .\n  aiithriitic  book  is 
that  which  relali  s  matters  of  fact,  its  they  really 
happened."    .^patifry  for  the  Htbtr.] 

AU-TMEN'Tie-NEritf,    «.     Authenticity.  [Rardy 

AU'TllOR,  n.    [L.  auctor ;  Ir.  u^'kilar  ;  W.  iiwilur  ; 
"  Ft.  autriir  ;  Sp.  aulnr :  It.  aiitorr.    The  Latin  word 
is  from  the  root  of  ausea,  to  increase,  or  cause  to 
enlarge.'  The  primary  sense  is  one  wlio  brings  or 
causes  to  come  forth.] 

1.  line  who  produces,  creates,  or  brings  into  being; 
as,  f5od  is  the  author  of  the  universe. 

2.  The  beginner,  former,  or  lirst  mover  of  any 
thing  ;  hence,  the  etlicient  cause  of  a  thing.  It  is 
appn)priately  applied  to  one  who  composes  or  writes 
a  bixik,  and  in  a  more  general  sense,  to  one  wliose 
occupation  is  to  compose  and  write  books. 

AU'TllOR,  e.  (.    To  occasion  ;  to  effect.    [A'ut  used.] 
Aa'TlIOR-ESS,  n.    A  female  author. 
XU-THO'RI-.AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  author.  Fjl.  Ren. 
AU'TllOR-LESt!,  o.    Without  an  author  or  authority. 
AU-THOR'I-TA-TIVE,  a. 

1.  Having  due  autliority.  Pearson, 

2.  Having  an  air  of  authority  ;  positive  ;  peremp- 
tory. J>ie(/"(. 

AU-TIIOU'I-TA-TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  an  authoritative 
"manner;  with  a  sho\y,  of  authority ;  with  due  au- 
thority. 

AU-TIIOR'I-TA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  authoritative  ;  an  acting  by  authority  ;  author- 
itative appearance. 

AU-THOR'!-TV,  n.    [L.  auclorita.-!.] 

1.  Legal  power,  or  a  right  to  connnand  or  to  act ; 
as,  the  auOtoritij  of  a  prince  over  subjects,  and  of 
parents  over  chddren.    Power  ;  nile  ;  sway. 

2.  The  power  derived  t>om  opinion,  respect,  or 
esteem  ;  influence  of  character  or  otiice  ;  credit ;  ;is, 
the  anUturity  of  age  or  example,  which  is  siibiiiitted 
to  or  respected,  in  some  iiie:u-ure,  as  a  law,  or  rule  of 
action.  That  which  is  claimed  in  justification  or 
support  of  opinions  and  measures. 

:).  Testimony  ;  witness ;  or  the  person  who  testi- 
fies ;  as,  the  Gosi>els  or  the  evangelistji  are  ourantAor- 
iticj  for  the  minicles  of  (,'hrist. 

4.  Weight  of  testimony  ;  credibility  ;  as,  an  histo- 
rian of  no  autliority. 

5.  \Veiglit  of  character;  re.«pectability ;  dignity; 
a.s,  a  magistrate  of  great  authtirity  in  the  city. 

0.  Warrant ;  order  ;  permission. 

By  wh;>l  authority tloen  Ihoii  Ihcsc  Uiiii*ii  ? —  M.^tt.  xjci.   AcU  ix. 

7.  Precedents,  decisions  of  a  court,  official  decla- 
rations, resjitctable  opinions  and  sayings,  also  the 
books  that  contain  them,  are  called  authorities,  as 
they  iiilluence  the  opinions  <if  others  ;  and  in  late, 
the  decisions  of  supreme  courts  have  a  binding  force 
upon  inferior  courts,  and  are  called  autJionties. 

8.  Government;  the  persons  or  the  body  exer- 
cising power  or  command  ;  a-s,  the  local  authnritirs  of 
tlie  States.  .Marshall. 

In  Conttrctieut,  the  justices  of  the  peace  arc  ileiioni- 
inated  the  ciuil  atitltorittj. 

AU-TIIOR-l-7.A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  giving  author- 
ity, or  lesal  power ;  establishment  by  authority. 

AU'TIIOR-IZE,  ».  L    [Ft.  autoriser;  S|).  aitluritar.] 

1.  To  give  authority,  warrant,  or  legal  power  to  ; 
to  give  a  right  to  act ;  lo  enqiower  ;  as,  to  authorize 
commissioners  to  settle  the  boundary  of  the  State. 

2.  'I'o  make  legal ;  as,  to  autlinrize  a  marriage. 

3.  To  establish  by  authority,  as  by  usage,  or  pub- 
lic opinion  ;  as,  idioms  authori-.eil  by  usage. 

4.  To  give  authority,  credit,  or  repimuion  to  ;  as, 
to  autlwriie  a  rejKirt,  or  opinion. 

5.  To  justify  ;  to  support  lus  right ;  as,  suppress  de- 
sires which  rea-son  does  not  attthorize. 


Indigenous. 


AU''1'I1()U  IZ-AD,  pii.  or  a.  Warrantid  by  light; 
"supported  or  established  by  authorilj- ;  deriveil  from 
1<  gal  or  proper  authority  ;  having  power  or  authority. 
AU'TIIOK-I/.-l.NC,  ppr.  Giving  authority,  or  legal 
"  power,  credit,  or  periuissi(m. 

Al/'TllDU-SIUP,  It.  [iiiithur  and  ship.]   The  quality  or 
"  st:it(!  of  lifing  an  aullior.  Shiiftishnrij. 
AU-Tt)-l!r-()-(;RAPiri€-,\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
taining autobiographv. 
AU-'i'0-I!I-0-(iKAPII'l('-AL-LY,  adr.  In  the  way  or 

manner  of  autobiography. 
AU-T(;-m-OG'KA-PIIV,  n.    [Gr.  aurot,  and  bio^'ra- 
"j'/'i/.J 

The  biography  or  memoirs  of  one's  life  «  ritl<  n  by 
one's  self.  H'alsh. 
AU-TOOII'TUON,  n.     [Gr.   avTo\Pi;v;  avTui  and 
XOtov.] 

1.  LiterttUij,  one  who  rises  or  springs  from  the 
same  ground  or  from  the  soil  he  inhabits  ;  hi  ni  i',  an 
aboriginal,  or  native.  This  title  was  assumed  by 
the  ancient  Greeks,  particularly  the  Athenians. 

2.  That  which  is  original  to  a  particular  country, 
or  wliu  h  had  llicre  its  lirst  origin. 

A(J-T(H:il-ril().\'lC, 
AU-TOGII'TIK)  .NOUS, 
AU-T()C'R-V-GV,  n.    [Gr.  uurof,  self,  and  Koaro^. 
power,  or  Koarn,),  to  govern,  to  take  or  hold.] 

1.  Independent  or  absolute  power  ;  suprv'ine,  un- 
controltrd,  unlimited  authority  or  right  of  governing, 
in  a  single  person. 

2.  Sole  right  of  self-government  in  a  State.  Barlnw. 
AU'TO-CRAT,  )n.  [Gr.  ax>T iKparwp.]  An  ab- 
AlI-TOCKA-TOR,  j     solute  prince  or  sovereign;  a 

ruler  or  inoiiarcli  who  holds  and  exercises  the  powers 
of  government  by  inherent  right,  not  subject  to  re- 
striction ;  a  title  assumed  by  the  ein|)erurs  of  Russia. 

Tuohe. 

2.  A  person  invested  with  absolute  indepi  iident 
power,  by  which  lie  is  rendered  unucconiitable  for 
his  actions. 

3.  This  title  was  conferred  by  the  Athenians  on 
their  generals  and  embassadors  when  invested  with 
unlimited  powers.  F.iicijc. 

.MJ-TO-tRAT'lC,       \a.    Pertaining  to  autocracy  ; 

AL'-T()-€K  AT'K'-.\L,  (  absolute  ;  holding  independ- 
ent and  uiiliniited  powers  of  government.  Ktott. 

AU-TO-€R.\T-OR'l€  .-\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  autoc- 
rator ;  supreme ;  absolute  ;  as,  autucraiorical  power. 

Pearson. 

AU-TOe'RA-TRIX,  n.  A  .female  sovcriugn,  who  is 
independent  and  absolute  ;  a  title  given  to  the  eni- 
Iiresses  of  Russia.  Tooke. 

AU'TO  DA  F0,  (au-to-di-fa',)  [Port. ;  Span,  auto  de 
fi,  act  of  faith.] 

1.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  solemn  day  held 
by  the  Inipiisition,  for  the  piinishinent  of  heretics, 
and  the  absolution  of  the  innocent  accused.  Kiicye. 

2.  A  sentence  given  by  the  Inquisition,  and  read 
to  a  criminal,  or  heretic,  on  the  scaffold,  just  before 
he  is  executed.  Sp.  Vict. 

3.  The  session  of  the  court  of  Inquisition. 
AU-TOG'E-NOUS,  a.    [Gr.  .ivtos  and  jtci-iuj.] 

Generating  itself. 
AU'TO-GR.\PIl,      I  n.    [Gr.  avro;,  self,  and  ypatjiri, 
AU-TUG'RA-PIIY,  j  writini;.] 

A  person's  own  hand-writing;  an  original  man- 
uscript. 

AU-TI)G'RA-P1IAL,  a.    Of  the  particular  hand-writ- 
ing of  an  iiidiviilual. 
AU-TO-GR.\PiriC,       (a.    Pertaining  to  an  auto- 
AU-TO-GR.\Pirie-.\L,  J     graph,  or  one's  «wn  hand- 
writing. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  used  in  the  process  of  autog 
rapliy,  which  see. 

AU-TOG'RA  PIIY,  n.  A  process  in  lithography  by 
which  a  writing  or  drawing  is  transferred  from  paper 
to  stone.  Ure. 

AU'TO-,MATH,n.   [Gr.  avTo{,  and  (/oi-O.ii/w,  to  learn.] 
One  who  is  sclf-iauglit.  Youiur. 

AU-TO-.MAT'ie,        (  a.    Belonging  to  an  aiilonia- 

AU-TO-MAT'ie-AL,  I  ton;  having  the  |)owiT  of 
moving  itself;  applied  to  machinery.  Slrirart. 

2.  Not  voluntary  ;  not  depending  on  the  will  ;  a])- 
plied  to  animal  motions. 

The  term  automatic  is  now  applied  to  self-acting 
machinery,  or  such  as  has  within  itself  tlie'power  of 
regulating  entirely  its  own  iiiovenients,  allhoiigh  the 
moving  force  is  derived  from  without ;  and  lo  what 
pertains  to  such  inacliinery  ;  as,  automatic  opi  rations 
or  improveineiit-i. 

antatic  arU  i  such  economic  arts  or  manufactures 
as  are  carried  on  by  self-acting  machinery.  Ure. 

AIj-TO.M'A-TO.\,  11.  [Gr.  .iuT«ymri<« ;  ai'nj,  .self, 
and  paut,  miweo,  motiui.  The  Greek  plural,  automata, 
is  sometimes  used ;  but  the  regular  English  plural, 
auttnnatons,  is  preferable.] 

A  self-inoving  machine,  or  one  which  has  its  mov- 
ing power  within^ itself.  The  moving  power  is 
usually  a  spring. or  weight,  particularly  the  former. 
The  terra  is  generally  applied  to  iiiarhines  construct- 
ed so  as  to  iiniUite  the  fonu  and  iiiotions  of  men  or 
animals. 

Al  -ro.M'A-TOUS,  o.  Having  in  itself  the  power  of 
motion.  BrotBiu 


AU-TO\ro-l.ITE,  «.  [Gr.  iiuro/ioAus,  a  deserter;  so 
calli  d  iViiiii  Ihe  large  portion  of  oxyd  of  zinc  it  con- 
tains, iliouKh  it  has  no  resemblance  to  an  ore.] 

A  iiiiiu  ral,  occurring  cry.stallized  in  sniall,  dark- 
green  octahedrons  ;  allied  to  spinel,  but  cuiit'iiiiing 
abtiiit  :{0  piT  cent,  of  oxyd  of  zinc,  in  coiiibiiialion 
with  alumina  and  oxyd  of  iron.  It  was  called 
Githiiitr,  from  Galiii,  its  discoverer. 

AU-T()-.\r)'.Ml-A.\,  a.    Pertaining  to  autonomv. 

AII-TO.N'O-.MOUS,  a.  [Itifra.]  Independent  'in  gov- 
ernment ;  having  the  right  of  self-goveriiii;ent. 

AI.'-TO.\'0-.MY,  »i.    [Gr.  uuruf,  self,  and  to^ot,  law. 

"rub-.] 

The  power  or  right  of  self-governmen',  whether 
in  a  city  which  elects  its  own  magistr.ites  and  makes 
its  own  laws,  or  in  an  individual  who  lives  atcori!- 
ing  lo  his  own  will.    [Rarely  lucd.j  Fiietic  Joliiisoii 

AU'TO-l'IST-V, /I.    [Gr  aur.,5  a.id  ridri .".] 

Iiilirnal  worlhiiiess  of  belief ;  '.he  (piality  of  credi- 
bility existing  in  Itself,  indepundeul.  of  external  cir- 
ciinistance^j. 

AlJ-T<)l"Sie-AL.    Pee  Autoptic-.»l. 

A  1I'T()P-SY,  It.    [Gr.  uui  i-i^.u  ;  uuraj,  self,  and  u^if, 

"sight.] 

Personal  observation  or  examination  ;  ocular  view. 

Ray. 

Cadiireric  autopsy  ;  ip  itiedici'ie,  dissection  of  a  dead 
boily,  for  the  purpose  of  bsceilaining  the  cause,  seat, 
or  nature  of  a  disease. 
AU-TUP''ITe-.\L,  a.    Seen  with  one's  own  eyes. 

Johnson. 

AU-TOP'Tie-AL-LY,  a</e.  By  means  of  ocular  view, 
or  one's  own  ob-i^rvalioii.  Broien. 

[Jlutopsy  and  it-i  di'rivatives  are  rarely  used,  except 
by  medical  writers.) 
AU'Tr.M.N',  (aii'tiiiii,)  n.     [L.  aufH7nni«,-  "  Etymon 
niulliiiii  lunpieliir."  .^iiisicorth.] 

'I'hi-  third  season  of  the  year,  or  the  season  between 
suiiiini-r  ami  wiiit'T.  Astroiiomicall}',  it  begins  at  the 
ecpiiiiox,  wh'-ii  the  sun  enters  Libra,  and  ends  at  the 
winter  solstice  ;  but  in  popular  language,  nutiiiiin 
comprises  September,  October,  and  November, 
'riie  jjolik-n  pomp  of  autumtx,  Irving. 
AU-TIJ.M'.\AL,  a.  Belonging  or  peculiar  to  autumn  ; 
as,  an  autumnal  tint  ;  produced  or  gathered  in  au- 
tiiiiin  ;  as,  autumnal  fruits  ,  flowering  in  autumn  ;  as, 
an  autumnal  plant. 

.Autumnal  pniot ;  the  point  of  the  equator  intersect- 
ed by  the  ecliptic,  as  the  sun  proceeds  southward  ; 
the  first  point  of  Libra. 

Jiidnniittil  ciiuinoi.;  the  time  when  the  sun  crosses 
the  equator,  as  it  proceeds  southward,  or  when  it 
passes  the  autumnal  point. 

Auiutnuid  sii^us ;  the  signs  Libra,  Scorjiio,  and  Sa- 
gittarius, through  which  the  sun  passes  between  the 
aiituniiial  equinox  and  winter  solstice. 
AUX-Is'SlS,  n.    [Gr.  nu^vffi?,  increase.] 

Literulhj,  an  increasing.    In  rheturie,  a  figure  by 
which  any  thing  is  magnified  too  much  ;  an  exorna- 
tion,  when,  for  amplification,  a  more  gnive  and  niag- 
iiifici'iit  word  is  put  for  the  proper  word.  Encyc. 
AL'X-ET'ir,  a.    Amplifying  ;  increasing.  Hatch. 
AI  '.X-IL'I  AK,      )  a.  [L.  aiui/iarb,  from  aiu-i/iiim,  aid, 
ALX-IL'I  A  RY,  j     aiirilioT,  to  aid.] 

Helping  ;  aiiling  ;  a.ssisting ;  subsidiary ;  conferring 
aid  or  support  by  joint  exertion,  influence,  or  use ;  as, 
auxiliary  troop-^. 

JJnriliary  scales ;  in  music,  the  six  keys  or  .scales, 
consisting  of  any  key  major,  with  its  rel.itive  minor, 
and  the  attendant  ki  ys  of  each.  lUl.  F.ncyc. 

AL'X-IL'I.A-RIES,  (awg-zil'ya-rcz,)  n.  pi.  Foreign 

troops  in  the  service  of  nations  at  war. 
At'.\-1L'I.\  RY,  (awg-zil'ya-re,)  11.    A  helper ;  an  as- 
sistant :  a  confederate  in  some  action,  autcrprise,  or 
undertaking. 

2.  In  aramtnar,  a  verb  which  helps  to  form  the 
modes  and  tenses  of  other  verbs  ;  called,  also,  an 
auxiliary  verb;  as,  hare,  be,  may,  can,  do,  tnu.<t,  shail, 
and  tcill,  in  English  ;  6tre  and  aroir,  in  French  ;  urer« 
and  rssrre,  in  Itali;in;  rv/ar  and  haher,  in  Spanish.] 
A  VAIL',  r.  t:  H'r.  raloir,  to  be  wortli  ;  L.  raJio,  to 
be  strong  itr  able,  to  profit,  to  be  of  force  or  aiitliorit,v  ; 
Sp.  rii/(  r,  to  be  valuable,  to  avail  or  prevail,  to  be 
biiiiliiig,  lo  be  woilli;  U.  valerc,  to  be  worth,  to  be 

useful,  to  profit  or  avail ;  Eng.  well ;  Ar.  balUu 

The  primary  sense  is,  lo  stretch  or  extend,  whence 
strength,  value.] 

1.  To  profit  lUie's  self;  to  turn  to  advantage  ;  fol- 
lowt'd  by  the  proiiuniis  myself,  thyself,  himself,  herself, 
itself,  oitrselrrs,  ijaurselres,  tlieindclres,  with  of  before 
the  thing  used  ;  as,  let  bim  avad  himself  of  his  li- 
cense. 

2.  To  a.ssist  or  profit ;  to  aid  in  effecting  a  design, 
or  bringing  it  to  a  successful  issue  ;  as,  what  will 
skill  a/-at/  us  against  numbers,'  .Artifices  will  not 
araiY  the  sinner  in  the  day  of  j  .dgment 

.\-VAIL',  r.  i.  To  be  of  use  or  advanuage ;  to  answer 
the  puipose  ;  as,  strength  witliout  jiidgnieiil  will  rare- 
ly aru'l.  (»eiienUly,  it  signifies  to  have  strength,  force, 
or  efficacy  sufficient  to  accomplish  the  object  ;  xs,  the 
plea  in  bar  must  acad,  that  is,  be  sufficient  to  defc:it 


TONE,  BJjLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUS  G  ««  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


S7 


AVE 


AVE 


AVE 


the  suit ;  tliis  scliciue  will  mil  arail;  iiiediciiu-s  will 
nut  arail  to  check  the  disease  j  suppositiuns,  without 
proiif,  will  not  araif. 
A-VaIL',  h.  Profit ;  ailvantajie  toward  success  ;  ben- 
ctit ;  as,  labor,  williout  economy,  is  of  little  actiU.  It 
seems  usually  to  convey  the  idea  of  otficacious  aid  or 
strength. 

A-VaIL-A-BIL'I-TV,  7!.  Availaldcness. 
A-VaIL'A-BLE,  a.  Profitable  ;  advantageous  ;  having 

efficacy  \  as,  a  measure  is  more  or  less  acmlahlc, 
2.  Having  sufficient  powjr,  force,  or  efficacy,  for 

the  object ;  valid  ;  as,  an  available  plea. 

Laws  human  are  availaHe  by  consent.  Haoker. 

A-VaIL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Power  or  efficacy  in  pro- 
moting an  end  in  view. 

2.  Competent  power ;  legal  force ;  validity  ;  as,  the 
avaUablpytf.ss  of  a  title. 

A-V.^IL'A-BLY,  ailc.  Powerfully  ;  profitably  ;  advan- 
tageously ;  validly;  ethcaciously. 

A-VaIL'IN"G,  p/jr.  Turning  to  profit ;  using  to  advan- 
tage or  effect ;  assisting;  profiting. 

A-VaIL'AIENT,  «.  Profit ;  efficacy  ;  successful  issue. 
[Litat  used.] 

A-vAlLS',  H.  j>l.  Profits  or  proceeds.  It  is  used,  in 
New  England,  for  the  proceeds  of  goods  sold,  or  for 
rents,  issues,  or  profits. 

AV-A-LANGE^  '  \       t^''-'         avalfr,  to  descend.] 
A  snow-slip ;  a  mass  or  body  of  snow  or  ice  sliding 
down  a  mountain. 

This  is  a  French  term,  originally  applied  to  the 
masses  of  snow  or  ice  precipitated  from  the  Alps,  but 
is  now  applied  to  similar  pheniffiiena  in  other  high 
mountains.  It  is  also  applied  to  similar  falling  masses 
of  earth  or  rock  ;  and,  fiirurativrhj^  to  any  sudden  or 
violent  act  or  impulse  of  human  masses. 

A-VaLE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  avaUr,  to  let  down  ;  aval,  down- 
ward.] 

1.  To  let  down  ;  to  lower ;  to  cause  to  descend  ;  as, 
to  avale  a  sail.  Ouwer. 
Phcebas  '^aii  avale 
lUs  weary  wain.  Spenser. 

Q.  To  depress ;  to  make  abject ;  as,  to  avale  the  sov- 
ereignty. IFotton. 
A-V'aLE',  v.  i.    [Fr.  avaler,  to  descend.] 

To  fall,  as  rain,  or  the  tide  ;  to  descend ;  to  dis- 
mount. Cliaucer.  Spenser. 
A-VaNT',  7!.  The  front  of  an  army.  IJVotused.]  [See 
Van.] 

.a-VAJ^'T€OU'RllER,  (a-ving'koo'reer,)  n.  [Fr. 
See  CouRiEn.]  A  person  dispatched  before  anoth- 
er person  or  company,  to  give  notice  of  his  or  their 
approach. 

A-VXNT'-GUSRD,  n.    The  van  or  advanced  body  of 

an  army.    [See  Vanguard.] 
.W'A-RICE,  n.    [Ij.  avaritia,  from  avarus,  from  accu, 

to  covet.] 

An  inordinate  desire  of  gaining  and  possessing 
wealth  ;  covetousness ;  greediness  or  insatiable  de- 
sire of  gain.  Shak. 

Avarice  slieils  ?i  bluslinj  influence  over  the  fincBt  atTections  and 
swectrsl  conilbru  of  nianliintl.  BuckmineUT. 

AV-.^-IU"CIOUS,  a.  Covetous  ;  greedy  of  gain  ;  im- 
moderately desirous  of  accumulating  property. 

AV-A-KI"CIOUS-LY,  arfo.  Covetously;  with  inordi- 
nate desire  of  gaining  wealth.  OoliUmitli. 

AV-.VKI"CIOUS-NE.SS,  «.  The  quality  of  being  av- 
aricious ;  insatiable  or  inordinate  passion  for  property. 

AV'A-UOUS,  a.    Covetous.    [JVot  used.]  Goirer. 

A- VAST',  eiclam.  [It.  basta.,  en(High  ;  literally,  it  suf- 
fices, from  bastare,  to  sufiice  ;  Pits.  4a,s,  enough  ;  Uu. 
D.  hoad  vasty  hoa^  va^t,  hold  fast.] 

In  sramrn^s  tantri/aire,  cease  ;  stop  ;  stay. 

AV-A-TXU',  or  A-VX''PAR,  n.  A  Hinddo  word,  de- 
noting tile  descent  of  a  deity  in  a  visible  form  or  in- 
carnation. 

A-VAUi\"T',  eiclam.    [W.  ihant,  begone.] 

begone  ;  depart ;  a  word  of  contempt  or  abhor- 
rence, equivalent  to  the  phrase  "  Get  thee  gone." 
A'VE,  71.    An  ave-m:iry. 

A'VE-.Ma'KY,  n.  [from  the  first  words  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  prayer  to  the  Virgin  Mary;  L.  aac,  Maria, 
hail,  Mary.) 

1.  A  form  of  devotiim  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
church.  Their  cbaplets  and  rosaries  are  divided  into 
a  certain  ninnbiT  of  ave-marjs  and  paternosters. 

2.  A  parlir  iilar  tiuie,  in  Itoriuin  Catholic  countries, 
about  half  an  hour  after  sunset,  and  also  at  early 
dnwn,  ivhcii  the  bells  ring,  and  the  people  repeat  the 
ave  niary.  Ci/c. 

AV-E-.NX'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  avenaeeus,  from  aucna,  oats  ; 
Fr.  auiiine.] 

Ueliuiging  to  or  partaking  of  Ibe  nalure  of  oats. 
AV'E-.NAGE,  II.  [Fr.l  A  certain  quautily  of  oats  paid 
by  a  tenant  to  a  landlord  in  lien  of  rent  or  ollu  r  duty. 

Eiinic 

AV'EN  ER,  )  n.  [Norm.  Fr.]  In  Kny/«/i  feudal' law, 
AV'EN-OIl,  (     un  officer  of  the  king's  Btables,  whose 

dutv  wriM  t4)  provide  oats. 
A-VFi.\GE',  (tt-vcnj',  I  ».  (.    [Vr.  vrn^rr ;  P'p,  vmnar ; 

Vuri.vingar  ;  I,.  vimUz.   In  Sax.  ui/inan,  tu  contend, 

to  gutn,  to  win.] 
I.  To  take  aatiifaction  for  an  Injury  by  punishing 


the  injuring  jwrty  ;  to  viudic;ile  by  inflicting  pain  or 
evil  on  the  wrong-doer. 

Slull  not^Goil  avenge  liis  ou  n  elect  ?  —  Lu];e  xviii. 

Aoenge  ine  of  iny  aUveniary. —  lb.  vcr.  3. 

In  these  examjiles,  avenge  implies  that  the  evil  in- 
flicted on  the  injuring  party  is  a  satisfaction  or  jus- 
tice done  to  the  injured,  and  the  party  vindicated  is 
the  object  of  the  verb. 

2.  To  take  satisfiction  for,  by  pain  or  punishment 
inrticted  on  the  injuring  party. 

He  will  avenge  the  blood  of  liis  servants.  —  Dcut.  xxxii. 
Here,  the  thing  for  which  satisfaction  is  taken  is 
the  k  bject  of  the  verb. 

3.  To  revenge.  To  avenirc  and  revenue,  radically, 
are  synonymous.  But  modern  usage  inclines  to  make 
a  valuable  distinction  in  the  use  of  these  words,  re- 
stricting avenge  to  the  taking  of  just  punishmeiil,  and 
reventre  to  the  infliction  of  pain  or  evil  maliciously,  in 
an  illegal  manner. 

4.  To  punish  ;  as,  to  avenrrc  a  crime.  Dnjden. 

5.  In  the  passive  fiinn,  this  verb  signifies  to  liLive 
or  receive  just  satisfaction,  by  the  punishment  of  tlie 
oflender. 

Sliall  not  my  soul  be  avenged  on  such  a  nation  its  this  ?  —  Jer.  v. 

A-VENGE'ANCE,  n.  Punishment.  [JVot  used.  See 
Venoeanx-e.] 

A-VE.\G'£D,  />/).  Satisfied  by  the  punishment  of  the 
ofT'iider  ;  viiulicated  ;  punislied. 

A-VE\GE'ME\T,  n.  Vengeance;  punishment;  the 
act  of  taking  satisfaction  for  an  injury  by  inflicting 
pain  or  evil  on  the  offender ;  satisfaction  taken  ;  re- 
venge. 

A-VE.\G'ER,  II.  One  who  avenges  or  vindicates ;  a 
vindic;itor;  a  revenger. 

A-VE\G'EI{  ES.S,  n.    .\  female  avenger.  Spenser. 

A-VE.\'G'1.\G,  p/ir.  Executing  vengeance  ;  taking  sat- 
isfaction for  an  injury  by  the  punishment  of  the  of- 
fender ;  vindicating. 

AV'EXS,  n.    The  herb  bennet,  (Oeum  urbanum.) 

AV'ENTjAlLE,  n.  The  movable  part  of  a  helmet  in 
front.  Ilalliwell. 

AV'E.\-TINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  Mons  .^vcntinus,  one 
of  the  seven  hills  on  which  Rome  stood.  Bniant. 

A-VEN'TIJKE,  n.  [Fr.  avcnture,  from  L.  ve'nio,  to 
come,]  ■ 

A  mischance  causing  a  person's  death  without  fel- 
ony ;  as  by  drowning,  or  falling  from  a  house.  [See 
AovENTi'itE.]  Cowel. 

A-VENT'lJ-RlNE,  )  n.    [Fr.  aventurine.]    A  variety 

A-VA.\T'U-RINE,  )  of  translucent  quartz,  spangled 
throughout  with  scales  of  j'ellow  mica. 

AV'E-NuE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  veuir,  to  come  or  go;  L. 
venio.] 

I.  A  passage ;  a  way  or  opening  for  entrance  into 
a  place  ;  any  opening  or  passage  by  which  a  thing  is 
or  may  be  introduced. 

9.  An  alley  or  walk  in  a  park  or  garden,  planted 
on  each  side  with  trees,  and  leading  to  a  house,  gate, 
wood,  &c.,  and  generally  terminated  by  some  dis- 
tant object.  The  trees  may  be'in  rows  on  the  sides, 
or,  according  to  the  more  modern  practice,  in  clumps 
at  some  distance  from  each  other.  Encyc. 

3.  A  wide  street,  as  in  Washington,  Columbia. 
A-VER',  V.  t.    [Fr.  averer ;  It.  avverare,  to  aver,  or 
verify  ;  Arm.  quirya,  from  the  root  of  verus,  true  ; 
Ir.  feur  or  Jir ;  W.  awir ;  Corn,  vir;  Ger.  walir ;  D. 
■wafir.    See  Verify.] 

1.  To  affirm  with  confidence  ;  to  declare  in  a  pos- 
itive or  peremptory  manner,  as  in  confidence  of  as- 
serting the  truth.  Priur. 

2.  In  law,  to  offer  to  verify.    [See  Averment.] 
AV'ER-AGE,  ji.    [.Norm,  aver,  avers,  cattle,  money, 

goods,  Sp.  averio,  from  aver  or  haber,  Fr.  avoir,  to 
have  or  possess.  In  ancient  law,  a  duty  or  service 
which  a  tentint  was  bound  to  render  to  his  lord,  by 
his  beasts  anil  carriages  or  instruments  of  husbandry. 
Spelman.  But  averatriuni  signifies  also  the  loss  of 
goods  in  transport:ition ;  Sp.  averia,  damage  sus- 
tained by  goods  or  ships;  Port,  avaria,  an  allowance 
out  of  freight  to  the  in:ister  of  a  ship,  for  damage  sus- 
tained ;  contribution  by  insurers,  to  make  good  a 
loss;  It.  avaria;  Dan.  AnernV,  damage  of  a  ship  or 
waste  of  goods,  e.vti;iordinary  charges  during  a 
voyage.  If  avaria  signifies  damage,  and  is  from 
aver  or  haber,  Spani-li,  to  have,  the  sense  of  the  word 
is  probably  that  which  lutpjiens  or  f;ills,  a  misfortune, 
for  the  verb  have  and  happen  are  radically  the  same 
word  ;  Spanish,  haber,  to  have,  and  to  happen  or  be- 
fall ;  also,  fortune,  property.  This  would  give  the 
sense  of  damage,  or  of  pnipnrticn,  lot,  share,  that 
which  falls  to  each  of  a  niiniher.  But  the  primary 
sense  is  not  very  obvious.] 

1.  In  eommerce,  a  conlribiition  to  a  general  loss. 
When,  forthe  safety  of  a  ship  in  distress,  any  destriic- 
tiou  of  property  is  incurred,  either  by  cutting  away 
the  masts,  throwing  goods  overboard,  or  other  means, 
all  persons  who  have  goods  on  board,  or  property  in 
the  ship,  ctmtribiite  to  the  loss  according  to  llieir 
average,  that  is,  the  goods  of  each  on  board.  This 
principli',  introdiicid  into  the  coniiiierce  of  Europe 
from  the  Ithodian  biws,  and  recognized  by  the  regu- 
lations of  Wisby,  is  now  an  estalilislnul  rule  in  the 
maritiinif  laws  of  Europe ;  for  it  is  most  reasonable 


th;it,  when  one  man's  luops-rty  is  siicriticed  to  save  a 
ship,  all  persons  whose  propi'tiy  is  saved,  or  in  like 
hazard,  sliouUi  bear  their  pri'P'ntiou  of  the  loss. 

Park.    B.awes.  Spelman. 

2.  From  the  practice  of  contributing  to  bear  los.ses 
in  projiortion  to  each  man's  property,  this  «'oril  has 
obtained  the  present  popular  sense,  which  is,  tli;it  of 
a  mean  proportion,  medial  sum  or  (piantity,  made  out 
of  unequal  sums  or  quantities.  Thus,  if  A  loses  5 
dollars,  B  9,  and  C  IG,  the  sum  is  30,  and  tlie  av- 
erage 10. 

3.  A  small  duty,  payable,  by  the  shippers  of  goods, 
to  the  master  of  the  siiip,  over  and  ;ibove  the  freight, 
for  his  care  of  the  goods.  Hence  the  expression  in 
bills  of  lading,  "  p:iyiiig  so  much  freight,  with  pri- 
mage and  average  accustomed."       Cuwel.  Encyc. 

4.  In  England,  the  bl'e:iking  up  of  cornfields,  eddish, 
or  roughings.  Jlsh. 

5.  Averages,  in  the  English  corn  trade,  denotes 
the  average  amount  of  prices  of  the  several  kinds  of 
grain  in  tlie  principid  corn  markets. 

Upon  or  on  an  average,  is  taking  the  mean  of  un- 
equal numbers  or  quantities. 

,\V'ER-AGE,  a.  Medial;  containing  a  mean  propor- 
tion.   Price.  Beddoes.  Kirwan.  Edtvards^s  fVest  Indies. 

AV'ER-AGE,  v.  t.  To  find  the  mean  of  unequ;il  sums 
or  quantities;  to  reduce  to  a  medium;  to  divide 
aniiuig  a  iiumUer,  according  to  a  given  proportion  ; 
as,  to  average  a  loss. 

AV'ER-AGE,  V.  i.  To  form  a  mean  or  medial  sum  or 
quantity ;  as,  the  losses  of  the  owners  will  average 
25  dollars  each.  Cli.  Obs.  x.  522,  xi.  3U2. 

These  spars  zverage  ten  feet  in  lengtli.  Belknap. 

AV'ER-AG-£D,  pp.  Reduced  or  formed  into  a  mean 
proportion,  or  into  shares  proportioned  to  each  nnin's 
property.  Jefferson. 

AV'ER-AG-ING,  ppr.  Forming  a  mean  projiiution 
out  of  unequal  sums  or  quantities,  or  reducing  to  just 
shares  according  to  each  man's  property. 

A-VER'.MENT,  71.  [See  Aveii.J  Afliruiation ;  posi- 
tive assertion  ;  the  act  of  averring. 

2.  Verification  ;  establishment  by  evidence. 

Bacon. 

3.  In  pleading,  an  ofler  of  either  jiarty  to  justify  or 
prove  what  he  alleges.  In,  any  stage  of  ple;idmt'  , 
when  either  party  advances  new  matter,  he  are,:,  \\ 
to  be  true,  by  using  this  form  of  words,  "  and  this  lie 
is  ready  to  verify."    This  is  called  an  averment. 

Blaclistone. 

A-VER'NAT,  71.    A  sort  of  grape.  Johnsori. 

A-VER'NI-.\N,  a.  Pertaining  to  Avernus,  a  lake  of 
Cainp;inia,  in  Italy,  famous  for  its  poisonous  qualities, 
which  ancient  writers  represent  as  so  iiudigiiant  as 
to  kill  fowls  flying  over.  Hence,  as  authors  tell  us, 
its  name  n  jokij,  without  birds.  Virgil.  Mela.  Strabo. 

AV'ER-PE.M-NY,  71.  Money  paid  toward  the  king's 
carriages  by  laud,  instead  of  service  by  the  beasts  in 
kind ;  or  money  paid  in  lieu  of  the  service  of 
average.  Burn.  Spelman. 

A-VER'RKD,  (a-vcrd',)  pp.  Affirmed  ;  laid  with  an 
averment. 

A-VER'RING,  ppr.  AfTirming ;  declaring  positively  ; 
ofl'eriug  to  justify  or  verify. 

A-VEll'RU-lST,  H.  One  of  a  sect  of  peripatetic  phi- 
losophers, who  ajipearcd  in  It;ily  before  the  restora- 
tion of  learning;  so  denomiiuited  from  .\verroes,  a 
celebrated  Arabian  author.  They  held  the  soul  to  be 
mortal,  though  they  pretended  to  submit  to  the 
Christian  theology.  Encyc. 

AV-ER-RyN'eAT'E,  v.  t.  [L.  averrunco,  of  ad  and 
erunco,  from  runco,  to  weed,  or  rake  away.] 

1.  To  root  up ;  to  scrape  or  tear  away  by  the  roots. 

Jludibvas. 

2.  To  prune. 

AV-ER-RUN-Ca'TION,  71.  The  act  of  tearing  up  or 
raking  away  the  roots. 

2.  The  act  of  pruning,  or  cutting  ofi"  superfluous 
branches.  Cur. 

AV-ER-RUN-€a'TOR,  71.  In  arborirullure,  an  instru- 
ment for  pruning  trees,  consisting  of  two  bhides  fixed 
on  the  end  of  a  rod;  so  constructed  as  to  operate  like 
a  iiair  of  shears.  ISranile. 

.W-ER-Sa'TION,  71.    [I,,  aversor.    See /Vvebt.] 

A  turning  from  with  disgust  or  dislike  ;  aversion  ; 
hatred  ;  disinclination.  .N'(/«(A. 
It  is  iiearlv  superseded  by  Aversion. 

A-VE1!SE',  (avers',)  a.  [See  Avert.]  The  literal 
sense  of  this  word  is,  turned  from,  in  manifestation 
of  dislike.    Hence  the  real  sense  is, 

1.  Disliking;  unwilling;  having  a  repugnance  of 
mind. 

Averte  nlilie  to  flatter  or  offend.  Pojt*. 

2.  Unfavorable  ;  indisposed  ;  malign. 

And  Pallas,  now  nverte,  n'lu»ed  her  aid.  Dri/ilcn 
This  word  and  its  derivatives  ought  to  be  fullowed 
by  to,  and  never  by  from.  This  word  incliidos  the 
iiiea  of  from  ;  but  the  literal  meaning  being  lost,  the 
aU'eiiioii  of  the  mind  signified  by  the  v/iird,  is  ex- 
erted toirard  the  object  of  dislike,  and,  like  itskiiidred 
terms,  hatred,  dislike,  contrary,  repugnant,  &c.,  should 
be  followed  by  to.  Indeed,  it  is  absurd  to  speak  of 
an  nlleditm  of  the  mind  exerted  from  an  object. 


FATE,  FAR,  TfiLL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARmE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI.F,  BQQK.  — 


AVO 

^Bcrse  exprpsst'S  a  less  degree  of  opposition  in  tlie 
iniiui  llian  ilt:testin;r  and  abhurriii^. 

MilUin  twice  uses  averse  in  its  literal  sense  of 
lurneil  uip«;/,  with/rom;  hut  it  is  not  according  to  the 
'      English  idluni. 

3.  Turned  backward  ;  in  a  direction  contrary  to 
progression  ;  as,  tr.icks  avcrsr^  Dnjt/ni. 
A-VKKSiyUY,  (a-vers'ly,)  ado.    With  repugnance  ; 
unwillinKly. 

2.  Backward  ;  bcliind  ;  as,  an  arm  stretched 
apcrsrlij,  Dactnant.  Brown, 

A-VEKSli'NESS,  (n-vers'ness,)  n.  Opposition  of 
mind  ;  dislike  ;  unwillingness  ;  backwaidness. 

Jlvrbcrt. 

A-VER'SIOi\,  n.    [Fr.  OKcrsion.from  L.  averto.] 

I.  Opiiosition  or  repugnance  of  mind  ;  dislilvo  ;  dis- 
inclination ;  reluctance ;  liatrc<l.  Usually  this  word 
expresses  moderate  hatred,  or  opposition  of  mind, 
not  amounting  to  ablwrrcncc  or  dctcsUitwn.  It  ought 
generally  to  be  followed  by  to  before  the  object. 
[See  Averse.]    Sometimes  it  admits  of  fur. 

A  frvrholtliT  is  bred  wiUi  s\i\  avei-aion  lo  •ulijccliun.  Addison. 

S.  Opposition  or  contrariety  of  nature  :  applied  U> 
iuaniinate  vuifstuttces. 

Ma^csin,  iiutwithstaiu'.iii^  tills  ttvertion  to  solution,  fonns  it  kind 
of  paste  with  water.  ^^urcroy,  Trana. 

3.  The  cause  of  dislike. 

P.iin  llifir  arersion,  plciutire  their  tiesire.  Pope. 

A- VERT',  ».  t,    [L.  averto,  a,  from,  and  vrrlo,  to  turn, 
anciently  vorto ;  lience  vertex,  vurtez  ;  probably  al- 
lied to  L.  vario  ;  Eng.  veer ;  Sp.  birar  ;  Etll. 
bari.    Class  Br.] 

1.  To  turn  from  ;  to  turn  oft  or  away  ;  as,  to  avert 
the  eyes  from  an  object.  Sfialc. 

Q.  To  k<!ep  otr,  divert,  or  prevent ;  as,  to  avert  an 
approaching  calamity.  Itooker. 

3.  To  cause  to  dislike.  Hooker.  But  this  sense 
seems  to  be  improper,  except  when  heart,  or  some 
equivalent  word,  is  used  ;  as,  to  avert  the  heart  or 
aflections,  which  may  signify  to  alienate  the  affec- 
tions. Thomson. 

A-VERT',  V.  L   To  turn  away.  Thomson. 

A-VERT'ED,  pp.   Ttirned  from  or  away. 

A-VERT'ER,  K.  One  that  turns  away  or  averts;  that 
which  turns  away  or  averts. 

A-VERT'ING,  ppr.  Turning  from;  turning  away; 
preventing. 

A'Vl-.'V-RY,  n.    [L.  aviarium,  from  avis,  a  bird.] 
A  house  or  inclosure  for  keeping  birds  confined. 

IVutton. 

A-VtDT-OTIS,  o.  [L.avidus.]  Eager ;  greedv.  Bu/r. 
A-VIU'I-OliS-LY,  adv.    [See  Avidity.]     E'agerly  ; 

with  greediness.  Bale. 
A-VID'I-TY,  n.    [L.  aviditas,  from  avidns,  and  this 

from  aveo,  to  desire,  to  have  appetite ;  Heb.  and  Ch. 

n>N  to  desire,  or  covet.] 

1.  Greediness ;  strong  appetite :  applied  to  tlic 
senses. 

2.  Eagerness ;  intensencss  of  desire :  applied  to 
the  mind. 

AV-1-Ga'TO,  j  n.    The  Persea  gratissima  [Laurus 

AV-O-Ca'DO,  j  Persea,  Linn.]  or  alligator  pear,  a 
native  tif  the  West  Indies.  The  tiee  has  a  straight 
stem,  long,  oval,  pointed  leaves,  and  flowers,  each 
with  a  sis-cleft  corolliform  calyx,  produced  in  clusters, 
on  the  extremities  of  the  branches.  The  fruit,  when 
ftillv  ripe,  is  considered  a  delicacy. 

A-Vf(;.N'()N  BER  RY,  (a-veeii'yiuig-,)n.  The  fruit  of 
the  Rlianinus  liifectoriiis,  ami  of  other  species  of  the 
same  genus  ;  so  called  from  the  city  of  Avignon,  in 
France.  The  berry  is  less  than  a  pea,  of  a  yellow- 
ish-green color,  anil  bitter,  astringent  taste  ;  used  by 
dvers  and  painli  rs  for  coloring  yellow.  Encyc. 

A-VI1,E',  c.  (.    [Pr.  nrilir.    See  Vile.] 

To  ilepreciate.    [JVat  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

A- VISE',  (  II.    [Fr.  acis.] 

A-Vrso,  (     Ailvice  ;  intelligence.    [.Xot  in  use.] 
A-VISE',  I'.  I.    To  consiiler.    [JVut  in  iwf.]  Spenser. 
A-VISE'.\IE.VT,  II.    Advisement.    [See  Advice  and 
Advise.] 

/IVO-CAT,  (av'o-ca,)  n.  [Fr.J  An  advocate:  a 
term  applied  to  the  liigher  class  of  French  lawyers 
correstHinding  to  the  English  counselor  at  lair,  antl 
the  Scotch  advocate.  * 

AV'O-e.iTE,  V.  t.    [L.  avoco,  from  a  and  voeo,  to  call. 
See  Voice  and  Vocai-] 
To  call  off  cr  awav.    [JVut  used.]  Barrow. 

.\V-0-eA'TIO\,  n.    [See  Vocation,  Voice,  Vocal.] 

1.  The  act  of  calling  asiile,or  diverting  fitim  some 
employment ;  as,  an  avocation  from  sin  or  from  busi- 
ness. 

2.  The  business  which  calls  aside.  The  word  is 
generally  used  for  the  smaller  affairs  of  life,  or  occa- 
sional calls  which  summon  a  person  to  leave  his  or- 
dinary or  principal  business,  i'he  use  of  this  word 
for  roeution  is  very  improper. 

A-VO'CA-TIVE,  0.    Calling  off.    [AViJ  ttserf.] 
A-VO'CA-TIVE,  n.    That  which  calls  aside;  de- 

horLation  ;  dissuasion.  Todd, 
AV'O-CET,  n.    See  .\voset. 

A-VOII)',  v.  L  [Fr.  vuider,  or  vider ;  ruide,  or  vide, 
Void,  empty  ;   Eng.  wide,   void,  widou3 ;   L.  vidua. 


AVO 

See  Voio.  It  coincides  also  with  L.  vitc,  evito  ;  Fr. 
eviter.    See  Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  shun  ;  to  keep  at  a  distance  from  ;  that  is, 
literally,  to  go  or  be  wide  from  ;  as,  to  avoid  the  com- 
pany of  gamesters. 

2.  To  endeavor  to  shun;  to  shift  off;  as,  to  avoid 
expense. 

3.  To  quit ;  to  evacuate  ;  to  shun  by  leaving  ;  as, 
to  avoid  ttic  house.  Shah. 

4.  To  escape  ;  as,  to  avoid  a  blow. 

5.  To  emit  or  throw  out ;  as,  to  avoid  excretions. 
For  this.  Void  is  now  genorally  usetl. 

6.  To  make  void  ;  to  annul  or  vacate. 

Tlte  jjniiit  ciii  not  be  auoitlcd  without  injustice  to  llie  jmntce. 

Anon, 

7.  In  pleadinfT,  to  set  up  some  new  matter  or  dis- 
tinction, which  shall  avoid,  that  is,  defeat  or  evade  the 
allegation  of  the  other  party.  Thus,  in  a  rejilication, 
liie  plaintiff  may  deny  the  defendant's  plea,  or  con- 
fess it,  and  avoid  it  by  staling  new  matter.  Blackstone. 

A-VOID',  V.  i.    To  retire  ;  to  withdraw. 

Drtvid  avoided  out  of  his  presence'.  —  1  Sum.  xviii.  [Improper.] 
2.  To  become  void,  vacant,  or  empty,  as  a  benefice. 

A-VOID' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  avoided,  left  at  a 
distance,  shunned,  or  escaped. 
9.  That  may  be  vacated  ;  liable  to  he  annulled. 
A-VOID'ANCE,  >i.    The  act  of  avoiding  or  shunning. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  vacant,  or  the  slate  of 
being  vacant.  It  is  appropriately  used  for  the  state 
of  a  benefice  becoming  void,  by  the  death,  depriva- 
tion, or  resign.ation  of  the  incumbent.  Cowcl. 

3.  The  act  of  annulling. 

4.  The  course  by  which  any  thing  is  carried  off. 

Bacon. 

A-VOID'ED,  pp.  Shunned;  evaded;  made  void; 
ejected. 

A-VOID' ER,  n.    One  who  avoids,  shuns,  or  escapes. 
2.  The  person  who  carries  any  thing  away  ;  the 

vessel  in  which  things  are  carried  a\vay.  Johnson. 
A-VOID'L\G,  ppr.    Shunning  ;  escaping  ;  keeping  at 

a  distance;  ejecting;  evacuating;  making  void  or 

vacant. 

.WOID'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  avoided  ;  inevita- 
ble. Dnjilen. 

AV-OIR-DU-POIS',  (.av-er-du-poiz' )  [Fr.  avoir  da 
poiiis,  to  have  weight.    See  Pois.] 

A  weight,  of  which  a  pound  contains  10  ounces. 
Its  proportiiui  to  a  pound  troy  is  .is  17  to  11.  'I'liis  is 
the  weight  for  the  larger  and  coarser  coiniiiodities,a3 
hay,  iron,  cheese,  groceries,  &c.  Chambers. 

AV'b-LATE,  v.  i.  To  tiy  away;  to  escape;  to  ex- 
hale. Boyle. 

AV-0-L.\'TION,  n.  [li.  avolo,  to  fly  away,  of  a  and 
volo.    See  Volatill.] 

The  act  of  Hying  away  ;  flight ;  escape.  [Little 
used.] 

.AV'O-SET,  In.  The  popular  name  of  different 
AV-O-SET'TA,  i  species  of  atpiatic  birds,  of  the 
genus  Rectirvirostra,  arranged  by  LinniEus  in  the 
order  Gralhc,  but  by  Pennant  and  Latham  among 
the  Palmipeiles.  The  bill  of  these  birds  is  long,  slen- 
der, flexible,  and  bent  upward  toward  the  tip.  They 
have  fery  long  legs,  antl  palniated  feet,  which  last 
are  consiiltrred  as  nilapleil  for  wading  on  soft  mud, 
rather  than  for  swimming. 
A-VOIJCir,  V.  U  [Norm,  voucher,  to  call,  to  vouch; 
L.  voco,  advoco.    See  Voice.] 

1.  To  artirm;  to  declare  or  assert  with  positive- 
ness.  llookrr. 

2.  To  produce  or  call  in ;  to  affirm  in  favor  of, 
maintain,  or  support. 

Such  tuiti(}uitics  could  have  b<*en  avouched  for  the  Irish. 

Spenser. 

3.  To  maint.ain,  vindicate,  or  justify.  Shal;. 
A-VOUCII',  II.-.  Evidence;  testimony;  declaration. 

[IMe  XLsrd.]  Shak. 
A-VOUCII'A-BLE,   a.    That   may   be  avouched. 
[Little  used.] 

A-VoL'CirA'D,  (a-voucht',);>p.  Affirmed ;  maintained ; 
called  in  to  support. 

A-VOUCil'ER,  II.   One  who  avouches. 

A-VOUCII'I.NG, /ipr.  Atiirniing  ;  calling  in  to  main- 
tain ;  vindicating. 

A-VOUCH'MENT,  n.  Declaration ;  the  act  of 
avouching.  Shak. 

A-yOU-E',(;.\.-\'6\\-i',)  n.  A  French  term,  originally 
denoting  a  protector  of  a  church  or  religious  commu- 
nity, corresponding  to  the  English  nf/iuicfc;  at  pres- 
ent, applied  to  the  lower  class  of  French  lawyers, 
corresponding  to  the  English  attorney  at  late. 

A-VOW,  r.  t.  [Fr.  avoucr;  Arm.  avoei :  Norm. 
avotver;  L.  voveo.] 

1.  To  declare  openly,  with  a  view  to  jtistify, 
m.aintain,  or  defend;  or  simply  to  own,  acknowl- 
edge, C'  confess  frankly  ;  as,  a  man  avoai  bis  princi- 
ples or  his  crimes. 

2.  In  law,  to  acknowledge  and  justifv,  in  one's 
own  right,  .as  when  the  distrainer  of  goods  defends 
in  an  action  of  replevin,  and  avows  the  taking  in  his 
own  right,  but  insists  that  such  taking  wn.s  legal. 

Blackstone, 

A-VOW",  n.    A  vow  or  determination.    [A'bt  used.] 


AW  A 

A-VO\V'A-BI.E,  a.  That  may  be  avowed,  or  openly 
aeknowli  ilged  with  coiiliileiiee.  Dnnoe. 

A-VOVV'AL,ii.  An  open  declaration  ;  frank  ncknowl- 
etli:inent.  llanie. 

A-VU\V'.\NT,  n.  The  defendant  in  replevin,  who 
avows  the  distress  of  the  goods,  and  justifies  ihc 
taking.  Cuwet. 

A-VO VV'/oD,  (a-vowd')  pp.  Openly  declared  ;  owned  ; 
frankly  acknowledged. 

A-VO\V'ED-LY,  adv.  In  an  open  manner;  with 
frank  acknowledgment. 

A-VOVV-EE',  n.  Sometimes  used  for  advowee,  the  per- 
son who  has  a  right  to  present  to  a  benefice  ;  the 
patron.    [See  Advowson.]  Cutoel. 

A-VOW'ER,  71.    One  who  avows,  owns,  or  assert.s. 

A-VOVV'i.NG,  ppr.  Ojieiily  declaring;  frankly  ac- 
kiio^'ledging  ;  justifying. 

A-VOWRY,  n.    In  law,  the  act  of  the  distrainer  of 

■  goods,  who,  in  an  action  of  replevin,  avows  and  jus- 
tifies the  taking  in  his  own  right.  BlacksiAine. 

When  an  action  of  replt:viii  is  brought,  the  distrain- 
er either  makes  avowry,  that  is,  avows  taking  the 
distress  in  his  own  rigi.*  or  the  right  of  his  wife, 
and  slates  the  reiuson  of  it,  or  makes  co^rnizance, 
that  is,  aeknowled^rcs  the  taking,  but  justifies  it  in 
another's  right,  as  his  bailiff  or  servant. 

A-VOVV'TRV.    See  Advowtrv. 

A-VOY'ER,  n.  [L.  advocaius ;  old  Fr.  «./rof,».]  A  name 
formerly  assumed  by  the  chief  magistrates  of  im- 
perial towns,  and  of  the  Swiss  cities.  [Disused.] 

A-VLILS'/^.D,  (a-vulst',)  a.  [Ste  Avulsion.]  Plucked 
or  pulled  off.  Sheyistone. 

A-VUL'SIO.\,  71.  [L.  avulsio,  from  avello,  a  and  rrtlo, 
to  pull,  coinciding  with  Heb.  and  Ar.  nSo  falah,  to 
separate  ;  Eng.  pull.] 

A  pulling  or  tearing  from  or  asunder;  a  rending 
or  forcible  separation. 

A-WAIT',  ti.  £.  [a  and  ira/f.  Pee  Wait.  Fr.  guetter, 
to  watch  ;  guct,  a  watch ;  It.  guatare,  to  look  or 
watch.] 

Literally,  to  remain,  hold,  or  stay. 

1.  To  wait  for  ;  to  look  for,  or  expect. 

Eetwixt  the  rocky  j}i!I:ini  fiabricl  s-ti, 

Chit-I  of  tlie  angrlic  STuards,  aieaitiug  nijht.  Milton, 

2.  To  be  in  store  for;  to  attend  ;  to  be  ready  for  ; 
as,  a  glorious  reward  awaits  the  good. 

A-WAIT',  n.    Ambush ;  a  state  of  waiting  for. 

Spenser. 

A-WaIT'ING,  ppr.  Waiting  for;  looking  for;  ex- 
pecting ;  being  ready  or  in  store  for. 

A-\VaKE',7?.  I  pret,  .\woKE,  Awaked  ;  pp.  Awaked. 
[Sax.  ^ciciccaii,  jruciflii,  or  weccan;  D.  wekkcn  ;  Ger. 
e 

weehen ;  Sw.  vacka ;  Dan.  vcekke.   The  1i.  vigilo  seems 
to  be  foniied  on  this  root.   See  Wake.] 
1.  To  rouse  from  sleep. 

1  Uwt  1  may  awaJce  him  out  of  sleep.  — John  xi. 
9.  To  excite  from  a  stale  resembling  sleep,  as  from 
death,  stupidity,  or  inaction  ;  to  put  into  action,  or 
new  life;  as,  to  awake  the  dead;  to  aico/vt  the  dor- 
mant faculties. 
A-WaKE',  v.  u  To  cease  to  sleep;  to  come  from  a 
state  of  natural  sleep. 

Jacob  aiMked  out  ol  sleep,  — Gen.  xxviii. 
9.  To  bestir,  revive,  or  rouse  from  a  state  of  inac- 
tion ;  to  be  invigorated  with  new  life ;  as,  the  mind 
awakes  from  its  stupidity. 

AiBOke,  O  swonl,  ajainst  my  shepherd.  —  Zech.  xiii.  *. 

3.  To  rouse  from  spiritual  sleep. 

Avxike,  thou  that  sleepest,  and  arise  from  the  dead,  and  Christ 

sltdl  2ri«-  thee  li jlit.  —  Knh.  v. 
AtxJce  to  ri^teuusne&s.  —  t  Cor.  xv. 

4.  To  rise  from  the  dead.   Job  xiv. 
A-WaKE',  a.    Not  sleeping ;  in  a  state  of  vigilance 

or  action. 

A-VVAK'A'.\,  (a-wa'kn,)  v.  t.  This  is  the  word  awake, 
w'Mi  its  Sa.von  infinitive.  It  is  transitive  orinlmnsi- 
tive,  but  more  frequently  transitive,  as  awake  is 
more  frequently  intmnsitivc.  Its  significations  are 
the  same  ,is  those  of  awakr. 

A-\\'aK'ES-ED,  (a-wik'nil,) pp.  Roused  from  sleep, 
in  a  natural  or  iiiorul  sense. 

A-WaK'£.\-/.'R,  n.    He  or  that  which  awakens. 

A-WAK'i;\-IiV(i,  ppr.  Rousing  from  sleep ;  exciting; 
awaking. 

A-W.AK'i-;.\-ING,  71.  A  revival  of  religion,  or  more 
general  attention  to  relitiion  than  usual. 

A-WAK'^;.\-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  awaken. 

A-WARD',  r.  f.  [Scot,  irardc,  determination  ;  .Norm, 
^an/a,  award,  judgment ;  a^ari/fC,  awarded.  See 
Gl'ard  and  Reoard.] 

To  ailjtulge  ;  to  give  by  sentence  or  judicial  deter- 
mination ;  to  assign  by  sentence.  This  word  is  ap- 
propriately usetl  to  express  the  act  of  arbitrators  in 
pronouncing  upon  the  rights  of  p,arties;  as,  the  ar- 
Itilrators  awarded  damages  to  .\.  B. 

A-WARD',  V.  1.    To  judge ;  to  determine  ;  to  make  an 

A-WARD',  n.  [aicarii. 

1.  A  judgment,  sentence,  or  find  decisi.m  ;  a-s, 
the  award  of  Providence,  the  award  of  |iosterity. 

2.  More  particularly,  tiw  decision  of  arbitrators  in  a 
case  submitted. 

3.  The  paper  containing  the  decision  of  arbitrators. 


TONE,  B5JLL,  yNITE.  — AiVGER,  VI"CI0U.S — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


Ad 


AWK 

A-WAU[)'ED,  pu.  Adjmlgeil,  or  given  by  judicial 
sciiit'iuf,  or  hv  tlie  dt-cisum  nf  arbitrators. 

A-\\  A1U)  ER,  ;i.  One  tliat  awards,  or  assigns  by 
seiili-nce  or  judicial  determination  ;  a  jiidf;e.  T/wmson. 

A-\VAK1)'IXG,  ;i7ir.  Adjudging;  assigning  by  judi- 
cial sentence;  determining. 

A-\V^RE',  a.  [Snx.  gewurian.  to  take  care,  provide, 
avoid  ;  to  preserve  or  defend  ;  also,  covered,  pro- 
tected ;  Karian,  to  beware  ;  war,  aware.  See  VVare 
and  VVarv.] 

Watchful ;  vigilant ;  guarded  ;  but  more  strictly,  !n 
modern  usage,  apprised  ;  expecting  an  event  from 
iiifurniatiun,  or  probability  ;  as,  the  general  was 
aware  of  the  enemy's  designs. 

A-VVAllN',  V.  t.    To  warn  ;  which  see.  Spenser. 

A-VVX  Y',  m/i).  [Sax.  awf^',  absent,  a  and  wes,  way; 
also  oiiucfr,  away,  and  awegan^  to  avert.    See  Way.] 

1.  Absent;  at  a  distance;  as,  the  master  is  amai/ 
frum  home. 

H.ive  me  aieaij,  for  I  am  wounded.  — 2  Chron.  xxxv. 

2.  It  is  much  used  in  phrases  signifying  moving  or 
going  from  ;  as,  go  awatj,  send  airaij,  run  away,  &c. ; 
all  signifying  departure,  or  separation  to  a  distance. 
Sometimes  without  the  verb  ;  as,  whither  away  so 
fast Skak. 

Love  hath  wings,  and  will  away.  Walter. 

3.  As  an  exclamation,  it  is  a  command  or  invita- 
tion to  depart  ;  aicay,  that  is,  be  gone,  or  let  us  go. 

4.  With  verbs,  it  serves  tu  modify  their  sense,  and 
form  peculiar  phrases  ;  as, 

To  tlirorc  away  ;  to  cast  from,  to  give  up,  dissipate, 
or  foolishly  destroy. 

Tu  trifle  awaij;  to  lose  or  expend  in  trifles,  or  in 
idleness. 

To  drink  away,  to  squander  away,  &c. ;  to  dissipate 
in  drinking  or  extravagance. 

To  ma)ie  away  with,  is  to  kill  or  destroy. 

5.  Jlinuy  with,  has  a  peculiar  signification  in  the 
phrase,  "  I  can  not  away  with  it."  Isa.  i.  The  sense 
is,  "  I  can  not  bear  or  endure  it." 

jJway  with  one,  signifies,  take  him  away. 

A-WaY'WAKD,  adv.    Away.  Oower. 

AWE,  (aw,)  n.  [Dan.  ave,  fear,  awe,  chastisement,  dis- 
cipline ;  avc,  to  chastise  or  correct ;  Gr.  nj  uoj,  to  be 
astonished.  Uu.  Ir.  agh ;  Sax.  ege  or  oga,  fear ;  Goth. 
airjan,  or  ogan,  to  dread.  It  would  appear  that  the 
primary  sense  of  the  Dan.  is  to  strike,  or  check.] 

1.  Foar  mingled  witli  admiration  or  reverence  ; 
reverential  fear. 

Stand  in  awe  and  sin  not.  —  Ps.  iv. 

2.  Fear ;  dread  inspired  by  something  great,  or 
terrific. 

AWE,  V.  t.  To.strike  with  fear  and  reverence  ;  to  in- 
"fluence  by  fear,  terror,  or  re.spect;  as,  his  majesty 

utced  them  into  silence. 
A-We.\'RY,  a.    Wearv  ;  which  see.  Shak. 
A-WE.\TirER,  (a-weth'er,)  ado.    [a  and  weather.] 
On  the  weather-side,  or  toward  the  wind  ;  as,  helm 

a^ceather!  opposed  lo  alee.  jMar.  Diet. 

AWE-eO.M-MAND'IXG,  o.    Striking  with  or  influ- 
"  dicing  by  awe.  Oray. 
AW' ED,  (awd,)  pp.    Struck  with  fear ;  influenced  by 

fear  or  reverence. 
A- WEIGH',  fa-way',)  ailv.    [a  and  laeigh.] 

Atri]).  The  anchor  is  awr.igh  when  it  is  just  drawn 

out  of  the  ground,  and  hangs  perpendicular.  [See 

Axnii'.] 

AWE-lN-SPIIl'ING,  a.    Impressing  with  awe. 

Bp.  Hubart. 

AWE'-STRUCK,  a.    Impressed  or  struck  with  awe. 
AW'FIJL,  a.    [awe  and  full.]  [Jititton. 

1.  'i'lial  strikes  with  awe  ;  that  fills  with  profound 
reverence  ;  as,  the  awful  majesty  of  Jehovah. 

2.  That  fills  with  terror  and  dread ;  as,  the  awful 
approach  of  death. 

3.  Struck  with  awe ;  scrupulous. 

A  weak  and  awful  reverence  for  nntitjuify.  ^Vatte. 

Shakspcare  uses  it  for  obedient,  or  tinder  due  awe 
of  authority  or  dignity. 

Our  common  people  use  this  word  in  the  sense  of 
frightful,  iiglv,  detestable. 
AW'FJjL-EV-'£D,  (-ide,)  a.    Having  eyes  that  excite 
awe. 

AWFUL  LY,  flrfr.    In  a  manner  to  fill  with  awe  ;  in 

a  reverential  manner. 
AW'F!JL-NESS,  n. 

1.  The  <|iiality  of  striking  with  awe,  or  with  rev- 
erence ;  solemnity  ;  as,  the  awfulness  of  this  sacred 
place. 

2.  The  state  of  being  struck  with  awe. 

A  help  to  prayer,  producing  In  na  reverence  and  awfulne*». 

Taylor. 

f  JV»(  Ugitimate.] 
A-WIIAI'E',  V.  I.    [W.  rwnpiaw,  to  strike  smartly.] 


AXJ 

1.  Wanting  dexterity  in  the  use  of  the  hands  or  of 
instruments  ;  unready  ;  not  dextrous  ;  bungling. 

Drydni. 

2.  Inelegant ;  impolite  ;  ungraceful  in  manners ; 
clumsy.  Shak. 

3.  Unfavorable;  untoward  ;  adverse  ;  unfortunate. 

Shak. 

AWK'WARD-LY,  adv.  Clumsily  ;  in  a  rude  or  bun- 
gling manner  ;  inelegantly  ;  badly. 

AWK'WARD-NESS,  n.  Clumsiness  ;  ungracefulness 
in  manners;  want  of  dexterity  in  the  use  of  the 
hands  or  instruments  ;  unsuitableness.  .Addison. 

AWL,  )i.  [Sax.  ffii,  an  awl,  and  an  eel ;  Ger.  aJdc,  an 
awl,  and  aal,  an  eel ;  D.  els,  an  awl  ;  aal,  an  eel  ; 
Dan.  aal,  an  eel  ;  Ir.  ad,  a  sting  or  prickle.] 

An  iron  instniment  for  piercing  small  holes  in 
leather,  for  sewing  and  stitching  ;  used  by  shoe- 
makers, saddlers,  &c.  The  blade  is  either  straight, 
or  a  little  bcni  and  flattened. 

AW'LESS,  a.    [awe  and  less.] 

1.  Wanting  reverence  ;  void  of  respectful  fear  ;  as, 
awless  insolence.  Dryden. 

2.  Wanting  the  power  of  causing  reverence;  not 
exciting  awe  ;  as,  an  awless  throne.  S/mk. 

AWL'-SHaP-£D,  f-shapt,)  a. 

1.  Having  the  shape  of  an  awl. 

2.  In  botany,  subulate  ;  slender,  and  tapering  to- 
ward the  extremity,  as  a  leaf. 

AWL'WORT,  71.    [awl  anil  wort.    See  Wort.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  Subulaiia  aquatica  ;  so 
called  from  its  awl-shaped  leaves,  which  grow  in 
clusters  round  the  root.  It  is  a  native  of  Britain  and 
Ireland.  Encyc. 

Xum''  I  ^'  "'"""^ 

A  Dutch  liquid  measure,  containing  eight  steckans, 
or  twenty  verges  or  verteels,  varying  in  different 
cities  from  37  to  41  English  wine  gallons. 

.^rbuthnot. 

AWN,  n.    [Sw.  agn  ;  Gr.  a^i-a,  axrr].] 

The  beard  of  corn  or  grass  ;  a  slender,  sh.irp  pro- 
cess issuing  from  the  chafl'  or  glume  in  corn  and 
grasses.  MartytA 
AVVN'£D,  (awnd,)  a.    In  botany,  furnished  with  an 

awn,  as  a  glume. 
AWA'ING,  n.    [Goth,  hnlyan,  to  coverj 

LA  cover  of  ciJnvas,  to  shelter  from  the  sun's 
rays  ;  originally  employed  as  a  shelter  to  a  vessel's 
deck,  or  a  boat,  but  now  used  for  various  other  pur- 
poses; as  in  gardening,  for  protecting  plants,  and  in 
cities,  as  a  shade  around  buildings. 

2.  That  part  of  the  poop-deck  which  is  continued 
forward  beyond  the  bulk-head  of  the  cabin. 

Jllar.  Diet. 

AWN'LESS,  a.    Without  awn  or  beard. 
AWN'Y,  a.    Having  awns  ;  full  of  beard. 
A-W6KE'.    The  pret.  of  Awake. 
A-WORK',  adv.    [Sax.  geweorcan,  to  work.] 

At  work ;  in,  or  into,  a  state  of  labor  or  action. 

Shak. 

A-WORK'ING,  adv.  At  work ;  in,  or  into,  a  stale  of 
working  or  action.  Hnbberd^s  Talc. 

A-WU?',  a.  or  adv.  [Dan.  vride,  to  twist ;  vrien,  twist- 
ed ;  Sw.  vrida;  Sax.  writhan,  to  writke.'j 

1.  Turned  or  twisted  toward  one  side  f  not  in  a 
straight  or  true  direction,  or  position  ;  asquint ;  with 
oblique  vision ;  as,  to  glance  a  look  awry ;  the  lady's 
cap  is  aiory. 

2.  In  a  figurative  sense,  turned  aside  from  the  line 
of  truth,  or  right  reason ;  perverse  or  perversely. 

Sidney.  Milton. 
AX,  n.    [improperly  written  Ax  E.]  [Sa\,  o'z,  eax,  ase  ; 
G.  uzt;  Sw.  yza;  Dan.  Sie;  L.  ascia;  Gr.  o(in) ;  It. 


To  Btrike  ;  to  confound.  [Ub.i.] 


Spenser. 


[Tliit*  i**  our  vulgar  vhop.] 
A-WHILE',  adn.    [a  nnil  wlnlr,  time,  or  Interval.] 

A  -"pace  of  lime  ;  for  «onie  lime  ;  for  a  short  time. 
^WK,  a.    <  )d(l  ;  out  of  order.  J.'Kitrnngr. 
2.  CliiniKy  in  iH'rforiiiancc,  or  manners;  unhandy  ; 
not  dexlroiiH.  [yutgar.] 
ftWK'WARIJ,  o.    [awk  and  ward.] 


azia;  Eth 


hatzi,  an  ax  ;  or  Ar. 


haita. 


to  cut  J  Ch.  and  Syr.  N3''i!n  hatiina,  an  ax.  J 

An  instrument,  usually  of  iron,  for  hewing  timber 
and  chopping  wood.  It  consists  of  a  head  with  an 
arching  edge,  and  a  helve  or  htindle.  The  ax  is  of 
two  kinds,  the  broad  ar.  for  hewing,  and  the  varrote 
az  for  rough-hewing  and  cutting.  The  hatchet  is  a 
small  ax,  to  be  used  with  one  hand. 

AX-A-Ya'CATL,  71.  A  fly,  in  Mexico,  whose  egg.i, 
deposited  on  rushes  and  flags,  in  large  quantities,  are 
sold  and  used  as  a  sort  of  caviare,  called  ahuauJitli. 
This  was  a  dish  among  the  Mexicans,  as  it  now  is 
among  thi:  Spaniards.  Clavigcro. 

AX'-FORM,  I  a.    In  botany,  having  a  rc- 

AX'-SHAP-KD,  (-shSpt,)  \  semblance  to  un  ax  or 
hatchet ;  dolabriform. 

AX'-HEAD.n.  The  head  or  iron  of  an  ax.  SKingsvi. 

AX'-HELViE,  n.    The  lianille  of  an  ax. 

AX'I-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  axis.  Front. 

AX-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  A  term  applied  to  plants  which 
consist  exclusively  of  an  axis,  without  leaves  or  other 
apipciidnges.  Brandc. 

AX'I-FORM,  a.    [L.  azis  and  forma.] 

In  the  form  of  an  axis.  Encyc. 

AX'IL,        I  n.    [L.  a/i//«  ;  Ir.  asnal;  Fr.  autsellr;  D. 

AX-IL'LA,  i     Old,  the  armpit;  Ch.  and  Heb.  to 
separate  or  set  apart ;  wlienie  I'j^llN  armpits.] 
In  botany,  the  angle,  on  the  upper  side,  formed  by 


AXO 

a  brani  h  with  the  .stem,  or  by  a  leaf,  or  its  petiole, 
with  the  stem  or  branch.  Jlilne.  Darwin. 

AX'ILE,  a.  Lying  in  the  axis  of  any  thing,  or  from 
the  base  to  the  opposite  end;  as  an  embryo  which 
lies  in  the  axis  of  a  seed.  Brandc. 

AX'IL-LAR,     la.    Pertaining  to  the  axilla  or  arm- 

AX'iL-LA-KY,  (  pit. 

2.  In  botany,  situated  in,  or  rising  from,  the  axilla ; 
formed  by  a  branch  with  the  stem,  as  a  leaf,  or  by  a 
leaf,  or  its  petiole,  with  the  stem  or  branch,  as  a 

AX'IN-ITE,  ?i.  [Gr.  ofii/:),  an  ax.]  [flower. 
A  mineral,  occurring  in  brilliant  glassy  crystals, 
with  thin  and  sharp  edges,  somewhat  resembling  an 
ax.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and 
oxide  of  iron.  It  is  the  Ihumerslone  of  Kirwan,  and 
has  been  also  called  yanolite  and  violet  schorl.  Dana, 

AX-IN'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  o^i;"?,  an  ax,  and  itavreia, 
divination.] 

Among  the  ancients,  a  species  of  divination,  by 
means  of  an  ax,  or  hatchet,  performed  by  laying  an 
agate-sttme  on  a  red-hot  hatchet,  or  by  fixing  a  hatch- 
et on  a  round  stake,  so  as  to  be  poised  ;  then  the 
names  of  those  suspected  were  repeated,  and  he  at 
whose  name  the  hatchet  moved,  was  jironounced 
guilty.  Encyc. 
AX'IOM,  71.  [Gr.  aft wiin,  authority,  an  authoritative 
sentence,  or  that  which  is  assumeti,  from  /i(i>if,  wor- 
thy, ajiocj,  to  think  worthy,  to  esteem,  to  demand  ; 
Eng.  to  ask  [to  ax ;]  that  which  is  asked,  sought,  or 
esteemed.] 

1.  A  self-evident  truth,  or  a  proposition  whose 
truth  is  so  evident  at  first  sight,  that  no  process  of 
reasoning  or  demor»stration  can  make  it  plainer  ;  as, 
"  the  whole  is  greater  than  a  part."  Johnson.  Encyc. 

2.  An  established  principle  in  some  art  or  science  ; 
a  principle  received  without  new  proof.  Enciic. 

AX-I-O-MAT'ie,       j  a.  Pertainingto  an  axiom  ;"hav- 

AX-I-O-.M  AT'ie-.-VL,  !  ing  the  nature  of  self-evident 
truths  or  received  principles. 

Prcf.  to  Bacon's  .Aphorisms. 

AX-I-O-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Bv  the  use  of  axioms. 

AX'I-O-PIST-Y,  n.    [Gr.  .if,„t  and  ri^rij,  faith.] 
The  quality  which  renders  a  thing  worthy  of  be- 
lief ;  worthiness  of  credit. 

AX'IS,  II. ;  pi.  Axes.  [L.  ;  Gr.  af  iv;  Russ.  as;  Sax. 
tBz ;  Fr.  aze,  or  ahsieu,  essieu  i  G.  achse ;  D,  as  ,•  It. 
asse ;  Sp.  eze  ;  Port,  ezo,  eizo.] 

1.  The  straight  line,  real  or  imaginary,  passing 
through  a  body,  on  which  it  revolves,  or  may  re- 
volve. 

Azis  of  tlie  earth  ;  the  imaginary  right  line  passing 
through  the  center  and  poles  of  the  earth,  on  which 
it  perforins  its  diurnal  revolution  from  west  to  east. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  straiglit  line  in  a  plane  figure, 
about  which  it  revolves  to  produce  a  solid. 

3.  In  conic  sections,  a  right  line  dividing  the  section 
into  two  equal  parts,  and  cutting  all  its  ordinates  at 
right  angles. 

4.  In  mechanics,  the  axis  of  a  balance,  is  that  line 
about  which  it  moves,  or  rather  turns. 

The  azis  of  oscillation,  is  a  right  line  parallel  to  the 
horizon,  passing  through  the  center,  about  which  a 
pendulum  vibrates. 

The  axis  in  pcritrochio,  or  jvheel  and  azlr,  is  a  me- 
chanical power,  consisting  of  a  wheel  concentric 
with  a  cylindrical  axis,  with  which  it  revolves  ; 
the  power  being  applied  to  the  circumference  of 
the  wheel,  anil  the  weight  to  that  of  the  axis. 

5.  In  optics,  a  particular  ray  of  light  from  any  ob- 
ject, which  falls  perpendicularly  on  the  eye ;  called, 
also,  the  tfptic  or  visual  axis. 

6.  In  architecture,  the  spiral  axis,  is  the  axis  of  a 
twisted  column  drawn  spirally  in  order  to  trace  the 
circumvolutions  without. 

7.  In  botany,  the  central  part  or  column  of  a  plant, 
around  which  the  other  parts  are  disposed,  corre- 
sponding to  the  vertebral  column  in  the  higher  orders 
of  animals  ;  divided  into  the  ascending  axis,  or  stem, 
and  the  descending  axis,  or  root,  which  are  united  by 
the  collet  or  neck.  The  term  is  also  applied,  in  a 
limited  sense,  to  the  central  column  in  some  modes 
of  inflorescence,  as  in  the  anient,  and  the  spike  of 
grasses. 

8.  In  ajiafomy,  the  term  axis  is  applied  to  the  second 
vertebra  of  the  neck,  called  also  vertebra  dcntata  ; 
and  ton  tooth-like  process,  ( proccosii-i  drntatus,)an 
its  upper  surface,  which  passes  upward  through  the 
central  foramen  of  the  first  vertebra  or  atlas,  thus 
serving  as  a  pivot  on  which  tlic  latter  turns,  whence 
the  term. 

The  azis  of  the  Tonic  capital,  is  a  line  passing  per- 
pendicularly through  the  middle  of  the  eye  of  the 
volute. 

The  azis  of  a  vessel,  is  an  imaginary  right  line  pass- 
ing through  the  middle  of  it,  perpendicular  to  its 
base,  and  equally  distant  from  its  sides. 
AX'1'f-TRFE  i  "•    [^"X.  ffz  and  «rcf.    See  Axis.] 

A  piece  of  liinber  or  bar  of  irtm,  fitted  for  insertion 
in  the  hobs  or  naves  of  wheels,  on  which  the  wheels 
turn. 

AX'O-LOTL,  ji.  The  name  of  a  batrarhian  reptile, 
of  the  genus  Gyrinu.s,  found  in  the  Lake  of  Mexico, 
and  other  lakes  in  the  Mexican  Cordilleras.    It  Is 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


B 


BAB 


BAB 


about  8  or  9  iiu  lics  in  leiiKtli,  aiiil  lias  a  smooth  skin 
of  a  deep  lirowii  color,  tliickly  inotIli,-d  witli  lilack. 
It  lias  iwriiiaiieiit  gills  ur  krunchiie,  formed  of  tliree 
lone,  raniilied  processes  on  cacli  side  of  the  neck, 
and  also  lungs ;  and  thus,  like  tlio  Proteus  and  fiiren, 
is  one  of  the  true  ainp/tibta.  Cyc, 
AX-OT'O-MUUS,  a.  [Gr.  ufui',  axis,  and  rtfivio,  to 
cleave.] 

In  mmtratotpj,  having  a  cleavage  with  a  single  face, 
perpendicular  to  the  axis.  Sticpard. 
AX'STo.\DT,  n.    Alight  green  or  grcenisli-gray  min- 
eral, remarkable  for  its  toughness  ;  a  variety  of  jade 
or  neplirite.    It  is  used  by  some  .savages,  particularly 
the  natives  of  the  South  Sea  Isles,  for  making  axes  or 
hatchets.   It  occurs  amorphous,  and  in  rolled  frag- 
ments. Dana. 
AX'UNOE,  n.    [L.  azungia.]    llog's  lard.  Urt. 
AY,    j  (i'e,)  nrfu.  [G.  D.  Dan.  Sw.ja,  (prun.  ya ;)  Dan. 
AVE,  )    eju  ;  Corn,  ia :  At.  ija ;  Ft.  uui.    It  may  be  a 
contracted  word. J 

Yes ;  yea ;  a  word  exprcssingr  assent,  or  an  aflirma- 
tive  answer  to  a  question.  It  is  used  also  to  enforce 
the  sense  of  what  is  a^sserted,  eipiivalent  to  eucn  so, 
truhff  certainty. 

[This  word  is  always  written  /,  in  the  old  editions 
of  Sliakspeare.] 
AYE,  ailu.  [Sax.  aa,  a,  or  aira  ;  Gr.  an  ;  Amh.  ai,  con- 
tinually ;  D.  eeuw,  an  age  ;  Goth,  aiio,  an  age,  eterni- 
ty i  L.  (et}t/m,  which,  without  its  termination,  is  i/^r, 
ccw,  a  contracted  word ;  \V.  haiiu.  This  is  in  Sax. 
ecc,  eternal ;  whence  ecnessCy  eternity,  from  ccun,  to 
increase,  extend  ;  Eng.  to  rkc] 

Always  ;  over ;  continually  ;  for  an  indefinite  time ; 
Foriuie;  forever.  histd  in  poetry. 

AY'GIIEE.N',  II.    [aye,  ever,  and  yrr™.] 

The  llouse-Ieek,  {srmjifrricnm  tccUmiin.') 
AYLE,  «.    In  /«ic,  a  gnindfather.    [See  Bcsavle.] 

IVnt  of  aijlei  a  writ  in  lieii  of  an  assize  of  mart 
d'ancestor,  when  the  abatement  happens  on  the  death 
of  the  demandant's  grandfather  or  grandmother. 

Black^tone. 

AY  ME,  inter;'.  Used,  in  several  instances,  by  Milton, 
instead  of  ah  me ! 

Ay  me  t  imtiappy.  ComuM. 

J'Y-RY.    Pee  Aebie. 
AZ'A-UOLE,  71.    [Fr.  azn-olf.] 

The  Cruta^us  aiarulus,  or  Neapolitan  medlar  j  a 
fruit-bearing  shrub,  allied  to  the  white  thorn. 

AZ'I-MUTH,  n.    [Ar.  lV^jw  samatlia,  to  move  or  go 
So, 

toward  ;  (L-  semita,)  a  way  or  path ;  with  a 

prefix.] 


1.  In  astronomii,nn  arch  of  the  hori7.(Ui  intercepted 
between  the  iiienili.iil  of  the  place  and  the  aiiinulh 
or  vortical  circle  passing  through  the  center  of  any 
object. 

'J.  .^furnrtical  aumutli ;  an  arch  of  the  horizon,  in- 
tercepted between  the  azimutli  or  vertical  circle, 
passing  through  the  center  of  any  heavenly  body 
and  the  magnetic  meridian.  This  is  found  by  ob- 
serving the  object  with  an  azimuth  compjiss. 

3.  .9:im«(/i  campas.i ;  an  instrument  lor  finding 
either  the  magnetic  azimuth  ur  amplitude  of  a 
heavenly  object. 

4.  jliimiiUi  dull;  a  dial  whose  stilo  or  gnomon  is  at 
right  angles  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

5.  JiiinuttJip,  aziniuUi  circle.^,  or  vertical  circlf.-i,  are 
great  circles  of  the  sphere  intersecting  each  other  in 
the  zenith  and  nadir,  and  cutting  the  horizon  at  right 
angles.  On  charts,  these  azimuths  are  represented 
by  rhumbs,  and  on  the  globe,  by  the  quadrant  of 
altitude,  when  screwed  in  the  zenith. 

F.ncyc.    Otanibcrg.    Johnson.  Bailey. 
.•\Z'1-MUTII-.\L,  a.    rertaining  to  the  azimuth. 
.•i-Zo'lC,  a.    [(ir.  II  priv.  and  ^ojr/,  life.] 

I)Lstitute  of  any  vestige  of  organic  life.  Dana. 
A-ZoTE',  11.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ^w<),  life,  or  ^utikos, 
vital.] 

In  cliemUtry,  an  clement,  existing,  when  nncom- 
biiK'd,  in  the  state  of  a  gas  ;  called  azote,  from  its 
fatal  etfects  upon  animal  life,  but  more  generally 
nitrofrcn,  from  its  forming  nitric  acid  by  combination 
with  oxygen.  It  exists,  together  with  o.xygen,  in  at- 
mospheric air,  and  forms  about  seventy-nine  parts  in 
a  hundred  of  it,  by  volume.  Combined  with  hy- 
drogen, in  a  certain  proportiim,  it  forms  ammonia ; 
and  it  enters  into  the  composition  of  most  animal 
siihsnncis,  particularly  of  the  iniisciilar  tilier. 

A/.'OTII,  II.  In  a.'elirmy,  llie  first  priiicinle  or  mercury 
of  metals;  the  liquor  of  siililiiiiatiin  ipiicksilver ; 
brass;  the  universal  remedy  of  Paracelsus. 

Coze.  Qumn/. 

A-ZOT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  azote  ;  funned  or  con- 
sisting of  azote  ;  as,  azotic  gas. 

AZ'O-'l'lTE,  11.  A  name  given  by  Thompson  to  a 
salt,  supposed  by  Davy  to  be  formed  by  the  combina- 
tion of  nitrous  oxyd  with  a  base,  and  called  by  him 
TiifnixiV. 

AZ'O-TIZE,  V.  U  To  impregnate  witli  nitrogen  or 
azote. 

AZ'O-TIZ-KD,  pp.    Impregnated  with  azote. 
AZ'0-TIZ-lNG,  ppr.    Impregnating  with  azote. 
AZ'UKE,  (azh'ur  iir  a'zhiir,)  a.    [Persic,  lazurd,  blue  ; 

Fr.  azur  ;  Sp,  aznl,  or  azur ;  It.  aziurro  i  W.asar, 

blue.    Hence  lazuli,  in  lapis  lazuli.] 
Of  a  sky-blue;  resembling  the  clear  blue  color  of 

the  sky. 

AZ'lIRE,  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur,)  n.    The  fine  blue  color 


of  the  sky.  This  word  was  fonnerly  applied  to  the 
lupi.i  Uiziili,  and  the  color  propari  il  t'roiii  it.  lint  il  is 
now  applied  to  the  blue  extracted  from  coball, llioiigh 
Honiewliat  a  dilfi  reiit  color ;  the  blue  of  the  /a;/u 
lazuli  is  called  ultramarine.  'i*lio  term  azure  is  n\y- 
plii  d  also  to  the  blue  glass  made  of  the  ovyd  of 
cobalt  and  vitrifiabic  substances,  when  reduced  to 
fine  powder.  When  in  masses,  it  is  called  smnlL 

Encyc, 

2.  The  sky,  or  azure  vault  of  heaven. 

3.  Ill  heraldry,  a  blue  color  ill  coats  of  all  persons 
under  the  degree  of  baron.  Jones. 

'i'lie  term  azure,  in  heraldry,  denotes  a  blue  color 
gen(^rally,  not  only  in  the  arms  of  all  degrees  of  per- 
sons, but  in  those  of  states,  cities,  and  coiniminities. 
The  limitation  of  azure  to  the  arms  of  gentlemen,  of 
sapphire  to  those  of  noblemen,  and  of  Jiipitrr  to  those 
of  sovereign  princes,  or  the  mode  of  blazoning  by 
tinctures,  precious  stones,  and  planets,  in  those  three 
degrees  respectively,  is  not  generally  admitted. 

Hd.  Kneyc. 

AZ'URE,  azh'ur  or  a'zhur,)  v.  t.    To  color  blue. 
AZ'tjll/n),  (azh'iiril  or  a'zhurd,)  a.    Colored  azure; 

being  of  an  azure  color.  Sidney.  Sliak. 

AZ'liRE-STf)NE,  n.    A  synonym  of  the  lapis  lazuli, 

and  also  of  the  l.azulite. 
AZ'URE-T1M"  ED,  a.    Having  a  tint  of  azure  color. 
AZ'ljU-ITE,  n.    A  synonym  of  the  lazulite,  and  also 

of  the  blue  malachite. 
AZ'URN,  a.    Of  a  blue  color.    [Little  used.] 

Milton. 

AZ'Y-GOS,  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  Cvyoi;  a  yoke.] 

In  anatomy,  a  term  applied  to  certain  parts  or  or- 
gans, which  have  no  fellow,  or  are  not  one  of  a  pair, 
'i'hcse  parts  are  situated  in  or  near  the  mesial  plane 
of  the  body. 

Jlzy^os  muscle;  a  inusrlo  extending  along  the  mid- 
dle of  the  soil  palate  and  uvula,  which  draws  the 
latter  organ  upward  and  forward. 

.^zyiros  process ;  a  spinous  process  in  the  middle  of 
the  anterior  and  inferior  surfaces  of  the  sphenoid 
bone,  uniting  with  the  vomer  and  the  nasal  plate  of 
the  ethmoid  bone. 

Jizytfos  vein,  (vena  azy^os;)  a  vein  which  com- 
mences, in  the  lumbar  region,  by  anastomosis  with 
the  inferior  vena  cava,  or  some  of  its  branches,  and, 
extending  upward  along  the  right  and  anterior  part 
of  the  .spine,  terminates  in  the  superior  vena  cava, 
a  little  above  the  pericardium. 

AZ'YiME,  n.  [Fr.]  [See  AivMous.]  Unleavened 
bread.    f-V"*  "i  use.] 

AZ'Y-MITE,  n.  [See  AzvMots.]  In  church  history, 
a  term  applied  to  Christians  who  administer  the 
Eucharist  with  unleavened  bread.  Kncyc 

AZ'Y-.\10US,  a.    [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ^vjni,  leaven.] 
Unleavened ;  unfermealed  ;  as  sea-biscuit.  Ash 


B. 


Bis  the  second  letter,  and  the  first  articulation,  or 
consonant,  in  the  English,  as  in  the  Hebrew, 
Greek,  l^itin,  and  most  other  alphabets.  In  the 
Elhiopic,  it  is  the  ninth  letter,  and  its  shape  is  that 
of  a  hitt.  Perhaps  from  this  or  other  like  figure,  it 
received  its  Hebrew  name,  bclh,  a  house.  It  is  a 
mule  and  a  labial,  being  formed  by  pressing  the 
whole  length  of  the  lips  together,  as  in  pronoun- 
cing eb.  It  is  less  perfectly  mute  than  p,  .as  m.ay  be 
perceived  by  pronouncing  the  syllables  ab  and  ap.  It 
is  convertible,  1st,  with  p,  as  in  the  Celtic  ben  or  pen, 
a  mountain  ;  in  the  English  beak  and  peak,  beck  and 
peck;  2d,  with  v,  as  in  the  German  silber,  for  siloer ; 
and  in  Spanish,  b  and  e  arc  otten  used  inditferently  ; 
3d,  with  /,  as  in  English  bore,  and  Latin  foro  ; 
English  bear,  Latin  fcro;  in  the  Celtic  bun,  bunadh, 
bunait,  stock,  origin,  found.ition  ;  English  found; 
Latin  fundamentum  ;  with  the  Greek  'ii,  as  Bilip, 
for  ^^lAlI^lrll^  ;  4th,  with  e  and  w  ;  as,  Irish  for, 
Latin  rents  ;  fear,  vir  ;  Irish  buiac,  the  wick  of  a 
candle. 

The  Modem  Greek  B  is  always  pronounced  like 
the  English     and  the  Russian  11  corresponds  with  it. 

In  composition,  the  letter  B  is  changed  into  p  be- 
fore the  letter  p  ;  as  in  opprimo,  from  vb  and  premo ; 
oppoHo,  from  ob  and  pniio  ;  into /,  before  /,  as  in  ojfcro, 
from  ob  and /era  ;  into  c  before  c,  as  in  occido,  from 
ob  and  cailo,  and  aedo. 

As  a  numeral,  B  was  used  by  the  Hebrews  and 
Greeks,  as  now  by  the  .■\rabians,  for  2  ;  by  the  Ro- 
mans for  30(),  and  with  a  d.ash  over  it,  thus,  B,  for 
3000.  B  is  used  also  as  an  abbreviation  ;  thus  B.  A. 
stand  for  I  jchdor  of  arts ;  B.  L.  for  bachrlnr  of 
lams;  B.  I),  for  bachelor  of  dirinily ;  B.  F.,  prefixed 
to  the  decrees  of  the  old  Romans,  for  bonum  factum. 
In  music,  B  st-ands  for  the  tone  above  .\  ;  B  |) ,  for 
B  flat,  or  the  semitone  major  above  A.    B.  also 


TONE,  BliLL,  UNITE.— 


stands  for  base,  and  B.  C.  for  basso  continuo,  or 
thorough  base. 

BX  A,  Ti.   The  cry  or  appropriate  bleating  of  sheep. 

B.\  A,  p.  i.    To  cry  or  bleat  as  sheep. 

BA'AL,  n.    [Oriental,  Sp3  lord.) 

An  idol  among  the  aiirieiit  Chaldeans  and  Syrians, 
representing  the  sun.  The  word  signifies  also  lurd, 
or  coiiiiiiander ;  and  the  character  of  the  idol  was 
varied  by  dilferent  nations,  at  dilTerent  times.  Thus 
Baal  Bcrith  is  supposed  to  signify,  the  Lord  of  the 
Covenant ;  Baal  Poor,  or  rather  Baal  Phegor,  the 
Lord  of  the  dead.  Ps.  cvi.  Baal  Zebub,  the  god  of 
flies,  &c. 

BAB'BLE,  V.  u  [D.  babbclen;  Fr.  babiller ;  properly,  to 
throw  out.] 

1.  To  utter  words  imperfectly  or  indistinctly,  as 
children..  Prior. 

2.  To  talk  idly  or  irrationally;  to  talk  thought- 
lessly. Arbulhnot. 

3.  To  talk  much  ;  to  prate ;  hence,  to  tell  secrets. 

Sliak. 

4.  To  utter  sounds  frequently,  incessantly,  or 
indistinctly;  as,  a  babbling  echo;  a  babblimr  stream. 

BAH'BLE,  V.  t.    To  prate  ;  to  utter. 

H.VH'BLE,  n.    Idle  talk  ;  senseless  prattle.  Shak.' 

BAB'BLE- .ME.NT,  M.  Idle  talk ;  senseless  prate  ;  un- 
meaning words.  .Milton. 

BAB'ltLER,  n.  An  idle  talker;  an  irrational  prattler; 
a  teller  of  secrets. 

B.\U'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Talking  idly  ;  telling  secrets. 

2.  Uttering  a  succession  of  murmuring  sounds  ; 
as,  a  babbling  stream. 

3.  In  hunting,  bubbling  is  when  the  hounds  are 
too  busy  after  tliev  have  found  a  good  scent. 

BAIi'ltLlNG,  II.    FiKihsh  talk.    1  I'ini.  vi. 
BABE,  n.    [tier,  buhe,  a  boy;  Ir.  baban ;  D.  babyn: 
Syr.  babul ;  Pheiiician,  babion  ;  At.  babah,  a  babe,' an 


5  3, 

infant.    Ar.  babos,  or  baboson,  the  young  of 

manor  hea.st ;  Syr.  ftnio.va,  a  little  child.  It  is  re- 
markable that  this  Syriac  and  Arabic  word  fiir  an 
infant,  is  retained  by  the  natives  of  Aiiieiica,  who 
call  an  infant  pappoos.  L.  pupus,  a  word  of  endear- 
ment; pupa,  little  girl;  whence  pupiUas,  papilla, 
pupil.    Ar.  bobohon,  the  beginning  of  yoitlli ;  Gr. 

^ajiai,  and  Ta^ai ;  At.  Li  Li  baba,  to  say  baba,  that 

is,  father  ;  papa,  a  word  taken  from  the  first  attempts 
of  children  to  [ironounce  the  name  of  a  parent.] 
An  infant ;  a  young  child  of  either  sex. 

BA'BEL,  II.  [Ileb.]  Confusion  ;  disorder.  BeaumonL 

BAB'EK-Y,  II.  Finery  to  please  a  child  ;  any  trifling 
toy  for  children.  Sidney. 

BAIt'lSlI,  a.    Like  a  babe  ;  childish.  Ascham. 

BAIi'lSII-LY,  ailr.  Childishlv. 

BAB'ISH-NESS,  n.  Childishness. 

B.\B-OO.V',  II.  [Fr.  babnum,  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  babe.  This  name  seems  to  have  origina- 
ted in  the  Oriental  babion,  papio.    See  Bare.] 

A  name  common  to  several  of  the  larger  species 
of  monkeys,  belonging  to  the  genus  Siiiiia,  in  the 
cl.'iss  .Mammalia,  and  order  primates,  according  to 
the  system  of  Linnaeus  ;  but  more  recently  consid- 
ered as  forming  a  distinct  genus  in  the  order  Uiiad- 
ni'nana  and  family  Siiniic.  Baboons  have  short  tails ; 
a  long  face  ;  a  broad  high  muzzle  ;  dug-like  tusks,  or 
canine  teeth;  and  naked  callosities  on  the  bullocks. 
They  are  found  only  on  the  eastern  continent  and 
adjacent  islands.  F.nciic    FjI.  F.ncyc 

BAB'LAH,  II.  The  rind  or  shell  of  the  fruii  of  the 
Mimiisa  cineraria.  It  contains  gallic  acid  and  tannin, 
and  has  been  used  in  dying  drab.  Vre. 


Ai\"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


BAG 

BA'BY,  a.  Like  a  young  child;  pertaining  to  an 
infant. 

B-\'I!V,  71.  [See  Babe.]  An  infant  or  young  cliild  of 
either  sex  ;  a  habe  ;  {usrd  in  familiar  laii^uaire.] 

2.  A  small  image  in  form  of  an  infant,  for  girls  to 
play  with  ;  a  (loll. 

Ba'BY,  v.  t.    To  treat  like  a  young  child.  Young. 

Ha'HV-HOOD,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  baby.  Jlsh. 

BA'BY-HOUSE,  n.  A  place  for  children's  dolls  and 
babies.  Swift. 

B.\'HY-ISH,  a.    Likeababv;  childish. 

liAll-Y-Lo'NI-AN,  (  a.    Pert.aining  to  Babylon,  the 

B.'VB-Y-Lo'NISH,  j     capital  of  the  ancient  kingdom 
of  Bahijliinia,  or  to  the  kingdom.    The  city  stood  on 
the  River  Fral,  or  Euphrates,  and,  it  is  supposed,  on 
the  spot  where  the  tower  of  Babel  was  founded. 
2.  Like  the  language  of  Babel  ;  mixed  :  confused. 

B.'^B-Y-Lo'M-AN,  ji.  An  inhabitant  of  Babylonia. 
In  ancient  writers,  an  astrologer,  as  the  Chaldeans 
were  remarkable  for  the  study  of  astrolog\'. 

BAB-Y-LOi\"ie,       j  a.    Pertiiining  to  Babylon,  or 

BAB-Y-LO.\'ie-AL,  i     made  there;    as,  Balnjhnic 
garments,  carpets,  or  hangings.  Ennjc. 
t.  Tumultuous;  disorderly.  HarringUm. 

BAB-Y-LON'ies,  n.  pi.  The  title  of  a  fragment  of 
the  history  of  the  world,  ending  2o7  years  before 
Christ,  composed  by  Berosus,  a  priest  of  Babylon. 

BAB-Y-ROUS'SA,  n.  In  zoology,  tl;e  Indian  hog,  a 
native  of  Celebes  and  of  Buero,  but  not  found  on  the 
continent  of  Asia,  or  of  Africa.  This  quadruped  be- 
longs to  the  genus  Sus,  in  the  class  Manmialia,  and 
order  BeliuE  of  Linna'us.  From  the  outside  of  the 
upper  jaw  spring  two  teeth  twelve  inches  long,  bend- 
ing like  horns,  and  almost  touching  the  forehead. 
Along  the  back  are  some  weak  bristles,  and  on  the 
rest  of  the  body  only  a  sort  of  wool.  These  animals 
live  in  herds,  feed  on  herbage,  are  sometimes  tamed, 
and  their  llesh  is  well  tasted.  When  pursued  hard, 
they  rush  into  the  sea,  swim  or  dive,  and  pass  from 
isle  to  isle.  In  the  forest  they  rest  their  heads  by 
hooking  their  ui)per  tusks  on  a  bough.  Eucyc. 

BA'BY-SlllP,  n.   The  sUite  or  condition  of  a  baby. 

BACK  j  "  '^'^'^'■"■] 

1.  In  narigation,  a  ferry-boat  or  praam. 

2.  In  limcing,  a  large,  "liat  tub,  or  vessel,  in  which 
wort  is  cooled  before  boiling  ;  hence  called  a  coaler. 

3.  In  dLtiilcrics,  a  vessel  into  which  the  liquor  to 
be  fermented  is  pumped  from  the  cooler,  in  order  to 
hi?  worked  with  the  yeast. 

B-AC'CA,  n.  [L.]  In  botany,  a  berry;  a  fruit  which 
consists  of  a  pulpy  pericarp,  without  valves,  inclos- 
ing several  naked  seeds.  jllilne. 

BAC-CA-LAU'RE-ATE,  n.  [The  first  part  of  this 
word  is  from  the  same  root  as  bachelor ;  or,  as  Bailey 
supposes,  from  batca,  berry  ;  and  the  latter  part  from 
laiirm,  a  laurel,  from  the  practice  of  wearing  a  gar- 
land of  bay  ben'ies.] 
The  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts. 

BACCATE,  a.  In  botany,  consisting  of  a  berry,  as  a 
fruit ;  becoming  succulent,  and  inclosing  the  seed, 
and  thus  resembling  a  berry,  as  the  calyx  or  recep- 
tattle,  in  some  plants. 

BAC'Ca-TED,  a.    [L.  baccatu.^,  garnished  with  pearls, 
from  bacca,  a  berry. ]^ 
Set  or  adorned  with  pearls  ;  having  many  berries. 

BACeilA-NAL,  {  II.  [from  Bacc.liiis,Gx.  Il<i«x->f, 

BAOeil.'^-NA'LI-.AN,  (  the  deity  of  wine  and  rev- 
eling. Qu.  Ir.  back,  drunk;  or  D.  bak,  bowl;  L. 
poculum ;  Gyp.  bccliari,  a  cup ;  or  from  raging,  rev- 
eling.] 

One  who  indulges  in  drunken  revels  ;  a  drunkard  ; 
one  who  is  noisy  and  riotous  when  intoxicated. 
BACeilA-NAL,         j  a.    Reveling  in  intemperate 
B.AC-f'HA-NA'LI-AN,  i     drinking;  riotous;  noisy. 
BAC  eHA-NA'Ll-AiN,  a.    Pertaining  to  reveling  and 
drunkenness. 

Even  oaccltanalian  madness  has  its  charms.  Coisper. 

BAC-eilA-NA'LI-AN-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
bacchanaN'. 

BAC'CHA-NALS,     )  n.  pi.     Drunken  fe.asts;  the 

BAe-eil.\-NA'LI-A,  (  revels  of  bacchanalians.  In 
antii/uily,  feasts  in  honor  of  Bacchus,  the  god  of 
wine.  These  were  celebrated  in  sjiring  and  autumn, 
with  games  and  shows.  Knctjc. 

BACCIIA.NT,    (  n.   A  mad  priest  or  priestess  of  Bac- 

BAC'CIIA.NTE,  (  cbus. 

BACCHIC,  a.  Jovial ;  drunken  ;  mad  with  intoxi- 
cation. 

2.  Rcl.iting  to  Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine  ;  as,  a 
bacchic  feo-st,  or  song ;  bacchic  mysteries. 

Fabcr,  Encyc. 
BAG-CIII'US,  n.    In  ancient  poetry,  a  foot  composed 
of  n  short  syllable  and  two  long  ones  ;  as  in  6nar1. 

F.Hcye. 

BACeilUH,  n.  The  god  of  wine,  and  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Sefuele,  daughter  of  Cadmus. 

DAC-CIK'ER-OUH,  a.  [L.  baccifer,  of  baeca,  a  berry, 
and  fero,  to  bear.] 

That  priKluceii  berries,  [.'^cc  Bacca.]  Baeciferous 
plants,  in  Mime  of  the  earlier  systems  of  botany,  in- 
cluded all  such  plants  as  have  a  pulpy  fVuit,  whether 


BAC 

of  the  apple,  berry,  or  cherry  kind  ;  but  in  others, 
comprehended  such  plants  only  as  bear  the  pulpy 
pericarp,  called  bacca,  or  berry.  Milne. 
BAe  CIV'O-RQUS,  a.    [L.  bacca,  bem',  and  voro,  to 
eat.] 

Eating  or  subsisting  on  berries;  as,  baccivorous 
birds. 

B.'VCII'E-LOR,  71.  [Fr.  bachelier;  Sp.  bachitter,  a  bach- 
elor of  arts  and  a  babbler;  Port,  bacharel,  id.,  and 
barello,  a  shoot  or  twig  of  tile  vine  ;  It.  baccelliere,  a 
b.ichelor  of  arts  ;  bacchio,  a  staff;  bacchctia,  a  rod  ;  L. 
bacillus,  a  stick,  that  is,  a  shoot ;  Fr.  bachrlctte,  a 
damsel,  or  young  woman ;  Scot,  baich,  a  child  ;  W. 
biicgen,  a  boy,  a  child  ;  bacgcnes,  a  young  girl  ;  from 
bae,  small.  This  word  lias  its  origin  in  the  name  of 
a  child,  or  young  person  of  either  sex,  whence  tlie 
sense  of  babbling  in  the  Spanish.  Or  both  senses  are 
rather  from  shooting,  protruding.] 

1.  A  young  man  who  has  not  been  married. 

2.  A  man  of  any  age,  who  has  not  been  married  ; 
often  with  the  word  old. 

3.  A  person  who  has  taken  the  first  degree  in  the 
liberal  arts  .and  sciences,  at  a  college  or  university. 
'J'his  degree,  or  honor,  is  called  the  baccalaureate. 
This  title  is  given  also  to  such  as  take  the  first  de- 
gree in  divinity,  law,  or  pliysic,  in  certain  European 
universities. 

4.  .\  knight  of  the  lowest  order,  or,  more  correctly, 
a  young  knight,  styled  a  knight  bacliehr.  The  Ger- 
mans anciently  constituted  their  young  men  knights 
or  soldiers,  by  presenting  to  them  a  shield  and  a 
lance,  in  a  great  council.  This  ceremony  answered 
to  that  of  the  toga  virilis  of  the  Romans.  In  the 
livery  companies  of  London,  those  persons  not  yet 
admitted  to  the  livery  are  called  bachelors. 

BACH'E-LOR-SHIP,  7i.  The  state  of  being  a  bach- 
elor. 

2.  The  state  of  one  who  has  taken  his  first  degree 
in  a  college  or  university. 
B.-^CK,  71.  [Sax.  bae,  birc  ^  Dan.  bag;  Sw.  bak;  and 
Sw.  backe,  bakke,  a  hill,  a  clod  or  lump.  The  sense 
probably  is  a  ridge,  like  the  Ger.  rocken,  D.  rug,  ap- 
plied to  the  shoulders,  or  to  the  back  of  a  beast.] 

1.  The  upper  part  of  an  animal,  p.aiticularly  of  a 
quadniped,  whose  back  is  a  ridge.  In  human  beings, 
the  hinder  part  of  the  body. 

2.  The  outuMrd  fir  convex  part  of  the  hand,  op- 
posed to  the  inner,  concave  part,  or  palin. 

3.  As  the  back  of  a  man  is  the  part  on  the  side  op- 
posite to  the  face,  hence  the  part  opposed  to  the 
front ;  as,  the  buck  of  a  book,  and  of  a  chimney,  or 
the  back  of  a  house. 

4.  The  part  opposite  to  or  most  remote  from  that 
which  fronts  the  sjieaker  or  actor,  or  the  part  out  of 
sight ;  as,  the  back  of  an  isle,  of  a  woOd,  of  a  village. 

5.  As  the  back  is  the  strongest  part  of  an  animal, 
and  .as  the  li<ack  is  behind  in  motion,  hence  the 
thick  and  strong  part  of  a  cutting  tool ;  as,  the  back 
of  a  knife,  or  of  a  saw. 

6.  The  place  behind  or  nearest  the  back ;  as,  on 
the  back  of  a  hill,  or  of  a  village, 

7.  The  outer  part  of  the  body,  or  the  whole  body  ; 
a  part  for  the  whole ;  as,  he  lias  not  clothes  to  his 
back. 

8.  To  turn  the  back  on  one,  is  to  treat  with  contempt, 
to  forsake,  or  neglect  him.  South. 

9.  To  turn  the  back  to  one,  to  acknowledge  to  be 
superior. 

10.  To  turn  the  back,  is  to  depart,  or  to  leave  the 
care  or  cognizance  of;  to  remove  or  be  absent. 

Davies. 

11.  Behind  the  back,  is  in  secret,  or  when  one  is 
absent. 

12.  To  cast  behind  the  back,  in  Scripture,  is  to  forget 
and  forgive.  Is.  xx.xviii.  17  ;  or  to  treat  with  con- 
tempt.   Ez.  xxiii.  33.    Nell.  ix.  26. 

13.  To  plow  the  back,  is  to  oppress  and  persecute. 
Ps.  cxxix. 

14.  To  bow  the  back,  is  to  submit  to  oppression. 
Rom.  xi.  10. 

BACK,  ailr.  To  the  place  from  which  one  came;  as, 
to  go  back,  is  to  return. 

2.  In  a  figurative  sense,  to  a  formerstate,  condition, 
or  station  ;  as,  lie  can  not  go  back  from  his  engage- 
ments. 

3.  Behind  ;  not  advancing ;  not  coming  or  bring- 
ing forward  ;  as,  to  keep  back  a  part  ;  to  keep  one's 
self  back, 

4.  Toward  times  or  things  past ;  as,  to  look  back 
on  former  ages. 

5.  Again  ;  in  return  ;  as,  to  give  back  the  mon<'y. 

6.  To  go  or  come  back,  is  to  return,  either  to  a  for- 
mer place  or  state. 

7.  To  go  or  gice  back,  is  to  retreat,  to  recede. 
BACK,  I).  (.    To  mount;  to  get  upon  the  back  ;  some- 
times, perhaps,  to  place  upon  the  back  ;  as,  to  back  a 
liorsf.  Shttli. 

2.  To  support  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  second  or  strength- 
en by  aid  ;  as,  the  court  was  backed  by  the  Mouse  of 
Commons.  Dryilrn. 

3.  To  put  backward  ;  to  cause  to  retreat  or  recede ; 
as,  to  back  oxen. 

4.  'J'o  back  a  warrant,  is  for  a  justice  of  the  pence, 
In  the  county  where  the  warrant  is  to  be  executed. 


BAC 

to  sign  or  indorse  a  warrant,  issued  in  another 
county,  to  apprehend  an  oftonder.  Blackstune. 

^.  In  seamanship,  to  back  an  anchor,  is  to  lay  down 
a  small  anchor  ahead  of  a  large  one,  the  cable  of  the 
small  one  being  fastened  to  the  crown  of  the  large 
one,  to  prevent  its  coming  home. 

(j.  To  back  astern,  in  rowing,  is  to  manage  the  oars 
in  a  direction  contrary  to  the  usual  method,  so  as  to 
move  a  boat  stern  foremost. 

I'o  back  the  oars  ;  to  row  backward  with  the  oars. 

7.  To  bock  the  sails,  is  to  anange  them  so  as  to 
take  out  the  wind,  and  thus  to  cause  the  ship  to  move 
astern.  Mar.  Diet. 

8.  To  back  the  field,  in  horse-racing,  is  to  bet  against 
a  particular  liorse  or  horses,  that  some  one  of  all  the 
other  horses  in  the  field  will  beat  them. 

Racing  Calendar. 

BACK,  f.  i.  To  move  or  go  back  ;  as,  the  hoise  re- 
fuses to  back.  Encyc. 

BACK'BiTE,  v.  t.  [back  and  bite.]  To  censure,  slan- 
der, reproach,  or  speak  evil  of  the  absent.  Prov.  xxv. 

BACK'BTT-ER,  n.  One  who  slanders,  calumniates, 
or  speaks  ill  of  the  absent. 

BACK'BlT-lNG,  ?!.  The  act  of  slandering  the  absent ; 
secret  calumny.   2  Cor.  xii. 

BACK'BIT-ING-LY,  ode.   With  secret  slander. 

Barret. 

BACK'BoARD,  7i.  [back  and  board.']  A  board  placed 
across  the  after  part  of  a  boat  for  tlie  passengers  to 
lean  against. 

2.  A  board  attached  to  the  rim  of  a  water-wheel, 
to  prevent  the  water  from  running  off  the  floats  or 
paddles,  into  the  interior  of  the  wheel.  .Vicholson. 

BACK'BONE,  n.  [back  and  bone.]  The  bone  of  the 
back,  or  the  spine. 

BACK'BOX-ES,  n.  pi.  The  boxes  on  the  top  of  the 
upper  case  used  for  printers'  types,  usually  appropri- 
ated to  small  capitals. 

B,4CK'e.\R-RY,  71.  A  having  on  the  back  ;  a  term 
of  law. 

B.\CK'DoOR,  7!.  [bach  and  door.]  A  door  on  the  back 
part  of  a  building ;  a  private  passage ;  an  indirect 
wav. 

BACk'£D,  (bakt,)  pp.  Mounted  ;  having  on  the 
back  ;  supported  by  aid  ;  seconded  ;  moved  back- 
ward. 

BACK'£D,  (bakt,)  a.  Having  a  back  ;  a  word  used  in 
composition  ;  as,  broad-backed,  huwp-backfd. 

BACK'ER,  71.  One  who  backs  or  supports  another 
in  a  contest. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  small  slate  laid  on  the  back  of 
a  large  one  at  certain  points.  Brande. 

BACK'FRIEND,  n.  [back  and  friend.]  A  secret 
enemy,  '  South. 

BACK-GAM'JION,  7i,  [\V,  bae,  small,  and  cammaun, 
conflict,  battle  ;  camp,  a  game,] 

A  game  played  by  two  persons,  upon  a  table,  with 
box  and  dice.  The  table  is  in  two  parts,  on  which 
are  24  black  and  white  spaces,  called  points.  Each 
player  has  15  men  of  different  colors  for  the  purpose 
of  distinction.  Encyc. 

B.\CK'GROUND,  71.  [back  and  ^roii7irf.]  Ground  in 
the  rear  or  behind,  as  opposed  to  the  front. 

2.  A  place  of  obscurity,  or  shade  ;  a  situation  little 
seen,  or  noticed. 

BACK' H  A.N  D-ED,  a.  [back  and  hand.]  With  the 
hand  turned  backward  ;  as,  a  backhanded  blow. 

BACK'HAND-ED,a6(e.  With  the  hand  directed  back- 
ward ;  as,  to  strike  bacUianded. 

BACK'HOUSE,  11.  [back  :\nii  hou.ie.]  A  building  be- 
hind the  main  or  front  building  ;  a  necessary. 

B.^CK'ING,  ppr.  Mounting  ;  moving  back,  as  a 
horse ;  seconding. 

BACK'ING,  71.  In  horsemanship,  the  operation  of  break- 
ing a  colt  for  the  s.addle.  Gilbert. 

2.  In  book-binding,  the  preparing  of  the  back  of  a 
book  with  glue,  &c.,  before  jiutting  on  the  cover. 

B.'\CK'Ii\(;-iJP,  n.  A  term  used  in  cricket  and  other 
games,  for  stopping  the  ball  and  driving  it  back. 

BACK'PaINT-ING,  n.  [back  aiiA  paint.]  The  meth- 
od of  painting  me/./.otinto  print-s,  pasted  on  glass  of 
a  size  to  fit  the  print.  Encyc. 

BACK'PIkCE,  H.  [hark  and  piece.]  The  piece  of  ar- 
mor which  rovers  the  back. 

B.\CK'Iir.-'l'l;RN',  h.    Repeated  return.  Shal;. 

BAl'K'-liOU.M,  w.  [back  and  riwiii.]  .V  room  behind 
the  front' room,  or  in  tlie  back  part  of  the  hou.«e, 

B.\("KS,  71,  pi.  Ainoug  dealers  in  leather,  the  thick- 
est and  stoutest  hides,  used  for  sole  leather, 

Erirye. 

BACK'SET,  0.    [back  and  .icl.]    Set  upon  in  the  rear, 

^inderson. 

BACK'SET,  71,   A  check  to  the  progress  of  any  thing; 

a  relapse.  [.Scotli'h.] 
BACK'SIDE,  n.    [back  and  side.]    The  back  part  of 

anything;  the  part  behind  that  which  is  presented 

to  the  face  of  a  spectator.    Ex.  iil, 

2.  The  hind  part  of  an  animal, 

3,  The  yard,  ground,  or  place  behind  n  house. 
BACK-SLIDE',  v.  i.    [bark  and  slide.]    To  fall  off;  to 

apostatize  ;  to  turn  gradually  from  the  faith  and 
practice  of  ('hristinniiy.   Jer.  iii.    Ilos.  iv. 
BACK-SLI1)'ER,  n.    An  apostate ;  one  who  falls  from 
the  faith  and  practice  of  religion.    Prov.  xiv. 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^LL,  WH/LT  METE,  PRfiY.  — PI.NE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


92 


BAG 


BAF 


BAI 


■2.  One  who  neglects  his  vows  of  obedience  and 

fills  into  sin.  .  . 

nA(;K-SLtl)'[NG,  B.    The  act  of  apostatizing  Irom 

Oiith  or  imiclirc;  a  falling  insensibly  from  religion 

into  sill  or  iilolatrv.    Jer.  v.  (i. 
UACK-SMD'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  backslidinf;. 
BACK'STXFF,  II.    [hack  and  stnff,  so  called  from  its 

beiiis  used  with  the  observer's  back  toward  the 

^"Aliuadrant;  an  instriimcnt  for  taking  the  sun's 
altitude  at  sea  ;  called  also,  from  its  inventor,  Davis  s 
niiadnmt.  ,  ^ 

BAl'K'-STAlRS.n.p;.  [tart  and s((iirs.]  Ptairs  in  the 
bark  part  of  a  house  ;  private  stairs;  andyiVurodoe/y, 
a  private  or  indirect  way. 

BACK'S'l'SYS,  «.  ;>/.  [back  and  stay.]  Lons  ropes 
or  «tavs  extending  from  the  toinnast  heads  to  both 
sides  'of  a  ship,  slanlins  a  little  aft,  to  assi<t  the 
shrouds  in  siipportini;  the  mast,  when  strained  by  a 
weisht  of  sail,  and  prevent  it  from  giving  way  and 
falliiiK  overboard.  Mar.  Diet. 

BACIv'STfjNE,  It.  The  heated  stone  on  wliii-:i  oat- 
cake is  buked.  -V,.r/A  -/  En<;Um(l. 

B  \CK'.-*\VoRI),  «.  [Mc'f  and  TiMri/.]  A  sword  with 
one  sharp  edge.  In  K/iir'fl"'',  a  stick  with  a  basket 
handle,  used  in  rustic  amusements.  Arbuthnot. 

BACK'WARD,  ailn.  [hack  and  ward.  Sec  VVabd.J 
With  the  back  in  advance  ;  as,  to  move  backward. 

2.  Toward  the  back  ;  as,  to  throw  the  arms  back- 
ward ,  to  move  backward  and  forward. 

3.  On  the  back,  or  with  the  back  downward  ;  as, 
to  fall  backward.  ,    ,  r 

4.  Toward  past  times  oi  events ;  as,  to  look  back- 
ward <m  the  history  of  man. 

5.  By  way  of  rellection  ;  retlexivcly.  Davies. 
G.  From  a  better  to  a  worse  state ;  as,  public  atiairs 

go  backward. 

7.  In  time  past ;  as,  let  us  look  some  ages  backward. 

8.  Perversely  ;  from  a  wrong  end. 

I  ncvf  r  yd  saw  man,  but  the  would  spell  him  backtiard.  SkaJc. 

9.  Toward  the  beginning ;  in  an  order  contrary  to 
the  natural  order ;  as,  to  read  backward. 

10.  Ill  a  scriptural  sense,  to  backward,  is 
to  rebel,  apostatize,  or  relapse  into  sin  or  idolatry.  Is.  i. 

11.  Contrarilv  ;  in  a  contrary  manner.  .^j/""- 
To  be  driven  or  turned  backward,  is  to  be  defeated, 

or  disappointed.    Ps.  xl."  . 

To  turn  juditment  backward,  is  to  pervert  justice 
and  laws.    Is.  lix. 
BACK'WARD,  a.     Unwilling  ;  averse  ;  rclucUint ; 
hesitating. 

Pope. 


VoT  Winer  btulM  m  baekiiard  lo  be  tUra. 

2.  Slow  ;  sluggish  ;  dilatory. 

The  mind  is  brukwnrd  to  umlcrRO  the  faUgue  of  weijhinff  e»fl7 
aijunient.  naUt. 

3.  Dull ;  not  quick  of  apprehension  ;  behind  in 
progress  ;  as,  a  backward  learner. 

4.  Late  ;  behind  in  time  ;  coining  after  something 
else,  or  after  the  usual  lime ;  as,  backward  fruits  ;  the 
season  is  backward. 

BACK'W.\RD,  n.  The  things  or  state  behind  or  past. 

In  the  dark  liacliieard  oc  abysm  of  lime.  Sltalt. 

[J^ot  proper,  nor  in  use.] 
DACK'WARU-LY,  adv.    Unwillingly  ;  reluctantly  ; 

averselv  ;  perversely. 
B.ACK' \V.\RD-.\'F,f;S,  n.  Unwillingness ;  reluctance ; 
dilatoriness,  or  dullness  in  action. 

2.  A  state  of  being  behind  in  progress  ;  slowness  ; 
tardiness  ;  as,  Ihc  backwardness  of  the  spring. 
BACK'-WA'TER,  n.    Water  which  sets  back  in  a 
stream,  owing  to  some  obstruction  below.  Also, 
water  thrown  back\y  the  turning  of  a  water-wheel. 
BACK'WOODS'MAN,  n.    In  (Ac  United  States,  an  in- 
habitant of"  the  forest  in  the  new  settlements,  espe- 
cially on  the  western  frontier. 
BACK'WORM,  n.    [back  and  worm.'] 

A  small  H  orm,  in  a  thin  skin,  in  the  reins  or  a 
hawk.    [See  Fii-ANDEn-i.]  Encyc. 
BACK'-WOL'.M),  (  wound  or  -woond,)r.  t  To  wound 

secretly  behind  the  back.  S/iak. 
BA'eOiN',  (bi'kn,)  n.    [\V.  baeeum  :  U.  bo^n.    In  old 
charters,  boea.   CoweL    In  Ger.  baehe  is  a  wild  sow.] 
Hog's  (lesh  (sometimes  that  of  the  bear,  4cc.)  salt- 
ed or  pickled  and  dried,  usually  in  smoke. 

To  sace  one's  bacon,  is  to  preserve  one's  self  from 
harm. 

BA-eO'NI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Lord  Bacon,  or  to 

his  system  of  philosophy. 
BAC'QLE,  It.    [Fr.  bascule.] 

In  fortification,  a  kind  of  portcullis  or  gate,  made 
like  a  pitfall,  with  a  counterpoise,  and  supported  by 
two  great  stakes.  Encyc. 
BA€'lI-MTE,  n.    [L.  Sacti/u...] 

A  name  common  to  a  genus  of  fossil  shells,  of  a 
straight  form,  a  little  conical,  in  their  cellular  struct- 
ure resembling  the  ammonites.  Ed.  Encyc. 
BAe-U-LOM'E-TRY,  lu    [L.  baculus,  a  staff,  and  Or. 
/itro^f,  measure.] 

The  act  of  measuring  distance  or  altitude  by  a  staff 
or  staffs.  Bailey.  Johnson. 


B.\D,  a.    [Pers.  Jvj  bad,  evil,  depraved  ;  allied  per- 
haps to  Ar.        bttda.    Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ham.  niK 

aJorf,  to  perish  or  destroy.] 

1.  Ill  ■  evil ;  opposed  to  good;  a  word  of  general 
use,  denoting  physical  defects  and  moral  fiiults,  in 
men  and  things  ;  as,  a  bad  man,  a  bad  heart,  a  bad 
design,  bad  air,  bad  water,  bad  books. 

2.  Vicious;  corrupt;  depraved,  in  a  moral  sense; 
as,  a  boAl  life  ;  a  biul  action. 

3.  Unwholesome  ;  as,  bid  provisions. 

4.  Unfortunate  ;  unprosperous  ;  as,  a  bad  state  of 

5.  Unskillful  ;  as,  a  bad  player.  [aliairs. 

6.  Small  ;  poor  ;  as,  a  bad  crop. 

7.  Infirm  ;  as,  a  bad  state  of  health. 

8.  Feeble,  corrupt,  or  oppressive ;  as,  a  bad  govern- 
ment. ,        ■  .  ■    I.  1  <■ 

9.  Hurtful ;  pernicious ;  as,  fine  print  is  iiad  for 

the  eves. 

10.  Unfavorable  ;  as,  a  bad  season. 

1 1.  Poor  ;  sterile  ;  as,  a  bad  soil. 

12.  Rough  or  muddy  ;  as,  a  bud  road. 
In  short,  bad  expresses  whatever  is  injurious,  hurt- 
ful, inconvenient,  unlawful,  or  immoral ;  whatever 
is  oflensive,  painful,  or  unfavorable  ;  or  what  is  de- 
fective. 

B  \nE  i  "^''^  ""^  ^^^^  '''"'^ 

BAUtSE,  II.  [I  know  not  the  alTinities  of  this  word, 
not  having  found  it  in  any  other  language.  Probably 
it  belongs  to  Class  Bg.]  . 

1.  A  mark,  sign,  token,  or  thing,  by  which  a  per- 
son is  distinguished,  in  a  particular  pl.ace  or  employ- 
ment, and  designating  his  relation  to  a  person  or  to 
a  particular  occupation  ;  a-s,  the  bailee  of  authority. 

2.  The  mark  or  token  of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  badge 
of  bitterness.  ,  S'"^';  . 

3.  An  ornament  on  ships,  near  the  stern,  decorated 
with  fipires.  .  ,  ^ 

BAD6E,  t).  U   To  mark,  or  distinguish  with  a  badge. 

^bnk. 

B\DGE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  badge.         Bp.  Hall. 
BADO'ER,  n.    fCiu.  badge,  supra  ;  or  Sax.  bygan,  byc- 
iran,  to  buy  ;  Norm,  bugtre.] 

"  In  law,  a  person  who  is  licensed  to  buy  corn  m  one 
place  and  sell  it  in  another,  without  incurring  tlie 
penalties  of  engrossing.  CoidcI. 
BADG'EU,  n.  A  plantigrade  quadruped  of  the  genus 
Ursus,  (Linn.,)  now  ranked  in  a  separate  genus, 
{ Taxus  or  Meles,)  of  a  clumsy  make,  with  short,  thick 
legs,  and  long  claws  on  the  fore  feet.  It  inhabits  the 
north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  burrows,  is  indolent  and 
sleepy,  feeds  by  night  on  vegetables,  and  is  generally 
verv  fat.  Its  skin  is  used  for  pi-stol  furniture  ;  its 
flesh  makes  good  bacon,  and  its  hair  is  used  for 
brushes  to  soften  the  shades  in  painting.  Encyc 

The  American  badger  is  called  the  ground-hog,  and 
is  sometimes  white.  Pennant. 
BADG'ER,  v.  t.   To  follow  up  or  pursue  with  great 
ea"erness,  as  the  badger  is  hunted ;  to  pester  or  wor- 
"  Rich,  Dirt. 

B.\D(5'EU-LEG-G£D,  (-legd,)  a.    Having  legs  like  a 
badger.  Johnson  says,  having  legs  of  unequal  length  ; 
biit,'^qii.  short,  thick  legs.  ShaJi 
BAD-I-.X'GA,  n.    [Russ.  badyaga.] 

A  small  sponge,  common  in  the  north  of  burope, 
the  powder  of  which  is  used  to  take  away  the  livid 
marks  of  bruises.  Encyc. 

This  is  properly  a  cr)-ptogamic  plant  of  the  order 
Algffi,  and  genus  Badiaga,  tliougli  considered  by  Lin- 
n.tus  as  a  species  of  Spongia.  Becker. 
B.AD'I-.\i\E,  j  n.   The  seed  of  a  tree  in  China,  which 
BAN'DI-AN,  (    smells  like  anise  seeds;  used  by  the 
Chinese  and  Dutch  to  give  their  tea  an  aromatic  tosts. 

Encyc. 

B.AD-I-GF:'ON,  n.  A  mixture  of  plaster  .and  freestone, 
ground  together  and  sifted,  used  by  statuaries  to  fill 
the  small  holes  and  repair  the  defects  of  the  stones 
of  which  they  make  their  suatiies  ;  also,  a  mixture  of 
saw-dust  and  glue,  used  by  joiners  to  till  up  defects 
in  their  work.  Encyc. 
B.«£>'/.V-ilOK,  (bad'in4lzh,)  It.    [Fr.]    Light  or  pl.ay- 

ful  discourse.  Chesterfield. 
BAD'LY,  adv.    ffrom  bad.]    In  a  bad  manner;  not 
well;  unskiUfully ;  grievously;  unfortunately;  im- 
perfectly. 

BAD'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  b.ad,  evil,  vicious, 
or  depraved  ;  want  of  good  qualities,  natural  or  mor- 
al ;  as,  the  badness  of  the  heart,  of  the  season,  of  the 
roads,  &c. 

BAF'FE-TAS,  (  n.  An  India  cotton  clolh  or  plain 
BAF'TAS,       !    muslin.    That  of  Surat  is  said  to 

be  the  best.  Encyc. 
BAF'FLE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  bejler,  to  make  or  play  the  fiml 
with  ;  Sp.  befar:  It.  beffare,  id.  It  coincides  in  origin 
with  buffoon.  In  Scottish,  6c#,  baff,  signifies  to  »(riAr.] 
To  mock  or  elude  by  artifice ;  to  elude  by  shifts 
and  turns  ;  hence,  to  defeat,  or  confound  ;  as,  to  baf- 
fie  the  designs  of  an  enemy. 


BAF'FLE,  II.  t.  To  practice  deci-it.  Barrow. 
B\F'FLE,  n.    A  defeat  by  artifice,  shifts,  and  turns. 

Siiuili. 

n\F'FLKD,  pp.    Eluded  ;  defeated;  confounded, 
li  AK'FLEK,  «.    One  that  baffles. 
B.\F'FLL\'(J,  ppr.  or  a.    Eluding  by  shifts  and  turns, 
or  by  stratagem  ;  defeating  ;  coiifipundiiig.    A  baf- 
fiittg  wind,  amon%  seamen,  i^  one  that  frequently  shifts 
from  one  iKiiiit  to  another. 
BAF'FLING-LY,  a</«.    In  a  battling  manner. 
B  \F'FLli\G-NESS,  n.    Uiiality  of  baffling. 
BAG,  II.  [Norm,  bage,  a  bag,  a  coffer  ;  iia.nic.*,  baggage. 
This  word  seeins  to  be  from  thif  root  of  p«c/i,  pi'ue*, 
Fr.  poclie,  or  of  the  same  family  ;  or  it  is  front  the 
sense  of  tying,  binding;  Sp.  baga,  a  rope  or  cord  for 
fastening  loads  cm  beasts  of  burden.  Hence  baggage  : 
It.  bngaglia;  Sp.  bagage ;  Port,  bagagem  ;  Fr.  bagage: 
Arm.  para,  a  puci,  and  iag-uicA.] 

1.  A  sack  ;  a  pouch,  usually  of  cloth  or  leather, 
used  to  hold,  preserve,  or  convey  corn  and  other 
commodities. 

2.  A  sack,  in  animal  bodies,  containing  some  Muio 
or  other  substance  ;  the  udder  of  a  female  beait. 

3.  Formerly,  a  sort  of  silken  purse  tied  to  the  hair. 

4.  In  e.omu'terce,  a  certain  cpiantity  of  a  commodity, 
such  as  it  is  customary  lo  carry  to  market  in  a  sack ; 
as,  a  buT  of  pepper  or  hops  ;  a  ban  of  corn. 

5.  Aiuong  furriers,  a  bag  of  asaf.-tiila  and  savin  is 
tied  lo  the  bits  of  horses  to  restore  their  ap|)etites. 

Encye. 

BAG,  ti.  t.  To  put  into  a  bag ;  as,  to  bag  game.   [ Used 
chiefly  by  xporUmen.] 
2.  To  load  with  bags. 
BAG,  I),  i.  To  swell  like  a  full  bag,  as  Sails  when  filled 
with  wind.  , 
BA-G.\SSE',  n.    The  sugar-cane,  when  cnished  and 

dry  ;  used  as  fuel.  , 
B^O  -f-rW-LE',  (bag-i-ter,)  n.    [Tr. ;  Sp.  bagatda  i 
It.  bagatclla;  Arm.  bagaiih.) 

1.  A  trifle  ;  a  thing  of  no  import-incc. 

2.  .\  game  played  on  aboard  having,  at  the  end, 
nine  holes,  into  which  balls  are  to  be  struck,  with  a 
rod  held  in  the  hand  of  the  player. 

B.\G'GAGE,  n.    [Fr.  bagage.    Uu.  Eng.  pof'.nM  ;  D. 
pakkandjc,  baggage,  that  which  is  packed.    See  B*o.] 

1.  The  tents,  clothing,  utensils,  and  other  necessa- 
ries of  an  army. 

2.  The  clothing  and  other  conveniences  which  a 
traveler  carries  with  him  on  a  journey. 


Fuhionabte  follies  bajt4  argument. 


j4non. 


llavinr  dispatched  my  baggnge  by  water  1»  Alulorf. 

*     *  Core,  6irU2. 

[The  English  now  call  this  luggage.] 
B.\G'G.\6E,  n.    [Fr.  bagasse;  It.  bagascia ;  Sp.  baga- 
10,  a  catamite  ;  Pers.  baga,  a  strumpet.] 

1.  A  low,  worthless  woman  ;  a  strumpet. 

2.  A.  playful,  saucy  female.  Ooldsmith. 
B.\G'G1NG,  ppr.  Swelling;  becoming  protuberant. 
B.\G'GI.NG,  n.   The  cloth  or  materials  for  bags. 

United  SUttes.    Fjiwards's  IVcst  Indies. 
B.\GN''IO,  (ban'yo,)  >i.    [It.  bagno ;  Sp.  iano;  Port. 
banfw  ;  Fr.  bain  ;  L.  balneum.] 

1.  A  bath  ;  a  house  for  bathing,  cupping,  sweating, 
and  otherwise  cleansing  the  body.  In  T urkey,  it  is 
the  name  of  jirisous  w  here  slaves  arc  kept ;  so  called 
from  the  baths  which  they  contain.  Encye. 

2.  .\  brotliel.  .  . 
BAG'PIPE,  n.    [bag  and  pipe.]    A  musical  wind  in- 
strument, used  chiefly  in  Scotland  and  Ireland.  It 
consists  of  a  leathern  hag,  which  receives  the  air  by 
a  tube,  which  is  stopped  by  a  valve  ;  and  pipes,  into 
which  the  air  is  pressed  by  the  performer.  The  bass- 
pipe  is  called  the  drone,  and  the  tenor  or  treble  is  , 
called  thecAaiifcr.   The  pipes  have  eight  holes  like  . 
those  of  a  flute,  which  the  performer  stops  and  opens  .1 
at  pleasure.    There  are  sovcral  species  of  bagpipes, 
as  the  soft  and  melodious  Irish  bagpipe,  with  two  J 
short  drones  and  a  long  one;  the  Highland  bagpipe,  i 
with  two  short  drones,  the  music  of  which  is  very 
loud  ;  the  Scot's  Lowland  bagpipe,  which  is  plaved 
with  a  bellows,  and  is  also  a  loud  instrument.  T  here 

is  also  a  small  pipe,  with  a  chanter  about  eight  inches 
in  length.  .  -f^''^"'- 

In  seamanship,  to  bag-pipe  thi  mizien,  is  to  lay  it 
aback  by  bringing  the  sheet  to  the  mizzen  shrouds. 

.Uir.  DicL 

BAG'PIP-ER,  n.    One  who  plays  on  a  bagpipe. 

BAG'RE,  n.  .\  small  bearded  fish,  a  species  ol  Silunis, 
anguilliform,  of  a  silvery  hue,  without  scales,  and  de- 
licious food.  Diet,  of  Kat.  irisL 

B.\G'REEF,  It.  [bag  ani  reef .]  A  fourtli  and  lower 
reef  used  in  the  British  navy.  Mar.  DicL 

BA-GUETTE',  (ba-get',)  n.  [Fr.  baguette,  from  ba-rue, 
a  ring  ;  Ir.  beacht ;  Sax.  beag.] 

In  architecture,  a  little  round  molding,  less  than  an 
astragal,  sometimes  carved  and  enriched. 

Encyc.  .Johnson. 

B.A-IIAR',  I II.   Weights  used  in  the  East  Indies.  The 

BXR'RE,  "Tfaf  bahar,  for  weighing  pepper,  cloves, 
nutmegs,  &c.,  is  lbs.  9  nz.  avoirduixjis.  1  he  Utile 
bahar,  for  weighing  quicksilver,  vennilion,  ivory, 
silk,  &c.,  is  437  lbs.  9  oz.  avoirdupois.  Encyc 

BaIGNE,  v.  U    [Fr.  baigner.] 

To  soak  or  drench.    [M'ot  used.]  Carew. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IjmTE.  — AJJ"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  asK;6a3j;Sa3Z;CHas  SH  ;  TH  a3  in  THIS. 


93 


BAI 

CaIK'AL-ITE,  n.  [from  Baikal,  a  lake  in  Northern 
Asia.] 

A  jireenish  variety  of  augite,  occurring  in  prouped 
or  radiated  aciciilar  prisms.  Dana. 
HAIL,  r.  U  [Fr.  and  Nonn.  baillrr,  to  deliver,  to  lejise  ; 

Arm.  boMilhat;  Ar.  J^J  hahala;  Eth.  I^^h  bale- 

ali,  to  deliver,  free,  liberate,  permit  to  go.] 

1.  To  set  free,  deliver,  or  liberate  from  arrest  and 
imprisonment,  upon  security  given  that  the  person 
bailed  shall  appear  and  answer  in  court.  The  word 
is  applied  to  the  magistrate  or  the  surety.  The  magis- 
trate bails  a  man,  when  he  liberates  him  from  arrest 
or  imprisonment,  upon  bond  given  with  sureties. 
The  surety  bails  a  person,  when  he  procures  his 
release  from  arrest,  by  giving  bond  for  his  appear- 
ance. Blackstone. 

•2.  To  deliver  goods  in  tnist,  upon  a  contract,  ex- 
pressed or  implied,  that  the  trust  shall  be  faithl^iilly 
executed  on  the  part  of  the  bailee,  or  person  intrust- 
ed ;  as,  to  bail  cloth  to  a  tailor  to  be  made  into  a  gar- 
ment, or  to  bait  gootis  to  a  carrier.  Blackstonc. 

3.  To  free  from  water ;  as,  to  bail  a  boat.  This 
word  is  improperly  written  bale.  The  word  is  prob- 
ably the  same  as  bail  in  law,  to  free,  or  liberate,  and 
signifies  to  throw  out  water,  as  witli  a  bucket  or 
shovel. 

BAIL,  n.  The  person  or  persons  who  procure  the  re- 
lease of  a  prisoner  from  custody,  by  becoming  sure- 
ty for  his  appearance  in  court. 

The  bail  must  be  rfa],  substantial  bondsmen.  Blackstone, 
B.  and  B.  wereMii  lo  the  arrest  iu  a  suit  at  law.  Kent, 

Bail  is  not  used  with  a  plural  termination. 

2.  The  security  given  for  the  release  of  a  prisoner 
from  custody  ;  as,  the  man  is  out  upon  bail. 

Eicessiye  bail  ought  not  to  be  required.  Blacltstone. 

Bail  is  common  or  special.  Comrnmbail  are  imagin- 
an,-  persons,  who  are  pledges  for  the  plaintifTs  prose- 
cution, as  John  Doe  and  Richard  Roe. 

Special  bail  must  be  men  of  real  substance,  sufficient 
'  to  pay  their  bond  or  recognizance.  To  perfect  or  jus- 
tify bail,  is  to  prove  by  the  oath  of  the  person  that  he 
is  worth  the  sum  for  which  he  is  surety  beyond  his 
debts.  To  admit  to  bail,  is  to  release  upon  security 
given  by  bondsmen. 

3.  The  handle  of  a  kettle  or  similar  vessel.  Forby. 

4.  In  England,  a  certain  limit  within  a  forest. 
BAIL'.\-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  set  free  upon  bond 

with  sureties;  that  may  be  admitted  to  bail ;  used  of 
persons. 

2.  That  admits  of  bail ;  as,  a  bailable  offense. 

Blackstone, 

BAIL'BOXD,  n.  A  bond  or  obligation  given  by  a 
prisoner  and  his  surety,  to  insure  the  prisoner's  ap- 
pearance in  court,  at  the  return  of  the  writ.  Also, 
special  bail  in  court  to  abide  the  judgment.  Bounier. 

BAIL'JED,  pp.  Released  from  custody  on  bonds  for 
appearance  in  court. 

2.  Delivered  in  tnist,  to  be  carried  and  depesited, 
redelivered,  or  otherwise  accounted  for. 

3.  Freed  from  water,  as  a  boat. 

BAIL-EE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  goods  are  com- 
mitted in  trust,  and  who  has  a  temporary  possession 
and  a  qiuUiiicd  property  in  them,  for  the  purposes  of 
tile  trust.  Blaclistone. 

BaIL'ER,  )  Ji.    One  who  delivers  goods  to  another  in 

BAIL'OR,  1    trust,  fur  some  particular  purpose. 

BAIL'IE,  71.  A  municipal  officer  in  Scotland,  corre- 
sponding to  an  alderman  in  England.  Brandt. 

BaIL'IFF,  71.  [Fr.  baillif ;  Arm.  belly:  Scot,  bailli; 
It.  bailo,  a  magistrate ;  balia,  power,  authority.  Ch. 
Ar.  Ilcb.  Pyr.  hV2  lord,  chief.  Class  Bl.  This  word, 
from  its  derivation,  would  more  properly  be  spelt 
with  but  one /.] 

In  England,  officer  appointed  by  the  sheriff. 
Bailiffs  are  either  special,  and  appointed,  for  their 
adroitness,  to  arrest  persons  ;  or  bailiffs  of  hundreds, 
who  collect  fines,  summon  juries,  attend  the  assizes, 
and  execute  writs  and  process.  The  sheriff  in  Eng- 
land is  the  king's  bailiff. 

There  are  also  bailiffs  of  liberties,  appointed  by  the 
lords  in  their  respective  jurisdictions,  to  execute 
process,  and  perform  other  duties;  bailiffs  of  forests 
and  of  manors,  who  direct  the  hiisbandrj-,  collect 
renU,  ice. ;  and  water-bailiffs  in  each  port,  to  search 
vcHsels,  gather  toll  for  anchorage,  arrest  persons  for 
debt  on  the  water,  &c.  Blarksiune.  Encyc. 

The  office  of  bailiff  formerly  was  high  and  honor- 
able in  England,  and  officers  under  that  title  on  the 
C<intinent  arc  still  invested  with  important  functions. 

BAIL'I-WICK,  n.  [bailli,  an  officer,  (see  Bailiff,) 
and  Hax.  mic.] 

The  precincts  in  which  a  bailiff  has  jurisdiction  ; 
the  limit!)  <if  a  bailiff's  authority;  in, a  hundred,  a 
liberty,  a  forest,  over  which  a  bailiff  is  appointed. 
In  the  lihertii'ii  and  franchises  of  lords,  the  bailiff  has 
cxrIiMive  jurisdiction.  Encyc. 
BAIL'.MENT,  n.  [from  bail.]  A  delivery  of  goods, 
in  trift,  upon  a  cciiitracl,  expressed  or  implied,  that 
(lie  triiHl  nliall  be  faithfully  executed.  Blackstone. 
nAIL'l'IF:(,°E,  n.    A  Klip  <if  parcliinent  or  paper  con- 


BAL 

taining  a  recognizance  of  bail  abeme  or  bail  to  the  ac- 
tion. Blachitone, 
BAI.V,  (bang,)  71.    [Fr.]    A  bath.  [Obs.] 
B.1L\'-MA-RtE',  (bang-mi-ree',)  7i.     [L.  balneum 
maris.] 

In  cookery,  a  large  vessel  of  hot  water  in  which 
saucepans,        are  placed  to  warm  food. 

BAI'RAM  ;  the  name  of  two  Mohammedan  festivals, 
of  which  one  is  held  at  the  close  of  the  fast  Raniezan, 
and  the  other  seventy  days  after.  P.  Cyc, 

BaIRN,  )  71.    [Sax.  beam  :  Scot,  bairn :  probably,  Eng. 

BARN,  j     born.]    A  child.    [Little  used  in  Eniflisk.] 

BAIT,  71.  [W.  abwijd,  bwyd ;  Arm.  boet ;  It.  abadJi; 
Sw.  bete,  food  ;  beta,  to  feed  ;  Sax.  batan,  to  bait ; 
Russ.  pitayu  ;  Dan.  bede,  to  rest  for  refreshment.] 

1.  Any  substance  for  food,  proper  to  be  used,  or 
actually  used,  to  catch  fish,  or  other  animals,  by 
alluring  them  to  swallow  a  hook,  or  to  be  caught  in 
snares,  or  in  an  inclosure  or  net. 

2.  A  portion  of  food  and  drink,  or  a  refreshment 
taken  on  a  journey. 

3.  An  allurement ;  enticement ;  temptation. 
BAIT,  t!.  u    To  put  meat  on  a  hook  or  line,  or  in  an 

inclosure,  or  among  snares,  to  allure  fish,  fowls,  and 

other  animals  into  human  power. 
2.  To  give  a  portion  of  food  and  drink  to  a  beast 

upon  the  road  ;  as,  to  bait  horses.  Juhnson. 
BAIT,  r.  i.   To  take  a  portion  of  food  and  drink  for 

refreshment  on  a  journey  ;  as,  we  stopped  to  bait. 
B.AIT,  r.  t.    [Goth,  beitan.    In  Sax.  bate  is  contention. 

See  Make-bate.] 

1.  To  provoke  and  harass  by  dogs  ;  to  harass  by 
the  help  of  others ;  as,  to  bait  a  bull  or  a  boar. 

2.  To  attack  with  violence;  to  harass  in  tlie  man- 
ner of  small  animals.  Sliak. 

BAIT,  r.  i.  To  clap  the  wings  ;  to  flutter  as  if  to  fly ; 
or  to  hover  as  a  hawk,  when  she  stoops  to  her  prey. 

Baileif.  Sliak. 
BAIT,  77.    White  Bait,  a  small  fish  of  the  I'hames. 
BaIT'ED,  pp.  Furnished  with  bait ;  allured  ;  tempted. 

2.  Fed,  or  refreshed,  on  the  road. 

3.  Harassed  by  dogs  or  other  small  animals ; 
attacked. 

BaIT'ING, ppr.  Furnishing  with  bait ;  tempting;  al- 
luring. 

2.  Feeding  ;  refreshing  at  an  inn. 

3.  Harassing  with  dogs  ;  attacking. 
B.AIT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  baiting  ;  refreshment  at  an 

inn,  particularly  food«for  a  horse.  A7i. 
2.  The  act  of  causing  dogs  to  attack  bulls,  bears,  &c. 

BAIZE,  71.  [Per.  pozali,  the  nap  or  down  of  cloth  ;  Sp. 
bausan,  the  same.] 

A  coarse  woolen  stuff,  with  a  long  nap,  sometimes 
frized  on  one  side,  without  wale,  being  wove  with 
two  treadles,  like  flannel.  Chambers. 

BAKE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  bacan;  Sw.  baka;  Dan.  bage;  D. 
baken  ;  Ger.  backen ;  Gipsy,  pekgum ;  Russ.  pcku,  to 
bake  ;  pekar,  a  baker  ;  Per.  pochtan,  to  bake  or  cook.] 

1.  To  heat,  dry,  and  harden,  as  in  an  oven  or  fur- 
nace, or  under  coals  of  fire  ;  to  prepare  for  food,  in  a 
close  place  heated  ;  as,  to  baks  bread. 

2.  To  dry  and  harden  by  heat,  either  in  an  oven, 
kiln,  or  furnace,  or  by  the  solar  rays ;  as,  to  bake  bricks ; 
to  bake  the  ground. 

BAKE,  V.  i.  To  do  the  work  of  baking ;  as,  she  brews, 

waslies,  and  bakes. 
2.  To  be  baked  ;  to  dry  and  harden  in  heat ;  as, 

the  bread  bakes  i  the  ground  bakes  in  a  hot  sun. 
BaK'£D,  (bakt,)  pp.  or  a.    Dried  and  hardened  by 

heat ;  dressed  in  heat ;  as,  baked  meat. 
BAKE'HOUSE,  n.    [bake  and  house.]    A  house  or 

building  for  baking. 
BAKE'MeATS,  71.  pi.    Meats  prepared  for  food  in  an 

oven.    Gen.  xl. 
BaK'£N,p/).  The  same  as  Baked,  and  nearly  obsolete. 
BaK'ER,  71.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  bake  bread, 

biscuit,  &.C. 

2.  A  small  tin  oven  in  which  baking  is  perfonned. 
BAK'ER-FOQT,  Tt.    An  ill-shaped  or  distorted  foot. 

Taylor. 

BAK'ER-LEG-GED,  a.  Having  crooked  legs,  or  legs 
that  bend  inward  at  tht?  knees. 

BAK'ER-Y,  71.    The  trade  of  a  baker. 

2.  A  place  occupied  with  the  business  of  baking 
bread,  &.c.  Smollett. 

BaIC'I.NG,  ppr.  Drying  and  hardening  in  heat ;  dress- 
ing or  cooking  in  a  close  place,  or  in  heat. 

BAK'ING,  71.    A  drj  ing  or  hardening  by  heat. 

2.  The  quantity  baked  at  once ;  as,  a  baking  of 
bread. 

BAL'A.N',  71.  A  fish  of  a  beautiful  yellow,  variegated 
with  orange,  a  spticies  of  wrasse,  caught  on  the 
shores  of  England.  Diet,  of  JVat.  HisL 

BAL'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  balance;  Sp.  baltmia  ;  IL  bilancia; 
L.  bilanz,  bii,  twice,  and  lanz,  a  dish,  the  double 
dish.] 

1.  A  pair  of  scales  for  weighing  commodities.  It 
consists  of  a  beam  or  lever  suspended  exactly  in  the 
middle,  with  a  scale  or  basin  hung  to  each  extremity, 
of  precisely  equal  weight.  The  Koinan  balance,  our 
steelyard,  consists  of  ii  lever  t>r  beam,  movable  on  a 
center,  and  suspended  near  one  of  its  extremities. 
Hence, 

3.  One  of  the  simple  powers  In  mechanics,  used 


BAL 

for  determining  the  equality  or  diflerence  of  weight 
in  heavy  bodies,  and  consequently  their  masses  or 
quantity  of  matter.  '  Eonjc. 

3.  Fignratively,  an  impartial  state  of  the  mind,  in 
deliberating:  or  a  just  estimate  of  the  reascns  and 
arguments  on  both  sides  of  a  question,  wliicli  gives 
to  each  its  <iue  weight,  or  force  and  importance. 

4.  As  balance  signifies  equal  weight,  or  etpiality,  it 
is  by  custom  used  for  the  weight  or  sum  necessary  lo 
vialce  two  unequal  weights  or  sums  equal;  tlitit  which 
is  necessary  to  bring  them  to  a  balance  or  equipoise. 
Hence,  in  accounts,  balance  is  the  difference  of  (700 
sums  ;  as,  upon  an  adjustment  of  accounts,  a  balance 
was  found  against  A  in  favor  of  B.  Hence,  to  pay  a 
balance,  is  to  pay  the  difference  and  make  the  two 
accounts  equal. 

5.  Balance  of  trade,  is  an  equal  exportation  of  do- 
mestic productions,  and  importation  of  foreign.  But, 
usually,  the  term  is  applied  to  the  difference  between 
the  amount  or  value  of  the  commodities  exported  and 
imported.  Hence  the  common  expression,  the  bal- 
ance of  trade  is  against  or  in  favor  of  a  country. 

6.  Equipoise,  or  an  equal  state  of  power  between 
nations  ;  as,  the  balance  of  power. 

7.  Equipoise,  or  an  equal  state  of  the  passions. 
The  balance  of  the  mind.  Pope, 

8.  That  which  renders  weight  or  authority  equal. 

The  only  batnnre  attempted  a^.uns:  Uie  ancient  Icinefs.  was  a 
body  of  nobles.  J.  Adams, 

9.  The  part  of  a  clock  or  watch  which  regulates 
the  beats. 

10.  In  astronomy,  a  sign  in  the  zodiac,  called,  in 
Latin,  Libra,  which  the  sun  enters  at  the  equinox  in 
September. 

The  hydrostatic  balance,  is  an  instrument  to  deter- 
mine the  specific  gravity  of  fluid  and  solid  bodies. 

The  assay  balance,  is  one  which  is  used  in  doci- 
mastic  operations,  to  determine  the  weight  of  minute 
bodies. 

Balance  of  Torsion.    See  Torsion  Balance. 

[It  is  an  error  to  use  balance  for  remainder;  as, 
"  The  balance  of  the  evening  was  spent  in  study."] 
BAL'ANCE,  V.  t.    To  adjust  the  weights  in  the  scales 
of  a  balance  so  as  to  bring  them  to  an  equipoise. 
Hence, 

2.  To  weigh  reasons;  ta  compare,  by  estimating 
the  relative  force,  importance,  or  value  of  different 
things  ;  as,  to  balance  good  and  evil. 

3.  To  regulate  different  powers,  so  as  to  keep  them 
in  a  state  of  just  pro(>ortion  ;  as,  to  balance  Europe,  or 
the  powers  of  Europe. 

4.  To  counterpoise  ;  to  make  of  equal  weight  or 
force ;  to  make  equipollent ;  as,  one  species  of  at- 
traction balances  another. 

One  expression  in  the  letter  must  check  and  balance  another. 

A'enl. 

5.  To  settle  and  adjust,  as  an  account ;  to  find  the 
difference  of  two  accounts,  and  to  p.ay  tlie  balance, 
or  difference,  and  make  them  equal. 

G.  In  seamanship,  to  contract  a  sail,  by  rolling  up  a 
small  part  of  it  at  one  corner.  JJar.  Diet. 

BAL'ANCE,  V.  i.  To  have  on  e.ich  side  equal  weight ; 
to  be  on  a  poise  ;  to  preserve  the  equipoise  of  the 
body. 

2.  To  hesitate  ;  to  fluctuate  between  motives  which 
appear  of  equal  force,  as  a  balance  plays  when  poised 
by  equal  weights. 

Between  riglu  and  wroii    never  balance  a  moment.  Anon. 

3.  In  dancing,  to  move  toward  a  person  opposite, 
and  then  back. 

B.\L'ANC-£D,  (hal'anst,)  pp.  Charged  with  equal 
weights  ;  standing  on  an  equipoise  ;  regulated  so  as 
to  be  equal ;  settled  ;  adjusted  ;  iiiade  equal  in  weight 
or  amount. 

BAL'ANCE-FISH,  71.  The  zyga;na,  or  hammer-fish, 
(Fr.  marteaa  ,)  a  fish  of  the  genus  Sqiialiis,  or  shark 
kind.  It  is  six  feet  long,  and  weighs  500  lbs.  It  has 
three  or  four  rows  of  broad,  pointed,  and  serrati.'d 
teeth  ;  has  a  horrible  aspect,  and  is  very  voracious. 
It  is  peculiariv  distinguished  by  the  form  of  its  himd, 
flattened  in  front,  and  projecting  laterally,  like  the 
head  of  a  hammer.  Enciic.  Cuiner. 

BAL'ANCE-KNIFE,  n.  A  kind  of  table  knife,  which, 
when  laid  on  the  table,  rests  wholly  on  the  handle, 
without  the  blade  touching  the  cloth ;  so  called 
because  the  weight  of  the  handle  counterbalances 
that  of  the  blade.  Encyc.  Dom.  Fj:on. 

BAL'.\NCE-REEF,  ti.  A  reef  band  that  crosses  a 
sail  diagonally,  used  to  contract  it  in  a  storm. 

Jilar.  Did. 

BAL'ANC-ER,  ru  The  person  who  weighs,  or  who 
uses  a  balance. 

2.  A  member  of  an  insect  useful  in  balancing  the 
body.  The  balancers  (hatleres.  Linn.)  are  two  very 
fine,  movable  threads,  terminated  by  a  kind  of  oval 
button,  placed  under  the  origin  of  the  wings,  in  the 
dipterous  or  two-winged  insects. 

3.  One  skilled  in  balancing,  or  preserving  the  equi- 
poise of  his  body. 

BAL'ANC-ING,  ;»/ir.  Charging  with  equal  weights; 
being  in  a  state  of  equipoise  ;  bringing  to  a  state  of 
equality  ;   regulating  res|)eclive  forces  or  sums  to 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


94 


BAL 

make  them  equal ;  settling  ;  adjusting  ;  paying  a 
diflorence  of  accounts;  liesitating;  contracting  a 
sail  by  nillin:  up  onu  cornur  of  it. 

BAL'ANL'-1.\G,  ii.    Equilibrium  ;  poise.  Spenser. 

BAL'A-iN'ITE,  n.    A  fossU  slicll  of  llie  genus  BiUanus. 

Jamc^un, 

A  variety  of  spinel  ruby,  of  a  pale  rose  red,  or  in- 
clining to  orange.    Its  crj  stals  arc  usually  octahe- 
drons, coni|>oseil  of  two  four-sided  pyramids,  applied 
base  to  base.    [See  Shinel.]  Clcavelaiul.  h'lrwan. 
BA-LAUS'TINE,  n.    Tlio  wild  pomegranate-tree. 

Coze, 

The  balaustines  of  the  shops  are  the  dried  (lowers 
of  the  pomegranate.  Parr. 

BAL  Uu'TI.aTE,     j     .    To  stammer 

BAL-IIO'CI-NATE,  j     '•  Slammer. 

UAL'€0-.\1-£D,  a.    Having  balconies. 

BAL'eO-.\Y,  or  BAL-CO'NY,  n.  [Fr.  balcon ;  It. 
balciine  i  tfp.  balcon;  Port,  balcam  ;  probably  a  Jutting, 

as  in  bulk,  belly ;  W.  bale.  In  Pers.  balka- 
nuh,  is  a  cancelated  winilow.] 

In  architecture,  a  platform  or  projection  from  the 
external  wall  of  a  house,  or  other  building,  sup- 
ported by  columns,  pillai-s, or  consoles,  and  encom- 
passed with  a  balustrade.  Balconies  are  common 
before  windows.  Kncyc. 
B,\I.D,  (bauld,)  a.  [Sp.  baldio,  untillcd,  vacant,  unfur- 
nislie(i ;  Port,  baldio,  open,  common ;  baldar,  to 
frustrate.] 

1.  Destitute  of  hair,  especially  on  the  top  and 
back  of  the  head. 

2.  Destitute  of  tlie  natural  covering ;  as,  a  bald 
oak. 

3.  Without  feathers  on  tlie  head ;  as,  a  bald  vul- 
ture. 

4.  Destitute  of  trees  on  the  top ;  as,  a  bald  moun- 
tain. 

5.  Unadorned ;  inelegant ;  as,  a  bald  translation. 

Drydcn. 

6.  Mean;  naked  ;  base  ;  without  dignity  or  value. 

Shak. 

7.  In  popular  lanmiage,  open,  bold,  audacious, 

8.  Without  beard  ol  awn  ;  as,  bald  wheat. 
BALD'A-GHIiX,  n.    [W..  baldacckino  ;  Sp.  baldaquino,a. 

rich  silk  or  canopy,  carried  over  the  host.  Da 
Canrre.  Lnnier  deduces  it  from  the  name  of  a  city 
in  Babylonia.] 

In  architecture,  a  structure  in  form  of  a  canopy, 
supported  by  coliiinns,  and  often  used  as  a  covering 
to  insulated  altars  ;  tile  term  is  also  used  for  a  shell 
over  a  door.  Kncijc.    Johunoiu  ' 

BALD'ER-DASH,  n.  [On.  Sp.  balda,  a  trifle,  or  bnU 
dunar,  to  insult  with  abusive  language;  W.  baldorz, 
to  prattle  ;  D.  buldcrcn.] 

.Mean,  senseless  [irate;  a  jargon  of  words  ;  ribald- 
ry; any  thing  jumbled  together  without  judgment. 
BALD'Elt-DASH,  v.  L   To  mix  or  adulterate  liquors. 

Johiijion, 

BALD'HEAD,  (bawld'hed,)  n.   A  man  bald  on  the 

head.   2  Kings  ii.  23. 
BALD'LY,  ode.    Nakedly;   meanly;  inelegantly; 

openly. 

BAM)'XES?,  n.  W^ant  of  hair  on  the  top  and  back 
of  the  head  ;  loss  of  hair  ;  meanness  or  inelegance 
(if  writing  ;  want  of  ornament. 

BAhD'P.^TE,  n.    A  pate  without  hair.  Shak. 

B.\.LU'P.\T-ED,  a.    Destitute  of  Imir;  shorn  of  hair. 

SAaA-. 

BALD'RICK,  n.  [from  Sw.  bait,  Ir.  balta,  L.  baiteus, 
a  bell,  and  rick,  rich.    See  these  words. 1 

1.  A  girdle,  or  richly  ornamented  belt ;  a  war 
girdle. 

A  radiant  baldnde  o'er  his  ihoiUdcn  tied.  Popt. 

2.  The  zodiac.  Spenser. 
BALE,  n.    [Fr.  balle  ;  Oer.  ballen  ;  D.  baal ;  It.  batla, 

bale ;  Ch.  Ar.  Ileb.  Ss^i  to  bind  ;  to  pledge  ;  and 
its  derivative,  in  ,\r.  and  Etii.,  a  rope.] 

1.  A  bundle  or  package  of  goods  in  a  cloth  cover, 
and  cordeil  for  carriage  or  transportation. 

2.  Formerly,  a  pair  of  dice. 
B.\I,E,  r.  t.    To  make  up  in  a  b.ale. 

BALE,  n.    [Sax.  beal,  br.ilo.    ttu.  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and 
.■\r.  S^s  to  grieve  or  mouni,  to  be  desolate,  or  Vsn 
to  destroy.    In  Ir.  bcala  is  to  die,  and  oAaJ,  dealil.] 
.Miserj' ;  calamity.    [  Obs.] 

B.\I^-E-Ail'ie,  a.  [from  Sa/raris,  the  denomination 
given  to  .Majorca  and  .Minorca.  Uu.  from  Gr.  ,Va  vAu, 
to  throw,  because  the  inhabitants  were  good  sling- 
ers.J 

Pertaining  to  the  isles  of  Majorca  and  Minorca,  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Balearic  crane,  or  Crowned  heron,  {Ardea  pavonica. 
Linn. ;)  a  beautiful  species  of  crane,  a  native  of 
Africa.  Its  body  is  bluish  ;  its  head,  black  and 
hairy,  with  a  yellowish  crest.  £</.  Encye, 

BALE'-FIIIE,  a.    A  sign.al  tire;  an  alarm  fire. 

Sweet  Teriol  1  on  Ihjr  lilrer  tiile 

Ttip  gloomy  baie-firea  bl.uc  no  more.  Scot\ 
BALE'PIj'L,  a.    [See  Bale.]    Mischievous ;  destruc- 


BAL 

live ;  pernicious ;  calamitous  ;  deadly  ;  as,  baleful  en- 
emies ;  baleful  war. 

2.  Sorrowful  ;  woeful  ;  sad.      Spen.ner.  Jifitton. 

B.\LE'F[JL-LY,  adr.  Sorrowfully;  perniciously;  in 
a  calamitous  manner. 

BALE'FUL-iNESS,  n.  Destrurtiveness. 

BAI/INti,  H.  The  act  or  operation  of  making  up  in  a 
bale,  as  cotton,  ice. 

BA-LIS'TEK,  Ji.  [L.  balista,  from  Gr.  /J.i.W  ..,  to 
throw.]    .\  cross-bow.  Blount. 

BA-LtZE',  n.    [F.  balisc ;  Sp.  valiza,  a  beacon.] 
A  sea-mark  ;  a  pole  raised  on  a  bank. 

BALK,  (bauk,)  n.  [Sax.  bale ;  V.'.  bale,  a  ridge  between 
furrows  ;  bale,  primiiiient,  swelling,  proud  ;  said  to 
be  from  bal,  a  prominence  ;  bala,  eruption  ;  balau,  to 
shoot,  spring,  or  drive  out.] 

1.  A  ridge  of  land,  left  unplowed,  between  fur- 
rows, or  at  the  end  of  a  fu  ld. 

2.  A  gre.at  beam,  or  rafti^r.    [Gr.  balkcn ;  D.  balk.] 

3.  Any  thing  left  untouched,  like  a  ridge  in  plow- 
ing. Spen.icr. 

■I.  A  frustr.ition ;  disappointment.  South. 
BALK,  (bank,)  v.  t.  To  disappoint ;  to  frustrate.  Locke. 

2.  'i'o  leave  untouched  ;  to  miss  or  omit.  Drayton. 

3.  To  pile,  as  in  a  heap  or  ridge.  Shak. 

4.  To  turn  aside ;  to  talk  beside  one's  meaning. 
[Oils.]  Spciuicr. 

5.  To  plow,  leaving  balks. 

BALK' ED,  (baukt,)  ;)/).    Plowed  in  ridges  between 
l\irrows,  as  in  American  husbandry. 
2.  Frustrated  ;  disappointed. 

BALK'ER,  II.  One  who  balks.  In  fishery,  balkers 
are  persons  who  stand  on  rocks  and  eminences  to 
espy  the  shoals  of  herring,  and  to  give  notice  to  the 
men  in  boats,  which  way  they  p-vs.  Kncyc.  Corcel. 

BALK'I.N'G,  ppr.    Plowing  in  ridges  ;  frustrating. 

B.^LK'ING-LY,  adr.  In  a  manner  to  balk  orfrustrate. 

BALL,  71.  [G.  ball;  D.  bal;  Sw.  ball;  Dan.  ballon; 
Russ.  bal ;  Sp.  bala,  hola  ;  It.  paila ;  L.  pila  ;  W.  pel, 
prllen  ;  Arm.  bolat;  Fr.  balle,  boule.  A  ball  may  sig- 
nify a  mass  from  collecting,  or  it  »iay  be  that 
which  is  driven,  from  the  root  of  L.  pcllo ;  probably 
the  former.] 

1.  A  round  body ;  a  spherical  substance,  whether 
natural  or  artificial  ;  or  a  body  nearly  round;  as, 
a  ball  for  play  ;  a  ball  of  thread  ;  a  6a/;  of  snow. 

2.  .\  bullet;  a  ball  of  iron  or  lead  for  cannon, 
muskets,  &c. 

3.  A  printer's  ball,  consisting  of  hair  or  wool, 
covered  with  leather  or  skin,  and  fastened  to  a  stock, 
called  a  ball-stock,  and  formerly  used  to  put  ink  on 
the  types  in  the  forms. 

4.  'I'lie  globe  or  earth,  from  its  figure. 

5.  A  globe  borne  as  ensign  of  authority  ;  as,  to 
hold  the  ball  of  a  kingdom.  Bacon. 

6.  Any  part  of  the  body  that  is  round  or  protuber- 
ant ;  as,  the  eye  ball ;  the  ball  of  the  thumb  or  foot. 

7.  The  weight  at  the  bottom  of  a  pendulum. 

8.  Among  the  Cornish  miners  in  England,  a  tin 
mine. 

9.  A  well-known  and  familiar  game. 

10.  In  pyrotechnics,  a  composition  of  combustible 
ingredients,  which  serve  to  burn,  smoke,  or  give 
lighu 

Ball-stack;  among  printers,  a  stock,  somewh.at  hol- 
low at  one  end,  to  which  a  ball  of  skin,  slutfed  with 
wool,  is  fastened,  and  which  serves  .as  a  handle. 

Bail-vein  ;  among  miners,  a  sort  of  iron  ore,  found 
in  loose  masses,  of  a  circular  form,  containing  spark- 
ling particles.  Encye. 

Ball  and  socket;  an  instrument  used  in  surveying 
and  astronomy,  made  of  brass,  with  a  perpetuiU 
screw,  so  as  to  move  horizontally,  obliquely,  or  ver- 
tically. 

Puff-ball;  in  botany,  a  name  common  to  different 
species  of  funguses,  of  the  genus  Lycoperdon,  ( Linn.) 

Fire-ball;  a  meteor;  a  luminous  globe  darting 
through  the  atmosphere  ;  also,  a  bag  of  canvas  filled 
with  gunpowder,  sulphur,  pitch,  saltpeter,  &c.,  to  be 
thrown  by  the  hand,  or  from  mortars,  to  set  fire  to 
houses.  ' 
BALL,  n.  [Fr.  bal ;  It.  ballo  ;  Sp.  bayle,  a  dance  ;  It. 
ballare,  lo  dance,  to  shake;  Gr.  jiaMw,  to  toss  or 
throw  ;  or  iruAA'.i,  to  leap.] 

An  entertainment  of  dancing;  originally  and  pe- 
culiarly, at  the  invitation  and  expense  of  an  individ- 
ual ;  but  the  word  is  used  in  America  for  a  dance  at 
the  expense  of  the  attendants. 
BALL,  E.  u  To  form,  as  snow,  into  b.alls,  as  on  horses' 

hoofs,  or  on  the  feet.    We  say  the  horse  balls. 
BALL-CXR'TRIDGE,  n.    .\  cartridge  containing  a 
ball. 

BALL'COCK,  n.  A  contrivance  which  .allows  water 
to  enter  a  cistern,  but  shuts  of  itself  by  means  of  a 
floating  ball,  when  the  cistern  is  full. 

Encve.  Doin.  Eeon. 

B.\L'LAD,  n.    [It.  ballata,  a  ball,  a  dance,  a  ballad ; 
Fr.  6a/(a^/e, a  song,  and  6aZa</(n,  a  dancer.    See  Ball.] 
.\  song;  originally  a  solemn  song  of  praise;  but 
now  a  meaner  kind  of  popular  song.  fVatts. 

BAL'LAD,  r.  i.    To  make  or  sing  ballads.  Shak. 

BAL'LAD-ER,  n.    A  writer  of  ballads.  Ocerbury. 

B.\L'LAD-.MAK'ER,  n.  A  maker  or  composer  of  bal- 
lads. Shak. 


BAL 

BAL'LAD-MO\"GER,  lu    [See  Mo^ifiEH.)    A  dealer 

ill  writing  ballads.  S'lak, 
BAL'L.VD-RY,  n.    The  subject  or  style  of  Imllads. 

B.  Jonson, 

BAL'LAD-SI.V'G'ER,  n.  One  whosf  <mploymenl  is 
to  sing  ballaih. 

BAL'L.\D-ST?LE,  n.  The  air  or  manner  of  a  bal- 
lad. 

B.\L'LAD-TONE,  n.    The  tune  of  a  ballad. 

IVarton^ 

BAL'LAD-WRIT'ER,  n.    A  composer  of  ballads. 

IVarton. 

BAL'L.\-RAG,  v.  U  To  bully  ;  to  threaten.  [jVot  in 
use.]  H'artvn. 

BAL' LAST,  n.  [Sax.  bat,  a  boat,  with  a  load  ;  D. 
Ger.  and  Dan.  last ;  W.  Ihrylh ;  Ann.  laslr,  a  load  ; 
bat-last,  boat-load,  corrupted  into  ballast;  Russ.  bal- 
last ;  Fr.  lest ;  Sp.  tastre;  Sax.  hUtstan,  to  load  a  ship.] 

1.  Heavy  matter,  as  stone,  sand,  or  iron,  laid  in  the 
hold  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel,  to  sink  it  in  the  water 
to  such  a  depth,  as  to  enable  it  to  carry  suliicient  sail, 
without  oversetting. 

Shingle  ballast,  is  balla.'^t  of  coarse  gravel. 

.Mar.  DicU 

9.  Figuratively,  that  which  is  used  to  make  a  thing 
steady.  Sicift. 
B.\L'L'AST,  o.  t.    To  place  he.avy  subst.inces  in  the 
hold  of  a  ship  or  vessel,  to  keep  it  from  oversetting. 

2.  To  keep  any  thing  steady,  by  counterbalancing 
its  force.  Dryden, 

BAL'L.\ST-AGE,  n.  Atoll  paid  for  the  privilege  of 
taking  up  ballxst  in  a  port  or  li.arbor.  Bouvier. 

BAL'LAST-ED,  pp.  Furnished  with  ballast ;  kept 
steady  by  a  ctHinterpoising  force. 

BAL'LAST-I.VG,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  ballast ;  keep- 
ing steady. 

B.\L'L.\ST-ING,  n.    Ballast;  that  which  is  used  for 

ballast.  Skak. 
B.VL'LA-TED,  a.    Sung  in  a  ballad.    [Little  used.] 
B.^L-L.V-TOO.N'',  n.    .\  heavy  luggage  boat  emiiloyed 

on  the  rivers  about  the  Caspian  Sea.  Encifc. 
B.\L'LA-TRY,  n.    A  song;  a  jig.  Miltoiu 
B.VL'LET,  «.     [Fr.  ballet;  It.  ballctto.    See  Ball,  a 
dance.] 

1.  A  kind  of  dance  .accompanied  by  music,  in 
which  various  passions  and  emotions  are  represented 
by  the  movements  and  gestures  of  the  dancers. 

Encye.  Am, 

2.  A  kind  of  dramatic  poem,  representing  some 
fabulous  action  or  subject,  in  which  scvera  person? 
appear  and  recite  things,  under  the  name  of  some  de- 
ity or  personage.  Encye. 

In  heraldry,  ballets,  or  balls,  a  bearing  in  coats  of 
arms,  denominated,  according  to  their  color,  bezants, 
plates,  hurts,  &c.  Encye. 

BAL'LI-.\GE,  or,  more  correctly,  BAIL' AGE,  n.  [Ir. 
bade,  a  town.] 

.\  small  duty  paid  to  the  city  of  London  by  aliens, 
and  even  by  denizens,  for  certain  commodities  ex- 
ported by  them.  Encye. 

B.VL-LIS'TA,  n.  [L.]  A  machine  or  engine  used  by 
the  ancients  in  war,  for  throwing  darts,  stones,  &c. 

B.\L-LIS'TIC,  a.  [L.  baliista,  an  engine  to  throw 
stones,  or  shoot  darts,  from  Gr.  0aX\uj,  to  throw  or 
shoot.] 

Pertaining  to  the  baliista,  or  to  the  art  of  shooting 
darts,  and  other  missive  weapons,  by  means  of  an 
engine. 

BAL-LIS'Tie  PE.\D'i:-LUM,  n.  An  instniment  for 
measuring  the  force  aud  velocity  of  cannon  and 
musket  balls.  Brande. 

B.M^LIS'TieS,  71.  The  science  or  art  of  throwing 
missive  weapons  by  the  use  of  an  engine.  The  bal- 
iista was  a  machine  resembling  a  cross-bow. 

Encijc.    JMalh.  Diet.  Jlsh. 
The  term  ballistics  has  been  used  as  synonymous 
with  projectiles.  Barlow. 

BAL-LOO.V,  n.  [Fr.  ballon,  a  foot  ball ;  Sp.  balon ;  lU 
pallone;  W.  pelhen,  from  pil,  a  ball.    See  Ball.] 

1.  In  general,  any  spherical  hollow  body. 

Encye, 

2.  In  chemistry,  a  round  vessel  with  a  short  neck, 
to  receive  whatever  is  distilled  ;  a  glass  receiver  of  a 
spherical  form. 

3.  In  arcAUccture,  a  ball  or  globe  on  the  top  of  a 
pillar. 

4.  In  firctporksj  a  ball  of  pasteboard,  or  kind  of 
bomb,  sluU'ed  with  combustibles,  to  be  played  ofl", 
when  fired,  either  in  the  air,  or  on  water,  which, 
bursting  like  a  bomb,  exliibits  sparks  of  fire  like  stars. 

Johnson,  Encye. 

5.  A  game  somewhat  resembling  tennis,  played  in 
an  open  field,  with  a  large  b:ill  of  leallier,  inflated 
with  air.  Eneyc. 

6.  A  bag  or  hollow  vessel,  made  of  silk  or  other 
light  ni.aterial,  and  filled  with  hydrogen  gas  or  heated 
air,  so  as  to  rise  and  float  in  the  atmosphere  ;  called, 
for  distinction,  an  air-balloon, 

7.  In  France,  a  quantity  of  paper,  containing  94 
reams.    [See  Bale.] 

8.  In  France,  balloon,  ballon,  or  ballot,  a  quantity  of 
glass  plates  ;  of  white  glass,  25  bundles  of  six  pl.ales 
each  ;  of  colored  glass,  12\  bundlei^  of  three  plates 
each.  Encye, 


TONE,  BJv'LL,  qXITE  —  AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  hi  THIS. 


BAL 

IjAL-LOON',  t  n.  A  state  barge  of  Siaiii,  made  of  a 
BAL'LOE.N,  )     single  piece  of  timber,  very  Ions,  and 

managed  with  oars.  Kncyc. 
BAL-L(JON'IST,  ii.    One  wlio  malces  or  ascends  in  a 

balloon. 

BAL-LOOX'RY,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  ascending 
in  a  balloon.  Quart.  Reo. 

BAL'LOT,  n.  [Fr.  ballote;' Sp.  balota,  a  little  ball. 
See  Ball.] 

1.  A  ball  used  in  voting.  Ballots  are  of  different 
colors;  those  of  one  color  give  an  alTirmative  ;  those 
of  another,  a  negative.  Tliey  are  privately  put  into 
a  bo.\  or  urn. 

2.  A  ticket  or  written  vote,  being  given  in  lieu  of 
a  ballot,  is  now  called  by  the  same  name. 

3.  The  act  of  voting  by  balls  or  tickets. 
BAL'LOT,  V.  i.  To  vote  by  ballot,  that  is,  by  putting 

little  balls  of  ditferent  colors  into  a  bo.x,  the  greater 
number  of  one  color  or  the  other  determining  the  re- 
sult. 

a.  To  vote  by  written  papers  or  tickets. 
BAL-LOT-A'TION,  7i.    A  voting  by  ballot.  [Little 

luciL]  IVotloA. 
BAL'LOT-BOX,  n.    A  box  for  receiving  ballots. 
BAL' LOT-ED,  pf.    Voted  by  ballot. 
BAL'LOT-LNG,  ppr.    Voting  by  ballot. 
BAL'LOT-fXG,  )i.   The  act  of  voting  by  ballot. 
BXLM,  (bim,)  n.    [Fr.  baaine,  a  contraction  of  bnlsam, 

wliich  see.] 

1.  The  sap  or  juice  of  trees  or  shrubs  remarkably 
odoriferous  ©r  aromatic.  Dnjden. 

2.  Any  fragrant  or  valuable  ointment.  Shak. 

3.  Any  thing  which  heals,  or  which  soothes  or  mit- 
igates pain.  Skali.  Yuung. 

4.  In  botany,  the  name  of  several  plants,  particu- 
larly of  the  genus  Melissa.  Tliey  are  aromatic,  and 
used  as  corroborants. 

Balm  vf  Oilead  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Amyris, 
(Linn. ;)  tlie  BaUamoflendron  Gi/cat/c/weof  Decandolle. 
Its  leaves  yield,  when  bruised,  a  strong  aromatic 
scent ;  and  from  this  plant  is  obtained  the  balm  of 
Oilead  of  the  shops,  or  balsam  of  Mecca  or  of  Syria. 
This  has  a  yellowish  or  greenish  color,  a  warm,  bit- 
terish, aromatic  taste,  and  a  fragrant  smell.  It  is  val- 
ued as  an  odoriferous  unguent  and  cosmetic,  by  the 
Turks,  who  possess  the  country  of  its  growth,  and 
hetice  it  is  adulterated  for  market.  Enajc. 
BXLM,  7).  t.  To  anoint  with  balm,  or  with  any  thing 
medicinal. 

2.  To  soothe;  to  mitigate  ;  to  assuage.  Shak. 
BXLM'I-LY,  arff.    In  a  balmy  manner.  Coleridge. 
B.^LM'Y,  a.     Having  the  qualities  of  balm  ;  aro- 
matic. Milton.  ■ 

2.  Producing  balm  ;  as,  the  balmy  tree.  Pope. 

3.  Soothing  ;  soft ;  mild  ;  as,  balmy  slumbers. 

Drydcn. 

4.  Fragrant ;  odoriferous ;  as,  balmy  wings. 

Dnjden. 

5.  Mitigating  ;  easing ;  assuaging ;  as,  balmy  breath. 

Siiak. 

BAL'NE-AL,  a.    [L.  balneum.] 

Perlairiing  to  a  bath.  Howell. 
BAL'NE-A-KY,  n.    [L.  balnearium,  Uombalneum ;  Syr. 
buliia,  bath.] 

A  bathing  room.  Brown. 
BAl^NE-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  bathing.  Brown. 
BAL'NE-A-TO-UY,  a.    Belonging  to  a  buth  or  stove. 

Jtiknson. 

BAL'O-TADE,  71.  In  the  menage,  a  leap  of  a  horse 
between  two  pillars,  or  upon  a  straight  line,  so  that 
when  his  fore  feet  are  in  the  air,  he  shows  nothing 
but  the  shoes  of  his  hind  feet,  without  yerking  out. 
In  a  capriole,  the  horse  yerks  out  his  hind  legs. 

Encyc.    Farrirr^s  DicU 

BAL'SAM,  71.    [Gr.  (iaXauiitiv  ;  L.  bnlsarnum.] 

1.  An  oily,  aromatic,  resinous  substance,  flowing 
spontaneously  or  by  incision  from  certain  jjlaiits.  A 
great  variety  of  substances  pass  under  this  denomina- 
tion. But  in  modern  chemistry,  the  term  w;is  once 
confined  to  such  vegetable  juices  as  areliqiiiilor  spon- 
taneously become  concrete,  and  consist  of  a  resinous 
substance,  combined  with  benzoic  acid,  or  capable  of 
afforiling  it  by  decoction  or  sublimation.  The  balsams 
are  either  liquid  or  solid  ;  of  the  former  are  the  balm 
of  Gilead  and  the  balsams  of  copaiva,  Peru,  and  Tolu  ; 
of  tlie  latter,  ben/oin,  dragon's  blood,  and  storax. 

Encyc.    J^ieholaun.  Ure, 
The  opinion  that  balsams  contain  or  necessarily 
furnish  benuiic  acid,  is  nut  now  generally  sustained. 
The  substances  known  as  balsams  are  projierly  com- 

{tounds  of  resin  and  essential  oil,  some  of  which, 
lowever,  furnish  benzoic  acid  by  imitial  decomposi- 
tion or  distillation. 

2.  A  name  of  the  balsamine,  which  see. 

BaLiam  apple;  an  annual  Indian  plant,  included 
under  the  genus  Momordica. 

BnUain  of  Sulphur,  is  a  solution  of  sulphur  in  oil. 

Bahain  of  7'uln,  is  the  produce  of  the  Mj  rospennuin 
Toluifrriim,  or  Tolu  tree,  of  .'^outli  America.  It  is  of 
n  ri'ddinh-yellow  color,  Irnnspar^'iit,  thick,  and  tena- 
cious, but  growing  hard  and  brittle  by  age.  It  is  vrrj' 
frngraiit,  nud,  like  the  balsam  of  Peru,  ia  n  stimulant, 
and  (iHcd  lut  a  pectonil.  Enojc.  Lmn. 

Balsam  of  Peru  i  tlio  produce  of  a  tree  in  Peru, 


BAN 

(Myiospermum  Peruiferuin,)  possessing  strong  stimu- 
lant qualities. 

BAL-SAM-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  rendering  balsamic. 
BAL-SA.M'ie,  la.  Having  the  qualities  of  bal- 
BAL-SAM'I€-'AL,  j     s,im  ;  stimulating  ;   unctuous  ; 

soft ;  mitigating  ;  mild.  Arbutlinot. 
BAL-SAM'ie,  71.    A  warm,  stimulating,  demulcent 

medicine,  of  a  smooth  and  oily  consistence.  Coie. 
BAL-SAiM'ie-.\L-LY,  adv.    In  a  balsamic  manner. 
BAL-SAM-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  Producing  balsam.  Smith. 
BAL'S.\-.MIXE,  71.   The  common  name  of  the  Balsa- 

mina  liortensis,  {[mpaliens  balsamina.  Linn.) 
BAL'SAM-SWEAT'ING,  a.    Yielding  balsam. 

Crashaw. 

BALT'IC,  71.  [from  balte,  belt,  from  certain  straits  or 
channels,  surrounding  its  isles,  ccdied  belts.  See 
Belt.] 

'J'lie  sea  which  separates  Norway  and  Sweden 
from  Jutland,  Holstein,  and  Germany. 
BALT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  sea  of  tliat  name  ;  sit- 
uated on  the  Baltic  Sea. 

E^ich  Baltic  sute  to  join  the  righteous  cause.  Barlow. 

BAL'US-TER,  71.  [It.  balanstro  ;  Sp.  balauslre ;  Fr. 
balastre ;  from  L.  paliLS ;  Eng.  pole,  pale.  This  is  cor- 
rupted into  banniitcr.] 

A  small  column  or  pilaster,  of  various  forms  and 
dimensions,  often  adorned  with  moldings,  used  for 
balustrades. 

BAL'US-TER-JED,  o.    Having  balusters.  Soames. 

BAL'US-TRaDE,  11.  [Sp.  bulawatrado ;  It.  balaastrata ; 
Fr,  balustrade  ;  from  baliister.'] 

A  row  of  balusters,  joined  by  a  rail,  serving  as  a 
fence  or  inclosure,  for  altars,  balconies,  staircases, 
terraces,  tops  of  buildings,  &,c.      Encyc.  Johnson. 

B.\.M,  or  Beam,  as  an  initial  syllable  in  names  of 
places,  signifies  wood  ;  implying  that  the  place  took 
its  name  from  a  grove,  or  forest.  [Ger.  baum,  a 
tree.] 

BA.M-BOO',  71.  A  plant  of  the  reed  kind,  growing  in 
the  East  Indies,  and  in  some  other  warm  climates, 
and  sometimes  attaining  to  the  hight  of  CO  feet ; 
originally  placed  by  Liniia;us  in  the  genus  Arundo, 
but  afterward  ranked  by  him  in  a  distinct  genus, 
{Baytibtisa.)  From  the  main  root,  which  is  long, 
thick,  and  jointed,  spring  several  round,  jointed 
stalks,  which,  at  IQ  or  12  feet  from  the  ground,  send 
out  from  their  joints  several  stalks,  which  are  united 
at  their  base.  These  are  armed,  at  their  joints,  with 
one  or  two  sharp,  rigid  spines,  and  furnished  with  ob- 
long, oval  leaves,  eight  or  nine  inches  long,  on  short 
footstalks.  The  flowers  gi'ow  in  large  panicles,  from 
the  joints  of  the  stalk,  placed  three  in  a  parcel,  close 
to  their  receptacles.  Old  stalks  grow  to  five  or  six 
inches  in  diameter,  and  are  so  hard  and  durable,  as 
to  be  used  for  building,  and  for  all  sorts  of  furniture, 
for  water-pipes,  and  for  poles  to  support  |)alanquin3. 
The  smaller  stalks  are  used  for  walking  sticks, 
flutes,  ckc.  Encyc. 

BAM-BOO'ZLE,  7-.  t.  To  confound  ;  to  deceive  ;  to 
play  low  tricks  upon.   [M  low  word.]  .drbutluwt. 

BA.M-BOO'ZLER,  71.  A  cheat;  one  who  plays  low 
tricks.  Mrbuthnot. 

BAN,  71.  [Sax.  bannan,  abannan,  to  proclaim ;  It. 
bando,  a  proclamation  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  bando  ;  Fr.  ban  ; 
Arm.  ban;  D.  and  Ger.  ban,  baniten;  Svv.  banna,  to 
revile  ;  Dan.  band,  ban,  outlawry  ;  furbandc,  to  curse. 
Hence  banish.  The  radical  sense  is  to  send,  thrust, 
or  drive.    Class  Bn,  No.  3.] 

1.  A  public  proclamation  or  edict ;  a  public  order 
or  notice,  mandatory  or  prohibitory. 

In  a  more  particular  sense, 

2.  In  the  plural,  the  word  bans  denotes  notice  of  a 
marriage  proposed,  or  of  a  matrimonial  contract,  pro- 
claimed in  a  church,  or  other  place  prescribed  by 
law,  that  any  person  may  object,  if  he  knows  of  any 
kindred  between  the  parties,  of  any  precontract,  or 
other  just  cause  why  the  marriage  should  not  take 
place. 

3.  An  edict  of  interdiction  or  proscription.  Hence, 
in  the  former  German  empire,  to  put  a  prince  under 
the  ban  of  the  empire,  was  to  divest  him  of  his  dig- 
nities, and  to  interdict  all  intercourse  and  all  offices 
of  humanity  with  the  oflender.  Sometimes  cities 
were  put  under  the  ban  of  the  empire,  that  is,  de- 
prived of  their  rights  and  privileges.  Encyc. 

4.  Interdiction;  jiroliibition.  Mdt'on. 

5.  Curse  ;  excommunication  ;  anathema.  Raleigh. 

6.  A  pecuniary  mulct  or  penalty  laid  upon  a  de- 
linquent for  oft'ending  against  a  ban. 

7.  A  mulct  paid  to  the  bishop  by  one  guilty  of  sac- 
rilege and  other  crimes. 

8.  In  military  affairs,  a  proclamation  by  beat  of 
drum,  or  sound  of  tnimpi  t,  requiring  a  strict  obser- 
vanre  of  discipline,  either  for  declaring  a  new  oflicer, 
or  for  punishing  an  ofleiider. 

9.  In  commerce,  a  smooth,  fine  muslin,  imported 
from  the  East  Indies.  Kncyc. 

HAS,  V.I.    To  curse ;  to  execrate.     Shak.  Knolies. 

BAN,  7'.  i.    To  curse.  Spenser. 

BA-NA'NA,  71.  A  species  of  the  genus  Musa,  (which 
also  includes  the  plantain,)  and  its  fruit.  It  rises  id 
or  2(1  feet  high,  with  a  soft  stalk,  marked  with  dark 
purple  stripes  and  spots,  with  leaves  six  feet  long. 


BAN 

and  a  foot  broad.  The  flowers  grow  in  bunches, 
covered  with  a  sheath  of  a  fine  purple  color.  'I'lie 

fruit  is  four  or  five  inches  long,  and  an  inch  or  re 

in  diameter  ;  the  pulp  is  soft  and  of  a  luscious  taste. 
When  rijie,  it  is  eaten  raw,  or  fried  in  slices.  Ba- 
nanas grow  in  large  bunches,  weighing  a  dozen 
pounds  or  more.  This  tree  is  the  native  of  tropical 
countries,  and  on  many  isles  constitutes  an  impor- 
tant article  of  food.  Encyc. 

BAN'eO,  71.    [It.]    A  bench  ;  a  bank. 

BAND,  71.  [Sax.  banda  ;  Sw.  band ;  Dan.  baand ;  D. 
band;  G.  band,  binde ;  Sp.  banda,  venda;  Port.  It. 

O' 

banda ;  Ir.  banna ;  Pers.  ^XJLi  band ;  Sans,  bande, 

bunda;  Fr.  bande.    See  Bind  and  Bend.] 

1.  A  fillet;  a  cord  ;  a  tie  ;  a  chain  ;  any  narrow 
ligament  with  which  a  thing  is  bound,  tied,  or  fast- 
ened, or  by  which  a  number  of  things  are  confined 
together. 

2.  In  architecture,  any  flat,  low  member  or  molding, 
broad,  but  not  deep,  called  also  fascia,  face,  or  plinth, 

Johnson.  Encyc. 

3.  Figuratively,  any  chain  ;  any  means  of  restraint ; 
that  wliich  draws  or  confines.  Dryden. 

4.  Means  of  union  or  connection  between  persons ; 
as,  Hyrncn^s  band.  Shale. 

5.  Any  thing  bound  round  or  encircling  another. 

Bacon. 

6.  Something  worn  about  the  neck ;  as,  the  bands 
of  clergymen.  Mdison. 

7.  A  company  of  soldiers  ;  the  body  of  men  united 
under  one  flag  or  ensign.  Also,  indefinitely,  a  troop, 
a  body  of  armed  men.   2  Kings  vi. 

8.  A  company  of  persons  united  in  any  common 
design  ;  as,  a  band  of  brothers. 

9.  A  slip  of  canvas,  sewed  across  a  sail  to  strength- 
en it.  Mar.  Diet. 

The  band  of  pensioners,  in  England,  is  a  company 
of  120  gentlemen,  who  receive  a  yearly  allowance  of 
£100  St.  for  attending  the  king  on  solemn  occasiims. 

Encyc. 

The  bands  of  a  saddle  are  two  pieces  of  iron  nailed 
upon  the  bows,  to  hold  them  in  their  proper  situa- 
tion. Johnson. 
BAND,  7!.  «.    To  bind  together ;  to  bind  over  with  a 
band.  Dryden, 
2.  To  unite  in  a  troop,  company,  or  confederacy. 

Mdton, 

BAND,  V.  i.  To  unite  ;  to  associate  ;  to  confederate 
for  some  common  purpose.    Acts  xxiii. 

BAND'AGE,  71.  [Fr.]  A  fillet,  roller,  or  swath,  used 
in  dressing  and  binding  up  wounds,  restraining 
hemorrhages,  and  joinmg  fractured  and  dislocated 
bones.  Sometimes,  the  act  or  practice  of  aiiplying 
bandages. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  bandage  ;  that  which 
is  bound  over  another.  Mdison. 

B,-\N-DAN'A,    I  n.    A  species  of  silk  or  cotton  hand- 

B.4N-D.\N'NA,  i  kerchief,  having  a  uniformly  dyed 
ground,  usually  of  red  or  blue,  with  white  figures  of 
a  circular  or  lozenge  form,  made  by  discharging  the 
color.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  a  style  of  calico 
printing,  in  which  white  or  bright  spots  are  produced 
on  a  red  or  dark  ground,  by  discharging  the  color,  as 
in  bandanna  handkerchiefs.  Ure. 

BAND'BOX,  71.  A  slight  paper  box  for  bands,  caps, 
bonnets,  mufis,  or  other  light  articles.  JIddison, 

BAND'ED,  pp    Bound  with  a  band  ;  united  in  a  band. 

BA.ND'EK,  11.  One  that  bands  or  associates  with 
others. 

BA.\'D'I-KD,  (ban'did,)  pp.  Beat  or  tossed  to  and  fro  ; 

agitated  ;  controverted  without  ceremony. 
BAiN'D'lNG,  ;i/)r.    Binding  with  a  band  ;  uniting  in  a 

band  or  company. 
BAiN'DIT,  H. ;  /)(.  Bandits   or  Banditti.     [It.  ban- 

dito,  from  bandirr,  to  proclaim,  to  banish  or  |)ro- 

scrilie  by  proclamation.    Bandito  is  the  participle. 

Sp.  bandido.    See  Ban.] 

An  outlaw ;  also,  in  o  general  sense,  a  robber ;  a 

highwayman  ;  a  lawless  or  desperate  fellow. 
BAN'DLE,  71.  An  Irish  measure  of  two  feet  in  length. 

BaUey 

BAND'LET,  )  rj,  ja,,,^.,,^  i 
BANI)'E-LET,  (  "•    L'  '■  oanacieite.i 

Any  little  band  or  flat  molding,  as  that  which 
crowns  the  Doric  architrave.  Encyc. 
B.\N'I)OG,  71.    A  large,  fierce  kind  of  dog,  usually 
kept  cliained  ;  hence  the  name  band  dog  or  ban  dog. 

.^mart.    Farm.  Enciic.    Shak.  Spenser. 
BAN-DO-LEIOU',  n.    [Sp.  lianiiolera  :  It.  bandolicrai 
Fr.  bandnulicre ;  /;fi/ir/  and  D.  Iri  r,  leather.] 

A  large  leathern  belt,  thrown  over  the  right 
shoulder,  and  hanging  under  the  lefl  arm  ;  worn  by 
ancient  musketeers  for  sust:iining  their  fire-arms. 
The  term  is  also  npiilied  to  small  leather  cases,  of 
which  every  musketeer  wore  twelve,  suspended  by 
a  belt,  and  containing  each  a  charge  of  powder. 

Encyc 

BAN'DON,  71.    Disposal ;  license.    lJ\rot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

BAN'DORE,  71.    [Sp.  hnndurria  ;  Gr.  irapiUpa.] 

A  musical  stringed  instrument,  like  a  lute.  Eneye, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVgLF,  DQQIC  — 


06 


BAN 

ltA.\U'lU)L.     )  «     'I'r.  l/undenilc;  [t.  bamhruola  ;  Sp. 
BA\'Nlill-oL.  I     baiidcriilaa ;  lilenilly,  a  liulo  lianiiei: 
&-V  Uanner." 

1.  A  littlu  'lliig  or  streaiiKT,  in  fonn  of  a  cuiiloii, 
usi:(l  to  be  limig  on  tliu  masts  of  vessels.  Encijc. 

•J.  'I'liu  liulc  fringed  silk  (lag  tiiat  liangs  on  a 
tninipct.  Jiilin.ioH. 
BA.VD'ijTRlXG,  n.    A  string  appenilant  to  a  band. 

Taylor. 

C.^ND'V,  g.    [Fr.  bander,  to  bend  ;  L.  jinmlo.] 

1.  A  club  bent  at  tlie  lower  part  for  striking  a  ball 
at  |(Iay. 

±  'i'lu!  play  with  sncli  a  club.  Toonr. 
HAND'V,  r.  I.    Vo  beat  to  and  fro,  as  a  ball  in  play- 
ing at  barnlij. 

•J.  'i'o  excliautfe ;  to  give  and  receive  reciprocally  ; 
as,  to  bundii  looks.  Sliali. 
J.  'I'o  agitata  ;  to  toss  about,  as  from  man  to  man. 

Let  not  kuywii  truth  be  baivtifd  in  tlisput;ilii'n.  Wattt, 

B.WD'Y,  V.  i.  To  contend,  as  at  some  pime,  in 
wiiicli  each  strives  to  drive  the  ball  his  own  wav. 

Skak. 

B.AND'Y-ING,  ppr.  Beating  ;  impelling  or  tossing 
from  one  to  another ;  agitating  in  controversy  witli- 
out  ceremony. 

BANU'Y-LIiG,  n.  [handy  ami  leg.  See  Bandy  and 
Uf.ni).]  a  crooked  leg ;  a  leg  bonding  inward  or 
outward.  i'.neyc. 

BA.ND'Y-LKG-GKD,  a.    Having  crooked  less. 

It.i.N'E,  «.  [Uu.  the  afliiiities.  In  f'ax.  baim  is  a  mur- 
derer ;  in  Gr.  ^ckw  is  to  kill ;  in  L.  urnenam  is  poi- 
son ;  Fr.  venin  ;  Ann.  brntiin  or  uininn.] 

1.  Poison  of  a  deadly  Ipialily  ;  ' hence,  any  fatal 
cause  of  mischief,  injury,  or  ilestruction  ;  as,  vice  is 
the  bnnr.  of  societ}'. 

'X  .\  disease  in'shecp,  more  commonly  termed  the 
ivt.  /liivn.  i'.neyc. 

R.'i.VE,  I',  t.   To  poison.  Shak. 

I!.\.\E'Bi;it-KY,  n.  A  common  name  of  the  herb 
Christopher  or  Actma  Spicata,  whose  berries  are 
fetid  and  dangerous. 

B.\.\E'Fl,'Ij,  n.    Poisonous;  pernicious;  destructive. 

BANE'FyL-LY,  flrfi'.    Perniciously;  destructively. 

B.\.\E'F[]L-NEsiS,  n.  Poisonou'sness  ;  destructive- 
ness.  .> 

BaXE'WORT,  n.  [See  AVort.]  A  plant,  called  also 
di  ailly  ni^rhlsltadr.  Julmson. 

BAN(;,  V.  t.  [Dan.  io«/.e,  to  beat ;  G.  bdngcl,  a  club, 
and  the  clapper  of  a  bell ;  D.  beiigel,  a  bell ;  Ir.  bca- 
naim,  to  beat.] 

1.  To  betit,  as  with  a  club  or  cudgel ;  to  thump ;  to 
cudgel.    [.4  toio  word.] 

2.  To  beat  or  handle  roughlv  ;  to  treat  with  vio- 
lence. "  Sliak. 

B.\N'G,  ji.    A  blow  with  a  club  ;  a  heavy  blow.  Shuk. 

B.\NG'1.\(;,  o.  Huge;  great;  as  if  imtin"-,  or  sur- 
passing ill  size.  .\  vulgar  word  used  in  the  south  of 
England,  in  ScotlaniT,  and  sometimes  in  America. 

Forby. 

B.'\X"GIiE,  V.  t.    To  waste  by  little  and  little  ;  to 

squander  carelesslj'.  Johnson. 
BA.\"GIX,  71.    .\n  ornament  worn  upon  the  arms 

and  ankles  in  India  and  Africa.  jMaleom. 
BANGUE,  j  M.    The  leaf  of  a  sort  of  hemp  or  Uanna- 
BANG,      i    bis,  growing  in  India  and  the  Levant, 

anil  used  as  a  narcotic. 
BA.\'I.\N,  (ban'yan,)  ii.  A  man's  undress  or  morning 

gown,  as  worn  by  the  Banians  in  the  East  Indies. 

Johnson. 

2.  A  peculiar  caste  or  class  among  the  Hindoos, 
whose  profession  is  that  of  trade  and  merchandise. 

Jlirbert. 

3.  A  tree  in  India,  the  Banyan.  .Millon. 
Banian  days,  in  scanirn^s  Itin^uafrr,  arc  da>"S  in  a 

week  in  which  tin  sailors  hav.;  no  ilcsh  nietit  served 
out  to  them.  'I'his  use  of  the  term  seems  to  be  bor- 
rowed from  the  Baiii.ins  in  .\si;i,  who,  believing  in  a 
metempsychosis,  will  eat  no  liesli,  nor  even  kill 
noxious  animals. 
BAN'ISH,  e.  (.  [Fr.  bannir,  bannLisant ;  whence  4a>t- 
nU'.-rmcul,  banishment ;  Arm.  rmbanua,  to  publish 
forbana  and  forbanizn,  to  banish  ;  It.  baiulire  ;  D.  ban- 
nea  ;  G.  ccrbanncn,  atLsbannen,    ifee  B.vN.l 

1.  To  condemn  to  exile,  or  compid  to  leave  one's 
country,  by  authority  of  the  prince  or  govcrnmeiit ; 
either  for  life  or  for  a  limited  time.  It  is  common 
for  Itiissians  to  be  banished  to  Sihjria. 

2  To  drive  away  ;  to  compel  to  depart ;  as,  to 
banish  sorrow. 

3.  To  banish  one's  self,  is  to  quit  one's  country 
voluntarily,  and  with  a  view  to  reside  abroad. 
BA.N'ISIl-/;l),  (ban'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Compelled  to  leave 

one's  country  ;  driven  away. 
BAN'ISII-EK,  H.    One  who  compels  another  to  quit 
his  country. 

BAN'ISII-I.\G,  ppr.  Compelling  to  quit  one's  coun- 
trj' ;  drivini;  away. 

BAN'ISII-.ME.NT,  n.  The  act  of  a  prince  or  govern- 
ment, conqwlling  a  citizen  to  leave  his  country,  either 
for  a  limited  time  or  forever,  as  for  some  crime. 

2.  A  voluntary  forsaking  of  one's  country  upon 
oath,  called  abjuration.  [  'J  his  practice  luis  now  ccajictl 
ill  Great  Britatn.] 


BAN 

3.  Tho  sta^e  of  being  banished  ;  exile. 
■i.  The  act  of  driving  away  or  dispelling  ;  as,  the 
biini-fhment  of  care  from  the  mind. 
BAN'ia-TEll,  n.    A  corruption  of  IULusTt:K. 
BANK,  H.    [Sax.  banc;  I),  and  G.  bank:  t^w.  banck  ; 
Dan.  bankc;  It.  banco  i  Sp.  and  Port,  banea,  banco  i 

Fr.  battc,  ban'pic ;  \V.  banc ;  Arm.  banci) ;   Ar.  uJ'aj 

banli,  abench.  Bank  and  bench  are  radically  the  same 
word.  The  sense  is,  that  which  is  set,  laid,  or  ex- 
tended. Applied  to  a  m.iss  of  earth,  it  is  a  collec- 
tion, that  which  is  thrown  or  laid  together.] 

1.  A  nionnd,  pile,  or  ridgo  of  earth,  raised  above 
the  surrounding  plain,  either  as  a  defense  or  for 
other  purposes.   2  Sam.  xx.  Ifi. 

2.  Any  steep  acclivity,  whether  rising  from  a  river, 
a  lake,  or  the  sea,  or  forming  the  side  of  a  ravine,  or 
the  steep  side  of  a  hillock  on  n  plain.  VVIk  ii  we 
speak  of  the  earth  in  general  adjoining  a  lake  or  tlie 
sea,  we  use  the  word  shore:  hut  a  particular  sleep 
acclivity  on  the  side  of  a  lake,  river,  or  the  sea,  is 
called  a  barik. 

3.  A  bench,  or  a  bench  of  rowers,  in  a  galley. 

PIacmI  on  ih  -lr  hanlce,  llie  lujsty  Trojmis  sweep.  WaUer. 

4.  By  analo'rii,  a  collection  or  stock  of  money,  de- 
posited, by  a  miniber  of  persons,  for  a  particular  use  ; 
that  is,  an  aggregate  of  particulars,  or  a  fund  ;  as,  to 
establish  a  bank,  that  is,  a  joint  fund. 

5.  The  place  where  a  collection  of  money  is  ile- 
posited  ;  a  common  repository  of  the  money  of  indi- 
viduals or  of  companies ;  also,  a  house  used  for  a 
bank. 

(i.  A  company  of  persons  concerned  in  a  bank, 
whether  a  private  association  or  an  iucorporateil 
com()any  ;  the  stockholders  of  a  bank,  or  their  re|>- 
resentatives,  the  directors,  acting  in  tlieir  corporate 
capacity. 

7.  An  elevation,  or  rising  ground,  in  the  sea  ;  called 
also  fiats,  shoals,  shelves,  or  shallows.  1'hese  may 
rise  to  the  surftice  of  the  water  or  near  to  it ;  but  the 
word  bank  signifies  also  elevated  ground  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  sea,  when  many  fathoms  below  the  sur- 
face ;  as,  the  banks  of  Newloundland. 
BANK,  V.  t.  To  raise  a  mound  or  dike  ;  to  inclose, 
defend,  or  fortify  with  a  bank  ;  as,  to  bank  a  house. 

2.  To  pass  by  the  banks  of. 

As  1  have  banked  Uv-ir  tow  S't:t'<. 
[J^ot  in  use.] 

3.  To  lay  up  or  deposit  ni;)ncy  in  a  bank.  [Little 
used.]  Johnson. 

BANK'^A-BLE,  a.  Receivable  at  a  bank,  as  bills ;  or 
discountable,  as  notes. 

BANK'-BOQK,  n.  A  book  in  which  the  officers  of  a 
bank  enter  the  debt  and  credit  of  a  customer.  Bouvicr, 

BANK'-BILL,  n.  In  America,  the  same  as  Bank-note. 
In  England,  a  note,  or  a  bill  of  exchange  of  a  bank, 
payable  at  some  future  spccifieil  time.  Such  bills  are 
negotiable,  but  form,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term, 
no  part  of  the  currency.  London  Banker. 

BANK'-NoTE,  n.  A  promissorj-  note,  issued  by  a 
banking  company,  signed  oy  the  president  and 
countersigned  by  the  cashier,  payable  to  the  bearer 
in  gidd  or  silver  at  the  bank,  on  demand.  Such 
bills,  in  England  and  Ami,-rica,  fomi  a  large  part 
of  the  currency. 

B.\NK'£D,  (bankt,)  pp.  Uaisecl  in  a  ridge  or  mound  of 
earth  ;  inclosed  or  Ibrtifietl  with  a  bank. 

B.\NK'ER,  71.  One  who  keeps  a  bank  ;  one  who 
trallics  in  money,  receives  und  remits  money,  ne- 
gotiates bills  of  exchange,  &c. 

2.  A  vessel  employed  in  the  codfishcry  on  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland.  Mar.  Did. 

B.\NK'ING, p;ji-.  liaising  a  mound  or  bank;  inclos- 
ing with  a  bank.  When  we  speak  of  restraining 
water,  we  usually  call  it  banking;  when  we  speak 
of  defending  the  land,  we  vM  it  imbanking.  Eneyc. 

BANK'ING,  71.  The  business  or  employment  tjf  a 
banker  ;  the  business  of  establishing  a  ciunmon  fund 
for  lending  money,  discounring  notes,  issuing  bills, 
receiving  deposits,  collecting  the  money  on  notes  de- 
posited, negotiating  bills  of  exchange,  &c. 

B.\NK'1NG,  a.  Pertaining  '<,o,  or  conducted  by,  a 
bank;  as,  fca»Ai;i<,' operation?.  JPCullodi. 

BANK'KUPT,  7U  [Fr.  banqueroute ;  Sp.  banearrata, 
bankruptcy,  bank,  and  Sp.  and  Port,  roto.  It.  rotto, 
broken  ;  Eng.  rout,  defeat,  'i  his  may  signify  beneh- 
broken,  or  6a/iA-broken  ,  most  probably  the  latter, 
referring  to  the  funtl  or  slock.  The  last  syllable  is 
the  Latin  ruptus,  contracted;  Norm,  roupt,  rous, 
broken.] 

1.  In  English  law,  a  trader  who  secretes  himself, 
or  does  certain  other  acts  tending  to  defraud  his 
creditors.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  a  less  technical  seme,  a  trader  who  fails,  or 
becomes  unable  to  pay  his  just  debts  ;  an  insolvent 
trader.  In  strictness,  no  pe-s,,n  but  a  trader  can  be 
a  banknipt.  Bajikntptcy  is  applied  to  merchants  and 
traders  ;  iiuiohency,  to  otlier  persons. 

I  This  distinction  is  not  p'eserved  in  the  United 
I  Slates,  .all  insolvent  debtors  being  called  An;iArH;it<. 
I  BANK'KUPT,  a.  Having  commilled  acts  of  bank- 
I     ruptcy  ;  unable  to  pay  just  d  uts  ;  insolvent. 


BAN 

B.ANK'RUPT,  0.  «.  To  break  one  in  trade  j  to  make 
insolvent, 

B.\NK'RUPT-CY,  ti.  The  state  of  being  a  bankrupt, 
or  insidvent ;  inability  to  pay  all  debts. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  a  liiinkrupt :  tho  act  of 
rendering  one's  self  a  bankrupt,  as  by  absconding  or 
otherwise  ;  failure  in  trade. 

BANK'RUPT-EI),  pp.    Uenderod  insolvent. 

BANK'RUPT-ING,  ppr.  Breaking  in  trade  ;  render- 
ing insolvent. 

BA.NK'RUPT  r.AAV,  71.  A  law  which,  upon  a  bank- 
rn|)t's  ytirrenderiiitr  all  his  property  to  comiiiissioni'rs 
for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors,  ilischarges  him  from 
the  payment  of  his  de  bts,  and  all  liability  to  arrest  or 
suit  for  tho  same,  and  secures  his  future  acquired 
properly  from  a  liability  to  the  payment  of  his  past 
debts. 

BANK'KUPT  SYS'TEM,  71.  A  system  of  laws  and 
legal  proceedings  in  regard  to  bankrupts  and  their 
property. 

BANK'-.STOrK,  n.  A  share  or  shares  in  the  capit.al 
stock  of  a  bank. 

BAJV LlJC-UE,  71.  [Fr.J  The  territory  xvithout  tho 
walls,  but  within  the  legal  limits,  of  a  town  or 
city.  Brande. 

BAiN'NER,  77.  [Fr.  bannierc:  W.banrr;  It.  bandiera; 
Sj).  bnmUra:  G. /d/i/ic  and  jianirr;  I). /vm/i  and  eaoji- 
del;  from  {Jotli. /ana,  cloth;  Sax. /u/ia;  L.  pannud ; 
Ir.  faan,  cloth.] 

1.  A  sipiare  Hag  ;  a  military  ensign  ;  the  principal 
standard  of  a  prince  or  state.  Eneyc. 

2.  A  streamer  borne  at  the  end  of  a  lance  or  else- 
where. Johnson. 

3.  In  botany,  the  upper  petal  of  a  papilionaceous 
corol.  Martyn. 

B.\N'NER-£D,  a.  Furnished  with  or  bearing  banners. 

Milton. 

Shi'.-M  llie  stron;;^  Toes,  and  nike  tlie  bannered  «horc.  Barlovi. 

BAN'NER-ET,  71.    [Fr.,  from  banner.] 

1.  A  knight  matie  in  the  fielil.  On  the  day  of  bat- 
tle, the  candidates  presented  their  (lags  to  the  king  or 
general,  who  cut  otf  the  train  or  skirt,  and  made  it 
square.  They  were  then  called  knights  of  tlie  square 
flag.  Bannerets  formerly  constituted  an  orih^r  of 
knights  or  feudal  lords,  who  led  their  vassals  to 
battle  under  their  own  Hags.  They  were  a  middle 
order  between  barons  and  simple  knights.  Eneyc 

2.  Formerly,  a  high  ollicer  in  some  of  the  Swiss 
cantons,  who  had  the  charge  of  the  banner. 

BAN'NER-oL.    See  Bandrol. 

BAN-NI"TION,  «.    The  act  of  expulsion.  [Oi.v.] 

BAN'NOCK,  71.    [Ir.  boinncog.]  [Abp.  Land. 

A  cake  made  of  oat,  rj  e,  pease,  or  barley  meal, 
baked  on  an  iron  plate,  over  the  fire  ;  used  in  Scot- 
land, and  the  northern  counties  of  England.  Johnson. 

BAN'OY,  71.  A  species  of  hawk,  somewhat  larger  than 
tho  English  sparrow-hawk  ;  the  back  and  xvings  yel- 
low, and  the  belly  white  ;  a  native  of  the  Philippine 
Isles.  Diet,  of  JVaf.  JIU. 

BAN'QUET,  (bank'wet,)  77.  [Fr.  banquet;  Arm.  ban- 
cqed  or  bam'ez;  It.  banchetto,  a  little  seat,  a  feast ;  Sp. 
banqucta,  a  stool  with  three  legs  ;  banqucte,  a  banqni't. 
From  these  words,  it  would  appear  that  banquet  is  a 
sitting,  and  hence  a  feast ;  and  not,  as  supposed, 

from  the  Oriental  p:B,  i_AO  'o  feed  or  bring  up 
delicately.] 

A  feast ;  a  rich  entertainment,  literally,  of  meat 
and  drink  ;  figuratively,  of  any  thing  deliglitful. 

BAN'UUET,  V.  U  To  treat  with  a  fea.st,'or  rich  en- 
tertainment. Shak. 

BAX'aUET,  I'.  1.  To  feast ;  to  regale  one's  self  witli 
good  eating  and  drinking.  Shak. 

BAN'UUET-EU,  i>;i.  Feasted;  richly  entertained  at 
the  table. 

B,\N'QUET-EU,  71.  A  feaster;  one  who  lives  de- 
liciously. 

2.  One  who  makes  feasts  or  rich  entertainments. 
B.\N'(iUET-ING,  ppr.    Feasting;  entertaining  with 

rich  fare. 
2.  Partaking  of  rich  fare. 
B.\N'CIUET-ING,  71.    A  feast ;  luxurious  living;  rich 

entertainment.    I  Pet.  iv. 
BAN'QUF.T-ING-HOUSE,  )  71.  A  house  where  cnter- 
BAN'aUET-IIOUSE,        )     tainmcnts  are  made 

Cant.  xxiv.    Dan.  v. 
BAN'aUET-ING-ROO.AI,  71.    A  s.aloon  or  spacious 

hall  for  public  entertainments.  Eneyc. 
BA.Y-QUETTE',  (ban-kef,)  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  In  fortification,  a  little  raised  way  or  foot-bank, 
running  along  the  inside  of  a  parapet,  on  which  mus- 
keteers stand  to  lire  U|ion  tlie  enemy  in  the  moat  or 
covered  way.  Eneyc. 

2.  The  foot-wny  of  a  bridge,  when  raised  above 
the  carriage-wav.  OieiU. 

BA.\'aUET-TENT,  »i.  A  tent  in  which  a  banquet  is 
enjoyed. 

B.\NS,  71. ;)/.   Baiii  of  matrimony.   [See  Ban,  No.  2.] 

BEN'SHr^'  i  ^"''^  '^^''y-  Chalaer,. 

BAN'STICK-LE,  71.  A  small  fish,  called,  also,  stitkU- 
back  :  a  species  of  the  genus  Gastcrosteus. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  .as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I 


Bar 


DAN'TAM,  ?!.  A  very  sniull  variety  of  fowl,  witli 
Ic-atliered  legs,  brouglit,  probably,  from  tlie  kingiloni 
of  Bantam. 

2.  A  kind  of  painted  or  carved  work  resembling 
tliat  of  Japan,  only  more  gaudy. 

BAA''TER,  1!.  (.  [Gr.  0£i"<f,  wlience  (peyaKil^oi,  to 
mock,  or  deride  _ 

To  play  upon  iii  words  and  in  good  Immor  ;  to  ral- 
ly ;  to  joke  or  jest  witli.  Banter  hardly  aminints  to 
ridicule,  nnicli  less  to  derision.  It  consi^ts  in  being 
pleasant  and  witty  with  the  actions  of  anotlier,  and 
raising  a  humorous  la\igli  at  his  expense,  often  attend- 
ed with  some  degree  of  sarcasm. 

BAN'TER,  7i.  A  joking  or  jesting;  raillery;  wit  or 
humor ;  pleasantry. 

BAN'TER-JiD,  pp.  Rallied  ;  laughed  at  in  good  hu- 
mor. 

BAi\'TER-ER,  n.  One  who  banters,  or  laughs  at  with 
pleasantry. 

BAN'TER-'ING,  ppr.  Joking;  laughing  at  with  good 
humor. 

BAN'TER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  bantering. 

BANT'UNG,  n.    [G.  bavkart.  Uu.] 
A  voung  child  ;  an  infant. 

BAN'YAN,  71.  The  Indian  fig,  {Ficus  Indka,)  a  tree 
w  hose  branches,  bending  to  the  ground,  take  root  and 
form  new  stocks,  till  they  cover  a  space  of  many  hun- 
dred feet  in  circumference.  Brande. 

Ba'O-BAB,  7!.  The  African  name  of  the  Adansoria 
digitata,  the  largest  known  tree  in  the  world.  The 
trunk  is  sometimes  thirty  feet  in  diameter,  but  not 
more  than  seventy  feet  high.  Brande. 

BAP'TISM,  7!.  .  [Gr.  Ii.nni<jiia,  from  /J.irrri^w,  from 
/iiirmo,  to  baptize  ;  Sp.  bautiiar ;  It.  battrizare  ;  Port. 
bautizar  or  bapt'nar.  These  seem  to  be  from  the 
Greek,  by  contraction.  But  the  Arm.  badcza,  ba- 
dein,  may  be  from  batli,  bad,  water.] 

1.  The  application  of  water  to  a  person,  as  a  sacra- 
ment or  religious  ceremony,  by  which  he  is  initiated 
into  the  visible  church  of  Clnist.  This  is  usually 
performed  by  sprinkling  or  immersion. 

2.  The  sufferings  of  Christ.    Watt.  xx.  22,  2.3. 

3.  So  much  of  the  gospel  as  was  preached  by  John 
the  Baptist.    Acts  xviii.  Cruden. 

HijpiitlMical  baptism,  is  the  name  given,  in  tlie  Epis- 
copal church,  to  baptism  wlu'u  uitniirii^trred  to  |ier- 
sons,  in  respect  to  whom  it  i»  doubtful  whetiicr  they 
have  or  have  not  been  baptized  before.  Tile  foruuila 
in  this  case  is,  "  If  thou  art  not  already  baptized,  I 
b;iptize  tljee,"  &c.  Jlouk. 
BAP-TIS'MAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  baptism ;  as,  a  baptis- 
indl  \"i)\y. 

BAP'TIST,  7!.  One  who  administers  baptism.  This 
appellation  is  appropriately  given  to  John,  the  fore- 
runner of  Christ. 

2.  As  a  contraction  of  Anabaptist,  one  who  denies 
the  doctrine  of  infant  baptism,  and  nuiintains  that 
iKyitism  ought  to  be  administered  only  to  adults  or 
belieyers  by  inuiiersing  the  body  in  water. 

BAP'TI.'<T-EI!-V,  H.    [h.  baptlsterium.] 

A  place  u  licre  the  sacrament  of  baptism  is  admin- 
i.stered.  Prinutivelv,  baptisteries  were  in  buildings  sep- 
arate from  the  church  ;  but  in  tlie  sixth  century  they 
were  taken  into  the  church-porch,  and  afterward  in- 
to the  ch\nch  itself.  Encijc. 

BAP-'I'IST'ie,       )a.    Pertaining  to  baiitism. 

BAP-'l'l,<'l"ie-AL,  j  Brainhnll. 

BAl'-TIST'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    In  a  haplistical  manner. 

B.VP-'i  lZ'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  baptized. 

JV.  jE.  Elders. 

B.\P-TlZE',  71.  t.  [See  Baptism.]  To  administer  the 
sacrament  of  baptism  to  ;  to  christen.  By  some  de- 
nominations of  Christians,  baptism  is  performed  by 
plunging  or  immersing  the  whole  body  in  water,  and 
this  is  done  to  none  but  adults.  More  generally,  the 
ceremony  is  performed  by  sprinkling  water  on  the 
face  of  a  person,  whether  an  infant  or  an  adult,  arid 
in  the  case  of  an  infant,  by  giving  him  a  name,  in 
the  name  of  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit,  which 
is  calbid  Cfiristening. 

BAP-TIZ'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Having  received  baptism  ; 
christened. 

BAP-TIZ'ER,  71.  One  who  christens,  or  administers 
baptism. 

B Al'-TI/,'Ii\G,  ppr.    .Administering  baptism  to. 
BAR,         [VV.  bar;  It.  barra  ;  Kr.  bnrrc;  Sp.  bnrra  ; 

l*ort.  id.  ;  \X.  harra,  .sharra  ;  \rm.  barren,  spnrl ;  Ileb. 

n>i3  ;  Ch.  N-13V'.    If  these  words  are  the  Eng.  bar, 

the  sense  is,  a  shoot,  that  which  shoots,  passes,  or  is 

driven.) 

1.  A  piece  of  wood,  iron,  or  other  solid  matter, 
long  in  proportioii  to  its  diameter,  used  for  various 
pur|K)Kes,  !nit  especially  for  a  hiiuh'ratti'e  or  obstruc- 
tion ;  as,  the  bar.-i  of  a  fence  or  gale;  the  bar  of  a 
door  or  hatchway.    Numb.  iii.  31).    Ex.  xxvi.  2(). 

2.  Any  obsta<-le  which  obstructs,  iiinders,  or  de- 
fends ;  un  ob.itrtiction  ;  a  fortifiiration.    Amos  i. 

Mum  1  li'-w  hart  Ui  irijr  own  joy  crctiU;.  Drytlen. 

.1.  The  Hhorc  of  the  iiea,  which  restrains  its  waters. 
Job  xxxviii. 

4.  The  railing  that  encloseii  the  place  which  coun- 
sel occupy  in  courts  of  justice.  Ilenci'  llie  phrase  at 
Uie  bar  uf  Oic  rijurl,  finiiil'wii  ill  open  court.  Hence, 


also,  licensed  lawyers  are  called  barristers  ;  and 
hence  the  whole  body  of  lawyers  licensed  in  a 
court,  are  custiimnrily  called  tlie  bar.  .J  trial  at 
bar,  in  England,  is  a  trial  in  the  courts  of  West- 
minster, opposed  to  a  trial  at  JNisi  Prius,  in  the 
circuits. 

5.  Fig-urativehj,  any  tribunal  ;  as,  the  bar  of  public 
opinion.  Thus  the  final  trial  of  men  is  called  the  bar 
of  G(td. 

6.  The  inclosed  place  of  a  tavern,  inn,  or  coffee- 
house, w  here  the  landlord  or  bis  servant  delivers  out 
liquors,  and  waits  upon  customers.  .Addison. 

7.  A  bank  of  sand,  gravel,  or  eartli,  f*>riuing  a  sliftal 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  obstructing  entrance, 
or  rendering  it  dithoult. 

8.  A  rock  in  the  sea,  according  to  Brown  ;  or  any 
thing  by  which  structure  is  held  together,  according 
to  Johnson  ;  used  in  Jonah  ii. 

9.  Any  thing  laid  across  another,  as  bars  in  herald- 
ry, stripes  in  color,  and  the  like. 

10.  In  the  nienarre,  the  highest  part  of  the  place  in  a 
horse's  mouth  between  the  grinders  and  tusks,  so 
that  the  p:irt  of  the  mouth  which  lies  under  and  at 
the  side  of  the  bars,  retains  the  name  of  the  /rujn. 
Encijc.  The  upper  part  of  the  gums,  between  the 
tusks  and  grinders,  which  bears  no  teeth,  and  to 
which  the  bit  is  applied.  Jvhnson. 

11.  Bars,  in  music,  are  lines  drawn  perpendicularly 
across  the  lines  of  the  start",  including  between  each 
tu'o  a  certain  quantity  of  time,  or  number  of  beats. 

12.  In  law,  a  peremptory  excejition  suthcient  to 
destroy  the  plaintirf's  action.  It  is  divided  into  a 
bar  to  comnion  intendment,  and  bar  special  ;  bar 
teiiij)orary,  and  bar  iierpetual.  Bar  to  common  in- 
ti'iidmenf,  is  an  ordinary  or  general  bar,  which  dis- 
ables the  declaration  of  the  plaintifl'.  A  special  bar, 
is  more  than  ordinary,  as  a  fine,  release,  or  justifica- 
tion. A  temporarij  h:ir,  is  that  which  is  good  for  a 
time,  but  may  afterward  cease.  A  perpetual  bar, 
overthrows  the  action  of  the  plaintifl' forever. 

Bhiekstiine.  Coieel. 

13.  A  bar  of  gold  or  silver,  is  an  ingot,  lump,  or 
wedge,  from  the  mines,  run  in  a  iin)I(l,  and  un- 
wrought.  A  bar  of  iron,  is  a  long  piece,  wrought  in 
the  forge  and  hammered  from  a  pin- 

14.  Among  printers,  the  inuj  u'ith  a  wooden  han- 
dle, by  which  the  screw  of  the  press  is  turned. 

15.  In  t/ie  African  ira'/r,  a  di  uoiuiiialion  of  price  ; 
payment  formerly  being  made  to  the  Africans  in  iron 
liars.  ./olinsiin. 

BAR,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  bar  ;  as,  to  bar  a  door  or 
gate. 

2.  To  hinder ;  to  obstruct ;  to  prevent ;  as,  to  bar 
the  entrance  of  evil. 

3.  To  prevent;  to  exclude;  to  hinder;  to  make 
impracticable;  as,  the  distance  b.vtu'rm  us  //ars  our 
intercourse.  In  this  st  iise,  the  pliiase  is  often  varied, 
thus:  the  distance  burs  me  fruut  his  aid,  or  bars  him 
fruin  my  aid. 

4.  To  prohibit ;  to  restrain  or  exclude  by  ex[iress 
or  implied  prohibition  ;  as,  the  statute  burs  my  right ; 
the  law  bars  the  use  of  poisoiieil  weapons. 

5.  'I'o  fibstruci,  preyeut,  or  binder  by  any  interven- 
ing obstacle  ,  as,  the  right  is  barred  by  time  ;  a  re- 
lease bars  tlie  plaintitrs  recoyt-ry. 

6.  To  excejit ;  to  exclude  by  exception  ;  as,  I  bar 
to-night.  Sliak. 

7.  To  cross  with  stripes  of  a  different  color. 

8.  To  bar  a  vein,  in  farriery,  is  an  operation  upon 
the  legs  of  a  horse,  or  other  p.arts,  to  stop  malignant 
humors.  This  is  done  by  opening  the  skin  above  a 
vein,  disengaging  it,  and  tying  it  both  above  and  be- 
low, and  striking  between  the  two  ligatures.  Jtdmson. 

9.  To  adorn  witli  trappings  ;  a  emitraction  n{ barb. 
[See  Barb.]  lyrayton.  Haywaod. 

BARB,  77.  [L.  harba;  W.  baro  ;  Corn,  bar;  Arm.  baro. 
This  is  beard,  with  a  different  ending.  'I'he  sense 
may  be,  that  which  shoots  out.] 

1.  Beard,  or  that  which  resembles  it,  or  grows  in 
the  place  of  it  ;  as  the  barb  of  a  fish,  the  smaller 
claws  of  the  polypus,  &c.  Johnson.  Coze. 

2.  Ancientlij,  armor  for  horses,  mtide  of  leather  set 
with  iron  spikes  ;  formiTly,  barbe  or  barde.  Ilaijward. 

3.  A  common  name  of  the  Barbary  pigeon,  a  bird 
of  a  black  or  dun  color.  Diet,  of  J^at.  Illit. 

4.  A  liorsi'  from  Barbary,  of  Which  it  seems  to  be 
a  contraction. 

.■>.  The  points  that  stand  backward  in  an  arrow, 
fi.sh-hook,  or  other  instrument  for  piercing,  intended 
to  prevent  its  being  I'xiiacted. 

fi.  Ill  botany,  a  slraighl  process  armed  with  teeth 
pointing  barkwiird  like  the  sting  of  a  bee.  This  is 
one  sort  of  pubescence.  Murtyu. 

An  appendage  of  the  fruit  of  some  plants,  forked  at 
the  tipex,  with  both  divisions  of  the  fork  hooki  d. 

Liiidleri. 

BARB,  V.  t.    I.  To  shave  ;  to  dress  the  beard.    [  Oiis.] 

Hhak. 

2.  To  furnish  with  barbs,  as  an  arrow,  fish-hook, 
spear,  or  other  iiistriiniriil. 

3.  To  put  armor  on  a  horse.  J\filton. 
BA R'liA-CAN, /I.    [I'r.  barbunnir;  Sp.  barbacuna;  It. 

barbarnne.    tin.  a  projecting  work.] 

1.  A  fortificiition  or  outer  defense  to  a  city  or 


castle,  consisting  of  an  elevation  of  earth  about  three 
feet  high,  along  the  foot  of  the  rampart. 

Encyc.    Johnson.    .Sp.  Diet 

2.  A  fort  at  the  end  of  a  bridge,  or  at  the  outlet  of 
a  city,  having  a  double  wall  with  towers.  Encyc. 

3.  An  opening  in  the  wall  of  a  fortress,  through 
which  guns  are  leveled  and  fired  upon  an  enemy. 

Johnson.  Eiicyc. 
The  French  use  the  word  also  for  an  aperture  in  a 
wall,  to  let  ill  or  drain  off  water. 

BAR'B.'V-eAN-AOE,  71.  Money  paid  for  the  support 
of  a  barbacan.    [Ofc.]  Bouvier. 

BAR-Ba'1)I-AN,  71.    An  inhabitant  of  Barbadoe.s. 

BXR-Ba'DoES  CHER'RY,  71.  A  tree  growing  in  the 
West  Indies,  a  species  of  Malpighia,  iifteen  feet  high, 
and  producing  a  jileastint  tart  fruit.  Johnson 

Barbadues  le^ ;  (Bucneniia,  Good;)  a  disease  of 
warm  climates,  characterized  by  great  enlargement 
and  deformity  of  the  leg,  witli  the  skin  thickened, 
livid,  and  rugose  ;  the  elephant  leg  of  the  Arabians, 
and  Iiy  some  rtmsiili'red  as  a  \'ariety  of  elephantiasis. 

BAR-B.a'DoES  TaK,  71.  A  minerai  fluid,  of  tin- na- 
ture of  the  thicker  fluid  bitumens,  of  ;i  nauseous  hit- 
terisli  taste,  ji  very  strong,  disjigreetible  smell,  viscid, 
of  a  brown,  black,  or  reddish  color:  it  easily  melts, 
and  burns  with  much  smoke,  but  is  not  soiuble  in 
ardent  spirits.  It  trickles  down  the  sides  of  moun- 
t;iins  in  some  parts  of  America,  and  sometimes  is 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  w;iters.  It  is  recom- 
mended in  coughs  and  disorders  of  the  breast  and 
lungs.  Encyc.  J^ichohou. 

It  is  merely  a  variety  of  petroleum. 

BaR-Ba'RI-AN,  71.  [L.  barbarus;  Gr.  ffapliannf;  Ir. 
barba,  or  heorb  :  Russ.  varvar ;  Ch.  "\:-i3.  See  Class 
Br,  Nos.  3  and  7.  The  sense  is,  foreign,  wild,  fierce.] 

1.  A  man  in  his  rude,  savage  state ;  an  uncivilized 
person.  Denhaut. 

2.  A  cniel,  savage,  brutal  man  ;  one  destitute  of 
pity  or  humanity.  Philips. 

3.  A  foreigner.  The  Greeks  and  Romans  denom- 
inated most  foreign  nations  barbarians ;  and  many  of 
these  were  less  civilized  than  themselves,  or  unac- 
quainted with  their  language,  laws,  and  mannrrs. 
But  with  them  the  word  was  less  reproachful  tluiii 
with  us. 

BAR-Ba'RI-AN,  a.    Belonging  to  savages ;  rude;  un- 
civilized. Pope. 
2.  Cruel ;  inhuman. 
BAR-BAR'1€,  a.     [ly.  barbaricas.     See  Barbabian. 
The  Romans  applied  this  word  to  designate  things 
foreign  ;  Barburicnm  aurum,  gold  from  Asia,  Virg. 
JEn  2.  504  ;  Barbariecc  restes,  eniliroidered  garments 
from  foreign  nations.    English  writers  use  the  word 
in  a  like  sense.] 
Foreign  ;  imported  from  foreign  nations. 

Mdton.  Pope. 
BS.R'BA-R1S.M,  7!.    [L.barburismus.   See  Baruaiiiam.J 

1.  An  ofli'iise  against  purity  of  style  or  lauiiuage 
any  form  of  speech  contrary  to  the  pure  idioms  of  a 
p;irticiilar  language.  Drydcn. 

2.  Ignorance  of  arts  ;  want  of  learning. 

Shak.  Dryden. 

3.  Rudeness  of  manners ;  savagism  ;  incivility  ; 
ferociousness ;  a  savage  state  of  society. 

Spenser.  Davies. 

4.  Brutality ;  cruelty  ;  barbarity.  [In  thii  sense 
tittle  ns'  d,  beiwr  superseded  by  BARltAnn  v.] 

BXR-BA1M-'1'\Vh.    [.<ee  Barbarian.] 

1.  'i'he  mimners  of  a  barbarian  ;  savageness ;  cru- 
elty ;  ferociousness;  inliiuuanity.  Clarendon. 

2.  Barbarism  ;  impurity  of  speech.  Dryden.  ti^rift. 
1  The  use  of  the  ward  in  this  sense  is  noto  superseaed 

by  Barbarism.] 
BAR'BAR-IZE,  v.  t.    To  make  barbarous. 

liideons  clmnj^cs  li;ive  barbarized  Frxnoe.  Burtce. 

BAR'BAR-OUS,  a.  Uncivilized  ;  savage;  unlettered  ; 
untutored  ;  ignorant ;  unac(iuainted  with  arts  ;  stran- 
ger to  civility  of  manners. 

Tliou  art  !i  Roman;  be  not  barbarous.  Sliak. 
2.  Cruel ;  ferocious ;  inhuman  ;  as,  barbarous  us;\ge. 

Cturrndon. 

BXR'B7\R-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  barba- 
rian ;  ignorantly  ;  without  knowledge  or  arts  ;  con- 
trary to  the  rules  of  speech.  Dryden. 
2.  In  a  s.avage,  cruel,  ferocious,  or  inhuman  maun  >r. 

BAR'B.\R-OUS-NESS,  «.  Rudeness  or  incivility  of 
manners.  Temple. 

2.  Impurity  of  language.  Brereiooud. 

3.  Cruelty;  iiihumaiiily  ;  barbarity.  Hull. 
Bt^  H'BA- 1!  \',  II.  A  liarliary  horse;  a  barb.  Braam. 
BA  U'liAS-'I'r.l,,  71.    A  species  of  bat  with  hairy  or 

bearded  cheeks. 
Bxlt'IiATi;,     \a.     [Ii.  barbatns,  from  borba.  See 
BAR'Ua-TEI),  i  Barb.] 

In  botany,  lie;irded  ;  also,  gaiiiiu;  or  ringetit.  Puir- 
batus  Jlus,  a  ga|iiug  or  ringent  flower  ;  syniuiymous 
with  the  rinoent  flower  of  laniia'us,  and  the  tobatte 
and /iiT.i»/i«rc  of  Tournelort.  .I\hlne.  I.rc. 

This  leriu  is  properly  synonymous  with  the  labiate 
flower  of  Eiiiiiii  iis,  winch  includes  the  ringent  and 
personate,  as  subdivisions. 
BAKBE,  II.    Armor  of  leather  for  horses,  studded  with 
iron  pikes.  liooih. 


FATE,  FAR,  Vf^U.,  WHAT. —  METE,  PREY  —  PI.\E,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


BAR 

III  Uw  inililartj  art,  to  fiiti  ill  barhe,  is  to  lire  tlic  ciin- 
iioii  over  tlie  parapet,  iiistoad  of  tiring  throiiRli  tliu 
t'llll>lasllrl^■^.  Kiicijc. 

liA  lUllC-KKATU'ERS,  n.  fl.  Tlic  fcntliers  under  the 
li.  ak  of  a  liawlt.  Booth. 

ItAli'ltK-eOlJ,  H.  In  (Ac  fVi-xt  Mirs,  n  llog  roasiod 
wliole.  It  is,  with  us,  used  for  an  ox,  or  porliaps 
any  large  animal,  dressed  in  lil\e  manner.  Hence 
tlie  term  lias  been  extended  to  denote  a  laige  social 
enteriaiiiment,  in  the  open  air,  at  wliicii  animals  are 
roasted  whole,  and  other  provisions  of  all  kinds  are 
consnnied. 

UAll'lil",  COE,  »i.  (.  To  dress  and  roast  a  lios  whole, 
which  is  done  by  splittiiiK  llie  hog  to  the  back-bone, 
ami  roasting  it  on  u  gridiron  ;  to  roast  any  aiiinial 
whole.  \ 

BAKU'l'.l),  i>p.  or  a.    [See  Bakb.J 

1.  I'liniisheil  with  armor  ;  as,  barbed  steeds.  Shah. 

2.  Hearded  ;  jagged  with  hooks  or  points ;  us, 
barbed  arrows. 

;i.  Shaved  or  trimmed  ;  having  the  beard  dressed. 

Kncifc. 

BXUH'EI.,  n.  [L.  bnrba;  Fr.  barbeau;  D.  barbeel.) 
'  1.  .A  lisli  ot  the  genus  Cyprinus,  of  the  order  Ab- 
doininales.  The  mouth  is  toothless  ;  thi^  gill  has 
tliree  rays;  the  body  is  smooth  and  wliite.  This 
fish  is  about  three  feet  long,  and  weighs  18  pounds. 
It  is  a  very  coarse  (isli,  living  in  deep,  still  rivers,  and 
rooting  like  swine  in  the  sot't  banks.  Its  dorsal  fin 
is  arnu-d  with  a  strong  spine,  sharply  serrated,  and 
its  iip|>er  jaw  is  furnished  with  four  barbels  or  beard- 
like appendages,  whence  the  name.   Eneiie.  Ciivier. 

Q.  A  knot  of  siiperHuoiis  liesh,  growing  in  the 
clianneU  of  a  horse's  mouth  ;  written  also  barbie,  or 
barb,  hlucijc.    Farrier^s  Diet. 

:i.  A  small  vermiform  process  appended  to  the 
mouth  of  certain  fishes,  and  subservient  to  the  sense 
of  touch.  Brandc. 

BAllH'KR,  n.    [Vets,  barbr.    See  Barh.] 

Oiii'  whose  occupation  is  to  shave  men,  or  to  shave 
and  dress  hair.  Shak. 

BXUIi'EK,  I'.  (.    To  shave  and  dress  hair.  Shak. 

BAKU'Ell-eill-RUK'OEO.V,  n.  One  who  joins  the 
practice  of  surgery  with  that  of  a  barber;  a  practice 
now  unusual.    A  low  practitioner  of  surgery. 

WUeman. 

BARB'ER-KD,  jv'.    Dressed  by  a  barber.  Shak. 

BARli'i:R-liSS,  n.    <|feinale  barber.    [Mil  iLsed.] 

BARli'ER-.MON"OER,  ii.  A  man  who  fieipients  the 
barber's  shop,  or  prides  himself  in  being  dressed  by  a 
barber  ;  a  fop.  Shak. 

BAK'BER-RV,  n.  fL.  bcrbrris  ;  Ir.  barbrog ;  U.  ber- 
brrh ;  Sp.  berbero.  Ill  Eth.  abarbar  is  the  nettle 
Urtica  major;  in  Ainli.,  a  species  of  thistle.  Lud. 
Eth.  23:t ;  Amh.  39.  It  is  probable,  therefore,  that 
this  plant  is  so  named  from  its  spines  or  barbi<.  The 
name  orijacantltus,  also  given  to  it,  indicates  a  like 
origin.] 

A  shrubby  iilant  of  the  genus  Berberis,  common  in 
hedges ;  calltrd  in  England,  pippcrid»e-bush.  The 
berrii's  are  used  in  housewifery,  and  have  been 
deemed  cdicacioiis  in  Hiixes  and  fevers.  The  bark 
dyes  a  fine  yellow,  especially  the  bark  of  the  root. 

JlliUer.  Kncijc. 
B.\R'BET,  n.    A  name  given  by  some  French  writers 
to  a  peculiar  siMcies  of  those  worms  which  feed  on 
the  pnceron  or  aphis.   [Sec  .\phisJ  F.ncijc. 

2.  .\  name  common  to  the  diflcrent  species  of  a 
genus  of  birds,  {Biicco,')  touiid  in  the  wiirm  clintates 
of  both  roiitiiieiits. 

3.  .\  dog,  so  called  from  his  long  hair. 
BAR'Bl/LE,  n.    A  very  minute  bard  or  beard.  Booth. 
B.^irC.V-REIil.E,  H.    A  popular  song  or  melody  sung 

by  Venetian  goiiihiliers. 
BARD,  n.    r\V.  fturJrf,  or  ban;  Ir.  bard:  Fr.  »nrrfc,  a 
poet ;  Ir.  bardas,  a  satire  or  lampoon  ;  W".  bardhod, 
philosophy  ;  bardirait,  a  song.] 

1.  A  poet  and  a  singer  among  the  ancient  Celts  ; 
one  whose  occupation  was  to  compose  and  sing 
verses  in  honor  of  the  heroic  achievements  of  princes 
and  brave  men.  The  bards  used  an  instrument  of 
music  like  a  lyre  or  guitar,  and  not  only  praised  the 
brave,  but  reproached  the  cowanlly. 

Diod.  Sic.    jim.  jVarcct.    Lucan.  Fcsdis. 
9.  In  nuidern  usage,  a  poet.         Pope.  Drydtn. 
B.\RU,  71.   The  defensive  armor  of  a  horse.  [Sec 
Barhc] 

BAR-I)ASII',  71.  [Fr.  bardache.]  A  boy  kept  for  un- 
natural purpost:s.    Bardas\iu<r  occurs  m  lliiddirns. 

B.KRD'ED,  a.    In  brratdry,  cn[iarisoned.  Knritr. 

BARDES'A-NISTS,  ;i.  pi.  A  bnuich  of  tlie  Cno-^li'cs  of 
the  second  century,  followers  of  Itardesaii'-sot'  IM,;ssa 
in  MesojK>tainia.  i'liey  held  to  two  origuial  self.<rx- 
istent  beings,  ime  good,  the  other  evil  ;  that  hiiinan 
souls  had  no  material  bodies  before  thi^  fall ;  that 
Christ  had  only  the  semblance  of  a  body,  and  did 
not  die  on  the  cross,  nor  rise  from  the  dead  ;  and 
tli.it  redemption  consists  in  bi  ing  divivted  ot  our 
gross,  inateri;U  bodies,  and  being  clothed  in  ethereal 
or  spiritual  bodies.  Mosheim. 

n\  RU'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  bards,  or  iheir  poetry. 

Owen. 

BARD'ISU,  o.  Pertaining  to  bards:  written  by  a 
bard. 


BAR 

BARD'IS.M,  71.  The  science  of  hards;  the  learniug 
anil  mavinis  of  bards.  Otpen. 

BARE,  a.  [Sax.  bar  or  J«r;  Sw.  and  Dan.  bar;  O. 
bar.  'J'his  word  is  from  opening,  separating,  strip- 
ping. In  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.  1N3  signifies  to  open, 
or  explain  ;  Ar.  to  dig  ;  also  113  is  to  separate,  to 
purify.    Ch.  Syr.  lU  to  lay  waste;  Ar.  id.] 

1.  Naked  ;  without  covering  ;  ns,  the  arm  is  bare  ; 
the  trees  are  bare. 

2.  With  the  head  uncovered,  from  respect. 

Clarendon. 

3.  Plain;  siinplo;  unadorned;  wilhout  the  polish 
of  refined  manners.  S/icn.srr. 

4.  1/iid  opiui  to  view  ;  detected  ;  no  longer  con- 
cealed. Jllltoll. 

5.  Poor;  destitute;  indigent ;  empty  ;  unfurnished. 

Hooker.  Vnjdai. 

I  Invp  miide  F8;iu  b<ire.  —  JiT.  x!ix. 

6.  Mere;  alone;  unarronipaiiied.    Shak.  Snath. 

7.  Tlireailhare  ;  much  worn.  Ska!;. 

8.  Wanting  clothes ;  or  dl  supplied  with  ganneiiis. 

Johason. 

Under  bare  poles,  at  sea,  signifies  having  no  sail  set. 

Mar.  Diet. 

ft  13  often  followed  by  of;  as,  the  country  is  bare 
of  money.  Locke. 

BaRG,v.  (.  abarian.    Sen  Bark,  adj.] 

'I'o  strip  olf  the  coveiingj  to  make  naked  ;  as,  to 
bare  the  breast.  Bacon.  Fojte. 

BARK  ;  the  old  pr(^terit  of  bear,  now  Bokk. 

liARE'lio.NE,  H.    [See  HoNi;.]    .\  very  ban  person. 

UARK'Bo.N'-i'.l),  a.  Lean,  so  that  the  bones  a])|iear, 
or,  rather, so  that  the  bones  show  their  forms.  Shak. 

Ii.\R'f;i),  ;);<.    Made  bare  ;  made  naked. 

BaRE'FaC-KD,  (-fiste,)  a.    [See  Faok.] 

1.  \\'U\\  the  face  uncovered  ;  not  masked.  Shak. 

2.  Undisguised  ;  unreserved  ;  without  conceal- 
ment;  lieiice,  shameless  ;  impudent;  audacious;  as, 
a  barefaced  falsehood. 

B.aKE'FaC-£U-LY,  adv.  Without  disguise  or  reserve  ; 
{jpeiily  ;  impudently. 

BAI!E'F.AC-£D-NESS,  71.  EflVontery  ;  assurance;  au- 
daciousness. 

BaUE'FOOT,  a.    [See  Foot.] 

With  the  feet  bare;  without  shoes  and  stockings. 
2  Sam.  .\v.    Isaiah  xx. 

BaRE'FQOT,  o.  or  adv.  With  the  feet  bare  ;  as,  to 
dance  barefoot, 

Ra RE'FOOt-ED,  a.    Having  the  feet  bare. 

B.\RE'Gi\AWN,  a.    [See  G.naw.]    Eaten  bare. 

Shak. 

BaRE'HEAD-ED,  a.  [.See  Head.]  Having  the  head 
uncovered,  either  from  respect  or  other  cause. 

Bacon.  Dnjdcn. 

BARE'HEAD-ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  bare- 
hiaded. 

BARE'LEG-G£D,  a.   Having  the  legs  bare.  Burton. 

BaRE'LV, o</i).  Nakedly;  poorly;  indigently;  with- 
out decoration ;  merely  ;  only  ;  without  any  thing 
more  ;  as,  a  prince  barely  in  title.   Barrett.  Hooker. 

BaRE'NECK-£D,  (-iiekt,)  a.  Having  the  neck  un- 
covered ;  exposed.  Shali. 

B.^RE'NESS,  71.  Nakedness;  leanness;  poverty;  in- 
digence ;  defect  of  clothes,  or  the  usual  covering. 

Sliak.  South. 

BaRE'PICK-£D,  (-pikt,)  a.   Picked  to  the  bone. 

Shali. 

RARE'RIB-BBD,  (-ribd,)  a.    Lean.  Shak. 
BAR'ET,  71.    A  cardinal's  cap. 

BAR'FtJL,  a.    Full  of  obstructions.  Shak. 

B.^R'G.\I.\,  (bir'gin,)  7t.  [Fr.  bargainer,  to  haggle,  to 
hem  and  haw  ;  Arm.  barirnignour,  a  haggler  ;  It.  bar- 
gagnare,  to  cavil,  contend,  bargain;  Ir.  braighean, 
debati!.  It  seems  to  accord  with  It.  briga,  Sp.  brega, 
and  Fr.  brtgac.] 

1.  An  agreement  between  parties  concerning  the 
sale  of  property  ;  or  a  contract  by  which  one  party 
binds  himself  to  transfer  the  right  to  some  property 
for  a  consideration,  and  the  other  party  binds  him- 
self to  receive  the  property  and  p<ay  the  considenition. 

2.  A  gainful  transaction  ;  as,  an  e.xcellent  bargain. 

Co  toper. 

3.  Purcha.se,  or  the  thing  purchased.  Locke. 

4.  In  popular  language  final  event ;  upshot ;  as, 
we  must  make  the  best  of  a  bad  bargain. 

To  sell  bargain.^,  is  a  vulgar  p'.inise. 
To  titrike  a  bargain,  is. to  ratify  an  agreement, 
originally  by  striking  or  shaking  hands.  'J'iie  Latin 
ferire  fadtm,  may  represent  a  like  ceremony,  unless 
it  refers  to  the  practice  of  killing  a  victim,  at  the 
solemn  ratification  of  oaths. 

Bargain  and  sale  ;  in  law,  a  species  of  coflveyance, 
by  which  the  bargainer  contracts  to  convey  the  lands 
to  the  bargainee,  and  becomes  by  such  contract  a 
trustee  for  and  seized  to  the  u.se  of  the  bargainee. 
'J'lie  .statute  then  completes  the  purchase  ;  that  is, 
the  bargain  vests  the  use,  and  the  statute  vests  the 
[wissession.  Blackstone, 
n.\R'GAIN,  r.  I.  To  make  a  contract  or  conclusive 
agreement  for  the  transfer  of  property ;  often  with 
/it  before  the  thing  purchased  ;  as,  to  bargain  for  a 
house.  A  bargained  with  B  for  his  farm. 
BAIl'G.MN,  V.  U   To  sell ;  to  Inmsfer  for  a  considera- 


BAR 

tioii  ;  as,  ,\  bargained  away  his  fiirm  :  a  popular  use 
of  tlie  word. 

BAR-GAIN-EH',  77.  The  party  in  a  contract  who  re- 
ceives or  agrei  s  to  receive  the  jiropcrty  sold. 

Blaek-itone. 

BAR'GAIN-ER,  7i.  The  party  in  a  contract  vvlio  Ktii>- 
ulates  to  sell  and  convey  property  to  another. 

Btacli^itone. 

BARGE,  (barj,)  7i.  [D.  barbie;  It.  and  Sp.  barea;  Ir. 
bare.  Barge,  and  lark  or  barque,  a  sliiji,  are  radically 
one  word.] 

1.  A  pleasure-boat ;  a  vessel  or  boat  of  ."itate,  fur- 
nished with  elegant  apartments,  canopies,  and  cush- 
ions, equipped  with  a  band  of  rowers,  anil  decorated 
with  (lags  and  streamers,  used  by  olHcers  and  magis- 
trates. F.ncijc. 

2.  A  flat  bottomed  ves.sel  of  burden,  for  loading 
and  unloading  sliip.s.  Mar.  Diet. 

BARGK'-ISoARI),  71.  A  term  apjdied  to  incliniMl  pro- 
jecting boards  placed  at  the  galile  of  a  building,  and 
hiding  the  liori/onlal  timbers  of  the  roof.  Owilt. 

BAKGE'-COUP-LES,  (-kiip'plz,)  71.  pi.  In  architecture, 
two  beams  mortised  the  one  into  the  other,  to 
strengthen  the  building.  Gailt. 

BARGE'-(;OI;kSI;,  «.  in  brirJilnylng,  a  part  of  the 
tiling  which  projects  be>'oiid  the  principal  rafters,  in 
buildings  where  there  is  a  gable  or  kirkinhead. 

Kneyc. 

BARGE'MAN,  77.    The  man  who  manages  a  barge. 

BARGE'MAS'TER,  71.  The  proprietor  of  a  barge,  con- 
veying goods  fur  hire.  BlacluLone. 

B.XRG'ER,  71.    The  manager  of  a  b.'irgc. 

Ii.\'Rl-.\,  77.    Baryta,  which  see. 

BA-RII,'L.\,  71.  [Sp.]  A  plant  cultivated  in  Spain 
for  its  a^hes,  from  which  the  best  kind  of  carbonate 
of  soda  of  coiiinierce  is  obtained.  The  plant  is  cut 
and  laid  in  heaps,  and  burnt,  the  siilts  running  into 
a  hole  in  the  ground,  where  they  form  a  vitrified 
lump.  F.neyc. 

2.  The  alkali  ])rociiicd  from  this  plant,  an  impure 
carbonate  of  soda,  used  in  making  glass  and  soap, 
and  in  bleaching  linen. 

BaR'-I-RON,  (-i-urn,)  71.  Iron  wrought  into  mal- 
leable bars. 

BAR'I-TONE.    See  Barytone. 

Ba'RI-UM,  7!.  The  metallic  b.asis  of  bpjyta  or  baria, 
which  is  an  oxyd  of  barium.  Davy. 

Barium  is  susceptible  of  two  degrees  of  oxygena- 
tion :  the  first,  or  protozyd  of  barium,  is  called  baryta. 
[liAKVTi'ji  is  the  legitimate  word.] 
B.VRK,  77.    [Dan.  bark;  Sw.  barck ;  G.  borke ;  probably 
from  stripping,  separating.] 

1.  The  exterior  covering  of  a  tree,  corresponding 
to  the  skin  of  an  animal.  This  is  composed  of  the 
cuticle  or  epidermis,  tlie  outer  bark,  or  cortex,  and 
the  inner  bark,  or  liber.  The  rough,  broken  matter 
on  bark  is,  by  the  common  people  of  New  England, 
called  ro.-i.t. 

2.  By  way  of  distinction,  Peruvian  bark. 
BARK,  7'.  (,  To  peel ;  to  strip  otT bark.  Also,  to  cover 

or  inclose  with  bark. 
BARK,       In.    [Ir.  bare;  Fr.  barque;  Buss,  barka; 
BARUUE,  i     It.  and  Sp.  barca.) 

A  small  ship;  but  appropriately,  a  ship  which  car- 
ries three  masts  without  a  inizzcn  top-sail.  The 
English  mariners  in  the  coal  trade  apply  this  name 
to  a  broad-sterned  ship  without  a  figure-head. 

Encyc.    Mar.  Diet 
IVnter-bark's,  in  Holland,  are  small  vessels  for  con- 
veying fresh  water  from  place  to  place,  the  hold  of 
which  is  filled  with  water.  Encyc. 
BARK,  1).  i.    [Sax.  beorcan,  byrean,  to  bark.] 

1.  To  make  the  noise  of  dogs  when  they  threaten 
or  pursue. 

2.  To  clamor  at ;  to  pursue  with  unreasonable 
clamor  or  re))ioach.    It  is  followed  by  at. 


To  hark  at  sleeping  fame. 


Sptnter. 


BARK'-BaR-BD,  a.    Stripped  of  the  bark.  Mortimer. 

BARK'-BED,  ji.  A  hotbed  formed  beneath  of  Uin- 
ner's  bark.  Booth. 

BARK'-BOUND,  a.  Having  the  bark  too  firm  or 
close,  as  with  trees.  This  ilisease  is  cured  by  slit- 
ting the  bark.  Eneyc. 

BA  RK'£D,  (b.lrkt,)  pp.  Stripped  of  the  bark  ;  peeled  ; 
also,  covered  with  bark. 

BARK'ER,  71.  One  who  barks  or  clamors  unrcason- 
ablv  ;  one  who  strips  trees  of  their  bark. 

BARk'ER-Y,  71.    A  tan-hoiisc.  Booth. 

BARK'-GALL-KD,  a.  Having  the  bark  galled,  as 
with  thorns.  This  defect  is  cured  by  binding  on 
clay.  F.neije. 

B.\Rk'l.\G,  ppr.  Stripping  oft"  bark;  covering  with 
bark;  making  the  noise  of  dogs  ;  clamoring. 

BARK'I.\G-I-RO.NS,  77.  ;>;.  Instruments  used  in  tak- 
ing otftlie  bark  of  tribes. 

BARK'-PIT,  77.  A  pit  filled  with  h,ark  and  water,  in 
which  hides  are  steeped  in  tanning.  Booth. 

BARK'-STciVE,  71.  .\  gla/.ed  structure  for  keeping 
tropical  plants,  having  a  bed  of  tanner's  hark,  or 
other  fermentable  matter,  which  produces  a  moist 
heat.  Brandt, 

BARK'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  b:irk :  containing  bark. 

S»<jfc. 


TONE,  BJ;LL,  unite.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US  e  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


IIAR 


BaR'LEY,  71.  [W.  barlijs ;  Sa\.  here.  Cln.  ]>.;  ,r,  Cr. 
zvpof,  Heb.  "13  Aar,  corn.  In  the  Saxon  Cli.onicle, 
An.  U24,  it  is  written  barlie.  Owen  renders  it 
bread-corn,  from  bara,  bread.] 

A  species  of  valuable  jrrain,  of  the  genus  Hordeum, 
used  especially  for  making  malt,  from  which  are  pre- 
pared litjuors  of  extensive  use,  as  beer,  ale,  and  ptirter. 
The  khids  of  barley  principally  cultivated  in  Eng- 
land are  the  common  spring  barley,  the  long-eared 
barley,  tlie  winter  or  square  barley,  by  some  called 
bear  or  big-,  and  the  sprat  or  battleclore  barley.  This 
grain  is  used  in  medicine,  as  possessing  emollient, 
diluent,  and  expectorant  qualities, 
i  Encyc.    JfiUer,  Arbufhnot. 

I  BXR'LEY-BRaKE,  n.  A  rural  play  ;  a  trial  of  swift- 
I       ness.  SiOney. 

B.\R'LEY-BROTH,  n.   A  low  word  for  strong  beer. 
!  Shak. 
I    BaR'LEY-CORX,  71.    [See  CoB?r.]    A  grain  of  bar- 
I      ley,  the  third  part  of  an  inch  in  length  ;  hence  origi- 
[      naled  our  measures  of  length.  Juhnstm. 
BAR'LEY-MO\V,  n.    A  mow  of  barley,  or  the  place 

where  barlev  is  deposited.  Gaij. 
BXR'LEY-SUG-AR,  (bir'ly-shug'ar,)  n.  Sugar  boiled 
.  till  it  is  brittle,  (formerly  with  a  decoction  of  barley,) 
and  candied  with  orange  or  lemon  peel.  JlcCnlhrh. 
;  BAR'LEY-WA'TER,7i.  A  decoction  of  barley,  which 
I  is  reputed  soft  and  lubricating,  and  much  used  in 
'  medicine. 

French  barlaj,  and  pearl  barley,  are  used  for  making 
I  decoctions.  These  are  made  by  separating  the  grain 
{  from  its  husk.  .The  pearl  barley  is  reduced  to  the 
I       size  of  a  small  shot. 

\  BaR.M,  n.  [Sax.  beorm.  Ciu.  L.  fermentum,  from  fer- 
veo  ;  or  beer^akm,  beer  cream  ;  or  \V.  benci,  to  boil.] 
'  Yeast;  the  scum  rising  upon  beer,  or  other  malt 
{  liquors,  when  fermenting,  and  used  as  leaven  in 
1  bread  to  make  it  swell,  causing  it  to  be  softer,  lighter, 
■  and  more  delicate.  It  may  be  used  in  liquors  to 
!  make  them  ferment  or  work.  Johnson.  IZncijc. 
''  BXRM'Y,  a.  Containing  barm  or  yeast. 
!      ■  Bacon.  Shak. 

BARN,  71.    [Sax.  brrem,  from  here,  barley,  and  ctrn,  or 
i       ern,  a  close  place,  or  repository.] 
j  A  covered  building  for  securing  grain,  hay,  (lax, 

'       and  other  productions  of  the  earth.    In  the  Mrllicrn 
States  of  jimerica,  the  farmers  generally  use  barns 
also  for  stabling  their  horses  and  cattle ;  so  that, 
i       among  them,  a  barn  is  both  a  corn-house,  or  grange, 
I       and  a  stable. 

BARN,  J),  f.    To  lay  up  in  a  barn.    [Obs.]  Sha!:. 
aAR'XA-€LE,  7!.     [Port,  bcrnaca,  the  Solan  goose; 
Fr.  barnacle,  or  barnaque ;  h,  perna,  a  shell-fish. 1 

1.  A  shell  which  is  often  found  on  the  bottoms  of 
ships,  rocks,  and  timber,  below  the  surface  of  the 
sea ;  the  Lepas  anatifera  of  LinniEUS.    The  name  is 
also  applied  to  other  species  of  the  same  genus.  Cyc. 
j  2.  A  species  of  goose,  (^.^nas  leucopsis,)  found  in 

I  the  northern  seas,  but  visiting  more  southern  climates 
i  in  winter  The  forehead  and  clieeks  are  white,  but 
I  the  rest  of  the  head  and  the  neck  are  black  ;  the  up- 
j  per  part  of  the  body  is  grayish,  barred  with  black 
j  and  white,  and  the  belly  white.  Formerly,  a  strange 
I  notion  prevailed,  that  these  birds  grew  out  of  wood, 
or  rather  out  of  the  barnacles  attached  to  wood  in  the 
I       sea.   Hence  the  name.    It  is  written  also  Behnacle. 

Pennant. 

3.  In  tJie  plural,  an  instrument  consisting  of  two 
branches  joined  at  one  end  with  a  hinge,  to  put  upon 
a  horse's  nose,  to  confine  him,  fur  shoeing,  bleeding, 
or  dressing.  Kncyc. 

nARN-Dr")OR,  71.    The  door  of  a  barn.  MUton. 

BAR'O-LITE,  71.  [Gr.  /Jnous,  weight,  and  XiBjs,  a 
stone.] 

Carbonate  of  barj  ta.  Its  color  is  usually  a  light 
yellowish-gray  ;  sometimes  whitish,  or  with  a  tinge 
of  green.  It  is  strongly  translucent.  It  usually  oc- 
curs in  small  masses,  which  have  a  fibrous  structure  ; 
sometimes  in  distinct  crystals.  This  mineral  is  called 
also  Hr'iUieritc,  from  Ur.  Withering,  the  discoverer. 

Clcavelanil.  Kirwan. 
BA-ROM'E-TER,  71.    [Gr.  papoi,  weight,  and  pirpov, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  weight  or  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere,  consisting  of  a  glass  tube, 
hermetically  sealed  at  one  end,  filled  with  quick- 
silver, well  defecated  and  freed  from  air,  and  in- 
verted in  a  basin  of  quicksilver.  A  column  of  quick- 
silver is  then  supported  in  the  tube,  of  e(pial  weight 
with  the  incumbent  atmosphere.  This  instrument 
w:ui  invented  by  Torricelli,  of  Florence,  in  1043. 
Its  uses  are  to  indicate  changes  of  wcatluir,  and  to 
del/^rinino  altitudes,  by  the  falling  and  rising  of  the 
mercury.  For  this  purpose,  the  tube  is  fixed  to  a 
griduated  scale,  so  that  the  smallest  variation  in  the 
column  is  visible.  Kncyc.  Juhn.ion. 

BAIl-0-MET'Rie-AE,n.    Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
'       barometer ;  made  by  a  barometer ;  as,  barometrical 
ex|Nrriments, 

BAK-O-MET'ftlC-AL-LY.ado.  By  means  of  a  barom- 
eter. P'uikcrton. 

BAK'O-METZ,  71.  The  Scythian  Lamb ;  a  siiignhir 
vegeUihle  production,  coiiHistiiig  of  the  prostrale  hairy 
■tern  of  the  fern  .^jpidiurn  barometi,  which,  fr(;ni  its 

I 


BAR 


shaggy  nature  and  position,  has  the  appearance  of  a 
crunching  animal.  Brantle. 
BAR'OX,  )i.  [Fr.  baron ;  Sp.  baron  or  varon ;  It. 
barone;  Sans,  bareru,  Iharta,  a  husband.  This  word, 
in  the  middle  ages,  was  written  bar,  her,  var,  baro, 
paro,  viro,  virro',  viron  It  is  the  vir  of  the  Latins  ; 
Sax.  ircr  ;  Ir.  fir,  fear ;  \V.  U'er,  for  ifHir,  gerir.  .See 
Spelrnan's  Olossary,  and  ITirt.  Pansa  de  Bell.  Jllrz. 
4'2:  Mickes's  Sax.  Grammar,  113,  14(i.  Tlie  iiax. 
iser,  L.  !•!>,  is  doubtless  the  Sheinitic  laJ  a  man,  so 
named  from  strength.] 

1.  In  Great  Britain,  a  title  or  degree  of  nobility  ;  a 
lord  ;  a  peer;  one  who  holds  the  rank  of  nobility 
ne\t  below  that  of  a  viscount,  and  above  that  of  a 
kniiziit  or  baronet.  Originally,  the  barons,  being  the 
feudatories  of  princes,  were  the  proprietors  of  land 
held  by  honorable  service.  Hence,  in  ancient  records, 
the  word  biirons  coin|irehends  all  the  nobility.  All 
such,  in  England,  had,  in  early  times,  a  right  to  sit 
in  parliament.  As  a  baron  was  the  proprietor  of  a 
manor,  and  each  manor  had  its  court-baron,  hence 
the  barons  claimed,  and  to  this  day  enjoy,  the  right 
of  jiulffing  in  the  l;u«t  resort;  a  right  pertaining  to 
til  liuii-f  of  lords,  or  peers,  as  the  representatives  of 
tile  a!iciJMit  barons,  land-holders,  manor-holders 

Anciently,  barons  were  greater,  or  such  as  held 
their  lands  of  the  king  in  capitc;  or  lesser,  such  as 
held  their  lands  of  the  greater  barons  by  military 
service  in  capite. 

The  title  of  baron  is  no  longer  attached  to  the  pos- 
session of  a  manor,  but  given  by  the  king's  letters 
patent,  or  writ  of  summons  to  parliimient ;  that  is, 
the  dignity  is  personal,  not  territorial. 

The  radical  word  vir,  fir,  a  man,  is  Celtic,  as  well 
as  Teutonic  ;  but  the  word  baron  was  not  kno^vn  in 
the  British  Isles  till  introduced  from  the  Continent 
under  the  Norman  princes. 

Spelmaii.    Blaekstone.    Encyc.  Cowel. 

Q.  Baron  is  a  title  of  certain  officers  ;  as,  barons  of 
the  exchequer,  who  are  the  fbur  judges  who  try  cases 
bi  tween  the  king  and  his  subjects  relating  to  the 
n  venue.  Barons  nf  tlie  Cinque  Ports  were,  before  the 
Ki  foriu  Act,  members  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
elected  by  the  seven  Cinque  Ports,  two  for  each 
port.  These  ports  were  Dover,  Sandwich,  Rom- 
ney,  Hastings,  Hythe,  Winchelsca,  and  Rye. 

Blaekstone. 

3.  In  law,  a  husbani ;  as,  baron  and  feme,  husband 
and  wife. 

4.  In  cookery,  a  baron  of  beef  consists  of  two  sir- 
loins not  cut  asunder.  Smart. 

BAR'OX-AGE,  71.  The  whole  body  of  batons  or  peers. 

2.  The  dignity  of  a  baron. 

3.  The  land  which  gives  title  to  a  baron.  Johnson. 
BAU'ON-ESS,  71.    A  baron's  wife  or  lady. 
BAR'ON-ET,  71.    [Fr.,  dimin.  of  baron.] 

A  dignity  or  degree  of  honor,  next  below  a  baron, 
and  above  a  knight ;  having  precedency  of  all  knights 
except  those  of  the  garter,  and  being  the  only  knight- 
hood that  is  hereditary.  The  order  was  founded  by 
.Tames  I.  in  1611,  and  is  given  by  patent.  .Johnson. 
BAK'OX-ET-AGE,  71.  The  collective  body  of  baronets. 
B.\R'0N-ET-CY,  71.   The  rank  or  title  of  a  baronet. 

Parriana. 

BA-Ro'NI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  baron.  Encyc. 

BAR'ON-Y,  n.  The  lordship,  honor,  or  fee  of  a  baron, 
whether  spiritual  or  temporal.  This  lordship  is  held 
in  chief  of  the  king,  and  gives  title  to  the  possessor 
or  baron.  Johnson.  Encyc. 

2.  In  Ireland,  a  territorial  division,  corresponding 
nearly  to  the  English  hundred,  and  supposed  to  have 
been  originally  the  district  of  a  native  chief.  There 
are  252  in  all.  Brande. 

BAR'O-.seOPE,  71.  [Gr. /?a.<iof,  weight,  and  o/cuitw, 
to  view.] 

An  instrument  to  show  the  weight  of  the  atmos- 
phere ;  superseded  by  the  barometer. 

BAIl-O-Se01"ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  determined  by 
the  baroscope. 

BAIl-0-SEL'E-NTTE,7i.  [Gr. /Ja.oos,  weight,  or /?a,oi)j, 
heavy,  and  sclenile.] 
A  mineral ;  sulphate  of  baryta,  or  heavy-spar. 

Kirwan.  Cleaeeland. 

BA-ROUCIIE',  (ba-roosh',)  71.  A  four-wheel  carriage, 
with  a  falling  top,  witli  si'ats  as  in  a  coach. 

R.\  U'-PO.ST.S,  n.  pi.  Posts  sunk  in  the  ground  to 
receive  the  bars  of  a  passage  into  a  field. 

B.\ll'RA,  71.  In  Portui'al  and  Spain,  :i  long  measure 
for  cloths.  In  Valencia,  13  barras  make  12  7-8  yards 
English  ;  in  Castile,  7  are  equal  to  ti  4-7  yards  ;  in  Ar- 
ragon,  3  make  2  4-7  vards.  Eneiic. 

BAK-RA-Ca'DA,  71.  "a  fish,  about  fifteen  inches  in 
length,  of  a  dusky  color  on  the  back,  and  a  white 
bc'llv,  with  small  blaik  spots.      Dkt.  of  JVat.  Hist. 

BAK'ltA-CAN,  )i.  [It.  baracane;  Sp.  iar/a^'aii ;  Fr. 
buuraean,] 

A  thick,  strong  stuff,  something  like  camlet ;  used 
for  cloaks,  surtouts,  and  other  outer  garments. 
B.\R'R,\CK,  71.    [!f\>.  barraea :  Fr.  baraiiuc.    It  ffms 
to  be  fiirmed  like  Sax.  pnrruc,  a  jiark,  an  inclosure.] 
A  hut  or  house  for  soldiers,  especially  in  garrison. 
B.AR'llACK-MAS'TER,  ;i.    'J'he  officer  who  superin- 

ti  iiils  the  barriicks  of  soldiers.  SitifL 
BAR'KA-eoO.\,  71.    In  Jifrica,  a  fort. 


BAR 


B.\R-R.^-eu'D.\,  71.  A  species  of  fish,  of  the  Pike 
kind,  found  in  the  seas  about  the  Bahamas  and 
\Vest  Indies,  of  ten  feet  in  length.  The  color  is 
deep  brown,  and  the  fish  is  very  voracious.  The 
flesh  is  disagreeable,  and  sometimes  poisonous. 

Calesby.  Pennant. 

BAR'RAS,  71.  The  resin  which  exudes  from  wounds 
made  in  the  bark  of  fir-trees.  Brande. 

BAR'RA-TOR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  barat,  strife,  deceit ;  Cim- 
bric,  baraUon  ;  Ice.  and  Scandinavian,  baratta,  con- 
test ;  It.  baratta,  strife,  quarrel ;  barattare,  to  barter, 
to  cheat ;  Sp.  barato,  fraud,  deceit ;  baratar,  to  barter, 
to  deceive.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  tarn,  wind,  and 
ticist,  whence  to  strive ;  L.  verto ;  Eng.  barter.  See 
Barter.] 

1.  One  who  frequently  excites  suits  at  law  ;  c  com- 
mon mover  and  inaintainer  of  suits  and  controver- 
sies ;  an  encourager  of  litigation.   Coke.  Blaekstone. 

2.  The  master  of  a  ship  wlio  coiiuuits  any  fraud 
in  the  management  of  the  ship,  or  in  relation  to  his 
duties  as  master,  by  which  the  owner  or  insurers  are 
injured. 

BAIi'RA-TROUS,  17.    Tainted  with  barratry. 
BAR'RA-TROUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  barratrous  mannei. 

Kent 

BAR'RA-TR¥,  71.  The  practice  of  exciting  and  en- 
couraging lawsuits  and  (piarrels.  Coke.  Blaekstone. 

2.  in  commerce,  any  species  of  cheating  or  fiixiid,  in 
a  ship-master,  by  «  hicli  the  owners  or  insurers  are 
injured  ;  as,  by  runniuL'  away  with  the  ship,  sinking 
or  deserting  her,  by  willl\d  deviation,  or  by  embez- 
zling the  cargo.  Park. 

BAR'RED,  (b.ird,)  pp.  Fastened  with  a  bar;  hin- 
dered ;  restrained  ;  excluded  ;  forbidden  ;  striped ; 
checkered. 

BAR'REL,  7!.  [\V.,  Fr.  baril;  Sp.  barril ;  It.  barile ; 
Ann.  baraz.] 

1.  A  round  vessel  or  cask,  of  more  length  than 
breadth,  and  bulging  in  the  middle,  made  of  staves 
and  heading,  and  bound  with  hoops. 

2.  The  quantity  which  a  biinrl  contains.   Of  wine  [ 
measure,  the  English  barrel  contains  31. ^  gallons  ;  of 
beer  measure,  3G  gallons  ;  of  ale,  32  gallons  ;  and  of 
beer-vinegar,  34  gallons. 

Of  weiaht,  a  barrel  of  Essex  butter  is  lOG  pounds ; 
of  SulTolk  butter,  25() ;  a  barrel  of  herrings  should 
contain  32  gallons  wine  measure,  and  hold  1000  her- 
rings ;  a  barrel  of  salmon  shoiM  contain  42  gallons ; 
a  barrel  of  soap  should  weigh  nSlj  pounds. 

Johnson.  Encyc. 

In  .America,  the  contents  of  a  barrel  are  regulated 
by  statutes. 

In  Connecticut,  the  barrel  for  liquors  must  contain 
31,:  gallons,  each  gallon  to  contain  231  cubic  inches. 
In'New  York,  a  barrel  of  (lour  by  statute  must  con- 
tain either  laii  lbs.  or  228  lbs.  nett  weight.  The  bar- 
rel of  beef  and  pork,  in  New  York  and  Connecticut, 
is  200  lbs.  In  general,  the  contents  of  barrels,  as  de- 
fined by  statute,  in  this  country,  must  be  from  28  to 
31  gallons. 

3.  Any  thing  hollow  and  long ;  as,  the  barrel  of  a 
gun  ;  a  tube. 

4.  A  cylinder;  as,  the  barrel  of  a  watch,  within 
which  the  spring  is  coiled,  and  round  which  is  wound 
the  chain. 

5.  Barrel  of  the  ear;  a  cavity  of  the  ear,  situated 
within  the  membrane  of  the  tympanum,  by  which  it 
is  sejiarated  from  the  external  passage,  or  meatus  ; 
more  usually  called  the  cavity  of  the  tympanum.  It 
is  four  or  five  lines  deep,  and  five  or  six  wide,  and 
includes  within  it  the  small  bones  of  the  ear. 

Encyc.  Johnson. 
BAR'REL,  V.  t    To  put  in  a  barrel  ;  to' pack  in  a  bar- 
rel with  salt  fur  preservation ;  as,  to  barrel  beef,  jiork, 
or  fish. 

BAR'REL-BEL'LI-£D,  a.  [See  Bellt.]  Having  a 
large  belly.  Dryden. 

BAR'REL-£r),  pp.    Put  or  packed  in  a  barrel.  1 
2.  o.  In  cum;ioii(ioH,  having  a  barrel  or  tube;  as,  a  I 
double-iarrrW  gun.  i 

BAR'REL-ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Putting  or  packing  in  a  | 
barrel.  ' 

B.\R'11E.\,  a.    [from  the  same  root  as  bare.]  | 

1.  Not  producing  young  or  ollspring :  applied  to  an- 
imals. 

2.  Not  producing  plants ;  unfruitful ;  sterile  ;  not 
fc'rlile;  or  producing  little  ;  unproductive  :  applied  to 
Uie  earth. 

3.  Not  producing  the  usual  fruit :  applied  to 
trees,  &.c. 

4.  Not  copious ;  scanty  ;  as,  a  scheme  barren  of 
hints.  Swift. 

,').  Not  containing  useful  or  enlertaining  ideas ;  as, 
a  barren  treatise. 

I).  Unmeaning  ;  uninventive  ;  dull  ;  ns,  barren 
spectators.  Shak.    Johnson.    Uu.  ; 

7.  Unproductive  ;  not  inventive  ;  aa,  a  barren 
mind. 

Barren  flowers,  in  botany,  are  those  which,  in  mo-  | 
nn'Cious  and  dio'clous  plants,  are  furnished  only  with  1 
stamens  ;  also,  those,  in  plants  generally,  in  which  I 
the  essential  parts  are  abortive. 
BAR'REN,  71.    In  the  stales  west  of  the  Allegany,  a 
word  used  to  denote  a  tract  of  land,  rising  a  few  feet 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WII^T  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  \Vf)LF,  BQQK-  — 


100 


BAlt 


BAS 


BAS 


above  tlif  level  of  a  plain,  and  proilncins  tries  and 
grass.  The  soil  of  these  barrens  is  not  barren,  as  the 
name  imports,  but  orten  very  fertile.  It  is  usually 
alluvial,  to  a  depth  sometimes  of  severiU  feet. 

Aticalery  Jtiurn.  of  Sciencr. 
9.  Any  unproductive  tract  of  land  ;  as,  the  pine 
barrens  of  t-uutli  Carolina.  Draijlun. 

n  \R  RE.\-LV,  adv.  Unfniitfullv. 

B.\K'KK.\"-KEt?S,  n.  The  quality  of  not  producing 
its  kind  ;  want  of  the  power  of  conception  ;  applied 
tu  ani'nals, 

•J.  Cnfruitftilnpss ,  sterility  ;  infertility.  The  qual- 
I !  ity  of  not  producing  at  all,  or  in  small  quantities ;  as, 
i       the  iwrreimMs  of  soil. 

1 1        3.  Want  of  invention  ;  want  of  the  power  of  pro- 
'hii-inj;  any  thing  new  ;  applied  to  Ute  mtnd. 

1.  Want  of  mutter ;  scantiness ;  as,  the  barrenness 
ill'  a  cause.  Hooker, 
I        .').  I);  fi  ct  of  emotion,  sensibility,  or  fervency  ;  as, 
il      tliL' /;<;rrr/i»f>-.<  of  devotion.  Taijlor. 
I(  B.\ll'Ri:.\-Sl'IU'lT-EO,  a.    Of  a  pour  spirit.  Shah. 
i]  BAK'RE.V-WOKT,  n.    [See  Wobt.]    .\  plant,  (A'pi- 
1       iiiediiun  a'pinitm,)  till  recently  considereil  the  only 
; '     species  of  its  genus ;  a  low,  herbaceous  plant,  with 
a  er.:epiu2  root,  having  many  stalks,  eacli  of  which 
Il  IS  three  Howcrs.  JCncije. 
BaUR'IT.L.    Sec  Baiiful. 

D.\R-K1-€.\DE',  II.  [I'r.  barricade;  It.  barricata;  from 
It.  barrarc ;  Sp.  barrear,  to  bar.] 

1.  A  fortification,  made  in  lia«tc,  of  trees,  earth, 
palisades,  wagon!;,  or  any  thing  that  will  obstruct  the 
progress  of  an  enemy,  or  serve  for  defense  or  securi- 
ty against  his  shot. 

2.  Any  bar  or  obstruction  ;  that  which  defends. 

3.  In  naeal  architecture,  a  strong  wooden  niil,  sup- 
ported by  stanchions,  extending  across  the  foremost 
part  of  the  quarter-deck,  in  ships  of  war,  and  tilled 
with  rope,  mats,  pieces  of  old  cable,  and  full  ham- 
mocks, to  prevent  the  effect  of  small  shot  in  time' of 
action.  Encye. 

B.\R-Rl-e.^DE',  r.  t.  To  stop  up  a  passage;  to  ob- 
struct. 

2.  To  fortify  with  any  slight  work  that  prevents 

the  approach  of  an  enemy. 
BAR-RI-€A'DO.    The  same  as  nARnicAOE. 
BAR'RI-ER,  n.    [Fr.  barrierc;  II.  barri era  ;  Bp.  harre- 

ra,  a  barrier ;  Sp.  barrear,  to  bar  or  barricade.  See 

Bar.] 

1.  In  fortification,  a  kind  of  fence  made  in  a  pas- 
sage or  retrenchment,  composed  of  great  stakes,  with 
transoms  or  overtliwart  rafters,  to  stop  an  enemy. 

2.  .\  wall  for  defence.  [Encijc. 

3.  A  fortress  or  fortilied  town  on  the  frontier  of  a 
country.  SieifL 

4.  Any  obstruction  ;  any  thing  which  confines,  or 
which  hinders  approach  or  attack ;  as,  constitutional 
barricra.  Hopkinson. 

5.  A  bar  to  mark  the.  limits  of  a  place  ;  any  limit 
or  boundary  ;  a  line  of  separation.  Pope. 

B.\R'RI.\G,  ppr.  Making  fiist  with  a  bar;  obstruct- 
ing ;  excluding ;  preventing  ;  prohibiting  ;  crossing 
with  stripes.  The  word  is  also  used  for  excepting ; 
as,  "  barring  accidents,  I  warrant  the  goods  to  be 
sound." 

B:< K'RI.\G-0UT,  n.  The  act  of  closing  the  doors  of 
a  school-room  against  a  schoolmaster ;  a  boyish  mode 
of  rebellion  in  English  schools.  Swift, 

BAR'RIS-TER,  n.  [from  bar.]  .\  counselor  learned 
in  the  laws,  qualified  and  admitted  to  plead  at  the 
b.ar,  and  to  take  upon  him  the  defense  of  clients  ;  an- 
swering to  U\e  adcocate  oi  licentiate  of  other  countries. 
Anciently,  barristen  were  called,  in  England,  ap- 
prentices of  the  law.  Outer  barristers,  are  pleaders 
without  the  bar,  to  distinguish  them  from  inner  bar- 
risters, benchers,  or  readers,  who  are  admitted  to  plead 
within  tlie  bar,  as  the  king's  counsel  are. 

Johnson*  Kncye. 

BAR'ROW,  n,  TSax.  bereae;  VV.  berta ;  Ger.  ioArt; 
D.  berri ;  from  the  root  of  bear,  to  carry.   See  Be.ir.] 

1.  .\  light,  small  carriage.  ,\  hand-barrow  is  a  frame 
covered  in  the  middle  with  boards,  and  borne  by  and 
between  two  men. 

A  wheel-barroie  is  a  frame  with  a  boT,  supported 
by  one  wheel,  and  rolled  by  a  single  man. 

2.  A  wicker  case,  in  saU-KorLt,  where  the  salt  is 
put  to  drain.  Enctjc 

B.\R'RoW,  n.  [Sai.  ber^a,  or  beor^h,  a  hog  ;  D.  barff, 
a  barrow  hog.] 

1.  In  Enirland,  a  hog ;  and,  according  to  .Vsh,  obso- 
lete.   Barrow-trrease  is  hog's  lard. 

2.  In  America,  a  male  hog  castrated  ;  a  word  in  com- 
mon use. 

B.\R'R5W,  n.    [Sax.  beara,  or  bearewe,  a  grove.] 

In  the  names  of  pl.aces,  ba  Tow  is  used  to  signify  a 
wood  or  grove. 

BAR'RoW,  n.  fPa.T.  bem-ir,  a  hill  or  hillock  ;  bt/rgen, 
a  tomb ;  G.  and  D.  bergen,  to  conceal,  to  save.) 

A  hillock  or  mouml  of  earth,  intended  as  a  repos- 
itory of  the  dead.  Such  barrows  are  found  in  Eng- 
l.and,  in  the  north  of  the  European  continent,  and  in 
America.  They  sometimes  were  formed  of  stones, 
and,  in  Scotland  and  the  north  of  England,  are  calle<l 
cairns.  The  barrow  answers  to  the  tumulus  of  the 
Latins.    [See  Tomb.] 


B.\RSE,  ».    [(;.  bars;  D.  baurs.] 

An  English  name  fur  the  common  p.-  rch. 

Diet,  of  Alit.  Jlist, 

BAR'-SHOE,  n.  A  kind  of  horse-shoe,  designed  to 
protect  a  tender  frog  fiiiin  injury 

B.siR'-SllUT,  n.  [See  Bar  and  Shoot.]  Double-head- 
ed shot,  consisting  of  a  bar,  with  a  half  ball  or  round 
head  at  each  end  ;  used  for  destroying  the  iiiasis  and 
rigging  in  naval  combat.  Mir.  Diet. 

BXR'TER,  r.  i,  [Sp.  baratar  ;  It.  barallare,  to  ex- 
change. The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  turn  or 
change,  and  this  gives  the  sense  of  deceiving,  barra- 
try, as  well  as  of  bartering.  L.  lario,  verto.  Class 
Br.l 

'lo  traffic  or  trade,  by  exchanging  one  commodity 
for  aiiollK  r,  in  distinction  friiin  a  sale  and  purchase, 
in  w  liich  money  is  paid  for  the  commodities  trans- 
ferred. 

BAR'TER,  V.  t.  To  give  one  tiling  for  another  in  com- 
merce. It  is  sometimes  followed  by  aicuij;  as,  to  bar- 
ter atcay  goods,  or  honor. 

BXR'TER,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  trafficking  by  ex- 
change of  commodities  ;  sonietimes,  perhaps,  the 
thing  given  in  exchange. 

B.KR'TER-Kl),  pp.    Given  in  exchange. 

BAR'TER-ER,  n.  One  who  trallics  by  exchange  of 
commodities. 

B.\R'TER-ING,  ppr.  Trafficking  or  trading  by  an  ex- 
clianze  of  commodities. 

BAR'TER-Y,  >i.  Exchange  of  commodities  in  trade. 
[JVot  used.]  Camden, 

BAR-TIIOIVO-MEW-TIDE,  n.  Time  of  the  festival 
of  St.  Bartludomew,  .Augnsl  21tli.  Shak. 

BAR'TI-ZA.\,  n.  A  sm;Ul  overli.anging  turret,  which 
projects  from  the  angles  of  towers,  or  from  tint  para- 
pet and  other  parts  of  the  building.       Orf.  Qloss, 

B.\R'TL)\,  n.    [.Sax.  bere-ton,  barley-town.] 

The  deiiiain  lands  of  a  manor ;  the  manor  itself ; 
and  sometimes  the  out-houses.     Johnson.  Blount 

BAR'TRA.M,  n.    [L.  pyrcthrum ;  Gr.  Trn,,,  tire.] 

A  plant ;  pellitory.  Bailey.  Johnson. 

B.^R'WOOD,  II.  A  red  dye-wood,  from  Angola  and 
other  parts  of  Africa.  JUcCulloch. 

BAR-Y-STROX'TI.VN-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  heavy, 
and  strontian.] 

A  mineral,  called,  also,  Siromnite,  from  Stromncss, 
in  Orkney.  It  has  been  found  in  masses  of  a  gray- 
ish-white color  internally,  but  externally  of  a  yellow- 
ish-white. It  is  a  compound  of  carbonate  of  stron- 
tian and  sulphate  of  baryta. 

Traill.    Cleatcland.  PhilUps. 

BA-R?'TA,  n.    [Gr.  ,'?u;ji'S,  heavy.] 

The  heaviest  of  tlie  earths,  the  specific  gravity  be- 
ing as  high  as  4.  It  is  an  oxyd,  the  basis  of  which 
is  a  metallic  substance  called  barytum.  It  is  general- 
ly found  in  conibin.ation  with  the  sulphuric  and  car- 
bonic acids,  forming  the  sulphate  and  carbonate  of 
baryta,  the  former  of  which  is  called  heavy-spar. 

Cleaveland.  Tkomson, 

BA-R^ 'TES,  II.    [Gr.  ^aovrns,  weighL] 

Sulphate  of  baryti,  geserally  called  heavy-spar ; 
which  see. 

B.\-RYT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  baryta;  formed  of  ba- 
ryta, or  containing  it.  Kirwan, 

BA-RV'TO-CAL'CrTE,  n.  [baryU  and  calx.  See 
Calx.] 

A  compound  of  carbonate  of  lime  and  carbonate  of 
baryta,  of  a  dark  or  light  gray  color,  occurring  mass- 
ive or  crvsUallized. 
BAR'Y-T6.NE,a.  [Gr.  "J.iovf,  heavy,  and  t'ii">{,  tone.] 

Pertaining  to  or  noting  a  grave,  deep  sound,  or. 
male  voice.  IValker.  ArbuthnoL 

BAR'Y-TO.VE,  n.  In  music,  a  male  voice,  the  com- 
p,-Lss  of  which  partakes  of  the  common  base  and  the 
tenor,  but  which  does  not  descend  so  low  as  the  one, 
nor  rise  as  high  as  the  other. 

2.  In  Oreek  grammar,  a  word  which  has  no  accent 
marked  on  the  last  syllabic,  the  grave  accent  being 
undi'rstood. 

B.V-R^'TUM,  n.  A  metal,  the  basis  of  baryta.  [Sec 
Barium.] 

BA'SAl.,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base  ;  constituting  the 
b.ase,  St;  II, 

B.\  S.\LT',  (ba-zolt',)  n,  [Pliny  informs  ns  that'the 
Egyptians  found,  in  Ethiopia,  a  species  of  marble, 
called  basaltes,  o(  an  iron  color  and  hardness,  whence 
it  received  its  name.  JVaL  IFist,  lib.  3i;,  ca.  7.  But, 
according  to  Da  Costa,  that  stone  w.as  not  the  same 
which  now  bears  the  name  of  basalL  ULsU  of  Fos- 
sils, p.  2iB.  If  named  from  its  color,  it  may  be  al- 
lied to  the  Fr.  basane,  tawny.  Lunier  refers  it  to  the 
Ethiopic  basal,  iron,  a  word  I  can  not  find.] 

A  rock,  cimsidcred  of  igneous  origin,  consisting  of 
aiiL'ite  and  feldspar,  with  grains  of  magnetic  or  titan- 
ic iron,  and  also  bottle-green  particles  of  olivine,  fre- 
quently disseminated.  It  is  usii.ally  of  a  greenish- 
black  color,  or  of  some  dull  brown  shade,  or  black. 
It  constitutes  immense  beds  in  some  regions,  and  al- 
so occurs  in  veins  or  dikes  cutting  through  other 
Mcks.  It  has  often  a  prismatic  structure,  as  at  the 
Giant's  Causeway,  in  Ireland,  where  the  columns  .are 
as  regular  as  if  the  work  of  art.  It  is  a  very  lough 
and  heavy  riKk,  and  is  one  of  the  best  materials  for 
m.ic.-idamizing  roads.  Dana. 


BA  SALT'lC,  a,  Pertiiiiiing  to  basalt ;  I'onned  of  or 
contniniiig  basalt. 

BA-S/LLT'I-EOil.M,  a.  In  the  form  of  basalt ;  colum- 
nar. 

B.\-SAI/r'I.\E,  n.  A  variety  of  common  hornblende, 
found  in  bxsult  and  lava.s.  The  term  is  not  now 
used.  Kirwan,  CUaveland, 

2.  A  column  of  iKisalt.  Kirwan. 

BAS'.\-.\ITE,  H.  [(;r.  liaaaiof,  tne  trier.  Plin.  lib. 
3t!,  ca.  22.    See  Basalt.] 

Lydian  stone,  or  black  jasper  ;  a  variety  of  siliceous 
or  flinty  sbite.  Its  color  is  a  grayish  or  iduish-black, 
often  interspersed  with  veins  of  quartz.  It  is  em- 
ployed to  test  the  purity  of  gold.  Clcanetand. 

BAS  BLKU,  {bib\i-w,)  n,  [Fr.]  .-V  literary  lady  ;  a 
blue-stocking,  which  see. 

B.aSE,  a,  [Fr.  bos,  low  ;  VV.  Jos;  It.  basso;  Sn.  bazo, 
low  ;  W.  hasu,  to  fall,  or  lower.    See  Ahasc.J 

1.  Low  in  place.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  Mean  ;  vile  ;  worthless  ;  that  is,  low  in  value  or 
estimniion  ;  used  of  things. 

3.  Of  low  station  ;  of  me.an  account;  without  rank, 
dignity,  or  estimation  among  men  ;  used  of  persons. 

The  Utee  aU:\\\  U-liave  fruiuily  against  the  honorable.  — Is.  iii. 

4.  Of  mean  spirit;  disingenuous;  illiberal;  low; 
wilhimt  dignity  of  sentiment ;  as,  a  base  and  abject 
multitude. 

5.  Of  litlle  comparative  value  ;  applied  to  metals, 
and  perhaps  to  all  metals,  except  gold  and  silcer. 

G.  Deep  ;  grave ;  applied  to  sounds  ;  as,  the  base 
sounds  of  a  viol.  Bacon. 

7.  Of  illegitimate  birth ;  bom  out  of  wedlock. 

Shak. 

8.  Xot  held  by  honorable  tenure.  A  base  estate  is 
an  estate  held  by  services  not  honorable,  nor  in 
capile,  or  by  villenase.  Such  a  tenure  is  called  ba-te, 
or  low,  and  the  tenant,  a  base  tenant.  So  writers 
on  the  laws  of  Engl.uid  use  the  terms  a  base  fee,  a 
base  court.  Encyc. 

B.aSE,  71.  [Gr.  PaTt^  ;  L.  bojiis;  It.  basa,  base;  Sp. 
basa;  Ft.  base;  that  which  is  set,  the  foundation  or 
bottom.] 

1.  The  bottom  of  any  thing,  considered  as  its  sup- 
port, or  the  part  of  a  thing  on  which  it  stands  or 
rests;  as,  the  base  of  a  column,  the  pedestal  of  a 
statue,  the  foundation  of  a  house.  Sec. 

In  architecture,  the  base  of  a  pillar,  properly,  is 
that  part  which  is  between  the  top  of  the  pedestal 
and  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  ;  but  when  there  is  no 
pedestal,  it  is  the  purt  between  the  bottom  of  the 
column  and  the  plinth.  Usually  it  consists  of  cer- 
tain spires  or  circles.    The  pedestal  also  has  its  base. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  fortification,  the  exterior  side  of  the  polygon, 
or  that  imaginary  line  which  is  drawn  from  the 
flanked  angle  of  a  bastion  to  the  angle  opposite  to  il. 

3.  In  gunnery,  the  least  sort  of  ordnance,  the  di- 
ameter of  whose  bore  is  I  J  inch.  Encyc. 

4.  The  part  of  any  ornament  which  hangs  down, 
as  housings.  Sidney. 

5.  The  broad  part  of  any  thing,  as  the  bottom  of  a 
cone. 

6.  In  old  autliors,  stockings ;  armor  for  the  legs. 

Hudibras, 

7.  The  place  from  which  racers  or  tillers  start ; 
the  bottom  of  the  field;  the  career  or  starting-post. 

Dryden. 

8.  The  lowest  or  gravest  part  in  music ;  improperly 
written  bass. 

9.  A  rustic  play,  called  also  bays  or  prison  bars. 

Shak. 

10.  In  icflr,  a  tract  of  country  protected  by  fiirtifi- 
cations,  from  which  the  operations  of  an  army 
proceed. 

11.  In  o-eomcfn/,  the  lowest  side  of  the  perimeter 
of  a  figure.  Any  side  of  a  triangle  may  be  called  its 
base,  but  this  term  most  properly  belongs  to  the 
lowest  side,  or  that  which  is  piirallel  to  the  horizon. 
The  base  of  a  solid  figure  is  that  on  which  it  stands. 
The  base  of  a  conic  section  is  a  right  line  in  the 
hyperbola  and  parabola,  arising  from  the  common 
intersection  of  the  secant,  plane  and  the  base  of  the 
cone.  Encyc. 

12.  In  chemistni,  the  electro-positive  ingredient  of 
a  compound,  or  tiiore  siwcifically  the  electro-positive 
ingredient  of  a  salt.  Thus  any  alkaline  or  earthy 
substance,  cimibiiiing  with  an  acid,  forms  a  com- 
pound or  salt,  of  which  it  is  the  ftatf.  Such  salts 
are  called  salts  with  alkaline  or  e.arthy  bases. 

13.  fundamental  btt.it ;  that  part  in  musical  har- 
mony which  sustains  the  chord ;  in  the  natural 
position  of  the  chord,  the  lowest  part. 

14.  Thorough  ba.ic ;  continued  ba.se,  (basso  continuo ;) 
tlie  fundamental  ba.se  continued  through  a  musical 
composition.  .Also,  the  harmony  fir  accompaniment 
of  a  continued  base,  marked  by  fieures  on  the  base. 
The  term  is  also  used  like  counterpoint,  as  synony- 
m  HIS  with  the  science  of  harmony. 

1.5.  Counter  6o.<r,  is  a  second  or  double  base,  when 
there  are  sevi'ral  in  the  same  conc»rt.  Encyc 

It).  In  botany,  the  base  of  the  fruit,  is  the  part  where 
il  is  united  with  the  pi-duncle  ;  the  base  of  a  leaf,  ia 
the  extremity  next  the  stem,  opposed  to  the  apei. 


TONE,  BiJLL,  IJMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3  C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  j  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


UAS 

Base,  i'.  t.    To  embase ;  to  reduce  tlie  v.iltie  by 
the  admixture  of  meaner  metals.    [Liittc  ii.so/.] 

Bacoji. 

2.  To  found  ;  to  lay  the  base  or  foundation. 
To  base  and  build  ihe  commonwealth  of  man.  Columbiad. 
B.\?E'-BORN,  a.    [base  awl  born.]    Burn  out  of  wed- 
lock. Omj. 

2.  Born  of  low  parentage. 

3.  Vile  ;  mean.  Milton. 
B.\SE'-eolJRT,  ji.    [Fr.  ba.-<se-cour.    See  Churt.] 

The  back  yard,  opposed  to  the  chief  court  in  front 
of  a  house  ;  the  farm  yard.  Sltuk. 

B.A.S'f;!),        Reduced  in  value  ;  founded. 

BaSE'-I1EaRT-ED,  a.    Vile  in  heart. 

BASE  LESS,  a.  Without  a  base;  having  no  founda- 
tion itr  support. 

The  baseless  labrir,  nf  a  vifiinn.  Shale. 
The  l.inv  hnw  piior  Uiat  nwclls  our  baseless  pride  !  TrujiibuU. 

B^ SE'IiY,  ado.    In  a  base  manner  ;  meanly  ;  di-;hou- 
nralily.  Dnjdt'n. 
a.  illeiiitimately  ;  in  bastardy.  Knaltr.i. 
B.ASE'.MEXT,  71.     In  architecture,  the  ^piuiul  lloor, 
on  which  the  order  or  columns  which  decorate  the 
principal  story  are  placed.  Encijc. 

2.  In  modern  architecture,  a  story  below  the  level  of 
tlie  street. 

B.ASE'-.MTXD'En,  a.   Of  a  low  spirit  or  mind  ;  mean. 
B.^SE'-.MIVD'ED-LY,  ado.    With  a  base  mind. 
BaSE'-MLWED-NESS,  n.    Meanness  of  spirit. 

BASE'NESS,  7i.    Meanness ;  vileness  ;  worthlessness. 

Dryden. 

2.  Vileness  of  metal ;  the  quality  of  being  tif  little 
comparative  value.  Swift 

3.  Bastardy  ;  illegitimacy  of  birth.  ShaJc. 

4.  Deepness  of  sound.  Bacon. 
■BAS'E-NET,  71.    A  helmet.  Spenser. 
BaSE'-SoIjL-£D,  a.    Vile  in  soul. 
BaSE'-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Low  in  courage ;  mean  ;  cow- 
ardly- 

BaSE'-STRING,  7!.    The  string  of  an  instrument 

which  produces  the  lowest  note.  Shak. 
BaSE'-VI'OL,  71.    [See  Viol.]    A  musical  strmged 

instrument,  used  for  playing  the  base  or  gravest  part. 
BASH,  II.  i.     [Heb.  ttfia  bosh,  to  be  cast  down,  or 

confounded.    Ciu.  D.  verbaazen,  to  confound.  See 

Abash.] 

To  be  ashamed ;  to  be  confounded  with  shtune. 

^  ^  S^jensrr. 

BA-SIIAW',  71.    [.\r.  a.\^basha;  Pers.  pasha;  Sp. 

ba^a !  It.  bascia ;  Turk,  basch,  the  head.  Ciu.  D. 
baas,  master,  and  the  ba-isns  of  the  .dlemanni  and 
Loii!,'obards,  in  the  middle  ages.  This  word  is  often 
written  paclia,  hut  this  is  the  French  ortlmzniphy.] 

1.  A  title  of  honor  in  the  Turkisli  df.iiiiiiiiojis ;  ap- 
propriately, the  title  of  the  prime  vi/.irr,  hut  ^iven  to 
viceroys  or  governors  of  provinces,  anil  to  generals 
and  otlier  men  of  distinction.  The  Turkisli  bashaws 
exercise  an  oppressive  authority  in  their  jirovinces. 
Hence, 

2.  A  proud,  tyrannical,  overbearing  man. 
B.\SH'FyL,  a.    [See  Bash  and  Ahash.] 

1.  Priiperhj,  having  a  downcast  lo(d< ;  hence,  very 
modest. 

2.  Modest  to  excess ;  sheepish.  Shak. 

3.  Exciting  shame. 

B.XSU'FJTL-LV,  adv.  Very  modestly ;  in  a  timorous 
manner. 

BASH'FIJL-NESS,  n.  Excessive  or  extreme  mod- 
esty ;  a  (piality  of  mind  often  visilili;  in  external 
appearance,  as  in  blushing,  a  downcast  look,  con- 
fusion, &.C. 

■1.  \'iciou3  or  rustic  shame.  Sidney. 
BASil'I.ESS,  a.  Shameless  ;  unblushing.  Spenser. 
BAS'HYLE,  71.    [See  Basvle.] 

BA'Slt;^  a.    Relating  to  a  base  ;  performing  the  office 

of  a  base  in  a  salt. 
2.  The  term  is  often  applied  to  a  salt  in  which  the 

base  is  in  excess,  or  constitutes  a  larg^  proportion  of 

the  neutral  salt.  Kane. 
Ua'S1-FI-ER,  n.    That  which  converts  into  a  salifiable 

base, 

nS'.SI-FY,  B.  (.   To  convert  into  a  salifialil  •  base. 

B.\'SI-F?-IXC;,  pi>r.    Converting  into  a  salifiable  base. 

BAS-I -CV.N'l-U.M,  7!.  [Gr. /iuiTi!  and  )wn.]  The  pedi- 
cel on  whii  h  the  ovary  of  ci'rtain  (lowers  is  situated. 

BAS'l  E,  n.  The  slope  or  angle  of  a  tool  or  instrument, 
as  of  a  chisel  or  plane;  usually  of  12  degrees,  but 
for  hard  wood,  18  degrees.  I'.ncyc. 

I1A.S'IE,  I).  (.  To  grind  or  form  the  edge  of  a  tool  to  an 
angle.  Moivn. 

BAS'IL,  71.    [Fr.  ba.'tilie  ;  It.  basilico.] 

A  name  common  to  different  species  of  plants,  of 
the  genua  Ocymiim,  all  natives  of  warm  climates. 
'I'hi  y  are  fragrant  aromatic  plants,  and  one  species, 
the  Hweel  banil,  in  much  used  in  cookery,  especially 
in  France. 

BAS'IL,  71.    (Orient.  K3  to  strip.] 

The  xkin  of  a  Hheep  tanned  ;  written  also  Basan. 

IlAS'll.  A  RY  i  [''•  basilarm  1  basis.] 

UeluMng  lo  the  ba«s ;  Hitiintud  at  the  ba.ic. 


UAS 

'I'his  trrui,  in  unntomy,  lias  been  applied  to  the 
spli.-noid  bone,  anil  liie  (■uneif.irni  process  of  the  oc- 
cipital bone,  which  are  situated  at  the  base  of  the 
cranium,  and  to  an  artery  of  the  brain,  resting  on  the 
cuneiform  process  of  tin;  occipital  bone;  also,  to  the 
OS  sacrum,  sifualnl  at  tli:-  tiuse  of  the  spine. 
BA-SIL'lAi\  .MO.N  KS;  monks  of  tlie  order  of  .St.  Basil, 
who  founded  the  order  in  Pontus.  The  order  still 
exists,  but  has  less  power  and  celebrity  than  formerly. 

Kitcifc. 

BA-SIL'ie,  )  n.  [Gr.  ,')aai\tKri ;  h.  basilica  ;GT.'i3jixi- 
BA-SIL'ie-A,  j     Atri;,  a  king.] 

j^n  iciitly,  a  public  hall  or  court  of  judicature, 
where  princes  and  magistrates  sat  to  administer  jus- 
tice. It  was  a  large  hall,  with  aisles,  [lorticos, 
tribunes,  and  tribunals.  The  bankers  also  had  a 
part  allotted  for  their  residence.  These  edifices,  at 
first,  were  the  palaces  of  jirinces,  afterward  courts 
of  justice,  and  finally  converted  into  churches. 
Hence,  basilic  now  signifies  a  church,  chapel,  cathe- 
dral, or  royal  palace.  Encyc.  Sp.  and  It.  Diet. 
BA-SlL'ie,  )  n.  [See  Basil.]  The  middle  vein  nf 
BA-SIL'IG-A,  (  the  .arm,  or  the  interior  branch  of 
the  axillary  vein,  so  called  by  way  of  eminence. 

Encyc.  Quincy. 
BA-SIL'ie,        )  a.    In  the  manner  of  a  public  edi- 
BA-SIL'ie-AL,  \     fice  or  cathedral.  Forcijth. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  middle  vein  of  the  arm. 

3.  Noting  a  iiarticiilar  nut,  the  walnut.  Basilica  nu.\. 
BA-SIL'I-eON,  71.    [(;r.  0a.nS,^os,  royal.] 

An  ointment.  Tliis  name  is  given  to  several  com- 
positions in  ancient  nredical  writers.  At  present  it 
is  confined  to  three  officinal  ointments,  distinguished 
as  hl.ack,  yellow,  and  green  basilicoii.  Encyc. 
BAS'I-LISK,  77.  [Gr. /y  i(T(  AiiT^fo? ;  Ij.  basil Ucus :  from 
ti'iijiXevs,  king;  so  named  from  some  prominences 
on  the  head,  resembling  a  crown.    JIiirin\-,-  Din.] 

1.  A  fabulous  serpent,  called  a  cockati  ic,',  .ni  l  said 
to  be  produced  from  a  ci)ck's  egg  lirnnjcii  hy  a  srr- 
pent.  The  ancients  alleged  that  its  hi  -iiiu'  'N'oiild 
drive  away  all  other  serpents,  and  that  its  breath,  aiul 
even  its  look,  was  fatal.  Some  writers  suppose  that 
a  real  serpent  exists  under  this  name.  The  name 
basilisk  is  now  applied  to  the  species  of  a  genus  of 
lizards,  (Bnsilitcus.) 

2.  In  militiiry  affairs,  a  large  piece  of  ordnance,  so 
called  from  its  supposed  reseinlilaiiri.'  Ut  the  serpent 
of  that  name,  or  from  its  si/r.  'J'ius  caiinitn  carried 
an  iron  ball  of  200  pounds'  wei;;lit,  hut  is  not  now 
used.  Modern  writers  give  tliis  name  to  cannon  of  a 
smaller  size,  which  the  Dutch  make  15  feet  long,  and 
the  French  10,  carryini  a  48  pound  ball.  Enciic. 

BAiS'IL-WEED,  71.  Wild  basil ;  a  plant  of  the  genus 
r'lino]iodiuin.  Jiluhlcnbcnr. 

Ba'S/N,  (lii'sn,)  7!.  [Fr.  ba^sin ;  Ir.  baisin;  Arm. 
ba^tin  ;  It.  bacino,  or  bacile;  Port,  bacia.  If  the  last 
radical  is  primarily  a  palatal  letter,  this  is  the  German 
bccken  ;  D.  bekkcn.] 

1.  A  hollow  vessel  or  dish,  to  hold  water  for  wash- 
ing, and  for  various  otlier  uses. 

2.  In  hydraulics,  any  reservoir  of  water. 

3.  Tliat  wlii!-li  rrsi  uihles  a  basin  in  containing 
water,  as  a  pond,  a  dock  fur  ships,  a  liulluw  plare  for 
liipiids,  or  ail  iiRli)S(  d  jcni  of  water,  fiiiiiiiiig  a  broad 
space  within  a  strait  or  narrow  entrance  ;  a  little  lia>'. 

4.  Among  irlass-irrindcns,  a  concave  piece  of  metal 
by  which  convex  glasses  are  formed. 

5.  Among  hatters,  a  large  shell  or  case,  usually  of 
iron,pl;iced  over  a  furnace,  in  which  the  hat  is  mold- 
ed into  due  shape. 

6.  In  anatomy,  a  round  cavity  between  the  anterior 
ventricles  of  the  brain.  Johnson. 

7.  The  scale  of  a  balance,  when  hollow  and  round. 

8.  In  Jewish  antii/mlirs,  the  laver  of  the  tabernacle. 

9.  Ill  physical  iri'o'rrojihy,  a  circular  or  oval  valley, 
or  depression  of  the  surface,  the  lowest  part  of  which 
is  generally  occupied  by  a  lake,  or  traversed  by  a 
river;  also,  the  entire  tract  of  country  drained  by  a 
river,  or  to  a  sea  or  lake. 

10.  In  geoloiry,  an  isolated  or  circumscribed  forma- 
tion, particularly  where  the  strata  dip  inward,  on  all 
sides,  toward  the  center.  This  term  is  especially 
applied  to  the  coal  formations,  called  coal-basins  or 
eoal-Jii'lds. 

BA'S/N-KI),  (bii'snd,) Inclosed  in  a  basin.  Younrr. 
Ba'S/N-SHaP'£D,  (-shipt',)  a.    Having  the  form  of 
a  basin. 

Ba'SIS,  p.;  pi.  Bases.  [L.  and  Or.  ;  the  same  as 
Base,  which  .si'e.] 

1.  The  foundation  of  any  thing  ;  that  on  which  a 
thing  stands  or  lies  ;  the  bottom  or  fiiot  of  the  thing 
itself,  or  that  on  which  it  rests.  See  a  fall  czplanation 
under  Base. 

2.  'I'he  groundwork  or  first  principle ;  that  which 
supports. 

3.  Foundation  ;  support. 


The  lianie  of  pitlilic  Cfdit  i«  good  fiilh. 
'I'he  basis  of  nil  cx&dUnce  in  Irnth. 


Jlainilton. 
Johnsuii. 


4.  Basis,  in  chemistry.    Ser,  Base,  No.  12. 
RA'SIST,  II.    A  singer  of  base. 

Ii\SK,  r.  i.    [The  origin  of  this  word  is  not  obvious. 
Uu.  Ir.  basi,ntint,  to  rest  or  n-pose.] 
To  lie  in  warmth  ;  to  be  cxjiosed  to  genial  heat ;  to 


BAS 

be  at  ease  and  thriving  under  benign  infiuences  ;  as, 
to  bank  in  the  blaze  of  day  ;  to  bask  in  the  sunshine 
of  royal  favor.  The  word  includes  the  idea  of  some 
confiiiuance  of  exposure. 

BASK,  I),  t.  To  wariii  by  continued  exposure  to  heat ; 
to  warm  with  genial  heat  Dryden. 

B.\SK'f;U,  (baskt;  pp.  Exposed  to  warmth,  or  genial 
heat. 

BASK'ET,  7!.  [W.  bashed,  or  bas^awd;  Ir.  ba<caid ; 
probably  from  weaving  or  texture  ;  VV.  basg,  a  net- 
ting or  plaiting  of  s[ilinters.] 

1,  A  domestic  vessel,  made  of  twigs,  rushes,  splin- 
ters, or  other  flexible  things,  interwoven.  I'he  forms 
an<l  sizes  of  baskets  are  very  various,  as  well  as  the 
uses  to  which  they  are  ajiplied  ;  as  corn-baskets, 
clothes-baskets,  fruit  baskets,  and  work  baskets 

2.  'i'he  contents  of  a  basket ;  as  much  as  a  basket 
will  contain  ;  as,  a  basket  of  medlars  is  two  bu^hels. 
But,  in  general,  this  (piantity  is  indefinite. 

In  military  affairs,  baskets  of  earth  sometimes  are 
used  oil  the  parapet  of  a  tn^nch,  between  which  the 
soldiers  fire.  They  serve  for  defense  against  small 
shot.  Encyc. 

BASK'ET,  r.  t.    To  put  in  a  basket.  Coirp'rr. 

BASK'E  T-FI-SH,  11.  Aspeciesof  sea-star,  or  star-fish, 
of  the  genus  Asterias,  called  also  the  Maircllanic  star- 
fish. It  has  five  rays  issuing  from  an  angular  body, 
and  dividing  into  innumerable  branches.  These, 
when  extended,  form  a  circle  of  three  feet  diameter. 
[See  AsTEUlAs.]  Encyc. 

BASK'E  I'-HILT,  71.  [See  Hilt.]  The  hilt  of  a  sword 
with  a  covering  wrought  like  basket-work,  to  protect 
the  hand.  Jfudibras. 

BASK'E  l'-HILT'ED,  a.  Having  a  hilt  of  basket-work. 

Warton. 

BaSK'ET-SALT,  71.  Salt  put  up  in  small  baskets, 
which  is  purer,  whiter,  and  finer  than  common  brine 
salt.  Encyc. 

BASK'ET-WOM'AN,  71.  A  woman  who  carries  a 
bask»'t  lo  and  from  market. 

BASK'ING,  ppr.  Exposing  or  lying  exposed  to  the 
continued  aeti<m  of  heat  or  genial  warmth. 

RXSK'ING-SHARK,  7!.  The  sun-fish  of  the  Irish  ;  a 
species  of  Su.ualus  or  shark,  (^S'laalis  maximus.)  Tliis 
fisli  is  from  three  to  twelve  yards  in  length,  or  even 
longer,  'i'he  upper  jaw  is  much  longer  than  tlie 
l(.\v:  r  one  :  the  tail  is  large,  and  the  upper  part  much 
loiiL'  1  liiau  the  lower;  the  skin  is  rough,  of  a  deep 
I.  ail. 11  color  on  the  back,  and  white  on  the  belly. 
'J'he  fish  weighs  more  than  a  thousand  pounds,  and 
afi'ords  a  great  quantity  of  oil,  which  is  used  for 
lamps,  and  to  cure  bruises,  burns,  and  rheumatic 
cotit|»Iaiiits.  It  is  viviparous,  and  frequents  the 
ihitih.  in  seas.    [See  SttUALUs.]     Pennant.  Encyc. 

BAS  (il.'  ISII,  {li.isk'ish)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  people  or 
laiigaugc  of  Ihscay.  Brown. 

BAS-UE-LllcF',  (bd-re-leef,)  71.    See  Bass-Relief. 

BASS,  n.  \Bass  is  undoubtedly  a  corruption  of  G.  bars, 
D.  buars,  a  perch.    See  Barse.    It  h.as  no  plural.] 

The  name  of  several  species  offish.  In  En^rland, 
this  name  is  given  to  a  species  of  perch,  called  by 
some  the  sea-wolf,  from  its  voracity,  and  resembling, 
in  a  degree,  the  trout  in  shape,  but  having  a  larger 
head.  It  weighs  about  fifteen  pounds.  In  the  J^orth- 
ern  States  of  Jiinerica,  this  name  is  given  to  a  striped 
fish  which  grows  to  the  weight  of  25  or  30  pounds, 
and  which  enters  the  livers  ;  of  the  genus  Labrax. 

A  species  of  striped  fish,  of  a  darker  color,  with  a 
large  liead,  is  called  sea-bass,  as  it  is  never  found  in 
fresh  water.  This  fish  grows  to  two  or  three  pounds' 
weight.  Both  species  are  well  tasted,  but  the  proper 
bass  is  a  very  white  and  delicious  food. 

Prince.  Belknap. 

BASS,  71.  The  American  name  of  the  linden,  lime, 
or  tiel-tree  ;  called  also  bass-wood.    [See  Bast.] 

2.  {pron.  has.)  A  hassock  or  thick  mat  on  which 
persons  kneel  at  church. 

BASS,  71.  In  iniisic,  the  base:  the  deepest  or  gravest 
part  of  a  tune  ;  or  the  lowest  part  in  tlie  harmony  of 
a  musical  composition.  This  word  is  thus  written  in 
imitation  of  the  Italian  basso,  which  is  the  English 
base,  low  ;  yet  with  the  promiiiciation  of  base  and 
plural  bases ;  a  gross  error,  that  ought  to  be  correrti'd ; 
as  the  word  used  in  pionunciation  is  the  English 
word  ba^e. 

BASS,  V.  t.    To  sound  in  a  deep  tone.  Shak. 

BASS-RE-LI eF',  (bius-re-lCf)  71.  [from  It.  basso,  low, 
and  rilevare,  to  raise ;  whence  rdiero,  raised  work. 
See  Lift  and  Relief.] 

Sculpture,  whose  figures  do  not  stand  out  far  from 
the  ground  or  plane  on  which  they  are  fimiieil. 
When  figures  do  not  proliiberate  so  as  to  exhibit  the 
entire  body,  they  are  said  to  be  done  in  relief;  and 
wIk'II  they  are  low,  fiat,  or  little  raised  from  the 
plane,  the  work  is  said  to  be  in  ti-in  relief,  {basso-rt- 
lirro.)  When  the  figures  are  so  raised  as  to  be  strik- 
ingly proiiiiiieut,  they  are  said  to  be  in  bold,  strong,  or 
hiirh  relief,  {atto-rilieini.)    Sets  Relief.  Encyc. 

BASS'-VI'Oi,,  71.    See  Base-Viol. 

BAS'SA.    See  Bashaw. 

BAS'SET,  11     [l'"r.  hasselte.] 

A  game  at  cards,  reseiiilding  the  in.irtern  faro,  said 
to  have  beiui  iiiveiiti  il  at  Venire,  by  a  nobleman, 
who  was  banished  for  the  iiiveiilioii.    'I'he  game  be- 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  MicTE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


102 


KAS 

me  intrndiici'd  into  France  by  llie  Vfnclian  embas- 
saibir  Jiistiniani,  in  Ui74,  it  was  pmliibilid  by  severe 
(•diets.  /-'/iryc. 
BAS'SET,  0.  I.  [Pee  Hasil.]  Among  ceal-di/fxcrs,  to 
iiii  line  upward.  'I'liii.-!  a  vein  of  ci«il  (iu.<.« /.-.■,  wiien 
it  laliea  a  direi  tioii  tinvard  the  surface  of  the  earlli. 
'I'his  is  called  cruiiinn^,  and  is  ojipnsed  to  tliii/iiug. 

Kiinic 

C.VS'!?ET,  (1.  Inclined  upward  ;  as,  the  biusH  edge  of 
strata. 

B.\S'Sl"r-IinRN,  n.  A  musical  instrument  resem- 
bllMS  a  clarionet,  but  of  much  greater  compass,  eni- 
bracini;  nearlv  lour  octaves.  P.  Cijc. 

nAS'Siyr  i.NC',  jipr.    Ilavlui;  a  direction  upward. 

UAS'Sl-yr-l.Nt;,  «.  'riic  upward  direction  of  a  vein  in 
a  mine. 

I!AS-SET'TO,  n.   A  tenor  or  small  hnse-viol. 

15Af 't'l.VK'l',  «.    A  wicker  basket  with  a  covering  or 

hood  over  one  end,  in  which  young  children  are 

placed  as  in  a  cradle.  kncijc.  Dum.  Fjtoh. 

UA!^t*'-.M.\'r,  II.    .Matting  made  of  the  inner  bark  of 

trees,  particularlv  the  lime-tree. 
BAS' S0-C0.V-CERT-.1.\''  r.K,  in  mitnV,  is  the  base  of 

the  btlle  chorus,  or  th:it  which  plays  throughout  the 

whole  piece.  ISaiinj. 
B.^S' S0-CO.V-'/7.Y' U-0 ;  thorough  base,  wliich  see 

under  lUsE.  '  limlcij. 

Bj}!>'  :iO-Ry.-/.fF.'  ru.    See  B.vss-Relief. 
BjiS' SU-UK-PIK'.VO  is  the  base  of  tliu  L'rund  chorus, 

which  plays  only  occasionally,  or  in  p;irticul:ir  parts. 

Bailcij, 

B.1S'S0-rf-0-LPJV0  is  the  ba.se  of  the  base-viol. 
B.AS't^Ul'K,  II.    The  same  as  Bass,  a  mat.  [BaHeij. 
B.\S-SOO.\',  II.    [Fr.  iiusiuii ;  It.  btuiunr,  friuu  iiu-vio, 
low.] 

A  musical  wind  instrument,  blown  with  a  rcod, 
and  fiirnishi'd  with  eleven  holes,  which  are  stopped, 
as  in  oIluT  large  (lutes.  Its  comp:i.ss  comprehends 
three  octaves.  Its  diameter  at  bottom  is  nine  inches, 
ami  for  convenience  of  carriage  il  is  divided  into  two 
parts  ;  whence  it  is  called  also  a  fairot.  It  serves  for 
the  base  in  a  concert  of  hautboys,  llutes,  iStc. 

Jiilinsnn.    Fmcijc.  Busby, 
B.\S-SOOX'IST,  n.    A  performer  on  the  b:uiSoon. 

Biu<bij. 

B.\S'SO-RIN'E,  n.  A  constituent  part  of  a  species  of 
gum  from  Bassora,  as  also  of  gum  tragacanth,  anil 
some  gum-resins.  L're. 

BAST,  n.  [Uu.  D.  and  Dan.  bast,  bark,  or  from  twist- 
ing-] 

1.  The  inner  bark  of  the  lime-tree,  and  hence  raat- 
'  ting  or  cordage  made  of  the  bark  of  the  linden  or 
lime-tree. 

•2.  .\  thick  mat  or  ha.ssock  for  persons  to  kneel  on 
at  church.  [Sec  Bass.]  jJsA. 
B.VS'TAKD,  n.  [Arm.  ba.<tarih  Ir-basilanl;  Fr.bniard; 
I).  basUiard ;  G.  bastart :  It.  and  Sp.  bastartlo;  \V.  bas- 
tar:  ;  basu,  to  fall,  w  hence  base,  and  tan,  growth,  is- 
sue, a  sprout.) 

A  natural  child  ;  a  child  begotten  and  horn  out  of 
wedKH'k  ;  an  illegitimate  or  spurious  child.  By  the 
civil  and  canon  Laws,  a  iKistard  becomes  a  legitimate 
child  by  the  intermarriage  of  the  parents  at  any  fu- 
ture time.  But  by  the  laws  of  this  country,  as  by 
those  of  England,  a  child,  to  be  legitiuiate,  inust  at 
Iea.st  be  born  after  the  lawful  marriage.  Blnckstuiie. 

Bastard  civile,  or  bitstard  eider,  in  law,  is  when  a 
man  hxs  a  bastard  son,  and  afterward  marries  the 
mother,  alid  has  a  legiliniale  son,  called  muhvr  puisne, 
or  younger.  BUickstone. 
B.'VS'T.VKIJ,  ji.    A  kind  of  sweet  wine.    [jVut  in  ii.*c] 

Skak. 

B.\S'TARD,  a.  Beiotten  and  born  out  of  lawful  mat- 
rimony ;  illegitimate. 

i  Spurious  ;  not  genuine  ;  false  ;  supposititious  ; 
adulterate.  In  this  scn.se,  it  is  applied  to  things  wliich 
re.senible  those  which  are  genuine,  but  are  really  not 
genuine;  as,  a  bastard  liopi',  bastard  honors. 

Shiik.  Trmph. 

In  militar>'  affairs,  bastard  is  applied  to  pieces  of 
artillery  which  are  of  an  unusual  make  or  propor- 
tion, wh.  lht  r  longer  or  shorter,  as  the  double  ciil- 
verin  extraordinary,  half  or  ijuarter  culveriii  extnior- 
dinary.  F.ncijc. 

Bastard  fioircr  fence ;  a  plant,  a  specie,?  of  Adenan- 
thera. 

Bastard  hemp  ;  a  plant,  a  spixies  of  Datisca,  false 
heiii|i. 

Bn-^iar  l  n'cket:  dy  er's  weed,  or  wild  woad,  a  spe- 
cies of  Reseda. 

Bastard  gtar  uf  BeUtUhcm  ;  a  plant,  a  species  of 
Albuca. 

Bustard  scarlet :  a  red  color  dyed  with  bale-madder. 

B.\!S'T.\RI),  n  t.  To  make  or  determine  to  be  a  bas- 
tard. Bacon. 

llA.-<'TARn-IS.M,  n.    The  st,ate  of  a  bastard. 

U.'V.'<'T.\KU-I7.E,  c.  L  To  make  or  prove  to  be  a  bas- 
tard J  to  convict  of  being  a  bastard  ;  to  declare  le- 
gally, or  decide  a  person  to  be  illegitimate. 

Tte  ].w  ts  to  in.liilsrrMil  ,\»  itol  tu  bndtnryiizt  Ute  ciiilil,  if  lioni, 
ihwtieh  HOC  tifjuUPn,  in  IawIu!  wt-Jlucl!.  BiOcktlone. 

9.  To  beget  a  bastard.  SAoA. 
B.AS'TAKD-LV,  adv.    in  the  manner  of  a  bjustard  ; 
spuriously.  Dunne. 


BAT 

BAS'T,\RI)S,  «.  ;)/.  .\n  uppellatiiui  i-iven  to  a  faction 
or  troop  of  bandits,  who  ravaged  lJuii  iiiie  in  France 
ill  tile  Mill  century  ;  supposed  to  have  been  headed 
by  the  illegiliinate  sons  of  noblemen,  who  were  cx- 
ciiiiled  from  the  rights  of  inheritance.  .Mezcraii. 

BAS'T.\RU-Y,  «.  .\  state  of  hi  ing  a  b;ustaril,  or' be- 
gotten and  born  out  of  lawful  wedlock,  which  con- 
dition disables  the  person  from  inheriting  an  estate. 

lilack.stane. 

BAS'T.\RD-VVI\G  ;  in  oriofAu/o'T!/,  a  term  applied  to 
from  three  to  live  (piill-like  feathers,  placed  on  a  small 
joint,  rising  from  the  middle  part  of  the  wing,  and 
corresponding  to  tlie  thumb  in  somi!  mainnialia. 

BAP-TARN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  tlie  Bastarnx",  ancient 
inhabitants  of  the  Carpathian  Mountains.  D'AniuUe. 

Bastarmc  Jilps ;  the  Carpathian  Mountains,  between 
Poland,  Hungary,  and  Transylvania  j  so  called  from 
till!  ancient  iiilialiilants,  the  Bastariid.  D'Jincillc. 

BaSTE,  v.  t.  [Arm.  bin;  Fr.  baton,  for  basU/n;  Sp. 
baston  :  It.  bastonr,  a  stick  or  club.] 

1.  To  beat  with  a  stick. 

2.  To  drip  htitter  or  fat  upon  meat,  as  it  tiinis  upon 
the  spit,  ill  ro:tsting;  to  moisten  with  fat  or  o'.lier 
li(piid.  Sioijl. 

BASTE,  r.  t.    [Sp.  basteari  It.  imbastire,  to  baste  ;  It. 

basta,  a  long  stitch.] 
To  sew  w'itli  long  stitches  j  to  .sew  slightly 
BAST'ED,  pp.    Beat  w  ith  a  stick  ;  moistened  with  fat 

or  other  matter  in  roasting;  sewed  togetlier  witli 

long  stitches,  or  slightly. 
BAS'TILE,  (bas'teel,)  n.    [Fr.  from  b&tir,  bastir,  to 

build.] 

.\n  old  castle  in  Paris,  built  between  13("i9  and 
I36;i,  used  as  a  state  prison,  and  converted  to  the 
purpose  of  coiiliniug  men  for  life,  who  liap[iened  to 
incur  the  resentment  or  jealousy  of  the  French  iimn- 
urchs.  It  was  demolished  by  the  enraged  populace 
in  1789. 

B.\S-TI-.\ADE',  j  n.  [Fr.  bastonnnile ;  Sp.  bastomiila; 
B.\S-TI-.Na'DO,  i     It.  bastanata,  from  bastone,  a  stick 

or  staff.    See  Baste.] 
A  sound  beating  with  a  stick  or  cudgel ;  the  blows 

given  with  a  stick  or  staff.    Tliis  name  is  given  to  a 

punishment  in  u.se  among  the  Turks,  of  beating  an 

otlender  on  the  soles  of  his  feet. 
HAS-TI-.NaUE',  ( V.  t.    To  beat  with  a  stick  or 
BAS-TI-.\A'UO,  i  cudgel. 

B.aST'ING,  ppr.  Beating  with  a  stick ;  moistening 
witli  dripping  ;  sewing  togetlier  witli  long  stitches. 

BaST'ING,  n.  A  beating  with  a  stick  ;  a  moistening 
with  dripping ;  a  sewing  together  sliglitly  with  long 
stitches. 

BAS'TION,  (has'chun,)  «.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  bastion;  It. 
bastionc  ;  probably  from  bastir,  b&lir,  to  build,  to  set 
or  found.] 

A  huge  mass  of  earth,  usually  faced  with  so^s, 
sometimes  with  brick  or  stones,  standing  out  from  the 
angles  of  a  fortified  work  to  protect  tile  wall  ;  for- 
merly calleil  a  bulwark.  Bastions  are  solid  or  hollow. 
A  flat  b.tstioii  is  made  in  the  middle  of  the  curtain, 
when  it  is  too  long  to  be  defended  by  the  bastions  at 
its  extremes.  A  cut  bx>tion  h:is  its  point  cut  off,  and 
instead  of  it,  a  reentering  angle,  or  an  angle  inward, 
with  two  points  outward.  A  composed  bastion  h.as  two 
sides  of  the  interior  polygon  unequal,  which  makes 
the  gorges  une(pial.  A  demibastion  is  composed  of 
one  face  only,  with  one  Hank  and  a  demi^orgc.  A 
double  b:tstion  is  one  raised  im  tlie  plane  ot  another. 
B.\S'Tl),  n.    The  acu  of  clubs  at  quadrille.  [i'/ici/c. 

BArTOON',  I       f^l'-    See  Baste.] 

In  arcJiitrcturc,  a  round  molding  in  the  base  of  a 
column  ;  called  also  a  tvre,  [torus.]  Kncijc. 

B.VS'YLE,  n.    [Gr.  tS  iotf  and  cA/;.] 

Ill  chcmistrij,  a  term  recently  employed  to  denote 
any  electro-positive  ingredient  of  a  coiiipoiind,  wheth- 
er elementary,  or,  if  coinpound,  performing  the 
functions  of  an  element.  The  term  rwlical  w;is  be- 
fore, and  is  still,  employed  to  denote  the  same  object. 
[Sec  Radical.]  Graham. 

B.\T,  n.  [Sax.  bat ;  It.  bat,  bata  ;  Russ.  bat ;  allied  to 
boat.] 

1.  .\  heavy  stick  or  club  ;  a  piece  of  wood  with 
one  end  thicker  or  broader  than  the  other,  used  in 
the  game  of  cricket. 

2.  Bat,  or  bate,  a  small  copper  coin  of  Germany, 
with  a  siimll  mixture  of  silver,  worth  four  crut/.ers. 
Also,  a  coin  of  Switzerland,  worth  five  livres.  F.nrtjc. 

3.  A  term  given  by  miners  to  shale  or  bituminous 
shale.  Kinrnn. 

4.  A  sheet  of  cotton  prepared  for  filling  quilts  or 
comfortables. 

BAT,  e.  i.  To  manage  a  bat,  or  plav  with  one.  JUason. 

B.\T,  n.  [Rab.  and  Tal.  n>»«3,  NnO,  or  nNii.  Buz- 
torf.  I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  European 
language,  exce|«  in  English.] 

.\  name  common  to  a  race  of  cheirnpteroiis  mam- 
malia, forming  the  genus  Vespertdio,  of  the  order 
Priiiiates,  in  I.inna:us's  system,  hut  now  considered 
as  a  family,  in  the  order  Cheiroptera,  divided  into 
several  distinct  genera.  The  fore  feet  have  the  toes 
connected  by  a  meinhrane,  expanded  into  a  kind  of 
wings,  by  means  of  which  the  aninuUs  fly.  The 
species  are  numerous.     Of  these  the  vampire  or 


BAT 

Ternate  bat  inhabits  Africa  and  the  (Jrieiital  Ixleg. 
1'hese  animals  fly  in  flocks  from  isle  to  i>ie,  obscur- 
ing the  air  by  their  numbers,  'j'heir  wings,  when 
CAtinded,  measure  live  or  six  feet.  They  live  on 
fruits,  hut  are  .said  sometimes  to  draw  bii»)d  from 
persons  when  asleep.  The  hats  of  tlie  nonliern  lat- 
itudes arc  small ;  they  are  viviparous,  and  suckle 
their  young.  Their  skin  resembles  tli:tt  of  a  mouse. 
They  enter  houses  in  pleasant  summer  evenings, 
feed  upon  moths,  flies,  flesh,  and  oily  substances, 
ami  are  torpid  during  the  winter.  F.ncije. 

B.\'r'-I'l)\VL-ER,  K.  One  who  jiractices  or  is  pleased 
with  bat-t"owling.  Bnrrmirtoii. 

B.AT'-FOWL-I.NG,  n.  A  mode  of  catching  birds  at 
night,  by  holding  a  torch  or  other  light,  and  beating 
the  busli  or  perch  where  they  roost.  Tlie  birds,  fly- 
ing to  the  light,  are  caught  with  nets  or  otherwise. 

Coicel.  Knciic. 

B.VT'-I1aUNT-ED,  o.    Haunted  with  bats. 

fVordsiDOTth. 

nATS'-M.\N,  n.  In  cricket,  the  man  who  h;ui  the  bat. 

BaT'.V-I!LE,  n.  [See  Bate  and  Deiiate.]  Disputa- 
ble. The  land  between  England  and  Scotland, 
which,  when  the  kingdoms  were  distinct,  was  a 
subject  of  contention,  was  called  butahle  ground. 

Coicel.  Encijc. 

BAT-ARD-EAU',  (bat-iird-o' )  n.  [Fr.  baUre.lo  re|>el, 
and  run,  water.]    A  cotrer-ilam.  Brande. 

BA-Ta'T.\S,  11.  .\  species  of  tick  or  mite,  found  on 
the  potatiK-s  of  Surinam.  Also,  a  name  of^  the  sicect 
potato.  Fncije, 

B.\-T.a' VI-.\N,  a.  [from  Balavi,the  people  who  inhab- 
ited the  isle.] 

Pertaining  to  the  isle  of  Betnwe  in  Holland,  be- 
tween the  Rhine  and  the  Waal.  But  more  g'  n- 
crally,  the  word  denotes  what  appertains  to  Holland 
in  general. 

B.\-'i'.A'  VI-AN,  n,  A  native  of  Betuwe,  or  of  the  Low 
Countries. 

B.\TCII,  n.    [D.  bakzrl ;  G.  ffcbdek  ;  from  bake.] 

1.  'J'he  quantity  of  bread  baked  at  one  tune;  a 
baking  of  bread. 

2.  .\ny  quantity  of  a  thing  made  at  once,  or  so 
united  as  to  have  like  qualities.  B.  Jonson. 

BATE,  II.  [Sax.  bate,  contention.  It  is  probably  from 
the  root  ot  beat.    See  Debate.] 

Strife  ;  contention  ;  retained  in  mnlic-bate. 
BATE,  r.  (.    [Fr.  battre,  to  beat,  to  butter :  but  perhaps 
from  ah'ittrc,  to  beat  down.    The  literal  sense  is,  to 
beat,  strike,  thrust  ;  to  force  down.    See  Beat.] 

To  lessen  by  retrenching,  deducting,  or  reducing  ; 
as,  to  bate  the  wages  of  the  laborer  ;  to  bate  good 
cheer.  Loclie.  Dryden. 

fU'e  now  use  Abate.] 
Ba'I  E,  c.  I.    To  grow  or  become  less  ;  to  remit  or  re- 
trench a  part  ;  with  of. 


AlwlL*  iSy  speed,  And  1  will  fcafe  of  mine. 


Dryden. 


Spenser  uses  bate  in  tile  sense  of  sinking,  driving 
in,  peiiLtratiiig  ;  a  sense  regularly  deducible  from 
that  u(  brut,  to  thrust. 

Yf'l  thrrc  til"  slrcl  stiiil  not,  ljul  Inly  hate 

IVi'p  ill  liie  fl--*h,  itiul  ojK-neU  wide  a  ivU  IUhkI  gal**. 

BATE'-BREED-I.\G,  a.    Breeding  strife.   [A'uf  used.] 

Shak. 

B.1-rF..9 rr ,{\>M-\o' ,)  «.    [Fr.,  from  L.  batillum.] 

A  light  boat,  long  in  proportion  to  its  breadtli,  and 
wider  in  the  middle  than  at  the  ends, 

BATE'FljL,  a.  Contentious;  given  to  strife;  excit- 
ing contention.  Sidney. 

BaTE'I.ESS,  o.    Not  to  he  abated.  Shak. 

BATE'MENT,  n.  Abatement;  deduction  ;  diminution. 
{Bal'-,  with  its  derivatives,  is,  I  believe,  little  used, 
or  wholly  obsolete,  in  the  United  States.] 

BAT'E.N-TTES,  ^  ii.  pt.   A  sect  of  apostates  from  .Mo- 

li.\T'E.\-ISTS,   >    lianiinedism,  who  profess.d  the 

B.\-Tk'.\1-.\.\S,  )  abominable  practices  of  the  Is- 
niaelians  and  Kirinalians.  The  word  signifies  eso- 
teric, or  persons  of  inward  light.    [See  Assassins.] 

BAT'FJJL,  a.  [Sec  Batten.]  Rich,  fertile,  as  land. 
[JSTot  in  use.]  Mason. 

BATH,  71.  [Sax.  ba-lh,  balho,  a  bath  ;  hathlan,  to  bathe ; 
W.  badh,  or  ba: ;  I).  (J.  Sw.  Dan.  bad,  a  bath  ;  Ir.  baUt, 
the  sea  ;  old  Phrygian,  bcdu,  water  ;  Uu.  W.  *o:i,  to 
immerse.] 

1.  .X  place  for  bathing ;  a  convenient  v.at  or  recept.i- 
cle  of  water  for  persons  to  plunge  or  wash  their  bodies 
in.  Baths  aie  warm  or  tepid,  hot  or  cold,  more  general- 
ly called  lenrm  and  cold.  They  are  also  iiaturul  or  arti- 
fieinl.  Ji'iUural  baths  are  those  which  consist  of  spring 
water,  either  hot  or  cold,  which  is  often  impregnated 
with  inin,  and  called  chalybeate,  m  \\M\  sulphur,  car- 
bimic  .acid,  and  other  mineral  substances.  These 
waters  arc  often  very  efficacious  in  scorbutic,  bilious, 
dys|H'ptic,  and  other  complaints. 

2.  Iminersion  in  a  b.ath  ;  as,  to  take  a  bath. 

3.  A  place  in  which  heat  is  applied  to  a  body  im- 
mersed in  some  substance.  Thus, 

A  dry  bath  is  made  of  hot  santl,  ashes,  s.alt,  or 
other  matter,  for  the  purpose  of  applying  heat  to  a 
bmly  iiiimersi'il  in  them, 

A  i  «;)orballi  is  formed  by  filling  an  apartment  with 
hot  steam  or  vapor,  in  which  the  body  sweat*  copi- 


TONE,  BUIA,  IT.MTE.  — A.\"GER,  VI"CIOL'S  G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


BAT 

oiisly,  as  in  Russia ;  or  tli<;  term  is  used  for  the  ajipli- 
catiun  oi'  hot  steam  to  a  diseased  part  of  the  body. 

Kitcijc.  'roake, 

A  metaitine  bath  is  water  imprepnated  with  iron  or 
other  metallic  substance,  and  apjilied  to  a  disi  ased 
part.  Eiicnc. 

In  chemistry,  a  wet  bath  is  formed  by  lict  wat.  r,  in 
which  is  placed  a  vessel  containins;  tlii'  niattrr  u  ljich 
requires  a  softer  heat  than  the  naked  liii.  W'ii.  n 
sand  is  used,  instead  of  water,  it  is  calk  d  a  .mI  '  i/  l)atli. 

In  medicine,  the  animal  bath  is  made  by  wrapping 
the  part  aflected  in  a  warm  skin  just  taken  from  an 
animal.  Cuxc. 

4.  A  house  for  bathing.  In  some  Eastern  countries, 
baths  are  very  magnificent  edifices. 

5.  A  Hebrew  measure  containing  the  tenth  of  a 
homer,  or  seven  gallons  and  four  pints,  as  a  measure 
for  liquids;  and  three  pecks  and  three  pints,  as  a  dry 
measure.  Caltnet, 

BXTH'-HIIICK,  71.  A  preparation  of  calcareous  cartli 
in  the  form  of  a  brick,  used  for  cleaning  knives. 

BaTH'-UOO.M,  H.    An  apartment  for  bathing.  Tvnlic. 

nXTH,  {Order  uf  the,)  ii.  A  high  order  of  liritisli  kniglit- 
iiood,  ctimposed  of  tlirer  cla-^ses,  \'iz.,  knii'Iits  grand 
crosses,  knights  command,  rs,  and  iitiiirlits  c(ttnpan- 
ions,  abbreviated  tlius,  (;.  IS.  C,  K.  C.  li.,  K.  B. 

BaTHE,  r.  [Sax.  tui/iiuH,  to  w;ish.  See  Bath.  Q,u. 
\V.  bu-.i,  to  immerse.] 

1.  To  wash  the  body,  or  some  part  of  it,  by  immer- 
sion, as  in  a  bath  ;  it  often  differs  from  ordinary  wash- 
ing in  a  longer  application  of  water  to  the  body  or 
to  a  particular  part,  as  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing  or 
stimulating  the  skin. 

2.  To  wash  or  moisten,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
soft  and  supple,  or  for  cleansing,  as  a  wound. 

3.  To  moisten  or  suffuse  with  a  liquid  ;  as,  to  bathe 
in  tears  or  blood. 

BaTHE,  v.  i.  To  be  or  lie  in  a  bath  ;  to  be  in  water, 
or  in  other  liquid,  or  to  be  immersed  in  a  fluid,  as  in 
a  bath  ;  as,  to  bathe  in  fiery  floods.  Shak. 

B.aTHE,  n.  The  inwnersion  of  the  body  in  water ;  as, 
to  take  one's  hsupI  bathe.  Ed.  Rev. 

BATH'ivD,  pp.  Waslied  as  in  a  bath  ;  moistened  with 
a  liquid  ;  bedewed. 

BAT H'EK,  n.  One  who  bathes;  one  who  iminerses 
liimself  in  water,  or  who  applies  a  liijuid  to  himself 
or  to  another.  Tuoke. 

BATH'ING, /i/ir.  Washing  by  immersion,  or  by  ap- 
plying a  liquid  ;  moistening  ;  fomenting. 

BATH'LNG,  n.  Tlie  act  of  bathing,  or  washing  the 
body  iti  water.  Jlfi^on. 

BaTH'ING-TUB,  n.  A  vessel  for  bathing,  usually 
made  either  of  wood  or  tin.  In  the  Royal  Library 
at  Paris,  I  saw  a  bathijig-tub  of  porphyry,  of  beauti- 
ful form  and  exquisite  workmanship. 

BAT'HORSE,  (baw'horse,)  «.  A  horse  allowed  a  bat- 
man, in  till;  British  army,  for  conveying  the  utensils 
in  his  charge.  P.  Cijc. 

BA'THOS,  11.  [Gr.  /Jaftij ;  allied  to  Eng.  bottom,  and 
perhaps  to  \V.  boii,  to  immerse.] 

A  ludicrous  descent  from  the  elevated  to  the  mean, 
in  writing  or  speech.  Arbuthnut. 

BAT'ING,  ;)/)r.  [from  iate.]  Abating ;  taking  away ; 
deducting  ;  excepting. 

Cfiililrcn  h;\ve  lew  i(le;w,  bating  some  Clint  itk'as  of  hunjrfr  and 

BAT'IN-I.ST.    See  Batenites. 

B.\T'IST,  n.  A  fine  linen  cloth  made  in  Flanders 
and  Picardy,  of  three  diffi;reut  kinds  or  thicknesses. 

Kitctic. 

BAT'LET,  n.  [from  bat.]  A  small  bat,  or  sq'uare 
piece  of  wood  with  a  handle,  for  beating  linen  when 
tiiken  out  of  the  buck.  John^ioit. 

BAT'MAN,  71.  .\  weiglit  used  in  Snvyrna,  and  other 
places  in  the  Levant,  of  six  okes,  each  of  400  drains; 
equal  to  lU  lbs.  (j  o/.  lii  dr.  English. 

I1AT'.M.\.\,  (baw'man)  n.  A  person  allowed  to  each 
company  of  the  British  army,  on  foreign  service,  who 
has  charge  of  the  cooking  utensils,  &c.      P.  Cyc. 

BA-TO.N",  (ba-tong',)      j  71.    [i'"r.  baton,  from  baston. 

BAT-OON',  (bat-toon',)  i  See  Baste.]  A  staff  or 
truncheon.  Hence, 

1.  A  marshal's  staff,  a  badge  of  the  highest  milita- 
ry honor. 

2.  'J'ho  badge  or  truncheon  of  inferior  officers  of 
justice  ;  as,  the  baton  of  a  constable. 

3.  In  manic,  a  term  denoting  a  rest  of  four  .semi- 
breves.  Urunde. 

4.  In  heraldry,  the  b.iton  is  used  to  denote  illegiti- 
mate descent. 

BA-TKA'CIH-A.  n.  pi.     [See  BArnACHiAN.]  The 
name  of  an  onler  of  reptiles  with  a  naked  body,  and 
two  or  four  feet ;  including  frogs,  toads,  salamanders, 
and  the  Proteus  anil  Sin  n. 
BA-TKA'CIII-A.V,  a.    [(Jr.  flarpaynf,  a  frog.] 
Pertaining  to  animals  of  the  order  Ilatrachia. 

liarne.^. 

BA-TRA'€HI-AN,  n.  An  animal  of  the  order  above- 
mentiimid. 

BA'J''KA-t;ilITE,  71.    [<ir.  finTj,a\n(,  a  frog.] 

A  fossil  or  st«>iic!  in  color  resembling  a  frog.  .^sh. 
BAT'KA  CHOUJ,  u.   [Gr.  ilarpa)^:i,  a  frog,  and  £!<!</$, 
form.  ] 

Having  the  form  of  a  frog. 


JiAT 

BAT-RA-eilOPH'A-GOUS,  a.    [Gr.  //'.ir,juX"5,  frog, 
and  0(7)  (0,  to  eat.] 
Feeding  on  frogs.  Q17.  Rev 

B.\T'RA-eHOM-Y-OiM'.\-eHY,  71.    [Gr.  fiarfjaxos,  a 
frog,  pni,  a  mouse,  and  ix'i\ri,  a  battle.] 
The  b.atfle  between  the  frogs  and  mice,  in  Homer. 

BATS'JL'^N,  71.    The  one  who  wields  the  bat. 

BAT'T.\,  7i.  An  allowance  made  to  military  officers 
in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company,  in  addition 
to  their  pav.  P.  Cyc. 

BAT'TA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  cultivation.  [jVot  171 
use.]  Burton. 

BAT'TAIL-ANT,  71.  [See  Battle.]  A  combatant. 
[JVi;(  v.ted.]  Shclton. 

BAT'TAIL-OUS,  a.  [See  Battle.]  Warlike  ;  hav- 
ing the  form  or  appearance  of  an  army  arrayed  for 
battle  ;  marshaled,  as  for  an  attack.  Milton.  Fairfax. 

BAT-TAL'IA,  (bat-tale'ya,)  71.  [Sp.  hatalla;  It.  battaj;- 
lia,  battle.    See  Battle.] 

1.  The  order  of  battle  ;  troops  arrayed  in  their 
proper  brigades,  regiments,  battalions,  ^c,  as  for  ac- 
tion. 

2.  The  main  body  of  an  army  in  array,  distin- 
guished from  the  wings.  Johnson. 

BAT-TAL'IO.V,  ».    [Fr.  bataillon.    See  Battle.] 

A  body  (if  infantry,  consisting  of  from  500  to  800 
men  ;  so  calleil  from  being  originally  .a  body  of  men 
arrayed  for  battle.  A  battalion  is  generally  a  body  of 
troops  next  below  a  regiment.  Sometimes  a  battal- 
ion comjioses  a  regiment ;  more  generally  a  regiment 
consists  of  two  or  more  battalions.  Johnson.  JEncyc. 
Shakspeare  uses  the  word  for  an  army. 
BAT-TAL'ION-£D,  a.    Farmed  into  battalions. 

Barlow. 

BATTEL,  (hat'tl,)  71.    [See  Battle.] 

In  laic,  wager  of  batttl,  a  species  of  trial  for  the 
decision  of  causes  between  parties.  This  species  of 
trial  is  of  high  antiquity,  among  the  rude  military 
people  of  Eurojie.  It  was  introduced  into  England 
l)y  William  the  Norman  Conqueror,  and  used  in  three 
cases  only  —  in  the  court  martial,  or  court  of  chivalry 
or  honor  ;  in  appeals  of  felony  ;  and  in  issues  joined 
upon  a  writ  of  right.  Tlie  contest  «'as  had  before 
the  judges,  on  a  piece  of  ground  inclosed,  and  the 
combatants  were  bound  to  fight  till  the  stars  ap- 
peared, unless  the  death  of  one  party  or  victory  soon- 
er decided  the  contest.   It  is  no  longer  in  use. 

•  Blackstone. 

B.\T'TEL,  f.  i.  To  grow  fat.  [A'otinuse.  See  Batten.] 

2.  To  stand  iniirhtcd,  on  the  college  books  at  Ox- 
ford, fur  provisi(Ui~  and  ilrink  from  the  buttery. 

3.  To  reside  at  llj  ■  iinn  .  isitv  ;  to  keep  terms. 
BAT'Ti(:L,  71.    I'ruvisions  takeii  by  Oxford  students 

from  the  butterv,  and  also  the  charges  thereon. 
BAT'T£L,a.    [See  Batten.]    Fertile ;  fruitful.  [JVot 

-used.}  Honker. 
B.\T'TEL-EU,  (  71.    A  student  at  Oxford  who  stands 
BAT'TLER,     (     indebted,  in  the  college  books,  for 
provisions  and  drink  at  the  buttery.  Hence, 

2.  One  who  keeps  terms,  or  resides  at  the  univer- 
sity. 

BAT'TE-ME.\T,  71.    [Fr.]    A  beating ;  striking ;  im- 
pulse.   [A'ljf  in  vse.j  Dnrwin,  ZoSn. 
BAT'T£N,  (bat'tn,)  v.  t.    [Russ.  botayu.    Qu.  Ar. 


^iSj  badana, to  be  fat;  or  ^4X3 /ui/toia, to  fatten. 
See  Fat.] 

J.  To  fatten ;  to  make  fat ;  to  make  plump  by  plen- 
teous feeding.  Milton. 
2.  To  fertilize  or  enrich  land.  Philips. 
B.\T'T£X,  (!.  i.    To  grow  or  become  fat;  to  live  in 
luxury,  or  to  grow  fat  in  ease  and  luxury.  Drydcn. 

Tlie  pampered  monarch  batteitiiig  in  easf^.  Garth. 

BAT'T£N,  71.    A  piece  of  board,  or  scantling,  of  a  few 

inches  in  breadth.  Encyc. 
BAT'T£.V,  V.  L    To  form  or  fasten  with  battens.  To 

batten  down;  to  fasten  down  with  battens,  as  the 

hatches  of  a  ship  during  a  storm. 
BAT'Ti';N-i';D,  pp.    Formed  witli  battens. 

2.  Become  fat. 
BAT'T£N-ING,  71.    The  fixing  of  b.atu  ns  to  walls  for 

nailing  up  laths. 
2.  The  battens  in  a  .nate  of  being  thus  fixed. 
BAT'TER,  V.  t.    [Fr.  battre;  Sp.  batir;  It.  battcrc ;  L. 

batuo,  to  beat.    See  Beat.] 

1.  To  beat  with  successive  blows;  to  beat  with 
violence,  so  :us  to  bruise,  shake,  or  demolish  ;  as,  to 
batlcr  a  wall. 

2.  To  wear  or  impair  with  beating  or  by  use  ,  ns, 
a  battered  pavtunent ;  a  battered  jade  ;  a  battered  beau. 

I>rydcn.  Pope. 

3.  To  attack  with  a  battering  ram. 

4.  To  attack  with  heavy  artillery,  for  the  purpose 
of  loaking  a  breach  in  a  wall  or  rampart. 

BAT'TEK,  u.  i.  A  term  applii  il  to  a  wall  when  its 
surface  is  not  exarlly  perpi  iidiciilar,  but  gently  slopes 
/ri)«i  a  person  standing  bi'fore  it.  When  it  slopes  to- 
ward him,  it  is  saiil  to  ooerhanir.      Gwilt.  Moron. 

BAT'TEU,  71.  [from  brat  or  batter.]  A  mixture  of 
several  ingredii'iits,  as  flour,  eggs,  salt,  &.C.,  beaten 
togi  tlier  with  some  liquor,  usid  in  cookery.  Ariii^'. 


BAT 

BAT'TER-£D,  /(;».  Beaten;  bruised;  broken;  im- 
paired by  beating  or  wearing. 

BAT'TEK-ER,  71.    One  who  batters  or  beats 

BAT'TER-IJi'G,  ppr.  Beating ;  dashing  against ;  bruis- 
ing or  demolishing  by  beating. 

BAT-TER-LNG-RAiM,  71.  In  aii/iV/u/t?/,  a  militarj- en- 
gine used  to  beat  down  the  walls  of  besieged  places. 
It  was  a  large  beam,  with  a  head  of  iron  somewhat 
resembling  the  head  of  a  ram,  whence  its  name.  It 
was  suspended  by  ropes  in  the  middle  to  a  beam 
which  was  sujiported  by  posts,  and  balancerl  so  as 
to  swing  backward  and  forward,  and  was  impelled 
by  men  against  the  wall.  It  was  sometimes  mount- 
ed on  wheels. 

BAT'TER-Y,  71.  [Fr.  battcrie;  Sp.  balcria ;  It.  buUcria. 
See  Beat.] 

1.  The  act  of  battering  or  beating. 

2.  The  instrument  of  battering. 

3.  In  the  military  art,  a  parapet  thrown  up  to  cover 
the  gunners,  and  others  employed  about  them,  from 
the  enemy's  shot,  with  the  guns  employed.  'J  ims, 
to  erect  a  battery,  is  to  form  the  parapet  and  mount  the 
guns.  The  term  is  applied,  also,  to  a  number  of  guns 
ranged  in  order  for  battering,  and  to  mortars  used  for 
a  like  purpose. 

Cross  batteries,  are  two  batteries  which  play 
athwart  each  other,  forming  an  angle  upon  the  ob- 
ject battered. 

Battery  d'cnjiladc,  is  one  which  scours  or  sweeps 
the  whole  line  or  length. 

Battery  en  echarpe,  is  that  which  plays  obliquely. 

Battery  de  rcvcrs,  is  that  which  plays  upon  the  en- 
emy's back. 

Cam  erode  battery,  is  when  several  guns  play  at  the 
same  time  upon  one  place.  Encyc. 

4.  In  law,  the  unlawful  beating  of  another.  The 
least  violence  or  the  touching  of  another  in  anger,  is 
a  battery.  B  ackstonr. 

5.  In  electrical  apparatus  and  erperiments,  a  number 
of  coated  jars  placed  in  such  a  manner,  that  they 
may  be  charged  at  the  same  time,  and  discharged 
in  the  same  manner.  This  is  called  an  electrical 
battery. 

6.  Galvanic  battery ;  a  pile  or  series  of  plates  of  cop- 
per and  zinc,  or  of  any  substances  susceptible  of  gal- 
vanic action. 

B.A.T'TlIv'G,  71.,  The  management  of  a  bat  at  plav. 

.\l,lsnn. 

2.  Cotton  in  sheets,  prepared  for  (piilts  or  bed- 
covers. 

BAT'TISII,  a.    [fnmi  but,  an  aiiimtil.] 

Resembling  a  bat ;  as,  a  hattish  humor.  Vernon. 

BAT'TLE,  71.  [Fr.  batnille  i  W.  batel,  a  drawing  of  the 
bow,  a  battle  ;  Sp.  batulla ;  It.  battaglia,  from  hratin'r. 
See  Beat.  Owen  sujiposes  the  \Velsh  batel  to  be 
from  tcl,  tight,  stretched,  compact,  and  tlie  word  pri- 
marily to  have  expressed  the  drawing  of  the  bow. 
This  is  iirobably  an  error.  The  first  battles  of  men 
were  with  clubs,  or  some  weapons  used  in  beating, 
striking.  Hence  the  club  of  Hercules.  And  although 
the  moderns  use  diffLrent  weapons,  still  a  battle  is 
some  mode  of  beating  or  striking.] 

1.  A  fight,  or  encounter  between  enemies  or  oppos- 
ing armies  ;  an  engagement.  It  is  usually  applied  to 
armies  or  large  bodies  of  men  ;  but,  in  popular  lan- 
guage, the  word  is  applied  to  an  encounter  between 
small  bodies,  between  individuals,  or  inferior  ani- 
mals. It  is  also  more  generally  applied  to  the  en- 
counters of  land  forces  tlian  of  ships,  the  encounters 
of  the  latter  being  called  engagements.  But  battle  is 
applicable  to  any  combat  of  enemies. 

2.  A  body  of  forces,  or  division  of  an  tinny. 

Bacon. 

3.  The  main  body,  as  distinct  from  the  van  and 
rear.    [0A.<.]  llnyirurd. 

To  give  battle,  is  to  attack  an  enemy  ;  to  join  battle, 
is  properly  to  meet  the  attack  ;  but  perhaps  this  dis- 
tinction is  not  alwajs  observed. 

./}  pitched  battle,  is  one  in  which  the  armies  are  pre- 
viously drawn  up  in  form,  with  a  regular  disposition 
of  the  forces. 

j3  drawn  battle,  is  one  in  which  lu  ilher  party  gains 
the  victory. 

To  turn  the  battle  to  the  gate,  is  to  fight  valiantly, 
and  drivi-  the  enemy,  wlio  hath  entered  the  city, 
back  to  the  gate.    Is.  xxviii. 

Battle  royal;  a  battle  with  fists  or  cudgels,  in 
which  more  than  two  are  engaged  ;  a  melee.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  a  figlit  of  game-cocks,  in 
which  more  than  two  are  engaged.  Grose. 
BAT'TLE,  7!.  7.    [Fr.  batnillcr;  Sp.  batallar.] 

To  join  in  battle  ;  to  contend  in  light;  sometimes 
with  it ;  as,  to  battle  it.  ./Iddison. 
B.'VT'TLE,  7'.  (.    To  covft  with  armed  force.  Fairfax. 
B.AT'TLE-.IR-RAV,  H.    [battle  ami  array.]   Array  or 
order  of  battle  ;  the  disposition  of  forces  jireparatory 
to  a  baffle. 

B.\T'TLE-,\X,  71.  An  ax  anciently  used  as  a  weapon 
of  war.  It  has  been  used,  till  of  late  years,  by  the 
Highlanders  in  Scotland,  and  is  still  used  by  the  city 
guards  in  Edinburgh,  in  quelling  mobs,  &.c.  Enei/c. 

BAT'TLE-DoOl!,  (hal'll-dflre,)  n.  An  instrument  of 
[day,  with  a  liainlle  and  a  flat  board  or  palm,  used  to 
strike  a  ball  or  shuttle-cock  ;  a  racket.  Locke. 


FATE,  FAR,  F/yLL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOIC — 


104 


BAW 

2.  A  child '3  horn-book.  [JVot  in  use  in  the  United 
Stales.] 

BA'r'TLE-.MR.NT,  n.  [This  is  said  to  h;ivc  been  bas- 
tiUemrnt,  from  bastille,  a  fortilicatioii,  from  Fr.  OMir, 
baslir,  lo  buil(j.  Uii.] 

A  Willi  raised  on  a  huildins  with  openinjs  or  em- 
brasures, or  the  embrasure  itself.    Enciic.  Johnson. 
BAT'TLi-.MENT-EO,  a.    Having  battlements. 

Herbert. 

BAT'TMNG,  »i.    Conflict.  Thomson. 
BAT-TOL'O-GIST,  n.    [See  Battologv.]    One  thai 

repeals  the  same  thing  in  speaking  or  writine.  [Lit- 

tle  tisnl.]  IVhiUock. 
BAT-TOI-'O-GIZE,  V.  t.   To  repeat  needlessly  ilie 

same  thins.    [Little  u.ird.]  Ilfrbcrt. 
B.\T-'rOI.'()  (jY,  II.    [Gr.  ,y«Tr(iXo)-io,  from /iorruf, 

a  garrulous  person,  and  Aoj  of,  discourse.] 
A  needles:!  repetition  of  words  in  speaking. 

Jish,  Kncye. 
BAT'TO.V.  n.    [from  bat.]    See  Batten. 
B.AT'TO-RY,  n.  Among  Oif  Hanse  Tuw:u,  a  factory  or 

magazine  which  the  mercliants  have  in  foreign  conn- 

trie.s.  Kncye. 
BAT'TU-L.^TE,  v.  t.   To  interdict  commerce.  [jJ 

leont  used  bii  the  Levant  Compamj.]  Eton. 
B.\T-TIJ-I,A''riON,  H.    A  prohibitum  of  commerce. 
BAT'Tl/E,  n.  [Fr.J  .\  beating  up  for  game ;  tlie  game. 
BAT-TU'TA,  n.    [It.]    The  measuring  of  time  by 

beating. 

B.Vr'TY,  a.    [from  bat,  an  animal.] 

Belonging  to  a  bat.  Shak. 
BXTZ,  II.    A  small  copper  coin  with  a  mixture  of  sil- 
ver, current  in  some  parts  of  Germany  ami  Switzer- 
land, wortli  about  two  pence  sterling,  or  four  cents. 
BAU-HEE',  II.    [(in.  Fr.  4<u-4i.'/oii.]  [F.ncijc. 
In  Scotland  and  the  north,  of  England,  a  liallpeiiny. 

.hhiison. 

BAU'BLE,  n.   A  trifling  piece  of  finer)-  ;  a  gewgaw  ; 

that  which  is  gay  and  showy  without  real  value. 

[See  Uawule.]  Dnjden. 
BAI.'CIE,  II.    -V  drugget  manufactured  in  liurgundy, 

with  thread  spun  thick,  and  of  coarse  wool.  Enctjc. 
BAULK.    See  IIalk. 

BAV'A-llOV,  n.    A  kind  of  cloak  or  surtout.  .Johnson. 
BAV'IX,  II.    A  stick  like  those  bound  up  in  fagots  ;  a 
piece  of  waste  wood.  Johiu^on. 
Bavins;  in  jcar,  brush -fagots.  Encijc. 
BAWRLE,  II.    [Fr.  Aoiiuic,  a  toy,  or  iai>!/-tliing  ;  ac- 
cording to  Spelnian,  baubella  are  gems  or  jewels.] 

A  trifling  piece  of  finery,  a  gewgaw  ;  th.at  which 
is  gay  or  showy  without  re.il  value.  Dnjden. 
For  fooVs-bawble,  see  Fool. 
BAWU'LING,  a.   Trifling;  contemptible.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

BAW'-eOCK,  71.   A  fine  fellow.    [Qu.  beaa-cock.] 

Shak. 

BAWD,  n.  [I  know  not  the  orisin  of  this  word  ;  but 
in  Fr.,  haudir  is  a  term  in  hunting,  signifymg  to  ex- 
cite or  encourage  dogs  to  the  chase  ;  formed,  accord- 
ing lo  Lunier,  from  the  Low  L.  baldire,  or  erbaldire, 
lo  enliven,  to  quicken  ;  which,  from  the  It.  baldo, 
baldania,  appears  lo  he  from  the  root  of  Eng.  bold, 
the  primary  sense  of  which  is,  to  project,  to  push  or 
rush  forward.  In  \V.  pud  is  what  lends  to  allure. 
But  one  author  quotes  llesychius,  as  giving  Gr.  lia- 
ias,  a  procurer  or  procuress.] 

A  procurer  or  procuress  A  person  who  keeps  a 
house  of  prostitution,  and  conducts  criminal  intrigues. 
[  Usnallij  applied  to  fcinaUs.] 

B.V^VU,  e.  i.  To  procure ;  to  provide  women  for  lewd 
purpttses.  - 

2.  To  foul  or  dirtv.    [JVof  in  itjc.]  Skelton. 
BAWU'-nOR.V,  a.    Descended  from  a  bawd.  Shak. 
BAVVD'I-LV,  ndv.    Obscenely  ;  lewdly. 
BAWD'I-NESS,  B.    Obscenity  J  lewdness. 
BAWD'ltlCK,  M.  [See  Baldrick.]  A  helU  Chapinan. 
BAWD  RY,  71.    [See  Bawd.]    The  alioininable  prac- 
tice of  procuring  women  for  the  gmtilic.tiion  of  lust. 

3.  Obscenity  ;  tilthy,  unchaste  language. 

3.  Illicit  intercourse  ;  fornication.  Shak. 
BAWD'Y,  a.    Obscene;  filthy;  unchaste;  applied  to 
tanrrua^e. 

BAWD'Y-IIOUSE,  n.  A  house  of  lewdness  and  pros- 
titution. 

BAWL,  r.  i.  [Sax.  bcllan  ;  Sw.  biSla,  to  low  or  bellow  ; 
VV.  batlaw :  G.  bellrn,  to  bark  ;  I),  baiileren,  to  roar  ; 
L.  balo,  to  bleat ;  Fr.  piniller,  to  bawl,  lo  pule ;  Ileb. 
^3',  ijahal,  the  blast  of  a  triinipt  t ;  Pers.  bnla,  a  cry 
or  clamor  ;  and  Ar.  and  Ileh.  V^N,  eiul,  to  weep,  lo 
wail.  These  all  coincide  in  elenieius  with  L.  prllo, 
appello.  Eng.  peai,  and  the  primary  sense  is  the 
same.] 

1.  To  cry  out  with  a  loud,  full  sound  ;  lo  hoot ;  lo 
cry  with  vehemence,  as  in  calling,  or  in  pain  or  ex- 
ullnlion. 

2.  To  cr>'  loud,  as  a  child  from  pain  or  vexation. 
BAWL,  t.  L    To  proclaim  by  outcry,  as  a  common 

criir.  Sai/L. 
BAWL'KD,  (bawld,)  pp.    Proclaimed  by  outcry. 
BAWL'ER,  11.   One  who  bawls. 
BAWL'ING,  ppr.    Crying  aloud. 
IJAWL'l.N'G,  71.   The  act  of  crying  with  a  loud  sound. 
BAW.N",  II.    An  inclosure  witli  mud  or  stone  walls  for 

keeping  cattle  j  a  fortification.  [J^ot  u.ted.]  Spciuer. 


BAY 

BAW'UEL,  n.  A  kind  of  hawk.  V'./iW. 
IIAW'SLN,  II.    A  badger.  W.  Jonsoii. 

BA.X-Tk'KI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Baxter,  a  celi  brated 

English  divine  ;  as,  the  Baxierian  scheme.  Enetje. 
B.^Y,  a.    [Fr.  bai  or  baicj  It.  baio  ;  S[).  baijo  ;  L.  badius. 

Chuss  Rd.] 

Red,  or  reddish,  inclining  to  a  chestnut  color;  aji- 
plied  to  the  color  of  horses.  The  shades  of  this  color 
are  calleil  light  bay,  dark  bay,  dappled  ban,  gilded  bay, 
chestnut  bay.  In  popular  language,  in  England,  all 
bay  horses  are  called  brown.  Johnson.  Encye. 
BaY,  II.  [Fr.  Aaie;  Sp.  and  Port,  bahia;  ll.  baia  ;  D. 
baai ;  contracted  from  the  root  of  Sax.  by^e,  an  angle, 
bygan,  I),  boogrn,  to  bend,  whence  bom.] 

1.  .\n  arm  of  the  sea,  extending  into  the  land,  not 
of  any  definite  form,  but  smaller  than  a  gulf,  and 
larger  than  a  creek  The  name,  however,  is  not  usi'd 
with  much  precision,  and  is  often  applied  to  large 
tmcts  of  w,iter,  around  which  the  land  ibrms  a  curve, 
as  Hudson's  Bay.  Nor  is  the  name  restricted  to  tracts 
of  water  with  a  narrow  entrance,  but  used  for  any 
recess  or  inlet  between  capes  or  head  lands,  as  the 
Bay  of  Biscay. 

2.  A  pond-head,  or  n  pond  formed  by  a  dam  for  the 
purpose  of  driving  inill-whoels.  [/  belicoe  not  itsed  in 
Vie  United  Stales.] 

3.  In  a  barn,  a  place  between  the  floor  and  the  end 
of  the  building,  or  a  low  inclosed  place  for  depositing 
hay. 

In  England,  says  Johnson,  if  a  barn  consists  of  a 
floor  and  two  heads,  where  tliey  lay  corn,  they  call  it 
a  barn  of  (ico  4ni/s.  These  bays  are  from  14  to  20  fi  et 
long,  and  floors  from  10  to  IQ  feet  broad,  and  usually 
20  feet  long,  which  is  the  breadth  of  the  barn. 

Builder^s  Diet. 

4.  .Any  kind  of  opening  in  walls.  Chambers. 
B.^Y,  71.    [Ciu.  Gr.  /i'li'/K,  a  branch  of  the  palm-tree. 

In  Sp.  baya  is  a  berry,  the  fruit  of  the  laurel.] 
1.  The  laurel-tree.  Hence, 

9.  Bays,  in  the  plural,  an  honorary  garland  or 
crown,  bestowed  as  a  prize  for  victory  or  excellence, 
anciently  made  or  consisting  of  branches  of  the 
laurel. 

The  p.-iIriot's  honom,  ami  tiic  pool's  bays.  TrumbuH. 

3.  In  some  parts  of  the  United  Slate.':,  a  tract  of  land 
covered  with  bay-trees.  Drayton,  S.  Carolina. 

BAY,  II.  [Goth,  beidan,  to  expect;  It.  bada;  "  tenere  a 
bada,"  to  keep  at  bay  ;  "  star  a  bada,"  to  stand  tri- 
fling ;  batlare,  to  stand  trifling  ;  lo  amuse  one's  self, 
to  lake  care,  to  watch,  lo  covet ;  abbailare,  to  mind  ; 
Fr.  buyer,  to  gape  or  stand  gaping.    Uu.  aboycr.] 

A  state  of  expectation,  w.atching  or  looking  for; 
as,  to  keep  a  man  at  bay.  So  a  slag  at  bay,  is  when 
he  turns  his  head  aiaiust  the  dogs.  Whence  abey- 
ance, in  law,  or  a  state  of  expectancy. 

[Since  to  bay  means  to  barl<  as  a  dog,  to  keep  at  bay 
may  refer  lo  the  repeated  barking  or  baying  of  a  dog 
when  his  prey  ce.a-scs  to  fly,  and  faces  him  ;  as,  when 
a  stag  turns  upon  the  dogs,  he  keeps  them  at  bay,  or 
barking,  because  they  dare  not  close  in  and  attack 
him.  Hence  comes  the  meaning  of  the  phrase,  viz., 
"  To  ward  off  an  attack  ;  to  keep  an  enemy  from 
closing  in."  Ricli.  Dwl.] 

BAY,  V.  i.    [Fr.  aboycr;  IL  haiare,  to  bark.] 

1.  To  bark,  as  a  dog  at  his  game.  Spenser. 

2.  To  encoinpxss,  or  inclose,  from  bay.  VVc  now 
use  embay.  Shak. 

BAY,  r.  (.   To  bark  at ;  to  follow  with  barking.  Shali. 

BAY'HER-RY,  n.  The  fruit  of  Ihe  bay-tree  or  Lauruji 
nobitis.  This  name  is  applied,  in  some  parts  of  the 
United  States,  to  the  fruit  of  Myrica  certfera,  (wax 
mvrtle,)  and  often  also  to  Ihe  plant  itself. 

BAY'BEIl-RY-TAL'LoW,  n.  A  waxy  substance  ob- 
tained from  the  bayberrj-,  or  wax-myrtle  ;  called  also 
mtrrtlr.ieai. 

BAV'-RU.M,  n.  A  spirit  obtained  by  distilling  the 
leaves  of  the  bay-tree. 

BAY'-SALT  is  salt  which  crystallizes  or  receives  its 
consisience  from  the  heat  of  the  sun  or  action  of  the 
nir.  It  forms  in  pits  or  basins,  and  from  this  circum- 
stance receives  its  denomination.  It  apjiears  first  in 
a  slight  incrustation  upon  the  surface  of  the  water, 
which  may  be  sea  w.iter,  or  any  other  water  in  which 
salt  is  dissolved.  This  crust  thickens  and  hardens, 
till  the  crystallization  is  perfected,  which  takes  place 
in  eight,  ten,  or  fifteen  d.ays.      Eneyc.  Chambers. 

RAY'-TREE,  II,    A  species  of  laurel  ;  laurus  nobilis. 

BAY'-WI.\"DOW,  71.  A  window  jutting  out  from  the 
wall,  as  in  shops. 

B.\Y'-YAR.\,  7U  A  denomin.ation  sometimes  used 
promiscuously  with  teoolcn  yarn.  Cliambers. 

BAY'ARD,  n,    [iayand  ard,  kind.] 

1.  A  bay  horse.  Philips. 

2.  .\n  unmannerly  beholder.  B.  Jansmi. 
BAY'ARD-LY,  a.    Blind  ;  stupid.  Taylor. 
BAY'KD,  a.    Ilavins  bays,  as  a  building. 
BAY'O-.N'ET,  n.    [Ft.  baioneue;  Sp.  bayoncU;  It.  bai- 

onetla  ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  because  the  first  bayonets 
were  made  at  Rayonne.    Vieyra^s  Bartugnejsc  Diet.] 

1.  A  short,  pointed  instrument  of  iron,  or  broait 
dagger,  formerly  with  a  handle  fitted  to  the  bore  of  a 
gun,  where  it  was  inserted  for  use,  after  the  soldier 
liad  fired  ;  but  now  made  witli  an  iron  handle  and 


BE 

ring,  which  go  over  the  muzzle  of  the  piece,  so  that 
the  soldier  fires  with  his  bayonet  fixed.  Eneye 

2.  In  machineni,  a  term  n))plied  to  pins  winch  play 
in  and  out  of  holes  made  to  receive  thi  iii,  and  which 
thus  serve  lo  engage  or  disengage  parts  of  the  ma- 
chinery. Mcholsoiu 

BAY'O-NET,  v.  t.    To  stab  with  n  bayonet. 

2.  To  compel  or  drive  by  the  bayiuiet.  Burke. 

BAt'OU,  (bj'oo,)  II.    [Fr.  bnjau,  a  gulf.] 

In  Louisiana,  the  outlet  of  a  lake  ;  a  channel  for 
water.  Also,  nn  outlet  from  the  .Mississippi,  in  the 
delta  of  that  river,  to  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico.  The  term 
is  also  applied  to  other  lateral  outlets  from  the  river, 
apparentlv  its  former  channel. 

BAYS  or  BAVZE.    [See  Baize.] 

BA-ZAR',    )  V,' 

B.\-ZAAR'  i  [Pcrs.  ,r.L»  bazar;  Russ.  iaiar,  a 
market.]  '  • 

1.  In  tJie  Ea.it,  an  exchange,  market-pL-ice,  or  place 
where  goods  are  exposed  to  sale.  Some  bazars  are 
open,  others  are  covered  with  lofty  ceilings  or  domes, 
pierced  to  give  light.  The  bazar  al  Tatiris  will  con- 
lain  30,000  men.  £iiq/c. 

2.  In  Europe,  a  spacious  hall,  or  suite  of  rooms, 
fitted  up  with  counters  or  stands  for  the  sale  of  goods. 

P.  Vyc. 

BAZ'AT, )  71.  A  long,  fine-spun  cotton,  from  Jerusa- 
BAZ'A,    )    lem,  whence  it  is  called  Jerusalem  eotlon. 

Enci/c. 

BDEL'LIU.M,  (del'yiim,)  7i.  [L.  ;  Gr.  fifrXXi-,'  ;'Styi. 
Ch.  and  Heb.  n^Ta.  Uochait  and  Parkhurst  trans- 
Kite  it  pearl.  Gen.  ii.  lint  it  is  doubtful  whether 
the  bdellium  of  the  Scripture  is  that  now  used.] 

A  gummy,  resinous  juice,  produced  by  a  tree  in 
the  East  Indies,  of  which  we  have  no  satisfactory 
account.  It  is  brought  from  the  East  Indies,  and 
from  .\rabia,  in  pieces  of  diflVrent  sizes  and  figures, 
externally  of  a  dark  reddish-brown,  internally  clear, 
and  not  unlike  to  glue.  To  the  taste  it  is  slightly- 
bitterish  and  pungent ;  its  odor  is  agreeable.  In  Ihe 
mouth,  it  becomes  soft,  anil  sticks  to  the  teeth  ;  on  a 
red-hot  iron,  it  readily  catches  flame,  and  burns  with 
a  crackling  noise.  It  is  used  as  a  perfume  and  a 
medicine,  being  a  weak  deobstriient.  Eneyc. 

The  Indian  bdellium  (the  kind  above  referred  to) 
is  a  product  of  the  Coinmi|)liora  Madagascarensis,  a 
nati.ve  of  tlie  E;ist  Indies  and  Madagascar.  This  is 
the  bdellium  of  Scripture,  and  is  also  called  false 
myrrh.  The  African  bdellium  is  a  product  of  the 
Hendelotia  Africana,  a  native  of  Senegal.  The  Sicil- 
ian bdellium  is  obtained  from  the  Daneiis  guinmifer. 

BE,  V.  i.  substantive  verb  ;  ppr.  Being  :  pp.  Been.  [Sax. 

beon,  to  be.  G.  iiii,  bist;  D.  icii ;  Pers.  bodan, 

lobe.  San.  bhn;  and  W.  bOd,  byzu,  bydiaw.  The 
sense  is,  to  stand,  remain,  or  be  fixed  ;  hence,  to  con- 
tinue. This  verb  is  defective,  and  its  defects  are 
supplied  by  verbs  from  other  rwls,  am,  is,  teas,  trere, 
which  have  no  radical  connection  with  be.  The 
case  is  the  same  with  the  substantive  verb  in  most 
languages.] 

1.  To  be  fixed  ;  to  exist ;  lo  have  a  real  state  or  ex- 
istence, for  a  longer  or  shorter  time. 

t^l  ihu  iniml  be  iit  you,  which  wu»  hi  Chri*t  Jesus.  —  Phil.  ii. 
To  be,  coiiteiiu  hi^  iiiUtlrU  doeirc.  Pope. 

2.  To  be  made  to  be  ;  to  become. 

A. -1  ihey  Uv.iin        lie  on?  ll-sh.  — .M  ill.  xix.   Jer.  xiiil. 

3  To  remain.  Let  the  garment  be  as  it  was  made. 

4  To  be  present  in  a  place.  Where  icos  I  at  the 
time When  will  you  br  at  my  house .' 

5.  To  have  a  particular  manner  of  being  or  hap- 
pening ;  as.  How  is  this  alfair How  vas  it .'  What 
were  the  circumstances 

This  verb  is  useil  as  an  auxiliary-  in  forming  the 
tenses  of  other  verbs,  and  particularly  in  giving  to 
them  the  passive  form  ;  as,  he  has  brrn  disturbed.  Il 
forms,  with  the  infinitive,  a  particular  future  tense, 
which  often  expresses  duly,  necessity,  or  purpose  ;  as, 
government  is  to  be  supported  we  are  to  pay  our  just 
debts. 

Let  be,  is  to  omit,  or  leave  untouched ;  to  let  alone 
Let  be,  s;ud  h?,  my  pr-y.  Dryden. 
BE,  a  prefix,  as  in  because,  before,  beset,  bedeck,  is  the 
same  word  as  by  ;  Sax.  Ar,  big;  Goth.  bi.  It  is  com- 
mon to  the  English,  Saxon,  Gothic,  German.  Dutch, 
Danish,  and  Swedish  languages.  It  occurs  probably 
in  the  Russian,  but  is  written  po,  as  il  is  in  possideo, 
and  a  few  other  words  in  the  Latin.  It  denotes  near- 
ness, closeness,  about,  on,  at,  from  some  root  signi- 
fying to  pass,  or  to  press.    [See  Bv.] 

That  tiiis  word  is  the  Sheinitic  3,  used  ."uo  a  prefix, 
is  certain,  not  only  from  its  general  applications,  which 
may  be  seen  by  comparing  the  uses  of  the  word,  in 
the  Hebrew,  for  inst.ance,  with  those  in  the  Saxon  ; 
but  from  its  use  in  particular  phrases,  particularly  in 
its  use  befiire  the  name  of  the  Supreme  Being,  in 
swearing.  Hence  we  find  that  3  is  not  from  na  nor 
from  as  Parkhurst  supposes,  but  is  an  abbrevia- 
tion of  big,  «-hich  IS  used  in  the  Saxon,  bigspell,  A 
proverb,  a  Ay-word  ;  bigstandan,  to  stand  by. 


TO.NE,  BJv'LL,  IJNITE  — AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  <5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


14 


105 


BEA 

BftAPFI,  ,1.    [an.  Uiiss.  bok,  side.l 

Tlie  sliiire  of  the  sea,  or  of  a  lake,  which  is  washed 
liy  llie  tide  and  waves  ;  the  strand.  It  may  be  some- 
times nsi-d  for  the  siiore  of  large  rivers. 

liKACII'/;!),  (beecht,)  a.  Exposed  to  the  waves; 
washed  by  the  tide  and  waves  ;  also,  driven  on  a 
liKii  h  ;  stranded  ;  as,  the  ship  is  beached. 

nicACirY,  rt.    H.iving  a  beach  or  beaches.  Sluik. 

BE.\'eO.\,  (be'lin,)  n.  [W.  pig^mn,  a  beacon,  cone,  or 
tnrret,  from  pig,  a  point.  See  Pike.  Sa.x.  bcacen, 
bccen,  a  si^^nal ;  D.  baak,  baaken  ,•  Ger.  bake.] 

1.  A  . signal  erected  on  an  eminence,  consisting  of 
a  pjtcli  barrel,  or  some  combustible  matter,  to  be  fired 
at  niglit,  or  to  cause  a  smoke  by  day,  to  notify  the 
approacii  of  an  enemy. 

•2.  A  signal  erected  on  rocks  or  shoals,  to  warn  of 
danger.  Hence  a  lighthouse  is  sometimes  called  a 
beacon.  In  general,  a  beacon  may  be  any  light  or 
mark  iiitended  for  direction  and  security  against 
danger. 

3.  Figurativehj,  that  which  gives  notice  of  danger. 
BEA'CON,  V.  t.    To  afford  light  as  a  beacon  ;  to  light 

up.  Campbell. 
BE.-\'eON-AGE,  n.    Money  paid  for  the  maintenance 

of  a  beacon.  Encijc.  .^.^h. 

RkA'COS-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Lighted  by  a  beacon;  hav- 

mg  a  beacon. 

Bf,AI),  [Ger.  betlie,  a  bead;  supposed  from  beten, 
biddaii,  to  pray,  from  the  use  of  beads  in  Roman  Cath- 
olic countries  ;  Sax.  if arf,  a  praying.  In  Spanish  and 
Portuguese,  the  word  answering  to  count  is  used  for 
a  bead.] 

1.  A  little  perforated  ball,  to  be  strung  on  a  thread, 
and  worn  about  the  neck,  for  ornament.  A  string 
of  beads  is  called  a  necklace.  Beads  are  made  of 
gold,  pearl,  amber,  steel,  garnet,  coral,  diamond, 
crystal,  pastes,  glasses,  &c.  The  Roman  Catholics 
use  strings  of  beads  in  rehearsing  tlieir  prayers. 
Hence  the  phrase,  to  tell  beads,  and  to  be  at  one's 
beadt,  is  to  be  at  prayer.  Kncijc.  Johnson. 

9.  Any  small  globular  body ;  hence  the  glass 
globules,  used  in  tratiic  with  savages,  and  sold  in 
strings,  are  called  beads  ;  also  a  bubble  on  spirit. 

3.  A  small  piece  of  metal  on  a  gun-barrel  to  take 
sight  by. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  round  molding,  commonly 
made  upon  the  edge  of  a  piece  of  stuff,  in  the  Corin- 
thian and  Roman  orders,  cut  or  carved  in  short  em- 
bossments, like  beads  in  necklaces.  Encijc. 

Bidding  of  beads,  is  a  charge  given  by  a  priest  to 
his  parishicmers,  to  repeat  certain  prayers  upon  their 
beads  for  certain  objects.  Baileij. 
BkAD'-.MaK-ER,  71.  One  who  makes  beads.  In 
French,  paternostrier  is  one  wlio  makes,  strings,  and 
sells  beads.  In  Paris  are  three  companies  of  pater- 
nostriers  ;  one  that  works  in  glass  or  crystal ;  one, 
in  wood  and  horn  ;  a  third,  in  amber,  coral,  &c. 

Encyc. 

BkAD'-PROOF,  a.  Spirit  is  bead-proof,  when,  after 
being  shaken,  a  crown  of  bubbles  will  stand,  for 
some  time  after,  on  the  surface,  manifesting  a  cer- 
^lin  standard  of  strength.  Encyc. 

BlcAiy-RoLL,  n  Among  Roman  Catholics,  a  cata- 
logue of  persons,  for  the  rest  of  whose  souls  they  are 
to  repeal  a  certain  number  of  prayers,  which  they 
count  bv  their  beads.  Encyc. 

BkAO'-TREE,  n.  The  Melia  azedarach,  a  native  of 
the  East  Indies,  growing  about  20  feet  high,  adorned 
with  large  pinnated  or  fringed  leaves,  and  clusters 
of  pentapetalous  flowers.  Encyc. 

Bli.AJJS'-iM AN,  71.  A  man  employed  in  praying,  gen- 
erally in  priiying  for  another.  Johnson. 

BicADS-VVOM'AN,  n.  A  praying  woman;  a  woman 
who  resides  in  an  alms-house.  .^sh. 

BiiA'DLE,  71.  [Sax.  bydcl  or  baidcl ;  Fr.  bcdcau  ;  Sp. 
bedel :  It.  bidello ;  Ger.  bjitlel,  pedell ;  Sw.  bodel,  a 
beadle,  or  lictor  ;  from  the  root  of  bid,  Sax.  bcodan,  to 
order  or  command.    See  Bid.] 

1.  A  messenger  or  crier  of  a  court ;  a  servitor ;  one 
who  cites  persons  to  appear  and  answer  ;  called  also 
an  apparitor  or  summoner.  Encyc. 

2.  An  officer  in  a  university,  whose  chief  business 
is  to  walk  with  a  mace,  before  the  masters,  in  a  pub- 
lic procession ;  or,  as  in  America,  before  the  pres- 
ident, trustees,  faculty,  and  students  of  a  college,  in 
a  |)rocession,  at  public  commencements.  Encyc. 

3.  A  parish  officer,  whose  business  is  to  punish 
peltv  oflcnders.  Johnson. 

BijA'hLE-SIIIP,  71.   The  office  of  a  beadle.  IVood. 

BF; A'GLE,  71.  [Fr.  bigle,  so  named  from  littleness; 
W.  bac.  Mule  ;  Ir.  piq ;  It.  piccolo.  We  have  from 
the  Kame  root  boy,  and  the  Danes  pige,  a  little  girl, 
and  probably  piig  is  the  same  word.  Ciu.  Gr.  irw;.- 
,1.11 a  pigmy.] 

A  small  hound,  or  hunting  dog,  formerly  used  in 
hunting  hares.  They  are  now  superseded,  to  a 
great  extent,  by  liarriers.  Beagles  are  of  different 
Borln;  as,  the  southern  beuglr,  Kimncr  and  less,  but 
tliirker  than  the  deep-niiiuthed  hound  ;  the  Jlrrt 
northern,  or  eat  beagle,  Hmallcr,  and  of  a  finer  Kbape 
lli.iti  the  «ontliern.  I'rmn  these  species  united,  is 
bri'd  a  third,  kiiM  prefi'rahle ;  and  a  smalter  sort  is 
litib-  larger  than  tin-  l.i()-dog.  Encyc. 

Dit.'\K,  <i.    [0.  bck  ;  VV.  ;7i;^ ;  Ir.  peae  ;  Arm.  bek;  Fr. 


BEA 

bee  ;  Sp.  pica  ;  It.  bccco ;  Dan.  pig,  pik ;  Sw.  pigg, 
pik:  Sax.  ;)/(c;  Fr.  pitjue ;  Eng.  peak,  pike,  SiC.  'I'he 
sense  is,  a  shoot,  or  a  point,  from  thrusting  ;  and  this 
word  is  connected  with  a  numerous  family.  See 
Class  Bg.] 

1.  The  bill' or  nib  of  a  bird,  consisting  of  a  horny 
substance,  either  straight  or  curving,  and  ending  in 
a  point. 

2.  A  pointed  piece  of  wood,  fortified  with  brass, 
resembling  a  beak,  fastened  to  the  end  of  ancient 
galleys  ;  intended  to  pierce  the  vessels  of  an  enemy. 
In  modern  ships,  the  beak-head  is  a  name  given  to 
the  fore  part  of  a  ship,  whose  forecastle  is  square  or 
oblong  ;  a  circumstance  common  to  all  ships  of  war, 
which  have  two  or  more  tiers  of  guns.   Jl/<ir.  Diet. 

Beak  or  beak-head,  that  part  of  a  ship,  before  the 
forecastle,  which  is  fastened  to  the  stem,  and  sup- 
ported by  the  main  knee.  Encyc. 

3.  In  farriery,  a  little  shoe,  at  the  toe,  about  an 
inch  long,  turned  up  and  fastened  in  upon  the  fore 
part  of  the  hoof.  Farrier's  Diet. 

4.  Any  thing  ending  in  a  point,  like  a  beak.  This 
in  America  is  more  generally  pronounced  peak. 

5.  In  botany,  a  process,  like  the  beak  of  a  bird, 
terminating  the  fruit  in  certain  plants,  as  in  the  Ge- 
ranium.   [L.  rostrum.] 

BicAK,  V.  t.  Atnong  cock-fighters,  to  take  hold  with 
the  beak.  Msh. 

BEAK'/JD,  (beekt,)  a.    Having  a  beak  ;  ending  in  a 
point,  like  a  beak. 
2.  In  botany,  rostrate  ;  furnished  with  a  process 

BliAK'ER,  71.  "[Ger.  becher.]  [like  a  beak. 

A  cup  or  glass.  Johnson. 

BEAK'I-RON,  (-i-urn,)  n.  A  bickern  ;  an  iron  tool, 
ending  in  a  point,  used  by  blacksmiths.  Jlsh. 

Bl£.\L,  n.    [See  Boil.    W.  bal,  a  prominence.] 

A  pimple ;  a  whelk  ;  a  small  inflammatory  tumor; 
a  pustule.  Johnson.  .3sh. 

BeAL,  v.  i.  To  gather  matter ;  to  swell  and  come  to 
a  head,  as  a  pimple.  Johnson.  J^sh. 

BliAM,  71.  [Goth,  bagms,  a  tree  ;  Sax.  beam:  G.  baum; 
D.  boom,  a  tree  ;  Dan.  born,  a  bar  or  rail ;  Ir.  6ci»i,  a 
beam.  We  see  by  the  Gothic,  that  the  word  be- 
longs to  Class  Bg.  It  properly  signifies  the  slock  or 
stem  of  a  tree  ;  that  is,  the  fixed,  firm  part.] 

1.  The  largest,  or  a  principal  piece  of  timber  in  a 
building,  that  lies  across  the  walls,  and  serves  to 
support  the  princip-^l  rafters.  Encyc. 

2.  Any  large  piece  of  timber,  long  in  proportion  to 
its  thickness,  and  squared  or  hewed  for  use. 

3.  The  part  of  a  balance,  from  the  ends  of  which 
the  scales  are  suspended  ;  sometimes  used  for  the 
whole  apparatus  for  weighing.  Encyc. 

4.  The  part  on  the  head  of  a  stag,  which  bears  the 
antlers,  royals,  and  tops. 

5.  The  pole  of  a  carriage,  which  runs  between  the 
liorses.  Dryden. 

6.  A  cylinder  of  wood,  making  part  of  a  loom,  on 
which  v/eavers  wind  the  warp  before  vveaviiig ;  and 
this  name  is  given  also  to  the  cylinder  on  which  the 
cloth  is  rolled,  as  it  is  wove. 

7.  The  straight  part  or  shank  of  an  anchor. 

8.  In  ships,  a  great  main  cross  limber,  which  holds 
the  sides  of  a  ship  from  falling  together.  The  beams 
support  the  decks  and  orlops.  The  main  beam  is 
next  the  mainmast.  Jl/ar.  Diet. 

9.  The  main  piece  of  a  plow,  in  which  the  plow- 
tails  are  fixed,  and  by  which  it  is  drawn. 

10.  Beam  compass;  an  instrument  consisting  of  a 
square  wooden  or  brass  beam,  having  sliding  sockets, 
that  carry  steel  or  pencil  points  ;  used  for  describing 
large  circles,  and  in  large  projections  for  drawing  the 
furniture  on  wall-dials.  Encyc.  Johnson. 

On  the  beam,  in  navigation,  signifies  any  distance 
from  the  ship,  on  a  line  with  the  beams,  or  at  right 
angles  with  tlie  keel.  Mar.  Diet. 

Before  the  beam,  is  an  arch  of  the  horizon  between 
a  line  that  crosses  the  ship  at  right  angles,  or  the 
line  of  the  beam,  and  that  point  of  tlie  compass  which 
she  steers.  Mar.  Diet. 

Beam  ends.  A  vessel  is  said  to  be  on  her  beam 
ends,  when  she  inclines  so  much  on  one  side  that 
her  beams  approach  a  vertical  position.  Mar.  Diet. 

BkAM'-B!RI),  71.  A  small  European  bird,  so  called 
because  it  often  builds  its  nest  on  the  projecting  end 
of  a  beam  or  rafter  in  a  building  ;  also  named  the 
spotted  fly-catcher.  It  is  ilie  Miiscicapa  grisola  of 
naturalists.  Ed.  Enciic.    P.  Cyc. 

BkAM-FE.'VTH'ER,  (-feth'er,)  n.  One  of  the  long 
fe.ithers  in  the  wing  of  a  hawk.  Booth. 

BeAM'-FILL'ING,  71.  The  filling  in  of  mason  work 
between  beams  or  joists. 

BkA.M'-TREE,  71.    A  species  of  wild  service,  a  tree 
having  very  tough  wood,  used  for  beams,  &.C. 
The  Cratajgus  Aria,  Linn.  (Pyrus  Aria,  Decand.) 

BicAiM,  71.  [Sax.  beam,  a  ray  of  the  sun;  benniian,  to 
shine  or  send  forth  bi'anis;  Sam. /«i/im«/i,  splendor ; 
Ir.  brim,  a  stroke,  iind  sutlihrim,  a  lliunderboll.] 

A  collection  of  rays  emitted  from  tlw^  sun  or  other 
lumiiiouH  body. 

Bl'iA.M,  71.  I.  To  send  forth  ;  to  emit ;  followed  ordi- 
narily by  forth;  aSj  to  beam  forth  light. 

Bic.A.M,  V.  I.  To  emit  rays  of  light,  or  beams;  to  shine. 
II<r  Ijeamed,  tlie  itity  »lAr  o1  Ihc  rUliif;  it^i*.  Trttmball. 


BEA 

BkAM'J;D,  a.    The  head  of  a  stag  is  said  to  be  beamed 

when  it  has  all  its  antlers  put  forth.  Booth. 
Bk..41I'ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Emitting  rays  of  light  or  beams. 
BliA.M'ING,  71.     Radiation ;  the  emission  or  darting 
of  light  in  rays. 

2.  The  issuing  of  intellectual  liglit;  dawn;  pro- 
phetic intimation ;  first  indication. 

Such  were  tlie  beamings  of  an  original  and  gifted  mind. 

T.  Datcts. 

BkAM'LESS,  a.    Emitting  no  rays  of  light. 
BeAM'Y,  a.  Emitting  rays  of  light ;  radiant ;  shining. 

2.  Resembling  a  beam  in  size  and  weight ;  massy. 

Vryden. 

3.  Having  horns,  or  antlers.  Dryden. 
BeAN,  11.    [Sax.  bean;  Dan.  bonne;  Sw.  bSna ;  Gr. 

TToapoi' ;  D.  ioon  ;  Ger.  bohne ;  Ch.  pDN  apun,  a  vetch. 
Q.M.  Arm.  favon;  Corn.  id. ;  W./ue7i.] 

A  name  given  to  several  kinds  of  pulse,  or  legu- 
minous seeds,  and  the  plants  producing  them.  They 
belong  to  several  genera,  particularly  Vicia,  Pha- 
seolus,  and  Dolichos.  The  varieties  most  usually 
cultivated  are,  the  horse  bean,  the  mazagan,  the 
kidney  bean,  the  cranberry  bean,  the  lima  bean,  the 
frost  bean,  &.c.  The  stalk  is  erect  or  climbing,  and 
the  fruit  roundish,  oval,  or  fiat,  and  of  various  colors. 
This  name  properly  belongs  to  the  Faba  vulgaris, 
(Vicia  Faba,  Linn.) 

Malacca-bean,  or  Jinaeardium ;  the  fruit  of  a  tree 
(Semicurpns  JInacardium)  growing  in  Malabar,  and 
other  parts  of  the  East  Indies.  This  fruit  is  of  a 
shining  black  color,  of  the  shape  of  a  heart  Hattened, 
about  an  inch  long,  terminating  at  one  end  in  an 
obtuse  point,  and  at  the  other  adhering  to  a  wrinkled 
stalk.  It  contains,  within  two  shells,  a  kernel  of  a 
sweetish  taste ;  and  betwixt  the  shells  is  lodged  a 
thick,  acrid  juice.  Ejicyc. 

BeAN'-Ca-PER,  77.  .\  plant,  a  species  of  Zygophyl- 
lum,  a  native  of  warm  climates.  Encyc. 

BeAN'-COD,  71.  A  small  fishing  vessel  or  pilot  bo.at, 
used  in  the  rivers  of  Portugal.  It  is  sharp  forward, 
having  its  stem  bent  above  into  a  great  curve,  and 
plated  with  iron.  Encvc. 

BliAN'-FED,  a.    Fed  with  beans.  S/n'i/i. 

BeAN'-FLy,  71.  A  beautiful  fiy,  of  a  pale  purple 
color,  found  on  bean  flowers,  produced  from  a  maggot 
called  mida.  Enei/c. 

BeAN'-GOOSE,  71.  A  species  of  Anas,  segetu'm,)  a 
migratory  bird,  which  arrives  in  England  in  autumn, 
and  retires  to  the  north  in  summer.  It  is  so  named 
from  the  likeness  of  the  nail  of  the  bill  to  a  horse-beau. 

Encyc. 

Bean-tree  of  America ;  a  name  given  to  the  Erythrina 
Corallodendron. 

JCidney-bean-tree ;  a  name  given  to  certain  species 
of  the  genus  Glycine. 

Binding-bean-tree ;  a  name  given  to  a  species  of  the 
genus  Mimosa. 

Bran-trefoil ;  a  popular  name  of  the  Cytisus  Labur- 
num and  Anagvris  fostida.  Earn,  of  Plants. 
BeAN'-TRE.S-S£L,  71.    A  plant. 

BEAR,  (bare,)  v.  t. ;  pret.  Bore;  pp.  Bons,  Borne. 
[Sax.  btcran,  brran,  beoran,  byran,  gebreran,  geberan, 
gcbyran,  alnrran,  abrran,  to  bear,  cairy,  bring,  sustain, 
produce,  bring  forth  ;  gehyrian,  gebyrigan,  to  per- 
tain to,  to  belong  to,  to  happen,  to  become,  or  be 
suitable  ;  answering  to  the  Latin  fero,  porta,  pario, 
and  oportro.  Hence,  probably.  Sax.  iar7i,  beam,  a 
son,  coinciding  with  born.  Goth,  bairun,  to  bear,  or 
carry  ;  gabairan,  to  bear  ;  G.  fiihren,  to  carry,  and 
gebriren,  to  bring  forth  ;  D.  heuren,  to  lift,  voeren,  to 
carry  or  bear;  baare.n,  to  bring  forth;  Sw.  bdra,  to 
carry  ;  bdra  /ram,  to  bring  forth  ;  barn,  a  son  ;  Dan. 
b<Fre,  to  carry,  bear,  produce  ;  L.  fero,  pario,  porta ; 
Gr.  0cn''i,  ifi'i/ico) ;  Sp.  and  Port,  parir,  to  bring  forth  ; 
portar,  to  carry  ;  It.  portare,  to  carry  ;  Ir.  bcaratlh, 
bririni,  to  bear  or  bring  forth,  to  tell  or  relate,  whence 
Fr.  parler ;  Russ.  beru,  to  ttike,  to  carry  ;  Sans,  bharadi, 
to  bear.  This  verb  I  sujipose  to  be  radically  the 
same  as  the  Shemitic  to  produce ;   L.  pario. 

.  The  primary  sense  is  to  throw  out,  to  bring  forth,  or 
in  general,  to  thrust  or  drive  along.  It  includes  the 
proiier  significations,  both  of  L.  fero  and  pario; 

Shemitic  mo  farah,  and  ,fari.  Hence,  proba- 

bly, Gr.  /Jiifios,  (iapvi,  and  a  great  family  of  words. 
See  Class  Br.  Nos.  15,  92,  33,  S.i.] 

1.  To  support ;  to  sustain  ;  as,  to  bear  a  weight  or 
burden. 

2.  To  carry  ;  to  convey ;  to  support  and  remove 
from  place  to  place ;  as,  they  bear  him  upon  the 
shoulder;  the  eagle  beareth  thrin  on  her  wings. 

Isainh.  Deuteronomy. 

3.  To  wear;  to  bear  as  a  mark  of  tiuthority  or  dis- 
tinction, as,  to  bear  a  sword,  a  badge,  a  name;  to 
bear  arms  in  a  coat. 

4.  To  keep  afioat ;  as,  the  water  bears  a  ship. 

.').  To  support  or  sustain  without  sinking  or  yield- 
ing ;  to  endure  ;  as,  a  man  can  bear  severe  pain  or 
calamity  ;  or  to  sustain  with  proportionate  strength, 
and  wilhoiit  injury  ;  as,  a  man  may  bear  stroiigcr 
food  or  drink. 

(!.  To  entertain  ;  to  carry  in  the  mind  ;  ns,  to  bear 
n  great  love  fur  a  friend  ;  to  bear  inveterate  hatred  to 
gaming. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MftTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BJRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK 


1% 


BEA 

7.  To  suffer ;  to  undergo  ;  as,  to  bear  piinisliment. 

8.  To  siilTer  without  rrsentincnt,  or  iiituTft-runce  to 
prevent ;  to  have  patience ;  as,  to  bear  neglect  or 
indigiiitirs. 

9.  To  admit  or  be  capable  of;  that  is,  to  suff.-r  or 
sus^tain  witliout  violence,  injury,  or  chance  ;  as,  to 
pive  words  the  most  favorable  interpretation  they 
will  bear. 

10.  'I"o  brins  forth  or  produce,  as  the  fruit  of  plants, 
or  the  yuunf;;  of  animals  ;  us,  to  bear  apples;  to  bear 
children. 

1 1.  To  give  birth  to,  or  be  the  native  place  of. 
Ilt-re  (IwpU  tlie  man  divine  whom  Sanios  tore.  Dryden. 
10.  To  piwscss  and  use  as  power  ;  to  exercise ;  as, 

13.  To  gain  or  win.  [to  bear  sway. 
Soinr  tliinlc  10  Uar  it  by  ape  ikin*  a  great  wonl.  Baton. 
[Not  now  used.    The  phrase  now  used  is,  to  bear 

14.  To  carry  on,  or  maintain  ;  to  have  ;  as,  to  bear 
a  part  iu  conversation. 

1,1.  To  show  or  e.\hibit;  to  relate  ;  as,  to  bear  tes- 
timony or  witness.  This  seems  to  imply  utterance, 
like  the  Latin /aro,  to  relate  or  utter. 

Iti.  To  sustain  the  effect,  or  be  answerable  for  ;  as, 
to  bear  the  lilnnie. 

17.  To  sustain,  as  expense;  to  supply  the  means 
of  paying  ;  as,  to  bear  the  charges,  that  is,  to  pay  Ilie 

18.  To  be  the  object  of.  [expenses. 
Let  me  but  bear  jour  love,  and  I'll  bear  yaur  cires.  [Unittual.] 

SI,aJi. 

19.  To  behave ;  to  act  in  any  character ;  as,  hath 
he  *orne  himself  penitent.'    [.Vul  iwun/.J  Sfiak. 

2).  To  remove,  or  to  endure  the  cliects  of;  and 
hence,  to  give  satisfaction  lor. 

He  iluiM  bear  ihfir  ii:i<;.:i'i.-«.  —  la.  liil.   Heb.  ix. 

To  bear  the  in/irmUies  cf  the  weali,  to  bear  one 
anotlier's  burdens,  is  to  be  charitable  toward  their 
faults,  to  sympathize  with  them,  a:id  to  aid  them  in 
distress.  Brmcn. 

To  bear  off,  is  to  restrain  ;  to  keep  from  approach  ; 
and  in  seamanship,  to  remove  to  n  distance  ;  to  keep 
clear  from  rubbing  against  any  thing  ;  as,  to  bear  off 
a  blow  ;  to  bear  off  a  boat ;  also,  to  carnj  awaij  i  as,  to 
bear  off  stolen  goods. 

To  bear  down,  is  to  impel  or  urge ;  to  overthrow  or 
crush  by  force ;  as,  to  bear  down  an  enemy. 

To  bear  down  upnn :  to  press  ;  to  overtake ;  to  make 
all  sail  to  come  up  with. 

To  bear  hard,  is  to  press  or  urge. 

Cesjr  dotli  bear  me  hai-d.  SJioJc. 

To  bear  on,  is  to  press  against ;  also,  to  caro'  for- 
ward, to  pre3.s,  incite,  or  animate. 

Confidence  hath  &orn<  thee  on.  Milton, 
To  bear  throush,  is  to  conduct  or  manage  ;  as,  to 

bear  tltroa^h  the  consulship.    B.  Jonson.    Also,  to 

maintain  or  support  to  tlie  end  ;  as,  religion  will  bear 

us  thromrh  the  evils  of  life. 

To  bear  out,  is  to  maintain  and  support  to  the  end  ; 

to  defend  to  the  last. 

Couijvmy  only  can  bear  a  ni;vn  out  in  .-xn  ill  thin*.  South. 

To  bear  up ;  to  support ;  to  keep  from  falling. 
Reli^oiis  hope  bears  up  the  mind  under  luHerings.  Addison. 
To  bear  up  ;  to  keep  afloat. 

To  bear  a  bodtj.  A  color  is  said  to  bear  a  bodij  in 
paintiuE,  when  it  is  cap.thle  of  being  ground  so  fine, 
and  mixed  so  entirely  with  the  oil,  as  to  seem  only 
a  ver>'  thick  nil  of  the  same  color.  Johngon. 

To  bear  date,  is  to  have  the  mark  of  time  when 
written  or  e.xccutcd  ;  as,  a  letter  or  bond  bears  date 
Jan.  6,  1811. 

To  bear  a  price,  is  to  have  a  certain  price.  In  com- 
mon mercantile  language,  it  often  signifies  or  implies 
to  bear  a  good  or  high  price. 

To  bear  tn  hand;  to  amuse  with  false  pretenses  ;  to 
deceive.  Bacon.    South.  Sha):. 

I  believe  this  phra.se  is  obsolete,  or  never  used  in 
America. 

To  bear  a  hand,  in  seamanship,  is  to  make  haste^  be 
BEAR,  V.  i.   To  sulTer,  as  with  pain.  [quick. 

But  in.^n  is  Ijom  to  bear.  Po/>e. 

This  is  unusual  in  prose ;  and  though  admissible,  is 
rendered  intransitive,  merely  by  the  omission  ofpain, 
or  other  word  expressive  of  evil. 

2.  To  be  patient ;  to  endure. 

I  e:>n  not,  c-m  not  bear.  Dryden. 

This  also  seems  to  be  elliptical. 

3.  To  produce,  as  fruit ;  to  be  fruitful,  in  opposition 
to  barrenness. 

Thj*  a|^  to  NoMom,  and  the  next  to  bear.  Dryden. 
Here /nut  must  be  understood. 

4.  To  press,  with  upon ;  as,  to  bear  heavily  on 
one's  spirits  ;  to  bear  bard  upon  an  antagonist. 

5.  To  take  effect ;  to  succeed  ;  as,  to  bring  matters 
to  bear,  Quardian. 

6.  To  act  in  any  character. 

InMrict  me  bow  1  may  bear  like  a  tme  friar.  [Unusual.] 

Shale. 

7.  To  be  situated  as  to  the  point  of  compass,  with 
respect  to  something  else  ;  as,  the  land  bore  E.  N.  E. 
from  the  ship. 


BEA 

8.  To  relate  or  refer  to,  with  on  or  upon  ;  as,  how 
does  this  hear  on  the  qiiestiiin 

9.  To  liuvc  weight  on  the  neck  by  the  yoke,  as 
oxen  altaclied  to  the  neap  of  a  cart. 

10.  To  convey  iiitelltgencc  ;  as,  the  letters  bore 
that  succor  was  at  haiitl.  Sir  li'.  Seuit. 

11.  T'o  bear  away,  in  navigation,  is  to  change  the 
course  of  a  ship,  when  close  hauled,  or  sailing  with 
a  side  wind,  and  make  her  run  before  the  wiod.  To 
bear  up,  is  used  in  a  like  sense,  from  the  act  of  bear- 
ing up  the  helm  to  the  windward.  Mar.  Diet. 

llence,  perhaps,  in  other  cases,  the  expression  may 
be  used  to  denote  tending  or  moving  from. 

12.  To  bear  dvton,  is  to  drive  or  tend  to  ;  to  approach 
with  a  fair  wind  ;  as,  the  fleet  bore  down  ujiun  the 
enemy. 

13.  To  bear  in,  is  to  run  or  tend  toward  ;  as,  a  ship 
bears  in  with  the  land  ;  opposed  to  bear  off,  or  keep- 
ing at  a  greater  distance. 

11.  V'o  bear  up,  is  to  tend  or  move  toward  ;  as,  to 
bear  up  to  one  another  :  ;.l  ;o,  to  be  supported  ;  to  have 
fortitude  ;  to  be  firm  ;  not  to  sink  ;  as,  to  bear  up  un- 
der alilietions. 

15.  To  bear  upon,  or  against,  is  to  lean  upon  or 
against ;  to  act  on  as  weight  or  force,  in  any  direc- 
tion, as  a  coliiiiin  upon  its  base,  or  the  sides  of  two 
inclining  objects  against  each  other. 

lii.  To  bear  against ;  to  approach  for  attack  or  seiz- 
ure ;  as,  a  lion  bears  again.U  his  prey.  Dryden. 

17.  To  bear  upon  ;  to  act  upon  ;  as, the  artillery  bore 
upnn  the  center ;  or  to  be  pointed  or  situated  so  as  to 
affect ;  as,  to  bring  or  plant  guns  so  as  to  bear  upon  a 
fort  or  a  ship. 

18.  To  bear  iriih ;  to  endure  what  is  unpleasing  ;  to 
be  indulgent ;  to  forbear  to  resent,  ojipose,  or  punish. 

Ke  i*on  would  I  should  6ear  iirith  you.  —  Acta  xviii, 
Shall  not  God  nvcn^  lus  elect,  though  he  bear  lung  with  them  t 
—  Lukf  xviii. 

nE.AR'-eLOTlI,  )  n.  A  cloth  in  which  a  new- 
UEAli'I.NG-eLOTII,  i     born  child  is  covered  when 

carried  to  church  to  be  baptized.  ShaJ,: 
BE.^K,  n.    [.Sax.  bera ;  G.    bar;  D.  beer;  Sw.  Dan. 

and  Ice.  biorn  ;  Ir.  bear;  allied,  perhaps,  to  fierce,  L. 

ferus,  fera,  or  to  barbarus.'\ 

1.  A  Willi  quadrupi;d,  of  the  genus  IJrsus.  The 
marks  of  the  genus  are,  six  fore  teeth  in  the  ujiper 
jaw,  alternately  hollow  on  the  inside  ;  and  six  in  the 
under  jaw,  the  two  lateral  ones  lobated  ;  the  dog 
teeth  are  solitary  and  conical ;  the  eyes  have  a  nic- 
titating membrane,  and  the  nose  is  prominent.  The 
arctos,  the  brown  or  black  bear  of  Europe,  has  his 
body  covered  with  long,  shaggy  hair.  Some  are 
found,  in  Tartary,  of  a  pure  white  color.  The  po- 
lar ax  white  bear,  has  a  long  head  and  neck  ;  sliort, 
round  ears  ;  the  hair  long,  sof't,  and  white,  tinged  in 
some  parts  with  yellow,  lie  grows  to  a  great  size, 
the  skins  of  some  being  13  fi^et  long.  This  hear  lives 
in  colli  climates  only,  and  frequently  swims  from  one 
isle  of  ice  to  another.  Kncyc. 

2.  The  name  of  two  constellations  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  called  the  Greater  and  Lesser  Bear.  In 
the  tail  of  tlie  Lesser  Hear  is  the  pole-star. 

Bears  and  BulLi :  cant  terms  applied  to  persons  en- 
gaged in  the  gambling  transactions  of  the  Stock  Ex- 
change. j5  bear,  is  one  wlit)  contracts  to  deliver,  at  a 
specified /if/«re  time,  stticks  which  he  does  not  own  ; 
a  bull,  is  one  who  contracts  to  take  them,  llence,  in 
the  intervening  time,  it  is  the  interest  of  the  fonner 
to  depress  stocks,  as  the  bear  pulls  down  with  his 
stnuig  paws,  and  of  the  latter  to  raise  stocks,  as  the 
bull  throws  upward  with  his  horns.  The  stock  is, 
in  fact,  never  delivered,  .and  was  never  meant  to  be. 
When  the  time  for  delivery  arrives,  the  losing  p.irty 
ptiys  the  difference  between  the  price  of  the  stock 
tlirn  and  at  tile  time  when  the  contract  was  made. 
Bl~:AU  or  IlKitE,  R.  A  kind  of  barley,  cultivated  in 
Scotland  and  the  north  of  England  ;  called,  also,  AiV, 
and  liy  some  regarded  as  a  distinct  species,  {Uordeum 
herasticlion.) 

BEAIl'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  borne ;  tolerable. 

Kd.  Rev. 

BEAR'A-BLY,  ade.    In  a  bearable  manner. 

lycstm.  Rev. 

BE.aR'-BaIT-I.XG,  n.  The  sport  of  baiting  bears  with 
docs.  Shak. 

BEaH'-BER'UY,  n.  A  medicin.al  plant;  the  Arcto- 
stapliylus  liva-ursi,  (jirbiitiui  uva-ursi.  Linn.) 

BE.^ll'-UI.N'D,  n.  A  species  of  Bind  weed  or  Convol- 
vulus ;  a  popular  name,  common  to  the  genus  Ca- 
lystegia,  (a  subdivision  of  the  Linniean  genus  Ccm- 
volviiliis,)  including  the  Convolvulus  srpiuin.  SwceL 

BEaR'-FLY,  n.    An  insecu  Bacon. 

BE.\R'-G.\R-Df;N',  n.  A  place  where  bears  are  kept 
for  diversion  or  fighting.  Hence, 
0.  A  nide,  turbulent  as.semblv. 

BE.\R'-G.\R-DE.V,  a.  Rude  ;  turbulent ;  as,  bear-gar- 
drn  sport.  Todd. 

BE.aR'-IIERD,  n.    A  man  that  tends  bears.  ShaJi. 

HE.aR'-LIKE,  n.    Resembling  a  bear.  Shak. 

BEaR'S'-BREECH,  n.  Braiik-ursiiie,  a  name  com- 
mon to  different  species  of  plants  of  the  genus  Acan- 
thus. 

BE.aR'S'-EAR,  II.  A  popular  name  of  the  Primula 
auricula. 


BEA 

BEAR'i«'-KAR  SAN'I-CLE,  n.  A  species  of  CnrtiiAi 
BEaR'S'-I'OO  r,  V.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Ilcllehor.-. 
BEaK'S'-(;KIC.\SE,  f     The  fat  of  bears,  extensively 

used  to  promote  th  growth  of  hair. 
BEAR'-SKIN,  n.    ''  he  skin  of  a  bt:ar. 

2.  A  coarse,  sirtiggy  wiKilen  cloth  for  overcoats. 
BEAR'S'-VVORT,  n.    A  plant.  iilial;. 
BEaR'-WARD.  71.    A  keeper  of  bears.  Shak. 
BE.^^R'-WtlELP,  n.    The  whelp  of  a  bear.  Shak. 
Bk.'VRI),  (beerd,)  n.    [Sax.  beard;  D.  board;  G.  and 

Dan.  bart ;  L.  baroa ;  Russ.  boroda,  the  beard  and  the 

chin.] 

1.  The  hair  that  grows  on  the  chin,  lips,  and  adja- 
cent parts  of  the  face,  chiefly  of  male  ailiills;  llence 
a  mark  of  virility.  A  gray  beard,  long  beard,  and  rev- 
erend beard,  are  terms  for  old  age. 

2.  Beard  is  sometimes  used  for  (Ac  face;  and  to  do 
a  thing  to  a  man's  beard,  is  to  do  it  in  defiaiire,  or  to 
his  face.  Johnson. 

3.  The  awn  or  sharp  prickles  on  the  ears  of  com. 
But  more  technically,  parallel  hairs,  or  a  tuft  of  stiff 
hairs  terminating  the  leaves  of  plants.  By  some  au- 
thors, the  name  is  given  to  the  lower  lip  of  a  ringcnt 
corol.  Martyn. 

4.  A  barb  or  sharp  point  of  an  arrow,  or  other  in- 
strument, bent  backward  to  prevent  its  being  easily 
drawn  out. 

5.  The  beard  or  chuck  of  a  horse,  is  that  part  which 
bears  the  curb  of  a  bridle,  underneath  the  lower  man- 
dible and  above  the  chin.       Farrier's  Diet,  Kncyc. 

(j.  The  rays  of  a  comet,  emitted  toward  that  part 
of  the  heaven  to  which  its  proper  motion  seems  to 
direct  it.  Kncije. 

7.  The  byssus  of  a  pinna,  muscle,  or  other  similar 
shell-fish,  consisting  of  fine  threads  or  hairs,  by 
which  they  fastim  themselves  to  stones.  Cije. 

The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  cills  or  respinitory 
organs  of  the  oyster  and  other  bivalves,  Brande. 

8.  Ill  inscct<,  two  small,  oblong,  fleshy  bodies, 
placed  just  above  the  trunk,  at  in  giiaLs,  moths,- 
and  butterflies.  Knaie. 

BkARD,  (beerd.)  r.  t.    To  take  by  the  beard';  to 
seize,  pluck,  or  pull  the  beard,  in  contempt  or  anger. 
2.  To  oppose  to  the  face  ;  to  set  at  defiance. 

I  have  bwn  bearded  by  boya.  More. 

BeARD'ED,  (beerd'ed,)   a.    Having  a  beard,  as  a 
man.    In  botany,  havinE  pandlel  hairs,  or  tufts  of 
hairs,  as  the  leaves  of  plants.  .Martijn. 
2.  Barbed  or  jagged,  as  an  arrow.  Dryden. 

Be.'\RD'ED,  (beerd'ed,)  pp.  Taken  by  the  beard  ;  op- 
posed to  the  face. 

Bl~;.\RD'-GRXSS,  n.  A  name  common  to  different 
species  of  grass  of  the  genus  Andropogon. 

Bl"?,ARD'I.VG,  (becrd'ing,)  ppr.  Taking  by  the  beard ; 
opposing  to  the  face. 

Bi";ARD'LESS,  (beerd'less,)  a.  '  Without  a  beard  ; 
young;  not  having  arrived  to  inanhottd.  In  botany, 
destitute  of  parallel  hairs,  or  tufts  of  hairs.  .Martini. 

BeARD'LESS-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
inir  destitute  of  beard.  Lawrence,  LecL 

BEaR'ER,  n.  [See  Bear.]  In  a  general  sense,  one 
who  boars,  sustains,  or  carries.  Hence, 

2.  One  who  carries  packages  or  letters ;  as,  a  bear- 
er of  dispatches. 

3.  One  who  carries  the  body  to  the  grave,  at  a  fu- 
neral. 

4.  One  that  wears  any  thine,  as  a  badge  or  sword. 

5.  A  tree  or  plant  that  yields  its  fruit ;  as,  a  good 
bearer. 

(j.  In  architecture,  n  post  or  brick  wall  between  the 
ends  of  a  piece  of  timber,  to  support  it.  In  general, 
any  thing  that  supports  another  thing. 

7.  In  heraldry,  a  figure  in  an  achievement,  placed 
by  tlie  side  of  a  shield,  and  seeming  to  support  it; 
generally  the  figure  of  a  beast.  The  figure  of  a  hu- 
man creature,  for  a  like  purpose,  is  called  a  tenant. 
BEaR'I.N'G,  p/ir.  Supporting  ;  carrj  inc  i  producing. 
BEAR'I.N'G,  n.  The  manner  in  which  a  person 
Acars  or  conducts  himself;  gesture;  mien;  behavior. 

1  know  lum  by  his  beftring.  ShaJt. 

2.  The  situation  of  an  object,  with  respect  to  an- 
other object,  by  which  it  is  supposed  to  have  a  con- 
nection with  it  or  influence  upon  it,  or  to  be  influ- 
enced by  it.    Hence,  relation. 

But  .)f  ttiia  frame,  the  bearings  and  the  ti-Tt.  Pope. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  distance  or  length  which  Ih^ 
ends  of  a  piece  of  timber  rest  upon,  or  are  in.scrtcd 
into,  the  wall  that  supports  it.  Bearing  of  a  timber ; 
the  space  between  the  two  fixed  extremes  of  a  piece 
of  timber,  or  between  one  extreme  and  a  siipiMirter. 

Builder's  Did. 

4.  In  navigation,  the  situation  of  a  distant  object, 
with  regard  to  a  ship's  position,  as  on  the  bow,  on 
the  lee  quarter,  &c.  The  direction  or  point  of  the 
compass  in  which  an  object  is  seen.   .Mar.  Diet. 

5.  In  heraldry,  bearings  are  the  coats  of  arms  or 
figures  of  armories,  by  which  the  nobility  and  gen- 
trj'  are  distinguished  from  common  persons.  Encyc. 

BE.tR'ISIl,  a.    Partaking  of  the  qii.aliiies  of  a  bear; 

resembling  a  hi;ar  in  temper  or  manners.  Harris. 
BEAR.V,  71.   [.Sax.  beam  ;  tloth.  barn  :  from  bear  ;  Goth. 

gabaurans,  born,] 

A  chilli.    In  Scotland,  bairn.  Shak. 


TC.NE,  BJJLL,  IJ.MTE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


107 


BE  A 


BE  A 


BEA 


BEAST,  (beest,)  n.  [Jr.  bia.st,  jiiasd;  Corn.  bSit;  D. 
hpe^t ;  L.  bestia  ;  Fr.  i/e/e,  froni  btste ;  Dan.  b(r^t^  beest  f 
W.  btpijst,  wild,  savage,  ferot  oiis.  See  Coisterous.] 

1.  Any  four-fooled  animal,  \  liicli  may  be  used  fur 
labor,  food,  or  sport;  distinguished  from  birds,  in- 
sects, fisbes,  and  man  ;  as,  beasts  of  burden,  beasts  of 
tlie  cliase,  leasts  of  tlie  forest.  It  is  usually  applied 
to  large  animals. 

2.  Opposed  to  man,  it  signifies  any  irrational  ani- 
mal ;  as,  in  the  phrase  "  man  and  beast."  So,  wild 
beast. 

3.  Figuratively,  a  brutal  man  ;  a  person  rude,  coarse, 
filthy,  or  acting  in  a  manner  unworthy  of  a  rational 
creature.  Juhnson. 

4.  A  game  at  cards.    Hence,  to  beast.  Eucyc. 
Br.AST'ISH,  a.    Like  a  bea«t  ;  brutal. 
BeAST'-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  beast ;  brutal. 

Titus  .^ndroniens. 

BEAST'Lt-NESS,  n.  [from  beastly.]  Brutality; 
coarseness ;  vulgarity ;  filthiness ;  a  practice  con- 
trary to  the  rules  of  humanity. 

BEAST'LY,  a.    Like  a  beast ;  brutal ;  coarse  ;  filthy  ; 
contrary  to  the  nature  and  dignity  of  man. 
9.  Having  the  form  and  nature  of  a  beast.  Prior. 

BicAT,  (beet,)  v.  t.  pret.  Beat  ;  pp.  Beat,  Beaten.  [Sax. 
bcatan,  gebeofan,  to  beat,  srebraten,  beaten  ;  W.  bcezu  ; 
Fr.  battre,  or  batre ;  Sp.  batir Port,  bater ;  It.  battere ;  L. 

batiw ;  Kuss.  botayit ;  Ar.  liA^i  hhabata,  and 

kabata;  Heb.  Cb.  Syr.  U^n,  AnSat.  Perliaps,  Hindoo, 
pate,  to  kill  ;  .Burmaii,  potxii,  id.  ;  as  we  say,  to  smite 
and  to  slay.  Hence,  the  oirpata,  nian-kiilers,  in 
Herodotus.    Class  Bd,  Nos.  20,  23,  33.    See  Abate.] 

1.  To  strike  repeatedly  ;  to  lay  on  repeated  blows 
with  a  stick,  with  the  hand  or  fist,  or  with  any 
instrument,  and  for  any  cause,  just  or  unjust,  or  for 
punishment.    Luke  .\ii.    Deut.  xxv. 

2.  To  strike  an  instrument  of  music  ;  to  play  on, 
as  a  drum.  Slial;. 

3.  To  break,  bruise,  comminute,  or  pulverize  by 
beating  or  pounding,  as  p-pjier  or  spices.    E\.  xx.x. 

4.  To  cxti'iul  by  li:';itiiii:,  as  gold  or  othrr  malleable 
substance ;  or  to  hammer  into  any  form ;  to  forge. 
E.\.  xxxix. 

5.  To  strike  bushes;  to  shake  by  beating,  or  to 
make  a  noise  to  rouse  game.  Prior. 

6.  To  thresh  ;  to  force  out  corn  from  the  husk  by 
blows.  Rutli. 

7.  To  break,  mix,  or  agitate  by  beating  ;  as,  to  beat 
an  egg  with  any  other  thir.g.  Boyle. 

8.  To  dash  or  strike,  as  water ;  to  strike  or  brush, 
as  wind.  Milton. 

9.  To  tread,  as  a  path.  BlaeUmore. 

10.  To  overcome  in  a  battle,  contest,  or  strife ;  to 
vanquish  or  conquer ;  as,  one  beats  another  at  play. 

Pyrrhiis  beat  the  Carlhawiniaiis  at  sea.  ArbuOinot. 

11.  To  harass;  to  e.xercise  severely;  to  overlabor; 
as,  to  beat  the  brains  about  logic.  Ilakcwdl. 

To  beat  down;  to  break,  destroy,  throw  down,  by 
beating  or  battering,  as  a  wall. 

Also,  to  press  down  or  lay  flat,  as  by  treading,  by 
a  current  of  water,  by  violent  wind,  fee.  Shak. 

Also,  to  lower  the  price  by  importunity  or  argument. 

Also,  to  depress  or  crush  ;  as,  to  6pa(</aw«  opposition. 

Also,  to  sink  or  lessen  the  price  or  value. 

tJKury  benlx  doion  llie  pric"  of  land.  Bacon. 

To  beat  baek :  to  compel  to  retire  or  return. 
To  beat  into;  to  teach  or  instill,  by  repetition  of  in- 
stniction. 

To  beat  vp  ;  to  attack  suddenly  ;  to  alarm  or  dis- 
turb ;  as,  to  beat  vp  an  enemy's  quarters. 

To  beat  the  wing ;  to  tlulter ;  to  move  with  flutter- 
ing agitation. 

To  beat  off;  to  repel  or  drive  back. 

To  beat  Hie  hoof;  to  walk  ;  to  go  on  foot. 

'To  brat  time ;  to  measure  or  regulate  time  in  music 
by  the  motion  of  the  hand  or  foot. 

In  tlie  menaire,  a  horse  beats  the  dust,  wlum  at  each 
motion  he  does  not  take  in  ground  enough  with  his 
fore  legs  ;  and  at  curvets,  when  he  does  them  too 
precipitately,  or  too  low.  lie  beats  upon  a  walk,  when 
lie  walks  too  short.  F.iicye. 

To  beat  out;  to  extend  by  hammering.    In  popular 
use,  to  be  beat  (ml,  is  to  be  cxtremi'ly  fatigued  ;  to 
have  the  strength  exhausted  by  labor  or  exi^rlion. 
ilP.AT,  r.  i.    'I'o  move  with  pulsation  ;  as,  the  pulse 
beats  :  or  to  Ihriib  ;  as,  tin;  heart  beats. 

2.  To  dash  witli  forc<;,  as  a  storm,  flood,  passion, 
&c.  ;  ns,  the  tein|)est  benn  against  the  house. 

3.  To  knock  at  a  iloor.    Judges  xix. 

4.  To  Murtiiale  ;  lo  be  in  agitation.  Shak. 
To  beat  about ;  to  try  to  find  ;  lo  search  by  various 

means  or  ways.  Jlddison. 
To  beat  upon  ;  to  act  upon  with  viol<?nce.  ,/onali. 
AIho,  to  speak  frcipicfntly  ;  to  (enforce  by  repetition. 

Jloolcer, 

'/  '  beat  up  for  soldicrH,  in  to  go  about  to  enlisl  men 
into  >..■•  nrmy. 

In  /tea  -  unship,  to  beat,  is  to  make  progress  against 
the  (lirccli.  i.  of  the  wind,  by  aailini;  in  a  /.ig/.ng  line 
or  lravcr»e.  JUar.  IJict. 


With  hunters,  a  stag  beats  up  and  down,  when  he 
runs  first  one  way  and  then  another.  Eueye. 
Beat,  7!.    A  stroke  ;  a  striking  ;  a  blow,  whether 
with  the  hand  or  with  a  weapon. 

2.  A  recurring  stroke  ;  a  pulsation  ;  as,  the  beat  of 
the  pulse. 

3.  The  rise  or  fall  of  the  hand  or  foot,  in  regulating 
the  divisions  of  time  in  music. 

4.  A  transient  grace-note  in  music,  struck  imme- 
diately before  the  note  it  is  intended  to  ornament. 

Busby. 

5.  A  round  or  course,  fl'hich  is  frequently  gone 
over ;  as,  a  watchman's  beat.  Hence, 

6.  A  place  of  habitual  or  frequent  resort. 

In  the  wilitary  art,  the  brat  of  drum,  is  a  succession 
of  strokes  varied,  in  different  ways,  for  particular 
purposes,  as  lo  regulate  a  march,  to  call  soldiers 
to  their  aims  or  quarters,  to  direct  an  atuick,  or 
retreat,  &c. 

The  beat  of  a  watch  or  clock,  is  the  stroke  made 
by  the  fangs  or  pallets  of  the  spindle  of  the  balance, 
or  of  the  pads  in  a  royal  pendulum.  Eueye. 
Beat,  )  pp.  Struck ;  dashed  against ;  pressed 
BisAT'iJN,  i  or  laid  down  ;  hammered  ;  pounded  ; 
vanquished  ;  made  smooth  by  treading  ;  worn  by 
use  ;  tracked. 

BeAT'ER,  n.  One  who  beats,  or  strikes  ;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  hammer  metals. 

9.  An  instrument  for  pounding,  or  comminuting 
substances. 

BeAT'ER-UP,  71.  One  who  beats  for  game ;  a  sports- 
vtau'^s  term,  Butler. 

BEATK,  V.  L    To  bathe.    [JVot  in  use.]  .S/icnsfr. 

BE-A-TIF'ie,       j  a.    [L.  beatiu^,  blessed,  from  beo, 

BE-A-TIF'IC-AL,  i  lo  bless,  and  facio,  to  make. 
See  Beatifv.] 

That  has  the  power  to  bless  or  make  happy,  or  the 
power  to  complete  blissful  enjoyment ;  used  only  of 
heavenly  fruition  after  death  ;  as,  beatijic  vision. 

Milton. 

EE-A-TIF'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  lo 

complete  happiness. 
BE-AT-I-FI-€a'TION,  ji.  In  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  an  act  of  the  pope  by  which  he  declares  a 
person  beatified  or  blessed  after  death.  This  is  the 
first  step  toward  canonization,  or  the  raising  of  one 
to  the  dignity  of  a  saint.  No  person  can  be  beatified 
till  50  years  after  his  death.  All  certificates  or  at- 
testations of  his  virtues  and  miracles  are  examined 
by  the  congregation  of  rites,  and  this  examination 
continues  often  for  years;  after  which  his  holiness 
decrees  the  beatification,  and  the  corpse  and  relics  of 
the  intended  saint  are  exposed  to  the  veneration  of 
all  good  Christians.  Encye. 
BE-AT'I-FY,  v.  t.  [L.  beatus,  happy,  from  beo,  to 
bless,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  happy;  to  bless  with  the  completion 
of  celestial  enjoyment. 

9.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  to  declare  by  a 
decree  or  public  act,  that  a  person  is  received  into 
heaven,  and  is  to  be  reverenced  as  blessed,  though 
not  canonized. 
BeAT'ING,  ppr.  Laying  on  blows;  striking;  dash- 
ing against;  conquering;  pounding;  sailing  against 
the  direction  of  the  wind,  itc. 
BeAT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  striking  or  giving  blows; 
punishment  or  chastisement  by  blows;  conquering; 
sailing  against  the  direction  of  tlit*  wind. 

The  beating  of  flax  and  hemp  is  an  operation  which 
renders  them  more  soft  and  pliable.  For  this  purpose, 
they  are  made  into  rolls  and  laid  in  a  trough,  where 
they  are  beaf.  tili  no  roughness  or  hardness  can  be 
felt.  Encye. 

In  book-binding,  beating  is  performed  by  laying  the 
book  in  quires,  or  sheets  folded,  on  a  block,  aud 
beating  it  with  a  heavy,  broad-faced  hammer.  On 
this  operation,  or  the  heavy  pressure  now  employed 
as  a  substitute,  the  elegance  of  the  binding  and  the 
easy  opening  of  the  book  much  depend.  Encye. 

Beating  the  wind,  was  a  practice  in  the  ancient 
trial  by  combat.  If  one  of  the  combatants  did  not 
appear  on  the  field,  the  other  was  to  beat  t/ie  irind, 
by  making  flourishes  with  his  weapons;  by  which 
he  was  entitled  to  the  advantages  of  a  conqueror. 

Beatings,  or  beats,  in  music,  the  regular  pulsative 
swellings  of  sound,  produced  in  an  organ  by  pipes  of 
the  same  key,  when  not  in  unison,  and  theii  vibra- 
tions not  simultaneous  or  coincident.  Busby. 

'I'his  phcnomentm  occurs  in  stringed  as  well  as 
wind  instrumenUs,  whi  ii  sounding  together,  nearly 
but  not  exactly  in  perfect  tune.  Cyc. 
BE-AT'I-TU1)E,  71.    [L.  beutitudo,  from  Acadw,  beo. 
See  Beatift.] 

1.  Blessedness;  felicity  of  the  highest  kind;  con- 
summate bliss  ;  used  of  the  joys  of  heaven. 

2.  The  declaration  of  blessedness  made  by  our 
Savior  to  particular  virtues. 

BEAU,  (bo,)  71.  (  ;)/.  Bkaux,  (bo/.e.)  [Fr.  Jcoii,  con- 
tracted from  ftc/ ;  L.bcLlus:  Sp.  and  It.  ic/io,  fine,  giiy, 
handsome.] 

A  man  of  dress  ;  a  fine,  gay  man  ;  one  whose  great 
care  is  to  deck  his  [ler.son.    In  familiar  language,  a. 
man  who  ntlimds  a  ladv. 
JJ/';.4t/  ;-Wyi'./J/,,  (bo  i-de'al,)  71.    [Fr.]    A  conception 


or  image  of  consummate  beauty,  formed  in  the  mind, 
free  from  all  the  deformities,  defects,  and  blemishes, 
which  nature  exhibits. 

BEAU'ISII,  (ho'ish,)  n.    Like  a  beau  ;  foppish  ;  fine. 

BEjiU  MOJ^DE',  (bo-mond',)  7t.  [Fr.  beau,  fine,  and 
monde,  ^\'orld.] 

The  fashionable  world ;  people  of  fashion  and 
gayely.  Prior. 

BEAO'TE-OUS,  (bu'te-ous,)  a.  [See  Beauty.]  Very 
fair;  elegant  inform;  pleasing  to  the  sight;  beauti- 
ful ;  very  handsome.  It  expresses  a  greater  degree 
of  beautv  than  handsome,  and  is  chiefly  used  in  poetry. 

BEACi'TE4JU.S-LY,  (bu'te-ous-ly,)  ado.  In  a  beaute- 
ous manner ;  in  a  manner  pleasing  to  the  sight ;  beau- 
tifully. 

BEAu'TE-OUS^NESS,  (bu'te-ous-ness,)  ti.  The  state 

or  quality  of  being  beauteous  ;  beauty. 
BEAu'TI-FI-J;D,  (bu'ti-flde,)  pp.    Adorned  ;  made 

beautiful. 

BEAO'Tl-FI-ER,  (bu'ti-f I-er,)  n.    He  or  that  which 

makes  h^-autiful. 
BEAU'TI-FUL,  (bu'ti-ful,)  a.    [beauty  and  full] 

1.  Elegant  in  form ;  fair ;  having  the  form  that 
pleases  llie  eye.   It  expresses  more  than  liand^ome. 

A  beauti/nt  woman  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  objects  in  all  na- 
ture's works.  Anon. 

A  cirf.!''  is  more  beautiful  tlian  a  squaje ;  a  square  is  more  beau- 
tiful than  a  parallelogram.  Lord  Karnes. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  which  constitute  beauty, 
or  that  which  pleases  the  senses  other  than  the  sight ; 
as,  a  beautiful  souisd.  Encye. 

BE.'Vu'TI-FUL-LY,  (bu'ti-ful-ly,)  adv.  In  a  beautiful 
manner. 

BEAO'TI-FUL-NESS,  (bu'ti-ful-ness,)  71.  Elegance 
of  form  ;  beauty  ;  the  quality  of  being  beautiful. 

BE.\U'TI-F'?,  (bu'ti-f)-,)  v.  t.    [beauty  aud  L.  facio.] 
To  make  or  render  beautiful ;  to  adorn  ;  to  deck  ; 
to  grace  ;  to  add  beauty  to  ;  to  embellish.  Hayward. 

BEAC'TI-FV,  (hu'ti-fy,)  v.  i.  To  become  beautiful  ; 
to  advance  in  beauty.  Mdisun. 

BEAu'TI-FV-ING,  (bu'ti-fj-ing,)  ppr.  Adorning;  em- 
bellishing. 

BEAu'TI-LESS,  (bu'ti-less,)  a.    Destitute  of  beauty. 

JIainmond. 

BEAu'TY,  (bu'ty,)  71.  [Fr.  beauti,  from  bcaiu  See 
Beau.] 

1.  An  assemblage  of  graces,  or  an  assemblage  of 
properties  in  the  form  of  the  person  or  any  other  ob- 
ject \^'hich  pleases  the  eye.  In  the  person,  due  prt>- 
portion  or  symmetry  of  parts  constitutes  the  most  es- 
sential property  to  which  we  annex  the  term  beauty. 
In  the  face,  the  regularity  and  symmetry  of  the  fea- 
tures, the  color  of  the  skin,  the  expression  of  the  eye, 
are  among  the  principal  properties  which  constitute 
beauty.  But  as  it  is  hardly  possible  to  define  all  the  1 
properties  which  constitute  beauty,  we  may  observe 
in  general,  that  beauty  consists  in  whatever  pleases 
the  eye  of  the  beholder,  whether  in  the  human  body, 
in  a  tree,  in  a  landscape,  or  in  any  other  object. 

Beauty  is  intrinsic,  and  perceived  by  the  eye  at  first 
view,  or  relative,  to  perceive  which,  the  aid  of  the 
understanding  and  reflection  is  requisite.  Thus  the 
beauty  of  a  machine  is  not  perceived  till  we  under- 
stand its  uses,  and  adaptation  to  its  purpose.  This 
is  called  the  beauty  of  utility.  By  an  easy  transition, 
the  word  beauty  is  used  to  express  what  is  pleasing 
to  the  other  senses,  or  to  the  understanding.  Thus 
we  say,  the  beauty  of  a  thought,  of  a  remark,  of 
sound,  &c. 


.So  benulij.  amied  with  virtue,  bows  the  soul 
With  a  commanding,  but  a  sweet  control. 


Percival. 


2.  A  particular  grace,  feature,  or  ornament ;  any 
particular  thing  which  is  beautiful  and  pleasing ;  as, 
the  bcuuties  of  nature. 

3.  A  particular  excellence,  or  a  part  which  sur- 
passes ill  excellence  that  with  which  it  is  united  ; 
as,  the  beauties  of  an  author. 

4.  A  beautiful  person.  In  Scripture,  the  chief  dig- 
nity or  orntimenl.   2  Sam.  i. 

5.  In  the  arts,  symmetry  of  parts  ;  harmony  ;  just- 
ness of  composition.  Eueye. 

ti.  Joy  and  gladness.  Is.  Ixi.  Order ;  prosperity ; 
peace  ;  "holiness.    Ezek.  xvi. 

BEAu'TY,  (bu'ty,)  t>.  t.  To  adorn  ;  to  beautify  or  em- 
bellish.   [Obs.]  Shak. 

BEAO'TY-Sl'oT,  (bu'ty-spot,)  71.  A  patch  ;  a  foil ;  a 
spot  placed  tm  the  face"  to  heighten  beauty. 

BEAO'TY-WaN'INO,  a.    Declining  in  beauty.  Shale 

BeA'VEK,  (bc'ver,)  ji.  [Sax.  befor,  biofur;  Fr.  biiere ; 
'L. fiber;  Ir.  bcabhar;  Sw.  bafwcr;  Dan.  bovver;  Ger. 
1  o 

biber;  A  bever ;  Russ.  bobr;  Pers.^XJ  babir.] 

1.  An  amphibious  quadruped,  of  the  genus  Castor. 
It  has  short  ears,  a  blunt  nose,  small  fore  feet,  large 
hind  feet,  with  a  flat,  ovate  tail.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  ingenuity  in  constructing  its  lodges  or  habitations, 
anil  frtun  this  animal  is  obtained  the  castor  of  the 
shops,  which  is  taken  from  cods  or  bags  in  the  groin. 
Its  fur,  which  is  nu>slly  of  a  chestnut  brown,  is  the 
material  of  the  best  hais. 

2.  The  fur  of  the  beaver,  or  a  hat  matle  of  the  fur. 

3.  Part  of  a  helmet  covering  the  face,  made  jointed, 


t'XTB,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

__  __ 


BEC 


BED 


BED 


so  tlmt  the  wparer  could  raise  it  to  drink  ;  hence  its 
name,  from  Old  Fr.  bevrr,  to  drinlc.  Booth. 
BEA'V'EK-i'U,  a.    Covered  with  or  wearing  a  beaver. 

Pope, 

IlKA'VER-TEEN,  n.    A  species  of  fustian  cloth. 
BE-HLKED',  V.  L    [be  and  bleed.]    To  make  bloody. 

fO«<.]  Chaucer. 
nE-BLOOn',    )v.L  [ie  and  Wood.]  To  make  bloody. 
BE-BLOon'V,  i     [Ois.l  Sheldon, 
UE-BLOT',  5.  (.  [be  and  btoW]  To  blot :  to  stain.  [  Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

BE-BLUB'BER-KD,  a.     [be  and  blubber.]     Foul  or 
swilled  with  weepinj;.  S'lellon. 

BE€-A-FI'eO,  n.    [It.  *rec/i/i«o,  from  the  root  of  pica, 
peek,  brck,  and  Jico,  a  flj;.    See  Beak.] 

A  fis-pecker ;  a  bird  like  a  nightingale,  which  feeds 
on  figs  and  gnipes.  Johnson.    Prior.  Bailey. 

Tliu  term  beccnfico  is  applied  by  the  Italians  to  dif- 
ferent species  of  small  birds  of  the  genus  Sylvia, 
when  in  a  condition  for  the  table.  P.  Cue. 

BE-e.^I.M',  (be-cam',)  r.  f.  [ftc  and  ca?m.  See  Calm.] 

1.  'I'o  still ;  to  make  quiet ;  to  appease ;  to  stop  or 
rejiress  motion  in  a  body  ;  used  of  the  elements  and 
of  the  p.issious  ;  as,  to  bcealm  the  ocean,  or  the  mind. 
But  culm  is  generally  used. 

2.  To  keep  from  motion  by  intercepting  the  current 
oCwind  ;  as,  high  lands  becalm  a  ship. 

BE-e.\L.\r£D,  (be-cilmd',)  pp.  or  a.    Quieted;  ap- 
peased. 

2.  a.  Hindered  from  motion  or  progress  by  a  calm  ; 
as,  a  ship  becalmed. 
BE-exL.M'I.\(;,  (bi?-c.lm'ing,)  ppr.  Appeasing;  keep- 
ing from  motion  or  progress. 
BE-exLM'ING,  (be-cim'ing,)  n.    A  calm  at  sea. 

Herbert. 

^    IVE-CaME',  pret.  of  Become.    Pee  Become. 

BE-CAL'lf  E',  (:i  C(mi|Kiund  word.)    [Sa.\.  4c ;  Eng. 
i       and  eaiwic.    See  By  and  Cause.] 
1  By  c.iuse,  or  by  the  cause;  on  this  account;  for 

the  cause  which  is  e.xplained  in  the  next  proposition  ; 
I       for  the  reason  next  explained.    Thus,  I  tied,  because 
I  was  afraid,  is  to  be  thus  resolved  ;  I  fled,  bij  tlie 
caiLse,  for  the  cause,  which  is  mentioned  in  the  next 
'       alfimiation,  viz.,  I  was  afraid.    Hence,  cause  being  a 
noun,  because  may  be  regularly  followed  by  of. 
The  •piril  i»  lir.-,  becaute  of  rigiitpoiisncss.  —  Rom.  viii. 
liecauge  0/  Uirs^  Uiiii^  coiiicth  ihe  wrath  of  G«tl  upon  (he 
chiktrcn  ot  disobrdicnu;.  —  Eph.  v. 
BEe-€.\-BUN"GA,  71.  [G.  iacA,  a  brook,  and  Junn-a, 
a  basket  for  catching  fish.] 
!  Brooklime  sjwedwell  ;  Veronica  beccabunga  ;  a 

°    European  plant,  common  in  ditches  and  shallow 
streams. 

BECH'.V-MEL,  71.  A  kind  of  fine,  white  broth,  or 
sauce,  thickened  with  cream.  Coolnj. 

BE-CIIX.\CE',  i\  i.  [be,  by,  and  cAaiicc]  To  befall ; 
to  happen  to.  SItal:. 

BE-CHXRM',  r.  t.  [be  and  cAarm.]  To  charm  ;  to  cap- 
tivate. Beaum.  !f  FL 

BE'Cme,  71.    [Or.  ffrixma,  from  iinl,  a  cough.] 

A  medicine  for  relieving  coughs,  synonymous  with 
pectoral,  which  is  now  the  term  mostly  used. 

Quincy. 

BECK,  >i.  A  small  brook.  Oratj.  This  word.  Sax. 
4ecc,  Ger.  4acA,  D.  beck,  Dan.  birk,  Sw.  back.  Per. 
o  ^ 

bakh,  a  brook  or  ri\nilct,  is  found  in  the  Ir.  Ar. 

Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Heb.  and  Eth.,  in  the  sense  of flmmng, 
as  tears,  weeping.  Gen.  xxxii.  5H.  It  is  obsolete  in 
English,  but  is  found  in  the  names  of  towns  situated 
near  streams,  as  in  H'albeck ;  but  is  more  frequent  in 
names  on  the  Continent,  as  in  Oriesbach,  &c. 
BECK,  n.  [Sax.  bracn,  a  sign  ;  bcaenian,  bycnian,  to 
beckon.  The  Sw.  pcka,  Dan.  pege,  signifies  to  point 
with  the  finger.] 

A  nod  of  the  head  ;  a  signific.int  noil,  or  a  motion 
of  the  hand,  intended  to  he  understood  by  some  per- 
son ^  especially  as  a  sign  of  command. 
BECK,  r.  I.    To  nod,  or  make  a  sign  with  the  head  or 
h.ind. 

BECK,  r.  L  To  c.ill  by  a  nod  ;  to  intimate  a  command 
to  ;  to  notify  bv  a  motion  of  the  head  or  hand.  Shak. 
BECK'£D,  (bekt,)  pp.    Called  or  notified  by  a  nod  or 

a  motion  of  the  hand. 
BECK'ET,  71.    A  thing  used  in  ships  to  confine  loose 
ropes,  tackles,  or  spars,  as  a  large  hook,  a  rope  with 
an  eye  at  one  end,  or  a  wooden  bracket.    Mar.  DicL 
BECK'ING,  ppr.    Nodding  significantly ;  directing  by 

a  nod  or  motion  of  the  hand. 
BECK'O.N,  (bek'n,)  r.  L    [See  Beck.]    To  make  a 
sign  to  another,  by  nodding,  winking,  or  a  motion 
of  the  hand  or  nngcr,  &c.,  intended  as  a  hint  or  in- 
timation.   Acts  xix. 
BECK'O.V,  (bek'n,)  v.  L   To  make  a  significant  sign 

to.  Dryden. 
BECK' ON,  71.   A  sign  made  without  words. 

Bolingbroke. 
BECK' ON- KD,  pp.    Having  a  sign  made  to. 
BECK' ON-ING,  ppr.    Making  a  significant  sign  as  a 
hint. 

BE-CLIP',  r.  (.    [Sax.  bedtrppan.] 

To  embrace.    [Aot  i;i  use]  Wieklifft. 


BEl-eLOUD',  V.  U  [See  Cloud.]  To  cloud  ;  to  ob- 
scure ;  to  dim.  Sidney. 

BE-CLOUD'EB,  pp.    Clouded  ;  darkened. 

BE-CLOtJD'l.NG,  ppr.  Overspreading  with  clouds  ; 
obscurini;. 

BE-COME',  (tie-kum',)  r.  i.;pret.  Beoame  ;  pp.  Become. 
[Sax.  brcuman,Ui  fall  out  or  happen;  D.  brkoomrn; 
G.  bckommen,  to  get  or  obtain  ;  Sw.  bekomma  :  Dan. 
bekummc,  to  obtain  ;  be  and  come.  The  Sax.  be  is  the 
Eng.  bij.  These  signific-iticms  differ  from  the  sense 
in  English.  But  the  sense  is,  to  come  to,  to  arrive,  to 
re.ich,  to  fall  or  pass  to.  [See  Come.]  Hence  the 
sense  of  suiting,  agreeing  wilh.  In  Sax.  cuman, 
Goth,  kitiman,  is  to  come  ;  and  Sax.  cweman  is  to 
please,  that  is,  to  suit  or  be  agreeable.] 

1.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another ;  to  enter  into 
some  state  or  condition,  by  a  change  from  another 
state  or  condition,  or  by  assuming  or  receiving  new 
properties  or  qualities,  additional  matter,  or  a  new 
character  ;  as,  a  cion  becomes  a  tree. 

Tlw  Irf>nl  Gotl  bn*;\tlicd  into  liia  iioalHIs  Oic  bn-ath  of  life,  and 

in;\ii  heeame  ii  living  •oiil.  — fim.  ii. 
To  llie  J.r\vs  I  becaint  n8  a  Jt*v»*.  —  1  Cor.  ix. 

2.  To  become  nf  nsii.iUy  with  what  preceding  ;  to 
be  the  fate  of;  to  be  the  end  of;  to  be  the  fiiKil  or 
subsequent  condition  ;  as,  what  will  become  of  our 
commerce    ichat  will  become  o/us 

In  the  present  ti  nse,  it  applies  to  place  as  well  as 
condition.  What  li:is  become  of  my  friend  ?  that  is, 
where  is  he ;  as  well  as,  what  is  his  condition  ; 
Where  ii  Ac  become  ?  used  by  Shakspeare  and  .Spenser, 
is  obsolete  ;  but  this  is  the  sense  in  Saxon,  where 
has  he  fallen 

BE-CO.ME',  r.  t.  In  penenil,  to  suit  or  be  suitable  ;  to 
be  congruous  ;  to  befit ;  to  accord  with,  in  character 
or  circumstances  ;  to  be  worthy  of,  decent,  or  proper. 
It  is  used  in  the  same  sense  applied  to  persons  or 
tilings. 

If  1  btcome  not  a  c;irt  as  wll  .n  anotbT  man.  Shak. 

This  use  of  the  word,  however,  is  less  frequent,  the 
verb  usually  expressing  the  suitableness  of  tilings  to 
persons  or  to  other  things;  as,  a  robe  becomes  a 
prince. 

It  beeomea  me  so  to  speak  of  an  excellent  poet.  Dryden. 
BE-CO.M'ING,  ppr.  or  a.,  but  used  rarely  or  never  ex- 
cept as  an  adjective.  Fit ;  suitable  ;  congruous  ; 
proper ;  graceful ;  belonging  to  the  character,  or 
adapted  to  circumstances ;  as,  he  speaks  wilh  4c- 
coming  boldness  ;  a  dress  is  very  becoming. 

Some  writers  formerly  used  oy  alter  this  word. 

Such  discourses  as  are  becoming  of  thorn.  Drylcn. 

But  this  use  is  inelegant  or  improper. 
BF--eO.M'I.\G,  a.    Orntimeiit.    [04.«.]  Shak. 
BE-CO.M'ING-LY,  adc.    After  a  becoming  or  proper 
manner. 

BE-eO.M'ING-NESS,  n.  Fitness ;  congniity  ;  pro- 
priety ;  decency  ;  gracefulness  arising  from  fitness. 

Oreic. 

BE-€RIP'PLE,  1'.  f.    [See  Cripple.]    To  make  lame; 

to  cripple.    [Little  used.] 
BE-eURL',  r.  r.    To  curl.    [.Vot  used.] 
BED,  71.    [Sax.  4c(; ;  D.  bed :  G.  belt  or  4cc( ;  Goth.  4arfi". 

The  sense  is  a  lay  or  spread,  from  laying  or  setting.] 

1.  A  pl.ace  or  an  article  of  furniture  to  sleep  antl 
take  rest  on  ;  in  motlern  times,  and  among  civilized 
men,  a  s.ack  or  tick  filled  with  feathers  or  wool ;  but 
a  bed  may  be  made  of  straw  or  any  other  materials. 
The  worii  4c<i  includes  often  the  bctlstead. 

2.  Lodging;  a  convenient  pl.ice  for  sleep. 

3.  Marriage  ;  matrimonial  connection. 

Geor^,  tlte  eldoat  son  of  his  second  bed.  Clarendon. 

4.  A  plat  or  level  piece  of  ground  in  a  garden, 
usually  a  little  raised  above  the  adjoining  ground. 

Baean. 

5.  The  channel  of  a  river,  orthat  part  in  which  the 
w.iter  usually  flows.  .Milton. 

6.  .\ny  hollow  place,  especially  in  the  arts  ;  a  hol- 
low pl.tcc  in  which  any  thing  rests ;  as,  the  4c<i  of  a 
mortar. 

7.  A  layer ;  a  stratum  ;  an  extended  mass  of  any 
thing,  whi  tlicr  upon  the  earth  or  within  it;  as,  a  bed 
of  sulphur ;  a  ied  of  sand  or  clay. 

8.  Pain ;  torment.  Rev.  ii.  The  grave.  Is.  Ivii. 
The  lawful  use  of  wedlock.  Heb.  xiii. 

The  4f<f  of  the  carriage  of  a  gun,  is  a  thick  plank 
which  lies  under  the  piece,  being,  as  it  were,  Ihe 
body  of  the  carriage. 

The  bed  of  a  inort.ar  is  a  solid  piece  of  oak,  hollow 
in  the  middle,  to  receive  the  breech  and  half  the 
trunnions. 

In  iTiaj-onry,  bed  is  a  range  of  stones,  and  the  joint 
of  the  bed  is  the  mortar  between  the  two  stones 
placed  one  over  the  other.  F.neye. 

Bed  of  justice,  \n  France.  The  king  was  said  fo 
*o/<f  a  4fd  of  justice,  when,  going  in  person  to  a  re- 
fracttirj-  p.arliament,  and,  sealed  on  his  throne,  (called 
lit,  bed,)  he  caused  his  decrees  to  be  registered. 

Brande. 

To  make  a  bed,  is  to  put  it  in  order  after  it  has  been 
used. 

To  bring  to  bed,  to  deliver  of  a  child,  is  rarely  used. 
I     But  in  the  passive  form,  to  be  brought  to  bed,  that  is. 


to  be  dclirrred  of  a  child,  is  common.  It  is  often  fol- 
lowed by  of;  as,  to  be  brought  to  Ind  of  a  son. 

To  put  to  bed.  in  midir{fery,  is  to  deliver  of  a  child. 

Dining  bed,  or  discubitory  bed  ;  among  the  ancienti, 
a  bed  on  which  persons  lay  at  meals.  It  w:ls  four 
or  five  ft;et  high,  and  would  hold  three  or  four  |>er- 
sons.  Three  of  these  beds  were  ranged  by  a  sipiare 
table,  one  side  of  the  table  being  left  ofH-ii,  antl  ac- 
cessible to  the  waiters.  Hence  the  L.itin  name  for 
the  table  and  the  room,  triclinium,  or  three  beds. 

F.neye. 

From  bed  and  board.  In  laic,  a  separatitin  of  man 
and  wife,  without  dissolving  the  bauds  of  iiiatri- 
niimy,  is  called  a  separation  from  4i/«r</  anif  4fi/,  a 
mensa  et  toro.  In  this  catte  the  wife  hxs  a  suitable 
maintenance  allotted  to  her  out  of  tlie  husband's 


esttite,  called  alimony.  Blaekstune, 

BED,  r.  t.    To  place  in  a  bed.  Bacon. 

2.  To  go  Iti  bed  with.    [UnusuaL.]  Shak. 

3.  To  make  partaker  of  the  bed.  Bacon, 


4.  To  plant  and  inclose  or  cover ;  to  set  or  lay  and 
inclose  ;  as,  to  4c£Z  the  roots  of  a  plant  in  soft  mold. 

.5.  To  lay  in  any  hollow  place,  surrounded  or  in- 
closed ;  as,  to  4c(/  a  stone. 

1).  To  lay  ill  »  place  of  rest  or  security,  covered, 
surrounded,  or  inclo.sed  ;  as,  a  fish  bedded  in  sand,  or 
under  a  leink. 

7.  To  lay  in  a  stratum  ;  to  stratify  ;  to  lay  in  order, 
or  flat ;  as,  bedded  clay,  beibled  hairs.  i^iak. 
BED,  V.  i.    To  cohabit ';  to  use  the  same  bed. 

If  he  be  marrk.d,  and  bed  with  bis  wife.  }Vieeman. 
BE-DAB'BLE,  r.  t.  [be  and  daibU.]     To  wet;  to 
sprinkle. 

Betlohb'.ed  with  tb-  dew.  Shak, 
BE-DAB'BLfrD,  pp.    Wet;  snnnkled. 
Hf^DAIi'BLI.NG,  p/ir.    Wetting;  sprinkling. 
BE-DAFF',  e.  (.    To  make  a  fool  of.    [J\~ot  in  iw.] 

Chaucer, 

BED',\-G.\T,  71.    The  name  of  the  sacred  books  of  the. 

Itoddhists  in  Burmah.  .Malcom, 
BE-D.VG'GLE,  r.  U  [lie  and  daggle.]     To  soil,  as 

clothes,  by  drawing  tlie  ends  in  the  mud,  or  spatter- 
ing them  with  dirty  water. 
BE-D.VG'GLKD,  pp.    Soiled  by  reaching  the  mud  in 

walking  ;  bespattering. 
BE-DaRE',  v.  u  [be  and  dare.]    To  dare  ;  to  defy. 

r.Vi>(  used,]  Peelr, 
BEDXRK',  f.  U  [be  and  dark,]    To  darken.  [JVot 

used,]  Qower, 
BE-DXRK'£.\-A;D,  pp.    Darkened  ;  obscured. 
BE-D.ASH',  r.  t.  [4e  and  rfas/i.]    To  wet  by  throwing 

water  or  other  liquor  upon  ;  to  bespatter  with  water 

or  mud. 

BE-D.\SH'1!D,  (be-dasht',)  pp.  Bespattered  with  water 

or  other  liquid. 
BE-DASH'I.NG,  ppr.     Bespattering;  da.«hing  water 

upon,  or  other  liquid. 
BE-DAUB',  r.  (.  [4«  and  daub]    To  daub  over;  to 

besmear  with  viscous,  slimy  matter  ;  to  soil  with 

any  thing  thick  ami  dirty.  Shak. 
BE-DAL'H'f:D,  pp.    D.aiibed  over  ;  besmeared. 
BE-DAI,'B'I\G,  ppr.    Daubing  over;  besmearing. 
BE-DAZ'ZLE,  r.  t,  [be  and  rfa::/f.J    To  confound  the 

sight  by  too  strong  a  light ;  to  make  dim  by  luster. 

SAa*. 

BE-DAZ'ZU;D,  pp.  Having  the  sight  confounded  by 
loo  strong  a  light. 

BE-D.4Z'ZLI\G,  ppr.  Confounding  or  making  dim 
bv  a  too  brilliant  luster. 

BE"DAZ'ZLI.\G-LY,  adr.    So  as  to  bodazzlc. 

BED'-BUG,  n.  .\  troublesome  insect  of  an  offensive 
smell,  (Cinicj: /fcfufariii.s-,)  which  infests  the  crevices 
of  bedsteads,  &c.      P.  Cue.    Partington.  Brandt, 

BF.D'-CH.aIR,  71.  A  chair  for  the  sick,  with  a  movable 
back,  which  rises  or  falls,  to  sustain  them  while  sit- 
ting up  in  bed. 

BED'-CH.\.M-BER,  7i.  [bed  and  cAaTiiJrr.]  An  apart- 
ment or  chamber  intended  or  appropriated  for  a  bed, 
or  for  sleep  anil  repose. 

BED'-ei.OTHES,  n.  pi.  [bed  and  clothes.]  Blankets,  or 
coverlets,  Sec,  for  beds.  SAaJli. 

BED'DED,  pp.  or  a.  Laid  in  a  bed  ;  inclosed  as  in  a 
bed  ;  stratified. 

BED'DER,       ( 71.  [from  bed.]  The  nother  stone  of  an 

RK-DET'TER,  (     oil  mill.  Chalmers, 

BED'DING,  ppr.  Laying  in  a  bed  ;  inclosing  as  in  a 
bed. 

BEO'DING,  n.  A  bed  and  its  furniture;  abed;  the 
materials  of  a  bed,  whether  for  man  or  beast.  Spenser, 

BE-DEAD',  (be-ded',)  v,  t.    To  deaden.  Ilalluaell, 

BE-DECK',  r.  t,  [be  and  deck,]  To  deck  ;  to  atlorn  ;  to 
grace.  Shak. 

Bi:-DECK'fD,  (be-dckt',)  pp.   Adorned  ;  ornamented. 

BE-DECK'I.NG,  ppr.    Adorning:  decking. 

BED'B-GUXR,  (  gir,)  II.  .\  hairy  or  spongj-  substance 
on  rose-bushes,  produced  by  the  puncture  of  certain 
insects,  and  once  supjiosed  to  have  valuable  med- 
ical properties.  Booth. 

BEDE'-HOUSE,  71.    [Sax.  bead,  a  prayer,  and  Aoujc] 
Formerly,  a  hospital  or  alms-house,  where  the  poor 
prayed  for  their  founders  and  benefactors. 

Be'D/;L,  (be'dl,)  71.  An  officer  in  the  universities  of 
England  ;  a  messenger  or  crier  of  a  court ;  an  "n- 


TONE,  BI^LL,  IJNITE.  —  .\N"GER,  VI"CI0US  €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


100 


BED 

ferior  officer  of  a  parish.    [A  peculiar  ortliograpiay 

of  beadle.] 

Be'D£L-RY,  n.   The  extent  of  a  beadle's  office. 

Blount. 

BE-nEV'/L,  (-dev'I,)  v.  t.  To  throw  into  utter  dis- 
order and  confusion  ;  as  if  by  tlie  agency  of  evil 
spirit^:.  South. 

BE-DEV rL-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Thrown  into  utter  disorder 
<iiid  confusion.  W.  Iroing. 

BE-DEW,  V.  (.  [be  and  deto.]  To  moisten,  as  with 
dew  ;  to  moisten  in  a  gentle  manner  witli  any  liquid ; 
as,  tears  bedew  her  face.  Sliak. 

BE-DEW'ED,  (he-diide',)  pp.  Moistened,  as  if  with 
dew  ;  gently  moistened. 

BE-DEW'ER,  n.   That  which  bedews.  Sherwood. 

BE  DEWING,  ppr.  Moistening  gently,  as  with  dew ; 
\vetting. 

BE-DEW'Y,  a.    Moist  with  dew.    [Little  tised.] 
BED'-FEL-LoW,  n.   [bed  ani  fellow.]    One  who  lies 

with  another  in  the  same  bed.  Sliak. 
r.El)'-HANG-INGS,  n.  pi.  Curtains.  Shal:. 
BE-DlGHT',  (be-dite',)  v.  t.  [be  and  dight.]  To  adorn  ; 

to  dress ;  to  set  off  witli  ornament.    [Little  used.] 

jMore. 

BE-DlGHT',      )pp.    Adorned;  set  off  with  orna- 

P.E-DlGHT'ED,  i  ments. 

II IM IIG  IIT'ING,  ppr.  Adorning. 

I:1M)1.M',  r.  f.  [be  and  dim.]  To  make  dim;  to  ob- 
'Oiiie  or  darken.  Sidney. 

DE-D(M'M£D,p7).  Made  dim  ;  obscured. 

BE-DI.M'MING, ;;p7-.  Making  dim;  obscuring;  dark- 
ening. 

BE-DIS'MAL,  jj.  (.    To  make  dismal.  Sliulnit. 
BE-DIZ'£\,  (he-diz'zn,)  v.  L    [be  and  dizen.]  To 

adorn  ;  to  deck.    [.^  low  word.] 
BE-DIZ'£N-£D,  pp.    Bedecked  ;  adorned. 
BE-DIZ'£N-IIVG,  ppr.  Adorning. 
BED'LAM,  n.    [Corrupted  from  Bethlehem,  the  name 

of  a  religious  house  in  London,  afterward  converted 

into  a  hospital  for  lunatics.] 

1.  A  mad  house ;  a  place  appropriated  for  lunatics. 

Spelman. 

2.  A  madman  ;  a  lunatic  ;  one  who  lives  in  Bed- 

3.  Figuratively,  a  place  of  uproar.  [lam.  Shak. 
BED'LAM,  a.    Belonging  to  a  mad-house;  fit  for  a 

mad-house.  Shak. 

BED'LAM-ITE,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  a  mad-house  ;  a 
madman.  B.  Jonson. 

BED'-.M.^K-ER,  71.  [bed  Tini  maker.]  One  wiiose  oc- 
cupation is  to  make  beds,  as  in  a  college  or  univer- 
sity. Spectator. 

BED'-MaTE,  71.  [bed  and  mate.]  .\  bed-fellow.  Shak. 

BED'-.MoLD-ING,  Tt.    [bed  and  molding.] 

In  architecture,  the  members  of  a  cornice,  which 
are  placed  below  the  coronet,  consisting  of  an  ogee, 
a  list,  a  large  boultine,  and  another  list  under  the 
coronet.  Enci/c. 

BE-DoTE',  ji.  «.  [be  and  dote.]  To  make  to  dote. 
[J^^ft  in  use.]  Cltuucer. 

BED'CU-IN,  (bed'oo-een,)  n.  The  name  of  those 
Arabs  who  live  in  tents,  and  are  scattered  over 
Arabi.i,  Egypt,  and  other  parts  of  Africa. 

BED'-PoST,  71.  [bed  and  post.]  The  post  of  a  bed- 
stead. 

BED'-PRESS-ER,  71.   [bed  a.nd  press.]    A  lazy  fellow  ; 

one  who  loves  his  bed.  Shak. 
BED'-CIUILT,  n.   A  quilled  spread  or  cover  for  a  bed. 
BE-DRAG'GLE,  t).  (.    [be  and  draggle.]    To  soil,  as 

garments  which  are  suffered,  in  walking,  to  reach 

the  dirt ;  to  soil  by  drawing  along  on  mud.  Swift. 
BE-URAG'GL£D,  pp.    Soiled  by  reaching  the  dirt,  in 

walking. 

BE-DRAG'GLING,  ppr.  Soiling  by  drawing  along  in 
dirt  or  mud. 

BE-DRENCH',  r.  t.  [be  and  drench.]  To  drench  ;  to 
soak  ;  to  saturate  with  moisture :  applied  to  tilings 
which  imhilie  moisture.  Shak. 

BE  l)KE.NCH'£D,  (be-drencht',>  pp.  Drenched  ; 
soaked. 

BE-DRE.N'CH'ING,  ppr.    Soaking;  drenching. 
BEU'RID,  )  o.    [bed  and  ride ;  Sax.  bedrida.] 

BED'RID-D£N,  j    Confined  to  the  bed  by  age  or  in- 

firniilv.  Shak. 
BED'KITE,  71.    [bed  and  rile.]    The  privilege  of  the 

inarriage  bed. 

BED'ROO.M,  71.  [bedand  room.]  A  room  or  apartment 
inli  ndi  (1  or  usrd  for  a  bed  ;  a  lodging-room. 
9.  RiMiin  in  a  bed.    I  JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

BE-DllOP',  V.  L  [be  and  drop.]  To  sprinkle,  as  with 
drops.  Chaucer. 

BE-DROP'PKD,  (bc-<iropl',)  pp.  Sprinkled,  as  with 
drops  ;  speckled  ;  variegated  with  spots. 

BED'SIDE,  n.    The  side  of  the  bed.  Middleton. 

BED'.STAFF,  B.  [bedand  staff.]  A  wooden  pin  an- 
ciently inserted  on  the  sides  of  bedsteads,  to  keep 
the  clothes  from  slipping  on  either  side.  Johnson. 

BED'HTEAD,  (bed'sted,)  n.  [bed  and  stead.]  A  frame 
for  Hiir)[H>rtiiig  a  bed. 

BED'.STKAW,  71.  [/<(■(/ and /ilraie.]  Straw  laid  under 
a  bed  to  make  it  soft  ;  also,  a  name  corniiion  to  dif- 
f'Tcn!  MpecieH  of  plaiilH.  of  the  genus  Galium. 

BED'.SVVERV-ER,  n.  [iml  and  iwercr.]  One  that 
HWervi'H  rroiii  his  bed  ;  thai  in,  one  who  in  false  and 
unfiiitliful  to  the  iiiarringe  vow.  Shak. 


BEE 

BED'TICK,  11.  A  case  of  strong  linen  or  cotton  cloth, 
used  for  inclosing  the  foatliers  or  otljtpr  materials  of  a 
bed.  Booth. 

BED'TIME,  71.  [bed  and  time.]  The  time  to  go  to 
rest  ;  the  usual  hour  of  going  to  brd.  Shak. 

BE-DIJCK',  V.  I.  [be  and  duck.]  To  duck  ;  to  put  the 
head  under  water  ;  to  immerse.  Spenser. 

BE-DIJNG',  7).  t.    To  cover  with  dung.       Bp.  Hall. 

BE-DUST',  V.  t.  [be  and  dust.]  To  sprinkle,  soil,  or 
cover  with  dr.st.  Sherwood. 

BED'VVARD,  adv.    [bed  and  ward.]    Toward  bed. 

Shak. 

BE-DWARF',  V.  t.    [be  and  dwarf.]    To  make  little  ; 

to  stunt  or  hinder  growtli.  Donne. 
BED'VVORK,  71.    [bed  and  work.]    Work  done  in  bed, 

without  toil  of  the  hands,  or  with  ease.  Shak. 
BE-D5E',  V.  t.    [be  and  dye.]    To  dye  ;  to  stain. 

Spenser. 

BE-DY'£D,  (be-dlde'O  pp.   Dyed  ;  stained. 
BEE,  71.    [Sax.  bro  ;  U.  bye ;  G.  biene  ;  Sw.  bi] ;  Dan. 
iiic  ;  Ir.  beach  ;  It.  pecchia  ;  Sp.  abeja.    Class  Bg.] 

1.  An  insect  of  the  genus  Apis.  [See  Aims.]  The 
species  are  numerous,  of  which  the  honey-bee  is  the 
most  interesting  to  man.  It  has  been  cultivated  from 
the  earliest  periods,  for  its  wax  and  honey.  It  lives 
in  swanns,  or  societies,  of  from  1(1,000  to  50,000  indi- 
viduals. Tlicse  swarms  contain  tlirre  classes  of  bees  ; 
the  females  orqueen  bi'es,  of  wliicii  there  is  only  one 
in  each  swarm,  the  mal"s  or  drones,  and  the  neuters 
or  working  bees.  Of  the  former,  there  is  only  one  in 
each  hive  or  swarm,  whose  sole  office  is  to  pro|ia- 
gate  the  species.  It  is  much  larger  than  the  other 
bees.  The  drones  serve  merely  for  impregnating  the 
queen,  after  which  they  are  destroyed  by  the  neu- 
ters. These  last  are  the  laborers  of  the  hive.  They 
collect  the  honey,  form  the  cells,  and  feed  the  other 
bees  and  the  young.  They  are  furnished  witli  a  pro- 
boscis, or  tongue,  by  which  they  collect  the  honey 
from  flowers,  and  a  mouth,  by  which  they  swallow 
it,  and  then  convey  it  to  the  hive  in  their  stomachs, 
where  they  disgorge  it  into  the  cells.  The  pollen  of 
flowers  settles  on  the  hairs  with  which  their  body  is 
covered,  whence  it  is  collected  into  pellets  by  a  brush 
on  their  second  pair  of  legs,  and  deposited  in  a  hol- 
low in  the  third  pair.  It  is  called  bee-bread,  and  is 
the  food  of  the  larva;  or  young.  The  adult  bees  feed 
on  honey.  The  wax  was  supposed  to  be  formed 
from  pollen  by  a  digestive  process,  but  it  is  now  as- 
certained that  it  is  formed  from  the  honey  by  a  simi- 
lar process.  The  females  and  neuters  have  a  barbed 
sting,  attached  to  a  bag  of  poison,  which  flows  into 
the  wound  inflicted  by  the  sting.  When  a  hive  is 
overstocked,  a  new  colony  is  sent  out  under  the  di- 
rection of  a  queen  bee.    This  is  called  swarming. 

Cyc.    Ed.  En  eye. 

2.  In  .America,  joint,  voluntary,  and  gratuitous  aid 
afforded  by  neighbors  to  their  minister,  or  to  any  per- 
son in  need.  Also,  an  assembly  of  ladies  to  sew  for 
the  poor. 

BEE'-BREAD,  7i.  [bee  and  bread.]  A  brown,  bitter 
substance,  the  pollen  of  flowers  collected  by  bees,  as 
food  for  their  young.    [See  Bee.] 

BEE'-EAT-ER,  ii.  [bee  and  eat.]  A  bird  that  feeds 
on  bees,  A  name  common  to  the  different  species  of 
birds  of  the  genus  Merops,  of  which  the  M.  Apiaster 
of  Europe  is  remarkable  for  the  brilliancy  of  its  plu- 
mage. Encyc. 

BEE'-FLOW-ER,  ti.  [Iiee  and  flower.]  A  plant ;  a 
species  of  Ophrys  or  Twyblade,  whoso  flowers  re|v 
resent  singular  figures  of  bees,  flies,  and  other  in- 
sects. Encyc. 

BEE'-GAR-D£N,  71.  [ftcc  and  ^-ariieii.]  A  garden  or 
inclosiire  to  set  bee-hives  in.  Johnson. 

BEE'-GLOE,  71.  [bee  and  glue.]  A  soft,  unctuous 
matter  with  which  bees  cement  the  combs  to  the 
hives,  and  close  up  the  cells  ;  called  also  propolis. 

Encyc. 

BEE'-HIVE,  77.  [bee  and  hive.]  A  case,  box,  or  other 
iiollow  vessel,  wliicli  serves  as  a  habitation  for  bees. 
Hives  are  made  of  various  materials,  as  of  boards, 
the  hollow  trunk  of  a  tree,  withes  of  straw,  or  glass. 

BEE'-MAS-TER,  Ji.  [bee  and  master.]  One  who  keeps 
bees.  Mortimer. 

BEE'-MOTII,  71.  A  moth  from  whose  eggs  are  pro- 
iluri  il  caterpillars,  which  infest  bee-hives. 

BEEl'll,  11.  [Sax.  bece,  boc  :  D.  beukc,  or  beukenboom  : 
Ger.  buche,  or  buchbaum  ;  Slav,  boku;  Rus.s.  buk ;  Gr. 
0'j)(i5,"  Vt.  fagus  ;  \l.  faggio  i  Sp.  haya  ;  Port. /iiia. 
In  Saxon,  bee  and  boc  is  a  book.  It  may  be  that 
beech  is  properly  the  name  of  bark,  and  this  being 
used,  by  our  rude  ancestors,  as  the  material  for  writ- 
ing, the  word  came  to  signify  a  book.] 

A  tree  arranged  by  LiniinMis  under  the  genus  Fa- 
gus,  with  the  chestnut ;  but  the  latter  is  now  placed 
in  a  distinct  genus,  (CasUinea.)  The  beech  grows  to 
a  large  size,  with  branches  forming  a  beautiful  head, 
with  thick  foliage.  The  bark  is  smooth  and  of  a  sil- 
very cvn.  The  mast  or  nuts  are  the  food  of  swine, 
aiKl  of  certain  wild  animals,  and  yield  a  good  oil  for 
lamps.  When  eaten  by  man,  they  are  said  to  occa- 
sion giddiness  and  headach.  Encyc. 

BEECIl'-CoAE,  71.  [beech  iiiid  coal.]  Charcoal  from 
beech  wood. 

BEEt.'ll'A.V,  (beech'n,)  a.    Consisting  of  the  wood  or 


BEE 

bark  of  the  beech  ;  belonging  to  the  beech  ;  as,  a 
beeehin  vessel.  Dniden. 

BEECH'-MAST,  7i.    The  fruit  or  nuts  of  the  beech. 

BEECH'-NUT,  71.    Tlie  wH  of  the  beecb  tree. 

BEECIl'-OIL,  II.  [beech  at\d  oil.]  Oil  expressed  from 
the  mast  or  nuts  of  the  beech-tree.  It  is  used  in  Pic- 
arily,  and  in  other  parts  of  France,  instead  of  Initter  ; 
but  is  said  to  occasion  heaviness  and  pains  in  the 
stomach.  Encyc. 

BEECII'-TREE,  71.    [beech  and  tree.]    The  beech. 

BEEF,  71.  [Fr.  bauf,  an  ox  ;  Arm.  bmin  ;  It.  hue ;  Sp. 
buey  ;  Port,  boy:  VV.  buw;  Corn,  byuh,  an  ox  ;  Ir.  bo, 
a  cow,  pi.  buaibh ;  L.  bos,  bovis  ;  Gr.  /?o»s.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  bovine  genus,  wliether  ox, 
bull,  or  cow ;  but  used  of  those  which  are  full  grown 
or  nearly  so.  In  this,  which  is  the  original  sense, 
the  word  has  a  plural,  beeves. 

2.  The  flesh  of  an  ox,  bull,  or  cow,  or  of  bovine 
animals  generally,  when  killed.  In  popular  language, 
the  word  is  often  applied  to  the  live  animal ;  as,  an 
ox  is  good  beef;  that  is,  well  fattened.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  has  no  plural. 

BEEF,  17.  Consisting  of  the  flesh  of  the  ox,  or  of  bo- 
vine animals  ;  as,  a  bref-i^teak.  Swift. 

BEEF'-icAT-ER,  ii.  [beef  and  eat.]  [Corrupted  in  its 
second  meaning,  from  buffrtier,  a  keeper  of  the  buffi-t 
or  sideboard,  because  somcof  tiiem  were  originally  ar- 
ranged at  side-tallies,  at  solemn  festivals.    Enc.  Jim.] 

1.  One  that  eats  beef. 

2.  .\  popular  appellation  for  the  yeomen  of  the 
guard,  in  England. 

3.  The  Buphaga  Africana,  an  African  bird  th.at 
feeds  on  the  larva;  which  nestle  under  the  hides  of 
oxen. 

4.  In  popular  ttse,  a  stout,  fleshv  man. 
BEEF'STE.aK,  71.    r/icf/"  and  stcaA-.]    A  steak  or  slice 

of  beef  broiled  or  tor  broiling. 

BEEF'-WIT-TED,  a.  [beef  and  wit]  Dull  in  intel- 
lects ;  stupid  ;  heavv-lieaded.  Shak. 

BEELD,  71.    [Sax.  belUydan,  to  cover.] 

Protection  ;  refuge.  [06s.]  A  shed  lor  cattle.  Fairfax. 

BE-EL'ZE-BUB,  n.  A  prince  of  devils.  [The  word 
signifies  the  deity  of  flies.l 

BEE'MOL,  77.    In  music,  a  half-note.  Bacon. 

BEEN,  [Sax.  beon.] 

Pari.  perf.  of  Be  ;  pronounced  bin.  In  old  authors, 
it  is  also  the  present  tense  plural  of  Be. 

BEEN,  71.  A  fretted  stringed  instrument  of  music  of 
the  guitar  kind,  having  nineteen  frets  ;  used  in 
India.  jJs.  Jie.searche^-:. 

BEER,  71.  [W.  bir:  Fr.  biere ;  Arm  byer,  bir,  ber;  D. 
and  G.  4i>r  ;  It.  birra.] 

1.  A  fermented  liquor  made  from  any  farinaceous 
grain  ;  but  generally  from  barley,  which  is  first 
malted  and  ground,  and  its  fermentable  sub.stance 
tiu'ii  extracted  by  hot  water.  This  extract  or  infu- 
sion is  evaporated  by  boiling  in  caldrons,  and  hops 
or  some  other  plant  of  an  agreeable  bitterness  added. 
The  liquor  is  then  suflered  to  ferment  in  vats.  Beer 
is  of  different  degrees  of  strength,  and  is  denomi- 
nated small  beer,  ale,  porter,  brown-stout,  Sec,  acconl- 
ing  to  its  strength,  or  other  peculiar  qualities.  Eneije.. 

2.  Beer  is  a  name  given  in  America  to  f  rnu  nting 
liquors  made  of  various  other  materials  ;  anil  when 
a  decoction  of  the  roots  of  plants  forms  part  of  the 
composition,  it  is  called  spring-beer,  from  the  season 
in  which  it  is  made.    There  is  also  root-beer. 

BEER'-BAR-REL,  n.    A  barrel  for  holding  beer. 
BEER'-HOUSE,  ii.    A  house  where  malt  liquors  are 

sold  ;  an  ale-house. 
BEEST'INGS.    See  Biestings. 

BEES'-WAX,  71.  The  wax  collected  by  bees,  and  of 
which  their  cells  are  constructed. 

BEET,  71.  [D.  biet;  Ger.  bectci  It.  bietola;  W.  betysen; 
L.  beta  ;  Fr.  bette.] 

A  [ilant  of  the  genus  Beta.  The  species  cuhivatcd 
in  gardens  are  the  cicla  and  vulgaris,  or  white  and 
red  beet.  There  are  many  varieties ;  some  with 
long  taper  roots,  and  others  with  flat  roots,  like 
turneps.  The  root  furnishes  a  large  portion  of  sugar, 
which  is  manufactured  in  France  on  a  great  scale. 

Ci/c. 

BEE'TLE,  M.  [S.ax.  bill,  or  bytl,  a  mallet ;  betel,  the 
insect,  beetle.] 

1.  A  heavy  mallet  or  wooden  hammer,  used  to 
drive  wedges,  beat  pavements,  &.C.,  having  one,  two, 
or  three  handles  for  as  many  men  to  use  it ;  called 
also  a  stamper,  or  rammer. 

2.  In  zoology,  a  popular  name  common  to  the  dif- 
ferent species  of  insects,  of  the  genus  Scarabuius, 
Linn.  The  generic  characters  are,  clavated  an- 
teunic,  fissile  longitudinally,  legs  frequently  deii- 
tated,  and  wings  which  have  hard  cases,  or  sheaths. 
They  are  of  different  sizes,  from  that  of  a  pin's  head 
to  that  of  a  man's  fist.  '1  hey  have  various  names, 
aa  the  May-bug,  or  door-beetle,  cock-eha^lfer,  the 
tumble-dung,  the  elephant-beetlt.,  &.C.  The  latter, 
found  in  South  America,  is  the  largest  species,  being 
nearly  four  inches  long.  Encyc. 

The  term  beetle  is  common,  in  popular  language,  to 
all  insects  with  hard  or  shelly  wins  cases,  as  the 
(y'oleoplera,  and  some  of  the  Orthopt.  ra,  as  the  cock- 
roach.   It  is  more  appropriate  to  the  Scarabiei. 

Cyc,  Partington. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


110 


BEF 


BEG 


BEG 


BEE'TLE,  (bcc'll,)  v.  i.  To  jm  ;  to  be  prominent ;  to 
hail!!  or  extend  out ;  as,  u  dill"  that  beetles  oyer  its 
base.  ShaL, 

BEE'TLE-BROW,  «.  [beeUt  and  brow.]  A  prominent 
brow.  Shak. 

ItEE'TLE-BROW-ilD,  a.    Having  prominent  brows. 

Sicift. 

BEE'TLE-IIE.VD,  n.  [icfl/«  and  liead.]  A  stupid  fel- 
low. Scot. 

BEE  TLE-ILEAD-ED,  I'bC'tl-hed-ed,)  a.  Having  a 
lii  ail  like  a  beetle  ;  (lull ;  stupid.  SIm/c. 

BEE'TLE-STOCK,  «.  [beetle  and  stock.]  The  handle 
of  a  beetle.  Speiiser. 

BEE"1'E1.NG,  P7>r.  or  a.  Jutting;  being  prominent; 
standing  out  from  the  main  body.  'J'/iomson. 

BEET'-UAVE,      (  n.  A  kind  of  beet,  used  for  salad. 

BEET'-llAD-lSH,  (  ^sA. 

BEEVES,  n. :  pt.  of  Beef.  Cattle  ;  qundnipeds  of  the 
bovine  iienus,  called  in  England  black  cattle. 

BE-KAl.C',!'. «. ;  prrt.  Befih.  i  part.  Befalle-s.  [Sax. 
befitilan,  of  he  and  fall.] 

To  happen  to ;  to  occur  to  ;  as,  let  me  know  the 
worst  timl  can  befall  me.  It  usually  denotes  ill.  It 
is  generally  transitive  in  form,  but  there  seems  to  be 
an  ellipsis  of  ft;,  and  to  sometimes  follows  it. 

BE-FALL',  e.  i.    To  happen  ;  to  come  to  pass. 

1  h;ivr  n?vf aleti  IhU  ilisconl  which  be/ell.  Afiiton. 
To  befall  of,  is  not  legitimate. 

BE-F.\LL'K.\,  (be-fawl'n,)  pp.    F.allen  on. 

BE-FALL'I.NC;,  n.   That  which  befalls;  nn  event. 

BE-FAL.L'IN(i,  ppr.  Happening  lo;  occurring  to; 
comiiiE  to  pass. 

BE-FEEL',  preL  of  Bcfalu 

BE-FIT',  V.  t.  [be  and  jiL]  To  suit ;  to  be  suitable  to ; 
to  become. 

Thnt  nnme  best  b^fitt  thee.  MlUon. 
BE-FIT'TINO,  ppr.  or  0.   Suiting;  becoming. 
BE  FLAT'TER,  t>.  L    To  flatter. 
BE-FOA.M',  F.  L  [be  and  foam.]    To  cover  with  foam. 
[Liltlc  used.] 

BE-I'OG'G/CD,  a.    Involved  in  a  fog.  Irvinn. 

BE-FOOI.',  r.  t.  [be  and  fool.]  To  fool ;  to  infatuate  ; 
to  delude  or  lead  into  error. 

.M<-ii  befool  Ukiiuk'Ivcs.  South. 

BE-FOOL'£D,  pp.    Fooled  ;  deceived  ;  led  into  error. 

BE-FOOL'I.VG,  p;>r.  Fooling;  making  a  fool  of;  de- 
ceiving; infatuating. 

BE-FoRE',  prep,  [be  and  fore,  that  is,  by,  fore,  near 
the  lore  pan.  Sax.  before,  or  beforan,  retained  by 
Chaucer  in  befom.] 

1.  In  front ;  on  the  side  with  the  face,  at  any  dis- 
tance ;  used  of  persons.  M'dton. 

2.  In  presence  of,  with  the  idea  of  power,  author- 
ity, respect. 

i\hr»hi»ni  bowp<l  htfort  ihe  prople  of  the  land. — Gen.  xxiH. 
Wh<-'T?witli.-il  ttuiU  I  conte  be/ore  the  Lonl  t  —  Micah  vi. 

3.  In  sight  of;  as,  before  the  face. 

4.  In  the  presence  of,  noting  cognizance  or  juris- 
diction. 

Boih  panic*  lhall  come  before  the  judge. — Ex.  xxii. 

5.  In  the  power  of,  noting  the  right  or  ability  to 
choose  or  possess ;  free  to  the  choice. 

The  worl.l  wax  all  tie/ore  ihrm.  A/ilton. 
My  lantl  is  6</ore  Uiee.  —  tjen.  XX. 

6.  In  front  of  any  object ;  as,  before  the  house,  be- 
fore the  fire. 

7.  Preceding  in  time. 

Before  I  waft  aHliclrd,  I  went  utny.  —  Pi.  cxix. 
Bcjure  AlTiiham  wiu,  I  am.  — John  »iii. 

Here  the  preposition  has  a  sentence  following  for 
an  object. 

8.  In  preference  to. 

JIihI  he  set  Ephrtim  be/ore  M.anaMeh.  —  Gen.  xlviii. 
Poverty  U  dc«nil>l-j  be/ore  tonner.u.  7>KyIor. 

9.  Superior ;  preceding  in  dignity. 

lit  Lh-it  coineth  niter  me  )■  prefvneU  before  me,  tor  he  wu  before 
nie.  — Joliu  i. 

10.  Prior  to ;  having  prior  right ;  preceding  in 
order ;  a.s,  the  eldest  son  is  before  Uie  younger  in 
succession. 

11.  Previous  to  ;  in  previous  order;  in  order  to. 

Before  this  treatise  can  become  of  use,  two  points  are  neceuaij. 
'See  ^'■o.  7.] 

1-2.  Before  the  winrf,  denotes  in  the  direction  of 
the  wind  and  by  its  impulse. 
BE-FCRE',  ado.    In  time  preceding. 

You  tcU  nw  wiiat  1  knew  before.  Dryden. 

1.  In  time  preceding,  to  the  present,  or  to  this 
time  ;  hitherto ;  as,  tumults  then  arose  which  before 
were  unknown. 

2.  Further  onward  in  place,  in  progress,  or  in  front. 

Reaching  lijnh  (o  those  things  w^.;;h  ale  before.  — Pliil.  iil. 

3.  In  front;  on  the  fore  p.art. 

The  bulile  was  before  and  behind.  — 2  Chron.  xiii. 
In  some  of  the  examples  of  the  use  of  before,  which 
Johnson  places  under  the  adverb,  the  word  is  a  prep- 
osition ciiveming  a  sentence  ;  as,  "  Before  the  hills 
apjwan  d."  This  is  the  real  construction,  however 
overltMiked  or  niisunderstot>a. 


BE-Ff)RE  CIT-En,  a.    Cited  in  a  preceding  part. 
BE-FfiRE'llANU,  ffrfe.  [before  and  hnml.]    In  a  st.ate 

of  anticipation  or  preoccupation  ;  often  followed  by 

with;  as,  you  are  brforrhand  with  me. 

2.  Antecedently  ;  by  way  of  preparation  or  prelim- 
inary ;  aforetiint'.    Matl.  xiii.    1  Tim.  v. 

3.  In  a  state  of  acruinulation,  so  as  that  more  has 
been  received  tlian  expi  luli'd.  A  man  is  brfirrcliand. 
[In  titis  tt-<e  it  is  rnorc  properUj  an  ad}rctivc.] 

A.  At  first  ;  before  anv  thing  is  done.  VEslrange. 

BE-F;^UE'.MEN-TIO.\-f;'n,  a.    .Mentioned  before. 

BE-FoRE'TI.ME,  adv.  [before  and  lime.]  Formerly  ; 
of  olil  time.    1  Sam.  ix.    Josh.  \x.  [Oft.*.] 

BE-FOR'TIINE,  v.  t.  [be  and/i/rtuiic]  To  happen  to ; 
to  betide.  SItak. 

BE-FOUL',  V.  t.    [Sax.  brfylan  ;  be  and/oui.] 
To  make  foul  ;  to  soil. 

BE  FRIEND',  (be-frend',)  v.  U  [be  and  friend.]  To 
favor ;  to  act  as  a  friend  to;  to  countenance,  aid,  or 
benefit.  S/tak. 

BE-FRIEND'ED,  pp.    Favored;  counten.anced. 

BE-FRIE.\I)'I.\'(i,  ppr.  Favoring;  assisting  as  a 
friend  ;  showing  kindness  to. 

BE-FRI.\GE',  (be-frinj',)  r.  (.  [be  and /rinj-f-]  To  fur- 
nish with  a  fringe  ;  to  adorn  .as  willi  frinse.  Fuller. 

BE-FRI\G'ED,  pp.    Adorned  as  with  a  fringe. 

BE-FUR'R/:n,  «.    Covered  with  fur. 

BEG,  )  H.    [The  Turks  write  this  word  begh,  or  bck, 

BEV,  t      but  pronounce  it  baij.] 

In  the  Turkish  dominion.^,  a  governor  of  a  town  or 
country  ;  more  particul.arly,  the  lord  of  a  sansiac 
or  banner.  Every  province  is  divided  into  seven 
s<ansiacs  or  banners  each  of  which  qualifies  a  bi^y  ; 
and  these  are  commanded  by  the  governor  of  the 
province,  called  btglrrbr'r,  or  lonl  of  all  the  beys. 
Each  beg  has  the  command  of  a  certain  number  of 
spahis,  or  horse,  denominated  timariols. 

In  Tunis,  the  beg,  or  bey,  is  the  prince  or  king, 
answering  to  the  dcij  of  Algiers. 

In  Egypt,  the  begs  are  twelve  gt^nerals,  who  com- 
mand the  militia,  or  standing  forces  of  the  kingdom. 

r.ncyc. 

BEG,  V.  t.  [Probably  contracted  from  Sw.  begdra,  to 
ask,  desire,  crave;  D.in.  begitrre;  Ger.  begehrcn; 
D.  begccrcn,  which  is  a  compound  word  ;  be  and 

f icrcn,  lo  crave  ;  Sax.  geornian,  gyman,  to  yearn, 
n  Italian,  picaro  is  a  beggar.] 

1.  To  itsk  earnestly  ;  to  beseech  ;  to  entreat  or 
supplicate  with  humility.  It  implies  more  urgency 
than  ask  or  petition. 

Joseph  begged  the  bo<1y  of  Jesus.  —  Matt,  xxvii. 

2.  To  ask  or  supplicate  in  tJiarity  ;  as,  we  may 
yet  be  reduced  to  beg  our  bread. 

3.  To  take  for  granted  ;  to  assume  without  proof; 
as,  to  beg  the  question  in  debate. 

BEG,  V.  i.  To  ask  alms  or  charity ;  to  practice  beg- 
ging; to  live  by  asking  alms. 

I  can  not  dig ;  to  beg  I  am  ashamed.  —  Luke  xvi. 

BBWIET',  r.  t.:  preU  Begot,  Begat;  pp.  Begot,  Be- 
GOTTEr*.  [Sax.  begctan,  of  be  and  geUin,  to  gcL 
See  Get.] 

1.  To  procreate,  as  a  father  or  sire  ;  to  generate ; 
as,  to  beget  a  son. 

2.  To  produce,  as  an  cfTect ;  to  cause  to  exist ;  to 
generate  ;  as,  luxury  begets  vice. 

BEGET'TER,  n.  One  who  begets  or  procreates;  a 
father. 

BE(;'(;A-BLE,a.   That  mav  be  begged.  Bxitlrr. 
BEG'GAR,  n.    [Sec  Beg.]    One  that  lives  by  asking 
alms,  or  makes  it  his  business  to  beg  for  charity. 

2.  One  who  supplicates  with  humility  ;  a  petition- 
er ;  but  in  this  sense  rarely  used,  as  the  word  has 
become  a  term  of  contempt.  Johnson. 

3.  One  who  assumes  in  argument  what  he  does 
not  prove.  Tillotson, 

BEG'G.VR,  r.  L  To  reduce  to  beggary ;  to  impov- 
erish. Shak. 

2.  To  deprive,  or  make  destitute  ;  lo  exhaust ;  as, 
to  beggar  description. 

BEG'G AR-f;D,  pp.    Reduced  to  extreme  poverty. 

BEG'G  A  R-ING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  indigence,  or  a  state 
of  beggan'. 

BEG'GAR-Ll-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  beggarly  ; 
meanness;  e.\tremc  poverty.  Barrel. 

BEG'GAR-LY,  o.  Mean  ;  poor;  in  the  condititm  of  a 
besgar ;  extremely  indigent ;  used  of  both  persons 
and  things.  Shak. 

BEG'G.AR-LY,  adr.  Meanly;  indigently;  despicably. 

Hooker. 

BEG'GAR-MSID.n.  A  maid  that  is  a  beggar.  Shal:. 

BEG'GAR-.MA.N,  n.   A  man  that  is  a  beggar.  S/iak. 

BEG'GAR-WOM'A.N,  n.    .\  female  beggar.  Shak. 

BEG'GAR'S-LICE,  n.  The  name  of  an  obnoxious 
weed,  (Echina-^rmum  yirgitiicum,)  having  a  bur-like 
fruit  or  nut  with  hooked  prickles,  which  fasten  on 
those  who  pass  by. 

BEG'G  AR-Y,n.  A  state  of  extreme  indigence.  Sidney. 

BEG'G£D,  pp.  Entreated  ;  supplicated  ;  asked  in 
charity  ;  assumed  without  proof. 

BEG'GI.N'G,  ppr.  Asking  alms ;  supplicating;  assum- 
ine  without  proof. 

BEG'GI.N'G,  n.  The  act  of  soliciting  alms;  the  prac- 
tice of  asking  alms  ;  as,  he  lives  by  begging. 


BE-GI1aRI)S',  )  n.    A  German  word   denoting  one 

BE  GUaRDS',  t  who  li.-2s  Willi  iiiiiHirluiiily  ,  ap- 
plied fiirnierly  to  soihh  of  llie  Krancisraiis  niiil  other 
meiiilieani  orders  of  Rome.  Thi'  ii-rm  was  also  a|>- 
plied  to  a  class  of  |H'rs(iiis  distinguished  for  tile  favor 
and  frpi|uency  of  their  prayers.  Bmnde. 

BE-GILT',  a.    Gilded.  B.  Jooson. 

BE-GIN',t).  i. ;  pret  Began  ;  pp.  Beouw.  [.''ax.  gynnan, 
aginnan,  beginnan,  anil  onginnan,  lo  begin,  ongin,  a 
beginning;  Goth,  dugmnan;  Sw.  begynna;  Dan. 
begynde;  D.  and  Ger.  beginnen,  to  begin  ;  D.  and 
Ger.  beginn,  a  beginning,  origin  ;  VV.  cycwnu,  to  be- 
gin, ctj,  a  prefix,  and  ctr#t,a  head.  The  nidiral  word 
is  gin  or  gyn,  to  which  are  prefixed  be,  on,  and  du, 
which  is  to.  This  appears  to  be  the  root  of  the  Gr. 
ytvopoi,  yevvau,  L.  gcnero,  gigno,  coinciding  with 

Syr.  i^— ^  kin,  lo  begin  to  be ;  in  Aph.  to  plant,  lo 
confirm,  lo  create  ;  Eth.  Tim  Aon,  lo  be,  to  be- 
come, or  be  made  ;  Ar.  kana,  lo  be,  or  become, 

to  iflake,  to  create,  to  generate  ;  Ileb.  Ch.  and  Sam. 
113,  to  make  ready,  to  adapt,  prepare,  establish  ; 
S.am.  to  create,  'i'lie  primary  sense  is,  lo  llirtiw, 
thrust,  stretch  forward  ;  hence,  to  set,  or  lo  produce, 
according  to  its  connection  or  application.] 

1.  To  have  an  original  or  first  existence ;  lo  take 
rise  ;  to  commence. 

As  he  spnke  by  the  mouth  of  his  holy  prophets,  which  hare  beeu 

siuce  the  world  began.  —  I.ulte  i. 
Judgment  must  begin  at  lUe  house  of  God.  —  1  Pet.  ir. 
From  Nimnal  first  the  saTa^e  race  6e;an.  Pope. 
And  team  began  to  fiow.  Dryaen, 

9.  To  do  the  first  act ;  lo  enter  upon  something 
new  ;  to  take  the  first  step ;  as,  begin,  iny  muse. 

Be^n  everr  day  to  pfp^nl.  Taylor. 
When  1  begin,  1  will  also  make  an  end,  —  1  Sam.  iii. 

BE-GIN',  V.  L  To  do  the  first  act  of  any  thing ;  to" 
enter  on  ;  to  commence. 

Ye  nrmphs  of  Solyma,  be^n  the  son^.  Pope, 
And  Uus  they  6«^in  to  do.  —  Gen.  xi. 

2.  To  trace  from  any  thing,  as  the  first  ground  ;  to 
lay  the  foundation. 

The  apostle  begins  our  knowled^  in  the  creatures,  which  le.ads 
us  10  the  knowkHlge  of  Go<l.  Locke. 

To  begin  with,  to  enter  upon  first ;  to  use  or  employ 
first;  as,  to  begin  with  the  Latin  grammar;  to  begin 
.  business  with  a  small  capit.al. 

BE-GI.\'.\ER,  n.  The  person  who  begins;  he  that 
gives  an  original ;  the  agent  who  is  the  cause ;  an 
author. 

2.  One  who  first  enters  upon  any  art,  science,  or 
business ;  one  who  is  in  his  rudiments  ;  a  young 
practitioner ;  often  implying  want  of  experience. 

BE-GIN'NL\G,  ppr.    First  entering  upon ;  commen- 
cing ;  giving  rise,  or  original :  taking  rise,  or  origin. 
BE-GIN'NING,  n.    The  first  cause  ;  origin. 

I  ain  the  beginning  and  the  eiulin^.  —  Rev.  i. 

S.  That  which  is  first ;  the  first  slate ;  commence- 
ment ;  entrance  into  being. 

In  the  beginning,  God  created  the  heaven  and  the  earth. — 
Uen.  I. 

3.  The  mdiments,  first  ground,  or  materials. 

Mighty  things  from  small  6e^nnin»i  gT.>w.  Drydtn. 

BE-GIX'\I.\G-LESS,  a.  That  hath  no  beginning 
[j?  hod  word,  and  not  used.]  Barrow. 

BE-GIRD',  (begiird',)  v.  t. ;  prrt.  Begirt,  Becibded ; 
pp.  Be(;irt.    [be  and  gird;  Sax.  begyrdan.] 

1.  To  bind  with  a  band  or  girdle. 

2.  To  surround  ;  to  inclose  ;  to  encompass. 

Begird  the  Almighty  throne.  MHum. 

3.  To  besiege.  Clarendon, 
To  begirt,  used  by  B.  Jonson,  is  a  corrupt  orthog- 
raphy. 

BE-GIRD'ED,  j  pp.  Bound  with  a  cirdle  ;  surrounded  ; 

BE  GIRT',      )      inclosed  ;  besieged. 

BE-GTRD'ING,  ppr.  Binding  with  a  girdle  ;  surround- 
ing ;  besieiing. 

BEG'LER  BEG,  n.  [See  Beg.]  The  governor  of  a 
province  in  the  Turkish  empire,  next  in  dignity  lo 
the  grand  vizier.  Each  has  three  ensigns  or  siafTs, 
trimmed  with  a  horse  tail,  to  distinguish  him  from 
a  pashaw,  who  has  two,  and  a  beg,  who  has  one. 
His  province  is  called  begltrbeglie.  F.ncyc 

BE-GLOO.M',  r.  L    To  make  gloomy  ;  to  darken. 

Bndcock, 

BE-GN'j\W,  (be-naw',)  v.  U  [Sax.  begnagan  ;  be  and 
^alP.j 

To  bite  or  gnaw ;  to  eat  away  ;  to  corrode  ;  to 
nibble.  Shak. 
BB-GOD',  V  U   To  deift-. 

BE-GO.VE',  (be-gawn',)  Go  away;  depart.  These 
two  words  have  been  improperly  united.  Be  re- 
tains the  sense  of  a  verb,  and  gone,  that  of  a  par- 
ticiple. 

BE-GOR'£D,  o.   [be  and  gore.]   Besmeared  with  gore. 

Spenser. 

BE^GOT'T£X  j  PP- of  Beget.  Procreated  ;  generated 


TONE,  BiJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1  I  I 


BEH 


BEH 


BEL 


1 


BE-GRAVE',  V.  t.  To  deposit  in  the  grave;  to  bury. 
[JVut  useil.] 

•2.  To  engrave.    [JVot  tised.]  Ooioer. 
BE-GRkASE',  0.  £.    [be  and  grcosf.]    To  soil  or  daub 

with  Erease.  or  other  oily  mutter. 
BE-GRl.ME',  k  (.    [be  nnd  grime]    To  soil  with  dirt 

deep  impressed,  so  that  the  natural  hue  can  not 

easily  be  recovered.  SUak^ 
BE-G\iUl'Er),pp.    DeepTy  soiled. 
BE-GRIM'ER,  ii.    One  who  begrimes. 
BE-GRUDGE',  (be-grudj',)  ».  «.    [See  Grudge  ]  To 

prudge  ;  to  envy  the  possession  of. 
BE-GRUUG'i^D,  pp.    Having  excited  envy. 
BE-GRirDG'IXG,  ppr.    Envying  the  possession  of. 
BE-GUILE',  (be-gile',)  v.  t.  [be  and  guile.]  To  delude ; 

to  deceive ;  to  impose  on  by  artifice  or  craft. 
Tlie  st'rpeiil  beguiled  iiie,  and  1  did  eat.  — Geii.  iii. 

2.  To  elude  by  craft. 

When  mis-^ry  could  beguile  the  tyrant's  ra^e.  Sliak. 

3.  To  elude  any  thing  disagi'eeable  by  amusement, 
or  other  means ;  to  pass  pleasingly ;  to  amuse  ;  as, 
to  brguilc  tile  teilious  day  with  sleep.  Shnk. 

BE-GUlL'il),  pp.  Deluded;  imposed  on;  misled  by 
craft ;  eluded  hv  stratagem  ;  passed  pleasingly- 

BE-GUILE'.MEXT,  v.    An  of  beguiling  or  deceiving. 

BE-GUIL'ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  beguiles  or  de- 
ceives. 

BE-GL'IL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Deluding;  deceiving  by 
craft;  eluding  by  artifice  ;  amusing. 

BE-GUTL'ING-L\',  adv.    In  a  manner  to  deceive. 

BE-GUIL'TV,  V.  t.  To  render  guilty.  [jJ  barbarous 
woril,]  Sanderson. 

BE-GUfJfF.' ,  (ba-geen',)  n.  One  of  an  order  of  females 
in  Flanders,  who,  without  having  taken  the  monastic 
vows,  are  united  for  the  purposes  of  devotion  and 
charity,  and  live  together  in  houses  called  beguinages. 
There  were  also  similar  societies  of  males  called 
heg/iards,  and  sometimes  bcguins.    See  Beghard. 

Bl'",'GUiM,    i  n.    In  the  East  /HtZiCA-, a  princess  or  lady 

Bk'GAUM,  j    of  high  rank.  Malcom. 

RE-GU.\',  ;)p.  of  Begin.    Commenced;  originated. 

BE-llXLF',  (be-haf,)  n.  [This  word  is  probably  a 
corruption.  If  composed  of  be  and  half,  it  is  a  word 
of  modern  origin  ;  but  I  take  it  to  be  the  Sax.  behcfe, 
profit,  need,  or  convenience  ;  G.  bchnf;  D.  bt-hoef, 
necessaries,  business ;  behoevc,  behalf;  Sw.  behuf; 
Dan.  behov,  need,  necessity,  sufficiency,  or  what  is 
required,  sustenance,  or  support ;  from  the  verb  be- 
hoove, behofea,  bdiiive,  to  need.  The  spelling  is 
therefore  corrupt ;  it  should  be  bchof  or  behoof.  See 
Behoof.] 

1.  Favor  ;  advantage  ;  convenience  ;  profit ;  sup- 
port ;  defense  ;  vindication  ;  as,  the  atlvocale  pleads 
in  behalf  of  the  prisoner ;  the  patriot  sulfers  in  behalf 
of  his  country. 

2.  Part;  side;  noting  substitution,  or  the  act  of 
taking  the  part  of  another ;  as,  the  agent  appeared 
in  behalf  of  his  constituents,  and  entered  a  claim. 

BE-II.\P'P£N,  v.  i.  [be  and  happen.]    To  liappen  to. 

Spenser. 

BE-HaVE',  v.  t.  [G.  gehaben;  Sax.  gehabban,  and  be- 
habban  ;  be  and  have.] 

1.  To  restrain  ;  to  govern  ;  to  subdue.  [The  Saxon 
sense  of  the  word.] 

He  did  behave  liis  anger  ere  'twas  spent.  Shak. 
This  sense  is  obsolete.    Yet  it  often  seems  to  be 
implied  ;  for  to  behave  one's  self,  is  really  to  govern 
one's  self;  to  have  in  command. 

2.  To  carry  ;  to  conduct ;  used  with  the  reciprocal 
pronoun  ;  aa,  he  beliavcs  himself  manfully.  But  the 
tendency  of  modern  usage  is  to  omit  the  pronoun  ; 
as,  he  bcltaves  wv.W. 

BE-HaVE',  !'.  I.  To  act;  to  conduct;  generally  ap- 
plied to  manners,  or  to  conduct  in  any  particular 
business  :  and  in  a  good  or  bad  sense.  He  bcJiaves 
well  or  ill. 

BE-11aV'/;1),  pp.  Conducted. 

BE-HA V'l.N't;,  ppr.    Carrying;  conducting. 

BI'MIaV'IOR,  (be-hav'yiir,)  71.  [See  Behave.]  Man- 
ner of  behaving,  whether  good  or  bad  ;  conduct ; 
manners  ;  carriage  of  one's  self,  with  respect  to  pro- 
priety or  morals  ;  deportm  ;nt.  It  expresses  external 
appearance  or  action ;  sometimes  in  a  particular 
character;  more  generally  in  the  common  ilulies  of 
lifi;;  a«,  our  future  destiny  depenils  oil  our  brhar.ior 
in  this  life.  It  may  express  correct  or  good  inaiirirrs, 
but  I  doubt  whether  it  ever  expresses  the  iilea  of 
ilrgance  of  manners,  without  another  word  to  iiual- 
ify  It. 

7'n  be  upon  onc^s  behavior,  is  to  be  in  a  state  of  trial, 
in  which  something  important  depends  on  propriety 
of  conduct.  'J'lie  :noderii  phrase  is,  to  be,  or  to  be  put, 
upon  one's  goad  behavior.  Judges  hold  their  office 
during  good  behavior:  that  is,  during  the  integrity 
and  fidelity  of  their  official  conduct. 

Hf^MV.M)',  (be-hed',)  «.  (.  [be  and  heail.]  To  cut  off 
the  head  ;  to  sever  the  head  from  the  body,  wilh  a  cut- 
ting iiftriiment  ;  appropriately  used  of  the  execution 
of  men  for  crimtrs. 

BE  IIEAD'KI),  (be-hed'cd,)  pp.  Having  the  head 
cut  otf. 

BM  IIEAD'INO,  {be-hed'ing,)  ppr.  Severing  the  head 
fruiii  the  body. 


BE-HE.\D'ING,  (be-hed'ing,)  n.  The  act  of  separat- 
ing the  head  from  the  body  by  a  cutting  instrument; 
decollation. 

BE-HELD',  pret.  and  pp.  of  Behold,  which  see. 

BE'HE-.MOTtI,  ji.  [Heb.  nian3,  plural  of  nona,  a 
beast  or  brute  ;  from  an  Arabic  verb,  which  signifies, 
to  shut,  to  lie  hid,  to  be  dumb.    In  Etii.  dumb.] 

Authors  are  divided  in  opinion  as  to  the  animal  in- 
tended in  Scripture  by  this  name  ;  some  supposing 
it  to  be  an  ox,  others,  an  elejihant ;  and  Bochart 
labors  to  prove  it  the  hippopotamus,  or  river  horse. 
It  seems  to  unite  some  of  the  peculiar  characteristics 
of  all ;  and  hence  some  consider  it  as  a  kind  of  type 
or  representation  of  the  largest  land  animals,  under 
the  general  name  of  behemoth,  which  is  a  plural,  de- 
noting, literally,  beasts.  Kitto.  The  original  word 
in  Arabic  signifies  a  brute  or  beast  in  general,  es- 
pecially a  quadruped. 

Bis'HEN,  ^  ?i.    A  plant.    The  white belien  is  a  species 

BE.\,       >    of  Cucubalus,  called  Swedish  Lychnis, 

BEK'EN,  )  or  gum  sepungar,  also  spatling  poppy  and 
bladder  campion,  {Cneubalus  bchen,  Ijiiin.  ;  Silene  in- 
Jluta,  Decand.)  The  enipalement  of  its  flower  resem- 
bles network,  and  its  leaves  have  somewhat  of  the 
flavor  of  peas.  Famihj  of  Plants.  Eneye. 

The  white  behen  of  the  shops  is  the  root  of  the 
Centaurea  Behen,  a  native  of  tlie  Levant  ;  the  red 
behen  is  the  root  of  the  Statice  Limonium,  or  sea 
lavender.  Parr. 

BE-HEST',  71,  [be  and  Sax.  luese,  a  command;  Ger. 
geheiss,  command,  from  heissen,  to  call,  tell,  or  com- 
mand.   See  Heat.] 

Command  ;  precept ;  mandate, 

BE-HiGHT',  (behite,)  ti.  t. ;  pret.  Behot.  [Sax.  io 
helan,  to  promise.] 

To  promise  ;  to  intrust ;  to  call  or  name  ;  to  com- 
mand ;  to  adjudge,  to  address  ;  to  inform  ;  to  mean  ; 
to  reckon.  The  orthography  is  corrupt ;  it  should  be 
behite.    [Obs.]  Spensej.  Chaucer. 

BE-HIND',  prcyi.  rSax.  behindan,  of  be  and  hindan,  be- 
hind ;  Goth,  hindar,  beyond,  behind;  hindar-leit/ian, 
to  pass,  pra3terire  ;  Ger.  hintcr.] 

1.  At  the  back  of  another;  as,  to  ride  behind  a 
horseman. 

2.  On  the  back  part,  at  any  distance;  in  the  rear; 
as,  to  walk  behind  another. 

3.  Remaining  ;  left  after  the  departure  of  another, 
whether  by  removing  to  a  distance,  or  by  death  ;  as, 
a  man  leaves  his  servant  behind  him,  or  his  estate  at 
his  decease. 

4.  Left  at  a  distance,  in  progress  or  improvement ; 
as,  one  student  is  behind  another  in  mathematics. 

5.  Inferior  to  another  in  dignity  and  excellence. 

For  I  suppose  I  was  not  a  wliit  behind  the  very  chiefest  apostles. 
—  2  Cor.  xi. 

G.  On  the  side  opposite  the  front  or  nearest  part, 
or  opposite  to  that  which  fronts  a  person  ;  on  the 
otlier  side  ;  as,  behind  a  bed  ;  behind  a  hill ;  behind  a 
house,  tree,  or  rock. 

Behind  the  back,  in  Scripture,  signifies,  out  of  no- 
tice or  regard  ;  overlooketi ;  disregarded. 

They  cast  thy  laws  behind  their  bacliB.  — Neh.  xix.    Is.  xxxviii. 

BE-HIN'D',  adv.  [be  and  hind.]  Out  of  sight;  not 
produced  or  exhibited  to  view  ;  remaining ;  as,  we 
know  not  what  evidence  is  behind. 

2.  Backward;  on  the  back  part;  as,  to  look 
behind. 

3.  Past,  in  the  progress  of  lime. 
Forgetting  those  things  which  are  behind.  —  Phil,  iii, 

4.  Future,  or  remaining  to  be  endured. 

And  lill  vip  lli  it  which  is  behind  of  the  aflliclions  of  Christ  iu  iny 
ll-sh.  —  Col.  i. 

5.  Remaining  after  a  payment ;  unpaid;  as,  there 
is  a  large  sum  behind. 

C.  Remaining  after  the  departure  of;  as,  he  de- 
parted and  left  us  behind. 
BE-Hl.\l)'ll.V.\l),  a.  [behind  ani  hand.]  Inarrear; 
in  an  exhausted  slate;  in  a  state  in  which  rent  or 
profit  has  been  anticipated,  and  expenditures  precede 
the  receipt  of  funds  to  supply  them.  In  popular  use, 
a  state  of  poverty,  in  which  the  means  of  living  are 
not  adequate  to  the  end.  Also,  in  a  state  of  back- 
wardness, in  which  a  particular  business  has  been  de- 
laytMl  bcytuid  the  iiroper  season  for  performing  it ;  as, 
he  is  behindhand  in  his  hiHiness. 

Brhindhand  with,  is  behind  in  progress  ;  not  upon 
equal  terms  in  forwardness ;  as,  to  bo  behindhand 
with  the  fashionable  world. 

This  word  is  really  an  adjective,  as  it  is  applied  to 
the  person  rather  than  to  the  verb;  but  like  adrift, 
aloft,  ashamed,  and  several  other  words,  never  pre- 
cedes the  noun,  Shakspeare's  "  behintihand  slack- 
ness," therefore,  according  to  present  usage,  is  not 
a  legitimate  phrase. 
liF.-lI(")l.,D',  V.  t. ;  pret.  ami  pp.  Beheld.  [Sax.  be- 
hialdan,  behcoldan,  gchealdnn,  gehaldan,  from  healdan, 
to  hold.  The  sense  is,  to  liold,io  have  in  sight,  from 
straining,  restraining.  I  ii  Saxon,  the  verb  signifies 
not  only  to  look  or  see,  hut  to  guard  ;  so  in  Latin, 
observo,  from  servo,  to  keep.  This  explication  leails 
us  to  an  understanding  of  llii!  pnrliciple  beholden, 
which  retains  the  primitive  sense  of  the  verb,  bound, 


obliged.  The  Germans  retain  the  original  sense  in 
beliallen,  to  hold  or  keep  ;  as  the  Dutch  do  in  gehoxL- 
den,  held,  bound  ;  and  the  Danes  in  bcholde,  to  keep, 
retain  ;  behold,  a  retreat,  refuge,  reservation.  See 
Observe  and  Regard.] 

1.  To  fix  the  eyes  upon  ;  to  see  with  attention ;  to 
observe  with  care. 

Behold  tlie  Lamb  of  God,  which  taketh  away  die  sin  of  the  world. 
—  John  i. 

2,  In  a  less  intensive  sense,  to  look  upon ;  to  see. 
When  he  beheld  the  serpent  of  brass,  he  lived.  — Num.  xxi. 

BE-HoLD',  V.  i.  To  look;  to  direct  the  eyes  to  an  ob- 
ject. 

And  I  beheld,  and  lo,  in  the  midst  of  the  throne,  a  Lamb,  as  it 
had  been  slain.  —  Rev.  v. 

2.  To  fix  the  attention  upon  an  object ;  to  attend ; 
to  direct  or  fix  the  mind. 

Behold,  I  stand  at  the  door  and  knock.  —  Rev.  iii. 

This  word  is  much  used  in  this  manner,  for  excit- 
ing attention  or  admiration.  It  is  in  the  imperative 
mode,  expressing  command  or  e.xhortation,  and  by 
no  means  a  mere  exclamation, 
BE-HoLU'£N,  (be-hold'n,)  pp.  or  a.  [The  participle 
of  Behold,  to  keep,  guard,  or  bind.    See  Behold,] 

Obliged  ;  bound  in  gratitude ;  indebted, 

LilLle  are  we  beholden  to  your  love.  Shal:. 

BE-HoLD'ER,  ti.    One  who  beholds ;  a  spectator ;  one 

who  looks  upon  or  sees. 
BE-HoLD'ING,  p^jr.    Fixing  the  eyes  upon ;  looking 

on  ;  seeing. 

2.  Fixing  tlie  attention  ;  regarding  with  atten- 
tion. 

3.  71.    Obligation.    [JVo«  tised.]  Carew. 

4.  Obliged,  [.d  vtistalcen  use  of  the  word  for  Be- 
holden.] Baeon  on  Love. 

BE-HoLD'ING-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  obliged. 

[An  error,  and  not  in  use.]  Donne.  Sidney. 

BE-HON'EY,  (-hun'y,)  v.  t.    To  sweeten  with  honey, 

Sherwood. 

BE-HOOF',  71,  [Sax,  behofan,  to  want,  to  be  neces- 
sary, to  be  expedient  ;  hence,  to  be  a  duty ;  D,  bchoe- 
ven,  to  need  ;  Ger,  behuf,  behoof ;  Dan,  belMve,  to 
need,  to  lack  ;  behov,  need,  necessity,  siilhciency, 
maintenance,  that  is,  things  needed  ;  Sw,  behuf, 
need  ;  behofva,-  to  need.] 

1.  Radieally,  need,  necessity  ;  whence,  by  an  easy 
analogy,  the  "word  came  to  signify  that  which  sup- 
plies want.    Hence,  in  present  usage, 

2.  That  which  is  advantageous  ;  advantage  ;  prof- 
it; benefit. 

No  mean  recompense  it  brings  to  yoiu  behoof.  Milton. 
BE-HOOV'A-BLE,  a.    Needful ;  profitable, 
BE-HOOVE',  (be-hoov',)  v.  t.    [Sax.  behojian,  to  want, 
to  be  necessary,  or  expedient.  Supra.] 
To  be  necessary  for ;  to  be  fit  for ;  to  be  meet  for, 
.   with  respect  lo  necessity,  duty,  or  convenience. 
And  thus  it  behooved  Clirist  to  suffer.  —  Luke  xxiv. 
It  may,  perhaps,  be  used  intransitively  ;  as,  let 
him  behave  as  it  bchooveth ;  but  I  believe  such  use  is 
rare. 

BE  HOOVE'FUL,  (be-hoov'ful,)  a.    Needful ;  useful ; 

profitable  ;  advantageous. 
BE-HOOVE'FUL-LY,  (be-hoov'ful-ly,)  adv.  Useful- 
ly ;  profitably.    [Obx.,  or  nearly'so.] 
BE-HOT',  pret.  of  Behi<;ht.  [Obs.] 
RE-HOVE',  and  its  derivatives.    See  Behoove, 
BE-llOWL',  V.  i.    [be  and  Iwwl.]    To  howl  at,  [JVu« 

used.]  Shuk. 
Bli'ING,  pp7-,    [See  Be,]    Existing  in  a  certain  state, 

Man,  being  in  honor,  abideth  not.  —  Ps.  xlix. 

Bk'ING,  71.  Existence ;  as,  God  is  the  author  of  our 
being. 

In  God  we  live,  and  move,  and  have  our  being.  —  .Acts  xvii. 

2.  A  particular  state  or  condition.  [Tliis  is  hardly 
a  different  sense.] 

3,  A  person  existing:  applied  to  the  human  rare. 

4,  An  immaterial,  intelligent  existence,  or  spu  it. 

Superior  beings,  when  of  laU-  they  »-iw 

A  mortal  man  unfold  all  natuiv's  law.  Pope. 

5.  An  animal ;  any  living  creature ;  as,  animals  are 
such  beings  as  are  endowed  with  sensation  and  spon- 
taneous motion. 

BE  IT  SO.    A  plirasc  of  anticipation — suppose  it  to  be 

so ;  or  of  periiiission  —  let  it  be  so.  Shak. 
BE-JADE',  JI.  t.    [be  and  jade.]    To  lire.    [J^'ot  tiseil.] 

JIdlon. 

BE-JaPE',  I'.  (.    To  laugh  al ;  to  deceive.    [.Vol  used.] 

Chaucer. 

BE-JE$'1I  IT,  I),  t.    To  initiate  in  Jesuitism. 

Afilton. 

BE-KISS',  V.  t.  [be  and  kiss.]  To  kiss  or  salute.  [jVot 

in  Uiic.]  Johnson. 
BE-KNAVE',  V.  t.    [be  and  knave.]    To  call  knave, 

[JVot  used.  ]  Pope. 
BK-KN6\V'  v.  t.    [he  and  A;ioie.]    To  acknowledge. 

[JVot  used.]  Chaucer. 
BE-LA'BOR,  V.  t.    [Perhaps  frtuii  be  and  labor  ;  but  in 

Kii.ss.  bulava  is  a  dub.]    To  ply  diligjiilly  ,  lo  boat 

sounilly  ;  to  thump. 

AJax  betaliore  there  a  hannleu  ox.  Dryden, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  MKTE,  PllBY,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLP,  BQQK  — 


[JVut  used.] 
iBarbarouSy 


BEL 

BE-LSCE',  V.  I.    [be  and  (ace]    To  fasten,  as  with  a 

lace  or  cord. 
2.  To  beat ;  to  whip. 
BE-LSC'KI),  a.    Adorned  witli  lace.  Beaum.  ^  Fletch. 
BE-LA.M',  1'.  (.    To  beat  or  bang.  Todd. 
ltEL'.\-.MOUR,  n.    [Fr.  bd-amouT.] 

A  gallant ;  a  consort.    [JVut  uscd-l  Spciiscr. 
BEL'A-.MY,  n.    [Fr.  bc/-ami.] 

A  good  friend  ;  an  intimate.  Wot  used.]  Speriscr. 
BE-L.\TE',  ,B.  (.  fie  and  late]  To  ret-vd  or  make  too 

late.    LNut  tuied,] 
BE-L.Al^ED,  pp.  and  a.    [4e  and  lated.]    Benighted  ; 

abroad  late  at  night. 
2.  Too  late  for  the  hour  appointed  or  intended  ; 

later  than  the  proper  time.  Burke. 
BE-L.aT'F.D-XESS,  II.    A  being  too  late.  Miltun. 
BE-LAVE',  V.  t.  [be  and  lave.]  To  wasli. 
BE-LAVV'GIVE,  v.  t.    To  give  a  law  to. 

and'not  visid.]  juuwn. 
OE-L..VV'',  IT.  t.    [This  word  is  composed  of  6c  and  lay, 

to  lay  to,  lay  by,  or  close.    See  Belearuer.] 

1.  To  block  up,  or  obstruct ;  as,  to  belay  the  coast. 

Vryden.  Gotcer. 

2.  To  place  in  ambush.  Spenser. 

3.  To  adorn,  surround,  or  cover.  Speiiser. 

4.  In  seamaaship,  to  fasten,  or  make  fast,  by  wind- 
ing a  rope  round  a  cleat,  kevil,  or  belayiiig-pin.  It  is 
chietlv  applied  to  the  running  rigging.    .Mar.  Diet. 

RE-L.\\''f2i,pp.    Obstructed;  ambushed;  made  fast. 
BE-L.\Y'1\G, ppr.    Blocking  up  ;  laying  an  ambush; 
making  fast. 

BE-L.\Y'ING-PIN,  n.  A  strong  pin  in  the  side  of  a 
vessel,  or  by  the  mast,  round  which  ropes  are  wound, 
when  they  are  fa.stened  or  belayed.  , 

BEL(MI,  I'.'f.  [Sax.  bealean,  to  belch,  that  is,  to  push 
out,  to  swell  or  heave  ;  belgan,  to  be  angry,  that  is, 
to  swi'll  with  passion  ;  Eng.  bulge,  bilge,  bidk  ;  allied 
to  \V.  bale,  prominent.] 

1.  To  throw  or  eject  wind  from  the  stomach  with 
violence. 

2.  To  eject  violently  from  within  ;  as,  a  volcano 
btlcltes  flames  and  lava  ;  to  belch  forth  curses. 

BELCM,  r.  i.   To  eject  wind  from  the  stomach. 
2.  To  issue  out  with  eructation. 

BELCH,  11.    The  act  of  throwing  out  from  the  stom- 
ach, or  violently  from  within  ;  eructation. 
2.  A  cant  name  for  malt  liquor.  Dennis. 

BELl'H'CT,  (belcht,)  pp.  Ejected  from  the  stomach 
or  from  a  hollow  plac. 

BELCH'IXG,  ;i/ir.  Ejecting  from  the  stomach  or  any 
deep,  hollow  place. 

BELC'H'l.N'G,  n.    Eructation.  Barret. 

UEL'D.V.M,  n.  [I"r.  belle,  fine,  handsome,  and  dame, 
lady.  It  seems  to  be  used  in  contempt,  or  as  a  cant 
term.] 

1.  An  old  woman.  Shak. 
Spenser  seems  to  have  used  the  word  in  its  true 

sense  for  good  dame. 

2.  A  hag.  Dniden.  Shak. 
BE-LeA'GUER,  (be-lee'ger,)  r.  U     fGer.  belagern, 

from  be,  by,  near,  and  lagern,  to  Lay  ;  D.  belegercn,  to 
besiege,  to  convene ;  to  belay  ;  Sw.  beltcgra,  to  be- 
siege ;  ban.  beleire  ;  Russ.  obtegaya.] 

To  besiege  :  to  block  up  ;  to  surround  with  an  ar- 
mv,  so  as  to  preclude  escape.  Drydeiu 

BE-Lk.A'GUEK-K1),  pp.  Besieged. 

HE-l.i:A'GUEU-ER,  II.    One  who  besieges.  Shericood. 

BE-l.F:A'GrER-l.\G, ppr.    Besieging:  blocking  up. 

BE-Li5.\VE',  c.  t.  [ie  and  /eaiic]  To  leave.  [Aut 
u-hti/.]  May. 

BE-I,EC'TlTR.£n,  a.  Lectured. 

BE-LEE',  r.  L  [be  and  lee.]  To  place  on  the  lee,  or 
in  a  (losition  unfavorable  to  the  wind.  Shak. 

BE  LE.M'.NITE,  n.  [Gr.  fiiXti.nv,  a  dart,  or  arrow, 
from  (ic\oi,  from  the  root  of  /ia\\:,>,  pello,  to  throw.] 
.^rrow-liead,  or  finger-slone  ;  vulgarly  called  tAuii- 
der-iolt,  or  tAunder-.itone.  .\  generic  name  for  the 
orcanic  remains  of  extinct  fossd  bodies,  havin 
straiiiht,  taporing  shell.  They  belonged  to  aniimds 
of  till'  rl.ass  Cephalopoda.  Dana. 

BE-LEP'ER,  r.  ^    To  infect  with  leprosy.  Beaumont. 

BEL  ES-PRlT',  (bel'es-pree',)  ii. .  pt.  Beaui  EspniTs, 
(ho/.'es-pree'.)  k.  wit  ;  a  fine  genius. 

BEL'FKV,  n.    [Fr.  helfroy  :  barb.  L.  W/rfrfn..-.] 

1.  .Among  niilitiiry  writers  of  the  middle  age,  a 
tower  erected  by  besiegers  to  overlook  the  place  be- 
siegi-d,  in  \\  liich  sentinels  were  placed  to  watch  the 
avenues,  and  to  prevent  surprise  iVom  parties  of  the 
enemy,  or  to  give  notice  of  fires  by  ringing  a  bell. 

Encye. 

2.  That  part  of  a  steeple,  or  other  building,  in 
which  a  bell  is  hung,  and,  more  particularly,  the 
timber  work  which  sustains  it.  Encyc. 

BEl.-flXRD',  II.    [Fr.  bel  and  c^arrf.] 

.■\  soft  look  or  glance.    [J^ut  used.]  Spenser. 
UEL'Gl-.V.V,  a.  [See  Beloic.j   Belonging  to  Belgium 

or  llic  .Netherlands. 
BE1.'C:I-A.\,  n.    A  native  of  Belgium  or  the  Low 

Countries. 

DEI.  Ol€,  a.  [L.  ftr/.'im.v,  from  Belgir,  the  inhabitants 
ol  the  Netherlands  and  the  country  bofdering  on  the 
Rhine,  from  that  rivi  r  to  the  Seine  and  the  ocean. 
The  name  may  have  been  given  to  them  from  llii  ir 
bulk  or  large  stature  ;  W.  bale,  prominent,  proud. 


BEL 

from  bal,  a  shooting  out ;  Eng.  bulge ;  Russ.  velik, 
great.  See  Pomp.  >lela,  lib.  y.  3,  and  3.  5 ;  Tac. 
Agric.  ;  Jixsepli.  de  lit  11.  Jud.  2.  ](!  ;  llerod.  lib.  ti ; 
Strabo,  lib.  4.  Owen  supposes  the  Wel.-li  n.iinc 
Bclgiad  to  have  been  given  tliem  from  their  burst- 
ing forth  and  ravaging  iSritain  and  Ireluuil.  lint  thi  y 
had  the  name  on  the  continent  before  their  irruption 
into  Britain.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Belg<e,  who,  in  Cesar's  time,  pos- 
sessed the  countiT  between  the  Rhine,  the  Seine, 
and  the  ocean.  They  were  of  Teutonic  origin,  and, 
anterior  to  Cesar's  invasion  of  Gaul  and  Hrilaiii,  col- 
onies of  tliem  had  established  themselves  in  the 
southern  part  of  Britain.  The  country  was  called 
Bclgica,  from  its  inhabit.ints,  who  dwelt  in  the  dis- 
trict around  the  town  of  Belgium,  now  called  Deau- 
7-aLs.    See  Cluv.  Germ.  Ant.  2.  2. 

Belgic  is  now  applied  to  the  .Vrthrrlands,  calli'il, 
also,  Flanders,  or  that  part  of  the  I.i.w  Coiiiilries 
which  forinerlv  belongeii  to  the  house  of  .\uslria. 
Be'M-AL,  n.    [lleh.  Sv^S^.J 

As  a  iioiiii,  iinpriitilablfin-'ss  ;  wickedness.  Hence, 
the  name  of  an  evil  spirit.  Jtldliin. 

As  an  adjective,  worthless  ;  wicked.  Seii>-  of  Biiial ; 
wicked  men.  Parkharst. 
BE-LI'UEL,  V.  L    [be  and  libel.]    To  libel  or  traduce. 

Fuller. 

BE-LIE',  V.  U  [be  and  lie.  Sax.  belecgan,  of  be  and 
teogan,  to  lie,  lig,  or  lyg,  a  lie  ;  D.  belicgen  ;  G.  belil- 
gcn,  to  belie.    See  Lie.] 

1.  To  give  the  lie  to ;  to  show  to  be  false  ;  to  charge 
with  falsehood  ;  as,  the  heart  belies  the  tongue.  It  is 
rarely  used  of  declarations;  bill  of  appearances  and 
facts  which  show  that  declarations,  or  certain  ap- 

K^arances  and  pretenses,  are  false  and  hypocritical, 
ence, 

2.  To  counterfeit;  to  mimic;  to  feign  resem- 
blance. 

AVith  dust,  with  lior»-«*  h'^ofe,  Ui:it  l^;il  llic  ^uml, 

And  niartial  brd»,  belie  Uie  UiuiidLT'8  Koiiiul.  Dnjtlcn. 

3.  To  give  a  false  representation. 

Should  I  do  so,  I  should  bcl'u  niy  ihougliU.  Shak. 

4.  To  tell  lies  concerning  ;  to  calumniate  by  false 
reports. 

Thou  dosl  belie  him,  Pt  rc/.  Sliak. 

5.  To  (ill  with  lies. 

Shvn.liT  doih  belie  all  conu-rs  of  the  world.  Shr.k. 
BE-LI'JCD,  pp.  Falsely  represented,  either  by  word  or 
obvious  evidence  and  indication  ;  counterfeited  ; 
mimicked. 

BE-LIeF',  II.  [Sax.  geteaf,  leave,  license,  permission, 
consent,  assent,  belief,  faith,  or  trust ;  geleafan,  ge- 
lefan,  geliefan,  gclyfan,  to  believe;  leofan,  to  leave 
and  to  live.  From  these  words,  it  appears  that  4c- 
/ir/is  from  the  root  of  leave,  permission,  assent ;  Sax. 
Zca/,  leave  and  belief;  L.  Jides  i  ko/a,  permission,  li- 
cense ;  written,  also,  lif  and  /«/a  ;  lijfan,  to  permit ; 
D.  geloof,  G.  glaiibe,  belief,  credit,  faith;  geluovcn, 
glauben,  to  believe  ;  Dan.  bclove,  to  promise  ;  D.  oor- 
lof,  verlof,  leave,  permission  ;  G.  urlaub,  leave,  fur- 
lough. The  primary  sense  of  believe,  is  to  throw  or  put 
to,  "or  to  assent  to  ;  to  leave  with  or  to  rest  on  ;  to  re- 
ly.   See  Leave  and  Live.] 

1.  A  persuasion  of  the  truth,  or  an  assent  of  mind 
to  the  truth  of  a  declaration,  proposition,  or  alleged 
fact,  on  the  ground  of  evidence,  distinct  I'roni  person- 
al knowledge  ;  as,  the  belief  of  the  gospel ;  biiief  of  a 
witness.  Belief  m:iy  also  be  foumled  on  internal  im- 
pressions, or  arguments  and  reasons  furnished  by  our 
own  minds  ;  as,  the  belief  of  our  senses;  a  train  of 
reasoning  may  result  in  belief.  Belief  is  ojiposed  to 
knowledge  and  science. 

2.  In  theology,  faith,  or  a  firm  persuasion  of  the 
truths  of  religion. 

No  man  c^.n  nleiin  [to]  belief  by  the  bare  contpmplation  of 
heaven  ami  earth.  Hooker. 

3.  Religion  ;  the  body  of  tenets  held  by  the  pro- 
fessors of  the  faith. 

In  the  heal  of  p-^r^eciilion,  to  whicli  Christian  belief  was  sirhjnct 
upon  iu  lirvt  prunuilg  ilion.  llooker. 

4.  In  some  cases,  the  word  is  used  for  persuasion 
or  opinion,  when  tlie  evidence  is  not  so  clear  as  to 
leave  no  doubt ;  but  the  shades  of  strentitli  in  ojiin- 
ion  can  hardly  he  defined,  or  cxeinjilifird.  lli  nce 
the  use  of  qualifying  words;  as,  a  frm,  full,  or 
strong  belief. 

5.  The  thing  believed  ;  the  object  of  belief. 
Supentitioiu  prophecies  are  Uie  belief  ol  fouls.  Baron. 

6.  A  creed  ;  a  form  or  summary  of  articles  of  faith. 
In  this  sense,  we  genemllv  use  creed. 

BE-LIeV'A-BLE,  o.  That  "may  be  believed  ;  credible. 

Shenrood. 

BE-LIEVE',  v.  t.  To  credit  upon  the  aiiihority  or 
testimony  of  another ;  to  be  persuaded  of  the  tryih  of 
something  upon  the  declaration  of  another,  or  upon 
evidence  furnished  by  reasons,  arguments,  and  de- 
ductions of  the  mind,  or  by  other  circumstances  than 
personal  knowledge.  When  we  brlirre  upon  the  an-  | 
thority  of  another,  we  always  put  coiifuknre  iu  his 
veracity.  When  we  bclieie  upon  the  aulhtirily  of 
reasoning,  arEuments,  or  a  concurii  iice  of  facts  "and 
circumstances,  we  rest  our  conclusions  upon  their  ', 


BEL 

strength  or  probability,  their  ngreemeiit  with  uur  own 

experience,  &c. 
2.  To  expect  or  hope  with  confidence  ;  to  tnisL 
I  luid  fainted,  unless  1  had  belieoed  to  see  Uic  goodness  of  Ui« 

l.i.r.l  in  Uie  land  ol  the  livinj.  —  Ps.  xxvu. 

BE  I.IeVE',  v.  i.  To  have  a  firm  persuasion  of  any 
thing.  In  some  cases,  to  have  a  full  persiiasiuii,  aji- 
proaching  to  certainly  ;  in  others,  more  doubt  is  im- 
plied. It  is  often  followed  by  in  or  cm,  especially  in 
tlie  Scriptures.  To  believe  in,  is  to  hold  as  the  object 
of  filth.  "  Ye  believe  in  God,  belirre  also  in  me." 
Joliii  xiv.  To  believe  on,  is  to  trust,  to  place  full  con- 
fidence ill,  to  rest  U|>on  with  faith.  "  To  them  gave 
he  power  to  beciiiue  the  sons  of  God,  c»in  to  them 
that  believe  on  his  name."  John  i.  Johnson.  But 
there  is  no  ground  for  much  distinction. 

Ill  ihrulogy,  to  believe  sometimes  expresses  a  mere 
assent  of  the  understanding  to  the  truths  of  the  gos- 
pel, as  in  the  case  of  Simon.  Acts  viii.  In  others, 
the  word  implies,  with  this  assent  of  the  mind,  n 
yielding  of  the  will  and  affections,  accompanied  with 
a  humble  reliance  on  Christ  for  salvation.  John  i. 
12.  iii.  15. 

In  papular  use  anif  familiar  discourse,  to  believe  of- 
ten expresses  an  opinion  in  a  vague  manner,  withtmt 
a  very  exact  estimate  of  evidence,  noting  a  mere  pre- 
ponderance of  opinion,  and  is  nearly  equivalent  to 
think  or  suppose. 

BE-LlF.V'f.'l),  pp.    Credited  ;  assented  to,  as  true. 

GE-LIeV'ER,  n.  One  who  believes  ;  one  who  gives 
credit  to  other  evidence  than  that  of  personal  knowl- 
edge. 

2.  In  theology,  one  who  gives  credit  to  the  truth  of 
the  Scriptures,  as  a  revelation  from  God.  In  a  more 
restricted  sense,  a  professor  of  Christianity  ;  one  who 
receives  the  gospel,  as  unfolding  the  true  way  of  sal- 
vation, and  Christ  as  his  Savior. 

In  tJie  prifuUivc  church,  those  who  had  been  in- 
structed in  the  truths  of  the  gospel  and  baptized, 
were  called  believers ;  in  distinction  from  the  catc-. 
chuinens,  who  were  under  insiniction,  as  preparato- 
ry to  baptism  and  admission  to  church  privUeges. 

JEiicyc. 

BE-LIeV'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving  credit  to  testimony 
or  to  other  evidence  than  personal  knowledge. 

BE-LIeV'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  b.  lieving  manner. 

BE-LIKE',  add.  [be  nnii  like.]  Probably  ;  likely  ;  per- 
haps. But  perhaps  from  be  and  the  Dan.  lykke,  luck. 
By  luck  or  chance. 

BE  "LIKE  LY,  ade.    Probablv.    [J^ot  used.]  Hall. 

BE-LI.ME',  v.  U    To  bt^sml^ar  with  lime.     Bp.  Halt. 

BE-LIT'TLE,  r.  U  To  make  smaller  ;  to  lower  in 
character.    [Rare  in  .Vnierica,  not  used  in  England.] 

Jefferson. 

BE-LIVE',  ode.  [See  Live.]  Speedily  ;  quickl v.  [  Oiij.] 

Sj'enser. 

BELL,  n.  [Sax.  bell,  bella,  belle,  so  named  from  its 
sound  ;  Sax.  beitan,  to  baicl  or  bellow  :  W.  ballaw  ;  G. 
bellcn  :  D.  id. ;  coinciding  with  fJaXXu  and  pello.  See 
Peal.] 

1.  A  vessel  or  hollow  body  used  for  making  sounds. 
Its  constituent  parts  are  a  barrel  or  hollow  body,  en- 
larged or  expanded  at  one  end,  an  ear  or  cannon  by 
which  it  is  liuiig  to  a  beam,  and  a  clapper  on  the  in- 
side. It  is  formed  of  a  composition  of  metals.  BelLi 
are  of  high  antiquity.  The  blue  tunic  of  the  Jewish 
high  priest  was  adorned  with  golden  lells  ;  and  the 
kings  of  Persia  are  said  to  have  the  hem  of  their  robe 
adorned  with  them  in  like  manner.  .Vniong  the 
Greeks,  those  who  went  the  nightly  rounds  in 
camps  or  garrisons,  used  to  ring  a  bell,  at  each 
sentinel-box,  to  see  that  the  soldier  on  duty  was 
awake.  Bells  were  also  put  on  the  necks  of  crim- 
inals, to  warn  persons  to  move  out  of  the  u  ay  of  so 
ill  an  omen  as  the  siclu  of  a  criminal  or  his  execu- 
tioner; also,  on  the  necks  of  beasts  and  birds,  and 
in  houses.  In  churches  and  other  public  buildings, 
bclU  are  now  used  to  notify  the  time  of  meeting  ol 
any  congregation  or  other  assembly.  Encyc 

in  private  houses,  bells  are  used  to  call  servants, 
either  hung  and  moved  by  a  wire,  or  as  hand-bells. 
Small  bells  arc  also  used  in  electrical  experiments. 

2.  .\  hollow  body  of  metal,  perforated,  and  con- 
taining a  solid  ball,  to  give  .sounds  when  shaken  j 
used  on  animals,  as  on  horses  or  hawks. 

.3.  .Any  thing  in  form  of  a  bell,  as  the  cup  or  calyx 
of  a  flower. 

To  bear  the  bell,  is  to  be  the  first  or  leader,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  bell-wether  of  a  flock,  or  the  leading 
horse  of  a  team  or  drove,  that  wears  bells  on  his  collar. 

7'o  shake  the  belLs,  a  phrase  of  .Shakspeare,  signifies 
to  move,  give  notice,  or  alarm. 

Tti  ciirsc  by  bell,  book,  and  candle,  was  to  read  the 
execnition  in  English,  with  the  ringing  of  bells,  and 
candles  lighted,  to  inspire  the  greater  dread. 
BELL,  1'.  t.  To  bell  the  cat,  to  encounter  and  cripple 
one  of  a  greatly  superior  force.  The  phrase  is  de- 
rived from  the  fable  of  the  mice  resolving  to  put  a 
bell  on  the  cat,  to  guard  them  agairuit  his  att.ack. 

Sir  ir.  ScntU 

BELL,  V.  1.  To  grow  in  the  form  of  bells,  as  buds  or 
flowers. 

BELL'-FASII-ION-£D,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  bcU. 

MoTtitHer 


TONE,  BWLL,  y.NITE.-.AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._€  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  a«  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  TBIS. 


BEL 

l!ECL'-FLOW-ER,  n.  [bell  and  flower.]  A  name 
coiiiiiion  to  different  species  fif  plants  of  the  genus 
Campanula  ;  so  named  from  the  shape  of  the  corol 
or  flower,  which  resembles  a  bell. 

BELL'-FOUi\D-ER,  n.  [bell  and  founder.]  A  man 
whose  occupation  is  to  found  or  cast  bells. 

BELL'-FOUND'ER-Y,  j  n.  A  place  where  bells  are 

BELL'-FOUND'RY,     j     founded  or  cast. 

BELL'-MAN,  n.  [bell  and  man.]  A  man  who  rings 
a  bell,  especially  to  give  notice  of  any  thing  in  the 
streets. 

BELL'-MET-^L,  (-met'l,)  n.  [bell  and  metal.]  A 
mixture  of  copper  and  tin,  in  the  proportion  of  from 
three  td*five  parts  of  copper  to  one  of  tin,  and  usu- 
ally a  small  portion  of  brass  or  zinc ;  used  for  niak- 
ins  bells.  Encyc.  Am. 

BELL'-PEP-PER,  n.  [bell  and  pepper.]  A  name  of 
a  species  of  Capsicum,  or  Guinea  pepper.  This  is 
the  red  pepper  of  the  gardens,  and  most  proper  for 
pickling.  Eiicyc. 

BELL'-PULL,  n.    A  bell-cord. 

BELL'-RING-ER,  7;.    One  whose  business  is  to  ring 

a  church  or  other  bell. 
BELL'-SHaP-£D,  (bell'shapt,)  a.    [bell  and  shaped.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  bell. 
In  botany,  campanulate  ;  swelling  out,  without  a 

tube  at  the  base,  as  a  inonopelalous  oorol.  J\Iartyn. 
BELL'-WETH-ER,  71.    [bcU  and  wether.]    A  wether 

or  sheep  %vhich  leads  tlie  flock,  with  a  bell  on  his 

neck. 

BELL'-WORT,  ti.  A  name  common  to  different  spe- 
cies of  plants  of  the  genus  Uvularia.  Muhlenberg. 

BEL-LA-DON'NA,  71.  A  plant,  the  Mropa  belladonna. 
Linn.,  or  deadly  nightshade.  Lee. 

BEL-La'TRIX,  71.  [L.]  A  ruddy,  glittering  star  of 
the  second  magnitude,  in  the  left  shoulder  of  Orion  ; 
so  named  from  its  imagined  influence  in  exciting  war. 

BELLE,  (bel,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  bellus.  It.  hello,  8p.  bello, 
handsome,  fine,  whence  to  embellish;  allied  perhaps 
to  Russ.  biel,  white.] 

A  gay  young  lady.  In  popular  use,  a  lady  of  superior 
beauty  and  much  admired. 

BELL'irD,  (held,)  a.    Hung  with  bells. 

BELLES-LET'TRES,  (beMet'ter.)  77.  pi.  [Fr.] 

Polite  literature ;  a  word  of  very  vague  significa- 
tion. It  includes  poetry  and  oratory  ;  but  authors 
are  not  agreed  to  what  jiarticular  branches  of  learn- 
ing the  term  should  be  restricted.  Encyc. 

BELL'I-BONE,  7i.    [Fr.  belle  ei  bonne.] 

A  woman  excelling  both  in  beauty  and  goodness. 
[J\rot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

BEL'LI-£D,  (bel'lid,)  pp.  or  a.  In  composition, 
swelled  or  prominent,  like  the  belly. 

In  botany,  ventricose  ;  swelling  out  the  middle,  as 
a  mon  ipetalous  corol.  Jfartijn. 

BEL  LI 6'ER-aTE,  c.  1.    To  make  war.  Cockeram. 

BEL-L16'ER-ENT,a.  [L.  ftd/iVcr,  warlike  ;  belligero, 
to  wage  war;  from  bellum,  war,  and  gero,  to  wage; 
part,  fferens,  gerentis,  waging.  Or.  7:'t}.efi'>^,  war; 
VV.  bel,  war,  tumult ;  bela,  to  war,  to  wrangle.] 

Waging  war ;  carrying  on  war  ;  as,  a  belligerent 
nation. 

BEL-LI6'ER-ENT,  71.  A  nation,  power,  or  state,  car- 
rying on  war. 

BEL-LIG'ER-OUS,  a.    The  same  as  Belligekent. 

BELL'ING,  71.  [Sax.  bcllan,  to  bellow.]  The  noise 
of  a  roe  in  rutting  time  ;  a  hunUman's  term.  Diet. 

2.  a.  Growing  or  forming  like  a  bell ;  growing  full 
nnd  ripe  ;  used  of  hops  ;  from  bell.  Ash. 

BEL-LIP'O-TENT,  0.  [L.  bellum,  war,  and  jpolens, 
powerful,  bellipotens.] 

Powerful  or  mighty  in  war.    [Little  used.]  Diet. 

BEL-LHaUE',  (bel-leek',)  a.  [Old  Fr.]  Warlike. 
[JVot  med.]  Fiitham. 

BEL'LI-TUDE,  7i.  [L.  bcllUudo.]  Beauty  of  person. 
[Obs,]  Cockeram. 

BELL'LESS,  a.    Having  no  bell.  Scott. 

BEL'LO.V,  71.    A  disea.-te,  attended  with  languor  and 
intolerable  griping  of  the  bowels,  common  in  places 
where  lead  ore  is  smelted.  Encyc. 
A  name  given  to  the  lead  colic  in  Derbyshire. 

Quincy. 

BEL-Lf)'NA,  71.    [from  L.  bellum,  war.] 

The  goddess  of  war.  Ant.  Mythnl. 

BEL'LoVV,  V.  i,    [Sax.  bul<rian,  bylgean  ;  W.  bulluw; 

L.  bnto ;  I).  biUkcn  ;  Sw.  baia  ;  Sax.  bellan,  to  bawl. 

See  Bawi..] 

1.  To  make  a  hoHow,  loud  noise,  as  a  bull ;  to 
make  a  Iniid  tiulcry ;  to  roar.  In  contempt,  to  vo- 
ciferate or  rlamfir. 

2.  To  roar,  as  the  sea  in  a  tempest,  or  as  the  wind 
when  violent;  to  make  a  loud,  hollow,  continued 
wiiind.  DryUen. 

nEL'LOW,  71.    A  loud  outcry  ;  roar. 

HFW/'LOU'  Ert,  n.    One  who  bi  Hows. 

BEI/LOW  I.Nf;,  ppr.  or  a.    Makiiif  a  kmd,  hollow 

Hound,  an  a  bull,  or  as  the  roaring  of  billows. 
BEL'I.nW-I.NG.Ti.  A  loud,  hollow  i-ound  or  roar,likc 

that  of  a  hull.  Ihrbrrt. 
BEL'LOWS,  n.  ring,  and  pi.     [Sax.  bilii;  or  bijlig, 

belloWH  ;  and  hilig,  bylg,n  blown  bladder,  a  bottle; 

Goth,  balgs,  bylg,  bylira,  a  mail  or  buclui  t;  L.  bulgu; 

Ir.  biiilg,  holg,  a  bidlowM  ;  V,i:r.  balg,  a  skin  ;  blasebiilg, 

B^liellowii,  that  is,  a  blow-8kin  ;  f).  blaasbalg  ;  Sw. 


BEL 

bliisbalg ;  Dm.  blasebclg.  See  Blaze.  The  word  is 
properly  in  the  singular  number,  Goth,  balgs,  but  is 
used  also  in  the  plural.  It  seems  to  be  the  same  word 
as  the  L./u;;te-,and  probably  from  shooting  out,  swell- 
ing, or  driving.    W.  bal.] 

An  instrument,  utensil,  or  machine  for  blowing 
fire,  either  in  private  dwellings  or  in  forges,  furnaces, 
and  shops.  It  is  so  formed  as,  by  being  dilated  and 
contracted,  to  inhale  air  by  an  orifice  which  is  opened 
and  closed  with  a  valve,  and  to  propel  it  through  a 
tube  upon  the  fire. 

BEL'LOWS-FISH,  77.  The  trumpet-fish,  about  four 
inches  long,  with  a  long  snout ;  whence  its  name. 

Diet.  ofJ^at.  Hist. 

BEL'LU-INE,  a.    [L.  hclluinus,  from  be'llua,  a  beast.] 
Beastly ;  pertaining  to  or  like  a  beas-t ;  brutal. 
[IJttie  used.]  Atterbury. 

BEL'LY,  7!.  [Ir.  bolg,  the  belly,  a  bag,  pouch,  budget, 
blister,  bellows  ;  W.  boly,  the  belly,  whence  biiliatc, 
to  belly,  to  gorge  ;  Ann.  baclcu,  bowels.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  swelled,  or  a  swell.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  human  body  which  extends 
anteriorly  from  the  breast  to  the  thighs,  and  also  the 
cavity  exteniiinjr  from  the  diaphragm  to  the  pelvis, 
containing  the  bowels  ;  the  latter  is  called  also  Ilie 
abdomen,  or  lower  belly,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
head  and  breast,  whicli  are  sometimes  called  bellies, 
from  their  cavity.  Quincy. 

2.  The  part  of  a  beast  corresponding  to  the  human 

3.  The  womb.    Jer.  i.  5.  [bi  lly. 

4.  The  receptacle  of  food  ;  that  which  requires 
food,  in  opposition  to  the  back. 

Wiiose  god  is  their  belly.  —  Pliii.  iii. 

5.  The  part  of  any  thing  which  resembles  the 
human  belly  in  protuberance  or  cavity,  as  of  a  harp 
or  a  bottle. 

6.  Any  hollow  inclosed  place  ;  as,  the  belly  of  hell, 
in  Jonah. 

7.  In  Scripture,  belly  is  used  for  the  heart.  Prov. 
xviii.  8.  XX.  30.  John  vii.  38.  Carnal  lusts,  sensual 
pleasures.  Rom.  xvi.  18.  Phil.  iii.  19.  The  whole 
man.    Tit.  i.  12.  Brown.  Cruden. 

BEL'LY,  P.  (.    To  fill ;  to  swell  out.  Shak. 
BEL'LY,  V.  i.    To  swell  and  become  protuberant,  like 
the  belly  ;  as,  bellying  goblets  ;  bellying  canvas. 

Dryden.  Plulips, 
2.  To  stnit.      ,  Bailey. 
BEL'LY-ACHE,  71.    [belly  and  ache.]    Pain  in  the 

bowels;  the  colic.  [Vulgar.] 
BEL'LY-AeUE  BUSH  or  AVEED,  71.    A  species  of 
Jatroplia. 

BEL'LY-B,\ND,  n.  A  band  that  encompasses  the 
belly  of  a  horse  and  fastens  the  saddle ;  a  girth. 

Sherwood. 

BEL'LY-BOUND,  a.    Diseased  in  the  belly,  so  as  to 

be  costive,  and  shrunk  in  the  belly.  Juhnsoiu 
BEL'LY-CHEER,  7!.    Good  cheer.    [JVu2  used.] 

Chaucer. 

BEL'LY-FRET-TING,  71.  The  chafing  of  a  horse's 
belly  with  a  fore  girt. 

2.  A  violent  pain  in  a  horse's  belly,  caused  by 
worms.  Diet. 

BEL'LY-FUL,  n.  [belly  and  full.]  A3  much  as  fills 
the  belly,  or  satishes  the  appetite.  In  familiar  and 
ludicrous  language,  a  great  abundance ;  more  than 
enough.    [Vulgar.]  Johnson. 

BEL'LY-GOD,  71.  [belly  and  god.]  A  glutton  ;  one 
who  makes  a  god  of  his  belly  ;  that  is,  whose  great 
business  or  pleasure  is  to  gratify  his  appetite. 

BEL'LY-ING,ppr.  or  a.  Enlarging  capacity;  swell- 
ing out,  like  the  belly. 

BEL'LY-PL\CH-AD,  (-pinclit,)  a.  [See  Pinch.] 
Starved  ;  pinched  with  hunger.  Shak. 

BEL'LY-RoLL,  n.  [See  Roll.]  A  roller  protuber- 
ant in  the  middle,  to  roll  land  between  ridges,  or  in 
hollows.     _  .Mortimer. 

BEL'LY-SLaVE,  7t.    A  slave  to  the  appetite. 

Homily. 

BEL'LY-TLM'BER,  71.    [See  Timber.]    Food  ;  that 

which  supports  the  belly.  IVulgnr.] 

Prior.  Hudibras. 
BEL'LY-WORM,  71.    [See  Wob.m.]    A  worm  that 

breeds  in  the  lii:lly  or  stomach.  Johnson. 
BE-LOCK',  V.  U     [Sax.  belucun,  from  loc,  a  lock, 

with  be.] 

To  lock,  or  fasten,  as  with  a  lock.  Shale. 

BEL'O-MAN-CY,  71.  [Gr.  liihis,  an  arrow,  and 
liavrita,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  practic('d  by  the  ancient 
Pcythians,  Babylonians,  amj  other  nations,  nnd  by 
the  Arabians.  .\  number  of  arrows,  being  niarkird, 
were  put  into  a  bag  or  (luiver,  and  drawn  out  at 
randitin  ;  and  the  marks  or  words  on  the  arrow 
drawn,  determined  what  was  to  happen.  See  I'./.i  k. 
xxi.  21.  Encyc. 

BEL'O-NE,  71.    [Gr. /JfX.jiT,,  a  needle.] 

A  name  given  by  Cuvier  to  the  gar,  g.arfish,  or  sea- 
needle,  a  species  of  Esox.  It  grows  to  the  liuigth  of 
two  or  three  feet,  with  long,  |ii>inted  jaws,  the  edges 
of  which  are  arnii  d  wilh  small  ti  i  lh. 

BE-LO.\(;',  11.  i.  [1>.  bclangcn,  to  concern,  belong, 
concern,  interest,  imporlanci',  of  be  and  lung  :  (Jer. 
brlangrn,  to  attain  to,  or  come  to  ;  anlnngen,  lo  arrive. 


BEL 

to  come  to,  to  concern,  to  touch  or  belong ;  Dan. 
aniange,  to  arrive  at,  to  belong.  In  Sax.  gelangian  is 
to  call  or  bring.  The  radical  sense  of  long  is  to 
extend  or  draw  out,  and  witli  be  or  an,  it  signifies  lo 
extend  to,  to  ii'ach.] 

1.  To  be  the  property  of ;  as,  a  field  belongs  to 
Richard  Roe  ;  Jamaica  belongs  to  Gre.at  Britain" 

2.  To  be  the  concern  or  pi  oper  business  of ;  lo  ap- 
pertain ;  as,  it  belongs  to  John  Doe  to  prove  his  title. 

3.  To  be  appendant  to. 

He  wenl  into  a  desert  phice  belonging  to  Bethsaida.  —  Luke  Ix. 

4.  To  be  a  part  of,  or  connected  with,  though  de- 
tached in  place  ;  as,  a  beam  or  rafter  belongs  to  such 
a  frame,  or  to  such  a  place  in  the  building. 

5.  To  have  relation  to. 

And  D.wid  said,  To  whom  belongeet  thou  ?  —  1  Sam.  xxx. 

6.  To  be  the  quality  or  attribute  of. 

To  the  Lord  our  God  belong  mercies  and  forgiveness.  —  Dart.  ix. 

7.  To  be  suitable  for. 

Strong  meat  belongeOt  to  them  of  full  age.  — Hcb.  v. 

8.  To  relate  to,  or  be  referred  to. 

He  carcUi  for  Ihin;^  thai  belong  to  tlie  Lord.  —  1  Cor.  vii. 

9.  To  have  a  legal  residence,  settlement,  or  inhab- 
itancy, whether  by  birth  or  operation  of  law,  so  as 
to  be  entitled  to  maintenance  by  the  parish  or  town. 


Hence, 

10.  To  be  the  native  of ;  to  have  original  residence. 

There  is  no  oUier  country  in  the  world  to  which  the  Gipsies  could 
belong.  Grethnan,  Pref.  \Z. 

11.  In  common  language,  to  have  a  settled  resi- 
dence; to  be  domiciliated. 

BE-LONG'ING,  ppr.  Pertaining  ;  appertaining  ;  be- 
ing the  property  of;  being  a  quality  of;  being  the 
concern  of ;  being  appendant  to  ;  being  a  native  of, 
or  having  a  legal  or  permanent  settlement  in. 

BE-LONG'ING,  71.    A  quality.    [JVi/I  in  use.]  Shak. 

BE-LOVE',  D.  f.    To  love.    [Obs.]  Todd. 

BE-LOV'ED,  (be-luvd'  as  a  participle,  be-luv'ed  as 
an  adjective,)  pp.  or  a.  [be  and  loved,  from  love. 
Belove,  as  a  verb,  is  not  used.] 

Loved  ;  greatly  loved  ;  dear  to  the  heart.  Paul. 

BE-LoW',  prep,  [be  and  low.]  Under  in  place  ;  be- 
neath ;  not  SO'  high ;  as,  below  the  moon ;  below  the 
knee. 

2.  Inferior  in  rank,  excellence,  or  dignity.  Felton. 

3.  Unworthy  of;  unbefitting.  Dryden. 
BE-I.oW',  adv.    In  a  lower  place,  with  respect  to  any 

object ;  as,  the  heavens  above  and  the  earth  below. 

2.  On  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  the  heavens. 

Tlie  fairest  child  of  Jove  below.  Prior. 

3.  In  hell,  or  the  regions  of  the  dead  ;  as,  the 
realms  below.  Dryden. 

4.  In  a  court  of  inferior  jurisdiction  ;  as,  at  the 
trial  below.  fV heaton. 

BE-LOWT',  ri.  «.    [See  Lowt.]    To  treat  with  con- 
temptuous language.    [JVot  in  use.]  Camden. 
BEL'SWAG-GER,  71.    A  lewd  man ;  a  bullv. 

Dryden. 

BELT,  71.  [Sax.  belt ;  Sw.  b'dlt ;  Dan.  bMe  ;  L.  baltcus ; 
Uu.  Ir.  bait,  a  welt.    Class  BI  ] 

1.  A  girdle,  band,  or  circlet ;  as,  a  Lady's  belt,  a 
sword  belt,  a  belt  of  trees. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  two  narrow  passages  or  straits 
in  the  Baltic.  The  Great  Belt  is  the  passage  between 
the  Isle  of  Zealand  and  that  of  Funen,  at  the  en- 
trance ot  the  Baltic.  The  Lesser  Belt  is  the  passage 
between  the  Isle  of  Funen  and  the  coast  of  Jutland. 

3.  A  bandage  or  band  used  by  surgeons  for  various 
purposes. 

4.  In  astronomy,  certain  girdles  or  zones  which  sur- 
round the  planet  Jupiter  are  called  belts. 

.5.  A  disease  among  sheep,  cured  by  cutting  ofTthe 
tail,  laying  the  sore  bare,  then  casting  mold  on  it, 
and  applying  tar  and  goose-grease.  Eneye. 

BELT,  r.  f.    To  encircle.  Warton. 

l!i;i/  l'ANR,  (  71.    Mav  day  and  its  attendant  ceremo- 

BF.I/'TIN,  \  nies, 'among  the  ScoIIish  Highland- 
ers ;  as,  the  beltane  fire,  beltane  cake,  &c.  Brande. 

RELT'EI),  <7.    Wearing  a  belt. 

IIE-LO'GA,  71.  [Russ.  bieluga,  signifying  white  fish.] 
A  fish  of  the  Cetaceous  order,  and  genus  Delphi- 
nus,  (/>.  Leuciis,)  from  12  to  18  feet  in  li  nslh.  The 
tail  is  dividi  il  into  two  lobes,  lyins  Inn i/.oulally,  and 
there  is  no  dorsal  fin.  In  swimming,  Ihis  lisli  bi  nds 
its  tall  under  its  body,  like  a  lohster,  and  llinists  it- 
self along  with  the  rapidity  of  an  arrow.  This  fish 
is  found  in  the  arctic  seas  and  rivers,  and  is  caught 
for  its  oil  and  its  skin.  Pennant. 

TJlis  is  piopi  rly  the  Sea  beluga,  (Russ.  bielnga 
vwr.ilcaia.)  The  Ii  riii  beluga  is  properly  applied  by 
the  Russians  to  the  white  sturgeon,  {Acipen.nr  huso,) 
which  furiii.shes  isinglass  and  caviar;  caught  partic- 
iiliirlv  in  Ihe  Volga  and  other  rivers  of  the  Caspian. 

UEL'VE-DRRE',  (bel've-deer',)  n.  Jit.)  In  Italian 
urc/iifcc(iiip,  a  pavilion  on  the  top  of  an  edifice;  an 
artificial  eminence  in  a  garden.  Encyc. 

BEL'VI-DkKF.,  n.    [L.  bellns,  fine,  and  video,  to  see.l 
A  plant,  the  ("henopodium  scoparia,  or  aniiii.al 
mock  cypress.    It  is  of  a  beautiful  pyrainidical  fiirm. 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^hl,,  WHJ^T  MRTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


BEN 


BEN 


and  much  esteumed  in  Cliiiiu  us  a  salad,  nnd  for 
otiipr  uses.  Enojc. 
RF.-l.VE'.    Sec  Belie. 
BCMA,  n.    [Cr.  ffnt'"-] 

1.  A  cluincel.    [JVut  in  use.]  Beaiimmit. 
a.  In  anciriU  Greece,  a  stiigi^  or  kind  (if  piilpil,  (in 
wliicli  speakers  stood  when  addressing  an  nsseinlily. 

Milfiml. 

BE-MAD',  f. «.  [»e  and  mad.]  To  make  mad.  [JVut 
m  asr.\  Shak. 

BE-MAN"GLE,  I',  f.  [be  anA  mangle]  To  mansle  ;  to 
tear  asunder.    [IJttU:  usal.]  Beaumont. 

BE-M.\t!lv',  0.  t.  [be  and  mask.]  To  mask  ;  to  con- 
ceal. Shelttni. 

BE-.M.\ZE',  F.  t.  To  bewilder.  [See  Maze.]  [Little 
M<ri/J  Cowjier. 

BE-M  F.TE',  r.  ^  f»«  and  mrtc]  To  measure.  [JVot 
ill  u,-v.l  Sliak. 

BE-MIiV'GLE,  ti.  (.  [be  and  mingle.]  To  mingle  ;  to 
nii\.    [Little  used.] 

BE-MIRE',  V.  t.  [be  and  mire.]  To  drag  or  encumber 
in  the  mire  ;  to  soil  l)y  passing  through  nmd  or  dirty 
places.  Sieifl. 

BE-.MIST',  V.  t.  [be  and  mist.]  To  cover  or  involve 
in  mist.    [JVnt  usril.]  Fclton. 

BE-Mo.V.V,  V.  I.  [be  and  moan.]  To  lament ;  to  he- 
wail  i  to  e.xpress  sorrow  for ;  as,  to  bemoan  .the  loss 
of  a  son.  Jeremiah. 

BE-MOAX'A-BLE,  «.  That  may  be  lamented.  [JVu( 
luieil.]  Slicruiood. 

BE- Mo.VN'KD, pp.    Lamented;  bewailed. 

BE-.MfiAN'ER,  n.    One  who  InmenUs. 

BE-.MOA\'I.NG,  ppr.    Lamenting;  liewailinj. 

BE-.MOCK',  e.  t.  [be  and  mock.]  To  treat  with  mock- 
ery,   [l.itllc  used.]  SJiak. 

BE-MOCK',  V.  i.    To  laugh  at. 

BE-.MOIL',  I'.  (.  [Ae  and  moi7.  Fr.  mouiV/er,  to  wet.] 
To  bedraggle  ;  to  bemire  ;  to  soil  or  encumber  with 

mire  and  dirt.    [.Vol  m  use.]  Sliak. 
BE-.M01ST'£.N,  r.  t.    To  moisten  ;  to  wet. 
Be'MOL,  II.     In  music,  B  flat,  a  semitone  below  B 

natural.  Bacon. 
BE-.MON'STER,  r.  t.    [be  and  monster.]    To  make 

monstrous.    [..Vot  in  use.]  Shtik. 
BE-.MOUUN',  F.  t.   To  weep  or  nioiim  over.  [Little 

used.] 

BE-MPS'KD,  (be-muzd',)  a.    [be  and  muse.]  Over- 
come with  musing  ;  dreaming.   [jJ  word  of  contempt.] 
Jolinson.  Pope. 

BEN,  or  BEN'-NUT,  n.  A  purgative  fniit  or  nut,  the 
largest  of  which  resembles  a  filbert,  yielding  an  oil 
(called  oil  ofbrn)  used  in  pharmacy.  Eneijc. 

This  is  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  Moringa,  (M.  ptenjgo- 
sperma,  Uecand.) 

BENCH,  n.  [Ir.  binsc;  Corn,  benk;  Sax.  iene;  Fr. 
banc.    See  Bank.] 

1.  A  long  seat,  usually  of  board  or  plank,  differing 
from  a  stool  in  its  greaU'r  length. 

2.  The  seat  where  judges  sit  in  court ;  the  seat  of 
justice.  Hence, 

3.  The  persons  w  ho  sit  as  judges ;  the  court. 

Shak.  Dnjden. 

4.  See  Berme. 

Free  bencli ;  in  England,  the  estate  in  copyhold 
lands,  which  the  wife,  being  espoused  a  virgin,  has 
for  her  dower,  after  the  decease  of  her  hust>and. 
This  is  various  in  dilfereu:  manors,  according  to  their 
respective  customs. 

BE.NCH,  r.  t.  To  furnish  with  benches.  Dryden, 
2.  To  seat  on  a  bench.  Shak. 
X  r.  i.  To  sit  on  a  seat  of  justice.  Shak. 

BENCH'-WAR'R.\NT,  n.  A  process  issued  by  a 
court  against  a  person  guilty  of  some  contempt,  or 
indicted  for  some  crime.  Bouvier. 

BENCH'ER,  n.  In  England,  the  benchers  in  the  inns 
of  court  are  the  senior  niembersi  of  the  society,  who 
have  the  government  of  iL  They  have  been  read- 
ers, and,  being  admitted  to  plead  within  the  b.ar,  are 
called  inner  barristers.  They  annually  elect  a  treas- 
urer. Eneijc,  .fiihnson. 

2.  The  alderman  of  a  corporation.  .^shmole. 

3.  A  judge.  Shak. 

4.  In  old  writers,  an  idler,  one  who  frequents  the 
benches  of  a  tavern. 

BEND,  r.  t. ;  pret.  Bended  or  Bent;  pp.  Bended  or 
Bent.  [Sax.  bendan,  to  bend  ;  Fr.  bander,  to  benil, 
bind,  or  tie;  Ger.  J>iii(/rn,  to  wind,  bind,  or  lie;  I). 
biudm,  the  same  ;  Sw.  banda,  to  bind  ;  Dan.  binde,  to 
bind  ;  L.  pando,  pandare,  to  bend  in  ;  pando,  pandere, 
to  open  ;  pandas,  bent,  crooked  ;  It.  banda,  sidewise  ; 
benda,  a  fillet  or  band  ;  brndarr,  trt  crown  ;  Sp.  pan- 
dear,  to  bend  or  be  inclined,  to  bulge  out,  lo  belly  ; 
pandeo,  a  bulge  or  protuberance  ;  prtnrfo,  jutting  out. 
I'he  primar>'  sense  is,  to  stretch  or  strain.  Bend  and 
bind  are  radically  the  same  word.] 

1.  To  strain,  or  to  crook  by  straii 
bow. 

2.  To  crook  ;  to  make  crooked  ;  to  curve ;  to  in- 
flect ;  a-s,  to  bend  the  arm. 

•  3.  To  direct  to  a  certain  point ;  as,  to  bend  our 
steps  or  course  lo  a  p,irticular  place. 

4.  To  exert ;  to  apply  closely  ;  to  exercise  labori- 
ously ;  to  intend  or  stretch  ;  as,  to  bend  the  mind  to 
studv. 


'  straining;  as,  to  bend  a 


5.  To  prepare  or  put  in  order  for  use  ;  to  stretch  or 
strain. 

lie  iiath  bent  hw  liow  iiiui  made  it  n-ady.  —  Pit.  vii. 
fi.  To  incline  ;  to  be  determined  ;  that  is,  to  stretch 
toward,  or  cause  to  tend  ;  as,  to  he  bent  on  mischief, 
it  expresses  disposition  or  purpose. 

7.  To  subdue  ;  to  cause  to  yield  ;  to  make  .submis- 
sive ;  as,  to  bend  a  man  to  our  will. 

8.  In  .seamanship,  to  fasten,  as  one  rope  to  another 
or  to  an  anchor  ;  to  fasten,  as  a  sail  lo  its  yaril  or 
stay  ;  to  fasten,  a-s  a  cable  to  the  ring  of  an  anchor. 

Mir.  Diet. 

9.  To  bend  the  brow,  is  to  knit  the  brow  ;  to  scowl ; 
to  frown.  Canidin. 

BE.N'I),  1.'.  1.    To  be  crooked  ;  to  crook,  or  be  curving. 

Sandij.-f. 

2.  To  incline  ;  to  lean  or  turn  ;  as,  a  road  bends  lo 

3.  To  jut  over;  as,  a/inK/iiN' cliff.  [the  west. 

4.  To  resolve  or  determine.    [See  Be.nt  on.] 

Vrijden. 

5.  To  bow  or  be  submissive.    Is.  Ix. 

BEND,  11.  A  curve ;  a  crook  ;  a  turn  in  a  road  or  riv- 
er; flexure;  incurvation. 

2.  In  marine  language,  a  knot  by  which  one  part  of 
a  rope  is  fastened  to  another  or  to  an  anchor.  [See 
To  Bend,  No.  8.] 

3.  Beniis  of  a  ship  arc  the  thickest  and  strongest 
planks  in  her  sides,  more  generally  called  wales. 
They  are  rerkoned  from  the  water,  first,  second,  or 
tJiird  bend.  They  have  the  beams,  knees,  and  foot 
hooks  bolted  to  "them,  and  are  the  chief  strength  of 
the  ship's  sides.  Ennjc.    Mar.  Dirt. 

4.  In  hrraldrij,  one  of  the  nine  honorable  ordina- 
ries, containing  a  third  part  of  the  field,  when 
charged,  and  a  fifth,  when  plain.  It  is  made  by  two 
lines  drawn  across  from  the  dexter  chief  to  the  sinis- 
ter base  point.  It  sometimes  is  indented,  ingrailed, 
&c.  Johnson.  Enciic. 

BE.ND,  n.  A  band.  [^Tot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
BEND'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  bent  cr  incurvated. 

Shcncood. 

BEND'ED,  J  pp.  or  o.    Strained;  incurvated;  made 

BENT,      *     crooked  ;  inclined  ;  subdued. 

BEND'ER.n.  The  person  who  bends  or  makes  crook- 
ed ;  also,  an  instrument  for  bending  other  things. 

BE.ND'ING,  ppr.  or  «.  Incurvating  ;  forming  into  a 
curve ;  stooping ;  subduing ;  turning,  as  a  road  or 
river;  inclining;  leaning;  applying  closely,  as  the 
mind  ;  fastening. 

BEND'LET,  n.  In  heraldrii,  a  little  bend  which  occu- 
pies a  sixth  part  of  a  siiieid.  Bnilni. 

BEND'-VVITH,  n.    A  plant.  Diet. 

BE.ND'Y,  n.  In  heraldrii,  the  field  divided  into  four, 
six,  or  more  parts,  diagonally,  and  varying  in  metal 
and  color.  Encyc.  Mt. 

BE. \'E,  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  Scsamum  ori- 
entale,  or  oil  plant,  called  in  the  West  Indies  Fan- 
gloe.  Mease. 

1iE-SK.\P'ET>,  (be-neept',)  a.  [be  and  neap.]  Among 
seamen,  a  shi|i  is  bcnenped,  when  the  water  does  not 
flow  high  enough  to  float  her  from  a  dock  or  over  a 
bar.  Encyc. 

BE-NE.XTII',  pr<7».  [Sax.  beneath,  beneothan,  benythan ; 
of  be  and  neothan,  below,  under.    See  Netheii.] 

1.  Under  ;  lower  in  place,  with  something  directly 
over  or  on  ;  as,  to  place  a  cushion  beneath  one  ;  ofteii 
with  the  sense  of  pressure  or  oppression ;  as,  to  sink 
beneath  a  burden,  in  a  literal  sense. 

2.  Under,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  bearing  heavy  im- 
positions, as  taxes,  or  oppressive  government. 

Our  country  sinks  bcncalh  Uie  yoke.  Shak. 

3.  Lower  in  rank,  dignity,  or  excellence  ;  as,  brutes 
are  beneath  man ;  man  is  beneath  angels  in  the  scale 
of  beings. 

4.  Unworthy  of;  unbecoming;  not  equal  to;  as, 
he  will  ilo  nothing  beneath  his  station  or  character. 

BF.  -.\'l":ATII',  adr.  In  a  lower  place;  as,  the  earth 
from  beneath  will  be  barren.  Mortimer. 

2.  Below,  as  opposed  to  he.avcn,  or  to  any  superior 
region  ;  a.s,  in  heaven  above,  or  in  earth  beneath. 

BF..\'F.-DICK,  )  n.    [From  one  of  the  characters  In 

BE.N'E-DICT,  \  Shakspeare's  play  of  "  Much  ado 
about  nothing."]    A  married  man,  or  a  man  newlv 

BEN'E-DICT,  n.  [l,.  benedietiis.]  [married. 
Having  mild  and  salubrious  qualities.  [Aet  in 
use.]  Bacon. 

BEN-lvDICT'INE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  order  or 
monks  of  .''t.  Benedict,  or  St.  Henet. 

BE.N-E-I)It'T'I.\ES,Ti.  pi.  An  order  of  monks  who  pro- 
fess to  follow  the  rules  of  St.  Benedict,  an  order  of 
great  celebrity.  They  wear  a  loose,  black  gown, 
with  large,  wide  sleeves,  and  a  cowl  on  the  head, 
ending  in  a  point.  In  the  canon  law,  they  are  called 
black  friars. 

BEN  E  DICTION,  n.  [L.  beneelielio,  from  bene,  well, 
and  dictio,  speaking.    See  Boon  and  Diction.] 

1.  The  act  of  blessing  ;  a  giving  praise  to  God,  or 
rendering  thanks  for  his  favors  ;  a  blessing  pro- 
nounced ;  hence,  grace  before  and  after  meals. 

2.  Blessing,  prayer,  or  kind  wishes  uttered  in  favor 
of  any  person  or  thing  ;  a  solemn  or  affectionate  in- 
vocation of  happiness ;  thanks ;  expression  of  grati- 
tude. 


3.  The  advantage  confi^rreil  by  blessing.  Bacon. 

4.  The  form  of  instituting  an  abbot,  answering  to 
the  ccmsecration  of  a  bishop.  Jlijliffe. 

5.  The  external  ceremony  performed  by  a  priest  in 
the  office  of  iiiatriniony,  is  called  the  nuptial  benedic- 
tion. Encyc. 

G.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  an  ecclesiaslical 
ceremony  by  which  a  thing  is  rendered  sacred  or  ven- 
erable. Encyc. 

BEN  E  DICT'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  bless;  giving  a 
blessing.  Gauden. 

BE.N-E-FAC'TIO.V,  n.  [L.  beiufiicio,  of  iicnc,  well, 
and  fncio,  ti>  make  or  do.] 

1.  'I'he  act  of  conferring  a  benefit.  .More  generally, 

2.  .\  benefit  conferred,  especially  a  charitable  do- 
nation. JltU^bury. 

BE.\-E-FAC'Tf)R,  71.    He  who  confers  a  benefit,  es- 

.  pecially  one  who  makes  rliaritablecontributions  either 
for  pulilic  iiisiitulioiis  or  for  private  use. 

BEN-E-F.\C'TKESS,  n.  A  female  who  confers  a  ben- 
efit. Many. 

BEN'E-FICR,  n.  [L.  beneficium;  Fr.  benefice.  See 
Benefactiun.] 

1.  Z,i(mi//«,  a  benefit,  advantage, or  kindness.  But, 
in  present  lisage,  an  ecclesiastical  living;  a  church 
endowed  with  a  ri  venue,  for  the  maintenance  of  di- 
vine service,  or  the  revenue  itself  All  church  pre 
ferments  are  called  brnejiccs,  except  bisho|)rics,  which 
are  called  dignities.  But,  ordinarily, the  term  dignity 
is  applied  to  bishopries,  deaneries,  archdeaconries, 
and  prebendaries;  and  4e«r/ice  to  parsonages,  vicar 
ages,  and  donatives.  Encije. 

2.  In  the  iiiiddb:  ages,  henefire  was  used  for  a  fi'C, 
or  an  estate  in  lands,  granted  at  first  for  life  only, 
and  lu  Id  cr  mrro  beneficio  of  the  donor.  The  estate 
afterward,  becoming  hereditary,  took  the  appellation 
of  feud,  and  benefice  became  appropriated  to  church 
livings.  Encyc. 

BE.\'E  FIC-^:D,  (ben'e-fist,)  a.  Possessed  of  a  bene- 
fice or  church  prefernient.  Jiyliffe. 

BEN'E^FICE-LESS,  a.  Having  no  benefice.  [.Vol 
used.  ]  Sheldon, 

BE-.NEF'I-CENCE,  n,  [L.  beneficeiUia,  from  the  par- 
ticiple of  benefacio.] 

The  practice  of  doing  good ;  active  goodness,  kind- 
ness, or  charity. 

BE  NEF'I-CENT,  a.  Doing  good  ;  performing  acts  of 
kindness  and  charity.  It  differs  from  benign  as  the 
act  from  the  dispos-ilion  ;  beneficence  being  benignity,  or 
kindness  exerted  in  action.  Juhn.son, 

BE-NEF'I-€E.\T-LY,  ttdi\    In  a  beneficent  manner. 

BE.N'-E-FI"CIAL,  (ben-e-fisli'al,)  a.  Advantageous; 
conferring  benefits  ;  useful ;  profitable  ;  helpful  ;  con- 
tributing to  a  valuable  end  ;  followed  by  to  ;  as,  in- 
dustry IS  beneficial  to  the  body,  as  well  as  to  the  prop- 
erty. 

2.  Receiving,  or  entitled  to  have  or  receive,  advan- 
tage, use,  or  benefit ;  ;is,  the  beneficial  owner  of  an 
estate.  Kent, 

BE.\-E-FI"CIAL-LY,  oJe.  Advantageously;  profita- 
blv;  helpfiillv. 

BEN-E-FI"CIAL  NESS,  n.  Usefulness;  profitable- 
ness, J/ale, 

BEN-E-FI"CIA-RY,  (ben-c-fish'a-ry,)  a.  [L.  beneficia- 
rius.    See  Benefaction.] 

Holding  some  office  or  valuable  possession,  in  sub- 
ordination to  another ;  having  a  dependent  and  sec- 
ondary possession.  Bacon. 

BEN-E-Fr'CI.\-RY,  (ben-e-fish'a-re,)  n.  One  who 
holds  a  benefice.  A  beneficiary  is  not  the  proprietor 
of  the  revenues  of  his  church  ;  but  he  has  tlie  ad- 
ministration of  them  without  being  accountable  to 
any  person.  The  word  was  used,  in  the  middle  ages, 
for  a  feudatory  or  vassal.  Encyc. 

2.  One  who  receives  any  thing  as  a  gift,  or  is  main- 
tained by  charitv.  Blackstone. 

BEN-E-FI"C1E.\-CY,  n.  Kindness  or  favor  bestowed. 

Brown. 

BEN-E-FI"CIENT,  a.    Doing  good.     Mam  Smith. 
BE.N'E-FIT,  n.    [Primarily  from  L.  beneficium,  r,T  bene- 

factum ;  but  perhaps  directly  from  the  Fr.  bienfait,  by 

corruption.] 

1.  An  act  of  kindness ;  a  favor  conferred. 

Blfss  the  lA)ni,  O  my  toul,  and  forget  col  off  liis  btnejlt*. — 
Ps.  ciii. 

2.  Advantage ;  profit ;  a  word  of  extensive  use, 
and  expressing  whatever  contributes  lo  promote  pros- 
perity and  personal  happiness,  or  adds  value  to  prop- 
erty. 

Men  have  no  right  to  what  is  not  for  their  beneJtL  Durtie. 

3.  A  performance  at  a  theater,  the  proceeds  of 
which  go  to  one  of  the  actors  as  part  of  his  recom- 
pense. The  term  is  also  applied  lo  a  public  perform- 
ance for  the  benefit  of  .some  indigent,  deserx  ing  per- 
son, or  of  some  public  institution  or  charity. 

4.  In /aic,  benefit  of  clergv.    [See  Clerov.] 
BEN'E-FIT,  I!.  L  To  do  good  to  ;  to  advantage  ;  to  ad- 
vance in  health  or  prosperity  ;  applied  either  to  persons 
or  things  ;  as,  exercise  benefits  he.alth  ;  trade  benefiu  a 
nation. 

BEN'B:-FIT,  r.  i.  To  gain  advantage  ;  to  make  im- 
provement ;  as,  he  has  benefited  by  good  advice ;  that 
is,  he  has  been  benefited. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

Uft" 


BEN 

BEN'E-FIT-ED,pp.  Profited  ;  liaving received  benefit. 
OEN'E-FIT-IXG,  ppr.  Doing  good  to ;  profiting ;  gain- 
ing advantage. 
BE-Ne.ME',  v.  U    [Sax.  he  and  naman.'] 

1.  To  name.    [Aui  in  use.]  Spenser. 

2.  To  promise  ;  to  give.    [JVot  in  itse.]  Spenser, 
BE-NEMP'NE,  c.  t.  To  name.  [J^ot  inuse.]  Spenser. 
BK'J^E  PLj)C'I-TO,  [It.]    In  music,  at  pleasure. 
BEN-E  PLAC'I-TIJRE,  n.  [L.  beneplacitum,  icne,  well, 

and  placitum,  from  placeo,  to  please.] 

Will  ;  choice.    [JVot  m  >Lse.\  Olanville. 
UE-NET',  V.  t.    [be  and  net.]    To  catch  in  a  net ;  to 

insnare.    [JVuJ  uxed.]  Slial!. 
BE-NEV'O-LEXCE,  n.    [L.  ber.evolentia,  ofbene,  well, 

and  volo,  to  will  or  wish.    See  Will.] 

1.  The  disposition  to  do  good  ;  good  will  ;  kind- 
ness ;  charitableness;  the  love  of  mankind,  accom- 
panied with  a  desire  to  promote  their  happiness. 

Tlie  benevolence  of  God  is  one  of  his  moral  attri- 
butes ;  that  attribute  which  delights  in  the  happiness 
of  intelligent  beings.    "  God  is  love."    1  John  iv. 

2.  An  act  of  kindness  ;  good  done  ;  charity  given. 

3.  A  species  of  contribution  or  tax,  nominally  a  gra- 
tuity, but  illegally  exacted  by  arbitrary  kings  of  Eng- 
land. Bliickstone. 

BE-NEV'0-LE.\T,  a.  [L.  bcnevolcmn,  of  bene  and  voln.] 
Having  a  disposition  to  do  good ;  possessing  love 

to  mankind,  and  a  desire  to  promote  their  prosperity 

and  happiness ;  kind. 
BE-NEV'0-LE\T-LY,  adc.  In  a  kind  manner  ;  with 

good  will. 

BE-NEV'O-LOUS,  a.  Kind  ;  benevolent.  [JV.it  Tiscd.] 
BEN-GAL',  n.    That  portion  of  Hindostan  which  lies 

on  the  lower  part  of  the  River  Ganges. 
2.  A  thin  stuff,  made  of  silk  and  hair,  for  women's 

apparel,  so  called  from  Bentral.     Bailey.  Johnson. 
BEN'GAL-LIGHT,  n.    A  species  of  fireworks  used 

as  signals,  by  night  or  otherwise,  producing  a  steady 

and  vivid  blue-colored  fire. 
BEN'GAL-STKlPES,  n.    A  kind  of  cotton  cloth  wo- 

v<'n  with  colored  stripes.  Urc. 
BEN-GAL-EE',  n.    The  language  or  dialect  spoken  in 

Bengal. 

BEN-GAL-eSE',  n.  sing  and  pi.  A  native  or  the  na- 
tives of  Bengal.     '  jls.  Res.  vii.  171. 

BE-NIGHT',  V.  t.  [he  and  niirht.]  To  involve  in  dark- 
ness ;  to  shroud  with  the  shades  of  nighU 

The  clouds  benight  the  sky.  Garth. 

2.  To  overtake  with  night ;  as,  a  benighted  trav- 
eler. 

3.  To  involve  in  moral  darkness,  or  ignorance ;  to 
debar  from  intellectual  light ;  as,  benighted  nations, 
or  heathen. 

BE-NIGHT'ED, /j;).  or  a.  Involved  in  darkness,  phys- 
ical or  moral ,  overtaken  by  the  night. 

BE-NIGN',  (be-nine',)  o.  [L.  benignus,  from  the  same 
root  as  bontis,  bene,  ancient  L.  beniis,  Eng.  boon.] 

1.  Kind;  of  a  kind  disposition;  gracious;  favora- 
ble. 

Our  Creator,  bounteous  and  benign.  Milton. 

2.  Generous;  liberal;  as,  a  iicniVn  benefactor. 

3.  Favorable;  having  a  salutary  inliuence ;  as, the 
benign  aspect  of  tlie  seasons. 

The  benign  li^il  of  revelation.  Waehington. 

4.  Wholesome ;  not  pernicious  ;  as,  a  beni<ni  medi- 
cine. jlrbuthnaU 

5.  Favorable  ;  not  malignant ;  as,  a  benign  disease. 
BE-NIG'NANT,  a.    Kind  ;  gracious  ;  favorable. 
BE-NIG'NI-TY,  n.    Goodness  of  disposition  or  heart  ; 

kindness  of  nature  ;  graciousness. 

2.  Actual  goodness  ;  beneficence. 

3.  Salubrity  ;  wholesome  quality  ;  or  that  which 
tends  to  proniott!  health.  Wiseman. 

BE-NION'LY,  (be-nlne'ly,)  adv.  Favorably  ;  kindly ; 
graciously, 

BEN'I-SO.V,  71.    [FT.benir,  to  bless;  ienmanf,  bless- 
ing ;  from  the  root  of  bene,  bomvt,  boon.    See  IIoon.J 
Blessing  ;  benediction.    [JVVaWy  antiquated.] 

Johnson. 

BEN'JA-MIN,  71.  A  tree  or  shrub, the  Laums  Benzoin, 
(Linn.  Benzoin  odenferum,)  a  native  of  .America, 
called  also  .■'picebu.ih.  It  grows  to  the  height  of  10  or 
15  feet,  with  a  very  branchy  head. 

2.  A  gum  or  resin,  or  rather  a  balsam.    [See  Ben- 
zoi.f.]  Kncyc. 
Benjamin-tree  ;  the  .^tyrax  Ben/.oin.  Pereira. 

BE.V'NlET,  71.  The  herb  bennet,  or  common  avens  ; 
the  Geum  iirbanuni. 

BE.N'NET-FI.'<II,  ii.  A  fish,  of  two  feet  in  length, 
caught  ill  the  African  seas,  having  scales  of  a  deep 
purple,  streaked  with  gold.  Diet.  n/Mit.  Hist. 

REST,  pp.  lira,  from  Bknd.  Inciirvated  ;  inflected; 
inrliiii'd  ;  prone  to  or  having  a  fixed  propensity  ;  de- 
termined. 

Bent  on ;  having  a  fixed  inclination  ;  rosolvt^d  ordc- 
teriiiiiied  (in. 

BE.NT,  n.  'I'lie  iitatc  of  being  curving,  crooked,  or  in- 
clined from  tt  Htraighl  line  ;  flexure  ;  ciirvity. 

2.  Declivity  ;  an,  the  bent  of  a  hill.  [Vn'ii.iunl.] 

Jin/den. 

3.  Inrlinali'>n  ;  dixponilion  ;  a  leaning  or  Ijias  of 
mind  ;  iiropennity  ;  .as,  the  bent  of  ihi'  iiiiiid  or  will  ; 
the  bent  of  a  |x.'oplc  toward  an  obji'ct.    This  may  be 


BER 

natural  or  artificial,  occasional  or  habitual,  with  in- 
definite degrees  of  strength. 

4.  Flexion  ;  tendency  ;  particular  direction  ;  as,  the 
bents  and  turns  of  a  subject.  Locke. 

5.  Application  of  the  mind  ;  a  bending  of  the  mind 
in  study  or  investigation.  Locke. 

BEN'i',      ■         )  ?i.    A  name  common  to  difl'erent 

BENT'-GRXSS,  j  species  of  grass,  of  the  genus 
Agrostis  ;  a  witliered  stalk  of  grass. 

Halliwell,  Enctjc. 

BENT'ING-TlME,  7i.  The  time  when  pigeons  feed 
on  bents,  before  peas  are  ripe.     Johnson.  Dnjden. 

BE-NU.MIJ',  (-nuni,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  beniman,  benymnn,  pp. 
brnu'iien,  to  seize,  of  be  and  7i/»(a«,  Sax.  and  Goth.,  to 
take  or  seize.  This  root  is  retained  in  withernam.  It 
is  to  be  observed  that  b  after  m  in  numb,  thumb,  dumb, 
&.C.,  is  an  arbitrary  addition  of  modern  writers.] 

1.  To  make  torpid  ;  to  deprive  of  sensation  ;  as,  a 
hand  or  foot  benumbed  by  c6ld. 

2.  To  stupefy  ;  to  render  inactive  ;  as,  to  benumb 
the  senses.  Dnjden. 

BE-NU.MB'£D,  (be-numd',)  pp.  Rendered  torpid;  de- 
prived of  sensation  ;  stupufied. 

BE-Nir.MIi'EU-NESS,  71.  Destitution  of  feeling.  Smi7/i. 

BE-.\UMB'ING, p;?r.  Depriving  of  sensation  ;  stupe- 
fying. 

BE-NUMB'.MENT,  71.    Act  of  benumbing.  Kirby. 
BEN'ZO-aTE,  71.    [See  Benzoin.]    .\  salt  formed  by 

the  union  of  the  benzoic  acid  with  any  salifiable 

base. 

BEN-Zo'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  benzoin. 

Beinoic  acid,  or  flowers  of  benzoin,  is  a  peculiar 
Vegetable  acid,  obtained  from  benzoin,  and  some 
other  balsams,  by  sublini.ation  or  decoction.  It  is  a 
fine,  light,  white  matter  in  small  needles ;  its  taste 
pungent  and  bitterish,  and  its  odor  slightly  aromatic. 

Thomson, 

BEN-ZOIN',    )  71.    Gum  benjamin;  a  concrete  resin- 

BEN'JA-.MLV,  \  ous  juice  Mowing  from  the  Styrax 
Benzoin,  a  tree  of  Sumatra,  iStc.  By  heat,  or  partial 
decomposition,  it  yields  benzoic  acid.  It  flows  from 
incisions  made  in  the  stem  or  branches.  It  is  solid 
and  brittle,  sometimes  in  yellowish-white  tears  joined 
together  by  a  brown  substance,  and  sometimes  of  a 
uniform  brown  substance  like  resin.  It  has  little 
tasti',  but  its  smell,  especially  when  rubbed  or  heat- 
ed, is  extremely  fragrant  and  agreeable.  It  is  chiefly 
used  in  cosmetics  and  perfumes.  Encyc.  Thomson, 

BEN'ZULE,  71.    [benzoin  and  vXy,  matter.] 

A  compound  radical  or  basyle,  consisting  of  hy- 
drogen, carbon,  and  oxygen  ;  regarded  as  the  base  of 
benzoic  acid.  [Tliis  word  has  been  variously  spelled 
Benzyle,  Benioy,  Benzoyl,  Benzoil.] 

BE-PaINT',  v.  t.  [be  and  painL]  To  paint ;  to  cover 
with  paint.    [Little  used.]  Shak, 

BE-PaLE',  ».  i.  [be  and  pale,]  To  make  pale.  [JVot 
in  use.]  CaretD. 

BE-PINCH',  77.  t.  [be  and  pinch.]  To  mark  with 
pinches. 

BE-PI.XCH'ED,  )  pp.    Marked  with  pinches. 
BE-PINCIIT',    (  Chapman, 
BE-PLaIT'ED,  n.    Plaited.  Mrs,  Butler. 

BE-POW'DER,  V.  t.   [be  and  powder.]   To  powder;  to 

sprinkle  or  cover  with  powder. 
BE-Pll.AlSE',  c.  (.   [be  and  praise.]    To  praise  greatly 

or  extravagantly.  Ooldsmith, 
BE-PUCK'ER-£D,  a.  Puckered. 
BE-PUFF'J-;!),  (be-puft',)  a.  Puffed. 
BE-PIIR'PLE,  V,  L    [be  and  purple.]    To  tinge  or  dye 

with  a  purple  color. 
BE-UUEATH',  v.  t    [Sax.  beewcethan  ;  be  and  cirethan, 

to  say  ;  cieid,  a  saying,  opinion,  will,  testament ;  cij- 

tlian,  to  testily  ;  Eng.  quoth.] 

1.  To  give  orleave  by  will ;  to  devise  some  species 
of  proptjrty  by  testament ;  as,  to  bequeath,  an  estate  or 
a  legacy.  Hence, 

2.  'Ko  hand  down  to  posterity ;  as,  to  bequeath  a 
family  tpiarrel. 

BE-lllJ  r;ATir/:n,  pp.    Given  or  left  by  will. 
BE-UUkATH'ER,  71.    One  who  bequeaths. 
BE-(inicATH'ING,  ppr.    Giving  or  devising  by  testa- 
ment. 

BE-UUkATH'MENT,  71.  The  act  of  bequeathing;  a 
b(!quest. 

BE-(iUEST',  71.    Something  left  by  will ;  a  legacy. 
BE-ftlJoTE',  1'.  t.    To  quote  with  great  frequency. 
BE-llAiN',  71.  (.   To  rain  upon.   [JVot  in  use,]  Chancer, 
BE  RATE',  V,  t,  [he  and  rate,]  To  chide  vehemently ; 
to  scold. 

BE-RAT'TLE,  v,  t,    [be  and  ratUe,]    To  fill  with  rat- 
tling sounds  or  noise.  Shak, 
BE-RAY',  V,  t.    To  make  foul ;  to  soil.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Milton. 

BER'IIE-RIN,  71.  A  yellow  bitter  substance,  obtained 
from  thi^  alcoholic  solution  of  the  extract  of  the  root 
of  th(^  barberry.  It  is  probably  an  alkaloid.  It  is 
calleil  herberite  by  Thomson,  and  is  classed  by  him 
as  a  bitter  princijile. 

BER'BER-RY,  n.    [L.  brrheris.]    See  BAniiEnnv. 

Bi'.KE,  71.  [Sax.  ftcr,  barley.]  The  name  of  a  species 
of  barley,  in  Scotland.  Gray. 

BE-RR.IVE',  1).  t.  t  prit.  BrnEWEO,  Bt:nEFT ;  pp.  Be- 
itEAVEo,  Beheft.  [Sax.  brreojian,  of  be  and  ret^fian, 
to  deprive.    See  Uoi;  anil  RKAe.] 


BER 

1.  To  deprive  ;  to  strip  ;  to  make  destitute ;  with 
of  before  the  thing  taken  away. 

Me  have  ye  bereaved  of  my  children.  —  Gen.  xlii. 

It  is  sometimes  used  without  of,  and  is  particularly 
applied  to  express  the  loss  of  friends  by  death. 

2.  _To  take  away  from.  Shak. 
BE-REAV'i'D,  pp.  or  a.   Deprived ;  stripped  and  left 

destitute. 

BE-ReAVE'.MENT,  71.  Deprivation,  particularly  by 
the  hiss  of  a  friend  by  death. 

BE-Ri;AV"ER,  71.  He  who  bereaves,  or  deprives 
anotjier  of  something  valued. 

BE-ReAV'ING,  jipr.    Stripping  bare  ;  depriving. 

BE  REFT',  p;i.  of  Bereave.  Deprived;  made  desti- 
tute. 

BER-EN-Ga'RI-ANS,  71.  pi.  A  sect  which  followed  Ber- 
eiigarius,  archdeacon  of  St.  Mary  at  Anjou,  who  denied 
the  real  presence  of  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  in 
the  eucharist.  Encyc. 

BERG,  n.    [Sax.  beorg,  beorh,  a  hill,  a  castle.] 

A  borough  ;  a  town  that  sends  burgesses  to  parlia- 
ment;  a  castle.    [See  Burg.]    [Obs.]  Msh. 

BERG'A-MOT,  ti.    [Fr.  bergamote  ;  Sp.  bergamota.] 

1.  A  variety  of  pear. 

2.  A  species  of  citron  whose  fruit  has  a  fine  taste  and 
smell,  and  its  essential  oil  is  in  high  esteem  as  a  per- 
fume. This  oil  is  extracted  from  the  yellow  rind  of 
the  fruit.  The  bergamot  is  the  Citrus  bcrgamia,  a 
distinct  species,  with  a  pear-shaped  fruit,  from  the 
rind  of  which  is  obtained  the  oil  of  bergamot. 

3.  An  essence  or  perfume  from  the  citron  thus 
produced. 

4.  A  kind  of  snuff  perfumed  with  bergamot. 

5.  A  coarse  tapestry,  manufactured  with  flocks  of 
wool,  silk,  cotton,  hemp,  and  ox  or  goat's  hair,  said 
to  have  been  invented  at  Bergamo  in  Italy.  Encyc, 

BERG'AN-DER,  7i.  [berg,  a  cliff,  and  Dan.  and,  G, 
ente.  Sax.  ened,  a  duck.] 

A  burrow  duck  ;  a  duck  that  breeds  in  holes  under 
cliffs.  Thomson, 

The  ^710,5  tadorna,  sheldrake  or  burrow  duck  of 
England. 

BERG'E-RET,  n.  [Fr.  bergmr,  a  shepherd.]  A  song. 
[JVot  used.]  Cltaucer, 

BERG'iMAN-ITE,  n.  [from  Bergman,  the  mineralo- 
gist.] 

A  variety  of  scapolite,  by  some  regarded  as  a  dis- 
tinct species,  of  a  grayish  color,  of  different  shades  ; 
found  in  Norway. 
BERG'AIXS-TER,  n.    [Sax.  beorg,a  hill  or  castle,  and 
master,] 

The  bailiff  or  chief  oflicer  among  the  Derbyshire 
miners.  Johnson, 
BERG'MOTE,  n,    [Sax.  beorg,  a  hill,  and  mote,  a 
meeting.] 

A  court  held  on  a  hill  in  Derbyshire,  in  England, 
for  deciding  controversies  between  the  miners. 

Blount,  Johnson, 

BE-RH?.ME',  (-rime,)  t).  «.  [6e  and  r/ii/me.]  To  men- 
tion in  rhyme  or  verse  ;  used  in  contempt.  Shak. 

BER'LIN,  71.  A  vehicle  of  the  chariot  kind,  supposed 
to  have  this  name  from  Berlin,  the  chief  city  of 
Prussia,  where  it  was  first  made,  or  from  the  Italian 
berlina,  a  sort  of  stage  or  pillory,  and  a  coach.  Encyc. 

BEEI'LIN-BI.UE,  ti.    Prussian  blue.  Ure. 

BER-LUe'CIO,  71.  A  small  bird,  somewhat  like  the 
yellow-hammer,  but  less  and  more  slender. 

Diet,  of  JVat  HlsU 

BERME,  71.  In  fortification,  a  space  of  ground  of 
three,  four,  or  five  feet  in  width,  left  between  the 
rampart  and  the  moat  or  foss,  designed  to  receive  the 
ruins  of  the  rampart,  and  prevent  the  earth  from  fill- 
ing the  foss.  Sometimes  it  is  palisaded,  and  in  Hol- 
land it  is  generally  planted  with  quickset  hedge. 

Encyc. 

This  term  is  also  applied  to  canals.  Originally,  on 
the  bank  opposite  the  towing-path,  particularly  in 
deep  cuts,  a  level  space  was  left,  at  the  foot  of  the 
upper  slope  of  the  bank,  as  in  fortification,  and  for 
the  same  pur|)ose  of  intercepting  the  earth  sliding 
down  the  bank  ;  called  a  bench  or  berme.  This  is 
now  omitted,  and  only  a  iiniforni  slope  left  to  the 
water's  edge.  The  bank  opjiosite  the  towing-path 
is  still,  however,  called  the  berme,  or  bertne-bank. 
BER'N.A  CLE.    See  Barnacle. 

BER'NAIID-INE,  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Bernard,  and 
the  monks  of  the  order. 

BER'NAKU-INE$,n. ;)/.  Anorder  of  monks,  founded 
by  Robert,  abbot  of  Moleine,aiid  reformed  bv  St.  Ber- 
nard. The  order  originated  about  the  beginning  of 
the  12tli  century.  They  wear  a  white  robe,  with  a 
black  scapiilary  ,  and  when  they  olficiiite,  they  arc 
clothed  with  a  largi'  white  gown,  with  great  sleeves, 
and  a  hood  of  tli<'  same  coltir.  Encyc. 

BE-ROB',  V.  t,    [be  and  rob,]    To  rob.    [JVot  in  tise,] 

Spenser, 

BER'O-E,  n.  An  oceanic  animal  of  the  Medusa  fam- 
ily, having  an  oval  or  globular  body,  of  a  transparent, 
gelatinous  consistence.  It  is  one  of  the  animals  that 
produces  the  phosphorescence  of  the  ocean. 

BER'RI-A.'l),  (bi'r'rid,)  a.    Furnished  with  berries. 

BER'RY,  71.  [Sax.  irriii,  a  grape  or  cluster  of  grapes  ; 
berga,  a  grajio  stoiii^,  a  berry.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


116 


BES  • 


BES 


BES 


1 


1.  A  succulent  or  pulpy  fruit,  cuntainini;  naked 
secdM.  Or,  in  more  technical  language,  a  succulent 
or  pulpy  pericarp,  or  seed-vessel,  without  valves, 
containing  severil  seeds,  which  are  naked,  that  is, 
which  have  no  covering  but  the  pulp  and  rind.  It  is 
cuninionly  round  or  uval.  Dut  in  |Kipular  language, 
birry  extends  only  to  smaller  fruits,  as  strawberry, 
gooseberry,  &c.,  containing  seeds  or  granules.  An 
indehiscent,  pulpy  |>ericarp,  many-celled  and  many- 
seeded  i  tin;  att;iclimentof  the  seeds  lost  at  maturity, 
and  the  seeds  remaining  scattered  in  the  pulp. 

Lindley. 

2.  A  mound.    [For  B*brow.]  Browne. 
HEll'KV,  r.  i.    To  bear  or  produce  berries. 
lir.K'KV-nE.^ R-I.VG,  o.    Producing  berries. 

lilUl  IlY-F(JK.M-/;D,a.  Formed  like  a  berrj'.  Smith. 

IIKKT,  «.  Sax.  ifurAt,  btrlil ;  Eng.  km^'ht.  This  word 
enters  into  the  name  of  many  Saxon  princes  and  no 
blenien  ;  as,  Kijbert,  SigbtrL  The  Brrlha  of  the 
northern  nations  was  by  the  Greeks  called  Emhiui^ 
an  equivalent  word.  Of  the  same  sort  were  Phie- 
'ilriu^  Kptphanins^  PAnfo/,*,  Lainpriditi^^  FuiirentiiLSj 
lIltLttrLi.    [See  Brioht.]  Camden. 

BERTH,  n.    [from  the  root  of  bear.] 

1.  .\  station  in  which  a  ship  rides  at  anchor,  com- 
prehending the  space  in  tvJiich  she  ranges.  In  more 
famdiar  usage,  the  word  signifies  any  situation  or 
place,  where  a  vessel  lies,  or  can  lie,  whether  at  an- 
chor or  at  a  wharf. 

3.  A  room  or  a|>artment  in  a  ship,  where  a  number 
of  officers  or  men  mess  and  reside. 

3.  The  box  or  place  for  sleeping  at  the  sides  of  a 
cabin;  the  place  for  a  hammock,  or  a  repository  for 
chests,  &c. 

4.  .V  place  or  employment. 

7*11  bi-rOi,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to  allot  to  each 
man  a  place  for  his  hammock. 

BER'TIII-Ell-ITE,  n.  A  dark  steel-gray  ore  of  antimo- 
ny, consisting  of  antimony,  iron,  and  sulphur ;  named 
after  M.  Uerthier. 

BER'TR-AM,  n.    [L.  pyreUirum,  said  to  be  from  Or. 
?r«o,  fire,  from  its  acrid  quality.] 
Bastard  pellitory,  a  plant. 

BER'YL,  71.  [L.  brrtjlluj:  Gr.  /?riot)X>os ;  Ch.  Pjt. 
and  Eth.  a  gem,  beryl,  and  in  ■'^yr.  cr>'stal,  and  a 
prarl:  (he  latter  word  being  a  different  orthography 
of  beryl ;  probably  from  the  root  of  the  Fr.  briUer,  to 

shine.  Eng.  brilliant,  Eth.  bareah,  to  shine.] 

.\  mineral  of  gro.it  hardness,  occurring  in  green  or 
bluish-green  six-sided  prisms.  It  is  identical  with 
the  emerald,  except  in  color ;  the  latter  having  a 
purer  and  richer  green  color,  proceeding  from  a  trace 
of  oxyd  of  chrome.  The  coloring  matter  of  the 
beryl  is  oxyd  of  iron.  Prisms  of  the  bery  l  arc  some- 
times found  nearly  two  feet  in  diameter,  as  at  Ac- 
worth,  in  New  Hampshire.  The  beryl,  when  trans- 
parent, is  set  as  a  gem,  and  called  aqua-marine.  Dana. 

BER'YL-CRYS'T.XL,  n.  This  term  is  not  now  used, 
except  in  spe.aking  of  the  bcrj  l. 

BER'YL-LI.NE,  a.  Like  a  bery  l ;  of  a  light  or  bluish 
green. 

BE-RYL'LI-U.M,  n.  The  same  as  Glccimtm,  which 
see. 

BE-SAIXT',  r.  L  [be  and  saint.]  To  make  a  saint. 
r.\o(  in  u.ie.] 

BE-Sa YLE',  n,  [Norm,  ayle ;  Fr.  a'ieul,  a  grandfather.] 
.\  gre.-\t-grandfather. 

If  the  ab.atement  happened  on  the  death  of  one's 
grandfather  or  grandmother,  a  writ  of  ayle  lieth  ;  if 
on  the  de.ith  of  the  gre.it-grandfather,  then  a  writ  of 
besayle,  but  if  it  mounts  one  degree  higher,  to  the 
tre.saytr,  or  grandfather's  grandfather,  &c.,  the  writ 
is  called  a  writ  of  comnage  or  de  conjanguineo. 

Blarkstone. 

BE-SGAT'TER,  r.  fc    [be  and  scalier.]    To  scatter 

over.    [wVof  iisci/.]  Spenser. 
BE-SeORX',  r.  L    [be  and  scorn.]    To  treat  with 

scorn  ;  to  mock  at    [.Vot  useiL]  Chaucer. 
BE-SeRATCH',  r.  ^    [be  unil  scratch.]    To  scratch ; 

to  tear  with  the  nails.    [.Vot  in  use.]  Chaucrr. 
BE-SeRAWL',  V.  L    [be  and  scrawl.]   To  scrawl ;  to 

scribble  over.  Milton. 
BE-SeREEN',  r.  t.    [be  and  screen.]    To  cover  with 

B  screen  ;  to  shelter  j  to  conceal.  Shak. 
BE-Sf'REE.\'KD,  pp.  Covered  ;  sheltered  ;  concealed. 
BE-.«eRll)'RI.E,  r.  t.    To  scribble  over.  .»/.//««. 
BE-SeUM'BER,  p.  L    [from  cumber.]    To  encumber. 

f  A*ii(  legitimate,  nar  u.<ed.]  B.  Janson. 

BB-SEE',  r.  i.  [be  and  see.]  To  look  ;  to  mind.  [Aot 

">  «««•]  Wiclif. 
BE-SEECH',  V.  L  :  prrt.  and  pp.  Besouoht.    [Sax.  be 

and  secan,  to  seek,  inquire,  follow  ;  D.  rrr-.oeJien  ; 

G.  rrsueAen  ;  from  seek,  srqunr,  to  follow,  witJi  be,  hv, 

near,  about ;  that  is,  to  follow  close,  to  press.  See 

Seek  and  Essav.    The  S.-ixon  has  gesccan.] 
To  entreat;  to  supplicate;  to  implore;  to  ask  or 

pmy  with  urgency  ;  followed  by  a  prr.on ;  as,  "  I 

Paul  beseech  you  by  the  meekness  of  Christ."   2  Cor. 

X.  ;  or  by  a  thing ;  as,  I  beseech  your  p.'itience. 
BK-SK.F.CU'ER,  n.    One  who  beseeches. 
BE-SEF.(:i|'I.\g,  ppr.  Entreating. 

nr^ii-'E'""''"*'''"'^^ '  ■''  '"^seeching  manner. 

B&SEEK',  r.  f.    To  beseech.    [.Vot  used.]  Chaucrr. 


BE-SEEM',  r.  u    [be  and  seem.]    To  become  ;  to  be 
fit  for,  or  worthy  of;  tu  be  decent  for. 

What  form  of  ijieveh  or  beliurtor  Iteseemeth  ui,  in  our  nnron  to 
Gifl  ?  liooker. 

RF.-SERM'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Becoming  ;  fit ;  worthy  of. 
liF.-.-i|;i;M'l\G,  n.    Comeliness.  BiirriL 
ltE-Si;r..\l'l.\(;-LY,  adv.    In  a  beseeming  manner. 
BE-SEE.\ri.\(J-i\ESS,  n.   duality  of  being  beseeming. 
liE-SEE.M'LY,  a.    Becoming;  fit;  suiUible. 
BE-SEE.V,  a.    Adapted  ;  adjusted.    fJVuf  ii.serf.] 
BE-SET',  V.  t. ;  preU  and  pp.  Beset.    [Sax.  bescttan,  to 

place,  of  be  and  setlan,  to  set;  D.  bcietten;  G.  bcsct- 

len.    Sec  Set.] 

1.  To  surround  ;  to  inclose  ;  to  hem  in  ;  to  besiege  ; 
as,  we  are  beset  with  enemies ;  a  city  is  beset  with 
troops.  Hence, 

a.  To  press  on  all  sides,  so  as  to  perplex  ;  to  entan- 
gle, so  as  to  render  escape  didicult  or  inii>ossible. 

Allan),  sorv  ietel,  ivpiit-d.  AlUton. 

3.  To  wayl.-iy.  Shak. 

4.  To  fall  upon.  5pcrt.ver. 
BE-SET'TING,  ppr    Surrounding  ;  besieging  ;  way- 
laying. 

BE-SE  f'TI.VG,  a.    Habitually  attending,  or  pressing ; 

as,  a  besetting  sin. 
IIE-SIII.NK',     (.    To  shine  upon.    [.Vot  ».<«/.] 
BE-SHREW,  r.  (.    [&e  and  s/ireic.]    To  wish  a  curse 

to  ;  to  execrate.  Dryden. 

2.  To  happen  ill  to.    [Xot  in  use.]  Shak. 
BE-SHROUU'ED,  a.  Shrouded. 

BE-SIIUT',  c.  £,   To  shut  up.    [.Vot  its«/.]  Chaucer. 
BE-SIDE',  prep,    [be  and  side,  by  the  side.]    At  the 

side  of  a  person  or  thing ;  near ;  as,  sit  down  beside 

me,  or  beside  the  stream. 

2.  Over  and  above  ;  distinct  from. 

Besu'-e  nil  ttiu,  between  ui  and  you  there  is  a  grc:vt  Jiilf  fixe^l.  — 
Luke  xvi. 

3.  On  one  side  ;  out  of  the  regular  course  or  order ; 
not  according  to,  but  not  contrary. 

It  Ui  betide  my  preienl  business  to  eiilargv  upon  this  ■ppcul.-ition. 

Locke. 

4.  Out  of;  in  a  state  deviating  from  ;  as,  to  put  one 
beside  his  patience.  Hence, 

5.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  beside  one's  self,  is 
out  of  the  wits  or  senses  ;  out  of  the  order  of  reason, 
or  of  rational  beings. 

Paul,  Uiou  art  betide  tltys-'lf.  —  Acts  xxri. 
BE-SIDES',  prep.    Over  and  above ;  separate  or  dis- 
tinct from. 

And  tliere  waa  a  IKnune  in  tiie  land,  betidet  the  first  fanune. — 
Gen.  xxvii. 

JVote.  This  word,  though  radically  the  same  as 
beside,  and  a  corruption  of  it,  ought  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  it ;  for  it  is  never  used  in  the  senses 
explained  under  beside,  except  in  the  second. 
BE-.'^IOE',  >  adv.  Moreover  ;  more  than  that ;  over 
BE-SIDES',  i  and  above  ;  distinct  friun  ;  not  included 
in  the  number,  or  in  what  has  been  mentioned. 

Btt'uletj  you  ttnow  not  what  ja  tlu*  fate  of  your  friend. 

The  men  Kiid  Co  Lot,  Hajrt  ttiou  here  \uy  betidet  ?  —  Gen.  xix. 

Tu  all  bttitte,  .-u  much  an  empty  shade. 

All  Kugeue  livings,  aa  a  Cesar  dead.  Pope. 

These  sentences  may  be  considered  as  elliptical. 
BE-SID'ER-Y,  n.    A  v.iriety  of  pear.  Johnson. 
BE-SIkGE',  r.  t.    [be  and  siege;  Fr.  siege,  and  assie- 
ger,  Ui  besiege.    See  Siege.] 

1.  To  lay  siege  to ;  to  beleaguer;  to  beset  or  sur- 
round with  armed  forces,  for  the  purpose  of  compel- 
ling to  surrender,  either  by  famine  or  by  violent  at- 
tacks ;  as,  to  besiege  a  castle  or  city. 

2.  To  beset ;  to  throng  round ;  as,  besieged  with 
cares,  t 

BE-SIEG'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Surrounded  or  besat  with  hos- 
tile troops. 

BE-SIK<5E'.MENT,  tu    Act  of  besieging  ;  st.ate  of  be- 
ing ht'siegcd. 

BE-SI  icG'ER,  tu    One  who  lays  siege,  or  is  employed 
in  a  siege. 

BE-SIi-.G'I.\G, ppr.    Laying  siege;  surrounding  with 
armi'd  forces. 

BE^^Il'cG'ING,  o.   Surrounding  in  a  hostile  manner; 

employed  in  a  siege  ;  as,  a  besieging  army. 
BE-SIkG'ING-LY,  ailr.    In  a  besieging  manner. 
BE-SIT',e.t  [ieandnc]  To  suit ;  to  become.  [.Vol 

u-ied.]^  Spenser. 
BE-SLaVE',  v.  t   To  subjugate;  to  enslave.  (.Vol 

used.]  Bp.  IlalL 

BF^SLA V'ER,  p.  u   To  defile  with  slaver. 
BE-SLAV'ER-KD,        Defiled  with  slaver.  Heber. 
BF:-SLAV"ER-I.\G.  ppr.    Defiling  with  slaver. 
BE-SLI.ME',  c.  u    To  daub  with  slime  ;  to  soil.  [.Vot 

used.]  B.  Jonson. 

BE-SLOB'BER-I.\G,ppp.    Besluhbering.     Kl.  Rer. 
BE-SLUB'BER,  p.  L    [be  and  slubber,  slabber.]  To 

soil  or  smear  with  spittle,  or  any  thing  ninning  from 

the  mouth  or  nose,  [f^ulgar.] 
BE-SM  B'BER-I.\G,  ppr.    Smearing  with  spittle. 
Bf^S.Mf";AR',  r.  t.    [be  and  smear.]    To  bedaub;  to 

overspread  with  any  viscous,  glutinous  matter,  or 

with  any  soft  substance  that  adheres.    Hence,  to 

foul ;  to  soil. 

BE-.'*.Mf:AR'^;D,  pp.    Bedaubed;  overspread  with  any 
thing  sort,  viscous,  or  adhesive  ;  soiled. 


tJE-S.MKAR'ER,  n.    One  that  iM-siiiears. 
BE-S.MP.AR'l.\(i,  ppr.    Bedaubing;  soding. 
BE-S.MIRCir,  (  sniiirch,)  r.  t.    [be  and  smireA.]  To 

.soil;  to  foul ;  to  discolor.    [Air//(!  ii<r</.J  sliak. 
BE-S.MOKE',  r.  t.    [be  and  .miukr.]     To  foul  with 

smoke;  to  harden  or  dry  in  siimke.  [Litile  used.] 
BE-S.MOK'KI),  (-siiiokt,)  pp.    Fouled  or  soiled  with 

smoke;  drieil  in  slllak(^ 
BE-S.MUT',  V.  L    (Ac  and  smut.]    To  blacken  with 

smut ;  to  foul  with  soot. 
BE-SMUT'TED,  pp.    Itlackeiii'd  «  ith  smut  or  stMit. 
%E-SNr)W,  r.  t.    [be  and  .«ii/ie.    .Six.  be.miwed,  par- 
ticiple.]  To  scatter  like  snow.   [Lilllr  used.]  (lower. 
BE-.S.\0\V'£l),  pp.  t)r  a.    [be  and  snow.]    Covered  or 

sprinkled  Willi  snow,  or  with  white  blossoms.  Jlan- 
BE-S.NUFF',  r.  L  To  befoul  w  ith  snuir.  [bury. 
BE-S.VUFF'£D,(-sniin,)  pp.  Foul  w  ith  sniilT.  young. 
BU'SO.M,  n.    [Sax.  besm,  a  brush  or  broom  ;  be-rman, 

twigs.    Orosius,  2,  3.    G.  r.  brirn  :  D.  be-.em :  .Arm. 

be:v,  birch.    The  besom  w;ls  a  little  bundle  of  twigs 

used  for  sweeping.] 

A  broom  ;  a  brush  of  twigs  for  sweeping. 
I  will 
ho 

Be'SOM,  v.  t   To  sweep,  as  with  a  besom. 

Rolls  tncit  ail  Greece,  and  betomt  wide  the  plain.  BaWoia. 
Be'SOM-ER,  n.    One  who  uses  a  besom. 
BE-SORT',  r.  U   [be  and  sort.]    To  suit ;  to  fit ;  to  be- 
come. Shak. 
BE-SORT',  n.    Company  ;  attendance ;  train.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

BE-SOT',  V.  t.    [be  and  sot.]    To  make  sottish  ;  to  in- 
fatuate ;  to  stuiiefv  ;  to  make  dull  or  senseless.  Mdton. 
2.  To  make  to  dote.  Shak. 
BE-SOT'TEU,  pp.  or  a.    Made  sottish  or  stupid. 
Besotted  on ;  infatuated  with  foolish  affection. 

Dryden. 

BE-POT'TED-LY,  adn.    In  a  foolish  manner.  Milton. 

BP^-SOT'TED-NESS,  n.  Stupidity;  arrant  folly;  in- 
fatuation. Mdton. 

BE-SOT' TIN'G,  ppr.  Infatuating;  making  sottish  or 
foolish. 

BE-S()T'TI.\G-LY,  adr.    In  a  besotting  manner. 
BE-SOCGHT',  (be-sawt',) pp.  of  Beseech.  Entreated ; 

implored  ;  sought  by  entreaty. 
BE-SPA.\'"GI,E,  r.  t.    [be  and  spangle.]    To  adorn 

with  spangles;  to  dot  or  sprinkle  with  something 

brilli.ant ;  as,  the  heavens  beiipangled  with  .stars. 
BE-SP.-\X"GL£D,  pp.    Adorned  with  spangles  or 

something  shining. 
BE-SP.\.\"GLI.\G,  ppr.   Adorning  with  spangles  or 

glitti-ring  objects. 
BE-SP.VI'  TER,  r.  f.    [be  and  spatter.]    To  soil  by 

spattering ;  to  sprinkle  with  water,  or  with  dirt  and 

water. 

2.  To  asperse  with  Ciiliimny  or  reproach.  Swift. 
BE-SP.\T'TER-f;D,  pp.    Spattered  over;  soiled  with 

dirt  and  water;  asjiersed  ;  calumniated. 
BE-SP.\T'TER-ING,  ppr.    Spattering  with  water; 

.soiling  with  dirt  and  w.ater  ;  aspersing. 
BE-SPA\VL',  r.  t.    [be  and  .«paiii(.]    To  soU  or  make 

foul  with  spittle.  Milton. 
BB^SPfiAK',  r.  t. ;  pret.  Bespoke;  pp.  Bespoke,  B£- 

spoKEV.    [if  and  .■.-pea*.]    To  speak  for  beforehand  ; 

to  ord-r  or  engage  against  a  future  time  ;  as,  to  ie- 

speak  a  seat  in  a  public  coach. 

My  Lilly  is  Ixtpoke.  SSiJi. 

2.  To  forebode ;  to  foretell. 

They  started  feaia,  and  betpoke  dangers,  to  scare  the  aljiei. 

S>d/t. 

3.  To  speak  to  ;  to  address.  This  sense  Is  mostly 
poetical. 

He  thus  the  queen  betpoke.  Drydsn. 

4.  To  betoken  ;  to  show  ;  to  indicate  by  external 
marks  or  appearances ;  as,  his  manners  bespeak  kim 
a  gentleman. 

BE-SPkAK'ER,  n.    One  who  bespeaks. 

BE-SPk  XK'I.NG,  ppr.  Speaking  for  or  ordering  be- 
forehand ;  foreboding  ;  addressing  ;  showing  ;  indi- 
cating. 

BE-SPk.VK'IXG,  n.   A  previous  speaking  or  discourse, 

bv  way  of  apologv,  or  to  engage  favor.  Dryden. 
BE-SPECK'LE,  (  s'p  kl',)  r.  t.    [be  and  speekU.]  To 

mark  with  sjiecklt-s  or  spot^.  Milton, 
BE-SPICE',  r.  (.    [be  and  spice.]    To  season  with 

spies.  Shak. 
BF^SPIRT',  j  r.  t.    To  spurt  out,  or  over;  to  throw 
BE-SPLTRT',  j    out  in  a  stream  or  streams.  [Ai( 

u.-ted.]  Mttton. 
BESPIT',  r.  t.!  pret.  Bespit;  pp.  Bespit,  Bespitte:*. 

[be  and  spiL]    Fo  daub  or  soil  with  spittle.  Johnson. 
BE-SPOKE',  pret.  anil  pp.  of  BEtPEaK. 
BE-SPOT',  r.  t.    (*cand  .vpnf.]    To  mark  with  spots. 
BE-SPOT'TED,  pp.    .Marked  with  spots.  [Mortimer. 
BE-SPOT'TI.NC,  ppr.    Marking  w  ith  spots. 
BE-SPREAD',  (be-sprcd',)  r.  f. ;  prrt,  and  pp.  Bespread. 

[be  and  spread.]    To  spread  over  ;  to  cover  over ;  as, 

to  be.<pread  with  flowers. 
BE-SPREAD'I.\G,  ppr.    Spreading  over. 
BB-SPRE.\T',  pp.    Sprinkled  over. 
BE-SPRI.VK'I.E,  r.  (.    [be  and  .tprinkle.]    To  sprinkle 

over  ;  to  scatter  over  ;  as,  to  be.tpnnkle  »vith  dust. 


TO.VE,  BfJLL,  UNITE.  — A.V'GER,  VfCIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

'  uf 


BES 


BET 


BE-PPR[NK'Lf;D,pp.    Sprinkled  over. 

BE-SPIUNK'LER,  n.    One  that  sprinkles  over 

BF.-SI'KINK'LI.NG,  ppr.    Sprinklin?  over. 

RE-SPIU.VK'LIXGS,  n.pl.  Sprinklings. 

BEST,  a.  superlative,  [Sax.  best,  contracted  from 
bete^tf  from  bet,  more,  or  better;  betre  is  also  used  j 
betait,  to  amend,  or  restore,  correct,  heal ;  bute,  repa- 
ration, compensation ;  Eng.  duo(,  to  boot  ;  Goth. 
bvtijan,  to  profit,  aid,  assist ;  Eng.  but ;  G.  bass,  good, 
btsser,  better,  besle,  best ;  D.  beter,  best ;  Dan.  beole  ; 
Sw.  bast.  Tliis  word  has  no  connection  in  origin 
with  good.  See  Better.] 
Literally,  most  advanced.  Hence, 

1.  Most  good  ;  having  good  qualities  in  the  highest 
degree  :  applied  indilTerenlly  to  physical  or  moral 
subjects ;  as,  the  best  man  ;  the  best  road  ;  the  best 
cloth ;  the  best  abilities.  This,  like  wost,  and  other 
attributes,  is  often  used  without  its  noun,  when  the 
noun  is  obvious  ;  as,  men  are  all  sinners  j  the  best  of 
them  fail  in  the  performance  of  duty. 

Q.  Most  advanced ;  most  accurate ;  as,  the  best 
scholar. 

3.  Jlost  correct,  or  complete ;  as,  the  best  view  of  a 
landscape,  or  of  a  subject. 

4.  The  best.  This  phrase  is  elliptical,  and  may  be 
variously  interpreted  ;  as,  the  utmost  power ;  the 
strongest  endeavor  ;  the  most,  the  highest  perfection  ; 
as,  let  a  man  do  his  best ;  i.  e.  to  the  best  of  his  power. 

5.  Jit  best ;  in  the  best  manner ;  in  the  utmost  de- 
gree or  extent  applicable  to  the  case;  as,  life  is  at 
best  very  short. 

To  make  Uie  best  of;  to  carry  to  its  greatest  perfec- 
tion ;  to  improve  to  the  utmost ;  as,  to  tiiahe  the  best 
of  a  sum  of  money,  or  a  piece  of  land.  Also,  to  per- 
mit the  least  possilile  inconvenience;  as,  to  malic  the 
best  nf  ill  fortune  or  a  bad  bargain. 

The  best  of  the  way.  We  had  made  the  best  of  our 
way  to  the  city  ;  that  is,  the  most,  the  greatest  part 
of  the  distance.    [This  is  the  primary  sense.] 

BE.ST,  n.  Utmost ;  highest  endeavor ;  as,  to  do  one's 
best.    See  No.  4,  above. 

BEST,  adc.  In  the  highest  degree  ;  beyond  all  other ; 
as,  to  love  one  best :  to  like  this  best ;  to  please  besL 

2.  To  the  most  advantage  ;  with  the  most  ease ; 
as,  which  instrument  can  you  best  use? 

3.  With  most  profit  or  success  ;  as,  money  is  best 
employed  in  manufactures;  this  medicine  will  an- 
swer best  in  the  present  case. 

4.  Most  intimately  or  particularly ;  most  correctly ; 
as,  what  is  expf?dient  is  best  known  to  himself. 

BEST-.\R-K.\N(5'£D,  a.  Arranged  in  the  best  man- 
ner. 

BEST-€OX-CERT'£D,  a.  Concerted  in  the  best 
manner. 

BEST-G0V'ERN-£D,i7.  Governed  in  the  best  manner. 
BEST-SPoK'K.\,  a.    Spoken  in  the  best  manner. 
BEST-TE.M'PEU-ED,  o.    Having  the  most  kind  or 
mild  temper. 

BEST-TRAI.N'SD,  a.   Trained  in  the  best  manner. 
BEST-WRIT'T£.\',  a.    Written  in  the  best  manner. 
JV()(f.    These  and  similar  compounds  explain  them- 
selves. 

BE-STaIX',  r. «.  [4f  and  .•!(«;«.]  To  mark  with  stains  ; 
to  discolor,  either  the  whole  surface  of  a  thing,  or  in 
spots.  S)uik. 

BE-STEAD',  (bested',)  c.  L  ,  prct.  and  pp.  BtsTEo. 
[6c  and  slea/l.] 

1.  To  profit. 

How  litUe  you  bfttead.  MUlon. 

2.  To  accommodate. 

They  shall  piiaa  tlireu^h  it,  hardly  heated.  —  Is.  viii. 

That  is,  distressed  ;  perplexed. 

3.  To  dispose.  Speuser. 
BES'TIAL,  (best'yal,)  a.    [from  beast.]    Belonging  to 

a  beast,  or  to  the  class  of  beasts. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  beast ;  brut.il ;  belnw 
the  dignity  of  reason  or  humanity  ;  carnal ;  as,  a  bes- 
tial appetite.  Shak. 

B£.S-TIAL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  beasts  ;  the  state 
or  manners  of  man  which  resemble  thii.se  of  brutes. 
2.  Cnnalnral  connection  with  a  beast. 

BEP'TIAL-IZE,  r.  (.    To  make  like  a  beast. 

IlES'TIAL-LV,  adv.  Brutally;  in  a  manner  below 
humanity. 

BE-.STI(."K',  r.  f. ;  preL  and  pp.  BESxt'cK.  [he  and 
etick.]  'I'd  stick  over,  aa  with  sharp  pijints  ;  to  mark, 
by  infixing  points  or  spots  here  and  tin  re. 

Troth  ■liall  rctirp,  benltick  with  iil;nniiToim  <him.  Mi'ton. 

BE-STIR',  (bc-stur',)  v.  t  [be  and  stir.]  To  put  into 
brisk  or  vigoroun  action  ;  to  move  with  life  and  vig- 
or ;  usii.Tlly  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun  ;  as,  rise  and 
he.ttir  yoUTsrlves. 

BE-.'^TIR'HOT,  (bP*turd',)  pp.  Roused  into  vigorous 
actiim  ;  (piii  keni'd  in  action. 

BE  S'l  lU'KI.NG,  ppr.  Moving  briskly  ;  putting  into 
vigtirous  action. 

BES'1''.\ESH,  n.    The  irtatc  of  being  best.    [AOii  used.] 

Morton. 

BE  STORM'  r.i.  [be  anA  alorm.]  To  storm  ;  to  rage. 

Lffol  vnrd.]  Young. 
BE-HTftW',  c.  K    [he  and  tlow,  a  place.    See  Stow. 

I/itemlly,  to  wt  or  place.] 


1.  To  give  :  to  confer ;  to  impart ;  with  the  sense 
of  gratuity,  and  followed  by  on  or  upon. 

Coiispcnite  voure*"lves  to  the  Lord,  that  he  may  bestoto  on  you  a 

hlessinj,  — Kx.  xxxii. 
Tlioogh  I  bcBtou)  ail  my  ^oofls  to  feed  the  poor.  —  1  Cor.  xiii.  3. 

This  word 'should  never  be  followed  by  to. 

2.  To  give  in  marriage  ;  to  dispose  of. 

I  could  have  bestoired  her  upon  a  fine  gentleman.  TaVer. 

3.  To  apply  ;  to  place  for  the  purpose  of  exertion, 
or  use  ;  as,  to  bestow  our  whole  force  upon  an  object. 

4.  To  lay  out,  or  dispose  of ;  to  give  in  payment 
for ;  as,  to  bestoie  money  for  what  we  desire.  Deut. 
xiv.  26. 

5.  To  lay  np  in  store;  to  deposit  for  safe  keeping; 
to  stow  ;  to  place. 

I  liave  no  room  where  to  besUm  my  fruits.  —  Lnke  xii. 

BE-SToW'AL,  n.    Act  of  bestowing  ;  dispos.il. 

BE-SToW'£D,  pp.  Given  gratuitously  ;  ciuiferred  ; 
laid  out  ;  applied  ;  depositetl  for  safe  keeping. 

BE-SToW'ER,  n.  One  who  bestows  ;  a  giver  ;  a  dis- 
poser. 

BE-SToW'ING,  ppr.   Conferring  gratuitously  ;  laying 

out;  applving;  depositing  in  store. 
BE-SToW'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  giving  gratuitously ; 
a  conferring.  Perry. 
God  the  Father  had  committed  the  besiowment  of  tiie  hle&sln^ 

purchased  to  his  Son,  Edtoards  on  liedemp.  372. 

If  wc  consider  this  bestowment  of  gifts  in  this  vi'-w. 

Chauncey,  U.  Sal.  1S5. 
Whatever  may  I>e  the  secret  counsel  of  his  will  respecting  his 
own  bestoitntciit  of  s.ivuig  gT;ice.     SmtUley,  Serin,  p.  37. 

2.  That  which  is  conferred,  or  given  ;  donation. 
Thev  strengthened  his  hands  by  dieir  litjeml  hestoiomenis  on  liim 

a'nd  his  family.  Christ  Mag.  iii.  665. 

The  free  and  munificent  bestoument  of  the  Sovereign  Jml^-. 

Tliorley. 

[Bestotcment  is  preferable  to  hesf.owal,  on  account 
of  the  concurrence  of  the  two  vowels  in  bestowal.] 
BE-STRAD'DLE,  v.  t.   To  bestride.   [See  Straddle.] 
BE-STRAUGHT',  a.    Distracted;  mad.    [Md  used.] 

Shal:. 

BE-STREW',  V.  t. ;  pret.  Bestrewed  ;  p/>.J?estre\ved, 
Bestrown.  [be  and  strew.]  To  scatter  over  ;  to  be- 
sprinkle ;  to  strow.  Mdton. 

BE  STREWED,  jjp.  of  Bestrew. 

BE-STRlDE',  r.  t.  ;  pret.  Bestrid  or  Bestrode;  pp. 
Bestrid,  Bestridden,    [be  and  stride.] 

1.  To  stride  oven;  to  stand  or  sit  with  any  thing 
between  the  legs,  or  with  the  legs  extended  across; 
as,  to  bestride  the  w  orld,  like  a  colossus ;  to  he.^tride 
a  horse.  Shak. 

2.  To  step  over ;  as,  to  bestride  a  threshold.  Shak. 
Bestriding  sometime?  includes  riding  or  defending, 

as  Johnson  remarks  ;  but  the  particular  purposes  of 

the  act,  which  depend  on  the  circumstances  of  the 

case,  can  hardly  be  reduced  to  definition. 
BE-STKlD'ING,  ppr.    Extending  the  li-gs  over  any 

thinsr,  so  as  to  include  it  between  them. 
BE-STRoDE',  yjrrt.  of  Bestride. 
BE-STRoW.\',  pp.  of  Bestrew.    Sprinkled  over. 
BE-STUCK',  pp.  of  Bestick.     Pierced  in  various 

places  with  sharp  points. 
BE-STUD',  7-.  t.    [be  and  stud.]    To  set  with  studs  ; 

to  adorn  with  bosses  ;  as,  to  bestnd  with  stars.  MUton. 
BE-STUD'DED.  pp.    Adorned  with  studs. 
BE-STUD'DING,  ppr.    Setting  with  studs  ;  adorning 

as  with  bosses. 
BE-SWTKE',  (be-swik',)  v.  U    [Sax.  beswican.] 

To  allure.    [JVot  used.]  Oower. 
BET,  71.    [Sax.  bad,  a  pledge  ;  badian,  to  give  or  take 

a  pledge  ;  G.  wette,  wetten.] 

A  wager  ;  that  which  is  laid,  staked,  or  pledged,  in 

a  contest,  to  be  won,  either  by  the  victorious  party 

himself,  or  by  another  person,  in  consequence  of  his 

victory.    At  a  race,  a  man  lays  a  bet  on  his  own 

horse,  or  on  the  horse  of  another  man. 
BE'l',  V.  t.    To  lay  a  bet ;  to  lay  a  wager  ;  to  stake  or 

pledge  something  upon  the  event  of  a  contest. 
BET,  the  old  participle  of  Beat,  is  obsolete  or  vulgar. 
BE-TaKE',  r.  t.  ;  pret.  Betook;  pp.  Betake.n.  [be 

and  take.    Sax.  b€t*rcan.] 

1.  To  take  to  ;  to  have  recourse  to  ;  to  apply ;  to 
resort;  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun  ;  jiii,  to  betake  our- 
srh^es  to  arms,  or  to  action.  It  generally  implies  a 
motion  toward  an  object ;  as,  to  betake  ourselves  to  a 
shady  grove  ;  or  an  application  of  the  mind  or  facul- 
ties corresponding  with  such  motion;  as,  to  betake 
ourselves  to  study  or  to  vice. 

2.  AViraer/;/,  to  take  or  seize.    [Oi.f.]  Spenser. 
BE-TaK'KN,  jyart.  of  Betake. 

BE-TAK'L\'G,;7/(r.  Having  recourse  to ;  applying ;  re- 
sorting. 

BE  'l'AI'GHT',prf(.  of  Betake.   [JVof  wW.]  Chaucer. 
BE-TMEM',  r.  t.    [he  and  teem.]    To  bring  forth;  to 
produce  ;  to  slu^d  ;  to  bestow.    [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

Shak. 

Bk'TKI.,  (be'tl,)  n.  A  species  of  pepper,  the  leaves 
of  which  are  chewed,  with  the  tireca  or  betel-nut 
and  lime,  by  the  inhdbitants  of  the  East  Indies.  It  is 
a  creeping  or  climbing  plant,  like  the  ivy,  the  leave's 
somewhat  resembling  Ihost'  of  the  citron.  It  is 
planted  by  a  tree,  or  supported  by  props.  In  India, 
beti  l  is  taken  after  meals,  and  liiiring  a  visit  ;  it  is 
olTered  to  friends  when  they  meet,  and  when  they 


separate;  in  short,  nothing  is  to  be  done  without 
betel.  To  correct  the  bitterness  of  the  leaves,  a  liult? 
areea  is  wrapped  in  them  with  the  chunam,  a  kind  of 
burnt  lime  made  of  shells  Encyc. 

Be'T£L-NUT,  77.  The  imt  of  the  areca  palm,  chewed 
in  the  East  with  betel  leaves  and  lime. 

BE  THINK',  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Bethought,  [be  and 
think.] 

To  call  to  mind  ;  to  recall  or  bring  to  recollection, 
reflection,  or  consideration  ;  generally  followed  by  a 
reciprocal  pronoun,  with  of  before  the  subject  of 
thought. 

I  have  heduiughl  myself  of  another  fuilL  Shak. 
BE-THIXK',  f.  7.    To  have  in  recollection ;  to  consid- 
er. Spenser. 
BETII'LE-HEM,  77.    [Heb.  the  house  of  food  or  bread.] 

1.  .\  town  or  village  in  Judea,  about  six  miles 
south-east  of  Jerusalem,  famous  for  its  being  the 
place  of  Christ's  nativity. 

2.  .\  hospital  for  lunatics  ;  corrupted  into  Bedlam. 
BETH'LE.M-iTE,  77.    An  inhabitant  of  Bethlehem  ;  a 

lunatic. 

2.  In  church  hi.itory,  the  Bethlemites  were  a  sort  of 
monks,  intrtidiiced  into  England  i'l  the  year  1257, 
wlio  were  habited  like  the  Dominicans,  except  that 
they  wore  a  star  w  itli  five  rays,  in  memory  of  the 
comet  or  star  which  appeared  over  Bethlehem  at  the 
nativity  of  our  .Sttvior.  There  is  an  order  of  Beth- 
lemites also  in  .Spanish  America.  Encyc. 

BK-THOUGHT',(be-thawt',)  ;»p(.and  pp.  ofBETHi.vK. 

BEI'HllALL',  r.  t.  [be  and  thrall.]  To  enslave  ;  to 
reduce  to  bondage  ;  to  bring  into  subjection.  [Little 
used.]  Sliak. 

BE-TH  R  ALL'£D,  pp.  Enslaved. 

BE-THUAIP',  !■.  (.  [6e  and  (/iit;77;).]  To  beat  soundly. 
[Little  u.s-ed.]  Shak. 

BE-TIDE',  V.  t.:  pret.  Betid  or  Betided  ;  pp.  Betid. 
[be  and  tide.    Sax.  tidan,  to  happen.    See  Tide.] 

To  happen  ;  to  befall ;  to  come  to  j  used  of  good  or 
evil. 

What  will  betide  the  few  ?  Milton. 
BE  TIDE',  7'.  7.    To  come  to  pass  ;  to  happen. 

What  news  else  belideOl  here  t  Shak. 

Shakspeare  has  used  it  with  of.  What  would  be- 
tide of  thee But  this  is  unusual  or  improper. 

n  T?_'I'T  \I  p '  ) 

EE-TIME'S'  t  f*^  '""^  ""^  time.] 

1.  Seasonably;  in  good  season  or  time;  before  it 
is  late. 

To  raeastue  Ufc  le.am  thou  betimes.  Milton. 

2.  Soon  ;  in  a  short  time. 

He  tire's  betimes,  that  spurs  too  fitst  belimeg.  Shak. 
BE-ToK'£N,  (be-to'kn)  ».  (.    [be  and  token.   Sax.  be- 
t*ecan.] 

1.  To  signify  by  some  visible  object ;  to  show  by 
signs. 

A  dewy  cloud,  and  in  die  cloud  a  bow, 

Betokening  peace  from  God.  Millon. 

2.  To  foreshow  by  present  signs ;  to  indicate  some- 
thing future  by  that  Which  is  seen  or  known  ;  as,  a 
darkrluiid  often  betokens  a  storm.  Thomson. 

BE-ToK'£N-£D,  Foreshown;  previously  indica- 
ted. 

BE-ToK'JCN-Ii\e,  ppr.    Indicating  by  previous  signs. 

BET'O-NY,  71.    [L.  hetonica.] 

A  name  common  to  different  species  nf  plants,  of 
the  genus  Betonica,  (Linn.)  The  purple  or  wood 
betony  {B.  oficinalLi,  Linn.,)  a  n.itive  of  Europe, 
grows  in  woods  and  shady  places,  and  is  deemed 
useful  as  a  mild  corroborant.  Encijc. 

BE-TOOK',  pret.  of  Betake. 

BE-Toli-N',  a.    Torn  in  pieces. 

BE-TOSS',  n.  f.  [Ac  and  fnss.]  To  toss ;  to  agitate  ;  to 
disturb  ;  to  put  in  violent  motion.     SJiak.  Shellon. 

BE-TOSS'£I),  (be-tost',)  a.  Tossed  ;  violently  agitated. 

BE-TRAP',  7-.  t.  [from  (7-flp.]  To  entrap ;  to  insnare. 
r.Viif  u.ied.]  Occlrve. 

BE-TRaV,  r.  t.  [Chaucer  wrote  bctrass,  betraiss,  and 
the  Fr.  traUrc  is  a  contraction  of  traistre ;  Arm. 
trayria,  to  betray  ;  iNorni.  Irahir,  to  draw  in,  to  be- 
tray'; treitrr,  a  traitor;  Fr.  trahir,  which  seems  to  be 
the  I.,  troho.  I'roin  trahir  is  formed  traJiis.'^ant,  and 
trahison,  Iri  asoii.  \(  Irahn  is  the  root,  the  sense  is,  to 
draw  aside,  In  withdraw,  or  lead  away  ;  which  would 
agree  with  the  I),  brdnrgen,  G.  hrlriegcn,  Sw.  hedra- 
gu,  Dan.  brdrnur,  to  drri  ive  ;  ami  trtachrry,  Fr.  tri- 
chrrie,  is  I'lom  the  rool  nf  trick.  I  do  not  find  betro- 
gan  in  the  Saxon,  but  hrdrog  is  rendered  fifrUil,  and 
this  is  friim  dragon,  to  draw.  Betray,  then,  seems  to 
be  a  compound  of  be  and  dragon,  to  draw  ;  and  betrass 
supra,  may  be  from  a  dift'erent  root.  In  strictness,  to 
fail  in  duly  ;  to  be  guilty  of  breach  of  trust  ;  to  vio- 
late the  confidence  refiosed.  The  word  does  not  in 
itself  import  to  deliver  up  ;  but  by  usage,  either  with 
or  without  the  word  <!7ic7nifts,  it  signifies  to  deliver 
up,  in  breach  of  trust.] 

1.  To  deliver  into  the  hands  of  an  enemy  by 
treachery  or  fraud,  in  violation  of  trust;  as,  an  offi- 
cer betrayed  the  city. 

The  Son  of  man  shall  bo  betrayed  Into  llic  hands  of  men.  — Mfttt. 
ivll. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T.  — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


118 


BET 


BEV 


BEW 


2.  To  violate  liy  fraud,  or  unfuilliruliicss ;  as,  to 
betray  a  trust. 

If  liw  p.-opIe  of  Amcricn  evfr  bttrat/  thrlr  mm,  Ihcir  g"iU  will 
im  rit  even  "rn^.itiT  punisliiii'Mit  llmti  uthiT  imlioii*  have  sttl- 
kmi,  «iui  lilt;  iiiili^ittliun  uf  Uruvi-n.  J.  Atiaint. 

3.  To  violate  coiifidi'iice  by  disclosinR  n  secret,  or 
tliat  wliicii  was  intrusted  ;  to  expose,  followed  liy  the 
person  or  the  thing ;  as,  my  friend  betrayed  nie,  or 
betraiieil  Oie  secret, 

4.  'I'o  disMose,  or  permit  to  appear,  what  is  intend- 
ed to  be  kept  secret,  or  what  prudence  would  con- 
ceal. 

Bo  fwifl  (o  hfnr,  but  cautiuus  of  yoiir  lonjue,  l*'«t  yoti  betray 

your  igiiomnw.  WatU. 
Hence, 

5.  To  mislead  or  expose  to  inronvi  nicnce  not  fore- 
seen ;  as,  great  confidence  betruiis  a  man  inhi  errors. 

().  To  sliow  ;  to  disclose  ;  to  indicate  wliat  is  nut 
obvious  at  first  view,  or  would  otherwise  be  con- 
cealed. 

Nor,  nfirr  k'n^h  of  y«\ri,  a  Btonp  betray 
The  place  where  oiice  \\\e  very  riiiiiit  lay.  Afhtigon. 
ThU  river  betrays  iU  orii^iniii  in  i(9  name.  Jtolu-r/1. 
All  die  iinnie*  io  Uie  country  btlmy  gl^■ut  antiquity,    iii  yaitt. 

7.  To  fail,  or  deceive. 

But  when  1  rise,  1  slmll  llnd  my  If  gi  betraying  me, 

Jottnson,  Boetcrli. 

HE-TR.XY'AI.,  (be-tra'al,)  n.  Belrayment. 

BE-TU.\  Y'£II,  pp.  Delivered  up  in  breach  of  trust ; 
violated  liv  iinfaithfulness  ;  exposed  by  breach  of  con- 
fidence ;  liisclosed  contrary  to  expe^ation  or  inten- 
tion ;  made  known. 

IIK-TKA  Y'ER,  n.    One  who  betrays  ;  a  tniitor. 

IIE-'I'UA  V'ING,  ppr.  Ueliverinj;  up  treacherously  ;  vi- 
olaliiit:  confidence  i  disclosing  contrary  to  intention; 
exiHisinjr. 

BE-TKAY'MENT,  lu  Act  of  betraying;  breach  of 
trust.  Uilal. 

BETUIM',  c.  f.  [be  and  trim.]  To  deck;  to  tliess  ; 
to  adorn  ;  to  grace  ;  to  embellish  ;  to  beautify  ;  to 
ileconite.  S/ink. 

BE-TRI.M'.MKD,  (be-trinid')  pp.   Adorned  ;  decorated. 

BE-TKIM'JllMG,  |5(r.  Decking;  adorning;  embel- 
lishing. 

BE-TUOTII',  V.  L  [be  and  trotk,  truth,  faith.  See 
TitL'TH  and  Troth.] 

1.  To  contract  to  anyone,  in  order  to  a  future  mar- 
riage ;  to  promise  or  pledae  one  to  be  tile  future 
spou.se  of  another ;  to  alliance  ;  used  of  either  sex. 
"The  father  betroUis  his  d.nighter." 

2.  To  contract  with  one  for  a  future  spouse ;  to  es- 
pouse ;  as,  a  man  beirulhi  a  lady. 

3.  To  nominate  to  a  bishopric,  in  order  to  conse- 
cration. .Iiilijl'r. 

BE  TUOTirKD,  (be-lrolht')  pp.  or  a.  Contracted  for 
fuliire  marriage. 

BE-TKOTiriiN'G,  ;>pr.  Contracting  to  any  one,  in  or- 
der Io  a  future  m.nrriage,  as  the  father  or  guardian  ; 
contracting  with  one  for  a  future  wife,  as  tile  intend- 
ed hiisbantl  ;  espousing. 

BE-TKOTll'MENT,  ii.  A  mutual  promise  or  contract 
between  two  ptirties,  for  a  future  marriage  between 
the  (lersons  betrothed  ;  espousals.  Knaic. 

BE-TKUST',  r.  £.  [*f  and  (niif.]  To  intrust ;  to  com- 
mit to  anolher  in  confidence  of  fidelity  ;  to  confide. 
'I'his  is  less  used  than  infri/.vt.  Jlall. 

BE-TKUST'ED,  pp.  Intru.sted  ;  confided  ;  committed 
in  trust. 

BE-TKl'.sT'ING,  ppr.  Intnisting;  committing  in  trust. 
BE-TUL'ST'ME.\T,  n.  The  act  of  intru.sting  ;  the  thing 

intrusted.  Jitdtre  Cbipman. 

BET'SO,  II.   The  smallest  Venetian  coin.  .Mason. 
BET'TKIi,  ftp.    Laiil  as  a  wager. 

BET'TEK,  a.  ;  cump.  of  Bet.  [.>*ee  Best.]  fSax.  bet, 
more,  better  ;  beterc,  hetera,  better ;  Sw.  battre :  D. 
beter;  <;.  bf.tscr ;  I),  baat^  profit;  frd/itni,  to  buot,  to 
avail;  Sans,  bbadra,  good.  The  primary  sense  is 
more,  or  advanced  further;  and,  in  .America,  this  is 
8  common  popular  signification.  This  ves.«el  con- 
tains better  than  h.alf,  that  is,  more  than  half ;  he 
walked  better  than  a  mile,  that  is,  more  than  a  lyile.] 
1  Having  good  qualities  in  a  creater  degree  than 
another  ;  applied  to  physical,  acquired,  or  moral  qual- 
ities ;  as,  a  beltersoW,  a  better  man,  a  better  physician, 
a  better  house,  a  better  air,  a  belter  harvest. 

2.  More  advantageous. 

Were  it  not  belter  for  us  to  retuni  to  Kj^ypt  ?  —  Ex.  xir. 

3.  More  acceptable. 

To  obey  it  beltxr  llwn  •.tcrifice.  —  1  Sam.  XT. 

4.  More  safe. 

It  i*  ^"^^  l^rxX  th.in  to  put  confiilenci*  in  mitn.  — 

5.  Improved  in  health ;  less  affected  with  disease  ; 
as,  the  patient  is  better. 

6.  To  be  better  off:  to  be  in  a  better  condition.  Bed- 
does,  llygeia.  This  is  a  verv  common  phrase  ;  but 
ought  not  off  to  be  of!    It  is  not  elegant. 

".  To  hate  the  better,  is  to  have  the  ailvantage  or 
superiority,  followed  by  of  before  him  or  that  over 
which  the  advantage  is  enjoyed  ;  as,  the  Ennlish  hail 
tlie  better  of  the  Spaniards. 

^.  To  get  or  gain  tJu  better,  is  to  obtain  the  advan- 


tage, superiority,  or  victory  ;  as,  to  get  the  better  of  an 
enemy. 

9.  For  the  better,  is  for  the  advantage  or  iinprovemcntr 
BET'TER,  o</i'.  In  a  more  excellent  manner  ;  with 
more  skill  and  wisdoiii,  virtue,  advantage,  or  suc- 
cess ;  as,  to  perform  work  brllrr ;  to  plan  :i  scheme 
better;  land  better  cultivated  ;  laws  belter  executed  ; 
government  better  admiiiisten-d. 

2.  More  correctly,  or  fully ;  as,  to  iiiiderstaiiil  a 
subject  better  than  another. 

3.  With  superior  excellence;  as,  to  write  or  speak 
better  than  another. 

4.  Willi  more  affection  ;  in  a  higher  degree  ;  as,  to 
love  one  better  than  another. 

It  is  not  easy  to  specify  and  exeinjilify  the  various 
applications  of  better,    in  general,  it  implies  what  is 
more  excellent,  advantageous,  useful,  or  virtuous, 
than  siuiietliing  else. 
UET''I'ER,  7J.  t.    [^a\.  betrrian,betrian.    Pee  Better.] 

1.  'i'o  improve  ;  to  meliorate  ;  to  increase  the  good 
qualities  of;  as,  manure  betters  land;  discipUiie  may 
better  the  morals. 

2.  To  surpass  ;  to  exceed. 

Tlie  \vorI<a  of  nature  do  always  aim  at  tliat  wliicli  can  not  lie 

bettered.  /looker. 
Clu.  is  not  the  sense,  made  better  7 

3.  To  advance  ;  to  sii|iport  ;  to  give  advantage  to  ; 
as,  to  belter  a  party  ;  to  better  a  cause. 

BKT'TEK,  n.  A  superior;  one  who  has  a  claim  to 
precedence  on  account  of  his  rank,  age,  or  otlice  ; 
as,  give  place  to  jour  betters.  It  is  gisiierally  or  al- 
ways used  in  the  plural. 

BET'TER-iU,  pp.  Improved  ;  meliorated  ;  made 
better. 

BET'TER-IiXG,  ppr.    Slaking  better  ;  improving. 
BET'TK.R-I.NG-HOCgE,  ii.    A  house  for  the  reforma- 

lion  of  offenders. 
BET'TER-.MENT,  n.     A  making  better;  improve- 
ment. MuNtofTiie. 

Betterments,  in  law,  are  those  improvements  of  an 
estate  which  render  it  better  than  mere  rejiairs. 

Bonvirr. 

BET'TER-NESS,  ».    Superiority.  Tooke. 
IlET'TING,  ppr.    Wagering;  laying  a  wager. 
llET'TliN't;,  H.    The  laying  of  a  wai-er.  Ulirrirood. 
BET'TOR,  «.    [from  iff.]    One  who  bets  or  lays  a 

watier.  Mdison. 
BET'TY,  n.    [Pitpposed  to  be  a  cant  word  from  the 

name  of  a  maid  ;  but  tin.  is  it  not  from  the  root  of  beat 

or  L.  pcfo  ?] 
A  small  Instrument  to  break  open  doors. 

Jlrbnthnot. 

BE-TUM'BEED,  a.    [be  and  tumble.]    Rolled  about ; 

tumbled  ;  disordered.  Shak. 
BE-Tu'TOK-;';n,  n.  'I'litored  ;  instructed.  Colerid-rr. 
BI^TWEEN',  prep.    [S.ix.  betwconan,  belieynan  ;  of  be 

and  twain,  two,  Sax.  ttt^ei^,  ttretren.    'I'lie  Saxons  used, 

in  the  same  sense,  betuh,  and  bctirco/i,  betwo.  See 

Twain,  Twin.] 

1.  Ill  the  intermediate  space,  without  regard  to 
distance  ;  as.  New  York  is  bettrecn  Boston  and  I'hila- 
delpliin  ;  the  Delaware  River  runs  beticcen  Fennsyl- 
vaiiia  and  New  Jersey. 

2.  From  one  to  another ;  passing  from  one  to 
another,  noting  exchange  of  actions  or  intercourse ; 
as,  tilings  go  well  between  the  parties. 

3.  Belonging  to  two  or  more,  in  common,  or  part- 
nership ;  as,  two  friends  have  but  one  soul  hettrern 
tliem  ;  twenty  proprietors  own  a  tract  of  land  between 
them.  We  observe  that  bdtceen  is  not  restricted 
to  two. 

4.  Having  miitu.il  relation  to  two  or  more  ;  as,  dis- 
cords exist  betireen  the  families. 

;>.  Noting  difference  or  discrimination  of  one  from 
another;  as,  to  distinguish  between  right  and  wrong. 
BE  TWIXT',  prep.     [Sax.  bctwiit,  betwyit,  betweoi, 
betweoh  ;  if  and  tweg,  two.] 

1.  Betw  een  ;  in  the  space  that  separates  t\id  per- 
sons or  things  ;  as,  betwirt  two  oaK-. 

2.  Passing  between  ;  from  one  to  another,  noting 
intercourse.    .S-e  Between. 

BEVEL,?!.  [Fr.  iurcau.  Uu.  It.  Ji'cca  h'pfHo,  oblique 
level.) 

1.  Among  ma.tons,  rarpntters,  joiners,  kc,  an  in- 
strument, or  kind  of  square,  one  leg  of  which  is  fre- 
quently crooked,  according  to  the  sweep  of  an  arch 
or  vault.  It  is  movable  on  a  point  or  center,  and  so 
may  be  set  to  any  angle.  An  angle  that  is  not  a  right 
angle  is  called  a  becet  angle,  whether  obtuse  or  acute. 

Bailey,    .lohn.-ton.  Kneye. 

2.  A  slant  or  inclination  of  a  surface  from  a  right 
line  ;  as,  tlie  proper  bevel  of  a  piece  of  tinibi'r. 

Kneyc. 

BEVEL,  o.    Slant;  having  the  form  of  a  bevel. 
BEVEL,  II.  (.    To  cut  to  a  bevel  aiisle.  jVormi. 
BEVEL,  r.  i.    To  slant  or  incline  off  to  a  bevel  angle, 

or  from  a  direct  line. 
BE  VEL-/:D,  pp.  or  a.    Formed  to  a  bevel  angle. 

In  mineralogy,  replaced  by  two  planes  inclining 

equally  upon  the  adj.acent  planes,  as  an  edi;e  ;  having 

its  edges  repl.aced  as  above,  as  a  cube  or  other  solid. 
BEVEL-GF.AR,  n.    Wheel-work  whose  fogs  stand 

beveling,  or  at  an  oblique  aiigU'  to  the  sliafL 

S^icholson. 


BE  VI'.L-ING,  ppr.    Forming  to  a  bevel  angle. 
BEVr.l.-I.NG,  a.    .Slanting  toward  a  bevel  angle; 

bending  from  a  right  line. 
BEVEL  I.N't;,  n.    A  hewing  of  timber  n  illi  a  proper 

anil  reiiulai:  slant  toward  a  bevel  ant.'le,  according  to 

a  mold  laid  lui  one  sidir  of  its  surface. 
2.  Till'  >laiit  or  bevel  of  timber.  Kncyc. 
llE\''r'I.-.Mi;NT,  n.    In  mineralogy,  the  replacement 

of  an  e(l;;r  liy  two  similar  planes,  eipially  inclined 

to  the  iiieludiiig  faces  or  adjacent  planes. 
Bk'\  ER,  11.    [It.  benirre,  to  drink.] 

A  collation  or  small  repast  between  meals.  [JVot 

n.9rd.  ]  Morison. 
Bk'VER,  r.  I.    To  take  a  small  reiKust  between  ineiils, 

W'.i//i.«. 

BEVEU-.AGE,  h.  [It.  berrre,  or  bere,  to  drink  ;  be- 
Vfrii^Tfri,,,  drink  ;  .^p.  iricr,  from  L.  bibn  ;  Fr.  bneeur, 
a  tijiplrr  ;  bun  lie,  a  tavern  ;  bavuttcr,  to  sip,  to  tipjile ; 
Arm.  heitrranh,  bi-verage.] 

1.  Drink;  litpior  for  drinking.  It  is  generally  used 
of  a  pleasant  or  mixed  liiiuur.  Nectar  is  called  the 
beverage  of  the  pods. 

In  the  middle  ages,  bevera:/e,  bevrragium,  or 
biberagiuw,  was  nioiii-y  for  drink  given  to  an  artificer 
or  other  [lerson  over  and  above  his  hire  or  wages. 
The  practice  has  existed,  to  a  certain  extent,  in 
America,  within  my  memory,  and  I  know  not  but  it 
still  exists  in  some  parts  of  this  coiiiilry.  ;\  person 
who  had  a  new  gariiieiit,  was  called  on  to  pay  bev- 
erage,\\v.\t  is,  to  treat  with  litpior.  Ilriice, 

2.  .\  treat  on  we.-iritig  a  new  suit  of  clothes,  or  on 
receiving  a  suit  from  the  tailor  ;  al.so,  a  treat  on  first 
coming  into  prison  ;  a  garnish. 

3.  In  F.tiglnnd,  water-cider,  a  mixture  of  cider  and 
water,  made  by  putting  water  into  poninci'  before  it 
is  pressed.  Mortimer.  Johnson. 

BEVILE,  n.  [.See  Bevel.]  In  heraldry,  a  thing 
broken  or  op>'ning  like  a  carpenter's  bevel, 

Kneye. 

BEVY',  n.  [I  know  not  the  origin  or  atliiiities  of  this 
.word.  The  etymologies  I  have  seen  are  not  worth 
notice.] 

A  flock  of  birds  ;  (sportsmen  now  confine  the  term 
to  quails.  Rieh.  Diet. ;)  hence,  a  company  ;  an  as- 
sembly or  collection  of  persons;  usually  applied  lo 
fniiiilfs. 

BE  WAIL',  r.  t.  [be  and  wail.]  To  bemoan;  to  la- 
ment ;  to  express  sorrow  for.  It  expresses  deep  sor- 
sow  ;  as,  to  bewail  the  loss  of  a  child. 

Ttie  trur  penitent  hetcaila  liis  In^mtjtude  to  tjod,  ilnon. 

BE-WaIL',  r.i.    To  express  grief.  Sliak. 

BE  \VaI1,'.\-BLE,  a.    That  maybe  lamented. 

BE-W.\1L'/-;I),  pp.    Lamented;  bemoaned. 

BE-W.AlL'ER,  n.    One  who  laments. 

BE-W.a1L'1.\G,  ppr.  Lamenting;  bemoaning;  ex- 
pressing grief  for. 

BH-AVa11/I.\G,  n.    Lamentation.  Raleigh- 

liE-WAlL'l.\(!-LY,  adv.    In  a  mournful  manncrT 

BR-WAIL'.MENT,  ii.   The  act  of  bewailing. 

BE-VY.aKE',  v.  t.  [be  and  wake.]  To  keep  awake. 
[^Jv'ol  used.]  Gower. 

BE-WARE',  r.  i.  [S.ax.  bewerian,  bewarian,  gewarian, 
to  guaril,  defend,  restrain,  prohibit,  fortify,  be  cau- 
tious ;  Sw.  berara ;  D.  bewaaren  ;  (it-r.  geirnhr,  be- 
vahren  ;  Dan.  bevare,  to  keep  guard,  preserve.  See 
W.IRE,  W.\uv.] 

1.  Literally,  to  restrain  or  guard  one's  self  from. 
Hence,  to  regard  with  caution  ;  to  restrahi  one's  self 
from  any  thing  that  in.ay  be  dangerous,  injurious,  or 
improper  ;  to  avoid,  to  take  care  ;  followed  by  of  he- 
fare  the  thing  that  is  to  be  avoided. 

lieicare  of      but  most  6eirare  e^f  man.  Pope. 
Bctcnre  o/lals^  proph.'ls;  beieare  q/ tite  leareii  of  tlie  PliarM;-e«; 
fceirare  o/  the  conci^on.  Scripture. 

2.  To  have  a  siiecial  regard  to. 

BeliuliI,  I  send  an  angicl  before  thee  —  beieare  of  liim,  and  otiey 

Ills  voice, —  Kx,  xxiii. 
^This  is  unu.-^tal,  and  hardly  legitimate.] 
This  word,  though  here  admitted  as  a  verb,  from 
the  Saxon,  is  randy  used  as  a  verb  in  fact  ;  or  if  a 
verb,  is  now  never  used  except  in  the  imperative 
mode.  It  is  a  compound  of  be  and  the  Old  Eng. 
ware,  now  irary,  Br  wary  of  danger.  Hence,  it  can 
not  be  used  with  t/ii/,  like  a  regular  verb,  nor  with  be, 
in  any  of  its  infiectioiis,  —  lie  is  beware:  (iit  this 
would  111'  to  use  the  substantive  verb  twice  before 
ware  and  wary,  is  and  be.  Ben  Jonson,  however, 
has  used  the  word  in  the  third  jiersiui.  lie  bewares 
to  act.  Hill  it  has  no  past  tense  or  participle,  and 
therefore,  if  ailniilled  as  a  verb,  it  is  defialive,  and 
used  only  in  the  imperative  mode,  or  after  an 
aiixiliarx',  ■ 

BE-WEEl",  r.  t.    [be  and  irecp.]    To  weep  over;  to 

brdi'W  with  tears.    [IJtUc  used.]  Shak. 
BE-WEEI",  V.  i.    To  make  lamentation.    [Little  u.ic<L] 

Shak. 

BE-WEPT',  pp.    Wept  over;  bedewed  with  tears. 

[/.iltle  used.] 

BE-WET',  V.I.  [be  and  weL]  To  wet;  to  moisten. 
[J^'ol  used.] 

BE-WIIORE',  (he-hare',)  r.  f.  To  corrupt  with  regard 
to  chastity.  '  Beaum.  and  FIrteher. 

2.  I'o  pronounce  a  whore.  Shak. 


TONE,  B?;LL,  TTNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — e  as  K;  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

^^^^ 


BEY 

BE-WIL'DER,  V.  t.     [Dan.  furnhle,  vil.lc  :  D.  ver 

roilderea;  G.  verwildn-n  ;  from  wild.] 

To  lead  into  perplt  xity  or  confusion  ;  to  lose  in  path 

less  places  ;  to  confound  for  want  of  a  plain  road  ;  to 

perplex  with  mazes  ;  or  in  general,  to  perplex. 

Ijoal  and  bewildered  in  the  fruitless  se.u-cli.  Addison. 
BE-WIL'DER-£D,  pp.     Lost  in   mazes ;  perplexed 

with  disorder,  confusion,  or  intricat  v. 
BE-VVIL'DER-£D-NESS,  ji.    State  of  being  benil 

dered. 

BE-WIL'DER-IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Losing  in  a  pathless 

place ;  perplexing  with  confusion  or  intricacy. 
BE-WIL'DER-LNG-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  bewililer. 
BE-VVIL'DER-.MENT,  n.    State  of  being  bewildered. 
BB-WIN'TER,  V.  u  To  make  like  winter.   [.Vo!  n.-icd.] 

Coicleij. 

BBl-WITCH',  r.  (.  [be  and  aiuh.]  To  fa.scinate  ;  to 
gain  an  ascendency  over  by  charms  or  incantation  ; 
an  operation  which  was  formerly  snp[>osed  to  injure 
the  person  bewitched,  so  that  he  lost  his  flesh,  or 
behaved  in  a  strange,  unaccountable  manner, —  ign 
rant  people  being  inclined  to  ascribe  to  evil  spirits 
what  they  could  not  account  for. 

Look,  Lovr  1  am  beieilched;  b"liol(!,  mini?  .irra 

la  liktf  a  blasteil  s;tplinj,'  witiienfd  up.  Shak. 

2.  To  charm  ;  to  fascinate  ;  to  please  to  such  a  de 
gree  as  to  take  away  the  power  of  resistance. 

The  chaniis  of  poelty  our  souls  beirilch.  Dryden. 

3.  To  deceive  and  mislead  by  juggling  tricks  or 
imposture.    Acts  viii.  9. 

BE-\VITCH'£D,  (be-wicht',)  pp.  Fascinated  ;  charmed 
BEWITCH'ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  bewitched. 

Oaaden. 

BE-WITCH'ER,  n.    One  that  bewitches  or  fascinates 

Stafford. 

BE-'.VITCH'ER-Y,  n.  Fascination ;  charm ;  resist- 
less power  of  any  thing  that  pleases.  South. 

BE-VVrTCH'FlJL,  0.    Alluring  ;  fascinating.  Milton. 

BE-WITCH'ING,  ppr.    Fascmating  ;  charming. 

BE-WITCH'1.\G,  a.  That  has  power  to  bewitch  or 
fascinate  ;  that  has  power  to  control  by  the  arts  of 
pleasing. 

BE-WITCH'I\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  fascinating  manner. 

HaUiitccll. 

BE-VVITCH'L\G-NESS,  n.  aualitv  of  bewitching. 
BE-IVITCH'MENT,  n.   Fascination  ;  power  of  charin- 

mg.  S/)tiA-. 
Bk'VVITS,  71.  pi.    Straps  of  leather  by  which  bells  are 

fastened  to  a  hawk's  legs.  Booth. 
BE-\VON'UER-£D,  a.  [he  and  wondrr.]  Amazed. 

[JVot  used.]  Fairfax. 
BE-WRAP',  (he-rap',)  r.  (.  [br  and  wrap.]   To  wrap  up. 
BE-WRaY',  (hi>ra',)  r.  e.    [Chaucer  has  irraie,  wreye, 

irray,  and  in  the  infinitive  bcicrieiiy  to  discover,  as  if 

from  Sax.  wrecan,  to  tell.    In  Sax.  uwreon^  onwreon, 

signify  to  reveal,  as  if  the  negative  of  wrigaii,  to 

cover.] 

To  disclose  perfidiously  ;  to  betray ;  to  show  or 
nake  visible. 

Thy  sjieech  betermjeth  tho^.  —  Matt,  xxiii. 
[This  word  is  nearlii  antiquated.] 
BE-WRSY'£D,  (be-riile',)  pp.    Disclosed  ;  indicated  ; 

betrayed  ;  exposed  to  view. 
BE-WRaY'ER,  n.   A  divulger  of  secrets  ;  a  discoverer. 
BE-WRAY' L\G,  ppr.    Disck)sing  ;  making  known  or 
visible. 

BE-\VRAY'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  bewray. 

BE-WRaY'.MENT,  ji.    Act  of  bewraying. 

BE-\VRECK',  (be-reck',)  v.  t.  [he  and  wreck.]  To 
niin  ;  to  destrt>y.    [A'of  used.] 

BE-VVROL'GdT',  (be-rawt',)  a.  [be  ami  work.]  Worked. 
^JVot  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

B£Y,  (ba,)  n.  In  the  Tiirki.'tk  dvininions^  a  governor  of 
a  town  or  particular  district  of  country  ;  also,  in  some 
places,  a  prince  ;  the  same  as  Brc.  [.-'ee  Beg.]  Eton. 

BE-YOND',  prep.  [Sax.  beircond,  brfreondan,  of  be  aiul 
gcond,  yond,  yonder.  This  is  the  participle  of  the 
verb  ffan,  to  go,  to  pass.  It  coincides  with  tlu'  D. 
ffaanat,  the  participle  of  the  present  tense  of  the 
'^me  verb,  traan^  Ui  go  ;  Dun.  iraaende.  Litt*rall>-, 
then,  it  signifies  hy-pns.iin^',  or^by-pasl ;  or,  as  we  now 
say,  past  htj,  S'^ne  by.] 

\.  On  the  further  side  of  ;  on  the  side  most  dis- 
tant, at  any  indefinite  distance  from  that  side  ;  :i9, 
beyond  a  river,  or  the  sea  ;  either  a  mile  beyonil,  or  a 
hundred  miles  beyond  the  river. 

2.  Before  ;  at  a  place  not  yet  reached. 

A  Oung  heyoiul  ufc,  cT.-n  U-lorr  our  «l<-;iiji.  Pope. 

3.  Paxt ;  out  of  reach  of;  further  than  any  given 
limit ;  further  than  the  extent  of  any  thing  else  ;  as, 
beyond  our  [Hiwer  ;  beyond  comprehension  ;  beyond 
dinpute  ;  beyond  our  care. 

4.  Above  ;  in  a  degree  exceeding  or  Hurp.assing  ; 
proceeding  to  a  greater  degree,  as  in  dignity,  excel- 
ience,  orqualily  of  any  kind;  a«,  one  man  i.s  great 
or  good  betjoiul  another. 

To  go  beyonil ^  is  a  phrase  whirh  expresses  an  ex- 
CX*»  in  Bomc  action  or  sih'-no'  ;  to  exceed  in  in- 
genuity, in  research,  or  in  any  thing  else;  hence,  in 
a  bad  seiiHe,  to  dtxcive  or  circumvent. 

Ijcl  110  ntaii  go  hei/ond  ami  U'-friitid  hia  hrothrr  in  any  mntt/>r. 

*•(.  Paul. 


BIA 

BE-YOXD',  adc.    At  a  distance  ;  yonder.  Spinier. 
BEZ'.-W,  «.    A  cotton  cloth  from  Bengal,  wliite  or 

striped.  Encije. 
BE-Z.\.\T',  71.    A  gold  coin  of  Byzantium.  [See 

BVZ.^NT.]  , 

In  heraldry,  a  circle,  or :  so  called  from  the  gold 
coins  of  the  Greek  empire,  termed  bezants  or  bijzan- 
lines.  Brande. 
BE-ZAXT'LER,  71.  [from  antler.]    The  branch  of  a 

deer's  horn,  next  above  the  brow  antler.  Encyc. 
BEZ'EL,  71.    [Clu.  Ch.  '713,  beial,  limits,  confines 
Sw.  betzel,  a  rein  ;  hctzla,  to  curb.] 

The  upper  part  of  the  ct>llet  of  a  ring,  which  en 
compasses  and  fastens  the  stone.  Badey. 
'J   ^  <-'  ^ 

BE'ZO.VR,  71.   [Pers.^.tf)jNlj  badzahr,  which  Castell 

interprets  "  ventus,  i.  e.  dissipator  veneni,  alexipliar- 
niicum  omne,  tjuod  venenuui  pellit,  et  spintuum 
u  - 

facultates  retinet,"  from  iLj  bad,  wind,  breath. 


spirit,  and 


zahr,  poison.     Others  make  it 


pazahar,  against  poison,  an  antidote  for  poison. 
Others  derive  the  word  from  paseng,  or  pusahr,  the 
name  of  the  gtiat  in  Persia.] 

1.  An  antidote  ;  a  general  name  for  certain  animal 
substances  supposed  to  be  eflicacioiis  in  prev.  iitin 
the  fatal  effects  of  poison.  Be/.oar  is  a  calculou 
concretion  found  in  the  stomach  of  certain  ruminant 
animate,  composed  of  concentric  coats  surroundinj 
each  other,  with  a  little  cavity  in  the  middle,  con 
taining  a  bit  of  wood,  straw,  hair,  or  the  like  sub- 
stance. There  are  two  sorts ;  the  oriental,  from 
Persia  and  the  E;ist  Indies,  of  a  shining  dark  green 
or  olive  color,  with  a  smooth  surface  ;  and  the  occi- 
dental, from  the  Spanish  West  Indies,  which  has  a 
rough  surface,  is  less  green,  much  heavier,  more 
brittle,  and  of  a  looser  texture.  The  oriental  is  gen- 
erally less  than  a  walnut;  the  occidental  is  larger, 
and  sometimes  as  large  as  a  goose  esg.  Encuc. 

The  oriental  Lezoars  are  many  of  them  of  a  resi- 
nous composition  and  combustible.  Thom.ion. 

2.  In  a  more  general  sense,  any  substance  formed, 
stratum  upon  stratum,  in  the  sttjmach  or  intestines 
of  animals.  Eneyc. 

This  name  is  also  given  to  the  biliary  calculi  of  cer- 
tain animals.  Cyc. 

Fossil  bezoar  is  a  figured  stone,  formed,  like  the 
animal  bezoar,  wifh  several  coats  round  some  ex- 
traneous body,  which  serves  as  a  nucleus ;  foimd 
chiefly  in  Sicily,  in  sand  and  clay  pits.  It  is  of  a 
purple  color,  antl  of  the  size  of  a  walnut.  It  seems 
to  be  of  the  nature  of  Armenian  hole,  and  is  called 
Sicilian  earth.  Encifc. 

Bezoar  mineral.  This  preparation  is  an  oxyd  of 
antimony,  prt)duced  by  distilling  the  nitrous  acid 
several  times  to  dryness  from  the  sublimated  muriate 
of  antimony.  JVicholson. 
BEZ-O-XR'Die,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  compounded  of 
bezoar. 

BEZ-O-XR'Die,  71.  A  medicine  compounded  with 
bezoar.  Johnson. 

BEZ-O  AR'Tie-AL,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  an 
antidote.  Todd. 

BEZ'ZLE,  r.  u  To  waste  in  riot.  [M  used.  See 
Emrezzle.]  Miltnn. 

BlIlJ-CIIA.MP'Ae,  71.  [Hindu,  bhu,  ground,  and 
chainpac,  a  plant.] 

A  beautiful  plant  of  India,  known  in  Linnrcus's 
system  under  the  name  of  Kfempferia  rotunda.  The 
blossoms  rise  from  the  ground  with  a  short  scape, 
and  scarce  live  a  whole  day.  ^s.  Res.  iii.  254. 

Bl'.A,  71.  In  commerce,  a  small  shell  called  a  cowry, 
much  used  in  the  East  Indies.  Encyc. 

HI  A.\"GU-LaTE,     )       TT   I.-    .    ■  J 

BT  *\.\"Gn  1  A  TED  >       [L*  "'■'^>  t^^ice,  and  awoTifu^', 

BI-A:N"GU-L0L'S,  a''""gl'-.] 

Having  two  angles  or  corners.    [Little  used.] 

BI-XR.M'I-.A.\,  u.  Noting  a  race  of  Finns  in  Permia, 
in  the  north  of  Europe,  on  the  Dwina,  and  about  the 
White  Sea  ;  written  also  Permian.  The  Biarmians, 
or  Permians,  are  said  to  be  the  most  wealthy  and 
powerful  of  the  Finnish  tribes.  'J'ookc. 

BI-AK-TIC'tI-LATE,(i.  [L.  bis  and  articulus,  a  joint.] 
('onsisting  of  two  joints. 

BI'AS,  71.  [Arm.  bihays  or  vies;  Fi.  biais,  a  slope; 
biniser,  to  use  shifts,  evasions,  or  tricks.] 

1.  A  weight  on  the  side  of  a  bowl  which  turns  it 
from  a  straight  line. 

2.  A  leaning  of  the  mind;  inclination  ;  prepo.sses- 
sion  ;  |iropensiIy  toward  an  object,  not  leaving  the 
mind  mditferent;  as,  education  gives  a  bias  to  the 
mind. 

3.  Tliat  which  causes  the  mind  to  lean  or  incline 
from  a  state  of  indifference  to  a  particular  object  or 
course. 

1'his  word  is  familiarly  used  as  an  adverb,  for  out 
of  a  .strairrht  line,  slanting,  crosswise  ;  ns,  to  cut  a  ! 
■  piece  of  cloth  bias  ;  the  king  falls  bias  of  nature.  Shak.  I 


BIB 

'1  he  wtinl  is  also  used  by  Shakspeare  as  an  adjective 

for  sloping. 

Blow  till  tliy  bias  clipek 
Outawell  tlic  colic  of  puft  Atjuiluii. 

BI'.\.'',  V.  t.  To  incline  to  one  side;  to  warp;  to  give 
a  particular  direction  to  the  mind  ;  to  prejudice  ;  to 
prepossess.  The  judgment  is  often  biased  by  interest. 

BI'AS-DRAW-I.NG,  n.  Partiality.  [JVo(  used.]  Shak. 

Bl'AS-JED,  bi'ast,)  pp.  or  a.  Inclined  from  a  right 
line  ;  warped  ;  prcjuiliced. 

BI'.\S-[.\G,  ppr.  Giving  a  bias,  particular  direction, 
or  propensity;  warping;  prejudicing. 

BT'.-^S-.NES.*,  n.    Inclination  to  some  side 

Kl-AU-Kie'U-LATE,  n.  [bi-i  and  auricula,  an  auricle.] 
In  anatomy,  a  term  applied  to  a  heart  with  two 
auricles,  as  in  the  mammalia,  and  in  birds  and 
reptiles. 

Bl-AX'.M.,  a.    Having  two  axes.     Sir  D.  Brewster. 
BIB,  "•    A  small  piece  of  linen  or  other  cloth  worn  by 
children  (wer  the  breast. 

2.  A  fish  about  a  foot  in  length,  the  back  of  a  light 
olive,  the  sides  yellow,  and  the  belly  white. 

Diet,  of  Mt.  Hist. 
BIB,  r.  t.    [Ij.  bibo!  Sp.  bcber;  It.  bevere;  Gipsy,  pia- 
va,  to  driiiK.] 

To  sip ;  to  tipple  ;  to  drink  frequently  [Little 
used.]  Locke. 
Bi-Ba'(;IOUS,  (  ba'shus,)  a.    [L.  bibax.    See  Bib.] 

Addicted  to  drinking;  disposed  to  imbibe. 
BI-I!AC'I-TY,  71.     The  quality  of  drinking  much. 
[jVot  used.] 

Blli'BER,  71.  A  tippler ;  a  man  given  to  drinking ; 
ciiietiv  ii.^ed  in  compositi()n  ;  as,  wine-bibber. 

BIB'BLE-BAB'BLE,  ;!.  Idle  talk  ;  prating  to  no  pur- 
pose.   [.^  low  word,  and  not  iistd.]  Shuk. 

BIB'I-O,  H.  A  name  of  the  wine  fly,  a  small  inrect 
found  in  empty  wine  casks.       Diet,  of  JVa^  Hist 

BI'BLE,  71.    [Gr.  /iipXiov,  liipXos,  a  book.] 

The  Book,  by  way  of  eminence  ;  the  sacred  vol- 
ume, in  which  are  contained  the  revelations  of  God, 
the  principles  of  Christian  faith,  and  the  niles  of 
practice.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  called  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments. 

The  Bible  should  be  tlie  standard  of  language  as  well  as  of  liiith. 

Anon, 

RIR'LER,  71.    [See  Bib.]    A  tippler  ;  a  great  drinker. 

BI'BLE  SO-Cl'E-TY,  n.  A  society  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  Bible. 

BIB'Lie-.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Bible,  or  to  the  sa- 
cred writings  ;  as,  biblical  criticism. 

BIB'Lie-AL-LY,  a</r.    According  to  the  Bible. 

BIB'LI-CIST,  71.  One  skilled  in  the  knowledge  and 
interpretation  of  the  Bible. 

BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHER,  n.  [Gr.  0i/3\,s,  a  book,  and 
J  oa !>•■',  to  write.] 

One  H  ho  composes  or  compiles  the  history  of  books  ; 
one  skilled  in  literary  history  ;  a  transcriber. 

Bailey.    Johnson,  .^sh. 

BIB-LI-O-GRAPH'ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  the  his- 

BIB-LI-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  i     torv  of  books.  Kelt. 

BIB-LI-OG'RA-PIIY,  71.  A  history  or  description  of 
books  ;  an  account  of  books  and  manuscripts,  with 
notices  of  the  different  editions,  the  times  when 
they  were  printed,  and  other  information  tending  to 
illustrate  the  history  of  literature.    F.nciie.  Pinkerton. 

BIB-LI-OL'A-TRY,  n.    [Gr.  lii^Xtos,  and  Aaroua.] 
Worship  or  hoiiiagi^  paid  to  books.  Sontitey. 

BIB'LI-O-LITE,  71.  [Gr.  /^i/Aiok,  a  book,  and  Xttiu{, 
a  stone  ;  called  also  Phytobiblia  and  Litlivbiblia.] 

Bookstone ;  a  species  of  schistous  stones,  mostly  cal- 
careous, which  present,  between  their  lamin.'e,  the  fig- 
ures of  leaves,  or  sometimes  simple  dendrites.  [A"ut 
vow  used.] 

BIB'LI-O-.MAN-CY,  71.  [Gr.  pi/SXoi,  a  book,  and 
liavTiin,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination,  performed  by  means  of  the 
Bible  ;  consisting  in  selt^cting  pis.sages  of  Scripture 
at  hazard,  and  drawing  from  Ihem  indications  con- 
cerning things  future.  Encyc.  Southey. 

BIB-LI-0-,Ma'NI-A,  71.  [Gr.  DiiS\iov,  book,  and 
^tifiu,  madness.] 

Book-madness ;  a  rage  for  possessing  rare  and 
curious  books. 

BIB-L1-0-.Ma'i\1-AC,  71.  One  who  has  a  rage  for 
books. 

BIB-Ll-O-SIA-NI'Ae-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pa.saion 
for  books.  Qiirirf.  Rer 

BIB-LI-O-PEG'IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  binding  of 
books. 

BIB-Ll-OP'O-LIST,  j  71.    [Gr.    lttl)\io\>,  book,  and 
BIB'LI-O-POLE,      )     i7(.jAim,  to  sell.] 
A  bookseller. 

BIB-LI-O-THK'CAL,   a.    [L.  bihliotheea,  a  library, 
jSiliXiK,  and  Ihcca,  Snxri,  a  repositorj-.] 
Belonging  to  a  librar)'. 

BIB-Ll-OTll'E-eA-RY,  n.    A  librarian.  nail. 

Blli'LI-O  TIIkKJC,  71.    A  library.  Bale. 

BIB'LIST,  71.    [from  Bible.)    With  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics, one  who  in.akes  the  Scriptures  the  sole  rule  of 
faith.  Encyc. 
2.  One  who  is  conversant  with  the  Bible.  .^sA. 

BT-BRAC  Ti:  ATE,  a.    Doubly  bracteate.  Eaton. 

BIB'l^  l.Ol.'S,  a.    [L.  bibitlus,  from  bibo,  to  drink.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK. — 


li 


'150 


BID 

Spoiisy  ;  tliat  lias  the  quality  of  iiiibibin;;  fluids  or 
mtustun'.  Thomson. 
BI  t'.\L'€AIl-ATK,  o.    [L.  bis  and  cahar,  a  spur.] 
Arinud  wiili  two  spurs,  us  the  limb  of  an  animal. 

Brandc, 

BI-eAP'SL'-L.\R,  a.  [L.  bis,  double,  and  capsula,  a 
lilllf  chest,  from  capsa,  a  chest.    See  Capsular.] 

In  bdtaiiij,  having  two  capsules, containing  seeds, 
to  each  tlinvpr  ;  as,  a  bicapsular  pericarp.  jMarlyn. 

BT-t'All'B<)N-.\TE,  n.  A  carbonate  containing  two 
equivalents  of  carbonic  acid  to  one  of  base;  one  of 
the  supercarbonates. 

BIl'E,  (  II.    Among  painters,  a  pale  blue  color,  prc- 

BISK,  )  pared  from  the  native  blue  carbonate  of  cop- 
per, or  from  smalt.  Grtm  bice  is  prepared  from  the 
blue,  by  adding  yellow  orpiment,  or  by  grindingdown 
the  green  carl>onatc  of  copper.      Coohii.  Branile. 

BI-L'EI'll' A-UiUS,  a.  [L.  bis,  and  Gr.  /ct^ciA/),  head.] 
Having  two  iieads. 

BI-CII"ri'-AL,    i  a.    [L.  biceps,  of  bis,  twice,  and 

BI-CIP'IT-OUS,  \    caput,  head.] 

Having  two  heads.  Applied  to  the  muscles,  it  sig- 
nifies having  two  heads  or  origins  •  and  any  such 
muscle  is  denominated  bicqis. 

BICK'ER,  I'.  I.  [VV.  iicra,  to  fight,  to  bicker;  Scot. 
bicker,  to  fight  by  throwing  stones,  to  move  quickly, 
to  skirmish  ;  allied  perhaps  to  It.  picchiare,  to  beat  ; 
picchiarsi,  to  fight ;  picchicre,  a  soldier  armed  with  a 
piJie ;  piccbio,  a  blow  or  stroke,  a  woodpecker;  bcc- 
care,  to  peck.  This  verb  is  from  the  root  of  beak, 
peck,  pike,  and  primarily  signifies  to  beat,  to  strike,  to 
thrust  at,  or  to  make  at  by  repeated  thrusts  or  blows.] 

1.  To  skirmish  ;  to  fight  oft'  and  on  ;  that  is,  to 
make  repeated  attacks.  [But  in  tliis  sense,  1  believe, 
raretij  used.] 

2.  To  quarrel  ;  to  contend  in  words  ;  to  scold  ;  to 
contend  in  petulant  altercation.  [This  is  tlie  usual 
sijriiijiration.] 

3.  To  move  quickly  ;  to  quiver ;  to  be  tremulous, 
like  flame  or  water ;  as,  the  bickering  flame  ;  the 
bickeriniT  stream.  Milton.  Thomson. 

BICK'ER-ER,  H.  One  who  bickers,  or  engages  in  a 
petty  quarrel. 

BICK'ER-liVG,  ppr.  (luarreling;  contending ;  quiv- 
BIC'K'Kli-I.N'G,  II.  Contention  ;  skirmish.  [ering. 
BICK  ER-.MENT,  ii.   Contention.    [J\'ut  used.] 

Spenser. 

BICK'ERN,  n.  [Of  W.  pig-,  a  beak,  or  beak  and  iron.] 
An  iron  ending  in  a  beak  or  point. 

BI-eOL'Ll-GATE,  a.  [bis  and  colligo,  to  bind  to- 
gether.] In  orniihologij,  liaving  the  anterior  toes 
connected  by  a  web. 

BI  COL'OR,  (-kui'lur,)  a.  [bis  and  color.]  Of  two 
colors. 

Bl  ei)N'JU-G.\TE,  o.  [L.  Ji.!,an  l  conjugo,  lo  unite.] 
Ill  pairs  ;  placed  side  by  side. 

BI  eoRN'OUS  \       'l^^'^S        lioms.  Browne. 

Bl-Cltl 'RAL,  a.    Having  two  legs. 

BI-CO^'l'l  I),         j  II.    [L.  bis  and  ciispis,  a  point.] 

BI  eUS'PID-ATE,  j     Having  two  points. 

BID,  V.  t. !  pret.  Bid  or  Badb  ;  pp.  Bid,  Bidden.  [Sax. 
biiUan  i  Goth,  bidijan  ;  to  ask,  request,  or  pray  ;  Sax. 
bcodan,  to  command  ;  bead,  one  who  persuades  or 
exhorts;  Sw.  biUia,  to  ask,  or  entreat;  D.  bieden,  to 
olfer,  or  bid  ;  gebieden,  to  command  ;  G.  bieten,  to 
ofitT  ;  gebietcn,  entbieten,  to  coiiimand  ;  Dan.  beile,  to 
priy,  or  desire  ;  bijde,  to  command,  to  bid,  to  otTer,  to 
invite  ;  L.  peto,  to  drive  at,  to  attack,  to  ask,  to  de- 
sire, to  beseech,  anciently  bcto ;  Ir.  impidhini,  to  be- 
seecli ;  Sp.  and  Port,  pedir,  to  ask  or  beg  ;  Sans,  badt, 
padi,  petir,  boui,  a  commander ;  Ch.  O'S  to  pray 

or  beseech  ;  Eth.  fato,  or  falho,  to  desire. 

The  primary  sense  is,  to  press  forward,  to  drive,  to 
urge  ;  hence  L.  impetus.    Applied  to  the  voice,  it  de- 
notes utterance,  a  driving  of  sounds,  which  is  applied 
to  asking,  prayer,  and  command.    Class  Bd.] 
1.  To  ask  ;  to  request ;  to  invite. 


This  sense  is  antiquated,  but  we  have  the  same 
word  from  the  Latin,  in  invite,  [in  and  bid.] 

2.  To  cominan<l ;  to  order  or  direct. 

Aud  Pt'lrr  nnswercd  him  and  wid.  Lord,  if  it  be  Ihou,  Ixd  me 
onne  lo  ihec  on  the  water.  —  Matt.  xiv. 

3.  To  offer ;  to  propose ;  as,  to  bid  a  price  at  an 
auction. 

4.  To  proclaim ;  to  make  known  by  a  public  voice. 
[Obs.] 

Our  baiu  thrice  biH.  Sfuxk. 

5.  To  pronounce  or  declare  ;  as,  to  bid  a  welcome. 

6.  To  denounce  or  threaten  ;  as,  to  bid  defiance. 

7.  J '.  wish  or  pray. 

Neith-i  iiii  hira  God  »pee\l.    [A  mistake  /or  good  speed.]— 2 
Jdim  10. 

To  bid  beads,  is  to  pray  with  beads,  as  the  Roman 
Catholics  ;  to  tlistinguisli  each  bead  by  a  prayer. 

Jo'hiL<on. 

Also,  to  charge  parishioners  to  say  a  number  of 
paternosters.  F.nenc. 

To  bid  fair,  is  to  open  or  offer  a  good  prospect ;  to 
appear  fair. 


HIQ 

BID,  )  pp.    of    Bid.     Invited  ;    ofl'ered  ;  com- 

BID'D£N,i  manded. 

BID,  n.  An  oflcr  of  u  price :  a  mord  much  used  at  auc- 
tions. 

BID'AI.E,  ».  [hid  and  iilr,]  In  England,  an  invita- 
tion of  friends  to  drink  ale  at  some  poor  man's  house, 
and  there  to  contribute  in  charity  ;  iiu  ancient  and 
still  a  local  custom.  Kncyc. 

BID'DEIl,  n.    One  who  bids  or  ofTers  a  price. 


Bidders  at  tlie  aiiclioii  of  popularity. 


Burke. 


BID'DEIl- Y-VV.\RE,  71.  .\  kind  of  metallic  ware  made 
at  Biddery  in  Hiiidostan,  composed  of  copper,  lead, 
tin,  anil  spelter.  Kncijc.  Doin.  Econ. 

BID'DING,  ppr.    Inviting;  offering;  commanding. 

BID'DI.NG,  ji.  Invitation;  command;  order;  a  proc- 
lamation or  notifying.  ShaL 

BIDE,  r.  i.    (Sax.  bidun.    See  Abide.] 

1.  To  dwell  ;  to  inhabit.  Jilillon. 

2.  To  remain  ;  to  continue  or  be  permanent  in  a 
place  or  static.    [J^earhj  antiiiiialcd.]  Shak. 

BIDE,  I'.  (.    To  eiulure  ;  to  sull'er. 

2.  To  wait  for ;  as,  I  bide  my  time.    Scottish.  [See 
AiiiDK.l  Shak. 
BI-DEX'I  '.M-.,  a.    [I.,  bidens,  o{ bis,  twice,  and  dens,  a 

tooth.]    Having  two  teeth.  Sw{f't. 
BI-DE.Vr'A  I'E,  «.    In  butnny,  two-toothed. 

In  lootugij,  h.iving  two  teeth,  or  two  tooth-like 
processes.  Brandc. 
BI  DET',  n.    [Fr.]    A  small  horse,  formerly  allf)wed 
to  each  trooper  or  dragoon  for  carrying  his  baggage. 

B.  Junsun.  Kneijc. 
2.  .\n  article  of  bedroom  furniture,  used  in  wash- 
ins  the  btitly. 

BID'I.N'i;,  ppr.     Dwelling;  continuing;  remaining. 

[See  ,\i(iDiN^:.] 
BiD'I.N'G,  H.    Residence  ;  habitation.  Rowr.. 
BI-EX'NI-AL,  a.   [L.  biennis,  of  6w,  twice,  and  annus, 

a  year.] 

1.  Continuing  for  two  years  ;  or  happening,  or  tak- 
ing place,  once  in  two  years  ;  as,  a  biennial  election. 

2.  In  biitanij,  continuing  for  two  years,  and  then 
perishing,  as  plants  wlios;!  root  and  leaves  are 
formed  the  first  year,  ami  which  produce  fruit  the 
second.    Used  also  as  a  noun.  Martijn. 

BI-E.\'N'I-AL-LV,  adc.    Once  in  two  years;  at  the 

naum  of  two  years. 
BlF.lt,  (beer,)  «.    [Sax.  biBr;  D.  baar ;  Ger.  bahre; 

Dan.  6«arf;  Ir. fieri  from  the  same  root  as  bear;  L. 

feretruin,  from  fern.    See  Bkar.] 

A  carriage  or  frtime  of  wood  for  conveying  dead 

human  hixlies  to  the  grave. 
BIl'.R'-BALK,  (-hawk,)  11.     The  church  road  for 

bj^irials.    [J\''ot  used  in  Jlincrira.]  Iloiiiilits. 

BIF.  ST'LNGS,  H.  pi.  [Sax.  bijst,  or  bijsting ;  0.  bicst ; 
Ger.  bifstmilch.] 

The  first  milk  given  by  a  cow  after  calving. 

B.  Jnnsm. 

Bi-Fa'CIAL,  (-fU'shal,)  a.  Having  the  opposite  sur- 
faces alike.  Dana. 

BI-FA'RI-Ot'S,  a.  [L.  bifarius;  bis  and  fero,  or  Teu- 
tonic fnrnn,  to  go.] 

Twofold.  In  botany,  pointing  two  ways,  as  leaves 
that  grow  only  on  opptisite  sidt;s  tif  a  branch.  Martyn. 

BI-Fa'KI-OUS-EY,  a./r.  In  a  hilarious  manner.  .V 
stem  tir  branch  is  bifariimsly  hairy,  when  the  hairs 
between  .any  two  joints  come  out  on  the  fiimt  and 
bark,  and  in  the  two  adjoining  internodes,  on  tlie 
right  and  left  sides.  Martyn. 

BIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  61/cr,  bifcrus,  of  bis,  twice,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  fruit  twice  a  year,  as  plants  do  in  warm 
climates.  Martyn. 

BIF'FI.V,  71.  A  baked  apple  crushed  down  into  a  flat, 
round  cake. 

BI'FID,  o.  [L.  bifidus,  of  bis,  twice,  and  findo,  fidi,  to 
split  or  cleave.    See  Divide  and  Wide.] 

In  botany,  two-cleft ;  opening  with  a  cleft ;  divided 
by  a  linear  sinus,  with  straight  margins.  Martyn. 
BT-FE5'KOUS,  a.    [h.  bis,  twice,  and Jloreo.] 

Bearing  two  flowers.  Martyn. 
BI'FoI.D,  a.    IE.  bii,  twice,  and  fold.] 

Twofold;  double;  of  two  kintis,  aegrces,  &c 
Bl-FO'EI-ATE,  a.    In  t(;<u;ii/,  having  two  leaves. 
BI'FO-RATE,  a.    [L.  bis  and /uro.J 

In  botany,  having  two  perforations,  as  the  anthers 
of  the  Rlioilodendron.  Brande. 
BIF'O-RI.N,  71.  .\  minute  oval  sac  found  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  green  pulpy  part  of  the  leaves  of  some 
plants ;  so  called  because  they  discharge  their  ctm- 
tents  by  an  oiiening  at  each  extremity.  Brande. 
BI'FOR.M,  a.  [L.  biformis,  o[  bis,  twice,  and  J'orma, 
form.  ] 

Having  two  forms,  bodies,  or  shapes.  Crorall. 
BT'FORM-/:!),  a.  Compounded  of  two  fonns.  Johnson. 
BI  FOR.M'l-TY,  n.    A  double  form.  More. 
Bl-FRO.NT'ED,  (-frunt'cd,)  0.    Having  two  fronts. 
BI-FUR'C  ATE,     (  a.    [  E.  bifureus,  of  bis,  twice,  and 
Bi-FlIR't  A-TED.  j    furea,  a  fork.] 

Forket[;  divided  into  two  branches.  Jobn.ion. 
BT-FI,'R-t'A'TIO.\,  71.   A  forking,  or  division  into  two 

branches.  Brown. 
BI-FUR'eOUS,  a.    Forked.  Cdes. 

BIG,  a.    [In  H.  bnic  is  a  load  ;  6cici<iui,  to  load  or  lay 


r,iG 

on;  biiciatrg,  pregnant;  and  bug  is  a  swelliiii.'; 
buciaio,  to  bellow  ;  Dan.  bug,  the  belly.  These  words 
seem  to  be  allied  to  big,  but  1  have  not  found  lliia 
word  in  any  other  language.] 

1.  Bulky  ;  protuberant ;  pregnant,  applied  to  femalrs. 
Big,  in  tlie  sense  of  pregnant,  is  followed  by  icit/i ; 
as,  big  witli  child.  The  use  of  of,  big  of  clidd,  is  not 
good  English. 

2.  Gre.it ;  large  ;  in  a  more  general  sense;  applied 
to  any  body  or  object. 

3.  Full ;  fraught,  and  about  to  have  vent,  or  be 
brought  forth. 

The  important  d.-iy,  biff  with  the  (ate  of  Rome.  Addison. 

4.  Distended  ;  full,  as  with  grief  or  passion. 

Thy  heart  is  big ;  get  tliee  apart  and  weep.  Shak. 

5.  Swelled  ;  tumid ;  inflated,  as  with  pride  ;  hence, 
haughty  in  air  or  mien,  or  indicating  haughtiness; 
proud  ;  as,  big  looks  ;  big  words  ;  to  look  big. 

6.  Great  in  spirit ;  lofty  ;  brave. 

Have  not  I  a  lioart  na  big  as  thine  t  Sliak. 
BIG,  77.    A  kind  of  barley.    [See  Beaii.] 
BIG',\.M,  71.    A  bigamist.    [7\'otused.]  Bp.  Peacock. 
BIG'.V.MIST,  71.    [See  BiOAMV.]    One  who  li.as  com- 
mitted bigamy,  or  bad  two  wives  or  husbands  at 
once. 

BIG'A-.MY,  77.     [L.  bis,  twice,  and  Gr.  ja/i£w,  to 

marry,  ja^ioj,  marriage.   In  Ar.  chamaa,  is  to 

collect ;  to  come  together ;  to  agree,  or  be  in  accord  ; 
to  sleep  together ;  to  bind.] 

The  crime  of  having  two  wives  or  husbands  at 
once.  Blackstone. 

In  tlic  canon  lain,  bigamy  was  the  marr>  ing  of  a 
second  wife  after  the  ileath  of  the  first,  or  once  mar- 
rying a  widow.    This  disqualified  a  man  for  orders, 
and  holding  ecclesiastical  oflices.    Shakspeare  uses  ■ 
the  word  in  the  latter  sense  in  Rich.  III.  7.  Blackstone. 

BIG'-BEL'LI-AD,  (-bei'lid,)  a.  Having  a  great  belly ; 
advanced  in  pregnancy. 

BIG'-Iio.N-A'D,  a.    Having  large  bones.  Herbert. 

BI(;'-eORi\-/2D,  a.    Having  large  grains.  Dryden 

BI-GE.M'Ii\-ATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  geminus, 
double.] 

In  botany,  a  term  used  of  n  decompountl  leaf  hav- 
ing a  forked  petiole,  with  several  leaflets  at  the  end 
of  tsich  division.  Marti/n. 
BIG'GIX,  71.    [Er.  begitin  ;  Sp.  been,  a  tippet,  or  cap.] 

1.  A  child's  cap,  or  something  woru  about  the 
head. 

2.  A  building.    [Obs.]    [Sax.  Iiyn-n-an,  to  build.] 

Sh„J,: 

BIGHT,  (bite,)  n.  [D.  bogt,  a  bend,  a  turning,  a  coil,  a 
bay  ;  Dan.  bngt,  a  bend,  a  bow,  a  bay.  It  is  the 
participle  of  boogen,  buigen,  bugan,  to  bund;  W.  bac, 
baciu   See  Bow.] 

1.  A  bend,  or  small  bay  between  two  points  of 
land. 

2.  The  double  part  of  a  rope  when  folded,  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  end  ;  that  is,  a  round,  bend,  or  coil 
any  where  except  at  the  ends.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  The  inward  bent  of  a  horse's  chambrel,  ami  the 
bent  of  the  fore  knees.  Bailey. 

Bl-GLAND'li'-EAR,a.  Having  two  glands,  .is  a  plant. 
BIG'EY,  n</o.  [from  big.]    In  a  tumid,  swelling,  blus- 

ti  rini!  manner ;  haui.'htily. 
BIG'-NA.M-A'D,  a.    Having  a  great  and  famous  name. 

Cra.-<haui. 

BIG'N'ESS,  71.  Bulk;  size;  largeness ;  dimensions. 
It  is  used  of  any  object,  animate  or  inanimate,  and 
with  or  witliout  coiiiparison.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
biirness  of  a  tree,  of  a  rock,  of  a  house,  without  in- 
stituting a  comparison  with  other  objects  of  the  kind. 
Yet  in  tliis  case  there  is  alw.ays  some  reference  in 
the  mind  to  known  measure.  We  also  say,  one 
tiling  is  as  big  as  another ;  in  which  ciuse  we  give 
the  idea  of  unknown  size  by  a  known  object.  Big 
and  bigness  always  imply  expansion,  more  or  less,  in 
bre.idth,  and  are  thus  distinguished  from  tail  and 
tallness. 

BIli'OT,  n.  [Fr.  bi^ot,  and  cagot,  a  bigot  or  hypocrite ; 
Arm.  bigod.  In  Italian,  bacchettimc  is  a  hypocrite. 
In  Spanish,  bigate  is  a  wliiskiT  ;  hombrc  de  bigotr,  a 
man  of  spirit  ;  tener  bigotes,  to  be  firm  or  undaunted. 
If  the  French  cagot  is  connected  with  bigot,  the  first 
syllable  in  both  is  a  prefix.  But  I  am  not  able  to 
ascertain  the  real  origin  and  primary  sense  of  the 
word.  The  etymologies  I  have  seen  are  not  satis- 
factory.] 

1.  .\  person  who  is  obstinately  and  unreasonably 
weddetl  to  a  particular  religious  creed,  opinion,  prac- 
tice, or  ritual.  The  word  Is  sometimes  used  in  an 
enlarged  sense,  for  a  person  who  is  illiberally  at- 
tached to  .any  opinion,  or  system  of  belief ;  as,  .i  bigot 
to  the  Mohammedan  religion  ;  a  bigot  to  a  form  of 
governiiieiil. 

2.  A  Venetian  liquid  measure  containing  the  fourth 
part  of  the  ainphor,  or  half  the  boot.  Enryc. 

BIG'OT,  I  a.  Obstinately  and  blindly  atuached  to 
BIG'OT-ED,  \    some  creed,  opinion,  practice,  or  ritual : 

unreasonably  devoted  to  a  system  or  party,  and  Ulib- 

eral  toward  the  opinions  of  others. 


TO.\'E,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GEa,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


16 


121 


llin'i)T-ED-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  b'got ;  per- 
imafHiusly. 

lll(!'()'r-KV,  71.    Obstinate  or  blind  attachment  to  a 
parlicniar  creed,  or  to  certain  tenets  ;  unreasonable 
zeal  or  u  ariiith  in  favor  of  a  party,  sect,  or  opinion  ; 
excessive  prejudice. 
2.  'I'lif  practice  or  tenet  of  a  bisot.  Pope. 

BIG'SOL^NU-LNG, n.   Having  a  pompous  sound.  Hall. 

BIG'!5\VoLN,  o.  and  iiTo/n.  See  Swell.]  Swelled 
to  a  large  size ;  turgid ;  gieatly  sw  elled ;  ready  to 
burst.  Addi-ion. 

BIG'-L'D-DER-ED,  a.  [hiir  and  udiler.']  Having  large 
udd"rs,  i)r  udders  swelled  with  milk.  Pupe. 

BI-ll'i-OKOG'U-RET,  n.  biiu  M\i.\  hydro^urct.]  A 
compound  of  two  atoms  of  hyilrogen,  as  the  electro- 
negative ingredient,  with  one  of  some  other  sub- 
stance, as  the  electro-positive  ingredient.  This  terra 
is  contrary  to  rule.    It  should  be  deutukydrog-urct. 

BI-JOU',  (ha-zhon',)  n.;  pi.  Bijoux,  (be-zhoo'.)  [Fr.] 
j\  trinket,  or  a  little  box  ;  a  jewel. 

BI-JOU'TRV,  (be-zhoo'try,)  h.  The  making  or  deal- 
inn  in  jewelry  ;  jewelry  itself. 

RI-JC'(JATE,  (  a.    [L.  bis,  twice,  and  jugum,  a  yoke, 

Bl-JC'GOUS,  i     a  pair.] 

Having  two  pairs  of  leaflets  ;  used  of  pinnated 
leaves.  Jilartvn. 

Bl-L.A'BI  ATE,  a.    [L.  bis,  twice,  and  labium,  a  Tip.] 
Having  two  lips,  as  the  corols  of  (lowers.  Martyii. 

Bl-L.\.M'EL-LATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  lamella,  a 
pi ate. J 

Having  the  form  of  a  flatted  sphere,  longitudinally 
bifid  ;  used  of  the  stigma  of  plants.  jMartyn. 
BIL'.\N-DER',  n.    [D.  bylander;  Fr.  belande,  bclandre ; 
Sp.  bdandra ;  from  be,  by,  and  land ;  Ger.  binnenland- 
cr.l 

A  small  merchant  vessel  with  two  masts,  distin- 
guished from  other  vessels  of  two  masts  by  the  form 
of  the  mainsail,  which  is  bent  to  the  whole  length 
of  a  yard,  hanging  fore  and  aft,  and  inclined  to  the 
horizon  in  an  angle  of  about  4,5  degrees  ;  the  foremost 
lower  corner,  called  the  (actj  being  secured  to  a  ring- 
bolt in  the  deck,  and  the  aftermost,  or  sheet,  to  the 
talferel.  Few  vessels  are  now  rigged  in  this  manner. 

Encyc.    Mar.  Diet. 
The  bilander  is  a  kind  of  hoy,  manageable  by  four 
or  five  men,  and  used  chiefly  in  the  canals  of  the  Low 
Countries  ;  so  called  because  moving  close  by  the 
land.  Johiison. 
BI-LAT'ER-AL,  a.    [L.  bis  and  latus,  side.] 

Ilaving  two  sides.  Diet. 
BIL'liER-RY,  71.    [I  know  not  the  meaning  of  bil,  in 
this  word.   The  Dutch  word  is  i/aaiiiBici,  blueberry  ; 
the  Ger.  heidclhecre,  heath-berry.] 

The  name  of  a  shrub  and  its  fruit;  a  species  of 
Vaccinium  or  whortleberry.    The  name,  with  us,  is 
given  to  the  taller  .shrub  and  its  fruit,  which  is  of  a 
bluish  color. 
BIL'UO,  7!.    [from  Bilboa,  in  Spain.] 

.\  rapier  ;  a  sword  ;  so  named,  it  is  said,  from  Bil- 
boa, in  Spain,  where  the  best  are  made.  Julmson. 
BIL'BoES,  (bil'boze,)  n.  pi.  On  board  of  shi|).s,  long 
bars  or  bolts  of  iron  with  shackles  sliding  on  them, 
and  a  lock  .at  the  end,  used  to  confine  the  feet  of  pris- 
oners or  offenders.  Hence  the  punishment  of  ofiend- 
crs  in  this  manner  is  called  by  the  same  name. 

Jtfar.  Vict.  Encyc. 
BWBO-Q,VET,  (biJ'bo-ket,)  71.   [Fr.]  The  toy  called 
cup  and  ball. 

BILD'STEIiN,  7!.    [Ger.  b'dd,  shape,  and  stein,  stone.] 

[See  Ar.ALMATOLiTE.] 
BILE,  71.    [L.  bilii!  Fr.  bdc] 

A  yellow  li<|uor,  separated  from  the  blood  in  the 
liver,  collected  in  the  branches  of  tlie  hepatic  duct, 
and  thence  discharged  by  the  common  duct  into  the 
duodenum. 

BILE,  n.  An  inflamed  tumor.  [See  Boil,  the  correct 
orthography.] 

BILE'DL'CT,  71.  [Ai75,  and  L.  (/uctii-i,  a  conduit.]  A 
vessel  or  canal  to  convey  bile  ;  a  term  apjilied  to  the 
hepatic  duct  and  its  branches.  Dancin. 

BIl.E'STo.NE,  71.  [bile  and  stone.]  A  gall-stone,  or 
'.liliary  calculus,  which  see.  Darwin. 

BII^E,  11.  [.A  difierent  orthography  of  in/n-c,  and  belly, 
a  protuberance.] 

1.  The  protuberant  part  of  a  cask,«  hich  is  usually 
in  the  middle. 

2.  The  breadth  of  a  ship's  bottom,  or  that  part  of 
her  floor  which  approaches  to  an  horizontal  direction, 
on  which  she  would  rest,  if  aground.  Hence,  when 
tliis  part  of  a  ship  is  fractured,  she  is  said  to  be  bilged. 

Encyc.    Mar.  DicL 
BII.>GE,  c.  1.    To  8uflcr  a  fracture  in  the  bilge ;  to 
spring  a  leak  by  a  fracture  in  the  bilge.   The  term  is 
UHed  also  when  a  ship  has  some  of  her  timbers  struck 
oBt  by  a  rock  or  an  anchor,  and  springs  a  btak. 

Encyc.    Mar.  Diet. 
PU,(S'El),  ]ip.  or  a.    Having  a  fracture  in  the  bilge. 
'J'his  participle  is  often  used,  as  if  the  verb  were 
tr!U)«ilive  ;  and  perhaps  it  in  sometimes  so  used. 
BIEGE'-I'I/MP,  71.    A  pump  to  draw  the  bilge-water 
from  a  ship. 

BILGE'-VVA-TEU,  71.  Water  which  enters  a  ship, 
and  lies  upon  her  bilge  or  bottom,  becoming,  ordina- 
rily, very  offensive. 


BIL 

BIL'IA-RY,  a.   [from  L.  ii7i.v.l   Pertaining  to  the  bile ; 
conveying  the  bile  ;  as,  a  biliary  duct. 

Biliary  calculus  ;  a  gall-stone,  or  a  concretion  formed 
in  the  gall-bladder  or  its  duct. 
Biliary  duct;  the  he|)atic  duct,  which  see. 
BT-IiI.N"GUAL,  )  a.    Containing  two  languages,  as  a 
Bl-L1.\"GUAR,  i      fci/m-fuii/ insciiotion.  Oliddon. 
EI-LIi\"GU()US,  a.    [L.  A;..,  anri  lutu'ua,  tongue.] 

Having  two  tongues,  or  spi  aking  two  languages. 
BIL'KJUS,  (bil'yus,)  a.  [L.  biliosus,  from  hilu^,  the  bile.] 
Pertaining  to  bile ;  cmisi.sting  or  partaking  of  bile. 
BI-LIT'ER-AL,  a.    [L.  bus,  twice,  and  Wwa,  letter.] 
Consisting  of  two  letters  ;  as,  a  biliteral  root  in  lan- 
guage. Sir  IV.  Jones. 
BILK,  V.  t.    [Goth,  bilaikan,  to  mock  or  deride.  This 
Gothic  word  appears  to  be  compound,  bi  and  laikan, 
to  leap  or  exult.] 

To  frustrate  or  disappoint ;  to  deceive  or  defraud, 
by  non-fuUillment  of  engagement ;  as,  to  bill;  a  cred- 
itor. Dnjdni. 
BILK'£D,  (bilkt,)  pp.  or  a.    Disappointed;  deceived  ; 
defrauded. 

BILK'ING, 7>pr.    Frustrating;  defrauding. 
BILL,  71.    [Sax.  bile,  a  beak,  that  is,  a  shoot.] 

1.  The  beak  of  a  fowl. 

2.  An  instrument,  made  in  the  form  of  a  crescent, 
and  fitted  with  a  handle.  When  short,  it  is  called  a 
hand-bill ;  when  long,  a  hedge-bill.  It  is  used  for 
pruning  trees.  Sec. 

BILL,  71.    [Sa.x.  bil ;  G.  beil,  an  ax  or  hatchet ;  D.  byl ; 

Dan.  bile;  W.bicyell;  Pers.  bH,  a  mattock,  or 

pick-ax,  and  a  shovel.]  ' 

A  pick-ax,  or  mattock  ;  a  battle-ax ;  an  ax  or  hatch- 
et with  a  crooked  point. 
BILL,  11.  [Xorm.  bille,  a  l.aliel  or  note  ;  Fr.  billet,  bil; 
Arm.  bilked;  Sp.  billctc:  It.  bigliettn,  bullettn,  bollettino. 
The  primary  sense,  prohablv,  is  a  roll  or  folded  paper, 
Sp.  biilcta,  a  billet,  a  ticket,  and  a  paper  of  tobacco,  co- 
inciding with  bola,  a  ball ;  or  it  is  from  cutting  off, 
and  signifies  a  piece.] 

L  In  laiD,  a  declaration  in  writing,  expressing  some 
wrong  the  complainant  has  suffered  from  the  defend- 
ant, or  a  fault  committed  by  some  person  against  a 
law.  It  contains  the  fact  complained  of,  the  damage 
sustained,  and  a  petition  or  process  against  the  de- 
fendant for  redress.  It  is  used  both  in  civil  and  crim- 
inal cases. 

In  Scots  late,  every  summary  application  in  writing, 
by  way  of  petition  to  the  court  of  session,  is  called  a 
bill.  Encyc. 

2.  In  laic  and  in  commerce,  in  England,  an  obliga- 
tion or  security  given  for  money  under  the  hand,  and 
sometimes  the  seal,  of  the  debtor,  without  a  condi- 
tion or  forfeiture  for  min-paynient.  In  the  latter  cir- 
cumstance, it  differs  from  a  bond.  In  the  United 
States,  this  species  of  security  is  usually  called  a 
note,  a  note  of  hand,  or  a  promissory  note. 

3.  A  form  or  draft  of  a  law,  presented  to  a  legisla- 
ture, but  not  enacted.  In  some  cases,  statutes  are 
called  bills;  but  usually  they  are  qualified  by  some 
descriptitui  ;  as,  a  bill  of  attainder. 

4.  A  paper  written  or  printed,  and  posted  up  in 
some  public  place,  advertising  the  proposed  sale  of 
goods  or  particular  things  ;  ah  advertisement  posted. 

5.  An  account  of  goods  sold  or  delivered,  services 
rendered,  or  work  done,  with  the  price  or  value  an- 
nexed to  each  article. 

G.  Any  written  paper,  containing  a  statement  of 
particulars ;  as,  a  bill  of  charges  or  expenditures  ;  a 
physician's  bill  of  prescriptions  ;  a  bill  of  fare  or  pro- 
visions, &c. 

7.  A  bill  of  exchange,  is  an  order  drawn  on  a  person 
in  a  distant  place,  requesting  or  directing  him  to  pay 
money  to  some  person  assigned  by  the  drawer,  or  to 
his  order,  in  consideration  of  the  same  sum  received 
by  the  drawer.  Bills  of  exchange  are  cither  foreign 
or  inland;  foreign,  when  drawn  by  a  person  in  one 
country  upon  one  residing  in  another;  inland,  when 
both  the  drawer  and  drawee  reside  in  the  same  coun- 
trj'.  The  (lerson  who  draws  the  bill,  is  called  the 
drawer ;  the  |)erson  on  whom  the  request  or  dem;md 
is  made,  is  called  the  drawee ;  and  the  person  to  whom 
the  money  is  directed  to  be  paid,  is  called  the  payee. 

8.  A  bill  of  entry,  is  a  written  account  of  goods  en- 
tered at  the  custom-house,  whether  imported  or  in- 
tended for  export;ition. 

9.  .4  bill  of  rigid,  is  a  form  of  entry  at  the  custom- 
house, by  which  goods,  respecting  which  the  import- 
er is  not  possessed  of  full  information,  may  be  pro- 
visionally landed  for  examination. 

10.  A  bill  of  ladinw,  is  a  written  account  of  goods 
shipped  by  any  person  on  board  of  a  vessel,  signed 
by  the  master  of  the  vi^sel,  who  acknowledges  the 
receipt  of  the  goods,  and  promises  to  deliver  them 
safe  at  the  place  directed,  dangers  of  the  sea  except- 
ed. It  is  usual  for  the  master  to  sign  two,  three,  or 
four  copies  of  the  bill  ;  one  of  which  he  keeps  in  pos- 
session, (Uie  is  kept  by  the  shipper,  ami  one  is  sent  to 
the  consignee  of  the  goods. 

11.  A  bill  of  parcels,  is  an  account  given  by  the 
seller  to  thi'  buyer,  of  the  several  articles  purchased, 
with  ibi^  price  of  each. 


BIM 

12.  A  bill  of  sale,  is  a  writing  given  by  the  seller  of 
persiuial  property  to  the  purchaser,  answering  to  a 
deed  of  real  estate.  In  Englaml  it  must  be  a  sealed 
paper;  in  the  United  States  it  may  be  without  seal. 

13.  Bill  of  health :  a  certificate  from  the  proper  au- 
thorities, as  to  the  .state  of  healtli^of  a  ship's  com- 
pany, at  the  time  of  her  leaving  |)ort. 

11.  A  bill  of  mortality,  is  an  account  of  the  number 
of  deaths  in  a  pl.ice,  in  a  given  time.  In  these  bills, 
it  is  not  unusual  to  insert  registers  of  births  and 
christenings,  as  in  London. 

15.  Bank-bill.    See  Bank. 

11).  Bill  of  credit ;  a  bill  or  note  for  raising  money 
on  the  mere  credit  of  a  state. 

17.  A  bill  of  rights,  is  a  summarj*  of  rights  and  privi- 
leges claimed  by  a  people.  Such  was  the  decluration 
presented  by  the  lords  and  commons  of  Engbind  to 
the  prince  and  princess  of  Orange  in  ICSS.  In  Amer- 
ici,  a  bill  or  declaration  of  rights  is  prefixed  to  most 
of  the  constitutions  of  the  several  states. 

18.  A  bill  of  divorce,  in  the  Jewish  law,  was  a  writ- 
ing given  by  the  husband  to  tlie  wife,  by  which  the 
marriage  relation  was  dissolved. 

19.  See  Indictment. 

BILL,  V.  i.  [from  bdl,  a  beak.]  To  join  bills,  as  doves  ; 

to  caress  in  fondness.  Dryden. 
BILL,  1'.  f.    [from  bill,  a  writing.]    To  advertise  by  a 

bill  or  public  notice  ;  a  cant  word.  VEslrange. 
BILL'BOOK,  71.   A  book  in  which  a  person  keeps  an 

account  of  his  notes,  bills,  bills  of  e.xchange,  &c., 

thus  showing  all  that  he  issues  and  receives.  Boancr. 
BILL'ET,  71.    [dim.  of  bill;  Fr.  billet;  It.  bullctla.] 
A  small  paper  or  note  in  writing,  used  for  various 

purposes ;  sometimes  it  is  a  short  letter,  addressed  to 

some  person  ;  sometimes  a  ticket,  directing  soldiers 

at  what  house  to  lodge. 
In  heraldry,  billet  is  a  bearing  in  the  form  of  a  long 

square.  Encyc. 
BILL'ET,  71.    [Fr.  billot.]    A  small  stick  of  wood. 
In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  Norman  work, 

resembling  a  billet  of  wood. 
BILL'ET,  V.  t.    [from  billet,  a  ticket.]    To  direct  a 

soldier,  by  a  ticket  or  note,  where  to  lodge.  Hence, 

to  quarter,  or  place  in  lodgings,  as  soldiers  in  private 

houses. 

BIL' LET-DOUX,  (bille-doo,)  71.  [Fr.]  A  love  note 
or  letter. 

BILL'ET-IXG,  ppr.  Quartering,  as  soldiers  in  private 
houses. 

BILL'I.VRD,  (bil'yard,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  game  of 
billiards. 

BILL'IARDS,  (bil'yardz,)  71.  pi.  [Fr.  billard,  a  mace 
or  billiard  table  ;  It.  bigliardo  ;'  Sp.  villar.  According 
to  the  ancient  orthography,  balyard,  this  word  is  com- 
posed of  ball  and  yard,  a  ball-stick.] 

A  game  played  on  a  rectangular  table,  covered  with 
a  green  cloth,  with  small  ivory  b;ills,  which  the  play- 
ers aim  to  drive  into  hazard-nets  or  pockets  at  the 
sides  and  corners  of  the  tables,  by  impelling  one  b;dl 
against  another,  with  maces,  or  cues,  according  to 
certain  rides  of  the  game. 

BILL'IXG,  ;)/<r.  or  71.  Joieingof  bills  ;  caressing.  Shak. 

BIL'LLN'GS-GaTE,  77.  [from  a  market  of  this  name  in 
London,  celebrated  for  fish  and  foul  language.] 
Foul  language  ;  ribaldry.  Pope. 

BILL'ION,  (bil'yun,)  71.  [bis  and  million.]  .\  million 
of  mdlious;  as  many  millions  as  there  are  units  in  a 
million. 

Among  the  French,  a  thousand  millions.  Brande. 
BILL'-MAN,  71.    One  who  uses  a  bdl  or  hooked  ax ; 

applied  particuhirly  to  soldiers. 
BIL'LOT,  71.    Gold  or  silver  in  the  bar  or  mass. 

Gilbert. 

BIL'LoW,  71.  [Dan.  bolge ;  Sw.  bolja,  a  swell,  or  roll- 
ing swell,  allied  to  bdge,  bulge.] 

A  great  wave  or  surge  of  the  sea,  occasioned  usu- 
ally by  violent  wind.  It  can  hardly  be  applied  to  the 
waves  of  a  river,  unless  in  poetry,  or  when  the  river 
is  very  large. 

BIL'LoW,  f.  i.  To  swell;  to  rise  and  roll  in  large 
waves  or  surges.  Prior. 

BIL'LOW-BeAT-£.V,  a.    Tossed  by  billows. 

niL'LoW-£I),  a.    Swelled,  like  a  billow. 

BlL'LoW-ING,  ppr.  Swelled  into  large  waves  or 
surges. 

BIL'LoVV-Y,  a.  Swelling,  or  swelled  into  large 
vv»ves  ;  wavy  ;  full  of  billows  or  surges. 

BILL'-STICK-EIl,  71.  One  who  posts  up  bills  in  pub- 
lic places. 

Bl'LoB-KI),    )  a.    [L.  Mi,  twice,  and  Gr.  An/Sus.  See 

Bl-LO'HATE,  i  Loi.E.] 

Divided  into  two  lobes ;  as,  a  AtVoAafc  leaf.  Martyn. 

BI-LOCIJ-LAK,  a.  [L.  Jii,  twice,  and  loculus,  from 
locus,  a  place.] 

Divided  into  two  cells,  or  containing  two  Ci-'ls  in- 
ternally ;  as,  a  bilocular  pericarp.  junrtyn. 

BIL'VA,  71.  The  Hindoo  name  ol  a  plant,  tlie  Cratteva 
niarinelos  of  Linmeus.  Jis.  Res.  iii.  256. 

BT-M.VC'U-LATE,  a.    Having  two  spots. 

llI-iM.^'NA,  H.  A  term  applied  byCuvierto  the  highest 
order  of  jUuiiimufiu,  of  which  man  is  the  type  and 
sole  genus.  Brande. 

BT-MA'NOIIS,  a.  [bis  and  manus.]  Having  two 
hands.    Man  is  bimanous.  Lawrence. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— MKTE,  PREY.  —  PINE,  MARI.NE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


BIN 

BI  M.\R'GIN-ATE,  o.  tn  cnnclioliiL'y,  n  fnii  iipplicd 
til  slii  ll-!  which  have  a  doubU-  inarsiii  us  far  as  tlie  tip. 

ni MR'DI-AL,  a.    [L.  ftis,  twice,  and  meilinl.] 

Ill  mulhrmatics,  if  two  medial  hues,  A  H  and  f!  C, 
coniiiieiisuraUle  only  in  power,  and  containins  a  ra- 
tional rectangle,  are  compounded,  tlie  whole  line 
A  C  will  be  irrational,  and  is  called  a  first  bimedial 
line.  F.iiryc. 

Itl-MKN'SAIvo.    Occurring  once  in  two  niontlis. 

HI-Ml'S'eU-L.AR,  a.  [bis  and  iiin.s<:ii;ar.l  Having 
two  attaching  muscles,  and  two  iiiusciilar  impres- 
sions, as  a  bivalve  niolliisk.  K'trbij. 

BI.\,  II.    [Sax.  iiinii,  or  biiine.} 

A  wooden  box  or  chest,  used  as  a  repository  of  corn 
(>r  other  coininiHlities. 

BIN  ;  till-  old  word  fur  Be  and  Been. 

BI'.\.\-UY,  o.    [L.  biaiis,  two  and  two.] 
('oiiifioniuled  of  two. 

Biiiarij  arithmetic,  \.\\c  invention  of  Leibnitz,  is  that 
in  which  two  figure's  only,  0  and  1,  are  used,  in  lieu 
of  ten  i  the  cipher  iniiliiplyiiig  every  thing  by  •>,  as 
in  common  arithmetic  by  10.  Thus,  1  is  one  ;  10  is 
two  ;  1 1  is  three ;  liiO  is  iour  ;  10 1  is  live  ;  1 1  I  is  six  ; 
111  is  seven;  1000  is  eight;  lOUI  is  nine  ;  1010  is  ten. 
It  is  said  this  species  of  arithmetic  has  been  used  by 
the  Chinese  for  4000  years,  being  left  in  enigma  by 
Folii.  Encije. 

Binary  meastire,  in  miisic,  is  that  used  in  coiiiiiion 
time,  in  which  the  time  of  rising,  in  beiitiiig,  is  equal 
to  the  time  of  falling.  F.nnjc. 

Binarij  number,  is  that  which  is  composed  of  two 
units.  Ei<riir. 

Binani  corn-pound;  in  chrtni:ftnj,  a  coiiipoiiiid  ol'two 
elements,  or  iif  an  el'  ment  and  a  ecminuiiiil  p'  rf.irm- 
ing  the  function  of  an  eli  iiienl,  or  of  two  eonipoiinds 
performing  the  function  of  el'  iiienls. 

Binanj  star ;  a  double  star,  whose  members  have  a 
revolution  round  their  common  center  of  gravitv. 

D.  OlmMeil. 

BI'N'A-RY,  n.    The  constitution  of  two.  FoUierbij. 

BI'NATK,  a.    [L.  fee  Binarv.] 

Being  double  or  in  couples  ;  growing  in  pairs.  A. 
biuate  leaf  has  a  simple  petiole,  connecting  two  leaf- 
lets on  the  top ;  n  species  of  digitate  leaf.  Mnrttm. 

BT.ND,  E.  (. ;  prtt.  Bound  ;  pp.  Bounu,  and  obs.  Huund- 
EM.  [Sax,  binitan,  irebintlan,  pret.  baud^  bund,  or 
bunden  ;  Goth,  bindan,  u-abindan  ;  I),  bindcii,  vrrbindrn  ; 
Ger.  the  same  ;  Sw\  binda,  forbinda  ;  Dan.  biiidc,  to 
bind,  and  bind,  a  band ;  also  baand,  a  band  ;  Hindu, 

bandna;  Gypsy, iandopen  ;  Pers.  ^»Xij  bandan,a.nA 

Li   ,        o  , 

JjOoiXaj  bandidaa,  to  bind  ;  the  former  signifies 

also  to  apply,  to  bend  tlje  mind  ;  and  the  latter  to 
shut,  close,  make  fast.    The  sense  is,  to  strain.] 

1.  To  tie  together,  or  confine  with  a  cord,  or  any 
thing  that  is  flexible  ;  to  fasten  as  with  a  band,  fillet, 
or  ligature. 

2.  To  gird,  inwrap,  or  involve  ;  to  confine  by  a 
wrtipper,  cover,  or  bandage;  sometimes  with  up:  as, 
to  bind  up  a  wound. 

3.  To  confine  or  restrain,  as  with  a  chain,  fetters, 
or  cord  ;  as,  bind  him  hand  and  foot. 

4.  To  restrain  in  any  manner. 

He  binde'Ji  the  IUkmU  Imm  oretHowing.  —  Jub  xxviii. 

5.  To  oblige  by  a  promise,  vow,  stipulation,  cove- 
nant, law,  duty,  or  any  other  moral  tie  ;  to  engage  ; 
a.1,  we  are  bound  by  tlie  laws  of  kindness,  of  nature, 
of  a  state,  &c. 

11  n  mnn  ahull  swrar  all  oaUi  to  bind  liis  Mill  wiUi  a  toiid. — 
Niimli.  XXX. 

6.  To  confirm  or  ratify. 

Wh-itiMy'vcr  ihou  thAlt  bind  on  ^:irth,  ■linll     bound  in  heaven. 

M  .(t.  xvi. 

7.  To  distress,  trouble,  or  confine,  by  infirmity. 

Whom  Saun  h.^lh  bound  thraf,-  ciyhurn  yfftrs.  —  Luke  xiii. 

8.  To  constrain  by  a  [lowerflil  influence  or  per- 
suasion. 

I      bound  in  the  ipirit  to  Jt-nisnlfm. »  Actj  xx. 

9.  To  restrain  the  natural  discharges  of  the  bow- 
els ;  to  make  costive  ;  as,  certain  kinds  of  food  bnul 
the  body  or  bowel.s. 

10.  To  f.-rm  a  border  ;  to  fasten  with  a  hand,  or 
any  thing  that  strengthens  the  edges ;  as,  to  bmd  a 
garmenl  or  carpel. 

11.  To  cover  with  leather  or  any  thing  fimi ;  to 
new  tojether  and  cover  ;  as,  to  bind  a  biMik. 

13.  To  cover  or  secure  by  a  band  ;  as,  to  bind  a 
wheel  with  tire. 

13.  To  oblige  to  serve,  by  contnict :  as,  to  bind  an 
I    apprentice  ;  often  with  oiif ;  as,  to  ftiiirf  out  a  servant. 

14.  To  make  hard  or  firm  ;  a.s,  certain  substances 
bind  the  earth. 

The  uses  of  this  word  are  loo  various  and  numer- 
ous to  he  reduced  to  exact  definitions. 

T a  bind  to,  is  to  contract ;  as,  to  bind  one's  self  to 
a  wife. 

To  bind  over,  a  to  oblige  by  bond  to  appear  at  a 
court. 


BIP 

BI.M),  1-.  I.    To  contract;  to  grow  hard  or  still';  as, 
clay  binds  li>  lie.it.  .Mortimer. 
y.  To  urow  or  bKComt?  costive. 
3.  'I'o  hi^  obligatory. 
BIND,       A  st:ilk  of  hops,  so  called  from  its  winding 
round  a  pole  or  tree,  or  being  bound  to  it. 

2.  A  bind  of  eels,  is  a  (piaiility  consisting  of  10 
strikes,  each  containing  20  eels,  or  200  in  the  whole. 

Encyc. 

3.  Among  miners,  indurated  clay,  when  much 
mixed  with  the  o.\yd  of  iron.  Kirwan. 

4.  In  music,  a  ligature  or  tie  for  the  purpose  of 
grouping  notes  together.  Brunde. 

BINh'KU,  n.  A  persiui  wlio  binds  ;  one  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  bind  hooks  ;  also,  one  who  binds  slieaves. 

2.  .Any  thing  that  binds,  us  a  fillet,  cord,  rope,  or 
band. 

BIN  I)' K 11 -Y,  n.    A  place  where  books  are  bound. 

BliVD'I.N'G,  ppr.  Fastening  with  a  band  ;  confining; 
restraining  ;  covering  or  wrapping  ;  oliliging  by  a 
promise  or  other  mural  lie  ;  making  costive  ;  con- 
tracting; making  hard  or  stilf. 

BI.\I)'I.\(;,  u.  Tii.il  binds  ;  that  obliges  ;  obligatory  ; 
as,  the  binding'  force  of  a  moral  duty  or  of  a  com- 
mand. 

BI.VD'l.VG,  n.  The  act  of  fastening  with  a  band,  or 
obliging  ;  a  bandage  ;  the  cover  of  a  book,  witli  tlie 
sewing  and  accompanying  work  ;  any  tiling  that 
binds  ;  something  tiial  secures  the  edge  of  cluth. 

2.  In  tlir  art  of  di/cn.ie,  a  method  of  securing  or 
crossing  the  adversary's  sword  with  a  pressure,  ac- 
coinpaiiied  with  a  spring  of  the  wrist.  Encyc. 

Biiidin'j-joi.ils,  in  arcliilcclnrr,  are  the  joists  of  a  floor 
into  wliicii  the  trimmers  of  ^taircases,  or  well-holes 
of  the  stairs  and  chiiiiucv-wa) s,  are  framed.  Encyc. 

Hl.\I)'t.\l.:  I.Y,  «(.'!'.    So  as  to  bind. 

l!T.M)'l.\(i-.N  KSS,  II.    .Stale  of  having  force  to  bind. 

BI.N'U'-Wr.LlJ,  ».  A  iiaiiie  coiiiiiiun  to  ditferent  spe- 
cies of  the  g  -niis  CoHcolciilus ;  as  the  white,  the  blue, 
the  Syrian  bind  weed,  &.c.  The  black  Briiuiy  or 
Tamils  is  ctiW^  ii  black  bind  trrrd :  and  the  Siiiilax  is 
calletl  rouirh  bind-iccrd.       Eiicijc.    Fiuii.  of  Plants. 

BI-.\i;ilV'ATE,  a.    [L.  bis  and  ii.rea  ] 

Supported  by  only  two  nerves,  as  the  wing  of  an 
insect.  Brundr. 

BI.Nt!,  n.  In  rilum  v>orks,  a  heap  of  alum  thrown  to- 
gi  lli.  r  in  order  to  drain.  Encyc. 

Bl.N'.V  A-tJI.IO,  n.  [F'oriiierly  biltarlr,  siiiiposed  to  be  a 
corniptiiui  of  Fr.  habilacic;  but  more  probably,  buile 
d^ai^rnillr,  needle-box.] 

A  wcuidcii  case  or  box  in  which  the  compass  and 
liglits  are  kept  on  board  a  ship.  It  is  sometimes  di- 
vided iiilci  three  apartments,  with  sliding  shutters  ; 
Tlu^  two  sides  contain  each  a  coiupaas,  and  the  mid- 
dle division  a  lamp  or  candle. 

Bl.V'O  eUK,  «.   [1,.  bina.-i,  double,  and  ocnliis,  an  eye.] 
A  dioptric  telescope,  fitted  with  two  tubes  joining, 
so  as  to  enable  a  person  to  view  an  object  with  botli 
eves  at  once.  Jfarrii. 

BI-'Noe'U-LAR,  n.  [Sec  Binocle.]  Having  two 
eyes;  also,  having  t\vo  apertures  or  tubes,  so  joined 
that  one  may  use  both  eyes  at  once  in  viewing  a  dis- 
tant object ;  as,  a  binocular  telescope.  Encyc. 

BI-.Noe't.I-LATK,  a.    [L.  bis  and  oculus.] 
Having  two  eyes. 

BI-\0'.MI-.\L,  II.    [L.  bis,  twice,  and  nonien,  name.] 
In  atirrbra,  a  root  consisting  of  two  members  con- 
nected by  tile  sign  plus  or  minus;  as,  a-|-i,  or?  —  3. 

Encyc. 

BI-NO.M'I.\-Oirs,  a.  [L.  Aw,  twice,  and  nomcn,  name.] 

Having  two  names.  John.^nn. 
Br  .NOT'O-.NOUS,  n.    [bis  and  note]    Consisting  of 

two  notes  ;  as,  a  binotonous  cry.  Monta:rue. 
BI-.\'().\'YI),  n.    [\,.bi.i,  twice,  and  oiyrf.]    In  ckem- 

istrii,  di'iitox)  ,1,  which  see. 
BI-0C'1;L-LATI:,  (in  (is'el-ate,)  a.    [L.  bis  and  oerl- 

/«.«,  a  hllli  i  ye.  I    In  Mtn/nn/e^'-i/,  applied  to  a  wing 

when  dotted  with  two  eve-like  spuli. 
BI-0(;'KA-1'I1KII,  II.    [See  BionnAPur.]    One  who 

writes  an  account  or  liistory  of  the  life  and  actiiuis 

of  a  particular  person  ;  a  writer  of  lives,  as  I'liitarch, 
BI-0-GK.\l'H  le,  (a.  Pertaining  to  biography,  or 
BI-()-(;KAPH'IC-AL,  i    the  history  of  the  life  of  a 

p-Tson  ;  containing  liiogniphy. 
BI-0-(;RAPin€-AL-LY,  ado.    In  the  manner  of  a 

biography. 

BI-Oi;'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  /?i(if,  life,  and  ;  na^iw,  to 
write.) 

The  historj-  of  the  life  and  character  of  a  particu- 
lar p-'rson. 
BI-()l.'l)-CY,  n.    [Gr.  ,'7ii)j  and  \o^  n<.] 

The  science  of  life  ;  a  term  introduced  by  Trevi- 
raniis  of  Bremen,  in  place  of  plivsioKigv.  Luirrenc^. 
BI  O-TI'.NA,  (  11.    [Irom  Bief,  a  '  French  naturalist.] 
BI  O-TI.N'E,  !     A  variety  of  Anorlhite,  {which  see,) 

found  among  the  volcanic  debris  of  Vesuvius. 
BIP'.A-ROl'S,  a.    [Ij.  bL^,  twice,  and  pario,  to  bear.] 

Bring  forth  two  at  a  birth. 
HT-P.\RT'I-BLE,  (  a.    (L.  bis,  twice,  and  partio,  to 
BIP  AR-TII.F,,     t,  divide.] 

That  may  he  divided  into  two  parts.  Martyn. 
I!I-I*.\R'TIEXT,  (  pir'shent,)  «.    [L.  bis,  twice,  and 
pttrlin,  pnrtiens,  to  divide.] 

Diviiliiig  into  two  parts,  .4sA. 


BIR 

BIP'AR-TI  l  t;,  n.  [L.Ai.-,  twice,  and  /lurd/u.v,  divided  ] 

1.  Having  two  correspondent  parts,  us  a  legal  con- 
tract or  writing,  one  for  each  party. 

2.  Ill  botany,  divided  into  two  p.'irts  to  the  base,  as 
a  leaf.  .Martini. 

BI-PAR-TI"TION,  n.  The  act  of  dividing  iiito'two 
parts, or  of  makiiigtwo  correspondent  [larls,  Jnhnsou. 

BI-Pi:C'TI,\-ATK,  a.    [L.  Aw  and  prctcn,  a  coiiib  ] 
III  botany,  having  two  margins  toothed  like  a  comb. 

BI'Pi;i),  n.  [1,.  bipes,  of  bis,  twice,  and  pes,  putis,  a 
foot.]    .An  animal  having  two  feet,  as  man. 

BIP'E-D.AL,  a.  Having  two  feet,  or  tile  lenglli  of  two 
feet 

BI-PEL'TATE,  a.    [\..  bis  and  prlta,  a  buckler.] 

Having  a  defense  like  a  double  shield. 
BI-PE.\'.\.ATE,  0.    [L.  Ais  and  pcnna.]    Having  two 
wings. 

BI-PET' A  IDOL'S,  a.    [L.  Aii,  and  Gr.  rrtruX..!..] 
In  botann,  having  two  flower  leaves  or  petals. 
BI  PI.N'.N  A'i'E,     )       IT    I.   •     ■  1 
BI-PL\'.\A-TED,  I  iV"'""""-] 

111  biitanu,  having  pinnate  leaves  on  each  side 
of  the  comiiioii  petiole,  as  a  leaf  or  frond.  .Marli/n. 
BI-P1.\-.\.AT'I-1TI),  a.    [I,.  Ail,  twice,  pinna,  a  wing, 
.>r  leather,  and  fndo,  to  divide.] 
Ill  lintany,  doubly  pinnatifid. 

A  bipinnatifid  />■«/',  is  a  pinnatifid  leaf  having  its 

segments  pinnatifid. 
BI-l'O'h.Ail,  a.    Doubly  polar.  Coleridirt. 
BT-PlI.\eT'i;-AL,  a.    Having  two  points. 
BI-PO  PIL-LaTE,  a.    [I.,  bis  and  pupilla,  a  pupil.] 
In  cntnmnlnffy,  iiaviug  an  eye-like  spot  on  the  wing, 

with  two  dots  or  pupils  within  it  of  a  diflereiil  color, 

as  ill  some  biittertlies. 
BI-ULfAD'R.ATE,  71.    [L.  bis,  twice,  and  quadratus, 

squared.] 

In  muWe»i«r<«,  the  fourth  power,  arising  from  the 
multiplication  of  a  sipiare  number  or  ipiaiitity  by 
itself.    Thus  4,X4  =  llj,  »  liicli  is  the  sipiare  of  4, 
and  IfiX  lli  =  25l),  the  biipiadrate  of  that  number. 
BI-aUAD-RAT'ie,  II.    The  same  as  BiitUAUBAiE. 

Encyc. 

BI-QlJ.AD-R.AT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  biquadratic 
or  fourth  pow'er. 

Bimtadrutic  equation,  in  alirrbra,  is  an  equation  of 
the  lourlh  degree,  or  one  in  which  the  unknown 
quantity  is  raised  to  the  fourth  power. 

Biquadratic  parabola,  in  ^enmflry,  is  a  cur\*e  line  of 
tin-  third  order,  liaving  two  infinite  legs  tending  the 
same  way. 

Biquadratic  root  of  a  number,  is  the  square  root  of 
the  square  root  of  that  number.  Thus  the  square 
root  of  81  is  i),  and  the  square  root  of  9  is  3,  which 
is  the  biquadratic  root  of  81.  Eiiciic. 

BI-UUI.\'T1LE,  u.    [I,.  i,.-,twicc,  and  quintus,  fifth.] 
All  aspect  of  the  planets,  when  they  are  distant 
from  each  oilier,  by  tiricc  IJi'  Jiflti  part  of  a  great  cir- 
cle, that  is,  1 14  degrees,  or  twice  72  degrees. 

BI-R.x'DI-.A TE,      j  a.    [L.  Ai.»,  twice,  and  radiatus, 

BI-RA'DI-A-TED,  j  set  with  rays.]  Having  two 
rays  ;  as,  a  biradiutr  fin.  Encyc. 

BIRCH,  (burrh,)  11.  [.-^ax.  Airce  ;  D.  berken,  or  berke- 
booin  :  (J.  birke  ;  Dan.  Air/.'. | 

A  name  common  to  dirterent  species  of  trees,  of 
the  genus  Betiila ;  as,  the  white  or  coiiiuion  birch, 
the  dwarf  birch,  the  Canada  birch,  of  which  there 
are  several  varieties,  and  the  common  black  birch. 
The  smaller  branches  of  the  coniinun  Euro|>eaii  birch, 
(B.  a/A«,)  being  tough  and  slender,  were  formerly 
much  used  for  rods,  especially  in  schools. 

Birch  of  Jamaica ;  a  species  of  the  Pistacia  or  tur- 
pentine-tree. Fam.  of  Plants. 

BlItl'l'rfT.N'  I  of  •''f'^h  ;  consisting  of  birch. 

BIIt('H'-\VI.\E,  11.  Wine  made  of  the  vernal  juice 
of  the  birch. 

BIRD,  (hurd,)  n.  [Sax.  bird,  or  bridd,  a  chicken  ;  from 
thi'  root  of  Arar,  or  \V.  bndnw,  to  bri  ak  forth.] 

1.  Properly,  a  chicken  ;  the  young  of  fowls  ;  and 
hence  a  small  fowl. 

2.  In  modern  use,  any  fowl  or  flying  animal.  Tech- 
nically, any  individual  belonging  to  a  class  of  warm- 
blooded vertebrate  animals,  {.ires,)  characterized  by 
oviparous  generation,  a  covering  of  feathers,  a  beak, 
the  po.sterior  extremities  organized  .as  feet,  and  the 
anterior  extremities  as  wings,  generally  farmed  for 
flight 

It  is  reniarkahlit  that  a  nation  should  lay  luside  the 
use  of  the  proper  generic  name  of  flying  aniin.als, 
foKl,  Sax.  fuirrl,  D.  rogrl,  the  flyer,  and  substitute 
the  name  of  the  young  of  those  animals,  .as  the 
generic  terrn.  The  fact  is  precisely  w  hat  it  would  be 
to  make  lamb  the  generic  name  of  sheep,  or  coU 
that  of  the  equine  genus. 

BIRD,  r.  i.    To  catch  birds.  Sliak. 

BIRI)-OF-PAR'A-DISE,  n.  .\  name  common  to  a 
genus  of  birds  (/'i;ra<ii<fa)  found  in  the  Oriental  Isles, 
and  in  .NewGiiinea,  some  of  them  remarkably  beauti- 
ful. The  beak  is  covered  with  a  belt  or  coUar  of 
downy  feathers  at  the  h.ise,  and  the  feathers  011  the 
sides  are  very  long.  The  largest  species  is  two  feet 
four  inches  in  length.  The  head  and  back  (lartof  the 
neck  of  this  species  are  lemon-colored  ;  the  neck  of 
the  brightest  emerald  green,  soft  like  velvet ;  the 


TC.NE,  BIJLL,  t;MTE.  — A.N"tiER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K  :  0  as  J  :  S  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


123 


BIR 

breast  is  black  ;  the  wings  of  a  chestnut  color.  The 
bTick  part  of  the  body  is  covered  with  long,  straight, 
narrow  fuathers,  of  a  pale  brown  color,  similar  to 
the  plumes  of  the  ostrich.  These  are  spread  when 
the  bird  flies,  for  which  reason  it  can  keep  very 
long  on  the  wing.  From  the  rump  proceed  two 
lone,  stiff  shafts,  feathered  at  the  extremities.  Enctjc. 

BIRD'-BoI-T,  71.  [bird  and  bolt.]  An  arrow,  broad  at 
the  end,  for  shooting  birds.  Shali. 

BIRD'-€AGE,  n.  [bird  and  cage.']  A  box  or  case 
with  wires,  small  sticks,  or  wicker,  forming  open 
work,  for  keeping  birds. 

BIRD'-eALL,  n.  [bird  and  call]  A  little  stick,  cleft 
at  one  end,  in  which  is  put  a  leaf  of  some  plant 
for  imitating  the  cry  of  birds.  A  laurel  leaf  counter- 
feits the  voice  of  lapwings  ;  a  leek,  that  of  nigluin- 
gales,  &c.  Eiicijc. 

BiRU'-eATCH-ER,  n.  [bird  ani  eal.ch.]  One  whose 
employment  is  to  catch  birds  ;  a  fowler. 

BIRD'-CATCH-ING,  7!.  [bird  xnA  catch.]  The  art  of 
taking  birds  or  wild  fowls,  either  for  food,  for  pleas- 
ure, or  for  their  destruction,  when  pernicious  to  the 
husbandman. 

BlRD'-UflER-RY,  n.  [bird  and  cherrxj.]  A  tree,  a 
sp!>cies  of  Prunus,  (P.  padus.)  There  are  other  species 
called  by  the  same  name.    Encyc.    Fani.  of  Plants. 

BIRD'ER,  V.    A  bird-catcher. 

BlRD'-EY-£D,  (burd'Ide,)  a.  Uuick-sighted  ;  catch- 
ing a  dance  as  one  gOes. 

BIRD'-FAN'-CI-ER,  n.  One  who  takes  pleasure  in 
rearing  birds. 

2.  One  who  keeps  for  sale  the  various  kinds  of 
birds  which  are  kept  in  cages. 

BIRD'ING-PIiiCE,  /!.  [bird  and  -piece.]  A  fowling- 
piece.  Skak. 

BIRD'-LTKE,  a.   Resembling  a  bird. 

BIKD'-LI.\IE,»7.  [birdaniltme.]  A  viscous  substance, 
usually  made  of  the  juice  of  holly-bark,  extracted  by 
boiling,  mixed  with  a  third  part  of  nut  oil  or  thin 
grease,  used  to  catch  birds.  For  this  purposCj  the 
twigs  of  a  bush  are  smeared  over  with  this  viscid 
substance.  Encijc. 

BIRD'-LlAI-rD,  a.  Smeared  with  bird-lime;  spread 
to  insnare.  Howell. 

BiKD'-MAN,  n.  [bird  and  man.]  A  fowler  or  bu:d- 
catcher. 

BIRD'-OR-GAN,  7i.  A  small  barrel  organ,  used  in 
teaching  birds  to  sing. 

BIKD'-PEP-PER,  77.  [bird  and  pepper.]  A  species  of 
Capsicum  or  Guinea  pepper  ;  a  shrubby  plant,  bear- 
ing a  small,  oval  fruit,  more  biting  tiian  the  other 
sorts.  Encyc. 

BJRDS'-EyE,  a.  [bird  and  eye.]  Seen  from  above, 
as  if  by  a  flying  bird  ;  embraced  at  a  glance  ;  hence, 
general  ;  not  minute,  or  entering  into  details ;  as,  a 
bird's-eye  view  of  a  subject.  Burke. 

BIRDS'E'yE,  77.  [bird  and  eye.]  The  popular  name 
of  a  genus  of  plants,  called  also  Pheasant's  eye,  known 
in  botany  by  the  generic  term  Jidmis.  There  are 
several  species,  some  of  which  [jroduce  beautiful 
flowers.  Encvc. 

BlRnS'EYE-MA'PLE,  77.  A  kind  of  maple  having 
spots  like  the  eye  of  a  bird,  used  in  cabinet  work. 

BIRDS'FOOT,  77.  [bird  and  foot.]  A  plant,  the  Or- 
nitliopus,  whose  legumen  is  articulated,  cylindrical, 
and  betit  in  the  form  of  a  bow.  Encyc. 

BIRDS'FOOT-TRK'FOIL,  71.  A  genus  of  plants,  the 
Lotus,  of  several  species.  Encyc. 

BIRDS'-MOUTII,  77.  In  architecture,  an  interior  an- 
gle or  notch  cut  across  a  piece  of  timber,  for  its  re- 
ception on  the  edge  of  another,  as  tliat  on  a  rafter  to 
be  laid  on  a  plate. 

BIEDS'NEST,  77.  [bird  nnd  iicst.]  The  nest  in  which 
a  bird  lays  eggs  and  hatches  her  young. 

2.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Ophrys  or  twyblade  ;  also, 
a  species  of  Orchis.  Encyc. 

3.  In  cookery,  the  nest  of  a  small  swallow,  of  China 
and  the  neighboring  countries,  delicately  Lasted,  and 
mixed  with  soups.  This  nest  is  found  in  the  rocks  ; 
it  is  of  a  hemispherical  figure,  of  the  size  of  a  goose 
egg,  and  in  substance  resembles  isinglass.  In  the 
East,  these  nests  are  esteemed  a  great  luxury,  and 
Bell  at  a  very  high  price.  Encyc. 

BIRDiS'TAUES  and  BIRDS'TONGUE  ;  names  of 
plants. 

BIKD'-VVIT-TED,  a.  Flighty  ;  p.assing  rapidly  from 
one  subject  to  another  ;  not  having  the  faculty  of  at- 
tention. Bacon, 

BI'llEME,  71.    [Ij.  biremis,  6i.»  and  remun,  an  oar.] 
A  vessel  with  two  banks  or  tiers  of  oars.  Milford. 

BIRG'AN-DER,  n.  Tlie  name  of  a  wild  goose,  au. 
lierffander. 

BI-RIIOM-BOID'AL,  a.  [ftit  and  rhomboid.]  Having 
a  surface  composed  of  twelve  rluiuibic  faces,  which, 
being  taken  six  and  six,  and  prolonged  in  idea  till 
they  intercept  each  other,  would  form  two  different 
rhombs.  Clcavcland. 

BTRK'/;.V,  r.f.  [from  iiVfA  ;  Bax.  hirce,bijrc.]  'I'o  beat 
with  a  birch  or  rod.    [Ota.J         Ch.  Rcliir.  JJ/rpeal. 

BT  RfJH'TRA'I'E,     (  o.    [L.  iw,  twice,  and  rostrum, 

HI  ROS'TRA-TED,        n  beak.] 

Having  a  double  weak,  or  process  resembling  a  beak. 

Til'-  CApaulf;  U  ijlloculnr  uml  t/irotirated.  Kncye. 

BIRT,  (hurt,)  n.    A  fliih,  called  aluo  turhoU 


BIS 

BIRTH,  (buith,)  71.  [Sax.  byrd,  beortii;  D.  geboorte ; 
Ger.  geburt ;  It.  beirtJie,  from  bear ;  perhaps  L.  partus, 
from  pario.] 

1.  The  act  of  coming  into  life,  or  of  being  born. 
Except  in  poetry,  it  is  generally  applied  to  human 
beings  ;  as,  the  birth  of  a  son. 

2.  Lineage  ;  extraction  ;  descent ;  as,  Grecian 
birth.  JDenlia/n. 

It  is  used  of  high  or  low  extraction  ;  but  is  often 
used  by  way  of  distinction  for  a  descent  from  noble 
or  honorable  parents  and  ancestors ;  as,  a  man  of  birth. 

3.  The  condition  in  which  a  person  is  born. 

A  foe  by  birth  to  Troy.  Dryden. 

4.  That  which  is  born  ;  that  which  is  produced, 
whether  animal  or  vegetable.      Mdton.  Jlddison. 

5.  The  act  of  bringing  forth ;  as,  she  had  two 
children  at  a  birtlu 

6.  In  a  theolog-ical  sense,  regeneration  is  called  the 
71CW  birth. 

7.  Origin  ;  beginning ;  as,  the  bii-th  of  an  empire. 
BIRTH,  )  77.  A  station  in  which  a  ship  rides.  [See 
BERTH,  i  Berth.] 

BIRTH'DaY,  77.  [birth  and  day.]  The  day  in  which 
any  person  is  born. 

2.  The  same  day  of  Ine  month,  in  which  a  person 
was  bom,  in  every  succeeding  year ;  often  celebrated 
as  a  joyful  anniversary.  It  sometimes  has  the  form 
of  an  attribute  ;  as,  a  birth-day  ode. 

BIRTH'DOM,  77.  [ii>£/i  and  i/,i7/7.  See  :>0M  and  Doom.] 
Privilege  of  birth.    [JVut  used.]  Shak. 

BIRTH'ING,  71.  Any  thing  added  to  raise  the  sides  of 
a  ship.  Ml.  Badey. 

BIRTH'LESS,  a.   Destitute  of  birth. 

BIRTH'NiGHT,  (uurth'nite,)  n.  [birth  and  night.] 
The  night  in  which  a  person  is  born  ;  and  the  anni- 
versary of  that  night  in  succeeding  years. 

BIRTH'PLaCE,  ji.  [birth  and  place.]  The  town, 
city,  or  country,  where  a  person  is  bomj  more  gen- 
erally, the  particular  town,  city,  or  other  local 
district. 

BIRTH'RiGHT,  (Imrth'rite,)  n.  [birth  and  right.] 
Any  right  or  privilege  to  which  a  person  is  entitled 
by  birth,  such  as  an  estate  descendible  by  law  to  an 
heir,  or  civil  liberty  under  a  free  constitution. 
Esati,  for  a  morsel,  solt]  his  birthright.  —  Hcb.  xii. 
It  may  be  used  in  the  sense  of  primogeniture,  or 
the  privilege  of  the'first  born,  but  is  applicable  to  any 
right  which  results  from  descent. 

BIRTH'-SONG,  71.  A  song  sung  at  the  birth  of  a 
person. 

BIRTH'-STRAN"GLED,  a.  [birth  and  strangle.] 
Strangled  or  sulTocated  in  being  born.  Sha/i. 

BIRTII'WORT,  (burth'wurt,)  77.  [birtJi  and  worL] 
A  genus  of  plants,  Aristolochia,  of  many  species. 

Encyc. 

BIS,  in  music,  denotes  repetition  of  a  passage. 
BI'S.'\,  )  77.    A  coin  of  Pegu,  of  the  value  of  half  a 
Bl'ZA,  (      ducat ;  also,  a  weight.  Encyc. 
BIS'CO-TIN,  77.    [Fr.]    A  confection,  made  of  liour, 

sugar,  marmalade,  and  eggs. 
BIS'CLJIT,  (bis'kit,)  77.    [Fr.,  compounded  of  L.  bis, 

twice,  and  cidt,  baked  ;  It.  biscotto  ;  Sp.  bizcocho.] 

1.  A  kind  of  bread,  formed  into  cakes,  and  baked 
hard  for  seamen. 

2.  A  cake,  variously  made,  for  the  use  of  private 
families.  The  name,  in  England,  is  given  to  a  com- 
position of  flour,  eggs,  and  sugar.  With  us  the 
name  is  given  to  a  composition  of  flour  and  butter, 
made  and  baked  in  private  families.  But  the  com- 
positions under  this  denomination  are  very  various. 

3.  Earthen  ware  or  porcelain  which  has  under- 
gone the  first  baking,  before  it  is  subjected  to  the 
process  of  glazing. 

4.  In  sculpture,  a  species  of  nnglazed  porcelain, 
in  which  groups  and  figures  are  formed  in  miniature. 

Bra7ule. 

BI-SECT',  V.  t.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  scco,  scctum,  to  cut. 
See  Section.] 

To  cut  or  divide  into  two  parts.  In  geometry,  one 
lino  bisects  another  when  it  crosses  it,  leaving  an 
equal  part  of  the  line  on  each  side  of  the  point  where 
it  is  crossed. 

BI-SECT'ED,  pp.    Divided  into  two  erpial  parts. 
BI-SECT'ING,  ppr.    Dividing  into  two  equal  parts. 
BI-SEC'TION,  71.    Tlin  act  of  cutting  into  two  equal 

parts  ;  the  division  of  any  line  or  quantity  into  two 

equal  parts. 

BI-SEG'MENT,  n.  [bis  and  segment.]  One  of  the 
parts  of  a  line,  divided  into  two  equal  parts 

BI-Sf.'RI-ATE,  a.    Existing  in  two  serie.i 

BI-SK'TOSE,  (       n      ,  1 

BI-SC'TOUS,  (       tl'-  ^ctosus.] 
Having  two  bristles. 

BT-SEX'OOS,  a.    Consisting  of  both  sexes.  Brovn. 

lil-SEX'lI-AL,  a.  In  botany,  being  of  both  sexes,  as  a 
flower  containing  both  stamens  and  pistils  within  Ihc 
same  envelop. 

BISH'OP,  n.  [h.  episcopns ;  Gr.  rnioKiinos,  of  cm, 
over,  and  OKunns,  inspector,  or  visitor;  <7»nirftu,  to 
view  or  inspect;  whence,  iTiir/<iTrii;7(ii,  to  visit  or 
inspect;  also,  £jriiT<i<irtt.i,  io  view.  This  (Jreck  and 
Latin  word  iiccompaiiied  the  inlroduction  of  Chris- 
tianity into  the  west  and  north  of  Europe,  and  has 


BIS 

been  corrupted  into  Saxon  biscop,  bisceop,  Sw.  and 
Dan.  biskop,  D.  bisschop,  Ger.  bischuf.  It.  vescovo,  Fr. 
evSquc,  Sp.  obispo,  Port,  bispo,  W  esgob,  and  Ir.  easgob. 
b  J  O  J 

In  Ar.  and  Pers.  t_jijUw^  oskof.  This  title  the  Athe- 
nians gave  to  those  whom  they  sent  into  the  prov- 
inces subject  to  them,  to  inspect  the  state  of  affairs; 
and  the  Romans  gave  the  title  to  those  who  were 
inspectors  of  provisions.] 

1.  An  overseer  ;  a  spiritual  superintendent,  ruler, 
or  director  ;  applied  to  Christ. 

Ye  won-  iis  sliepp  ^o'mg  astray,  bat  are  now  i-etunied  to  the 
sheplierU  and  bisliop  of  your  souls.  —  1  Pet.  ii. 

2.  £n  the  primitive  church,  a  spiritual  overseer ;  an 
elder  or  presbyter ;  one  wlio  had  the  pastoral  care  of 
a  church. 

The  s;iioe  persons  .are  in  this  chapter  called  elders  or  presbyters, 
aiut  ov.Ts:ers  or  bishops.  Scott,  Com.  Acts  xx. 

TiJI  Ui'"  chtirclies  were  multiplied,  the  bishops  and  presbylcrB 
Kpre  the  s-ime.       lb.  Phil.  i.  I.    1  Tun.  iii.  1.   Til.  i.  7. 

Both  tlie  f  ireek  .and  I.atin  fatiiers  do,  with  one  consenl,  di dare 
that  bishops  were  cixlled  presbyters,  and  presbyu'rs  bishops, 
in  apostolic  tunes,  the  name  being  then  common.  Whitby. 

3.  In  the  Qreek,  Latin,  and  some  Protestant 
churches,  a  prelate,  or  person  consecrated  for  the 
spiritual  government  and  direction  of  a  diocese.  In 
Great  Britain,  bishops  are  nominated  by  the  king, 
who,  upon  request  of  the  dean  and  chapter  for 
leave  to  elect  a  bisiiop,  sends  a  conge  d'elire,  or 
license  to  elect,  with  a  letter  missive,  nominating 
the  person  whom  he  would  have  chosen.  The  elec- 
tion, by  the  chapter,  must  be  made  within  twelve 
days,  or  the  king  has  a  right  to  appoint  whom  he 
pleases.  Bishops  are  consecrated  by  an  arciibisliop, 
with  two  .assistant  bishops,  A  bishop  must  be  thirty 
years  of  age  ;  and  all  bishops,  except  the  bishop  of 
Man,  are  peers  of  the  realm.  Blockstone. 

By  the  canons  of  the  Protestant  Episcojial  church 
in  the  United  States,  no  diocese  or  state  shall  pro- 
ceed to  the  election  of  a  bishop,  unless  there  are  at 
least  six  officiating  presbyters  residing  therein,  who 
shall  be  qualified,  according  to  the  canons,  to  vote 
for  a  bishop ;  a  majority  of  whom,  at  least,  must  con- 
cur in  the  election.  But  the  conventions  of  two  or 
more  dioceses,  or  states,  having  together  nine  or 
more  such  presbyters,  may  join  in  the  election  of  a 
bishop.  A  convention  is  composed  of  the  clerg)', 
and  a  lay  delegation,  consisting  of  one  or  more  mem- 
bers from  each  parish.  In  everj-  state,  the  bishop  is 
to  be  chosen  according  to  such  rules  as  the  conven- 
tion of  that  state  shall  ordain.  The  mode  of  election 
in  most  or  all  of  the  states,  is  by  a  concurrent  vote  of 
the  clergy  and  laity,  in  convention,  each  body  voting 
separately.  Before  a  bishop  can  be  consecrated,  he 
must  receive  a  testimonial  of  approbation  from  the 
general  convention  of  the  church  ;  or,  if  that  is  not 
in  session,  from  a  majority  of  the  standing  committee 
in  the  several  dioceses.  The  mode  of  consecrating 
bishops  and  ordaining  priests  and  deacons,  differs 
not  essentially  from  the  practice  in  England. 

Bishop  Broicnell. 

BISH'OP,  77.    A  cant  word  for  a  mixture  of  wine, 
oranges,  and  sugar.  Swift. 
2.  A  part  of  a  lady's  dress. 

BISH'OP,  B.  t.  To  confirm;  to  admit  solemnly  into 
the  church.  Johnson. 

2.  Among  horse-dealers,  to  use  arts  to  make  an  old 
horse  look  like  a  young  one,  or  to  give  a  good  ap- 
pearance to  a  bad  horse.  .^sh.  Encyc. 

BISH'OP-DOM,  71.    Jurisdiction  of  a  bishop. 

BISH'0P-£:D,  (bish'opt,)  pp.  Confirmed. 

BISH'OP-INO,  ppr.  Confirming. 

BISH'OP-LiKE,  0.  Resembling  a  bishop;  belonging 
to  a  bishop.  Fulke. 

BISH'OP-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  bishop. 

Hooker. 

BISH'OP-Rie,  77.    [bishop  and  rie,  jurisdiction.] 

1.  A  diocese  ;  the  district  over  which  the  juris- 
diction of  a  bishop  extends.  In  England  are  twen- 
ty-four bishoprics,  besides  that  of  Sodor  and  iSlan  ; 
in  Irelnnd,  eighteen. 

a.  The  charge  of  instructing  and  governing  in 
spiritual  enitf  eriis  ;  office.    Acts  i.  20. 

BISH'OPS-WEED,  71.  [bishop  and  77'(r7/.]  A  name 
common  to  different  species  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Ammi. 

niSH'OPS-WORT,  (-vvurt,)  71.    A  plant. 

BI.'^K,  71.  [Fr.  btsijue.]  Soup  or  broth,  made  by  boil- 
ing several  sorts  of  flesh  together.  Ktng. 

BISK'ET,  71.  A  biscuit.  This  orthography  is  adopted 
by  many  rcspectiiblc  writers. 

niS'iMUTlI,  71.  [Ii.  wissmutli.]  A  metal  of  a  yellow- 
ish or  reiltlish  white  color,  and  a  lamellar  texture. 
It  is  somewhat  harder  than  lead,  and  scarcely,  if  at 
all,  malleable,  being  so  brittle  as  to  break  easily  un- 
der the  hammer,  and  it  is  reducible  to  powder  Its 
internal  face  or  (fracture  exhibits  large  shining  jilates, 
variously  disposeil.  It  melts  at  471)^  Fahr.,  and  may 
be  fuseil  in  the  flntne  of  a  candle.  It  is  often  found 
in  a  native  state,  crystallized  in  rhombs  or  octahe- 
drons, or  in  the  form  of  dendrites,  or  thin  l.imino!  in- 
vesting the  ores  of  other  metals,  particularly  cobalt. 

JviclioUiOn.  Encyc 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T — MiSTE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


124 


BIT 

DIS'MUTH-AL,  a.  Consisting  of  bismuth,  or  con- 
tainins  it.  CUaveland. 

niS'.ML'TII-ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  bismuth. 

BIS'MUTH-INE,  n.  A  rare  mineral,  compospd  of  bis- 
muth and  sulphur  ;  a  native  sulphuret  of  bismuth. 

niS'.MUTII-o  eilEU,  j  H.  A  native  oxj  d  of  bismuth, 

UlS'.MUTII-O'eilKK,  \  sometimes  containing  asmall 
portion  of  carbonic  acid. 

IM'.-<ON,  M.  [L.]  A  quadniped  of  the  bovine  penus, 
usually  but  improperly  called  tlie  buffalo.  The  proper 
buHalo  is  a  distinct  species,  peculiar  to  the  warmer 
climates  of  the  eastern  continent.  The  bison  is  a 
wild  animal,  with  short,  black,  rounded  horns,  with 
n  great  interval  between  their  bases.  On  llie  shoul- 
ders is  a  large  hunch,  consisting  of  a  fleshy  sub- 
stance. The  bead  and  hunch  are  covered  with  a 
loni,  undulated  fleece,  of  a  rust  color,  divided  into 
locks.  In  winter,  the  whole  body  is  covered  in  this 
manner;  but  in  suumier,  the  hind  part  of  the  body 
is  naked  and  wrinkled.  The  tail  is  about  a  foot 
long,  naked,  except  a  tutX  of  hairs  at  the  end.  The 
fore  parts  of  til.-!  body  are  very  thick  and  strong ;  the 
hind  parts  are  sk'ndiV  and  weak.  These  animals  in- 
habit the  interior  parts  of  Xortli  .\merica,  and  some 
of  the  mountuinous  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Pennant. 

Pennant  alleges  that  the  bison  of  .\merica  is  the 
same  species  (if  animal  as  the  bison  and  aurorhs  of 
Europe,  the  bona.^ns  of  Aristotle,  the  nrits  of  Cesar, 
the  bos  feriui  or  wild  ox  of  Strabo,  the  bison  of  Pliny, 
and  the  bistnn  of  Uppian. 
BIS-SEX'TILE,  n.  [L,  bUseitilis,  leap  year,  from  bis- 
sextas,  {bis  anil  srjlus,)  the  sixth  of  the  calends  of 
Alarch,  or  twenty-fourth  day  of  February,  which 
was  reckoned  tieice  every  fourth  year,  by  the  inter- 
calation of  a  day.  .^insircrtli.] 

Leap  year ;  every  fourth  year,  in  which  a  day  is 
added  to  the  month  of  February,  on  account  of  the 
excess  of  ti  hours,  which  the  civil  year  contains, 
above  365  days.  This  excess  is  11  minutes  3  sec- 
onds too  much  ;  that  is,  it  exceeds  the  real  year,  or 
annu;il  revolutiim  of  the  earth.  Hence,  at  the  end 
of  every  century,  divisible  by  4,  it  is  necessary  to  re- 
tain the  bissextile  day,  and  to  suppress  it  at  the  end 
of  those  centuries  wliich  are  not  divisible  by  4. 

Encyc. 

BIS-SEX'TILE,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  leap  vear. 
BIS'SON,  a.    [Sa-X.  bisen.]    Blind.    [JVof  used.]  Shak. 

BIs'tRe'  I  *'*"''■''>  f™'"  brown.] 

Among  painlir-i,  a  dark-brown  pigment  extracted 
from  the  soot  of  wood.  To  prepare  it,  soot  [that  of 
beach  is  the  best]  is  put  into  water,  in  the  proportion 
of  two  |)ounds  to  a  gallon,  and  bailed  half  an  hour ; 
after  standing  to  settle,  and  while  hot,  the  clearer 
part  of  the  fluid  must  be  poured  olT  from  the  sedi- 
ment, and  evaporated  to  drj  ness ;  the  remainder  is 
bister.  .■  Encyc 

BI-STIP'r-L£D,  a.    Having  two  stipules. 

BIS'TORT,  n.    [L.  bistorUi,  bis  and  tortus,  twisted.] 
A  plant,  a  species  of  Polygonum  ;  in  popular  lan- 
guage, called  sntike-tceed. 

LIS'TOU-KY,  (bis'tu-ry,)  n  [Vi.  bistouri,  from  Pistoia, 
a  city.] 

A  surgical  instniment  for  making  incisions.    It  is 
either  straight  and  fixed  in  a  handle  like  a  knife,  or 
its  blade  turns  like  a  lancet,  or  it  is  crooked,  with 
the  sharp  edge  on  the  inside.  Kncyc 
BI-SUL'e.\TE,  a.  Two-furrowed. 

■2.  In  loolog-n,  cloven-footed,  or  with  two  hoofed 
digits. 

BI-SL'L'eOL'S,  a.  [L.  bisulcus,  of  bis  and  sulcits,  a 
furrow.J  rioven-fooled,  as  swine  or  oxen.  Broicn. 

BI-SULTHU-RET,  n.    [L.  ftini  and  sulphurrt.] 

In  chrmLitrii,  a  sulphuret  with  two  atoms  of  sulphur, 
the  electro-negative  ingredient.  An  incorrect  term 
for  deuto-sulphurrt. 

BIT,  n.  [Sax.  biiol,  /rrbtetr,  grbtrtel,  a  bit ;  iirtan,  to 
bit  or  curb.]  The  iron  part  of  a  bridle  which  is  in- 
serted in  the  mouth  of  a  lior^sc,  and  its  appendages, 
to  which  Uie  reins  are  f^istcned.  It  includes  the  bit 
mouth,  the  bninches,  the  curb,  the  sevel  holes,  the 
traiichefll,  and  cross  chains.  Bits  are  of  various 
kinds,  as  the  musrole,  snalile,  or  watering  bit  ;  the 
canon  mouth,  jointed  in  the  middle ;  the  canon  or 
fsist  mouth,  all  of  a  piece,  kneed  in  the  middle ;  the 
■catch-mouth  ;  the  masticador,  or  slavering  bit,  &c. 

Johnson.  Knew. 

BIT,  r.  (.  To  put  a  bridle  upon  a  horse  ;  to  put  the  bit 
in  the  mouth. 

BIT,  prtu  and  pp.  of  Bite.  Seized  or  wounded  by  the 
teeth. 

BIT,  n.  [Sax.  bita,  a  bite  or  mouthful ;  bitan,  to  bite ; 
D.  bit;  t..  iii.ss.]  A  small  piece  ;  a  mouthful,  or  mor- 
sel ;  a  biu. 

2.  \  small  piece  of  any  substance. 

3.  .\  small  coin  of  the  VVest  Indies,  a  half  pistareen, 
about  ten  cents,  or  Ave  pence  sterling. 

4.  A  small  instrument  for  boring.  ' 
This  word  is  used,  like  jot  and  irAif,  to  express  the 

smallest  degree  ;  as,  he  is  not  a  bit  wiser  or  belter. 
BITCil,  n.    [^Sax.  bicca,  bicce,  bice:  Dan.  bikke.  Uu. 
Ger.  betze :  Ba.sque,  pntioa.   This  word  probably  sig- 
nifies a  female,  for  the  French  btche  is  a  hind.] 


BIT 

1.  The  female  of  the  canine  kind,  as  of  the  dog, 
wolf,  and  fox. 

2.  A  name  of  reproach  for  a  woman. 

Pope.  .^rbtUhnot. 
BITE,  V,  t.  i  pret.  Bit  ;  pp.  Bit,  Bittem.    [Sax.  ii(an  ; 
Sw.  bita  ;  Dan.  bide;  tier.  bcLfsin,  to  bile.] 

1.  To  break  or  crush  with  the  teeth,  as  in  eating  ; 
to  pierce  with  the  teeth,  as  a  serpent ;  to  seize  with 
the  teeth,  as  a  dog. 

2.  To  pinch  or  pain,  as  with  cold  ;  as,  a  bitinff 
north  wind  ;  the  frost  bites. 

3.  To  reproach  with  sarcasm  ;  to  treat  with  sever- 
ity by  words  or  writing  ;  as,  one  poet  praises,  another 
bites. 

4.  To  pierce,  cut,  or  wound  ;  as,  a  biting  falrliion. 

Shak. 

5.  To  make  to  sm!#t ;  as,  acids  bite  the  mouth. 
C.  To  cheat ;  to  trick. 

Tire  rojiie  wns  lil.  Popt. 
[SVut  defiant,  but  common.] 

7.  To  enter  the  ground  and  hold  fast,  as  the  bill 
and  palm  of  an  anchor.  Mar.  Diet. 

6.  To  injure  by  angry  contention. 

If  ya  lite  ami  devour  on'-  aiiotlicr.  —  (ial,  t. 
To  bite  the  thumb  at  a  person,  was  formerly  a  mark 
of  contempt,  designed  to  provoke  a  (piam  l ;  as,  in 
Shakspeare,  "  Do  you  bite  your  thumb  at  us  ?  " 
BITE,  71.    The  seizure  of  any  thing  by  the  teeth  of  an 
animal,  as  the  bite  of  a  dog  ;  or  with  the  moutli,  as 

2.  The  wound  made  by  the  teeth.  [of  a  fish. 

3.  A  morsel ;  as  much  as  is  taken  at  once  by  bit- 
ing ;  a  mouthful. 

4.  A  cheat;  a  trick  ;  a  fraud,    [jj  loa  icord.] 

5.  A  sharper  ;  one  who  cheats. 

BIT'EK,  71.    One  who  bites  ;  that  which  bites ;  a  fish 
apt  to  lake  bait. 
2.  One  who  cheats  or  defrauds.  • 
BI-TER-V.-^TE,  a.    [L.  bis  and  IcriiiM,  three.] 

In  botany,  doubly  ternate,  as  when  a  petiole  has 
three  ternate  leaflets.  Martyn. 
BIT'I.N'G,  71.    Act  of  biting. 

BIT'ING,  ppr.  Seizing,  wounding,  or  crushing  with 
the  teeth  ;  pinching,  paining,  causing  to  smart  with 
cold  ;  repraaching  with  severity,  or  treating  sarcasti- 
cally  ;  cheating. 

BIT'l.NG,  a.    Sharp  ;  severe  ;  sarcastic. 

BIT'ING-LY,  of/e.    In  a  sarciustic  or  jeering  manner. 

BIT'LESS,  a.  Xot  having  a  bit  or  bridli'.  Fanshaw. 

BIT'.MOUTH,  71.  [bit  and  moutJi.]  The  bit,  or  that 
part  of  a  bridle  which  is  put  in  a  horse's  mouth. 

Ba'tey.    .^sh.  Kncvc. 

BIT'T.V-CLE,  71.  [Qu.  Fr.  bouc  d'aiiruille,  needle-box.] 
The  box  for  the  compass  on  board  a  ship.  [See 
Binnacle.] 

BIT'TEl),  pp.  Il.-iving  the  bit  put  in  the  mouth. 
BIT'T£N,  (bil'tn,)  pp.  of  Bite.    Seized  or  wounded 

by  the  teeth  ;  cheated. 
BIT'TER,  a.   [Sax.  biter;  Sw.  D.  Ger.  and  Dan.  bitter, 

from  bite.] 

1.  Sharp  or  biting  to  the  taste  ;  acrid  ;  like  worm- 
wood. 

2.  Sharp  ;  cniel  ;  severe  ;  as,  bitter  enmity.  Heb.  i. 

3.  Sharp,  as  words  ;  reproacliful  ;  sarcastic. 

4.  Sharp  to  the  feeling;  piercing;  painful;  that 
makes  to  smart  ;  as,  a  AiHer  cold  day,  or  a  bitler  blast. 

5.  Painful  to  the  mind  ;  calamitous ;  poignant ;  as, 

6.  Alllicted  ;  distressed.  [a  bitter  fate. 

Tlie  E*TpUaii3  iTuvlo  Oieir  livei  biuer,  —  Ex.  i. 

7.  Hurtful ;  very  sinful. 

Il  is  aji  evil  anil  bitter  thinj.  — Jrr.  ii. 

8.  Mournful ;  distressing;  expressive  of  misery  ;  as, 
a  bitter  complaint  or  lamentation.  Job  xxiii.  Jer. 
vi.  xxxl. 

BIT'TER,  71.   A  substance  that  is  bitter.    [Sec  Bit- 

TER'J 

BIT'TER,  71.  [See  Bitts.]  In  marine  language,  a  turn 
of  the  cable  which  is  round  the  bilLs. 

BiUer-rnd;  that  part  of  a  cable  which  is  abaft  the 
bitts,  and  therefore  within  board,  when  the  ship  rides 
at  anchor.  «lfar.  Diet. 

BIT'TER-GOCRD,  n.  [biurr  and  gourd.]  A  plant,  a 
species  of  Cilcumis,  called  Cnlocynthis,  Colocynlh,  Cal- 
oquinlada.  The  fruit  is  of  the  gourd  kind,  having  a 
shell  inclosing  a  bitter  pulp,  which  is  a  very  drastic 
purgative,  ll  is  brought  from  Uie  Levant,  and  is  the 
bitter  apple  of  the  sho|)S.  Encvc 

BIT'TEll-ISH,  a.  Somewhat  bitter;  bitter  in  a  mod- 
erate degree.  Ooldsmith. 

BIT' TER-ISII-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  moder- 
ately bitter.  Eneyc. 

BIT'TER-LY,  ode.   With  a  bitter  taste. 

2.  In  a  severe  manner;  in  a  manner  expressing 
poignant  grief ;  as,  to  weep  bitterly. 

3.  In  a  manner  severely  repro,acliful  ;  sharply  ;  se- 
ven'lv  ;  angrily  ;  as,  to  censure  bitterbi. 

BIT'TERN,  n.  [D.  butx)or;  Fr.  butor  ;  Corn,  klabilter.] 
A  fowl  of  the  Grallic  order,  the  ardea  stellaris, 
(Linn.,)  a  native  of  Europe.  This  fowl  h.xs  long 
legs  and  neck,  and  stalks  among  reeds  and  sedge, 
feeding  upon  fish.  It  makes  a  singular  noise,  called 
by  Drydeii  bumping,  and  by  Goldsmith  booming. 

Encyc. 


BIV 

BIT'TERN',  n.  [from  iiiffer.]  In  «n/(  isvrA.",  the  brine 
remaining  alter  the  salt  is  cimcreti  d.  TIhh,  being 
laded  oil",  and  the  salt  taken  out  of  the  pan,  is  re- 
turned, and,  being  again  boiled,  yields  more  salt.  It 
is  used  in  the  preimrallon  of  Epsom  sail,  or  tile  sul- 
phate of  magnesia,  and  of  Glauber's  salt,  or  the  sul- 
phate of  soda.  Jtihnson.  Encyc. 

•2.  .\  very  bitter  compound  of  quassia,  cocciiliis  in- 
dicus,  &c.,  used  by  fraudulent  brewers  in  adultera- 
ting beer.  Couley. 

BIT'TER-.V'ESS,  71.  [from  bitter.]  A  bitter  taste  ;  or 
rather  a  quality  in  things  which  excites  a  biting,  dis- 
agreeable sensation  in  tlie  tongue. 

a.  In  a  fitpiralire  sense,  extreme  enmity,  grudge, 
hatred  ;  or  rather  an  excessive  degree  or  implacable- 
ness  of  passions  and  emotions ;  as,  the  bitterness  of 
anger.    Eph.  iv. 

3.  Sh.arpness  ;  severity  of  temper. 

4.  Keenness  of  reproach  ;  piquancy  ;  biting  sarcasm. 

5.  Keen  sorrow  ;  painful  affliction  ;  vex.alion  ;  deep 
distress  of  mind. 

Hannah  was  in  bittenietM  of  soul.  —  I  Sam.  i.   Job  vii. 

In  the  gal!  of  biltemess;  In  a  state  of  extreme  im- 
piety or  enmity  to  God.    Acts  viii. 

limit  of  hilirrnrss;  a  daiigeniiis  error,  or  schism, 
tending  io  draw  persons  to  apostasy.  Ilrb.  xii. 
BIT'TKKS,  n.pl.  ,\  liquor  in  which  hitler  herbs  or  roots 
are  steeped  ;  generally  a  spirituous  liquor,  the  bitter 
cause  of  intemperance,  of  disease,  and  of  prematart 
death ! 

In  tite  materia  mrdiea,  the  term  bitters  is  applied  to 
such  medicinal  substances  as  are  characterized  by 
their  bitterness.  Cullm. 

The  simple  bitters  are  properly  siirh  as  exert  only  a 
tiuilc  power  on  the  digestive  organs. 

BIT'TER-SALT,  H.  Epsom  salt;  sulphate  of  magnesia. 

BIT'TER-Si'.KR,  71.  A  sparry  mineral,  resembling 
calcareous  spar,  but  consisting  of  carbonate  of  lime 
and  carbonate  of  magnesia.  It  is  the  cri -stallized  va-- 
rietv  of  dolomite  or  iiiagnesian  limestone.  Ure. 

BIT'TER-SWEET,  71.  [hitter  and  sieert.]  A  species 
of  Solanuin,  a  slender,  climbing  plant,  whose  root, 
when  chewed,  produces  first  a  bitter,  then  a  sweet 
taste.  Kncvc. 

BIT'TER-VETCn,  71.  [bitler  and  reteh.]  A  species 
of  Ervuni,  or  leiilil,  cultivated  for  fodder.  Kncyc. 

2.  A  genus  of  plants,  known  by  the  generic  name 
Orobus,  remarkable  for  their  beautiful  papilionaceous 
flowers.  The  tubercles  of  one  species  are  in  great 
esteem  among  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland,  who 
chew  them,  when  dry,  to  give  a  better  relish  to  their 
liquors. 

BIT'TER-AVORT,  n.  [6ittcr  and  leort.]  The  plant 
called  n^p7i«ia7i,  Gentiana,  which  has  a  remarkably 
bitter  taste. 

BIT'TI.XG  ppr.    Putting  the  bits  in  the  mouth. 

BIT'TOUR  or  BIT'TOII,  11.    The  6i«frn.  Dryden. 

BITT.-*,  71.  pi.    [from  the  same  root  as  tiff.] 

A  frame  of  two  strong  pieces  of  timber  fixed  per- 
pendicularly in  the  fiire  part  of  a  ship,  on  which  to 
fasten  the  cables.  There  are  also  top-tail  sheel-biUs, 
paiil-bitts,  earrick-bitts,  &.C.  Mar.  Diet. 

BITT,  r.  (.  To  put  round  the  bilt-s  ;  as,  to  biti  the  ca- 
ble, in  order  to  fitsten  it  or  to  slacken  it  out  gradually, 
which  is  called  veering  away.  Mar.  Diet. 

BI-TO.ME',  71.  Bitumen,  so  written  for  the  sake  of  the 
rhyme.  May. 

BI-TC.M'KD,  a.    Smeared  with  bitumen.  Shak. 

BI-Tu'MEN,  n.  [L. ;  Fr.  bitume:  Sp.  bctun  ;  It.  be- 
tume.] 

This  name  is  used  to  denote  various  inflammable 
substances,  of  a  strong  smell  and  of  dirterent  consist- 
encies, wliich  are  found  in  the  earth.  There  arc 
several  varieties,  most  of  which  evidently  p-ass  into 
each  other,  proceeding  from  naphtha,  the  most  fluid, 
to  petroleum,  a  viscid  fluid,  maltha,  more  or  less  co- 
hesive, clastic  bitumen  or  mineral  caoutchouc,  and 
asphaltum,  which  is  sometimes  too  hard  to  be 
scratched  bv  the  nail.        A'iehohon.  Clearrland. 

BI-TO'MI-NXTE,  i'.  t.    To  impregnate  with  bitumen. 

Bl-Tu'.MI-NA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Impregnated  with  bitu- 
men. 

BI-TU-MI-.\IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [bitumen  and  fero,  to  prt^ 
duce.] 

Producing  bitumen.  Kinran, 
BI-TU-.MLVI-ZA' HON,  it.    The  process  of  forming 

bitumen.  Manlcll. 
BI-Tf''.MI\-TZE,  r.  f.   To  fonn  Into  or  impregnate 

with  bitumen.  Lit.  Mag, 

BI-Tu'.MIX-I7.-ING,  ppr.    Forming  bitumen. 
BI-TO'.MI-.N'OrS,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  bitumen; 
compounded  with  bitumen  ;  containing  bitumen. 

Milton. 

Bituminous  limestone  is  of  a  lamellar  stnicliire,  sus- 
ceptible of  polish,  of  a  brown  or  black  color,  and, 
when  rulibed,  emitting  an  unpleasant  smell.  That 
of  Dalmntia  is  so  charged  with  bitumen  that  it  may 
be  cut  like  soap.  Ure. 

Bituminous  shale  ;  an  argillarcous  shale  impregna- 
ted with  bitumen,  usually  accompanying  ccal. 

Brande. 

BI'VALVE,  n.    [L.  bis,  twice,  and  rair^,  I..  roVra.J 
A  molluscous  animal,  having  a  shelly  covenog, 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


125 


BLA 

consisting  of  two  p:irt5  or  valves,  joined  together  by 
an  elastic  lisanient  at  the  cardo  or  liinje,  or  a  shell 
consisting  of  two  parts,  which  open  and  shut.  Also, 
a  pericarp  in  which  the  seed-case  opens  or  splits  into 
two  parts  or  valves.  Eiicijc.  Brauile. 

Bi'VALVE,  \a.    Having  two  shells  or  valves 

Bl-VALV'U-LAR,  S    which  open  and  shut,  as  the 
Bl-VALV'dUS,     J    oyster,  or  two  parts  or  valves 
which  open  at  maturity,  as  the  seed-vessels  of  certain 
plants.  Martyn. 
Bl-VAULT'ED,  a.    [L.  bis,  twice,  and  oau/r.] 

Having  two  vaults  or  arches.  Barlow. 
Bl-VE.\'TRAL,  a.    [L.  bis  and  tenter,  belly.] 

Having  two  bellies  ;  as,  a  bivcntral  muscle.  Bailey, 
BIV'I-OUS,  a.    [Ij.  bicius  ;  bis  and  via,  way.] 
Having  two  ways,  or  leading  two  ways. 

Brown, 

B/r'0C7^C,  (biv'wak,)  n.  [Fr.  This  word  is  prob- 
ably composeiJ  ot'  be  and  the  Teutonic  root  of  wake, 
watch;  Sax.  wacian,  to  wake,  to  watch  j  'L.vigilo; 
G.  iraeke,  a  guard  ;  wacken,  to  watch.] 

The  guard  or  watch  of  a  whole  army,  as  in  cases  of 
great  danger  of  surprise  or  attack  ;  or  an  encamp- 
ment without  tents  or  covering. 

BIVOU^^C,  V,  t.  To  watch  or  be  on  guard,  as  a 
whole  army  ;  to  encamp  during  the  night  without 
tents  or  covering. 

[This  word  anglicized  would  be  bi  tralch.l 

BIX'WoRT,  H.    A  plant. 

BIZ'AX-TINE.    gee  BvzAXTtNE. 

BIZARRE',  (be-zar',)  a.  [Fr.]  Odd;  fantastical; 
whmisical ;  e.vtravagant. 

BLAB,  If.  (.  [W.  Unvaru,  to  speak  ;  D.  labbery,  prattle ; 
Ir.  rlabaire,  a  babbler ;  labhraim,  to  speak  ;  Cliaucer, 
labbc,  a  blabber.] 

1.  To  utter  or  tell  in  a  thoughtless  manner ;  to  pub- 
lish secrets  or  trifles  without  discretion.  It  implies, 
says  Johnson,  rather  thoughtlessness  than  treachery, 
but  may  be  used  in  either  sense.  Dryrien, 

2.  To  tell  or  utter,  in  a  (rood  sense.  Sliak. 
BL.\B,  r.  1.    To  tattle  ;  to  tell  tales.  Slialc. 
IJLAB,  71.    A  babbler ;  a  telltale  ;  one  who  betrays  se- 
crets, or  tells  things  which  ought  to  be  kept  secret. 

BLAB'BER,  n.    A  tattler  ;  a  telltale. 

BLAB'BING,  ppr.  Telling  indiscreetly  whpt  ought 
to  be  concealed  ;  tattling. 

BLACK,  a.  [Sax  blac,  and  bltpc,  black,  pale,  wan, 
livid  ;  blacian,  blacan,  to  become  pale,  to  turn  white, 
to  become  black,  to  blacken  ;  Wire,  ink  ;  Sw.  blek, 
pale,  wan,  livid  ;  bteck,  ink  ;  bleka,  to  insolate,  to  ex- 
pose to  the  san,  or  to  bleach  ;  also  to  lighten,  to 
flash ;  D.  bUek,  pale  ;  bleekeii,  to  bleach  ;  G.  bleich, 
pale,  wan,  bleak  ;  bleichen,  to  bleach  ;  IMn.  bUrk,  ink  ; 
bheir,  pale,  wan,  bleak,  sallow  ;  blctre,  to  bleach. 
It  is  remarkable  that  black,  bleak,  and  bleach,  are  all 
radically  one  word.  The  primary  sense  seems  to  be, 
pale,  wan,  or  sallow,  from  which  has  proceeded  the 
present  variety  of  significations.] 

1.  Of  the  color  of  night ;  destitute  of  light ;  dark. 

2.  Darkened  by  clouds  ;  as,  the  heavens  black  with 
clouds. 

3.  Sullen  ;  having  a  cloudy  look  or  countenance. 

S'lak, 

4.  Atrociously  wicked ;  horrible  ;  as,  a  black  deed 
or  crime.  .  Dryilen. 

.">.  Dismal ;  mournful ;  calamitous.  Shak. 

Black  and  blue  ;  the  dark  color  of  a  bruise  in  the 
flesh,  which  is  .accompanied  with  a  mixture  of  blue. 
BL.^CK,  n.  That  which  is  destitute  of  light  or  white- 
ness ;  the  darkest  color,  or  rather  a  destitution  of  all 
color ;  as,  a  cloth  has  a  good  black. 

2.  A  negro  ;  a  person  whose  skin  is  black. 

3.  A  black  dress,  or  mourning  ;  as,  to  be  clothed 
in  black. 

BL.\CK,  V.  t.    To  make  black  ;  to  blacken  ;  to  soB. 

Boyle. 

BLACK'-A€T,  it.  [black  and  act.]  The  English  .stat- 
ute 9  Geo.  I.,  which  makes  it  felony  to  appear  armed 
in  any  park  or  warren,  &c.,  or  to  hunt  or  steal  deer, 
Ilc,  with  the  face  blacked  or  disguised.  Blackstone. 

BLACK'-XRT,  n.  Conjuration. 

BL.\CK'A-MOOR,  n.  [black  and  moor.]  A  negro  ;  a 
black  man. 

BLACK'BALL,  n.    [black  nnA  ball.]    A  composition 
of  tallow,  &,c.  for  blacking  shoes, 
j        2.  A  ball  of  black  color,  used  as  a  negative  in 
voting. 

BLACK'BALL,  B.  f.   To  rejector  negative  in  choos- 
i      ing,  by  putting  black  balls  into  a  ballot-box. 
BLACK'liXR,  n.    [black  and  bar.]    A  pha  obliging 

the  (ilainlifT  to  assign  the  place  of  trespass.  Jl.ih. 
BLACK'BER-RY,  n.    [Sax.    blacberian ;    black  and 

berry.] 

The  berry  of  the  bramble  ;  a  popular  name  applied 
to  diflTerenl  species  or  varieties  of  the  genus  Rubus, 
and  their  fruit. 

BLACK'BIRD,  n.  [black  and  bird.]  In  England,  a 
«pecie»  of  thniHh,  the  Tiirdus  Merula,  a  singing-bird 
with  a  fine  note,  but  very  loud.  In  Jimerica,  this 
name  in  given  to  different  birds,  as  to  the  <irarula 
<|uiiiculn,  or  crow  blackbird,  and  to  the  Orioliis 
plupniceun,  or  red-winged  blackbird,  (Sturiius 
prcdaloriuM,  Wilson.) 

BLACK'BOARD,  n.    A  board  used  in  schools,  Uc, 


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for  writing,  drawing  lines,  and  various  other  pur- 
poses of  instruction. 
BLACK'-BOOK,  n.  [bUtck  and  book.]  The  black- 
book  of  the  ExchequL-r  in  England,  is  a  book  said  to 
have  been  composed  in  1175,  by  Gervais  of  Tilbury. 
It  contains  a  description  of  the'  Court  of  Exchequer, 
its  oflicers,  their  ranks  and  privileges,  wages,  per- 
quisites, and  jurisdiction,  with  the  revenues  of  the 
crown,  in  money,  grain,  and  cattle.  Encyc. 

2.  Any  book  whicli  treats  of  necromancy.  Encyc. 

3.  A  book  compiled  by  order  of  the  visitors  of  mon- 
asteries, under  Henrj-  VIII.,  containing  a  detailed 
account  of  the  enormities  practiced  in  religious 
houses,  to  them  and  to  hasten  their  dissolu- 
tion. Enciic. 

BL.\CK'-BRO\V-£D,  a.  [black  and  brow.]  Having 
black  eyebrows  ;  gloomy;  dismal;  threatening;  as, 
a  black-browrd  gust.  Dryden. 

BLACK'-BR^'O-NY,  n.  [black  and  bryony.]  A  plant, 
the  Tamus.  Encyc. 

BLACK'-€.\XK'ER,  n.  A  disease  in  turnips  "and 
other  crops,  produced  by  a  species  of  caterpillar. 

Farm.  Encyc. 

BLACK'CAP,  71.  [black  and  cap.]  A  bird,  the  Mo- 
tacilla  atricapilla,  or  mock-nightingale ;  so  called 
from  its  black  crown.  It  is  common  in  Europe. 

Encyc.  Pennant. 
2.  In  cookery,  an  apple  roasted  tii!  black,  to  be 
servpil  up  in  a  dish  of  boiled  custard.  jMaion. 

BLACK'-CAT-TLE,  «.  [black  and  cuttle]  Cattle  of 
the  bovine  genus,  as  bulls,  oxen,  and  cows,  whatever 
may  be  their  color.    [English.]  Johnson. 

BL.\CK'-CHALK,  (  chawk,)  n.  A  mineral  of  a  blu- 
ish-black coior,  of  a  slaty  textup:,  and  soiling  the 
fingers  when  handled;  a  variety  of  argillaceous 
slafe.  Ure. 

BLACK'-€oAT,  71.  A  lorr.rr.^n  and  familiar  name 
for  a  clerg\-man,  as  ren-coat  is  for  a  soldier. 

BLACK'eo'CK,  n.  [bhck  and  cuck.]  A  fowl,  called 
also  black-trrouse  and  black-game,  the  l^etrao  tetrix  of 
Linna'us. 

BLACK'DaY,  7i.  A  dav  of  gloom  and  disaster.  Shak. 
BLACK'-DEATH,  (blak'deth,)  «.  The  black  plague. 
BL.^CK'DROP,  n.    A  liquid  preparation  of  opium  in 
vinegar. 

BLACK'-kA'GLE,  n.    [black  and  eagle.]    In  Scotland, 

a  name  given  to  theFalco  fulvus,  the  white-tailed 

eagle  of  Edwards. 
BLACK'-EARTH,  (-erth,)  71.    Mold  ;  earth  of  a  dark 

color.  IVoodward. 
BLACK'£D,  (hlakt,)  pp.    Made  black  ;  soiled. 
BLACK'£.\,  (blak'kn,)  I'. «.  [Sax.  iteca/i.  See  Black.] 

1.  To  make  black. 

Tlte  imiionation  of  slaves,  thai  h.as  blackened  half  Amfrica. 

Franklin. 

2.  To  make  dark  ;  to  darken  ;  to  cloud. 

3.  To  soil. 

4.  To  sully  reputation  ;  to  make  infamous ;  as, 
vice  blackens  the  character. 

BLACK'/:N,  7-.  i.    To  grow  black  or  dark. 
BLACK'/;X-ii;D,  pp.    Made  black. 
BLACK'f;.\-ER,  n.    He  that  blackens. 
BLACK'iCN-lNG,  ppr.    Making  black  ;  darkening. 
BLACK'ER,  a.  cojnp.    More  black. 
BLACK'EST,  a.  superl.    Most  black. 
BLACK'-EY-/;D,  a.    Having  black  eves.  Dryden. 
BLACK'-FAC-£D,  (-fiste,)  a.    Having  a  black  face. 

Shak. 

BLACK'FISH,  71.  [^black  and  fish.]  In  the  United 
States,  a  fish  caiiglit  on  the  rocky  shores  of  New 
England  ;  the  Tautog,  (iairiu  amrricanvs.)  Mass.  Rep. 
•2.  A  small  kind  of  whale,  about  twenty  feet  long. 

BLACK'FLUX,  71.  A  mixture  of  carbonate  of  potash 
and  charcoal,  obtained  by  deflagrating  tartar  with 
half  its  weisht  of  niter.  Brande. 

BLACK'-FOR-EST,  n.  [black  and  fin-cst.]  A  forest 
in  Germany,  in  Swabia  ;  a  part  of  the  ancient  Her- 
cynian  forest. 

BLACK'FRI-AR,  n.  Blackfriars  is  a  name  given  to 
the  Dominican  order,  called  also  Predicants  and 
Preaching  friars  ;  in  France,  Jacobins.  Encyc. 

BLACK'GUaRD,  n.  [said  to  be  of  War/,- anil  guard; 
but  is  it  not  a  corruption  of  blackard,  black  kind  .'] 

One  who  uses  abusive,  scun'ilous  language,  or 
treats  others  with  foul  abuse. 

BLACK'GUARD,  v.  U  To  revile  in  .scurrilous  lan- 
guage, [/mw.] 

BLACK'GUARD,  a.    Scurrilous  ;  abusive. 

BLACK'(;UARD-IS.M,  ti.  The  conduct  or  language 
of  a  bl.ack guard. 

BLACK'-GU.M.H.  An  American  tree,  of  the  genus 
JVi/.Mo,  rrowin-' south  of  Philadelphia.  The  wood  is 
solid,  and  not  apt  to  split,  and  hence  is  used  for  naves 
or  hubs  and  in  ship-building.  Gardner. 

BLACK'IIEART-ED,  a.  Having  a  black  or  malig- 
nant heart. 

RLACK'ING,  ppr.    Making  black. 

BLACK'ING,  71.  A  substance  usi  d  for  blacking  shoes, 
variously  made  ;  any  factitious  matter  for  making 
things  black.  Encyc.  /(.<A. 

BLACK'ISH.a.  Somewhat  black;  moderately  black 
or  ilark. 

BI,.'\<,'K'-J.\CK,  71.  A  name  given  by  miners  to  blend, 
u  mineral  called  also  false  galena.    It  is  an  ore  of 


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zinc,  in  combination  with  iron  and  sulphur ;  sul- 
phuret  of  zinc.  A'lc/ulson. 
2.  .\  leathiTn  cup  of  old  times. 

BLACK'-LEAI),  (led,)  71.  A  mineral  of  a  dark  steel 
gray  color,  and  of  a  scaly  tevtiire,  composed  tif  car 
bon,  with  a  small  portion  of  iron.  This  muuf,  black- 
lead,  is  improper,  as  it  contains  no  lead.  It  is  called 
phimhatro,  and  graphite,  as  it  is  used  for  pencils. 

BLAl'K'LEG,  77.  A  term  applied  to  notorious  gam- 
blers and  cheats. 

BL.\CK'-LEGS,  n.  In  some  parts  of  England,  a  dis- 
ease among  calves  and  shee|).  It  is  a  sort  of  jelly 
which  settles  in  the  legs,  and  sometimes  in  the  neck. 

Encyc. 

BLACK'-LET'TER,  77.  A  term  applied  to  the  old 
English  or  modern  Gothic  letter,  in  whicli  the  early 
English  manuscripts  were  written,  and  the  first  Eng- 
lisli  books  were  printed.  Brande. 

BLACK'-LET'TER,  a.    Written  or  printed  in  black- 
letter  ;  as,  a  blackJctter  manuscript  or  book. 
2.  Studoiiis  of  books  in  bl.ack-lettcr. 

"  K'.'nible  a  black'leller  man  1  "  Boadtn. 

BLACK'LY,  adv.    Darkly  ;  atrociously. 

BLACK'-.MAIL,  71.    A  certain  rate  of  money,  corn, 
cattle,  or  other  thing,  anciently  paid,  in  the  north  of 
England,  to  certjiin  men,  who  were  allied  to  robbers, 
to  be  by  them  protected  from  |)illage.    Cawel.  Encyc. 
2.  Black-rent, or  rents  paid  in  corn  or  flesh.  Enci/c, 

BLACK'-MON'DAY,  11.  Easter  Monday,  in  34  Ed. 
II!.,  which  was  misty,  obscure,  and  so  cold  that  men 
died  on  horseback.  J>'f(»irr. 

BLACK'-MONKS,  n.  pi.  A  denomination  given  to  the 
Benedictines.  Encuc. 

BLACK'-M0UTH-£D,  a.  Using  foul  or  scurrilous 
language.  Killingbeck. 

BLACK'NESS,  7!.  The  quality  of  being  black  ;  black 
color  ;  darkness ;  atrociousness  or  enormity  in  wick- 
edness. 

BLACK'-PIG'MENT,  7(.  A  very  fine,  light,  carbona- 
ceous substance,  or  lamp-black  ;  prepared  chiefly  for 
the  manufacture  of  j)rinters'  ink.  By  a  recent  process, 
it  is  obtained  by  burning  common  coaJ-tar.  Ure. 

BLACK'-PUD'DIXG,  71.  A  kind  of  food  made  of 
blood  and  grain.  Johnson. 

BLACK'-ROD,  n.  [black  and  rod.]  In  England,  the 
usher  belonging  to  the  order  of  the  garter ;  so  called 
from  the  black  rod  which  he  carries.  He  is  of  the 
king's  chamber  and  usher  of  parliament.  Cowrl. 

Black  row  grains;  a  species  of  iron  stone  or  ore, 
found  in  the  mines  about  Dudley  in  Staflbrdshire, 
England.  Encyc. 

BLACK'-Se.A,  77.  [black  and  sea.]  The  Euxine  Sea, 
on  the  eastern  border  of  Europe. 

BLACK'-SHEEP,  71.  [black  and  sheep.]  In  Oriental 
history,  the  ensign  o-  standard  of  a  race  of  Turkmans 
in  Armenia  and  Mesopotamia.  Ennic. 

BLACK'-SIL'VER,  71.  A  mineral,  called  also  Brittle 
silcer  ore,  consisting  of  snver,  antimony,  and  sulpiiur. 

BLACK'SMITH,  ti.  [black  and  smith.]  A  smith  who 
works  in  iron,  and  makes  iron  utensils  ;  more  prop- 
erly, an  iron-smith. 

BLACK'-Si\aKE,  71.  A  serpent  of  a  black  color; 
two  species  are  found  in  America.  Tliej'  are  of  the 
genus  Coluber,  which  is  not  poisonous. 

BLACK-STRAKES,  in  a  ship,  are  a  range  of  planks 
immediately  above  the  wales  in  a  ship's  side,  covered 
with  tar  and  lamp-black.  Encyc. 

BLACK'STRAP,  n.  A  name  of  a  liquor  drank  by 
the  vulgar. 

BLACK'TaIL,  ti.  [black  and  tail.]  A  fish,  a  kind 
of  perch,  called  also  a  ruff  or  pope.  Johnson. 

BLACK'THORN,  71.  [black  and  Uiom.]  A  .species 
of  Primus,  called  sloe.  It  grows  ten  or  twelve  f 'Ct 
high,  very  bmnchy,  and  armed  with  sliarp,  strong 
spines,  and  bearing  small,  round,  black  cheiries.  It 
is  much  cultivated  for  hedges.  Enrue. 

BL.^CK'TIN,  71.  [blaci;  and  tin.]  Tin  ore,  when 
dressed,  stamped,  and  washed,  ready  for  melting. 
It  is  the  ore  coniiiiimited  by  beating  into  a  black 
powder,  like  fine  sand.  Kucyc. 

BLACK'-TRESS-f,D,(-trest,)<i.  Having  black  tresses. 

BL.ACK'-VIS-.VG-i'D,  a.  Having  a  dark  visage  or 
appearance.  Marston. 

BLACK'- VO.M'IT,  71.  A  copious  vomiting  of  dark- 
colorod  matter,  resembling  cort'ec  gruiiiiils  ;  or  the 
substance  so  discharged  ;  one  of  the  most  fatal  at- 
tendants of  the  yellow  fever. 

BLACK'-WADD,  71.  [black  and  wadd.]  An  ore  of 
manganese,  found  in  Derbyshire,  England,  and  used 
as  a  drying  ingredient  in  paiiils.  It  is  remarkable 
for  taking  fire  when  mixed  with  linseed  oil  in  a  cer- 
tain proportion.  Encyc. 

BL.ACK'-W/kL'NUT,  71.  A  well-known  American 
tree,  {.fuglans  nigra,)  the  wood  of  which  is  ol  a  dark 
color,  forming  a  beautit'iil  material  for  cabinet  work. 

BLACK'-W/>SII,  71.  A  lotion  made  by  mingling  calo- 
mc  l  and  lime-water. 

BL.ACK'WOllK,  71.  [black  and  7PorA-.]  Iron  wrought 
by  blacksiiiitlis  :  so  called  in  distinction  from  that 
wrought  111  whitesmiths.  Enryc. 

BLAD'-.\P'I'LE,  n.  In  botany,  the  Cactus,  or  a  spe- 
cies of  it.  Fant.  of  Plants. 

BLAD'DER,  71.    [Sax.  bla-dr,  blirdra,  bledilra,  a  blad- 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WHi^T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK. — 


1% 


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der,  and  bind,  a  puff  of  wind,  also  a  Rohlel,  fruit,  the 
branch  iif  a  tree  ;  VV.  ph:lm,  a  bladder  ;  S\v.  and 
Dan.  bluit,  a  page,  a  leaf.  Eng.  a  blmlc  ;  I).  Mail,  a 
leaf,  page,  sheet,  a  board,  a  bliule,  a  plale  ;  (J.  Oliili,  a 
leaf;  blatlrr,  a  blister,  which  is  onr  bladilrr.  The 
Gernjans  express  bUuUlfr  by  bhuc,  D.  blam,  which  is 
onr  hlir.e.  Hence  we  observe  lliat  the  sense  is  taken 
from  swelling,  extending,  dilating,  blowing ;  Sax. 
blawaa,  to  blow  ;  W.  blal,  or  blirlh,  a  piitl'  or  blast ; 
\V.  plcfl,  eKtension,  from  llSd,  breailtli ;  I..  ?«(«.<.] 

1.  A  bag  or  sac  in  animals,  which  serves  as  the 
receptacle  of  some  secreted  fluid  ;  as,  the  urinary 
bladder,  the  irall  bladder,  &.C.  Uy  way  of  eminence, 
the  word,  in  common  language,  denotes  the  urinary 
bladder,  either  within  the  animal,  or  when  taken  out 
and  inllated  with  air.  F.ncijc.    JuIuikuii . 

2.  Any  vesicle  or  blister,  especially  if  lilled  with 
air,  or  a  thin,  watery  liquor.  > 

3.  In  butamj,  a  distended  membranaceous  pericarp. 

Sliirttin. 

BLAD'nER-ED,  a.  Swelled  like  a  bladder.  Dnjden. 
9.  Hut  up  in  bladders  ;  as,  hiaddered  lard, 

BLAI)'DEK-AN"GLI.\G,  )i.  I'ishiuL'  by  means  of  a 
baited  hook  att.'iched  to  an  inflated  bladder. 

BLAD'DKIl-MJT,  n.  [blaildrr  anA  nut.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  with  the  generic  name  of  Staphylea.  They 
iiave  three  capsules,  inflated  and  jouied  by  a  longi- 
tudinal suture.  Encijc. 

2.  The  ^'rican  hladdcr-vul  is  the  Uoyena. 

3.  The  latircl-lcaved  bladdcr-nul  is  a  species  of  Ilex, 
holm,  or  holly.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BL.\I)'DEll-S'E.\'.\A,  or  ba.'tard-senna ;  a  genus  of 
plants,  call :'d  in  botany  Colutea.      Fam.  of  Plants. 
The  jointed-podded  bladdcr-scnna  is  the  Coronilla. 

Fam.  of  PlanLf. 
BL.VD'DER-Y,  a    Resembling  a  bladder  ;  containing 
bladders. 

BLADE,  >i.  [fa.x.  blied,  bled,  a  branch,  fruit,  herbs, 
goblet,  a  phial,  the  briKul  part  or  blade  of  an  oar ;  Gr. 
r>urv{,  broad.  The  radical  sense  is  to  shoot,  extend, 
dilate.-  See  Bladder.] 

1.  Properly,  th  •  leaf,  or  flat  part  of  the  leaf,  (liirula,) 
of  gramineous  plants,  though  the  term  is  often  ap- 
plied to  the  spire. 

In  tJiis  gense  of  leaf,  (Ac  term  is  much  used,  in  the 
Southern  States  of  AVr(A  .America,  for  tlie  leaces  of 
viatie  ipfiich  are  used  as  fodder. 

2.  The  cutting  part  of  an  instrument,  as  the  blade 
of  a  knife,  or  sword,  so  named  from  its  length  or 
breadth.  Usually,  it  is  made  of  iron  or  steel,  but 
may  be  of  any  other  metal,  cast  or  wrought  to  an 
edge  or  point.    .\lso,  the  broad  part  of  an  oar. 

;i.  The  blade  of  the  shoulilrr,  slitinldcr-blade,  or  blade- 
bone,  is  the  scapida.  or  scapular  bone.  It  is  tliu  broad 
upper  Ixme  of  the  shoulder,  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  blade  or  leaf. 

4.  A  brisk  man  ;  a  bold,  forward  man  ;  a  rake. 
BLADE,  e.  t.    To  furnish  with  a  blade. 
BLAUE'IIoNF;,  «.   The  scapula,  or  upper  bone  in 

the  shouliler. 

BLAD'ED, /ip.  Having  a  blade  or  blades.  It  maybe 
used  of  blatle  in  the  sense  of  a  leaf,  a  spire,  or  the 
cutting  part  of  an  instrument. 

2.  In  mineraloiri/,  composed  of  long  and  narrow 
plates  like  the  blade  of  a  knife.  Cleavcland. 

BLADE'S.MITH,  II.    A  sword  cutler. 

BLAD'I.NO,  jtpr.    Furnishing  with  a  blade. 

BLAI.N,  n.    [Sax.  Mf^rciie;  D.  Weiii.] 

A  pustule  ;  a  botch  ;  a  blister.  In  farriery,  a  bladder, 
growing  on  the  root  of  the  tongue,  against  the  wind- 
pipe, which  swells  so  as  to  stop  the  bri  ath.  F.netic. 

BLA.M'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Blame.]  Faulty;  cul|>:ible  ; 
repri'heusible  ;  deserving  of  censure.  Dn/den. 

BLA.M'.A-liLE-.NESS,  n.  Uulpablencss ;  fault;  the 
state  of  being  v.  orthy  of  censure.  Whillock, 

BLAM'.V  ULV,  adc.  Culpably;  in  a  manner  deserv- 
ing of  censure. 

BLA. ME,  e.  (.  [Vr.blhmer,  for  bla.imer;  It.  biasmare,\.o 
blame  ;  btasnto,  for  blasnio,  blame.  The  Greeks  have 
the  r(X>t  of  this  word  in  ii\<iait.riiietj,  to  blaspheme, 
and  it  seetiLs  to  be  of  the  same  family  as  Fr.  blej^ser, 
to  injure,  that  is,  to  strike.  See  Blemmh.  But  it 
Is  not  clear  that  the  noun  ought  not  to  be  arranged 
before  the  verb.] 

1.  To  censure;  to  express  disapprobation  of;  to 
find  fault  with ;  opposed  to  prai.ie  or  commend,  and 
applicable  most  properly  to  persons,  but  applied  also  to 
thint^g. 

1  withstofxt  liim,  becAuae  he  woj  to  be  blamed.  — Gal.  ii. 
I  must  blame  your  conduct  ;  or  I  must  blame  you 
for  neglecting  business.    Legitimately,  it  can  not  be 
followed  by  of. 

2.  To  bring  reproach  upon  ;  to  blemish  ;  to  injure. 
[See  Blemish.] 

Sh*' h^ui  b/amrd  h?rnoble  bl«<xl.    {Ofa.)  Spenter. 
RLAME,  n.   Censure  ;  reprehension  ;  imput.ation  of  a 
fault;  disapprobation;  an  expression  of*  disapproba' 
tion  for  something  deemed  to  be  wrong. 

Ivt  rnc  bcvir  Ih'!  blarne  (on  vrr. — (icii.  xliii. 

2.  Fault ;  crime ;  sin  ;  that  which  is  deser\'ing  of 
censure  or  disapprobation. 

'I'll:,!  we  •houtU  be  holy  anil  without  blamt  before  him  in  lore.  — 

Eph.  i. 


3.  Hurt ;  injury. 

And  gl.iiiciii};  down  tiis  slitoli),  from  btam*  liim  f.iirly  hleit. 

Spenaer. 

The  sense  of  this  word,  as  nsetl  by  Spenser,  proves 
that  it  is  a  derivative  from  lln'  rotil  of  blrmu^h. 

To  blame,  in  the  phrase.  He  is  to  blame,  signifies 
blamable,  to  be  blamed.  This  is  a  pure  Saxon  phrase, 
A  like  use  ttf  to  is  seen  in  to-day,  to-nifrht,  and  in 
togeOier,  a  compound. 

Blame  is  not  strictly  a  ekarire  or  aecii.iation  of  a 
fault ;  but  it  implies  an  opiniim  in  the  censuring  par- 
ty, that  the  person  censured  is  faulty.  Blame  is  the 
act  or  exprcssiim  of  disapprobation  for  what  is  sup- 
posed to  be  wrong. 
ULa.M' /•,'!),  (bl.tind,)  pp.  Censured  ;  disapproved. 
ULA.ME'FIJL,  u.  Faulty;  meriting  blame  ;  reprehen- 
sible. 

BLAME'FIJL-LY,  adv.    In  a  blameful  manner. 
nLA,ME'Fijl.,-i\ESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  blameful. 
BLA.ME'LESS,  a.    VVilhoiit  fault;  innocent;  guilt- 
less; not  meriting  censure. 

A  bisliop  tli-'ii  niMsl  be  bUimelett.  —  1  Tim.  iii. 
Sometimes  followed  by  of. 

Wc  will  be  blainetetu  of  this  tliiiie  aalh.  —  Josh,  ii, 
BLAME'LESS-LY,  adv.    Innocently;  without  fault 

or  crime.  Hammond. 
BLA.\IE'LESS-NESS,  n.    Innocence;  a  state  of  being 

ntit  worthy  of  censure.  Hammond. 
BLaM'ER,  II.  One  who  blames,  finds  fault,  or  censures. 
BLA.ME'WOR-'f  Hl-NESS,  (-wur  the  nes,)   n.  The 

qiialitv  of  deserving  ceiistire. 
BLA.MH'WOR-THY,  a.     {blame  and  wortliy.]  De- 
serving blame  ;  censurable  ;  culpable  ;  reprehensible. 

Martin. 

BLaM'I.N'G,  ppr.    Censuring;  finding  fault. 

BLA.\€'.\IU),  n.    [Fr.  Mane,  white,  and  ard,  kind.] 
A  kind  of  linen  cloth  manufactured  in  Xornianuy, 
so  called  because  the  thread  is  half  blanched  before 
it  is  wove.  Kncijc. 

BLANCH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  blanchir;  It.  bianchire,  the  /  sup- 
pressed as  in  blame  ;  Sp.  blanquear ;  Vort.  bram^uear, 
I  changed  into  r  ;  Eng.  blanli.    See  Bleach.] 

1.  To  whiten  ;  to  take  out  the  color,  and  make 
white;  to  obliterate.  Dryilen. 

2.  To  shir;  to  balk;  to  pass  over;  that  is,  to 
avoid  ;  to  make  empty.    [OA.s.]  Bacon. 

3.  To  make  white  by  stripping  of  the  peel  -,  as,  to 
blanch  almonds.  fViseman. 

4.  In  ffardenins,  to  whiten  by  excluding  the  light, 
as  the  stiUks  or  leaves  of  plant-s,  by  earthing  them  up, 
or  tying  them  together.  Brandc. 

BLANCH,  V.  i.    To  evade;  to  shift  ;  to  speak  softly. 

Johnson. 

Rather,  to  fail  or  withhold  ;  to  be  reserved  ;  to  re- 
main blank,  or  empty. 

Books  will  speAl<  pl.iin,  wivn  coiins^lot^  Uaneh.  Bacon. 
BLXNCH'A.T),  (blincht,)  pp.  Whitened. 
BLANCll'Ell,  n.    One  who  whitens;  also,  one  who 

anneals  and  cleanses  money. 
BLXNCH-I.M'E-TEK,  n.     [blanch,  and  Gr.  pcrpnv, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  bleaching  power 
of  oxyniiiriate  [clilorid]  of  lime,  and  |K>tash.  C/re. 
BLA  .Nt;il'lN(;,  ppr.  or  u.  Whitening  ;  making  white. 
ULX.S'('iri.\(;,  H.  The  act  of  whitening.  In  coina;;e, 
tile  openition  of  giving  brightness  to  pieces  of  silver, 
by  heating  them  on  a  peel,  and  afterward  boiling 
them  successively  in  two  pans  of  cop|KT,  with  aipia 
fortis,  common  salt,  and  tartar  of  ^lontpelier,  then 
draining  off  the  water  in  a  sieve.  Sand  and  fresh 
water  are  then  thrown  over  them,  and,  when  dry, 
tliev  are  rubbed  with  a  towel.  F.neye. 

The  covering  of  iron  plates  with  a  thin  coat  of  tin 
is  also  called  blanchintr,  Kncijc. 

Ill  irardeninir,  the  term  blanching  is  applied  to  the 
process  of  whitening  the  .stalks  or  leaves  of  plants, 
by  earthing  them  up,  or  tying  them  together,  so  as  to 
exclude  the  light,  tir  diminish  its  intensity.  Bramle. 

Blanch  ferin,  or  blank  farm,  in  ancient  taw,  a  white 
farm,  was  one  where  the  rent  was  paid  in  silver,  not 
in  cattle.  Encyc. 

Blanch-holding ;  in  law,  a  tenure  by  which  the  ten- 
ant is  bound  to  pay  only  an  elusory  yearly  duty  to 
his  su|>erior,  as  an  acknowledgment  to  his  right. 

Knei/e. 

BLANCH'ING-Lia'UOR,  (-lik'or,)  n.  The  solution 
of  clilorid  of  lime  for  bleaching ;  called  by  workmen 
chemic.  Porter. 

BI^J^C-M.WGF.',    \  (blo-monje',)  n.    [Fr.  white 

BLJIXC-MJU^OER,  \  ftxHl.] 

In  cookery,  a  preparation  of  dissolved  isinglass, 
milk,  sugar,  cinnamon,  &c.,  boiled  into  a  thick  con- 
sistence. Enciic. 

BLA.N'D,  a.  [L.  klandus ;  Fr.  blond  :  G.  linde,  gclinde, 
mild,  soft;  Sw. /iiirfra;  G.  lindcrn  ;  1).  linderen  ;  Dan. 
lindre  ;  to  soften  or  mitigate  ;  Dan.  lind,  soft,  mild, 

gentle  ;  L.  lenis,  lentus;  Ar.  j^jX!  lana,  to  be  mild, 

soft,  gentle,  placid,  smooth,  (rniciie.    See  Relent. J 

.Mild;  soft;  gentle;  as,  bland  words;  bland  zeph- 
yrs. Milton.  Thomson. 


BLA.ND-A'TIO.V,  n.    Gross  flattery.    (JVot  itwrf.] 

BLAND  IL'Odl  ENCE,  ri.  [L.  blaitdus,  mild,  and 
lot/nor,  to  speak.] 

Fair,  niihl,  flattering  speech. 

BLA.ND'ISII,  «.  r.  [I,,  blandior  ;  U.  blantlire  :  Sp.  Man- 
dtnr,  blandir ;  Old  V.Uf^.  blandtse.]  Chaucer. 

To  soften  ;  to  caress;  to  flatter  by  kind  wonls  or 
afTectionate  actions.  Mdton. 

RLAND'ISII-ER,  n.    One  that  flatters  with  .soft  words. 

I!LA.\I)'IS1I-LNG,  ppr.  Soothing  or  flattering  with 
fair  words. 

Bl,A,"tD'ISII-ING,  n.  Blandishment. 

BLAND'ISH-MENT,  ;i.  .'^'oft  words  ;  kind  spcechen  ; 
caresses;  expression  of  kindness;  words  or  actitms 
expressive  of  affection  or  kindness,  and  temring  to 
win  the  heart.  Milton.  Drijden. 

BLA.ND'.NESS,  n.    State  of  being  bland.  Chalmers. 

BL.A.NK,  a.  [I'r.  blanc ;  It.  bianco;  Sp.  bianco:  D.  and 
(;er.  blank:  Dan.  Man/.,  shilling  ;  Sw.  blanch,  wli'ilK, 
shining  ;  blankia,  to  shine.    See  Bleach.] 

1.  Void;  empty;  conseipiently  white ;  as,  a  blank 
paper. 

2.  White  or  pale  ;  as,  the  blank  moon.  Milton. 

3.  Pale  from  fear  or  terror ;  hence,  confused  ;  con- 
founded ;  dispirited  ;  di  jected. 


Adam  —  aitonislied  stood,  and  Itlantc. 


Milton. 


4.  Without  rhyme  ;  as,  blank  verse,  verse  in  which 
rhyme  is  wanting. 

5.  Pure  ;  entire  ;  complete.  Beddoes. 

(i.  Not  containing  balls  or  bullets;  as,  blank  car- 
tridges. 

This  word  is  applied  to  various  other  objects,  usu- 
ally in  the  sense  of  destitution,  emptiness  ;  as,  a 
blank  line,  a  blank  s|>ace,  in  a  book,  &.c. 
BL.A.NK,  n.    .\ny  void  space  ;  a  void  space  on  paper, 
or  in  any  written  instninient. 

2.  .\  lot  by  which  nothing  is  gained  ;  a  ticket  in  a 
lottery  whicli  tiraws  no  prize. 

3.  .\  paper  um\  ritteii  ;  a  paper  witllout  marks  or 
characters. 

4.  A  paper  containing  the  substance  of  a  legal  in- 
strument, iXS  a  deed,  release,  writ,  or  exi  ciition,  with 
vacant  spaces  left  to  be  filled  with  names,  date,  de- 
scriptions, &c. 

5.  The  point  of  a  target  to  which  an  arrow  is  di- 
rected, marked  with  white  paper.  [Little  used.]  Shak. 

6.  Aim;  shot.    [Obs.]  Sliak. 

7.  Object  to  which  any  thing  is  directed.  Shak. 

8.  A  small  copper  ctiin"  fornierly  current  in  Fnuice, 
at  the  rate  of  5  deniers  Ttmrnois.  Tliere  were  also 
pieces  of  three  blanks,  and  of  six  ;  but  they  are  now 
become  moneys  of  account.  Encyc. 

9.  In  coinage,  a  plate  or  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  cut 
and  shajied,  but  not  stamped.  Encyc. 

Blank-bar  :  in  law,  a  coiiiiuon  bar,  or  a  plea  in  bar, 
which,  in  an  action  of  trespass,  is  put  in  to  oblige 
the  plaintiff  to  assign  the  jilace  where  the  trespass 
was  committed.  Encyc. 

Point-blank  shot;  in  gunnery,  the  shot  of  a  gun 
leveled  horizontally,  'i'he  distance  between  the 
piece  and  the  point  where  the  shot  first  touches  the 
ground  is  calbil  the  point-blank  range:  the  shot  pro- 
ceeding on  a  .straight  line,  without  curving.  Encyc. 

BLANK,  r.  (.    To  m.'ike  void  ;  to  annul.  Spenser. 
2.  To  deprive  of  color,  the  index  of  health  and 
spirits;  to  damp  the  spirits;  to  duspirit  or  confuse; 
as,  to  blank  the  face  of  jov.  Shal:.  TitluUon. 

BLANK-exR'TRlDGE,  n.  A  cartridge  filled  with 
powder,  but  having  no  ball.  Booth. 

BL.ANK'KD,  (blankt,)  pp.    Confused  ;  dispirited. 

HL.A.NK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  blanchct,  the  blanket  of  a  printing- 
press.] 

1.  A  cover  for  a  bed,  made  of  coarse  wool  loosely 
woven,  and  u.sed  for  securing  against  cold.  Blankets 
are  used  also  by  soldiers  antl  seamen  for  covering, 

2.  A  kind  of  pear,  sometimes  written,  after  the 
French,  bluniiuct. 

3.  Among  printers,  woolen  cloth,  or  white  baize",  to 
lay  between  the  tyiiipans.  Print.  Guide. 

BL.\NK'ET,  r.  I.  To  toss  in  a  blanket  by  way  of  piin- 
istinient ;  an  ancient  custom.  The  eiii[H'ror  cillio  used 
to  sally  forth  in  dark  nights,  and,  if  he  found  a 
drunken  man,  he  adminLstered  the  discipline  of  the 
blanket.  Encyc 
2.  To  co^'er  with  a  blanket. 

BL.\NK'E'1'-ING,  ppr.    To.ssing  in  a  blanket. 

BL.\NK'ET-I.\G,  ii.    The  punishment  of  tossing  in  a 
2.  Cloth  for  blankets.  [blanket, 

BLA.NK'LY',  adc.  In  a  blank  manner;  with  paleness 
or  ctuiftisicui. 

BLANK'NESS,  n.    St.tte  of  being  blank. 

BLA.NK'-VERSE,  ii.  .Any  verse  without  rhyme;  ap- 
plied particuLarly  to  the  heroic  verse  of  five  ieet  with- 
out rhvine. 

BLjiJf-iiUETTE',  (b\in-kel',)  n.  [Fr.]  In  cooJtery, 
a  white  fricassee.  Couley, 

BLaRE.  v.  i.  [Old  Belgic  blaren  ;  Tent  Warren;  L. 
ploro,  to  cry  out,  lo  bawl,  to  weep  ;  Ir.  blor,  or  glor,  a 
noise,  or  voice.  The  radical  sense  is  to  shoot  or  drive 
forth,  or  to  spreatl.] 

1.  To  roar;  to  bellow.    [Little  used.]  Johnson 

2.  To  swe.al  or  melt  away,  as  a  caniJle.  Bailey. 
This  is,  I  believe,  usually  called  flare. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


BLA 


BLE 


BLE 


BLARE,  Tt.    Roar;  noise.    [iiUie  ttseJ.] 

And  sigh  for  Ixutle's  b'.are.  Barlow. 
2.  A  small  copper  coin  of  Bern,  nearly  of  the  same 
value  a*  llie  batz.  Enctic. 
BLX  K'.XEY,  n.  Smooth,  deceitful  talk ;  flattery.  [Irish.] 
BLAf^PHK.ME',  c.  ^    [dr.  SXaa^inn'-:'.   The  first  syl- 
lable is  the  same  as  in  blame,  blasme,  denotin;;  injury  ; 
probably,  Fr.  blesser,  to  hurt,  that  is,  to  strike ;  L. 
lailo,  lasiLs.     Hence  in  Sp.  bla^fcmable  is  blamable. 
The  last  syllable  is  the  Gr.  to  speak.] 

1.  To  speak  of  the  Supreme  Bein?  in  terms  of  impi- 
ous irreverence  ;  to  revile  or  speak  reproachfully  of 
God,  or  the  Holy  Spirit.    1  Kings  xxi.    Mark  iii. 

2.  To  speak  evil  of ;  to  utter  abuse  or  calumny 
against ;  to  speak  reproachfully  of.  Pope. 

BLAS-PHe.ME',  v.  i.    To  utter  blasphemy. 

He  lltil  slinll  b'asphemt  xgaiusl  Uie  Holy  Spiric  shall  no:  be  Ibr- 
given.  —  Mark  iii. 

2.  To  arrogate  the  prerogatives  of  God. 
This  man  b'asj'hemeth.  Who  can  forgive  sins  but  God  ?  —  M.att. 
ix.    M:irk  ii. 

BLAS-PHk.M'ER,  n.  One  who  blasphemes ;  one  who 
speaks  of  God  iu  impious  and  irreverent  terms. 

1  Tim.  i. 

BL  AS-PHi?M'IXG,  ppr.   Uttering  impious  or  reproach- 
ful wtinls  concerning  God. 
ELAS'PHE-MOUS,  n.   Containing  blasphemy  ;  calum- 
nious ;  impiously  irreverent  or  reproachful  toward 
Gnil.  Sidiini. 
BLAS'PHE-MOUS-LY,  adv.   Impiously;  with  impi- 
ous irreverence  to  God. 
BL.\S'PHE-.MY,  7!.    An  indignity  offered  to  God  by 
words  or  writing  ;  reproachful,  contemptuons,  or  ir- 
reverent words  uttered  impiously  against  Jehovah. 
Blasphemy  is  an  injury  offered  lo  God,  by  denyiii?  that  wliich  is 
Uiie  and  b-lonsing  lo  liim,  or  allributing  to  him  that  wluch 
is  not  agreeable  to  liis  nature.  Linioood. 

In  the  middle  ages,  blasphemy  was  used  to  denote 
simply  the  blaming  or  condemning  of  a  person  or 
thing.  Among  the  Greeks,  to  blaspheme  wa.s  to  use 
words  of  ill  omen,  which  they  were  careful  to  avoid. 

Encyc. 

2.  That  which  derogates  from  the  prerogatives  of 
God.  Mark  ii. 
BL.^ST,  n.  [Sax.  blaist,  a  puff  of  wind,  a  blowing; 
S\v.  blast ;  Dan.  bUcst ;  Ger.  blasen ;  D.  -blaaxen  ;  Dan. 
bUse :  Sw.  blasa,  to  blow ;  whence  Ger.  blase,  D. 
blaas,  Sw.  bla.<a,  a  bladder.  Hence  Eng.  blaze,  which 
is  primarily  a  blowiufr  or  swelling.  Ice.  blues,  to  blow, 
Qu.  Fr.  blascr,  to  burn  up,  to  consume.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  to  rush  or  drive  ;  hence  to  strike.] 

1.  A  gust  or  puff  of  wind ;  or  a  sudden  gust  of 
wind. 

2.  The  sound  made  by  blowing  a  wind  instrument. 

Shak. 

3.  Any  pernicious  or  destructive  influence  upon 
animals  or  plants. 

4.  The  infection  of  any  thing  pestilential ;  a  blight 
on  plants. 

5.  A  sudden  compression  of  air,  attended  with  a 
shock,  caused  by  the  discharge  of  cannon. 

6.  A  flatulent  disease  in  sheep. 

7.  A  forcible  stream  of  air  from  the  mouth,  from 
the  bellows,  or  the  like. 

8.  A  violent  explosion  of  gunpowder,  in  splitting 
rocks,  and  the  e.\plosion  of  inflammable  air  in  a 
mine. 

9.  The  whole  blowing  of  a  forge  necessary  to  melt 
one  supply  of  ore  ;  a  common  use  of  the  word  among 
workmen  in  forges  in  America. 

BLAST,  V.  t.  [Literally,  to  strike.]  To  make  to 
wither  by  some  parnicious  influence,  as  too  much 
heat  or  moi-sture,  or  other  destructive  c.iiise  ;  or  to 
check  growth  and  prevent  from  coining  to  maturity 
and  producing  fruit ;  to  blight,  as  trees  or  |ilants. 

2.  To  affect  with  some  sudden  violence,  plague, 
calamity,  or  destructive  influence,  which  destroys  or 
causes  to  fail ;  as,  to  blast  pride  or  hopes.  The  figu- 
rative senses  of  this  verb  are  taken  from  the  bla.ilinir 
of  plants,  and  all  express  the  idea  of  checking 
growth,  preventing  maturity,  impairing,  injuring, 
destroying,  or  disappointing  of  the  intended  effect  ; 
as,  to  bla-sl  credit,  or  repiit.ltion  ;  to  blast  designs. 

:).  To  cxmfound,  or  strike  with  force,  by  a  loud 
blast  or  din.  Shut. 

4.  To  split  rocks  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder. 

They  did  not  stop  lo  b!a*t  this  ore.    Forittr't  Kaim'a  Travel: 

BLXST'ED,  jrp.  Affected  by  some  cause  that  checks 
irrowtli,  injures,  impaini,  di'stroys,  or  renders  abor- 
tive ;  split  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder. 

BLAST'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  blasts  or  destroys. 

BLAST'-KLIIl-.\'.\C'E,  n.  A  furnace  for  smelting  ores, 
in  which  the  supply  of  air  is  furnished  by  a  very 
powerful  bellowH,  or  other  pneumatic  apparatus. 

BrantJp. 

BLA.ST'ING,  ppr.  Affecting  by  a  blast;  preventing 
from  romiiig  to  maturity  ;  frustrating  ;  iiplilting  by  an 
expliixiiin  of  giinpowdrr. 

BLAST'LN'G,  n.  A  blast;  dcitruction  by  a  pernicious 
cause. 

2.  The  act  of  npiittingby  an  explosion  of  gunpowder. 


BLAST'.MENT,  n.  Blast;  sutlden  stroke  of  some 
destructive  cause.  [Superseded  by  Blast  and  Blast- 
IN<:.]  Shak. 

BLAS-TO-eXR'POUS,  o.  [Gr.  /JXatrrof,  germ,  and 
Knii-r-i,  fruit.] 

Ill  botany,  germinating  inside  the  pericarp,  as  the 
mangrove.  Brande. 

BLXST'-PIPE,  71.  A  pipe  in  a  locomotive  engine  to 
carr>'  the  waste  steam  up  tlie  chimney  ;  also,  a  pipe 
to  urge  the  fire  by  creating  a  stronger  current  of  air. 

BLa'T.\NT,  a.  [See  Bleat.]  Bellowing  as  a  calf. 
[Alit  used.]  Drijdcn. 

BL.aTE,  a.    Bashful.  [Sco!«is/i.] 

BLAT'TER,  ?■.  !.  [from  the  root  of  bhat.]  To  make 
a  senseless  noise. 

BLAT'TER-ER,  )u  A  noisy,  blustering  boaster.  [A"o« 
used."]  Spenser, 

BLAT'TER-IXG,  ppr.  Blustering. 

BLAT'TER-ING,  n.    Senseless  blustering. 

BLaY,;i.    [See  Bleak.]    A  small  river  fish,  the  bleak. 

^  ..Sittswoj-tli.  Johnson. 

BL.AZE,  71.  [Sw.  blasa  ;  G.  blasen  ;  D.  blaa-.cn  ;  Dan. 
bltese,  to  blow,  and  blusse,  to  burn,  blaze,  glisten  ; 
Eng.  to  blush ;  Sax.  blaze,  a  lamp  or  torch  ;  Dan.  blits ; 
Fr.  blascr.  The  word  seems  primarily  to  express 
rushing  or  flowing,  or  violent  agitation,  and  ex- 
pansion.] 

1.  Flame ;  the  stream  of  light  and  heat  from  any 
body  when  burning,  proceeding  from  the  combustion 
of  inflammable  gas. 

2.  Publication  ;  wide  diffusion  of  report.  In  this 
sense,  we  observe  the  radical  sense  of  dilatation,  as 
well  as  that  of  light. 

3.  A  white  spot  on  the  forehead  or  face  of  a  horse, 
descending  ne.arly  to  the  nose. 

4.  A  white  spot  made  on  trees  by  removing  the 
bark  with  a  hatchet. 

5.  Light ;  expanded  light ;  as,  the  blaze  of  day. 

6.  Noise  ;  agitation  ;  tumult. 
BLaZE,  v.  i.    To  flame  ;  as,  the  fire  blazes. 

2.  To  send  forth  or  show  a  bright  and  expanded 
light. 

The  third  fair  morn  now  blazed  upon  tlie  maiu.  Pope. 

3.  To  be  conspicuous. 

BLAZE,  V.  t    To  make  public  far  and  wide. 

To  blaze  those  virtues  which  the  good  would  iiide.  Pope. 

2.  To  blazon.  [JYot  ^Lsed.  See  Blazon.]  Pcacham. 

3.  To  set  a  white  mark  on  a  tree,  by  paring  off  a 
part  of  the  bark.  Cluilmers. 

BLaZ'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Published  far  and  wide ;  marked 

with  a  white  spot ;  as,  a  blazed  tree. 
BLAZ'ER,  71.    One  who  publishes  and  spreads  reports. 
BLAZ'ING,  ppr.    Flaming;  publishing  far  and  wide; 

niarkini  with  a  spot. 
BLaZ'ING,  a.    Emitting  flame  or  light ;  as,  a  blazing 

star. 

BLaZ'ING-STAR,  71.  A  comet;  a  star  that  is  ac- 
companied with  a  coma  or  train  of  light. 

BLa'Z  OS,  (bla'zn,)  i'.  (.  [Fr.  blasonner ;  It.  blasonare ; 
Sp.  blasonar,  to  blazon  ;  blason,  heraldry.  It  is  a  de- 
rivative of  blaze.] 

1.  To  ex])lain,  in  proper  terms,  the  figures  on 
ensigns  armori.il.  Addison. 

2.  To  deck;  to  embellish;  to  adorn. 

She  blazons  in  dreatl  smiles  her  hideous  form.  Garth, 

3.  To  display  ;  to  set  to  show ;  to  celebrate  by 
words  or  writing.  Shak, 

4.  To  blaze  about ;  to  make  public  far  and  wide. 

5.  To  display ;  to  exhibit  conspicuously. 

There  pride  sits  blazoned  on  tii'  unmeaning  brow.  Trumbull. 

BLa'ZON,  71.  The  art  of  drawing,  describing,  or  ex- 
plaining coats  of  arms;  perhaps  a  coat  of  arms,  as 
used  by  the  French.  Pcacham, 

2.  Publication  ;  show  ;  celebration  ;  pompous  dis- 
play, eitlier  by  words  or  by  other  means. 

BLA'Z 0.\-KD,  (bli'znd,)  pp.  Explained,  deciphered 
in  the  manner  of  heralds ;  published  abroail ;  dis- 
plaveil  pompously. 

BLa'ZO.\-ER,  II.  One  that  blazons;  a  herald;  an 
evil  speaker  or  propagator  of  scandal. 

BLa'ZO.\-ING,  ppr.  Explaining,  describing,  as  her- 
alds ;  showing ;  publishing ;  blazing  abroad  ;  dis- 
playing. 

BLa'Z 0.\-RY,  ii.  The  art  of  describing  or  explaining 
co.its  of  arms  in  proper  it  rins.. 

BLk.\,  II.  I  he  part  of  a  tree  which  lies  immediately 
under  the  bark.    [I  bclirrc  not  iised.]  Chambers, 

BLEa'BER-RY,  n.  A  British  plant  and  its  fruit,  a 
species  of  Vacciniuin,  having  small  leaves  like  those 
of  box-wood,  and  little  purple  berries.  Partington, 

BLK.\CH,  V,  L  [Sax.  blacan  ;  D,  bleekcn  ;  G,  bteichen  ; 
Sw, blejca;  Dan.  blegc, In  whiten  or  bleach;  \>,blyken, 
to  appear,  to  show  ,  Dan.  blik,  ajtvhite  plate  of  iron, 
or  tin  plate  ;  blceg,  pale,  wan.  Eng.  bleak ;  Sw.  blck, 

id.  ;  blcKa,  to  shine  ;  .\t,  i.Jl\_>  balaka,  to  open  or  be 

opened,  to  shine ;  balaja,  id.    It  is  not  im- 

probable that  6{aii<:  and  blanch  are  the  same  word, 


with  a  nasal  sound  casually  uttered  and  afterward 
written  before  the  final  consonant.] 

To  whiten  ;  to  make  white  or  whiter,  by  removing 
the  original  color  ;  applied  to  many  things,  but  partic' 
ularly  to  clotJt  and  Oire/td.  Bleaching  is  variously  per- 
formed, but  in  general  by  steeping  the  cloth  in  lye, 
or  a  solution  of  pot  or  pearl  ashes,  and  then  exposing 
it  to  the  solar  rays. 

Bleaching  is  now  generally  performed,  on  the  large 
scale,  by  means  of  chlorine  or  the  oxymurititic  acid, 
which  has  the  property  of  whitening  vegetable  sub- 
stances. Ci/c. 

For  this  purpose,  a  solution  of  chlorid  of  lime  is 
generally  employed. 
BLk  ACH,  r.  i.  To  grow  white  in  any  manner.  Shal:. 
BLEACH'iCD,  (bleecht,)  pp.  or  a.    Whitened ;  made 
white.  , 

BLeACH'ER,  71.  One  who  whitens,  or  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  whiten  cloth. 

BLeACH'ER-Y,  ;i.  A  place  for  bleaching  ;  as,  a  wax 
blcachery.  Tooke. 

BLeACH'-FIELD,  7!.  A  field  where  cloth  or  yarn  is 
b[eached. 

BLe.\CH'IXG, ypr.  Whitening;  making  white;  be- 
coming white. 

BLi!.\CH'ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  whitening,  es- 
pecially cloth. 

BLEACiriNG-POW-DER,  7i.  A  powder  for  bleach- 
ing, consisting  of  chlorid  of  lime. 

BLeAK,  a.  [Sax.  blac,  bltek,  black  and  pale,  or  wan  ; 
niger,piilHdics,fnsciLs,pnlltis.  It  appears  that  origi- 
nally this  word  did  not  denote  perfect  whiteness,  but 
a  wan  or  brown  color.  'I'liis  is  from  the  same  root 
as  black  and  bleach.    See  Bleach.] 

1.  Pale.  [But  not  ojten  used  in  this  sense  in  .America, 
as  far  as  my  observations  extend.]  Gower. 

2.  Open  ;  vacant ;  exposed  to  a  free  current  of  air ; 
as,  a  bleak  hill  or  shore.  This  is  the  tnie  sense  of  the 
word  ;  hence,  cold  and  cheerless.  A  bleak  \\  iiid  is 
not  so  named  merely  from  its  coldness,  but  from  its 
blowing,  without  interruption,  on  a  wide  waste;  at 
leaJt  this  is  the  sense  in  America.  So  in  -Atkiison  : 
"  Her  desolation  presents  us  with  nothing  but  blcaJi 
and  barren  prospects." 

BLeAK,  71.  A  small  river  fish,  five  or  six  inches  long, 
so  named  from  its  whiteness.  It  belongs  to  the 
genus  Cyprinus,  and  is  called,  also,  by  contraction, 
b'aii.  Encyc. 

BLi?AK'LY,  aif.    Cold.y  May. 

BLeAK'IS'ESS,  71.  Openness  of  situation  ;  exposure 
to  thewind;  hence  coldness.  .Iddison. 

BLeAK'Y,  a.  Bleak  ;  open  ;  unsheltered  ;  cold  ;  chill. 

Dryden, 

BLeAR,  a.  [D.  blaar ;  Dan.  blare,  a  blister,  a  bladder 
or  birbble.] 

Sore  with  a  watery  rheum,  applied  only  to  the 

eyes.  L'Estrange. 
BLeAR,  V,  f.   To  make  sore  ;  to  affect  ivith  soreness 

of  eyes,  or  a  watery  humor ;  to  make  dim,  or  partially 

obscure  the  sight.  Raleigh,  Dryden, 

BLe.VR'^D,  pp.    Dimmed  bv  a  water)' "humor. 
BLeAR'ED-XESS,  II.    The 'state  of  being  bleared,  or 

dimmed  with  rheum.  IVisenian, 
BLeAR'ING,  ppr.    Dimming  with  a  humor. 
BLe.\R'E?-£D,  (  Ide,)  a.    Having  sore  eyes  ;  having 

the  eyes  dim  with  rheum  ;  dim-sighted.  Butler. 
BLe.\T,  1!.  !.    [Sax.  bUttan  ;  L.  blatero  ;  D.  blicten  ; 

Sw.  blatira,  pluddra;  Dan.  pludre.    It  coincides  in 

elements  with  L.  plaudo.] 
To  make  the  noise  of  a  sheep ;  to  crj'  as  a  sheep. 
BLEAT.  71.    The  cry  of  a  sheep. 
BLeAT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Crying  as  a  sheep. 
BLi5.\T'IiNG,  II.    The  cry  of  a  sheep. 
BLEB,  71.     [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  blab, 

blubber,] 

A  little  tumor,  vesicle,  or  blister. 

Arsenic  abounds  with  air  blebs,  fdrieari. 
BLEB'BY,  a.  Full  of  blebs.  Phillips, 
BLED,  prcL  and  pp,  of  Bleed. 

BLEED,  V.  i. ;  prct  and  pp.  Bled.  [Sax.  Mcrfnii ;  D. 
blocdcn  ;  G.  bluten ;  to  bleed;  allied,  perhaps,  to  Gr. 

ISXv^io.] 

1.  To  lose  blood  ;  to  run  with  blood,  by  whatever 
means  ;  as,  the  arm  bleeds. 

2.  To  die  a  violent  death,  or  by  slaughter. 

The  lamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  toKl.ay.  Popt. 

3.  To  issue  forth,  or  drop  as  blood,  fi-om  an  incis- 
ion ;  to  lose  sap,  gum,  or  juice ;  as,  a  tree  or  a  vine 
bleeds. 

For  me  the  Uilm  sliall  bleed.  Pope. 
The  heart  bleeds,  is  a  phrase  used  to  denote  extreme 
pain  from  <ympalliv  or  pity. 

BLEED,  1'.  U  To  let  blood;  to  take  blood  from  by 
opi  ning  a  vein. 

BI.EED'ING,  ppr.  Losing  blood  ;  letting  blood;  los- 
ing sap  or  juice. 

BLEED'ING,  71.  A  running  or  issuing  of  blood,  as 
from  the  nose  ;  a  hemorrhage  ;  the  operation  of  let- 
ting blood,  as  in  surgery  ;  Ihe  drawing  of  sap  from  a 

BL.vn-,  I  •  ^-  """''^-^  " 

Bashful :  used  in  Scotland  and  the  northern  coun- 
ties of  Eiiglaiul.  Johnson. 


TONE,  B^LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  Sii ,  TH  as  in  THIS 
_  . 


BLE 


BLI 


BLI 


liI,E.M'[SH,  V.  t.  [in  Fr.  blemir  is  to  grow  pale,  and 
W#mf,  from  tlie  ancient  blcuiie,  is  pale,  wan ;  Arm. 
blcin  ;  Noini.  Iilnsiiie,  lilaiueil ;  blciiiiMi,  and  blcsmij.'', 
brokKH  ;  bIginUhment,  blnnis^meHt,  infringement,  prej- 
udice ;  blrsmc,  pale,  wan  ;  l'ri)ni  blesser,  to  injure,  or 
its  root,  from  whiili  was  formed  the  noun  blesvif, 
pale,  wan,  or  black  and  blue,  as  we  should  now  say  ; 
and  the  6-  being  dropped,  blamer  and  blemir  were 
formed.    See  Hlame.] 

1.  To  m.-»rk  with  any  deformity  ;  to  injure  or  im- 
pair anything  which  is  well  fornied,  or  excellent ; 
to  mar,  or  make  defective,  either  the  body  or  mind. 

Siduetj. 

2.  To  Uirnish,  as  reputation  or  character ;  to  de- 
fame. DnjUen. 

BLK.M'ISH,  n.  Anv  mark  of  deformity  ;  any  soar  or 
defect  that  diminishes  beauty,  or  renders  imperfect 
that  which  is  well  formed. 

2.  Reproach  ;  disgrace  ;  that  which  impairs  reputa- 
tion ;  taint  ;  turpitude  ;  deformity.  Hooker. 

RLr.M'ISH-f.'I),  (blem'isht,)  pp.  Injured  or  marred  by 
anv  mark  of  deformity  ;  tarnished  ;  soiled. 

III,KM'I.>JI1-1NG,  ppr.  Marking  with  deformity;  tar- 
nishing. 

1!I.KM'1SH-LESS,  c.    Without  blemish  ;  spotless. 

IlLi;.M'U-ill-.ME.\T,n.  Disgrace.  [IMtlc  itsed.]  Morton. 

BLE.N'CII,  v.  i.  [This  evidently  is  the  blanch  of  Bacon, 
(see  Blanch,)  and  perhaps  the  modern  flinch.] 
To  shrink  ;  to  start  back  ;  to  give  way.  Shak. 

nLE.VUIl,  V.  t.  To  hinder  or  obstruct,  says  Johnson. 
But  the  etymology  explains  the  passage  he  cites  in  a 
ditfereiit  nianner.  "  The  rebels  carried  great  trusses 
of  hay  before  them  to  blench  the  defendants'  fight." 
Carrie.  That  is,  to  render  tlic  combat  blank  :  to  ren- 
der it  inell'ectual  ;  to  break  tile  force  of  tlie  attack  i 
to  deaden  the  shot. 

BLE.V'CII,  II.    .'\  start  or  shrinking  back.  Shak. 

BLE.\C'»'£U,  (blencht,)  pp.  Rendered  ineffectual; 
shrunk. 

BhENCH'ER,  71.    That  which  frustrates. 
UI<E.\CIJ'-lloLI1-ING,  71.    A  tenure  of  lands  upon 

the  p.ayinent  of  a  small  sum  in  silver,  blanch,  that  is, 

white  iiioney. 
BLE.NCiriiNG,  ppr.   Shrinking.  Blackstonc. 
BL1"..\CU'I.\G,  H.    A  shrinking  back  ;  a  giving  way. 
BLE.N'l),  V.  t.    [Pax.  6/cH</ia«,  to  blend  and  to  blind  ; 

ceblcndan,  to  mix,  to  slain  or  dye  ;  blindan,  to  blind  ; 

I),  blinden  ;  Ger.  blenilen,  to  lilind  ;  Dan.  blande,  to 

blend  or  mix  ;  blindr,  to  liliiid.] 

1.  To  mix  or  mingle  together ;  hence,  to  confound, 

so  that  the  separate  things  mixed  can  not  be  distin- 

gtiished. 

Q.  To  pollute  by  mixture  ;  to  spoil  or  corrjpt. 
[  Ob.t.]  Spenser. 
X  To  blind.  [Oi.s-.] 
BLEN'D,  V.  i.    To  be  mixed  ;  to  be  united. 

I'hcrr  u  a  lone  of  •otemii  and  ancml  tecliug  thai  blends  wL'h  our 
convivudily.  ,  trsing. 

BLENDE,  n.  [Gcr.  blcnden,  to  blind  ;  blende,  a  blind  or 
screen.] 

-An  ore  of  zinc,  called,  also,  mock-lead,  false  galena, 
ami  black-jack.  Its  color  is  mostly  yellow,  brown, 
ami  black.  There  are  several  varieties,  but  in  gen- 
eral, this  ore  contains  more  than  half  its  weight  of 
zinc,  about  one  fourth  sulphur,  and  usually  a  small 
portion  of  iron.  In  chemical  language,  it  is  a  sulphu- 
ret  of  zine.        Fonrcrotj.    Clcaeeland.  Thomson. 

BI.E.N'D'EI),  pp.    Mixed  ;  confounded  by  mi.xture. 

BI.IO.ND'EK,  II.    One  that  mingles  or  confounds. 

BLE.ND'l.NG,  ppr.  Mingling  together;  confounding 
bv  inixlure. 

BI,EM)'l)l'S,  n.    Pertaining  to  blende. 

BI.i;.\D'-\VA-TER,  II.  A  dislemiicr  incident  to  cattle, 
called,  also,  mnre-houzh.  Encyc 

BLE.N-.NOR-RIHE'A,  n.    [Or.  ffUtva,  mucus,  and 
/If'.',  to  flow.] 
.•\n  inordinate  discharge  or  secretion  of  mucus. 

BLE.V'.W,  n.    [."^.ix.  hltnnan,  to  cease.]  [Brandt. 
A  name  common  to  ditlerent  spt'ciesof  fishes,  usu- 
ally of  small  size,  of  the  genus  Blennius,  and  of  the 
order  Jiignlares,  (Linn.) 

BLE.NT,  the  obsolete  [larliciple  of  Blend.  Spejiser. 

BLESS,  r.  (. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Blessed  or  Blest.  [Sax. 
bledjfian,  blrUian,  bleLiiaan,  and  blcssian  ;  whence, 
blettun^,  bledsuns,  a  blessing  or  benediction.  \V. 
UAd,  a  gift,  a  favor,  a  blessing.] 

1.  To  pronounce  a  wish  of  happiness  to  one ;  to 
express  a  wish  or  desire  of  happiness. 

Anil  \*9jAC  Jacob  him.  —  Gen.  zxviii. 

2.  To  make  happy  ;  to  make  successful ;  to  prosper 
in  temporal  concerns ;  as,  we  are  blest  with  peace 
and  plenty. 

Tlx:  I,orJ  Ihy  Goil  •h.ill  bleu  tixtr  in  all  Ihou  doML  —  D.:m1.  it. 

3.  To  make  happy  in  a  future  life. 

Bietstd  arr  ihe  ilcml  who  tlic  in  ih'?  lAird.  —  Her.  xW. 

4.  To  set  apart  or  consecrate  to  holy  purposes ;  to 
make  and  pron<vi-i;e  holy. 

AndGo^  bistttd  tlie  •pvenlh  iii]r  and  Kinctified  it.  —  Gen.  IL 

5.  To  consecrate  by  prayer ;  to  invoke  a  blessing 
upon. 

And  Jrnii  took  Ih^  ftre  laxre*  and  the  l*-o  fUlics,  and  looking  up 
to  h^ari-n  he  blttted  Ihcm.  —  l.iikr  ix. 


0.  To  praise  ;  to  glorify,  for  benefits  received. 
IHetg  thr*  l.<)rit,  O  iny  tinil,  iiiul  all  Ih^tt  is  within  mi'.  —  Ps.  ciit. 

7.  To  praise  ;  to  magnify  ;  to  extol,  for  excellences. 
Ps.  civ. 

8.  To  esteem  or  account  happy ;  with  the  recipro- 
cal pronoun. 

The  niidiiin  shall  bleti  tiiemteliiet  In  him.  —  Jer.  Iv. 

9.  To  pronounce  a  solemn,  prophetical  benediction 
upon.    Gen.  xxvii.    Deut.  xxxiii. 

10.  In  this  line  of  Spenser,  it  may  signify  to  Oiroto, 
for  this  is  nearly  the  primary  sense. 

His  Biiarkiin^  Made  about  Ills  lifnd  lie  blett. 
Johnson  supposes  the  word  to  signify  to  wave  or 
brandish,  anil  to  have  receivcril  this  sense  from  the  olil 
rite  of  blessing  a  field,  by  directing  the  hands  to  all 
parts  of  it. 

Bless,  in  Spenser,  for  bliss,  m.-iy  be  so  written,  not 
for  rhyme  merely,  but  because  ijless  and  Hiss  are  from 
the  same  root. 

BLESS'/CD,  (blest,)  pp.  Made  happy  or  (rosperous  ; 
extolled  ;  primoiinced  hajipy. 

BI.ESS'lU),  «.  Happy  ;  prosperous  in  worldly  affairs  ; 
eiijoj'ing  or  pertaining  to  spiritual  happiness  and  the 
favor  of  God  ;  enjoying  or  pertaining  to  heavenly  fe- 
licity. 

BLESS'ED  THIS'TLE,  ii.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cen- 
tatirea,  sometimes  used  in  decoctions,  for  a  bitter. 

RLESd'ED-LY,  adc.  Happily  ;  in  a  fortunate  manner. 

BLESS'ED-NESS,  ii.  Happiness  ;  (clicity  ;  heavenly 
joys  ;  the  favor  of  God. 

9.  Sanctity.  Shak. 

BLESS'Ell,  71.  One  that  blesses  or  prospers  ;  one  who 
bpstows  a  blessing. 

BLESS'lXG,  ppr.  Making  happy  ;  wishing  happiness 
to  ;  praising  or  extolling  ;  consecrating  by  prayer. 

BLES.S'l.NG,  II.  Benediction  ;  a  wish  of  happiness 
jironouucetl ;  a  prayer  imploring  happiness  upon  an- 
other. 

2.  A  solemn,  prophetic  benediction,  in  which  hap- 
piness is  desired,  invoked,  or  foretold. 

Till*  is  tlic  6/f**in?  wlieivwith  Moses  —  blessed  tlic  ciiililien  of 
Isricl.  —  IVut.  xxxiii. 

3.  Any  means  of  happiness ;  a  gift,  benefit,  or  ad- 
vantage ;  that  which  promotes  temiKiral  prosperity 
and  welfare,  or  secures  immortal  felicity.  A  just 
and  pious  magistrate  is  a  public  blessing.  The  divine 
favor  is  the  greatest  blessinir. 

4.  Among  the  Jews,  a  present ;  a  gift  ;  cither  be- 
cause it  was  attended  with  kind  wishes  for  the  wel- 
fare of  the  giver,  or  because  it  was  the  means  of  in- 
creasing happiness. 

Take,  I  pray  Uice,  my  blessiryg  that  is  brought  to  thee. — Gen. 
xxxiii, 

BLEST,  pp.  of  Bless. 
BLEST,  a.    Made  happy. 

2.  Making  happy  ;  cheering. 

Wliile  tJiese  bleat  souiuls  my  nvislnHi  ear  assail.  TrumbuU, 

BLk'TON-ISM,  n.  The  faculty  of  perceiving  and  in- 
dicating subterraneous  springs  and  currents  by  sen- 
sation ;  so  called  from  one  Bleton,  of  France,  who 
was  supposed  to  possess  this  faculty.  Encyc. 

BLk'TON-ISTj  71.  One  supposed  to  possess  the  fac- 
ulty of  perceiving  subterraneous  springs  by  sensa- 
tion. Encyc. 

BLEW,  prct.  of  Blow. 

BLeY.ME,  71.    An  intlainmation  in  the  foot  of  a  horse, 

between  the  sole  and  the  bone.        Farrier's  DicL 
BLIGHT,  (blite,)  n.  Sax.  bla:etha,  scurf,  leprosy.] 

1.  A  disease  incident  to  plants,  affecting  them  va- 
riously. Sometimes  the  w  hole  plant  perishes  ;  some- 
times only  the  leaves  and  blossoms,  which  will 
shrivel,  as  if  scorched. 

2.  Any  thing  nipping  or  blasting. 

In  America,  I  have  often  heard  a  cutaneous  erup- 
tion on  the  human  skin  called  by  the  name  of  blights. 
This  is  the  nettle  lichen  {lichen  urticosiis,)  an  erup- 
tion of  very  minute  reddish  pimples,  appearing  in 
spots  or  more  generally  diiruscil.  Oood. 

3.  A  name  given  to  certain  downy  species  of  the 
aphis,  or  plant  louse,  destnirtive  to-fruit  trees. 

BLIGHT,  V.  L  To  affect  with  blight ;  to  blast ;  to 
prevent  growth  and  fertility  ;  to  frustrate. 

BLIGHT'EI),  pp.    Blasted  ;  frustrated. 

BIJGIlT'l.NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Blasting;  fmstrating. 

Bl.TGHT'l.Nt;,  >i.    Act  of  blighting. 

BLIG  IIT'1.\0-LY,  adv.    By  blasting. 

BLL\,  V.  I.    [Sax.  4/mji<ni.] 

To  stop  or  cease.    [  06s.]  Spenser. 

BLI.\  J,  a.  [Sax.  blind;  G.  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  Minrf; 
Sax.  6/«7i'ia7i,to  blend  and  to  blind.  This  is  the  same 
word  as  blend,  and  was  so  written  by  Spenser.  See 
Blem).    Obscurity  is  from  mixture.] 

1.  Destitute  of  the  sense  of  seeing,  either  by  nat- 
ural defect,  or  by  deprivation  ;  not  having  sight. 

2.  Not  having  the  faculty  of  discernment ;  desti- 
tute of  intellectu:U  light :  unable  to  understand  or 
judge  ;  ignorant;  as,  authors  are  blind  to  their  own 
defects. 

Blind  should  be  followed  by  ta  ;  but  it  is  followed 
by  of  in  the  phrase  blind  of  an  eye. 

3.  Unseen  ;  out  of  public  view  ;  private  ;  dark  ; 


Btimctiiues  implying  contempt  or  censure ;  as,  a  blind 
corner.  Hooker. 

4.  Dark ;  obscure ;  not  easy  to  be  found ;  no! 
easily  discernible  ;  as,  a  blind  path. 

5.  Heedless  ;  inconsiderate  ;  undelilierating. 

This  plan  is  nxommended  neither  to  blind  approl>.iiion  nor  to 
blind  n>]>rijbation.  J-^dsraiisl,  Ja^. 

6.  In  Scripture,  blind  implies  not  only  want  of  dis- 
cernment, but  moral  depravity. 

BLI.Vl),  V.  t.    To  imike  blind  ;  to  deprive  of  sight 

2.  To  darken  ;  to  obscure  to  the  eye. 

Such  d  irkiieiii  bUniis  tlie  sky.  Ihydtn. 

3.  To  darken  the  understanding ;  as,  to  Win*'  ihe 
mind. 

4.  To  darken  or  obscure  to  the  understanding. 

lie  eutieavorvd  to  6.'in^  and  eoiifuund  Uie  coiiUoversv. 

SlMintfieet. 

5.  To  ecliilse.  Fletcher. 
BLIND  or  BLINUE.    See  Blende,  an  ore. 
BLIND,  71.    Something  to  hinder  the  sight. 

Civility  casts  a  bliiul  over  tlie  duty.  L'Estrangt. 

2.  Something  to  mislead  the  eye  or  the  understand- 
ing ;  as,  o\w  thing  serves  :ls  a  blind  for  another. 

3.  A  screen  ;  a  cover;  as,  a  blind  for  a  window, 
or  for  a  hnrse. 

BLIND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprivftd  of  sight ;  deprived  of 
intellectual  discernment;  maile  dark  or  obscure. 

BLI.N'D'FoLD,  11.  [^Wiiii/  and /uW.l  Having  the  eyes 
covered  ;  htiving  the  mental  eye  darkened. 

BLI.N'D'FoLD,  v.  U  To  cover  the  eyes;  to  hinder 
from  seeing. 

BLIND'FOLD-ED,  pp.  Having  the  eyes  covered  ; 
hindered  from  seeing. 

BLI.ND'FOLD-I.NG,  p;>r.  Covering  the  eyes  ;  hinder- 
ing from  seeing. 

BLI.\'D'1NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Depriving  of  sight,  or  of  un- 
derstanding; obscuring. 

BLIND'LY,  Without  sight  or  understanding. 

2.  Witiioiit  discerning  the  reason  ;  implicitly  ; 
v.'ii.hout  ex"..'.iination  ;  as,  to  be  blindly  led  by 
a.-itther.  Dryden. 

3.  Without  judgment  or  direction.  J)riidi:i>. 
BLIND'-MAN'S  BALL,  7i.   A  species  of  Fungiis,  Ly- 

coperdon,  or  puff-ball.  Fam.  i,f  I'lanO. 

BLTND'-.MAN'S  BUFF,  ii.  A  pl.ay  in  which  one  per- 
son is  blindfolded,  and  hunts  out  the  rest  of  the 
company.  Johnson. 

BLI.ND'NESS,  v.  Want  of  bodily  sight ;  want  of  in- 
tellectual discernment ;  ignorance.  Locke. 

BLiND'-NET'TLE,  n.    A  plant. 

BLINDS,  n.  pi.  In  the  military  art,  a  defense  made  of 
osiers  or  branches  interwoven,  and  laid  across  two 
rows  of  stakes,  four  (»r  five  feet  asuiuler,  of  the 
height  of  a  man,  to  shelter  the  workmen,  and  pre- 
vent their  being  overlooked  by  the  enciiiv.  Ennic 

BLIND'-SER'l'ENT,  ii.  A  reptile  of  the  Carie  of  tiiKid 
Hope,  covered  with  black  scales,  but  spotted  wiili 
red,  white,  and  brown.  i)ict.  of  A'uf.  //i.,7. 

BLIND'-SIDE,  71.  [blind  and  side.]  The  side  which 
is  most  easily  ass.ailed  ;  or  the  side  on  u  liich  the 
party 's  least  able  or  disposed  to  sec  danger  ;  weak- 
ness i  foible ;  weak  p.art.  Su■^ft. 

BLI.N'D'-VES'SEL,  ii.  With  chemists,  a  vessel  with 
an  opening  on  one  side  only.  Juhn.-ion. 

BLIND'WOR.M,  n.  [blind  and  jcorm.]  A  small  opliid- 
ean  reptile  or  serpent,  called  also  sltno  icorm,  a  species 
of  Auguis,  about  eleven  inches  long,  covered  with 
scales,  with  a  forked  tongue,  but  harmless. 

Diet,  of  JVat  HLil. 

BLINK,  V.  t.  To  shut  out  of  sight ;  to  avoid,  or  pur- 
posely evade ;  as,  to  blink  the  question  before  the 
house. 

BLINK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  bliean,  to  shine,  to  twinkle; 
bliciciid,  clothed  in  white ;  ahlicim,  to  ap|)car,  to 
whiten  ;  D.  blikken,  to  glance,  to  twinkle,  and  bltnk- 
en,  to  shine,  to  glitter  ;  blijken,  to  appear  or  show  ; 
.Sw.  blinkii,  to  wink,  to  connive;  blojika,  to  shine, 
to  twinkle  ;  G.  blicken,  to  look,  to  glance  ;  blinken,  to 
glance,  to  shine,  to  twinkle,  to  wink  ;  Dan.  blmke, 
to  blink,  to  glance,  to  w  ink,  to  shine,  to  glitter.  This 
cont;iins  the  same  ratlical  letters  as  light.] 

1.  To  wink  ;  to  twinkle  w  ith  the  eye. 

2.  To  see  obscurely.  Johnson. 
Is  it  not  to  see  with  the  eyes  half  shut,  or  with 

frequent  winking,  as  a  person  with  weak  eyes.' 
One  eye  was  blinking,  and  one  leg  was  lame.  Pops. 

BLINK,  71.    A  glimpse  or  glance.  Hall. 

BLINK,  71.  B(iii*  of  ice,  is  the  dazzling  whiteness 
about  the  horizon,  occasioned  by  the  reflection  of 
light  from  fields  of  ice,  at  sea.  JUar.  Diet. 

BLl.NK'ARD,  7t.  [6/iiiA  and  ard,  kind.]  A  person 
who  blinks  or  has  bad  eyes  ;  lli.it  which  twinkles, 
or  glances,  afi  a  dim  star,  which  appears  and  disap- 
pears. HakeipilL 

BLINK'^RS,  n.  pL  Blinds  for  horses  ;  expansions  of 
the  bridle  to  prevent  a  horse  from  seeing  objects  at 
his  sides. 

BLLN'K'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Winking  ;  twinkling :  evading. 
BLISS,  71.    [Sax.  bliss,  joy,  alacrity,  exultation  ;  blis- 

sian,  to  rejoice,  to  exult,  to  congratulate,  to  applaud  ; 

also  blitJisian,  to  rejoice.    See  Bless  and  Blithe.] 
The  highest  degree  of  happiness;   hlessediieM ; 


TtNH,  BL'LL,  Ignite.  — .\N"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — e  as  K;  G  as  J;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


17 


BLO 


BLO 


fi'licity  ;  used  of  felicity  in  genenil,  when  of  an  cx- 

altRcl  kind,  bul  iipprui)rialely,  of  heavenly  joys. 

Ilmikcr.  Pope. 
lUJSS'FyL,  a.    Full  of  joy  and  felicity  ;  happy  in  the 

highest  degree.  Spcii.icr. 
BLI.SS'FUL-LY,  adv.   In  a  blissful  manner.  Shrrwuod. 
l!LISS'Fi.jL-i\'ESS,  ?i.    Exalted  happiness  ;  fi'licity  ; 

fullness  of  joy.  Barrow. 
liLISS'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  bliss.  llaicliiiis. 
lil,lS'.'^(J.M,  V.  i.    [W,  lilijii,  blijsiaw,  to  crave,  that  is, 

to  re.tcli  forward.] 

To  be  lustful  ;  to  caterwaul.    [Little  used  ] 
•T.ISS-PRO-I)OC'ING,  a.    Producing  bliss, 
liu  '^'TEIl,  II.    [G.  bla.te,  and  Oliitti-r.    It  is  radically 

the  same  word  as  blailitrr,  in  a'llilferent  dialect.  See 

Bladder,  Blast,  and  Blaze. 1 

1.  A  thin  bladder  on  the  skin,  containing  watery 
matter  or  serum,  wlu'ther  occasioned  by  a  burn,  or 
other  injury,  or  by  a  vesicatory,  ll  is  formed  by 
raising  the  cuticle. 

2.  .\ny  tumor  made  by  the  separation  of  the  film 
or  skin,  as  on  plants  ;  or  by  the  swelling  of  the  sub- 
stance .at  the  surface,  as  on  steel. 

3.  A  vesicatory  ;  a  plaster  of  Spanish  flies,  or  other 
matter,  applied  to  raise  a  vesicle. 

BLI."''TER,  V.  i.    To  rise  in  blisters.  Drijden. 
BLIS'TEil,  r.  (.    To  raise  a  blister,  by  any  Inirt,  burn, 

or  violent  action  ujxtn  the  skin  ;  to  raise  a  blister  by 

a  medical  application,  or  vesicatory. 
2.  To  raise  tumors  on  iron  bars  in  a  furnace,  in 

the  process  of  r(uiverting  iron  into  steel. 
BLIS'TER-FLY,  )  n.    The  Spanish  flv,  (CajKAa- 

BLIS'TER-BEE'TLE,  i     ris   vcsicatoria ;)   used  in 

raising  blisters. 
BEIS'TER-PLXS'TER,  n.   A  plaster  of  Spanish  flies, 

designed  to  raise  a  blister. 
BLiS'TER-/iri),  pp.    Having  blisters  or  tumors. 
BLIS'T'ER-ING,  ppr.    Raising  a  blister;  applying  a 

blist<'ring  plaster,  or  vesicatory. 
BLIS'TER-Y,  a.  Full  of  blisters. 
ELITE,  n.    [L.  blitum  ;  Gr.  /iAi-oF.] 

1.  A  genus  of  plants,  called  Stratabcrnj  Spinach. 

JUiinjc. 

2.  A  species  of  Amaranth,  or  flower-gentle. 

Fam.  <i/  Plaiiti. 
BLITHE,  a.    [Sax.  blitUe,  and   hlealka,  b'leatlie,  gay, 
joyful.    This  IS  probably  the  same  word  as  L. 
Iirlas;  Eng.  irlail.    See  Bliss  and  Glad.     The  Ir. 
nth,  happiness,  seems  to  be  the  original  word  with- 
out the  |)refix.] 
Gay ;  merry  ;  joyotis  ;  sprightly  ;  mirthful. 
Por  thai  f.ur  reiinle  troop  tlioii  siiWest,  tliAt  tiecmcil 
Of  ioil.iess"s,  so  bfiOie.  so  smootli.  so  g-ay.  MUton. 

BLTTIIE'FtJL,  a.    Gay  ;  full  of  cayety. 
BLTTHE'LY,  adv.    In  a  gav,  joyful  tnanner. 
BLITHE'NESS,  ii.    Gayety  ;  sprighthness  ;  the  qual- 

iti-  of  being  blilhe. 
BLTTlIE'sriME,  (I.    Gay;  merry;  cheerful.  Philips. 
BLTTIIE'.-iOME-.NESS,  ».   The  quality  of  being  blitlve- 

somi* :  ga,\'ety. 
BL6 AT,  e.'t.    [This  word  may  be  allied  to  bladder, 

from  the  sense  of  inflating,  swelling  ;  W.  bhiylh,  a 

puff,  a  blast ;  blijtJta^,  a  fat  |iauiich,  a  bloated  person.] 

1.  To  swell  or  make  turgiil,  as  with  air  ;  to  inflate  ; 
to  pufl"up;  hence,  to  make  vain;  followed  by  up, 
but  without  necessity.  To  bloiil  up  with  praise  is 
less  elegant  than  to  bloat  vvitli  jiraise.  Dryilm. 

2.  To  swell  or  make  turgid  with  water,  or  other 
nn:ans  ;  as,  a  bfoatrd  limb.  In  medicine,  it  properly 
denotes  a  swelling  of  the  surface,  from  tile  efl'usioii 
of  serum  in  the  cellular  menibiane  —  a  morbid  en- 
largement, often  accompanied  with  softness. 

l!Lo.\T,  V.  L    To  grow  turgid  ;  to  dilate,  .^rbuthnot. 

lil.oAT,  ff.    Swelled  ;  turgid.    [A'ot  m.v«A] 

IILoAT'EI), ;)/).  or  a.  Swelled  ;  grown  turgul ;  infl.ated. 

BI,oAT'EI)-.\ESJ»,  n.  A  turgid  state ;  dilatation 
fr(un  inflation,  debility,  or  any  morbid  cause. 

Ill.f) AT'Ell,  n.    A  dried  herring.    [See  Blote.] 

HLoAT'l.NG,  p/jr.    Swelling;  inflating. 

BLo AT'IXG,  n.    .\  state  of  being  swelled  or  bloated. 

IILOB'BER,  n.  [Ir.  phib,  <ir  pluihin,  from  swelling, 
pushing  out,  as  in  bleb,  blabber ;  VV.  lhcb,n  bulging 
out.    (in.  bulb,  by  transposiiitui.    S(?e  Bu  bbeb.] 

.\  bubble  ;  pronounced  by  the  cenwiu>n  people  in 
America,  blubber.  It  is  a  legitimate  word,  but  not 
ele[!ant.  Caretv. 

BLdB'BER-LIP,  n.    [blabber  and  lip.]    A  thick  lip. 

Drydeu. 

BI.OB'BEU  LIP-P/;D,  (blob'ber  lipt,) a.    Having  thick 

lip^.  I.^  F.strantrp. 

BI.0(;K,  n.    [O.  blok;  Ger.  hlodi;  Fr.  bloc;  VV.  pine, 

from  Hoc,  a  mound  ;  plocimo,  to  block,  to  plug  ;  Rush. 

plukha,  a  block.    Tlie  primary  sense  is,  set,  fixed,  or 

a  inasH.I 

1.  A  heavy  niece  of  timber  or  wood,  usually  with 
one  plain  surface ;  or  it  is  rectangular,  and  rather 
thick  than  hmg. 

2.  Any  masH  of  matter  with  an  exii'nded  surface  ; 
%n,  n  blocJi  of  marble,  a  pieci'  rough  from  the  quarry. 

W,  A  ntaHsy  body,  Noliil  aiirl  heavy  ;  ;t  mass  of  wood, 
iron,  or  other  metal,  with  at  least  one  jilain  surface, 
such  as  artificerri  use. 

4.  A  continiioiiH  row  of  buildings  ;  as,  u  block  of 
huusea. 


5.  The  wood  on  which  criminals  are  beheade*  : 
(i.  Any  obstruction,  or  cause  of  obstruction  ;  »  ' 
slop  ;  hinderancc  ;  obstacle. 

7.  A  pulley,  or  a  system  of  pulleys,  mounteJ  in  its 
frame  or  shell,  w'ith  its  band  or  strap.  A  b'.ociC  con- 
sists of  one  or' more  pulleys  or  sheaves,  in  a  groove 
of  which  the  rope  runs,  fastened  in  a  shell  or  frame 
by  pins,  on  which  they  revolve ;  of  a  shell  or  frame 
inclosing  the  pulley  or  pulleys  ;  and  of  a  strap  or 
band,  consisting  of  a  rope,  encomp.*ssing  the  shell, 
anil  attached  by  an  eye  of  rope  or  a  hook  to  some 
object.  Kd.  F.ncijc. 

Blocks  for  standing  rigging,  called  dead-nje.-i,  are 
shells,  without  sheaves  or  piflleys.  P.  Cijc. 

8.  A  blockhead  ;  a  stupid  fellow. 

9.  Among  cutters  in  mood,  a  form  made  of  hard 
wood,  on  which  they  cut  figures  in  relief  with 
knives,  chisels,  cScc.  Encyc. 

10.  The  woode.'  mold  on  which  a  hat  is  formed. 

11.  In  falconry,  the  perch  whereon  a  bird  of  prey 
is  kept.  Encyc. 

BLOCK,  V.  t.  [Fr.  bloquer ;  Port,  ami  Sp.  bloquear !  It. 
btoccare.] 

To  inclose  or  shut  up,  so  as  to  hinder  egress  or 
passage  ;  to  stop  up  ;  to  obstruct  by  placing  obstacles 
in  the  way  ;  often  followed  by  np ;  as,  to  block  up  a 
town,  or  a  road. 

BLOt'K-Al)E',  re.  [Ii.  blnccato  ;  Port,  bloqueado,  blocked 
up;  Sp.  btogueo  [Fr.  blocas.] 

The  shutting  up  of  a  place,  formed  by  surrounding 
it  with  hostile  troops  or  ships,  or  by  posting  them  at 
all  the  avenues,  to  prevent  escape,  and  hinder  sup- 
plies of  provisions  and  anuiuinition  from  entering, 
with  a  view  to  compel  a  surrender,  by  hunger  and 
want,  without  regular  attacks. 

To  constitute  a  blockade,  the  investing  power  must 
he  able  to  apply  its  force  to  every  point  of  practicable 
access,  so  as  to  render  it  dangerous  to  attempt  to  enter  ; 
and  there  is  no  blockade  of  that  port  where  Us  lorce 
can  not  be  brought  to  bcitr.     Kcnt^s  Commentaries. 

BLOCK-aDE',  v.  t.  To  shut  up  a  town  or  fortress,  by 
posting  troops  at  all  the  avenues,  to  compel  the  gar- 
rison or  inhabitants  to  surrender  by  means  of  hun- 
ger and  want,  without  regular  attacks:  aUo,  to  sta- 
tiim  ships  of  war  to  obstruct  all  intercourse  with  a 
town  or  nation. 

BLOCK-AD' ED, /(p.  Shut  up  or  inclosed  by  an  enemy. 

BLOCK-AD'ING,  ppr!   Besieging  bv  a  blockade. 

BLOCK'HEAD,  n.  [block  and  head.]  A  stupid  fel- 
low ;  a  dolt  ;  a  person  deficient  in  understanding. 

CLOCK'HEAD-ED,  (-hed'ed,)  u.   Stupid;  dull.  Shak. 

1(1,1  )CK'I1EAI)-LY,  a.    Like  a  blockhead. 

liLllCK'-llOUSE,  71.  [block  and  house.]  A  military 
edifice  or  fortress,  so  called  because  constructed 
chiefly  of  timber.  P.  Cyc. 

BLOCK'ISH,  a.  Stupid;  dull;  deficient  in  under- 
standing. Shak. 

BLOCK'ISII-LY,  a(/i>.    In  a  stupid  manner.  Harmar. 

BLOCK'ISH-XESS,  H.    Stupidity;  difllness. 

BLOCK'LTKE,  a.    Like  a  block  ;  stupid.  Hakewill. 

BLOCK'-PRl.NT-I.N'G,  ;i.  'l  lie  act  or  art  of  printing 
from  engraved  blocks  of  wood. 

BLOCK'-TIN,  71.  [block  ami  tin.]  Tin,  as  it  comes 
in  blocks  from  the  fitunilry, 

BL5M'.'\-I1Y,  71.    [See  Bloom,  a  mass  of  iron.] 

The  first  forge  through  which  iron  passes  after  it 
is  melted  from  the  ore. 

BLOJVDE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  perstui  of  very  fair  comiilex- 
ion,  with  light  hair  and  light  blue  eves. 

BLOND'-L.ACE,  71.    Lace  made  of  silk. 

BLON'K'ET,  a.    Grav.    [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

BLOOD,  (bind,)  71.  '[Sax.  blod ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  blod ; 
Ger.  bint,  blood;  blnlrn,Ui  bleed;  D.  blocd,  blood; 
blaedcn,  to  bleed  ;  allied,  jierhaps,  to  Gr.  6'Aoyo).] 

1.  The  fluid  which  circulates  through  the  arteries 
and  veins  of  the  human  body,  anil  of  other  animals, 
which  is  essential  to  the  preservation  of  life.  This 
fluid  is  griir  rally  red.  If  tlie  blood  of  an  animal  is 
not  red,  siicli  annual  is  called  crsantruions,  (l)loodless,) 
or  white-blooded  ;  tlie  blood  being  white,  or  white 
tinged  with  blue. 

2.  Kindred  ;  relation  by  natural  descent  from  a 
common  ancestor ;  consanguinity. 

UoH  liaili  niailo  of  one  biood  nil  naUuiis  of  the  eivrlli.  —  Acts  xvii. 

Hence  the  word  is  used  for  a  child  ;  a  family  ; 
a  kindred  ;  descent ;  lineage  ;  progeny  ;  descend- 
ants, &.C. 

Royal  lineage  ;  blood  royal ;  as,  a  prince  of  the 
bloitd. 

4.  Honorable  birth  :  high  e.vtraction  ;  as,  a  gentle- 
fi.  Life.  [man  of  blood, 

Sli.ill  1  not  ri'qniri-  hilt  blood  at  your  haiiils?  —  'i  Sum.  iv. 

G.  Slaughter ;  inurder,  or  bloodshedding. 
I  will  avrnjc  lh«  blouit  o(  JczrccI  upon  the  house  of  Jehu. — 
Ho*  a  i. 

Tlie  voice  of  thy  hrother's  blood  criclh  to  1110  from  tlic  ^ouncl.  — 
Ui'ii.  Iv. 

7.  Guilt  and  punishment. 

Vitiir  ttlood  lie  upon  your  own  lieiiili.  —  Acts  zvlii. 

8.  I'll  silly  nature  ;  the  carnal  p,art  of  man,  ns  op- 
posed to  the  spiritual  nature,  or  divine  life. 

Who  were  biirii.  not  of  llish  lunl  Woor(  nor  of  the  will  of  iho 
flesh,  iiiir  of  the  w  ill  of  iimii,  Inn  of  (iuU.  —  John  i. 


9.  Man,  or  human  wisdom,  or  reason. 

Flesh  ami  blood  h:ith  not  revealed  it  to  tliee,  lait  my  Fatbir  «tM 
is  in  heaven.  —  Alatt.  xvi. 

10.  A  sacramental  symbol  of  the  blood  of  Christ. 

Tliis  is  inv  blood  of  the  New  Testament,  wliich  is  shea  lor  the 
■  '■   I  of  sins.  —  Malt.  xxvi. 


11.  The  death  and  sulTerings  of  Christ. 

Bein;  now  jnslilieil  by  his  b'ood,  we  shall  be  saved  from  wrath 
Uirough  liini.  —  Rom.  v.  9.   Epii.  i. 

12.  The  price  of  blood  ;  that  which  is  obtained  by 
shedding  blood,  and  seizing  goods. 

Woe  to  him  that  biiildeth  a  towii  wilh  blood,  — Hab.  ii.    Acts  i. 

13.  Temper  of  mind  ;  state  of  the  passions  ;  but, 
in  this  sanse,  accompanied  with  cold  or  warm,  or 
other  qualifying  word.  Thus,  to  commit  an  act  in 
cold  blotd,  is  to  do  it  deliberately,  and  without  sudden 
passiim.  Warm  blood  dentites  a  temper  inflamed  or 
irritated  ;  to  uiU7-7«  or  heat  the  blood,  is  to  excite  the 
passions. 

14.  A  hot  spark  ;  a  man  of  fire  or  spirit ;  a  rake. 
l.S.  The  juice  of  any  thing,  especially  if  red ;  as, 

"  tlie  blood  of  grapes."    Gen.  xlix. 

Whole  blood.    In  law,  a  kinsman  of  the  whole  blood 
is  one  who  descends  from  the  same  couple  of  ances- 
tors ;  of  the  half  blood,  one  who  descends  from  either 
of  them  singly,  by  a  second  marriage.  Encyc, 
BLOOD,  V.  t.   i'o  let  blood  ;  to  bleed  by  opening  a  vein. 

2.  To  stain  with  blood.  Jlddiion.  I>ryden. 

3.  To  enter  ;  to  inure  to  blood,  as  a  hound.  Spenser. 

4.  To  heat  the  blood;  to  exasperate.  [Unusual.] 

Bacon, 

BLOOD'-BAP-TIS.M,  ji.  In  the  ancient  church,  a  term 
applied  to  the  martyrdom  of  those  who  had  not  been 
baptized.  They  were  considered  as  baptized  in  blood, 
and  this  was  regarded  as  a  full  substitute  for  literal 
baptism.  Coleman. 

BLOOD'-BE-SPOT'TED,a.   Spotted  with  blood.  Shak. 

BLO(JD'-BoLT'ER-£D,  a.  [blood  and  bolter.]  Sprin- 
kled with  blood.    [JVot  tiscd.]  Macbeth. 

BLOOD'-BRO'f  H-ER,  71.    Brother  by  blood  or  birth. 

BLfiOD'-COL'OR-ED,  a.    Having  ilie  color  of  blood. 

BL0On'-eoN-Su.\I'L\G,a.  Wasting  the  blood.  Shak, 

BLOOD'-DRENCH-£D,  (-drencht,)  a.  Drenched  in 
blood. 

BLOOD'-DRUNK,  a.    Drunk  with  blood.  More. 
BLOOD'-D^-£D,  (blud'dlde,)  a.    Dyed  with  blood. 
BLOOD'ED,  pp.    Bled  ;  stained  with  blood  ;  inured  to 
blood. 

BLOOD'-FLOW-ER,  n.  [blood  and  flower.]  Ha'man- 
thus,  a  genus  of  plants,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Encyc. 

BLOOD'-FKoZ-EN,  a.     Having  the  blood  clidled. 

Spenser. 

BLOOD'-GUILT-Y,  (blud'gilt-y,)  a.  Guilty  of  mur- 
der. Fairfax. 

BLOOD'-GUILT-I-NESS,  71.  [blood  .and  guilt.]  The 
guilt  or  crime  of  shedding  blood.    Ps.  li. 

BLOOD'-lIOilSE,  Ji.  A  horse  whose  blood  or  lineage  is 
derived  from  the  purest  and  most  highly-prized 
origin  or  stock. 

BLOOD'-HOT,  a.  [blood  and  hot.]  As  warm  as  blood 
in  its  natural  temperature. 

BLOOD'-HOUiND,  iu  [blood  and  hound.]  A  variety 
of  dog,  with  long,  smooth,  and  pendulous  ears,  re- 
markable for  the  acuteness  of  its  smell,  and  employed 
to  recover  game  which  has  escaped  wounded  from 
the  hunter,  by  tracing  the  lost  animal  by  the  blood  it 
had  spilt ;  whence  the  name  of  the  dog.  Encyc. 

BLOOD'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  bloody  manner;  cruelly; 
with  a  disposition  to  shed  blood.  Sluik. 

BLOOD'l-.NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  bloody  ;  dis- 
position to  shell  blood. 

BL0OD'I.NG,p;)r.  Letting  blood  ;  staining  with  blood  ; 
inuring  to  blood,  as  a  hound. 

BLOOD'LESS,  a.    Without  blood  ;  dead. 

2.  Without  shedding  of  blood  or  slaughter ;  as,  a 
bloodless  victory.  SJiaJ:.  Wallrr. 

.1.  Without  spirit  or  activitj'.  Shak. 

BLOOD'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  bloodshed. 

BLOOD'LET,  V.  L    To  bleed ;  to  let  blood. 

.^rbuthnot. 

BL0(3D'LET-TER,  71.  One  who  lets  blood,, as  in  dis- 
eases ;  a  plilebotomist  filseman. 

BLOOD'LET-TING,  71.  [blood  and  let.]  The  act  of 
letting  blood,  or  bleeding  by  opening  a  vein. 

BL(50D'-AIARK-£D,  (blud'inarkt,)  a.  Marked  with 
blood. 

BLOOD'PtJD-DING,  71.  [blood  and  pudding.]  A  pud- 
ding made  wilh  blood  and  other  materials. 

BLOOD'-RICI),  a.    Red  as  blood. 

BLOOD'ROyr,  71.  A  plant  so  named  from  the  color 
of  its  root ;  a  species  of  Sanguinaria,  (S.  canadensis,) 
called  also  Puccoon,  Turmeric,  and  Red  root. 

Bigelow. 

BL0OD'-SIL\K'£N,  a.  Having  the  blood  in  commo- 
tion, ./on.fon. 

BLilOD'SHED,  71.  [blood  and  .-.-hed.]  The  shedding 
or  spilling  ot  blood;  slaughter;  waste  of  life;  the 
crime  of  shedding  blood.  Spenser. 

BLOOD'SIIEl)  DER,  71.  One  who  sheds  blood;  a 
mnrilerer. 

BL(")OI)'SIIED  Dl.\G,7i.  The  shedding ol  blood;  '.he 
crime  of  shedding  blood.  Homilies. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHIST  METB,  PRgY.  — PI.VE,  MAKI.NE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQOK.— 


BLO 


H  L  () 


15  L  O 


lil.OOO'SIlOT,  a.  [blood  and  shooL]  Red  and  in- 
H;iiiii  d  liv  a  turgid  state  of  the  blood-vcssel.i,  as  in 
(lisi  a-<rs  (if  (lie  eye.  Garth. 

HLOOU'SNaKE,  «.  A  species  of  snake,  the  H.-emor- 
rhiip.  .^.v/i. 

l!I,COI)'-SPAV-IN,  n.  [blood  and  gparin.]  A  dilata- 
tiiin  of  the  vein  that  runs  alone  the  inside  of  the  hock 
of  a  horse,  forming  a  soft  swelling.  Encijc. 

ni.OI>r)'-SPILL-ING,  a.    Shedding  blood. 

BI,fi()l)'-t:i''lT-'rER,  n.    One  who  spits  blood. 

IlLOOD'-STAIN-EU,  a.  Stained  witli  blood  ;  also, 
guilty  of  murder. 

lU,0Oi)'ST0.\E,  71.  [blood  and  .ttoiis.]  A  green  si- 
licious  stone  sprinkled  with  red  jasper,  as  if  with 
blood  ;  hence  the  name. 

lU.OOD'SUCK-ER,  n.  [blood  and  suck.] 

1.  Anyanhnal  that  sucks  blood  ;  specifically  applied 

2.  A  cruel  man  ;  a  murderer.  [to  the  leech. 
HI,0Ol)'.-^UCK-I.\G,  a.    That  sucks  or  draws  blood. 

Sluili. 

i;i,f>on'?\VELL-£D,  a.    Swelled  with  blood. 
HLOOD'TimiST-I-NESS,  n.    Thirst  for  sliedding 
blood. 

1!I,0()I)'THIRST-Y,  a.  [blood  and  thirst.]  Desirous 
to  shed  bluod  ;  murderous. 

liLOOU'VKS-^EL,  n.  [blood  and  vc.tsfl.]  Any  ves- 
sel in  which  blood  circulates  in  an  animal  body  ;  an 
arterv  or  a  vein. 

BLOOi)'\VAR.M,  a.   Warm  as  blood  ;  lukewarm. 

.^ttdison. 

BLOOD'WITE,  n.  [blood  and  trite,  a  fine  or  penalty.] 
In  ancient  law^  a  fine  or  amercenieut,  paid  as  a 
composition  for  the  shedding  of  blood. 
BLfiflD'WON',  a.    Won  by  shedding  blood.  Scott. 
lil.OOD'WOOn, II.   [blood  and  tcooiZ.]   Aname  given 

to  locwooil,  from  its  color. 
BLOOD'WORT,  (bhid'wurt,)  n.    [blood   and  wort.] 

A  plant,  a  s[>ccies  of  Kuinex. 
BI.0()1)'-\V0R-TI1Y,  a.    Worthy  of  blood. 
BLOOD'Y,  a.    Stained  with  blood. 

'2.  Cruel ;  murderous  ;  given  to  the  shedding  of 
blood  ;  or  having  a  cruel,  savage  disposition  ;  applied 
to  animals. 

3.  Attended  with  bloodshed  ;  marked  by  cruelty  ; 
applied  to  things;  as,  a  bloody  battle. 

BI-OOD'Y,  V.  U    To  stain  with  blood.  Overbunj. 
BLOOD'Y,  ado.     Very  ;  as,  bloody  sick,  bloody  drunk. 

[  This  i.<  verti  rulsar.] 
BL0OD'Y-EY-£D,  (blud'dy-ide,)  a.    Having  bloody 

or  cruel  eves. 

BEOOD'Y-F.^C-ro,  (bbid'dy-riste,)  a.  Having  a 
bloody  face  or  appearance.  SliaJ:. 

BLOOD'Y-FLUX,  n.  [blood  and  pii.]  The  dysen- 
ten,-,  a  disea.se  in  which  the  discharges  from  the 
bowels  have  a  mixture  of  blood.  .Srbiilhnot, 

BLOOD'Y-FLUX-£D,  (blud'dy-tiuxt,)  a.  Afflicted 
with  the  blooriv-flux. 

BLOOD'Y-HA.N'D,  ».  [Mood  and  hand.]  A  hand 
stained  with  the  blood  of  a  deer,  which,  in  tlie  old 
forest  laws  of  England,  wa.s  sufficient  evidence  of  a 
man's  trcspxss  in  the  forest  against  venison,  .^slu 

BLOOD'Y-HUXT-l.NG,  a.  Hunting  ft.r  blood.  Shak. 

BLCOD'Y-IXr;,  ppr.    Staining  with  blood. 

BEOOD'Y-MIXD'ED,  a.  [blood  and  mind.]  Having 
a  cruel,  ferocious  disposition;  barbarous;  inclined 
to  shod  blood.  Dryden. 

BEOOD'Y-RED,  a.    Having  the  color  of  blood. 

BI^OD'Y-SCEP'TER-ED,  a.  Having  a  scepter  ob- 
tained by  blood  or  slaughter.  SItak. 

BLOOD'Y-SWEAT,  (blud'dy-swet,)  n.  [blood  and 
siceat]  A  sweat,  accompanied  by  a  discharge  of 
blood  ;  also,  a  disease,  called  stceating  sickness^  which 
formerly  prevailed  in  England  and  other  countries. 

BLOO.M,  n.  [Roth.  Moma  ;  D.  bloan  ;  G.  blame :  S»v. 
blomme  ;  Dan.  blomstrr ;  W.  blodcn,  blatrd,  from  the 
root  ofblow  :  Sax.  bloiran,  contracted  from  blodan,  or 
hlothan.  Blossom  is  a  dialectical  form  of  the  word, 
from  the  same  rooL    See  Blossom.] 

1.  A  blo.ssoiii;  the  tlowcr  of  a  plant ;  an  expanded 
bud. 

While  opening  olooirtM  di.Tiw^  thrir  tweu  .iroiiiiil.  Pop*. 

2.  The  opening  of  tlowers  in  general ;  flowers 
open,  or  in  a  state  of  blossoming;  as,  the  trees  are 
clothed  with  bloom. 

.').  The  st,ite  of  youth,  resembling  that  of  blossoms  ; 
a  state  of  opening  manhood,  life,  beauty,  and  vigor ; 
a  state  of  health  and  growth,  iironiising  higher  per- 
fection ;  as,  the  bloom  of  youth. 

4.  The  blue  color  upon  plums  and  grapes  newly 
gathered.  John.-:on. 

BLOO.M,  V.  i.  To  produce  or  j  icld  blossoms  ;  to 
flower. 

2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  healthful,  growing  youth  and 
vigor  ;  to  show  the  beauty  of  youth  ;  as,  bloomini; 
BLOO.M,  r.  U   To  put  forth  as  blossoms.  [gracc-s. 
Cturiuble  ilTccUou  bloomed  ilit-m.  Hooktr. 
[J^ot  in  use.] 

BLOO.M,  n.    [Sax.  bloma,  a  mass  or  lump  ;  W.  pbom  ; 

.Arm.  plom,  phwm,  or  blomn  :  Fr.  plomh  ;  Sp.  plomo ; 

It.  piombo  :  L.  plumbum,  lead,  properly  a  lump.] 
A  mass  of  iron  that  has  passed  the  blumary,  or 

undergone  the  first  hammering. 
BH)O.M'AR-Y.   See  Blomart. 


BLOOM'ING,  ppr.    Opening  in  blossoms  ;  Howering. 
9.  Thriving  in  health,  beauty,  and  vigor;  showing 
the  freshness  and  beauties  of  yiaith. 

His  6.'ooi.Jn<r  liiiir  li  gno-d  111.:  m\i»  a'  soat.  Trumbull. 

BLOOM'IXG-LY,  adv.    In  a  blooming  manner. 
BLOOM'IXG-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  blooming. 
BLOO.^I'Y,  a.    Full  of  bloom;  flowery;  flourishing 

with  Die  vigor  of  youth  ;  as,  a  bloomy  spray  ;  bloomy 

beauties. 

BLoUE,  ?i.  [T/tis  is  a  dijferetii  orlhograjihy  o/ Blare, 
which  see.] 

The  act  of  blowing  ;  a  blast.    [JVot  used.] 

Chapman. 

BLOS'SO.M,  n.  [Sax.  J/o.sm,  blosma,  blostni,  blostma, 
am!  blosati,  a  blossom  ;  blusmian,  blostmian,  to  bios- 
Sfim  ;  D.  hlorssem,  a  blossom  ;  <».  blirthr,  a  blossom  ; 
allied  perhaps  to  G.  bloss,  Dan.  blot,  naked  ;  (J. 
bliissen,  Dan.  blotte,  to  uncover  ;  W.  blotlen,  a  flower, 
blodeuaw  to  blossom,  from  blninl,  meal,  bloom  ;  Gr. 
(iXaoTTifin,  a  bud,  probably  from  the  same  root ; 

S3'r.  j.^^  gcnninate,  to  flourish,  to  put  forth 

leaves.] 

1.  Tlie  flower  of  a  plant,  or  the  essentia!  organs  of 
rfrprodticiiiui  \viili  their  appendages.  The  term  has 
been  api>lied  l)y  some  botanists,  and  is  also  a])plied  in 
common  usage  to  the  con>l ;  a  genenfl  term,  more 
commonly  usfd  than  flower  or  bhmm,  when  we  have 
reference  to  the  fruit  which  is  to  succeed.  Thus 
we  use  ftoirrrs,  wlien  we  spe:ik  of  shrubs  cultivated 
for  ornament ;  an<l  bloom,  in  a  more  general  sense, 
as  flowers  in  general,  or  in  reference  to  the  beauty 
of  flowers. 

9.  This  word  is  used  to  denote  the  color  of  ahorse, 
that  lias  whit''  hairs  inl'^riuixed  with  sorrel  and  bay 
hairs  ;  oth.-rwise  prnch-ndored.  Kncyr. 
BLOS'SOM,  r.  (.    To  jmt  firth  blossoms  or  flowers  ; 
to  bloom  ;  to  lilnw  ;  to  flower. 

2.  To  flourish  and  pnisper. 

Til'-  tl-sef[  sliall  blosgoin  :\&  the  rosp.  —  Is.  jtxxv. 

BLOS'SOM-^n,  (blos'sunid,)  pret.  of  Blossom. 

BI,OS'SO.M-I.\G,;);)r.    Putting  fiirth  flowers  ;  blowing. 

BLOfV;;nM-IXG,  n.    The  blowing  or  flowering  of 

BL().S'SC).M-Y,  n.    Full  of  blossoms.  [plants. 

BLOT,  V.  t.  [Goth,  blauthjan  ;  Sw.  plottra  ;  Dan.  plcl, 
a  spot,  stain,  blot;  plrtte,  to  blot  or  stain  ;  L.  liuira, 
(whence  liluro,  oblitrro,)  without  the  prefix  ;  and  I). 
kladden,  with  a  diirerent  one.] 

1.  To  spot  \\  ilh  ink  ;  to  stain  or  bespatter  with 
ink  ;  as,  to  blot  a  paper. 

2.  To  obliterate  writing  or  letters  with  ink,  so  as 
to  render  the  characters  invisible,  or  not  distin- 
guishable ;  generally  with  out ;  ;is,  to  blot  out  a  word 
or  a  sentence. 

3.  To  efface ;  to  erase ;  to  cause  to  be  unseen  or 
forgotten  ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  blot  out  a  crime,  or  the 
remembrance  of  any  tiling. 

4.  To  .stain  with  infamy  ;  to  taniisli ;  to  disgrace  ; 
to  disfigure. 

B!ot  Hill  Uiy  innocence  with  f  itiltii-ss  Uoocl.  JRoiee. 

5.  To  darken. 

Hp  siiiie  how  rartli  htols  th*  moon'«  :^i!(l.?cl  wane.  Coidey. 

6.  Ill  Scripture,  to  blot  one  out  of  the  book  of  life,  is 
to  reject  him  from  the  number  of  those  who  are  to 
be  saved.  To  blot  out  a  name,  a  person,  or  a  nation, 'lit 
to  destroy  the  person  or  nation  ;  to  exterminate  or 
consume.  To  blot  out  sinsj  is  to  forgive  them.  Sius 
are  compared  to  ilebts,  which  are  recorded  in  God's 
book  of  remembrance,  and,  when  paid,  are  crossed 
or  canceled. 

BLOT,  n.  A  spot  or  stain  on  paper,  usually  applied  to 
ink. 

2.  .\n  obliteration  of  something  written  or  printed. 

Dry  den. 

3.  A  spot  in  reputation  ;  a  stain  ;  a  disgrace ;  a  re- 
proach ;  a  bleuiisli.  Shnk. 

4.  Censure ;  scorn  ;  reproach. 

He  tliat  rclHik-  Ih  Ihe  wick'-d  gcU'-th  a  b!ot.  —  Prov.  tx. 

5.  In  backgammon,  when  a  single  man  lies  open  to 
be  taken  up.  ./ohn.ion. 

BLOTCH,  II.  [Sax.  blttctlia,  a  scab  or  leprous  affec- 
tion.] 

A  pii-tule  upon  the  skin  ;  an  eruption,  usually  of  a 
large  kind. 

BLOTCH,  r.  t.    To  blacken.  Ilurmar. 
BLOTE,  r.  (.    [The  affinities  of  this  word  are  not 

clearly  ascertained.    In  Sax.  ft.'o/«n  is  to  sacrifice,  in 

Goth,  to  serve  or  worship ;  in  .\rin.  bloda  is  to  soften  ; 

W.  plyz,  soft  ;  ply-.aw,  to  soften  ;  Dan.  bliide,  Sw. 

bVJta,  to  soften.] 
To  dry  and  smoke  :  as,  to  4/n(c  herrings. 
BLOT'Eli, ;;;).    Smoked  and  dried. 
BLOT'TEI),  pp.    Stained  ;  spotted  ;  erased. 
BLOT'TER,  n.    In  countinir-houses,  a  waste  hook. 
BLOT'TIXG,  ppr.    Siiotling  with  ink  ;  obliterating; 

staining. 

BLOT'TI.N'G,  n.  The  making  of  blots;  staining  or 
(►bl  iterating. 

BLOT'TIXG-P.^'PER,  n.  A  kind  of  paper  made  with- 
out size, serving  to  imbibe  wet  ink,  and  thus  prevent 
blots. 


BLOT'TIXG-LY,  adr.    By  blotting. 

BLOrsE,  )  (blow/.,)  n.    A  ligiil,  loose  garment  kv 

BLOWSE,  (     semliling  a  frwk  coat. 

HLoVV,  n.  [This,  iirob.ibly,  is  a  contracted  word,  and 
the  primary  sense  must  be,  to  strike,  tlinist,  pu-^li,  or 
throw,  that  is,  to  drive.  I  have  not  found  it  in  Ihe 
cognate  ('ialects.  If  or  olhi  r  palatal  li  tter  is  lost, 
it  corresponds  in  i  lenients  with  the  L.  plaja,  tir. 
jrXr,)  /?,  L.  fliso.  Eng.  flo'j.  But  bhnr,  a  stroke,  is 
written  like  the  verb  to  blmr,  tin-  Latin  fo,  anil  blow. 
to  blossom.  The  letter  lo~t  i<  priibably  a  d'  lital,  and 
the  original  was  bind,  or  l.lnlh,  in  wliii  h  rase  the 
word  has  the  eli-ments  of  loud,  luudo,claudo,  lad,  St.c.] 

1.  The  art  of  striking;  more  generally,  the  stroke  ; 
a  violi  lit  application  of  the  hand,  fist,  or  an  iii.stru- 
mi  nt,  to  an  objrct. 

2.  The  fatal  stroke ;  a  stroke  that  kills ;  henft, 
death 

3.  A.i  act  of  hostility  ;  ns,  the  nation  which  strikes 
the  fir-t  bloir.  Hence,  to  come  to  blows,  is  to  engage 
in  roiiiba",  wlielher  by  individuals,  armies,  fleets,  or 
natioii-i  ;  and  when  by  nations,  it  is  war. 

4.  .\  sudden  calamity  ;  a  sudden  or  severe  evil.  In 
like  manner,  pluga,  in  Latin,  gives  rise  to  the  Eng. 
plnrrue, 

.5.  A  single  act ;  a  sudden  event ;  as,  to  gain  or  lose 
a  province  at  a  blow,  or  by  one  blow.  At  a  stroke  is 
used  in  like  manner. 

li.  An  ovum  or  egg  deposited  by  a  fly  on  flesh  or 
other  substance,  called  a  fly  blow. 
BLciW,  r.  i. ;  prit.  Blkw  ;  pp.  Bi.owx.  [Sax.  blawru, 
blowan,  to  blow  as  wind  ;  blowan,  to  blossom  or  blow, 
as  a  flower  ;  D.  bloeyen.  to  blossom  ;  G.  blahen,  to 
swell  or  inflate  ;  L.  flo,  to  blow.  This  word,  proba- 
bly, is  from  the  same  root  as  bloom,  blossom,  blow,  a 
flower;  W.  bloden.    See  Blosso.m.] 

1.  To  make  a  currep.t  of  air  ;  to  move  as  air  ;  b-s, 
the  wind  blows.  Often  used  with  it;  a?,  it  blows  a 
gale. 

2.  To  pant ;  to  puff ;  to  breathe  hard  or  quick. 

Hen-  is  Mra.  Page  al  ihe  door,  sweating  anil  blowing.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  breathe ;  ns,  to  blow  hot  and  cold. 

L^Estraiiffe. 

4.  To  sound  with  being  blown,  as  a  horn  or  tnim- 
pet.  Milton. 

5.  To  flower  ;  to  blos.som  ;  to  bloom  ;  as  plants. 

How  btotne  the  citron  grove.  Milton. 
To  blow  over ;  to  pass  away  without  effect ;  to  cease 
or  be  dissipated  ;  as,  the  .storm  or  the  clouds  are  blown 
over. 

To  blow  up ;  to  rise  in  the  air  ;  also,  to  be  broken 
and  scattered  by  the  explosion  of  gunpowder. 
BLOW,  V.  t.    To  throw  or  drive  a  current  of  air  upon  ; 
as,  to  blow  the  fire  ;  also,  to  fan. 

2.  To  drive  by  a  current  of  air;  to  impel;  as,  the 
tempest  blew  the  ship  ashore. 

3.  To  breathe  upon,  for  the  purpo.sc  of  warming ; 
as,  to  blow  the  fingers  in  a  cold  day.  ^ViaJt. 

4.  To  sound  a  wind  instrument ;  as,  blow  the  tmm- 

5.  To  sjiread  by  report.  [pet. 

And  tlirungh  the  court  his  courtesy  was  bloxn,  Dryden. 

G.  To  deposit  eixgs,  as  flies. 

7.  To  form  bubbles  by  blowing. 

8.  To  swell  and  inflate,  as  veal ;  a  practice  of 
butchers. 

9.  To  form  glass  Into  a  particular  shape  by  the 
breath,  as  in  glass  manufactories. 

10.  To  melt  tin,  after  having  been  roasted  to  get 
rid  of  the  sulphur  and  arsenic.  Ctje. 

11.  To  put  out  of  breath  ;  to  cause  to  blow  from 
fatigue  ;  as,  to  blow  a  horse.  Sir  W.  ScotL 

To  blow  aw  ail ;  tt)  dissipate  ;  to  scatter  with  wind. 

To  blow  down;  to  prostrate  by  wind. 

To  blow  off;  to  shake  down  by  wind  ;  a-s,  to  bloic 
off  fruit  from  trees  ;  to  driv  e  from  land  ;  as,  to  blom 
off  a  ship. 

To  blow  out ;  to  extinguish  by  a  current  of  air ;  as 
a  candle. 

To  blow  up;  to  fill  with  air;  to  swell ;  as,  to  Uoa 
vp  a  bladder  or  a  bubble. 

2.  To  inflate  ;  to  pulf  up ;  as,  to  blow  up  one  with 
flatten,-. 

3.  To  kindle  ;  as,  to  blvw  up  a  contention. 

4.  To  burst,  to  raise  into  ilie  air,  or  to  scatter,  by 
the  explosion  of  gunpowiliT.  F'/^urativdy,  to  scM- 
ter  or  bring  to  naught  suddenly  ;  as,  to  blow  up  a 
scheme. 

To  blow  upon ;  to  make  stale  ;  as,  to  blow  upon  an 
author's  works.  jiddison. 

BLOW,  n.  .\  flower  ;  a  blossom.  Holliweirs  Did. 
This  word  is  in  general  use  in  the  Uniu  d  States,  anil 
legitimate.  In  the  Tatlcr,  it  is  used  for  blossoms  in 
general,  as  we  use  bluwth. 

2.  .\niong  seamen,  a  gale  of  wind.  This  also  is  a 
le;ritiniale  word,  in  guieral  use  in  the  L'liitrd  States. 

BLOWBALL,  n.  [blow  and  6u//.J .  The  downy  head 
of  the  dandelion,  formed  by  the  pappas,  alter  the 
blossom  li.as  fallen.  B.  Jons/m. 

BLOWER,  ri.  One  who  blows  ;  one  who  is  employed 
in  meltins;  tin. 

2.  .\  plate  of  iron  or  tin  used  to  increase  the  cur- 
rent of  air  in  a  cliimnev. 

BLOW'-FLY,  n.  .\  species  of  dipterous  insect,  {JUusea 


TONE,  BJJLL,  rXITIL-A.V'GER.  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 

_  __ 


BLL 

carriaria.  LiiUi.,)  very  Iniiihksonie  in  i^Kiniu-r,  from 

us  iJc[K»sitinj;  lis  epgs  on  flesli.  Partintrttm. 
BLOWING,  pjir.    Making  a  current  of  air  ;  breathing 

quick  ;  sounding  a  wind  instrument  j  inllating;  im- 

pt  lling  by  wind  ;  melting  tin. 
BLOWING,  H.    The  motion  of  wind,  or  act  of  blow- 

iiig. 

BLoVVN,  pp.  Driven  by  wind;  fanned  ;  sounded  by 
blowing  ;  spread  l)y  report ;  swelled  ;  inflated  ;  ex- 
l>anded,  as  a  blossom  ;  out  of  breath  ;  as,  the  horse 
was  very  much  blown. 

Blown  upon  ;  made  common  or  stale  j  as,  a  passage 
in  an  author  not  yet  blown  upon.  .Addison. 

BLoW'-PH'E,  ;i.   [blow  and  pipe]    An  instrument  by 
wliich  a  blast  or  current  of  air  is  driven  through  the 
flame  of  a  lamp  or  candle,  and  that  flame  directed 
^upon  a  mineral  substance,  to  fuse  or  vitrify  it. 

Blow-pipe  of  the  artist ;  a  conical  tube  of  brass,  glass, 
or  other  substjince,  usually  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  at  one  end,  and  capillary,  or  nearly  so,  at  the 
other,  where  it  is  bent  nearly  to  a  riglit  angle.  This 
is  used  to  propel  a  jet  of  air  from  the  lungs,  through 
tlie  tlame  of  a  lamp  or  candle,  upon  the  substance  to 
be  fused. 

Blow-pipe  of  the  minernlog-i.^t ;  the  same  instrument, 
substantially,  as  the  foregomg,  but  usually  fitted  with 
an  ivory  tir  silver  mouth-piece,  and  with  several 
movable  jets,  to  produce  Hames  of  different  sizes.  Its 
office  is  to  produce  instantly  a  furnace  heat,  on  mi- 
nute fragments  of  mineral  substances,  supported  on 
charcoal,  by  platina  forceps,  &c. 

Compound  blow-pipe  of  Dr.  Hare,  invented  in  1801 ; 
an  instrument  in  which  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  pro- 
pelled by  hydrostatic  or  other  pressure,  coming  from 
separate  reservoirs,  in  the  proportions  requisite  to 
form  water,  are  made  to  unite  in  a  capillary  orifice, 
at  the  moment  when  they  are  kindled.  The  heat 
produced,  when  the  focus  is  formed  on  charcoal  or 
any  non-conducting  substance,  is  such  as  to  melt 
every  thing  but  the  diamond,  to  burn  the  metals,  and 
•  to  dissipate  in  vapor,  or  in  gaseous  forms,  most  known 
substances. 

The  blow  pipe  of  Newman,  Clarke,  &c.,  is  the 
compound  blow-pipe  of  Dr.  Hare,  with  some  unim- 
portant modifications.  Hilliman. 

BLoW-POlNT,  «.  [blow  and  point.]  A  kind  of  play 
among  children.  Johnson. 

BLOWSE,  n.  A  light,  loose  garment  resembling  a 
frock  coat. 

BLoWl'H,  n.  [Ir.  blath,  blaith,  a  flower  or  blossom  ; 
D.  bloeizd;  Ger.  bl'ithe.] 

Bloom  or  blossom,  or  that  which  is  expanded.  It 
'■anifies  bloom  or  blossoms  in  general,  or  the  state  of 
blossoming.  Thus  we  say,  trees  are  no\v  in  their 
blowth,  or  they  have  a  full  blowth.  Rich.  Did. 

BLOWZE,  (blowz,)  n.  [from  the  same  root  as  blush, 
which  see.] 

1.  A  ruddy,  fat-faced  woman.  Hall. 

2.  A  cap. 

BLOVVZ'Y,  a.  Ruddy-faced  ;  fat  and  ruddy  ;  high- 
colored. 

BLUB,  I'.  (.    To  swell.    [JVutmH.se.]    [See  Bleb.] 
BLUB'iiER,  n.    [Si  c  Blobbeh,  Blob,  and  Bleb.] 

1.  A  blobber,  or  bubble.  [A  common,  vulgar  word, 
bat  leiritimate.] 

9.  The  fat  of  whales  and  other  large  sea  animals, 
of  w>ich  is  niadr;  train-oil.  It  lies  immediately  un- 
der the  skin  and  over  the  muscular  flesh. 

3.  Sea  nettle,  or  sea  blubber ;  the  medusa.  Encyc. 
BLUB'BEK,  V.  i.    To  weep  in  such  a  manner  as  to 

swell  the  cheeks.  Johnson. 
If  I  misUike  not,  this  word  carries  with  it  the  idea 

of  weeping,  so  as  to  slaver. 
BLUB'llEU,  I'.  (.   To  swell  the  cheeks  or  disfigure  the 

face  with  wce[iing. 
BUJB'BER-KI),  pp.  or  a.    Swelled  ;  big ;  turgid  ;  as,  a 

blubber fd  lip. 

BLUM'BER-I.\G,  ppr.  Weeping  so  as  to  swell  the 
cheeks. 

BLUD'GEON,  n.    [Goth,  hlyggwan,  to  strike.] 

A  liliort  stick,  with  one  end  loaded  or  thicker  and 
heavier  than  the  other,  and  used  as  an  offensive 
Weapon  by  low  persons. 
BLCE,  (blu,)  a.  [Sax.  bko,  hleok,  bleon,  color;  I). 
blaauw  Ger.  blau  i  Dan.  blaae  ;  Sw.  Ma,  blue  ;  Sw. 
bhj,  Dan.  bhje.  Cut.  blri,  lead,  so  named  from  its 
color  ;  Slav.  /)/«i:u  ;  Fr.  Wen  ;  Corn,  blou.] 

One  of  the  seven  colors,  into  which  the  rays  of 
light  divide  themselves,  when  refracted  through  a 
gla.HH  prism.  There  are  various  shades  of  blue,  as 
fkij-hlur.  or  azure,  Prussian  blue,  indioo  blue,  .imalt 
bluf,  Slc.  h'inran.  Enryc. 

Pramian  blue;  a  chemical  cx)mp(iund  of  iron  and 
cyanogen.  i/re. 

The  blurt,  (a  contraction  for  blue,  deviii ,)  low  spirits ; 
melanrhf*ly. 

To  looli  blue ;  to  be  confoiindc-d  or  terrified.  Orone. 

DLCE,  B.  (.  To  make  blue;  In  dye  of  a  blue  color; 
to  make  blue  \ty  heating,      metjils,  &.c. 

BLOE'-Bini),  ;i.  [Mur  nnil  bird.]  A  wmall  bird,  very 
common  in  the  Ijniteil  SUite«  ;  the  .Mi.lacilla  ri  .is. 
Linn.,  (.Si7i>iu  xiu/u,  VVilson'ii  Ornilh.  ;  .linl'  Wil- 
Monii,  Man*.  Ilep.)    'J'lic  ujiper  part  of  tli'    ,ody  Ih 


B  L  U 

blue,  and  the  throat  and  brea'st  of  a  dirty  red.  It 
makes  its  nest  in  the  hole  of  a  tree. 

BLuE'-BON-NET,  n.  [blue  and  botmet.]  A  plant,  a 
species  of  Centaurea.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BLUE'-BOOK,  ft.  A  book  containing  the  names  of  all 
the  persons  in  the  employment  of  the  U.  S.  government. 

BLCE'-BOT'TLE,  n.    [blue  and  bottle.]    A  plant,  the 
Centaurea  Cyanus,  which  grows  among  corn.  This 
and  the  former  plant  receive  their  names  from  their 
blue  botlle-shaped  Howers. 
9.  A  flv  with  a  large  blue  belly.  Johnson. 

BLuE'BRE.\ST,  (blu'brest,)  n.  -A.  small  species  of 
European  bird,  called  also  Blue-throated  warbler, 
{Sylvia  Surcica,  I^alham.) 

BLOE'-CAP,  n.  [blue  and  cap.]  A  fish  of  the  sal- 
mon kind,  with  blue  spots  on  its  head. 

Dirt.  ofJVat.  Ifist. 
2.  A  species  of  small  bird,  called  also  blue-titmouse, 
or  tomtit,  the  Parses  cccrulcus.  Partington. 

BLuE'-DEV'/LS,  n.  pi.  Lowness  of  spirits  ;  hypo- 
chondria.   [Colloquial.]  Grose. 

BLUE'-EY-i^D,  (-ide,)  a.   Having  blue  eyes.  Drijden. 

BLuE'-FISH,  11.    [bine  and  fish.] 

1.  A  fish,  a  species  <if  Coryphffina,  of  the  order  of 
Thoracics,  found  about  the  Bahamas,  and  on  the 
coast  of  Cuba.  Encyc. 

2.  A  fish,  allied  to  the  mackerel,  common  on  the 
shores  of  New  England  ;  the  Temnadon  saltator. 

BLuE'-HaIR-£D,  a.    Having  hair  of  a  blue  cofor. 

Milton. 

BLuE'-JOHN,  n.  .'\mong  miners,  flnor  spar,  a  mineral, 
found  in  the  mines  of  Derbyshire,  and  fabricated  into 
vases  and  other  ornamental  figures.  Encyc. 

BLOE'-LIGHT,  (-lite,)  n.  A  composition,  burning 
with  a  blue  flame,  used  as  a  night  sign.al  in  ships. 

BLCE'LY,  adv.    With  a  blue  color.  Swift. 

BLuE'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  blue;  a  blue 
color.  Boyle. 

BLuK'-Pk'TER,  ri.  In  the  British  marine,  a  blue  flag 
with  a  white  square  in  the  center,  used  as  a  signal  for 
sailing,  to  recall  boats,  &c.  It  is  a  corruption  of 
Blue  Rrpentrr,  one  of  the  British  signal  flags. 

BLCE'-STOCK'ING,  71.  A  term  applied  to  literary 
ladies,  and  usually  with  the  imputation  of  pedantry. 
It  is  derived  from  the  name  given  to  certain  meetings 
held  by  ladies  in  the  days  of  Dr.  Johnson,  for  con- 
versation with  distinguished  literary  men.  One  of  the 
most  eminent  members  was  a  Mr.  Stillingfleet,  who 
always  wore  blue  stockings,  and  who  was  so  much 
distinguished  for  his  conversational  powers,  that  his 
absence  at  any  time  was  felt  to  be  a  great  loss,  so 
that  the  remark  became  common,  "  We  can  do  noth- 
ing without  the  blue  stockings."  Hence  these  meet- 
ings were  sportively  called  blue-stocking  clubs,  and  the 
ladies  who  attended  them,  bluc-stockiyigs. 

Bosweirs  Life  of  Johnson. 

BLuE'-THRoAT,  n.  [blue  and  throat'.]  A  bird  with 
a  tawny  breast,  marked  with  a  sky-blue  crescent,  in- 
habiting the  northern  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

BLuE'-VEIN-£D,  (-vand',)  a.  Having  blue  veins  or 
streaks.  Shak. 

BLUE  VIT'RI  OL,  J!.    Sulphate  of  copper. 

BLOE'Y,  a.    Somewhat  blue. 

BLUFF,  a.  [Perhaps  allied  to  W.  llwf.  Eng.  leap,  from 
shooting  forward.] 

Big;  surly;  blustering.  Dryden. 

BLUFF,  71.  A  high  bank,  almost  perpendicular,  pro- 
jecting into  the  .sea  or  a  river  ;  a  high  bank  pre- 
senting a  steep  front.  Belknap.    Mar.  Diet. 

BLUFF'-BOW-ii:D,a.  [bluff  and  bow.]  Having  broad 
and  flat  bows.  Mar.  Diet. 

BLUFF'-HEAD-ED,  (-hedn-d,)  a.  [Wiij^'and  head.] 
Having  an  upright  stem.  Mar.  Diet. 

BLUFF'NESS,  71.  A  swelling  or  bloatedncss  ;  surli- 
ness. IVorld. 

BLUFF'Y,  a.  Having  bluffs,  or  bold  projecting  points 
of  land. 

BLOMSH,  a.    Blue  in  a  small  degree.  Pope. 
BLO'ISIl-LY,  ado.    In  a  bluish  manner. 
BLu'lSH-NESS,  71.    A  small  degree  of  blue  color. 

Boyle. 

BLUN'DER,  V.  i.  [This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to 
the  Gr.  nXiipiKo,  to  err  ;  and  to  flounder.  This  sense 
of  the  latter  is  to  move  with  sudden  jerks,  and  irreg- 
ular motions.  In  Dan.  blunder  is  to  wink,  twinkle, 
or  dissemble  ;  allied  to  Fr.  loin.] 

1.  To  mistake  grossly  ;  to  err  widely  or  stupidly. 

.Johnson. 

2.  To  move  without  direction, or  steady  guidance; 
to  plunge  at  an  object ;  to  move,  speak,  or  write  with 
sudden  and  blind  precipitance  ;  as,  to  blunder  upon 
a  reason  ;  to  bluiuler  round  a  meaning.  Pope. 

3.  To  stumble,  as  a  horse  ;  a  common  use  of  the 
word. 

BLUN'DER,  71.  A  mistake  through  precipitance,  or 
without  due  exercise  of  judgment ;  a  gro.ss  mistake. 

BLUN'DER-BUSS,  77.  [blunder  and  1).  bus, a  tube; 
Dan.  bossc  :  Sw.  b'dssn,  a  gun.] 

1.  ;\  short  gun  or  fire-arm,  with  a  large  bore,  capable 
of  holding  a  number  of  balls,  and  intended  to  do 
cxeciitiim  without  exact  aim. 

2.  A  stuiiid,  bhindi  ring  fellow.  Halliwell. 
BLUN'DER-£:D,  pp.    Done  or  »iM)ken  with  gross 

mistake. 


BLU 

BLUN'DER-ER,  11.  One  who  is  apt  to  blunder,  or  to 
make  gross  mistakes  ;  a  careless  person. 

BLUN'DER-HEAD,  (-lied,)7i.  [blunder  and  liead.]  A 
stupid  fellow  ;  one  who  blunders.  VEstrange. 

BLUN'DER-I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  or  acting  with 
blind  precipitance  ;  misUiking  grossly  ;  stumbling. 

BLUN'DER-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  blundering  m.mner. 

Lewis. 

BLUNT,  a.    [from  the  root  of  Gr.  ap/SAuKw,  to  dull.] 

1.  Having  a  thick  edge  or  point,  as  an  instrument ; 
dull ;  not  sharp. 

9.  Dull  in  understanding ;  .slow  of  discernment 

Shak. 

3.  Abrupt  in  address  ;  plain  ;  unceremonious  ; 
wanting  the  forms  of  civility  ;  rough  in  manners  or 
speech.  Bacon. 

4.  Hard  to  penetrate.    [Untisual.]  Pope. 
BLUNT,  V.  t.    To  dull  the  edge  or  point,  by  making  it 

thicker. 

2.  To  repress  or  weaken  any  appetite,  desire,  or 
power  of  the  mind  ;  to  iiii|)air  the  force  of  any  pas- 
sion which  affects  the  mind,  or  of  any  evil  or  good 
which  affects  the  body  ;  as,  to  blunt  the  edge  of  love, 
of  pain,  or  of  suffering. 

Your  ceaseless  endeavors  will  be  exerted  to  blunt  the  stin^  of 
puiii.  Dwight. 

BLUNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  JIade  dull ;  weakened ;  im- 
paired ;  re|)ressed. 

BLUNT' ING,  ppr.  Making  dull  ;  repressing  ;  im- 
pairing. 

BLUNT'ING,  71.    Restraint.  Taylor. 
BLUNT'LY,  adv.     In   a   blunt  manner;  coarsely; 

plainly  ;  abruptly  ;  without  delicacy,  or  the  usual 

forms  of  civility. 
BLUNT'NESS,  71.    Want  of  edge  or  point ;  dullness  ; 

obtuseness  ;  want  of  sharpness. 
2.  Coarseness  of  address;  roughness  of  manners  ; 

rude  sincerity  or  plainness. 
BLUNT' WIT-TED, a.  [A/unt and  wit.]   Dull;  stupid. 

Shati. 

BLUR,  71.  [I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other 
language,  but  probably  it  is  allied  to  the  \\.  Ilur, 
black  and  blue,  livid,  L.  luridus.] 

A  dark  spot ;  a  stain  ;  a  blot,  whether  upon  paper 
or  other  substance,  or  upon  reputation.  Sout/i. 

BLUR,  V.  t.  To  obscure  by  a  dark  sjiot,  or  by  any  foul 
matter,  without  quite  ertacing. 

2.  To  sully ;  to  stain  ;  to  blemish  ;  as,  to  blnr  repu- 
tation. Butler. 

BLUR'RED,  (blurd,)  pp.  Darkened  or  stained  ;  ob- 
scured. 

BLUR'RING,  ppr.    Darkening  or  staining;  spotting. 
BLURT,  71.  (.    [Allied  probably  to  flirt,  to  throw.] 
To  throw  out,  or  throw  at  random,  hastily,  or 

unadvisedly  ;  to  utter  suddenly  or  inadvertently ; 

conimonlv  with  out,  and  applied  to  words.  Young. 
BLURT'£b,  pp.    Thrown  out  hastily. 
BLURT'ING,  ppr.    Throwing  out  or  uttered  hastily. 
BLUSH,  !>.  i.    [D.  bloozen  ;  Sw.  blyas,  to  blush  ;  D,ih. 

blusse,  to  blaze  or  glisten  ;  blussel,  blushing  ;  D.  bios, 

a  blush  ;  Sw.  bloss ;  Dan.  A/ii.s-,  a  torch  ;  Dan.  blurs 

red,  to  blush  or  be  ashamed  ;  Ir.  loise,  loisi,  tianie. 

It  implies  a  throwing  out,  or  spreading.    Flush  may 

be  from  the  same  root.    See  Blaze.] 

1.  To  redden  in  the  cheeks  or  face  ;  to  be  suddenly 
suffused  with  a  red  color  in  the  cheeks  or  face,  from 
a  sense  of  guilt,  shame,  confusion,  modesty,  difli- 
dence,  or  surprise,  followed  by  at  or  for,  before  the 
cause  of  blushing  ;  as,  blush  at  your  vices  ;  blush  for 
your  degraded  country. 

In  llie  presence  of  the  simnieless  and  nnblusliinf,  tlic  J'oitn^  uf- 
lender  in  nsliained  to  blush.  Buckminstsr. 

2.  To  bear  a  blooming  red  color,  or  any  soft,  bright 
color ;  as,  the  blushing  rose. 

He  his  blushing  honors  thick  ufoa  liim.  Shall. 
Sliakspeare  has  used  this  word  in  a  transitive  sense, 
to  make  red,  and  it  may  be  allowable  in  poetry. 
BLUSH,  11.  A  red  color  suft'using  the  cheeks  only,  or 
the  face  generally,  and  excited  by  confusion,  which 
may  spring  from  shame,  guilt,  modesty,  diflidence, 
or  surprise. 

Tlic  rosy  bluth  of  love.  Trumbull. 

2.  A  red  or  reddish  color. 

3.  Sudden  appearance  ;  a  glance ;  a  sense  taken 
from  the  sudden  suli'usion  of  the  face  in  blushing ; 
as  a  proposition  appears  absurd  at  first  blush.  ImIcc. 

BLUSH'ET,  71.    A  young,  modest  girl.    [JY/it  used.] 

BLUSH'FUL,  «.    Full  of  lilushr  s.  Thoifuum. 

BLUSH'FljL-LY,  adr.    In  a  blushful  manner. 

BLUSH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  lieddeiiiiig  in  the  cheeks  or 
face  ;  bearing  a  bright  color. 

BLUSH'ING,  II.  The  art  of  turning  red  ;  the  appear- 
ance of  color  (Ui  the  cheeks. 

BLUSH'INt;  LY,  adr.    In  a  blushing  manner. 

IHiUSH'LESS,  (1.  Unblushing;  past  blushing;  im- 
pudent. Marston. 

BLUSll'Y,  n.  Like  a  blush;  having  the  color  of  a 
blush.  Harvey. 

BLUS'TER,  7'.  i.  [Sax.  blirslan,  to  blow.  Probably 
allied  to  hluie,  blast;  Dan.  blusse,  to  bitizc,  to  rage.] 
1.  To  be  loud,  noisy,  or  swaggering  ;  to  bully  ;  to 
pud";  to  swagger,  as  a  turbulent  or  boasting  person. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 

138  ~ 


BOA 

2.  Tb  r»iii  ,  niul  be  tumultuous,  as  wind  ;  tu  be 
boistonius;  to  be  wimly  ;  to  hurry. 
BLIJS'TKK,  II.  NoisBi  tumult;  boiuiting;  boisterous- 
ness  ;  turbulrnce  ;  ronr  of  a  tempest ;  violent  wind  ; 
hurry  ;  any  irregular  noise  and  tunuilt  from  wind,  or 
from  vanity. 

BLl'S'TEU-ER,  n.  A  swaggerer;  a  bully;  a  noisy, 
tumultuous  fellow,  who  makes  great  pretensions 
from  vanity. 

llLUS''l'Klt-i.'>JG,  n.    Noisy  pretension  ;  swaggerin;;. 
ni.Utf'TEK-l.NG,  ppr.     Making  a  noise  ;  puffing  ; 
Ixasting. 

ni,r.'J"l'l'R-I.N'<5,  n.   Noisy;  tumultuous;  windy. 
lllil'.s'TEK-ING-LY,  <uli>.    In  a  blustering  manner. 
BLUS'TllOUS,  a.    Noisy;  tumultuous;  boastful. 

Jliuiibras. 

BO,  eiclam.  [W'.hw.]  A  word  of  terror;  a  custom- 
ary sound  uttered  by  children  to  frighten  their  fellows. 

Bo'A,  w.  .\  genus  of  serpents,  of  the  class  Amphibia, 
the  characters  of  which  are,  that  the  belly  and  tail  are 
furnished  with  scuta.  It  includes  tlie  largest  species 
of  serpent,  the  B.  constriclor,  sometimes  30  or  40 
feet  long.  Cijc. 

BO'.V,  II.  A  fur  tipi»ct,  large  and  round  ;  so  called 
fiiiiii  its  resemblance  to  the  boa  constrktor. 

BO'A  eo.\..STI!ieT'OI{,  n.  The  scientific  name  of  a 
large  and  powerful  serpent,  sometimes  30  or  10  feet 
long,  found  in  the  tropical  parts  of  .\meric.a.  It  has 
a  reguhu*  succession  of  spots,  alternately  black  and 
yellow,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  back,  and 
derives  its  name  from  its  crushing  its  prey  to  death 
in  its  coils.  The  nanu^  h.is  also  been  loosely  applied 
to  other  large  serpents  which  crush  their  prey,  par- 
ticularly of  the  genus  Python,  found  in  Asia  and 
Africa.  P.  C'jc  Braniie. 

Bo  .VN-ER'CkS,  n.  pi.  Sons  of  thunder ;  an  ap|iella- 
tion  givi'ii  by  Jesus  Christ  to  his  two  discijiles  James 
and  John. 

BOAR,  II.  [Sax.  bar;  Corn,  bora,  a  boar;  D.  beer,  a 
bear  or  hour :  Ger.  rber,  a  boar,  and  a  gimlet  or  auger  ; 
also,  rbrrscliwrin,  boar-swinc.  Ciu.  L.  apcr  and  ver- 
ves; Sans.  ruroAa,] 

The  male  of  swmc  not  castrated. 

BOAR,  r.  i.  In  the  mauegr,  a  horse  is  said  to  boar, 
when  he  shoots  out  his  luisc,  raising  it  as  high  as  his 
ears,  and  tosses  his  nose  in  the  wind.  Ennic. 

BOARD,  II.  [Sax.  bord  and  fcrrrf,  a  board,  or  t.-ible  ; 
Goth,  baurd ;  Sw.  bttrd,  and  brtulc ;  D.  board,  a  board, 
a  hem,  border,  margin  ;  Ger.  bord,  a  board,  a  brim, 
bank,  border  :  and  brct,  a  board,  or  plank  ;  Dan.  bord, 
•  a  board,  a  t:ible  ;  brtttlt,  a  board,  or  plank  ;  and  bred, 
a  border ;  \V.  frier:,  a  board  or  table  ;  Ir.  bord,  a  table, 
a  border.  This  word  and  broad  seem  to  be  allied 
in  origin  ;  and  the  prim.ary  sense  is  to  open  or  spread, 
whence  broad,  dilated.] 

1.  .\  piece  of  timber  sawed  thin,  and  of  consider- 
able length  and  breadth  compared  with  the  thick- 
ness, used  for  building  ami  other  purposes. 

2.  .\  table.  The  table  of  our  rude  ancestors  was 
a  piece  of  boaril,  |>erha|>3  originally  laid  upon  the 
knees.  *W.auti  cibuin  capiunt ;  sefiarata  singulis 
sedes,  et  sua  cuii|iie  niensa."  The  Germans  wash 
before  they  eat,  and  each  has  a  separate  seat,  and 
his  own  L'lble.  Tacitus,  De  Jlor.  Germ.  22. 

3.  Eutert.iinment  ;  fomi  ;  diet  ;  as,  the  price  of 
board  is  two,  five,  or  seven  dollars  a  week. 

4.  A  table  at  which  a  council  or  court  is  held  ; 
hence  a  council,  convened  for  business,  or  any  au- 
tliorized  assembly  or  meeting  ;  as,  a  Aonrt/ of  directors. 

5.  The  deck  of  a  ship ;  the  interior  part  of  a  ship 
or  lioat  ;  used  in  the  phrase  on  board,  aboard.  In 
this  phrase,  however,  the  sense  is  primarily  the  side 
of  the  ship.    'J'o  tru  aboard,  is  to  go  over  the  side, 

6.  The  side  of  a  ship.    [Fr.  bord;  Sp.  borda.] 
Now  board  to  board  the  rivnl  v«*-ls  row.  Drydtn. 

To  fall  over  board :  that  is,  over  the  side. 

To  go  bti  the  board,  is  for  the  mast  of  a  ship  to  be 
broken  oil",  and  thrown  over  the  bord  or  side  ;  hence 
used  figunilively,  to  denote  a  complete  sweep  or 

Board  and  board ;  side  by  side.  [destniction. 

7.  The  line  over  which  a  ship  runs  between  tack 
and  lack.  To  make  a  ffood  board,  is  to  sail  in  a 
straight  line,  when  close  hauled.  To  make  short 
boards,  is  to  tack  frequently.  -War.  DicL 

8.  .\  table  for  artificers  to  sit  or  work  on. 

9.  A  table  or  frame  for  a  game  ;  as,  a  chess  board,  &c. 

10.  A  body  of  men  constituting  a  quorum  in  ses- 
sion ;  a  court  or  council ;  as,  a  board  of  trustees ;  a 
board  of  olBcers. 

11.  The  boards,  or  eoUetre  boards,  in  the  Enclish 
universities,  are  the  otiicial  list  of  the  members  of 
th»'  university. 

BO.ARD,  r.  L  To  lay  or  ^iread  with  boards  ;  to  cover 
with  boards.  j 

2.  To  enter  a  ship  by  force  in  combat,  which  an-  j 
swcrs  to  storming  a  city  or  fort  on  land. 

3.  To  attack ;  to  make  the  first  attempt  upon  a  ' 
man.   In  Si)enser,  to  accost.    [Fr.  oftordcr.]  [06s.], 

Bacon,    Shak.  | 

4.  To  place  at  board,  for  a  compensation,  as  a  , 
lodger. 

5.  To  furnish  with  food,  or  food  and  Imlging,  for  a 
compensation  ;  as,  a  man  boanL-  ten  students.  | 


BOA 

BOARD,  r.  1.   To  receive  food  or  diet  as  a  lodger,  or 

without  lodgings,  for  a  compensation  ;  as,  he  boards 

at  the  moderate  price  of  two  dollars  a  week. 
BOARD' A-ULE,  a.    That  may  be  boarded,  as  a  ship. 
BOARD'ED,  pp.  or  a.    C'overed  with  boards  ;  entered 

by  armed  men,  as  a  ship;  furnished  with  food  for  a 

com|M'nsation. 
BOARD'ER,  n.    One  who  has  food  or  diet  and  lodging 

in  another's  family  for  a  reward. 
2.  One  who  boards  a  shi|i  in  .action  ;  one  who  is 

selected  to  board  ships.  Mar.  DicL 

BO.ARD'I.N'G,  ppr.    Covering  with  boards  ;  entering  a 

ship  by  force  ;  furnishing  or  receiving  board,  as  a 

lodgerj  for  a  reward. 
BO.ARD'I.NG,  11.    The  act  of  entering  a  ship  by  force 

in  combat. 

2.  The  act  of  covering  with  boards,  and  also  the 

3.  The  same  a-s  Hoard  ;  fiod  ;  diet,  [covering  itself. 
BOARD'I.NG-SeilOOL,  n.    .\  school,  the  scholars  of 

which  board  with  the  teacher. 
BOARD'-ROLE,  ii.    A  figured  scale  for  finding  the 
number  of  square  feet  in  a  board  without  raU  iilation. 

liuidimati. 

BoAUD'-VVA-GES,  ?i.  pt.    Wages  allowed  to  servants 

to  keep  themselves  in  victuals.  Drijdcn. 
BoAIl'ISIl,  a.    [from  dear.]    Swinish  ;  brutal ;  cruel. 

SIkUc. 

BoAIl'-SPE.VR,  n.    A  spear  used  in  hunting  boars. 

Spetiser. 

UOAST,  V.  i.  [\V.  bo.iliate,  to  boast,  to  toss,  or  throw  ; 
G.  pausten,  to  blow,  swell,  bounce  ;  Sw.  jiSsa,  Dan. 
pufle,  id.  ;  Uu.  Gr.  ./.nffuu,  to  indate  ;  Uuss.  kheastayu, 
to  boast ;  I,,  fist  us.] 

1.  To  brag,  or  vaunt  one's  self;  to  make  an  osten- 
tatious display,  in  speech,  of  one's  own  worth,  prop- 
erty, or  actions. 

Not  uf  works,  U'sl  nny  irnin  stioiitd  boatt.  — F.ph.  ii.  9. 

2.  To  glory  ;  to  speak  with  laudable  pride  anil 
ostentation  of  meritorious  persons  or  things. 

1  boast  of  yoo  tit'-in  of  Macedonia.  Paul,  'i  Cor.  ix. 
Usually,  it  is  followed  by  of;  sometimes  by  in. 

3.  To  exidt  one's  self. 

WiUi  your  iiioutli  you  iw»e  boatted  ngainst  me.  —  K&'k.  xxxv, 
BO.AST,  V.  t.    To  display  in  ostent.atious  language;  to 
speak  of  with  pride,  vanity,  or  exultation,  with  a 
view  to  self-commenilation. 

Lrjit  nu-n  shouM  boast  ttioir  sprctous  deedi.  Milton. 

2.  To  magnify  or  exalt. 

"Yivy  boast  iht-nut'lvcs  in  the  multitude  of  Ihcir  riclici.  —  P«. 
xlii. 

3.  To  exult  in  confident  expectition. 

Boast  not  thywlf  of  to-morrow.  —  Pror.  xxtu. 
BoAlST,  n.    Expression  of  ostentation,  pride,  or  van- 
ity ;  a  vaunting. 

Thou  m:dfrst  thy  lioast  of  the  Inw,  —  Rom.  ii. 
2.  The  cause  of  bcKisting ;  occasion  of  pride,  van- 
ity, or  laudable  exiiltiition. 

Trial  by  pr*-rs  U  Ui-^  Ijomst  of  tlic  British  nntion. 
Bo.\ST'ER,  II.    One  who  boasts,  glories,  or  vaunts, 

ostentatiously.  Boyle. 
Bo.\ST'Kl.'L,  n.    Given  to  boasting;  ostentatious  of 

IH  Tsonal  worth  or  actions.  Shak. 
Bo.\ST'FIH.-LV,  adr.    In  a  boastful  manner. 
BoAST'FIjL-.NESS,  n.    State  of  being  boastful. 
BOAST'ING, p;»r.    Talking  ostentatiously;  glorjing ; 
vaunting. 

BoAST'I.NG,  »i.  Ostentatious  display  of  personal 
worth  or  actions ;  a  glorying  or  vaunting. 

When?  is  6oa«tiri;  Ihrn  ?  —  Roin.  iii. 

BOAST'IN'G-LY,  adv.  In  an  ostentatious  manner; 
with  boasting. 

BOA.<r'I\'E,«.  Presumptuous.  [Unusual,]  Skenstone. 

BoAST'LESS,  a.    Without  osIeiiUilioii.  Thanuion. 

BOAT,  (bote,)  n.  [Sax.  bat;  Sw.  bat ;  Dan.  baad ;  W. 
bdd:  Ir.  bad  :  IK  boot ;  G.  bot,  a  breil ;  It.  dim.  battrllo, 
a  little  boat,  whence  Fr.  hauau ;  Sp.  bole,  a  boat.] 

1.  .\  small  open  vessel,  or  water  craft,  usually 
moved  by  oars,  or  rowing.  The  forms,  dimensions, 
and  uses,  of  boats  are  very  various,  and  some  of 
them  carry  a  light  sail.  The  ditferent  kinds  of  boats 
have  dirtVrent  names  ;  as,  long-boat,  lanch,  bar/re, 
pinnace,  jolly-boat,  ctUUr,  yniel,  ferry-boat,  wherry, 
,Moses-boat,  punt,  felucca,  fishing-boat,  pcrogue,  &.C. 

2.  A  small  vessel  carrying  a  mast  and  .sails  ;  but 
usually  described  by  another  word  ;  ;is,  a  packet-boat, 
passage-boat,  advice-boat,  &c.  Johnson, 

BOAT,  c.  (,  To  traiis|K>rt  in  a  bo.at ;  as,  to  boat  goods 
across  a  lake.  Rep.  on  Canals.  Ash. 

BOAT'A-BLE,  a.  Navigable  for  boats,  or  small  river  I 
craft.'  Ramsay.  | 

BO.VT'ED,  pp.   Transported  in  a  boat 

Bo.\T'-BILL,  n.  [boat  and  bilL]  The  name  of  a  ' 
species  of  bird,  the  Cancroma  coclilearia,  a  native  | 
of  the  tropical  parU  of  South  America.  It  is  of  the  1 
Grallic  order,  with  a  bill  four  inches  long,  not  unlike  1 
a  bixit  with  the  keel  uppermost,  or  like  the  bowls  of, 
two  s|)oons,  placed  with  the  hollow  parts  towards  | 
each  other.  Encyc.    Partington.  \ 

B6AT'-FI.?,        )  n.    .\  name  common  to  ditferent 

BOAT'-LN-SEGT,  j  species  of  Ileiniplerous  insects, 
of  the  genus  .N'otoiiectu  Encyc.  | 


BOD 

B0.\T'-IIOOK,  n.  [boat  and  hook.]  An  iron  hook 
with  a  point  on  tiie  back,  fixed  to  a  long  pole,  to 
pull  or  push  a  boat.  Mar,  Diet. 

UoAT'lSa,  ppr.    Transporting  in  boats. 

I10.\T'1.\G,  II.  The  act  or  practice  of  .sailing  or  trans- 
porting in  boats. 

2.  In  Persia,  a  punishment  of  capital  offenders,  by 
laying  them  on  the  back  in  a  bo;it  which  is  covered, 
where  they  perish.  Enctic 

UO-A'TION,  n.  [L.  boo.]  A  crying  out ;  a  roar.  f-Wit 
used.]  Drrham. 

BO.\T'M.\N,    >  n,  [boat  anA  man,]    A  man  who  man- 

BOATS'.MAN,  )    ages  a  boat ;  a  rower  of  a  bo.-it. 

Dn/den.  Prior, 

BOAT'-ROPE,  n.  [boat  and  rope,]  A  rope  to  fasten  a 
boat,  usually  called  a  painter, 

BOAT'-SII.Al'-Kl),  (bote'shipte,)  a.  Il.aving  the 
shape  of  a  boat ;  navicular;  cymbiform  ;  hollow  like 
a  boat  :  as  the  valve  of  some  pericarps.  Martttn, 

BO.\T'SVVAI.\,  (in  seamen's  language,  bo'sn,)  n,  [Sax. 
batsjeein,  from  bat,  boat,  and  stcein,  swain,  a  boy  or 
servant.] 

.'\n  ofiicer  on  board  of  ships,  who  h.is  charge  of  the 
boats,  sails,  rigging,  colors,  anchors,  cables,  anil  cord- 
age. His  otlice  is  also  to  summon  the  crew  to 
their  duty,  to  relieve  the  walcli,  assist  in  the  neces- 
sary business  of  the  ship,  seize  and  punish  olTenders, 
&c.  He  has  a  mate  wlu)  has  charge  of  the  long-boat, 
for  .setting  forth  and  weighing  anchors,  warping, 
towing,  and  mooriiii:.  -Mar.  Diet.  Encyc.  Johnson, 
BOB,  n.  A  short,  jerking  action  ;  as,  a  bob  of  tlie 
head. 

2.  .\ny  little  round  thing,  that  pl.avs  loosely  at  the 
end  of  a  string,  cord,  or  movable  machine;  a  little 
ornament  or  |iendaiit  that  hangs  so  as  to  play  loosely. 

Dryden. 

Our  common  people  apply  the  word  to  a  knot  of 
worms,  on  a  strinL',  used  in  fishing  for  eels. 

3.  The  words  repeated  at  the  end  of  a  stanza. 

L'E^trange, 

4.  A  blow  ;  a  shake  or  jog  ;  a  jeer  or  tlout. 

Jiiuswvrth.  ..Sseliam, 
t>.  The  hall  of  a  short  pendulum.  f'.neyc, 

6,  A  mode  of  ringing.  Johnson, 

7.  A  bob-wig.  S.'ienstone, 
BOB,  r.  (.    To  move  in  a  short,  jerking  manner ; 

as,  to  bob  one's  heatl,  to  bolt  a  courtesy. 

2.  To  beat ;  to  shake  or  jog.  Shak, 

3.  To  cheat  ;  to  g:iin  by  fraud.  Shak. 

4.  To  mock  or  delude.  .Sinsworlh. 

5.  To  cut  short. 

BOB,  r.  L  To  pl.ay  backward  and  forward;  to  play 
loosely  against  any  thing.  Dryden. 

2.  To  angle,  or  iish  for  eels,  or  to  catch  eels  with  a 
bob.  Eneuc. 
BO-B.\NCE',  (bo-bans',)  «.   A  boiisling.   [J\~ot  in  'use.] 

Cluiucrr. 

B0B'B/:D,  pp.  Moved  short  and  quick  ;  beat  or 
shaken  ;  cheated  ;  gained  by  frtnid  ;  deluded. 

BOB'BIN,  II.  [Ft.  bohinr  :  l).  babyn.]  A  small  pin  or 
cylindrical  piece  of  wood,  with  a  lie.ad,  on  which 
thread  is  wound  for  making  lace.  A  similar  instru- 
ment, bored  through  to  receive  an  iron  pivot,  and 
with  a  border  .at  each  end,  is  used  in  spinning,  to 
wind  thread  or  silk  on  ;  a  sp<M>l. 
2.  Round  tape. 

BOB-BIN-ET',  n.  A  kind  of  lace  which  is  wrought 
by  machines,  and  not  by  hand.  Encyc,  Dam.  Econ, 

BOli'BI.NG,  ppr.  Playing  hark  and  forth;  striking; 
cheoting  ;  anL'ling  fur  eels. 

BOB'BIN-WOKK,  n.  [bobbin  and  work.]  Work  woven 
with  bobbins.  Orcw. 

BOB'-fllER-RY,  n.  [bob  and  cherry.]  Among  chil- 
dren, a  pl.ay  in  which  a  cherry  is  hung  so  as  to  bob 
against  the  mouth,  and  be  caught  with  the  teeth. 

Johnson. 

BOB'O-LI.N'K,  n.    The  popular  name  of  the  rice-bird 

or  reed-bird,  of  the  genus  Icterus. 
BOB'ST.iYS,  n.pl.  [bob  nn A  stay.]  Ropes  to  confine  the 
bowsprit  of  a  ship  downward  to  the  stein.  j\lar.  Diet. 
BOU'T.ilL,  II.  [bob  and  Uul.]    .\  short  tail,  or  a  tail 
cut  short.  Shak, 
2.  The  rabble  ;  used  in  contempt.  Branvdnn, 
BOB'TaIL-£D,  a,    H.'iviiig  the  hair  or  tail  cut  short, 

U  F,strange. 

BOB'-U  TG,  )  n,  [bob  and  tcig,]    .\  short  wig, 

B0B'T.\II.,-WIG,   i  Spectator, 

BOC'A-SI.\E,  II.  [Fr.]  .\  sort  of  fine  linen  or  buck- 
ram. Johnson. 

BOCE,  n.    The  sparus,  a  beaiiliful  fish.  Jish. 

BOCK'E-LET, )  n.    A  kind  of  long-winged  hawk. 

BOCK'E-RET,  j  Johtuon. 

BOCK'I.NG,  n.  A  particular  sort  of  cloth,  like  baize 
or  drugget 

BOCK'LA.VD.  See  Bookla:«d.  Encyc 
BODE,  V.  L  [Sax  bodian,  bodigan,  to  foretell,  to  utter 
or  announce  ;  bod,  an  order,  mandate,  or  edict ;  boda, 
a  messenger,  or  preacher ;  Sw.  bod,  a  niess.age,  an 
embassy  ;  beboda,  to  tell  or  relate  ;  S.ax.  gcbndian,  to 
offer  or  bid,  to  rel.ate,  tell,  or  announce,  to  comniant, 
to  show,  to  promise.  Radically,  this  is  the  same 
word  as  Bid,  which  see.  The  radical  sen.sc  is,  jo 
utter,  to  drive  out  the  voice.] 

To  portend  ;  to  foreshow  ;  to  presage  ;  to  indicate 


TCNE,  BWLL,  yNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


133 


I 


BOD 

something  future  by  signs  ;  to  be  tlie  omen  of  ;  vmsl 
greneraUij  applied  to  tlungs ;  as,  our  vices  bade  evil  to 
I  lie  country. 

IIOUE,  V.  i.    To  foreshow ;  to  presage. 

This  bodts  well  to  you.  Drylen. 

llnDE,  7!.    An  omen.  Clmucer. 
2.  .\  stop.    [See  Abide.] 

liO'DED,  pp.  or  a.    Presaged;  omened. 

BoDE'.MENT,  n.  An  omen;  portent;  prognostic;  a 
foreshowing.    [Obs.\  6Via/i. 

BODGE,  J!,  u  [See  Borgle.]  To  boggle  ;  to  stop 
[JVut  used.]  Skalc. 

BOD6E,  71.    A  botch.    [JVo!  used.]  WkUUick. 

BOD'ICE,  71.  Stays ;  a  waistcoat,  quilted  witli  whale- 
bone, worn  bv  women.  Jnhn.wn. 

BOD'I-iJD,  (bod'id,)  a.  [from  body.]    Having  a  body 

Shah. 

EOD'I-LESS,  a.  [See  Body.]  Having  no  body  or 
material  form  ;  incorporeal.  Davics. 

BOD'I-LI  NESS,  71.    Corporeality.  Jliiisheu. 

BOD'I-LY,  a.  Having  or  containing  a  body  or  mate- 
rial form  ;  corporeal  ;  as,  bodtttj  dimensions.  Sooth. 

2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  body,  in  distinction 
from  tlie  mind  ;  as,  bodily  defects  ;  bodilij  pain.  Locke. 

3.  Real  ;  actual  ;  as,  bodily  act.  Slink. 
BOD'I-LY,  ado.    Corporeally  ;  united  with  a  body  or 

matter. 

It  u  Wis  hiim:\n  nature,  iu  wliich  the  Godhead  dwells  bodUu. 

iVaus. 

2.  In  respect  to  the  entire  body  or  mass  ;  entirely  ; 
completely  ;  as,  to  carry  away  bodily. 
BoD'lNG, ppr.  or  a.  [from  bode.]    Foreshowing;  pre- 
saging. 

BoD'liNG,  71.    An  omen.  Bp.  Ward. 

BOD'KIN,  n.    [Ir.  bod,  a  limb,  that  is,  a  point,  a  slioot, 

with  the  termination  kin,  used  as  a  diminutive;  Gr. 

iiaroi,  a  thorn.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  steel,  hone,  ivory,  or  tlie  like, 
with  a  small  blade,  and  a  sharp  point,  for  nialiiiig 
holes  by  piercing.  A  like  instrument  witli  an  eye, 
for  drawing  thread,  tape,  or  ril>lion  tliroiigh  a  loop, 
&c.    An  instrument  to  dress  the  hair.  Johnson. 

2.  A  dagger.    [M'ot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 
BOD'Li;i-AN',  a.    Pertaining  to  Sir  Thomas  BodL  y, 

who  founded  a  celebrated  library  at  Oxford,  in  the 
Ifith  century. 

BOD'Y,  H.  [Sa.v.  bodily,  stature,  trunk,  spine;  body; 
that  which  is  set  or  fixed.] 

1.  The  frame  of  an  aiiinial ;  the  ni.aterial  organized 
substance  of  an  animal,  whether  living  or  dead. 

B(j  not  anxious  for  your  body.  MatUieio.  Luke. 

2.  The  mtiin  central  part  of  an  animal,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  head  and  extremities. 

3.  Matter,  as  opposed  to  spirit.  Hooker. 

4.  A  person  ;  a  human  being  ;  sometimes  alone, 
more  generally  with  some  or  no  ;  as,  somebody ;  nobody. 

5.  Reality,  as  opjiosed  to  representatiim. 

A  shadow  of  things  to  come,  imt  ilu'  liorlij  is  of  Christ.  —  Col.  ii. 

6.  A  collective  mass  ;  a  number  of  individuals  or 
particulars  united  ;  as,  the  body  of  mankind.  Chris- 
tians united,  or  the  church,  is  called  tlie  body,  of 
which  each  Christian  is  a  member,  and  Clirist  the 
head.    1  Cor.  xii.  12,  27. 

7.  The  main  army,  in  distinctitm  from  the  wings, 
van,  or  rear.  Also,  any  iiumher  of  forces  under  tine 
commander.  Clarendon. 

■  8.  A  corporation  ;  a  mimbi^  of  men,  iiniled  by  a 
common  tie,  liy  one  form  of  government,  or  hy  ocni- 
pation  ;  as,  tiie  legislative  body ;  the  body  of  the 
clergy  ;  body  corponite  ;  body  politic. 

In  physic.1,  any  distinct  portion  of  matter,  perceived 
by  tlie  senses,  or  any  kind  of  matter,  taken  gener- 

In  geometry,  a  solid  figure.  [ically. 

9.  The  main  part ;  the  bulk  ;  as,  the  body  of  a  tree ; 
the  body  of  a  coach,  of  a  .ship,  &c. 

10.  Any  extended  .solid  substance;  matter ;'Tiny 
substance  or  mass  distinct  from  others  ;  as,  a  metal- 
line body;  a  floating  body;  a  moving  body;  a  light 
body  ;  a  heavy  body. 

11.  A  pandect;  a  general  collection;  a  code;  a 
system  ;  as,  a  body  of  laws  ;  a  body  of  divinity. 

12.  Strength  ;  as,  wine  of  a  good  body. 

13.  Among  painters,  colors  bear  a  body,  when  they 
arc  capable  of  being  ground  so  fine,  and  of  being 
mixed  so  entirely  with  oil,  as  to  seem  only  a  very 
thick  oil  of  the  same  color.  f'.neije. 

14.  Tlic  unrenewed  part  of  man,  or  sensual  af- 
fcctionH. 

But  I  keep  under  my  body.  —  I  Cor.  ix. 

15.  The  extent ;  the  limits. 

Ciuie  to  come  here  on  inch  .\  day,  twelve-free  ftnd  lawful  men  — 
from  the  to'/y  of  your  county.  /Vrm  o/a  Venirt  Paciat, 
BOD'Y,  r.  f.    To  produce  in  some  form. 

Ima];in.i(ion  bott'ut  lorth  the  nirnii  of  things.  Shak. 

BOD'Y-ei.rif  IIE.«,  n.  p/.  [ior/./  and  rioth.]  Clothing 
or  covering  for  the  hoily,  a-s  lor  a  horse.  Jlddison. 

BOI)'Y-<JI;aKI),  n.  'I'be  guard  tli.it  proteits  or  de 
fends  the  person  ;  Ihu  lifivgiiard.    Hence,  security. 

Purtens. 

BOD'Y-POL'I  TIC,  71.  The  collective  body  of  n  na- 
tion under  civil  government. 


1$  O  1 

BOD'Y-SNATCH-Elt,  n.  One  who  secretly  (  isinters 
tlie  bodies  of  tlie  dead  in  churchyards,  for  the  piir- 
jioses  of  dissection.  Miss  Martincan. 

liOD'Y-SNATCH-hVG,  7(.  The  act  of  robbing  of  the 
grave  for  the  purposes  of  dissection.  Miss  Miirtineau. 

BOG,  71.  [Ir.  bo<T,  soil;  bo^aeh,  a  marsh;  boirha,  a 
bow  ;  liotrhoini,  to  bend  ;  Sax.  bugan  ;  D.  boogen,  to 
benil.  Sufi  is  liexible,  yiebling  to  jiressure,  bending. 
See  Bow.] 

1.  A  i|uagmire  covered  with  grass  or  other  plants. 
It  is  defined  by  marsh  ami  morass,  but  differs  from  a 
marsh,  as  a  part  from  the  whole.  Wet  grounds  are 
either  bogs,  which  are  the  softest,  and  too  soil  to  bear 
a  man  ;  mnrslies  or  fi^iis,  which  are  less  soft,  but  very 
wet;  or  swnmpx,  which  are  soft,  spontry  land,  upon 
tiie  surface,  but  sustain  iiiiin  and  beast,  and  are  ollen 
mowed. 

2.  A  little  elevated  spot  or  clump  of  earth,  in 
marshes  and  swamps,  filled  with  roots  and  grass. 
[This  is  a  common  vse  of  the  word  in  JVew  F.ngland.] 

BOG,  II.  t.    To  whelm  or  plunge,  as  in  mud  and  mire. 
_  Jonson. 

I!OG'-Bl':.\N,  71.  [bog  and  bean;  called  buek-bean.] 

.Meiiyantlies,  a  plant,  the  marsh-trefoil,  which 
grows  in  moist  and  marshy  places,  having  beautiful 
flowers  and  intensely  bitter  leaves.  Booth. 

BOG'-BER-RY,  71.  [bog  and  berry.]  A  species  of 
Oxycoccus,  a  name  of  the  cnnberry  growing  in  low 
lands  and  marshv  places.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BOG'GI.E,  r.  i.    [Qu.  VV.  biDgwl,  a  terrifying.] 

1.  To  tloiibt ;  to  hesitate;  to  stop,  as  if  afraid  to 
jiroceed,  or  as  if  impeded  hy  unforeseen  difficulties  ; 
to  play  fast  and  loose. 

We  boggle  at  every  unusual  appearance.  Granville. 

2.  To  dissemble.  Howell. 
BOG'GLE,  7!.  (.    To  embarrass  with  difficulties;  a 

popular  or  vulgar  use  of  the  word  in  the  ffnited  States. 
noCr'GLKT),  pp.    Perplexed  and  impeded  by  sudden 

d  i  tlic  II I  ties  ;  embarrassed. 
BOG'GEKR,  71.    .A  doubter  ;  a  timorous  man.  Shak. 
HOG'fiLlXG,  ppr.    Starting  or  stopping  at  ditbculties  ; 

hesitating. 

BOG'GLISH,  77.    Doubtful,    [^-ot  used.]  Taiilor. 
BOG'GY,  a.  [from  bog.]    Containing  hogs  ;  full  of  bogs. 
BOO'-llOUSE,  n.  [bog  and  hou.^e.]    A  house  of  office. 
liOG'-LAND,  a.  [Ixig  ami  land.]     Living  in  or  per- 
taining to  a  marshy  ctnintry.  Drijdeti. 

B0G'';LE  i  "•    t^^'       '    '"'S'^'''"'  goli'i"-] 

A  biigbi'ar  ;  a  specter. 
BOG'-.MOSS,  71.    The  Spagnum,  a  genus  of  aquatic 
moss  plants. 

BOG'-oRE,  71.  An  ore  of  iron  found  in  boggy  or 
swampy  land ;  a  variety  of  brown  iron  ore,  or 
limiinite. 

BOG'-RUSH,  77.  [hog  and  rush.]  A  rush  that  grows 
.    in  bogs,  the  ScIheiius.  Pennant. 

BOG'-SPA V-IN,  71.  [bog  and  spavin.]  In  horses,  an 
encysted  tumor  on  the  inside  of  the  hough,  contain- 
ing a  gelatinous  matter.  Knci/c. 

BOG'-TROT-TER,  71.  [bog  and  trot.]  One  who  lives 
in  a  boguv  country.  John.'ion. 

BOG'-WIIORT,  71.  [hog  and  7i>Aorf.]  The  bilberry  or 
wliiirtlelierry  giov.'ing  in  low  lands.  Fani.-<if  Plank: 

lU)-\iK,\',-n.  [Grosier  informs  us  that  this  is  named 
from  a  moimtain  in  China,  called  Vou-y  or  Voo-y. 
Vol.  i.  407.] 

A  sort  of  coarse  or  low-priced  tea  from  China ;  a 
Ji5'MlI.\  CPAS.    .Si;e  Upas.  [sort  of  black  tea. 

BOl'AR,    (11.    In  the  Russian  empire,  a  nobleman;  a 
BOV'XR,  i     lord;   a  person  of  tpiality  ;  a  soldier. 
This  word  answers  nearly  to  barou  in  Great  Britain, 
and  other  countries  in  the  west  of  Europe. 

Tonke.  Eton. 

BOI'A-RIN,  71.  In  Russia,  a  gentleman;  a  person  of 
distinction  ;  the  master  of  a  family. 

Tooke.    Riuss.  Diet. 

BOIL,  V.  i.  [Fr.  bouiUir:  L.  bultio;  It.  bollire ;  Sp. 
bnltir,  to  boil  ;  L.  bulla,  a  bubble  ;  Riiss.  bul,  the  noise 
of  boiling  water  ;  It.  holla,  a  bubble,  or  blister;  Etii. 

file,  to  boil  ;  W.  batau,  to 
spring,    till.  Sax.  irrollun,  to  tvell,  to  boil.] 

1.  To  swell,  heave,  or  In;  agitated  by  tlii^  action  of 
heat ;  ttt  biibbli; ;  to  rise  in  bubbles  ;  as,  the  water 
boils.  In  a  chemical  sense,  to  pass  from  a  liipiid  to 
an  aeriform  state  or  vapor,  at  the  boiling  point. 

2.  To  he  agitated  by  any  other  cause  than  heat ; 
as,  the  boiling  waves  which  roll  anil  foam. 

3.  To  bo  hot  or  fervid  ;  to  swell  by  native  heat, 
vigor,  or  iml.ition  ;  as,  the  boiling  blooil  of  youth  ;  bin 
blooil  hiiil.i  with  anger. 

4.  To  he  in  boiling  water  ;  to  sufler  boiling  heat  in 
water  or  otiii  r  liquiil,  for  cookery  or  other  purpose. 

5.  To  bubble  ;  to  etfervesce  ;  as  a  mi.xture  of  an 
acitl  and  a  carbtmate.  V 

To  boil  away  ;  to  evaporate  by  boiling. 

V'li  boil  ooer,  is  to  run  over  the  to|)  of  a  vessel,  as 
liipior  when  thrown  into  violent  agitation  by  heat  or 
other  cause  of  ellVrvesi  eiii  e. 
BOIL,  r.  (.  To  dress  or  cook  in  boiling  water;  to 
seetlit!  ;  to  extract  the  juice  or  quality  of  any  thing 
by  boiling. 


]5  0L 

2.  To  prepare  for  some  use  in  boiling  liquor  ;  as, 
to  boil  silk,  thread,  or  cloth.  To  form  by  boiling  and 
evaporation.  This  word  is  applied  to  a  variety  of 
processes  for  different  purposes  ;  as,  to  boil  salt  or 
sugar,  &c.  In  general,  boiling  is  a  violent  anitation, 
occasioneil  by  heat ;  to  boU  a  liquor  is  to  subject  it  to 
heat  till  it  bubbles,  and  to  boil  any  solid  substance  is 
to  subject  it  to  heat  in  a  boiling  litpiid. 

BOIL,  71.  ri).  buil;  Ger.  beule:  Dan.  bylde ;  Sax.  bite; 
Arm.  buil,  a  blister  ;  Sw.  bula,  a  protuberance  ;  D. 
bol,  plump;  Ger.  bolle,  a  bud,  a  gem  ;  Ir.  buile,  rage, 
iiintliiess  ;  I'ers.  pallo,  a  wart,  an  ulcer,  a  boil  ;  W. 
bill,  a  proniinent:e.] 

A  circumscribed  .subcutaneous  inflammation,  char- 
acterized by  a  pointed  pustular  tumor,  and  suppurat- 
ing with  a  central  core  ;  a  perunciitus. 

BOIL'.^-RY,  11.  The  water  which  arises  from  a  salt 
well,  belonging  to  one  who  has  no  right  in  the  soil. 

Bourier. 

BOIL'^TD,  pp.  or  a.  Dressed  or  cooked  hy  boiling  ; 
subjected  to  the  action  of  boiling  litpior. 

BOIL'ER,  71.    A  person  who  boils. 

2.  A  vessel  in  which  any  thing  is  boiled.  A  large 
pan,  or  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  brass,  used  in  ilis- 
tilleries,  pot -ash  works,  and  the  like,  for  boiling  large 
quantities  of  liquor  at  once. 

BOIL'ER-Y,  71.  A  place  for  boiling  salt,  and  the  ap- 
paratus, ./obuson. 

BOIL'ING,  p7«-.  or  a.  Bubbling;  heaving  in  bubbles; 
being  agitatetl  as  boiling  litpior ;  swelling  with  heat, 
ardor,  or  passion  ;  dressing  or  preparing  for  some  pur- 
pose hy  hot  water. 

Boiling  point ;  the  temperature  at  which  a  fluid  is 
converted  into  vapor,  with  the  plienonieiia  of  ebul- 
lition. This,  in  water,  is  212' ;  in  alcohol,  176' ;  in 
ether,  91^  ;  in  mercury,  66**.  Brande. 

BOIL'ING,  71.  The  act  or  state  of  bubbling ;  agitation 
by  heat;  ebullition;  the  act  of  dressing  by  hot 
water;  tlie  act  of  preparing  by  hot  water,  or  of  evap- 
orating by  heat. 

BOIS'TER-OUS,  a.  [Dan.  pust,  a  pufl',  a  blast ;  puslf, 
and  Sw.  pusta,  to  blow  ;  I),  byster  ;  Dan.  bister,  fu- 
rious, raging  ;  W.  bwyst,  wilil,  savage,  whence  beast.] 

1.  Loud  ;  roaring  ;  violent ;  stormy  ;  as,  a  bois- 
terous  wind. 

2.  Turbulent ;  furious  ;  tumultuous  ;  noisy  ;  as,  a 
boi.'iteroiui  man. 

3.  Large;  unwieldy;  huge;  clumsily  violent  ;  as, 
a  deiA-fcroiw  club.    [Oi»s.]  Spenser. 

4.  Violent  ;  as,  a  boi.b-tcrous  heat.  Woodward. 
BOIS'TER-OUS-LY,  adv.    Violently ;  furiously  ;  with 

loud  noise  ;  tuiimltuously. 
BOIS'TER-OUS-NESS,  71.    The  state  or  quality  of 
being  boisterous;  turbulence;  disorder;  tumultu- 
oiisness. 

Bo'LA-RY,  a.  [See  Bole.]  Pertaining  to  bole  or 
clay,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities.  Brown. 

BOL'lil-TIiVE,  a.  An  epithet  given  to  one  of  the 
channels  of  the  Nile,  by  which  its  waters  are  dis- 
charged into  the  Metliterranean.  It  is  the  second 
from  West  to  East,  but  nearly  filled  with  sand. 

D^Jlnville.  Encyc. 

Bold,  o.  ['Sax.  bald,  beald ;  D.  6oaf,  contracted';  If. 
baldo,  hobl ;  baldania,  presumption:  imbaldanzire,  to 
embolden.  The  sense  is,  open,  forward,  rushing 
forwartl.] 

1.  Daring  ;  courageous  ;  brave  ;  intrepid  ;  fearless  ; 
applied  to  men  or  other  animals  ;  as,  bold  as  a  lion. 

2.  Requiring  courage  in  the  execution  ;  executed 
with  spirit  or  boldness  ;  planned  with  courage  and 
spirit ;  as,  a  bold  enterprise. 

3.  Confiilent ;  not  timorous. 

AVe  were  bold  in  our  God  to  speak  to  yon.  —  1  Thess.  ii. 

4.  In  an  ill  sense,  mile,  fonvartl,  impudent. 

.").  Licentious  ;  showing  great  liberty  of  fiction  or 
expression  ;  as,  the  figures  of  an  author  arc  bold. 

(>.  Standing  out  to  view  ;  striking  to  the  eye  ;  as, 
bold  figures  in  painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture. 

7.  Steep ;  al)ru|)t ;  prominent ;  as,  a  boU  shore, 
which  enters  the  water  almost  perpendicularly,  so 
that  .ships  can  approach  nt!ar  to  land  without  danger. 

Where  the  bold  ciiw  its  warning  foirhead  reai:s,  Trumbull. 

To  make  bold ;  to  take  freetloms  ;  a  common,  but 
not  a  correct  phrase.    To  be  bold,  is  better. 

BoI.D,  I',  t.    To  make  daring.    [.Yot  luied.]  /fall. 

BoI.D'/0.\,  r.  t.  To  make  bold  ;  to  give  confitleiice. 
This  is  nearly  disused,  being  supersedeil  by  Km- 
Hoi.nEN.  .^scbnm. 

BOl.D'ER,  17.  romp.    More  bold  tir  daring. 

HoLD'E."*'!",  a.  superl.    .Most  holil  or  confident. 

BoLD'-FAt^E,  71.  [bold  aiu\  fore.]  Impudence;  saiici- 
ness  ;  a  term  of  ri^prehensioii  and  reproach. 

L^F.strange. 

BoLD'-FAt^-Kl),  (  faste,)  fi.    Impudent.  Bramholl. 

Br)Ll)'LY,  rif/r.  In  a  bold  manner  ;  ctniragetni^Iy  ;  in- 
Irepully  ;  without  timidity  or  fear;  \vith  coiifiiieiice. 
Sometimes,  perhaps,  in  a  bail  sense,  for  inipiiilently. 

BoLD'NESS,  H.  Ctnirage  ;  bravery;  intrepidity; 
spirit;  fearlessness.  1  can  not,  t\'ilh  .lohiisoii,  inter- 
pret this  word  hy  fortitude  or  magnonimity.  Boldness 
diH's  not,  I  think,  imply  the  firmness,  of  mind  >\iiich 
constitutt^s  fortituile,  nor  the  elevation  antl  generosity 
of  inngnaiiiinity. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MRTE,  PKBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


134 


BOL 


BOM 


BON 


2.  Prnininence  ;  tlic  qunlity  of  ciceeilins  tlip  (irili- 
niiry  nili's  of  scriipiiUiiiK  iiici'ty  aJiil  nuitioii ;  applied 
to  stittf,  eTpre.<.<ifm,  and  metaplwrs  in  lan'ruaire  and  to 
Jitriire-i  in  pnintintr^  sculphirfy  and  urcliiUxture. 

3.  Freciliim  from  timidity  ;  lil)frty. 

(Jrt'ftl  is  my  boldiiesM  of  spepcli  mwiinl  yoii.  — 2  Cor.  vii. 

4.  foiifidciire  ;  confident  trust. 

\\>  li.iv.'  bol'tnefs  iiiiil  QCCMj  wiUi  coiifKli'tiw.  —  Eph.  ill. 

r^.  Frcfddiii  from  ba.slifulncss ;  assiuniiiCK ;  coii- 
fidrnt  mien.  Baton, 

(i.  Prominence  ;  steepness  ;  as,  the  hohlne.ia  of  the 
sliore. 

7.  K.xcess  of  freedom,  bordering  on  impudence. 

Iluoker. 

ltf)I-D'-SPIR'IT-ET),  a.  ILiving  bold  spirit  or  courage. 
BoLK,  71.    [S\v.  bol ;  Dan.  *«/.] 

1.  The  body  or  stem  of  n  tree.  Dnjdcn. 

3.  A  measure  of  corn,  containing  six  bushels. 

Mortimtr. 

BOIjG,  n.  A  kind  of  fine  i  lay,  often  liiRhly  colored  by 
irrtn.  Its  color  is  redilisli  yellow  of  various  shades, 
often  with  a  tin-te  of  brown,  scmietimes  |>assing  to 
ri'ddish,  yellowish,  or  blackish  brown,  flesh  red,  or 
yellowish  white.  It  is  opaque  or  a  little  tmnslucid, 
csp<icially  at  the  ed^es,  in  tile  red  and  yellow  vari- 
eties. It  is  coni|>act,  and  its  fracture  ronchoid.d.  It 
is  brittle,  suuHiIh,  a  little  unctuous,  and  receives  a 
polish  from  the  finger  nail.  It  adheres  to  the  tonKiie, 
melts  by  degrees  in  tlic  mouth,  and  impresses  a  slight 
sense  of  astringency.  Cleari'lanii. 

Jlrnifnian  bolr,  is  of  a  bright  red  color  with  a  tinge 
of  yellow,  harder  Ihan  the  other  kinds,  and  of  a 
roiiah,  dusty  surface. 

Bole  of  Biois,  is  yellow,  lishter  than  tJie  other  kinds, 
and  it  effervesces  with  acids. 

Bohemian  bole,  is  of  a  yellow  color,  with  a  cast  of 
re<l,  and  of  a  flaky  tc.vture. 

French  bole,  is  of  a  p'ile  red  color,  varicgate<I  with 
spt'Cks  of  white  and  yellow. 

Leninian  boU,  is  of  a  pale  red  color. 

lSdr<iian  bole,  is  of  a  pale  yellow  color.  Encyc, 

BO-Lk'RO,  n.    A  favorite  dance  in  Spain. 

BO-LKT'ie,  o.  Boletic  acid,  is  an  acid  discovered  by 
Rmconnot  in  the  juice  of  the  Boletus  fomentarius, 
var.  pseudo-ijrniaritLg. 

BO-IjF;'TL'f>,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  Aluslirooms,  con- 
taining nian\'  species. 

Bo'LIS,  n.  [I,.,  from  Gr.  0oXt(,  a  dart ;  ffaWoi,  to 
throw.] 

A  fire-ball  darting  through  the  air,  followed  by  a 
train  of  liiiht  or  sparks. 
iiOl.L,  II.    [\V.  but,  a  st>ed-vessel ;  Sax.  bolla,  a  bowl.] 
The  pod  or  capsule  of  a  plant,  as  of  llax  ;  a  peri- 
carp,   hole,  a  measure  of  six  bushels,  is  sometimes 
written  in  this  manner. 
UtjLL,  V.  i.    To  form  into  a  pericarp  or  seed-vcs-sel. 
The  harlpy  wm  in  Uie  e.\r  ainl  Uio  llax  \v;i»  txjlleit.  —  Kx.  ix. 
Ileb.  '?>:.i,  Gr.  drrtK/mriyjc,  ;ia  Iranslated  by  the 
Seventv. 

BOL'I-ARD  TI.M'BER?,  iu  a  ship,  or  knight-heads, 
are  two  tindiers,  rising  just  within  the  stem,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  bowsprit,  to  secure  its  end. 

-War.  Diet, 

In  docks,  bollards  are  large  posts  set  in  the  ground 
on  each  side,  to  which  .are  lashed  larse  blocks,  through 
which  are  reeved  the  transporting  hawsers  for  dock- 
ing anil  iindocking  ships.  F.ncuc. 

BOLi.'ING?,  w.  pi.  Pollard  trees,  whose  tops' and 
branches  are  cut  olf.  Ran. 

BO-I,r)G.\'A-SAII'SAGE,  (luv-IO'na-,)  n.  A  large 
sausage  made  of  bactui,  veal,  and  |Kirk-suet,  chop|ied 
fine,  and  inclosed  in  a  skin. 

BO-LSG.N'I-A.V  STONE,  (bo-l8'ne-an  stone,)  ii.  Ra- 
diated sidphale  of  barytes,  found  in  roundish  masses, 
com|K>sed  of  radiating  fibres,  first  discovered  near  Bo- 
logna.   It  is  phosphorescent  when  calcined. 

BOL'STER,  n.    [Sax.  bolster ;  Sw.  bolsUr ;  Ger.  pol- 

o 

ster;  Dan.  bohter-thjnr,  a  feather  bed  ;  Per?.  ilXwJLl 

balisht.    In  Dutch,  bolster  is  a  husk,  cod,  or  shelL] 

I.  A  long  pillow  or  cushion,  used  to  sup|Kirt  the 
head  of  persons  lying  on  a  bed  ;  generally  laid  under 
the  pillows. 

a.  .\  pad,  or  quilt,  used  to  hinder  pn-ssurc,  support 
any  part  of  the  body,  or  make  a  bandage  sit  easy 
upon  a  wounded  jiart ;  a  compress. 

3.  In  saddlery,  a  part  of  a  saddle  raised  upon  the 
bows  or  hinder  part,  to  hold  the  rider's  thigh. 

Farrier^ s  Did. 

4.  In  sAip.«,  a  cushion  or  bag,  filled  with  tarred 
canva.s,  us<'d  to  preserve  the  stiiys  from  being  worn 
or  chafi'd  by  the  m.ists.  Mar.  Diet. 

BOI.'STER,  r  t.   To  support  with  a  bolster,  pUlow,  or 
any  soft  pad  or  qnilt. 
i.  To  support ;  to  hold  up  ;  to  maintain.  South, 
BOI.'STER,  r.  i.    To  lie  together,  or  on  the  same  bol- 

■"•'f-  Shak. 
BOI.'STER-KD,  a.    Swelled  oiU :  supported. 
Boh'STER-ER,  n.    A  supporter. 
BOL'STER-I.N'U,  «,    A  propping  up  or  supporting. 

Tatflor. 


UOl.T,  ».  [Dan.  bnlt:  Russ.  A.i/f ;  I).  Imut;  C,  bulzen  : 
Sax.  bnlta,  catapulta,  that  which  is  driven,  frtun  the 
root  of  Gr.  :ia^SM,  \j.  prlln.] 

1.  An  arrow  ;  a  dart  ;  a  pointed  shaft.  Drijden. 

2.  A  strong  cyliiulrifal  pin,  iif  iron  or  olht-r  metal, 
used  to  fasten  a  door  \  a  plank,  a  chain,  ^^e.  In 
ships,  bolts  are  used  in  the  sides  :uid  di-cks,  and 
have  difirrent  namr's,  as  rag  bolts,  eye-bohs,  rin;:- 
bolls,  chain-bolts,  &c.  In  ^nnnerii,  there  are  pnse- 
bolts,  transom-bolts,  traverse- holts,  ami  bracket  Imlts. 

:i.  .\  thunder  bolt  ;  a  stream  of  lighlning,  so  named 
from  its  darting  like  a  bolt. 
4.  The  quantity  of  twenty-eight  ells  of  canvas. 

F.ncijc. 

Bolt  upri/rht ;  as  erect  or  straight  up  as  an  arrow 
placed  on  its  lieail.  Qrose. 
BoI.T,  I'.  (.    To  fasten  or  secure  with  a  bolt  or  iron 
pin,  whether  a  door,  a  plank,  fetters,  or  any  thing 
els*\ 

2.  To  fasten  ;  to  shackle  ;  to  restrain.  Shak. 

3.  To  blurt  out ;  to  utter  or  throw  out  precipitately. 


I  h  ii,- 


;  c;iii  bolt  luT  iir^iiincnU. 


In  this  sense  it  is  often  followed  by  mit, 

4.  To  throw  precipitately ;  to  swallow  without 

chewing ;  as,  to  bolt  food  down  one's  throat. 
BoLT,  I'.  (.    [Uuss.  bollayu,  to  shake,  agitate,  babble  j 

Norm,  baiter,  a  bolting  sieve.] 

1.  To  sift  or  separate  bran  from  Hour,  by  passing 
the  fine  part  of  meal  through  a  cloth. 

2.  Among  sportsmen,  to  start  or  dislodge,  used  of 
conies. 

3.  'I'o  examine  by  sifting  ;  to  open  or  separate  the 
parts  of  a  subject,  to  find  the  truth  ;  generally  fol- 
lowed by  out.  "Time  and  nature  will  Ml  out  the 
truth  of  things."    [/nclrg<iiit.]  L'Estranire. 

4.  To  purify  ;  to  purgt\    [i/unsual.]  Sliak. 

5.  To  discuss  or  argue,  as  at  (Jray's  Inn,  where 
cases  are  jirivately  discussed  by  students  and  bar- 
risters. F.neyc, 

BOI>T,  I,',  i.  To  shoot  forth  suddenly  ;  to  spring  out 
with  s|iee(l  and  suddi  iincss  ;  to  .slart  fiirth  like  a  bolt ; 
commonly  followe<l  by  out ;  as,  to  bolt  out  of  the 
house,  or  out  of  a  den.  Dryden, 

BoLT'-.\!.;-GER,  ».  [boll  antX  auger,'\  A  large  borer 
used  in  ship-buildini;.  Ash. 

B6IiT'-Ilo.\T,  n.  [bolt  and  bout.]  A  strong  boat  th.at 
wdl  endure  a  rough  sea.  Ash. 

BOl.T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  fast  with  a  bolt ;  shot  forth  ; 
sifted  ;  examined. 

HoLT'EU,  H.    An  instrument  or  machine  for  sep- 
arating bran  from  Hour,  or  the  coarser  part  of  meal 
from  the  finer, 
a.  A  kinil  of  net.  Johnsoiu 

BoI/r'-mOAD,  (  bed,)  ?i.  [bolt  and  head.]  A  long, 
straight-necked,  glass  vessel  for  chemical  distillations, 
called  also  a  inatrastt  or  receiocr.  Johnson. 

liOl.TT.N'G,  ppr.  Kastening  with  a  bolt,  or  bolts; 
blurting  out ;  shooting  fitrth  suddenly ;  separating 
bran  from  fiour ;  sitting;  examining;  discussing; 
dislodging. 

BoLT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  fastening  with  a  bolt  or 

bolts;  a  sifting;  discussiim. 
BoLT'lNG-eLO  TII,  «.    [bolt  and  cloiA.]    A  linen  or 

hair  cloth  of  which  bolters  are  made  for  sifting  meal. 

Encyc. 

BoLT'ING-IIOIJSE,7i.  [boll  and  house.]  The  house 
or  place  where  mi'al  is  bolted.  Johnson, 

Bril.T'lNG-IlirrUII,  n.    A  tub  for  bolted  flour. 

liOI/r'ING-MII,!,,  n.  [boll  and  nuU.]  A  machine  or 
engine  for  sifting  meal.  F.neyc, 

nai/P'lNG-TUB,  «.    A  tub  to  sift  meal  in. 

B6L'T<)N-ITE,  n,  .\  granular  mineral  (»f  a  grayish 
or  yellowish  color,  found  in  liolton,  .M:issachusetts  ; 
chiefly  c(un|iosed  of  silica  and  magnesia. 

BoLT'-RuPE,  H.  [bull  and  ropr.]  A  rope  to  which 
the  edges  of  sails  are  sewed  tt»  strengthen  them. 
That  part  of  it  on  the  i)er|H>ndiciilar  side  is  calli  d  the 
leech-rope  :  that  at  the  bottom,  the  foot-rope  ;  tli.it  at 
the  top,  the  head-rope,  Mir,  DicL 

BOIiT'SPRIT,  n.  [From  the  universal  po|)ular  pro- 
nunciation of  this  word,  this  may  h.ave  been  the 
original  word  ;  but  I  doubt  it.]    See  Bowspbit. 

Bnl.T  i;P-RIGiri'',  a.  or  ailc.    Perfectly  upright. 

Bo'LUS,  n.  [L.  Mu.<;  Gr. /ioiXos,  a  m.a.ss.]  [Good. 
A  soft  mass  of  any  thing  medicinal  made  into  a 
large  pdl,  to  be  sw.ailowed  at  once.  It  niav  be  of 
any  ingredients,  made  a  little  thicker  than  honey. 

Kncuc. 

BOMB,  (bum,)  n.    [L.  bombus  ;  Gr.  pupfioi,] 

1.  .\  great  noise.  Bacon, 

2.  A  large  shell  of  cast  iron,  round  and  hollow, 
with  a  Vent  to  receive  a  fusee,  which  is  made  of 
w<H)d,  and  filled  with  inflammable  matter.  This 
being  filleil  with  gun|K>wder,  and  the  fusee  driven 
into  the  vent,  the  fusee  is  set  on  fire,  and  the  bomb 
is  thrown  from  a  mortar,  in  such  a  direction  as  to 
fall  into  a  fiirt,  city,or  enemy's  cainp,  when  it  bursts 
with  great  violence,  nnd  often  with  terrible  effect. 
The  inventor  of  bombs  is  not  known  ;  they  came 
into  common  use  about  the  jear  ltl34.  Encyc. 

3.  The  stroke  upon  a  bell. 

BOMB,  V.  L  To  attack  with  bombs  ;  to  bombard.  [.V«« 
used.]  Prior. 


BO.MB,  r.  t.    To  sound.  B.  Jonson. 

BO.M'BARD,  (biim'bard,)  «.    [bomb  and  ard,  Wmd.  Fr. 

booibarilr  ;  Sp.  and  It.  bomtmrdu.] 

1.  A  piece  of  short,  thick  orilnance,  with  a  large 
motilli,  tonni-rly  used  ;  some  of  them  carryinc  a  ball 
of  three  hundred  pounds*  weighl.  It  is  c.-illcd,  al^o, 
^»^/-^l/(^7^■,  and  by  the  Datch  donilerhus.i,  thunder  gun. 
But  the  thing  and  the  name  are  no  longi  r  in  use. 

F.nct/e. 

2.  .\n  attack  with  bombs  ;  bombardment.  Bartoif. 

3.  .\  barn  I  ;  a  drinkiiig-vessel.    [Oii.J  Ash. 
HOM  BAIil)',  (bum  bird',)  v.  L  To  attack  with  bombs 

thrown  from  mortars. 

BoM-Ha  RD'EI),  pp.    Attacked  with  bombs. 

liOM  HARD  |I>K',  n.  One  whose  business  is  to  attend 
the  loading  .'iiid  tiring  of  mortars. 

BO.M-UARD-liiR'  BEE'TI.E,  n.  A  kind  of  beetle, 
the  brachinus  crepitans,  which,  under  a  sense  of 
danger,  makes  a  discharge  like  that  of  a  iMipgiin, 
with  a  sort  of  smoke  ;  hence  the  name.  The  name 
is  also  ajipli.  (1,  from  the  same  circumstance,  to  other 
spiM-ii  s  lit'  the  same  genus. 

BOM  IIARD'I.VG,  ppr.  Attacking  with  shells  or 
bombs. 

BO.M-liARD'.MENT,  n.  An  attack  with  bombs;  the 
act  of  throwing  bimibs  into  a  town,  fiirt,  or  ship. 

.^f/(/t.S</H. 

B0M-B,\R'DO,  n.  ,\  musical  instrument  of  the  wind 
kind,  much  like  the  bassoon,  and  used  as  a  base  to 
the  hautboy.  F.neiic, 

BOM-BA-SU.\",    )  n.  [Fr.]  A  twdled  fabric,  of  which 

BO.M-BA-ZINE',  \  the  warp  is  silk,  and  the  weft 
worsted  ;  ordin.arilv  black.  F.neyc. 

BO.M'B.\ST,  (biim'bast,)  n.  Originally,  a  stuff  of  soft, 
loose  texture,  used  to  swell  garments.  Hence,  high- 
sounding  words ;  an  inflated  style  ;  fii.stian  ;  a  seri- 
ous attempt,  by  strained  description,  to  raise  a  low 
or  faiiiiliar  subject  above  its  nink,  which,  instead 
of  being  sublime,  never  fails  to  bo  ridiculous. 

Encyc. 

BOM'B.VST,  a.    High-sounding  ;  inflated  ;  big  without 

meaning.  Swifl, 
BO.M-BAST'ie,  a.  Swelled  ;  high-sounding  ;  bombast. 

Shaftesbury, 

BO.M'BAST-RY,  n.  Swelling  words  without  much 
meanini; ;  fustian.  SinifL 

BO.M'B.xTE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  combinatiim  of 
bombic  acid  with  a  base.  Lavoisier. 

BOM'HAX,  n.    The  cotton-tree.  Brande. 

BOM-BA-ZET',  n.    A  sort  of  thin  woolen  cloth. 

BO.MB'-UHEST,  ii.  [bomb  and  chest.]  A  chest  filled 
witli  bombs,  or  only  with  gunpowder,  placed  under 
ground,  to  make  destruction  by  its  displosion. 

BOM'Bie,  a.    [L.  bombyi,  a  silk-worm.] 

Pertaining  to  the  silk-worm  ;  as,  bombic  acid. 

BOM'Bie  .AC'ID,  n.  An  animal  acid  obt.iined  from 
silk  worms  and  raw  silk.  Its  existence  as  a  distinct 
acid  is  now  denied. 

[The  proper  term  is  bombyeic  acid.] 

BOll-Bl-EA'TlON,  n.    (L.  hombilo.] 

Sound;  report;  noise.    [Little  used.]-  Brown, 

BOM'BITE,  n.  A  bluish-black  mineral  of  impalpable 
Compositiim,  found  in  Bombay  ;  a]>|iarently  a  variety 
of  flinty  slate.  'shepard. 

BO.MB'-KETCII,    )  n,    A  small  ship  or  vessel,  con- 

BO.MB'-V'E.S-SEL,  j  striicted  for  throwing  bombs 
into  a  fortress  from  the  sea,  and  built  remarkably 
stroni,  in  order  to  sustain  the  shocks  produced  by 
the  dischirge  of  the  mortars.  They  generally  are 
rigsed  as  ketches.  Mar.  Did. 

BOMB'-PROOF,  (bum'-,)  a.  Secured  against  the  force 
of  bombs. 

BOMB'-SIIEEL,  (bum'shell,)  n.  A  bomb,  or  hollow 
globe  of  iron,  to  be  filled  with  powder,  and  thrown 
from  a  mortar. 

BO.M-BYC'I-NOUS,  a,  [L.  bombycinus,  from  bombyz, 
a  silk-worm.] 

1.  Silken  ;  made  of  silk. 

2.  Being  of  the  color  of  the  silk-worm ;  transpa- 
rent with  a  yellow  tint.  Darwin, 

BOM'BVX,  n.    [I,.]    1-he  silk-worm. 
BON,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  bonus.] 

Good  ;  valid  as  security  for  something. 
BON,  (bong,)  ;i.    [Fr.  bon,  good.] 

A  giKid  saving  ;  a  jest;  a  l;ile.  Spenser. 
BO'jVA-Fl'DE,  [L.]  With  good  faith  ;  without  fraud 

or  deception. 
BO-NaIR',  a.    [It.  bonafio,  from  L.  bonus,] 

Complaisant ;  yielding.    [A"o(  used,] 
BO-.NA-PART'K-.V.N,  o.    Pertaining  to  Bonaparte. 
Bo'XA  P.X.RT-IS.M,  n.    The  policy  or  manners  of  Bo- 
naparte. iMinartine. 
BO'N.V-PART-IST,  n.    One  attached  to  the  policy  of 
Bonaparte. 

BO'.,VjJ  PER-r-TU'RA,  [U]    Perishable  goods. 

BO'jVA  RO'BA,  n,  [It.,  a  fine  gown.]  [Bourier, 
A  showy  wanton.  Shak, 

BO-Na'SL'S,  71.  [L.]  A  species  of  Bos,  or  wild  ox, 
with  a  long  mane  ;  a  native  of  Asia  and  Africa.  It 
is  of  the  size  of  a  bull.  Encyc, 

fiOWfiOA",  (bong'bong,)  n.  [Fr.]  Sugar  confection- 
ery- ;  a  sucar-pliim. 

BOJv  ClIRET' lFJ\r,  (hon-kret'yen,)  >i.  [Fr.,  good 
Christian.]    A  kind  of  pear. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I  as 


BON 


BOO 


BOND,  H.    [Sax. /<o/ii/.    See  B  vxD  ami  I!iMi.] 

1.  Any  tiling  that  binds,  as  a  cord,  a  chain,  a  rope ; 
a  band. 

2.  Ligament ;  that  which  holds  things  together. 

3.  Union  ;  connection  ;  a  binding. 

Let  walls  be  so  constructed  as  to  make  a  good  bond,  Mortimer. 

4.  ln%c  plural,  chains;  imprisonment;  captivity. 

He  Ualll  done  tiotliiiig  wortliy  or  death  or  of  bontls.  —  Acts. 

5.  Cause  of  union ;  cement  which  unites  ;  link  of 
connection  ;  as,  the  boiuis  of  affection. 

Charity  is  die  bojul  of  jvTfiectliess.  — Col.  iii. 

6.  An  obligation  imposing  a  moral  dnty,  as  by  a 
vow  or  promise,  by  law,  or  other  means 

7.  In  law,  an  obligation  or  deed  by  which  a  person 
binds  himself.  Ids  heirs,  executors,  and  administra- 
tors, to  p.iy  a  certain  snm  on  or  before  a  future  day 
appointed.  This  is  a  .tingle  bond.  But  usually  a  con- 
dition is  added,  that,  if  the  obligor  shall  do  a  certain 

-  act,  or  pay  a  certain  sum  of  mtmey,  on  or  before  a 
time  specified,  the  i.blie.'itiun  shall  be  void  ;  other- 
wise it  shall  remain  iti  full  force.  If  the  condition 
is  not  performed,  the  bund  becomes  forfeited,  and  the 
obligor  and  his  heirs  are  liable  to  the  payment  of  the 
whole  sum.  Bladustune. 

8.  In  architecture,  a  pecidiar  mode  of  disposing 
bricks  in  a  wall ;  as,  F.nglL-h  bund,  where  one  course 
consists  of  bricks  with  their  ends  toward  the  face 
of  the  wall,  called  headers,  and  the  next  course  of 
bricks  with  their  lengths  parallel  to  the  face  of  the 
wall,  called  stretchers  ;  FLcmUh  bond,  where  each 
course  consists  of  headers  and  stretchers  alternate- 
ly. Brailde. 

BOND,  (I.  [for  bound.]  In  a  state  of  servitude  or  sla- 
very ;  captive. 

Whctlier  tt  e  be  Jews  or  Gentiles  J  wlielher  we  be  bond  or  free.  — 
1  Cor.  xii. 

BOND,  V.  t.  To  give  bond  for,  as  for  duties  or  customs 
at  a  custom-house  ;  to  secure  payment  of,  by  giving 
a  bond. 


On  their  reshipment  and  exportatit 
given,  in  which  no  mention  w;ii 
&ioted  of  bonded  or  debentureil  "rt 


I,  olTicial  clearances  wer 
niaile  ttiat  the  car^o  con 
Liifs.     War  in  Disguite. 


In  tlie  United  States,  it  is  applied  to  the  goods  on 
which  the  customs  arise,  and  to  the  duties  secured 
by  bond. 

BOND' AGE,  n.  Slavery  or  involuntary  servitude; 
captivity  ;  imprisonment  ;  restraint  of  a  person's 
liberty  by  compulsion.  In  ancient  Kngli^k  law,  vil- 
lenage. 

2.  Obligation  ;  tie  of  duty. 

He  must  resolve  not  to  be  l>rought  mider  die  bondage  o( ')\i&prv\n^ 
oallis.  South. 

3.  In  Scripture,  spiritual  subjection  to  sin  and  cor- 
rupt passions,  or  to  the  yoke  of  the  ceremonial  law  ; 
servile  fear.    Heb.  ii.    Gal.  ii.    Eom.  viii. 

BOND'-eKED'IT-OK,  n.  A  creditor  wlio  is  secured 
by  a  bond.  Blackstiine. 

BOND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Secured  by  bond,  as  duties. 
Bunded  good.'s,  are  those  for  the  duties  on  which, 
bonds  are  given  at  the  custom-house. 

BO.\D'MaID,  n.  [bond  anA  7naid.]  A  female  slave,  or 
one  bound  to  service  without  wages,  in  opposition  to 
a  hired  servant. 

BOND'MAN,  n.  [bond  and  man.]  A  man  slave,  or  one 
bound  to  service  without  wages.  In  old  English  law, 
a  villain,  or  tenant  in  villenage. 

BOND'-.«EUV-ANT,  n.  [bond  and  servant.]  A  slave  ; 
one  who  is  subjected  to  the  authority  of  anotiier,  or 
whose  person  and  liberty  are  restraini;d. 

BO.N'D'-SERV-ICE,  7t.  [bond  and  service.]  The  con- 
dition of  a  bond-servant;  slavery. 

BOND'-SL.^VE,  n.  [bond  and  slave.]  A  person  in  a 
state  of  slavery ;  one  whose  person  and  liberty  are 
subjected  to  the  authority  of  a  master. 

BONDS'.MAN,  Ji.    [bond  and  man.]    A  slave.  [Obs.] 

Derhain. 

2.  A  surety  ;  one  who  is  bound,  or  wlio  gives  secu- 
rity, for  another. 

BONDS'WOM-AN,  )  n.    [bond  and  woinan.]    A  wom- 

BUND'WO.M-AN,    i     an  slave.  B.  Jon.^on. 

BON'DUr,  n.  A  species  of  Guilandina,  or  nickur-lree, 
the  yclliiw  nickar,  a  climbing  |ilaut,  a  native  of  the 
West  Indies,  bearing  a  pud  coutaining  two  hard 
seeds  of  the  size  of  a  child's  marble.  F.neije. 

BO.NE,  71.  [.«ax.  ban  ;  Sw.  ben  ;  \).  been,  bone  or  leg  ; 
Oer.  brin,  a  leg  ;  Dan.  been,  leg  or  bone.  Tlie  sense 
probably  i^,  that  which  is  set  or  fixed.] 

1.  A  firm,  hard  substance,  of  a  ilull  white  ctdor, 
rxiinposing  tin-  skeleton  or  firmer  part  of  the  body, 
in  the  higher  onlers  of  animals.  'I'he  bone.i  of  an 
animal  support  all  the  softer  parts,  as  the  flesh  and 
vessi  l.H.  Thi^y  vary  in  texture  in  ililferent  bones,  and 
in  different  parts  of  the  same  btme.  'I'he  long  hones 
are  compact  in  their  middle  portion,  with  a  central 
cavity  <iccupied  by  u  network  of  plates  and  fibers, 
and  cellular  or  npongy  at  the  extn  inities.  'I'he  fiat 
iMmei  ar<-  compact  (externally,  ami  cellular  internally. 
The  bones  in  a  fetus  are  soil  ami  ctirtilaginous  but 
they  grndiially  harden  with  ngi'.  The  enils  of  the 
loUK  bones  are  larger  tliiiii  Ihe  middle  part,  which 
renders  the  nrticulations  niori'  firm,  and  in  the  fetus 
they  are  distinct  portions,  called  epiphijae.i.  Bones  arc 


supplied  with  blood-vessels,  tiiid  in  the  fetus,  or  in  a 
diseaseil  state,  are  very  vascular.  They  arc  iilso  fur- 
nished with  nerves  and  abstubents,  thotigh  li;ss  easi- 
ly detected  iri  a  sound  state.  'I'liey  are  covered  with 
a  thin,  syoiig  membrane,  called  the  periosteum,  which, 
together  with  the  bones,  has  very  little  sensibility  in 
a  sound  state,  but  when  intlanieti  is  extremely  sensi- 
ble. Their  cells  and  cavities  are  occupied  by  a  fatty 
substance,  called  the  medulla  or  marrow.  They  con- 
sist of  earthy  nuitter  rather  more  than  half,  fatty  mat- 
ter one  tenth,  and  cartilage  about  one  third  of  the 
whole.  The  earthy  matter  gives  them  their  solidity, 
and  consists  of  phosphate  of  lime,  with  a  small  por- 
tion of  carbonate  of  lime  and  phosphate  of  magnesia. 

Cue.     fVistar.  Thomson. 
2.  X  piece  of  bone,  with  fragments  of  meat  adher- 
ing to  it. 

To  be  upon  the  hones,  is  to  attack.  [LitUe  used,  and 
vulirar.] 

To  make  no  bones,  is  to  make  no  scruple  ;  a  meta- 
phor taken  from  a  dog  who  greedily  swallows  meat 
that  has  nt)  bones.  Joknson. 

Bones ;  a  sort  of  bobbins,  made  of  bones  or  ivory, 
for  weaving  lace  :  also,  dice.  Johnson. 

BoNE,  V.  t.    To  take  out  bones  from  the  flesh,  as  in 
cookery.  Johnson. 
9.  To  put  whalebone  into  stays.  Jlsh. 

BoNE'-aCE,  n.  [bone  and  ace.]  A  game  at  cards,  in 
which  he  who  lias  the  highest  card  turned  up  to  him 
wins  the  hone,  that  is,  one  half  the  stake.  Encyc. 

BoNE'-AeilE,  (  ike,)  71.    Pain  in  the  bones.  Shak. 

BoNE'-BLACK,  v.  The  black  carbonaceous  siib- 
sttince  into  which  bones  are  converted  by  calcina- 
tion, in  close  ves.sels  ;  called  also  animal  charcoal.  It 
is  used  as  a  decolorizing  material  and  as  a  black  pig- 
ment. Ure. 

BoN'£D,  2>p.    Deprived  of  bones,  as  in  cookery. 

BoN'iCD,  a.  Having  bones ;  usetl  in  composition ;  as, 
high-boned,  strong-boned. 

BoNE'-DUST,  n.  Ground  or  pulverized  bones,  used 
as  a  powerful  manure. 

BoNE'-EAIlTH,  (  erth,)  ;i.  The  earthy  residuum  af- 
ter the  calcination  of  bone,  consisting  chiefly  of 
phosphate  of  lime. 

BoNE'-LaCE,  ?!.  [bone  and  lace.]  A  lace  made  of 
linen  thread,  so  called  because  woven  with  bobbins 
of  bone.  [Obs.] 

BoNE'LESS,  a.  Without  bones  ;  wanting  bones ;  as, 
boneless  gums.  Shak. 

Bo.\'E'-SET,  c.  «.  [Jojie  and  iT(.]  To  set  a  dislocated 
bone  ;  to  unite  broken  bones.  fVisenian. 

BoNE'-SET,  w.  A  plant,  the  thoroughwort,  a  species 
of  eiipatorium. 

BoNE'-SET-TER,  71.  [Aoni^  and  sf^.]  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  set  and  restore  broken  and  dislocated 
bones. 

BoNE'-SET-TING,  Ti.  That  branch  of  surgery  which 
consists  in  replacing  broken  and  luxated  bones;  the 
practice  of  setting  bones. 

BoNE'-SPAV-lN,  II.  [bone  and  spavin.]  A  bimy  ex- 
crescence, or  hard  swelling,  on  the  inside  of  the  hock 
of  a  horse's  leg ;  usually  cured  by  blistering  and  firing, 
or  caustic  blisters.  Enenc. 

R()-NE']''TA,  71.    A  sea  fish.    Qm.  Bonito.  Herbert 

BON'FIRE,  71.    [Fr.  bun,  good,  and  fire.] 

A  fire  made  as  an  expression  of  public  joy  and  ex- 
ultation. 

BON'CJR.xCE,  71.    [Fr.  bonne  and  grace.] 

A  covering  for  the  forehead.  [J\'ot  used.]  Beaum. 
Bo'NI-FOR.M,  a.    Of  a  good  shape. 
BON'I-F5',  V.  t.    To  convert  into  good.    [.Vol  used.] 

Cudtcorth. 

BoN'ING,  ppr.    Dejiriving  of  bones. 

BO-NI'To,  «.  [Sp.]  A  fish  of  the  Tunny  kind, 
growing  to  the  length  of  three  feet,  fountl  on  the 
American  coast  and  in  the  tropical  climates.  It  has 
a  greenish  back,  and  a  white,  silvery  belly. 

Hiiirksirorlh.    I'ennanl.    Diet,  of  jVal.  Hijit. 

BOJ^.MOT',  (Imng'mo',)  71.  [Fr.  bon,  good,  and  mot, 
a  worth]    A  jest  ;  a  witty  repartee. 

BOJ^J^E  BOUCHE,  (bon  boosb,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  deli- 
cious morsel  or  mouthful. 

BON'NET,  n.    [Fr.  bonnet;  Sp.  banete ;  It.  boinead  ; 
Arm.  boned.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  in  common  use  before 
the  introduction  of  hats.  'I'he  word,  as  now  used, 
signifies  a  cover  for  the  head,  worn  by  fcmah  s,  close 
at  the  sides,  and  [irojeeting  over  the  forelitjad. 

2.  In  fortification,  a  simill  work  with  two  faces, 
having  only  a  parapet,  with  two  rows  of  palisades 
about  10  or  12  feet  distant.  Generally,  it  is  raised 
above  the  .salient  angle  of  the  counterscarp,  and  com- 
municates with  the  covered  way.  Enetje. 

Bonnet  d  prrtre,  or  priest's  bonnet,  is  an  outwork, 
having  at  tlie  head  three  salient  angles  and  two  in- 
ward. Johnson. 

3.  In  .•tea  language,  an  addition  to  a  sail,  or  an  ad- 
ditional part  laced  to  the  foot  of  a  sail,  in  small  ves- 
sels, and  in  moderate  winds.  Mar.  Diet. 

BON'NI'yi'-ED,  a.    Wearing  a  bonnet. 
BON'NET-l'EP'l'ER,  71.    A  species  of  Capsicum,  or 

Guinea  pepper.  Fam.  of  Plants, 

BON'NI-BEI,,  71.    [Fr.  bonne  and  belle.] 

A  hunilsome  girl.  Spenser. 


BON'NI-LXSS,  7!.    [fto7!7ii/ and /ttss  ■    A  vjautiful  girl. 

Spenser, 

BON'NI-LY,  ai/ti.  [See  Bonny. j  S.v/  ' ,  handsome- 
ly ;  pluinply. 

BON'Nl-NESS,  71.  Gayety;  handsoi»>»jess  ;  plump- 
ness.   [Little  used,] 

BON'NY,  a.  [Fr.  bon,  bonne,  good ;  ^  bonus.  See 
Boon.] 

1.  Handsome;  beautiful. 

Till  bonny  Susan  sped  across  the  plain  Coy. 

2.  Gay ;  merry  ;  frolicsome  ;  cheerfi) ;  blithe. 

Blithe  and  bonny.  SliaJc, 

3.  In  familiar  language,  plump,  is  plump  and 
healthful  persons  are  most  incline^  to  mirth. 

[This  word  is  much  used  in  Scotland.^ 

BON'NV,  71.  Among  miners,  a  bed  01  ore,  differing 
from  a  sipiat  in  being  round,  whereas  a  squat  is  fiat ; 
or  a  distinct  bed  of  ore,  that  commu'iicates  with  no 
vein.  Bxitey,  Eneije. 

BON'NY-CLAB'BER,  71.     [Qu.  bonny,  or  Ir.  baine, 

milk,  and  clabber;  At.        laba,  bies!;ings ;  G.  lab  ;  D. 
Icb,  rennet.] 
A  word  used  in  Ireland  for  sour  buttermilk. 

Johnson, 

It  is  used,  in  America,  for  any  rnilk  that  is  turned, 
or  become  thick  in  the  process  of  souring,  and  ap- 
plied only  to  that  part  which  is  thick. 

BON'TEN,  71.    A  narrow  woolen  stiifl^ 

£OJV'-'/'OJ\r',(lKmg'tong',)  71.  [Fr.]  The  bight  of  the 
fashion. 

BO'JVUM  MAG'JVUM,  [L.]  A  kind  of  plum.  Johnson. 

Bo'NUS,  71.  [L.]  A  premium  given  fur  a  loan,  or  for 
a  charter  or  other  privilege  grantetl  to  a  coiiiiiany. 

2.  An  extra  dividend  to  the  shareholders  of  a  joint- 
stock  companv,  out  of  accumulated  profits.  Oilbcrt. 

BOJ\r-Vl-VAJfT',  (bong-ve-vUng',)  71.  [Fr.]  A  good 
fellow  ;  a  jovial  companion. 

Bo'NY,  a,    [from  bone.]    Consisting  of  bones  ;  full  of 
bones  ;  pertaining  to  bones. 
2.  Having  large  or  prominent  bones ;  stout ;  strong. 

BON'ZE,  (bon'zy,)  71.  A  Boodhist  priest ;  a  name  used 
in  China,  Tunkin,  and  the  neighboring  countries. 
In  China,  the  bonzes  are  the  priests  of  the  Fohists, 
or  sect  of  Fold.  They  are  distinguished  from  the 
laity  by  their  'dress.  In  Japan,  they  are  gentlemen 
of  family.  In  Tunkin,  every  pagoda  has  at  least  two 
bonzes  belonging  to  it,  and  some  have  thirty  or  forty. 
In  China,  the  number  of  bonzes  is  estimated  at  fifty 
thousand,  and  they  are  represented  as  idle,  dissolute 
men.  Encyc, 

BOO'BY,  71.  [Sp.  bobo,  a  dunce  or  idiot,  a  ruff  for  the 
r.jck,  a  bufloon,  the  bird  bobo.  Qu.  Ger.  bube,  a 
boy.] 

1.  A  dunce  ;  a  stupid  fellow;  a  lubber;  tme  void 
of  wisdom  or  intellect.  Prior. 

2.  A  fowl,  allied  to  the  Pelican  genus,  the  Siila 
fusca,  of  a  brown  and  white  color,  much  varied  in 
different  individuals.  This  fowl  is  found  among  the 
Bahama  Isles,  feeds  upon  fish,  and  lays  its  eggs  on 
the  bare  rocks.  It  has  a  joint  in  the  upper  luiindible, 
by  which  it  can  raise  it  without  opening  the  mouth. 

Encyc, 

BOO'BY,  a.   Having  the  characteristics  of  a  booby. 

BOO'BY-HUT,  n.  A  kind  of  covered  sleigh,  so  called 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States. 

BOO'BY-IIUTCH,  71.  A  clumsy,  ill-contrived,  cov- 
ered carriage  or  seat,  used  in  tlie  east  part  of  Eng- 
land. Forky. 

BOODH,  71.  In  Eastern  Asia,  a  general  name  for  the 
divinity.  Jilaleom. 

BOODH'IS.M,  n,  A  system  of  religion  in  Eastern 
Asia,  embractid  by  more  than  one  third  of  the  human 
race.  It  teaches  that,  at  distant  intervals,  a  Boodh, 
or  deity,  appears,  to  restore  the  world  from  a  state  of 
ignorance  and  decay,  and  then  sinks  into  a  state  of 
entire  non-existence,  or  rather,  perhaps,  of  bare  ex- 
istence without  attributes,  action,  or  consciousness. 
This  state,  called  JVirt^ana,  or  JViebon,  is  regariled  as 
the  ultimate  supreme  good,  and  the  highest  rewartl 
of  virtue  among  men.  Four  Koodhs  have  thus  aji- 
peared  in  the  world,  and  passed  into  J\,'irvanu,  the 
last  of  whom,  Gaudama,  became  incarnate  about 
600  years  before  Christ.  From  his  death,  in  .5-13  H. 
C,  many  thousand  years  will  elapse  befiire  the  ap- 
pearance of  another ;  so  that  the  system,  in  the  mean 
time,  is  practically  one  of  pure  atheism.  'I'he  objects 
of  worship,  until  another  iioodli  appears,  are  Ibt;  rel- 
ics and  images  of  (Jaiulama.  E,  E.  Salisbury.  Maleoni. 

BOODH'IST,  71.  One  who  iiiaintaiiis  the  doctrines  of 
Boodhisiii. 

BOOK,  71.  [Sax.  boc,  a  book  and  the  bet-rli-tree  ;  Goth. 
boka;  Icelandic,  book  ;  1).  boek,  a  book,  and  the  mast 
of  beech  ;  beuke,  a  beech  tree  ;  G.  buck,  a  book,  and 
buehe,  a  beech  ;  Dan.  bog  :  Sw.  bok ;  Riiss.  buk ;  Gyp- 
sy, buchos,  Like  Ihe  l.aliu  libevj  book  signifiies  pri- 
marily bark  and  beech,  liw  tree  btuiig  probably  named 
from  its  hark.] 

1.  A  general  name  of  every  literary  composition 
which  is  printed  ;  but,  appropriately,  a  printed  com- 
position bountl  ;  a  vidiiiiie.  The  name  is  given  also 
to  any  number  of  written  sheets  when  bound  or 
sewed  together,  antl  to  a  voliimt'  of  blank  ptipt  r,  in- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.i- 


BOO 


BOR 


tended  tor  any  species  of  writing,  as  for  memoran- 
dums, for  accounts,  or  receipts. 

2.  A  particular  part  of  a  literary  composition  ;  a 
division  of  a  subject  in  tlie  same  volume. 

3.  A  volume  or  collection  of  sheets  in  which  ac- 
counts are  kept  j  a  register  of  debts  and  credits,  re- 
ceipts and  expenditures,  &c. 

In  books :  in  kind  remembrance ;  in  favor. 
1  was  so  mudl  in  hu  bookSf  that  at  his  dfcease  he  left  me  his 
lamp.  Addison. 

tVUhout  hook ;  by  memory  ;  without  reading ;  with- 
out notes;  as,  a  sermon  was  delivered  icitttoat  book. 
This  phrase  is  used  also  in  the  sense  of  iciUiout  au- 
thority ;  as,  a  man  asserts  icUlMut  book. 

BOOK,  ti.  (.   To  enter,  write,  or  register  in  a  book. 

BQOK'-.\e-eOUNT',  V.  [book  and  account.]  .An  ac- 
count or  register  of  debt  or  credit  in  a  book. 

BQOK'I!I.\D-Ell,  n.  [book  and  bind.]  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  hind  books. 

BOOK'ni.VD-ER-Y,  )i.    A  place  for  binding  books. 

B(X>K'BIND-I.\G,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  binding 
books  ;  or  of  sewing  the  sheets,  and  covering  them 
with  leather  or  other  material. 

BOQK'C.aSE,  n.  A  case  with  shelves,  and,  conmion- 
Iv,  doors,  for  holding  books. 

BQpK'-DEBT,  (-det,)  n.  A  debt  for  goods  delivered, 
and  charged  by  the  seller  on  his  lM)ok  of  accounts. 

BOOK'AMl,  (b99kt,)  pp.  Entered  in  a  book  ;  registered. 

BOOK'FIjL,  a.  [book  and  fall.]  I'ull  of  notions 
gleaned  from  books ;  crowded  with  undigested  learn- 
ing. Pope. 

BOOK'ING,  Pin-.    Registering  in  a  book. 

B()(!)K'l!?H,  a.  Given  to  reading  ;  fond  of  study  ;  more 
acquainted  with  books  than  with  men.  Shak. 

BQQlv'ISH-LY,  wlp.  In  the  way  of  being  addicted  to 
books  or  much  reading.  Thnrlow. 

BQOK'ISH-.NES!?,  n.  .•\ddictedness  to  books;  fond- 
ness for  studv.  ll'/iiilork. 

BOQK'-KEEI'-EK,  ii.  [book  and  krrp.]  One  who 
keeps  accounts,  or  the  accounts  of  another;  the  of- 
ficer who  has  the  charge  of  keeping  the  books  and 
accounts  in  a  public  oiKce. 

BQOK'-KEEP-ING,  n.  [book  and  kcr-p.]  The  art  of 
recording  mercantile  transactions  in  a  regular  and 
systematic  numner ;  the  art  cif  keeping  accounts  in 
such  a  manner,  that  a  man  may  know  the  true  state 
of  his  business  and  properly,  or  of  his  debts  and 
credits,  by  an  inspection  of  his  hooks.  The  books 
for  this  purpose  are,  1.  A  W<is(e  Book,  or  Blatter,  in 
which  are  registered  all  accounts  or  transactions  in 
.  the  order  in  which  they  take  place  ;  2.  The  Journal, 
which  contains  the  accounts  transferred  from  the 
waste  book,  in  the  same  order,  hut  expressed  in  a 
technical  style  ;  3.  The  Ledgrr,  in  which  articles  of 
the  same  kind  are  collected  togeth;;r,  from  the  jour- 
nal, and  arranged  under  proper  titles. 

In  addition  to  these,  several  others  are  used  ;  as, 
cash-book ;  book  of  char^ts  of  merchandise ;  book  of 
house-erpcnses  ;  invoice-book  ;  sales-book  ;  bill-book  ; 
receipt-book ;  letter-book  ;  pocket-book  :  the  use  of 
which  iiiav  be  understood  from  the  names.  Encijc. 

BOQK'-K.\6\VI^EDGE,  (-nol'lej,)  n.  Knowledge 
gained  bv  reading  books. 

BOQK'LAND,  (  n.    [book  and  land.]    In  oUl  English 

BOCK'LA.N'D,  )  law.i,  charter  land,  held  by  deed 
under  certain  rents  and  free-services,  which  differed 
nothing  from  free  socage  lands.  This  species  of  ten- 
ure has  given  rise  to  the  modern  freeholds.  Blackstone. 

BOOK'-LEAR.VED,  a.  [book  and  lenrn.]  Versed  in 
books  ;  acquainted  with  books  and  literature  ;  a  term 
sometimes  implying  an  ignorance  of  men,  or  of  the 
common  concerns  of  life.  Dniden. 

BOOK'-LEARiVING,  n.  Learning  acquired  liy  read- 
mg  ;  acquaintance  with  books  and  literature;  some- 
times implying  want  of  practical  knowledge.  Sidney. 

BQOK'LESS,  o.  [book  and  less.]  Without  books ; 
unliarned.  Shenstone. 

BOOK'-.MAD-.\E^!^,  n.  A  rngc  for  possessing  books  ; 
bibliomania. 

BOQK'-.MSK-ER,  n.  One  who  writes  and  publishes 
hooks. 

BQOK'-MaK-I.\G,  n.  The  practice  of  writing  and 
publishing  books. 

BpQK'-.M/VX,  n.  [book  and  man.]  A  man  whose 
profi-ssion  is  the  studv  of  books.  Shak. 

BOQK'-.MaTE,  n.    rftootand  ma(c.]    A  school-fellow. 

BQOK'.MI.\D-El)-NESS,  n.    Love  of  books.  [Shak. 

BQOK'-.Ml'S-LrN,  n.  [Originally  bake  muslin.]  A 
barlicular  kind  of  muslin. 

BOOK'-0.\TII,  n.  The  oath  made  on  the  book,  or 
Bible.  Shak. 

BOQK'SELL-ER,  n.  [book  and  sell.]  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  sell  books. 

BOOK'SELL-L\G,  n.  The  employment  of  selling 
books. 

BQQK'-STALL,  n.    A  stand  or  stall,  commonly  in  the 

ojien  air,  for  retailing  books. 
BOOK'ST.WD,  n.    A  stand  or  frame  for  containing 

h.mks  olfpred  for  sale  in  the  streets. 
BOOK\-^  ro.NE,  n.  See  Bibliolitf.. 
HOOK'SToRE,  n.    A  shop  where  books  are  kept  for 

sal  \  [  U.  S. .]  called  in  England  a  bookseller's  shop. 
BQOK'\VOR.\f,  (-wiirm,)  n.     [book  and  worm.]  A 

W(*in  or  mite  that  eats  holes  in  books.  I 


2.  A  student  closely  attached  to  books,  or  addicted 
to  study  ;  also,  u  re.idi-r  wiihout  juilgment.  I'npe. 

BOO'LEV,  H.  In  Irrlwul,  <mr  who  has  no  sfltled 
habitation,  but  waiiilers  t'roiu  place  to  place  with  his 
flocks  and  herds,  living  on  their  mUk,  like  the 
Tartars.  ^Spnuter. 

BOOM,  n.  [D.  boom,  a  tree,  a  pole,  a  beam,  a  bar,  a 
rafter  ;  Goth,  bagms  ;  Ger.  bau/n  ;  Eng.  beam  ;  U. 
boomen,  to  push  forward  with  a  pole ;  Dan.  bom,  a 
rail  or  bar.] 

1.  A  long  pole  or  spar,  run  out  from  various  parts 
of  a  ship,  or  other  vessel,  lor  the  purpose  of  extend- 
ing the  bottom  of  particular  sails ;  as,  the  jib  boom, 
studding-sail  boom,  main  boom,  stjuarc-sail  boom,  &.c. 

jMar.  Diet. 

2.  A  strong  iron  chain  cable,  or  line  of  sp.ars  bound 
together,  extended  across  a  river,  or  the  mouth  of  a 
harbor,  to  prevent  an  enemy's  ships  from  passing. 

3.  A  pole  set  up  as  a  mark  to  direct  seamen  how 
to  keep  the  channel  in  shallow  water. 

4.  A  hollow  roar,  as  of  waves. 

BOOM,  I',  i.  [Sax.  Injma,  byme,  a  triimiiet :  hywian,  to 
blow  or  sound  a  trumpet;  1).  bommc,  a  drum;  Jo;n- 
men,  to  drum  ;  W.  btrmp,  a  hollow  sound.  We  see 
the  senses  of  sounding,  uttering  the  voice,  swelling, 
and  rushing  forward,  are  connected.] 

1.  In  marine  language,  to  rush  with  violence,  as  a 
ship  under  a  press  of  sail. 

2.  To  swell ;  to  roll  and  roar,  as  waves. 

Thp  hoarse  waves  booming  to  Ui<?  oc*.'an  shore.  Wdlhoutt. 

3.  To  cry  as  the  bittern.  Goldsmith. 
The  Dutch  use  bom  for  the  sound  of  an  empty 

barrel ;  and  bomnen  is  to  drum. 

BOOM'IXG,  ;)f«-.  or  a.  Rushing  with  violence  ;  roar- 
ing, like  waves. 

BOO.M'E  R.VNG,  n.  A  wooden  weapon  used  by  the 
natives  of  Australia.    [See  Kvlee.] 

BOON,  n.  [Ij.  honu.i :  Fr.  bon  ;  Norm,  boon  ;  It.  buono  ; 
Sp.  bueno  ;  Port,  bom,  good.] 

1.  A  gift  ;  a  grant ;  a  benefaction  ;  a  present ;  a 
favor  granted.  .Addison. 

2.  [Dan.  bon,  Sw.  bUn,  a  petition.]  A  prayer  or 
petition.  .dsh. 

BOON,  a.    [Fr.  ion  ;  L.  bonus.] 

Gay  ;  merry  ;  kind  ;  bountiful ;  as,  a  boon  com- 
panion. jWlton. 

BOO.N,  n.  The  refuse  or  useless  vegetable  matter  from 
dressed  flax.  Library  of  Ent.  Knowledge. 

Bd'OPS,  ;i.  A  genus  of  fisiies,  of  the  order  Acantliop- 
tcrygii,  found  mostly  in  the  Mediterranean.  Brande. 

BOOK,  71.  [Sax.  gebur,  a  countryman  or  farmer  ;  I). 
boer,  a  rustic  or  farmer  ;  G.  bnuer,  a  countryman  and 
a  builder,  from  bauen,  to  build,  to  cultivate  ;  Sax. 
byan,  or  bugiau,  and  gebugian  ;  D.  bouwen  ;  Dan. 
bygge ;  Sw.  byggia,  to  build.  Boor  is  a  contracted 
word.] 

1.  .V  countrj  man  ;  a  peasant ;  a  rustic ;  a  plowman  ; 
a  clown ;  hence,  one  who  is  rude  in  manners,  and 
illiterate.  Dryden, 

2.  ,\  name  given  to  the  Russian  peasants. 
BOOR'ISH,  n.    Clownish;  rustic;  awkward  in  man- 
ners ;  illiterate.  Shak. 

BOOR'ISll-LY,  adv.    In  a  clownish  manner. 
BOOR'ISH-NESS,  n.  Clownishness ;  rusticity  ;  coarse- 
ness of  manners. 
BOOSE,  n.    [Sax.  bosig,  bosg ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  D13K,  a 

stall  or  crib;  ,Ar.  abasa,  to  shut  up  or  im- 

prison.] 

A  stall  or  inclosurc  for  an  ox,  cow,  or  other  cattle. 
[A'dt  used,  or  local.] 

BOOSE,  / ,.       ,     .    r«r  I    •  ,   •  1 

BOOZE  i  ('"'o^))  ^-  '•    ["  •        '0  immerse.] 

To  drink  hard  ;  to  guzzle.    [Vulgar.]  Maunder. 

BOOS'ER,  n.    One  who  guzzles  liquor ;  a  tippler. 

BOOST,  r.  t.  To  lilt  or  raise  by  pushing ;  to  push  up. 
[./?  common  vulgar  word  in  JV'Vio  England.] 

BOO'SY,  (boo'zy,)  o.  A  little  intoxicated  ;  merry  with 
liquor.    [Vulgar.]  Holloway. 

BOOT,  V.  I.  [Sax.  bot,  bote,  reparation,  satisfaction,  a 
making  good,  amends  ;  Goth,  bolyan,  to  profit  or 
help  ;  Sw.  bot,  a  fine  ;  D.  boete,  fine,  penalty,  repent- 
ance ;  boeten,  to  amend  or  repair ;  G.  6iu.sc,  boot,  fine, 
penance  ;  biissen,  to  amend  ;  Dan.  bddde,  to  repair, 
or  requite  ;  bade,  to  expiate,  or  make  atonement ;  W. 
buz,  profit ;  buziair,  to  profit.  We  observ-e  this  word 
is  from  the  root  of  better,  denoting  more,  or  advance  ; 
Eng.  but.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  ad- 
vance, or  carry  forward.] 

1.  To  profit ;  to  advantage. 

It  shall  not  tool  them.  Hooker. 
But  more  generally  followed  by  it,  —  what  boots  it  7 
Indeed,  it  is  seldom  used,  except  in  the  latter  phrase. 

2.  To  enrich  ;  to  benefit. 

1  will  ixMI  Uiee.    [Oks.]  Shak. 
BOOT,  n.    Profit ;  gain  ;  advantage ;  that  which  is 
given  to  make  the  exchange  equal,  or  to  supply  the 
deficiency  of  value  in  one  of  the  things  exchanged. 

Shak. 

2.  To  boot ;  in  addition  to ;  over  and  above  ;  be- 
sides ;  a  compensation  for  the  diflerence  of  value 


between  things  bartered  ;  as,  I  will  give  my  house 
for  yours,  with  one  hundred  dollars  to  booL  [Sax.  to 
bote.  The  phrase  is  pure  Saxon.] 
3.  Spoil ;  plunder.  [See  Booty.]  Shak. 
BOOT,  n.  [Fr.  botte,  a  boot,  a  bunch  ;  Ir.  butais ;  W. 
butasen,  botas ;  Sp.  buta,  u  bout,  a  bnjt,  or  cask,  a 
leather  bag  to  carry  liquors  ;  Port,  bota  ;  It.  boUe, 
boots,  a  cask.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  leg,  made  of  leather,  and 
united  with  a  shoe.  This  garment  was  originally 
intended  for  horsemen,  hut  is  now  generally  worn 
by  gentlemen  on  loot  The  diflerent  sorts  are,  fish- 
ing-boots, worn  ill  water  ;  hunting-bonU,  a  thinner 
kind,  for  sportsmen  ;  jack-bouts,  a  strong  kind,  for 
horsemen  ;  and  half-boot.^. 

2.  A  kind  of  rack  for  the  leg,  formerly  used  to 
torture  criminals.  This  was  made  of  boards  bound 
fast  to  the  legs  by  cords  ;  or  a  boot, or  buskin,  made 
wet  and  drawn  upon  the  legs,  and  then  dried  by  the 
fire,  so  as  to  contract  and  sipieeze  the  legs.  Encye. 

3.  .\  box  covered  with  leather  in  the  fore  part  of^ 
a  coach.    -Also,  an  apron  or  leathern  cover  for  a  gig 
or  chair,  to  defend  persons  from  rain  and  mild.  [7"At» 
latter  application  is  luml  and  improper-] 

4.  Ill  the  plimil,  boots,  a  servant  at  hotels  who 
blacks  the  iioots  ;  fi.riiierly  called  boot-catcher. 

BOOT,  V.  t.    To  put  on  boots. 

BOOT'-€.VTCII-EK,«.  [boot  and  catch.]  The  person 
at  an  inn  whose  business  is  to  pull  otT  boots  and 
clean  them.    [Obs.]  Swift. 

BOOT'-eRlMP,  n.  A  frame  or  last  used  by  boot- 
makers for  drawing  and  shaping  the  body  of  a  boot. 

BOOT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Having  hoots  oib  Dryden. 

BOOT-EE',  n.  A  word  sometimes  used  for  a  half  or 
short  boot. 

BO-O'TES,  n.  A  northern  constellation,  consisting, 
according  to  Flamsteetl's  r.italogiie,  of  fifty-four 
stars. 

BOOTH,  71.  ■  [W.  bwth:  Ir.  boith  or  both;  G.  bude; 
Russ.  budka ;  Ch.  bitit,  a  house,  and  to  lodge  for 
a  night ;  also  in  the  Ar.  Sam.  Syr.  Eth.  and  Heb. 
betU,  a  house  or  booth,  a  nest  for  birds.  Probably  the 
sense  is,  a  dwelling,  from  lodging,  abiiling.] 

A  house  or  shed  built  of  boards,  boughs  of  trees, 
or  other  slight  materials,  for  a  temporary  residence. 

Bible.  Camden. 

B00T'-IIO?E,  71.  [boot  and  hose.]  Stocking-hose, or 
spatterdaslies,  in  lien  of  boots.  .Via);. 

BOOT'-J.ACK,  71.    .A  uiiicliine  for  drawing  off  boots. 

BOOT'LEG,  77.  [boot  and  leg.]  Leather  cut  out  for 
the  leg  of  a  boot.  ji.-.h. 

BOOT' LESS,  a.  [from  ftoot.]  Unavailing ;  unprofit- 
able ;  useless  ;  without  .advantage  or  success.  Shak. 

BOOT'LESS-LY,  ad.    Without  use  or  profit. 

BOOT'LESS-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  unavailing. 

BOOT'TOP-PING,  71.  [boot  and  top.]  The  operation 
of  cleansing  a  ship's  bottom  near  the  surface  of  the 
water,  by  scraping  olT  the  grass,  slime,  shells,  &c., 
and  daubing  it  with  a  mixture  of  tallow,  sulphur, 
and  resin.  Mar.  DieL 

BOOT'-TKEE,  )  77.    An  instrument  to  stretch  and 

BOOT'-LXST,  (  widen  the  leg  of  a  boot,  consisting 
of  two  pieces,  shaped  like  a  leg,  between  which, 
when  put  into  the  boot,  a  wedge  is  driven.  Encye. 

BOOT' Y,  71.  f  S  w.  byte ;  Dan.  bytte ;  D.  buit ;  G.  b'euU ; 
It.  bottino ;  bp.  botin  ;  Fr.  butin  ;  D.  buiten,  to  rove. 
See  BuT.l 

1.  Spoil  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war;  plunder; 
pillage.  Milton. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  by  violence  and  robbery. 

Shak. 

To  play  booty,  is  to  play  dishonestly,  with  an  intent 
to  lose.  JohiLion. 

BO-PEEP',  n.  [bo,  an  exclamation,  and  peep.]  The 
act  of  looking  out  or  from  behind  sometliing  and 
drawing  back,  as  chddren  in  play,  for  the  purpose  of 
frightening  each  other.  Sliak.  Dniden, 

BOR'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Bore.]  That  may  lie  bored. 
[Little  ujied.] 

BO-RACH'IO,  71.  [It.  boraccia,  a  leather  bottle  for 
wine  ;  Sp.  borracho,  drunk.] 

1.  A  bottle  or  cask.    [.Aot  used.]  Dryden, 

2.  A  drunkard.  Congrrve, 
BO-RAC'If,  (bo-ras'ik,)  a.    [See  Borax.]  Pertaining 

to  or  produced  from  borax. 

Boracic  acid ;  a  compound  ofapeculiar  element,  4a- 
ron,  with  oxygen.  It  is  generally  obtaineil  from  bo- 
rax, by  adding  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  also  found  na- 
tive, in  certain  mineral  springs  in  Italy. 

BO'KA-CITE,  71.  A  mineral  composed  of  boracic  acid 
and  magnesia  ;  a  native  borate  of  magnesia. 

BOR' AGE,  (bur'rage,)  n.  .A  plant  of  the  genus  Bo- 
rn go. 

BOH'A-.MEZ.   See  Barometz. 

BO'RATE,  71.    .A  salt  formed  by  the  combination  of 
boracic  acid  with  a  base.  Fourcroy. 
O'   J  5  ^  } 

BO'R.AX,  n,    [Pcrs.  s       ;  Ar.  <3j^  borakon,  from 

ijjJ  ttaraka,  to  shine  ;  Russ.  ftiira,] 

Biborate  of  soda  ;  a  salt  formed  by  a  combination 
of  boracid  acid  with  soda.    It  is  brought  I'roiii  the 


TONE,  BSJLL,  UNITE.— AX  'GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  na  in  THIS. 


BOR 

East  Indies,  where  it  is  said  to  be  fuund  at  tlie  bot- 
tom or  on  tlie  margin  of  certain  l;ikes,  particularly  in 
Thibet.  It  is  said  to  be  artificially  prepared  in  Per- 
sia, like  niter.  It  comes  in  tiiree  slates.  1.  Crude 
borax,  tincal,  or  chrj'socoUa,  from  Persia,  in  greenish 
masses  of  a  greasy  feel,  or  in  opaque  preen  crystals. 
2.  Borax  of  China,  somewhat  purer,  in  small  plates 
or  masses,  irregularly  crystallized,  and  of  a  dirty 
white.  3.  Dutch  or  purified  borax,  in  portions  of 
transparent  crystals,  wljich  is  tlie  kind  generally 
used.  It  is  an  excellent  flux  in  docimastic  opera- 
tions, and  useful  in  sodering  metals.  Hooper. 

BOR'BO-KYG.M,  (bor'lw-rim,)  n.  [<?.-n/?  .oi  j^/i  -s,  a 
rumbliuL'.]   A  rumbling  noise  of  wind  iu  the  bowels. 

BoKD'AliE,  n.    See  Bordlands.  [TodJ. 

BORD'EL,        In.    [Fr.  bordel,  a.  brolhvl :  D.  borded ; 

BOR-UEL'LO,  i  Ger.  b.mItU ;  It.  burddio ,  Sp.  burdel ; 
Arm.  bctrddl ;  from  hord,  a  house.  Tiiis  is  tire  Eng. 
brotiicl.] 

A  brothel ;  a  bawdy-house;  a  house  devoted  to 
l)rostitution.  B.  Jon:-!on. 

BORD'EL-LER,  n.  Tlie  keeper  of  a  brothel.  Goicer. 

BORD'ER,  ji.  [I'r.  and  Ann.  bord ;  .«p.  bordo ;  Port. 
borda;  It.  bordo.    See  Board.] 

The  outer  edge  of  any  thing ;  the  extreme  part  or 
surrounding  line  ;  the  confine  or  exterior  limit  of  a 
country',  or  of  any  region  or  tracPof  land  ;  the  exte- 
rior part  or  edge  of  a  garment ;  the  rim  or  brim  of  a 
vessel,  but  not  often  applied  to  vessels  ;  the  exterior 
part  of  a  garden,  and  hence  a  bank  raised  at  the  side 
of  a  garden  for  the  cultivation  of  flowers,  and  a  row 
of  plants  ;  in  short,  the  outer  part  or  edge  of  tilings 
too  numerous  tu  be  specified. 

In  botanij,  the  Umbiis  or  upper  spreading  part  of  a 
monopetalous  corol.  Jlartyn. 

BORD'ER,  c.  I.    To  confine;  to  touch  at  the  edge, 
side,  or  end  ;  to  be  contiguous  or  adj;icent ;  with  on 
or  upon  :  as,  Connecticut,  oil  the  north,  borden  on  or 
vpon  Massachusetts. 
2.  To  approacli  near  to 

Wit  wliich  borders  upon  i>rofanenes3  deserves  to  l)e  bmnded  as 
loUy.  nUoUon. 

BORD'ER,  V.  L  To  make  a  border ;  to  adorn  with  a 
border  of  ornaments ;  as,  to  border  a  garment  or  a 
garden. 

2.  To  reach  to ;  to  touch  at  the  edge  or  end ;  to 
confine  upon  ;  to  be  contiguous  to. 

SheiM  and  Raaiiiah  border  ihe  Pcrsi.m  Giilf.  Ralegh. 

3.  To  confine  within  bounds ;  to  limit.  [JVot  used.] 

Sbak. 

BORD'ER-£D,  pp.  Adorned  or  furnished  with  a  bor- 
der. 

BORD'ER-ER,  n.  One  who  dwells  on  a  border  or  at 
the  extreme  part  or  confines  of  a  country,  region,  or 
tract  of  land  ;  one  who  dwells  near  to  a  place.  Bacon. 

BORD'ER-I.XG,  ppr.  or  u.  Lying  adjacent  to ;  foruiing 
a  border. 

BoRD-H.\LF'PE.\-NY,  fbord-hap'pen-ny,)  n.  Money 
paid  for  setting  up  iKiards  or  a  sl;dl  in  market.  Burn. 

BoRD'-LA.\D,  n.  [bord  and  land.  See  Board.]  In 
old  law,  the  demain  land  which  a  lord  ke|>t  in  his 
hands  for  the  uiainteuance  of  his  bord,  board,  or  ta- 
ble.      _  Spelnian. 

BoUD'-LoDE,  )  n.    [bord  and  load.]    The  service  re- 

BoRD'-LoAI),  \  quired  of  a  tenant  to  carry  timber 
from  the  woods  to  the  lord's  house  ;  also,  tlie  quan- 
tity of  provision  paid  by  a  bord-man  for  burd-laiid. 

Baiktj. 

BoRD'-.MAN,  n.  [bord  and  roan.]  A  tenant  of  bord- 
land,  who  sup])lied  his  lord  with  provisions.  Enajc. 

BORD'-RACl-l>i(i,  71.  An  incursion  upon  the  borders 
of  a  countrj-.    [Ob.t.]  Spenxcr. 

BoRD'-SEllV-ICE,  n.  [bord  and  scnice.]  The  ten- 
ure by  which  bord-lanu  was  held,  which  was  the 
payment  of  a  cert.iin  quantity  of  provisions  to  the 
lord.  In  lieu  of  this,  the  tenant  now  pays  sixpence 
an  acre.  Encyc. 

BuRD'liRE,  n.  In  heraJdnj,  a  tract  or  compass  of 
metal,  color,  or  far,  within  the  escutcheon  and 
around  it.  Bailey. 

BoRE,  c.  t.  [Sax.  borian;  Sw.bora  ;  D.  boorcn ;  Ger. 
boftrcn ;  Dan.  borer,  to  bore  ;  D.  boor ;  Ger.  bohrer ; 
Dan  borrc,  a  borer  ;  L.  foro,  and  pcrforo,  to  bore,  to 
perforate:  Russ.  burav,  a  borer;  Gr.  Tztifni,  to  pierce 
or  transfix  ;  also,  to  pass  over,  in  which  sense  it  co- 
incides with  ferry.  The  Celtic  ber,  bear,  a  spit,  L. 
ecru,  from  ibrusliiig  or  piercing,  coincide  in  elements 

with  this  root.    Pers.  S^Jo  birah,  a  borer.] 

1.  To  perforate  or  penetrate  a  solid  bodv.and  make 
a  round  hole,  by  turning  an  auger,  giml'i  t,  or  otiie. 
iiistninieiit.  Hence,  to  make  hollow  ;  to  form  a 
rouinl  hole  ,  as,  to  bore  a  cannon. 

2.  To  cat  out  or  make  a  hollow  by  gnawing  or  cor- 
roding, as  a  worm. 

3.  'J'o  penetrate  or  break  ihroiigli  by  turning  or  la- 
bor ;  a»,  to  bore  through  a  crowd.  Oay. 

4.  'I'o  weary  by  tedious  iteration. 

BORE,  r.  i.  To  be  pierced  or  penetrated  by  an  instni- 
ment  that  turnn  ;  a*,  Ihiii  timber  does  not  bare  well, 
or  is  hard  tu  bore. 


BOR 

2.  To  pierce  or  enter  by  boring  ;  as,  an  auger  bores 

3.  To  push  forward  toward  a  ceruiiii  point,  [well. 

Boring  10  tlie  west.  Dryden. 

4.  With  horsemen,  a  horse  bores,  when  he  carries 
his  nose  to  the  ground  Dirt. 

5.  In  a  transitive  or  intrarisitive  sense,  to  penetrate 
the  earth  by  means  of  a  chisel  or  other  cutting  instru- 
ment, withdrawing  the  dust  and  fragments,  at  inter- 
v:ils,  by  means  of  a  scooping-iron  or  other  appropri- 
ate instrument,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the 
presence  of  minerals,  as  veins  of  ore  or  beds  of  coal, 

_  or  for  obtaining  springs  of  water,  as  in  Artesian 
wells,  or  fountains  of  salt  water,  &c. 

BoRE,  )!.  The  hole  made  by  boring.  Hence,  the  cav- 
ity or  hollow  of  a  gun,  cannon,  pistol,  or  other  fire- 
arm ;  the  caliber,  whether  formed  by  boring  or  not. 

2.  Any  instrument  for  making  holes  by  boring  or 
turning,  as  an  auger,  gimlet,  or  wimble. 

3.  A  person  or  thing  that  wearies  by  itenition. 
BoRE,  n.    A  tide  swelling  abo\'^  another  tide.  Burke. 

A  sudden  influx  of  the  tide  into  a  river  or  narrow 
strait,  conflicting  with  the  water  from  above.  Cyc. 

BoRE,  prct.  of  Bear.    [See  Bear.] 

BoRE'-CoLE,  71.  A  variety  of  cabbage,  whose  leaves 
are  not  formed  into  a  compact  head,  but  are  loose, 
and  generally  curled  or  wrinkled.    Earn,  of  Planti 

Bo'RE-AL,  a.    [L.  horealis.    See  Boreas.] 

Northern ;  pertaining  to  the  north  or  the  nuith 
wind.  Pope. 

Bo'RE-AS,  n.  [L.  bareas  ;  Gr.  0opcai,  the  north  wind  ; 
Russ.  burya,  a  storm  or  tempest ;  buran,  a  tempest 
with  snow.    The  Russ.  gives  the  radical  sense.] 
'i"he  northern  v^■ind  ;  a  cold,  northerly  wind.  Miltim. 

BoR'jED,  (bord,)  pp.  Perforated  by  an  auger  or  other 
turning  instrument;  made  hollow;  wearied  by  te- 
dious iteration. 

BO-REE',  n.  [Fr.J  A  certain  dance,  or  movement  in 
common  time,  or  four  crotchets  in  a  bar;  always  be- 
ginning iu  the  last  quaver  or  last  crotchet  of  the 
measure.  Busby. 

BoR'ER,  H.    One  who  bores;  also,  an  instrument  to 
make  holes  with  by  turning. 
2.  Terebella,  the  piercer,  a  genus  of  sea  worms, 

BoR'ING,  n.  [that  pierce  wood. 

1.  The  act  of  boring ;  a  place  made  by  boring. 

2.  The  chips  made  by  perforating  a  body  are  called 
borinas.  i 

BoR'ING,  ppr.  Perforating  by  an  auger  or  other  turn- 
ing instrument ;  making  hollow;  weaiying  by  tedi- 
ous iteration. 

BORiN,  (baurn,)  pp.  of  Beau.  Brought  forth,  as  an  an- 
imal. A  very  useful  distinction  is  observed  by  good 
authors,  who,  in  the  sense  of  produced  or  brought 
forth,  write  this  word  born  ;  but,  in  the  sense  of  ctir- 
ricd,  write  it  bjrne.  This  difference  of  orthography 
renders  obvious  the  ditK-rence  of  pnmunui.'ition. 

1.  To  be  born,  is  to  be  produced  or  brought  into  life. 
"  Man  is  bnrn  to  trouble."  A  man  born  a  prince  or  a 
beggar.  It  is  followed  by  of  before  the  mother  or 
ancestors, 

Alan,  that  is  bom  of  woman,  ts  of  few  days  ami  full  of  trouble.  — 
Jul.  Jiv. 

2.  Tu  be  burn,  or  bnrn  again,  is  to  be  regenerated 
and  renewed  ;  to  receive  spiritual  life.   John  iii. 

BoKXE,  pp.  of  Bear.  Carried ;  conveyed  ;  supported  ; 
df-fraved. 

BOK'.VlTE,  H.  The  tellurite  of  bismuth.  Dana. 
BO'RO.X,  n.  The  radical  or  elementary  base  of  horacic 

acid.  Parl:e. 
BOR'OUGH,  (btir'ro,)  n.    [Goth,  bairns:  Sax.  burir, 

bark,  beurh,  bcor^,  byritr ;  !r.  bro<r ;  Fr.  buurrr ;  It. 

bonru ;  S]).  burt^o ;  D.  burif  and  berir ;  Dan.  borg ; 

.•\rm.  bourg  ;  G.  bar;;  and  berg;  Gr,  aii/jjuj;  Ar. 

S  O  J> 

boradwn  ;  Sans.  bura.  This  word,  in  Saxon,  is 

interpreted  a  hill,  heap,  mountain,  fortification,  cas- 
tle, tower,  city,  house,  and  tomb.  Hence  Perga  in 
Paniphylia,  Birgm  in  Norway,  Burgos  ill  Spain,  and 
probably  Prague  in  Bohemia.  In  W.  bier,  bierc,  sig- 
nifies a  wall,  rampart,  or  work  for  defense,  and  bwr- 
duis  is  a  burgess.  Hut  the  original  sense  probably  is 
found  In  the  verb  Sax.  bcorgan,  D.  and  G.  bergen, 
Kiiss.  bcregu,  to  keep,  or  save,  that  is,  to  make  close 
or  secure.  Hence  it  coincides  with  park';ini.\  I,,  par- 
CU.V,  saving.  (See  the  next  word.)  If  the  noun  is  the 
primary  word,  denoting  hill,  this  is  from  throwing  to- 
gether, collecting  ;  a  sense  allied  tu  that  of  making 
fast  or  close.] 

Originally,  a  fortified  city  or  town  ;  hence,  a  hill, 
for  hills  were  selected  for  places  of  defense.  But  in 
later  times,  the  term  city  was  substituted  to  denote  an 
episcopal  town,  in  which  was  the  see  of  a  bishop, 
and  that  of  borough  was  retained  for  the  rest.  Jlt 
present,  the  ntime  is  glvi  n  appropriately  to  such  towns 
and  villages  iis  send  representatives  or  burgesses  to 
parliament.  Some  boroughs  are  incorporated,  others 
are  not.  Blackstunr.  F.neiie. 

Ill  Connecticut,  this  word,  borough,  is  used  t'or  a 
town,  or  a  part  of  a  town,  or  a  village,  incorjiorated 
with  certain  privileges,  distinct  from  those  of  other 
towns  and  of  cities. 


BOS 

In  Scotland,  a  borough  is  a  body  corporate,  c'^n'jlet- 
ing  of  the  inhabitants  of  a  certain  district,  erected  by 
the  sovereign,  with  a  certain  jurisdiction,  boroughs 
are  erected  to  be  held  of  the  sovereign,  as  is  general- 
ly the  case  of  royal  boroughs;  or  of  the  superior  of 
the  lands  included,  as  in  the  case  of  boroughs  of  re- 
gality and  barony.  Royal  boroughs  are  genertUly 
erected  for  the  advantage  of  trade.  Encyc. 

BOR'oUGH,  (bur'ro,)  n.  [Sax.  iior/we,  a  surety  Jor- 
gian,  to  borrow;  borg,  interest;  borga,  a  debtor,  a 
surety  ;  borgiced,  a  promise  or  bond  lor  appearance, 
a  pledge  ;  borg-bryee,  burg-break,  violation  of  pledge; 
borghand,  bortdiand,n  surely  or  bail ;  beorgan,  to  keep, 
guard,  or  preserve  ;  G.  and  D.  borgen,  to  borrow.  See 
the  preceding  word.] 

In  Saxon  times,  a  main  pledge,  or  association  of 
men,  who  were  sureties  or  free  pledges  to  the  king 
for  the  good  behavior  of  each  other,  and  if  any  of- 
fense was  committed  in  their  district,  they  were 
bound  to  have  the  offender  forthcoming,  "fhe  !is- 
sociation  of  ten  men  was  cidled  a  tithing  or  decenna- 
ry: the  presiding  man  was  called  the  tithing-man  or 
head-borough  »"  or,  in  some  places,  borsholdrr,  borough^s 
elder  This  society  w.as  called,  also,  friburg,  free- 
burg,  frank-pledge.  Ten  titliings  formed  a  hundred, 
consisting  of  that  number  of  sureties,  and  this  de- 
nomination is  still  given  to  the  districts  comprehend- 
ed in  the  association.  The  lerm  seems  to  have  been 
used  both  for  the  society  and  for  each  surety.  The 
word  main,  hand,  which  is  attached  to  this  society, 
or  their  mutual  assurance,  indicates  that  the  agree- 
ment was  ratified  by  shaking  hands. 

Spelnian.  Bluckstone.  Cojerl. 
Some  writers  have  suggested  that  the  application 
of  this  word  to  towns  siiruiig  from  these  associations, 
and  of  course  was  posterior  to  them  in  time,  [."^ee 
Encyc,  art.  Borough.]  But  the  word  was  used  for 
a  town  or  castle  in  other  nations,  and  in  ,\sia,  doubt- 
less long  before  the  origin  of  the  frank-pledtre. 

BOR'oUGH  EN"GI-.ISH  ;  a  customary  descent  cf  lands 
and  tenements  to  the  youngest  son,  iiiste;id  of  the 
eldest;  or,  if  the  owner  leaves  no  son,  to  the  young- 
est brother.  Bluckstone.  Coicel. 

BOR'oUGH  HEAD;  the  same  as  Head-Bokough, the 
cliief  of  a  boroush.  Ash, 

BOR'oUGH  HoLD'ER,  h.  Ahead-borough;  a  bors- 
holder,  Jlsh. 

BOR'oUGH-MAS-TER,  n.  The  mayor,  governor,  or 
baililf  of  a  borough.  .^.il: 

BOR'OUGH-.MON  'GER,  (bur'ro-niung'ger,)  k.  One 
who  buys  or  sells  the  patronage  of  a  borouiih.  Booth. 

BOR'REL,  a.    Rustic  ;  rude.    '  Spenser. 

BOR'RoVV,  (bor'ro,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  borgian,  to  borrow  ; 
D.  borgen,  to  borrow,  lend,  or  trust ;  Ger.  borgen,  the 
same ;  Dan,  borge,  to  borritw  ;  borgen,  bail,  surety, 
pledge,  warranter,  main-pernor;  6(/ru-,  trust,  credit; 
Sw,  borgan,  a  giving  bail ;  burg,  a  fortress.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  make  fast  or  secure,] 

1.  To  take  from  another  by  request  and  consent, 
with  a  view  to  use  the  thing  taken  t'or  a  time,  and 
return  it,  or,  if  the  thing  taken  is  to  he  consumed  or 
transferred  in  the  use.  then  to  return  an  equiv;deiit 
in  kind  ;  as,  to  borrow  a  book,  a  sum  of  money,  or  a 
loaf  of  bread.    It  is  opposed  to  lend. 

2.  To  lake  from  another,  for  one's  own  use ;  to 
copy  or  select  from  the  writings  of  another  author ; 
as,  to  borroa  a  p;issage  from  a  printed  book  ;  to  bor- 
rou>  a  title. 

3.  To  take  or  adopt,  for  one's  own  use,  sentiments, 
princi|)les,  doctrines,  and  the  like  ;  as,  to  borroas  in- 
struction. 

4.  To  take  for  use  something  that  behmgs  to  an- 
other; to  assfflne,  copj",  or  Imitate;  as,  to  borrow  a 
shape  ;  to  borrow  the  manners  of  another,  or  his  slj  le 
of  writing, 

BOR'KoW,  n.  A  borrowing;  the  act  of  birrowing. 
[JV  u£  used.] 


But  of  your  royal  presence  I'll  adventure 
Tlie  borroto  oi  a  week. 


B0R'R6\V-KD,  pp.  Taken  by  consent  of  another,  to 
be  returned,  or  its  equivalent  in  kind ;  copied  ;  as- 
sumed. 

BOR'RoW-ER,  n.  One  who  borrows ;  opposed  to 
lender.    [See  the  verb.] 

2.  One  who  takes  wiiat  belongs  to  another  to  use 
as  one's  own. 

BOR'RoW-ING,  ppr.  Taking  by  consent,  to  use  and 
return,  or  to  return  its  equivalent;  taking  what  be- 
longs to  another,  to  use  as  one's  own  ;  copying;  as- 
suming ;  imitating, 

BOR'ROVV-ING,  n.  The  art  of  borrowing.  [See  the 
verb.] 

BORS'HoI,D-ER,  n.  [A  contraction  of  buhr's  ealdur, 
borougii's  elder,  the  elder  or  chief  of  a  bortitigli,] 

'J'lie  head  or  chief  of  a  tithing,  or  A(irj<-iif  ten  men  ; 
the  head-borough.  Lambirt.  Spilman. 

Bo'RU-RET,  71.  A  combination  of  boron  with  a  siin- 
|)le  bod..-. 

BOS,  n.  [Ij.]  In  :oo/(j^w,  the  technical  name  of  a  ge- 
nus of  ipiailrupeds.  The  characters  are,  the  horns 
are  hollow  within,  anil  turned  luitwaril,  in  the  form  of 
cri^sreiits;  there  are  eight  fore  te<  til  in  the  under 
jaw,  but  none  in  the  upper  ;  there  are  iiy  dog  teeth. 


PATE,  FAE,  FALL,  VVH^T — METE,  PUfiY.  — PINJs,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


BOS 


BOT 


BOT 


It  incliiili  s  the  cuinmoii  ox,  the  bison,  the  biiftalo, 
and  other  speci(^i.  Enajc. 
Bo'SA,  n.    An  intoxicating  drink,  used  by  the  Epy|i- 
tians,  obtained  from  the  meal  of  darnel  and  hemp- 
seed. 

BOSCAGK,  n.  [Fr.  boscage,  now  boca^e,  a  prove ;  It. 
iovcu ;  Uan.  b«.ik ;  Gcr.  biusdi,  a  wood,  or  properly  a 
thicket  or  underwood  ;  Eng.  ftitsft.] 

1.  Wood.;  underwood  ;  perhaps,  sometimes,  lands 
covered  with  underwood  ;  also,  a  thicket. 

2.  Ill  old  laws,  food  or  sustenance  for  cattle,  which 
is  yielded  by  bushes  and  trees.  Coierl. 

3.  With  painters,  a  landscape  representing  tliickets 
of  wood.  F.iicyc. 

BOSH,  71.  Outline  ;  figure.  Chalmers. 
liOf  H'ROK,  n.   A  kind  of  antelope  in  t*oiith  Africa. 

iI^wI^^^'il-'k         fit.  4osc/if«o,  a  little  wood,  from  ios- 

\n  gardening,  n  grove;  a  compartment  formed  by 
branches  of  trees,  regularly  or  irregularly  disposoil, 
according  to  fancy.  Kiicijr. 

BOSK'V,  tt.  [See  Boscage.J  Woody  ;  covered  with 
thickets.  .Milton. 

BO'SOM,  n.  [Sa.\.  bosm,  bnsiim  ;  D.  boeiem  ;  G.  busen. 
du.  Ch.  nf>3  or  Nti2,  the  breast,  uber,  nianimn.] 

1.  The  breast  of  a  human  being  and  the  parts  ad- 
jacent. 

2.  The  folds  or  covering  of  clothes  about  the 
brea-st. 

Put  thy  hand  in  thy  btisom.  —  Ex.  iv. 

3.  Embrace,  a.s  with  the  arms  ;  inclo?ure  ;  com- 
pass ;  ol\en  implying  friendship  or  affection  ;  as,  to 
live  in  the  bosom  of  a  church. 

4.  The  breast,  as  inclosin"  the  heart ;  or  the  inte- 
rior of  the  breast,  considered  as  the  seat  of  the  pas- 
sions. 

Aii^Pr  rrstetli  in  the  bosom  of  fools.  —  Kccb-s.  vii. 

Their  »ouI  w«»  poured  into  their  niotlrr's  boeoin.  —  Lam.  ii. 

5.  The  breast,  or  its  interior,  considered  as  a  close 
place,  the  receptacle  of  secrets. 

It'  I  covi'ml  niy  tr.uisi^>saionB  lu  AtI.Ant,  by  hiding  my  iniquity 
in  niy  bosom. — Job  x\xi. 

6.  Any  inclosed  place  ;  the  interior  ;  as,  the  bosom 
of  the  earth  or  of  the  deep. 

7.  The  tender  adectitms ;  kindness  ;  favor ;  as,  the 
son  of  his  bosom ;  the  wife  of  thy  bosom. 

Ht:  shall  carry  the  lamii*  in  liis  bciom.  —  Isa.  xl. 

8.  The  arms,  or  embrace  of  the  arms.    Ps.  c.Txi.x. 

9.  Inclinatiiui ;  desire.    [Aut  ased.]  Sluik. 
Bosom,  in  composition,  implies  intimacy,  affection, 

and  confidence ;  as,  a  bosom-friend,  an  intimate  ur 
confidential  friend  ;  bosom-lover,  bosom-interest,  bosam- 
secret,  &c.  In  such  phrases,  bosom  may  be  considered 
as  an  attribute  equivalent  to  intimate,  confidential, 
dear. 

BO'SO.M,  V.  L  To  inclo.«B  in  the  bosom  ;  to  keep  with 
care. 

Botom  up  my  counsel.  Shai. 
2.  To  conceal ;  to  hide  from  view. 

To  Uanjiy  convents  bosomed  iteep  in  vinca.  Pope. 

BO'SOM-EI),  pp.    Inclosed  in  the  breast ;  concealed. 
BO'SO.M-l\G,  ppr.    Putting  in  the  bosom. 

2.  Embracing,  as  a  fond  mother  her  child. 
Bo'SO.V,  It.    A  boatswain;  [a  popular,  but  corrupt 
pronunciation.] 

The  merry  boton,  Dryden. 
BOS-Po'RI-AN,  a.    [from  Bosporus.']    Pertaining  to 
a  bosporus,  a  strait  or  narrow  sea  between  two  seas 
or  a  i-ea  and  a  lake. 

The  Alans  fuiceti  the  Botpcrian  kings  to  pay  them  tribute,  oud 
externiinatetl  the  Taithans.  Tooxe. 

The  kings  of  the  Cimmerian  Bosporus  arc  here  re- 
ferred to. 

BOS'PO-RUS,  n.  [Gr.  Povs,  an  ox,  and  rooof,  a  pas- 
sage.] 

A  narrow  sea,  or  a  strait  between  two  seas,  or  be- 
tween a  sea  and  a  lake,  so  called,  it  is  supposed,  as 
being  an  o.\-passage,  a  strait  over  which  an  ox  may 
swim.  So  our  northern  ancestors  culled  a  strait  a 
sound,  that  is,  a  swim.  'J'he  term  Bosjwrus  has  been 
particularly  applied  to  the  strait  between  the  Sea  of 
Marmora  and  the  Black  Sea,  called  the  Thrarian 
Boirporits  ■■  anil  to  the  stniit  of  Caffit,  calleil  the  Cim- 
merian Bosporus,  which  connects  the  Pahis  Mn^iitis, 
or  Sea  of  Azof,  with  the  Euxine.  D'.inrille. 
BOSS,  M.  [Fr.  bosse ;  .Arm.  infz.  In  I),  bos  is  a  bunch, 
a  bundle,  a  truss,  a  tuft,  a  bush,  a  sheaf,  whence 
bosch,  G.  bttsch,  a  bush  or  thicket.  In  W.  bbUi  is  the 
boss  of  a  buckler,  the  nave  of  a  wheel,  and  a  bottle, 
and  hence  W.  boihel,  a  rotundity,  a  bottle  or  any 
round  vessel,  a  wheal  or  blister.  A  boss  is  a  protuber- 
ance, either  from  shooting,  projecting,  or  from  col- 
lecting and  forming  a  m.iss.] 

1.  A  stud  or  knob ;  a  protuberant  ornament,  of 
silver,  ivor)',  or  other  material,  used  on  bridles,  har- 
ness, &.C. 

2.  .\  protuberant  part ;  a  prominence ;  as,  the  boss 
of  a  buckler. 

3.  .\  projecting  ornament  at  the  intersections  of 
the  ribs  of  ceilings  and  in  other  situations. 

Oif.  Olos. 


4.  A  water-conduit,  in  form  of  a  tun-bellied  figure. 

j?,«A.  Bailey. 

BOSS,  n.  [D.  baas,  master.]  Among  mechanics,  the 
master-worlcman  or  superintendent.  [This  word 
originated  among  the  liutcli  settlers  of  New  York, 
but  is  now  iiseil  extensively  in  the  other  Sljttes.] 

BOSS' AGE,  «.  [from(w.«;  Yr.  bo.--sage.] 

1.  .'V  stone  in  a  biiililing  which  has  a  projcclure, 
and  is  laid  rougli,  to  be  afterward  carved  into  mold- 
ings, capitals,  coats  of  anus,  ice.  Kncije. 

2.  Rustic  work,  consisting  of  stones  which  ad- 
vance beyond  tlie  nakeil  or  level  of  the  building,  by 
rejtson  of  indentures  or  ehaiinels  left  in  the  jt)iiiiugs, 
chielly  in  tlie  corners  tif  etlitices,  and  i-alh-d  rustic 
(/uoins.  The  cavities  are  stjnietiiiies  round,  soiuiv 
times  beveled,  or  in  a  diamond  form,  somftiiues  in- 
closed with  a  cnvetto,  and  sometimes  witli  a  listel. 

n^icyc. 

YlOf^S'ED,  (host,)  pp.  Studded ;  ornamented  with 
bi>sses.  Shn/i. 

ROSS'lVE,  a.    Crooked  ;  deformed.  Osborne. 

BOSS'Y,  a.  Containing  a  bos."! ;  ornamented  with 
bosses. 

His  head  reclining  on  his  bofity  shield.  Pope. 
BOS'TRY-eillTK,  n.    [Or.  /^.n-'  X  '«•] 

.\  scm  in  the  I'.inn  of  a  lock  of  hair.  Ash. 
BOS'VEL,  II.    A  pliint,  a  species  of  Crowfoot. 

.Johnson. 

BOS'WELL-IS.M,  n.    A  peciilinritv  of  Boswell. 
BOT.    See  BoTs. 

BO-TAN'ie,        )  a.    [See  Botany.]     Pertaining  to 
BO-TAN'IC-.'VL,  (    bot,iny  ;  relating  to  plants  in  gen- 
eral ;  also,  containing  plants  ;  as,  a  botanic  gard.-n. 

Botanic  garden  :  a  garden  devoteil  Id  the  culture  of 
plants,  collected  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the 
science  of  botany. 
BO-T.\N'I€-AL-LY,  ode.    According  to  the  system 
of  birtany. 

BOT'AN-IST,  n.    One  skilled  in  botany ;  one  versed 

in  the  knowledge  of  plants  or  vegetables. 
BOT'A-NIZE,  V.  i.    To  s.:ek  for  plants,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  botanical  investigation. 

He  could  not  obt.un  pennisstun  to  botanize  upon  Mount  Subher. 

Nisbuhr,  Tram. 

BOT' A-NIZ-ING,  n.  The  seeding  of  plants  for  botan- 
ical purposes. 

HOT-A-NOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  /Soravti,  a  plant,  and 
Ao)  i>5,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  botany.  Diet. 
BOT'A-NO-MAN-CV,  n.    [Gr.  floravn,  a  plant,  and 
paireta,  diviiiatitin.] 

An  ancient  species  of  divination  by  means  of 
plants,  especially  sage  and  lig-leaves.  I'erstuis wrote 
their  names  anil  qtiestions  t)n  leavt!s,  which  they  ex- 
posed to  the  wind,  and  its  many  of  the  letters  as 
remained  in  their  places  were  lal<eii  up,  and,  being 
joined  together,  contained  an  answer  to  the  question. 

Encyc. 

BOT'A-NY,  n.    [Gr.  floravn,  a  plant;  Pers.  iCiyj 

botiih,  a  shrub  ;  probably  allied  to  bud,  to  shoot.] 

Botany  is  the  science  whicli  tn^ats  of  the  structure 
of  plants,  the  functions  nf  their  parts,  their  places  of 
growth,  their  cl.assiliration,  and  th.'  terms  wliieh  are 
employed  in  their  descrijition  and  denomination. 

7\lly. 

BO-TAR'GO,  ji.  [Sp.]  A  relishing  sort  of  food,  made 
of  the  roes  of  the  mullet,  much  used  on  the  coast  of 
the  Mediterranean  as  an  incentive  to  drink. 

Johnson.  Chaoibers. 

BOTCH,  n.  [It.  bozia,  pron.  botza,  a  swelling,  or 
rather  pez-.o,  a  piece  ;  the  latter  is  the  Eng.  patch.] 

1.  .\  swelling  on  the  skin ;  a  large  ulcerous  af- 
fection. 

Botcher  and  bt.iins  must  alt  his  flesh  tmboss.  MiUon. 

2.  A  patch,  or  the  part  of  a  garment  patched  or 
meiiiled  in  a  clumsy  manner ;  ill-finished  work  in 
mending. 

3.  That  which  resembles  a  botch ;  a  part  added 
clumsily  or  unsuiUibly. 

It  those  words  are  not  notorious  bolchet,  1  am  deceived. 

Dryden. 

BOTCH,  r.  t.  To  mend  or  patch  with  a  needle  or  awl, 
in  a  clumsy  manner,  a.s  a  garnient ;  to  mend  or  re- 
pair awkwardly,  as  a  system  of  governnieut. 

Ifndihras. 

2.  To  put  together,  unsuitably,  or  uiiskillfully  ;  to 
make  use  of  unsiiit'ible  pieces. 

For  treason  botched  in  rhyme  will  lie  Uiy  bajie.  Dry^n. 

3.  To  mark  with  botches. 

Young  Hylas,  botched  u  iih  stains.  Garth. 
BOTCII';:r»,(botclit,);.;i.    Patched  clumsily  ;  mended 

unskillfully  ;  marked  with  botches. 
BOTCIl'EU,  n.    A  clumsy  workman  at  mending;  a 

mender  of  old  clothes,  whether  a  tjtilor  or  cobbler. 
BOTCH'ER-LY,  a.   Noting  awkwardness  of  pcrfonn- 

nnce. 

BOTCH'ER-Y,  ii.  A  botching,  or  that  which  is  done 
by  botching. 

BOTCll'l.N'ti,  ppr.    Patching  or  mending  clumsily. 


BOTCH'Y,  a.    Marked  with  botches ;  full  of  botches. 
BOTE,  n.    [The  old  orthography  of  boot,  but  retained 
in  law,  in  composition.    See  Boot.] 

1.  In  law,  compensation;  amends;  satisfaction; 
as,  man-bote,  a  compensation  for  a  man  slain.  Also, 
payment  of  any  kind. 

2.  A  privilege  or  allowance  of  necessaries,  used  in 
coiiiiiosition  as  equivtilent  to  the  French  estmers, 
supplies,  necessaries  ;  as,  house-bate,  a  stilliciency  of 
wootl  to  repair  a  house,  or  for  fuel,  siimetimes  called 
Jire-bole :  so  phu>-bote,  cart-bott,  wood  for  making  or 
repairing  instruments  of  husbandry ;  hay-botc  or 
hedge-bote,  wood  for  hedges  or  fences,  &.c.  These 
were  privileges  enjoyed  by  tenants  under  the  feudal 
system.  Blackstone. 

BoTE'LESS,  a.    In  vain,    [.^ee  Bootless.] 
liCl'H,  a.    (^Sax.  butu,  butwu,  or  butma,  (qu.  Goth. 
bayolhs;)  Ir.  beit;  Sw.  bndri :  Dan.  baade;  V.  and 
Gcr.  beide ;  in  ancient  African,  na  bet,  beth,  two. 
Burt.  18(ifi.] 

Two,  considered  as  distinct  from  others  or  by 
themselves;  the  one  and  the  other;  Fr.  tous  les 
dcnz;  I'uH  etl'autrc;  as,  here  are  two  books,  take 
them  both. 

This  word  is  often  placed  before  the  nouns  with 
which  it  is  connected. 

He  understands  tiow  to  manage  both  public  and  private  concerns. 

Goth.  Ciutolitian,  p.  4. 

It  is  often  used  as  a  substitute  for  nouns. 

And  Abrahiun  took  sh'i-p  and  oxen,  and  jrave  diem  to  Abiine. 

lech  ;  and  bot/i  ot  them  miule  a  coveniuit.  — Uen.  xxi. 
Both  often  represents  two  members  of  a  sentence. 
He  w  ill  not  h'-ar  thi  lost  of  his  rniik,  liecanse  he  can  U'ar  the 
loss  of  his  estate  ;  but  he  will  bear  bodi,  tx-cau-c-  he  is  pre- 
pared for  both.  Bo^in^broke  on  Exile. 
Both  often  pertains  to  adjectives  or  attributes,  and 
in  this  case  generally  precedes  them  in  construction  ; 
as,  he  einleavored  to  render  commerce  both  disadvan- 
taueous  anil  infamous.  Michle's  /.nsiad.  " 
BOTH'ER,  e.  (.    To  tease  or  perplex.    [See  Pother.] 
BOTH'iNTC,      )  a.    Peitaining  to  Bothnia,  a  territorv 
HO'l  H'NI-A.\,  (    on  the  Baltic,  and  likewise  to  a  gulf 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  same  sea,  which  is  so 
called  from  the  piovince,  which  it  pi  iietrates.  Pink- 
erton  uses  Bothok  as  a  noun  for  the  gulf,  and  Barlow 
uses  Bidhnian  in  tlie  same  nutniier. 

P,nk.,  art.  Sweden.    Columb.  9,  5&4. 
B0TH-RO-DEN'URO.\,  ji.   [Gr.  ll.Ono(  and  ckriow.] 
An  cxtintt  genus  of  Couifcra,  found  in  coal  forma- 
tions.   _  Ilumhle. 
BO-To'ToE,  II.    A  bird  of  the  parrot  kind,  of  a  fine 
blue  color,  found  in  the  Philippine  Isles. 

Did.  of  jVut.  Htst. 
BOT'RY-Oin,        )o  [Gr./i.ruif,  a  bunch  of  grapes, 
BOT-UV-OID'AL,  j     and  111^75,  fonn  ;   Fr.  boUe,  a 
btincli  or  bundle  ;  .Xrni.  bod,  hot,  a  grape.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  liuneli  of  arapss  ;  like  a  clus- 
ter of  grapes,  as  a  mineral  presenting  an  aggreg.-ition 
of  small  globes.  Ktrican.  Phillips. 

BOT'RV-O-LITE,  11.  [Gr.  IS'Tovi,  supra,  and  AiWoj, 
a  stone.] 

.\  variety  of  dallioliti^,  ticcurring  in  botryoiilal 
forms,  and  roiisisliug  of  silica,  btiracic  aciii,  and 
liiiie,  with  a  larger  propoitiiui  of  water  than  in  the 
more  common  varieties  of  datholite.  Dana. 

BO'r.<,  n.  (Generally  used  in  the  plural.)  [Fr.  bout, 
end,  as  in  their  first  st;ige  they  resemble  the  ends  of 
a  fine  thread.] 

A  species  of  small  worms,  found  in  the  intestines 
of  horstfs.  They  are  the  larrcs  of  a  species  of  Oes- 
trus or  gadfly,  whii  h  ili  pusits  its  eggs  on  the  tips  of 
the  hairs,  generally  of  the  lore  legs  and  mane,  whence 
they  are  taken  into  the  mouth  and  swallowed.  This 
word  is  al.so  aiiplieil  to  tlie  lanes  of  other  species  of 
CEstrus,  found  under  the  hides  of  oxen,  in  the  nos- 
trils of  sheep,  &.C.  Cm. 

BOT'TLE,  n.  [fr.  bcutclle ;  .\Tm.  bou/ailh  ;  It.'boid, 
buidtat ;  W.  bulJt,  a  boss,  a  bottle,  the  nave  of  a 
wheel  ;  hot,  a  rtmntl  body  ;  botas,  from  bvt,  a  boot, 
a  buskin  ;  bottrm,  a  biitttui  ;  and  from  both,  the  W. 
has  alst)  bodiell,  a  bottle,  a  round  vessel,  a  wheal  or 
blifter ;  Sp.  botclla,  a  bottle,  anti  boiilla,  a  small  will* 
bag,  friuii  bolii,  a  leather  b;ig  for  wine,  a  bult  or  cask, 
a  boot ;  It.  bottiglia,  a  bottle  ;  boltc,  ;i  butt,  a  cask,  and 
boots  ;  Kiiss.  bulUka,  a  bottle.  lu  G.  bculel,  a  bag,  a 
purse,  seems  to  be  the  Sp.  botilla.  In  Fr.  botte  is  a 
biKtt,  a  bunch,  or  bundle,  boUe  de  fvin,  a  bottle  of  hay. 
It  would  seem  that  bottle  is  primarily  a  bac,  anil  from 
the  ."ense  of  swelling,  bulging,  or  collecting  into  a 
bunch  ;  if  so,  the  word  was  originally  ajiplied  to  the 
bags  of  skins  used  as  bottles  in  Asia.  Vet  the  prima- 
rj' sense  is  not  easily  ascertained.    The  .Arabic  has 

laj  batta,  a  thick,  Sp.  pato,  and  "  urceus  coriaccus  io 

quo  liquidiora  cirrumfemnt  viatores."  Ca^t.] 

1.  A  hollow  vessel  of  glass,  wood,  leather,  or  other 
material,  with  a  narrow  mouth,  for  holiling  and  car- 
ning  liquors.  The  Oriental  nations  usf^  skins  or 
leather  for  the  conveyance  of  liquors  ;  and  of  this 
kind  are  the  bottles  mentioned  in  ."Scripture:  "Put 
new  wine  into  new  bottle..:^'  In  Europe  and  .Amer- 
ica, gla.ss  is  used  for  liquors  t>   \ll  kinds  ;  and  fami- 


TONE,  BULL,  ITXITE — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS — G  as  K  ;  (5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  Sll  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


139 


HOT 

ers  use  small  kf^s  or  hollow  vosscls  of  ivooil,  wliicli 
are  called  botHes.  I'hu  small  kinds  of  glass  bottles 
are  called  vialc;  or  phiaU. 

9.  The  contents  of  a  bottle  ;  as  much  as  a  bottle 
contains  ;  but  from  the  size  of  bottles  used  for  wine, 
porter,  and  cider,  a  buttle  is  nearly  a  quart ;  as,  a  bot- 
tle of  wine  or  of  porter. 

3.  A  quantity  of  hay  in  a  bundle  ;  a  bundle  of  hay. 
BOT'TLE,  V.  t.  '  To  put  into  bottles ;  as,  to  bottle  wine 
or  porter.  This  includes  the  stopping  of  the  bottles 
with  corks. 

BOT'TLE-.^LE,  n.    Bottled  ale.  Shak. 
BOT'TLE-eoM-PAN'ION,     j  n.    A  friend  or  com- 
BOT'TLE-FUIENU,  (-frend,)  (     panion  in  drinking. 
BOT'TLED,  pp.  or  a.    Put  into  bottles ;  inclosed  in 
bottles. 

Q.  Having  a  protuberant  belly.  Skak. 
BOT'TLE-FLOW-ER,  )i.    A  plant;  the  Centaurea 

cyanus,  or  blue-bottle.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BOT'TLE-GLSSS,  n.    A  coarse,  green  glass,  used  in 

the  manufacture  of  bottles.  Urc. 
BOT'TLE-GoURD,  n.  The  common  gourd,  {Lagena- 

ria  VidgarU.) 

nOT'TLE-Nf)S-ED,  a.    H.aving  a  nose  bottle-shaped. 

BOT'TLE-SCREW,  (bot'tl-skru,)  ru  A  screw  to  draw 
corks  out  of  bottles. 

BOT'TLl.NG,  ppr.    Putting  into  bottles. 

BOT'TI-IXG,  ji.    The  act  of  putting  into  bottles. 

BOT'TO.M,  n.  [Sax.  botm  :  Sw.  bottm  :  D.  boilnn ;  G. 
boden.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  Gr.  liaD  ,<;,  and  to  the 
Russ.  ;)arf,  a.  valley,  padayu,  to  fall.  The  sense  is 
from  throwing  down,  setting,  laying,  or  beating 
down  ;  a  dialect,  perhaps,  of  basU.    Class  Bd.] 

1.  The  lowest  part  of  any  thing ;  as,  tiie  bottom  of 
a  well,  vat,  or  ship ;  the  bottom  of  a  hill. 

2.  The  ground  under  any  body  of  water ;  as,  the 
bottom  of  the  sea,  ol'  a  river,  or  lake. 

3.  The  foundation  or  groundwork  of  any  thing, 
as  of  an  edifice,  or  of  any  system  or  moral  subject ; 
the  base,  or  that  which  supports  any  superstructure. 

4.  A  low  ground  ;  a  dale  ;  a  valley  ;  applied,  in  the 
United  States,  to  t/ie  fiat  lands  adjoining  rivers,  S^c.  It 
is  so  used  in  some  parts  of  England.  Mitfurd. 

5.  The  deepest  part ;  that  which  is  most  remote 
from  the  view  ;  as,  let  us  examine  this  subject  to  the 
bottom. 

6.  Bound  ;  limit. 

TIi'Tc     no  bottom  in  my  volnpluouauess.  Shak. 

7.  The  utmost  extent  or  depth  of  cavity,  or  of  in- 
tellect, whether  deep  or  shallow. 

I  do  see  thf  bottom  of  Justice  Sliallow.  Shak. 

8.  The  foundation,  considered  as  the  cause,  spring, 
or  origin  ;  the  first  moving  cause  ;  as,  a  foreign  prince 
is  at  the  bottom  of  the  confederacy. 

9.  A  ship  or  vessel.  Goods  imported  in  foreign 
bottoms  pay  a  higher  duty  than  those  imported  in  our 
own.  Hence,  a  state  of  hazard,  chance,  or  risk  ; 
but  in  this  sense  it  is  used  chiefiy  or  solely  in  the 
singular.    We  say,  venture  not  too  much  in  one  bot- 

^  torn  i  that  is,  do  not  hazard  too  much  at  a  single  risk. 

10.  A  ball  of  thread.  [W.  bottom,  a  button  ;  Corn. 
id.    See  BoTTLK.] 

11.  Tlie  bottom  oj  a  lane  or  alley,  is  the  lowest  end. 
This  phrase  supposes  a  declivity  ;  but  it  is  often  used 
for  the  most  remote  part,  when  there  is  very  little 
declivity. 

13.  Tile  bottom  of  beer,  or  other  liquor,  ia  the  grounds 
or  dregs. 

1. 'l.  In  the  language  of  jockeys,  stamina  ;  native 
strength  ;  as,  a  horse  of  good  bottom. 

BOT'TO.M,  V.  t.  To  found  or  build  upon  ;  to  fix  upon 
as  a  support ;  followed  by  on as,  sound  reasoning 
is  bottomed  on  just  premises. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  seat  or  bottom  ;  as,  to  bottom 
a  chair. 

3.  To  wind  round  something,  as  in  making  a  ball 
of  thread.  tiliak. 

BOT'TO.M,  V.  i.  To  rest  upon,  as  its  ultimate  support. 
Find  on  wiiiit  foundiiuon  a  propoHiirun  bottoms.  Locke. 

BOT'TO.M-£D,  pp.  Furnished  with  a  bottom  ;  having 
a  bottom. 

This  word  Ls  often  used  in  composition  ;  as,  a  flat- 
boltomcd  boat,  in  which  case  the  compound  becomes 
an  adjective. 

BOT'TO.M-I.NG,  ;i;)r.  Founding;  building  upon  ;  fur- 
nishing with  a  bottom. 

BOT  TOM-I,A.\D,  n.    See  liorroM.  .\o.  4. 

BOT'TOM-I.ESS,  o.  Without  a  boltom  ;  applied  to 
water,  caverns,  tec,  it  signifies  fathomless,  whose 
bottom  can  iu>t  l)e  found  by  sounding  ;  as,  a  bottomless 
abyss  or  oi  i  an. 

BOT'TO.M  RY,  n.  [from  bottom.]  The  act  of  borrow- 
ing money,  and  pledging  the  keel  or  Aottum  of  the 
Bhip,  that  is,  the  ship  itself,  aa  security  for  the  repay- 
ment <if  the  money.  The  contract  nf  bottomnj  is  in 
tlie  nature  of  a  mortgage  ;  the  owner  of  a  siiip  bor- 
rowing mr>ney  to  enable  him  to  carry  *in  a  voyage, 
and  iiledging  the  Hliip  as  security  lor  the  moni'y.  If 
the  Hhip  is  lout,  tin;  li'nder  limes  the  money  ;  but  if 
the  Hliip  arrives  Hafe,  he  in  to  receive  Ihr'  uiom  y  lent, 
with  Uie  inlereHt  or  premium  Nli|iulali'il,  allhi>iii:li  it 
may  exceed  tlic  legal  rale  of  interest.    The  tai  kle  of 


BOU 

the  ship,  also,  is  answerable  for  the  debt,  as  well  as 
the  person  of  the  borrower.  When  a  loan  is  made 
ui)on  the  goods  ship|)ed,  the  borrower  is  said  to  take 
up  money  at  respondentia,  as  he  is  boimd  personally 
to  answer  the  contract.  Blackstmie.  Park. 

BOT'TON-Y,  n.    [from  the  same  root  as  bud,  button.] 
In  heraUlnj,  a  cross  bottony  terminates  at  each  end 
in  three  buds,  knots, or  buttons,  resembling,  in  some 
measure,  the  three-leaved  grass.  Encyc. 

BOU-CHET',  71.    [Fr.]    A  sort  of  pear. 

BOUD,  71.  An  insect  that  breeds  in  malt  or  other  grain  ; 
called,  also,  a  weevil.  Dirt. 

BOU'DOIR,  (bood'wor,)  n.    [Ft.]    A  small,  private 
room  for  curiosities,  &.c. 
,    2.  A  lady's  private  room. 

BftUGE,  (booj,)  11.  i.    [Fr.  iioMirp,  a  lodge,  the  bilge  of 
a  cask ;  from  the  root  of  boto,  which  see.] 
To  swell  out.    [Litde  used.] 

BOUGE,  v.    Provisions,    [A*ot  in  ttse.]  Jonson. 

BOUGH,  (hou,)  ».  [Sax.  bog,  boh,  or  bogh,  the  shoul- 
der, a  branch,  an  arm,  the  body  of  a  tree,  a  stake,  a 
tiiil,  an  arch,  or  bow  ;  S;v.  bog ;  Dan.  bov  ;  from  the 
same  root  as  bow,  to  blend,  to  throw  ;  Sax.  bugan.] 

The  branch  of  a  tree ;  applied  to  a  branch  of  size, 
not  to  a  small  shoot. 

BOUGHT,  (bav.'t,)  preu  and  pp.  of  Buy.    [See  Buy.] 

BOUGHT,  (bawt,)  n.  [D.  bogt,  a  bend,  a  coil ;  from 
boogen,  to  bend.    See  Bight.] 

1.  A  twist  i  a  link  ;  a  knot ;  a  flexure,  or  bend. 

Milton.  Brown. 

2.  The  part  of  a  sling  that  contains  the  stone. 
BOUGHT'Y,  (baw'ty,)  a.    Bending.  Sherwood. 
BOU-Glli',  (boo-zhS',)  n.    [Fr.,  a  wax  candle  ;  Sp. 

buma.] 

in  surgery,  a  long,  slender  instrument,  that  is  in- 
troduced through  the  urethra  into  the  bladder,  to  re- 
move obstructions.  It  is  usually  made  of  slips  of 
waxed  linen,  coiled  into  a  cylindrical  or  slightly-con- 
ical form  by  rolling  them  <ui  any  hard,  smooth  sur- 
face. It  is  also  made  of  catgut,  elastic  gum,  and 
metal  ;  but  those  of  waxed  linen  are  generally  pre- 
ferred. Hooper.  Dorsey. 

BOUIL'LOJV,  (bool'yon,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  bouillir,  to  boil. 
See  Boil.]    Broth  ;  soup. 

BOUK,  V.  i.  To  nauseate  so  as  to  be  ready  to  vomit. 
[LocaLI 

BOU-LAN'GER-ITE,  71.    [from  M.  Boulanger.] 

A  bluish  or  lead-gray  ore  (a  sulphuret)  of  antimony 
and  lead.  Dana. 
BoUL'DER.    See  Bowlder. 

BoUL'DER-WALL,  71.  [Rather  Bowlder-Wall.  See 
Bowlder.] 

A  wall  built  of  round  flints  or  pebbles  laid  in  a 
strong  mortar,  used  where  the  sea  has  a  beach  cast 
up,  or  where  there  is  a  plenty  of  flints. 

Builder's  Diet. 
BOU-LET',  71.    [from  the  root  of  ball,  or  bowl ;  Fr. 
boule.] 

In  the  manege,  a  horse  is  so  called  when  the  fetlock 
or  pastern  joint  bends  forward,  and  out  of  its  natural 
j)osition.  Kncitc. 

BOU'LF^rARD,{hoi>'\e-\Ar,)  n.  [Fr.]  Originally, a 
bulwark  or  rampart  of  a  fortification  or  fortified  town. 
Now  applied  to  the  public  walks  or  streets  occupying 
the  site  of  demolished  fortifications. 

BoUL'J\    [Jin  incorrect  orthography.']    See  Bolt. 

BoUL'TIN,  71.  [from  the  root  of  boll ;  Sp.  bulto,  a  pro- 
tuberance.] 

In  architecture,  a  molding,  the  convexity  of  which 
is  just  one  fourth  of  a  circle,  being  a  member  just 
below  the  plinth  in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  capital. 

Kiicyc. 

BOUNCE,  V.  i.  [D.  bonzen,  to  bounce  ;  bms,  a  bounce  ; 
allied  probably  to  bound;  Arm.  boiindigza  ;  Fr.  bondir.] 

1.  To  leap  or  spring  ;  to  fly  or  rush  out  suddenly. 

Out  bounced  the  ui.xstiff.  .     ,  Sm/l. 

2.  To  spring  or  leap  against  any  thing,  so  as  to  re- 
bound i  to  beat  or  thump  by  a  spring. 

Ajiiinst  his  liusoiii  bounced  his  heaving  iieart.  Dryden. 

3.  To  beat  hard,  or  thump,  so  as  to  make  a  sudden 
noise. 

Aiiotlier  bounced  as  hard      lie  cunid  knock.  Swift. 

4.  To  boast  or  bully ;  used  in  familiar  speech. 

Johnson. 

5.  To  be  bold  or  strong.  Shak. 
BOUNCE,  71.    A  heavy  blow,  thrust,  or  thump,  with 

a  large,  solid  iMidy. 

Tlie  bounce  burst  open  U»e  door.  Dryilen. 

2.  A  loud,  heavy  sound,  as  by  an  explosion. 

Shak.  Gay. 

3.  A  boast  ;  a  threat ;  in  low  language.  John.'ion. 

4.  .\  bold  lie ;  as,  that  was  a  bounce.  Goldsmith. 
.'i.  A  fish  ;  a  sjiecies  of  dog-fish  or  shark.  Kneyc. 

BOUN'CER,  n.  A  boaster  ;  a  bully  ;  a  bold  lie  ;  in  fa- 
miliar language.  .Johnson. 

BOUN'(;iN<i,  ppr.  Iicaping  ;  bounding  with  violence, 
as  a  heavy  body  ;  springing  out;  thumping  with  a 
loud  noise  ;  boasting  ;  moving  with  force,  as  a  heavy, 
bounding  body. 

BOUN'CMNG,  a.  Stout;  Rtr<ing;  large  and  heavy  ;  a 
customary  sense  in  iJie  United  States ;  as,  a  bouncing 

I.'IMS. 


BOU 

BOUN'CING-LY,  adv.  Boastingly. 

BOUND,  71.  [Norm,  bonne,  boune,  a  bound  ;  bond,  lim- 
ited ;  bundes,  limits  ;  from  bind,  bond,  that  which 
binds  ;  or  from  Fr.  bondir,  to  spring,  and  denoting 
the  utmost  extent.] 

1.  A  limit ;  the  line  which  comprehends  the  whole 
of  any  given  object  or  space.  It  diflers  from  bounda- 
ry.   See  the  latter. 

Bound  is  applied  to  kingdoms,  states,  cities,  towns, 
tracts  of  land,  and  to  territorial  jurisdiction. 

2.  A  limit  by  which  any  excursion  is  restrainea  ; 
the  limit  of  indulgence  or  desire;  as,  the  love  of 
money  knows  no  bounds. 

3.  A  leap  ;  a  spring  ;  a  jump ;  a  rebound.  [Fr. 
bondir,  to  spring.] 

4.  In  dancing,  a  spring  from  one  foot  to  the  other. 
BOUND,  11.  t.  To  limit ;  to  terminate  ;  to  fix  the  fur- 
thest point  of  extension,  whether  of  natural  or  moral 
objects,  as  of  land,  or  empire,  or  of  passion,  desire, 
indulgence.  Hence,  to  restrain  or  confine;  as,  to 
bound  our  wishes.    To  bound  in,  is  hardly  legitimate. 

2.  To  mention  the  boundaries  of  a  country  ;  as,  to 
bound  France. 

3.  To  make  to  bound.  Shak. 
BOUND,  11.  i.    [Fr.  bondir  ;  Arm.  boundicza.] 

1.  To  leap  ;  to  jump ;  to  spring  ;  to  move  forward 
by  leaps. 

Before  his  lord  the  ready  spaniel  bounds.  Pops. 

2.  To  rebound  ;  but  the  sense  is  the  same. 
BOUND,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Bind.    As  a  participle,  made 

fast  by  a  band,  or  by  chains  or  fetters  ;  obliged  by 
moral  ties  ;  ccuifined  ;  restrained. 

2.  As  a  participle,  or  perhaps  more  properly  an  ad- 
jective, destined  ;  tending  ;  going,  or  intending  to  go, 
with  to  or  for ;  as,  a  ship  is  bound  to  Cadiz,  or  for 
Cadiz. 

The  application  of  this  word,  in  this  use,  is  taken 
from  the  orders  given  for  the  government  of  the  voy- 
age, implying  obligation,  or  from  tending,  stretching. 
So  destined  implies  being  bound. 

Bound  is  used  in  composition,  as  in  ice-bound,  wind- 
bound,  when  a  ship  is  confined  or  prevented  from 
sailing  by  ice  or  by  contrary  winds. 

BOUND' A-RY,  71.  A  limit ;  a  bound.  .Johnson. 
This  word  is  thus  used  as  synonymous  with  bound. 
But  the  real  sense  is,  a  visible  mark  designating  a 
limit.  Bound  is  the  limit  itself,  or  furthest  point  of 
extension,  and  may  be  an  imaginary  line  ;  but  bound- 
ary is  the  thing  which  ascertains  the  limit  ;  terminus, 
not  ^7i;,s.  Thus,  by  a  statute  of  Connecticut,  it  is 
enacted.  That  the  inhabitants  of  every  town  shall 
procure  its  bounds  to  be  set  out  by  such  marks  and 
boundaries  as  may  be  a  plain  direction  for  the  future : 
which  marks  anil  boundaries  shall  be  a  great  heap  of 
stones  or  a  ditch  of  six  feet  long,  &.c.  'I'his  distinc- 
tion is  observed  also  in  the  statute  of  Massachusetts. 
But  the  two  words  are,  in  ordinary  use,  conftiunded. 

BOUND-BaIL'IFF,  7i.  An  oflicer  .appointed  by  a  sher- 
iff to  execute  process  ;  so  denominated  from  the  bond 
given  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  his  trust. 

Blackstone. 

nOUND'ED,  p;i.    Limited;  confined;  restrained. 
liOUNb'i^N,     [from  bind.]     It  was  originally  a 

participle,  but  is  now  used  only  as  an  adjectivg  ; 

as,  it  is  our  bounden  duty. 
BOU.\I)'/CN'-LY,  arfii.    In  a  dutiful  manner. 
BOUND'Elt,  71.    One  that  limits  ;  a  boundarj-. 

Herbert. 

BOUND'IN'G,  ;i/7>-.  Limiting;  confining;  restraining; 
lea|iing  ;  springing  ;  rebounding  ;  ailvancing  with 
lea|)S. 

BOUND'ING-SToNE,  j  7i.    A  stone  to  play  with. 

BOUND'-SToNE,        (  Dnjden. 

BOUND'LESS,  a.  Unlimited  ;  unconfined  ;  immeas- 
urable ;  illimitable ;  as,  boundless  space ;  boundless 
power. 

BOUND' LESS-LY,  mlo.    Without  bound  or  limit. 

BOUN'D'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  qu.ality  of  being  with- 
out limits.  South. 

BOUN'TE-OUS,  a.  [See  Bouhty.]  Liberal  in  char- 
ity ;  disposed  to  give  freely  ;  generous;  munificent; 
beneficent  ;  free  in  bestowing  gifts  ;  as,  bounteous 
nature.    It  is  used  chiefly  in  poetry  for  bountiful. 

Johnson. 

BOUN'TE-OUS-LY,  ado.     Liberally  ;   generously  ; 

largely  ;  freely. 
BOUN'TE-OUS-NESS,  «.    Liberality  in  bestowing 

gifts  or  favors;  munificence;  kindness. 
BOUN'Tl-Fl^L,  a.    [bounty  nini  full.]    Free  to  give  ; 

liberal  in  bestowing  gifts  and  favors ;  munificent ; 

generous. 

God,  the  bounti/ut  Autlior  of  our  Ix'ing.  Locke. 

It  is  fiillowed  by  of  before  the  thing  given,  and  to 
before  the  persim  receiving. 

BOUN'TI-FJIL-LY,  adv.  Liberally  ;  largely  ;  in  a 
bountiful  manner. 

BOUN'TI  FIIL-NESS,  7i.  The  (piality  of  being  boun- 
tiful ;  lilieialitv  in  the  be.stowment  of  gifts  and  fa- 

BOUN'TI-II  i;i)E,  (-lied,)  )  [vors. 

BOUN'TI  HEAD,  (  bed,)  >  71.    Goodness.  [Obs.] 

BOIIN'TI-IIOOll,  ) 

BOUN'TY,  71.  I  Fr.  bonl6,  goodness,  excellence,  favor; 
It.  bontd;  L.  bouitns,  from  bonus,  good.] 


FATE,  FAft,  FALL,  WHAT  MP.TE,  PREY  PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


140 


BOV 


BOW 


BOW 


1.  Liberality  in  bestowing  gifts  iind  favors;  gener- 
osity ;  mnnificencc.  Tlie  word  incliKles  tlie  fift  or 
favor,  and  tlic  kindness  of  dispiisition  with  wliicli  it 
is  bestowed  ;  or  a  favor  bestowed  willi  a  benevolent 
disposition.  This  distinguishes  it  from  a  mere  gift. 
It  is  also  observed  by  Johnson,  tliat  it  ditiers  from 
charily,  as  a  present  from  an  «(;«.«,  in  not  being  be- 
stowed upon  persons  absohitely  necessitous.  'I'liis 
is  often  the  case  ;  but  bounty  includes  cJiarity,  as  the 
genus  comifrchends  the  species  ;  citarity,  however, 
does  not  necessarily  include  bounty,  for  clurily,  or  an 
(Urn.--,  may  be  given  with  reluctance. 

The' word  may  be  used  also  for  a  free  gift ;  2  Cor. 
ix.  5  ;  or  a  disposition  to  give,  without  the  gift ;  good- 
ness in  general.  Upemcr. 

2.  A  premium  offered  or  gi»on  to  induce  men  to 
enlist  into  the  public  service ;  or  to  encourage  any 
branch  of  industry,  as  husbandr)',  manufactures,  or 
connnerce. 

Quren  .innr's  bounty  :    a  provision  made  in  her 
reign  for  augmenting  |>oor  clerical  livings. 
BO'U-UUET',  (boo-ka',)  ii.  [Fr.,  a  plume,  a  nosegay  ; 
Arm.  boged;  It.  boschcUo.   t5ee  Bl  sh.] 

1.  \  nosegay  ;  a  bunch  of  Howers. 

2.  An  agreeable  aromatic  odor,  which  is  perceived 
on  drawing  the  cork  of  any  of  the  liner  wines. 

Kncyc.  of  Dum.  Kcon. 
BOURI),  (boord,)  71.    A  jest.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
BOUKD'Ell,  II.    A  jester.  [Obs.] 
BOUR'HO.V,  «.    A  pilurim's  stall. 
BOUR-CEOIS',  (biir-jois',)  n.    [It  appears  to  be  a 
French  word,  but  I  know  not  the  reasim  of  its  ap- 
plication to  lypes.] 

.\  small  kind  of  printing  types,  in  size  between 
long  primer  and  brevier. 
BOL'R'CEOX,  (bur'jiiTi,)  r.  i.    [Fr.  ftour^fon,  a  bud  ; 
Ann.  bourgeon,  a  biitlon,  or  a  bud.] 

To  sprout ;  to  put  forth  buds  ;  to  shoot  forth,  as  a 
branrli.  QuldsmiUi. 
B6URi\,  n.    [Ft.  borne,  a  limit ;  bonier,  to  bound.  In 
the  sense  of  a  stream,  !^a.\.  burn;  Siw.  bruuni  U. 
bron  ;  G.  brunneu  ;  Dan.  brond.] 
1.  A  bound;  a  limit. 


Th«t  wntliacoTcml  country,  from  whose  bourn 
No  traveler  i\'tumi. 


Shak. 


2.  A  brook  ;  a  torrent ;  a  rivulet,  [fn  tlih  sense  ob- 
solete ;  but  retained  in  manj/  names  of  toiens,  seated  on 
the  banL^  of  streams,  fn  Scotland,  it  i,<  still  used  in  the 
.ienjie  of  a  brook,  but  ifiey  icrite  it  burn.] 

BOURN'LEfS,  a.    Without  limits. 

BOUR'XO.N-I'I'F,,  II.  An  ore,  consisting  of  lead,  anti- 
mony, copper,  and  sulphur  ;  occurring  in  steel-gray 
crystals,  often  aggregated  into  shapes  like  small  cog- 
wheels. Dana. 

BaURSK,(biMTs,)  n.  [Fr.]  The  French  name  for  an 
exchange. 

BOUSE,  (  (boo/.,)  V.  i.  [Arm.  beuzi,  to  overflow  ;  to 
BOOSE,  \     drown  ;  W.  h,r.i ;  OKI  D.  bumen.  In  Russ. 

buza  is  a  drink  brewed  from  millet.  Tooke.] 
To  drink  fr»ely ;  to  tope ;  to  guzzle.    [jJ  vulgar 

word.]  Spenser. 
BOU-STRO-PIIii'DON,  n.     [Gr.  /?.!.$,  an  o.x,  and 

rpc'iw,  to  mm.] 
This  word  is  used  to  express  the  ancient  mode  of 

writing,  in  Greece,  in  alternate  lines,  one  from  right 

to  left,  and  the  next  from  left  to  riglit,  as  fields  are 

plowed. 

BOUS'Y,  (booz'y,)  a.    Drunken  ;  intoxicated.    [  Vul- 
gar.]  Dryaen. 
BOUT,  71.    [Fr.  bout,  end,  or  It,  botta,  a  stroke.] 

.K  turn  ;  :ls  much  of  an  action  as  is  performed  at 
one  time  ;  a  single  part  of  an  anion  carried  on  at 
successive  intervals  ;  essay  ;  attempt. 

Sidney.  Oryden, 
BOUT,  n.    [It.  bruta,  or  ber>utn,  a  drinking,  from  bcre, 
or  berere,  to  drink  ;  L.  bibo  :  Fr.  boire:  Sp,  beber,"] 

We  use  this  word  tuiitologically  in  the  phrase  a 
drinking-6aiu or  the  word  is  the  same  as  the  pre- 
'  ceding. 

LBOU-TADF.',  (boo-tad',)  71,  [Fr.,  from  bouter ;  Sp. 
I      botar  ;  It.  buttare,  to  thrust ;  Eng. put ;  allied  to  bud.] 
1-       Properlv,  a  sUirt ;  hence,  a  whim.    [A'ot  £in'/i.<A.] 
'  BOU-TA.Nt'.   See  Arc  BouTANT.  [Sic.fl. 
BOUTF.'-FEU,  (boot'fii,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  bouter,  to 
throw,  and  feu,  hre  ;  or,  according  to  Thomson,  from 
boute,  a  match.  Uu.  from  the  root  of  Eng.  bate  or  better.] 
An  incendiary  ;  a  makebate.    [.Vut  English.] 

Hticon. 

BOU'TI-SaLE,  n.    [Qu.  sale  of  booty,  or  from  boute,  a 

match.  7'Aom,so7i.] 

\  cheap  sale  ;  or,  according  to  others,  a  sale  by  a 

lighted  match,  during  the  burning  of  which  a  man 

inav  bid.    [Xot  used.]  Ilayttard. 
BOUTS-Rr-!MF.S',{UKy-Te-na',)  n.  pi.    [Fr.]  \Vord3 

that  rlnme  given  to  be  formed  into  verse.  Smart. 
BO'V.\TE,  n.    [In  Law  L.  bovala,  from  bos,  bovis,  an 

ox.l 

An  ox-gate,  or  as  much  land  as  an  ox  can  plow  in 

a  year ;  (.'owel  says  28  acres, 
j  I  BO'VeY-GO.VL,  II.    Brown  lignite,  an  inflammable 

fossil,  resembling,  in  many  of  its  properties,  bitumin- 
1  i      oils  wood  ;  found  at  liovey  Hattield,  near  Exeter,  in 

England.   Its  structure  is  a  little  slaty  ;  its  cross  frac- 


ture even  or  conchoidal,  with  a  resinous  luster,  some- 
what shining.  It  is  brittle,  burns  with  a  weak  flame, 
and  exhales  an  odor  which  is  generally  disagreeabli  . 

BOV'Il),  «.    [L.  (>».<.]  [  CVrari-/u/i./. 

Ri  latiiig  to  tiiat  tribe  of  niminant  mammals,  of 
which  the  genus  Bos  is  the  t\  |ie.  It  comprehends 
the  genera  Catolilepas,  Ovibos,  and  lios. 

Bo'VI.N'E,  a,  [Iiow  L.  bovinus,  from  ii(>.«,  borii,  an  ox  ; 
W.  bu,  bmo,  bu;,  Iiuwf,  and  the  verb  iufiuw,  to  bel- 
low.] 

Pertaining  to  oxen  and  cows,  or  the  quadrupeds  of 
the  genus  llos. 

This  tmimai     tlif  Btrongral  and  ficrct'iil  ot  the  feopine  priius, 

Barroit't  Trav. 
Th"  ox-horn  souls  menu  notliin^  more  timn  the  ci^hl  liMiij^  souls 
who  Usii'-d  from  Uioir  ul[(-7orlc4il  niotht-r,  (he-  bovine  ark. 

Toirr. 

BOW,  V.  t.  [Sn\.  bwran,  bygan  ;  W.  bwan,  tiut\  bacu, 
to  bend,  to  grapple  ;  G.  biegen,  beugen  ;  D.  boogen, 
buigen  ;  Sw.  biija;  Ban.  bSje,  to  bend.] 

1.  To  bend  ;  to  inflect ;  as,  to  bow  vines. 

2.  To  bend  the  body  in  token  of  respect  or  civility  ; 
a.s,  to  bow  the  head. 

3.  To  bend  or  incline  toward,  in  condescension. 

How  ,iown  Ihiiin  car  to  thr  poor.  —  Kccloa. 

4.  To  depress  ;  to  crush  ;  to  subdue. 

Ilin  h**!iv_v  hand  hath  boiced  yon  to  the  gx-^ve. 
lie  bowi  Ihc  nations  to  his  will. 

nOAV,  V.  i.  To  bend  ;  to  curve  ;  to  be  inflected  ;  to 
bend,  in  token  of  reverence,  res|)Oct,  or  civility;  of- 
ten with  ttvwn. 

This  \s  the  iilol  to  which  the  worltl  botes. 

2.  To  stoop  ;  to  fall  upon  the  knees. 

The  people  bowed  npoii  Iheir  knee*.  —  Jut! jci. 

3.  To  sink  under  pressure. 

They  stoop  ;  they  bote  doion  to^-llter.  —  Isaiah. 
BOW,  71.    An  inclination  of  the  head,  or  a  bending  of 
the  body,  in  tokeit  of  reverence,  respect,  civility,  or 
submission. 

Bow  of  a  ship,  is  the  rounding  part  of  her  side  for- 
ward, beginning  where  the  planks  arch  inward,  and 
teriiiiiiatiiig  where  thi:y  close,  at  the  stem  or  prow. 
A  narrow  bow  is  called  a  lean  bow  ;  a  broad  one,  a 
bold  or  bluff  bow. 

On  tlie  bow,  in  navigation,  is  an  arch  of  the  hori- 
zon, not  exceeding  45  degrees,  compivlieiuled  be- 
tween some  distant  object  aiitl  that  point  of  tlie 
compass  which  is  right  aliead.  Miir.  Dii  t. 

BOW,  71.  [See  Bow,  to  bend.1  An  instrument  of  war 
and  hunting,  made  of  wooti,  or  other  el.istic  matter, 
with  a  string  fastened  to  each  end.  The  bow,  being 
bent  by  drawing  the  string,  and  suddenly  returning 
to  its  natural  state  by  its  elastic  force,  throws  an  ar- 
row to  a  great  distance,  and  with  force  sulficient  to 
kill  an  animal.  It  is  of  two  kinds,  the  long-bow,  and 
the  cross-bow,  arhalet,  or  arbalest.  The  use  of  the 
bow  is  called  archery. 

2.  Any  thing  bent,  or  in  form  of  a  curve  ;  the  rain- 
bow ;  the  doubling  of  a  string  in  a  knot ;  the  part  of 
a  yoke  which  embraces  the  neck  ;  4tc. 

3.  A  small  machine,  formed  witli  a  stick  and  hairs, 
which,  being  drawn  over  the  strings  of  an  instrument 
of  music,  causes  it  to  sound. 

4.  ,\  beam  of  wood  or  brass,  with  three  long  screws 
that  direct  a  lathe  of  wood  or  steel  to  any  arch  ;  used 
in  forming  draughts  of  ships,  and  projections  of  the 
sphere,  or  wherever  it  is  necessary  to  draw  large 
arches.  Harris. 

5.  An  instrument  for  taking  the  sun's  altitude  at 
sea,  consisting  of  a  large  arch  of  90  degrees  grad- 
uated, a  shank  or  stalf,  a  side-van?,  a  sight-vane,  and 
a  horizon-vane  ;  now  disused,  Kncyc. 

6.  .\n  instrument  in  use  among  smiths  for  turning 
a  drill ;  with  turners,  for  turning  wood  ;  with  hatters, 
for  breaking  fur  and  wool. 

7.  Bows  of  a  saddle,  arc  the  two  pieces  of  wood 
laid  archwise  to  receive  the  upper  part  of  a  horse's 
back,  to  give  the  saddle  its  due  form,  and  to  keep  it 
tight.  Farrier\i  Diet. 

8.  In  architecture,  a  circular  end  of  a  church,  apart- 
ment, or  building.  Klmcs. 

Bl)W'-BE.\R-ER,  n.  [Aoir  and  Acar.]  An  under  of- 
ficer of  the  forest,  whose  duty  is  to  inform  of  tres- 
passes. Cowel. 

Bf)W'-HENT,  a.    [bow  and  bent.]  Crooked.  MUton. 

BoW'-€O.M'PAS-?E$,  {li6'kuin'pa.s-sez,)  71.  pi.  A  pair 
of  comp,i.sses,  with  a  bow  or  arched  plate  of  metal 
riveted  to  one  of  the  legs,  upon  which  the  other  leg 
slides,  to  sti'ady  the  motion. 

BoW'-DRILL,  71.  A  drill  worked  by  a  bow  and 
spring. 

BoW'-DTE,  71.  A  kind  of  scarlet  color,  superior  to 
m.adder,  but  inferior  to  the  true  scarlet  grain  for  fix- 
edness and  duration  ;  first  used  at  Bow,  near  Lon- 
don. F.nrye. 

BOW'-GRACE,  n.  In  sea  language,  a  frame  or  com- 
imsition  of  junk,  laid  out  at  the  sides,  or  bows,  of 
ships,  to  secure  them  from  injury  by  ice.  Enrye. 

BoW'-Il.\.\l),  71.  [toic  and  AoTii/.]  Tha  hand  that 
draws  a  bow.  Spriuser. 

B(')W'lI-:-K.\IFE,  (ba'e-nlfe,)  71.  A  long  knife,  or  dag- 
ger, used  by  kiintcrs  and  others  in  the  Western  States. 


BrtW'-LEG,  7t.    A  i:rooked  leg.  Taylor. 

BOW'-LEG-Gf.D,  (Wlegd,)  o.  [bow  tuti  leg.]  Hav- 
ing crooked  leg^:.  Johnson. 

BflW'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  bow. 

BOW'-.M.\.N ,  H.  [Aiiir  and  7/iuji.]  A  man  who  uses  a 
bow  ;  an  archer.    Ji  rein.  iv.  2"J. 

B()W'-M.\.N',  11.  The  man  who  rows  the  foremost  oar 
in  a  boat.  Miir.  Diet. 

Bf)W'-.\ET,  71.  [how  ani\  tiet.]  An  engine  for  catch- 
ing lobsters  anil  crawfish,  called  also  4<>w-m/iff/.  It 
is  made  of  two  round  wicker  baski  ts,  puinted  at  the 
end,  one  of  which  is  thrust  into  the  other,  and  at  the 
"mouth  is  a  little  riin  bent  inward.  Encye. 

BOW'-PEN,  71.  A  nuaallic  ruIiiig-|H'n,  having  the 
part  which  holds  the  ink  bowed  out  toward  the 
middle. 

BOW'-PlF:CE,  71.  [6«7C  and  piffc]  A  piece  of  ord- 
nance earned  at  tile  bnw  of  a  ship.  F.ncyc. 

BoW'-SllOT,  71.  [bow  and  shut.]  The  space  which 
an  arrow  may  pass  when  shot  from  a  bow.  Gen. 
xxi.  li>.  Boyle. 

BOW'-WIN'DOW.    See  Bat-Window. 

BOW'.V-BLE,  a.  Of  a  flexible  disposition.  [jVot  in 
use.] 

BUW'/-'D,  (bowd,)  pp.    Bent ;  crushed  ;  subdued. 

BoW'£U,  ;)/).  or  a.    Bent ;  like  a  bow. 

BOW'ELS,  H. ;)/.   [(J.  hauch  ;  D.  6i/i/.- ;  Sw.  buk  ;  Dan. 

bwr ;  Fr.  boyau;  W.  bug;  a  swelling;  bogel,  the  na- 

veL    The  sense  is,  protuberance.] 

1.  The  intestines  of  an  animal;  the  entrails,  es- 
pecially of  man  ;  the  heart.   2  Cor.  vi.  12. 

2.  The  interior  part  of  any  tiling ;  as,  the  bowels  of 
the  earth. 

3.  The  seat  of  pity  or  kindness ;  hence,  tender- 
ness, compassion  ;  n  fcriplural  sense. 

Bowel,  in  the  sinnular,  is  soinetiraes  used  for^t. 

BOW'EL,  V.  t.  To  take  out  the  bowels  ;  to  eviscerate; 
to  penetrate  the  lio«  i  l>'.  .iinsworth.  J)sh. 

BOW'EL-LEf!.-^,  a.    Without  tenderness  or  pity. 

BOWER,  71.  [from  bow.]  An  anchor  carried  at  the 
bow  of  a  ship.  There  are  gene  rally  two  bowers, 
called  first  and  second,  great  and  little,  or  best  and 
small.  Encye. 

BOWER,  71.  [Sax.  Aiir,  a  chamber  or  private  apart- 
ment, a  hut,  a  Cottage  ;  W.  birr,  an  iiiclosure.] 

1.  .\  shelter  or  covered  place  in  a  garden,  made 
with  boughs  of  tre'  S  bent  and  twined  together.  It 
dirtVrs  from  arbor  in  tliat  it  may  be  round  or  square, 
whereas  an  arbor  is  long  and  arched.  .Milton.  Encye. 

2.  \  bed-chamber;  any  room  in  a  house  except 
the  hall.  Spenser.  Mason. 

3.  A  country-seat ;  a  cottage.  Shenistone.  B.  Junson. 

4.  A  shady  recess-;  a  plantation  for  shade. 

Brown. 

BOWER,  V.  t.  To  embower  ;  to  inclose.  Shak. 
BOWER,  f.  I.  'lo  lodge.  Spenser. 
BOWERS,  )  n.  pi.  [from  bow.]  Muscles  that  bend  the 
BOWRS,     i    joints.  Spenser.  Mason. 

BOAV'Ell-Y,  a.   Covering  ;  shading,  as  a  bower  ;  also, 
containing  bowers.  Thomson. 
A  bo-jenj  iit.u*  lint  shaiUi  the  pnrple  streams.  TrumbuU. 

BOWESf,  f  71.  A  young  hawk,  when  it  begins  to  get 
BOWET,  )    out  of  the  nest ;  a  term  in  falconry. 

Kncyc.  .^sh. 
BOW6E,  V.  u   To  swell  out,    [See  Boi;<iE.] 
BOWGE,  V.  L   To  perforate  ;  as,  to  bowge  a  ship. 

.^insworth. 

[I  do  not  find  this  word  in  any  other  author.] 
BOW'lNt;,  ppr.    Bending;  stooping;  making  a  bow. 
BOWIXG-LV,  aih:    In  a  bending  manner. 
BoWL,  71.    [^-.iK.  bolla.    in  Latin,  fi)/a  is  the  hollow 
of  the  hand.] 

1.  A  concave  vessiM  to  hold  liquors,  rather  wide 
than  deep,  and  thus  distinguished  from  a  cup,  which 
is  rather  deep  than  wide. 

2.  The  hollow  part  of  any  thing ;  as,  the  bowl  of  a 
spoon. 

3.  A  basin  ;  a  fiiuntain.  Bacon, 
BoWL,  71.    [D.  bol ;  Fr.  boule ;  Sp.  bola  ;  .\rm.  boul,  a 

ball;  W. /.■■;.] 

.\  ball  of  wood  used  for  play  on  a  level  plat  of 
ground. 

BoWL,  r.  i.    To  play  with  bowls,  or  at  bowling. 

2,  To  roll  the  ball  at  cricket. 

3.  To  move  rapidly,  smoothly,  and  like  a  ball ;  as, 
the  carriage  bowled  along. 

BOWL,  V.  t.  To  roll,  as  a  bowl  ;  also,  to  p^lt  with  any 
thing  rolled.  Shak. 

To  bowl  out,  in  cricket,  is  to  Knock  down  one's 
wicket  by  bowling. 

BOWL'DER,  71.  [from  ii77r/.]  A  stone,  of  a  roundish 
fonn,  and  of  no  determinate  size,  found  on  the  sea- 
shore, and  on  the  banks  or  in  the  channels  of  rivers, 
tc,  worn  smooth  or  rounded  by  the  action  of  water ; 
a  pebble.  John.ton.  Encye. 

The  term  bowlder  is  now  used  in  geology  for  round- 
ed masses  of  any  rock,  found  out  of  pbare,  and  ap- 
parently transported  from  their  original  bed  by  water. 
Bowlders  of  granite,  ollen  of  great  si-/,e,  are  very 
common  on  the  surface  of  the  most  recent  forma- 
tions. 

BoWI.'DER-.STfiXE.    See  Bowlder. 

BOWL  DER-WALL,  71.    A  wall  coBstnicted  of  peb- 


TC.NE,  BJJLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


18' 


141 


BOX 


BRA 


BRA 


bles  or  bowlders  of  flint  or  other  silicious  stones, 
wliich  have  been  rounded  by  the  action  of  water. 

Buildcr^s  Diet. 
BoVVL'ER,  n.    One  who  plays  at  bowls,  or  who  rolls 
m  cricket. 

BoVV'LINE,  n  [ISp.  and  Port.  hoUna ;  Arm.  boidine, 
"  voile  de  biais  pour  recevoir  le  vent  de  cote,"  a 
slanting  sail  to  receive  a  side  wind,  Oregoire;  Fr. 
bouline,  a  tack  ;  boidiner,  to  tack,  to  turn  one  way 
and  the  other,  to  dodge  or  shift.  But  in  Danish  it  is 
bogline,  the  line  of  the  bow  or  bend.] 

A  rope  fastened  near  the  middle  of  the  leecli  or 
perpendicular  edu'e  of  the  square  sails,  by  subordinate 
parts,  called  bridles,  and  used  to  keep  the  weather 
eilge  of  the  sail  tight  forward,  when  the  ship  is  close- 
hauled.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

Bowline-bridles  are  the  ropes  by  which  the  bowline 
is  fastened  to  the  leech  of  the  sail.  £nci/e. 

BoWL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  rolling  bowls,  or  tlie  ball 
at  cricket.  Burton. 

BoVVL'IXG,  ppr.  Playing  at  bowls;  rolling  the  ball 
at  cricket ;  moving  smootlily  and  rapidly  along. 

BoV\'L'ING-.\L'LEY,  n.  In  the  United  States,  a  place 
for  pla\  ing  at  bowls. 

BoVVL'[.\G-GREEN,  n.  [bad  and  n-reen.]  A  level 
piece  of  ground  kept  suiootli  for  bowling. 

2.  In  gardeniii'T,  a  parterre  in  a  grove,  laid  with 
fine  turf,  with  compartments  of  divers  figures,  with 
dwarf  trees  and  other  decorations.  It  may  be  used 
for  bowling ;  but  the  French  and  Italians  have  such 
greens  for  ornanieiit.  Encijc. 

Bd\V.SE,  V.  i.  In  seamenV  language,  to  pull  or  haul 
iiard  ;  as,  to  bowse  upon  a  tack  ;  to  bowse  awaij,  to  pull 
all  together.  F-neye. 

BoVV'SPRIT,  n.  [bow  and  sprit ;  D.  botgspriet ;  Dan. 
bogspridi  G.  bugsprirt.    See  Sprit.] 

A  large  boom  or  spar,  which  projects  over  the  stem 
of  a  ship,  or  other  vessel,  to  carry  sail  forward.  [  77ii* 
w  probably  the  true  ortliographti.]  Mar.  Diet. 

BOWSS'A'N,  V.  t.  To  drink  ;  'to  drench.  [JVut  used.] 
du.  bouse. 

BOWSTRING,  71.  The  string  of  a  bow.  The  bow- 
string is  used  by  the  'I'urks  in  strangling  oflendera  ; 
hence,  the  verb  to  bowstring  is  sometimes  used. 

BoW'STRlXG  £1),  a.    Finnished  with  bowstrings. 

BOVVYER,  H.  [from  bow,  a  corruption  of  bower,  like 
sawyer.] 

An  archer ;  one  who  uses  a  bow  ;  one  wlio  makes 
bows.  [Little  lueM.]  Johnson. 
BOX,  n.  [Sax.  box,  a  coffer,  and  the  box-tree ;  L.  bux- 
us,  the  tree,  and  pyjris,  a  box;  Gr.  irufis,  a  box,  and 
.Tvf'is,  the  tree;  rri'f,  the  fist;  Ir.  bugsa,  buksa ;  Sw. 
huibom ;  Ger.  buclisbauin  ;  Dan.  buxboin,  the  box-tree  ; 
Ger.  bnchse,  a  box  ;  It.  bosso,  the  box-tree  ;  bossolo,  a 
box  ;  Sp.  box,  the  tree  ;  Port,  bn/o,  the  tree  ;  buxa,  a 

o  ,  , 

stopple  ;  Pers.  ^jisS.j  baxas,  b\ixus,  box-tree  ;  Ar.  the 

same.  Box  may  be  from  closeness,  applied  to  the 
shrub,  the  fist,  and  the  case.] 

1.  A  coffer  or  chest,  either  of  wood  or  metal.  In 
general,  the  word  box  is  used  for  a  case  of  rough 
boards,  or  more  slightly  made  than  a  chest,  and 
used  for  the  conveyance  of  goods.  But  the  name 
is  applied  to  cases  of  any  size  and  of  any  materi- 
als ;  as,  a  wooden  box,  a  tin  box,  an  iron  box,  a 
strong  box.  ^ 

2  The  quantity  that  a  box  contains ;  as,  a  box  of 
quicksilver ;  a  box  of  rings.  In  some  cases,  the  quan- 
tity called  a  box  is  fixed  by  custom  ;  in  others,  it  is 
uncertain,  as  a  box  of  tea  or  sugar. 

3.  A  certain  seat  in  a  play-house,  or  in  any  public 
room. 

4.  The  case  which  contains  the  mariner's  compass. 

5.  .\  money-chest. 

6.  A  tree  or  shrub,  the  Buxus  scwprrvirrns,  used  for 
bordering  flower-beds.  The  name  is  also  given  to 
other  species  of  the  genus.  The  .African  box  is  the 
Myrsine. 

7.  A  blow  on  the  head  with  the  hand,  or  on  the 
ear  with  the  open  hand. 

8.  A  cylindrical,  hollow  iron,  used  in  wheels,  in 
which  tile  axle-tn-e  runs.  Also,  a  hollow  tube  in  a 
pump,  closed  with  a  valve. 

BOX,  tj.  i.  To  fight  with  the  fist;  to  combat  with  the 
hand  or  fist. 

BOX,  V.  t.  To  inclose  in  a  box  ;  also,  to  furnish  with 
boxes,  as  a  wheel  or  block. 

2.  To  strike  with  the  hand  or  fist,  especially  the 
ear  or  sifle  of  the  head 

3.  To  rehi  arsf'  the  several  points  of  the  comi)as8 
in  their  proper  ordi  r.  Eneyc. 

4.  'I'd  make  a  hole  or  cut  in  a  tree  to  procure  the 
Bap  ;  us,  to  box  a  m:t|)lc-. 

!>.  To  Hail  round,    [i^p.  boxar.] 
To  box  off;  to  divide  off  into  tight  co-partmcnts. 
BOX'-€<)AT,  n.    An  overcoat,  originally  worn  by 
Cfiaclimen. 

BOX'-DilAIN,  n.  An  under  ground  drain,  boxed  up  on 
the  "ideii  and  lop.  and  covered  with  (Mirtli.  Brande. 

BOX-EI.'r>EK,  71.  The  a><h  leaved  maple, (jjrrr  negnn- 
do,  Linn. ;  J^egnndium  acrratdr.*,  iMdrnch,)  a  native  of 
North  America. 


BOX'-LOB-BY,  7t.  In  a  theater,  the  lobby  leading  to 
tlie  boxes. 

BOX'-THORN,  71.  [box  and  thorn.]  A  plant,  the  Ly- 
cium,  or  a  species  of  it.  Fain,  of  Plants. 

BOX'-TREE,  rl.  The  box,  {Buxus  sempcroirens,  Linn.) 

BOX'£U,  (lioxt,)  pp.  Inclosed  in  a  box  ;  struck  on  the 
head  with  the  fist  or  hand  ;  furnished  with  a  box  or 
hollow  iron,  as  a  wheel. 

BOX'£N,  (box'n,)  a.  Made  of  box-wood  ;  resembling 
box.  Dryilen.  Oay. 

BOX'ER,  71.    One  wlio  fights  with  his  fist. 

BOX'HAUL,  V.  t.  To  veer  a  ship  in  a  particular  man- 
ner, wheu  close-hauled,  round  on  to  the  other  tack. 

Chambers. 

BOX'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Inclosing  in  a  box  ;  striking  with 
tlie  fist ;  furnishing  with  a  box. 

BOX'liVG,  ».  The  act  of  fighting  with  the  fist ;  a  com- 
bat with  the  fist. 

BOY,  71.  [Pers.  baeli,  a  boy  ;  VV.  bacgen,  from  bag,  lit- 
tle ;  Arm.  buguel,  a  child  ;  bugale,  Do}'isli  ;  Sw.  poilip, 
a  young  boy  ;  Dan.  pog;  Fr.  page.  (Sec  lit:  vt;LE  and 
Pug.)  Boy  is  a  contracted  word,  anil  prob  ilily  the  L. 
puer,  for  pngrr,  tor  wt-  ^<'r  I)\  puilla  tliat  r  is  not  rad- 
ical. So  tlie  (;i.  TT  ,  prnli.ij.l\  i- contracted,  for  the 
derivative  verli,  -ml'  t,  (.nxn*  -ai^ui,  7ru(,\W"S.  The 
radical  letters  probably  are  lig  or  Pg.] 

A  male  child,  from  iiirtli  to  the  age  of  pub.";rty  ;  but 
in  general,  applied  to  males  under  ten  or  twelve  years 
of  age  ;  a  lad.  Sometimes  it  is  used  in  contempt  for 
a  young  man,  indicating  immaturity,  want  of  vigor 
or  judgment. 

BOY,  V.  t.    To  treat  as  a  boy.  Johnson. 
Bather,  to  act  as  a  boy  ;  to  imitate  a  boy  in  action. 
The  passage  in  Shakspeare,  in  which  tiiis  word  is 
found,  is  supposed  to  allude  to  the  practice  of  boys 
acting  womeiTs  parts  on  the  stage. 

I  sluill  see  some  squealiiiil,^  Ck'Op  ilni  6yy  inv  §:re.'itnpss. 

.S'ee  Mason's  Sup.  to  Johnson. 
BOY'AR,  71.    A  nobleman  of  Russia,  Transylvania, 

&c.    [.See  BoiAR.] 
BOY'.^U,  (boy'o,)  ii. ;  pi.  Boy.vux.    [Fr.  boyau,  a  gut, 
and  a  branch  of  a  tree.] 

In  fortification,  a  ditch  covered  with  a  parapet, 
serving  as  a  communication  between  two  trenches. 

Encye. 

BOY'-BLIND,  a.  Blind  as  a  boy  ;  undiscerning.  [  Obs.] 

•  Braum.  4"  Fl. 

BOY'ER,  71.    A  Flemish  sloop  with  a  castle  at  each 

end.  Encuc. 
BOY' HOOD,  71.    [boy  imtl  hood.]    The  state  of  a'boy, 

or  of  im'mature  age.  Swift, 
BOY'LSH,  a.    Belonging  to  a  boy ;  childish  ;  trifling ; 
resembling  a  boy  in  manners  or  opinions ;  puerile. 

Sltak. 

BOY'ISH-LY,  adv.    Childishly  ;  in  a  trifling  manner. 

Sherwood. 

BO Y'ISH-NESS,  n.  Childishness ;  the  manners  or  be- 
havior of  a  bov. 

BOY'lS-M,  H.    Childishness  ;  puerility.  Drydcn. 
9.  The  state  of  a  boy.  fVarton. 

BOY'S'-PLaY,  71.  Childish  amusement;  any  thing 
trifling. 

BO-Y'u'N.\,  71.  A  large  serpent  of  America,  black 
and  slender,  having  an  intolerable  smell.  Also,  a 
harmless  re|)tile.  Diet,  of  Jfat.  HLt. 

BP;  an  abbreviation  of  Bi5hop. 

BR,\-BA.\T'IN'E,  a.  Pertaining  to  Brabant,  a  province 
of  the  Netherlands,  of  which  Brussels  is  the  capital. 

State  Papers,  vol.  ii. 
BRAB'BLE,  n.    [D.  brabbclen,  to  stammer.] 

A  broil;  a  clamorous  contest;  a  wrangle.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

BRAB'BLE,  ?i.  i.  To  clamor ;  to  contest  noisily.  [  Obs.] 

Beaum.  4'  Fl. 

BRAB'BLER,  71.  A  clamorous,  quarrelsome,  noisy  fel- 
low ;  a  wrangler.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

BRAB'BLING,  ;«;)r.    Clamoring;  wrangling.  [Obs.] 

BRAC'CaTE,  17.    [L.  braeea,  breeches.] 

In  oniit/io/«i'-i/,  furnished  with  feathers  which  con- 
ceal the  feet. 

BRACE,  11.  [Fr.  bra^i\  Sp.  brazo  ;  Port,  brago ;  Arm. 
breach,  or  hreh  ;  Ir.  brae,  and  raigh  ;  W".  braix>  Corn. 
breek,o\  breh  ;  L.  brachium;  Gr.  fipa\to}v,  the  arm. 
This  word  furnishes  a  cle.ir  and  decisive  evidence <if 
the  cliange  of  a  palatal  letter  into  a  sibilant.  The 
change  C(unes  through  the  Spanish  or  other  Celtic 
dialect,  brarh,  brazo,  the  Sp.  z  being  originally  a  pal- 
atal or  guttural  ;  thence  to  the  Fr.  bras,  and  Eng. 
brace.  In  likti  manner,  Dttrazzo  is  formed  from  Dyr- 
rarhium.  The  (Jreek  verbs  furnish  a  multitude  of 
similar  changes.  This  word  furnishes  also  a  proof 
that  b  is  a  prefix  ;  for  in  Irish,  brae  is  written  also 
raigh.  The  sense  of  arm  is,  thai  which  breaks  forth, 
a  shoot.  From  bras,  the  French  have  r.nibra.ssrr,  to 
embrace,  and  in  Sp.  braiai  is  braces,  and  bracear  is  to 
brace,  and  to  swing  the  arms.  Brace,  in  naval  afl'airs, 
is  in  1).  /iriw  ;  Dan.  bras,  and  brase,  to  brace.  Citt.  Is 
this  the  same  word  as  the  Fr.  bras,  an  arm.'] 

1.  In  arckilecturr,  a  piece  of  timber  framed  in  with 
bevel  joints,  to  kiM^p  tln^  building  from  swerving  ei- 
ther way.  It  i  xteiids  like  an  arm  from  the  post  or 
main  limber. 

a.  That  which  holds  any  thing  tight;  a  cincture  or 
bnndai;e.    The  braces  of  n  drum  are  not  bamls. 


3.  A  pair;  a  couple;  as,  a  brace  of  ducks.  It  is 
used  of  persons  only  in  conteinjit,  or  in  a  style  of 
drollery. 

4.  In  music,  a  line  or  bracket  placed  vertically  at 
the  beginuiivg  of  each  set  of  staves  in  a  score,  serv- 
ing to  bind  them  logetlier.  Brande. 

5.  A  thick  strap,  which  supports  a  carriage  on 
wheels. 

6.  A  crooked  line,  in  printing,  connecting  two  or 
more  words  or  lines;  thus,  j 

It  is  used  to  connect  triplets  in  poetrj'. 

7.  In  marine  language,  a  rope  reeved  through  a 
block  at  the  end  of  a  yard,  to  square  or  traverse 
the  yard.  The  name  is  given  also  to  pieces  of  iron 
which  are  used  as  supports  ;  such  as  the  poop  lan- 
terns, &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

8.  Brace,  or  brasse,  is  a  foreign  measure  answering 
to  our  fathom.    [Fr.  brasse,  fathom.] 

9.  Harness;  warlike  preparation  ;  as  we  say,  ^I'rrf- 
ed  for  battle.  Shak. 

10.  Tension  ;  tightness.  Holder. 

1 1.  Braces ;  pL,  suspenders  ;  the  straps  that  sustain 
pantaloons,  &,c. 

12.  The  braces  of  a  drum,  are  the  cords  on  the  sides 
of  it,  for  tightening  the  heads  and  snares. 

13.  A  curved  instrument  of  iron  or  wood,  for  boring 
holes  and  driving  screws,  by  ptessure  against  the 
breast.  JVtcholson. 

BRaCE,  v.  i.  To  draw  tight ;  to  tighten  ;  to  bind  or 
tie  close  ;  to  make  tight  and  firm. 

2.  To  make  tense ;  to  strain  up ;  as,  to  brace  a 
drum. 

3.  To  furnish  with  braces ;  as,  to  brace  a  building. 

4.  To  strengthen  ;  to  increase  tension  ,  as,  to  brace 
the  nerves. 

5.  In  marine  language,  to  bring  the  yards  to  either 
side. 

To  brace  about,  is  to  turn  the  yards  round  for  the 
contraiy  tack. 

To  brace  sharj),  is  to  cause  the  yards  to  have  the 
smallest  possible  angle  with  the  keel. 

To  brace  to,  is  to  check  or  ease  off  the  lee  braces, 
and  round  in  the  weather  ones,  to  assist  in  tacking. 

Mar.  Diet. 

BRaC'£D,  (brast,)  pp.  Furnished  with  braces  ;  drawn 

close  and  tiglit ;  made  tense. 
BRaCE'LET,  71.    [Fr.  brassselet,  and  bracelet ;  It.  brac- 

ciale,  braccialetto  :  Sp.  brazalete.    See  Brace.] 

1.  An  ornament  for  the  wrist,  worn  by  ladies.  This 
ornament  seems  anciently  to  have  been  worn  by  men 
as  well  as  women. 

2.  A  piece  of  defensive  armor  for  the  arm. 

Johnson. 

BRa'CER,  77.  That  which  braces,  binds,  or  makes 
firm  ;  a  band  or  bandage  ;  also,  armor  for  the  arm. 

Chaucer. 

2.  A  medicine,  which  gives  tension  or  tone  to  any 
part  of  the  bod}'. 
BR.\€n,  71.    [FrI  braipie;  D.  brak ;  It.  braeco,  a  setting 
dog ;  .Sp.  braco,  pointing  or  setting,  as  a  pointer.] 
A  bitch  of  tlie  hound  kind.  Shak. 
BRACll'I  -'VL,  a.    [L.  brachium,  from  the  Celtic  dij-aic, 
brae,  the  arm.] 
Belonging  to  the  arm  ;  as,  the  brnchial  arterj-. 

Hooper. 

BRACH'I-ATE,  a.  [See  Brachial.]  In  botany,  hav- 
ing branches  in  pairs,  decus.satcd,  all  ni'arly  horizon- 
tal, and  each  pair  at  right  angles  witli  the  next. 

.Martyn. 

BRACII'I-O-POD,  71.  /  [Gr.  ffpaxfp,  the  arm, 
BRACIl-l-OP'O-DA,  71.  pt.  \     and  iroSa,  feel.] 

Terms  applied  to  a  class  or  order  of  molluscous  an- 
imals, characterized  by  two  fleshy  arms,  or  labial 
processes,  which  they  can  protrude  or  withdraw,  and 
wliicli  serve  for  prehension. 
BUACII'MAN,  )  71.  One  of  the  sacerdotal  order 

BRa.M'I.N,  (brU'min,)  j  of  India.  The  AiWimun.'.- are 
a  branch  of  the  ancient  gjunnosopliists,  and  remarka- 
ble for  tlie  severity  of  their  lives  and  manners. 

Enciie. 

BRAeil-Y-CAT-A-LEO'TlG,  n.    [Gr.  /i.i.if  'S,  siiort, 

and  /(.i7.iAr/it7-ii('jf,  deficient.] 

In  Oreck  and  Latin  prosody,  a  verse  wanting  two 

syllables  .at  its  termination. 
BRA€H-Y-1)I-AG'0-NAL,  «.    The  shortest  of  the  di- 
agonals ill  a  rhombic  prism. 
BR.\-eilYG'K.\-PHER,  n.    [See  the  next  word.]  A 

writer  in  short  hand.  Onvlon. 
BRA-GHYG'RA-PIIY,  71.    [Gr.  (}oa\vs,  short,  and 

;  /jii  /iip,  a  writing.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  writing  in  short  hand  ;  ste- 

nograplu'.  B.  Jonson. 

BK A-€11VL'0-GY,  71.    [Gr.  0imxvs,  short,  and  Aoj  oi, 

cx|iression.] 

In  rhetoric,  the  oxprcasing  of  any  thing  in  the  most 
concise  manner. 
BRA-CllYP'TEll-OUS,  o.    [Gr.  /?paxij$,  short,  and 
irrf))oi',  wing.] 

In  ornitboltigu,  a  term  denoting  that  the  wings, 
when  folded,  lio  nut  reach  to  the  base  of  the  tail. 

Brande, 

BRA-CHYST'O-eilRONE,  n  [Gr.  0pttxi<rrus,  short- 
est, and  xpiiKu,  tune.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  MKTE,  PRBY.  — PINK,  MARINE,  BtttD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK. 


142 


BRA 


BRA 


BRA 


A  ciirvi-,  ill  wliicli  a  body,  (li'sceiidiiig  by  the  fmce 
of  gravity,  moves  tlirougli  u  given  space  in  the  short- 
est tiiiir. 

BUAeil'Y-TtP-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  ffimxvs,  short,  and 

Tvnof,  form.] 

In  minrratoiryt^  of  a  short  fonn.  Jifohs. 
BUAeil-V-li'UUUri,  a.  [Gr.  (S.ja\iJi,  short,  and  ovpa, 

tail.] 

Sliort-tailed  ;  a  term  appUcd  to  a  tribe  of  Crustacea, 
(•oniprehendilig  the  crabs.  P.  Cijc. 

13U.\C'ING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  braces;  malting 
tiglit  or  lirm. 

bUAC'ING,  H.  .Act  of  bracing,  or  state  of  being 
liraoed. 

lUlAC'l.NG,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  giving  strength 
or  tone. 

UKACK,  H.  [Ger.  bruch  ;  Uaii.  brwk ;  Norm,  brek  ;  from 

break,  which  see.] 

An  opening  caused  liy  tlie  parting  of  any  solid 

body  ;  a  breach  :  a  broken  part. 
BR.-\t'K'A'.\,  H.    Fern.    [Sec  ISrake.] 
BK.\CK'ET,  n.    [Fr.  bruqurr,  to  bend.    Ciu.  Orii  ntal 

Tia,  .\r.  f'h.  Ileb.  Syr.  Sam.  and  Eth.,  to  bend  the 

knee  ;  hence  it  siguilies  the  knee.] 

J.  Among  wnrkirrs  in  timber,  an  angular  wooden 

stay,  in  form  of  the  knee  bent,  to  support  shelves, 

scall'tilds,  and  the  like. 

2.  The  check  of  a  mortar  carriage,  made  of  strong 
plank.  Eiicijc. 

3.  In  printiiis,  a  term  applied  to  hooks  ;  thus,  [  ]. 
BR.ACK'E'I",  V.  i.    To  place  within  brackets. 
BUACK'ISH,  a.  [D.  brak,  overllowed  ;  (pi.  from  break, 

or  Gr.  ^ot\u),  lo  water.  Perhaps  applied  to  land  on 
which  s;dt  water  has  tlowed.l 

.Salt,  or  salt  in  a  moderate  degree:  it  is  applied  to 
anv  wi\li  r  partially  saturated  with  salt.  Bacon. 

BIl.\'L'K'ISII-.N'ES.S,'n.  The  quality  of  being  brackish; 
iViltness  in  a  small  degree.  Chtijne. 

BRACK'V,  a.    Brackish.  iwci] 

BK.-\e'TE-.\,  >  II.     [L.    Ainsworth  writes  frracdca,  or 

BKAGT,         I  brultra.] 

In  botany,  an  alinornially  developed  leaf,  growing 
upon  the  peduncle  of  a  flowi'r.  It  ditf.'rs  from  other 
leaves  in  shape  or  color,  ami  is  generally  situated  on 
the  peduncle,  so  near  the  flower  as  easily  to  be  mis- 
taken for  a  perianth. 

BRAG'TE  ATE,  a.  [from  bractea.]  Furnished  with 
bracts.  Barton. 

BRACT'EI),  a.    Furnished  with  bracts.  .Murtyn. 

BRAe'TE-IJi.E,  )i.    .\  little  bract.        De  Camlu'lle. 

BRAt;'TIM)-LA  rE,  u.    Furnished  w  ith  bracteoles. 

BUACT'I-ESS,  «.    In  bulanij,  destitute  of  bracts. 

BK.AI),  in  Sa.xon,  is  bruad,  and  occurs  in  names  ;  as,  in 
Brailford,  broatlford. 

Bll.M),  «.  [Arm.  brand,  a  point;  Ir.  brad,  oi  braid; 
Dan.  braail,  a  goad  or  sting  ;  Ch.  013,  6aro(,  a  dart, 
a  borer.] 

,\  |)articular  kind  of  nnil,  used  in  floors  and  other 
work,  where  it  is  deemed  proper  to  drive  nails  entire- 
ly into  the  wood.  For  this  purpose,  it  is  made  with- 
out a  broad  head  or  shoulder  over  the  shank. 

Mozon. 

BRAD'Y-PL'S,  «.  The  sloth,  which  see. 
BRAG,  ».  i.  [W.  bragiaw,  to  swell,  to  shoot  up,  to 
brag  ;  brag,  a  sprouting,  malt ;  bragn,  to  malt.  It 
coincides  with  Dan.  brager,  to  crackle,  Gr.  liaaxu. 
Eng.  to  brag,  an<l  many  other  words  signifying  lo 
break,  or  shoot  forth.    See  Bhwe.] 

To  boast ;  to  display  one's  actions,  merits,  or  ad- 
vantages ostentatiously  ;  to  lidl  boastful  stories  ;  fol- 
lowed by  uf;  as,  to  brag  o/a  good  horse,  or  of  ti  fi  at. 

Sidntij.  Sfuik. 
To  brag  on,  is  vulgar  ;  indeed,  the  word  itself  is  be- 
come low,  and  is  not  to  be  used  in  elegant  composi- 
tion. 

BRAG,  n.  .\  boast  or  boasting;  ostentations  verbal 
display  of  one's  deeds,  or  advantages  ;  the  thing 
boasted.  ,Mdtan.  Bacan. 

Spenser  has  used  this  word  as  an  adverb  for 
proudly. 

BR.\G,  H.    A  game  at  cards.  Chesterfield. 
BRAG-G.Vno'ClO,  (brag-ga-do'sho,)  ;i.    A  pufling, 

boasting  fellow.  Dnjden. 
RRAG'GARn-lS.M,  ju    [Old  Fr.  braggardiie.] 

lioaslfulness ;  vain  ostentation. 
BR.\G'GART,  71.   [iroo- and  art,  ard,  kind.]   A  boast- 
er ;  a  vani  fellow.  Shak. 
BR.\G'G.\RT,  a.    Boastful  ;  vainly  ostentatious. 

Donne. 

BRAG'GER,  n.  One  who  brags  ;  a  boaster. 
BRAG'GET,  ii.    [VV.  bragawd.    See  Brac] 

.\  liquor  made  by  fermenting  the  wort  of  ale  and 

mead.  Otcen. 
BRAG'GIXG,  ft.   Act  of  boasting. 
BR.WGI.NG,  ppr.  Boasting. 
BRAG|GING-LY,  arfr.  Boastingly. 
BR.VG'LESS,  a.    Without  bragging  or  ostentation. 

f  Unusual.]  shak. 
BRAG'LY,  adv.    Finely ;  so  as  it  may  be  bragged  of. 

LVuf  ii..fii.]  Spenser. 
BR.MI'.MA,  n.   The  first  person  in  the  trinitv  of  the 

Hindoos  ;  the  creator.    The  other  two  are  'yishnoo, 

the  preserver  or  redeemer,  and  Stva,  the  destroyer. 

Kncuc.  Jim. 


HRAH-.M.\N'ie,  a.    Pertaiiiiiig  to  tlio  hrachinans. 
BRXIl'iMI.N,  «.    A  priest  amuiig  tile  Hindoos. 
UR.\ir),  i:  I     [Sax.  bredan,  to  braid  ;  Old  Eng.  brede  ; 

Dan.  brcide,  to  upbraid.] 
1.  'I'o  weave  or  infold  three  or  more  strands  to  form 

one. 

2  In  domestic  concerns,  to  mingle  by  nibbing  in 
some  fluid  or  soft  substance ;  as,  to  braid  starch. 

Jf'orby. 

3.  To  reproach.    [Obs.]    [See  UpnnAin.] 

4.  To  break  ;  to  tear  ;  to  start.  [Obs.] 

BRAID,  H.    A  .string,  cord,  or  other  texture,  fonnrd  by 
weaving  together  (lifl'erent  strands, 
a.  A  start.  Suekrdlr. 
BRA  ID,  a.    Deceitful.  Uliok. 
Chaucer  used  the  Saxon  word  hrrdr,  to  decisive. 
This  is  the  flgiirative  sense  of  braid.  [Obs.] 
RRAID'EI),  ;>;).  or  a.    Woven  together;  commingled 
by  rubbing. 

RRAID'lNc;,  ppr.  Weaving  or  intrrl.icing  ;  commin- 
gling by  riibliiiig. 

BRAIL,  II.  [Fr.  brnyer,  a  braii,  or  truss,  a  contracted 
«ord.] 

1.  A  piece  of  leather  lo  bind  up  a  hawk's  wing. 

Bailey. 

2.  In  navigation,  brails  are  ropes  passing  through 
pulleys,  on  the  niizzen-mast  and  yard,  and  fastened 
to  tlie  aftmost  leech  of  the  sail  in  difl'erent  places,  to 
truss  it  up  close.  .Mso,  all  ropes  employed  to  haul 
up  the  bottoms,  lower  corners,  and  skirts  of  the  other 
great  sails,  for  the  more  ready  furling  of  them. 

Mar.  Dirt. 

BRAIL,  r.  I.  To  brail  up,  is  to  haul  up  into  the  brails, 
or  to  truss  up  with  the  brails.  Mir.  Viet. 

BR.\IX,  H.  [Sax.  bripgan,  bregen,  bragcn;  D.  brein  ; 
Gr.  iine-  p^i,  properly,  the  fore  part  of  the  head,  or 
sinciput ;  also,  the  biain.J 

1.  The  soft  mass,  or  viscug,  inclosed  in  the  crani- 
um, or  skull,  forming  the  most  iiiiporlant  and  most 
largely  developed  portion  of  the  nervous  system,  and 
the  .seat  of  the  intellect  and  emotions.  It  consists  of 
two  larger  portions,  the  crrcbrnm  and  cerebellum,  and 
of  certain  sinalli:r  parts,  situated  at  their  base.  From 
the  smaller  parts,  at  its  base,  proceed  the  spinal  mar- 
row, and  certain  pairs  of  nerves,  part  distributed,  as 
nerves  of  special  sensation,  on  the  organs  of  sense, 
and  part,  as  nerves  of  common  sensation  and  motion, 
to  the  head  and  neck.  'J'lie  term  has,  also,  been  ap- 
plied to  tlie  cerebrum,  in  distinction  from  the  cerebel- 
lum, or  little  brain. 

2.  The  unilerstandiuir.  Iliile. 

3.  The  atfections  ;  fancy  ;  imagination.  [Unusual.] 

Shak.  S'liuii/s. 

BRAIN,  V.  t.    To  dash  out  the  brains  ;  to  kill  by  beat- 
ing out  the  brains.  Pope.  Dnjdcn. 
2.  To  conceive  ;  to  understand.  [.V(;t  used.]  Shak. 

BRAIN'-Fr.'VER,  »t.  An  old  term  tor  an  inrtsiinina- 
tion  of  the  brain. 

BRAIN'ISII,  a.  Hot-headed;  furious;  as  L.  cerrbro- 
siis.  Shak. 

BRAIiX'LESS,  a.  Without  understanding;  silly; 
tbouclilless  ;  witless.  Ticket.  Shak. 

BUA  I  .\'l' A.V,  II.  [iiain  and  ;iaii.]  The  skull  which 
incloses  tlie  brain.  Drydcn. 

BKAI.V'SICK,  a.  [brain  and  sick.]  Disordered  in 
tlie  understanding  ;  giddy  ;  thoughtless.  Knollrs. 

BRAIN'SICK-LV,  adc.  Weakly  ;  with  a  disordered 
understanding.  Shak. 

BRAIN'SICK-NES.S,  n.  Disorder  of  the  understand- 
ing ;  giddiness;  indiscretion. 

BRAI.X'THROB,  n.    The  tlirohbiug  of  the  brain. 

BK.AIT,  n.    Among  jewelers,  a  rough  diamond. 

BRAKE,  pp.  of  Break.    [OAs.]    [See  Break.] 

BRAKE,  n.  [W.  brwg ;  It.  fraoeh  ;  Port,  brrjo  ;  Sp. 
brezo  ;  Dan.  brcgne  ;  G.  brrehe ;  h.  erica  :  Gr.  loiKitr, 
£•  £(««,  to  break.  So  named,  probably,  from  its  rough- 
ness or  broken  appearance.] 

1.  A  n.ame  given  todiftlrent  species  of  fern,  of  the 
genus  Pteris,  particularly  to  the  female  fern,  (/'. 
aifuiliaa  i)  alsti  to  difl'erent  species  of  fern  of  other 
genera.  The  name  is  also  used  collectively  in  the 
plural,  {brakes.) 

2.  A  place  overgrown  with  brake.  Encyc. 

3.  .\  thicket ;  a  place  overgrown  with  shrubs  and 
bnniblcs.  Johnson. 

•1.  In  the  United  States,  a  thicket  of  canes  ;  as,  a 
cane-brake;  but  I  believe  used  only  in  composition. 

EUieutt. 

BRaKE,  n.  [See  Break.]  An  instrument  or  machine 
to  break  fla.x  or  hemp. 

2.  The  handle  or  lever  by  which  a  pump  is  worked  ; 
that  is,  brac,  brachium,  an  arm. 

3.  .V  baker's  kneading-trough. 

4.  .V  sharp  bit,  or  snaffle. 

5.  .\  machine  for  confining  refractory  horses  while 
the  smith  is  shoeing  them.  Johnson. 

6.  That  pari  of  tile  carriage  of  a  movable  battery, 
or  ensine,  which  enables  it  to  turn.  Fairfar.' 

7.  A  large,  heavy  harrow  for  breaking  clods  after 
ploughing;  called  also  a  rfra-r. 

BRAKE,  II.  i\n  instrument  ait.ached  to  wheels,  par- 
ticularly lo  the  wheels  of  carriages,  and  especially 
railroad  cars,  which,  by  pressing  on  the  wheels,  re- 
tards or  stops  their  motion. 


The  wife  of  a  Bnimin. 


BRAKE'M.\.\,  n.  The  man  whose  business  I*  to 
manage  the  brake  on  railw.iys. 

BRAK'V,  a.  Full  of  brakes;  abiiunding  with  brain 
bh  s  or  shrubs  ;  rough  ;  thorny.  B.  Jomion. 

BRAM'A,    vn.    [Broum,  Pironiis.     Herodotus.  Ciu. 

HUU.M'.\,    V    l..priinus  ;  Ir. pn»m/i,  first,  cliiel  ;  Goth. 

BRAII'MA,  7   frum,  origin,  beginning.] 

The  chief  deity  of  the  Indian  nations,  consideied 
as  the  cn^ator  of  all  things.  Jls.  Rcsmrelin 

BRA.M'BLE,  n.  [Sax.  brembel,  brcmbr,  bremel,  a  bram- 
ble, rubiis,  vepres  ;  D.  braam,  braambusch,  braaiiis-truilc, 
bramble  ;  Ger.  brainbeer,  blackberry  ;  bromtjeerstutule, 
braiiible.  This  plant,  probably,  is  named  from  its 
berry  or  its  prickles.    See  Broom.] 

'liie  rasjiberry  bush  or  blackbciry  bush  ;  a  name 
common  to  difl'erent  species  of  the  genus  Rnbus,  in- 
cluding the  raspberry  and  blackberry.  They  are 
armed  with  prickles  ;  hence,  in  common  language, 
any  rough,  prickly  shrub. 

BR,\M'BLE-B}JSII,  n.  [bramble  and  bii.ib.]  The 
bramble,  or  a  collection  of  brambles  growing  together. 

BR.\M'BL£D,  (bram'bld,)  a.  Overgrown  with  bram- 
bles. 

BRAiM'BLE-NET,  n.    [bramble  and  vet.]    A  hallier, 

or  a  net  to  catch  birds.  Encyc.  Jiiih. 

BRAM'ULIN'G,  j  11.     A  bird,  a  species  of  Fringilla, 
BR.V.M'BLE,     1    the  mountain  finch.  Encyc. 
BRAM'BLY,  adc.    Full  of  brambles. 

BRAH'MLV,  i  "•    [See  Brachman.] 

.\  priest  among  the  Hindoos  and  other  nations  of 
India.  There  are  several  orders  of  Braiiiins,  many 
of  whom  are  very  corrupt  in  their  morals  ;  others 
live  sequestered  from  the  world,  devoted  to  supersti- 
tion and  indolence.  They  are  the  only  persons  who 
understand  the  Sanscrit,  or  ancient  language  of  the 
country,  in  which  their  sacred  books  are  written; 
and  to  them  are  I'^iiropean  nations  indebted  for  their 
knowledge  of  the  language.  'I'liey  worship  Braina, 
the  supposed  creator  of  the  world,  but  have  many 
subordinate  deities. 

BUa.M'I.V  ESS, 

BU.\.M-1N-EE', 

BR.\-.MI.\'ie-.>VL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Brainins,  or 
their  doctrines  and  worship  ;  as,  the  braminical  sys- 
tem. -Is.  Researches. 

BRXM'IN-ISiM,  71.  The  religion,  or  system  of  doc- 
trines, of  the  Bramins. 

BRAN,  n.  [W.  trail,  composed  of  4  and  rhan,  a  piece, 
from  rhauu,  lo  rend  or  tear  ;  Arm.  brcnn  ;  Ir.  and  Fr. 
bran.  In  Italian,  brano  is  a  piece  or  bit.  Arm. 
ranna ;  II.  rannain,  to  tear,] 

The  proper  coat  of  the  seed  of  wheat,  rye,  or  other 
farinaceous  grain,  separated  from  the  flour  by  bolting. 

BRANCARD,  ii.    [Fr.]    A  horse  litter.    [J^'^it  in  use.] 

BRANCH,  II.  [Vr.  branche ;  Arm.  braneq.  If  n  is  not 
railieal,  this  word  coincides  with  W.  braie,  the  arm, 
a  shoot.    This  is  probably  the  fact.] 

1.  .\  shoot  of  a  tree  or  other  plant;  a  limb;  a 
bough  shooting  from  the  stem,  or  from  another 
branch  or  bough.  Johnson  restricts  the  word  to  a 
sAi)(i(  from  a  main  bough ;  but  the  definition  is  war- 
ranted neither  by  etymology  nor  usage. 

.\  division  of  a  main  stem,  supporting  the  leaves 
and  fructification.  Martyn. 
,\u  arm  of  a  tree  sprouting  from  the  stem.  Encyc. 

2.  .\iiy  arm  or  extended  part  shooting  or  extended 
from  the  main  body  of  a  tiling  ;  as,  the  branch  of  a 
candlestick  or  of  an  artery.  Hence,  from  similitnde, 
a  smaller  stream  running  into  a  larger  one,  or  pro- 
ceeding from  it.  Also,  the  shoot  of  a  stag's  horn  ; 
an  antler. 

3.  Any  member  or  part  of  a  body,  or  system  ;  a 
distinct  article  ;  a  section  or  subdivision  ;  as,  charity 
is  a  branch  of  Christian  duly. 

4.  .Any  individual  of  a  family  descending  in  a 
coll.iteral  line ;  any  descendant  from  a  common 
parent  or  stock. 

.5.  Branches  of  a  bridle :  two  pieces  of  bent  iron, 
which  bear  ttie  bit,  the  cross  chains,  and  the  curb. 

(t.  In  architecture,  branches  of  ogices  are  the  arches 
of  Gothic  vaults,  traversing  from  one  angle  to  another 
diagonally,  and  forming  a  cross  between  the  other 
arches,  which  make  the  sides  of  the  square,  of  which 
these  arches  are  diagonals.  Harris. 

7.  A  warrant  or  onmmission  given  to  a  pilot. 

Laws  of  j\Ia.isachuse^L<i. 

8.  \  chandelier.  jJsA. 
BR.KNCII,  I!,  i.    To  shoot  or  spread  in  branches  ;  to 

ramify  ;  as  a  plant,  or  ius  horns. 

2.  'i'o  divide  into  separate  parts  or  subdivisions, 
as  a  mountain,  a  stremn,  or  a  moral  subject;  to 
ramify. 

3.  'i'o  speak  diffusively  ;  to  make  many  distinctions 
or  divisions  in  a  discourse. 

4.  To  have  horns  shooting  out.  .Milton. 
BR.\.\'CH,  r.  t.    To  divide  as  into  branches;  to  make 

subordinate  divisions.  Bacon. 

2.  To    adorn    with   needle-work,  representing 
branches,  flowers,  or  twigs.  Spenser. 
BRA.\CH'£D,  (brincht,)  pp.    Divided  or  spread  into 
branches;  separated  into  subordinate  parts  ;  .adorned 
with  branches  ;  furnished  with  braiiciies. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

—  _  _  __ 


li  II  A 

BRANCll'KI)-\V51{K,(hi:incht'\vurk,)  ii.  The  carved 
ami  sculptured  leavi  s  and  branches  in  monuments 
and  friezes. 

BRXNCH'ER,  v.    One  that  shoots  forth  branches. 
2.  A  j  ounj!  hawk  wht  n  it  benins  to  leave  the  nest 
and  take  to  the  branches. 
BRXNCH'EK-V,  7(.    The  ramifications  of  the  vessels 
dispersed  through  the  pulpy  part  of  fruit. 

Encyc,  Ash. 

BRAXeH'I-iE,  71.  pi.  [L.]  Gills;  a  term  applied  to 

the  organs  of  respiration  in  certain  animals  which 

live  in  water,  as  fishes  and  Crustacea. 
BRXXCH'I-XES.S,  H.  Fullness  of  branches.  Johnson. 
BRANCHMXC,  ;);ir.    Shouting  in  branches;  dividing 

into  several  suli,irilinate  part-. 
BRANrU'l-NO,  a.    Furnished  with  branches;  shoot- 

inj;  out  branches. 
BRA.\eilT-0-POD,  71.  {      [Gr.  /Joajx'",  g'Hs. 

BRANCH  I-OP'O-DA,  H.  p?.  (        and   runs,  T:u6ui, 

foot.] 

Terms  denoting  an  order  of  Crustacea,  generally 
very  small  or  minute  ;  so  named  from  their  feet,  or 
locomotive  extremities,  having  been  supposed  to  per- 
form the  function  of  gills.  P.  Cue. 
BRAXGH-I-OS'TE-GOUS,  a.     [Gr.  iSfiojx'", 
and  S"i/uf,  a  covering.] 

Having  gill-covers,  or  covered  gills,  as  a  irancAio,?(e- 
gous  fish  ;  covering  the  gills,  as  the  braiichiosteirous 
membrane  ;  belonging  to  the  gill-covers,  as  the  branch- 
ioste^otis  rays.  The  branchivstcgi  are  an  order  of 
fish  in  the  Linnajan  system,  the  rays  of  whose  fins 
are  bonj',  but  whose  gill-covers  are  destitute  of  bony 
ravs.  Enci/c. 
BRANCH'l-REME,  7(.    [Gr.  Pnay\(a,  and  L.  remii.^.] 

An  animal  that  has  legs  terminating  in  a  bundle  of 
setiform  blanches,  connected  witli  its  respiration. 

Kirbij. 

BR.\NCH'-LkAF,  71.    A  leaf  growing  on  a  branch. 

Martifn. 

BRANCH'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  branches  or  shoots  ; 
without  any  valuable  product ;  barren  ;  naked. 

Shak. 

BRXNCH'LET,  71.  A  little  branch ;  a  twig ;  the  sub- 
division of  a  branch.    JIfarttjn.    Asiat.  Researches. 

BRaNCH'-PE-DUN'€LE,  (-dunk'l,)  71.  A  peduncle 
springing  fnmi  a  branch.  Martipi. 

BRANCH'-PI-LOT,  7i.  A  pilot  who  has  a  branch  or 
public  commission. 

Laws  of  Massachisettf  and  A'cio  York. 

BRaNCH'Y,  a.  Full  ofbranches ;  having wide-spread- 
inir  branches.  Pope. 

BR.\ND,  71.  [Sax.  brand;  D.  brand;  G.  brand;  Dan. 
brtBndc  ;  Sw.  brand:  from  brdnna,  brenncn,  to  burn. 
See  BuRx.] 

1.  A  burning  piece  of  wood  ;  or  a  stick  or  piece  of 
wood  partly  burnt,  whether  burning  or  after  the  fire 
is  extinct. 

2.  A  sword,  either  from  brandishing,  (Fr.  brandir,) 
or  from  its  glittering  brightness  ;  71010  obsulne,  jintess 
in  poetnj.  Milton. 

3.  A  thunder-bolt.  Oranville. 

4.  A  mark  made  by  burning  with  a  hot  iron,  as 
upon  a  criminal,  or  upon  a  cask  ;  a  stigma  ;  any  note 
of  infamy.  Bacon.  Drydcn. 

5.  A  disease  in  vegetables,  by  which  tlu  ir  leaves 
and  tende  bark  are  partially  destroyed,  as  if  burnt ; 
called  also  burn.  P.  Cijc. 

BRAXD,  V.  t.  To  burn  or  impress  a  mark  with  a  hot 
iron  ;  as,  to  brand  a  criminal,  by  way  of  punishment ; 
or  to  brand  a  cask,  or  any  thing  else,  for  tlie  purpose 
of  fixing  a  mark  upon  it. 

2.  To  fix  a  mark  or  character  of  infamy,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  branding  of  criminals  ;  to  stigmatize  as 
infamous;  as,  to  brand  a  vice  with  infamy. 

Hoirr.  .Addison. 

BRAND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  JIarked  with  a  hot  iron  ;  stig- 
matized. 

BRAND'-GOOSE,  71.    A  sppcies  of  wild  goose,  of  the 

genus  AiKe»,  usually  called,  in  America,  branU 
BRAN'DI-KI),  (bran'did,)  a.    Jlingled  with  brandy; 

made  stronger  by  the  addition  of  brandy. 
BRAXn'Ii\(;,  ppr.    Impressing  a  mark  with  a  hot 

iron  ;  fixing  a  stigma  or  mark  of  reproach. 
BRA\r)'I.\(;-I-RO.\,  (-i-urn,)  «.    An  iron  to  brand 
BRA.\D'-I-K0N,(-i-um,)7i.    A  branding-iron.  [with. 

2.  A  trivift  to  set  a  pot  on. 
BR.V.N'D'ISII,       (.     [Fr.  brandir;  Port.  Irandir ;  Pp. 

blandir,  r  changed  into  I;   It.  brandirc :  probably 

allied  to  Fr.  branlcr,  to  shaki  .] 

1.  To  move  or  wave,  iia  a  weapon  ;  to  raise  and 
move  ill  various  directions  ;  to  shake  or  fiourlsh  ;  as, 
to  brandixh  a  sword  or  a  cane.  It  often  indicates 
threalenintr. 

2.  'J'o  play  with  :  to  llourisli ;  as,  to  brandish  uyl- 
logiHiiiH.  Locke. 

BRA.N'U'lSII-Kl),  (brand 'isht,) pp.    Raised  and  waved 

in  the  air  with  a  llouriitli. 
BRAND'I.-^II  ER,  n.    Onv  who  brandishes. 
BK.A.VD'I.-'II  I.VG,  ppr.    Raising  and  waving  in  the 

air  ;  nourishing. 
IIRA.ND'MNc;,  >i.    A  kind  of  worm.  WalUm. 
BRA.N'l)'-.\E\V,  (  iiu,)  n.    [KecItiiAHD.]    Unite  new  ; 

bright  as  a  br.nid  of  fire.  Taller. 
[Thin  word,  though  now  vulgar,  wan  considered 


BRA 

bv  Spelnian  as  peculiarly  elegant  and  appropriate. 
Rich.  Diet.] 

BRAX'DY,  «.  [I),  branden;  Ger.  brennen,  to  distil; 
branden,  to  boil  ;  brenner,  a  distiller ;  G.  brannlmein ; 
Fr.  brandevin,  brandy.    See  Bur.v.] 

All  ardent  spirit  distilled  from  wine.  This  is  the 
appropriate  sense,  though  the  same  name  is  now 
given  to  spirit  distilled  from  other  liquors,  and  in  the 
United  States  particularly  to  that  which  is  distilled 
from  cider  and  peaches.  In  the  north  of  Europe,  the 
term  is  also  applied  to  a  spirit  obtained  from  grain. 

BRAN'DY-VVINE,  n.    Brandy.  mscmaji. 

BRAN"GLE,  71.  [Russ.  bran,  war,  strife,  noise,  broil ; 
4ran)/u,  to  hinder,  to  scold  ;  L.frendco.  (Xu.  wrangle. 
Rrangle,  in  Scottish,  signifies  to  shake,  or  to  threaten  ; 
Fr.  branler.] 

A  wrangle  ;  a  squabble  ;  a  noisy  contest  or  dispute. 

Swift. 

BRAN"GLE,  v.  i.    To  wrangle  ;  to  dispute  conten- 

tiouslv  ;  to  sqiiablile.  Swift. 
BRA.\''GLE-.ME\T,  71.    Wrangle;  brangle. 
liRA\"GLEl!,  «.    A  quarrelsome  person. 
BRA\"GLIXG,  71.    .4  quarrel.  IVhitlock. 
BRANK,  71.     [So  named,  jirobably,  from  its  joints, 

breaks.    "  Galli^e  quoqae  suum  genus  farris  dedere  ; 

quod  illic  branre  vocanl,  apud  nos  sandalum,  nitidis- 

siini  grani."    Plin.  18.  7.] 

1.  ISuckwheat,  a  species  of  Polygonum ;  a  grain 
cultivated  mostly  for  beasts  and  poiUtry ;  but  in  the 
United  States,  the  flour  is  mucli  used  for  making 
breakfast  cakes. 

2.  In  some  parts  of  England  and  Scotland,  a  scold- 
ing-bridle, an  instrument  for  correcting  scolding 
women.  It  consists  of  a  head-piece,  which  incloses 
the  head  of  the  ofiender,  and  of  a  sharp  iron,  which 
enters  the  mouth  and  restrains  the  tongue. 

Plott.  Encyc. 
BRAXK'UR-SINE,  71.    [bravk  and  ursus,  a  bear.] 

Bear^ti'breech,  or  Acanthus,  a  genus  of  plants,  of 
several  species.  The  leaves  of  the  common  sort  are 
said  to  have  furnished  the  model  of  the  Corinthian 
capital. 

BRAX'LI.X,  71.  A  species  of  fish  of  the  salmon  kind, 
in  some  places  called  the  fingry,  from  five  or  six 
black  lines  or  marks  on  each  side  resembling  fingers. 
It  is  found  in  rapid  streams.        DicU  of  Mt.  Hist. 

BRAX'-XEW.  See,BRAND-NEw. 

BR.VX'XY,  a.  [from  bran.]  Having  the  appearance 
of  bran  ;  consisting  of  bran.  fViseman. 

BRAX'SLE,  71.    A  brawl,  or  dance.    [J^ot  tised.] 

Spenser. 

BRAX'T,  71.  [Qu.'iraiiii,  burnt  or  brown.]  A  species 
of  wild  goose,  of  the  genus  Anas  ;  called  also  brent 
and  brand-goose,  which  see. 

BRAXT,  a.  "Steep.  Todd. 

BRAXT'-FOX,  H.  A  kind  of  fox,  the  vulpes  alnpez, 
smaller  than  the  common  fox,  and  distinguished  by 
the  blackness  of  its  feet.  Booth. 

BRa'.<5E.\,  (bra'/.n,)  a.  Made  of  brass.  [See  Brass 
and  Brazen.] 

BRASH,  a.    Hasty  in  temper ;  impetuous.  Grose. 
_2.  Brittle.  [Local.] 

BRa'SIER,  (bra'zhur,)  71.    An  artificer  who  works  in 
brass.  Franklin. 
2.  A  pan  for  holding  coals.    [See  Brass.] 

BRA-SIL'.    See  Brazil. 

BR.\SS,  71.  [Sax.  bras;  VY.  pres ;  Corn,  brest;  Ir. 
pra.v.  In  Welsh,  pros  signifies  bi-ass,  and  what  is 
quick,  ready,  sharp,  smart,  also  haste,  fuel,  and 
prp-si/,  to  render  imminent,  to  hasten,  to  render 
present.  The  latter  sense  indicates  that  it  is  from 
the  Latin.  Hut  I  see  no  connection  between  these 
senses  and  brass.  This  word  may  be  named  from 
its  bright  color,  and  be  allied  to  Port,  braza,  Sp. 
brasas,  live  coals, 'aftraiar,  abrasnr,U)  burn  or  in- 
flame ;  but  the  real  origin  and  primary  sense  are  not 
evident,] 

1.  An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  of  a  yellow  color, 
usually  containing  .about  one  third  of  its  weight  of 
zinc ;  but  the  proportions  arc  variable.  The  best 
brass  is  made  by  cementation  of  calamine,  or  the 
oxyd  of  zinc  with  granulated  copjier.  Tlwmson. 

2.  Impudence  ;  a  brazen  face. 
BRXS.S'-1!AN1),  n.    A  company  of  musicians  who 

perform  on  instriimenls  of  brass,  as  the  trumpet, 
bugle,  &r. 

BRASS'-FDIL,  7t.  Dutch  leaf,  or  Dutch  gold  ;  formed 
by  bleating  out  jil.ates  of  brass  to  great  thinness. 

BRASS' ACE,  71.  A  sum  formerly  levied  to  defray  the 
expense  of  coinage.  Brunde. 

BRASS'ART,  11.  In  p/u(c  armor,  the  piece  which  pro- 
tected the  upper  part  of  the  arm,  from  the  elbow  to 
the  shoulder.  Brande. 

BRASSE,  71.  The  pale,  spotted  perch,  with  two  long 
teeth  on  each  side  ;  the  I.ucioperca.  .ish. 

Bit AS'S1;T,  71.    A  canpie  or  head-piece  of  armor. 

BRAS'Sl  CA,  71.    [L.r   Cabbage.  Pope. 

BRASS'l  NESS,  71.  A  quality  of  brass;  the  appear- 
ance of  brass. 

nRAS.S'-PAV-/','D,  a.    Hard  as  brass.  .'^prnsrr. 

BRASS-YIS'AG-KD,  a.    Impudent.  Chalmers. 

HRASS'Y,a.    Pertaining  to  brass  ;  |)arlaking  of  brass; 
hard  as  brass ;  liaving  the  color  of  brass. 
2.  Impudent ;  impudently  bold. 


BRA 

iiRAST,  a.    Burst.    [J\~ut  in  use.]  Spenser. 
BRAT,  71.    [G.  brut.] 

1.  A  child,  so  called  in  contempt. 

2.  Offspring  ;  progeny. 

BRAUL,  71.  Indian  cloth  with  blue  and  white  stripes, 
called  tvrbant.  Encyc. 

BRA-Va'DO,  71.  [Sp.  bravata;  Fr.  bravade.  See 
Brave.] 

A  boast  or  brag  ;  an  arrogant  menace,  intended  to 
intimidate. 

BRAVE,  a.  [Fr.  brace;  Arm.  brao ;  Sp.  Port.  It. 
bravo ;  D.  braaf;  Sw.  braf;  Dan.  brao ;  Ger.  brav, 
whence  bravircn,  to  look  big,  to  bully  or  hector.  In 
Sp.  and  Port,  braro  signifies  Arauf,  valiant,  strenuous, 
bullying,  fierce,  wild,  savage,  rude,  unpolished,  ex- 
cellent, fine  ;  bravear,  to  bully,  to  menace  in  an 
arrogant  manner  ;  iruca  isa  swell  of  the  sea  ;  brareza, 
valor,  and  fury  of  the  elements.  'I'he  word  brave 
expresses  also  a  showy  dress  ;  Arm.  bragal,  to  be 
well  dressed,  fine,  spruce,  of  wliich  iirao  seems  to  be 
a  contraction.  The  word  bears  the  sense  of  open, 
bold,  expanding,  and  rushing,  vaunting.  It  is  doubt- 
less contracted,  and  probably  from  the  root  of  brag.] 

1.  Courageous  ;  bold  ;  daring ;  intrepid ;  fearless 
of  danger ;  as,  a  Araiie  warrior.  It  usually  unites 
the  sense  of  courage  with  generosity  and  dignity  of 
mind,  qualities  often  united.  Bacon. 

The  brave  man  wiU  do*,  deliberately  do  an  injury  to  his  frllow- 
rnan.  Anon. 

2.  Gallant ;  lofty ;  graceful ;  having  a  noble  mien. 

Shak. 

3.  Magnificent ;  grand  ;  as,  a  brave  place. 

Dcnham. 

4.  Excellent  ;  noble ;  dignified.  [But  in  modem 
usage,  it  has  ne-arly  lost  its  application  to  tJiings.] 


[Ar. 

.Spenser. 
a  man  daring  beyond  dis 


(J5^j  baraka,  to 


5.  Gaudy  ;  showy  in  dress, 
adorn.]  [Obs.] 
BRAVE,  71.    A  hector 
cretion  or  decency. 

Hot  braves  like  thee  may  fi^ht.  Dryien. 

2.  A  boast;  a  challenge;  a  defiance.  Shak. 

3.  In  Jimerica,  an  Indian  warrior  is  called  a  brave, 
a  term  first  applied  by  the  French. 

BRAVE,  71.  t.  To  defy;  to  ch.allenge ;  to  encounter 
with  courage  and  fortitude,  or  without  being  morved  ; 
to  set  at  defiance. 

The  ills  of  love  I  can  brave. 

The  rock  that  braves  the  tempest.  DryJen. 
2.  To  carry  a  boasting  appearance  of;  as,  to  brave 
that  which  they  believe  not.  Baron. 
BRa\''£D,  pp.    Defied  ;  set  at  defiance  ;  met  without 

dismay,  or  being  moved. 
BRaVE'LY,  arfB.  Courageously;  gallantly;  splendid- 
ly ;  in  a  brave  manner  ;  heroicidly. 
In  Spenser,  finely  ;  gaudily. 

2.  In  colloquial  jisage,  in  good  health  ;  or  much  re- 
covered from  illness.  jVorfulk.  Suffolk. 

[In  this  sense  tlie  term  is  still  octasionally  iised  in 
Jjaierica.] 
BRAVER,  a. ;  c«i7ip.  of  Brave. 

BRaV'ER-Y,  71.  Courage;  heroism;  undaunted  spirit ; 
intrepidity  ;  gallantry;  fearlessness  of  danger  ;  often 
united  with  generosity  or  dignity  of  mind  which 
despises  meanness  and  cruelty,  and  disdains  to  take 
advantage  of  a  vanquished  enemy. 

The  duelist,  in  proving  his  bravery,  shows  lliiit  he  tliliiks  it  siis* 
pected.  Alton. 

2.  Splendor  ;  magnificence ;  showy  appearance. 
Tlie  bravery  of  their  tinklino^  ornaments.  —  Is.  iii.  Spevter. 

3.  Show  ;  ostentation  ;  fine  dress.  Bacon. 

4.  Bravado ;  boast.  Bacon.  Sidney. 

5.  A  showy  |)erson.  Sprnsir. 
[In  the  last  four  senses,  t/iis  word  is  nearly  antujuatcd.] 

BR  A  V'EST,  a. ;  svperl.  of  Brave. 

BR.'vV'IXG,  ppr.    Setting  at  defiance  ;  challenging. 

BR.A'VO,  71.  [It.  andSp.]  A  daring  villain  ;  a  bandit ; 
one  who  sets  law  at  defiance :  an  assassin  or  mur- 
derer. Oot\  of  the  Tongue. 

BRA'VO,  interj.    Well  done. 

BRA-Vu'R.\,  n.  [Sp.,  a  boasting.]  .•\n  air  charac- 
terized by  minute  divisions,  giving  several  notes  to  a 
syllable,  and  requiring  great  force  and  spirit  in  tlic 
performer.  P.  Cyc. 

BRAWL,  v.i.  [G.  briHlrn;  D.  bruUen;  Dan.  vraale 
and  briile ;  Sw.  vrala,  to  roar  or  bellow  ;  Fr.  hrnillrr ; 
Arm.  brailhat,  to  brawl  or  be  noisy  ;  I,,  pnrlior ;  W. 
bruliaw,  to  boast,  to  brtig  ;  brawl,  a  shooting  out,  a 
boast.) 

1.  To  quarrel  noisily  and  indecently 

2.  To  speak  loud  and  indi^cently. 

3.  To  roar  as  water  ;  to  make  a  noise. 
BR.WVL,  i!.  t.    To  drive  or  bi:at  away. 
BRAWL,  71.    [Norm.  Aran/.] 

"1.  Noistt ;  (]unrrel ;  scurrility  ;  uproar. 
2.  Formerly,  a  kind  of  ilaiice,  said  to  reseiiible  the 
modern  cotillon.  Shak.    B.  ./onsou.  (trail. 

BRAVVL'ER,  n.    A  noisy  fellow  ;  a  wningler.  .^yliffe. 
BRAWL'INC,  71.    The  act  of  tpiarreling. 
BUXVVL'IXti,  ;i;ir.  or  a.    lliiarrelling  ;  quarrelsome. 
BRAVViyiXG  LV,  adr.    In  a  ipiarrelsome  manner. 


Shnk. 
Shak. 
Shak. 

Hooker. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BOQK  — 


144 


BRE 


BRE 


BRE 


BK^WN,  r,     f  L.  apruffnus,  c;iro  upruiriia.] 
1.  Tlic  flesli  of  a  bmir,  or  tin;  iiuiiiial. 
a.  The  llesliy,  protuberant,  muscular  part  of  tlie 
body.  Peacham, 

3.  Bulk  ;  muscular  strcngtli.  JJnjden. 

4.  The  arm,  from  its  muscles  or  strength.  Shak. 
f).  The  ticsli  of  tlie  boar  or  of  swine,  collared  so  as 

to  squeeze  out  much  of  the  fat,  boiled  and  pickled. 
BUAWN'KD,  o.  Brawnv  ;  stronj.  tSpni.<^r. 
BKAW.N'KR,  n.  A  boar  killed  for  the  table.  King. 
BUA\V'N'I-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  bniwny  ; 

strength  ;  hardiness.  LocUe. 
BKAVVN'Y,  o.    iMusculous  ;  fleshy;  bulky;  having 

large,  strong  muscles  ;  strong.  Dryden. 
BUAV,  V.  t.    [Sax.  bracan;  Fr   brayer,  to  pound  or 

bruise;  brairr,  to  roar,  or  bray  as  an  ass;  Arm. 

brrifui,  to  roar;  Norm,  brair,  to  cry;  to  bruf^  i  Gr. 

/y,/(iv<j  ;  \V.  »riirair,  to  break  in  pieces,  to  rub  or 

grnid  ;  breyan,  a  quern  ;  Ir.  bra,  a  liandiudl.  See 

Brau  and  Break.] 

1.  To  pound,  beat,  or  grind  small  ;  as,  to  bray  a 
fool  in  a  mortar.    I'rov.  .\xvii. 

2.  V.  i.  'J'o  make  a  harsh  sound,  as  of  an  ass. 

Dry  den. 

3.  To  make  a  harsh,  disagreeable,  grating  sound. 

Mltnll. 

BRAY,  n.   The  harsh  sound  or  roar  of  an  ass ;  a  harsh, 
grating  sound. 

•2.  Shelving  ground  ;  a  declivity  or  slope  of  a  hill. 
[Scottish,  brae]  Fairftu:. 
BU.aY,  ;i.    [W.  bre,  a  mount  or  peak.] 

,\  bank  or  mound  of  earth.    [06.>-.]  Ifrrhrrt. 
BR.\Y'Ell,  H.    One  that  brays  like  an  ass.  Popr. 
•2.  An  instrument  to  temper  ink  in  |)rniting-ollices. 

Bailey.  MuLiun. 
BRAY'I\G,ppr.  Pounding  or  grinding  small ;  roaring. 
BUaY'I.NU,  II.    The  noise  of  an  ass. 

3.  Roar ;  noise  ;  clamor.  Smith. 
BR.^YLE,  n.    See  Brail. 
BRAZE,  V.  L    \Vr.  braser.] 

1.  To  soder  with  an  alloy  of  brass  and  zinc. 

JMoron. 

3.  To  harden  to  impudence ;  to  harden  as  w  ith 
brass.  Shak. 
BRA'ZEN,  (bra'zn,)  a.    Made  of  brass  ;  as,  a  brazen 
helmet.  Dryden. 

2.  Pertaining  to  brass  ;  proceeding  from  brass  ;  as, 
a  bra:en  din.  Shah 

3.  Impudent ;  having  a  front  like  brass. 

BrauH  aire,  or  age  of  brass  ;  in  myOiolugy,  the  age 
.  which  succeeded  the  silver  age,  when  men  had  de- 
generated from  primitive  purity. 

Brazen  duh,  among  miner.-',  is  the  standard  by  which 
other  dishes  are  gauged, and  is  kept  in  the  king's  hall. 
[Kngland.] 

Brazen  sea  ;  in  Jewish  antiipiity,  a  huge  vessel  of 
bra^s,  ca-st  on  tlie  plain  of  Jordan,  and  placed  in  Sol- 
omon's temple.  It  was  K  cubits  from  brim  to  brim, 
5  in  hight,  30  in  circumference,  and  contained  3000 
baths.  It  was  designed  for  the  priests  to  wash  them- 
selves in,  before  Uiey  performed  the  service  of  the 
temple.  Encvc. 
BRA'Z£N,  (bri'zn,)  v.  i.    To  be  impudent ;  to  bully. 

.^rbuthnut. 

BRa'ZE.\-BROVV-£D,  o.  Being  of  shameless  impii- 
di-nce.  Brown, 

BR.\'ZK.\-F.\CE,  71.  [brazen  and  face.]  An  impu- 
dent person  ;  one  remarkable  for  etfronterv.  Shak. 

BRA'Z>;N-FAC'i;i),  (bri'zn-laste,)  a.  Impudent ;  bold 
to  excess  ;  shameless.  Dryden. 

BR.\'Z£.\-LY,  adr.    In  a  bold,  impudent  manner. 

BR.\'Z/';.\-.NE.'<S,  II.    .Xppear.incc  like  brass.    In  this 
sense,  bra.<sinrss  is  the  more  correct  word. 
Impudence;  excess  of a^surjuicc. 

BRA'ZIER.    See  BnAsitR. 

BR.\-ZII.',  )  n.    (Port  braza,  a  live  coal,  or 

BRA-ZlL'-\VOOD,  (  clowine  fire.  This  name  was 
given  lo  the  \\  ihiiI  for  its  color ;  and  it  is  said  that 
King  Emanuel,  of  Portugal,  gave  tins  name  to  the 
country  in  .America  on  acuiint  of  its  producing  this 
wood.  It  was  first  named  Santa  Cntz,  by  its  discov- 
erer, Pedro  Alvares  t'abr.il.  Lmdleii's  .Varratire  of  a 
Voyage  to  Brazd.    Med.  Hrp.  IIi  x.  -j,  vol.  3,  200.] 

Brazil,  or  brazil-tcood,  is  a  very  heavy  wo*id,  of  a 
red  color,  growing  in  Brazil  and  other  tropical  coun- 
tries. It  is  used  ill  manufactures  for  dyeing  red.  It 
is  the  produce  of  the  Ctf^salpinia  rchinata, 

BRAZ-I-LET'TO,  n.  A  kind  of  red  dyeing-wood,  In- 
ferior to  the  brazil-wood,  brought  from  Jamaica,  the 
produce  of  two  species  of  Ca'salpinia,  (C.  brasiitensis 
and  C.  crwffl.)    See  Hrazil-Wood.  Bancroft, 

BR.\-ZIL'I.\X,  (bra-zil'yan,)  a.  Pertaining  lo  Brazil ; 
as,  Braziltan  strand.  Barloie. 

BRA-ZIL'-N'UT,  n.  The  Juvia  ;  the  nut  of  a  large 
Soiiili  .\merican  tree  ;  the  Ber'.holletia  ezeetia. 

BRAZ'I.N'G,  II,  The  act  of  uniting  by  an  alloy  of  brass 
and  zinc. 

BREACH,  n.  [Fr.  breche ;  D.  breuk;  Ger.  brudi;  Sw. 
bratk ;  Dan.  bmk :  Sp.  and  Port,  brecha.  See  Break.] 
1.  The  act  of  breaking,  or  .state  of  being  broken  ;  a 
rupture  ;  a  break  ;  a  gap ;  the  space  between  the  sev- 
eral [Kirts  of  a  solid  body  parted  by  violence  ;  as,  a 
breacJi  m  a  garment  or  in  a  wall. 


2.  Tlu!  vit|l:ition  of  a  law  ;  the  violation  or  non- 
fulfillment of  a  contract ;  the  non-perforinanco  of  a 
moral  duty  ;  non-pi  rformance  of  duty  being  a  breach 
of  obligation  as  well  us  a  |H>sitive  transgression  or  vi- 
olation. 

Every  breach  of  the  public  en^gementa  ia  hurlftil  tn  public 
ca'dit.  Ilamillon. 

3.  An  opening  in  a  coafet.  [N'ot  H.-fua?.]  Spenser. 

4.  Separation  between  Iriends  by  means  of  enmity  ; 
dilference  ;  quarrel.  ClarenUim. 

5.  Infraction  ;  injury  ;  invasion  ;  as,  a  breach  upon 
kingly  power.  Clarendon. 

6.  Bereavement ;  loss  of  a  friend  and  its  consequent 
aflliction. 

7.  A  violation  of  the  public  peace,  as  by  a  riot,  af- 
fray, or  any  tumult  which  is  contrary  to  law,  and 
destructive  to  the  public  tranquillity,  is  called  a  breach 
of  the  peace. 

BliliACII,  V.  t.  To  make  a  breach  or  opening,  as  in 
the  walls  of  a  fortification.        Life  of  Wellington. 

BRl":ACH'Fl,I-,  a.    Full  of  breaches, 

BRkACII'Y,  (I.    .•\pt  to  break  fences.  IMlowny. 

BREAD,  (bred,)  v.  [Sax.  bread;  Ger.  W,  brod;  D. 
brood;  Sw.  briid  ;  Dan.  brOd;  (iu.  Gr,  (Jijoitos,  any 
thing  esculent.  If  the  word  signifies  food  in  geni  rai, 
or  lluit  wiiicli  is  eaten,  probably  it  is  the  lleb,  and 
Ch.  ni-il,  from  n-v3,  bamh,  to  eat  or  feed.  But, 
in  German,  it  signifies  loaf  as  well  as  bread.  "Ze- 
hcn  brot,"  ten  loaves.  It  may  therefore  signify, 
primarily,  a  lump  or  portion.] 

1.  A  ni.iss  of  dough,  made  by  moistening  and 
kneading,  and  usually  fermenting,  the  Hour  or  meal 
of  some  species  of  grain,  and  baked  in  an  oven  or 

2.  Food  in  general.  [pan. 

In  th''  iwfxt  of  lli,v  fncf  stinit  thou  Ml  bread.  —  Gen.  iii. 
Give  i:s  Uliji  dity  our  duily  breast.  Lord't  Prayer. 

3.  Support  of  life  in  general ;  maintenance. 

Is  iJie  reward  of  rirtno  bretut  ?  Popt. 
Bee-bread.    See  Bee. 

Ship-bread  ;  bread  for  ships  ;  hard  biscuits. 
Cassada-brcad.    See  Cassada, 
BREAD,  e.  (.    [Sax.  bradan.    See  Broad.] 

To  spread.    [JVot  used.]  Ray. 
BREAD'CIIII'-PER.  n.    [bread  and  chrp.]    One  who 
chips  bread  ;  a  baker's  servant;  an  under  butler. 

Shak. 

BREAD'-eOR.N',  n.  [bread  and  com.]  Corn  of  which 
bread  is  made.  This,  in  most  countries,  is  wheat  or 
rye  ;  but,  in  .some  countries,  bread  is  made  of  other 
grain,  as  of  maize  in  some  parts  of  America. 

BREAD'JC.V,  (bred'n,)  a.    Made  of  bread.  Rogers. 

BREAD'-FRviIT-TREE:  n.  [bread,  frait,  and  tree.] 
The  Artocarpiis  incisa,  a  tree  w  hich  grows  in  the 
isles  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  of  the  size  of  an  apple- 
tree,  producing  a  fruit  of  a  round  or  oval  shape,  and 
as  large  as  a  small  loaf  of  bread,  which  is  eaten  as 
food.  Knciic. 

BREAD'LRSS,  a.  Without  bre.id  ;  destitute  of  food. 

BRE.\D'-ROO.M,  n.  Jin  apartment  in  a  ship's  hold, 
where  the  bread  is  kept. 

BREAD'-STUFF,  11.  Bread  corn,  meal,  or  flour.  [17. 
Slates.] 

BREADTH,  fbredth.)  n.  [Sa.x.  brad  and  bred.  See 
Board  an<l  Broad.] 

The  measure  or  extent  of  any  plain  surface  from 
side  to  side  ;  a  geometrical  dinu  nsion,  which,  multi- 
plied into  the  length,  constitutes  a  surface  ;  as,  the 
length  of  a  table  is  five  feet,  and  the  breadth  three  ; 
5x3=1.')  feet,  the  whole  surface. 

BREADTH'LESS,  <i.    Having  no  breadth.  More. 

BREAK,  r.  t. ;  prrt.  Broke,  [Brake,  ohs. :]  pp.  Broke 
or  Broken.  [Sax.  bnecnn,  bream,  to  break,  and  bra- 
can,  to  bray,  a-s  in  a  inorUir  ;  Sw.  braka ;  Dan.  brnkkc ; 
D.  braaken,  brceken  ;  (ler.  brechen  ;  \V.  bregu,  lo  break  ; 
breg,  a  rent  or  rupture  ;  ire  f ,  a  breaking  out ;  a  frec- 
kle; Goth,  brikan  ;  Ir.  bracaim,  to  break,  to  harrow; 
Sp.  and  Port,  brecha,  a  breach  ;  L.  frango,  fretji,  n 
ca-sual ;  .Vrm.  fricga;  Fr.  fracas;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sain, 
and  Ar.  pio,  farak,  lo  break,  to  free,  or  deliver,  to 
separate  ;  Gr.  ippannu,  ipoaynn.  These  words  seem 
also  to  be  allied  to  Ti3  and  VB.  If  the  first  conso- 
nant is  a  prefix,  which  is  probable,  then  connected 
with  these  words  are  the  Gr.  'p'ly  vvu  and  iohkw,  W. 
rhicygaic,  Arm.  roga,  rega,  to  rend.  Wreck  is  proba- 
bly of  the  same  family.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
strain,  stretch,  rack,  drive  ;  hence,  to  .strain  and  burst 
or  break.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  Greek  ^ij;  /j,  in 
the  yfvolic  dialect,  is  0oiiyri.] 

1.  To  part  or  divide  by  force  and  violence,  as  a 
solid  substance  ;  to  rend  apart ;  as,  to  break  a  band  ; 
to  break  a  thread  or  a  cable. 

2.  To  burst  or  open  by  force. 

The  fountain*  of  tjie  earth  were  broke  open.  Burnet. 

3.  To  divide  by  piercing  or  penetrating ;  to  burst 
forth ;  as,  the  light  breaks  through  the  clouds. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  make  breaches  or  gaps  by  battering,  a.s  in  a 
wall,  Shak. 

5.  To  destroy,  crush,  weaken,  or  impair,  as  the 
human  body  or  constitution.  Milton. 

(">.  To  sink  ;  to  apiKill  or  subdue  ;  as,  to  break  the 
spirits  or  Ilie  passions.  Philips. 


7.  To  crush;  to  shatti  r ;  to  dissipate  the  strength 
of,  as  of  an  army.  Dryden. 

8.  To  weaken  or  impair,  as  the  faculties.  .SAa*. 

9.  To  tame  ;  to  train  to  obedience  ;  to  make  tracta- 
ble ;  as,  to  break  a  horse.  .^ddvion. 

10.  To  make  bankrupt.  South. 

11.  To  discard,  dismiss,  or  cashier ,  as,  to  break  an 
oflicer.  SntifL, 

12.  To  crack,  to  part,  or  divide,  as  the  skin ;  to 
open,  as  an  aposleme. 

13.  To  violate,  lis  a  contract  or  promise,  either  by 
a  positive  act  contrary  to  the  promise,  or  by  neglect 
or  non-fulfillment. 

14.  To  infringe  or  violate,  as  a  law,  or  any  moral 
obligation,  either  by  a  positive  act,  or  by  an  omission 
of  what  is  required.  Dryden. 

1.5.  To  stop ;  to  interrupt ;  to  cause  lo  cease  ;  as,  to 
break  conversation  ;  lo  break  sleep.  Shak. 

1(1.  To  intercept ;  to  check  ;  lo  lessen  the  force  of; 
as,  to  break  a  fall,  or  a  blow.  Bacon. 

17.  To  separate;  to  part ;  as,  to  break  company  or 
friendship.  Alterbary. 

18.  To  dissolve  any  union  ;  sometimes  witli  off; 
as,  to  break  off  a  connection. 

19.  To  cause  to  abandon  ;  lo  reform,  or  cause  lo  re- 
form ;  as,  to  break  one  of  ill  habits  or  practices.  Grew. 

20.  To  open,  as  a  purpose  ;  to  propound  something 
new  ;  to  make  a  first  disclosure  of  opinions ;  as,  to 
breaJi  one's  mind.  Bacon. 

21.  To  frustrate  ;  to  prevent. 

If  pla^ies  or  civrtji(iual*e«  break  not  Heaven'i  de»i^.  Pope. 

22.  To  lake  away  ;  as,  to  break  the  whole  stafl"  of 
bread.    Ps.  cv. 

23  To  stretch  ;  to  strain  ;  to  rack  ;  as,  lo  break  one 
on  the  wheel. 

To  break  the  back  ;  to  strain  or  dislocate  the  verte- 
briB  with  too  heavy  a  burden  ;  also,  to  disable  one's 
fortune.  Shak. 

To  break  balk;  to  begin  to  unload.       Mar.  Diet. 

To  break  carer  :  to  come  forth  from  a  lurking-place, 
as  game  when  hunted. 

To  break  a  deer ;  lo  cut  it  up  at  table.  Johnson. 

To  break  fn.-.t :  to  eat  the  first  meal  in  the  day,  but 
used  as  a  compound  word. 

To  break  ground  ;  to  plow.  Careir. 

To  breaJi  ground;  to  dig;  to  open  trenches;  and 
hence,  fguratiocly,  to  commence  an  undertaking. 

Kncyc. 

To  break  the  heart;  to  afllicl  grievously;  to  cause 
great  sorrow  or  grief;  to  dejiress  with  sorrow  or  de- 
spair. Dryden. 

To  break  a  jest ;  to  utter  a  jest  unexpected.  Johnson. 

To  break  Uie  neck ;  to  dislocate  the  joints  of  the 
neck.  .SW;. 

To  break  off;  to  put  a  sudden  stop  to ;  to  interrupt ; 
to  discontinue. 

Break  ojf  thy  aina  by  righteoiiineu.  —  Dan.  ir. 

2.  To  sever  ;  to  divide  ;  as,  to  break  off  a  twig. 

To  breali  in  ;  to  train  or  accustom. 

To  break  sheer.  In  marine  language,  w  hen  a  ship  at 
anchor  is  in  a  position  to  keep  clear  of  the  anchor, 
but  is  forced  by  wind  or  current  out  of  that  position, 
she  breaks  her  sheer.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  break  up;  lo  dissolve  or  put  an  end  lo;  as,  to 
break  up  house-keeping. 

2.  To  open,  or  lay  open ;  as,  lo  break  up  a  bed  of 
earth. 

3.  To  plow  ground  the  first  lime,  or  after  lying 
long  unplowed.    [A  common  iLse  in  the  U.  States.] 

4.  To  separate  ,  as,  to  break  vp  a  company. 

5.  To  disband  ;  as,  to  break  up  an  army. 

To  break  upon  the  wheel ;  lo  stretch  and  break  the 
bones  by  torture  upon  the  wheel. 

To  break  uind;  to  give  vent  to  wind  I'roin  the  body 
backward. 

BRE.\K,  (brake,)  v.  i.    To  part ;  to  separate  ;  lo  divide 
in  two ;  as,  the  ice  breaks  ;  a  band  breaks. 

2.  To  burst ;  as,  a  storm  or  deluge  breaks.  Dryden. 

3.  To  burst  by  d-ishing  against  something  ;  as,  a 
wave  breaks  upon  a  rock.  Pope. 

4.  To  open,  as  a  tumor,  or  aposleme.  Harvey. 

5.  To  open,  ius  the  morning ;  lo  show  the  first  light ; 
lo  dawn.  Mdison. 

G.  To  burst  forth  ;  to  utier  or  exclaim  Shak. 

7.  I'o  fail  ill  trade  or  other  occupation  ;  to  become 
bankrupt.  Pope. 

8.  To  decline  in  health  and  strength  ;  to  begin  to 
lose  the  natural  vigor,  Sicifu 

9.  To  issue  out  with  vehemence.  Pope. 

10.  To  make  way  with  violence  or  suddenness ;  to 
rush  ;  often  with  a  particle  ;  as,  lo  break  in  ;  to  break 
in  upon,  as  calamities;  lo  break  over,  as  a  flood  ;  to 
break  out,  as  a  fire  ;  to  break  fortJi,  as  light  or  a 

11.  To  come  to  an  explanation.  [sound. 
I  ain  to  break  with  thee  upon  tome  afTain.  Shak. 

[I  believe  antiquated.] 

12.  To  sufl°er  an  intemiption  of  friendship ;  to  fall  out. 

Be  not  nfr*id  to  break  with  tnutori.  B.  Jonson. 

13.  To  faint,  flag,  or  pant. 

My  aoul  breaketh  for  the  longing  that  it  bath  unto  thy  Judf* 

menu.  —  P«.  cxix. 
To  break  aieay ;  to  disengage  it.self  from;  lo  rush 


TCXE,  BULL,  q.MTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as.K;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THI.S 


19 


MRK 

trom  ;  also,  to  dissolve  itself  or  dissipate,  as  fog  or 

To  break  forth  ^  to  issue  out.  [clouds. 

To  break  from ;  to  disengage  from ;  fo  depart  ab- 
laptly,  or  with  vehemence.  Roscommon. 

To  break  in ;  to  enter  by  force  ;  to  enter  unexpect- 
edly ;  to  intrude.  Sdilison. 

To  break  loose;  to  get  free  by  force  ;  to  escape  from 
confinement  by  violence  ;  to  shake  off  restraint. 

MiUon.  Tdhitson. 

To  break  off;  to  part ;  to  divide  ;  also,  to  desist  sud- 
denly. Bacon. 

To  brealc  off  from;  to  part  from  with  violence. 

Sliak. 

To  break  out ;  to  issue  forth  ;  to  discover  itself  by 
its  effects ;  to  arise  or  spring  up  ;  as,  a  fire  breaks  oat ; 
a  sedition  breaks  out ;  a  fever  breaks  oat. 

Drijden.  Milton. 

2.  To  appear  in  eruptions,  as  pustules  ;  to  have 
pustules,  or  an  efflorescence  on  the  skin  ;  as,  a  cliild 
breaks  out.  Hence  we  have  freckle,  from  the  root  of 
break ;  VVelsli  brec. 

3.  To  throw  o8'  restraint,  and  become  dissolute. 

Dryden. 

To  break  up  ;  to  dissolve  itself  and  sep;irate  ;  as,  a 
conii>any  brrnJcs  up  :  a  meeting  breaks  up ;  a  fog  brealus 
up ;  but  more  generally  we  say,  fog,  mist,  or  clouds 
break  away. 

To  break  with ;  to  part  in  enmity  ;  to  cease  to  be 
friends  j  as,  to  breaic  with  a  friend  or  companion. 

Pope. 

This  verb  carries  with  it  its  primitive  sense  of 
straininir,  partiutr,  severinir,  bursting,  tiften  with  vio- 
lence, with  the  consequential  senses  of  injury,  defect, 
and  infirmity. 

BRE.\K,  n.  A  state  of  being  open,  or  the  act  of  sepa- 
rating ;  an  opening  made  by  f'Drcu  ;  an  opvn  place. 
It  is  the  same  word  as  brack,  differently  v\  ritten  and 

2.  A  p:iuse  ;  an  interruption.  [pronounced. 

3.  A  line  in  writing  or  printing,  noting  a  suspen- 
sion of  the  sense,  or  a  stop  in  the  sentence. 

4.  In  a  skip,  the  break  of  the  deck  is  the  part  where 
it  terminates,  and  the  descent  on  to  the  next  deck  be- 
low counnences. 

5.  The  first  appearance  of  light  in  the  morning  ; 

*>  ^ 

the  dawn  ;  as,  the  break  of  day.    Ar.  l3^5  farakon, 

id.,  that  \3,farak. 
G.  In  architecture,  a  recess  or  projection  in  any  part, 

so  as  to  break  the  continuity  of  the  surface.  Gwiit. 
BKEaK'A-HLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  broken. 
BREaIv'AOE,  (brak'aje,)  w.    A  hr{  aking  ;  also,  an  al- 

low.'tnce  for  things  broken,  in  traTi-purT.ilkiii. 
BREaK'EU,  n.    'J'iie  person  who  lir  aks  ;iriy  thing;  a 

violator  or  transgressor  ;  as,  a  breaker  of  tile  law. 

South. 

9.  A  rock  which  breaks  the  w.aves;  or  the  wave 
itself  which  breaks  against  a  rock,  a  sand  bank,  or 
the  shore,  exhibiting  a  white  foam. 

Jilar.  Diet.  Johnson. 

3.  A  pier,  mounn,  or  other  solid  matter,  placed  in 
a  river,  to  break  the  floating  ice,  and  prevent  it  from 
injuring  a  bridge  below  ;  called  also  ice-breaker. 

4  One  that  breaks  up  ground 

.5.  A  destroyer.    Jilicah  ii. 
BREAK'EAST,  (brek'fast,)  ».    [ftrraA  and /<««.]  The 
first  me.'il  in  the  day  ;  or  the  thing  eaten  at  the  first 
mital. 

BREAK'FA.'^T,  (brek'fast,)  <i.  t.    To  furnish  with  the 

first  meal  in  the  morning. 
BR  i; AK'FAST,  (brek'fast,)  v.  i.    To  eat  the  first  meal 

in  the  day. 

BREAK'!' AST-Ii\'G,  ppr.    Eating  or  taking  the  first 

meal  in  the  day. 
BREAK'FAST-liN'G,  n.    A  i)arty  at  breakfast. 

Chesterfield. 

BREAK'I.Nfi,  (brak'ing,)  /i/ir.  I'.irting  by  vioh  nee  ; 
rending  asunder;  becoming  bankrupt. 

BRE.\K'1.\(»-1N,  71.  Tlie  act  of  subduing  and  train- 
ing to  labor. 

BREAK' .MA.V.    See  Brakeman. 

BREaK'NEUK,  n.  [break  and  neck.]  A  fall  that 
breaks  the  neck  ;  a  steep  place  endangering  the 
neck.  Shuk. 

BREaK'-PRO.M-ISE,  n.  [break  and  promise.]  One 
who  makes  a  practice  of  breaking  his  promise.  [JV«« 
used.]  S/iak. 

BREAK'- VOW,  n.  [break  and  vow.]  One  who  ha- 
bitually breaks  his  vows.    [Mit  a-ml.]  Shuk. 

BREAK'VVA-TER,  n.  [break  and  water.]  The  hull 
of  an  old  vessel  sunk  at  the  entrance  of  a  harbor,  to 
break  or  diminish  the  force  of  the  waves,  to  secure 
the  vessels  in  harbor.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  Mmall  buoy  fastened  to  a  large  one,  when  the 
rnpe  of  the  latter  is  not  long  enough  to  reach  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  Any  mole,  mound,  or  wan,  raised  in  a  river  or 
CHtu:ir>',  or  harbor,  to  break  the  force  of  the  waves, 
and  protect  sliippiiig,  &c. 

BREAM,  71.  [I'r.  brrme;  Ch.  na>-\2K  ubrumah;  Sp. 
brcma.  ] 

A  fish,  the  Cyprinun  bramn,  nn  inhabitant  of  lakes 
and  deep  water,  extremely  insipid,  and  little  valued. 

Kncyc.  Walton. 


BRE 

BREAM,  V.  t.  In  sea  langva>re,  to  burs  off  the  filth, 
such  as  grass,  sea-weed,  ooze,  &c.,  from  a  ship's  bot- 
tom. Mar.  Diet. 

BREAST,  (brest,)  ti.  [Sax.  breast ;  Sw.  brost ;  D.  borst, 
the  breast,  a' lad,  a  notch;  G.  brust,  breast,  and 
briistcn,  to  hold  up  the  head,  to  look  big;  Dan.  briist, 
breast ;  also,  default,  defect,  blemish  ;  also,  bryst, 
breast,  pap ;  bryste  sig,  to  strut ;  briste,  to  burst.  The 
sense  seems  to  be,  a  protuberance.] 

I.  A  soft  protuberance  on  the  anterior  part  of  the 
thorax,  in  man  and  some  other  mammalia ;  fijrmed 
by  a  conglomerate  gland,  for  the  secretion  of  milk, 
situated  between  tlie  integuments  and  the  muscles, 
and  called  the  mamma. 

Ilii.  breasts  an?  full  of  niill:. — Job  xxi.  24. 
9.  The  fore  part  of  the  thorax,  or  the  fore  part  of 
the  human  body  between  the  neck  and  the  belly. 

3.  The  part  of  a  beast  which  answers  to  the  breast 
in  man.  'I'his,  in  quadrupeds,  is  between  the  fore 
legs,  below  the  neck. 

4.  Figuratively,  tile  heart  ;  the  conscience  ;  the 
disposition  of  the  mind  ;  the  affections  ;  the  seat 
of  the  affections  and  passions.    Cowley.  Dryden. 

5.  Formerly,  the  power  of  singing.  Tu-sser. 
BREAST,  (brest,)  v.  t.    To  meet  in  front ;  to  oppose, 

breast  to  breast.  Qoldsinitli..  Dryden, 

The  court  breasted  Uie  popular  current  by  sustaining  the  de- 
murrer. Wirt. 

BREAST'-BANn,  7!.  A  band  of  canvas,  or  a  rope, 
passed  round  the  body  of  a  man  who  heaves  the  lead 
in  soiiniling,  and  fastened  to  the  rigging  to  prevent 
his  falling  into  the  sea.  Tuttrn. 

BREAST'-BoNE,  7i.  [breast  and  bone.]  The  bone  of 
the  breast ;  the  sternum.  Peacham, 

BREAST'-€ASK-ET,  n.    [breast  and  casket.]    One  of 
the  largest  and  longest  of  the  caskets  or  strings  on 
the  middle  of  the  yard  of  a  shi)).  Johnson. 
[I  do  not  find  this  word  in  the  Mariner^s  Dictiunari/.] 

BREAST'-DEEI',  a.  Breast-high  ;  as  high  as  the 
breast. 

EREAST'ED,  (brest'ed,)  a.    Having  a  broad  breast ; 

having  a  fine  voice.  Fiddrs. 
BREAST'FAST,  7t.    [breast  and  fast.]    A  large  rope 

to  confine  a  ship  sidewise  to  a  wharf^  or  key. 

Mar.  Diet. 

BREAST'-HIGIl,  a,  [breast  and  high.]  High  as  the 
breast.  Sidney. 

BREAST'HOOKS,  n.  pi.  [breast  and  hook.]  Knees 
placed  across  the  stem  ol^  a  ship  to  strengthen  the 
fore  part  and  unite  the  bows  on  each  side. 

Jl/(ir.  Did. 

BREAST'ING,  ppr.  Meeting  with  the  breast ;  oppos- 
ing in  front. 

Breasting  up  a  hedge,  is  cutting  the  face  of  it  on 
one  side,  so  as  to  lay  bare  the  principal  upright  stems 
of  the  plants.  Brande. 

BREAST'KNOT,  (brest'not)  71.  [breast  and  knot.]  A 
knot  of  ribbons  worn  on  the  breast.  Addison. 

BREAST'PIN,  7!.  A  pin  worn  lor  a  fastening,  or  for 
ornament,  on  the  breast. 

BREAST'PLaTE,  71.  [breast  and  plate.]  Armor  for 
the  breast.  Cowley. 
i>.  A  strap  that  rtins  across  a  horse's  breast.  Ash. 
3.  In  Jewish  antii/uity,  a  part  of  the  vestment  of  the 
high  priest,  consisting  of  a  folded  piece  of  the  rich 
embroidered  stuff  of  which  the  ephod  was  maile.  It 
was  set  with  twelve  precious  stones,  on  whirh  were 
engraved  the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes.  Kncuc. 

BREAST'-PLOVV,  71.  [breast  and  plow.]  A  plow, 
driven  by  the  breast,  used  to  cut  or  pare  turf. 

HUEA.'ST'-RoPE.    See  Breast-Band.  [Johnson. 

BREAST'-WIIEEL,  71.  A  water-wheel,  on  which  the 
stream  of  water  strikes  neither  so  high  as  in  the  over- 
shot wbi  i  l,  luir  so  low  as  in  the  under-shot,  but  at 
an  intc  rinrdialr  point  between. 

BREAST'WORK,  (brest'wurk,)  n.  In  fortification, 
a  work  thrown  up  for  deft;nse  ;  a  parapet,  which  see. 

BREATH,  (lirt'th,)  n.  [Sax.  bra-.th,  odor,  scent,  breath  j 
G.  brodein,  steam,  vajior,  breath.] 

1.  The  air  inhaled  and  c.\pellcd  in  the  respiration 
of  animals. 

2.  Life.  " 

Nu  man  has  more  contempt  than  I  of  breath.  Vryden. 

3.  The'state  or  power  of  breathing  freely  ;  opposed 
to  a  state  of  exlnmstion  from  violent  action ;  as,  I 
am  out  of  breath  ;  1  am  scarce  in  breath.  Shak. 

4.  Respite ;  pause  ;  time  to  breathe  ;  as,  let  me  take 
breath  ;  give  me  some  breath.  Shak. 

5.  Bree/.e  ;  air  in  gi'iitle  motion. 

Calm  ami  luirulllril  as  a  Kunuuer'il  n^-a, 

Wh'Ui  nut  a  breath  of  winil  Ilirs  o't'r  iu  turfaee.  Additon. 

6.  A  single  respiration  ;  as,  he  swears  at  every 
breath. 

7.  An  instant ;  the  time  of  a  siqgle  respiration  ;  a 
single  act. 

lla  aniil'-s  and  ho  fVown*  In  n  breath.  Dryden. 

8.  A  word. 

A  breath  can  make  Ihem,  n»  a  breath  linj  made.  Ooldtmith. 
BRRATirA-BI,E,  n.    That  may  be  breathed. 
HKkATH'A-HI.E  MESS,  ,1.  Slate  of  being  briatli.ible. 
BUl'.ATIlE,  V.  i.    'I'o  resjiire  ;  to  inspire  and  expire 
air.    Hence,  to  livt;.  J'ojir.  Shuk. 


BRE 

2.  To  take  breath  ;  to  rest  from  action  ;  as,  let  them 
have  time  to  breathe. 

3.  To  pass,  as  air. 

To  wtiQse  foul  mouth  no  wliolesome  air  breaOies  in.  Shak. 
BREATHE,  d.  t.  To  inhale,  as  air,  into  the  lungs,  and 
expel  it ;  as,  to  breathe  vital  air.  Dryden. 

2.  To  inject  by  breathing ;  to  infuse  ;  followed  by 
into. 

And  the  Lord  tiod  brea^d  into  hia  nostrils  the  breath  ot  life.  — 
U-  n.  ii. 

3.  To  expire  ;  to  eject  by  breathing;  followed  by 
out ;  as,  to  breathe  out  threatenings  and  slaughter. 

4.  To  exercise ;  to  keep  in  breath.  [Acts. 

The  greyhounds  ate  as  swift  as  breaVied  stags.  Shak. 

5.  To  inspire  or  blow  into ;  to  cause  to  sound  by 
breathing;  as,  to  ireat/ie  the  flute.  Prior. 

G.  To  exhale  ;  to  emit,  as  breath  ;  as,  the  flowers 
breathe  odors  or  perfume. 

7.  To  utter  softly  or  in  private  ;  as,  to  breathe  a 
vow.  Shuli. 

8.  To  give  air  or  vent  to  ;  to  open  ;  as,  to  breathe  a 
vein.    [W.  brutliu,  to  pierce.]     Johnson.  Dryden. 

9.  To  express  ;  to  manifest. 

Otiier  articles  trreathe  the  same  severe  spirit.  Milner, 

BReATH'£D,  pp.  Inhaled  and  exhaled ;  respired  ; 
uttered. 

BReATH'ER,  71.  One  that  breathes  or  lives ;  one  that 
utters  ;  an  inspirer  ;  one  who  animates  or  infuses  by 
inspiration. 

BREATH'FIJL,  (breth'ful,)  0.    Full  of  breath  ;  full  of 

tuior.  Spenser. 
BREATH'IN'G,  ppr.    Respiring;  living;  uttering. 
2.  a.    Exhibiting  to  the  life  ;  as,  breathing  paint. 
_  Pope. 
BReATH'ING,  71.    Respiration;  the  act  of  inhaling 
and  exhaling  air. 

2.  Air  in  gentle  motion  ;  applied,  also,  figuratively, 
to  a  gentle  influence  or  operation  ;  as,  the  breatliings 
of  the  Spirit. 

3.  -Aspiration  ;  secret  prayer.  Prior. 

4.  Breathing-piace  ;  vent.  Dryden. 
a.  Accent ;  aspiration  ;  as,  a  rough  breathing. 

BREATH'ING-PLaUE,  71.    A  pause. 
2.  A  vent. 

BREATH'ING-TlME,  71.    Pause;  relaxatiim.  Hall. 

BREATH'LESS,  (breth'less,)  a.   Being  out  of  breath  ; 
sjient  v.  ith  labor  or  violent  action. 
2.  Dead  ;  as,  a  breathless  body.  Shak. 

BREATH'LESS-NESS,7i.  The  state  of  being  exhaust- 
ed of  breath.  Hall. 

BRECCIA,  71.    [It.,  a  breach.] 

In  mineralogy,  an  aggregate  composed  of  angular 
fragments  of  the  same  mineral,  or  of  different  miner- 
als, united  by  a  cement,  and  presenting  a  variety  of 
colors.  Sometimes  a  few  of  the  fragments  are  a  lit- 
tle rounded.  The  varieties  are  the  silicious,  calcare- 
ous, and  trap  breccias,  Cleaveland. 

BREC'CIa-TED,  a.  Consisting  of  angular  fragments 
cemented  together. 

BRED,  pp.  of  Breed.  Generated;  produced;  con- 
trived ;  educated. 

BRkDE,  71.    A  braid.    [JVof  used.]  Addison. 

BREECII,  71.  [See  Breach  and  Break.]  The  lower 
part  of  the  body  behind. 

2.  Breeches  ;  but  rarely  used  in  tlie  singular.  Shak. 

3.  The  hinder  part  of  any  thing.  Johnson. 

4.  The  large,  thick  end  of  a  cannon  or  other  fire- 
arm. 

BREECH,  7).  (.   To  put  into  breeches.  Johruion. 

2.  To  whip  on  the  breech.  Massinger. 

3.  To  fasten  with  breeching. 

BREECH'JvD,  (breecht,)  pp.  or  a.  Put  into  breeches  ; 
wliippi'd  on  the  breech. 

BREECH'ES,  (bricli'ez,)  71.  pi.  [Sax.  brae,  brirccte  ;  D. 
broek  ;  Arm.  braga,  brage^ ;  It.  brace,  brachcsse,  or 
braghe.ise ;  Port,  and  Sp.  bragas  ;  Fr.  braies  ;  Ir.  brog ; 
Low  L.  braccce ;  Dan.  brog,  breeches,  and  broget,  of 
various  colors,  mixed,  variegated  ;  W.  bry;an,  a  spot- 
ted covering,  Scotch  plaid  ;  bryc,  variegated  with 
colors.  "Sarmatw  totum  braccati  corpus."  Mela,  2. 
I.  See  Plin.  3.  4.  Herod,  lib.  7.  Strabo,  lib.  l.'i.  Ovid. 
Trist.  ."i.  7.  Cluv.  Germ.  Ant.  \.  Hi.  I'ellontier,  Hist. 
Olt.  1.  30.  'I'he  word  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of 
break,  and  to  denote,  diverse  in  color,  variegated,  like 
freckled.    See  Freckle.] 

A  garment  worn  by  men,  covering  the  hips  and 
thighs.  It  is  now  a  close  garment ;  but  the  word 
formerly  was  used  fur  a  loose  garment,  now  called 
trowsers,  laxte  brueetp.  Ovid. 

To  wear  the  breeches,  is,  in  the  wife,  to  usurp  the 
authority  of  the  husband.  John.ion. 

BREECH'ING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  breeches,  or 
with  a  breech. 

2.  Whipping  the  breech  ;  and,  as  a  noun,  a  whip- 
])ing.  Murlow. 

BREECH'ING,  (brich'ing,)  71.  That  part  of  a  harness 
which  comes  round  the  breech  of  a  hor.se. 

2.  In  gunnery,  on  board  of  ships,  a  strong  ropo 
fasteneil  to  tht;  casrabel  or  ptunmolion  of  a  cannon 
by  a  thiiiible,  ami  clinched  to  ring-bolts  in  the  ship's 
side,  to  prevent  it  fniiii  recoiling  too  much  in  battle. 

Mar,  Diet, 


FATE.  PAR.  PALL,  WH^T  METE,  PUfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


146 


Int'-in)'<cr<Mir^  nml  lust  breed  iiirinnitics. 
Ainbiuun  breeds  facUona. 


KRE 

DREED,  I".  (. ;  pret.  and  ;<;>.  Bred.  [Snx.  bredan,  bra>- 
dan,  to  warm,  to  dilate,  to  open,  to  spread  ;  D.  broe- 
den,  to  brood  j  Ger.  briHen,  to  brood  ;  Dan.  breiU,  to 
spread,  dilate,  unfold  ;  VV.  hrwd,  warm  ;  brydiaie,  to 
warm,  to  heat.    Class  Kd.    See  Bkoad.] 

1.  To  peiieratc  ;  to  enRcndcr ;  to  liatcli ;  to  produce 
the  yoiins  of  any  species  of  animals.  I  think  it  is 
never  used  of  plants,  and  in  animals  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  mother  or  dam. 

2.  To  produce  within  or  upon  the  body ;  as,  to 
breed  teeth  ;  to  breed  worms. 

3.  To  cause  ;  to  occasion  ;  to  produce  ;  to  originate. 

TiUoUon. 

Anon, 

4.  To  contrive;  to  hatch  ;  to  produce  by  plotting. 

Had  tu'  ft  he.-ut  ftnil  a  br.iin  to  brteil  it  in  f 

5.  To  give  birth  to  ;  to  ho  the  native  pl.ace  of  j  as, 
a  pond  breeds  fish  ;  a  northern  couutrj-  brceils  a  race 
of  stout  men. 

(■).  To  educate  ,  to  instruct ;  to  form  hy  education  ; 
often,  bill  unnecessarily,  followed  hy  ii/j ;  tis,  to  breed 
a  son  to  an  occupation  ;  a  man  brai  at  a  university. 
To  breed  up,  is  vulvar. 

7.  To  brill:;  up;  to  nurse  and  foster;  to  take  care 
of  in  infancy,  and  through  the  age  of  youth  ;  to  pro- 
vide for,  train,  and  coniluct  ;  lo  instruct  the  mind 
and  form  the  inauners  in  youth. 

To  briiij;  thre  liirtli  with  jxiiii,  witli  cnrr  to  brrctt.  Dryten. 

BREED,  r.  i.  To  produce  a  fetus  ;  to  bear  and  nour- 
ish, as  in  pregnancy  ;  as,  a  female  breeds  «  itli  pain. 

2.  To  be  formed  in  the  parent  or  dam  ;  to  be  gen- 
crated,  or  to  grow,  as  young  before  birth ;  as,  children 
or  young  breed  in  the  matrix. 

3.  To  have  birth  ;  to  be  produced  ;  as,  fish  breed  in 
rivers. 

4.  To  he  increa-sed  hy  a  new  production. 

Uiit  ciiiitLl  jroiith  last,  and  love  lUill  breed,  Ralegh, 

5.  To  niise  a  breed  ;  as,  to  choose  the  best  species 
of  swine  to  breed  from. 

To  breed  in  and  in  :  to  briM!d  from  animals  of  the 
same  stock  thai  are  closely  related.     Fumi,  F.neijc. 
DRGRD,  n.    A  race  or  progeny  from  the  same  parents 
ur  stuck. 

2.  A  cast ;  a  kind  ;  n  race  of  men  or  other  animals, 
wliich  have  an  alliance  by  nativity,  or  some  distinc- 
tive qualities  in  common  ;  as,  a  breed  of  men  in  a 
pjirticiilar  country  ;  a  breed  of  horses  or  sheep.  Ap- 
plied lo  men,  it  is  not  eleirant.    We  use  race, 

3.  Progeny  ;  olfspring ;  ap|>lied  to  other  things  than 
animals.  Shnk, 

4.  .V  nuniher  produced  at  once  ;  a  hatch ;  a  brood  ; 
but  for  this,  brood  is  generally  used.  Greir. 

BREED'-H.5TE,M.  One  that  breeds  or  orijin.ates  quar- 
rels.   fA',)/  ill  itsc]  Sbak. 

BREED'ER,  n.  The  female  that  breeds  or  produces, 
whether  human  or  Oliver  animal. 

2.  The  person  who  educates  or  brings  up ;  that 
which  brings  up. 

Italy  ami  Roinc  lia»c  been  the  best  breedert  of  worthy  men. 

Aficliam. 

3.  That  which  produces. 

Tinte  is  the  niir*?  ;uul  breeder  of  all  gwx],  Shai, 

4.  One  who  raises  a  breed  ;  one  who  takes  care  to 
raise  a  particular  breed,  or  breeds,  as  of  horses  or 
cattle.  Temple. 

BREED'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  o.  Bearing  and  nourishing, as  a 
f'tus;  engendering;  producing;  educating. 

BREED'I.Mi,  II.  The  act  of  generating  or  producing, 
a.  The  raising  of  a  breed  or  breeds ;  as,  tlie  farmer 
attends  to  the  breeding  of  sheep. 

3.  Nurture  ;  education  ;  instruction  ;  formation  of 
in.m  Iters. 

She  li-\[|  lier  hreerting  at  mT  Cither'i  charp*.  SfiaJt, 

4,  By  way  of  eminence,  manners  ;  knowledge  of  ct-r- 
emony  ;  deportment  or  behavior  in  the  external  offices 
and  deconims  of  social  life.  Hence,  ^ood  breedinir  is 
politeness,  or  the  qualifications  which  constitute  gen- 
teel di'portment.  Eneuc. 

BREEZE,  In.    [s'ax.  ino.so,  from  its  sou  nil  re- 

BREE7.E'-FI,V,  (     sembling  a  hree/.c.] 

A  name  given  lo  various  8p<;cies  of  two-winged 
insects,  of  tln'  family  Tabanid.!?,  noted  for  bU7:7.ing 
about  animals  anil  tormenting  them  by  sucking  their 
blood.  The  bot-fiy  has  also  sometimt^  been  called 
the  breeze-fty. 

The  name  breeie.  is  also  given  to  different  species 
of  Ihe  genus  CEstnu.  C;(f,  Encyc. 

BREEZE,  ».  [It.  brez-.n,  a  colli,  windy  niist ;  Sp".  bri- 
sa,  a  breeze  ;  Sw.  ftnwa,  to  be  fervid,  lo  boil,  lo  mur- 
mur; Daii.  bruse,  to  nish,  ro.ar,  or  foam,  lo  rise  in 
w.aves  ;  bruiv>en,  the  rustling  of  the  wind,  a  hum- 
ming or  buzzing,  fermentation.  In  French  sea  lan- 
guage, brUr,  a  breeze  ;  Or.  /^.iu^m  and  :io.ia,T.<,  to  boil ; 
Fr.  dra.«er,  lo  brew  ;  W.  brys,  hastv,  from  rhys,  a 
rushing.  These  words  seeiii  all  lo  have  a  common 
root   Sec  Rlsh.1 

1.  A  light  wiiitl ;  a  gentle  gale. 

li  tanil  a  gentle  breeze  aro*r  at  night.  Dryttn. 

2  A  shifting  wind,  that  blows  fmm  the  sea  or  from 
Ihe  land,  for  a  certain  lime,  by  night  or  bv  dav.  Such 
breezes  are  common  in  the  tropical  regions,  and  in  a 


BRE 

good  degree  regular.  The  wind  from  the  sea  is  called 
a  sea  breeze,  anil  that  from  the  land,  a  land  breeze.  In 
general,  the  siNi  breeze  blows  in  the  day-liiue,  anil 
the  land  breeze  at  uiglit.  The  like  breezes  are  com- 
mon, in  the  suiiiiner  months,  in  the  temperate  lati- 
tudes. 

BREEZE,  V.  i.  To  blew  gently  ;  a  word  common  among 
6'cumfn. 


K(ir  now  the  bn'iuhlnff  aln,  fmtn  ocean  l">rn, 
Breeze  up  tile  h\y,  am!  leoil  the  lively  ntoni. 


Barlow, 


BREEZE'LESS,  a.   Motionless  ;  destitute  of  breezes. 

Shenstooe. 

BREEZ'Y,  <i.    Fanned  with  gentle  winds  or  breezes  ; 
as,  the  breezy  shore.  Pope. 
■J.  Suliject  to  fri  quent  breezes.  Oniy. 

BRk'IION,  )i.  In  /ri.v/i,  a  judge.  In  ancient  times, 
tile  general  laws  of  Irelanti  were  calb-d  lirrhon  laws, 
unwritten,  like  the  coiiinion  law  of  Ent'lanil.  These 
laws  were  abolished  by  sUitiite  of  Edward  111. 

F.nryc,  HIarkstone. 

BRP.T.'S'IiA-KITI".,  H.  A  newly  iliscovcreil  Vesiivian 
mineral,  rescmliling  a  brownish  or  ledilisli  liroun 
thiwn,  which  lines  the  smull  ravilies  iii  the  l:iva 
of  Scalla,  and  in  that  of  Olrliaiio  ;  named  from 
Breislak,  a  celebrated  Ittiliaii  naturalist. 

.Iiiitriial  of  Srirnee. 

BRk.ME,  fl.  [Sax.  bremman,  to  iniirniur,  to  fret ;  L. 
frenio.] 

("ruel  ;  sharp.    [jVot  u-ted.]  Chancer. 
BRE\,  r.  t.    [Sax.  brcnnan,  to  bum.] 

'J'o  burn.    [Obs,]  Siirn.ier. 
BRE.\'.\'.\CE,  n.    [from  bran.]    \r\  Ui' middle  aires,  n 
tribute  or  composition  which  tenants  paid  to  tln  ir 
hird,  in  lieu  of  briu,  which  they  were  obligeil  it)  lur- 
nish  for  his  lioiiuds.  Encyc, 

liR  a  nt'  {  '''"-J 

Steep  ;  high.    [(».<.]  Jt.<cbam. 
BRE.\T,  w.    A  brant,  or  brand-goose  ;  a  fowl  with  a 

black  neck,  and  a  while  colhrr  or  line  round  it.  [See 

Bn.vNT.] 

2.  pp,  Hiirnt.    [See  Bben.]    [06.<.]  Spen.ier. 

BRE-PHOT'RO-PIIV,  ii.    [Gr.  &yt<iioi,  an  infant,  and 
Tj'C't'i't,  tt>  feed.] 
The  nurture  of  orphans. 

BRE.^^T,    )  (lirest,)  71.    In  urchiter.lurr ,  the  member  of 

BRE.VST,  t  a  column,  more  usually  called  torui  or 
tore,    [See  Toaes.]  Enciic. 

BREST'-SUM-iMEK,  n.  In  areliiteeture,  a  piece  in  the 
outward  part  of  a  wooden  building,  into  which  Ihe 
girders  are  framed.  This,  in  Ihe  ground  Iloor,  is  called 
a  .W//,  and  in  the  garret  Iltmr,  a  beam.  Encyc. 

BRET,  II.  A  local  name  of  the  turbol,  called  also  burt 
or  brut, 

BRET'EUL,  a.    Brimful.    [Ohs.]  Chancer. 
BKETH'RE.N,  h.  ;  pi,  of  nnoTHi-.n.    It  is  used  almost 

exclusively,  in  solemn  aiitl  scriptural  language,  in 

the  place  of  brot'iers,    fSt.-e  Rrothkh.] 
BRET'TI-CES,  11.  pi.    The  name  given  hy  miners  to 

the  woollen  planks  used  in  supporting  the  roof  of 

coal  mines. 

BRf.VE,  II.  [It.  brere  ;  L.  brccis ;  Sp.  breve;  Fr.  bref, 
short.    See  nRiEF.] 

1.  In  mu-s-iV,  a  mile  or  character  of  time,  equivalent 
lo  two  semibreves  or  four  minims.  When  dolled,  it 
is  equal  lo  three  semibreves.    [JVot  noip  use/l.'] 

2.  In  law,  a  writ  directed  to  the  chancellor,  judges, 
sherilTs,  or  other  officers,  whereby  a  person  is  sum- 
moned, or  atlaclieil,  to  answer  in  the  king's  court. 

Encyc. 

This  word,  in  this  latter  sense,  is  more  generally 
written  brief. 

BRFWET',  n.  [from  frrciv.]  In  French  imnsrr,  a  doc- 
ument without  seal,  (a  warrant,)  by  wliich  tlie  king 
gmiits  a  favor,  privilege,  title,  or  dignity.  Eucye. 

2.  .\  commission  to  an  officer,  which  entitles  liim 
lo  an  honorary  rank  in  the  army  above  his  actual 
rank  and  |«y.  Tims  a  breret  major  scrxes  as  a  cap- 
tain and  receives  pay  as  such.  Such  commissions 
were  given  to  the  officers  of  the  American  army  at 
the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war,  giving  them  a 
grade  of  rank  abox'e  that  which  they  had  held  during' 
sen  ice.  Encye.    JUarsbaWs  Life  of  lVa,<'h. 

BRk'VI-.V-RY,  n.  [ Fr.  ircriViirc;  L.  Ar.eiariKMi,  from 
trrcLi,  short.    See  Briep.] 

1.  An  abridgment ;  a  compend  ;  an  epitome. 

Jlyliffe, 

2.  A  book  containing  the  daily  service  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  church.  It  is  composed  of  matins, 
lauds,  first,  iliird,  sixth,  and  ninth  vespers,  and  the 
compline  or  post  coininuniu.  The  Greeks,  also,  have 
a  brrriani.  Encm. 

BRk'VI-.VT,  j  b.  [S>!e  Brete  and  Brief.]  A  short 
BRK'V'I-ATE,  i    coin|>end  ;  a  siimiuar)-. 

Deran  of  Piety. 
BRf.'VI-aTE,  v.  U    To  abridge.    [.Vol  used.]  [See 

.\khrkviate.] 
BRk  VI-A-TI;rE,  7u    An  abbreviation.  [See  Brief.] 

_  Johnson, 
BRE-VIkR',  iu    [Fr.  brrciaire  :  so  called,  s,ays  John- 
.son,  from  being  originally  used  in  printing  a  bre- 
viary.] ^ 
A  small  kind  of  printing  typi's,  in  size  between 


BRI 

bourgeois  and  minion.  It  is  much  used  in  printing 
marginal  notes. 

BRE-VII.'O-aUE.N'CE,  71.  [h,  brerij  and  loquor.]  A 
brii  f  and  pertinent  mode  of  speaking. 

BRE  V'l-PEl),  a.  [L,  brevi.i,  short,  and  pes,  foot.]  Hav- 
ing short  legs,  as  certain  birds. 

BREVI-PEI),  II.    A  bird  having  short  legs. 

BltEV-I-PEi\'i\ATE,  a.  (laving  short  wings.  A  term 
ilenoling  a  family  of  griillatory  birds,  (Orevipennes, 
Cuvier,)  having  short  wings,  including  the  ostrich. 

Brande, 

BREV'I-TY,  II.  [L.  brcBitas,  from  brecis,  short.  See 
Brief.] 

1.  Shortness,  applied  to  time  j  as,  the  brevity  of  hu- 
man life. 

2.  Shortness  ;  conciseness ;  contraction  into  few 
XX'ords  ;  applied  to  discourses  or  writings.  JJryden. 

HREV\',  r.  t.  [.Sax.  Lriwan,  to  brew  ;  briw,  broth  ;  D. 
bniawen,  to  brew,  Ui  contrive,  to  mix  ;  G.  brauen. 
These  seem  lo  be  ciuitractions  of  the  Gothic ;  Sw. 
brio-tria ;  Daii.  brygise,  to  brew.  'I'h"  Russ.  Ii:is 
burtrhu.  The  Welsli  has  brirc,  a  hoiliiif;  stir,  tii- 
iiinlt,  from  rhirr,  soinelhiiig  rough  ;  and  it  has  also 
benri,  lo  boil  t)r  bubble,  whence  berwezu,  lo  brew, 
from  bar,  fury,  impulse.  Our  word  brew  seems  to  be 
directly  from  the  Saxon.  The  sense  is,  to  stir,  boil, 
or  agiliile  with  violence.] 

1.  In  a  general  scn.-e,  to  boil,  and  mix;  hence  in 
Saxon,  as  a  noun,  it  signifies  broth  or  pottage;  Old 
Eng.  hretcis, 

2.  Ill  a  more  restricted  sense,  to  UMike  beer,  ale,  or 
other  similar  liquor,  from  malt ;  or  to  prepare  a  liquor 
from  malt  and  hops,  and,  in  [irivate  families,  from 
other  materials,  by  steeping,  boiling,  and  leruieiila- 

3.  To  mingle.  [lion. 

BrttB  me  a  pottle  of  a-tck.  Sliok, 

4.  To  contrive  ;  to  plot ;  as,  to  brere  mischief. 

5.  To  put  in  a  slate  of  pri'iiaratioii.  (In. 
BREW,  V,  i.    To  be  ill  a  stale  of  preparation  ;  to  be 

mixing,  forming,  or  collecting  ;  as,  a  storm  brews  in 
the  west.  In  this  sense,  I  do  not  recollect  the  use  of 
the  verb  in  a  transitive  sense,  and  generally  the  pres- 
ent participle  only  is  used  ;  as,  a  storm  is  brewing, 

•2.  To  perform  the  business  of  brewing  or  making 
beer  ;  as,  she  can  brew,  wash,  and  bake. 

BREW,  n.  The  mixture  formed  by  brewing  ;  that 
which  is  brewed.  Bacon. 

BRETCV'AGE,  n.    Malt  liquor;  drink  brewed.  Shak. 

BREW'f.'l),  (brude,)  pp.  .Mixed,  steeped,  and  ferment- 
ed ;  made  by  brewing. 

BREW'ER,  II.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  prepare 
malt  liquors  ;  one  who  brews. 

BREW'EK-Y,  II.  .\  brewhouse  ;  the  house  and  appa- 
ratus where  brewing  is  carried  on. 

BREW'IIOUSE,  n.  [brew  and  house.]  A  brewery; 
a  house  appropriated  to  brewing. 

BREW'I.Vi;,  ppr.    Preparing  mall  liquor. 

2.  In  a  stite  of  mixing,  forming,  or  preparing  ;  as, 
a  storm  is  brewing.  Pope, 

3.  Contriving  ;  preparing  ;  as,  a  scheme  is  brewing. 
BREW'I.NG,  H.  The  act  or  processor  preparing  liquors 

from  mall  and  hop^:. 

2.  The  quantity  brewed  at  once.  Bacon. 

3.  Among  seamen,  a  collection  of  black  clouds  por- 
tending a  storm.  .Mar.  Diet. 

BREW'IS,  «.    Broth  ;  pottage.  [Ofts.l 

2.  A  piece  of  bread  soaked  in  boiling  fat  pottage, 

made  of  salted  meat.  Bailey.  Johnson. 

BRI-A'RE-.\.\,  a.    Hundred  handed  ;  from  Briarem, 

a  giant  witii  a  hundred  hands.        ^  , 

BR'BE,  n.     [Ir.  brcab.     In  Pers.  s_^L,  parah,  is  a 

bribe,  a  half,  piece,  bit,  segment,  a  morsel.  Fr.  bribe, 
a  piece  of  bread.] 

1.  A  price,  reward,  gift,  or  favor  bestowed  or  prom- 
ised with  3  view  lo  [icrvert  the  juilginenl  or  corrupt 
the  conduct  of  a  judge,  witness,  or  other  person.  A 
bribe  is  a  xonsideralion  given  or  promised  lo  a  per- 
son, to  induce  him  to  decide  a  cause,  give  testimony, 
or  jHTfomi  some  act  contrary  to  what  lie  knows  to  be 
truth,  justice,  ur  rectitude.  It  is  not  used  in  a  good 
sense  unless  in  familiar  language. 

2.  That  which  seduces. 

Not  Ih-  bribee  of  lonliil  wealth  ftin  iwlucc  to  leave  Ihea-  eTer 
tlooinjiig  swceta.  Akeitsitid, 

BRIBE,  r.  (.  To  give  or  promise  a  reward  or  consid- 
eration, with  a  view  to  perx'ert  the  judgment  or  cor- 
nipt  the  conducL  To  hire  for  bad  purposes  ;  to  pur- 
chase the  decision  of  a  judge,  the  lesliniony  of  a 
witness,  or  the  performance  of  some  act  contrary  to 
known  truth,  justice,  or  rectitude. 
9.  To  gain  by  a  bribe. 

In  familiar  language,  it  is  sometimes  used  in  a  good 
sense  ;  as,  to  bribe  a  child  lo  lake  a  medicine.  Dry- 
den  has  used  the  wont  in  a  good  sense,  in  solemn 
language  ;  but  such  use  is  rare,  and  hardly  legitimate. 

BRIBE'-DE-VOCR'LN'G,  a.  Greedy  of  bribes  or  pres- 
ents ;  as,  brihe-drrouring  kings.  Mitford. 

BRIBE'-PAN'DER,  11.  [bribe  and  pander.]  One  who 
procures  bribes.  Burke. 

BRlBE'-WOR'T HY,  a.  [bribe  and  aorthy.]  Worth 
bribing  to  obtain.  .Vason. 


TONE,  B^LL,  UNITE.  — A\"GER,  VI"CIOUS  e  as  K  ;  0  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SB  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


147 


BRl 

BRTBE'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  bribed ;  that  is  not 
bribed. 

BKlU'ER,  n.  One  who  bribes,  or  pays  for  corrupt 
practices.  Soutli. 

BUIB'ER-Y,  n.  Tlie  act  or  practice  of  giving  or  talting 
rewards  for  corrupt  practices ;  the  act  of  paying  or 
receiving  a  reward  for  a  false  judgment  or  testimony, 
or  for  the  performance  of  that  wliich  is  known  to  be 
illegal  or  unjust.  It  is  applied  both  to  him  who  gives, 
and  to  him  who  receives  the  compensation,  but  ap- 
propriately to  the  giver. 

BRICK,  n.  [Ft.  brii/ue,  a.  brick,  and  a  little  loaf;  Ir. 
brice,  or  brike ;  Arm.  brigen  ;  supposed  to  be  a  con- 
traction of  L.  imbrex,  a  gutter-tile,  from  iinhcr,  a 
shower,  which  is  probably  a  compound,  of  which 
the  last  syllable  is  from  Gr.  ffocxui,  whence  It.  un- 
briacarsi,  to  get  drunk.    See  Ebrietv.J 

1.  A  mass  of  earth,  chiefly  clay,  first  moistened 
and  made  fine  by  grinding  or  treading,  then  formed 
into  a  long  square  in  a  mold,  dried  and  baked  or 
burnt  in  a  kiln  ;  used  in  buildings  and  walls. 

2.  A  loaf  shaped  like  a  brick. 

BRICK,  V.  t.    To  lay  or  pave  with  bricks.  Swift. 
2.  To  imitate  or  counterfeit  a  brick  wall  on  plaster, 
by  smearing  it  with  red  ocher,  and  making  the  joints 
with  an  edge-tool,  filling  them  with  fine  plaster. 
To  brick  up  ;  to  fill  up  with  brick.  [Encyc. 

BRICK'BAT,  n.  [brtck  and  bat.]  A  piece  or  fragment 
of  a  brick.  Bacon. 

BRICK'- BUILT,  (-bilt,)  a.  Built  with  bricks.  Drydcn. 

BRICK'-€LaY,  n.  [brick  and  clay.]  Clay  used  or 
suitable  for"  making  bricks,  IVvodward. 

BRICK'-DUST,  n.  [brick  and  diisU]  Dust  of  pound- 
ed bricks.  Spectator. 

BRICK'-EARTH,  (-erth,)  n.  Clay  or  earth  used  or 
suitable  for  bricks. 

BRICK  -  KILN,  (-kil,)  n.  A  kiln,  or  furnace,  in  which 
bricks  are  baked  or  burnt,  or  a  pile  of  bricks,  laid 
loose,  with  arches  underneath  to  receive  the  wood  or 
fuel  for  burning  them. 

BRICK'-LaY-ER,  n.  [brick  and  lay.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  build  with  bricks  ;  a  mason. 

BRICK'-MaK-EU,  ;i.  [brick  and  make.]  One  who 
makes  bricks,  or  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
bricks. 

BRICK'-NOG-GING,  n.  Brick  work  carried  up  and 
filled  in  bs  tweeii  timber  framing.  Brande. 

BRICK'-TKIM-.MER,  11.  In  architecture,  a  hr\c\i  arch 
abutting  against  a  wooden  trimmer  in  front  of  a  fire- 
place to  guard  against  accidents  by  fire.  Brandc. 

BRICK'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  The  laying  of  bricks, 
or  a  wall  of  bricks. 

BRICK'-YaRD,  H.    A  place  where  bricks  are  made. 

BRICK'LE,  a.  [from  break.]  Brittle,;  easily  broken. 
[JVuf  used.]  Spenser. 

BRICK'LE-NE.?S,  n.    Biittleness.    [JVct  used.] 

BRICK'Y,  a.    Full  of  bricks,  or  formed  of  bricks. 

Spenser. 

BRtD'AL,  a.  [See  Bride.]  Belonging  to  a  bride,  or 
to  a  wedding  ;  nujitial ;  connubial ;  as,  bridal  orna- 
ments. Milton.  Pope. 

BRTD'AL,  n.    The  nuptial  festival.  Dryden. 

BRID'AL-TY,  n.  Celebration  of  the  nuptial  feast. 
[JV.jt  used.]  Jonson. 

BRIDE,  n.  [Sa^.  bryd :  Sw.  brud  ;  D.  bruid  ;  G.  braut : 
Dan.  brud;  Arm.  prycd,  pried;  W.  priod-vurch,  pri- 
odas-verch,  a  bride;  li.  brideog ;  W.  pr/oi/i  o  verch, 
to  be  married  ;  Ar.  prictaat,  to  marry  ;  Corn,  be.nen- 
priot,  a  bride  ;  W.  priod-vub,  a  bride-niab,  bridegroom  ; 
Ann.  pridvlidh,  wedloi  k.  It  seems,  by  the  Celtic  di- 
alects, that  i>ri</c  is  primarily  an  adjective  used  with 
the  name  of  maid  or  woman,  as  bridegroom  is  the 
sai  le  word  with  the  name  of  a  man.  In  \V.  priawd, 
the  root  of  ;)rio(/ai,  signifies  appropriate,  proper,  fit ; 
priodi,  to  render  appropriate,  to  espouse,  to  marry.] 

1.  A  woman  new  married.  Julinson. 
But  the  name  is  applied  to  a  woman  at  the  marriage 

festival,  before  she  is  married,  as  well  as  after  the 
ceremony. 

2.  A  woman  espoused,  or  contracted  to  be  married. 
Sec  the  case  of  Lewellyn,  prince  of  Wales.  Henry's 
JILit.  of  Britain,  b.  iv.  ch.  i.  sect.  2.  [Tliis  is  the  true 
original  sense  of  the  word.] 

BRIDE'-BED,  n.   [briUe  and  bed.]    The  marriage  bed. 

Prior. 

BRIDE'-CAKE,  71.  [bride  and  cake.]  The  cake  which 
la  made  fiir  the  guests  at  a  wedding ;  called,  in  the 
Uniti:d  Stfites,  ircdding-cake, 

BRIDE'-CIIA.M-BER,  n.    The  nuptial  apartment. 

BRIDE'fJROtJM,  n.  [Originally  and  projierly  brido- 
goojn,  from  Sax.  brydguma ;  Sw.  briulgumtne ;  D. 
braidegum  :  tier,  brdutigant ;  Dan.  brttdgom  ;  a  com- 
pound of  bride  and  gum,  guma,a  man,  which,  by  our 
anccHtors,  w;i.s  pronounced  goom.  This  word,  by  a 
rniupronouncingof  tlie  last  nyllalile,  has  been  corrupt- 
ed luUi  bridegroom,  w\\'\c\\  Kignifies  a  bride's  hostler  ; 
groom  being  a  Perwian  word,  Hignifying  a  man  who 
ban  the  care  of  liorsi  H,] 

A  man  newly  married  ;  or  a  man  about  to  be  mar- 
ried. The  iKiHiage  of  Hliaki[)eare,  cited  by  Johnson, 
proves  that  the  taut  dcfliiilion  iu  just. 

ylt  nrt  Wvme  iIhImI  •■mncli  In  t>rf«lc  o(  <lry 
'J'Imt  cre^p  Inu*  chr  drcftininjT  trridtgroom  t  nr, 
An(J  tutniiioii  Itim  to  marm^r. 


BRl 

BRIDE'-MaID,  71.  [bride  and  maid.]  A  woman  who 
attends  on  a  bride  at  her  wedding. 

BRiDE'-MAN,  7!.  [ftrt</e  and  m«7i.]  A  man  who  at- 
tends upon  a  bridegroom  and  bride  at  their  marriage. 
I  have  geiier;illy  heard  these  words  pronounced  bride's 
man  and  bride's  maid. 

BRIDE'-STAKE,  n.  A  stake  or  post  set  in  the  ground 
to  dance  round.  B.  Jonson. 

BRiD'ED,  a.    Made  a  bride. 

BRIDE'WELL,  w.  A  house  of  correction  for  the  con- 
finement of  disorderly  persons  ;  so  called  from  the 
palace  built  near  St.  Bride's  or  Bridget's  well,  in  Lon- 
don, which  was  turned  into  a  workhouse.  Johnson. 

BRID(5E,  71.  [Sax.  brie,  bricg,  brigg,  or  bryc,  brycg ; 
Dan.  broe  ;  Sw.  bryggia,  bro  ;  D.  brug  ;  GeT.  briicke; 
Pros,  brigge.] 

1.  Any  structure  of  wood,  stone,  brick,  or  iron, 
raised  over  a  river,  pond,  or  lake,  for  the  passage  of 
men  and  other  animals.  Among  rude  nations,  bridges 
are  sometimes  formed  of  other  materials ;  and  some- 
times they  are  formed  of  boats,  or  logs  of  wood  ly- 
ing on  the  water,  fastened  together,  covered  with 
planks,  and  called  floating  bridges.  A  bridge  over  a 
marsh,  is  made  of  logs,  or  other  materials,  laid  upon 
the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Pendent  or  hanging  bridges  are  not  supported  by 
posts,  but  by  the  peculiar  structure  of  the  frame,  rest- 
ing only  on  the  abutments. 

A  draw  bridge,  is  one  which  is  made  with  hinges, 
and  may  be  raised  or  opened.  Such  bridges  are  con- 
structed in  fortifications,  to  hinder  the  passage  of  a 
ditch  or  moat ;  and  over  rivers,  that  the  passage  of 
vessels  may  not  be  iulerrupted. 

A  flying  bridge,  is  made  of  pontoons,  light  boats, 
hollow  beams,  empty  casks,  or  the  like.  They  are 
made,  as  occasion  requires,  for  the  passage  of  armies. 

A  flying  bridge,  is  also  constructed  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  move  from  one  side  of  a  river  to  the  other, 
being  made  fast  in  the  middle  of  the  river  by  a  cable 
and  an  anchor.  Encyc. 

2.  The  upper,  bony  part  of  the  nose  is  called  the 
bridge  of  the  nose. 

3.  'The  part  of  a  stringed  instrument  of  music,  over 
which  the  strings  are  stretched,  and  by  which  they 
are  raised. 

4.  In  gunnery,  the  two  pieces  of  timber  which  go 
between  the  two  transoms  of  a  gun-carriage.  Encyc. 

BRIDGE,  V.  t.    To  build  a  bridge  or  bridges  over  ;  as, 

to  bridge  a  river. 
2.  To  erect  bridges  on  ;  to  make  a  passage  by  a 

bridge  or  bridges.  Milton. 
BRIDGE'-HEAD,  (-hed,)  ti.    .>\  fortification  covering 

the  extremity  of  a  bridge  nearest  the  enemy.  [Fr. 

tete  du  pout.]  P.  Cyc. 

BRIDG'^CD,  pp.    Covered  or  furnished  with  a  bridge. 
liRIDGE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  bridge. 
BRIDG'IiS'G,  ppr.  Erecting  a  bridge  ;  building  a  bridge 

over. 

BRIDG'Y,  a.  Full  of  bridges.  [Mused.]  Sherwood. 
BllI'DLE,  11.    [Sax.  bridl,  or  briilel ;  Fr.  bride  ;  Arm. 

brid  ;  D.  brcidil,  a  bridle  ;  Sp.  br'ula,  the  reins  of  a 

bridle  ;  I'ort.  brida.]  • 

1.  The  instruiiieiit  with  which  a  horse  is  governed 
and  restrained  by  a  rider  ;  consisting  of  a  head-stall, 
a  bit,  anil  reins,  with  other  appendages,  according  to 
its  particular  form  and  uses. 

2.  A  restraint ;  a  curb  ;  a  check.  Watts. 

3.  A  short  piece  of  cable,  well  served,  attached  to 
a  swivel  on  a  chain,  laid  in  a  harbor,  ami  the  upper 
end  drawn  into  a  ship  and  secured  to  the  bitts.  The 
use  is  to  enable  a  ship,  when  moored,  to  veer  with 
Iho  wind  and  tide.  Mar.  Diet. 

Bowline  bridles,  are  short  legs  or  pieces  of  rope,  run- 
ning tifrough  iron  thimbles,  by  which  the  bowline  at- 
taches to  different  jilaces  on  the  leech  or  edge  of  a 
large  sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

BRI'DLE,  V.  t.  To  put  on  a  bridle ;  as,  to  bridle  a 
horse. 

2.  To  restrain,  guide,  or  govern  ;  to  check,  curb, 
or  control ;  as,  to  bridle  the  passions  ;  "  to  bridle  a 
muse."  Pope. 

Bridle  the  excursions  of  youth.  Dtcisht. 

BRI'DLE,  V.  i.  To  hold  up  the  head,  and  dr.aw  in  the 
chin. 

BKI'DLKl),  pp.    Having  a  bridle  on  ;  restrained. 
BRI'DLE-IIAND,  n.    [bruile  and  hand.]    The  hand 

which  holds  the  bridle  in  riding.  Sidney. 
Bltl'DLlO-WAY,  71.  A  path  for  travelers  on  horseback. 

Bancroft. 

BRT'DLER,  n.  One  that  bridles;  one  that  restrains 
and  governs.  Mdton. 

BRI'DLING,  ppr.  Putting  on  a  bridle;  restraining; 
curbing. 

2.  Holding  up  the  head,  and  drawing  in  the  chin. 

The  bridling  frown  of  wriiiklcj  browi.  Trumbull. 

BRID-OON',  71.  A  light  snaffle,  or  bit  of  a  bridle,  in 
addition  to  the  principal  bit,  and  having  a  distinct 
rein. 

BRIEF,  0.  [fr.bref;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  drere ;  h.brcvis, 
whence  brcnio,  to  shorten,  abbreviate.  Brevis,  in 
Latin,  is  doubtless  contracted  from  the  Gr.  ftiuixvf, 
whence  to  abridge.  The  (Jreek  word  coincides  in 
eleinenlH  with  break.] 


BRl 

Short ;  concise.  It  is  used  chiefly  of  language, 
discourses,  writings,  and  time  :  as,  a  brief  space,  a 
brief  review  of  a  book.  Shakspeare  applies  it  to 
wars,  to  nature,  &c.  A  little  brief  authority,  is  au- 
thority very  limited. 
BRIEF,  n.  [In  this  sense  the  word  has  been  received 
into  most  of  the  languages  of  Europe.] 

1.  An  epitome  ;  a  short  or  concise  writing.  This 
is  the  general  sense  of  the  word,  as  explained  by 
Zonaras  on  the  council  of  Carthage.  It  was  thus 
used  as  early  as  the  third  century  after  Christ. 

Spelman. 

In  modern  times,  an  apostolical  brief  is  a  letter 
which  the  pope  dispatches  to  a  prince  or  other  ma- 
gistrate, relating  to  public  affairs.  A  brief  is  distin- 
guished from  a  bull,  in  being  more  concise,  written 
on  paper,  sealed  with  red  wax,  and  impressed  with 
the  seal  of  the  fisherman,  or  Peter,  in  a  boat.  A  bull 
is  more  ample,  written  on  parchment,  and  sealed 
with  lead  or  green  wax.  Encyc. 

2.  In  law,  an  abridgment  of  a  client's  case,  made 
out  for  the  instruction  of  counsel  on  a  trial  at  law. 

Encyc.  Johnson. 

Also,  a  writ  summoning  a  man  to  answer  to  any 
action ;  or  any  precept  of  the  king  in  writing,  issuing 
from  any  court,  whereby  he  commands  a  thing  to 
be  done.  Cowcl. 

In  Scots  law,  a  writ  issuing  from  the  chancer)-,  di- 
rected to  any  judge  ordinary,  commanding  and  au- 
thorizing that  judge  to  call  a  jury  to  inquire  into  the 
case,  and  upon  their  verdict  to  pronounce  sentence. 

Encyc. 

3.  A  letter  patent,  from  proper  authority,  author- 
izing a  collection  or  charitable  contribution  of  money 
in  churches,  for  any  public  or  private  purpose. 

Brande. 

4.  A  summation  or  brief  statement  in  writing.  Skak. 
In  music,  the  word,  if  I  mistake  not,  is  now  writ- 
ten breve. 

BRl  K.F'LESS,  a.    Having  no  brief. 

BRIeF'LY,  arfi).    Concisely;  in  few  words.  Bacon. 

BRIeF'NESS, 71.  Shortness;  conciseness  in  discourse 

or  writing.  Camden. 
BRI'ER,  71.    [Sax.  bra^ ;  Ir.  briar,  a  prickle;  Fr.  bru- 

ycre,  heath  ;  .\tm.  brug.   The  latter  shows  this  word 

to  be  from  the  root  of  rough.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  prickly  plant  or  shrub.  Is. 
v.  ("i.    Judges  viii.  7. 

2.  In  a  limited  sense,  the  sweet-brier  and  the  wild- 
brier,  species  of  the  rose. 

BRI'ER-£D,  (bri'erd,)  a.    Set  with  briers. 

BRt'ER-Y,  a.   Full  of  briers  ;  rough;  thorny.  Johnson. 

BRI'ER-Y,  71.    A  place  where  briers  grow. 

BRIG,  the  termination  of  names,  signifies  a  bridge,  or, 
perhaps,  in  some  cases,  a  town,  or  burg. 

BRIG,  II.  [from  brigantine.]  A  vessel  with  two  masts, 
square  rigged,  or  rigged  nearly  like  a  ship's  main- 
mast and  I'oremast.  Tlie  term,  however,  is  various- 
ly applied  by  the  mariners  of  ditferent  nations. 

Mar.  Diet. 

BRI-GADE',  71.     [Fr.  brigade;  It.  brigata;  Sp.  and 


Port,  brigada ;  perhaps  from  .\t.  farikon,  ag- 

nien,  turba  hominum  major  ;  that  is,  a  division,  from 


faraka,  to  break.    This  word  comes  to  us  from 

the  south  of  Europe,  and  may  have  been  introduced 
into  S|iain  by  the  Moors.  If  this  conjecture  is  not 
well  founile(i,  I  know  not  the  origin  of  the  word. 
See  Cast,  llept.  Col.  3084.] 

A  party  or  division  of  troops,  or  soldiers,  whether 
cavalry  or  infanti-j',  regular  or  militia,  commanded  by 
a  brigadier.  It  consists  of  an  indetermin.ate  number 
of  regiments,  squadrons,  or  battalions.  A  brigade  of 
horse  is  a  body  of  eight  or  ten  squadrons  ;  of  infan- 
try, fimr,  five,  or  six  battalions  or  regiments.  A 
brigaile  of  artillery  consists  of  six  pieces,  with  usu- 
ally 140  men.  A  brigade  of  sappers  consists  of  only 
eight  men. 

BRI  GADE',  I'.  (.  To  form  into  a  brigade,  or  into 
brigades. 

BRI-(;a1)'EI),  pp.    Formed  into  a  brigade. 

BlU-GAD'I.NG,  ppr.    Forming  into  a  brigade 

BKI-(;ADE'-M A-.IOR,  71.  [See  .Major.]  An  oflicer 
apixiinted  by  the  brigadier,  to  assist  him  in  the  man- 
a"eiiient  and  ordering  of  his  brigade. 

BRIG-A  DlER'  or  BRIG-A-I)IER'-OEN'ER-AI>,  n. 
[Kr.,  from  brigade.] 

Tlie  generid  othccr  who  commands  a  brigade, 
whether  oT  horse  or  foot,  and  in  rank  next  below  a 
major-general. 

BRKi'AND,  H.     [Fr.  brigand;  W.  brignni,  a  moun- 
taineiT,  a  plunderer,  from  W.  brig,  a  top  or  summit.] 
A  robber ;  a  freebooter  ;  a  lawless  fellow  who 
lives  by  jilunder,  or  wlio  belongs  to  a  band  of  rob- 
bers. H'lirbiirton. 

BRIG'AND-AGE,  ti.    Theft  ;  robbery  ;  plunder. 

iVarburton. 

BRIG'AN  DINE,  n.  [Gu.  the  origin  of  this  word.  In 
Pits,  prughe  is  n  helmet.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PIIBY  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


14H 


BRI 


BRI 


BRI 


Anciently,  a  coat  of  mail.  The  name  has  ceased 
to  be  used,  witli  the  disuse  of  the  thing.  It  con- 
sisted of  thin,  jointed  scales  of  plate,  pliant  and  easy 
to  the  body.  Knryc. 

BUIG'AN-TI.N'E,  n.  [Fr.  brigantiii;  Arm.  briLmiUme; 
It.  briirantiiw ;  Sp.  bcrfrantin  ;  Port.  barj;antim ;  D. 
brrkanliin.  ftu.  front  L.  aphractum,  Ur.  'iilinaKroi,  a 
vi  sscl  without  a  deck,  uncovered.  It  is  usually  de- 
rived from  brigand.]    [See  IIrio.] 

BKTc;  I  IT,  (hrltt,)  n.  [Sa.v.  beiirlit,  briht,  bt/rlU,  or  bryht, 
clear,  shining,  w  hence  ArorA/n&s, brightness,  beorliliiin, 
(Jiith.  bairtiiian,  to  shine  or  be  clear,  or  to  manifest; 
Ar.  Cli.  lleb.  Syr.  and  Eth.  j">i3,  to  shine,  or  more 

probably,  Ktli.  ncu  bareah,  to  shine,  as  the  Eth. 

participle  berht  or  brrrht,  corresponds  ex- 

actly w  ith  the  Saxon.  I  have  not  found  this  word 
in  liny  other  Teutonic  or  Gothic  language,  and  the 
original  verb  is  lost  in  the  Savon.  In  Saxon,  beorh- 
IhicUr  or  brihlhwilr.  signifies  a  moment,  the  tw  inkling 
of  an  eye.  This  directs  us  to  the  primary  sense  of 
the  verb,  to  shine,  which  is,  to  slimit,  to  dart,  to 
glance.  That  this  is  the  primary  sense,  we  have 
evidence  from  the  Sax.  bryhlm,  which  is  a  deriva- 
tive from  bnjlil,  and  w  Inch  signifies  a  moment,  that 
is,  the  tune  of  a  shoot,  or  darting,  like  ;rlanre.] 

1.  Shining  ;  lucid  ;  luminous  ;  splendid  ;  as,  a 
bright  sun  or  star  ;  a  bright  metal. 

2.  Clear  ;  Iniiisparciit  ;  as  liijuors.  Thomson. 

3.  Evident ;  clear ;  manifest  to  the  mind,  as  light 
is  to  the  eyes. 

Tiic  cviariiM  of  IhU  truth  b  bright.  Watts. 

4.  Resplendent  with  charms ;  as,  a  bright  beauty  ; 
tile  brightrst  fair.  Pope. 

5.  Iliuniinated  with  science  ;  sparkling  with  wit ; 
as,  the  brightrst  of  men.  Popr. 

C,  Illustrious;  glorious;  as,  the  brightest  period  of 
a  kingdom.  Cotton. 

7.  Ill  popular  language,  ingenious  ;  possessing  an 
active  mind. 

8.  Promising  good  or  success ;  as,  bright  prospects. 

9.  Sparkling  ;  animated  ;  as,  bright  eves. 
BRIGIIT'£.\,  (brit'n,)  r.  (.  To  make  bright  or  bright- 
er ;  to  make  to  shine  ;  to  increase  luster. 

2.  To  make  liiminoiis  by  light  from  w  ithout,  or  by 
dispelling  gl<x>m  ;  as,  to  brighten  sorrow  or  prosjiects. 

^Philips. 

3.  To  cheer ;  to  make  gay  or  cheerful. 

Joy  brigltUtlM  Ilia  crrst.  ^lilton. 

A.  To  make  illustrious,  or  more  distinguished  ;  as, 
to  brighten  a  character.  Sw(fl. 
5.  To  make  acute  or  wittv.  .Johnson. 
BRir,IlT'£.\,  (brit'n,)  r.  i.  'To  prow  bright,  or  more 
bright ;  to  clear  up  ;  as.  the  sky  brightens. 

2.  To  become  less  dark  or  gloomy  ;  as,  our  pros- 
pects brio-hten. 
BKK;  IIT'fi.N-ED,  pp.    Made  bright  or  more  bright. 
Bia(;HT'IC.\-I.\(;,  ppr.    Making  bright  or  brighter. 
BKIGIIT'ER,  a.  comp.    .More  bright. 
BKKiHT'EST,  fl.  superl.    Most  briclit. 
BRIGIIT'-BL'RN-ING,  o.     Burning  with  a  bright 
flame. 

BRIGIIT'-Et-/:D,(-Jde,)a.  Having brishi eyes.  Gray. 
BRIGlIT'-IlAlR-KD,  o.    Having  bright  hair.  .Vilton. 
BKIC.HT'-I1.\R-.NESS-£D,  (-hir'nest,)  o.  Having 

glittering  armor.  Mlton. 
BRI(;HT'-II0A;I),  a.    Having  a  bright  color. 
BRIGIIT'-SHIN-I.NG,  a.   Shining  w  ith  splendor. 

Spenser. 

BRTGIIT'LY,  {brlt<''lv,)n<ic.  Splendidly;  with  hisier. 
BRTGHT'.NESS,  (brite'ncss,)  it.    S|ile'ndor ;  luster; 

glitter.  South. 
2.  .\culenes.s,  applied  to  the  faculties  ;  sharpness 

of  wit ;  as,  the  bnghtnr.i.i  of  a  man's  parts.  Prior. 
BRI-GOSE',  u.     [from  brigue.]    Ciuitentious.  [A'ut 

Msed.]  Puller. 
BRIGUE,  (breeg,)  n.    [Kr.  brigue  :  Sp.  brega  :  II.  bri- 

ga,  strife,  disquiet ;   Ir.  breaghean,  to   debate,  to 

quarrel.] 

A  cabal;  intrigue;  faction;  contention.  [Little 
v.ied.\  Chaucer.  ChejUrfield. 

BRIGUE,  (breeg,)  r.  i.  To  canvass  ;  to  soliciL  [Lit- 
Ue  used.]  HunL 

BRIGU'ING,  (brceg'ing,)  ppr.  Canvassing  ;  soliciting. 

BRILL,  n.  .\  lish  allied  to  the  tiirlmt,  (the  Pleuronec- 
««  rhombus,)  much  esteemed  in  England  for  AhmI. 

BRIUUiJ^VE,  (bril-lant'e,)  [It.]  In  music,  in  u 
gay  and  lively  manner.  Brande. 

BRILL-IAN-CV,  (bril'yan-cy,)  n.  [See  BaiixiAnx.] 
Splendor;  glitter;  great  brightness. 

BRILL'IA.N'T,  (hril'yani,)  o.  [Fr.  brUlant,  sparkling, 
from  brUler,  to  shine  or  sparkle  ;  It.  brillanle,  spark- 
ling ;  brdlo,  Joy,  gladness,  also  tipsy  ;  Sp.  brdlar,  to 
glitter:  brdlaiior,  brilliant;  iriWo,  splendor ;  Ger.  and 
Dan.  brdle,  a  pair  of  spectacles  ;  hence  Eng.  beryl 
and  pearl.] 

I  S|nrkling  with  luster ;  glittering ;  as,  a  brilliant 
gem  ;  a  brilliant  dress. 
2.  Splendid;  shining;  as,  a  ftn7/ian<  achievement. 
Wiuhinfftrtn  WTj  more  •oltcitouj  to  aToid  fatal  miitakn,  th.iii  to 
piTtorm  brittianl  exploiu.  Amee. 
BRILL'I.\.\T,  n.  A.diamond  of  the  finest  cut,  formed 


into  facets,  so  as  to  reflect  the  light,  by  which  it  is 
rendered  more  glittering.  It  has  a  f;»cc  or  flat  table 
at  the  midtlle  or  the  lop,  and  is  thus  distinguished 
from  a  rtj^T  dimiiontl,  which  comes  oil  to  a  point  or 
angle.  llrberU 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  brisk,  high-spirited  horse,  with 
a  stately  carrijige.  Kncyc. 

BKILL'IANT-LY,  <i(/e.    Splendidly.  H'arlon. 

BlULL'IANT-iN'ESS,  «.   Brilliancy  ;  splendor  ;  glitter. 

.Johnson, 

BRILLS,  n.    The  hair  on  the  eyelids  of  a  horse. 
BlU.M,  H.    [Sax,  bryiiitn:  Sw.  briim  ;   Dan.  bnemme ; 

Sax.  riman,  to  enlarge  ;  probably  the  extent  or  ex- 

treiiie.J 

1.  '1  he  rim,  lip,  or  broad  bonier,  of  any  ves.sel  or 
other  tiling  ;  as,  the  brim  of  a  hat,  or  of  a  vessel. 

2.  The-  upp:'r  edge  of  a  vessel,  whether  broad  or 
ntit  ;  as,  the  brim  of  a  cup  or  glass. 

3.  The  top  of  any  liquor  ;  the  edge,  or  that  next 
tlie  border  at  the  top. 

The  trcl  of  the  prints  were  (lip|)ed  in  Uie  brim  of  the  water.  — 
Jo«h.  iii. 

4.  The  edge  or  brink  of  a  fountain  ;  the  verge. 

Drayton. 

BRI.M,  a.    [Sax.  bryme.]    Public  ;  well  known  ;  cele- 
brated.   [jVot  in  use.]  fVarner. 
BKI.M,  V.  (.    To  till  to  the  brim,  upper  edge,  or  top. 

JUilton. 

BRIM,  V.  i.    To  be  full  to  the  lirim.  Philips. 
UKI.M'KIJL,  a.    [brim  anil  full.]    Full  to  the  top;  coin- 

pleli  ly  full  ;  as,  a  glass  brimful  ;  a  heart  brimful  of 

sorrow. 

BRI.M'F}JL-.\ESS,7i.  Fullness  to  the  top.  [JVut  iwctf.] 

Shak. 

BRIM'LESS,  a.  Having  no  brim.  Mduion. 

nUIM'.MElt,  yi.    A  bowl  lull  lo  the  top.  Dniden. 

BRI.M'.MI.N't;,  a.  Full  to  the  top  or  brim  ;  as,  a  ftrim- 
ming  paiK  Ihrydcn. 

BKI.M'.STo.\E,  n.  I^Sax.  bnjne,  combustion,  and  .■itone, 
bum-stone,  or  bnrinng-stonr,.  See  Brand  and  IJcrn.] 
Sulphur  ;  a  hard,  brittle,  inflammable  substance,  of 
a  leinon-yellow  color,  which  h.is  no  smell,  unless 
heated,  and  which  becomes  negatively  electric  by 
heat  and  friction.  It  is  found,  in  great  quantities, 
and  soini  tiiiies  pure,  in  the  neighborhood  of  volcanoes. 
It  is  an  ingrotlient  in  a  variety  of  minerals  and  ores. 
The  sulphur  of  commerce  is  procured  from  its  natu- 
ral bcils,  or  artificially  extracted  from  pyrites. 

Hooper.  J^^'icholson. 

BRIiM'STO.\-Y,  a.  Full  of  brimstone,  or  containing  it ; 
resembling  brimstone  ;  sulphurous. 

BRI.VD'EI),  a.    [It.  brinaUy,  spotted.] 

Marked  with  spots ;  tabby  ;  having  diflerent  colors. 

Milton. 

BRIN'DLE,  n.  [from  iriarf,  the  root  of  Armrfcrf.]  The 
stale  of  biMng  brinded  ;  spottedness.  Ricliardson. 

BRI.\'DL£I),  a.  Spotted  ;  variegated  with  spots  of 
tliflerent  colors.  .Iddison. 

BRIXE,  71.  [Sax.  brijne,  brine,  and  a  burning,  from 
brennan,  to  burn.] 

1.  W'aler  satiiraied  or  strongly  impregn.Hed  with 
salt,  like  the  water  of  the  ocean.  Artificial  brine  is 
useil  for  the  preservation  of  the  flesh  of  animals,  fish, 
veget.ahles,  A:c. 

2.  The  ocean  or  sea.  Mdtxm. 

3.  Tears,  so  called  from  their  saltness.  Shak. 
LeaeJi  brine  is  brine  w  hich  drops  from  corned  salt  in 

drying,  which  is  preser\'ed  to  be  boiled  again.  Enajc. 
BRI.N'E,  e.  (.    To  steep  in  brine,  a-s  corn,  to  prevent 

smut ;  also,  to  mix  sjilt  with  ;  as,  to  brine  hay.  Encyc 
BRIiNE'-P.\N,  «.    [brine  and  pan,]    A  pit  of  salt  wa- 
ter, where,  liy  the  action  of  the  sun,  salt  is  formed 

by  crj.st.'Uliy.ation. 
BRi.NE'-PIT,  71.  [ftrinc  and  pi(.]  .V  salt  spring  or  well, 

from  w  hich  water  is  tiiken  to  be  boiled  or  evaporated 

for  making  salt.  Knci/c. 
BRI.NK.'— SPRING,  n.   [ftrin*  and  .vpri'n^.]    A  spring  of 

salt  water.  Encyc. 
BRI.N'G,  r.  I. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Brouoht.    [Sax.  bringan  ; 

Sw.  bringa  ;  Dan.  bringe ;  D.  brengen  ;  G.  bringen  ; 

Goth,  briggan.  We  see  by  brought,  P.  bragt,  and  the 

Gothic  briggnn,  that  n  is  not  radical.] 

1.  To  fi  lch  ;  to  bear,  convey,  or  lead  from  a  dis- 
l.anl  to  a  nearer  place,  or  to  a  person  ;  as,  bring  me  a 
book  from  the  shelf;  »ri<io-  me  a  morsel  of  bread.  In 
this  sense,  it  is  op|Kised  to  carry  :  and  it  is  applied  to 
the  person  bearing  or  leading,  in  opposition  to  sending 
or  transmitting  by  another. 

2.  To  produce  ;  to  procure  as  a  cause  ;  to  draw  to. 
Nolhin*  brings  a  m:\n  more  honor  lliaii  lo  be  iDTariahtf  JuaL 

3.  To  attract  or  draw  along. 

in  (tUmlalion  the  watt-r  britiga  over  with  it  another  atilalAnce. 

4.  To  cause  to  come  ,  to  cause  to  proceed  from  a 
disLtnl  place,  in  company,  or  at  the  same  lime  ;  as, 
to  bring  a  boat  over  a  river  ;  to  bring  a  horse  or  car- 
riage ;  to  bring  a  cargo  of  dry  goods. 

5.  To  cause  to  come  to  a  point,  by  moml  influence ; 
used  of  the  mind,  and  implying  previous  remoteness, 
aversion,  alienation,  or  disagreement ;  as,  to  bring 
the  mind  to  assent  to  a  proposition  ;  or  to  bringli 
man  to  terms  by  persuaaitin  or  argument.  In  this 
sense,  it  is  nearly  equivalent  to  persnaile,  prerail  upon, 
or  induce.    The  same  process  is  eflected  by  custom. 


and  other  causes.  Habit  brings  us  to  relish  things 
at  first  disagreeable  ;  reHeclioii  brings  a  man  to  his 
senses ;  and  whether  the  process  is  ^low  or  rapid,  the 
sense  of  the  verb  is  the  same.  To  bring  to  the  mind 
any  thing  before  and  forgotten,  is  to  recall:  but  the 
sense  of  triii^  is  the  .same. 

The  primary  sense  is  to  lead,  draw,  or  cause  to  come 
the  sense  of  conveying  or  bearing  is  secondary. 

The  use  of  this  verb  is  so  extensive,  and  incorpo- 
rated into  so  many  peculiar  phrases,  that  it  is  not  easy 
to  ri-duce  its  significations  within  any  precise  limits. 
Ill  general,  the  verb  bring  implies  motion  fri  in  a  place 
reiiiote,  either  in  a  litenl  or  figurative  sense.  It  is 
iisei]  with  various  modifying  words. 

To  briiig  back,  is  to  recall,  implying  previous  depart- 
ure, either  in  a  literal  or  figurative  sense. 

VV)  bring  about :  to  bring  to  pa-^s  ;  to  efiect ;  to  ac- 
complish ;  lo  bring  to  the  desired  issue. 

7'o  bring  forth,  is  to  produce,  as  young  or  fruit ; 
also,  to  bring  to  light;  that  is,  to  make  manifest,  to 
disclose. 

7'u  bring  foncard ;  to  cause  to  advance ;  to  produce 
to  view. 

To  bring  in  ;  to  import ;  to  introduce  ;  to  bear  from 
a  remote  place  within  a  certain  precinct ;  to  pl.ace  in 
a  particular  condition  ;  to  collect  things  dispersed  ;  to 
reduce  within  the  limits  of  law  ami  governmenl  ;  lo 
produce,  as  income,  rent,  or  revenue  ;  to  induce  to 
join,  Alc. 

To  bring  off;  to  bear  or  convey  from  a  distant 
place  ;  as,  to  bring  off  men  from  an  isle  ;  also,  to  pro- 
cure to  be  aeipiitied  ;  to  clear  from  condemnation  ;  to 
cause  to  escajie. 

To  bring  on  ;  to  cause  to  begin  ;  as,  to  bring  on  an 
action.  Also,  to  originate  or  cause  to  exist ;  as,  to 
bring  on  a  disease.  Also,  to  bear  or  ctinvey  from  a 
distance  ;  as,  to  bring  on  a  quantity  of  goods.  AI.so, 
to  attend,  or  to  aid  in  advancing  ;  as,  to  bring  one  on 
his  way. 

7o  bring  over ;  lo  bear  across  ;  as,  to  bring  over  dis- 
patches ;  lo  bring  over  p;tssengers  in  a  boat.  .Also,  lo 
convert  by  persuasion  or  other  means  ;  to  ilraw  to  a 
new  party  ;  to  cause  to  change  sides,  or  an  opinion. 

To  bring  out ;  to  expose  ;  to  detect ;  to  bring  to 
light  from  concealment ;  as,  to  bring  out  an  accom- 
plice or  his  crimes. 

To  bring  under ;  lo  subdue  ;  to  repress  ;  to  restrain  ; 
to  reduce  to  obedience ;  also,  to  bring  beneath  any 
thing. 

'J'o  bring  up  ;  to  nurse  ;  to  educate  ;  to  instruct ;  to 
feed  and  clothe ;  to  form  the  manners,  and  furnish 
the  mind  with  kiiowlcclgc.  'J'lie  phrase  may  compre- 
hend all  these  particulars.  Also,  to  introduce  to  prac- 
tice ;  as,  lo  bring  vp  .a  f;ushion  or  ceremony.  Also,  to 
cause  to  advance  near ;  as,  to  bring  up  forces,  or  the 
body  of  reserve.  Also,  to  bear  or  convey  upward.  In 
navigation,  to  cast  anchor. 

To  bring  down :  to  cause  to  come  down.  Also,  to 
bumble  or  abase- ;  as,  to  bring  down  high  looks. 

To  bring  to  ;  in  navigation,  to  check  the  course  of  a 
ship,  by  arranging  the  sails  in  such  a  manner  that 
they  shall  coiinterai  t  each  other,  and  keep  her  nearly 
stationary.  She  is  then  said  to  lie  to.  The  phrase  is 
used  also  in  applying  a  rope  to  the  capstan. 

To  bring  by  Uie  lee  ;  to  incline  so  rapidly  lo  leeward 
of  the  course,  when  a  ship  .sails  large,  as  to  bring  the 
lee-side  suddenly  to  the  windward,  and,  by  laying 
the  sails  aback,  expose  her  to  the  danger  of  overset- 
ting. Mir.  Diet. 
BRIN'G'ER,  71.    One  who  brings  or  conveys  to. 

Bringer  in  :  the  person  who  introduces. 

Bringer  up ;  an  inslruclor  ;  one  who  feeds,  clothes, 
and  educates  ;  also,  one  who  is  in  the  rear  of  an  army. 

.^sehain. 

BRIN'G'IN'G,  ppr.  Bearing  to;  conveying;  persuad- 
ing ;  causing  lo  come. 

BRI.NG'I.NG-FoRTII,  71.    Production.  SAoJt. 

BRI.\'ISH,  a.  [from  frriiif.]  Like  brine  ;  salt;  some* 
what  salt ;  saltish. 

BRI.N'ISII-NESS,  71.  Saltness;  the  quality  of  being 
saltish. 

BRINK,  71.  [Dan.  and  Sw.  iriiiA ;  VV.  bryncyn;  Ir. 
breach,  bruach  ;  from  break.] 

The  edge,  margin,  or  border  of  a  sleep  place,  as  of 
n  precipice,  or  the  b:Mik  of  a  river. 

BRl.\'Y,  a.  [from  brine.]  Pertaining  to  brine,  or  to 
the  sea  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  brine  ;  salt ;  as,  a 
briny  taste  ;  the  briny  flood.        Dryden.  Mdiion. 

BRISK,  a.  [This  word  may  be  of  "the  same  family 
with  frisk  and  fresh,  which  see.  \V.  bmsg,  from 
brys,  quick;  bry.iiaw,  to  hasten,  coinciding  with 
press:  from  \V.  rhys,  a  rushing.    See  RtsH.] 

1.  Lively  ;  active  ;  nimble  ;  gay  ;  sprightly  ;  viva- 
cious ;  applied  to  animals:  as,  a  brisk  young  man ;  a 
brisk  horse. 

2.  Full  of  spirit  or  life ;  eflTervcscing,  as  liquors ; 
OS,  brLik  cider. 

3.  Lively  ;  burning  freely  ;  as,  a  brisk  fire. 
BRISK  or  BRISK  UP,  v.  U    To  m.ike  lively  ;  to  en- 
liven :  to  animate. 

BRISK  UP,  r.  i.   To  come  up  with  life  and  speed  ;  to 

take  an  erect  or  bold  attitude. 
BRISK'ET,  71.    I^Uu.  Fr.  brechet.] 

The  breast  ot  an  animal ;  or  that  part  of  tlw  breast 


TONE,  BULL,  tlNITR-AiVGEK,  VT'CIOUS.-G  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


10' 


149 


BRO 


BRO 


BRO 


tliat  lies  nuxt  to  the  ribs  ;  the  fiire  part  of  the  neck 
of  a  liorse,  at  the  shoulder  down  to  the  fore  legs. 

Baiteij. 

BUrSK'-LOOK-ING,  a.    Having  a  lively  look. 

BIUSK'LY,  ado.  Actively;  vigorously;  with  life  and 
spirit.  Botjle.  Ray. 

BIIISK'N'ESS,  n.  Liveliness;  vigor  in  action  ;  quick- 
ness; gayety  ;  vivacity;  efl'ervescence  of  liquors. 

South.  IJriiden. 

BR[S'TLE,  (bris'l,)  n.  [Sax.  bristl,  and  ii/rrf ;  Sw. 
borst ;  D.  bor.itd,  si  bristle,  a  brush  ;  G.  borstr,  bristle  ; 
bvrsten,  to  bristle  up ;  Dan.  brtjste,  to  strut.  The 
sense  is,  a  .-ilioot.] 

1.  The  stifl",  glossy  hair  of  swine,  especially  that 
growing  on  the  back,  used  for  making  brushes;  sim- 
ilar hair  on  otiicr  animals. 

2.  A  species  of  pubescence  on  plants,  in  form  of  a 
stiff,  roundish  hair.  Marlyn. 

BRIS''1'LE,  1'.  (.    To  erect  in  bristles;  to  erect  in  de- 
fiance or  anger.  Hi'  e  a  swine  ;  as,  to  bristle,  the  crest. 
2.  To  fix  a  bristle  ;  as,  to  bristle  a  thread.  Johnson, 

BRIS'TLE,  v.i.  To  rise  or  stand  erect;  as,  the  hair 
brUtles.  Drytlen. 

2.  To  raise  the  head  and  strut,  as  in  anger  or  defi- 
ance ;  as,  a  man  bristles  up  to  another.  In  this  sense 
the  word  is  coninion  in  the  United  Stiites,  but  gen- 
erallv  pronounced  briutlr. 

BRl.S'TLJvD,  (bris'slil,)  /);).  or  a.  Raised  in  bristles  ; 
furnislieil  witli  bristles. 

liUIS'-i'LE-XKM-i'D,  a.    Armed  with  bristles.  Kirby. 

BIUS'  J  LE-I'.EaR-I.NG,  a.    Having  bristles.  Kirby. 

BUI.S'  TLE-LIKE,  a.    StitT  as  a  bristle. 

BRIt?'TLE-f!llAl>-£D,  (Iiris'l-shapt,)  a.  [bri.stle  and 
sliape.]  Of  the  tbiclvness  and  length  of  a  bristle,  as 
a  leaf.  Martyn. 

BlUS'TLTNG,  (bris'ling,)  ppr.    Rising  in  bristles. 

l)ltl!>'TLY,  (bris'ly,)  a.  Thick  set  with  bristles,  or 
with  hairs  like  bristles;  rough.  Bacon. 

BRItf'TOI^FLO\V-ER,  n.  .\  .species  of  Lychnis, 
bachelor's  button,  or  catcliflv.        Fam.  of  Plants. 

ISIiKS'TOL-SToNE,         )  n.  Rock  crystal,  or  crystals 

BRIS-TOL-f)I'A-.MO\l),  |  of  quartz",  f.iund  in  a  rock 
near  the  city  of  Bristol,  in  England,  and  frequently 
used  for  ornamental  purposes. 

CtMS''J'OL-\VA-TEK,  n.  Tlie  water  of  a  warm 
spring  near  the  city  of  Bristol,  in  England. 

y?..7i.  Enetie. 

BIUT,  71.  A  fish  of  the  herring  kind,  {chjpeic,)  from 
one  to  four  inches  long,  found,  at  some  season-^,  in 
inuue-nse  numbers  on  the  eastern  ccsast  of  New  Eng- 
land. Mas.^.  Report. 

BKl-T.W'iVIA,  n.  A  metallic  compound  or  alloy, 
consisting  chiefly  of  block-tin,  with  some  antimony, 
and  a  small  proportion  of  copper  and  brass. 

Kncye.  Dom.  Econ. 

BRI-T.\.\"Nie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Britain  ;  or,  in  its 
l>resent  use,  to  Gre.at  Brittiin.  It  is  aj>pli<  d  almost 
exclusively  to  the  title  of  the  king  ;  as,  His  Bntxin- 
nic  Majesty.  The  Britannic  Catalogue,  (C'ttaloirns 
Britanniciis^)  is  a  catalogue  of  the  stars,  prepared  by 
Flanisteed. 

BRITE,    j  V.  i.   To  be  or  become  over-ripe,  as  whe.at, 

BRIGHT,  \     barley,  or  hops.  ./o/uison. 
[I  know  nnttkat  this  word  is  iLsed  in  the  United  Estates.] 

BKIT'I.'^H,  a.  Pertaining  to  Great  Britain  or  its  in- 
habitants. It  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  language 
of  the  Welsh. 

BRIT'ISH-GIJM,  n.  A  substance  of  a  brownish  C(dor, 
and  very  soluble  in  cold  w.ater,  formed  by  heating 
dry  starch  at  a  temperature  of  about  (inoi)  Fahr.  It 
corresponds,  in  its  properties,  with  dextrine,  anil  is 
used  in  solution,  as  a  substitute  for  gum,  in  stillen- 
ing  goods. 

BRIT'ON,  71.    A  native  of  Britain. 

BRn''')N',  17.    British.  Spenser. 

BKIT'TLE,  a.  [Sax.  briitjin,  brytan,  to  break  ;  .«w. 
bryta;  Han.  bryde,  id.;  W.  brad,  a  brea.Mng  ;  Sam. 

yV^S  brat ;   Ch.   ms ;  Ar.  Jjj-i  fitrata :  Syr. 

/  •      frat :  Heb.  TiS  to  part,  to  break.    See  Part. J 

Easily  broken,  or  easily  breaking  short,  without 
splinters,  or  loose  parts  rent  from  the  substance  ; 
fragile;  not  tough  or  tenacious;  as,  brittle  stone  or 
glass.  JJrbuthnot. 

BKIT'TLR-LV,  «7//c.   In  a  brittle  manner.  Sherwood. 

BKIT'TLE-NESS,  7t.  Aptness  to  break  ;  fragility; 
opposed  to  louirhness  and  lenacitij.  Baijlr. 

BRI'l'Z'SKA,  (bris'ka,)  w.  A  long  carriage,  with  a 
calash  top,  and  so  constructed  as  to  give  space 
for  reclining  at  night,  w  hen  used  on  a  journey. 

BRTZK,  71.    The  gadfly.    [See  Bkekze.] 

BROACH,  n.  [Fr.  broehe,  a  spit,  faycet,  or  quill ;  W. 
pror.,  a  thnist,  a  stab  ;  It.  brocco,  a  peg  ;  brocciare,  to 
prick  ;  Sp.  broe/i,  n  drill,  a  Uack.  It  denotes  a  shoot, 
a  sharp-pointed  thing. J 

1.  A  spit,  and,  in  some  parts  of  the  English  do- 
minionn,  an  awl,  and  a  bodkin.  Kncye.. 

2.  A  nmsii  al  instrument  played  by  turning  a  han- 
dle, .hihnson, 

3.  A  clasp  or  small  utensil  to  fasti  n  a  vest.  [See 
Buoocfi.  ] 

4.  A  start  of  the  head  of  n  young  stag.  .Uhn-ion. 


5.  A  candle  rod.  Encyc.  Dom.  Ecm. 

BR6ACH,  V.  t.    [VV.  prociaw,  to  thrust  or  stab.] 

1.  To  spit ;  to  pierce  as  with  a  sjiit. 

Shah.  Hakewill. 
9.  To  tap ;  to  pierce,  as  a  cask,  in  order  to  draw 
the  liquor  ;  hence,  to  let  out.  JIndibras. 

3.  To  open,  as  a  store.    [  C//(«,?(/fi/.]  Knolle.s. 

4.  To  utter  ;  to  give  out ;  to  publish  first ;  to  make 
public  what  was  before  unknown  ;  as,  to  broach  an 
opinion.  Swift. 

To  broach  to  ;  in  navigation,  to  incline  suddenly  to 
windward,  so  as  to  lay  the  sails  aback  and  expose 
the  vessel  to  the  danger  of  oversetting.  Mar.  Diet. 

B!JoA(;H'/;I),  (biwht,)  pp.  Spitted  ;  tapped  ;  opened  ; 
uuereii  ;  lirst  published. 

BItoACH'ER,  n.  A  spit;  one  who  broaches,  opens, 
or  utters  ;  a  first  publisher.    Drydcn.  L'-Estrangc. 

BRoACH'ING,  p/jr.  Pierciic^  with  a  spit;  tapping; 
$rst  divulging. 

BROAD,  (brawd,)  <7.  [Sax.  brad;  Sw.  bredi  D.  breed; 
Ger.  hreit ;  Dan.  breed,  broad  ;  Arm.  bnuli,  bradein,  to 
publish,  'fliis  word  ami  spread  seem  to  be  formed 
on  the  root  Tii,  or  m-i,  to  open,  extend,  spread  ;  in 
Syr.,  to  go;  L.  irraxlior :  a  root  of  extensive  use.] 
■  1.  Wide  ;  extended  in  breadth,  or  from  side  to  side, 
as  distinguished  from /u/ig-,  or  extended  from  end  to 
end.  It  is  o|)posed  to  narrow ;  as,  a  broad  street ;  a 
broad  table.  Drydcn.  Temple, 

2.  Wide  ;  extensive  ;  vast ;  as,  the  broad  expanse 
of  ocean. 

3.  Large  ;  as,  a  broad  mixture  of  falseliood.  Locke. 

4.  Open  ;  clear ;  not  covered,  confined,  or  con- 
cealed ;  as,  in  broad  sunshine. 

5.  Gross  ;  coarse  ;  as,  broad  mirth  ;  broad  nonsense. 

Pope.  Drifden. 
C.  Plain;  tending  to  obscenity;  as,  a  broad  com- 
ment. Drydcn. 

7.  Bold  ;  not  delicate  ;  not  reserved ;  as,  broad 
words.  S/iak. 

8.  Comprehensive. 

It  may  l)e  iir^ 'tl  thut  the  ic<ird.i  in  tlie  conslihition  are  brofid 
enoiigli  lu  include  tlie  c^isi'.    D.  Daggett,  Whtaton^s  Rep, 

Broad  as  tonsf  :  equal  upon  the  whole.  UEstranire. 
BROAD'-AX,  71.  [broad  and  ax.]  Formerly,  a  military 
weapim.    In  modern  usatre,  an  ax  for  hewing  timber. 
BROAD'-B.ACK-£D,  (bravvd'bakt,)   a.     [broad  and 

harli.]    Having  a  broad  back.  Barlow. 
BROAD'-BLoWN,'a.  [broad  and  bloUi.]  Fullblown. 

Shah. 

UROAD'-ROT'TOM-ED,  a.    Having  a  wide  bottom. 
BltOAD'^BRE  \ST-ED,  a.    Having  a  bro.ad  breast. 
r,RiiAI)'-liltl.\l-.MKD,  (brawd'brimd,)  a.    [broad  and 

brim.']    Having  a  broad  brim.  Braniston. 
BRO.VD'-CaST,  ;i.  [broad  and  co.*;.]  Among /«rJ7ifrji-, 

a  casting  ur  tliriiwing  seed  from  tlie  hand  for  disper- 
sion in  sowing. 
BROAD'-€.\ST,  adr.    By  scattering  or  throwing  at 

large  from  the  hand  ;  as,  to  sow  broad-cast. 
BRO AD'-Ca.ST,  a.  Cast  or  dispersed  upon  the  ground 

Willi  llie  hanil,  as  seed  in  sowing;  jpposed  to  plant- 

iiit:  in  hills  nr  rows. 
BRO.UJ'-CllE.ST-ED,  a.    Having  a  broad  chest  or 

thorax. 

BROAD'eLOTII,  7j.    A  species  of  woolen  cloth,  so 

called  from  its  breadth. 
BltOAD'-EV-AJD,  (brawd'Ide,)  a.  Having  a  wide  view 

or  survey  ;  as,  hroad-eijrd  ilav.  Shak. 
BROAD'-'FRO.NT-ED,  "(braw'il'frunt-ed,)  o.  Having 

a  brnail  frnnt ;  applied  to  cattle.  Chapman. 
BRO  AD'-HE AD-ED,  «.    Having  a  broad  head.  Scolt. 
BRO.VD'-UOR.V-i'JD,  a.    Having  wide-spread  horns. 

Iluloet. 

BROAD'-LkAF-ED,  (brawd'leeft,)«.  [broad  and  leaf.] 

Having  broad  leaves,  }Voodward. 
BROAD'-MOUTH-i'D,  o.    Having  a  wide  mouth. 

Iroing, 

BROAD'-Pir;(;F,  71.  [broad  and  piece.']  A  piece  of 
gold  coin  broader  than  a  guinea.  Encyc, 

BRO.\D'-Sr.AL,  71.  The  great  seal  of  England;  the 
jiublic  seal  of  a  country  or  state.  As  a  verb,  not 
used. 

nROAn'-SHolIL-DER-A;D,  a.  [broad  and  shoulder.] 
Broad  acro^^s  the  shoulders.  Spectator. 

BROAD'SIDi:,  71.  [broad  and  .■ride.]  A  discharge  of 
all  the  guns  "u  one  side  of  a  shij),  abovt;  and  below, 
at  the  same  time.  J\lar.  Diet. 

2.  The  side  of  a  shij),  above  the  water,  from  the 
bow  to  the  quarter.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  In  printin/r,  a  sheet  of  paper  containing  one 
large  page,  or  iirinleil  on  one  side  only.  Johnson. 

BROAD'-SI'KKAD,  (  spreil,)  a.  Wide-spread. 

BROAD'-SPKF-AD-ING,  «.    Spreading  widely.  Shak. 

BROAD'-SWoRD,  n.  [broad  and  .tword.]  A  sword 
with  a  broad  blade  and  a  ciilting  i-dge.  fViseman. 

BROAD'-TaIL  AM),  a.    Having  a  broad  tail.  Sandys. 

IHlOAD'-WrsE,  adr,  [broad  and  wise.]  In  the  direc- 
tion of  the  breadth.  Boiile. 

BR()AD'/;.\,  (brawd'n,)  r.  i.  To  grow  broad.  [Unu- 
sual,'] Thomson. 

BROAD'KN,  1).  a.  To  make  broad  ;  to  render  more 
broad  or  comprehensive. 

BROAD'ER,  (lirawd'er,)  a,  eomp.    More  broad. 

RItOAD'EST,  a.  suprrl.    Most  broad. 

BROAU'ISH,  n.    Rather  broad.  Russell. 


BROAD'LY,  (hrawd'le,)  ado.    In  a  broad  manner. 

BROAD'NESS,  71.  Breadth  ;  extent  from  side  to  side ; 
coarseness  ;  grossness  ;  fulsomeness.  Drydcn. 

BRO-CADE',  n.  [^]^.  brocado ;  probably  from  broche, 
the  instrument  used  in  embroidery  ;  so  Fr.  brochure, 
a  iiamphlet  or  stitched  book.] 

Silk  stuff,  variegated  with  gold  and  silver,  or 
raised  and  enriched  with  flowers,  foliage,  and  oth- 
er ornaments.  Enctfc.    Span.  Diet. 

BRO-eAD'ED,  a.  Woven  or  worked,  as  brocade,  with 
gold  and  silver. 

2.  Dressed  in  brocade.  Johnson. 
BRO-CaDE'-SHELL,  71.    The  trivial  name  of  the  Co- 
nns geographicus.  Cyc. 

BRo'CAGE,  71.    [See  Broke,  Broker.] 

1.  The  premium  or  commission  of  a  broker  ;  the 
gain  or  profit  derived  from  transacting  business  for 
other  men,  as  brokers,  eitlier  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 

Spender. 

9.  The  hire  given  for  any  unlawful  oftice.  Bacon. 

3.  The  trade  of  a  broker ;  a  dealing  in  old  tilings. 

4.  The  business  of  a  broker ;  the  transactions  of 
commercial  business,  as  buying  and  selling,  for  other 
men.    [See  Broke,  Broker.] 

5.  The  act  of  pimping.  ,^sh. 
BRo'CA-TEL,        /        rc     I.       4  ,^ 
BRO-eA-TEL'LO,  i       L^P'  J 

1.  A  calcareous  stone  or  marble,  composed  of  frag- 
ments of  four  colors,  white,  gray,  yellow,  and  red. 

Pourcroy.  J^J'iehuUon. 

2.  A  kind  of  coarse  brocade,  used  chiefly  for  tapes- 
try.   Newman  says  it  is  made  of  liemp  and  silk. 

Encyc.    J^ewman^s  Span.  Diet. 
BROe'eO-LI,  77.    [It.  broccolo,  sprouts  ;  Fr.  brocoli.] 
A  siibvariety  of  the  cauliflower,  having  the  head 
generally  of  a  dark-green  or  purple  color. 
BROCH'AN-TITE,  »i.    [from  Brochant  de  Villiers.] 
A  basic  sulphate  of  copper,  occurring  in  eineraJd- 
green  crystals. 
BROCHE  ;  tlie  true,  but  not  the  common  orthography 
of  Broach. 

BROCK,  7!.  [.Sax.  broc  ;  Ir.  broc;  Corn,  id.;  W.  broc, 
a  badger,  and  noise,  din,  tumult,  foam,  anger;  brogi, 
to  chafe,  fume,  wax  fierce^  from  rhoc,  a  rough  sound  ; 
rfiocain,  to  grunt.  Owen.j 

A  badger.  [See  Badoer.]  The  Russians  call  it 
barsuk.  In  Ir.  brech  is  a  wolf,  a  wild  savage,  and  a 
badger. 

BROCK'ET,  71.  [See  Brock.]  A  red  deer  two  years 
old.  Bailey  writes  this  brock  or  brocket.  The  French 
write  it  broeard. 

BROD'E-KIN,  71.    [Fr.  brodcqtiin.] 

A  buskin  or  half-boot.  Echard. 

BRo'G.4NS,  71.  pi.  Stout,  coarse  shoes  ;  the  same  as 
Brogue,  which  see. 

BROG'GLE,  V.  i.    To  fish  for  eels.    [JVut  used.] 

BRoGUE,  (brog,)  11.    [Ir.  brog,  a  shoe,  a  house.] 

1.  A  stout,  coarse  shoe.  "  Clouted  broifues,''  in 
Shakspeare,  signify  shoes  whose  soles  are  studded 
with  nails,  or  clouts.  In  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land, it  is  made  of  horse-hide  with  the  hair  on. 

2.  .\  cant  word  for  a  corrupt  dialect  or  manner  of 
pronunciation.  Farquliar. 

3.  Bnii^ues  is  used  by  Slienstone  for  breeches,  from 
the  Irish  bro<r. 

BRoGIJE'-M.aK-ER,  >i.  A  maker  of  brogues.  .Mm-wn. 
BROID,  1'.  t.    To  braid.    [Obs.]    [See  Braid.] 
BROID'EU,  e.  /.    [Fr.  broder :  Sp.  and  Port,  bordar,  to 
embroider;  Arm.  bronda,  to  prick;  D.  borduurcn,  to 
embroider ;  VV.  brodiow,  to  make  compact,  to  darn, 
to  embroider  ;   brieyd,  a  broach,  an  embroidering 
frame.    Uu.  Heb.  and  .\r.  Ti3  brad,  spotted.] 
To  adorn  with  figures  of  needle-work. 

A  riilie,  A  broiilerci  cunt,  .iiid  a  jjinllc.  —  Kxuil. 

BROID'ER  ER,  71.    One  that  embroiders. 
BROID'ER-Y,  11.     Einbroidery  ;  ornamental  needle- 
work wrought  upon  cloth.    [See  Embroider.] 

Tickel. 

BROIL,  n.  [Fr.  brouilterie,  from  brouillcr,  to  mix,  con- 
found, embroil  ;  It.  bro-jlia,  tumult ;  brouliarr,  to  em- 
broil. From  this  verb  we  have  roil,  to  disturb,  as 
lees.  (See  Ktui,.)  The  primary  sense  is,  to  stir,  to 
agitate.  It  may  be  allied  to  brawl,  and  the  French 
brulrr.] 

A  tumult  ;  a  noisy  quarrel ;  contention  ;  discord, 
either  between  individuals  or  in  the  state. 

Sh/ik.  OranrUJe. 
BROIL,  V.  t.    [Uu.  Fr.  bruter.    I  believe  this  is  from 
brouiUiT,  to  agitate.] 

To  agitate  with  heat  ;  to  dress  or  cook  over  coals, 
before  the  (ire ;  but  more  generally  uiion  a  gridiron 
over  coals.  Dryden. 
BROIL,  e.  1.  To  be  subjected  to  the  action  of  heat, 
like  meat  over  the  fire  ;  to  be  greatly  heated,  or  to 
sweat  with  heat. 

Wiiere  liaTC  yon  been  broiling  ?  Shak. 
BROIL' ED,  pp.  or  a.    Cooked  or  dressed  by  l-eat. 
BROIL'ER,  H.    One  that  excites  broils;  that  which 

dresses  by  broiling. 
BROIL'ING,  ppr.  or  n.  Cooking  over  coiils  ;  sweating. 
BROKE,  »'.  I.    [Sax.  briie.an,  to  use,  cn';:'.oy,  enjoy  ;  to 
eat  or  chew  ;  to  brook  ;  to  profit  ;  broce,  use  ;  brrc, 
use,  gain  ;  bryce,  gain,  profit,  fruit,  fruclus ;  a  viola- 


PATE,  FAR,  Fi\LL,  WII^T.  — METE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

150 


H  K  O 


15  RO 


BRO 


lion,  or  breakiiifr;  S\v.  brttha;  (I.  hraiicheit  ;  Dan. 
bru^c  ;  I),  gtbrmkrn,  to  use  or  employ  ;  L.  fruor,  for 
frucor,  wlH'nro  /riirtitv,  fruit ;  Gr.  ir/yuiruw,  iT,.a(a), 
TTpa)  /la.    See  Practice.! 

To  transact  business  for  another  in  trade  ;  to  act 
us  ajent  in  luiyin?  anil  sellinc,  anil  other  connnercial 
business  ;  to  transact  business  by  an  agent. 

Bucott.  Shak, 
[This  word.  U  Utile  tisril,  at  least  in  .America;  and 
Fntrlish  writrr^i  seem  to  have  used  it  in  a  low  sense.] 
HKoK     /(ref.  anil  pp.  of  IIheak. 

HRf)'K/-;.\,  (briik'n,)  or  n.  from  Break.  Parted  by 
viob'nce  ;  rent  asunder  ;  infirm;  made  bankrupt. 

l!UO'K/;.\-I!ACK-f;D,  (bro'kn-bakt,)  a.  A  broken- 
backfl  ship,  is  one  which  is  so  weakened  in  her 
frunc  as  to  droop  at  each  end.  Mar.  Diet. 

nU(^'Kf.'.\-IiKL-Ll-Kl),  (bro'kn-bel-lid,)  a.  Ilavin;  a 
niptureil  bellv.  Sandiis. 

BRo'KK.V-HKXUT-ED,  (I.  [break  nml  heart.]  Ilav- 
in2  the  spirits  depressed  or  crushed  by  grief  or  de- 
s|mir. 

BKo'KKN-I.Y,  adv.  In  a  broken,  inierrnptert  man- 
ner ;  without  a  recular  series.  Ilakncill. 

Bl{0'Kf;.\-.MK.\T,  n.  .Meat  that  has  been  cut  up ; 
fragments.  Swift. 

nRO'Kf;.\-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  broken  ;  unc- 
venness. 

'i.  (\)ntritioii ;  as,  brokcnuess  of  heart. 
HKo'KKN-VVl.Nn,  n.    [break  and  ifi«</.]    A  dise.w 
ill  Iinrses,  often  acconipanieil  with  a  preternatural 
enlarge  ini-iit  of  the  lungs  ami  heart,  wliich  disables 
them  fniin  bearing  fatigue.  F.ucijc, 
I!Rf)  KA:.\'-\VI.\n-EI),  a.    Il.aving  short  breath,  as  a 
BKO'KEll,  ».    [from  AniAc]  [horse. 

1.  All  agent  or  negotiator,  who  is  cuiployi'd  by 
nii'rcliaiils  to  make  and  coiu  liide  bargains  for  them, 
for  a  fee  or  rale  per  cent.,  or  wlio  transacts  other  busi- 
ness for  his  employers. 

Brokers  are  of  several  kinds. 

(1.)  K«fta/iji-?-ftroicr.<,  who  miikc  and  conclude  h.ir- 
gaiiis  for  others  in  matters  of  money  or  merchandise, 
learii  tlie  rate  of  exchange,  and  notify  their  em- 
ployers. 

(i)  Stoek-brokrrs,  who  are  cin|iloyed  to  buy  and 
sell  shares  in  the  slcicks,  whether  of  the  public 
funds,  of  banks,  or  of  other  corporations. 

(.1.)  Pawn-brokers,  who  make  it  their  business  to 
lend  money  upon  pawns,  tli.it  is,  property  deposited 
in  pledge. 

(4.)  Insurance-brokers,  whose  business  is  to  procure 
■  the  insurance  of  vessels  at  sea  or  hound  on  a  voyage, 
(n  the  United  Stales,  the  business  of  a  stock-brotcer 
and  an  insurance-broker  is  often  or  generally  carried 
on  by  the  same  person. 

2.  One  who  deals  in  old  household  goods.  Johnson. 

3.  A  pimp  or  procurer.  Shak.  Johnson, 
[hi  t.'ie  two  lattrr  senses,  the  icortl,  I  believe,  is  never 

used  in  .America,  unle,^  in'tant  //iMff'imj'r.] 
BKO'KF.R-AGE,  n.   The  business  or  employment  of  a 

broker.  Burke. 
2.  The  fee,  reward,  orcommission  given  or  charged 

for  transacting  business  as  a  broker. 

.^iiderson^s  Comm. 
RRO'KF.R-I,Y,  a.  Meau ;  servile  Jonson. 
BRO'KER-Y,  II.    The  business  of  a  broker.  [Aut 

used.]  Hall. 
BRr)'KI.\f!,  ppr.    Transacting  business  as  a  broker; 

practiced  by  brokers.  SJiaA-. 
BRO'.M.M.,  n.  An  oily,  colorless  fluid,  obtained  by  the 

action  of  bromine  oil  alcohol. 
BRO'.M.VTE,  II.    A  coni|iound  of  bromic  acid  with  a 

base. 

BROME,  n.    A  term  used  by  the  French  chemists  for 

bromine,    [See  llHoMirtE.] 
BRO.ME'-GKaSS,  ri.    A  name  common  to  dilTerent 

species  of  grass,  of  the  genus  Bromus. 
BRO'MIC  .\CID,  n.    An  acid  compound  of  bromine 

and  oxygen. 

BRO'MIL),  n.  .\  compound  of  bromine  with  a  metal- 
lic or  combustible  base. 

BRO'MI.NE,  n.    [(Jr.  li..,.u,o<:,  fetid.] 

An  elementary,  acidifying  and  b.asifying  substJince, 
found  in  sea  water  and  marine  productions.  It  is  a 
di'ep-ri  d  Huid,  whose  smell  is  very  olfensive. 

BRO.Nt'iri-.fi, 

HRO.Veil" 

BRO.Xeil 

BRO.NCH'I-AL,  a.    [Gr.  ilpiyxof,  the  windpipe.. 

Belonging  to  the  bronchia;,  or  ramifications  of  the 
windpi|ie  in  the  lungs. 

The  hronehial  arteries,  are  branches  from  the  supe- 
rior part  of  the  descending  aorta,  accompanying  the 
bronrhiie,  or  branches  of  the  tnu-he.i. 

BroiirAuii  ir/aiirfa  ;  lymphatic  glands,  situ.ited  near 
the  root  of  the  lungs,  at  the  bifurcation  of  the  tra- 
chea, and  at  the  subdivisions  of  the  bronchiie. 

Bronchial  membrane;  the  mucous  membrane  lining 
the  bronrhisp. 

[The  term  bronchial  has  been  applied,  also,  to  the 
whole  extent  of  the  air  tiibe  of  animals,  including 
the  trachea  (bronchus)  and  its  ramifications,  (bronchi, 
or  bronckM.)  The  terms  bronchial  membrane  and 
bronchitis  have  also  been  used  coextensivelv.  Oood. 
P.  Cyc] 


ri-fi  i 

j([     '  (  n.  pi.    The  subdivisions  or  mmifica- 
'  ^    lions  of  the  trachea  in  the  lungs. 


KRONCirie,  «.    'I  he  same  as  1)ri>n>  iii  m.. 
Blt().\Cll  I'TIS,  n.    All  iiillaininalioii  of  any  part  of 

the  broiirliial  membrane. 
BR<J.Nt;ir()-<'f:I.r.,  «.    [(;r. /J//oj\i)5,  the  windpipe, 

and  v//Xi/,  a  tiiiiior.] 

*  An  eniargcil  tliymid  gland;  a  tiiiuor  on  the  fore 
part  of  the  neck,  called  ifotter,  and  Derbj/shire  neck. 

Qainey.  Core. 
BRONeil-OPIl'O-NV,  n.     [Gr.  0p-yX'>i  and  'i^uvn, 
voice.  J 

In  auscultation,  the  .sound  of  the  voice  audible  in 
the  bronchial  tubes  ;  occurring  only  in  certain  dis- 
eases. 

BRONCII-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  0poyxoi,  the  windpipe, 
and  rl<^l>|,  a  cutting.] 

An  incision  into  the  windpipe  or  larynx,  between 
the  rings  ;  called,  also,  tracheotomy,  or  laryngotumy. 

(^uincy.  Coze. 
BRONCH'US,  71.    [I,.;  Gr.  /?p.7yv''S-] 

The  trachea  or  wiudpiiie. 
BRd.NO,  n.    A  sword.    [See  Brand.] 
UKON-TOI.'O  CY,  n.     [Gr.  liuovni,  thunder,  and 
Aoi  ov,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  dissert.ation  upon  thunder,  contain- 
ing an  explanation  of  its  causes  and  phenomena. 

Kncyc. 

BROXZE,  (brJinze  or  hr5nze,)  n.  [Ft.brome;  Krm. 
bron^z  ;  It.  bronzo  ;  Sp.  bronce.  Ill  Ital.  bronzinn  is 
sunburnt.  It  may  take  its  name  from  its  color,  from 
6ur/i,  brotcju.] 

1.  .\  compound  of  copper  and  tin,  to  wliich  other 
metallic  siilistaiices  are  sometimes  added,  especially 
zinc.  It  is  brittle,  hard,  and  smiorims,  and  used  for 
statues,  bells,  and  cannon,  the  [iroportions  of  the 
respective  ingredients  being  varied  to  suit  the  partic- 
ular purposes.  JSTicholson.  Enetjc. 

a.  .\  color  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  imitating 
bronze,  of  two  kuids,  the  yellow  and  the  red.  The 
yi  llow  is  made  of  fine  copper  dust  ;  the  reil,  of  cop- 
per du«t  with  a  little  pulverized  reil  oclier.  Enntfe^ 

3.  Among  anto/uaries,  a  term  applied  to  figures  of 
men  or  beasts,  urns,  or  otiier  pieces  of  sculpture, 
which  the  ancients  iiiatle  of  bronze.  Kncyc. 

4.  Any  statue  or  bust  cast  of  bronze,  whether 
original  or  a  copy  of  an  .antique.  Kncyc. 

5.  Among  medalists,  any  copper  medal.  Encye. 
BRONZE,  17.  t.    To  imitate  bronze,  by  means  of  cop- 
per dust  or  leaf  listened  on  the  outside,  as  gold  leaf 
is  in  gilding.  Encye. 

2. "  To  harden,  or  make  like  brass.  Young. 
X  To  make  of  tlie  color  of  bnuize. 

BRO.\Z'/CD,  (brOnzd  or  broiizd,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  to 

resemlile  bronze  ;  browned. 
BRO.VZ'I.XG,  ppr.    Imitating  bronze  ;  turning  to  the 

color  of  bronze. 
BRO.VZ'I.XG,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  imitating  bronze, 

by  means  of  copper  dust  or  leaf,  or  by  any  other 

method.  Eneyc. 
BRO.NZ'ITE,  71.    [from  iroTiic]    A  variety  of  liorn- 

blende,  having  nearly  the  luster  of  bronze,  and  allied 

to  hy^rsthene,  called  by  Ilaiiy,  diallage  rnetallv'ide. 

It  is  by  some  regarded  as  a  distinct  specii^s. 
BRoOCII,  (brOche,)  ii.    [Slav,  obrutch,  a  ring,  a  circle, 

a  bracelet.] 

1.  .An  ornamental  utensil  for  fastening  the  vest,  or 
the  bosom  of  a  shirt,  as  formerly  used  in  America. 
It  is  usually  made  of  silver,  often  round,  with  a 
tongue  crossing  its  diameter,  sometimes  with  two 
tongues.  It  formerly  was  used  ill  England,  as  it  was 
in  .America,  and  is  still  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

2.  A  jewel.  [Eneyc. 

3.  With  ;)niM(cr,«,  a  painting  all  of  one  color.  Diet. 
BR0O(;il,  f.  I.    To  ailorn  or  furnish  with  brooches  or 

j<'Wels.  Shak. 
BROOD,  r.  I.  [Sax.  ir<)(/,  a  brood  ;  nnd  briidan,bredan, 
to  dilate  or  extend,  to  warm,  to  divulge,  to  spread  ; 
1).  broeden,  to  brood  ;  Ger.  brilten,  to  brood  ;  brut, 
brood  ;  \V.  bried,  warm  ;  brydiaw,  to  warm.  The 
sense  is,  to  warm,  or  to  cover,  to  sjtread  orcr.] 

1.  To  sit  on  and  cover,  as  a  fowl  on  her  eggs,  for 
the  purpose  of  warming  them  and  hatching  chickens, 
or  as  a  hen  over  her  chickens,  to  warm  and  protect 
them. 

2.  To  sit  on  ;  to  spread  over,  as  with  wings  ;  as, 
to  sit  brooding  over  the  vast  abyss.  jMillon. 

3.  To  remain  a  Uing  time  in  anxiety  or  solicitous 
thought ;  to  have  the  mind  uninterruptedly  dwell  a 
Icuig  lime  on  a  subject ;  as,  the  miser  broods  over  his 
gold.  Dry  den. 

4.  To  mature  any  thing  xvith  care.  Bacon. 
BROOD,  r.  L   To  sit  over,  cover,  and  cherish;  as,  a 

hen  broods  her  chickens. 

2.  To  cherish. 

You'd  brood  joiir  torrows  on  a  Uirone.  Drydtn. 
BROOD, 71.  [Sax. irorf.]  Ofl'spriiig;  progeny;  formerly 
used  of  liuman  beings  in  elegant  works,  and  we  have 
brother  from  this  word  ;  but  it  is  now  more  gener- 
ally used  in  contempt. 

a.  A  hutch  ;  the  young  birds  hatched  .at  once ;  as, 
a  brood  of  chickens  or  of  ducks. 

3.  That  which  is  bred  ;  six'cies  generated  ;  that 
which  is  produced. 

libya's  hnjoda  of  po  ton.  Addiaon. 


4.  The  art  of  covering  the  eggs,  or  of  brooding. 
[Vnusmil.]  Shak. 

IIROOD'ED,  pp.    Covered  with  the  wings  ;  cherished. 

ItROOD'I.N'G,  ppr.  Sitting  on;  covering  and  wann- 
ing ;  rtwi  lliiig  on  with  anxiety. 

HROOD'-MARE,  71.    A  mare  kept  for  breeding. 

BRdOD'Y,  a.  In  a  state  of  sitting  on  eggs  for  hatch- 
ing ;  inclined  to  sit.    [UmLiual.]  Ray. 

BROOK,  n.  [Sax.  broe,  or  brooc.  As  the  sense  is  a 
stream  or  Ilowing,  it  may  be  the  D.  brock,  G.  bruch, 
a  marsh,  and  allied  to  Gr. /yue^oj,  or /^puw,  to  niin, 
to  |H>ur,  to  How,  Eolic  iitival,  a  brook.  Near  the 
site  of  ancient  Troy  is  a  stream  called  Thyinbrec, 
Tltymbrius.] 

A  small  natural  stream  of  water,  or  a  current  flow- 
ing from  a  spring  or  fountain  less  than  a  river.  In 
some  parts  of  America,  riiH  is  used  in  a  like  sense; 
but  run  is  also  applied  to  larger  streams  than  brook. 
BROOK,  i;.  t,  [Sax.  frriican,to  use,  employ  or  perforin, 
to  eat  or  chew  ;  bra'can,  brccan,to  break  ;  Gr.  fJpo\o)f 
to  eat,  to  grind  the  teeth.] 

Literally,  to  chew  or  digest,  as  the  Fr.  digerir. 
Hence, 

To  bear;  to  endure;  to  support;  as,  young  men 
cannot  brook  restraint.  Jlooker.  Dryden 

IIROOK'LET,  n.    A  small  brook. 

HKO()K'-LrME,  71.  [brook  and  lime.]  A  plant,  the 
\'eronica  lieccabunga,  xvith  blue  flowers  in  loose  lat- 
eral spikes.  Encye. 

liKOOK'-.Ml.XT,  71.    The  water  mint. 

UU()()K'-\VEE1),  II.  A  plant,  water  pimpernel,  the 
S.aiimlus.  Muhlenberg. 

BROOK'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  brooks.  Dyer. 

IIROO.M,  It.  [Sax.  bruin;  D.  brcm,  braam  ;  Ir.  brum. 
This  is  the  simple  root  of  bramble.] 

1.  A  plant,  the  S/)ar7(jiirt  ^cd/ffiriHfii,  Linn. ;  (Cytitus 
5re/Kir/u.>-,  Lamarck  ;)  the  ciuiiiiuui  broom  of  the  Eng- 
lish wastes.  Dycr^s  broom  or  dyer^s  weed,  so  called 
because  used  in  (lyeing  yellow,  is  the  Ocnisia  tincloria. 

Spanish  broom,  is  a  species  of  Spartiuin ;  and 
Butcher^s  broom,  is  the  Ruscus. 

2.  A  besom,  or  brush  with  a  long  handle,  for  sweep- 
ing floors;  so  called  from  being  originally  made  of 
the  broom  plant.  In  .America,  brooms  are  made  of 
the  tops  of  broom-corn,  or  of  siune  species  of  wood 
splintered,  chiefly  ash.  The  latter  species  of  broom 
is  furnished  by  the  n.atives  of  the  country.  The 
original  broom,  made  of  shrubs  or  twigs,  is  still  used 
in  stables. 

BROOM.   See  Bream. 

BROO.M'-€ORN,  11.    [broom  and  corn.]    A  species  of 
Sorghum  or  Guinea-corn,  with  a  jointed  stem,  like  a 
reed,  or  the  stem  of  maize,  rising  to  the  liighl  of 
eight  or  ten  feet,  bearing  a  head  of  which  brooms 
are  made.    It  is  the  Sorghum  saccharatum. 
BROOM'ING,  (a  ship.)    See  Bkeam. 
BltOO.M'L.A.M),  71.     [broom  and  land.]     Land  pro- 
ducing broiun.  Mortimer. 
BROO.M'RaPE,  n.    The  Orobanche.or  .strangle  weed, 
a  genus  of  British  epiphyte  perennial  plant.s. 
i  BROO.M'STAFF,  (  n.    [See  SrAt  f  and  Stick.]  Tiie 
j  UROO.M'STICK,  I    stiUf  or  handle  of  a  broom. 
'  Shak.  Swift. 

:  BROOM'Y,  a.    Full  of  broom ;  containing  broom. 
1  Mortimer.  Swifi. 

;  BRO'SEV,  a.    Burnt.    [M  u.ied.] 
I  BROTH,  (brauth,)  11.    [Sax.  broth  ;  It.  brodo  ;  Ir.  broUi ; 
Sp.  brodw ;  Ir.  bruitliim,  to  boil.    (ill.  D.  broaden,  to 
roast  ;  W.  brotit,  a  .stirring  or  tumult.] 

1.  Liquor  in  which  flesh  is  boiled  and  macerated, 
usii.TlIy  with  rice  and  herbs,  or  some  ingredient  to 
give  it  a  better  relish. 

2.  In  jjmrric«,  the  word  is  often  applied  to  foaming 
water,  and  especially  to  a  mixture  of  snow  and  water 
in  the  highways,  which  is  called  snow-broth. 

BROTH'EL, II.  [A  dialectical  orthography  of  Bobdel, 
which  see.] 

A  hou.se  of  lewdness ;  a  house  appropriated  10  the 
purpo.ses  of  prostitution  ;  a  bawdy-house  ;  a  stew. 
BROTH'EI--ER,  n.    One  that  frequents  brothels. 
ItROf  H'EL-HOUSE,  lu    A  brothel. 
HROTH'EL-RY,  n.    Lewdness;  obscenity. 

Hall.  Jonson. 
BROTirER,  (bruth'er,)  n. ;  pi.  Brothers  or  Brethre.x. 

ttJotli.  broOiar ;  Sax.  brother  or  brether ;  Sw.  and 
)an.  broder  ;  D.  breeder,  from  broeden,  to  brood,  to 
breed ;  G.  bruder ;  Sans,  brader  or  bhralre ;  Russ. 
brat  i   Dalmatian  brath ;    L.  fraUr ;  Gr.  ^outijo, 

ffipariop  ;  Pcrs.  boradar ;  Com.  bredar ;  Ir. 

brathair  :  \V.  brawd  ;  Sam.  abrat ;  Fr.  frire,  from  Ij. 
f rater ;  Sp.  frayle,  a  friar;  It.  fratello,  brother,  and 
frate,  friar  ;  .Arm.  breuzr.  By  the  Dutch,  it  opiM-ars 
that  this  word  signifies  one  of  the  brood  or  breed. 
The  common  pliinU  is  brothers ;  in  the  solemn  style, 
brethren  is  used.] 

1.  A  Human  male  born  of  the  same  father  and 
mother.  A  m.ale  by  one  of  the  parents  only  is  called 
a  half-brother,  or  brother  of  the  half  blood. 

Blaekstone. 

2.  Any  one  closely  united  ;  an  associate ;  as,  a 
band  of  brothers. 


TCXE,  BULL,  ITMTE.-A.\"GER,  Vr'CIOU3.-€  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I.'il 


BRO 

3.  One  that  resenililes  another  in  manners. 
He  llu\l  is  slothfu!  in  tils  work  is  brulher  lo  him  that  is  a  great 
wiisler. — Pryv.  xviii. 

In  Scriptare,  the  term  brotlter  is  applied  to  a  kins- 
man by  blciiid  more  remote  tiian  a  son  of  the  same 
parents  ;  as  in  the  case  of  Abraham  and  Lot,  Jacob 
and  Laban.  Persons  of  the  same  profession  call  each 
other  brullirr,  as  judges,  clergymen,  professors  of  re- 
ligion, members  of  societies  united  in  a  common 
cause,  monks,  and  the  like. 

Kinjis  give  to  each  other  the  title  of  brother. 

Clergymen  address  their  congregations  by  the  title 
of  brethren.  In  a  more  general  sense,  brother  or 
brethren  is  used  for  man  in  general ;  all  men  being 
children  of  the  same  primitive  ancestors,  and  form- 
ing one  race  of  beings. 

Brother-German  is  a  brother  by  the  father's  and 
mother's  side,  in  contradistinction  lo  a  uterine  broth- 
er, or  by  the  mother  onlv.  Encyc. 
BROTH'ER-HOOD,  71.    [brother  and  hood.]    The  state 
or  quality  of  being  a  brotlier.  Locke. 

2.  An  association  of  men  for  any  purpose,  as  a  so- 
ciety of  monks  ;  a  fraternity.  Davies. 

3.  A  class  of  men  of  the  same  kind,  profession,  or 
occupation.  Addison. 

BROTH'ER-IN-LAW,  n.  The  brother  of  a  husband 
or  wife  ;  also,  a  sister's  husband. 

BROTU'ER-LE-SS,  a.    Without  a  brother.  Shak. 

BROTH'EK-LTKE,  a.    Becoming  a  brother.  Shak. 

BROTH 'ER  LI-XESS,  n.    State  of  being  brotherly. 

BROf  H'ER-LOVE,  n.    Brotherly  alTection.  Shak. 

BROTU'ER-LY,  (bruth'er-le,)  a'.  Pertaining  to  broth- 
ers ;  such  as  is  natural  for  brothers  ;  becoming  broth- 
ers ;  kind  ;  affectionate  ;  as,  brotherly  love.  Bacon. 

Shakspcare  uses  tliis  word  as  an  adverb.  '•  I  speak 
but  brotherly."    But  tlie  use  is  not  authorized. 

BROUGHT,  (braut,)  pret  and  pp.  of  Bring.  [See 
Bring.] 

BROW,  n.  [Sa.x.  braw,  bmiea ;  D.  braauw ;  G.  braue  ; 
Russ.  brov ;  Ir.  bra^  brai,  eyebrow,  and  abhra,  the  eye- 
lid ;  Sans,  bruican,  brtii  Gr.  otppvnt  otpovs;  Pers. 

J  J  JO.- 

tlj.j  or  jy-J^         or  ahro  ;  and  the  last  syllable  of 

L.  palpebra.  It  is  probably  contracted  from  brg,  and 
signifies  an  edge,  border,  or  projection.] 

1.  The  prominent  ridge  over  tlie  eye,  forming  an 
arch  above  the  orbit.  'J'lie  skin  of  this  arch  or  ridge 
is  moved  by  muscles,  which  contract  it  in  a  frown, 
and  elevate  it  in  joy  or  surprise.  Hence,  to  knit  the 
brows,  is  to  frown.  Encyc. 

2.  The  hair  that  covers  the  brow,  forming  an  arch, 
called  the  eyebrow. 

3.  The  forehead.  Hence,  the  general  air  of  the 
countenance.  Shak.  Waller. 

4.  The  edge  of  a  steep  place,  as  the  brink  of  a 
river  or  precipice  ;  as,  the  brow  of  a  liill.  Bacon. 

5.  .\  fringe  of  coppice,  adjoining  to  tlje  hedge  of  a 
field.  jMojion. 

BROW',  V.  t.  To  bound  ;  to  limit ;  to  form  the  edge  or 
bonier  of.  Milton. 

BRO W'-ANT-LER,  n.  [brow  and  anUcr.]  The  first 
stitrt  tba^  grows  on  a  deer's  head.  Bailey. 

BROWBEAT,  r.  «.  [brow  and  beat.]  To  depress  or 
bear  down  with  haughty,  stern  looks,  or  with  arro- 
gant speech  and  dogmatic  assertions;  or,  in  general, 
to  bear  down  by  impudence. 

BROW'BKAT-f;N,  pp.    Overborne  by  impudence. 

BROVV'BeAT-I.NG,  ppr.  Overbearing  with  severe 
brows,  stern  looks,  or  positive  assertions. 

BROVV'Bl£.\T-Ii\G,  71.  .\  bearing  down  with  stern 
looks,  supercilious  manners,  or  confident  assertions. 

BROVV'BOUND,  a.  [brow  and  bound.]  Crowned  ; 
having  the  head  encircled  as  with  a  diadem.  Shak. 

BROVV'A'I),  (browd,)  a.    Formed  into  a  border. 

BROW'EESS,  a.    Without  shame.  AddUon. 

BROW'-PoST,  n.  [brow  and  pa.iL]  Among  builders, 
a  beam  that  goes  across  a  liuilding.  Encyc. 

BROW'SICK,  a.  [brow  and  sick.]  Dejected  ;  hang- 
ing the  head.    [JVot  used.]  Sncklini^. 

BROW.\,  n.  [Sa.v.  brun  :  t>.  bruin  ;  Ger.  braun ;  Uan. 
bruun;  l"r.  brun;  Sp.  and  It.  bruno  ;  from  the  verb 
to  burn.] 

Dusky  ;  of  a  dark  or  dusky  color,  inclining  to  rcd- 
nesB;  but  the  shades  are  various,  as  Spanish  brown, 
London  brown,  clove  brown,  tawny  brown.  Brown 
results  from  a  mixture  of  red,  black,  and  yellow. 
BROW.\,  r.  (.    To  make  brown  or  dusky.  [Kirwan. 

A  trfinWinj  twilight  oVr  tlif  welkin  moves, 
Brouma  Uie  dim  voi*!,  nti<l  darkens  deep  die  groves.  Barlow, 
2.  To  give  a  bright  brown  color  to  articles  of  iron, 
as  gun-barrels,  by  forming  a  thin,  uniform  coat  of 
ox\ d  on  llicir  surface.  Ure. 
BR<->VV.\'-I!ILL,  n.    [brmrn  and  bill.]    A  weapon  for- 
merly used  by  the  English  fort  soldiers.    The  origin 
of  the  name  is  not  stated  ;  but  from  it,  brown  musket 
in  said  to  have  derived  its  appellation.  Johnson. 
BROWN'-COAL,  n.    Wood  coal,  or  lignite.  [See 
Lio;«iTt:.] 

BROVVN'IE,  n.  In  Scotluth  .mpmititiona,  a  good-natured 
Hpirit,  who  was  HiipjHised  ofti;n  to  perform  important 
•ervices  around  the  liousu  by  night,  such  as  thrash- 
ing, churning,  tec. 


BRU 


BRU 


BROWN'ING,  71.  The  act  or  operation  of  giving  a 
brown  color  to  articles  of  iron,  as  gun-barrels,  &;c. 

BROWN'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  brown  ;  inclined  to 
hrown.  Kirwan. 

BROV\'N'IS]\J,  71.  The  doctrines  or  religious  creed  of 
the  Browiiists,  who  maintain  that  any  body  of  pro- 
fessing Christians,  united  under  one  pastor,  or  com- 
muning together,  constitutes  a  church  independent 
of  any  other.  Encyc. 

BROWN'IST,  7!.  A  follower  of  Robert  Brown,  a  pu- 
ritan, or  dissenter  from  the  Church  of  England,  who 
left  England  with  his  congregation,  and  settled  at 
Middleburgli,  in  Zealand.  "He  was  the  head  of  a 
party  of  Independents  in  church  government.  Encyc. 

BRO\VN'.NESS,  n.    A  brown  color.  Sidney. 

BEOWX'-SPAR,  n.  A  sparry  or  crj'stallized  variety 
of  dolomite,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  from  the  jires- 
ence  of  a  small  portion  of  oxyd  of  iron  and  manga- 
nese. 

BROWN'-STOUT',  n.    A  superior  kind  of  porter. 

BROWN'-STUD'Y,  71.  [brown  and  study.]  Gloomy 
study  ;  dull  thoughtfulness  ;  meditation  directed  to 
no  certain  object.  J^Torris. 

BROWN'-WORT,  71.  [brown  and  wort.]  A  plant; 
Brunei  l;u 

2.  A  species  of  Scropliularia,  (the  S.  vemalis,  or 
yellow  figwort,)  with  brown  stalks. 

Encyc.    Fam.  of  Plants. 

BROWN'Y,  a.    Brown.    [J^otused.]  Shak. 

BROWSE,  V.  t.  [Gr. 0ot,)iTK(j>,  to  eat  or  browse,  ffuuirii, 
food  ;  but  probably  these  words  may  be  from  sprouts  ; 
Arm.  broui,  brouei,  or  broust,  sprouts,  buds  ;  Fr.  brout, 
brouter ;  Arm.  brotLSta,  or  brouia,  to  browse.  It  is 
allied  lo  brush;  W.  brtrys,  luxuriant  gi'owth  ;  rhwys, 
vigor,  luxuriance,  wantonness.] 

To  eat  the  ends  of  branches  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
or  the  5  oung  shoots,  as  cattle,  or  deer.  Spenser.  SImk. 

BROWSE,  7J.  i.  To  feed  on  the  tender  branches  or 
shoots  of  shrubs  and  trees,  as  cattle,  sheep,  and 
goats.  Mrbutltnot.  Shak. 

BROWSE,  (brows,)  71.  The  tender  branches  or  twigs 
of  trees  and  shrubs,  fit  for  the  food  of  cattle  and 
other  animals. 

BROWSE'-WOOD,  71.  Shrubs  and  bashes  upon 
which  animals  browse. 

BROWS'ING,  ppr.  Feeding  on  branches,  shrubs,  or 
shoots  of  trees. 

BRO'CI-N'A, ;  71.    A  vegetable  alkaloid,  extracted  from 

BRu'CINE,  i  the  false  angustura,  or  bark  of  the 
Strychiios  Nux  Vomica.    It  is  now  called  i-Draici7ic. 

BRu'Cl  TE,  71.  Native  hydrate  of  magnesia  ;  a  w  hite, 
pearly  mineral,  having  a  thin,  foliated  structure,  like 
tale.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  A.  Bruce,  Esq.  The 
name  bruc'ite  has  also  been  given,  by  American  min- 
eralogists, to  chondroditc.  Vana. 

BRCrI.\,  n.  A  familiar  name  given  to  a  bear,  from 
the  French  brun,  brown.  Pope's  Dunciad. 

BROISE,  (liruze,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  brysan,  to  brui.se;  Fr. 
briser,  to  break  or  bruise ;  froisser,  to  bruise ;  Arm. 
broiutta.] 

To  crush  by  beating  or  pounding  with  an  instru- 
ment not  edged  or  pointed.  When  applied  to  living 
animals  or  vegetables,  a  bruise  is  a  contusion,  or  in- 
jury of  a  |)art  without  solution  of  continuity,  as  by 
tlie  blow  of  a  blunt  instrument.  When  applied  to 
minerals  and  similar  substances,  to  bruise  signifies  to 
break  them,  and  often  to  reduce  them  lo  a  coarse 
powder. 

BRUISE,  ;i.    A  contusion ;  a  hurt  upon  the  flesh  of 

animals,  upon  plants,  or  other  bodies,  with  a  blunt 

or  heavy  instrument. 
BR01S'/;i),  pp.  or  a.    Crushed;  hurt  or  broken  by  a 

blunt  or  heavy  instrument. 
BRulS'ER,  71.    A  concave  tool  for  grinding  the  specula 

of  telescopes.  ChamJicrs. 
_2.  In  vnltrar  lan^tairr,  a  boxer. 
BRuISE'WORT,  (bruze'vvurt,)  71.    [bruise  and  wort.] 

A  plant ;  comfrey.  .John.ion. 
BRuIS'lNG,  ppr.    Crushing;  breaking  or  wounding 

by  a  blunt  or  heavy  instrument.  , 
BROIS'I.NG,  7!.    In  popular  language,  a  beating  or 

hiixing. 

BRUIT,  (brute,)  71.    [Fr.]    Report ;  minor ;  fame. 
BRU  IT,  7).  (.    To  report ;  to  noise  abroad.  Ralegh. 
BRUlT'El),  pp.  Reported. 
BRUIT'I.XG,  ppr.  Reporting. 

BRO'MAL,  a.  [L.  bruma,  winter,  brumalis  ;  Span. 
bruma,  winter,  log,  or  mist.] 

Belonging  to  the  winter.  Brown. 
BROME,  71.    [Fr.  iruj/ic;  Sp.  JniTno.    See  Brumal.] 

Mist  ;  fog  ;  vajiors.    [Little  used.]  Barlow. 
BRUN,  )  71.    A  river  or  stream.    [£iirn  is  still  used  in 
BURN,  i    Scotland.]  [Obs.] 

BRU-NETTE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  !iru7i,  brown.  See 
Brown.] 

A  woman  with  a  brown  or  dark  complexion. 
BRUN'ION,  (lirun'yun,)  ».    [Fr.  brugnon.] 

A  sort  of  fruit  iietween  a  plum  and  a  peach. 

BRUNS'WICK-GRF.EN',  71,  A  compound  of  one  part 
clilorid  of  copper,  and  three  parts  oxyd  of  copper, 
the  latter  performing  the  function  of  an  acid  ;  n  ter- 
cuprate  ot  clilorid  of  copper;  used  for  paper  hang- 
ings and  ill  oil  painting. 


BRUNT,  71.  [Dan.  *rt/nrff,  and  ftrunst,  ardor,  ardency, 
burning  heat.  It  is  the  Dutch  brand,  fire,  flame,  ar- 
dor, from  the  common  root  of  bum,  brennan,  brand. 
This  shows  the  radical  sense  of  burn.   See  Burn.] 

1.  The  heat,  or  utmost  violence,  of  an  onset ;  the 
strength  or  violence  of  any  contention  ;  as,  the  6ruii( 
of  a  battle. 

2.  The  force  of  a  blow  ;  violence  ;  shock  of  any 
kind.  Hiidibras. 

3.  A  sudden  efl^^rt.  Bp.  Hall. 
BRUSH,  71.    [Fr.  brosse;  It.  brusca;  Sp.  brusca,  bruza; 

probably  allied  to  browse,  W.  brwys,  tliick,  bmnching, 
from  rhwys,  vigor,  luxuriance,  or  prys,  brushwood. 
A  brush  is,  primarily,  sprouts,  shoots.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  cleaning  any  thing  of  dust 
and  dirt  by  light  rubbing,  as  floors,  furniture,  boots, 
&c.  Brushes  originally  were  made  of  shrubs  or  small 
branches  of  trees  tied  together,  and  such  are  yet  used 
for  coarse  purposes.  But  the  materials  most  used  are 
bristles  set  in  wood.  Painters  use  a  small  brush  to 
lay  colors  on  their  large  pieces.  Silversmiths  use  a 
wire  brush  for  scrubbing  silver,  copper,  or  brass,  in 
order  to  gilding  ;  and  there  is  a  method  of  staining 
leather  by  rubbing  the  color  on  the  skin  with  a  brush. 

Encyc. 

2.  Branches  of  trees  lopped  off ;  brushwood  ;  a 
sense  common  in  the  United  States. 

3.  The  small  trees  and  shrubs  of  a  wood  ;  or  a 
thicket  of  small  trees.  Encyc. 

4.  A  skirmish  ;  a  slight  encounter ;  also,  an  as- 
sault ;  a  shock,  or  rude  treatment,  from  collision  ;  as 
we  say  a  scouring,  a  rub. 

5.  In  eief£7-ici(i/,  the  luminous  appearance  of  electric 
matter  issuing  in  diverging  rays  from  a  point.  Encyc. 

6.  A  bushy  tail  ;  as,  the  brush  of  a  fox. 
BRUSH,  V.  t.    To  sweep  or  rub  with  a  brush  ;  as,  to 

brush  a  hat. 

2.  To  strike  as  with  a  brush  ;  to  strike  lightly,  by 
passing  over  the  surface,  without  injury  or  impres- 
sion ;  as,  to  brush  the  arm  in  passing ;  to  brush  the 
briny  flood.  Dryden. 

3.  To  paint  with  a  brush  ;  hence,  to  brush  up,  is 
often  used  for  cleansing  in  general.  Pope. 

4.  With  off;  to  remove  by  brushing ;  as,  to  brush 
off  dust.  Also,  to  carry  away  by  an  act  like  that  of 
brushing,  or  by  passing  over  lightly,  as  by  wind. 

Bentley. 

5.  To  move,  as  a  brush  ;  to  pass  over  with  a  light 
contact.  Dryden. 

BRUSH,  V.  i.  To  move  nimbly  in  haste  ;  to  move  so 
lightly  as  scarcely  lo  be  perceived  ;  as,  10  brush  by. 

Prior. 

2.  To  move  or  skim  over,  with  a  slight  contact,  or 
without  much  impression.  Dryden. 
BRUSH'iCD,  (brusht,)  pp.  Rubbed  with  a  brush ;  struck 
lightly. 

BRUSH'ER,  71.    One  who  brushes. 

BRUSH'ING,  ppr.  Sweeping  or  rubbing  with  a  brush ; 

striking  gently;  moving  nimbly  in  haste;  skimming 

over  lightly. 
BRUSH'ING,  7!.    A  rubbing  or  sweeping. 
BIIUSII'ING,  a.    Brisk;  light;  as,  a  brushing  gallop. 

Encyc. 

BRUSH'LiKE,  a.  [brush  and  like.]  Resembling  a 
brush.  Jisiat.  Res. 

BRUSH'-WHEELS,  n.  pi.  Wheels  which  move  each 
other  without  cogs.  The  rubbing  surfaces  are  often 
covered  with  rough  hairs,  sometimes  with  woolen 
cloth  or  bufl"  leather. 

BRUSH'WOOD,  71.  [bnu^h  and  wood.]  Brush ;  a 
thicket  or' coppice  of  small  trees  and  shrubs;  also, 
branches  of  trees  cut  off.  Dryden. 

BRUSH' Y,  a.  Resembling  a  brush;  rough;  siiaggy 
having  long  hair. 

BRUSK,  a.    [Fr.  brusque.] 
Rude ;  rough. 

BRUS'SELS  SPROUTS,  1 

delicate  variety  of  cabbage.  They  consist  of  small 
green  heads,  each  a  cabbage  in  mini.ature,  of  about 
one  or  two  inches  in  diameter,  which  sprout  forth 
from  an  upright  stem  or  stalk.    Encyc.  Doni.  Econ. 

BRUS'TLE,  (brus'l,)  v.  L  [Sax.  brastlian,  to  crackle; 
G.  braiisen ;  Dan.  bruse ;  Sw.  brusa  ;  from  the  root  of 
rtistle.] 

To  crackle  ;  to  make  a  small,  crackling  noise ;  to 
rustle,  as  a  silk  garment ;  to  vapor,  as  a  bully. 
BRUS'TLING,  ;)/7r.    Crackling;  rustling;  vaporing. 
BRUT,  7J.  i.    [Vr.  brottter.] 

To  browse.    [JV*e(  in  use.]  Eueltfr.. 
BRU'T.VL,  a.    [See  Brute.]    Pertaining  lo  a  brute, 
as,  brutal  nature. 

2.  i^avage  ;  cruel ;  inhuman  ;  brntish  ;  unfeeling, 
like  a  brute  ;  merciless  ;  as,  brutal  courage  ;  brutal 
manners. 

BRU-T,\L'I-TY,  71.  Inhumanity  ;  savageness  ;  churl- 
ishness ;  insensibility  to  pity  or  shame.  Locke. 

BKO'TAIy-IZE,  V.  t.  To  make  brutal,  churlish,  or  in- 
human. 


Boyle. 

Wotton. 
The  popular  name  of  a 


All  cruel  punishments  brutalize  the  heart. 


Z.  Sai/l. 


BRO'TAL-TZE,  v.  i.  To  become  brutal,  inhuman,  or 
coarse  and  beastly.  Adiiiion. 

BRO'TAL-LY,  adi:  Cruelly  ;  inhumanly  ;  in  a  coarse, 
churlish,  or  brutal  inauner.  ArbuthnoU 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF  BQQK.  — 


BUC 

UKCTI::,  a.  [Fr.  brut,  fruin  I.,  bratu.i,  sensrloss,  irra- 
tional ;  It.  and  Sp.  bnito.  Tliis  word  may  be  the  Ch. 
Hn>-v3  forcicn,  strange,  as  tlie  ancients  expressed 
wildncss  and  savageness  by  verbs  wliicli  signify  to 
depart  or  tie  distant.] 
1.  Senseless  ;  unconscious  ;  as,  the  brute  earth. 

Sentlei/. 

a.  Irrational ;  ferine  ;  as,  a  brute  beast.  South. 
3.  Uesiial ;  in  common  with  beasts ;  as,  brute  vio- 
lence. Miitcn. 

1.  Rough  i  uncivilized  ;  insensible  ;  as,  a  brute  phi- 
losopher. Pope. 

BROTE,  It.  A  l«mst ;  any  animal  destitute  of  reason ;  i 
and  of  course  the  word  rompreliends  all  animals  ex-  j 
cept  man,  but  is  applied  mostly  to  the  larger  beasts. 

2.  A  brutal  person  ;  a  savage  in  heart  or  manners  ; 
a  luw-hred,  unfeeling  nun. 

BUCTE,  V.  I.  for  Uni  iT,  to  report.    [.Vol  usfd.1 

BROTE'LV,  O'/e.    In  a  rude  manner.  MiUan. 

BROTE'NESS,  n.    Itrutality.    [06s.]  .Spenser. 

BRO'TI-FV,  e.  I,  To  make  a  person  a  bnite  :  to  make 
s  ns'  kss,  stupid,  or  unfeeling.  Contfrcce. 

BRO'TISH,  a.    Like  a  brute  or  beast ;  as,  a  brutuih 
form.  JMtUnn. 
•2.  Insensible  ;  stupid  ;  as,  brutisk  men.  Oreio. 
:i.  Unfeeling  ;  savage  ;  ferocious  ;  brutal. 
•1.  Gross  ;  carnal  ;  bestial.  "Shak.  Smith, 

ft.  Ignorant ;  uncivilized  ;  untaught.  Hvoker. 

BRCTI8il-LY,  iu/e.  In  the  manner  of  a  brute:  gross- 
ly ;  irrationally  ;  stupidly  ;  savagely.  South. 

BRC'TISII-.NEtfS,  n.  Stupidity;  msensibility  ;  brutal- 
itv  ;  savageness  ;  the  qualities  of  a  brute.  Spratl. 

BRi?  TIS.M,  ».  The  nature  or  characteristic  qualities 
or  actions  of  a  brute:  extreme  stupidity,  or  beastly 
viilgaritv.  Dici::ht. 

BRC  rUM  FUL'.VEjV,  [L.]  a  loud  but  harmless 
threatening. 

BR?'0-iNI.\'E,  n.    An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  root 
of  the  white  brjony,  {B.  nlba.)    It  is  a  yellowisli- 
hrown,  bitter  substance,  and  is  emetic  and  catliartic. 
BR?'0-XV,  n.    [L.  bri/onia  :  Gr.  /ipi  u^  ia.] 

.\  name  common  to  the  different  species  of  the  ge- 
nus llrMinia.  The  root  of  the  rough  or  while  bryony 
is  a  strong,  irritating  cathartic.  Kncyc.  Cote. 

Black  brt/oHii,  is  the  |Hipular  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants  called  Tainus.  Eunjr. 
BUB,  n.    A  rant  word  tor  strong  malt  liipior.  I'riur. 
BUB,  0.  U    To  throw  out  in  bubbles.    [A»t  uxeil.] 

Sucknllr. 

BUB'BLE,  n.  [D.  bobbet;  Sw.  bubla;  from  swelling, 
.  inflation.] 

1.  .\  small  bladder  or  vesicle  of  w.iter  or  other  lluid 
infliited  with  air.  .Vnrton. 

i  .\ny  thing  that  w:ints  firmness  or  solidity ;  a 
vain  project ;  tli:it  whii  ii  is  more  specious  than  real. 
Hence,  a  false  shuW  :  a  cheat  ur  fniiid. 

Bticon.  Dryden. 

3.  A  delusive  scheme  .of  sp<-ciilation  ;  an  empty 
pniject  to  raise  nioiiry  on  imaginary  grounds;  as, the 
South  Sea  bubble.  Swift. 

4.  .\  person  deceived  by  an  empty  project.  Prior. 
BUB'BLE,  e.  i.    To  rise  in  bubbles,  as  liquors  when 

boiling  or  agitated.  Shak.  Drijtlen. 

9.  To  run  with  a  gurgling  noise  ;  as,  n  bubbling 
stream.  Pope. 
BUII'ULE,  V.  u   To  cheat ;  to  deceive,  or  hnpose  on. 

Ailiiuon. 

BI'R'nLER,  n.    One  who  cheats.  Digbij. 

BL'B'RLl.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Rising  in  bubbles;  running 
with  a  gurgling  noise  ;  cheating. 

BI'II'IILV,  a.    .\bounding  in  bubbles :  bubbling. 

BL'B  BY,  fi.  [from  the  same  root  as  bobble  and  Anio.] 
A  woman's  breast.  .^rbiitJinot. 

BO'BO,  n.    [Gr.  .hiv^iw,  I,,  bubo,  a  swelling.] 

.\n  intlaiiimation,  sviih  enlargement,  of  a  lymphat- 
ic gland,  particuiarlv  in  the  groin  or  axilla. 

BU-UO.V'O-CicLE,  n.  [Gr.  ^n/Jui,  Uie  groin,  and 
nn^'U  a  tumor.] 

Hernia  inguin.alis,  or  inziiinal  rupture ;  a  tumor 
in  the  groin,  formed  by  a  iirolajisiis  of  the  intestines 
or  omentum,  or  both  ;  the  abdominal  ring,  or  opening 
for  the  passage  of  the  s{>ermatic  chord  in  the  tendon 
of  the  exlern:il  oblique  iiiiisrie  of  the  abdomen,  t'.neyc. 

BC'ltl.'-KI.E.  M.    .\  red  pimple.    [.Vul  aseJ.]  Shak. 

BUe  eA-.N'EER',  j  n.    [I'r.  bourauer,  to  broil  lish  or 

BUC-A-.VI  icR',  t  flesh,  to  hunt  oxeu  for  their  skins.] 
Primarily,  a  buccaneer  is  said  to  be  vnc  who  dries 
and  smokes  llesh  or  fish  after  the  manner  of  the  In- 
dians. The  name  was  first  given  to  the  French  set- 
tlers in  llayti  or  Hispaniola,  whose  business  was  to 
hunt  wild  cattle  oml  swiiie.  It  w;is  afterward  ap- 
plied to  the  pinitical  adventurers,  chiefly  English  and 
French,  who  combined  to  make  depredations  on  the 
Spaniards  in  .\nicrica.  Eneyc. 

BUCCAL,  a.    [L.  bitcea,  Ihe  che;k  ;  \V.  boe.j 

Pertaining  to  the  cheek.  The  buccal  glands  are  the 
cm.all  salivary  glands  situated  on  the  inside  of  the 
cheeks,  between  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth 
and  the  muscles. 

BUe-CEL-Li'TIO.N",  n.  [L.  buccella,  6i«cM,a  mouth- 
fulj 

The  act  of  breaking  into  large  pieces. 
BUC'tT-NAL,  n.  Trum|)et-shaped. 
BUe  tT-.S'A'TOR,  n.    [L.  from  buccinum,  a  trumpet.] 


BUC 

A  muscle  of  the  chei  k,  inserted  into  the  angle  of  the 
mouth  ;  so  called  from  its  use  in  blowing  the 
trumpet. 

BUe'CI-NITE,  ?i.    Fosiiil  remains  or  petrifactions  of 

the  shells  called  Buccinum.  Jameson. 
Bl'-CE.NT'AUR.  n.    A  mythological  beast,  half  ox 
and  li:ilf  man.  Urande. 
2.  The  st:ae  barge  of  Venice. 
BU-CEPH' A  LUS,  ii.    'I'lic  name  of  Alexander's  horse. 
2.  An  animal  of  the  gazelle  tribe,  of  the  size  of  a 
hind. 

Alexander's  horse  was  called  Bucephalus  from  his 
large  head,  //u'f,  ox-he;::l. 

BC'CE-ROS,  n.  .\  genus  of  birds,  inhabiting  the 
warmer  countries  of  Africa  and  Asia.  Tlic  n;iiiie 
hornhiU  is  coiniiion  to  the  dilferent  species.  The 
Rhinoceros  lioriibill,  or  horned  Indian  raven,  is 
ronimon  in  the  Eiist  Indies. 

BUUH'OL-ZI  TE,  II.  A  fibrous  mineral  of  great  hard- 
ness, and  of  a  grayish  or  yellowish  color,  consisting 
chiefly  of  silex  and  ;iluniina. 

BUCK,  n.    [ii.  bauclic,  beucbe ;  Sp.  bu^ada.'\ 

1.  Lye  in  which  cloth  is  soaked  in  the  operation 
of  bleaching  ;  the  liquor  in  which  clothes  are  washed. 

Encye,  .Jiihn.ton. 

2.  The  cloth  or  clothes  soaked  or  washed  in  lye. 

Sliak. 

BUCK,  V.  t.  [Ger.  beuchen  ;  Dan.  byire ;  Sw.  biika  ; 
Arm.  btigail :  Norm.  buer.  This  verb  is  retained  in 
the  L.  imbuo,  for  imbuco,  or  imbugo,  to  steep,  tinge,  or 
imbue.] 

To  sinak  or  sleep  in  lye,  a  process  in  bleaching ;  to 
wash  or  steep  in  lye  or  suds.  Encyc.  .Sluik. 

BUCK,  n.  [Sax.  bur.  bucca:  D.  bok:  Ger.  and  Sw. 
bock;  Sp.  botjue;  \V.  Airf ;  It.  breca.  This  Italian 
word  signifies  a  bill  or  bfak,  the  mouth,  the  helm  of 
nship,  tiie  pi|ie  of  a  still,  and  a  AiicA-.  VVe  see  it  is 
the  same  word  as  bealt,  from  thnisting;  Daii.  buli, 
whence  bukkr,  to  mm  or  thrust  piles.  Ir.  bor,  or  pnc ; 
Com.  bij'i ;  Fr.  bone  ;  .-Vriii.  bouch  ;  Kalinuc,  bugn,  a 


Eth. 


nrhn 


bahak,  the  male  of  sliccp  or 


stag.  Qu 
goats.] 

1.  The  male  of  the  fallow  deer,  of  the  goat,  the 
sheep,  the  rabbit,  and  hare.  It  is  applied  only  to  the 
smaller  quadrupeds. 

2.  .\  g:iy,  dashing  young  fellow. 

BUCK,  e.  I.  To  copulate  as  bucks  and  does.  Mortimer. 
BUCK'-BXSK-ET,  n.    [buck  and  io-vtrt]    .\  basket 

in  which  clothes  are  carried  to  the  wash.  SImk. 
BUCK'HkA.N',  n.  This  is  properly  Bocbea.m,  whichsec. 
BUCK' /-.I),  (bukt,)  pp.    SiKiked  iii  lye.  AA. 
BUCK'ET,  n.    [Sax.  buc;  Fr.  baqiui ;  Ir.  bnicead;  Sw. 

t/uc ;  Dan.  bakT] 

1.  The  vessel  in  which  water  is  drawn  out  of  a 
well ;  it  is  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  [lail. 

2.  A  vessel  or'p;iil  used  at  sea  to  draw  water  up  at 
the  side  of  a  sliip,  for  WiLshing  the  decks,  &c. 

M,r.  nict. 

3.  A  vessel  made  of  leather,  nearly  in  the  form  of 
a  pail,  but  narrower  and  deeper,  used  to  convey 
water  by  hand  for  extinguishing  fires;  a  fire  bucket. 

4.  In  a  iM'iT  ir/icf/,  a  term  applied  to  cavities  (ui 
the  rim  of  the  wheel,  into  which  the  water  rushes, 
causing  tlie  wheel  to  revolve. 

BUCK'E  I'-FfJL,  n.    As  much  as  a  bucket  will  hold. 
BUCK'E?E,'n.     A  tree,  the  itsculiis  Mava,  (Facia 
ftara,  U<'cand.,)  iniligenous  in  the  Western  Stiitcs. 

Hence,  the  name  givi^n  to  an  inhabitant  of  Ohio. 
BUCK'I.N'<J,  ppr.    Soaking  in  lye,  in  the  process  of 

ble.aching;  washing. 
BUCK'I.NG,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  soaking  cloth  in 

lye  for  bleaching  ;  also,  the  lye  or  liqutir ;  a  washing. 

Encyc,  Jlsli. 
RUCK'ING-STOOL,  n.    A  washing-block. 
BUCK'ISH,  n.    Pertaining  to  a  buck,  or  gay  young 

foll(»w  ;  foppish.  Smart. 
BUCK'LE,  (buk'l,)  II.    [Fr.  boucle^  a  buckle,  a  ring,  a 

knocker;  bonder,  to  curl,  to  ring,  to  buckle;  Ir. 

bucia  i  Ann.  boucL    In  Sp.  &iu/c  is  hair  curled.  In 

\V.  6<if  u,  bafcUu,  and  An^'/u,  signify,  to  bend,  hook,  or 

grapple.    Sax.  bugan,  to  bow.] 

1.  .An  instrument  made  of  some  kind  of  metal,  for 
fastening  together  cert:iin  parts  of  dress,  as  the  strips 
of  siloes,  knee-bands,  &c.,  or  other  stnips  and  handi, 
as  in  a  harness.  1'he  forms  are  variiuis  ;  but  it  con- 
sists of  a  ring  or  rim  with  a  chajk;  and  tongue. 

2.  A  curl,  or  a  state  of  being  curled  or  crisjied,  as 
hair.  Spectator. 

3.  In  coaL<  of  arms,a  buckle  is  a  token  of  the  surety, 
faith,  and  service,  of^  the  bearer.  Enciic. 

BUCK'LE,  r.  U    To  fasten  with  a  buckle,  or  buckles. 

2.  To  preinre  for  action  ;  a  metaphor,  t.-ikeii  from 
buckling  on  armor.  Spon-ier. 

3.  To  join  in  battle.  Hayteard. 

4.  To  confine  or  limit. 

A  span  buckltt  in  bi«  tun  of  Shak. 

BUCK'LE,  r.  i.  To  bend  ;  to  bow  ;  as,  to  buckle  un- 
der life.  Shak. 

To  buckle  to  ;  to  bend  to  ;  to  apply  with  vigor ;  to 
engage  with  zeal.  Locke. 

T 0  buckle  in ;  to  close  in  ;  to  embrace  or  seize  the 
body,  as  in  a  scufHe  ;  a  popular  uje  in  America. 


BUD 

To  buckle  with;  to  encounter  with  eiiibrace;  tojiiiii 
in  close  combat.  Dryden. 
BUCK'L/^JI),  (buk'ld,)  pp.    Fastened  with  ii  l.iii  kfc. 
BUCK'LEfl,  n.    [\V.  bicccle-> :  Fr.  bouclirr ;  Ir.  bmclrir.) 
A  kinti  of  shield,  or  piece    /  .let'erisive  yriiiot, 
anciently  used  in  war.    ft  w.as  Ci  iiqHMed  of  wiM»d, 
or  wickers  woven  togetlur,  covered  wilh  skin  or 
leather,  fortified  with  plates  of  brass  or  oilier  metal, 
and  worn  on  the  left  Hrm.    (Jii  the  iiiiddli'  was  nn 
umbo,  boss,  or  promini'nce,  very  useful  in  causing 
stones  and  darts  to  glance  ofl".    The  buckler  olVii 
was  four  feet  long,  and  covered  the  whole  body. 

Eitcvf. 

BUCK'LER,  r.  t.    To  shield  ;  to  defend.    [A'ot  u.ed.\ 

Shak. 

BUCK'LER-HEAD-ED,  (  hcd'ed,)  a.    Having  a  head 

like  a  buckler. 
BUCK'LER-TIIORN,  n.    Christ's  thorn.  Johiu^on. 
BUCK'LI.NG,  II.    A  listening  by  a  buckle. 
BUCK'LING,  ppr.    Fastening  with  a  buckle. 
BUCK'.MAST,  II.    [AiicA,  that'is,  (iffc/i,  and  mast.] 

The  mast  or  fruit  of  the  beech-tree.  Johnnon. 
BUCK'RAM,  n.     [Fr.  bougran ;  It.  bucherame :  qu. 
from  It.  butnre,  to  make  holes.] 

A  coarse  linen  cloth,  stiffened  with  glue,  used  in 
g.'irinents  to  keep  them  in  the  form  inleiiiled,  and  for 
wrajipers  to  cover  cloths  and  other  merchandise. 

Eneyc. 

BUCK'RAM, n.    Stifl";  precise. 

BUCK'RA.MS,!!.  Tlie  same  as  wild  garlic.  John.'on. 

Bl,'CKS'llOR.\,  71.  [ii/d;  and  Aorii.]  A  plant,  a  spe- 
cies of  pK'intain,  {Curonopiut  plantago.) 

The  irarted  buck!;'iorn,  is  a  species  of  ('ochlearia,  or 
scurvy  grass,  Fam.  of  PlauLf. 

BUCK'SKI.N,  11,  The  skin  of  a  buck.  As  an  adj., 
made  of  leather  prep;ired  from  tlie  skin  of  a  buck. 

BUCK'STALL,  ii,  [buck  and  stall.]  A  toil  or  net  to 
take  d-er.  Eneyc. 

BIJVK'TKORX,  71,  [buck  and  thin-n.]  The  iNipular 
name  of  a  g.>iins  of  plants,  called  R/inmnus,  of  many 
species,  1'h<-  common  purging  buckthorn  gniws  to 
the  liigiit  of  12  or  14  feet,  and  bears  a  bhick  berry, 
which,  when  green,  is  used  to  dye  yellow, and  when 
ripe,  green.  The  bark  also  dyes  yellow.  Sea  Buck- 
thorn is  the  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  called 
Hippnphne.  Encyc.    Fam.  of  PlanLt. 

BUCK'VVHk.AT,  n.  [D.  boek-weit:  (irr.  buchweif.en. 
Literally,  beech-wheat,  so  called  from  its  seed  re- 
semliliiig  in  shape  the  mast  of  the  beech.] 

A  plant,  a  specii^s  of  Polygonum,  (P.  Fagopyrum,) 
the  seed  of  which  is  u.sed  as  a  gnin  ;  called  also 
brank.  It  is  cultivated  as  food  for  beasts,  and  the 
flour  is  much  used  in  America  for  breakfa.-t  cakes. 

BU-eoL'IC,  o.  [Gr.  ffu-jKoKos,  a  herdsman  ;  ii.v>.  ,X- 
iK  pastonU  ;  L.  bucula^,  an  ox  ;  biicolicus,  per- 
taining to  cattle,  pastoral ;  \V.  and  Corn,  bu^aii  or 
bygd;  Ir.  ftua<-/«n7,  a  shepherd.    See  Bjvine.] 

Pastoral ;  relating  to  country  affairs  and  to  a  shep- 
herd's life  and  occupation.  Johnson. 

BU-COL'ie,  n.  A  p:Lslor.il  poem,  re|iresentiiig  rural 
aft'airs,  and  the  life,  iiiaiiners,  anil  o<'cup:ition  of 
shepherds  ;  as,  the  liucalics  of  I'heocritiis  and  Virgil. 

Dryden.  Kncyc. 
2.  A  writer  of  pastorals.  ffurUin. 

BUD,  n.  [D.  but ;  Fr.  boutun  ;  It.  bottone,  a  bud  or  but- 
ton; Ir.  abaidh,  a  bud;  Sp.  boton  ;  .\rm.  bouton,\\l- 
cnilly  a  push  ;  Sp.  botar,  to  push  or  thrust,  to  vow  ; 
Gr.  ipvToi/ ;  i/ivui,  to  plant  or  beget,  contracted  from 


ipVTU  ;  Ch.  IS33  ;  Ar. 


nabata  ;  allied  to  ;iout, 


Fr.  bouder.  See  Class  Bd,  ,\'o.  34.] 

1.  A  gem  ;  the  shoot  of  a  plant ;  a  small  protuberance 
on  the  stem  or  branches  of  a  plant,  coiit:iiniag  the 
rudiments  of  future  leaves,  or  of  a  flower.  !t  is 
called  by  botanists  a  hybernaele,  or  winter  lodg.':.  or 
receptacle  of  the  leaves  or  flowers  of  plants.  ^;if2  is 
an  epitome  of  a  flower,  or  of  a  shoot,  whi-.h  is  to  be 
unfolded  the  succeeding  summer.  It  is  cover**d  with 
scales,  which  are  intended  to  defend  the  i!iclosed 
rudiments  from  cold  and  other  external  injuries. 

Buds  are  of  three  kinds ;  tiiat  C4)ntaiiiiiig  the 
flower  ;  that  coiit. lining  the  leaves  ;  and  tli:it  C4in- 
Uiiriing  both  flower  and  leaves.      Milue.  .Martyn. 

2.  An  iinexpanded  flower ;  as,  the  bud  of  a  rose. 
BUI),  V.  L    To  put  forth  or  produce  buds  or  gems. 

Job  xiv.  9. 

2.  To  put  forth  shoots ;  to  grow  as  a  bud  into  a 
flower  nr  shcxit.  Dryden. 

3.  To  begin  to  grow,  or  to  issue  from  a  slock  in  the 
manner  of  a  bud,  as  a  horn.  Dryden. 

4.  To  be  in  bloom,  or  growing  like  a  young  plant 

Sliak. 

BUD,  r.  t.  To  inoculate  a  plant ;  to  insert  the  bud  of 
a  plant  under  the  bark  of  another  tree,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  raising,  upim  :iiiy  stock,  a  species  of  fruil 
dirt^erent  from  th:it  of  the  stock. 

BUD'DED,  pp.    Put  forth  in  buds  ;  inoculated. 

BCD'DIIA.    See  Boodh. 

BCD'DHISM,  n.    The  doctrines  of  the  BuddhisU  in 

Asia,    [See  Boodh.] 
BUD'DLNG,  ppr.    Pulling  forth  buds  ;  inoculating. 


TO.N'E,  BULL,  q.MTE.  — A.N"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS 


20 


BUF 


BUG 


BUL 


HUD'DING,  H.  Tile  process  of  inserting  a  bud  of  one 
tree  under  the  bailt  of  anotlier,  for  propasiatiiin  ; 
call 'd  also  hincii/atiim.  P.  Cyc. 

l!UD'DtXa-NE!^.S,  n.    State  of  biiddinff. 

HUD  DLE,  n.  In  mining,  a  large,  square  frame  of 
biianis,  used  in  washing  tin  ore.      ^sh.  Eiiajc. 

liUD'DLE,  V.  i.    Among  miners,  to  wash  ore. 

Bailey.  Ash. 

UODE'-LIGHT,  )i.  [from  Budr,  the  residence  of  the 
inv.  iitor,  G.  Giirney.]  i\n  intense  white  light,  pro- 
duced by  burning  a  purified  coal-gas  in  a  compound 
Aruanil  lamp,  of  a  peculiar  coustruetiou.  Ure. 

liUDGE,  i:  I.    [Fr.  and  .Xcriu.  hunsrrr,  to  stir  or  wag.] 
To  move  oil;  to  stir;  to  wag.    lii  America,  wag 
is  much  used  as  eipiivident  to  budge ;  but  the  use  of 
both  words  is  vulgar.  Sluik. 

BUDGE,  «.    The  ilressed  skin  or  fur  of  laml)s.  Bailey. 

nUDGE,  n.    Brisk  ;  jocund.  Bailey. 
Q.  Surly;  still";  fiirnuil.    [OA--.]  John.<un. 

BUDGE-BACH'E-LORS;  a  company  of  men  clutlied 
in  k>ng  gowns  lined  with  kinib'sfiir,  who  accompany 
the  lord  mayor  of  London  at  his  in;iugur.at!.)n. 

iliiUctj.  Jlsk. 

BUDCiE'-BAR-KKL,  h.  a  snmll  barrel  with  only  one 
head  ;  on  the  other  end  a  piece  of  li'ather  is  nailed, 
which  is  drawn  together  upon  strings  like  a  pnr.se. 
It  is  used  for  carrying  powder,  with  a  gun  or  mortar. 

Kncyc. 

BUDGE'NESS,  n.    Sternness;  severity.    [.Vol  used.] 
BUDG'ER,  n.  One  who  moves  or  stirs  from  his  place. 

SItak. 

BUD6'E-R0,  li.    .\  large  Bengal  pleasure-boat. 

J\Ialcom. 

BUDl>'ET,  H.  [Fr.  bougctte;  Arm.  bougeden ;  Norm. 
boiige  :  perhaps  from  the  n)0t  of  bag.] 

1.  .-i  bag  ;  a  little  sack,  with  its  contents.  Hence, 
a  stock  or  store ;  as,  a  budget  of  inventions. 

L'E<traiiire. 

2.  The  papers  respecting  the  finances  of  the  Brit- 
ish nation.  This  word  is  now  used,  ii\  a  similar 
sense,  in  France. 

To  open  the  budget ;  to  lay  before  a  legislative  body 
the  financiiil  estimates  and  plans  of  the  executive 
government.  Priee. 
BUDG'Y,  tf.    Consisting  of  fur.    [JVnf  iLsed.] 
BUD'LET,  H.  [from  ftw/.]   A  little  bud  springing  from 
a  parent  buil. 

We  have  a  criti'rion  to  dislinffuish  oiip  IhuI  from  tinottipr,  or  (he 
piip'nt  bud  tVom  tUe  iiuiiicromi  burilels  which  art-  its  otV- 
apritijr.  Dnnptn. 
BUFF,  71.    [Contracted  from  buffalo,  or  huff-.<l;in.] 

1.  BulT-skin  ;  a  sort  of  I  allier,  pr,-pared  from  the 
skin  of  the  bulfaln,  dressed  Willi  oil.  like  chamois.  It 
is  used  for  making  bandoleers,  belts,  pouches,  gloves, 
and  other  articles.  The  skins  of  oxen,  elks,  anil 
other  animals,  dressed  in  like  manner,  are  ;ilso  called 
buffs.     ■  Kncyc. 

•2.  A  military  co.at,  made  of  bulf-skin  or  similar 
leiilher.  Slink. 
X  The  color  of  buff;  a  light  yellow. 
4.  A  yellow,  viscid  coat,  f  irni.'il  on  the  surf;ice  of 
blood  drawn  under  certain  circuiiKtances, 
BUFF,  u.       To  strike.    [See  Blfket.] 
BUF'FA-LO,  n.    [It.  and  Sp.  bufalo  :  Fr.  boffe :  L.  bu- 
balus.] 

A  specifrs  of  the  bovine  g-nus,  the  Bos  bubalus, 
originally  from  India,  bat  now  foan.i  in  most  of  tie.; 
warmer  countries  of  the  eastern  continent.  It  is 
larger  anil  less  docile  than  the  common  ov,  and  is 
fond  of  marshy  places  and  rivers.  The  name  is  ;ilso 
applied  to  wild  oxen  in  general,  and  particularly  to 
the  bison  of  North  America.    [See  Bison.] 

Cue.  Cniner. 

BUF'FA-LO-KoBE,  n.  The  skin  of  the  bison  of 
North  America,  incorrectly  called  buffalo,  prepared 
with  the  hair  on. 

BUFF'-€o.\T,  ».  A  close,  military  bodice,  without 
sleeves,  made  of  hutfalo-skin,  or  other  elastic  materi- 
als. BunUl. 

BUF'FEL-DUCK,  n.  Biifi'  l's  head  duck,  or  bufiel- 
licaded  duck,  {.^nas  bucejilinhi.  Linn.,)  a  bird  with  a 
short,  blue  bill,  and  a  head  whose  apparent  size  is 
greatly  increased  by  the  fulliii'ss  of  its  leathers, 
found,  in  winter,  in  the  rivers  of  Carolina. 

Cat.esbij.  Pennnnt. 

BUFF'ER,  n.  A  cushion,  or  :i[)par.atiis  with  strong 
springs,  to  deaden  the  buffor  concussion  between  a 
inoving  body  and  one  on  which  it  strikes,  as  at  the 
ends  of  a  railway  carriage  ;  sometimes  called  buffing- 
apiinrata.-i.  Smart. 

BUFF'ET,  n.    [Fr.  buffet :  It.  bnffnto  ;  Pp.  bujrte.] 

A  ciijjboard,  or  si.t  of  shelves  tor  plates,  class,  chi- 
na, and  otlu  r  like  furniture.  It  was  formerly,  and 
ia  still  in  Kome  parts  of  the  rimiitry,  a  closet  or  apail- 
mi-nt  erei  ied  on  one  side  of  a  riiom  ,  but  in  more 
fashionable  houses,  it  has  been  laid  aside,  and  a  side- 
board siili>titiited,  wliirli  is  now  i  oiisiilereil  as  tlK^ 
buffet.  But,  as  far  as  my  kiiowleilge  extends,  the 
name  h.as  become,  in  a  gre.it  measure,  obsolete,  ex- 
cept among  the  common  people,  by  wliom  it  ih  pro- 
nounced bo/nt. 

ni'FF'ET,  n.  [It.  buffrlto:  ftp,  and  Port,  bufur,  Ut 
blow,  to  puff  I  .Norm,  buffe,  a  blow  ;  VV.  pujiaw,  to 
thump.    Hfc  BuKooM  and  I'rtK.] 


A  blow  with  the  fist ;  a  box  on  the  ear  or  face  ;  a 
ship.  Milton. 

BUFF'ET,  11.  t.  To  strike  with  the  hand  or  fist  ;  to 
box ;  to  beat. 

Tlii-y  spit  ill  his  luce  nnd  hn^eted  him.  —  M.iU.  xxvi. 

!2.  To  beat  in  contention  ;  to  contend  against;  as, 
to  buffet  the  billows.  Otinaij. 

BUFF  ET,  !'.  i.    To  exercise  or  phiy  at  boxing.  Sliak. 

BUFF'ET-ED.pp.  Struck  ;  be:iten.  l(;or.  iv.  11.  I 
Pet.  ii.  20. 

BUFF'ET-ER,  71.  One  who  bufi'ets  ;  a  boxer.  Johnson. 

BUFF'ET-ING,  fpr.  Striking  with  the  hand  ;  boxing; 
contending  against. 

RUFF'ET-ING',  n.    A  striking  with  ihe  li.md. 

•2.  A  succession  of  blows  ;  contention  ;  attack  ;  op- 
position. 

He  sfems  to  have  heen  a  pl;int  of  blow  growth,  but  formed  for 
tliinilion,  .mil  lilted  to  endure  the  buffclio^s  of  ihe  ruih.st 
storm.  It^irl. 

BUFF'IN,  M.    A  sort  of  coarse  stufi';  as,  buffin  gowns. 

MlL^.-iiwrer. 

BUF'FLE,  II.    [Fr.]    The  bulTalo. 

BUF  FLE,  r.  i.    To  puzzle  ;  to  be  at  a  loss.  t^irift. 

This  is  probtibly  the  same  word  as  Baffle. 
BUF'FLG-llEAD,"  (  lied,)  n.  {bnffle  and  head.]  tine 

who  has  ;i  larse  head. 
BUF'FLE-IIEAD-El),  (buf'fi-lied-ed,)  o.     II;iving  a 

large  head,  like  a  buiT:ilo  ;  dull  ;  stupid  ;  foolish. 
BUF'FO,n.  [It.]  The  comic  actor  ill  an  opera. 
BUF-FUQN',  n.    [Fr.  bouffon  ;  It.  buffo:  Sp.  a 

biitroon,  comical  ;  It.  beffare  and  hiiffnre,  to  tritte, 

joke,  play  the  fool;  Sp.  be/'nr,  to  mock  or  ridicule; 

bufur,  to  blow,  or  puff  with  anger,  to  snort  ;  Port.  id. 

These  verbs  indicate  the  oriuin  of  buffoonery.  The 

root  of  buffet,  puff,  signifies  to  drive,  to  push,  to  strike. 

.^ee  Pure.) 

1.  .\  man  who  makes  a  pr;ictice  of  amusing  others 
b\'  low  tricks,  antic  gestures  and  postures,  jokes  and 
oilier  vulgar  pleasantries.    .\  droll  ;  a  mimic. 

.Johnson.  Kncyc. 
9.  lie  that  uses  indecent  raillerv.  Garlk. 
BUF-F()(IN',  r.  t.    To  make  ridieillous.  Glaonlle. 
BUF-FO().\"ER-V,  n.  The  arts  ami  practices  of  a  buf 
foon  ;  low  jests  ;  ridiculous  pniiiks  ;  vulgar  tricks  and 
postures.  .Johnson.  - 

I1r\'den  has  placed  the  accent  improperly  on  the 
first  syllable.  , 
BUF-FOON'INO,  n.  Bufitiouery. 

Drijden.     Guthric^s  Quint. 
lU'F  Fi  KIX'ISII,  n.    Like  a  buffoon;  consisting  in 

low  j'  sl^  or  seslures. 
Bl'  1'  F'  )i  I.N'ISM,  n.    The  practices  of  a  buffoon 
BUF  FIJI ).\'-LlKE,  a.    Resembling  a  buffuou. 

Sherwood. 

BUF-FOO.V'LY,  a.  Consisting  of  low,  vulgar  tricks. 
[Little  used.] 

BUF'FY,  «.  Resembling  the  buff  of  the  blood  in  color 
and  texture;  sis,  the  biiffy  coat  of  the  blood. 

2.  Pertaining  to  liufT  on  the  blood. 
BO'FO.N'-ITE,  rt.    [L.  biifo,  a  toiul.] 

Toad-stone,  considered  as  a  fossil  tooth  of  the  An- 
.arrliiclias  or  se.a-wolf,  furmerly  much  esteemed  for  its 
imaginary  virtues,  and  worn  ill  rings.  It  was  named 
from  an  opinion  that  it  was  found  in  the  head  of  a 
load.  '  Kncyc. 

BUii,  H.    [Clii.  W.  A«f,  AiifuH,  siiuill.J 

In  common  language,  the  n.anie  of  a  vast  multitude 
of  insects,  which  infest  houses  and  plants.  In  zool- 
ogy, this  word  is  applied  lo  the  insects  arranged  un- 
ci ;r  the  genus  (>iniex,  of  which  several  tiiiiiilreil  spe- 
cies are  described.  Bugs  b  long  to  the  order  lleiiii|>- 
tera..  They  are  furnished  with  an  iiirtected  rostrum 
or  beak,  and  with  anteiiiue  longiT  tliiin  the  thorax, 
and  the  wings  are  folded  together  crosswise.  'I'he 
back  is  Hat,  the  throat  margined,  and  the  feet  are 
formed  for  riiniiino.  Some  species  have  no  wing.s. 
The  house-bug,  or  bed-bug,  is  a  troublesome  and  dis- 
gusting insect.  Eocijc.  Cyc. 

The  insects  of  the  senus  Cinu'X  (Linn.)  now  form 
an  extensive  group,  divided  into  tribes,  families,  and 
genera.  Kit.  Kncijc. 

HUG,  j  H.    [W.  biDg,  a  hobgoblin  or  scarecrow  ; 

BUG'BE.XR,  y     bugodu,  to  terrify  ;  iUiss.  buka,  a  sprite 

or  goblin.    In  I'cis.  bunk,  is  fear.] 

A  frightful  object;  a  walking  specter;  anything 
imaginary  that  is  considered  as  frightful. 

Locke.  Pope. 

BUG'BEaR,  v.  I.  To  alarm  or  frighten  with  idle  phan- 
toms. JJrchbp.  King. 

BUti'GER,  n.  [Fr.  bougrc ;  Sp.  biijarron  ;  I),  boggcrcn, 
verb.] 

One  guilty  of  the  crime  against  n.'itnre.    A  vile 

wretch  ;  a  term  of  reproach. 
I!U(;'(;E11-Y,  «.    The  unnalural  and  detestable  crime 

of  cai-nal  intercourse  of  man  or  woman  with  a  beast ; 

or  of  human  beings  unnaturally  with  each  other. 

Soilomv.  Kneifc, 
BUG'r;i -NE.SS,  71.    [from  buggy.]    The  state  of  being 

infected  with  bugs. 
BUG'GY,  fl.    [from  fcij/.'. ]    .\bouniling  with  bugs. 

John.ion. 


BUG'GY,  u.  A  light  vehicle,  to  be  drawn  by  one 
horse. 

Bu'tiLE,  (71.    [W.  J«™7, -a  shepherd  (See 

Bf"GLE-110RN,  i  BicoLic.)  The  shepherd's  horn, 
or  from  the  s.ime  root  as  the  Fr.  beugler,  to  bellow, 
from  its  sound.] 

I.  A  Imiiliug  horn.  Spenser.  Shak. 

5.  A  military  instrument  of  music. 

BCGLK,  u.  .Vii  elongated  glass  be:id,  of  various  col- 
ors, tlioiiirh  more  coiiimonlv  black.  .VcCnlloch.  Shak. 

BO'GLE,  H.    [L.  bng.da,  or  hugillo.] 

A  mmo  coiiinion  to  difl'erciit  species  of  plants,  of 
the  genus  .Ajiiga,  natives  of  Europe.  Kncyc. 

Bu'GLK,  *  ».    .Names  that  have  been  given, 

BU'GLE-\VEED,  \  in  America,  to  the  Lyciipiis  sin- 
iiatus,  and  Lycopus  virgiiiiciis,  valued  by  some  as 
remedies  for  hemoptysis,  or  spitting  of  blood. 

BO'GLE,  H.    [L.  huculus,  ail  ox.] 

\  sort  of  wild  ox.  Phillips. 

Bu'GLOSS,  n.     [L.  buglnssus :  Gr.  /3oV)  Xoicr  :,.  ,,, 
lioi'i,  an  ox,  and  >  Ac-wu.i,  tongue.] 

The  [lopular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  called 
.\iiehusa,  used  in  dyeing  and  colorini;. 
The  small  loild  bngloss,  is  the  .Asperugo 
'I'lie  eipir\i  bugloss,  is  the  Echiiim. 

HUG'-VVOllT,  u.   A  plant,  the  Ciiulcifiiga.  JMiihlenbt  rg. 

BuHL,  (bfile,)  n.  A  name  given  to  light  and  coiiiplicat  il 
figures  of  brass,  unbiirnished  gold,  i;c.,  set,  as  an 
ornament,  into  surfaces  of  ebony  or  other  ihirk  wood, 
or  of  tortoise-sliell.       Brandc.    Kucii.  Dom.  Kcoo. 

BCHL'\VORK,(bule'wurk,)H.  Woik'in  which  wood 
is  inlaid  \\  ith  buhl. 

BUIIR'STo.\E,(biir'stone,)H.  .4  subspecies  of  silexor 
quartz,  occurring  in  aniorfihous  masses,  compact,  like 
hornsloiie,  but  containing  a  greater  or  less  number  ol 
irregular  cavities.    It  is  used  for  mill-stones. 

Clcaveland. 
This  word  is  often  written  Blrrstone. 

BUILD,  (bild,)  v.  t.  :  pret.  Bu.-lt;  pp.  BeiLr,  (hilt.) 
The  regular  pret.  and  pp.,  Builded,  is  some- 
times used.  [.Sax.  byldau,  to  confirm  ;  buhl,  bijlJc. 
bijhio,  constancy,  firnniess  ;  hilith,  a  model,  an 
image ;  Sw.  bildn. ;  D.  afbceldeu,  rerbeelden  '.  Ger. 
bilden,  abbildcu  :  Dan.  bildc ;  afbilile,  to  sha[>e,  form, 
design,  delineate,  represent,  counterfeit  ;  Sw.  and 
Ger.  bild  :  D.  4ccW,  image,  statue,  figure,  represeiita 
tion.  'I'lie  primary  .sense  is  to  set,  fix,  or  make,  ami 
the  ortlioirrapliy  bild  would  be  more  accordant  with 
the  derivation.] 

1.  To  frame,  construct,  and  raise,  as  an  edifice  or 
fabric  of  almost  any  kind,  as  a  house,  barn,  shop, 
shi[i,  or  vessel,  a  w;ill,  or  other  structure  of  art ;  In 
unite  materials  into  a  regular  structure  fur  use  or 
convenience. 

2.  To  raise  by  art ;  to  frame  or  shape  into  a  partic- 
ular form  ;  as,  to  4i(i;i/  up  a  liead-ilress  in  a  cone. 

Spectator. 

3.  To  raise  any  thing  on  a  support  or  foundation  ; 
as,  to  build  our  hopes  on  air. 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  increase  and  strengthen  ;  to  ce- 
ment and  knit  together ;  to  settle  or  est:iblisli,  and 
preserve.    jlcl.i  xx.  y2.    Kpli.  ii.  22.    1  Sum.  ii.  3.i. 

BUI LD,  (bild,)  K.  i.  To  exercise  the  art  or  pr;ictice 
the  business  of  building. 

To  build,  lo  pl.iiit,  whatever  ynu  intend.  Pope. 
2.  To  construct,  rest,  or  depend  on  as  a  fouiiila- 
tioii ;  as,  to  build  on  the  o|iinioiis  of  others,  jlildison, 
BUILDER,  (liild'er,)  ii.    One  who  builds;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  build  ;  an  architect,  a  shipwright,  a 
mason,  &.c. 
2.  A  creator. 

Wlmse  builder  and  maker  is  God.  — Heb.  xi. 
BUILD'I.N'G,  (bild'ing,)  jjpr.    Framing  and  erecting; 
resting  on. 

BUILI)'L\(;,  (bilil'ing,)  71.  A  fabric  or  edifice  con- 
structed for  use  or  convenience,  as  a  liou.ie,  a  church, 
a  sho|i,  &C. 

BUILT,  (liilt,)  pp.    Framed  and  r.aised  ;  constructed. 

BUILT,  (bilt,)  n.    Form  ;  shape  ;  general  figure  of  a 
structure  ;  as,  the  6iiiV(  of  a  ship.  Dryden.  .Mur.  Diet. 
2.  Species  of  building.  Temple. 

BUL,  n.    The  coiuinon  flounder.  Chninbrrs. 

BULB,  71.  [Gr.  lioXli'H  :  L.  bolbns,  a  bulb  or  round 
root ,  Fr.  bulbe ;  It.  bnlbo  :  Sp.  bulbo,  an  onion,  or 
bulbous  root ;  VV.  hal,  bol,  protuberance.] 

A  scaly  body  fiirmed  on  a  plant,  above  or  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  emitting  roots  from  its 
base,  and  producing  a  stem  from  its  center.  It  is  al- 
w;iys  formed  of  imbricated  scales.  .\  solid  bulb  has 
no  existence.  Limlh  ij. 

BULB,  I),  i.  To  bulb  out,  is  to  [iroject  or  be  protuberant. 
\  Little  used.]  Kl'clyn. 

BULB-A'CEOUS,a.    Bullions,    [f  believe,  not  used.] 

Johnson. 

BULB'KD,  (bulbd,)  a.    Round  headed. 

BULB-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  Producing  bulbs;  tLSt,  bulbifer- 
ous  stems.  Katon. 

BULB'OUS,  a.  Containing  bulbs  or  a  bulb;  grinymg 
from  bulbs  ;  roiiiiil  or  roundish.     jVarlyn.  Mdne. 

2.  Containini;  a  knob,  or  i>roIuber;iiit  part  ;  swell- 
ing out  ;  presenting  rounded  elevations.  Kirwan. 

BUI. 'BUL,  n.  The  nichtiiigale  of  the  Persians,  rep- 
resented by  Ihe  poets  ;is  eiiaiiiored  of  the  opening 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT  METE,  PUfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


BUL 

riisi  lmd,  iiiul  peirlind  oil  soiim  neighboring  stem,  as 
poiirinu'  (Hit  liis  sonj;  ill  tier  ear.  Booth. 
I.'CIII.X,  n.  A  yiHiiig  male  calf.  Dekkrr.  Jtlarslon. 
HULGU,  n.  A  (litlVreiit  ortliopnipliy  of  BiLiii;.  [\V. 
bwh',  hulk  ;  bale,  prominent ;  S,ix.  bulgian,  to  bellow, 
from  :fwrttiiiir  out.] 

The  bilge  or  protuberant  part  of  a  cask ;  protu- 
bcrauee. 

itlll.GR,  I),  i.   Toswellout;  to  be  protuberant.  Mntun. 

3.  To  bilge,  a.s  a  ship.    [See  Biloe.]  Dnjdcn. 
HI'  l.lj'dVU,  ppr.  or  n.    Swellinj;  out ;  hiljlinj;. 

S.  As  an  mlj.,  protuberant, 
m"  l.I-.MV,    )  II.     [[..  bulimia;  Or.  .Onv^itua,  ffoi', 
LIM'I-.A,  (     great,  and  >i/i>t,  hunger.j 
A  vor.iiious  appetite;  a  disease  in  wliich  the  pa- 
li-nt  has  a  perpetual  and  iniatialile  appetite  for  food, 
and  oflen  faints,  if  not  indulged.  Enciic. 
lll'l.K,  II.    [\V.  Iiirts,  bulk;  bnlnnir,  to  swell,  to  be 
pioiid  ;  Ir.  bale,  great,  strong  ;  Kuss.  bulkaiju,  to  boil, 
to  hulible  ;  I),  bulkeii,  to  low  or  bellow  ;  Dan.  bulk,  a 
bunch  lui  the  back  ;  Sax.  bitl^jian,  to  low.] 

1.  .Magnitude  of  mali-rial  substance  ;  whole  dinien- 
.■iioiis  ;  size  of  a  thing ;  as,  an  ox  or  ship  of  great 
bulk. 

2.  The  gross  ;  the  inajorily  ;  the  ni.iiii  iii:iss  or 
body  ;  as,  the  6ii;/{  of  a  debt;  the  bulk  of  a  nation. 

Swift,  .^ililnuii. 

3.  Main  fabric.  Slink, 
i.  The  whole  coiiteni  of  a  ship's  hold  for  tlif  stow- 
age of  goods.  Eiicijr. 

5.  .\  part  of  a  biiildin2  jutting  out.  Sliak. 

To  break  bulk,  in  se;iHieii's  language,  is  to  brain  to 
unload.  .V«r.  Vicl. 

In  bulk  :  in  a  mass,  or  scdid  state  ;  as,  pork  iii  bulk, 
or  bulk  pnrk,  i.  c.  pork  not  cut  up  or  prepared  for 
packing. 

Lailrn  III  bulk  :  having  tile  cargo  liHise  in  the  hold, 
or  not  inclosed  in  boxes,  bales,  or  c  isks. 

jt  sale  bij  bulk,  is  a  sali^  of  good.s  as  they  are,  with- 
out weialit  or  measure.  Bnurier. 
nr  I, K'-1!1;AI),  II.    [bulk  nmX  heail.]    .V  partition  in  a 
-  ship,  made  with  boards,  ice,  to  form  separate  apart- 
ments. F.ncyc.    Mar.  Diet. 
BULK'I-NESS,  It.    Greatness  in  bulk,  size,  or  stature. 

Loeke. 

BL'LK'Y,  a.  Large  ;  of  great  dimensions  ;  of  great 
size.  Dn/deu. 

BJJliL,  R.  [«.  bull;  \V.  bwla;  Riiss.  vol.  Uii.  from 
iiis  sex,  or  from  bellowing  ;  ."^w.  b'dla  :  Dan.  bulr.j 

1.  The  male  of  bovine  ipiadrupi^ils,  or  of  the  dil- 
TiTent  species  of  the  genus  Hos,  of  wliich  coio  is  the 
fem;ile. 

2.  Ill  a  scriptural  sense,  an  enemy,  powerful,  fierce, 
and  violent. 

M  iny  biiHf  h.ivt?  contpnxsi'd  inc.  —  Ps. 

3.  Taurus,  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. 
IIIM.L,  II.    (It.  bulla,  a  bubble,  a  blister,  a  seal,  or 

.st;Miip,  the  pope's  bull ;  f'r.  biUJe :  L.  bulla,  a  boss, 
and  an  ornament  worn  on  a  child's  neck.  This 
name  was  given  to  the  seal  which  was  appended  to 
tlie  edicts  and  briefs  of  the  pope,  and,  in  process  of 
time,  applied  to  the  edict  itself.  Sp'Imaii.] 

A  leltrr,  edict,  or  rescript  of  the  pope,  published  or 
traiisinitted  to  the  churches  over  which  he  is  head, 
coiitainiui:  some  decree,  order,  or  decision.  It  is 
us  -d  cbielly  in  matters  of  justice  or  of  gnice.  If  the 
former,  the  lead  or  seal  is  hung  by  a  hempen  cord  ;  if 
til.'  latter,  by  a  silken  thread.  The  lead  or  bull  is 
impressed  on  one  side  v/itli  the  heads  of  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul,  on  the  other  with  the  name  of  the  pope 
and  the  year  of  his  pontilicate.  The  writing  is  in 
the  old  round  Gothic  letter;  and  the  instrument  has 
about  it  a  cross,  with  some  text  of  Scripture  or  reli- 
gious motto.  Lunier,  Kucjje. 

The  Guillen  Bull,  so  called  from  its  golden  seal,  is 
an  edict  or  imperial  constitution,  made  by  Ihi'  eni- 
jii  ror  (^harles  |  v.,  (i:)5iU)  containing  the  fundanien- 
t:il  law  (if  the  German  empire. 

leaden  bulls  u  ere  sent  by  the  emperors  of  Constan- 
tinople to  patriarchs  and  princes,  and  by  the  gnindres 
of  the  empire,  of  France,  Sicily,  &c.,  and  by  patri- 
archs and  bislnips. 

IVaien  bulls  were  in  freipient  use  with  the  Greek 
emperors,  who  thus  seabed  letters  to  their  relations. 

F.iieue. 

Bulls  and  bears :  a  cant  term  among  st<x-k-brokers 
for  buyers  and  sellers  of  stocks  on  speculation. 
I1|;LL,  II.  -A  blunder  or  contradiction  ;  more  exactly, 
an  apparent  congriiity,  but  real  incongruity,  of  ideas, 
suddenly  discovered.  Her.  Sydii'eij  SmilJi.  | 

UIJLL  (a  prefix)  signifies  a  ball,  or  large,  or  having  a 

larse  head.  ! 
Ii!,'l-L'-B.\IT-I.NG,  II.    [6ii«  and  iin7.]    The  practice  ] 
of  Iraitine  or  exciting  bulls  with  dogs.       Adli^ou.  I 
Hi;i,L-KEEK,  n.    [bull  and  beef.]    The  (lesh  of  a  i 

bull ;  coarse  beef.  Shtik. 
lUJLL'-REG-GAR,  ii.    [bull  and  bensar.]    Somelliiiig  • 
terrible  or  frightful.  Jiiiliffe.  | 

Bt.'I.L'-e.m.K,  (-kif,)  n.  [bull  and  calf.]  A  male 
c;Of ;  a  stupid  fellow.  Shak.  \ 

I  Bl.  l.!.'-D(JG,  n.  [bidl -.mA  doif.]  A  variety  of  dog,  of 
a  particuLir  form,  and  of  remarkable  courace  ;  so 
named,  prolKibly,  from  being  employed  in  bailing 
bulls,  or  from  the  size  of  the  head. 


iiUL 

BULL'-FAC-£D,  (-Hstc,)  a.    Having  a  large  face. 

Drydciu 

BULIi'-FKAST.    See  Bl'll-Fioht. 

ByLI.'-FIClIT,  II.  f6i(«aiul./iV'('-l  A  combat  with 
a  bull  \  an  amusement  among  the  Sp;iniar(ls  and 
Portuguese.  ,'\  liorseiiian,  called  a  torrrailor  or  pica- 
dor, attacks  a  bull  in  a  circus  or  inclosed  arena,  in 
presence  of  multitudes  of  spt-ctiitors,  irrit;itiug  him 
with  a  spear,  tilt  bull  ruslhfs  upon  the  hois",  .and 
perhaps  dismounts  tin;  rider.  After  the  bull  has 
bi^en  tormented  a  lung  tiuii',  the  horseiuan  leaves 
him,  and  some  persons  on  foot  attack  Itiiii,  and 
phinge  darts  into  his  neck  ;  and,  at  a  signal  given 
by  the  presiih  ni,  the  barbarous  sport  is  ended  by  the 
dagger  of  a  imituilnr.  Kacyr. 

Bl.M.'-FlNt'Il,  n.  [A;i«  and /iic/i.1  A  bird  allied  to 
Ilie  grosslieak,  whose  breast,  cheeks,  and  throat,  are 
of  a  crimson  color;  the  Lojia  pyrr'iulii,  Linn.,  (I'or- 
rltulii  luil^riiris,  Hrisson,)and  Uit'  /i«/iici7/(i  of  the  older 
nalurali.Is. 

BliLil.'-l'l.V,  I  n.  Thegadrtv,a  stiiigipg  insect  which 
Bl'M/-l!Ei;,  (  torments  c.iltl-.  Philip-: 
l)i.'l,L'-Fl£()G,  II.  [4i(/;  and /niir.l  The  Kaiia  (.eel- 
lata,  a  lariie  spi'ci(;s  of  frog,  loiind  in  North  America, 
of  a  dusky-l^ro^^'ll  color,  mivi-d  w  ilh  a  jcllowish- 
greeii,  anil  s[)(iri''d  with  bbiek.  Thesi;  frogs  live  in 
slaiinant  water,  aini  utter  a  louil,  cro:ikiiig  sound, 
fr(Uii  wliicli  lb  y  pmlialily  received  their  name.  The 
bull  fri)!ro(  New  England,  is  til.'  R,iiia  pipieiK. 

.Must.  Hi  p.  l.iiislni. 
Bl.'l.L'-llEAD,  II.   [bull  and  hea  l.]    A  genus  „f  lish.  s, 
the  ('ottus,  with  a  h 'ad  broader  tli:in  the  bod>', 
whence  the  name.    The  Cotlas  I'Dii  -,  or  Twi  r  bull- 
head, of  England,  is  also  called  the  Miller's  thumb. 

Kncijc.  Cijc. 

9.  .\  stupid  fellow  ;  a  lubber.  Jnhiisuu. 
n.  A  siirill,  black  water  vermin.  Philips. 
B}jr.I/S'-E?E,  II.    [/)«;/ and  c;i..]    .Among  .vc/oiicii,  a 
piece  of  wood,  in  the  firm  of  a  ring,  answering  the 
purpose  of  a  thimblt.'.  Mitr.  /}.et. 

•2.  Aldebaraii,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
constellatiiui  Taurus.  .1<h. 

;i.  Among  seamen,  a  small,  obscure  cloud,  ruddy  in 
the  iniddb',  portending  a  great  storm.  Encijc. 

•t.  In  ur,  liilecturc,  a  small,  circular  or  elliptical  o]ii;ii- 
iiig  or  window. 
B!.'LL'S'-N(")SE,  II.   In  architecture,  the  external  angle 
of  a  polvgoii,  or  of  two  lines  which  meet  at  an  ob- 
tuse an;;"le.  Oieilt. 
BIJI,I/-TK()UT,  II.    [hull  and  Irinil.]    A  large  species 
of  trout,  {Salnio  trutiii ;)  called,  also,  s«/iiieii  Iniiif,  and 
seit-triHit,  thicker  tlriii  the  comuKui  sort,  which,  like 
the  salmon,  ;i-;ceu(ls  rivers  p  -riodieally  to  sp;iwn.  Its 
back  has  a  bluisb-i-'reen  gloss,  ;inil  there  are  sevenil 
black  splits  on  the  sides.    Cue.    Diet,  of  JV'.iI.  Ilist. 
Bl'I.I.'-Wl'.El),  II.    Knapweed.  Johnson. 
Bl'l.l.'-W'Oin",  II.    Hisliopsweed.  ./ohnsim. 
BL'L'I.A,  n.    The  name  of  a  genus  of  uiiivalvular  tes- 
taceous .Molliisca. 

a.  A  bleb  .  a  vesicle,  or  an  elevation  of  the  cuticle 
containing  a  transparent  watrry  tluld. 
BJJIjE'ACE,  II.    Till'  will!  plum,  a  species  of  Primus, 
{P.  insititia ;)  called,  al>o,  bullaee-plani,  and  bullact- 
trre  ;  a  iiativi?  of  England.    >'um.  of  Plants.  Kneije. 

3.  The  bullti-tree ;  a  species  of  ("lirj'sophi  llniii,  a 
native  of  the  \Vest  Indies.  F.im.  nf  Plants. 

Bl'M.-A.N'Tie,  a.    [from  bull.]    Desigiiiiting  certain 
oriKimental  capil:il  b'tters,  used  in  apostolic  bulls.  It 
is  iisiul  also  as  a  noun.  Fry. 
Bl,'I.L'A-I!V',  H.    A  collection  of  papistic;il  bulls. 
BL'L'LATE,  (I.    [L.  hnllntus.}  [Suulk. 
Having  elev.atiiuis  like  blisters.    In  botany,  a  biil- 
late  le;it",  is  one  the  membranous  part  of  which  rises 
between  the  veins  in  elevations  like  blisters, 

.^fartyn, 

BJJL'LE.N-N'AlI.S,  n.  pi.  .Xails  with  round  heads  and 
short  shanks,  turned  and  lackered.  Oicilt. 

BJJLL'ET,  II.  [Fr.  AoiJet,  dim,  of /io«/c,  a  ball.  See 
Bai.i,.] 

A  ball  of  irmi  or  lead,  called  also  shot,  used  to  load 
guns  for  killing  man  or  beast.  B;ills  for  cannon  are 
made  of  iron  ;  iiin<ket-b:ills  are  made  of  K-ad. 
BIJEE'E-Tl.N,  II.  [Fr.  6ii//f(in,  a  ballot,  a  packet,  a 
certificate  ;  Sp.  bidettn,  a  tickiit,  or  warrant ;  boleta,  a 
ticket,  a  ii//c/ ;  Port,  boleta ;  It,  bulletta,  bulleltino  ; 
pro|ii'rly,  a  roll.] 

I.  .\  rejkirt  of  a  stale  of  facts,  issued  by  authority, 
as  of  military  operations,  or  of  the  licaith  of  some 
d ist in gii islied  personage, 

•2.  In  a  wider  sense,  any  public  notice  or  announce- 
ment, especiallv  of  news  recenllv  received. 
B!.'1,1,'E-TIN-B6AKD,  «.     a  biiard  on  which  nn- 
nounceiiieiits  of  news  lue  put  up,  particularly  ut 
news-rooms,  printiiig-oHices,  &c, 
Bl.  I.I.'l-f.l),  (biil'lid,)  pp.  Insulted. 
Bi;Ll.'It).\',  (bul'yun,)  ii.    [Fr.  billon,  base  coin.] 

IJncoiii('(l  gold  or  silver  in  the  mass.  The  precious 
metals  are  called  bullion,  when  smelted  and  not  per- 
fectly refined  ;  or,  when  refined,  but  in  b;irs,  ingots, 
or  in  any  form  uncoined,  ,-is  in  plate.  Eneye. 

In  politieal  economy,  this  word  is  used  to  denote 
gold  and  silver,  both  coined  and  uncoined.  P.  Cyc. 
BI,'L'I,I-U.\(i,  r.  ^    To  insult  in  a  bullviiig  manner. 

Tudd. 


BUN 

ByLL'LSII,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  or 
blunder.  Milton, 

niJLL'lST,  n,    A  writer  of  Papal  bulls,  Hnrnmr. 

BL'L'LITE,  n.  A  petrified  shell,  or  the  fossil  reiiiainii 
of  shells,  of  the  genus  Bulla.  Jameson. 

BUL  l.r'TION,  (  li.-h'un,)  ii.    [L,  hulliu.    See  Boil,] 
The  act  ur  state  of  boiling.    Superseded  by  Eiiul- 
tiTiuN,  Bacon, 

B5,!LL'(>CK,  II,    [Sax,  hulluca;  G,  bullocks.] 

All  ox,  or  castrated  bull.  In  America,  it  is  applied 
to  ;i  t'ull-growii  ox. 

1U.'LI.'I)CK'S-E?E,  (-1,)  n.  A  smaJI,  thick  pla-^s  or 
sk>liirlit,  in  a  covering  or  roof. 

BI.'LL'V,  n.  [Sw.  Wi/ii,  to  bellow  ;  iii/Zcr,  a  tumuli ; 
I)an.  bullen,  swelled,  piilfed  up ;  or,  more  directly, 
from  Sax.  buhjian,  to  bellow.] 

A  noisy,  blustering,  overhejiring  fellow,  more  dis- 
tinguished foi  indolence  and  ein|)ty  menaces  than  for 
courajie,  and  disposed  to  provoke  ipiarrels.  Mdison. 

BIJI.L'V",  e.  (.  To  insult  and  overbear  with  noise  and 
blu'^tering  menaces,  Kinfr. 

\\\]\A-,'\',  o.  i.   To  be  noisy  and  (piarrelsome.  John.-*on, 

Rt  LL'V-ING,  II,  Act  of  bullying,  or  state  of  being 
finllied. 

BLLL'V'-ING,  ;iiir.    Insulting  with  threats. 

Iii' 1,'IUjSII,  II.  \lwU;  or  boll,  and  rii..A.]  A  large  kind 
of  ru.-ii,  growing  in  wet  land  or  water,  and  wiihout 
knots,  s.'ij  s  Johnson  ;  but  Drydiui  calls  it  iUv,  knotty 
bulrush. 

The  name  bulrush  is  applied,  in  England,  to  the 
Seirpus  lacuitris,  and  also  to  the  Tiipha  latifnlia,  and 
7'.  anfruslifolia,  {P.  Cye. ;)  in  America,  to  the  Jancua 
effusHS, 

BI.'LSE,  II,  A  certain  quantity  of  diamonds,  H'razall. 
[India.] 

DIj  L'TEL,  II,  [See  Boi.t,]  A  bolter  or  bclting-clotli  j 
also,  bran.    [.\'i/(  used.] 

BJJL'VVAKK,  II.  [Sw.  bolndrck  :  D.  iolirerk  :  Gcr.  boll, 
ircrk;  Dan.  dii/eni-A- ;  from  D.  in/,  plump,  nhd  a  ball. 
Sw.  buhl,  W.  bal,  a  protuberance,  and  leork ;  a  pro- 
jecting or  outwork.  Fr.  boulcrard  ;  Sp.  and  Port.  ba~ 
luarte ;  U.  luihiaedo.] 

1.  li]  foriijiriiiiiin,  a  bastion,  or  a  rampart ;  a  mound 
of  earth  round  a  place,  capiiiile  of  resisting  caniion- 
sliot,  and  formed  \\  itii  1t;istions,  curtains,  &.c.  Eneyc. 

2.  A  fiirtificatioii ;  also,  any  means  of  defense;  as', 
a  navy  is  the  bnlieark  of  a  nation. 

3.  'i'hal  which  si'cures  against  an  enemy  or  exter- 
n.'il  annoyance ;  a  screen  or  shelter ;  means  of  pro- 
tection iiiid  safety, 

S.ilvniion  u'itl  Goil  ;i])poiii(  lot  vf.xW*  niiil  tnUitarks.  —  Is,  xxvi, 

BI'I.'WARK,  r.t.    To  torlify  with  a  rampart ;  to  se- 
cure by  a  fortification  ;  to  protect.    .Addison.  Bnrloic. 
BU.M,  II.    The  buttocks  ;  the  part  on  w  hich  we  sit. 

Johnson. 

Bl'M,  r,  I.    To  make  a  noise.  Mnrston. 

BU.M-B.AlL'IFF,  II.    [.\  corruption  of  bound-bailiff] 
In  Eiii'/iiiirf,  an  under-bailitf ;  a  subordinate  civil 
otiieer,  aiipoiuted  to  serve  writs,  and  to  make  arrests 
and  executions,  and  bound  w  itli  sur<^ties  for  a  faith- 
ful discharge  of  his  trust.    [.1  vuli;ar  irord.] 

Bt'M'BAlU),  II.    See  Bombard.  [Blaekstime. 

BlI  M'BAST,  H,  [A  dilTerent  ortliogniphy  of  BosimsT, 
which  see.] 

1.  .-V  cloth  made  by  sewing  one  stuff  upon  another; 
patchwork.  Orctr. 

2.  Linen  stuffed  with  cotton  ;  stulTing  ;  wadding. 

Shak. 

BIT.M'BLE-BEE,  ii.    [L.  bo,nbu.<,  a  buzzing.] 

A  large  bee,  siunetimes  called  huir.blc-bee  ;  so  named 

from  its  sound. 
Bl'.M'lioAT,  n.    A  small  boat  for  carrying  provisions 

to  a  ship  at  a  distance  from  shore.  .War,  Diet. 

BC.'^rKI.'V',  II.  [.See  BrM?Ki!<.]  .\  short  boom  project- 
ing from  each  bow  of  a  ship,  to  extend  the  clew  of  the 

foresail  to  windward. 
2.  A  small  out-rigger  over  the  stern  of  a  boat,  to 

extend  the  inizzeii.  Mar.  Diet. 

BI^MP,  II.     [\V.  picnip,  a  round  mass;  pirmpiaw,  to 

thump  ;  allied  to  L.  botnbus,  and  Eng.  pomp,  from 

swelliiiit,  thnistiiig  out.] 

1.  .-V  swelling  or  protulierance.  Dryden. 

2.  \  thump;  a  heavy  blow. 

Bl'.MP,  r,  I.  To  make  a  loud,  heavy,  or  hollow  noise, 
as  the  bittern.    It  is  also  written  boom.    [\V.  *iriii;i.j 

Dryden. 

BL'.MP,  V.  I.  To  strike,  as  with  or  against  any  thing 
larce  or  solid  ;  as,  to  bump  the  head  against  a  wall ; 
to  thump. 

BI'MP'RR,  n.    A  cup  or  glass  filb-d  to  the  brim,  or  till 

the  lapior  runs  over,  Dryden, 
2.  .\  crowded  house  at  a  theater,  &.C.,  in  honor  of 

some  favorite  performer. 
Bl'.MP  Kl.\,  n.    [iiim/i.  Large,  swelling,  and  A'iii,  Sa.T. 

cyii,  kind,  genus.] 

An  awkward,  heavy  rustic  ;  a  cUiwn,  or  country 

lout.  Locke. 
Bl'MP'KIN-LY.o.  Clownish.  [,-Vo(  «.■>«/.]  Bichardson. 
BVS,  II.    A  kind  of  cake. 

BUNCH,  n.  [U".  pang!  Dan.  *uiiAf,  bynke,  a  heap,  or 
beapt'd  niea>ure.] 

1.  .\  protubenince  ;  a  hunch  ;  a  knob  or  lump;  as, 
the  bunch  on  a  camel's  back,  Isaiah, 


TONE,  BI,LL,  UNITE,  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS, 


LI;-! 


BLK 


BUR 


0.  A  diirtrr  ;  n  niin;ber  i.f  the  saiiif  kiiul  sruv.  iiig 
iDCcllicr ;  as,  a  hunch  of  g^ap(*^^.      ,  Dnjdfii. 

;i.  A  number  of  tilings  lied  together  j  as,  a  bunch 
of  keys  ;  a  bunch  of  rods.  Lncke. 

4.  A  Cdllerlion  of  things  ;  a  knot ;  as,  a  bunch  of 
hair  ;  a  bunch  of  trees.  Sprnser. 

BU.Nl'H,  V.  i.  To  swell  out  in  a  protuberance  ;  to  be 
proliiberaut  or  rounil.  Woodward. 

nUM'll,  II.  t.    To  form  or  tie  in  a  bunch  or  bunches. 

IiL',\Cir-RACK-£l),  (-bakt,)  a.  [bunch  and  back.] 
HavMiK  a  bunch  on  the  back  ;  crooKed.  Shak. 

liL'NCII'l-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  bunchy,  or 
prowiuc  in  bunches.  Johnson. 

Bl'.NCH'V,  a.  Growing  in  bunches;  like  a  bunch; 
hnving  tufts.  Orew. 

BUN'OLE,  n.  [Sax.  btmde! ;  D.  bundet ;  G.  bund,  bun- 
del  ;  S\v.  bindcl,  and  bunt.  This  word  is  fonned  from 
the  root  of  bind,  band,  band.] 

1.  A  number  of  things  put  together. 

2.  A  roll ;  any  thing  bound  or  rolled  into  a  conve- 
nient form  for  conveyance;  as,  a  fiunJ/e  of  lace ;  a 
bundle  of  liay.  Spectator. 

BUiN'DLE,  II.  t.  To  tie  or  bind  in  a  bundle  or  roll; 
often  followed  by  up  ;  as,  to  bundle  up  clothes. 

Locke.  Stcifi. 
To  bundle  off;  to  send  a  person  off  in  a  hurry,  or 
pet.  Holloway. 
BUNG,  n.  [Fr.  bondon ;  G  spund ;  D.  .^ponds ;  VV.  bwng, 
a  bung-hole.] 
The  stopple  of  the  orifice  in  the  bilge  of  a  cask. 

Jilortimcr. 

BUN'G,  r.  (.  To  stop  the  orifice  in  the  bilge  of  a  cask 
with  a  hung  ;  to  close  up. 

BLW'  GA-LoW,  n.  In  Bengal,  a  country  house  or  cot- 
tage, erected  by  Europeans,  and  constructed  of  wood, 
bamboo,  mats,  and  thatch.  Malcom. 

BUNG'-DllAU'-ER,  n.  A  wooden  mallet,  of  a  pecu- 
liar foriji,  for  taking  the  bung  out  of  a  cask.  [Local.] 

BUNG'-HoLE, /i.  [bung  a.ni  hole]  The  hole  or  ori- 
fice in  the  bilge  of  a  cask.  Sometimes  shortened  into 

Bl'NG. 

BUN"GLE,  (bung'gl,)  r.  i.  To  perform  in  a  clumsy, 
awkward  manner ;  as,  to  bungle  in  making  shoes. 

Dry  den. 

BUN"GLE,  V.  t.  To  make  or  mend  clumsily ;  to  botch  ; 

to  manage  awkwardly  ;  with  up.  Dryden. 
BUN"GLE,  71.    A  botch  ;  inaccuracy  ;  gross  blunder  ; 

clumsy  performance.  R,iy. 
BUN"GLER,  n.    A  clumsy,  awkward  workman  :  one 

who  performs  without  skill.  Peacham. 
BU.\"GLING,  p/)r.    Perlorniing  awkwardly. 
BUN"GLING,  a.  Clumsy  ;  awkv/ardly  done.  Dryden. 
BUIS""GLING-LY,  adv.    Clumsily  ;  awkwardly. 

Bentley. 

RU.\K,  n.  [Dan.  bynlie,  a  meal-tub;  S\v.  mjiilk-bunke, 
a  milk-pan.] 

A  case  or  box  of  boards  for  a  bed  ;  a  word  used  in 
some  parts  of  Jinicricn. 
BUNK'ER,  7!.    A  large  bin  or  receptacle  for  various 

things,  as  coals,  &c. 
BUN,    j  Ji.    [.Scot,  bun,  bunn  :  Ir.bunna;  Gr.  0ux>iii's, 
BUNN,  \     a  hill,  and  a  cake  offered  to  deities.   It  sig- 
nifies a  mass  or  collecti(Ui.] 

.\  small  cake,  or  a  kind  of  sweet  bread.  Gay. 
BUN'IO.N  ,  (bun'yun,)  n.    An  excrescence  or  ball  on 

the  great  toe  corresp<mding  to  a  corn. 
BUNT,  II.   The  middle  part,  cavity,  or  bellv  of  a  sail. 

Slur.  Diet. 

BUNT,  V.  1.    To  swell  out ;  as,  the  sail  bunts. 

2.  In  popular  language,  to  push  with  the  horns  ;  to 
butt.    [Sec  Point.] 
BU.N'T'EH,  n.    A  cant  word  for  a  woman  who  picks 
up  rags  in  the  streets ;  hence,  a  low,  vulgar  woman. 

Johnson. 

BUNT'ING,  n.    A  name  common  to  different  species 

of  the  genns  Emberira,  as  the  English  or  common 

bunting,  and  the  snow  bunting.    The  rice  bunting, 

or  bobolink,  is  a  species  (;f  Icterus. 
BUN'l''I.\f;,    «.    [Ocr.  bunt,  I),  bont,  streaked,  or  of 
BUNT'I.\E,  i     ditlercnt  colors.] 

A  thin,  woolen  stuff,  of  which  the  colors  or  flags 

and  signals  of  ships  are  made.  Jifar.  Diet. 

BU.NT' LINES,  71.  p/.   Ropes  fastened  to  cringles  on  the 

liottoms  of  square  sails,  to  draw  them  up  to  their 

y.irds.  Mar.  Diet. 

BUOY,  (bwiiy,)  n.    [Fr.  bouie,  a  buoy  ;  I),  boei,  a  buoy, 

a  lodge  or  hut,  a  fetter,  or  shackle,  a  handcuff; 

borijp.n,  to  fetter,  to  buoy;  (Jer.  boy;  l);in.  boy;  Russ. 

buy;  Sp.  boyu,  a  buoy  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  Sax. 

byan,  to  dwell,  that  is,  to  set,  be  fixed,  or  stationary. 

Dan.  bor,  boendc] 

1.  A  float. 

2.  A  floating  mark  to  point  out  the  position  of  ob- 
jects beiiralli  the  water,  as  anchors,  shoals,  rocks, 
lie.  Itiioya  are  of  various  kinds  ;  as,  eni-buoys,  in 
the  form  of  a  cone  ;  nun  buoys,  which  are  large  in  the 
middle,  and  tapering  nearly  lo  a  point  at  each  end  ; 
eablt-bmnjx,  empty  casks  employed  to  buoy  up  the  cii- 
ble  in  rficky  anchorage. 

Life  buoy:  a  buoy  intended  to  siipiiort  persons  who 
have  fallen  into  the  water,  uniil  a  boat  can  be  dis- 
p,'iti'h''d  to  save  tin  m. 

'I'o  .itream  Utt  buoy,  is  to  let  it  fall  by  the  sliip^fi  side 
into  the  water,  before  lettiiii;  go  the  anchor.  Mar.  Did. 


UrOY,  (bv.bj  ,)  c.  I.  To  keep  afloat  in  a  fluid  ;  to  bear 
up,  or  keep  from  sinking  in  a  fluid,  as  in  water  or 
air  ;  with  up.  Woodward. 

2.  To  support  or  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  sinking  into 
ruin  or  despo'ndency.  King  Charles. 

3.  To  fix  buoys,  as  a  direction  to  mariners. 
BUOY,  V.  i.   To  float ;  to  rise  by  specific  lightness. 

Pope. 

BUOY'AN-CY,  (b\voy'an-sy,)  n.  The  quality  of  float- 
ing on  the  surface  of  water,  or  in  tlie  atmosphere ; 
specific  lightness. 

BUOY'ANT,  a.  Floating  ;  light ;  that  will  not  sink  ; 
having  the  ipiality  of  rising  or  floating  in  a  fluid. 

Thomson. 

2.  Rearing  up,  as  a  fluid  ;  sustaining  another  body. 
[UniL-tual.]  Dryden. 
BUOY'A.\T-LY,  adi\    In  a  buoyant  manner. 

Coleridge. 

BUOY'Ji-D,  (bwoyd,) /p.  Kept  afloat  on  water;  sup- 
ported. 

BUOY'ING,  ppr.    Keeping  afloat ;  sustaining. 
BUOY'-Rol'E,  7!.    [buoy  iind  rope.]    The  rope  which 

fastens  a  buoy  to  an  anchor. 
BU-PRES'TI-DAN$,  7i.  pi.    A  tribe  of  coleopterous 

insects,  of  brilliant  metallic  colors.  Kii-bv. 
BUR,  ) 

BOUR,  >  [Sax.  bur,]  signifies  a  chamber  or  a  cottage. 
BOR,  ) 

BUR,  n.  [Sax.  burre,  burdock  ;  VV.  bar,  a  busily  head 
or  bunch;  Ir.  borr,  a  bunch  or  knob;  Fr.  bourree, 
bush.] 

1.  Any  rough  or  prickly  envelope  of  the  seeds  of 
plants,  whether  a  persistent  calj  x,  pericarp,  or  proper 
coat,  as  of  the  chestnut  and  burdock. 

2.  A  roughness  in  sounding  the  letter  r. 

3.  A  broad  ring  of  iron  Ix'liind  the  place  for  the 
hand  on  a  spear  used  in  tilting.  Encyc. 

BUR'BO'J',  71.  [from  L.  barbatus,  so  named  from  its 
beard.] 

A  fisli  of  tlic  genus  Gadus,  (O.  Lota,)  shaped  like 
an  eel,  but  shorter  and  thicker,  with  a  flat  head,  and 
on  tile  nose  it  has  two  small  beards,  and  another  on 
the  chin.  It  is  disgusting  in  appearance,  but  delicate 
food.    It  is  called  also  eel-pout.  Encyc. 

BUR'DE-L.AIS,  71.    .1  sort  of  grape.  Johnson. 

BUK'D£N,  (bur'dn.)  Written  also  Burthen.  [Sax. 
byrden,byrtJten;  S\V.  bUrda:  Dan.  fii/rt/e ;  (i.  b^'rde;  Ir. 
beart  or  btirt;  Gr.  <J>ofjroi ;  Vx.furdeau;  Atm.fard; 

from  bear;  L.  fero  or  porta  ;  Pers.  ,i  j,j  burdan,  to 
carry.    See  Beau.]  ^  ' 

1.  That  which  is  borne  or  c.nrried  ;  a  load.  Hence, 

2.  That  which  is  borne  with  labor  or  difticulty  ; 
that  which  is  grievous,  wearisome,  or  oppressive. 

Milton. 

3.  A  birth.  Shak. 

4.  [Fr.  bourdon,  a  drone.]  The  verse  repeated  in  a 
song,  or  the  return  of  the  theme  at  the  end  of  each 
verse  ;  the  chorus ;  so  called  from  the  application  of 
this  word  to  the  drone  or  base,  and  the  pipe  or  string 
which  plays  it,  in  an  instrument.  A  chord  which  is 
to  be  divided,  to  perform  the  intervals  of  music,  when 
open  and  undivided,  is  also  called  the  burden.  Encijc. 

5.  In  common  language,  that  wliich  is  often  repeat- 
ed ;  a  subject  on  which  one  dwells. 

C.  .\  fixed  (piantity  of  certnhi  commodities;  as,  a 
burden  of  gad  steel,  120  pounds. 

7.  'I'lii-  contents  of  a  ship  ;  the  quantitv  or  number 
of  loiis  a  vessel  will  carry  ;  as,  a  ship  of  a  hundred 
tuns  burden. 

8.  ,\  club.    [N'oi  in  ^sc]  Spenser. 
BUR'DKN,  {bur'dn,)  i:  t.    To  load  ;  to  lay  on  a  heavy 

load  ;  to  encumber  with  weight.  Hence, 

To  oppress  with  any  tiling  grievous  ;  as,  to  bur- 
den a  nation  with  taxes. 
3.  To  surcharge  ;  as,  to  burden  the  memory. 

BUR'DKN-KI),  p/i.  or  a.  Loaded  with  weight ;  encum- 
bered ;  oppressed. 

BUR'DKN-ER,  n.    One  who  loads  ;  an  oppressor. 

BUR'Df,'N-OUS,  a.    Grievous  ;  heavy  to  be  borne  ;  op- 
pressive. Sidney. 
2.  Cumbersome  ;  useless.  Milton. 

BUR'DK.N'-.SO.MIO,  a.  Heavy;  grievo'is  to  be  borne; 
causing  um  asiness  or  fatigue  ;  oppressive.  Dryden, 

BUIt'DKN'  SfiMi;  I.Y,  a/to.  Ill  a  burdensome  manner. 

BUR'll/;.\-So.Mi:  NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  bur- 
densome ;  liea\  mess  ;  oppressiveness. 

BUR'OOCK,  71.    [i.ir  and  dock.]    The  [lopular  mime 
of  a  genus  of  plants  culled  Jirctium.    They  are  troub- 
lesome weeds. 
'I'llc  lesser  burdock  is  a  species  of  Xanthium. 

BO'REAU,  (bu'ro,)  71.  [Fr.  bureau,  an  ortice,  »  table,  a 
court,  a  chest  of  drawers;  Sp.  bnreo,  a  court  of  jus- 
tice ;  Arm.  fciircW;  Fr.  bare,  a  cloth.  The  primary 
sense  is  .1  cloth  covering  a  table,  like  exche(/uer.  Lu- 
uier.] 

1.  A  chest  of  drawers,  for  keeping  papersor  clothes. 

2.  A  department  for  the  transaction  of  business  by 
a  public  functionary.  (In  the  continent  of  Europe,  the 
highest  departments,  in  most  countries,  have  the  name 
of  bureau;  lis,  the  bureau  of  the  minister  of  foreign 
nfliiirs.  In  England  and  Jlmrriea,  the  term  is  con- 
fined to  inferior  and  subordinate  departments. 


In  Spanish,  this^word  bureo  is  a  court  of  justice 
for  the  trial  of  persons  belonging  to  the  king's  house- 
hold. 

BU-REAU'CRA-CY,  (bu-rS'kra-se,)  71.  A  system  in 
which  the  business  of  government  is  carried  on  in 
departments,  each  under  the  control  of  a  chief,  in 
contradistinction  from  a  system  in  which  the  ofiicers 
of  government  have  a  co-ordinate  authority.  [/JccMit.] 

Brande. 

BU-RETTE',  71.  In  chemistry,  an  instrument,  invented 
by  Gay-Luss.ac,  for  the  purpose  of  dividing  a  fluid  into 
hundredths  or  thousandths,  consisting  of  a  larger  grad- 
uated glass  tube,  and  a  smaller  parallel  tube,  connect- 
ed with  the  former  at  the  base,  and  recurved  at  the 
top.  P.  Cye. 

BURG,  77.  [This  is  the  same  word  as  Borough,  the 
only  difference  being  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  final 
letter.] 

A  borough  ;  originally,  a  fortified  town,  but  now  a 
city  or  town,  which  sends  members  to  parliament, 
whether  incorporated  or  not.    [See  Borough.] 

BURG'.AGE,  n.  [from  burg.]  In  English  law,  tenure 
in  burgage,  or  burgage  tenure,  is  tenure  in  socage, 
applied  to  cities  or  towns,  or  where  houses,  or  lands 
which  were  formerly  the  site  of  houses,  in  an  ancient 
borough,  are  held  of  some  lord  in  common  socage  by 
a  certain  established  rent ;  a  remnant  of  Saxon  lib- 
erty. Blackstone. 

BURG'A-.MOT,  71.    A  variety  of  pear.    [See  Berga- 

MOT.] 

2.  A  kind  of  perfume.    [See  Bergamot.] 
BURG'A-NET,  }  71.    [Fr.  bourguignote,  from  burg,  in 
BURG'O-NET,  j     the  sense  of  covering  or  guarding.] 

A  kind  of  lielmet,  the  Spanish  murrion. 

Spenser.  Shak. 
BUR-GEOIS',  77.    [Fr.  bourgeois,  pronounced  booriK- 
war',  from  bourg,  burg.] 
A  burgess. 

BUR-GEOIS',  (bur-jois',)  77.  A  species  of  type,  or  print- 
ing letter,  smaller  than  long  primer,  and  larger  than 
brevier.    [See  Bourgeois.] 
BUR'GEON.    See  Bourgeox. 
BUR'GESS,  /(.    [Fr.  bourgeois,  from  bourg,  burg.] 
1.  Ail  inhabitant  of  a  borough,  or  walled  town,  or 
one  who  possesses  a  tenement  therein  ;  a  citizen  or 
freeman  of  a  borough.  Blackstone. 
•2.  A  representative  of  a  borough  in  parliament. 

Blackstone. 

3.  A  magistrate  of  certain  towns.  Encyc. 

4.  Before  the  revolution,  the  representatives  in  the 
popular  branch  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia  were 
called  burgesses  :  as,  the  house  of  burgesses.  It  is  now 
called  the  house  of  delegates. 

BUR'G ESS-SHIP,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  a  bur- 
gess. Soiiyi. 

BURG'GRaVE,  77.  [G.  ?i7(ro-»rrn/;  iur^-,  a  fortress  or 
fortified  town,  and graf,  a  count.] 

A  title  in  Germany  ;  applied,  originally,  to  one  ap- 
pointed to  tlie  command  of  a  burg ;  but  aflerivard 
it  became  hereditary,  with  a  domain  attached.  Some 
of  the  burggravcs  were  immediate  members  of  the 
former  German  empire.    Erseh  and  Oruber,  Encyc. 

BURGH,  (burg,)  ?7.  A  different  orthography  of  Burg, 
Borough,  which  see. 

BURGII'-lioTE,  71.  [iiir-rA  and  *o«f.]  In  old  laws,  a 
contribution  toward  the  building  or  repairing  of  cas- 
tles, or  walls,  for  the  defense  of  a  city  or  town. 

Encyc. 

BURG(I'-BRi?rH,  11.  [Jiir^-A  and  iren/.-.]  A  fine  im- 
posed on  a  burgh,  for  a  breach  of  the  peace.  [English.] 

BURGIFER,  7!.  [from  burg.]  An  inhabitant  of  a 
burgh  or  borougii,  who  enjoys  the  privileges  of  the 
borough  of  which  he  is  a  freeman.  In  America,  it  is 
applied  to  any  native  citizen,  especially  in  the  stats 
of  New  York. 

BUR(;il'ER-MAS'TER,77.    See  Burco-Master. 

BURGH'ER-SIIIP,  77.  The  state  or  privilege  of  a 
burgher. 

BURGH'-.MXS-TER,  77.  [burgh  and  77ias(fr.]  .\  burgo- 
master ;  also,  an  ollicer  in  the  tin  mines,  who  directs 
and  lays  out  the  mecrs  for  the  workmen,  called  also 
builif,  and  bar-master.  '  Eneye. 

BUIl(ill'iM5TE,  77.  [Jiir^A  and  7ni)(f,  meeting.]  The 
court  of  a  iiir^'A  or  borough.  Encyc. 

BURG'LAR,  )i.  [burgh  or  burg,  a  house,  and  Arm. 
laer,  a  thief;  whence  Fr.  larron.] 

One  guilty  of  nocturnal  house  breaking ;  one  who 
breaks  and  enters  a  mansion  house,  with  intent  to 
commit  a  felony.  Coke. 

BUli(i-UA'RI-AN,  71.    .\  p«'rsoii  guilty  of  burglary. 

BURG-UA'RI-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  burglary  ;  con- 
stituting the  crime  of  burglary. 

To  coijie  down  a  diiiimcy  is  lickl  a  bierglanout  enlrv. 

Ijlac^tetoiy*. 

BURG-I-S'RI-OITS-LY,  adv.  With  an  intent  to  C(-.n- 
init  burglary  ;  in  the  manner  of  a  burglar. 

Blackstone 

BURG'I.A  RY,  71.  The  net  or  crime  of  noctui.inl 
liouse-brrakiiig,  with  an  intent  to  commit  n  feloi,/. 
To  (-(institute  this  crime,  the  act  must  be  committed 
in  tlie  night,  or  when  there  is  not  daylight  enough 
to  discern  a  man's  face.  It  must  be  in  a  mansiwU 
house,  or  in  an  adjoining  building  which  is  a  part  or 
parcel  of  the  mansion.    There  must  bo  an  actual 


FATE,  FAR,  F/VU.,  WH^T — MftTE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  UIRU.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  UQQK.— 


H  i:  R 

hrpakiii;;  iiiul  an  rntr)  ;  b\il  an  opcniliK  niiide  by 
the  oftVndiT,  ns  by  taking  out  a  pane  of  glass,  or 
lirtinK  n  window,  raising  a  latch,  picking  n  lock, 
or  removing  any  fastening,  ainuiints  to  a  breaking; 
and  putting  in  of  the  hand,  after  snch  breaking,  is 
an  entry.  'I'lie  act  must  also  be  done  with  an  in- 
tent to  oonnnit  felony.  Black.ilonr.. 
BURtJ'tJ-.MAS-TEIl,  n.  [bur I  ani  mrutrr.]  A  burgli- 
niaster ;  a  magistrate,  or  one  employed  in  the  gov- 
ernnirnl  of  a  city.  The  burgomaslrrs  are  the  chief 
inagistratca  of  the  great  towns  in  Holland,  Flanders, 
anil  Ceruiany. 

2.  \n  a(|uatic  bird,  the  glaucous  gull,  {Lams  r;laii- 
CHU,)  common  in  arctic  regions,  wliicli  lays  its  eggs 
in  til"  holes  of  rocks.  F.il.  F.ntyr.. 

iHIR'tiOUT,  (Imr'goo,)  ri.     .\  kind  of  thick  gruel 

n-^ed  by  seamen. 
ll'R'C.USVE,  n.     [burg  and  G.  graf,  D.  graaf,  a 

count.] 

In  .111111'  Europfan  countries,  an  hereditary  governor 
of  a  town  or  ciustle. 

[Properly  IU'Rgorwi:,  which  see.] 

BUR'OL'.N-DY,  n.  A  kind  of  wine,  so  called  from 
litirgnndy  in  Fnince.  Shen.^tonr. 

BUR'l"ri;.\-I)V  PITCH,  II.  Turpentine  from  which 
the  essential  oil  has  been  distilled  ort",  with  the  addi- 
tion of  water.    It  is  used  for  plasters. 

BIIRH  is  the  same  as  burg,  burgh,  with  the  aspirate. 
It  is  Sa.xon,  and  signifies  a  city,  a  castle,  a  house,  or 
tower.  Hence,  in  composition,  it  signifies  defense, 
protection  ;  as,  cwenburh,  {fjuern-biirh,)  a  woman 
ready  to  assist ;  Citthburh,  eminent  for  assistances. 

GibsotCs  Cuiitdeti. 

BUR'I-AL,  (ber'ri  al,)  n.  [Sec  Bi  rv.]  The  act  of 
burying  a  deceased  person  :  sepulture  ;  interment ; 
the  act  of  depositing  a  dead  body  in  the  earth,  in  a 
tomb  or  vault,  or  in  the  water. 

'2.  The  act  of  placing  any  thing  under  earth  or  wa- 
ter ;  as,  to  biirti  seed  in  the  earth. 

BI.'R'I-AL-PI.ACE,  II.  .\  place  appropriated  to  the 
burial  of  the  dead  ;  a  grave  yard. 

BUR'l-AL  SERVICE,  (ber're-al,)  n.  The  service 
performed  at  the  interment  of  the  dead. 

BUR'I-KD,  (bvt'Tid,)  pp.  or  a.  Dciwsited  in  the  earth, 
or  in  a  gnive. 

BUR'I-KR,  (ber'ri-er,)  n.  One  who  buries  u  deceased 
person.  Sltab. 

BC'RIN,  II.    [Fr.  burin  ;  Port,  bnril :  It.  bidinn.] 

A  graver  ,  an  instrument  for  engr.aving.  Julinsm. 

BURKE,  r.  (.  [from  the  name  of  the  Irishman  who 

.  first  c'lrnmitted  til.'?  crime,  in  ISaU.] 

To  nnirder  a  person  with  the  intention  of  selling 
the  body  for  dissection. 

ni"RK'f:n,  (burkt,);)p.  Murdered,  as  above.  [Modern.] 

Bl'RK'l.NG,  ppr.    .Murdering,  as  above. 

BCRL,  V.  t.  [See  BiBLT.]  To  dress  cloth  as  fullers 
do.  Johnson, 

3.  To  pick  knots  and  loose  threads  off  from  cloth. 

BL'R'I.ACE,  II.  [.V  contraction  of  burdtlais.]  .\  sort 
of  grape.  .Johnson. 

niJRI.'ER,  II.    A  dresser  of  cloth. 

BL'R-I,ES(1UE',  c-lesk,)  a.  [Fr. ;  It.  buries,  from 
bnrlarr,  to  ridicule  ;  burla,  mockery,  raillery  ;  Port, 
and  Sp.  hnrlar,  to  jest  or  scotf;  bnrlesco,  a  wag,  a 
jester.  The  termination  esqiie  answers  to  Eng.  i.ib.] 
Jocular;  tending  to  excite  laughter  by  ludicrous 
images,  or  by  a  contra-st  between  the  subject  and  the 
manner  of  treating  it,  a^  when  a  tridiiig  subject  is 
treated  with  gravity. 

BUK-I.ESCil,'E',  n.  Ludicrous  representation  ;  a  con- 
trast between  the  suliject  and  the  manner  of  treating 
it,  which  tends  to  excite  laughter  or  ridicule. 

9.  .\  composition  in  which  a  trilling  subject  or  low 
incident  is  treated  with  great  gravity,  as  a  subject  of 
great  dignity  or  importance ;  or  a  composition  in 
which  the  ennlrast  between  the  subject  and  the  man- 
ner of  considering  it  renders  it  ludicrous  or  ridic- 
ulous ;  as  in  Virgil  Travestie,  the  I.utrin  of  Boileau, 
Butler's  Iliidihns,  and  TruinbiiH's  -McFingal. 

BUR-LESCIL'E',  r.  f.  To  turn  into  ridicule;  or  to 
make  ludicrous  by  representation,  .as  by  treating  a 
low  or  trillina  subject  with  gre:it  gravity. 

BCR-I.ESa'l  ER,  (biir-lesk'er,)  ii.  One  who  bur- 
lesques or  turns  to  ridicule. 

BL'U-LET'TA,ii.    [Italian.  Sec  Bt:BLEs<<fi,  Biblt.] 
.\  coinic  opera  ;  a  musical  farce. 

BUR'LI-.NESS,  II.    [See  BiBLi.]    Bulk  ;  bhister. 

./ii.^ii.viin. 

BUR'IjY,  a.  [The  sense  probably  is  .ttrellriL  Hence  | 
it  accords  with  Riiss.  burh/u,  to  be  noisy,  to  swell  n-s  j 
sound,    (iu.  \V.  brnltaic.    See  Bcrles^ce.] 

Great  in  size  ;  bulky  ;  tumid  ;  f;dsely  great ;  bois-  ] 
teroiis.  Dryden.    Coicirtj.  I 

This  word  is  obsolete,  or  nearly  so,  in  .Vmerica  ;  but ' 
kurl^-burhi  is  common,  in  vulgar  use,  for  noise,  con-  j 
fusion,  uproar. 
BURN,  1. 1. ;  prrt.  and  pp.  Bi  ried  or  Bcrnt.    [Sax.  | 
brrnan,  birrnan,  or  byman,  to  burn  ;  brijne,  a  burning  I 
tirr,  ardor;  Sw.  brinna,  brdnna ;  G.  brennen  ;  Li.} 
branden  ;  Diin.  brtrttd^,  from  brand:  L.  /iruim,  and, 
perhaps,  furnns,  fornai,  a  furnatc.    The  primary 
sense  is,  to  rage,  to  act  with  violent  excitement.) 

I,  To  consume  with  lire  ;  to  reduce  to  ashes  by 


in  H 

the  action  of  heat  or  lire  ;  frequently  with  up  :  as,  to 
burn  up  wood. 

2.  To  expel  the  volatile  parts  and  reduce  to  eliar- 
cnal  by  fire  ;  as,  to  burn  wood  into  coal.  Hence,  in 
popular  languiige,  to  barn  a  kiln  of  wood,  is  to  cliar 
the  wood. 

3.  To  cleanse  of  soot  by  burning;  to  inflame;  tia, 
to  barn  a  chimney  ;  au  rj-tensive  ii-ie  of  the  wunl. 

4.  To  liarileii  in  the  fire  ;  to  bake  or  harden  by 
heat  ;  :i.s,  to  burn  bricks  or  ;i  brickkiln, 

h.  To  scorch;  to  atlect  by  lieiit ;  as,  to  burn  the 
clothes  or  the  legs  by  the  tire  ;  to  burn  meat  or  bread 
in  cookery. 

ti.  To  injure  by  fire  ;  to  alT.ict  the  flesh  by  heat. 
7.  To  dry  up  or  dissipate  ;  with  up  :  as,  to  burn  up 
tares.  Dnjdrn. 

i.  To  dry  excessively;  to  cause  to  wither  by  heat ; 
as,  the  sun  burns  the  grass  or  plants. 

y.  To  heat  or  intiauie ;  to  ailecl  with  excessive 
stiniiiliis  ;  .as,  ardent  spirits  burn  the  stomach. 

10.  To  heat  so  much  in  cookery,  as  to  give  the 
food  a  disagreeable  einpyreuiuatic  taste,  ilencc  the 
phrase  AiinK  to.  , 

1 1.  To  calcine  with  heal  or  fire  ;  to  expel  the  vola- 
tile matter  from  substances,  so  tliat  they  are  easily 
pulverized  ;  as,  to  iHrii  oyster  shells,  or  limestone. 

12.  To  affect  with  excess  of  heal ;  as,  the  fever 
burns  a  patient. 

i:i.  To  subject  to  the  action  of  fire  ;  to  heat  or  dry  ; 
as,  to  Aiirii  colors.  Kncijc. 

14.  In  surgenj,  to  apply  an  actual  cautery  ;  to  cau- 
terize. 

7'i<  Aiim  up  ;  to  consume  entirely  by  fire. 
To  bum  out ;  to  burn  till  the  fuel  is  all  consumed. 
BUR.N',  1'.  I.    To  be  on  fire  ;  to  flame  ;  as,  the  mount 
burned  with  fire.  Kzodus. 

2.  To  shine  ;  to  sparkle. 

O  prince  I  O  whcrelore  barn  your  tyn  1  Hove, 

3.  To  be  inflamed  with  p.-ission  er  desire  ;  a.s,  to 
iurii  with  anger  or  love.  Thomson. 

4.  To  act  with  destructive  violence,  as  fire. 

Sh.ill  thr  »r>lh  6uni  lik?  lire?  — P«.  Iiiiix. 

5.  To  be  ill  commotion  ;  to  rage  with  destructive 
violence. 

The  groan  ttill  ilf^pcns  and  ihe  combat  bunta.  Pope. 
C.  To  lie  heated  ;  lobe  in  a  glow  ;  as, the  face  burn.t. 

7.  To  be  affected  with  a  sensation  of  heat,  pain, 
or  acidity  ;  as,  the  heart  burns. 

8.  To  feel  excess  of  heat  ;  as,  the  fiesh  burns  by  a 
fire  ;  a  patient  burns  with  a  fever. 

To  burn  out ;  to  bum  till  the  fuel  is  exhausted  and 
the  fire  ceases. 
B17R.\,  n.    .\  small  stream  ;  a  brook.  [ScoffkA.] 
BURN,  n.    A  hurt  or  injury  of  any  part  of  the  body, 
Ciiused  by  the  action  of  fire. 

2.  The  operation  of  burning  or  baking,  as  in  brick- 
making;  as.  they  have  a  good  burn. 
BURN'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  burnt.    [Little  used.] 
RUR.N'KD,  )  pp.  or  a.   Consumed  with  fire,  scorched 
BUR.NT,     \      or  dried  with   fire  or  he.it  ;  baked 

or  hardened  in  the  fire. 
BURN'Ell,  II.    A  person  who  burns  or  sets  fire  to  any 
thing. 

2.  .\n  appendage  to  a  lamp  designed  to  promote 
combustion. 

BURN'ET,  n.  ,\  plant,  the  I'oteriiim  Sangiiisorba, 
common  or  garden  burnet.  The  Sanguisorba  offici- 
nalis, is  the  wild  burnet  or  great  burnet. 

BURN'ET-SAX'I-FRAGE,  n.  A  name  common  to 
different  species  of  plants  of  the  genus  Pimpinella. 

BURN'ING,  ;i;ir.  Consuming  with  fire;  flaming; 
scorching;  hardening  by  fire;  calcining;  charring; 
raging  as  fire  ;  glowing. 

BUR.N'I.NG,  II.  Combustion  ;  the  act  of  expelling 
volatile  matter  and  reducing  to  ashes,  or  to  a  c;dx  ;  a 
fire  ;  iiiflainmation  ;  the  heat  or  raging  of  passion. 
In  surgrrij,  actual  caiiterj*  :  cauterization. 

BURN'I.NG,  a.    Powerful;  vehement;  as,  a  burning 
shame  ;  a  burning  scent.  Shck. 
2.  .Much  heated;  very  hot;  scorching. 

The  burning  pl;iini  of  tmli.\.  S.  S,  .'^tnith. 

BURN'I.NG-GL.KSS,  II.  [bum  and  gins,.]  .\  convex 
glass,  which,  when  expo.sed  to  the  direct  rays  of  the 
.sun,  collects  them  into  a  small  space,  or  point,  called 
a  focus,  producing  an  intense  heat.  The  name  is 
given  also  to  a  concave  mirror  which  condenses  the 
sun's  ravs.  Eneiic 

BURN'I.NG-MIR'ROR,  n.  A  single  concave  mirror  ; 
or  a  combination  of  plane  mirrors,  so  arranged  as 
to  combine  their  ravs  in  one  focus. 

Bl  RN'l\G-TllORN''Y-PLA\T,  n.  A  species  of 
Euphorbia  or  spurge.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BURN'ISII,  11.  (.  [Fr.  brunir :  D.  bmineercn ;  It. 
brunire:  Sp.  brunir.  This  word  undoubtedly  is  of 
.secondary  furinatioii,  from  the  color  of  flame.  See 

Bl'RN.] 

To  polish  by  friction ;  to  make  smooth,  bright,  and 
glossy  ;  :is,  to  burnish  sterl.  Drudm. 
BI  R.N'ISH,  r.  i.    To  grow  bright  or  glossy.  Su:ifU 
BURN'ISII,  n.    Gloss;  brightness;  luster. 

Christ.  Observ. 
BUR.\'ISII-ED,  (burn'isht, )pp.  Polished;  made  glossy. 


BUR 

BUR.N'ISII-ER,  n.  The  person  who  polishe.s  ur  makes 
glo«.sy. 

2.  An  instrument  used  in  polishing,  of  different 
kinds.  It  may  be  a  piece  of  round  polished  steel,  a 
dog's  or  woll^s  tooth,  a  piece  of  copper,  agate,  or  pel>- 
h\i-,  &c.  It  is  used  for  giving  a  gloss  or  smoothness 
to  metals,  to  the  edges  of  books,  &c. 
BUR.N'ISIMNG, ///ir.  Polishing;  making  smooth  and 
gloss,. 

BUR.N'OOSE,  I  II.  [Sp.  alborno:  ;  Port,  albemoi ;  Pers. 
BURN'OS,      i         ,  I  „ 

Ljhji  '  f^°r*^  biruna.] 

An  upper  cloak  or  garment,  used  by  the  .Arabs. 

Parkhurst. 

BURNT,  pp.  or  a.  from  BuR:«.  Consumed  ,  scorched  ; 
heated  ;  subjected  to  the  action  of  fire. 

BUIl.\T'-i"; AU,  11.  A  disease  in  grain,  by  ivliich  the 
seed  is  renili  red  abortive,  and  its  coat  covered  with 
a  black  powder ;  the  charbon  (coal)  of  the  French,  and 
the  brand  of  the  Germans.  P.  Ctic 

BURNT'-OF'FER-ING,  ii.  [burnt  and  offer.]  .Some- 
thing offered  and  burnt  on  an  altar,  as  an  atonement 
for  sin  ;  a  sacrifice  ;  called  also  barnt-sacrijice.  The 
offerings  of  the  Jews  were  a  clean  animal,  as  an  ox, 
a  calf,  a  goat,  or  sheep  ;  or  some  species  of  vegetable 
substance,  as  bread,  and  cars  of  wheat  or  barley. 

BURR,  II.    A  roughness  in  sounding  the  letter  r. 

2.  The  lube  or  lap  of  the  car.  Diet. 

3.  The  round  knob  of  a  horn  next  a  deer's  head. 

4.  The  sweetbread.  [Encyc. 
nU'RR'-.MILI/STONE,    See  Buhr-Stose. 
BURR'-PU.MP,  (.1.   A  pump,  having  a  staff  of  6,  7, 
lilUGE'-PUiMP,  (    or  8  feet  long,  with  a  bar  of  wood 

to  which  the  leather  is  nailed,  which  serves  instead 
of  a  box.  This  stafl"  is  worked  by  men  who  pull  it 
lip  and  down,  with  a  rope  fastened  to  the  middle  of  it. 

F^ncyc. 

BURR'-.STr).NE,  )  ii.   A  silicious  or  quartz  rock,  con- 

BUliR'-riTo.NE,  (  taining  many  irrcgul.ar  cavities, 
and  iis(!d  for  inill-stones. 

BUK'K.\S-PIPE,  II.  An  instniinent  or  vessel  used  by 
surgeons  to  keep  corrndiiig  powders  in.  Johnson. 

BUR'-REEl),  II.  .\  pl.itil.  the  Sparganium.  .Muhlenberg. 

BUK'REL,  II.  .\  sort  of  pear,  called  also  Ihe  red  but- 
ter pear,  from  its  smooth,  delicious,  soft  pulp. 

Philips. 

BUR'REL-FL7,  n.    The  ox-fly,  gad-bee,  or  breeze. 

Johnson, 

BUR'REL-SHOT,  ».    [Fr.  bourrelcr,  to  torment,  and 

shot,] 

Small  shot,  nails,  stones,  pieces  of  old  iron,  &c  , 
put  into  cases,  to  be  discharged  among  enemies. 

BUR'ROCK,  II.  .\  small  wier  or  dam  where  wheels 
arc  laiil  in  a  river,  for  catching  fish.  Philips, 

BUR'RoW,  II.  A  different  orthography  of  Burgh, 
lior.orijH,  which  see. 

BUR'RoW,  II.  [Sax.  byrgen,  a  sepulcher,  byrian,  to 
bury,  or  beorgan,  to  keep.] 

A  hollow  place  in  the  e.arth,  where  sm.all  animals 
lodge ,_and  sometimes  deposit  tlieir  provisions. 

BUR'RoW,  f.  1.  To  excavate  a  hole  in  the  earth  ;  to 
lodge  in  a  hole  excavated  in  the  earth,  as  conies  or 
rabbits.  Iii  a  more  general  sense,lei  lodge  in  any  deep 
or  concealed  place.  'I'he  word  seems  to  include  the 
idea  of  excav;Uing  a  hole  for  a  lodge,  as  well  as 
lodging  in  it ;  but  tlie  verb  is  not  often  used  transi- 
tively ;  as,  to  burrow  the  e.irtll. 

BUR'lioW-ING,  ppr.    Lodging  in  a  burrow. 

Bl.'IlS'.\R,  II.  [.See  Burse.]  A  treasurer,  or  cash- 
keeper  ;  as,  the  Z»uro-arof  a  college,  or  of  a  monastery  ; 
a  purser. 

2.  .A  student  to  whom  a  stipend  is  paid  out  of  a 
burse  or  fund  appropriated  for  that  purpose,  as  the 
exhibitioners  sent  to  the  universities  in  Scotland,  by 
each  pn'sb\ter>'.  F.neyc,  Johnson, 

BURS'.SR-.sillP,  II.    The  office  of  a  bursar.  Hales, 
BURS'. \-RY,  n.    The  treasury  of  a  college  or  mon- 
astery. 

2.  In  Seotland,  an  exhibition.  Kncitc. 
BURSCH,  (bursh,)  n.  ;  pi,  BunscHES.  [Ger.j  A  youth  ; 

especially  a  student  in  a  German  university. 
BURSE,  (burs,)  n.    [Fr.  bourse,  a  purse,  the  vesicle  of 

the  gall,  the  hull  or  skin  of  seeds,  an  exchange  ;  D. 

beurs,  a  purse,  an  exchange,  scrotum  ;  Ger.  bUrse,  a 

purse,  an  exchange;  I),  biirs,  the  same;  It.  borsa ; 

Sp.  and  Port,  bolsa,  a  purse  or  bag,  r  being  changed 

into  /.] 

1.  A  public  edifice  in  certain  cities,  for  the  meet- 
ing of  merchants  to  consult  on  matters  of  trade  and 
money,  and  to  negotiate  bills  of  exch.mge.  'I'his  is 
the  name  used  in  many  cities  in  Europe,  but  in 
England  and  America,  such  building  is  called  an 
exchange. 

2.  In  Prance,  a  fund  or  foundation  for  the  main- 
tenance of  piKir  scholars  in  their  studies.  In  the 
middle  ages,  it  signified  a  little  ctdlege,  ar  a  hall  in  a 
university.  Encyc. 

BURST,  V.  L  :  prrt  and  pp.  Bu«!it.  The  old  p.artici{)le 
bursten  is  nearly  obsolete.  [Sax.  byrstan,  burslan; 
D.  barsten  ;  G.  berstrn ;  Dan.  briste;  Sw.  brista,  to 
burst.  The  word  bristle  seems  to  belong  to  burst, 
denoting  a  shoot.] 

1.  To  fly  or  break  open  with  force,  or  with  sudden 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


157 


BUS 


iU'S 


BUT 


violence  ;  to  suffer  a  violent  disniption.  The  |)ecii- 
liar  force  of  this  word  is,  in  expressing  a  sudden  rup- 
ture, with  violence,  or  expansion,  or  both.  Hence  it  is 
generally  used  to  signify  the  snddi-n  rupture  of  a 
thing  hy  internal  force,  and  a  lilii  nition  from  con- 
hneinent ;  as,  to  burst  from  a  prison  ;  tile  lieari  bursts 
with  grief  Millun. 

2.  To  breali  away  ;  to  spring  from  ;  as,  to  liurst 
from  the  arms.  Pope. 

3.  To  come  or  fall  upon  suddenly  or  with  violence  ; 
to  rush  upon  unexpectedly  ;  as,  a  sound  bursts  upon 
our  ears. 

4.  To  issue  sudilt-nly,  or  to  come  from  a  hidden  or 
retired  place  into  miae  open  view  ;  as,  a  river  bursts 
from  a  valley  ;  a  spring  bursts  from  the  earth. 

5.  To  break  forth  into  action  suddenly  ;  as,  to 
burst  into  tears. 

6.  To  break  or  rush  in  with  violence  ;  as,  to  burst 
into  a  house  or  a  rootn. 

7.  To  open  spontaneously,  as  an  abscess. 

It  is  often  followed  by  an  intensive  particle  ;  as, 
otit,  forth,  await,  from,  or  asuufter. 

BURST,  V.  t.  To  break  or  rend  by  force  or  violence  ; 
to  ((pen  suddenly  J  as,  to  6Hr*-t  a  chain  or  a  door  ;  to 
bur.<t  a  cannon. 

BURST,  7i.  A  sudden  breaking  forth  ;  a  disniption; 
a  violent  rending  ;  more  appropriatVfit,  a  sudden  ex- 
plosion or  shonting  filth  ;  a-^.  a  burst  of  thunder;  a 
burst  of  :ippl;liist'  ;  a  tiur^t  of  ]i:i.-siun. 

9.  A  ru|ilure  or  limiia,  ur  ilic  unnatural  protrusion 
of  the  cinitents  of  the  abdonii'ii. 

BURST,       /  p)i.  or  u.    Affected  with  a  rupture  or 

BURST'/CN,  i  hernia. 

BURST,         (Ip  iit  d  or  rent  asunder  by  violence. 
BI'l{ST'/;\-\l>S.  //,    Till'  stiite  of  having  a  rupture  ; 
m'iiST'i;!;,  ».    Une  that  liiir-ts.  [the  hernia. 

BURST'l.XG,  ppr.  Rending  or  parting  by  violence; 
expkiding. 

BURST'-WORT,  n.    The  Herniaria,  a  plant  said  to 

be  good  against  hernia  or  ruptures. 
BURT,  ».    A  Hat  fi~li  of  theturbot  kind.  Johnson. 
BURTH'iCX.    See  Bi  fdev. 

BUR'TO.V,  lu    \  small  tackle  formed  by  two  blocks 

■  or  pul!e}s,  used  tti  set  up  or  tighten  the  tojimost 
shrouds,  and  for  various  other  purposes  ;  called  also 
top-bartou-tuclde.  Mar.  Diet. 

BUH'Y,  (ber'ry,)  n.  This  word  is  a  different  orthog- 
ra|)hy  <jf  bur^r,  burh,  borouofi.  Ft  signifies  a  house, 
habitation,  or  castle,  and  is  retained  in  many  names 
of  places,  as  in  Shrewsburit,  Dunburif,  Aldermanburij. 
The  word  is  used  by  Grew  for  barrow. 

BUR'Y,  (ber'ry,)  r.  (.  [Sax.  byrian,  burtraa,  to  bury  ; 
byriren,  a  tohib  or  sepulcher ;  allied  to  beorgan,  to 
save.] 

1.  To  deposit  a  deceased  person  in  the  grave ;  to 
inter  a  corpse ;  to  entomb. 

2.  To  cover  with  earth,  as  seed  sown. 

3.  To  hide ;  to  conceal ;  to  overwhelm  ;  to  cover 
with  any  thing;  as,  to  bury  any  one  in  tile  ruins 
of  a  city. 

4.  To  withdraw  or  conceal  in  retirement ;  as,  to 
bury  one's  self  in  a  muniisti  ry.  or  in  solitude. 

5.  To  commit  to  tiie  w  iiii t  ;  to  deposit  in  the 
ocean  ;  as,  dead  bodies  bnnrd  in  tlie  deep. 

6.  To  place  one  thing  within  another. 

Thy  niime  so  buried  in  iier.  Shak. 

7  To  forget  and  forgive;  to  hide  in  oblivion  ;  as, 
to  bury  an  injiirj  . 

To  bury  t/ie  linlrUet,  in  the  striking  metaphorical 
language  of  American  Indians,  is  to  lay  aside  the 
instruments  of  war,  forget  injuries,  and  make  peace. 

BUR'Y-I.VG,  (ber're-ing,)  ppr.  Interring;  hiding; 
covering  with  earth  ;  overwlielming. 

BUU'Y-ING,  (ber're-ing,)  n.  The  act  of  interring  the 
dead  ;  sepulture,    .hhn  xii.  7. 

BUR'Y-UVG-GROUNU,  /  «.     A  grave-vard  ;  a  place 

IiUR'Y-l.\G-PLA('E,  i  approjiriated  to  the  sepul- 
tur'^  of  the  dead;  a  church-yard. 

Bll.SlI,  n.  [D.  boscli  i  G.  huseli ;  Dan.  busk  ;  Sw.  buskc; 
it,  bosro  ;  Sp.  bosfjue ;  Port,  bosijue  ;  whence  Sp.  bos- 
cage, Fr.  bocage.  It.  boscala,  a  grove  or  cluster  of 
trees,  (in.  Gr.  liooKoi,  L.  pasco,  originally,  to  feed 
on  sprouts.] 

1.  A  shrub;  particularly  a  shrub  with  branches 
rising  from  or  near  the  root ;  a  thick  shrub  ;  also,  a 
cluster  of  shrubs.    With  hunt'  is,  a  fox  tail. 

Spenser.     fViillrr.     Eneye.  .^sh. 

9.  A  thicket  or  placi'  abounding  in  trees  or  bushes. 
[This  was  tlie  original  sense  of  the  wonl,  as  in  Ihi' 
Imteh  ho.^h^^  wood,  and  was  so  used  by  ( 'liaiirer. 
In  this  sense  it  is  extensively  used  in  the  British 
cohinies,  especially  at  the  Cape  of  (Jood  Hope,  where 
it  may  have  been  borrowed  from  llie  Dutch. ) 

3.  A  branch  of  a  Im:  ri\(  il  or  liiiiig  out  as  a  tavern 
Hign.  Hence,  since  the  liraurh  has  been  discontin- 
ued, a  coronated  frame  of  wood,  hung  out  as  a  tav- 
ern sign,  is  HO  called.  Hence  the  English  proverb, 
**  Good  wine  nee<ls  no  bush."  Knrye. 

[I  kuoa  nut  llml  tliia  in  no  used  in  the  United 
Staler.  ] 

4.  A  circle  of  metal  let  into  the  sheaves  of  siicli 
blockB  OS  have  Iron  pins,  to  prevent  their  wearing. 

JUar.  Diet. 


The  word  is  aiiplicabla  to  a  like  circle  in  other 
round  holes  as  to  the  key-hole  of  a  watch,  the  vent 
of  a  gun,  &c. 

This  word  when  applied  to  sheaves  is  called  bvsh, 
but  when  applied  to  the  circular  inm  of  a  cart  wheel 
is,  ill  America,  called  a  box.  Ciu.  It.  basso,  the  box- 
tree  ;  bossolo,-:\  lillle  l)o\.    JohiHon  writes  il  bushel. 

BUSH,  I).  /.    To  crow  Iliic  k  or  bushy.  Milton. 

BUSH,  e.  /.  To  fiirni-h  a  block  with  a  hush,  or  to  line 
an\-  orifice  u  itli  metal  to  [irevent  wearing. 

BUSH'KL,  [Vr.  boissrau  ;  Arm.  bocsel ;  Norm,  bus- 
sel :  probalilv  from  boiste,  boUe,  a  1k)X  ;  It.  bos.iolo, 
that  is,  a  little  box.] 

1.  A  dry  mea-ure,  cimtaining  eight  gallons,  or  four 
pecks.  The  Winc  hester  bushel,  used  in  England 
from  the  time  of  Henry  VII.  to  the  year  182(5,  con- 
tains eight  giillons  of  wheat  ;  each  gallon,  eight 
pounds  (if  wheat,  Irny  weight  ;  the  pound,  twelve 
ounces  tniy  ;  Ilie  oiiiire,  twenty  sterlings,  and  the 
sterling,  tiiiri\  -t\\o  gniins  of  wheat  growiim  in  the 
niidille  of  lie"  ear.  l  ie-  cont'-nts  are  2I5').42  solid 
ineli'-s,  ('(luivab  iit  to  IIHI  ounces  and  14  peniiy- 
\\eiglits  ti()\.  hi  |s  >t;,  the  jin[n-rial  bii^lir]  \vas  in- 
troduced into  Kii','1  mil,  coiUaining  a-JIS.Iffi  cubic 
inches  ;  su  tlmi  :t:t  of  the  old  or  Winrhesler  bushels 
are  ver\  neatly  eijual  to      imiierial  bushels.  Bramle. 

The  Wmc  liester  bu~Iiel  is  used  still  in  the  United 
States. 

Bushel  signifies  both  the  quantity  or  capacity,  and 
the  vessel  which  will  contain  the  quantity.  But  a 
vessel  of  this  kind  is  not  in  use.  The  half  bushel 
measure  is  used. 

2.  In  popular  language,  a  large  quantity,  indefi- 
nitely. Johnson. 

3.  The  circle  of  iron  in  the  nave  of  a  wheel ;  in 
America,  called  a  6ex.    [See  Bush.] 

Bl'SU'EL  At;E,  n.    A  duty  payable  on  commodities 

by  till-  liii-;iiei.    [JVet  used  in  the  United  Stutcs.] 
BI  SU  ET,  ».    A  wood. 

BUSiri-N  ESS,  «.  [from  hush,  bushy.]  The  quality  of 
beini:  bushy,  thick,  or  intermixed,  like  tlie  branches 
of  a  bush. 

BUSH'-.MAN,  a.    [D.  bose'i-man,  bosrhjes-man.] 

.\  woodsiiiaii  ;  a  iiiiiiie  which  the  Dutch  give  to 
a  tribe  of  wild  and  iVrorioiis  inhabitaitts  of  .-Vfrica, 
near  the  (  'ape  of  Good  Hope. 
BUSir.Mi;\'i'.  K.    [from  4hoA.]    A  thicket ;  a  cluster 

of  liii-lu-i-.    l^Vol  used.]  Rale.rh. 
BUSII'V,  a.    jfroiii  bush.]    Full  of  branches;  thick 
and  spreading,  Iik»  a  bush  ;  as,  a  bushy  beard  or 
brier.  Bacon. 
2.  Full  of  bushes ;  overgrown  with  shrubs. 

Drydeu. 

BIIS'I-£:n,  (biz'zid,)  pp.  of  Bi'sv. 

BUS'l-LESS,  (biz'ze-K'Ss,)  a.  [See  Busy.]  Without 
b:i-;iie  >s  :  at  It  isllre  ;  iineniplnyed.  Shuk. 

BUff'I-L\',  ^lii/.'/.e-iy,)  adv.  \Vi::i  constant  occtjpation  ; 
actively  ;  eanu'stiy  ;  as,  to  Ik-  busily  em;. loved. 

2.  \^'lth  an  air  of  liinr\  or  iinpnrliiiice  ;  u  ith  too 
much  eiiiiiisin  ;  inipnitunatrh-  i  olHcioiislv.  Dnidin. 

BUS'I-.NESS,  (biz'ni-ss,)  «.  [See  lU  sv.]  '  Eiuploy- 
ni'-iit  ;  that  wliirli  in-ni|iie-i  tile  time,  attention,  and 
latior  of  mi  ll,  lor  Ilie  piir[MHe  of  [iroht  or  improve- 
ment ;  a  ir.'rd  of  ertrnsire  use  and  indefinite  stirniji- 
eution.  Business  is  a  [laiticiilar  ocriipiitioii,  as  aizri- 
culttire,  trade,  mechanic  art,  or  iirot'essmii,  and  when 
used  of  a  [larticular  emplii_\  nicnt,  the  \^"ord  admits  of 
the  plural  niiiuher,  businesses.  Busiuesis  is  also  any 
tempcirary  employment. 

2.  Alfairs  :  concerns  ;  as,  a  man  leaves  his iiiiA'iiiejfS 
in  an  iniM  itleil  state, 

3.  The  siiliject  of  employment  ,  that  which  en- 
gages the  care  and  attention. 

You  are  so  rnucli  the  business  of  our  boiila.  Dryden. 

4.  Serious  engagement  ;  important  occupation,  in 
distinction  from  trivial  affairs. 

It  should  Ik  the  iimin  business  of  life  (o  serve  (iixl,  mid  ohey  his 
comnLliuis. 

5.  Concern  ;  right  of  action  or  interposing  ;  ;is, 
what  busiurits  has  a  man  with  the  disputes  of  others 

G.  A  point ;  a  matter  of  question  ;  something  to  he 
examined  or  considered. 

Fitness  to  govern  is  a  perplexed  business.  Bacon. 

7.  Something  to  be  done  ;  employment  of  impor- 
tance to  one's  interest,  opposed  to  amusement;  as, 
we  have  no  biLsiness  in  to^vn. 


They  were  fur  fn>i 
one._J,.dse, 


the  Zidoiiiniis,  and  hiul  no  business  with  aivy 


S.  Duty,  or  employment  that  duty  enjoins.  A 
lawyer's  business  is  to  do  justice  to  his  clients. 

7V)  do  the  business  for  a  man,  is  to  kill,  destroy,  or 
ruin  nini. 

BUS'l-NESS-EIKE,  a.    Being  in  tin;  true  manner  of 
BU.SK,  n.    [Fr. /yes'/i/c. ]  [business. 
A  piece  of  slerl,  whalebout?,  or  wood,  worn  by 
women  on  the  brea.st,  to  form  the  shape  ;  a  word  dc- 
pendenl  on  fashion.  Donne. 
BUSK,  n.    .\  bush,    [.^rot  used.] 

HUSK,  e.  i.  To  be  active  or  busy.  This  is  |irohably 
th(^  Saxon  word  bysgian,  to  busy,  or  the  Sp.  busenr, 
to  search.  Busk  is  still  used  in  .Aini  rica.  [See 
Hmv.]    Fairfax  uses  il  in  tin-  sense  of  prepare. 


transitively,  "  to  Jk.'j/;  them  to  battle."  In  the  Scot- 
tish dialect,  it  signifies  to  dress  or  uttire. 

BUSK'/;l),  (biiskt,)  a.    Wearing  a  busk.  Pollok. 

BUSK'ET,  71.  A  small  bush,  or  a  compartment  of 
sliriilis  in  a  garden.  Spenser. 

BUSK'IiN,  n.  A  kind  of  half  boot,  or  high  shoe,  cov- 
ering the  foot  and  leg  to  the  middle,  and  tied  under- 
neatli  the  knee,  worn  by  actors  in  tragedy  on  the 
stage.  The  buskins  of  tlie  ancients  had  very  thick 
soles;  to  raise  the  actors  and  actresses  to  the  stature 
of  the  persons  they  represented.  Eneyc. 
2.  In  classic  authors,  the  word  is  used  for  tragedy. 

BUSK'lX-i:U,  (busk'ind,)  a.    Dressed  in  buskins. 

Milton. 

BUSK'Y,  a.  Bdshy  ;  wooded  ;  sliaded  or  overgrown 
with  trees  or  shrubs;  generally  written  ii<«/iy.  [See 
Bush.]  Shak. 

BUSS,  ?i.  [Per.  ^i^KjMyJ  bosidun;  .\r.  (j«.Lj  bausa, 

to  kiss ;  L.  basio :  Fr.  baistr ;  Norm,  beser ;  Sp. 
besar :  Port,  beijar ;  It.  boeiare;  D.  poezen,  to  kiss. 
The  verb  may  be  from  the  noun,  and  perhaps  from 
the  name  of  the  lip  ;  at  any  rate,  from  the  same 
radical  sense,  to  push  ;  Per.  pin,  the  lip  ;  W.  and  Ir. 
bus,  the  lip  ;  D.  poes,  a  kiss,  a  pu.ss,  a  fur  tippet,  a 
girl ;  Sp.  beso,  a  kiss  ;  Port,  beieo,  the  lip  ;  beijo,  a 
kiss;  It.  bucio.  This  word,  so  venerable  for  its  an- 
tiquity and  general  use,  has  fallen  into  disreiiule.] 

1.  A  kiss  ;  a  salute  with  the  lips. 

2.  [D.  buis  :  <;.  b'ise  :  Uuss.  busu.]  A  small  vessel, 
from  SO  to  70  tuns  liunlen,  carrying  two  masts,  ami 
two  sheds,  or  cabins,  one  at  each  end  ;  used  in  the 
herring  fishery.  Eneyc.    Mar.  D.ct. 

BUSS,  V.  t.  To  kiss  ;  to  salute  with  the  lips.  Shak. 
BUST,  71.    [It.  and  Sp.  busto  ;  Fr.  baste;  L.  bustuni.] 

1.  In  sculpture,  the  figure  of  aper.son  in  relief,  show- 
ing only  the  head,  shoulders,  and  stomach  ;  ordiiiii- 
rily  placed  on  a  pedestal  or  console.  In  speaking  of 
an  antique,  we  say  the  head  is  marble,  and  the  bust 
porphyry,  or  bronze ;  that  is,  thj  shoulders  and 
stomach. 

2.  The  chest  or  thorax ;  the  trunk  of  the  liunian 
hody.  Eneyc. 

BUS'1''ARD,  71.  [Ai«  and  tarda :  It.  otnrda ;  Fr. 
oularde.    .■\ncient  Celtic,  tarda.    Plin.  10,  22.] 

The  Otis  tarda,  a  species  of  bird  of  the  Grallic 
order,  growing  to  the  weight  of  2.5  or  27  pounds, 
with  a  hreadtli  of  wing  of  six  or  seven  feet.  It  in- 
habits England,  and  the  temperate  regions  of  Europe, 
and  of  parts  of  .\sia  and  Africa,  feeding  on  green 
corn  and  other  vegetaliirs,  and  on  earth-worms.  It 
runs  fast  and  lakes  tliglit  with  difficulty.  Eneue. 

BUS'TLE,  (biis'l.j  c.  I.  [This  word  may  be  allied  to 
busy,  or  to  L.  fesiuio.] 

'i'o  stir  quick  ;  to  be  very  active ;  to  he  very  quick 
in  motion,  often  or  usutilly  with  the  sense  of  noise 
or  agitation. 

And  leave  the  world  for  me  to  busUe  in.  Slink. 

BUS'TLE,  (hiis'l,)  «.  Hurry  ;  great  stir;  rapid  motion 
with  noise  and  agitation;  tumult  from  stirring  or  agi- 
tation ;  combustion. 

All  w'liiKl  li  ive  LK'en  well  wilhoiit  ihis  bustle.  Speclr.tor. 

Bl'S'TEEl!,  (bus'lei,)  n.    An  active,  stirring  person. 

BUS'TLl.Ni;,  (bus  ling,)  ppr.  or  a.  Stirring;  moving 
actively,  with  noise  or  agitatiim. 

BUST  U,  II.  A  bust ;  sometimes,  perhaps,  used  for  a 
statue.  .Idiniole. 

BUS'Y,  (biz'zy,)  a.  [&ix.  bysi,  bysig ;  whence  ti/spo-, 
business,  bysgian,  to  busy  ;  I),  bciig,  blisj-  ;  bc-.igen, 
to  busy,  to  use.  This  word  apiiears,  from  the  Dutch, 
to  be  composed  of  be,  the  prefix,  and  lig,  the  root  of 
see,  contracted  in  inf.  to  lien,  but  retained  in  the 
pret.  lag,  and  in  the  derivatives,  ligt,  sight,  tiglbaar, 
visible.  \\'e  find  beiigtigen  signifies  to  view.  If  this 
opinion  is  correct,  the  primary  sense  is  .seeing,  or 
closely  inspecting.] 

1.  Employed  with  constant  attention  ;  engaged 
about  something  that  renders  interruption  inconve-  ] 
nient ;  as,  a  nitin  is  busy  in  posting  liis  books. 

My  iiiislress  is  busy,  mid  cull  liol  com?.  Slink. 

2.  Actively  employed  ;  occupieil  without  cesstilion  ; 
constantly  in  motion  ;  as,  a  busy  bee.  Shak. 

3.  Active  in  that  which  does  not  concern  the  per- 
son ;  nu'ddling  with  or  prying  into  the  alfairs  of  oth- 
ers ;  orticioiis  ;  importunate  :  hence,  Iroublesome  ; 
vexatious.  Waller. 

4.  Much  occupied  with  employment ;  as,  a  busy 
day. 

BUS'Y,  (biz'zy,)  »■.  I.  To  employ  with  constant  atten- 
tion ;  to  keep  engiiged  ;  to  make  or  keep  busy  ;  as;  to 
busy  one's  self  with  books. 

To  I.-  (ii/«ier/  wiUi  grniis  .iiid  species.  Loclce.  \ 

BUS'Y-BOD'Y,  (biz'zy-bod'y,)  H.  [hu.iy.mX  body.]  A 
nieildling  person  ;  ime  who  olficiously  concerns  him- 
self with  the  atl'airs  of  others.  Taylor 

BUS'Y-I.\(;,  (biz'zv  iiig.) /i/.r.   Constantly  employing. 

BUS'V-iMT.MVEl),  ,1.    Having  an  active  niind. 

BUT,  pari,  for  bulan.  [Sax.  bulan,  butun,  bula,  butt, 
without,  on  the  outside,  abroad:  1"  ■.ic,  except,  or 
excepting,  besides  ;  that  is,  separated,  not  included. 
The  verb  is  not  in  the  Saxon  ;  but  in  Dutch  we  have 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi^T.  —  MRTE,  PKBY.  — PI.\E,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQEF,  BQpK.- 


BUT 


BUT 


the  verb  in  irs  primary  si-nsc,  huileiiy  to  rove  or 
(li-r,  t(i  <;(i  fri'i'lHMitmj; ;  ttinty  lunily  ;  fmifritj  itut,  willi- 
oiil,  iibroad,  bt  siili  s,  except ;  biiiirn  Iwuril,  overlHHiril ; 
buitcn  itnir^  out  of  (ItHirs  ;  buiten  liiti<^  an  t>nt-honse  ; 
biiilcii  mail,  an  <iiit-nian,  a  slranaerj  C  bnitr,  bcKity  ; 
yw.  bijlr,  Imoty  ;  bi/tii,  to  exclniMjiC  ;  Dan.  bijllr,  booty, 
a  partuiL',  division,  distribution  ;  bijllr,  to  jKirt,  (lividr, 
*'xclian<:t',  l)artt'r;  Sp.  butin:  It.  buttiiio ;  Fr.  huttn, 
booty.  'I'bi'  primary  sense  »( buotij  is  to  rove  or  wan- 
der, «>  pari  or  separate  from  ;  applied  to  persons,  it  is 
to  wandi  r  ;  applied  lo  Ibiiifis,  it  may  iniliide  ^Irip- 
\i\ns.  Bui.,  tlu  n,  is  a  contraction  of  biiUin,  ami  pri- 
marily a  participle.! 

1.  F.xcept  ;  besides  ;  unless. 

Wlm  cui  il  l<,  but  perjunsl  Lycori  i  Smitfi. 
That  is,  removed,  separated,  excepted.     Lycon  be- 
iiii;  separated,  or  excepted,  who  can  it  be.' 

AikI,  but  iiiliniiilv, 
Which  wniti  upon  worn  tiiiH'*,  hiith  nuiiiethin^  •eizod 
11)9  wt^lifil  iihility,  iv  hAil  hiniiiell 

Thi-  litulit  itii.l  vi-.tU  T"  moa.tiin-*!.  Shnk. 
That  is,  except,  unless,  separate  this  fact,  tlial  In- 
lirmity  had  seized  liis  ability,  he  had  measured  the 
laiiils  and  waters. 

In  this  use,  but,  biitan,  is  a  participle,  e<piivalent  to 
eTCPptinir,  and  may  be  refern'd  lo  the  person  speak- 
ins,  or,  more  naturally,  it  is  equivalent  to  exrr^tnl, 
and  Willi  the  followiii»  words,  or  clause,  foriniu^  Ihe 
case  absolute. 

Whii  cm  )(  I*,  I.ycon  beHi»  rxcpte<l  ? 

Anil,  but  niv  nuhlf  Moor  is  tnie  of  mind,  it  were  enough  lo  put 
liini  to  III  tliiiikiii!;.  ShtiJ:. 

iL  Clin  not  l«  6u(  Nttlur^  hnlh  tome  director,  of  inllnii)*  powfi,  to 
gtiiil*'  Iter  HI  Aii  Ikt  »ny».  rtooi'er. 

Thcfp  a  no  qui.stion  6u{  the  khiK  of  Spniu  will  fetorni  must  ol 
tht*  nlNiw>».  A'ltlisQH. 

It  is  not  iiiipoiaii>le  but  1  inHV  nllcr  the  complexion  of  iiiv  phiv. 

iiryjen 

In  tile  hist  three e.xamples,(Aat  is  omitted  after  but. 

Jt  b  not  impuKsiUe  but  that  I  may  aher  llie  complexion  ot  my 
pl.iy. 

In  these  and  all  similar  phrases,  but  denotes  separa- 
tion, exception. 

2.  Only  ;  as,  there  is  but  one  man  present. 

.V  ^nnttLttile  m:\ii  but  to  hts  frienils.  Dnfieii. 

This  use  of  bat  is  a  modern  inniivntion,  but  per- 
haps lot»  firmly  eslablislietl  to  be  yirrerteil.  In  all 
such  phra-ses,  a  negative,  not,  iiutJiiiiir,  tir  other  word, 
is  omitteti.  lie  is  mit  a  formitiable  iiitiii,  but  to  his 
enemies  ;  that  is,  excrpt.  There  is  nut  but  one  man 
present ;  that  is,  there  is  not  except  or  Ar,«(/f.<  one  pres 
i  nt.  So,  also,  "  Our  lijlil  attliction  is  but  for  a  mo 
.iiient."  2  Cur.  iv.  Our  alHictioii  is  not,  except  for  n 
moment. 

11  they  kill  us,  we  shnll  Jul  ,lie.  —  i  K\i<Tt  vii. 

The  common  people  in  Anrerica  retain  the  oriitin- 
al  and  correct  phrase,  usually  eniployiiis  a  negative. 
They  tlo  not  say,  I  have  but  one.  On  the  oilier  hand, 
they  say,  I  have  not  but  one  ;  that  is,  I  lia\  e  not  ex- 
cept one  ;  except  tine,  ami'  I  have  ntuie.  This  word 
but,  for  butnn,  is  not  a  ctmjiincliim,  nor  h.as  it  the 
least  athnity  to  Ihal  part  of  speech. 
BUT,  cimj.  [Sax.  bate,  reparation,  satisfaction,  com- 
pensation ;  and  adverbially,  moreover,  further,  that 
is,  sonielhing  added  to  make  gotid,  to  supply  that 
which  is  wanted,  from  bttan,  to  make  britrr,  or 
more,  to  amend,  th:.t  is,  to  advance  ;  I),  buctc;  Sw. 
bote  i  Dan.  bamte ;  \V.  buz,  atlvantace.  So,  in  Oer. 
abrr,  but,  is  the  Eni:.  «r*T.  In  some  of  tlu'se  lan- 
gtifiges,  it  denotes  a  line  or  penance,  that  which 
makes  satisfaction.  In  Danish,  profit  ;  bnaile,  to 
gain  or  protil  ;  VV.  buziaie  :  Goth,  butijan,  id.  ;  G. 
bti.<.<e,  bits.-ien.  We  use  this  wtird  as  a  noun,  in  the 
phrase,  lie  gives  a  guinea  to  bout,  that  is,  to  make 
good,  to  satisfy,  or  by  way  of  additittn  ;  and  !us  a 
verb,  in  the  phrase,  What  boulj  it.'  what  gain  or 
pnilil  is  it.'  Il  ia  radically  the  same  word  as  iff 
in  britrr:  and  the  radical  sense  is,  to  advance.] 

More  ;  further  ;  notini;  an  addition  to  supply  what 
is  wanting  to  elucidate  or  modify  the  sense  of  the 
preceding  i«rt  of  a  sentence,  or  of  a  discourse,  or  to 
continue  the  discourse,  or  to  exhibit  a  conlrtist. 

Now  ftlii>lc  Uith,  liopr-,  ch  »rity,  these  thn-e  ;  6u{  the  freatcsl  of 
these  is  chiirity. —  I  l  i-r,  xiii. 

When  prije  cuni<-th,  then  cuineUi  shame ;  &ul  with  the  lowly  is 
wis,torn.  —  Prov.  xi. 

Our  wiims  are  many  atitl  grievous,  but  quite  of  another  kind. 

The  hoiui-  nf  n'pn.sentatufe«  were  well  ajreed  in  p.tS8inj  the 
bill  ;  6ul  tlie  ft-nale  dissenUfl, 

This  word  is,  in  fact,  a  noun,  equivalent  to  addition 
or  supply  ;  but,  in  grammatical  constriictiim,  no  in- 
convenience results  from  considering  il  to  be  a  con- 
nective. 

BUT,  n.  [Fr.  bout,  end,  extremity,  .md  but,  end,  aim, 
design  ;  .\nn.  iiit  or  baul.  It  is  sometimes  written 
fciift,  especially  when  applied  to  the  end  of  a  plank. 
Il  coinciiles,  in  sense  anil  eU  inenls,  with  I.,  prin,  Sp. 
bote,  a  Ihnist,  batnr,  to  cast,  II.  bulla,  bntio,  hollare, 
Fr.  botte,  bonder.  Eng.  poiif,  and  many  other  words. 
See  BiTT.] 

1.  \n  end  ;  a  limit ;  a  bound.  It  is  used  particu- 
larly for  the  larger  end  of  a  thing,  .as  of  a  piece  of 
timber,  or  of  a  fallen  tree  ;  that  which  grows  nearest 
the  earth  It  is  not  often  applied  to  the  bnund  or  lim- 
it of  land  ;  yet  buUed,  for  bounded,  is  often  used. 


*X  The  end  of  a  plank,  in  a  ship's  .^id'*  nr  litittom, 
which  iiiiili -i  Willi  aiiiiilii  r  ,  geni  rally  wrilteii  lii.TT. 

3.  .\  mark  or  iibjerl  of  ritliciile. 

4.  Till'  foot  or  end  of  a  plaj. 

BUT,  V,  i.  'J'o  be  boiiniletl  l>y  ;  In  lit-  contiguous  lo  ;  a 
tPuril  use<l  in  ^inericiu    [.^ee  Ahi-t.J 

RL'T'-END,  II.  [/ii<<  and  mil.]  The  largest  or  blunt 
end  of  a  thing  ;  as,  th<'  but-niil  of  a  musket,  or  of  a 
piece  of  timber.  TJiis  word  is  tautologit:al,  but  ami 
euil  si<riiiu  iiig  the  saiii--  thiii<:  ;  unless  but  \a  coiisiil- 
ered  as  eqiiiv.-ilellt  lo  sirrtlm^r,  prutubi  runt. 

nU'l  l'll'l'.!!,  II.  [Fr.  boiuhiri  Ann.  bur:rr,  a  butcher  ; 
Fr.  huur/irrir  ;  II.  brrchmu,  luilelier\',  sinmblcs.  TIih 
primary  sense  probably  is  lo  stick  or  stab,  as  the  I'r. 
bouchrr  signifies  to  stop,  that  is,  to  sel,  lo  tliriisl.] 

1.  One  who  slaughters  aiiiiiials  fiir  iirtrket  ;  or  one 
whose  oeeiipatioii  is  lo  kill  animals  for  the  table.  The 
Word  may,  and  often  does,  include  the  person  who 
cuts  up  and  sells  iii  -at. 

a.  One  who  kills  men,  or  coiiiinands  troops  to  kill 
them  ;  one  wliti  shells,  or  causits  to  be  shed,  human 
binoti  in  abiindajire  ;  upplud  to  iirinrr.t  ami  coiiijuerurs 
ipko  ttrliirhl  in  icur,  or  arr  remarkable  for  dcstruijuij  hu- 
man life.  Loekr. 
BIJTCH'F.K,  e.  f.  To  kill  or  slaughter  animals  for  food, 
or  for  market. 

2.  To  murder  ,  but  emplialically  applied  to  murder 
cuiiiniitled  Willi  unusual  cruelly,  or  circumstances  tif 
uuromiiKui  baii>aril\'. 

IIS'TCII'F.K-lilltD,  11.  The  shrike  ;  n  name  cimimon 
to  difTerent  species  of  birtis,  of  lite  geiitis  l.aiiius. 
One  species  of  lliis  g  -nus  is  calh-tl  kinsf-bml,  friuii  its 
courage  in  attacking  hawks  and  crows.  Unciic. 

The  kiuu-biril  is  now  arranged  under  the  g.-niis 
Mliscicapa,  (^V.  Iirrannus.)  t',d.  F.iu  iiC. 

BUTCU'EK-fJI), /<;i.  or  11.    Killed;  slatighlereil. 

Itri'C'irER-I.Ni;,  ppr.  slaughtering. 

Bi;T(;il'EK-l-l-.\KSS,  n.  .\  cruel,  savage,  butcherly 
luaiiner.  Jufinsun, 

nilTI'll'ER-I.V,  a.  [from  Aiifr/,n-.]  Cruel  ;  savage  ; 
imirtlerous  ;  grossl\- and  cluiiisih'  barltaroiis.  Sbuk, 

B!:T('irEK'.«-llKob.M,  ,1.  A  plant,  the  Uiisciis  acii- 
leatiis,  called  also  knrr.  hollij.  It  is  used  by  butchers 
for  brtioiiis  to  sweep  their  blocks.  Knciic. 

lil  rni'F.R  KoW,  11.    A  row  of  shambles.  IVInilock. 

BrTCiri'.K  V,  n.  The  business  of  slaughtering  cattle 
for  the  table  or  for  market.  Pope. 

a.  .Murder,  especially  murder  coniinilted  with  unu- 
sual barbarity  ;  great  slaughter.       Shuk.  Drijdrn. 

X  The  place  where  animals  are  killed  for  market ; 
a  shambles,  or  slaugliter-liiiiise  ;  also,  a  place  wh.-re 
blootl  is  shed.  S!iiik. 

BUT'l.EK,  II.  [Fr.  ftoi/fciWiVr,  from  bonteille,  a  bottle, 
that  is,  the  boltliT!  U.  buttlcir,  a  butler,  from  buidil, 
botde,  a  bi.ttle.] 

.\  Servant  or  officer  in  the  houses  of  princes  and 
great  men,  whose  principal  business  is  to  lake  charge 
of  the  liipiors,  plate,  ,\cc.  Formerly,  an  tdlicer  in  tlie 
ctiiirt  of  France,  b -iiii;  the  same  as  the  grand  eclian- 
son,  or  great  cup  bearer,  of  l.tler  limes.  F.nnic. 

BUT'LEK-AOK,  n.  \  duly  of  two  shillings  on  every 
tun  of  wine  iui|M>rted  iiilo  England  by  foreigners  or 
nierrliaiil  strangers.  Il  was  a  coiiipositiiui  for  the 
privileges  grain  d  lo  tlieiii  by  King  John  and  Edward 
1.,  and  orimnally  r.  ceived  by  the  crow  n  ;  but  it  has 
been  granted  to  certain  noblem.  n.  It  was  called  fciif- 
leraire,  because  originally  p.'iid  to  the  king's  butler  lor 
the  king.  Black'Uine.  hZucitr. 

BL  T'EEK  SHIP,  n.  The  oliice  of  a  butler.  Ocii.  \'l. -Jl. 

BUT'.ME.NT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  abuutemcnt,  from  Aouf,  but, 
end.] 

1.  .\  bultre.ss  of  ,an  arch;  the  siip|)orter,  or  that 
part  which  joins  h  to  the  upright  pier.  Kncijc. 

•2.  The  mass  of  stone  or  stdid  work  at  the  end  of  a 
bridge,  by  which  the  extreme  arches  are  sustained. 
The  nia.ss  of  stone  at  the  end  of  a  timber  bridge, 
without  arches,  is  called  by  the  same  name.  It  is 
xvritten  also  .Xkctment. 

BUT'SIIAFT,  n.  [Aut  and  »7i<i/"f.]  An  arrow  to  shoot 
at  butts  with.  B.  Junson. 

BUTT,  71.  [.-^ee  But.]  Literally,  end,  furthest  point. 
Hence,  a  mark  lo  be  shot  at ;  the  point  where  a  mark 
is  set  or  fixed  to  be  shot  at.  Onjden. 

2.  The  iK)int  to  which  a  ptirimse  or  effort  is  direct- 
ed. Shak. 

3.  The  object  of  aim  ;  the  thing  against  which  an 
attack  is  directed.  Clarendon. 

Hence, 

4.  The  person  at  whom  ridicule,  jests,  or  contempt 
are  tlirected  ;  as,  the  butt  of  ridicule.  Spectator. 

.■>.  A  push  or  thrust  given  by  Ihe  head  tif  an  ani- 
mal ;  as,  the  butt  of  a  mm.  Aldo,  a  thrust  in 
fencing. 

fi.  A  cask  whose  contents  are  12G  gallons  of  wine, 
or  two  hogslieails  ;  called  also  a  pipe.  A  Aiiff  of  beer 
is  108  gidlons,  and  from  1.')(I0  to  2200  weight  of  ciir- 
miit-s  is  a  Aiif/.  [Sax.  Aii«c  or  fci/ff :  Sp.  fcefa.]  Johnson. 

7.  The  end  of  a  plank  in  a  ship's  side  or  bottom. 

jilar.  Diet. 

8.  A  particular  kind  of  hinge  for  doors.  &c. 

9.  Butts  and  bounds.    See  Bl'TTs. 

10.  Ji  bull's  length  :  the  ordinary  distance  from  the 
place  nf  shooting  to  the  butt,  i>r  mark  ;  as,  not  two 
pair  of  butts'  length  from  the  town.        Rich.  Diet. 


Ul'  I'T,  r.  1.  I  W.  pielittie,  to  bull,  to  thrust ;  II.  builart: 
Sp.  Aefiir  ;  Port,  botar,  to  thrust  er  throw  ;  Fr.  balte,n 
lliriisl ;  from  the  same  rtxit,  probably,  a.s  but,  bout ;  L. 

pel,,.] 

To  thrust  the  head  forward  ;  to  strike  by  thrusting 
the  head  against,  as  an  ox  or  a  ram.  lyoiion.  Dryden. 
HUT'TED,  pp.    Struck  with  Ihe  head. 

2.  II.    Having  abuttals  ;  a<,  the  land  is  butted  and 
1)1)11  iided  as  follows. 
BUT'TEIt,  n.    [Sax.  ftiifcr,  bulira  :  D.  boter :  Ger.  Aiif 
ffr:  D.  bulijrum  :  (ir.  ;<i>"7-«  j  k.] 

.An  oily  stib-laiiee  obtaineil  from  cream  or  milk  by 
churliiiig.  Agil.ttioll  separates  Ihe  lat  or  iiil\  part  of 
milk  IrtMu  the  si'rous  anil  curil\  part,  calU-il  butt,-r 
mi'.k. 

Butler;  in  the  old  chenii.-^trij,  a  name  given  losonie  of 
the  chlorids,  from  their  solt,  bulyraceoiis  consistence, 
will  n  recently  prepared  ;  as. 

Butter  of  uutnouuij:  now  called  the  sesquichlurid  of 
anliiuonij,  and  oblained  by  distilling  a  iniMiire  of  cor- 
rosive sublimate  and  aiiliiiioiiy. 

Buiirr  of  arsi  nie  i  tile  sesipiiclilorid  of  arsenic,  ob- 
lained l)\'  a  like  process. 

Bull, ,-  of  bi.^mulli .-  the  clilorid  of  bismuth. 
Butirr  of  tin  :  suliliiiiateil  iiiiiriale  of  liii. 
Butter  if  zinc:  the  chloriii  of /.inc. 
Butter ;  in  eegi  tuble  ch,-uii.slrii,  a  name  given  lo  cer- 
tain concrete  f:it  oils,  wbieli  remain  solid,  or  tif  a  bul- 
yraceoiis eimsisteiice,  at  the  ordinary  teiiiperaliire,  as 
those  of  the  cocoa-nut  and  the  eaciio. 

Botli  r  if  euruo  ;  an  oilv ,  com  rete,  white  matter,  ob- 
laiii I'd  fi'oin  the  cacao  nut,  by  bruising  the  nut  and 
boiling  it  in  water,  or  b>'  heat  and  expression. 

JVieholson.  Thomson. 
liLT'TER,  r.  (.    To  smear  with  butler. 

2.  To  increase  the  stakt's  at  every  throw  or  every 
galll?^  ;  «  ,'Uut  Irnn  aiuowr  irujuislirs.  .Johnson. 
BI'T'TER-lir.MI',  II.    The  hillern.  .lohii.<on. 
BUT'TEU-lirRK,  ii.    A  plant,  a  s|iecies  of 'I'lissilago, 
or  colt's-fool,    T.  PeliLiiles,)  growing  in  wet  land, 
with  vei  v  large  leaves.       Fuui.  of  Plants.  J'-neyc. 
BI'T'TER  t:!'!',    (  «.    A  name  given  to  a  s|iecies  of 
BlIT'TI'll  cri'S,  i     Ranuneiiliis  or  crow-fool,  with 
bright  _\ellii\v  (lowers;  c;illed  also  ^rolden-cup  and 
kin^\s-cup  ;  the  euckoo-buds  tif  Shakspeare. 

Fain,  of  Plant.1.  Lee. 
BUT'TEK-FLOW-ER,  «.    A  yellow  flower;  the  biil- 

lercup.  Gay. 
BI;T' TER  FI.V,  ».    [So  named  from  the  ctdor  of  a 
vellow  species.    Sax.  buter-Jle^e  or  buiter-flco^e.  See 
Flv.] 

A  name  common  lo  the  tlitferent  species  of  lepidop- 
leroiis  inseets,  of  the  genus  Fa[):lio,  (I. inn.  ;)  properly, 
in  file  third  and  hist  stage  of  their  exisleiice.  They 
have  f.iiir  wings  imhricatetl  \\  ilh  a  kind  of  downy 
seal  s  ;  the  tiuigue  is  convohiled  in  a  s[)i)'al  form  ;  ami 
the  body  is  h:iiry.  The  species  are  niiuieroiis.  They 
are  now  coiisiilered  as  forming  a  group,  subdivitled 
into  tribes,  fimilies,  and  genera.  Biilterllies  proceed 
from  the  clirysalidcs  of  caterpillars  ;  caterpillars  pro- 
ceed from  eggs  de|Hisited  by  buttertlies ;  lliey  then 
change  into  chry  salides,  which  produce  biilterllies, 
w  hich  again  tieposit  their  eggs. 

Bin  'TER-FLT-SHELl,,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a 
genus  ot'  Teslacetiiis  .Molltisca,  with  a  spiral  unilocu- 
lar shell,  called  yoluta.  Knnje. 

BIJT'TEIMS,  II.  .\n  instrument  of  steel  set  in  w-ood, 
for  paring  the  hoof  of  a  horse.  Furrier's  Diet. 

BUT'TER-.MIl.K,  ii.  Th  -  milk  that  remains  after  the 
butter  is  separated  from  il.  Johnson  c;i!l:i  this  tehcy ; 
but  whey  is  tlie  thin  p;trt  of  the  milk  after  the  curd 
or  cheese  is  separated.  Buttermilk,  in  .\merica,  is 
not  calletl  jrheij. 

BUT'TER-.MFT,  ».    [butter  and  iiiK.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  an  .-Xmerican  irec,  the  Juglans  cine- 
rea,  so  called  from  the  oil  il  contains.  'I'lie  tree 
hears  a  reseiiiblancc,  in  it.s  general  appearance,  to 
the  black  walnut,  so  called.  It  is  sometimes  called 
oiluHt  and  tekite  icatnnt.  The  tree  is  called  also  but- 
ternut or  batternul-tree.  Dr.  .M.  Cutler  calls  it  Julians 
cathartica.    It  Is  the  Julians  ciuerea  of  others. 

Belknap. 

2.  The  nut  of  the  Caryocar  niicifemm,  a  nalix'e  of 
South  America,  called  also  the  Saruuri,  (vulgarly 
Suiearroic)  nut. 

BUT'TER-I'RI.NT,  )  n.  .\  piece  of  c.an-ed  wood, used 

BIIT'TER-STAMI",  j     to  mark  cakes  of  butter. 

BUT'TER-TOOTII,  n.  A  broad  fore  tooth.  Johnson. 

BlJT'TER-WlFE,       )  «.    A  woman  who  sells  but- 

BUT'TER-WO.M'AN,  (     ler.  Johiuson. 

BUT'TER-WORT,  n.  A  species  of  Pingiiicula,  (P. 
vulgaris,)  a  plant  growing  on  hogs  or  soft  grounds. 
The  leaves  are  covered  with  soft,  pellucid  prickles, 
which  secrete  a  glutinous  liquor;  and  milk,  which 
has  been  strained  through  il,  acquires,  in  a  day  or 
two,  consistency,  and  is  an  agreeable  food,  used  in 
the  north  of  Sweden.  F.ncye. 

BUT'TER-Y,  a.  [from  butUr.]  Having  the  qualities 
or  appearance  of  butler.  Uareey. 

BI,'T'TER-Y,  n.   .An  apartment  in  a  house  where  but- 
ter, milk,  provisions,  and  utensils  are  kept.    In  some 
colleges,  a  room  where  liquors,  fniit,  and  refreshiuenis 
are  kept  for  sale  to  the  stitdeiiLs. 
i  BL'T'TI.NG,  ppr.    Striking  with  the  head. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJXITE.  — A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1 


BUY 


BY 


BYR 


BUT'TOCK,  n.  Tile  ruiii|),  or  the  protuberant  p:irt 
bf  hiiiU. 

2.  Tlie  convexity  of  a  ship  behind,  under  the  stern. 

Mar.  Diet. 

BtTT'TON,  (but'n,)  n.  [Fr.  boulon,  a  button,  a  bud  ; 
VV.  buttuii,  or  boiwm  ;  ("orn.  butlum  :  It.  buttnne  ;  Sp. 
botun,  a  button  or  bud  ;  from  the  ro(<t  of  bud^  that  is, 
a  push  or  protuberance.    See  Hl'tt.] 

I.  .A  linuli ,  a  Binall  ball;  a  catch,  used  to  fasten 
together  the  ditTereut  parts  of  dress,  made  of  nieuil, 
silk,  mohair,  wood,  &r. 

■2.  Any  knob  or  ball  fastened  to  another  body;  a 
small  protuberant  body.  Boijtc.  Pope. 

3.  A  biul  ;  a  gem  of  a  plant.  Sluik. 

4.  The  button  of  the  reins  of  a  bridle,  is  a  ring  of 
leather,  with  the  reins  passed  through,  which  runs 
along  the  length  of  the  reins.  Encyc. 

j  I  5.  A  rtat  piece  of  wood,  turning  on  a  nail  or  screw, 
;  I      to  fasten  doors. 

\  i;.  A  small,  round  m.iss  of  metal,  found  at  the  bot- 

1 1  torn  of  a  crucible,  in  chemical  experiments,  or  which 
i  I      remains  on  the  cupel,  in  the  process  of  assaying. 

I  i  J\''ichnlsa7i.  Brandt. 

i  j        7.  The  sea-urchin,  an  animal  which  has  prickles 
!;      instead  of  feet.  Jiinswortk. 
|i  liUT'TO.N',  (but'n,)  i\  t.    To  fasten  with  a  button  or 
i!      buttons;  to  inclose  or  make  secure  with  buttons; 

I I  often  followed  with  vf  ;  as,  to  button  up  a  waistcoat. 
I '         2.  To  dress  or  clothe.    [A'ot  u.^ed.] 

,  BUT 'ro.N-lll  SIl,  ;i.  The  popular  name  of  the  Cepli- 
1 1      alaiitbiis  occlilentalis. 

ji  BUT'TO.\-Kl),  ftv.    Fastened  with  a  button. 

It  BUT'TO.N-lloLE,  n.    The  hole  or  loop  in  which  a 

!  j      button  is  caught. 

1 1  BL'T'TO.N-INU,  p;)r.    Fastening  with  a  button, 
jl  BL'T'TON-M.aK-ER,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to 
I      make  buttons. 

j  I  BUT'TON'-SToNE,  ii.  A  species  of  figured  stone,  or 
hard  flint,  resembling  a  button,  consisting  of  two 
bodies  which  appear  to  be  the  filling  up  of  holes  in 
shell.  .'V  species  has  been  found  finely  striated,  like 
a  mohair  button.  This  name  is  given  also  to  a  spe- 
cies of  slate  found  in  the  marquisate  of  Bareith. 

Kncyc. 

BL'T'TOX-TREE,  n.  The  Conocarpus,  a  genus  of 
plants,  natives  of  the  West  Indies. 

Fam.  of  Plants.  Encijr. 

BUT'T  OX-WEED,  )i.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of  plants,  the  Spermacoce.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BL'T'TON-WOOD,  n.  The  Platanus  occidentalis, 
Western  plane-tree,  a  large  tree,  growing  in  North 
America,  [iroducing  rough  balls,  from  which  it  is 
named.  The  wood  is  hard,  and  used  for  windlasses, 
wlieels,  and  blocks.  Belknap.  Mca.^e. 

BV'V'TRE;^^,  n.  [This  word  appears  to  be  composed 
of  but,  end,  and  truss,  or  some  word  of  that  family.] 

1.  A  prop  ;  a  wall  or  abutment,  built  archwise, 
serving  to  support  another  wall  on  the  outside,  when 
vi-ry  high,  or  loaded  with  a  heavy  superstructure. 

Encyc. 

2.  Any  prop  or  support.  South. 
Bt'T'TUESS,  e.  (.    To  support  by  a  buttress  ;  to  prop. 
BLT'TKE.SS-£D,  (lmt'trcst,)pi>.  or  a.  Supported  With 

a  buttress.  IVard. 

Birj'TS,  H.  pi.  [from  iu«.]  .\  [Hace  where  archers 
meet  to  shoot  at  a  mark.  .\lsu,  short  pieces  of  land 
in  arable  ridges  and  furrows.  F.neyc. 

Bulls  and  bounds  are  the  abuttals  and  boundaries 
of  land.  Jlotloway. 

BUT'WINK,  n.    A  bird.  Johnson. 

BI'T-V-KA'(;E0IJS,  (  a.      [from    bulnrum,  butter.] 

BL'T'V'-IIOL'S,  j  Having  the  (pialities  of  but 
ter ;  resembling  butter.    Encyc.    J^icholson.  Floyer. 

BU-TYR'IC,  a.  Butyric  arid  is  an  acid  found  in  but- 
ter ;  an  oily,  limpid  fluid,  having  the  smell  of  rancid 
butter,  and  an  acrid  taste,  with  a  sweetisli  after-taste, 
like  that  of  ether. 

BO'TYll-INE,  n.  A  peculiar  oily  m.itter,  existing  in 
butter,  associated  with  olcine  and  stereine. 

BUX'E-OU.S,  a.    Belonging  to  the  box-tree. 

BUX'I-NA,  /  n.    An  alkahiid  obtained  from  the  Buzua 

BI-'X'I.NE,  j     .wn;)fr«ire«s,  or  common  box. 

BUX'O.M,  a.  [Sax.  bocsuin,  from  bug,  a  bow,  bugan,lo 
bend,  and  sum,  some.] 

1.  Obedient;  obsequious,  ready  to  obey.  [Obs.] 

Milton. 

2.  Gay;  lively;  brisk.  Milton. 

3.  Wanton  ;  jolly.  Dryden. 
BUX'O.M-LY,  «rfc.    Obediently.  [Obs.] 

2.  Waiitonlv  ;  amorously.  Johnson. 
BUX'OM-NES.S,  71.     iMeekness;  obedience.  [Obs.] 

2.  Briskness;  amorousness.  [Chaucer. 
BUY,  (b),)  r.  t.  ;  prci.  and  pp.  Hoi-oht,  (bawt.)  [Sax. 
bij!"n,  lit  bycgan,  biigan  ;  (ioth.  bugijan,  to  buy.] 

1.  'i'o  acquire  the  property,  right,  or  title,  to  any 
thing,  by  paying  a  consideratiiui  or  nn  equivalent  in 
money.  It  dilTerM  from  Aarttr  only  in  tins  —  that  in 
barter,  the  consideralion  or  eipiivalent  is  some  spe- 
cieii  of  commodity  ;  in  purchase,  the  consideration  is 
money  paid  or  promised.  'I'o  purchase  ;  to  acquire 
by  paying  a  price  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  seller  ;  op- 
puiied  to  sell. 

2.  'I'o  procure  by  a  consideration  given,  or  by 
■omcthing  that  is  deemed  worth  the  thing  bought ; 


to  procure  at  a  price  ;  as,  to  buy  pleasure  with  praise  ; 
to  buy  favor  with  flattery.  Drnham. 

3.  To  bribe  ;  to  corrupt  or  pervert  the  judgment, 
by  paying  a  consideration. 

To  buy  off;  to  influence  to  compliance  ,  to  cause  to 
bend  or  yield  by  some  consideration  ;  as,  to  buy  off 
conscience  ;  -to  detach  by  a  consideration  given  ;  as, 
to  buy  ((/Tone  from  a  party. 

To  buy  out  i  to  buy  oft',  or  detach  from.  Shak. 

2.  To  purchase  the  share  or  shares  of  a  person  in 
a  stock,  fund,  or  partnership,  by  which  the  seller  is 
separated  from  the  company,  and  the  purchaser 
takes  his  place  ;  as,  A  buys  out  B.  To  purchase 
stock  in  any  fund  or  partnership,  is  to  buy  in. 

To  buy  on  credit,  is  to  purchase  a  thing,  on  a  prom- 
ise in  fact  or  in  law,  to  make  payment  at  a  future  day. 

To  buy  the  rrfusol,  is  to  give  money  for  the  right  of 
purchasing,  at  a  fixed  price,  ,at  a  future  lime. 

To  buy  the  small-poi,  ill  South  Wales,  is  to  receive 
it  by  inoculation.  Encyc. 

In  popular  language,  to  buy  is  to  pay  dear  for,  as  in 
Chaucer. 

BU5,  e.  i.    To  negotiate,  or  treat  about  a  purchase. 

I  will  buy  Willi  yyii  ;\ii.l  8"l!  with  you.  Shak. 
BUY'ER,  K.  One  who  buys  ;  a  purchaser.  fVotton. 
BU5'ING,  (by'ing,)  ppr.    Purchasing.  ^J  ^ 

BUZZ,  r.  i.  [It.  iuiiicarf,  to  whisper ;  Pcrs.  ^iXjV.j 
baiidan,  to  blow,  as  wind.]  - 

1.  I'o  make  a  low,  humming  sound,  as  bees ;  to 
make  the  sound  of  i,  with  an  expiration  of  breath  be- 
tween the  tongue  and  the  roof  of  the  mouth  or  upper 
teeth. 

2.  To  whisper ;  to  speak  with  a  low,  humming  voice ; 
to  make  a  low,  liuinining  sound.   Shak.  Hayward. 

BUZZ,  V.  t.    To  whisper;  to  spread,  as  report,  by 

whispers,  or  to  spread  secretly.  Bentley. 
BUZZ,  H.    The  noise  of  bees ;  also,  a  whisper. 

South.  Bacon. 
BUZZ'.\RD,  «.    [D.  buzaard;  G.  bussaar,  busshard ;  It. 

bozza^ro  ;  Fr.  buze,  buse,  or  busard;  Pers.  bauz,  a 
hawk.] 

1.  A  species  of  Faico,  or  hawk,  the  Falco  buteo; 
a  rapacious,  but  sluggish  bird  ;  the  breast  usually  of 
a  yellowish  white  ;  the  upper  parts  of  a  deep  brown. 
In  some  parts  of  America,  according  to  Pennant,  it 
is  called  the  great  hen-hawk,  friun  its  feeding  on 
poultry.  Pennant.  Encyc. 

The  bird  referred  to  by  Pennant  is  the  Falco  btiteoi- 
des,  or  short-winged  buzzard.  Mass.  Rep. 

2.  A  blockhead  ;  a  dunce.  Johnson. 
BUZZ'.\RD,  (I.  Senseless  ;  stupid.  MUtoii. 
BUZZ'ARD-ET,  n.    A  species  of  Fidco,  or  hawk,  re- 

sein'uling  the  buzzard  in  most  respects  ;  but  its  legs 
are,  in  proportion,  rather  longer.  Pennant. 

r.UZZ'EH,  (I.  .4  whisperer;  one  who  is  busy  in  tell- 
in:;  tales  secretly.  Shak. 

BL"/./.'l.M5,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  a  low,  humming  sound ; 
whispering  ;  tattling  in  secret. 

BUZ''ZIi\G-LY,  adi\    With  a  \ovi,  humming  sound. 

BY,  prep.  [Sax.  be  or  big ;  Goth,  bi ;  Sw.  ;ind  Dan.  be  : 
D.  by  ;  G.  bri :  all  contracted  from  big.  This  «'ord, 
in  composition,  is  often  written  be,  as  in  because,  be- 
siege. In  Sw.  and  Dan.  it  is  used  only  in  composi- 
tion. The  Sw.  and  Dan.  paa,  and  Rnss.  po,  may  be 
from  a  dilTcrent  root,  although  they  are  nearly  ailied 
in  signification,  and  may  be  the  same  word  diff'er- 
ently  written.  This  preposition  occurs  as  a  prefix  in 
all  tile  Shemitic  languages,  contracted,  indeed,  into  a. 
(See  the  Introduction.)  The  primary  sense  is, press- 
ing, close,  near,  at;  but  in  Goth,  and  Sax.  it  signi- 
fies, also,  about,  according  to,  on,  with,  against,  after, 
&c.  In  some  of  these  senses,  it  coincides  with  the 
Kiiss.  po.  The  original  verb  to  which  this  word  be- 
longs, most  probably  signifies  to  pass,  to  go,  or  come, 
to  drive,  to  press.] 

1.  Near;  close  ;  as,  sit  by  me  ;  that  house  stands 
by  a  river.  So  in  It.  presso,  from  L.  pressus ;  Fr.  pri-s, 
auprcs.  Hence,  by  was  formerly  used  for  against : 
as,  in  our  translation  of  the  Bible,  "  though  I  know 
nutliing  by  myself,  {nvihi'  £fiai)T';i  nvnoiin,)  1  Cor. 
iv.  4.  This  use  of  the  word  continued  down  to  the 
time  of  Baxter. 

2.  Near,  in  motion  ;  as,  to  move,  go,  or  pass,  by  a 
church.  But  it  seems  in  other  plirases,  or  witii  a 
verb  in  the  past  time,  to  signify  past,  gone  beyond  ; 
as,  the  procession  is  gone  by;  the  hour  is  gone  by; 
John  went  by.  We  now  use  past  as  an  equivalent 
word  ;  the  procession  is  gone  post.  Oone  by,  is  in 
strictni'ss  tautology,  as  now  used  ;  but  I  apprehend 
by  signifies  priiiiarilv  'icar 

Through,  or  with,  denoting  the  agent,  means, 
instrument,  or  cause  ;  us,  a  city  is  destroyed  by  fire  ; 
profit  is  made  by  commerce  ;  to  take  by  force. 
This  use  answers  to  that  of  the  Latin  per,  through, 
denoting  a  passing,  acting,  agency,  or  instrii mentality. 

4.  "  Day  by  day  ;  "  "  year  by  year ;  "  "  article  by 
article."  In  these  plirasi  s,  denotes  passing  from 
one  to  another,  or  each  paniciilar  separately  taken. 

5.  "  Bii  the  space  of  seven  years."  In  this  phrase, 
by  denotes  through,  passing,  or  continuing,  during.  | 


C.  "  By  this  time,  the  sun  had  risen."  The  word 
here  seems  to  denote  at,  present,  or  come  to. 

7.  According  to;  as,  Ibis  appears  by  his  own  ac- 
count ;  these  are  good  rules  to  live  by. 

8.  On  ;  as,  to  [lass  by  land  or  water :  great  battle;i 
by  sea  and  land.  In  the  latter  phrase,  at  or  on  might 
be  substituted  for  by. 

9.  It  is  placed  before  words  denoting  quantity, 
measure,  or  proportion  ;  as,  to  sell  by  the  pound  ;  to 
work  by  the  rod  or  perch  ;  this  line  is  longer  by  a 
tenth. 

10.  It  is  used  to  represent  the  means  or  instrument 
of  swearing,  or  aflirming  ;  as,  to  swear  by  heaven, 
or  by  earth  ;  to  aflirm  by  all  that  is  sacred. 

11.  In  the  phrase,  "  He  liasa  cask  of  wine  by  him," 
by  denotes  nearness  or  presence. 

12.  "  To  sit  by  one's  self,"  is  to  sit  alone,  or  with- 
out company. 

13.  "  'J'o  bt  present  by  attorney."  In  this  phr.ase, 
ii/ denotes  means  or  instrument ;  through  or  in  the 
presence  of  a  siib.stitute. 

14.  In  the  phrase,  "  north  by  west,"  the  sense 
seems  to  be,  north  passing  to  the  west,  inclining  or 
going  westwaril,  or  near  west. 

As  an  adverb,  by  denotes,  also,  nearness,  or  pres- 
ence ;  as,  there  was  no  person  by  at  the  time.  But 
some  noun  is  understood.  So,  in  the  phrase  "to 
pass  or  go  by,"  there  is  a  noun  understood. 

By  and  by,  is  a  phrase  denoting  nearness  in  time  ; 
in  a  short  time  after ;  presently  ;  soon. 

When  persecution  ariselh,  Ijecaiise  of  Ihe  word,  by  and  by,  he  u 
oMeiideU.  —  Mati.  xiii. 

By  the  by,  signifies,  as  we  proceed  or  pass,  [Fr  en 
passant,]  noting  something  interposed  in  the  progress 
of  a  discourse  which  is  distinct  from  the  main  sub- 
ject. The  old  phrase,  "on  the  by,"  on  the  passage, 
is  now  obsolete. 

To  stand  by,  is  to  stand  near,  or  to  support. 

By,  in  lullaby,  and  in  the  nursery,  a  word  used  in 
lulling  infants  to  sleep,  is  evidently  allied  to  words 
found  in  many  languages,  signifying  to  rest,  or  be 
quiet,  or  to  appease ;  that  is,  to  press,  to  stop,  as  the" 
Gr.  navijj,  L.  paco.  It  is  used  in  Russia,  as  with  us  — 
bayu  bai.  This,  probably,  is  the  same  word  as  the 
foregoing. 

By,  or  Aye,  in  by-law,  [Sax.  bilage,]  is  probably  the 
Sw.  by,  Dan.  tye,  a  village,  town,  liorough,  or  city, 
from  .iw.  byggia,  D;in.bygger,G.  bauen,  D.  bouicen,  to 
build.  Sax.  byan,  to  inhabit;  that  is,  a  town-law,  a 
municipal  law. 

In  the  common  phrase  gnod-by,  by  signifies  pass- 
ing, going.  The  phrase  signifies,  a  good  going,  a 
prosperous  passage,  and  it  is  precisely  equivalent  to 
fareacll,  [Sax.  faran,  to  go,  go  well,]  may  you  have  a 
good  going,  etpiivaleut  to  good  speed  in  the  phrase  "  to 
bid  one  good  speed."  [Not  Qod  speed,  as  is  generally 
read  and  understood.] 

By  is  useil  in  many  compound  words,  in  most  of 
which  we  observe  the  sense  of  nearness,  closeness, 
or  a  withdrawing  or  seclusion. 
BV'.ARD,  n.    A  piece  of  leather  crossing  the  breast, 
used  by  the  men  who  drag  sledges  in  coal  mines. 

Brande. 

BY'-BLOW,  71.    A  side  or  incidental  blow. 

Ii?'-BUS'I-NESS,  (-biz'ness,)u.  Business  aside  of  the 
common  mode. 

Bt'-eOF'FEE-HOUSE,  ti.  A  coffee-house  in  an  ob- 
scure place.  Mdison. 

BY'-t'ON-UERN'MENT,  ti.  .An  afi"air  distinct  from 
the  main  business.  Lhryden. 

BV '-€ORN-ER,  7i.    A  private  corner. 

B?-DE-PEND'ENCE,  n.  An  appendage  ;  that  which 
depends  on  something  else,  or  is  distinct  from  the 
main  dependence.  Shak. 

B7'-DE-SIGN',  (-de-sin',)  7i.  An  incidental  design  or 
purpose.  Hudibrus. 

B7'-1)R1NK-ING,  n.    A  private  drinking. 

B?'-END,  71.  Private  end  ;  secret  purpose  or  advan- 
tage. L''  Estrange. 

B?'-GONE,  (-gawn,)  a.  Past ;  gone  by.  Let  by-gones 
be  by-goncs,  let  the  past  be  forgotten.  [Scottish.] 

Grew. 

Bt '-I.\'TER-EST,  n.  Self-interest ;  private  advantage. 

J^ttcrbury. 

B?'-LANE,  n.  A  private  lane,  or  one  out  of  the  usual 
road. 

BT'-LAW,  n.    [Dan.  by,  a  town.]    ,\  town-law  ;  the 

law  lii"  a  city,  town,  or  private  corporation.  Bacon. 
B?'-.MAT-TER,  n.  Something  incidental.  Bacon. 
B?'-Na.ME,  ii.    Nickname  ;  incidental  appellation. 

Camden. 

B'V'-.'JAME,  r.  (.    'I'd  give  a  nickname  to.  Cuwden. 
Bt'-PAS'SAGE,  n.  A  passage  by  the  by  or  way  ;  or  a 
by-wav. 

BY'-P-i^ST,  «.  Past ;  gone  by.  [Scots  dialect.]  Cheyne. 

BV'-P.\TII,  Jl.  A  private  path  ;  an  obscure  way.  Sliuk. 

BV'-PL^Y,  n.  On  Uie  stage,  a  scene  which  is  carried 
on  aside,  and  commonly  in  dumb  show,  while  the 
main  action  proceeds,  with  a  view,  ordinarily,  to  en- 
hance the  sport. 

BS'-l'lIR'POSE,  n.  An  indirect  or  concealed  purpose 
or  design. 

B?'-UE-SPE€T',  n.    Private  end  or  view. 

Bacon.  Ur\iaen. 


riTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


I 


CAB 

BV-ROAD,  11.  A  private  or  obscure  road.  Saift. 
11  V-ItilO.M,  n.  A  private  room  or  apartment.  Slwk. 
liY'-j:iM:ECII.  n.    All  iiicidfiital  or  casual  speccli,  not 

ilirci'tlv  rrlatiiiK  to  the  [loint.  Hooker. 
RV"..<PK|,I,,  „.  [Sax.  6i>.v/«>;/.]  A  proverb.  [JVoI  imw/.] 
U?'S'l'.\.\l)-l'.lt,  H.    [Sa,\.  bigslamlan,  to  stand  by. J 
t)iie  who  stands  near  ;  a  spectator  ;  one  who  has 

no  coiircrn  witli  the  business  transacting.  Lnckr. 
I)T'-S'ri{l".l'.'l",  n.  A  seiiar.ite,  private,  or  obscure  street. 
ItY'-S'l'KoKE,  71.    An  incidental  or  sly  stroke. 
li?'-'rUKN-!.\'(!,  II.    An  obscure  road.  Sldtiey. 
C9'-VIJ0VV,  (-VU,)  II.    Private  view;  self-interested 

jiurpose.  JiHerburij. 
Wt'-W.W.K,  II.  A  secluded  or  private  wall<.  Dnjilrn. 
li?'-VV.A  Y,  II.    A  secluded,  private,  or  obscure  way. 

BV'-WRST,  ni/f.    Westward;  to  the  west  of.  Duvics. 
UV'-WII'E,  II.    A  secret  stroke  or  sarcasm.  Milton. 
li^'-WOKI),  n.    [Sax.  hi,  or  bii;,  and  irord,  as  in  iij-- 

cwid,  and  l/i/riqicll.  Kitlior  a  piissing  word,  or  a  to«  n- 

sayiiie.] 


CAB 

A  common  saying ;  a  proverb  ;  a  saying  that  li:is  a 
general  currency.  Haroii. 
Bti;,  n.    [Sax.]    A  dwelling.  0<A,v,/h. 
2.  In  ]daij  or  games  ;  a  station  or  place  of  uii  indi- 
vidual player. 
B?IIE,  71.    A  cow-house.  [Scolti.-^h.] 

BYS'SUS,  i  1^""""^'  '"'■"'0 

1.  A  silk  or  linen  hood.    [Au(  in  itsc]  Gowrr. 

2.  The  threads  or  libers  by  which  the  molluscous 
animals  of  the  geneni  Pinna,  Bypomya,  .My'i!us,and 
others,  attach  themselves  to  oxtraiicous  bodies. 

BYS'SINE,  a.    Made  of  silk  ;  having  a  silky  or  flax- 
like app<'arance.  C'i//c.». 

BYS'SO-LITE,  71.    [Gr.  0vaao(,  fine  fiax,  and 
stime  ;  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  moss.] 

A  variety  of  amianthus  or  hornblende  asbestos,  oc- 
curring ill  short,  silky  fibers. 

BYS'SL'S,  II.    [L.  btjssus;  Gr.  0vrrnaf,  fine  linen,  or 
cotton. 

1.  Among  the  anrirnts.  a  cloth  of  exceedingly  fine 


CAB 

texture,  It  is  disputed  whether  of  cotton,  linen,  or 
silk. 

2.  A  tuft  or  Ihrtrad  of  fibers  by  which  the  .Mytilus, 
Pinna,  and  other  shells,  are  atluched  to  contiguous 
bodies. 

3.  The  generic  name  of  a  genus  of  filamentous 
fungi.  Most  of  the  species,  arranged  under  this  ge- 
nus, are  now  regarded  as  the  young  of  otlirr  fungi. 

4.  Till!  asbestos,  composed  of  iiarallel  fibers,  is  by 
siunc  called  by  this  name.  JVicAolvoii. 

BY/'A.NT,         )  n.    [from  Byiantium.]    A  gold  coin 
BY Z'A.N'-TIN'E,  \    of  the  value  of  filleon  pounds  sti  r- 
ling,Ko  calli'd  from  being  coined  at  Ilyzantiiiin.  Also, 
a  piece  of  gold,  of  the  value  of  fifteen  pounds,  offi  red 
by  the  king  on  certain  festivals.       Camden.  Jl.ih. 
I!Y  ZA.V'TI.N'E,  j  a.    Pertaining  to  By/.antium,  an  an- 
HY-ZA.\''TI.'\N,  i    cient  city  of  'J'hrace,  situated  on 
the  Bosphorus.    In  the  year  330,  Constimtine  the 
Great  took  possession  of  By/aiitium,  enlarged  and 
embellished  it,  and  changed  its  name  to  Constanti- 
nople. lyjinviUe.  Eneye. 


c. 


Cthe  third  letter  in  the  English  alphabet,  and  the 
9  second  articulation  or  cousonaiit,  is  a  palatal, 
nearly  corresiKUiding  in  sound  with  the  Greek  », 
kappa,  and  with  the  Hebrew  3,  capli.  It  bears  a 
middle  place,  in  pronunciation,  between  the  aspirate 
n,  and  the  palatal  J.  It  is  a  Koman  character,  bor- 
rowed from  the  Gr.  <f,  or  from  the  Oriental  0,  which 
was  used  in  languages  written  from  right  to  left,  and 
when  inverted,  and  the  corners  rounded,  becomes  C 
In  the  old  Etruscan,  it  was  written  O,  with  the  cor- 
ners rounded,  hut  not  inverted  ;  in  Arcadian,  C,  as 
now  written.  That  its  sound  in  Latin  was  the  same, 
or  nearly  the  same,  as  that  of  kajipn,  may  be  known 
from  the  fact  that  the  Greeks,  while  the  Latin  was 
a  living  language,  wrote  kappa  for  the  Roman  C. 
Perhaps  the  same  character  may  be  the  basis  of  the 

Arabic 

As  an  abbreviature,  C.  stands  for  Cains,  Carolwt, 
CtPsar,  coiidemno,  &.C.,  and  CW  for  coii.<m/i&ii.v.    As  a 

'  numeral,  C.  stands  for  lUO  ;  CC.  for  200  ;  &c. 

In  tnu.iic,  C  after  the  clef  is  the  mark  of  common 
time,  in  wliich  each  measure  is  a  semibreve,  corre- 
sponding to  C  is  also  the  name  of  a  note  in  the 
scale  ;  the  key  note  major,  and  the  third  minor,  of 
the  natural  scale.  ,  Encijc. 

In  English,  0  has  two"  sounds,  or  rather  it  repre- 
sents two  very  dilferent  articulations  of  the  organs; 
one  close,  like  K,  which  occurs  before  a,  o,  and  u  ; 
the  other  a  sibilant,  precisely  like,<,  which  occurs  be- 
fore e,  i,  and  ij.  The  former  is  distinguished  in  this 
vocabulary  by  C,  w'hich  may  be  called  Ac.  In  Russ., 
C  is  precisely  the  English  s,  as  it  was  in  the  old  Greek 
alphabet    C  before  k  is  mute  ;  as  in  brick,  sick. 

CA-a'B.\,  n.  A  square  stone  in  the  temple  at  Mecca, 
regarded  with  adoration  by  Mohammedans,  as  pre- 
sented by  an  angel  to  Abraham.  The  entire  temple 
is  sometimes  cidled  by  this  name.  Br^de, 

C.Mt,  n.  A  covered  carriage  with  two  or  four  wbcels, 
drawn  bv  one  horse. 

eAB,  H.    [Ileb.  t'h.  2pkab.] 

An  Oriental  dry  measure,  being  the  sixth  part  of  a 
seah  or  satuin,  and  the  eighteenth  of  an  ephah,  con- 
taining two  pints  and  five  sixths  English  and  Amer- 
ican corn  measure. 

e.\-B.\L',  71.  [Fr.  cabale,  a  club,  society,  or  combina- 
tion ;  It.  caiu)a,  knowledge  of  secret  things  ;  i>p.  ca- 
6a/a,  secret  science ;  caia^,  perfect,  just,  exact ;  Heb. 
Vap  kabol,  to  take,  receive,  accept ;  Cli.  to  cry  out,  to 
bald !  also,  to  take  or  receive  ;  also,  to  be  dark  ;  to 
obscure  ;  Syr.  to  accuse,  oppose,  or  censure,  to  cavil ; 
Elh.  to  acce|it,  to  pour  out ;  Sam.  to  accept,  and  to 
darken;  Ar.  to  admit  or  accept,  as  agreeable;  to 
coine ;  to  be  surety  ;  to  give  4a//.  ^See  Class  Bl.) 
This  word  seems  to  include  the  significations  of  sev- 
eral biliteial  roots.  Clu.  \V.  cafael,  to  get  or  obtain  ; 
or  gacadu,  to  hold.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
seems  to  be,  to  catch  or  seize  by  rushing  on,  or,  in 
general,  to  press,  to  drive  ;  hence  the  sense  of  collec- 
tion, combination,  and  accusation.] 

1.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  some  close  de- 
sign ;  usually  to  promote  their  private  views  in  church 
or  state  by  intrigue.  A  junto.  It  is  sometimes  sy- 
nonymous with  faction,  but  a  cabal  usually  consists 
of  fi  «  er  men  than  a  party,  and  the  word  generally 
implies  close  unicui  and  secret  intrigues.  This  name 
was  gi\-en  to  the  ministry  of  Charles  II.,  Clitford, 
Ashley,  Buckingham,  .Arlington,  and  Lauderdale, the 
initials  of  whose  names  compose  the  word. 

2.  Intrigue  ;  secret  artifices  of  a  few  men  united  in 
a  close  design.  Onjilen. 


e.\B'A-LA,  71.  [See  the  preceding  word.  It  is  from 
the  sense  of  reception.] 

Tradition,  or  a  mysterious  kind  of  science  among 
Jewish  nibbins,  pretemled  to  have  been  delivered  to 
the  ancient  Jews  by  revel.ition,  and  traiismittod  by 
oral  tradition ;  serving  for  the  interpretation  of  the 
hidden  sense  of  Scripture.  This  science  consists 
chiefiy  in  understanding  the  combination  of  certain 
letters,  words,  and  numbers,  which  are  alleged  to  be 
significant.  Kvery  letter,  word,  number,  and  accent 
of  the  law  is  supposed  to  contain  a  mystery,  and  the 
cabalists  pretend  even  to  foretell  future  events  by  the 
study  of  this  science.  Encyc.  Bark. 

€A-BAL',  r.  i.  To  unite  in  a  small  parlj-  to  promote 
private* views  by  intrigue;  to  intrigue;  to  unite  in 
secret  artifices  to  effect  some  design.  Drudni. 

CAB'A-LI.IS.M,  71.    The  secret  science  of  the  ca'balists. 

e.AB'A-LIST,  71.  A  Jewish  doctor  who  professes  the 
study  of  the  cabala,  or  the  mysteries  of  Jewish  tra- 
ditions. 

€AI!-A-LIST'ie,  \a.  Pertaining  to  the  cabala;  or 
CAB-.V-LIST'IC-AL,  (    mysterious  science  of  Jewish 

traditions  ;  containing  an  occult  meaning. 
CAB-A-UST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  the 

cabalists.  Herbert. 
€AB'.<\-Ll/,E,  II.  I.  To  use  the  manner  or  language  of 

the  cabalists.    [A^iit  much  u-vri/.] 
CA-B.VL'LEK,  n.  One  who  unites  with  others  in  close 

designs  to  efli'Ct  an  object  by  intrigue  ;  one  who  cabals. 
e,\B'.\L-l,I.\K,  a.     [L.  cabailinu.i,  from  caballus,  a 

horse  ;  Russ.  kobda,  kobiela,  a  marc  ;  Ir.  capail ;  Er. 

clicral,  a  horse ;  cavaie,  a  mare ;  It.  eavallo ;  Sp. 

caballo.] 

Pertaining  to  a  horse  ;  as,  caballine  aloes,  so  called 
frimi  its  being  given  to  horses  as  a  purgi^.  Encyc. 
eA-B.\L'LLNG,  ppr.    Uniting  in  a  cabal;  Intriguing 

in  a  small  party. 
€AB'A-RET,  II.    [Fr. :  allied,  probably,  to  raJ/n.] 
A  tavern  ;  a  house  where  liquors  are  retailed. 

Brani/talt. 

e.\B'BA6E,  71.  [It.  cappuccio ;  Corn,  kavaisk ;  Ir. 
gabaisde,  ffabaiste.  This  word  is  probably  from  the 
root  of  caput,  a  head  ;  It.  capiiccio,  a  head  ;  Sp.  ca- 
beza;  Fr.  caboche,  a  head.  Hence  D.  kabnii-kool, 
head-cole,  or  hcadrd-cale.  In  Fr.  cAouz-cabus  is  cab- 
ba*rc-hfadcd,  or  cabbatrc-hcad.    See  Cap,  CoeE.] 

1.  The  popul.ar  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  c.illed  in 
botany  Brassica,  of  several  species,  some  of  which 
are  cultivated  for  food.  The  leaves  are  large  and 
fleshy,  the  pods  long  and  slender,  and  the  seeds 
globular.  7'lie  kinds  most  cultivated  are  the  common 
cabbage,  called,  with  us,  the  drum-head,  the  Savoy, 
the  broccoli,  the  cauliflower,  the  sugar-loaf,  and  tlie 
colcjeort. 

Dog's  cabbage;  a  name  given  to  the  Tlielygonum 
cynocrambe.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

Sea-cabbage ;  the  sea-beach  kale,  or  sea-colewort, 
a  genus  of  plants,  called  Cramlie.  They  are  herba- 
ceous esculents,  with  perennial  roots,  producing 
large  leaves,  like  those  of  cabbage,  spreading  on  the 
ground.  Encyc. 

3.  Cloth  purloined  by  one  who  cuts  out  garments. 

Perry. 

€.\B'B.\GE,  r.  i.   To  form  a  head  in  growing  ;  as,  a 

plant  cabbages.  Johnson. 
e.VB'BAOE,  r.  f.    [p.  kaiassen,  to  steal  ;  kabas,  a 

hand-baski  t ;  Old  Fr.  cabasser.] 
To  purloin  or  embezzle,  as  pieces  of  cloth,  after 

cutting  out  a  garment.  .^rbuthnoL 
€AB'BAG-£I),  (kab'bajd,)  pp.    Purloined,  as  cloth  by 

him  who  cuts  out  a  garment. 
e.MI'Ii.\G-ING,  ppr.    Purloining,  as  pieces  of  cloth. 


eAB'BA6E-NET,  71.    A  small  net  to  boil  cabbage  in. 

Shenstoue. 

CAB'BAGE-TREE,  71.  The  cabbage-palm,  a  s|)ecics 
of  .Sreca,  the  olrraeea,  a  native  of  warm  climates. 
This  tree  grows,  with  a  straight  stem,  to  the  bight 
of  170  or  200  feet.  Its  branches  grow  in  a  circular 
manner,  and  the  lowermost  ones  spread  horizontally 
with  great  regularity.  The  fibers  of  the  leaves  are 
used  for  making  cordage  and  nets.  On  the  top 
grows  a  substance  called  cabbage,  lying  in  thin,  snow- 
white,  brittle  flakes,  in  taste  resembling  an  almond, 
but  sweeter.  This  is  boiled  and  eaten  with  flesh, 
like  other  vegetables.  When  this  is  cut  out,  the 
tree  is  destroyed.  Encyc. 

eAB'BAGE-VV'0RM,(-wurm,)7i.   An  insect.  Johnson. 

€AB'Ia-I,  II.  An  animal  of  .South  America  resem- 
bling a  hog,  living  on  the  margins  of  lakes  and  riv- 
ers, and  feeding  on  fish.  It  is  a  species  of  Cavy, 
called,  also,  thick-noscd  tapir. 

Diet.  ofJVat.  IFist.  Eneye. 
The  cibiai  is  now  ranked  in  a  distinct  genus,  of 
which  it  is  the  only  species,  {llydrochrrus  Capybnra.) 

e.AB'LN,  II.  [Fr.  cabane,  a  cabin,  a  cottage;  caban, 
a  cloak  ;  It.  capanna,  a  cottage  ;  Sp. and  Port,  cabana, 
a  hut  or  cottage;  Ir.  caban;  W.  caban,  from  eab,  a 
hut,  cot,  or  booth,  made  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  with 
rods  set  in  the  ground,  and  tied  at  the  top ;  Gr. 
KaTTavri,  from  Kanr),  a  stable  or  inclosed  place.] 

1.  .\  small  room  ;  on  inclosed  place.  Spenser. 

2.  A  cottage  ;  a  hut  or  small  house.  SwifL 

3.  A  tent ;  a  shed ;  any  covered  [dace  for  a  tempo- 
rary residence.  Fairfax. 

4.  An  apartment  in  a  ship  for  rflicers  and  passen- 
gers. In  large  ships,  there  are  several  cabins,  the 
principal  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  commandtr. 
In  small  vessels,  there  is  one  cabin  in  the  stern  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  olficers  and  passengers. 
The  bed-places  in  ships  are  also  called  cabins. 

Encyc.  Mar.  Diet, 
€.\B'IX,  r.  i'.  To  live  in  a  cabin  ;  to  lodge.  Shak. 
CAB'IN,  7).  f.  To  confine  in  a  cabin.  Shai. 
G.\B'IX-BOY,  71.    A  boy  whose  duty  is  to  wait  on 

the  officers  and  passengers  on  board  of  a  ship. 
€A]1'IS-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Inclosed  in,  or  furnished  with, 

a  cabin.  Milton. 
€AB'I.\-ET,  71.    [Fr.  cabinet;  It.  gabinetto;  Sp.  get- 

binele.    See  Cabin.] 

1.  A  closet ;  a  small  room,  or  retired  apartment. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  private  room,  in  which  consultations  are  held. 

Dryden. 

3.  The  select  or  secret  council  of  a  prince  or  exec- 
utive government ;  so  called  from  Uie  apartment  in 
which  it  was  originally  held.  Encyc. 

4.  A  piece  of  furniture,  consisting  of  a  chest  or 
box,  with  drawers  and  doors.    A  private  box.  Steifl. 

5.  Any  close  place,  where  things  of  value  are  re- 
posited  Ibr  safe  keeping.  Taylor. 

6.  A  but ;  a  cottage  ;  a  small  house.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

eAB'IX-ET,  r.  (.   To  inclose.  [LitUe  u.«crf.]  Howel. 

eAB'I.\-ET-eOUN'CIL,  71.  A  council  held  with 
privacy  ;  the  confidential  council  of  a  prince  or  ex- 
ecutive magistrate.  Bacon. 

2.  The  members  of  a  privy  council ;  a  select  num- 
ber of  confidential  counselors.  Gay. 

e.AB'IN-ET-ED,  pp.  Inclosed  in  a  private  apartment, 
or  in  a  cabinet. 

eAB'IN-ET-.MAK-ER,  tu  A  man  whoso  occupation 
is  to  make  cabinets,  tables,  bureaus,  liedsteads,  and 
other  similar  furniture. 

eAB'lN-ING,  ppr.    Inclosing  in  a  cabin. 


TONE,  B^LL,  U.MTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CU  as  SB  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


161 


CAD 


CAD 


t;AB'IN-MATE,n.    One  who  occupies  the  same  cabin 

with  another.  Btaam. 
€AB-I-Re'AN,  71.    [See  the.  woriis  below.]    One  of 

tlie  Cabiri.  Fubrr. 
€A-BIR'l-AN,  )  0.    [Oriental  to  be  strung  or 

€A-BIR'ie,      >    powerful,  to  be  great;  whence  it 
€AB-I-RIT'ie,  J    signifies  man,  a  loril,  anil,  in  some 
languages,  a  giant.    It  is  common  to  all  the  She- 
mitic  dialects.    Perhaps  L.  vir,  with  a  prefix.] 

Pertaining  to  the  C'abi'ri,  certain  deities  greatly 
venerated  by  the  ancient  pagans  in  Greece  and 
Phenicia.  The  accounts  of  these  deities  are  con- 
fused and  contradictory.  Some  authors  limit  tiieir 
number  to  four ;  some  to  three  ;  others  to  two ; 
while  Sanchuniatlion  makes  then\  to  be  eight.  'J'hey 
were  worshiped  with  particular  honors  in  the  Isle 
of  Samothrace  ;  and  their  worship  and  mysteries  are 
said  to  have  been  introduced  into  Greece  by  the 
Pelasgians.  They  were  supposed  to  have  a  particu- 
lar inriuence  over  the  sea  anil  maritime  affairs. 

In  truth,  the  name,  which  signifies  frrcat,  or  the 
viightij  ones,  seems  to  have  been  applied  to  the  su|)- 
poscd  beings  that  presided  over  the  more  striking 
operations  of  nature.    Herod,  ii.  51.    Paus.  ix.  25. 

Bryant.  Faber.  Jl^iat.  Researches, 
€a'BLE,  (ka'bl,)  n.  [Sp.  and  Fr.  rabic  :  D.  Dan.  and 
G.kabel;  Arm.  ckabl ;  li.  cabia  or  t^tibla;  Kuss.  kubala, 
a  bond  ;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  .Ar.  Sas,  a  chain  ;  as  a 
verb,  to  tie  or  bind  ;  or  "^^n,  to  tie  or  make  fast,  and 
a  rope.  If  the  first  letter  of  the  Oriental  word  is  a  pre- 
fi.\,  this  coincides  with  bale,  a  package,  that  is,  a  tie.] 
A  large,  strong  rope  or  chain,  used  to  retain  a  ves- 
sel at  anchor.  It  is  made  usually  of  hemp  or  iron, 
but  may  be  made  of  other  materials.  Kope  cables 
are  of  different  sizes,  according  to  the  bulk  of  the 
vessel  for  which  they  are  intended,  from  three  to 
twenty  inches  in  circumference.  A  cable  is  com- 
posed of  three  strands,  each  strand  of  three  ropes, 
and  each  rope  of  three  twists.  A  ship's  cable  is  usu- 
ally 120  fathoms,  or  720  feet,  in  length.  Hence  the 
expression,  a  cablets  lentrth. 

Stream  cable,  is  a  hawser  or  rope,  smaller  than  the 
bower  cables,  to  moor  a  ship  in  a  place  sheltered 
from  wind  and  heavy  seas. 

To  pay  vut,  or  to  veer  out  the  cable,  is  to  slacken  it, 
that  it  may  run  out  of  the  ship. 

To  serve  the  cable,  is  to  bind  it  round  with  ropes, 
canvas,  &c.,  to  prevent  its  being  worn  or  galled  in 
the  hawse. 

To  slip  the  cable,  is  to  let  it  run  out  end  for  end. 

Mar.  Diet. 

Cables ;  in  architecture,  wreathed  circular  moldings, 
resembling  a  rope. 
eA'BL^D,  a.    Fastened  with  a  cable. 

2,  Having  the  architectural  ornament  called  a  cable. 
eAB'LET,       A  little  cable.  Jilar.  Diet. 
€a'BLE-TIeR,  n.    The  place  where  the  cables  are 

coiled  awav.  Jl/ur.  Diet. 

C.V-BOCiriJD,  )  (ka-bosht',)  a.  In  heraldry,  having  the 
e.\-BOSH'£D,  (    head  cut  close,  so  as  to  have  no 

neck  left.  Vict. 
CA-BOOSE',     )  71.    [G.  kabase,  a  little  room  or  hut ; 
CA.M-BOO.SE',  j     Dan.  kabijse,  a  cook's  room  in  a 

ship.    Ciu.  Ch.  ttfia,  to  hide  or  cover,  or  Ueb.  Ch. 

Jiris,  a  kiln  or  furnace.    In  Dutch,  kombuis  is  an 

oven,  furnace,  or  cook's  room.] 

1.  The  cook-room  or  kitchen  of  a  ship.  In  smaller 
vessels,  it  is  an  inclosed  fireplace,  hearth,  or  stove, 
for  cooking,  on  the  main  deck.  In  a  ship  of  war, 
the  cook-room  is  called  a  galley.  jVar.  Diet. 

3.  A  box  that  covers  the  chimney  in  a  ship. 

Kncyc. 

GAB-RI-O-LET',  (kab-re-o-la',)  n.  [Fr.  cabriolet,  from 
cabriole,  a  goat-leap;  h.  capra.] 

A  one-horse  chaise,  with  a  calash  top,  and  a  cov- 
ering for  the  legs  and  lap.  ■  Smart. 

GAB'URiNS,  71.  pi.  Small  lines  made  of  spun  yarn,  to 
bind  cables,  seize  tackles,  and  the  like.  Kncyc. 

GA-Ga'O,  (ka-ki'o,)  n.  The  clioc(jlate-trce,  a  species 
of  Theobroma,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies.  This 
tree  grows  about  twenty  feet  high,  bearing  pods 
which  are  oval  and  pointed.  The  nuts  or  seeds  are 
numerous,  and  lodged  in  a  white,  pithy  substance. 

Kncifc. 

€.\CM'A-L0T,  71.  A  cetaceous  fish,  the  Physeti-r  or 
spermaceti  whale.  The  principal  species  are,  the 
black-headed,  with  a  dorsal  fin,  and  the  round  head- 
ed, without  a  fin  on  the  back,  and  with  ;i  fi^iiila  in 
the  snout.  From  this  whale  is  oblaini-d  the  sperma- 
ceti. F.onie. 

€.^CltF..  (kash,)  71.  [Fr.]  A  hole  in  the  ground  fiir 
liidnig  and  preserving  provisions  which  it  is  incon- 
venient to  carry  ;  used  by  setlliTS  in  the  west. 

CACIIEf'TIt;,       (a.   IS.e  (•*>  MKVv.]    Having  an 

CA-CIIF.C'TIC-AI,,  (  ill  habit  of  boily  ;  of  a  de- 
ranged or  vitiated  state  of  the  body,  without  fitver. 

Coj-c. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of,  a 
cachexv. 

€AOll-KT',  'kash  i',)  n.  [Fr.,  from  car.hcr,  to  conce.al.] 
A  Heal.    Lritre  dc  cachet ;  a  [)rivate  letter  of  state, 

for  the  irntiriKoninent  of  some  one. 
e.\-Clll'..X'Y,  71.    [(;r.  (oiyifoi,  from  Kaxot,  ill,  and 

■(ii,  habit,  from  ix'"t  '<*  have.] 


A  vicious  state  of  the  powers  of  the  body  ;  a  de- 
ranged state  of  the  cimstitiUion,  without  fever  or 
nervous  disease.  F.ncyc.  Coze. 

Properly,  any  chronic  morbid  affection  of  the  func- 
tions, dependent  on  the  great  sympathetic  nerve,  not 
including  fever  or  intlamination. 
eAeil-IN-NA'XION,  71.    [L.  cadiinnatio.  ] 

Loud  laughter,    [f.ittle  used.] 
€ACIl'0-LOi\G,  (kash'o-long,)  n.    [Said  to  be  from 
Cach,  the  name  of  a  river  in  Bucharia,  and  cholo/i,  a 
Calinuc  word  for  stone.] 

An  opaque  or  milk-white  chalcedony,  a  variety  of 
quartz.    It  often  envelops  common  chalcedony,  and 
is  sometimes  associated  with  Hint. 
CJl-CI^UE',  (ka-seek',)  ii.    The  Mexican  word  from 

which  came  Cazique,  which  see. 
eACK,  ?'.  1.    [L.  caco.] 

To  ease  the  bodv  by  stool.  Pope. 
eACK'ER-EL,  II.    [Said  to  be  from  L.  caco.] 

A  fish  which  is  said  to  void  excrements  when  pur- 
sued. Others  say,  a  fish  which  eaten  produces  lax 
bowels.  Skinner.  .Johnson. 

e.\CK'LE,  V.  i.  [D.  kaakelen,  to  chatter ;  Ger.  wackrrn, 
to  cackle,  to  gaggle;  li.  trairtrelen,  to  chatter;  Eng. 
gagitle  and  giggle Dan.  katrlc,  to  cluck,  as  a  hen  ; 
Sp.  cacarear,  to  cackle  or  crow.] 

1.  To  make  a  particular  noise,  as  a  goose  or  a  hen. 

Dryden.  Shah. 

2.  To  laugh  with  a  broken  noise,  like  the  cackling 
of  a  goose  ;  to  giggle,  which  is  a  word  from  the  same 
root.  Jlrbuthnot. 

3.  To  prate ;  to  prattle  ;  to  tattle ;  to  talk  in  a  silly 
manner.  Johnson. 

GACK'LE,  71.    The  broken  noise  of  a  goose  nr  hen. 

Dryden. 

2.  Idle  talk  ;  silly  prattle.  Johnson. 

eACK'LER,  n.    A  lowl  that  cackles. 

2.  A  telltale  ;  a  tattler.  Johnson. 

GACK'UNG,  p;)r.  or  a.  Alaking  the  noise  of  a  goose 
or  hen.  Johnson. 

GACK'LING,  71.  The  broken  noise  of  a  goose  or  hen. 
Rome  was  saved  by  the  cacklinff  of  a  goose. 

€A€-0-€HYM'ie,       (  a.   [See  C.u  ocHVMy.]  Hav- 

eA€-0-€HYM'ie-AL,  i  ing  the  fiuids  of  the  body 
vitiated,  especially  the  blood.  F.ncyc. 

eAe'O-eilYM-Y,  «.  [Gr.  KuKoxvixiii,  of  ic.otos,  ill,  and 
Xviioi,  juice.] 

A  vitiated  state  of  the  humors  of  the  body,  espe- 
cially of  the  blood. 

eAC-O-DE'MON,  n\  [Gr.  ku/coj,  evil,  and  iaijiuv,  a 
demon.] 

An  evil  spirit.  Shak. 
CAC-O-E'THES,  71.    [Gr.  KanoriOeia  ;  Kanoi,  vicious, 
and  i/Odj,  manners.] 

1.  A  bad  custom  or  habit ;  a  bad  disposition. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  bad  quality  or  disposition  in  dis- 
ease ;  an  incurable  ulcer.  Parr.  Coie. 

CjIC-O-F'T/IEU  SCRI-BEA''DT,   [L.]    A  diseased 

propensity  for  writing. 
GA-eoG'RA-PHY,  7i.    [Gr.  ko«'s  and  jpa^oj.] 

Bad  spelling. 
e.\-eol-'0-GV,  11.    [Gr.  KaKos  and  Xoj  uf.] 

Bad  speaking. 

iAe:aPHON'''ie-AL,  i    ^"'""""s  "='^^'"y- 

eA-€OPH'0-NOUS,  a.  Harsh-sounding. 
eA-eOPH'O-NY,  71.    [k  ot ill,  and  ipwr,,  voice.] 

1.  In  rhetoric,  an  uncouth  or  disagreeable  sound  of 
words,  proceeding  from  the  meeting  of  harsh  letters 
or  syllables.  Kncyc. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  depraved  voice ;  an  altered  state 
of  the  voice.  Core.  F.ncyc. 

3.  In  music,  a  combination  of  discordant  sounds. 
eAe'O-TEeil-NY,  «.    [Gr.  KOKos  and  rt^vn-] 

A  corrupt  art. 
eA-eOT'RO-PIIY,  71.    [Gr.  xaKos  and  7(j(o0i).J 

Bad  food  or  bad  nutrition.  Core. 
e.VCOX'EiN'E,  II.    [Gr.  Kflit  IS  and     i  n?.]    A  mineral 
occurring  in  yellowish,  radiating  tufts,  and  consisting 
of  phosphoric  acid  with  alumina,  tiuoric  acid,  and 
water. 

e.V  eO'.MIN-.ATE,  V.  t.    To  make  sharp  or  pointed. 

€Ae'TIJS,  II.  A  genus  of  plants,  remarkable  for  their 
large  and  beautiful  (lowers,  and  the  grotesque  shapes 
these  plants  often  assume.  Brande. 

CAD,  II.    A  boy  at  the  door  of  an  omnibus. 

2.  A  runner  or  messenger;  sometimes  called  cadie. 

C.9  DA' yFli,  n.    [h.]    A  corpse.  ]Seolli.ih. 

CA-DA V'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  cadaver,  a  de.td  carcass, 
from  rado,  to  fall.] 

1.  Having  ihi-  appearance  or  color  of  a  dead  human 
body  ;  pale  ;  wan  ;  ghastly  ;  as,  a  cadaiwrons  look, 

2.  Having  the  ipialilies  of  a  dead  body.  .Irbuthnot. 
eA-IUV'ER-OirS-EY,  (ii/ii.    In  a  cadaverous  form. 
GA-DAV'ER  OUS-NESS,  n.    Tin-  cpuilily  of  being 
CAD'DIS,  II.    [Qu.  1,.  c(i(/iis,  a  cask.]  [cadaverous. 

1.  A  kind  of  tape  or  ribbcui.  Shak. 

2.  A  kind  of  worm  or  grub  found  in  a  case  of 
straw.  .Johnson. 

The  caddis  iporms  (caddicc  iporm.^,  or  ca.fe  vornis) 
are  tlii^  larvea  of  neuropterous  insects,  of  the  genus 
Phryganea,  which  live  inside  of  tubes,  constructed 
by  llii  iii-ii  Ives,  of  diU'eri'iit  extraneous  materials,  as 
grains  of  sand,  shells,  or  bits  of  wood,  leaves,  &.C. 


They  inhabit  fresh  water,  streams,  or  ponds,  each 
carrying  about  its  portable  dwelling,  from  which  the 
head  and  fore  feel  protrude.  When  disturbed,  they 
withdraw  entirely  within  their  tubes. 

CAD' I  low,  II.    A  chough  ;  a  jackdaw.  Bay. 

C.AD'DV,  II.    A  small  box  for  keeping  tea. 

G.aDE,  a,    [Uu.  W.  cadw,  to  keep  or  guard  ;  or  Ar 

^L.J  kauda,  to  lead  or  govern,  to  be  led,  to  be  sub- 
missive.] 

Tame  ;  bred  by  hand  ;  domesticated  ;as,  acorfolamb. 
CADE,  f.  (.    'J'o  bring  up  or  nourish  by  hand,  or  with 

tenderness  ;  to  lame. 
CADE,  II.  [L.  cadus:  Gr.  it'ii'of,  a  cask,  koS.ov,  a  pur.se 

or  little  cask  ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  W.  cadw,  to  hold,  to 

keep.] 

A  bane  1  or  cask.  A  catle  of  herrings  is  the  quan- 
tity of  five  hundred  ;  of  sprats,  a  thousand.  J'lncyc. 

CaDE'-OIIj,  II.  In  the  materia  wed  ca,  an  oil  used  in 
Germany  and  France,  obtained  by  distillation  from 
the  wood  of  the  Juniperus  Oiyccdrus,  called  in  those 
countries  cada.  Kncyc.  JViemann. 

CaDE'-WORM,  n.    The  same  as  Ciuuis. 

Ca'DENCE,  I  II.    [Fr.  cadence;  Sp.  and  Port,  caden- 

Ca'DEN-CY,  i  cia;  L.  cadens,  from  cado,  to  fall  ;  W. 
cwyiaw ',  Corn,  kodha  i  Arm.  kuedha,  or  kueza  i  Ir. 
coduni,  cudaim;  It.  caderci  Sp.  caer;  Port,  co/iir;  Fr. 
ckeoir.] 

1.  A  fall ;  a  decline;  a  state  of  sinking.  Milton. 

2.  A  fall  of  the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking,  as  at 
the  end  of  a  sentence  ;  also,  the  falling  of  the  voice 
in  the  general  modulation  of  tones  in  reciting.  In 
reading  or  speaking,  a  certain  tone  is  taken,  which  is 
called  the  key,  or  key-note,  on  which  most  of  the  words 
are  pronounced,  and  the  fall  of  tlie  voice  below  this 
tone  is  called  cadence.  Kncyc. 

The  ordinary  cadence  is  a  fall  of  the  last  sj  llable 
of  a  sentence  only. 

3.  The  general  tone  of  reading  verse.  "  The  eii- 
dence  of  one  line  must  be  a  rule  to  that  of  the  next  ; 
as  the  sound  of  the  former  must  slide  gently  into  that 
which  follows."  Dryden. 

4.  Tone  ;  sound  ;  as,  hoarse  cadence.  Milton. 

5.  In  music,  repose  ;  the  termination  of  a  harnioni- 
cal  phrase  on  a  ri'pose  or  on  a  perfect  chord.  Kncyc. 

Also,  the  manner  of  closing  a  song ;  embellisimient 
at  the  close.  Busby. 

6.  In  horsemanship,  an  equal  measure  or  proportion 
observed  by  a  horse  in  all  his  motions.  Kncyc. 

7.  In  Ari'uWri/,  the  distinction  of  families.  Chalmers. 
Ca'DENCE,  ii.  t.    To  regulate  by  nuisical  measure. 

Smith. 

CA'DENC-ED,  (ka'denst,)  pp.  or  o.  Having  a  parlic- 
ular  cadeiice  ;  as,  well-cai/ciicfrf  music.  Rousseau. 

e.\-DKi\E',  II.  A  sjiecies  of  inferior  carpet  imported 
from  the  Levant.  Kncyc. 

Ca'DENT,  a.    [L.  cadens.] 

Falling  down  ;  sinking.  Johnson. 

CA-DEA'ZA,  71.  [It.  See  Cadence.]  The  fall  or 
modulation  of  the  voice  in  singing. 

CA-DET',  71.  [Fr.  cadet;  It.  cadctto ;  Sp.  cadcte.  In 
French,  properly,  the  second  son.  Oebelin.  But  in 
general,  the  younger  son  or  brother,  or  the  j'oungest.] 

1.  The  younger  of  two  brothers ;  the  youngest  son. 

Smart. 

2.  A  gentleman  who  carries  arms  in  a  regiment, 
as  a  private  man,  with  a  view  to  acquire  military 
skill,  and  obtain  a  commissiim.  His  service  is  vol- 
untary,but  he  receives  pay,  and  thus  is  distinguished 
fro|j  a  volunteer.  Kney:. 

3.  A  young  man  in  a  military  school. 
CA-DEW',  (ka  du',)  71.  A  straw  worm.  [See  Caduis.] 

2.  An  Irish  mantle. 
CADGE,!'./.  To  carry  a  burden.  [JVot  in  use.]  Ray. 
CADG'ER,  II.    One  who  brings  butter,  eggs,  and  ]iuiil- 
try  to  the  market  from  the  country  ;  a  huckster. 
[/  bilicL-c  nut  used  in  the  United  States.]  [Johnson. 


CA'DI,  (ki'de,)  n.    [Ar.  Ajli'  k"idon,  a 


governor. 


from  >Li'  kauda,  to  lead,  rule,  or  govern  ;  Eng.  guide. 

Hence  alcaide.] 

In  the  Turkish  dominions,  a  judge  in  civil  allairs  ; 
usually  the  judge  of  a  town  or  village,  for  the  juilge 
of  a  city  or  piw\"iuce  is  called  moula.  I'.ociic 
CA  DIL'i. AC,  II.    A  son  of  pi  ai.  .Johnson. 
CAD-.MK'AN,  j  a.    Relating   to  (■;idinus,  a  reputed 
CAD'iMI-AN,  t     prince  of  Thelies,  who  introduced 
into  Greece  the  sixteen  simple  letters  of  the  alphabet 
— > » '»      ^> /!»  ' )  "i      /ii  "^j  r,  II.  These 
are  calleil  Cadmean  letters,  Bryant. 

This  personage  maj'  be  a  fabulous  being,  or,  if  such 
a  person  ever  existed,  he  may  have  been  named  from 
his  knowledge  of  leltiTS  ;  for  in  the  ancient  Persian, 
kadeem  signilii'd  language;  Ir.  euailhom,  to  tell  or 
relate  ;  ceadoch,  talkative  ;  ceadal,  a  story.  Or  he  may 
have  bi  eii  named  frimi  liis  eiiiineiice  or  anticpiity, 
D"ip  kadam,  to  precede  ;  Arabic,  to  exctd  ;  whence 
the  sense  of  priority  and  antiquity  ;  or  his  name  may 
denote  a  man  from  the  East. 


FATE,  FXB,  FAUi,  WH^kT,  — METE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK. 


CAI 

eAI)'.MI-A.  II.  An  oxj  J  of  zinc  whicli  collects  on  Ilie 
sides  ol"  I'urnnccs  wliL-re  zinc  is  sublirnuil,  iu  in  liriiss 
founclfries.  This  substnncc  is  readily  volatilized  on 
charcoal,  by  tliu  oxy-liydrogen  lilo«  |iii>c,  and  it  burns 
with  the  iisiiul  beautiful  combustion  of  /.inc.  Pul- 
verized, mixed  with  charcoal  powder,  wrapped  in 
shi;i^t  copper,  and  heated  with  the  com|K)und  blow- 
pipe, it  readily  forms  brass.  Sillimaii. 

Cmlniia  foi.iitii :  a  term  by  which  calamine,  or  the 
common  ore  of  zinc,  was  forini  rly  known  ;  whence 
the  name  given  to  the  new  nietal  cadmium,  first  dis- 
coveri'd  in  that  ore. 

eAD'.MI-LJ.M,  II.  A  metal  discovered  by  Siromeyer,  in 
1817,  in  carbon.ite  of  zinc.  Its  color  is  a  tine  white, 
with  a  shade  of  bluish  Bray,  resembling  that  of  tin. 
Its  texture  is  compact,  its  fracture  hackly,  and  it  is 
susceptible  of  (xilish.  It  is  ductile  and  malleable, 
and,  when  fused,  crjstallizes  in  octahedrons.  It 
ni  Its  below  a  red  heat,  and  sutlers  but  slight  change 
in  air.  Ure.  Clfavetaiid. 

C A-DO'CE-AN,  a.    Belonging  to  Mercury's  wand. 

CA-DO'CE-US,  n.  [L.]  In  nntiqiiitij.  Mercury's  rod  ; 
a  wand  eiitwisted  l>y  two  serpents,  borne  by  .Mercu- 
ry as  an  ensign  of  quality  and  ollice.  On  medals 
the  Caduceus  is  a  symbol  of  good  conduct,  pence, 
and  prosperity.  The  rod  represents  power ;  the  ser- 
pents, wisdom ;  and  the  two  wings,  diligence  and 
activity.  F.ncijc. 

e.\-l)U'l'I  TY,  n.    [L.  caituciis,  from  cado,  to  fall.] 
Tendencv  to  fall.    [Little  used.]  Chesterfield. 

€.\-0C  eOUS,  a.    [L.  supra  ] 

Falling  oft"  quickly,  or  soon  after  development ; 
as  the  enveU>pos  of  a  flower,  when  they  fall  oti" 
nearly  as  soon  as  they  are  expanded. 

C.E'CI-AS,  II.  [L.]  .\  wind  from  the  nnrth-ea.n, 
[and  in  Latin,  according  to  .\insworth,  from  the 
north-west.]  Milton. 

C-E'€U.M,  n.  [L.]  In' ano/omy,  the  commencement 
of  the  large  intestine,  forming  a  cut-de-saCf  or  closed 
tube,  before  the  insertion  of  the  small  intestine,  and 
having  near  its  closed  extremity  a  small  process  or 
appendage  called  the  vermiform  appendage,  (appeii- 
dteitU  oermiformis.)  The  term  eaca  (plural)  is  ap- 
plied to  small  Lateral  appendages  of  the  intestinal 
canal,  similar  to  the  vermiform  appendages,  as  in 
birds  and  fishes. 

C.«  S.v'IM-AN.    Sec  Cesarian. 

C.E-SO'U.V  or  C.'E-SO'llA,  n.  [Fr.  cisiire ;  It.  ccsura  ; 
L.  cuesiira,  from  ctedo,  ciesuin,  to  cut  otT.] 

A  pause  in  verse,  so  introduced  as  to  aid  the  re- 
cital, and  render  the  versification  more  melodious. 

.  It  divides  a  verse  or  line  into  equal  or  unequal  parts. 
Its  most  pleasing  effect  is  produced  when  it  is 
placed  at  the  end  of  the  second  foot,  or  in  the  mid- 
dle, or  at  the  end  of  the  third  foot.  Sheridan. 

C.E  SO'RAL,,  u.    Pertaining  to  the  ca!sura. 

a-JfE,  (kaffi,)  n.    [Fr.]    A  coffee-house. 

eAF'E-.VET,  n.    [Fr.  cafe.] 

In  TurUeij,  a  hotel  or  liouse  of  rest  for  travelers. 

CVF-Fic'ie,  a.  Caffiic  acid;  an  acid  obtained  from 
coffee,  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder,  which,  when 
heated,  yields  the  peculiar  aromatic  odor  of  coffee. 

€.\F  Fii'iN,  n.  A  white,  bitter,  cry.«t.illizablc  sub- 
stance, obtained  from  coffee,  and  having  the  com- 
position of  an  alkaloid. 

e.\F'KllE,  (-fer,)  n.  [.\rabic ;  whence  Caffraria,  in 
Afiie.n.l  .\n  unbeliever;  a  name  given  to  a  people 
in  South  .\frica,  who  reject  the  .Mohammedan  faith. 

€.\F'TA.\,  n.  [Persic]  A  Persian  or  Turkish  vest, 
or  garment.  John.ion. 

C\C,,  II.  [Fr.  caque :  Dan.  in <::  allied  probably  to 
ca;'e,  that  which  holds  ;  Sax.  cnggian,  to  make  fast. 
See  Keo.] 

A  sm.all  ca.sk,  or  barrel,  differing  from  the  barrel 
only  in  size,  and  containing  a  few  gallons,  but  not  of 
any  definite  capacity.    It  is  genenily  written  Keo. 
€aOE,  n.    [Fr.  ca'je  :  D.  koine,  and  kooi.    See  Cag.] 

1.  .K  box  or  inclosure,  made  of  boards,  or  with  lat- 
tice* work  of  wood,  wicker,  or  wire,  for  confining 
birds  or  beasts.  Fur  the  confinement  of  the  more 
strong  and  ferocious  beasts,  a  'cage  is  sometimes 
made  of  iron.  Knciie. 

2.  .An  inclosure  made  with  palisades  for  confining 
wild  bejusls.  Johnson. 

3.  .A  prison  for  petty  criminals.  Johnson. 

4.  In  earprnlni,  an  outer  work  of  timber,  inclosing 
another  within  it ;  as,  the  cage  of  a  windmill,  or  of 
a  staircase.  F.nem. 

Ca6E,  r.  (.  To  confine  in  a  cage  ;  to  shut  up  or  confine. 

C\(i'KV>,pp.    Confined  in  a  cage.  [Donne. 

CAO'I.NO,  ppr.    Confining  in  a  cage. 

t;.\(;'.M.\C;,  ».  Tough,  old  geese  sent  to  market; 
tough,  drv  meat.  Smart. 

€Jl-inKR',  (ka-heer',)  n.  [Fr.]  Literally,  a  niinilier 
of  sliei  ts  of  paper  put  loosely  together ;  but  now  ap- 
plied to  the  successive  portions  of  a  work  when 
printed  in  parts  or  numbers. 

e.V-I.N'Cie,  a.  Caincic  acid:  an  acid  obtained  from 
the  bark  of  the  root  of  a  Brazilian  shrub,  the  coAinca, 
a  species  of  Chiococca.  It  is  now  called  the  chiacoc- 
eic  acid. 

€A'ie,       )  n.    [Fr.  enique.]    A  skiff  belonging  to  a 
eA'mUE,  i  gallev. 
CAr.MA.\.   See  Cavmas. 


CAL 

CA  I-RA,  (sa-c-ril',)  H.  [Fr.  Literally,  it  (the  revo- 
lution) shall  L'o  on.]  The  liiirden  of  a  famous  song 
during  the  French  revolution.  liraiide. 

eAIll.N,  «.    [Gaelic  and  Welsh  cam.] 

A  heap  of  stones  ;  a  term  ajiplied  to  heaps  of 
stcmes  of  a  rounded  or  ctuiieal  form,  erected  by  the 
early  inhabitants  of  the  lirilish  Isles,  apparently  as 
sepulchral  moniiinents. 

€aIRi\'(;o|{.M  STD.N'E,  «.  a  yelU.w  or  brown  vari- 
ety of  rock-crystal,  or  crystallized  quartz,  found  in 
the  mountain  of  Cairngorm,  in  Scotland.  lirandr. 

CaIS'SO.V,  ?i.  [Fr.  fnuii  eaisse,  a  chest.  See  Case.] 
1.  A  wooden  chest  into  which  sevenil  bombs  art! 
put,  and  sometimes  gunpowder,  to  be  laid  in  tlie  way 
of  an  enenn',  or  under  some  work  of  which  the 
enemy  intend  to  possess  themselves,  and  to  be  fired 
wlieii  lliey  get  possession.  Knciic. 

0.  A  wooden  frame,  or  chest,  used  in  lajiiig  the 
foundation  of  the  pier  of  a  bridge.  Eiicijc. 

3.  .An  ammunition  chest,  or  wagon. 
eSI'TIFF,  n.  [Fr.  chrtif :  It.  cattivo,  a  cnptivo,  a 
slave,  a  rascal cattivare,  to  master,  to  enslave.  'J'his 
word  is  from  the  L.  cupticn.t,  a  captive,  frcmi  capio  or 
captn,  to  lake.  The  sense  of  knarrrij  is  from  the  nat- 
ural connection  between  the  degradation  of  a  slave 
ami  vice.  This  word,  from  its  derivation,  should  be 
siwit  raid/.] 

.A  mean  villain  ;  a  despicable  knave  j  it  implies  a 
mixture  of  xviekedness  and  misery.  Johnson. 
CXI'TIFF,  n.    Ilebuiging  to  a  caitiil";  base;  vile. 
e.AJ'E-PUT,  n.    An  essential  oil  from  the  East  Indies, 
resembling  that  of  cardamoms,  obtained  from  the 
leaves  of  a  species  of  .MelaliMicii,  (.V.  cnjnpoti.)  Knc. 

This  word  is  now  written  cnjnpiil,  (pronounced 
cayoi>poot,)  from  its  Hindoo  name,  Kaijupnti. 
G.A-JoLE',  V.  t.    [Fr.  cajoter,  enjolrr;  Arm.  enn^reoli. 
It  apiiears  by  the  derivatives  of  rnjoler,  that  the  Last 
part  of  these  words  is  from  joli,  prelty.] 

To  Hatter  ;  to  soothe  ;  to  coax  ;  to  deceive  or  delude 
by  flalterv.  Jliidibras. 
CA-JoI/Eil,  n.    A  flatterer;  a  wheedler. 
e.A-JoL'Ell-V,  «.    Flattery  ;  a  wheedling  to  delude. 

Uurke. 

GA-JoL'ING,  ppr.  Flattering  ;  wheedling  ;  deceiving. 
CAKE,  n.    [D.  kock ;  G.  kurhcn;  Dan.  kage ;  Sw. 

kaka ;  Ch.  ^y3  ;  Pers.  liTl^  kaiJca ;  Syr.  ^300 
koha.    Tlie  sense  seems  to  be,  a  mass,  or  lump.] 

1.  A  small  mass  of  dough  baked  ;  or  a  composition 
of  flour,  butter,  sugar,  or  other  ingredients,  baked  in 
u  small  mass.  The  name  is  applied  to  various  com- 
positi(ms,  baked  or  cooked  in  diflerent  shapes. 

2.  Something  in  the  form  of  a  cake,  r.ather  flat  than 
high,  but  roundish  ;  .as,  a  cake  on  a  tree. 

3.  A  mass  of  matter  concreted  ;  <as,  a  cake  of  ice. 

Drijdcn. 

In  JVew  England,  a  piece  of  floating  ice  in  a  river 
or  lake. 

4.  .A  hard  swelling  on  the  flesh;  or  rather  a  con- 
cretio'ii  without  such  swelling. 

e.AKE,  V.  t.    To  form  into  a  cake,  or  mass. 
e.KKE,  p.  I.    To  concrete,  or  form  into  a  hard  mass,  as 
dough  in  an  oven,  or  as  flesh,  or  any  other  substance. 

.Addison. 

eSKE,  r.  I.    To  cackle.    [J^'otu-ied.]  Ray. 

CAK'iCD,  (kakt,)  pp.    Formed  into  a  hard  mass. 

CAK'I.N'G,  ppr.    Forming  into  a  hard  mass. 

e.AK'I.VG,  n.    The  act  of  forming  into  concretions. 

CAL'A-Ii.ASH,  71.  [Sp.  caZ(i4o:o,  a  pumpkin,  a  gourd, 
a  calabii-sh  ;  Port,  cal,  'la^a.  Uu.  Gr.  miAir^,  a  water- 
pot,  or  pitcher.] 

L  A  vessel  m.ade  of  a  dried  gourd-shell,  or  of  the 
shell  of  a  calabash-tree,  used  for  containing  liquors, 
or  goods,  as  pitch,  resin,  and  the  like.  Kncijc. 

2.  A  popular  n.ame  of  the  gourd  plant,  or  Ciicur- 
bita.  Fain,  of  Plants: 

eAL'A-IiASII-TnEE,  n.  A  tree  of  two  species, 
known  in  botanij  by  the  generic  name  of  Crescen- 
tia.  The  Ciijete  h.as  narrow  leaves,  but  a  Large, 
round,  or  oval  fruit.  The  Latifoliahas  broad  leaves. 
The  shell  of  the  fruit  is  used  for  cups,  bowls,  dishes, 
and  other  utensils.  Kiicijc. 

e.AL-.A-It(JOSE',  ?i.  A  corruption  of  the  Spanish 
word  calubo:o,  prison.  Used  in  the  South-western 
States. 

GA-LaDE',  n.  The  slope  or  declivity  of  a  rising 
manege-ground.  Kneyc. 

e.A-LA'ITE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  turqiiois, 
which  see. 

e.AL-.A-M.A.NG'O,  n.  [Fr.  callimanque,  eatmande  ;  D. 
kalmink ;  G.  kalmaak ;  Sp.  calamaco.  du.  Sp.  maca, 
a  spot.] 

A  woolen  stuff,  of  a  fine  gloss,  and  checkered  in 
the  warp.  F.iie.yc. 
€AL'A-M;\R,     \n.    [Sp.  calamar ;  It.  cnlomaia,  an 
e.AL'.A-.M.A-UY,  i     inkhorn,  and  this  animal.] 

An  animal  having  an  oblong  body,  and  ten  legs. 
On  the  belly  are  two  bladders  containing  a  black 
fluid,  which  the  aniin.al  emits  when  pursued.  It  is 
called  also  sea-sleeve,  and  cuttle-fish;  Loligo  vulgaris, 
preke,  or  pen-fish.  Sp.  Dut.  Diet.  ofMU.  ItisL 
eAL'AM-BAC,  n.  [Sp.  calai,J,uco.] 
Agallocliuni,  which  see. 


CAL 

e.AL'.A.M-ItOUR,  ».  A  species  of  agallochiim,  or  aloe4- 
wood,  of  a  dusky  or  mottled  color,  of  a  light,  friable 
te.vtiire,  and  less  fragrant  than  calambac.  'I'hia 
wood  is  used  by  cabinet-makers  and  iiilayers.  F.nciie. 

eAL-A-.MIF'EK-Ol'S,  «.  (L.  ciilnmus  and  fero.]  A 
term  deiiotinj;  plants  liaving  a  long,  hollow,  knotted 
stem.  Chambrrs. 

e.AL'.A-MI.\E,  n.  Lapis  calaminaris,  an  ore  of  zinc, 
consisting  of  oxyd  of  zinc  and  carb<mic  acid,  (carbon- 
ate of  zinc.)  Its  color  is  white,  often  with  grayish, 
greenish,  or  brownish  shades.  It  occurs  usually  in 
spheroidal  or  stalactitic  concretions,  and  soiiK  tmies 
cry  stallized  in  acute  rhoniboliedrons. 

FJiclric  calamine  ;  an  ore  of  zinc,  (silicioiis  oxyd  of 
zinc,)  formerly  considered  a  variety  of  the  preceding, 
C(msisting  of  silica  and  oxyd  of  zinc,  with  several 
per  cent,  of  water.  It  crystallizes  in  prisms,  w  hich 
become  electric  when  heated.  It  does  not,  like  cala- 
mine, dissolve  with  effervescence  in  nitric  acid. 

CAL'.A-.Ml.NT,  71.  [L.  ealuininUia;  Gr.  xuAii/iiiOi  > 
pnUa,  in'-ntha,  menta,  mint.] 

,A  plant,  of  the  genus  Calainintha,  an  aromatic 
plant,  and  a  weak  corroborant.  Knnjc. 
Water  calamiiit  is  a  species  of  Mentha,  or  mint. 

eAL-.A-MIS'TIlA'i'E,  v.  I.  To  curl  or  frizzle  the 
hair.    [jYot  vsid.]  Colgrare. 

eAL-.A-.MlS-TKA'TIOX,  ti.  The  act  of  curling  the 
hair.    [J\rot  used.] 

CAL'.A-.MI'I'E,  n.    [L.  ealamus,  a  reed.] 

A  variety  of  hornblende,  allied  to  tremolite.  It 
occurs  in  imperfect  or  rounded  prismatic  crystals,  of 
a  vitreous  luster,  longitudinally  striated,  and  some- 
times resembling  a  reed,  whence  the  name. 

C.A-L.\M'I-'I'OUS,  a.  [Fr.  culamileuz.  See  C  iLASiiTr.] 

1.  Very  miserable  ;  involved  in  deep  distress ;  op- 
pressed with  infelicity  ;  wretched  from  misfortune  ; 
applied  to  men.  Johnson.  Calamij. 

2.  Producing  distress  and  misery  ;  making  wretch- 
ed ;  applied  to  external  circumstances  ;  as,  a  calamitous 
event.  Milton. 

3.  Full  of  misery  ;  distressful ;  wretched  ;  applied 
to  state  or  condition.  South. 

eA-L.A.M'I-Tt)L;S-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  bring 
great  distress. 

eA-LA.M'I-TOUS-NE.SS,  71.  Deep  distress  ;  wretch- 
edness; misery  ;  the  quality  of  producing  misery. 

e.A-LAM'I-TY,  71.    [L.  calamitns.    Ou.  Ar. 

kalama,  to  wound  ;  Ileb.  Ch.  oSa,  kalam,  to  make 
ashamed.  Under  this  root  the  Syriac  has  calamity. 
'I'he  sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  strike,  to  beat  down. 
But  the  origin  of  the  word  is  uncertain.] 

Any  great  misfortune  or  cau.se  of  misery  ;  gener- 
ally applied  to  events  or  di.sa.sters  which  produce  ex- 
tensive evils,  as  loss  of  crops,  earthquakes,  conflagra- 
tions, defeat  of  armies,  and  the  like.  But  it  is 
applied  also  to  the  misfortunes  which  bring  great 
distress  U|ion  individuals.  Milton.  Prior. 

Tiie  drliticniuonf  of  catamily  arc  rvrcly  wi»c.  Burke. 

e.AL'A-.MUS,  71.  ^L.,  from  Gr.  KuXapnf,  a  stalk  or 

'» — 

stem,  a  reed,  stubble ;  Etb.  and  Ar.  ^Xj),  kalaman, 

calamus  scriptorius,  a  writing  reed,  or  pen.  The 
verb  in  Arabic  signifies  to  cut  or  pare.  But  qu.,  for 
it  would  seem  to  be  allied  to  culmus.] 

1.  The  generic  name  of  the  Indian  cane,  called 
also  Rotang.  It  is  without  branches,  has  a  crown  at 
the  top,  and  is  beset  with  spines.  Kneyc. 

2.  In  antiquity,  a  pipe  or  fistula,  a  wind  instrument, 
made  of  a  reed  or  oaten  stalk.  Kn,:yc. 

3.  A  reed,  used  anciently  as  a  pen  to  write  on 
parchment  or  pap>TUS.  Encijc. 

4.  The  root  of  a  sort  of  reed,  or  «wpet-s<  enled 
cane,  used  by  the  Jews  as  a  perfume.  It  is  a  knotty 
root,  reddish  without  and  white  w  ithin,  and  filled 
with  a  s|)ongy  substance.    It  has  an  aromatic  smell. 

liroim.  Calmet, 
."i.  The   sweet  flag,  called   by  Linnieus  Acorus 
Calam*^.  F.ncye. 

e.A-L.AN'DO,  [It.  eaiure,  to  decrease,]  in  miisic, 
directs  to  a  diiiiiniitit)n  of  time  and  sound,  till  the 
sound  is  ni'arly  lost  to  the  ear. 

e.\-L.A.\"'I)RA,  71.  .A  siiecies  of  lark,  xviih  a  thick 
bill,  the  upper  p.art  of  the  body  of  a  reddish  brown, 
spotted  with  black,  with  a  body  thicker  than  the 
sk\lark.  Pennant. 

eA-i-.A.\'DRE,  71.  The  French  name  of  a  species  of 
insect  of  the  beetle  kind,  very  destructive  in  grana- 
ries ;  the  common  grain  weevil. 

€A-L.AN"G.AY,  71.    A  species  of  white  parrot.  Ash. 

GA-LASH',  II.  [Fr.  caleche;  D.  kales;  Sp.  catesa  ; 
Uuss.  kotiaska.] 

1.  A  light  chariot  or  carriage  with  very  low  wheels, 
used  for  Laking  the  air  in  parks  and  gardens.  It  is 
open,  or  covered  with  mantlets  of  cloth,  that  arc  let 
down  .at  pleasure.  F.ncijc. 

2.  A  cover  for  the  head  sometimes  used  by  ladies. 

3.  .A  himd  or  top  of  a  carriage  w  hich  can  be  thrown 
back  at  pleiLsure. 


TO.VE,  BULL,  TJNITE — A.\"GER,  Vl"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  6  ai  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


163 


CAL 

CAL'€A-DIS,  n.  White  vitriol. 

GALe'AR,  71.  In  glass  works,  a  kind  of  oven,  or  re- 
verberaturj*  furnace,  used  for  tlie  calcination  of  sand 
and  potash,  and  converting  them  Jito  frit.  Encyc. 

eAL€'AR-ATE,  a.  [L.  calcar,  a  pur,  caU,  the  lieel ; 
Ir.  calfr,  a  sting  or  goad.] 

1.  Furnished  with  a  spur;  as,  a  calcarate  corol,  in 
larkspur.  Martyn. 

2.  In  shape,  resembling  a  cock's  spur ;  as,  a  calcarate 
nectarv. 

€AL.eA'RE-0-.\Jl-GIL-L.5'CE0US,  a.  Consisting 

of  IT  contalninff  calcareous  and  argillaceous  earth. 
eAL  eA'RE  O-UI-Tu'.MIN-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  or 

containing  lime  and  bitumen.  Lyell. 
€AL-eA'RE-0-SI-LI"C10US,  a.    Consisting  of  or 

containing  calcareous  and  silicious  earth. 
eAL-€A'RE-0-SUL'PHUR-OUS,  a.    [See  Calx  and 

Sulphur.] 

Having  lime  and  sulphur  in  combination,  or  par- 
taking of  both.  Kirwaii. 
e.\L-€A'RE-OUS,  0.    [L.  cakariiis.    See  Call] 

Partaking  of  the  nature  of  lime  ;  having  the  quali- 
ties of  lime  ;  containing  lime  ;  as,  calcareous  earth  or 
stone.  -    Kiicuc.  Kirwan. 

Calcarenas  earth ;  a  term  formerly  applied  to  lime. 

Calcareous  spar ;  crj'stallized  carbonate  of  lime. 
C.AL-eA'RE-OUS-NESS,  n.    auality  of  being  calca- 
reous. 

€.\L-e.\-VAL'LA,  n.  A  kind  of  sweet  wine  from 
Portugal.  Mason. 

CAL'CE-A-TED,  a.  [L.  calceatus,  from  calccus,  a  shoe.] 
Shod  ;  fitted  with  or  wearing  shoes.  Johnson. 

€AL'CE-DON,7i.  [See  Chalcedony.]  With  jewelers, 
a  foul  vein,  like  chalcedony,  in  some  precious  stones. 

eAL-CE-DON'ie,      )       rc     <^  i  MsA- 

CAL-CE-Do'NI-AN,  r-   [See  Chalcedony.]  L 
Pertaining  to,  or  resembling  chalcedony.  Encyc. 

<v.AL-CED'0-NY.  See  Chalcedony,  the  more  correct 
orthotrraphy, 

eAL-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [of  calx,  lime,  and  fero,  to 
produce.] 
Containing  lime. 
iOAL'CI-FOR.M,  a.    [of  calx,  lime,  and /orma,  form.] 

In  the  form  af  calx. 
€AL-CI-.MO'-RITE,  n.    [of  calx,  lime,  and  TTiuria,  salt 
water.] 

A  species  of  earthy  mineral,  of  the  muriatic  genus, 
of  a  blue  or  olive  green  color,  of  the  consistence  of 
clay.  It  consists  of  calcareous  earth  and  magnesia 
tinged  with  iron.   The  term  is  now  obsolete. 

Kirwaiu 

e.\L-CI.\'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Calcine.]  That  may  be 
calcined  ;  capable  of  being  reduced  to  a  friable  state 
bv  the  action  of  fire.  Encyc. 
e.AL'CI-NATE,  V.  t.  To  calcine.  [See  Calcine.] 
CAL-CI-NA'TION,  n.  [from  calcine.]  The  operation 
of  expelling  from  a  substance,  by  heat,  some  volatile 
matter  with  which  it  is  combined,  and  thus  disin- 
tegrating it  and  reducing  it  to  a  friable  state.  Thus 
carbonate  of  lime  is  reduced  to  lime  by  calcination,  or 
the  expulsion  of  carbonic  acid. 

2.  The  operation  of  reducing  a  metal  to  an  oxyd, 
or  metallic  cal.x.  This,  in  niodern^themistry,  is  called 
oxydation. 

€AL-CIN''A-TO-RY,  ti.    A  vessel  used  in  calcination. 
CAL-CINE',  or  CAL'CINE,  v.  L    [Ft.  calciner  ;  It. 
calcinare  ;        calcinar ;  from  calx.    See  Calt.] 

1.  To  reduce  a  substance  to  a  powder,  or  to  a 
friable  state,  by  the  action  of  heat ;  or  to  expel  from 
a  substance  some  volatile  matter,  combined  with  it, 
as  the  carbonic  acid  from  limestone. 

2.  To  oxydize,  as  a  metal ;  to  reduce  to  a  metallic 
calx. 

3.  To  dissolve  ;  to  destroy  the  principles  which 
unite.  Denliam. 

CAL-CI.NE',  or  GAE'CINE,  v.  i.    To  be  converted 

into  a  powder  oi  friable  substance,  or  into  a  calx, 

by  the  action  of  heat.  J^ewlon. 
€AL-CI.\'f;U,  pp.   Reduced  to  a  friable  state  by  heat. 
€AL-CI.\'INf;,  jipr.    Rendering  friable  by  he.'it. 
CAL'CI-TRaTE,  r.  U    [L.  calcitro.}    To  kick. 
€AL-CI-TRS'TIO.V,  n.    The  act  of  kicking.  Rons. 
e.\L'CI-U.\I,  n.    [from  L.  calx.]    The  metallic  basis 

of  lime.  Davy. 
CVLC'-SIN-TER,  n.    Calcareous  sinter;  stalactitic 

carbonate  of  lime. 
C.\LC'-.TAR,  n.  Calcareous  spar,  or  crj  stallized  car- 

l)on.ate  of  liriic. 
GAIiO'-TUFF,  n.    Calcareous  tufa.    A  loose,  porous 

deposit  of  carbonate  of  lime,  from  waters  holding  it 

in  sfilution. 

CAL'CU-EA-BLE,  a.    [.Sec  Calculate.]    That  may 

he  calculated,  or  ascertained  by  calculation. 
eAL'CIJ-I.A-RY,  71.    [L.  calculas,  a  pebble.] 

A  congeries  of  little  stony  knots  dispersed  through 

the  parenchyma  of  the  pear  and  other  fruits.  Encyc. 
CAI,'CU-LA-RY,  a.    Relating  to  the  disease  of  the 

stone  in  the  bladder. 
e.\I..'CU-LATE,  r.  t.    [Fr.  calculer ;  It.  ealculare  ;  Pp. 

calcalar ;  L.  calculo ;  from  calculus,  a  |>ebble  j  Ar. 
b 

Syr.  ^^iXi'i  kalkai,  gravel.] 


CAL 

1.  To  compute  ;  to  reckon  ;  to  add,  subtract,  mul- 
tiply, or  divide  any  sums,  for  the  purpose  of  finiling 
the  amount,  difference,  or  other  result.  Thus,  te 
calculate  the  expenses  of  erecting  a  house,  is  to  esti- 
mate and  add  together  the  several  sums  which  each 
part  of  the  materials  and  the  work  will  cost. 

2.  To  ascertain  by  tlie  use  of  tables  or  numbers ; 
as,  to  calculate  an  eclipse. 

3.  To  form  tables  upon  mathematical  principles, 
as  logarithms,  ephemerides,  (tc. 

4.  To  compute  the  situation  of  the  planets  at  a 
certain  time,  for  astrological  purposes ;  as,  to  calca- 
lafe  the  birth  of  a  person.  Shah. 

5.  To  adjust  by  computation  ;  to  fit  or  prepare  by 
the  adaptation  of  the  means  to  the  end  ;  as,  to  calcu- 
late a  system  of  laws  for  a  free  people. 


Roli^on  13  calculated  for  our  benefit. 


Tiitolson. 


e.\L'€U-LATE,  ».  i.  To  make  a  computation;  as, 
we  calculate  better  for  ourselves  than  for  others. 

In  J\i"ew  England,  this  word  is  often  equivalent  to 
intend  or  purjiose,  that  is,  to  make  arrangements,  and 
form  a  plan  ;  .as,  a  man  calculates  to  go  a  journey. 
This  use  of  the  word  springs  from  the  practice  of 
computing  or  estimating  the  various  circumstances 
which  concur  to  influence  the  mind  in  forming  its 
determinations,  but  it  is  not  sanctioned  by  English 
usage. 

CAL'ClJ-L.A-TED,  pp.  Computed  ;  reckoned  ;  suited  ; 
adapted  by  design. 

eAL'€U-LA-TIXG,  ppr.  Computing  ;  reckoning  ; 
adapting  by  design  ;  adjusting. 

CAE-CU-LA'TION,  71.  The  art,  practice,  or  manner, 
of  computing  by  numbers  ;  the  use  of  numbers,  by 
addition,  subtraction,  multiplication,  or  division,  for 
the  purpose  of  arriving  at  a  certain  result.  Thus 
computations  in  astronomy  and  geometry,  for  making 
tables  of  numbers,  are  called  calculations.  Encyc. 

2.  The  result  of  an  arithmetical  operation  ;  com- 
putation ;  reckoning.  Hooker. 

3.  Estimate  formed  in  the  mind  by  comparing  the 
various  circumstances  and  facts  which  influence  its 
determination. 

e.\L'eU-LA-TIVE,  a.     Pertaining  to  calculation  ; 

tending  to  calculate.  Burke. 
CAE'CU-La-TOR,  71.  One  who  computes  or  reckons  ; 

one  who  estimates  or  considers  the  force  and  effect 

of  causes,  with  a  view  to  form  a  correct  estimate  of 

the  effects.  . 
eAL'eU-LA-TO-RY,  a.   Belonging  to  calculation. 

Johnson. 

CAL'CULE,  71.    Reckoning;  computation.  [06s.] 

CAL'eLI-Ll,  71.  pi.  of  Calculus,  which  see. 

e.\L'eU-LOUS,  a.  [Supra.]  Stony;  gritty;  hard, 
like  stone  ;  as,  a  calculous  concretion.  Brown. 

2.  Affected  with  the  gravel  or  stone  ;  as,  a  calculous 
person.  Sharp. 

€.\L'eU-LUS,  71.  [L.  See  Calculate.]  Any  hard, 
solid  concretion,  formed  in  any  part  of^lhe  body,  as 
the  stone  in  the  bladder  or  kidneys,  called  urinary 
calculus,  or  a  gall-stone,  called  biliary  calculus. 

2.  In  mathematics,  the  term  calculus  is  applied  to 
various  branches  of  algebraical  analysis.  Thus  the 
differential  and  integral  calculus  is  a  method  of  calcu- 
lation in  which  quantities  are  supposed  to  undergo 
certain  variations  of  value,  to  facilitate  investigations 
respecting  them.  The  integral  is  the  inverse  of  the 
differential  calculus.  The  object  of  the  latter  is  to 
deduce,  from  given  algebraic  expressions,  certain 
other  exi)ressions,  called  differentials :  that  of  the 
former  is,  from  given  expressions,  to  find  others,  of 
which  they  are  the  differentials.  The  expressions 
sought  in  the  latter  case  are  called  integral,  the  terms 
integral  and  differential  being  correlative.  The  calcu- 
lus of  variations  may  be  regarded  as  a  department 
of  the  differential  and  integral  calculus,  in  which 
the  investigations  are  of  a  peculiarly  general  and 
recondite  character.  .d.  D.  Stanley. 

€AL'DRO.\,  (kawl'dron,)  n.  [Old  Fr.  chauldron,  now 
chaudron ;  Basque  galda,  to  lieat ;  galdarea,  a  great 
kettle  ;  It.  caldaia,  or  caldaro,  a  caldron  ;  caldo,  lieat 
and  hot ;  Sp.  caWa,  heat ;  caldcar,  to  heat,  to  weld 
iron  ;  caldera,  a  caldron  ;  Port,  caldcira,  a  caldron  ; 
Ij.  caldarium,  id. ;  calda,  hot  water  ;  caliilus,  hot,  from 
caleo,  to  be  hot.  This  is  from  the  root  of  Eng.  scald.] 
A  large  kettle  or  boiler,  of  copper,  or  other  metal, 
furnished  with  a  movable  handle  or  bail,  with  which 
to  hang  it  on  a  chimney-hook.  Mdison. 

CA-LBCHE',  (ka-lash'.)    See  Calash. 

e.\L-E-DO'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Caledonia,  an 
ancient  name  of  Scotbind.  The  termination  ia  sig- 
nifies a  country,  and  was  added  by  the  Romans. 
Calrdon  signifies,  probably,  the  hill  or  town  of  the 
Gaels,  or  CaeLt,  tlic  primitive  inhabitants. 

CVE-E-Do'NI-AN,  7i.  A  native  of  Caledonia,  now 
Scotland. 

eAL'E-DON-ITE,  7i.  A  mineral  of  a  green  color,  con- 
sisting of  thu  sulphate  and  carbonate  of  lead,  and 
carbonate  of  comer. 

eA!,-E-FA'CIENT,  a.  [Sec  Calefactiob,  Caleft.] 
Warming  ;  heating. 

CAly-E-FA'CIENT,  71.    That  which  w.arms  or  heats. 

C\E  E-FACTION,  71.  [L.  calrfactio,  from  calefacio, 
to  make  warm.   See  Calekt.] 


CAL 

1.  Tho-  act  or  operation  of  wanning  or  heating  ; 
the  production  of  heat  in  a  body  by  the  action  of  fire, 
or  by  the  communication  of  heat  from  other  bodies. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  state  of  being  heated.  Johnson. 
eAI^E-FAC'TIVE,    (  a.   [See  Calefactios.]  That 
e.\L-E-FAe'TO-RY,  (    makes  warm  or  hot ;  that 

communicates  heat. 
eAL'E-FV,  V.  i.    [L.  calefio,  to  become  warm  or  hot;  i 

from  caleo  and  fio  or  facio.]  | 
To  gritw  hot  or  warm  ;  to  be  heated.  Brown. 
€AL'E-F1?,  ti.  «.    To  make  warm  or  hot.  Johnson. 
CaVEM-BOURG,  n.     [Fr.,  from  a  German  Count 

Kahlemberg,  noted  for  his  blunders  in  the  French 

language.]    A  pun.  Brande. 
GAL'EX-D.\R,  71.    [L.  calendarium,  an  account-book. 

See  Calends.] 

1.  A  register  of  the  year,  in  which  the  month-s, 
weeks,  and  days,  are  set  down  in  order,  with  the 
feasts  observed  by  the  church.  Sec. ;  an  almanac.  It 
was  so  named  from  the  Roman  Calendte,  the  name 
given  to  the  first  day  of  the  month,  and  written,  in 
large  letters,  at  the  head  of  each  month.  [See 

.    Calends.]  Encyc. 

2.  .Kn  orderly  table  or  enumeration  of  persons  or 
things.  Encyc. 

3.  In  congress,  a  list  of  bills  prepared  for  the  action 
of  that  body. 

4.  In  English  courts,  a  list  of  criminal  causes  which 
stand  for  trial.  In  some  of  the  American  States,  the 
term  is  extended  to  embrace  civil  causes,  as  arranged 
for  trial. 

Calendar  month  ;  a  solar  month,  as  it  stands  in 
almanacs. 

CAL'EN-DAR,  v.  t.  To  enter  or  write  in  a  calendar. 
CAL'EN-DER,  r.  t.    [Fr.  calendrer :  Sp.  calentar,  to 

heat,  to  urge,  or  press  forward ;  from  caleo,  to  be 

hot.] 

'I'o  press  between  rollers,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
smooth,  glossy,  and  wavy ;  as  woolen  and  silk  stuffs 
and  linens. 

CAL'EN-DER,  71.  A  machine  or  hot  press,  used  in 
manufactories  to  press  cloths,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  them  smooth,  even,  and  glossy,  laying  the 
nap,  watering  them,  and  giving  them  a  wavy  ap- 
pearance. It  consists  of  two  thick  rollers  or  cylin- 
ders, placed  between  boards  or  planks,  the  lower  one 
being  fixed,  the  upper  one  movable,  and  Loaded  with 
a  great  weight.  Encyc. 

€AE'EN-DER-£D,  pp.    Smoothed  by  calendering. 

e.^IVEN-DER-ING,  ppr.  iMaking  smooth  and  glossy, 
by  being  pressed  between  rollers. 

CAL'EN-DRER,  71.    The  person  who  calenders  cloth. 

eA-LE.\"DRI€;-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  calendar. 

e.^L'ENDS,  n.pl.  [h.  calendis,  from  calo,  Gr.  xaXcoi, 
Eng.  to  call.    See  Call.] 

Among  the  Romans,  tiie  first  day  of  each  month 
The  origin  of  this  name  is  differently  related.  Varro 
supposes  it  to  have  originated  in  the  practice  of  noti- 
fying the  time  of  the  new  moon,  by  a  priest,  who 
called  out  or  proclaimed  the  fact  to  the  people,  and 
the  number  of  the  calends,  or  the  day  of  the  nones. 
Others  allege  that,  the  people  being  convened,  the 
pontifex  proclaimed  the  several  feasts  or  holidays  in 
the  month  —  a  custom  which  was  discontinued  in  the 
year  of  Rome  450,  when  the  fasti  or  calendar  was 
set  up  in  public  places,  to  give  notice  of  the  festivals. 

Encyc.    .Adam's  Rom.  Jintiq. 

eAL'EN-TTJRE,  71.  [Sp.  cdlentura,  heat,  a  fever  with 
irregular  pulse  ;  calentar,  to  heat ;  from  L.  caleo,  to 
be  hot.  Russ.  kalyu,  to  heat,  to  make  red  or  red  hot.] 
A  violent  fever,  attended  with  great  heat,  incident 
to  persons  in  hot  climates,  especially  natives  of  cooler 
climates.  It  is  attended  with  delirium,  and  one  of 
the  symptoms  is,  that  the  person  affected  imagines 
the  sea  to  be  a  green  field,  and  sometimes,  attempt- 
ing to  walk  in  it,  is  lost.  Encyc.  Coxe. 

eA-LES'CE.\CE,  71.    [L.  calcsco.] 
Growing  warmth  ;  growing  heat. 

eXLF,  (kiff,)  71. ;  pi.  Calves,  (kUvz.)  [Sax.  cenlf;  Sw. 
half;  Dan.  halv ;  D.  half;  and  the  verb  kalccn,  to 
calve,  to  vomit ;  G.  kalb  ;  kalbrn.  The  primary  sense 
is  issue,  from  throwing  out.  Hence  the  word  is  ajv 
plied  to  the  protuberant  part  of  the  leg,  a  jmsh,  a 
swell.] 

1.  The  young  of  the  cow,  or  of  the  bovine  genus 
of  quadrupeds. 

2.  In  contempt,  a  dolt ;  an  ignorant,  stupid  person  ; 
a  weak  or  cowardly  man.  Drayton. 

3.  The  thick,  fleshy  part  of  the  leg  behind,  so 
called  from  its  protuberance.  If'isrrnan. 

4.  The  calves  of  the  lips,  in  Ilosea,  signify  the  pure 
offerings  of  prayer,  praise,  and  thanksgiving.  Brown. 

exLF'-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  calf.  Shah. 
eXLF'-SKlN,  71.    The  hide  or  skin  of  a  calf;  or 

leather  made  of  the  skin. 
CAI/I-BER, ) 
CAL'I-BRE,  ) 

1.  The  diameter  of  a  body ;  as,  the  calihrr  of  a 
column,  or  of  a  bullet.  Encyc. 

2.  The  bore  of  a  gun,  or  the  extent  of  its  bore. 

3.  FiffUTtttively,  the  capacity  of  a  man's  mind. 

Burke. 

Caliher-compasses,  calibers,  or  calipers  f   a  sort  of 


[Fr.  and  Sp.  calibro.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


164 


CAL 


CAL 


CAL 


compasses  niiiile  with  nrchi'd  Ipys,  to  take  the  diam- 
eter of  rouiul  bddii  s,  as  masts,  slicit,  &c.  The  \rgs 
move  on  an  arch  of  hniss,  on  which  are  marked  tlie 
inches  and  half  inches,  to  show  how  far  the  points 
of  tlie  compasses  are  opened  asunder.  Encijc. 

Caliber-rule;  Runner's  calipers,  an  instrument  in 
which  a  ri^ht  lino  is  so  divided,  as  that,  the  first  part 
beins  equal  to  the  diameter  of  an  iron  or  leaden  ball 
of  one  pound  weight,  the  other  parts  are  to  the  first 
as  the  diameters  of  balls  of  two,  three,  four,  &c., 
pounds  are  to  the  diameter  of  a  ball  of  one  pound. 
It  is  u.sed  by  engineers  to  determine,  from  a  ball's 
weight,  its  diameter  or  caliber,  and  vice  ver.<a.  Eiicijc. 
e.\L'lCK,  n.  [Ij.  calix;  Fr.  calice;  Sax.  calic,  a  cup; 
Gr.  Kvkil.  It  is  usually  written  chalice,  but  on  ety- 
mological principles,  incorrectly.] 

A  cup  ;  appropriately,  n  couimunion-cup,  or  vessel 
used  to  admmister  the  wine  in  the  .sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  sup)>er  It  is  used  by  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
the  mass. 

e.\L'I-eo,  n.  [.''aid  to  be  from  Cnlicut,  in  India.]  A 
kind  of  cotton  cloth,  lu  Knglaud,  whiti'  or  imprint- 
ed cotton  cloth  is  called  calico.  In  the  United  States, 
calico  is  printed  cotton  cloth,  having  dilferent  colors. 
I  have  never  heard  this  name  given  to  tlie  uiipriiit<  d 
cloth.  Calico  was  originally  imported  from  India, 
but  is  now  manufactured  in  Europe  and  the  United 
States. 

eAL'I-eO-PRlNT'ER,  ji.  One  whose  occupation  is 
to  print  calicoes. 

eAL'I-eO-PRI.NT'ING,  n.  The  art  or  process  of 
printing  or  impressing  figured  patterns  on  calico. 

C.VL'ID,  a.    [L.  caliJus,  fr<«n  caleo,  to  bo  hot.] 

Hot  ;  burning  ;  ardent.  Johnson. 

€A-LID'1-TY,  II.    Meat.  Broien. 

e.'VL'I-DUCT,  11.  [L.  caleo,  to  be  hot,  cator,  heat,  and 
duco,  to  lead.] 

A  pipe  or  canal  used  to  convey  heat  to  the  apart- 
ments of  a  bouse,  by  the  transmission  of  hot  air  or 
steam. 

€A'LIF,  ;i.  Written  also  CiLirH  and  Kali r.  [fromAr. 

khalafa,  to  succeed.  Hence  a  calif  is  a  suc- 
cessor, a  title  given  to  the  successors  of  Moh.ammed.] 
A  successor  or  vicar ;  a  representative  of  iMoliam- 
med,  bearing  the  same  relation  to  him  as  the  pope 
claims  to  bear  to  St.  Peter.  Among  the  Saracens, 
or  Mohammedans,  a  cnlif  is  one  who  is  vested  with 
supreme  dignity  and  power  in  all  matters  relating  to 
religion  and  civil  iKilicy.  This  title  is  borne  by  the 
grand  seignior  in  Turkey,  and  by  the  soplii  of  Persia. 

Encyc. 

f  \T  'IP  ATF  ^ 

iiPH  l-ri'        The  office  or  dignity  of  a  calif ;  or 

KAI'IF-ATE    5    the  government  of  a  calif  JlarrU. 

eAI,-I-GA'TIO\,  n.  [L.  caligalio,  dimness,  from  coZ- 
iVo,  to  be  dark.] 

Darkness;  dimness;  cloudiness. 
In  medical  auUtorg,  caVfratian,  or  calirro,  is  a  dimness 
of  sight,  from  any  obstruction  to  the  passage  of  light 
to  the  retina,  whether  from  opacity  of  the  cornea,  or 
of  the  crystalline  or  other  humors',  or  their  capsules, 
or  from  an  obstructed  pupil. 

eA-I.IG  I.N'-OUS,  a.    Dim  ;  obscure  ;  dark. 
I  CA-LlG'l\-Ol'S-LY,  n,lr.  Obscurely. 

eA-LlG'l.\-OUS-NESS,  n.    Dimness  ;  obscurity. 

€AL-I-GRAPII'ie,  a.  [Infra.]  Pertaining  to  elegant 
penmanship.  IVarton. 

e.\-LIG'RA-PinST,  n.    An  elegant  penman. 

CA-LIG'KA-PHY,  ?i.    [Gr.  xaX.i,  fair,  and  ypa<po),  to 
write  ;  ^aWijoafi".] 
Fair  or  elegant  writing,  or  penmanship.  Pridrauz. 

GA'LIN,  n.  A  compound  metal,  of  which  the  Chinese 
make  tea-canisiers  and  the  like.  The  ingredients 
seem  to  be  lead  and  tin.  Encyc. 

€AL'I-PASH,  (  n.    That  part  of  a  turtle  which  be- 

e.\L'l-PEE,  !  longs  to  the  up|H'r  shell  is  called 
atlipash,  and  that  part  which  belongs  to  the  lower 
shell,  calipee.  Knctfc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

CAL'I-PERS,  >   n.  fl.  Compasses  with 

fAL'I-PER-fOM'PAP-SES,  <  curved  legs,  for 
measuring  the  caliber,  or  diameter,  of  round  bod- 
ies. Brande. 

€AL-IS-THE.N"'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  calisthenics 

CAHS-TllE.N'ieS,  n.  [Gr.  /cuAof,  beautiful,  and 
o(*cio?,  strength.] 

The  art,  science,  or  practice,  of  healthful  exercise 
of  the  body  and  limbs,  to  promote  strength  and  grace- 
ful movement. 

CAL'I-VER,  n.  [from  caliber.]  .\  kind  of  hand  gun, 
musket,  or  arquebuse.  Shak. 

GA'LIX,  B.    [L.  caVu-;  Gr.  »«XiJ.]    A  cup. 

It  is  sometimes  erroneously  used  for  Caltx,  which 
see. 

CALaUE,  i  «<»'7""-.  to  chalk.] 

To  copy  a  drawing,  by  rubbing  the  back  of  it 
with  red  or  black  chalk,  and  thi  n  tracing  the  lines 
through  on  paper,  &,c.,  by  means  of  a  blunt  style  or 
needle. 

(kauk,)  r.  t.  [Clu.  the  connection  of  this  word 
with  the  Sp.  ealafetcar :  lu  calafilare  :  Port,  calafrtar  : 
Arm.  ealefeti;  Fr.  calfeter.  to  smear  with  cement  or 


mortar  ;  Ar.  i_jL]lj»  katafa,  to  stop  the  seams  of  ships 
(vith  fine  moss,  &,c.,  and  pay  tlirm  over  with  pitch  ; 
Sam.  id.  It  may  be  corrupted  from  this  word  ;  if  not, 
it  may  be  from  the  Dan.  kalk,  calx,  liiiii',  or  niortat ; 
but  this  seems  not  pnibable.  The  GeniiMiis  and  Dunes 
have  borrowed  the  Spanish  and  French  word  to  ex- 
press the  idea.  Skinner  deduces  the  word  from  Fr. 
cala<Te,  tow.] 

1.  To  drive  oakum,  or  old  ropes  untwisted,  into 
the  seams  of  a  ship,  or  other  vessel,  to  prevent  tin  ir 
leaking  or  admitting  water.  After  the  seams  are 
filled,  they  are  covi'red  with  hot,  melted  pitch  or 
resin,  to  keep  the  oakum  from  rotting. 

2.  In  some  parts  of  .America,  to  set  iipim  a  horse  or 
ox  8h(M^s  armed  with  sharp  points  of  iron,  to  prc^vent 
their  slipping  on  ice  ;  that  is,  to  slop  from  slipping. 

GALK,  (kauk,)  «.  In  JVne  Enslaiid,  A  sharp-pointed 
piece  of  iron  on  a  shoe  for  a  horse  or  an  ox,  called  in 
Great  Uritaiii  calkin  ;  used  to  iireveiit  the  animal  from 
slipping. 

Also,  an  instrument  with  sharp  points,  which  per- 
sons wear  on  their  feet  to  prevent  slipping  on  the 
ice.    [U.  i'.l 

eALK'r.R,  (kauk'cr,)  n.  A  man  who  calks  ;  some- 
times, perliaps,  a  c<i/4  or  pointed  iron  on  a  horse-shoe. 

eALK'f-'D,  (kaukd,)  pp.  Having  the  seams  stopped  ; 
furnished  with  shoes  with  irim  points. 

€ALK'IN,  n.  A  calk,  or  sharp  point  in  a  horse's  shoe, 
to  prevent  slipping. 

€ALK'Ii\G,  (kauk'ing,)  7>;)r.  Stopping  the  seams  of 
a  ship ;  putting  on  shoes  with  iron  points. 

e.VLK'I.N'G,  (calk'ing,)  n.  In  painting',  the  covering 
of  the  back  side  of  a  design  with  black  lead,  or  red 
chalk,  and  tracing  lines  through  on  a  waxi'il  plate, 
or  wall,  or  other  m.itter,  by  passing  lightly  over  each 
stroke  of  the  design  with  a  point,  which  leaves  an 
impression  of  the  color  on  the  plate,  paper,  or  wall. 

C/iambrrs. 

eALK'ING-r-ROX,  (kauk'ing-I-urn,)  n.  An  instru- 
ment like  a  chisel,  used  in  calking  ships. 

eALl.,  r.  f.  [L.  calo  ;  Gr.  it.iAi'  i;  Sw.  kalla :  D.in. 
kalde ;  W.  fralw,  to  call ;  D.  kallrn,  to  talk  ;  Ch.  h'^S 
in  /\ph.  to  call,  to  thunder;  Heb.,  to  hold  or  restrain, 
which  is  the  Gr.  xwXvu,  L.  caula  ;  Syr.  Sam.  and 
Eth.,  to  hold  or  restrain  ;  Ar.,  to  keep  ;  I.,  cclo.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  press,  drive,  or  strain.  We  find 
the  like  elements  and  signification  in  Sax.  ^iellan,  or 
trijllan,  to  yell  ;  Dan.  <rale,  to  crow.  Class  GI.  The 
W.  i'flho  is  connected  in  origin  with  iralla,  to  be  able, 
to  have  power,  may,  can.  Eng.  could,  the  root  o( gal- 
lant, L.  oallu.t,  &c.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  drive  ;  to  sU-ain  or  force  out 
sound.  Hence, 
1.  To  name  ;  to  denominate  or  give  a  name. 

And  God  called  the  li^ht  day,  and  the  darknen  he  eaiUd  night. 
—  Ucn.  i. 

i2.  To  convoke  ;  to  summon  ;  to  direct  or  order  to 
meet ;  to  assemble  by  order  or  public  notice  ;  often 
with  togeUier  ;  as,  the  king  called  his  council  to- 
gether :  the  president  called  together  the  congress. 

3.  To  request  to  meet  or  come. 

Ill-  wnt  hi*  d-TTanlj  to  cxiU  them  that  were  bidden.  —  Matt  xxii. 

4.  To  invite. 

Bwwisc  I  have  atlltd,  and  ye  rr-fajwd.  —  Prov.  f. 

5.  To  invite  or  summon  to  come  or  be  present ;  to 
invite,  or  collect ;  as,  call  all  your  senses  to  you. 

6.  To  give  notice  to  come  by  authority  ;  to  com- 
mand to  come  ;  as,  call  a  scr\'ant. 

7.  To  proclaim  ;  to  name,  or  publish  the  name. 
Nor  pariih  clerk,  who  catU  the  psnJm  lo  clear.  Oay. 

8.  To  appoint  or  designate,  as  for  an  office,  duty, 
or  employment. 

Soe,  1  have  called  by  name  R*ialeel.  — Ex.  xxxi. 
Paul,  allied  tu  be  an  apostle.  —  R  m.  L 

9.  To  invite  ;  to  warn  ;  to  exhort.    Is.  xxii.  19. 

Cruden. 

10.  To  invite  or  draw  into  union  with  Christ ;  to 
bring  to  know,  believe,  and  obey  the  gospel.  Jiom. 
viii.  28. 

11.  To  own  and  acknowledge.    Ileb.  ii.  li. 

12.  To  invoke  or  appeal  to. 

I  00^/  God  Tor  a  wilnesa.  —  2  Cor.  i. 

13.  To  esteem  or  account.  Is.  Iviii.  .5.  .Malt.  iii.  1.5. 
To  call  down  ;  to  invite,  or  to  bring  down. 

To  call  back  ;  to  revoke  or  retract ;  to  recall ;  to 
summon  or  bring  back. 

Tu  call  fen's  to  demand,  require,  or  claim;  as,  a 
crime  calLi  for  punishment ;  or  to  cause  to  grow. 
Ezek.  xxxvi.  Also,  to  speak  for  ;  to  ask  ;  to  request ; 
as,  to  call  for  a  dinner. 

To  call  in  :  to  collect ;  aSj  to  call  in  debts  or  money  ; 
or  to  draw  from  circulation  ;  as,  to  call  in  clipped 
coin  ;  or  to  summon  together;  to  invite  to  come  to- 
gether ;  OS,  to  cull  in  neighbors  or  friends. 

To  cnll  forth  ;  to  bring  or  summon  to  action  ;  as,  to 
caH  forth  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind. 

To  call  off:  to  summon  away  ;  to  divert  ;  as,  to  call 
off  the  attention  ;  to  call  off  workmen  from  their  em- 
ployment. 


Tn  call  up.  lo  bring  into  view  or  rerfdlectioii  ;  as, 
to  call  up  till!  image  of  a  deceased  frienil  ;  also,  to 
bring  into  action,  or  discussion  ;  as,  tu  call  up  a  bill 
bi:fiire  a  legislative  body. 

Tu  call  over :  to  read  a  list,  name  by  name  ;  to  re- 
cite separate  particulars  in  order,  as  a  roll  of  names. 

Tu  call  out ;  to  siimmtm  to  fight ;  to  challenge  ;  al- 
so, to  summon  into  service  ;  as, lo  call  out  the  militia. 

'Tu  call  tu  mind  :  to  recollect ;  to  revive  in  memor>'. 
G.\I.L,  ('.  I.    To  utter  a  loud  sound,  or  to  address  by 
name  ;  to  utter  the  name  ;  sometimes  with  to. 
Till'  anj>-l  of  lio.1  mlltd  lo  ll.i[,'nr.  —  G'n.  ni. 

2.  To  slop,  without  inli  ntioii  of  staving  ;  to  make 
a  short  stop  ;  as,  to  call  at  the  inn.  Phis  use  John- 
son supposes  tti  have  originated  in  the  custom  of  de- 
noting one's  presence  at  the  door  by  a  call.  It  is 
comiiion,  in  this  phra.se,  to  use  at ;  as,  to  call  at  the 
inn  ;  or  o/i ;  as,  to  c<i//  on  a  friend.  This  application 
seems  to  be  equivalent  to  speak,  D.  kallen.  Let  lis 
speak  at  this  place. 

Tu  call  on  ;  to  make  a  short  visit  to ;  also,  to  solicit 
piiymeiit,  or  make  a  demand  of  a  debt.  In  a  Mro- 
logical  sen.ie,  to  pray  to,  or  worship  ;  a«,  to  call  on  t.'ie 
name  of  the  Lord.    Oen.  iv.    To  rc|)eat  solemnly. 

Dryden. 

To  call  out ;  to  utter  a  loud  voice  ;  to  bawl ;  o  pop- 
ular use  of  tlie  phrase. 
eALL,  n.  A  vocal  address,  of  summons  or  invitation ; 
as,  he  will  not  come  at  a  call. 

2.  Demand  ;  reipiisition  ;  public  claim  ;  as,  listen 
to  the  calls  of  justice  or  humanity. 

3.  Divine  vocation,  or  summons  ;  as,  the  call  of 
Ahraliam. 

4.  Invitation  ;  request  of  a  public  body  or  society ; 
3X,  a  clergyman  has  a  call  to  settle  in  the  ministry. 

5.  A  summons  from  heaven  ;  impulse. 

St.  P  iul  beliere<l  he  had  a  call,  when  he  pelMCUted  the  Chri>- 
liani.  Loeke. 

6.  Authority  ;  command.  Denham, 

7.  A  short  visit ;  as,  to  make  a  call ;  to  give  one  a 
call:  tli.tt  is,  a  speaking  to  ;  D.  kallen.  To  give  one" 
a  call,  is  to  stop  a  moment  and  speak  or  say  a  word  ; 
or  to  have  a  short  conversation  w  ith. 

8.  Vocation ;  employment.  In  this  sense,  calling 
is  generally  used. 

U.  A  naming  ;  a  nominatiim.  Bacon, 

10.  Among  hunters,  a  lesson  blown  on  the  horn,  to 
comfort  the  hounds.  Encye. 

11.  Among  seamen,  a  whistle  or  pipe,  used  by  the 
Itofswain  and  his  mate,  to  summon  the  sailors  to 
tncir  duty.  Eneye, 

12.  The  English  name  of  the  mineral  called  by  the 
Germans  tungsten  or  wolfram.  Eneye. 

13.  .\mong  fowlers,  a  noise  or  cry  in  imitation  of  a 
bird,  or  a  pipe  to  call  birds  by  imitating  their  voice. 

Enajc.  Bmiley. 

14.  In  legi.'tlative  bodies,  the  call  of  the  house,  is  a 
calling  over  Ihr-  names  of  the  members,  to  discover 
who  is  absent,  or  for  other  purpose  ;  a  calling  of 
names  with  a  view  to  obtain  answers  from  the  per- 
sons named. 

CALL'/;D,  (kauld,)  pp.  Invited  ;  summoned  ;  ad- 
dressed ;  named  ;  apiwinted  ;  invoked  ;  assembled 
by  oriler  ;  recited. 

eALL'ER,  n.    One  who  calls. 

e  AE'L^^t'  I  "•    ^  •"'"'        scold.  [A"o(  lued.]  Shak. 

eAL'LET,'  T.  I.    To  rail ;  to  scold.    [Aot  in  use.] 

eAL'LID,  a.  Cunning. 

GAL-LID'I-TY,  n.    [L.  callidita.i.] 
Skill ;  discernment ;  shrewdness. 

eAL-LlG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  KtKXiypa<f)ta.] 
Fair  or  elegant  penmanship. 

CALL'l.N'G,  ;i7>r.  Inviting ;  summoning ;  naming;  ad- 
dressing ;  invoking. 

GALL'IN'G,  71.  A  naming,  or  inviting;  a  reading  over 
or  reciting  in  order,  or  a  call  of  names  with  a  view 
to  obtain  an  answer,  as  in  legislative  bodies. 

2.  Vocation  ;  profession  ;  trade  ;  usual  occupation, 
or  employment.  Pope.    StetfL    1  Cor.  vii.  20. 

3.  Class  ol  persons  engaged  in  any  profession  or 
employment.  Hammond. 

4.  Divine  summons,  vocation,  or  invitation. 

Giv.?  all  diligence  to  make  your  calling  and  election  luir.  —  3 

Prt.  1. 

C\L-LI'0-PE,  (k.al-II'o-py,)  ti.  In  pagan  mythology, 
the  muse  that  presides  over  el(X|ucnce  and  heroic 
poetry. 

CALLIPERS.  SecCALiPEBS. 
CAI^LIS-TIIE.V'ies.    See  Cai.ijthk^ics. 
CAL-LOS'l-TY,  n.    [Fr.  caUusile ;  L.  cailositas.  See 
Calloi's.] 

Hardness  of  skin,  which  .assumes  a  homy  consist- 
ence in  places  ex|x>sed  to  constant  pressure  ;  the 
hardness  of  the  cicatrix  of  ulcers.  Coie. 
e.AL'LOUS,  a.  [L.  callus,  hardness  ;  ealleo,  to  be  hard, 
to  know  or  be  skilled  ;  Eng.  could,  which  sec.] 

1.  Hard  ;  hardened  ;  indurated  ;  as  an  ulcer,  or 
some  part  of  the  body.  Ifiseman. 
3.  Hardened  in  mind  ;  insensible  ;  unfeeling. 

Zh-yden. 

e.\L'LOUS-LY,  adv  In  a  hardened  or  unfeeling 
manner. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


21 


i6r> 


CAL 

eAL'LOUS-XESS,  n.     Hardness,  iiiiluiatiun,  applied 
to  Vie  body ;  insensibility,  applied  to  the  mind  or  heart. 

Chct/ne.  Betitleij, 
CAL'LoAV,  a.    [Ir.  calbh  ;  L.  cahus,  bald  ;  G.  kald ;  D. 


kaal , 


Ft.  chauve  ;  Ters.  ^  kal ;  Rus9.  gol,  bald, 

naked  ;  i^oleyu,  to  be  stripped.] 

Destitute  of  feathers  ;  naked ;  unfledged  ;  as  a 
youna  bird.  Milton, 
GAL'LUS,  n.  [L.  callxis,  from  cciUeo,  to  be  liard  ;  Sans. 
kalla,  stone.] 

1.  Any  preternatural  hardness  in  the  body,  partic- 
ularly of  the  skin,  as  on  the  hands  or  feet,  from  fric- 
tion or  pressure,  or  the  hardened  edges  of  a  wound 
or  ulcer. 

2.  The  new  (rrowth  of  osseous  matter  between  the 
extremities  of  fractured  bones,  serving  to  unite  then). 

eXL.M,  (kam,)  a.  [Fr.  cahne  ;  Sfp.  calma  ;  It.  caliua  ;  D. 
kalni.  Qu.  Gr.  \iiXac>  ;  It.  calarc,  to  decrease  or 
abate  ;  Pp.  calar,  to  sink.] 

1.  Still;  quiet;  being  at  rest,  as  the  air.  Hence, 
not  stormy  or  tempestuous  ;  as,  a  calm  day. 

a.  Undisturbed  ;  not  agitated  ;  as,  a  calm  sea. 

3.  Undisturbed  by  passion  ;  not  agitated  or  excited  ; 
quiet ;  tranquil,  as  the  mind,  temper,  or  iittention. 

exL.M,  n.  Stillness  ;  tranquillity  ;  quiet  ;  freedom  from 
motion,  agitation,  or  disturbance  ;  applied  to  the  cle- 
wents^  or  to  the  mind  and  pa^jnions.  Sout/t. 

e.^iLM,  1-.  (.  To  still  ;  to  quiet,  as  the  wind  or  elements  ; 
to  slill,  appease,  aJlay,  or  pacify,  as  the  mind  or  p.as- 
sion-!.  Dnjdrn.  j^ttcrbitrij. 

r  AL.M'-BROVV-ED,  a.  Wearing  the  look  of  calmness. 

CAL.M'ER,  71.  The  person  or  thing  that  calms,  or  has 
the  power  to  still,  and  make  quiet ;  that  which  allays 

€\LM'KR,  a.  comp.    More  calm.  [or  pacifies. 

eXLM'EST,  fl.  superl.    Most  calm. 

€SLM'ING,  ppr.    Stilling;  appeasing. 

€AL.M'IiY,  arfu.  In  a  quiet  manner  ;  witho\it  disturb- 
ance, agitation,  tumult,  or  violence  ;  without  passion ; 
quietly. 

€XL.M'N'ESS,  n.  Ciuietness  ;  stillness ;  tranquillity  ; 
applied  to  the  elements. 

2.  Ciuietness  ;  mildness  ;  unruffled  state ;  applied 
to  the  miiid^  passions^  or  temper. 

€AL.M'Y,  (kini'e,)  a.    Calm;  quiet;  peaceable. 

Spenser.  Cowley. 
€A-LOG'RA-PIIY,  n.    [Gr.  Ka\-(  and  >  on.jjr.] 
Elegant  penmanship.    [See  Oalligraphv.] 

€AI/0-:MEL,7i.  [Qu.  Gr.  (to>os, fair,  and  fi£Aa>, black, 
or  ^thiops  mineral.] 

A  preparation  of  mercury,  much  used  in  medicine. 
It  is  the  dichlorid  of  mercury,  or  a  compound  of  two 
equivalents  of  mercury  and  one  equivalent  of  chlo- 
rine. It  is  usually  formed  by  rubbing  tog."llifr  mer- 
cury and  corrosive  sublimate,  in  certain  definite  j>ro- 
l)ortious,  and  then  subliming. 
CA-I.OR'ie,  71.    [L.  color,  heat.] 

The  principle  or  matter  of  heat,  or  the  simple  ele- 
ment of  heal.  Liiroi.iier. 

The  agent  to  which  the  phenomena  of  lieat  and 
combustion  are  ascribed.  Ure. 

Ca/oru:  expjiuia  all  bodict.  Henry. 

€A-I,OR'ie,  17.    Pertaining  to  the  matter  of  heat. 
CA-LOR'I-FuRE,  7i.     [L.  color,  heat,  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

.\n  apparatus  for  conveying  and  distributing  heat ; 
a  term  particularly  applied  to  an  apparatus  for  heat- 
ing conservatories,  *ic.,  by  means  of  hot  water  cir- 
culating in  tubes.  Ure. 

eAI,-0-RIF'l€,  a.  That  has  the  quality  of  producing 
heat  ;  causing  he.at ;  heating. 

Calorific  ray.t:  the  invisible,  heating  rays  which 
emanate  from  the  sun,  and  from  burniti;;  and  heated 
bodies.  The  calorific  rai/s  of  the  sun  ajid  other  lu- 
minous bodies,  are  different  Iron)  the  luiniuous  or 
colorific  ravs,  and  possess  diffi*reut  refraiiLnbilities. 

eA-KOR-I-FI-eX'TION,  71.  The  produitiun  of  heat, 
e-pecially  animal  heat. 

CAL-O-RI.M'E-TER,  n.    [L.  caZor,  heat,  and  Gr.  ,c;r- 
,  measure.] 

An  apparatus  for  measuring  relative  quantities  of 
heat,  or  the  specific  caloric  of  bodies  ;  or  an  instrn- 
ni-nl  for  measuring  the  heat  given  out  by  a  body  in 
cooling,  from  the  quantity  of  ice  it  melts  ;  invented 
by  Lavoisier  and  Laplace. 
e.'^-l.OR-l-.Mfi'TUK, n.  [caloric,  and  L.  77io(or, mover.] 

A  galvanic  instrument,  for  evolving^  caloric,  in 
which  the  calorific  influence  or  effects  are  attend- 
ed by  scarcely  any  electrical,  but  great  maL'ni  tic 
power.  Jlure. 

1.  A  rap  or  roif,  ofhnir,  sntin,  or  othor  i»tufr,  worn 
In  R(tin:iii  Catholic  countries,  us  an  ecclesiastical 
omaiiM-nt. 

2.  \u  archiUcturf.j  n  Tonnt]  cavity  or  dcprnswion,  in 
form  of  a  nip  or  cap,  lathed  and  plasicnMl,  UHt'd  to 
diinini'<h  the  elevation  of  a  chapel,  crihimrt,  alcove, 
5fcc.,  whirh  would  otherwise  be  too  hiyh  for  other 
piece*)  of  the  apartment.  I/arris.  F.ncyc. 

CAI/O-'I'VPE,  n.    [Gr.  ifriXot,  beautiful,  and  rw/roc, 


CAL 

type.]  A  name  given  by  .^ir.  Fox  T;!lh;.t  to  his  in- 
vention for  making  pictures  on  paper  or  oilier  suli- 
st;inces,  bv  the  agency  of  light.  Gilbert, 

€A-LOY'ERS,  \       ,  .         ,  ■, 

CA-LOO'E-RI,  \  '  """-^S-] 

Monks  of  the  Greek  church  of  three  orders  ;  arch- 
ari,  or  novi/:es ;  oniinury  protesseil,  or  miernchemi ; 
and  the  more  perfect,  called  meiralochcmi.  They  are 
also  divided  into  cenobites,  who  live  in  cloisters,  and 
perform  all  the  services  of  the  choir  ;  aiichuret-i,  i\  ho 
live  in  separate  cells,  at  a  distance  from  the  cloister, 
which  they  attend  on  Sundays  and  fast-days ;  and 
recluses,  who  shut  themselves  up  in  grottos  and  cav- 
erns, on  the  mountains,  and  live  on  alms  furnished 
to  them  by  the  monasteries.  Kncyc. 

€.\LI',  H.  A  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  of  a  bluish- 
black,  gray,  or  grayish-blue,  but  its  .=treak  is  white  ; 
called  also  ar irillo-ferru.<rinoits  limestone.  It  is  inter- 
mediate between  compact  limestone  and  marl. 

Kirican.    Cleaccland.  Philips. 

eALaUE,  1-.  U    See  Calk. 

€.AL'TRUP,  71.  [Sax.  collra^ipe,  a  species  of  thistle, 
rendered  by  Lye,  Rhamnus,  and  Carduus  stellatus. 
The  French  has  chausselrape.  The  Italian  calcatrep- 
polo  is  from  calcare,  to  tread,  and  Inbolo,  a  thistle ;  L. 
tribuhis.'] 

1.  A  kind  of  thistle,  the  Latin  Tribulus,  with  a 
roundish,  prickly  pericarp,  composed  of  five  united 
capsules,  each  of  which  is,  on  <me  side,  gibbous,  of- 
ten armed  with  three  or  four  daggers  ;  on  the  other 
side,  angular,  converging  with  transverse  cells.  It 
grows  in  France,  Italy,  and  Spain,  among  corn,  and 
is  very  troublesome,  as  the  prickles  run  into  the  feet 
of  cattle.  Vum.  of  Plant-:.  Mdler. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  an  instrument  with  four  iron 
points  disposed  in  a  triangular  form,  so  that,  three  of 
them  being  on  the  ground,  the  other  points  upward. 
These  ure  scattered  on  the  ground,  where  an  enemy's 
cavalry  are  to  pass,  to  impede  their  progress  by  en- 
dangering the  horses'  feet.     Kncyc.    Dr.  Jjddison. 

€.V-LUiM'B.'\,  71.  [from  katutnb,  its  native  name  in 
Mozambique.] 

A  plant,  the  Cocculus  palmatus,  growing  in  Mo- 
zambique. The  root  of  tliis  plant,  a  bitter  tonic,  is 
much  used  in  medicine. 

CAL'lf-.MET,  71.  Among  the  aboritrinals  of  .America,  a 
pipe,  used  for  smoking  tobacco,  whose  bowl  is  usually 
of  soft  red  stmie,  like  marble,  and  the  tube  a  long 
reed,  ornamented  with  feathers.  The  calumet  is  used 
as  a  symbol  or  instrument  of  peace  and  war.  'J'o 
accept  the  calumet,  is  to  agree  to  the  terms  of  peace, 
and  to  refuse  it,  is  to  reject  them.  The  calumet  of 
peace  is  used  to  seal  or  ratify  contracts  and  alliances, 
to  receive  stranjjers  kindly,  and  to  travel  with  safely. 
The  calumet  of  war,  differently  made,  is  used  to  pro- 
claim war. 

eA-LUAI'NI-ATE,  7).  t.  [See  Calumhy.]  To  accuse 
or  charge  one  falsely  and  knowingly  with  some 
crime,  ofiense,  or  something  disreputable  ;  to  slander. 

eA-LU.M'NI-ATE,  v.  i.  To  charge  falsely  and  know- 
ingly with  a  crime  or  offense  ;  to  propagate  evil  re- 
ports with  a  design  to  injure  the  reputation  ofanother. 

€A-LU.M'i\I-A-TED,;);).  ora.  Slandered;  falsely  and 
maliciously  accused  of  what  is  criminal,  immoral,  or 
disgraceful. 

eA-LUM'.\I-A-TING,  ppr.  Slandering. 

e.A-LUM-i\I-A'TION,  71.  False  accus.ation  of  a  crime 
or  offense,  or  a  malicious  and  false  representation  of 
the  words  or  actions  of  another,  with  a  view  to  in- 
jure his  good  name. 

e.\-LU,M'N'l-A-T<JR,  71.  One  who  slanders  ;  one  who 
falsely  and  knowingly  accuses  another  of  a  crime  or 
offense,  or  maliciously  propagates  false  accusaticuis 
or  re|>orts. 

eA-LUM'NI-A-TO-RY,  a.    Slanderous.  Mmtann. 
e.\-LUM'NI-OUS,  o.    Slanderous;  bearing  or  imply- 
ing calumny  ;  injurious  to  reputation. 
CA-LU.M'iVI-CJUS-LY,  adv.  Slanderously. 
€A-LU.M'^'I-OUS-^^ESS,  71.  Slanderousness. 

Bp.  Morton. 

C\L'UM-NY,  71.  [L.  calumniai  Fr.  calomnie;  It.  ea- 
lumnia.  If  m  is  radical,  this  word  may  be  allied  to 
calamity,  both  from  the  sense  of  falling  upon,  rush- 
ing, or  thrtiwing  on.  If  m  is  not  radical,  this  word 
may  be  the  Gothic  holon,  to  calumniate,  Saxon  holan, 
to  rush  upon.  The  word  is  found  in  Ir.  (rnilimne, 
calumny,  (ruilimfii^him,  to  calumniate  or  reproach.] 
Slander;  false  accusation  of  a  crime  or  otfense, 
knowingly  or  maliciously  made  or  reported,  to  the 
injury  of  another  ;  false  representation  of  facts  re- 
proachful to  another,  made  by  design,  and  with 
knowledge  of  its  falsehood  ;  sometimes  followed 
by  071. 

N('gl<'CtP<l  ealumny  Boon  expires.  Murphy^s  Taeitiit. 

eAL'V.\-RY,  n.  [L.  calraria,  from  <-a;i!ij,  a  skull  or 
scalp;  Ir.  calb,  the  head;  Sp.  calvario,  calva;  It. 
calvo.] 

1.  A  place  of  skulls  ;  particularly  the  place  where 
Christ  wa.s  crucified  on  a  small  hill  west  of  Jerusalem. 
In  Roman  Calholic  countries,  a  kind  of  chapel  raised 
on  a  hillock  near  a  city,  as  a  [ilace  of  devotion,  in 
memory  of  the  place  where  our  Savior  suffered. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  cross  so  called,  set  upon  step.^. 


CAL 

resembling  the  cross  on  which  our  Savior  was 
crucified. 

3.  In  architrelure,  a  eha|)rl,  erected  by  Roman 
Catholics  on  a  hill,  in  which  are  represented  the  mys- 
teries of  Christ's  de.ath.  FUmes. 
eXLVE,  (kav,)  0.  i.   [from  calf;  Sax.  calfian.] 

1.  To  bring  forth  young,  as  a  cow. 

2.  In  a.  victaphortcol  sense,  and  sometimes  by  icay  of 
reproach,  as  irhen  applied  to  the  human  race,  to  bring 
forth  ;  to  produce. 

exLVES'-SNOUT,  n.  A  plant,  snapdragon,  An- 
tirrhinum. 

eXLV'Elt,  f.  (.    To  cut  in  slices.    [J^Tot  in  use.] 

B.  Jonsort. 

CXLV'ER,  !■.  i.  To  shrink  by  cutting,  and  not  fall  to 
pieces.    [J^'ot  in  use^]  Cotton. 

CAL-VILLE',  71.    [Fr.]    A  sort  of  apple. 

e.\  L'VIN-IS.M,  II.  The  thcoloirical  tenets  or  doctrines 
of  Calvin,  who  was  born  in  Picardy,  in  France,  and 
in  153G  chosen  professor  of  divinity,  and  minister  of 
a  church  in  Geneva.  The  distinguishing  doctrines 
of  this  system  are,  original  sin,  particular  election 
and  reprobation,  particular  redemption,  cfiectual 
grace  in  regeneration,  or  a  change  of  heart  by  the 
spirit  of  God,  justificatiiui  by  free  grace,  perseverance 
of  the  saints,  and  the  Trinity. 

CAL'VIN-IST,  71.  A  follower  of  Calvin  ;  one  who 
embraces  the  theological  doctrines  of  Calvin. 

€AL-VIX-IST'ie,        )  a.    Pertaining  to  Calvin,  or 

CAI.-VL\-IST'lC-i\L,  i     to  his  opinions  in  theolog)'. 

€ A[.'\  I.\  TZE,  7'.  t.    To  convert  to  Calvinism. 

Calvish, (I.  [fromca//.]  Like  a  calf.  [.More  prop- 
erly, C.ii.tisH.]  Sheldon. 

eAL'VI-TY,  71.  Baldness. 

G.'VLX,  71,;  pi.  Calves  or  Calces.  [L.'  caU  j  Sax 
cealc,  a  stone,  calculus,  and  chalk  ;  D.  kalk  :  G.  kalk  ; 
Sw.  kalck  ;  Dan.  kalk  ;  Fr.  chauT.  'I'he  same  word 
signifies  cfmlk,  lime,  moitar,  and  the  heel,  and  from 
that  is  formed  rulculns,  a  little  stone.  The  word  then 
signifies,  priniai-i!y,  a  lump,  or  clod,  or  hard  mass, 
and  is  allied  to  callus,  it' col r  is  from  \  A'^,  the 
usual  orthography  was  not  observed  by  tile  Latins 
See  Calci'i-ate.] 

Properly,  lime  or  chalk  ;  bnf  more  appropr'ntely, 
the  substance  of  a  metal  or  mineral  which  remains 
after  being  subjected  to  calcination  by  heat,  solution 
by  acids,  or  di  touation  by  nit  T,  and  which  is  or 
may  be  reduced  to  a  fine  powiler.  Metallic  calxes 
are  now  called  oryds.  The\  weigh  more  than  the 
metal  from  which  they  are  produced,  being  combined 
with  oxygen.  Coie.  Kncyc. 

Calt  natioa  :  native  calx,  a  kind  of  marly  earth,  of 
a  dead  whitish  color,  which,  in  water,  bubbles  or 
hisses,  and  without  burning  will  make  a  cement,  like 
lime  or  gypsum. 

Calx  rira,  quick  lime,  is  lime  not  slaked.  Eucyc. 
rA-LYC'IN-.\L,  )  a.   Pertaining  to  a  calyx  ;  situated 
CAL'Y-CLN'E,     (     on  a  calyx.  Marlyn. 
CAL'Y-CLE,  71.    [L.  culye.iilus.    See  Calyx.] 

In  botany,  a  row  of  small  leartets,  at  the  base  of 
the  calyx,  on  the  outside.  The  calycle  of  the  seed  is 
the  outer  proper  covering  or  crown  of  the  seed  ad- 
hering to  it,  to  facilitate  its  dispersion.  Marlyn. 

2.  In  zoology,  a  term  applied  to  the  small  cnp-like 
prominences,  containing  each  a  polyp-cell,  covering 
the  surface  of  many  corids. 
CA-LYCU-L.-VTE,  (a.    Having  a  calycle  at  the  base 
eAL'Y-GLlCD,       )     on  the  outside;  used  of  the 
calyr. 

e.\-LYP'TRA,  71     [Gr.  ^iiXujtttjo,  a  cover.] 

The  calyx  of  mosses,  .according  to  Linnirus  ;  but 
not  properly  a  calyx.  It  is  a  kind  of  veil,  or  cowl, 
wliicli  covers  or  is  placed  over  the  tup  of  the  anther, 
like  an  extinguisher.  Martyn.  Milne. 

The  cahiptra  of  mosses  is  an  appendage  of  the 
capsule,  it  at  first  closely  invests  the  capsule,  and 
its  summit  is  the  stigma.  As  the  capsule  approaches 
maturity,  the  cahiptra  is  detached  below,  and  ap- 
pended to  the  stigma  like  a  hood.        Cye.  Smith. 

The  cahiptra  of  mosses  is  that  part  of  the  mem- 
branous covering,  inclosing  the  sporangium  or  theca, 
(capsule,)  which,  when  the  membrane  bursts  around 
as  the  theca  approaches  maturity,  is  carried  up  and 
sust;iined  on  the  summit  of  the  latter.  LiniUey. 

The  theca  was  considered  as  an  anther  by  Linniciis ; 
afterwards  as  a  capsule,  or  proper  seed-vessel,  sur- 
mounted by  a  stigma.  It  is  now  regarded  as  a  ,■.710- 
ran)rium,ox  vessel  inclosing  the  spores,  winch  cor- 
respond to  the  seeds  in  the  higher  orders  of  plants. 
e.A-LYP  TRI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  ca- 
lyptra. 

eX'LYX,  71. ;  pj.  Calyxes.  [L.  cahjz  ;  Gr.  irnXi  f,  a 
Mower  not  opened,  a  husk  or  shell.  It  has  b.'!en  con- 
founded with  KvXii,  calix,  a  cup.] 

I.  The  outer  covering  of  a  Mower,  being  the  ter- 
min.atiiui  of  the  cortical  epidermis  or  outer  bark  of 
the  plant,  which,  in  most  plants,  incloses  and  sup 
ports  the  bottom  of  the  enrol.  In  Liniueus's  system, 
it  comprehends  the  perianth,  the  involucrum.  the 
ament,  the  spalh,  the  glume,  the  calyptra,  and  the 
volva.  Milne.    Marlyn.  Kncyc. 

The  opinion  of  Linnnjus  that  the  calyx  is  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  epidermis  u  now  considered  erro- 
neous. Kd.  Eiicye.  Smith. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  FRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


166 


CAM 


CAM 


CAM 


Tlie  calijr  i"  Ilie  imwl  exterior  itit«suiiit  iit  of  a 
flovvrr,  <"o!isi>tiri{;  ut"  several  verliciiliite  leaves, 
(.v/in/.,,)  uinii  il  by  ilieir  iiiarjjiiis  <ir  distiiiet,  usually 
of  a  j.'reen  color,  ami  of  a  less  delicate  texture  tliau 
till-  corol.  I.indteij. 

'I'lie  citliii,  as  thus  defined,  corrcspoiulsi  to  the 
prriaiith  t)f  I.iiinietis. 

•i.  A  ineinliraiioua  sar,  inclosing  earl)  papilla  of  tlis 
kidn-y,  opening  at  its  apex  into  the  pelvis  of  the 
kidney  ;  called  also  iiifmitlibitltinu 
eAI,-'/,(')().NS',  H.  pi.    [Sp.  cu/:uMfts.] 

Drawers.  [.Vnf  KiifrlUli.]  Ilrrbrrt. 
GAM,  «.  A  projection  on  a  u  Iiei  l,  which,  hy  its  ri  vo- 
liitioii,  prodiicirs  an  alternatinK  motion  in  iiiacliinery. 
CA-.MA'11:C',  H.  A  paintin;;  in  wliicli  there  is  only 
Olio  color,  and  where  the  lislits  and  shades  are  of 
cold  wioiijilil  on  a  (lolden  or  azure  Krouiid.  When 
the  Rrounil  is  yellow,  the  French  call  itciriiift;  w  hen 
gray,  j^risailtc.  'i'his  work  is  chietly  used  to  rei)re- 
seiil  basso-rHirvus.  These  piices  answer  to  the 
fiiyfu\ij{oftaraf  or  munoiftrumes,  of  the  (ireeks. 

F.iinie. 

CA.M'BER,  lu  [Fr.  cambrer,  to  arch,  to  vault,  to  liend, 
iVoin  I,,  camrrn,  a  vault,  a  chaniher.] 

Antony  huildrrs^  rjimhrr^  of  camber-beaw^  is  a  piece 
of  liinlier  cut  aichu  ise,  or  with  an  ohtuse  anule  in 
the  middle,  used  in  platforms,  where  Ions  and  slroiis 
heauis  are  reipiired.  As  n  nrh,  this  word  si^nilies 
to  bend,  but  I  know  not  that  it  is  used. 

A  canibircil  tieik,  is  one  which  is  higher  in  the  mid- 
dle, or  arclu'd,  1  ut  drooping  or  decliiiiiit!  toward  the 
stem  and  stern  ;  also  w  lien  it  is  irreguhir. 
eAM'KlCll-INi;,  iipr.  or  n.    Bending;  arched;  as,  a 

deck  lies  enmbcnng, 
£'A.M'UI-AL,  (I.    Belonging  to  exchanges  in  commerce. 

Park. 

CAM'BIST,  n.  [It.  comiista,  from  camiiiu,  exchange ; 
Sp.  i./.] 

A  hanker;  one  who  deals  hi  exchange,  or  is  skilled 
in  the  science.  ChrM.  Ubs. 

€  A  M'lllS  T-llV,  n.  The  science  of  exch.mge,  wvights, 
mi'asures,  Alc.  Park. 

€.\.M'BI-l'.\l,  n.  In  biilamj,  a  viscid  secretion,  which, 
in  the  spring,  s;'parates  the  .alburmini  of  an  exoge- 
nous plant  from  the  liber,  or  inner  bark.  LindUy. 

CA.M-lloOK',  II.    See  Ga.mhooe. 

t;.\.M-li()i)f<K',  II.  [U.  kombiiis.]  A  ship's  cook-room 
or  kitchen.    [See  Caboose.] 

C.V.M'liREI,,  71.  A  crooked  piece  of  wood,  or  iron,  to 
hang  meat  on.    [See  Gambrel.] 

e.A.M'liliie,  11.  A  species  of  extremely  fine  white 
linen,  made  of  tlax,  said  to  be  named  from  Cainbray, 
in  1  landers,  where  it  was  first  manufactured.  Cam- 
bric is  also  made  of  cotton. 

Ca.ME,  prrt.  of  Come,  which  see. 

e.\MK,  n.  A  term  applied  to  slender  rods  of  cast 
lead,  of  which  glaziers  make  their  turned  lead  for 
receiving  the  glass  of  casements.      Otcill.  Encyc. 

e.V.M'liL,  n.  [Lucamelus:  Gr.  aii/j'?Xo<  ;  D.  and  Dan. 
kamcel;  G.kameli  IIeb..^yr.  and  Eth. j;amtil;Ch. 
So- 

N^aj ;  Ar.  The  Arabic  verb,  to  which  this 

word  belongs,  signifies  to  be  beautiful,  or  elegant,  to 
please,  or  to  bidiave  with  kindness  and  humanity. 
In  Sax.  gamelr,  or  gamol,  is  a  camel,  and  an  old 
man  ;  gamol-feaj,  one  that  Ihts  long  liair  j  gamol- 
ferhih,  a  man  of  great  mind.  In  VV.  the  word  is 
eammarc,  acrwkeil  horse.] 

1.  A  large  quadruped  used  in  Asia  and  Africa  for 
carrj  ing  burdens,  and  for  riders.  As  a  genus,  the 
camel  belongs  to  the  order  of  Pecora.  The  charac- 
teristics are :  it  lias  no  horns  ;  it  has  six  fore  teeth  in 
the  under  jaw  ;  the  canine  teeth  are  wide  set,  three 
in  the  upjH  r  and  two  in  the  lower  jaw  ;  and  there  is 
a  fissure  in  the  upper  lip.  The  droinedar)',  or  Ara- 
bian camel,  h.as  one  bunch  on  the  back,  four  callous 
prciluberances  on  the  lore  legs,  and  two  on  the  hind 
legs.  The  Bactrian  camel  has  two  bunches  on  the 
back.  The  ll.'iina  of  South  America  is  a  smaller 
animal,  with  a  smooth  b.ack,  small  head,  fine  bl.ick 
eyes,  and  very  long  neck.  The  pacos,  or  sheep,  of 
Chili,  has  no  hunch.  Camels  constitute  the  riches 
of  an  Anibiaii,  without  w  hich  he  could  m  ither  sub- 
sist, ctirry  on  trade,  nor  travel  over  sandy  deserts. 
Their  milk  is  his  common  food.  By  the  caniePs 
power  of  sustaining  abstinence  troni  drink  for  many 
d.iys,  and  of  subsisting  on  a  few  coarse  shrubs,  he  is 
peculiarly  fitted  fur  the  parched  and  barren  lands  of 
Asia  and  Africa. 

3.  In  llollainl,  camrl  (or  kamrrl,  as  Coxe  writes 
It)  is  a  niarhine  for  lifting  shi|>s,  and  bearing  them 
over  tile  I'aiiipus,  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Y,  or 
over  other  bars.  It  is  also  used  in  other  places,  and 
particularly  at  the  dock  in  Petersburg,  to  bear  vessels 
over  a  bar  to  Cronstadt.  Core.  Enoic. 

€A.M'EL-BACK-ED,  (-hakt,)  a.  Having  a  bark' like 
a  camel ;  liumpbarked.  FalliT. 

e.\-.MK'l.E-0.\  MIX'ER-AL,  n.  [.«ee  Chameleon.] 
A  compound  formed  by  fusing  together  pure  potash 
and  black  oxyd  of  manganese,  whose  solution  in 
water,  at  first  green,  pa.sses  sp<int.aneoiislv  through 
the  whole  series  of  colored  ravs  to  the  red;  and  bv 


the  addition  of  potash,  it  returns  to  its  original 
green.  L're. 

This  is  called  mnngannle  or  miinganr.Mttr  of  put- 
n.-ifi  i  the  black  oxyd  of  manganese  here  performing 
the  functions  of  an  acid. 
CA-.MEI.'O-PARD  or  CAJl'EL-0-P.\RD,  n.  [mme- 
and  parilalis.] 

The  giralle,  a  species  constituting  the  genus  cu- 
mrloparilath.  This  animal  has  two  straight  horns, 
without  branches,  six  inches  long,  covi  red  with  hair, 
truncated  at  the  end,  and  tiifled.  On  the  fon  head 
is  a  tubercle,  two  inches  high,  resembling  anollu  r 
horn.  'I'he  fore  legs  are  not  much  longer  than  tlii' 
hind  ones,  but  the  shoulders  an^  of  such  a  v;isi 
li'ngtli,  as  to  render  the  fore  part  of  thi'  aniiiial  niiK  h 
liiglierlhaii  the  hind  part.  The  head  is  like  liiat  of 
a  stag  ;  the  neck  is  sleiuler  and  elegant,  funnelled 
with  a  slmrt  mane.  'J'he  color  of  the  whoh;  animal 
is  a  dirty  while,  marked  with  large,  broad,  rusty 
spots,  'i'his  animal  is  found  in  the  central  and  east- 
ern parts  of  .\frica.    It  is  timid,  and  not  lleet. 

E»cyr. 

eAM'E-0, 71.  [It.  c(7M77ira.]  A  precious  stcme  carved 
in  relief  ;  opposed  to  an  intaglio^  irfiick  i<  rut  into  the 
stonr.  Originally  the  onyx,  and  afterward  the  agate, 
wtrre  used  for  this  purpose,  lu  the  true  cameo,  a  stone 
is  used  having  Iwo  lav  ers,  (and  sometimes  more,)  of 
difierent  colors  ;  and  ihe  art  consists  in  so  cutting,  as 
to  appropriate  these  different  colors  to  difl'erent  parts, 
or  elevations  of  the  work.  Shells  are  also  used  for 
cheaper  work  of  the  same  kind.  FJmrs. 

e.\.M'E-RA  LO'CI-UA,  71.  .An  optical  instrument, 
which,  by  means  of  a  style7 lenses,  &c.,  gives  the 
outlines  of  external  objects  on  paper,  or  canvas,  so 
that  an  artist  can  sketch  the  snbji'ct.  FJmrs. 

eA.M'E-RA  OB-SeO'RA,  or  dark  chambrr;  in  oplir<, 
an  apparatus  representing  an  artificial  eye,  in  w  liirh 
the  images  of  external  objects,  received  through  a 
double  r<uivex  glass,  are  exhibited  distinctly,  and  in 
their  native  colors,  on  a  white  surface  placed  <*n  the 
focus  of  the  glass  within  a  darkened  chamber. 

eA.M'E-R.ADE,  71.  [L.  cninrra,  a  chamber.]  One  who 
lodges  or  resides  in  the  same  apartment ;  now  Com- 
iiADE,  wliicli  see. 

eA.M-E-RA-LIST'ie,a.  [Infra.]  Pertaining  to  finance 
and  public  revenue. 

eAiM  E-KA-LIST'ieS,  71.  [G.  famcra/ut,  a  finan- 

cier. In  Sp.  cainarista  is  a  minister  of  state; 
camariUa^  a  small  room.  'J'he  word  seems  to  be  from 
L.  camera,  a  chamber.] 

The  science  of  finance,  or  public  revenue,  compre- 
hending the  means  of  raising  and  disposing  of  it. 

Orimke, 

e.\M'ER-,^TE,  V.  t.    [L.  camera,  from  camera,  a  cham- 
ber, properly,  an  arched  roof.] 
To  vault ;  to  ceil.    [/.i/(/c  used.] 
e.V.M'ER-A-TEU,      or  a.  [L.  cameratus,  from  cni7ifrn.] 

1.  Arched  ;  vaulted. 

2.  a.  In  conchology,a.  term  applied  to  shells  which 
are  divided  by  transverse  partitions  into  a  series  of 
chainbi^rs,  traversed  by  a  siphon  ;  called  also  cham- 
bered shells. 

CA.M'ER-A-TING,  ppr.  Arching. 

eA.M-ER-.A'TIO.X,  ;i.    .An  .ireliing,  or  vaulting. 

CAM-E-RO'iM-A.V,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  follow- 
ers of  Richard  Cameron,  in  Scotland,  who  refused  to 
accept  the  indulgence  granted  to  the  Presbyterian 
clergy  in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest,  by 
so  doing,  they  should  be  understood  to  recognize  his 
ecclesiastical  autlioritv. 

eA.M'IS,  11.  [It.  ramicp.]    A  thin  dress.  [JSTot  Engliih.] 

€.\M-IS-aDE',  11.  [Fr.  from  chemise,  a  shirt ;  It.  ca- 
TTiicia  ;  Sp.  cairii.va.] 

An  attack  hy  surprise,  at  night,  or  at  break  of  day, 
when  the  enemy  is  suppo.sed  to  be  in  bed.  This 
word  is  said  to  have  taken  its  rise  from  an  attack  of 
this  kind,  in  which  the  soldiers,  as  a  badge  to  dis- 
tinguish each  other,  wore  a  shirt  over  their  arms. 

Enoic. 

eAM'IS-,\-TED,  a.    Dressed  with  a  shirt  outward. 

Johnson. 

e.A.M'LET,  n.  [from  camel ;  sometimes  written  Came- 
LOT.]  A  stiitt  originally  made  of  camel's  hair.  It  is 
now  made,  sometimes  of  w(«il,  sometimes  of  silk, 
s<mietiiiies  of  hair,  especially  that  of  goats,  with 
w(M)l  or  silk.  In  some,  the  warp  is  silk  and  woid 
twisted  together,  and  the  woof  is  hair.  The  jiiire 
Oriental  camlet  is  made  solely  from  the  hair  of  a  sort 
of  goat,  about  Angora.  Camlets  are  now  niadi^  in 
Europe.  F.neyc. 

eA.\ri.ET-ED,  a.   Colored,  or  veined.  Herbert. 

e.X.M'MOCK,  71.  [Sax.  ra77i77i»c  or  ca77i77i«.]  A  plant, 
[H-lty  whin,  or  rest-harrow.  Ononis. 

e  VMOVs'  I       [Ff- ca77i,  crooked.] 

Flat ;  depressed.  [.Applied  only  to  the  nose,  and  lit- 
tle ILsed.] 

€A'.MOUs-KD,  (ka'must,)  a.    Depressed  ;  crooked. 

B.  Jonson. 

CVMOVS-hY,  adv.    Awry.  Skeltnn. 

C.V.MP,  II.  [L.  campus;  Fr.  camp  and  ehnmp ;  Arm. 
camp ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  eampo ;  Sax.  camp.  Tiie 
sense  is,  an  open,  level  field,  or  plain.  See  Cham- 
pion and  Game.] 


I.  I'he  ground  on  which  an  army  pitch  their  teiita, 
whether  for  a  night  or  a  longer  time. 

*J.  The  order  or  armngeiiieiit  of  tents,  or  disposU 
tion  of  an  army,  lor  rest ,  as,  to  pilch  a  ram;*. 

3.  .All  army,  or  body  of  troops,  encamped  un  the 
same  lielil.  Itume. 
e.\.\IP,  r.  I.  or/.  To  rest,  or  lodge,  as  an  army,  or  travel- 
ers in  a  wilderness  ;  to  pitch  a  camp  ;  to  fix  tents. 
[See  EvoAMi'.] 
C.\.MP-lU:i>'S'rEAD,  (  bed'sted,)  »i.    A  bedste.id 
made  to  fold  up  within  a  narrow  space,  as  used  in 
w  ar  ;  a  tressel  bt'ilstead. 
C.\.MP'-liOV,  71.    A  boy  that  serres  in  a  camp. 

DirighU 

CAMP'-FIGIIT,  71.  In  fai«  writers,  n  trial  by  duil,  or 
till'  legal  combat  of  two  champions,  for  the  decision 
of  a  controversy.  [Camp  in  W.  is  a  game,  and  cam- 
piaw  is  to  contend.] 

CA.MP'-STtiOL,  71.  A  seat,  or  stool,  with  cross<Jegs 
to  fiild  up. 

e.A.MP-VI.N'E-G.AR,  n.  A  mixture  of  vinegar  with 
Cayenne  pepper,  soy,  walnut-ketchup,  anchovies, 
and  L'arlic. 

e.V.M-PAG'.VOL,  n.   A  species  of  rat  with  a  short  tail. 

Kirby. 

e.\.M-P.\IG.\',  (kani-pine')  n.  [Fr.  campagne ;  It. 
campagna ;  Sp.  eompaha;  Port,  companha,  from  camp. 
This  should  be  written  ca77ipai7i,  as  Mitford  writes 
it.l 

1.  .An  open  field  ;  a  large,  open  plain  ;  an  extensive 
tract  of  ground  without  considerable  hills.  [.See 
Champaign.] 

2.  The  tiiiu'  that  an  army  keeps  the  field,  cither  in 
action,  marches,  or  in  camp,  without  c-ntering  into 
winter  <)iiartei's.  .A  campaign  is  usually  from  spring 
to  aiitiiuiii,  III  winter  ;  but  in  some  instances,  armies 
make  a  wiiii  r  cam|iaign. 

CA.M-PAIG.N',  c.  i.    To  serve  in  a  campaign. 

.Masgrare. 

€.\M-P.XIG.\'ER,  71.  One  who  has  served  in  an  army 
several  campaigns  ;  an  old  soldier  ;  a  veteran. 

e.A.M-P.A'.VA,  71.    [L.J    The  pasipie- flower. 

e.A.M-P.A  .NI- A,  71.    A  large  extent  of  open  country; 
applied  to  the  country  round  Iloiiie,  &,c. 
2.  .\  campaign.  [Oft.v.] 

CA.M-PA.X'l-FOR.M,  a.  [L.  campana,  a  bell,  and 
forma,  form.] 

In  imtanii,  in  the  shape  of  a  bell  ;  applied  to  jtotrer.i. 

e.A.M-P.A-M'LE,  71.  Ill  architecture,  a  doi  k  or  bell 
lower.  /•;/77iM. 

e^jfcPA-.N'OL'O-d  Y,  n.    [L.  campana,  and  Gr.  Ao; ..{.] 
.Art  of  ringing  bells  ;  propfrrly,  a  treatisi^  on  the  art. 

eA.M-PA.N'U-LA,  71.    [L.l    The  bell  tlower. 

CAiM-PAN'U-LATE,  n.    [I..  cn77i/<«7i7/;77,  a  little  bell.] 
In  hnluNii,  in  the  form  of  a  bell  ;  bell-shaped. 

CA.M  Pi;A(,'II'V-\VOOD  ;  [from  Campeadiy,  in  Mex- 
ico.]   See  I.uowouo. 

C.A.M-PES'TR.\I.,     (  a.    [1..  campestris,  from  campus, 

CAM-PES'l'Rl-A.V,  1     a  field.] 

Pertaining  to  an  open  field  ;  growing  in  a  field,  or 
open  iiroiind.  .Murltmir. 

C.V.M'PHk.NE,  11.    [A  contraction  of  ca77ipAoiri,H.] 

.A  name  reci'ntly  pro|H>sed  for  pure  01/  of  turpentine, 
(commonly  called  spirit  of  turpentine,)  and  lately 
much  used,  in  order  to  disguise  the  n.itiire  anil 
character  of  the  substance,  when  it  is  to  be  sold 
for  burning  in  lamps. 

e.A.M'PIIO-GE.V,  71.  [Gr.  icnpipnpat',  or  Kcppovna, 
camphor,  and  ytvva  •',  to  produce,  because,  by  com- 
bination witfi  a  certain  definite  proportion  of  oxygen, 
campftoLfen  becomes  camphor,] 

A  hydrocarbon,  composed  of  eight  equivalents  of 
hydrogen,  and  ten  of  carbon;  the  basjic  of  cam- 
phor. 

e.A.M'PIIOR,7i.  [Low  L.  ca77ipAor« ;  Fr.  campkre  ;  It. 
caufora  ;  Sp.  aUanfor ;  Port,  canfura  ;  V.  and  G.  kam- 

fer ;   Ar.    i^jl^Ej  ci{/or,   kaforon,  from  ^X^^ 

ka  fara,  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  kafar,  to  drive  off, 
remove,  separate,  wipe  away  ;  hence,  to  cleanse, 
to  make  atonement.  It  seems  to  be  named  from  \IA 
puril'yiiig  eRi'cts,  or  fnun  exudation.  It  will  be 
-seen  that  the  letter  771  in  this  word  is  casual.] 

-A  solid  concrete  substance,  from  the  l>aiinis  Cam- 
phora.  Linn.,  or  Indian  laurel-tree,  a  large  tree  crow- 
ing wild  in  Borneo,  Sumatra,  &c.  It  is  a  w  liitisli 
tnmsliicent  substance,  of  a  granular  or  foliated  frac- 
ture, and  soniewh.at  nncliioiis  to  the  feel.  It  has  a 
bitterisli  aromatic  taste,  and  a  very  fragrant  smell, 
and  is  a  powerful  diaphoretic. 

Encyc.    Lanier.  Jiikin. 
Camphor  is  a  protoXMl  of  caiiiphogen. 

C.AM'PIIOR,  r.  t.  To  mipregnatt!  or  wash  with  cam- 
phor.   [Little  iL^etl.] 

CA.M  PIloR-A'CEOCS,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  camphor; 
partaking  of  camphor.  Bartvt. 

e.A.M'PUUR-ATE,  r.  (.  To  impregnate  witn  cain- 
[ilior. 

CA.M'PIIOR-aTE,  n.  In  chrmiitry,  a  salt  formed  by 
the  combination  of  camphoric  acid  with  a  base. 

CAM'PIIOR-.ATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  camphor,  or  Im- 
pregnated with  It. 


TC.NE,  B}.  LL,  liMTE.  — A.V'GEU,  VI"CI0CS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SIl ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


167 


CAN 

eAM'PHOR-A-TED,  a.    Impresiirat-d  witli  camphor. 

CAM-PHOR'IG,  a.  Portaiiiiii^  to  camplior,  or  partak- 
ing of  its  qualities. 

Camphoric  acid;  a  crj'stallized  aciti,  produced  by 
long  digestion  or  repeated  diistillation  of  camphor  with 
nitric  acid. 

eAiM'PIIOR-OrL,  n.  A  fragrant,  lirajtid  oil,  obtained 
from  the  Drrjubalano-ps  aroniatica ;  considered  as  cam- 
plior, not  yet  concrete. 

eA.M'PHOR-TREE,  n.  The  tree  from  which  cam- 
phor is  obtained.  According  to  Miller,  there  are  two 
sorts  of  trees  that  produce  camphor;  one,  a  native 
of  Borneo,  which  produces  tlie  best  kind  ;  the  other, 
a  native  of  Japan,  which  resembles  the  bay-tree, 
bearing  black  or  purple  berries.  But  the  tree  grows 
also  in  Sumatra.  The  stem  is  tliick,  the  bark  of  a 
brownish  color,  and  the  ramification  strong,  close, 
and  extended.  The  wood  is  soft,  e.asily  worked,  and 
useful  for  domestic  purposes.  To  obtain  camplior, 
the  tree  is  cut  down,  and  divided  into  pieces,  and 
the  camphor  taken  out  ;  it  being  found  in  small, 
wliitish  flakes,  situated  perpendicularly,  in  irreguhir 
veins,  in  and  near  the  center  of  the  tree.  It  is  then 
repeatedly  soaked  and  washed  in  soapy  water,  to  sep- 
arate from  it  all  extraneous  matter.  It  is  then 
passed  through  three  sieves  of  difl'erent  texture,  to 
divide  it  into  three  sorts,  head,  belly,  and  foot  cam- 
phor. Camphor-oil  is  camphor,  before  the  operations 
of  nature  have  reduced  it  to  a  concrete  Inrm  ;  and 
concrete  camphor  may  be  reduced  to  oil  by  nitric 
acid.  Jlsiat.  Res.  iv.  1. 

Camphor  forms,  with  nitric  acid,  a  liquid  com- 
pound, (nitrate  of  camphor.)  Qraham. 

Camphor  is  obtained  from  the  Cnmphora  officiiiarum^ 
(Laurus  Camphora,  Linn,,)  a  native  of  China  and 
Japan,  and  from  the  Dryubalaitops  (irinn(itica,'d  native 
of  Borneo  and  Sumatra.  'I'he  caniplmr  from  the  lat- 
ter is  harder,  more  brittle,  and  moie  highly  valued, 
particularly  in  the  East. 

eA.MP'ING,  p?r.  Encamping. 

eAMP'ING,  n.    A  playing  at  football.  Bryant. 
eA.MP'I-ON,  n.    A  plant ;  the  popular  name  of  the 
Lychnis. 

CA.M'US,  j  n.     [L.  camisa.]     A  thin  dress.  [JVot 

CA.M'IS,   i     English.]  S/iCTiser. 

CA.M'-WOOD,  n.  A  tropical  wood,  used  in  dyeing  ; 
said  to  be  the  produce  of  the  Baphia  nitida^  a  native 
of  Sierra  Leone. 

eAN,  n.  [D.  kan  :  Pax.  ciimta  ;  G.  kanne  ;  Dan.  kande  : 
Sw.  kanna;  Corn,  hannatk;  Sans,  kundha;  probably 
from  holding,  containing  ;  \V.  cannti  or ifanu,  tlt|»ii- 
tain,  ffan,  capacity,  a  ninrtiso  ;  Eng.  ^^ain,  in  carpen- 
try. Hence  V\'.  cant^  a  circle,  a  hu(t[),  a  fence  round 
a  yard,  a  hundred  ;  L.  centum  ;  Teut.  kund,  in  hun- 
dred.   See  Cent,  and  Hundred,  and  Can,  infra.] 

A  cup  or  vessel  for  liquors,  in  modern  times  made 
of  metal  ;  as,  a  can  of  ale. 

€AN,  u.  1.;  pret.  Could,  which  is  from  another  root. 
[See  Could.]  [Can  is  from  tlie  Sax.  cennan^  to  know, 
to  bear,  or  produce  ;  Goth,  kunnan  ;  Sax.  cnnnan,  to 
know,  to  be  able  ;  cunnian^  to  try,  to  attempt,  to 
prove  ;  cind^  ^yn,  trccynd^  kind  ;  L.  genus  ;  D.  kunnen^ 
to  know,  to  understand,  to  hold,  to  contain,  to  be 
able,  like  the  Fr.  .s-acuir ;  Dan.  kunne,  (kan,  indie, 
pres.  sing.,)  to  be  able  ;  kirnde,  to  know  ;  Sw.  kdnna, 
to  know ;  kanna,  to  be  able  ;  G.  kennen,  to  know  ; 
konnen,  to  be  able.  Hence  cunnings  that  is,  know- 
ing, skillful,  experienced  ;  G.  konnen,  a  being  able, 
ability,  knowledge  ,  /fun;/,  public  ;  /i:w»f/c,  knowledge, 
acquaintance.  The  'J'eutoiiic  and  Onihic  wortls  unite 
with  the  Greek  jCM'd'.',  to  brgi  t,  as  a  male,  and  to 
bear,  as  a  female,  which  is  riinnec:ti'il  witli  yivufint, 
to  be  bom  or  produced.  Can,  ccnnan,  and  yei/i  aw, 
are  probably  the  same  word  ;  and  the  Sax.  ginnan, 
in  the  compfiunds  aginnan,  hcginnan,  vnginnan,  to 
begin,  is  from  the  same  root.  The  primary  sense  is, 
to  strain,  to  stretch,  to  urge  or  thrust  with  force, 
which  gives  the  sense  of  producing,  and  of  holding, 
cont;tining,  which  is  the  primary  sense  of  knowing, 
comprehending  ;  and  straining  gives  the  sense  of 
power.    The  Sax.  cunnian,  to  try,  is  to  strain.  (See 

Kem.)  Ar.  '^[^  kaimn.,  to  be,  the  substantive 
verb  J  also,  to  become,  to  be  made,  to  endure  ;  also, 

to  create,  to  generate,  to  form  ;  ^*-S  kanina,  to 

know ;  Hcb.  and  Ch.  n3,  to  fit  or  iirepare,  to  form  or 
fashion  ;  whunce  right,  fit ;  as  wi-  have  right ;  Sa.'S. 
reht:  L.  rtcLus,  from  rcgu,  to  rule,  that  is,lo  strain, 
■trctch,  make  utraiglit ;  Syr.         kan,  to  begin  to  be, 

and  ill  dorivalive^,  to  jilant  or  establish,  to  create, 

to  be  prepared  ;  Eth.  kun,  to  be,  to  become, 

to  be  made  ;  Ch.  and  Sam.  as  the  Hebrew.  See 
Clam  Gn,  No.  yi).  :)H,  and  ."iH,  -13,  4.^i,  &.c.  Can,  in 
EngllHh,  in  treated  as  an  aiwiliary  verb,  the  sign  of 
the  infinitiVK  being  omilled,  as  in  Ihi:  phrases  /  am 
go,  inxtead  of  /  can  tn  go  ;  thftu  canst  go  ;  hi?  can  go.] 
1.  To  be  able  ;  to  have  sullicient  Htrength  or  [ihys- 


CAN 

ical  power.  One  man  can  lift  a  weight  whicli  another 
coil  not.  A  horse  can  run  a  certain  distance  in  a 
given  time. 

2.  To  have  means  or  instruments,  which  supply 
power  or  ability.  A  man  can  build  a  house,  or  fit  out 
a  ship,  if  he  has  the  requisite  property.  A  nation 
can  not  prosecute  a  war  without  money  or  credit.  I 
will  lend  you  a  thousand  dollars  if  I  can. 

3.  To  be  possible. 

Nicodemus  said,  How  can  these  tiling  be  f  —  John  iu. 

4.  To  have  adequate  moral  power.  A  man  cait 
indulge  in  pleasure,  or  he  can  refrain.  He  can  restrain 
his  appetites,  if  he  will. 

5.  To  have  just  or  legal  competent  power,  that  is, 
right ;  to  be  free  from  any  restraint  of  moral,  civil, 
or  politiciU  obligation,  or  from  any  positive  prohibi- 
tion. We  can  use  a  highway  for  travel,  for  this  is 
permitted  by  law.  A  man  can  or  can  not  hold  an 
office.  The  Jews  could  not  eat  certain  kinds  of  ani- 
mals which  were  declared  to  be  unclean.  The  house 
of  commons,  in  England,  can  impeach,  but  the  house 
of  lords  only  can  try  impeachnients.  In  general,  we 
can  do  whatever  neither  the  laws  of  God  nor  of  man 
forbid. 

How  can  I  do  Ltiia  grent  wickedness  and  sin  against  God  f  —  Gen. 

1  can  not  go  beyond  the  word  of  the  Lord  my  God,  to  do  less  or 
more.  — Num.  xxii. 

6.  To  have  natural  strength,  or  capacity  ;  to  be 
susceptible  of ;  to  be  able  or  free  to  undergo  any 
change,  or  produce  any  effect,  by  the  laws  and  con- 
stitution of  ntiture,  or  by  divine  appointment.  Silver 
can  he  melted,  but  can  not  be  changed  into  gold. 

Can  llie  nisli  grow  without  mire  >  —  Job  viii. 
Can  the  fi;^-lii-e  liear  olive  berries? — James  iii. 
Can  iiiith  3.ive  hiiii  ?  —  James  ii. 

7.  To  have  competent  strength,  ability,  fortitude, 
patience,  &,c.,  in  a  passive  sense.  He  can  not  bear 
reproof.    I  can  nut  endure  tills  impertinence. 

Tliis  is  a  hard  saying  ;  —  who  can  hear  it  ?  —  Jolm  vi. 

8.  To  have  the  requisite  knowledge,  experience, 
or  skill.  Young  men  ;ire  not  admitted  members  of 
college,  lill  they  can  translate  Latin  and  Greek.  An 
astronomer  can  calculate  an  eclipse,  though  he  can 
not  make  a  coat. 

9.  To  have  strength  of  inclination  or  motives  suf- 
ficient to  overcome  obstacles,  impediments,  incon- 
venience, or  oilier  objection. 

1  have  married  awili',  and  therefore  I  can  not  come.  —  Luke  xiv. 
I  can  not  rise  and  ^ve  thee  ;  yet  because  of  liis  importunity,  be 
will  rise  and  give  hiin.  —  Luke  xi. 

10.  To  have  sufiicient  capacity ;  as,  a  vessel  can 
not  hold  or  contain  the  whole  quantity. 

CAN,  V.  t.    To  know.    [JVu(  in  use.]  Spenser. 
€AN'-BUOY,  n.    In  seauienship,  a  buoy  in  form  of  a 

cone,  made  large,  and  sometimes  painted,  as  a  mark 

to  designate  shoals,  &c.  ^l/<ir.  nict, 

CAN'-HOOK,  71.    An  instniment  to  sling  a  ctisk  by 

the  ends  tif  its  staves,  formed  by  reeving  a  piece  of 

rope  through  two  flat  hooks,  and  splicing  its  ends 

togetlier.  Mar.  Diet. 

CA-Na'DI-AN,  a.   Pertaining  to  Canada,  an  extensive 

country  on  the  north  of  the  United  States. 
eA-\.\'iil-A\,  n.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of  Canada. 
CJl'.VAILLFJ ,  n.    [L.  canis,  a  dog;  Fr.  canaille;  Sp. 

canalla  ;  Port.  ca««//ia  ;  It.  canaglm.] 
The  lowest  class  of  people  ;  the  rabble ;  the  vulgar. 
€.AN'.\-KIN,  «.    A  little  can  or  cup.  Shak. 
CA-NAL',  n.    [L.  canalis,  a  channel  or  kennel;  these 

being  the  same  word  differently  written;  Fr.  canal; 

Arm.  can,  or  cnjiol ;  Sp.  and  Port,  canal ;  It.  canale. 

(See  Cane.)    It  denotes  a  passage,  from  shooting,  or 

passing.] 

1.  A  passage  for  water;  a  water-course  ;  properly, 
a  long  trench  or  excavtition  in  the  earth,  for  conduct- 
ing w.ater,  and  confining  it  to  narrow  limits  ;  but  the 
term  may  be  applieil  to  other  water-courses.  It  is 
chiefly  tijiplied  to  artificial  cuts  or  passages  for  water, 
nsed  for  trtuisportation  ;  whereas  channel  is  applica- 
ble to  a  natural  water-course. 

Tlie  canal  from  tlie  Hudson  to  Lake  Erie,  is  one  of  the  noblest 
works  of  art. 

9.  In  anatomy,  a  diirt  or  passage  in  the  body  of  an 
animal,  through  whicli  any  of  the  juices  flow,  or 
other  substances  ptiss  ;  or,  more  generally,  any  cy- 
lindrical or  tubular  cavity  in  the  body,  whether  oc- 
cupied by  a  solid,  fluid,  or  aeriform  substance ;  as, 
the  canal  of  the  spine,  the  semicircular  canals  of  the 
interntd  ear,  the  alimentary  canal,  cfcc. 
'J.  A  surgical  instrument ;  a  splint.  Coxe. 

€.A-.NAL'-Ho.\T,  n.    A  bo.at  used  on  canals. 

CAN'AL-e^AL,  n.    See  Cannel-Coal. 

CAN-A-LIC'-I'-LATE,     j  a.    [L.  canaliculntus,  from 

CA.\-A-Lie'-li-LA-TED,  (     canaliculus,  a  little  pipe, 
from  canalis,  canna,  a  pipe.] 

Channeled  ;  furrowetl.  In  botany,  having  a  deep 
longitiiiliiial  groove  above,  and  convex  underneath  ; 
applied  to  the  stem,  leaf,  or  petiole  of  plants.  Jilartyn. 

€A-.\A'KY,  II.    Wine  inaile  in  the  Canary  Isles. 

9.  An  old  danci'.  Sliakspeare  has  used  the  word 
as  a  verb,  for  tn  dance,  in  a  kind  of  cant  phrase. 

eA-NA'RY-iniU),  n.  A  singing  bird  from  the  Canary 
Isles,  ii  species  of  Friiigilla.    The  bill  is  conical  anil 


CAN 


straight;  the  body  is  yellowish  white;  the  prime 
feathers  of  the  wings  and  tail  are  greenish.  These 
birds  are  now  bred  in  other  countries. 

€.\-Na'RY-GRASS,  n.  A  plant,  the  Phalaris,  whose 
seeds  are  collectetl  for  canarj'-birds. 

CAN'CEL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  canceller  ;  Port,  cancellar;  L.  can- 
cello,  to  deface,  properly,  to  make  cross-bars  or  lat- 
tice-work ;  hence,  to  make  cross  lines  on  writing,  from 
cancclli,  cross-bars  or  lattice-work  ;  Gr.  KiyxXis  i  Syr. 
and  Ch.  Sp^P  kankel,  id.l 

1.  To  cross  the  lines  of  a  writing,  and  deface  them ; 
to  blot  out  or  obliterate. 

9.  To  annul,  or  destroy ;  as,  to  cancel  an  obligation 
or  a  debt. 

3.  In  printing,  to  suppress  and  reprint,  for  the  sake 
of  substituting  other  matter  ;  as,  to  cancel  a  page. 

CAN'CEL,  n.  In  printing,  the  suppression  and  reprint- 
ing of  a  page  or  more  of  a  work  ;  the  part  thus  altered. 

e.\N'CEL-L.\TE,  a.  Consisting  of  a  network  of  veins, 
without  intermediate  parenchyma,  as  the  leaves  of 
certain  plants. 

€AN'CEL-L.^-TED,  a.    [L.  cancellatus,  cancello.] 

1.  Cross-barred  ;  marked  with  cross  lines.  Orew. 

2.  Cellular,  as  the  porous  structure  of  bones. 

Mantell. 

e  AN-CEL-L  A  'TION,  71.  The  act  of  defacing  by  cross 
lines  ;  a  canceling. 

€.\N'CEL-£D,  pp.    Crossed  ;  obliterated  ;  annulled. 

eAN":;EL-ING, ppr.  Crossing;  obliterating;  annull- 
ing. 

CAiV'CER,  71,  [L.  cancer;  Sax.  eancre ;  Fi.cancre;  D. 
kanker ;  Sp.  cangrejo,  canern  ;  It.  cancro,  canchero ;  Gr, 
Koyxrj.  This  seems  to  be  the  same  word,  though  ap- 
plied to  the  shell  ;  KafiKtvus,  a  cancer,  is  a  different 
Word.  From  the  Greek,  tlie  Latins  have  concha. 
Eng.  eoncli.  But  n  is  not  radical ;  for  this  is  undoubt- 
edly the  W.  cocos.  Eng.  cockle ;  Fr.  co'quille,  cogue.  It. 
coccia.  These  words  are  probably  from  the  same  root 
as  Sp.  cocar,  to  wrinkle,  twist,  or  make  wry  faces ; 
Ir.  cuachaim,  to  fold  ;  Eng.  cockle,  to  shrink  or  pucker  ; 
verbs  which  give  the  primaiy  sense.  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  cancer  and  canker  are  the  same  word  ;  canker  be- 
ing the  original  pronunciation.] 

'  1.  The  crab  or  crab-fish.  The  term  cancer  was  ap- 
plied, as  a  generic  name,  by  Linnieus,  to  a  very  ex- 
tensive genus  of  animals,  marked  by  him  in  his  class 
Insecta,  order  Aptera,  corresponding  to  the  first  three 
orders  of  Cuvier's  class  Crustacea,  and  including  the 
crab,  lobster,  shrimp,  crayfish,  &c.  The  term  is  now 
confined  to  a  genus  of  Crustacea,  including  only  the 
conimon  European  crab  and  a  few  allied  species. 

9.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zo- 
diac, represented  by  the  form  of  a  crab,  and  limiting 
the  sun's  course  northward  in  summer ;  hence,  the 
sign  of  the  summer  solstice. 

3.  In  medicine,  a  roundish,  hard,  unequal,  scirrhous 
tumor,  which  usually  ulcerates,  is  very  painful,  and 
generally  fatal.    In  the  most  limited  sense,  a  morbid 

-  affection  of  the  mamma,  commencing  with  an  une- 
ven livid  induration,  marked  by  cancriform  dilated 
vessels,  and  usually  terminating  in  a  malignant  pha- 
gedenic ulcer;  the  carcinus  of  Good.  In  a  more  gen- 
eral sense,  any  local  affection  commencing  with  an 
induration,  and  terminating  in  a  phagedenic  ulcer,  or 
any  malignant  phagedenic  ulcer,  whether  commen- 
cing with  an  induration  or  not. 

€AN'CER-aTE,  v.  i.  To  grow  into  a  cancer ;  to  be- 
come cancerous.  L'  Estrange. 

€AN-CEII-a'TION,  71.  A  growing  cancerous,  or  into 
a  cancer. 

CAN'CER-OU^S,  a.  Like  a  cancer ;  having  the  quali- 
ties of  a  cancer.  Wiseman. 

€A.N'CER-0US-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  cancer. 

CAN'CER-OUS-NESS,  Ii.    The  state  of  being  canccr- 

CAN'CRI-FORiM,  a.  Cancerous.  [ous. 
9.  Having  the  form  of  a  cancer  or  crab. 

CAN'CRINE,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  a  crab. 

CAN'CRITE,  71.  [from  cancer.]  A  fossil  or  petrified 
crab.  Fourcroy. 

eAN-DE-L.^'BRUM,  ri.  [L.] 

1.  A  tall  support  for  a  lamp. 

2.  A  candlestick  with  branches. 
eAN'DENT,  a.    [L.  candens,  from  candeo,  to  be  white 

or  hot.    See  the  verb  to  Cant.] 

Verj'  hot :  heated  to  whiteness  ;  glowing  with  heat, 
€AN'DI-eANT,  a.    Growing  white.  Diet. 
CAN' DID,  fl.    [L.  Candidas,  wliite,  from  candeo,  to  be 

white  ;  W.  cana,  to  bleach.   See  Cant. J 

1.  White.  Dryden. 
[But  in  this  sense  rarely  used.] 

2.  Fair;  open  ;  frank  ;  ingenuous;  free  from  undue 
bias  ;  disposed  to  think  anil  juilge  accoriling  to  truth 
and  justice,  or  without  partiality  or  prejudice  ;  applied 
to  persons. 

3.  Fair ;  just ;  impartial ;  applied  to  things ;  as,  a 
candid  view,  or  construction, 

eAN'DI-D.^'I  E,  n.  [L.  candidatus,  from  Candidas, 
white  ;  tlitist!  who  soiiglit  oflices  in  Koine  being 
obligetl  to  wear  a  white  gown.] 

1.  One  who  setrks  or  aspires  to  some  office  or  priv- 
ilege, anil  who  offers  himself  for  the  same  ;  usually 
followeti  by  far;  as,  n  candidate  for  the  ollicc  of  sher- 
iff;  a  candidate  for  baptism  or  confirmation. 

2.  One  who  is  in  ctuitemplation  for  an  ollice,  or  for 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  Mff.TE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  .MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


CAN 

proferment,  hy  those  who  hnve  powiT  to  elect  or  ap- 
point, thouch  he  does  not  olTcr  liimsi^lf. 

3.  One  \%  ho,  hy  his  services  or  actions,  will  or  inny 
justly  iibuiin  prel'i  rinent  or  reward,  or  whose  conduct 
tends  to  secure  it ;  as,  a  candidaU.  for  praise. 

4.  A  man  wlio  is  qualified,  according  to  the  rules 
of  the  cimrch,  to  preach  the  gospel,  and  take  tiie 
charge  of  a  parish  or  religious  society,  and  proposes 
to  settle  in  tlie  ministry.    [United  S(u(m.] 

5.  One  who  is  in  a  state  of  trial  or  probation  for  a 
reward,  in  another  life  ;  as,'a  candidate  for  heaven  or 
for  etcrnitv. 

CAN'OiD-LY,  aJr.  Openly;  frankly  ;  without  trick 
or  disjiuise  ;  ingenuously. 

€A.\'1)1D-NESS,  n.  Oiwnness  of  mind;  frankness; 
fairness  ;  ingenuousness. 

€.\.\'l)l-KD,  (kan'did,)  pp.  or  a.  [from  eam/i/.]  Pre- 
served with  sugar,  or  incrustcd  wuh  it ;  covered  with 
crystals  of  sugar  or  ice,  or  with  matter  resembling 
them  ;  as,  candied  raisins. 

eA.\'DI-FY,  r.  t.  or  i.  To  make  or  become  white,  or 
candid. 

e.\.\'DLE,  n.  [L.  Sp.  and  It.  candela;  Ft.  chandelle; 
Sax.  candet;  Pers.  kandil ;  Arm.  eantot ;  W.canwijtt; 
Ir.  cninneal:  from  L.  canileo,  to  shine,  to  be  white,  or 
its  root.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  shoot, 
to  throw,  to  radiate.    See  Cant  and  ("hant.J 

1.  A  long,  but  small,  cylindrical  hodj  ol  tallow, 
wax,  or  spermaceti,  formed  on  a  wick  com|)osed  of 
linen  or  cotton  threads,  twisted  loosely,  used  for  a 
portable  light  of  domestic  use. 

2.  A  light. 

3.  A  light ;  a  luminary.  In  Scripture,  the  candle  of 
the  Lord  is  the  divine  favor  and  blessing,  Job  x.vix.  3 ; 
or  the  conscience  or  understanding.    I'roc.  w.  27. 

Ercommunication  by  inch  candle,  is  when  the  of- 
fender is  allowed  time  to  repent,  while  a  candle  burns, 
and  is  then  excommunic.iled. 

Sale  by  inck  of  candle,  is  an  auction  in  which  per- 
sons are  allowed  to  bid  only  till  a  small  piece  of  can- 
dle burns  out. 

Mrdicated  candle ;  in  medicine,  a  bougie. 

Rask  eandltf,  are  used  in  some  countries  ;  they  aiB 
m.-ide  of  the  pith  of  certain  rushes,  peeled  except  on 
one  side,  and  dip|>ed  in  grease.  F.nciic. 
eA.V'DLE-HEU-KV-i'KEE,  n.  The  Myrica  cerifera, 
or  wax-bearing  myrtle ;  a  shrub  common  in  North 
America,  from  the  berries  of  which  a  kind  of  wax  or 
oil  is  procured,  of  which  candles  are  made.  I'he  oil 
is  obtained  by  boiling  the  berries  in  water  ;  the  oil, 
rising  to  the  surface,  is  skimmed  off,  and  when  cool, 
is  of  the  consistence  of  wax,  and  of  a  dull  green 
color.  In  popular  language,  this  is  called  bay-berry 
t'ltlow. 

eAN'DLE-nOMB,  (kan'dl  bum,)  n.  A  small  glass 
bubble,  filled  with  water,  pl.aced  in  the  wick  of  a 
candle,  where  it  bursts  with  a  report. 

CAN'OLE-t'oAL.    See  Caxnel-Coal. 

eA.N'DLE-HoLD'ER,  a.  [candle  and  hold.]  A  per- 
son that  holds  a  candle.  Hence,  one  that  remotely 
assists  another,  but  is  otherwise  not  of  imjmrtanco. 

Shak. 

€AN'DLE-LIGHT,  (-lite,)  n.  [candle  and  li^lit.]  The 
light  of  a  candle  ;  the  necessary  candles  for  use. 

JMolmeuz. 

C.\X'I)LE-MAS,  n.  [candle  and  mass.  Sax.  nurssa; 
candle-feast.'] 

Th'-  feast  of  the  church,  celebrated  on  the  second 
day  of  February,  in  honor  of  the  purification  of  the 
Virgm  Mary,  so  called  from  the  great  number  of 
lights  used  on  that  occasion.  This  feast  is  supposed 
to  have  originatt-d  in  the  declaration  of  Simeon,  that 
our  Savior  was  "  to  be  a  light  to  lighten  the  Cientiles." 
On  this  day,  the  Roman  Catholics  consecrate  all  the 
candles  and  taiiors  which  are  to  be  used  in  their 
churches  during  the  whole  year.  In  Rome,  the  pope 
perf.irms  the  cereuKiny  himself,  and  distributes  wax 
candles  to  the  c.irdinals  and  others,  who  carry  them  in 
procession  through  the  great  hall  of  the  pope's  palace. 
The  ceremony  w:is  prohibited  in  England  by  an  or- 
der of  council  in  1.>I^.  I!ul  Candlemas  is  one  of  the 
four  terms  for  paying  and  receiving  rents  and  inter- 
est ;  and  it  gives  name  to  a  law  term,  beginning  Jan. 
15,  and  ending  Feb.  3.  Encye. 
e.\N'DLE-STICK,  n.  [candle  and  stick  ;  Sax.  candeU 
sticca,] 

.\n  instnunent  or  utensil  to  hold  a  candle,  made  in 
different  forms  and  of  ditfcrent  materials ;  originally, 
a  stick  or  piece  of  wood. 
eAN'DLE-STL'FF,  n.   [candle  and  stuf.]    A  material 
of  which  candles  are  made,  as  tallow,  wax,  ic. 

Bacon. 

eAN'DLE-VVAST'ER,  n.  [candle  and  uasie.]  One 
who  wastes  or  consumes  candles  ;  a  hard  student,  or 
one  who  studies  by  candlelight ;  a  spendthrift 

B.  Jonjon.  Shak. 
CAN'DLE-WICK,  n.   The  wick  for  candles. 
CA.\'I)LES-E\DS,n.p?.  Scraps  ;  fragments.  Beaum. 
€.VN'DOCK,  n.   A  plant  or  weed  that  grows  in  rivers. 

Walton. 

C.\N'DOR,  II.   [L.  canrfor,  from  candeo,  to  be  white.  J 
Openne«s  of  heart;  frankness;  ingenuousness  off 
mind  ;  a  dispasition  to  treat  subjects  with  fairness  ; 
freedom  from  prejudice  or  disguise  ;  sincerity.    H'atU.  I 


CAN 

CAN'DY,  V.  U  [It.  candire,  to  candy,  to  preserve  ; 
caiulit^),  candied  ;  Fr.  candir.  This  seems  not  to  be 
the  Latin  condio,  for  the  Italian  has  aLso  condire. 
Possibly  it  may  be  from  L.  candeo,  to  be  white.  Dut 


in  Ar.  tXA3  kand,  kandon,  is  the  saccharine  matter 
of  the  sugar-cane,  or  concrete  sugar,  and  it  is  the 
same  in  Persian  ;  Sans,  khand.] 

1.  To  conserve  or  dress  with  sugar ;  to  boil  in  sugar. 

2.  To  form  into  congelations  or  crystals.  Shak. 

3.  Fiffurativrly,  to  cover  or  incrust  with  congela- 
tions, or  crystals  of  ice.  I>rytlen. 

CAN'DV,  r.  i.  To  form  into  crjstals,  or  become  con- 
gealed ;  to  take  on  the  form  of  candied  sugar. 

€AN'DY,n.    A  species  of  confectioner)',  or  compound 
of  sugar  with  some  other  substance,  as  sugar  candy, 
molasses  candy,  ice.  4 
2.  In  Bombay,  a  weight  of  5(j0  pounds. 

e.\N'DY-I.\G,  ppr.   Conserving  with  sugar. 

eA\'DY-I.\G,  n.  The  art  of  preserving  simples  in 
substance,  bv  boiling  them  in  siicar.  ICncyc. 

CV.X'DY-TUFTS,  n.    A  plant,  Uie  Iberis. 

,  Fam.  of  Plants. 

■2.  A  CretSn  flower.  Tale. 

CaXE,  n.  [Ij.canna;  Or.  KOvva  ;  Fr.  canne  ;  \V.  caicre; 
Sp.  caria  ;  Port,  cana  or  canna  ;  It.  canna  ;  Arm.  canen  ; 
Heb.  Cli.  Syr.  and  Ar.  nap.  In  the  .-Vnibic,  a  word 
of  this  family  signifies  a  subterraneous  passiige  for 
water,  or  canal.    It  pnibalily  signifies  a  shoot.] 

1.  In  botany.  Ibis  term  is  applied  to  several  species 
of  plants  belonging  to  ditfereiit  genera,  such  as 
Arundo,  Calamus,  Saccharuiii,  &c.  Among  these 
is  the  bamboo  of  the  East  Indies,  with  a  strong  stem, 
which  serves  for  pi|>cs,  poles,  and  walking-slicks. 
The  sugar-cane,  a  native  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  Amer- 
ica, fiimi^jhes  the  juice  from  which  are  made  sugar, 
molasses,  and  spirit.    [See  Su(;ar-Ca.ne.J 

2.  .\  walking-stick. 

3.  .'V  lance  or  dart  made  of  cane.  Dryden. 

4.  A  long  measure, in  several  countries  of  Europe; 
at  Naples,  the  length  is  7  feet  3.j  inches  ;  in  TlioiiUiuse, 
in  France,  5  feet  (Jj  inches;  in  Provence,  &.C.,  6  feet 
5\  inches. 

e.\NE,  r.  L_  To  beat  with  a  cane  or  walking-stick. 

eA.\E'-BR.\KE,  n.  [cane  and  brake.]  A  thicket  of 
canes.  EUicott. 

e.A.N'E'-HoLE,  n.  [cine  and  An/c]  A  hole  or  trench 
for  planting  the  cuttings  of  cane,  on  sugar  planta- 
tions. luttcards*s  IV.  Ittdies. 

CaNE'-MILI.,  n.  A  mill  for  grinding  sugar-canes,  for 
thi-  manufacture  of  sugar. 

CaNE'-TRA.'^II,  n.  [ra/ie  and  tra.\A.  J  Refuse  of  canes, 
or  macerated  rinds  uf  cane,  reserved  for  fuel  to  boil 
the  cane-juice.  Edwards^s  IV.  Indies. 

e.\-.\ES'CENT,  a.    [L.  cancscens.] 
Growing  white  or  hoary. 

CA-NICU-LA,  ;  n.    [L.  cnnieuta,  a  little  dog,  from 

e.\N'I-eULE,  \     canis,  a  dog.] 

A  star  in  the  constellation  of  Canis  Major,  called 
also  the  Do^-star,  or  SIrius ;  a  star  of  the  first  mag- 
nitude, and  the  largest  and  brightest  of  all  the  fixed 
stars.  From  the  rising  of  this  heliacally,  or  at  its 
emersion  from  the  sun's  rays,  the  ancient^i  reckoned 
their  doir-tlau^. 

e.\--Vie'r;-LAU,  o.    [L.  eanicularis.] 
Pertaining  to  the  dog-star. 

e.V-.NT.NE',  a.    [L.  eanintis,  from  canis,  a  dog.] 

Pertaining  to  dogs  ;  having  the  properties  or  qual- 
ities of  a  dog  ;  as,  a  canine  ap|ietite,  insatiable  hunger ; 
canine  madness,  or  hydrophohi.-i. 

Canine  teeth ;  the  sharp,  pointed  teeth,  on  each  side, 
between  the  incisors  and  grinders ;  so  named  from 
their  resemblance  to  a  dog's  teeth.  In  man  and 
most  of  the  mammalia,  there  are  two  of  them  in  each 
jaw,  one  on  each  side  of  the  incisors. 

Canis  Major ;  the  Greater  Dog ;  a  constellation  of 
the  southern  hemisphere,  under  the  feet  of  Orion ; 
including  Sirius  or  the  dug-star. 

Canis  Minor ;  the  Lesser  Dog  ;  a  constellation  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  just  below  Gemini,  including 
Procyon,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude.  Brande. 

e.\.\'I.\G,  n.    A  beating  with  a  stick  or  cane. 

CAN'IS-TER,n.   [L,.  canistram  ;  Or.  Ka'^aorpoi',  xairiff, 
or  Kavt  n- ;  Fr.  canastre  ;  Port,  canastra  :  Sp.  canasta,] 
Properly,  a  sm.-ill  basket,  as  in  Dryden  ;  but  more 

Cenrrally,  a  small  box  or  case,  for  tea,  coffee,  &c. 
NK'ER,  .1.    [L.  cancer  )  Sax.  canccre  or  canere  ;  D. 
kanker ;  Fr.  chancre :  It.  eancAcro.    This  is  the  Latin 
cancer,  with  the  Roman  pronunciation.  See  Cancer.] 

1.  .\  dist'.ise  incident  to  trees,  which  causes  the 
bark  to  rot  and  fall. 

2.  A  popular  name  of  certain  small,  eroding  ulcers 
in  the  mouth,  particul.arly  of  children.  They  are 
generallj-  covered  with  a  whitish  slough.  [See 
ApHTH.t.]  Cyc.  I 

3.  .\  virulent,  corroding  ulcer  ;  or  any  thing  that 
corrodes,  corrupts,  or  destroys.  | 

S.-xcnlrp-  niajr  nrore  all  *i|jnr  mnJter.  AtUrbwy. 
And  Uicir  word  will  cal  u  duUi  a  ooiiier.     2  Tim.  u. 

4.  An  eating,  corroding,  virulent  humnr  ;  corro- 
sion. SAaA. 

5.  A  kind  of  rose,  the  dog-rose.   Peacham.  Shak. 


CAN 

6.  In  farriery,  a  running  thnish  of  the  worvt  kind  , 
a  disease  in  horses'  feet,  discharging  a  fetid  matter 
from  the  cleft  in  the  middle  of  the  frog.  Encyc. 
C.VN'K'ER,  V.  t.    To  cat,  corrode,  crtrrupt,  consume,  in 
the  manner  that  a  cancer  alfects  the  body.  Herbert. 
2.  To  infect  or  pollute.  Addison. 
CANK'ER,  ».  i.    To  grow  corrupt ;  to  decay,  or  wa.ste 
avv.ay  by  means  of  any  noxious  cause  ;  to  grow  rusty, 
or  to  be  oxydized,  as  a  nieUil.  Bacon. 
CANK'ER-lUT,  a.    Bitten  with  a  cankered  or  enven- 
omed tooth.  Shak. 
CANK'ER-£D,  pp.  or  a.   Eaten,  corroded,  or  corrupted. 

2.  a.    Crabbed  ;  uncivil.  Spenser. 
e.\.\K'ER-AOLY,  aJe.    Crossly;  adversely. 
e.\.\K'ER-FLy,  n.    A  fly  that  preys  on  fruit. 

Walton. 

€ANK'ER-LIKE,  a.  Eating  or  corrupting  like  a 
canker. 

CANK'ER-OUS,  n.    Corroding  like  a  canker. 

e.\NK'ER-\VOR.M,  n.  A  worm  destructive  to  ^rec^ 
or  plants.  In  .4nirrica,tlits  name  is  given  to  a  worm 
that,  in  some  years,  destroys  the  leaves  and  fruit  of 
apple-trees.  This  animal  springs  from  an  egg  de- 
posited by  a  miller,  that  issues  from  the  ground. 

E.  C.  Hcrriek. 

€ANK'ER-Y,  a.  Rusty. 

CA.\'.\.\-BL\'E,  a.  [L.  cannaii'niu,  from  cannabis, 
hemp.] 

Pertaining  to  hemp ;  hempen. 

€AN'NEL-eo.\L,  j  n.   A  fossil  coal  of  a  black  color, 

CAN'DLE-CoAL,  (  siilficiently  hard  and  solid  to  be 
cut  and  polished.  It  burns  readily,  with  a  clear  yel- 
low flame,  and  on  this  account  has  been  used  as  a 
substitute  lor  candles.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  ink- 
holders  and  toys. 

eAN'NE-aUIN,'n.  White  cotton  cloth  from  the  East 
Indies,  suitable  for  the  Guinea  trade.  Entyc. 

€A.\'NI-B.\L,  n.  [This  word  is  probably  of  Indian 
origin.  Columbus,  in  his  narration  of  his  discov. 
eries,  mentions  certain  people  called  Canibals ;  but 
in  the  isU  s,  he  remarks,  the  natives  lived  in  great 
fear  of  the  Caribals,  or  people  of  Canba,  called,  in 
Hispaniola,  Carib.  Ileiice  it  seems  that  CauibaU  and 
Caribr.e  are  the  same  word  dirterently  pronounced.] 

A  human  being  that  eats  human  llesli ;  a  man- 
eater,  or  anthropophagite.  Bacon.  Bcntley. 

€A.\'XI-R.\L-1S.M,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  eating 
human  flesli  b}'  mankind. 

2.  .Murderous  cruelty  ;  barbarity.  Burke. 

OMVNI-B.'VL-LY,  aiie.    In  the  manner  of  a  cannibal. 

Shak. 

GAN'NON,  n.  [Fr.  canon ;  Arm.  canon  or  eanol ;  D. 
kanon ;  G.  kanone:  Sp.  canon;  Port,  canham ;  It. 
eannone.  Probably  from  L.  canna,  a  tube.  See 
Cane.] 

.\  large  military  engine  for  throwing  balls,  and 
other  instriinienLs  of  death,  by  the  force  of  gun- 
powder. Guns  of  this  kind  are  made  of  iron  or 
brass,  and  of  different  sizes,  carrying  balls  from  three 
or  four  pounds  to  forty-eight  pounds'  weight.  In 
some  countries,  they  have  been  made  of  much 
larger  size.  The  smaller  guns  of  this  size  are 
called  frtd-pirces, 

C.\N-NO.\-aDE',  n.  The  act  of  discharging  cannon 
and  throwing  balls,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  an 
army,  or  battering  a  town,  ship,  or  fort.  The  term 
usually  implies  an  attack  of  some  continuance. 

e.AN-.NO.V-ADE',  r.  (.  To  attack  with  heavy  artillery  ; 
to  throw  balls,  or  other  deadly  weapons,  as  chain- 
shot  or  l-angragc,  again.st  an  enemy's  army,  town, 
fortress,  or  ship ;  to  batter  with  cannon  shot. 

e.AN-.NON-ADE',  T.  i.  To  discharge  cannon  ;  to  play 
with  large  guns. 

e.\N-.\ON-Al)'ED,  pp.    Attacked  with  cannon  shot 

C\.V-.NON-aD'I.\G,  ppr.   Battering  with  cannon  shot 

eAN'XO.\-BALL,  n.  .\  ball,  usually  made  of  cast 
iron,  to  be  thrown  from  cannon.  Cannon-bullet,  of 
the  like  signification,  is  nut  now  used.  Cannon-balls 
were  originally  of  stone. 

eAN'NO.\'-l!o.\E,  «.  'The  single  metacarpal  or  meta- 
tarsal bone  of  the  horse.  Brande. 

eA.V'NON-.MET'AL,  n.  A  variety  of  bronze  ;  or  an 
alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  in  the  proportion  of  about 
9  to  1. 

e.\N-NON-F.ER',  (  n.  A  man  who  manages  cannon ; 

CAN-NON-IER',  (    an  engineer. 

eAN'NO.N-PROOF,  a.    Proof  against  cannon-shot 

CAN'NON-SIIOT,  n.  .\  ball  for  cannon  ;  also,  the 
range  or  distance  a  cannon  will  throw  a  ball. 

e.AN'NOT,  [can  and  not.]  These  words  are  iisiuilly 
united,  but  ceruiinly  without  good  reason  ;  canst  and 
not  are  never  united. 

€.V.N'.NI,'-L.\R,  a     [L.  canna,  a  tube.l 

Tubular  ;  having  the  form  of  a  tube.  Encyc 

e.AN'NY,  (a.    Cautious;  wary;  skillful;  dextrous. 

CAN'ME,  i     [Scottish.]  Burns. 

e.\-NOE',  (ka-noo',)  n.  [Fr.  ennot;  Sp.  canoa  ;  It  ca- 
noe, or  canon.  This  is  said  to  be  of  Indian  origin  ;  as 
all  the  Spanish  historians  of  America,  when  they 
first  mention  the  word,  give  an  explanation  of  it: 
"  Ilia  in  terrani  suis  lintribus,  quas  canoas  vocant, 
eduxerunt"    P.  .^lartyr.] 

1.  A  bo.at  used  by  rude  nations,  formed  of  the  Ixxly 
or  trunk  of  a  tree,  excavated,  by  cutting  or  burning, 


TONE,  BULL,  QNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


82 


169 


CAN 


CAN 


CAN 


into  a  suitable  sliape.  Similar  boats  are  now  used, 
bv  civilized  men,  I'ur  fishin?  and  other  purposes.  It 
IS  impelled  by  a  paddle,  instead  of  an  oar. 
2.  A  boat  liiade  of  bark  or  skins,  used  by  savages. 
e.\N'ON,  n.  [Sax.  canon  ;  Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  canon ;  It. 
canone  ;  L.  canim  ;  Gr.  tit'.  Dr.  Owen  deduces 
the  word  from  the  Heb.  njp,  a  cane,  reed,  or  meas- 

urinc-rod.    In  Eth.  lianan,  signifies  to  set,  to 

estiiblish,  to  form  a  rule  ;  whence  canon,  a  rule.  But 
tliis  verb  is  probably  from  the  noun.  The  word  is 
from  one  of  the  root's  in  Class  Gn,  which  signilies  to 
set,  or  to  strain.  'Hie  Welsh  unites  it  with  the  root 
of  can,  L.  cano,  to  sing,  VV.  canon,  a  song,  a  rule,  a 
canon,  from  canu,  to  sing,  L.  ca/io.  The  sense  of  can- 
on i*,  that  which  is  set  or  established.] 

1  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  a  law,  or  rule  of  doctrine 
or  discipline,  enacted  by  a  council  and  confirmed  by 
the  sovereign  ;  a  decision  of  matters  in  religion,  or  a 
regulation  of  policy  or  discipline,  by  a  general  or  pro- 
vincial council. 

2.  A  law  or  rule  in  general. 

3.  The  genuine  books  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  called 
the  sacred  canon,  or  general  rule  of  moral  and  relig- 
ious duty,  given  by  inspir.ition. 

4.  A  dignitary  of  the  church  ;  a  person  who  pos- 
sesses a  prebend  or  revenue  allotted  for  the  perform- 
ance of  divine  service  in  a  cathedral  or  collegiate 
church. 

A  cardinal  canon,  is  one  attached  to  a  church,  incar- 
dinatiis,  as  a  priest  to  a  palish. 

Domicellarij  canons,  are  young  canons,  not  in  or- 
ders, having  no  right  in  any  particular  chapters. 

Expectance  canons;  having  no  revenue  or  prebend, 
but  having  the  title  and  dignities  of  canons,  a  voice 
in  the  chapter,  and  a  place  in  the  choir,  till  a  prebend 
should  fall. 

Foreiff-n  canons  ;  such  as  did  not  officiate  in  their 
canonries ;  opposed  to  inansionary  or  residentiary  can- 
ons. 

Lav,  secular,  or  honora-nj  canons ;  laymen  admitted, 
out  of  honor  or  respect,  into  some  chapter  of  canons. 

Regular  canons ;  who  live  an  ascetic  life,  in  monas- 
teries or  in  community,  and  who,  to  the  practice  of 
their  rules,  have  added  the  profession  of  vows. 

Tertiary  canmis ;  who  have  only  the  third  part  of 
the  revenue  of  the  canon  icate.  Encijc. 

5.  In  monasteries,  a  book  containing  the  rules  of  the 
order.  ' 

6.  A  catalogue  of  saints  acknowledged  and  canon- 
ized in  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  4to 

7.  Canon  of  the  mass ;  the  entire  office  of  the  mass, 
but  particularly  the  secret  words  of  the  mass  from 
the  preface  to  the  pater,  in  the  middle  of  which  the 
priest  consecrates  the  host.  The  people  are  to  re- 
hearse this  part  of  the  service  on  their  knees,  and  in 
a  voice  lower  than  can  be  heard. 

Ronton  Catholic  Church. 

8.  In  ancient  music,  a  rule  or  method  for  determin- 
ing the  intervals  of  notes,  invented  by  Ptolemy. 

Encyc. 

9.  In  modem  vmsic,  a  kind  of  perpetual  fugue,  in 
which  the  different  parts,  beginning  one  after  anoth- 
er, repeat  incessantly  the  same  ah-.  Busby. 

10.  In  geometry  and  algebra,  a  general  rule  for  the 
solution  of  cases  of  a  given  kind. 

11.  In  pharmacy,  a  rule  for  compounding  medicines. 

12.  In  surgery,  an  instrument  used  in  sewing  up 
wounds. 

Canon  law,  is  a  collection  of  ecclesiastical  laws, 
serving  as  the  rule  of  church  government. 
eAN'0.\-BIT,  71.   That  part  of  a  bit  let  into  a  horse's 
mouth. 

€.\N'ON-ESS,  n.  A  woman  who  enjoys  a  prebend, 
affixed,  by  the  foundation,  to  maids,  without  oblig- 
ing them  to  make  any  vows,  or  renounce  the 
world.  Encyc. 

etN-oN'aelAL,!"-  [L-— 

Pertaining  to  a  canon  ;  according  to  the  canon  or 
rule.  • 

Canonical  boohs,  or  canonical  Scriptures,  are  those 
books  of  the  Scriptures  which  are  admitted  by  the 
canons  of  the  church  to  be  of  divine  origin.  The 
Roman  Catholic  church  admits  the  Apocrjphal 
books  to  be  canonical  ;  the  Protestants  reject  them. 

Canonical  hours,  are  certain  stated  times  of  the  day, 
fixed  by  the  ecclesiastical  laws,  or  appropriated  to 
the  ofiices  of  prayer  and  devotion.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, these  hours  are  from  eight  o'clock  to  twelve  in 
the  foreno(m,  before  and  after  which  marriage  can 
not  be  legally  |>erformed  in  the  rluirch.  Encyc. 

Canonical  obedience,  is  submission  to  the  canons  of 
a  church,  especially  the  submission  of  the  inferior 
clergy  to  their  bishops,  and  of  other  religious  or- 
ders to  their  superiors. 

Canonical  punishments,  are  such  as  the  church 
may  infiict,  as  excommunication,  degradation,  pen- 
ance, tLC. 

Canonical  life,  is  the  mi^thod  or  rule  of  living  pre 
scribed  by  the  ancient  clergy  who  livi'd  in  coinmiini 
ty,  a  courxe  of  living  nrescribed  for  clerks,  less  rigid 
than  tlie  monaitic,  and  more  restrained  than  the  sec- 
ular. 


Canonical  sins,  in  the  ancient  church,  were  those  for 
which  capital  punishment  was  iniiicted,  as  idolatry, 
murder,  adultery,  heresy,  &c. 

Canonical  letters,  anciently,  were  letters  which 
passed  between  the  orthodox  clergy,  as  testimoni- 
als of  their  faith,  to  keep  up  the  catholic  Commun- 
ion, and  to  distinguish  them  from  heretics. 

Canonical  'cpisdes,  is  an  appellation  given  to  those 
epistles  of  the  New  Testament  which  are  called  gen- 
eral or  catholic.  Encyc. 
CA-NON'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  ^greeable  to 
the  canon. 

CA-NON'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ca- 
nonical. 

e.\-i\ON'ie-ALS,  7!.  pi.    The  full  dress  of  the  clergy, 

worn  when  they  officiate. 
€.\-NO.\'ie-ATE,  71.    The  office  of  a  canon.  Encyc. 
€AiVON-IC'r-TY,  71.   The  state  of  belonging  to  the 

canon,  or  genuine  books  of  Scri[)ture. 
CAN'0\-IST,  7!.     A  professor  of  canon  law  ;  one 

skilled  in  the  study  and  practice  of  ecclesiastical 

law. 

e.-VN-ON-IST'I€,  a.  Having  the  knowledge  of  a  can- 
onist. 

e.\N-ON-I-ZA'TION,  77.  [See  Canonize.]  The  act 
of  declaring  a  man  a  saint,  or  rather  the  act  of  rank- 
ing a  deceased  person  in  the  catalogue  of  saints 
called  a  canon.  This  act  is  preceded  by  beatification, 
and  by  an  examination  into  the  life  and  miracles  of 
the  person ;  after  which  the  pope  decrees  the  canon- 
ization. Addison.  Encyc. 
2.  The  state  of  being  sainted 

€.\N'0N-IZE,  71.  (.  [from  ca7!u7!.J  To  declare  a  man 
a  saint,  and  rank  him  in  the  catalogue  called  a 
canon. 

€.\N'OX-lZ-JED,  pp.    Declared  to  be  a  saint. 

€AN'ON-lZ-ING,  ppr.    Declaring  to  be  a  saint. 

C-\N'ON-RV,     }  71.    An  ecclesiastical  benefice,  in  a 

CAX'ON-SHIP,  (  cathedral  or  collegiate  church, 
which  has  a  prebend  or  stated  allowance  out  of 
the  revenues  of  the  church  commonly  annexed  to 
it.  The  benefice  filled  by  a  canon.  A  prebend  may 
subsist  without  a  canonry  ;  but  a  canonicate  is  in- 
separable from  a  prebend.  Ayliffe.  Encnc. 

eAi\'0-PI-£D,  (kan'o-pid,)  a.  [See  Canoi'Y.1  Cov- 
ered with  a  canopy.  Milton. 

e.^N'O-PY,  71.  [Gr.  K'ovairetov,  a  pavilion  or  net 
spread  over  a  bed  to  keep  off  gnats,  from  Koivto^p, 
a  gnat.] 

1.  A  covering  oVer  a  throne,  or  over  a  bed  ;  more 
generally,  a  covering  over  the  head.  So  the  sky  is 
called  a  canopy,  aud  a  canopy  is  borne  over  the  head 
in  processions. 

2.  In  architecture  and  sculpture,  a  magnificent  dec- 
oration, serving  to  cover  and  crown  an  altar,  throne, 
tribunal,  pulpit,  chair,  or  the  like.  Encyc. 

e.\N'0-PY,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  a  canopy.  Dryden. 

€.\N'0-PY-IN"G,  ppr.   Covering  with  a  canopy. 

CA-No'ROUS,  a.    [L.  canorus,  from  cajio,  to  sing.] 
Musical  ;  tuneful.  Broicn. 

€A-No'RUUS-NESS,  7!.  Musicalness. 

CANT,  V.  £.  [  L.  canio,  to  sing  ;  Sp.  caTitar;  Port,  irf., 
to  sing,  to  chant,  to  recite,  to  creak,  to  chirp,  to  whis- 
tle ;  It.  cantare,  to  sing,  to  praise,  to  crow  ;  Fr.  chan- 
ter ;  Arm.  cana ;  from  L.  cano,  to  sing.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  throw,  thrust,  or  drive,  as  in  can  ;  a  sense 
retained  in  the  phrase  to  cant  over  any  thing.  In 
singing,  it  implies  a  modulation  or  inflection  of  voice. 
In  Welsh,  con,  with  a  different  sound  of  the  vowel, 
signifies  a  song,  and  white,  L.  cano,  canus,  and  caneo. 
These  are  from  the  same  root,  and  have  the  same  rad- 
ical sense,  to  throw  or  shoot,  as  rays  of  light,  to 
shine,  probably  applied  to  the  sun's  morning  rays. 
W.  canu,  to  sing  ;  Sanscrit,  gana;  Persic,  handam.} 

1.  In  popular  usage,  to  give  a  sudden  thrust  or  im- 
pulse ;  as,  to  cant  round  a  stick  of  timber,  to  cant  a 
foot-ball.  Furby^s  East  JInglta. 

2.  To  incline  or  pitch  forward,  as  a  cask,  to  make 
it  run  more  freely. 

3.  To  speak  with  a  whining  voice,  or  an  affected, 
singing  tone. 

\In  this  sense,  it  is  vsimlly  intransitive.^ 

4.  To  sell  by  auction,  or  to  bid  a  price  at  auction. 

Swift. 

€ANT,  71.    A  thrust,  push,  or  other  impulse,  with  a 
sudden  jerk  ;  as,  to  give  a  ball  a  cant. 
r77n>  i^-  Vie  literal  sense.] 

2.  An  inclination  from  a  horizontal  line  ;  as,  to  be 
on  the  cant.  Tetton. 

3.  A  whining,  singing  manner  of  speech  ;  aquaint, 
affected  mode  of  uttering  words,  either  in  conversa- 
tion or  preaching. 

4.  The  whining  speech  of  beggars,  as  in  asking 
alms  and  making  complaints  of  their  distresses. 

5  The  peculiar  words  and  phrases  of  profession.al 
men  ;  phrases  often  repeated,  or  not  well  authorized. 
G.  Any  barbarous  jargon  in  speech. 

7.  Whining  pretension  to  goodness.  Johnson, 

8.  Outcry  at  a  jmblic  sale  of  goods  ;  a  call  for  bid- 
ders at  an  auction.  Sicifl. 

This  use  of  the  word  is  precisely  equivalent  to 
auction,  ttuctio,  n  hawking,  a  crying  out,  or,  in  the 
vulgar  dialect,  a  singing  out  j  but  I  believe  not  in  use 
in  the  United  States. 


CANT,  71.    [D.  kani  a  corner.] 

An  external  angle  or  quoin  of  a  building.  Owilt. 
A  niche  ;  a  corner  or  retired  place.      B.  Jonson. 
Cant-timbers,  in  a  ship,  are  those  which  are  situ- 
ated at  the  two  ends.  Mar.  Diet. 
CAJ^-TjIB' I-LE,  [It.,]  in  Tnjii-ic,  denotes  an  elegant, 

smooth,  graceful  style. 
€AN-Ta'BRI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Cantabria,  on  the 

Bav  of  Biscay,  in  Spain. 
CAN-TA-BRIG'I-AN,  n.  A  student  or  graduate  of  the 
university  of  Cambridge,  Eng. ;  often  abridged  into 
Cantab.  Smart. 
€Ai\'TA-LIV-ER,  j  71.    [cantle  and  eaves.  Qu.  canterii 
e.\N'TI-LEV-ER,  (     labrum,  the  lip  of  the  rafter. 
Brande.] 

In  architecture,  a  piece  of  wood,  framed  info  the 
front  or  side  of  a  house,  to  suspend  the  moldings  and 
eoves  over  it.  Encyc. 
CAN'TA-LOUPE,  I  n.    A  small,  round  variety  of 
CiN'TA-LEUP,    i    muskmelon,  of  a  very  delicate 
flavor. 

CAN-TA'TX,  77.  [Italian,  from  cantare,  to  sing ;  L. 
canto.] 

A  poem  set  to  music  ;  a  composition  or  song,  in- 
termixed with  recitatives  and  airs,  chiefly  intended 
for  a  single  voice. 
€AN-Ta'TION,  71."  A  singing.    Wot  used.] 
CAN- 1  tEN',  71.    [It.  conlina.] 

A  tin  vessel  used  by  soldiers  for  carrying  liquor 
for  drink.  It  is  also  made  of  wood,  in  the  form  of  a 
keg.  Chambers 

CAN'TLe'  j       '^^^  '''"^        °^  "  saddle.  Booth. 
CANT'ER,  7!.  i.    [Arm.  cantreal  or  eo7!frr7i,  to  run,  to 

rove,  or  ramble,  from  tossing  or  leaping,  canting. 

See  Cant.] 

To  move  as  a  horse  in  a  moderate  gallop,  raising 
the  two  fore  feet  nearly  at  the  same  time,  with  a  leap 
or  spring. 

CANT'ER,  r.  t.    To  ride  upon  a  canter. 

CANT'ER,  71.  A  moderate  gallop  ;  a  Canterbury  gallop. 
2.  One  who  cants  or  whines. 

CANT'ER-BUR-Y,  (kant'er-ber-ry,)  n.  A  reeeptacle 
for  music,  portfolios,  loose  papers,  &c.,  being  a  stand 
with  divisions.  Smart. 

CANT'ER-BUR-Y-BELL,  7t.  A  species  of  Campan- 
ula.   [See  Bell-Flower.] 

eANT'ER-BUR-Y-GAL'LOP,  ti.  The  moderate  gal- 
lop of  a  horse,  commonly  called  a  canter ;  said  to  be 
derived  from  the  pilgrims  riding  to  Canterbury  at  this 
pace. 

CANT'ER-BUR-Y-TaLE,  71.  A  fabulous  story  ;  so 
called  from  the  tales  of  Chaucer. 

CANT'ER-ED,  pp.    Ridden  upon  a  canter. 

CANT'F.R-ING;  ppr.  Aloving  or  riding  with  a  mod- 
erate gallop. 

CAN-THAK'I-DkS,  n.  pi.  [from  cantharis,  which  see.] 
Spanish  Hies,  used  to  raise  a  blister. 

€AN-THAR'I-DIN,  71.  [Infra.]  That  peculiar  sub- 
stance, existing  in  the  Cantharis  vesicatoria,  which 
causes  vesication.  Tliomson. 

€AN'THA-RIS,  n.    [Gr.  Koi'Sapig.] 

The  Spanish  fly  or  blister-beetle.  This  fly  is  nine 
or  ten  lines  in  length,  of  a  shining  yellow  green  or 
bronze  color,  mixed  with  azure,  and  has  a  nauseous 
smell.  It  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
preferring  the  ash.  These  flies,  when  bruised,  are 
universally  used  as  a  vcsic.itory.  The  largest  come 
from  Italy,  but  the  best  from  Spain. 

eANTII'US,  n.    [Gr.  aoi  tfoj  ;  D.  kant,  a  corner.] 

An  angle  of  the  cy«  ;  a  cavity  at  each  extremity  of 
the  eyelids  ;  the  greater  is  next  to  the  nose,  the  lesser 
towards  the  temple.  Encyc. 

e.\N'Tl-GLE,  71.  [Sp.  and  It.  cantico ;  L.  canficura, 
from  canto.    See  Cant.] 

1.  A  song.  In  the  plural.  Canticles,  the  Song  of 
Songs,  or  Song  of  Solomon,  one  of  the  books  of  the 
Old  Testament. 

2.  A  canto  ;  a  division  of  a  song.  [0^5.]  Spemer. 
CAN'TILE,  7\  t.    To  cut  to  pieces. 
CAN'TIL-L.iTE,  r.  <.    [L.  cantillo.    See  Cant.] 

To  chant ;  to  recite  with  musical  tones.  M.  StuarL 
CAN-TIL-La'TION,  71.   A  chanting  ;.  recitation  with 

musical  modulations. 
C.ANT'ING,  ppr.  or  n.   Throwing  with  a  sudden  jerk 

or  impulse ;  tossing. 

2.  Speaking  with  a  whine  or  song-like  tone. 

3.  71.  Ridiculous  pretense  of  goodness. 
CANT'ING-LY,  adv.    With  a  cant. 
CANT'ING-NESS,  71.    Uuality  of  uttering  in  cant. 
CAN'TION,  71.   A  song  or  verses.  [JV<i(  ii.~n/.]  Spenser. 
CAN'TLE,  71.    [Arm.  chanteU;  Fr.  chanteau,  whence 

echantilton;  Eng.  scantling.] 

A  fragment ;  a  corner  or  edge  of  any  thing ;  the 
hind  bow  of  a  saddle.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
€.'\N''1"L.E,  t>.  (.  To  cut  into  pieces  ;  to  cut  out  a  piece. 

[Obs.]  Dryden. 
eANT'LET,  71.    A  piece  ;  a  little  corner  ;  a  fragment. 

Dryden. 

e.AN'TO,  71.   [It.  ca7ifo,  a  song  ;  L.  <:a7ifu.'!.   See  Cant.] 
A  part  or  division  of  a  poem,  answering  to  what 
in  prose  is  called  a  book.    In  Italian,  canto  is  a  sung, 
and  it  signifies  also  the  treble  part,  first  treble,  or 
highest  vocal  part,  or  the  leading  melody. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MiiTE,  PRgY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


CAN 

CAN'TON,  1^  [It.  fon(uiip,  a  corner-stone,  and  a  can- 
ton ;  Sp.  canton  ;  Port.  caiUOy  a  corner  ;  Fr.  canton^ 
a  corner  ;  a  part  of  a  country,  a  district ;  Arm.  can- 
ton ;  1).  knnl ;  G.  kanle ;  1).  kanJt,  a  corner,  point, 
edge,  border.  The  Welsh  unites  canton  with  cant, 
a  hundred,  L.  centum,  Sax.  Aunt/,  for  cantrcv  is  a  cir- 
cuit or  division  of  a  country,  from  cant,  a  hundred.] 

1.  A  small  portion  of  land,  or  division  of  territory  j 
originally,  a  portion  of  territory  on  a  border ;  also, 
the  inhabitants  of  a  canton. 

2.  A  snmll  portion  or  district  of  territory,  consti- 
tuting a  distinct  state  or  government,  .as  in  Switzer- 

3.  In  hrraUlnj,  a  corner  of  the  shield.  [land. 

4.  A  distinct  part,  or  division  ;  as,  the  cantons  of  a 
painting  or  other  representation.  BumeL 

e.W'l'O.V,  V.  t.    [Sp.  acaiitonar.] 

1.  To  divide  into  small  parts  or  districts,  as  terri- 
tory ;  to  divide  into  distinct  portions.  Locke.  Addison. 

2.  To  allot  separate  quarters  to  different  parts  or 
divisions  of  an  army  or  body  of  troops. 

CAN'TON-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  canton  ;  divided 
into  cantons. 

€A.\'TO.N-£D,  pp.    Divided  into  distinct  part.s,  or 

quarters  ;  lodged  in  distinct  quarters,  as  troops. 
CAN'TON-ING,  I'pr.    Dividing  into  distinct  districts  ; 

allotting  separate  quarters  to  each  regiment. 
€Ai\'TON-IZE,  V.  t.    To  canton,  or  divide  into  small 

districts.  Daeics. 
eAi\'TO.\-MENT,  n.    .\  part  or  division  of  a  town 

or  village,  assigned  to  a  |>articular  regiment  of  troops  ; 

separate  quarters.  jVarshatl. 
€A.N'TUAP,  II.    An  incantation  or  spell. 

2.  Mischief  artfully  performed.  [ScoUisA.] 
TAN'TUKD,  ;        n        ,  1 
€A\'TRKF;  i  "■  ""«""■] 

.\  hundred  villages,  as  in  Wales.  Fncije. 
€.\N'VAS,  jt.     [Fr.   canecas,  canvas,  and  cfianvre, 

hemp;  Arm.  canavas;  Sp.  canamaio  ;  Port,  c/iriu/fio  ; 

It.  canacaccio,  canvas,  and  cannpa,  hemp  ;  D.  kanefas, 

canvas,  and  kennep,  hemp ;  G.  kane/ass,  canvas,  and 

hanf,  hemp;  Dan.  canrfas;  I.,  cannabis,  hemp;  Gr. 

Knvvaiit-,  ;  Ir.  canbhas,  canvas,  and  ctinaib,  hemp; 

Russ.  kanephas.    It  is  from  the  root  of  caitna,  cane  ; 

perhaps  a  dimmutive.] 

1.  A  coarse  cloth  made  of  hemp  or  flax,  used  for 
tents,  sails  of  ships,  painting,  and  other  purposes. 

2.  A  clear,  unbleached  cloth,  wove  regularly  in 
little  squares,  used  for  working  tapestry  with  the 
needle. 

3.  Among  the  French,  the  rough  draught  or  model 
on  which  an  air  or  piece  of  music  is  composed,  and 
given  to  a  poet  to  finish.  The  canvas  of  a  song  con- 
tains certain  notes  of  the  composer,  to  show  the  poet 
the  measure  of  the  verses  he  is  to  make. 

4.  Among  seamen,  cloth  in  sails,  or  sails  in  general ; 
05,  to  spread  as  much  canvas  as  the  ship  will  bear. 

eAN'VAS-ei.T.Mli-Ell,  (  klim'er,)  n.  A  sailor  that 
goes  aloft  to  handle  sails.  Sliak. 

€A.\'VA!*-HACK,  n.  .A.kind  of  duck,  the  Anas  ml- 
lisneria,  highly  esteemed  for  the  d:'licacy  of  its  flesh, 
found  in  the  rivers  of  the  Chesapeake  Hay,  and  de- 
riving its  name  from  the  color  of  its  back.  F.neijc.  Am. 

e.A.N'V/VSS,  V.  t.  [Old  Fr.  cannabasser,  to  beat  about 
or  shake,  to  examine.    Juniui.  Skinner.] 

1.  To  discuss  ;  literally,  to  beat  or  shake  out,  to 
open  by  beating  or  shaking,  like  the  L.  disculio. 
This  is  the  common  use  of  the  word  ;  as,  to  canrass 
a  subject,  or  the  policy  of  a  measure. 

2.  To  examine  returns  of  votes ;  to  search  or  scru- 
tinize :  as,  to  canva.fs  the  votes  for  senators. 

3.  To  go  through  in  the  way  of  solicitation  ;  as,  to 
canvass  a  district  for  votes. 

€AN'V.ASS,  I'.  L  To  seek  or  go  about  to  solicit  votes 
or  interest ;  to  use  efforts  to  obtain  ;  to  make  interest 
in  favor  of :  followed  by  far;  as,  to  canrtuts  for  an 
office,  or  preferment ;  t(»  canrass  for  a  friend. 

CA.N'V.-VSS,  II.  Examin.alion ;  close  inspection  to 
know  the  slate  of ;  as,  a  canvass  of  votes. 

2.  Discussion  ;  deb.ite. 

3.  ,\  seeking,  solicitation,  or  effort  to  obtain. 
CAN'VASS-£D,  (kan'vast,)  pp.    Discussed  ;  exam- 
ined. 

CA.V VASS-ER,  n.  One  who  sollcila  votes,  or  goes 
about  to  make  interest.  Burke. 

2.  One  who  examines  the  returns  of  votes  for  a 
public  ofiicer. 

€.\N'VAfS-IXG,  ppr.  Discussing;  examining;  sift- 
ing; seeking. 

€AN'VASS-ING,  n.  The  act  of  discussing,  examin- 
ing, or  making  interest. 

CA'W,a.  [froinc-ane.]  Consisting  of  cane,  or  abound- 
ing with  canes. 
2  Made  of  canes  ;  as,  cany  wagons.  .Milton. 

CAjV-ZO'JVF.,  n.  riu,  a  song.  See  Cast.]  A  song 
or  air  in  two  or  three  parts,  with  passages  of  fugue 
and  imitation ;  or  a  poem  to  which  music  may  be 
composed  in  the  style  of  a  cantat.a.  When  set  to  a 
piece  of  instrumental  music,  it  signifies  much  the 
same  as  eantuta ;  and  when  set  to  a  sonata,  it  sig- 
nifies allegro,  or  a  brisk  movement,   Baileij.  Busbii. 

GAN-ZO-NET',  II,    [ll.  can-.onetta.] 

A  little  or  short  song,  in  one,  two,  or  three  parts. 
It  sometimes  consists  ot^  two  strains,  e.ach  of  which 
is  sung  twice.   Sometimes  it  is  a  species  of  jig. 


CAP 

€AOUT'CIIOUe,  (koo'chook,)  n.  India  rubber,  an 
elastic  substance  produced  from  the  J/erea  Ouinnen- 
si>,  and  various  other  plants.  It  is  iiniiernu  able  to 
water. 

€AOt'T'CIIOU-CINE,  (koo'choo-sin,)  n.  A  highly 
inflammable,  and  very  light,  vitlatile,  oily  litpiid,  ob- 
tained by  distillation  from  caoutchouc.  Brantlc.  It 
is  called  caoutchine  by  Orafunn. 

GAP,  n.  [Sax.  cirpve,  a  cap,  and  a  cape,  a  cloak  ;  D. 
kap  ;  G.  kappc  and  hatibe  ,■  Dan.  kappe,  a  robe  or  coat ; 
S\v.  kappa,  id.  ;  It.  rajipa,  a  cap,  a  cloak  ;  W.  cap  ; 
Fr.  chape,  chapeau  ;  Arm.  cA«;i  or  cap.  The  sense  is 
probably  that  which  i&  put  on.  Class  Gb,  No.  70 ; 
also  31,  3t>.] 

1.  A  part  of  dress  made  to  cover  the  head. 

2.  The  ensign  of  a  cardinalale.  SAoJl:. 

3.  The  toj),  or  the  up|>erniost ;  the  highest. 

Thou  nrl  the  cap  of  fooli.  Sliak. 

4.  A  vessel  in  form  of  a  cap.  Wilkins. 

5.  An  act  of  respect  made  by  uncovering  the  head. 

Jj^flftranffe. 

Cap  of  cannon  ;  a  piece  of  lead  laid  over  the  vent 
to  keep  the  priming  dry  ;  now  called  an  apron. 

Cap  of  maintenance :  an  ornami'iit  of  state,  carried 
before  the  kings  of  England  nt  the  coronation.  It  is 
also  carried  beftire  the  mayors  of  some  cities. 

In  ship'huiltlin'f,  a  cap  is  a  thick,  stnuig  block  of 
wood,  used  to  confine  two  masts  together,  when 
one  is  erected  at  the  head  of  another. 
€.\P,  I',  t.  Tit  cover  the  top,  or  end  ;  to  spread  over  ; 
as,  a  bone  is  capped  at  the  joint  with  a  cartilaginous 
substance. 

Th**  clottd-cappeH  lower*.  ShaJc. 
2.  To  deprive  of  the  cap,  or  take  off  a  cap. 
To  cap  rrrses,  is  to  name  alternately  verses  begin- 
ning with  .1  partictil.'ir  letter  ;  to  name  in  opposition 
or  emulation  ;  to  name  alternately  in  contest. 

Johnson. 

GAP,  V.  i.  To  uncover  the  head  in  reverence  or  civil- 
itv.    r.Vdf  used.]  Shak. 

G.^-PA-BII/I-TV,  n.  {See  Capable.]  The  quality 
of  being  capable  ;  capacity;  capableness. 

Shak.    Laroisier,  Trans. 

GA'P.\-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  capable,  from  L.  capio,  to  take. 
See  Class  Gb,  No.  68,  C9,  7a,  83.] 

1.  Able  to  liuld  or  contain  ;  able  to  receive ;  suf- 
ficiently capacious ;  often  followed  by  of:  as,  the 
room  is  not  capable  of  receivijig,  or  capable  of  holding 
the  company. 

2.  Endued  with  power  competent  to  the  object ; 
as,  a  man  is  capable  of  judging,  or  he  is  not  capable. 

3.  Possessing  mental  powers  ;  intelligent ;  .able  to 
understand,  or  receive  into  the  mind  ;  having  a  ca- 
pacious mind  ;  as,  a  cn/iaA/cjudge  ;  a  capable  instructor. 

4.  Susceptible;  as,  cn/<aWe  of  |)ain  or  grii'f.  Prior. 

5.  (liialified  for;  su.sceptjl>le  of;  as,  a  thing  is  ca- 
pable  of  long  duration  ;  or  it  is  cuyiiiAfc  of  being  colored 
or  altered. 

C.  Uualified  for,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  having  legal 
power  or  cajiacity  ;  as,  a  b;istard  is  not  capable  of  in- 
lieriting  an  estate. 

7.  Hollow.    [Aof  iioie  used.]  Shak. 
eA'P.\-IU,E-.\ESS,  II.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 
capable;  capacity  ;  power  of  understanding  ;  knowl- 
edge. KilUngbcck. 
GA  PAC'I-F?,  e.  £.    To  qualify.  lUnusual.] 

Barrow.  Good. 
CA-Pa'CIOUS,  (ka-pi'shus,)  a.   [L.  capax,  from  capio, 
to  take  or  hold.] 

1.  Wide  ;  large  ;  that  will  hold  much  ;  as,  a  capa- 
cious vessel, 

2.  Bro.ad  ;  extensive;  as,  a  c<ip(i<;ii>t/.«  bay  or  harbor. 

3.  Extensive  ;  comprehensive ;  able  to  take  a  wide 
view  ;  as,  a  capacwu-i  mind. 

G.V-PA'CIOL'S-LV,  adv.  In  a  capacious  manner  or 
degree. 

GA-P.^'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Widencss ;  largeness;  as 
of  a  vessel. 

2,  Extensiveness  ;  largeness;  as  of  a  bay. 

3.  Comprehensiveness ;  power  of  taking  a  wide 
survey  ;  applied  to  the  mind. 

GA-PAC'I-T.:\TE,  v.  L  [See  CAi-ACiTr.]  To  make 
capable  ;  to  enable  ;  to  fiirnish  with  natural  power  ; 
as,  to  capacitate  one  for  understanding  a  theorem. 

2.  To  endue  with  moral  qiiiilifications  ;  toqu.alify  ; 
to  furnish  with  legal  powers ;  as,  to  capacitate  one 
for  an  office. 

GA-PAC'I-T.\-TED,  pp.    Made  capable  ;  qu.alified. 
€A-PAC-I-Ta'TION,  n.   The  act  of  making  capable. 
G.\-P.\C'I-TY,  n,    [L.  capacUas,  from  capax,  capio; 
Fr-  capacite.] 

1.  Passive  power ;  the  power  of  containing,  or 
holding  ;  extent  of  room  or  spiice  ;  .as,  the  capacity 
of  a  ves.sel,  or  a  cask. 

2.  The  extent  or  comprehensiveness  of  the  mind  ; 
the  power  of  receiving  ideas  or  knowledge  ;  as,  let 
instruction  be  adapted  to  the  capacities  of  youth. 

3.  Active  power  ;  ability ;  applied  to  men  or  things ; 
but  less  common  and  correcL 

The  woriii  doc»  not  include  a  ci\u»e  endued  wiUi  luch  cnptuititg. 

Btnckmore. 

4.  State  ;  condition  ;  character  ;  profession  ;  occu- 
pation.   A  man  may  act  in  the  capacity  of  a  me- 


CAP 

ehanic,  of  a  friend,  of  an  attorney,  or  of  a  sliitesninn 
He  m:iy  have  a  natural  or  a  political  cupaeittf. 

5.  Ability,  in  a  moral  or  legal  sense  ;  ipialilication  ; 
legal  [Kiwer  or  right ;  !is,a  man  or  a  rorpnratiim  may 
have  a  capacity  to  give  or  receive  and  hold  estate. 

6.  In  geometry,  the  solid  contents  of  a  body. 
Capacity  frr  heat ;  ill  chemistry,  that  pr(tp*-rly  of  a 

body  which  determines  the  quantity  of  heal  necessa- 
ry to  raise  its  temperature  a  given  number  of  degrees. 
GAP-A-PIE',  (kap-a-i)ce',)  [from  the  Fr.]    From  head 

to  foot ;  all  over ;  as,  arintrd  cap~d-pie. 
GA-PAR'I-SON,  71.    [Sp.  eaparazon  ;  Port,  caparazam, 
a  cover  put  over  the  saddle  of  a  horse,  a  cover  for  a 
coach  ;  Fr.  cflp«rnfoii.] 

A  cloth  or  covering  laid  over  the  saddle  or  furni- 
ture of  a  horse,  especially  a  sumpter  liorse  or  horse 
of  state.  Milton. 
G.\-P.\K'I-SON',  r.  f.    To  cover  with  a  cloth,  as  a 
horse.  Dryden. 
2.  To  dress  pompously  ;  to  adorn  with  rich  dress. 

Shak. 

GA-PAR'T-SON  KD,  pp.  Covered  with  a  cloth  ; 
dressed  pompously. 

CA-PAR'I-SO.N-I.\G,  ppr.    Dressing  pompously. 

GAP'-GASE,  n.    .A  covered  case.  Burton. 

GAPE,  II.  [.Sp.  and  Port,  cabo:  It.  capo;  Ft.  cap;  D. 
kaap  ;  Dan.  kap;  L.  caput;  Gr.  kk^hSii  ;  .Sans,  cabala, 
head.  It  signifies  end,  furthest  point,  from  extend- 
ing, shooting.] 

1.  .\  head-land  ;  properly,  the  head,  point,  or  ter- 
mination of  a  neck  of  land,  extentiiiig  some  distance 
into  the  sea,  beyonil  the  common  shore  ;  and  hence 
the  name  is  applied  to  the  neck  of  lam!  itself,  indef- 
initely, as  in  Cape  Cod,  Cape  Horn,  Cape  of  Oood 
Hope.  It  differs  from  a  promontory  in  this,  that  it 
may  be  high  or  low  land  ;  but  a  promontory  is  a 
high,  bold  termination  of  a  neck  of  land. 

2.  The  part  of  a  garment  hanging  from  the  neck 
behind  and  over  the  shoulders. 

The  word  cape,  used  as  a  prefix  in  compound 
words,  as,  Cupe-jasmme,  Cape-itpurgr,  or  a-s  an  ad- 
jective, as  Clipe  wines,  denotes  particularly  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

G.VP'E-LAN,  II.  A  small  fish,  about  six  inches  in 
length,  shoals  of  which  appear  off  the  coasts  of 
Greenland,  Iceland,  and  .Vewfoundland.  They 
constitute  a  large  part  of  the  food  of  the  Greenland- 
ers.  Pennant. 

CA-PEL'LA,  n.  A  bright  fixed  star  in  the  left  shoul- 
der of  the  constellation  Auriga.  F.ncxjc. 

GAP'EL-I.ET,  n.  A  kind  of  swelling,  like  a  wen, 
growing  on  the  heel  of  the  hock  on  a  horse,  and  on 
the  point  of  tlK'  elbow.  Encijc. 

Ga'PER,  v.  i.  [Fr.  cabrer,  to  prance  ;  cabriole,  a  goat- 
leap,  a  caper  ;  It.  capriola,  a  wild  goat,  a  caper  in 
dancing;  Sp.  cabriola  ;  L.  caper,  a  goat.  But  prob- 
ably caper  is  from  the  root  of  capio,  which  signifies 
not  merely  to  seize,  but  to  shoot  or  reach  forward,  or 
to  le.ap  and  sei/.e.  Hence  it  is  probable  that  this 
word  coincides  in  origin  with  Dan.  kippe,  to  leap, 
whence  Eng.  to  skip.] 
To  leap  ;  to  skip  or  jump  ;  to  prance  ;  to  spring. 

Shal;. 

GA'PER,  n.  A  leap ;  a  skip  ;  a  spring  ;  as,  in  dancing 
or  mirth,  or  in  the  frolic  of  a  goat  or  lamb 

GA'PER,  II.  [Fr.  capre;  Arm.  capresen  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
alcaparra  ;  It.  eappcro  ;  L.  capparis  ;  D.  kappcr  ;  G. 


kapcr;  Syr.  kapar ;  hx.  yX.^^  kaiaron.    The  Ar. 

verb  signifies  to  increase.] 

The  flower-bud  or  iincxpanded  flower  of  the  caper- 
bush,  (CapparU  spinosa ;)  much  used  for  pickling. 
The  buds  are  collected  before  the  flowers  expand, 
and  preserved  in  vinegar.  The  bush  is  a  low  shrub, 
generally  growing  from  the  joints  of  old  walls,  from 
fissures  in  rocks,  and  amongst  rubbish,  in  the  south- 
ern parts  of  Eurojie.  Kncyc. 
Ga'PER-HUSH.    See  Caper. 

Ga'PER-GCT-TI.N'G,  n.  A  leaping  or  dancing  in  a 
frolirksome  manner.  Beaum.  and  Ft. 

GA'i*ER-ER,  «.  One  who  capers,  leaps,  and  skips 
about,  or  dances. 

GA'PER-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Leaping ;  skipping. 

GA'PI-AS,  n.    [U  cnpio,  to  lake.] 

In  lair,  a  writ  of  two  sorts  ;  one  before  judgment, 
called  a  capifut  ail  respondendum,  where  an  original 
is  issued,  to  take  the  defendant,  and  make  him 
answer  to  the  plaintiff:  the  other,  which  i.ssues  after 
judgment,  is  of  divers  kinds  ;  as,  a  capias  ad  satisfa- 
ciendum, or  writ  of  execution  ;  a  capias  pro  fine;  a 
capias  ut  lefratiim  ;  a  capias  in  withernam.  Blackstone* 

GA-PIB'A-R.\,  n.  .\n  animal  partaking  of  the  form 
of  a  hog  and  of  a  rabbit,  the  cabiai. 

GAP-IL-LA'CEOUS,  a.    [I,,  eapillaeeun,  hair>.] 

Having  long  filaments  ;  resembling  a  hair.  [See 
Capillahv.J 

GAP-IL-LaIRE',  n.  [Fr.]  Originally,  a  kind  of  sir- 
up, extracted  from  Maiden-hair.  .Now,  any  simple 
sirup  flavored  with  orange-flower  water.  Brande. 

GA-PII.'LA-.ME.\T,  n.  [ L.  cnpi/^imciifum,  from  capif- 
Iws,  hair,  probably  a  little  shiH>t.J 

1.  In  boljiny,  a  filaineol ;  a  small,  fine  thread,  liko 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AiN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


171 


_1_ 


CAP 

a  hair,  that  p-ows  in  the  middle  of  a  flower,  with  a 
little  knob  at  the  top ;  a  chive. 

y.  One  of  tlie  fine  fibers  or  filaments  of  which  tlie 
nerves  are  composed. 
eAP-II^LAR'I-TY,  71.  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
capillary. 

eAP'IL-LA-RY  or  €A-PIL'LA-RY,  a.  [L.  capillaris, 
from  capilltix,  hair.l 

1.  Resembling  a  nair;  fine,  minute,  small  in  diam- 
eter, though  long  ;  as,  a  capillary  tube  or  pipe  ;  a  cap- 
illartj  vessel  in  animal  bodies,  such  as  the  minute 
ramifications  of  the  blood-vessels.  AriutJmot. 

y.  In  botany^  capillary  plants  (herbtE  capillare^)  was 
a  term  applied  by  Morison,  Ray,  and  Boerhaave,  to 
a  class  of  plants  consisting'  of  the  ferns.  This  class 
corresponds  to  the  order  Filices,  in  the  Sexual  meth- 
od, which  bear  their  flower  and  fruit  on  the  back  of 
the  leaf  or  frond.  Milne. 

This  term  is  applied  also  to  leaves  which  are  longer 
than  the  setaceous  or  bristle-shaped  leaf,  to  glands 
resembling  hairs,  to  the  filaments,  to  the  style,  and  to 
the  papi)us  or  down  affixed  to  some  seeds.  Martyn. 

3.  Pertaining  to  capillary  tubes,  or  to  the  capillary 
vessels,  or  capillaries,  in  animals ;  as,  eapillary  action. 

Brande.  Darwin. 

Capillary  attraction  and  repulsion;  terms  denoting 
the  cause  which  determines  the  ascent  or  descent  of 
a  fluid  in  a  capillary  tube  above  or  below  the  level  of 
the  surrounding  fluid,  when  the  tube  is  dipped  in 
that  fluid.  P.  Cyc. 

€AP'IL-L.\-RY,  71.    A  fine  vessel  or  canal. 

The  capillaries  are  the  minute  vessels  of  the  san- 
guineous system,  interposed  between  the  arteries  and 
veins. 

e.'VP-IL-LA'TIONjn.  A  blood-vessel  like  a  hair.  [JVo« 
in  use.]  Broien. 

CA-PIL'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  capillus,  a  hair,  and  forma, 
form.] 

In  the  shape  or  form  of  a  hair,  or  of  hairs.  Kirwan. 
€.\P'I-TAL,  a.  [L.  capitalis,  from  caput,  the  head.  See 
Cape.] 

1.  Literally,  pertaining  to  the  head  ;  as,  a  capital 
bruise,  in  .Mflton,  a  bruise  on  the  head.  [This  use  is 
not  common.] 

2.  Fi<ruratively,  as  the  head  is  the  highest  part  of  a 
man,  chief;  principal  ;  first  in  importance  ;  as,  a  cap- 
ital city  or  town  ;  the  capital  articles  of  religion. 

3.  Punishable  by  loss  of  the  head  or  of  life  ;  incur- 
ring the  fiirfeiture  of  life  ;  ptmishable  with  death  ;  as, 
treason  and  murder  are  capital  offl'nses  or  crimes. 

4.  Taking  away  life  ;  as,  a  capital  punishment :  or 
affecting  life  ;  as,  a  capital  trial. 

5.  Great,  important,  though  perhaps  not  chief ;  as, 
a  town  possesses  capital  advantages  for  trade. 

6.  Large  ;  of  great  size  ;  as,  capital  letters,  which 
are  of  ditferent  form,  and  largerthan  common  letters. 

Capital  stock,  is  the  sum  of  money  or  stock  which  a 
merchant,  banker,  or  manufacturer  employs  in  his 
business ;  either  the  original  stock,  or  that  etock  aug- 
mented. Also,  the  sum  of  money  or  stock  which 
each  partner  contributes  to  the  joint  fund  or  stock  of 
the  partnership  ;  also,  the  common  fund  or  stock  of 
the  company,  whether  incorporated  or  not. 

.\  capital  city  or  town,  is  the  metropolis  or  chief  city 
of  an  empire,  kingdom,  state,  or  province.  The  ap- 
plication of  the  epithet  indicates  the  city  to  be  the 
largest,  or  to  be  the  seat  of  government,  or  both.  In 
many  instances,  the  capital,  that  is,  the  largest  city, 
is  not  the  seat  of  government. 
CAP'I-TAL,  71.    [L.  capitellum.] 

The  uppermost  part  of  a  column,  pillar,  or  pilaster, 
serving  as  the  head  or  crowning,  and  jilaced  imme- 
diately over  the  shaft,  and  under  the  entablature. 

Kncyc. 

Ry  the  customary  omission  of  the  noun,  to  which 
the  adjective  capital  refers,  it  stands  for, 

1.  The  chief  city  or  town  in  a  kingdom  or  state ; 
a  metropolis. 

2.  A  large  letter  or  type,  in  printing. 

3.  A  stock  in  trade,  in  manufactures,  or  in  any 
business  requiring  the  expenditure  of  money  with  a 
view  to  profit. 

G.^P'I-TAL-IST,  7!.  A  man  who  has  a  capital  or  stock 
in  trade,  usually  denoting  a  man  of  large  property, 
which  is  or  may  be  employed  in  business. 

Burke.  Stephens. 
eAPT-TAL-LY,  ailv.   In  a  capital  or  excellent  man- 
ner ;  nobly  ;  finely. 

2.  In  a  way  involving  the  loss  of  life  ;  as,  to  pun- 
ish rajiitalln. 

CAP'I-TAI.-XF.SS,  71.  A  capital  offense.  [r.MIe  lused.] 

lihcrtcood, 

GAP'I-TATE,  a.  [L.  capilatu.i,  from  raput,  a  head.] 
In  botany,  growmg  in  a  head,  applied  to  a  flower, 

or  mipma.  Martyn.  Lee. 

GAP-l  TA'TION,  71.  capitatio,  from  caput,  the 

head.] 

1.  Numeration  by  the  head ;  a  numbering  of  per- 
Bons.  Brown. 

2.  A  tax,  or  imposition,  upon  each  head  or  piTson  ; 
a  poll-tax.    Hometimea  written  rapiljition-tux.  Kncyc. 

C^P'I-TK,  71.    [L.  caput,  the  head,  abl.] 

In  Enffluih  lam,  a  tenant  in  capitr,  or  in  chief,  is  one 
who  holds  lands  immediately  of  the  king,  caput,  the 


CAP 

head  or  lord  paramount  of  all  lands  in  the  kingdom, 
by  knight's  service  or  by  socage.    This  tenure  is 
called  tenure  in  capite  ;  but  it  was  abolished  in  Eng- 
land by  12  Charles  II.  24.  Blackstone. 
GAP'I-TOL,  7i.    [L.  capitolium,  from  caput,  the  head.] 

1.  The  temple  of  Jupiter,  in  Rome,  and  a  fort  or 
castle,  on  the  Mons  Capitolinus,  In  this  the  senate 
of  Rome  anciently  assembled  ;  and  on  the  same  place 
is  still  the  city  hall  or  town  house,  where  the  con- 
servators of  the  Romans  hold  their  meetings.  The 
same  name  was  given  to  the  principal  temples  of  the 
Romans  fii  their  colonies.  Encyc. 

2.  The  edifice  occupied  by  the  congress  of  the 
United  States  in  their  deliberations.  In  some  states, 
the  state  house,  or  house  in  which  the  legislature 
holds  its  sessions ;  a  government  house. 

eAP-I-To'LI-.\N,n.  Pertaining  to  the  capitol  in  Rome. 

l>'.4>ipine. 

eAP'I-TOL-INE,a.  Pertaining  to  the  capitol  in  Rome. 
The  Capitoline  frames  were  annual  games  instituted 
by  Camillas  in  honor  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  and  in 
commem(»ration  of  the  preservation  of  the  capitol 
from  the  Gauls,  and  other  games  instituted  by  Do- 
mitian,  and  celebrated  every  five  years.  Encyc. 

CA-PIT'lJ-LAR,     \  n.  [L.  capitulum,  a  head  or  chap- 

eA-PIT'U-LA-RY,  j  ler.] 

1.  An  act  passed  in  a  chapter,  either  of  knights, 
canons,  or  religious. 

2.  The  body  of  laws  or  statutes  of  a  chapter,  or  of 
an  ecclesiastical  council.  This  name  is  also  given  to 
the  laws,  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  made  by  Charle- 
magne and  other  princes,  in  general  councils  and 
assemblies  of  the  peo[)le.  Some,  indeed,  have  al- 
leged that  these  are  supplements  to  laws.  They  are 
so  called  because  they  are  divided  into  chapters  or 
sections.  Encyc. 

3.  The  member  of  a  chapter. 
€A-PIT'y-LAR-LY,  adv.  In  the  form  of  an  ecclesias- 
tical chapter.  Swift. 

€A-PIT'y-LA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  chapter  of  a  ca- 
thedral. IVartoiu 
eA-Pri''lJ-LATE,  V.  I.    [from  capitulum,  supra.] 

1.  To  draw  up  a  writing  in  chapters,  heads,  or  ar- 
ticles. SUak. 

[But  this  sense  is  vot  usual.] 

2.  To  surrender,  as  an  army  or  garrison,  to  an  ene- 
my, by  tre.ity,  in  which  the  terms  of  surrender  are 
specified  and  agreed  to  by  the  parties.  The  term  is 
applicable  to  a  garrison,  or  to  the  inhabitants  of  a  be- 
sieged place,  or  to  an  army  or  troops  in  any  sitiiatiim 
in  which  they  are  subdued  or  compelled  to  submit  to 
a  victorious  enemy. 

eA-PIT-lJ-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  capitulating  or 
surrendering  to  an  enemy,  upon  stipulated  terms  or 
conditions. 

2.  The  treaty  or  instrument  containing  the  condi- 
tions of  surrender. 

3.  A  reducing  to  heads  ;  a  formal  agreement.  [JVot 
muck  wA'erf.] 

4.  In  German  polity,  a  contract  made  by  the  empe- 
ror with  the  electors,  in  the  names  of  the  princes  and 
states  of  the  empire,  before  he  is  raised  to  the  impe- 
rial dignity. 

eA-PIT'lJ-LA-TOR,  77.    One  who  capitulates. 

SheriDood. 

eAP'I-TULE,  71.  A  summary.  [JVo(  in  use.]  IVickliff. 

e.\-PIT'lJ-LUM,  71.  [L.]  In  botany,  a  species  or  mode 
of  inflorescence,  in  which  the  flowers  are  sessile,  on 
the  same  horizontal  plane  of  the  peduncle.  It  differs 
from  the  umbel  in  the  circumstance  that  the  flowers 
of  the  umbel  have  pedicels. 

eA-Pl'VI,  (  pe've,)  n.  A  balsam  of  the  Spanish  West 
Indies.    [See  Copaiba.] 

eAP'NO-JlAN-CY,  7!.    [Gr.  xaTOoj,  smoke,  and  pav- 
Tcia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  the  ascent  or  motion  of  smoke. 

S;7e7isCT'.* 

eAP'NO-MOR,  71.  [Gr.  itaridij,  smoke,  and  fioipn,  a 
part.] 

A  transparent,  colorless,  oil-like  fluid,  obtained 
from  the  smoke  of  organic  bodies. 
eA-P6CII',  (ka-pootsh',)  71.    [Sp.  capucho,  a  hood ;  Fr. 
capuce.] 

A  monk's  hood  ;  also,  the  hood  of  a  cloak. 
C.\-P0C1I',  71.  (.    To  cover  with  a  hood  ;  and  hence, 
to  hoodwink  or  blind. 


Capouched  your  rabbins  of  the  aynod, 
Ami  Biiiipix'd  tlicir  caiiona  with  a  why-noL 


Uuflibrat. 


This  is  the  sense  given  in  Pickering's  Aldine  edi- 
tion, and  is  much  more  probable  than  Johnson's  con- 
jecture, "  to  take  oU'  the  hood." 

CA'PON,  77.  [Sp.  capon  ;  Port,  capam  ;  It.  cappont ;  Fr. 
cltapon  ;  L.  capo;  It.  cabun;  I),  kapoen  ;  G.  kapaun; 
Arm.  cabon;  Sw.  and  Dan.  kapun;  Gr.  nawiof.  (iu. 
the  root  of  Fr.  coupcr.] 

A  castrated  cock  ;  a  cock  chicken  gelded  as  soon 
as  he  quits  his  dam,  or  as  soon  as  he  begins  to  crow, 
for  the  purpose  of  improving  his  flesh  for  the  table. 

CA'PON,  7'.       To  castrate,  as  a  cock.  Birch. 

CAP-ON-IP.RE',  71.  [Fr.  .Sp.  caponera  ;  It.  capponiera, 
a  little  cut  or  trench,  and  it  seems  to  be  allied  to 
capon,  Sp.  caponar,  to  {-ill  or  curtail.] 

In /«r(i/ica(iun,  a  covered  lodgment,  sunk  four  or 


CAP 

five  feet  into  the  ground,  encompassed  with  a  para- 
pet, about  two  feet  high,  serving  to  support  sever.al 
planks,  laden  with  earth.  It  is  large  enough  to  con- 
tain 15  or  20  soldiers,  and  is  placed  in  the  glacis,  at 
the  extremity  of  the  counterscarp,  and  in  dry  moats, 
with  embrasures  or  loop-holes,  through  which  the 
soldiers  may  fire.  Harris.  Encyc. 

A  passage  from  one  part  of  a  work  to  another,  pro- 
tected on  each  side  by  a  wall  or  parapet,  and  some- 
times covered  overhead.  When  there  is  a  parapet 
on  one  side  only,  it  is  called  a  demi-caponiere. 

e.\'PON-IZE,  ».  t.    To  castrate  a  fowl.  Barrington. 

CA-POT',  [Fr.,  probably  from  L.  capio,  to  seize.] 

A  winning  of  all  the  tricks  of  cards  at  the  game  of 
piquet.  Johnson. 

CA-POT',  V.  t.  To  win  all  the  tricks  of  cards  at 
piquet. 

e.\-P6TE',  77.  [Fr.]  A  long  cloak  for  females,  cov- 
ering from  head  to  feet. 

eAP'-P.A-PER,  11.  .\  coarse  paper,  so  called  from  be- 
ing used  to  make  caps  to  hold  commodities.  Binjlc. 

e.'VP'PER,  71.  [from  cap.]  One  whose  business  is  to 
make  or  sell  caps. 

CAP'RATE,  71.  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  capric 
acid  with  a  base. 

CAP'RE-O-EATE,  a.  [L.  eapreolus,  a  tendril,  prop- 
erly a  shoot,  from  the  root  of  capra,  a  goat.J 

In  botany,  having  tendiils,  or  filiform  spir.al  clas|>- 
ers,  by  which  plants  fasten  themselves  to  other  bod- 
ies, as  in  vines,  peas,  &c.  Harris.  Martyn. 

CAP'RIC  ACID,  71.  An  acid  obtained  from  butter, 
which  crystallizes  in  needles  at  52% and  becomes  en- 
tirely litpiid  at  64°.  It  has  the  peculiar  odor  of  the 
goat. 

Pi?/C'C/0,  (ka-prut'cho,)  [It., freak,  whim.]  A 
loose,  irregular  kind  of  music. 

■eJl-PRlC-CI-O'SO,  (ka-prCt-clie-5'so,)  [It.]  A  term 
denoting  a  free,  fantastic  style  of  music. 

CA  PRICE',  (ka-prees',)  71.  [Fr.  caprice;  Sp.  and 
Port,  capricho;  It.  capriccio,  a  shaking  in  fever, 
rigors ;  also,  whim,  freak,  fancy.  I  suspect  this 
word  to  be  formed,  with  a  prefix  ca,  on  the  root  of 
freak,  break  ;  denoting,  primarily,  a  sudden  bursting, 
breaking,  or  starting.  So  we  see,  in  Italian,  ma^lio, 
and  camaglio,  a  vinil.  In  early  English  writers,  it  is 
written,  according  to  the  Spanish,  capricho.  If 
formed  from  the  root  of  capio,  caper,  the  primary 
sense  is  the  same.] 

A  sudden  start  of  the  mind  ;  a  sudden  change  of 
opinion  or  humor ;  a  whim,  freak,  or  particular 
fancy. 

eA-PRICH'IO,  71.    Freak;  fancy.    [Ofts.]  Shak. 

€A-PRI"CIOUS,  (ka-prish'us,)  a.  Freakish  ;  whim- 
sical ;  apt  to  change  opinions  suddenly,  or  to  start 
from  one's  purpose  ;  unsteady  ;  changeable  ;  fickle  j 
fanciful  ;  subject  to  change,  or  irregularity  ;  as,  a 
man  of  a  capricious  temper. 

€A-PRI"CIOUS-LY,  adii.  In  a  capricious  manner; 
whimsically. 

eA-PRl"CIOtJS-NESS,  7!.  The  quality  of  being  led 
by  caprice ;  whimsicalness  ;  unsteadiness  of  purpose 
or  opinion. 

2.  Unsteadiness  ;  liableness  to  sudden  changes  ; 
as,  the  capriciousness  of  fortune.] 

CAP'Rl-CORN,  71.  [L.  capricornus,  caper,  a  goat,  and 
cornu,  a  horn.] 

One  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter 
solstice  ;  represented  (in  ancient  monuments  by  the 
figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  figure  having  the  fore  part  like 
a  goat,  and  the  hind  part  like  a  flsh,  Encyc. 

C^P'RID,  a.    [L.  capra,  a  goat.] 

Relating  to  that  tribe  of  ruminant  m.ammals,  of 
which  the  genus  Capra  is  the  type.  It  compre- 
hends the  genera  Antilope,  Capra,  Oiiis,  and  Damalis. 

eAP-RI-FI-CA'TION,  n.    [L.  caprificatio.] 

The  supposed  impregnation  of  the  ovules  of  the 
fruit  of  the  fig  by  an  insect,  which  penetrates  it  and 
carries  in  the  polieu  adhering  to  his  body. 

This  is  a  process  for  accelerating  the  ripening  of 
the^fig,  in  the  Levant,  by  suspending,  on  the  cultiva- 
ted'fig,  bianrlics  of  the  wild  fig,  that  bring  with  them 
a  small  insert,  (a  species  of  Cynips,  Linn.,)  which, 
by  puiKtiiiing  the  fruit  for  the  purpose  of  laying 
its  egg<,  simply  liasli  ns  ripening.  This  effect  may 
be  also  prodiu  ed  merely  by  puncturing  the  fruit  with 
a  needle  di|iped  in  oil.  P.  Cyc. 

eAP'KI-Ft")LE,  11.    [L.  cnprifolium.] 

lloiieysiH'kle  ;  woodbine.  Spenser. 

CAP'ltl-l'OR.M,  a.  [  L.  caper,  a  goat,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  goat.         Eclectic  Hcvicw. 

eA-PRlG'E-NOUS,  a.    Produced  by  a  goat. 

fc'AP'RINE,  n.  A  substance  found  in  butter,  which, 
with  butyrin  and  capione,  givi's  it  its  peculiar  agreea- 
ble taste  and  odor.  It  is  a  rom|><>uiid  of  capric  acid 
and  glycrra,  (glycerin,)  or  a  raprate  of  glycer.a. 

eAP'KI-OLE,  71.  [Fr.,  now  cabriole;  Sp.  and  Port. 
cabriola  ;  It.  capriola,  a  cnpcr.] 

In  the  maneire,  caprioles  are  leaps  that  a  horse 
makes  in  the  same  place  without  atlvancing,  in  such 
a  manner,  that  when  he  is  at  the  hight  of  the  leap, 
he  jerks  out  with  his  hind  legs,  even  and  ne.ir.  It 
differs  from  the  croupade  in  tills,  that,  in  a  croupade, 
a  horse  does  not  show  his  shoes  ;  and  from  a  balo- 
lade,  ill  wliicli  he  does  not  jerk  out.    Farrier's  VUt. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  —  METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLV,  IIQQK. 


CAP 


CAP 


CAR 


eAP'ia-l'EO,  a.    [1,.  caper,  a  Suat,  and  pes,  foot.] 

Ilaviiia  fiM!t  lik(^  tliiise  of  a  (rnat. 
CAP'RO-ATIi;,  n.    A  salt  formed  l)y  the  union  of  cap- 

roic  acid  with  a  base. 
CAP-RO'ie  AC'(I),  n.    Am  acid  obtained  from  butter, 

in  tlie  form  of  an  oily,  limpid  fluid,  having  the  odor 

of  sweat,  and  a  nauseous,  sweetish  taste. 
e.AP'RONE,  n.     A  substance   found  in  butter;  a 

compound  of  caproic  acid  and  glycera,  (glycerin,)  or  a 

capronte  of  glycera.    [tsee  Caphink.] 
CAP'SIItcAF,  n.    The  top  sheaf  of  a  stack  of  grain  ; 

the  crownei. 

CAP'SI-eUM,  n.    Guinea  pepper.  Chambers. 
e.\P-SIZE',  V.  t.    To  upset,  or  overturn  ;  a  srnman's 

phrase.  Mar.  Diet. 

€AP-SI7.'ED,  (kap-slzd')  pp.  Overset. 
CAP-SIZ'I.NG,  ppr.  Overturning. 
€.\P'-SUUaRES,  ?i.  pi.    Strong  plates  of  iron  which 

come  over  the  trunnions  of  a  cannon,  and  keep  it  to 

its  place. 

€.AP'STAN,  71.   Sometimes  written  Capsterm.  [Fr. 

cabe..itan ;  Sp.  caheMrante  ;  Port,  ciihrestante,  from 
calrre.-ito,  Sp.  cabatro,  a  halter  ;  L.  eopistruin  ;  Sax. 
cirp.-iter,  or  cabestr,  a  halter.  The  Hpanisli  has  also 
cabria,  an  axletree,  and  cabrio,  a  ratter.  Citps-tjin  is 
probably  from  L.  capio,  to  hold,  with  some  other 
word.] 

A  strong,  massy  column  of  timber,  formed  like  a 
truncated  cone,  and  having  its  upper  extremity 
pierced  to  receive  b.irs,  or  levers,  for  winding  a  rope 
round  it,  to  raise  great  weights,  or  perforin  other  ex- 
traordinary work  that  requires  a  great  power.  It 
may  be  let  down  through  tlie  decks  of  a  ship,  and  so 
fixed  that  the  work  is  performed  by  a  liorizontal 
motion.  .Afar.  DicU 

eAP'SU:LA^RY,  I  «•    "°"<'^-  <■> 

2.  Cap.\>Uar  li^amrnl,  is  that  which  surrounds  eve- 
ry movable  articulation,  and  contains  the  synovia 
like  a  bag.  Hooper. 
C.^P'SU-LATE,  jo.  Inclosed  in  a  capsule ;  or  as  in 
€AP'SU-L.\-TED,  I  a  chest,  or  box.  [Botany.] 
€AP'SUI^E,  )  71.  [Ij.  capgula,  a  little  chest,  perhaps 
CAP'SU-LA,  !    from  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  pericarp  which  is  "  one,  or  many- 
celled,  many-seeded,  superior,  dr>",  dehiscent  hy 
valves,  always  proceeding  from  a  compound  ovari- 
um." Limlleij. 

2.  .\  small  saucer  made  of  clay,  for  roasting  sam- 
ples of  ores,  or  for  melting  them  ;  also,  a  snuill,  shal- 
low, evaporating  dish. 

e.XP'T.'M.X,  (kap'tin,)  71.    [Fr.  cnpitnine  ;  Sp.  capitan  ; 

.  Port,  capitam;  It,  capitano;  t'rom  Ij.  frtpu(,  the  head. 
In  the  feudal  laws  of  Europe,  the  term  Wiis  applied 
to  tenants  in  capite,  who  were  bound  to  attend  their 
prince  in  his  wars,  at  the  head  of  soldiers  ;  and  from 
this  practice  the  naine  had  its  origin,  or  from  their 
command.] 

1.  LitmAly,  a  head,  or  chief  officer;  appropriately, 
the  military  otficer  who  commands  a  comp.any, 
whether  of  infantry,  cavalry,  artillery,  or  matrosses. 

2.  The  commander  of  a  ship  of  war,  or  of  a  mer- 
chantman.   But  the  latter  is  often  called  a  master. 

3.  The  commander  of  a  military  band,  a  sense 
that  occurs  in  the  Scriptures  ;  as,  a  captain  of  fifty. 

4.  A  man  skilled  in  war,  or  military  aii'airs ;  as, 
Lord  Wellington  is  a  great  captain. 

5.  A  chief  commander.  Shak.  But  in  this  sense 
rarely  used,  but  in  composition. 

Captain-General  is  the  commander-in-chief  of  an 
army,  or  of  the  militia.  The  governor  of  a  State  is 
captain-general  of  the  militia.    [United  States:.] 

Captain-lieutenant  is  an  officer,  who,  with  the  rank 
of  a  captain,  and  pay  of  lieutenant,  commands  a  com- 
pany, or  troop.  Thus  the  colonel  of  a  regiment  be- 
ing the  captain  of  the  fir^t  company,  that  company  is 
commanded  by  a  captain-lientenant. 

Captain  Bashaw,  or  Captulan  Bashaie,  In  Turkey,  is 
the  high  admiral. 
€AP'TA1.\,  o.    Chief ;  valiant.  Shak. 
€AP'TAIX-CY,  n.    The  rank,  post,  or  commission  of 
a  captain.  fVashin^ton. 

2.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  captain,  or  commander, 
as  in  South  America. 
CAP'T.MN-RY,  71.    The  power,  or. command,  over  a 

certain  district ;  chieftainship.    Spenser.  Johnsotu 
eAP'T.\IN-SHIP    71.    The  condition,  or  post,  of  a 
captain,  or  chief^  commander.  Shak. 

2.  The  rank,  quality,  or  post,  of  a  captain.  In 
lieu  of  this.  Captaincy  is  now  used. 

3.  The  command  of  a  clan,  or  government  of  a 
certain  district  Daeies. 

4.  Skill  in  military  affairs. 

e.\P-TA'T10i\,  71.    [L.  captatio,  from  capto,  to  catch.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  catching  favor,  or  applause, 
by  flattery,  or  address.  King  Charles. 

€AP'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  captio,  from  capio,  to  seize.] 

I.  In  laie,  a  certificate,  stating  the  time  and  place 
of  executing  a  commission  in  chancery,  or  of  taking 
a  deposition,  or  of  the  finding  of  an  indictment,  and 
the  court  or  authority  before  which  such  act  was  per- 
fonned,  and  such  other  particulars  as  are  nccess,ary 
to  render  it  legal  and  valid.  .\  caption  may  be  placed 
at  the  head  or  foot  of  a  certificate,  or  on  the  back  of 


an  inilietnient.  The  word  caption  signifies  a  taking, 
but  it  includes  the  particulars  above  mentioned. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  or  arresting  a  person  by  judi- 
cial process.    [Little  iLie.1l.] 

The  use  of  the  word  in  any  other  than  a  technical 
sense,  is  not  considered  to  bo  well  authorized. 
CAP'TIOUS,  (kap'shus,)  0.    [L.  captiosus,  from  capto, 
to  catch.] 

1  Disposed  to  find  fault,  or  raise  objections  ;  apt 
to  cavil,  as  in  popular  lar.guage,  it  is  said,  apt  to  catch 
at  :  as,  a  captious  man. 

2.  Fitted  to  cAch,  or  insnare ;  insidious;  as,  a 
captious  (luestion.  Locke. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  caviling  disposition ;  as,  a 
captious  objection,  or  criticism. 

CAP'TIOU.S-LY,  aitt).  In  a  captious  manner  ;  with 
an  inclination  or  intention  to  object,  or  censure. 

Locke. 

€AP'TIOUS-NESS,  71.  Disposition  to  find  fault ;  in- 
clinaticm  to  object  ;  peevishness.  Locke. 

CAP'TI-VaTE,  i>.  t.  [L.  captivo,  from  captivas,  a 
prisoner,  from  cn;j(o,  to  take  ;  Fr.  captiver ;  Sp.  cauCt- 
var  ;  Port,  eativ'ar  ;  It.  cattivarp.] 

1.  To  take  prisoner  ;  to  seize  hy  force  ;  as  an  en- 
emy in  war.    [Obs.]  Shak.    Locke.    B.  TrumhuU. 

2.  To  subdue;  to  nring  into  bondage.  ATi/i;,'- CAoWm. 

3.  To  overpower  and  gain  with  excellence  or  beau- 
ty ;  to  charm;  to  engage  the  alTections ;  to  bind  in 
love.  Milison. 

4.  To  enslave  ;  with  to  ;  as,  captivated  to  error. 

Lficke. 

eAP'TI-V.\TE,  a.    Taken  prisoner.  Shak. 

e.\P'TI-VA-TED,  pp.    Made  prisoner  ;  charmed. 

€AP'TI-V.A-TIN(J,  ppr.  or  a.   Taking  prisoner;  en- 
gaging the  affections. 
2.  a.    Having  power  to  engage  the  affections. 

CAP-TI-Va'TION,  71.  The  act  of  taking  a  prisoner ; 
a  taking  one  captive. 

€AP'TIV  E,  71.  [Fr.  eaptif;  Sp.  cautivo ;  It.  cattiro, 
whence  Eng.  caitiff;  L.  captious,  from  ca;i(o,  to 
seize.] 

1.  A  prisoner  taken  by  force  or  stratagem  in  war, 
by  an  enemy ;  followed  by  to ;  as,  a  captive  to  the 
victor. 

2.  One  who  is  charmed  or  subdued  by  beauty  or 
excellence  ;  one  whose  affections  are  seized,  or  who 
is  held  by  strong  ties  of  love. 

3.  One  who  is  insnared  by  love  or  flattery,  or  by 
wiles.   2  Tim.  ii.  2fi. 

4.  A  slave.  Anciently,  captives  were  enslaved  by 
their  conquerors.  Rut  in  modern  times,  they  are  not 
made  slaves  in  Christian  countries  ;  and  the  word 
captire,  in  a  literal  sense,  rarely  signifies  a  slave. 

CAP'TIVE,  a.    Made  prisoner  in  w.ar ;  kept  in  bond- 
age, or  confinement ;  as,  captive  souls.  Dnjden. 
2.  Holding  in  confinement ;  as,  captive  chains. 

GAP'TIVE,  1).  t.  To  take  prisoner;  to  bring  into  sub- 
jection.   [Olds.]  Dnjdcn.  Prior. 

€AP-TIV'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  eaptiviti ;  U  captivitas,  from 
capto^o  seize.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  prisoner,  or  of  being  in  the 
power  of  an  enemy  by  force  or  the  fate  of  war. 

Dnjden. 

2.  Subjection  to  love.  Mdison. 

3.  Subjection  ;  a  state  of  being  under  control. 
Bnn£:incr  liitu  captivity  every  Ibouglit  to  the  obedience  of  Chmt. 


4.  Subjection ;  servitude ;  slavery. 


But  I  se^  nnoUier  law  ill  my  members - 
liiiily  Co  the  taw  of  iin.  —  Rom.  vii. 


■  bringing  me  into  cap- 


To  lead  captivity  captive,  in  Scripture,  is  to  subdue 
those  who  have  held  others  in  slavery,  or  captivity. 

Ps.  Ixviii. 

€AP'TOR,  71.    [L.  capio,  to  take.] 

One  who  takes,  as  a  prisoner  or  a  prize.  It  is  ap- 
propriately one  who  takes  a  prfze  at  sea. 

e.AP'TIiRE,  (kapt'yur,)  71.  [L.  captura  i  Ft.  capture  ! 
from  L.  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  act  of  taking  or  seizing  ; 
a.s,  the  capture  of  an  enemy,  of  a  ship,  or  of  booty, 
by  force,  surprise,  or  stratagem. 

2.  The  thing  taken  ;  a  prize ;  prey  taken  by  force, 
surprise,  or  stratagem. 

3.  Seizure;  arrest;  as,  the  capture  of  a  criminal  or 
debtor. 

CAP'TIIRE,  V.  t.  To  take  or  seize  by  force,  surprise, 
or  stratagem,  as  an  enemy  or  his  property  ;  to  take 
by  force  under  the  authority  of  a  commission  ;  as,  to 
capture  a  ship. 

eAP'TrjR-/;D,  (kapt'yurd,)  pp.  or  a.   Taken  as  a  prize. 

eAP'TtJR-l.NG,  ppr.    Seizing  as  a  prize. 

ai-PUCCI-0,  (ka-puch'i-o,)  71.  [It.]  A  capuchin  or 
hood. 

€A-PyCH'£D,  a.  Covered  with  a  hood.  [Little  used.] 

Brown. 

€.\P-tT.Cir(\',  (kap-yu-sheen',)  71.  [Fr.  eapucine,  from 
capuce,  a  hood  or  cowl.] 

1.  A  garment  for  females,  consisting  of  a  cloak 
and  hiwid,  made  in  imitation  of  the  dress  of  capu- 
chin monks.  Johnson. 

2.  .\  piceon  whose  head  is  covered  with  feathers. 
eAP-U-CHf.\',  71.  One  of  the  monks  of  the  order  of  St 

Francis,  who  cover  their  beads  with  a  capuce,  eap- 


uchon,  a  stuff-cap  or  cowl.  They  are  clnlhed  in 
brown  or  gray,  go  barefooted,  and  never  shave  their 
faces.  Kneyc. 

CAP'U-CINE,  n.    A  species  of  monkey,  the  jaimo  or 

eAP'P-LlN,  71.    The  Mexican  cherry.  [.lai. 

Cl'Pt/r,  (ka'piit,)  71.  [L.,  the  bead.]  In  Cambridge, 
Eng.,  a  council  of  the  university,  by  which  every 
grace  must  be  approved  before  it  can  be  subinitted 
to  the  senate.  It  consists  of  the  vice-chancellor,  a 
doctor  of  each  of  the  faculties  of  divinity,  law,  and 
medicine,  and  two  masters  of  arts,  chii.sen  annually 
by  the  senate,  Camb.  Cal. 

CA'PUT  MOR'TU-UJtf,  [L.]  Dead  matter;  lees; 
worthless  remains. 

2.  In  chemUtry,  the  residuum  of  distillation  or  sub- 
limation, after  the  volatile  matter  has  been  driven  off 
by  heat.  Jiikin. 

Hence,  worthless  residuum.  Junius. 
GAR,  e.AER,  CII.\R,  in  names  of  places,  is  sometimes 

the  Celtic  Cacr,  a  town  or  city,  a.s  in  Cacrmartlien. 
CAR,  71.  [VV.  car  ;  Ir.  carr,  carra,  or  catrt;  Arm.  qarr ; 
D.  and  G.  karre  ;  Sw.  kdrra  ;  Dan.  karre  :  Sp.  It.  and 
Port,  earn) ;  Ij.  c«7-r«,«,  or  curras  ;  Fr.  char,  whence 
chariot ;  Sax.  cnrt,  a  cart.  The  sense  is  probably  tak- 
en from  nintiiiig  un  wheels.    See  Ct;nREN  r.] 

1.  A  small  vehicle  moved  un  wheels,  usually  drawn 
by  one  horse.  Johnson. 

2  In  poetical  language,  any  vehicle  of  dignity  or 
splendor;  a  cliariot  of  war,  or  of  triumph. 

Milton.  Prior. 

3.  The  constellation  called  Ctuxrles^s  H'ain  or  the 
Bear.  Dnjden. 

4.  A  carriage  for  running  on  rails,  in  a  railroad. 

eXR'iilxl^     !      t^'''  '  ^P-  caraiiiia ;  It.  id.] 

A  short  gun  or  fire-arm,  carrying  a  ball  of  24  to  the 
pound,  borne  by  light  horsemen,  and  lianging  by  a 
belt  over  the  left  shoulder.  The  barrel  is  two  feet 
and  a  half  long,  and  sometimes  furrowed. 

e.AR-A-BI-NEEll',  n.  .\  man  who  carries  a  carabine  ; 
one  who  carries  a  longer  carabine  than  others,  which 
is  sometimes  used  on  foot.  Encijc. 

CAR'.'\C,  n.  [Port,  carraca ;  Fr.  caraque  ;  Sp.  carraca; 
allied  to  It.  carico,  a  burden,  cargo.] 

.\  large  ship  of  burden  ;  a  Portuguese  Indiaman. 

e.'^R'A-CAL,  71.    [Turkish  Aara,  black,  and  kal,  ear.] 
A  species  of  lynx,  {Felis  caracal,  Linn. ;)  a  native 
of  Northern  Africa,  and  South-western  Asia.  Its  col- 
or is  a  uniform  reddish-brown  ;  its  ears  black  exter- 
nally, and  tipped  with  long,  black  hairs. 

€.\R'.'\-er)LE,  71.  [Fr.  caracole,  a  wheeling  about; 
Sp.  caracul,  a  small  cone,  a  winding  staircase,  a  snail ; 
It.  cnracollo.  a  wheeling.] 

1.  In  the  manege,  a  semi-round,  or  h.alf  turn,  which 
a  horseman  makes,  either  to  the  right  or  left.  In  the 
army,  the  cavalry  make  a  caracole  after  each  dis- 
charge, in  order  to  pass  to  the  rear  of  the  squadron. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  staircase  in  a  helix  or  spiral 
form.  Kneyc. 

€.\R'.A-GoLE,  r.  1.  To  move  in  a  caracole  ;  to  wheel. 

e.\R'.\-e6I.-I.\G,  ppr.    .Moving  in  a  caracole. 

e.AR'.\-eoL-I,  (  kol-e,)  Ji.  .A  mixture  of  gold,  silver, 
and  copper,  of  which  are  made  rings,  pendants, 
and  other  toys  for  the  savages. 

€.\R'.A-.MEL,  71.  [Fr.]  .Anhydrous  or  burnt  sugar ;  a 
black,  porous,  shining  substance,  obtained  by  heat- 
ing sugar  to  a  high  tempentturc.  It  is  soluble  in  wa- 
ter, which  it  colors  a  dark  brown,  and  is  used  for 
coloring  spirits,  &c.  It  gives,  when  heated,  a  pecu- 
liar odor,  called  the  odor  of  caramel. 

eAR'.AT,  71.  [It  carato;  Fr.  carat;  D.  karaat ;  G.  ia- 
ro( ;  Gr.  Kcoarinv,  a  little  horn,  a  pod,  and  the  berry 
of  a  pod,  used  for  a  weight  of  four  grains.    From  the 

Greeks  it  is  said  the  Arabians  borrowed  their 

karat,  a  weight  used  in  .Mecca,  equal  to  the  twenty- 
fourth  of  a  denarius,  or  denier.  See  Castell,  Col. 
344a,  and  Ludolf,  19B.] 

1.  The  weight  of  fiiiir  grains,  used  by  goldsmiths 
and  jewelers  in  weighing  precious  stones  and  pearls. 

Kttcyc. 

2.  The  weight  that  expresses  the  fineness  of  gold. 
The  whole  mass  of  gold  is  divided  into  24  cqu.al 
parts,  and  as  many  24th  parts  as  it  contains  of  pure 
gold,  it  is  called  gold  of  so  many  carats.  Thus  gold 
of  twenty -two  parts  of  pure  metal,  is  gold  of  twenty- 
two  carats.  The  carat  in  Great  Britain  is  divided  in- 
to four  grains  ;  .among  the  Germans,  into  twelve 
parts ;  and  among  the  French,  into  thirty-two. 

Encyc. 

3.  The  value  of  any  thing.    [0S».]     B.  Jonson. 

O  .-,0, 

€AR'.\-V.AN,  71.    [Ar.  ^\ kairawan,  from 

karau,  to  stretch  along,  to  follow,  to  proceed  from 
place  to  place.  Sp.  caravana ;  Fr.  caravtLiie.  Pers. 
a.s  Ar.] 

1.  A  company  of  travelers,  pilgrims,  or  merchants, 
marching  or  proceeding  in  a  body  over  the  deserts  of 
Arabia,  or  other  region  infested  with  robbers. 

2.  A  large,  close  carriage  on  springs,  for  conveying 
wild  bea.sts  when  carried  round  as  a  show. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  IH  as  in  THIS. 


CAR 


CAR 


CAR 


€AR-A-VAN'SA-RY,  )  n.    A  place  appointed  for  re- 

€AR-A-VAN'SE-RA,  (  ceiving  and  loading  cara- 
vans ;  a  kind  of  inn,  wliere  the  caravans  rest  at 
night,  being  a  large,  square  building,  with  a  spa- 
cious court  in  the  middle.  Ennjc. 

GAR'A-VEL,  \  71.  [Sp.  earavela;  It.  carat ello  ;  Fr.  ca- 

CXR'VEL,      i  ravelle.] 

1.  A  small  vessel  on  the  coast  of  France,  vised  in 
the  herring  fishery.  These  vessels  are  usually  from 
25  to  30  tons'  burden. 

2.  A  light,  round,  old-fashioned  ship.  Johnson. 
CAR'A-WaV,  n,  [Gr.  Ka  i  'C,  k  in  >v  ;  Ij.  caros^  careum 

Fr.  carci ;  Sp.  dcaravca  or  alcaraliuei/a  :  D.  kerwe ;  Ar. 

t  karaviya.'] 

A  biennial  plant,  the  cartim  carisi  of  Linnreufs,  with 
a  taper  root  like  a  parsnep,  which,  when  yo\ing,  is 
good  eating.  The  seeds  have  an  aromatic  smell  and 
a  warm,  pungent  taste.  They  are  used  in  confection- 
ery, and  also  in  medicine  as  a  carminative.  F.ncijc. 
2.  A  kind  of  apple.  Mason, 

e.\R-BA-ZOT'ie  ACID,  n.  [Mr*07t  and  azote.]  A 
yellow,  bitter,  cr\-stallizable  substance,  obtained  by 
the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  indigo  and  some  other 
azotizcd  organic  substances.  It  is  also  called  picric 
arirl,  and  the  hitter  principle  of  Welter. 

eAR'Ri.VE.  SeeCAK\BiNE. 

e.VfttBO.V,  71.  [I,,  eario,  a  coal ;  Sp.  tarban  :  It.  car- 
bone  :  Fr.  charbon.  Ciu.  Gr.  »a,j'Sui,  to  dry,  or  the  root 
of  cArtr,  Russ.  ckaryu^  to  bum.] 

An  elementary,  combustible  substance,  existing 
pure  and  crystallized  in  the  diamond,  and  some- 
times in  graphite,  and  forming  the  basis  of  animal 
and  ^'egetabIe  charcoal,  and  of  coke.  By  means  of 
a  galvanic  apparatus,  it  is  found  to  be  capable  of  fu- 
sion. 

exR-BOX-A'CEOL'S,  o.  Pertaining  or  relating  to,  or 
containing,  or  composed  of,  carbon  ,  as,  carbonaceoits 
matter. 

€aR'BO-NADE,  71.    [from  carfto,  supra.]    In  cookery, 

■  flesh,  fowl,  or  the  like,  cut  across,  seasoned,  and 
broiled  on  coals.  SItak. 

e.\R'BO-NADE,  7!.  «.    To  cut  or  hack.  Sliak. 

e.\R'BO  NaD-ED,  pp.    Cut  for  broiling  or  fn  ing. 

€aR'BO  NAD-ING,ppr.  Cutting  for  broiling  ur  frying. 

€aR'BO\-ATE,  71.  In  ckentistnj,  a  salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  carbonic  acid  with  a  base  ;  as,  the  carbonate 
of  lime,  carbonate  of  copper. 

exR'BO.V-A-TED,  a.    Combined  with  carbonic  acid. 
Carbonated  waters  :  such  mineral  v.  aters  as  are  im- 
pregnated with  carbonic  acid. 

e.\R-BO.\'ie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  carbon,  and  two  equivalents  of  oxy- 
gen, or  in  which  oxygen  combines  in  the  greatest 
proportion  with  carbon.  It  exists,  under  ordinary 
circumstances,  when  unrximbined,  in  the  state  of  a 
gas,  but  has  been  liquefied  by  very  powerful  pressure. 
It  was  formerly  called  air,  atrial  acid,  mephitic 

ea-'!,  and  cretaceoxts  acid,  or  acid  of  chalk.  It  is 
found,  in  some  places,  in  a  state  of  gas ;  it  exists  in 
the  atmosphere,  and  is  disengaged  from  fermenting 
liquors,  and  from  decomposing  vegetable  and  animal 
substances,  and  is  given  ofi"  in  respiration.  It  is 
heavier  than  common  air,  and  subsides  into  low 
places,  vaults  and  wells. 

eAR-BOX'ie  nX'YD,  ti.  a  gaseous  compound  of 
one  equivalent  of  carbon,  and  one  equivalent  of 
oxygen.  It  is  fatal  to  animal  life,  extinguishes  com- 
bustion, and  burns  with  a  pale  blue  flame,  forming 
carbimic  acid.  It  apparently  possesses  combining 
acid  properties,  and  may  be  called  carbonous  acid. 

€aR-BON-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [carbo  and/fro,  to  bear.] 
Producing  or  containing  carbon  or  coal. 

Klrican,  Geol. 
This  term  is  properly  applied  to  strata  or  formations 
containing  co  il. 

exR-BON-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  car- 
bonizing. 

eAR'BO.V-IZE,  r.  U  To  convert  into  carbon  by  com- 
bustion or  the  action  of  .fire,  or  by  other  means,  as 
by  the  action  of  concentrated  acids  on  animal  atid 
vegetable  sul)st;inces. 

€AR'UON-IZ-^;d,  pp.  Converted  into  carbon  or 
charcoal. 

€AR'l!0.\-IZ-l\G,  ppr.    Con\'erting  into  carbon. 

eAR'Bf).N-O-ll?'l)R0US,  a.  [carbon,  and  Gr.  v6(,>p, 
water.]    Composed  of  carbon  and  livdrogen. 

CARMtO-SUI/PIIIJ-RET,  n.  A  term  formerly  ap- 
plied to  the  compounds  formed  by  the  action  of  the 
disulphiiret  of  carbon,  on  the  metallic  and  alkaline 
metallic  sulphurels. 

exR'BOY,  71.  A  large,  globular  bottle  of  green  glass, 
incloHed  in  ba-iki^t-work  for  proti-ction  ;  used  es- 
pecially for  carry  ing  corro>ive  liquors,  as  sulphuric 
acid,  tec. 

eAR'Bi;.\-CLE,  rkilr'biink-1,)  71.  [L.  carhaitculiu,  a 
little  c<7al,  from  carfto.] 

1.  An  anlhraz  ;  tin  inflammatory  tumor,  or  painful 
gangrenouH  boll  or  iilc4-r.  Coze.  Ifuoper. 

2.  A  beautiful  gem,  of  a  deep  red  color,  with  a 
mixture  of  scarlet,  called  by  the  Greekn  anthraz  ; 
found  in  the  East  Indies.    Il  is  UHually  found  pure. 


of  an  angular  figure,  and  adhering  to  a  heavy, 
ferruginous  stone,  of  the  emery  kind.  Its  usual  size 
is  nearly  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  two 
thirds  of  that  in  diameter.  When  held  up  to  the 
sun,  it  loses  its  deep  tinge,  and  becomes  exactly  of 
the  color  of  a  buniing  coal.  Encyc. 

The  mineral  here  described,  is  probably  the 
Oriental  ruby,  or,  at  least,  some  crystallized  variety 
of  corundum. 

The  carbuncle  of  the  ancients  is  supposed  to  have 
been  a  garnet.  Cleaveland. 

3.  In  heraldnj,  a  charge  or  bearing  consisting  of 
eight  radii,  four  of  which  make  a  common  cross,  and 
the  other  four,  a  saltier.  Encyc. 
eAR'BUN-CLilD,  (kilr'bunk-ld,)  a.     Set  with  car- 
buncles ;  spotted. 
eAR-BU\CU-L.\R,  a.    Belonging  to  a  carbuncle; 

resembling  a  carbuncle  ;  red  ;  inflamed. 
eXR-BUNG-U-LA'TIO.N,  71.    [L.  carbunculatio,  from 
carbunculo,  to  bum  to  a  coal,  to  blast.    See  Carron.] 

The  blasting  of  the  young  buds  of  trees  or  plants, 
by  excessive  heat  or  cold.  Harris. 
eXR'BU-RET,  71.  A  combination  of  carbon  with 
some  other  substance,  the  resulting  compound  not 
being  an  acid  or  base.  More  exactly,  a  compound 
of  carbon  with  a  liasifiable  or  acidifiable  substance, 
in  which  the  carbon  is  the  electro-negative  ingre- 
dient. 

eXR'BU-RET-ED,  (I.  Combined  with  carbon  in  the 
manner  of  a  carburet  ;  as,  carbureted  hydrogen  gas. 

Carbureted  hydroiren  fras,  is  a  term  applied  to  va- 
rious gaseous  compounds  of  carbon,  particularly  to 
two  definite  compounds,  the  protoearburct  of  hydri>~ 
gen,  or  heavy  carbureted  hydrogen,  composed  of 
one  equivalent  each  of  carbiui  and  hydrogen,  and 
the  bicarburet  of  hydrogen,  or  light  carbureted  hydro- 
gen, com[iosed  of  one  equivalent  of  carbon,  and  two 
equivalents  of  hydrogen. 

Carbureted  is  applied  to  certain  gaseous  compounds. 
Thus  we  say,  carbureted  hydrogen.  Siltiman. 

eXR'CA-JOU,  71.  The  glutton,  a  voracious,  carnivo- 
rous quadruped. 

eXR'CVNET,  71.    [Fr.  carcan,  a  chain  ;  It.  carcame.] 
A  chain  or  collar  of  jewels.       Sliak.  Ilakewell. 

CXR'CASS,  71.  [Fr.  carcasses  It.  carcame;  Norm. 
carkoiis,  a  mast,  and;i  carcass.    Qu.  Gr.  K<ioxT}ai"tJ.] 

1.  The  body  of  an  animal ;  usually,  the  body  when 
dead.  It  is  not  applied  to  the  living  boilj'  of  the 
human  species,  except  in  low  or  ludicrous  language 

2.  The  decaying  remains  cf  a  bulky  tiling,  as  of  a 
boat  or  ship. 

3.  The  frame  or  main  parts  cf  a  thing,  unfinished 
or  without  ornament.  This  seems  to  be  the  primary 
sense  of  the  word.    [See  the  next  word.]  Hole. 

CXR'GASS,  71  [It.  carcas.?a ;  Sp.  carcax ;  Fr.  carcasse: 
D.  karkas.] 

An  iron  case  or  hollow  vessel,  about  the  size  of  a 
bomb,  of  an  oval  figure,  filled  with  combustible  and 
other  substances,  as  meal-powder,  saltpeter,  sul- 
phur, broken  glass,  turpentine,  &c.,  to  be  thrown 
from  a  mortar  into  a  town,  to  set  fire  to  builillngs. 
It  has  two  or  three  apertures,  from  which  the  fire 
blazes,  and  the  light  sometimes  serves  as  a  direction 
in  throwing  shells.  It  is  eqiiipjied  with  pistol-bar- 
rels, loaded  with  powder  to  the  muzzle,  which  ex- 
plode as  the  composition  burns  down  to  them. 
This  Instrument  is  probably  named  from  the  ribs  cf 
iron  that  form  it,  which  resemble  the  ribs  of  a  human 
carcass.  Encvc.    Mir.  Diet. 

exR'CEL  L.\MP,  71.  A  lamp  .if  French  inveiiti.in, 
in  which  the  oil  is  raised  through  tubes  by  clock- 
work, so  as  continually  to  overflow  at  the  bottom  of 
the  burning  wick,  thus  producing  a  very  beautiful 
and  brilliant  light.  Encyc.    Dam.  Econ. 

eXR'CEL-AOE,  71.    [L.  career.] 
Prison  fees.    [^Vot  in  tuse.] 

eXR'CER,  n.    [L.]    A  starting-post. 

€AR'CER-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  a  prison. 

€.\R-CI-Xo'.M.\,  71.  [Gr. /taoxii'w/iLi,  from  KapKivou, 
KaiJKti"'i,  a  cancer.] 

A  cancer ;  also,  a  turgescence  of  the  veins  of  the 
eve.  Coze. 

eXR-CI-Nr)'M.\-TOUS,  a.  Cancerous ;  like  a  cancer, 
or  tending  to  it. 

eXRD,  71.  [Fr.  carte;  Sp.  Port,  and  It.  carta;  L. 
charta  :  Gr.  \anrni;  D.  kaart:  G.  karte;  Dan.  A-or£  ; 
Ir.  cairl;  perhaps  from  bark,  L.  coriez,  Ir.  coirt  or 
cairt,  or  the  same  root.] 

1.  A  pajTcr  or  pasteboard  of  an  oblong  figure,  on 
which  an;  paiuteil  figures  or  points  ;  used  in  ironies. 

2.  A  piece  of  pasteboard  used  for  containing  a 
person's  name,  and  often  bis  address,  or  an  invita- 
tion, or  business  advertisement. 

3.  A  note  published  by  some  one  in  the  papers, 
containing  a  brief  st,-itcincut,  explanation,  request,  &c. 

4.  The  paper  on  which  the  points  of  the  compass 
arc  marked. 

Ri'asun  th^  card,  bill  p.iKion  ia  the  gnle.  Pop*. 

CARD,  V.  i.   To  plav  much  at  cards  ;  to  gain.  John.ion. 

CARD,  71.  [D.  kaar'd;  <;.  kardetsche;  Dan.  karde ;  Sw. 
karda  ;  Fr.  carde ;  Arm.  encardoner ;  Sp.  carda,  teasel, 
niid  a  card  ,  Port,  carda,  a  card,  and  cardo.  a  thistle  ; 
L.  carduus  ;  II.  carda,  a  thistle  and  a  carii  ;  L.  caro,  \ 


to  card  :  Ir.  cir,  a  comb.  It  seems  that  card,  and  L. 
airdnus,  are  the  same  word,  and  probably  the  plant 
{teasel)  is  the  original  word,  or  both  are  from  a  com- 
mon root.  The  French  carde  is  a  card  and  the 
stalks  of  the  artichoke.  Artichoke  is  so  written  for 
cardiehoke.] 

An  instmment  for  combing,  opening,  and  breaking 
wool  or  flax,  freeing  it  from  the  coarser  parts,  and 
from  extraneous  matter.  It  is  made  by  inserting 
bent  teeth  of  wire  in  a  thick  piece  of  leather,  and 
nailing  this  to  a  piece  of  oblong  board,  to  which  a 
handle  is  attached. 

But  wool  and  cotton  are  now  generally  carded  in 
mills  by  teeth  fixed  on  a  wheel  moved  by  water. 

CARD,  V.  t.  To  comb,  or  open  wool,  flax,  hemp,  &c., 
with  a  card,  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing  it  of  extra- 
neous matter,  separating  the  coarser  parts,  and  mak- 
ing it  fine  and  soft  for  spinning. 

€XRD'.A-Ml.\E,  71.  [Gr.]  The  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants ;  the  popular  names  of  several  species  cf 
which  are  lady's  smock,  cuckow  flower,  meadow 
cress.  &.C. 

€XRD'A-.MOM,  71.    [Gr.  Kaora/ioifiop.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Amomum,  and  its  seeds,  a 
native  of  India.  The  seeds  of  this  plant,  which 
grow  in  a  pod,  have  a  warm,  aromatic  flavor,  and 
are  used  in  medicine.  Encyc. 

CaRD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Combed;  opened;  cleansed 
with  cards. 

exRD'ER,  71.    One  who  cards  wool ;  also,  one  who 

plays  much  at  cards.  iVutton. 
CXR'ni-Ae,        \a.    [h.  cardiacus ;  Gr.  xafiitaKOf, 
exU-Dl'Ae-AL,  (     from  KaoSta,  the  heart.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  heart. 

2.  Exciting  action  In  the  heart,  through  the  me- 
dium of  the  stomach  ;  having  the  quality  of  slima- 
Kating  action  in  the  system,  invigorating  the  spirits, 
and  giving  strength  and  cheerfulness.     JHed.  Diet. 

The  cardiac  orifice  of  the  stomach,  called  also 
cardia,  is  the  upper  or  left  orifice  ;  so  called  from  its 
vicinity  to  the  lieart,  or  its  supposed  sympathy  with 
the  latter. 

€aR'J)I-A€,  71.    A  medicine  which  excites  action  in 

the  stomach,  and  animates  the  spirits. 
GaR'DI-ACE,  h.    A  precious  stone. 
exR-DI-AL'Gl-A,  (  71.    [L. ;  Gr.  Kaoita,  the  heart, 
eXR'DI-AL-GY,    \    and  riXj-oj,  pain. 

The  heartburn,  a  violent  sensation  cf  heat  and 

acrimony  in  the  upper  or  left  orifice  of  the  stomach, 

seemin!;ly  at  the  heart,  but  rising  into  the  oesophagus. 

It  Is  called  also  the  cardiac  passion. 
eXIt'DI-XAL,  a.    [L.  carrfiiiaiii,  said  to  be  from  cardo, 

a  hinge.] 

Chief,  principal,  preeminent,  or  fundamental ;  as, 
the  cardinal  virtues,  which  pagans  supposed  to  be 
justice,  prudence,  tempiirance,  and  fortitude. 
GaI{'I)I-X.\L,  71.  An  ecclesiastical  prince  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  who  has  a  voice  in  the  conclave  at 
the  el  'ction  of  a  pope,  who  is  taken  from  their  num- 
ber. The  cardinals  are  divided  into  three  classes  or 
orders,  containing  six  bishops,  fifty  priests,  and  four- 
teen deacons,  making  seventy.  These  constiiute 
the  sacred  college,  and  compose  the  pope's  council. 
Originally  they  were  subordinate  in  tank  to  bishops  ; 
but  they  have  now  the  precedence.  The  dress  of  a 
cardln.il  is  a  red  soutalne  or  cassock,  a  rocket,  a  short 
purple  mantle,  and  a  red  hat.       Encyc.  Spelman. 

2.  .\  woman's  short  cloak. 

Cardinal  flvirer  :  a  plant,  a  native  of  North  .'\mericaj 
the  Lobelia  cardinalis ;  so  called  from  its  brilliant  red 
flo.vers. 

Cardinal  numbers,  are  the  numbers  one,  two,  tliree, 
&c.,  in  distinction  from ^>^-(,  sectuu/,  t^iiVii,  &.C.,  wiiich 
are  called  ordinal  numbers. 

Cardinal  point-.-,  in  cosmooraphy,  are  the  four  in- 
tersections of  the  horizon  with  the  meridian,  and  the 
prime  vertical  circle,  or  north  and  south,  east  and 
west.  In  a-itroton-y,  the  cardinal  points  are  the  rising 
and  setting  of  the  sun,  the  Zenith  and  Nadir. 

Cardinal  siirns,  in  astronomy,  are  Aries,  Libra, 
Cancer,  and  Capricorn. 

Cardinal  rirtucs ;  prudence,  justice,  temperance, 
and  fortitude. 

Cardinal  winds,  are  those  which  blow  from  the 
cardinal  points. 
eXR'DI-NAL-ATF.,  )  n.   The  office,  rank,  or  dignity 
exR'DI-NAL-SUlP,  j    of  a  cardinal. 
eAR'DI-N.\L.-IZE,  1). «.    To  make  a  cardinal.  [Little 

tised.]  Sheldon. 
eXRD'lNG,  ppr.    Combing,  as  flax,  wool,  &c. 

2.  Playing  at  cards.    [Little  nsed.] 
e.iiRD'I.N'G,  71.    The  act  of  breaking  or  cleaning  with 
cards. 

eXRD'ING-MA-ClItNE',  71.  A  machine  for  comb- 
ing, breaking,  and  cleansing  wool  and  cotton.  It 
consists  of  cylinders,  thick  set  with  teeth,  and  moved 
by  the  force  of  water,  steam,  &.C. 

CAR'DI-OID,  71.  [Gr.  «a/Miu,  heart,  and  tiiinf,  form.] 
An  algebraic  curve,  so  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  heart.  Chambers. 

€AR-DI-UI,'0-GY,  71.  The  science  which  treats  of 
the  heart. 

Ca  R  DI'TI.'^,  n.  Inflammation  of  the  fleshy  subst.ance 
of  the  heart.  Dunglison. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WIl/lT.  — METE,  PREY.— PINE,  M.\RINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


CAR 


CAR 


CAR 


€ARr)'-MAK-ER,  n.  [card  and  maker.]  A  maker  of 
cards. 

€AUl)'-iMATCH,  n.  [card  and  match.]  A  match  made 
by  dipping  pieces  of  card  in  melted  sulphur. 

.Addison. 

eXR-DOON',  n.    [Sp.  cardan;  L.  carduus.] 

A  species  of  Cynara,  resembling  the  artichoke,  but 
larKor.  Chambers. 
eXKD'-TS-BLE,  n.    The  table  appropriated  to  the 
use  of  gamesters,  or  used  for  playing  cards  on. 

2.  A  laljle  one  of  whose  leaves  folds  over  on  to 
the  other. 

€AU'DU-LrS  BEN-E-DICT'US,  n.   The  herb  Messed 

CaRE,  n.  [Sax.  car,  cara  ;  Goth,  kar,  kara  ;  Ir.  car; 
L.  cura.  In  Welsh,  cur  is  care,  anxiety  ;  also,  a 
blow,  or  beating,  a  throb;  curaw,  to  beat,  strike,  or 
throb,  to  light ;  curiam,  to  trouble,  vex,  pine,  or 
waste  away.  In  L.  euro  signities  to  care,  and  to 
cure.  In  Sp.  eurar  is  to  prescribe  medicine  ;  to  salt 
or  cure,  as  rtesh  ;  to  season,  as  limber  ;  to  bleach,  as 
cloth  ;  intransitively,  to  recover  from  sickness ;  and 
reciprocally,  to  take  care  of  one's  self.  In  Italian, 
ciirnre  is  to  cure,  attend,  protect,  defend,  and  to 
value  or  esteem.  In  French,  curfr  is  to  cleanse; 
"  curer  les  dens."  to  pick  the  teeth ;  cure  is  a  ben- 
efice. The  primary  sense  is,  to  strain,  or  stretch,  as 
in  care,  attention  ;  and  curious  is  stretching  forward  ; 
but  the  sense  of  separating,  or  driving  off,  is  com- 
prehended, which  gives  the  French  sense,  and  the 
sense  of  prying  into  is  included  in  euriotus.  The 
sense  of  healing  is  from  that  of  care,  or  making 
found  and  -strong.  The  Welsh  sense  of  beating  is 
from  driving,  tlinisting,  coinciding  with  straining. 
See  Cark  and  Cune.] 

1.  Concern  ;  anxiety  ;  solicitude  ;  noting  some  de- 
gree of  pain  in  the  mind,  from  apprehension  of  evil. 

Thry  shAll  cat  breati  by  weight  and  with  care.  —  Ezek.  ir. 

2.  Caution  ;  a  looking  to ;  regard  ;  attention,  or 
heed,  with  a  view  to  safety  or  protection,  as  in  the 
plirase,  "  take  care  of  yourself." 

A  want  of  mrt  does  more  damage  than  a  want  of  knowledge. 

fyanklin. 

3.  Charge  or  oversight,  implying  concern  for 
safety  and  prosperity  ;  as,  he  was  under  the  care  of 
a  physician. 

That  which  Cometh  upon  me  daily,  the  care  of  all  the  cburchci. 
—  2  Cor.  ji. 

4.  The  object  of  care,  or  watchful  regard  and  at- 
tention ;  as,  "  Is  she  thy  care  1  "  Dryden. 

CARE,  c.  1.  To  be  anxious  or  solicitous  ;  to  be  con- 
cerned about. 

Master,  carett  tiiou  not  that  we  perish  ?  —  Mark  ir. 
2.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed  ;  to  have  regard  to  ; 
with  fur  before  a  noun,  and  to  before  a  verb.  "  Not 
earing  to  observe  the  wind."  "  Great  masters  in 
painting  never  care  for  drawing  people  in  the  fash- 
ion." In  this  sense  llic  word  implies  a  less  degree 
of  coni^ern.  The  ditlerent  degrees  of  anxiety  ex- 
pressed by  this  word  constitute  the  chief  differences 
in  its  siiniification  or  a|>pIications. 

eARE'-eRAZ-t'D,  a.  [care  and  cra:e.]  Broken  or 
disordered  by  care  or  solicitude  ;  as,  a  care-craied 
mother.  Shal;. 

€ARE'-DE-F?'ING,  a.    Bidding  defiance  to  care. 

Shen.stone. 

€aRE'-TON-£D,  a.    Tuned  by  care  ;  mournful. 

Shak. 

eARE'-WOUXD-ED,  (-wound-cd  or  -woond-ed,)  a. 

Wounded  with  care.  May. 
e.\-REE.\',  I-.  (.    [Fr.  carencr,  from  carene,  the  side 
and  keel  of  a  ship ;  L.  carina  ;  Sp.  carcnar  ;  Port. 
querenar ;  It.  carenare.] 

In  sea  lantptagr^  to  heave  or  bring  a  ship  to  lie  on 
one  side,  for  the  purpose  of  calking,  repairing,  cleans- 
ing, or  iKiying  over  with  pitch  the  other  siile. 

jVur.  DicL 

CA-REEN',  r.  i.  To  incline  to  one  side,  as  a  ship  un- 
tler  a  press  of  sail.  Mar.  DicL 

CA-REEN'£D,  pp.    Laid  on  one  side  ;  inclined. 

€.\-REE.\'ING,  ppr.  Heaving  down  on  one  side ; 
inclining. 

€A-REE.N'ING,  n.   The  act  of  heaving  down  on  one 

siile,  or  inclining,  as  a  ship. 
CA-REER',  n.    [Fr.  carriere  ;  Sp,  carrera  ;  Port,  carrei- 

ra ;  It.  carriera.    It  is  from  the  root  of  car,  and  I>. 

enrro,  from  the  sense  of  running.] 

1.  A  course ;  a  race,  or  running  ;  a  rapid  running  ; 
speed  in  motion.  Wi/Ai/m.  Prior. 

2.  General  course  of  action  or  movement ;  proced- 
ure ;  course  of  proceeding. 

Continue  and  prt)C«ed  in  honor'i  taif  career.  Dryden. 

3.  The  groimd  on  which  a  race  is  run.  JoAttson, 

4.  In  tAe  manege,  a  place  inclosed  with  a  barrier, 
in  which  Ihey  run  the  ring.  Encuc. 

5.  In  falconry,  a  Hight  or  tour  of  the  hawk,  about 
iOO  yards.  Encye 

CA-REER',  V.  t.   To  move  or  run  rapidly. 

When  a  »hip  is  decked  out  in  ail  her  canv;ia,  every  iail  swelled, 
aiid  txreeririg  ^ayly  over  tiie  curling  waves,  liow  tolty,  how 
If-dlant  she  appears  1  Irving. 

CA-REER'ING,  ppr.  Running  or  moving  with  speed. 


ith  alt  care  3  Kin^  ir. 

'  have  done  ?  Dryatn. 


CARE'FfJL,  0.  [See  Care.]  Full  of  care  ;  nnxiou8  ; 
solicitous. 

Martha,  Ihrm  art  cartfui  and  troubled  about  many  thinpa.  — 
Luke  X. 

2.  Provident  ;  attentive  to  support  and  protect  ; 
with  of  or  fur. 

Thou  bust  been  careful  for 
What  could  a  careful  lUtlier 

In  present  usage,  cartful  is  generally  followed  by 
of;  as,  careful  of  he.ilth, 

3.  Watchful ;  cautious  ;  giving  good  heed  :  as.  be 
careful  to  maintain  good  works  ;  be  careful  of  your 
conversation. 

4.  Filling  with  care  or  solicitude  ;  exposing  to  con- 
cern, anxiety,  or  trouble  ;  full  of  cares. 

R,vlsi-d  to  a  careful  hifrlil.  Shak. 
eARE'FyL-LY,  adv.    With  care,  anxiety,  or  solici- 
tude. 

Tliouijh  lie  Bought  it  carefully  with  teara.  —  Ileb.  zii. 

2.  Ilecdfully  ;  watchfully  ;  attentively  ;  as,  con- 
sider these  precepts  carefully. 

If  thou  carefully  hearken  to  the  Lord.  — Deut.  xr. 

3.  In  a  manner  that  shows  care. 

Envy,  how  carefully  doet  it  look  I  Collier. 

4.  Providently  ;  cautiously,  Johnson. 
CARE'FlJlj-NESS,  n.    Anxiety  ;  solicitude. 

Drink  ttiy  water  with  trviiibling  and  with  carefulneee.  —  Exek. 

2.  needfulness  ;  caution  ;  vigilance  in  guarding 
against  evil,  and  providing  for  safety. 
CARE'LESS,a.  [care  and  less.  HiiX.  leas  ;  Golh.  laus. 
See  Loose,] 

1.  Having  no  care;  heedless;  negligent ;  unthink- 
ing ;  inattentive  ;  regardless  ;  unmindful  ;  followed 
by  of  or  about ;  as,  a  careless  mother  ;  a  mother  care- 
less of  or  about  her  children,  is  an  unnatural  parent, 

2.  Free  from  care  or  anxiety  ;  whence  undisturbed  ; 
cheerful. 

Thus  wisely  careless,  innocenUy  gny.  Pope. 

3.  Done  or  said  without  care  ;  unconsidered  ;  as,  a 
careless  throw  ;  a  carele.'<s  expression. 

4.  Not  regarding  with  care  ;  unmoved  by  ;  uncon- 
cerned for  ;  as,  careless  qf  money  ;  careless  of  conse- 
quences. 

5.  Contrived  without  art.  Bp.  Taylor. 
CARE'LE.'^S-LY,  ado.    In  a  careless  manner  or  way  ; 

negligently ;  heedlessly  ;  inattentively  ;  without  care 
or  concern, 

CARE'LESS-NESS,  n.  Heedlessness  ;  inattention  ; 
negligence  ;  manner  without  care. 

CAR'EN-TANE,  n.    [Fr.  i/uarantaine,  forty,] 

A  pajKil  indulgence,  multiplying  the  remission  of 
penance  by  forties.  Taylor. 

CA-RESS',  V.  U  [Ft.  caresser ;  Arm.  cherif.a,  lo  ca- 
rcv A",  and  lo  dieriik;  W.caredigaw;  It.  careiza,  flat- 
tery, a  carcssinff;  earcggiare,  to  coax,  flatter,  esteem  ; 
Sp.  cnricia.  a  caress  ;  acarieiar,  to  carets,  cherish,  fon- 
dle ;  Port.  id.  It  may  he  from  the  conuiion  root  of  L, 
earns,  Fr.  cher,  eherir,  W,  car.  But  some  dirticultics 
attend  this  hypothesis.] 

To  treat  with  fondness,  affection,  or  kindness  ;  to 
fondle  ;  to  embrace  with  tender  affection,  as  a  parent 
a  child.  South. 

CA-UES.S',  n.  An  act  of  ende.irment ;  any  act  or  ex- 
pression of  affection  ;  an  embracing  with  tenderness  ; 
as,  conjugal  caresses.  Milton. 

e,\-RESS'f;D,  (ka-rest',)  pp.  Treated  or  embraced 
with  affection. 

CA-RESS'ING,  ppr.  Treating  with  endearment  or 
affection. 

C.\-RI'SS'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  caressing  manner. 

CA'RET,  n.  [L.  carrf,  there  is  wanting,  from  careo, 
to  want,]  In  writing,  this  mark,  a,  which  shows 
that  something,  omitted  in  the  line,  is  interlined 
above,  or  inserted  in  the  margin,  and  should  be  read 
in  that  place. 

CAR'GA-SON,  n.    A  cargo,  which  see,  Iloicell. 

CAR'GO,  n,  [W.  car^r,  a  loatl,  cargu,  lo  load,  from 
car,  a  vehicle;  Port,  cargo;  Sp.  carga,  a  loati,  bur- 
den, charge ;  Sp,  cargo,  aload  ;  cargazon,  id, ,  cargar, 
to  load,  to  charge;  It,  carico,  a  load,  or  charge  ;  eari- 
care,  to  load,  to  charge ;  Fr.  cargaison,  a  cargo ; 
charge,  a  charge  or  load  ;  charger,  to  load,  burden, 
charge  ;  Arm,  carg.    See  Chaiige.] 

The  lading  or  freight  of  a  ship ;  the  goods,  mer- 
chandise, or  whatever  is  conveyed  in  a  ship  or  other 
merchant  vessel.  The  lading  within  the  hoM  is 
called  the  inboard  cargo,  in  distinction  from  horses, 
cattle,  and  other  things  carried  on  deck.  The  per- 
son emidoyed  by  a  merchant,  lo  proceed  with,  over- 
see, and  dispose  of  the  lading,  is  called  a  supercargo. 

CAR'GOOSE,  n,  A  fowl  belonging  to  the  genus 
Colymbus,  called  the  crested  diver.  The  cheeks  and 
throat  are  surrounded  with  a  long,  pendant  ruff,  of  a 
bright  u-iwny  color,  edged  with  black.  The  breast 
anil  belly  are  of  a  silvery  white.  It  weighs  two 
pounds  and  a  half, 

eA'RI-A-TED,a,  Carious,  [Jt'otused.]  [See  Carious.] 

e.\R'l-ItOO,  n.    .\  quadruped  of  the  stag  kind. 

C'\R'I-G.\,  A  genus  of  plants,  one  species  of  which 
is  popularly  sailed  Papaw ;  also  the  trivial  name  of 
the  species  of  Ficus,  which  produces  the  common  fig. 


CAR'i  eA-Tl.'Ri;,  n,  [It,  caricalura,  formed  from 
carica,  a  load,  caricare,  to  load.    See  Cahoo,] 

A  figure  or  descriptitiii  in  which  beauties  are  con- 
cealed and  blemishes  exaggerated,  but  still  beaniig 
a  resemblance  tt)  the  object,  Eucye. 
CAR'I-CA-TURE,  1',  <,    To  make  or  draw  a  carica- 
ture ;  to  represent  as  more  ugly  than  the  life. 

LyUlrton. 

e.\R'I-eA-Ti;R-J5:D,pp.  Made  ridiculous  by  grotesijua 
resemblance. 

CAR'I-CA-TljR-ING,  ppr.  Making  ridiculous  by  gro- 
tesque resemblance. 

CAiri-CA-TUR-IST,  n.   One  who  caricatures  others. 

eAR-l-COG'R.\-PIIY,n.  [L.  carejr,sedge,  and  j  f/u.^<j, 
to  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  plants  of  the  genus  Carex  or 
Sedge.  Dewey.    Journal  of  Science. 

CAR'I-COL'H,  a.    [L.  corica,  a  fig.] 

Keseinbling  a  fig;  an  epithet  given  to  tumors  that 
resemble  a  fig,  such  as  occur  often  in  the  piles.  Encye 

CA'IU-fiS,  n.  [L.J  The  mortification  of  a  hone  ;  an 
ulcer  of  a  bone. 

CAR'IL-LO.N,  n,  [Fr,1  A  little  bell.  Also,  a  simple 
air  in  music,  adapted  to  the  performance  of  small 
bells  or  clocks,    [See  Carol.J  Busby. 

e.\R'I-NATE,     )  a.     [L.  earmatus,  from  carina,  n 

eAR-l-NA'TED,  (  keel.] 

In  botany,  shaped  like  the  keel  of  a  ship;  having 
a  longitudinal  prominency  on  the  back,  like  a  keel ; 
applied  to  a  calyx,  corol,  or  leaf.  Martyn. 

CA-KliN'THIN,  n.  .\  name  given  to  such  ma.ssive 
varieties  of  hornblende  as  are  jet-black,  shining,  and 
easily  cleavable,  Shrpard. 

CAR'I-OLE,  71,    [Fr.]    A  small,  open  carriage. 

2.  A  covered  cart, 

3.  A  kind  of  cala.'^h, 

e.\-RI-OS'I-TY,  I.,    [See  Cariei.]    Mortification  or 

ulceration  of  a  bone.  }ilsemnn. 
CA'RI-OL'S,  a.    Mortified  ;  ulcerated  ;  as  a  bone. 

fViseman. 

CaRK,  71.  [W.  care,  care,  restraint ;  earear,  a  prison,' 
L.  career  ;  Sax,  care,  care  ;  cearcian,  to  cark,  to  creak, 
to  grumble.    The  primary  sense  is,  to  s(rai«,] 

Care  ;  anxiety  ;  concern  ;  solicitude  ;  distress. 
[Obs.]  Sidney. 

CARK,  V.  i.  To  be  careful,  anxious,  solicitous,  con- 
cerned,   [Oii,]  Sidney. 

€\RK'ING, ppr.  or  a.  Distressing;  perplexing ;  giving 
anxiety.  [Obs.] 

CARL,  n.  [Sax,  earl,  a  male,  whence  Carolus,  Charles, 
The  word  signifies  primarily,  strong,  robust ;  whence 
the  English  carl-cat  and  carl-hemp  ;  house-carl,  a  do- 
mestic servant ;  Ger,  kerl,  a  fellow  ;  kerl-haft,  mascu- 
line, stout.    See  Chitrl.] 

1,  A  rude,  rustic,  rough, brutal  man.  [Obs.]  [See 
CHt'nL.l 

2.  A  kind  of  hemp.  Tusser. 
CARL,  r.  I.   To  act  like  a  churl.    [J^Tot  in  use.]  BurUm. 

e\R'0-I*l'\E  I  s'lver  coin  in  Naples. 

CAR'LI.NE,  '(.„,.  ,-1 
C^R'I  I\G      \       *-      carlm^e,  or  esearltngue.] 

.\  piece  of  timber  in  a  ship,  ranging  fore  and  aft, 
from  one  deck  beam  to  another,  directly  over  the 
keel,  serving  as  a  foundation  for  the  body  of  the 
ship.  On  these  rest  the  ledges  on  which  the  planks 
of  the  deck  are  made  fast.        Encye.    Mar.  Diet. 

Carline  knees,  are  timbers  in  a  ship,  lying  across 
from  the  sides  to  the  hatchway,  and  serving  to  sus- 
tain the  deck.  Eneyc. 

CAR'LI.\'E-THIS'TLE,(kir'lin-this'sl,)  n.  The  pop- 
tilar  name  of  some  species  of  plants, 

CARL'ISH,  )    „  „ 

CARL'ISII-NESS,  (    See  Churlish, 

CAR'LOCK,  71.  A  sort  of  isinglass  from  Russia,  made 
of  the  sturgeon's  bladder,  and  used  in  clarifying 
wine.  Encye. 

CAR'LOT,  71.  A  countryman.  [See  Carle.]  [JVot 
used.]  Shak. 

eAR-L0-VI.\'6I-A.\,  a.  Pertaining  to  Charlemagne ; 
as,  the  Carlovinjrian  race  of  kings. 

CAR'MA.""?,  II.  [rur  and  Tiiaji.]  .A  man  whase  em- 
ployment is  to  drive  a  cart,  or  to  convey  goods  and 
tithcr  things  in  a  cart. 

CAR'.MEL-IN,     la.    Belonging  to  the  order  of  Car- 

CAR'-MEL-ITE,  (     melites.  mecer. 

CAR'MEL-ITE,  n.  A  monk  of  an  order  established 
on  Mount  Carmel,  in  Syria,  in  the  12th  century. 
The  Carmelites  have  four  tribes,  and  they  have  now 
thirty-eight  provinces,  besides  the  congregation  in 
Mantua,  in  which  are  fifty-four  monasteries,  under 
a  vicar-general,  and  the  congregations  of  barefooted 
Carmelites  in  Italy  and  Spain.  They  wear  a  scapu- 
lary,  or  small  woolen  habit,  of  a  brown  color,  thrown 
over  the  shoulders.  Eneyc 
2.  A  sort  of  pear. 

CAR-MIN'A-TI  VE,a,  Expelling  wind  from  the  body ; 
warming;  antispasniodic. 

CAR-.MI.N'A-TIVE,  ii,  [L,  carmen,  a  charm,  because 
it  acts  suddenly,  as  a  charm  is  supposed  lo  do,  and 
because,  among  the  ancients,  its  operation  was  ac- 
com^ianied  by  tlie  singing  of  a  stanza,] 

A  medicine  which  tends  to  eipel  wind,  or  to  rem- 
edy colic  and  flatulencies. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE,  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ITS 


CAR 

CXR'.MINE,  71.    [Fr.  carmin:  Sp.  cannin ;  Port,  car- 
mim  i  It.  carmiiuo  ;  from  the  same  rout  as  crimc^on  ; 
Port,  carmesim,  crimson  ;  Sp.  carmesi,  crimson  and 
cochineal  powder  ;  It.  ckermUi,  crimson,  and  chcrmts, 
5  <j 

cochineal,  kermes ,  Ar,  ^^^^^  kirmiiy  kirmizon,  a 

berrj',  and  an  insect,  used  in  dyeing.] 

A  powder  or  pigment,  of  a  beautiful  red  or  crimson 
color,  bordering  on  purple,  and  used  by  painters  in 
miniature,  though  rarely,  on  account  of  its  great 
price.  It  is  prepared  by  dissolving  cochineal  in  an 
alkaline  lye,  and  precipitating  it  by  alum. 

Eitctjc.  J^ehoJson, 
This  is  properly  a  lake,  or  a  combination  of  the  col- 
oring principle  of  cochineal  with  alumiiie. 

2.  The  pure  coloring  matter  or  coloring  principle 
of  cochineal ;  precipitated,  by  spontaneous  evapora- 
tion, from  the  alcoholic  tincture  of  cochineal,  in  the 
form  of  crj  stals  of  a  fine  red  color. 
CXR'iVAGE,  n.  [Fr.  carnage;  Sp.  carnicm'a,  carnage, 
and  shambles  ;  It.  cariiaggio,  flesh-meat,  and  car- 
naccia,  carrion  ;  Port,  carnagem,  from  L.  can,  flesh.] 

1.  Literalhj,  flesh,  or  heaps  of  tlesh,  as  in  sham- 
bles. 

2.  Slaughter ;  gieat  destruction  of  men  ;  havoc ; 
massacre.  Uaytcard. 

CaR'.XAL,  a.  [Fr.  charnel ;  L.  camalis,  from  caro, 
flesh.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  flesh  ;  fleshly  ;  sensual ;  opposed 
to  spiritual;  as,  carnal  pleasure. 

9.  Being  iu  the  natural  state  ;  unregenerate. 

The  carnal  mind  Lj  eniriity  .\o::iiilst  God.  —  Rum.  viii. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  ceremonial  law;  as,  carnal 
ordinances.    Heb.  ix.  10. 

4.  Lecherous;  lustful;  libidinous;  given  to  sen- 
sual indulgence.  Shak. 

Carnal  knowledge  ;  sexual  intercourse. 
eAR'i\.\L-lS.M,  71.   The  indulgence  of  carnal  appe- 
tites. 

exR'.VAL-IST,  71.    One  given  to  the  indulgence  of 

sensual  appetites.  Burton. 
eXR'N  AL-ITE,  n.   A  worldly-minded  man. 

Jinderson. 

€AR-NAL'I-TY,  71.  Fleshly  lust  or  desires,  or  the 
indulgence  of  those  lusts  ;  sensuality.  South. 

2.  Crossness  of  mind  or  desire  ;  love  of  sensual 
pleasures.  Tillotson. 

CaR'NAL-IZE,  v.  I.  To  make  carnal ;  to  debase  to 
carnality.  Srott. 

€.^R'NAL-LY,  adi).  In  a  carnal  manner;  according 
to  the  flesh  ;  in  a  manner  to  gr.atify  the  flesh  or  sen- 
sual desire.    Lev.  xviii.  20.    Roin.  viii.  G, 

€XR'NAL-MTi\D'ED,  a.    Worldlv-minded.  More. 

€XK'N.AL-.MI.\D'ED-NESS,  71.    Crossness  of  mind. 

KlUs. 

eXR-NA'TION,  71.  [Fr.  carnation,  the  naked  part  of  a 
picture,  flesh  color  ;  It.  incarnatina  ;  carnagione,  com- 
plexion ;  Sp.  carnaia  ;  Port,  carnaz,  from  L.  caro, 
flesh.] 

1.  Flesh  color  ;  the  parts  of  a  picture  which  are 
naked,  or  without  drapery,  exhibiting  the  natural 
color  of  the  flesh.  Encijc. 

2.  The  popular  name  of  a  species  of  the  genus  of 
plants  called  DiantUus,  so  named  from  the  color  of 
the  flower. 

€X R-i\ a'TION-KD,  a.    Made  like  carnation  color. 
eXR-NEL'IAN,  (kir-nCl'yau,)  n.    [Ft.  curualine  ;  ^p. 
cornerina.] 

.\  silicious  stone,  a  variety  of  chalcedony,  of  a  deep 
red,  flesh-red,  or  reddish-white  color.  It  is  tolerably 
hard,  capable  of  a  good  polish,  and  used  for  seals. 

F.ncyc.  Cleareland. 
eXR'NEIv-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.    In  ' ship-building,  the 
putting  together  the  timbers,  beams,  and  planks,  as 
distinguished  from  clinch-work.  Encyc. 
CXR'.\E-Oi;s,  a.    [L.  carncus,  from  caro,  flesh.] 

Fleshy  ;  having  the  (pialities  of  flesh.  Ray. 
CXR'i\EY,7i.  A  disease  of  horses,  in  which  the  mouth 

is  so  furred  that  they  can  not  eat.  Chambers. 
eXR-M-FI-eX'TION,  71.   [Infra.]   A  turning  to  tlesh. 

Chwibers. 

€XR'N!-F7,  V.  i.    [from  L.  caro,  carnis,  flesh.] 

To  form  flesh  ;  to  receive  flesh  in  growth.  Hale. 
CXR'.\I-VAL,  71.    [\j.  camivalc,  farewell  to  meat.] 
A  festival  celebrated  with  merriment  and  revelry 
In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  during  the  week  before 
Lent. 

€XR  .MV'O-RA,  71.  pi.  An  order  of  animals  which 
Hiibsist  on  flesh,  as  the  hyena.  Cui'ier. 

eXR-NIV-O-RAC'l-TY,  n.  [Infra.]  Greediness  of  ap- 
petite for  flesh.  Pope. 

eAR-.NlV'O-ROUS,  a.  [h.  caro,  flesh,  and  voro,  to 
eat.] 

Eating  or  Ceding  on  flesh  ;  an  eiiithet  applii  d  to 
animals  which  naturally  seek  flesh  fur  food,  as  the 
lion,  tiger,  dog,  wolf,  <tc. 
eXR-MWI-'PY,  71.  [Fr.  camositi,  from  I,,  caro,  flesh.] 

A  little  fleshy  rxcrencence  in  the  urethra,  the  neck 
of  the  bladder,  ice. 

CAk-iioSE',  j"^    Fleshy.    [See  Carweoui.] 


CAR 

CAR'OB,  11.    [Bp.  algarroba:  It.  carruba.] 

The  carob-tree,  Ceratonia  siliqua,  a  native  of  Spain, 
Italy,  and  the  Levant.  It  is  an  evergreen,  growing 
in  hedges,  and  producing  long.  Hat,  brown-colored 
pods,  filled  with  a  mealy,  succulent  pulp,  of  a  sweet- 
ish taste.  In  times  of  scarcity,  these  pods  are  eaten 
by  poor  people,  but  they  are  apt  to  cause  griping  and 
lax  bowels.  Miller.  Encyc. 

CA-RoCHE',  (ka-rosh',)  n.    [It.  ca7T0z:a.    See  Car.] 

A_carriage  of  pleasure.  Burton. 
€A-RoCn'£D,  (ka-rosht',)  a.    Placed  in  a  caruche. 

Beaum.  and  Fl. 
CAR'OL,  71.    [It.  carola;  W.  caraiel ;  Arm.  coroll,  a 
dance  ;  W.  cor,  Corn,  karol,  a  choir.] 

A  song  of  joy  and  exultation  ;  a  song  of  devotion ; 
or  a  song  in  general. 

Dryden.    Spenser.    Bacon,  Milton. 
CAR'OL,  V.  i.    [It.  carolarc;  W.caroli;  Aim.  carolli, 
to  dance,  to  sing  love-songs.] 
To  sing ;  to  warble  ;  to  sing  in  joy  or  festivity. 

Prior  S/tak. 
CAR'OL,  r.  (.    To  praise  or  celebrate  in  song. 

Milion. 

CAR-O-LfNA,  71.  [from  Carolus,  Charles  II.]  The 
name  of  two  of  the  Atlantic  Slates  in  North  America, 
called  JVorth  Carolina  and  South  Carolina. 

€AR'OL-IiVG,  71.    A  song  of  praise  or  devotion. 

Spenser. 

€AR-0-LtN'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Carolina. 
eAR-0-LIN'I-.\N,  71.    A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Car- 
olina. 

CAU-O-LIT'ie,  a.    Decorated  with  branches. 
eAU'0-i\lEL,  71.    The  smell  exhaled  by  burnt  sugar. 

[See  Caramel.]  Urc. 
CVROT'ID,  a.  [Gr.  Kao(oTiS£<:.]   The  carotid  arteries, 

in  the  body,  are  two  arteries,  the  right  and  left,  which 

convey  the  blood  from  the  aorta  to  the  head  and  brain. 

The  ancients  supposed  drowsiness  to  be  seated  in 

these  arteries.    [Gr.  xapo^.] 
e.VROUS'AL,  (ka-rouz'al,)  71.    [See  Carouse.]  A 

feast  or  festival.  Johnson. 
But,  in  jltnerica,  it  signifies  a  noisy  drinking  bout, 

or  reveling. 

CA-ROUSE',  (ka-rouz',)  v.  i.  [Fr.  carrouse,  hard  drink- 
ing.   I  know  not  the  real  origin  of  this  word.  In 

Pers.^^^^^  kcroi,  signifies  hilarity,  singing,  dan- 
cing. In  Ger.  rttu.se/if7i  signifies  to  rush,  to  fuddle.  In 
Ir.  craosal  is  drunkenness,  from  craos,  excess,  revel- 
ing.] 

To  drink  hard  ;  to  guzzle.    In  tke  United  States,  it 
signifies  also  to  be  noisy,  as  bacchanalians. 
CA-ROUSE',  (ka-rouz',)  71.    A  drinking  match  ;  a 
hearty  drink  or  full  draught  of  liquor ;  a  noisy  drink- 
ing match. 

CA-ROUS'ER,  71.  A  drinker;  a  toper;  a  noisy  revel- 
er, or  bacchanalian. 

CA-ROIJS'LNG,  p/ir.    Drinking  hard  ;  reve.ing. 

CA-ROUS'ING-LY,  adv.    In  «  carousing  manner. 

CARP,  V.  i.  [L.  carpii,  to  seize,  catch,  pick  ;  It.  carpire; 
Sp.  and  Port,  carpir,  to  tear  or  scratch.    See  Carve.] 
Literally,  to  snap  or  catch  at,  or  to  pick.   Hence,  to 
censure,  cavd,  or  find  fault,  particularly  without  rea- 
son, or  petulantly  ;  followed  by  a£. 
No,  not  a  tooth  or  nail  to  scratch, 

AikI  at  my  .tctious  carp  ntid  catch.  Herbert. 

C.\RP,  71.  [Fr.  and  Port,  carpe.;  Sp.  carpa :  It.  carpio- 
ne ;  Arm.  carjtcn  ;  Riiss.  karp  ;  D.  karper  ;  G.  karpfen  ; 
Dan.  karpe  ;  Svv.  karp  ;  Low  L.  carpio,  from  carpo,  to 
seize.] 

A  fish,  a  species  of  Cypriiius,  an  excellent  fish  for 
ponds.  These  fishes  breed  rapidly,  grow  to  a  large 
size,  and  live  to  a  great  age.  Encyc. 

exR'PAL,  a.  [L.  carpus,  the  wrist.]  Pertaining  to 
the  carpus,  or  wrist.  Encyc. 

exR-PA'THI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Carpates,  a 
range  of  mountains  between  Poland,  Hungary,  and 
Transylvania. 

CaR'PEL,  J  71.  In  iofany,  a  small  seed-vessel  or 

eXK-PEL'LUM,  i  pericarp,  that  is,  one  of  a  group 
produced  by  a  single  flower.  De  Cand. 

A  carpel  is  formed  by  a  ft>lded  leaf,  the  upper  sur- 
face of  which  is  turned  inward,  the  lower  outward, 
and  the  margins  of  which  develop  one  or  more  buds, 
which  are  the  ovules.  Lindley. 

'J'he  latter  definition  is  founded  on  the  theory  of 
metamorphosis,  or  abnormal  dtjveloimienl,  in  plants. 

€AR'PEI/-LA-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  carpels,  or  con- 
taininj;  thi  in.  Lindley. 

€A  U'PE.N-TER,  71.  [Fr.  eharpmlier:  Sp.  earpintero ; 
Port,  carpenteiro  ;  It.  rarpentiere,  a  cartwright,  or 
coach-maker ;  L.  carpentarius,  from  carpentuin,  a  cliar- 
iot.] 

An  artificer  who  works  in  timber;  a  framer  and 
builder  of  houses  niiil  of  ships.  Those  who  build 
houses  are  called  house-carpenters ;  and  those  who 
build  ships  are  called  ship-carpenlrrs. 

in  New  England,  a  distinclion  is  often  made  be- 
tween the  man  who  frames  ami  ilie  man  whoexecutes 
the  interior  wood  work  of  a  house.  The  framer  is 
the  carpenter,  and  Ibe  fiiiisliir  is  called  a  joiner.  This 
distinctitm  is  noticed  by  Johnson,  ami  seems  to  be  a 
genuine  English  distinctitui.  Hut,  in  some  other  parts 


CAR 

of  America,  as  in  New  York,  the  term  carpenter  in- 
cludes both  the  framer  and  the  joiner;  and,  in  truth, 
both  branches  of  business  are  often  performed  by  the 
same  person.  The  word  is  never  applied,  as  in  Italy 
and  Spain,  to  a  coach-maker. 

CAR'PE.N-'i'RY,  H.    The  art  of  cutting,  framing,  and 
joining  timber,  in  the  construction  of  buildings ;  di 
vided  into  house-carpentry  and  ship-carpentry. 
2.  The  work  of  a  carpenter. 

CARP'ER,  71.    One  who  carps;  a  caviler. 

CAR'PET,  71.    [I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word.] 

1.  A  covering  for  floors,  tables,  stairs,  &c.  'i'his 
covering  is  usually  made  of  wool,  wrought  with  a 
needle,  or  more  generally  in  a  loom,  but  is  sometimes 
made  of  other  materials.  The  manufacture  is  of  Asi- 
atic  origin,  but  has  been  introduced  into  many  parts 
of  Europe,  and  into  the  United  States. 

2.  Level  ground  covered,  as  with  grass  ;  as,  a  grassy 
carpet ;  a  car-pet  of  green  grass.  Shak.  hay. 

To  be  on  the  carpet,  is  to  be  under  consideration  ;  to 
be  the  subject  of  deliberation.  The  French  phrase, 
to  be  on  Uic  tapis,  is  used  in  the  like  sense. 

Carpet  knight,  in  Shakspeare,  is  a  kniglit  who  en- 
joys ease  and  security,  or  luxury,  and  has  not  known 
the  hardships  of  the  field. 

Carpet-monger  is  used  in  a  like  sense. 
CAR'PET,  V.  L    To  cover  with  a  carpet;  to  spread 

with  carpets.  Bacon.  Derham. 

CAR'PET-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  a  carpet. 
CAR'PET-ING,  71.   Cloth  for  carpets  ;  carpets  in  gen- 
eral. 

exR'PET-STRIP,  71.  The  piece  under  a  door  to  raise 

it  above  the  carjiet. 
exR'PET-WALK,  (-wawk,)  71.    A  walk  on  smooth 

turf.  Evelyn. 
CARP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Caviling;  captious;  censorious. 

Watts. 

CARP'ING,  71.    The  act  of  caviling  ;  a  cavil ;  unrea- 
sonable censure. 
CARP'ING-LY,  adv.  Captiously  ;  in  a  carping  manner. 

Camden. 

CARP'-MicALS,  71.    A  kind  of  coarse  cloth,  made  in 

the  north  of  England.  Phillips. 
eAR'PO-LlTE,7i.  [Gr.jtasToj,  fruit, and  Xitfi<s,stone.] 
Petrified  fruits,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  are 
nuts  converted  into  silex. 
CAR-POL'O-CIST,  71.    [Gr.  Kaoiro;,  fruit,  and  Xeyco, 
to  speak.] 
One  who  describes  fruits. 
CAR-POL'O-GY,  71.    [Supra.]    A  description  of  fruits. 

Cyc. 

More  strictly,  that  division  of  botany  which  relates 
to  the  structure  of  seeds  and  seed-vessels,  or  of  the 
fruit. 

CAR'PUS,  71.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  skel- 
eton forming  the  wrist,  consisting  of  eight  small 
bones,  arranged  in  two  rows, 

eAR'RA-VVAY,  71.    See  Carawav. 

QUAR'^UiL  I  arrow  used  in  cross-bows. 

CAK'RI-A  BLE,  a.    That  may  be  carried.    [JVoJ  171 

use.]  Sherwood. 
CAR'RIAGE,  (kar'rij,)  n.    [Fr.  charriage,  from  char- 

rier,  to  carry ;    It.   carreggio,  or   carriaggio.  See 

Carrv.] 

1.  The  act  of  carrying,  bearing,  transporting,  or 
conveying  ;  as,  the  carrittn'e  of  sounds.  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  by  an  enemy  ;  conquest ;  ac- 
quisition.   [Oil.*.]  Knolles. 

3.  That  whicli  carries,  especially  on  wheels ;  a 
vehicle.  This  is  a  general  term  for  a  coach,  chariot, 
chaise,  gig,  sulky,  or  other  vehicle  on  wheels,  as  a 
cannon-carriage  on  trucks,  a  block-carriage  for  mortars, 
and  a  truck-carriage.  Appropriately,  the  word  is  ap- 
plied to  a  coach  ;  and  carts  and  wagons  are  rarely, 
or  never,  called  carriages. 

4.  The  price,  or  expense,  of  carrying. 

5.  That  which  is  carried  ;  burden  ;  as  baggage, 
vessels,  furniture,  &c. 

And  l);tvid  i.-fl  his  carriage  in  the  hands  of  the  kccprr  of  tht 
carriage,  —  I  Sam.  xvii.    [LiUle  used.)  .'^peiteer. 

6.  In  a  moral  sense,  the  manner  of  carrying  one's 
self;  behavior;  conduct;  deportment;  personal 
manners.  Bacon.  Dryden, 

7.  Measures  ;  practices ;  management.  Shak, 
e.VR'RlAGE-HORSE,  71.    A  horse  kept  for  drawing 

a  carriage.  Booth, 

C.'VR'UIAGE-MAIC'ER,  71.  One  whose  occupation  it 
is  to  make  carriages. 

CAR'RI-BOO.    Sec  CARinoo. 

C.\R'RICK-BEM),  11.    A  particular  kind  of  knot. 

CAR'RICK-BITTS,  n.  pi.  In  a  ship,  the  bitts  which 
support  till-  windlass.  Mar.  Diet 

CAR'RI-Kl),  (kar'rid,)  pp.  Borne;  conveyed;  trans- 
ported. 

C.\R'U1-ER,  71.  [See  Cihrv.)  One  who  carries; 
that  which  carries,  or  conveys  ;  also,  a  messenger. 

2.  One  who  is  employed  to  carry  goods  for  oth- 
ers for  a  ri^ward  ;  also,  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
carry  goods  for  others,  called  a  eommou  carrier  j  a 
i«.rter. 

CAR'RI-ER  PIG'EON,  71.  A  pigeon  that  cimveyi 
U  tters  from  place  to  place,  the  letters  being  tied  10 
the  neck. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MRTE,  PRgV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


176 


(;ar 


CAR 


CAR 


CAll'RI-ON,  71.  [It.  caroirna  ;  Sp.  carroha  ;  Fi.  clut- 
rutrne;  Ann.  crtrofm  ;  i).  kttronjc^ 

1.  Tliu  (lead  and  putrefyin);  body  or  flesh  of  ani- 
mals ;  tlcsli  so  corrupted  as  to  he  unlit  for  food.  Fupe. 

^.  .\  woitliless  woman  ;  a  Una  vf  n-proach.  Ishalc. 

eAR'UI-U.\,  a.  Relating  to  dead  and  piitrefyinj;  car- 
casses; feeding  on  carrion  ;  as,  a  cami^/t-cruic.  S/icI:. 

eAR-IlO.\-.\Ot;^  n.  [It  is  said  to  l)u  from  Carroii,  in 
Scotland,  where  it  was  lirsi  made.] 

A  short  piece  of  ordnance,  having  a  large  ralibor, 
and  a  cli:unber  for  the  powder,  like  a  mortar.  'I'his 
species  of  cannon  is  carried  on  the  upper  works  of 
sliips,  as  the  poop  and  forecastle,  and  is  very  useful 
in  close  engagements.  Slur.  l)\<-t.  F.ucye. 

€.\R-ROO.\',  n.  In  Loiulon,  a  rent  received  for  the 
privilege  of  driving  a  cart.  Ash. 

2.  A  species  of  cherry.  Tot^kr^  Riis.<. 
C.-VU'ROT,?!.    [It.carutti;  Vr.  ctirottr  ;  how  L.  carota,] 

An  esculent  root,  of  a  yellow  color,  of  tlie  genus 
Daucus,  cultivated  for  the  table,  and  for  cattle. 

C\R'ROT-Y,  a.  Like  a  carrot  in  color  ;  an  epithet 
given  to  red  hair. 

C.\R'RoV\'S,  «.  pi.  In  Ireland,  people  who  wander 
about  and  get  their  living  by  cards  and  dice  ;  stroll- 
ing gamesters.  '  Spenser. 

eAIl'RY,  r.  t.  [W.  cariaw,  from  car,  a  dray,  drag,  or 
wagon  ;  Fr.  churricr ;  .\rni.  charreat,  or  charreein  ; 
Sp.  acarrear  i  Dan.  Iciore ;  Sw.  kiiira;  G.  harrrn. 
These  verbs  signify,  primarily,  to  carry  on  a  enrt,  or 
car,  and  are  evidently  from  the  noun.  I'.ut  the 
English  currij  coincides  also  with  the  l.atin  ^cru, 
our  vulgar  kernj  ;  for  thi'  sense  of  hrlmrirr  can  hardly 
proceed  from  the  moving  of  a  wheel  carriage,  nor 
indeed  can  sonn^  other  senses  of  this  word.  But  the 
prin)ary  sense,  in  both  cases,  is  to  move.] 

1.  To  bear,  convey,  or  transport,  by  sustaining  and 
moving  the  thing  carried,  either  by  bodily  slrength, 
upon  a  beast,  in  a  vehicle,  or  in  any  kind  of  water- 
craft,  in  general,  it  implies  a  moving  from  the 
sp  'aker  or  the  jilace,  present  or  near,  to  a  place  more 
distant,  and  so  is  op|>osed  to  bring  and  fttch,  and  it 
is  often  followed  by  from,  airmj,  off]  out. 

He  sliall  cnmj  ihf  laiiihs  in  Itis  bosom.  —  Is.  xl. 

\\"bi-n  lie  diclli,  he  sh-ill  oxr'-y  iioUiiiig  ;iway.  —  Ps.  xlix. 

2.  To  convey  ;  as,  sound  is  carried  in  the  air. 

3.  To  etVect ;  to  accomplish  ;  to  prevail ;  to  gain 
the  obji!Ct ;  as,  to  carry  a  point,  measure,  or  resolu- 
tion ;  to  carry  a  prize  ;  sometimes  followed  by  it. 

Wliosf:  wills  will  mrry  U  over  Uie  n^.  Locke.  Burke. 

4.  To  bear  out ;  to  face  through. 

If  a  loau  carries  it  off,  Uietv  ia  so  miicti  money  s:\ved. 

L'£stmige. 

5.  To  urge,  impel,  lead,  or  draw,  noting  moral 
impulse. 

Priile  or  passion  will  oirry  a  man  to  ^rem  leiifrths. 
M'.-ii  are  cartifd  awiiy  wiUi  imaginary  nrosiiccu.     See  Epii.  iv. 
14.   Hel).  lUi.  9. 

C.  To  bear;  to  have^. 

In  some  vegetables,  we  see  KomeUling  [hal  carries  a  liinil  of 
analogy  to  sens-*.  Hale. 

I.  To  bear  ;  to  show,  displ.iy,  or  exhibit  to  view. 
Tlic  aspect  of  every  one  in  the  family  carries  satisfaction. 

Addison. 

8.  To  imply,  or  import. 

To  qnit  former  tenets  carries  an  imputation  of  ignorance. 

Locke. 

9.  To  contain,  or  comprise 

He  Ihonjhi  it  carried  gometliingof  ttrginnent  in  it,  to  prove  that 
doclnne.  Waas. 

10.  To  extend,  or  continue  in  lime  ;  as,  to  tarry  an 
historical  account  to  the  tirsi  a^is  of  the  world  ;  but 
usually  with  a  particle  ;  as,  to  carry  up,  or  carry 
back,  to  carry  foricard, 

II.  To  extend  in  sp,ace ;  of,  to  carry  a  line,  or  a 
boundary  ;  or  in  a  moral  scii^ ;  as,  to  carry  ideas 
very  far. 

12.  To  support,  or  sustain. 

iSarry  CiUiiomlle  on  slicks.  Bacon. 

13.  To  bear,  or  produce,  as  tree.i. 

Set  them  a  ren8on.ible  depth,  and  they  will  carry  more  shoou 
upon  the  stem.  Ba^n. 

14.  To  manage,  or  transact,  usually  with  on ;  as, 
to  carry  on  business. 

1.5.  Ta  carry  onc'j  lelf  i  to  behave,  conduct,  or 
demean. 

He  carried  hins^Jf  insolenl'j.  Clarendon. 
Sometimes  with  it  :  as,  he  carried  it  high. 

16.  To  remove,  lead,  or  drive. 

And  he  carried  away  all  his  catUe. — Gen.  xxxi. 

17.  To  remove  ;  to  cause  to  go. 

And  the  king  of  Assyria  (Ld  carry  away  Israel  to  Assyria.  —  1 
Kii'gs  xviii. 

18.  To  transport  ;  to  affect  with  extraordinary  im- 
(iressions  on  the  mind.    Rn  .wii. 

19.  To  fetch  and  bring. 

Yonng  whelps  leani  easily  to  carry.  Atcham. 

ao.  To  transfer;  as,  to  carry  an  account  to  the 
ledger. 

War  was  10  be  diTeit«d  from  (ircecc  by  beini  carried  intu  .wia. 

M>IJo,.l. 


21.  In  military  aj!airs,  to  obtain  possession  of  by 
ft>rce  ;  as,  to  carry  the  outworks  of  a  place. 

7'«  carry  coaU  ;  to  bear  injuries.  Mason, 

To  carry  coals  to  J^cweastlc  ;  to  take  things  to  a 
place  where  they  already  abound  ;  to  lose  one's  labor. 

To  rami  off;  to  remove  to  a  distance  ;  also,  to 
kill  ;  as,  to  be  carried  off  by  sickness. 

To  carry  OH  ;  to  pronrjte,  advance,  or  help  forward  ; 
to  continue  ;  as,  to  carry  on  a  design  ;  to  carry  on  the 
administration  of  grace. 

2.  To  manage,  or  prosecute;  as,  to  carry  on  hiis- 
bandrj'. 

3.  'J"o  prosecute,  continue,  or  pursue  ;  as,  to  carry 
on  trade,  or  war. 

4.  To  conduct  in  a  wild,  rude  manner;  as,  he 
carrie.t  on  at  a  great  rate. 

To  carry  tlirou^li ;  to  support  to  the  end;  to  sus- 
tain, or  keep  from  failing,  or  being  subdued. 

Gr.vcc  will  carry  a  man  through  all  ititTicnlties.  Hamotond. 

To  carrj  out ;  to  bear  fri^m  witiiin  ;  also,  to  sustain 
to  tlii^  end  ;  to  coiitiiiiie  to  the  l  uil. 

To  carry  awriij,  in  srifnuir^liip,  is  to  break ;  to 
carry  sail  till  a  sjiar  breaks  ;  as,  to  carry  avsay  a  fore- 
topmast. 

e.Mt'RY,  r.  i.  To  run  on  rotten  ground,  or  on  frost, 
which  sticks  to  the  feet,  as  a  hare.  Johnson. 

2.  To  bear  the  head  in  a  particular  manner,  as 
a  horse.  When  a  horse  holds  his  head  high,  with 
an  arching  neck,  he  is  said  to  carnj  well.  When  he 
lowers  his  head  too  m.icli,  he  is  said  to  carry  low. 

3.  To  convey,  to  pr;ipel  ;  as,  a  gun  or  mortar  car- 
ries well  ;  bat  tJtis  ut  elliptical. 

e.\R'RY-ALL,  n.  [Corrupted  from  eariolc]  A  light 
vehicle  for  one  horse,  n.aving,  usually,  four  wheels, 
anil  di  signi'd  to  carr>-  a  number  of  persons. 

CAK'KY-I.Vt;,  ppr.  Hearing,  conveying,  removing,  &c. 

C\R'UY-L\(;,  n.  A  tearing,  conveying,  removing, 
transporting. 

Carrying'  trade;  the  trade  which  consists  in  the 
transportation  of  gotxis  by  water  from  country  to 
country,  or  place  to  place. 

\Vc  are  rivals  with  Uicm  in  na^ngation  and  thp  cnrrying  trfvfe, 
I-\'teratist,  Jay. 

Carrying  uind,  among  hornenten,  is  a  tossing  of 
the  nose  as  high  as  the  horse's  ears.  F.ncyc. 
CAR'RY-TaLE,  n.    A  tale-bearer.    [A^of  u^sed.] 
e.\RSE,  n.    Low,  fertile  land,  adjacent  to  a  river. 

[Scottish.] 

€.KRT,  n.  [W.  cart ;  Sax.  creet,  crat ;  Ir  caiX ;  Russ. 
kareL    See  Cah.] 

1.  A  carriage  with  iwo  wheels,  fitted  to  be  drawn 
by  one  horse,  or  by  a  yoke  of  oxen,  and  used  in  hus- 
bandry, or  commerciai  cities,  for  carrying  heavy  com- 
modities. In  Great  Pritain,  carts  are  usually  drawn 
by  horses.  In  America,  horse-carts  are  used  mt>slly 
in  cities,  and  oz-carts  in  the  country. 

2.  A  carriage  in  general.  Temple.  Dryden. 
eXRT,  V.  t.    To  carry  or  convey  on  a  cart;  as,  to  cart 

iiay. 

2.  To  expose  in  a  cart,  by  way  of  punishment. 
C.\RT'AGE,  n.    The  act  of  carrying  in  a  cart,  or  the 

price  paid  for  carting. 
eXR'TA-RET,  H.    r.Vle.tican.]    A  cot.  Strphen.i. 
e.KRT'-IioTE,  Ti.    In  Enirli.ih  lam,  «ood  to  which  a 

tenant  is  entitled  for  making  and  repairing  carts  and 

other  instruments  of  husbandry. 
CXRT'ED,  pp.    Borne  or  exposed  in  a  cart. 
exRT'-HORSE,  71.    A  horse  that  draws  a  cart. 
€.\RT'ING,  ppr.    Conveying  or  exposing  in  a  cart. 
C.s^RT'l.N'G,  n.   The  a.-l  of  carrying  in  a  cart. 
€ART'-JaDE,  71.    .\  sorry  horse  ;  a  horse  used  in 

drawing,  or  lit  only  for  the  cart.  Sidney. 
e.\RT'-Lo.\D,  >i.    A  load  borne  on  a  cart ;  as  much 

as  is  usually  carried  at  once  on  a  cart,  or  aa  is  suf- 

ticient  ti>^biad  it. 
€.\RT'-RoPE,  71.    .\  rope  for  binding  hay  or  other  ar- 
ticles on  a  CiU't. 
€.*iRT'-RUT,  71.    The  cut  or  track  of  a  cart-whc.  l. 

[See  Roi-TE.] 

€.\RT'-TIRE,  n.  The  tire,  or  iron  bands,  used  to  bind 
the  wheels  of  a  carL 

€.\RT'-WaY,  71.  ,\  way  that  is  or  may  be  passed 
w  ith  carts,  or  other  wheel  carriages. 

€.\RT'-W1IEEL,  71.    'I  he  wheel  of  a  cart. 

CART'-WIIIP,  71.  A  large  whip  u-sed  in  driving  ani- 
mals in  cart-s. 

e.KRT'WRKJlIT,  >i.   An  artificer  who  makes  carts. 

CAR  rF^BLA.\'CUK',  (kirt-blinsli',)  7i.  [Fr.,  white 
paper.] 

.A  blank  paper,  signed  at  the  bottom  with  a  person's 
name,  and  sometiin-'s  sealed  with  his  seiJ,  given  to 
another  person,  with  permission  to  superscribe  what 
conditions  he  plea-sts.  Hence,  unconditioned  terms  ; 
unlimited  power  to  decide.  Kncyc. 
e.KR-TEL'  or  GXR'TSL,  n.  [Ft.  carUlla ;  Fr.  Sp. 
and  Port,  c/irtel ;  fiom  L.  chartula.] 

1.  .\  writing  or  agreement,  between  states  at  war, 
for  the  exchange  of  pri.soners,  or  for  some  mutual  ad- 
vantage ;  also,  a  vessel  employed  to  convey  the  mes- 
senger on  this  occasion. 

9.  .V  letter  of  defiance  or  challenge  ;  a  challenge  to 
single  combat.  Tnia  sense  the  word  li.as  still  in 
France  and  Italy  ;  but  with  us  it  is  obsolete. 


A  cartel,  or  cartel-ship,  is  a  ship  employed  in  the  ox- 
change  of  prisoners,  or  in  carrying  propositions  to  an 
eneinv. 

C.\irri:i„  e.  i.    To  defy.    [Obs.]  B.Jonson. 
CKR'l''i:i{,  11.    'I'lie  man  who  drives  a  cart,  or  whose 

occup^ition  is  to  drive  a  cart. 
eXR-Tl'l'SIAN,  (kar-te'zhan,)  n.    Pertaining  to  tlio 

philosopher  Des  Cartes,  or  to  his  philosophy,  wlii.:li 

taught  the  doctrine  of  vortexes  roiiinl  the  sun  and 

planet^. 

C.ilt-TK'SI.^N,  71.  One  who  adopts  the  philosophy  of 
Des  Cartes. 

eAR-TlI.\-GI.\'I-,\N,  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient  Car- 
thage, a  celebrated  city  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa,  about  Iwi  lve  miles  from  the  modern  Tunis. 
It  was  founded  by  the  Plienicians,  and  destroyed  by 
the  Kiiiiirilis. 

€AR-'ril.\-Gl.\'I-.\N,  71.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of 
Carthage. 

exR'TllA-MIiNE,  H.  A  red  coloring  matter,  obtained 
from  the  flowers  of  the  salllower,  {CurOuiniuj  tiuctu- 
rtis  .)  properly,  carthamic  acid. 

eAR'TllA-.M CS,  71.  The  generic  name  of  Bastard 
saffron.  [See  Safklower.]  From  its  flower  is  ol>- 
tained  a  valuable  red  dye,  and  also  the  rouge  used  by 
ladies.  Ure. 

exR-TIIU'SIAN,  (kar-thu'zhan,)  71.  One  of  an  order 
of  monks,  so  called  from  Chartreuse,  the  place  of  their 
institution.  Tht'y  are  remarkable  for  their  austerity. 
They  can  not  go  out  of  their  cells,  except  to  church, 
nor  speak  to  any  perstm  without  leave.  Encye. 

eAR-TIIO'SI.A.X,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  order  of  monks 
above  named.  Chambers, 

€AR'TI-LAGE,  71.  [L.  car(i7o<ro  ;  Fr.  c«r((7a»c  I  sus- 
l>ect  this  and  the  English  •rristle  to  be  the  same  word  ; 
the  r  being  transposeil,  cartil  for  cratil.] 

Gristle  ;  a  smooth,  solid,  elastic  substance,  softer 
than  bone,  of  a  pearly  color  and  homogeneous  tex- 
ture, without  cells  or  cavities.  It  is  invested  with  a 
particular  membrane,  called  perichondrium,  which,  in 
the  articular  cartilage,  is  a  reflection  of  the  synovial 
membrane.  Cyc.  Wistar. 

eXR-TI-LA(l'IN-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  cartilage  ;  gristly  ;  consisting  of  cartilage.  Ray. 

2.  In  ichthyology,  cartilaginoiLs  Jishes  arc  those  whose 
muscles  art;  SUjiported  by  cartilages,  instead  of  bones, 
or  whose  skeleton  is  cartilaginous.  .Many  of  these 
are  viviparous,  as  the  ray  and  shark,  whose  j  oung 
are  excluded  from  an  egg  hatched  within  them. 
Others  are  oviparous,  as  the  sturgeon.  Some  of  them 
have  no  gill-covers,  but  breathe  through  apertures 
oil  the  sides  of  the  neck  or  top  of  the  head  ;  othem 
have  gill-covers,  but  destitute  of  bony  rays 

Kncyc.    Kd.  Kncyc, 

eXR-TOO'RA-PllER,  71.    One  who  makes  charts. 

€AR-'i'0-GKAPIl'l€-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  cartog- 
rapliv. 

ex R-TO-GR.\Pll'ie-AL-LY,  adc.    By  cartography. 
eXR-TOG'R.\-PIIY,  71.    [Gr.  xaprr);  L.  cliarla,  and 
Gr.  -^nattiri.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  forming  charts  or  maps  of  a 
country. 

€AR-TdON'',  71.  [It.  carlone,  pasteboard  ;  Sj).  and  Fr. 
carton;  from  L.  charta,  paper.] 

In  painting,  a  design  drawn  on  strong  paper,  to 
be  afterward  calked  through,  and  transferred  on  the 
fresh  plaster  of  a  wall,  to  be  painted  in  fresco.  Also, 
a  design  colored  for  working  in  Mosaic,  tapestry,  &c. 

Kiuyc. 

CAR-TOUCH',  (kir-tootch',)  n.  [Vr.  cartouche;  Sp. 
cartucho  ;  Port,  cartuxo  ;  It.  cartuccta,  a  cartridge,  a  bit 
of  paper,  from  carta,  paper.] 

1.  A  case  of  wootl,  about  three  inches  thick  at  the 
bottom,  girt  with  niarlin,  holding  about  fourhundretl 
musket  balls,  and  s-x  or  eight  iron  balls  of  a  pound 
weight,  to  be  fired  out  of  a  howitz,  for  defcntling  a 
pass.  A  cartouch  is  sometimes  made  of  a  globular 
form,  and  filled  with  a  ball  of  a  pound  weight ;  and 
sometimes  for  guns,  being  of  a  ball  of  a  half  or  quar- 
ter of  a  pound  weight,  tied  in  the  form  of  a  bunch  of 
grapes,  on  a  tompion  of  wood,  and  coated  over. 

Kncyc.  j 

2.  .\  portable  box  for  charges.    [See  Cartridge-  I 
Box.] 

3.  A  roll  or  scroll  on  the  cornice  of  a  column.  i 

Colci. 

4.  The  name  applied  by  Champollion  to  the  ellip- 
tical ovals  on  ancient  Egyptian  monuments,  and  in 
papyri,  containing  groups  of  characters  expressing  | 
the  names  or  titles  of  kings  or  Pharaohs. 

eXR'TRIDGE,  71.    [A  corruption  of  cartoucA.l 

A  case  of  pasteboard  or  parchment,  holding  Ihe 
charge  of  powder,  or  powder  and  ball,  for  a  cannon, 
mortar,  musket,  or  pistol.  The  cartridges  for  small 
arms,  prepared  for  battle,  contain  the  powder  and 
ball ;  those  for  cannon  and  mortars  are  made  of  paste- 
board or  tin.  Cartridges,  without  balls,  are  called 
blank  cartridge.^. 

eAR'TRlDGE-liOX,  n.     A  case,  usually  of  wood,  I 
covered  with  leather,  with  cells  for  cartridges.    It  is 
worn  upon  a  belt  thrown  over  the  left  shoulder,  and  ' 
hangs  a  little  below  Ihe  pocket-hole  on  the  right  side 

CAR'TRIDGE-Pa'PER,  71.  Thick,  stout  paper,  ol 
which  cartridges  are  made.  Smart. 


TO.VE,  BULL,  q.MTE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  6  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


83 


CAS 


CXtt'TU-LA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  cartulaire  ;  Sp.  cartidario, 
from  carta,  paper.] 

A  ref»ister-b(tok,  or  record,  as  of  a  monastery. 
Blackstone  writes  it  ckartularij;  and,  primarily,  it 
sianifies  tlie  oHicer  who  has  the  care  of  cliarters  and 
€AR'U-eATE,  H.    [h.  caruca.]    [other  public  papers. 
As  much  land  as  one  team  can  plow  in  the  year. 

Enir.  Law,  Kiiham, 
eAR'UN'-CLE,  (kar'unk-1,)  n.    [L.  caruncula,  from 
caro,  rtesh.] 

1.  A  small  fleshy  excrescence,  either  natural  or 
morbid.  Coie. 

2.  A  naked,  fleshy  excrescence  on  the  head  of  cer- 
tain birds,  as  the  wattles  of  the  king  vulture,  the 
turkey,  &c. 

e.'\-UUXe'L!-L.\R,  a.    In  the  form  of  a  caruncle. 
eA-RUNe't|-LA-TED,  a.     Having  a  fleshy  excres- 
cence, or  soft,  fleshy  protuberance.  Eiicijc. 
eXRVE,  V.  t.    [Sax.  ceorfan,  cciirfan;  D.  kervcn  ;  G. 

kcrhcn  ;  Dan.  karve  ;  L.  carpo.  See  Ar.  ^  i^-^  charaba, 

and  (__5j.^  karafa,  Heb.  rpn,  and  CIi.  213.  Class 

Rb,  No.  26,  27,  aO.] 

1.  To  cut  into  small  pieces  or  slices,  as  meat  at  ta- 
ble. 

2.  To  cut  wood,  stone,  or  other  material,  into  some 
particular  form,  with  an  instrument,  usually  a  chisel ; 
to  engrave  ;  to  cut  figures  or  devices  on  hard  mate- 
rials. 

3.  To  make  or  shape  by  cutting;  as,  to  ca7ve  an 
image. 

4.  To  apportion  ;  to  distribute  ;  to  provide  at  pleas- 
ure ;  to  select  and  take,  as  to  one's  self,  or  to  select 
and  give  to  another.  SouVi. 

5.  To  cut ;  to  hew.  Shak. 
To  carve  out,  is  to  cut  out,  or  to  lay  out,  by  design  ; 

to  plan. 

e.^RVE,  t!.  i.  To  cut  up  meat;  followed  sometimes 
by  for;  as,  to  carve  for  all  the  guests. 

2.  To  exercise  the  trade  of  a  sculptor. 

3.  To  engrave  or  cut  figures. 
esRVE,  n.    A  carucate.    [JVut  in  use.] 
exRV'ED,  (karvd,)  pp.  or  a.     Cut  or  divided  ;  en- 
graved ;  formed  by  carving. 

€aR'VEL,  II.    A  small  vessel.    [See  Car4vel.] 
2.  The  Urtica  marina,  or  sea-blubber. 

esRV'ER,  71.    One  who  cuts  meat  at  table  ;  a  scul[)- 
tor  ;  one  who  apportions  or  distributes  at  will,  or  one 
who  lakes  or  gives  at  pleasure.       Dnjdcn.  Shak. 
2.  A  large  table  knife  for  carving. 

CARVING,  pfir.  Cutting,  dividing,  as  meat ;  cutting 
in  stone,  wood,  or  metal;  apportioning;  distributing. 

CURVING,  71.  The  act  of  cutting,  as  meat;  the  act 
or  art  of  cutting  figures  in  wood  or  stone ;  sculpture ; 
figures  carved. 

CAR' VIST,  n.  In  falconry,  a  hawk  which  is  of  proper 
age  and  training  to  be  carried  on  the  hand.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  carrij-Jist.]  Booth. 

CAR-Y  a'TF:S,_     )   It.  pi.    In  nrcAifccriirp,  figures  of 

e.\R-Y-AT'I-I)i";?,  i  women  dressed  in  long  robes, 
after  the  Asi.atic  n)anner,  serving  to  support  entabla- 
tures. The  Athenians  had  been  long  at  war  with 
the  Caryans:  the  latter  being  at  length  vanquished, 
and  their  wives  led  captive,  the  Greeks,  to  perpetuate 
this  event,  erected  trophies,  in  which  figures  of 
women,  dressed  in  the  Caryatie  manner,  were  used 
to  support  entablatures.  Other  feuitile  figures  were 
afterward  used  in  the  same  manner,  but  they  were 
called  by  the  same  name.  Eitcyc. 

They  were  called  Canjntidcs,  from  Carya,  a  city 
in  the  l*el()p(mnesus,  wiiich  sided  with  the  Per- 
sians, and  on  that  account  \vas  sacked  by  the  other 
Greeks,  its  males  butchered,  and  its  females  reduced 
to  slavery.  Oijc. 

e.\R- Y-AT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Caryans  or  Caryat- 
ides. 

€AR-Y-0-PIIYI,-I,A'CEOrs,  a.  A  term  denoting 
plants,  or  a  family  of  plants,  with  caryophylleous 
flowers. 

GAIt  V-0-PllYL'LE-OUS,o.  [Gr.  xa.ouQ^i.XXov,  clove- 
gillyflower.] 

In  bui/inij,  a  term  applied  to  corols  having  five 
petals  with  long  claws  and  expande<l  limbs,  in  a 
tuliiihir  calyx,  as  in  the  pink  or  clove-gillvfloW'.  r. 
€A-KV-f)P'SI.S,  71.    [<;r.  (c.ioi  .i,  a  walnut,  and  oarw, 
to  see.] 

Ill  bolJimi,  a  pericarp  which  is  one-,:e;ied,  one- 
needed,  superior,  iiidehiscent,  dry,  with  the  integu- 
ments of  the  Sl  i  d  l  olii-riiig  in'si  parably  with  the 
endocarp,  so  that  the  tivii  are  UMili^lin^'iiisMalile  ;  in 
the  ovarium  state,  i  viiii  ing  its  rcjiiipniiiid  iialiiie  by 
two  or  more  stigmas,  Iml  neviriliile>H  unilocular, 
having  but  one  ovule,  as  the  seed  of  wheat,  barley, 
niid  mai/.e.  IjnMrij. 

C'A  SAKCA,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Anas,  called 
also  Riulihi  I'onur,  larger  than  a  mallard,  found  in 
Kussia  and  Siberia.  Ktinir, 

CASTA  IIIOI,.  71.    [Port.  rn.irarrl ;  Sp.  nmraliil,  a  little 
b«ll,  a  biilton  or  kiinb  at  the  end  of  a  raiirHiii,] 
'i'he  knob  or  |>oiiimelof  acaiiiiiiii  beliiiiil  the  lireech. 

Mar.  Did. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— 


€AS-eADE',  71.  I^Fr.  cascade  ;  Sp.  cascaJa  ;  It.  ca.^cata,  i 
I'rom  cascare,  to  tail.] 

A  waterfall  ;  a  steep  fall  or  flowing  of  water  over 
a  precipice,  in  a  river  or  natural  stream  ;  or  an  artifi- 
cial fall  in  a  garden.  The  word  is  applied  to  falls 
tliat  are  less  than  a  cataract. 

CAS-CAL'lIO,  71.  [Port.]  In  Brazil,  a  deposit  of 
pebbles,  gravel,  and  ferruginous  sand,  in  which  the 
diamond  is  usually  found.  Part.  Diet.  Clioi'ilond. 

eAS-CA-RIL'LA,  n.  The  hark  of  a  tree  called  Croton 
EleuUieria,  a  powerful  tonic. 

CASE,  71.  [Fr.  caii.ie;  Sp.  and  Port.  caiiT,  a  box  or 
chest ;  It.  cassa  ;  V.  kas ;  Dan.  kasse.  The  French 
caisiie  is  the  Sp.  cara.  The  Spanish  caxeta,  a  gasket, 
seems  to  be  a  derivative  of  cara,  and  if  so,  the  fact 
indicates  that  caia  is  from  an  Oriental  root,  signify- 
ing to  lie  or  bind,  and  that  the  word  originally  de- 
noted a  bag  made  of  skin,  like  a  bottle,  or  a  basket 
made  of  osiers  interwoven,  like  fisc,jL-cus.   U.U.  Syr. 

I        casha,  to  bind  or  lie.] 

1.  A  covering,  box,  or  sheath  ;  that  which  incloses 
or  contains  ;  as,  a  case  for  knives  ;  a  case  for  books  ; 
a  watch  case  ;  a  pillow  case. 

2.  ,\  receptacle  for  tyjies  in  a  printing-oflice. 

3.  The  outer  pari  of  a  building.  Mdison. 

4.  A  certain  quantity  ;  as,  a  case  of  crown  glass. 
."<.  A  building  unfurnished.    [Aot  used.] 

CASE,  1).  t.  To  cover  with  a  case  ;  to  surround  with 
any  material  that  shall  inclose  or  defend. 

2.  To  put  in  a  case  or  box. 

3.  To  strip  off  a  case,  covering,  or  the  skin.  [Un- 
usual.] SImk. 

CASE,  71.  [Fr.  COS  ;  It.  caso ;  Sp.  and  Port,  caso  ;  Ir. 
cas ;  L.  casits,  from  cado,  to  fall.] 

1.  /.iiera//i/,  that  which  fal is.  comes,  or  happens; 
an  event.  Hence,  the  particular  stale,  condition, 
or  circumstances  that  befall  a  person,  or  in  which  he 
is  placed  ;  as,  make  the  case  your  own  ;  this  is  ihe 
case  with  my  friend  ;  this  is  his  present  case. 

2.  An  individual  occurrence  or  particular  instance 
of  disease ;  as,  a  case  of  fever. 

3.  The  stale  of  the  body,  with  respect  to  health  or 
disease  ;  as,  he  is  in  a  consumptive  case. 

To  he  in  ifood  casCj  is  to  be  fat ;  and  this  phrase  is 
sometimes  abridged,  to  be  in  case ;  applied  to  beasts, 
but  nol  to  men,  except  in  a  sense  rather  ludicrous. 

4.  A  question  ;  a  state  of  facts  involving  a  ques- 
tion for  discussion  or  decision  ;  as,  the  lawyer  staled 
llie  case. 

.■).  A  cause  or  suit  in  court ;  as,  the  case  was  tried 
at  the  last  term.  In  this  sense,  case  is  nearly  synony- 
mous with  cause,  whose  primary  sense  is  nearly  the 
same. 

6.  In  ip-ammar,  the  inflection  of  nouns,  or  a  change 
of  termination,  to  express  a  difference  of  relation  in 
that  word  to  others,  or  to  the  thing  represented. 
The  variation  of  nouns  and  adjectives  is  called  de^ 
clension;  both  case  and  declension  signifying /uZ/iii^ 
or  leaning  from  the  first  state  of  the  word.  Thus 
liber  is  a  book  ;  libri,  of  a  book  ;  libro,  to  a  book.  In 
other  words,  ca.9c  denotes  a  variation  in  the  termina- 
tion of  a  noun,  to  show  how  the  noun  acts  upon  the 
verb  with  which  it  is  connected,  or  is  acted  upon  by 
it,  or  by  an  agent.  The  cases,  except  the  nominative, 
are  called  obliiiae  cases. 

7.  A  box  in  which  merchandise  is  packed  for 
transportation. 

In  case,  is  a  phrase  denoting  condition  or  supposi- 
tion ;  literally,  in  the  event  or  contingency  ;  if  it 
should  so  fall  out  or  happen. 

Put  the  case ;  suppose  the  event,  or  a  certain  state 
of  things. 

.Action  on  tlie  case,  in  law,  is  an  action  in  which 
the  whole  cause  of  complaint  is  set  out  in  the  writ. 

Blackstone. 

CASE,  t>. !.    To  put  cases.  [JVotinuxe.]  L'Estrange. 

t'AS'KI),  (kiste,)  pp.    Covered  with  a  case. 

CASE'-IIa UD-f.'.V,  ».  (.  To  harden  the  outer  part  or 
superficies,  as  iif  iron,  by  converting  it  into  steel, 
while  the  interior  retains  the  toughness  of  malleable 
iron.  This  may  be  done  by  putting  the  iron  into  an 
iron  box,  with  a  cement  of  animal  or  vegetable  char- 
coal, and  exposing  it,  for  some  hours,  to  a  red  heat. 

Enn/r. 

GASE'-IIARD-AW-KD,  or  a.  Having  the  outside 
hardened. 

eASE'-IIARD -iCN-ING,  ;i/ir.  Hardening  the  outer 
|,art. 

CASE'-IIARD -KN-ING,  71.  The  act  or  process  of 
converting  the  surface  of  iron  into  steel. 

CA'SE-IC,  a.    [I.,  co.ens,  cheese.] 
Deiioliiig  the  acid  of  chei  se. 

CA'SE-IN,  II.  The  curd  or  coagulable  portion  of  milk. 
A  substance  identical  in  properties  and  conipositinii 
with  casein  is  found  in  certain  leguminous  jilants,  and 
is  hence  called  vegelable  ciuicin  or  leifinnin.  Graham. 

CASE'-KNTl'E,  (-iiife,)  11.  A  large  table  knife,  for- 
merly kept  in  a  case. 

CASE'-.M.\N,  71.  Among  printers,  one  who  works  at 
the  case,  or  seta  type  ;  a  compositor. 

CASE'MATE,  71.  j  l-'r.  easemnir :  \l.  rusiimatta  ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  casamata;  from  casa,  a  h<lus<^] 


1.  In  fortification,  a  vault  of  mason's  work  in  the 
flank  of  a  bastion,  next  to  the  curtain,  siimewhat 
inclined  toward  the  capital  of  the  bastion,  serving'  as  ' 
a  battery  to  defend  the  face  of  the  opposite  baslinii,  |' 
and  the  moat  or  ditch.  Chambers.      \  i 

2.  A  well,  with  its  subterraneous  branches,  dug  in  j ; 
the  passage  of  the  bastion,  till  the  miner  is  heard  at  Ij 
work,  and  air  given  to  the  mine.  Harris.  j 

CASE'.MAT-ED,  a.    Furnished  with  a  casemate. 

Kirby. 

CaSE'MENT,  71.    [It.  casamento,  a  large  house.] 

1.  A  part  of  a  movable  window,  sometimes  within 
a  larger,  made  to  turn  and  open  on  hinges.  Kncye. 

2.  A  hollow  molding,  usually  one  sixth  or  one 
fourth  of  a  circle.  Encyc. 

€ASE'iMENT-£l),  a.    Having  casements. 

CA'SE-OUS,  a.    [L.  cascus,  cheese.] 

Pertaining  to  cheese;  like  cheese;  having  the  I 
qualities  of  cheese. 

The  caseous  principle ;  casein. 

CA'SERN,  71.  [Fr.  caserne;  Sp.  co^criia,  frimi  casa,  a 
shed  or  house.] 

A  lodging  for  soldiers  in  garrison  towns,  usually 
near  the  rampart ;  barracks. 

CASE'-SIIOT,  71.  Musket  balls,  stones,  old  irim,  &c., 
put  in  cases,  to  be  discharged  from  cannon. 

€!a'SE-UM,  7!.  The  basis  of  cheese  ;  the  purified  curd 
of  cheese  ;  casein. 

CASE'-WORM,  (  wurm,)  71.  A  worm  that  makes  it- 
self a  case.    [See  Caddis.]  ./ohnson. 

CASH,  11.  [Fr.  caisse ;  Sp.  and  Port,  caza,  a  chest,  box, 
coffer.    See  Case.] 

Money  ;  primarily,  ready  money,  money  in  chest 
or  on  hand,  in  bank  or  at  command.    It  is  properly  | 
silver  and  gold  ;  but  since  the  institution  of  banks, 
it  denotes  also  bank  notes  equivalent  to  money. 

To  pay  in  cash,  is  opposed  to  payment  in  gottds, 
commodities,  or  labor,  as  in  barter. 

CASH,  J).  t.  To  turn  into  money,  or  to  exchange  for 
money  ;  as,  to  c«.i/i  a  note  or  an  order. 

2.  To  pay  money  for  ;  as,  the  clerks  of  a  bank  cash 
notes  when  presented.    [Mercantile  usage.] 

CASH,  7).  t.    To  discard.    For  Cashier.    [M'ot  used.] 

CASH'-AC-COUNT',  71.  An  account  of  money  re- 
ceived, paid,  or  on  hand. 

€ASII'-BOOK,  71.  A  book  in  which  is  kept  a  register 
or  account  of  money  received  or  paid. 

CASH'JOD,  (kasht,)  pp.  Exdianged  for  coin,  or  other 
money  equivalent. 

CASII'EW,  71.  [A  corruption  of  .Acajou,  the  French 
orthography  of  the  native  name.] 

A  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  Anacardium  occideiitale, 
bearing  a  kidney-shaped  nut.  The  receptacle  is  as 
large  as  an  orange,  and  full  of  an  acid  juice,  which 
is  often  used  to  make  punch.  To  the  apex  of  this 
receptacle  grows  a  nut,  of  the  size  of  a  hare's  kid- 
ney, the  shell  of  which  is  hard,  and  the  kernel, 
which  is  sweet,  is  covered  with  a  thin  film.  Enciic. 

CASU'EW-XUT,  n.  A  nut  at  one  extremity  of  the 
fruit  of  the  cashew-tree,  containing  a  black  liquor 
used  ill  marking  linen,  &c.  Jlebert. 

CASII  IkR',  (kash-eer',)  71.  [Fr.  caissicr;  It.  caisiere; 
Sp.  caxero  ;  Port,  caxeiro  ;  from  cora,  a  box,  whence 
cash.] 

One  who  has  charge  of  money  ;  a  cash-keeper. 
In  a  bankinrr  institution,  the  cashier  is  the  ofiicer  who 
superintends  the  books,  payments,  and  receipts  of 
the  bank.  He  also  signs  or  countersigns  the  notes, 
and  superintends  all  the  transactions,  under  the  or- 
der of  Jhe  directors. 
GASH-IlcR',  I!,  t.  [Fr.  casser,  to  break  ;  It.  cassarc,  to 
annul,  blot  out,  erase.] 

1.  To  dismiss  from  an  oflSce  or  place  of  trust,  by 
annulling  the  commission  ;  to  break,  as  for  mai- 
condiict,  and  therefiire  with  reproacii ;  as,  to  cashier 
an  ofiicer  of  the  army. 

2.  'I'o  dismiss  or  discard  from  service  or  from 
society.  Jjddiion.    Dryden.  Swift. 

3.  'i'o  reject ;  to  annul  or  vacate.   Locke.  South. 
CASll-l  i^R' /■;!),  (k,isli-eerd',)  pp.     Dismissed;  dis- 
carded ;  annulled. 

eASII-li?.R'i;i{,  71.  One  who  rejects,  discards,  or 
breaks  ;  as,  a  rashierrr  of  inonarchs.  Burke. 

GASH  I  Kll'INti,  pi>r.    Discarding;  dismissing  from 

CASII'IM;,  I'/ir.    Evclianging  for  money.  [service. 

CASII'-lvEEl'-ER,  H.  One  intrusted  with  the  keeping 
of  iii(iiie\'. 

eASII'.MlcKP.,  n.  A  rich  and  costly  kind  of  shawl; 
so  called  IVoiii  the  country  u  here  first  made. 

CASiroo,  71.    The  juice  or  Buiii  of  a  tree  in  the  East 

CaS'I NG, /»;ir.    Covi  riiig  willi  a  case.  [Indies. 

CaS'L\<;,  II.    The  act  or  operation  of  plastering  a 
house  u'ith  mortar  011  llie  oiilside,  and  striking  it, 
while  wet,  by  a  ruler,  wKli  the  corrler  of  a  trowel, 
to  make  it  resemble  Ihe  joints  <d' freestmie.  Eueyc. 
2.  A  covering;  a  case. 

CJl-Sf'J^rO,  (kii  sO'no,)  71.  [It.]  A  term  applied,  on 
the  contiiii  nt  of  Europe,  to  a  club-house,  or  building 
used  lor  soc  ial  iiieeliugs,  having  rooms  for  |)iiblic 
niiiuseiiient,  readiiig-rooiiis,  &c. 

€ASK,  71.    [Sp.  and  Port.  rii.«-(i.  ] 

A  close  vessel  for  conlaiuiiig  liquors,  formed  by 
staves,  headings,  and  hoops.  Tiiis  is  a  gi'iieriil  term, 
comprehending  the  pipe,  hogshead,  butt,  barrel,  &c. 


MilTE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  niRD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  i.OQK. — 


178 


CAS 

fc'ASK'ET,  n.  [ilim.  of  cask.  Sue  Case.]  A  small 
cliesl  or  box,  for  jewels  or  other  small  articles. 

SAuA. 

2.  In  .mmcii's  lunsuagf,  n  small  rope,  fastenpd  to 
proini'ts  iir  lillli.'  ring's  upim  the  jariU,  used  ti>  lastcii 
tlic  s;iil  to  Ilic  yard  in  fiirlins.  Kiictjc. 
This  is  tisiiallv  writti'ii  (Jasket. 
rX^SK'iri",  II.  (.    To  |)iit  in  a  littlo  chest.  Shak. 
€AS  I'l-AN,  II.    [Caspitc,  a  word  a|)pliid  to  a  pass  in 
the  ranai'  of  Mount  Taurus.    I'lin.  5,37.  D'^iirilti.] 
An  epilliPt  given  to  a  large  lake  between  Persia 
and  Astracan,  called  the  Ow/'iun  Sea. 
exSlllJt;,  )  II.    [Sp.  and  Port.  co.<i:o ;  Fr.eaxqite;  Arm. 
CASK,       \     casijucn,  casi/ed;  L.  ca^f^is.    See  Case.] 
A  head-piece  ;  a  helmet ;  a  piece  of  defensive 
armor,  to  cover  and  protect  the  liead  and  neck  in 
hallle. 

e.\SUUE'-SIlAP-iED,  (kilsk'shapt,)  a.  Shaped  like  a 
castpie. 

C.XSS,  r.  t.    [Ft.  ca<srr  ;  L.  yiiasso.] 

To  ((uasli ;  to  defeat ;  to  annul.    [JVot  how  w.se(/.] 

Raleirh. 

e.\SS'A-D.\,  (  n.    A  species  of  the  senus  Janipha, 

eASS'A-DO,  ]  (Jatropha,  Linn.)  The  roots  of  the 
inaniliot,  or  bitter  cassada,  and  of  the  janipha,  are 
made  into  a  kind  of  bread,  which  serves  for  food  to 
the  natives  of  Africa  and  the  West  Indies,  and  they 
are  also  roasted  and  eaten  like  potatoes.  They  yield, 
also,  a  great  ipiantity  of  starch,  which  the  Itra/.iliuns 
e.xport  in  small  lumps,  under  the  ii:imc  of  tniiiuca. 

e.VS'S.ATE,  r.  f.    [Kr.  cav.-rr.    See  Cashier.] 

To  vacate,  annul,  or  make  void.    [06.~.]  J!iii(. 

C.\S-S.\'TI(J.\,  H.  The  act  of  annulling.  In  France, 
the  Cuiirt  of  Cassation  is  the  highest  court  of  appeal, 
havin<>  power  to  break  {auisrr)  or  reverse  the  decis- 
ions of  the  courts  below.  Branile. 

e.\S'S.\-VA,  H.  \  kind  of  starch  or  fecula,  obtained 
from  the  root  of  the  Janipha  manihul.    [See  Cassada.] 

CAS'SIJ-PA-PEII,  n.  Broken  paper;  llie  two  outside 
quires  of  a  ream. 

€.\S'SI.\,  (kash'yu,)  n.  [Vt.  casse ;  It.  cassia  ;  Gr.  and 
L.  id.    du.  Heb.  mp. 

A  genus  of  plants,  of  many  species,  among  which 
is  the  senna. 

Ca.isia  is  also  the  name  of  a  species  of  Laiirus,  the 
bark  of  which  usually  passes  under  the  name  of  ciii- 
namon,  ditfering  from  real  cinnannm  chieriy  in  the 
strength  of  its  qualities.    Trom  a  plant  of  this  kind 
was  extracted  an  aromatic  oil,  used  as  a  perfume  by 
the  Jews.    Ei.  xxx.    Ps.  xlv.  8.  Encyc. 
Ca.<sia  buds  :  the  unexi>and<'d  flowers  of  a  species 
.  of  Ciniiamomum,  {Lnurns,  Linn.,)  brought  from  the 
East  Indies.    They  ari'  of  a  dark  brown  color,  with 
an  aromatic  taste,  like  that  of  cinnamon. 
CAS-SID'E-OUS,  a.    [L.  ca^.^i.--,  a  helmet.] 

Helmet-shaped  ;  a  term  applied  to  an  irregular  enr- 
ol, having  the  upper  petal  dilated  into  a  broad,  hel- 
met-shaped leaf,  as  in  aconitiim. 
€AS'SI-DO-\Y,  n.    [Fr.  mssidoinr.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  species  of  Gnaphalium, 
cottonweed,  cudweed,  or  goldylorks  ;  also,  of  La- 
vandula stiEclias,  or  Freiicli  lavender. 
CAS'SI-MiSRE,  II.    fSp.  ctt..iiiiira.] 

A  thin,  twilled,  woolen  cloth.  Encije. 
e.VS-SI-.N'ET  TE',  II.    A  cloth  made  of  a  cotton  warp, 
and  the  woof  of  very  fine  wool,  or  wool  and  silk. 

Eneijc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 
CAS-Sl'NO,  n.    A  game  at  cards.  Chnlmers. 
e.\S'Sl-0-BEK-RY,  II.    The  popular  name  of  the  fruit 
of  the  genus  Cassine;  also  of  the  fruit  of  Viburnum 
hevigatum._ 

e.AS-Sl-O-PE'I  A,  (-pe'ya)  n.    A  constellation  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  situated  near  to  Cepheus,  as 
the  fabulous  Cassiopeia  was  wife  to  Ceplieus,  king 
of  Ethiopia.  Enctjc 
e.\S-SI-TK'IU-A,  n.    [L.  ctLisiteron,  tin.] 

.\  kind  of  crystals  which  appear  to  have  an  ad- 
mixture of  tin.  The  color  is  brown  or  whitish.  [Obs.] 

Encyc. 

€AS'SI-US  (purple  of,)  ii.  [from  the  name  of  the  dis- 
coverer, M.  Cassius.j  A  beautiful  purple  color,  ob- 
tained from  the  clilorid  of  gold  by  means  of  tin; 
much  valued  for  the  beautiful  color  which  it  gives  to 
glass  or  enamel. 

C.\S'SOCK,  n.    [Sp.  casnca  ;  It.  ca.tacra  ;  Fr.  c^L'otjue.] 
1.  Formerly,  a  cloak  or  gown  worn  over  the  other 
garments.  Sliak. 

ij.  A  close  garment,  resembling  a  long  frock  coat, 
worn  by  clergymen  of  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Epis- 
copal churches,  under  the  surplice  or  gown.  Jlook. 

eAS'SOCK-£U,(kas'sokd,)a.  Clothed  with  a  cassock. 


The  erutockcd  htmuiiinii. 

[Fr.] 


Cotoper. 


Cask  .sugar  ; 


sugar  not 
Encyc 


€AS-SO.\-ADE',  n. 
relined. 

€AS'SO-WA-RY,  n.    [Sp.  ca.<ucl.] 

A  large  bird  of  the  genus  Casuarius,  nearly  as 
large  as  the  ostrich,  which  it  much  resembles  ;  but 
its  legs  are  thicker  and  stronger  in  proportion.  The 
wings  are  so  small  as  not  to  appear,  being  hid  under 
the  feathers.  The  head  is  armed  with  a  helmet  of 
horny  substance,  consisting  of  plates  one  over  anoth- 
er. It  runs  with  great  rapidity,  outstripping  the 
swiftest  racer.   The  cassowary  is  found  only  in  the 


CAS 

south-eastern  parts  of  Asia,  and  nowhere  without 
the  tropics.  Encyc.  Partintjton. 

eAS-SL'-;MO'NAR,  n.  An  aromatic  root,  Zingiber 
Cassumimar. 

CAST,  V.  t.i  prcl.  and  p/i.  Cast.  [Dan.  A<i.s(c ;  Sw. 
kiViUi.  Ciu.  Arm.  carz,  pp.  cae-.rt,  to  send,  to  throw. 
See  Class  (;s,  No.  I,5li.  In  Dan.  <(  blind  luixt,  is  a 
^ue.1.1,  and  to  cast  is  the  radical  sense  of  I'ur^i.  In 
Norman,  i^istcs  signides  cast  up,  and  this  seems  tn  be 
the  participle  of  trcjtir,  to  lie  down  ;  to  Iii'  down  may 
be  to  throw  one's  self  down.  This  verb  coincides, 
in  sense,  with  the  VV.  eolki,  to  throw  off.  See 
Castle.] 

1.  To  throw,  fling,  or  send  ;  that  is,  to  drive  from, 
by  force,  as  from  the  hand,  or  from  an  engine. 

Hrtfpir  etiHt  l\\f  cliild  mulrr  n  slinili.  — xxi. 
UjuLili  pn-jiiiml  aliiigB  to  cast  btt)tii-8.  — 2  Cliruii.  xktI. 

2.  To  sow  ;  to  scatter  seed. 

II  n  man  sliould  ca*t  nciil  into  the  gruDiiil.  —  Mark  it. 

3.  To  drive  or  impel  by  violence. 

A  mighty  west  wiiul  cnst  tlic  locusla  into  the  sf.i.  —  Ex.  x. 

4.  To  shed  or  throw  off;  as,  trees  cast  their  fruit ; 
a  serpent  cast,t  his  skin. 

5.  To  throw  or  let  fall ;  as,  to  cast  anchor.  Hence, 
to  cast  anchor,  is  to  moor,  as  a  ship,  the  elfect  of  cast- 
ing the  anchor. 

6.  To  throw,  as  dice  or  lots  ;  as,  to  cast  lots. 

7.  To  throw  on  the  ground,  as  in  wrestling.  So  a 
horse  is  c<u(,  when  entangled  on  a  rope,  and  thrown 
down.  Sliak. 

8.  To  throw  away,  as  worthless. 

Ilw  wrc.uis  uMs  cast  in  the  way.  —  1  Kii)^  xtii. 

9.  To  emit  or  throw  out. 

Tliis  crt»(*  (x  Biilphurt'oiis  snirll,  Woodtoard, 

10.  To  throw,  to  extend,  as  a  trench  or  rampart, 
including  the  sense  of  digging,  raising,  or  forming. 

Thy  enemies  Bhal]  cast  a  trench  itboul  thee.  —  Luke  xix. 

11.  To  thrust ;  as,  to  cast  into  prison. 

12.  'I'o  put  or  set  in  a  particular  state. 

Both  chariot  .ami  horee  are  cast  into  a  (le.a(l  sleep.  —  Ps.  Ixxvi. 

13.  To  condemn  ;  to  convict ;  as  a  criminal. 
Both  tried,  and  both  wgk  cast.  DryUn, 

14.  To  overcome  in  a  civil  suit,  or  in  any  contest 
of  strength  or  skill ;  as,  to  cast  the  defendant  or  an 
antagonist. 

15.  To  cashier  or  discard.  Shak. 
ll>.  To  lay  a^ide,  as  unfit  for  use  ;  to  reject ;  as  a 

garment.  .Addison. 

17.  To  make  to  preponderate  ;  to  throw  into  one 
scale,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  it  superior  weight ; 
to  decide  by  a  vote  that  gives  a  superiority  in  num- 
bers ;  as,  to  cast  the  balance  in  one's  favor ;  a  casting 
vote  or  voice. 

18.  To  throw  together  several  paiticulars,  to  find 
the  sum  ;  as,  to  cait  accounts.  Hence,  to  throw 
together  circumstances  and  facts,  to  find  the  result ; 
to  compute  ;  to  reckon  ;  to  calculate  ;  as,  to  cast  the 
event  of  war. 

To  awl  anil  »<>c  how  many  things  tliere  are  which  a  man  can  not 
do  liimo'll.  Bacon. 

19.  To  contrive  ;  to  plan.  Temple. 

20.  To  judge,  or  to  consider,  in  order  to  judge. 

Miltun. 

21.  To  fix  or  distribute  the  parts  of  a  pl.iy  among 
the  actors.  Mdison. 

22.  To  throw,  as  the  sight ;  to  direct,  or  turn,  as 
the  eye  ;  to  glance  ;  as,  to  cast  a  look,  or  glance,  or 
the  eye. 

2:1.  To  found  ;  to  form  into  a  particular  shape,  by 
pouring  liquid  metal  into  a  mold ;  to  run  ;  as,  to  cast 
cannon. 

Thou  shall  eiitt  four  ringj  of  jold  for  it.  —Ex.  xxr. 
24.  Figuratively,  to  shape ;  to  form  by  a  model. 

IVatts. 

To  communicate;  to  spre.ad  over;  as,  to  cast 
a  luster  upon  posterity  ;  to  cast  splendor  upon  actions, 
or  light  upon  a  subject. 

To  cn.it  a-iide ;  to  dismi-ss  or  reject  as  useless  or  in- 
convenient. 

To  ca.1t  airny ;  to  reject.  Lev.  xxvi.  /..•.  v.  Rom. 
xi.  Also,  to  throw  away  ;  to  lavish  or  waste  by  pro- 
fusion ;  to  turn  to  no  use  ;  as,  to  cast  away  life. 

Addison. 

Also,  to  wreck,  as  a  ship. 

To  ai.it  by ;  to  reject;  to  dismiss  or  discard  with 
neglect  or  hate,  or  as  useles.s. 

ShaJk.  Locke. 

To  ca.1t  down ;  to  throw  down  ;  to  deject  or  depress 
the  mind. 

Why  art  Ihou  ea*t  dovn,  0  my  loul  ?  —  Pi.  xlii. 

To  cfl.it  forth ;  to  throw  out,  or  reject,  ns  from  an 
inclosed  place  ;  to  emit,  or  senil  abroad  ;  to  exhale. 

To  east  off;  to  discard  or  reject ;  to  drive  aw.ay  ;  to 
put  off;  to  put  away  ;  to  disburden.  Among  Aiiiits- 
men,  to  leave  behind,  as  dogs  ;  to  set  loose,  or  free. 
Among  .leamen,  to  liHise,  or  untie. 

To  ca.1t  out ;  to  send  forth  ;  to  reject,  or  turn  out ; 
to  throw  aiit,  as  words  ;  to  speak  or  give  vent  to. 

To  ca.<t  up  ;  to  ciunpute  ;  to  reckon  :  to  calculate  ; 


CAS 

as,  tn  cast  up  accounts,  or  the  cosL  Also,  to  eject ; 
to  vomit. 

To  cu.1t  on  ;  to  refi'r  or  resign  to.  South. 

To  cii.it  onr^.i  self  on  ;  to  resign  or  j  ield  one's  self 
to  the  disposal  of,  without  reserve. 

To  cast  youHir  ;  to  miscarry ;  to  suffer  abortion, 
fjrii.  xxxi. 

To  rail  in  the.  teeth :  to  npliraiil  ;  to  charge  ;  to  twit. 
So,  in  Danish,  "  kasle  en  i  niesen,"  to  cast  in  the 
nose. 

7'fi  co-sf  off  copy:  to  ascertain  how  many  printed 
pages  w  ill  be  made  by  a  niiiiiuscri])t,  by  setting  up  a 
jHirtion  for  tri.-il.  Brande. 
exST,  r.  i.  'I'll  throw  forward,  as  the  thoughts,  with 
a  view  to  some  determination  ;  or  to  turn  or  revolve 
in  the  mind  ;  to  cimtrivc  ;  sometimes  followed  by 
abouL 

I  ca*t  ill  c  ip'fiil  iniiiil  to  »eek  her  ont.  Spenier. 
To  cn*l  niiijiit  how  to  piTforin  or  ulitain.       Bacon,  iienlley. 

2.  To  receive  form  or  shape. 

.Met^d  will  rasi  and  iiiokl.  Woodioard. 

3.  To  warp  ;  to  twist  from  regular  shape. 

Stutf  is  said  to  ca«(urwarp,  when  it  alters  iu  fl;\Uicss  or  stnl^ht- 
ness.  Moxon. 

JVote. —  Ca.it,  like  throw  and  100171,  implies  a  wind- 
ing motion. 

4.  In  seamen's  laniruage,  to  fall  off,  or  incline,  so  as 
to  bring  the  side  of  a  ship  to  the  wind  ;  applieil  par- 
ticularly to  a  ship  riding  with  her  head  to  the  wind, 
when  her  anchor  is  first  liKisened. 

CAST,  11.  The  act  of  casting  ;  a  throw  ;  the  thing 
thrown  ;  the  form  or  state  of  thrt>wing  ;  kind  or 
manner  of  throwing. 

2.  The  distance  passed  by  a  thing  thrown  ;  or  the 
space  through  which  a  thing  thrown  may  ortlinarily 
pass  ;  as,  about  a  stone's  cast.    Luke  xxii. 

3.  .\  stroke  ;  a  touch. 

This  Wits  a  aut  of  Wood's  politics.  Siei/t. 

4.  Motion  or  turn  of  the  eye  ;  direction,  look,  or  - 
glance  ;  a  squinting. 

They  let  you  see  l»y  one  cast  of  the  eye.  Addison, 

5.  A  throw  of  dice ;  hence,  a  state  of  chance  or 
hazard. 

It  is  an  even  ■■■Ml,  whether  the  army  should  march  this  way  or 
that  w  ay^  South. 

Hence  the  phrase  the  tost  cast,  is  used  to  denote 
that  all  is  ventured  on  one  throw,  or  one  cfl'ort. 

6.  Form ;  shape. 

An  heroic  poem  in  another  cast.  Prior. 

7.  A  tinge  ;  a  slight  coloring,  or  slight  degree  of  a 
color  ;  as,  acn,<t  of  green.  Hence,  a  slight  altcnition  in 
external  appearance,  or  deviation  from  natural  ap- 
pearance. 

The  n^stive  hue  of  resolution 
Is  sicklied  o'er  with  the  pale  cast  of  thought.  Shak. 

8.  Manner;  air;  mien  ;  as,  a  peculiar  cmt  of  coun- 
tenance. This  sense  implies  the  turn  or  manner  of 
throwing  ;  as,  the  neat  ca.it  of  verse.  Pope. 

9.  A  fiight ;  a  number  of  hawks  let  go  at  once. 

Sidney, 

10.  An  impression  in  plaster;  a  small  statue  of 
bronze,  plaster,  &c.  Encyc. 

11.  .Among /oiin//frs,  a  tube  of  wax,  fitted  into  a 
mold,  to  give  shape  to  metal. 

12.  A  cylindrical  piece  of  brass  or  copiier,  slit  in 
two  lengthwise,  to  form  a  canal  or  conduit,  in  a 
mold,  for  conveying  metal. 

13.  Among  plumbers,  a  little  brazen  funnel,  at  one 
end  of  a  mold,  for  casting  pipes  without  soderiiig,  by 
means  of  which  the  melted  metal  is  poured  into  the 
mold.  Encyc 

14.  Whatever  is  cast  in  a  mold. 

15.  An  unexpected  opimrtunity  or  .advantage ;  as, 
she  had  sometimes  the  cast  of  a  cart,  i.  e.  opportu- 
nity of  riding.  Sir  H  alter  Scott 

hi.  -An  assignment  of  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the 
several  actors. 

17.  A  trick.  Martin. 
e.\S-TA'H-.\.\,  0.  Pertaining  to  Castnlia,  a  cool  spring 
on  Piirnassus,  sacred  to  the  muses  ;  as,  Castalian 
fount.  Poetry. 
C.\S'T.\-NET,  n.  [Sp.  cfl.sfflnfM,  ca.iffafiiif/a;  Port,  ciw- 
tanhcta  ;  Fr.  cMstatfuette ;  It.  cajitngnetta.  This  word 
seems  to  be  from  castaHa,  a  chestnut,  so  named  from 
the  resemblance  to  two  chestnuts.] 

An  instrument  com[K)sed  of  small,  concave  shells 
of  ivory  or  hard  wo(id,shaiHrd  like  spoons,  placed  to- 
gether, fastened  to  the  thumb,  anil  beat  with  the 
middle  finger.  This  instrument  is  used  by  the 
Spaniards,  Moors,  and  Dohemians,  as  an  accompa- 
niment to  their  dances,  sarabands,  and  guitars. 

Span.  Did.  Encyc 
eAST'A-W.\Y,  n.    [ca.1t  and  atcay.]    That  which  is 
thrown  away.    .\  person  abandoned  by  God,  as  un- 
worthy of  his  favor  ;  a  reprobate.    1  Cor.  ix.  27. 
exST'A-VVAV,  a.    Rejected  ;  useless ;  of  no  value. 

Ralegh. 

exSTE,  II.  [Port,  casta,  race  or  lineage.] 

In  Ifindostan.n  name  given  first  by  tlie  Portuguese 
to  the  several  c la-sses  into  which  society  is  dividi-d, 
with  fixed  occu|iations,  which  liavc  come  down  from 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  (5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1 


CAS 


CAS 


CAT 


the  earliest  ages.  The  original  castes,  called  in  San- 
scrit varras,  or  colors,  are  four,  viz.,  the  Bramins,  or 
s-icred  order;  tlie  C/ickteree,  or  soldiers  and  rulers; 
tiie  Bice,  Faissya,  or  husbandmen  and  merchants  ; 
and  the  Soodcrs,  Sudras,  or  laborers  and  mechanics. 
Numerous  mixed  classes,  or  cci.^fc,^,  have  sprung  up 
in  the  progress  of  time.  Hence,  a  separate  and  fi  xed 
order  or  class  in  society.  P.  Cijc. 

eAS'TEL-L.\N,  71.  [Sp.  castellan ;  Fi.  chatelain.  See 
Castle.] 

A  governor  or  constable  of  a  castle,  in  Poland, 
the  name  of  a  dignity  or  charge  ;  a  kind  of  lieuten- 
ant of  a  province,  commanding  part  of  a  palatinate 
under  a  palatine.  The  castellans  are  senators  of  the 
lower  class,  sitting,  in  the  diets,  on  low  seats  behind 
the  palatines.  Enr.iic. 

GAS'TEL-LA-XY,  n.  [See  Castle.]  The  lordship 
belonging  to  a  castle;  or  the  extent  of  its  land  and 
jurisdiction.  Pliilips. 

PAS'TEL-L.VTED,  a.  Inclosed  in  a  building,  as  a 
fountain  or  cistern.  Johnson. 

2.  Adorned  with  turrets  and  battlements,  like  a 
castle. 

eAS-TEL-L.\'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  fortifying  a  house, 
and  rendering  it  a  castle. 

exST'ER,  n.  [from  casu]  One  who  throws  or  casts, 
or  who  makes  castings  in  metal,  &c. ;  one  who  com- 
putes ;  a  calculator;  one  who  calculates  fortunes. 

.iddison. 

9.  A  small  phial  or  vessel  for  the  table ;  as,  a  set 
of  casters. 

3.  A  small  wheel  on  a  swivel,  on  which  furniture 
is  cast,  or  rolled,  on  the  floor,  in  any  direction. 

4.  One  who  makes  castings  ;  a  founder.  [ors. 

5.  One  who  assigns  the  |)arts  of  a  play  to  the  act- 
e.KST'ERS,  n.pl.    A  stand  with  bottles  for  oil,  vine- 
gar, &c. 

CAS'TI-GaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  castigo,  from  castiis,  chaste. 

au.  Eth.  )rasts,  to  chasten,  correct,  chide. 

The  French  use  ck&tier,  from  castas,  chaste ;  Arm. 
castiza :  Sp.  and  Port,  castirrar ;  It.  castigare.'] 

To  chastise ;  to  punish  by  stripes ;  to  correct ;  to 
chasten  ;  to  check.  Shale. 

CAS'TI-Ga-TED,  jip.    Punished  ;  corrected. 

CAS'TI-Ga-TING,  ppr.  Punishing  ;  correcting  ;  chas- 
tising. 

€AS-TI-Ga'TIOX,  71.  Punishment ;  correction  ;  pen- 
ance ;  discipline;  emendation;  restraint. 

Boyle.  Hale. 
2.  Among  the  Romans,  a  military  punishment  in- 
flicted on  offenders,  by  beating  with  a  wand  or 
switch.  Encijc. 

eAS'TI-G.\-TOR,  n.    One  who  corrects. 

eAS'TI-G.\-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  correction  ;  cor- 
rective ;  punitive.  Bramliall. 

€AS'TI-GA-TO-RY,  7i.  An  engine  formerly  used  to 
punish  and  correct  arrant  scolds,  called  also  a  ducking- 
stool,  or  Irebiuket.  Black.^tone. 

e.-\S'TlLE-SoAP,  71.  A  kind  of  fine,  hard,  white,  or 
mottled  soap,  made  with  olive  oil  and  soda. 

eAS-T[L'I.\N,  a.    Pertaining  to  Castile,  in  Ppain. 

e.'\S-TIL'I.\N,  (kas-til'yan,)  71.  An  inhabitant  or  na- 
tive of  Castile,  in  Spain. 

exST'ING,  ppr.  Throwing;  sending;  computing; 
calculating;  turning;  giving  a  preponderancy ;  de- 
ciding; running  or  throwing  into  a  mold,  to  give 
shape;  assigning  parts  in  a  play.    [See  Cast.] 

exST'IXG,  71.    The  act  of  casting  or  founding. 

2.  That  which  is  cast  in  a  mold  ;  any  vessel 
formed  by  c:isting  melted  metal  into  a  mold,  or  in 
sand. 

3.  The  taking  of  casts  and  impressions  of  figures, 
busts,  medals,  &c. 

4.  The  jLssigning  of  parts  in  a  play. 

5.  The  warping  of  a  board. 

Casting  of  draperies:  the  proper  distribution  of  the 
folds  of  garments,  in  j)ainling  and  sculpture. 
€.^.ST'I.\G-XET,  71.    A  net  which  is  cast  and  drawn, 

in  distinction  from  a  net  that  is  sirt  and  left.  May. 
exST'IXG-VoTE,  )  71.  The  vote  of  a  presiding  ofli- 
exST'L\G-VOICE,  i  cer,  in  an  assembly  or  coun- 
cil, which  decides  a  question,  when  the  votes  of  the 
assembly  or  house  are  equally  divided  between  the 
affirmative  and  negative.    [  United  States.]  Coze. 

Wh-^n  thorc  wa*  an  equal  vol/?,  the  governor  linl  the  ms&n^. 
voice.  B.  Trumbull. 

exST'-I'ROX,  (-I'um,)  n.  Iron  run  from  the  smelt- 
ing furnace,  mto  pigs  or  ingots,  or  into  molds  for  va- 
rious utensils ;  a  compound  of  carbon  and  iron. 

eAS'TLE,  (kas'sl,)  n.  [Sax.  castrl ;  L.  ea.-tellum,  from 
r.aslrum  ;  I).  ka.ilrel ;  Arm.  gastell ;  Norm,  clmilel ; 
Fr.  chtumu  ;  Port,  castello  ;  U.  iil. ;  \V.  cast,  envelop- 
ment, from  ells,  a  being  separ.ited  or  insulated,  ha- 
tred, envy,  a  castle;  castcll,  a  castle,  whence  eas- 
trltii,  to  surround  ;  c<i<ii(,  a  cloak,  a  chasuble.  The 
^Velsh  cas  gives  the  primary  sense,  which  is  to  sep- 
arate, to  drive  off;  hence,  to  defend.  It  is  probably 
from  ihiH  root  the  Latins  had  ca.<«.  Wo  cdiservi',  in 
the  Wi'lsh,  cAs  pignifies,  siparaled,  a  castle,  and 
hatred,  envy  ;  also,  hateful,  odious;  and  ca^tiawr,  n 
hater,  a  persecutor  ;  ca.-^nori,  to  p'Tsecute,  to  chase. 
Hence  the  radical  Henw;  of  lialre(j  is  a  driving  off.'\ 


1.  A  house  fortified  for  defense  against  an  enemy ; 
a  fortress.  The  term  seems  to  include  the  house  and 
the  walls  or  other  works  around  it.  In  old  writers, 
the  word  is  used  for  a  town  or  village  fortified. 

2.  The  house  or  mansion  of  a  noblenum  or  prince. 

3.  In  a  ship,  there  are  two  parts  called  by  this 
name  ;  the  forecastle,  a  short  deck  in  the  fore  part  of 
a  ship,  above  the  upper  deck  ;  and  the  hindcostle,  at 
the  stern. 

Castle  in  the  air ;  a  visionary  project ;  a  scheme  that 
has  no  solid  foundation. 
e.VS'TLE,  (k,is'sl,)  r.  t.    In  the  game  of  chess,  to 
cover  the  king  with  a  castle,  by  a  certain  move. 

Eiicyc. 

CAS'TLE-BUILD'ER,  (kas'sl-bild'er,)  7i.  One  who 
forms  visionarv  schemes. 

eAS'TLE-IiUILD'IXG,  7i.  The  act  of  building  cas- 
tles in  the  air. 

eAS'TLE--eROWN-£;D,  a.    Crowned  with  a  castle. 

€.\S'TLiCD,  (k.as'sld,)  a.  Furnished  with  castles ;  as, 
a  castled  elephant.  Drifden. 

e.\.S'TLE-GUXRU,  n.  A  feudal  tenure,  or  "knight 
service,  which  obliged  the  teuanl  to  perforin  service 
within  the  reahn,  without  limitation  of  time. 

Ltittdton. 

e.\S'TLE-RY,  71.   The  government  of  a  casile. 

Blount. 

GAS'TLET,  71.    A  small  castle.  LvUnd. 

e.\S'TL,E-WARD,  ti.  An  imposition  laid  upon  sub- 
jects dwelling  within  a  certain  distance  of  a  castle, 
for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  watch  and  ward  in 
the  castle.  Encyc. 

exST'LING,  71.    An  abortion  or  abortive.  Brown. 

e.\S'TOR,  71.  [L.  castor;  Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  id.;  Gr. 
Ki.ffro);).    See  Ar.  Class  Gs.  No.  42.] 

1.  A  beaver,  an  amphibious  quadruped,  with  a 
flat,  ovate  tail,  short  ears,  a  blunt  nose,  small  fore 
feel,  and  large  hinil  feet. 

2.  [L.  castoreum.]  A  substance  of  a  strong,  pen- 
etrating smell,  wjien  fresh,  of  a  yellowish  or  light 
brown  color,  hut  when  dried,  of  a  reddish  brown  ; 
obtained  from  two  secretory  sacs,  one  in  each  groin 
of  the  beaver.  It  has  been  regarded  as  an  antispas- 
modic. 

3. '  In  astronomy,  a  moiety  of  the  constellation 
Gemini,  called  also  Apolla. 

Castor  and  PoUuz*;  in  meteorology,  a  fiery  meteor, 
which,  at  sea,  ajipear  sometimes  adhering  to  a  part 
of  a  ship,  in  the  form  of  one,  two,  and  even  three  or 
four  balls.  When  one  is  seen  alone,  it  is  called 
Helena,  which  jiortends  that  the  severest  part  of  the 
storm  is  yet  to  ct^me.  Two  appearing  at  once  are 
denomin.ited  Castor  and  Pollaz,  or  Tijndaridj;,  and 
portend  a  cessation  of  the  storm.  Chambers. 

e.-\S-To'RE-U.M,  71.  [L.]  Castor  ;  the  peculiar  sub- 
stance found  in  two  inguinal  sacs  of  the  beaver. 

C\S'TO-IlINE,  71.  An  animal  princifile  discovered  in 
castor,  and  prepared  by  boiling  castor  in  six  times  its 
weight  of  alcohol,  and  filtering  tiie  liquor.  From 
this  is  deposited  the  castorine.  Brande. 

e.\S'T0R-01L,  71.  [A  corruption  of  Ca.stns  oil,  the 
plant  producing  it  having  formerly  been  called  Agnus 
castits.] 

The  oil  of  the  Ricinus  communis,  or  Palma  Christi, 
a  jilaiit  of  the  West  Indies,  which  grows  to  the 
hight  of  twenty  feet  in  one  season.  The  oil  is 
obtained  from  the  nuts  or  seeds  by  expressiim  or 
decoction.  That  obtained  by  decoction  is  preferred, 
as  less  liable  to  become  rancid,  being  free  from  the 
mucilage  and  acrid  matter,  which  is  mixed  with  the 
oil  when  expressed.    It  is  a  mild  cathartic.  Encyc. 

C-VS'TOR-Y,  II.  An  oil  drawn  from  castoreum,  and 
used  in  the  preparation  of  colors. 

eAS-TR.\-.ME-TA'TIOX,  n.  [L.  ca-itrametor,  to  en- 
camp, castra,  camp,  and  mctior,  to  measure  or 
survey.] 

The  art  or  act  of  encamping  ;  the  marking  or  lay- 
ing out  of  a  camp.  J\fnrphifs  Tacitus. 
e.^S'TRATE,  V.  t.  [L.  cos-tro ;  Fr.  chatrer,  for  cliastrer; 


khatsai;  Eth.  to  castrate ;  Cli.  NSn,  to  cut 

•  out  or  off.    Class  Gs,  No.  41,  42.] 

1.  To  geld  ;  to  deprive  of  the  testicles;  to  emas- 
culate. 

2.  'J"o  take  away  or  retrench,  as  the  obscene  iiarts 
of  a  writing. 

3.  To  take  out  a  leaf  or  sheet  from  a  book,  and 
nuiiler  it  imperfect. 

CAS'TRA-TEl),  pp.  or  a.  Gelded  ;  emasculated  ;  pu- 
rified from  obscene  <;xpressions. 

C.\S'TRA-TIN(;,7)/ir.  Gelding;  taking  away  the  ob- 
scene parts  of  a  writing. 

eAS-TRA'TIO.V,  71.  The  act  of  gelding;  the  act  or 
practice  of  making  eunuchs  ;  the  act  of  taking  away 
the  obscene  parts  of  a  writing  ;  the  act  of  taking  out 
a  leaf  or  sheet  of  a  book.  In  liolany,  the  cutting  olf 
of  the  anthers,  or  tops  of  the  stamens  of  flowers, 
before  the  ripening  of  the  polU^n. 

GAS-TRa'TO,  71.  [It.  See  Castkate.]  A  male  per- 
son I'in.asciilaled  for  the  purpose  of  improving  his 
voice  for  a  singer.  Sicifl. 


CAS'TREL, 
KE.S'TREL, 


A  kind  of  hawk,  resembling  the 
lanner  in  shape  and  tlie  hobby  in 


CAS-TREN'SIAN,  a.  [I.,,  castrensis,  from  castra,  a 
camp.]    Belonging  to  a  camp. 

exST'-STEEL,  n.  Steel  that  has  been  fused  in  a 
crucible,  usually  without  any  addition  of  charcoal, 
and  then  cast  into  bars.  Ure. 

CAS'U-AL,  (kazh'yu-id,)  a.  [Fr.  casuel ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
casual ;  It.  ciuaale  ;  from  L.  casus,  a  fall  See  Case 
and  Accident.] 

1  Falling  ;  happening  or  coming  to  pass  without 
design  in  tile  person  or  persons  affected,  and  without 
ha  ng  foreseen  or  expected  ;  accidental  ;  fortuitous  ; 
cr/.ning  by  chance;  as,  the  parties  had  a  casual  ren- 
counter. 

2.  Occasional  ;  coming  at  certain  times,  without 
regularity,  in  distinction  from  stated  or  regular ;  as, 
i.asuul  expen.ses. 

3.  Taking  place,  or  beginning  to  exist,  without  an 
eflicieni  intelligent  cause,  and  w  ithout  design. 

Alli'-ists  .assen  thai  the  eaiiileiice  of  tilings  i3  casual.  Dtvight. 
C.'\.?'U-AL-LY,    ado.      Accidentally;  fortuitously; 

\\'itlioiit  design;  by  cdhuc*- 
e.\S'l;-.\L-XESS,  71.    A^iderlalness ;  the  quality  of 

b.'ing  casual. 

€.\S'n-.AL-TY,  71.  Accident;  that  which  conies  by 
chance  or  without  design,  or  without  being  foreseen  ; 
contingency. 

2.  Any  injury  of  the  body  from  accident,  whether 
resulting  in  ileath  or  not ;  and  by  a  metonymy,  death, 
or  other  misfortune,  occasioned  by  an  accident. 

In  military  returns,  the  head  of  casualties  embraces 
all  men  wlio  die,  desert,  or  are  dismissed.  Campbell. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  an  emolument  due  from  a  vassal 
to  his  superior,  beyond  the  stated  yearly  duties,  upon 
certain  casual  events.  Encyc. 

CAS'U-IST,   (kazh'yu-ist,)  n.     [It.  Sp.  and  Port. 
casuistn  ;  Fr.  c(L-fuistc  ;  from  L.  casus  ;  a  case.] 
One  who  studies  and  resolves  cases  of  conscience. 
The  jud^m'-nt  of  any  casuist  or  learned  divine  is  not  siifilcioiil 
to  givt:  him  c*mtitlciice.  South. 

eAS'lJ-IST,  V.  i.    To  play  the  part  of  a  casuist. 

ji/i;<07i. 

eAS-U-IST'ie,  ■"    )  a.    Relating  to  cases  of  con- 

€.\S-I  j-IST'le-AL,  j  science,  or  to  cases  of  doubtful 
propriety.  SouUi. 

€AS'(i-IST-RY,  (kazh'yu-ist-re,)  7i.  The  science  or 
doctrine  of  cases  of  conscience  ;  the  science  of  re- 
solving cases  of  diiiibtfiil  propriety,  or  of  determining 
the  lawfulness  or  unliuvfuliiess  yf  what  a  man  may 
do  by  rules  and  principlL's  drawn  from  the  Scriptures, 
from  the  laws  of  society,  or  from  equity  and  natural 
reason.  Pope. 

CA'SUS  FiED'E-RIS,  [L.]  The  case  stipulated  by 
treaty ;  that  which  comes  within  the  terms  of  com- 
pact. [Law  of  JVations.] 

e.\T,  71.  [Ir.  cat;  Fr.  chat;  D.  kat ;  Dan.  kat;  Sw. 
katt;  G.  kater,  or  katzc;  L.  catus ;  Vulgar  Greek 
(carif,  or  j  .irot ."  It.  gatto  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  gato ;  Lap. 
id. ;  Pol.  kot ;  Russ.  kots ;  Turkish  kcti ;  W.  caUi ; 
Corn,  kath ;  Arm.  gai  or  kai ;  Basque  calua.   In  Ar. 

kitla  or  kaita,  is  a  male  cat.    Class  Gd,  No.  56.] 

1.  .\  name  applied  to  certain  species  of  carnivorous 
quadrupeds,  of  the  genus  Felis.  The  domestic  cat 
needs  no  description.  It  is  a  deceitful  animal,  and 
when  enrageil,  extremely  sjiiteful.  It  is  kept  in 
houses,  cliielly  fertile  purpose  of  catching  rats  and 
mice.  The  wild  cat  is  umch  larger  than  the  do- 
mestic cat.  It  is  a  strong,  ferocious  animal,  living  in 
the  forest,  antl  very  destructive  to  poultry  and  lambs. 

The  wild  cat  of  Europe  is  of  the  same  species  with 
the  domestic  cat ;  the  catamount  of  North  America 
is  much  larger,  and  a  distinct  species.    Ed.  Encyc. 

2.  .\  ship  formed  on  the  Norwegian  moilel,  having 
a  narrow  stern,  jirojecting  quarters,  and  a  deep 
waist.  It  is  strong  built,  from  four  to  six  hundred 
tuns  burilen,  and  employed  in  the  coal  trade. 

3.  A  strong  tackle  or  combination  of  pulleys,  to 
hook  and  ilraw  an  anchor  perpendicularly  up  to  the 
cat-heatl  of  a  ship. 

4.  A  doiiblt^  tripod,  h.aving  six  feet. 

Cat  of  nine  tails ;  ail  instniment  of  punishment,  con- 
sisting of  nine  pieces  of  line  or  cord  faslenetl  to  a 
jiiece  of  thick  rope,  and  having  three  knots  at  inter- 
vals, used  to  flog  otlenders  on  board  of  ships. 

Cii(  in  pan.  'i'lie  proverbiid  expression,  "  to  turn  a 
cat  in  a  pan,"  denotes  a  suddiui  change  of  one's 
party  in  politics  or  religion,  for  the  sake  of  being  in 
the  a.scendant ;  as  a  cat  always  comes  down  on  her 
legs,  however  turned  or  tbrou'n.  Toone. 

eA'P'-BIUn,  (  biird,)  n.  An  American  bird,  whose 
cr\'  resembles  that  of  a  cat  ;  the  Tardus  feliooi. 

CAt'-RLOCK,  71.  A  two  or  three  fold  block  with  an 
iron  strop  antl  large  hook,  used  to  draw  up  an  anchor 
to  the  cat  ht^ud.  Mar.  Vict. 

eAT'S'-E?E,  71.  A  variety  of  quartz,  or  chalcedony, 
exhibiting  ytdlowish,  ttpalescent  rellections  from  with- 
in, espi^cinlly  apparent  whtui  cut  with  a  convex  sur- 
face.   These  relleciliuis,  which   resemble  much 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  W1I.^T.  —  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK.- 


CAT 


CAT 


CAT 


those  observable  in  the  eye  of  a  cat,  have  given  name 
to  the  iiiiru'ral.    It  is  lined  as  a  i.'eiii. 

eAT'-KV-y;i),  (kai'lUi  ,)  a.    llaviii!;  eyes  like  a  cat. 

CAT'-FAl.L,  II.  Ill  .vAi/w,  a  rope  used  in  hoisting  tlie 
anchor  ii[>  to  (lie  cat-head. 

eA  T  -Fltfll,  n.  A  sjiecies  of  the  squatiis,  OT  shark. 
Tile  cat-ti.^li  of  the  North  American  rivers  is  a  spe- 
cies of  ruttiiSf  or  buU'hcail. 

eAT'S'-FOO  T,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  glechoma, 
Cround  ivv,  or  gill. 

eAT'-IlAlU'-INd'S,  n.  pi.  Ropes  serving  to  brace  in 
the  shrouds  of  the  lower  masts  behind  llieir  respec- 
tive yards,  to  tighten  the  shrouds,  and  give  more 
rooin'to  draw  in  the  yards,  when  the  ship  is  close- 
hauled.  Mar.  Diet. 

CAT'-HGAD,  n.  A  strong  beam  projecliiig  liori/.(m- 
tally  over  a  ship's  bows,  carrying  two  or  three 
sheaves,  about  which  a  rope,  called  thecai-/«//,  pas.ses, 
and  communicates  with  the  eal-bloek.    .Star.  Vict, 

CAT'S'-IIEAD,  (-hed,)  n,    A  kind  of  apple. 

eAT'-HpQK,  n.  A  strong  liook  fitted  to  the  cat- 
block.  Mar.  Diet. 

e.\'r'-LIKE,  a.    Rescmblintf  a  cat. 

eAT'-MIi\T,  n.  A  plant  uf  the  genus  Nepeta,  so 
called  because  caUt  eat  it. 

eAT'S'-PAW,  «.  Among  seamen,  a  liiiht  air,  perceived, 
in  a  calm,  by  a  rippling  of  the  surface  of  the  water; 
also,  a  particiiiar  turn  in  the  bight  of  a  ro|i:;,  made  to 
hook  a  txirkle  im.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  ARupe;  the  instrument  which  another  uses  to 
accomplish  his  designs.  [Derived  from  the  slorj-  of 
the  monkey  win  used  the  paws  of  the  cat  to  draw 
the  ro;isting  chestnuts  out  of  the  lire.] 

e-VT'-S^ALT,  n.  A  sort  of  salt  bi  autilully  granulated, 
formed  out  of  the  bittern,  or  leach-brine,  used  (ut 
making  hard  soap.  I'.iioje.' 

CAT'-SIL-VER,  M.    A  mineral ;  a  variety  of  mica. 

CAT'-TaIL,  M.  [cat  ■.ini\  tail.]  The  popular  name  of 
a  tall  reed,  Typlui  latifulia,  having  insignificant  flow- 
ers in  a  long,  dense,  cylindrical  spike,  .at  the  end  of 
the  stein.  Its  long,  Hat  leaves  arc  much  used  fur  the 
bottoms  of  chairs. 
2.  A  substance  growing  on  nut-trees,  pines,  &c. 

Baileij. 

CAT-A-BAP'TIST,  n.    [Cr.  voro  and  (icKriarm.] 

One  who  opposes  baptism.  Fcatleij. 
€AT-A-e,\US'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  *araitiiiPT({,  a  burning.] 
Cateaiuslic  curves,  in  teeometrij,  are  that  S|)ecie3  of 
caustic  curves  which  are  formed  by  reflection. 

_  Bailey.  Kncyc 

CAT-A-eHRlc'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  irara\pii(nj,  abuse,  from 
it>irii,  against,  and  \n  io,iai,  to  use.] 

An  abuse  of  a  trope,  or  of  words ;  a  figure  in  rhet- 
oric, when  one  word  is  abusively  put  for  another,  or 
when  a  word  is  too  far  wrested  from  its  true  signifi- 
cation ;  as,  a  voice  beautiful  to  the  ear. 

Smith.    Bailey.  Juhnson, 
A  cataehresis  is  a  trope  which  borrows  the  name  of 
one  thing  to  express  another,  or  a  harsh  trope  ;  as 
when  .Milton,  speaking  of  Raphael's  descent  from 
heaven,  says,    he    "  sails  between    worlds  and 
worlds."   Here  the  novelty  of  the  word  .laiLs  en- 
livens the  image.    So  in  Scripture  we  read  of  the 
"  blood  of  the  grape."    Dcut.  .\xxii. 
CAT-A-eilRES'Tie,       )  a.     Belonging  to  a  cata- 
eAT-A-eilRES'TIG-AL,  !     chresis ;     forced;  far- 
fetched ;  wrested  from  its  natural  sense. 

Juknsou.  Brown. 
CAT-A-eitRES'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  forced  man- 
ner, Kcelyu. 
e.\T'.\-eLYSM,  n,   [Gr.  nartntXuir/i'js,  a  deluge,  from 
»aravAi\  I,  to  inund.ate.] 

.-V  deluge,  or  overflowing  of  water ;  particularly 
the  Hood  in  Noali's  days.    [Little  used.]  Hall. 

In  geoloiry.  Ibis  term  h.as  been  used  to  denote  va- 
rious inundations,  or  deluges,  supposed  to  have  oc- 
curred at  different  periods,  and  to  have  deposited 
different  forinalions  of  diluvian,  or  drift 
e.\T'.\-e6.MU,  f-kome,)  71.  [probably  from  Gr.  xara, 
and  KVfili  i(,  a  hollow,  or  recess.] 

A  cave,  grotto,  or  subterraneous  place  for  the  burial 
of  the  dead.    It  is  sai<l  to  have  been  originally  a|>- 
plied  to  the  chapel  of  St.  Sebastian,  in  Rome,  where, 
the  ancient  Roman  calendars  say,  the  body  of  St. 
Peter  was  deposited.    It  is  now  applied  to  a  vast 
number  of  subterraneous  sepnlchers,  about  three 
miles  from  Rome,  in  the  Appian  Way  ;  siipiMised  to 
be  the  cells  and  caves  in  which  the  primitive  ("liris- 
tiaiv!  concealed  themselves,  and  in  which  were  de- 
posited the  bodies  of  the  primitive  martyrs.  These 
arc  visited  by  devout  people,  and  relics  are  taken 
fioin  them,  baptized  by  the  pope,  anil  dispersed 
thnnigh  Roman  Catholic  countries.    Each  catacomb 
is  three  feet  broad,  and  eight  or  ten  high  :  ahuig  the 
side  walls  are  sepulchral  niches,  closed  with  thick 
tiles,  or  pieces  of  marble.    Catacombs  are  found 
also  at  Naples,  and  in  other  places.  J-'.nctjc. 
CAT-A-eoUS'TieS,  n.    [Gr.  KaruKom.,,  to  hear.] 
That  part  of  acoustics,  or  the  doctrine  of  sounds, 
which  treats  of  reflected  sounds.    Rut  the  distinc- 
tion is  deemed  of  little  use.  Knryc. 
CAT-.V-Ol-OP'TRIC,       io.     [Gr.  «.ira  and  .ii.ir- 
C.VT-A-l)l-OP'TRlC-AL,  j     ro,iai,  to  se.  through.] 
Reflecting  light. 


e.\T'A-l)OPE,  11.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  jcaru  and  Juuirtw,  to 
sound.] 

A  cataract,  or  waterfall.    [.\i/(  iii  use]  Brnerr. 
e.\T-.\  FAL'CO,  n.    [It.,  a  scalluM.J    .A  teiiipiirary 
structure  of  carpentry,  decorated  with  paintings  and 
sculpture  representing  a  tomb,  or  cenolaiih,  and  used 
ill  funeral  solemnities.  Gtctlt. 
e.VT-AG-MAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  m-u;  (in,  a  fragment.) 
That  has  the  ipiiility  of  consoliilaliiig  broken  parts  ; 
promoting  the  union  of  fractured  bimes. 

Wisemau.  Care. 
e.\T'A-GRAPIt,n.  [Gr.  xura  and  j  .la/x.p,  to  descrilie.] 
The  first  draught  of  a  picture;  also,  a  profile. 

Chambers. 

e.\T-A-LEe'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  Kara  and  Xt)  m.] 

In  prosody,  wanting  a  syllable  at  the  end,  or  ter- 
minating ill  an  imperfect  foot ;  as,  a  catalectic  verse. 
e.VT-A-LEP'SIS,  j  H.     [Gr.    KaraXnii/is,  a  seizing, 
C.VT'A-LEP-SY,  i     from   Karal^anliavui,  to  take, 
seize,  or  invade.] 

A  sudden  suppression  of  motion  and  sensation, 
in  which  the  patient  is  speechless,  senseless,  and 
fixed  in  one  [iDstiirej  with  his  eyes  opim,  without 
seeing  or  uiiderstauding.  The  word  is  applied  also 
to  a  retention  of  the  lireatli,  or  of  the  liiiiiiors,  and 
to  the  interception  of  the  blood  by  bandages. 

*  Koeyc.  Coze. 

CAT-A-LF.P'Tir,  a.    Pertaining  to  catalepsy. 
CAT'A-LO  GIZE,  V.  t.    To  insert  in  a  catalogue. 

[jViit  used.]  Coles. 
e.\T'A-LO(;tJE,(kat'a-log,)  n.    [Gr.  itaroA.i>oj  ;  itani 
and  A  »;  oc,  according  to  words.] 

.V  list,  or  cniiinenition  of  the  names  of  men,  or 
things,  disposed  in  a  certain  order,  often  in  alphabet- 
ical order ;  as,  a  catalogue  of  the  students  of  a  col- 
lege, or  of  books,  or  of  the  stars. 

Catalotfuc  rai.voiin<*, (r.i-zon-a';)  a  catalogue  of  books 
classed  according  to  tlr-ir  subjects.  Brartde. 
e.VT'A-LOGUE,  V.  t.  [As  above.]    To  make  a  list  of. 

//erbert. 

e.\-TAL'P.\,  71.  A  large  tree  of  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi,  which,  in  blossom,  has  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance.   It  is  the  CaUilpa  cordifolia. 

e.i-TAL'Y-SlS,  n.    [Gr.  KuraAuo-ij.] 

1.  Dissolution.  Taylor. 
2  In  chemistry,  a  decomposition  and  new  combina- 
tion produced  among  the  proxim.ate  and  elementary 
principles  of  one  or  more  compounds,  by  virtue  of 
the  mere  [iresence  of  a  substance  or  substances 
which  do  not  of  themselves  enter  into  combination. 

e.VT-A-LYT'ie,  a.    Relating  to  catalysis. 

Catalytic  force;  that  modification  of  the  force  of 
chemical  afiiuity  which  determines  catalysis. 

C\T'A-.M.\-R.\N',  71.  In  nacal  lanfruage,  a  kind  of 
r.afl,  used  for  fishing  and  landing  goods,  on  the 
Coromandel  coast  of  India,  and  on  tlie  coast  of  Bra- 
zil. The  term  was  also  applied  to  the  flat-bottomed 
boats  constructed  by  Bonaparte,  for  the  invasion  of 
England. 

eAT-.\-.Mi?'XI-A,  71.  [Infra.]  The  monthly  flowings 
of  females. 

€.VT-A-.Me'.\I-.VL,  a.  [Gr.  Karapjivioi ;  Kara  and 
pn">  a  month.] 

Pertaining  to  the  catamenia,  or  menstrual  dis- 
charges. 

e.VT'A-.MITE,  71.    [L.  calamitus.] 

A  liov  kept  for  unnatural  purposes. 
CAT'A-.SlOU.N'T,  71.    Cat  of  the  mountain,  the  w  ild 
cat. 

eAT-AN'-AD'RO-MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  Kira,    am,  and 
/ioj.]    In  ichthyology,  p.assing  once  a  year  from 
salt  w.ater  into  fresh,  and  returning. 
e.VT-AX'DRU-.MOL'S,  a.     In   ichthyology,  moving 

once  a  year  from  salt  water  into  fresh.  Knoales. 
€.\T'.\-P.\S.M,  71.    [Gr.  Karitnaaiia.] 

A  dry  powder  for  sprinkling  the  oody.  Coze, 
CAT-A-PELT'IC,  o.    Pertaining  to  the  catapult.  As 

a  iiaun,  the  catapult. 
CAT-A-PET'AL-OUS,  a,    [Gr.  Kara  and  irtruXo^.l 
A  term  applied  to  petals  of  a  flower  when  held  to- 
gether by  stamens,  which  grow  to  their  b;i.ses,  as  in 
the  mallow.  Brandt. 
eAT-A-PlK).\"ies,  71.    [Gr.  itara  and  ^wni;,  sound.] 
The  doctrine  of  reflected  sounds,  a  tirancli  of 
acoustics.  Kncyc. 
GAT'A-PlIR.VeT,  71.    [L.  eataphrncta  ;  Gr.  Karai^.^aK- 
Toi,  from  Kartv^iia  ra  ■>,  to  arm  or  fortify.] 

1.  In  the  anctrnt  military  art,  a  piece  of  heavy,  div 
fensive  annor,  formed  of  cloth  or  leather,  strength- 
ened with  scales  or  links,  used  to  defend  the  breast, 
or  whole  body,  or  even  Uie  horse,  as  well  as  the 
rider.  Kncyc. 

2.  .\  horseman  in  complete  armor.  Milium. 
e.\T'A-PHRAC'l'-ED,  a.    In  loology,  covered  with  a 

hard,  callous  skin,  or  with  horny  or  bony  plates  or 
scales,  closely  joined  together,  like  those  ol^  the  Ro- 
man soldiers  called  catap/iracfi:  hence  the  term. 

C.VT'.X-PL.-VS.M,  71.  [Gr.  <ararAaa-/ia,  from  icarti-X'iff- 
(707,  to  anoint,  or  to  spread,  as  a  plaster.] 

/\  poultice  ;  a  soft  and  moist  substance  to  be  ap- 
plied to  some  part  of  the  body,  to  excite  or  repel 
heat,  or  to  relax  the  skin,  tc.  When  mustard  is  an 
insredient,  it  is  called  a  sinapism,  Knci/c. 

CAT'.V-PUCE,  71.    The  herb  spurge.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 


e.\T'.\-l'l'I.'l',  71.  [(Jr.  niiTuirtAriiv ;  I.,  ealapulta ; 
Kara  and  ncXni,  a  target,  or  more  probalilv  from 
ira.VAi.)  or  /VuVAi.),  to  throw,  or  drive,  1,.  pell„.\ 

A  iiiililitrv  engine  used  by  tile  ancienl  (ireeks  and 
Romans  foi  flirnwing  stones, darts,  anil  arrows,  ii|iun 
an  eii.'iii)'.  Some  of  these  would  throw  a  stone  of  a 
hiindreil  pounds  weight.  Miiford. 
CAT'.V-RACT,  «.  [I"  entaracta ;  Gr.  Karao'iKrni, 
from  itciriipiiiTiTw,  to  break,  or  fall  with  violence, 
from  (laaaoi,  //'i(ii>,  to  sirike,  or  da.-li.] 

1.  A  great  fall  of  water  over  a  precipice,  a.t  that 
of  Niagara,  of  the  Uliiiie,  Danube,  and  Nile.  It  is  a 
cascade  upon  ii  gresH  scale. 

The  treinciuluun  cataracu  of  America  thuiKlering  in  li»rir  toll* 
liitiei.  Irving. 

9.  In  medicine  and  surgery,  an  opacity  of  the  crys- 
tilliiie  lens,  or  its  capsule  ;  a  disorder  in  the  eye,  by 
wliirli  the  pupil,  which  is  usually  black  and  trans- 
parent, heroines  oiKKpie,  blue,  gray,  brown,  &.C.,  by 
which  vision  is  impairel  or  destroyed.  Kncyc. 

CAT-.V-RACT'OL'S,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  B 
cataract  in  the  eye. 

e.\-TARRir,  (ka-t.lr',)  7i.  [L.  catarrhas ;  Gr.  <turo- 
puos",  from  K'tru'-p  oi,  to  flow  down.] 

1.  A  defluxioii,  or  increased  secretion  of  mucus 
from  the  meinbranes  of  the  nose,  fauces,  and  bron- 
chia.', with  fever,  sneezing,  cough,  thirst,  lassitiiile, 
and  loss  of  appi'tite,  and  sometimes  an  entire  loss  of 
taste  ;  called  also  a  cold,  coryza.  An  epidemic  ca- 
tarrh is  called  influenza.       Hooper.    Core.  Kncyc. 

2.  In  popular  language,  a  chronic  affection  of  the 
■    mucous  iiieiiibrane  of  the  nostrils  and  fauces. 
eA-TAURll'AI-,  (ka-tir'ral,)    )  a.    Pertaining  to  ca- 
GA-TARRirOUS,  (ka-tar'rus,)  (     tarrli,  produced  by 

it  or  attending  it  ;  as,  a  catarrhal  fever. 
e.\-T.\S'TE-RISM,  71.    [(Jr.  Aar.nrrc.ioT/nj,  from  ica- 

Tarjreoti^io,  to  dislingiiish  with  stars,  or  to  place 

among  the  stars  ;  Kara  and  a^Tijo,  a  star.] 
\  constellation,  or  a  pl.'iciiig  among  the  stars. 
eA-T.\S'TR()-PllE,  71.    [Gr.  ituraTr.io./iri,  an  end  or. 

overthrowing,  f'roia  KaTaorotipto,  tosubverl ;  Kara  and 

CT'U:jjt').] 

1.  The  change  or  revolution  which  produces  the 
final  event  of  a  dramatic  piece  ;  or  the  unfolding  and 
winilini;  up  of  the  plot,  clearing  up  difhciilties,  and 
closins  the  play.  The  ancients  divided  a  play  into 
the  protasis,  epitasis,  cafastasis,  and  catastrophe ; 
the  introduction,  continuance,  bigliteiiing,  and  de- 
velopment or  conclusion.  Johnjson.  Kncyc. 

2.  A  fin.ll  event ;  conclusion  ;  generally,  an  un- 
fortunate conclusion,  calamity,  or  disaster. 

3.  In  geology,  a  supiiosed  change  in  the  globe  from 
sudden  physical  violence,  causing  elevation  or  sub- 
sidence of  the  solid  parts,  or  a  cataclysm  of  the 
waters. 

€A-TAS'TRO-PIIIST,  n.  In  geology,  one  who  be- 
lieves in  catastrophes,  or  in  changes  in  the  globe, 
from  violent  physical  causes  ;  a  non-uniformist. 

CAT'CALL,  71.  [cat  and  call.]  A  squeaking  instru- 
ment, used  in  playhouses  to  condemn  plays. 

Johnson,  Pope, 

GATCII,  7).  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  Catched  or  Caught.  [Sp, 
eager,  to  catch,  coinriding  in  elements  with  Gr. 
Ki\eo>.  The  orthography  of  caught  determines  the 
radical  letters  to  be  i's  ] 

1.  To  seize  or  Lay  hold  on  with  the  hand  ;  carry- 
ing the  sense  of  pursuit,  thrusting  forward  the  hand, 
or  rushing  on. 

Anil  lli'-y  cune  upon  him  anil  mught  him.  —  Act*  vi. 

2.  To  seize,  in  a  general  sense  ;  as,  to  caUh  a  ball ; 
to  catch  hold  of  a  bough. 

3.  'J'o  seize,  as  in  a  snare  or  trap  ;  to  insnare  ;  to 
entangle. 

Ttiey  it'nl  ern.-\in  of  the  Ph-trisrei  nnil  of  Ihc  Ilcnxtiana,  to 

catch  him  in  Wis  wonU. —  M.irli  xii. 

4.  To  seize  in  pursuit ;  hence,  simply  to  overtake ; 
a  popular  iwc  of  tlic  tcord. 

He  nn,  bnt  cmilif  not  catch  his  comp.\nion. 

5.  To  take  hold  ;  to  communicate  to. 

The  fin  caught  tlie  ndjuinin^  Ijnihlin^, 

G.  To  seize  the  affections  ;  to  engage  and  att.ach 
to  ;  as,  to  catch  the  fair.  Dniden. 

7.  To  tike  or  receive  by  contagion  or  infection ; 
as,  to  cutch  the  me.asles  or  small-pox. 

6.  To  snatch  ;  to  take  suddenly  ;  as,  to  catch  a 
book  out  of  the  hand. 

9.  To  receive  something  p-assing. 

The  swelling  ctilt  no  mole 
Catch  tlie  toft  oiri  iind  WAnton  in  the  tkj.  Trumiutl, 

To  catch  at ;  to  endeavor  to  seize  suddenly. 

To  eruch  at  nil  opportunilies  of  ■nbrcrling  the  rule.  Addison. 

To  eateh  up  ;  to  snatch  ;  to  take  up  suddenly. 
e.\TCII,  V,  L    To  communicate  ;  to  spread  by  infect- 
ing ;  a.s,  a  disease  will  catch  from  man  to  man. 

2.  To  seize  and  hold  ;  as,  a  hook  catches. 
e.\TCH,  71.    Seizure;  the  act  of  seizing. 

2.  Any  thing  that  seizes  or  lakes  hold,  as  a  hook. 

3.  The  posture  of  seizing ;  a  state  ol^  preparation 
to  catch,  or  of  watching  an  opportunity  to  seize  ;  as, 
to  lie  upon  the  catch.  JIddisim. 

4.  A  sudden  advantage  taken.  Dryden. 


TONE,  B5JLL,  IINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CAT 


CAT 


I  5.  The  tiling  caught,  considered  as  an  object  of 
I       desire  ;  profit ;  advantage. 

Hector  slKill  have  a  ffi^at  catck,  Shak. 

6.  A  snatch  ;  a  short  interval  of  action. 

It  h^is  been  writ  by  cauhes.  Locke. 

7.  A  little  portion. 

We  reuiiii  a  "atch  of  a  pretty  story.  GlanviUe. 

8.  In  music,  a  fugue  in  the  unison,  wherein,  to 
humor  some  conceit  in  the  words,  the  melody  is 
broken,  aiul  the  sense  is  interrupted  in  one  part,  and 
caiLfrht  and  supported  by  anotlier,  or  a  dift'erent  sense 
is  given  to  the  words ;  or  a  piece  for  three  or  more 
voices,  one  of  which  leads  and  the  others  follow  in 
the  same  notes.  Encijc.  Busby. 

e.\TCH'-DRAli\,  n.  A  ditch  or  drain  on  the  side  of  a 
hill  to  catch  the  surface  water. "  Also,  a  ditch  on  the 
side  of  a  canal,  to  catch  the  surplus  water. 

€ATCirA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  caught.  [Rare.] 

e.\TCH'ER,  n.  One  who  catches;  that  which 
catchi"«,  or  in  which  any  thing  is  caught. 

C.\TCirFL?,  H.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Lychnis; 
campion. 

e.VTCH'ING,  Tjpr.  Seizing;  taking  hold;  insnaring  ; 
entangling. 

e.\TCH'Ii\G,  a.  Communicating,  or  that  may  be 
communicated,  by  cont.igion  ;  infectious ;  as,  a  dis- 
ease is  catcfiin <r. 

CATCH'-MEAD'OW,  (-med'do,)  71.  A  meadow  which 
is  irrigated  by  water  from  a  spring  or  rivulet  on  the 
declivity  of  a  hill. 

e.VTCH'ING-BAR'GAIN,  n.  A  bargain  made  with, 
an  heir  expectant  for  the  purchase  of  his  expectancy, 
at  an  inadequate  price.  Bouriir. 

eATCH'PE.\-NY,  n.  [catch  and  pennu.]  Something 
worthless,  particularly  a  hook  or  |)amphli't,  adapted 
to  the  popular  taste,  and  intended  to  gain  money  in 
market. 

CATCH'PoLL,  n.  [cnUh  and  poll,  the  head.]  A 
bailiff's  assistant,  so  called  by  way  of  reproach. 

CATCH'UP,  )  n.    A  liquor  extracted  from  mushrooms, 

•  CAT'SUP,   J     tomatoes,  &.C.,  used  as  a  sauce. 

€.\TCH'-WORD,  71.  Among  aclors,  the  last  word  of 
the  preceding  speaker,  which  reminds  one  that  he  is 
to  speak  next. 

2.  Among  printers,  the  word  placed  at  the  bottom 
of  each  page,  under  the  last  lin-:*,  which  is  to  be  in- 
serted as  the  first  word  on  the  following  page. 

€.\TE,  7!.    See  Cates. 

e.VT-E-eHET'ie-AL,  a.  [.«ee  Catechise.]  Relat- 
ing to  oral  instruction,  and  particularly  in  the  first 
principles  of  the  Christian  religion. 

2.  Relating  to  or  consisting  in  asking  questions 
and  receiving  answers,  according  to  the  ancient 
manner  of  teaching  pupils. 

Socrates  introducetl  a  catecbelieal  method  of  arjiiin^.  Addison, 

€AT-E-eHET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  question  and 
answer;  in  the  way  of  oral  instruction. 

e.VT'E-CmNE.    See  Catechlic  Acid. 

CAT  E-eHr-S.\'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  catechising. 

CVfE-CHISE,  II.  t.  fGr.  *  ir/)xi?M,  and  x^itiiy-m,  to 
sound,  to  utter  sound,  to  teach  by  the  voice ;  from 
K'lTJL  and  r}\tuK  to  sountl,  whence  echo.  Hence 
KaTTjxricii,  Karri^ta/ioi,  catechise,  catechism,  instruc- 
tion.] 

1.  To  instruct  by  asking  questions,  receiving  an- 
swers, and  offering  explanations  and  corrections. 

2.  To  question  ;  to  interrogate  ;  to  examine  or  try 
by  questions,  and  sometimes  with  a  view  to  reproof, 
by  eliciting  answers  from  a  person,  which  condemn 
his  own  conduct. 

3.  .Appropriately,  to  ask  questions  concerning  the 
doctrines  of  the  Christian  religion  ;  to  interrogate 
pupils  and  give  instruction  in  the  principles  of  re- 

liLTIon. 

CAT'E  eHT9!-/CD,  (kat'e-kl7.d,)  pp.  Instructed. 

C.\T'E-eHlS-ER,  77.  One  who  catechises  ;  one  who 
instructs  by  question  and  answer,  and  particularly 
in  the  rudiments  of  the  Christian  religion. 

e.\'r'E  eHIS-I.N'G,  ;(;r.  instructing  in  rudiments  or 
principles. 

e.Vr'E-CIIIS.M,  (kat'e-kizm,)  71.    [Gr.  /f«T7!x<<T/i  ■<•] 

1.  A  form  of  instruction  by  means  of  tpiestions 
and  answers,  particularly  in  the  principles  of  re- 
ligion. 

2.  An  elementary  book  cxintaining  a  summary  of 
principles  in  any  science  or  art,  but  appropriately  in 
religion,  rcdiiixd  to  the  form  of  questinns  and  an- 
swiTK,  and  sometimes  with  notes,  explau.ations,  and 
ref  reiicei  to  authorities. 

CAT'E-CinST,  71.    [Gr.  xfirnxiTT'if.] 

One  wlio  instnicts  viva  voce,  or  by  question  and 
answer;  n  catechiser  ;  one  appiiuited  by  the  church 
to  instnict  in  the  principles  of  n  ngion. 
I    CAT-E-C1II.'<T'IC,        (a.    Pertaining  to  a  catechisl, 
I    CAT  K  CIIIHT'ie-AL,  (     or  catechism. 
I    CAT'E  CMIJ,  n.    A  dry,  brown  astrinnent  extract,  ob- 
j       tnined  by  decoction  and  •ivu|iiiratioii  from  the  Acacin 
I       Catechu,  in  India.    Itcontains  a  large  portiim  of  tan- 
nin or  tannic  acid.  'Jliomson.  Ure. 
I   CAT  E  CIIO'ie  Atril),  71.    An  acid  soluble  in  boil- 
,       ing  water,  c^intaim  il  in  that  [lortioii  of  catechu  which 
in  insoliihiK  in  cold  wau-r.    II  was  nt  first  considered 


a  base,  and  called  catrchinc.  It  forms  with  alkalies 
a  black  sulutiou,  called  Japonic  aeiii.  and  with  alka- 
line carbon:ites,  a  red  soliitinu,  called  Riihrinic  acid. 

eAT-E-eilO'.\lEN,  71.  [Gr.  xar/ixoT.^ti'.i,  places 
where  hearers  stood  to  be  instructeiL,  or  buildings 
adjoining  a  church,  where  the  catecliist  taught  the 
doctrines  of  religion.] 

One  who  is  in  the  first  rudiments  of  Christianity  ; 
one  who  is  receiving  instruction  and  preparing  him- 
self for  baptism.  These  were  anciently  the  children 
of  believing  parents,  or  pagans  not  fully  initiated  in 
the  principles  of  the  Christian  religion.  They  were 
admitted  to  this  state  by  the  imp.isiti(m  of  hands, 
and  the  sign  of  the  cross.  Kncnc. 

CAT-E-eHLr-MEN'ie-AL,  o.  Belonging  to  cate- 
chumens. * 

€AT-E-eHu'MEX-IST,  n.    A  catechumen. 

Bp.  Jilortnn. 

€AT-E-GOR-E-MAT'ie,  a.  In  lo^ic,  applied  to  a 
word  which  is  capable  of  being  employed  by  itself 
as  a  term,  or  predicate  of  a  proposition.  Brandp. 

eAT-E-GOR'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Category.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  category. 

2.  Absolute  ;  positive  ;  express ;  not  relative  or 
h)*pothetical ;  as,  a  cateirorical  proposition,  syllogism, 
or  answer. 

€AT-E-GOR'ie- AL-LY,  <vfo.  Absolutely;  directly; 
expressly  ;  positively  ;  as,  to  atlirm  crdei^orically. 

CAT'E-GO-RY,  71.  [Gr.  itarTj)  o.uia,  from  Kar„)  onno, 
to  accuse,  show,  demtmstrate  ;  xara  and  ri) to 
speak  in  an  assembly,  to  harangue  or  demmnce,  from 
aj  npa,  a  forum,  judicial  tribunal,  or  market.] 

In  loiric^  a  series  or  order  of  all  the  predicates  or 
attributes  contained  under  a  genus.  The  school 
philosophers  distributed  all  the  objects  of  our  thoughts 
and  ideas  into  genera  or  classes.  Aristotle  made  ten 
categories,  viz.,  substance,  quantity,  quality,  relation, 
action,  passion,  time,  place,  situation,  and  habit. 

Eneyc. 

C.^T-E-N.\'RI-.\N,  )  a.  [L.  catenarius,  from  catena,  a 

CAT'E-NA-RV,       j  chain.] 

Relating  to  a  chain  ;  like  a  chain.  The  catenary  or 
catenarian  citree,  in  geometry,  is  fonned  by  a  rope  or 
chain,  of  uniform  density,  hanging  freely  between 
two  points  of  suspension,  whether  the  points  are 
horizontal  or  not.     •  Harris,  Enctfc. 

e.\T'E-i\ATE,  71.  f.  [h,  catena,  a  chain;  G.  lielte ; 
Sans,  kett/i,  whence  kettpnn,  to  bind.] 

To  chain,  or  rather  to  connect  in  a  series  of  links 
or  ties.  Darwin, 

C.VT'E-N.\-TED, />;).   Connected  as  links  in  a  chain. 

e.\T'E-NA-TING,  ppr.  Connecting  as  links  in  a 
chain. 

€.\T-E-Na'TION,  71.  Connection  of  links,  union  of 
parts,  as  in  a  chain  ;  regular  connection.  [See  Con- 
catenation.] 

CA-TEN'li-LATE,  a.  Consisting  of  little  links  or 
chains. 

In  natural  hi'itnry,  presenting,  on  the  surface,  a  se- 
ries of  oblong  tubercles,  resembling  a  chain.  Brande, 

e.^'TER,  7>.  i,  [In  It.  eatlare  is  to  get ;  aceutlare,  to 
beg  or  borrow.  In  Fr.  acheter  is  to  buy  ;  Norm,  acat, 
a  buying.  The  Fr.  qivHer,  for  qaesier,  to  beg,  seems 
to  be  a  different  word.    See  CATEitER.] 

To  provide  food  ;  to  buy  or  procure  provisions  ;  fol- 
lowed by  for  ;  as,  to  cater  for  the  sparrow.  Shale, 

€.\'TER,  71.  A  provider.  [See  Caterer.]  Old  Eng. 
aehator,  Chaucer, 

C.\'TER,  71.  The  four  of  cards  or  dice  ;  so  written  for 
Fr.  quatre, 

eA'TER-COUS'/N,  (-kuz'n,)  71.  A  quatre-cousin,  a  re- 
mote relation.  Shnk, 

[The  term  is  commonly  use/l  in  ridicule  of  llie  fully  of 
elaimintr  remote  consanrruinity,] 

Ca'TER-ER,  71.  [froin  cjiter.  In  Chaucer,  aehator, 
purchaser  or  caterer,  is  evidently  from  aclielcr,  to 
buy.] 

A  provider,  buver,  or  purveyor  of  provisions. 

■Chaucer,  Cant.  Tales,  570.  Sotllh. 
Ga'TER-ESS,  71.  A  wtiman  who  caters  ;  a  female  pro- 
vider of  food. 

CAT'ER-PIL-LAR,  71.  [The  etymology  of  this  word 
is  uncertain.  'I'he  last  component  part  of  the  word 
may  be  from  Fr.  piller,  to  pillage  or  peel,  or  from  L. 
pilus,  hair.] 

The  colored  and  often  hairy  lava  of  the  lepidopter- 
ous  insects.  This  term  is  also  applied  to  the  larviE 
of  other  insects,  such  as  the  Tenlhredo,  or  saw-fiy, 
but  is  more  geiuTally  confined  to  the  Irpidopters. 
Caterpillars  are  product^d  immediately  from  the  egg  ; 
they  are  fiirnisht'd  with  si.-veral  pairs  of  feet,  and 
have  the  sha|)e  and  appearance  of  a  worm.  They 
cimtain  the  embryo  of  the  perfect  insect,  inclosed 
within  a  muscular  envelope,  which  is  thrown  off 
when  the  insect  enters  the  nymjih  or  chrys;ilis  state, 
in  which  it  remains  for  some  time  as  if  inanimate. 
It  then  throws  off  its  last  envelope,  and  emerges  n 
pi  rfect  insect.  Caterpillars  gimerally  feed  on  It'aves 
or  succulent  vegetables,  and  arc  sometimes  very  de- 
stnictive.  FA.  Encye.  Kirlnj, 

CAT'ER-PIL-LAR-KAT'ER,  71.  A  worm  bred  in 
the  body  of  a  caterpillar,  which  eats  it.  F.nriic, 

CAT'ER-WAUL,  II.  i.  [Proliably  from  cat  and  waal. 
It.  irnuioUire,  Eng.  irnii.  j 


To  crj'  or  w:,rt  1,  as  cats  in  rutting  time  ;  to  make 
a  harsh,  offensive  noise. 

e.VP'ER-WAUL-lXG,  71.  The  cry  of  cats  ;  a  harsh, 
disagieeabie  noise  or  cry. 

€a'TER-Y,  71.  'I'he  place  where  provisions  are  de- 
posited. 

CATEiS,  77.  pi.    Delicitiiis  food  or  viands  ;  daivities, 
C.AT'GUT,  71.    The  intestines  of  sheep  and  other  ani- 
mals dried  and  twisted,  used  for  strings  of  violins 
and  other  instruments. 

2.  A  sort  of  linen  or  canvas,  with  wide  inter- 
stices. 

eATII'A-RINE-^WIIEEL,  71  In  Gothic  architecture, 
ail  ornamented  window,  or  compartment  of  a  wia- 
dow,  of  a  circular  form,  with  rosettes  or  radiating 
divisions  or  spokes.  Owdt. 

e.^TH'A-RIST,  71.    rCr.  KaQaom,  pure.] 

One  who  pretends  to  more  purity  than  others  pos- 
sess. 

CA-THAR'SIS,  71.  [Gr.  Infra.]  Purgation;  alvine 
discharges  ;  evacuation. 

eA-Tli;\K'Tie,        /  a.    [Gr.  KaOapriKOi,  from  Ka- 

e.A-THAR'TIC-AI,,  (  llaocvw,  KaO.upM,  to  purge,  «u- 
tiaooi,  clean,  naro  and  a(p'j,to  remove.] 

Purging;  cleansing  the  bowels  ;  promoting  evacu- 
ations by  stool  ;  purgative. 

CA-THAR'Tie,  71.  A  medicine  that  promotes  alvine 
discharges,  and  thus  cleanses  the  stomach  and  bow- 
els ;  a  purge  ;  a  purgative. 

CA-TllAR'Tie-AL-LY,  adc.  In  the  manner  of  a  ca- 
thartic. 

eA-TIIAR'Tie-AL-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  pro- 
moting discharges  from  tlie  bowels. 

e.\-THAR'TI-.\A,  j  71.  A  doubtful  alkaloid,  the  ac- 

e.V-THAR'TINE,  j  tive  purgative  principle  of  differ- 
ent species  of  Cassia,  popularly  known  as  Senna ; 
more  recently  called  Seimin, 

e.Vl  H'E-DRA  or  CA-THE'DRA,  n.  [Gr.]  A  chair; 
a|ipropriately,  the  chair  or  seal  of  a  person  in  au- 
tlniritv^  as  a  chief  or  lecturer. 

CA-Tll'ls'URAL,  71.  [Lat.  cathedra;  Gr.  KaOeSpa,  a 
chair  or  seat,  from  Kara  and  iSpa,  a  seat.] 

The  see  or  seat  of  a  bishop  ;  the  principal  church 
in  a  diiicese. 

eA-THK'DR.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  church  which 
is  the  bishop's  seat,  or  head  church  of  a  diocese  ; 
containing  the  see  of  a  bishop ;  as,  a  catliedral 
church  ;  culhedrul  service. 

2.  Resembling  the  aisles  of  a  cathedral ;  as,  catJie- 
dral  walks.  Pope, 

eATirE-I)R.\-TED,  a.  Relating  to  the  authority  of 
the  chair  or  otfice  of  a  teacher.  IVhitlock. 

CATH'E-RINE-PEaR,  11.    A  sort  of  small  pear. 

CATII'E-TER,  71.  [Gr.  KaUiTnp,  from  KaO^npi,  to 
thrust  in  ;  Karn  and  'niiii,  to  send.] 

In  sun^ery,  a  tubular  instrument,  usually  made  of 
silver,  to  be  introduced  into  the  bladder,  to  draw  off 
the  urine,  when  the  natural  discharge  is  suppressed  ; 
also,  a  sound  to  search  for  the  stone,  or  a  bougie 
made  of  silver  or  elastic  gum.  Eneyc.  Coze. 

CATU'E-TUS,  71.    [Gr.  KuDtro;.    See  Catheter.] 
In  geometry,  a  line  or  radius,  falling  perpendicu- 
larly on  another.    Thus,  the  caUieti  of  a  right-angled 
triangle  are  the  two  sides  that  include  the  right  an- 
gle.   [  Obs.]  Barlow. 

CathctiLs  of  incidence,  in  calajitrics,  is  a  right  line 
drawn  from  a  radiant  point,  perpendicular  to  the  re- 
flecting line,  or  the  plane  of  the  speculum,  or  mirror. 

Barlouj, 

Cathetusof  refection,  or  of  Vie  eye;  a  right  line  drawn 
from  the  eye,  or  from  any  point  of  the  reflected  ray, 
perpendicular  lo  the  plane  of  reflection,  or  of  the 
speculum.  Barlow, 

In  architecture,  a  eathetus  is  a  perpendicular  line, 
supposed  to  pass  through  the  middle  of  a  cylindrical 
body.    Also,  the  center  of  the  Ionic  volute.  Encyc. 

e-\TiI'OI)E,  (kat'ode,)  71.  [Gr.  Kara,  downward,  and 
Mas,  way.]  In  electro-chemistry,  the  way  by  which 
the  electric  current  leaves  substances  through  which 
it  passes,  or  the  surface  at  which  the  electric  ciirrentv 
passes  out  of  the  electrolyte  ;  opposed  to  anode,  and 
equivalent  to  negative  pole. 

CAT' Holes,  «.  in  ships,  two  small  holes  astern, 
above  the  gun-room  ports. 

CATH'O-Lie,  a.  [Gr.  KuOuAiicit,  Kurn  and  nAiirof, 
from  (1A05,  the  whole  ;  h.  catliolicus  ;  Vi.  cathohque  ; 
Sp.  catAilico  ;  It.  cattutico.'] 

1.  Universal  or  general ;  as,  the  cathtUc  church. 
Origin.ally  this  epithet  was  given  to  the  Christian 
church  in  geni'ral,  but  is  now  claimed  by  the  Rinnan 
Catholic  church;  and  in  strictness  there  is  no  visible 
Catholic  church,  or  universal  Christian  ctunmiinion. 
The  epithet  is  stimetimes  set  in  opposition  to  heretic, 
sectetry^  or  schismatic, 

2.  Liberal ;  not  narrow-minded,  partial,  or  bigoted  ; 
as,  a  catholic  man. 

3.  Liberal  ;  as,  catholic  principles. 

4.  Pertaining  to  or  alfecting  the  Roman  Catholics  ; 
as.  Catholic  emancipation. 

Catholic  epistles ;  the  I'pistles  of  the  apostles,  which 
are  addressed  lo  all  the  faithful,  and  not  to  a  particu- 
lar church. 

CATII'O  I.IC,  71.  An  adherent  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic church. 


KATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU/S'V — METE,  PR|}Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQI.F,  BQQK.— 

1fi2   


CAT 

€A-TirOI/ie-AL,  a.  GciuTal. 

eA-TIIOL'l  C[!<M  or  e.\  I'll'-()-U-CISJr,  «.  Adher- 
ence tu  the  KiJinaii  ('atlii>lii'  rliiirili. 

2.  Universality,  or  tile  ortliiidox  faith  of  the  whole 
chiireh.  Praraon. 

3.  More  gencr.Uly,  liberality  of  sentiments. 

This  is  llie  rcMOwiietl  fccat  I'f  Caliioticism.        £.  D.  Grijfin. 

eATII-O-IJC'I-TV,  71.  The  system  of  clortriiie,  disci- 
pline, and  worship,  held  by  the  C'liiircli  of  Koine.  In 
this  sense,  the  word  is  used  cllielly  by  Konian  Cath- 
olic writers. 

2.  'I'he  system  of  doctrine,  discijiline,  and  worship, 
held  in  comnum  by  the  Latin  or  Roman  (.'atliolic 
Clriircli,  the  Oriental  or  (Jreek  Church,  and  a  part 
of  the  I'hurch  of  Knj;land  —  or  the  system  held  by 
the  fiitliers  and  councils  of  the  liist  five  centuries. 
In  tliis  sense,  the  word  is  used  by  some  writers  of 
the  Kujjlish  Church.  /..  Biicon. 

eA-TIIOL'l-CIZK,  i:  i.  To  become  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic.   [Little  used.] 

CATirO-LieLY,  adv.  Generally;  in  a  catholic 
tnanner.  Sir  L.  Ctirij. 

CATirO-Me-XESS,  n.    Universalitv.  Brmnt. 

€A-Tll()L'It'-0>J,  n.  [Gr.  KaUuXinJy  in/ia,  universal 
remedy.] 

A  remedy  for  all  diseases  ;  a  universal  remedy  ;  a 
remedy  supposed  to  bi-  efficacious  in  pursing  av.ay 
all  humors  ;  a  (Kinacea ;  a  kind  of  sott  purgative 
c:lectuary,  so  called. 
e.\-TIIUl.'ie-OS!,  n.  The  spiritual  head  of  the  Ar- 
nii-nian  Church,  who  ordains  bishops,  and  conse- 
crates the  sacred  oil  used  in  religious  ceremonies. 

Ci'tcman. 

e.\T-I.LI-.\.\'RI-AN,  a.  Resembling  Catiline,  the 
Konuiii. 

eAT-l-I,l-.\A'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  resembles  Cati- 
line. 

CAT'I-LIX-IS.M,  n.  The  practices  of  Catiline,  the 
Roman  conspirator;  conspiracy. 

CAT'Kl.N',  n.  [fmm  cat  and  kin.]  In  botanij,  an 
aiin  nl,  a  species  of  intlorescence,  consisting  of  many 
scales  raiiiied  along  a  stalk,  slender  ais  a  thread, 
which  is  the  c(mimoii  receptacle,  as  in  hazi'l,  birch, 
oak,  willow,  poplar.  Sec. ;  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  cat's  tail.  JIartijn. 

CAT' LING,  M.  A  dismembering  knife,  used  by  sur- 
geons. Harris. 

2.  The  down  or  mo.ss  growing  about  walnut-trees, 
resembling  the  hair  of  a  cat.  Harris. 

3.  Catgut.    Ciu.  Shak. 
CAT' MINT,  /  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Nepeta,  some- 
eAT'.VIP,     i     what  resembling  mint.   Cats  arc  fond 

of  it,  and  hence  the  name. 
e.\-To'.NI-A.\,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  Cato, 

the  Roman,  who  was  remarkable  for  his  severity  of 

manners  ;  gnive  ;  severe  ;  int1e.\ible. 
CA T-O-NINE'-T.AILS,  «.    A  whip  with  nine  lashes. 
e.\-'l'01"TKR,    )  n.    [Gt.  «iiroirr/)c<»'.      Sec  Catop- 
e.\-T()P'TRON,  )  TR1C9.] 

\  reflecting  optical  glass  or  mstrument ;  a  mirror. 

[OAs.]  Diet. 
eA-TOP'TRie,        \       ra     n  ^ 
C.\-T()P'TRIC-AL,  i       C^"*  Catopthics.] 

Relatini;  to  citoptrics,  or  vision  by  refiection. 
G.-\-TOP'TRIG?5,  H.    [Gr.  (((I^ottoiico<,  from  Karon- 

Tnin,  a  mirror,  from  k-am,  against,  and  uirro/jui,  to 

see.) 

That  part  of  optics  which  explains  tin*  properties 
of  reMfcted  li::ht,  anil  particularly  that  which  is  re- 
flected trom  mirrors  or  polisbt'd  bodies.  Knnic. 
e.\-TOP'TRO-MA.\'-CY,  «.    [Gr.  .ar  jirro-in  ii'Tfiu  ; 
*.-riro]Tro'o-,  a  mirror,  and  ftavrtia,  di\'inati<ui.] 

.\  s{M;cies  of  divination,  among  thf  aticirnU^  which 
was  |>erformed  b>'  letting  down  a  mirror  into  water, 
for  a  sick  person  to  look  at  his  face  in  it.  If  his  coun- 
tenance appeared  distorted  and  ghastly,  it  was  an  ill 
omen  :  if  fresh  and  health)  ,  it  was  favorable.  Kncyc. 
e.\T'-PIPE,  71.  See  Catcall. 
€.\T'SCP,  H.  See  Cni  iiup,  Kktchtp. 
C\T'TLK,  n.  siit;/.  or  pt.  [Norm,  ratal,  rha.-itel,  and 
chattrrs.  goods,  conimoilities,  movables  ;  Ann.  rhelal, 
beai*ts ;  Port,  ttado.  In  Syr.  and  Cli.  T\i  and  r\^i  sig- 
nify a  llock,  herd,  possession,  goods.  Hut  Spelman 
alleges  [hat  the  word  clialtrl  is  contracted  from  rayita- 
lia,  capiat,  from  caput,  a  wonl  iiseil  in  tlit-  middle  ages 
for  all  giHids,  movable  and  immovable,  answering 
nearly  to  the  use  of  (Jr.  <f'i>uA  x-jr.  Acts  xxii.  28, 
ir.'AA  w  »cr/»a\'i(  »»•,  "  with  a  creat  price  or  sum  I  ob- 
tained this  freedom."  Uii.  Sp.  caudal,  wealth,  prop- 
erty, capital  sum.  Cattle  may  be  from  the  root  of  It. 
eattare,  to  get,  and  denote  possessions.] 

I.  Beasts  or  <|uadriipeds  in  general,  siTving  for  till- 
age or  other  labor,  and  for /(Hid  to  man.  In  its  pri- 
mary sense,  the  word  includes  camels,  horses,  asses, 
all  the  varieties  of  doinesticateil  horned  beasts  or  the 
bovine  genus,  sheep  of  all  kinds,  and  goats,  and  per- 
haps swine.  In  this  generil  sense  it  is  constantly 
used  in  the  Scriptures.  See  Job  i.  3.  Hence,  it  would 
apiR'ar  that  the  woril  properly  signifies  possessions, 
goods  ;  but  whether  from  a  word  originally  signify- 
ing a  beast,  —  for  in  early  ages  beasts  constituted  the 
chief  part  of  a  man's  prop<?rty,  —  or  from  a  root  signi- 
fying to  get  or  possess,  Gr.  Kraopai,  It.  cattare,  or 


CAU 

from  capitalia,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine.  This  word 
is  restricted  to  domestic  beasts  ;  but,  in  England,  it 
includes  horses,  which  it  ordinarily  does  not  in  the 
United  States,  at  li'ast  not  in  New  England. 

2.  In  tke  United  States,  cattle,  in  coiiiiiion  usage, 
signifies  only  beasts  of  the  bovine  genus,  oxni,  bulls, 
cows  and  their  young.  In  the  laws  res|M'(  iiiig  do- 
mtjslic  beasts,  horses,  sheep,  asses,  mules  and  swine 
are  distinguished  from  cuttle,  or  neat  c.iiile.  'J'lius  the 
hiw  in  Connecticut,  reipiiriiig  "that  all  the  owners 
of  any  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine,  shall  e.'iriiiark  or  brand  i 
all  tlieir  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,"  does  not  exiriid  to  ' 
horses.  Yet  it  is  probable  that  a  law,  giviiiu  dam- 
ages for  a  tresjiass  {■ommitted  hy  cartli-  breaUin::  into 
an  indosiire,  would  be  adjudgetl  to  inrlude  horses. 

In  Great  Britain,  \wi\sl^  A>  ilisliiigiilsl)i-(l  info  Idaek 
cattle,  including  bulls,  oxen,  cows  and  their  young, 
and  small  cattle,  including  sheep  of  all  kinds  and 
goats. 

3.  In  rc/7rortrA,  human  beings  are  called  c(i^//f.  Sliak. 
C.'VT'TLE-SlloW,  n.    ,\n  exhibition  of  doiiiestii-  ani- 
mals for  prizes,  or  the  eiicoiirag"iiieiit  of  agriculture. 

CAT'TY,  n.    .\  Chinese  weiaht  of  I J  pounds. 

e.\U-€A'SI A.\,    (  a.    Pertaining  to  .Mount  Caucasus, 

CAU-CA-Sic'.V.N,  j   in  Asia.  ji..  Kese,i<-rlies.  I'mkerln,,. 

CAU'CUS,  M.  A  word  used  in  .Viiii'rira  to  denote  a 
meeting  of  citi/.ens  to  agree  up  ni  caiidiilales  fo  be 
proposed  for  election  to  ollices,  or  to  concert  meas- 
ures for  supporting  a  party.  'I'he  origin  of  tlie  word 
is  not  ascerlaiiii-d. 

CAU'DAL,  a.    [  L.  c«ii(/«,  a  tail.] 

PerUiining  to  a  tail,  or  to  the  thread  which  termi- 
nates the  seed  of  a  plant.  Butuaij. 

CAU'DATE,     ;  .       .  .,  1 

eAU'l).\-TED,  i  "  '"''1 

Having  a  tail ;  having  a  long  termination  like  a 
tail.  Fairfai. 

GAIJ'DEX,  71.;  pi.  Caudexes.  [L.]  In  butanij,  the 
stem  of  a  tree.  Linineiis  uses  the  word  for  the  stock 
xvhich  proceeds  from  a  seed,  one  part  ascending,  and 
forming  the  botly  above  ground  ;  the  other  descend- 
ing, and  putting  forth  roots.        Jilartijii.  Darirm. 

CAU'DLE,  n.  [Fr.  cltandeaa,  from  chaad,  warm  or 
hot,  by  contraction  from  L.  culidus  or  its  root;  It. 
cald,:] 

A  kind  of  warm  drink  ;  a  mixture  of  wine  and 
other  ingredients  prepared  for  the  sick.  Wiseman. 
CAU'DLE,  c.  (.  To  make  or  prepare  caudle,  or  to  dress 

with  caudle.  Sliak. 
CAUK,  71.    [Probably  from  the  root  of  cojpr.] 

A  chest  with  hoies  for  keeping  lish  alive  in  xvater. 

Ask. 

CAUGHT,  (kawt,)  prcU  and  pp.  of  Catch. 
CAUK.    See  Cawk. 

GAUL,  w.  [L.  caula,  a  fold,  from  the  root  of  hold.  See 
Hold.] 

1.  In  anafjynnj,  a  membrane  in  the  abdomen,  cover- 
ing the  greati  st  part  of  the  lower  intestines,  caMed, 
from  its  struclun%  reticulam,  a  net,  but  more  generally 
tJic  omentum  ;  also,  a  little  membrane  sometimes  en- 
compassing a  child  when  born  ;  the  amnion.  Encnc. 

2.  A  kind  of  net  in  which  females  inclose  their 
hair;  the  hinder  part  of  a  cap.  Dn/den. 

3.  ,\nv  kind  of  net.  Grew. 
GAU-LE.S'CENT,  a.    [L.  caulis,  a  stalk  ;  Gr.  a  u  A  -j. 

See  Cole.] 

In  botanii,  having  an  herbaceous  stem,  which  hears 
both  leaves  and  fructification. 
GAII-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  caulis,  a  stem,  and  fcro,  to 
bear.] 

In  botany,  the  same  as  Caulescent. 
GAU'LI-KLUW-Elt,  n.    [It.  cavuljiurc  :  L.  caulis  ;  \V. 
caiel,  0.  kool,  and  Jtower!] 

A  variety  of  Unissica  or  cabbage,  well  known  and 
much  esteemed. 
GAU'Ll-EORM,  a.  [L.  caulis,  a  stein,  and  forma,  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  caulis. 
GAU'LINE,  (  lin,)  a.    [L.  caulis,  a  stalk.] 

Ill  butunij,  growing  immediately  on  a  caulis. 
GAU'LIS,  «.    [Gr.  «.ii.A,m.] 

An  herbaceous  stem,  bearing  both  leaves  and  I'nic- 
CAULK.    ."ee  Calk.  [tilic  alioii. 

GAU-M.\T'IG,  n.    Of  the  nature  of  cauma,  which  is 

a  simple  phlogistic  fever. 
GAUP'O-N.^TE,  r.  i.    [L.  caii/7(mor.] 

To  keep  a  victualing  house.    [.Vot  in  »i.vc.] 
GAUP'O-NISE,  r.  U    To  sell  wine  or  victuals.  [.Vat 

in  use.]  IVarbarton. 
GAUS'A-ltLE,o.  [See  Cause.]  That  may  be  caused, 

produced,  or  eirecled.  .ish. 
CAI'S'AL,  a.    [.-^ee  Cause.]    Rel.ating  to  a  cause  or 
causes;  implying  or  conluining  a  cause  or  causes; 
expressing  a  cause. 

Cjiiti  it  prupiNiUions  arr  wliir?  two  pniix»itiuix  are  joiiir^I  by 
eausal  wunb,  lu  that  or  Iteraase,  Waiu. 

GAUS'AL,  71.  In  grammar,  a  word  that  expresses  a 
cause,  or  introduces  the  reason.  Harris. 

GAUS-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  agency  of  a  cause;  the  ac- 
tion or  power  of  a  cause,  in  producing  its  elTect. 

2.  In  phrenology,  the  faculty  of  tracing  eliects  to 
their  causes. 

GA''S'.\L-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  order  or  series 
of  causes.  Johnson.  Brown. 


CAU 

€AUS'Af/-TV,  ?i.  AinonR  miners,  Ihe  lighU-r,  enithy 
parts  of  nrr,  rarrird  dII"  by  watthing.  Eucyc. 

GArS-.\''i'l().N\  «.  'J'lir  arl  of  ransinf;  or  proiliinng  ; 
llie  act  or  agciuy  by  wliich  an  tlU'ct  U  proiliiccd. 

lirinrtn, 

GATS' A-TIVK,  n.   Thai  expresses  a  cause  or  reai^on  ; 

also,  tliat  clt'crts  as  a  causi\  Johu.nm, 
€At'S'A-'ri VK-LV,  adv.    In  a  causative  manner. 
CAL'S-A'TOU,  /I.    One  wlio  cauitetf  or  prudui  i'M  un 

CAL'SK,  (kau/.,)  n.  [Fr.  cause;  Hp.  Port,  and  II.  camta; 
it.  causa^  from  tliu  CVlUc  ;  W'risli  acaws,  etrfcling 
power,  allied  lo  rrti,v,  cHorl,  ceisiaw^  to  seek  or  go  af- 
ter, lo  attempt ;  Arm.  caus  or  cos.  I'lie  primary  sense 
is  Ui  urye,  press,  impel,  like  sfquor,  whence  suit; 
hi  tiee,  to  f/<((i.vr,  lo  attack  or  follow  with  a  charge. 
Tlx'  root  of  this  word  coinciden  with  that  of  ca.-itle, 
cast^lk.v.y\\  \\\v\\  expreHs  a  driving.  A  caiu<e  is  that 
whu  h  moves,  excites,  or  ini^iels,  to  action  or  effect  j 
in  /«/r,  a  pressini;  for  a  claim.  (See  (Iuestiom.)  Cuiue, 
jfTrtAr,  and  have  the  like  radical  sense.] 

1.  A  suit  or  aetioii  m  court;  any  legal  process 
whirli  a  parly  iu-^titutes  to  obtain  his  demand,  or  hy 
which  III'  .'ireks  Ills  rit'ht,  or  his  supposed  right.  This 
is  a  lt-u:tl,  scriptural,  and  po|)ular  use  of  the  word, 
coinciding  nearly  with  cascj  from  cado^  and  action^ 
from  aiTu^  lo  urge  or  drive. 

Tiie  cniige  of  Ifolli  p.irti' a  hIiuII  come  before  th<?  )u(lw».  —  Ek, 

2.  That  which  produces  an  effect;  that  which  im- 
pels into  existence,  or  by  its  agency  or  operation 
produers  what  did  n<d  before  exist  ;  that  by  virtue  of 
which  any  thiiii:  is  done  :  that  from  whirh  any  thing 
proceeds,  and  without  which  it  would  not  exist. 

Came  i«  n  f^olctt.iiic*?  cxcrtiug  iU  puwrr  into  act,  to  inalct*  it  thing 
t^  ipii  \o  Ik-.  Locke. 

3.  'J'htr  reason  or  motive  that  urges,  moves,  or  im- 
pels the  mind  to  act  or  decide. 

For  ihU  muae  li!\vt  I  ru«"d  up  Phanoli.  —  Kx.  \%. 
And  Daviil         \s  th'>iv  nut  a  cauat  7  —  I  Soju  xviL 

4.  Sake  ;  account. 

I  dill  it  not  ("r      caugt  di.-^t  hr\il  done  tlie  wmiir.  —  2  Cor. 

5.  That  which  a  party  or  nation  pur.<ue-i  ;  or  rath- 
er pursuit,  prosecution  of  an  object.  We  say,  (lible 
societies  are  engagrd  in  a  noble  cause,  [See  the  first 
delinition.]  Unice  the  word  cause  is  used  to  deimte 
that  which  a  person  or  thing  favors;  that  to  which 
the  efforts  of  an  intelligent  bt;ing  are  directed  ,  as, 
to  pnunote  religion  is  to  advance  the  aiuse  of  God. 
So  we  say,  the  cause  of  truth  or  of  justice.  In  all 
its  applications,  cause  retains  something  of  its  origi- 
nal meaning  —  struggle,  impelling  force,  contest, 
effort  to  obtain  or  to  elfect  sonn'thing. 

t;.  H'ltJiinit.  rau.-ic  :  without  good  reason  ;  without  9 
reason  or  motive  to  justify  the  act. 

Til*')'  tiiilc  III'.'  without  cause.  — P».  xxxv.  Ixin. 

GAUSK,  r.  (.    To  produce  ;  lo  bring  into  existence. 

1*li'-y  musetl  gTviu  Juy  lo  nil  ihe  brelhn-ii.  —  Acts  xv. 

2.  To  effect  hy  agency,  power,  or  influence. 

1  will  range  i(  to  run  on  die  rnrth  iiirty  dnys.  — Cien.  vii. 
I  uiU  cause  liiin  to  UII  by  Ihe  sword.  — 2  Kings  xix. 

GAl'SK,  r.  I.    To  assign  insufficient  cause.  [Obs,] 

Spenser. 

€:\V^'  F.Uy  pp.    Produced;  effected;  brought  about 

€.\r?K'LKSS,  (kauz'less,)  a.  Having  no  cause  or 
producing  agent.  Blackmore. 

2.  Without  just  ground,  reason,  or  motive;  as, 
causeless  hatred  ;  causeless  fear. 

Fairfax.     H'aller.    Prov.  XXVI. 

€AL'?t:'LKSS-LV,(kauz'less-ly,)  ode.  Without  cause 
or  reas{m.  Taylor. 

GAr?K'Li:sS-\ESS,  (kauz'less-ness,)  n.  The  stat« 
of  being  causeless.  HammonJ. 

GAI^S'EK,  /'.  He  that  causes;  the  agent  by  which 
an  effect  is  produced.  Johnson,  Si/iney, 

CAIJSK'Wa  V,  /  H.     [Norm,  caiiay  :  Fr.  ehausce,  for 

GAU'SKV,  \  chuulsce,  a  l>ank,  or  raised  "ay; 
Arm.  ehan^zrr^  the  bank  or  mole  of  a  pt>nd.  Tiie 
Spanish  has  calziula,  a  causey,  or  way  paved  and 
raised  ;  Vurt.  ral^ntla,  a  pavement,  and  stones  used 
in  paving.  Both  these  words  are  evidently  from  the 
same  root  as  Sp.  caluuiy  Port,  cal^at/o^  Sp.  eai-.attoy 
hose,  loose  breeches,  trowsers,  shoes,  Fr.  chuus.^e; 
and  the  French  word  is  evidently  the  sann*,  with  the 
loss  of  /.  The  sense  is  probably  taken  from  putting 
on,  covering.  Port,  cal^ar^  to  put  on  shoes  or  stock- 
ings, to  pave  ;  Sp.  cah.ar,  id.  ;  L.  calceoj  calceus.] 

A  way  raised  above  the  natural  level  of  the  ground, 
by  stones,  earth,  timber,  f:iscine8,  &.C.,  serving  as  a 
dry  passage  over  wet  or  marshy  ground,  or  as  a  mole 
to  confine  water  to  a  pond,  or  restrain  it  from  over- 
flowing lower  ground.  Also,  a  road  laid  regularly 
with  stones. 

G.AL'SE'W.aY-ED,  )  a.    Having  a  causey,  or  raised 
GAI"SEY-f:D,        \     way.  Diri^ht. 
CAl'-SID'IG-.VL,  a.    [L.  causidicus,  eatisa  and  dico.] 
Pertaining  to  an  advocate,  or  tu  the  mamtenance 

and  defense  of  suits. 
GAUS'ING,  ppr.    Producing ;  effecting ;  bringing  into 

being. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  ai  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  a.s  in  THIS. 


CAU 

CAUS'Tie,  )  a.  [Gr.  KnvcTiKOi, from  Kufo,  Kavau, 
eAUS'Tie-AL,  (     to  bum.] 

Burning;  corroding;  destroying  tlie  texture  of  an- 
im;il  tlfslj. 
2.  Fig-,  severe ;  as,  a  caustic  remark. 
Caustic  curve  ;  in  geometry,  a  curve  to  which  the 
rays  of  light,  reflected  or  refracted  liy  anoMior  curve, 
are  tangents.    This  «urve  is  of  two  liinds,  viz.,  the 
eatacaustic,  formed  by  reflection,  and  tlie  diacaustic, 
formed  by  refraction.  Owilt. 
CAUS'Tie,  )i.    In  tnedicine,  any  substance  whicli,  ap- 
plied to  living  animals,  acts  like  fire,  in  corroding 
the  part  and  dissolving  its  texture  ;  an  escliarotic. 

Lunar  caustic;  a  preparation  of  silver,  obtained  by 
solution  in  nitric  acid,  and  afterward  fused  in  a 
crucible.    It  is  a  nitrate  of  silver.  J^Ticliolson. 
eAUS-TlC'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  acting  like  fire 
on  animal  matter,  or  the  (juality  of  combining  with 
the  principles  of  organized  substances,  and  destroy- 
ing their  texture.    This  quality  belongs  to  concen- 
trated .acids,  pure  alkalis,  ami  some  metallic  salts. 
2.  Fiir.  severity,  cutting  remark. 
€AUS'Tie-NESS",  n.    The  quality  of  being  caustic. 

Sciitt. 

GAU'TEL,  n.    [L.  cautria,  from  cavco,  to  take  care.] 
Caution.    [.VdJ  it--o/.]  Sliak. 
eAU'TEL-OUS,  n.    [Fr.  cauteleiu.,  from  L.  cautela.] 

1.  Cautious;  wary;  provident.  Wotton. 

2.  Cunninsr;  treacherous;  wily.  Sjicnscr. 
€AU'TEL-OUS-LY,  adv.    Cunningly;  slily  ;  treach- 
erously. Bacon, 

2.  Cautiously  ;  warily.  Brown. 
eAU'TEL  OUS-NESS,  n.  Cautiousness. 
CAU'TER,  «.    A  searing  hot  imn.  Minshcu. 
€AL"TER-IS.M,  «.    The  application  of  cautery. 

Fcrrand. 

eAU-TEIl-I-Z.\'TION,  V.  [See  Cauterize.]  In 
siirfffri/,  the  act  of  burning  or  searing  some  morbid 
part,  by  the  application  of  fire.  This  is  done  by 
burning  tow,  cotton,  nmxa,  Spanish  wax,  pyramidi- 
cal  pieces  of  linen,  &c.,  or  more  generally  by  a  hot 
iron.  Kncifc. 

CAU'TER-IZE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  cauteriser;  Pp.  and  Port. 
cautcrizar  i  It.  cauterizzare ;  Gr.  Kni'Trtjua^iOj  from 
<tniirr)o,  a  burning  or  branding  iron,  from  xaioi,  to 
bnrn.] 

To  burn  or  sear  with  fire  or  a  hot  iron,  as  morbid 
flesh. 

€ALr'TER-lZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Burnt  or  seared  with  a 
hot  iron. 

€AU'TER-IZ-IXG,  ppr.    Burning,  as  with  a  hot  iron. 
eAU'TER-lZ-lXG,  n.    The  act  of  burning,  as  with  a 
hot  iron. 

CAU'TER-Y,  71.  [Gr.  Ka\'Tepioii ;  L.  cautrrium.  See 
Cauteiiize.] 

A  burning  or  searing,  as  of  morbid  tlesh,  by  a  hot 
iron,  or  by  caustic  medicines  that  burn,  corrode,  oi 
destroy  any  solid  part  of  an  animal  body.  'J'lie 
burning  by  a  hot  iron  is  called  actual  cautery  ;  that 
by  caustic  medicines,  potential  cautery. 

€A(J'TIOX,  ;i.  [L.  cautio  ;  Fr.  caution;  Sp.  caiicion  ; 
from  L.  cavco,  to  take  care.  See  Class  Gb,  No.  3,  52, 
53,  83.  The  sense  of  caveo  is  probably  to  retire,  or 
to  stop,  check,  or  hold.] 

1.  Provident  care  ;  prudence  in  regard  to  danger  ; 
wariness,  consisting  in  a  careful  attention  to  the 
probable  effects  of  a  measure,  and  a  judicious  course 
of  conduct  to  avoid  evils  and  the  arts  of  designing 
men. 

(I  us  against  iinposition  and  the  at- 


Oiution  U  the  armor  to  deP'i 
uckii  of  evil. 


2.  Security  for,  nearly  the  sense  of  the  French 
caution,  bail. 

Till-  parliament  would  ^vr  liijt  majesty  sufFicieiit  caution  that  the 
war  sliould  be  prosocuteil.  Clarendurt. 

3.  Provision  or  security  against ;  measures  taken 
fi)r  security  ;  as,  the  rules  and  cautionn  of  govern- 
m-nt. 

•1.  Precept;  advice;  injunction;  warning;  exhor- 
tation, intended  as  security  or  guard  against  evil. 

'>.  yulaarhj,  a  warning,  or  reason  for  caution  ;  as, 
Ib'r  manner  he  brat  him  wtis  a  caution. 
CAI.''TION,  B.  (.    To  give  notice  of  danger ;  to  warn  ; 
to  exhort  to  take  heed. 

You  cautioned  me  agfaiiiat  ttjfir  charms.  Sirt/l. 
eAU'TIO.N'-A-RY,  a.    Containing  caution,  or  warn- 
ing to  avoid  danger;  as,  caiitionari/ advice. 

2.  Given  ax  a  pletlge  or  in  security  ;  its,  a  caullon- 
anj  town. 

Ct\V''VlOS-F,n,  pp.  Warned  ;  previously  admon- 
ished. 

eAU'TIO.N'-ER,  71.  In  Srut.i  law,  the  person  who  is 
biiiind  for  another  to  the  perforniiince  of  an  obli- 
gation. 

eAIJ'TION-I.N'G,  ppr.     Warning;  giving  previous 

notice  of  d-inger. 
€AU'TIO.\-KV,  71.    In  Scots  law,  the  art  of  giving 

KOciirity  for  another,  or  tlie  obligation  by  wlji(  h  one 

{lerMon  lieconieH  engaged  aw  Keciirity  for  I'lnotiiiT,  th.'tt 
le  Hhall  pay  u  huiii  of  money  or  perform  a  ih^cil. 

F.nr.iic 

CAU'TIOUH,  a.    Wary;  watchful;  careful  to  avoid 
cvilH  ;  attentive  to  examine  probable  i  lfects  anil  con- 


CAV 

sequences  of  measures,  with  a  view  to  avoid  danger 
or  misfortune  ;  ]irudent ;  circumspect. 

CAU'TIOUS-LY,  ado.  With  caution  ;  in  a  wary, 
scrupulous  manner. 

ei\U'TIOUS-NE.SS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  cau- 
tious ;  watchfitlness  ;  provident  care  ;  circumspec- 
tion ;  prudence  with  regard  to  danger.  Addison. 

CWAL-CAUE,  »i.  [Vricai!ulcade;  '&p-<:abatjrada;  It. 
cavalcata.    See  Cavalry.] 

A  procession  of  persons  on  horseback  ;  a  formal, 
pompous  march  of  horsemen  and  equipage,  by  way 
of  parade,  or  to  grace  a  triumph,  the  public  entry  of 
a  perstm  of  distinction,  &c. 

eAV-A-LlF.R',  71.  (Fr.  See  Cavalry.]  A  horse- 
man, especially  an  armed  horseman  ;  a  knight. 

2.  A  gay,  spriglitly^^ditary  man. 

3.  The  appellation  of  the  party  of  King  Charles  I. 

Sicift. 

4.  In  fortification,  an  elevation  of  earth,  situated 
ordinarily  in  the  gorge  of  a  bastion,  bordered  with  a 
parapi't,  with  embrasures.  Encijc. 

5.  In  the  manege,  one  who  understands  horseman- 
ship; on(!_skilled  in  the  art  of  riding. 

eAV-A-LlliR',  a.  Gay;  sprightly;  warlike;  brave; 
generous.  [OAs.] 

2.  Haughty  ;  disdainful. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  cavaliers,  or  party  of  Charles  I. 
GAV-A-LlliR'lsM,  ?i.    The  practice  or  principles  of 

cavaliers._  Scott. 

CAV-A-LliiR'LY,  adv.  Haughtily;  arrogantly;  dis- 
dainfully^ fVarburton. 

eAV-A-l/lER'NESS,  71.  Haughtiness;  a  disdainful 
manner. 

C\V'AL-RY,  71.  [Fr.  caralerie,  from  cavalier,  a  horse- 
man, and  this  from  chevul,  a  horse,  whence  cavalcade  ; 
It.  cavallo,  a  horse,  cavaliere,  cavalcata ;  Sp.  caballo, 
cabullern,  cahalga^ia,  from  L.  caballiui,  a  horse  ;  Ir. 
capall  pcall  i  Riiss.  kobila.  a.  muTti ;  Gr.  Kit^aWrj^, 
a  pack-liorse.] 

A  body  of  military'  troops  on  horses ;  a  general 
term,  including  light-horse,  dragoons,  and  other 
bodies  of  men,  serving  on  horseback.  Encyc. 

e.i'VATE,  71.  t.    [L.  cava,  to  make  hollow.] 

To  dig  out  and  make  hollow  ;  but  superseded  by 
Excavate. 

€a'Va-TED,  pp.    Made  hollow. 

€AV-A-TI'Na,  (kav-a-tG'ir.i,)  n.  [It.]  In  music,  a 
short  air,  witliout  a  return  or  second  part,  which  is 
sometimes  relieved  bv  recitative.  Busby. 

Ca'VA-TING,  ppr.    Making  hollow. 

CA-Va'ZION,  (ka-va'zhun,)  n.  [L.  cava,  to  hollow.] 
In  architecture,  the  itnderdigging  or  hollowing  of  the 
earth,  for  the  foundation- of  a  building,  or  for  cellar- 
age, allowed  to  be  the  sixth  part  of  the  higlit  of  the 
building.  Johnson.  Bailey. 

CAVE,  H.    [Fr.  cai'c;  L.  cavea  ;  Sp.  cueva  ;  U.  cava  ; 

Arm.  cfl^j  or  cou ;  W.  ogov ;  Hindoo,  gnpa  ;  Ar. 

kauha,  to  dig  out  or  excavate,  or  (  sL:^  gaiifa,  to  be 
hollow.    Class  Gb,  No.  8,  71.] 

.\  hollow  place  in  the  earth  ;  a  subterraneoits  cav- 
ern ;  a  den.  'J'his  may  be  ntitural  or  artificial.  The 
primitive  inhabitants  of  the  earth,  in  many  countries, 
lived  in  caves ;  and  the  present  inhabitants  of  some 
puts  of  the  earth,  especially  in  the  high  northern 
latitudes,  occupy  caves,  particularly  in  winter. 

Lot  dwell  in  a  cave,  he  and  his  dangliters.  —  Gen .  xix. 

Caves  were  also  used  for  the  burial  of  the  dead. 

Abraham  buried  S.arah  in  tlie  Cfiue  of  the  field  of  MactipcUh. — 
Gen.  xxiil. 

Bacon  applies  the  word  to  the  ear ;  "  the  cave  of  the 
car;"  but  this  application  is  unusual. 

CAVE,  7).  «.    To  make  hollow.  Spenser. 

CaVE,  7\7.    To  dwell  in  a  cave.  Shak. 
To  cave  in  :  to  fall  in  and  leave  a  hollow,  as  earth 
on  the  side  of  a  well  or  pit.    When,  in  digging  into 
the  earth,  the  side  is  excavated  by  a  falling  of  a  quan- 
tity of  earth,  it  is  said  to  cave  in.  Forbij. 

G.^' VE-A,7i.  [L.]  In  ancient  areliitecture,  aterm  applied 
to  the  dens  or  stables  for  wild  beasts,  under  the  seats 
and  around  the  arches  of  an  amphitheater.  Elmcs. 

G.\'VE-AT,  71.  [Ij.  caveat,  let  him  bewtire,  from  ca- 
vco.] 

1.  In  lam,  a  process  in  a  court,  especially  in  a  spir- 
itual court,  to  stop  proceedings,  as  to  stop  the  proving 
of  a  will  ;  also,  to  prevent  the  institution  of  a  clerk 
to  a  benefice.  Blnckstnne. 

In  America,  it  is  used  in  courts  of  common  law. 

Crunches  Reports. 

2.  Intimation  of  caution;  hint;  warning;  admo- 
nition 

3.  In  the  patent  lines  of  the  United  States,  a  descrip- 
tion of  some  invi  nliiiii,  designed  to  be  iiati'Uted, 
lodged  in  the  ollice  b.  l'ore  the  patent  right  is  taken 
out.  It  operates  as  a  bar  to  applications,  respecting 
the  same  iiiventiiin,  fidin  any  other  quarter. 

GA'VE-.VT,  r.  (.    'J'o  enter  a  caveat. 

.tndtre  Innes,  Cranch^s  Reports. 

€.VyF..rr  F..MP'TOn.  l.et  the  purchaser  beware; 
that  is,  let  him  examine  the  quality  of  what  he  biiyu, 
Nince  the  risk  lies  with  him.  Bouvier. 


C  A  V 

CA'VE-A-TING,  n.    In  fencing,  is  the  shirting  the 
sword  from  one  side  of  that  of  your  adversary  to  the 
other.  _  Encijc. 
CA'VE-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  enters  a  caveat. 

.hidge  Junes,  Crunches  Reports. 
CAVERN,  7i.    [L.  caverna  ;  Sp  Port,  and  It.  id.  'J'his 
word  seems  to  be  composed  of  cams,  and  the  Sax. 
a:rn,  a  secret  place.    See  Tavern  and  Barn.] 

A  deep,  hollow  place  in  the  earth.    In  general,  it 
differs  from  cave  in  greater  depth,  and  in  being  ap- 
plied most  usually  to  natural  hollows  or  chasms. 
Eiirlh  with  its  caverns  dark  and  deep.  Watts. 
GAV'ERN-iJD,  a.    Full  of  caverns  or  deep  chasms ; 
liaving  caverns. 
2.  Inhabiting  a  cavern.  Pope. 
G.'\V'EKN-OUS,  a.    [L.  cavernosas.]    Hollow  ;  full  of 
caverns  ;  filled  with  small  cavities.  IVoodaard. 

[Faber  uses  caccrnal,  which  is  less  regularly 
formed.] 

€A-VERN'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  cavcmula.]  Full  of  little 
cavitiiis  ;  as,  cavernulous  metal.  Black. 

G.-V-VET'TO,  ;i.  [from  It.  cava.]  In  architecture,  a 
hollowed  molding,  whose  profile  is  the  quadrant  of  a 
circle  ;  used  principally  in  cornices.  Otcilt. 

G.\V'E-ZO.^I,   j  7i.    [Fr.  cavc^on,  or  cavesson  ;  It.  ca- 

GAV'ES-SON,  )  vczzone,  a  muzzle  for  a  horse,  from 
cavare,  to  draw.] 

A  sort  of  nose-band,  of  iron,  leather,  or  wood, 
sometimes  fiat,  and  sometimes  hollow  or  twisted, 
which  is  put  on  the  nose  of  a  horse  to  wring  it,  and 
thus  to  forward  the  suppling  and  breaking  of  him. 

Farrier^s  Diet. 

GA-ViARE,  (ka-vecr',)  )  71.    [Sp.  cabiat;  It.  caviale; 

GAV'I-AR,  (kav'e-iir,  , 
_  Ar. 


.  khabii 


The 


Arabic  verb 


.  khabara,  from  which  this  word  is 


formed,  signifies  to  try,  to  strain,  or  press,  and  to 
season  with  fat.  It  may  coincide  with  the  Gr.  jriipaoi, 
L.  experior.] 

The  roes  of  certain  large  fish,  prepared  and  salted. 
The  best  is  made  from  the  roes  of  the  sterlet,  stur- 
geon, sevruga,  and  beluga,  caught  in  the  lakes  or 
rivers  of  Russia.  The  roes  are  put  into  a  bag  with  a 
strong  brine,  and  pressed  by  wringing,  and  then  dried 
and  put  in  casks  or  into  cisterns,  perforated  at  bottom, 
where  they  are  'pressed  by  heavy  weights.  The  poor- 
est sort  is  trodden  with  the  feet.  Tooke. 

Caviare  was  considered  as  a  delicacy,  by  some,  in 
Shakspcare's  time,  but  not  relished  by  most.  Hence 
Hamlet  sa\'s  of  a  certain  play,  "  ''i'was  caviare  to  the 
general,"  i  e  to  the  common  people,  who  could  not 
relish  or  understand  it. 
G.W'i  eORN,  77.  [L.  cni'Ms  and  cor7i!/.]  A  ruminant 
animal  having  the  horns  hollowed  like  a  shetilh,  and 
planted  on  a  bony  process  of  the  front,  as  the  ante- 
lope. 

GAV'IL,  V.  i.  [Sp.  cavilar  ;  Port,  cavillar  ;  It.  cavillare  ; 
L.  caviltor;  D.  kibbelen ;  Oriental  h^P  ;  Ch.  to  cry  out 
or  complain  ;  Syr.  to  accuse,  oppose,  censure.] 

1.  To  raise  captious  and  frivolous  objections;  to 
find  fault  without  good  reason  ;  followed  by  at. 

It  is  hotter  to  re:isoii  than  to  cavil.  Anon. 

2.  To  advance  futile  objections,  (»■  to  frame  soph- 
isms, for  the  sake  of  victory  in  an  argument. 

GAV'IL,  V.  t.    To  receive  or  treat  \\'M\  objections. 


Wilt  thou  enjoy  the  good, 
Then  cavil  the  condiLiuns  I 


Mitlon 


[JVot  usual.] 

G A\  'IL,  71.  Fitlse  or  frivolous  objections  ;  also,  a  fal- 
lacious kind  of  reason,  bearing  some  resemblance  to 
truth,  advanced  for  the  sake  of  victorj'. 

John.ton.  Kncyc. 
GAV'IL-ER,  n.    One  who  cavils  ;  one  wlm  is  apt  to 
raise  captious  objections;  a  captious  disputant. 

Aildison. 

GAV'IL-ING,  ppr.  or  ,r.    Raising  frivolous  obji'Ctions. 
GAV'IE-I.NG,  71.    The  raising  of  frivolous  objections. 
GAV'IL-ING^LY,  adv.   In  a  caviling  manner. 

Shrritood. 

GAV-IE-La'TION,  71.  [L.  earillatio.]  The  act  or 
practice  of  caviling,  or  raising  frivolous  objections. 

Hooker. 

G.W'IE-OIJS,  <!.  Captious;  unfair  in  argument;  apt 
to  object  without  good  reason.  Ayliffe. 

G.W'lL-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  caviUms  manner ;  cap- 
tiously. Milton. 

GAV'IL-OU.''-NESS,  71.  Cnptiotlsness  ;  disposition  or 
aptitude  to  raise  frivolous  objections. 

GAVIN,  71.    [Fr.,  from  E.  cnvus,  hollow.] 

In  the  militarij  art,  a  hollow  wtiy,  or  natural  hollow, 
adapted  to  cover  troop*,  and  facilitate  their  approach 
t(7  a  place.  Johnson.  Bailey. 

CAVI-TV,  71.  [h.cavitas;  Fr.  cavit6  i  from  L.cavus, 
hollow.] 

A  hollow  place  ;  hollowness ;  an  opening  ;  as,  the 
eavttij  of  the  mouth  or  throat.   \_This  is  a  word  qf  very 
general  signififntion,] 
G.\V'()-E1.\-ITE,  II.  [from  Cavolini,a  Neapolitan  nat- 
uralist.] 

A  variety  of  Nephelinc,  which  see. 
GA'VY,  71.    A  genus  of  iiuadrupeds,  embracing  the 


PATE,  FAR,  Pi^LE,  WIIi>T.  —  .MKTE,  PRBV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQEF,  BQQK.— 


CEI 

Guinea  pig,  linlriiiiR  a  riiiildle  place  between  the  inu- 

lirie  and  Ii  porine  tribes.  F.ncijc. 
CAW,  V.  i.    [Probably  from  the  sound;  Sax.  ceo,  a 

crow  or  a  jay.] 
'I'o  cry  like  a  crow,  rook,  or  raven, 
f  AVVK,  \  71.    A  name  given  by  miners  to  an  opaque, 
CAUK,  \     massive,  or  compact  varieti' of  jiiiiiJiate  of 

baryta. 

CAWK'Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  cawk  ;  like  cawk. 

JVoodtcard, 

CAW-ING,  n.    The  cry  of  the  crow,  rook,  or  raven. 
€AX'OU,  Ti,   [Sp.' crtj-a,  crti:o/i.]   A  chest  of  ores  of  any 

metal  that  has  been  burnt,  ground,  and  waslie<l,  and 

is  ready  to  be  retined.  Ciuthitcr.^. 
CaY-ENiNE'  PEP'PER,  n.    A  very  pungent  pepper, 

the  priidnce  of  some  species  of  Capsicum. 
CA  Y'MAN,  11.  An  animal  of  tlie  genus  Lacerta,  found 

in  the  U'cst  Indies  ;  the  alligator. 
CA-Zte',       )  (ka-zeek',)  n.    The  title  of  a  king  or 
e.\-Z(CilIE',  j    chief,  among  several  tribes  of  Indians 

Ml  America. 

Cease,  v.  i.  [Fr.  cesser;  Sp.  ccsar;  Port,  ccssar;  It. 
cessare ;  L.  cesso.^ 

1.  To  stop  moving,  acting,  or  speaking;  to  leave 
ofl";  to  give  over;  followed  by  from  before  a  noun. 

It  is  an  honor  for  a  man  to  cease  from  stjifc.  —  Pro*,  xx. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  be  wanting. 

The  poor  shall  never  cease  out  of  the  land.  —  Deu(.  xv. 

3.  To  stop  ;  to  be  at  an  end  ;  as,  the  wonder 
ceases  ;  tlie  storm  has  ceased. 

4.  To  be  forgotten. 

1  woukl  make  the  remembrance  oftlicmto  cease.  —  Deut.  xxKii. 

5.  To  abstain  ;  as,  cease  from  anger.    Ps.  xxxvii. 
To  cease  from  labor,  is  to  rest ;  to  cease  from  strife, 

is  to  be  quiet ;  but  in  such  phrases  the  sense  of  cease 
is  not  varied. 
Cease,  ».  u    To  put  a  stop  to ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

Cease  tills  impious  mge.  ^Viiion. 

\_But  in  this  use  the  phrase  is  generally  eUipticai.] 
CEASE,  n.    Extinction.    [JVot  in  use.]  SItak. 
CF.AS'^;D,  (secst,)  pp.    Stopped  ;  ended. 
CeASE'I.ESS,  a.    Without  a  stop  or  pause;  inces- 
sant ;  continual ;  without  intermission. 

All  these  with  ceaseless  praise  his  works  behold.  Milton. 
2.  Endless  ;  enduring  forever ;  as,  the  ceaseless  joys 
of  heaven. 

CeASE'LESS-LY,  adv.    Incessantly  ;  perpetually. 

Donne. 

CeAS'ING,  ppr.  Stopping  ;  ending  ;  desisting  ;  fail- 
ing. 

CeAS'ING,  n.    Cessation  ;  stop  ;  intermission, 
CEe-CHfN',  (che-keen',)  n.  A  coin  of  Italy  and  Bar- 

bary.    [See  Zechin.] 
CE'CI-TY,  71.    [L.  cticitas,  from  cacus,  blind.] 

Rlindness.  Brovm, 
CE-€0'1'IE.\-CY,  71.   Tendency  to  blindness. 
Ce'D.VR,  71.    [L.  cedrus  ,  .Fr.  cedre  ;  Sp.  and  It.  eedro  ; 

from  Gr.  xcSpoi  i  Syr.  JlOj  Heb.  np  kadar,  to  be 

dark.] 

.A.  tree.  This  name  is  given  to  different  species  of 
the  Juniper,  and  to  a  species  of  Pinus.  The  latter  is 
that  which  is  mentioned  in  Scripture.  It  is  an  ever- 
green, grows  to  a  great  size,  and  is  remarkable  for 
Us  durability. 

CK'I).\R-£p,  a.    Covered  or  furnished  with  cedars. 

CF.'DAR-LlKE,  a.    Resembling  a  cedar.  B.  Jonsnn. 

Ck'DARN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  cedar.  Miltun. 

CeDE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  ceder  :  Sp.  and  Port,  ceder :  It.  ccdcre  ; 
L.cedo;  W  ./^adit,  gadaw ;  Eng.  to  i^iiit.  (See  Quit 
and  Conge.)  This  coincides  also  with  the  Gr.  xo^^'^i 
tX«^"i'-] 

1.  To  yield  ;  to  surrender ;  to  give  np  ;  to  resign  ; 
as,  to  cede  a  fortress,  a  province,  or  country,  by  trea- 
ty. This  word  is  appropriately  used  to  denote  the 
relinquishment  of  a  conquered  city,  fortress,  or  terri- 
tory, to  the  former  sovereign  or  proprietor. 

2.  To  relinquish  and  grant;  as,  to  all  claims 
to  a  disputed  right  or  territor>-. 

The  people  must  cede  lo  the  fovcmmcnl  some  of  their  natural 
n^hts.  Jay. 

CeD'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Yielded  ;  surrendered  ;  given  up. 

CE-DIL'L.\,  II.  A  mark  used  on  the  French  c,  [thus  f ,] 
to  show  that  it  is  to  be  sounded  like  s. 

CF.D'ING,  ppr.    Yielding;  giving  up. 

Ce'DRAT,  n.    A  species  of  citron-tree.  Pallas.  Tooke. 

Ce'DRINE,  (se'drin,)  a.    Belonging  to  cedar. 

CE'DRY,  a.    Having  the  color  or  properties  of  cedar. 

CED'ULE,  71.    A  scroll ;  a  writing.  Cotgrave. 

CED'lJ-OUS,  a.    Fit  to  be  felled.  Ecelyn. 

C£IL,  V.  t.  [Sp.  cielo,  heaven,  a  roof  or  ceiling ;  It. 
cielo  ;  Fr.  del,  heaven,  a  canopy,  a  tester  ;  L.  citlmn. 
Qu.  Gr.  KOiXoi.  This  word  indicates  its  original  ap- 
plication to  vaulted  buildings,  without  divisions  into 
stories  ;  such  as  many  of  the  public  edifices  in  Eu- 
rope, but  which  are  rarely  seen  in  America.] 

To  overlay  or  cover  the  inner  roof  of  a  building ; 
or  to  cover  the  top  or  roof  of  a  room. 

And  the  greater  house  he  ctiled  with  fir-tree.  — 2  Chron.  Ui. 

CEIL'ED,  (seeldj  pp.  or  a.  Overlaid  with  timber, 
or  with  plastering. 


CEL 

CkIL'ING,  ppr.  Covering  the  top  of  a  room  or  build- 
ing. 

CeII/1<VG,  71.    The  upper  horizontal  or  curved  sur- 
face of  an  apartment,  opposite  the  floor.    It  may  be 
of  boards,  or  of  lath  and  plastering.    Hence  ceiling 
is  used  for  the  upper  part  of  a  room. 
2.  In  ship-building,  the  inside  planks  of  a  ship. 
CiilL'ING-i'.'D,  a.    Furnished  with  a  ceiling. 

iVurdsiDorth. 

CEL' AX-DINE,  n.  [D.  celedonie :  It.  celidonia  ;  h.  che- 
lidonia  ;  Gr.  urAiAinei ,  from  xrXi^wv,  a  swallow.] 

A  plant,  swallow-wort,  horned  or  prickly  poppy, 
growing  on  old  walls,  among  rubbish,  and  in  waste 
places.  The  lesser  celandine  is  called  pile-wort,  a  spe- 
cies of  Ranunculus.  The  name  is  also  given  to  the 
Bocconia,  a  plant  of  the  West  Indies,  "-ailed  the 
greater  tree-celandine.  The  true  orthograpny  would 
be  Chelidine.  Coze.    J^am.  of  Plants. 

CEL'A-TURE,  n.  [L.  caiatura,  from  cislo,  to  engrave 
or  emboss.] 

1.  The  act  or  art  of  engraving  or  embossing. 

2.  That  which  is  engraved.  Hakewill. 
CEL'E-BR.\NT,  7i.    One  who  performs  a  public  relig- 
ious rite  ;  applied  particularly  to  the  officiating  priest 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

CEL'E^BR.ATE,  v.  t.  [Ir.  ccileabradh  :  Fr.  ccKbrer ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  celebrar;  It.  eelebrarc ;  L.  celcbro,  from 
celcber,  famous.  The  Russ.  has  slavliju.  (iu.  the 
root  of  Gr.  nAtiw.] 

1.  To  praise ;  to  extol ;  to  commend  ;  to  give  praise 
to ;  to  make  famous ;  as,  to  celebrate  the  name  of  the 
Most  High. 

The  grave  cannot  celebrate  th*c.  —  Is.  xxiviii. 

2.  To  distinguish  by  solemn  rites;  to  keep  holy. 

From  even  to  evon  shall  ye  celebrdte  your  Sabbath.  —  Lev.  xxiii. 

3.  To  lionor  or  distinguish  by  ceremonies  and 
marks  of  joy  and  respect ;  as,  to  celebrate  the  birth- 
day of  Washington  ;  to  ceUbrate  a  marriage. 

4.  To  mention  in  a  solemn  manner,  whether  of  joy 
or  sorrow.  Johnson. 

CEL'E-BRa-TED,  pp.    Praised  ;  extolled  ;  honored. 
2.  a.    Having  celebrity  ;  distinguished  ;  well- 
known. 

CEL'E-BRX-TIXG,  ppr.    Praising  ;  honoring. 

CEL-E-RRa'TION,  71.  Solemn  performance ;  a  dis- 
tinguishing by  solemn  rites  ;  as,  the  celebration  of  a 
marriage,  or  of  a  religious  festival. 

2.  A  distinguishing  by  ceremonies,  or  by  marks  of 
joy  or  respect ;  as,  the  celebration  of  a  birthday,  or 
other  anniversary. 

3.  Praise  ;  renown  ;  honor  or  distinction  bestowed, 
whether  by  songs,  eulogies,  or  rites  and  ceremonies. 

Clarendon, 

CEL'E-BRa-TOR,  71.  One  who  celebrates.  Boyle. 
CE-Le'BRI-OUS,  a.     Famous;  renowned.  [Liule 

used.]  Or  etc. 

CE-Le'BRI-OUS-LY,  adv.   With  praise  or  renown. 

[Little  jLicd.] 

CE-Le'BRI-OUS-NESS,  71.    Fame ;  renown.  [Little 

used.] 

CE-LEB'RI-TY,  7i.  [L.  celebritas.]  Fame  ;  renown  ; 
the  distinction  or  honor  publicly  bestowcti  on  a  na- 
tion or  person,  on  character  or  exploits;  the  distinc- 
tion bestowed  on  whatever  is  great  or  remarkable, 
and  manifested  by  pniises  or  eulogies ;  as,  the  ce/r6- 
rity  of  the  duke  of  VVellington  ;  tlie  celebrity  of  Ho- 
mer, or  of  the  Iliad. 

Kngland  acqiurcd  celebrity  from  the  triumphs  of  Marlborough. 

T.  Daices. 

2.  Public  and  splendid  transaction  ;  as,  the  celebri- 
ty of  a  marriage.    In  this  sense,  as  used  by  Bacon, 
we  now  use  celebration. 
CEL'E-RI.    See  Celert. 

CE-Le'RI-AC,  71.    A  variety  of  celery,  called  also  the 

tnrnip-rooted  celery.    [See  Celerv.] 
CE-LER'I-TY,  71.    [L.  celcrUas  ;  Fr.  eelerite  :  Bp.  cele- 

riiiud:  It.  celeritd,  from  L.  celer,  swift;  Oriental  hp, 

awitt,  light ;  Gr.  <£XA(...] 

1.  Rapidity  in  motion;  swiftness;  speed;  applied 
most  generally  to  bodies  moving  on  or  near  the  earth  ; 
as,  the  celerity  of  a  horse,  or  of  a  fowl.  We  speak 
of  tlie  velocity  of  sound  or  of  light,  or  of  a  planet  in 
its  orbit.  This  distinction,  however,  is  not  general, 
nor  can  the  different  uses  of  the  two  words  be  pre- 
cisely defined.  We  apply  celerity  rather  than  velocity 
to  Otought ;  but  there  seems  to  be  no  reason,  except 
usage,  why  the  two  words  should  not  be  synon- 
ymous. 

2.  An  affection  of  motion  by  which  a  movable 
body  runs  through  a  given  space  in  a  given  time. 

Encyc. 

CEL'E  RY,  71.  [Fr.ceteri;  D.  seldery ;  G.sellcri;  Gr. 
acXivov  ] 

,K  plant,  a  species  of  Apium,  cultivated  for  the 
table. 

CE-LES'TI.\L,  (se-Iest'yal,)  a.  [L.  caiestis,  from  ca^- 
lum,  ceelum,  heaven.] 

1.  Heavenly  ;  belonging  or  relating  to  heaven  ; 
dwelling  in  heaven  ;  as,  celestial  spirits  ;  celestial 
joys.  Hence  the  word  conveys  the  idea  of  superior 
excellence,  delight,  purity,  &.c.  Dnjden. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  upper  regions,  or  visible  heav- 
en ;  as,  celestial  signs  ;  the  celestial  globe. 


CEL 

3.  Descending  from  heaven;  as,  a  suit  of  celeilitl 
armor.  Pope. 

CF^LES'TIAL,  7i.    An  inhabitant  of  heaven.  Pope. 

CE-LES'TIALr-IZE,  (sc-lest'yal-ize,)  ti.  u  To  inakB 
celestial. 

OE-LES'TIAL-tZ-ED,  pp.    Made  celestial.  Qti.  Rn 

CE-LES'TIAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  heavenly  or  transport- 
ing manner 

CE-LES'TI-FI-EU,  pp.    Made  heavenlike. 

CE-I<ES'TI-FY,  V.  L  To  communicate  something  of 
a  heavenly  nature  to  any  thing.  [JVotuseil,]  Brutcn. 

CE-LES'TI-FV-ING,  ppr.    Making  heavenlikc. 

CEL.'ES-TIN,    )  71.   In  mineralogy,  native  sulphate  of 

CEL'ES-TINK,  j  strontian,  a  mineral  so  named  from 
its  occasional  delicate  blue  color.  Ure. 

CEL'ES-TINS,ii.  pi.  A  religiatis  order,  founded  by  Cel- 
estin  V.  in  the  13th  century.  They  have  ninety-six 
convents  in  Italy,  and  twenty-one  in  France.  They 
rise  two  hours  after  midnight  to  say  matins.  They 
eat  no  flesh  except  when  sick,  and  fast  often.  Their 
habit  is  a  white  gown,  a  capuche,  and  a  black  scap- 
ulary.  Encyc 

CE'Ll-.AC,  a.  [L.  ealiacus;  Gr.  koiXiokos,  from  KmXta, 
the  belly.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lower  belly,  or  intestines. 

.^rbuthnot. 

CE-LIB'A-CY  or  CEL'I-BA-CY,  71.  VL.  Calebs,  an 
unm.irried  person;  caiiftatiu,  a  single  life.] 

An. unmarried  state  ;  a  single  life.  It  is  most  fre- 
quently, if  not  always,  applied  to  males,  or  to  a  vol- 
untary single  life. 

They  look  on  celibacy  as  an  accursed  state.  Spectator. 

CEL'I-BATE,  71.  A  single  life  ;  celibacy  ;  chiefly  used 
when  speaking  of  the  single  life  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic clerg}'.  Encyc. 
2.  A  person  who  is  unmarried.  Ric/i.  Vict. 

CEL-ID-OG'R.\-PHY,  71.  A  description  of  apparent 
spots  on  the  disk  of  the  sun,  or  on  planets. 

CELL,  71.  [L.  cella  ;  Ir.  ceall:  Sp.  celda  ;  Port,  and  It. 
cella;  D.  kcUer,  a  cellar  ;  G.  kcller;  Sw.  kellare;  Dan. 
kelder ;  W.  cell.  It  ha.s  the  elements  of  the  L.  celo, 
to  conceal,  and  of  the  English  kold.] 

1.  A  small  or  close  apartment,  as  in  a  prison,  or  a 
bath. 

2.  A  cottage ;  a  cave ;  a  small  or  mean  place  of 
residence.  Prior. 

3.  A  small  cavity  or  hollow  place,  variously  ap- 
plied ;  as,  the  cells  of  the  brain  ;  the  celU  of  a  honey- 
comb, &c. 

4.  In  botany,  a  hollow  place  in  a  pericarp,  particu- 
larly in  a  capsule,  in  which  seeds  are  lodged.  Ac- 
cording to  the  number  of  these  cells,  pericarps  are 
called  unilnctilar,  bilocular,  trilocular,  &c.  Martyn. 

5.  In  anatomy,  a  little  bag,  or  bladder,  containing 
fluid  or  other  matter ;  as,  the  adipose  cells,  containing 
fyl  Encyc. 

6.  A  religious  house.  Chaucer. 

7.  In  ancient  architecture,  the  ceU,  or  eella,  was  the 
part  of  a  temple  within  the  walls. 

CEL'LAR,  71.    [L.  cellarium.    See  Cell.] 

A  room  under  a  house  or  other  building,  used  as  a 
repository  of  liquors,  provisions,  and  other  stores  for 
a  family. 

CEL'LAR-.\GE,  71.  The  room  for  a  cellar;  a  cellar, 
or  cellars. 

2.  Charge  for  storage  in  a  cellar.  Smart. 

CEL-LA-RET',  71.  A  case  of  cabinet  work,  for  hold- 
ing bottles  of  liquors. 

CEL'LAR-IST,  /  tu   An  officer  in  a  monastery  who 

CEL'LAR-ER,  (  has  the  care  of  the  cellar,  or  the 
charge  of  procuring  and  keeping  the  provisions; 
also,  an  officer  in  chapters,  who  has  the  care  of  the 
temporals,  and  particularly  of  distributing  bread,  wine, 
and  mtmey  to  canons,  on  account  of  their  attendance 
in  the  choir.  Enenc. 

CEL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.   [L.  cella,  and  fcro,  to  bear.] 
Bearing  or  producing  cells.  Encyc. 

CEL'LU-LAR,  a.    [L.  cellula,  a  little  cell.] 

Consisting  of  cells,  or  containing  cells.  Kirvan. 
The  cellular  membrane  or  tissue,  in  aniinat  bodtes,  is 
composed  of  an  infinite  number  of  minute  cells, 
communicating  with  each  other.  It  invests  every 
fiber,  and  seems  to  be  the  medium  of  connection 
between  all  parts  of  the  body.  The  cells  serve  as 
reservoirs  for  fat.  Encyc 

Cellular  tissue ;  in  planLi,  that  kind  of  elementary 
organic  matter  which  answers  to  the  flesh  in  animals. 
It  is  found  in  all  plants,  and  often,  as  in  mosses, 
constitutes  their  entire  substance.  P.  Cyc. 

CEL'LU-L.\R,  71.  A  plant  having  no  spiral  vessels, 
and  which  is  flowerless.  Linitley. 

CEL'LU-La-TED,  a.    Formed  with  cells.  Caldwell. 

CEL'LULE,  71.    A  small  cell. 

CEL-LU-LIF'ER-OL'S,  a.  [L.  ceUula,  a  little  cell,  and 
fcro,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  producing  little  cells. 

DicU  of  Ji'aL  nisU 
CEL'LU-LOSE,  a.    Containing  cells. 
CELS'I-TUDE,  71.    [L.  eelsUado.] 

Hight ;  elevation.  Chaucer. 
CELT,  71.    One  of  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  the 

south  of  Europe.    [See  Celtic] 
CELT-I-Bf.'R1-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Celtiberia  and 


TONE,  B5,'LL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1A 


185 


CEN 


CEN 


CEN 


ils  inhnbitants,  the  Celtiberi,  or  Celts  of  tlie  Iberus, 

a  river  m  Spain. 
CEI/I  -[-Be'RI-AN,7i.    An  inhabitant  of  Celtiberia. 
CELT'ie,  a.    [W.  celt,  a  covert  or  shelter;  ccltiad, 

one  thill  dwells  in  a  covert,  an  inhabitant  of  the 

forest,  a  Celt;  cclu.,  to  conceal,  L.  cdo ;  Gr.  KtAroi, 

Celts.] 

Pertaining  to  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  the 
south  and  west  of  Europe,  or  to  the  early  inhab- 
itants of  Italy,  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain.  We  say, 
Celtic  nations ;  Celtic  customs  ;  Celtic  origin. 

CELT'ie,  n.    The  language  of  the  Celts. 

CELT'1-CISM,  Ji.  Tlie  manners  and  customs  of  the 
Celts.  H'arton. 

CELT'IS,  71.  The  ncttle-tree,  a  genus  of  several 
species ;  among  which  are  the  Australis,  or  Southern, 
a  native  of  Africa  and  the  south  of  Europe  ;  the 
Oriental,  growing  in  Armenia  and  Taurica  ;  and  the 
Western,  growing  in  Virginia.        Eiicijc.  Touke. 

CEM'ENT,  «.  [h.  ctemeiitum  ;  Fr.  cimenl;  Arm.  ciiimnti 
Sp.  ciinieiito,  the  groundwork  of  a  building ;  It. 
cimciito,  an  essay  or  experiment.] 

J.  Any  glutinous  or  other  substance  capable  of 
uniting  bodies  in  close  cohesion,  as  mortar,  glue, 
solder,  &c.  In  building;  cement  denotes  a  stronger 
kind  of  mortar  than  that  wliich  is  ordinarily  used. 

Encijc. 

2.  Bond  of  union  ;  that  which  unites  firmly,  as 
persons  in  friendship,  or  men  in  society. 

3.  Powders  or  jiastes,  surrounding  bodies  in  pots 
and  crucibles,  for  chemical  purposes. 

This  word  is  pronounced  ce-meiit'  by  Brando  and 
Sm.irt. 

CE-.MEXT',  ti.  f.  To  unite  by  the  application  of 
glutinous  substances,  by  mortar  which  hardens,  or 
other  matter  that  produces  cohesion  of  bodies. 

2.  To  unite  firndy  or  closely  ;  as,  to  cement  all  parts 
of  the  coninmnity  ;  to  cement  friendship. 
CE-JIENT',  V.  i.    To  unite  or  become  solid ;  to  unite 

and  cohere.  Sharp. 
CE.M-ENT-.^'TION,  ji.   The  act  of  cementing;  the 
.    act  of  uniting  by  a  suitable  substance. 

2.  In  chemistni,  a  process  which  consists  in  sur- 
rounding a  solid"  body  with  the  powder  of  other  sub- 
stances, and  healing  the  whole  to  redness.  Iron  is 
thus  converted  into  steel,  glass  into  porcelain,  Sec. 

Brande 

CE-MENT'.4-TO-RY,  a.     Cementing  ;  having  the 

quality  of  uniting  tirmly.  Encijc. 
CE-.MEXT'ED,  pp.  or  u.    United  by  cement ;  changed 

by  cement ;  firmly  united  ;  consolidated. 
CE-ME.\T'ER,  71.    The  person  or  thing  that  cements. 
CE-.MENT'ING,  ppr.   or  a.     Uniting   by  cement; 

changing  by  ine.ins  of  a  cement;  uniting  closely; 

consolidating. 

CE.M-Ei\-Tl"TIOUS,(sem-en-tish'us,)n.    Having  the 
quality  of  cementing.    Forsyth.    Uniting  as  cement ; 
congi utinating ;  tending  to  unite  or  consolidate. 
CEM'E-TEK-Y,  7i.    [L.  cmnelcrium;  Gr.  KuiptnTiipio", 
from  /cKi/iiioj,  to  sleep.] 

A  place  where  the  dead  bodies  of  human  beings 
are  buried.  Addisim. 
CEN'A-'J'()-KY,  a.    [L.  ceenatorius,  from  cana,  supper, 
ceeno,  to  sup.] 

Pertaining  or  relating  to  supper.  Brown. 
CEiN'O-BlTE, «.   [Gr.  Kiii/a/Jiurz/jja  community, from 
KDiniK,  common,  and  i(3iof,  life,  ffmu,  to  live.] 

One  of  a  religious  order,  who  live  in  a  convent,  or 
in  community  ;  in  opposition  to  an  anchoret,  or 
hermit,  who  lives  in  solitude.  Encijc. 
CE.\-0-Bn'Me,       I  a.    Living  in  community,  as 
C£.N-0-BIT'ie-AL, )     men  belonging  to  a  convent. 

Stillin/rjlect. 

CR'XO-BY,  71.  A  place  where  persons  live  in  coin- 
inunitv.  Buck. 

CE-N'O-TAPII,  (sen'o-taf,)  ti.  [Gr.  Ktvora^ioi/,  from 
KCfui,  empty,  and  ^ajioi,  a  tonil).] 

An  empty  tomb  erected  in  honor  of  some  deceased 
person  ;  a  monument  erected  to  one  who  is  buried 
elsewhere.  ./o/i«.<u«.  Encyc. 

CE.VSE,  (sens,)  ti.  [E.  cnisiis.  a  valuation,  a  register- 
ing, a  tax  ;  cen.-ico,  to  enroll,  to  tax.  Uu.  Ch.  D3p,  to 
impose  a  fine.] 

1.  A  public  rate  or  tax.  Bacon, 

2.  Condition  ;  rank.    [Ohs.]  B.  Joiuion. 
CENSE,  ».t.    [I'r.  enco/ii'CT-.    Sec  Incense.] 

To  perfume  with  odors  from  burning  substances. 

Dnjden. 

CENS'ER,  71.  [Fr.  encensoir;  Sp.  inccnsarioi  It.  iii- 
censiere.    See  Incensf..] 

A  v.ase  or  pan  in  which  incense  is  burned.  Among 
the  .Jein,  a  kind  of  chafiiig-riisli,  covered  by  a  dome, 
an<l  HUHpi'iided  hy  a  chain,  used  to  oiler  perfumes  in 
HacrifieeH.  Encijc. 

CE.V.S'I.N'i;,  ppr.    Perfuming  with  odors. 

CE.N'SIO.N,  (seii'i-hun,)  /i.    [L.  ceii.tio.    See  Cense.] 
A  rale,  tax,  or  «ssi  ssirient.  J.  Hall. 

CEN'SOK,  n.    [\,.  centm  SeeCrKiiE.] 

1.  An  olliri  r  In  ancietii  Rome,  whose  business  was 
to  register  the  riX*-r\H  of  the  citizens,  to  impose  taxes 
ncrordinft  to  the  prii|«'ity  w  liich  e.n  h  man  possessed, 
and  lo  iiis[HM-t  the  inaniiers  of  tlie  riti/.eus,  with 
power  to  ceiiHurc  vice  and  immorality  by  inllictiiig  a 
public  mark  uf  ignoinliiy  on  the  oll'eiider. 


2.  One  who  is  empowered  to  examine  all  manu- 
scripts and  books,  beftire  they  are  committed  to  the 
press,  and  to  see  that  they  contain  nothing  heretical 
or  immoral.  Encyc. 

3.  One  who  is  given  to  censure.  Dryden. 
CEN-So'RI-AL,  j  a.    Belonging  to  a  censor,  or  to  the 
CEN-So'RI-AN,  j     correction  of  public  morals  ;  as, 

censorial  power. 

2.  Full  of  censure.  [More  properly  Censorious.] 
CEN-So'RI-OUS,  a.  Addicted  to  censure ;  apt  to 
blame  or  condemn  ;  severe  in  making  remarks  on 
others,  or  on  their  writings  or  manners  ;  often  im- 
plying ill-nature,  illiberalily,  or  uncharilableness  ;  as, 
a  ceiuiorioiis  critic, 

2.  Implying  or  expressing  censure  ;  as,  censorious 
remarks  • 
CEN-So'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  censorious  manner. 
CEX-So'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.    Disposition  to  blame  and 
condemn  ;  the  habit  of  censuring  or  reproaching. 
2.  'J'he  quality  of  being  censorious.  [Taylor. 
CEN'SOR-LTKE,  a.  Censorious. 

CEN'SOR-SHIP,  n.    The  ofiice  or  dignity  of  a  censor  ; 

the  time  during  which  a  censor  holds  his  office. 
CEN'SU-.\L,  (sen'shu-al,)  a.    [L.  eensualis.] 

Relating  to,  or  containing  a  census ;  liable  to  be 

rated.  Whitakcr.  Encyc. 

CEN'SIJR-A-BLE,  a.    [See  Censure.]    Worthy  of 

censure  ;  blamable  ;  culpable  ;  reprehensible  ;  faulty  ; 

as,  a  censurable  person,  or  censurable  conduct. 
CEN'SIJR-A-BLE-NESS,  7i.     Blamableness ;  fitness 

to  be  censured.  IVhillock. 
CEN-S  LJR- A-BLY,  adv.   In  a  manner  worthy  of  blame. 
CEN'SIJRE,  (sen'shur,)  ii.    [L.  eensura  ;  Fr.  censnre  ; 

Sp.  Port,  and  It.  eensura  ;  from  L.  censeo,  censor,'\ 

1.  An  estimate  or  judgment  without  implying  dis- 
approbation.   [  06.S.]  Burnet. 

2.  The  act  of  blaming  or  finding  fault  and  con- 
demning as  wrong;  applicable  to  the  moral  conduct, 
or  lo  the  works  of  men.  When  applied  to  persons, 
it  is  nearly  equivalent  to  blame,  reproof,  reprehen- 
sion, reprimand.  It  is  an  expression  of  disapproba- 
tion, which  often  implies  reproof. 

3.  Judicial  sentence ;  judgment  that  condemns.  An 
ecclesiastical  censure  is  a  sentence  of  condemnation, 
or  penalty  inflicted  on  a  member  of  a  church  for  mal- 
condiict,  by  vvhicli  he  is  deprived  of  the  communion 
of  the  church,  or  prohibited  from  executing  the 
sacerdotal  office.  Encyc. 

CEN'SIJRE,  (sen'shur,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  censurer ;  Sp.  cen- 
surar.] 

To  find  fault  with  and  condemn  as  wrong ;  to 
blame  ;  lo  express  disapprobation  of;  as,  to  censure 
a  man,  or  his  manners,  or  his  writings. 

We  laugli  at  vanity  oitener  Uian  we  censure  pride. 

Buckmijister. 

2.  To  condemn  by  a  judicial  sentence,  as  in  eccle- 
siastical affairs. 

3.  To  estimate.    [JVot  in  use.]  SfiaJc. 
CEN'SIJRE,  V.  i.   To  judge.    [JVot  in  rise.] 
CEN'SUR-£D,  (sen'shurd,)  pp.    Blamed ;  reproved  ; 

condemned. 

CEN'SqR-ING,  ppr.  Blaming;  finding  fault  with. 
CEN'SUR-ING,  ;i.    A  blaming  ;  reproach. 
CEN'SUS,  Ti.    [L.  from  censeo.    See  Cense.] 

1.  In  ancient  Rome,  an  authentic  declaration  made 
before  the  censors,  by  the  citizens,  of  their  names 
and  places  of  abode.  This  declaration  was  regis- 
tered, and  contained  an  enumeration  of  all  their 
lands  and  estates,  their  quantity  and  quality,  with 
the  wives,  children,  domestics,  tenants,  and  slaves, 
of  each  citizen.  Hence  the  word  signifies  this  enu- 
meration or  register,  a  man's  whole  substance,  and 
the  tax  imposed  according  to  each  man's  property. 

2.  In  the  United  States  of  America,  an  enumeration 
of  the  inhabitants  of  all  the  Stales,  taken  by  order  of 
the  congress,  to  furnish  the  rule  of  apportioning  the 
representation  among  the  States,  and  the  number 
of  represeiilalives  to  which  each  Stale  is  entitled  in 
the  congress  ;  also,  an  enumeration  of  the  inhab- 
itants of^a  State,  taken  by  order  of  its  legislature. 

CEN'I",  n.  [Fr.  cent  ^  Sp.  cicnto  ;  Port,  cento;  It.  cento; 
from  L.  centum,  formed  on  the  Celtic,  W.  cant,  Arm. 
cant,  (yorii.  kanz.  The  Welsh  cant  signifies  a  circle, 
hoop,  wheel,  or  rim,  a  wattled  fence  round  a  yard  or 
corn-floor,  hence  a  complete  circle,  a  hundred.  It  is 
probable  that  the  'I'eutiuiic  and  Golliic  hwid,  in  hun- 


dred, is  the  same  word.  Ar.  jXJjfc  handon,  a  hun- 
dred, and  the  same  root  gives  India,  Hindu.  See 
Hunored.] 

1.  A  hundred.  In  commerce,  per  cent,  denotes  a 
certain  rate  by  the  hundred  ;  as  tcu  per  cent,  is  ten  in 
the  hundred,  whether  profit  or  loss.  Tliis  rate  is 
called  perccntaire, 

2.  In  tlie  United  Slates  of  America,  a  copper  coin 
whose  value  is  the  hundredth  part  of  a  dollar. 

CENT' ACE,  Ti.    Rale  by  the  cent  or  humlied. 

CEN'TAUK,  71.    [li.  centjinrns ;  Cr.  Mi/ruvpoj.  Clu. 
Kii'TtM,  to  spur,  and  r.ii'/ios,  a  bull.] 

1.  Ill  myttwloifii,  a  fabulous  being,  supposed  to  be 
half  man  and  hall  horse.  It  has  been  supposed  that 
this  fancied  inuiister  originated  among  the  Eapilhie, 


a  tribe  in  Thessaly,  who  first  invented  the  art  of 
breaking  horses,    iiut  the  origin  of  the  fable  and  of 
the  name  is  doubtful. 
2.  A  coiistellalioii  of  the  southern  hemisphere. 

Encyc. 

CEN'TAUR-iZE,  v.  i.  To  perform  the  acts  of,  or  lo 
be  like,  .  centaur  ;  to  be  a  man,  and  act  like  a  brute. 

Young. 

CEN'TAUR-LTKE,  a.  Having  the  appearance  of  a 
centaiir.  Sidney. 

CEN'TAU-RY,  71.    [L.  centaurea;  Gr.  nevTaviie^'v.] 
The  popular  name  of  various  plants.    Tlie  lesser 
centaury  is  a  species  of  Erytliriea. 

CEN-TE-Na'RI-AN,  71.  A  person  a  hundred  years 
old. 

CEN'TE-NA-RY,  7t.  [L.  centenarius,  from  centum,  a 
hundred.] 

The  number  of  a  hundred ;  as,  a  ccntciiart/  of 
vears. 

CEN'TE-NA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  a  hundred  ;  consist- 
ing of  a  hundred. 

CEN-TEN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  centum,  a  hundred,  and  an- 
nus, a  year.] 

1.  Consisting  of  a  hundred  years,  or  completing 
thai  term.  Mason. 

2.  Pertaining  lo  a  hundred  years. 

3.  Happening  every  hundred  years. 
CEN'TER,  )  71.    [Gr.  Kivrpop,  a  point,  goad,  or  spur, 
CEN'TRE,  )    from  KCfvoj,  to  prick  ;  L.  centrum  ;  Fr. 

centre:  Sp.  centro ;  Port,  and  It.  id.] 

1.  A  point  equally  distant  from  the  extremities  of 
a  line,  figure,  or  body  ;  the  middle  point  or  place  of 
any  tiling. 

2.  The  middle  or  central  object.  In  an  army,  the 
body  of  troops  occupying  the  place  in  the  line  be- 
tween the  wings.  In  a  fleet,  the  division  between 
the  van  and  rear  of  the  line  of  battle,  and  between 
the  weather  division  and  lee,  in  the  order  of  sailing. 

3.  A  single  body  or  house.  [Mar.  Diet. 
Tliese  iiisiilutions  colli'ctetl  aJI  autliority  into  one  center,  V'lugt, 

nobles,  and  jjeople.  J.  Adane. 

Center  of  gravity ;  in  mechanics,  the  point  about 
which  all  the  parts  of  a  body  exactly  balance  each 
other,  so  that  when  that  point  is  supported,  the 
whole  body  is  supported.  2).  Olmsted. 

Center  of  nivtion  ;  the  point  which  remains  at  rest, 
while  all  the  other  parts  of  a  body  move  round  it. 

Barlow. 

CEN'TER,  )  V.  t.   To  place  on  a  center  ;  to  fix  on  a 
CEN'TRE,  \     central  point.  Milton. 
2.  To  collect  lo  a  point. 

Tliy  joys  are  centered  all  in  me  alone.  Prior. 

CEN'TFR  ) 

CEN'TRe'  i  collected  to  a  point. 

Our  hopes  must  center  on  ourselves  alone.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  be  collected  to  a  point ;  to  rest  on. 

3.  To  be  placed  in  the  middle.  Milton. 
CEN'TER-BIT,  ;  n.     An  insirumenl  turning  on  a 
CEN'TRE-BIT,  i     center,  for  boring  circular  holes. 
CEN'TER-ED,  )  pp.    Collected  to  a  point  or  center; 
CEN'TRKU,     i     fixed  on  a  central  point. 
CEN'TER-ING,  )  ppr.    Placing  on  the  center ;  collect- 
CEN''1'RING,     \     ing  lo  a  point. 
CEN'TER-ING,  71.     In  architecture,  the  temporary 

woodwork  or  framing  on  which  any  vaulted  work 
is  constructed.  Choilt. 
CEN-TES'1-MAE,  a.    [h.  centesimus,  from  ceiKiim,  a 
hundred.] 

The  hundredth.  As  a  noun,  the  next  step  of  pro- 
gression after  decimal  in  the  arithmetic  of  fractions. 

.Johnson. 

CEN-TES-I-MA'TION,  71.    [L.  centesimus,  supra.] 
A  military  puiiishmenl  for  desertion,  mutiny,  or 
the  like,  where  one  person  in  a  hundred  is  selected 
for  execution.  Encyc. 
CEN'TESM,  71.    [I,,  centcsimus.] 

The  hundredth  part  of  an  integer  or  thing.  [JVot 
used.]  Bailnt. 
CEN  'I  I-CIP'IT-OUS,  a.    Having  a  hundred  heads. 
CEN-TIF'I-DOUS,  a.   Divided  into  a  hundred  p.irts. 
CEN-TI-Fo'LI-OUS,  a.    [L.  cciKiim,  a  hundred,  and 
folium,  a  leaf.] 

Hiiving  a  hundred  leaves.        Bailni.  John.wn. 
CEN'Tl-GRADE,  a.  [L.  centum,  a  hunilred,  and  gra- 
diu!,  a  degree.] 

Consisting  of  a  hundred  degrees;  graduated  into  a 
hundred  divisions  or  eipial  ptirls. 

Ccntigradr  llirrmamcter  .•  a  thermometer  having  the 
distaiii  e  In  lwi  i  n  the  freezing  and  boiling  points  of 
water  dividi  cl  inio  100  degrees. 
CFJV 7'l-0 ItJiM.M K,  II.    [L.  rnitum  and  /rram.] 

In  French  mrujiure,  the  hundredth  part  of  a  gramme. 
[See  Gram.] 

CEN-TIL'l-'rER,  (71.  [E.  cCTitum,  and  Fr.  litre,  or 
CEJ^'ri-r.r-TRE,  \  lilmn.] 

The  hundredth  p.trt  of  a  litre,  a  little  more  than 

(i-10  of  a  cubic  inch. 
CEN-TII,'0-(lUY.  71.    [E.  centum  and  loquor.] 

A  liundred-foln  discourse.  Burton. 
CFM-  TlMF.',  (sAii  teem',)  71.    [Fr.]  The  hundredth 

part  of  a  franc. 
CEN-TIM'E-TER,  )  ».    [L.  centum,  a  hundred,  and 
CFMi'l'IMiyrRE,  \     Gr.  lurpov,  measuio.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH>T  MUTE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DO.VE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


CEN 

III  French  mriLiure,  till!  Iiiindredtli  part  of  a  meter, 
i»il>ei  more  tlian  39-100  of  an  iiuli,  I^neli^li  ineasure. 

Ckruit.  Ob/.  X.  192. 


CE\-TI.\'0-DY,  n.    Knotsrass.    [M  tucd.] 
CE.N'TI  PED,  «.     [L.  ccntipeda;  ceiUuin,  a  nu 
and  pr^,  a  iVwt.] 


A  general  term  applied  to  insects  having  a  Ereat 
number  of  feet.  Tlicy  belong  to  the  order  Myriapo- 
da.  Among  them  tlie  genus  Scolopendra  includes 
large,  venomous  species,  attaining,  not  unfrccpiently, 
in  irupiral  rlimates,  a  leiigtli  of  six  inches  or  more. 
CE.N'TI- PEE,  for  C'ESTifED,  is  not  used. 
CE.VT'.NER,  M.    [L.  centum,  centinarias.^ 

In  metallargy  and  asiayiit^,  a  dociniastic  hundred  ; 
a  weight  divisible  tirst  into  a  hutidred  [Kirts,  and 
then  into  sniallrr  parts.    The  metallurgists  u.sc  a 
weight  divided  into  a  hundred  equal  parts,  each  one 
pound ;  the  whole  they  call  a  centner  •  the  pound  is 
divided  into  thirty-two  parts,  or  half  ounces  ;  the 
half  ounce  into  two  quarters  ;  and  each  of  these  into 
two  drams.    But  the  assayers  use  dillen-nt  weights. 
With  them  a  centner  is  one  dram,  to  which  the  other 
parts  are  proportioned.  Encyc. 
CE.X'TO,  n.    [L.  cento,  patched  cloth,  a  rhapsody.] 
.V  composition  formed  by  verses  or  passages  from 
different  author^:,  disposed  in  a  new  order.  Eiicijc. 
CE.N'TR.VL,  a.    [L.  centralis.] 

Rel.iting  to  the  center ;  placed  in  the  center  or 
middle  ;  containing  the  center,  or  pertaining  to  the 
parts  near  the  center. 

Central  forces  ;  in  mechanics,  the  two  antagonist 
forces,  (the  centripetal  and  centrifugal,)  by  whose 
united  action  bodies  are  caused  to  revolve  round  a 
centnl  point  HcberU 
CEN  TRE.   See  Clkter. 

CE.N-TRAL'I-TV,  it.  The  sf»te  of  being  central. 
CEN-TRAL-l-7,.\'TIO.\,  n.  Act  of  centralizing. 
CE.N'TR.\L-IZE,  r.  «.    To  draw  to  a  central  point; 

In  brins  to  a  center.  Calhoun. 
CEN'TRAL-LY,  aJc.    With  regard  to  the  center;  in 

a  central  manner. 
CE.N'TRie,  a.    Placed  in  the  center  or  middle. 
OE.\'TRie-.\L-IA',  ailv.   In  a  central  positiim. 
CE.\'TRie-.\L-.NESS,  n.    Situation  in  the  center. 
CE.N-TKIF'lI-G.iL,  a.      [L.  centrum  and  fug-io,  to 

flee.]  , 

1.  Tending  to  recede  from  the  center.  The  centrif- 
ugal force  of  a  body  is  that  force  by  which  all  bodies, 
moving  round  another  body  in  a  curve,  tend  to  Hy 
ofT  from  the  axis  of  their  motion,  in  a  tangent,  to  the 
peripher)'  of  the  curve.  F.ncyc. 

2,  In  botany,  e.xpanding  first  at  the  summit,  and 
later  at  the  base,  as  a  flower.  Lindlry. 

CEX-TRIP'E-T.\L,a.    [L.  centrum  and  peto,  to  move 
toward.] 

1.  Tending  toward  the  center.  Centripetal  force,  is 
that  force  which  draws  or  impels  a  Iwdy  toward 
some  point  as  a  center ;  as  in  case  of  a  planet  re- 
volving round  the  sun,^he  center  of  the  system. 

2.  In  botany^  expanding  first  at  the  base  of  the  in- 
florescence, and  later  at  the  summit,  as  a  flower. 

LinUley. 

J^ote.  —  The  common  accentuation  of  centrifugal 
and  centripetal  is  artificial  and  harsh.  The  accent 
on  the  first  and  third  syllables,  as  in  circumpolar, 
would  be  natural  and  easy. 

CE.N-TL'.M' VIR,  n. ;      Cestu m'tiri.    [L.  centum,  a 
hundred,  and  vir,  a  man.] 

A  name  given  to  certain  judges  in  ancient  Rome, 
appointed  by  the  pretor,  to  decide  comiiinn  caii.ses 
among  the  people.  At  first,  three  were  taken  from 
each  of  the  thirty-five  tribes,  making  one  hundred 
and  five,  though,  for  the  sake  of  the  round  number, 
they  were  called  centumcirL  The  number  was  af- 
terward increased  to  one  hundred  and  eighty,  with- 
out a  clianze  of  their  title.  Smith's  Diet, 

CE.N-TL'.M'VI-R.\L,,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  ccntumvir. 

CE.N-TI;M'VI-R.\TE,  n.    The  office  of  a  centunivir. 

CE.N'TU-PLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  centuplex,  centum,  and 
plico,  to  fold.  ] 
A  hundred  fold. 

CEN'TU-PLE,  r.  (.    To  mullipiv  a  hundred  fold. 

CEN-TO'PLI-C.aTE,   r.  £.    [L.  cfiitura  and  plicatus, 
folded  ;  Sp.  cenlupUcar,  to  make  a  hundred  fold.] 
To  make  a  hundn  d  fold. 

CEN-TO'PLI-e.\-TED,  pp.    Made  a  hundred  fold. 

CEN-TO'PLJ-eA-TI.\G,  ppr.     .Making  a  hundred 
f..ld. 

CEX-TO'RI-.\L,  a.     [from  century.]    Relating  to  a 
century,  or  a  bundreu  years  ;  as,  a  centurial  .sermon. 

WlKii  ihe  Ihini  etnturial  Inbilrt  of  New  Rii^.^nd  ilwll  comr, 
who  of  m  wiU  then  be  li^mj  to  partidpaif  lH'*  j-ii-  taI  jiy  ? 

J.  M'otxtbrvtge. 

CE.N-TO'RI-XTE,  r.  L    [L.  cetUurio,  to  divide  into 
hundreds,  or  companies.] 
To  divide  into  hiindreds.  Johnson.  Bailey. 

CEN-TO'RI-.^  TOR,  )  it.     [Fr.  eenturiaUnr,  from'  L. 
CEN'TU-RIST,         i     cnituria,  a  century,  or  from 
centurio,  to  divide  into  hundreds.] 

Anhistoh.tn  who  distinguishes  time  intoti'nturies  ; 
as  in  the  Univet^  Church  History  of  .Magd'-niirg. 

jiijl.ffe. 

CEN-TO'RI-ON,  a.    [L.  centurio,  from  centum,  a  hun- 
dred.] 


CER 

Among  the  Rowans,  a  military  officer  who  coin- 
maiidfd  a  hundred  men,  a  century,  or  company  of 
infantry,  answeriii:;  to  the  captain  in  moilern  armies, 
CE.N'TU-RY,    fscnt'yu-re,)   n.     [L.   eenturia,  from 
cc'itum,  a  liuntlred.] 

1.  In  o  general  sense,  a  hundred  ;  any  thing  con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  parts. 

2.  A  division  of  the  Roman  people  for  the  purpose 
of  electing  magislrales,  and  enacting  laws,  the  jxjo- 
ple  voting  by  centuries ;  also,  a  company  consisting 
of  a  hundred  men. 

3.  A  [jcriod  of  a  hundred  years.  This  is  the  most 
common  signification  of  the  word  ;  and  as  we  begin 
our  nUKieru  conipiitation  of  time  f'roiii  the  incarna- 
tion of  Christ,  the  word  is  generally  applied  to  some 
term  of  a  hundred  years  subsequent  to  that  event ; 
as,  the  first  or  second  century,  or  the  tenth  century.  If 
we  intend  to  apply  the  word  to  a  dilTerent  era,  wo 
use  an  explanatory  adjiinrt ;  as,  the  third  century 
before  the  ClirL^tian  era,  or  afXcr  tlie  reign  of  Cyrus. 

4.  The  Centuries  of  .Ma:;iicbur<r  :  a  title  given  to  an 
ecclesiastical  history,  arranged  in  thirteen  centuries, 
coinpiletl  by  a  great  number  of  Protesianls  at  jVag- 
dcburg, 

CEOL.  [Sax.,  a  shi|i,  L.  celor,  ot  Eng.  keel.]  This 
word  is  sometimes  found  prefixed  to  name.s. 

CEPH-.\l^.\L'aie,  a.  [^Int'rx]  Relating  to  headache. 

CEPir.\L-.\L,-GY,  n.    [<;r.  ni^u-XuAf  ici,  Kt>l,a\ri,  the 
head,  and  uX;  .5,  pain.] 
The  headache. 

CE-PlIAL'ie,  a.  [Gr.  <f.^rt,\/ito5,  from  KopaXri,  the 
head.] 

Pertaining  to  the  head ;  as,  cephalic  medicines, 
remedies  for  disorders  in  the  head.  The  cephalic 
vein,  which  runs  al.ing  the  arm,  was  so  iianied  be- 
c.iuse  the  ancients  used  to  open  it  for  disorders  of 
the  head.  Encyc. 

CE-PIi.\L'IC,  n.  A  medicine  for  headache,  or  other 
disorder  in  the  head. 

CEPH'AI^O-E.X-TUAeT'OR,  n.  An  instrument  to 
extract  a  fetus  by  clasping  the  head.  Ca.tanoca. 

CEPH'AL-O-POD,  ;i.  [Gr.  KCpaX;,  head,  and  iroJa, 
the  feet.] 

In  natural  hUtnry,  a  molluscous  animal  character- 
ized by  a  distinct  iiead  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  long 
arms,  by  which  it  crawls  and  seizes  objects.  The 
sepia,  or  cuttle-fish,  is  one  of  these  animals.  The 
name  cephalopoii  alludes  to  the  fact  that  the  feet,  or 
arms,  are  arranged  about  the  head,  or  appssar  to  pro- 
ceed from  it.  Dana. 

CEPH-A-LO-POD'ie,     (  a.  Belonging  to  the  cephal- 

CEPll-A-LOP'O-DOUS,  (  opods. 

CE-PHe'US,  n.  A  constellation  in  the  northern  hcm- 
Upherc. 

Ce'PHUS,  7u    a  water-fowl  of  the  duck  kind  ;  also,  a 

species  of  monkev,  the  .Moiia.    Diet,  of  jVat.  //Lit. 
CE-Ra'CEOUS,  a.'  [L.  cera,  wax.]    Wax  like;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  wax. 
CER'A-Sl.N,  n.    [L.  crra.<us.] 

.\iiy  gummy  substance  which  swells  in  cold  water, 
but  does  nut  readily  dissolve  ill  it.     Ure.    Dr.  John. 
CER'.Vj^ITE,  71.    [L.  cernsum,  cherrj-.] 

.\  petrifaction  resembling  a  cherry.  Cye. 
2.  The  native  muriate  of  lead.  Dana. 
CE-R.\S'TkS,  n.    [Gr.  rrou-'if,  from  rroij,  a  horn.] 
In  zooln^j,  a  genus  of  poisonous  .\frican  serji..>nt8 
with  horns.  Brande, 
Cli'R.ATE,  71.    [L.  erratum,  from  cera,  wax.] 

A  thick  kind  of  ointment,  composed  of  wax  and 
oil,  with  other  ingredients,  applied  externally  in  va- 
rious diseases.  Cyci 
Ce'R.A-TEI),  a.    [I.,  ceratus.] 

Covered  with  wax. 
CER'.VTRI.N,  71.     The  bitter  principle  of  Iceland 
moss. 

CER'BE-RUS,  ».  [L.]  In  mytholoiry,  a  monster  in  the 
shape  of  a  dog,  guarding  the  entrance  into  the  infer- 
nal regions,  and  described,  by  different  ancient  wri- 
ters, as  having  three,  fifty,  and  even  a  hundred 
heads. 

Cf.RE,  71.  The  naked  skin  that  covers  the  b.tse  of  the 
bill  in  some  birds,  as  in  those  of  the  hawk  tribe. 

Encyc. 

CERE,  r.  L    [L.  cera,  wax.] 

To  wax,  or  cover  with  wax.  tVisenuin. 

CE'RE-AL,  a.  [from  Ceres.]  Pertaining  to  edible 
gr^iin,  as  wheat,  rj  c,  tic.  IlumboUt. 

CE-RE-A'LI-.\,  11.  pL  A  technical  term  for  the  edible 
grains.  «  ProuU 

CER  E-BEL'LU.M,  n.    [L.  cerebellum.] 

The  hinder  and  lower  part  of  the  brain,  or  the  lit- 
tle brain.  Core. 

CER'E-BRAL,   )  .         .        .....  .. 

CER'E-BRINE  i       [from  L.  cerebrum,  the  brain.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ccrebnim,  or  brain. 
CER'E-BRU.M,  n.    [L.]    The  front  and  larger  part  of 
the  brain. 

CERE'eLOTIl,  «.    [L.  cera,  wax,  an.l  cloOi.] 

.\  cloth  smeared  with  melted  wax,  or  with  some 
gummy  or  glutinous  matter.  Bacon. 

But  the  English  word  for  a  cloth  used  to  cover 
wounds  is  sear-cloth  ;  Pax.  .tar-cloth,  a  sore-cloth. 
Ci^R'fTO,  (seerd,)  pp.    Spread  over  with  melted  wax. 
CkRE'.ME.NT,  It.    [l^  cera,mrvix.] 


CER 

I        Cloths  dipiieil  in  melted  wax,  with  which  dead 
i     bodi'-s  an*  iiifulded,  when  embalmed.  Johnson. 
CER-IVMoM  AI,,  a.    [Sec  C.:REMo;«r.] 

1.  Relating  to  ceremony,  or  evterii.al  rite  ;  ritual ; 
according  to  the  forms  of  established  rites  ;  its,  cert- 
monial  exni'liii'ss.  It  is  (nrticiil  irly  applied  to  the 
forms  and  rites  of  the  Jewish  religion  ;  ■as,  the  cere- 
monial law,  ur  worship,  08  distinguished  from  the 
moral  and  judicial  law. 

2.  Formal ;  observant  of  old  forms ;  exact ;  precise 
in  manners.  Dnjden. 

,    In  this  latter  sense,  CcREMO^tiocs  is  now  used. 

CER-E-.\1o'.NI  /\I,,  71.  Outward  fimn  ;  external  rite, 
or  established  forms,  or  rites,  including  all  the  forms 
prescribed  ;  a  system  of  niles  anil  ceremonies,  en- 
joined by  law,  or  establisfieil  by  custom,  whether  in 
religious  worship,  in  social  intercourse,  or  in  the 
courts  of -princes. 

2.  The  order  for  rites  and  fonns  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  or  the  book  containing  the  rules 
prescribed  to  be  observed  tin  solemn  ticcasioiis. 

CER-E-.M6'.NI-AL-LY,  ado.  According  to  rites  and 
ceremonies  ;  :is,  a  person  ceremonially  unclean  ;  an 
act  ceremonially  unlawful.  .Milton. 

CER-E-.MO'.N l-()US,  a.    Consisting  of  outward  forms 
and  rites  ;  as,  the  ceremonious  part  of  wt>rsliip. 
In  this  sense,  Ceremonial  is  now  used. 

2.  Full  of  ceremony,  or  .solemn  fiirins.  Shak. 

3.  .According  to  the  rules  and  forms  prescribed,  or 
customary  ;  civil ;  formally  respectful.  "  Ceremoni- 
ous phrases."  Mdisuom 

4.  Formal ;  according  to  the  rules  of  civility  ;  as, 
to  take  a  ceremonious  leave. 

5.  Forjnal  i  exact ;  precise  ;  too  observant  of  forms. 
CER-E-Mo'.NI-OUS-LY,  ade.    In  a  ceremonious  man- 
ner ;  f'orinallv  ;  with  due  forms. 

CER-E^.MO'Nl-OL'.^.NESS,  11.  The  use  of  customary 
forms ;  the  practice  of  tt>o  much  ceremony  ;  great 
formalitv  in  manners. 

CER' E- .Mb- .NY,  71.  [L.  Sp.  It.  Port,  ccrr iTioma ;  Fr. 
cerc77io7nV.] 

1.  Outward  rite ;  external  form  in  religion. 

2.  Forms  of  civility  ;  rules  established  by  custom 
for  regulating  social  intercourse. 

3.  Outward  forms  of  state  ;  the  forms  prescribed 
or  established  by  order  or  custom,  serving  for  the 
purpose  of  civility  or  jnagnificence,  as  in  levees  of 
princes,  the  reception  of  embassadors,  k.c. 

Master  of  ceremonies ;  an  officer  wiio  superintends 
the  reception  of  embas,sadors.  A  person  who  regu- 
lates the  forms  to  be  tibserved  by  the  company,  or 
attendants,  on  a  public  occasion. 
.CiS'RE-O-LITE,  71.  [L.  cera,  wax,  and  Gr.  .Xi;  ,,  a 
stone.] 

A  substance  which  in  appearance  anil  softness  re- 
sembles wax  ;  sometimes  confounded  with  sti^atitp. 

Cyc  Cleaveland. 
CE'RE-OUS,  a.    [L.  eereus,  from  cera,  wax.] 

Waxen  ;  like  wax.  Gayton. 
Ce'Ri:S,  n.  [L.l  In  mtjtholnrpi,  the  inventor  or  goddess 
of  corn,  or  rather  the  name  of  corn  deified. 

2.  One  of  the  asteroids  or  small  planets  revolving 
between  the  orbits  of  .Mars  "and  Jupiter.    It  »vas  dis- 
covered by  .M.  Piazzi,  .at  Palermo,  in  Sicily,  in  1801. 
Ck'RI.N,  71.    [I-.  ireru,  wax.] 

1.  .\  peculiar  substance  which  pn^cipitatt^s,  on 
evajKiration,  from  alcohol,  which  ha-s  been  disested 
on  grated  cork.  Crt. 

2.  The  part  of  common  wax  which  dissolves  in 
boiling  alcohol.  Brande, 

3.  A  varieiv  of  the  mineral  Allanite. 
CE-RI.NTll'I-.A.NS,i>.  pi.   A  set  of  ht^retics,  the  earliest 

of  the  Gnostic  sects,  so  called  from  Cerinthiis,  one 
of  the  first  heresiarclis  in  the  church.  They  denied 
the  divinity  of  Christ,  hut  they  held  th.al,  in  his  bap- 
tism, a  celestial  virtue  di-scended  on  him  in  the  form 
of  a  dove,  by  means  of  which  he  was  consecrated 
by  the  Iltily  Spirit  antl  made  Christ.  Eneyc. 

Ce'RITE,  71.  [See  Cerilm.)  The  silicious  oxyd  of 
cerium,  a  rare  mineral,  of  a  p.ale  ri>se  red  color,  with 
a  tinge  of  yellow.      iln^hj.    Jameson.  Cleareland. 

Cit'Rl  IJ.M,  n.  \  metal  discovered  in  Sweden,  in  the 
mineral  cerite,  and  so  railed  from  the  planet  Ceres. 
It  is  of  a  great  specific  gravity  ;  its  color  a  grayish 
white,  and  its  texture  lamellar.    DicL  of  jVaL  Hut, 

CER'.NU-OCS,  a.    [L.  ccrniiiij.] 

In  botanii,  having  the  top  curved  downward. 

CE-RO-GRAPIl'ie-AI.,  o.    Pertaining  to  cerography. 

C£^ROG'R.\-PIIIST,  71.  One  who  is  versed  in,  or  who 
practices,  cerography. 

CE-ROG'R.\-PHY,  n.  [L.  cera,  wax,  and  Gr.  yoa^u, 
to  write.] 

1.  .\  writing  on  wax. 

2.  The  art  of  encraving  on  wax,  spread  on  a  sheet 
of  copper,  from  which  a  stereotype  plate  is  taken. 

S.  F..  Morse, 

CE-R()'M.\,  71.  In  a7irir7if  architecture,  that  part  of  the 
ancient  baths  and  gymnasia  in  which  bathers  and 
wrestlers  used  l«  anoint  themselves  willi  a  comptv 
silion  of  oil  and  wax.  Elmet. 

CER'0-.M.\.N-CY,  71.  Divination  by  dropping  melted 
wax  in  water. 

CE-ROO.N',  71.  [from  the  Spanish.]  A  bale  or  pack- 
age made  of  skins. 


TC.NE,  ByLL,  yNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  SS  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


187 


CER 

CE-RO-PLAS'Tie,  7!.    In  sculpture,  the  art  of  model- 
ing or  of  forming  models  in  wax.  Ehncs. 
CER'KI-AL,  a.   Pertaining  to  the  Cerris,or  bitter  oak. 

Chaucer, 

CER'RIS,  71.    [L.]    The  bitter  oak. 
CER'TAIN,  (ser'tin,)  a.    [Fr.  certain;  Sp.  cierto  i  It. 
and  Port,  ccrto  ;  from  L.  certus.] 

1.  Sure;  true;  undoubted;  unquestionable;  that 
can  not  be  denied  ;  existing  in  fact  and  truth. 

The  dre:\m  is  certain,  anj  ihe  iiiterpreution  eare.  —  D;\n.  ii. 

2.  Assured  in  mind  ;  having  no  doubts ;  followed 
by  of,  before  a  noun. 

However,  I  witli  lliee  have  fixed  my  lot, 

Certain  to  iiuiier^o  like  doom  of  death. 

Consort  with  thee.  Milton, 

To  make  her  certain  of  the  sad  event.  Dryden. 

3.  Unfailing ;  alw.iys  producing  the  intended  ef- 
fect ;  as,  we  may  have  a  certain  remedy  for  a  disease. 

4.  Not  doubtful  or  casual ;  really  existing. 

Virtue  tliat  directs  our  ways 
Through  certain  dangers  to  uncertiin  praise.  Dryden, 

5.  Stated  ;  fixed ;  determinate ;  regular. 

Ve  shall  f  atlier  a  cerlcun  rale  every  day.  —  Ex.  xvi. 

6.  Particular. 

ThTe  came  a  certain  poor  widow.  —  Mark  xij. 
In  the  plural  number,  a  particular  part  or  »'.im- 
ber;  some  ;  an  indefinite  part,  number,  or  <|uantity. 
"  Hanani  came,  he  and  certain  men  of  Judah."    "  I 
mourned  certain  days."  i.  2,  6. 

In  the  latter  sense,  it  is  used  as  a  noun  ;  as,  "  cer- 
tain also  of  vour  own  poets  have  said."    j^ct-r  xvii. 
CER'TAIN-LY,  adv.    Without  doubt  or  question  ;  in 
truth  and  fact. 

Certainly  this  was  a  righteoiu  m.an.  —  Luke  xxiii. 
2.  Without  failure. 

He  said,  I  will  certainty  return  to  thee.  —  Gen.  xviii. 
CER'TAIN-NESS,  n.    Certainty,  which  see. 
CER'TAIi\-TY,  (ser'tin-te,)  n.    A  fixed  or  real  state  ; 
.  truth  ;  fact. 

Know  for  a  certainty,  tliat  the  T,ord  your  God  will  no  more  drive 
out  these  nations.  —  Josli.  xxiii.    Luke  i. 

2.  Full  assurance  of  mind  ;  exemption  from  doubt. 
Cerlatncy  is  l!ie  perception  of  tlje  agreement  or  disagreement  of 

our  ideas.  Locke, 

3.  Exemption  from  failure  ;  as,  the  certainty  of  an 
event,  or  of  the  success  of  a  medicine. 


4.  Regularity  ;  settled  state. 
CER'TeS,  adB.    Certainly ;  in  truth  ;  verily.  [Oi«.] 

Chaucer, 

CER-TIF'I-CATE,  7t.  [Fr.  certificat;  It.  certificate. 
See  Certift.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  written  testimony  not 
sworn  to ;  a  declaration  in  writing,  signed  by  the 
party,  and  inteniled  to  verify  a  fact. 

2.  In  a  more  particular  sense,  the  uTitten  declara- 
tion, under  the  hand  or  seal,  or  both,  of  some  pub- 
lic officer,  to  be  used  as  evidence  in  a  court,  or  to 
substantiate  a  fact.  A  certificate  of  this  kinil  may 
be  considered  as  given  under  the  oath  of  oftice. 

3.  Trial  by  certificate,  is  where  the  evidence  of  the 
person  certifying  is  the  only  proper  criterion  of  the 
point  in  dispute ;  as,  when  the  issue  is  whether  a 
person  was  absent  in  the  army,  this  is  tried  by  the 
certificate  of  the  raareschall  of  the  army,  in  writing 
under  his  .«eal.  Blackstone, 

CER-TIF'I-CaTE,  V,  t.  or  i.  To  give  a  certificate  ; 
to  lodge  a  certificate  with  the  proper  officer,  for  the 
purpose  of  being  exempted  from  the  payment  of 
taxes  to  support  the  ministry,  m  a  parish  or  eccle- 
siastical society.  AVw  England, 

2.  To  give  a  certificate  to,  acknowledging  one  to 
be  a  parishioner. 

But  lucli  certificated  penton  can  g;aiii  no  settlement. 

Bladcetone,  1).  1,  ch.  9. 

3.  To  verify  by  certificate. 
CER-TIF'I-eA-TEU,  pp.     Declared  ;  verified  by  a 

certificate. 

CER-TIF'I-CA-TING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  a  certifi- 
cate ;  verifying  by  a  certificate. 

CEU-TI-FI-Ca'TION,  n.    The  act  of  certifying. 

CER'TI-FI-fJD,  pp,  or  a.  [Sec  Certify.]  Testified 
to  in  writing  ;  assured  ;  made  certain  ;  informed. 

CER'TI-FI-EIl,  11.   One  who  certifies,  or  assures. 

CER'Tl-F?,  t).  (.  [Fr,  certifier;  Sp  ..erujicar  ;  It.  cer- 
tificare ;  Low  L.  cerlifico ;  from  ccrlas,  certain,  and 
faciu,  to  make.] 

1.  To  testify  to  in  writing  ;  to  make  a  declaration 
in  writing,  under  hand,  or  hand  and  seal,  to  make 
known  or  establish  a  fact. 

The  Judges  thai]  certify  thnr  opinion  to  the  chancellor,  and  upon 
such  c-rtiftcate  the  decree  is  usually  founded. 

Ttie  Jud^e  shall  certify  under  liis  hiuid,  Uiat  Uie  freehold  came 
chieny  In  qucstiun.  iilaekntone. 

2.  To  give  certain  information  to applied  to  per- 
sons, 

Wc  have  sent  and  cert^fie'l  the  klnjf.  —  Kzm  iv. 

3.  To  give  certain  information  n/;  applied  to  things. 


Tliii  is  desifftied  to  certify  Ihu 
God's  lavor. 


tliinf^s  tfiat  are  confirmed  of 
Hammond. 


CES 

It  is  foUowt^a  by  o/,  after  the  p)erson,  and  before  the 
thing  told  ;  as,  I  certified  you  uf  the  fact. 

CER'TI  F?-ING,  ppr.  Giving  a  written  testimony, 
or  certificate;  giving  certain  notice;  making  cer- 
tainly known. 

CER-TIO-RA' RI,  n,  [Low  h,  certioror,  from  certus, 
certior,] 

A  writ  issuing  out  of  Chancery,  King's  Bench,  or 
other  superior  court,  to  call  up  the  records  of  an  infe- 
rior court,  or  remove  a  cause  there  depending,  that 
it  may  be  tried  in  the  superior  court.  This  writ  is 
obtained  upon  complaint  of  a  party,  that  he  has  not 
received  justice,  or  that  he  can  not  have  an  impartial 
trial  in  the  inferior  court.  Enet/c, 
CER'TI-TUDE,  n,  [Low  L.  cer(it«<io,  from  ce'rtus, 
certain.] 

Certanity ;  assurance  ;  freedom  from  doubt. 

Dnjdeji, 

CER'ULE,  a,    [L.  caruleus,]    Blue.  Lever. 
CE-Ru'LE-AN,   )   a,    [L.  caruleus ;  It.  and  Sp.  cc- 
CE-RO'LE-OUS,  \  ruico.] 

Sky-colored  ;  blue.  Thomson, 
CER-U-LIF'ie,  a.    Producing  a  blue  or  sky-color. 
CER'U-LIN,  71.    Indigo  dissolved  in  sulphuric  acid, 

used  in  dyeing  Saxon  blue.  Bigelotc, 
CE-RO'MEN,  7!.    [L.  cera,  wax.] 

The  wax  or  yellow  matter  secreted  by  the  ear. 
CE'RUSE,  71.    [Fr.  ceruse;  L.  and  ll,' cerussa ;  Sp. 

cerwia,] 

White  lead  ;  a  carbonate  of  lead,  produced  by  e.\- 
posing  the  metal,  in  thin  plates,  to  the  vapor  of  vine- 
gar. Lead  is  sometimes  found  native  in  the  form  of 
ceruse. 

Ce'RuS-£D,  (se'rust,)  a.  Washed  with  a  preparation 
of  white  lead.  Beaum,  and  Fl. 

CER'Vl-CAL,  a.  [L.  cervix,  the  neck,  whence  cer- 
vicalis,] 

Belonging  to  the  neck ;  as,  the  cervical  nerves , 
cervical  vessels.  Encye, 
CER'VINE,  a.     [L.  ccrviyius ;  Sp.  eervino ;  from  L. 
cerviis,  a  deer  ;  W.  carw ;  Corn,  and  Arm.  karu ; 
Kamtchatka,  karo,] 

Pertaining  to  the  deer,  or  to  animals  of  the  genus 
Cervus. 

CE-Sa'RE-AN,  o.  The  Cesarean  operation  is  the  tak- 
ing of  a  child  from  tlie  womb  by  cutting  ;  an  opera- 
tion which,  it  is  said,  gave  birth  to  Cssar,  the  Roman 
emperor. 

CES-P[-TI"TIOUS,  (-tish'us,)  a.    [L.  cespes,  turf.] 
Pertaining  to  turf ;  made  of  turf.  Qough. 

CES'PI-ToSE,  a,    [L.  cespes,  turf.J 
In  botany,  growing  in  tufts. 

CES'PI-TOIJS,  a.   Pertaining  to  turf ;  turfy. 

A  cespitfiue  or  turfy  plant  has  many  stems  from  the  same  root, 
tisually  forming  a  close,  thick  carpet  or  matting.  Alartyn, 

CESS  (as  a  tiouti,  a  rate  or  tax,  and  as  a  verb,  to  rate  or 
lay  a  tax)  is  probably  a  corruption  of  assess,  or  from 
the  same  root.    It  is  not  used.  Spenser. 

CESS  or  CESSE.  Out  of  all  cesse  sans  cesse,  is  with- 
out stay ;  excessively.  Shak. 

CESS,  V.  i.    [L.  cesso,  to  cease.]    To  cease.    [  Obs,] 

Spejiser, 

2.  To  neglect  a  legal  duty.    [OJ.?.]  Cowel. 
CESS'ANT,  a.    Ceasing  ;  intermitting  action. 

Montague. 

CES-Sa'TION,  71.    [L.  ccssatio,  from  cesso,  to  cease.] 

1.  A  ceasing ;  a  stop ;  a  rest ;  the  act  of  discontin- 
uing motion  or  action  of  any  kind,  whether  tem- 
porary or  final. 

2.  A  ceasing  or  suspension  of  operation,  force,  or 
effect ;  as,  a  cessation  of  the  laws  of  nature. 

A  cessation  of  arms ;  an  armistice  or  truce,  agreed 
to  by  the  commanders  of  armies,  to  give  time  for  a 
capitiilation,  or  for  other  purposes. 
CES-SA'  VIT,  n.    [L.  cesso,  to  cease ;  cessavit,  he  hath 
ceased.] 

In  lair,  a  writ  given  by  statute,  to  recover  lands, 
when  the  tenant  or  occupier  has  ceased  for  two  years 
to  perform  the  service  which  constitutes  the  ctmdi- 
tion  of  his  tenure,  and  has  not  sufficient  goods  or 
chattels  to  be  distrained,  or  the  tenant  has  so  inclosed 
the  land  that  the  lord  cannot  come  upon  it  to  distrain. 

BlaclcHone, 

CES'SER,  71.  [See  Cess.]  A  ceasing ;  a  neglect  to 
perform  services  or  payment  for  two  years.  [See 
Cessavit.]  Blackstone, 

CES-SI-ltlLn-TY,  71.  [See  Cede  and  Cession.]  The 
act  of  g^ing  way  or  receding.    [Little  used,]  Digby. 

CES'SI-HLE,o.  [See  Cede.]  Giving  way  ;  yielding  ; 
easy  to  give  way.  Digby, 

CES'SION,  (sesh'un,)  71.  [\,,  cessio  ;  Ft.  cession;  from 
L.  cedo,  cessum.    See  Cede.] 

1.  The  act  of  giving  way ;  a  yielding  to  force  or 
impulse.  Bacon. 

2.  A  yielding,  or  surrender,  as  of  property  or 
rights,  to  another  person  ;  particularly,  a  surrender 
of  con(|uercd  territory  to  its  former  proprietor  or 
sovereign,  by  treaty. 

3.  In  the  civil  lam,  a  voluntary  surrender  of  a  per- 
son's effects  to  his  creditors,  to  avoid  imprisonment. 

Encyc, 

4.  In  ecclesiastical  law,  the  leaving  of  a  benefice 
without  dispensation  %r  being  otherwise  qualified. 


CHA 

When  an  ecclesiastical  person  is  created  a  bishop,  or 
when  the  parson  of  a  parish  takes  another  benelice, 
without  dispensation,  the  benefices  are  void  by  ces- 
sion,  without  resignation.  Encyc, 

CES'SIOiX-A-RY,  a.  Having  surrendered  eflects  ;  as, 
a  cessionary  bankrupt.  Martin, 

CESS'MENT,  71.    An  assessment  or  tax.    [JVot  used,] 

CES'SOR,  71.    [L.  cesso,  to  erase,]   In  lam,  he  that  neg- 
lects, for  two  years,  to  perform  the  seiTice  by  which 
he  holds  lands,  so  that  he  incurs  the  danger  of  the 
writ  of  cessavit.    [See  Cessavit.]  Cowel, 
2.  An  assessor,  or  taxer. 

CESS'-POOL,  71.  A  cavity  sunk,  in  the  earth,  to  re- 
ceive and  retain  the  sediment  of  water  conveyed  in 
drains. 

CEST,  71.    [Infra.]    A  lady's  girdle.  Collins. 

CEST'US,  71.    [L.,  from  Gr.  Kcaroi.] 

The  girdle  of  Venus,  or  marriage  girdle,  among 
the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

CE-SU'RA,  or  CE-SO'RA,  71.  [Fr.  cisure  ;  It.  eesura  ; 
L.  cip.^iira,  from  c<£do,  cissum,  to  cut  ofi'.] 

A  pause  in  verse,  so  introtiuced  as  to  aid  the  reci- 
tal, and  render  the  versification  more  melodious.  It 
divides  a  verse  or  line  into  equal  or  unequal  parts. 
Its  most  pleasing  effect  is  produced  when  it  is  placed 
at  the  end  of  the  second  foot,  or  in  the  middle,  or  at 
the  end  of  the  third  foot.  Sheridan, 

CE-Stj'RAL,  a.    Pert.iining  to  the  cesura. 

CE-Ta'CE-A,  n,  pi,  }  In  natural  history,  terms  applied 

CE-TA'CEAN,  n,  (  to  Ihe  order  of  Cetaceous  ani 
mals  ;  marine  mammalia.  [See  the  next  word.]  Bell. 

CE-Ta'CEOUS,  (se-ta'shus,)  a.  [L.  cete;  Gr.  Knrus, 
a  whale.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Cetacea;  belonging  to  the  whale 
kind.  The  cetaceous  fishes  include  the  genera  Mon- 
odon,  Baloena,  Physeter,  and  Delphinus.  They  have 
no  gills,  but  an  aperture  on  the  top  of  the  head,  and 
a  flat  or  horizontal  tail.  They  are  predaceous  in 
their  habits.  Encyc, 
Ce'TATE,  71.    A  compound  of  cetic  acid,  with  a  base. 

Chevreul, 

CET'TE-RACH,  7t.    A  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 

Asplenium,  or  spleenwort. 
CE'Tie,  a,    [L.  cetus,  a  whale.] 

Pertaining  to  the  whale.    The  cetie  acid  is  a  pecu- 
liar substance  obtained  from  the  spermac0ti.  Ure. 
Ce'TIN,  71.    [L.  cetii^,  a  whale.] 

A  name  given  to  pure  spermaceti  by  Chevreul. 
€ET-0  LOG'ie-AL,  a.    [from  celology.]  Pertaining 
to  cetology. 

CE-TOL'O-GIST,  71.  One  who  is  versed  in  the  natu- 
ral history  of  the  whale  and  its  kindred  animals. 

CE-TOL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  /tijToj,  a  whale,  and  Xuyos, 
discourse.] 

The  doctrine  or  natural  history  of  cetaceous  ani- 
mals. "  Ed,  Encyc, 

Ce'TUS,  71.  [Supra.]  In  astronomy,  the  Whale,  a 
large  constellation  of  the  southern  hemisphere. 

CeY'LAN-ITE,  7!.  [from  Cnjhn,]  A  dingy  blue, 
or  grayish  black,  variety  of  spinel.  It  is  also  called 
plconaste,  Cyc,  Ure, 

CHAB'A-SIE,     )  71.    [Gr.  xaPa^tni,  one  of  twenty 

CHAB'A-SlTE,  )  species  of  stones  mentioned  in  the 
poem  irepi  \iO('W,  ascribed  to  Orpheus.  This  term 
was  introduced  into  modern  mineralogy  by  Box 
d'Antic.    Sc.hahasit,  Werner.] 

A  mineral  classcti  with  the  Zeolites,  occurring  in 
oblique,  glassy  crystals,  (rhombohedrons,)  having 
nearly  the  form  of  the  cube.  Other  crystals  have 
the  form  of  double,  six-sided  pyramids.  It  is  either 
colorless  or  tinged  with  red  or  a  shade  of  yellow. 
The  principal  constituents  are  silica,  alumina,  and 
lime,  with  20  per  cent,  of  water.  Gmelinite,  leoyne, 
acadiolite,  and  sedererite,  are  considered  varieties  of 
this  mineral.  Dana. 

CHACE.    See  Chase. 

CHA-COON',  71.  [Sp.  c/iacnna.]  A  dance  like  a  saraband. 
Cll.\D,  (shad,)  71.   A  kind  of  fish  ;  the  shad.  Caretc, 
CHaFE,  V,  t,    [Fr.  echauffrr;  Sp.  escalfar,  to  warm  ; 

Port,  escalfar,  to  poach  or  boil  slightly  ;  from  the  root 

of  h.  cnleo,  whence  calefio,  calfacio,] 

1.  To  excite  heat  or  inflammation  by  friction  ;  as, 
to  chafe  the  skin  ;  also,  to  fret  and  wear  by  rubbing ; 
as,  to  cbiife  a  cable. 

2.  To  excite  heat  in  the  mind  ;  to  excite  passion  ; 
to  inflame  ;  to  make  angry  ;  to  cause  to  fret ;  to  pro- 
voke or  incense.  2  Sam.  xvii.  8. 

3.  To  excite  violent  action  ;  to  cause  to  rage ;  as, 
the  wind  chafes  the  ocean. 

4.  To  perfume  ;  rather,  to  stimulate,  or  agitate  ;  to 
excite  by  pungent  odors. 

Lilies,  whose  scent  chafed  the  air.  Suckling. 
CHAFE,  V,  i.    To  be  excited  or  heated;  to  rage;  to 
fret ;  to  be  in  violent  action.  Pope. 

2.  To  act  violently  upon,  by  rubbing  ;  to  fret 
against,  as  waves  against  a  shore. 

The  troiihled  TilxT  chafing  witji  his  shoivt.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  fretted  and  worn  by  rubbing;  as,  a  cable 
CHAFE,  n.    Heat,  excitoil  by  friction.  [chafes. 

2.  Violent  agitation  of  the  mind  or  passions  ;  heat; 
fret ;  passion.  Camden, 
CHAF'KD,  (chaft,)  pp,  or  a.    Heated  or  fretted  by 
rubbing  ;  worn  by  friction. 


FATE,  PAR,  Fi^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  AIOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 
__  — 


CHA 


CHAF'F.K,  n.   One  who  chafes. 

CIIAK'KR,  n.    [Pax.  ecufiir;  D.  kever  ;  G.  kiifrr.] 
An  in.scct,  a  sjtecics  of  Scnrabtcus,  or  beetle. 

CHaF'ER-Y,  II.  [from  chafe]  III  iron  worfct,  a 
forge  in  wliich  the  metal  is  subjected  to  a  welding 
heat.  JVicholson. 

CIIAKE'-W.AX,  II.  In  K/ic/anJ,  an  otTicer  belonging 
to  the  lord  chancellor,  who  fits  tlie  wax  fur  the  seal- 
ing of  writs.  Harris. 

CHAFF,  n.    [Sax.  eenf;  D.  kaf:  G.  kaff.] 

1.  Tlie  liiwk  or  dry  calyx  of  corn  and  grasses.  In 
common  lanrruagr,  the  word  is  applied  to  the  Inisks 
when  separated  from  the  corn  by  thrashing,  riddling, 
or  winnowing.  The  word  is  sometimes  used,  rather 
improperly,  to  denote  straw  cut  small  for  the  food  of 

^cattle.  Miirtijn.  EncyC' 

2.  Refuse  ;  worthless  matter ;  es|)eciaHy  that  which 
is  light,  and  apt  to  be  driven  by  the  wind.  In  Scrip- 
ture, tlilse  doctrines,  fruitless  designs,  hypocrites,  and 
ungodly  men,  are  compared  to  cluilf.  Ps.  i.  4.  Jer. 
xxiii.  28.    /%.  xxxiii.  11.    Mall.  iii.  12. 

ClIAFF'-eUT-TER,  n.  A  machine  for  cutting  up 
I       straw,  *cc.,  into  chart". 

I  ClIAF'FER,  V.  i.  [Sax.  ccapian  ;  D.  koopcn  ;  G.  kaufen  ; 

B\v.  kiipii ;  Dan.  kiobrr,  to  bargain  or  buy.  It  seems 
to  be  radically  the  same  word  as  cheap,  cheapen,  and 
chap  in  chapman.    See  Cheap.] 

To  treat  about  a  purch:ise  ;  to  bargain  ;  to  haggle  ; 
to  negotiate  ;  to  chop  and  change  ;  as,  to  chaffer  for 
prefi-rments.  Drijden. 

CH.XF'FER,  r.  f.   To  buy ;  to  exchange.  Spenser. 
[In  Ihis  sense  it  is  oh.-<olete.'\ 

rilAF'FKR,  71.    Slerchandisp.  [A^o<  in  lu*.]  Skelton. 

ClIAF'FER-ER,  n.  One  who  chaflers;  a  bargainer; 
a  buyer. 

CIIAI"FI'R-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Bargaining;  buying. 
CIIAF'F1;R.\,  II.    .\  vessel  for  heating  water.  [Local.] 
[l  CIIAF'FKR-Y,  ri.  Traffic  ;  buying  and  selling.  [Ol>s.] 

I I  Spenser. 
CIIAF'FliVCH,  n.    [chaff  and  Jlnch.]     A  species  of 

birds  belonging  to  the  Fringillidie  or  Finch  family, 
which  are  said  to  delight  in  chaff,  and  are  admired 
for  (heir  song. 

CIIAFF'I,E.SS,  0.    Without  chaff.  Shak. 

CII.'iFF'\VEED,  n.  A  plant,  cudweed,  a  species  of 
Giiaphalium ;  but  this  name  is  given  also  to  the  Cen- 
tiinciihis.  Jtluhlenberir. 

CHAFF'Y,  a.  Like  chaff;  full  of  chaff;  light;  as, 
c/uiffii  straws  ;  chnffy  opinions.    Brown.  GtanviUe. 

CHAF'IN'G,  71.   State  of  being  rubbed  by  friction. 

CHAF'ING,  ;>pr.  Heating  or  fretting  by  friction  ;  vex- 
ing or  fretting  the  mind. 

CHAF'ING-Dl.SII,  n.  [chafe  and  dish.]  A  dish  or 
vessel  to  hold  coals  for  heating  any  thing  set  on  it ; 
a  portable  grate  for  coals. 

CHA-GRIN',   (sba-grin',)   n.    [Fr.   This  word,  ap- 
1     plied  to  a  particular  kind  of  skin  or  leather,  is  said 
to  be  derived  from  a  Turkish  word,  sai;ri,  Fr.  croupe. 
The  skin  is  dressed  so  as  to  present  on  its  surface  lit- 
tle eminences.    See  SHAGBEtX.] 
Ill-liuinor  ;  vexation  ;  peevishness ;  fretfulness. 

Pope. 

CHA-GRIN',  (sha-grin',)  v.  t.    [Fr.  chmrriner.] 
To  excite  ill  humor  in  ;  to  vex  ;  to  mortifv. 
CHA-GRI\'£D,  pp.    Vexed  ;  fretted  ;  displeased. 
CH.^ IX,  71.   [Fr.  chatne,  for  chaisne  ;  Norm,  cadene,  and 
cheipie ;  Arm.  chaden,  cadenn,  or  jadenn  ;  Sp.  cadena  ; 
Port,  eadca ;  It.  caUna  ;  L.  catena  ;  D.  keUn ;  G.  keUe  y 

S  , 

Sw.  kiUia  ;  Dan.  kede ;  VV.  cadwen  ;  du.  Ar.  iLi^^ 
-    -  5 

from  iX^=i  ttkada,  to  bind  or  make  fast.] 

1.  A  series  of  links  or  rings  connected,  or  fitted  in- 
to one  another,  usually  made  of  some  kind  of  metal ; 
as,  a  chain  of  gold,  or  of  iron  ;  but  the  word  is  not 
restricted  to  any  particular  kind  of  material.  It  is 
used  often  for  an  ornament  about  the  person. 

2.  That  which  binds ;  a  real  chain  ;  that  which 
restrains,  contines,  or  fetters ;  a  bond. 

If  Go*i  Bp.\rc<1  nut  the  Migfla  lhat  sinned,  but  delirered  them  into 
chains  of  dnrkncu.  — 2  Pet.  U. 

3.  Bondage ;  affliction. 

He  hath  made  my  chain  beary.  —  I^am.  iii. 

4.  Bondage  ;  slavery. 

In  drspotism  the  people  deep  loimdly  in  thrir  chain*.  Amtt. 

5.  Ornament.    Prov.  i.  9. 

6.  A  series  of  things  linked  together;  a  series  of 
things  connected  or  following  in  succession  ;  as,  a 
chain  of  causes,  of  ideas,  or  events ;  a  chain  of 
being. 

7.  A  range,  or  line  of  things  connected  ;  w,  a  chain 
of  mountains. 

8.  A  series  of  links,  forming  an  instrument  to 
measure  land. 

9.  A  string  of  twisted  wire,  or  something  similar, 
to  hang  a  watch  on,  and  for  other  purposes. 

_  10.  In  France,  a  measure  of  wood  for  fuel,  and  Ta- 
rious  commodities,  of  various  length. 

11.  In  ship-buildina,  chains  are  strong  links  or  plates 
of  iron,  bolted,  at  the  lower  end,  to  the  ship's  side. 


CHA 


used  tn  contain  the  blocks  called  denit-njes,  by  which 
the  shrouds  of  the  mast  are  extended. 

12.  The  warp  in  weaving,  as  in  French. 

13.  Chain,  ill  surveying  land,  is  in  length  four  rods 
or  perches,  or  sixty-six  feet.  It  consists  of  one  hun- 
dred links,  each  link  T-^^^u  inches. 

Chain-wales,  (of  a  ship.)    See  Channel. 

Top-chain  ;  on  board  a  ship,  a  chain  to  sling  the  sail- 
yards  in  time  of  battle,  to  prevent  their  falling,  when 
the  ropes  that  support  them  are  shot  away.  Encyc 
CHAIN,  V.  I.  To  fasten,  bind,  or  connect  with  a  chain  ; 
to  fasten  or  bind  with  any  thing  in  the  manner  of  a 
chain. 

2.  To  enslave  ;  to  keep  in  slavery. 

And  whici)  more  blest  ?  who  chained  hia  country,  »\y. 

Or  he  whose  virtue  sighed  to  lose  a  d;iy  f  Pope. 

3.  To  guard  with  a  chain,  as  a  harbor  or  passage. 

4.  To  unite;  to  form  chain-work. 
CIIAIN'KD,  77/1.  or  a.    Made  fast  or  bound  by  a  chain ; 

connected  by  a  chain  ;  bound  ;  enslaved. 

CIIAIN'ING,  ppr.  Binding,  fastening,  or  connecting 
with  a  chain;  binding,  or  attaching  to ;  enslaving. 

ClIAIN'LESS,  a.    Having  no  chains. 

ClIAIN'-I'U.Ml",  71.  .\  pump  consisting  of  a  long 
chain,  equipped  with  a  sufficient  number  of  valves 
or  buckets,  moving  on  two  wheels,  one  above,  the 
other  below,  passing  downward  through  a  wooden 
tube,  and  returning  through  another.  It  is  managed 
by  a  long  winch,  on  which  several  men  may  be  em- 
ployed at  once.  Knctje. 

CHAIN'-SIIOT,  71.  Two  balls,  or  half  balls,  connect- 
ed by  a  chain,  and  tised  in  naval  battles  to  cut  down 
masts,  or  cut  awav  shroutis  and  rigging. 

CIIAIN'-VVORK,  71.  Work  consisting  of  threads, 
cords,  and  the  like,  linked  together  in  the  form  of 
a  chain,  as  lineal  cliaining  or  tambour-work,  reticu- 
lation or  net-work,  &c.  Ed.  Eneijc. 

CH.AIR,  II.  [Fr.  ehaire,  a  pulpit,  contracted  from  Norm. 
cadiere,  as  chain  frttm  calrna;  Ann.  cudarn,  or  cador  i 
Ir.  caOiaoir;  h.  caUtedra ;  Gr.  KnUiiiia,  connected  with 
KitQc\"fint,  to  sit,  Kara  and  i^ojiat ;  VV,  cadair,  a  seat 
or  stool.] 

1.  A  movable  seat ;  a  frame  with  a  bottom  made 
of  different  materials,  used  for  persons  to  sit  in  ; 
originally,  a  stool,  and  anciently,  a  kind  of  pulpit 
in  churches. 

2.  A  seat  of  justice,  or  of  authority  ;  as,  a  chair  of 
state. 

3.  A  seat  for  a  professor,  or  his  office  ;  as,  the  pro- 
fessor's chair. 

4.  The  seat  for  a  speaker  or  presiding  officer  of  a 
public  council  or  assembly  ;  as,  the  speaker's  chair ; 
and,  by  a  metonymy,  the  speaker  himself;  as,  to  ad- 
dress the  chair. 

5.  A  sedan  ;  a  vehicle  on  poles  borne  by  men. 

6.  A  pulpit.  Burnet. 

7.  A  two-wheeled  carriage,  drawn  by  one  horse  ; 
a  gig. 

8.  Supreme  office  or  magistracy. 

When  Governor  Sbute  cinie  to  the  chair,  seTertU  of  the  old 
couiicilore  were  laid  aside.  Belknap. 

9.  The  iron  blocks  which  support  and  secure  the 
rails  in  a  railway. 

10.  Chair,  and  chair-day,  are  used  by  Shakspeare 
for  the  evening  of  life  ;  as,  "  In  Illy  chair-days  thus 
to  die  in  ruffian  battle."  T'uuiie. 

Should  bring  tliy  fathsr  to  his  drooping  cAoir.  Shak. 
Cur>ile  chair  ;  an  ivory  seat,  placed  on  a  car,  used 
by  the  prime  magistrates  of  Rome. 

CHAIR,  V.  u  To  carry  publicly  in  a  chair  in  triumph  ; 
applied  to  a  candidate  for  office  who  has  gained  his 
election.  [Eni;.] 

CII  AIR'f:D,  pp.  or  a.    Carried  or  seated  on  a  chair. 

CHAIR'IXG,  P/I1-.  and  n.  Carrying  a  successful  can- 
didate in  a  chair,  in  token  of  triumph.  [Eng.] 

CIIAIR'.M.V.\,  n.    The  presiding  officer  or  speaker  of 
an  assembly,  association,  or  company  ;  particularly  of 
a  legislative  house  ;  also,  the  president  or  senior  mem- 
ber of  a  committee. 
2.  One  whose  business  is  to  carry  a  chair.  Dryden. 

CHAIR'MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  chairman  or 
presiding  officer  of  a  meeting.  Parriana. 

CHAISE,  (shize,)  n.  [Fr.  c/uise,  a  seat  or  chair.  Uu. 
It.  seiriria.] 

A  two-wheeled  carriage  drawn  by  one  horse ;  a 
gig.  It  is  open  or  covered. 
€HA-LA'ZA,  rt.  [Gr.]  In  botany,  a  small,  brown 
spot  upon  the  testa  of  a  seed,  formed  by  the  union 
of  certain  vessels  proceeding  from  the  liiliini  ;  a  part 
of  a  seed,  springing  from  an  expansiim  of  the  raphe, 
where  it  communicates  with  the  base  of  the  nucleus. 

Lmdlejj. 

eilAL-CE-nON'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  chalcedony. 

CIIAL-CED'O-NV,  or  CHAL'CE-DO-NY,  it.  [from 
Chalccdon,  a  town  in  Asia  Minor,  opposite  to  Byzan- 
tium. Pliny  informs  us  that  ChaUedim  signifies 
the  tmtn  of  blind  men.  The  last  syllable,  then,  is 
the  Celtic  dan,  English  tmon,  a  fact  that  the  histo- 
rian should  not  overlook.    Plin.  lib.  h,  32.] 

An  uncr>'stallized,  translucent  variety  of  quartz, 
haying  a  whitish  color,  and  a  luster  nearly  like  wax. 
It  is  found  covering  the  sides  of  cavities  in  amygda- 


CHA 


loid,  and  forming  stalactites  in  these  cavities,  and  i* 
a  deposit  from  infiltrated  siliricnis  waters.  When 
cAa/ccrfony  of  different  cidors  is  arranged  in  stn|ies, 
it  constitutes  agate;  and  if  the  stripes  are  all  hori- 
zontal, it  IS  onyr.  Chrysoprase  is  green  chalcedony  ; 
carnetian,  a  flesh-red,  and  sard,  a  grayish-red  va- 
rietv. 

eilAh-CED'O-NVX,  n.  A  variety  of  agate,  in  which 
white  and  gray  layers  alternate.  Clcaveland. 

CIIAI/CITE,  n.    [Gr.  \aXit"f,  brass.] 

Sulphate  of  iron,  of  a  red  color,  so  far  calcined  as 
to  have  lost  a  considerable  part  of  its  acid.  Fourcroy. 

€HAL-eoG'RA-PHER,  j  n.    [Infra.]     An  engraver 

€IIAI^eOG'R.\-PHIST,  (    on  copper  and  brass. 

eilAL  eOG'RA  PIIV,  n.     [Gr.  xu^'xf,  brass,  and 
)  pn'iu,  to  write.] 
The  art  or  art  of  engraving  on  copper  or  brass. 

eilAIj-DA'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Chaldea,  anciently  a 
country  on  the  Frat  or  hhiphrates,  in  Asia,  called,  in 
Scripture,  Shinar.  Of  this  Babylon  was  the  princi- 
pal city. 

eilAL-DA'IC,  n.  The  language  or  dialect  of  the  Chal- 
deans. 

eilAL'DA-TSM,  n  An  idiom  or  pcculiaritv  in  the 
Clialdce  dialect.  Parlthurst. 

eHAL-I)i;'A.\,  n.    .\n  inhabitant  of  Chaldea. 

CHAL'UEE,  a.    Pertaining  to  Chaldea. 

eilAL'DEE,  71.  The  language  or  dialect  of  the  Chal- 
deans. 

CHAL'DRO.V,  \  n.    [Fr.  chaudron:  Sp.  caUleron  ;  It. 
CIIAL'DER,     >    caWrronc,  a  kettle.  The  same  word 
eilAtJ'DRO.N",  )    as  caldron.    Chalder  is  not  in  use  in 
tlie  United  States.] 

A  measure  of  coals  consisting  of  thirty-six  bushels. 
[Pronounced,  in  England,  ehawVdron  or  cha'dron.] 
CIIAL'ICE,  n.    [Fr.  calice;  Sp.  culii  ;  It.  calice :  D. 
kelk:  G.  *c/c/i;  L.  «n/i-t ;  Gr.  Kf\ii.    It  should,  from 
its  etymology,  have  been  written  Calice.] 
A  cup  or  bowl ;  usually,  a  communion-cup. 
CII.\L'IC-/-"I),  (chal'ist,)  a.   Having  a  cell  or  cup  ;  ap- 
plied by  Shakspeare  to  a  flower ;  but  I  believe  little 
used. 

CHALK,  (chawk,)  11.  [Sax.  ceale;  D.  Dan.  and  G. 
kaik ;  Sw.  kalck  ;  W.  calc ;  Corn,  kalch  ;  Ir.  cailk  ;  L. 
eatz  :  Fr.  chaux.  The  Latin  calx  is  limestone,  chalk- 
stone,  and  the  heel,  and  calco  is  to  kick  and  to  tread. 
In  Italian  culca  is  a  crowd.  The  sense  then  is,  a 
mass  made  compact,  a  clod  or  lump.  If  the  Greek 
XaAi(,  flint,  gravel,  is  the  same  word,  the  Latins  de- 
viated from  their  usual  practice  in  writing  calr,  for 
chilli.  These  words  are  probably  connected  in  origin 
with  callus.] 

A  well-known  calcareous  earth,  of  an  opaque  white 
color,  soft,  and  admitting  no  polish.  It  contains  a 
large  portion  of  carbonic  acid,  and  is  a  variety  of  car- 
bonate of  lime.  It  is  used  as  an  absorbent  and  anti- 
acid.         Cleaveland.    J^icholson.    Kinran.  .^ikin. 

Black  chalk  is  a  species  of  earth  used  by  painters 
for  drawing  on  blue  paper. 

Bed  chalk  is  an  indurated  clayey  ocher  used  by 
painters  and  artificers. 

French  chalk  is  steatite  or  soapstonc,  a  soft  magnc- 
sian  mineral. 

CHALK,  r.  (.  To  rub  with  chalk  ;  to  mark  with  chalk. 

2.  To  manure  with  chalk,  as  land. 

3.  From  the  use  of  chalk  in  marking  lines,  the 
phrase  to  chalk  out  is  used  to  signify,  to  lay  out, 
draw  ont,  or  describe  ;  as,  to  chalk  out  a  plan  of  pro- 
ceeding. 

CHALK'-eUT-TER,  n.    A  man  that  digs  chalk. 

IVoodward. 

CHALK'iTD,  (chawkd,)  pp.    Marked  with  chalk. 
CHA  LKT-NESS,  (chawk'i-ness,)  71.  The  state  of  being 
CHALK'ING,  ppr.    Marking  with  chalk.  [chalky. 
•CHALK'-PIT,  n.    A  pit  in  which  chalk  is  dug. 

Johnson. 

CHALK'-STONE,  n.  In  medicine,  a  concretum  in 
the  hands  and  feet  of  men  violently  affected  by  the 
gout,  once  supposed  to  be  of  a  chalky  nature,  but 
comptised  chiefly  of  uric  acid  in  combination  with 
soda.  Brande. 
2.  A  sm.ill  lump  of  chalk.  Isaiah. 

ClIALK'V,  (chawk'y,)  a.  Resembling  chalk;  as,  a 
chalky  taste. 

2.  White  with  chalk  ;  consisting  of  chalk  ;  as, 
chalky  cliffs.  Rowe. 

3.  Impregnated  with  chalk  ;  as,  chalky  water. 
CHAL'LE.VGE,  71.     [Norm,  ealrnge^  an  accusation; 

chalunge,  a  claim  ;  tJiallengrr,  to  claim  ;  from  the  roo\ 
of  call,  Gr.  k  a\£t<),  kz\\('>,  L.  calo.    See  Call.] 

Literally,  a  calling,  or  crying  out,  the  primary  sense  i 
of  many  words  expressing  a  demand ;  as,  claim,  L. 
clamo.    Hence,  appropriately, 

1.  A  calling  upon  one  to  fight  in  single  combat ;  an 
invit-ition  or  summons,  verbal  or  written,  to  decide  a 
controversy  by  a  duel.  Hence,  the  letter  containing 
the  summons  is  also  called  a  challenge. 

2.  An  invitation  to  a  contest  of  any  kind  ;  as,  a 
challenge  to  a  public  debate. 

3.  The  art  of  a  sentry,  who  challengts  those  who 
appear  at  his  post. 

4.  A  claim  or  demand  made  of  a  right  or  supposed 
right. 

There  must  be  do  ehallengt  of  superior4t]r.  (^Ui0r, 


TONE,  BULL,  QNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  B  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


84 


189 


CHA 


CHA 


5.  Among Au7i£er«,tlie  opening  and  crj  ingof  hounds 
at  first  finding  tlic  scent  of  their  game.  Eiicyc. 

6.  In  late,  an  exception  to  jurors ;  the  claim  of  a 
party  that  certain  jurors  shall  not  sit  in  trial  upon 
him  or  his  cause  ;  that  is,  a  calling  them  off.  The 
right  of  challenge  is  given,  both  in  civil  and  crhninal 
trials,  for  certain  causes  which  are  supposed  to  dis- 
qualify a  juror  to  be  an  impartial  judge.  The  right 
of  challenge  extends  either  to  the  w  hole  panel  or  ar- 
ray, or  only  to  particular  jurors,  called  a  challenge  U> 
the  polls.  A  principal  cUallenirc,  is  that  which  the  law 
allows  without  cause  assigned.  A  challcnire  to  the 
favor,  is  when  the  party  alleges  a  special  cause.  In 
criminal  cases,  a  prisoner  may  challenge  twenty  ju- 
rors without  assigning  a  cause.  This  is  called  a 
pernnptory  clinllenge.  Blackstone, 

7.  In  elections,  an  exception  to  a  person  as  not  le- 
gally qualified  to  vote.    [United  States.] 

CIlAL'LEi\(5E,  V.  t.  To  call,  invite,  or  summon  to 
answer,  for  an  offense,  by  single  coinbat  or  duel. 

2.  To  call  to  a  contest  of  any  kind  ;  as,  I  challenge 
a  man  to  prove  what  he  asserts,  implying  defiance. 

3.  To  accuse  ;  to  call  to  answer.    Spenser.  S/uik. 

4.  To  claim  as  due  ;  to  demand  as  a  right ;  as,  the 
Supreme  Heing  chatlcnge.i  our  reverence  and  homage. 

5.  In  law,  to  call  off  a  juror,  or  jurors  ;  or  to  de- 
mand that  jurors  shall  not  sit  in  trial  upon  a  cause. 
[See  the  noun.] 

C.  In  election.-',  to  object  to  a  person  as  not  qualified 
to  vote.    [  United  Stiitex.] 

7.  To  call  to  the  performance  of  conditions. 
CHAI/I.ENGE-A-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  challenged  ; 

that  may  be  called  to  an  account.  Sadler. 
CHAL'LEi\G-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Called  to  combat  or  to 
contest ;  claimed  ;  demanded  as  due ;  called  from  a 
jurj'. 

CilAL'LEXG-ER,  n.  One  who  challenges  ;  one  who 
invites  to  a  single  combat ;  one  who  calls  on  another 
by  way  of  defiance.  Sliak. 

•2.  One  who  claims  superiority  ;  one  who  claims 
any  thing  as  his  right,  or  makes  pretensions  to  it. 

Hooker. 

3.  One  who  calls  a  juror,  or  a  jury,  from  the  trial 
of  his  cause. 

CHAL'LEN'G-ING,  p;jr.  Summoning  to  a  duel,  or  to 
contest ;  claiming  as  a  right ;  defying ;  calling  off 
from  a  jury. 

CHAL'LIS,  (shal'ly,)  n.  An  elegant,  twilled,  fine 
woolen  fabric,  used  for  ladies'  dresses. 

Eneyc.  of  Dam.  Econ. 
€HA-LYB'E-AN,  a.  [Infra.]    Pertaining  to  steel  well 

tempered.  Milton. 
CH  A-LYB'E-ATE,  a.    [L.  chalybs  ;  Gr.  steel ; 

Qu.  from  Chalybs,  a  town  near  the  Euxinc.] 

Impregnated  with  particles  of  iron;  as,  cluUybeate 
waters. 

eil.^-LYB'E-.^TE,  n.  Any  water  or  other  liquor  into 
which  iron  enters. 

eH.\.M,  (kam,)  n.  The  sovereign  prince  of  Tartaty. 
I'suallv  written  Khan. 

CIIA-.MADE',  (sha-made',)  n,  [Fr.,from  It.chiamata, 
a  calling;  cltiamare,  to  call;  L.  clamo  ;  Sp.llamadai 
Port,  chamada,  from  chanuir,  to  call.    See  Claim.] 

In  mar,  the  beat  of  a  drum  or  sound  of  a  trumpet, 
inviting  an  enemy  to  a  pailey  ;  as  for  making  a  prop- 
osition for  a  truce,  or  for  a  capitulation.  Encyc. 

CIIa.M'BER,  n.  [Fr.  chambre  ;  .\rin.  campr,  cambr  :  It. 
camera  i  Port.  Sp.  camara;  h.  camera;  Gr.  xaiiaoa,  an 
arched  roof,  vault,  or  upper  gallery,  a  chamber  ;  D. 
kamer;  G.  Icammer :  Sw.  kammare;  Dan.  hammer  j  Ch. 

10  p  to  arch  ;  Eth.  't'^C  kamare,  an  arch  or  vault.] 

1.  An  apartment  in  an  upper  story,  or  in  a  story 
above  the  lower  floor  of  a  dwelling-house,  often  used 
as  a  lodging-rtmm. 

2.  Any  retired  room  ;  any  private  apartment  which 
a  person  occupies ;  as,  he  called  on  the  judge  at  his 
chamber. 

Joseph  entered  into  hU  chamber  and  wept.  —  Gen.  xliii. 

3.  Any  retired  place. 

Il'-r  \mnv^  is  ihe  wny  to  hell,  going  down  to  tlie  chamhera  of 
drath.  —  Prov.  Tii. 

4.  A  hollow  or  cavity ;  as,  the  chamber  of  the  eye. 

Sharp. 

5.  A  place  where  nn  assembly  meets,  and  the  as- 
sembly itself,  applied  particularly  to  legislative  and 
judicial  bodies;  as,  star  chamber;  imperial  chamber; 
chamber  of  accounts;  ecclesiastical  chamber;  \mvy 
chamber  ;  cliamber  of  peers,  &.C. 

(j.  In  military  affairs,  the  chamberofa  mortar  is  that 
pari  of  the  bore  where  the  powder  lies. 

7.  A  powder-chamber,  or  bomb-chamhcr,  a  place  un- 
der ground  for  holding  powder  and  bombs,  where 
they  may  be  safe,  and  secured  from  rains. 

8.  The  chamber  of  a  mine;  a  place,  generally  of  a 
cubical  form,  where  the  powder  iu  confined. 

9.  A  upecii'S  of  ordnance.    Qu.  Camden. 

10.  The  rh.iids.    Pt.  civ. 

11.  Certain  southern  constellations  which  are  hid 
from  us. 

The  thambtrt  of  the  iouth.  —  Joh  if. 
CIlXM'nER-COUN'CIL,  i.  A  private  or  secret  coun- 
cil. Shak. 


CHaM'BER-COUN'SEL,  n.  A  counselor  who  gives 
his  opinion  in  a  private  apartment,  but  does  not  ad- 
vocate causes  in  court. 

CIIaM'BER  of  eOM'MERCE,  n.  A  board  to  pro- 
tect the  interests  of  commerce,  chosen  from  among 
the  merchants  and  traders  of  a  city. 

CH.\M'BER-VVrN"DoVV,  ii.  The  window  of  a  cham- 
ber. 

CHaM'BER,  v.  i.  To  reside  in  or  occupy  as  a  cham- 
ber. 

2.  To  be  wanton  ;  to  indulge  in  lewd  or  immodest 
behavior.    Rom.  xiii. 
CHAM'BER,  t'.  (.    To  shut  up,  as  in  a  chamber.  Shak. 
CUaM'BER-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Shut  up,  as  in  a  chamber. 

Sliak. 

2.  a.  In  conclwlogy,  divided  into  compartments  by 
walls  or  partitions  ;  as,  a  chambered  shell.  Buckland. 

CHa.M'BEH-ER,  71.  One  who  intrigues,  or  indulges  in 
wantonness.  Shak. 

CHaM'BER-FEL'LoVV,  71.  One  who  sleeps  in  the 
s:tme  ai>artment.  Spectator. 

CHa.M'BER-HANG'ING,  71.  Tapestry  or  hangings 
for  a  chamber. 

CHa.M'BER-ING,  71.  Wanton,  lewd,  immodest  beha- 
vior.   Hom.  xiii. 

CHaM'BER-LAIN,  (-lin,)  n.  [Fr.  chambellan ;  Arm.  cam- 
brelan  ;  Sp.  camarero  ;  Port,  camareiro  ;  It.  camcrlingo  ; 
D.  kamerling  ;  Dan.  kammer-herrc ;  L.  camcrarins.\ 

1.  An  officer  charged  with  the  direction  and  man- 
agement of  the  private  apartments  of  a  monarch  or 
noble.  He  was  originally  keeper  of  the  treasure 
chamber ;  and  hence,  in  some  municipal  corpora- 
tions, the  term  denotes  treasurer.  The  lord  cham- 
berlain of  Great  Britain  is  the  sixth  officer  of  the 
crown.  To  him  belong  livery  and  lodging  in  the 
king's  court  ;  on  coronation  day,  he  brings  to  the  king 
hi^  apparel,  his  sword,  scabbarti,  &c.  He  dresses  and 
undresses  the  king  on  that  day,  and  waits  on  him  be- 
fore and  after  dinner.  To  him  also  belongs  the  care 
of  providing  all  things  in  the  house  of  lords,  in  time 
of  parliament.  Under  him  are  the  gentleman  usher 
of  the  black  rod,  and  other  ofiicers.  T'he  lord  cham- 
berlain of  the  household  has  the  oversight  of  all  of- 
ficers belonging  to  the  king's  chambers,  except  the 
precinct  of  the  bed-chamber,  of  the  wardrobe,  phy- 
sicians, chaplains,  bivbers,  &c.,  and  administers  the 
oath  to  all  officers  above  stairs. 

The  chamberlains  of  the  exchequer  of  London,  of 
Chester,  of  North  Wales,  &c.,  are  receivers  of 
rents  and  revenues.  Encyc.  Johnson. 

2.  A  servant  who  lias  the  care  of  the  chambers  in 
an  inn,  or  hotel. 

CHaM'BER-LAIN-SHIP,  7t.    The  office  of  a  cham- 

CHa.M'BER-LYE,  K.    Urine.  [berlain. 

CH.^M'BER-MaID,  71.  A  woman  who  has  the  care 
of  chambers,  making  the  beds,  and  cleaning  the 
rooms,  or  who  dresses  a  lady,  and  waits  upon  her  in 
her  apartment. 

CHaM'BER-POT,  71.    A  vessel  used  in  bed-rooms. 

CHaM'BER-PRAC'TICE,  71.  The  practice  of  coun- 
selors at  law,  who  give  their  opinions  in  private,  but 
do  not  appear  in  court. 

CHAM'BREL,  ri.  The  joint  or  bending  of  the  upper 
part  of  a  horse's  hind  leg.  In  New  England,  pro- 
nounced gnnibrcl,  which  see. 

CHA-.Mi^'LE-ON,  71.  [h.  chamtsleon  ;  Gr.  xa/iaiAcwi/.] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Lacerta,  or  lizard,  with  a 
naked  body,  a  tail,  and  four  feet.  The  body  is  six 
or  seven  inches  long,  and  the  tail  five  inches  ;  with 
this  it  clings  to  the  branches  of  trees.  The  skin  is 
cold  to  the  touch,  and  contains  small  gr.tins,  or  emi- 
nences, of  a  bluish-gray  color  in  the  shade,  but  in 
the  light  of  the  sun,  all  parts  of  the  body  become  of 
a  grayish-brown,  or  tawny  color.  It  has,  however, 
the  power  of  greatly  changing  its  color.  It  is  a  na- 
tive of_Africa  andAsia.  Encyc. 

CHA-Mlc'LE-ON-IZE,  v.  t.  To  change  into  various 
colors.  Diet. 

CHAM'FER,  7>.  (.  [Corrupted  from  Fr.  echancrer,  to 
hollow,  to  cut  sloping ;  Arm.  chancra ;  said  to  be 
from  cancer.] 

1.  'I'o  channel ;  to  cut  a  furrow,  as  in  a  column, 
or  to  cut  into  a  sloping  ftirin,  or  bevel. 

Johnson.    Bailey.  Enn/c. 

2.  To  wrinkle.  Shak. 
CHAM'FER,    )  71.  A  small  gutter,  or  furrow,  cut  in 
CHAM'FUET,  (     wood,  or  other  hard  material. 

2.  A  slope,  or  bevel. 
CH AM'FER-/.I),  pp.  or  a.    Cut  into  furrows,  or  cut 

sloping,  or  beveling. 
CHAM'FER-ING,  ;)/<r.    Cutting  a  gutter  in  ;  cutting 

in  a  slope,  or  bevel. 
€H  AM'ITE,  n.    Fossil  remains  of  the  Chama,  a  shell. 
eUAM'LET.    Pee  Cami.f.t. 

CIIA.M'OIS,  (sliam'my  or  sha-inoi',)  Ti.  TFr.,  from  It. 
camoiza  :  Sp.  gamnza,  from  gamo,  a  buclt.] 

An  animal  of  file  goat  kind,  whose  skin  is  made 
into  soft  letither,  called  ehamoui,  or  chamois  leather. 
It  is  now  arranged  with  the  antelopes.  Curier. 
eHAM'O-.MIlJ".,  71.    [(Jr.  xa/iiii,on  the  ground,  and 
pnXni.,  an  apple.] 

The  popular  name  of  llie  Jinthemis  nobilis  ;  a  bitter 
plant,  iniicli  used  in  medii-ine. 
CH/ViMP,  V.  I.    [Kr.  champayer,  I  have  not  found.  Qu. 


Gr.  KajTTOJ,  for  vi  is  often  casual  before  a  labial,  and 
in  Gr.  yanipai  is  the  jaws.] 

1.  To  bite  with  repeated  action  of  the  teeth ;  as,  a 
horse  e/tamps  the  bit. 

2.  To  bite  into  small  pieces ;  to  chew  ;  to  masticate  ; 
to  devour.  Dryden. 

CHA.MP,  V.  i.  To  chew;  to  perform  the  action  of 
biting  by  repeated  motion  of  the  teeth  ;  as,  to  champ 
upon  the  bit.  Hooker, 

CH.\.M-PaG.\E',  (sham-pine',)  71.  A  kind  of  brisk, 
sparkling  wine,  from  Champagne,  in  France. 

CHAM-PaIGN',  71.  [from  camp,  or  the  same  root.]  A 
flat,  open  country.  Bacon.  Milton. 

CHA.M-PaIGN',  (sham-pine',)  a.  Level,  open;  as 
a  champaign  countiy. 

CHA.M-PaIN',  71.  In  heraldry,  champain,  or  point 
champain,  is  a  mark  of  dishonor  in  the  coat  of  aruis 
of  him  who  has  killed  a  prisoner  of  war  after  he  has 
asked  for  quarter.  Encyc. 

CIIMIP  DE  MARS,  (shdng  de  niarz,)  [Fr.  ;]  literally, 
the  field  of  .Mars ;  an  extensive,  open  space  in  Paris, 
used  for  military  reviews  and  public  assemblies. 

CII.'VMP'i'.'D,  pp.    Bitten  ;  chewed. 

CHAMP'ER,  n.    One  that  champs,  or  bites. 

CHAM'PER-TOR,  71.  [See  Champertv.]  In  law, 
one  who  is  guilty  of  champerty,  which  see. 

CHAM'PER-TY,  71.  [Fr.  champurl,  fiuld-rcnt  ;  champ, 
L.  campus,  a  field, ^nd  part,  a  share,  or  partir,  to  di- 
vide, campum  parlire.] 

A  species  of  maintenance,  being  a  bargain  with  a 
plaintiff,  or  defendant,  to  divide  the  land,  or  other 
matter  in  suit,  between  them,  if  they  prevail  ; 
whereupon  the  champertor  is  to  carry  on  the  party's 
suit  at  his  own  expense.  The  purchase  of  a  suit,  or 
of  the  right  of  suing.  Blackstone. 

CHAM-PIGN'ON,  (sham-pin'yoii,)  71.  [Fr.]  A  kind 
of  edible  mushroom. 

CH.AMP'ING,  ppr.    Biting  with  repeated  action. 

CHAM'PI-0.\',  n.  [Fr.  c/ia77i;)(oii ;  Arm.  cam/ii/oii ;  Sp. 
campeon ;  Port,  campeam,  or  campiaoi  ;  U.  campione; 
D.  hamper,  or  kampvegtcr ;  G.  kampfcr.  In  all  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  camp,  or  /iamy?,  signifies  a  combat, 
and  in  some  of  them,  a  camp;.  Sax.  campa,  a  camp, 
anil  a  combat ;  cempa,  a  soldier,  warrior,  or  gladia- 
tor; W.  camp,  a  game,  a  feat;  campiaw,  to  contend 
in  a  game.  Here  we  have  the  origin  of  the  Latin 
campus.  It  was  originally  the  plain,  or  open  place 
appropriated  to  games,  sports,  and  athletic  exercises.] 

1.  A  man  who  undertakes  a  combat  in  the  place 
or  cause  of  another.  Baron. 

2.  .\  man  who  fights  in  his  own  cause  in  a  duel. 

3.  A  hero  ;  a  brave  warrior.  Hence,  one  who  is 
bold  in  contest ;  as,  a  champion  for  the  truth. 

CHAM'PI-ON,  7'.  (.    To  challenge  to  a  combat.  ShaJi. 
CH.\M'PI-ON-£D,  pp.    Challenged  to  combat. 
CHAM'PI-ON-ESS,  n.    A  female  champion.  Fairfax. 
CHAM'PI-ON-ING,  ppr.    Challenging  to  combat. 
CHAM'PI-ON-SHIP,  71.    State  of  being  a  champion. 

JV.  J*.  Reo. 

CH.\M-PoL'LTON-IST,(sham-p6l'yun-ist,)  71.  A  fol- 
lower of  Champollion  the  younger,  in  respect  to 
Egyptian  hieroglyphics. 

CHANCE,  71.  [Fr.  chance;  Norm,  cheannce;  Arm. 
chan^i ;  D.  kans  ;  G.  sclianze.  This  seems  to  be  from 
the  participle  of  the  French  verb  cheoir,  to  fall,  Sp. 
cacr,  from  the  L.  cado,  or  directly  from  the  Littin 
cadcns,  cadentia.] 

1.  An  event  that  happens,  falls  out,  or  takes  place, 
without  being  contrived,  intended,  expected,  or  fore- 
seen ;  the  effect  of  an  unknown  cause,  or  the  unu- 
sual or  unexpected  effect  of  a  known  cause ;  acci- 
dent ;  casualty ;  fortuitous  event ;  as,  time  and 
chance  happen  to  all. 

By  cltance  a  priest  cime  down  that  way.  —  Luke  x. 

2.  Fortune ;  what  fortune  may  bring ;  as,  they 
must  take  their  chance. 

3.  An  event,  good  or  evil ;  success  or  misfortune  ; 
luck.  Shak. 

4.  Possibility  of  an  occurrence  ;  opportunitj-. 

Your  lal^yship  may  have  a  chance  to  escape  this  addresa.  Swi/L 

CHANCE,  r.  i.  To  happen  ;  to  fall  out ;  to  come,  or 
arrive,  without  design  or  expectation. 

If  a  bird's  iHul  chance  to  l>e  before  tbee.  —  Deut.  xxii. 

Ah,  Casca,  tell  us  w  liat  haUi  chanced  to  day.  Shak. 

CHANCE,  a.  Happening  by  chance;  casual;  as,  a 
chance  comer. 

CHANCE'A-BLE,  a.    Accidental ;  casual  ;  fortuitous. 
CHANCE'A-BLY,  adv.    C.i-sually  ;  by  chance. 
CHANCE'-et"5M-ER,  (  kuni'er,)  »i.    One  who  comes 

unexpectedly.  .Addison, 
CHANCED,  (cli.lnst,)  pp.  of  Chance. 
CIIaNCE'FIJL,  (I.    Hazardous.  Spenser. 
CHANCING,  ppr.  Ilaiipening. 

ClIANCE'-MED'LEY,  «.  [chance  and  medley,  a  mix- 
ture ;  but  more  propiTly,  chnudemell.  Norm.  Fr.,a  hot 
debate,  strife,  or  quarrel ;  chnud,  hot,  from  L.  calidus, 
and  mellcr,  for  mesler,  to  mix.] 

In  law,  the  kilting  iif  another  in  self-defense  upon 
a  sudden  and  unpremedilnted  enctiunter.  The  term 
has  been  sometimes  applied  to  any  kind  of  homicide 
by  misadventure,  but,  in  strictness,  .h  applicable  to 
such  killing  only  as  happens  in  defending  one's  self 
against  assault.       Blackstone.    P.  Cyc.  Bouvier. 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^Ll.,  WHAT.  — METE,  PEBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


CH  A 

CIIAN'CKL,  n.  [Fr.  chancel,  or  ehanccau;  L.  cancetli, 
IfUlicos,  or  cross4jar9,  inclosing  the  place  ;  Sp.  cancel, 
cancitltt,3.  wooden  screen, a  wicker  ;  It.  cnncello, 
balustrades;  Gr.  (tijuAij;  Cli.  SpJp  kaiikcl,  or  kaii- 
kail,  network  ;  Syr.  i/l.    See  CA^CEL.] 

That  part  of  a  clmrcli,  between  the  altar,  or  coni- 
niiiriion  table,  and  the  balustrade,  or  railins,  that 
incloses  it,  or  that  part  where  the  altar  is  placed  ; 
formerly  inclosed  with  lattices,  or  cro.<.-i-bars,  as  now 
with  rails.  Encijc.  Johnson. 

ClI.\iN'CEL-LOR,  71.  [Fr.  chancclier ;  Arm.  ckanceilher, 
or  cuncdlrr ;  Pp.  cancitlcr ;  Port,  chancellcr ;  It.  can- 
ccllirre  ;  I),  kansclier  ;  G.  kanztcr;  Sw.  cant-ilcr;  Dan. 
kantilcr  or  canlsln  ;  L.  cunccllarius,  a  scribe,  secreta- 
ry, notary,  or  chancellor  ;  from  cancelio,  to  make  lat- 
tice-work, to  cancel,  or  blot  out  by  crossing  the  lines  ; 
or  from  cancclli,  lattices,  because  the  secretary  sat 
behind  lattices.] 

Oriirinallij,  a  chief  notary  or  scribe,  under  the  Ro- 
man emperors;  but  in  En/rlaml,  in  later  times,  an 
ollicer  invested  with  judicial  powers,  and  particu- 
larly with  the  superintendence  of  all  charters,  letters 
and"  other  olficial  writings  of  the  crown,  that  required 
to  be  solemnly  authenticated.  Hence  this  officer 
brcame  the  keeper  of  the  greal  seal.  From  the  Ro- 
man empire,  this  office  passed  to  the  church,  and 
hence  every  bishop  has  his  chancellor. 

yhc  lord  hiirh  cfianccJlor  of  Great  Britain,  or 
kcrprr  of  the  great  seal,  is  the  iiighest  officer  of  the 
crown.  He  is  a  privy  counselor  by  his  otfice,  and 
prolocutor  of  the*house  of  lords  by  prescription.  To 
him  bi  kings  the  appointment  of  all  justices  of  the 
p.^ace  ;  he  is  keeper  of  the  king's  conscience,  visitor 
of  :ill  hospitals  and  colleges  founded  by  the  king, 
giiarilian  of  all  cimritable  uses,  and  Judge  of  the  high 
Court  of  Chancery. 

Chancellor  of  an  ecclesiastical  court,  is  the  bishop's 
.   lawyer,  versed  in  the  civil  and  canon  law,  to  direct 
the  bishop  in  causes  of  the  church,  civil  and  criminal. 

Chancellor  of  a  caUiedral,  is  an  officer  who  hears 
lessons  and  lectures  in  the  church,  by  himself  or  his 
vicar,  inspects  schools,  hears  causes,  applies  the 
seal,  writes  and  dispatches  letters  of  the  chapter, 
keeps  the  books,  &c. 

Chancellor  of  Ulc  ezcheiiner,  is  an  officer  who  pre- 
sides in  that  court,  and  takes  care  of  the  interest  of 
the  crown.  He  has  power,  with  the  lord  treasurer, 
to  lease  the  crown  lands,  and  with  others,  to  com- 
pound for  forfeitures  on  penal  statutes.  He  is  the 
highest  finance  minister  of  the  British  government. 

Chancellor  of  a  uniner.iity,  is  an  officer  who  seals 
.  the  diplomas,  or  letters  of  degree,  &.c.  The  chan- 
cellor of  Oxford  is  usually  one  of  the  prime  nobility, 
fleeted  by  Vile  students  in  convocation  ;  and  he  holds 
tne  otfice  for  life.  He  is  the  chief  magistnite  in  the 
government  of  the  university.  The  chancellor  of 
Cambridge  is  also  elected  from  among  the  prime  no- 
bility ;  he  does  not  hold  his  office  for  life,  but  may 
be  eh'cted  every  three  years. 

Cli'i'icetlor  of  tlie  order  of  the  Oartcr,  and  other  mil- 
itary orde  rs,  is  an  officer  who  seals  the  commissions 
and  riiaiiilates  of  the  chapter  and  assembly  of  the 
knights,  keeps  the  register  of  their  proceedings,  and 
delivers  their  acts  under  the  seal  of  their  order. 

Johnson.    En  eye. 

In  France,  a  secretary  is,  in  some  cases,  called  a 
chancellor.  In  Uic  United  States,  a  chancellor  is  the 
judge  of  a  court  of  chancery  or  equity,  established 
by  statute. 

I  n  Scripture,  a  master  of  the  decrees,  or  president 
of  the  council.    /;:ra  iv. 

CIIX\'CEI>-LOR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  chancel- 
lor ;  the  time  during  which  one  is  chancellor. 

CH.\N'CK-UY,  H.  [Fr.  cluinccllcrie  ;  Arm.  canccllery ; 
Sp-  chnncilleria ;  It.  canceUeria ;  L.  cancellaria.  from 
cancelli,  lattices,  or  from  the  judge,  who  presided  in 
the  court.] 

1.  In  Great  Britain,  the  highest  court  of  justice, 
next  to  the  parliament,  consisting  of  two  distinct 
tribunals  ;  one  ordinary,  being  a  court  of  common 
law  ;  the  other  extraordinary,  or  a  court  of  equity. 
The  ordin.iry  legal  court  holds  ple;is  of  recogniz,ances 
acknowledged  in  the  chancery,  writs  of  scire  facias 
for  rejM'al  of  letters  patent,  writs  of  partition,  and  all 
perscmal  actions  by  or  against  any  officer  of  the 
court.  Gut  if  the  parties  come  to  issue  in  fact,  this 
court  can  not  try  it  by  a  jury  ;  but  the  record  must  be 
delivered  to  the  King's  Bench.  From  this  court  issue 
all  original  writs  that  pass  under  the  great  seal,  com- 
missions of  charitable  uses,  bankruptcy,  idiocy,  lu- 
nacy, &c. 

'I'lie  e.\traordinary  court,  or  Court  of  Equity,  pro- 
ceeds upon  rules  of  equity  and  conscience,  moderates 
the  rigor  of  the  common  law,  and  gives  relief  in 
cases  where  there  is  no  remedy  in  the  common  law 

2.  In  the  United  States,  a  couit  of  equity.  [courts. 
ClI  A.VeilE,  (sliank'er,)  ii.   [Fr.  chancre ;  Arm.  ckancr. 

The  same  as  cancer,  cankcr/l 
.\  venereal  ulcer. 
CIIAN'CROUS,  (shank'nis,)  o.     Ulcerous;  having 

the  qualities  of  a  chancre. 
CI1A.N-I)E-LIER',  (shan-de-leer',)  n.    [Fr.  id.;  Sp. 

candelero  ;  It.  candeliere ;  .\rm.  eantolozr,  or  eantuler; 

from  L.  candela,  a  candle,  from  caneo,  to  shine.] 


CHA 

1.  ,\  frame  with  branches  to  hold  a  niiiiiber  of 
candles,  to  illuminate  a  public  or  large  room. 

2.  In  fortification,  a  movable  parapet,  strrving  to 
support  fascines  to  cover  pioneers. 

CIIAND'LER,  n.  [Ciu.  Fr.  chandelier;  or  rather  Teu- 
tonic handler.    See  ('oR\-(^H.\NnLKn.] 

A  general  term  for  a  di  aler,  the  particular  meaning 
being  determined  by  a  prefix,  as,  tallow-cAa/ii/Zer, 
ship-f /(aiifZ/iT,  tec. 

C11.\i\I)'1J:11  LY,  a<Zu.   Like  a  chandler.  Milton. 

CII.XNl)'LEU-Y,  n.  The  commodities  sold  by  a 
chandler. 

CHAND'llY,  n.    The  place  where  candles  are  kept. 

B.  ./onion. 

CII.VN'FRIN,  71.    The  fore  part  of  a  horse's  head. 

CHANGE,  71.  (.  [Fr.  chamrer  ;  \l.cangiarc;  .Arm.  fce- 
inch  ;  Norm,  ehuinant;  exchanging.  Uu.  Is  this  rad- 
ically the  same  word  as  It.  cambio,  cambiare,  Sp.  id.  ?] 

1.  To  cause  to  turn  or  px«s  from,  one  st.ate  to  an- 
other ;  to  alter,  or  make  diflerent ;  to  vary  in  exter- 
nal form,  or  in  essence ;  as,  to  chanire  the  color  or 
shape  of  a  thing;  to  change  the  countenance;  to 
change  the  heart  or  life. 

2.  To  put  one  thing  in  the  place  of  anotlier ;  to 
shift  ;  as,  to  change  tlve  clothes. 

Be  dran  ami  change  your  gnrmcnl*.  — Gen.  xxxy. 

3.  To  quit  one  thing  or  stale  for  another ;  followed 
by  for;  as,  persons  educated  in  a  particular  religion 
do  not  readily  change  it  for  another. 

4.  To  give  and  take  reciprocally ;  as,  will  you 
change  cond  itions  tcith  me 

.').  To  barter ;  to  exchange  goods ;  as,  to  change  a 
coach  for  a  chariot. 

0.  To  quit,  as  one  place  for  another ;  as,  to  change 
lodgings. 

7.  To  give  one  kind  of  money  for  another  ;  to  .alter 
the  form  or  kind  of  niimey,  by  receiving  the  value 
in  a  diflerent  kind  ;  as,  to  change  bank  noti  s  fur  silver  ; 
or  to  give  pieces  of  a  larger  denominati<m  for  an 
equivalent  in  pieces  of  smaller  denomination  ;  as,  to 
change  an  eagle  for  dollars,  or  a  sovereign  for  six- 
pences, or  to  change  a  dollar  into  cents  ;  or,  on  the 
other  hand,  to  change  dollars  for  or  info  eagles,  giv- 
ing mcmey  of  smaller  denomination  for  larger. 

tj.  To  become  acid  or  tainted  ;  to  turn  from  a  nat- 
ural state  of  sweetness  and  purity  ;  as,  the  wine  is 
clmnged;  thunder  and  lightning  are  said  lo  change 
milk. 

To  change  a  horse,  or  to  change  hand,  is  to  turn  or 
bear  the  horse's  head  from  one  hand  to  the  other, 
from  the  left  to  the  right,  or  from  the  right  to  the 
left.        '  Farrier's  Diet. 

CHANGE,  «.  1.  To  be  altered  ;  to  undergo  variatiim  ; 
as,  men  sometimes  change  for  the  better,  often  for 
the  worse. 

I  am  Jehovah ;  I  change  iiol.  —  Mai.  iii. 
2.  To  pass  the  sun,  as  the  moon  in  its  orbit;  as, 
the  moon  wUl  change  the  14th  of  this  month. 
CHANGE,  71.  Any  variation  or  altenitiiui  in  form, 
state,  quality,  or  essence ;  or  a  passing  from  one 
state  or  form  to  another;  as,  a  change  of  counte- 
nance ;  a  change  of  habits  or  principle's. 

2.  A  succession  of  one  thing  in  the  place  of  an- 
other; vicissitude;  as,  a  cA/z/iiye  of  seasons  ;  a.  cltange 
of  objects  on  a  journey  ;  a  change  of  scenes. 

3.  A  revolution  ;  as,  a  change  of  government. 

4.  A  passing  by  the  sun,  and  the  beginning  of  a 
new  monthly  revolution  ;  as,  a  change  of  the  moon. 

5.  A  diflerent  state  by  removal ;  novelty  ;  variety. 
Our  futhera  ilid,  for  change,  to  Pniiice  repair.  Dnjtlen. 

6.  Alteration  in  the  order  of  ringing  bells ;  variety 
of  sounds. 

Four  belli  admit  twenly.four  changes  In  ringing.  Holder. 

7.  That  which  makes  a  variety,  or  may  be  substi- 
tuted for  another. 

Thiny  changes  of  raiinenL  —  Jutlget  xiv. 

8.  Small  coins  of  money,  which  may  be  given  for 
larger  pieces. 

9.  The  balance  of  money  paid  beyond  the  price  of 
goods  purchased  ;  as,  I  gave  the  clerk  a  bank  note 
for  his  cloth,  and  he  gave  me  the  change. 

10.  The  dissolution  of  the  body  ;  death. 


11.  Change,  for  eichange ;  a  place  where  merchants 
and  others  meet  to  transact  business  ;  a  building  a|>- 
propriated  for  mercantile  transactions. 

12.  In  arithmetic,  permutation  ;  variation  of  nuin- 
bers.  Thirteen  numbers  admit  of  6,227,020,800 
changes,  or  different  positions. 

CHANGE-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.   Changeablcness,  which  is 

generally  used.  Fleming. 
CHA.\GE'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  change;  subject  to 

alteration;  fickle;  inconstant;  mutable;  variable; 

as,  a  person  of  a  changeable  mind. 
2.  Having  the  quality  of  suffering  alteration  of 

external  appearance  ;  as,  changeable  silk. 
CHANGE' A-BLE-NESS,  7i.    The  quality  of  being 

changeable  ;  fickleness  ;  inconstancy  ;  instability  ; 

mutability. 

2.  Susceptibility  of  change,  or  alteration.  Hooker. 
CHANGE' A-BLY,  adv.  Inconstantly. 


CII A.N'O'A'lt.  pp.  or  a    Altered  ;  varied  ;  turned  ;  con- 

vi  rt'-d  ;  sliilled. 
CHA.NGE'FI'I,,   a.     Full   of  change  ;   inconsfant  ; 

mutable  ;  fickle  ;  uncertain  ;  subject  to  alteration 

I'ope. 

CIIa.N'GE'LESS,  a.  Constant;  not  admitting  aliera- 
tioll. 

CIlANGE't.ING,  77.  [change  nu(\  ling.  It  is  said  this 
word  originated  in  a  superstitious  opinion  that  fairies 
steal  children,  and  put  others  that  arc  ugly  and  stupid 
in  their  places.  Johnson.] 

1.  A  child  left  or  taken  in  the  place  of  another. 

Spenser. 

2.  .An  idiot ;  a  fool.  Dryden.  Locke. 

3.  One  apt  to  change  ;  a  waverer.  Shnk. 

4.  Any  thing  changed  and  put  in  the  place  of 
another.  Sliak. 

Cll.A.VG'ER,  71.  One  who  alters  the  form  of  any  thing. 

2.  One  that  is  employed  in  changing  and  discount- 
ing money  ;  a  money-changer. 

3.  One  given  to  change. 

CHaNG'I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Altering;  turning;  putting 

one  thing  for  another  ;  shifting. 
CllANG'ING,  71.    An  altering,  or  putting  one  thing  for 

another. 

CHANG'ING-PIRCE,  71.  A  term  of  contempt  for  one 
who  is  fickle  or  changeable.  Shak. 

CH.A.N'NEL,  71.  [Ir.  cainneal ;  Fr.  canal;  L.  canalis; 
Arm.  can,  or  ca7io/.    It  is  a  diflerent  spelling  of 

ca/ta/.J 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  passage  ;  a  place  of  passing 
or  flowing  ;  particularly,  a  water-cotirse. 

2.  The  place  where  a  river  flows,  including  tho 
whole  breadth  of  tlitr  river.  But  more  appropriately, 
the  deeper  part  or  hollow  in  which  the  principal 
current  flows. 

3.  The  deeper  part  of  a  strait,  bay,  or  harbor,  where 
the  princip,al  current  flows,  either  of  tide  or  fresh 
water,  or  which  is  the  most  convenient  for  the  track 
of  a  ship. 

\.  That  through  which  anything  pa.sses;  means 
of  passing,  convt^ying,  or  transmitting  ;  as,  the  news 
was  conveyed  to  us  by  different  channels. 

5.  A  gutter  or  furrow  in  a  column. 

6.  An  arm  of  the  sea ;  a  stniit,  or  narrow  sea,  be- 
tween two  continents,  or  between  a  continent  and 
an  isle  ;  as,  the  British  or  Irish  channel. 

7.  Channels  of  a  ship  ;  broad  pieces  of  plank  bolted 
edgewise  to  the  outside  of  a  vessel,  and  used  for 
spreading  the  lower  rigging.  ii.  //.  Dana,  Jr. 

CH.A.N'NEL,  ti.  t.  To  form  a  channel ;  to  cut  chan- 
nels in ;  to  groove  ;  as,  to  channel  a  field  or  a  column. 

IVuUon. 

CH.AN'NEL-JCD,  pp.  or  a.    Having  channels  grooved 

longitudinally. 
CH.A.N'NEL-ING,  ppr.    Cutting  channels;  grooving 

longitudinally. 
CHAN'SON,  (shan'son,)  71.    [Fr.]    A  song.  Shale. 
CIIA.VT,  V.  t.     [Fr.  c/ianter ;  L.  canto,  cantus ;  W. 

a^anu;  Arm.  cana,  cannein ;  It.  cantarc ;  Sp.  and 

I'tirt.  c(7nf<7r;  h.  cano.    See  Cant.] 

1.  To  sing;  to  utter  with  a  melodious  voice  ;  that 
is,  to  cant  or  throw  the  voice  in  modulations. 

The  cheerful  birti*  do  chant  iweet  muaic.  Spenser. 

2.  To  celebrate  in  song ;  as,  to  chant  the  praises  of 
Jehovah. 

3.  To  sing  after  the  manner  of  a  chant. 
CHANT,  V.  i.   To  sing;  to  make  melody  with  the 

voice. 

They  chant  to  the  Bound  of  the  viol.  —  Amoi  Ti. 
2.  To  sing  after  the  manner  of  a  chant. 
CHANT,  71.    Song  ;  melody. 

2.  A  peculiar  kind  of  sacred  music,  in  which  prose 
is  sung  svitli  less  variety  of  intonation  than  111  com- 
mon airs. 

CIl.'i.NT'ED,  pp.  Sung;  uttered  with  modulations  of 
voice  after  the  manner  of  a  chant. 

CH.KNT'ER,  11.  One  who  chants;  a  singer  or  song- 
ster. Pope. 

2.  The  chief  singer,  or  priest  of  the  chantry. 

Gregory. 

3.  The  pipe  which  sounds  tiie  tenor  or  treble  in  a 
bagpipe. 

CH ANT'I-CLEER,  71.   [chant  and  clear,  Fr.  ^:lair.] 

A  cock,  so  called  from  the  clearness  or  loudness  of 
his  voice  in  crowing.  Dryden. 

CHXNT'ING,ppr.  ora.  Singing;  uttering  a  melodious 
voice  ;  repeating  words  with  a  singing  voice  after 
the  manner  of  a  chant. 

CIL^.NT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  singing  or  uttering  after 
the  manner  of  a  chant. 

CllXNT'RESS,  71,    A  female  singer.  Mdton. 

CHXNT'RY,  n.    [Fr.  chantrerie,  from  chant.] 

.An  endowed  chapel  where  one  or  more  priests 
daily  sing  or  say  mass  for  the  souls  of  the  donors,  or 
such  as  they  appoint.  Coirel. 

CH.A-OL'O-GY,  71.    A  treatise  on  chaos,  or  chaotic 

CHA'OS,  (ki'os,)  71,  [L.  chaos ;  Gr.  x<"'(-]  [matter. 
That  confusion,  or  confused  mass,  in  which  mat- 
ter is  supposed  to  have  existeil,  before  it  w;is  sep- 
arated into  its  different  kinds,  and  reduced  to  order 
by  the  creating  power  of  God  :  "  Rudis  indigeslaque 
moles."  Ovut. 


TOXE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  C H  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CllA 


CHA 


CHA 


2.  Any  mixed  mass,  \villiout  due  lorm  or  order ; 
as,  a  chaos  of  materials. 

3.  Confusion  ;  disorder;  a  state  in  which  the  parts 
are  undistinguished.  Donne. 

CHA-OT'ie,  a.     Resembling  chaos  ;  confused ;  as, 
the  earth  was  originally  in  a  cliaotic  state. 


CHAP  or  CH^¥,v.  t.  [Ar.  (_^J:>  jabba,  to  cut  off  or  out, 

to  castrate ;  t^\j^jauba,  to  split,  rend,  tear,  or  cleave, 

to  cut.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  the  G.  and  D.  happen, 
Dan.  kapper.  Ft.  oouper ;  but  these  agree  better  with 


Ar, 


kabaa  or  kayafa,  to  cut. 


See  Chot  and  Gape.] 
To  cleave,  split,  crack,  or  open  longitudinally,  as 

the  surface  of  the  earth,  or  the  skin  and  tlesh  of  the 

hand.    Dry  weather  chaps  the  earth  ;  cold  dry  winds 

chap  the  hands. 
CHAP  or  CHAP,  v.  i.   To  crack  ;  to  open  in  long  slits ; 

•xs,  the  eartli  chaps;  the  hands  chap. 
CHAP  or  CHAP,  71.     A  longitudinal  cleft,  g.ip,  or 

chink,  as  in  the  surface  of  the  earth,  or  in  the  hands 

or  feet. 

Cn.\P,  n.  [Sax.  ecafl,  a  beak,  or  chap ;  pi.  ceaflas, 
the  chaps.] 

The  upper  ^d  lower  part  of  the  mouth  ;  the  jaw. 
It  is  applied  to  beasts,  and  vulgarly  to  men  ;  gener- 
ally in  the  plural,  the  chnps  or  mouth. 

CH  AP,  II.  A  man  or  a  boy  ;  a  youth.  It  is  used  also  in 
the  sen?e  of  a  buyer.  "  If  you  want  to  sell,  here  is 
vour  chap."  In  this  sense  it  coincides  with  chapman. 
"[!<ee  Cheap.]  Steele. 

CHAP,  »'.  i.    [Sax.  ceapian.] 
To  cheapen.    [JVot  used.] 

CHJiP-JlR-RAL',  n.  [Sp.,  from  cliaparra,  an  evergreen 
oak.] 

A  thicket  of  low  evergreen  oaks.  J^etcman^s  Diet. 
CH.AP'-BOOK,  71.    [See  Chapman  and  Cheap.]  A 

small  book,  carried  about  for  sale  by  hawkers. 
CHaPE,  II.    [Fr.  chape,  xlie  tongue  of  a  buckle,  a  cover, 

a  churchman's  cope,  the  head  of  an  alembic  ;  Arm. 

cha/i :  Sp.  chapa,  a  thin  plate  of  metal  covering  some 

kind  of  work.    Qu.  cap.] 

1.  The  catch  of  any  thing,  as  the  hook  of  a  scab- 
bard, or  the  catcii  of  a  buckle,  by  which  it  is  held  to 
the  back  strap. 

2.  A  brass  or  silver  tip,  or  case,  that  strensthens 
the  end  of  a  scabbard.  Johnson.  Phillips. 

CHAP' EAU,  (shap'po,)  71. ;  pi.  Chapeauh,  (.siiap'poze.) 

[Fr.]    .\  hat ;  in  heralJrii,  a  cap  or  bonnet 
CIIAP'EAU  BRAS,  (shap'po  bra,)  n.    A  military  hat 

which  can  be  flattened  and  put  under  the  arm, 

CH.^P'EL,  7!.  [Fr.  chapelle :  L.  caprlla;  Arm.  chapel; 
Sp.  eapilhi,  a  chapel,  a  hood  or  cowl,  a  chapter  of 
collegians,  a  proof-sheet;  Port,  capella  ;  It.  cappclla; 
D.  knpel ;  from  the  same  root  as  cap.  It  is  said  th.at 
the  kings  of  France,  in  war,  carried  St.  Martin's  hat 
into  the  field,  which  was  kept  in  a  tent  as  a  precious 
relic,  whence  the  place  took  the  name  capella,a  little 
hat,  and  the  priest  who  had  the  custody  of  the  tent 
was  called  capcllanus,  now  chaplain.  Hence  the 
word  cluipel  came  to  signify  a  private  oratory. 
Encyc.  Lnnier.] 

1.  A  house  (or  public  worship,  erected  separate 
from  a  church  ;  primarily,  a  private  oratory,  or  house 
of  worship  belonging  to  a  private  person.  In  Qreat 
Britain  there  are  several  sorts  of  chapels  ;  as, 
parochial  chapels,  distinct  from  the  mother  church  ; 
chapels  which  adjoin  to  and  are  a  part  of  the 
church  ;  such  were  formerly  built  by  honorable  per- 
sons for  hurying-places ;  cfiapels  of  ease,  additional 
churches,  built  in  large  parishes,  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  the  inh.abitants  ;  free  eJiapeU,  which  were 
founded  by  the  king  of  England  ;  chapels  in  the  uni- 
versities, places  of  worship  belonging  to  partic\ilar 
colleges  ;  domestic  chapels,  built  by  noblemen  or  gen- 
tlemen for  the  use  of  their  families.  Kncyc. 

2.  In  Knirland,  a  jilace  of  worship  for  dissenters. 

3.  A  printer's  work-house  ;  said  to  be  so  called 
because  printing  was  first  carried  on  in  a  cliajwl. 
Aliio,  an  association  of  workmen  in  a  printing-ofiice. 

Branilc.    Bailey.  Kncyc. 

CH  A  P'F.I.,  r.  «.   To  deposit  in  a  chapel.   Bcaum.  'Sf  Fl. 

CHaPE'LESS,  o.    Without  a  chape. 

CHAPEL  ET,*       ...     ,  ,., 

CHAP'I.ET,      ("■  [^'-c'^P'i'l-] 

A  pair  of  stirrup  leathers,  with  stirrups,  joined  at 
the  top  in  a  sort  of  Icatlinr  buckle,  by  which  they  are 
iiiaile  fast  to  the  frame-work  of  the  saddle,  after  they 
have  been  adjusted  to  the  length  and  bearing  of  the 
rider.  Furrirr  s  Diet. 

CIIAP'EE-I.NG,  71.  The  act  of  turning  a  ship  round 
in  a  licht  breew  of  wind,  when  close-hauled,  so 
lliat  »lie  will  lie  the  name  way  as  before.  Mar.  Diet. 

CHAP'EI.  IiA-.N'V,  71.  A  place  founded  within  some 
rhiireh  and  drjiendent  thereon.  Ayltffe. 

CH  AP'EL-KY,  71.  1  he  boundn  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
chapel. 


CHAP'E-RoN,  (shap'e-ron,)  n.  [Fx.]  A  hood  or  cap 
worn  by  the  knights  of  the  Garter  in  their  habits.  It 
was  anciently  worn  by  men,  women,  nobles,  and 
populace  ;  afterward  appropriated  to  doctors  and  li- 
centiates in  colleges.  The  name  then  passed  to  cer- 
tain devices  placed  on  the  foreheads  of  horses  wliich 
drew  the  hearse  in  pompous  funerals. 

2.  One  who  attends  a  lady  to  public  places  as  a 
giiide  and  protector.  .Johnson.  Enciic. 

CHAP'E-RoN,  (shap'e-ron,)  v.  t.  To  attend  a  lady  to 
public  places  as  a  guide  and  protector. 

CHAP-E-RoN'ED,  pp.  Waited  on  in  a  public  assem- 
bly by  a  friend  or  protector. 

ChAP-E-RoN'ING,  p^r.  Attending  on  a  female  in  a 
public  assemblv. 

CH.\P'-FALL-£N,  (chop'fawln,)  a.  [chap  and  fall.] 
Having  the  lower  chap  depressed  ;  hence,  dejected  ; 
dispirited  ;  silenced.  B.  Jonson. 

CHAP'I-TER,  71.  [Fr.  chapiUau;  It.  capitello  :  L.  cap- 
itellum,  from  caput,  a  head.  This  is  a  difterent  word 
for  Capital.] 

1.  The  upper  part  or  capital  of  a  column  or  pillar. 
[Obs.]    [See  Capital.] 

2.  That  which  is  delivered  by  the  mouth  of  the 
justice  in  his  charge  to  the  inquest.  Encyc. 

CH.VP'LAIN,  (-lin,)  71.  [Fr.  chapelain  ;  Sp.  capellan  ;  It. 
capellano  ;  L.  capellanus  ;  from  chapel.] 

1.  An  ecclesiastic  who  has  a  chapel,  or  who  per- 
forms seivice  in  a  chapel.  The  king  of  Great  Britain 
h.as  forty-eight  chaplains,  who  attend,  four  each 
month,  to  perform  divine  service  for  the  royal  fam- 
ily. Princes  also,  and  persons  of  quality,  have  chap- 
lains, who  officiate  in  their  chapels. 

2.  A  clerirymaii  who  belongs  to  a  ship  of  war,  to  a 
regiment  of  land  forces,  or  to  some  public  institution, 
for  performing  divine  service. 

3.  A  clergyman  who  is  retained  to  perform  divine 
service  in  a  family. 

Chaplains  of  the  pope,  are  auditors  or  judges  of 
causes  in  the  sacred  palace.  Encyc. 
CHAP'LAIN-C  V,  71.    The  office  or  station  of  a  chap- 
lain. 

CHAP'L.'VtN-SniP,  7J.  The  office  or  business  of  a 
chaplain. 

2.  The  possession  or  revenue  of  a  chapel.  Johnson. 
CH.\P'LESS,  a.  Wivhout  anv  flesh  about  the  mouth. 
CHAP'LET,  71.    [Fr.  cliapeht.]  [Bailnj.  Shak. 

1.  A  garland  or  wreath  to  be  worn  on  the  head  ; 
the  circle  of  a  crown. 

2.  A  string  of  beads  used  by  the  Roman  Catholics, 
by  which  they  count  the  number  of  their  prayers. 
They  are  made  sometimes  of  coral,  of  wood,  of  dia- 
monds, &c.,  and  are  called  paternosters.  The  inven- 
tion is  ascribed  to  Peter  the  Hermit,  who  probably 
learnt  it  in  the  East,  as  the  Orientals  use  a  kind  of 
chaplet,  called  a  chain,  rehearsing  one  of  the  perfec- 
tions of  God  on  each  link,  or  head.  The  Great  Mogul 
is  said  to  have  eighteen  of  these  chains,  all  precious 
stones.  The  Turks  also  use  a  kind  of  chaplet  in 
reciting  their  prayers.  Encyc. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  little  molding,  carved  into 
round  beads,  pearls,  olives,  or  the  like. 

4.  In  horsemanship,  a  chapelet,  which  see. 

5.  A  tuft  of  feathers  on  a  peacock's  head.  Johnson. 

6.  A  small  chapel  or  shrine.  Hammond. 
CH.\P'M.\N,  n.;pl.  Chaphex.    [Sax.  ceapman;  D. 

koopman;  G.kaufmann;  D.  kidbmand.  See  Cheap.] 
L  A  cheapener  ;  one  that  offers  as  a  purchaser. 

Their  chapmen  they  betray.  Dryden. 

2.  A  seller ;  a  market-man.  Shak. 
CH.\P'P£D,  (chapt,)  pp.    Cleft  ;  opened,  as  the  sur- 
face or  skin. 

CHAP'PING,  ppr.    Cleaving,  as  the  surface  or  skin. 
CHAP'PV,  a.    Full  of  chaps  ;  cleft. 
CIIAP.S,  71. p/.  The  mouth  or  jaws.    [See  Chap.] 
CHAPT.    See  Chapped. 

CH.VP'TER,  71.  [Fr.  chapitre ;  h.  capitulum,  ahead; 
It.  rapitoh  :  Sp.  capitulu  ;  from  L.  caput,  the  head.] 

1.  A  division  of  a  book  or  treatise  ;  as,  Genesis 
contains  fifty  chapters.  Hence  the  phrase.  To  tlie  end 
of  the  chapter,  that  is,  throughout ;  to  the  end. 

Johnson. 

2.  In  ecclesiastical  polity,  a  society  or  community  of 
clergymen,  belonging  to  a  cathedral  or  collegiate 
church.  Encyc. 

3.  An  organized  branch  of  some  society  or  frater- 
nity, as  of  the  freemasons,  &.C. 

4.  A  place  where  delin<iuents  receive  discipline  and 
correctiim.  Ayliffc. 

h.  A  decretal  epistle.  Ayliffe. 

CIIAP'TER,  r.  t.   To  tax  ;  to  correct.  Dryden. 

CIIAP'TER-HOUSU,  71.  A  house  where  a  chapter 
meets.  Bailey. 

CIIAP'TREL,  n.  [from  c/ta/iifrr.]  The  same  as  im- 
post. Moron. 

CHAR,  71.  A  delicious  fish  inhabiting  deep  lakes  in 
mountainous  regions,  and  preferred  to  the  salmon. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Eron. 

CHAR,  71.  In  England,  work  done  by  the  day  ;  a  sin- 
gle job,  or  task.  l\\  J^ew  F.nirland,  it  is  pronounced 
chore,  which  see.  I  know  not  the  origin  of  the 
word.  In  Sai.  eerre,  cyrr,  signifies  n  time,  a  turn, 
occasion,  from  cerran,  cyrran,  to  turn  or  return. 


CHaR,  t'.  t.  To  perform  a  business.  May. 
CH-aR,  t>.  1.    To  work  at  others'  houses  by  the  day, 
without  being  a  hired  servant ;  to  do  small  jobs. 

Bailey.  Johnson. 
CHaR'-WOM-AN,  71.  A  woman  hired  for  odd  work, 
or  for  single  days.  Johnson. 

[Char-man  and  Char-woman  are,  I  believe,  not  ujcd 
in  America.] 

CHXR,  V.  t.  [Russ.jaryu  or  charyu,  to  roast  or  bum  ; 
or  goryu,  to  bum,  or  be  burnt ;  and  with  a  prefix, 
s^arayu  or  sgorayu,  to  bum  ;  Fr.  charree.  ashes.  Qu. 
Heb.  Ch.  Eth.  -nn.  Class  Gr,  No.  22,  23.  This 
seems  to  be  the  root  of  L.  carbo.    See  Chakk.] 

1.  To  burn  or  reduce  to  coal  or  carbon  ;  to  reduce 
to  charcoal,  by  expelling  all  volatile  matter  from 
wood.  This  is  done  by  burning  wood  slowly,  under 
a  covering  of  turf  and  earth. 

2.  To  expel  all  volatile  matter  from  stone  or  earth 
by  heat. 

The  Btone  or  eanh  charred  from  all  foreign  risible  in^edicnta. 

Kirwan. 

CH.^R'ACT,  ( 71.   [See  Character.]    An  inscription. 

CHAR'ECT,  i     [JVot  iniise.]  Skelton. 

CHAR'AC-TER,  71.  [L.  citaracter ;  Fr.  caractire;  Sp. 
caracter;  It.  carattere ;  Gr.  x'^p'**r77,o,  from  the  verb 
Xapaoffui,  x<^P"rraj,  x^P^l^i  scrape,  cut,  en- 
grave.] 

1.  A  mark  made  by  cutting  or  engraving,  as  on 
stone,  metal,  or  other  hard  material ;  hence,  a  mark 
or  figure  made  with  a  pen  or  style,  on  paper,  or  other 
material  used  to  contain  writing  ;  a  letter  or  figure 
used  to  form  words  and  communicate  ideas.  Char- 
acters are  literal,  ns  the  letters  of  an  alphabet;  iiu- 
mcral,  as  the  arithmetical  figures  ;  emblematical  or 
symbolical,  which  express  things  or  ideas  ;  and  abbre- 
viations ;  as,  C.  for  centum,  a  hundred  ;  lb.  for  libra,  a 
pound  ;  A.  D.,  Anno  Domini ;  &c, 

2.  A  mark  or  figure  made  by  stamping  or  impres- 
sion, as  on  coins. 

3.  The  manner  of  writing;  the  peculiar  form  of 
letters  used  by  a  particular  person. 

You  know  the  character  to  be  your  brother's.  Shak. 

4.  The  peculiar  qualities  impressed,  by  nature  or 
habit,  on  a  person,  which  distinguish  him  from  oth- 
ers ;  these  constitute  real  character,  and  the  qualities 
which  he  is  supposed  to  possess  constitute  his  esti- 
mated character,  ^  or  reputation.  Hence  we  say,  a 
character  is  not  formed,  when  the  person  has  not  ac- 
quired stable  and  distinctive  qualities. 

5.  An  account,  description,  or  representation  of 
any  thing,  exhibiting  its  qualities  and  the  circum- 
stances attending  it ;  as,  to  give  a  bad  diaracter  to  a 
town,  or  to  a  road. 

6.  A  person  ;  as,  the  assembly  consisted  of  various 
characters,  eminent  characters,  and  ow  characters ;  all 
the  cliaraclers  in  the  piay  appeared  to  advantage. 

The  friendship  of  distiutfuished  cttaraclere.  RoBCoe. 

7.  By  way  of  eminence,  distinguished  or  good 
qualities ;  those  which  are  esteemed  and  respected  ; 
and  those  which  are  ascribed  to  a  person  in  common 
estimation.  We  inquire  whether  a  stranger  is  a  man 
of  character. 

8.  Adventitious  qualities  impressed  by  office  or  sta- 
tion ;  the  qualities  that,  in  public  estimation,  belong 
to  a  person  in  a  particular  station,  as  when  we  ask 
how  a  magistrate  or  commander  supports  his  charac- 
ter. 

9.  The  peculiar  qualities  or  properties  by  which 
one  thing  is  distinguished  from  another,  as  animals, 
plants,  and  minerals. 

Thes"?  properties,  when  pmnloyed  for  the  purpose  of  discrimina- 
ting mnierals,  are  c;dleil  characters.  Cteanelatid. 

10.  Distinctive  quality  of  any  kind  strongly 
marked,  particularly  energy  or  force  ;  as,  a  man  is 
said  to  have  no  citaracter,  or  a  great  deal  of  character. 

eilAR'AC-TER,  V.  t.    To  engrave  ;  to  inscribe. 

Milton.  Shak. 
2.  To  describe;  to  distinguish  by  particular  marks 
or  traits.  Mitford. 
eHAR'A€-TER-£D,  p;7.    Engraved;  inscribed  ;  dis- 
tinguished bv  a  particular  rbamcter.  Mitford. 
€HAR'AC-TER-IS.M,  71.  The  distinction  of  character. 

Bp.  Hall. 

2.  A  particular  aspect  or  configuration  of  the 
heavens.  Encyc. 
eilAR-A€-TER-IS'Tie,       )  a.    [Gr.  xapaKTr\picri- 
eilAR-AC-TER-IS'Tie-AL,  (    «iit,  from  \npaKTyi>.] 
That  constitutes  the  character  ;  that  marks  the  pe- 
culiar distinctive  qualities  of  a  person  or  thing  ;  as, 
generosity  is  often  a  characteristic  virtue  of  a  brave 
man. 

It  is  followed  by  of;  ;is,  generosity  is  characteristic 
oftme  bravery, 
eii  \R-A('-TER-IS'Tie,  71.    That  which  constitutes 
a  character  ;  that  which  charaeteri/.es  ;  that  which 
distinguishes  a  person  or  thing  from  another. 

invruliou  is  the  charxicterisltc  of  Homer.  Pope. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  principal  letter  of  a  word, 
which  is  preserved  in  most  of  its  tenses,  in  its  deriv- 
atives and  compounds. 

The  characteristic  qf  a  logarithm,  is  its  index  or  M- 
ponent. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VTHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — FINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  UWK.— 


CHA 


CHA 


CHA 


The  characteristic  triangle  of  a  eurve^  in  geometry, 
is  a  rectilinear  right-anfled  triangle,  whose  hypot- 
enuse makes  a  part  of  the  curve,  not  sensibly  dif- 
ferent from  a  right  line.  Encyc. 

eHAU-A€-TER-lS'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
lliat  distinguishes  character. 

eUAR-AC  TEIl-IS'l'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or 
qualities  of  being  characteristic. 

eUAK-Ae-TER-I-ZA'TION,  7i.  Act  of  charactcr- 
i/ing. 

eUAR'AC-TER-TZE,  v.  t.    [Gr.  xaf)a<tTr)|OiCM.] 

1.  To  give  a  character,  or  an  account  of  the  per- 
sonal qualities  of  a  man ;  to  describe  by  peculiar 
qualities. 

2.  To  distinguish;  to  mark,  or  express  the  char- 
acter ;  to  exhibit  the  peculiar  qualities  of  a  person 
or  thing  ;  as,  humility  ckaracterizes  the  true  Chris- 
tian ;  tlie  hero  is  characterized  by  bravery  and  mag- 
nanimity. 

Tlie  system  of  mftli.ition  haa  characterixtd  Ihe  fntin?  scheme  of 
divine  ilispi^iiaiition.  Tliofley. 

3.  To  engnive  or  imprint.    [Little  used.]  Hale. 

4.  'J'o  mark  with  a  peculiar  stamp  or  figure. 

Kurupcan,  Aiiiitlic,  &nU  Africiiil  fnces  arc  alt  clulracterized. 

AruuUtnot. 

ClfAR'AC-TER-IZ-ED,    (kar'ak-ter-izd,)  pp.  De- 
scribed or  dlstiriiiMislied  by  peculiar  qualities. 
eUAR'Ae-TER-IZ-LNt;,  ppr.    Describing  or  distin- 
guishing b\'  peculiar  qualities. 
eilAR'A€-fER-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  any  peculiar 

char.icter.  Shali. 
eilAR'AC-TER-Y,  n.     Impression;  mark  ;  distinc- 
tion.   LV««  used.]  Shak. 
CHA-RaDE',  (sha-ride',)  n.    [Said  to  be  from  the 
name  of  the  inventor.] 

A  composition,  in  which  the  subject  must  be  a 
word  of  two  or  more  syllables,  each  forming  a  dis- 
tinct Word  ;  and  these  syllables  are  to  be  concealed 
in  an  enigmatical  description,  first  separately  and 
then  together.    Example  : 

My  Jirsl,  when  a  Fn-nchman  is  learning  Kn^lisli,  s-rvps  him 
lo  swear  hy.  My  second  is  either  li.\y  or  cum.  My  whole 
is  the  delight  of  the  age.    Gar-rick.  Encyc. 

CH.IR'eOAL,  n.  [cAar  and  coal.  See  Char.]  Coal 
made  by  charring  wood  ;  the  remains  of  wood  burnt 
under  turf,  or  in  other  circumstances  to  exclude  air, 
and  from  which  all  watery  and  other  volatile  matter 
has  been  expelled  by  heat.  It  makes  a  strong  heat, 
and  is  used  in  furnaces,  forges,  private  families.  Sec. 
It  is  black,  brittle,  light,  and  inodorous,  and,  not  being 
di'composahte  l)y  water  or  air,  will  endure  for  ages 

.  without  alteration. 

CHXRD,  H.    [Fr.  cliardr :  1,.  carduus.] 

The  leaves  of  artichokes  tied  and  wrapped  all 
over,  except  the  top,  in  straw,  during  autumn  and 
winter,  'i'his  makes  them  grow  white  and  lose 
some  of  their  bitterness.  Cftambrr.^. 

Cliard'!  of  beet,  are  plants  of  white  beet  tninsplanted, 
producing  great  tops,  which,  in  the  midst,  have  a 
large,  white,  tliick,  downy,  cotton-like  main  shoot, 
which  is  the  true  chard.  Mortimer. 

CHaR'FRON,  II.  A  defense  for  a  horse's  head,  made 
of  plates  of  sti;el  or  pieces  <if  leather.  Brande. 

CIlARCiE,  (ch.irj,)  V.  L  [Fr.  charter;  Ann.  carga; 
Sp.  curirar  ;  Ft.  caricare^  or  carcare ;  Port,  carreirar. 
It  would  seem  from  the  Welsh,  that  this  word  is 
from  ear,  a  cart  or  other  vehicle,  and  that  the  noun 
chanje  or  curn-o  was  first  formed,  and  therefore 
oiight  in  arnmgement  to  precede  the  verb.  If  the 
-  verb  was  first  formed,  the  primary  sense  would  be, 
to  loail,  to  throw  or  put  on  or  in.  I  think  the  fact  to 
be  otherwise.    See  Cargo.] 

1.  To  rush  on  ;  to  fall  on ;  to  atbick,  especially 
with  fixed  bayonets  ;  as,  an  army  chartres  the  enemy. 

2.  To  load,  as  a  musket  or  cannon  ;  to  thrust  in 
powder,  or  powder  and  ball  or  shot. 

3.  To  load  or  burden  ;  to  throw  on  or  impose  that 
which  oppresses  ;  as,  to  charire  the  stom.ach  with  in- 
digestible food  ;  or  to  lay  on,  or  to  fill,  without  op- 
pressing; as,  to  cAarrrf  the  inemor>'  with  rules  and 
precepts  ;  lo  chanre  the  mind  with  facts. 

4.  To  set  or  lay  on  ;  to  impose,  as  a  tax  as,  the 
land  is  charged  with  a  quitreiit ;  a  rent  is  charged  on 
the  land. 

5.  To  lay  on  or  impose,  as  a  task. 

The  gospel  chargefh  us  with  piety  tnwurd  God.  TilloUon. 

6.  To  put  or  lay  on  ;  as,  to  charge  a  building  with 
ornaments,  often  implying  superfluity. 

7.  To  lay  on,  as  a  duty  ;  followed  by  vilh. 

The  commander  charged  die  olTi&fr  t«lA  Uic  execution  of  the 
project.  —  See  Gen.  il.  4. 

8.  To  intrust  to  ;  as,  an  otiicer  is  charged  with  dis- 
patches. 

9.  To  set  to,  as  a  debt ;  to  place  on  the  debit  sitle 
of  an  account ;  as,  to  cJuirge  a  man  with  the  price 
of  goods  sold  to  him 

10.  To  load  or  lay  on,  in  words,  something  wrong, 
reproachful,  or  criminal ;  to  impute  to ;  as,  to  charge 
a  man  witli  theft 

11.  To  lay  on  in  words;  to  impute  to;  followed  by 
on  before  the  person  ;  as,  to  eJiarge  a  crime  on  the 
offender  ;  to  charge  evil  consequences  on  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Stoics. 


12.  To  censure  ;  to  accuse. 

In  all  this  Job  siinied  not,  nor  charged  God  foolishly.  —  Job  I. 

13.  To  lay  on,  give,  or  communicate,  as  an  order, 
command,  or  earnest  request ;  to  enjoin  ;  to  exhort. 

Charge  them  that  are  rich  in  tills  worlil,  that  they  be  not  hlffh- 
miiuled.  —  1  Tim.  vi. 

In  this  sense,  when  Ihe  command  is  given  in  the 
name  of  God,  or  with  an  oath,  the  phrase  amounts 
to  an  adjuration. 

To  adjure  ;  to  bind  hy  an  oath.    1  Sam.  xiv.  28. 

14.  To  give  directions  to;  to  instruct  authorita- 
tively ;  as,  the  judge  charged  the  gram!  jury  to  in- 
quire respecting  breaches  of  the  peace. 

15  To  communicate  electrical  matter  to,  as  to  a 

coated  vial,  or  an  electrical  battery. 
CH.sLRGE,  r.  i.    To  make  an  onst't.    Thus  Glanville 

says,  "  Like  your  heroes  of  antiquity,  he  charge.-,-  in 

iron  ;  "  and  we  say,  to  charge  with  fixed  bayonets. 

But  in  this  application,  the  object  is  untlerstootl ;  to 

charge  the  enemy. 
CHARGE,  ji.    (Fr.  charge;  Ann.  and  W.  earg;  Sp. 

carga,  airgo  ;  Port,  cargo,  carrega ;  It.  carica,  carco  ; 

Eng.  cargo.] 

1.  That  which  is  laid  on  or  in  ;  in  a  general  .«cH.-f, 
any  load  or  burden.  It  is  the  same  wt)rd  radically 
as  cargo. 

2.  The  quantity  of  powder,  or  of  powder  and  b.all 
or  shot,  usetl,  or  pro])er  to  be  iisetl,  in  loading  a  mus- 
ket, cannon,  or  other  like  instrument. 

3.  .'\n  onset  ;  a  rushing  on  an  enemy  ;  attack  ; 
especially  by  moving  troops  witii  fixetl  ba>'onets. 
But  it  is  used  for  an  onset  of  cavalry,  as  well  as  of 
infantry. 

4.  An  order,  injunction,  mandate,  command. 

Mows  gave  Joshim  a  charge.  —  Num.  xxvii. 
The  kuig  gave  cliarge  cuncerning  Atwuluin.  —  2  Sam.  xviii. 
Hence, 

5.  'J'hat  which  is  enjoined,  committed,  intrusted, 
or  delivered  to  another,  impl3'ing  care,  custody, 
oversight,  or  duty  to  be  performed  by  the  person  in- 
trusted. 

I  gave  Hanani  charge  over  Jerusalem.  —  Nch.  vii. 

Hence  the  word  includes  any  trust  or  commission  ; 
an  office,  duty,  employment.  It  is  followed  by  of  or 
over  i  more  generally  by  of.  Hence, 

ti.  The  person  or  thing  committed  to  another's 
custody,  care,  or  managenient;  a  trust.  Thus  the 
people  of  a  parish  are  called  the  minister's  charge. 

The  st;irry  guanlian  drove  his  charge  away 

To  some  frestt  pasture.  Dryden, 

7.  Instructions  given  by  a  judge  to  a  jury,  by  a 
bishop  to  his  clergy,  or,  among  Presbyterians,  ic, 
by  a  member  of  an  ordaining  council  to  one  who  is 
set  as  pastor  over  a  congregation,  or  to  the  congrega- 
tion themselves.  The  word  may  be  used  as  synony- 
mous with  command,  direction,  exhortution,. or  inju?ic- 
tion,  but  always  implies  solemnity. 

8.  Imputation  in  a  bad  sense  ;  accusation. 

Lay  not  this  sin  to  their  charge.  —  Acts  vii. 

9.  That  which  constitutes  debt,  in  commercial 
trans.actions ;  an  entry  of  money,  or  the  price  of 
goods,  on  the  debit  side  of  an  account. 

10.  Cost ;  expense ;  as,  the  charges  of  the  war  are 
to  be  borne  by  the  nation. 

11.  Imposition  on  land  or  estate;  rent,  tax,  or 
whatever  constitutes  a  burden  or  duty. 

12.  In  military  affairs,  a  signal  to  attack;  as,  to 
sound  the  charge. 

13.  The  posture  of  a  weapon  fitted  for  an  attack 
or  combat. 

Their  armed  sl.aves  in  charge.  Shnk. 

14.  Among  farriers,  a  preparation  of  the  consist- 
ence of  a  thick  decoction,  or  between  an  ointment 
and  a  plaster,  used  as  a  remedy  for  sprains  and  in- 
flammations. 

1.5.  In  heraldry,  that  which  is  borne  upon  the 
color  ;  or  the  figures  represented  on  the  escutcheon, 
by  which  the  bearers  are  distinguished  from  one 
another. 

IB.  In  etectrical  eTperiment.s,  a  quantity  of  electrical 
fluid,  communicateti  to  a  coated  jar,  vial,  or  pane  of 
glass. 

17.  In  painting,  charge,  or  overcliarge,  is  an  exagge- 
ration of  character  in  form,  color,  or  expression. 

Elmes. 

A  charge  of  lead,  is  thirty-six  pigs,  each  containing 
six  stone,  wanting  two  pounds. 
CHARGE' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  charged  ;  that  may 
be  set,  laid,  imposed  ;  as,  a  duty  of  forty  per  cent, 
is  chargeable  on  wine. 

2.  Subject  to  be  charged  ;  as,  wine  is  chargeable 
with  a  duty  of  forty  percent. 

3.  Expensive  ;  costly  ;  as,  a  chargeable  family. 

4.  Laying  or  bringing  expense. 

Bccansie  we  would  not  be  chargeable  to  any  of  you.  —  1  Thess.  ii. 

5.  Imputable  ;  that  may  be  laid  or  attributed  as  a 
crime,  fault,  or  debt ;  as,  a  fault  chargeable  on  a  man. 

6.  Subject  to  be  charged  or  accused ;  as,  a  man 
chargeable  vith  a  fault  or  neglect. 

CHARGE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Expensiveness  ;  cost; 
costliness.  Boyle. 


CHaRGE'A-BLY,  adv.    Expensively;  at  great  cost. 

CIIARG'/:D,  pp.  Loaded  ;  burdened  ;  attackea  ,  laid 
on  ;  instructed  ;  imputed  ;  accused  ;  placed  lo  the 
debt ;  ordered  ;  commanded. 

CIIAR'OE  D^AF-FAIRES',  (shir'/.hi  daf-fSir',)  n. 
[Fr.]  A  i>erson  intrusted  with  the  public  interest  In 
a  foreign  nation,  in  the  place  of  an  cmbajisador  or 
other  mini.ster. 

CIIARGE'FIjL,  a.    Expensive;  costly.    {Kot  wed.] 

Shak. 

CIIARGE'LESS,  a.  Not  expensive  ;  free  from  ex- 
pense. 

CH.\RG'ER,  71.  In  Scots  law,  one  who  charges  anoth- 
er in  a  suit. 

2.  A  large  dish.   JVum,  vii. 

3.  A  horse  used  in  battle. 
CIIXRGE'-IIOUSE,  II.   A  school-house.  [Obs.]  Shak. 
CIIXRG'ING,  ppr.    Loading;  attacking;  laying  on; 

in<tructiiig  ;  commanding  ;  accusing  ;  imputing. 
CHaR'I-LV,  n//i'.    [See  Chahv.]    Carefully  ;  warily ; 

frugally.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 
CIIaR'I-NESS,  71.    Caution;  care;  nicety;  scnipu- 

loiisness.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 
CII.aR'ING,  for  JJhouino,  doing  chores,  is  used  by 

Coleridge. 

CIIAR'I-OT,  71.  [Fr.  chariot,  from  char,  a  car,  which 
see  ;  Sp.  It.  earro  ;  It.  carretta.] 

1.  A  half  coach  ;  a  carriage  with  four  wheels,  and 
one  seat  behind,  used  for  convenience  and  pleasure. 

2.  A  car  or  vehicle,  used  formerly  in  war,  drawn 
by  two  or  more  horses,  and  conveying  two  men 
each.  These  vehicles  were  sometimes  armed  with 
hooks  or  scythes. 

CHAR'1-OT,  7).  t.   To  convey  in  a  chariot.  J»/i7fo7i. 

CIIAR'I-OT-ED,  pp.    Borne  in  a  ch.iriot.  Cowper. 

CII.\R-I-OT-EER',  71.  The  person  who  drives  or 
conducts  a  chariot.  It  is  used  in  speaking  of  mili- 
tary chariots,  and  those  in  the  ancient  games,  but 
not  of  modern  drivers.  Johnson.  .Addison, 

CHAR-I-OT-EER'l.\(;,  ppr.    Driving  a  chariot. 
2.  a.    fjsiu;;  a  chariot. 

CHAR'I-OT-.\lAi\,  71.  The  driver  of  a  chariot. 
2  Chron.  xviii. 

CHAR'I-OT-R.^CE,  71.  A  race  with  chariots;  a  sport 
in  which  chariots  were  driven  in  contest  for  a  prize. 

.Addison. 

CHAR'I-T.\-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  See  Charity.]  Benevo- 
lent and  kind  ;  as,  a  charitable  disposition. 

2.  Liberal  in  benefactions  to  tiie  poor,  and  in  re- 
lieving them  in  distress  ;  as,  a  chariuMe  man. 

3.  Pertaining  to  charity;  springing  from  charity, 
or  intended  for  charity  ;  benevolent ;  as,  a  charitable 
institution,  or  society  ;  a  charitable  purpt)se. 

4.  Formed  on  charitable  principles  ;  favorable ; 
dictated  by  kindness ;  as,  a  charitable  construction 
of  words  or  actions. 

CH.A.R'1-T.\-BLE-NESS,  71.    The  disposition  to  be 
charitable,  or  the  exercise  of  charity. 
2.  Liberality  to  the  poor. 

CHAR'l-TA-BLY,  adr.  Kindly  ;  liberally  ;  benevo- 
lently  ;  with  a  disposition  to  help  the  ptwjr  ;  favorably, 

CHAR'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  charite ;  L.  cAnnfo,*,  or  caritas  ; 
\V.  cariad  ;  Sp.  caridad ;  Port,  caridadc :  It.  caritd, 
caritadc.  Clu.  Gr.  X'lotj.  The  Latin  caritas  is  from 
carm,  dear,  costly,  whence  beloved  ;  and  the  word 
was  sometimes  written  chnriljis,  as  if  from  the  Gr. 
X«,ot?.  The  Latin  carus  wotild  seem  to  bt;  from  the 
verb  careo,  to  want,  as  dearness  arises  from  scarcity. 
Of  this  we  have  an  example  in  the  English  dear, 
whence  dcartli,  which  shows  the  primary  sense  of 
dear  to  be  scarce.  But  qu.  the  Oriental  ip\  Class 
Gr,  No.  56.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  iovOj  benevolence,  good-will ; 
that  disposition  of  heart  which  inclines  men  to  think 
favorably  of  their  fellow-men,  and  to  dti  them  good. 
In  a  theological  sense,  it  includes  supreme  love  to 
God,  and  universal  good-will  to  men.  1  Cor.  liii. 
Col.  iii.    1  Tim.  i. 

2.  In  a  77i»re  particular  sense,  love,  kindness,  affec- 
titm,  tenderness,  springing  from  n.atiinil  rel.itions; 
as,  the  charities  of  father,  son,  and  brother.  jVillon. 

3.  Liberality  to  the  poor,  consisting  in  alms-giving 
or  benefactions,  or  in  gratuitous  services  to  relieve 
them  in  distress. 

4.  Alms  ;  whatever  is  bestowed  gratuitously  on 
the  poor  for  their  relief. 

5.  Liberality  in  gifts  and  services  to  promote  pub- 
lic objects  of  utility,  as  to  found  and  support  Bible 
societies,  missionary  societies,  and  others. 

6.  Candor ;  liberality  in  judging  of  men  and  their 
actions ;  a  disposition  which  inclines  men  to  think 
and  judge  favorably,  and  to  put  the  best  constniction 
on  words  and  actions  which  the  case  will  admit. 

The  highest  exercise  of  charily  is  charily  towanl  the  uncharitse 
ble.  Buckmineter. 

7.  Any  act  of  kindness  or  benevolence ;  as,  the 
charities  of  life. 

8.  A  charitable  institution.  D.  Webster. 
Sisters  of  charity,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  are 

an  order  or  society  of  females  whose  otfice  is  to  at- 
tend the  sick. 

CH.\R'I-TY-S€HOOL  is  a  school  maintained  by  vol- 
untary contributions  for  educating  [wor  children. 


TC.NE,  BL'LL,  qNITE.— 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


CH  A 


CHA 


CHA 


CHXRK,  7j.  t.  [Uu..  char,  or  Ch.  Tin,  Ar.  o '"^ 
Taka,  to  bum.] 

To  burn  to  a  coal ;  to  char.  [Aot  used.]  [See 
Char.] 

CHAR-I-yA-RV,  (shir-e-va-ree',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  mock 
serenade  of  discordant  music,  Itettles,  tin  liorns,&c., 
designed  to  annoy  and  insult.  It  was  at  first  direct- 
ed against  widows  who  married  a  second  time,  at  an 
advanced  a2;e ;  but  is  now  extended  to  otlier  occa- 
sions of  nocturnal  annoyance  and  insult. 

CHARL'A-T.-VN,  (shirl  a-tan,)  ii.  [Fr.,  from  It.  ciar- 
latano,  a  quack,  from  ciarlure.  to  prate  ;  Sp.  charla- 
tan, from  chartar,  to  prate  ;  Port,  chiirlar,  id. ;  L.  gaf- 
rulo,  frarrio :  Gr.  yrjoiKo.] 

One  who  prates  much  m  his  own  favor,  and  makes 
unwarrantable  pretensions  to  skill ;  a  (juack  ;  an  em- 
piric ;  a  mountebank.  Brown.  Butler. 

CHAKL-.\-TAX'ie-AL,  a.  auackish  ;  making  un- 
due pretensions  to  skill ;  ignorant.  Cowley. 

CllARL-A-TAN'ie-AL-LY,  adc.    .After  the  manner 

CHXRL'A-T.\N-RY,  (sliarra-tan-ry,)  n.  Undue  pre- 
tensions to  skill;  quackery;  wheedling;  deception 
by  fair  words.  Juhtson. 

CHXRLES'S-WaIN,  71.  [diaries,  Celtic  karl,  a  man, 
or  rustic.    See  Wain.] 

In  astronomy,  seven  stars,  more  commonly  called 
the  Dipper,  in  the  constellation  called  Ursa  jilajor,  or 
the  Great  Bear.  Encyc. 

[The  word  seems  to  denote  tlie  rustic's  wain,  or 
wason,  so  called  from  its  shape ;  the  four  stjirs  cor- 
responding to  the  body,  and  the  other  three  to  the 
tongue  or  neap. —  EJ.] 

CHaR'LOCK,  n.  [.Sa.\.  cerlice.  Lea/:,  in  Saxon,  is  a 
leek ;  but  the  same  word  occurs  in  hemlock,  and  it 
probably  signifies  a  plant  or  root.] 

The  English  name  of  the  Rapbanus  Raphanistrum, 
and  Sinapis  arvensis,  very  pernicious  weeds  among 
grain.  One  kind  has  yellow  flowers ;  another,  white, 
witli  jointed  pods.  Lee.  Encyc. 

CHaK.M,  n.  [Fr.  charme ;  Norm,  carme,  or  <rarme; 
Ami.  chalm  ;  L.  carmen,  a  song,  a  verse,  an  outcrj',  a 
charm.    It  coincides  with  tlie  VV.  garm,  an  outcry, 

farmiaw,  to  shout,  Sax.  cirm,  or  cyrm,  outcry,  noise, 
ee  .\labm.] 

1.  Words,  characters,  or  otlier  things  imagined  to 
possess  some  occult  or  unintelligible  power ;  hence, 
a  magic  power  or  spell,  by  wliicn,  with  the  supjioseci 
assistance  of  the  devil,  witches  and  sorcerers  have 
been  supposed  to  do  wonderful  things.  Spell ;  en- 
chantment. Hence, 

2.  That  which  has  power  to  subdue  ojiposition, 
and  gain  the  aflections  ;  tliat  which  can  please  irre- 
sistibly ;  that  which  delights  and  attracts  the  heart ; 
generally  in  the  plural. 

The  siiiilps  uf  nature  ami  llie  charms  of  art.  Addison. 
Good  Imiuor  only  tcaebes  charms  to  Pope. 

CHXRII,  r.  (.  To  subdue  or  control  by  incantation  or 
secret  influence. 

I  will  send  serpeuts  among  you  —  which  will  nol  be  charnud.  — 
Jer.  viii. 

2.  To  subdue  by  secret  power,  especially  by  tliat 
which  pleases  and  delights  the  iiiind ;  to  allay  or  ap- 
pease. 

Miisic  the  fiercest  grief  can  chnrm.  Pope, 

3.  To  give  exquisite  pleasure  to  the  mind  or  senses ; 
to  delight ;  as,  we  were  charmed  with  the  conver- 
sation. 

The  ;u-ri.-J  songster  cliarrm  us  with  her  meIo<lious  notes.  Anon. 

4.  To  fortify  with  charms  against  evil. 

I  l>;ar  a  charmed  lile,  wliich  must  nol  yield.  Shak. 
[JVuf  in  u.ie.'] 

5.  To  make  powerful  by  charms.  Johnson. 
0.  To  summon  by  incantation.  ShaJc.  Johnson. 
7.  To  temper  agreeably.  Spenser. 

CHaRM,  r.  i.    To  sound  harmonically.  Milton. 
CIIXR'.M.V,  ;i.    A  fish  resembling  the  sea-wolf. 
CHAR.M'/vD,  pp.  or  a.     Subdued  or  defended  by 

charms  ;  ilelighted  ;  enchanted. 
CH.\R.M'KR,  n.    One  that  charms,  or  has  power  to 
charm  ;  one  that  uses,  or  has  the  power  of  enchant- 
ment.   Deut  xviii.  1 1. 
2,  One  who  delight-i  and  attracts  the  aflTections. 
CHAR.M'ER-F.SS,  n.    An  enchantress.  Chaucer. 
i  CHAR.M'FJJL,  a.    Abounding  with  charms.  Cowley. 
CllAK.M'I.NG,  ppr.    Using  charms  ;  enchanting. 
2.  a.  Pleasing  in  the  highest  degree  ;  delighting. 

Music  b  but  an  ekgciitt  4uiJ  charming  sfyxles  of  cloctitioii. 

H.  Porter. 

CHAR.M'ING-LY,  adr.  Uelightfully  ;  in  a  manner  to 
charm,  or  to  give  delight. 

Sh'*  sniited  very  eharmingty.  Additon. 

CnAR.M'I.\f;-NES8,  n.  The  |iower  to  please.  John.ion. 
CHAR.M'I.ESH,  a.    UeHtitiilc  of  clianns.  Swijl. 
CHAR-NP.'Cfi,  n.    A  nort  of  sweet  wine.  Hhuli. 
CHAR'.N'EI,,  u.    [Fr.  charnrJ,  carnal,  tlcxhly  ;  charnirr, 

a  charni'l  hoiiKe,  a  larder  ;  Arm.  rarncU  ;  Sp.  camera  ; 

It.  carn/iw ;  L.  caritnlit,  carnal,  from  caro,  Ih^sh.] 
Containmg  fleHh  or  carcaiwcK.  Milton. 


CHXR'NEL-HOUSE,  7i.  A  place  under  or  near  church- 
es, where  the  bones  of  the  dead  are  reposited.  An- 
ciently, a  kind  of  portico  or  gallery,  in  or  near  a 
churchyard,  over  which  the  bones  of  the  dead  w^re 
laid,  after  the  flesh  was  consumed.  Encyc. 

UllS'RON,  n.  [Gr.]  In  myf/w/ojrv,  the  son  of  Erebus 
and  \ox,  whose  'oflice  was  to  ferry  the  souls  of  the 
deceased  over  the  waters  of  Acheron  and  Styx,  for  a 
piece  of  in()nev. 

CHAR'PIE,  (shiV'pe,)  n.  [Fr.]  Lint  for  dressing  a 
wound. 

CHaRR,  n.    A  fish,  a  species  of  Salmo.    [See  Chab.] 
CHaR'RKD,  (chird, );/;).  or  o.    [from  c/iar.]  Reduced 
to  coal. 

Charred  wood;  wood  whose  outer  surface  is  car- 
bonized. 

CHXR'RING,  p;>r.  Reducing  to  coal;  depriving  of 
volatile  matter. 

CHaR'RY,  a.  [See  Char.]  Pertainin-r  to  ch.arcoal  ; 
like  charcoal,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities.  Luroisier. 

CHART,  n.  [L.  cluirta,  the  same  ;is  Card,  which  see.] 
An  hydiograpliical  or  marine  map;  a  draught  or 
projection  on  paper  of  some  part  of  the  earth's  super- 
ficies, with  the  coast>,  isles,  rocks,  banks,  channels, 
or  entrances  into  harbors,  rivers,  and  liays,  the  )>oints 
of  compass,  soumlings  or  depth  of  water,  &cc.,  to  reg- 
ulate the  courses  of  ships  in  their  voyages.  The 
term  cliart  is  applied  to  a  marine  map;  inap  is  applied 
to  a  draught  of  some  portion  of  land. 

A  plane  chart,  is  a  representation  of  some  part  of 
the  superficies  of  the  globe,  in  which  the  meridians 
are  supposed  parallel  to  each  otlier,  the  parallels  of 
latitude  at  equal  distances,  and  of  course  the  degrees 
of  latitude  and  longitude  are  every  where  equal  to 
each  other. 

Mcrrator's  chart :  a  chart  constructed  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  Mercator's  prtyection.    [See  Projection.] 

Olohular  chart ;  a  chart  constructed  on  a  globular 
projection.    [See  Projection.] 

Sele.no rraphic  charts,  represent  the  spots  and  appear- 
ances of  the  moon. 

Topographic  charts,  are  draugbtsof  particular  places 
or  small  parts  of  the  eartli.  Encyc. 
CHaR-Ta'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  o.     Resembling  pafwr  ; 

quite  opaque,  like  most  leaves.  Lindley. 
CHARTE,  (sliArt,)  71.    Xh*^  '^'"'"l"™^"- 
ta!  law  of  the  French  numarchy,  as  established  on 
the  restoration  of  Louis  XVIII.,  in  1814.  Brande. 
CH.iR'TEK,  n.    [Fr.  churtre,  from  L.  cliarta.  See 
Card.] 

1.  A  UTitten  instrument,  executed  with  usual  forms, 
given  as  evidence  of  a  grant,  contract,  or  whatever 
is  done  between  man  and  man.  In  its  more  usual 
sense,  it  is  the  instrument  of  a  grant  conferring  pow- 
ers, rights,  and  privileges,  either  from  a  king,  or 
other  sovereign  power,  or  from  a  private  person  ;  as, 
a  charter  of  exemption,  that  no  person  shall  be  impan- 
neled  on  a  jury  ;  a  charter  of  pardon,  ice.  The  char- 
ters, under  whicli  most  of  the  colonies  in  America 
were  settled,  were  given  by  the  king  of  England,  and 
incorporated  certain  persons,  with  powers  to  hold  the 
lands  granted,  to  establish  a  government,  and  make 
laws  for  their  own  regulation.  These  were  called 
charter  governments. 

2.  Any  instrument,  executed  with  form  and  so- 
lemnity, bestowing  rights  or  privileges.  SonOi. 

3.  Privilege  ;  immunity  ;  exemption. 

My  motlier, 

Who  has  a  charier  lo  extol  her  blood, 

\Vhi,*ii  she  does  praise  me,  grieves  me.  Shak. 

CHAR'TER,  V.  t.   To  establish  by  chaner. 

Buchanan. 

2.  To  hire  or  let  a  ship  by  charter.  [See  Charter 
Party.]  ^ 

CHAR'TER-LAND,  n.  Land  held  by  charter,  or  in 
socage.  Coke. 

CHAR'TER-PAR'TY,  7).  [Ft.  charte^artie,  a  divided 
charter,  fnmi  the  practice  of  cutting  the  instrument 
in  two,  and  giving  one  part  to  each  of  the  cimtract- 
ors.] 

In  commerce,  an  afrreeinent  respecting  the  hire  of  a 
vessel,  and  the  freight.  This  is  to  be  siiincd  by  the 
proprietor  or  m.aster  of  the  shi]),  and  by  the  merchant 
who  hires  or  freights  it.  It  must  contain  the  name 
and  burden  of  tlie  vessel,  the  names  of  the  master 
and  freighter,  the  jirice  or  rate  of  the  freight,  the  time 
of  loading  and  unlo<ading,  and  other  stipulated  con- 
ditions. Encyc. 
CHAR'TER-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Granted  by  charter;  as, 
chartered  rights  ;  chartered  power.         D.  Ramsay. 

2.  Invested  with  [irivileges  by  charter;  privileged. 

3.  Hired  or  let,  as  a  ship.  [Sliak. 
CIIAR'TER-I.NG,  ppr.    Giving  a  charter;  establishing 

2.  Hiring  or  letting  by  charter.  [by  charter. 

CHART'IS.M,  71.  [from  charter.]  In  England,  the 
principle  of  a  political  parly  who  desire  universal 
suftYage,  the  vole  by  ballot,  annual  parliaments,  and 
other  radical  reforms,  as  set  forth  in  a  document 
calli'd  tlie  peuplc's  charter.  P.  Cyc. 

CHART'lS'l ,  n.  One  infected  with  chartism,  or  radi- 
cal principles. 

CHAKT'LESS,  a.  Without  a  chart :  of  which  no  chart 
has  been  made  ;  not  delineated  on  pajier ;  as,  the 
cliartlcss  main.  Barlow. 


CHAR-TREUSE' ,  (shar-trooze',)  7i.  [Fr.J  A  cele- 
brated monastery  of  Carthusians,  in  the  mountains 
of  Dauphiny,  ip  France.  The  regulations  are  ex- 
ceedincly  severe. 

CHART'U-LA-RY,  n.    [Fr.  chaHulaire.    See  Cartu- 

LARV.] 

An  officer  in  the  ancient  Latin  church,  who  had 
the  care  of  charters  and  other  papers  of  a  public  na- 
ture. Blackstone  uses  this  word  for  a  record  or  regis- 
ter, as  of  a  monastery. 

CHaR'Y,  a.    [Sax.  crarig.    See  Cabe.] 

(Careful ;  warv  ;  fmgal.  Shak. 

CH.^S'.\-I5LE,  a'.  That  may  be  chased ;  fit  for  the 
chase.  Oowcr. 

CHASE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  rkasser ;  Arm.  chagieal ;  Sp.  cazar  ; 
Port,  cayar ;  It.  cacciare.  The  elements  are  Cg  or  Ck  ; 
and  the  change  of  a  palatal  to  a  sibilant  resembles 
that  in  hracr.] 

1.  Literally,  to  drive,  urge,  press  forward  with  ve- 
hemence ;  hence,  to  pursue  for  the  purpose  of  taking, 
as  game  :  to  hunt. 

2.  To  pursue,  or  drive,  as  a  defeated  or  flying  ene- 
my.   Lev.  xxvi.  7.    Deut.  xxxii.  30. 

3.  To  follow  or  pursue  as  an  object  of  desire ;  to 
pursue  for  the  purpose  of  taking ;  as,  to  chase  a  ship. 

4.  To  drive  ;  to  pursue. 

CfLOsed  by  their  brother's  endless  malice.  Knollei. 
To  cliase  away,  is  to  compel  to  depart ;  to  disperse. 
To  chase  metals.    See  Enchase. 
CHaSE,  71.    Vehement  pursuit;  a  running  or  driving 
after,  as  game,  in  hunting ;  a  flying  enemy,  in  war ; 
a  ship  at  sea,  &c. 

2.  Pursuit  with  an  ardent  desire  to  obtain,  as  pleas- 
ure, profit,  fame,  &c. ;  earnest  seeking. 

3.  That  whicli  may  be  chased  ;  that  which  is  usu- 
ally taken  by  the  chase  ;  as,  beasts  of  chase. 

4.  Tliat  which  is  pursued  or  hunted  ;  as,  seek 
some  other  chase.  So,  at  sea,  a  ship  chased  is  called 
the  chase. 

5  In  law,  a  driving  of  cattle  to  or  from  a  place. 

G.  An  open  ground,  or  place  of  retreat  for  deer  and 
other  wild  beasts  ;  diflering  from  a  forest,  which  is 
not  private  property,  and  is  invested  with  privileges, 
and  from  a  park,  which  is  inclosed.  A  chase  is  pri- 
vate property,  and  well  stored  with  wild  beasts  or 
game. 

7.  [Fr.  chasse  ;  Sp.  caxa ;  It.  cassa.  See  Case  and 
Cash.]  An  iron  frame  used  by  printers  to  confine 
types,  when  set  in  columns  or  pages. 

8.  A  wide  groove. 

9.  Chase  of  a  ^in  :  the  forward  part,  from  the  trun- 
nions to  the  swell  of  the  mouth.  Park's  Pantology. 

10.  A  term  in  the  game  of  tennis. 

Chtue  guns ;  in  a  ship  of  war,  guns  used  in  chasing 
an  enemy,  or  in  defending  a  ship  when  chased.  These 
have  their  [lorts  at  the  head  or  stern. 

CHaS'^;D,  (chist,)  pp.  or  a.  Pursued  ;  sought  ar- 
dently ;  driven  ;  embossed. 

CHaS'ER,  71.  One  who  chases  ;  a  pursuer ;  a  driver ; 
a  hunter. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  guns  at  the  head  and  stem  of 
a  vessel,  for  firing  when  in  chase.  Brande. 

3.  An  enchaser.    [See  Enchase.] 
CHaS'I-BLE.    See  Chasuble. 

CHAS'ING,  ppr.  Pursuing;  driving;  hunting;  em- 
bossing on  metals. 

CHaS'ING,  71.    The  act  or  art  of  embossing  on  metals. 

CHASJI,  (kazm,)  ti.  [Gr.  xaa^a,  L.  chasma,  from  Gr. 
Xatu,  \aaKoi,  xatfco,  to  open.] 

1.  A  cleft ;  a  fissure  ;  a  gap  ;  properly,  an  opening 
made  by  disrupture,  as  a  breach  in  the  earth  or  a  rock. 

2.  A  void  space  ;  a  vacuity. 

Bet\*cen  Oie  two  propositions,  that  the  gospel  is  true,  and  thai  it 
is  fidsc,  what  a  Iciirlul  chasm  I  The  unsettled  rejison  hovers 
over  it  in  dismay,  Backminster. 

€H.\SW ED,  (ka/.md,)  a.    Having  gaps  or  a  chasm. 

eilAS.M'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  chasms. 

CHAS'SE-LAS,  71.    A  sort  of  grape. 

CHAS'SEUR,  (shis'sSur,)  v.  [Fr.,  a  huntsman.]  In 
military  affiiirs,  one  of  a  body  of  cavalry,  light  and 
active,  trained  for  rapid  movements. 

CHASTE,  a.  [Fr.  chaste ;  Arm.  cha.il ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port. 
casta ;  from  L.  castas.  Sax.  case,  1).  kulisch,  G.  keusch, 
Sw.  kysk,  Russ.  chistei,  are  probably  from  the  same 
root.  (in.  Ir.  caidh.  I  suppose  the  primary  sense  to 
be,  separate,  from  the  Oriental  practice  of  sequester- 
ing fcniiiles.  If  so,  cn.'itus  accords  with  the  root  of 
castle,  VV.  cds;  and,  at  any  rate,  the  word  denotes 
purity,  a  sense  taken  from  separation.] 

1.  Pure  from  all  unlawful  commerce  of  sexes.  Ap- 
plied to  persons  before  marriage,  it  signifies  pure  friim 
all  sexual  commerce,  iindefiled  ;  applied  to  married 
per.ioiui,  tnie  to  the  marriage  bed. 

2.  Free  from  obscenity. 

While  they  tiehold  your  chaste  conversation,  —  1  Pet,  iii. 

3.  In  language,  pure  ;  genuine  ;  uncomipt ;  free 
from  barbarous  words  and  phrases,  and  from  quaint, 
aflected,  extravagant  expressiims. 

CHAS'I'E'-ET-£I),  (-Ide,)  a.    Having  modest  eyes. 

Colliiui. 

CHASTF.'-TREE,  ti.  The  Agnus  caj>fus,  or  Vitex  ;  o 
tree  Ihut  grows  to  the  bight  of  eight  or  ten  lect,  pn)- 


FATB,  FAR,  FiVLL,  WH^T.— METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARl.XE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI.F,  BQQK 

__  - 


UH  A 


CHE 


CUE 


duciii!;  spikes  of  flowers  at  the  end  of  every  strong 
shoot  in  autumn.  JilUler. 

CHASTE'LY,  aili>.  In  a  chaste  manner ;  without  un- 
lawful coniincrce  of  sexes  ,  witliout  obscenity ;  pure- 
ly J  without  barliarisnis  or  unnatural  phrases. 

CHAS'Ti<;N,  (clius'n,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  Mtier,  for  chasticr ; 
Arm.  castien  ;  Kuss.  chischu.] 

1.  To  correct  by  punishment ;  to  punish  ;  to  inflict 
pain  for  the  purpose  of  reclaiming  an  oflender ;  as, 
to  chasten  a  son  with  a  rod. 

I  will  diatten  liim  with  tlifi  rod  of  mtn.  —  2  Sam.  vii. 

2.  To  aftlict  by  other  means. 

As  miiny  as  I  love  I  rfbuke  and  chatlen.  —  Rev,  iii. 
I  dtatuned  my  sotil  with  liisling.  —  Pa.  Ixix, 

:).  'I'o  purify  from  errors  or  faults. 

CHAS''1'K.\  £1),  (cliis'nil,) ;)/).  or  a.  Corrected;  pun- 
ished ;  afllicted  for  correction  ,  purified  from  faults. 

CII.^S'T/'jN-ER,  M.  One  who  punishes  for  the  purpose 
of  correction. 

CIIASTE'N'ESS,  71.    Chastity;  purity. 

CH.aS''I'A\\-1NG,  ;);)r.  Correcting;  afllicting  for  cor- 
rection. 

CHA.-i'Ti'X-ING,  «.  Correction  ;  suflering  inflicted 
fur  the  purpose  of  reclaiming. 

.\o  dttiiiteitiiis  lor  the  present  seenieth  to  bu  Joyous,  l)Ut  ^ri'^vous. 
—  lleh.  xii. 

CHAS-TlS'A-BLE,  a.    Deserving  of  chastisement. 

Shcncood. 

CH.\S-TTSE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  ch&tirr ;  Arm.  castr.a,  from 
c/tnstc^  ctLitii^.  The  Latin  castiiro,  Sp.  and  Port,  casti- 
n^ar,  It.  jriiMisare,  are  formed  with  a  diflurent  termi- 
natitm.    V\'e  have  dutstisc  from  the  Armoric  dialect.] 

1.  To  correct  by  punishing ;  to  punish  ;  to  inflict 
pain  l)y  stripes,  or  in  other  manner,  for  tlie  purpose 
of  |>unisliing  an  offender  and  recalling  liim  to  his 
duty. 

I  will  chastise  you  levpu  times  fjr  your  slii.  —  Lev.  xxvi. 

2.  To  reduce  to  order  or  obedience  ;  to  restrain  ;  to 
awe  ;  repress. 

Tlip  giiy,  s'jci.il  sense, 
.   liy  decency  chastised.  Thomson, 

3.  To  correct ;  to  purify  by  expunging  faults  ;  as, 
to  dittsti.-'e  a  poem. 

CHAS-TIS'/;D,  (chas-tizd',)  pp.  Punished  ;  corrected. 

CIIA.S'TrSE-.MENT,  (clias'tiz-ment,)  n.  [Fr.  chati- 
mrnt ;  Arm.  co^'tti ;  from  chtmtr.] 

Correction  ;  punishment ;  pain  inflicted  for  pun- 
ishment and  correction,  either  by  stripes  or  other- 
wise. 

Shrtll  I  so  much  dishonor  my  fair  stars, 

Ou  riiual  tiTuii  to  ;rive  liim  chastisement  7  Shak. 
1  have  Utrtit!  chastisemertt ;  1  will  not  oti'eiid  anymore.  —  Job 

T/ie  chastuiement  of  our  peace,  in  Scripture,  was  the 
pain  which  t'hrist  suflered  to  purchase  our  peace  and 
rei  imi  iliatitm  to  God.    Is.  liii. 
CU  \.-;-'ri.«'EK,  71.    One  who  chastises  ;  a  punisher ;  a 
corrector. 

Cll Ai^-TIS'I.VG,  ppr,  Punishing  for  correction;  cor- 
reejinc. 

CII.\S'T1-TY,  71.  [L.  castilas  ;  Fr.  chastele  ;  Sp.  casti- 
dail ;  It.  ctt-ititd  :  from  L.  castas,  chaste.] 

1.  Purity  of  the  body  ;  freedom  from  all  unlawful 
commerce  of  se.xes.  Before  tiiarria:re,  purity  from  all 
commerce  of  sexes ;  after  marriage,  fidelity  to  the 
marriage  bed. 

2.  Freedom  from  obscenity,  as  in  language  or  con- 
versation. 

3.  Freedom  from  bad  mixture ;  purity  in  words  and 
plmises. 

4.  l"iirity  ;  unadulterated  state  ;  as,  the  cliastity  of 
tlie  irospe!.  Gibbon. 

CHAS'IT-IiLE,  71.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  charch,  an 
outward  vestment  worn  by  the  priest  in  saying 
mass,  having  a  large  embroidered  or  gilt  cross  on 
the  back,  and  a  pillar  in  front,  designed  to  be  em- 
blematical of  Christ's  sufferings. 

CH,\T,  V.  L  [G.  kosrn,  to  talk,  or  prattle  ;  Ir.  ceadach, 
tiilkative  ;  ceailac,  a  story  or  narnitivc  ;  8p.  cotorra,  a 
mag|)ie  ;  eotorrcra,  a  hen-parrot,  a  talkative  woman  ; 
Gr.  '.oiriAA'.',  to  prate  ;  I),  koetcren,  to  jabber,  and 
kwetteren,  to  chatter;  konten,  id.] 

1.  To  talk  in  a  familiar  manner  ;  to  talk  without 
form  or  ceremony.  .Vilton.  Dn/den. 

2.  To  talk  idlv  ;  to  prtite.  Johnson. 
CHAT,  ».  t.    To  talk  of.    [.Vo(  in  iwc]  SItak. 
CII.\T,  II.    Free,  familiar  talk  ;  idle  talk  ;  prate. 
CII.\T.  n.    A  twig,  or  little  stick.    [See  Chit.] 
CllAT-EAU',  (shat-to',)  n.    [Fr.,  a  castle.    See  Cai- 

tleJ   A  castle ;  a  seat  in  the  rountrj'. 
OlIAT^E-LET,  (shat'e-lct,)  ii.  A  little  castle.  Chambfrn. 
CHAT'EL-I,A-NY,  n.    [Fr.  chatcllcnic] 

The  lordship  or  jurisdiction  of  a  castellan,  or  gov- 
ernor of  a  castle.    [See  Castellant.] 
CH.\-T0Y'A.\T,  a.    [Fr.  chat,  cat,  and  <ri(,  eye.] 

Having  a  changeable,  undulating  luster,  or  color, 
like  that  of  a  cat's  eye  hi  the  dark. 
CHA-TOV''.\NT,  71.  A  hard  stone,  a  little  transparent, 
which,  being  cut  smooth,  presents  on  its  surface  and 
in  the  interior  an  undulating  or  wavy  light.  It  is  of 
a  yellowish-gray  color,  or  verging  to  an  olive-green. 
It  rarely  exceeds  the  size  of  a  filbert. 

Diet,  of  JVat.  Hist. 


ClI.\-TOY'.MEi\T,  n.  Changeabli^  colors,  or  changea 
blencss  of  color,  in  a  mineral ;  play  of  colors. 

Cleaveland 

CHAT  PO-TA'ToES,  n.  pi.  Small  potatoes  fit  only  for 
pigs,  &c.  Bran'dc. 

CHAT'TAII,  71.    In  Intlia,  an  umbn  lla. 

ClIAT'TED,  pp.  Talked  familiarly,  or  on  light  sub- 
jects. 

CHAT'T/;L,  (chat'l,)  7i.  [See  Cattle.]  Primuribj, 
any  article  of  movalile  gootls.  In  modern  usage,  Uu: 
word  chattels  comiirehends  all  goods,  movable  <»r  im- 
movable, except  such  as  have  the  nature  of  freehold. 
"  ChatteL  are  real  or  jiei  sttiial.  Chattels  real,  two.  ?iwXi 
as  concern  or  savor  of  the  realty,  as  a  term  for  years 
of  litnd,  wardships  in  chivalry,  tlie  next  presentation 
to  a  church,  estates  by  .statute  merchant,  elegit,  and 
the  like.  Chattels  personal,  are  things  niovabh;,  as 
animals,  furniture  of  a  house,  jewels,  corn,  &,c." 

Bloekstone. 

CHAT'TER,jm.  [See  Chat.]  To  utter  sounds  rap- 
idly and  indistinctly,  as  a  magpie  or  a  monkey. 

2.  To  make  a  noise  by  collision  of  the  teeth.  We 
say,  the  teeth  chatter,  when  one  is  chilly  and  shiver- 
ing. 

3.  To  talk  idly,  carelessly,  oi  rapidly  ;  to  jabber. 
CHAT''1'ER,  h.  Sountls  like  tliosc  of  a  pie  or  monkey  ; 

idle  talk. 

CHAT'TER-nOX,  71.    One  that  talks  inces.santlv. 
CHAT'TER-EK,  71.    A  prater;  an  idle  talker. 

2.  A  name  given  to  some  species  of  dentirostral 

birds,  from  their  loud  and  monotonous  notes.  They 

feed  chiefly  on  berries.  Swainson. 
CHAT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Uttering  rapid,  inilistinct 

sounds,  as  birds ;  talking  idly  ;  miwing  rapidly  and 

clashing,  as  the  teeth. 
CHAT'TER-ING,  «.    Rapid,  inarticulate  sounds,  as 

of  birds  ;  idle  talk  ;  rapid  striking  of  the  teeth,  as  in 

chilliness. 

CHA'l'''I'ING,p;ir.    Talking  familiarly. 

tniAT'TY',  a.    Given  to  free  conversation  ;  talkative. 

CIIAT'WOOl),  71.  Little  sticks;  fuel.  Bailei/.  Johnson. 

CHAUF'FER,  71.    [Fr.  chnnffrr,  to  heat.] 

In  chemistry,  a  small  furnace,  a  cylindrical  box  of 
sheet  iron,  open  at  the  top,  with  a  grate  near  the  bot- 
tom. Fijfe- 

CHAII-MON-TELLE',  71.    [Fr.]    A  sort  of  pear. 

CIIAIJN,  ;i.    A  gap.    [JVot  iii  i/ss.]    [See  Yawn.] 

CHAUN,  7).  t.    To  open  ;  to  yawn.    [JVbt  in  use.] 

CHAUNT.    See  Chant. 

CHAV'E.\-DER,  )        ri^     i  i 

CHEV'EN  (77.    [!' r.  c/ieyf^7ic.J 

The  ch'ub,  a  fish. 
CHAW,  V.  t.  [S.ix.  cc-ovsan  ;  D.  kaauwcn  :  G.  kauen  ;  Ir. 
cagoaiin,  or  cogtiaiin  :  Arm.  jaoga,  or  chatrucin;  coin- 
citling  with  jaic,  which  in  Arm.  is  javed,  gai:ed,  or 
chagell,  and  as  cheek  and  jaw  are  often  united,  Miis 
word  coinciiles  with  Sax.  ceac,  ceuca.  It  is  most  cor- 
rectly \vrilten  and  [ironounccd  citato ;  but  chetp  is 
deemed  most  elegant.] 

1.  To  grind  with  the  teeth  ;  to  masticate,  as  food 
in  eating ;  to  ruminate,  or  to  chew,  as  the  cud. 

2.  To  ruminate  in  tluMight ;  to  revolve  and  consid- 


CH 


r.  [Obs.] 

Aw,  K.    [A  different  siN'lling  of  jaw.  S 


supra. 


See  Chaw, 


1.  '1  he  jaw.  Ezek.  xxix.  4.  But,  in  modern  edi- 
tions of  the  Ilible,  it  is  printed  jaie. 

2.  In  rulirar  langttage,  a  cud  ;  as  much  as  is  put  in 
file  mouth  at  once. 

CHAWDRON,  H.    Entrails.  Shak. 
CHAW'Kl),  (chaud,)  pp.  Chewed. 
C H  A VV 1 NG,  ppr.  Chewing. 

CHaY'-ROOT,  71.  The  root  of  the  Oldenlandia  um- 
bellata,  used  in  giving  the  beautiful  red  to  the  Ma- 
dras cottons.  It  is  also  called  cliaya-root  and  choij- 
root. 

CHkAP,  a.  [Sax.  ceap,  cattle,  business,  or  trade,  a 
price,  a  pledge  or  pawn,  a  selling  any  thing  that  may 
be  bought  or  sold  ;  ccapiaii,  cijpan,  to  buy,  to  sell,  to 
negotiate,  to  gain  ;  D.  koop,  a  bargain  or  purchase  ; 
"  le  koop  zetlen,"  to  set  to  sale  ;  "  goed  koop,"  cheap, 
good  purchase  ;  konpen,  to  buy  ;  G.  /.■uu/c7i ;  Dan.  ki- 
Sber  ;  Sw.  kapa  :  Riiss.  kiipayu  :  L.  caupo  ;  Eng.  to 
cheapen,  to  chaffrr,  chap-man,  chap-book,  to  chop  and 
diange.  The  sense  is,  a  purchase,  anil  good  cheap  is 
a  good  purchase  or  bargain.  Hence,  prtibably,  omit- 
ting good,  we  have  cheap.] 

1.  Bearing  a  low  price  in  market ;  that  may  be 
purchased  at  a  low  price  ;  that  is,  at  a  price  as'low 
or  lower  than  the  usual  price  of  the  article  or  com- 
niodit)',  or  at  a  price  less  than  the  real  value.  The 
sense  is  always  comparative  ;  for  a  price  deemed 
cheap  at  one  time  is  considered  dear  at  another. 

It  is  a  principle  wliich  Uie  pni|rress  of  pjiliticsl  science  has  clearly 
eslahlished,  a  principle  that  illustrates  at  once  the  wis.loni  ol 
Uie  Cifator  ami  tlv  hlindnen  of  huniaii  cupidity,  that  it  is 
cheaper  to  hire  the  labor  of  freemen  tlian  to  conii*!  tiie  labor 
of  slaves.  I,  Bacon. 

2.  Being  of  small  value ;  common  ;  not  res[)ected  ; 
as,  cheap  beauty. 

Make  not  yourself  cheap  in  the  eyes  of  the  world.  Anon. 

CHk.AP,  n.  Bargain ;  purchase  ;  as  in  the  phrases, 
good  cheap,  betu-r  cAf<i;> ;  the  original  phrases  from 
which  we  liwe  elieup.    [  Obs.] 


CIir;AP'A'N,  (chep'n,)».  fc  [Sax.  ceapia7i.  SeeCHEAr, 
supra.] 

I.  '1  o  attempt  to  buy ;  to  ask  the  price  of  a  com- 
modity ;  to  charter. 

To  shops  in  crowds  the  dawcfled  females  fly, 

Preb-'iid  to  clieapen  jfuods,  but  noUiiii^  buy.  Stei/L 

Q.  To  lessen  value.  Dnjden. 
CHl":AP'f;N-KD,  (chep'ud,)  pp.    Bargained  fur;  beat 

down  in  price. 
CII  K  AP'A.'iV-ER,  71.    One  who  cheapens  or  bargains. 
Clir;.\l"i';.\  I\<i,  pjrr.    Bargaining  for;  clialftring; 

Inciting  down  the  price  of. 
C1Ik.M"ER,  a.  co;»;(.    More  cheap  ;  less  expensive. 
(; II  K,\I"EST,  a.  ^Hprr/.    Most  cheap  ;  least  costly. 
C'Hk.AP'LY,  ade.    At  a  small  price  ;  at  a  low  rate. 
CHkAP'NESS,  h.    Lovvne.ss  in  price,  considering  the 

usual  iirice,  or  real  value. 
CHkAR.    See  Cheer.  ^  ,  ^ 

CHii.iT,  V.  t.    [Sax.  eeatt.    In  Ar.  kliadua,  sig- 

nifies to  deceive,  circ  i.T;Vent,  seduce  ;  to  fail,  to  hide, 

to  disguise,  to  defraud;  n1      -»  kaiila,  signifies  to 

deceive,  to  lay  snares ;  Eth.  chiet  uT  hiet,  sig- 

nifies to  cheat,  to  deceive,  to  defraud.] 

1.  To  deceive  and  defraud  in  a  bargain ;  to  de- 
ceive for  the  purpose  of  gain  in  selling.  Its  proper 
application  is  to  commerce,  in  which  a  person  u.ses 
some  arts,  or  misrepresentations,  or  withholils  some 
facts,  by  which  he  deceives  the  purchaser. 

2.  To  deceive  by  any  artifice,  trick,  or  device,  with 
a  view  to  gain  an  aijvantage  contrary  to  common 
honesty  ;  as,  to  cheat  a  person  at  cards. 

3.  To  imiiosc  on  ;  to  trick.  It  is  followed  by  of  or 
out  of,  and  colloi|uially  by  into,  as  to  cheat  a  child  inta 
a  belief  that  a  medicine  is  palatable. 

CHkA'J",  71.  A  fraud  committed  by  deception  ;  a  trick"; 
imposition  ;  imposture. 

2.  A  person  who  cheats;  one  guilty  of  fraud  by 
deceitful  [iracticcs. 
CHEAT' A-BLE-N  ESS,  71.    Liability  to  be  cheated. 

Ilaminiind. 

CHl".AT'-BREAD,  (-bred,)n.  Fine  bread  purchased, 
or  not  made  in  the  family.    {Little  used.] 

CUkAT'FA),  pp.    Defrauded  by  deception. 

CHi:AT'ER,  71.  One  who  practices  a  fraud  in  com- 
merce. 

CHeAT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Defrauding  by  deception; 
iinposing  on. 

CIIF.AT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  defrauding  by  deceitfiil 
arts. 

CllK.\T'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  cheating  manner. 

CHECK,  V.  t.  [Fr.  echcc,  pi.  cchecs,  which  we  have 
changed  into  che^s;  Sp.  zaque,  a  move  at  che-ss ; 
laijue  de  mate,  check-mate  ;  Port.  laijite,  a  check  ; 
lagoate,  a  rebuke.  Sp.  and  Port,  xai/uima,  a  halter ; 
It.  scacco,  the  squares  of  a  chess-board  ;  scacchi, 
chess-men  ;  scacco-maito,  check-mate  ;  scaecato,  clieck- 
ered  ;  Low  \,.  scaecarium,  an  exchequer,  Fr.  echijuier; 
G.  scltach,  chess  ;  schachmatl,  check-mate  ;  D.  schaak, 
chess ;  schaak-mat,  check-mate ;  Dan.  slcak,  chess, 
crooked,  curving  ;  skak-mat,  check-mate  ;  skakrer,  to 
barter,  chalTer,  chop  and  change  ;  Sw.  scltach,  chess ; 
schach-matt,  check-mate  ;  Russ.  schach,  check,  chess  ; 
sehnch-mat,  check-mate.  In  Spanish,  zaque,  zeque,  is 
an  old  man,  a  shaik,  and  zaco,  a  jacket.    These  latter 


words  seem 


to  be  the  Ar.  shaich,  or 

the  latter  is  rendered  to  grow  oldj  to  be  old,  to  blame 
or  rebuke,  under  which  we  find  shailc ;  the  former 
signifies  to  use  diligence,  quasi  to  bend  to  or  apply  ; 
also,  to  abstain  or  turn  aside.    In  Arabic  we  find 

also  shakka,  to  doubt,  hesitate,  halt,  and  in 

Hebrew  the  same  word  T3C  signifies  to  .still,  all.ay, 
sink,  stop  or  check,  to  obstruct  or  hedge  ;  a  hedge. 
We  have,  in  these  words,  clear  evidence  of  the  man- 
ner in  which  several  modern  nations  express  the 

Shemitic  V,  or  j_pi.] 

1.  To  stop  ;  to  restrain ;  to  hinder  or  repress  ;  to 
curb.  It  signifies  to  put  an  entire  stop  to  motion,  or 
to  restrain  its  violence,  and  cause  an  abatement ;  to 
moderate. 

2  To  rebuke  ;  to  chide  or  reprove.  Shak. 

3  To  compare  any  paper  with  its  counterpart  or 
with  a  cipher,  with  a  \new  to  ascertain  its  authen- 
ticity ;  to  compare  corresponding  papers;  to  control 
by  a  counter-register. 

4.  'i'o  make  a  mark  against  names  in  going  over 
a  list. 

5.  In  seaman.ship,  to  ease  ofTa  little  of  a  rope,  which 
is  too  stiffly  extended  ;  also,  to  stopper  the  cable. 

Mar.  Diet, 

CHECK,  r.  i.    To  stop  ;  to  make  a  stop  ;  with  oL 

The  mind  checks  at  any  vigorous  underukin^.  Lack** 


TONE,  B5JLL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ,  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


195 


CHE 

2  To  clash  or  interfere. 

I  tove  to  check  with  biisinels.  Bacon. 
3.  To  strike  with  repression.  Dryden. 
[  These  applications  are  not  frequent.'] 
CHECK,  n.    A  stop;  hinderance ;  rebuff;  sudden  re- 
straint, or  continued  restraint ;  curb  ;  control ;  gov- 
ernment. 

2.  That  which  stops  or  restrains,-as  reproof,  repri- 
mand, rebuke,  sliglit  or  disgust,  fear,  apprehension, 
a  person  ;  any  stop  or  obstruction.  Clarendon. 

3.  A  mark  put  against  names  in  going  over  a  list. 

4.  .\  token  given  to  railroad  passengers,  serving  to 
identify  them  in  claiming  their  luggage,  &c.  Also, 
in  theaters,  a  similar  token,  to  identify  those  who  go 
out,  expecting  to  return. 

5.  In  falconry,  when  a  hawk  forsakes  her  proper 
game,  to  follow  rooks,  pies,  or  other  fowls,  that 
cross  her  in  her  flight.  Bailey.  Encyc. 

6.  The  correspondent  cipher  of  a  bank  note ;  a 
corresponding  indenture  ;  any  counter-register. 

Johnson. 

7.  A  term  in  chess,  when  one  p.irty  obliges  the 
other  either  to  move  or  guard  his  king. 

8.  .\n  order  for  money,  drawn  on  a  banker  or  on 
the  cashier  of  a  bank,  payable  to  the  bearer. 

This  is  a  sense  derived  from  that  in  definition  6. 

9.  In  popular  use,  checkered  cloth ;  check  for 
checkered. 

Check,  or  check-roll:  a  riM  or  book  containing  the 
names  of  persons  who  are  attendants,  and  in  the 
pay  of  a  king  or  great  personage,  as  domestic  ser- 
vants. Bailey  Encyc. 

Clerk  of  the  check,  in  the  British  king's  household, 
has  the  check  and  control  of  the  yeomen  of  the 
guard,  and  all  tlie  ushers  belonging  to  the  royal 
family,  the  care  of  the  watch,  &c.  Bailey.  Encyc. 

Clerk  of  the  check :  in  the  British  royal  dock-yards, 
is  an  officer  who  keeps  a  register  of  all  the  men  em- 
ployed on  board  his  majesty's  shijjs  and  vessels,  and 
of  all  the  artificers  in  the  service  of  the  navy,  at  the 
port  where  he  is  settled. 
.CHECK'-BOOK,  n.    A  book  containing  blank  checks 

upon  a  bank.  Bounier. 
CHECK'JED,  )  pp.     Stopped;  restrained;  repressed; 
CHECKT,     j     curbed  ;  moderated  ;  controlled  ;  rep- 
rimanded. 

CIIECK'ER,  V.  t.  [from  ehedi,  or  perhaps  directly  from 
the  Fr.  echiquier,  a  chess-board.  Norm,  escheqir,  or 
chekere,  exchequer.] 

1.  To  variegate  with  cross  lines  ;  to  fonn  into 
little  squares,  like  a  chess-board,  by  lines  or  stripes 
of  different  colors.  Hence, 

2.  To  diversify  ;  to  variegate  with  different  qual- 
ities, scenes,  or  events. 

Our  minds  aw,  ha  it  were,  checkered  with  truth  and  fals-hood. 

Addison. 

CHECK'ER,  n.    One  who  checks  or  restrains ;  a  re- 
buker. 
2.  A  chess-board. 

CHECK'ER,  )  n.    Work  varied  alternately  as 

CHECK'ER-WORK,  (  to  its  colors  or  materials; 
work  consisting  of  cross  lines. 

CHECK'ER-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Diversified  ;  variegated. 

CHECK'ERS,  n.  pi.  Draughts;  a  common  game  on 
a  checkered  board. 

CIIECK'IXG,  ppr.  Stopping;  curbing;  restraining; 
moderating  ;  controlling  ;  rebuking. 

CHECK'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  checked  or  re- 
strained. 

CHECK'.MSTE,  n.  [>'ce  Check.  .Vote  is  from  the 
root  of  the  Sp.  and  I'ort.  m^it'ir,  to  kill.  Ar.  Cli.  Syr. 
Heb.  Eth.  Saiq.  nin  moth,  to  die,  to  kill.] 

1.  The  movement  in  the  game  of  chess,  which 
stops  all  further  moving,  and  ends  the  game. 

2.  FisuratireXy,  defeat ;  overtlirow.  Spenser. 
CHECK'.MATE,  o.  t.    To  make  a  move  in  chess, 

which  stops  all  further  moving,  and  ends  the  game. 

Hence,  to  arrest  and  defeat.  Skelton. 
CHECK'.MAT-ED,  pp.    Stopi)cd  in  the  game  of  chess. 
CHECK'MaT-I.NG,  ppr.     Making  a  last  move  in 

chess. 

CHECKS,  n.  A  term  applied  to  a  kind  of  checkered 
cloth,  as  ginghams,  plaids,  &.c. 

CHECK'Y,  n.  In  heraldry,  a  border  tliat  has  more 
than  twr>  rtiws  of  rhi-rkers,  or  when  the  bordure  or 
shielil  IS  checkrri  d,  like  a  chess-board.  Encyc. 

CHEEK,  n.  [Kax  ccar,  ceorM  ;  D.  kMik  ;  this  is  proba- 
bly the  same  word  as  Jaio,Vr.  jour,  .\nn.  traved,juved, 
connected  with  jaoira,  cha^nem,  to  chaw,  or  chew, 
for  the  wortis  chin,  cheek,  and  jaw,  are  ctmfoundt^d  ; 
the  name  word  which^  in  one  diah  ct,  signifies  the 
che«k,  ill  aniillier  sigiiihe.s  the  jaw.  Oena  in  I.atin 
is  the  Eiigli»h  chin.] 

1.  The  aide  of  the  face  hi-low  the  eyes  on  each  side. 

2.  Among  mecli.'tiiics,  rlierJcs  are  those  piece.<i  of  a 
macliine,  or  other  kind  of  workmanship,  wliirh  form 
corresponding  sides,  or  wliicli  are  double  and  alike  ; 
as,  the  eheekt  of  a  printing-press,  which  stand  per- 
pendicular and  support  the  three  Homiiiers,  the  head, 
shelve",  and  winter  ;  the  cheeks  of  a  turner's  lathe  ; 
the  clieekA  (»f  a  glazier's  vise  ;  the  cheeks  of  a  mortar, 
and  of  a  gun-carriage  ;  (he  cheeks  of  a  miut,  which 
aerve  to  sustain  the  tn^stle  trees,  ice. 


CHE 

Check  by_jowl :  closeness;  proximitv.  Beaam. 
CHEEK'-BoNE,  7i.   The  bone  of  the  cheek. 
CIIEEK'£D,  (cheekt,)  a.    Brought  near  the  cheek. 

CoUm. 

CHEEK'-TOOTH,  n.  The  hinder  tooth  or  tusk.  Joel 
CHEEP,  V.  i.   To  chirp,  as  a  small  bird.  [i.  6. 

CHEER,  V.  u  \Ft.  chere ;  Arm.  cher,  cheer,  entertain- 
ment ;  Ir.  gairim,  to  call,  shout,  extol,  rejoice  ;  Gr. 
xaipu,  to  rejoice,  to  hail  or  salute.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  cfill  out  or  shout,  as  in  joy  ;  a  sense  re- 
tained in  jovial  companies,  to  gioe  cAecrs,  and  among 
seamen,  to  salute  a  ship  by  cheers.  Orient.  Nip 
kara.] 

1.  To  salute  with  shouts  of  joy,  or  cheers,  or  with 
stamping  or  other  expressions  of  applause. 

2.  To  dispel  gloom,  sorrow,  silence,  or  apathy  ;  to 
cause  to  rejoice  ;  to  gladden  ;  to  make  cheerful ;  as, 
to  cheer  a  lonely  desert ;  the  cheering  rays  of  the  sun  ; 
good  news  cheers  the  heart. 

3.  To  infuse  life,  spirit,  animation;  to  incite;  to 
encourage  ;  as.  to  cheer  the  hounds. 

CHEER, !'.  i.  To  grow  cheerful ;  to  become  gladsome 
or  joyous. 

-At  si  jilt  of  ihee  my  gloomy  soul  cheers  up,  Phiilipt. 
CIteer  up,  my  laiis. 

CHEER,  Tj.  .\  shout  of  joy  ;  as,  they  gave  three  cheers. 
Also,  stamping,  or  other  expressions  of  applause. 

2.  A  state  of  gladness  or  joy  ;  a  state  of  animation 
above  gloom  and  depression  of  spirits,  but  below 
mirth,  gayety,  and  jollity. 

Sou,  he  of  food  cheer;  Uiy  sins  are  forgfiTen  tliee.  — Matt.  ix. 
Tiieii  wcr;  ihi-y  idl  of  good  cheer,  and  they  also  look  some  meat. 
—  Acts  xxvU. 

3.  Mirth  ;  gayety  ;  jollity,  as  at  a  feast. 

4.  Invitation  to  gayety.  Shak. 

5.  Entertainment  ;  tiiat  which  makes  cheerful ; 
provisions  for  a  feast.  Shak. 

The  table  was  loaded  with  good  cheer.  Irving. 

6.  Air  of  countenance,  noting  a  greater  or  less  de- 
gree of  cheerfulness. 

His  words  their  drooping  clieer 
Euliglitened.  hWlon. 

CHEER'ED,  pp.    Enlivened  ;  animated  ;  made  glad. 
CHEER'ER,  II.    One  who  cheers;  he  or  that  which 
gladdens.  • 

Thou  cheerer  of  our  days.  Wotton. 
Prime  cheerer,  light.  Thomson. 

CHEER'FIJL,  a.  Lively ;  animated  ;  having  good 
spirits  ;  moilerately  joyful.  This  is  the  most  usual 
signification  of  the  word,  expressing  a  degree  of  an- 
imation less  than  mirth  and  jollity. 

2.  Full  of  life  ;  gay  ;  animated  ;  mirthful ;  music- 
al ;  as,  tile  cheerful  birds. 

3.  Expressive  of  good  spirits  or  joy ;  lively ;  ani- 
mated. 

A  merry  heart  maketh  a  chser/ul  countenance.  —  Pror.  xr. 

CHEER'FIJLr-LY,  ado.  In  a  cheerful  manner;  with 
alacrity  or  willingness ;  readily ;  with  life,  anima- 
tion, or  good  spirits. 

CHEER'FJJL-XESS,  7t.    Life;  animation;  good  spir- 
its ;  a  state  of  moderate  joy  or  gayety  ;  alacrity. 
He  that  showeth  mercy,  with  cheer/ulneee.  —  Rom.  xn, 

CIIEER'I-LY,  adv.    With  cheerfulness  ;  with  spirit. 

CHEEK'I-NESS,  n.  Cheerfulness. 

CHiIRR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving  joy  or  gladness  ;  en- 
livening; encouraging;  animating. 

CHEER'ING-LY,  ailv.    In  a  cheerful  manner. 

CHEER'ISH-NEriS,  n.  State  of  cheerfulness.  [JVot 
in  u.sv.l  Milton. 

CHEER'LESS,  a.  Without  joy,  gladness,  or  comfort ; 
gloomy  ;  destitute  of  any  thing  to  enliven  or  animate 
the  spirits.  Spenser. 

CHEER'LESS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  destitute  of 
cheerfulness  or  comfort. 

CHEER'LY,  a.    Gay;  cheerful  :  not  gloomv. 

CHEER'LV,  adv.    Cheerfully;  heartily;  brisklv. 

CHEER'UP,  (  V.  t.    To  make  cheerful  ;  to  enliven  ;  to 

CHIR'RL'P,  i     chirp.    [Colloquial.]       Dr.  Cheyne. 

CHEER'Y,  a.  Gay  ;  sprightly  ;  having  power  to  make 
gay. 

Come,  let  us  hie,  anti  quafTa  cheery  bowl.  Gay. 
CHEESE,  n.  [Sax.  msc,  or  cyse;  Ir.  cais ;  W.  caws; 
Corn,  lies  ;  Arm.  cans ;  L.  caseiis  ;  Sp.  qucso ;  Ptirt. 
queijo ;  D.  kaas ;  G.  kdse ;  Basque,  ga.-ma,  or  gazta. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  curdle,  to  congeal,  from  col- 
lecting, drawing,  or  driving  ;  W.  casiaw,  to  curdle. 
Perhaps  it  is  allied  to  .iqueeie.] 

1.  The  curd  of  milk,  coagulated  usually  by  rennet, 
separated  from  the  serum  or  whey,  and  pressed  in  a 
vat,  hoop,  or  molil. 

2.  A  mass  of  pomace  or  ground  ajiples  placed  on  a 
press.  Enctfc.  of  Doin.  Econ. 

CIIEESE'-CAKE,  n.  A  cake  made  of  soft  curds,  su- 
gar, and  btiller.  Prior. 

CIIEESE'-.MOIV'GER,  (  mung'ger,)  n.  One  who 
deals  in  or  sells  cheese.  B.  Jonson. 

CHEESE'-PAR-ING,  v.  The  rind  or  paring  of  cheese. 

Beaum. 

CHEESE'-PRESS,  n.  A  press,  or  engine  for  pressing 
curd  in  tin;  making  of  cheese.  Gay. 

CMEE«E'-RE.\-NET,  71.  A  plant,  ladies'  bed-straw, 
Galium  verum. 


CHE 


CHEESE'- VAT,  n.  The  vat  or  case  in  which  curds 
are  confined  for  pressing.  Olanvitle. 

CHEES'Y,  a.  Having  the  nature,  qualities,  taste,  or 
form  of  cheese. 

CHEF-D'IEUV'RE,  (shef-doov'r,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  mas- 
terpiece or  performance  in  arts,  &c. 

CHEG'oe'  I  small.] 

A  tropical  insect,  that  enters  the  skin  of  the  feet 
and  multiplies  incredibly,  causing  an  itching.  Encyc 
It  is  written,  also,  churaer,  chiaoe,  ji<rrrer, 
€HEI-R0P'TER,  n.         )  [Gr  ^f.o,  thS  hand,  and 
eHEt-ROP'TEK-A,  n.  pi.  \     ^reoav,  wing.] 

Terms  applied  to  animals  whose  anterior  toes  are 
connected  by  a  membrane,  and  whose  feet  thus  serve 
for  wings,  as  the  bat.  Liniier. 
CHEI-ROP'TER-OUS,  a.    Belonging  to  the  Cheirop- 
tera. 

CHEI-RO-THe'RI-UM,  71.  [Gr.  xeio,  hand,  and  On- 
piou,  beast.]  An  animal  whose  footsteps  alone  have 
been  found  in  Germany.  It  is  sometimes  spelt  chiro- 
therium. 

CHEK-o'A,  77.   The  Chinese  porcelain  clay. 
€HEL'I-DON,  71.    [Gr.]    A  brown  fly  with  silvery 
wings. 

eHE-LIF'ER-OCS,  a.  [Gr.  xn^l,  a  claw,  and  L./cro, 
to  bear.] 

Furnished  with  claws,  as  an  animal. 
CHEL'I-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  chela,  a  claw,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  claw. 
€HE-LO'NI-AN,  71.   )  [Gr.  x£*wi"),  a  tortoise.]  Terms 
€HE-Lo'NI-.\,  11.  pi.  J    applied  to  animals  of  the  tor- 
toise kind. 

€HE-Lo'NI-AN,  iz.  Pertaining  to  or  designating  ani- 
mals of  the  tortoise  kind. 

CHE'LY,  (  ke'le,)  71.    [L.  chela;  Gr.  x')A'),  a  claw.] 
The  claw  of  a  shell-fish.  Brawn. 

CHE.M'ie-AL,  (kim'i-kal  or  kem'i-kal.)  [See  Chem- 
I9TRT.]  Pertaining  to  chemistry ;  as,  a  chemical  op 
eration.  ^, 

2.  Resulting  from  tlie  operation  of  the  principles 
of  bodies  by  decomposition,  combination,  &c. ;  as, 
chemical  changes. 

3.  .According  to  the  principles  of  chemistry  ;  as,  a 
chemical  combination. 

eHEM'ie-.\L-LY,  adv.    According  to  chemical  prin- 
ciples ;  by  chemical  process  or  operation. 
CHE  MISE',  (slie-mez',)  71.    [Fr.  c/ieinise  ;  Ir.  cainwe. 


caimis ;  Sp.  camisa  ;  It.  camiria    Ar.  l^J^^  f  ^  kamit- 

ion :  Amh.  id.]  " 

1.  A  shift,  or  under-garment,  worn  by  females. 

2.  A  wall  that  lines  the  face  of  anv  work  of  earth. 
CJff:~tr  i-SET'JE',  (shem-e-/.et',)  71.  [Fr.]    An  under 

garment,  worn  over  the  chemise. 

CHEM'IST,  (kim'ist  «r  kein'ist,)  71.  A  person  versed 
in  chemistry  ;  a  professor  of  chemistry. 

eilE.M'IS-TRY,  (kiiii'is-try  or  kem'is-tr}-,)  n.  [Fr. 
chimie ;  Sp.  chimia ;  It.  and  Port,  chimico.  The 
orthography  of  this  word,  from  its  derivation  and 
the  analogy  of  other  European  language^,  would 

properly  be  chimistry.    It  is  the  .\rabic  Ij^a^^ 

kimia,  the  occult  art  or  science,  from  ^t'™^  kamai, 

to  conceal.  This  was  originally  the  art  or  science 
now  called  alchemy ;  the  art  of  converting  baser 
metals  into  gold.  The  order  of  Diocletian,  directing 
search  to  be  made  for  books  treating  of  the  wonder- 
ful art  of  making  gcdtl  and  silver,  and  all  th.it  should 
be  found  to  be  committed  to  the  flames,  proves  the 
origin  of  this  art  to  be  as  remote  as  the  close  of  the 
third  century  ;  and  it  was  probably  somewhat  earlier. 
Gibbon,  ch.  13.  It  is  not  improbable  that  this  art  was 
used  in  counterfeiting  coin.s.  The  common  orthogra- 
phy is  from  xiui,  to  melt  or  fuse  ;  the  old  orthography 
was  from  x<:oi,  the  same  word,  differently  written  ; 
both  having  no  foundation  but  a  random  guess.  If 
lexicographers  and  writers  had  been  contented  to 
take  the  orthography  of  the  nations  in  the  south  of 
Europe,  where  the  origin  of  the  word  was  doubtless 
iindorslood,  and  through  whom  the  word  wa.s  intro- 
duced into  England,  the  orthography  would  have 
been  settled,  uniform,  and  corresponding  exactly 
with  the  prontinciatiim.] 

Chcmi.slry  is  a  science,  the  object  of  which  is  to 
discover  the  nature  and  properties  of  all  bodies  by 
analysis  and  synthesis.  Macquer. 

Chemlitry  is  that  science  which  explains  the  inti- 
mate mutual  action  of  all  natural  bodies.  Fourcrmj. 

Analysis  or  decomposition,  and  synthesis  or  combi- 
nation, are  the  two  methods  which  chemistry  uses  to 
accomplish  its  purixises.  Fourcroy.  iloopcr. 

Chemistry  may  be  ilofined,  the  science  which  in- 
vRstigates  the  composition  of  material  substances, 
and  the  permanent  changes  of  constitution  which 
their  inutiinl  nctiims  produce.  Ure. 

Chemistry  limy  be  defined,  that  science,  the  object 
of  which  is  to  discover  and  explain  the  changes  of 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^Lh,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  —  PINEJ,  MARI.NE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BWK.— 


106 


Cll  E 

btiinpiisltKiii  tli:il  nrnir  hiikiii"  the  iiitegnint  and  cun- 
slittivlit  piirla  ni"  ditrerem  bodit-s.  JUnry. 

Climni-itrti  is  the  science  which  treats  of  tliose 
events  an(l  clmnges  in  natural  bodies  wliicli  are 
not  acconipanii'd  by  sensible  rnntions.  Thomson, 

Chemistnj  is  justly  considered  as  a  science,  but  the 
practical  iiperaiuins  may  be  denominated  an  art. 

Chniiistrij  relates  to  those  operations  by  which  the 
intimate  nature  of  bodies  is  clianged,  or  by  which 
they  acquire  new  |iri>pcrties.  Davij. 
CIIEUUE.    See  Check. 
CIlKU'l'ER.  SeeCHECKEB. 

CllEll'IFF,  n.    Written  also  Sheriff.    The  prince  of 

Mecca  ;  a  high  priest  among  the  iMohtiiiinedans. 
CIIER'ISH,  V.  t.    [Ft.  clurin  Arm.  cAwj:a  ;  from  Fr. 

c/irr,  dear  ;  W.  eir,  bounty  ;  ciriatr,  to  pity,  to  cherish. 

See  Caress.] 

1.  To  In^at  with  tenderness  and  affection  ;  to  give 

warmth,  ease,  or  comfort  to. 

\Vp  w-'n*  ^'iill^  Rnionp  you,  PTpn  R9  ft  nune  cheritheOt  lier 

ctiiUlmi.  —  I  Thcsfi.  ii. 
The  dniiiK-t  wiu  (mt,  aiul  cjterishtd  t)i«  king.  —  I  Kings  i. 

9.  To  hold  as  dear  ;  to  embrace  with  affection  ;  to 
foster  and  encourage  ;  as,  to  cherish  the  principles 
of  virtue  ;  to  cherish  relijiion  in  the  lieart. 

3.  To  treat  in  a  manner  to  encourage  growth,  by 
protection,  aid,  attendance,  or  supplying  nourish- 
ment; as,  to  cherish  tender  plants. 

'I.  To  harbor  ;  to  indulge  and  encourage  in  the 
mind  ;  as,  to  cherish  ill-will,  or  any  evil  passion. 

CIIEK'ISI1.£U,  (cher'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Treated  with 
tenderness  ;  warmed  ;  comforted  ;  fostered. 

CIIEK'ISII-ER,  n.  One  who  cherishes  j  an  cncour- 
ager ;  a  supporter. 

CHER'I.SII-ING,  ppr.  Warming;  comforting;  en- 
couraging; fostering;  treating  with  affection. 

ClIEK'ISil-I.NG,  n.    Support;  encouragement. 

CIIER'ISII-ING-LV,  ado.  In  an  affection:ite  or  chcr- 
isliinj  manner. 

CH  ER'tSH-iME.VT,  n.  Encouragement ; comfort.  [ Obs.] 

€I1ER'.MeS.    See  Kermes. 

CHE-ROOT',  n.  .\  kind  of  cigar.  _  The  genuine  che- 
root is  from  .Manilla,  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  is 
hichly  prized  for  the  delicacv  of  its  flavor. 

eHER-0-POT'A  MOS,  h.  [Gf.  \"i'<oi,  a  hog,  and 
TTorii/jus,  river.]  An  animal  of  the  order  of  pachy- 
dermata,  allied  to  the  hog,  now  extinct. 

CIIER'KY,  n.  [Fr.  cerise;  L.  cerasus ;  It.  ciriegia : 
Port,  cereja ;  Sp.  cereza ;  Arm.  ffcrcsen  ;  D.  karsy  or 
krick  :  G.  kirsche ;  Sw.  kirsbar  ;  Dan.  kirscbter ;  so 
named,  it  is  said,  from  Cerasus,  a  city  in  Pontus, 
near  the  Euxine,  whence  the  tree  was  imported  in- 
to Italy.! 

The  fniit  of  a  tree,  a  species  of  Primus,  of  which 
there  are  many  varieties,  as  the  red  or  garden  cherry, 
the  red-heart,  the  white-heart,  the  black  cherry,  the 
black-heart,  and  several  others.  The  fruit  is  a  pulp 
inclosing  a  kernel.  It  is  rehited  that  this  fruit  was 
brought  from  Cerasus,  In  Pontus,  to  Italy,  af\er  the 
defeat  of  Mithridates  by  Lucullus,  .\.  R.  l>80,  and  in- 
troduced into  England  by  the  Romans,  about  120 
years  afterward,  A.  1).  .55. 

Barbadors  cl<erry,  is  the  genus  Malpighia,  of  several 
species.  The  berries  are  red,  cherry-sliaiied,  acid, 
and  eatable. 

Bird  cherry,  is  a  species  of  Prunus,  the  common 
laurel,  or  lauro-cerasus.  Lee. 

Also,  the  PruniLS  Ptuhw.  Encijc. 

Cornelian  cherry  is  the  fruit  of  the  Conuis,  cornel- 
tree,  or  dog-wood.  It  is  a  small,  acid,  cherry-like, 
eatable  berry. 

Dwarf  chcrrtj,  is  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  Lonicern, 
or  honey-suckle. 
•    HotUntot  chemjy  is  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  Cassine. 
The  fruit  is  a  trispermous  berry,  of  a  dark,  purple 
color. 

fVinter  cherry,  is  a  name  of  the  fruit  of  the  Pliy- 
salis,  a  genus  of  many  species.  It  is  a  berry  of  the 
size  of  a  small  cherry,  inclosed  in  an  indated,  blad- 
der  like  c.ilyx.  This  name  is  also  given  to  a  species 
of  Solanum.  Fitm.  of  Planl.^. 

CUER'RY,  a.  Like  a  red  cherry  in  color  ;  red,  ruddy, 
blooming  ;  as,  a  cherry  lip  ;  cherry  cheeks. 

CHER'RV,  71.  A  cordial  coniptised  of  cherry  juice 
and  spirit,  sweetened  and  diluted.  The  wild  cherry 
is  most  genentlly  used  for  this  purpose,  being  steeped 
for  some  days  in  spirit,  which  extracts  the  juice  of 
the  fruit;  the  tincture  is  then  sweetened  and  diluted 
to  the  taste.  This  cordial  is  moderately  bitter  and 
.astringent.    It  is  sometimes  made  of  the  mazzard. 

CHEK'RY-CIIEEK-ED,  (-cheekt,)  a.  Having  ruddy 
cheeks.  Con^rrere. 

CIIER'RY-PIT,  71.  A  child's  play,  in  which  cherry- 
stones arc  thrown  into  a  hole.  Sluik.'  i 

CIIER'RY-TREE,  71.  A  tree  whose  fruit  is  cherries,  ' 
in  the  more  appropriate  sense  of  the  word.  The 
name  is  mastly  given  to  the  common  cultivated  trees,  i 
and  to  that  which  produces  the  black  wild  clier-  \ 
ry.  The  wood  of  the  latter  is  valued  for  cabinet '. 
work. 

GHER'SO-NeSE,  71,    [Gr.  xcftaovriaoi :  \coaoi,  land, 
or  uncultivated  land,  and  vr)n;f,  an  isle.] 
A  [leninsula;  a  tract  of  land  of  any  indefinite  ex- 


cir  F. 

tent,  which  is  iit;;irly  surrounded  by  water,  but  united 
to  a  larger  tract  by  a  neck  of  land,  or  islhiniis  ;  as, 
the  Cimbnc  Chersonese,  or  Jutland  ;  the  Taurie  Cher- 
sonese, or  Crimea. 

CHERT,  71.  In  mineraloiry,  an  impure  variety  of 
quartz,  or  flint,  of  various  dull  shades  of  color.  It 
incliules  pelrosilez  and  hornstoiir. 

ClIEHT'Y,  a.    I.ike  chert  ;  containing  chert.  Pennant. 

CIIF.R'L'II,  n.:  pi.  ("iiebuhs  ;  but  the  Hebrew  plural 
Cherubim  is  also  used.    [lleb.  krrub.    lii  Ch. 

and  Syr.  the  corresponilina  vi'rb  signifies  to  plow  ; 
and  the  word  is  said  to  signily,  propi'rly,  any  image 
or  figure  ;  if  so,  it  may  have  been  nami-d  from  c/i- 
grai^ing.  Hut  this  is  uncertain,  and  the  learned  are 
not  agreed  on  the  signification.] 

A  figure  coinpo.sed  of  various  creatures,  as  a  man, 
an  ox,  an  eagle,  or  a  lion.  The  first  mention  of 
cherubs  is  in  Of",  iii.  Q  I,  where  the  figuri:  is  not 
described  ;  but  their  office  was,  with  a  flaming  sword, 
to  keep  or  guard  the  way  of  the  tree  of  life.  The 
two  cherubs  which  Mioses  was  coinmandt.-d  to  m.'ikc 
at  the  ends  of  the  mercy-seat,  were  to  be  of  beaten 
work  of  gold  ;  and  their  wings  were  to  extend  over 
the  mercy-seat,  llieir  faces  toward  each  other,  and 
between  ttiem  was  the  residence  of  the  Deity.  Et. 
XXV.  The  cherubs,  in  Ezekiel's  vision,  had  each 
four  heads,  or  faces,  the  hands  of  a  man,  and  wings. 
The  four  faces  were,  the  face  of  a  bull,  that  of  a 
man,  that  of  a  lion,  and  that  of  an  eagle.  They  h.ad 
the  likeness  of  a  man.  E:ek.  iv.  and  x.  In  2  Sn77i. 
xxii.  11,  and  Psalm  xviii.  Jehovah  is  represented  as 
riding  on  a  cherub,  and  flying  on  the  wings  of  the 
wind.  In  the  celestial  liierarchy,  cherubs  are  repre- 
sented as  spirits  next  in  order  toseraphs.  The  hiero- 
glyphicnl  and  emblematical  figures  embroidered  on 
the  vails  of  the  tabernacle,  are  called  cherubs  of  cu- 
rious or  skillful  w<irk,  Kr.  xxvi. 
A  beautiful  child  is  c:illed  a  cherub, 

CHER-U'liie,        [a.  Pertaining  to  cherubs  ;  angelic. 

CHKR-O'Hie-AL,  j  Sheldon, 

CIIER'lJ-Iil.M,  71.    The  Hebrew  plural  of  Cheri  r. 

CIIER'U-HIN',  a.    Cherubic  ;  angelic.  Slinl:. 

CI1ER'U-B1.\,  71.    A  cherub.  Dryden, 

CIIER'UP;  a  corruption  of  c/iir/7,  which  see. 

CHER'VIL,  71.  [Sax.  cerjille,  a  contraction  of  L.  chtrr- 
ophylluni ;  Gr.  ^^aipet/ivAXor,  xatfjw,  to  rejoice,  and 
<pvX\it ,  leaf.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  plant,  of  the  genus  Chiero- 
phylluni. 

CHES'.V-Pff.AK,  n.  A  hay  of  the  United  States, 
whose  entrance  is  between  Cape  Charles  and  Cape 
Henry,  in  Virginia,  and  which  extends  northerly  into 
Maryland  271)  miles.  It  receives  the  waters  of  the 
Susqiiehannah,  Potomac,  Rappahannoc,  York,  and 
James  Rivers. 

CHES'I-RLE.    See  Chasurle. 

CHF.S'LIP,  71.    A  small  vermin  that  lies  under  stones. 

CHESS,  71.    [Fr.  echrcs.    See  Check.] 

An  ingenious  game  performed  by  two  parties  with 
different  pieces,  on  a  checkered  boaril,  that  is,  a  bo.ard 
divided  into  sixty-four  squares,  or  houses.  The  suc- 
cess of  the  game  depends  almost  entirely  on  skill. 
Each  gamester  has  eight  dignified  pieces,  called  a 
king,  a  queen,  two  bishops,  two  knights,  and  two 
rooks,  or  castles  ;  also  eight  pawns.  The  pieces  of 
the  parties  are  of  different  colors.  Encyc. 

CHESS,  71.  [I  do  not  find  this  word  in  any  English 
dictionary  ;  nor  do  I  know  its  origin  or  affinities.  In 

Persian,  khas,  or  gas,  signifies  evil,  depraved, 

and  a  useless  weed.] 

In  «\Vw  England,  the  Bronius  Secalinus,  a  grass 
which  grows  among  wheat,  and  is  supposed  to  be 
wheat  degenerated  or  changed,  as  it  abounds  most 
in  fields  where  the  wheat  is  winter-killed.  It  bears 
some  resemblance  to  oats.  This  fact  is  mentioned 
by  Pliny,  N:it.  Hist.  lib.  18,  ca.  17.  "  Prirnnm  omni- 
um f'nimenti  vitium  aveiia  est ;  et  hordeiini  in  eam 
desenerat."  This  change  of  wheat  and  biirley  into 
oats  he  ascribes  to  a  moist  soil,  wet  weather, 
bad  seed,  &c.  This  opinion  cohicides  with  ob- 
servations in  America,  as  wheat  is  most  liable  to 
l>ertsh  in  moist  land,  and  of\en  in  such  places,  almost 
all  the  wheat  is  killed,  and  instead  of  it  chess  often 
appe;irs.  But  this  change  of  wheat  into  chess  is  now 
denied,  and  the  common  opinion  is  aflirmed,  by  tlie 
ablest  botanists,  to  be  erroneous. 

C1IESS'-.\P-P1.E,  7u    A  species  of  wild  service. 

CIIF.SS'-BOARI),  71.  The  beard  used  in  the  game  of 
chess,  and  from  the  squares  of  which  chess  has  its 
name. 

C1IESS'-M.A\,  71.  .\  piece  used  in  the  game  of  chess. 
CH ESS'-PI.A Y-ER,  71.    One  who  plays  chess;  one 

skilled  in  the  gome  of  chess. 
CHICSS'-TREE,  n.    In  ships,  ^  piece  of  wood  bolted 

perpendicularly  on  the  side,  to  confine  the  clews  of 

the  main  sail. 
CHESS'O.M,  7t.    Mellow  earth.  Baeon. 
CHEST,  71.    [Sax.  ceM  or  cyst  :  L.  cista  ;  W.  cist  :  Ir. 

cisde:  Gr.  Ki-^rr,;  G.  kistc :  D.  kist;  Sw.  fcista ;  Dan. 

kisH.    See  Chestxut.] 

1.  A  box  of  wood,  or  other  material,  in  which 


CICF. 

'  goods  arc  kept  or  transported.  It  differs  from  a  trunk 
ill  not  beiuL'  covered  with  skin  or  leather. 

2.  The  trunk  of  tin-  boily  from  the  neck  to  the 
belly;  the  thorav.  Hence,  broad-chnted,  narrov- 
cliestrd;  having  a  broad  or  narrow  chest. 

'^,  In  cownierce,  a  certain  quantity  ;  as,  a  chest  of 
sugar  ;  a  chest  of  indigo  ;  &.c. 

Cltejit  of  drawers,  is  a  case   of  movable  boxes 
called  drawers. 
("HEST,  V.  t.   To  reposit  in  a  chest ;  to  hoard. 

Johnson. 

CIIEST'EI),  a.  Having  a  che.st,  as  in  Ihick-che-sted ; 
}i:irrn\v-cliested. 

CHE.ST'-FOU.ND-ER  I\G,  n.  A  disease  in  horses, 
like  the  pleurisy  orperipncumony  in  the  human  body. 

VarriiT^s  Diet. 

CHEST'NITT,  (clies'niit,)  7i.  [Sax.  eystel,  and  the 
tree  in  Sax.  is  cy.sUteam  or  cystenbcam  ;  L.  castanea, 
the  tree  and  the  niit  ;  Ft.  chataigne ;  Arm.  gistenen, 
or  gestenen  ;  W.  costtin  ;  Sp.  castana ;  Port,  castanha  ,* 
If.  castagna;  G.  ka^tnnir ;  Sw.  Dan.  kastanie;  from 
Welsh  cast,  eiivelopmeiif,  the  root  of  eastlc,  from 
separating,  delVniling  ;  so  named  from  its  shell,  or 
cover.    It  is  often  written  Chesmt.J 

The  fruit,  seed,  or  nut  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the 
genus  Castanea.  It  is  inclosed  in  a  prickly  pericarp, 
which  contains  two  or  more  seeds, 

CIIEST'.N'UT,  a.  Being  of  the  color  of  a  chestnut ;  of 
a  brown  color.    It  is,  perhaps,  mrely  used  as  a  noun. 

CHEST'N'UT-TREE,  ».  Castinea  vesca ;  the  tree 
wliich  produci^s  the  chestnut.  This  tree  grows  to  a 
great  size,  with  spreading  branches.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  valuable  timber-trees,  as  the  wood  is  very 
durable,. and  forms  in  .Vmerica  the  principal  timber 
for  fencing.  The  timber  is  also  used  in  building, 
and  for  vessels  of  various  kinds. 

Dwarf-chestnnt,  or  ehincapin,  is  another  species  of 
Casfanea. 

Jlorsc  cheslnut  is  a  tree  of  the  genus  if;.sculus. 
The  coniinon  tree  of  this  sort  is  a  native  of  the  north 
of  Asia,  and  admired  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers. 
It  is  used  for  shaile  and  ornament,  and  its  nuts  are 
esteemed  good  food  for  horses.  The  scarlet-flowering 
horse-chestnut  is  a  native  of  Carolina,  Brazil,  and 
the  East,  and  is  admired  for  its  beauty. 

The  Indian  Rose-chestnut,  of  the  genus  Mesua, 
bears  a  nut,  roundish,  pointed,  and  marked  with 
four  elevated  longitudinal  sutures. 

Eneifc.    Fam,  of  Planti. 
niES'TON,  n.    .\  species  of  plum.  ./ohnson, 
CHl'^'T.MI,  71.    The  hunting  leopard  of  India;  the 
Felis  jubata. 

CIIEV'A-Clllic,  (shev'il-sh«,)  n.  An  expedition  with 
cavalry.    [Aut  nsrd,]  Chaucer. 

CIIEV-.AL',  71.  [Fr.]  tiftra/fH,  a  horse  :  and  hence,  in 
composition,  a  support  or  fnune.  Thus  a  clietaU 
glass  is  a  larire  swinir-glass  mounted  on  a  frame,  &c. 

CHEV-AL'-DE-FRISE',  generally  used  in  the  plural, 
Chevaui-de-Fri9E,  (shev'o-de-freez.)  [Fr.  cheval, 
a  horse,  and  frise,  any  thing  curled,  rough,  en- 
fjinglcd  ;  the  horse  of  frise,  or  frizzled  horse. 
Hence  called  also  turnpike,  toumitjnet.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber  traversed  with  wooden  spikes, 
pointed  with  iron,  five  or  six  feet  long;  used  to  de- 
fend a  passage,  stop  a  breach,  or  make  a  retrench- 
ment to  stop  cavalry. 

2.  .\  kind  of  trimming. 

CHEV-A-MkR',  (shcv-a-leer',)  n.  [Fr.,  from  cAci'oI,  a 
horse  ;  Sp.  ruballero.    See  Catalrt.] 

1.  A  knight;  a  gallant  young  man.  Shak. 

2.  Ill  heraldry,  a  horseman  armed  at  all  points. 
CIIEV'E.N,  ».    [Fr.  chrvesne.^  [Encyc 

A  river  fish,  the  chub. 

CHEV'ER-IL,  71.  [Fr.  fAcrrcaii,  a  kid,  from  cAm-c,  a 
goat,  L.  caper,  W.  gavar,  .\rm,  gavricq,  gavr.'y 

Soft  leather  made  of  kid-skin;  hence, a  yielding 
disposition  ;  yielding  or  pliable.  [Used  as  a  noun  or 
adjective.]  Shak. 

CIIEV'ER-IL-IZE,  r.  t.  To  make  as  pliable  as  kid- 
leather.  Montatru, 

CHEV'l-S.K.N'CE,  (shev'c-z:lns,)  n.  [Fr.  checir,  to 
come  to  the  end,  to  perform,  to  prevail,  from  chef. 
the  head,  literally  the  end.  See  Chief  ana 
Achieve.] 

1.  Achievement;  deed;  performance;  enterprise 
accomplished.    [06  s.]  Spenser. 

2.  In  late,  a  making  of  contracts ;  a  bargain. 
Stat.  13  Eliz.  7. 

3.  .\»  unlawful  agreement  or  contract.  21  Jam.  17. 

4.  .\n  agreement  or  composition,  as  an  end  or 
order  set  down  between  a  creditor  and  his  debtor. 

Encyc. 

CHEVRON",  n.    [Fr., a  rafler  ;  ^Y.  cebrr :  .\rm.  g'ebr.]  i 

1.  In  heraldni,nn  honorable  ordiiiary,  representing 
two  rafters  of  a  liouse  meeting  at  the  top.  Bailey. 

2.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  tho  form  of  zig- 
zag work.  Owil*. 

3.  The  distinguishing  marks  on  the  sleeves  of 
non-commissioned  officers*  coats.  Campbell. 

CHEV'RO.V-£D,  (shev'rond,)  o.    Having  a  chevron, 

or  the  form  of  it.  B.  Jonson. 

CIIEV'RO.N-EL,  (shev'ron-cl,)  ti.    A  small  chevron. 
CHEV-RO-TaIX',  71.    [from  Fr.  chrrrre,  a  goat] 
The  smallest  of  the  antelope  kind. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  ai  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


lift' 


CHI 


CHI 


CHI 


CHEW,  (chu,)  V.  t  [Sax.  ceowan;  D.  kaauwen;  G. 
kauen.    See  Chaw. J 

1.  To  bite  and  grind  with  the  teeth  ;  to  masticate, 
as  food,  to  prepare  it  for  deghitition  and  digestion. 

2.  To  ruminate  in  tlie  thouglits ;  to  meditate  ;  as, 
to  cheu)  revenge.  SImk. 

3.  To  cliamp ;  to  bite,  hold  or  roll  about  in  the 
mouth  ;  as,  to  chew  tobacco. 

4.  To  taste,  witliciut  swallowing.  SkaJc. 
CHEW,  V.  i.    To  champ  upon  ;  to  ruminate. 

Old  politicians  chem  on  wisdom  past.  Pope. 

CHEW,  n.  That  which  is  chevved ;  that  which  is 
held  in  the  mouth  at  once ;  a  cud.  [I'lUgar.] 

CHEW'£D,  (cliude.)  pp.  Ground  by  the  teeth  ;  mas- 
ticated. 

CHEW'ET,  (chu'et,)  n.  A  kind  of  pie,  made  of 
chopped  substances. 

CHEWING,  ppr.  or  a.  Grinding  with  the  teeth; 
masticating  ;  ruminating  ;  meditating  ;  champing. 

CHI'A,  n.    .\  beautiful  Mexican  plant. 

eHI'-\N,  a.    Pertaining  to  C/iios,  an  isle  in  the  Levant. 
Cliian  earth ;  a  medicinal,  dense,  compact  kind  of 
earth,  from  Chios,  used  anciently  as  an  astringent, 
and  a  cosmetic.  Enci/c. 

Cfimn  turpentine,  or  Cijpnis  turpentine,  is  procured 
from  the  Pistacia  Terebinthus.  It  is  of  tlie  consist- 
ence of  honev,  Gj:?ar,  and  of  a  yellowish  white. 

€HI-.ii'RO  OS-€u'KO.    See  Clare-obscure. 

CHI-AS'TO-LITE,  H.  [Gr.  x'uoroj,  decussated.]  See 
Andalusite. 

CHIB'BAL,  n.    [Fr.  cibouU.'\ 

A  small  sort  of  onion.  Beaumont. 

CHI-CaXE',  (she-kane',)  n.  [Fr.  chicane  ;  Atm.  clean. 
or  cicanerez.    Ciu.  Sax.  swican,  to  deceive.] 

1.  In  law,  shift ;  turn  ;  trick  ;  cavil  ;  an  abuse  of 
judiciary  proceedings,  by  artifices,  unfair  practices, 
or  idle  objections,  which  tend  to  perplex  a  cause, 
puzzle  the  judge,  or  impose  on  a  party,  and  thus  to 
delay  or  pervert  justice. 

2.  In  dispute,  sophistry  ;  distinctions  and  subtleties, 
that  tend  to  jjerplex  the  question  and  obscure  the 
truth.  Lncke. 

3.  Any  artifice  or  stratagem.  Prior. 
CHI-€aNE',  v.  i.    [Fr.  chicamr.] 

To  use  shifts,  cavils,  or  artifices.  Burke. 
CHI-€a\'EU,  n.    [Fr.  chicautur.] 

One  who  uses  shifts,  turns,  evasions,  or  undue  ar- 
tifices, in  litigation  or  disputes  ;  a  caviler  ;  a  sophis- 
ter;  an  unfair  disputant.  Locke. 
CHI-€aN'ER-Y,  (she-kan'er-y,)  n.    [Fr.  chieaneric.] 
Sophistry  ;  mean  or  unfair  artifices  to  perplex  a 
cause  and  obscure  the  truth. 
CHie  eO-RY,  ft.    The  Cichorium  Intybus  ;  also  called 
succory.    One  species  is  cultivated  in  England  as  a 
salad  ;  and  another  species  is  used  in  France  to  adul- 
terate coffjc. 
CHICH'ES,  71.  pi.    Dwarf  peas. 

CHICH'LING,  (  n.    .\  vetch  or  pea,  of  the 

CHICH'LL\G-V' ETCH,  \  genus  Lathyrus,  used  in 
Germany  for  food,  but  inferior  to  other  kinds. 

Miller. 

CHICK,  V.  i.    To  sprout,  as  seed  in  the  ground  ;  to 

vegetate.  Chalmers. 
CHICK,        \n.    [Sax.  cicen;  D.  kuiken;  G.  kvchleiii; 
CHICK'EX,  i     an.  Russ.  chikaiju,  to  peep.] 

1.  The  young  of  fowls,  particularly  of  the  domestic 
hen,  or  gallinaceous  fowls. 

2.  A  person  of  tender  years. 

3.  A  word  of  tenderness. 
CHICK-A-REF.',  n.    The  American  red  squirrel,  the 

Scinrus  Hudsoniiis. 
CHICK'EN-HEaRT'ED,  a.    Timid;  fearful;  cow- 
ardly. 

CHICK'EN-PO.X,  n.  A  mild,  contagious,  eruptive  dis- 
ease, generally  appearing  in  cliildren. 

CHICK'LING,  n.    A  small  chick  or  chicken. 

CHICK'-PkA,  n.    [L.  cicer:  G.  kicker:  Sp.  chickaro.] 
The  popular  name  of  a  species  of  the  genus  Cici'r ; 
a  native  of  Spain,  where  it  is  used  iu  olios.    It  is 
smaller  than  the  common  pea. 

CHICK'-WEEI),  )i.  The  popular  name  of  a  species 
of  Stellaria.  The  common  chick-weed,  with  white 
blossoms,  affords  a  remarkable  instance  of  the  sleep 
of  plants  ;  for,  at  night,  the  leaves  approach  in  pairs, 
and  inclose  the  tender  rudiments  of  the  young  shoots. 
The  leaves  are  cooling  and  nutritive,  and  are  deemed 
excellent  food  for  persons  of  a  consumptive  habit. 
They  are  deemed  useful  also  for  swelled  lircasts. 

Encijc.  Wiicinan. 

CHIDE,  r.  U  !  pret.  Chid,  [Chode  is  obs. ;]  part.  Chid, 
Chiddes.  [Sax.  clilan,  to  chide,  to  scold  ;  W.  cozi, 
to  chide,  to  press,  to  straighten  ;  Ch.  laap,  to  scold, 
to  brawl,  to  light.    <.ln.  \V.  cml,  a  battle.] 

Literally,  to  scold  ;  to  clamor  ;  to  utter  noisy  words  ; 
that  i«.  to  drive.  Hence, 

1.  1  o  waAA  at ;  to  reprove  ;  to  utter  words  in  anger 
or  by  way  of  disapprobation  ;  to  rebuke  ;  as,  to  chide 
one  for  his  faults. 

2.  To  blame  ;  to  reproach  ;  as,  to  chide  folly  or  neg- 
ligence. 

Til  chide  from,  or  chiile  ateay,  is  to  drive  away  by 
ncoldinf!  or  repriKjf. 
CHIDE,  V.  t.    To  Hcold ;  to  clamor;  to  find  fault;  to 


contend  in  words  of  anger  ;  sometimes  followed  by 
with. 

Th?  people  diil  chide  with  Moses.  —  Ex.  ivii. 

2.  To  quarrel.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  a  rough,  clamorous,  roaring  noise  ;  as, 
the  chidintr^  flood.  Shak. 

CHlDE,  n.    Muruuir ;  gentle  noise.  Thomson. 
CHlD'ER,  n.    One  who  chides,  clamors,  reproves,  or 
rebukes. 

CHlD'EU-ESS,  71.    A  female  who  chides.   [JVot  used.] 

CItaucer, 

CllTB'ING, ppr.  Scolding;  clamoring;  rebuking;  mak- 
ing a  harsh  or  continued  noise. 

CHlD'ING,  71.  A  scolding  or  clamoring;  rebuke;  re- 
proof. 

CHID'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  scolding  or  repro\'ing  man- 
ner. 

CHIi;r,  a.  [Fr.  chef,  the  head,  that  is,  the  top  or  high- 
est point ;  Norm,  chief:  Sp.  xcfe ;  Ir.  ceap  ;  It.  capo. 
It  IS  evidently  from  the  same  root  as  the  L.  caput,  Gr. 
icrtiiiXri,  and  Eng.  cape,  but  through  the  Celtic,  prob- 
ably from  shooting,  extending.] 

1.  Highest  in  office  or  rank  ;  principal ;  as,  a  chief 
priest ;  the  chief  butler.    Oen.  xl.  9. 

AiiiQiifj  the  chief  rulera,  many  believed  on  liim. — John  xii. 
9.  Principal  or  most  eminent,  in  any  quality  or 
action  ;  most  distinguished  ;  having  most  influence  ; 
commanding  most  respect ;  taking  the  lead  ;  most 
valuable  ;  most  important ;  a  word  of  extensive  use  ; 
as,  a  country  chief  in  arms ;  agriculture  is  the  chief 
employment  of  men. 

The  hand  of  the  princes  and  rulers  hath  Ijeen  chief  in  this  Ues- 
p;iss.  —  Ezra  ix. 

3.  First  in  affection  ;  most  dear  and  familiar. 

A  whisperer  aeparatelli  chief  friends.  —  Ptov.  xvi. 

CHIEF,  71.  A  commander  ;  particularly  a  military 
commander  ;  the  person  who  heads  an  army  ;  equiv- 
alent to  the  modern  terms  commander  or  general-in- 
chicf,  captain-general,  or  generalissimo.    1  Ch.  xi. 

2.  The  principal  person  of  a  tribe,  fiiniily,  or  con- 
gregation. Sec.    JVi/ra.  iii.    M  xxix.    Matt.  xx. 

3.  In  chief:  in  English  law,  in  capite.  To  hold 
land  in  chief,  is  to  hold  it  directly  from  the  king  by 
honorable  persouji  serv'ices.  Blacksione. 

4.  In  heraldry,  the  upper  part  of  the  escutcheon, 
divided  into  three  points,  dczter,  middle,  and  sinister. 

Brande. 

Li  chief,  imports  something  borne  in  this  part. 

Kncyc. 

5.  In  Spenser,  it  seems  to  signify  something  like 
achievement,  a  mark  of  distinction  ;  as,  chaplets 
wrought  with  a  chief.  Johnson. 

6.  This  word  is  often  us'bd  in  the  singular  number 
to  express  a  plurality. 

1  took  the  chief  of  your  tribes,  wise  men  and  known,  and  made 

them  [leads  over  yon.  —  Dent.  i.  15. 
These  were  die  chief  of  the  oificcrs  Uiat  were  over  Solomon's 

work.  — 1  Kings  ix. 

In  these  phrases,  chief  may  have  been  primarily  an 
adjective  ;  that  is,  chief  men,  chief  persons. 

7.  The  principal  part;  the  nmst  or  largest  part  of 
one  thing  or  of  many  ;  as,  the  chief  of  the  debt  re- 
mains unpaid. 

Tiie  people  look  of  the  spoil,  sheep  and  oxen,  the  chief  of  the 
tilings  which  should  have  been  utterly  destroyed.  —  1  Sam.  XV. 
He  smote  Uia  chief  of  their  strength.  —  Ps.  Ixviii. 

CHIEF,  adv.  Chiefly. 

CIHkF'AGE,  )  71.    A  tribute  by  the  head.  [Obs.] 

CHia"A6E,  i  Chambers. 

CHIkF'DO.M,  71.    Sovereignty.  Spenser. 

CHIkF'ESS,  (cheefes,)  ii.    A  female  chief. 

CHIkF'-JUS'TICE,  71.  The  presiding  justice  ;  partic- 
ularly the  presiding  judge  in  the  courts  of  Commcm 
Pleas,  and  King's  Bench,  in  England,  and  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and  also  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  some  of  the  States. 

CHUcF'-JUS'TICE-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  chief- 
justice.  Slory. 

CHIICF'LESS,  a.    Without  a  chief  or  leader.  Pope. 

CHIEF'LY,  at/o.    Principally;  eminently;  in  the  first 
place  ;  as,  it  chiefly  concerns  us  to  obey  the  divine 
precepts. 
2.  For  the  most  part. 


In  the  parts  of  the  kit 
chirjiy  lay. 


floin  where  llit:  esUitea  of  the  dissenters 
Smfl. 


CIIIi-.F'RlE,  (chef're,)  71.    A  small  rent  paid  U>  the 
lord  pttramount.  Spenser's  Ireland. 

CI1!EF'TAI.\,  (  tin,)  71.  [from  c/itc/.  Norm.  cAcccTKetiw, 
formed  like  roiituin,  cnpitainr.] 

A  captain,  badcr,  or  connnandi^r;  a  chief;  flie 
head  of  a  Iroop,  ;iriny,  or  clan.  It  is  nitist  coninionly 
used  in  the  latter  sense.  The  chieftains  of  the  High- 
land clans,  in  .Scotland,  were  the  principal  noblemen 
and  gentlemen.  Kncyc. 

CHIEF'TAIN-(;Y,     jn.    Headship;  captaincy ;  the 

CHIEF'TAIN  SHIP,  (     governnu  nt  over  a  clan. 

Johnson.  Smollett. 

CHIl'^V'ANCE,  n.     [Norm,  chivisance.    See  Cheti- 

8ANCE.] 

An  unlawful  bargain  ;  traffic  in  which  money  ia 
extorted.    [Ohs.]  Bacon. 


CHIEVE',  (  I.         c  . 

CHEYE     (  [      chevir.    See  Achievb  J 

To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  issue  ;  to  succeed.    I  Obe  1 
CHIF-FOJ^-/FM',  (shif-fon-eer',)  71.     LitcraUy  &  re 
ceptacle  for  rags  or  shreds. 

2.  A  movable  and  ornamental  cupboard  or  recep- 
tacle. SiTiart. 
CHIF'FY,7i.    An  instant. 
CHIG'GER,  )  „ 
<;H1'G0.      !  ^eef-HEORE. 

CHIL'BLaIN,  ».  lehill;  Sax.  cele,  cold,  and  blain.] 
A  blain  or  sore  produced  by  cold  ;  a  tumor  affect- 
ing the  hands  and  feet,  accompanied  with  inflamma- 
tion, pain,'and  sometimes  ulceration.  Encyc. 

CHIL'BLaIN,  v.  t.    To  produce  chilblains. 

CHILD,  ».;  pi.  Childbkn.  [.Sax.  ciW;  in  Dan.  kuld 
is  progeny,  kulde  is  coldness,  and  kulcr  is  to  blow 
strong.  Child  is  undoubtedly  issue,  that  which  is 
produced.] 

1.  A  son  or  a  daughter ;  a  male  or  female  descend- 
ant, in  the  Hrst  degree  ;  the  immediate  progeny  of  p.a- 
rents;  applied  to  the  human  race,  and  chiefly  to  a  per- 
son when  young.  The  term  is  applied  to  infants  from 
their  birth  ;  but  the  time  when  they  cease  ordinarily 
to  be  so  called,  is  not  defined  by  custom.  In  strict- 
ness, a  child  is  the  shoot,  issue,  or  produce  of  the 
parents,  and  a  person  of  any  age,  in  respect  to  the 

An  infant.  [parents,  is  a  child. 

Hagar  cast  the  cjtild  under  one  of  die  shrubs.  —  Gen.  xxi. 
It  signifies  also  a  person  of  more  advanced  years. 

Jephtha's  daughter  was  his  only  child.  —  1  mips  xi. 

The  child  sliall  behave  himself  prouilly.  —  Is.  lii. 

A  curse  will  be  on  those  who  corrupt  the  nioruls  of  their  children. 

J.  Clarke. 

The  application  of  child  to  a  female,  in  opposition 
to  a  male,  as  in  Shakspeare,  is  not  legitimate. 

2.  One  weak  in  knowledge,  experience,  judgment, 
or  attainments  ;  as,  he  is  a  mere  child. 

Behold,  I  can  not  speak,  for  I  am  a  child.  —  Jer.  i. 

3.  One  young  in  grace.    1  John  ii. 

One  who  is  humble  and  docile.   Matt,  xviii. 
One  who  is  unfi.ved  in  principles.    Eph.  iv. 

4.  One  who  is  born  again,  spiritually  renewed  and 
adopted  ;  as,  a  child  of  God. 

5.  One  who  is  the  product  of  another ;  or  whose 
principles  and  morals  are  the  product  of  another. 

Thou  child  of  the  devil.  _  Acts  xiii. 

That  which  is  the  product  or  effect  of  something 
else. 

This  noble  passion,  child  of  integrity.  Shak. 

6.  In  tlie  plural,  the  descendants  of  a  man,  how- 
ever remote  ;  as,  the  children  of  Israel ;  the  children 
of  Edom. 

7.  The  inhabitants  of  a  country  ;  as,  the  children 
of  Seir.    2.  Chron.  xxv. 

To  be  with  child :  to  be  pregnant.  Gen.  xvi.  II.  xix.  36. 
CHILD,  V.  i.    To  bring  children.  SAiii. 
CHILD'-BEaR-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     [See  Bear.] 

Bearing  or  producing  children. 
CHILD'-BEaR-ING,?!.   The  actof  producingorbring- 

ing  forth  children  ;  parturition.     Milton.  Mdison. 
CHILD'BED,7i.    [child  and  bed.]    The  state  of  a  wo- 
man bringing  forth  a  child  or  being  in  labor ;  par- 
turition. 

CHILD'BIRTH,  (-burth,).7i.  [child  and  birVi.]  The 
act  of  bringinu  forth  a  child  ;  travail ;  labor  ;  as,  the 
pains  of  childbirth,         ^  Taylor. 

CHILDE,  71.  A  cogntjmen  formerly  prefixed  to  his 
name  by  the  oldest  son,  until  he  succeeded  to  the 
titles  of  his  ancestors,  or  gained  new  honors  by  his 
own  prowess.  Booth. 

CHlLD'EI),  a.    Furnished  with  a  child.    [JVuf  used.] 

CllILD'ER-JIAS-DAY,  ii.    [child,  mass,  anil  day.]  * 
An  anniversary  of  the  church  of  England,  held  on 
the  2(5th  of  December,  in  coirimemoratioii  of  the 
children  of  Bethlehem  slain  by  Herod  ;  called  also 
Innocents'  Day.  Bailey.  Encyc. 

CHILD'llOOl),  71.    [Sax.  cildhad.    See  Hood.] 

1.  The' state  of  a  child,  or  the  time  in  which  per- 
sons are  children,  including  the  time  from  birth  to 
puberty.  But  in  a  more  restricted  sense,  the  state  or 
time  from  infancy  to  imberty.  Thus  we  say,  infancy, 
childhood,  youth,  antl  manhood. 

Childhood  and  youtli  urv  vanity.  —  EccliM.  xi. 

2.  The  properties  of  a  child.  Dnjden, 
CIIILD'ING,  ppr,     [The  verb  to  child  is  not  now 

used.] 

Bearing  children  ;  producing;  as,  c/ii/rfiii^  women. 

.^rbuUtnot. 

CHTLD'ISH,(7.   Belonging  toa  child  ;  trifling;  puerile. 
When  I  became  a  man,  I  lait  away  childish  diiiig>i.  —  I  Cor.  xiil. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  child  ;  as,  childitih  years  or  age  ; 
childish  sptirts. 

3.  Pertaining  to  children  ;  ignorant;  silly;  weak; 
as,  childi.ih  fear. 

CHTLD'ISII-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  child;  in 
a  trifling  wiiv  ;  in  a  weak  or  foolish  manner. 

CHIl.D'lSll-N  ESS,  11.  Triflingness,  puerility,  the  state 
or  qualities  of  a  child,  in  reference  to  manners.  But 
in  reference  to  the  mind,  sinqilicity,  liarmlessness, 
weakness  of  intellect. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MRTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 

_ 


CHI 


CHI 


CHI 


CHILD'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  children  or  offspring. 
1  Sam.  XV.  33. 

CHILD' LESS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  witliout  chil- 
dren. EcereU. 

CHILD'LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  child,  or  that  which 
belongs  to  children ;  becoming  a  child;  meek;  sub- 
missive ;  dutiful ;  as,  childlike  obedience. 

CIITLD'LY,  a.    Like  a  child. 

CIIIL'DIIEN,  n. ;  pi.  of  Child. 

eillL'I-AD,  (kil'e-ad,)  n.  [Gr.  x<>ias,  from  tiXin,  a 
thousand.] 

I.  A  thousand  ;  a  collection  or  sum,  containing  a 
thousand  individuals  or  particulars.  Holder. 

9.  The  period  of  a  thousand  years.  Kncijc. 
eilIL'I-A-GO\,  n.     [Gr.  xi^^ia,  a  thousand,  and 
J  oji'm,  a  comer.] 

A  plane  figure  of  a  thousand  angles  and  sides. 

Bitrlow. 

CHIL-I-A-IIK'DRON,  n.   [Gr.  X'^'"!  a  thousand,  and 
t(!.io,  a  base.] 
A  solid  figure  of  a  thousand  equal  sides  or  faces. 
eHIL'I-.iiR€H,  (kil'e-lrk,)  n.  [Gr.  x'X'"i  a  thou.sand, 
and  'i(i\of,  a  chief.] 

The  military  commander  or  chief  of  a  thousand 
men. 

einL'1-.X.ReH-Y,  n.  A  body  consisting  of  a  thousand 
men.  Mitford. 

€H1L'1-ASM,  (kil'e-azm,)  n.    [Gr.  x'Aia.] 

The  millennium,  or  thousand  years  when  Satan  is 
to  bo  bound.    Rev.  XX. 

C 1 1 1 L'  I-.\ST,  71.  [Supra.]  One  of  the  sect  of  millen- 
narians. 

rillL-l-F ACTIVE.    See  Chvlifactite. 

CIIII,-I-OI,'I-TER.    Si  e  Kiloliter. 

CHIL-I-O.M'E-TEll.    See  KiLoMErrn. 

CHILL,  ».  [Sax.  ccle,  tyle,  cijl,  cold  ;  celan,  to  be  cold  ; 
D.  Ml ;  allied  to  Fr.  geler,  L.  i'c/«,  •rflidus.  See  Coi.d, 
whicli  appears  to  be  radically  the  same  word.  The 
word  cele  in  Saxon  is  a  noun.] 

1.  A  shivering  with  cold  ;  rigors,  as  in  an  iigue  ;  the 
cold  fit  that  precedes  a  fever  ;  sensation  of  cold  in  an 
animal  body  ;  chilliness.    [See  Cold  and  Heat.] 

2.  A  moderate  degree  of  cold  ;  chilliness  in  any 
body  ;  that  which  gives  the  sensation  of  cold. 

3.  FiiTurativd;!,  a  check  to  feelings  of  joy  ;  as,  a 
chill  came  over  the  assembly. 

CHILL,  a.  Cool ;  moderately  cold  ;  tending  to  cause 
shivering  ;  as,  the  chill  vapors  of  night. 

2.  Shivering  with  cold. 

My  diUl  veini  freeze  w-ith  despair.  Howe. 

3.  Cool ;  distant ;  formal ;  dull ;  not  warm,  animat- 
ed, or  affectionate  :  as,  a  chill  reception. 

4.  Depressed ;  dispirited  ;  dejected  ;  discouraged. 
CHILL,  f.  U  To  cause  a  sliivering  or  shrinking  of  the 

skin  ;  to  check  circulation  or  motion  ;  as,  to  chill  the 
blood  or  the  veins.  The  force  of  this  word  lies  in 
expressing  the  shivering  and  shrinking  caused  by 
cold. 

2.  To  make  cold,  or  cool ;  as,  the  evening  air  chills 
the  earlh. 

3.  To  blast  with  cold  ;  to  check  the  circulation  in 
plants,  and  stop  their  growth.  Blackmore. 

4.  To  check  motion,  life,  or  action  ;  to  depress  ;  to 
deject ;  to  discourage  ;  as,  to  chill  the  gayety  of  the 
spirits.  Rogers. 

CHILL' jEJD,  pp.  Made  cool ;  made  to  shiver ;  dejected. 

CHIL'LI,n.  The  pod  of  ihtfCayenne  orGuinca  pepper. 

CHILL'I-NESS,  n.    A  seufaiion  of  shivering  ;  rigors. 
2.  A  moderate  degree  of  coldness  ;  as,  the  chilli- 
ncjiti  of  the  air,  which  tends  to  cause  a  shivering. 

CHILL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Cooling  ;  causing  to  shiver. 

CHILL'IXG-LV,  mic.    In  a  chilling  manner. 

CHILL'NES.S,  n.    Coolness;  coldness;  a  shivering. 

CHILL'Y,  a.  Cool ;  moderately  cold,  such  as  to  cause 
shivering  ;  as,  a  chillii  dav,  night,  or  air. 

€HIL'0-GRA.M.    See  KiLboaAM. 

CHIL'O-POD,  n.   [Gr.  \ri\of,  a  lip,  and  irot.j,  a  foot.] 
In  looloirtj,  an  animal  of  the  order  of  myriapods 
or  ccntipeds,  in  which  the  lower  lip  is  formed  by  a 
pair  of  feet.  Brande. 

CHIL'TER.X  HUXn'REDS,  n.  A  tract  in  Bucking- 
hamshire and  Oxfordshire,  Eng.,  to  which  is  attatlied 
the  nominal  office  of  steward,  under  the  crown.  As 
members  of  parliament  can  not  resign  their  seats, 
when  they  wish  to  go  out  they  accept  this  nominal 
office  or  stewardship,  and  thus  vacate  their  seats. 

Brande. 

CHIMB,  n.   The  edge  of  a  cask,  &c.    [See  Chime.] 
CHI.ME,  n.    [Chaucer,  chimbe ;  Dan.  kiaur,  to  tinkle, 
to  tingle,  to  toll  a  bell  ;  L.  campana,  a  bell,  from  its 
sound,  whence  It.  scampanarr,  to  chime.] 

1.  The  consonant  or  harmonic  sounds  of  several 
correspondent  instruments. 

IiutxunKntt  Uuit  imule  melodious  c?Um«.  Milton, 

2.  Correspondence  of  sound. 

LoTe  —  harmonized  the  chim4.  Drydeiu 

3.  The  musical  sounds  of  a  set  of  bells  struck  with 
hammers.  Shak. 

4.  Correspondence  of  proportion  or  relation.  Orcw. 

5.  .\  kind  of  periodical  music,  or  tune  of  a  clock, 
prtMluced  by  an  apparatus  annexed  to  it. 

6.  .V  set  of  bells  wliicl\  chime  or  ring  in  harmony. 


CHI.ME,  K.  i.    To  sound  in  consonance  or  harmony; 
to  accord. 

To  niiilte  the  ruu^h  recital  aptly  c/iinis.  Prior. 
2.  To  correspond  in  relation  or  proportion. 

Pnllier  and  son,  tmaUind  and  wife,  correlative  temm,  do  reailily 


Ucke. 


3.  To  agree ;  to  fall  in  with. 

IK-  oflen  cfiimcd  \n  with  the  dis( 

4.  To  agree ;  to  suit  with. 

5.  To  jingle;  to  clatter. 
Tile  sely  ton^  may  wel  riiige  and  chimbe. 


ArbuthnoU 

Locke. 
SmiOi, 
Chauctr. 

CHI.ME,  V.  t    To  move,  strike,  or  cause  to  sound  in 
harmony.  Ih-iidcii, 
2.  To  strike  or  cause  to  sound,  as  a  set  of  bells. 
CHIME,  71.    [U.  Ai7n  j  G.  kimme,  edge,  brim.] 

The  edge  or  brim  of  a  cask  or  tub,  formed  by  the 
CIITM'ER,  II.    One  who  chimes,    [ends  of  Uie  staves. 
€HI-Mk'R.\,  71.    [L.  cliivucra;  Gr.  x'ftai//ii,  a  goat,  a 
monstrous  beast.] 

1.  In  fabulous  histnrij,  a  monster  vomiting  flarnes, 
with  tlie  head  of  a  lion,  the  body  of  a  goat,  and  the 
tail  of  a  dragon  ;  supposed  to  represent  a  vtilcanic 
mountain  in  Lynia,  whose  top  was  tlie  resort  of  lions, 
the  middle  that  of  goats,  and  the  foot  that  of  serpents. 
Hence, 

2.  In  mndern  usage^  a  vain  or  idle  fancy  ;  a  creature 
of  the  imagination,  composed  of  contradictions  or 
absurdities,  that  can  have  no  existence  except  in 
ttioiight.  Encijc. 

eill-.MKllE',  (ki-mi-re',)  71.    [It.  ciamarc] 

The  upper  robe  worn  by  a  bishop,  to  which  lawn 
sleeves  are  usually  attached.  Hook. 

eHI-MER'ie-.\L,  a.  Merely  imaginary  ;  fanciful ;  fan- 
tastic ;  wildly  or  vainly  conceived  ;  tliat  has,  or  can 
have,  no  existence  except  in  thought. 

eilI-.MER'ie-AL-LY,  a</o.  Wildly  ;  vainly  ;  fanciful- 
ly ;  fantastically. 

CH1.M'IX-.\(5E,  n.    [FT.chcniin;  Sp.  camiiw,  a  way.] 
In  lair^  a  toll  for  passage  tlirough  a  forest.  Cuwcl. 

CHI.M'IXG,  ppr.  [from  chime]  Causing  to  chime; 
sounding  in  accordance. 

eiU.M'IS  ■I  KY.    See  Chemistry. 

Clll.M'.NEY,  71. ;  p/.  Chim.nevs.  [Fr.  ehnninic  ;  Arm. 
ciniinaJ,  or  chemiital;  G.  kamin;  Corn,  chimbla  ;  Ir. 
simileuri  .Sp.  chimenea;  It.  caiamino;  L.  caininusi  Ch. 


pnp  ;  Ar.  kaminon  ;  Gr.  Kapivoi  ;  Russ.  kamin. 

It  seems  originally  to  have  been  a  furnace,  a  stove,  or 
a  hearth.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  bydy  of  brick  or  stone,  erected 
in  a  building,  containing  a  funnel  or  funnels,  to  con- 
vey smoke,  and  other  volatile  matter,  tlirough  the 
roof,  from  the  hearth  or  fireplace,  where  fuel  is  burnt. 
This  body  of  materials  is  sometimes  called  a  stack  of 
chimneys,  especially  when  it  contains  two  or  more 
funnels  or  passages. 

2.  A  fireplace  ;  the  lower  part  of  the  body  of  brick 
or  stone  which  confines  and  conveys  smoke. 

3.  A  tall  glass  to  surround  the  fiaine  of  a  lamp. 
CHIM'XEY-UoARD,  n.  A  fire-lward,  which  see. 
CHl.M'XEY-eOR'XER,  71.   The  corner  of  a  fireplace, 

or  the  space  between  the  fire  and  the  sides  of  the 
fireplace.  In  the  Northern  States  of  America,  fire- 
places were  formerly  made  six  or  eight  feet  wide,  or 
even  more,  and  a  stool  was  placed  by  the  side  of  the 
fire,  as  a  seat  for  children,  and  this  often  furnished  a 
comfortable  situation  for  idlers.  As  fuel  has  become 
scarce,  our  fireplaces  are  contracted,  till,  in  many  or 
most  of  our  dwellings,  we  have  no  chimney-corners. 

2.  In  a  77ior«  enlarged  sense,  the  fireside,  or  a  place 
near  the  fire. 

CHIM'XEY-HOOK,  n.   A  hook  for  holding  pots  and 

kettles  over  a  fire. 
CIII.M'XEY-MO.N'EY,  (-mun'ny,)  71.  Hearth-money, 

a  duty  p,aid  for  each  chimney  in  a  house.  IKng.] 
CHl.M'XEY-PlF.CE,  71.  An  ornamental  piece  of  wood 

or  sttme  set  round  a  fireplace. 
CHIM'.VEV-POT,  71.    A  cylinder  of  earthen  ware, 

resembling  in  appearance  a  stone  pot,  placed  at  the 

lop  of  chimneys  to  prevent  smoking. 
CHI.M'XEY-S\VEE1"EK,  71.   One  whose  occupation 

is  to  sweep  and  scnipc  chimneys,  to  clean  them  of 

the  soot  that  adheres  to  their  sides. 
CHI.M-P.A.N'ZEE,  71.    An  animal  of  the  ape  kind  ;  the 

African  orang-outang.  Vict.  jVat.  HisL 

It  is  now  considered  a  distinct  species.  Cavier, 
o 

CHIX,  71.    [Sa.x.  cinn<;  Pers.  ^L^jau/i;  X).kin;  G. 

AijiTi ;  Dan.  kind,  the  cheek  ;  Sw.  kind ;  L.  ^C7ia  ;  Gr. 

)  rn  {.    The  sense  is  probably  an  edge  or  side,  and 

allied  to  chine.'] 
The  lower  extremity  of  the  face,  below  the  mouth  ; 

the  point  of  the  under  jaw. 
CHI'X.V,  71.    A  species  of  earthen  ware,  made  in 

China,  and  so  called  from  the  country  ;  called,  also, 

China  ware,  and  porcelain,    [See  Porcelain.] 
CHI'.X.V-OR'.V.N'CE,  71.    The  sweet  orange,  said  to 

have  been  originally  brought  from  China. 


CHI'NAR,  n.    A  tree  of  India. 

CHI'NA-ROOT,  II.  The  root  of  a  spt^cies  of  Hmilax, 
brought  from  llie  ICast  Indies,  of  a  pale  reddish 
color,  with  no  smell,  and  very  Utile  taste. 
CHINCA-PIX,  71.  The  dwarf  chestnut,  Castanea 
piimila,  a  tree  that  rises  eight  or  ten  feet,  with  a 
tiranching,  slmihliy  stem,  producing  a  nut. 
CHIXCH,  71.    [tiu.  It.  cimice,  L.  cimej,  corrupted.] 

A  kind  of  bug  of  a  disgusting  smell,  which  does 
great  injury  to  wheat  and  other  grains. 

DicU  JVat.  ITu-t. 
CHIN-CHIL'LA,  71.    A  small  animal  of  South  Amer- 
ica, producing  a  beautiful  fur  known  by  this  name 

Brande. 

ClIIX'eoiJGH,  (-kauf,)  71.  [D  kind,  a  child,  and  kuch, 
a  cough.] 

A  disease,  often  epidemic  among  children.  It  con- 
tinues for  some  weeks,  and  is  attended  with  violent 
paroxysms  of  coughing.  From  a  particular  noise 
made  in  coughing,  it  is  also  called  Atidpin fi--ctni gh. 
CHf.N'E,  n.  [Fr.  echine ;  It.  schiena  ;  Arm.  chcin.  It 
may  be  allied  to  chin.  In  German,  schienc  is  the 
shin,  also  a  clout,  a  splint  ;  and  rad-schicne  is  the 
band  of  a  wheel ;  Russ.  schina.] 

1.  The  back-bone  or  spine  of  an  animal. 

2.  A  piece  of  the  back-bone  of  an  animal,  with 
the  atljoiniiig  parts,  cut  for  cooking,  corresponding 
to  a  baron  of  beef  or  a  saddle  of  mutton. 

3.  The  chime  of  a  cask,  or  the  ridge  formed  by 
(he  ends  of  the  staves.  Stat,  of  Pennsylvania. 

CHI.N'E,  V.  t.  To  cut  through  the  back-bone,  or  into 
chine-pieces. 

CHI.N'Kl),  a.    Pertaining  to  the  back.  Beaum.andFl. 

(MII-XkSE',  a.    Pertaining  to  China. 

Clll-.Nl'.SE',  n.  .linn',  and;)/.  A  native  of  China ;  also, 
the  language  of  China. 

CHI.\"GLE,"(shing'gl,)7i  Gravel  free  flPom  dirt.  [See 
i^HlVGLE.J  Donne, 

CHI.\"GLY  ;  a  less  common  spelling  of  Shisglt. 

CIIIXK,  71.  [This  word  may  be  a  derivative  from  the 
Saxon  cinan,  or  g-inian,  gconan,  to  gape,  to  yawn  ;  Gr. 
\ri(t  fj ;  or  from  the  common  root  of  these  words. 
Sax.  cina,  or  cinu,  a  fissure.] 

A  small  aperture  lengthwise ;  a  cleft,  rent,  or  fi»- 
Eure,  of  greater  length  than  breadth ;  a  gap  or  crack ; 
as,  tile  clunks  of  a  wall. 

CIII.VK,  V.  i.   To  crack ;  to  open.  Barret, 

CHIXK,  V.  t.   To  open  or  part  and  form  a  fissure. 

CIII.N'K,  V.  t.  [See  Jingle.]  To  cause  to  sound,  by 
shaking  coins  or  small  pieces  of  metal,  or  by  bring- 
ing small,  sonorous  bodies  in  collision ;  as,  to  cAinA 
a  purse  of  money.  Pope. 

CHIXK,  V.  i.  To  make  a  small,  sharp  sound,  as  by 
the  collision  of  little  pieces  of  money,  or  other  sono- 
rous bodies.  Arbuthnot. 

CHIXK'Y,  a.  Full  of  chinks  or  fissures;  gaping; 
opening  in  narrow  clefts.  Dryden, 

CHIX'X/;!),  o.    Having  a  long  chin.  Kersey, 

CIII.\'aU.\-PIX.    See  Chincapin. 

CHIXSE,  V.  t.  In  naval  affairs,  to  thrust  oakum  into 
the  seams  or  chinks  of  a  ship  with  a  chisel  or  point 
of  a  knife,  as  a  temporary  expedient  for  calking. 

Mar.  Vict. 

CHINTZ,  71.  [D.  chits:  G.  ziti ;  Sans,  cheet;  Hindoo, 
chcenl ;  Per.  cMni,  spotted,  stained.] 

Cotton  cloth,  printed  with  flowers  and  other  de- 
vices, in  a  number  of  different  colors. 

CHIOP-Pl.XE',  (chop-peen',)  n.  [Sp.  chapin ;  Port. 
chapim.  It  is  said  to  be  of  .\rabian  origin.  It  can 
not  be  the  L.  crepis,  Gr.  jtoijffif,  unless  a  letter  has 
been  lost.] 

A  high  shoe,  formerlv  worn  by  ladies.  Shak, 
CHIP,  CHl-:AP,  CHIP'PiXG,  in  the  names  of  places, 

imply  a  market ;  from  Sax.  ceapan,  cypan,  to  buy  or 

sell.    [See  Cheap.] 
CHIP,  71.    [from  the  root  of  chop.    Fr.  coupcau.] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  or  other  substance,  separated 
from  a  body  by  a  cutting  instrument,  particularly  by 
an  ax.  It  is  used,  also,  for  a  piece  of  stone  separated 
by  a  chisel  or  other  instrument,  in  hewing. 

2.  .\  fragment  or  piece  broken  off;  a  small  piece. 
CHIP,  V.  t.    To  cut  into  small  pieces,  or  chips  ;  to  di- 
minish by  cutting  away  a  little  at  a  time,  or  in  small 
pieces  ;  to  hew.  Shak. 

CHIP,  1'.  1.    To  break  or  fly  off  in  small  pieces,  as  in 
CIIIP'-AX,  71.   An  ax  for  chipping.       [potters' ware. 
CHIP'-IIAT,  71.    A  hat  made  of  wood  split  into  thin 
filaments. 

CH1P'P£D,  (chipt,)pp.    Cut  in  chips,  or  small  pieces ; 

heU'Cd. 

ClIIP'PER,  r.  I.    To  chirp  or  chirrup.  Forbu. 
In  jYew  England,  this  word  is  colloquially  used  aj 
an  adjective,  for  lively,  chcerftd,  talkattce,  as  kipper  is 
used  in  the  Craven  dialect. 
CHIP'PIXG,  ppr.    Cutting  off  in  small  pieces. 
CHIP'PIXG,  71.    A  chip;  a  piece  cut  off  or  separated 
by  a  cutting  or  engraving  instrument ;  a  fragment. 

2.  The  flying  or  breaking  off  in  small  pieces  of  the 
edges  of  potter's  ware  and  porcelain.  Enaic. 
eill-RA'GR.A,  71.    [See  below.]    Gout  in  the  hand. 
eHI-RAG'Rie-.^L,  a.     [from  chiragra,  hand-gout; 
Gr.  X"")  the  hand,  and  a>^o,  seizure.] 

Having  the  gout  in  the  hand,  or  subject  w  that 
disease.  Brown. 


TONE,  B^jLL,  ITNITE.  —  AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  <5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


199 


CHI 


CHL 


CHO 


CHIRK,  (churk,)  a.  [Probably  allied  to  chirp ;  D. 
circken,  obs.  (lu.  Sal.  cearcian,  to-creak.  Cliaucer 
uses  the  verb  to  chirks  in  the  sense  of  chirp,  or  chat- 
ter. The  word  is  found  in  the  Russ.  chirkayu,  to 
chirp.    It  is  colloquial  in  New  England.] 

Lively ;  cheerful ;  in  good  spirits ;  in  a  comfortable 
state. 

CHIRK,  i\  i.    To  chirp.    [  Obs.]  Chaucer. 
CHIKM,  r.  i.    [Sax.  cijrman.] 

To  sins  as  a  bird.    [.Vu(  in  use.] 
€HI'RO-GR.\PH,  (ki'ro-giaf,)  n.    [Gr.  x"Pt  the  hand, 
and  yoiiif'oi,  to  write.] 

1.  Anciciitltj,  a  writing,  whicli,  requiring  a  counter- 
part, was  engrossed  twice  on  the  same  piece  of 
parchment,  with  a  space  between,  in  which  was 
written  the  word  chiro^raphiim,  tlirougli  which  the 
parchment  w;is  cut,  and  one  part  given  to  each  party. 
It  answered  to  what  is  now  called  a  charlrr-partij. 

2.  A  fine,  so  called  from  the  manner  of  engross- 
ing, which  is  still  retained  in  the  chirographer's  office 
in  England.  Encrc. 

€HI-ROG'R.\-PHER,7i.  [See  Chirograph.]  He  that 
e.vercises  or  professes  the  art  or  business  of  writing. 
In  Enghind,  the  chirographer  of  fines  is  an  officer  in 
the  common  pleas,  who  engrosses  fines  acknowl- 
edged in  that  court,  and  delivers  the  indentures  to 
the  parties.  Encyc. 

CHI-RO-GRAPH'ie,        )  a.     Pertaining  to  cliirog- 

eHI-RO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  j  rapliv. 

CHI-ROG'RA-PHI.ST,  n.  One  who  tells  fortunes  by 
examining  the  hand.    [A"ot  a  legitimate  word.] 

Arbuthnoi. 

CHI-ROG'R.'V-PHY,  n.  [See  Chirograph.]  The  art 
of  writing,  or  a  writing  with  on^-'s  own  hand. 

€HI-RO-LOG'ie-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  chirology. 

CHl-ROL'O-GkjT,  n.  [Gr.  x£',o,  the  hand,  and  Aaj  oj, 
discourse.] 

One  who  communicates  thoughts  by  signs  made 
with  the  hands  and  fingers. 

€HI-ROL'0-GV,  n.  [.-^ee  Chirologist.]  The  art  or 
practice  of  communicating  thoughts  by  signs  made 
by  the  hands  and  fingers  ;  a  substitute  for  language 
or  discourse,  much  used  by  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and 
bv  others  who  communicule  with  them.  Badey. 

€Hl'RO-MAN-CER,  n.  [See  Chiromancy.]  One 
who  attempts  to  foretell  tuture  events,  or  to  tell  the 
fortunes  and  dispositions  of  persons,  by  inspecting 
the  hands.  Drvden, 

€Hl'RO-.M.\X-CY,  71.  [Gr.  xt'.o,  the  hand,  and  pav- 
TSta,  divination.] 

Divination  by  the  hand  ;  palmistry  ;  the  ait  oi'  prac- 
tice of  attempting  to  foretell  events,  or  to  discover 
the  disposition  of  a  person,  by  inspecting  the  lines 
and  lineaments  of  his  hand.  Bruwn. 

CHl'RO-.MAN-IST,     j  n.     One  who  foretells  future 

€Hl'RO-M.VN-'ITST,  \  events,  in  relation  to  an  in- 
dividual, bv  inspecting  his  hands. 

€Hl-RO-.MAl\'Tie,  a.  Pertaining  to  chiromancy,  or 
divination  by  the  hand. 

ChiromCfUi:  deception.  CreUman. 

€HI-RO-NOM'ie,  a.    Relating  to  the  art  of  moving 

the  hanils  in  orator)'. 
eHI-RON'O-.MY,  n.   [Gr.  x«ip,  the  hands,  and  vopo(, 

rule.] 

The  art  or  rule  of  moving  the  hands  in  oratory  ; 
gesture. 

eHI'RO-PL.\ST,  n.  [Gr.  xf '."i  the  hand,  and  nXaaoui, 
to  form.] 

An  instrument  to  form  the  hand  for  playing  on  the 
piano-forte. 
eill-ROP'O-DIST,  n.    [Gr.  x^'"  ami  toi'S-] 

Lilrrally,  one  who  handles  the  feet;  a  surgeon  for 
the  feet  j  a  corn-<"iitter.  The  term  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  one  wlio  removes  e.\crescencea  from  the 
hands. 

CHI-ROS'O-PHIST,  n.    A  fortune-teller. 

CHIRP,  (churp,)  v.  i.    [Ger.  lirpm.] 

To  make  the  noise  of  certain  small  birds,  or  of  cer- 
tain insects  ;  as,  a  chirping  lark,  or  cricket.  Tftomsoit. 

CHIRP,  f.  t.    To  make  cheerful.  Pope. 

CHIRP,  n.  A  particular  voice  of  certain  birds  or  in- 
sects. Sprclator. 

CHIRP'ER,  n.    OiV!  that  chirps,  or  is  cheerful. 

CHIRP'l.VG,  ppr.  Slaking  the  noi.se  of  certain  small 
birds. 

CHIRP'ING,  n.  The  noise  of  certain  small  bird.s  and 
insects. 

CHIRP'I.\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  chirping  manner. 

CHIRKE,  V.  i.  ceorian.]    To  coo,  as  a  pigeon. 

CHIU'RCP,  V.  L  Tocheerup;  to  quicken  or  animate 
by  chirping  ;  as,  to  chirrup  ()ne's  horse. 

CHI-Rl.'R'GEO.N,  n.  [Gr.  xcipon/ywjs,  one  who  oper- 
aU;s  H  ilh  the  hand,  \(i<j,the  hand,  and  tr.jos,  work  ; 
L.  chiruTfTus  ;  yr^chirurgirii ;  Sp.  rirujano  ;  Port,  sur- 
giam,  or  cirurgiam  ;  It.  chirurgo  ;  Arm.  .fiirgyan.] 

A  siirgron  ;  one  whom;  profession  is  to  heal  dis- 
eaJves  by  manual  operation!*,  instruments,  or  external 
applications.  [This  ill-xounding  word  is  obsolete, 
and  it  now  ap|>ears  in  the  form  of  .Sunoso.'*,  which 
»ce.J 

eni-RCK'GE  RY,  71.    [Gr.  x"l><»'py<<'-         CHint  n- 
That  part  of  the  medical  art  which  consists  in 


healing  diseases  and  wounds  by  instriiiiients  and  ex- 
tern.al  applications;  now  written  Surgerv. 
eni-RUR'GlC,  i  a.  Pertaining  to  surger)-,  or  to 
CHi-RUK'GlC-AL,  \  the  art  of  healing  diseases  and 
wounds  by  manual  operations,  instruments,  or  ex- 
ternal applications. 

2.  Having  qualities  useful  in  external  applications, 
for  healing  diseases  or  injuries. 
It  is  now  written  Surgical. 
CHIS'EL,  71.    [Ft.  ciseau,  a  chisel  ;  ciseler,  to  engrave  ; 
Arm.  gtscU;  Sp.  cinecl ;  Heb.       Ch.  DiJ  or  NU,  or  Ar. 


^r5»  cha-.za,  to  cut,  hew,  or  carve.    See  Class  Gs.] 

An  instrument  of  iron  or  steel,  used  in  cariK'ntry, 
joinery,  cabinet  work,  masonry,  sculpture,  &c.,  either 
for  paring,  hewing,  or  gouging.  Chisels  are  of  dif- 
ferent sizes  and  shapes,  fitted  for  particular  uses. 
CHIS  EL,  V.  t.  To  cut,  pare,  gouge,  or  engrave  with 
a  chisel. 

CHIS'EL-J;D,  pp.  or  a.  Cut  or  engraved  with  a  chisel, 
CHIS'EL-ING,  ppr.    Cutting  with  a  chisel. 

CHIS'LEu,  71.  [Heb.     D3,  from  the  Ar.J...'=^  kasila, 

to  be  torpid  or  cold.]  ' 

The  ninth  month  of  the  Jewish  year,  answering 
to  a  part  of  November  and  a  jiait  of  December,  in 
the  modern  division  of  the  year. 
CHIT,  ».    [Sax.  ci£A,  a  shoot  or  twig,  from  thrusting 
out.] 

1.  A  shoot  or  sprout ;  the  first  shooting  or  germina- 
tion of  a  seed  or  plant.  Hence, 

2.  A  child  or  babe,  in  familiar  language. 

3.  A  freckle  ;  that  is,  a  push. 

CHIT,  !•.  i.    To  sprout ;  to  shoot,  as  a  seed  or  plant. 
CHIT'CHAT,  71.    [See  Chat,  Chatter.] 

Prattle  ;  familiar  or  trilling  talk. 
CHIT'TER-LING,  7i.  The  frill  to  the  breast  of  a  shirt. 

Qascoitfiie. 

CHIT'TER-LINGS,  77.  pi  The  sm.aller  intestines  of 
swine,  &c.,  fried  for  food. 

CHIT'TY,  0.    Childish  ;  like  a  babe.  Johnsm. 
2.  Full  of  chits  or  sprouts. 

CHIV',\L-Rie,  (shiv;al-rik,)  a.  Partaking  of  the  char- 
acter of  chivalrv. 

chival  rous;  (shiv'al-rus,)  a.  [.See  Chivalry.] 
Pertaining  to  cliivalry  or  knight-errantry  ;  warlike  ; 
bold ;  gallant.  '  Spenser. 

CHIV'AL-ROUS-LY,  (shiv'al-rus-le,)  ado.  In  a  chiv- 
alrous manner  ;  boldlv  ;  gallantly.  Benjamin. 

CIIIV'AL-RY,  (shiv'al-ry,)  it.  [Fr.  chevnlerie,  from 
checalirr,  a  knight  or  horseman,  from  chernl,  a  horse; 
Sp.  eaballeria;  It.  cavalleria.    See  Cavalry.] 

1.  Knighthood  ;  a  military  dignity,  founded  on  the 
service  of  soldiers  on  horseback,  called  knights:  a 
service  formerly  deemed  more  honorable  than  service 
in  infantry.  Baeon. 

2.  The  qualifications  of  a  knight,  as  valor  and  deXj 
terity  in  arms.  Shak. 

3.  The  system  of  knighthood  ;  the  privileges,  char- 
acteristics, or  manners  of  knights  ;  the  practice  of 
knight-errantry,  or  the  heroic  defense  of  life  and 
honor.  Drydr.n. 

4.  .\n  adventure  or  exploit,  as  of  a  knight.  Sidney. 

5.  The  body  or  order  of  knights.  Shak. 
r>.  In  English  lam,  a  tenure  of  lands  by  knight's 

service  ;  that  is,  by  the  condition  of  performing  ser- 
vice on  horseback,  or  of  performing  some  noble  or 
military  service  to  his  lord.  This  was  general  or 
special  ;  general,  when  the  tenant  held  per  serritium 
vnUture,  without  specification  of  the  particular  ser- 
vice ;  special,  when  the  particular  service  was  desig- 
nated. When  the  tenant  held  only  of  the  king,  the 
tenure  was  regal ;  when  he  held  of  a  common  per- 
son, it  was  called  common.  This  service  was  also 
grand  scrgeantry,  as  when  the  tenant  was  bound  to 
perform  service  to  the  king  in  his  own  person  ;  and 
petit  scrgeantry,  when  he  was  bound  to  yield  to  the 
king  annu.illy  some  small  thing,  as  a  sword  or  dag- 
ger. Chivalry  that  might  be  held  of  a  common  per- 
son was  called  cscuage,  scutagium,  or  shield  service. 

Btaekstone. 

Court  of  chiralry  ;  a  court  formerly  held  before  the 
lord  high  constable  and  earl  marshal  of  England, 
having  cognizance  of  contracts  and  other  matters  re- 
lating to  deeds  of  arms  and  war.  It  bad  jurisdiction 
both  of  civil  and  criminal  causes,  but  no  power  to 
enforce  its  decisions  by  fine  or  imprisonment,  not 
being  a  court  of  record.    It  is  now  nearly  extinct. 

CHIVE.    SeeCivi:.  [Blaclutone. 

CHIVES,  71.  pi.  In  l-otany,  slender  threads  or  filaments 
in  the  blossoms  of  plaiits.    [See  Stamen.] 

eilLA.M' V-PIIORE,     (  71.    [(Jr.  x-V./ies,  a  cloak,  and 

CHLA-MYPH'O  Rirs,  j      ^cpoJ,  to  bear.] 

A  small  South  American  quadruped,  allied  to  the 
armadillo.  It  is  covered  with  a  shell  or  coat  of  mail, 
like  a  cloak.  Harlan. 

CHLA'.MYS,  n.  [L.  and  Gr.]  A  tunic,  or  loose  coat, 
worn  by  the  ancients  ovur  the  vest  or  (lonblet.  Elmes. 

eHLO-RA-Cr;'TIC  AC'IU,  71.  An  acid  formed  by  the 
action  of  chlorine  on  acetic  acid.  Dana. 

CHLO'RAL,  71.    A  liipiiil  compound  of  chlorine,  car- 


bon, and  oxygen,  obtained  by  the  action  of  chlorine 
upon  alcohoi. 

€HLo'R.\TE,  71.  [See  Chlorine.]  A  compound  of 
chloric  acid  with  a  salifiable  base.  Ure. 

CHLo'Rie,  a.  Pertaining  to  chlorine,  or  obtained 
from  it ;  as,  chUrric  acid.  Ure. 

Chloric  acid  is  that  acid  of  chlorine  and  oxygen 
which  contains  the  greatest  proportion  of  the  oxygen. 

CHLo'RID,  71.  [See  Chlorine.]  A  non-acid  com- 
pound of  chlorine  with  another  element. 

CHLO-RID'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  chlorid.  Ure. 

eULo'RINE,  j  n.     [Gr.  x^w/'ofj  green;  so  named 

CLo'RlN,      i    from  its  color.] 

Chloric  gas  ;  a  new  name  given  to  what  has  been 
called  oxymuriatic  gas.  This  substance  has  hitlierto 
resisted  all  efforts  to  decompose  it ;  and,  as  it  is  not 
known  to  contain  oxygen,  and  is  apparently  a  sinqile 
substance,  it  has  been  denominated,  from  its  color, 
chlorine,  or  ehlcric  gas.  It  forms  about  sixty  percent, 
of  common  salt ;  and  is  a  powerful  ageni  in  bleach- 
ing and  disinfecting.  Davy. 

€HLO-Ur'0-DINE,         )  71.  A  compound  of  chlorine 

CHLO-RLOO'ie  .'VC'ID,  !    and  iodine. 

CHLo'RIS,  71.    [Gr.  xXupo;,  green.] 
'I'lie  green  finch,  a  small  bird. 

CHLo'RITE,  71.    [Gr.  x^iooo^,  green.] 

A  soft,  olive-green  mineral,  consisting  of  minute 
scales,  and  somewhat  soapy  to  the  touch.  It  is  allied 
to  talc,  but  contains  also  silica,  magnesia,  and  alu- 
mina. Dana. 

CHLo'RITE,  71.  A  salt  formed  of  chlorous  acid  and  a 
base.  Ure.  Kirwan. 

CHLO-RIT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  chlo- 
rite ;  as,  ehloritie  sand.  Lvell. 

CHLO'RO-CaR-BON'IC,     ;  a.  The  terms  chloro-car- 

eHLO'RO-CAR'I!ON-OUS,  (  bonic  acid  and  chloro- 
carbonous  arid  are  applied,  the  former  by  Thomson, 
and  the  latter  by  Ure,  to  a  compound  of  chlorine  and 
carbonic  oxyd,  formed  by  exposing  a  mixture  of  the 
two  gases  to  the  direct  solar  rays,  it  was  discovered 
by  Dr.  J.  Davy,  and  called  by  him  phosgene-gas. 

CHLc'RO-C Y-AN'IC,  a.  Composed  of  chlorine  and 
cyanogen. 

CHLO-RO.M'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  xXwuos  and  pcrpot:] 
An  instrument  for  testing  the  decoloring  or  bleach- 
ing powers  of  chlorid  of  lime. 

CHLO-ROM'E-TRY,  71.  Tlie  process  for  testing  the 
bleaching  power  of  any  combination  of  chlorine.  Ure. 

€HLO-Ro'P.-\L,  71.  [Green  opal.]  A  greenish,  earthy 
mineral,  consisting  of  silica  and  oiyd  of  iron,  with 
18  to  21)  per  cent,  of  water.  Dana. 

CHLo'RO-PHANE,  71.  [Gr.  x^wpos,  green, and  ^uivw, 
to  show.] 

A  variety  of  fluor  spar,  from  Siberia.  When  placed 
on  a  heated  iron,  it  gives  a  beautiful  emerald-green 
light.  Cleaveland.  Cye. 

CHLO-RO-PHyE'ITE,  71.  [Gr.  x^w/ios,  green,  and  ipai- 
05,  blackish.] 

A  rare  mineral  found  in  small  nodules  ;  it  consists 
principally  of  silica  and  iron,  with  a  little  alumina. 
It  has  been  supposed  to  be  decomposed  olivine. 

Cleaveland. 

CHLo'RO-PIIYL,  71.  [Gr.  x^wpof,  green,  and  t^vWov, 
leaf.] 

The  green  matter  of  the  leaves  of  vegetables. 

Pelletier. 

eilLO-Ro'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  xXw/"i{,  green.] 

1.  The  green  sicKness,  a  disease  of  females,  char- 
acterized by  a  pale  or  greenish  hue  of  the  skin,  weak- 
ness, palpitation,  dyspepsy,  &.C.  Cujtc. 

2.  A  disease  in  plants,  causing  them  to  turn  of  a 
pale  hue. 

CHLO-ROT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  chlorosis  ;  as,  chlo- 
rotic  afiVctions.  Jlled.  Rep. 

2.  .Effected  by  chlorosis ;  as,  ehlorotic  nuns.  Battle. 

eilLo'ROUS,  a.  Chlorous  acid  is  that  acid  of  chlorine 
and  oxygen  which  contains  the  smallest  proportion 
of  oxvgen. 

CHLO  "UOX-.\L'ie,  a.  Chlorozalic  ether;  an  o.xalic 
ether  containing  chlorine  instead  of  hydrogen. 

Chlorozalic  acid  was  formerly  used  for  chloracetie 
acid.  Dana. 

CIILo'RU-RET,  71.  A  compound  of  chlorine  ;  a  name 
formerly  given  to  what  is  now  called  a  chlorid. 

CHo.^K.    See  Choke. 

eilO'.'VN-ITE,  71.    A  zoophyte  of  the  chalk.  Mantell. 
CHOCK,  r.  i.    To  fill  up  a  cavity,  (to  choke  ;)  as,  "  the 
wood  work  exactly  chocked  into  the  joints."  JfuUer. 
2.  To  encounter.    [See  Shock.] 
CHOCK,  71.    A  wedge,  or  something  to  confine  a  cask 
or  other  body,  by  chocking  into  the  space  around  it. 
[ilence   the  word   chock-full,  meaning  completely 
filled.    Todd.    So  chock  up  means  completely  up.] 
2.  An  encounter.    IJ^ee  Shock.] 
CHOe'O-LA'l'E,  n.    [Ft.  chocolal ;  Sp.  and  Port,  cho- 
colate; It.  cioccolata,  from  cacao.] 

1.  A  paste  or  cake  composed  of  the  roasted  kernel 
of  the  cacao,  with  other  ingredients,  usually  a  little 
sugar,  cinnamon,  or  vanilla.  The  nut  is  first  ground 
fine,  mixed  with  the  ingredients,  and  put  in  a  mold. 

9.  The  liquor  made  by  dissolving  chocidate  in  boil- 
ing water. 

CH0C'0-LATE-H0USE,7i.  A  house  where  compooy 
may  be  served  with  chocolate. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


CHO 

CIIOe'0-I.ATi;-Nirr.    sen  Cacao. 
ClloDK,  the  olil  prrUrit  (if  Chide,  which  sec. 
CllOICli,  «.    [I'r.  choit ;  Arm.  choas ;  Sax.  cyae;  D. 
kciis;    See  Choose.] 

1.  The  art  i>f  <  h(iosin(; ;  the  vohintnry  net  of  se- 
lecting or  separating  from  two  or  more  things  that 
whicli  is  preferred  ;  or  tho  determination  of  the 
mind  in  preferring  one  thing  to  anothen  election. 

Ye  know  how  th.M  a  p»A  wliile  affo  ninilc  dtoice  iimong  ui, 
llittt  tlic  Gcntilf^  by  my  inoiiUi  sliould  licar  the  word  ol  Uie 
gospt-I,  itiul  believe.  —  Act*  xv. 

2.  The  power  of  choosing ;  option. 
WliiTC  lliere  i*  fore*,  llit-rc  cjiii  be  no  choice. 

01"  th'-se  idteniiiuvci  we  h;\ve  our  own  clioice.  Aiion. 

3.  Care  in  selecting  ;  judgment  or  skill  in  distin- 
guishing what  is  to  be  preferred,  and  in  giving  a 
preference. 

1  iinngine  Ce«rir*«  npophthegnii  were  collected  with  judgrment 
•  nd  cftoice.  Baain. 

4.  The  thing  chosen  ;  that  which  is  approved  and 
*  selected  in  preference  to  otiiers ;  selection. 

Nor  let  thy  conquests  only  le  b'T  choice.  Prior, 
a.  The  best  part  of  any  thing;  that  which  is  pref- 
erable, and  properly  tlie  object  of  choice. 

In  tlic  choice  of  our  sepulclirrs  bury  Uiy  dcLul.  — Gen.  xxiii. 
6.  The  act  of  electing  to  oincc  by  vote  ;  election. 
To  make,  clioice  of;  to  choose  ;  to  select ;  to  separate 
and  take  in  preference. 
CIIOICI';,  «.     Wortliy  of  being   preferred;  select; 
precious ;  vcrj'  valuable. 

My  choiceit  houm  of  life  are  lost.  Sic\/t. 
My  revenue  lA  better  Uian  choice  silver.  —  Pn»v.  viii, 

2.  Holding  dear  ;  preserving  or  using  with  care,  as 
valuable  ;  frugal ;  as,  to  be  choice  of  time,  or  of  ad- 
vantages, 

3.  Selecting  with  care,  and  due  attention  to  prefer- 
ence ;  as,  to  be  choice  of  one's  company. 

CIIOICE'-DKAVVN,  a.  Selected  with  particular  care. 

Shak. 

CIIOICE'LESS,  (chois'less,)  a.  Not  having  the  power 
of  choosing  ;  not  free.  Hammond. 

CHOICE'LY,  (chois'ly,)  ailv.  With  care  in  choosing  ; 
with  nice  regard  to  preference  ;  with  e.\act  clioice  ; 
as,  a  band  of  men  choicehj  collected. 

2.  Valuably  ;  excellently  ;  preferably  ;  curiously. 

3.  With  great  care ;  carefully  ;  as,  a  thing  choicehj 
preserved. 

ClIOICE'iN'ESS,  (chois'ness,)  n.  Valuahleness  ;  par- 
ticular value  or  worth  ;  as,  the  cheiccness  of  a  plant, 
or  of  wine. 

€IIOIR,  (tpiire,)  n.  [L.  cAonts  ;  Gr.  vnoo? ;  Fr.  ckaiir; 
Sp.  Port,  and  It.  core;  Sax.  ckori  D.  choor;  G.  ehor ; 


Ar.jU 


haura,  to  go  round,  to  collect,  or  bind. 


See  Chorus.] 

1.  A  collection  of  singers,  especially  in  divine  ser- 
vice, in  a  church. 

2.  Any  collection  of  singers. 

3.  Tliat  part  of  a  church  appropriated  for  the  sing- 
ers. In  Congregational  and  some  other  churches, 
the  singers  are  placetl  in  certain  seats  in  the  galleries. 

4.  In  caOiedralSfanA  colleiriate  churches  and  chap- 
f/.v,  that  part  of  a  church  eastward  of  tho  nave,  and 
separated  from  it,  usually,  by  a  screen  of  open  work. 
This,  in  parish  churches,  is  called  the  chancel. 

5.  In  nunttertes,  a  large  hall  adjoining  to  tlie  body 
of  the  church,  separated  by  a  grate,  where  the  nuns 
sing  the  office. 

eilorR'-SER'VICE,  (quire'-)  n.  The  service  of  sing- 
ing p;'rformed  by  the  choir.  IVarlon. 

CHoKE,  v.t.  [."^ax.  areocan.  In  .Ann.  coitcf,  or  troucq^ 
is  the  neck,  with  which  choke  may  be  coniiectoti,  in 
the  sense  of  narrowness,  or  compression.  'J'he  sense 
of  choke  is  to  sttitT,  thrust  down,  or  stop  ;  or  to  com- 
press, or  bind  tight.  (The  Sp.  ahoonr  is  the  Port. 
ttfogur,  L.  sufforo.)  It  is  probably  allietl  to  the  Sp. 
ccffar^  to  shut,  L.  arcu.^j  Eng.  kett.  Sax.  rtptr.^ 

1.  To  stop  the  passage  of  the  breath,  liy  hllingthe 
windpipe,  or  compressing  the  neck.  The  word  is 
used  to  express  a  temporary  or  partial  st(ip|)age  ;  as,  to 
choke  with  dirt  or  smoke  ;  or  an  entire  stoppage  that 
causes  death  ;  to  siifTocate  ;  to  strangle.    .Mark  v. 

2.  To  stop  by  filling  ;  to  tibstruct ;  to  block  up  ;  as, 
to  choke  the  entrance  of  a  harbor,  or  any  passage. 

3.  To  hinder  by  obstruction  or  imp '  diincnts ;  to 
hinder  or  check  growth,  expansion,  or  progress;  as, 
to  choke  plants ;  to  choke  the  spreading  of  the  fruit. 

Bacon. 

Thorns  choke  them.  —  M.iU.  xiii.    Luke  viii. 

4.  To  smother,  or  suffocate,  as  fire.  Driidrn. 

.'f.  To  suppress,  or  stifle  ;  as,  to  cltoke  the  slrt»ng 
conception.  Shak. 

t).  To  offend  ;  to  cause  to  take  an  exception  ;  as,  I 
was  choked  at  this  woril.  Sieift. 

We  observe  that  this  word  generally  implies  crowd- 
ini,  stulHug,  or  covering.    A  channel  is  choked  by 
stones  and  sand,  but  not  by  a  boom. 
CIloKE,  r.  i.  To  have  the  windpipe  stopped  ;  as,  cat- 
tle are  apt  to  choke  when  eating  potatoes. 

2.  To  be  offended  ;  to  take  exceptions. 


CHO 

ClIfiKU,  n.  The  filamentous  or  capillary  part  of  the 
artirhoke.  ./iihnson. 

CIIOKE'-CIIER-RY,  n.  Tho  popular  name  of  a  spe- 
cies of  wild  cherry,  remarkable  for  its  astringent 
tpialities. 

ClIoK'f.'I), orn.  Suffocated;  strangled;  obstructed 
by  filling;  stilled;  suppressed  ;  smothered. 

CHoKE'-DAMP,  71.  Noxious  vapor  (carbonic  acid 
gas)  in  wells,  coal  mines,  and  other  pits. 

ClIoKE'-FUMi,  71.  [c/iciJic  and /«//.]  Full  as  possi- 
ble ;  quite  full. 

CIIoKE'-PEaR,  71.  A  kind  of  pear  that  has  a  rough, 
astringent  taste,  and  is  swallowed  with  difficulty,  or 
which  contracts  the  parts  of  the  nionlli. 

2.  An  aspersion  or  sarcasm  by  which  a  person  is 
ptit  to  silence.    [.^  lota  term.]  Clarissa. 

CIIoK'EK,  71.  One  that  chokes  another  ;  one  that 
puts  another  to  silence ;  that  which  can  not  be  an- 
swered. .Johni!on. 

CIIdKE'WEED,  71.    A  pl.ant  so  called. 

CHoK'lNG,  ppr.  tir  n.    SulU)eatiiig;  strangling. 

ClloK'V,a.  That  tends  to  suffocate,  or  has  power  to 
siiffocatt!. 

eilOL'A-GOGUF,,  (kol'a-gog,)  7i.  [Gr.  x">^i)a}of, 
from  X'tXrf,  bile.] 

A  medicine  that  has  the  specific  quality  of  evacu- 
ating the  bile. 

eilOL'EK,  (kol'er,)  ii.  [L.  cholera;  Gr.  X'lXeoa,  from 
XoAt/,  bile.] 

1.  The  bile.  Ry  the  siiperabiiudnnce  of  this  fluid, 
anger  was  formerly  stipposetl  to  be  produced  ;  or 
perhaps  the  opinion  was,  that  the  bilecauseil  the  in- 
fiamed  appearance  of  the  face  in  anger.  Hence, 

2.  Anger  ;  wrath  ;  irritation  of  the  passions. 
eilOI/ER-A,  ;i.  A  sudden  evacuation  of  the  aliment- 
ary canal,  both  upward  and  downward ;  iioimlarly 
called  cholera  viorhns. 

eilOL'liH-A  AS-rilYX'I-A,  71.  A  disease  differing 
from  ordinary  cholera  morbus  in  a  more  rapid  prog- 
ress, in  proili'iciiig  more  violent  spasms,  in  aspliyxy, 
or  cessation  of  pulse,  and  speedy  death.  It  is  ealletl 
also  .^.sialic  cholera. 

eilOl.'ER-ie,  a.    Abounding  with  clioler.  Dnjden. 

2.  Easily  irritated  ;  irascible ;  inclined  to  anger  ; 
as,  a  choleric  man. 

3.  Angry;  indicating  anger;  excited  by  anger: 
as,  a  choleric  speech.  Ralci-}i. 

eilOL'Ell-ie-NESS,  71.  Irascibility;  anger;  peevish- 
ness. 

eilO-LES'TER-IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  cliolesterine,  or 
obtained  from  it  ;  as,  chnlestcric  acid.  Crr. 

€I1()-I.ES'TE11-INE,  K.  [Gr.  X"A/j,  bile,  and  ffri„:,,5, 
solid.] 

A  f!itty  substance,  resembling  spermaceti,  found  in 
the  biie  and  bili.iry  concretions. 

€HU-Ll-A.M'Iiie,  71.  [I,,  choliamlii.]  A  verse  in  jioe- 
try  having  an  iambic  foot  in  the  fiftli  place,  ami  a 
spondee  in  the  sixth  or  last.  Beiitleii. 

C/I()/.' I'Ry,  71.  A  Hindoo  caravanscra,  or  empty 
house,  for  llie  use  of  travelers.  Malrnm. 

enOi\'I)RO-l)ITE,  «.  A  light-yellow,  brittle  mineral, 
occurring  disseminated  through  primary  limestone, 
as  in  New  Jersey,  and  Orange  county.  New  York. 
Regular  crystals  can  rarely  be  distinguished.  It  is 
sometimes  brownish,  reddish,  or  apple-green. 

Chomlrodiie  consists  of  silica,  lliiorine,  and  mag- 
nesia. It  has  been  called  bracile  in  the  United 
Statics.  Dana. 

eilON  DROL'O-CY,  71.  [Gr.  xui,f:i,n%,  a  cartilage,  and 

liistorv  of  cartilages. 
eiIO.\'-UUOP-TE-UYG'I-.\N,  71.    [Gr.  X'""'/'"?  a'lJ 
nrCftv.] 

A  term  applied  to  an  order  of  fishes,  characterized 
by  the  gristly  nature  of  the  spines  wliich  sujiport  the 
fins.  Curier. 

eilO.\-I)ROP.TE-RVG'I-AN,  a.    Gristly  finned. 

CHOOSE,  fchu/.e,)  v.  t, ;  nrrt.  Chose  ;  pp.  Chosen, 
Chose.  [Sax.  cro.ian  ;  1).  kiczcn :  G.  kiacn ;  Sw. 
kesa ;  Ice.  kioosa ;  Fr.  clioisir  :  Ann.  choa-ta :  Pers. 
gho-.idan.  The  Hebrew  has  Ifap  to  collect.  See 
Cla.ss  Gs,  No.  40,  70,  71.] 

1.  To  pick  out ;  to  sch^ct;  to  take  by  way  of  pref- 
erence from  two  or  more  things  offert  il  ;  to  make 
choice  of;  as,  refuse  the  evil  and  choose  the  giHid. 

The  mnn  the  Lord  doth  choose  shall  be  holy.  —  Nutii.  xvi. 

2.  To  take  in  preference. 

I.'-t  us  chooee  to  us  Judnrm'-nt.  —  Job  xxxiv. 

3.  To  pri'fer  ;  to  choose  for  imitation  ;  to  follow. 

K'lvy  not  the  oppressor,  ftud  choose  nono  of  liis  w;tys.  —  I'rov.  iii. 

4.  To  elect  for  eternal  happiness ;  to  predcstiinte 
to  lifo. 

Mniiy  are  etUled,  but  few  ehoeen.  —  Matt.  xx. 

Knr  his  t-l.-ci*9  a.ik>-,  whom  he  h.ith  chosen.  —  Mark  xiii. 

5.  To  elect  or  designate  to  office  or  employment  by 
votes  or  suffrages.  In  the  United  State.-',  the  peojile 
chnose  representatives  by  votes,  tistially  by  ballot. 

CHOOSE,  r.  i.    To  prefer ;  a.s,  I  choose  to  go. 

2.  To  liave  the  pt)Wcr  of  choice.  The  phrase,  he 
can  not  choose  but  stay,  denotes  that  he  has  not  the 
power  of  choice,  whether  to  st.ay  or  not. 

The  verb,  in  these  phra^ies,  is  really  transitive  ; 


Clio 

the  following  Verb  staniliiig  as  the  object,  instead  of 
a  noun. 

CHOOS'ER,  71.     Hi;  that  chooses;  he  that  has  the 

power  or  right  of  choosing  ;  an  elector. 
CHOOS'ING,  ppr.    Selecting;  taking  in  preference; 

electing. 

CHOOS'ING,  71.  Clioice ;  election.  Cluwsin^  notes, 
in  miuric,  a  term  applied  to  two  or  more  notes,  either 
of  which  inav  be  taken  at  tlii^  option  of  the  (lerformcr. 

CIIOOS'l.Nti  I.Y,  adr.    Ily  choosing. 

CHOI",  II.  (.  [G.  and  1).  kappen  ;  Dan.  knpper  ;  Gr. 
KoTru;  Fr.  couper;  Norm,  copper  or  eouper ;  Ar. 

or  \_  t^^—\   kubaclia  or  kaxjafa,  to  cut. 

Class  Gh,  No.  47,  ."-.l.] 

1.  To  cut  off  or  separate,  by  striking  with  a  sharp 
instrument,  either  by  a  single  bhiw,  or  by  repeated 
blows ;  xs,  to  chop  off  a  head  ;  to  etwp  wtMnl. 

2.  To  cut  into  small  piet;i:s  ;  to  mince  ;  lus,  to  chop 
meat ;  to  chop  straw. 

3.  To  griiiil  and  mince  with  the  teeth  ;  to  devour 
eagerly  ;  wilh  up;  as,  to  dwp  up  an  entertaiiiineiit. 

Drydrn. 

4.  To  break  or  open  into  chinks  or  fissures  ;  to 
crack  ;  to  chap.    [Sec  Chap.] 

CIKIP,  V.  I.  To  catch  or  attempt  to  seize  with  the 
mouth.    [.Vot  u.-<ed.] 

To  ctiop  tit  die  shadow,  and  lose  the  suUbmce.  L'Estrauge. 
2.  To  light  or  fall  on  suddenly.  John.ion. 
If  this  is  a  legitimate  sense,  it  hidicales  that  the 
priiiiar)'  sense  is,  to  throw,  thru.st,  or  strike.    It  is 
not  in  coninum  use. 

To  chop  in;  tti  become  modish.  [Aijtu.w/.] 

mhon. 

To  cl'.op  out ;  to  give  vent  to.  [JVot  u.ieil.]  Braum. 
CHOP,  <j.  (.    [Sax.  ceapian,  ctjpan,  to  buy  or  tell.  See 
Ch7:ap.] 

1.  To'l)>;y,  or  rather  to  barter,  truck,  exchange. 

2.  To  ei.;l.:inge  ;  to  put  one  thing  in  the  place  of 
another ;  t.>,  '.o  chop  and  change  our  friends. 

L^Kstranrrc, 

Z.  '.robsi.dy;  to  altercate;  to  return  one  word  or 
thir-i'  1>;  auc'jior. 

.101  the  council  chop  with  the  Judffe.  Bacon. 

CHOP,  r.  i.  To  turn,  v.iiy,  change,  or  shift  suddenly  ; 
as,  in  seamen's  phrase,  the  wind  chops,  or  chaps 
about. 

The  various  senses  of  this  verb  seem  to  center  in 
that  of  Ihnistiiig,  driving,  or  a  sudden  motion  or  ex- 
ertion of  force. 
CHOP,  ».    A  piece  chopped  off;  a  small  piece  of  meat ; 
as,  a  mutton  chop. 

Q.  A  crack  or  cleft.  See  Chap,  which,  with  the 
broad  sound  of  n,  is  often  [ironounccd  chirp. 

3.  The  rliap;  the  jaw:  pi.  the  jaws  ;  the  mmith, 
tlii:  sides  of  a  river's  mouth  or  channel.    [See  Chap.] 

4.  Ill  China,  a  permit  or  stamp. 

CHOP,  II.    A  Cliini  se  word  signifying  quality  ;  as,  silk 

or  loods  of  the  first  chop, 
ClltiP'-CIHJliCH,  n.   A  exchange  or  an  exchanger 

of  benefices. 

CH()I"-1'AI,L  £N,  (-fawl-n,)  o.  Dejected;  dispirited. 

CHOP'-IIOUSE,  71.  A  house  where  provision  ready 
dressed  is  sold. 

CHOP'IN,  71.  [Fr.  chojiine.]  A  liquid  mea-sure  in 
France,  containing  nearly  a  pint  Winchester  meas- 
ure.   In  Scotland,  a  quart  of  wine  measure. 

CHOP'PKI),  (chopt,)  7>/i.  or  a.    Cut ;  minced. 

CHOP'PING,  ppr.  Cutting;  mincing;  buying;  bar- 
tering. 

CHOPPING,  a.    Stout;  lusty;  plump.  Burke. 
CHOP'PING,  )i.    [Sp.  chapin.]    A  high-heeled  shoe, 

worn  by  ladies  in  It:ily.    [See  Chioppine.] 
2.  ,\  cutting;  a  mincing;  from  chop. 
CHOP'PING-HLOCK,  n.  A  block  on  which  any  thing 

is  laid  to  be  chopped. 
ClIOP'Pl.NG-KNIFE,  71.    A  knife  for  mincing  meat. 
CHOP'PY,  a.    Full  of  clefts  or  cracks. 
CHOPS.    See  Chop. 

CHOP'STICKS,  71.  pi.  Two  small  sticks  of  wood,  ivory, 
&c.,  held  by  the  Chinese  between  the  thumb  and 
fini:ers,  antl  used  to  convey  ftKitl  to  the  mouth. 

CIlO-RAG'ie,  a.  Pert;iining  to  the  cboragus;  as, 
chorocic  tiiontinients. 

eilO-HA'GUS,  71.    [Gr.  X",'"!)"!,  i'"'  «) ''i-l 

III  Jilhen.t,  a  term  applied  to  thoce  who  su|M.riiitent!ea 
a  musical  or  theatrical  entertainment,  and  provided 
a  chorus  at  their  own  ex[ien.se. 

€Ilo'R.\L,  a.  [from  chorus.]  Relonging  to  or  compos- 
ing a  choir  or  concert ;  as,  choral  sympbonio«. 

Milton, 

2.  Singing  in  a  choir ;  fus,  choral  seraphs. 

CHo'R.\I>-IjY,  ado.    In  the  m.inni'r  of  a  c.honis. 

eiK)Ul).  (kord,)  71.  [L.  chorda;  Gr.  xopi'li  an  intes- 
tine, of  which  strings  were  made.  When  it  signifies 
a  siring  or  small  ropo,  in  general,  it  is  written  cord. 
See  Cord.] 

1.  The  string  of  a  musical  instrument.  Mdton. 

2.  In  mu.iic,  the  combination  of  two  or  more  sounJs 
uttered  at  the  same  time,  according  to  the  laws  of 
harmony  ;  as  a  third,  fifth,  and  eighth,  which  ar* 


TONE,  BWL.L,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._€  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CM  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


201 


Clio 


CHR 


CUR 


perfect  choriU^  or  consoiiancies.  The  fourth  and 
sixth  are  imperfect  chords. 

3.  In  sre.umnrij,  a  rijilit  Una,  drawn,  or  supposed  to 
extend,  from  one  end  of  an  arc  of  a  circle  to  tlie  other. 
Hence  the  cliord  of  an  arc  is  a  riglit  Ime  joining  tlie 
extremities  of  tliat  arc.  Encijc. 

CHORD,  II.  (.    To  string.  Dnjdtn. 

eilOllO'ED,  pp.    Strung;  furnished  witli  strings. 

€HUKD-EE',  ?i.  [See  Chord.]  \n  meiiicine  jtnA  sur 
gfril,  a  painful  erection  ol  the  penis,  under  which  it 
is  considerably  curved. 

eH01M)'ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  strings. 

(;HoIIE,  n.  [Eng.  char.]  In  Amfricii,  tliis  word  de- 
notes small  work  of  a  domestic  kind,  as  distinguished 
from  the  principal  work  of  the  day.  It  is  generally 
useil  in  the  plural,  chores,  which  mchides  the  daily 
or  occasional  business  of  feeding  cattle  and  other 
animals,  preparing  fuel,  sweeping  the  house,  clean- 
ing furniture,  &c.    [See  Char.] 

eHoK-E-Pl.S'CO-l'AL,  a.  [(Jr.  x,w.oo5,  place,  and  £.ti- 
(7f«T')$,  bishop.] 

Pertaining  to  the  power  of  a  suffragan  or  local 
bishop.  Fell. 

eHoR-E-PIS'eO-PUS,  n.  A  local  or  sufTragan  bishop. 

Jfuuk. 

€HO-n  K'US,  j  ;i.    [Gr.  \()(.tio5.]    \n  ancient  poiiry.  a 

€HO  KEE',  (  foot  of  two  syllables,  the  first  long 
and  the  second  shiirt ;  tlu;  trochee. 

eilO'UI-A.MB,       ) /I.    [(Jr.  \-.o  i.s,  a  trochee,  and 

CHI)  Ill-A.M'liUS,  i     ium/^-«,  iambus.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  foot  consisting  ot  four  syllables, 
of  which  the  (irsi  .ind  last  are  long,  and  the  others 
short  ;  that  is.  a  i  "loreus  or  trochee  and  an  iambus 
united  ;  as,  nubifilas,  am-ietas.  Kncyc. 

eHO-lM-.VM'lilC,  n.    A  choriamb. 

eHO-llI-A.\l'Uie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  choriamb. 

Mascn, 

eHo'RI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  x"!"""  Xi''p'ov :  latter 
sCL-ms  lo  he  allied  to  xointui,  to  hoUl,  or  cojitain.] 

In  anatomy,  the  e.xterior  membrane  which  invests 
the  f 'tus  in  utero. 

CHO'UIST,  n.    [Vr.  chorU-te.]    A  singer  in  a  choir. 

CHOR'IST-ER,  n.  [from  chorus,  choir.] 

1.  Literally,  a  sniger  j  one  of  a  choir  j  a  singer  in 
a  concert.  Dryden. 

2.  One  w  ho  leads  a  choir  in  churcli  music.  This 
is  the  sense  in  the  United  States. 

eHO-ROG'llA-PHER,  n.  [See  Chorogb/iphy.]  A 
person  who  describes  a  particular  region  t>r  country  ; 
or  one  who  forms  a  map  or  maps  of  particular  re- 
gions or  countries.  F.nryc. 

CHO-RO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  cliorogra- 
phy  ;  descriptive  of  particular  regions  or  countries  ; 
laying  down  or  marking  the  bounds  of  particular 
countries.  Kncifc. 

€HO^RO-GRAPH'ie-AI.-LY,  adt\  In  a  chorograph- 
ical  manner ;  in  a  manner  descriptive  of  particular 
regions. 

€lU)-ROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  x.'''!'"!,  "  I'liee  or  region, 
and  ypattu),  to  describe.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  making  a  map  or  description 
of  a  particular  region,  country,  or  province  ,  or  of 
marking  its  limits,  bounds,  or  [)<»sition.  Chonnjrnphy 
differs  from  geoirrapliy,  as  the  description  ipf  a  par- 
ticular country  differs  from  that  of  the  whole  e.irtli  ; 
and  from  topography,  as  the  desciiptitm  of  a  country 
differs  from  that  of  a  town,  city,  or  district.  F.nryc. 

eilO'KOlI),  II.  [Gr.  \ooioii,  a  particular  membrane, 
anil  I o^  15,  likeness.] 

In  anatomy,  a  term  applied  to  several  parts  of  the 
body  that  resemble  the  chorion  ;  as  the  inner  nieiii- 
brane  investing  the  brain,  or  the  pia  mater  ;  the 
second  coat  of  the  eye  ;  the  fold  of  the  carotid  artery 
in  the  brain,  in  which  is  the  pineal  gland. 

Core.  Knryc. 

eHO'RLTS,  Jt.  [L.  c/inrK.9 ;  Gr.  \"n->s  ;  Sax.  clwr  :  Fr. 
c/iftur  ;  \}.  clutor  or  konr  i  Sp.  and  It.  coro  ;  It.  corn; 
VV.  cur.  In  VVelsli,  the  word  signifies  a  round  or 
circle,  a  choir.    If  the  primary  sense  is  a  circle,  or  a 

company,  the  word  may  be  referred  to  the  .\t.^\S 


kaara,  to  go  round,  to  collect,  to  bind  ;   or  to ^ 

karro,  to  return,  to  repeal.  Class  Gr,  No.  .'W,  34.  If 
the  radical  sense  is  to  sing  or  shout,  it  may  lie  allied 
to  (Jr.  \aioiii.    The  former  is  most  probable.] 

1.  A  number  of  singers;  a  company  of  pirsmis 
singing  in  concert ;  hence,  a  piece  p  •rformed  by  a 
whole  coiniKiny  in  concert.  Driiden.  I'opr.  j]dili.<on. 

2.  The  persona  who  are  supposed  t.i  b  bold  what 
pa.s8eH  in  the  acts  of  a  tragedy,  and  sing  their  seiiti 
iiients  between  tire  acts.  Hhalt.  ./ohnsoa. 

a.  'I'lie  Kong  betwi'i  ii  the  acts  of  a  tragedy. 

./f/A/i.vnn. 

4.  Versen  of  a  »ong  in  which  the  coiniKiny  Join  the 
linger;  or  the  union  of  a  company  with  a  singer,  in 
repeating  certain  couplets  or  verses,  at  certain  peri- 
ods III  n  song.  .loknaon.  I'.ncije. 
A  musical  comfiositioii  of  two  or  more  parts, 

(1.  Amuiix  the  (Jreeks,  a  clioriiii  consisted  of  a  iiiiiii- 
ber  uf  Hiiigi;rii  and  dancem. 


Chose,  (shose,)  «.  [Fr.  chose;  Sp.  cosa,  suit,  cause, 
thing;  It,  cosa  ;  Fort,  coiisa  ;  h.caiufa.  (t^ee  (L'ai'se.) 
The  primary  sense  is,  action,  urging,  prosecution. 
See  Thing  and  Cause.] 

In  law,  property  in  action  ;  a  right  to  possession  ; 
or  that  which  may  be  demanded  and  recovered  by 
suit  or  action  at  law.  Thus  money  due  on  a  bond 
or  note  is  a  clio.-ie  in  action ;  a  recompense  for  damage 
done  is  a  chose  in  action  ;  the  former  proceeding  from 
an  express,  the  latter  from  an  implied,  contract.  A 
contract  executed  is  a  cluise  in  possession  ;  a  contract 
executory  conveys  only  a  chose  in  action,  A  chose 
local,  is  annexed  to  a  place,  as  a  mill  or  the  like  ;  a 
chose  transitory,  is  a  thing  which  is  movable. 

Blackstone.  Encyc. 

CHoSE,  pret.  and  ]>p.  of  Choose. 

CHoS'^;N,  (cho'zn,)  pp.  Selected  from  a  number ; 
picked  out ;  taken  in  preference  ;  elected  ;  predesti- 
nated ;  designated  to  office. 

2.  a.  Select ;  distinguished  by  preference ;  em- 
inent. 

His  citosen  cipUuns  are  drowned  in  tlie  sea,  —  Ex.  xv. 
Ye  an"  ;\  clwseji  giMienilioii,  a  ri)y;il  prieslliood.  —  1  Pet,  ii. 

CHOU'.ANS,  (shoo'anz,)  «.  p;.  Royalist  insurgents  on 
the  River  Loire,  iluiing  the  French  revolutions.  They 
were  inostiv  brigands.  Brande. 

CHOUGH,  (cbiiir,)  «.  [Fr.  choueas  f  Ir.  cag  :  Sax.  ceo 
or  ccogh.  This  word  may  be  the  same  as  jack,  in 
jackdaw.    It  appears  to  be  a  Cornish  word.] 

The  Cornish  ahough  is  a  bird  of  the  genus  Corvus, 
nearly  of  the  size  of  the  crow,  and  mi.schievous,  like 
the  magpie.  It  is  black,  except  the  bill,  legs,  and 
feet,  which  are  red.  It  is  a  native  of  the  west  of 
England.  Did.  ofJVat.  Hist. 

Chough  is  also  applied  to  the  jackdaw.  Cyc. 

CHfiULE.    See  Jowl. 

CHoUL'TRY.    See  Choltrv. 

CHOUSE,  V.  t.    [This  word  may  be  from  the  root  of 

cozen  J  Arm.  cou^zein,  or  conchcza  ;  Ar.  ^j^L::^  khau- 

sa,  to  deceive  or  defraud  ;  Eth.  chtLsawa,  to 

lie,  deceive,  or  clieat.J 

To  cheat,  trick,  defraud  ;  followed  by  of,  in  Iludi- 
bras  ;  but  in  Anierfca  by  out  of  :  as,  to  chouse  one  out 
of  his  money.    [/( is  notn  vulgar.]    Dryden.  Swift. 
CHOUSE,  ji.    One  who  is  easily  cheated;  a  tool;  a 
simpleton. 

2.  A  trick  ;  sham  ;  imposition.  Johnson. 
CHOUS'£U,  (chou.st,)  pp.    Cheated  ;  defrauded  ;  im- 
posed on. 

CHOUS'IiVG,  ppr.    Cheating;  imposing  on. 

CHOWDER,  n.  In  JVtw  England,  a  dish  offish  boiled 
with  biscuit,  salt  pork,  &c.  In  Spanish,  chode  is  a 
paste  made  of  milk,  eggs,  sugar,  and  flour.  In  the  west 
of  Englami,  chowder-beer  is  a  liquor  made  by  boiling 
black  spruce  in  water  and  mixing  with  it  molasses. 

CHOWDER,  r.  t.    To  make  a  chowder. 

('HOWTEK,  c.  To  grumble  like  a  frog  or  a  fro- 
ward  child.  Phillips. 

€liKi:-.MA TIS'TieS,  n.    [Gr.  xP'il't^a,  wealth.] 
The  science  of  wealth  ;  a  branch  of  political 
ecoiKimv. 

CHRES-TO.M'A-TIIY,  n.    [Gr.  x7")Tr.„,afl£iii.] 

A  book  introiliirlor)'  lo  tlie  learning  of  languages, 
containing  sel  rted  passages,  with  notes,  explana- 
tions, &.C.  [^Oernian.] 

CIIRIS.M,  (kriziii,)  tt.  [Gr.  \/>iff/i<j,  from  x,oi(.i,  to 
anoint.] 

Unguent ;  unction.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek 
churches,  oil  consecrated  by  the  bishop,  and  used  in 
the  adiiiinistration  of  baptism,  confirmation,  ordina- 
tion, and  extreme  unction.  It  is  prepared  on  Holy 
Thursday  with  much  ceremony,  and,  in  some  cases, 
inived  with  bal.sain.  Enciic. 

eilRIS'.M  Al,,  n.    Pertaining  to  chrism.  Brcrint. 

eilRIS-.M.x' TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  a|)plyiiig  the  chrism, 
or  I'onseeraled  oil  ;  in  baptism,  by  the  (iriest  ;  in  con- 
liriiiation,  by  the  bishop.  In  ordination,  it  is  usually 
sl\  1  'd  unction.  Enn/c. 

CIliUS'.MA-TO-RY,  n.  A  vessel  to  hold  the  oil  for 
chrism. 

CIIRIS'O.M,  71.  [See  Chrism.]  A  child  that  dies 
within  a  iiiontli  after  its  birth  ;  so  called  from  the 
chrisom-cloth,  a  linen  cloth  anointed  with  hidy  oil, 
which  was  foriiic  rly  laid  over  a  cliild's  face  when  it 
was  baptized.    .M.so,  the  cloth  it.self.  Kncyc. 

CHRIST,  II.  [Gr.  xptirT.is,  anointed,  from  xptoi,  lo 
anoint.) 

The  Anointed;  an  appellation  given  to  the  Sa- 
vior of  the  world,  ■Hid  sMioiiyiiioiis  with  the  Hebrew 
ISIksiiah.  It  was  a  ciisiniii  of  aiiliqtiily  to  conse- 
crate persons  to  the  sai  i'rdotal  anil  regal  ollicc^s  by 
anointing  them  witli  ml. 

CIIKIST'-«;Ross  ROW,  (kris'kros-ra')  n.  An  old 
term  for  the  alpbabi  l,  probably  from  the  cross  usual- 
ly set  before  it.  Whittock. 

CHRIS'TA.'N,  (kris'ii,)  u.  (.  [Sax.  cristnian  s  D.  kers- 
tfuen.     See  ( 'iiiti  sr.] 

I.  To  baptize,  or  rather  to  baptize  and  name  ;  to 
initiate  into  the  visible  i  liiirch  of  (,'lirist  by  the  appli- 
caiion  of  vvatiT  ;  applied  to  prrsons.  And  as  a  name 
ii>  giviin  to  the  person  in  the  ci'reniony,  hence,  j 


2.  To  name  ;  to  denominate  ;  applied  to  things. 

Burnet, 

CHRIS'T^r.N-DO.M,  (kris'n-dum,)  n.  "[Sax.  cnsteudom. 
cristen.  Christian,  and  dom,  power,  judgment,  rule, 
jurisdiction.    See  Christ.] 

1.  The  -territories,  countries,  or  regions  inhabited 
by  Christi^is,  or  those  who  profess  to  believe  in  the 
Christian  religion  ;  parliculurly,  ail  countries  gov- 
erned by  Christian  sovereigns  and  institutions. 

2.  The  whole  body  of  Christians.  Hooker. 

3.  Christianity  ;  the  Christian  religion  ;  as,  while 
Christendom  prevailed.    \  Unusual.]  Milner. 

€HRIS'TJEN-£D,  (kris'nd,)  pp.  Baptized  and  named  ; 

initiated  into  Christianity. 
eHRIS'T£N-ING,  (kris'n-ing,)  ppr.     Baptizing  and 

namin". 

eHRIS'T£N-IN'G,  n.  The  act  or  ceremony  of  bap- 
tizing and  naming ;  initiation  into  the  Chii.stian  re- 
ligion. 

CHRIS'TIAN,  (krist'yan,)  n.  [Gr.  xmaTiamf.  L. 
Christianas  ;  Sa.v.  cristru  ;  D.  kristen  ;  Fr.  chreticu  :  Sp. 
cristiano  ;  Arm.  cri-<ten  ;  W.cristiun,    See  Christ.] 

1.  A  believer  in  the  religion  of  Christ. 

2.  A  professor  of  his  belief  in  the  religion  of  Christ. 

3.  A  real  disciple  of  Christ ;  one  who  believes  in 
the  truth  of  the  (Christian  religion,  and  studies  to  fol- 
low the  exam|ile,  and  obey  the  precepts,  of  Christ ;  n 
believer  in  Christ  who  is  characterized  by  real  piety. 

4.  In  a  general  sense,  the  word  Christians  includes 
all  who  are  born  in  a  Christian  country  or  of  Chris- 
tian parents. 

CHRIS'TIAN,  a.  [See  the  noun.]  Pertaining  to 
Christ,  taught  by  hiiii,  or  received  from  him  ;  as,  the 
Christian  religion  ;  Christian  doctrines. 

2.  Professing  the  religion  of  Christ ;  as,  a  Christian 
friend. 

3.  Belonging  to  the  religion  of  Cliri-st ;  relating  to 
('liri.st,  or  to  Ins  doctrines,  precepts,  and  example  ;  as, 
Christian  profession  and  practice. 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  church ;  ecclesiastical  ;  as, 
courts  Christian.  Blarkstnue. 

CHRIS'TIAN,  c.  (.    To  baptize.    [M-ot  used.]  Falke. 
eilRIS'TIAN-lS.M,  (kriit'yan-izm,)  n.   [Gr.  x 
vian'jc.    See  Christ.] 

1.  The  Christian  religion. 

2.  The  nations  jirofessing  Christianity.  Johnson. 
eilRIS'TIAN-lTE,  n.    See  Anokthite,  with  which 

it  is  identical. 
eilRIS-TIAN'l-TY,  (krist-yan'e-te,)  ii.    [See  Chris- 
tian, from  Christ,] 

The  religion  of  Christians  ;  or  the  system  of  doc- 
trines and  precepts  taught  by  Christ,  and  recorded  by 
the  evangelists  and  apostles. 

Whilst  poliliciaiis  are  disputing  about  monarcliies,  aiistocracira, 
and  repiililics,  Cliristianily  is  alike  applicatile,  usi  lul,  and 
Iriendiy  to  llii'i.i  all.  Palcy. 

eilRIS-TIAN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
converting  ttt  Christianity. 

CHRIS'TIAN-IZE,  v.  t.  To  make  Christian  ;  to  con- 
vert to  Christiaiiilv  ;  as,  to  Christianize  pagans. 

eiIRIS'TIAN-lZ-£0,  pp.  or  a.  Converted  to  Cliris- 
tianitv. 

eilRIS'TIA.N-IZ  ING,  ppr.  Converting  to  Cliri.stian- 
itv  ,  evangelizing. 

CHiUS'TlAN-I.iKE,  a.    Becoming  a  Christian.  Shak. 

eilRlS'TI AN-LY,  adn.  In  a  Christian  manner;  in  a 
niaiiner  becoming  the  principl.'s  of  the  ('liristian  re- 
ligion, or  the  profession  of  that  religion. 

eilRlS'TIAN-N.^.ME,  ii.  The  name  given  in  b.ap. 
tisiii,  as  distinct  froni  the  geiitilitious  or  surname. 

eilRIS-TIAN-(JG'RA-l'IIY,  ii.  A  description  of 
Christian  nations.    [.Wot  used.]  Pugitt. 

CHRlS-Tie'O-LIST,  II.  [Christus  anA  colo,  to  culti- 
vate.]   A  worshiper  of  Christ. 

eilRIS T'LESS,  a.    Having  no  interest  in  Chri.st. 

C/i.  Sped. 

eilRIST'MAS,  (kris'mas,)  n.  [CAri.vf  and  iiia.>.v,  Sax. 
miessa,  a  holy  day  or  feast ;  D.  kersinis.] 

1.  The  festival  of  the  Christian  church,  observed 
annually  on  the  2,'jth  day  of  December,  in  iiiemory  of 
the  birth  of  Chri.st,  and  celebrated  by  a  piiiticiilar 
church  service.    The  festival  incluiles  twelve  days. 

2.  Christmas-day. 

eilRIST'iM  AS-liO.\,  71.  A  box  in  which  little  presents 

are  deposited  at  (Miristmas;  the  presents  made. 
CIIRIST'.M  A.-^-D.v  Y,  II.    The  i'ith  day  of  December, 

when  Christmas  is  celebrated. 
CIIIUST'.MAS-FI.OW  ER,  ii.  Hellebore. 
CIIRIST'.M AS-RfiSE,  II.    A  plant  of  the  genus  llel- 

b  boiiis,  producing  beautiful   white  Mowers  about 

Chtisliiias. 

CIlKIS-TOI.'O-t'JY,  n.    [(Jr.  Xfiiar  j  and  Xoym  ] 
\  discourse  or  treatise  concerning  Christ. 

eilRrST'S'-TIIOKN,  II.  The  Rhamnus  paliurns,  a 
deciduous  shrub,  a  native  of  Palestine  and  the 
south  of  Europe.  It  has  two  thorns  at  each  joint, 
and  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  sort  of  which  the 
crown  of  thorns  for  our  Savior  was  made.  Kncyc. 

eilRO-AS'TA-CKS,  II.    [(Jr.  color.] 

Ill  natural  history,  II  genus  of  pellucid  gems,  coni- 
prelieiiding  all  those  of  variable  tailors,  as  viewed  in 
dill'erent  liL'hls.    [Mil  leilinirid.]  Kncyc. 

ClIIU'i'.MATE,  II.  [See  Chuomk.I  A  salt  or  com- 
pound formeil  by  the  chromic  acid  with  a  base 


FATE,  FAK,  Pj^LL,  WH^T  MKTB,  PRpV.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VV(?LF,  B(?(?IC.— 


CHR 


CHU 


V II  U 


eilRO-.'MAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  \«w(i.iri«:uf,  from 

ciilor,  from  \<ji();;..>,  to  rolor.  Xo'iii,  \<i'ii<(ii,  seem  to 
bo  a  dialL-ctieal  orlhojjTapliy  of  the  same  word.] 

1.  Ri  latiiiK  to  color.  Dnjilen. 

2.  Notiiif!  a  particular  species  of  music,  wliicli  pro- 
ceeds hy  several  semitones  in  succession, 

BtLsby, 

eilRO-MAT'ie,  n.  [Supra.]  A  kind  of  music  that 
proceed?  by  several  consecutive  semitones,  or  semi- 
tonic  intervals  ;  or  it  denotc.^  accidental  semitones. 

RinissfttH. 

eni!0-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  mle.  In  the  chromatic 
manner. 

€llllO  .M  A'l'TeS,  ?i.  The  science  of  colors  ;  that  part 
of  optics  which  treats  of  the  properties  of  the  colors 
ofliaht  and  of  natural  bodies.  F.ncijc. 

eilRO-MA-TOG'KA  PHY,  k.    [Gr.  x.ow/ia,  color,  and 
)  /-iiA",  deseriiilion.] 
\  treatise  on  ccdors. 

eirKS'.M''i'uM,(''-    [Gr.X.o<.-M",  color.] 

.\  metal  consistina  of  a  |)<>rons  nia.ss  of  aRfihiti- 
nated  grains,  very  hard,  brittle,  and  of  a  grayish- 
while  color.  Its  ti  xtnre  is  radiated.  In  its  hijiliest 
dt'sree  of  oxydation,  it  passes  into  the  slate  of  an 
acid,  of  a  niby  red  color.  It  takes  its  name  fr(mi  l\\f 
various  and  beautiful  rtilors  which  its  oxyd  antl  acid 
comiminicate  to  substances  into  whose  conipcisition 
they  enter.  Chrome  is  employed  to  give  a  tine  deep 
green  tt>  the  enamel  of  porcelain,  to  glass,  &e. 

The  oxyd  of  chrome  is  of  a  bright  grass  green  or 
pale  yellow  color.  CtnirehituL 

eilllo'MlC,  a.  Pertaining  to  chrome,  or  obtained 
from  it ;  as,  ckroinir  acid. 

Cliriiwic  ijMuio  ;  tile  artificial  chromate  of  lead,  a 
beautiful  pigment. 

€Hll<)N'lt;,        (a.    [Fr.  chronuiae;  It.  Sp.  cronico ; 

emiO-Vie-AL,  j    Gr.  \p<inic.is,  from  x""''"S,  time, 


duration.   Pee  Ar.  karana.   Class  Rri,  No.  1;>.] 

Continuing  a  long  time,  as  a  disi-ase.  A  rhrtinic 
disease  is  one  which  is  inveterate  or  of  long  coiiliii- 
uancH,  in  distinctitm  trrim  an  acute  dise:u^e,  wliicli 
s|ieedily  terminates. 
eilliO.N'l-ei.K,  II.  [See  Chromic]  An  historical 
register  or  account  ol  facts  or  events  disposed  in  the 
ordtT  of  time.  It  is  nearly  synonymous  with  ntiiuifs. 
In  general,  this  species  of  writing  is  more  Mrictly 
coiitined  to  chronological  order,  and  is  less  ditl'use 
limn  the  form  of  writing  called  liu^tiirij, 

2,  I II  «  iiiorc  o-nieru/ .N"r.'i.v?,  ,a  history.  Drijtlfit. 

3.  That  n  liich  contains  history. 


Europ"  —  her  »crv  mi 
evfry  niottlc ring  a 


u-tl  the  liutlory  of  limn  gene  l)y,  niul 
If*  U  a  clironivte.  ircinz. 


4.  Chrnniele^i,  pi. ;   two  canonical  hooks  uf  the 
Old  Testament. 
eilRO.N'l-CLK,  r.  f.    To  record  in  history  or  chron- 
icle ;  to  rectird  ;  to  register,  Spnisfr.  S/udc. 
eilRON'l-CI.KI),         Recorded;  registered, 
eilRO.V'l  CI.ER,  II.    A  writer  of  a  chronicle;  a  re- 
corder of  events  in  the  order  of  lime  ;  an  historian. 
CHRON'I  ei, INC.,  Ueconhng. 
CIIRO.N'IUI'E,  (kroii'ik,)  H.     A  chronicle.  Mdinm. 
eilRO.N'O-GRAM,   (11.    [Gr.  x/,  ii/.,,  time,and)f.,l^- 
eHRO.^"U-GRAPll,  (     ^.i,  a  letter  or  writing,  from 
J  O.I0W,  to  write.] 

An  inscription  in  which  a  certain  date  or  ejMich  is 
expressed  by  nuiiiemi  letters  ;  a-s  in  the  motto  of  a 
medal  struck  bv  Gustavus  Adolphiis  in  \Kf2. 
ClirlstVs  DVX  ;  ergo  trl  V.MphVs, 
eHRO.\-0-GRAM-.MAI"ie,        In.    Ueloiiging  to  a 
eilRO.V-n-GRA.\l-.\IAr'ie-AU  i      clmmogram,  or 

ct>iitainiiig  one. 
eHR().\-()-GRA.M'.M.\-TIST,  n.    A  writer  of  chron- 
ograms. 

eilRO-.NOG'RA-PIIER,  n.  [Gr.  x."'""!,  <inie,  and 
yftai'tti^  to  describe.] 

One  who  writes  concerning  time  or  the  events  of 
time  ;  n  clinuiologer,  Tooke. 

eURO-NOG  RA-PHY,  n.  The  description  of  time 
past,    [LitUe  used.] 

eilRO-.\OL'0-GER,  )  Ti,     [.See   CHRortoLonv,]  A 

€IIRO  \OL'0-GIST,  )  person  who  attempts  to  dis- 
cover the  true  dates  of  iKist  events  and  tntnsactions, 
and  to  arrange  them  under  tlieir  proper  years,  or 
divisions  of  time,  in  the  order  in  which  they  hap- 
pened, 

2,  One  who  studies  chronolog)-,  or  is  versed  in  the 
science. 

eHRO-\0-LOG'ie,  (o.  Relating  to  chronology  ; 
ei!RO-XO-LO<S'ie-AL,  (    conuiiningan  account  of 

events  in  the  order  of  time;  according  to  Uie  order 

of  time. 

CIIR(>-.\0-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  arfr.  In  a  chronological 
niniincr;  in  a  manner  according  with  the  order  of 
time,  the  series  of  events,  or  rules  of  chronidogy. 

eilRO-.\'()L'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  \o'ivo\'i\ia ;  x.''0'»S. 
lime,  and  X>i>  5,  discourse  or  doctrine.] 

The  science  of  time  ;  the  method  of  measuring  or 
Computing  time  by  regular  divisions  or  periods,  ac- 
cording lo  the  reviilulions  of  the  sun  or  moon  ;  of 
asceiUiining  the  tni«  periods  or  years  when  p;ist 


events  or  transactions  took  place,  and  arranging 
them  in  their  proper  oriler  according  lo  their  dates. 


If  history'  withtjiit  cltronolofrij  is  tinrk  anil 
witliout  liistur)'  is  dry  :liiU  iiiupid. 


iifu«i-<l,  chronology 
A.  Ilitlmet. 


eilRO-NOM'E-TEU,  n.  [Gr.  xpovi'i,  time,  and  iicrpov, 
measure.] 

Any  instniment  that  measures  time,  or  that  divides 
time  into  equal  portions,  or  that  is  used  for  that  pur- 
p<tse,  as  a  cltick,  watch,  or  tli;il ;  particularlij^  an  in- 
slrument  that  mea.sures  lime  witli  great  exactness. 
Clirvnmcfipc  is  now  rarely  used. 

To  rate  a  chrimometcTy  is  to  ascertain  the  exact  rite 
of  its  gain  or  loss  as  compared  with  true  time,  for  the 
sake  of  making  the  proper  allowance  in  conipiita- 
tioMs  de|ieiiileiit  thereon.  Ormi. 
eilltO-.NO-.Mr.r'Rie,       \a.    Pertaining  to  a  ciiro- 
CllR()-.\()-.\li:T'R£e-AL,  i     nometer;  measured  by 

a  cliniuomeirr.  Parriana. 
eilKO-.NOM'ETRY,  n.    The  art  of  measuring  time  ; 
the  measuring  t>f  time  by  periods  or  divis^ions. 

Crtchton. 

eilRV.S'A-1,11),  a.    Pertaining  to  a  chrysalis,  Oood. 

CIIIl\  S'A  1,11),  H,    See  Chkvsalis, 

CIIKVS'A-MS,  (kris'a-lis,)  k,  ;  pi.  Chbv-sal'i-dks, 
[Ij,  chrijsntLSy  Gr,  a  grub,  from  its  golden 

color,  v/»i'  gtdd,] 

The  particular  form  which  butterflies,  moths,  and 
some  other  insects  assume,  before  they  arrive  at 
llieir  winged  or  perlect  state.  It  is  called  also  aurrliii, 
Irtiiii  iiitritm^  gold.  In  this  form,  tht;  animal  is  gen- 
erally in  a  stale  of  ri  st  or  insensibility,  without  tak- 
ing iioiiristiiiiriit.  The  external  covering  is  usually 
sinoolh  and  glossy  ;  sometimes  hairy.  The  name  is 
taken  IVom  tlie  yi'llow  color  of  certain  species;  hut 
lliev  .'ire  of  diircreiit  ctihirs,  as  green,  black,  Acc, 

C!lR'Vt;'<>  l!ER-YL,  n.  [Qr.  xponof,  gold,  and  (tf/j/yvA- 
\l  ■!  ,  l.eryl,] 

A  yelinwish-green  gem,  next  to  sapphire  in  Iiard- 
iii'ss,  coiisisiing  of  ahimiiia  and  the  earth  gliiciiia. 
On  ai'coimt  of  a  peculiar  opah^scence  preseiitt'tl  by 
the  crystals,  the  mineral  has  been  called  cijnioplianp, 
fr<n:i  sc/ni,  wavcy  and  -ixi/i  ■■,  lo  appear,  JUrxanilntp 
is  llie  name  of  an  emerald  variety  from  tlie  Ural 
.Mountains,  Dana. 
eilUVS'O-CllLORE,  «,  [Gr,  xpuoof,  gold,  and  X'^w- 
l>tjt,,  green.] 

A  spi'cii's  of  mole  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the 
fur  of  »  liieli  retleets  most  brilliant  metallic  hues  of 
green  and  gold. 
eilltVS'O-COl^l.A,  n.     [Gr.  XPV''""'>'^''«,  g'»e  of 
gold,  -^uti-'j?  and  «<j>Afi.]    A  name  given  by  the 
(;ri'i  ks  to  bonix,  and  also  to  the  green  or  blue  car- 
bonate of  copper.  Cleaveland. 
€I1UVS-()(;'RA-PIIY,  71.    [Gr,  xputroj,  gold,  and  jpa- 
tlfscnption.] 
A  writing  in  letters  of  gold. 
CIIRYS'O-LITE,  «,    [Gr,  XH^""!)  6<''<'i  f"<l  A'6o$, 
stone.] 

A  iiiinenil,  called  liy  llatiy  and  Brogniart,  periilote, 
and  by  Jainestui,  priamnlic  chrijsuUlp.  Its  prevailing 
color  is  some  shatle  of  green.  It  is  liardiT  than 
glass,  but  less  hanl  than  ipiart/, ;  oAeii  tiansp.'ireiit, 
sjiiiietiiiies  only  Iraiisliict  nt.  It  oeciirs  sometimes 
in  cryst.'ils,  soiiietimes  in  small  aiiiiirphous  nias.ses  or 
grains,  ami  soniriiiiK's  in  rolled  pieces.  Olicine  is  a 
variety  of  this  species,  of  a  bottle-green  color;  it  is 
di.-^semtiiated  iVt'ipieiitlv  through  ba.sall.  Cleapdand. 

eilRVS-OI/O  GV,  II.    [Gr,  \n«n„s,  gold,  and  Ao;  .15,] 
Thai  branch  of  political  economy  which  relates  to 
the  |iriiduciiiui  of  wealth, 

GHRVS'O.PR,\SE,  /I.  [Gr,  x^^^'^oirpatrof  ,*  xPtJo-oj, 
gobi,  and  ff.xi  -u.',  a  leek.J 

.\  mineral,  a  variety  of  ipiartz.  Its  color  is  com- 
monly apple  green,  ami  orten  extremely  beautiful. 
It  is  translucent,  or  smiietimes  semi-transparent;  its 
fracture  even  and  iliill,  sometimes  a  little  .«plintery, 
sometimes  smooth  and  sligblly  conchoidal ;  its  hard- 
ness litlle  inferior  lo  that  of  flint,  CIcarrluiul. 

CIK'B,  II,  [This  word  seems  to  signify  thick  head, 
or  a  mass  or  lump.  In  Pers  chub  or  cAuii  is  a  club. 
See  Class  Gh,  Nos,  1  and  i.] 

.\  rivtT  lisb,  called  also  Chf.ven,  of  the  genus  Cy- 
priniis.  The  bmly  is  oblong,  nearly  round  ;  the  head 
and  back  green  ;  the  sides  silvery,  and  the  belly 
white.  It  frciiuents  deep  holes  in  rivers  shaded  by 
trees ;  but  in  warm  weather  floats  near  the  surface, 
ant]  furnishes  s[Mirt  for  anglers. 

CHL  irUEI),  /       ,  .,        ,   .      .   _      .  ..  .  , 

CHI'li'llY     (  "*   '''■'^    chub  ;  short  and  thick. 

CIIUR'HEI)  .\ES.S,  »,    The  state  of  being  chubby, 
CII  IjB'FAC-£1),  (-laste,)  a.    ilnving  a  plump,  round 

face.  MilLvm. 
CHUCK,  r,  i.    To  make  the  noise  of  a  hen  or  partridge, 

w  hen  she  call>  her  cliicken.s. 
CHUCK,  V.  u    To  call,  as  a  hen  her  chickens, 
CHUCK,  r,  i.    To  jeer  ;  to  laugh,    [See  Chi  ckuk.] 
CHUCK,  r,  t,    [Fr.  choqaeT:  Russ.  cAotayu,  to  strike 

gently  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  cJwcar.] 

1.  To  strike  or  give  a  gentle  blow  ;  as,  to  chuck  one 
under  the  chin. 

2.  To  throw,  with  quick  motion,  a  short  distance  ; 
to  pitch,  [fii/i'ar,] 

CHUCK,  n.    The  voice  or  call  of  a  hen. 


2.  A  sudden,  small  noi.se. 

3.  A  wiird  of  endearnient,  corrupted  from  chidt, 

4.  A  slight  blow  iiudi  rthe  chin.  [rhicken 
CIIUCK'-FAR-TIII.\G,  «.    A  iday  in  w  liich  u  farthing 

is  pitched  into  a  hole. 
CIIUCK'-HOLE,  n,    A  steep  htdc  in  a  wagon  rut. 

[A«c«(,] 

CHUCK'LE,  (chuk'kl,)  v.  L  [from  chuck.]  To  call, 
as  a  hen  her  chickens, 

2.  To  fondle ;  to  cocker,    {Ciu,  VV,  cncru.  See 
CHUCK'LE,  w,  A  short,  suppressed  laugh.  [Cocker. 
CHUCK'LE,  II.  i.    [Ch.  Tin  chuck  or  hak,  lo  laugh. 
See  Cla-ss  Gk,  No.  18,  anil  Gi(;(:i.i:.] 

To  laugh  in  a  suppressed  or  broken  manner;  to 
feid  inward  triumph  or  exiiltatimi. 
CHUCK' LKI),  pp.    Fondled  ;  called,  as  by  a  hen. 
CIIUCK'LE-HEAD,  {chuk'l  lied,)  ji.    A  person  with 
a  large  head  ;  a  dunce.    Kimiittc.':.    Itailey  says,  a  rat- 
tling, noisy,  imipty  fellow,    f  fiz/i^ar.] 
CIIUCK'LE-IIEAD-EU,  a.    Large  or  thick  headed. 

.Smart. 

CIIUCK'IJ.NG,  ppr.    Fondling  ;  calling,  as  a  hen. 

CII U(;K' LL\G,  n.  Suppressed  laughter;  inward  tri- 
umph or  exult'ition. 

CIIUU,  u.  (.    To  champ  ;  to  bite.    [Ob.-:]  Stafford. 

CHO'ET,  H.    Forced  meat.  llaniri. 

CHUFF,  II.  [PtThaps  VV.  cijf,  a  stock  or  stem  ;  cyjiatr, 
to  become  torpid.] 

A  clown  ;  a  coarse,  heavy,  dull,  or  surly  fellow. 

CIIUFF'I-LV,  ailv.    In  a  rough,  surly  manner;  clown- 

CIIUFF'I-NESS,  n.    Surliness.  [i-lily. 

CHUFF' Y,  a.  OrifriuttUit,  fat  or  swelled  out,  especially 
in  the  cheeks  ;  as,  a  cAu/Ty  lad.  Ricli.  Dirt.  Hence, 
2.  Fiirurativclij,  surly  ;  angry  ;  stoiuachful.  In 
JV/  w  F.iialand,  this  word  expresses  tli.il  displeasure 
which  causes  a  swelling  or  surly  look  ami  grumbling, 
rather  than  li'jat  and  violent  expre.ssions  of  anger. 
[Used  in  i^^.^'.^'^'z  and  Kent,  Euir.] 

CllUK,  II.  A  word  used  in  calling  swine.  It  is  the 
original  name  of  that  animal,  which  our  ancestors 
brought  with  them  from  Persia,  where  it  is  still  in 
use.  Pers.  chuk,  Zend,  ehuk,  a  hog  ;  Sans,  gu^nra. 
Our  ancestors,  while  in  England,  adopted  the  VVelsh 
hire,  bog  ;  but  chuck  is  retained  in  our  {Kipular  name 
of  tpiioiichuckj  that  is,  rptwd  hoir.  This  is  ;i  remarka- 
ble proof  of  the  original  seat  of  the  Teutonic  nations. 
I  have  taken  cliuk  from  Adelung.  The  French  co- 
ehon  may  he  the  same  word. 

CHUM,  II.  [.-Vrm.  ckonimy  or  chommciny  or  Aam,  lo 
dwell,  stay,  or  loilge;  Fr,  chdmcr,  to  rest,  tin.  Sax. 
Aam,  home,] 

A  chamber-fellow  ;  one  who  lodges  or  resides  iu 

the  same  room  ;  a  word  luted  in  coHctres. 
CHUM,  V.  i.  [from  the  noun.]    To  occupy  a  chamber 

with  another.    [Used  in  Jinicrican  cidlesrci.] 
CTIU.MP,  II.    A  short,  thick,  heavy  piece  of  wood, less 

than  a  block.  ,  John.fon. 

CHU'.N'K,  II.    A  short,  thick  piece  of  wood,  nietil,  &c. 

[Local  ill  /^a^rM/ri/,  collispiial  in -^ilirnca.] 
CII  U-.N.^AI',  H.  The  name  in  Inilia  for  fiinc'  and  hence, 

.•■Incrn,  &.C.  Jliilcom. 
CHURCH,  II,     [S^nx.  eirce.  circ,  or  citric;  Scots,  kirk, 

which  retains  the  Saxon  pronunciation  ;  l).  krrk  ; 

G.kircltr:  Sw,  kijrckia  ;  Dan,  ktrkr  ;  Gr,  Kvotnicf,  a 

teni|ile  of  God,  from  aixi.u  ><;,  pertaining  to  a  lord, 

or  to  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  from  ^vpiof,  a  lord, 

Riiss,  tzerkov.] 

1.  A  house  ctinsecraled  to  the  worship  of  God, 
among  Christians  ;  the  Ixird's  hoii.se.  This  seems  to 
he  the  original  meaning  of  the  word.  The  Greek 
f.itAiaoi,  from  .A  w,  to  call  out  or  call  together, 
denotes  an  assembly  or  collection.  But  <(i'.<iii*o{, 
Ki»fiia*oi',  are  from  Kvofi^,  lorti,  a  term  applied  by 
the  early  Christians  to  Jcsii^  Christ  ;  and  the  house 
in  w  liich  they  worshiped  w  as  named  from  that  title. 
So  Kvni'iK.i  signifies  cliureh  giKxls,  liona  eccte.-nasttea  ; 
ifi'OM*r,,  sc.  1}  nf)  I,  the  Lord^s  day,  i/ic.v  doniuitca. 

2.  The  collective  body  uf  Chri^tinns,  or  of  tho.se 
who  profess  to  believe  in  Christ,  and  acknowledge 
him  to  be  the  Savior  of  mankind.  In  this  sense,  the 
cbiireh  is  soiiietimes  called  the  calludic  or  universal 
church.  Johiuson.  F.ncyc, 

3.  The  etillective  boily  of  saints  in  heaven  anil  on 
earth,  called  the  iuri.iibie  church. 

4.  .\  particular  nuniber  of  Christians,  united  un- 
der one  form  of  ecclesia.stical  government,  in  one 
creed,  anil  using  the  same  ritual  and  ceri'iiionies  ; 
as,  the  English  church:  the  Gallicnii  church:  the 
Presbyterian  eJiurch  ;  the  Roman  Catholic  church  ; 
the  Greek  church. 

h.  The  followers  of  Christ  in  a  [Kirticiilar  city  or 
province  ;  as,  the  church  of  Ephesiis,  or  of  .Xntiiich. 

fi.  The  tlisciples  of  t.'hrisl  assembled  for  worship 
in  a  giarticiilar  jilace,  as  in  a  private  house.  Col.  ir, 
[See  No,  9,] 

7,  The  worshipers  of  Jehovah,  or  the  tnie  God, 
before  the  advent  oft'hri.st;  as,  the  Jewish  c/iiiri.-A, 

8,  The  body  of  clerg>',  or  ecclesiastics,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  laity,    lience,  ecclesiastical  authority, 

9,  .\n  as.seiiibly  of  sacred  rulers  convened  in 
Christ's  name  to  execute  his  laws,  Crudcn.  Broirn. 

10,  The  ctdlective  body  of  Christians,  who  have 
made  a  public  profession  tif  the  t*liristi;in  religion, 
and  who  are  uiuteil  under  the  same  pastor;  111  diti> 


TONE,  BIJLL,  1;MTE — .\.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS — V  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  m  THIS 


GII.U 


tinction  from  those  who  belong  to  the  same  parish,  or 
ecclesiastical  society,  but  have  made  no  profession  of 
their  faith. 

CHURCH,  V.  t.  To  perform  with  any  one  the  office 
of  returning  thanks  to  the  church,  after  any  signal 
deliverance,  as  from  the  dangers  of  childbirth. 

Johnson, 

CHURCH'-aLE,  n.  A  wake  or  feast  commemoratory 
of  the  dedication  of  the  church.  Johnson. 

CHURCH'-.\T-TIRE',  71.  The  habit  in  which  men 
officiate  in  divine  service.  Hooker. 

CHURCH'-AU-TIIOR'I-TY,  n.  Ecclesiastical  pow- 
er ;  spiritual  jurisdiction.  MUrbury. 

CHURCH'-BEN'CH,  ru  The  seat  in  the  porch  of  a 
church. 

CHURCH'-BU-RI-AL,  (-ber-ry-al,)  n.  Burial  accord- 
ing to  the  rites  of  the  church.  .9)jliffe. 

CHURCH'-DIS'CI-PLI.NE,  n.  Discipline  of  the 
church,  intended  to  correct  tlie  offenses  of  its 
members. 

CHURCH'DOM,  n.  The  government  or  authority  of 
the  church. 

CHURCH'-FOUND'ER,  71.  He  that  builds  or  endows 
a  church.  Hooker. 

CHURCH'-Go-ER,  n.  One  who  usually  goes  to 
church. 

CHURCH'-Go-IXG,  a.    Usually  attending  church. 
CHURCH'-HIS'TO-RY,  n.    History  of  the  Christian 

church ;  ecclesiiastical  history. 
CHURCH'ING,  n.     The  act  of  offering  tlianks  in 

church  after  childbirth. 
CHURCH'-L.AND,  n.    Land  belonging  to  a  church. 

^'dverton. 

CHURCH'-LTKE,  a.    Becoming  the  church. 
CHURCH'-LIV'ING,  n.    A  benefice  in  an  established 
church. 

CHURCH'MAN,  n.  An  ecclesiastic  or  clergyman  ; 
one  who  ministers  in  sacred  things. 

2.  An  Episcopalian,  as  distinguished  from  a  Pres- 
byterian or  Congregationalist,  &.C. 
CHURCH'MAN-SHIP,  7i.    State  of  being  a  church- 
man, or  of  belonging  to  the  established  church. 

i'c.  Rrv. 

CHURCH'-MEM'BER,  n.  A  member  in  comnmnion 
with  a  church  ;  a  professor  of  religion. 

CHURCH'-ME.M'BER-SHIP,  11.  State  of  being  a 
church  member. 

CHURCH'-MU'Sie,  71.    Tlie  service  of  singing  or 
chanting  in  a  church. 
2.  Music  suited  to  church  service. 

CHURCH'-PRE-FER'MEXT,  71.  Benefice  or  ad- 
vancement in  the  church. 

CHURCH'SHIP,  ».   Institution  of  the  church.  South. 

CHURCH'-WAR'DE.N',  n.  A  keeper  or  guardian  of  the 
church,  and  a  representative  of  the  parish.  Church- 
wardens are  appointed  by  the  minister,  or  elected  by 
the  parishioners,  to  superintend  the  church,  its  prop- 
erty and  concerns,  and  the  behavior  of  the  parish- 
ioners. For  these  and  many  other  purposes,  they 
possess  corporate  powers.  Johnson.  Enn/c. 

CHURCH'-WaY,  71.  The  way,  street,  or  road,  that 
leads  to  the  cliurch. 

PHURCH'-VVORK,  «.    Work  carried  on  slowly. 

Chulincrs. 

CHURCH'-YARD,  71.  The  ground  adjoining  to  a 
church, in  which  the  dead  are  buried;  a  cemetery. 

Johnson. 

CHURL,  71.  [Sax.  crorl :  D.  kaerrl;  G.  kcrl ;  Ilan. 
kiirl.  It  signifies,  primarily,  a  man  or  rather  a  male, 
for  it  was  applied  to  other  animals,  as  a  carl-cat,  a 
male  cat;  and  males  are  named  from  their  strength, 
or  the  3CX  implies  it ;  hence,  carl-hcmp  denoted  strong 
hemp.  Huscarla,  a  house-car!,  or  servant ;  bitscarla, 
a  ship's-carl.  See  Spelman.  Hence  the  name  Charles, 
Carolus.] 

1.  A  rude,  surly,  ill-bred  man.  Sklney. 

2.  A  rustic;  a  countryman,  or  laborer.  Dnjilcn. 

3.  A  miser;  a  niggard.    Is.  xxxii. 
CHURL'ISII,  a.     Rude  ;  surly  ;  austere  ;  sullen  ; 

rough  in  tem|>er  ;  unfeeling  ;  uncivil. 

2.  Selfish  ;  narrow-minded  ;  avaricious.  King. 

3.  [Of  tilings.]     Unpliant  ;  unyielding  ;  cross- 
grained  ;  harsh  ;  uninanageabh: ;  as,  churlish  metal. 

Soroil. 

4.  Hard  ;  firm  ;  as,  a  churlish  knot.  Sliak. 

5.  Obstinate;  as,  a  cAiiWiiA  war.  Bacon. 
CHI;RI,'ISII-LY,  ado.    Rudely  ;  roughly  ;  in  a  churl- 

iHh  inaiiniT. 

CIIURI/ISII-NESS,  71.     Rudeness  of  manners  or 

tein|H^r;  but  generally  the  word  refers  to  till'  temper 

or  disposition  of  mind  ;  euUenness  ;  austerity;  iiidis- 

IKtHition  to  kindness  or  courtesy. 
CIII'RL'Y,  a.    Rude;  boisterous. 
('lirRME,  ;  n.    [Sax.  cijrm,  clamor;  cyrman,  to  cry 
CHIR.M,     i     out;  \V.  /.ramu] 

Noise  ;  clamiir,  or  confused  noise.  [06«.]  Bacon. 
CHUR.V,  n.    [.Sax.  ciem,  cijrin,  or  crrcne,  a  churn,  cer- 

nan,  to  churn  ;  H.  karn,  karncn  ;  Dan.  kicrae,  kierncr. 

Q,u.  Sax.  ctjrran,  to  turn.] 
A  veKHel  in  which  cream  or  milk  is  agitated,  for 

ncpaniting  the  oily  parts  from  the  caseous  and  serous 

partM,  to  make  butter. 
CHI,'lt.\,  B.  t.    To  Btir  or  agitate  cream  for  making 

butler. 


2.  To  shake  or  agitate  with  violence  or  ccmtinued 
motion,  as  in  the  oiieration  of  making  butter. 

CHURN'£D,  pp.    Agitated;  made  into  butter. 

CHURN'ING,  ppr.  Agitating  to  make  butter;  shak- 
ing ;  stirring. 

CHURN'ING,  71.  The  operation  of  making  butter  from 
cream  by  agitation  ;  a  shaking  or  stirring. 
2.  As  much  butter  as  is  made  at  one  operation. 

CHURN'-STaFF,  71.  The  staff  or  instrument  used 
in  churning. 

CHURR'-WORM,  7>.   [Sax.  cyrran,  to  turn,  and  worm.] 
An  insect  that  turns  about  nimbly,  called,  also,  a 
fan-crickeU  Johnson.  Bailey. 

CHOSE.    See  Choose. 

CHtj'SITE,  71.    A  decomposed  variety  of  chrysolite. 

Ure. 

CriOTE,  Cshute,)7i.    [Fr.]    A  fall. 
eil?-AZ'IC,  a.    [from  the  initials  of  carbon,  hydrogen, 
and  azote.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  compounds  of  hydrocyanic 
acid. 

CHS'-La'CEOUS,  a.     [See  Chyle.]     Belonging  to 

chxie  ;  consisting  of  chyle. 
€HVLE,  (kile,)  «.    [Gr.  V'Aot,  juice,  humor.] 

In  animal  bodies,  a  white  or  milky  fluid,  prepared 
from  the  chyme.  It  is  absorbed  by  the  lacteal  ves- 
sels, by  which  it  is  conveyed  into  the  circulation, 
assimilated  into  blood,  and  converted  into  nutriment. 

Kiici/c.    Q^uincy.  Coze. 
CHYL-I-FAC'TION,  71.    [chyle  km\  L.facio.] 

The  act  or  process  by  which  chyle  is  formed  from 
food  in  animal  bodies.  Arbnthnot. 
CHYL-I-FAC'TIVE,  a.    Forming  or  changing  into 

chyle  ;  having  the  power  to  make  cin  le. 
eHY-UF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  dujlus  and/ero.] 

Transmitting  chyle.  Cheyne. 
eilY-LO-PO-ET'ie,  a.    [Gr.  x">»S,  dijle,  and  nutiw, 
to  make.] 

Chylifactive  ;  having  the  power  to  change  into 
chyle  ;  making  chyle.  .^rbuthnot. 

CHYL'OUS,  a.  [from  chyle.]  Consisting  of  chyle,  or 
partaking  of  it.  Jirbuthnot. 

eil  Y.ME,  (kTine,)  71.    [Gr.  \vitnt,,  juice.] 

That  particular  modification  which  food  assumes 
after  it  has  undergone  the  action  of  the  stomach.  Cyc. 

AnKjng  the  older  auOiors,  juice  ;  chyle,  or  the  finest 
part  of  the  chyle  contjuned  in  the  lacteals  and  tho- 
racic duct ;  any  humor  incrassated  by  concoction, 
whether  fit  or  unfit  for  preserving  and  nourishing 
the  body.  Encyc.    Coze.  Baileu. 

eilYM'ie,  eilYM'IST,  CHYM'IS-TRY.  see  Chem- 
ical, Chemist,  Chemistry. 

€HYM-I-FI-e.\'TION,  71.  The  process  of  becoming 
or  of  forming  chyme. 

eilYM'I-FI  iJD,  pp.    Formed  into  chyme.  Oood. 

eHYiM'I-FV,  V.  t.    To  form  into  chyme. 

eilYM'OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  chyme. 

CI-BA'RI-OUS,  a.    [L.  cibarius,  from  cibns,  food.] 

Pertaining  to  food  ;  useful  for  food  ;  edible.  Johnson. 

CIB'OL,  71.    [Fr.  n7)»ii(c;  h.  cepula.] 
A  sort  of  small  onion. 

CI-Bo'RI-U.M,  71.  [L.]  In  architecture,  an  insulated 
building,  composed  of  an  arched  vault  on  four 
columns. 

2.  The  coffer  or  case  containing  the  host  in  Roman 
Catholic  ceremonies. 

3.  The  tomb  of  a  martyr,  when  .sculptured  and 
used  as  an  altar. 

4.  Any  insulated  tabernacle, 

5.  A  large  drinking  cup. 

6.  The  Egyptian  bean. 
CI-€.\'DA,  71.  "  [L.    See  Cigah.]    A  term  applied  to  a 

group  of  insects  of  many  species,  living  on  trees  and 
sliruhs,  and  celebrated  for  their  powers  of  song,  or 
shrill  chirp,  embracing  the  tree-hoppers,  frog-hopper 
&c.  In  .iinerica,  they  are  generally  called  locust.^: 
CIC'A-TRie-LE,  (sik'a-trik-l,)  n.  [L.  cicatricula,  from 
cicalriz.] 

The  germinating  or  fetal  point  in  the  embryo  of  a 
seed  or  the  yelk  of  an  egg  ;  as,  germinating  cieatricle. 

Barttin. 

Cie'A-TRT-Sl  VE,  a.  Tending  to  promote  the  forma 
tion  of  a  cicatrix. 

CI-C.^'TRIX,  / 

CIC'A-TRICE,  i 

A  scar ;  a  little  scam  or  elevatiim  of  flesh  remain- 
ing after  a  wound  or  ulcer  is  healed.  Enci/c. 

CIC'.\-TltI  Z.WT,  n.  [from  rif«(ri:r.l  A  medicine 
or  application  that  promotes  tln^  forniatioii  of  a  cica- 
trix, such  as  .^rmenian  bole,  pou'der  of  tutty,  Uc. 
It  is  called,  also,  an  cscharotic,  cpulotic,  incaniative, 
affirlutinant,  &c.  Enci/c. 

Cie-A-TRI-ZA'TIOX,  n.  The  process  of  healing  or 
forming  a  cicatrix  ;  or  the  state  of  being  healed, 
cicatrized,  or  skinned  over. 

CICA-TRI'/E,  i>.  (.  To  heal  or  induce  the  formation 
of  a  cicatrix,  in  wounded  or  ulcerated  flesh  ;  or  to 
apply  medicines  fur  lliat  purpose. 

CIC'A-'i"RI/E,  r.  i.  To  heal  or  be  healed;  to  skin 
over;  as,  woiindeil  flesh  cicatrizr.^. 

CICV-TRIZ-Al),  pp.  or  a.  Healed,  as  wounded  flesh  ; 
having  a  cicatrix  fiiriued. 

CIC'A-TRI'/-IN(i,  ])pr.  Healing;  skinning  over; 
forming  a  cicatrix. 


[  L.  cicatriz  ;  Fr.  cicatrice.] 


CI(,''E-LY,  71.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Clia^iophyllum. 
The  sweet  cicely  of  Europe  is  Jlyrihis  odorata;  the 
sweet  cicely  of  New  England  is  Osinorrhiza  longis- 
tylis. 

CJC-E-RO'JVE,  (chii-che-ro'ne  or  sis-e-ro'ne,)  71.  [from 
Cicern.]  A  guide  ;  one  who  shows  strangers  the  cu- 
riosities_of  a  place.  Mdison. 
CIC-E-Ro'.\'I-AN,  a.  [from  Cirfr-.  the  Roman  ora- 
tor.] Resembling  Cicero,  eithcT  in  style  or  action  ; 
in  style^  diffuse  and  flowing  ;  in  manner,  vehement. 
CIC-E-Ro'NI-AN-ISM,  n.    Imitation  or  resemblance 

of  the  style  or  ai'tion  of  Cicero. 
CieH-0-R.\'CEOUS,  a.    [from  L.  eichorium,  succory, 
or  wild  endive.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  succory.  Floyrr. 
CI-Cl:>'BE-ISM,7i.    Tlie  state  or  conduct  of  a  cicisbeo. 
CIC-fH-BE'O,  (che-chis-ba'o  or  se-sis'be-o,)  n.  [It.] 
A  dansler  about  females;  the  professed  g.allant  of 
a  married  woman.  Smollett. 
CIC't'-lt.A'l'E,  11.  (.    [L.  cicur,  tame  ;  cicuro,  to  tame.] 
To  t.une  ;  to  reclaim  from  wildness.    [Little  used.] 
CIC-TT-RA'  TION,  ji.  The  act  of  taming  wild  animals. 
[  Little  used.] 

CI-CO'TA,  n.  [Ij.  cicuta:  W.  cegid;  Fr.  cifpie;  Arm. 
chngnd.    The  VVelsh  is  from  eea,  a  choking.] 

The  Cow-bane,  a  genus  of  plants  containing  three 
species,  one  European  and  two  American.  The 
European  species  is  called,  popularly,  water-hemlock. 
The  name  eicuta  is  soinetinies  applied  to  Coniuni 
maculatum,  or  officinai  hemlock.  It  was  likewise 
one  of  the  ancient  names  of  a  poison,  now  unknown, 
which  was  used  in  the  execution  of  criminals. 

CID,  71.  [Ar.  scid,  lord.]  The  name  of  an  epic  potm 
of  the  Spaniards.  Brande 

CI'DER,  71.  [Fr.  cidre  or  sidre ;  It.  sidro ;  Sp.  sidra; 
Arm.  cistr:  Port,  cidra,  a  citron,  and  cider.  This 
can  not  be  the  Gr.  aiKtpa,  unless  the  radical  letter  has 
been  changed.] 

The  juice  of  apples  expressed,  a  liquor  used  for 
drink.  The  word  was  formerly  used  to  signify  the 
juicc'  of  other  fruits,  and  other  kinds  of  strong  liquor; 
but  it  is  now  appropriated  to  the  juice  of  apples,  he- 
ft tre  and  after  fermentation, 

CT'I-^ER-I.ST,  11.    A  maker  of  cider.  Mortimer. 

CI'DER-KIN,  71,  The  liquor  made  of  the  gross  matter 
of  apples,  after  the  cider  is  jiressed  out,  and  a  quan- 
tity of  biiihd  water  is  added;  the  whole  steeping 
forty-eight  hours.  Phillips. 

[The  two  last  words,  I  believe,  are  little  used  in 
JJmrrica.] 

cr  nK-VAMT',{seie-ving',)  [Fr.]  Formerly  ;  used 
to  designate  men  who  have  been  in  office  and  retired. 

CIER'tE,  71.    [Fr.    Qu.  L.  eera.] 

A  wax  candle  useil  in  religious  rites. 

CI-G.\R',  11.  [Sp.  cigarro,?t  small  roll  of  tobacco  for 
smoking.  In  Sp.  cigarra  is  the  L.  cicada,  the  balm- 
cricket,  or  locust,  Port,  cifrnrra :  and  in  Sp.  citrarron 
IS  a  large  species  of  that  animal,  and  a  large  roll  of 
tobacco.] 

A  small  roll  of  tobacco,  so  fonned  as  to  be  tubular, 
used  for  smoking.    Cigars  are  of  Spanish  origin. 

CIL'ER-Y,  n.  The  drapery  or  foliage  carved  on  the 
heads  of  columns.  Owilt. 

CIL'I-A,  n.  pi.  [I,.]    The  eyelids. 

2.  In  botany,  long  hairs  upon  the  margin  of  a  vege- 
table body.  Brande. 

3.  In  z'oologij,  very  minute  filaments,  whidi  project 
from  animal  inembianes,  and  are  enduwed  with  the 
power  of  vibratory  motiim. 

CIL'IA-RY,  a.  [L.  cilia,  the  eyelashes,  or  edge  of 
tlie  eyelid.] 

Belonging  to  the  eyelids ;  pertaining  to  the  cilia  in 
animals  or  vegetables.  Ray. 

cIl'1  S-T^'d  I       E*^^""'     ci'iiim,  as  above,] 

In  botany,  furnished  or  surrounded  with  parallel 
filaments,  or  bristles  resi  nibling  the  hairs  of  the  eye- 
lids ;  as,  a  ciliated  le:if,  Alc.  Encyc.  JIartyn. 
CI-I.I"ClOI,'S,  (se-lisli'us,)  a.  [from  L.  cilium,  whence 
cilirium,  hair  cloth.]  ^ 

Made  or  consisting  of  hair.  Broxon. 
CIL'l-O-tiRAPE,  11.    [L.  cidiini  and  gradinr.] 

An  animal  that  sivims  by  means  of  cilia.  The 
word  may  be  used  adjectively. 
ri'MA.    See  Cvma. 

(TM'HAL,7i.         ciambelltt.]    A  kind  of  cake. 

CI-M.\R'    See  Chimere  and  Simar. 

CI.M'BIUG,  u.  Pertaining  to  the  Cimhri,  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  modern  Jtilland,  in  Denmark,  which 
w.is  anciently  calleil  the  Cimhric  Chersonese.  Hence 
the  modern  names,  Cymru,  Wales,  Cambria  ;  C'jmro, 
a  Welshman  ;  Cymrei^,  Widsh,  or  the  Wi  lsh  lan- 
guage ;  n:iiues  indicating  the  VVelsh  to  be  a  colony 
of  the  Cinibri,  or  from  the  same  stock. 

OI.M'BRie,  71.    The  language  of  the  (,'imhri. 

CI-Mk'LI-.KRCH,  II.  JtJr.  it£i^i)Aios,  precious  furni- 
ture, and  "oxof.  a  chief.] 

A  superintemli-nt  or  keeper  of  valuable  things  be- 
longing to  a  church. 

CI.M'E  'PER,  H.  [I'r  cimiterre;  Sp.  and  Port,  cimitarra; 
It.  seimitnrra.] 

A  short  sword,  with  a  convex  edge  or  recurvated 
|)oinl,  used  by  the  Persians  qjid  Turks,  [''  his  word 
IS  variously  written  ;  but  it  iS  a  word  of  foreign  ori- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK. 


204 


CIN 

gin,  aRd  it  is  not  material  which  orthography  is  used, 
providi'd  it  is  unirniin.J 

CI'MISS,  n.    [l..ciniet.]   Th.;  bed-bus. 

CIiM-Mii'lU-AN,  tt.  IVrtainiiig  to  Cimmcriiim,  a  town 
at  thu  inniith  oftlie  I'alus  Ma'otis.  The  ancii'nts  pre- 
tended thai  this  country  was  Involved  in  dari<nes3  ; 
whence  tlie  phnusc  Cimmerian  ilarknc-m,  to  (U'note  r. 
dei'p  or  continual  obscurity.  'I'he  country  is  now 
called  Crimea,  or  Krim-Tartary, 

CIM'O-LTTE,  H.  [Gr.  iti/inAm  ;  L.  cimolia,  so  called  by 
I'liny  ;  said  to  be  from  Cimvlus,  an  isle  in  the  Cretan 
Sea,  now  Argentiera.] 

A  species  of  clay  used  by  the  ancients  as  a  remedy 
for  erysipelas  and  oilier  iuHainniations.  It  is  white, 
of  a  loose,  soft  texture,  niolders  into  a  fine  powder, 
and  eflervesces  with  acids.  It  is  useful  in  takiii;; 
spots  from  cUilh.  .\nother  species,  of  a  purple  col- 
or, is  the  steatite  or  soap-rock.  From  another  spe- 
cies, found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  tobacco  pip-s  are 
made.  Plmij,  lib.  3.'),  17.  Knciic 

CI.\-eH6'N.A,  n.  [So  named'  from  the  Countess  del 
Cinchon.] 

The  Peruvian  hark  tree,  quinquina,  of  which  there 

are  numerous  species. 
CI.\-Cllo'.NI-.\  A, )  M.    .\n  alkaloid  obtained  from  the 
CI.N'eilO-.NLVK,  >    bark  of  several  species  of  Cin- 
CIN-eilo'Nl-A,    )    chona,  and  one  of  the  medicinal 

active  principles  of  this  bark. 
CINGT'lJUK,  (sinkt'yur,)  ii.  [L.  cinctura,  from  cinjo, 

to  surround,  to  gird  ;  It.  cinlura  ;  Kr.  ceiiiture.] 

1.  A  belt,  a  girdle,  or  something  worn  round  the 
body.  Piipr. 

2.  That  which  encompasses  or  incloses.  Bacon. 

3.  In  architfclure,  a  ring  or  list  at  the  top  and  bot- 
tom of  a  cohunn,  separating  the  shaft,  at  one  end, 
from  the  ba.se ;  at  the  other,  from  the  capital.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  in  imitation  of  the  girths  or  ferrules 
anciently  used  to  strengthen  columns.  Chambers. 

CIN€T'UR-£D,  a.  Having  a  cincture  or  girdle. 
CIN'DER,  n.  ChieHy  used  in  the  pi..  Cinders.  [Fr. 
centire;  It.  centre;  JSp.  ceniza  ;  L.  cinis,  ashes.  In  \V. 
sindw  is  the  cinders  or  scoria  of  a  forge  ;  Sa.'C.  sinder, 
the  scoria  of  metals  ;  D.  ziiiJcl ;  Sw.  sindcr.  (iu.  Gr. 
KoveSy  Kuvta,  dust,  ashes.] 

1.  Small  coals,  or  particles  of  fire  ini.\cd  with  ash- 
es ;  embers. 

[  raw  is  the  iisnal  sense  of  the  word  in  jlmerira.] 
ii.  Small  particles  of  matter,  remaining  after  com- 
bustion, in  which  tire  is  extinct ;  as,  the  cinders  of  a 
forge. 

[/  believe  Oiis  word  is  never  used  as  synonymous  with 
.  ashes.] 

CI.X'DER-WENCII,  j  n.  A  woman  whose  business 
CI.N'UER-WO.M'A.V, )    is  to  rake  into  heaps  of  ashes 

for  cinders.    [J^''ut  known  in  .America.]  Jofiii.<on. 
CIN'DER-Y,  a.    Resembling  cinders,  or  compused  of 

Ihem. 

CIX-E-F.^C'TION,  n.    Reduction  to  ashes. 
CIN-E-Ra'CEOUS,  I  a.  .-[I.,  einereus.  from  cini.<,  ash- 
CIN-E'RE-OUS,      j  es.j 

Like  ashes  ;  having  the  color  of  the  ashes  of  wood. 
CIN'E-RA-RV,  a.  Pertaining  to  ashes.  [Marlyn. 
CIi\-E-R.\'TIO.\,  n.    [from  I,,  cinii,  ashes.] 

The  reducing  of  any  thing  to  ashes  by  combustion. 
CIN-E-RI"TIOUS,  fl.  [L.  riiiericiiL^-,  from  cini.i,  ashes.] 

Having  the  color  or  consistence  of  ashes.  Cheyne. 
CIX-ER'U-LENT,  a.    Full  of  ashes. 
CIN"GA-LkSE,  n.    A  native  uf  Ceylon. 

a.  Pertaining  to  Ceylon. 
CIN"GLE,  n.    [Ir.  ct«M"oi;  L.  einn^um,  from  einiro, 
to  gird.]         <■  »  •  ' 

A  girth  i  but  the  word  is  little  used.  [See  Sur- 
cingle.] 

CIN'NA-BAR,  n.    [Gr.  Kivvaiiapt ;  L.  cinnaioru;  Per- 

sian^lA>3  kanbar.] 

Red  sulphuret  of  mercury  or  quicksilver.  It  occurs 
native,  in  brilliant  red  cry  stals,  and  also  i-i  ainnrph- 
ous  masses  of  different  shades  of  red  and  brown. 
It  is  very  heav)-,  and  gives  out  fumes  of  quicksilver 
when  heated.  In  the  arts,  it  is  called  vermilion,  and 
is  used  as  a  paint.  The  compound  made  artilicially, 
by  a  union  of  mercury  with  suljibur,  is  the  vermilion 
of  commerce. 

Hepatic  cinnabar,  is  an  impure  cinnabar  of  a  liver- 
brown  color,  and  sub-metallic  luster.  IMna. 
CI.N"N.A-HAR-IXE,  a.    Pertaining  to  cinnabar;  con- 
sisting of  cinnabar,  or  containing  it  ;  as,  cinnabnrint 
s«aiid.  Journ.  uf  Science, 

CIN'.\A-MO\,  n.  [Gr.  Kiyviifitiv,  OT  Kii'i  aiiiopof  ;  L. 
riniuinioniiini.  Qu.  It.  cannrlln  :  Sp.  raneta;  D.  ka- 
neel:  Fr.  cannelle.    It  is  tlie  Ileb.  liOJp.l 

The  b.ark  of  two  species  of  Laurus.  The  true  cin- 
namon is  the  inner  bark  of  the  Laurus  Cinnamomum, 
a  native  of  Ceylon.  The  b.ase  cinnamon  is  from  the 
Laurus  Ca-ssia.  The  true  cinnamon  is  a  most  grateful 
aromatic,  of  a  fragrant  smell,  moderately  pungent 
taste,  accompanied  with  some  degree  of  sweetness 
and  astringency.  It  is  one  of  the  best  cordial,  rar- 
min.ative,  and  restorative  spices.  The  essential  oil 
is  of  great  price.  Encuc.  Hooper. 

Cinnamon-Koleria  made  by  distilling'the  bark,  first 


cm 

infused  in  barley-water,  in  spirit  of  wine,  brandy,  or 
while  wine. 

Clure-cinnamon  is  the  bark  of  a  tree  growing  in 
Brazil,  which  is  often  substituted  for  real  cloves. 

JVhite-ciunamon,  or  (^'inella  allia,  is  the  bark  of  a 
tree  growing  in  the  West  Indies,  of  a  sharp,  biting 
taste,  like  (wpper. 

CL\'NA-MO.\-ST0.\E,  n.  A  rare  mineral,  from  Cey- 
lon, of  a  hyacinth-red  color,  yellowisli-brovvii,  or 
honey-yellow  ;  sometimes  used  in  jewelry.  It  was 
calleil  bv  Ilaiiy  tlssunitc.  Cleavelnnd. 

CINCiUE,'  (sink,)  n.  [Fr.,  five.]  A  five ;  a  word  used 
in  games. 

Cl.\aUE'-FOIL,  n.  [Fr.  cinque,  five,  and  feuiHc,  a 
leaf,  L.  folium.] 

A  creeping  plant,  often  called  firc-Jingered  grass  ; 
a  species  of  Potenlilla. 

2.  In  Gothic  arcliitrclure,  an  ornament.il  foliation, 
having  five  points  or  cusps,  u.sed  in  windows,  pan- 
els, itc. 

CIXCIUE'-PaCE,  n.   [Fr.  cinque,  five,  and  pus,  pace.] 
.\  kind  of  gmve  dance.  SImk. 

CI.XdUE'-PoRTS,  u.  pi.  [Fr.  cinque,  five,  and  porl.i.] 
,  Five  havens  on  the  eastern  shore  of  ICnslaiid,  lo 
ward  France,  viz.,  Hastings,  Roiiiin  y,  llyllie,  Dover, 
and  Sandwich.  To  these  ports  Wiiiclielsi  a  and  Rye 
have  been  added.  These  were  anciently  deemed  <»f 
so  much  importance,  in  the  defense  of  the  kingdom 
against  an  invasimi  from  France,  that  they  ri  ceived 
royal  erants  of  particular  privileges,  on  roiulition  of 
providins  a  certain  number  of  ships,  iu  war,  at  Iheir 
own  ex|)ense.  Over  these  is  appointed  a  warden, 
and  eacli  had,  before  the  Reform  Act,  a  right  lo  send 
two  members  to  parliaiiii'iil,  called  baron.i  of  the  cinque 
ports.  Coirel.    hlurk-^tunc.  Kncyc. 

CI\ai'E'-SPOT-Ti;r),  a.    Having  five  spots.  Shak. 

CI.\''i'KK,  ».  [Fr.]  In  orchitrrture,  tlie  timber  fram- 
ing erected  in  apertures  betweiMi  piers  lo  supjiort 
voiissoirs,  or  materials  of  an  arch  w  lien  in  building, 
till  they  are  keyi;d.  Elmes. 

CT'<>.\,  71.  [Fr.  cio7i  or  scion.  Different  modes  of  spell- 
ing the  same  word  are  very  inconvenient ;  and  what- 
ever may  have  been  the  original  ortlioL'raph\'  of  this 
word,  cion,  the  most  simple,  is  well  establisiied,  and 
is  here  adopted.] 

A  young  shoot,  twig,  or  sprout  of  a  tree,  or  plant, 
or  rather  the  cutting  of  a  twig,  intended  for  incraft- 
iiig  oil  aiiollier  stock  ;  also,  the  shoot  or  slip  inserted 
in  a  slock  for  propaiiation. 

CI'PHEK,  II.  [Fr.  rhiffre  :  .\rm.  cinifr  or  eiifr ;  It.  clfrrn 
or  cifra ;  Sp.  and  Port,  cifra  ;  D.  cyffcr  ;  G.  ziffcr ;  Uaii. 

So 

c'Jfer;  Sw.  liffra;  Russ.  tsiphir ;  Ar.^jX^  siforon, 
empty,  and  a  cipher.]  " 

1.  In  arithmetic,  an  Arabian  or  Oriental  character, 
(of  this  form,  tl,)  which,  .standing  by  itself,  expresses 
nothing,  hut  increases  or  diminishes  the  value  of 
ollu  r  figures,  according  to  its  [Hisition.  In  whole 
numbers,  when  placed  at  the  right  hand  of  a  fig- 
ure, it  increases  its  value  tenfold  ;  but  in  decimal 
frartions,  placed  .at  ihe  left  hand  of  a  figure,  it  di- 
minishes the  valine  of  that  figure  tenfold. 

2.  A  character  in  general.  Ralegh. 

3.  An  intertcxtiire  of  letters,  as  the  initials  of  a 
name,  engraved  on  a  seal,  box,  plate,  coach,  or  tomb  ; 
a  device;  an  enigmatical  character.  Anciently,  mer- 
chants and  tradesmen,  not  being  permitted  to  be.ir 
family  arms,  bore,  in  lieu  of  them,  their  ciphers,  or 
initials  of  their  names,  artfully  interwoven  about  a 
cross.  Kncyc. 

4.  .\  secret  or  disguised  mannerof  writing;  certain 
characters  arbitrarily  invented  and  asreed  on  by  two 
or  more  persons,  to  stand  for  letters  or  words,  and 
understood  onlV  by  the  persons  who  invent  or  agree 
to  use  them.  'I'liis  is  a  mode  of  commiinic.iting  in- 
formation by  letters,  in  time  of  war,  with  a  view  to 
conceal  facts  from  all  enemy,  in  case  the  letters 
should  be  intercepted.  This  art  has  given  rise  to 
another  art,  that  of  i/cci/i/icrinff ;  and  hence  cipher  is 
used  for  a  key  to  iinrivel  the  characters.  To  Imve, 
or  to  Irarn  a  cipher,  is  to  be  able  to  interpret  it. 

CI'PHEK,  r,  L    In  popular  language,  to  use  figures,  or 

to  practice  arithmetic. 
CI'I'IIER,  r.  L    To  write  in  occult  characters. 

Jlayward. 

2.  To  designate  ;  to  characterize.  Shak. 
CI'PHEK-I.N'G,  ppr.  Using  figures,  or  practicing  arith- 
2.  Writing  in  occult  characters.  [metic. 
CI'PHER-I.NG,  n.   The  act  or  art  of  computing  by 

numbers. 
CI'Plli:R-Ki?,Y,  (si'fer-ke,)  n, 


A  key  for  deciphering 
[Clu.  It  cipolla,  an  onion,  cipollina, 


writing' 
CII"0-LI.\, 
a  sh.'Uot.] 

.\  green  marble,  from  Rome,  containing  white 
zones.  It  consists  chiefly  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
with  quartz,  shistus,  and  a  small  portion  of  iron. 

.\^ich4)lson. 

CIP'PrS,  n.  [L.]  A  small  pillar  or  column,  usu.ally 
having  an  inscription,  used  by  the  ancients  for  vari- 
ous purposes,  oflen  as  a  funeral  monument. 

CIRG.    See  Circus. 


CIR 

CIRTAR,  n.  A  name,  in  India,  for  i/M(ric/ or  /irno- 
irrrr.  HenneiL 

CII{-CAS'SIA.\,  «.    Peruiiiiing  to  Circassia  in  Asia. 
2.  A  term  applied  to  a  kind  of  woolen  cloth. 

CIK-CK'A.V,  a.  Pertaining  to  (,'irce,  the  fabled  daugh- 
ter of  .'^ol  and  Perseis,  who  was  sup|H>sed  to  jHissesa 
great  knowledge  of  magic  and  venomous  herbs,  by 
wliirli  she  was  able  to  charm  and  fascinate,  and  tiien 
chaiise  into  swine.  Hnjant. 

CIK-('F..\'.''<1  A.\,  a.  [L.  circence.i,  games  of  the  cirrit.'!.] 
Pi-rtaining  to  the  Circus,  in  Rome,  where  were 
practiced  games  of  various  kinds,  as  running,  wrest- 
ling, combats,  &c.  The  (,'ireensian  games  accom- 
panied most  of  the  fi  asts  of  the  Romans  ;  but  the 
grand  caiiies  were  held  five  days,  commencing  on 
the  l.'dh  of  September.  Lrmpriere,  Encye. 

('Ill'Cl  .\AI.,    la.    [L.  circinus,a  compiLss  ;  circino, 

CIR'CI-.X ATE,  j     to  go  rounil.    See  Circle.] 

Rolled  ill  spirally  downward,  the  tip  occupying  the 
center;  a  term  in  foliation  or  leafing,  as  in  ferns. 

Martyn. 

CIR'CI-X^TE,  V.  t.    [L.  cirriiio,  to  go  round.] 
To  make  a  circle  ;  to  compass. 

CIR-CI-Na'TIO.\,  n.  An  orbicular  motion.  [JVot 
osril.]  Bailey. 

CIU'CLE,  (siir'kl,)  n.  [Fr.  cercle;  It.  circolo  :  L.  cir- 
cuits, from  circus  ;  Gr.  KioKoi  ;  Sp.  cereo  ,-  It.  cerchio  ; 
from  the  Celtic,  W.  eyre,  from  cu>r,  a  circle,  a  limit; 

Ar.  iiira,  to  go  round.    Class  Gr,  No.  .32,  34.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure,  comprehended  by  a 
single  curve  line,  calli'd  its  cireumfirrnre,  every  jiart 
of  which  is  eipially  distant  fidiii  a  point  called  the 
center.  Of  course  all  lines  drawn  from  the  center  to 
the  circiiiiiference,  or  periphery,  are  eipial  to  each 
other. 

2.  In  popular  use,  the  line  that  comprehends  the 
figure,  the  plane  or  surlacc  comprehended,  and  the 
wholl^  body  or  solid  matter  of  a  round  substance,  are 
denominated  a  circle;  a  ring;  an  orb;  the  earth. 

11'?  Uiat  nitlcth  on  the  circle  of  (he  «mh.  —  li.  xl. 

3.  Compass  ;  circuit ;  as.  Hie  circle  of  the  forest. 

Shak. 

4.  An  assembly  .surrounding  the  principal  person. 
Hence,  any  cimipany,  or  assembly  ;  as,  a  circle  of 
friends,  or  of  beauties.  Hence  the  word  came  to 
signify  iiidcfinilrly  a  number  of  persons  of  a  partic- 
ular character,  whether  associated  or  not ;  as,  a  |X)- 
lilical  circle;  Ihe  circle  of  one's  ac<iuaintanc(> ;  hav- 
imr,  however,  refrrence  lo  a  primary  a-'socialion. 

.•i.  A  series  ending  where  it  begins,  and  perpetually 
repeated  ;  a  going  round. 

TliiiA  ill  a  circle  runs  the  pc.isaiit's  pain.  Dr^iltn. 

6.  Circumlocution  ;  indirect  form  of  words. 

Fletcher. 

7.  In  (on^ic,  an  inconclusive  form  of  argument, 
when  the  same  terms  are  proved  in  orbrm  by  the 
same  terms,  anil  the  parts  of  the  syllogism  alternately 
by  each  other,  directly  and  indirectly  ;  or  when  Ihe 
foregoini:  pmposition  is  proved  by  the  followine,  and 
the  following  is  inferred  from  the  foregoing ;  as, 
"  that  heavy  bodies  descend  by  gravity,  and  that 
gravity  is  a  ipiality  by  which  a  heavy  body  de- 
scends." Encije.    Glancille.  IVatts. 

8.  Circles  if  the  sphere,  are  either  great  circles,  which 
divide  the  sphere  into  irqual  parts,  as  the  wpialor, 
&c.,  or  small  circles,  which  divide  it  into  unequal 
parts,  as  the  polar  circles. 

9.  Circles  of  altitude,  ot  almucantnrs,  arc  circles  par- 
allel to  the  horizon,  having  their  common  pole  in  the 
zenith,  and  diminishing  as  they  appriKicli  the  zenith. 

10.  Circles  of  latitude,  in  astrnnomy,  are  great  circles 
perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic,  passing 
through  its  poles  and  through  every  star  and  pl.anet. 

11.  Circles  of  longitude,  in  astronomy,  are  lesser  cir- 
cles p,ar.allel  to  the  ecliptic,  diminishing  as  they  re- 
cede from  it. 

12.  Circle  of  perpetual  apparition,  at  any  given 
place,  is  the  boiiiidar)'  of  tliiit  space  around  Ine  ele- 
vated pole,  within  which  the  stars  never  set  Its 
distance  from  the  pole  is  eqv^l  to  the  latitude  of  the 
place.  D.  Olmsted, 

13.  Circle  of  perpetual  (Kcultation,  at  any  given 
place,  is  the  boundary  of  th'i  sp,ace  around  the  de- 
pressed |K)le,  within  which  tlje  stars  never  rise. 

n.  Olm.-.-teJ, 

14.  Diurnal  eirelf-s,  are  immovable  circles  supposed 
to  be  described  by  the  several  stars  and  other  points 
in  the  heavens,  in  their  diurn.al  rot.ation  round  the 
earth,  or  rather  in  the  rotation  of  the  earth  round  its 
axis. 

15.  Horary  eircle.i,  in  dialing,  are  the  lines  which 
show  the  hours  on  dials. 

16.  Circle.^  of  the  empire :  the  provinces  or  princi- 
palities of  the  former  German  empire,  which  had  a 
right  to  be  present  at  the  diet.s.  .Maximilian  I.  divi- 
ded the  empire  into  six  circles  at  first,  and  afterwards 
into  ten  ;  Austiia,  Burgundy,  Lower  Rhine,  Bavaria, 
Upper  Saxony,  Franconia,  Swabia,  Upper  Rhine, 
Westphalia,  and  I^ower  Saxony. 

17.  Druidical  circles,  in  British  topography,  are 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE — .\N"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  asK;  6asJ;  SuZ;  CHasSH;  THasin  THIS. 


205 


CIR 


CIR 


CIR 


certain  ancient  inclosures  fcirim  d  by  rude  stones  cir- 
cularly arranged  ;  as  Stonehenge,  near  Salisbury. 

Ettiiijc. 

CIR'ei.E,  (sur'kl,)  b.  e.  To  move  round  ;  to  revolve 
round. 

And  oth(?r  planets  circle  other  suns.  Pope. 

2.  To  encircle ;  to  cnconii)ass ;  to  surround ;  to 
inclose.  Prior.  Pope. 

3.  To  circle  iu;  to  confine  ;  to  keep  together. 

CIR'CLE,  V.  i.  To  move  circularly  ;  a«,  the  bowl  cir- 
cles; the  circlintr  years. 

CIR'GLED,  ;>;i.  Surrounded;  encompassed;  inclosed. 

CIR'CLii^D,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  circid  ;  round  ; 
as,  the  moon's  circled  orb.  Shak. 

CIR'CLER,  ?i.    A  mean  poet,  or  circular  poet. 

B.  Jonson. 

CIR'eLET,  71.  .\  little  circle  ;  a  circle  ;  an  orb.  Pnpi'. 
CIR'CLING, />7>r.  or  (z.    Encompassing;  going  round  ; 

iriclosingj  as,  the  circ/in^  years  ;  the  circ/ino- canopv. 
CIR'eO-CF.LE,   (sur'ko-sele,)   n.    [Gr.  >t((io-»5,  aiid 

Kn^'i.]    A  varix  or  dilatation  of  the  spermatic  vein  ; 

a  variocele  ;  hernia  varicosa.    [See  Cirsocele.J 
CIR'eUIT,  (sur'kit,)  n.    [Fr.  circuit;  L.  circuitus ;  of 

ctrca,  circHjiij  and  rn,  to  go.] 

1.  The  .act  of  moving  or  passing  round  ;  as,  the 

periodical  circuit  of  the  earth  round  the  sun,  or  of 

the  mwn  round  the  earth.  Watts. 
52.  The  space  inclosed  in  a  circle,  or  within  certain 

limits.  Mdtoii. 

3.  Any  space  or  extent  measured  by  traveling 
roimd.  Addison. 

4.  That  which  encircles  ;  a  ring  ;  a  diadem.  Shak. 

5.  In  England,  the  journey  of  judges  through  sev- 
eral counties  or  boroughs,  for  the  purpose  of  holding 
courts.  In  tlic  United  SiafM,  the  journey  of  judges 
through  certain  states  or  counties  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. 

6.  The  counties  or  states  in  which  the  same  judge 
or  judges  hold  courts  and  administer  justice.  It  is 
common  to  designate  a  certain  number  of  counties 
to  form  a  circuit,  and  to  assign  one  or  more  judges  to 

.  each  circuit.  The  courts  in  the  circuits  are  called 
circuit  courts.  In  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  a  certain  number  of  states  form  a  circuit. 

7.  .\  long  deduction  of  reason.  Dunne. 

8.  In  /uir,  a  longer  course  of  proctiedings  than  is 
necessaiy  to  recover  the  thing  sued  for. 

Ctnrel.    Ennjc.  Johnson, 
Bailey  gives  this  as  the  definition  of  Circuity. 
CIR'eUIT,  r.  I.    To  move  in  a  circle  ;  to  go  roiiml. 

Pllilips. 

CIR'eUIT,  V.  t.    To  move  or  go  round.  IVnrlon. 

CIR-eiJtT-EER',  n.    One  that  travels  a  circuit.  Pupc. 

CIR-eU-I"TIO.\,  (sur-Jtu-ish'un,)  n.    [I.,  crcuilio.] 
The  act  of  going  round ;  compass  ;  circumlocu- 
tion. _  [AifWc  Mse</.]  Hooker. 

CIR  eu'I-TOUS,  a.  Going  round  in  a  circuit;  not 
direct  ;  as,  a  circuitous  road  or  course. 

CIU  eO'I-ToUS-LY,  ailv.    In  a  circuit. 

CIR-eu'I-TV,  n.  A  going  round;  a  course  not  di- 
rect. ./JsA. 

CIK'eU-LAR,  a,    [L.  circularis.    See  Circle.] 

1.  In  the  form  of  a  circle  ;  round  ;  circumscribed 
by  a  circle  ;  as,  the  sun  appears  to  be  circular. 

2.  Successive  in  order;  alsvays  returning. 

Roscommon. 

3.  Vulgar  ;  mean  ;  circumforaneous  ;  as,  a  circular 
poet.  Dennis. 

4.  Ending  in  itself;  used  of  a  paralogism,  where 
the  second  proposition  at  once  proves  the  first,  and  is 
proved  by  it.  Johnson.  Baker. 

5.  Addressed  to  a  circle,  or  to  a  number  of  persons 
having  a  common  interest ;  as,  a  circnlur  letter. 

6.  Circular  lines,  are  .straight  lines  pertaining  to  the 
circle,  a-s  sines,  tangents,  secants,  &.c. 

7.  Circular  numbers,  are  those  whose  powers  ter- 
minate in  the  same  digits  as  the  roots  themselves  ; 
as  5  and  6,  whose  squares  are  25  and  '.if>. 

Bailni.  Barlow. 

8.  Circular  .miling,  is  the  method  of  sailing  by  the 
arch  of  a  great  circle.  Kncyc. 

CTR'CL'-LAR,  n.    A  circular  letter,  or  paper. 
CIR-€U-LAR'I-TY,  n.   The  state  of  being  circular. 
CIR'CtJ-I.AR-LY,  adr.    In  a  circular  manner;  in  the 

form  of  a  circle  ;  in  the  form  of  going  and  returning. 
C1R'€U-LATE,  (sur'ku-late,)  v.  i.    [Fr.  circulcr ;  L.. 

circuto.] 

1.  'J'o  move  in  a  circle  ;  to  move  or  pass  round  ;  to 
move  round  and  return  to  the  same  point ;  as,  the 
blood  Circulates  in  the  body. 

2.  To  |Bis»  from  place  to  place,  from  person  to  |)er- 
Bon,  or  from  hand  to  hand  ;  to  tte  diffused  ;  as,  mon- 
ey circulates  iu  the  country  ;  a  story  circulates  in 
town. 

3.  To  move  round  ;  to  run  ;  to  flow  in  veins  or 
channelH,  or  in  an  incloseil  place  ;  as,  the  sap  of 
plantu  circulates  ;  water  circulates  in  the  earth,  or  air 
in  a  city  or  houKC. 

CIK'Clj'-LATE,  e.  f.  To  cause  to  pasB  from  place  to 
place,  or  from  pernon  to  person  ;  to  put  nboiil ;  to 
spread  ;  an,  to  circulate  a  report ;  to  circulate  bills  of 
cri'dit. 

CIR'CU-LA-TED,  pp.    Caiiacd  to  pxts  round. 


CIR'CU-La-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  or  passing 
round;  passing  from  one  to  another. 

CIR'eU-LA  TliNG  DEC'I-MAL,  n.  In  arithmetic,  a 
term  applied  to  decimals  in  which  two  or  more  figures 
are  constantly  repeated  in  the  same  order.  Brande, 

CIR'eU-LA-TIi\G  Me'DI-UM,  7i.  The  currency  or 
mtmey  of  a  country. 

CIR-€U-La'T10.\,  n.  The  act  of  moving  round,  or 
in  a  circle,  or  in  a  course  which  brings,  or  tends  to 
bring,  the  moving  body  to  the  point  where  its  motion 
began  ;  as,  the  circulation  of  the  blood  in  the  body. 

2.  A  series  in  which  the  same  order  is  preserved, 
and  things  return  to  the  same  state. 

3.  The  act  of  going  and  returning  ;  or  of  passing 
from  place  to  place,  or  from  person  to  person  ;  as, 
the  circulation  of  money. 

4.  Currency  ;  circulating  coin,  or  notes,  or  bills, 
current  lor  coin. 

5.  In  chemistry,  circulation  is  an  oper.ation  by 
wliicli  the  same  vapor,  raised  by  fire,  ffills  back  to  be 
returned  and  distilled  several  times. 

CiR-eU-LA-To'KI-OUS,  n.  Traveling  in  a  circuit, 
or  from  house  to  house.    [LittJe  used.]  Barrow. 

CIR'eU-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Circular;  as,  a  cireulatm-y 
9.  Circulating.  [letter. 

CIR'CL'-LA-TO-RY,  ji.  A  chemical  vessel,  in  which 
that  which  rises  from  the  vessel  on  the  fire  is  col- 
lected and  cooled  in  another  fi.xed  upon  it,  and  falls 
down  again.  Johnson. 

CIR-CU.M-AG'I-T.^TE,  v.  t.    To  agitate  on  all  sides. 

CIK-eU.M-.\.\l'BI-EN-CY,  n.  [L.circum,  around,  and 
ambio,  to  go  about.    See  AMniEHT.] 

The  act  of  surrounding  or  encompassing.  Brown. 

CIR-eLr.\l-A.M'Bl-E.\T,  a.  Surrounding  ;  encompass- 
ing ;  inclosing  or  being  on  all  sides  ;  used  particu- 
larly of  the  air  about  the  earth. 

CIK-eU.M-,\.M'Blj-L.\TE,  v.  i.    [L.  circumambulo,  to 
walk  round  ;  circum  and  ambulo.] 
To  ^^■alk  round  about. 

CIR-e(J.M-AM-BU-LA'T10.\,  n.  The  act  of  walking 
round. 

CIR-CU.M-CELL'IOJf,  n.  [L.  circum,  about,  and 
cella,  a  cell,  or  cellar.    Hence,  a  vagrant.] 

In  church  history,  one  of  a  set  of  illiterate  peasants 
that  adhered  to  the  Donatists  in  the  fourth  century. 

Jililner. 

ClR'CU.M-CISE,  B.  t.  'fL.  circumcido,  circum,  around, 
and  cido,  to  cut ;  Fr.  circoiicire ;  Sp.  circoncitlar ;  It. 
circoncidere.] 

1.  To  cut  off  the  prepuce  or  foreskin  of  males  ;  a 
ceremony  or  rite  in  the  Jewish  and  .Mohammedan 
religions.  The  word  is  applied  also  to  a  practice 
among  some  nations  of  jierlbrming  the  like  opera- 
tion upon  females. 

2.  To  put  off  the  sins  of  the  flesh ;  to  become 
spiritual  or  holy.    Cul.  ii.  II. 

CIR'eiIiM-CIS-i;i>,  (sur'kiim-sjzd,)  pp.  or  a.  Having 
the  prepuce  cut  off ;  spiritually  purified. 

CIR'CU.M-CIS-ER,  H.  One  who  performs  circumcis- 
ion. Jfiltun. 

ClR'eUM-CIS-ING,  ppr.  Cutting  olT  the  prepuce  ; 
purifving  spiritually. 

CIR-elJ.M-CIS'lO.N',  (sur-kum-sizh'un,)  n.  The  act 
of  cutting  off  the  prepuce  or  fortiskin. 

2.  Rt^jection  of  the  sins  of  the  flesh  ;  spiritual 
purification,  and  acceptance  of  the  Christian  faith. 

3.  The  Jews,  as  distinguished  from  Gentiles. 

Cul.  iv.  II. 

CIR-eU.M-CLO'SION,  n.  The  act  of  inclosing  on 
all  sides. 

CIR-CU.M-CUR-Sa'TION,  n.    [L.  circum,  about,  and 
curso,  to  run.] 
The  act  of  running  about.    [JVot  used.]  Barrow. 
CIR-ClJiM-DUeT',   II.   (.     [L.   circumduco ;  circum, 
round,  and  duco,  to  lead.] 

To  coiilriveiie  ;  to  nullify ;  a  term  of  civil  law. 
[Little  used.]  Jlyliffe. 
CIR-CU.M-DCC'TION,  n.    A  leading  about.  ILitlle 
used.]  Hooker. 
2.  .\n  annulling;  cancellation.    [Little  used.] 

^ijliffe. 

CJR'eUM-EER,  V.  t.    [L.  eircumfero.] 

To  bear  or  carry  round.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
CIR-CUM'EER-E.\CE,  n.  [E.  circumfcrenlia,  from  cir- 
cum, round,  and  fero,  to  carry.] 

1.  The  line  that  goes  round  or  encompasses  a  fig- 
ure ;  a  periphery  ;  applied  particularly  to  the  line  that 
goes  round  a  circle,  sphere,  or  other  figure  approach- 
ing these  in  form.  Milton. 

2.  The  space  included  in  a  circle.  Milton.  Vnjden. 

3.  An  orb  ;  a  circle  ;  any  thing  circular  or  orbic- 
ular; as  in  .Milton,  speaking  of  a  shield. 


Ilungc 


Thi-  l.ma,l  circum/crenee 
I  Ills  vhuttlilcrs  Ukr.  tlie  liluuu. 


CIR-eiJM'FER-ENCE,  v.  u  To  include  in  n  circular 
space.  uj<eil.]  Brown. 

CIR-CUM-FE-REN'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  cir- 
cumference. PurkhursL 

CIR-eUM-FE-REN'TOR,  n.  An  instrument  u.sed  by 
surveyors  for  taking  angles.  It  consists  of  a  bra.ss 
index,  and  circle,  all  of  a  piece,  and  carries  a  mag- 
netic needle  mispended  above  the  center  of  the  cir- 
cle.  The  circle  is  gradiiatttu  into  300  degrees.  Only 


a  rough  approximation  to  the  truth  is  obtanied  by  this 
instrii  incut.  Brande. 
CIR'CUiM-FEEeT,  v.  U    To  place  the  circumflex  on  a 
word. 

CIR'eUM-FEECT-ED,  pp.    Having  the  circumflex. 
ClR'eUM-FLECT-ING,  ppr.    Placing  the  circumflej 
on  a  word. 

CIR'eUM-FLEX,  n.  [L.  circumfiezus ;  circum,  round, 
and  fiecto,  to  bend.] 

1.  A  wave  of  the  voice  embracing  both  a  rise  and 
fall  on  the  same  syllable.  Walker. 

2.  A  character,  or  accent,  denoting  a  rise  and  fall 
of  the  voice  on  the  same  long  syllable,  marked  in 
Greek  thus  (~,)  and  in  Latin  thus  (*.) 

CIR'eUM-FLEX,  V.  t.  To  mark  or  pronounce  with 
the  accent  called  a  circumflex.  Walker. 

ClR-€U.M'FLU-E.\CE,  ?i.  [lj.circumfi.uens;  circum, 
round,  and  fiuo,  to  flow.] 

A  flowing  round  on  all  sides ;  an  inclosure  of 
watei-g, 

CIR-CU.M'FUJ-ENT,  a.    Flowing  round;  surround- 
ing :is  :i  fluid  ;  as,  circumfiuent  waves.  Pope. 
CIR-eUM'FLLI-OUS,  a.    [L.  circumfiuus.    See  Cir- 

CUMFLUENCE.] 

Flowing  round  ;  encompassing  as  a  fluid  ;  circum- 
fluent. Milton.  Pope. 

CIR-CU.M-FO-Ra'NE-AN,    jo.    [h.  eircumforaneus ; 

CIR-CU.M-FO-Ra'NE-OUS,  j  circum,  around,  and 
/oris,  a  door,  or  abroad.] 

Going  about ;  walking  or  wandering  from  house  to 
house  ;  as,  a  circumforaneous  fiddler  or  piper  ;  circum- 
foraneous wits.  .Addison,  Spect.  47. 

Circumforaneous  musicians,  male  and  female,  are 
daily  seen  at  the  doors  of  hotels  in  France ;  and 
sometimes  they  enter  the  room  where  a  company 
is  dining,  and  entertain  them  with  music,  expecting 
a  franc  or  a  few  sous  as  a  reward.  W. 

CIR-eU.M-FUSE',  1).  t,  [L.  circumfusus ;  circum,  and 
fundo,  fusus,  to  pour.] 

1.  To  pour  round  ;  to  spread  round,  as  a  fluid. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  spreail  round  ;  to  surround.  Milton. 
CIR-eU.M-FO'SILE,  a.    [L.circum,  and  fusUis^  that 

may  be  melted.] 

That  may  be  poured  or  spread  round  ;  as,  circum- 
fusile  gold.  Pope. 
CIR-eU.M-Fu'SION',  n.    [See  Circumfuse.] 

The  act  of  pouring  or  spreading  round  ;  the  state 
of  being  poured  round.  .fohnson. 
CIR-€U.M-GES-Ta'TION,  n.    [L.  circum  and  ges- 
tario.] 

A  carrying  about.  Taylor. 
CIR-CU.M'GY-RaTE,  Iv.t.    [L.circum  ai\d  mjru.i,  a, 
CIR-eU.M-GYRE',       i     turning  round.] 

To  roll  or  turn  round.    [Little  used.]  Ray. 
CIR-eU.M-GY-RA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  turning,  roll- 
ing, or  whirling  round  ;  the  turning  of  a  limb  in  its 
socket.  Qi/i/icy.  Cheyne. 

CIR-eCM-I"TION,  (sur-kum-ish'un,)  n.  A  going 
round. 

CIR-eUM-jA'CENT,  a.  [L.  circumjacens ;  circum 
and  jacco,  to  lie.] 

Lviiig  round  ;  bordering  on  every  side.  Johnson, 

CIR-eU.M-LI-GA'TIO.\,  71.  [L.  circumligo,  to  bind 
round  ;  circum  and  ligo,  to  bind.] 

The  act  of  binding  round;  the  bond  with  which 
any  thing  is  encompassed.  Johnson, 

CIR-'eUM-LO-eO'TlON,  71.  [L.  circumlocutio  ;  circum 
and  locutio,  a  speaking,  luquor,  to  speak.] 

A  circuit  or  compass  of  words  ;  a  periphrase ;  the 
use  of  a  number  of  words  to  express  an  idea,  when 
a  suitable  term  is  not  at  hand,  or  when  a  speaker 
chooses  to  avoid  the  use  of  a  single  term,  either  from 
delicacy  or  respect,  or  with  a  view  to  soften  the  force 
of  a  direct  expression,  or  for  other  reason. 

CIR-eUiM-LOe'II-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  circum- 
locution ;  consisting  or  contained  in  a  comjiass  of 
words  ;  periphrastic.  Shcnslone, 

CIR-CU.M-.MOR'£D,  a.  [L.  circum  and  Jiiuru-s,  a 
wall.] 

Walled  round  ;  encompassed  with  a  wall.  Shak. 

CIR-eUiM-NAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.  [Sec  Cibcumn*vi- 
GATF..J    That  mav  be  sailed  round.  Rai/. 

CIR-CUM-NAV'I-GaTE,  j).  t.  [L.  eircumnamgo ; 
circum  and  nacigo,  to  sail,  from  nucis,  a  ship.] 

To  stiil  round  ;  to  pass  round  by  water  ;  .as,  to  cir- 
cumnavigate the  globe. 

CIR-CUM-i\AV'I-Ga-TED,  pp.    Sailed  round. 

CIR-CUM-NAVI-Ga-TING,  ;i;ir.    Sailing  round. 

CIR-eUM-NAV-I-GA'TION,  7i.  The  act  of  sailing 
round.  .^rhuthnot. 

CIR-CUM-NAV'I-GA-TOR,  71.    One  who  sails  rouml. 

CIR-CUM-PEI-eA'TlON,  71.  [E.  circumplico;  circum 
and  plico,  to  fold.] 

A  folding,  winding,  or  wrapping  round  ;  or  a  state 
of  being  inwrapped.    [Utile  used.]  Bailey. 

CIR-CUM-Po'I.AR,  a.  [E.  circion,  and  Eng.  polar.] 
About  the  pole ;  an  appi  llation  given  to  stars 
which  are  so  near  the  north  pole  as  to  revolve  round 
it  without  setting.  The  number  of  these  di.'pends  on 
the  latitude  of  the  spi'ctator.  We  anply  it  to  the 
north  polar  region  and  stars,  but  the  word  is  appli- 
cabbr  lo  eilli.'r  poh'. 

CIR  CUM-PU-!«l"T10i\,  71.    [L.  circum  and  positio.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


206 


cm 


CIR 


CIT 


The  act  of  placing  in  a  circle,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing s(i  placeil.  Kcdijn. 
CIK-€'L'M-K.A'S10N,  (-rS'zhun,)  n.    [L.  circmiirasio  i 
circitm  ami  riitltt,  to  sliave.J 
TIk"  act  of  .■.liaviiiR  or  paring  rounil.    [Little  uscil.] 
CIU  eUiM  RO'TA-KY,  a.    Turning,  rollinj;,  or  uliirl- 

inc  rounil.  Hhciistone. 
CIR-eiJM-KO-TA'TION,  n.  circum  and  rulalio, 

rotation,  frmn  rulo,  to  turn  round.] 

The  act  of  roiling  or  revolving  round,  as  a  wheel ; 
circunivolutiun  ;  the  state  of  being  whirled  round. 

Gretrorij. 

CTU-eUM-SCLS'SILE,  (-sis'sil,)  a.  [L.  circumscindo, 
to  cut  round.] 

Tliis  epithet  describes  a  mode  of  dehiscence  in  bot- 
any, occurring  by  a  transverse,  circular  separation  of 
llii^  sides  of  the  ovarv. 

t  ill  CUM  seKIIi'A-ULE,  a.  Capable  of  being  cir- 
f  uniscribed. 

CIK-CU.M-BCRIBE',  v.  t.     [L.  eircunutcribu  ;  circum 
and  scriboy  to  draw.] 
/,i(ir(i«y,  to  draw  a  line  round.  Hence, 

1.  To  inclose  within  a  certain  liniitj  to  limit, 
bound,  confine. 

You  are  iilwvc 

The  liul'-  forms  which  circitmscnlje  .vmir  sfX.  Soittltem. 

2.  To  write  round.    [f,iUlc  useil.] 
CIR-eU.M-SeitlB'KI),  pp.  or  a.    Drawn  round,  aa  a 

line  ;  limited  ;  conlined. 

In  trcomeirtj,  this  word  is  applied  to  a  figure  which 
is  drawn  round  another  figure,  so  that  all  its  sides  or 
planes  touch  the  inscribed  tigme.  Eiicyc. 

ClR-CLT.M-SCRIIi'l.Nt;,  ppr.  Drawing  a  line  round; 
inclosing  ;  liiuitiii<z  ;  conliiiing. 

CIK-eiJ.M-S^tUlU"  ri-lil.i;,  a.  That  may  be  circum- 
scribed or  Iimiteil  hv  bounds. 

CIR-CU.M-.-*CRIl"TI<).\,  n.  The  hne  that  limits; 
limitation  ;  bound  ;  conlinement.  Skak. 

2.  The  termination  or  limits  of  a  body  ;  the  ex- 
terior line  wliich  di  termines  the  form  or  magnitude 
of  a  body.  Kciij. 

3.  A  circular  inscription.  Jif^hiiwle. 
CIR-eU.M-S€RlP'TlVK,  a.    Defining  the  eMernal 

form  ;  marking  or  inclosing  the  limits  or  super- 
ficies of  a  body.  Greto. 

CIR-CUM-SCRIP'TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  limited  man- 
ner. Mimtairti. 

CIR'eUiM-SPECT,  a.  [L.  circumnpectus  ;  circum  and 
speciit,  to  look.] 

l.ilrrally,  looking  on  all  sides;  looking  round. 
Hence, 

Cautious;  prudent ;  watchful  on  all  sides;  ex- 
amining carefully  all  the  circumstances  that  in.ay 
adert  a  determiiialioii,  or  a  measure  to  be  adopted. 

CIR-CUM-SI'EC'TION,  n.    [L.  cireumspectio.] 

Caution  ;  attention  to  all  the  facts  and  circum- 
stances of  a  case,  and  to  the  natiind  or  probable 
consequences  of  a  measure,  with  a  view  to  a  cor- 
rect course  of  conduct;  or  to  avoid  danger. 

CIR-eU.M-SPKCT'lVE.o.  Looking  round  every  w.iy  ; 
cautious ;  careful  of  consequences  ;  watchful  t)f 
dauKcr.  Fope. 

ClR-eU.M-SPEeT'IVE-LY,  adv.  Cautiously  ;  vii;i- 
lanlly  ;  heedfully  ;  with  watchfulness  to  guard 
niiainst  danger. 

CIR'€i;.M-SPEeT-LY,<i(/p.  Cautiously;  withwatch- 
fulm!ss  every  way  ;  with  attention  to  guard  against 
surprise  or  danger.  Raii. 

CIR'CUM-SPECT-.NESS,  ji.  Caution  ;  circunispec- 
ti<m  ;  vigilance  in  guarding  against  evil  front  every 
quarter.  Wotion. 

CIR'CU.M-STANCE,  n.    [L.  circumstantia,  from  cir- 
cum^tnii.'ty  standing  about ;  circum  and  sft),  to  stand.] 
LUrnilly,   that   which    stands   around    or  near. 
Hence, 

1.  Something  attending,  appendant,  or  relative  to 
a  fact,  or  case  ;  a  particidar  thing,  which,  though 
not  essential  to  an  action,  in  some  way  atlVcts  it ;  the 
same  to  a  moral  action  as  accident  to  a  natural  sub- 
stance ;  as,  the  circunuitauce^i  of  time,  place,  and 
persons,  are  to  be  considered. 

2.  One  of  the  adjuncts  of  a  fact,  which  make  it 
more  or  less  criminal,  or  make  an  accusation  more 
or  less  probablt!  ;  accident ;  something  adventitious  ; 
incident ;  event.  Johnson. 

3.  Circumstances;  in  the  plural,  condition,  in  re- 
gard to  worldly  estate  ;  slate  of  properly  ;  as,  a  man 
in  low  circumstances^  or  in  easy  circuntslanecs. 

CIK'CU.M  ST.V.NCE,  v.  I.  '  To  place  relatively,  or  in  a 
particular  situation.  Donne. 

ClR'eU.M-STAi\-C£D,  (sur'kum-stanst,)  pp.  or  a. 
Placed  In  a  particular  manner,  with  reg;ird  to  attend- 
ing facts  or  incidents  ;  as,  circumstanced  as  we  were, 
we  could  not  esca|)e. 

CIR'eUM-STANT,  a.  [Surrounding.  [Utile  used,  itr 
notaloU^ 

CIR-eU.M-STAN'TIAL,  a.  Attending  ;  relating  to, 
but  not  essential. 

2.  Consisting  in  or  pertaining  to  circumstances,  or 
to  particular  incidents. 

The  u*vir1  chiuncler  ol'  human  u-sliinuny  is  8iil«(t\iiu.(l  Iriitb 
under  ctrcii-n*lat\tiat  vatiely.  Paiey. 

3.  Incidental;  ca.sual.  Dunne. 

4.  .^bounding  with  circumstances,  or  exhibiting 


all  tlic  circumstances;  minute;  particular;  as,  a 
circumstantial  acctmnt  or  recital. 

5.  In  law,  circumstantial  evidence  is  that  which  is 
obtained  frtim  circumstances,  «'hich  necessarily  (tr 
usually  attend  facts  of  a  particular  nature,  from 
which  arises  presumption.  lIlacL-itone. 

CIR-Cir.Vl-STAN'TIAL,  n.  Circumstantials,  in  the 
plural,  are  things  incident  to  the  main  subject,  but 
of  less  importance  ;  opposed  to  essentiuls  ;  lus,  the 
circumstunliiiL-  of  religion.  Addison. 

CIR-CUiM-STAN-TlAL'I-TY,  The  appendage  of 
circiiinslances  ;  the  state  of  anything  as  modified  by 
circumstances.  Johnson. 

■2.  Particularity  in  exhibiting  circumstances  ; 
minuteness  ;  as,  the  circumstuntialitij  of  a  story  or 
descripti<ui. 

CIR-eUM-STAN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  According  to  cir- 
cumstances ;  not  essentially  ;  accidenlallv. 

Olunrille. 

2.  Minutely;  exactly;  in  every  circumstance  or 
particular.  Broome. 
CIR-CU.M-STA.\"TIaTE,  v.  t.    To  place  in  particular 
circumstances  ;  to  invest  with  particular  accidents 
or  adjuncts.  Bramliall. 

2.  To  place  in  a  particular  condition  with  regard 
to  power  or  wealth.  Swift. 
['I'his  word  is  tittle  nsriL] 
CIR-eUM-TER-RA'\E-()Utj,  «.    [I,,  circum,  about, 
and  term,  eartli.] 

.Around  the  earth.  Jlahiirell. 
CIR-CU.M-U.\'nU-I..\TE,  I.,  t.    [I,,  circum  anil  un- 
dulutus.] 

To  llow  round,  .as  waves. 
CIR-€II.M-VA1/1..^TE,  v.  t.     To  siirrouiul  with  a 
[l.itllc  used.]  [rampart. 
CIR-CII.M-VA1--L.a'T10.\,  n.     [L.  circnmrul;,,,  to  wall 
round  ;  circum  and  vallo,  to  fortify  with  a  rampart.] 

1.  In  tJie  art  of  irnr,  a  siirritundim:  with  a  wall  or 
rampart  ;  aNo,  a  wall,  rampart,  or  par;ip.-l  H'lth  a 
trench,  surrcainiling  the  camp  of  a  Iicsirging  arm>', 
to  jirevi'Ut  desertion,  and  guard  the  army  against 
any  attempt  of  an  enemy  to  relieve  the  place  be- 
sieged. F.ncyc. 

2.  The  rampart  or  fortificaticm  surrounding  a  be- 
sieged place. 

jYolr.  —  This  word,  from  the  Ijatin  vallo,  or  vallum, 
iviWitx,  denotes  properly  the  7caH  or  rampart  thrown 
up;  but  as  the  rampart  is  formed  by  eiilreiichiug, 
ami  the  trench  makes  a  part  of  the  furlific  ation,  the 
word  is  applied  to  both.  [See  En^.  Wall.] 
CIR-CU.M-VEC'TlUiN,  n.  [L.  circum  and  nclw,  to 
carry.] 

A  carrying  about.    [JVut  «.fcrf.] 
CTR-CIJ.M-VE.\T',  V.  t.    [h.  circumvenio  ;  circum  and 
vcnio,  to  come.] 

I.itrrallij,  to  come  round  ;  hence. 
To  gain  advantage  over  another,  or  to  accomplish 
a  purpose  by  arts,  stratagem,  or  deception  ;  to  de- 
ceive ;  to  prevail  over  another  by  wiles  or  fraud  ;  to 
delude  ;  to  impose  on.  Jililtoiu  Dri/den. 

CIR-CII.M  VE.\T'ED,  pp.    Deceived  by  craft  or  strat- 
agem ;  deluded. 
CIIl-Cl'M\'H-N'l"l       ppr.    Deceiving  ;  imposing  on. 
CIR-CUM  VKN'TIO.V,  ;i.    The  act  of  prevailing  over 
another  by  arts,  a*ldress,or  fraud  ;  deception  ;  fraud  ; 
imposture  ;  ilelusion.  South. 
2.  Prevention  ;  precH  Cupation.    [  06.v.]  ShiiJc. 
CIR-CU.M-VE.ST'IVE,  a.     Deceiving  by  artifices; 
deluding. 

CIR-CU.M-VEST'  J).  L    [L.  circamvestio ;  circum  and 

restiu,  to  clothe.] 

To  cover  round,  as  with  a  garnunit.  IVotlun. 
ClR-€U.M-VO-L.\'TIO.N,  )i.    [L.  circumrulo  ;  circum 

and  voln,  to  llj-.] 

The  act  of  living  round.    [Litlle  used.] 
CIR-eUiM-VO-l/0'TIO.\,  II.   The  act  of  rollinground  ; 

the  smte  of  being  rolled ;  also,  the  thing  rolled 

round  another.  JlrbuL'inot.  IVtllciiut. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  turn  in  the  spiral  line  of  the 

Ionic  capital.  Owili. 
CIK-ei-'.M-VOLVE',  (su.  kum-volv',)  t>.  1.    [L.  circam- 

volro  ;  circum  and  volvo,  to  roll.] 
To  roll  round  ;  to  cause  to  revolve  ;  to  put  into 

a  circular  imttion.  Olunrille. 
CIK-CU.M-VUl.VE',  V.  i.    To  roll  round  ;  to  revolve. 
CIR-CUM-VOEV'f.D,  jjp.    Rolled  round  ;  moved  in 

a  circular  manner. 
CIR-CU.M-VOEV"l.\G,p/)r.  Rollinground  ;  revolving. 
CIR'CUS,  n. ;  pi.  CraeusEs.    [E.  circus;  Fr.  cirque; 

It.  circo  ;  Sp.  circo ;  Gr.   Ktpnoi  j   whence  circle, 

which  sec.] 

1.  In  antiquity,  a  long,  oval  edifice,  used  for  the 
exhibition  of  games  and  shows  to  the  people.  The 
Roman  circus  was  encompassed  with  (lorticos,  and 
furnished  with  rows  of  seats,  rising  one  above  another, 
for  the  accommodation  of  spectators.  The  Circus 
.Maxiinus  was  nearly  a  mile  in  circumference. 

Jidam,  F.ncyc. 

2.  The  open  area,  or  space  inclosed,  in  which  were 
rxhibiled  games  and  shows,  as  wrestling,  fighting 
with  swords,  stalTs,  or  pikes,  running  or  racing,  dan- 
cing, quoits,  &c. 

3.  In  modern  times,  a  circular  inclosure  for  the  ex- 
liibitiim  of  feaUof  horsemanship. 


("IKIj  71     \n  Italian  bird  alinut  the  size  of  a  sparrow. 

Ilict  oj  JVu<.  llisL 
CIR'UIIO  POD,  71.    See  C'ikkiped. 
CIR  UIK'ER-OUS,  «.    [L.  cimu,  a  tendril,  and  fero, 
to  bear.] 

Producing  tendrils  or  clasiiers,  .as  a  plant. 
CIU-KU'J'EK-OUS,  fl.    [L.  cirrus  and  gerii.] 

Having  curled  locks  of  hair. 
CIR'Rl-PED,  71.    [E.  tirriw,  a  lock  of  hair,  and  pes,  n 
foot.] 

A  general  term,  applied  to  animals  of  the  barnacle 
kind.  The  IVel  are  long  and  uleiidiT,  and  curve  to- 
gether into  a  kind  of  curl.  They  are  inclosed  in  a 
more  or  less  conical  cell,  having  some  resemblance 
to  those  of  certain  inollusca  ;  yet  they  belong  properly 
to  the  class  Crustacea.  Dunn. 
CIR'RO-CC'.MU-EUS,  i7.    [L.  ci7tiis  and  cumulus.] 

In  meteoroloiry,  a  cloud  which  is  composed  ol  the 
cumulus  broken  up  into  small  masses,  presenting  a 
fieecy  appearance,  as  in  a  mackerel-back  skv. 

D.  Olmsted. 

CIR'RO-STRa'TUS,  71.    [L.  ci7Tiis  anil  stratus.] 

In  mrteoridoiry,  a  cloud  liaving  the  characters  of  the 
stratus  in  its  main  body,  but  of  the  cirrus  on  its  mar. 
gin.  D.  Ulmsli-d. 

CIR'ROUS,  a.    [E.  cirru.",  a  curl.] 

In  botany,  Icrminating  in  a  curl,  or  tendril ;  as,  n 
cirroiuj  leaf.  Murtyn, 
CIR'RUS,  71.    [E.,  a  lock  or  curl.]    \n  mrleoroloify,  a 
name  given  to  one  of  the  four  fundamental  clouds, 
from  its  fibrous  appearance,  resembling  carded  wool. 

J}.  Olmsted. 

9.  A  fiTssil  turbinated  shell  of  the  chalk.  Mantrll, 
CIR'SO-CkI.E,  71.    [Gr.  mpaos,  a  dilated  vein,  and 
K'iSn,  a  tumor.] 

A  varix,  or  dilatation  of  the  spermatic  vein  ;  hernia 
varicosa.  (^uincy.  Core, 

CIS -A  EP'EVE,  ft.  [E.  CIS,  on  this  side,  and  Jltpes,  tWpa, 
\\  hence  alpinus,  alpine.] 

On  this  side  of  the  Alps,  with  regard  to  Rome;, 
that  is,  on  the  south  of  the  Alps  ;  opposed  to  transal- 
pine 

CIS-AT-EAi\'Tie,  a.    Being  on  this  side  of  the  At- 
lantic <  >cean.  Story. 
ClS'l'A  DA.N'E,  u.    [I,,  eis,  on  this  side,  and  Patios, 
th(!  lii\'er  Po,  \\  hence  Padanns.] 

On  this  side  of  the  Po,  with  regard  to  Rome  ;  that 
is,  on  the  south  side.  Stephens. 
CIS'SOID,  II.    [Gr.  KiTtrojj  ivy,  and  eifo(,  form.] 

In  ijeometry,  a  curve  ol  the  second  order,  invented 
by  Diodes.  Bailey.  Knr.yc. 

Cl.ST,  II.    [Gr.  Kiarri,  a  chest.] 

In  architecture  and  sculpture,  a  chest  or  basket; 
usually  applied  to  the  baskets  employed  in  processions 
conm  cted  with  the  Eleusinian  mysteries.    [See  also 
CvsT.I  Brande. 
CIST' El),  a.    Inclosed  in  a  cyst.    j'Sce  Cysted.] 
C1S-TER'CI.\.\,  n.    [Cisteaux,  in  France.] 

A  ittonk,  a  reformed  Iteiiedictine. 
CIS'TER.N',  II.  [E.  cislcrna  ;  cista,  and  Sax.  <mi,  place, 
repository.] 

1.  /\ii  artificial  reservoir  or  receptsicle  for  holding 
water,  beer,  or  other  liquids,  as  in  domestic  uses,  dis- 
tilleries, and  breweries. 

2.  A  natural  reservoir ;  a  hollow  place  containing 
water,  .as  a  fountain  or  lake. 

CIST'IC,  fl.    See  Cystic. 
ClST'l'S,  71.    [Gr.  KinTOi.] 

The  ruck-rose,  a  genus  of  plants,  of  many  species, 
most  of  them  natives  of  the  southern  [lartsof  Europe. 
Some  of  them  arc  beautiful  evergreen,  flowering 
shrubs,  and  ornamental  in  gardens.  Kneijc. 
CIT,  71.  [Contracted  from  citizen.]  A  citizen,  iii  a  loip 
sense;  an  inhabitant  of  a  city  ;  a  piTt  townsman  ;  a 
pragmatical  tnider.  Pope. 
CIT'A-DEE,  71.  [Vt.  citadelte ;  IL  cittadclla  ;  Sp.  ciuda- 
dclti ;  from  the  It.  cittti,  city.] 

A  fortress  or  castle,  in  or  near  a  city,  intended  for 
its  defense  ;  a  place  of  arms.        Johiufon.  Kncyc. 
CI'T.\L,  71.     [from  cite.]     Reproof ;  impeachment. 
[Litlle  used.]  Sliak. 
2.  Summons;  citation;  quotation.    [Little  used.] 

Johnson. 

CI-Ta'TION',  71.    [L.  citatio,  from  cita,  to  cite,  wliich 
see.] 

1.  A  summims  ;  an  ofiicial  call  or  notice,  given  to 
a  person  to  appear  in  a  court  and  answer  to  a  de- 
maml ;  a  call  or  notice  to  appear,  in  various  other 
cases,  and  the  paper  containing  such  notice  or  call. 

2.  Uuotatioii ;  the  act  of  citing  a  passage  from  a 
book,  or  from  another  pi'rson,  in  his  own  words; 
also,  the  p;iiisage  or  words  quoted. 

Watts.  Mcrbury. 

3.  Enumeration  ;  mention.  Ilarrey. 
CI'T.'\-TO-R Y,  a.    Citing;  calling;  having  the  |xiwer 

or  form  of  citation  ;  as,  letters  eiteitvry.  .^yliffe. 
CITE,  17.  I.  [L.  citii,  to  call ;  Fr.  cifcr ;  It.  ciMrc  ;  Sp, 
and  Port,  citar;  Goth,  liaitan  ;  Sax.  hatxm,  or  hatan,  to 
call,  order,  command  ;  G.  heisseu,  whence  Eng.  be- 
hest: D.  heeten  :  Sw.  Aeta ;  Dan.  Afder.  The  same 
word  in  Dutch  and  Danish  signifies  to  heaU  The 
sense,  then,  is  to  rouse,  push,  drive,  stimulate.  See 
Excite,  Incite.] 

1.  To  call  upon  officially  or  authoritatively  ;  tosum- 


TO.VE,  BIJEL,  IINITE.  — ■\.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  <5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  :  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CIV 


CLA 


mon ;  to  give  legal  or  ollicial  notice,  as  to  a  (If  lend- 
aiit  to  appear  in  court,  to  answer  or  defend. 

Milton. 

2.  To  enjoin  ;  to  direct ;  to  summon  ;  to  order  or 
urije.  Prior. 

3.  To  quote  ;  to  name  or  repeat,  as  a  passage  or  tlie 
wcirds  of  anotlier,  eitlier  from  a  book  or  from  verbal 
I'oninuiiiication  ;  as,  to  cite  a  passage  from  Scripture, 
or  10  cite  the  very  words  a  man  utters. 

Bacon.  Drytlen. 

4.  To  call  or  name,  in  su[>port,  proof,  or  coufirma- 
Jiiiu  ;  as,  to  cite  an  authority  to  prove  a  point  in  law. 

I'I'1''EI), /;;).    Uuoted  ;  summoned. 
C'lT'EU,  ;).    One  who  cites  or  summons  into  court. 
2.  One  who  quotes  a  pjissage  or  the  words  of  an- 
other. 

riT'ESS,  n.  [See  CiT.l   A  city  woman.  [Litih  lued.] 

CITII-A-RIf?'Tie,  a.    [L.  cMuira,  a  harp  or  lyre.] 

Pertaining  to  or  adapted  to  the  harp,  or  appropria- 
ted to  the  accompaniment  of  the  harp.   J\Iils.  Diet. 

CITU'EKX,  n.  [L.  citlmra  ;  It.citara;  citara !  V. 
cift^'r ;  (Jr.  Jff^dofj.] 

A  stringed  musical  instrument,  among  the  ancinitt, 
the  precise  form  of  which  is  not  known,  but  it  bore 
some  resemblance  to  the  modern  truitnr,  the  name  of 
which  is  evidently  from  this  ancient  word. 

CI  T'I-CISM,  n.  [from  cit.]  The  manners  of  a  cit  or 
citizen.  B.  Jonson. 

CIT'I-£D,  (sit'id,)  n.    Belonging  to  a  city.  Drmjton. 

CI  r'NGRADE,  a.  Relating  to  a  tribe  of  spiders  whose 
legs  are  usually  tit  only  for  running. 

CIT'lNtJ,  ppr.    Uuoting  ;  suminoning. 

CIT'I-ZA'.V,  (sit'e-/,n,)  n.  [Fr.  eitntjen  ;  ll.  cittMlino ; 
Hp.  citulailtLno  Port,  cidadaiii  ,■  from  It.  ciUa,  Sp.  ciu- 
tlail,  a  city.    See  Crrv.] 

1.  The  native  of  a  city,  or  an  inhabitant  who  enjoys 
the  freedom  and  privileges  of  the  city  in  which  he  re- 
sides; the  freeman  of  a  city,  as  distinguished  from  a 
foreigm;r,  or  one  not  entitled  to  its  franchises. 

2.  A  townsman  ;  a  man  of  trade  ;  not  a  gentle- 
man. SUak. 

X  An  iuliabitaut;  a  dweller  in  any  city,  town,  or 
place.  Dryden. 

4.  In  a  irriierid  sense,  a  native  or  permanent  resi- 
dent ill  a  cily  or  country  ;  as,  the  citizens  of  London 
or  Philailt  lphia ;  the  citizens  t>{  the  United  .States. 

.">.  In  llie  United  States,  a  person,  native  or  natural- 
ized, who  has  the  privilege  of  exercising  the  elective 
franchise,  or  the  qualifications  which  enable  him  to 
vote  for  rulers,  ami  to  purchase  and  hold  real  estate. 

If  lilt-  cilizettg  of  llie  United  Stales  stiouUI  not  be  free  anil  happy, 
Uie  l.iiik  will  Oe  enliiely  their  own.  Wnahijigton. 

CIT'l-ZKX,  a.    Htiving  the  qualities  of  a  citizen. 
CIT'l-ZK.N'-ESS,  71.    A  female  citizen.  [Rare.]  Booth. 
CIT'I-ZK.\-SHIP,  n.    The  state  of  being  vested  with 

the  risihts  and  privih^ges  of  a  citizen.    Bp.  Home. 
CIT'I-ZAX-SOL'DIER,  (sit'e-zn-sol'jer,)  n.  One  who 

is  both  a  soldier  and  a  citizen,  as  our  militia,  or  the 

French  natitmal  guard. 
CIT'RATE,  n.    [L.  citrus,  a  citron,  or  lemon.] 

In  clicinistry,  a  salt  fornuni  by  a  union  of  the  citric 

acid,  or  acid  of  lemons,  with  a  base. 

Tlic  ciiion  yieltis  ritral£  of  lime.  Ure. 
CIT'KENE,  )(.    A  crystalline  coinpound  of  hydrogen 

and  carbon,  obtained  from  the  essential  oil  of  lemons. 
CIT'RIt',  «.   lielonging  to  lemons  or  limes;  as,  citric 

acid. 

CIT'RIC  ACID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  from  the  juice 
of  lemtuis.    It  is  found  also  in  somo  other  substances. 

CIT'RIL,  71.    A  beautiful  song-bird  of  Italy. 

Diet,  of  .Yat.  Hist. 

CIT-RI-\a'TIO.\,  j7.  [See  Citkine.]  The  turning 
to  a  yellow-green  color. 

CIT'RI.NE,  (  rin,)  a.    [L.  citrinus.] 

Like  a  citron  or  lemon  ;  of  a  lemon  color;  yellow, 
or  gre<'iii>h  yclltiw. 

CIT'RI.NE.  71.    [T..  citrinus.] 

A  \  ellow,  pt-tlucid  variety  of  quartz.  Dana. 

CIT'RU.N,  II.    fl'r.  citron  ;  L.  citremn,  or  cilrum.] 
The  fruit  of  the  cition-tree,  resembling  a  lemon. 

CIT'RO.V-'I'KEE,  71.  The  tree  which  protluces  the  cit- 
ron, of  the  genus  Cilrus.  It  has  an  upright,  smooth 
stem,  with  a  branchy  head,  rising  from  live  to  tilteen 
feet,  adorned  with  large,  oval,  spear-shaped  leavi's. 
To  the  same  genus  belong  the  lemon-lree,  orange- 
tree,  tec.  Kncije. 

CIT'RON-VVA-TER,  71.  A  liquor  distilled  with  the 
rind  of  citrons.  Pope. 

CIT'RI.'I.,  71.  The  pnmpion  or  pumpkin,  so  ntiined 
from  Its  vellow  cnlor.    [/  helieoc  not  used.] 

Cri''TER.''i.     See  t.'lTMEHN. 

CIT'Y,  II.  [Fr.  eili  :  It.  cilto,  eiltoile,  or  r.iltole  ;  Sp.  cili- 
ce; Port,  rii/fii/r  ;  from  the  i. -.uin  cioitas.] 

1.  In  a  trenernl  setLte,  a  large  town  ;  a  large  number 
of  hoiHes  and  inhabitants,  established  in  one  place. 

2.  In  a  wore  approprinte  nense,  a  corporate  town  ;  a 
town  or  colli  i  live  body  of  inliahilants,  iiii  or|iiirali'<l 
and  governed  by  jiarticiilar  othcers,  ;ts  a  iri:iyi>r  and 
alrfermen.  'I'liis  is  the  sense  of  the  word  in  the 
United  States.  In  (*re;il  lEritain,  a  borough  town 
cor|Hirate,  which  is  or  has  been  tlir:  seat  of  a  bishop, 
or  the  capilal  of  his  see,  is  railed  a  city. 

3.  The  collective  body  of  cltixcnH,  or  tbe  inhab- 


itants ol  a  city  ;  as,  when  we  say,  the  city  voted  to 

establish  a  market,  and  the  city  repealed  the  vote. 
CIT'V,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  city  ;  as,  city  wives  ;  a  city 

feast ;  citif  manners.  SItal:. 
CIT'Y-t'olniT,  71.    The  municipal  court  of  a  city, 

consi  «.ing  of  Jhe  mtiyor  or  recorder  an:l  aldermen. 
ClVES  71.    [Fr.  cicf ;  E.  c/'/iu.]  [U.  S/ules. 

A  species  of  leek,  of  the  genus  Allium,  growing 

in  tufts. 

o  -  , 

CIVET,  71.    [Fr.  cieclte;  It.  libctto ;  Pers.  la- 

5  :l  > 

bail ;  the  sweet  scent  of  any  beast ;  Ar.  .iLjJ  zohba- 
£>  -  ^ 

don,  cream,  and  civet;  s.iL.'j  zihailaton,  a  civet 

cat.  The  Arabic  verb  signifies  to  make  butter,  and 
this  substance  may  be  inimed  from  its  resembhmce 
to  it.] 

A  substance,  of  the  consistence  of  butter  or  honey, 
taken  from  a  bag  undtrr  tin;  tail  tif  the  civet  cat.  It 
is  of  a  clear,  yello\vish  or  brownish  ctdor ;  of  a 
strong  smell,  and  offensive  when  undiluted,  but 
agreetible  \\'hen  a  small  portion  is  mixed  with  an- 
other substance.    It  is  used  as  a  perfume.  Enetfc. 

CIVET  CAT,  71.  The  animal  that  produces  civet,  a 
species  of  Viverra.  Tliis animal  b.-ars  a  resemblance 
to  a  polecat,  or  to  a  fox  :  it  is  of  a  cinereous  color, 
tinged  with  yellow,  nfarked  with  dusky  spots  dis- 
posed in  rows.  It  inhabits  India,  Giiinoa,  Ethiopia, 
and  Madagascar.  Kncyc, 

CIVIC,  a.    [L.  cioieu.'S,  from  cir'is,  a  citizen.] 

Literally,  pertaining  to  a  city  or  citizen ;  relating 
to  civil  affairs  or  honors.  Pope. 

The  civic  crown,  in  Rtunan  affairs,  was  a  crown 
or  garland  of  oak  leaves  and  acorns,  Ijcstowed  on  a 
soldier  who  had  saved  the  life  of  a  citizen  in  battle. 

CIVIL,  a,  [L.  civilis,  from  ciris,  a  citizen  ;  Fr.  cici7  ; 
It.  cifile;  Sp.  cieil.  Qu.  the  Welsh  roii,  to  shut,  in- 
close, fence,  hedge  ;  for  the  rude  iniitibitants  of  an- 
tiquity fortified  their  towns  with  hedges,  stakes,  or 
palisades.] 

1.  Relating  to  th«  coniniunity,  or  to  the  policy  and 
government  of  the  citizens  ami  subjects  of  a  state  ; 
as  in  the  phrases,  cicil  rights,  cipil  government,  civil 
privileges,  cioil  war,  cicil  justice.  It  is  opposed  to 
criminal;  as,  a  cicil  suit,  a  suit  between  citizens 
alone  ;  whereas  a  criminal  process  is  between  the 
state  and  a  citizen.  It  is  distinguished  from  ecclesi- 
astical, which  respects  the  church  ;  and  from  military, 
which  respects  the  army  and  navy. 

2.  Relating  to  any  man  as  a  member  of  a  commu- 
nity ;  as,  cicil  power,  civil  rights,  the  power  or  rights 
which  a  man  enjoys  as  a  citizen. 

3.  Reduced  to  order,  rule,  and  government ;  under 
a  regular  administration  ;  implying  some  refinement 
of  manners ;  not  savage  or  wild  ;  as,  civil  life,  cicil 
society. 

4.  Civilized  ;  courteous  ;  complaisant ;  gentle  and 
obliging  ;  well-bred  ;  affable  ;  kind  ;  having  the  man- 
ners of  a  city,  as  opposed  to  the  rough,  rude,  coarse 
manners  of  a  savage  or  clown. 

Where  civil  speech  ami  soft  persuasion  hung.  Prior. 

5.  Grave  ;  sober ;  not  gay  or  showy. 

Till  rioiV-snitcd  morn  appear.  Mlllon. 

6.  Complaisant;  polite;  a  pajndar  colloquial  u^e  vf 
the  word. 

7.  Civil  death,  in  law,  is  that  which  cuts  off  a  man 
from  cii:i/  society,  or  its  rights  and  bem-fils,  as  baii- 
ishintuit,  outlawry,  excommunicition,  entering  into  a 
monastery,  &:c.,  as  distinguished  from  natnrtil  death. 

8.  Civil  law  ;  in  a  ireneral  sense,  the  law  of  a  stale, 
city,  or  country  ;  but  in  an  appropriate  sense,  the 
Roman  law  ;  the  municipal  law  of  the  iionian  em- 
pire, comprised  in  the  Institutes,  Code,  and  I)igi>st  of 
Justinian  and  the  Novel  Constitutions.  Bliiekslmie. 

9.  Civil  list ;  in  England,  formerly,  a  list  of  the  en- 
tire expenses  of  the  cirii  government  ;  hence,  the  of- 
ficers of  civil  governmt^nt,  who  are  paid  from  the 
public  treasury  ;  also,  the  revenue  approiiriated  to 
support  the  civil  govi:rnment.  liy  a  late  law,  the 
civil  list  now  embraces  only  the  expenditures  of  the 
reigning  inonan  h's  household.    Brande.  Blackstone. 

The  army  of  J;inif8  11.  was  paid  out  of  his  cioil  list.  Hamilton. 

10.  Cii  iV  state  :  the  whole  boily  of  the  laity  or  citi- 
zens, not  included  iiniler  the  military,  maritime,  and 
ecclesiastical  slates. 

11.  Civil  war ;  a  war  between  the  people  of  tire 
SiiBie  state  or  city  ;  opposed  to  foreifrn  war. 

12.  Cicil  year;  the  legal  year,  or  annual  account 
of  time  which  a  govt  riiment  appoints  to  be  used  ifi 
its  own  iloiniiiiiuis,  tis  ilisiiii^'iiislied  from  the  natural 
year,  which  is  metisiireil  by  thi;  n  vululion  of  Ilie 
heavenly  hollies.  Bailey.  Kneyc. 

i;i.  Ciril  arehiieciure ;  the  ari  liiteclure  which  is 
employeil  in  coii'^triM  ling  biiililiiigs  for  thi;  purposes 
of  civil  life,  in  distiiiclinn  fniiii  military  and  naval 
nrchilectiire,  as  pnv.ite  hoiisrs,  pttlai  es,  churches,  &c. 

14.  This  lerin  is  oHi  n  employed  in  contrast  with 
vtilifary  ;  as,  a  civil  hospital  ;  the  civil  servict;,  &c. 


CIVIL  Ei\-GI-NEER',  7i.  One  employed  in  civil  en- 
gineering. 

CIVIL  EiV-OI-NEER'ING,  ?!.    The  science  or  art  of 
constructing  c:iiials,  railroads,  docks,  and  other  pub 
lie  improvements,  as  distiiigui.shed  from  military  engi- 
neering, which  is  confined  to  war. 

CI-\'IL'IAN',  (sc-vil'yan,)  71.  [from  cici/.]  One  who 
is  skilled  in  the  Roman  law;  a  professor  or  doctor 
of  civil  law.  Encyc. 

2.  In  a  more  extended  sense,  one  who  is  versed  in 
law  and  government. 

3.  A  student  of  the  civil  law  at  the  university. 

Graces, 

4.  One  whose  pursuits  are  those  of  civil  life,  not 
military  or  clerical. 

CI  VIL-iST,  71.    .\  civilian.    [J^ot  in  use.] 
CI-VIL'I-TY,  71.     [L.  cici;i(7is,  from  ciciTis,  civil ;  It. 
cicilita;  Sp.  civilidnd.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  civilized  ;  refinement  of  man- 
niTs  ;  applied  to  nations,  as  distinguished  from  the 
rudeness  of  barbarous  nations. 

Spenser.    Davics.  Denham. 
[7'liis  sense  is  obsolescent  or  obsolete.] 

2.  Good  br.  eding  ;  ptditent  ss  ;  complaisance  ;  cour- 
tesy ;  deroruiii  of  behavior  in  the  treatment  of  oth- 
ers, accompanied  with  kind  oflices,  and  attention  to 
their  wtints  and  desires.  Civility  respects  manners 
or  cxterieil  deportment,  and,  in  the  plural,  civilities 
denote  acts  of  politeness. 

Clarendon.    South.  Dryden. 
CIV-IL-I-Z.\'T10N,  II.    [See  Civilize.!    The  act  of 
civilizim:,  or  the  state  of  being  civilizeti ;  the  state  of 
being  refined  in  manners  from  the  grossness  of  sav- 
age life,  and  improved  in  arts  and  learning. 

2.  The  act  of  rendering  a  criminal  process  civil. 
[.Vot  used.] 

CI  VIL-lZE,  V.  1.  [It.  civilizzarc;  Fr.  civiliscr;  Sp.  and 
Port,  cirilizar  ;  from  civil.] 

To  reclaim  from  a  savage  state  ;  to  introduce  civil- 
ity of  manners  among  a  people,  and  instruct  them  in 
the  arts  of  regular  life.    Locke.    Waller.  Dcnham. 

CI  VIL-IZ--f,'U,  j)/i.  or  «.  Reclaimed  frimi  savage  life 
and  manners ;  instructed  in  arts,  learning,  and  civil 
manners. 

Such  s;de  of  conscience  and  duty  in  open  market  is  not  reconcila- 
ble with  the 'present  state  of  civilized  society.    J.  Quincy. 

CIV'IL-IZ-ER,  71.    One  who  civilizes  ;  he  that  re- 
claims others  from  a  wild  and  savage  life,  and  teach- 
es them  the  rules  and  customs  of  civility. 
2.  That  which  rechtims  from  savagencss. 

CIV'IL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Reclaiming  from  savage 
life  ;  instructing  in  arts  and  civility  of  manners. 

CIVILLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  relating  to  govern- 
ment, or  to  the  rights  or  character  of  a  member  of 
the  coinmtinity.  Hooker. 

2.  In  a  manner  relating  to  private  rights  ;  opposed 
to  criminally ;  as,  a  process  civilly  commenced  for  the 
private  satisfaction  of  a  party  injured.  .^yliJTe. 

3.  Not  naturally,  but  in  law ;  as,  a  man  civilly 
dead. 

4.  Politely  ;  complaisantly ;  gently  ;  with  due  de- 
corum ;  courteously  ;  as,  we  were  civilly  treated. 

Dryden.  Prior. 

5.  Without  gaudy  colors  or  finery ;  as,  chambers 
furnislieti  civilly.    [Ohs.]  Bacon. 

CI  VIS.M,  n.    [L.  ciris,  a  citizen.] 

State  of  citizenship  ;  patriotism. 
CIZ'AR,  V.  t.    To  clip  with  scissors.    [•'Vut  in  use, nor 

correct.]  Beaum  and  Fl. 

(^IZE,  for  Si7.E,  is  not  in  use. 

eL.VIi'HER,  j  71.  Milk  turned,  become  thick 

RON'NY-CLAB'BER,  \  or  inspissated.  [G.  lab,  D. 
leb,  rennet.] 

CL.ACK,  r.  i.  [Fr.  claqner,  to  flap  or  snap;  cliquet,  a 
mill-clapper  ;  cliijueter,  to  clacJi ;  W.  cleca,  clei^yr ;  Ir. 
clairaini ;  I),  klakkcn  ;  Sax.  cloccan,  to  cluck ;  L.  irlocio. 
Probably  from  the  root  of  the  Lat.  loquor,  (ir.  aukw, 
XnKno.    See  Cli  ck,  and  Class  Lg,  No.  27.] 

1.  To  make  a  sudilen,  sharp  noise,  as  by  .striking 
or  cracking  ;  to  clink  ;  to  click. 

2.  To  utter  words  rapidly  and  continually,  or  with 
shar|i,  abrupt  sounds  ;  to  let  the  tongue  run. 

CL.'VCK,  71.  [W.  rlrc,  a  sharp  noisi;,  a  crack,  tale- 
bearing ;  clcen,  cltrian,  cleiryr,  to  clack,  to  crack,  to 
tattle.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  sharp,  abriijit  sound,  continually  repeated, 
such  as  is  made  by  striking  an  object,  or  by  bursting 
or  cracking ;  coniintial  talk  :  as,  we  do  not  wish  to 
hear  his  i7ur/.- ;  a  common  expressitui.  Hence  the 
word  is  used  for  the  tongue,  the  iiistruiiieiit  of  clack- 
ing. Bolter.  Prior. 

2.  The  iiistrunient  that  strikes  the  luip)ier  of  a 
grist  mill,  to  move  or  shake  it,  for  discharging  Ibe 
corn.  And,  accoriling  to  Jnhnson,  a  bell  that  rings 
when  more  corn  is  requireil  to  be  pul  in. 

7i>  dark  wool,  is  to  rul  nil'  llie  slieep's  mark,  which 

makes  it  weigh  less,  ami  yield  It'ss  iluly.    [Jv'ot  used, 

I  believe,  in  .America.] 
ei.ACK'Elt,  II.    One  that  clacks  ;  that  which  cl.acks. 
CLACK'lNf!,  /i;ir.  or  <i.    Making  a   sharp,  abrupt 

souiiil,  conliiiiKilly  re|ieated  ;  talking  coiitiniiiilly  ; 

tallliiig  ;  raltliiig  with  the  tongue. 
eLACK'INtJ,  II.    .^  prating. 


FATE,  FXK,  PALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  UOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

808  ^  ~ 


CLA 


CLA 


CLA 


'  epic  poets  have  rnrely 
Anon. 


CLAD,  pp.  rSce  Clothe.]  Clothed  ;  invested,  cov- 
ered as  with  a  ganiicnt. 

Jf  nthoam  h.ul  dad  tiitiiai'ir  wiUi  a  new  (rarinenl.  —  1  Kings  xi. 
The  fielila  are  clcul  iu  dicerful  jivcii. 
For  yclail,  see  Yclad. 
eLAI.M,  V.  L    [L.  clamo,  to  cry  out,  to  call  upon  ;  It. 
claniarCj  or  chiamare ;  I*ort.  clamar;  >>p.Uamar;  Sax. 
hlemman  ;  S\v.  glamina  ;  It.  gtamaim.} 

1.  'I'o  call  for ;  to  ask  or  seek  to  obtain,  by  virtue 
of  authority,  right,  or  sup|x>sed  riglit ;  to  challenge  as 
aright;  to 'demand  as  due;  as,  to  claim  a  debt;  to 
claim  obedience  or  respect. 

2.  To  assert  or  maintain  as  a  right;  as,  be  claims 
to  be  the  best  piwt  of  the  age. 

a.  To  have  a  right  or  title  to  ;  as,  the  heir  claims 
the  estate  by  descent ;  he  claims  a  promise. 

4.  To  proclaim.    [  OAs.]  Spenser. 

.">.  To  call,  or  name.  [Oit.l 
CL.^I.M,  «.  A  demand  of  a  right  or  supposed  right ;  a 
calling  on  another  fur  something  due  or  supposed  to 
be  due  ;  us,  a  claim  of  wages  for  services.  A  claim 
implies  a  right,  or  supposed  right,  in  the  claimant  to 
something  which  is  in  another's  possession  or  power. 
A  claim  may  be  nuido  in  words,  by  suit,  and  by  otlier 
means.  The  word  is  usually  preceded  by  makf- 
tail ;  to  make  claim  ;  to  laij  claim. 

'2.  .\  right  to  claim  or  deuuind  ;  a  title  to  any  rtelv. 
privilege,  or  other  thing  in  possession  of  another; 
as,  a  prince  has  a  claim  to  the  throne. 

Homer's  cinimt  to  Uic  fint  ruiik  ajiioii 
been  (tig^Hited. 

3.  The  thing  claimed  or  demanded. 

4.  A  loud  call.  Spenser. 
[  This  oriirinul  sense  of  the  leord  is  now  obsoleie,] 

€I..Al.M'.A.-BLE,  0.   That  may  be  demanded  as  due. 

ei.Al.\I'.\.NT,  n.    A  person  who  claims  ;  one  who  de- 
mands any  thing  as  his  right. 
2.  A  perstm  who  has  a  right  to  claim  or  demand. 

et.Al.M'iCI),  pp.  Demanded  as  due;  challenged  as  a 
right;  asserted;  maintained. 

CI.Al.MEK,  II.  A  claimant;  one  who  demands  as 
due. 

ei..\ I.M'IXG,  ppr.  Demanding  as  due  ;  challe  nging 
as  a  right;  asserting;  maintaining;  having  a  right 

eLAI.M'LES^!,  n.    Having  no  claim.        [to  demand. 

eL.\Ill'-()l!-SeCRE'.    See  Clare-Obscl-re. 

CL.^IU-VOY'A.XCE,  n.  [Fr.]  IJtenillij,  clear-sight- 
edness ;  a  |)owcr  attributed  to  persons  in  a  mesmeric 
suite,  of  discerning  objects  which  are  not  present  to 
the  senses. 

CL.^IK-VOY'ANT,  a.  Discerning  objects  which  are 
•  not  present  to  the  senses. 

CLAM,  It.  [See  the  verb.]  The  popular  name  of 
certain  bivalvular  sliell-lish,  of  many  species,  and 
much  valued  for  food. 

ei.AM'-SHELL,  It,    The  shell  of  a  clam. 

CLAM,  c.  (.  [Sax.  clatnian,  to  glue;  D.  ktam,  clam- 
my ;  lijm,  glue  ;  G.  klamm,  close,  clammy ;  klemmen, 
to  pinch ;  Dan.  klamnier,  to  cling ;  klemmer,  to 
squeeze,  or  pinch  ;  Urn,  glue  ;  litner,  to  glue  ;  limag- 
tia,  clammy.  Uii.  W  cli/mu,  to  bind  or  tie  a  knot. 
See  Lime,  and  Class  Lni,  No.  I,  5,  9,  13.] 
To  clog  with  glutinous  or  viscous  matter. 

L'' Kstranire, 

CLAM,  r.  i.    To  be  moist.    [Little  used.]  Dryden. 
CLAM,  V.  L    In  bell  ringing,  to  unite  sounds  in  the 

peal.    [/''!»■.]  Smart, 
CL.A'.M.V.VT,  a.    [See  Claim.]    Cr)  ing  ;  beseeching. 

l^hom.'ion. 

CL.VM'BER,  r.  t.  [from  climb,  or  D.  klampen,  to 
grapple.] 

To  climb  with  difficulty,  or  with  hands  and  feet. 

Addison. 

CLAM'BER-IXG,  ppr.  Climbing  with  effort  and  labor. 

CLAM'.MI-NESS,  n.  [SeeCLAMMv.]  The  st,ite  of  be- 
ing viscous  ;  viscosity ;  stickiness ;  tenacity  of  a  soft 
subst^ince.  Mozon. 

CLA.M'.MY,  fl.  [See  Clam.]  Thick  ;  viscous  ;  adhe- 
sive ;  soft  and  sticky ;  glutinous ;  tenacious ;  as, 
bodies  clammtj  and  cleaving.  Bacon. 

CuM     cjit,  in  clamnuf  ilropi,  hi*  liiiiLs  o'eriprcad.  Dryden. 

CLAM'OR,  n.  [L.  clamor;  Fr.  elameur;  It.  glam; 
.Sa\.  A/em.    See  Claim.] 

1.  A  great  outcrj- ;  noise  ;  exclamation  ;  vocifer- 
ation, made  by  a  loud  human  voice  continued  or 
repeated,  or  by  a  miillitude  of  voices.  It  often  ex- 
presses complaint  and  urgent  demand.  SItak.  Prior. 

2.  Figuraticelij,  loud  and  continued  noise,  as  of  a 
riviT  or  other  inanimate  things.  Mdison. 

CLAM'OR,  e.  f.    To  sum  with  noise.  Bacon. 
To  clamor  bells,  is  to  multiply  the  strokes. 

Warburton. 

CLAM'OR,  r.  i.  To  utter  loud  sounds  or  outcries  ;  to 
talk  loud  ;  to  utter  loud  voices  repeatedly  ;  to  vocif- 
erate, as  an  individual ;  to  utter  loud  voices,  as  a 
multitude  ;  to  complain ;  to  make  iin|>ortunate  de- 
mands. Shak,  Bacon. 
Thotr  who  most  loiuUy  elMnor  for  liberty  do  not  moat  liVrillj 
^rint  tt.  Anon. 

"  Clamor  your  tongues,"  in  Sliakspeare,  if  intend- 
etl  to  mean,  **  stop  from  noise,**  is  not  English. 
Perhnfis  the  word  was  clam  up,  to  clog  or  stop,  or 
used  for  it. 


CLA.M'OR-ER,  ii.    One  who  clamors.  Cheslerfield. 

CL.VM'Oli-IXG,  ppr.  I'tteriiig  and  rrix'ating  loud 
words;  making  a  great  anil  continueil  noise;  par- 
ticularly in  complaint  or  importunate  demands. 

€L.AM'OIl-OUS,  a.  Speaking  and  repeating  loud 
words;  noisy;  vociferous;  loud  ;  turbulent. 

Jfuokrr.    Pope.  Sicifl. 

CLAM'OR-OUS-LY,  ado.    With  loud  noise  or  words. 

CLA.M'OR-OUS-.NESS,  n.  The  stats  or  quality  of 
being  loud  or  noisy. 

GLAAlP,  It.  fD.  klamp ;  G.  klammer,  klemmen;  Dan. 
klamp  ;  \V.  ehjmu,  to  tie.] 

1.  In  general,  something  that  fastens  or  binds  ;  a 
piece  of  timber  or  of  iron,  used  to  fasten  work  to- 
gether ;  or  a  particular  manner  of  uniting  work  by 
letting  boards  into  each  other. 

2.  An  instrument  with  a  screw  at  one  end,  used 
by  joiners  to  hold  piect^s  of  wood  together. 

:).  In  ship-building,  a  thick  plank  on  the  Inner  part  of 
a  ship's  side,  used  to  sustain  the  ends  of  the  lieaiiis. 

4.  A  smooth,  crooked  |il,ite  of  iron,  forelocked  on 
the  trunnions  of  a  cannon  to  keep  it  fast  to  the  car- 
riage. Clamps  are  also  used  to  striMigthen  masts, 
anil  to  fasten  the  masts  and  bowsprits  of  small  ves- 
sels and  of  boats.  J\lar.  Did. 

5.  ^  large  m.ass  or  pile  of  bricks  laid  up  for  burn- 
ing, vliich  the  end  of  one  brick  is  laid  over 
anotlii\  and  a  space  is  left  between  the  bricks  for 
the  fire  to  ascend.  Encyc. 

"^lamp-irons ;  irons  used  at  the  ends  of  fires  to 
keep  the  fuel  from  falling.  Bailey. 

Clamp-nails;  nails  used  to  fasten  on  clamps  in 
ships. 

CLA.MP,  V.  U    To  fasten  with  clamps. 

2.  In  joinery,  to  fit  a  piece  of  board  with  the  grain, 

to  the  end  of  another  piece  of  board  ticross  the  grain  ; 

as,  to  clomp  a  table  to  prevent  its  warping.  Mozon. 
eL.\.Ml"^;D,  (klampt,)  pp.    United  or  strengthened 

with  a  rlampl 

€L.\.MI"IN'G,  ppr.  Fastening  or  strengthening  with  a 
clamp. 

CLA.V,  ».  [Ir.  clann,  or  c/am/,  children,  posterity;  a 
tribe,  breed,  generation,  family.  Erse,  clan  or  kiaan. 
Ferlnips  G.  klcin,  small.] 

1.  A  race  ;  a  family;  a  tribe.    Milton.  Dryden. 
Hence, 

2.  In  Scotland,  a  tribe  or  collection  of  families 
united  under  a  chieftain,  usu.illy  bearing  the  same 
surname,  and  sup{)osed  to  be  descended  from  a  com- 
mon ancestor. 

3.  In  contempt,  a  sect,  society,  or  body  of  persons 
closely  united  by  some  common  interest  or  [lursiiit. 

JVote.  —  In  Russ.  kolieno  signifies  a  knee,  and  a 
family,  race,  or  tribe;  Irish  glnn,  the  knee,  and  a 
eiiAN'eiJ-LAR,  a.    [L.  c/aitcti/ariits.]  [generation. 

Clandestine  ;  secret ;  private  ;  concealed.  [Little 
used.] 

€LAN'eU-LAR-LY,  a,lv.  Privately  ;  secretly.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

eLAN-DES'TINE,  (-tin,)  a.    [L.  clandestiiiu.'!.] 

Secret ;  private  ;  liidilen  ;  withdrawn  from  public 

view.    It  oflen  bears  an  ill  sense,  as  implying  craft 

or  deception,  or  evil  design. 
eLAJV-DES'TINE-LY,  ado.   Secretly  ;  privately ;  in 

€LAX-DES'TINE-XESS,n.  Secrecy;  a  state  of  con- 
cealment. 

CLA.V-DES-TIX'I-TY,  n.    Privacy  or  secrecy. 

€L.\NG,  r.  t  or  i.  [L.  clango,  to  sound  ;  G.  Uang  ;  D. 
klank;  Sw.  klang  ;  Dan.  klang  ;  Gr.  /fXav)  o),  «Aa;<.), 
<[Aa)  (o),  tK'Say  It  appears  from  the  Greek,  that  n 
is  not  radical,  and  that  this  word  belongs  to  Class 
Lg,  coinciding  with  cli/ik,  clank,  and  probably  with 
clack.] 

To  make  a  sharp,  shrill  sound,  as  by  striking  me- 
tallic substances ;  or  to  strike  with  a  sharp  sound. 

Thcj  clanged  their  sounding  lumu.  Prior. 

€L.\NG,  n.  [L.  clangor;  G.  klang;  D.  klank.  See  the 
verb.] 

A  sharp,  shrill  saiind,  made  by  striking  together 
metallic  substances,  or  sonorous  bodies  ;  as,  the  clang 
of  arms  ;  or  any  like  sound  ;  as,  the  clang  of  truinpela. 
This  word  implies  a  degree  of  harshness  in  the 
sound,  or  more  harshness  than  clink.  JifiUon. 
eLA.\"G()R,  (klang'gor,)  n.    [L.]    A  sharp,  shrill, 

harsh  sounil.    [See  Cla  so.]  Dryden. 
eLAN'"GOR-OUS,  a.   Sharp  or  harsh  in  sound. 

Spectator. 

€LAN'"GOUS,  fklang'gus,)  a.  Making  a  clang,  or 
a  shrill  or  harsli  sound.  Broicn. 

CLANK,  It.  [See  Claso.]  The  loud,  shrill,  sharp 
sounil  made  by  a  collision  of  metallic  or  other  so- 
norous bodies.  Spectator. 

CL.A.NK,  r.  t.  or  i.  To  make  a  sharp,  shrill  sound  ;  to 
strike  with  a  sharp  sound  ;  as,  the  prisoners  clank 
their  chains. 

GLA.N'NISII, «,  Closely  united,  like  a  clan  ;  disposed 
to  adhere  closely,  as  the  members  of  a  clan. 

eL.\N'.\ISIl-LY,  adc.    In  a  clannish  manner. 

€L.\N'N1SH-.\ESS,  n.  Close  adherence  ordisposition 
to  unite,  as  a  clan. 

CLAN'SIIIP,  II.  A  state  of  union,  as  in  a  family  or 
clan  ;  an  association  under  a  chieftain.  Encije. 


CL.\l',r.  t. :  prct.nml  pp.  Claitkd  or  Clai-t.  [D.Uap. 

pen,  kloppen  ;  Dan.  klappcr ;  Sw.  klappa  ;  (I.  ktappen 
or  klaffen;  Itiiss.  klepliju.  The  Dutrh  and  German 
words  signify  to  clap  or  strike,  and  to  talk,  clatter, 
prate.  Siix.  cicopian  or  clypian,  to  call,  to  apeak, 
whence  ycleped,  [obs.  ;]  \V.  clepian,  to  clack,  to  lialilile, 
from  Uep,  n  lapping,  llepiaw,  to  lap  to  lick.  The  J 
sense  is  to  send,  drive,  or  strike,  L.  alapa,  n  slap.]  n 

1.  To  strike  with  a  quick  motion,  no  as  to  make  I 
a  noise  by  the  collision  ;  to  strike  with  something 
broad,  or  having  a  flat  surface  ;  as,  to  clap  the  hands  ; 
to  clap  the  wings.  Locke.  Dryden. 

2.  I'o  thrust  ;  to  drive  together  ;  to  shut  hastUy  ; 
followed  by  to ;  as,  to  c/<i^  to  the  door  or  gittc. 

Locke.  Shak. 

3.  To  thrust  or  drive  together  ;  to  put  tme  thing  to 
another  by  a  hasty  or  siidilen  motion  ;  followed  by  to, 
on,  iir  i«  ;  as,  to  clap  the  hand  (o  the  mouth  ;  to  clap 
spurs  to  a  horse  ;  to  clap  on  a  saddle. 

IVatls.    Mdiiim.  Dryden. 

4.  To  thrust  ;  to  put,  place,  or  send  ;  followed  by 
in,  into,  under,  over,  &.C.  ;  as,  to  clap  one  under  the 
hatches  ;  to  clap  one  into  Iledlaiii ;  to  c/<ip  a  board 
over  a  pit.  Shnk.  Spectator. 

5.  To  applaud  ;  tti  manifest  approbation  or  praise 
by  striking  the  hands  together;  as,  to  clap  a  per- 
formance on  the  stage. 

6.  To  infect  with  vcneri'al  poison.  Wiseman. 
To  clap  up ;  to  make  or  complete  hastily  ;  as,  to  clap 

up  a  peace.  Shak.  JIowcl. 

2.  To  imprison  hastily,  or  with  little  delay. 

Sandys. 

CLAP,  V.  i.   To  move  or  drive  together  suddenly  with 

noise. 

The  doori  around  mc  etapt.  Dryden. 

2.  To  enter  on  with  alacrity  and  briskness  ;  to 
drive  or  thrust  on  ;  as  we  say  to  reapers  or  mowers, 
clap  in,  or  clap  to;  that  is,  enter  on  the  work,  begin 
without  delay,  begin  briskly. 

3.  To  strike  the  hands  together  in  applause. 

Bid  them  dap.  Shak. 
CLAP,  n.    A  driving  together  ;  a  thrust  and  collision 
of  bodies  with  noise,  usually  bodies  with  broad  sur- 
faces. 

Give  the  tloor  a  dap.  Sut^. 

2.  A  sudden  act  or  motion  ;  a  thrust. 

Pay  all  debu  at  one  dap.  Su^/t. 

3.  A  burst  of  sound  ;  a  sudden  explosion  ;  as,  a 
clap  of  thunder. 

4.  An  act  of  applause  ;  a  striking  of  hands  to  ex- 
press approbation.  Mdison. 

5.  A  venereal  infection.    [Fr.  clapoir ;  D.  klopoor.] 

Pope. 

6.  With  fidconers,  the  nether  part  of  the  beak  of  a 
hawk.  Bailey. 

eLAP'BO.VRD,  (klab'bord,)  n.  A  thin,  narrow  board, 
for  covering  houses.    [J7.  Statr.^:] 

The  word  is  also  used  as  a  verb  for  to  cover  with 
clapboards. 

In  England,  according  to  Bailey,  a  clapboard  is 

what,  in  .America,  is  called  a  stare  lor  casks. 
CLAP'-DISII,  n.    A  wooden  howl  or  dish. 
CLAP'-DOe-TOR,  n.    One  who  is  skilled  in  healing 

the  clap,  or  venereal  disease.  Taller. 
CLAP'-NET,  It.    A  net  for  taking  larks,  united  with 

a  looking-glass.  Bailey.  Encyc. 

eL.\P'P^;D,  (klapt.)  pp.  Thrust  or  put  on  "or  together  : 

applauded  by  striking  the  hands  together ;  infected 

with  the  venereal  disease. 
CL.AP'PER,  It.    A  person  who  claps,  or  applauds  by 

clapping. 

2.  That  which  strikes,  as  the  tongue  of  a  bell,  or 
tlie  piece  of  wood  that  strikes  a  mill-hoppcr. 

3.  .A  burrow  or  inclosnre.  [Obs.] 
CLAP'PER-CLAVV,  v.  I.    [clap  and  claw.]     To  fight 

and  scratch.    Smart.  Hence, 
2.  To  scold  ;  to  abuse  with  the  tongue  ;  to  revile, 
SliaJ:.  JIudibras. 
CLAP'PING,  ppr.    Driving  or  putting  on,  in,  over,  or 
under,  by  a  sudden  motion  ;  striking  the  hands  to- 
gether. 

CL.AP'PING,  II.  The  act  of  striking  the  hands  to- 
gether, ordinarily  bv  way  of  applause. 

CLAP'-TRAP,  It.  A  trap  for  clapping  in  theaters. 
Hence,  a  trick  or  device  to  gain  applause. 

CLARE,  II,    A  nun  of  the  order  of  St.  Clare. 

Chalmers. 

eLAR'EN-CEOX,  )  (klar'en-shu,)  n.    In  Great  Brit- 

CLAR'E.V-CIEOX,  (  am,  the  second  king  at  arms, 
so  called  from  the  duke  of  Cl.irence,  and  ap|>ointe<l 
by  Eilwaril  IV.  His  office  is  to  marshal  and  dispose 
the  funerals  of  all  baronets,  knights,  and  esquires,  on 
the  south  of  the  River  Trent,  Bailey.  Enet/e. 

CLARE'-OB-SeORE',  n.  [L.  clarus,  clear,  and  ohcu- 
rus,  obscure.] 

Light  and  shade  in  painting ;  or  the  particular  dis- 
tribution of  the  lights  and  shades  of  a  piece,  with  re 
spect  to  the  ease  of  the  eye  and  the  effect  of  tht 
whole  piece ;  also,  a  design  of  two  colors.  Encvc 

CLAR'ET,  n.  [Fr.  clairel,  from  ciuir,  clear;  lU  cla 
reUo.] 

A  species  of  French  wine,  of  a  clear,  pale  red 
color.  Thomson. 


TONE,  BULL,  U.XITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


'27 


CJ.A 


CLA 


CLA 


eLAR'i  eHORD,  n.  fL.  dams,  clear,  and  chorda,  a 
siring.    See  Chord.] 

A  musical  iiistninient,  in  form  of  a  spinet,  now 
out  of  use  ;  called,  also,  vianickttrd. 

eLAR-I-FI-eA'TlON,  n.  [See  Cl4Rifv.]  The  act 
of  clearing;  particularly  the  clearing  or  fining  of 
liquid  substances  from  all  feculent  matter  by  chem- 
ical means.  Bacon, 

€LAR'I-Fl  ED,  (klar'e-fide,)pp.ora.  Purified;  made 
clear  or  fine  ;  defecated. 

eLAR'I-FI-ER,  n.    That  which  clarifies  or  purifies  ; 
as,  whites  of  eggs,  blood,  and  isinglass,  are  clurijiers 
of  liquors.  EdwariU. 
2.  A  vessel  in  which  liquor  is  clarified. 

Hig!rins''s  Med.  Rcpos. 

eLAR'I-F?,  r.t.  [Ft.  clarifier;  It.  cliiarijicare ;  from 
L.  clartLS,  clear,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  clear  ;  to  purify  from  feculent  matter; 
to  defecate  ;  to  fine  ;  applied  particularly  tu  liquursi 
as,  to  clarify  wine  or  sirup. 

2.  To  make  clear  ;  to  brighten  or  illuminate  ;  ap- 
plied to  the  miiul  or  reason.  -  [Rarely  used.]  Suitth. 

CLAR'I-F2,  V.  i.  To  clear  up ;  to  grow  clear  or 
bright. 

His  imdeistaiidin^  clarifies,  in  discoursing  wiUi  another. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  grow  or  become  clear  or  fine  ;  to  become 

pure,  as  liquors.    Cider  clarifies  by  fermentation. 
eLAR'I-F5-l.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  clear,  pure,  or 

bright ;  defecating  ;  growing  clear. 
CLAR'I-ON',  71.    [Vl.  clairon  ;  S\\  clartn  ;  \l.  chiarina  ; 

Port,  clarim ;  from  L.  clarus,  clear,  from  its  shrill 

sound.] 

A  kind  of  trumpet,  whose  tube  is  narrower  and  its 
tone  more  acute  and  shrill  than  that  of  tlie  common 
trumpet,  Encyc. 

€LAR-I-0-NET',  j  n.    [Fr.  clarinetlr.]  A  wind  instni- 

CLAR'I-NET,  )  nient  of  music,  witli  a  mouth 
partaking  of  a  trumpet  form,  and  played  on  by  means 
of  holes  and  keys. 

CLA-RIS'O-NOUS,  a.    [L.  clarus  and  somts.'] 
Having  a  clear  sound. 

CLAR'I-TUDE,  n.  Clearness ;  splendor.  [Little 
used.']  Jlcau'it.  and  Fl. 

CLAR'^I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  clarte ;  L.  claritas,  from  clarus, 
clear.] 

Clearness  ;  brightness  ;  splendor.    [Little  usrd.] 
Bacon.  Bnncn. 

CLXRT,  v.t.    To  daub,  smear,  or  spread.  Grose. 

CLXRT'Y,  a.    Wet :  slippery.  Orose. 

CLaR'Y,  ».  i.  To  make  a  loud  or  shrill  noise.  [JVo( 
used.]  GoUlin^. 

eLA'RY,  n.  [A  corruption  of  Sclarea.]  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Salvia,  or  sage  ;  Salvia  Sclarea. 

eLA'RY-VVA-TER,  n.  A  composition  of  brandy, 
sugar,  clary-flowers,  and  cinnamon,  with  a  little  am- 
bergris dissolved  in  it.  It  is  a  cardiac,  and  heli)S  di- 
gestion. Encyc. 

CLASH,  v.i.  [D.  kletsm;  G.  klatsclien,  klitscheii;  JJan. 
klalsker.] 

1.  To  strike  against ;  to  drive  against  with  force. 
JVote.  —  The  sense  of  tliis  word  is  simply  to  strike 

against  or  meet  with  force  ;  but  when  two  sounding 
bodies  strike  together,  the  effect  is  a  sound.  Hence 
the  word  often  implies,  to  strike  with  a  noise  ;  as, 
clashing  arms.  Denham. 

2.  To  meet  in  opposition  ;  to  be  contrary  ;  to  act 
in  a  contrary  direction ;  to  interfere,  as  opposing 
persons,  minds,  views,  interests,  tc. ;  as,  the  opin- 
ions of  men  clash ;  claskintr  interests.   South.  Bacon. 

lnUc|K-nd<.'nt  jurisdicuuns  —  could  not  fail  lo  riask. 

IJmshCs  Thiol. 

CLASH,  V.  U  To  strike  one  thing  against  another, 
with  sound.  Dryden. 

CLASH,  n.  A  meeting  of  bodies  with  violence  ;  a 
striking  together  with  noise  ;  collision,  or  noisy  collis- 
ion of  bodies  ;  as,  the  elfish  of  arms.  Pope.  Denham. 

2.  Opposition  ;  contradiction  ;  as  between  differ- 
ing or  contending  interests,  views,  jiurposes,  &,c. 

Jitterbary.  Denham. 

CLASIl'ING,  ppr.  Striking  against  witli  noise;  meet- 
ing in  opposition  ;  opposing  ;  interfering. 

CLASII'I.NG,  a.  Inlcrferiug ;  opposite;  as,  clashing 
int(;resLs, 

CL.XSII'ING,  n.      A  striking  against;  c<illision  of 

bodies  ;  opposition.  Jlowel. 
CLASH'IN(M.Y,  ado.   With  clashing. 
CLASI',  71,    \It.  elasha  ;  elapse.  Chancer.] 

1.  A  hook  for  fastening  ;  a  catch  ;  a  small  hook  to 
hoM  together  the  covers  of  a  book,  or  tlK^  dilfereut 
parts  of  a  Karmi'nt,  of  a  belt,  &c.  ./lildison. 

2.  Aclode  embrace- ;  a  throwing  of  the  arms  around. 

Shalt. 

CLXSP,  »,  t.    To  shut  or  fasten  together  with  a  clasp. 

Pope. 

S.  To  catch  and  hold  by  twining  ;  to  surrouuil  and 
cling  to  ;  as,  the  rleuping  ivy.  Jldiou. 

3.  Til  incl(M«  and  hold  in  the  hand  ;  or  simply  to 
Inclouc  or  encompass  with  the  fingers.  Bocua. 

4.  To  embrace  closely ;  tu  throw  the  arms  round; 
to  catch  with  the  arm".  Milton.  I>ryden. 

.*).  'I'o  inclose  anrl  prr^ss, 
CLASP' (kH-pl,)  pp.     Fastened  with  a  rl:i-p; 
■hut ;  embraced  ;  inclosed  ;  encomiuisseil  ;  caught. 


CLXSP'ER,  n.  He  or  that  whicli  clasps  ;  usually  the 
tendril  of  a  vine  or  utlier  plant,  which  twmes  round 
something  for  supjiort. 

CLSSP'Ell-ED,  a.    Furnished  with  tendrils. 

eLA.SP'ING,  ppr,  or  a.  'J'wiiiing  round  ;  catching  and 
holding;  embracing;  inchising;  shutting  or  fasten- 
ing Willi  a  clasp. 

2.  In  botany,  surrounding  the  stem  at  the  base,  as 
a  leaf.  Murtyn. 

CLASP'-KNIFE,  (  nife,)  71.  A  knife  which  folds  into 
the  handle.  Johnson. 

CLASS,  71.  [L.  classis,  a  class,  a  fleet,  a  troop,  that  is, 
a  collection  ;  It.  classc ;  Fr.  classc  ;  Sp.  close  :  Arm. 
c/af  I,  anil  scla^z  ,•  Dan.  klasse,  a  class,  and  klase,  a 
cluster,  a  bunch.  This  seems  to  be  a  branch  of  the 
root  of  L.  claudo,  clausus,] 

1.  An  order  or  rank  of  persons  ;  a  number  of  per- 
sons in  society,  supposed  to  have  some  resemblance, 
or  equality,  in  rank,  education,  property,  talents,  and 
the  like ;  as  in  the  phrase,  all  classes  of  men  in  so- 
ciety. 

The  readpra  of  poetry  may  tie  distinguished  into  three  dosses, 
acconling  to  Lheir  capacity  of  judging.  Dryden. 

2.  A  number  of  students  in  a  college  or  school,  of 
the  same  standing,  or  pursuing  the  same  studies.  In 
colleges,  the  students  entering  or  becoming  members 
the  same  year,  and  pursuing  the  same  studies.  In 
academies  and  schools,  the  pupils  who  learn  the 
same  lesson,  and  recite  together.  In  some  cases, 
students  of  diflerent  standings-,/pursuing  the  same 
studies  and  reciting  together;  or'  attending  the  same 
professor,  or  the  same  course  of  lectures. 

3.  Scientific  division  or  arrangement ;  a  set  of 
beings  or  things  having  something  in  common,  or 
ranged  under  a  common  denomination.  Hence,  in 
zoolotry,  animals  are  divided  into  classes,  as  quad- 
rupeds, birds,  fishes,  &c.  So,  in  botany,  plants  are 
arranged  in  classes.  Classes  are  natural  or  artificial  ; 
natural,  when  founded  on  n.atural  relations  or  resem- 
blances ;  artificial,  when  formed  arbitrarily,  for  want 
of  a  complete  knowledge  of  natural  relations.  Marlyn. 

CLASS,  V.  t.  To  arrange  in  a  class  or  classes,  to  ar- 
range in  sets,  or  ranks,  according  to  some  method 
founded  on  natural  distinctions  ;  to  place  together, 
or  in  one  division,  men  or  things  which  have,  or  are 
supposed  to  have,  symething  in  common. 

2.  To  place  in  ranks  or  divisions  students  that  are 
pursuing  the  same  studies;  to  form  into  a  class  or 
chisses. 

CLASS'£;D,  (klist,)  pp.  Arranged  in  a  class  or  in 
sets. 

CLAS'Sie,        j  a.     [L.  classicus ;  Fr.  cla.^sique ;  It. 
CLAS'SIC-AL,  \     classico  ;  Sp.  clasico  ;  from  L.  classis, 
the  first  order  of  Roman  citizens.] 

1.  Relating  to  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  authors 
of  the  first  rank  or  estimation,  which,  in  modern 
times,  have  been,  and  still  are,  studied  as  the  best 
models  of  fine  writing.  Thus  Aristotle,  Plato,  De- 
mosthenes, Thucydides,  &c.,  ainimg  the  Greeks,  and 
Cicero,  Virgil,  Livy,  Sallust,  Cesar,  and  Tacitus, 
among  the  Latins,  are  classical  authors.  Hence, 

2.  Pertaining  to  writers  of  the  first  rank  among 
the  moderns ;  being  of  the  first  order ;  constituting 
the  best  model  or  authority  as  an  author ;  as,  Ad- 
dison and  Johnson  are  English  classical  writers 
Hence,  classical  denotes  pure,  chaste,  correct,  re- 
filled ;  as,  a  classical  taste  ;  a  classical  style. 

At  Liverpool,  Roscoe  is  like  Pompey's  column  at  Alexandria, 
lowering  alone  in  classic  dignity.  Irving. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  class  or  Classis. 
CLAS'Sie,  71.    An  author  of  the  first  rank  ;  a  writer 

wliose  style  is  pure,  correct,  and  refined  ;  primarily, 
a  Greek  or  Roman  author  of  this  character;  but  the 
word  is  applied  to  writers  of  a  like  character  in  any 
nation.  Pope. 
2.  A  book  written  by  an  author  of  the  first  class. 
CLAS'SIC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  classes  ; 
according  to  a  regular  order  of  classes  or  sets. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  bear  all  ila  specific  details  in  the 
uiciiiory,  if  liiey  were  not  ciassically  aiT:inged. 

Kerr's  Lavoisier. 

2.  In  a  classical  manner ;  according  to  the  manner 
of  classical  authors 
CLAS-SIC-AL'l-TY,  (71.   The  quality  of  being  clas- 
CLAS'Sie  AL-NESS,  j  sical. 

CLAS-SIF'IC,  a.  Constituting  a  class  or  classes; 
noting  classification,  or  the  order  of  distribution  into 
sets.  Med,  Rrpos.  Her.  2. 

CLAS-SI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.  [See  Classify.]  The  act 
of  fiirmiiig  into  a  class  or  classes  ;  distribution  into 
sets,  sorts,  or  ranks.  EnfieWs  Phil.  Encijc. 

CLAS'Sl-FI-CA  TO-KY,  a.  Pertaining  to  classifica- 
tion ;  Ihiit  admits  of  classificalion.      Jim.  Eclectic. 

CL.AS'SI-FI-/CI>,  pp.  or  n.  Arranged  in  classes  ; 
formed  into  a  cl.ass  or  classes. 

CI..AS'SI-FV,  V.  I.  [L.  cla.-isis,a  class,  and  facio,  U> 
make  ;  a  word  tif  modern  coinagt^.J 

To  make  a  cl.tss  or  classes  ;  lo  distribute  into 
classes  ;  to  arrangi^  in  sets  according  lo  some  cnm- 
npm  properties  or  characters. 

Till-  diseases   ami  crutuallleB   are  in)l   ttlentlftcallv  etnusilirfl. 
•/Vote,  Ku.».  /Cinp.  I.  .S.'e  alio  .tlHnV  '/.efler.,  IIW. 

llnel^t  CI.eimMlry,  I.  1H5.  WiUsli,  iil.  4i.  .Vleimrl.  lit. 
PInl.  i.  Ib7. 


eLAS'SI-F5-L\G,  ppr.    Forming  a  class  or  classes  ; 

arranging  in  st)rts  or  ranks. 
CLASS'LXG,  ppr.    Arranging  in  a  class  or  classes. 
CL.VS'SIS,  n.    Class;  order;  sort.  Clarendon. 

2.  A  judicatory  in  the  Reformed  Dutch  and  French 
churches,  corresponding  to  a  presbytery. 

3.  A  convention  or  assembly.  Milton. 
CL.\T'TE1!,  i,'.  i.    [D.  Idutercn,  klettercn  :  W.  clemliaw  ; 

Sax.  clatningre,  a  clattering.  Uu.  Fr.  eclutcr ;  L.  lalro, 
to  bark ;  Sax.  hlyd,  loud.  It  seems  to  be  a  diminu- 
tive.] 

1.  To  make  rattling  sounds;  to  make  repeated 
sharp  sounds,  as  by  striking  sonorous  bodies  ;  as,  to 
clatter  on  a  shield.  Dryden. 

2.  To  utter  continual  or  repeated  sharp  sounds,  or 
rattling  sounds,  by  being  struck  together;  as,  clatter- 
inir  arms. 

3.  To  talk  fast  and  idly  ;  10  run  on  ;  to  rattle  with 
the  ttuigue.  Spen.^cr. 

CLAT'TER,  V.  t.   To  strike  and  make  a  rattling  noise. 


you  clatter  still  your  brazen  kettle. 


Swi/t. 


2.  To  dispute,  jar,  or  clamor.    [Jl  low  word.] 

Martin. 

CLAT'TER,  77,  A  rapid  succession  of  abrupt,  sharp 
sounds,  made  by  the  collision  of  metallic  or  other 
sonorous  bodies  ;  rattling  sounds.  Swift. 

2.  Tumultuous  and  confused  noise  ;  a  reiietition 
of  abrupt,  sharp  sounds.  Swift.  Shak. 

CLAT'TER-ER,  71.    Une  who  clatters  ;  a  babbler. 
CLAT'TER-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.   Making  or  uttering  sharp, 
abrupt  sounds,  as  by  a  collision  of  sonorous  bodies  ; 
talking  fast,  with  noise;  rattling. 
CLAT'TER-ING,  n.    A  rattling  noise. 
CLAt'TER-ING-LY,  adv.    With  clattering. 
CLAU'DENT,   a.     [L.   claudcns ;  claudo,  to  shut.] 
Shutting;  confining;  drawing  together;  as,  a  clau- 
dent  muscle.    [Little  used.] 
eLAU'Dl-CANT,a,   Halting;  limiiing.    [Little  used.] 
CLAU'DI-CaTE,  v.  i.     [L.  claudico,  to  limp,  from 
claadus,  lame.]    To  halt  or  limp.    [Little  used,  or  nut 


at  all.] 

CLAU-DI-Ca'TION,  71.    A  halting  or  limping 


[Lit- 


tle used.] 

CLAUSE,  71.  [Fr.  clause  ;  L.  clausura,  from  claudo,  to 
shut;  Gr.  icXtitu,  K^ctoT'if ;  W.  claws;  Eng.  c/osc  ; 
Sax.  Iilidan,  to  cover  ;  hlid,  a  cover,  a  lid,  which  see. 
Class  Ld,  No.  1,  8,  9.] 

Literally,  a  close,  or  inclosure.  Hence,  that  which 
is  included,  or  contained,  within  certain  limits. 

L  In  language,  or  grammar,  a  member  of  a  period 
or  sentence  ;  a  subdivision  of  a  sentence,  in  which 
the  words  are  inseparably  connected  with  each  other 
in  sense,  and  can  not,  with  propriety,  be  separated  by 
a  point ;  as,  "  There  is  reason  to  think  that  he  after- 
ward rose  to  favor,  and  obtained  several  honors, 
civil  and  military."  In  this  sentence  are  two 
clauses. 

2.  An  article  in  a  contract  or  other  writing ;  a  dis- 
tinct part  of  a  contract,  will,  agreement,  charter, 
commission,  or  other  writing ;  a  distinct  stipulatitm, 
condition,  proviso,  grant,  covenant,  &.C.  South. 
CLAUS'THAL-ITE,  71.    Native  seleniuret  of  lead, 

having  a  lead-gray  color.  Dana. 
CLAUS'TRAL,  a.    [L.  claustrujn,  an  inclosure,  from 
claudo.    See  Clause.] 

Relating  to  a  cloister,  or  religious  house  ;  as,  a 
claustral  prior.  Jiyliffe, 
CLAU'SU-LAR,  a.    Consisting  of  or  having  clauses. 

SmurL 

CLAUS'IJRE,  (klaw'/.hur,)  71.    [See  Clause.]  The 
act  of  shutting  up  or  confining  ;  confinement.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Oeddes. 
2.  In  anatomy,  an  imjierforated  canal. 

Coze.  Quincy. 

CLA'  VA  TED  i  °-    t^"         ''         *  ' 

1.  Club-shaped  ;  having  the  form  of  a  club  ;  grow- 
ing gradually  thicker  toward  the  top,  as  certain  parts 
of  a  plant.  Marlyn. 
9.  Set  with  knobs.  IVoodward. 
CLAVE, /TTrt.  of  Cleave. 

CLAV'EL-LA-TED,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  potash 
and  pearlash,  (clavrllati  cineres,)  from  the  billets  of 
wood  with  which  they  were  burnt.    Smart.  Coze. 

CLA'VI-A-RY,  71.  [L.  Claris,  a  key;  Gr.  *Atis,  con- 
tracted from  )(Afir"o<j;  L.  claudo.] 

In  music,  an  index  of  keys,  or  a  scale  of  lines  and 
spaces.  Encyc,  art.  Clif. 

CLAVI  CHORD,  71.  [L,  clavLt,  it  key,  and  cluinin,  a 
string.] 

A  musical  instrument  of  an  obhmg  figure,  of  the 
nature  of  a  spinet.  The  strings  arr;  mutih  il  with 
Hinall  bits  of  fiiii'  woolen  cloth,  to  solteii  Ihi:  sounds; 
used  in  nunneries.    [.See  Clahichoko.]  Encyc. 

CLAV'I  CLK,  n.  [L.  elaricula,  a  tendril,  that  is,  a 
little  key  or  fastener,  from  rioris,  a  key  or  lock.] 

The  l  ollar  boni'.  There  are  two  claricirs,  or  chan- 
nel bones,  joined  at  one  end  to  thr^  scapula  or  shoul- 
der bone,  and  at  the  other  to  the  sternum  or  brtMisl 
bone.  (inincii. 

CI. AVI  CORN,  71.    The  name  of  a  family  of  insects. 

CLA' VI  Hit, /I.  [  L.  <-/.iei»,  a  key.)  In  miesir,  an  as- 
semblage of  till  the  keys  of  an  organ  or  piano-forte, 


FATE,  FAR,  F/yl-L,  WH^T.— MRTE,  HKBV.^PrNB,  MARTNR,  mBD/— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BtJQK.— 

■T\  i\       '  '  " "  -  -  — - 


r 


CLE 


CLE 


CLE 


re|>resetitnig  all  tlie  sounds  used  in  melody  and 
hiinnoTiv. 

ei.A  Vie'lJ-LiAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  collar  bone  or 
clavicle. 

eLAV'l-GER,  n.  [I,,  clavis,  a  key,  and  ff^ro,  to 
carry.] 

One  who  keeps  the  keys  of  any  place. 

Cli.  RcUir.  Jlppenh 
CLAW,  n.    rSa\.  cJaw ;  G.  klaue;  D.  kluauw ;  Uan 
kluo  ;  .'^w.  Wi/,  or  klo.] 

1.  The  slRirp,  hooked  nail,  of  a  beast,  bird,  or  other 
animal. 

Kvory  brnsl  that  partpth  the  hoof,  nntl  cipaveth  thp  cleft  into  two 

dates,  ami  chrwlh  tht'  cinl,  v<'  shall  cat.  —  Dent.  xiv. 
lliH  iiaiU  were  grown  like  binlji'  claws.  —  Dan.  W. 
'i.  The  whole  foot  of  an  animal  armed  with 
lioukcii  nails. 
:t.  Tlie  hand,  in  contempt. 
CI. AW,  r.  L    [Sax.  clawcn.]    To  pull,  tear,  or  scratch 
«  Illi  the  nails.  Shak.  SouUi. 

•2.  To  scratch  or  tear  in  general ;  to  tickle. 

Shak,  Jlud'ibriUi. 
3.  To  flatter.  [  Oft.<.]  Slmk. 
To  clam  off  or  awaij  ;  to  scold  or  rail  at.  /.'E-Vrnnn-c. 

2.  Ill  sraminiship,  to  turn  to  wiiithvard  and  betit, 
to  prevent  fallini;  on  a  lee  shore.  Hence, 

y.  In  ruhrar  luNtruaire,  to  pet  oiTor  escape, 
e  LAW  BACK,  II.  [claw  and  back.]    One  who  flatters  ; 

:i  sycophant ;  a  wheedler.  Jewel. 
CLAWED,  (klawd,)  ;)/).    Scratched,  pulled,  or  torn 

Willi  cUiws. 

9.  n.  Furiiislied  with  claws.  Ornr. 
CI.AW'IXC,  ]ipr.    I'uUing,  tearing,  or  scratching  with 

claws  or  nails. 
ei.AW'INC  OFF,  71.    The  act  of  heating  or  working 
oil'  froiii  a  lee  shore,  or  from  another  vessel. 

Totten. 

CLAW'LESS,  a.   Destitute  of  claws. 

Joitrn.  of  Science. 
ei.SY,  n.    [.Sax.  cl>rff;  G.  klei;  D.  klei;  W.  clai;  Dan. 
kltPir,  viscous.  Sticky.] 

1.  The  name  of  certain  substances  which  are  mix- 
tures of  silex  and  aluinine,  sonietinies  with  lime, 
magnesia,  alkali,  and  metallic  oxyds.  A  species  of 
earths  which  are  firmly  coherent,  weighty,  compact, 
and  liard  when  dry,  but  still",  viscid,  and  ductile 
when  moist,  and  smooth  to  the  touch  ;  not  readily 
diffusible  in  water,  and  when  mixed,  not  readily 
subsiding  in  iL  They  contract  by  heat.  Clays  ab- 
sorb watur  greedily,  and  become  soft,  but  are  so 
tenacious  as  to  be  molded  into  any  shape  ;  and  hence 

.  they  are  the  materials  of  bricks  anil  various  vessels, 
domestic  and  chemical.  Kncijc.  Cleaveland. 

'J.  In  poetry  and  in  Scripture,  earth  in  general. 

Donne. 

I  also  am  formed  out  of  the  cttty.  — Job  xr.xiii. 

3.  In  Scripture,  clan  is  used  to  express  frailty, 
liablt-ness  to  decay  and  destruction. 

They  lh.il  dwell  in  h'ousca  of  clay.  — Job  iv. 

GLaY,  r.  /.   To  cover  or  manure  with  clay.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  purify  and  whiten  with  clav,  as  sugar. 

Edwards,  IV.  fnd. 

Cl,.\T-RR.\t\'ED,  a.    Stupid.  Sliak. 
CI.AV'-lll'ILr,  (kli'bilt,)  o.    Built  with  clay. 
CLAY'-CoLD,  a.    Cold  as  clay  or  earth  ;  lifules*. 

Rowc. 

GLAY' ED,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  or  manured  with  clay. 
2.  Purified  and  whitened  with  clay  ;   as,  clayed 
sugar.  FjlicardJ. 
GLAVi;s,  n.  pi.    [Fr.  elaie,  a  hurdle  ;  W.  clwiid.] 

In  fiirlification,  wattles  or  hurdles  made  with  stakes 
interwoven  with  asiers,  to  cover  lodgments. 

Chnmbers. 

Gli.AY'EY,  a.    Consisting  of  clay  ;  abounding  with 

clay  ;  partaking  of  clay  ;  like  clay. 
GI.AY'-<il{()l'.\'I),  n.    Ground  consisting  of  clay,  or 

aboniidins  with  it. 
GL.aY'I.VG,  ppr.    Covering  or  manuring  with  clay. 

2.  Purify  ing  with  clay. 
GLAY'lSIl,  tt.    Paruking  of  the  nature  of  clay,  or 

cont;iining  particles  of  it. 
GLAY'-I.A.M),  j  n.     Land   consisting  of  clay,  or 
GLAY'—^OIL,   j     abounding  with  it. 
GL.\Y'-.MAUL,  n.    A  whitish,  smooth,  chalky  clay. 

Murtimer. 

CLAY'MfiRE,  n.     A  large  sword,  used  formerly  by 

the  Scottish  Highlanders. 
GL.AY'-PIT,  H.    ,\  pit  where  clay  is  dug.  Woodward. 
CLA  Y'-SLATE,  n.    In  mineralojfy,  argillaceous  schist ; 

arzillite. 

GL.\  Y'-STO.\'E,  n.  A  mineral,  the  thon.ttrin  of  Wer- 
ner, and  indurated  clay  of  Kirwan.  It  resembles 
ci>mpat:t  limestone  or  calcareous  marl.  Its  texture  is 
porous,  compact,  or  slaty.  Its  color  is  gray,  often 
tinged  with  yellow  or  blue  ;  also  rose  or  pale  red,  or 
bniwnish  red,  and  sometimes  greenish.  Clmreland. 

GLf..\.\,  a.  [Sax.  cltrne ;  W.  glan  or  glain  ;  It.  glan  : 
Arm.  glan.  The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  oixn 
or  to  remove,  to  seprirate.]^ 

In  a  general  nense,  free  from  extraneous  matter,  or 
whatever  is  injurious  or  offensive  :  hence  its  signifi- 
cation di'iiends  on  the  nature  and  qualities  of  the 
substances  to  which  it  is  applied. 


1.  Free  from  dirt,  or  other  foul  matter  ;  ns,  clean 
water  ;  a  c(ni«  cu|i ;  a  clean  floor. 

2.  Free  from  weeds  or  stones ;  as,  clean  land  ,  a 
clean  garden  or  field. 

3.  Free  frimi  knots  or  branches;  as,  clean  timber. 
In  America,  clear  is  generally  used. 

4.  Free  from  nuiral  impurity  j  innocent. 

Who  can  hnug  a  clean  Ihiiig  out  of  an  unclean?  —  Job  xiv. 
Acu  xviii. 

!).  Free  from  ceremonial  defilement,  /.eo.  x. 
JVum.  xi.\. 

G.  Free  from  guilt ;  .sanctified  ;  holy.  JiJin  xiii. 
Ps.  li. 

7.  That  might  be  t.aten  by  the  Hebrews.  Gen. 
vii.  viii. 

8.  That  might  he  used.    Luke  xi. 

9.  Free  from  a  foul  ilisease  ;  cured  of  leprosy.  2 
K'ing.'i  V.    Mult.  viii. 

10.  Dextrous;  adroit;  not  bungling;  free  from 
awkwardness  ;  as,  a  clrnii  feat ;  a  clean  boxer. 

11.  Free  from  infi'ctioii ;  as,  a  clean  ship.  A  clean 
bill  of  health  is  a  certificate  that  a  ship  is  clean,  or 
free  from  infection. 

GLk.'VN,  adij.  Unite  ;  perfectly  ;  wholly  ;  entirely  ; 
fully  ;  indicatiii!;  separation  or  complete  renmval  of 
every  part.  "  The  people  passed  clean  over  Jordan." 
Josli.m.  "  Is  his  mercy  cfai/i  gone  forever?"  /".«. 
Ixxvii.  This  use  of  clean  is  not  now  elegant,  and  not 
ust;d  except  in  vulgar  hmgiiage. 
2.  Without  miscarriage  ;  dextrously. 

Pope  came  off  clean  with  Homer.  Henley. 

GLf.AM,  r.  t.  [Sax.  cliLnan ;  W.  glanau.  See  the 
adjective.] 

To  remove  all  foreign  matter  from ;  to  separate 
from  any  thing  whatever  is  cxtraneims  to  it,  or  what- 
ever is  foul,  noxious,  or  ollensive,  as  dirt  or  filth 
from  till?  hands,  body,  or  clothes  ;  foul  matter  from  a 
vessel ;  weeils,  shrubs,  and  stones  from  a  meadow  ;  to 
purify.  Thus  a  house  is  cleaned  by  sweeping  and 
washing  ;  a  field  is  cleaned  by  plowing  and  hoeing. 

GLRA.V'En,  pp.    Freed  from  filth  or  dirt. 

GLK..\N'ER,  n.    A  person  or  thing  that  cleans. 

CLICAN'-HA.N'D-El).  a.    Having  clean  hands. 

eLl":AN'-H E.!iRT-EI),  a.    Having  a  pure  heart. 

GLlf.AN'lNG,  ppr.    Freeing  from  filth. 

GLEA.V'ING,  H.    The  act  of  making  clean. 

2.  The  afterbirth  of  cows,  ewes,  &.C.  Gardiner. 

GI.EAN'Ll-.N'ESS,   (klen'li-ness,)  n.  [from  cleanly.] 
Freedom  from  ilirt,  filth,  or  any  foul,  extraneous 
matter.  Addison. 
2.  Neatness  of  person  or  dress  ;  purity.  Swift. 

GLEA.X'LY,  (klen'ly,)  a.  [from  clean.]  Free  from 
dirt,  filth,  or  any  foul  matter  ;  neat ;  carefully  avoid- 
ing filth.  Dryden,  .Addison. 

2.  Pure  ;  free  from  mixture  ;  innocent ;  as,  cleanly 
joys.  OlanciUe. 

3.  Cleansing ;  making  clean  ;  as,  cleanly  powder. 

Prior. 

4.  Nice  ;  artful  ;  dextrous  ;  adroit ;  as,  a  cleanly 
play ;  a  ci«u«/y  evasion.  [OAs.] 

Spenser,    L*  Kstrange, 
GLE.^N'LYj  (klen'ly,)  adv.    In  a  clean  manner ; 

neatly  ;  without  filth.  Sliak. 
GLi?,AN'NESS,  n.    Freedom  from  dirt,  filth,  and  for- 
eign matter ;  neatness. 

2.  Freedom  from  infection  or  a  foul  disease. 

3.  Exactness;  purity;  justness;  correctness;  used 
of  language  or  style ;  as,  cleanness  of  expression. 
[OAs.]  Dryden, 

4.  Purity  ;  innocence. 

In  Scripture,  cUanness  of  hands  denotes  innocence. 
Cleanness  of  leelh  denotes  want  of  provisions. 
.^inos  iv.  6. 

GLEANS'A-BLE,  (klenz'abl,)  o.  That  may  be 
cleansed.  Sherwood. 

GLE.\NSE,  (kienz,)  v,  L  [Sax.  clansian,  from  clane, 
clean.] 

1.  To  purify;  to  make  clean;  to  remove  filth,  or 
foul  ni.atter  of  any  kind,  or  by  any  process  whatever, 
as  by  washing,  rubbing,  .scouring,  scraping,  purging, 
ventilation,  &,c. ;  a-s,  to  cleanse  the  hands  or  face  ;  to 
cleanse  a  garment ;  to  cleanse  the  bowels  ;  to  cleanse  a 
ship  ;  to  cieanse  an  infected  house. 

2.  To  free  from  a  foul  or  infectious  disease ;  to 
heal.    /vfu.  xiv.  4,  8.    Mark  i.  42. 

3.  To  free  from  ceremonial  pollution,  and  conse- 
crate to  a  holy  use.    Jfum.  viii.  15.    Kick,  xliii.  20. 

4.  To  purify  from  guilt.    1  John  i.  7. 

5.  To  remove  ;  as,  to  cleanse  a  crime.  Dryden, 
GLEANS'ED,  (kicnzd,)  pp.     Purified  ;  made  clean  ; 

pnrgeil  ;  healed. 
CLEANS'ER,   (klenz'er,)   n.     He  or   that  which 

cleanses  ;  in  medicine,  n  detergent.  .Srbuthnul. 
GLE.\NS'I.\'G,  (klenz'ing,)  y/ir.    Purifying;  making 

clean  ;  purging  ;  removing  foul  or  noxious  matter 

from  ;  freeing  from  guilt. 
GLEA.NS'ING,  (klenz'ing,)  a.     Adapted  to  cleanse 

and  piirifv. 

GLEA.NS'ING,  (klenz'ing,)  71.    The  act  of  purifying 

or  purging.    Mark  i.  44.    Luke  v.  14. 
GLiSAN'-TI.M'BER-ED,  a.  Well-proportioned.  [J^'ol 

in_u.ie.]  Shak. 
CLEAR,  a.    [^V.  elarr,  clear,  bright,  from  Uatr,  a  re- 


flux, Itaeru,  to  ebb,  to  clear,  or  W.  eglur,  clear,  from 
Ilur,  e.vtended,  [like  Hour;]  Ir.  glrair,  lear,  leir,  and 
gtor ;  Ann.  sclear ;  L.  clarus ;  Fr.  clair  ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  elaro ;  It.  ehiaro  ;  I),  klaar ;  G.  klar ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  klar.    See  («lare  and  GLony.] 

1.  ()|M'n  ;  free  from  obstruction  ;  as,  a  clear  plat  of 
ground  ;  the  way  is  clear, 

2.  Free  from  clouds,  or  fog  ;  serene  ;  as,  a  clear 
Any. 

3.  Free  from  foreign  matter;  unmixed  ;  pure  ;  an, 
clear  water  ;  clear  sanil  ;  clear  air ;  clear  glass. 

4.  Free  from  any  thing  that  creates  doubt  or  un- 
certainty ;  apparent  ;  evident  ;  manifest  ;  not  ob- 
scure; conspicuous;  thtit  is,  open  to  the  mind;  as, 
the  reason  is  clear. 

,■).  Unclouded  ;  luminous  ;  not  obscured  ;  as,  a 
clear  sun  ;  a  clear  shining  after  a  rain.    2  Sam.  xxiii. 
(i.  Unobstructed;  unobsciired  ;  as,  a  c/rnr  view. 

7.  Perspicacious  ;  sharp  ;  as,  a  elrnr  sight. 

8.  Not  clouded  with  care,  or  milled  by  passion  ; 
cheerful  ;  serene  ;  as,  a  clear  aspect.  Mdtun. 

9.  Evident ;  undeniable  ;  indisputable ;  as,  the 
victory  was  clear.  Mdton. 

10.  Uiiick  to  understand  ;  prompt ;  acute. 

Moiher  of  science,  now  I  feel  U»y  power 

Williin  me  clear.  Millon. 

11.  Free  from  guilt  or  blame ;  innocent ;  unspotted  ; 
irreproachable.    2  Cor,  vii. 

In  action  faitliful,  anil  in  honor  clear.  Pope. 

12.  Free  from  bias ;  unprepossessed  ;  not  pretw- 
cupied  ;  impartial  ;  as,  a  clear  judgment.  Sitlney. 

i'.i.  Free  from  debt  or  obligation  ;  not  liable  to 
prosecution  ;  as,  to  be  clear  of  debt  or  responsibility. 

Gay. 

14.  Free  from  deductions  or  charges ;  as,  clear 
gain  or  profit.  Locke. 

I. 5.  Not  entangled  ;  unembarrassed  ;  free ;  as,  the 
cable  is  clear.  A  ship  is  clear,  when  she  is  so  remote 
from  shore  or  other  object,  as  to  be  out  of  danger  of 
striking,  or  to  have  sea  room  sutlicient. 

16.  Open  ;  distinct ;  not  jarring,  or  harsh ;  as,  a  clear 
sound  ;  a  clear  voice. 

17.  Liberated  ;  freed  ;  actpiitted  of  charges  ;  aa,  a 
man  has  been  tried,  and  got  clear. 

18.  Free  from  spots  or  any  thing  that  disfigures  ; 
as,  a  clear  skin. 

Clear  is  followed  by  from  or  by  of. 

Thou  Shalt  be  dear  from  tills  my  oath.  — Gen.  xxiv. 

The  air  is  clear  of  damp  exlialations.  Temple. 

GLP.AR,  orZi).    Plainly;  not  obscurely  ;  manifestly. 
2.  Clean  ;  quite  ;   entirely  ;   wholly  ;  indicating 
entire  separation  ;  as,  to  cut  a  piece  clear  off ;  to 
go  clear  away ;   but  in  this  sense  its  use  is  not 
elegant. 

Clear,  or  in  the  clear,  among  joiners  and  carpenters, 
is  applied  to  the  nt-t  distance  between  two  bodies, 
where  no  other  intervenes,  or  between  their  nearest 
surfaces  ;  e.  g.,  to  the  space  within  walls,  or  length 
and  breadth  clear  or  exclusive  of  the  thickness  of  the 
wall. 

GLKAR,r.  t.  To  make  clear  ;  to  fine  ;  to  remove  any 
thing  foreign  ;  to  separate  from  any  foul  matter ;  to 
purify  ;  to  clarify  ;  as,  to  clear  liquors. 

2.  To  free  from  obstnietions  ;  as,  to  clear  the  road. 

3.  To  free  from  any  thing  noxious  or  injurious  ;  as, 
to  clear  the  ocean  of  pirates  ;  to  clear  the  land  of 
enemies. 

4.  To  remove  any  encumbrance,  or  embarrass- 
ment ;  often  followed  by  off  or  away  ;  as,  to  clear  off 
debts  ;  to  clear  aicay  rubbish. 

5.  To  free  ;  to  liberate,  or  disengage ;  to  exonerate; 
as,  to  clear  a  man  from  debt,  obligation,  or  tl\ily. 

C.  To  cleanse  ;  as,  to  clear  the  hantls  from  filth  ; 
to  clear  the  bowels. 

7.  To  remove  any  thing  that  obscures,  as  clouds  or 
fog  ;  to  make  bright ;  as,  to  clear  the  sky  ;  sometimes 
followed  by  up.  Dryden,  Milton, 

8.  To  free  from  obscurity,  perplexity,  or  ambiguity  ; 
as,  to  clear  a  question  or  tiieorj  ;  to  clear  up  a  case  or 
point.  Prior. 

9.  To  purge  from  the  imputation  of  guilt ;  to  jus- 
tify or  vindicate. 

How  sbatl  we  c/«jr  ourselves  ? —  fren.  xllv. 

That  wdl  by  no  means  clear  die  ffnitiy.  —  Kx.  xxxir. 

10.  In  a  legal  sense,  to  acquit  on  trial,  by  verdict ; 
as,  the  prisoner  has  been  tried  and  cleared. 

II.  To  make  gain  or  profit,  beyond  all  expenses 
and  charges  ;  as,  to  c(fai-  ten  per  cent,  by  a  sale  of 
goods,  or  by  a  voyage. 

12.  To  remove  wood  from  land  ;  to  cut  down 
trees,  remove  or  burn  them,  and  prepare  land  for 
tillage  or  pasture  ;  as,  to  clear  land  for  wheat, 

13.  To  leap  over  or  pa.ss  by  without  toiichirig,  or 
failure  ;  as,  to  clear  a  hedge  or  ditch.        /f.  SculL 

To  clear  a  ship  at  the  custom-lioiuie,  is  to  exhibit  the 
documents  required  by  law,  give  bonds,  or  perform 
other  acts  requisite,  and  procure  a  permission  to  sail, 
and  such  papers  as  the  law  requires. 

'I'o  clear  tie  land,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to  gain 
such  a  distance  from  shore,  as  to  have  ojien  sea  room, 
and  be  out  of  danger  from  the  land. 

To  clear  tJie  hold,  is  to  empty  or  unload  a  ship. 

To  clear  a  ship  ftnr  action,  or  ta  clear  far  action,  a  \o 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS  G  as  K  ;  <S  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CLE 


CLE 


CLE 


remove  all  encumbrances  fruni  tlie  decks,  and  pre- 
pare for  an  engagement. 
GLeAK,  v.  i.  To  become  free  from  clouds  or  fog;  to 
ueconie  fair  ;  often  followed  by  tip,  off,  or  aiDiiy  ;  as, 
the  sky  clears ;  the  weather  clears  up  ;  it  clears  away  ; 
it  clears  off. 

2.  To  be  disengaged  from  encumbrances,  distress, 
or  entanglements  ;  to  become  free  or  disengaged. 

He  that  dears  at  once  will  R-lapae.  Bacon. 

GLeAR'AOE,  71.  The  removing  of  any  tiling.  [Lit- 
tle itsed.] 

I  eLEAR'ANCE,  n.  A  certificate  that  a  ship  or  vessel 
has  been  cleared  at  the  custom-house  ;  permission  to 
sail. 

€LeAR'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Purified  ;  freed  from  foreign 
matter,  or  from  encumbrance  ;  made  manifest ;  made 
luminous  ;  cleansed  ;  liberated  ;  acquitted ;  disen- 
gaged. 

€LeAR'ER,  71.  That  which  clears,  purifies,  or  en- 
lightens ;  that  which  brightens.  Jlddisoa. 

eLEAR'ING,  p/jr.  Purifying;  removing  foul  matter, 
encumbrances,  or  obstructions;  making  evident,  ur 
luminous;  cleansing  ;  liberating;  diseugnijln^  ;  ac- 
quitting ;  making  gain  beyond  all  costs  and  i  barges. 

eLEAR'ING,  71.  A  defense  ;  justification  ;  vindica- 
tion.   2  Cor.  vii. 

2.  A  place  or  tract  of  land  cleared  of  wood  for 
cultivation  ;  a  common  use  of  the  word  in  Jiinerica. 

3.  The  act  of  making  clear. 
CLeAR'ING-HOUSE,  71.    A  place  in  London,  where 

bankers  meet  daily,  to  e.ichange  drafts  and  settle 
balances.  ^^CuUoch. 
eLEAR'LY,  adv.    Plainly ;  evidently ;  fully  ;  as,  the 
fact  is  clearly  proved. 

2.  Without  obstruction  ;  luminously ;  .as,  to  shine 
clearly. 

3.  With  clear  discernment;  as,  to  understand 
cl£arhj. 

4.  Without  entanglement  or  confusion.  Bacon. 

5.  Plainly ;  honestly ;  candidly. 

Deal  clearly  and  impartially  with  yourselves.  TiUotson. 

6.  Without  reserve,  evasion,  or  subterfuge.  Varies. 
'€LeAR'N£SS,  71.    Freedom  from  foul  or  extraneous 

matter ;  purity  ;  as,  the  clearness  of  water,  or  other 
liquor. 

2.  Freedom  from  obstruction  or  encumbrance ;  as, 
the  clearness  of  the  ground. 

3.  Freedom  from  fogs  or  clouds;  openness;  as,  the 
clearness  of  the  sky.  It  generally  expresses  less  than 
brightness  or  splendor.    Kx.  xxiv. 

4.  Distinctness  ;  perspicuity  ;  luminousness  ;  as, 
the  clearness  of  reason,  of  views,  of  arguments,  of 
explanations. 

5.  Plainness,  or  plain  dealing  ;  sincerity;  honesty; 
fairness  ;  candor.  Bacon. 

6.  Freedom  from  imputation  of  ill.  Shak. 

7.  Freedom  from  spots,  or  any  thing  that  dis- 
figures ;  as,  the  clearness  of  the  skin. 

€LiiAR'-SEE-ING,  a.  Having  a  clear  sight  or  under- 
standing. 

eLEAR'-SHIN'ING,  a.  [clear  and  shine.]  Shining 
with  brightness,  or  unobstructed  splendor.  Shale. 

eLEAR'-SIGlIT'ED,  a.  [clear  and  sight.]  Seeing 
with  clearness  ;  having  acuteness  of  sight  ;  discern- 
ing ;  perspicacious  ;  as,  clear-sighted  reason  ;  a  clear- 
sisrhted  judge. 

€LEAR'-SIGIIT'ED-NESS,  7u    Acute  discernment. 

Bp.  Barlow. 

€LeAR'-STARCH,  7).  t.  [dear  and  starch.]  To 
stilTen  with  starch,  and  then  clear  by  clapping  with 
the  hands  ;  as,  to  clear-starch  muslin. 

€LeAR'-STaRCH-ED,  (  stirclit,)  pp.  or  a.  Stiffened 
with  starch,  and  then  cleared  by  clapping. 

eLEAR'-STARCU'ER,  7i.    One  who  clear-starches. 

eLEAR'-STARCiriNG,  ppr.  Still'cning  with  starch, 
and  then  clearing  by  clapping  in  the  hands. 

2.  71.  The  act  of  stiffening  with  starch,  and  then 
clearing  by  clapping  in  the  hands. 

€LeAR'-STo-RV,  71.  In  Gothic  architecture,  an  upper 
story,  or  row  ot^  windows  in  a  church,  tower,  or 
other  erection,  rising  clear  above  the  adjoining  parts 
of  the  building.  Oloss.  ofJirch. 

€LkAR'-ToN-A'D,  a.    Having  a  clear  sound. 

CLeAT,  71.  [tiu.  the  root  of  L.  claudo,  Gr.  K^ciOpon, 
the  fastener.] 

1.  A  narrow  strip  of  wood  nailed  on  in  joinery. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  small  wooden  projections  in 
tackle,  to  fasten  ropes  by. 

OLkAV'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  cleave  or  be  divided. 
>CLeAV'AGE,  n.    'i'he  act  of  i  leaving  or  splitting. 

2.  In  mincralo^ru,  the  capability  observed  in  crystals 
to  undergo  mechanical  division  in  certain  fixed 
I  directions.  JMna. 
I  -.'Leave,  D.i.  ,  pret.  Clave  or  Ci.e\ted.  [Siix.  clenjian, 
I  cUufian,  to  split  and  to  adhi:re  ;  clifian,  to  adhere  ; 
I  D.  kteeven  ;  G.  klchen  or  hleihrn  ;  Dan.  Iiltrhrr,  hlcbcr  ; 
I  Bw.  klibba  ;  Iluss.  lipnu.  The  old  jireterit,  claoe,  is 
,  obiioleiicent.1 

:        1.  To  Htlck  ;  to  adhere  ;  to  hold  to. 

Mf  iMjnc-t  cteaot  to  rii^  xkln.  "  Pa.  cii. 
.  I.CI  my  Um^ue  cleane  l/j  t)ie  roof  of  tny  mouth. —  Pa.  exxxvii, 

I  CUavt  to  (imt  wliich  u  good.  —  Hoin.  xU. 

'  To  unite  aptly  ;  to  fit ;  to  sit  well  on.  Shalt. 


ai2 


3.  To  unite  or  be  united  closely  in  interest  or  affec- 
tion ;  to  adhere  with  strong  attachment. 

A  mail  shall  leave  father  and  mother,  and  cleave  to  his  wile.  — 

tleu.  ii.    Malt.  xix. 
Cleave  to  Jehovah  your  God.  —  Josh,  xxiii. 

GLeAVE,  v.  t. ;  pret.  Cleft  ;  pp.  Cleft  or  Cleaved. 
The  old  pret;,  clnve,  is  obsolete  ;  dace  is  obsolescent. 
The  old  participle,  cloven,  is  obstjlescent,  or  rather 
used  as  an  atljective.  [Sax.  cleojian,  or  clijian  ;  D. 
klooven  ;  G.  klicben  ;  Sw.  hhjfira^  Dan.  hlorcr;  Russ. 
lopayu;  Gr.  A'--rf.j.  This  word  seems  to  be  connected 
Willi  the  L.  Itber,  free,  and  bark,  book,  libera,  to  free, 
Fr.  lirrcr,  whence  deiirer.] 

1.  To  iiart  or  divide  by  force  ;  to  split  or  rive  ;  to 
o]ien  or  sever  the  cohering  parts  of  a  body,  by  cutting, 
or  l>y  the  applicatitin  of  force  ;  as,  to  cleave,  wood  ;  to 
clcaoe  a  rock  ;  to  clcace  the  flood.    Ps.  Ixxiv. 

Milton.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  part  or  open  naturally. 

F.very  bi-.vsl  that  cleaveOi  the  cleft  into  two  claws.  —  Deut.  xiv. 

CLi^.AVE,  V.  i.  To  part;  to  opi-n  ;  to  crack;  to  sep- 
arate, as  jiarts  of  cohering  bodies  ;  as,  the  ground 
cleaves  by  frost. 

The  l\fount  of  Olives  shall  cleave  in  the  midst  thereof.  —  Zcch. 

eLTf.AV'ioD,  pp.    Split ;  rived  ;  divided. 

eLi~:AVE'LAND-lTE,  ;i.  [from  Professor  Cleaveland.] 
A  mineral,  generally  of  a  white  or  grayish-white 
color,  sometimes  blue,  or  bluish,  or  reddish  ;  called 
also  silicious  felspar,  or  albite.  Phillips. 

eLliAV'ER,  71.  One  who  cleaves ;  that  which 
cleaves ;  a  butcher's  instninient  for  cutting  animal 
bodies  into  joints  or  pieces.  Mrbutlmot. 

GLE.W'ING,  ppr.  Sticking;  adhering;  uniting  to. 
Also,  splitting  ;  dividing  ;  riving. 

CLEAVING,  71.  The  fiircible  separation  of  a  body 
into  parts,  particularly  of  wood  in  the  direction  of 
its  fihurs. 

CLkCJIE,  71.  In  heraldry,  a  kind  of  cross,  charged 
with  another  cross  of  the  same  figure,  but  of  the 
color  of  the  field.  Encyc. 

CLEDGE,  71.  Among  miners,  the  upper  stratum  of 
fuller's  earth. 

CLEDG'Y,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  stubborn,  tena- 
cious soils,  or  those  mixed  with  clay.  HoUoway. 

CLEF,  77.  [Fr.  r/c/;  L.  Claris,  a  key,  the  fastener.] 
A  character  in  music  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a 
staff,  to  determine  the  (legree  of  elevation  occupied 
by  that  staff  in  the  general  claviary  or  sj  stem,  and  to 
point  out  the  names  of  all  the  notes  which  it  con- 
tains in  the  line  of  that  clef.  Rousseau. 

CLEFT,  pp. or  a.  from  Cleave.  Divided  ;  split ;  parted 
asunder.  Mdton. 

GLEFT,  7i.  A  space  or  opening  made  by  splitting  ;  a 
crack ;  a  crevice  ;  as,  the  cff/£  of  a  rock.    /.«.  ii.  21. 

Mdison, 

2.  A  disease  in  horses ;  a  crack  on  the  bought  of 
the  pastern.  Farrier's  Diet. 

3.  A  piece  made  by  splitting  ;  as,  a  cleft  of  wood. 
[This  word  is  sometimes  written  Clift.] 

CLEFT'- FOOT-ED,  a.    Having  a  cloven  foot. 
CLEFT'-GRAFT,  v.  t.  [cleft  and  graft.]    To  ingraft 

by  cleaving  the  stock  and  inserting  a  cion.  Mortimer. 
GLEFT'-GRAFT-ING,  7i.    A  mode  of  grafting,  in 

which  the  cion  is  inserted  in  a  cleft  made  in  the 

stock.  Brande. 
GLEG,  71.    The  horsefly  ;  Dan.  kUsg. 
CLEM,  ti.  f.    [G.  klewmen.] 

To  starve.    [JVbf  in  use.]  Jonson. 
GLE.M'A-TIS,  71.     The  virgin's  bower,  a  climbing 

plant ;  so  called  from  its  clemata,  or  tenilrils. 
GLE.M'EN-CY,  7i.    [L.  dementia,  from  clemcns,  mild, 

smooth  ;  whence  Fr.  clemence.  It.  clemenia,  Sp.  de- 

wencia;  W.  llitn,  smooth  ;  Heb.  Dn"?  to  be  soft,  mild, 

gentle.] 

1.  Mildness ;  softness  ;  as,  the  clemency  of  the  air. 

Dryden. 

2.  Mildness  of  temper ;  gentleness  or  lenity  of  dis- 
position ;  disposition  to  treat  with  favor  and  kindness. 

1  pray  thee  that  thou  wouldest  liear  us  of  thy  clemency  a  few 
worils.  —  Acts  xxiv. 

3.  Mercy  ;  disposition  to  treat  with  lenity,  to  forgive, 
or  to  spare,  as  offenders;  tenderness  in  punishing; 
opposed  to  severity,  harshness,  or  rigor.  Addison. 

4.  Softness  in  resjiect  to  the  elunients  ;  as,  the 
rlemency  of  the  season.  Dryden. 

CLE.M'ENT,  a.  Mild  in  temper  and  dispositiim  ; 
gentle  ;  lenient ;  merciful ;  kind  ;  tender ;  compas- 
sionate. 

GLEM'E.NT-!NE,  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Clement,  or  to 
his  coin|>ilatiuns  ;  or  to  the  constitutions  of  Clement 
the  Fifth. 

GLEM'ENT-LY,  ado.     With  mildness  of  temper; 

mercifully.  TuyUir. 
CLENCH.    See  Clinch. 

GLePE,  v.  t.  or  i.    [Sax.  depan,  cleopan,  clypan,  to  cry 
out ;  W.  clcpiav),  to  clack.] 
'I'o  call,  or  name.    [Ofi.v.]  Sludc. 
For  yclrprd,  see  Yclki'ed, 
CLEP-SAM'MI-A,  71.    [Gr.  ^XiTrn..,  to  hide,  to  steal, 
and  apfi'if,  sand.] 

An  instninient  for  mi  asuring  time  by  sand,  like 
an  hour-glass.  Brawn. 


GLEP'SY-DRA,  »i.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KXeipooim  ;  itAtirn .. 
to  steal,  to  hide,  and  I'rd'.io,  water.] 

1.  A  timepiece  used  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
wliicli  measured  time  by  the  discharge  of  a  certain 
quantity  of  water.    Also,  a  fountain  in  G/eece. 

2.  A  chemical  vessel. 
CLeRE'-STo-RY.    See  Clear-Stort. 
CLER'GI-C.^L,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  clergy.  [JVot 

nsed.]  ^See  Clerical.]  Milton. 
GLER'G\,  71.  [Fr.  clerge ;  Norm,  clerkus,  clc.rcz, 
clergy,  or  clerks,  and  clergie,  literature  ;  Arm.  doer, 
tlie  plural  o(  rUnirccq,  a  clerk  ;  Corn,  cloireg ;  Ir.  cleir, 
clergy,  and  chirriorh,  a  clerk  or  clergyman ;  L. 
elenis,  clericus,  which  wouhl  seem  to  be  from  the 
Gr.  fc  A-r'Oi,  lot  or  portion,  inheritance,  estate,  and 
the  body  of  those  wlio  p;;rforin  sacred  duties  ;  whence 
KXqoou),  to  choose  by  lot,  to  make  a  clerk,  clericum 
facere.  In  1  Peter  v.  3,  tlie  word  in  the  plural  seems 
to  signify  the  church  or  body  of  believers  ;  it  is  ren- 
dered God's  heritage.  In  W.  cler  signifies  teachers 
or  learned  men  of  the  druidical  order ;  clcrig,  belong- 
ing to  the  cler,  clerical.  It.  Sp.  clero,  from  the  Latin. 
The  apiilication  of  this  word  to  ministers  or  eccle- 
siastical teachers  seems  to  have  originated  in  their 
possessions,  or  separate  allotments  of  land  ;  or  from 
the  Old  Testament  denomination  of  the  priests,  for 
the  tribe  of  Levi  is  there  called  tlie  lot,  heritage,  or 
inheritance  of  the  Lord.] 

1.  The  body  of  men  set  apart,  and  consecrated,  by 
due  ordination,  to  the  service  of  God,  in  the  Chris- 
tian church  ;  tlie  body  of  ecclesiastics,  in  distinction 
from  the  laity.  In  England  the  term  is  confined  to 
ministers  of  the  established  church.  Hooker.  Encyc. 

2.  The  privilege  or  benefit  of  clergy. 

If  convicted  of  a  cleri^yable  felony,  he  is  enlided  oqnally  to  his 
clergy  alter  as  l>_-iure  conviction.  Blackslone. 

Benefit  of  clergy ;  in  English  law,  originally,  the 
exemption  of  the  persons  of  clergymen  from  criminal 
process  before  a  secular  judge  ;  a  privilege  which 
was  extended  to  all  who  could  read,  such  persons 
being,  in  the  eye  of  the  law,  clerici,  or  clerks.  But 
this  privilege  bus  been  abriilged  and  modified  by 
various  st:itiites.  See  Blai  kstoiie,  b.  4,  cli.  28.  In 
flu:  United  Slates,  no  benertl  of  clergy  exists. 

GLER'OY-A-BLE,  a.  Entitled  to  or  admitting  the 
benefit  of  clergy  ;  as,  a  clergyable  felony.  Blackstone. 

GLER'GY-MAN,  ji.  A  man  in  holy  orders;  a  man 
regularly  authorized  to  preach  the  gospel,  and  ad- 
niiuisler  its  ordinances,  according  to  the  forms  and 
rules  of  any  particular  denomination  of  Christians. 
In  England,  none  but  ministers  of  the  Established 
Church  bear  the  name  of  clergymen. 

GLER'IC,  71.    A  clerk  or  clergyman.  Horsley. 

GLER'IG-AL,  a.     [L.  clericus;  Gr.  KXnp'Kus-  See 
Clergy  and  Clerk.] 
Rebating  or  pertaining  to  the  clergy. 

GLER'I-SY,  71.  The  literati,  or  well-educated. 

CLERK,  71.  [Sax.  cleric,  clerc,  clere ;  L.  clericus ;  Gr. 
KXnpiKoi,    See  Clergy.] 

1.  A  clergyman,  or  ecclesiastic  ;  a  man  in  holy 
orders.  Clerk  is  still,  in  England,  the  legal  appella- 
tion of  a  clergyman.  Ayliffe. 

2.  A  man  tliat  can  read. 

Every  one  that  could  read  —  being  accounted  a  clerk. 

Blackstone. 

3.  A  man  of  letters  ;  a  scholar.     Sidney.  South. 

The  foregoing  significations  are  found  in  the  Eng- 
lish laws,  and  histories  of  the  church  ;  as,  in  the  rude 
ages  of  the  church,  learning  was  chiefly  confined  to 
the  clergy.    In  modern  usage, 

4.  A  writer ;  one  who  is  employed  in  the  use  of 
the  pen,  in  an  ortice,  public  or  private,  for  keeping 
records  and  accounts  ;  as,  the  clerk  of  a  court.  In 
some  cases,  clerk  is  synonymous  with  secretary;  but 
not  al«'ays.  A  clerk  is  always  an  oflicer  subordinate 
to  a  higher  officer,  board,  corporation,  or  person  ; 
whereas,  a  secretary  may  be  either  a  subordinate 
officer,  or  the  head  of  an  ortice  or  department. 

5.  An  assistant  in  a  shop  or  store,  who  sells  goods, 
keeps  accounts,  &.c. 

C.  A  layman  who  is  the  reader  of  responses  in 
church  service.  .Johnson. 

GLERK'-aLE,  71.  [cderk  and  ale.]  In  England,  the 
feast  of  the  parish  clerk.  IVarlotu 

GLERK'LESS,  a.    Ignorant ;  unlearned.  lVat.erlwu.ie. 

CLERK'LIKE,  a.    Like  a  clerk  ;  learned.  Shak. 

CLERK'LY,  a.    Scholar-like.  Cranmcr. 

CLEKK'LY,  a/fii.    In  a  learni^d  manner,  na.miignc. 

CLERK'SHIP,  11.    A  state  of  being  in  holy  ordtTS. 

Black.-.-tone. 

2.  Scholarship.  .Johnson. 

3.  The  ortice  or  business  of  a  clerk  or  writer. 

GLER'O-MAN-CY,  7i.  [(ir.  kXti.oos,  lot,  and  pafreta, 
divination.] 

A  divination  by  throwing  dice  or  little  bones,  and 
observing  the  points  or  marks  turned  up.  Bailey. 
GLER'-STO-RY.    See  Clear-Storv. 
GLeVE,  1  In  the  composition  of  names,  denote  a 
GLIF,     >     plact!  sitiiati'il  oil  or  ni^ar  a  cliff,  on  the 
GLIVE,  )     side  of  a  hill,  rock,  or  precipice;  as, 

Cleaveland,  Clifton. 
GLEV'Ell,  (1.    [1  know  not  the  radical  letters  of  this 
word.    If  till!  elements  are  db,  or  lb,  the  allinities 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PUgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


CLI 

ni;iy  be  Uuss.  lockie,  convenicnl,  ilcxtrous,  iihrka, 
devtpritv,  craH,  Ivrliiu,  to  take  or  seize,  as  if  allied 
to  (Jiillnc  hifa,  Ir.  iamli,  VV.  tlaw,  the  haiiil.  In  Ir. 
lub  is  a  llioiid  or  lovi/,  a  plait  or  folil,  and  craft,  run- 
ning ;  labacli,  sly,  crafty  ;  labam,  lu  bund.    In  iitU. 

Ant 

MAawi,  signifies  ingenious,  ready,  skillful,  and 
the  verb,  to  understand,  or  be  skillful.  If  r,  iu  dcKtr, 
is  from  g,  as  in  many  other  words,  the  atfinitics  may 
be  Sax.  glraw,  knowing,  skillftil,  industrious,  wise, 
«  liich  is  the  G.  klua,  1).  kloik,  Dan.  klog,  Sw.  kloli. 
Let  the  reader  judge.] 

1.  Dextrous;  adroit  in  using  tools  or  other  means 
of  accomplishing  an  end  with  address  and  skill ;  as, 
a  clecrr  artisan,  or  ciner  clianibermai<l. 

2.  Expert;  ingenious,  handling  all  subjects,  requir- 
ing intelligence  and  abilityj  with  skill,  dexterity, 
and  success  ;  as,  a  clrocr  reviewer,  a  clever  debater. 

It  dots  not,  however,  denote  the  highest  order  of 
talent,  nmch  less  creative  genius. 

3.  Kxecuted  or  performed  with  adroitness  and 
dexterity  ;  as,  a  clever  review,  a  clever  speech,  or 
clever  device  or  trick.  ^ihlisun. 

4.  In  JVciB  England,  good-natured,  possessing  an 
agreeable  mind  or  disiKisition.  In  GrciU  Britain, 
this  word  is  applied  to  the  body  or  the  intellect,  in 
respect  to  adroitness  of  action  ;  in  America,  it  is  ap- 
plied chictly  to  the  temper  or  (lis|)osition.  In  Great 
Britain,  a  clever  man  is  a  dextrous  man,  one  who 
performs  an  act  with  skill  or  address.  In  JVVio 
England,  a  clever  man  is  a  nnin  of  a  pleasing,  obliging 
disposition,  and  amiable  manners,  but  often  imply- 
ing a  moderate  share  of  talents.  Fitness,  suitable- 
ness, gives  both  senses  analogically ;  the  fi>rmer 
applied  to  the  body  or  ijitellect ;  tlie  latter,  to  the  dis- 
position, or  its  qtialities. 

In  some  of  tlie  United  States,  this  word  is  applied, 
as  in  England,  to  the  Intellect,  denoting  ingenious, 
knowing,  discerning. 
CLEV'EK-LY,  adv.  Fitly  ;  dc.xtrously  ;  handsomely. 

Butler. 

CLEV'ER-NESS,  n.    Dexterity;  adroitness;  skill. 

Johnson. 

2.  Mildness  or  agreeahlcness  of  disposition  ;  oblig- 
ingness ;  good  nature.  AVia  England. 

eLEV'Y,'  I  "•    tau-  L.  clavU.] 

An  iron  bent  to  the  form  of  an  ox-bow,  with  the 
two  ends  perforated  to  receive  a  pin,  used  on  the 
end  of  a  cart-neap,  to  hold  the  chain  of  the  forward 
liorse  or  oxen ;  or  a  draft  iron  on  a  plow.  [Ijtcal  in 
England.]  A'V-jo  England. 

CLEW,  (klu,)  71.  [Sax.  cteow,  cliiee  :  1).  kluwen  ;  G. 
klvben ;  L.  globivt.  The  word  signifies  a  ball  or  a 
lump.  In  Welsh,  dob  is  a  knob  or  boss  ;  elivpa  is  a 
r/iiA  or  knob  ;  clap  is  a  lump;  all  from  roots  in  lb; 
Hob,  a  lump,  a  lubber.] 

1.  A  ball  of  thread.  Spenser. 

2.  The  thread  that  forms  a  ball ;  the  thread  that  is 
used  to  guide  a  pt^rson  fti  a  labyrinth.  Hence,  any 
thing  that  guides  or  directs  one  in  an  intricate  case. 

IVatls. 

3.  The  lower  comer  of  a  square-sail,  and  the  aft- 
most  corner  of  a  stay-sail.  JMar.  Diet. 

GLKW,  (klu,)  V.  t    In  seamanship,  to  tniss  up  to  the 
yard,  by  means  of  clew-garnets  or  clew-lines,  in 
2.  To  direct-  [order  to  furling. 

eLE\V'£D,  rkludc.)  pp.    Trussed  up,  as  sails. 

eLEVV"-G.\  ft'NETS,  n.  pi.  In  marine  language,  a  sort 
of  tackle,  or  rope  and  pulley,  fastened  to  the  clows  of 
the  main  and  foresails,  to  truss  them  up  to  the  yard. 

€LE\V'1.\G,  (klu'ing,)  ppr.    Trussing  up. 

€LE\V'-LI.\  F.S,  n.  pi.  These  are  the  same  tackle,  and 
used  for  the  like  purpose,  as  clew-garneLs,  but  are 
applied  to  the  smaller  square-sails,  as  the  (op-sail, 
top-gallaut  anil  sprit-sails.  Mar.  Did. 

€LICK,  v.i.    [D.  klikkrn  ;  Fr.  cliqneler,  to  crack:  cli- 
quet,  a  mill-clapper.    See  Clack,  to  the  root  of  which 
this  word  belongs.] 
Literally,  to  strike.  Hence, 

To  make  a  small,  sharp  noise,  or  rather  a  succes- 
sion of  small,  sharp  sounds,  as  by  a  gentle  striking. 

Gay. 


Tbe  solemn  diMlh-wfttch  clicked. 


CLICK,  n.  In  seamen''s  language,  a  pall,  or  small 
piece  of  iron,  falling  into  a  notched  or  ratchet  wheel, 
attached  to  the  winches  in  cutters,  ic.  .)Yur.  Diet. 

€LI('K,  n.    .\  small,  sliar|i  sound. 
2.  The  latch  of  a  iovr.  [Local.] 

CLICK'ER,  II.  The  servant  of  a  salesman,  who  stands 
at  the  door  to  invite  customers.  [A  low  word,  and 
not  iLifrf  in  the  United  States.) 

ei.ICK'ET,  n.  The  knocker  of  a  door.  [jVot  used  in 
the  United  States.] 

CLICK'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  small,  sharp  noises. 

("I.ICK'IXG,  n.    A  small,  sharp  noise. 

Cl.I'EXT,  n.   [Fr.  dicnt ;  It.  dienU :  Sp.  id. ;  L.  diens.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  citizen  who  put  himself 
under  the  protection  of  a  man  of  distinction  and  in- 
fluence, who,  in  respect  to  that  relation,  was  called 
hispo^ron.    Hence,  in  inoilern  usage, 

2.  One  who  applies  to  a  lawyer  or  counselor  for 
advice  and  direction  in  a  question  of  law,  or  com- 
mits his  cause  to  bis  management  in  prosecuting  a 


CLI 

claim,  or  defending  against  a  suit,  in  a  court  of  jus- 
lice.  Bacon.  Taylor. 
3.  .\  dependent.  B.  Jon.ion. 

CI.I-E.NT'AL,  n.    Dependent.    [Unasual.]  Burke. 

ei.I'ENT-Kl),  a.    Su|)plied  with  clients.  Carew. 

t;LI-E.\-Ti'".LE',  71.  Tlie  condition  oroHiceof  a  dienU 
[Ubs.]  Bp.  JIall. 

ei.I'E.N'l'-SHIP,  71.  The  condition  of  a  client  ;  a  state 
of  being  under  the  protection  of  a  patron.  [Clientele 
is  not  used.]  Dryden. 

CLIFF,  71.  [Sax.  clif,  dyf,  or  cleof;  D.  klif,  or  kl,p  ;  G. 
and  Dan.  klippe  ;  Sw.  klippn ;  VV.  dip ;  L.  clivas ; 
probably  from  cleaving.  Sax.  clifian,  deo/lan.] 

1.  A  steep  bank  ;  as,  the  cliffs  of  Dover.  So,  in 
Saxon,  the  clij)s  of  the  Ked  Sea.  Orosiiis,  supposed 
by  Alfred. 

2.  A  high  and  steep  rock  ;  any  precipice. 

This  word  has  been  sometimes  writteti('i.iFT,  and, 
if  from  clearing,  rending,  coincides  with  c(i//  in 

CLIFF,  (in  music.)    See  Clef.  [ori'iin. 

CLIFF'Y,a.   Having  clilFs ;  broken;  craggv.  llarmnr. 

CLIFT'EI),  ff.    Itroki  n.  Congreve. 

CLI-.MAC'TER,  ».  [Gr.  •.Xi/iaifrTjp,  the  step  of  a  lad- 
der, from  *fAi;ia^,  a  ladder  or  scale  ;  L.  c/tmac(fr.] 

1.  A  critical  year  in  human  life  ;  but  climacteric  is 
more  generally  used. 

2.  .\  certain  space  of  time.    [JVnt  it.ted.]  Brown. 
eLI-M.\e'TER-ie,       la.    [C.r.  -.X  ii'iKmoiKoi ;  L. 
CLl-MAC-TER'ie-AL,  !     cliinactericas,  from  climaz, 

a  ladder.    See  Climax.] 

Literally,  noting  a  -scale,  progression,  or  gradation  ; 
appropriately,  denoting  a  critical  period  of  human  life, 
or  a  certain  number  of  years,  at  the  end  of  which  a 
great  change  is  supposed  to  take  place  in  the  liiiman 
constitution.    [See  the  noun.] 

eLI-.M.\C'TER-ie,  II.  A  critical  period  in  human 
life,  or  a  period  in  which  some  great  change  is  su|)- 
posed  to  take  place  iu  the  human  constitution.  The 
critical  periods  are  supposed,  by  some  persons,  to  be 
the  years  produced  by  multiplying  7  into  the  odd 
numbers,  3,  5,  7,  and  9  ;  to  which  others  add  the 
81st  year.  The  C3d  year  is  called  the  grand  climacteric. 
It  has  been  supposed  that  these  periods  arc  attended 
with  some  remarkable  change  in  respect  to  health, 
life,  or  fortune.  Brown.    Dryden.  Pope. 

eLI-MA-TXRCH'ie, a.  [Gr.  xAi/iJ,  climate,  and  apxt, 
dominion.] 

Presiding  over  climates.        Paus.  Trans.,  JVnle. 
CLTMATE,  71.    [Gr.  K.\i/jii ;  whence  L.  c/ima  ;  It.  and 
S|ian.  clima  ;  Fr.  climat.    Q,n.  from  Gr.  kXipco,  to  lean 
or  incline,  or  the  root  of  climaz.] 

1.  In  geography,  a  part  of  the  surface  of  the  earth 
bounded  by  two  circles  parallel  to  the  equator,  and 
of  such  a  breadth  that  the  longest  day  in  the  parallel 
nearest  the  pole  is  half  an  hour  longer  than  that  near- 
est the  equator.  The  beginning  of  a  climate  is  a 
parallel  circle,  in  which  the  longest  day  is  half  an 
hour  shorter  than  that  at  the  end.  The  climates 
begin  at  the  equator,  where  the  day  is  twelve  hours 
long ;  and,  at  the  end  of  the  first  climate,  the  longest 
day  is  twelve  and  a  half  hours  long ;  and  this  in- 
crease of  half  an  hour  constitutes  a  climate,  to  tlie 
polar  circles ;  from  which  climates  are  measured  by 
the  increase  of  a  month.  Johnson.  Encyc 

2.  The  condition  of  a  place  in  relation  to  the  various 
phenomena  of  the  atmosphere,  as  tempeniture,  mois- 
ture, &c.  Thus  we  say,  a  warm  or  cold  dimale;  a 
moist  or  dry  climate ;  a  favorable  climate;  a  genial 
dimate. 

CLI'MATE,  V.  L  To  dwell ;  to  reside  in  a  particular 
region.  Shak.    Jlist  of  SL  Domingo. 

[Little  iL^e^t,  and  hardly  legitimate.] 

CLI-M.\T'ie,       la.    Pertaining  to  a  climate  or  cli- 

CLI-.MAT'ie-.^L,  i     mates;  limited  by  a  clim.ate. 

CLI-MA-TICI-TV,  71.   The  property  of  climatizing. 

CLI'MA-TIZE,  r.  L  To  accustom  to  a  new  climate, 
as  a  plant. 

CLI'.MA-TIZE,  V.  i.  To  become  accustomed  to  a  new 
climate  ;  as,  plants  will  climatize  in  foreign  countries. 
CLI'M A-Tr/-f,'l),  pp.    Accustomed  to  a  new  climate. 
CLI-MA-TOL'O-CY,  7i.    [Gr.  ai/ia  and  \o,  as.] 

The  science  of  climates;  or  an  investigation  of  the 
causes  on  which  the  climate  of  a  place  depends. 

Brande. 

eLI'M.\-TURE,  71.    A  climate.   [Little  used.]  Shak. 

CLI'M.XX,  71.     [Gr.  a  scale  or  ladder;  L. 

climax,  [lerliaps  from  the  root  of  the  \V,  llamu,  to 
step,  stridir,  leap.  Ham,  a  step,  stride,  leap,  Ir.  Ici- 
7I1II7I,  Irim,  or  from  the  root  of  climb.] 

1.  Grail.atioii  ;  ascent  ;  a  figure  of  rhetoric,  in 
which  a  sentence  rises,  as  it  were,  step  by  step ;  or 
in  which  the  expression  which  ends  one  member  of 
the  period  begins  the  second,  and  so  on,  tdl  the  pe- 
riod is  finished;  as  in  the  following:  "When  we 
have  practiced  good  actions  a  while,  they  become 
easy;  and,  when  they  are  easy,  we  begin  to  take 
pleasure  in  thein  ;  and,  when  they  please  us,  we  do 
them  frequently;  and,  by^frequency  of  acts,  they 
grow  into  a  habit."  Tilloisnn. 

2.  A  sentence,  or  scries  of  sentences,  in  which  the 
successive  meinbets  or  sentences  rise  in  force,  im- 
portance, or  dignity,  to  the  close  of  the  sentence  or 
series.  Dryden. 

CLIMB,  (kITmc,)  r.  i.;  preL  and  pp.  CLitinEo,  or 


CLI 

Clomh,  but  the  latter  is  nut  elegant.  [Sax.  diman 
or  dimhan  ;  D.  klimmen  ;  G.  id.  The  corrcs|Kmding 
word  in  Dan.  is  klyven  Sw.  klifiea.] 

1.  To  creep  up  by  little  and  little,  or  sti'p  by  step  ; 
to  iiioiiiit  or  ascend,  by  means  of  the  lianda  and  feet; 
to  rise  on  any  fixed  object,  by  seizing  il  with  the 
hands  and  lilting  the  body,  and  by  thrusting  with 
the  feet ;  as.  to  climb  a  tree  or  a  precipice. 

Attil  h>>  ru)  ljclor«  niiii  eiitiibed  up  into  a  lycaitiurc-tire. —  Luke 

XIX. 

2.  To  mount  or  ascend  with  labor  and  difficulty. 

Sluik. 

3.  To  rise  or  ascend  with  a  slow  motion. 

BIjicIi  Tapon  cliinb  nlofL  Dryden. 

4.  To  mount  or  ascend  by  means  of  tendrils  or  ad- 
hesive fibers  ;  applied  to  plants. 

ei.I.MR,  (kliiii,)  1'.  t.  Til  ascend  by  means  of  the 
hands  and  feet,  iiii|ilying  labor,  dilficulty,  and  slow 
[irogress  ;  as,  to  climb  a  wall  or  a  steeji  mountain. 

Prior. 

2.  To  mount  or  ascend,  with  labor  or  a  slow  mo- 
tion ;  as,  to  climb  the  ascents  of  fame.  Prior. 

3.  To  mount  or  ascend  by  means  of  tendrils  or  ad- 
hesive fibers  ;  applifd  to  plants. 

CLI.MU'.\-1!LE,  (klim'a  bl,)  a.  That  may  be  climbed. 

Sherwood. 

CLI.MB'KD,  (klimd,)  pp.  Ascended  by  the  use  of 
the  hands  and  feet,  or  by  tendrils ;  ascended  with 
labor. 

CLIMB'ER,  (klini'er,)  n.  One  who  climbu,  mounts, 
or  rises,  by  the  hands  and  feet ;  one  who  rises  by  la- 
bor or  elforl. 

2.  A  plant  that  creeps  and  rises  on  some  support. 

Mortimer. 

3.  One  of  an  order  of  birds  that  climb,  as  the  wood- 
pecker. They  have  two  toes  before  ami  two  behind. 

CLIMB'ER,  V.  i.    [from  dimb,  or  a  dillcrunt  orthogra- 
phy lif  dumber.] 
To  climb  ;  to  mount  with  effort.  [JVolused.]  Tiisaer, 

CLl.MB'l.N'G,  ppr.  or  «.  .\scending  by  the  use  of  the 
hands  and  feet,  or  by  tendrils  ;  ascending  with  ditfi- 
ciiltv. 

CLIM'B'ING,  (kllin'ing,)  n.    The  act  of  ascending. 
CLI.ME,  71.    [from  climate,  or  directly  from  Gr  and  L. 

clima.] 

A  climate  ;  a  tract  or  region  of  the  earth  ;  a  poeti- 
cal word,  but  sometimes  used  in  prose.  [Sec  Climate.] 
Wlialevcr  clime  the  suii'a  bright  circle  warm*.  Milton. 

CLINCH,  r.  L  [D.  klinken,  to  clink  or  rivet ;  klink,  a 
latch,  a  rivet  ;  Dan.  klinke,  a  latch  ;  Sw.  klinka  ;  Fr. 
clenche;  allietl  to  ding,  link,  W.  elided,  a  latch.] 

1.  To  gripe  with  the  hand  ;  to  make  f;u>t  by  bend- 
ing over,  folding,  or  embracing  closely.  Thus,  to 
c/i»c/t  a  nail,  is  to  bend  the  point  and  drive  it  closely. 
To  clinch  the  hand  or  fist,  is  to  contrTict  the  fingers 
closely  into  the  palm  of  the  hand.  To  clinch  an  in- 
strument, is  to  close  the  fingers  and  thumb  round  it, 
and  hold  it  fiu^l. 

2.  To  fix  or  fasten  ;  to  make  firm  ;  as,  to  clinch  an 
argument. 

CLINCH,  71.    A  word  used  in  a  double  meaning ;  a 
pun;  an  ambiguity;  a  duplicity  of  muaning,  with 
identity  of  expression.  Johnson. 
Here  one  poor  won!  a  hnndrxM)  clinches  nuUtM.  Pope. 

2.  A  witty,  ingenious  reply.  Bailey. 

3.  In  seamen's  language,  the  part  of  a  ctble  which 
is  fastened  to  the  ring  of  an  anchor ;  a  kind  of  knot 
and  seizings,  used  to  fasten  a  cable  to  the  ring  of  an 
anchor,  ami  the  breeching  of  a  gun  to  the  ring-bolts 
in  a  ship's  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

CLINCH'£D,  (klincht,)  pp.    Made  fast  by  doubling  or 

embracing  closely. 
CLI.NCH'ER,  71,    That  which  clinches  ;  a  cramp  or 

piece  of  iron  bent  down  to  fasten  any  thing.  Pope. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  smart  reply.  Bailey. 

3.  Fignratirrhi,  that  which  makes  fast. 
CLINCirF.R-lU'iLT,  (  ,  .  .„  ,  I  a.    .Made  of  clincher- 
CLIXK'ER-Bl  ll.T,    j  t""'"'^  j  work. 
CLINCU'ER-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  In  ship-buiUing,\\\e 

disposition  of  the  planks  in  the  side  of  a  boat  or  ves- 
sel, when  the  lower  etlge  of  every  plank  overlays  the 
next  below  it,  like  slates  on  the  roof  of  a  house. 

Mar.  Diet. 

CLI.\CH'I.\G,  ppr.  Making  fast  by  doubling  over  or 
embracing  citisely  ;  griping  with  the  fist. 

CLI.NG,  r.  i  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Cluxo.  [.Sax.  tlingan,  to 
atlherc  anil  to  wither  ;  Dan.  klyngrr,  to  grow  in  clus- 
ters ;  klynge,  a  heap  or  cluster.  Sec  the  transitive 
verb  below.] 

1.  To  adhere  closely  ;  to  stick  to ;  to  hold  fa.«t 
upim,  especially  by  winding  round  or  embracing ; 
as,  the  tendril  of  a  vine  dmg$  to  its  support. 

Two  thibe*  of  love  cIo«e  clinging  to  her  waiil.  Pope. 

2.  Toatlliere  closely  ;  to  stick  to,  as  a  riscoui  sub- 
stance, fyiseman. 

3.  To  adhere  closely  and  firmly,  in  interest  or  af- 
fection ;  as,  men  of  a  party  ding  to  their  eadur. 

CLING,  r.  U    To  dry  up,  or  wither. 

Till  buninr  ctinf  ihet.  SVi*. 
In  Saxon,  dingan  is  rendered  to  fade  or  wither, 
marcesco,  as  well  as  to  cling.    In  this  sense  is  used 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  7. ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


«7' 


I 


CLI 


CLO 


CLO 


fitrrjiiifran^  pp.  fiircluntren.    The  nidical  snnsf,  then, 
appears  to  bp,  to  contract  or  draw  tocetlier;  and  di^  - 
inji,  withering,  is  expressed  by  shrinkin;;. 
[  The  latter  use  of  the  word  is  ob.-iolcte.  ] 

eLIN'G'ING,  ppr.  Adhering  closely  ;  sticking  to;  wind- 
ins  round  and  holding  to. 

eLlNG'SToNE,  n.  [cling  and  stone.']  A  variety  of 
peach,  whose  pulp  adheres  closely  to  the  stone. 

eLI.VG'Y,  a.    Apt  to  cling  ;  adhesive. 

eLlN'ie,       )  a.    [Gr.  •Ainvnf,  from  xAivr,  a  hed, 

eLI.N'IC-AL,  (  from  kAikj,  to  recline.  See  Leas.] 
In  a  fteneral  sense,  pertaining  to  a  bed.  A  elimral 
lecture  is  a  discourse  delivered  at  the  bedside  of  the 
sick,  or  from  notes  taken  at  the  bedside,  by  a  pliy- 
sician,  with  a  view  to  practical  instruction  in  tlie 
healing  art.  Clinical  medicine  is  the  pmctice  of  med- 
icine on  patients  in  bed,  or  in  hospitals.  A  clinical 
convert  is  a  convert  on  his  death  bed.  Anciently, 
persons  receiving  baptism  on  their  death-beds  were 
cnlU^d  clinics.  Core,    Kncyc.  Ttnjlor. 

GLIX'ie,  71.    One  confined  to  the  bed  by  sickness. 

eLl.\''ie-.\L-LY,  adv.  In  a  clinical  manner;  by  the 
bedside. 

CLI.NK,  r.  U  [Sw.  klinga;  Van.  klingnr,  klinker :  D. 
Idiiiken:  G.  klingen.  This  seems  to  be  a  dialectical 
orthogmphy  of  ctan<r,  clank,  I,,  clanno :  and,  if  «  is 
not  radical,  they  coincide  with  clack,  click,  with  the 
radical  -sense,  to  strike.] 

To  ring  or  jingle  ;  to  utter  or  m.ake  a  small,  sliarp 
sound,  or  a  succession  of  such  sounds,  a.s  by  striking 
small  metallic  or  other  sonorous  bodies  together. 

Prior.  Qny. 

CLtXK,  71.  A  sharp  sound,  made  by  the  collision  of 
small  sonorous  bodies.  Spenser,  according  to  Jutin- 
son,  uses  the  word  for  a  knocker. 

eLINK'ER,  71.    Vitreous  matter  which  collects  in  fur- 
naces where  stone  coal  is  used. 
i>.  A  very  hard  kind  of  brick. 

eUNK'ING,  ppr.  Making  a  small,  sharp  sound,  or 
succession  of  sounds. 

CLINK'SToXE,  n.  [clink  and  stone,  from  its  sono- 
rousness.   See  Phoi^olite.] 

A  mineral  which  has  a  slaty  structure,  and  is  gen- 
erally divisible  into  tabular  masses,  usually  thick, 
sometimes  thin  like  those  of  argillite.  Tiie  cross 
fracture  is  commonly  splintery.  Its  colors  are  dark 
greenish -gray,  yellowish,  bluish,  or  ash-gray  ;  and  it 
is  usually  translucent  at  the  edges,  sometimes  opaque. 
It  occurs  in  extensive  masses,  often  composed  iif  co- 
lumnar or  Uibular  distinct  concretions,  more  or  less 
regular.  It  is  usually  found  among  secondary  rocks; 
sometimes  resting  on  basalt,  and  covered  by  green- 
stone. Clraoeland. 

eLl-.NOM'E-TER,7i.  [Gr.  «Xii/w,  to  lean,  and  pttriioi; 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  dip  of  mineral 
strata.  Ure. 
eLI.N-O-.MET'Rie-AL,  a.    Performed  by  a  clinom- 
eter. 

eLI.Va'UANT,  (klink'ant,)  n.  [Fr.]  Tinsel ;  false 
glitter. 

eLI.Va^UANT,  (klink'ant,) a.  [Fr.]  Ciitteiing ;  dressed 
in  tinsel  finery.    [.Vol  English.]  S'liik. 

CLi'O,  71.  [Gr.  nA  iw.]  In  jnyi/Ki/on-y,  the  luuse  who 
presided  over  history. 

eUP,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cIiipoTi;  Dan.  klipper ;  Sw.  klippn. 
The  sense  seems  Ut  be,  to  strike,  to  cut  off  hy  a  sud- 
di*n  stroke.  The  Danish  word  signifies  not  only  to 
cut  olf  with  scissors,  but  to  wink  orlwiiikle  with  the 
eyes.  In  our  popular  dialect,  a  rii/)  is  a  blow  or  stroke  ; 
as,  to  hit  one  a  dip.  Cut  is  used  in  a  like  sense.  The 
radical  sense,  then,  is,  to  strike  or  drive  with  a  sud- 
den elforl,  thrust,  or  spring.] 

1.  To  cut  off  with  shears  or  scissors;  to  separate 
by  a  sudden  stroke  ;  especially,  to  cut  offthe  emls  or 
sides  of  a  thing,  to  make  it  shorter  or  narrower,  in 
distinction  from  shaving  and  paring,  which  are  per- 
formed by  nibbing  the  instriinieiil  rbwr  lo  the  thing 
shaved  ;  as,  to  c/(/7  the  hair ;  to  clip  wings. 

But  love  hi\d  clippfd  liis  wiiiji,  and  cm  liiin  sliart.  Dryden. 

2.  To  diminish  coin  by  paring  the  edge.  Locke. 

3.  To  curtail ;  to  cut  short ;  as,  to  clip  the  king's 
English.  JlildLiiin. 

4.  To  confine  ;  to  hug  ;  to  embrace.    [I.ilUe  nsrd.] 

Shak. 

To  flip  it,  is  n  vulgar  phrase,  in  J^''rw  F.nrrland,  for 
lo  run  with  speed,  and  was  so  used  in  falcoiirx'.  So 
f  Hi  is  used  ;  rut  on,  run  fast.  This  seems  lo  be  the 
meaning  of  Dryden  :  — 

S'nii^  fulon  ilnwpt  At  whit  hT  eye  desiyiied. 
And,  widi  h'-r  r,,^Tii-M  lit.-  (iiiiirry  inu*i-d, 
8tr4ijrtit  t\  f*      cTt'-ck,  mid  cli/ii  il  duM  ii  tlio  wind. 

This  sense  would  seem  to  be  allied  to  that  of  leap. 
eiJP,  71.    A  blow  or  stroke  with  the  hand  ;  as,  he  hit 
him  a  clip.    [.Vew  KngUirul.] 

2.  An  embrace  ;  that  is,  a  throwing  the  arms 
round.  Sidney. 

3.  A  sheep. nhcaring. 

4.  The  product  of  sheep-shearing  ;  ns,  there  will  bo 
n  large  c/i;i  this  year.  Forbij.  This  ih  retained  in 
New  i'.ngland. 

eMI"PA.'l),  /  «>.  or  o.  (;iit  off;  rut  short;  curtailed; 
CI.II'T,       I    diminished  by  paring. 


eLIP'PP'R,  71.    One  wlio  clips  ;  especially  one  Who 

cuts  oir  tile  edges  of  coin.  .Addison. 
2.  A  vessel  built  for  fast  sailing. 
eLIP'PING,  ppr.     Cutting  off  or  shortening  with 

shears  or  scissors  ;  diminishing  coin  by  paring  off 

the  edges  ;  curtailing. 
eLIP'PING,  71.    The  act  of  cutting  off,  curtailing,  or 

diminishing. 

2.  That  which  is  clipped  off ;  a  piece  separated  by 
clipping.  Locke. 

CLfQUE,  (kleek,)  71.  [Fr.]  A  narrow  circle  of  per- 
sons ;  a  party  ;  used  commonly  in  a  had  sense. 

eLIV'ERS,  71.  A  plant,  tlie  Galium  aparine  ;  called 
also  goose-grass,  or  hairiff.  It  has  a  stpiare,  rough, 
jointed  stem;  the  joints  hairy  at  the  base,  with, 
eight  or  ten  narrow  leaves  at  each  joint.  Encyc. 

eLIV''I-TY,  71.    Inclination;  ascent  or  descent. 

CLOAK,  )  71.    [Sax.  loch;  O.  laJicn.    In  Chaucer, /ate 

CLoKE,  (     is  cloth.] 

1.  A  loose  outer  garment  worn  over  other  clothes, 
both  by  men  and  women. 

a.  A  cover;  that  which  conceals;  a  disguise  or 
pretext ;  an  excuse  ;  a  fair  pretense. 

ei.O AK,  j  V.  t.    To  cover  with  a  cloak. 

CLoKE,  (  2.  To  hide  ;  to  conceal;  to  use  a  false 
covering.  Spenser. 

GLoAK'-BAG,  jt.  A  bag  in  which  a  cloak  or  other 
clothes  are  carried  ;  a  portmanteau. 

GLoAK'ED,  (klokt,)  pp.  Covered  with  a  cloak; 
concealed  under  an  external  covering. 

eLOAK'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  concealed  manner. 

CLoAK'ING,  ppr.  Covering  with  a  cloak;  hiding 
under  an  external  covering. 

CLO'C  1 1 A  RD,  71.    [from  clock,  Fr.  cloche.] 

A  belfry.    [JVoi  used.]  Weever. 

CLOCK,  71.  [Sax.  clugga,  clucga;  D.  klok ;  G.  kUicke  ; 
Dnn.  klokke  :  Sw.  klocka;  Ft.  cloche :  Arm.  cloch,  or 
deck;  Ir.  clog;  \V.  clue;  properly,  a  bell,  and  named 
from  its  sound,  from  striking.  It  coincides  in  origin 
with  clack  and  cluck,  L.  glucio,  Ch.  jSj.  Class  Lg, 
No.  27.    See  Cluck.] 

1.  A  machine  consisting  of  wheels  moved  by 
weights,  so  constructed,  th.at  by  a  uniform  vibration 
of  a  pendulum,  it  measures  time,  and  its  divisions, 
htiurs,  minutes,  and  seconds,  with  great  exactness. 
It  indicates  the  hour  by  the  stroke  of  a  small  ham- 
mer on  a  bell. 

The  phrases,  what  o'clock  is  it?  it  is  nine  o'clock, 
seem  to  be  contracted  from  wliat  of  the  clock  7  it  is 
nine  of  the  clocli. 

2.  A  figure  or  figured  work  in  the  ankle  or  side  of 
a  stocking.  Swift. 

CLOCK,  V.  t.    To  call.    [See  Cluck.] 

CLOCK'-.MaK-ER,  71.  An  artificer  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  clocks. 

CLOCK'-SET-TER,  71.  One  who  regulates  the  clock. 
[J*i\it  ujte4,]^  Shak. 

GLOCK'-WoRK,  71.  The  machinery  and  movements 
of  a  clock  ;  or  that  part  of  the  movement  which 
strikes  the  hours  on  a  hell,  in  distinction  Irom  that 
pait  which  measures  and  exhibits  the  time  on  the 
face  or  dial-plate,  which  is  called  teatch-icnrk.  Encyc. 
2.  Well-adjusted  work,  with  regular  movement. 

CLOD,  71.  [D.  klait,  a  clod;  G.  klnts  ;  Dan.  t/(i<is  ,■ 
Sw.  Wo(,  a  log,  stock,  or  stump ;  Dan.AWfi;  Vi.kluiit, 
a  ball  ;  G.  loth,  a  ball  ;  D.  Inod,  lead,  a  ball ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  lod,  id.  ;  VV.  cinder,  a  heap.  Clod  and  clot  seem 
to  be  radically  one  w'ord,  signifying  a  mass  or  lump, 
from  collecting  or  bringing  together,  or  from  condens- 
ing, setting,  fixiug.  In  Sax.  clud,  a  rock  or  hill,  may 
be  from  the  same  root.  See  Class  Ld,  No.  8,  9,  10, 
16,  2i;,  3.5,  35,  40.    Uu.  Gr.  k'S^.i'Ji.,,  to  form  a  hall.  | 

1.  A  hard  lump  of  earth  of  any  kind  ;  a  mass  of 
earth  coln^ring.  Bacon.  Dryden. 

2.  A  lump  or  mass  of  metal.    [Little  used.'\  Milton. 

3.  Turf;  the  ground.  Swift. 

4.  That  which  is  earthy,  base,  and  vile,  as  the 
body  of  man  compared  to  iiis  soul.  .Milton.  Bnrnrl. 

5.  A  dull,  gross,  stupid  fellow  ;  a  dolt.  Dryden. 
fi.  Any  thing  concrettMl.  Came. 

GLOD,  V.  i.    To  collect  into  concretions,  or  a  thick 
mass  ;  to  coagulate  ;  as,  clodded  gore.  Milton. 
[Sec  Clot,  which  is  more  generally  used.] 
GLOD,  I',  t.    To  pelt  with  clods. 

GLOD'DY,  a.  Consisting  of  clods  ;  abounding  with 
clods. 

2.  Earthv  ;  mean  ;  gross.  Shak. 
GLOn'lIOP  PER,  n.    A  clown  ;  a  dolt. 
GLOD'PATE,  71.    A  stupid  fellow;  a  dolt;  a  thick- 
skull. 

CLOI)'PaT-ED,  a.  Stupid  ;  dull  ;  doltish.  MuthnoU 
GLOD'POLL,  71.  A  stupid  fellow  ;  a  dolt ;  a  block- 
head. Shak. 
GLOG,  r.  U  [W.  cltg,  n  lump  ;  eliig,  n  swelling, 
roundness  ;  clog,  a  large  stone ;  Ihc,  a  mound,  a 
dam  ;  llog,  an  augment ;  llogi,  to  make  compact,  to 
hire,  L.  loco;  Ir.  loe,  a  stop;  locaiin,  to  hinder. 
These  coincide  with  Eng.  lock,  in  primary  sense,  or 
may  be  from  the  saiiu;  root.  Ihit  clog,  though  of  the 
same  family,  seems  not  to  be  directly  derived  from 
either  of  these  words.] 

1.  To  load  or  fill  with  stnnething  that  retards  or 
hinders  motion  ;  its,  to  clog  the  channel  of  a  river; 
to  clog  a  passage. 


a.  To  put  on  any  thing  that  encumbers,  with  a 
view  to  hinder  or  restrain  leaping  ;  to  shackle  as, 
to  clog  a  beast. 

3.  To  load  with  any  thing  that  encumbers;  to 
burden  ;  to  embarrass  ;  as,  to  clog  commerce  with 
impositions  or  restrictitms.  .^tblison, 

4.  To  obstruct  natural  motion,  or  render  it  diffi- 
cult ;  to  hinder  ;  to  impede. 

GLOG,  r.  i.    To  coalesce  ;  to  unite  and  adhere  in  a 
cluster  or  mass. 

Move  it  suiiietimps  with  a  broom,  that  the  seeds  c/o?  not  to 
ther.  KotUjn. 

2.  To  form  an  accretion  ;  to  be  loaded  or  encum- 
bered with  extraneous  matter. 


The  teeth  of  the  saw  will  hejiii  to  clog. 


Sharp. 


GLOG,  77,  Any  thing  put  upon  an  animal  to  hinder 
motion,  or  leaping,  as  a  piece  of  wood  fastened  to 
his  les. 

2.  An  encumbrance;  that  which  hinders  motion, 
or  renders  it  dillicult ;  hiiiderance  ;  impediment. 

Slavfry  is  the  greatest  c^og  to  speculation.  Stri/t. 

3.  [Uu.  Fr.  claque;  Sp.  and  Port,  galnchn ;  Arm. 
galoig.]  A  term  applied  to  overshoes  with  thick 
soles  of  leather  or  wood  for  wet  weather. 

4.  A  wooden  shoe.    [ProrAncial  in  England."] 
GL0G'G/.;D,  (klogd,)  pp.  or  n.     Wearing  a  clog; 

shackled  ;  obstructed  ;  loaded  with  encumbrance. 
CLOG'GI-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  clogged. 
GLOG'GING,  ppr.    Putting  on  a  clog  ;  loatling  with 

encumbrance  ;  obstructing  ;  impeding. 
GLOG'GY,  a.    Tliat  clogs,  or  has  power  to  clog ; 

thick  ;  gross. 

GLOIS'TER,  77.  [Fr.  cloitre i  Sax.  claustr,  or  cluster; 
Arm.  claustr,  or  clnestr;  Sp.  claiistro  ;  It.  clamtro,  or 
chiostro  ;  D.  klooster ;  G.  kloster ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  klos- 
trr ;  W.  claws,  cl'rys ;  Ir.  clabhstur;  L.  claustrum, 
from  claiisus,  pp.  of  claudo.    See  Eng.  Close.] 

1.  Literally,  a  close  ;  a  close  or  inclosed  place.  A 
monastery  or  nunnery  ;  a  house  inhabited  by  monks 
or  nuns. 

a.  In  architecture,  an  arcade  or  colonnade  around 
an  open  court. 

3.  In  a  more  limited  sense,  the  principal  part  of  a 
regular  monastery,  consisting  of  a  square,  erected 
between  the  church,  the  chapter-house,  and  the 
refectory,  and  over  which  is  the  dormitory.  The 
proper  use  of  the  cloister  is  for  the  monks  to  meet  in 
for  conversation.  The  cloister  is  square,  and  has  its 
name  from  being  inclosed  on  its  four  sides  with 
buildings.  Hence,  in  architecture,  a  building  is  said 
to  be  in  the  form  of  a  cloister,  when  there  are  build- 
ings on  each  of  the  four  sides  of  the  court.  Encyc. 
GLOIS'TER,  V.  L  To  cenfine  in  a  cloister  or  monas- 
tery. 

a.  To  shut  up;  to  confine  closely  within  walls; 

to  immure  ;  lo  shut  uji  in  retirement  from  the  world. 
GLOIS'TER-AL,  a.    Confined  to  a  cloister;  retired 

from  the  world  ;  recluse.   Sometimes  shortened  into 

Cloistral.  fValton. 
GLOIS'TER-iH),  pp.    Shut  up  in  a  cloister;  iuliabit- 

ing  a  monastery. 

2.  a.    Solitary  ;  retired  from  the  world.  Shak. 

3.  Built  around,  as  a  court  ;  inclosed.  fVntton. 
GLOIS'TER-ER,  7i.   One  belonging  to  a  cloister. 
GLOIS'TER-ING,  ppr.    Shutting  up  in  a  monastery  ; 

confining;  secluding  from  the  world. 
GLOIS'TRESS,  71.    A  nun  ;  a  woman  who  has  vowed 

religious  retirement.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 
CLoKE,  71.    See  Cloak. 
CLoKE'-BAG,  71.    See  Cloak-Bao. 
GLOAin,  prit.  of  Climr. 
CLON(;,  old  part,  of  Cling. 

GLON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  aAuius,  a  shaking  or  irregular 
motion.] 

Shaking;  convulsive;  irregular;  as,  cJo7iic  spasm. 

Core. 

Clonic  spasm,  is  that  in  which  the  muscles  or  mus- 
cular fibers  contnirt  and  relax  alternately,  in  quick 
succession,  producing  the  appearance  of  agitation,  as 
in  epilepsy  ;  used  in  eimtradistinction  to  t«7iic  spasm. 

GLOO.M,  V.  t.    [Sax.  cla-man.] 

To  close  with  glutinous  matter.  [Local.]  Mortimer. 

GLoSE,  (klo/.e,)  11.  (.  [Ft.  clos ;  Arm.  verb  closa,  or 
closein  ;  part.  clii.iet ;  from  the  L.  participle  clau.tus,of 
claudo,  to  shut;  Fr.  clorrc ;  It.  chnidrre ;  chiiLio ;  D. 
kluis,  an  iiiclosure.  The  D.  sluiten,  G.  scJilics.-'en, 
sehloss,  Dan.  .'^hitter,  Sw.  slula,  are  from  the  same 
root,  with  a  prefix.  Gr.  kScho,  for  kXh^om,  whence 
«Arif,  a  kt'y,  clavis,  that  which  shuts  or  f:istens  ;  VV. 
claws,  clwys,a  close,  a  cloister;  Sax. /i/iV/,  a  lid,  the 
shutter  ;  hlidan,  lo  cover  ;  Ir.  cltithim,  clitdainu  See 
Cl.ass  Lil,  No.  1,  8,  i),  10.1 

1.  To  shut ;  to  make  fast  by  pressing  together,  or 
by  stopiiiiig  an  open  place,  so  as  lo  intercept  a  pas- 
sage, in  almost  any  nianiier  ;  as,  to  close  the  eyes  ,  lo 
close  a  gale,  door,  or  window.  In  these  and  other 
cases,  closing  is  performeil  by  bringing  an  object  be- 
fore the  opening.  To  close  a  book,  is  to  bring  the 
[Kirts  logi  thi'r. 

The  I.onl  hath  closed  y-iiir  eves.  —  If.  jix\x. 
Me  cloirti  the  l)oi>k.  —  l.iike  iv. 

2.  To  end  ;  to  finish  ;  to  ctmclude ;  lo  complete  ; 


FATE,  FAR,  Fj\LL,  WHAT  MP.TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  ItlRI).  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLK,  llpQK.— 


CLO 


CLO 


CLO 


to  bring  to  a  period ;  as,  to  close  a  karj^aiii,  or  con- 
trdCL 

One  fritjf.il  iiipp<T  did  trnr  itudW  clo*e.  Oryten. 

3.  To  unite,  as  IIil-  parts  of  a  breach  or  fracture  ; 
to  make  whole  ;  to  consolidate  ;  often  followed  by  up. 

The  Lonl  clottil  up  llif  tli-sh  iimlfml  (h'-rt-ot.  —  CJ-'il.  ii. 

4.  To  cover ;  to  inclose ;  to  encompass  ;  to  over- 
whelm. 

The  ilejitlu  closed  me  round  nlwni.  —  Joii;\h  11. 

5.  To  incU)se  ;  to  confine.    [See  Fnclose.] 

fi.  To  move  or  bring  together  ;  to  unite  separate 
bodies  or  parts  ;  as,  to  doxr  tin?  ranks  of  an  army. 
Cl.fisr.,  e.  i.  To  unite  ;  to  eoab  sce  ;  to  come  together, 
as  the  part-!  of  a  wound  or  fracture,  or  parts  separa- 
ted ;  often  followed  by  tin  or  u/imu 

The  I'tt  f/ojfef/  ttjion  tU'?  Iil.i.lr.  —  Jiid^s  iif. 
The  rarlh  doted  upon  ihi-in.  —  Num.  xvi. 
Q.  To  end  ;  to  termin.ate,  or  come  to  a  period  ;  as, 
the  delate  cloMil  at  six  o'clock. 

To  close  on  m  upon  ;  to  come  to  a  mutual  agreement ; 
to  agree  on  or  join  in. 

Kr»iice  «nd  Ilnlland  might  clofe  tipou  wine  nieasur-s  to  our 
di»advauui*e.  Tein}tte, 

To  close  vith  ;  to  accede  to  ;  to  cimsent  nr  agree  to ; 
as,  ti»  close  with  the  terms  proposed.  When  followeti 
by  the  person  with  wlumi  an  agreement  is  made,  tt) 
make  an  agreement  with  \  to  unite  with  ;  as,  to  close 
with  an  enemy. 

He  toolt  the  lime  when  RiclmnI  w;a  depoied, 

And  high  and  low  xeiljx  li.»p[»y  Harry  cloied.  Drtjden. 

Ill  this  sense,  to  close  in  with  is  less  elegant. 

To  close  with  :     )  to  unite  ;  to  join  closely  ;  to  gra|>- 

To  close  in  inith  ;  \     pie,  as  persons  in  a  contest  ; 

applied  to  wrestlers,  w  hen  they  come  to  close  eiii- 

bnee  for  scutHing. 
CI.CSK,  H.    An  inclosed  place  ;  any  place  surrounded 

by  a  ff-nce  or  other  body  which  defends  or  eoiilines 

it,  iKirticiilarly  a  small  field,  or  )Hirtion  of  land. 

3.  (Conclusion;  tenninalifm ;  final  end  ;'  as,  the 
close  of  life  ;  the  close  of  day  i>r  night. 

X  A  temporary  finishing;  a  pause;  rest;  cessa- 
tion ;  interinissitui. 

.At  every  ehse  she  mad--,  Ih'  atl'  ndiutr  thron* 
R.-ji]i''d,  and  Iwn*  'If  hupli-ii  ul  tlie  song.  Vryden. 

4.  The  manner  of  shutting. 

Tlie  door*  ol  planK  were  ;  their  dote  cxqiirsite.  tjbnjmian. 

5.  A  grapple  in  wrestling.  Bacon. 
CLOSE,  a.    Shut  fast  ;  light ;  made  fast,  so  as  to  have 

no  opening  ;  as,  a  close  box  ;  a  close  vi/.nrtl.  « 

2.  Having  parts  firmly  iiiiitetl;  coniinct ;  dense; 
applied  to  solid  siibslaiices  of  any  kind  ;  as,  the  close 
texture  of  wiK)d  or  ineliil. 

3.  H.aViiig  pans  firmly  adhering  ;  viscous  ;  tcna 
cioiis  ;  a.s  oil,  or  glue.  IVilkins. 

4.  Confineil  ;  stagnant ;  without  ventUatioii  or  mo- 
tion ;  .as,  close  air. 

5.  Confined  ;  retired.  •■ 

While  David  kept  himaeU  cbMe. —  I  Chron.  xii. 

R.  Hid  ;  private  ;  secret ;  as,  to  keep  a  purjMise  close. 
JVum.  V.    l.uke  ix. 

7.  Confined  within  narrow  limits  ;  narrow  ;  as,  a 
close  alley. 

8.  Near  ;  within  a  small  distance  ;  as,  a  chse  fight 
or  action. 

9.  Jttined  ;  in  contact,  or  nearly  so  ;  crowded  ;  as, 
to  sit  close. 

10.  Compressed,  as  thtaiglits  or  words  ;  hence, 
brief;  cttiicise  ;  op|H).sed  Ut  loose  or  di^ff'iLse. 

Wher*?  the  Ofi^n.U  tt  dote,  nu  veniun  can  rr.ach  It  in  the 
9.(me  OH^p^lU.  Drytlen. 

1 1.  Very  near,  in  place  or  time ;  adjoining,  or  near- 
ly so. 


I  SAW  him  come  dott  to  the  nun.  —  Dan.  viii. 
They  i.iilptl  dote  hy  Cr»*te.  —  Acu  xxvii. 
Some  dire  niijlortnne  loliowi  clott  iK^tiind. 


Pope. 


12.  Having  the  tpiality  of  keeping  secrets,  thoughts, 
or  designs;  cautions;  as,  a  close  minister.  Hence, 
in  friendship,  trusty  ;  confidential.  Shak. 

l:i.  Having  iin  appearance  of  concealment  ;  iniply- 
iiig  art,  craft,  or  wariness  ;  as,  a  close  aspect.  Skak. 

H.  Intent;  fixed;  .attentive;  pressing  uptm  the 
object;  as,  to  give  close  attention. 

Keep  your  mind  or  thou^^hu  dote  to  the  busineu  or  iinl>)ect. 

LMCke. 

I. ').  Full  to  the  iKiinI  ;  home  ;  pressing  ;  as,  a  close 
argument ;  bring  the  argument  close  to  the  iiiieslitm. 

Dnjtlen. 

Ifi.  Pressing  ;  earnest  ;  warm  ;  as,  a  r'<>-r  iti-bale. 
IT.  Confined  ;  secluded  fnuii  commuiiication  ;  :ls, 
n  close  pris^tner. 

18.  Covetous  i  penurious  ;  not  libenl  ;  as,  a  close 
man. 

19.  Applied  to  the  weather  or  air,  close,  in  jHipiilar 
language,  denotes  warm  ami  damp,  cloudy  or  foggy, 
or  warm  and  relaxing,  occasioning  a  sense  of  las.-ii- 
tiide  and  depressiim.  Perhaps,  origiii.allv,  confined 
air.  / 

9(1.  Piririly  adhering  to  the  original  ;  as,  a  close 
Iriiislatiiin. 

•21.  In  hrraUlry,  drawn  in  a  coat  of  arms  «  itli  the 
wings  close,  and  in  a  standing  i>osture.  Bmlrii. 


Close  election  ;  an  election  in  which  the  votes  for 
the  ditlerent  canilidates  are  nearly  eipLd. 

Close  vole:  an  election  iii  which  llie  number  of 
votes  forditTeri  iit  persons  or  dill'i  rent  sidt^sof  a  ipies- 
tion  is  nt;arly  equal. 
ei-oSI'J,  nilo.     Closely;  nearly;  dense.y;  secretly; 
pressiugly. 

B'hinil  her  death 
Clote  followed  pace  for  pace.  Milton. 

ei.oSE'-IIANU-EO,  a.  Being  in  close  order ;  closely 
united.  Milton. 

ei.oSE'-nXR-RED,  o.  Made  close  by  bars;  firmly 
closed. 

CLOSE'-non-I-iCn,  (-Imd-id,)  a.  Fitting  the  body  ex- 

actlv  ;  .setting  close,  as  a  garment.  Jltjliffc 
eLOS'E-C().M-MC.\'IO.\,  n.    The  practice,  in  some 

sects,  of  admitting  none  even  to  occasitmal  comniiiii- 

ion  at  the  Lord's  supper,  except  those  who  embrace 

the  distinctive  peculiarities  of  the  sect. 

Close  communion  ;  with  Bapti-'ts,  coniintinion  in  tin? 

Lord's  supper  with  their  own  sect  tmly. 
ei.oSK'-CO.M-PACT'EU,  a.  Being  in  compact  order; 

comprict.  Jidilison. 
eL6SE'-C()R-PO-RA'Tin.\,  71.    A  body  or  corpora- 

titui  which  fills  its  own  vacancies,  and  is  not  open  to 

the  public. 

CLOSE'-COUCH-ilD,  (-koucht,)  a.   Ciuitc  concealed. 

Mdton. 

ei.f)SE'-CUR'T.\I.\-£D,  a.  Inclosed  or  surrounded 
with  ciirliiins.  Milton. 

ei.oSE'-FIST-EI),  a.  Covetous;  niggardly.  Berkeley. 

CI.dSF.'-II ANO-El),  n.    Covetous;  penurious.  Ualc. 

ei.f)SE'-II  A.ND'ED-.NESS,  n.  Covettmsness.  IloUjday. 

CLoSE'-HAUL-AI),  a.  In  seamanship,  having  tlie 
tacks  or  lower  corners  of  the  sails  ilrawii  close  to 
the  siile  to  winilward,  and  the  sheets  hauled  close 
aft,  in  sailing  near  the  wind,  i.  e.,  near  that  point 
from  which  the  wind  blttws.  Encifc. 

ei.tVE'-PE.N'T,  a.    Shntebise.  Dn/d'en. 

CI.OSE'-tiCAR'TERS,  n.  pi.  Strong  barriers  of  wood 
iiseil  in  a  ship  for  deftuise  when  Ihe  ship  is  boartled. 
Hence,  to  come  to  close  quarters,  is  to  come  into  tlirect 
ctmtact  with  an  enemy.  Mar,  Diet. 

ei.f")SE'-SII UT,  a.    Shut  closely. 

ei.riSE'-S'l'OOL,  n.  A  chamber  utensil  for  the  con- 
venience of  the  sick  and  infirm. 

eLOSE'-T0.\(;U-/;i),  (-tuugd,)a.  Keeping  silence  ; 
cautious  in  speaking.  Shak. 

CLoS'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Shut;  inadefa.st;  ended;  con- 
chideil. 

CLt^SE'l^Y,  aih\  In  a  close,  compact  manner  ;  with 
the  parts  united,  or  iiressed  together,  so  as  to  leave 
no  vent ;  as,  a  crucible  closely  luted. 

2.  Nearly  ;  with  little  s|iace  intervening  ;  applied  to 
space  or  time  ;  as,  to  follow  closely  at  one's  heels  ;  one 
event  follows  closely  upon  antrtlier. 

3.  Intently  ;  attentively  ;  with  the  mind  or  thoughts 
fixed  ;  with  near  inspection  ;  as,  to  look  or  attend 
closely. 

4.  Secretly  ;  slily.    [JVut  much  used.]  Carm. 

5.  With  liear  alfectitm,  attachment, tir  interest ;  in- 
timately ;  as,  men  closely  connected  in  friendship ; 
nations  closely  allied  by  treaty. 

0.  Strictly  ;  within  close  limits  ;  without  commu- 
nicatitm  abnad  ;  .as,  a  prisoner  closely  cttiifined. 

7.  With  strict  adherence  to  the  origiiuU  ;  as,  to 
tninslate  closely, 
CLo.^E'.N'ESS,  ju  The  state  of  being  shut,  pressed  ttv 
gether,  or  united.    Hence,  accortliiig  to  the  nature  of 
tlie  thing  to  which  the  word  is  ajiplied, 

2.  Coin|»acliiess  ;  solidity  ;  as,  tlie  closeness  of  text- 
ure in  wtKKi  or  ftissils.  Bacon. 

3.  Narrowness ;  straitness,  as  of  n  place. 

4.  Tightness,  in  building,  or  in  a|iartinents ;  firm- 
ness of  texture,  in  cloth,  fitc. 

5.  Want  of  ventilation  ;  applied  to  a  close  room,  or 
to  the  air  confined  in  it.  Sirijl. 

G.  Confinement  or  retirement  of  a  person  ;  recluse 
ness  ;  solitude.  Slmk. 

7.  Reserve  in  intercourse  ;  secrecy  ;  privacy  ;  cau 
titm.  Bacon, 

8.  Covctoiisness  ;  penurit)usness.  .Addison, 

9.  Cimnectiim  ;  near  uiiiim  ;  intimacy,  whether  of 
friendship  t>r  of  interest ;  as,  the  closeness  of  friend 
ship,  or  of  alliance. 

10.  Pressure  ;  urgency  ;  variously  applied  ;  as,  the 
closeness  of  an  argument,  or  of  debate  ;  the  closeness 
of  a  tpiestioii  or  intpiiry. 

11.  .Adherence  to  an  original ;  as,  the  closeness  of  a 
version.  [ishes, 

ei.oS'ER,  n.  A  finisher;  one  that  concludes  or  fin 
2.  A  piece  of  brick  used  to  citwe  a  course  of  brick- 
CI.OS'EU,  rt. ;  c(;fn/i.  of  Close.  .Mtjre  close.  [work, 
Cl.oS'ES'r,  a. ;  snperl.  of  Close.  Most  close. 
ei.oS'ET,  II.  .V  small  rtKini  or  aparimenl  for  retire 
meiit ;  any  room  for  privac)'. 

\Vh--n  tliou  pr.iy<-»t,  enter  into  thy  dotet.  —  Matt.  vi. 

2.  An  apartment  for  curiosities  or  valuable  things. 

Drydrn 

3.  A  small,  close  apartment,  or  recess,  in  the  side 
of  a  rt>tmt,  for  rept>siting  utensils  and  furniture. 

CLOS'ET,  p.  f.   To  shut  tip  in  a  closet ;  (o  ctuieeal ;  to 
take  into  a  private  apiirtmenl  for  ctuisultation.  Saift, 
CI..()S'ET-EI),  pp.    Shut  up  III  a  closet  ;  concealed. 


CliOS'ET-ING, pjw.  Shutting  up  in  a  private  room; 
concealing. 

eLOS'E'l'-SIN,  (kloz'et-sin,)  tu  Sin  committed  in 
privacy.  Bp,  Hall. 

CI'OSII,  n.  A  disease  in  the  feet  of  cattle,  called  also 
the  founder.  Bailey. 

CI.CS'l.NG,  ppr.  Shutting ;  coalescing ;  agreeing ;  end- 
ing. 

Cl.riS'l.Vn,  a.  That  ends  or  concludes;  as,  a  closing 
woril  or  letti^r. 

ei.o.«'IN'(i,  n.    End  ;  period;  conclusion 

ei.OS'nitE,  (kia'zhur,)  n.  The  act  of  slmttiug;  a 
closing.  Boyle. 

2.  That  which  doses,  or  shuts  ;  that  by  which  sep- 
arate jiiirls  are  fasleneil  or  made  to  adhere  Pope. 
;t.  Iiu  lo-^iire  ;  that  which  confines.  SAiiA-. 
4.  Com  liisiiui.  Shak. 

ei.OT,  II.  (See  Ci.oo.]  A  concretion,  particularly  of 
soft  or  llnid  matter,  which  concretes  into  a  mass  or 
Itiriip  ;  as,  a  clot  of  blooil.  Clod  anil  clot  a|ipi'ar  to  be 
radically  Ihe  same  woril  ;  but  we  usually  apply  clod 
to  a  hard  mass  of  earth,  and  clot  to  a  mass  of  solXer 
substances,  t>r  (liiiils  coiicrel<;il. 

ei.d'i",  V.  i.  To  concrete  ;  to  coagulate, as  soft  or  fluid 
matter,  into  a  thick,  inspissated  mass  ;  as,  milk  or 
bltuid  clots. 

2.  To  form  into  clots  or  clods  ;  to  adhere  ;  as,  clot- 
ted glebe.  Philips. 
ei.OT'-HTRI),  n.   The  common  fEnanthe  or  English 
CI.<)'I''-BI'R,  II.    [V,.  klctte.]    Burdock.  [ortolan. 
CEOTII,  (klotli  or  klawth,)  n.    [Sax.  c/.i(A  ;  1).  kleej, 
cloth,  and  klmtrn,  lo  clothe  ;  (J.  kleid,  klridrn  ;  Sw. 
klaile,  kla^la;  Dan.  kla'de,  klrder,    'I'he  plural  is  regu- 
lar. Cloths  ;  but  when  it  signifies  garments,  it  is  writ- 
ten Clothes.] 

1.  A  mauiitactiire  or  stuff  of  wcmiI  or  hair,  or  of 
colton,  ll-iv,  hemp,  or  other  vegetable  filaments 
formed  by  weaving  or  intertextiire  of  tlireail-t,  antl 
used  ftir  garments  or  ol-lier  covering,  and  for  variinis 
other  pur|K>>es  ;  as,  woolen  clotli,  linen  cloth,  cotton 
cloth,  li.tir  clotli. 

But  cloth  is  tdlen  useil  for  a  fabric  of  wotd,  in  con- 
tradistiiiclion  to  that  made  tif  other  material. 

2.  The  covering  of  a  table  ;  usually  called  a  table- 
cloth. Pope. 

3.  The  canvas  on  which  pictures  are  drawn.  \_J\,'ot 
used.]  Dryden. 

4.  \  texture  or  covering  put  to  a  particular  use ;  as, 
a  cloth  of  state.  Huyward, 

5.  IJress  ;  raiment.    [See  Clothes.] 

ril  ne'er  distrust  my  God  lur  doth  and  hn:ad.  Qtiarlei. 

6.  The  covering  of  a  bed.    [.Yot  its/i/.]  Prior, 

7.  The  cloth,  is  familiarly  usetl  for  the  cliTical  profes- 
sion tir  clerg)' ;  so  we  say,  a  |>erson  of  your  c/o//i.  Smart, 

CI.(")'i'UE,  V,  t, ;  prcL  and  pp,  Clotheo  or  Clad,  [.•^ee 
Cluth.] 

1.  To  put  on  garments  ;  to  invest  the  body  « ith 
raiment ;  lo  cover  with  tlress,  for  etincealing  naked- 
ness and  defending  the  body  from  cold  or  injuries. 

Th<-  I.or.1  tiiMl  Ilia.!--  co-u*  of  tikin  and  cloOied  th'-in.  —  tien.  iii. 

2.  To  cover  with  something  ornamental. 

Knihroiden-d  purple  doUtet  the  g-ilil'-n  Ijeds.  Pope. 

But  clothe,  without  the  aiil  of  other  words,  seliloin 
signifies  to  adorn,  in  this  example  from  Po|k>,  it  sig- 
nifies merely  lo  cover. 

3.  To  furnish  with  raiment ;  to  provide  with  clotlics  ; 
as,  a  master  is  to  feed  and  clothe  his  apprenlict*. 

4.  To  put  on  ;  to  invest ;  to  cover,  as  with  a  gar- 
ment ;  as,  to  clotlic  thoughts  with  words. 

1  will  riotlie  her  priesm  with  ■-dvation.  —  P».  exxxii. 
Urow»in«-»  sliall  eloUie  a  man  wiili         —  Prov.  xxiii. 
I.ei  thcni  he  dolhed  with  Khaine.  —  xxxv. 

5.  To  invest ;  to  stirrtinnd  ;  to  encompass. 

The  Lord  id  doOieft  with  majesty.  —  P».  xciii. 
Thou  art  eloUied  with  honor  ami  in.aj.-»ty.  —  Pi.  ei». 

G.  To  invest  ;  to  give  to  by  commission  ;  as,  to 
chditr  Willi  fiowi-r  or  authority. 

7.  To  covi-r  or  spreatl  over;  as,  the  earth  is  riothcd 
ei.oTliE,  V.  i.    To  wear  clothe.s.  [with  verdure. 

(.'are  no  in<in-  to  doUie  and  eat.  Shak. 

Cl.iyfll' F.U,  pp.  Covered  with  garments;  dressi-d  ; 
iuvi'~teil  ;  fiiniislifd  Willi  cbithing. 

ei.oTlir.i*,  (klolli/.  or  kliV/.e,)  11. .-  pi.  of  Cloth.  Cover- 
ing for  till-  human  body  ;  dress  ;  vestments  ;  vesture  ; 
a  gem  ral  term  for  whatever  covering  is  worn,  or 
niatle  to  be  worn,  ftir  decency  or  conil'orl. 

II  I  may  touch  hul  Ills  rfotflir»  I  ahall  !«■  whole.  —  .Mark  ». 

2.  The  covering  of  a  betl  ;  hed-cltitlies.  Prior. 
CLoniE.s'-ltASK-ET,  11.    A  large  ba:.ket  for  holdii.g 

or  carrying  cliilhes. 
ei.oTlli'.S'-liltl'SII,  n.    A  brush  for  removing  diisl. 

&c.,  from  i  l.illis.  Booth. 
C1.6rili;s  -I.I.M-;,  n,    a  line  on  which  chithes  ate 

Initio  Dill  III  ilrv. 
Cl.tTnri  i:K,(k'lrith'yer,)  n.   In  F.nirli.th  authors,  a  man 
who  nia^es  cloths;  a  maker  of  cloth.  Johnson. 

[In  this  sen.te,  I  believe,  it  is  not  used  in  the  United 
States;  certainty  not  in  JVeto  England.] 

2.  In  -imrrica,  a  man  wliose  occupation  is  to  full 
and  ilress  cloth. 
€L(")TH'1.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Covering  with  or  putting  on 


TO.N'E,  BCLL,  qxiTE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CLO 

vestments  uf  any  kind  ;  providing  with  garments  ; 
investing  ;  covering. 
CLOTH' ING,  H.  GMments  in  general ;  clothes  ;  dress ; 
raiment;  covering. 

As  for  liie — my  clothing  was  sackcloth.  —  Pa.  xxxv. 
2.  The  art  or  practice  of  maliing  cloth.  [Unusual.] 
The  kin^  took  ine.ism^s  to  uistiuct  U»e  rel'ujcc-s  from  Fl.in.kTS 
in  the  in  ul  cloUdng,  Rai/. 

eLOTH'-SHP:.\R-ER,  n.    One  who  shears  cloth,  and 

frees  it  from  supertiiioiis  nap. 
GLOTH'  -VVORK-ER,  (  wurlc-,)  n.    A  maker  of  cloth. 

Scott. 

eLOT'POLL,  «.  A  thickskull  ;  a  blockhead.  [See 
Clodpoll.] 

GLOT'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Concreted  into  a  mass  ;  inspis- 
sated ;  adhering  in  a  lump. 

Clotted  cream  i  cream  olitained  by  warming  new 
milk. 

€LO'I''TER,  V.  i.  [from  clou]  To  concrete  or  gather 
into  lumps.  Dnjilni. 

€LOT'TIXG,  ppr.  Concreting ;  inspissating ;  ftirming 
into  clots. 

CLOT'TY,  a.  [from  c;o(.]  Fnll  of  clots,  or  small,  hard 
masses  ;  full  of  concretions,  or  clods. 

CLOUD,  71.  (I  have  not  found  this  wurd  in  any  other 
language.  I'he  sense  is  obvious  —  a  collection.  Its 
elements  are  those  of  clod,  and  Lat.  claudo.] 

1.  .\  collection  of  visible  vapor,  or  watery  particles, 
suspended  in  the  atmosphere,  at  some  altitude.  A 
like  collection  of  vapors  near  the  earth  is  usually  called 
fog.  Locke. 

I  do  set  my  bow  in  the  cloud.  —  Gen.  ut. 
Behold  a  white  doitd.  —  Rev.  xiv. 

The  clouds  are  distributed  into  four  fundamental 
classes,  depending  on  their  prevailing  forms,  viz., 
cumulus,  stratiat,  cirru.'f,  and  nimbus ;  and  three  subor- 
dinate varieties,  composed  of  mixtures  of  the  others, 
viz.,  cirro-cumulus,  cirro-stratus,  and  cumulo-stratus. 
[See  these  words.]  D.  Olmsted. 

2.  A  collection  of  smoke,  or  a  dense  collection  of 
dust,  rising  or  floating  in  the  airj  us,  a  cloud  of  dusL 

A  cloud  ot  incense.  —  Ezek.  viii. 

3.  The  dark  or  varied  colors,  in  veins  or  spots,  on 
stones  or  other  bodies,  are  called  clouds. 

4.  A  great  multitude ;  a  vast  collection ;  as,  a  cloud 
of  witnesses. 

Seehi  J  we  .ire  encomp.Tssed  with  so  jrcat  a  doud  of  u-itnesses.  — 
Heb.  xii. 

5.  Firurntitrhj,  a  state  of  obscurity,  darkness,  or 
danger  ;  as,  amidst  the  clouds  of  war  ;  a  cloud  hung 
over  his  character ;  there  was  a  cloud  thrown  over 
their  prospects. 

CLOUD,  r.  t.  To  overspread  with  a  cloud  or  clouds  ; 
as,  the  sky  is  clouded ;  clouds  intercept  tlie  rays  uf  the 
sun.  Hence, 

a.  To  obscure  ;  to  darken  ;  as,  to  cloud  the  day,  or 
truth,  or  reason. 

:i.  'i'o  darken  in  veins  or  spots  ;  to  variegate  with 
ci)l()rs  ;  as,  clouded  marble. 

4.  To  make  of  a  gloomy  aspect ;  to  give  the  appear- 
ance of  sullenness. 

What  sullen  fury  clouds  his  scornful  brow.  Pope, 
fi.  To  sulty  ;  to  tarnish.  Shak. 
CLOUD,  V.  i.    To  grow  cloinly  ;  to  become  obscure 
with  clouds;  sometimes  followed  by  over;  as,  the 
skv  clouds  over. 
CLdUD'-AS-CEND'ING,  a.  Ascending  to  the  clouds. 

Sandys, 

CLOUD'-BER-RY,  ri.   A  plant,  called  also  knot-bcrnj ; 

Rulms  chainainorus. 
CLOUD'-BOR.N',  a.    Born  of  a  cloud.  Drt/den. 
CLOUD'-CAP'J',  a.    [cloud  and  cap.]    Capped  with 

clouds  ;  touching  the  clouds  ;  lofty. 

Thr  cloud'Capt  towera.  ShnJi, 

CLOUD'-CO.M-PEL'LER,  n.  He  that  collects  clouds ; 
Jove. 

CLOUD'-CO.M-PEL'MNG,  a.  Collecting  clouds  ;  or 
driving  clouds  ;  as,  cloud-compelling  Jove. 

Waller.  Drydcn. 

eLOUD'-eOV'ER-£D,  (-kuv'erd,)  a.  Enveloped  w  ith 
clouds.  Youriff. 

eLOUD'-DL«!-PEL'LL\G,  a.  Having  power  to  dis- 
perse clouds.  Drijden. 

CLOUD'-E-eLIPS'£D,  (-e-klipst',)  a.  Eclipsed  bv  a 
cloud.  siiall. 

CLOL'D'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Overcast;  overspread  with 
clouds  ;  obsi'un  d  ;  darkened  ;  rendered  gloimiy  or 
eiillen  ;  vari'  E'Hed  with  colored  spots  or  veins. 

eLOi;»'-EE.\(;-Kl),  (-fenst,)  a.    I'enred  with  clouds. 

CL<JCI)'-GTKT,  (  gurt,)  n.    Girt  with  cl  Is. 

eLOUU'l-(,Y,  ndr.  [from  c.loudij.]  With  clouds; 
darkly  ;  olincurelv.  Drydcn 

CLOUD'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  overca.st  with 
clouds  ;  oJ,  the  cloudiness  of  the  atmosphere. 

Ifarvnj. 

2.  Obicurily  ;  gloom  ;  want  of  brightness. 

3.  Darkness  of  appearance;  variegation  of  colors 
in  a  fossil  or  other  biHly. 

4.  Appearance  uf  gloom  <ir  sullenness  ;  na,  chudi- 
vtaH  of  aiipecl. 

CLOUO'INU,  ppr.  or  a.    Overspreading  with  clouds  ; 


CLO 

obscuring;  giving  an  appearance  of  gloom  <jr  sullen- 
ness ;  variegatin<:  with  coUirs. 

CLOUD'-KISS-LVG,  «.    Touching  the  clouds.  Shak. 

CLOUD'LE6S,  a.  Being  without  a  cloud  ;  uncloud- 
ed ;  clear  ;  bright ;  luminous  ;  as,  cloudless  skies. 

CLOUD'LE.<t5-LY,  ndc.    Without  clouds. 

CLOUD'-PIkRC-ING,  a.  Penetrating  or  risinz  above 
the  clouds.  Philips. 

CLOUD'-TOPT,  a.  Having  the  top  covered  with  a 
cloud.  Gray. 

CLOUD'-TOUCH-IXG,  (  luch-ing,)  a.  Touching  the 
clouds.  Sandys. 

CLOUD'-WRAPT,  (-rapt,)  a.    Involved  in  clouds. 

Bowrincr. 

CLOUD'Y,  a.  Overcast  with  clouds  ;  obscured  with 
clouds  ;  as,  a  cloudy  day  ;  a  cloudy  sky ;  a  cloudy 
night. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  cloud  or  clouds;  as,  a  cloudy 
pillar.    E\.  xxxiii.  9. 

3.  Obscure  ;  dark  ;  not  easily  understood  ;  as, 
cloudy  and  confused  notions.  fVatts. 

4.  Having  the  appearance  of  gloom  ;  indicating 
gloom,  anxiety,  sullenness,  or  ill-nature ;  not  open 
or  cheerful  ;  as,  cloudy  looks.  Spenser.  Shak. 

5.  Indicating  gloom  or  sullenness  ;  as,  clourfi;  wrath. 
C.  Marked  with  veins  or  spots  of  dark  or  various 

hues,  as  marble. 

7.  Not  bright ;  as,  a  cloudy  diamond.  Boyle, 

CL5UGH,  (kluf,)  B.    [Sa.x.  dough,  a  cleft.] 
A  cleft  in  a  hill. 

CLOUGH,  (klof,)  n.  In  commerce,  an  allowance  of 
two  pounds  in  every  hundred  weight,  after  tare  and 
tret  have  been  deducted,  for  the  turn  of  the  scale,  that 
the  commodity  may  hold  out  in  retailing ;  often  writ- 
ten Cloff.    It  is  little  used. 

CLOUT,  n.  [Sax.  clat,  a  patch,  a  plaster,  a  plate,  a 
seam  or  joint ;  Sw.  A/ii( ;  W.  diet,  a  patch,  a  clout ; 
dwtiaw,  to  patch  ;  Sax.  gecluted,  sewed  together, 
clouted,  patched  ;  gesceod  mid  gecludedum  scuti,  shod 
with  clouted  shoes.  This  undoubtedly  signifies 
patched  shoes,  for  dut,  in  Saxon,  does  not  signify  a 
nail.  The  word  clout,  a  nail,  may  be  from  the 
French  dou,  douter,  from  L.  clavus,  from  the  root  of 
L.  claudo,  cludo.  Whether  clouted  brogues,  in  Shak- 
speare,  signify  patched  shoes  or  shoes  studded  with 
nails,  let  the  critiS  determine.  Such  shoes  are  com- 
mon in  England,  and  were  formerly  worn  in  Ameri- 
ca. The  primary  sense  is,  to  thrust  or  put  on  ;  hence 
the  sense  of  blow,] 

1.  A  patch ;  a  piece  of  cloth  or  leather,  &c.,  to 
close  a  breach. 

2.  A  piece  of  cloth  for  mean  purposes.  Spenser. 

3.  A  piece  of  white  cloth,  for  archers  to  shoot  at. 
[JVot  (1010  used.]  Shak. 

4.  An  iron  plate  on  an  axle-tree,  to  keep  it  from 

5.  [Fr.  dim,  douter.]    A  small  nail.  [wearing. 

6.  In  vulgar  language,  a  blow  with  the  hand.  [jVcio 
England.]  Chalmers, 

CLOUT, !!.  t.  To  patch  ;  to  mend  by  sew  ing  on  a 
piece  or  patch  ;  as,  dmited  shoon,  in  Milton.  This  is 
the  sense  as  understood  by  Johnson.  Mason  under- 
stands the  word  clouted  to  signify  nailed,  studded 
with  small  nails,  from  the  French  douter,  and  the 
following  words  in  Shakspeare,  "whose  rudeness 
answered  my  steps  too  loud,"  give  some  counte- 
nance to  Mason's  interpretation.  In  this  case,  the 
verb  clout  must  signify,  to  nail,  or  fasten  with  nails  ; 
to  stud. 

2.  To  c<iver  with  a  piece  of  cloth.  Spenser, 

3.  To  join  clumsily ;  as,  clouted  sentences. 

,dsckam, 

4.  To  cover  or  arm  with  an  iron  plate. 

5.  To  strike  ;  to  give  a  blow.  Beaum. 
CLOUT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Patched ;  mended  clumsily  ; 

covered  with  a  clout. 

Clouted  cream,  in  Qay,  is  evidently  used  for  clotted 
cream,  i.  e.,  cream  obtained  by  u  arming  new  milk. 

Bramle, 

CLOUT'ER-LY,  (I.    Clumsy  ;  awkward.  Mortimer, 

CLOUT'I.N'G,  /)/""•     Patching  ;  covering  with  a  clout. 

CLo'VATE,  a.  Ill  coneholngy,  an  epithet  applied  to  a 
shell  which  is  tliicker  toward  the  top  and  elongated 
tojvard  the  base.  Gilbert. 

GLOVE,  7Jrc(.  of  Cleave.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

CLOVE,;!.    [D.  kloof.    See  Cleave.] 

A  cU  ft  ;  a  fissure  ;  a  gap  ;  a  ravine.  This  word, 
though  properly  an  appellative,  is  not  often  used  as 
such  in  English  ;  but  it  is  appropriated  to  particular 
places,  that  are  real  clefts,  or  which  appear  as  such  ; 
as,  the  Clove  of  Kaaterskill,  in  the  State  of  New  York, 
and  the  Stony  Clove,   It  is  properly  a  Dutch  vvonl. 

,/ourn,  of  Science, 

CLOVE,  n.  [Sax.  clufe ;  Fr.  dou  i  Sp.  daro  ;  Port,  cru- 
ra ;  from  L.  clavus,  a  nail  ;  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  nail.  So  in  D.  kruidnagcl,  herb-nail  or 
spice-nail.] 

1.  A  very  pungent  aromatic  spice,  the  uncxpanded 
flower-biid  of  tin;  clove-tree,  CaryophjUus,  a  native 
of  the  Molucca  Isles,  'i'he  tree  grows  tti  the  si/.tr  of 
the  laiirtrl,  and  its  bark  resenvbles  that  of  the  olive. 
No  verdure  is  seen  under  it.  At  the  extremities  of 
its  branches  are  produced  vast  niimbt-rs  of  flower- 
buds,  which  are  at  first  white,  then  green,  and  at 
last  red  and  hard.    These  arc  called  doves,  Encyc, 


CLU 

y.  [from  cleave.]  The  parts  into  which  gallic  sep- 
arates, when  the  outer  skin  is  removed.  Tate. 

3.  A  certain  weight;  seven  j>ounds  of  wool;  eight 
pounds  of  cheese  or  butter.    [JV'ut  used  in  JimcricaA 

CLOVE-GIL'LY-FLOW-ER,  n.  A  species  of  Dian- 
thus,  bearing  a  beautiful  flower,  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens ;  called,  also,  carnation  pink. 

JV(j(e.  —  Some  writers  suppose  that  u-i7(;/-_floicfr  should 
be  written  yii/(/-^0Mcr.  But  qu.,  is  it  not  a  corruption 
of  the  French  giroflc,  clou  de  girofle,  cloves  ;  mroflee, 
a  gilly-flower  ;  girofiier,  a  stock-gilly-flower  ;  L.  cary- 
ophyllits.  Chancer  wrote  doue  gilofre.  Cant.  Tales, 
13,ti92.  The  Italians  write  garofano,  probably  for 
garofalo  ;  Ann.  genofies,  genofien.  Jtdrnson  supposes 
the  plant  so  called  from  the  smell  of  the  flower  re- 
sembling that  of  cloves  ;  but  it  is  probably  from  its 
shape,  the  nail-flower,  as  in  Dutch.    [See  Clove.] 

CLo'ViiX,  (klo'vn,)  pp.  or  a.  [from  cleave.]  Di- 
vided ;  parted. 

CLo'V£N-FOOT-ED,  \  a.    Having  the  foot  or  hoof 

CLo'V£N-HOOF-£D,  \  divided  into  two  parts,  as 
tli_e  ox  ;  bisulc'ous. 

CLoVE'-PlNK,  n.  The  clove  gilly-fiower  or  carna- 
tion pink. 

CLo'VER,  )  n,       [Sax.  cla;fer-wyrt  clover- 

CLo'VER-GRXSS,  (  wort  ;  G.  kite  ;  D.  klaver  ; 
Dan.  klerer  or  klee.  The  Saxon  word  is  tendered 
also  marigold  and  violet.  The  Dutch  word  signifies 
a  club.  The  name,  then,  signifies  dub-grass,  club- 
wort,  L.  clara,  from  its  flower.  Dan.  klcbbcr,  to 
cleave,  to  cling.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  called  Trifolium,  trefoil,  or 
three-leafed,  Fr.  trejie.  The  species  are  numerous. 
The  red  clover  is  generally  cultivated  for  fodder  and 
for  enriching  land.  The  white  clover  is  also  excel- 
lent food  for  cattle,  either  green  or  diy,  and  from  its 
flowers  the  bee  collects  no  small  portion  of  its  stores 
of  honey. 

To  live  in  clover,  is  to  live  luxuriously,  or  in  abun- 
dance ;  a  phrase  borrowed  from  the  luxuriant  growth 
of  clover,  and  the  feeding  of  cattle  in  clover. 
CLo'VER-£D,  a.    Covered  with  clover.  Thomson. 
CLOWN,  71.    [L.  colonus,  a  husbandman.] 
1-  A  countryman  ;  a  rustic  ;  hence, 

2.  One  who  has  the  manners  of  a  rustic  ;  a  churl ; 
a  man  of  coatse  manners  ;  an  ill-bred  man. 

Sidney.    Drijden.  Strift. 

3.  The  fool  or  buffoon  in  a  play,  circus,  &c. 
CLOW'N'AGE,  Ti.    The  manners  of  a  clow  n.    [JVo(  t!i 

J^.^r.]  B.  Jonson. 

CLOWX'ER-Y,  n.     Ill-breeding  ;   nistic  behavior  ; 

rudeness  of  manners.  [Little  itsed.]  L'Estrange, 
CLOWN'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  clowns; 

consisting  of  rustics  ;  as,  a  clownish  neighborhood. 

Dryden, 

2.  Coarse;  hard;  rugged;  rough;  as,  clownish 
hands.  Spenser, 

3.  Of  rough  manners  ;  ill-bred  ;  as,  acZowniiAfellow. 

4.  Clumsy  ;  awkward  ;  as,  a  clownish  gait.  Prior, 
CLOVVN'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  clowns; 

coarsely  ;  rude!  v. 

CLOWN'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  manners  of  a  clown  ; 
rusticity  ;  coarseness  or  rudeness  of  behavior ;  in- 
civility ;  awkwardness.  Drydcn,  Locke, 

CLOY,  V,  t,  [from  Fr.  clouer,  or  the  root  of  the  word, 
the  L.  dudo,  claudo ;  coinciding  in  elements  with 
glut,] 

1.  Strictly,  to  fill ;  as,  to  cloy  a  harbor  by  sinking 
ships  ;  to  cloy  one's  couch  with  tears.     Rich,  Did, 

Hence, 

2.  To  glut,  to  satisfy,  as  the  appetite  ;  to  satiate. 
And  as  the  appetite,  when  satisfied,  rejects  addition- 
al food,  hence,  to  fill  to  loathing,  to  surfeit. 

Who  cm  cloy  the  hungry  eil^e  of  tipiictile 

By  bare  imagination  ofii  tijasl  ?  Shak. 

3.  To  spike  up  a  gun ;  to  drive  a  spike  into  the 
vent.  Bailey,  Johnson. 

4.  In  farriery,  to  prick  a  horse  in  shoeing.  Jl.^h, 
[!n  Vie  two  latter  senses,  I  believe  Oic  word  is  little 

vsed.  and  not  at  all,  in  .America,] 

CLOY'£D,  (kloyd,)  pp.  Filled  ;  glutted  ;  filled  to  sa- 
tiety and  loathing;  spiked  ;  pricketf  in  shoeing. 

CLOY'ING,  ppr,  or  a.  Filling  ;  filling  to  satiety  or 
disgust. 

CLOY'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  cloy,  or  fill  to  satiety. 

CLOY'ME.N'T,  71.,  Surfeit;  repletion  beyond  the  "de- 
mands of  appetite,    [f.ittlc  used,]  Shnk, 

CLUB,  71.  [W.  clopn,  clwpa,  coinciding  with  clap,  a 
liiinp,  and  dob,  clobyn  ;  G.  kl'dpfel;  D.  klaver;  Sw. 
klublia;  Dan.  klubbefl,.  dava.  The  sense  is  probably 
a  knob  or  lump,  W.  llwb.  Hob,  whence  lubber.  It  is 
evidently  connected  with  cleave,  to  stick  or  cling, 
Dan.  klrbber,] 

1.  Properly,  a  stick  or  piece  of  wood,  with  one  end 
thicker  and  heavier  than  the  other,  and  no  larger 
than  can  bo  wielded  with  the  hand. 

2.  The  name  of  one  of  the  suits  of  cards ;  so  named 
from  its  figure. 

3.  An  a.ssociation  of  persons  who  meet  lynler  ccr 
tain  self-imposed  regulations,  for  the  promotiim  of 
some  coinint>n  object,  as  littirature,  science,  hilarity, 
politics,  &c. 

4.  An  association  for  the  support  of  a  club-house, 
which  see. 


FATE,  FAR,  F/yLL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


216 


CLIJ 


CLY 


COA 


5.  Tin-  dividi'iiil  of  expense  at  a  dub  or  sdhic  iiieet- 
llli: ;  as,  til  |);iy  oliu's  club.  /fuilibnui. 

Club  of  lli  rcuh^i.  'I'lu-  story  of  llerciilcs  witli  his 
club  nri|.'iii.'ilc(i  in  the  use  of  clubs,  as  woapoiis  of  war 
and  uthiT  acliicv(.'inriit.s,  nniung  riiire  nations,  before 
the  invention  of  other  instrnnients  and  the  use  of 
iron.  Ilrncc  striking,  beating,  was  the  first  mode  of 
killing;  and  licnce  jfmiff  and  slay,  properly  sijjnifyinB 
to  .<(riAr,  canic  to  signify  to  *i7/!  Hercules  was  the 
leader  of  a  savage  band,  who  wicUled  the  heaviest 
dull ;  and  hence  the  club  was  the  origin  of  the  scep- 
ter, which  is  ill  the  shape  of  a  club,  coinciiling  willi 
Latin  sc'>io.  Any  hold  warrior  at  the  head  of  a  pred- 
atory hand  was  a  /lercules. 
CLUIt,  K.  i.    [VV.  clapiuiD,  to  form  into  a  lump.] 

1.  To  join,  as  a  number  of  individuals,  to  th'^  same 
end  ;  to  contribute  $e|>arate  powers  to  one  end,  pur- 
pose, or  etfect. 

Tilt  frrOK^r  ntoiTtf,  tumbling  in  th(*  strpnm 

Of  fincy,  nmtily  met,  anil  clubUd  into  ii  dr?tim.  Dryiten. 

2.  To  pay  an  equal  proportion  of  a  common  reck- 
oning or  charge. 

CI.L'B,  r.  t.  To  unite  for  the  .accoinplijhinent  of  a 
common  end  ;  as,  to  cliift  exertions. 

2.  To  niise  by  a  proportional  assessment ;  as,  to 
club  the  expense. 

3.  In  common  parlance,  to  raise  or  turn  uppermost 
the  breech  or  cluli  of  a  musket ;  as,  the  soldiers  clubbed 
their  muskets. 

€LU1VUKI),  (kluhd,)  pp.    Collected  into  a  sum  and 
averageil,  as  dilferent  expenses, 
2.  rnited  to  one  end  or  elfect. 
;i.  t'haped  like  a  club.    JisiuL  Researches,  V.  91^. 

4.  Having  the  breech  turned  upward,  as  a  musket. 
.').  Heavy,  like  a  club.  Chaueer. 

ei.UH'HKK,  j  II.  One  who  belongs  to  a  party,  club,  or 

ei.rit'lil.-^T,  j     association.  Burke. 

eLl'IS'lil.N'G,  ;i/>r.  Joining  in  a  club;  uniting  to  a 
common  end. 

€LU1!'-1"IST,  n.    A  large,  heavy  fist. 

eLUIt'-FIST-ED,  a.    Having  a  large  fist.  Howell. 

CLUIt'  rOOT,  n.    A  short,  deformed  foot. 

eLIJIi'-rrtrtT-ED,  a.    Having  short  or  crooked  feet. 

eLL'll'-llfcAD-CD,  a.   Having  a  thick  head.  Derham. 

CLLi  li'-lloUSE,  n.  An  establishment  for  furnishing 
iik'als.aiid  a  place  of  rendezvous,  to  a  select  niiiiilier 
of  individuals,  called  loosely  a  club,  to  which  addi- 
tions can  be  made  only  by  ballot.  Each  member  pays 
an  annual  tax  for  the  support  of  the  house,  and  re- 
ceives his  meals  and  other  refreshments  at  their  ac- 
tual cost.  Chambers^s  Mag. 

^LL'B'-LAW,  n.  Government  by  clubs,  or  violence  ; 
the  use  ii'f  arms,  or  force,  in  place  of  law  ;  anarchy. 

.Addison. 

eLUn'-M.\N,  n.   One  who  carries  a  club. 

CLUB'-MOSS,  n.  A  kind  of  moss,  Lijcopodium  clava- 
turn,  whose  minute  seeds  are  burnt  in  theaters  to  ini- 
it:ite  lightning.  Brande. 

€LUI>'-ROOM,  n.  The  .ap.artinent  in  which  a  club 
meets.  Addison. 

CLUB'-RUSII,  n.    A  genus  of  plants,  the  Scirpus. 

Muhlenberg. 

ei-UB'-SllAP-KD,  (-shipt,)  a.  Shaped  like  a  club; 
growing  thicker  toward  the  t<ip  ;  clavated.  Martxjn. 

CLUCK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  c/occo/i ;  Uan,  kluliker  ;  Sv! .  Idije- 
ka  :  G.  glucken  ;  D*  ktokken ;  W.  cliccian,  clocian  ;  Arm. 
cluchat ;  L.  glocio ;  It.  chiucciare ;  Sp.  clucar,  clorjuear  : 
Ch.  jS:.  CIilss  Lg,  No.  27.  (See  Clack  and  Clock.) 
The  Gr.  is\w^<o  seems  to  be  the  same  word,  as  it 
gives  ic\io)iios;  the  guttural  passing  into  <,  as  in 
many  Greek  verbs  ;  and  hence  Fr.  glousser.  See 
Uii»cj;.] 

To  make  the  noise,  or  utter  the  voice,  of  the  do- 
mestic hen,  when  silting  on  eggs  for  hatching,  and 
when  coniiiieliiig  her  chickens.  This  voice,  with 
the  change  of  the  vowel,  is  precisely  our  word  clack 
and  c/ticA-,  and  is  probably  an  onoiualopy.  [See  Clack 
and  Clock.] 

€LrCK,  c.  L  To  call  chickens  by  a  particular  sound. 
CLUCK'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Uttering  the  voice  of  a  lien ; 

calling  chickens. 
€LUCK'I.\G,  n.    The  noise  of  a  hen  when  she  calls 

her  chickens, 
CLCE.   See  Clew. 

eLIJ.MP,  n.  [G.  klump:  D.  klomp  ;  Sw.  klimp  :  Dan. 
klump,  a  lump;  W.  clamp.  It  is /iimp  with  a  prefix. 
It  coincides  with  plump,  and  L.  plumbum,  lead  ;  as 
the  1).  loud,  G.  loth,  Uan.  lod.  Eng.  lead,  coincide 
with  clod.  It  signifies  a  mass  or  collection.  If  m 
13  the  final  radical,  see  Cla.ss  Lm,  No.  1,  4,  5,  9,  L. 
glomus.] 

1.  .\  thick,  short  piece  of  wood,  or  other  solid  sub- 
stance ;  a  shapeless  mass.  Hence  clamper,  a  clot  or 
clod. 

2.  .\  cluster  of  trees  or  shrubs ;  formerly  written 
Plump.  In  some  parts  of  England,  it  is  an  adjective 
signifying  lazy,  unhandy.  Bailry. 

'J.  'i'he  compressed  clay  of  coal  stnita,  Brande. 

CLU.MP'ER,  r.  (.    To  form  into  clumps  or  masses. 

CLUMPS,  (I  [(mm  clump.]  A  stupid  felliuv  ;  a  num- 
skull,   [yidgar.]  Badey. 

CLU.M'SI-LY,  adc.  [from  clumsy.]  In  a  clumsy  man- 
ner; awkwardly;  in  an  unhandy  manner  ;  without 
readiness,  dexterity,  or  grace. 


CLITM  Sl-NKSS,  n.  'i'lii' quality  of  being  short  and 
thick,  and  iiiiiviiig  heavily  ;  awkwanliicss  ;  unhand- 
iness ;  uiigaiiiliiiess  ;  want  of  readiness,  ninibleness, 
or  dexterity.  Collier. 

CLUiM'SY,  a.  [from  clump,  lump.]  Properly,  short  and 
thick,  like  a  clump  or  lump.  Hence, 

2.  Moving  heavily,  slowly,  or  awkwardly  ;  as, 
clumsy  fingiTs. 

3.  Awkward;  iing:iinly  ;  unhandy;  artless;  with- 
out readiness,  dexterity,  or  grace  ;  as,  a  clumsy  man  ; 
a  clumsy  fellow. 

4.  Ill-made  ;  badly  constructed  ;  as,  a  clumsy  gar- 
ment ;  clumsy  verse. 

CLUNCII,  H.  Among  miners,  indurated  clay,  found 
in  coal-pits  next  to  the  coal.         ICirwun.  Bailey. 

CLUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  ('lino,  which  see. 

CLU.N'G,  e.  I.    To  shrink,    {.mtused.]    See  Clino. 

CLO'NI-AC,  n.  One  of  a  reformed  oriler  of  Benedic- 
tine monks,  so  called  from  Cluni,  in  Uurgiindy. 

CLUS'TEU,  «.  [Sax.  cluster.  It  seems  to  be  from  the 
root  of  close,  L.  clausus,  cluustrum,  claudo,  a  collect- 
ing or  crowding  together;  .Sw.  klasa,  a  cluster  of 
grapes  ;  Dan.  klase.  The  lat'er,  in  orthogra|iliy,  co- 
incide lu'arly  with  class.  In  Welsh,  elms  is  compact, 
neat  ;  elysa,  to  make  compact  ;  clioys  is  a  close.] 

1.  .\  bunch  ;  a  number  of  things  of  the  same  kind 
growing  or  joined  together;  a  knot;  as,  a  c/iistfr  of 
raisins. 

2.  A  number  of  individuals  or  things  collected  or 
gather<;(l  into  a  close  body  ;  as,  a  cluster  of  bees  ;  a 
cluster  of  people.  Milton.  Dryden. 

3.  A  number  of  things  situated  near  each  other; 
as,  a  elu^trr  of  governments  in  Italy.     J.  Adams. 

CLUS'TER,  r.  i.  To  grow  in  clusters  ;  to  gather  or 
unite  in  a  bunch,  or  bunches;  as,  clustering  grapes. 

Milton. 

2.  To  collect  into  masses  ;  as,  the  men  cluster  to- 
gether ;  the  cliLitcring  snow.  Thomson. 
CLUS'TER,  V.  t.    To  collect  into  a  bunch  or  close 
bodv. 

CLUS'TER-ED,  pp  or  a.    Collected  into  a  cluster,  or 

crowd  :  crowded. 
CEUS'TER-GllAPE,  71.    A  small,  black  grape. 

Mortimer. 

CLUS'TEK-LXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Growing  in  a  cluster,  or 
in  bunches ;  uniting  in  a  bunch,  or  in  a  flock,  crowd, 
or  close  bodv. 

CLUS'TER-ING-LY,  adr.    In  clusters. 

CLUS'TKK-V,        Growing  in  clusters.  Johnson. 
2.  Full  of  clusters.  Bailey. 

CLUTCH,  V.  t.  [This  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of 
Sax.  irccan,  to  seize,  whence  gel*€ccan,  id.  If  not, 
I  know  not  its  origin.  It  may  be  allied  to  lock  and 
latch.] 

1.  To  double  in  the  fingers  and  pinch  or  compress 
them  together;  to  clinch.  [If  n  is  not  radical  in 
clinch,  this  may  be  from  the  same  root.] 

2.  To  seize,  clasp,  or  gripe  with  tlie  hand  ;  as,  to 
clutch  a  dagger  ;  to  clutt-h  prey.        Skak.  Herbert. 

3.  To  seize  or  grasp  ;  as,  to  clutcli  the  glotie  at  a 
grasp.  Collier. 

CLUTCH,  n,  A  griping  or  pinching  with  the  fingers  ; 
seizure ;  grasp. 

2,  A  projecting  tooth,  or  other  piece  of  machinery, 
for  connecting  shafts  with  each  other,  or  witii  tvheels, 
so  as  to  be  disengaged  at  pleasure.  IlebcrL 
CLUTCH'KD,  (kluchl,)  pp.    Seized;  gras|ied. 
CLUTCH'ES,  II,  pi.  The  paws  or  talons  of  a  rapacious 
animal,  as  of  a  cat  or  dog. 

2.  The  hands,  in  the  sense  of  rapacity  or  cruelty, 
or  of  power.  t/udibra<.  StiltingJlecL 

CLUTCiriNG,  ppr.    Seizing  with  the  hand. 
CLUT'TER,  n.    (VV.  c(urfcr,  a  heap  or  pile,  from  clu- 
daw,  to  bear,  to  bring  togetlier,  to  heap.    It  has  the 
elements  of  L.  claudo.] 

I.  .\  confused  assemblage ;  as,  a  clutter  of  words. 


Uei 


A'ltil  c  eliiuer  Uicro  1 


2,  Noise  ;  bustle.  [This  sense  seems  allied  to 
clatter,  hut  it  is  not  the  sense  of  the  word  in  New 
England.] 

CLUT'TER,  r.  t.  To  crowd  together  in  disorder  ;  to 
fill  with  things  in  confusion  ;  as,  to  clutter  a  room  ; 
to  clutter  the  house. 

CLUT'TER,  V.  i.  To  make  a  bustle,  or  fill  with  con- 
fusion. 

The  English  lexicographers  explain  this  word  by 
noL<e  and  bustle,  but  probably  by  mistake. 
CLUT'TER-i-'U,  p/j.    Encumbered  with  things  in  dis- 
order. 

CLI'T'TER-ING,  ppr.  Encumbering  with  things  in 
CLVI"E-ATE,  a.    [  L.  c/y/iru.<,  a  shield.]  [confusion. 

Shaped  like  a  Roman  buckler. 
CLYS'.Mie,  a.    [C.r.  K\vapa.] 

VVashing  ;  cleansing. 
CLYS'TER,  iL    [Gr.  hAuotijo,  from  ic>i\t.),  to  w.ash  or 
cleanse  ;  Ij.  clyster ;  U.  klistccr ;  G,  klystier  ;  Fr.  clis- 
tzre ;  Dan.  klistecr.] 

An  injection  ;  a  liquid  substance  injected  into  the 
lower  intestines,  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  alvine 
discharges,  relieving  from  costiveness,  and  cleansing 
the  bowel.s.  Sometimes  it  is  administered  to  nourish 
and  support  patients  who  can  not  swallow  aliment. 
CLYS'TER-IZE,  r.  U    To  apply  a  clyster. 


CLYS'TER-PIPE,  n.  A  lube  or  pipe  used  for  injec- 
tions. 

CI.  YS'TER-WISE,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  clyster, 
CO  ;  a  prefix,  signifying  witli,  in  conjunction,  [See 
Con.] 

CO-A-CERV'ATE,  v.  U  [L.  coaeenjo;  con  and  acerto, 
to  heap  up  ;  acertms,  a  heap.] 

To  lii'ap  up  ;  to  pile.    [Little  used.] 

eO-A-CERV'ATE,  a.    [L.  eoacerratui.] 

Heaped  ;  raiseil  into  a  pile  ;  collected  into  a  crowil ; 
accumulated.*  [f. it  tie  used.]  Biieon. 

eo-AC-ER-VA'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  heaping,  or  state 
of  being  heaped  together.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

COACH,  H.  [  Fr.  riicAe  ;  Arm.  coic/i ;  It.  cnccAio,  a  coach 
or  coacli-liox  ;  S[).  eorlie,  a  coach  and  a  coasting- 
barge  ;  Port,  cochc ;  D.  koett,  a  coach  and  a  couch  ;  G, 
kutsclu.  This  word  seems  to  be  radically  a  couch  or 
bed,  (Fr,  coitehe,  ctiucher,)  a  covered  bed,  on  wheels, 
for  conveying  the  infirm.] 

\  close  veliicle  for  coiiiinodinus  traveling,  borne  on 
four  wheels,  and  drawn  by  horses  or  other  animals. 
It  ditlers  fioin  a  chariot,  in  having  seats  in  front  as 
well  as  lii^liiiid.  It  is  a  carriage  of  state,  or  for  pleas- 
ure, or  for  traveling. 

Ilaekncy-eouch  ;  a  coach  kept  for  hire.     In  some 
cities,  they  are  licensed  by  authority,  and  numbered, 
and  the  rates  of  fare  fixi  ii  by  law. 
Miiil-coach ;  a  coach  thai  carries  the  public  mails. 
Slage-cnuch;  a  coai  li  that  regularly  convejs  jias- 
sengers  from  town  to  town.    [See  Staok.] 

ed.AC'll,  )  «.    An  a|iariiiii'iit  in  a  large  ship  of  w.ir, 

CUU(;il,  i  near  the  stern,  the  roof  of  w  hich  is  formed 
by  the  poop.  Mar.  Diet, 

CoACII,  r.  t.    To  carry  in  a  coach,  Hope. 

eo.\Cll-IiO.\,  «.  The  seat  on  which  the  driver  of  a 
coacll  sits.  Arbiiihnot. 

CO.ACH'FUL,  II.    .As  many  in  a  coach  as  it  will  hold. 

COACir-lilKE,  II.  .Money  paid  for  the  use  of  a  hired 
coach.  Dnjdcu. 

CoACII'-HORSE,  n,  .\  horse  used  in  drawing 
coaches. 

Co.\CH'-HOUSR,  II.  A  house  to  shelter  a  coach 
from  the  weather.  fiwlfl. 

CO.VCH'-,\IaK-ER,  II.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  coaches.  Sioift. 

CO.'^CH'.M  A.\",  n.    The  person  who  drives  a  coach. 

Prior. 

Co.\Cir.M.\N-SHIP,  71.    Skill  in  driving  coaches. 

.Jcni/ns. 

eO-ACT',  r.  f.    To  act  together.    [JVot  used.]  S'hak. 

eO-ACT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Forced  ;  compelled.  [jYot 
lued.]  B.  Jonsuiu 

CO-AC'TION,  n,  [Ij.  coactio,  coactns,  cogo  ;  con  and 
a^'d,  to  drive.) 

Force;  compulsion,  either  in  restraining  or  impel- 
ling. South. 

eO-ACT'IVE,  a.    Forcing  ;  compulsory  ;  having  the 
power  to  iiiipt  l  or  rostr.iiu.  Ralegh. 
2.  Acting  in  coiicurri  iice.  .S/i«A. 

eO-ACT'I  VE-LY,  aiU'.    In  a  compulsory  manner, 

CO-AD'JU  MEN  T,  71,    Muliial  assistance. 

eO-AD'JU-TANT,  a.    [L.  c.ii  and  adjutan.^;  helping.] 
Helping  ;  mutually  assisting  or  operating.  Philips. 

CO-AD-JU'TOR,  n.  [L.  eon  and  adjator,  a  helper  ;  ad- 
jiito,  to  help  ] 

1.  One  who  aids  another  ;  an  assistant ;  a  fellow- 
helper  ;  an  associate  in  operation, 

2.  In  the  canon  lata,  one  who  is  empowered  or  ap- 
pointed to  perform  the  duties  of  another.  Johnson. 

'.i.  In  tlir  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  assistant  of  a 
bishop  or  otlii  r  pn  late.  Braiule, 
CO-AU-JU'TOR-.s|llP,  71.    State  of  a  coadjutor ;  joint 

assistance.  Pope. 
CO  AI)-Ju'TRIX,  71.    A  female  assistant,  SmullcU. 
CO-.\D-J0'VAN-CY,  71.     [L,  con  and  iu//'ui-aiu  ;  a///'u- 
vo,  to  assisL] 

Joint  help ;  assistance  ;  concurrent  aid  ;  co-opera- 
tion,   [Little  u.ied.]  Broien. 
CO-AD-J O'Y ANT,  n.    In  medicine,  an  ingredient  in 
a  prescription  designed  to  aid  some  other  ingredient. 
eO-AD'lJ-N.\TE,  a.     [L.  coadunalus ;  eon,  ail,  and 
unitio,  from  uiiu.<.] 

In  botany,  coadunate  leaves  are  several,  united  at 
the  basi'.  J'lic  word  is  used  also  to  diMiote  one  of 
the  natural  orders  of  plants  in  Linnajus^s  system. 

Murtyn. 

eO-AD-tT-NI"TION,  (-nish'un,)  n.  [L.  con,  ad,  and 
U1111.S-,  one.] 

The  union  of  different  substances  in  one  mass. 
[Little  used.]  Hale. 
CO-AD-VEN'TIIR-ER,  n,    A  fellow-adventurer, 

llowelt. 

eO-.\F-FOR'EST,  II.  L    To  convert  ground  into  a 

forest,  Howell, 
CO-A'OENT,  n.   An  assistant  or  associate  in  an  act 

^famii. 

CO-.\G-.MENT',  r.  U  [L.  coagmcnto,  to  join  or  ce- 
ment ;  con  and  agtnen,  a  compact  body,  from  ago^  to 
drive.] 

To  congregate  or  heap  together.    [A"ot  used.] 

GlanvUIe, 

eO-AG-MENT-A'TION,  71.    Collection  into  a  m.-uss  or 
united  body  ;  union  ;  conjei.4:tion.    [LittU  used,] 

B.  Jonson, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITa— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU6,--€  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  6H ;  Til  as  in  THIS 


28 


217 


COA 

Cri-AG-MENT'ED,  a.  Congregated  ;  heaped  together ; 

miiteil  in  one  mass.    \L.itilt  iuicii.\  Glancille. 
eo-An  q-LA-BIL'I-TY,  71.  The  capacity  of  being  co- 

aatiliitfd.  Ure. 
eo.AG'U-LA-BLE,  a.    [See  Coaoulate.]   That  may 

be  concreted  ;  ca|)able  of  congealing  or  clianeinf!  from 

a  li(iuid  to  an  inspissated  state  ;  as,  cuatrulal/le  lymph. 

Boijte. 

eO-AG'lJ-LANT,  n.  That  which  produces  coagula- 
tion. Forsyth. 

€0-AG'U-LaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  coa<ralo ;  Fr.  coaguler :  It. 
coarriilare ;  Sp.  coagular.  Usually  considered  as  from 
coi/o,  am  and  ai^o."  But  probably  the  last  component 
part  of  the  word  is  the  VV.  ceulaw,  to  curdle,  the  root 
of  ffclid  and  conceal.] 

To  concrete  ;  to  curdle ;  to  congeal ;  to  cliange 
from  a  fluid  into  a  fixed  substance,  or  solid  mass  ;  as, 
to  coatriilate  blood  ;  rennet  coagulates  milk.  This 
wor  I  is  generally  applied  to  the  change  of  fluids  into 
substances  like  curd  or  butter,  of  a  moderate  con- 
sistence, but  not  hard  or  impenetrable. 

Bacon,  .^rhuthnot. 

t;0-AG'U-L.^TE,  V.  i.  To  curdle  or  congeal ;  to  turn 
from  a  fluid  into  a  consistent  state,  or  fi.\ed  sub- 
stance ;  to  thicken.  Bacon.  Boyle. 

€0-AG'U-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Concreted  ;  curdled. 

€0-AG'U-La-TING,  ppr.    Curdling  ;  congealing. 

€0-AG-1;-La'TION,  «.  The  act  of  changing  from  a 
fluid  to  a  fixed  state  ;  concretion  ;  the  state  of  being 
coagulated  ;  the  body  formed  by  coagulating. 

.^rbulhnot. 

eO-AG'U-LA-TIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  to  cause 
concretion.  Boyle. 

eO-.\G'lJ-L.\-TOR,  71.  That  which  causes  coagula- 
tion. jirbutknoL 

eO-AG'U-LUM,  n.  A  coagulated  mass  ;  as  curd,  a 
clot  of  blood,  separated  by  cold,  acid,  &c. 

Encyc.  Coze. 

eO-Al'TI,  n.  A  species  of  monkey  in  South  America. 
eoAK.    See  Coke. 

€oAL,  71.  [Sax.  coi  or  coll;  G.kokle;  D.kool;  Dan. 
knl ;  Sw.  kol ;  Ir.  ffual ;  Corn,  kolan ;  Russ.  ugot.  Qu. 
Heb.  Snj.  [t  is  from  the  sense  of  glowing,  raging, 
for  in  Dan.  kuler  signifies  to  blow  strong.] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood,  or  other  combustible  substance, 
ignited,  burning,  or  charred.  When  burning  or  ig- 
nited, it  is  called  a  live  coal,  or  burning  cool,  or  coal 
vf  fire.    When  the  fire  is  extinct,  it  is  called  charcoal. 

%  In  Uie  laniruage  of  chemists,  any  substance  con- 
taining oil,  which  has  been  exposed  to  a  fire  in  a 
close  vessel,  so  that  its  volatile  matter  is  expelled, 
and  it  can  sustain  a  red  heat  without  further  decom- 
position. Encyc. 

3.  In  mineralogy, -A  solid,  opaque,  inflammable  sub- 
stance, found  in  the  earth,  and,  by  way  of  distinc- 
tion, called  fossil  coal.  It  is  divided  by  recent  min- 
eralogists into  three  species,  anthracite  or  glance 
coal,  black  or  bituminous  coal,  ami  brown  coal  or 
lignite  ;  under  which  are  included  tn.any  varieties, 
such  as  cannel  coal,  Bovey  coal,  jet,  &c. 
eOAL,  V.  t.    To  burn  to  coal  or  charcoal ;  to  char. 

Carew.  Bacon. 

2.  To  mark  or  delineate  with  charcoal.  Camden, 
[.^■t  a  verb,  this  word  is  little  used.] 

€oAL.'-Ba.SK-ET,  ;i.    A  large  basket  for  carrying  or 

measuring  charcoal. 
eO.'VL'-BLACK,  a.    Black  as  a  coal ;  very  black. 

JJryden. 

CoAL'-BOX,  71.  A  box  to  carry  coal  to  the  fire.  Sinift, 

Co  AL'-FISH,  71.  A  species  of  Gailus  or  cod,  named 
from  the  color  of  its  back.  It  grows  to  the  length 
of  two  feel,  or  two  and  a  half,  and  weighs  about 
thirty  pounds.  This  fish  is  found  in  great  numbers 
about  the  Orkneys,  and  the  northern  parts  of  Brit- 
ain. Diet,  of  J^at.  Hist. 

CoAL'-CART,  Ti.  A  cart  employed  in  conveying  coal. 

eftAIi'-KVji^D,  a.    riavinu  eyes  as  liluck  as  a  coal. 

€oAL'-FUcLD,  71.  A  field  for  coal;  a  bed  of  fossil 
coal. 

CoAL'-FrRE,  71.    A  fire  of  which  coal  is  the  fuel. 

eOAL'-FORM-A'TION,  n.  In  geology,  the  formation 
or  group  of  strata  in  which  coal  is  found. 

€oAL'-IIRAV'ER,  7i.  One  who  is  employed  in  car- 
rying cj}h\,  and  especially  in  discharging  it  from 

er)AI>'-IIOD,  71.    A  kettle  for  coal.         [coal  ships. 

€0  AL'-IIOtJSE,  71.  A  house  or  shed  for  keeping  coal. 

eOAL'-,MEAS-qRE,  (kole'me/.h-ur,)  ii.  The  meas- 
ure used  in  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  coal. 

eOAL'-MEAS-tlRES,  (  inezh'ur/,,)  n.  pi.  Strata  of 
coal  with  the  attendant  rocks. 

eOAL'-.ME'TER,  n.  One  appointed  to  measure  coals. 

Smart. 

er)AI,'-MI.\E,  71.  A  mine  or  pit  containing  mineral 
coal. 

€'r)AI.,'-MI\'F,R,  71.  One  who  works  in  a  coal-mine. 
eOAL'-MOUSE,  71.    A  small  species  of  titmouse,  with 

n  black  head 
€r)AI/-OF-KICE,  71.    An  office  of  a  coal-dealer. 
CfjAIZ-PIT,  71.    A  pit  where  coal  in  dug.    In  Jlmer- 

ica,  a  place  where  charcoal  is  initde. 
er)AI/-SC(ri'-TIJl  «.    a  vessel  for  carrying  coal. 
€OAI/'-SIIIP,  71.    A  ship  employed  in  transporting 

coal. 

C0AI>'-ST6.\E,  ti.    A  kind  of  cannel  coal. 


COA 

€OAL'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  A  coalery  ;  a  place  where 
coal  is  dug,  including  the  machinery  for  raising  the 
coal. 

CoAL'-YARD,  71.  An  inclosure  for  the  deposit  of  coal. 

€oAIj'ER-Y,  k.  a  coal-mine,  coal-pit,  or  place  where 
coals  are  dug,  with  the  engines  and  machinery  used 
in  dischargihg  the  water  and  raising  the  coal.  Encijc. 

eO-A-LESCE',  (ko-a-less',)  v.  i.  [L.  coalesco,  from 
coaleo ;  con  and  alesco,  from  uleo,  or  oleo,  to  grow.] 

1.  To  grow  together  ;  to  unite,  as  separate  bodies, 
or  separate  parts,  into  one  body,  as  separate  bones  in 
an  infant,  or  the  fingers  or  toes.  Encyc. 

2.  To  unite  and  adhere  in  one  body  or  mass,  by 
spontaneous  approximation  or  attraction  ;  as,  vapors 
coalesce.  J^avtoiu 

3.  To  unite  in  society,  in  a  more  general  sense. 

The  Jews  were  incapable  o( coalescing  with  olh'T  iiatiuns. 

Campbell,  Prelim.  Dissert. 

eO-A-LES'CENCE,  n.    The  act  of  growing  together ; 

the  act  of  uniting  by  natural  affinity  or  attraction  ; 

the  state  of  being  united  ;  union  ;  concretion. 
eO-A-LES'CING,  ppr.    Growing  or  coming  together; 

uniting  in  a  body  or  mass  ;  uniting  and  adhering 

together. 

€0-A-LES'CENT,  a.    Growing  together ;  united. 
eOAL'lER,    )    „  f 
eoAL'LIER,  \  Coi.L.ER. 

eo'A-UTE,  V.  t.    To  unite  or  coalesce.    [JVoi  in  jise.] 

Bulingbroke. 

GO-A-LI"TION,  71.    Union  in  a  body  or  mass ;  a  com- 
ing together,  as  of  separate  bodies  or  parts,  and  their 
union  in  one  body  or  mass ;  as,  a  coalition  of  atoms 
or  particles.  Bentley. 
2.  Union  of  individual  persons,  parties,  or  states. 

eO-A-LI"TION-IST,  )n.    One  who  joins  or  promotes 

eO-A-LI"_TIOi\-ER,  \     a  coalition. 

Go-AL-LY',  71.  A  joint  ally ;  as,  the  subject  of  a 
co-ally.  Kent. 

€oAL'Y,  a.  Like  coal;  containing  coal;  of  the  na- 
ture of  coal.  Milton. 

CoAiM'INGS,  71.  pi.  In  ships,  the  raised  borders  or 
edges  of  the  hatches,  made  to  prevent  water  from 
running  into  the  lower  apartments  from  the  deck. 

Mar.  Diet. 

eO-AN-NEX',  V.  t.    To  annex  with  something  else. 
eO-AP-PRE-HEND',  t>.  t.  To  apprehend  with  another. 

i Little  used.]  Brown. 
-AP-Ta'TION,  71.    [L.  coTi  and  apto,  to  fit.] 
The  adaptation  or  adjustment  of  parts  to  each 
other.  Boyle. 
eO-ARCT',         )     ,     rr  ,  A      .  ^ 

^Q.^ll^yt^^^  I     ^'    L^*  coarcto  ;  con  and  arcto.] 

1.  To  press  together ;  to  crowd ;  to  straiten  ;  to 
confine  closely.  Bacon. 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  confine.  .lyliffe. 
eO-ARCT'ATE,  a.  Pressed  together.  Humble. 
eO-ARC-TA'TION,  71.    Confinement;  restraint  to  a 

narrow  space.  Bacon. 

2.  Pressure  ;  contraction.  Ray. 

3.  Restraint  of  liberty.  Bramhall. 
eoARSE,  a.    [This  word  may  be  allied  to  gross,  and 

the  Latin  crassus;  for  similar  transpositions  of  letters 
are  not  uncommon.] 

1.  Thick;  large  or  gross  in  bulk;  comparatively 
of  large  diameter ;  as,  coarse  thread  or  yarn  ;  coarse 
hair;  coarse  sand.  This  seems  to  be  the  primary 
sense  of  the  word  ;  opposed  to  fine  or  slender. 
Hence, 

2.  Thick  ;  rough  ;  or  made  of  coarse  thread  or 
yarn  ;  as,  coarse  cloth. 

3.  Not  refined  ;  not  separated  from  grosser  parti- 
cles or  impurities ;  as,  coarse  metal ;  coarse  glass. 

Shak. 

4.  Rude  ;  rough  ;  unrefined ;  uncivil ;  as,  coarse 

5.  Gross  ;  not  delicate.  [manners. 

'J'he  coarser  tie  of  human  law.  Tlioinson. 

6.  Rude  ;  rough ;  unpolished  ;  inelegant ;  applied 
to  language.  Dryden. 

7.  Not  nicely  expert ;  not  accomplished  by  art  or 
education  ;  as,  a  coarse  practitioner.  jlrbuthnot. 

8.  Mean  ;  not  nice ;  not  refined  or  elegant ;  as,  a 
coarse  perfume  ;  a  coarse  diet. 

e5  ARSE'LY,  uf/u.  Roughly;  without  fineness  or  rc- 
fineiiii  nt ;  rudely  ;  inelegantly  ;  uncivilly  ;  meanly  ; 
without  art  or  polish.  Brown.  Dryden. 

eOARSE'NESS,  ji.  Largeness  of  size;  thickness; 
as,  the  ciiarsenrss  of  tiiread. 

2.  The  ipiality  of  being  made  of  coarse  thread  or 
yarn  ;  whence  thickness  and  roughness  ;  as,  the 
coarseness  of  cloth. 

3.  Unrefined  state  ;  the  state  of  being  mixed  with 
gross  particles  or  impurities  ;  as,  the  coarseness  of 
glass.  Bacon. 

4.  Roughness  ;  grossness ;  rudeness  ;  a]>plied  to 
manners ;  as,  the  coarseness  of  a  clown.  (lartJt. 

5.  Grossness ;  want  of  refinemi.nt  or  delicacy ; 
wnnT  of  polish  ;  as,  the  coarseness  of  expression  or 
of  language.  L^Eitrange. 

6.  Aleanncss ;  want  of  art  in  preparation  ;  want 
of  nicely  ;  as,  the  coarseness  of  food  or  of  raiment. 

ertAltS'ER,  o. :  comp.  of  ("oaiise. 
CO  A  US' EST,  fl. ;  superl.  of  ('oarse. 
€0-AS-SESS'OR,  ii.    [See  Assess.]    A  joint  assessor. 


COA 

eO-AS-SuME',  71.  f.  [con  and  assume.]  'I'o  assume 
something  with  another.  IVulsall. 

Go  AST,  II.  [L.  casta,  a  rib,  side,  or  coast;  W.  cost; 
Fr.  cjtc,  old  Fr.  coste;  It.  casta;  Sp.  casta;  Port,  id.; 
D.  kust ;  G.  kv'ste.  Hence,  to  accost.  See  Class  Gs, 
No.  18,  2.%  67.  The  word  properly  signifies  a  side, 
limit,  border,  the  exterior  part,  from  extension.] 

1.  The  exterior  line,  limit,  or  border,  of  a  country, 
as  in  Scripture :  "  From  the  river  to  the  uttermost 
sea  shall  your  coast  be."  Dent.  xi.  *'  And  ships 
shall  come  from  the  coast  of  Chittim."  JSTum.  xxiv. 
Hence  the  word  may  signify  the  whole  country 
within  certain  limits.    Ex.  x.  4. 

2.  The  edge  or  margin  of  the  land  next  to  the  sea; 
the  sea-shore.  This  is  the  more  common  application 
of  the  word  ;  and  it  seems  to  be  used  for  sea-coast, 
t)ie  border  of  the  sea.  Hence  it  is  never  used  for 
the  bank  of  a  river. 

3.  A  side  ;  applied  to  objects  indefinitely,  by  Bacon 
and  J^ewtnn.  [  lliis  is  a  correct  use  of  Vie  word,  bat 
now  obsolete.] 

4.  The  country  near  the  sea-shore ;  as,  populous 
towns  along  the  coast. 

The  coast  is  clear,  is  a  proverbial  phrase,  signifying, 
the  danger  is  over ;  the  enemies  have  inarched  off, 
or  left  tiie  coast.  Dryden. 
Co.'VST,  i;.  i.    To  sail  near  a  coast ;  to  sail  by  or  near 
the  shore,  or  in  sight  of  land. 

The  ancients  coasted  only  in  their  navigation.  Arbutltnot. 

2.  To  sail  from  port  to  port  in  the  same  country. 
eoAST,  V.  t.    To  sail  by  or  near  to ;  as,  to  coast  the 
American  shore. 
2.  To  draw  near;  to  approach;  to  follow.  [Oiis.] 

Spenser. 

eo.'\ST'-ROCK,  71.    A  rock  on  a  coast.  Coleridge. 
eOAST'-SED'I-iMENT,  71.     Sediment  lodged  on  a 

coast.  PhiUips, 
COAST' ED,  7)71.    Sailed  by. 

CoAST'ER,  n.  One  who  sails  near  the  shore.  Dryden. 
2.  A  vessel  that  is  employed  in  sailing  along  a 
coast,  or  is  licensed  to  navigate  or  trade  from  port  to 
port  in  the  same  country.  In  the  United  States, 
coasting  vessels  of  twenty  tuns  burden  and  upward 
must  be  enrolled  at  the  custom-house. 

eoAST'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Sailing  along  or  near  a 
coast. 

GO.'VST'ING,  71.  The  act  of  sailing  along  or  near  a 
shore. 

2.  The  sport  of  sliding  down  a  hill-side,  upon 
sleds  or  sledges,  in  winter.  [Used  in  the  Eastern 
States,  and  also  in  New  Brunswick,  where  this  appli- 
cation of  the  word  may  possibly  have  originated  among 
the  Acadians,  from  cole,  old  Fr.  coste,  a  hill-side. — £/.] 

eoAST'ING-PI'LOT,  71.  A  pilot  who  conducts  ves- 
sels along  a  coast. 

Co.^ST'ING-TRaDE,  n.  The  trade  which  is  carried 
on  between  the  different  ports  of  the  same  country, 
or  under  the  same  jurisdiction,  as  distinguished  from 
foreign  trade. 

eoAST'ING-VES'SEL,  71.  A  vessel  employed  in 
coasting  ;_a  coaster. 

CoAST'WlSE,  adi\    By  way  of  or  along  the  coast. 

€oAT,  71.  [Fr.  colte;  It.  cotta;  Ir.  cota;  Corn,  liota ; 
Pol.  koti.  It  may  be  from  the  root  of  the  Riiss. 
kulayn,  to  cover,  and  be  iillied  to  hut.  The  primary 
sense  may  be,  that  which  is  spread  over  or  put  on. 
But  such  words  are  sometimes  from  verbs  which  sig- 
nify to  strip,  or  to  repel.  The  Gr.  kivOm  has  the 
like  elements,  but  the  sense  seems  to  be,  to  with- 
draw. 1  question  whether  coat  has  any  connection 
with  the  Sheinitic  in3,  Gr.  x:""wi',  a  tunic.  This 
word  in  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  signifies  fiax.] 

1.  An  upper  garment,  of  whatever  material  it  may 
be  made.  The  word  is,  in  modern  times,  generally 
applied  to  the  garment  worn  by  men  next  over  the 
vest. 

God  made  coats  of  skin  and  clothed  Uicnl.  — G^n.  iii, 
Jacnh  made  Joseph  a  coat  of  many  colors.  —  Gen.  xxzvii. 
lie  shall  put  on  the  holy  linen  coat. —  Levil.  xvi. 
Golialli  w.\»  armed  wiili  a  coat  ol  mail.—  I  Sam.  xvii. 

2.  A  petticoat ;  a  garment  worn  by  infants  or  young 
children.  Locke. 

3.  The  habit  or  vesture  of  an  order  of  men,  indi- 
cating the  order  or  ofticc. 

Men  of  his  coat  should  be  mindinjr  their  pi-ayena.  Sjiift. 

So  we  say,  "  men  of  his  clotli." 

4.  External  covering,  as  the  fur  or  hair  of  a  beast, 
the  skin  of  serpents,  the  wool  of  sheep,  &c.  Milton. 

5.  A  tunic  of  the  eye ;  a  membrane  that  serves  as 
a  cover  ;  a  tegument.  Derham. 

6.  The  division  or  layer  of  a  bulbous  root ;  as,  the 
coats  of  an  onion. 

7.  A  cover  ;  a  layer  of  any  substance  covering 
another;  as,  a  coat  of  tar,  pitch,  or  v.irnish;  a  ctiat 
of  canvas  round  a  mast ;  a  coat  of  tin-foil. 

8.  That  on  which  ensigns  armorial  are  portrayed, 
usually  called  a  coat  of  arms.  Anciently,  knights 
wore  a  habit  over  their  arms,  reaching  as  low  as  the 
navel,  open  at  the  sides,  with  short  sleeves,  on  which 
were  the  armories  of  the  knights,  embroidered  in 
gold  and  silver,  and  enameled  with  beaten  tin  of 
various  colors.  This  habit  was  diversified  with 
bands  and  fillets  of  several  colors,  placed  ulicrnately, 
and  called  devices,  as  being  divided  und  ccinpujed  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


218 


/ 


COB 

si'vcial  pu  cea  srwcd  tojietticr.  The  representation 
of  tlit;si;  IS  still  calli-d  a  coat  vfaniu. 

9.  A  coal  of  mull,  is  a  piece  of  armor,  in  form  of  a 
sliirt,  consisting  of  a  network  of  iron  ring's. 

10.  A  card  ;  n  coat-card,  is  one  on  wliicli  a  king, 
queen,  or  knave,  is  iiainted. 

eOAT,  V.  I.  'I'a  cover  or  spread  over  witli  a  layer  of 
any  substance  ;  as,  to  coai  a  retort ;  to  coat  a  ceiling  ; 
to  coat  a  vial. 

2.  To  cover  with  clotli  or  canvas ;  as,  to  coat  a 
mast,  or  a  ]>nnip. 

€6AT'-XU-M(.)K,  n.  A  coat  of  arms  ;  armorial  en- 
signs. Blackstoiie.  Sliftu-itoitc. 

eo-Vf-exun,  n.  a  card  bearing  a  coated  liguri',  viz., 
the  king,  quei  u,  or  knave ;  now  corrupted  into  Coubt- 
c-ARo.  Smart. 

CCi  VV-EE',  71.    A  coat  with  short  flaps. 

fO  VT'Kl),  pp.  (Covered  with  a  coat ;  loricated  ;  cov- 
eri'd  or  overspread  vvilii  any  tiling  that  defends; 
clotlied  with  a  iiiemhraiie. 

•2.  a.  Having  concentric  coats  or  layers,  as  a  bul- 
bous root.  Marlijn. 

eO-.\'TI,  11.  An  animal  of  South  America,  resembling 
the  raccoon,  but  with  a  longer  body  and  neck, 
shorter  fur,  and  smaller  eyes  ;  the  Fivcrra  vasua  of 
Linnxus. 

CO.^T'ING,  jipr.  Covering  with  a  coat  j  overspread- 
ing. 

€0.\T'I.NG,  n.  A  covering,  or  the  act  of  covering  ; 
lorication  ;  any  substance  spread  over  for  cover  or 
defense  ;  as,  the  coatinir  of  a  rtaort  or  of  a  vial. 

2.  Clotli  for  coats  ;  as,  merchants  advertise  an  as- 
sortment of  coatings. 

eo.\X,  e.  /  [W.  eocrii,  to  fondle,  to  cocker  ;  cottjr,  a 
coa.\ing,  indulgence ;  Sp.  cocar,  to  make  wry  faces, 
to  coax. J 

To  wheedle;  to  (latter;  to  soothe,  appi^ase,  or  per- 
suade by  Hattery  and  fondling  ;  to  lead  on  by  kind 
treatment ;  to  bring  about  by  management.    [jJ  coi- 


Uiquial  iPorti.] 


Kstrantre. 


CC>\\' EO,  (koxt,)  pp.    Soothed  or  persuaded  by  llat- 

eo.X.V'ER,  II.    A  wlieedler  ;  a  flatterer.  [tery. 

€OAX'l.\'(J,  ppr.    VVheedling;  Haltering. 

eOA.X'ING,  11.  The  act  of  wheedling  or  leading  on 
bv  kind  treatment ;  managing. 

eOA.\'l.\(;-lA',  ado.    By  coa.\ing. 

€OB,  (1.  [W.  cob  or  cop,  a  top  or  tuft,  a  thump  ;  Or. 
Kvfiii ;  G.  kopf,  the  head  ;  I),  kop  ;  Sax.  cop.] 

1.  The  top  or  head  ;  a  covetous  wretch  ;  a  foreign 
coin.  Badeij. 
f /«  tkfst  senses,  not  used  in  America.] 
a.  In  .America,  the  receptacle  of  the  maize,  or  Amer- 
ican corn  ;  a  shoot  in  form  of  a  pin  or  spike,  on 
which  grows  the  corn  in  rows.  This  receptacle, 
with  the  corn,  is  called  the  ear. 

3.  .\  sea-fowl,  the  sea-cob.  [Tt.  gabbiano,  a  cob, 
sea-mew,  or  gull.] 

4.  .\  ball  or  pellet  for  fee<ling  fowls.  Bailey. 

5.  In  some  parts  of  Eugland,  a  spider.  Old  Dutch 
kop,  or  koppc,  a  spider,  retained  in  koppespin,  spinue- 
kop,  a  spider. 

t).  A  close-built,  strong,  hardy  kind  of  pony. 

7.  Clay  mixed  with  straw  ;  as,  in  cob-walU,  which 
are  used  in  constructing  cottages  in  some  parts  of 
England. 

8.  .\  large  cobble  stone.  Rich.  Diet. 
COR,  r.  U    Among  sailors  and  soldiers,  to  punish  by 

striking  the  breech  with  a  Hat  piece  of  wood,  or  witii 
a  board.  JMar.  Did. 

CO'H.^LT,  n.  [D.  cobalt  This  is  said  to  be  the  G. 
kobold,  a  goblin,  the  demon  of  the  mines  ;  so  called 
by  miners,  because  cobalt  was  troublesome  to  miners, 
and  at  first  its  value  was  not  known.] 

A  metal  of  a  reddish-gr.iy  or  gniyish-wliite  color, 
very  brittle,  of  a  fine,  close  gniin,  compact,  but  easily 
reducible  to  powder.  It  crystallizes  in  bundles  of 
needles,  arranged  one  over  another.  It  is  never 
found  in  a  pure  state ;  but  usually  .is  an  oxyd,  or 
combined  with  arsenic  or  iLs  acid,  with  sulphur,  iron, 
tec.  Its  ores  are  amnged  under  the  following  spe- 
cies, viz.,  arsenical  cobalt,  of  a  while  cohtr,  pasj«ing  to 
steel  gray  ;  its  texture  is  granular,  and  when  heated, 
it  exhales  the  odor  of  garlic  ;  gray  cobalt,  a  com- 
pound of  cobalt,  arsenic,  iron,  and  sulphur,  of  a 
white  color,  with  a  tinge  of  red  ;  its  structure  is 
foliated,  and  its  crystals  have  a  cube  for  their  prim- 
itive form  ;  sulpliuret  of  cobalt,  compact  and  massive 
in  its  structure ;  oxyd  of  cobalt,  brown,  or  brown- 
ish-hLick,  generally  friable  and  earthy  ;  sulphate  and 
atseniate  of  cobalt,  both  of  a  red  or  peach -blossom 
color,  the  former  soluble  in  \valer.  The  impure  ox\  d 
of  cobalt  is  called  laffer ;  but  when  fused  with  three 
parts  of  siliciuus  sand  and  an  nikniinc  llux,  it  is 
converted  into  a  blue  glass,  called  small.  The  great 
use  of  cobalt  is  to  give  a  permanent  blue  color  to 
glass  and  enamels  upon  inrt.ils,  porcel.iin,  and 
earthen  wares.  Foureroij.  Kncijc.  Cleaccland. 
Cuball-bloom  :  ncicular  arseniate  of  cobalt. 
CobaU-eTii.it;  earthy  arseniate  of  cobalt. 

CO-BALT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  cobalt,  or  consisting 
of  It;  resembling  cobalt,  or  containing  iu 

eO'll.\I.T-I.\l';,  n.  A  crystallized  niinenif,  of  a  silver 
or  yellowish  color,  composed  chiefiy  of  the  arseniate 
and  sulphuret  of  cobalu  Dana. 


coc 

COB'BIXG,  ji.    A  beating  on  the  breech  with  a  flat 

piece  of  vvootl. 
COli'lil.U,  n.    A  small  fish  bo.it.    tV.  Scott.  [Scotti.-ili.] 
COlI'lihK,  /   71.    [Kug.  copple.    This  seems 

C01i'I!I,E-STo.\E,  i  to  be  of  Welsh  origin,  VV 
cub,  a  mass,  n  cube,  or  cob,  cop,  head,  top.] 

A  roundish  stone  ;  n  pebble  ;  supposed  to  be  a 
fragment,  rounded  by  tlio  attrition  of  w.ater.  We 
give  this  name  to  stones  of  various  sizes,  from  that 
of  a  lien's  egg  or  smaller,  to  that  of  large  paving 
stones.  These  stones  are  called  by  the  Englisli 
copple-stonrsj  .and  bowhlrr-stonrs,  or  botcltlrrs.  Tlie 
latter  name  is  among  us  known  only  in  books. 

eOlt'BLE,  V.  t.  [In  Persic,  jL^^j  kobal,  is  a  shoe- 
inaker.] 

1.  To  make  or  mend  coarsely,  as  shoes  ;  to  botch. 

Shuk. 

3.  To  make  or  do  clumsily  or  unhandily  ;  as,  to 
cobble  rhymes.  Drijden. 
eOU'BI.EIl,  M.    A  mender  of  shoes.  Mdison. 

2.  A  clumsy  workman.  Slink. 

3.  A  mean  person.  Drijden. 
eOB'BI.ES,  (kob'blz,)  71.  pi.    Lumps  of  coal  from  (he 

size  of  an  egg  to  that  of  a  foot-ball.  Brunde. 
COB'liM.NG,  ;>;)r.    .Meiuling  coarselv. 
COB'HV,  a.    Stout  ;  bruk.    [Ao(  i7i'ii.«.]  Chaucer. 
COIi'CMj,  II.    A  sandal  worn  by  ladies  111  the  East. 
COli'toAI-S  or  COB'BLES,  n.  pi.     Large  rtjund 

coals. 

eO-BEL-LIG'ER-E.\T,  «.  [.See  Belliokbent.]  Car- 
rsiug  on  war  in  coiijiiiiclion  with  another  power; 
ordinarily,  in  accordance  with  some  previous  ar- 
rangrmeiK  or  sdpuhiiidii. 

eo-llEL-LlG'EK  K.N'l',  n.  A  na(ion  or  state  that  car- 
ries oil  war  in  connection  with  another. 

CCIIJ'I-K O.N,  (kob'i-urn,)  71.  [See  Cob.]  An  andiron 
with  a  knob  at  the  top.  Baron. 

eO-BISII'OI',  71.    A  joint  or  coadjutant  bishop. 

COB'LE,  71.    [Sax.  cuople.]  [AijUffc. 
A  boat  used  in  the  herring  fishery. 

eOB'LoAF,  11.  [Sax.  cop  and  loaf.]  A  loaf  that  is 
irregular,  uneven,  or  crusty  ;  applied  also  to  personal 
nppeanince.  Qdbert. 

eOli'NUT,  71.  A  boy's  pl.ay,  or  a  hazel-nut  so  called, 
used  in  play  ;  the  conquering  nut.     Ash.  Barret. 

CO-llOtJSE',  II.    See  Caboose. 

eOB'SToNE,  71.    Sec  Cobble. 

COB'SVVAN,  71.    [cob,  head,  and  swan.]    The  head  or 

leading  swan.  B.  Jonson. 

eOU'-VVALL,  71.    A  wall  made  of  unburnt  clay,  mixed 

with  straw,  Brande. 
COB'VV'EB,  71.    [cob  or  koppc,  a  spider;  V>.  .ipinnckop ; 

Sax.  atter-toppa,  poison  spider.    In  Ch.  is  a 

spider's  web.] 

1.  The  line,  thread,  or  filament  which  a  spider 
spins  from  its  abdomen  ;  the  network  spread  by  a 
spider  to  catch  its  prey.  Hence, 

2.  Any  snare,  implying  iiisidiousncss  and  weak- 
ness. Johnson. 

In  this  sense,  it  is  used  .adjectively,  or  in  composi- 
tion, for  thin,  (linisy  ;  as,  a  cobweb  law. 

Drijden.  Swift. 
Or  slender,  feeble  ;  as,  the  cobweb  thread  of  life. 

Buckminster. 

eOB'WEB-BED,  (kob'webd,)  a.    In  botany,  covered 
Willi  a  thick  interwoven  pubescence.  Martijn. 
2.  Covered  with  cobwebs. 

eOB'VVEB-Y,  a.    Covered  wilh  cobwebs.  Hooker. 

Co'CA,  II.  .\  highly  stimulating  narcotic,  the  dried 
leaf  of  the  KryOtroxylvn  coca,  a  plant  found  wild  in 
Peru.  P.  Cyc. 

eoC-AGXE',  (kok-ane',)  71.  An  imaginary  coiintiy  of 
idleness,  luxury,  and  delight.  Hence  applied  to 
London  and  its  suburbs.  Smart. 

Go'CV-LON,  71.    A  large  cocoon,  of  a  weak  texture. 

£71  cyc. 

eOC-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  coccus  and  fero,  to  bear  ; 

Gr.  <tuAit  :s,  a  berry,  gniin,  or  seed,  or  a  red  berry 

used  in  dyeing  ;  \V.  c&c,  red. 

Bearing  or  producing  berries  ;  as,  cocc'iferous  trees 

or  plants.  Q^nincy. 
eOC'CO-LITE,  71.    [Gr.  itoititof,  a  berry,  and  Ai(*u{,  a 

stone.] 

A  variety  of  nngite  or  pyroxene  ;  called  by  Haiiy, 
granulifortn  pyroxene.  lis  color  is  usually  some 
shade  of  green.  It  is  com|>osed  of  granular,  distinct 
concretions,  easily  se|Kirable,  some  of  which  present 
the  a|ipearaiice  of  crystals  whose  angles  and  edges 
have  been  obliterated. 

Clrarcland.    Diet.  ofjVal.  Hifl. 

eOC'CU-LUS  IN'DI-CUS,  71.  [L.]  The  fruit  of  the 
Anamirta  paniciilata,  a  n.ircotic,  emetic,  and  cath:ir- 
lic,  often  added  in  small  quantity  to  malt  liquors. 

eoC'CY.X,  71.    [Gr.  ,..«ii(.] 

In  anatomy,  a  small  bone  at  the  lower  extremity  of 
the  OS  sacrum. 

COCII'I-i\i?AL,  11.  [Sp.  cocAiniUa,  a  wood-louse,  and 
an  insect  used  in  dyeing  ;  It.  cocciiii^lia  ;  Kr.  coche- 
nilte  ;  from  the  Gr.  «ii«c»'  {,  .as  the  cochineal  w.is  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  the  grain  or  seed  of  a  plant, 
and  this  word  was  formerly  defined  to  be  the  grain 
of  the  Wcx  glatu^fera.  See  Gregoir's  Armoric  Dic- 
tionary.] 


COC 

An  insect,  the  Coccus  cacti,  a  native  of  the  warmer 
climates  of  America,  particularly  of  (lasaca,  in 
Mexico.  It  is  found  011  several  species  of  c«<-«ii»,iiar- 
ticularly  on  that  called  J^opal  or  Indian  Jig-tree.  The 
female,  which  alone  is  valued  for  iLs  color,  is  ill- 
shaped,  tardy,  and  stupid  ;  the  male  is  small,  slender, 
and  active.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  tick.  At  a  suitable 
time,  these  insects  arc  gathered  and  put  in  a  |H>t, 
wliere  they  are  confined  for  some  time,  and  tiien 
killed  by  the  application  of  heal.  These  insects, 
thus  killed,  form  a  iiia.ss  or  drug,  which  is  the  priqier 
cochineal  of  the  shops.  It  is  used  in  giving  red  colors, 
especially  crimson  and  scarlet,  and  fur  making  car- 
mine. It  has  been  used  in  medicine,  as  a  cardiac, 
sudorific,  nh-xiiiliarmic,  and  febrifuge;  but  is  now 
used  only  to  give  a  color  to  tinctures,  Ate.  Eiicye. 
eOCH-LE-AR'l-FOll.M,  a.    Having  tlie  form  of  a 

snail-shell,  or  of  the  ear.  Dana. 
eotiJH'LE-A-IlY,    )a.    [L.  coc/i/ca,  a  screw,  tlie  .-.heU 
eoeil'LE-ATE,     \    of  a  snail ;  Gr.  from 
COeil'LE-A-TED,  )    Kux\'  ;  to  turn  or  twist.) 

Having  the  furm  of  a  screw  ;  twisted  like  a  snnil- 
sliell  ;  spiral  ;  turbinated  ;  as,a  ciichleate\i^ni.  Jilartyn. 
eOCH'LITE,  71.    [Gr.  itovAmi,  a  snail.] 

A  fossil  shell,  having  a  mouth  like  tliat  of  a  snail. 

Morin. 

eOCK,  71.  [Sax.  cue  ;  Ft.  eoq :  Ann,  goeij  ;  Sam.  kuka; 
Slav,  kokosch.  'J'he  sense  is,  that  which  shoots  out 
orup;  It.  ci/cca,  the  tip  of  a  spindle,  the  top  or  crown  ; 
L.  cacumen.] 

1.  The  male  of  birds,  particularly  of  gallinaceous 
or  domestic  fowls,  which,  having  no  appropriate  or 
distinctive  name,  are  called  danghtU  fowU,  or  barn- 
door fowls. 

2.  .\  wi  allier-cock  ;  a  vane  in  shape  of  a  cock. 
[It  is  usually  called  a  wrnlher-euck.]  [Shak. 
J.  A  spout ;  an  iiistruiiieiit  lodraw  out  ordist  liarge 

liquor  fioin  a  cask,  val,  or  pipe  ;  so  naiiieil  from  its 
projeclion. 

4.  The  (irojccting  corner  of  a  hat.  Addi.iun. 

5.  A  small  conical  pile  of  hay,  so  shaped  for  shed-  . 
ding  rain,  called  in  England  a  cop.    \Vlien  liay  is 
dry,  and  rolled  together  for  carting,  the  heaps  arc  not 
generally  called  eoclis,  ut  least  not  in  New  England. 
A  large  conical  pile  is  called  a  stark. 

G.  'i'he  style  or  gnomon  of  a  dial.  Chambers. 

7.  The  needle  of  a  balance.      Bailey.  Johnson. 

8.  The  piece  which  covers  the  balance  in  a  dock 
or  watch.  Bailey. 

9.  The  notch  of  an  arrow.    [It.  cocca.]  Johnson. 

10.  The  part  of  a  iiiiisket  or  other  fire-arm,  to 
which  a  Hint  is  allaehed,  and  which,  being  iinpelled 
by  a  spring,  strikes  lire  and  opens  the  pan  at  the 
same  time. 

11.  A  small  boat.  [W.  ckic,  Ir.  coca,  I),  and  Dan 
kaag.  It.  cocca.]  It  is  now  called  a  cock-boat,  which 
is  t.auUilogy,  as  cock  itself  is  a  boat. 

12.  A  leader  ;  a  chief  man. 


Sir  AiKlrt 


1  Lhc  cock  of  die  club. 


Ad/U4on. 


13.  Cock-crowing  ;  the  time  when  cocks  crow  in 
the  morning.  Shak. 

Cock-a-hoop,  or  cock-on-the-hoop  ;  a  phrase  denoting 
triumph;  triumphant;  exulting.  [Qu.  Fr.  coq  a 
hiippe,    Bailei/.]  Caiildrii.    SItak.  Iludibras. 

Cock  and  a  bull ;  a  phrase  applied  to  tedious,  trifling 
stories. 

COCK,  r.  L  To  set  erect ;  to  turn  up ;  as,  to  cock  the 
nose  or  ears.  Addison, 

2.  To  set  the  brim  of  a  hat  so  as  to  make  sharp 
corners  or  points ;  or  to  set  up  with  an  air  of  |iert- 
ness.  Prior. 

3.  To  make  up  hay  in  small  conical  piles. 

4.  To  set  or  draw  back  the  cock  of  a  gun,  in  order 
to  fire.  Dryden. 

COCK,  V.  i.  To  hold  up  the  heail ;  to  strut ;  to  look 
big,  pert,  or  menacing.  Drydm.  Addison. 

2.  To  train  or  use  fighting  cocks.    [Litile  \ued.] 

3.  To  cocker.    LVot  in  iwc.l  [i?.  Jonson. 
eOCK-ADE',  It.     [Fr.  cocMrde;   Sp.  cocarda;  Port. 

cocar,  or  cocarda.] 

A  ribbon  or  knot  of  ribbim,  or  something  similar, 
worn  on  tlic  hat,  usually  by  otticers  of  llie  army  and 
navy,  sometimes  by  olhers.  It  most  usually  desig- 
nates the  military  character;  sometimes  jMilitical 
parlies. 

€OCK  AD'ED,  a.  Wearing  a  cockade.  Young. 
COCK'.VL,  n.  .\  game  calleil  huckle-bone.  Kinder. 
eOCK-.\-TOO',  71.    A  bird  of  the  parrot  kind. 

Herbert. 

eOCK'A-TUICE,  n.  [Fr.  cocatriz,  from  coc.  Junius 
mentions  the  word  as  in  D.  *:ucAf(ra,-'.  The  Irish  call 
it  rioirh-naViair,  the  king-serpent,  answering  to  Aa»- 
Uisk.] 

A  serpent  imagined  to  proceed  from  a  cock's  egg. 

Bacon.    Taylor.    Js.  xi.  8  ;  lix.  5. 
eOCK'-BILL.    In  s«aiiifii'.<  /aiii'iia^r,  the  anchor  is  o 
coek-bill,  when  it  is  sus|Hmded  perpendicularly  from 
the  cat-head,  ready  to  be  let  go  111  a  moment. 

JHar.  Diet. 

COCK'-BOAT,  71.  A  small  boat.   [See  Cock,  .No.  ll.J 
eOCK'-BRAlN-£D,  a.    Giddy  ;  rash.  Milton. 
eOCK'-BROTIl,  n.    Broth  made  by  boiling  a  cock. 

Harvey. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


210 


coc 


COD 


COE 


eOCK'-CHAF'ER,  x.   The  May-bug,  or  dorr-beetle,  a 

spfcies  of  ScarabiEUs. 
eOCK'-€ROU',  71.    A  cock-crowing.  Coleridge. 
€OCK'-eR0\V-I.\G,  n.    The  thne  at  which  cocks 

crow    early  inoniing.    Mark  xiii. 
€0('K'£D,  (kokt,)  pp.  or  a.    Turned  up  and  forming 

a  point,  as  the  brim  of  a  hat. 

2.  .Made  into  a  cock,  as  hay. 

3.  Having  the  cock  drawn'back,  as  a  gun. 
eOCK'ER,  r.  L    [VV.  cocru.    See  Coax.] 

To  fondle  ;  to  indulge  ;  to  treat  with  tenderness  ; 
to  pamper.  Locke.  Swift. 

eOCK'ER,  n.    One  who  follows  cock-fightins;. 

Johnson. 

2.  A  sort  of  spatterdash.  Bp.  Hall. 

COCK'ER-EL,  «.    A  young  cock.  Driidcn. 
€OCK'ER  l.\G,  n.    Indiiljence.  .Milton. 
eOCK'ET,  a.    Brisk;  pert.  Shmcooil. 
€OCK'ET,  n.    [Qu.  Fr.  cachet.  Arm.  cacheot,  a  seal.] 
A  seal  of  the  custom-house ;  a  royal  seal ;  rather, 
a  scroll  of  parchment,  sealed  and  delivered,  by  the 
officers  of  the  custom-house,  to  merchants,  as  a  war- 
rant that  their  merchandise  is  entered.    The  office  of 
enlrv.  Spelinan.    Cowel.  Ertct'c. 

€0(;K'ET-BRE,A.D,  n.    The   finest  sort  of  wheat 

bread.    Q.\i.  stamped  head. 
€0CK'-E5E,  (-1,)  n.  A  squinting  eye.  [A-orf.  Hants.'] 

Forby. 

eOCK'-FiG  HT,        )  n.  A  match  or  contest  of  game 

€OCK'-FIGHT-ING,  (  cocks;  a  barbarous  sport  of 
the  ancients  and  moderns,  in  which  cocks  are  set  to 
fight  with  each  other,  till  one  or  the  other  is  con- 
qtit^red.  Bacon.  .Addison. 

eOCK'-HEAD-ED,  (  hed-ed,)  a.  Having  a  head  like 
that  of  the  cock. 

eOCK'-HORSE,  o.  On  horseback;  triumphant; 
exulting.  Prior. 

€OCK'ING,  ppr.  or  c.  Turning  up,  as  the  brim  of  a 
hat,  &c.    [See  Cock,  the  verb.] 

eOCK'ING,  lu    Cock-lighting.  Beaum.  and  Fl. 

eOCK'LE,  (kok'l,)  n.  [Sax.  eoccel,  cocel,  or  eocle;  Ir. 
cagat ;  Sp.  and  Port,  jntio  ;  Fr.  cotinelicot.] 

.\  plant  or  weed  that  grows  among  corn,  the  corn- 
rose,  a  species  of  Agrostemuia.  It  is  also  applied  to 
the  Lolium  or  darnel. 

€OCK'LE,  li.  [Fr.  coque,  coquille;  L.  cocMea;  VV. 
coMs,  pi.;  Gr.  <'t\\";,  k>\A('ic,  from  koxXw,  to 
turn  or  roll.  Probably,  by  giving  the  \  a  nasal 
sound,  Gr.  Kuyxri,  L.  concha,  are  from  the  same  root, 
whence  ko)  \vXiot/,  L.  concfiylium,  It.  conchiglia. 
See  Conch.] 

1.  A  small  testaceous  shell;  or  rather  a  genus  of 
shells,  the  Cardium.  The  general  characteristics 
are :  shells  nearly  equilateral  and  equivalvular ; 
hinge  with  two  small  teeth,  one  on  each  side  near 
the  beak,  and  two  larger  remote  lateral  teeth,  one  on 
each  side ;  prominent  ribs  running  from  the  hinge  to 
the  edge  of  the  valve.  Cnvier.  LiitniBns. 

2.  A  mineral  ;  a  name  given  by  the  Cornish  miners 
to  shirl,  or  schorl,  J>ricltoUon. 

3.  A  young  cock.    [04s.]    [See  Cockerel.] 

Spenser. 

COCK'LE,  V.  i.  or  (.    To  contract  into  wrinkles,  to 

shrink,  pucker,  or  wrinkle,  as  cloth.  Bailey. 
eOCK'LED,  pp.    Contracted  iuto  folds  or  wrinkles  ; 

2.  Having  shells.  [winding. 
eOCK'LER,  n.    One  that  takes  and  sells  cockles. 

Orait. 

eOCK'LE-STAIRS,  n.  pi.    Winding  or  spiral  stairs. 

Chambers. 

eOCK'-LOFT,  n.  [.See  Cock.]  The  top  loft;  the 
upper  room  in  a  house  or  other  building;  a  lumber 
room.  Dnjden.  Swift. 

€OCK'-MaS-TER,  n.    One  who  breeds  game  cocks. 

V  Estrancre. 

eOCK'-MATCH,  n.    A  match  of  cocks  ;  a  cockfight. 

.Addison. 

€OCK'XEY,  n,  [Most  probably  from  Ij.  cor/aina,  a 
kitchen,  or  coqitino,  to  cook  ;  Fr.  coquin,  idle  ;  Fr, 
coeagne,  It.  cuccagna,  an  imaginary  country  of  idle- 
ness and  luxury.  In  some  ancient  poetry,  the  word 
seems  to  signify  a  cook. 

"  And  yel  I  say,  by  my  noul,  1  have  i\o  suit  l>:icon, 
Nc  no  cokenry,  iiy  ChrisU,*,  colirppes  to'make." 

"  At  that  fea*i  wer*  Ihry  scrv'-d  in  rich  array, 
Every  five  and  five  hiul  a  cokeney." 

Sec  note  on  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales,  line  4206. 
Edinburgh,  1782.  Hence,  a  citizen  who  leads  an 
idle  life,  or  never  leaves  the  city.] 

1.  A  native  of  London,  by  way  of  contempt. 

M'atts.  Sliak. 

2.  An  cflVminate,  ignorant,  despicable  citizen. 

Shak. 

COCK'NEV'-ISM,  n.  The  condition,  qualities,  man- 
ner*, or  dialect  of  a  cockney. 

€OCK'.\EV-LIKE,  o.  Resembling  the  manners  of  a 
corknev.  Burton. 

€OCK'-I'.\D-DLE,  lu    The  lump  fish  or  sea-owl. 

Kneye. 

COCK'PIT,  71.  A  pit  or  area,  where  the  game  cocks 
fight.  Shall. 

2  The  privy  council  rixim  at  VVestniinxler  has 
thi!<  name,  because  buill  on  (he  cockpit  of  Whitehall 
palace.  Brande. 


3.  In  ships  of  tear,  a  room  or  apartment,  in  which 
the  wounded  men  are  dressed  ;  situated  near  the 
after  hatchway,  under  the  lower  gun-deck.  The 
fore-cockpit  is  a  place  leading  to  the  magazine  passage 
and  the  store-room  of  the  boatswain,  gunner,  and 
carpenter.  .War.  Diet. 

eOCK'RoA'CH,  71.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 
insects,  the  Blatta,  i-f  seveml  species.  They  have 
four  semicrustaceous  wings,  and  resemble  the  beetle ; 
the  head  is  inflected  toward  the  breast;  the  feelers 
are  hard  like  bristles  ;  the  elytra  and  wings  are  plain, 
and  resemble  parchment.  These  animals  are  very 
troublestime,  as  they  enter  chests  of  clothes,  meal- 
tubs,  pantries,  and  infest  beds.  They  avoid  the 
light,  and  have  a  very  unsavory  smell.  Encyc. 

COCKS'CoMB,  71.    The  caruncle  or  comb  of  a  cock. 

2.  A  plant.  This  name  is  given  to  the  Celosia 
cristata,  the  Pediciilaris  or  lousewort,  and  the  Rhi- 
naiithns  or  yellow  rattle.       Fam.  of  Plants.  Lee. 

3.  A  fop,  or  vain,  sillv  fellow.    [See  CoxcoMe.] 
€OCKS'lIE.\D,  (-bed,) '71.    A  plant,  the  Hedysaruni 

or  sainfoin.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

eoCK'SHUT,  71.   The  close  of  the  day,  when  fowls 

go  to  roost.  ShaJc. 
€OCK'SP(JR,  It.     Virginia  hawthorn,  a  species  of 

medlar.  Jfdler. 
eOCK'SuRE,  (shure,)  a.    Confidently  certain.  [.4 

low  word.]  Pope. 
The  term  is  metaphorically  derived  from  the  cock 

of  a  firelock,  as  being  much  more  certain  to  fire 

than  the  match  of  the  old  matchlock.  Holloway. 
eOCK'SWAIN,  71.    [Contracted  into  Coxe>-.]  [See 

Swain.] 

An  officer  on  board  of  a  ship,  who  has  the  care  of 
the  boat  and  the  boat's  crew.  .Mar.  Diet. 

eOCK'-WEED,  71.    A  plant,  called  also  dittander  and 

pepper  wort.  Johiuson. 
eo't!oA,  (ko'ko,)  71.  .\  name  given  to  a  simple  prep- 
aration of  the  ground  kernels  of  the  cacao  or  chocolate- 
tree,  considered  more  healthy  than  chocolate.  Loudon, 
[The  proper  word  would  be  Cacao,  the  name  of  the 
plaiij.] 

CO'CoA,  (k5'ko,)  71.  [Sp.  coco;  Port,  coco,  the  nut, 
and  coqiieiro,  the  tree  ;  It.  cocco  ;  Fr.  coco.] 

,\  tree  belonging  to  the  genus  Cocos,  of  the  order 
of  PaliuK ;  and  the  fruit  or  nut  of  the  tree.  'J'his 
tree  grows  in  the  warm  climates  of  both  the  Indies. 
It  rises  to  the  liight  of  60  feet,  and  the  stem  is  like 
an  apothecary's  pestle,  of  equal  thickness  at  the  ends, 
but  somewhat  smaller  in  the  middle.  The  bark  is 
smooth,  of  a  pale  brown  color,  and  the  tree  often 
leans  to  one  side.  The  leaves  or  branches  are  14  or 
15  feet  long,  about  28  in  number,  winged,  of  a  yellow 
color,  straight  and  tapering.  The  nuts  hang  in  clus- 
ters of  a  dozen  each,  on  the  top  of  the  tree.  The 
husk  of  this  nut  consists  of  strong,  tough,  stringy 
filaments,  resembling  coarse  oakum.  This  covers  a 
hard  shell,  which  contains  a  white  kernel,  that  is 
wholesome  food,  and  a  liquor,  which  is  a  cooling 
beverage.  Encyc. 

€o'€o.\-NUT,  71.   The  nut  or  fruit  of  the  cocoa-tree. 

€0  eOO.N',  71.    [Fr.  cocon.] 

.\n  oblong  hall  or  case  in  which  the  silkworm  in- 
volves itself,  formed  by  threads  which  compose  silk. 

This  term  is  also  applied  to  the  envelope  of  other 
larva;. 

eO-€OON'ER-Y,  71.    A  building  or  apartment  for  silk- 
worms, when  fe  eding  and  forming  cocoons. 
COCTILE,  a.    [L.  coctilis,  from  coquo,  to  cook.] 

.Made  by  baking  or  exposing  to  heat,  as  a  brick. 
eOC'TlON,  71.    [L.  coctio,  from  coquo,  to  cook.] 

The  act  of  boiling  or  exposing  to  heat  in  liquor. 
In  medicine,  that  alteration  in  the  crude  matter  of  a 
disease,  which  fits  it  for  a  discharge  ;  digestion. 

Coze.  Encyc. 

COD,  )  71.    .\  species  of  fish,  of  the  genus  Gadus, 

eOD'FI.'SH,  1  inhabiting  northern  seas,  but  particu- 
larly the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  the  shores 
of  New  England.  It  is  much  used  for  food.  [Sec 
Haouock.] 

€OD,  71.  [Sax.  codd;  W.  cod,  cwd;  G.  hode.  Probably, 
in  a  dirfereiit  dialect,  Fr.  cosse,  or  rcosojc] 

1.  Any  husk,  envelope,  or  case,  containing  the 
seeds  of  a  plant ;  a  pod.  Mortimer. 

2.  .\  bag  ;  the  scrotum. 

3.  A  pillow.    [.Vo£  ill  use.] 

eo'D.\,  71.  [It.]  In  7nitiiic,  the  close  of  a  composition, 
or  an  additional  close. 

eOD'DEI),  a.    Inclosed  in  a  cod.  Mortimer. 

eOD'DER,  71.    .\  gatherer  of  cods  or  peas.  Jolin.ion. 

eOD'DV,  a.    Husky.  Shrrrrood. 

CODE,  71.  [I,,  coder,  or  enrdcx ;  Fr.  code;  It.  codice  i 
Sp.  codigo.  The  Latin  word  signifies  the  sli'in  of  a 
tree,  and  a  board,  or  number  of  boards  united,  on 
which  accounts  were  kept.  So  the  Greeks  used 
axcin,  a  board,  for  a  like  purpose,  from  trxiv^o),  to  cut 
or  split ;  whence  L.  scheda,  a  sheet.] 

1.  A  collectitm  of  the  laws  and  constitutions  of  the 
Roman  emperors,  made  by  order  of  Justinian,  con- 
taining twelve  books.  The  name  is  al.so  given  to 
other  collections  of  Roman  laws  ;  as,  the  Tlieodosian 
code.    Hence,  in  general, 

2.  Any  orderly  collection  or  digest  of  laws. 

Pope.  Blackstone, 


eO-l)K'I-.\.\,  1 

CO-Uf.'IA,      >  n.    [Gr.  icwiicia,  a  poppy-head.] 
eO-UE'l.\R,  ) 

An  alkaloid,  obtained  from  opium,  and  one  of  its 

medicinal  active  principles.' 
Co' VEX,  n.    [L.]    A  manuscript;  a  book  ;  a  code. 
COD'GEll,7i.    [Sp.  co^-rr,  to  catch.    Cluilmers.  Hence 

he  defines  the  word  by  miser.    But  the  primary  sense 

is  by  no  means  obvious.    I  take  it  to  be  a  corruption 

of  cottjiger,  Xorm.  coticr.] 

.K  rustic  ;  a  clown  ;  a  miserly  man. 
C<)I>'I-C1L,  n.    [L.  codiciUus,  dim.  o{  coder.] 

>vriting  bv  way  of  supplement  to  a  will, 
t'  )[)  ICIL'LA-RY,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  a  codicil. 
ei)-L»l-FI-eA'Tinj\,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  reducing 

l:iws  In  a  code  or  system. 
Co'IJl-l'I  f;i),  pp.    Reduced  to  a  code. 
CO'DI-FI-ER,  j  71.    One  who  forms  or  reduces  to  a 
Co'DIST^        i  code. 

CO'Dl-FY,  r.  (.     [corfe  and  faeio.]    To  reduce  to  a 

code  or  diirest,  as  laws. 
Co'UI-FV-I \G,  ;;/ir.    Forming  into  a  code. 
eO-DIL'L,^,  n.   The  coarsest  part  of  hemp  which  is 

sorted  out  by  itself.    The  term  is  also  applied  to  the 

coarsest  part  of  flax.  APCulloch. 
eO-DILLE',  (ko-dil',)  n.    [Fr.  codiUe;  Sp.  codillo,  the 

knee,  a  joint ;  codo,  the  elbow,  that  is,  a  turn  or  a 

fastening.] 

.■V  term  at  ombre,  when  the  game  is  won.  Pope. 
COD'LE,    )  f.  (.    To  parboil,  or  soften  by  the  beat  of 
eOD'DLE,  !  water. 

COD'LE,  7'.  (.    To  make  much  of.    [JVot  in  tise.] 
t'OD'LIXG,  )  71.    .\n  apple  codled  ;  or  ime  suitable  fir 
eOD'LIN,    (     codling,  or  used  for  that  purpose. 
COD'LING,  71.    .\  voung  cod.        \_Bacon.  Mortimer. 
CO-EF'FI-€A-CY,"7i.    [con  and  efficacy,  L.  efficio.] 

Joint  efficacy  ;  the  power  of  two  or  more  things 
acting  together  to  produce  an  efl^ect.  Broirn. 
eO-EF-Fl"CIEN-CV,  ii.  [con  and  efficiency;  L.  ejUcw.] 
Co-operation  ;  joint  power  of  two  or  more  things 
or  causes  acting  to  the  same  end.  Glanrilic. 
eO-EF-Fl"CIENT,  (rtsh'ent,)  a.  [con  and  L.  efficiens.] 

Co-operating ;  acting  in  union  to  the  same  end. 
eO-EF-FI"ClENT,  71.    That  which  unites  in  artimi 
with  something  else  to  produce  the  same  effect. 

2.  In  aJgebra,  a  number  or  known  quantity  put  b 
fore  leltei-s,  or  quantities,  known  or  unknown,  and 
into  which  it  is  supposed  to  be  multiplied  ;  as,  in 
3  z  and  n  i,  3  and  a  are  the  coefficients  of  x. 

3.  In  fiiirion.^,  the  coefficient  of  any  generating  leriu 
is  the  quantity  which  arises  from  the  division  of  tliut 
term  bv  the  generated  quanlilv.  Cliambers.  Baden. 

eO-EF-KI"ClE.\'T-LY,  ode.    By  co-operation. 
eO-ELD'ER,  71.    An  elder  of  the  same  rank.  Trapp. 
eO-E-LEe'TIOX,  71.    Joint  election. 
C(E'L1-Ae,  )  a.  [Gr. /tiiiAitKoj,  from  KoiAia,  the  belly  ; 
Cli'Ll-.\€,  (     allied  perhaps  to  KoiAof,  hollow.] 
Pertaining  to  the  belly, or  to  the  intestinal  canal. 
Ca:liac  artery,  is  the  artery  which  issues  from  the 
aorta  just  below  the  diaphragm.  Encyc. 

Cn:luic  passion  j  the  lientery,  a  flux  or  diarrhea  of 
undigested  food.  Coze. 
Caiiac  vein ;  a  vein  of  the  inteslinum  rectum. 

Coze. 

eO-E>IP'TION,  7u     [L.  coemptio  ;  cm  and  emo,  to 
buy.] 

The  act  of  purchasing  the  whole  quantity  of  any 

commoditv.  Bacon. 
eO-E.\-JOV',  r.  f.   To  enjoy  together.  Howell. 
eO-EX-JOV'j;D,  pp.    Enjoyed  together. 
eO-EN^OV'LNG,  ppr.    Enjoying  together. 
eO-lc'UUAL,  a.    [L.  con  and  equalis,  equal.] 

Equal  with  another  person  or  thing  ;  of  the  same 

rank,  dignity,  or  power.  Shak. 
eO-E'UU.AL,  n.    One  who  13  equal  to  another. 
CO  E-aU.^L'l-TV,  n.    The  state  of  being  equal  with 

another;  equality  in  rank,  dignity,  or  ixiwer. 
eO-F:'aU.\L-LY,  adv.    With  joint  equality. 
eO-ERCE',  (ko-ers',)  v.  U    [L.  coerceo  ;  con  and  arceo, 

to  drive  or  press.] 

1.  To  restrain  by  force  ;  to  keep  from  acting  or 
transgressing,  particularly  by  moral  force,  as  by  law 
or  auihoritv  ;  to  repress.  .Syliffc. 

2.  To  compel ;  to  constrain. 

Tii'-s.*  causes  —  coeretd  by  those  which  preceded,  and  rorrrinf 
tliose  which  followed.  Dtcighl,  Theoi. 

CO-ERC'KD,  (ko-erst',)  pp.     Restrained  by  force ; 
compelled. 

eO-ERC  1-BLE,  a.   That  may  or  ought  to  be  restrained 
or  compelled. 

eo-ERC'l-BLE-i\ESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  coerci- 
ble. 

eO-ERC'I.N'G,  (ko-ers'ing,)  ppr.  Restraining  by  force  ; 
constraining. 

eO-ER'ClON,  71.     Restraint,  check,  particularly  by 

law  or  authority  ;  compulsion  ;  force.  South. 
CO  ERCIVE,  a.    That  has  power  to  restrain,  par- 
ticularly by  moral  force,  as  of  law  or  unthorily. 

Hooker.  Dryden. 
2.  Compulsory  ;  constraining  ;  forcing. 
eO-ERC'W/'^l.V,  aile.    By  coiKdraint. 
CO-F.S-SE.\'TIAL,  a.     [con  and  cssmtial,  from  L. 
tssentialis.    See  Essence.] 


FATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WH.*T  METE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


COF 

Partaking  of  tlie  same  essence. 

We  bitrm  and  mftynlfy  Oial  cota^antial  Spiril,  etcrnixlly  pro- 
cirriliixg  Itoin  ihi-  l-'.iUier  «ii<J  Son.  Honker. 

eO-ES-SEN-TIAL'I-TY,  7i.  Participation  of  the  same 
essence.  Minson. 

eO-ES-SE.\'TI  AL-LY,  ailv.   In  a  coessenti.il  nianner. 

€0-E!5-T.\13'Hs>ll-MEi\T,  n.    Joint  eslaljlishnicnt. 

Bp.  of  iMiulaff. 

eO-ES-TATE',  n.  An  estate  or  state  of  equal  rank, 
or  estate  iq  alliance. 

€0-E-TA'NE-Ol'S,  a.  [L.  coictancus ;  can  and  aULt, 
age.    Uhetankam  is  rarely  usecl.J 

Uf  the  samt  age  n  itli  another  ;  beginning  to  exist 
at  the  same  time  ;  with  to.  "  Every  fault  has  penal 
ell'cjcts  c»c(u«fiiu,v  to  the  act."  But  icith  may  he  pref- 
erahle  to  la.  This  word  is  somelnnes  used  as  synon- 
ymous with  coleiiiporarij  :  but  coetaiieous  seems  prop- 
erly to  denote  cotemporary  in  origin,  rather  than  co- 
Icmporary  in  existence  at  any  other  period.  It  may, 
howi'ver,  he  used  in  both  senses. 

eo-E- r.\'NE-0(Jrf-LV,  mlo.  Of  or  from  the  same  age 
or  li.'ginning.  Vwtsht. 

OU-E-'rElt.V'.\L,  n.    [L.  ran  and  ifteniits.] 

Eipiallv  eternal  witli  anolln  r.  Millon. 

eO-E-TEK.\'.-\L-LY,  adc.    With  equal  eternity. 

Hooker. 

eO-E-TERi\'l-TV,  (I.  Existence  from  eternity  equal 
with  anollie-  'irrnal  being  ;  equal  eternity. 

HanimomL 

eO-E'V.Vl.,  •-       I  cuwDits  ;  con  and  ircum,  age.] 

Uf  the  siiiii.  igc    beginning  to  exist  at  the  same 

time  ;  of  eqiia;  .g  ;  usually  and  properly  followed  by 

with.  ilali:    i'vpc.  BentUtj. 

ec)-ic' VAL,  n.  One  of  the  same  age ;  one  who  begins 

to  exist  at  the  same  time.    It  is  not  properly  used  as 

synoin  nious  with  cotcmporanj. 
eo  l";'Vbrs  a.   The  same  as  Coeval,  but  not  used. 
€0-E.\  EtJ'l'-TOR,  Ti.    ,\  joint  executor.  [SoiUlu 
€0-E.\-EC'i;-Tlll.\,  Ji.      joint  executrix. 
€(J-EX  ISi'',  f.  i.    [L.  con  and  eiuilii.    Hve  Exist.] 
To  exist  at  tile  same  time  with  another ;  followed 

by  xritli.  JIalc.  Lochc. 

eO-EX-IST'E.NCE,  n.    Existence  at  the  sanii;  time 

with  another ;  followed  regularly  by  icifA.  Locke. 
eO-E.\-IST'ENT,  a.    E.xistiiig  at  the  same  time  with 

another. 

€0-EX-IST'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Existing  at  the  same 
time  with  anoUier ;  regularly  follow  ed  by  wiUi. 

Locke.  BenUcij. 
€0-EX-TEND',  V.  i.    [L.  con  and  extendo.   See  Ex- 

TENU.] 

To  extend  through  the  same  space  orduration  with 
another ;  to  extend  etpially  ;  as,  one  line  cocUeiids 
with  another;  or,  perhaps,  in  a  transitive  stnse,  to 
cocitend  a  line  with  another. 

eO-E.\-TE.\'D'ED,  j</).  Being  equally  extended.  Grew. 

eO-E.X-TE.\l)'l.\G,  p/ir.  Extending  through  the  same 
spare  or  duration  with  another. 

eO-E.X-TEi\'t510.\,  .1.  The  act  of  extending  equally, 
or  the  state  of  being  equally  extended.  J{ale. 

eO-EX-TE.N'silVE,  a.  Eqmilly  extensive  j  having 
equal  extent. 

eO-EX-TE.N'SIVE-LY,  adv.   Of  eipial  extent. 

eO-E.VTEN'Sl  VE-NESS,  ii.  Equal  extension  or  ex- 
tent. 

eOK'FEE,  n.  [Fr.  cafe  ;  It.  caffc  :  Sp.  cafe  ;  Port.  id. ; 
G.  kaffee.;  1).  koffy;  .\t.  cahuah,  or  mlioeli,  which  the 
Turks  pronounce  caJtcch.  This  plant  is  said  to  be  a 
native  of  Ethiopia.] 

1.  The  berry  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus  Cof- 
fea,  growing  in  Arabia,  IN  rsia,  and  in  other  warm 
clmuites  of  Asia  and  America.  It  will  grow  to  the 
highl  of  16  or  18  feet,  but  its  growth  is  generally 
stinted  to  5  feet,  for  the  convenience  of  gathering 
the  fruit.  The  stem  is  upright,  and  covered  with  a 
light-brown  bark  ;  the  branches  are  horizontal  and 
opposite,  crossing  each  other  at  every  joint,  and  form- 
ing a  sort  of  pyramid.  The  liowers  grow  in  clusters 
at  the  root  of  the  leaves,  and  close  to  the  branches ; 
they  are  of  a  pure  white,  and  of  an  agreeable  odor. 
The  fruit,  which  is  a  berry,  grows  in  clusters,  along 
the  branches,  under  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Knctjc 

2.  .\  drink  made  from  the  berry  of  the  cotTee-lrec, 
by  decoction.  The  berry  is  lir<t  roasted,  and  then 
ground  in  a  mill,  and  boiled.  The  use  of  it  is  said 
to  have  been  introduced  into  France  by  Thevenot, 
the  traveler,  and  into  England,  in  llio2,  by  a  Greek 
servant  called  Pasqiia.  The  best  colTee  is  said  to  be 
the  .Mocha  colTee,  from  .\rabia  Felix.  The  coffee  of 
Java,  Bourbon,  and  the  West  Indies,  constitutes  an 
important  article  of  commerce. 

COF'FEE-eUP,  n.  A  cup  from  which  coffee  is  drank. 
eOF'FEE-HOUSE,  tu    A  house  of  entertainment, 
where  guests  are  supplied  with  coffee  and  other  re- 
freshments, and  where  men  meet  for  conversatiim. 

Prior.  Swtft. 
i.  A  house  of  entertainment  for  boarders  or  lodg- 
ers; a  hotel ;  an  inn,  which,  in  some  cities,  is  al.so 
on  exchange,  where  merchants  meet  to  transact 
business. 

COF'FEE-.M.VN,  n.   One  who  keeps  a  coffee-house. 

.^ddUoju 

eOF'FEE-MILL,  lu  A  small  mill  for  grinding  coffee. 


COG 

COF'FEE-PUT,  II.  A  covered  pot  in  which  coffee  is 
boilcil,  or  in  which  it  is  brought  upon  the  table  for 
drinking. 

eOF'FEK,  n.  [Fr.  cojfre;  Arm.  couffr,  coffri  Ir.  cnfra  ; 
Sp.  cofre;  Port,  id.!  D.  and  G.  kojfrr  ;  Dan.  kojfert ; 
Sw,  id.;  VV.  cofawr,  from  cof,  a  hollow  trunk.  The 
same  French  word,  cojj're,  signifies  a  cojj'er,  and  the 

S 

trunk  of  the  body,  and  a  coffin.  In  Ax.^KS  kafiron, 

is  a  chest  or  basket.  The  primary  sense  is  probably 
a  holder,  or  a  hollow  place.] 

1.  A  chest  cr  trunk  ;  and,  as  a  chest  is  customarily 
used  for  keeping  money,  hence, 

2.  A  chest  of  money  ;  a  treasure.  Baron. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  sunken  panel  in  the  ceiling  of 
a  vault  or  dome,  or  in  tlie  under  side  of  a  Coriiitliian 
or  Composite  cornice,  ordinarily  decorated  with  a 
rose,  a  pomegranate,  or  oilier  enrichment.  Oicilt. 

4.  In  fortijicationsy  a  hollow  lodgment  across  a  dry 
moat,  from  G  to  7  feet  deep,  and  from  Hi  to  18  broad  ; 
the  upper  part  made  of  pieces  of  timber,  raisiul  "2 
feet  above  tile  level  of  the  iiioat ;  which  little  eleva- 
tion has  liurdlcs  laden  with  earth  for  its  covering, 
and  serves  as  a  parapet  with  embrasures.  It  is  raised 
by  the  besieged  to  repulse  besiegers,  when  they  en- 
deavor to  pass  the  ditcli.  Chambers.  Kiicijc. 

eOF'FEll,  I'.  L    To  reposit  or  lay  up  in  a  colfer. 

Bacon. 

eOF'FER-DAM,  n.  A  curb  or  close  box  of  timber, 
made  water-tight,  and  fixed  in  the  bottom  of  rivers, 
or  other  water,  as  a  barrier  to  exclude  the  water  dur- 
ing the  progress  of  some  work  ;  used  in  laying  the 
foundation  of  piers  and  abutments  in  deep  water. 

eOF'FEK-/;U,  pp.    Laid  up  in  a  coffer. 

€OF'FEl{-El{,  H.  The  cofferer  of  the  king's  house- 
hold, in  Great  Britain:  a  principal  officer  of  the  court, 
next  under  the  controller,  lie  was  also  a  white-staff 
olHcer,  and  a  member  of  the  privy -council,  lie  had 
the  special  charge  and  oversight  of  the  other  officers 
of  the  household.  This  office  is  now  suppressed,  and 
the  business  is  transacted  by  the  lord  steward  and 
paymaster  of  the  household.  Cowcl.  Kncijc. 

euF'FEK-IXG,  ppr.    Depositing  in  a  coffer. 

eOF'FIN,  n.  [Fr.  cofjrc.  See  CoFKEn.  In  French/ 
co£in  is  a  candle-basket;  Gr.  Kotpivoi: ;  Norm.  Fr.  co- 
Jin,  a  basket;  Sp.cofm;  radically  the  same  word  as 
coffer.] 

1.  The  chest  or  box  in  which  a  dead  human  body 
is  buried,  or  deposited  in  a  vault. 

2.  A  mold  of  paste  for  a  pie.  Johnson. 

3.  A  paper  case,  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  used  by 
grocei"s.  Johnson. 

4.  In  farriery,  the  hollow  part  of  a  horse's  hoof; 
or  the  whole  hoof  above  the  coronet,  including  the 
cotfiii  bone,  which  is  a  small  spongy  bone  in  the 
midst  of  the  hoof,  and  possessing  the  wlude.form  of 
the  hoof.  Batlcij.    JhVrrier^s  Diet. 

5.  In  printing,  a  wooden  frame  inclosing  the  stone 
on  which  the  form  is  imposed. 

eOF'FI.N,  I',  u    To  put  in  or  inclose  in  a  coffin. 

Sliak.  Donne. 
eOF'FIN-ED,  jtp.    Inclosed  in  a  coffin. 
eOF'FI.\-LES.S,  <7.    Having  no  coffin.  fVilson. 
eOF'FI.\-.M.\K-ER,  H.    One  who  makes,  or  whose 

office  is  to  make,  coffins.  Taller. 
eO-FOUNU'F.R,  H.  A  joint  founder.  fVeever. 
COG,  V.  t.   [  W.  coegiaiD,  to  make  void,  to  deceive,  from 

coeg,  empty,  vain.] 

1.  To  Hatter  ;  to  wheedle ;  to  seduce  or  draw  from, 
by  adulation  or  artifice. 

1  'Ii  cog  Uieir  hearts  from  Uicm.  Shnk. 

2.  To  obtrude  or  thrust  in,  by  falsehood  or  decep- 
tion ;  as,  to  cojT  in  a  word  to  serve  a  purpose. 

StUlinoJleet,    TtlloLion.  Dennis. 
To  cog  a  die  ;  to  secure  it  so  as  to  direct  its  fall  ;  to 
falsify  ;  to  cheat  in  playing  dice.    Dryden.  Sieift, 
COG,  V.  i.    To  deceive  ;  to  cheat ;  to  lie.  Tusser.  Hhak. 

12.  To  wheedle. 
COG,  n.    [W.  cocos,  cogs  of  a  wheel ;  Sw.  kugge.  Uu. 
Sp.  eager,  to  catch,  or  Welsh  cocifl,  a  mass°or  lump, 
ctf^',  a  mass,  a  short  piece  of  wmid.] 

The  tooth  of  a  wheel,  by  which  it  is  connected  in 
motion  with  another  wheel  or  body. 
2.  A  trick  or  deception.  [06s.] 
COG,  V.  L    To  fix  a  cog  ;  to  furnish  with  cogs, 
cot;.  In.    A  boat ;  a  fishing-boau    It  is  probably 

COti'GLE,  i     the  VV.  ciec,  Ir.  coca.    [See  Cock.J 
CO'GE.\-CY,  n,    [L.  cogens,  from  cogo  j  con  and  ago, 
to  drive.] 

Force;  strength;  power  of  compelling;  literally, 
urgency,  or  driving.  It  is  used  chielly  of  moral  sub- 
jects, and  in  relation  to  force  or  pressure  on  the  mind; 
as,  the  cogency  of  motives  or  arguments.  Locke. 

eO-GE'j\I-AL,  forCo.-<GE.NiAL.  IXotused.]  IfarUin. 

eO'GENT.  a.    [See  CooEHCY.] 

1.  Forcible,  in  a  physical  sense;  as,  the  cogent  force 
of  nature.  Prior. 

2.  Urgent ;  pressing  on  the  mind ;  forcible  ;  pow- 
erful ;  not  eisily  resisted ;  as,  a  cogent  reason  or  ar- 
gument. 

The  harmonj  of  the  uniTene  furoishea  cogent  proo&  of  m 
Dei'/.  Anon. 


COG 

CO'GE.VT-LV,  adu.    With  urgent  force;  with  jmwer- 

fiil  iiiipiilst- ;  forcibly.  Locke. 
COG'G>-;iJ,  fkogdj)  pp.   Flattered  ;  deceived  ;  clieiited  ; 

thrust  in  deceillully  ;  falsified  ;  furnished  witli  cogs. 
COfJ'fiEU,  II.    A  flatterer,  or  deceiver. 
eoG'GEK-Y,  71.    Trick  ;  falsehood.  JValsim. 
COG'GI.N'G,  ppr.    Wheedling;  deceiving  ;  cheating ; 

inserting  deceitfully  ;  fixing  cogs, 
CO(;'(; ING,  n.    Cheat;  deception;  fallacy.  Beaum. 
COG'(;i,E-STd.\E,  II.    A  small  pebble. 
eoG'I-TA-BLE,  a.    [See  Cooitate.]    That  may  be 

thought  on  ;  that  may  be  meditated  on.  Johnson. 
eOG'I-TATK,  e.  i.    [L.  co^-ifn.    Varro  says  from  coifo, 

qua.ii  coagito,  to  agitate  in  the  mind.    Hut  the  Gothic 

huiryun,  and  Sax,  hogian,  signify  tti  think.] 
'I'o  think  ;  to  meditate.    [Lttitc  used.] 
eOG-l-'I'.A'TIO.\,  71.    The  act  of  thinking;  thought; 

meditation  ;  contemplation. 

Hooker.    Benlley.  Jlldlon. 
2.  Thouglit  directed  to  an  object ;  purpose.  Bacon. 
eOG'I-T.\-TI\'E,  a.    Thinking;  h.'iving  the  power  of 

thinking,  or  meditating;  as,  a  cogUatice  substance. 

Brnllry. 

2.  Given  to  thought,  or  contemplation.  H'otlun. 
GOti'S.Vl'K,  II.    [I.,  cognattcs;  cuii  and  ytascor,  to  be 

1.  .Mlii  d  lij  blood  ;  kindred  by  birth.  [born.] 

2.  Related  in  origin  ;  proceeding  from  the  same 
stock  ;  of  the  same  family  ;  as,  a  cognate  dialect. 

3.  Allied  in  the  manner  of  formation  or  utterance  ; 
uttered  by  the  same  organs ;  as,  a  cognate  letter  or 
sound. 

COG'i\,\TE,  71.     In  Scots  laic,  any  male  rel.ation 

throiigli  the  mother.  Encyc. 
eOG'.NATE-NESS,  ii.    State  of  being  cognate. 

Coleridge. 

eOG-N.X'TIO.\,  71,    [U  coirnntio.    .See  CoG^ATE.] 

1,  In  the  civil  lav,  kimired  or  natural  relation  be- 
tween males  and  females,  both  descended  from  the 
same  father  ;  as,  agnation  is  the  relation  between 
males  only  descended  from  the  same  stock.  F.ncyc. 

2.  Kindred ;  relation  by  descent  from  the  same- 
original. 


Pride  .md  liarU-hrartr lii 
tilde. 


are  of  n'^ar  eogiviIMn  to  in|rr&tH 
H-'olton. 


3,  Relation;  participation  of  the  same  nature. 

Brown. 

eaON'IAC,  )  (kon'yak,)  n.  The  best  kind  of  bnindy, 
CoG'.NAC,  )    so  named  from  a  town  in  France, 

Smart  prefers  the  spelling  cogniac. 
COG-.\l-SOR',  (or. 

COG-XI  *EE'    I  COGNIZOR,  COGNIZEE. 

eOG-NI"TIO.\,  (-nish'un,)  71.  [L.  cognitio;  cognoa- 
co,  cognitiui,  con  and  nosco,  to  know.] 

Knowledge  or  certain  knowledge,  as  from  personal 
view  or  exi>erienc.c.  Shak.  bnmn. 

eOG'iN'l-TlVE,  a.  Knowing,  or  apprehending  by  the 
understanding  ;  as,  eogiiitice  power,    [Little  used.] 

South. 

€OG'.\I-Z.\-RLE,  (kog'ne-za-bl  or  kon'e-za-bl,)  o, 
[Fr,  connoissable,  from  connoitre,  to  know  ;  It.  cog- 
noscere  ;  Sp.  conocer,  conocible  :  Poll,  ronhecer  ;  from 
L.  eognoseo,  con  and  nosco,  to  know  persoinilly  ;  Gr, 
)  ii  cu(7if(t»,  id,] 

1.  That  falls,  or  may  fall,  under  judicial  notice; 
that  may  be  heard,  tried,  and  determined  ;  as,  a 
cause  or  action  is  cognizable  before  the  Circuit  Court. 

Theac  wron^  arc  co§mzab!e  by  Uie  ccclrsiastical  conns. 

Jilackeuine. 

2.  That  falls,  or  may  fall,  under  notice  or  oliserva- 
tion  ;  that  may  be  known,  perceived,  or  apprehended. 

Tlie  Cluse  of  many  pliniomenn  U  not  cognizable  by  Ihe  vniet. 

Anon. 

GOG'NI-Z.\-BLY,  adv.    In  a  cognizable  manner, 

IVordsicortJl. 

€OG'.\I-ZAN'CE,(kog'ne-zans  or  kon'e-zans,)  71,  [Fr. 
connoissance ;  It,  cognoscenta ;  Sp,  convcencia  ;  Port, 
co/iAccciica.] 

1.  Jnificial  notice  or  Knowledge  ;  the  hearing,  try- 
ing, and  determining  of  a  cause  or  action  ip  a  court. 

The  Court  of  Kin^'i  Bench  take*  toy  nironce  of  civil  and  criminal 
c.-«us*'s.  Biackitons. 

In  the  t'liited  Suttes,  Die  Dialrict  Coiinj  have  cognizance  of 
in.aritiinc  caiti.e3. 

2.  Jurisdiction,  or  right  to  try  and  determine 
causes. 

The  Court  of  Kind's  Bench  hai  original  jimsditlion  and  cofnt- 
zanre  of  all  actions  ol  uv&pass  pi  et  armiM.  Ula^iUim. 

3.  In  law,  an  acknowledgment  or  confession  ;  as 
in  fines,  the  acknowledgment  of  the  cognizor  or  de- 
forciant, that  the  right  to  the  land  in  question  is  in 
the  plaintiff  or  cognizee,  by  gift  or  otherwise;  in 
replevin,  the  acknowledgment  of  the  defendant,  th.at 
he  took  the  goods,  but  alleging  that  he  did  it  legally 
as  the  bailiff  of  another  person,  who  had  a  right  to 
distrain.  Blackstone. 

4.  A  badge  worn  by  a  retainer  or  dependent,  to 
indicate  the  person  or  party  to  which  he  belonged. 

5.  Knowledge  or  notice  ;  perception  ;  observation  ; 
as,  the  cognizance  of  the  senses. 

B.  Knowledge  by  recollection.  Spenser. 
eOG'NI-Z.\NT,  (kog'ne-zant  or  kon'e  zant,}  o.  Hav- 
ing knowledge  of. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


221 


COH 


COI 


COK 


eOG'M-ZAXT,  (kog'ne-ZMt  or  kon'e-zaiit,)  a.  Hav- 
ing knowledge  of. 

eOG-.\  l-ZEE',  {kog-ne-zee'  or  kon-e-zee',)  n.  In  law, 
one  to  whom  a  fine  is  acknowledged,  or  the  plaintiif 
in  an  action  for  the  assurance  of  land  by  fine. 

Blackstone. 

eOG-NF-ZOR',  rkog-ne-zor',  or  kon-e-znr',)  n.  One 
who  acknowledges  the  right  of  tlie  plaintifl"  or  cog- 
nizee,  in  a  fine ;  otherwise  called  the  defendant  or 
deforciant.  Blackstone, 

€OG-No'AlEN,  7!.  [L.]  A  snmame.  The  last  of 
the  three  names  among  the  Romans.  It  described 
the  house  or  family  of  a  person  ;  as  the  nonien  did  the 
genu ;  while  the  pra:nomcn  was  the  name  of  the  in- 
dividual. Brande. 

eOG-NOM'IN-AL,  a.  [L.  cognomen,  a.  surname;  con 
and  nomen,  name.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  surname. 

2.  Having  the  same  name.    \Litlle  used.]  Brown. 
€OG-NOJ!-[N-A'TION,  n.    [L.  cognomen.] 

A  surname  ;  the  name  of  a  family ;  a  name  given 
from  any  accident  or  quality ;  as,  Alexander  the 
Great.  Brown. 
eOG  NOS'CENCE,  n.    [See  Cognition.] 

Knowledge  ;  the  act  or  state  of  knowing.  [Little 
used.] 

COR-JVOS-CEJV™,  71.  ••  pL  Cognoscenti.    [It.]  A 

connoisseur.    [Little  itscr/.J 
eOG-NOS-CI-BIL'I-TY,  71.     The  quality  of  being 

cognoscible. 

eOG-NOS'CI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  known.  [Little 
iised.]  Hale. 

eOG-NOS'CI-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  know- 
ing. Cmlworth. 

COO-J^O'Vrr,  n.  [L.,  he  acknowledges.]  In  ktw, 
a  term  used  when  the  defendant  acknowledges  the 
justice  of  the  plaintiff's  claim,  or  a  part  of  it,  and 
suffers  judgment  to  be  entered  against  him. 

Blackstone. 

€0-GUXRD'I-AN,  7t.    A  joint  guardian.  Kent. 
CoGUE,  71.   A  small  wooden  vessel ;  a  dram.  [Local.] 
eOG'-VVHEEL,  7!.    A  wheel  with  cogs  or  teeth. 
eO-HAB'IT,  V.  i.    [L.  con  and  liabiUi,  to  dwell.] 
I        1.  To  dwell  with  ;  to  inhabit  or  reside  in  company, 
or  in  the  same  place  or  country.        Stiles.  South. 

2.  To  dwell  or  live  together  as  husband  and  wife  ; 
usually  or  often  applied  to  persons  not  legally  married. 
eO-HAB'IT-ANT,  ;i.    One  who  dwells  with  another, 

or  in  the  same  place.  Decay  of  Piety. 

eO-HAB-IT-A'TION,  n.  The  act  or  state  of  dwelling 
together  or  in  the  same  place  with  another. 

Stiles,  F.lcct.  Serin. 
2.  The  state  of  living  together  as  man  and  wife, 
without  being  legally  married.  Bacon. 
eO-HAB'IT-ING,  ppr.  or  7!.    Dwelling  together,  or 

the  act  of  doing  so. 
CO-HEIR',  (ko-air',)  7t.    [L.  colueres ;  con  and  hteres, 
an  heir.    See  Heir.] 

A  joint  heir ;  one  who  succeeds  to  a  share  of  an 
inheritance,  which  is  to  be  divided  among  two  or 
more. 

eO-IIEIR'ESS,  (ko-air'ess,)  -n.  A  female  who  in- 
herits a  share  of  an  estate,  which  is  to  be  divided 
among  two  or  more  heirs  or  heiresses ;  a  joint 
heiress. 

eO-HER'ALD,  n.    A  joint  herald. 
CO-HeRE',  v.  i.    [L.  cohareo;  con  and  lutreo,  to  stick 
or  cleave  together.] 

1.  To  stick  together ;  to  cleave  ;  to  be  united  ;  to 
hold  fast,  as  parts  of  the  same  mass,  or  as  two  sub- 
stances that  attract  each  other.  Thus  particles  of 
clay  cohere  ;  polished  surfaces  of  bodies  cohere. 

2.  To  be  well  connected  ;  to  follow  regularly  in 
the  natural  order ;  to  be  suited  in  connection  ;  as  the 
pa'ts  of  a  discourse,  or  as  arguments  in  a  train  of 
reasoning. 

3.  To  suit ;  to  be  fitted  ;  to  agree.  Shdk. 
eO  IIf.R'ENCE,  )  n.    A  sticking,  cleaving,  or  hang- 
eO-IIER'EN-CY,  j     ing  together;  union  of  parts  of 

the  same  body,  or  a  cleaving  togi  tlicr  of  two  bodies, 
by  means  of  attraction  ;  applied  to  alt  substances,  solid 
or  fluid.  Luclie.  Bcnlletj. 

2.  Connection  ;  suitable  connection  or  dependence, 
proceeding  fror>  the  natural  relation  of  parts  or 
things  to  each  other,  as  in  the  parts  of  a  discourse, 
or  ftf  any  system  ;  consistency.  Hooker.  iMche. 
CO-HkK'ENT,  a.  Sticking  together;  cleaving;  as 
the  parts  of  bodies,  solid  or  fluid.  ..SrbutJinot, 

2.  Connected  ;  united,  by  some  relation  in  form  or 
order  ;  fidlowed  by  to,  but  rather  by  with.  Locke. 

3.  Suitable  or  suited  ;  regularly  adapted.  Shali. 

4.  Consistent ;  having  a  due  agreement  of  parts  ; 
as,  a  coherent  discourse.  Or  observing  due  agreo 
mcnt ;  as,  a  coherent  thinker  or  reasoner. 

€0-H  f;R'ENT-LY,  ode.  In  a  coherent  manner  ;  with 
due  cftiinection  or  agreement  of  parts. 

eO-IIE-SI-BIL'I-TY,  71.  'J'he  tendency  which  one 
part  of  matter  evinces  to  unite  with  anotlii  r  part  of 
matter,  ho  as  to  form,  out  of  diflt-rent  bodies,  one 
common  m.iss.    It  is  opposed  to  divisiljility.  Good. 

€0-llP:'SI-BhE,  n.    Capable  of  cohesiim. 

eO-N P.'SIO.V,  (  hCzhiin.)  n.  [Ir.  coesione;  from  L. 
cotueifi,  pret.  of  coArfrfo.J 

I.  The  act  of  "ticking  together  ;  the  state  of  being 


united  by  natural  attraction,  as  the  constituent  par- 
ticles of  homogeneous  bodies  which  unite  in  a  mass, 
by  a  natural  tendency  ;  one  of  the  different  species 
of  attraction.  JVeieton.  .^rbuthiioL 

2.  Connection  ;  dependence  ;  as,  the  cohesion  of 
ideas.    But  in  this  sense,  see  Coherence.  Locke 

€0-Hi:'SIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  of  sticking  or 
cohering;  tending  to  unite  in  a  mass,  and  to  resist 
separation.  jVichoUon. 

CO-Hr.'SIVE-LY,  adv.    With  cohesion. 

eO-HE'SIVE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  cohe- 
sive ;  the  quality  of  adhering  together ;  as  particles 
of  matter. 

eO-Hlli'IT,  r.  t.    [h.  cohibeo.]    To  restrain. 

CO-HIB'IT-ED,  mi.  Restrained. 

eO-HIB'IT-ING,  ppr.  Restraining. 

CO-Ill-BI"TIOi\,  71.    [L.  cohilntio.]   Hinderance  ;  re- 

eo'HO-BATE,  r.  r.    [Port,  co/wrar.]  [straint. 
Among  early  chemists,  to  repeat  the  distillation  of 
the  same  liquor,  or  that  from  the  same  body,  pouring 
the  liquor  back  upon  the  matter  remaining  in  the 
vessel.  Bailey.  Encyc. 

€o'IIO-B.X-TED,  pp.    Repeatedly  distilled. 

Co'HO-Ba-TING,  ppr.    Distilling  repeatedly. 

CO-HO-BA'TION,  ?i.    [Sp.  coliobacion.j 

The  operation  of  repeatedly  distilling  the  same 
liquor,  or  that  from  the  same  substance.  Encyc. 

eO-HoES',  )  71.    A  fall  of  water,  or  falls ;  a  word  of 

eO-IIoZE',  i     Indian  origin  in  America. 

CO'HOllT,  71.  [L.  cohors;  Fr.  cohorte;  It.  coorte;  Sp. 
coluirte ;  Port,  td.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  body  of  about  five  or  six 
hundred  men  :  each  cohort  consisted  of  three  mani- 
ples, and  each  maniple  of  two  centuries;  and  ten 
cohorts  constituted  a  legion.         .Sdam,  Rom.  Ant. 

2.  In  poetry,  a  band  or  body  of  warriors.  Milton. 
eO-HORT-A'TION, 7t.  Exhortation;  encouragement. 

[JVoe  liscrf.]  Diet. 
eOIF,  71.    [Fr.  coiffe ;  Arm.  coeff;  It.  cuffia,  a  cap  ;  Sp. 

cofia,  a  net  of  silk  or  thread  worn  on  the  head  ;  Port. 

coifa,  a  caul.] 

A  kind  of  caul,  or  cap,  worn  on  the  head  by  ser- 
geants at  law  and  others.    Its  chief  use  was  to  cover 

the  clerical  tonsure.  Encyc. 
COIF,  r.  L    To  co,ver  or  dress  with  a  coif. 
eOIF'JJD,  (koift,)  a.    Wearing  a  coif. 
eoiF'FtlRE,  71.    [Fr.l    A  head-dress.  .Addison. 
eOIGNE,  for  Coin.    [See  Coin,  a  corner.]  Shak. 
eolGNE,  tv.i.  To  live  by  extortion,  [jin  Irish  word.] 
COIN'Y,  j  Bryskett. 
COIL,  71.  t.    [Fr.  cueillir  i  perhaps  Gr.  ei\coi,  or  /tvAiw. 

See  the  roots  ^hi  and  'jnp.  Class  Gl,  No.  5,  48.] 
To  gather,  as  a  line  or  cord,  into  a  circular  form  ; 

to  wind  into  a  ring,  as  a  serpent,  or  a  rope. 
COIL,  71.    A  rope  gathered  into  a  ring;  on  shipboard, 

a  single  turn  or  winding  is  called  a  fake,  and  a  range 

of  fakes  is  called  a  tier. 
2.  A  noise,  tumult,  bustle,  confusion. 

Bailey.  Johnson. 
COIL'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Gathered  into  a  circular  form,  as 

a  rope,  or  a  serpent. 
eOIL'ING,  ppr.    Gathering  or  winding  into  a  ring  or 

circle. 

COIN,  71.  [Fr.  coin,  a  corner,  a  wedge  ;  Ann.  coign; 
Sp.  es<)uina,  a  corner,  and  cuna,  a  wedge  ;  Port. 
quina;  h.  euneics ;  Gr.  yMfin;  Ir.  cuiiiiie;  \V.  going, 
or  cyn,  a  wedge.  The  pronunciation  of  this  word, 
by  our  coinnum  people,  is  quine,  or  quoin,  when  ap- 
plied to  a  wedging  stone,  in  masonry.  See  the  next 
word.] 

1.  A  corner  or  external  angle ;  a  jutting  point,  as 
of  a  wall.  Shale. 

Riistic  coins ;  stones  jutting  from  a  wall,  for  new 
buildings  to  be  joined  to.  Bailey, 

2.  A  wedge  for  raising  or  lowering  a  piece  of  ord- 
nance. Bailey, 

3.  A  wedge  or  piece  of  wood  to  lay  between  c;isks 
on  shipboard.  Bailey. 

COIN,  71,  [^>\\  cuha ;  Port,  cnnho,  a  (lie  to  stamp 
money  ;  Sp.  aeuhar,  to  coin  or  impress  money,  to 
wedge  ;  Port,  canliar ;  It.  conio,  a  die  ;  coniarc,  to 

coin  ;  Fr.  coin;  Ar.  ^Ij*  kauna,  to  hammer,  forge, 

or  stamp.  The  sense  is,  to  strike,  beat,  or  drive, 
coinciding  with  the  French  coigner,  or  cogner. 
Hence  we  see  that  coin,  whether  it  signifirs  a  cor- 
ner, a  wci  ge,  or  a  die,  is  from  the  same  root,  from 
thrusting,  driving.] 

Primarily,  the  die  employed  for  stamping  money. 
Hence, 

1.  Money  stamped  ;  a  piece  of  metal,  as  gold,  sil- 
ver, copper^  or  other  met.il,  converted  into  money, 
by  impressing  on  it  marks,  figures,  or  characters. 
To  make  good  money,  these  impressions  must  be 
made  under  the  authority  of  governnunt.  Th.it 
which  IS  stamped  without  authority  is  called  false  or 
counterfeit  coin.  Formerly,  all  coin  was  made  by 
hammering;  but  it  is  now  impressed  by  a  machine, 
or  mill. 

Current  coin,  is  coin  legally  stamped,  and  circula- 
ting in  trade. 
Jlncient  eoin.t,  are  cliielly  those  of  the  Jews,  Greeks, 


and  Romans,  which  are  kept  in  cabinets  as  curios- 
ities. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  die  cut  diagonally, 
after  the  manner  of  a  flight  of  a  staircase,  serving 
at  bottom  to  support  columns  in  a  level,  and  at  lop 
to  correct  the  inclination  of  an  entablature  support- 
ing a  vault.  Encyc. 

3.  That  which  serves  for  payment. 

The  loss  of  present  ftdviinUije  lo  flesh  atul  blood  is  repaid  hi  & 
nobler  coin.  Hamttiorui, 

COIN,  V,  t.  To  stamp  a  metal,  and  convert  it  into 
money ;  to  mint. 

3.  To  niiike  or  fabricate  for  general  use  ;  as,  to 
coin  words.  Shak, 

3.  To  make  ;  to  forge  ;  to  fabricate  ;  in  an  ill  sense ; 
as,  to  coin  a  lie  ;  to  coin  a  fable.    Nudibras.  Dryden. 
eOIN'.\GE,  71.    The  act,  art,  or  practice,  of  stamping 
metallic  money.  Arbuthnot, 

2.  Coin ;  money  coined  ;  stamped  and  legitimated 
metal  for  a  circulating  medium. 

3.  Coins  of  a  particular  stamp;  as,  the  coinage  of 
George  III. 

4.  The  charges  or  expense  of  coining  money. 

5.  A  making  ;  new  production  ;  formation  ;  as, 
the  coinage  of  words. 

6.  Invention  ;  forgery  ;  fabrication. 

This  is  the  verj-  coinage  ol  your  brain.  Sltak. 
eO-IN-CIDE',  7'.  i.    [L.  con  and  incido,  to  fall  on  ;  in 
and  cado,  to  fall.    See  Cadence,  Case.    Low  L. 
coincido  ;  Sp.  coincidir  ;  Fr.  coincidcr.] 

1.  To  fail  or  to  meet  in  the  same  point,  as  two 
lines  or  bodies  ;  followed  by  icitA. 

11'  the  equator  and  the  ecliiitic  li.\d  coincided,  il  would  have  ren- 
dered the  annual  revolution  of  the  earth  useless.  CUeyne. 

2.  To  concur;  to  be  consistent  with  ;  to  agree;  as, 
the  judges  did  not  coincide  in  opinion. 

The  rules  of  ri^lit  Jnil^ment  and  ofc  good  ratiocination  often 
coLHcifle  with  each  other.  Watte. 
CO-IN'Cl-DENCE,  n.    The  falling  or  meeting  of  two 
or  more  lines,  surfaces,  or  bodies,  in  the  same  point. 

Bentlcy. 

2.  Concurrence  ;  consistency  ;  agreement ;  as,  the 
coincidence  of  two  or  more  opinions  ;  coincidence  of 
evidences.   ,  IJale. 

3.  A  meeting  of  events  in  time  ;  concurrence  :  a 
happening  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  coincidence  of  events. 

CO-IN'CI-DENT,  a.  Falling  on  the  same  point  ; 
meeting,  as  lines,  surfaces,  or  bodies  ;  followed  by 
with.  A'Vicion. 

2.  Concurrent ;  consistent ;  agreeable  to ;  followed 
by  wiUi, 

Christianity  teaches  nothing  but  what  is  perfectly  coincident 
ujilh  iJie  ruling  principles  of  a  virtuous  man.  South. 

eO-IN'Cl-DENT-LY,  adv.   With  coincidence. 
CO-IN-CID'ER,  71.    He  or  that  which  coincides  or 
concurs. 

CO-IN-CID'ING, ppr.  oro.  Meeting  in  the  same  point ; 

agreeing  ;  concuiTing. 
eO-IN-Dl-C.\'TION,  71    [L.  C071  and  indicatio,  from 

indico,  to  show.] 

In  medicine,  a  sign  or  symptom,  which,  with  other 

signs,  assists  to  show  the  nature  of  the  tlisease,  and 

the  proper  remedy  ;  a  concurrent  sign  or  symptom. 
eOIN'SD,  pp.  or  a.    Struck  or  stamped,  as  money; 

made  ;  invented  ;  forged. 
eOIN'ER,  71.    One  who  stamps  coin;  a  minter;  a 

maker  of  money.  Addison, 

2.  A  counterfeiter  of  the  legal  coin  ;  a  maker  of 
base  mimey. 

3.  An  inventor  or  maker,  as  of  words.  Camden, 
eO-IN-HAB'IT-ANT,  71.     One  who   dwells  with 

another,  or  with  others. 

eO-IN-HER'IT-ANCE,  71.   Joint  inheritance. 

€0-IN-HER'IT-OR,  n.    A  joint  heir;  a  coheir. 

eOIN'ING,  yipr.  Stamping  money;  making;  invent- 
ing; forging;  fabricating. 

eOIN'lNG,  n.  The  act,  art,  or  practice,  of  making 
stamped  metallic  money. 

eO-lN'mJI-NATE,  7'.  t,    [L.  coinquino.] 
To  pollute.    [JVot  usedJ] 

CO-IN-UUI-Na'TION,  n.    Defilement.    [.Vo(  used,] 

eO-lN-STAN-TA'NE-OUS,  a.  Instantaneous  at  the 
same  moment. 

COIR,  71.  A  material  for  cordage,  consisting  of  the 
fibers  of  the  cocoa-nut ;  also,  the  cordage  made  of 
this  material.  P-  Cyc, 

COIS'TRIL,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  kestrel,  a  degenemte 
hawk.] 

1.  A  coward  ;  n  runaway.  Shak.  Johnson, 

2.  A  young  lad.  Bailey 
eOIT,  71.    A  quoit,  which  sec. 

COIT'ING.    See  Uuoit. 

eO-I"TION,  (ko-ish'un,)  71.  [L.  coitio,  from  coeo,  to 
come  togetlier;  con  and  eo,  to  go.] 

A  coming  together ;  cliielly  the  venereal  inter- 
course of  the  sexes  ;  copulatiim.  Grew, 

eO-JOlN',  I'.  (.    [L.  conjungo.    See  Conjoin.] 

To  join  with  another  in  the  same  office.  [Little 
u.ird.]  Shak. 

CO-JC^ROR,  71.  One  who  swears  to  another's  credi- 
bility. IVotlon. 

COKI'i,  n.    Fossil  coal  charred,  or  deprived  of  lis  bim- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


288 


COL 


COL 


COL 


men,  sulplmr,  or  oilier  extraneous  or  volatile  matter 
by  fire,  ami  thus  prepared  lor  excitins;  inlense  Ileal. 

Kitcyc.  CUavcland, 

€OKE,  I'.  (.   To  convert  into  coke. 

eOl.'AN-DEK,  (kiil'len-ilur,)  «.  [L.  colo,  to  strain  ; 
Kr.  coiikr,  to  How,  to  trickle  dow  n ;  coulaiU,  flowing ; 
cnilfur,  a  colander.] 

A  vessel  with  a  bottom  perforated  with  littli;  holes 
for  stniininp  liquors.  In  America,  this  name  is 
given,  I  believe,  exclusively  to  a  vessel  of  tin,  or 
other  niet'll.  In  Oreat  Britain,  the  name  is  given  to 
vessels,  like  sieves,  made  with  hair,  osiers,  or  twigs. 

May.    Ray.  Drydcn. 

eO-lM'RP.S,  n.   The  genuine  wine  of  I'ortugal. 

€0-L.^'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  straining,  or  purifying 
liquor,  by  passing  it  through  a  perforated  vessel. 
[  Liitie  usfil.  I 

eoi,' A-TLJRE,  n.   The  act  of  straining;  the  matter 

strained.    {LitUe  used.] 
COL'ltKK-TINE,  «.  'A  kind  of  lace  worn  by  women. 

Jolliuiait. 

€Ot,'CIII-CINE,  n.  A  vegetable  alkaloid  obtained 
from  Colcliicum  Autumnale. 

eoL'CHI-eirM,  ».  The  meadow  safTron  of  English 
writers,  a  term  applied  to  a  genus  of  hulbuus-roolrd 
plants  found  in  many  parts  of  Europe.  From  the 
bulbs  of  the  CLilchicum  Autumnale,  a  medicine  is 
prepared,  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  for  llie  gout 
an(i  rheumatism.  Partin^tun.  /Mudun. 

€OL'eu-THAK,  71.  The  brown  Ted  oxyd  of  iron 
which  remains  after  the  distillation  of  the  acid  from 
sulphate  of  iron  ;  used  for  polishing  glass  and  other 
subsLinces.  It  is  called  by  artists  crocu.-t,  or  crocus 
viartis.  Kiteyc,  Ure. 

The  sulphate  of  iron  is  called  colcoUtar  or  chalcile, 
when  the  calcination  has  been  carried  so  far  as  to 
drive  off  a  considerable  part  of  the  acid.  Futtrcruy. 
[f^ee  Chalcite.] 

eOI.l),  a.  [Sax.  cald;  G.  kalt ;  T).  knud,  contracted; 
Goth,  adds;  Risque,  ^ulda  ;  Sw.  hall:  Dan.  kM ; 
and  the  noun  kulde.  The  Latter  seems  to  be  ciui- 
nected  with  kul,  a  coal,  and  kaUr,  to  blow  strong. 
But  the  connection  may  be  cas'jal.  In  Swedish, 
kyla  signifies  to  cool,  and  to  burn  ;  thus  connecting 
cool,  cold,  with  the  L.  caleo,  to  be  hot.  Hoth  cold 
and  heat  m.iy  bo  from  r<ishing,  raging,  and  tliis  word 
may  be  from  the  same  root  as  frale.  If  not,  cool 
Would  seem  to  be  allied  to  L.  gelo.] 

1.  Not  warm  or  hot ;  gelid  ;  frigid  ;  a  relative  term. 
A  substance  is  cold  to  the  touch  when  it  is  less  warm 
than  the  body,  and  when,  in  contact,  the  heat  of  the 
biKly  passes  from  the  body  to  the  substance  ;  as,  cold 
air ;  a  coLi  stone  ;  cold  water.  It  denotes  a  greater 
degree  of  the  quality  than  cool.    fSee  tile  noun.] 

'J.  Having  the  sensation  of  cold  ;  chill  \  shivering, 
or  inclined  to  shiver;  as,  I  am  cold. 

'X  Having  cold  qualities  ;  as,  a  cold  plant.  Bacon, 
-I.  Frigid;  ^vanti^g  passion,  zeal,  or  ardor;  indif- 
ft-rent  ;  unconcerned     not  animated,  or  easily  ex- 
cited into  action  ;  as,  a  cold  spectator ;  a  cold  Chris- 
tian ;  a  cold  lover,  or  friend  ;  a  cold  temper. 

Hooker.  Addison. 

Thou  art  neither  cold  wot  hoi.  —  Rev.  iii. 

5.  Not  moving;  unaffecting;  not  animated;  not 
able  to  excite  feeling  ;  spiritless  ;  as,  a  cold  discourse  ; 
acuWjest.  Mdi.ion. 

(i.  Reserved ;  coy ;  not  atfectionate,  cordial,  or 
friendly  ;  indicating  inditference  ;  as,  a  cold  liKik  ;  a 
coM  return  of  civilities  ;  a  roW  reception.  Clarendon. 

7.  Not  heated  by  seiisu;d  desire.  SItak. 

8.  NtH  hasty  ;  not  violent  Jolin.ion. 

9.  Not  alfeciing  the  scent  strongly.  Sliak. 

10.  Not  having  the  scent  strongly  affected.  Skak. 
eOLD,  71.    (Sax.  ceU,  cyl,  eyle;  D.  koelte,  koudc ;  G. 

kalte.    See  Cool.) 

1.  The  sensation  produced  in  animal  bodies  by  the 
escape  of  heat,  and  the  consequent  contraction  of 
the  fine  vessels.  Also,  the  cause  of  that  sensation. 
Heat  exirands  the  vessels,  and  cold  contracts  them  ; 
and  the  transition  from  an  expanded  to  a  contracted 
state  is  acccmipanied  with  a  sens,ition  to  which,  as 
well  as  to  the  cause  of  it,  we  give  the  denomination 
of  cold.  Hence  cold  is  a  privation  of  heat,  or  the 
cause  of  it.  Encyc.  Bacon. 

a.  A  shivering ;  the  effoct  of  the  contraction  of 
tne  fine  vessels  of  the  body ;  chilliness,  or  chillncss. 

Dryden. 

3.  A  disease ;  indisposition  occasioned  by  cold  ; 
caUirrh. 

eOLD-llI.i'iOD'KD,  (-l)lud'ed,)  a.   Having  cold  blood. 

2.  Without  sensibility,  or  feeling ;  hard  hearted. 
eOLD'F.R,  a.  comp.    More  cold. 

eOl.lJ'EST,  a.  jupeW.    Most  cold. 

C<^LD'-FINCII,  n.  .\  species  of  Motacilla,  a  bird 
frequenting  the  west  of  Eneland,  with  the  head  and 
b,ark  of  a  brownish  gray,  the  belly  white,  and  the 
quill  feathers  and  tail  black.       Did.  ofMit.  Hi'd. 

CoLD'-HEXRT'ED,  a.  Wanting  passion  or  feeling  ; 
indifferent.  * 

eOLU'-HEXRT'ED-LY,  adn.  In  a  cold-hearted  man- 
ner. 

€OI-I)'-HEXRT'ED-NESS,  tu  Want  of  feeling  or 
sensibility. 


eOLD'-SIlOUiyDER.    To  give  the  cold  shoulder  to 

any  one,  is  to  treat  him  with  cool  neglect. 
eoI.D'ISII,  a.    Somewliiit  cold. 

CoLD'IiY,  ado.  In  a  coM  manner  ;  without  w.iriiitli ; 
without  concern;  without  ardor  or  aiiiiiialKjii ; 
without  apparent  passion,  emotion,  or  feeling;  with 
indilfereuce  or  negligence  ;  as,  to  answer  one  culdly  ; 
a  proposition  is  coldly  receivtid. 

eOI-O'NESS,  ;i.  Want  of  heat ;  as,  the  coldness  of 
water  or  air.  When  the  lie.al  or  temperature  of  any 
substance  is  less  than  that  of  the  animal  body  ex- 
posed to  it,  that  state  or  temperature  is  called  coldness. 

2.  Unconcern;  indifterence  ;  a  frigid  state  of  tem- 
per ;  want  of  ardor,  zeal,  emotion,  animation,  or 
spirit;  negligence;  as,  to  receive  an  answer  with 
coldness;  to  listen  with  coldness. 

3.  Want  of  apparent  alfection,  or  kindness  ;  as,  to 
receive  a  friend  with  coldness. 

4.  Coyness;  reserve;  indiflerence ;  as,  to  receive 
addresses  with  coldness. 

.I.  Want  of  sensual  desire;  frigidity;  chastity. 

eOLD'-SlIORT,  a.    Brittle  when  cold,  as  a  iiii  tal. 

C6LE,  71.  [Sax.  caal,  caicl,  or  caweli  L.  caulis  ;  Gr. 
«H'Aii;  1).  kool:  G.  kohl;  Svv.  kal ;  Dan.  kaal ;  W. 
cawl ;  Ir.  colu,  coilis  ;  It.  caroto;  Sp.  col ;  Port,  couve; 
Arm.  caulin,  colen  ;  Ft.  cltou.] 

The  general  name  of  all  sorts  of  cabbage  or  Bras- 
sica  ;  hut  we  generally  use  it  in  its  coinjiounds,  cole- 
wart,  canlijloiner,  Sec. 

CoL.E'-.M()USE,  «.    See  Coal-Mouse. 

et)-LE-01"TER-AL,  a.  Coleopterous. 

€0-LE-OP'rER-AN,  ii.   )  [Gr.  koXcos,  a  sheath,  and 

eO-LE-OP'TER-A,  h.  pi.  \     rrrnni,,  a  wing. J 

A  term  applied  to  an  order  of  insects,  having  crus- 
taceous  elytra  or  shells,  which  shut  and  form  a  lon- 
gitudinal suture  along  the  back,  covering  the  wings 
which  lie  beneath,  as  the  beetle. 

eO-L,E-01"TER-OUS,  a.  Having  wings  covered  with 
a  case  or  sheath  ;  belonging  to  the  Coleoptera. 

eoLE'-l'ERCII,  n.  A  small  fish,  less  than  the  com- 
mon p)errli.  Diet,  of  J^at.  Hist. 

eOLE'-SEED,  71.    The  seed  of  the  navcw,  Napus 
sativa,  or  long-rooted,  narrow-leafed  rapa ;  n^ckoiied 
a  species  of  Brassica  or  cabbage.  Eneyc. 
2.  Cabbage  seed.  Mortimer. 

GoLE'-VVORT,  71.  [cole  and  wort,  Sax.  wyrt,  an  herb.] 
A  particular  species  of  cole,  Brassica,  or  cabbage. 

GOIj'ET,    in.    A  corruption  of  AcoLVTE,  an  inferior 

COL'LET,  )     church  servant,  which  see.  Jlook. 

eOIj'ie,  71.  [L.  colicus  ;  Gr.  KioKiKoi,  from  kojXop,  the 
colon.] 

In  general,  a  severe  pain  in  the  bowels,  of  whicli 
there  are  several  varieties ;  as,  bilious  colic,  hysteric 
colic,  nervous  colic,  and  many  others. 

Coze.  Quincy. 

COT  TG  ) 

eOL'ieAI    i       Aff'^'^*'"S  ">e  bowels.  Milton. 

eOIj'ICK-Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  colic. 

GOL'IN,  n.    A  bird  of  the  partridge  kind,  found  in 

America  and  the  West  Indies,  called  also  a  t[uad. 
eOb-l-SK,'L'.M,  71.    [H.  coliseo.]    The  amphitheater  of 

Vespasian  at  Rome,  the  largest  in  the  world  ;  also 

written  Colosseum. 
eOLL,  V.  U  To  embrace.  [JVot  in  use]  [See  Collar.] 

Spenser. 

eOL-LAB'O-RS-TOR,  n.  [Fr.  eoUaboraUur.]  An 
associate  in  labor,  especially  literary  or  scientific. 
[Recent.]  Sdliman. 

eOL-l.APSE',  n.    A  falling  together,  as  of  the  sides 
of  a  hollow  vessel. 
2.  An  extreme  depression  of  the  bodily  energies. 

eOL-LAPSE',  (kol-laps',)  v.  i.  [L.  coUabor,  collapsus ; 
con  and  (aAi7r,  to  slide  or  fall.] 

To  fall  together,  as  the  two  sides  of  a  vessel ;  to 
close  by  falling  together ;  as,  the  fine  canals  or  ves- 
sels of  the  body  collapse  in  old  age.  Jlrbutlinot. 

eOL-L  APS'A'D,  (kol-lai>st',)  pp.  or  a.  Fallen  together ; 
closed. 

eOI^LAP'SION,  (-shun,)  n.  A  state  of  falling  togeth- 
er ;  a  state  of  vessels  closed. 

eOL'L.Ml,  71.  [L.  cotlare;  Fr.  eoilier,  collet;  Arm. 
colyrr;  It.  eoUare;  Sp.  collar;  from  L.  coUuin,  the 
neck.] 

1.  Something  round  the  neck,  as  a  ring  of  metal 
or  a  chain.  The  knights  of  several  orders  wear  a 
chain  of  gold,  enameled,  and  sometimes  set  with 
ciphers  or  other  devices,  to  which  the  badge  of  the 
order  is  apiK'iided.  Encyc. 

2.  The  part  of  a  garment  which  surrounds  the 
neck.   Job  xxx.  18. 

3.  .\  part  of  a  harness  for  the  neck  of  a  horse  or 
other  beast,  used  in  draught. 

4.  .Aniimg  seamen,  the  upper  part  of  a  stay  ;  also,  a 
rope  in  form  of  a  wreath,  to  which  a  stay  is  confined. 

5.  In  arc/iiiecdire,  an  horizontal  piece  of  timber  con- 
necting and  bracing  two  opposite  rafters.  Brandt. 
Also,  a  ring,  cincture,  or  astragal.  OailL 

To  slip  the  collar,  is  to  escape  or  get  free  ;  to  dis- 
entangle one's  self  from  difficulty,  labor,  or  engage- 
ment. Johnson. 

A  collar  of  brawn,  is  the  quantity  bound  up  in  one 
parcel.    [JVot  used  in  .America.]  Johnson. 
€OL'L.\R,  V.  u    To  seize  by  the  collar. 
3.  To  put  a  collar  on. 


To  collar  beef,  or  other  meat,  is  to  roll  it  up  and 
hind  it  close  with  a  string.  [Knjrtish.] 

€OI,'l,AK-A(^l',  II.  A  lax  or  fine  laid  for  the  coKan 
of  wine-drawing  horses.    [Eni;.]    Bailey.  F.nevc. 

eol.'L.\K-lii:A.\I,  n.  In  architecture,  all  liorlzolllal 
pii'ce  of  timber  connecting  and  bracing  two  opposite 
rafters  ;  also  culled  collar.  Gwilt. 

COL'I.AR-HONE,  7i.    'J'he  clavicle. 

eul.'L.Ml-D.AY,  71.  A  day  on  which  knights  appear 
at  court  in  their  collars.  Smart, 

euL'Iw\R-^';D,  pp.    Seized  by  the  collar. 
2.  Having  a  collar  on  the  neck. 

eOL-LAT'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  collated. 

eOL-EATE',  V.  t.    [h.  collatnm,  collatus  ;  con  and  la- 
tum, latas  ;  considered  to  be  the  supine  and  participle 
of /to,  coufrro,  but  a  word  of  distinct  origin.] 
Literally,  to  bring  or  lay  together.  Hence, 

1.  To  lay  together  and  compare,  by  examining  the 
points  in  which  two  or  more  things  of  a  similar  kind 
agree  or  disagree  ;  applied  particularly  to  manascriptt 
and  books ;  as,  to  collate  copies  of  the  Hebrew  Scrip- 
tures 

2.  To  confer  or  bestow  a  benefice  on  a  clergyman, 
by  a  bishop  who  h.as  it  in  his  own  gift  or  patronage ; 
or,  more  strictly,  to  present  and  institute  a  clergy- 
man in  a  benefice,  wlien  the  same  person  is  both  the 
ordinary  and  the  patron  ;  followed  by  to. 

If  Itio  patron  iie'Ifcta  to  present,  the  bijiliop  mny  coltale  Ilia 
clerk  10  the  church.  Blacktlone. 

3.  To  bestow  or  confer.  Taylor. 

4.  To  gather  and  place  in  order,  as  the  sheets  of  a 
book,  for  binding. 

eOL-LATE',  ti.  i.  To  place  in  a  benefice,  as  by  a 
bishop. 

If  tile  bishop  nejriectg  to  eaUate  within  sijl  mouths,  the  ri^hl  lo 
do  it  devolves  on  the  archtMshop,  Eneyc, 

€OIj-I>AT'ED,  pp.  Laid  together  and  compared  ;  ex- 
amined by  comparing  ;  presented  and  instituted,  as  a 
clergyman  to  a  benefice. 

eOI^LAT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  collateralis ;  con  and  latera- 
lis, from  latus,  a  side.] 

1.  Being  by  the  side,  side  by  side,  on  the  side,  or 
side  to  side. 

In  liis  bright  ratliance  and  collaleral  light 

Must  I  be  wnilbrled,  not  in  hi«  sphere.  ShaJc. 

Collateral  pressure,  is  pressure  on  the  side.  So  we 
say,  collateral  circumstances ;  circumstances  which  ac- 
company a  principal  event. 

2.  In  genealofry,  descending  from  the  same  stock 
or  ancestor,  but  not  one  from  the  other ;  as  distin- 
guished from  lineal.  Lineal  descendants  proceed  one 
from  another  in  a  direct  line  ;  collateral  relations  spring 
from  a  coinnion  ancestor,  but  from  different  branches 
of  that  commim  stirps  or  stock.  Thus  the  children 
of  brothers  are  ctdlatrral  relations,  having  different 
fathers,  but  a  common  grandfather.  Blaekstonc. 

3.  Collateral  security,  is  security  for  the  performance 
of  covenants,  or  the  payment  of  mone}-,  besides  the 
principal  security. 

4.  Running  parallel.  Johnson. 

5.  Diffused  on  either  side  ;  springing  from  relations ; 
as,  collateral  love.  Milton. 

ti.  Not  direct,  or  immediate. 

If  by  tlin'Ct  or  collnterat  hnnd.  Shot, 

7.  Concurrent ;  as,  collateral  strength.  Atterbury, 
eOL-L.\T'ER-.\L,  71.    .V  collateral  relation  or  kins- 
man. 

eoE-L.VT'ER-AL-LY,  adv.  Side  by  side ;  or  by  the 
side. 

2.  Indirectly.  Drydcn. 

3.  In  collateral  relation  ;  not  in  a  direct  line  ;  not 
linealh'. 

eOL-L,VT'ER-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  col- 
lateral. 

eoL-LAT'ING,  ypr.  Comparing  ;  presenting  and  in- 
stituting. 

€OL-Ea'TION,  71.  The  act  of  bringing  or  laying  to- 
gether, and  comparing;  a  comparison  of  one  copy  or 
thing  of  a  like  kind  w  itii  another.  Pope. 

2.  The  act  of  conferring  or  bestowing;  a  gift.  Ray. 

3.  In  the  canon  law,  the  presentation  of  a  clergy- 
man to  a  benefice  by  a  bishop,  who  h.as  it  in  his  own 
gifl  or  patronage.  Collation  includes  both  presenta- 
tion and  institution.  When  the  patron  of  a  church 
is  not  a  bishop,  he  presents  his  clerk  for  admission, 
and  the  bishop  institutes  him  ;  but  if  a  bishop  is  the 
patron,  his  presentation  and  institution  are  one  act, 
and  arc  called  collation.  Blackstone. 

4.  In  common  laic,  the  presentation  of  a  copy  to  its 
original,  and  a  comp.arison  made  by  examination,  to 
ascertain  its  conformity  ;  also,  the  report  of  the  act 
made  by  the  proper  oflicers.  Encyc. 

5.  In  Scots  lau>,  the  right  which  an  heir  has  ol 
throwing  the  whole  heritable  and  movable  estates  ol 
the  decea.sed  into  one  moss,  and  sharing  it  equally 
with  others  who  arc  of  the  same  degree  of  kindred. 

6.  A  repast  between  full  meals  ;  as,  a  cold  collation 
Collation  of  seals,  denotes  one  seal  set  on  the  sam« 

label,  on  the  reverse  of  another.  F.neuc, 
€OL-L.\-Tl"TIOUS,  (-tish'us,)  a.     Done  by  the  dis- 
tribution of  money. 
eOL-LA'TIVE,  a,    Advowsons  are  presentative,  rot 
lative,  or  donative.    An  advowion  collatint  is  v  lier* 


TONE,  BJJLL,  q.NITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  :  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


COL 


COL 


the  bisliop  and  patron  are  one  and  the  same  person  ; 
in  wiiicli  case  the  bishop  can  not  present  to  liiinself, 
but  he  does,  by  one  act  of  collation  or  coiiferrinj;  the 
benefice,  the  whole  that  is  done,  in  common  cases, 
by  both  presentation  and  institution.  BlacksUme. 
eOL-LA'TOR,  n.  One  who  collates  or  compares  man- 
uscripts or  copies  of  books.  Addi.wn. 

2.  One  who  collates  to  a  benefice,  as  wlien  the  or- 
dinary and  patron  are  the  same  person.  Ayliffe. 
€OL-LAUD',  v.L    [L.  cullaudo.] 

To  unite  in  praising.  [Little  u^ed,]  HoweU. 
€OL'LeAGUE,  (kol'leeg,)  n.  [L.  colle^a  :  Fr.  col- 
Ufrue ;  It.  colleira ;  Sp.  cole^a ;  L.  con  and  Ic^Oy  to 
choose,  or  lego,  to  send,  or  lirro,  to  bind.  'I'his  word 
is  differently  accented  by  different  speakers  and  lexi- 
cographers.   I  have  followed  the  latest  authorities.] 

A  partner  or  associate  in  tlie  same  otfice,  employ- 
ment, or  commission,  civil  or  ecclesiastical. 
I  Milton.  SitifL 

'         It  is  never  used  of  partners  in  trade  or  manufac- 
tnres. 

eOL-LliAGUE',  (kol-leeg',)  i'.  L  or  i.  To  unite  with 
in  the  same  office. 

eOL-LEAGU'£D,  (kol-leegd',)pp.  United  as  an  as- 
sociate ill  the  same  office. 

eOL'Li?AGUEI-SHIP,  )t.  Partnership  in  office.  Mdtnn. 

COL-LECT',  V.  t.  [L.  coUi^o^  coUectum ;  con  and  lego, 
to  gather  ;  Gr.  Acj  w.] 

1.  To  gatlier,  as  separate  persons  or  things,  into 
one  body  or  place  ;  to  assemble  or  bring  together  ;  as, 
to  colleei  men  into  an  army  ;  to  collect  ideas  ;  to  collect 
particulars  into  one  sum. 

2.  To  gain  by  observation  or  information  ;  as,  from 
all  that  can  be  collected,  the  public  peace  will  not  soon 
be  interrupted. 

3.  To  gather  from  premises  ;  to  infer  as  a  conse- 
quence. 

Wiiich  consequence,  1  conceive,  is  very  ill  coltecied.  Locke. 

4.  To  gather  money  or  revenue  from  debtors ;  to 
demand  and  receive  ;  as,  to  collect  taxes ;  to  collect 
tlie  customs  ;  to  collect  accounts  or  debts. 

5.  To  gather,  as  crops  ;  to  reap,  mow,  or  pick,  and 
secure  in  proper  repositories  ;  as,  to  collect  hay,  corn, 
or  fruits. 

6.  To  draw  together;  to  bring  into  united  action; 
as,  to  collect  all  the  strength,  or  all  the  powers  of  the 

7.  To  obtain  from  contribution.  [mind. 
To  collect  one's  self,  is  to  recover  from  surprise,  or 

a  disconcerted  state  ;  to  gain  command  over  the 
thoughts,  when  dispersed  ;  over  the  passions,  when 
tumultuous;  or  the  mind,  when  dismayed. 

Sliuk.  Jfliltnn. 
eOL-LECT',  I'.  !.    To  run  together  ;  to  accumulate  ; 
as,  pus  collects  in  an  abscess  ;  sand  or  snow  collects 
in  banks. 

eOL'LEGT,  71.  A  short,  comprehensive  prayer;  a 
prayer  adapted  to  a  particular  day  or  occasion,  and 
reail  together  with  otlier  parts  of  the  church  service. 

Brande.  Tuijlor. 
2.  ,\  collection  or  gathering  of  monev.  [LitUe  used.] 
eOT^LEC-TA'.XE-X,  n.  p/.    [L.,  things  collected.]  In 
literature,  a  term  applied  to  a  selection  of  passages 
from  various  authors,  usually  made  for  the  purpose 
of  instruction.  Brande. 
eOL-LEe-TA'ME-OUS,  a.    [L.  cuUectaneus.] 

Gathered  ;  collected. 
€OI^LE€T'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Gathered  ;  assembled ;  con- 
gregated ;  drawn  together. 

2.  a.  Recovered  from  surprise  or  dismay  ;  not  dis- 
concerted ;  cool  ;  firm;  prepared. 
;    €OL-l-EeT'LD-LY,  arfr.    In  one  view  ;  together ;  in 
•       one  bodv  ;  in  a  cool,  prepared  state  of  mind, 
i    eOE-LECT'ED-NESS,  n.     A  collected  state  of  the 

mind  ;  recovery  from  surprise, 
i    €OL-LEer'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  collected  or  gath- 
:       ered  ;  that  may  be  inferred. 

a.  That  may  be  gathered  or  recovered  ;  as,  the 
I      debts  or  taxes  are  or  are  not  collectible. 
'.  eOL-LEeT'I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Gathering;  drawing  to- 
gether; assembling. 
I  €OL.-LEe'TIO.V,  n.    The  act  of  gathering  or  assem- 
bling. 

2.  The  body  formed  by  gathering  ;  an  assemblage, 
or  assembly  ;  a  crowd  ;  as,  a  collection  of  men. 

n.  A  contribution  ;  a  sum  collected  for  a  charitable 
purpose. 

I Nov/  concerning  ihe  eoUection  for  the  RninU.  —  1  Cor.  xrl. 
4.  A  gathering,  as  of  matter  in  an  abscess. 
.5.  The  act  of  deducing  conseipiences  ;  reasoning  ; 
I       Inference.    1  Little  used.]  Johnson.  Hooker. 

(i.  A  corollary  ;  a  consectary  ;  a  deduction  from 
premises ;  consequence.  Johnson.  Hooker. 

7.  A  book  compiled  from  other  books,  by  the  put- 
ting logi  ther  of  parts  ;  a  compilation  ;  as,  a  collection 
of  essays  or  sermons. 
COI,-I.EC-TI"TIOlJS.  (-tish'iis,)  a.    Gathered  up. 
eoi^MCCT'IVE,  o.    [L.  c<iUectioi« ;  Kr.  coUectif;  It. 
colletltro.] 

1.  Kornied  by  gathering;  gathered  into  a  mass, 
■uni,  or  body  ;  congregated,  or  aggregated.  Swift. 

2.  Deducing  cnnsequcnces  ;  reasoning;  inferring. 

Brown. 

3.  In  grammar,  expreasing  a  number  or  multitude 


united  :  as,  a  collective  noun  or  name,  which,  though 
in  the  singular  number  itself,  denotes  more  than  one ; 
as,  cumpniiif,  artnii,  troop,  assembltj. 
eOL-LEGT'lVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  mass,  or  body  ;  in  a 
collected  state  ;  in  the  aggregate  ;  unitedly  ;  in  a  state 
of  combination  ;  as,  the  citizens  of  a  state  coUcclivclt/ 
considered. 

eoi>-LEeT'IVE-NESS,  71.    A  state  of  union  ;  mass. 
eOL-LEGT'OR,  n.  One  who  collects  or  gathers  things 
which  are  scattered  or  separate. 

2.  A  compiler  ;  one  who  gathers  and  puts  together 
parts  of  books,  or  scattered  pieces,  in  one  book 

jldilison. 

3.  In  botany,  one  who  gathers  plants,  without 
studj'ing  botany  as  a  science.  Kncije. 

Also,  a  term  applied  to  the  dense  hairs  covering 
the  styles  of  some  phints.  Brande. 

4.  .\n  oflicer  appointeil  and  commissioned  to  col- 
lect and  receive  customs,  duties,  taxes,  or  toll. 

Temple. 

5.  .\  bachelor  of  arts  in  Oxford,  who  is  appointed 
to  superintend  some  scholastic  proceedings  in  Lent. 

TodJ. 

eOL-LECT'OR-SHIP,  j  71.  The  office  of  a  collector 
eOL-LECT'OR-ATE,  )     of  customs  or  taxes. 

2.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  collector.  Asiat.  Researches. 
eOL-LEG'A-T.\-RY,  n.    [L.  con  and  lego,  to  send.] 

In  the  civil  laic,  a  pefson  who  lias  a  legacy  lef^  to 
him,  in  common  with  one  or  more  other  persons. 

Cliainbers.  Johnson. 
GOL'LEGE,  n.  [Ij,  collegium  ;  con  and  £c^o,  to  gather.] 

In  ifs  primary  sense,  a  collection  or  assembly. 

Hence, 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  collection,  assemblage,  or 
society  of  men,  invested  witli  certain  powers  and 
rights,  performing  certain  duties,  or  engaged  in  some 
common  employment  or  pursuit. 

2.  lx\  a  pnrticulur  sense,  an  assembly  for  a  political 
or  ecclesiastical  purpose  ;  as,  the  college  of  electors, 
or  their  deputies  at  the  diet  in  Ratisbon.  So,  also, 
the  college  of  princes,  or  their  deputies  ;  tlie  college 
of  cities,  or  deputies  of  the  imperial  cities  ;  the  col- 
lege of  cardinals,  or  sacred  college.  In  Russia,  the 
denomination  college  is  given  to  councils  of  state, 
courts,  or  assemblies  of  men  intrusted  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  government,  and  called  imperial 
collrges.  Of  these,  some  are  supreme,  and  others 
subordinate;  as,  the  supreme  imperial  college;  the 
college  of  foreign  affairs  ;  the  college  of  war  ;  the  ad- 
miralty college ;  tlie  college  of  justice ;  the  college  of 
commerce  ;  the  medical  college. 

IVm.  TooUe,  ii.  335,  350. 
In  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  of  America,  a 
society  of  physicians  is  called  a  college.  So,  also, 
there  are  colleges  of  surgeons  ;  and  in  Britain,  a  col- 
lege of  philosophy,  a  college  of  heralds,  a  college  of 
justice,  &,c.  Colleges  of  these  kinds  are  usually  in- 
corporated or  established  by  the  supreme  power  of 
the  state. 

3.  -All  establishment  or  edifice  appropriated  to 
the  use  of  students  who  are  acquiring  the  languages 
and  sciences. 

4.  The  society  of  persons  engaged  in  the  pursuits 
of  literature,  including  the  officers  and  students. 
Societies  of  this  kind  are  incorporated  and  endowed 
with  revenues. 

5.  In  foreign  uniuersitics,  a  public  lecture. 

C.  A  collection  or  comiiiuiiity  ;  as,  a  college  of 
bees.    [Unusunl.']  Dri/thn. 
eOL'LEGE-LIKE,  a.    Regulated  after  the  manner  of 
a  college. 

eOL-Li'/OI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a  college  ;  belonging 
to  a  college  ;  having  the  properties  of  a  college. 

eOL-LF,'Gl-.\N,  71.  .\  member  of  a  college,  particu- 
larly of  a  literary  institution  so  called  ;  an  iiiiiab- 
itant  of  a  college.  Johnson. 

eOL-Ll"l:'GI-ATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  college  ;  as,  col- 
legiate studies. 

2.  Containing  a  college  ;  instituted  after  the  man- 
ner of  a  college  ;  as,  a  collegiate  society.  Johnson. 

3.  A  collegiate  church  is  one  that  has  no  bishop's 
see,  but  has  the  ancient  retinue  of  a  bishop,  caiunis, 
and  prebeiuls.  f)f  these,  some  are  of  royal,  others 
of  ecclesiastical  foundation  ;  and  each  is  regulated, 
in  matters  of  divine  service,  as  a  cathedral.  Some 
of  these  were  anciently  abbeys  which  have  been 
seculari/.ed.  Enciic. 

eOL-LF:'GI-ATE,  71.    The  member  of  a  college.  " 

Barton. 

COI/LET,  71.    [Fr.  collet,  a  collar,  or  neck,  from  L. 

Co//m?/(.] 

1.  Among  jewf/crA-,  the  horizontal  face  or  plane  at 
the  bottom  of  brilliant-s  ;  or  the  part  of  a  ring  in 
which  the  stone  is  set.  Kncnc.  John.^on. 

2.  In  glass-malcing,  that  part  of  glass  vessels  which 
sticks  to  the  iron  iiistruiiient  used  in  taking  the  sub- 
stance from  the  melting  pot.  Kncyc. 

3.  Anciently,  a  hand  or  collar. 

4.  A  term  used  by  turners.  ./ohnson, 
.').  In  botany,  the  ni  rk  or  part  of  a  plant  from 

which  spring  the  asceniling  and  descending  axes. 

LtnJIry. 

eOI,-LET'ie,  a.  Having  the  property  of  gluing ; 
agglutinant.  Kntyc. 


eOL-LET'ie,  71.    [Gr.  koXAtjt-kcos.] 

An  agglutinant.  Encyc. 
eOL-LIUE',  V.  L   [L.  collido  ;  con  and  lado,  to  strike.] 

To  strike  or  dash  against  each  other.  Brown. 
eOL-LID'ING,  ppr.    Striking  or  dashing  against. 
eOLL'IER,  (kol'yer,)  h.   [from  coal.}    A  digger  of 
coal  ;  one  who  works  in  a  coal  mine.  Johnson, 

2.  A  coal  merchant,  or  dealer  in  coal.  Bacon. 

3.  A  coasting  vessel  employed  in  the  coal  trade,  or 
in  transporting  coal  from  the  ports  where  It  is  re- 
ceived from  the  mines,  to  the  ports  wiiere  it  is  pur- 
chased for  consumption. 

eOLL'IER-Y,  (kol'yer-y,)  Ji.   Tlie  place  where  coal 

is  dug.    [See  Coalert.] 
2  The  coal  trade.  Ciu. 
eOL'EI-FLOW-EH.    See  Caulifloweb. 
eOE'LI-GATE,  V.  t.    [L.  colligo ;  con  and  ligo,  to 

bind. J    To  tie  or  bind  together. 

The  pieces  of  isinglass  are  eoUigated  in  rows.        Nich.  Diet. 

eOL'LI-GA-TED,  pp.    Tied  or  bound  together. 

eOL'Ll-GA-TI.\G,  ppr.    Binding  together. 

eOL-LI-GA'TION,  71.    A  binding  together  Brotrm. 

€OL-LI-.Ma'TIO.\,  71.  [L.  collimo  ;  con  and  limes,  a 
limit.  Ainsworth  suggests  that  it  may  be  an  error, 
and  that  collineo,  con  and  linea,  is  the  real  reading; 
but  collimo  is  in  perfect  analogy  with  other  words  of 
like  signification.  To  aim  is  to  direct  to  the  limit  or 
end.] 

1.  The  act  of  aiming  at  a  mark;  aim  ;  the  act  of 
leveling,  or  of  directing  the  sight  to  a  fixed  object. 

Asiat.  Research. 

2.  In  a  telescope,  the  line  of  collimation,  is  the  line  of 
sight,  or  a  straight  line  passing  through  the  center  of 
the  object-glass. 

eOL-LI-.MA'TOR,  n.    An  instrument  for  ascertaining 

the  horizontal  point. 
eOL-LIX-E-A'TION,7i.    [L.  collinea;  con  and  linea, 

a  line.] 

The  act  of  aiming,  or  directing  in  a  line  to  a  fi.xed 
object.  Johnson. 

eOL'LING,  71.  [L.  fottiiTTi,  the  neck.]  An  embrace; 
dalliance.    [jVo(  used.]  Chaucer. 

eOL-I.I.\"GU.\L,  (-ling'gwal,)  a.  Having  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  same  language. 

€OL-Lia'UA-BLE,  (kol-lik'wa-bl,)  a.  [Sec  Colli- 
qUATE.]  That  may  be  liquefied,  or  melted  ;  liable 
to  melt,  grow  soft,  or  become  fiuid. 

eOL-Lia'U.\-MEN'T,  71.  The  substance  formed  by 
melting  ;  that  which  is  melted.    Bailey.  Johnson. 

•2.  Technically,  the  fetal  part  of  an  egg ;  the 
transparent  fiuid  in  an  egg,  containing  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  the  chick.  Coxc.  Encyc. 

3.  Tlie  first  rudiments  of  an  embrj  o  in  generation. 

Core. 

eOL'LI-QUANT,  a.  That  has  the  power  of  dissolv- 
ing or  melting. 

eOL'LI-ULlATE,  r.  1.  [L.  colliqueo ;  con  and  liquco, 
to  melt.    See  Liqcio.] 

To  melt ;  to  dissolve  ;  to  change  from  solid  to 
fluid  ;  to  become  liquid.  Brown, 

eOL'LI-UUATE,  I-.  t.    To  melt  or  dissolve. 

eOL'LI-UL'A-TEU,  ;»;7.  Melted;  dissolved;  turned 
from  a  solid  to  a  fluid  substance.    Boiile,  Jiarveii. 

eOL'LI-aUA-TlNG,  ppr.    Melting;  dissolving. 

€0Lr-LI-aUA'T10i\",  71.   The  act  of  melting. 

Boyle. 

2.  .\  dissolving,  flowing,  or  wasting;  applied  to 
the  blood,  when  it  does  not  readily  coagulate,  and  to 
the  solid  parts,  when  they  waste  away  by  excessive 
secretion,  occasioning  fluxes  and  profuse  clammy 
sweats.  Coze.    Encyc.  Quineit. 

eO^-LU^'UA-TIVE,  (k-ol-llk'wa-tiv,)  a.  Melli'iig; 
dissolving;  applied  to  excessive  evacuations,  which 
melt  down,  as  it  were,  the  strength  and  substance  of 
the  boilj'. 

eoL-LUi-UE-FAe'TION,   (kol-lik-we-fak'shun,)  71. 

[L.  colliqnefacio.] 
A  nielling  together;  the  reduction  of  dilferent 

bodies  into  one  mass,  bv  fusion.  Bacon. 
eOL-Lr'SIO.\,  (kol-li/.li'un,)  n.     [L.  collisio,  from 

collido,  collisi ;  con  and  Udo,  to  strike  or  hurt.] 

1.  The  act  of  striking  together  ;  a  striking  together 
of  two  hard  bodies.  Jtldton. 

2.  The  state  of  being  struck  together;  a  clash- 
ing. Hence, 

3.  Figuraiirely,  a  state  of  opposition  ;  interfe- 
rence ;  as,  a  collision  of  interests,  or  of  parties. 

4.  A  running  against  each  other,  as  ships  at  sea. 

JIarshal  on  Insurance.  IVaUh. 
eOI,-LIT'I-G.\NT,  71.  One  who  litigates  or  wrangles 
with  another. 

eOI/l,()  GATE,  r.  t.  [L.  colloco  :  con  and  loco,  to  set 

or  place.]    To  set  or  place  ;  to  set ;  to  station. 
eOl/EO-CATE,  a.    Set  ;  placed.  Bacon, 
eOL'L.O.CA-TEn,  pp.  Placed. 
eoL-Lt)-eA-TI.\(;,  ppr.    setting;  plating. 
eOL-LO-CA'TlON,  71.    [I,,  collocatio.] 

1.  A  setting  ;  the  act  of  placing  ;  disposition  in 
place. 

2.  The  slate  of  being  placed,  or  placed  with  some- 
thing rise.  Baron. 

eOL-LO  eO'TION,  71.  [I,,  eollocutio;  eon  and  locu- 
tio,  from  loquor,  to  speaK.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

_         _  _      _     _  - 


CO  I, 


COL 


COL 


A  spraking  or  conversing  together  ;  conference; 
iniitiinl  di-iconrse.  BaiUii.  Johnson. 

eoi,-LO-eO'TOU,  n.  One  of  the  speakers  in  a  dln- 
logne. 

eoL  I.OfiUE',  r.  t.   To  wheedle.    [JVot  in  u.if.] 
eOL.'L01',  n.    A  small  slice  of  meat;  a  piece  of  flesh. 

Vnjden. 

2.  In  burlesque,  n  child.  Sliak. 

'^.  In  Job  XV.  27,  it  seems  to  have  the  sense  of  a 
thick  piece  or  fleshy  lump.  '*  lie  maketh  culhp.^  of 
fat  on  liis  rfanks."  This  is  the  sense  of  tlie  word  in 
New  Rni-lnnd. 
eoL-Lfi'tiUI-AL,  o.  [See  CoLLociL'v  1  Pertaining 
to  roinmon  conversation,  or  to  mutual  discourse  ;  as, 
rolloifuial  laniiuage  ;  a  coUoiiuial  phrase. 
CdL-La'UUI-ALi-IS.M,  n.  A  colloquial  form  of  ex- 
pression. 

COI,  1,6'UIII-AULY,  adv.  n.vmulnal  conversation. 
COL'LO-UUIST,  n.  A  speaker  in  a  dialuj;ni'. 

JMalone. 

GOL'LO-QUy,  n.  [L.  colloquiums  con  and /u^uvr,  to 
^peak.] 

Conversation  ;  mritiial  discourse  of  two  or  more  ; 
conference ;  dialogue.  MUton,  Taijlor 

eOL'LOW.    Sec  CoLLV. 

€OL-LUe'TAX-CV,  n.  [L.  colluct<rr;  con  and  luctor, 
to  struggle.] 

A  struggling  to  resist;  a  striving  against;  resist- 
ance ;  opposition  of  nature. 

eOI.-LUC-T.X'TIO.V,  n.  .\  stnigcling  to  resist;  con- 
test ;  re^i-stance  ;  opposition  ;  contrariety.  IVooilwiird. 

COL-LCnB',  r.  1.  iy.  coUuda ;  con  and  ludo,  to  play, 
to  banter,  to  mock.] 

To  play  into  the  hand  of  each  other;  to  conspire 
in  a  fraud  ;  to  act  in  concert.  Johnson. 

eOL-LCO'EU,  n.    One  who  conspires  in  a  fraud. 

eoL-Lf'O'l.N'G,  ppr.    Conspiring  with  another  in  a 

eol.-I.CD'INt;,  II.    A  trick  ;  collusion.  [fraud. 

eOL-LO'SION,  (-zhun,)  n.    [L.  collusio.    See  Col- 

1.  In  /fltr,  a  deceitful  agreement  or  compact  be- 
tween two  or  more  persons,  fur  the  one  party  to  bring 
an  action  against  the  other,  for  some  evil  pur|iose,  as 
to  defraud  a  third  person  of  his  right.  Cowrl. 

.K  si'cret  nnderst^inding  between  two  parties,  who 
plead  or  proceed  fraudulently  against  each  other,  to 
the  prejudice  of  a  third  person.  Encijc. 

2.  In  general,  a  secret  agreement  and  co  operation 
for  a  fraudulent  puri>ose. 

eOI.-l.O'SI  VE,  a.  Fraudulently  concerted  between 
two  or  more  ;  as,  a  collusivf  agreement. 

•eOL-LO'SI VE-hV,  adc.  By  collusion;  by  secret 
agreement  to  defraud. 

€Ol,-L0'SIVE-\ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  col- 
lusive. 

eOL-LO'SO-RY,  a.  Carrying  on  a  fraud  by  n  secret 
concert;  containing  collusion. 

eoL-LO'VI-ES,  n.  [L.]  Filth;  a  sink ;  a  mixed 
mass  of  refuse  matter. 

eOL'LV,     (  n.    [Supposed  to  be  from  cna/.] 

eoL'LOW,  i  The  black  grime  or  soot  of  coal  or 
burnt  wood.  ffbodward.  Burton. 

COE'LV,  r.  L  To  make  foul ;  to  grime  with  the  snmt 
of  coal.  Shak, 

eoL'LY-RlTE,  n.    [Gr.  »oX.\foio. ,  infra.] 

.\  variety  of  clay,  of  a  white  color,  with  shades  of 
gray,  red,  or  yellow.  Clcarclnnd. 

eOL-LYR'I-UM,  n.  [U  ;  Gr.  .oXAioi-.i.  Uu.  frtm> 
xuAcu,  to  check,  and  p  q<,  defluxion.] 

A  lotion  intended  to  prevt'ut  excessive  discharges, 
now  applied  cuilv  to  eve-waters.  Brandt. 

eo  L'  .M  A  K ,  «.    [  Fr.  ]    A  sort  of  pear. 

eoL  O-CY.VTH,  n.    [Gr.  ko\  ..u.O.f.] 

The  coloquinlida,  or  bitter  apple  of  the  shops,  a 
kind  of  cuciuulier,  from  Aleppo  anil  from  Crete.  It 
contains  a  liill.  r  pulp,  which  is  a  drastic  purge.  F.ncuc 

eOL-O-CYNTiriN,  n.  The  supposed  active  medici- 
nal principle  of  the  colocyiitM.  P.  Cue. 

eO-I.oG.NE'-EARTH,  (k.v-16iie'erth,)  n.  A  kind  of 
light  bastard  ocher,  of  a  deep  brown  color,  not  a 
pure  native  fossil,  but  containing  more  vegetable 
than  mineral  matter;  supiHised  to  be  the  remains  of 
wood  long  buried  in  the  earth.  IIUL 
It  is  an  eiirlliy  variety  of  lignite  or  brown  coal. 

Clearrlund. 

eO-LOGNE'-WA  TER,  (ko-lOne'Wfl  ter,)  n.  A  liipior 
composed  of  sjiirits  of  wine,  oil  of  lavender,  od  of 
riweinary,  essence  of  lemtui,  and  oii  of  cinn.-unon. 

eoL'O  UTE,  n.    [Gr.  KuAor,  tile  colon,  and 
stone.] 

A  name  given  to  the  fossil  intestines  of  fi'^hes. 
€0'LON,  n.    [Gr.  k^Xov..  the  colon,  a  member  or 
limb.i 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  largest  of  the  intestines,  or 
rather  the  largest  division  of  the  intestinal  canal ; 
beginning  at  the  caiciim,  and  ascending  hv  the  right 
kidney,  it  passes  under  the  hollow  part  of  the  liver, 
and  the  b.itiom  of  the  stomach,  to  the  spleen  ;  thence 
descending  by  the  left  kidnev,  it  passes,  in  the  form 
of  an  S,  to  the  upper  part  of  the  os  saeriiiii,  where, 
from  Its  straight  course,  the  canal  lakes  the  name  of 

Encjc.  Quincu. 

2.  In  jrmmntar,  a  point  or  character  f.iriiied  tliiis  '[:], 
used  to  mark  a  pause  greater  than  that  of  a  semi- 


colon, but  less  than  that  of  a  period  ;  or  rither,  it  is 
used  when  the  sense  of  the  liivisiun  of  a  period  is 
complete,  so  as  to  admit  a  full  point;  but  something 
is  added  by  way  of  illustration,  or  the  description  is 
continued  by  an  additional  remark,  without  a  neces- 
sary dependence  on  the  foregoing  members  of  the 
sentence.  Tlius, 

A  bnil-;  arrive"  (\t  a  point  of  jy^rf'-ctioil  lin  c^n  never  paw  :  fn  n 

t"\v  years  he  tiu  all  lite  eiittowmi'iiU  tie  is  CJilnUie  oC. 

S/xcl.  No.  lii. 

The  colon  is  often  used  before  an  address,  quota- 
tion, or  example.  "  Mr.  Grey  was  followed  by  Mr. 
Ersklne,  who  spoke  thus:  '  I  rise  to  second  the  mo- 
tion of  my  honorable  friend.' "  But  the  propriety  of 
this  depends  on  the  pause,  and  this  depends  on  the 
form  of  introducing  the  quotation  ;  for  after  .wiy, 
said,  or  a  like  word,  the  colon  is  not  used,  and  seems 
to  be  improper,  'i'hus,  in  our  versiim  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, such  members  are  almost  invariably  followed 
by  a  comma :  "  Hut  Jesus  said  to  them, '  Ye  know 
not  what  ye  ask.'  " 
The  use  of  the  colon  is  not  uniform  ;  nor  is  it 
.  easily  defined  and  reduced  to  rules.  Indeed,  tlic  use 
of  it'inight  be  dispensed  with  without  inncli  incon- 
venience. 

eOL'O-NEL,  (kur'nel,!  n.  [Fr.  cotonrl ;  It.  cohmneUn  ; 
Arm.  coronal ;  Sp.  coroncl ;  Port,  corond  ;  from  It. 
colonna,  Fr.  eolonnc,  a  coliiiiin,  It.  coionnello,  the  col- 
umn of  a  hook.] 

The  chief  commander  of  a  regiment  of  troops, 
whether  infantry  or  cavalry.  He  ranks  next  below 
a  brigatlier-general.  In  Erigl.Tiid,  colonrl-linitcnant  is 
the  commander  of  a  regiment  of  guards,  of  which 
the  king,  [iriiice,  or  oilier  person  of  eminence,  is 
colonel.  Licutcnant'Colonel  is  tlie  second  otticer  ill  a 
regiment,  and  commands  it  in  the  absence  of  the 
colonel. 

eOL'O-NEF^CY,  (kiir'nel-cv,)       ( n.     The  oflice, 
eOI/O-NEL-SIIIP,  (kur'iiei-ship,)  i     rank,  or  com- 
mission of  a  colonel.  Swift.  Wa.-ihin<rton. 
eO-LO'.VI-.'VL.,  a.    [See  Colonv.]    Pertaining  to  a 
colony ;  as,  colonial  government ;  colonial  rights. 


iCoi.osicAL  is  not  in  use.] 
I/O-NIST,  n.    "  '- 


[See  Coi.o:»v.]    An  inhabitant  of  a 
colonv.       Blachitone.    Morshull,  Life  of  ii''ashin  trton. 
eOL-O-NF-ZA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  colonizing,  or 
state  of  being  colonized. 

Colonization  .loeirty  ;  a  society  in  the  United  Suites 
designed  to  aid  free  blacks  in  emigniting  to  Africa. 
eOL-O-M-ZA'TION-IST,  h.  A  friend  to  coloniza- 
tion, particularly  to  the  colonization  of  Africa  by 
emigrants  from  the  colored  population  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

eOL'O-NIZE,  r. «.  [See  Colony.]  To  plant  or  estab- 
lish a  colony  in  ;  to  plant  or  set'.le  a  niiiiiber  of  the 
subjects  of  a  kingdom  or  state  in  a  remote  counlrj' 
for  the  purpose  of  cultivation,  commerce,  or  defense, 
and  for  [lermanent  residence.  Bacon. 
The  Greeks  roloftized  Uie  sotilh  of  lexly  nii.1  of  Fr^iiice. 
2.  To  migrate  and  settle  in,  as  inhabitants. 

English  PuriUiw  eoloniznJ  .New  Kii^I:ui(l. 

€OL'0-NTZE,  r.  i.   To  remove  and  settle  in  a  distant 

coiintrv  ;  as,  to  cft/o/o;f  in  India.  Buchanan. 
€OV<J-SV/.-F.D,  pp.   Settled  or  planted  with  a  colony. 
et)l.'0-NTZ-I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Planting  with  a  colony.' 
eoL'0-.MZ-h\G,  II.    The  act  of  establishing  a  colony. 
Tbi*  slate  papf*r  liai  lieen  adopted  as  the  tkisu  of  all  )irr  t  lU-r 
cih'onirin's.  Tbote,  t.  6*^. 

eOI^ON-N.ADE',  n.  [It.  cnlnnnala,  from  colonna,  a 
column;       colanata  ;  I'r.  colonnade.    See  Column.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  series  or  range  of  coliiiiins, 
placed  at  regular  intervals.   Bnddrr's  Diet.  Jlddison. 

2.  .Any  series  or  range  of  columns.  When  dis- 
posed in  a  circle,  or  when  surrounding  a  building 
of  any  shape,  they  are  callt'd  a  peri.itylc ;  when  the 
rows  of  columns  are  double  or  more,  they  form 
a  poltjsttde.  Pope. 

eol/O-iN'Y,  n.    [L.  colonia,  from  eolo,  to  cultivate.] 

1.  A  company  or  body  of  people  transplanted  from 
their  mother  Country  to  a  remote  province  or  coun- 
try, 10  cultivate  and  inhabit  it,  and  remaining  subject 
to  the  jiirisdiclion  of  the  parent  .state  ;  as,  the  liritish 
cotvnir^  ill  .America,  or  the  Indies;  the  Spanish  colo- 
nies in  Soiilli  America.  When  such  settlements, 
in  later  times,  cease  to  be  subject  to  the  parent  state, 
they  are  no  longer  denominated  colonics. 

The  first  BTUlrn  of  Srw  Knj;I.inil  werr  the  best  of  En^lUhrnen, 
w.-U-o^liicatetl,  ilfvoilt  Chri»Unil.  ana  Z'-aloun  luvt-rs  of  lib- 
(rly.    Ther«  was  never  a  coloni/  lonned  of  better  materials. 

Amta. 

2.  The  coiintr>'  planted  or  colonized  ;  a  plantation  ; 
also,  the  iKMly  of  iiihabit;iiiLs  in  a  territory  colonized, 
iiieliiiliiig  the  descendants  of  the  first  planters.  The 
people,  thoimh  born  in  the  territory,  retain  the  name 
of  colonutLi,  till  they  cease  to  be  subjects  of  the  pa- 
rent st.'tte. 

3.  A  collection  of  animals ;  as,  colonics  of  shcU- 
fi.sh.  Kncijc 

€OI,'0-PIIA-NY.    Sec  Colophonv. 

eOL'O-PHON,  n.  An  inscription  on  tlie  last  page  of 
a  book,  before  title-pages  were  used,  containing  the 
place  or  year,  or  both,  of  iu  publication,  the  print- 
er's name,  tc.    The  word  is  derived  fr  a  Greek 


proverb  respecting  the  people  of  Colophon,  in  Ionia 
that  they  always  came  liiiideriiiost. 

Brande.  fVarton 
eOL'O-PIION-ITE,  n.    [Supra,  from  the  city,  or  iU 
resin  color.] 

A  variety  of  garnet,  of  a  resinous  fracture,  and  a 
reddish  yellow  or  brown  color,  occurring  in  small, 
amorphous,  granular  ina.sses.         Dirt.  A'u(.  Il1.1t. 
€OL,'0-PIIO-NY,  «.     lilack  rosin  ;  the  dark -colored 
resin  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  liirpeiitiiie. 

Brande, 

It  is  so  named  from  Colophon,  in  Ionia,  whence 
the  best  was  formerly  brought.  The  spelling  Cdlo- 
piiANv,  given  by  Uic,  seems,  therefore,  to  be  erro- 
neous. 

eOL-O-aUINT'I-DA,  n.   [Gr.  koXokwQh  ;  L.  eoloetpi- 

Uiis.) 

The  colocynth,  or  bitter  ttppic,  the  fruit  of  a  plant 
of  the  genus  Ciicnniis,  a  native  of  Syria  ami  tif 
Crete.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  small  orange,  conlaiiiing 
a  pulp  which  is  violently  purgative,  but  soiiietiiiies 
useful  as  a  medicine.  Chambers. 
eOI.'Olt,  (kul'liir,)  n.  [L.  color;  It.  colore;  Sp.  Port. 
color;  Fr.  cou/ei/r.] 

1.  In  physics,  a  property  inherent  in  light,  which, 
by  a  ditiereiicc  in  theniys  and  the  laws  of  refraction, 
or  some  other  cause,  gives  to  bodies  particular  ap- 
pearances to  the  eye.  The  principal  colors  are  red, 
oninge,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  and  violet. 
White  is  not  properly  a  color;  as  a  white  body  re- 
flects the  rays  of  light  without  separating  tlieiii. 
Black  btidies,  on  the  ctnitrary,  absorb  all  the  rays,  or 
nearly  all,  and  therefore  black  is  no  distinct  color. 
But  ill  common  discourse,  vihitc  and  black  are  de- 
nominateil  colors  ;  and  all  the  colors  admit  of  many 
sliaili;s  of  ditferencc. 

2.  Appearance  of  a  body  to  the  eye,  or  a  quality 
of  sensation,  caused  by  Ilie  rays  of  light ;  hue  ;  dye  ; 
£is  the  color  of  gold,  or  of  indigo. 

3.  .A  red  color ;  the  freshness  or  appearance  of 
blood  in  the  face. 

My  cKeeia  no  loncfr  tlitl  their  color  boast.  Drydtn. 

4.  Appearance  to  the  mind  ;  as,  prejudice  puts  a 
false  color  uptin  objects. 

5.  Su|)erficial  cover  ;  palliation  ;  that  which  survci 
to  give  ail  appearance  of  rigiit ;  as,  their  sin  ailiiiit- 
ted  no  color  or  excuse.  ^'ug  Cburles. 

I").  External  appearance  ;  false  show  ;  pretense  ; 
guise. 

Under  llie  color  of commeiidinj  iJin, 

1  have  acc'ss  my  owu  love  to  pilfer.  Shak. 

[See  .^ets  x.\vii.  30.] 

7.  Kind  ;  species  ;  character  ;  complexion. 


8.  That  which  is  used  for  coloring;  paint  :  as  red 
lead,  ocher,  orpimeiit,  eiiiiiaiiar,  or  vermilion,  &c. 

9.  Colors,  with  a  plural  temiination,  in  the  mili- 
tary art,  a  liag,  ensign,  or  standard,  borne  in  an  army 
or  ileet.    [See  Flao.] 

ID.  In  lam,  color,  in  pleading,  is  when  the  defendant, 
in  assize  or  tresjiass,  gives  to  the  plaintilf  a  color  or 
appearance  of  title,  by  stating  his  title  specially ; 
thus  removing  tlie  cause  t'roni  the  jury  to  the  court. 

Black.stune. 

ff'afer  colors,  are  such  as  are  used  in  (minting  with- 
out being  mixed  with  oil.  Eneye. 
eOL'OR,  (kul'lur,)  v.  L  To  change  or  alter  the  exter- 
nal appearance  of  a  body  or  substance  ;  to  dye  ;  to 
tinge  ;  to  paint ;  to  stain  ;  as,  to  color  cloth.  Gen- 
erally, to  color  is  to  change  from  white  to  some  other 
color. 

2.  To  give  a  specious  appearance  ;  to  set  in  a  fair 
light ;  to  palliate ;  to  excuse. 

He  colors  the  falsehottd  of  ALieas  by  au  express  command  of 
Jupiter  to  fontilti;  :he  queifn.  Hn/den. 

3.  To  make  plausible  ;  to  exaggerate  in  representa- 
tion, .'iddison. 

To  color  a  slranirtr's  goods,  is  when  a  freeman  al- 
lows a  foreigner  to  enter  goods  at  the  custom-house 
in  his  name,  to  avoid  the  alien's  duty. 

COL'OR,  T.  i.  To  turn  red  ;  to  have  cidor  come  into 
the  cheeks  from  embarrassment,  anger,  4ic. 

eOL'OR-A-BLE,  a.  Designed  to  cover  or  conceal  ; 
specious;  plausible;  giving  an  ap|>earancc  of  right 
or  justice  ;  as,  a  colorable  pretense  ;  a  colorable  ex- 
cuse. Spciuser.  Hooker, 

eOL'OR-A-BLE-XESS,  n.  Speciousness ;  plausible- 
iiess. 

eOI.'OR-A-BLY,  arfii.   Speciously;  plausibly;  with  a 

fair  external  appearance.  Bacon. 
eOL'OR-ATE,  a.    [L.  eoloratus,  from  coloro,ta  color.] 
Colored;  dyed,  or  tinged  with  some  color.  [LH- 
tie  used.]  Ray, 
eOI^OR-.X'TIO.V,  (kiil-Iur-i'shtin,)  n.    [L.  eoloro.J 
The  art  or  practice  of  coloring,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing colored.  Bacon, 
eOL'OR-A-TlIKE,  n.    In  mujiir,  all  manner  of  varia- 
tions, trUls,  &.C.,  intended  to  make  a  song  agreeable. 

Encyc, 

eOI.'OR-ED,  (kul'liird,)  pp,  or  a.  Having  tiie  exter- 
nal appearance  changed  ;  dyed  ;  tinged  ;  jiainted  or 
stained. 


TONE,  BULL,  U.MTE.  — A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


COL 


COM 


2.  PIroakcd  ;  striped  ;  having  n  diversity  (if  lines. 

:).  Having  a  speciiiiis  appearance.  [Bucuit. 

Cloriii  people ;   black  people,  Africans  or  their 
<lesceii(l:ints,  mixed  or  unniixed. 
C0L-1)1MF'!€,  (kul'liir-,)  a.    [culnr,  and  L.  fado.'\ 

Thai  has  the  ipiality  of  tinging  ;  able  to  ^'\ve  color 
or  tint  to  other  bodies.  Kirwan. 
eOL'OU-IN'G,  ppr.  or  <!.    Dyeing;  staining;  tinging. 

2.  Giving  a  fair  external  appearance  ;  palliating  ; 
excusing. 

eOL'OR-ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  giving  a  color; 
the  state  rf  being  colored  ;  color. 

2.  \  specious  appearance  ;  fair  artificial  represen- 
tation ;  as,  the  story  has  a  coloring  of  truth. 

3.  Among  palmers.  \\\e  manner  of  applying  colors, 
or  the  mixture  of  ligiit  and  shade  formed  by  the  va- 
rious colors  employed. 

€OL'OR-1ST,  71.  [Supra.]  One  who  colors  ;  a  painter 
wlio excels  in  giving  the  proper  colors  to  his  designs. 

Drijden. 

eOI/OR-LESS,  o.  [Supra.]  Destitute  of  color;  not 
distinguished  by  any  hue  ;  transparent;  as,  colorless 
\%';Uer,  glass,  or  gas.  JSTeioton, 

GO  LOS'SAL,     la.    [Sec  Colossus.]    Like  a  colos- 

€01.-0S-!?r:'.\X,  i     sus  ;  very  large  ;  huge  ;  gigantic. 

eOI.-OS-Sl'c'L'.M,  71.  The  name  given  to  the  largest 
amphitheater  in  the  world,  that  of  Vespasian  ;  also 
written  Coliseitm. 

eO-LOS'SUS,  71.  [L.  and  Gr.]  A  statue  of  a  gigan- 
tic size.  The  most  remarkable  colossus  of  anticpiity 
was  one  at  Rhodes,  a  statue  of  Apollo,  so  high  that 
it  is  said  ships  might  sail  between  its  legs. 

eO-LOS'Sb'S-WlSE,  lulv.  In  the  manner  of  a  co- 
lossus. Shale. 

eOL'Pf)RT-.\GE,  77.  The  system  of  distributing  tracts, 
&r.,  by  colporteurs. 

eOL'PdHT-EUR,  )  71.    [Fr.  colporteur,  a  carrier  on  his 

eOL'PoKT-EU,    (  neck.] 

Litcrul/ii,  a  peddler  ;  but  in  recent  usage,  one  who 
travels  for  the  sale  and  distribution  of  religious 
tracts  and  books. 

eOL'S'l'AFF,  K.  A  staff  for  carrj'ing  burdens  by  two 
pei-sons  on  their  shoulders,  [/.uca/.] 

eoLT,  71.    [Sax.  coit.] 

1.  The  young  of  the  equine  genus  of  animals,  or 
horse  kind.  In  America,  colt  is  equally  applied  to 
tlie  male  or  female,  and  this  is  unquestionably  cor- 
rect. The  male  is  called  a  horse-coll,  and  the  female 
is  called  a  filly. 

2.  A  young,  foolish  fellow  ;  a  person  without  expe- 
rience or  stability.  Shah. 

€oLr,  t!.  7.  To  frisk,  riot,  or  frolic,  like  a  colt ;  to  be 
licentious.    [Aot  iiscrf.]  Spenser. 

eoLT,  V.  t.    To  befool.    [JVyf  useil.']  Shale. 

€oLT'S'-FOOT,  n.  The  popular  name  of  Tussilago 
Farfara,  a  plant  whose  leaves  were  once  much  em- 
ployed in  medicine.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a 
species  of  Cacalia.  Fain,  of  Plants. 

eoLT'S'-TOOTH,  71.    An  imiierfect  or  superfluous 
tooth  in  young  horses.  Johnson. 
2.  A  love  of  youthful  pleasure.   [LiUlc  vsed.] 
Well  sai.l,  l.or.l  S.uids: 

Your  colt's-tooth  is  iiol  yet  cwt.  Sltalt. 

€oLT'ER,  71.  [L.  cuUer,  a  colter  or  knife  ;  that  is, 
the  cutter;  Fr.  coutre ;  It.  coltro  ;  W.  cijlltauir  ;  D. 
kouter  i  G,  kolter.] 

The  fore  iron  of  a  plow,  with  a  sharp  edge,  that 
cuts  the  earth  or  sod. 

eOLT'ISU,  a.    Like  a  colt;  wanton;  frisky;  gay. 

eOL't'-HER,  71.  [L.,  a  serpent  or  adder.]  [Chaucer. 
In  -.oohgii,  u  genus  of  serpents.  Linuffius  placed 
under  this  genus  all  serpents,  whether  venomous  or 
not,  whose  scales  beneath  the  tail  are  arranged  in 
pairs ;  but  Cuvier  and  later  authors  restrict  it  to 
those  having  transverse  plates  on  the  belly,  the 
plates  under  the  tail  forming  a  double  row,  a  Hat- 
lened  head,  with  nine  larger  plates,  teeth  almost 
equal,  and  no  poison  fangs.  P.  Cijc. 

eOL'tJ-BRINE,  a.    [L.  colubriniL':.] 

Relating  to  the  coluber,  or  to  serpents  ;  cunning  ; 
crafty.    [Utile  used.]  Johnson. 

eOL'lJM-BA-RY,  71.    [L.  columbarium,  from  coluniba, 
a  pigeon ;  \V.  culomcn ;   Ir.  colni  or  colam ;  Arm. 
c»«(i;i ;  Russ.  golub,  a  pigeon  or  dove.    In  Russ. 
gotubei  signifies,  of  a  sky-blue  azure.] 
A  doveM:ot ;  a  pigeon-house. 

eO-LU.M'nATE,  71.  A  salt  or  compound  of  columbic 
acid  with  a  base. 

eO-LU.M'HI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  United  States, 
or  to  America,  discovered  by  Columbus. 

€0-LL'.M'BIC',  a.  Pertaining  to  coluinbium  ;  as,  co- 
lumhir.  acid. 

eOL  ir.M-BIF'ER-OUS,  a.  Producing  or  containing 
coluinbium.  Phillips. 

eOL'U.M-lilNE,  0.  Like,  or  pertaining  to,  a  pigeon 
or  dove  ;  fif  a  dove  color,  or  like  the  neck  of  a  dove. 

eOL'UM-BI.N'E,  n.    [L.  colunibina.] 

1.  'J'lic  pupiiinr  name  of  Acpiilegia,  u  genus  of 
plants  of  several  upccies.  The  Thalictriiin,  or 
meadow-rue,  is  also  called  featlierefl  columhinr. 

2.  The  heroine  in  paiitoniiine  entertainments. 

i^C  71 71171^. 

The  name  of  the  niiHtress  of  Harlcipiin  in  our 
pantomimes.  Todd^s  Johnson. 


[Colombina  is,  in  Italian,  a  diminutive  term  of  en- 
dearnieiit,  "  pretty  little  dove,"  (Plant.  Cas.  1,  50, 
"  Mens  iiiillus  passer,  mra  coluniba,  mi  lepiis  ;  " 
Asin.  3,3,  1(13,  "  Die  igitiir  ine  auaticulain,  culuiiibani, 
vel  catelhini,  Hiriiiidiueiii,  iiHinediilam,  passerouluin, 
putillum  ;  ")and  it  di'uotes,  in  old  Italian  comedy,  the 
name  of  a  maid-servant,  who  is  a  perfect  co(pielte,  in 
which  respect  the  character  familiar  to  our  English 
stage  varies  from  the  prototype.  —  E.  H.  B.] 

eO-LU.M'BlTE,  71.    The  ore  of  columbium. 

€0-LU.M'BI-U.M,  71.    [from  Columbia,  America.] 

A  metal  first  discovered  in  an  ore  or  oxyd,  found 
in  Connecticut,  at  New  London,  near  the  house  of 
Governor  Wintlirop,  and  by  him  transmittecr  to  Sir 
Hans  Sloane,  by  whom  it  was  deposited  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.  The  same  metal  was  afterward  dis- 
covered in  Sweden,  and  called  tantalum,  and  its  ore 
tantalite.  Cleaveland. 

eO-LUM'BO.    See  Calumda. 

eOL-U-JlEL'LA,  71.    In  botany,  the  central  column  in 
a  capsule,  taking  its  rise  from  the  receptacle,  and 
having  the  seeds  fixed  to  it  all  round.  Martyn. 
The  axis  of  the  fruit.  Linillcy. 
2.  In  concholngy,  the  ujiright  pillar  in  the  center  of 
most  of  the  univalve  shells.  Humble. 

eOL'U.MN,  (kol'lum,)  n.  [L.  cohunna,  columen;  W. 
colov,  a  stalk  or  stem,  a  prop  ;  culovyn,  a  colunin  ;  Ir. 
colbh,  a  stalk,  a  column  ;  Ann.  enuhuenn ;  Fr.  colonne; 
It.  colonna ;  Sp.  columna ;  Port,  coluinna,  or  coluna. 
This  word  is  from  the  Celtic,  signifying  the  stem  of  a 
tree,  such  stems  being  the  first  cciliiniiis  used.  The 
primary  sense  is  a  shoot,  or  that  which  is  set.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  long,  round  body  of  wood  or 
stone,  used  to  support  or  adorn  a  building,  composed 
of  a  base,  a  shaft,  and  a  capital.  'J'he  shaft  tapers 
from  the  base,  in  imitation  of  the  stem  of  a  tree. 
There  are  five  kinds  or  orders  of  columns.  1.  The 
Tuscan,  rude,  sinqile,  and  massy  ;  the  jiiglit  of  which 
is  fourteen  senii-diameters  or  modules,  and  the  diiiii- 
niititm  at  the  top  from  one  sixth  to  one  eighth  of  the 
inferior  diameter.  S.  The  Doric,  which  is  next  in 
strength  to  the  Tuscan,  has  a  robust,  masculine  as- 
pect; its  higlit  is  sixteen  modules.  3.  Tlie  Ionic  is 
more  slender  than  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  ;  its  hight  is 
eighteen  modules.'  4.  The  Corinthian  is  more  deli- 
cate in  its  form  and  proportions,  and  enriched  with 
ornaments  ;  its  hight  should  be  twenty  modules. 
5.  The  Composite  is  a  species  of  the  Corinthian,  and 
of  the  same  higbl.  Encyc. 

In  strictness,  the  shaft  of  a  column  consists  of  (>ne 
entire  piece;  but  it  is  often  composed  of  different 
pieces,  so  united  as  to  have  the  appearance  of  one 
entire  piece.  It  differs,  in  this  respect,  from  a  pillar, 
which  primarily  signifies  a  pile,  composed  of  small 
piecss.  But  the  two  things  are  unfortunately  con- 
founded ;  and  a  column,  consisting  of  a  single  piece 
of  timber,  is  called  a  pillar,  or  pile. 

2.  All  erect  or  elevated  structure,  resembling  a  col- 
umn in  architecture  ;  as,  the  astronomical  column  at 
Paris,  a  kind  of  hollow  tower,  with  a  spiral  ascent  to 
the  top;  gnomonic  column,  a  cylinder  on  which  the 
hour  of  the  day  is  indicated  by  the  shadow  of  a  style  ; 
military  column,  among  the  Komans  ;  triuniplial  col- 
umn, &c. 

3.  Any  body  pressing  perpendicularly  on  its  base, 
and  of  the  same  diameter  as  its  base ;  as,  a  colunin  of 
water,  air,  or  mercury. 

4.  In  the  military  art,  a  large  body  of  troops  drawn 
up  in  deep  files,  with  a  narrow  front ;  as,  a  solid  col- 
umn. So,  also,  numbers  of  ships  in  a  fleet  following 
each  other  in  order. 

fj.  Among  printers,  a  division  of  a  page  ;  a  perpen- 
dicular set  of  lines  separated  from  another  set  by  a 
line  or  blank  space.  In  manuscript  books  and  pa- 
pers, any  separate  perpendicular  line  or  row  of  words 
or  figures.  A  page  may  contain  two  or  more  columns  ; 
and,  in  arithmetic,  many  columns  of  figures  may  be 
added. 

e.  In  botany,  the  aggregate  stamen  of  a  plant  when 
the  filaments  are  united  into  a  tube  around  the  styles, 
as  in  the  Malvaceous  plants,  which  have  been  called 
Columniferee,  i.  e.,  column-bearers.  The  united  sta- 
mens and  -styles  of  the  plants  of  which  the  genus 
Orchis  is  the  type,  is  called  a  column. 
eO-LUM'NAl{,  a.  Formed  in  columns  ;  having  the 
form  of  columns  ;  like  the  shall  of  a  column  ;  as,  co- 
lumnar spar. 

eOL'UMN-KD,  (kol'umd,)  a.    Having  columns. 

eO-LORE',  71.  [Gr.  koXudo  /j  ;  KoXof,  mutilated,  and 
o'loa,  a  tail ;  so  named  because  a  part  is  always  be- 
neath the  horizon.] 

In  astronomy  and  gcoirraphy,  the  colurcs  are  two 
great  circles,  supposed  to  intersect  each  other  at  right 
angles,  in  the  poles  of  the  world,  one  of  them  pass- 
ing through  the  solstitial  and  the  other  through  the 
equinoctial  points  of  the  ecIi|)liCj  viz..  Cancer  and 
Capricorn,  Aries  and  Libra,  dividing  the  ecliptic  into 
four  equal  parts.  The  points  where  these  lines  in- 
tersect the  ecliptic  are  called  cardinal  points.  Barlow. 

eOL'/A,  71.  A  variety  of  cabbage  whose  seeds  all'ord 
an  oil  used  in  laln|>s.  Ure. 

eO.M,  in  c(mip()sition,  as  a  prefix,  Ir.  comh,  or  coimh,  VV. 
f  1/771  or  cyt),  L.  com  or  cum,  denotes  with,  to,  or  against. 

eO'MA,  71.    [Gr.  KJ;ia,  lethari;y.] 


Lethargy;  dozing:  a  preternatural  pro))ensity  to 
sleep  ;  a  kind  of  -stupor  of  diseased  persons.  Coxe. 
CO'AIA,  71.    [L.,  from  Gr.  Kopri,  a  head  of  hair.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  species  of  bract,  terminating  the 
stem  of  a  plant,  in  a  tuft  or  bush  ;  as  in  Crown-im- 
perial. Martyn. 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  envelope  of  a  comet ;  a  dense 
nebulous  covering,  which  surrounds  the  nucleus,  or 
body  of  a  comet. 

Co'M.'iRT,  71.  [con  and  mart.]  A  treaty;  article; 
agreement.    [Ubs.]  Shak. 

GO'iM-^TE,  0.  [L.  co/iiafiis,  from  coma ;  Ir.  riam/i,  ciuWi.] 
Hairy  ;  encoinj)assed  with  a  coma,  or  bushy  appear- 
ance, like  hair.  Shak. 

Co'.MaTE,  71.  [co  and  mate.]  A  fellow-mate  or  com- 
panion. _  Shak. 

eo'MA-ToSE,  )  a.  [See  Coma.]  Preternaturally  dis- 

CO'MA-TOUS,  i  posed  to  sleep;  drowsy;  diizing, 
without  natural  sleep  ;  lethargic.        Coze.  Grew. 

eS.MB,  (koiiie,)  71.  [Sa.x.]  A  valley  between  hills  or 
niuuiitains.    [Local.]  Brown. 

eO-MB,  (kome,)  71.  [Sax.  camb,  a  comb  ;  cembun,  to 
comb;  G.  kamm;  D.kam;  Sw.  kamm  ;  Dan.  kam,  ^ 
comb  ;  Ir.  ciomaim,  to  coinb  or  card.  Qu.  L.  como,  to 
dress,  trim,  or  comb,  which  seems  to  be  allied  to  the 
Gr.  Mi/iii  f.  But  the  noun  may  be  the  radical  word 
in  our  language,  and  from  scratching,  scraping ;  Eth. 


1^0 


gamra,  to  shave  or  scrape.] 

1.  An  instrument,  with  teeth,  for  separating,  cleans- 
ing, and  adjusting  hair,  wool,  or  flax.  Also,  an  in- 
strument of  h  'rn  or  shell,  for  keeping  the  hair  in  its 
place  when  dressed. 

2.  The  crest,  canincle,  or  red,  fleshy  tuft,  glowing 
on  a  cock's  head  ;  so  called  from  its  indentures,  which 
resemble  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

3.  The  substance  in  which  bees  lodge  their  honey, 
in  small,  liexuguiial  cells. 

4.  A  dry  measure  of  four  bushels;  properly  Coomb. 
[^N'ot  used  in  the  United  States.] 

CO.MB,  V.  I.  To  separate,  disentangle,  cleanse,  and 
adjust,  with  a  comb  ;  as,  to  comb  hair  ;  or  to  separate, 
cleanse,  and  lay  smoi  th  and  straight;  as,  to  comb 
wool. 

GoMB,  V.  i.    In  the  language  of  seamen,  to  roll  over,  as 

the  top  of  a  wave  ;  or  to  break  with  a  white  foam. 

^Clii.  Sp.  combur,  to  bend,  or  from  the  English  comb.] 
Go.MB'-BiKU,  (koiiie'burd,)  71.    A  gallinaceous  fowl 

of  .■\frica,  of  the  size  of  a  turkey-cock. 
Co.MB'-BRUSII,  71.    A  brush  to  clean  combs. 
Go.MB'-MaK-ER,  71.    One  whose  occupation  is  to 

niake  combs. 

Go.MB'-.MaK-ING,  71.  The  art  or  business  of  making 
combs. 

GO.M'BAT,  ti.  1.  [Fr.  combatire,  com  and  battre,  to  beat 
with  or  against;  It.  combiUterc ;  Sp.  combatir ;  Port. 
combater  ;  Arm.  combadti  or  conibatein.    See  Beat.] 

1.  To  fight ;  to  struggle  or  contend  with  an  op- 
posing force. 

Pardon  me  ;  I  will  not  combat  in  my  shirt.  Shak. 
This  word  is  particularly  used  to  denote  private 
contest,  or  the  fighting  of  two  persons  in  a  duel ;  but 
it  is  used  in  a  general  sense  for  the  contention  of 
bodies  of  men,  nations,  armies,  or  any  species  of  an- 
imals. 

Aflcr  the  full  of  (he  republic,  the  Romans  combated  only  (or  Uie 
ctioicc  of  mnjtcrs.  Gibbon. 

2.  To  act  in  opposition.  Jllilton. 
It  is  followed  by  with  before  the  person,  and  for 

before  the  tiling  sought ;  as,  A  combats  with  B  for  his 
right. 

GO.M'B.\T,  r.  t.  To  fight  with  ;  to  oppose  by  force; 
as,  to  combat  an  antagonist. 

2.  To  contend  against ;  to  oppose;  to  resist ;  as,  to 
combat  arguments  or  opinions. 

GOM'BAT,  71.  A  fighting  ;  a  struggling  to  resist,  over- 
throw, or  comiuer ;  contest  by  force ;  engagement ; 
battle  ;  as,  the  combat  of  armies. 

2.  A  duel ;  a  fighting  between  two  men  ;  formerly, 
a  formal  trial  of  a  doubtful  cau.se,  or  decision  of  a 
controversy  between  two  persons  by  swords  or  batons. 

eOiM-BAT'A-HLE,  a.  That  may  be  disjiuted  or  op- 
posed. 

GO.M'BAT-.\NT,a.  Contending ;  disposed  to  contend. 

B.  Jonson, 

CO.M'BAT-ANT,  71.  .\  person  who  combats;  any  per- 
son who  fights  with  another,  or  in  an  army,  or  fleet. 

2.  A  duelist ;  one  who  fights  or  contends  in  battle, 
for  the  decision  of  a  private  quarrel  or  diflfereiice ;  a 
champion. 

3.  A  person  who  contends  with  another  in  argu- 
ment or  controversy. 

GO.M'BA'l'-ED,  ;i;7.    Opposed  ;  resisted.  Locke. 
GOM'BAT-ER,  11.   One  who  fights  or  contends. 

Sherwood. 

GOM'BAT-ING,;>;)r.  Striving  to  resist ;  fighting;  op- 
posing by  fiirce  or  by  argument. 

GO.M-BAT'IVE,  a.    Disposed  to  combat. 

GOM-BAT'IVE-NESS,  71.  Ainonft  phrenologists,  nn 
organ  which  predisposes  a  person  to  fight ;  disjwsitiou 
to  contend. 

GOMU'/CD,  (kamd,)  ;)p.  or  a.  Separated,  cleaned,  or 
dressed  with  a  comb. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MfiTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  .MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
3S6 


COM 


C  0-M 


COM 


eOMU'lIU,  (kOiii'i  r,)  ;i.    One  who  combs  ;  one  whose 

ornip'itum  is  to  conili  wool,  &c. 
eOM'lilCU,  (kiiin'her,)  ii.    Eiiciinibrrince.   [JVot  h.w/.] 
e<).M'l!i;it,  n.    A  hm;;,  slenilcr  fish,  with  a  red  back, 

t'ound  in  Cornwall,  England. 
eoM-UIN'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  combining. 

ClitsterficU. 

eOM-BIN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  combin- 
ablK. 

eO.M'llI-NATE,  /I.  [See  CoMniM.-.]  Espoiiscd  ;  be- 
trothed.   [JVu«  H.W.J  Shak. 

eo.M-lil-.VA'TION,  ?i.  [Fr.  coniliinaison.  Pec  Com- 
niNE.]  In  general,  close  union  or  connection, 
lience, 

1.  Intimate  union,  or  association  of  two  or  more 
persons  or  thinRs,  by  set  purpose,  or  ajrecnicnt,  for 
elfictinR  some  object,  by  joint  operation  ;  in  a  aond 
sense,  when  the  object  is  laudable  ;  in  an  ill  seiu^e, 
when  it  is  illecal  or  iniquitous.  When  the  word 
stands  by  itself,  it  is  conmionly  taken  in  a  bad 
sense  ;  as,  combinaJions  have  been  formed  anions  tlie 
people,  it  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  leaarne,  or  to 
conspiracy.  We  say,  a  combinatiun  of  men  to  over- 
throw government,  or  a  combination  to  resist  op- 
pression. 

2.  An  assemblage  ;  union  of  particulars  ;  as,  a 
combination  of  circumstances. 

3.  Connnixture  ;  union  of  bodies  or  qualities  in  a 
mass  or  compound  ;  as,  to  make  new  conipounils  by 
new  combinations.  Boyle. 

4.  Chemical  union  ;  union  by  affinity. 

i\lix  iirv  ncui  ui  larinr  wim  tiry  ciirUjimle  of  potnah  ;  no  comtA' 
'tohon  will  eii3Utf,  till  WAler  U  mUlcil.  Henry. 

5.  In  mnthemattc.1,  the  term  combinations  denotes 
the  dilTcrenl  collections  that  may  be  formed  out  of  a 
given  number  of  things,  taken  a  certain  number  at  a 
time,  w  ithout  regard  to  the  oruer  in  wnirh  they  are 
arranged;  and  are  thus  distinguished  from  pcrmiiM- 
tions,  or  changes,  which  have  reference  to  the  order 
in  which  the'sevenil  quantities  may  be  arranged. 

Bartow. 

(i.  Combination  room ;  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, Eng.,  a  room  into  which  the  fellows  withdraw 
after  dinn-r,  for  wine,  dessert,  and  conversation. 
eO.M-l!I.\'I",  V.  t.  [Fr.  combiner:  It.  combinare;  Sp. 
combinar ;  from  the  Low  Latin  coinbino,  of  com  and 
binus,  two  and  two,  or  double.] 

1.  To  unite  or  join  two  or  more  tilings  ;  to  link 
closely  together. 

FrieiiilBliip  combinea  ihe  hearts  of  men.  .Anon. 

2.  To  azrce ;  to  accord  ;  to  settle  by  compact. 
[JVuf  usual  ]  Skak. 

X  To  join  words  or  ideas  together;  opposed  to 
analyze.  Jolin.ion. 

4.  To  cause  to  unite  ;  to  bring  into  union  or  con- 
federacy. 


K.i 


>nc*»  of  revolnlionfffj"  Franco  iu^t-bined  Ihe  powers  of 

ope  ill  oppoiiiiull.' 


eOM-BINE',  V.  i.  To  unite,  agree,  or  coalesce;  as, 
honor  and  polity  combine  to  justify  the  measure. 

2.  To  unite  in  friendship  or  design ;  to  league  to- 
gether. 

You  Willi  yotir  foes  combine.  Dryden. 

3.  To  unite  by  aflinity,  or  natural  attraction. 

Two  ■iih«f.iiic'>>  which  will  nol  coi.  btne  of  ihcins-lvrs,  inny 
bo  ni.uli;  to  corii^iw  by  the  iiuer^entioii  uf  a  third. 

4.  To  confe-lemte ;  to  unite  as  nations ;  as,  the 
powers  of  Europe  combined  acainst  France. 

eO.M-BI\'f;0,  (koiu  bind')  ]ip.  or  a.  United  close 
ly  ;  associated  ;  leagued  ;  confederated  ;  chemically 
-united. 

eOM-ni.V'ER,  B.    He  or  that  which  combines. 

efi.M  B'l.N'n,  (kom'ing,)  ppr.  Separating  and  adjusting 
hair,  wool,  &c.  by  means  of  a  comb. 

€OMn'I.N'f;,  n.  Borrowed  hair  combed  over  a  bald 
part  of  Ihe  head.    [Local.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

eO.M-BI.\'l.\G,  p/ir.  or  a.  Uniting  closely  ;  joining  in 
purpose  i  confederating;  uniting  by  chemical  aHiuity. 

COMB'LBSS,  a.  Without  a  comb  or  crest;  as, 'a 
comblejs  cock.  Sliak. 

eO.M-llUST',  a.    [L.  eombiuitus,  comburo.] 

When  a  planet  is  in  conjunction  with  the  sun,  or 
apparently  very  near  it,  it  is  said  lo  be  com*ii.<(,  or 
in  combustion  ;  an  old  mathematical  term  now  dis- 
used. 

eO.M-BUST'I-RLE,  a.  [Fr.  combuHibU ;  Sp.id. ;  from 
L.  coniburo,  combiLstum.] 

That  will  lake  fire  and  burn  ;  capable  of  catching 
fire  ;  thus,  wihkI  and  coal  arc  combustible  bodies. 

eOM-BUST'I-BLE,  n.  A  substance  that  will  take 
fire  and  burn  ;  a  body  which,  in  its  rapid  union  with 
ollirrs,  disengates  heat  and  light.  Ure. 

€O.M-BL'ST'l-BI,E-i\E.SS,  (  n.    The  quality  of  taking 

eOM  BIIST-I-BIL'I-TY,  \  fire  and  burning  ;  the 
quality  of  a  substance  which  admits  the  action  of 
fire  upim  it ;  cap.acily  of  being  burnt.  Ijiroi.^ier. 

2.  The  quality  of  throwing  out  hi^at  and  light,  in 
the  rapid  combination  of  its  substance  with  another 
bod  v.  Ure. 

eOM-BUS'TION,  {kom-bust'yun,)  n.  [Low  L.  com- 
bastio.    See  CnMRi-sT.] 

1.  The  o|>«ration  of  fire  on  inflammable  substances  ; 


or,  according  to  niodurn  clieniistry.  the  union  of  an 
inllamiiialdc  substance  with  oxygen,  attended  with 
light,  and  in  most  instances  witji  lie.it.  In  the  com- 
bustion of  a  substance,  heat  or  caloric  is  disengaged, 
and  oxygen  is  absorbeil.  Laroisitr. 

This  theory  of  Lavoisier  being  found  soniewli.it 
defective,  the  following  definition  is  given.  Com- 
bustion is  the  disengagementof  heat  and  light  which 
accompanies  chemical  combination.  Ure. 
Combustion  cult  not  he  n'giirileii  ns  dependent  on  nny  p<'culi,ir 
principle  or  form  of  intim-r,  but  must  bo  consiilTcil  :»»  a 
general  rcsnlt  of  Intense  chenildil  nclioii.  Brandt. 

G.  In  popular  languat;c,  a  burning  ;  the  process  or 
action  of  file  in  consuming  a  body,  attended  with 
heat,  or  heat  and  tlaine  ;  as,  the  combustion  of  wood 
or  coal. 

3.  Conflagration  ;  a  great  fire.  Hence,  from  the 
violent  agitation  of  fire  or  flame, 

4.  Tuiniilt  ;  violent  agitation  with  hurry  and 
noise  ;  confusion  ;  uproar. 

Hooker.    Jiflton.  Dryden. 
€OM-BUST'IVE,  a.    Disposed  to  take  fire. 
eOME,  (kum,)  I',  i. ,'  pret.  Came;  part.  Come.  [Sax. 

cuman,  or  cwimun  ;  Goth,  cwiman,  pret.  cioom  ;  D. 

koomen,  pret.  kwum  :  G.  kommcn  ;  Sw.  komma  ;  Dan. 

kommer,  to  come.    Ciu.  W.  cam,  Ir.  ccim,  a  step. 

And  qu.  the  Ar.  ^\!s  kauma;  Heb.  Oh.  Dip  to  rise, 

or  stand  erect ;  to  set  or  establish  ;  to  subsist,  con- 
sist, remain  ;  to  rectify,  or  set  in  order ;  and  in 
Arabic,  to  be  thick,  .stilf,  or  congftuled.  The  senses 
of  the  words  appear  lo  lie  very  diflerent  ;  but  we  use 
ciiiiie  in  the  sense  of  rising  or  springing,  applied  to 
corn  ;  the  corn  corner  or  comes  up,  G.  krimcn.  So  the 
butter  comes,  when  it  separates  from  the  wlu  y  and 

becomes  thick  or  stilf    Anil  is  mil  our  ci  noil  use 

of  come,  when  we  invite  anoiner  io  begin  some  act. 
or  to  move,  equivalent  to  rise,  being  originally 
directed  to  persons  sitting  or  reclining,  in  the  Ori- 
ental manner Coming  implies  moving,  driving, 
shooting  along,  and  so  we  use  set;  we  say,  to  set 
forward;  the  tide  sets  northerly.] 

1.  To  move  toward  ;  to  advance  nearer,  in  nny 
manner,  and  from  any  distance.  We  say,  the  men 
come  this  way,  whether  riding  or  on  foot ;  the  wind 
comes  from  the  west ;  the  ship  comes  with  a  fine 
breeze  ;  light  comes  from  the  siin.  It  is  applicable, 
perhaps,  to  every  thing  susceptible  of  motion,  and  is 
0[)posed  to  tro. 

2.  To  draw  nigh;  to  approach;  to  arrive;  to  be 
present ;  as,  the  time  has  come. 

Come  thou  ftnd  (\li  ihv  house  into  the  nrk.  — Gen.  vii. 
All  my  lime  will  1  w.ni,  lill  my  ch.uige  come.  —  Job  xir. 
When  shall  I  come  anil  app'ar  Ijelore  Goil  f  —  P«.  xUi. 
Then  shall  the  eiul  eouui.  —  Matt.  xxiv. 
Thy  kinj^lom  coin*  ;  Uiy  w  ill  be  done.  —  Malt.  vi. 

3.  To  advance  and  arrive  at  some  state  or  condi- 
tion ;  as,  the  ships  came  to  action ;  the  players  came 
to  blows  ;  is  it  come  to  this.^ 

His  sons  comt  to  honor,  anil  he  Iniowclh  it  nol.  — Job  xir. 

I  wonder  how  he  came  to  know  what  had  been 
done;  how  diil  he  come  by  his  knowledge.'  the  heir 
comes  into  po.ssession  of  his  est,ate  ;  llie  man  will 
co77if,  in  time,  to  abhor  the  vices  of  his  youth  ;  or 
he  will  come  to  be  piMir  and  despicable,  or  to  pov- 
erty. 

In  these  and  similar  plinises,  we  observe  Ihe  pro- 
cess or  advance  is  applied  to  the  body  or  to  the  mind, 
inditTf  rently  ;  and  to  persons  or  events. 

4.  To  liapiieii  or  fall  out;  as,  how  comes  ihixt?  let 
come  what  will.  Hence,  when  followed  by  an  ob- 
ject or  person,  with  to  or  on,  to  befall ;  to  light  on. 

After  all  ihai  has  ror/w  on  us  lor  our  evil  deeds.  —  Ezra  ix. 
All  ihinjrs  come  alike  lo  nit.  —  Ecr.Ies.  ix. 

5.  To  advance  or  move  into  view  ;  to  appear;  as, 
blood  or  color  comes  and  goes  in  the  face. 

Spenser.  SAoA*. 

6.  To  sprout,  as  plants  ;  to  spring.  The  corn 
comes  or  comes  up.  'Mil  the  coining  or  sprouting  of 
malt,  as  it  must  not  come  too  liltle,  so  it  must  not 
come  too  much."  Mortimer.  So  Bacon  uses  the 
word  ;  and  this  use  of  it  coincides  nearly  with  the 
sense  of  Cp,  f/im/zi,  2  /Cings  xix.  2G,  and  in  the  same 
chapter  inserted  in  Liaiali  xxxvii.  27.  It  is  the  G. 
keimc",  Icelandic  keima,  to  bud  or  gerinin.ate. 

7.  To  become. 

So  moie  1  a  » iilow.  Sliai. 

8.  To  appear  or  be  formed,  as  butter ;  to  advance 
or  change  from  cream  to  butter;  a  common  use  of 
the  word  ;  as,  the  butliT  corner.  fludibras. 

9.  Come,  in  the  impenitive,  is  used  to  excite  atten- 
tion, or  to  invite  to  motion  or  joint  action  ;  come,  let 
us  go. 

This  is  the  heir;  come,  let  us  kill  him. —  Malt.  xxi. 
\Vhcn  repeated,  it  sometimes  expresses  haste  ; 
come,  come.     Sometimes  it  expresses  or  introduces 
rebuke. 

As  the  sense  of  come  is  to  move,  in  almost  any 
manner,  in  its  various  applications,  that  sense  is 
modified  indefinitely  by  olher  words  used  in  con- 
nection with  it.    Thus,  with  words  expressing  ap- 


proacli,  it  denotes  adrancing  nearer ;  with  words  ex- 
pressing departure,  as  from,  of.  out  of,  Slc,  it  denotes 

motion  from, 

To  come  about ;  to  happen  ,  to  fall  out ;  to  come  to 
pass;  to  arrive.  How  did  the.se  things  come  about  J 
So  the  French  venir  d  bout,  to  come  to  the  end,  that 
is,  to  arrive. 

7'i)  come  about ;  to  turn  ;  to  change  ;  to  comr  round. 
The  wind  will  come  about  from  west  to  east.  The 
ship  conies  about.  It  is  applied  to  a  change  of  senti- 
ments. 

On  lietler  thousrhts,  ami  my  urjred  reasons, 

'I'hcy  are  comenbout,  anil  won  to  the  true  side.     B.  Joneon. 

To  comeajain;  to  return,     len.  xxviii.    Lev.  xiv. 

To  come  n//rr;  to  follow.  .  xvi.  Also,  to  come 
to  obtain  ;  as,  to  cowic  after  a  book. 

To  come  at;  to  reach;  to  arrive  within  reach  of ; 
to  gain  ;  to  come  so  near  as  to  be  able  to  take  or  pos- 
sess. We  ))ri/.e  those  most  who  are  hardest  lo  come 
at.    To  come  at  a  true  knowledge  of  ourselves. 

Also,  to  come  toward,  as  in  attacking.  [^Iddi.f0n. 

To  come  away  ;  to  defiart  from  ;  to  leave  ;  to  issue 

To  come  bock  ;  to  ri  turn.  [from. 

7"o  come  by ;  to  pass  near ;  a  popular  phrase.  Also, 
to  obtain,  gain,  acquire  ;  that  is,  to  come  near  at,  or 
close. 

Kxaminc  how  you  came  by  all  your  sIti--.  Dryden. 
This  is  not  an  irregular  or  improper  use  of  this 
word.    It  is  precisely  equivalent  lo  pos.He.ss,  to  sit  by. 
[See  Possess.]    So  in  Ger.  bekommen,  D.  bekoomen,  to 
get  or  obtain  ;  the  by  or  be  prefixed. 
To  come  down  ;  to  descend. 

The  Lord  will  come  doion  on  Mount  Sinai.  —  Ex.  xix. 
Also,  to  be  humbled  or  abased. 

Yonr  principalities  shall  come  down.  — Jer.  xin. 
Cotiit  aown  Iroin  thy  (fiory.  —  Jer.  xlviii. 

To  come  for .  to  come  to  eet  or  obtain  :  t»  come 
afle.. 

7'o  come  forth  ;  to  Issue  or  procceu  Ironi.  Oen.  xv 
Is.  xi.    Micok  V. 

Also,  to  depart  from  ;  to  leave.    .Mark  ix. 

Also,  to  come  abroad.    Jer.  iv. 

7'o  come  from  ;  to  depart  from  ;  to  leave.  In  popu- 
lar language,  this  phrase  is  equivalent  to,  where  is 
his  native  place,  or  former  place  of  residence  ;  where 
did  this  man,  this  animal,  or  this  plant,  originate. 

To  come  home  ;  that  is,  to  come  to  home,  or  tile  house  ; 
to  arrive  at  the  dwelling.  Hence,  to  come  close  ;  to 
press  closely  ;  to  touch  the  feelings,  interest,  or  rea- 
son.   [See  iloME.] 

To  come  in  ;  to  enter,  as  into  an  inclosiire. 

Also,  to  comply  ;  to  yield  ;  as,  come  in  and  submit. 

Also,  to  arrive  at  a  port,  or  place  of  rendezvous  ; 
as,  the  fleet  has  come  in. 

Also,  to  become  fashionable ;  to  be  brought  into 
use. 

Silken  garments  did  nol  come  in  Lill  lale.  ArbuthnoL 
Also,  to  enter  as  an  ingredient  or  part  of  a  compo- 
sition. 

A  nice  sense  of  propriety  comte  in  to  hijhten  the  character. 

Also,  to  grow  and  produce  ;  to  come  to  maturity 
anti  j'ielil.  If  the  corn  comes  in  well,  we  shall  have 
a  supply  without  iiiqiortalion.    ('rops  co?nc  in  light. 

Also,  to  lie  carnally  with.    Gen.  xxxviii. 

To  come  in  for;  to  arrive  in  time  to  take  a  share. 
Johnson  says  this  phrase  is  taken  from  hunting, 
where  the  slow  dogs  take  nothing.  Ciu.  But  the 
sense  in  which  we  now  use  the  phrase  h;us  no  refer- 
ence to  time  or  slow  movement.  It  is,  to  unite  with 
others  in  taking  a  part. 

The  rest  came  in  for  subsidies.  Swift. 

To  come  into  ;  to  join  with  ;  to  bring  help. 

Also,  and  more  generally,  to  agree  to  ;  to  comply 
with  ;  to  unite  with  others  in  adopting  ;  as,  to  come 
into  a  measure  or  scheme. 

7'o  come  near ;  to  approach  in  place.  Hence,  meta- 
phorically,  to  approach  in  quality  ;  to  arrive  at  nearly 
the  same  degree  in  a  quality,  or  accomplishment;  to 
resemble.  Temple. 

To  comr  nigh,  is  popularly  used  in  like  senses. 

To  come  no  near,  in  .seamanship,  is  an  order  to  the 
helmsman  not  to  steer  so  close  lo  the  wind. 

To  come  of;  to  issue  from ;  to  proceed  from,  as  a 
descendant. 

Of  I'n.un'B  royal  r^ce  my  mother  came.  Dryden. 
Also,  to  proceed  from,  as  an  effect  from  a  cause. 
This  comet  of  jud^iij  by  Ihe  eye.  V Eatmngt. 

Whence  come  wars?  Cume  they  not  oy  your  luslsf  —  James  ir. 

To  come  off;  to  depart  from  ;  to  move  from  on. 
.\lso,  to  depart  or  deviate  from  a  line  or  point ;  to 
become  wider ;  to  dilate.  Bacon. 
Also,  to  escape  ;  to  get  free. 

If  Ihey  come  off  s;*!**,  cill  Iheir  deliverance  a  mimcle.  Addinn. 

Hence,  to  end  ;  to  arrive  .at  the  final  issue;  as,  to 
come  off  with  honor  or  disgrace. 

To  come  off  from  :  to  leave  ;  to  quit.  Frlton. 

To  come  off,  is  also  used  for  take  place  ;  as,  the  meet- 
ing came  off  at  such  a  time. 

7*0  come  on ;  to  advance  ;  to  proceed  ;  as,  CJtme  on, 
brave  boys  ;  night  is  coming  on.  So  we  say,  the  young 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


"St 


COM 

man  comes  on  well  in  his  studies  ;  and  the  phrase  of- 
ten denotes  a  prosperous  advance,  successful  im- 
pniveuient.    So  we  say  of  plants,  they  come  on  well, 
they  crow  or  thrive ;  that  is,  they  proceed. 
Also,  to  fall  on  ;  to  happen  to. 

Lesl  itiMt  co:iie  on  you  xviiich  is  spoken  of  in  the  prophets.  — 
Acts  xlii. 

Al.so,  to  invade  ;  to  rush  on. 

To  come  over;  to  pass  above  or  across,  or  from  one 
side  to  another.  In  distillation,  to  rise  and  pass  over, 
as  vapor. 

Also,  to  pass  from  one  party,  side,  or  army,  to  an- 
other ;  to  change  sides. 

To  come  out :  to  depart  or  proceed  from. 

riiev  sn.-.u  come  oat  wntti  greai  sut»L-vnce.  —  Gen.  IV. 

Also,  to  become  public  :  to  escape  from  conceal-  | 
mem  or  privacy  ■  to  be  discovered  ;  as.  the  tnith  is  j 
come  out  at  I.isl. 

.\l>o,  to  be  puDiisneu,  as  a  Dock.  The  worK  comes 
out  in  (juarto. 

.\lso,  to  end  or  come  to  an  issue ;  as,  how  will  this 
alfair  come  outl  he  has  come  out  well  at  last. 

Also,  to  appear  after  being  clouded,  and  to  shine  ; 
as,  tlie  sun  has  come  out. 

To  come  out  of;  to  issue  forth,  as  from  confinement, 
or  a  close  place  ;  to  jiroceed  or  depart  from. 

Also,  to  issue  from,  as  descendants. 

Kinc^s  shall  come  out  of  thee.  — Gen.  xvii. 

To  come  nut  icith ;  to  give  publicity  to  ;  to  disclose. 

To  come  short ;  to  fail ;  not  to  accomplish.  [Boijle. 

All  buve  sinnej  and  co'/ic  s/ior/of  t!ie  glory  of  God.  —  Roin.  iu. 

To  come  to ;  to  consent  or  yield.  Sicift. 

Also,  to  amount  to  ;  as,  the  taxes  come  to  a  large 

Also,  to  recover,  as  from  a  swoon.  [sum. 

To  come  together ;  to  meet  or  assemble. 

7'«  come  to  pass  ;  to  be ;  to  happen  ;  to  fall  out ;  to 
be  effected.  The  phrase  is  much  used  in  tlie  com- 
mon versiim  of  the  Scriptures,  but  is  seldom  found 
in  modern  English  writings. 

To  come  up :  to  ascend  ;  to  rise. 

Also,  to  spring ;  to  shoot  or  rise  above  the  earth,  as 
a  plant.  Bacon. 

Also,  to  come  into  use,  as  a  fashion. 

7'>  come  up  tlie  capsteru,  in  seamanship,  is  to  turn  it 
the  contrary  way,  so  as  to  slacken  the  rope  about  it. 

To  come  up  the  tackle  fall,  is  to  slacken  it  gently. 

To  come  up  to  ;  to  approach  near. 

Also,  to  amount  to. 

Also,  to  advance  to  ;  to  rise  to. 

To  come  up  witli;  to  overtake,  in  following  or  pur- 
suit. 

To  come  upon ;  to  fall  on  ;  to  attack  or  invade. 

To  come :  in  futurity ;  to  happen  hereafter.  In  limes 
to  come.    Success  is  yet  to  come. 

Take  a  le,ise  for  yeare  to  coma.  Locke. 

Come  is  an  intransitive  verb,  but  the  participle  come 
is  much  used  with  the  substantive  verb,  in  the  pas- 
sive form.  "The  end  of  all  tiesh  is  come."  lam 
come,  thou  art  come,  he  is  come,  we  are  come,  &.C. 
This  use  of  the  sub.stantive  verb,  for  hane,  is  perhaps 
too  well  estabfished  to  be  rejected  ;  but  liat-e  or  has 
should  be  used  iu  such  phrases.  In  the  phrase,  "  come 
Friday,  come  Candlemas,"  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  cer- 
tain words  ;  as,  wtien  Friday  sluiU  come. 

Come,  come,  tlie  repetition  of  come,  expresses  haste, 
or  exhortation  to  hasten.  Sometimes  it  introduces  a 
threat. 

fTiME,  (kum,)  71.    A  sprout.  [J\rot  used.]  Mortimer. 
f/O.ME'-OFF,  n.    Means  of  escape  ;  evasion  ;  excuse. 

We  do  not  want  this  fome-ojf.  GreiljTULn,  172. 

CO-Mk'DI-AN,  «.    [See  Comedy.]    An  actor  or  play- 
er in  comedy  ;  or  a  player  in  general,  male  or  female. 

Camden. 

G.  .\  writer  of  comedy.  Pencliam. 
COM'IvDY,  ».  [h.  conia-dia;  Gr.  K'opioiia.  Clu.  from 
K'.'/ii,  a  village,  and  M^n,  a  song,  or  r.-ilhcr  lut^io,  to 
sing,  and  denoting  that  the  comedian  was  a  strolling 
singer  ;  or  whether  the  first  syllable  is  from  xi.i/jnj,  a 
merry  feast,  whence  comic,  comical,  the  latter  indicat- 
ing tiiat  the  comedian  was  characterized  by  buffoon- 
ery. The  latter  coincides  in  elements  with  the  Eng- 
lish o-ame.] 

A  dramatic  composition,  intended  to  represent  the 
lighter  passions  and  actions  of  mankind,  which  are 
to  be  imitated  in  language,  dress,  and  manner,  by 
twtors  on  a  stage,  for  the  amusement  of  spectators. 
The  termination  of  the  intrigue  is  happy,  and  the 
design  is  amustrment. 
eOME'I'f-'jY,  (kiim'lo-ly,)  n/i«.  In  a  suitable  or  de- 
cent nianii'ir.  [/.iitJc  u.ml.]  Shcrirood. 
eOME'M-NE.S.S,  (kum'lc  ness,)  n.  [See  Comei.v.] 
That  which  in  l)e('oniing,  fit,  or  sniuible,  in  form  or 
manner.  Comeliness  of  perstm  implii'S  symmetry  or 
due  proportion  of  parts;  cnmrlivas  o{  ninfinor  Implies 
deconun  and  propriety.  **  I(  signifies  something  less 
forcible  than  lieautij,  less  elegant  than  gracr.,  ami  less 
light  than  pretUness."  Johnson. 
A  <yir«-I'^«  eotntUneMt  witli  comely  crtre.  S'ulney 


llf  laOt  no  fori 


r  eoitulineaa.  —  li.  lill.  2. 


COME'l.Y,  (kum'ly,)  a.    (from  come.    The  ncnse  of 
suilablunevs  ia  oflicn  from  meeting,  coming  together. 


COM 

whence  adjusting,  putting  in  order.    So,  in  Latin, 

convenicTis,  from  convenio.] 

1.  Properly,  becoming;  suitable;  whence,  h.ind- 
some  ;  graceful.  .Applied  to  person  or  form,  it  denotes 
symmetry,  or  due  proportion  ;  but  it  expresses  less 
than  bcauOfal  or  elegant. 

I  h;ive  seen  a  son  of  Jesse  —  a  comely  pereon.  —  I  Sann.  xvi. 
1  will  not  conceal  liis  comely  proportjon.  —  Job  xli. 

2.  Decent ;  suitable  ;  proper ;  becoming ;  suited  to 
time,  place,  circumstances,  or  persons. 

Praise  is  comely  for  tlie  iiprijlit.  —  Ps.  xxxiii. 

Is  it  comely  lli.it  a  woman  pray  to  God  uncovered  ?  —  1  Cor.  xi. 

0.  what  a  world  is  this,  when'whal  is  comely 

Envenoms  him  that  bears  it  I  SliaJc. 

eOME'LY.  (kum'ly,)  adv.    Handsomely ;  gracefully. 

./isckam. 

eOM'ER.  71.    One  that  comes;  one  wno  approacnes  . 

one  who  has  arrived,  ami  is  present. 
eO-M-ES-S-X'TION,  ?i.    JL.  comcssattn.'  i 

Feasting  or  reveling. '  [{all. 
€0-MES'Tl-BLE,  a.     [Fr.J     Eatame.     [.Voj  used.] 

fVotton. 

eOJI'ET,  71.  [L.  cmneta;  Gr.  Kopnrns  >  from  KOpn, 
coma,  hair ;  a  hairy  star.] 

A  term  applied  to  those  members  of  the  solar  sys- 
tem which  consist  either  wholly  or  in  part  of  nebu- 
lous matter.  They  usually  move  in  very  eccentric 
orbits,  having  the  sun  in  the  focus,  approaching  very 
near  to  the  sun  in  their  perihelion,  ;ind  receding  to  a 
very  great  distance  from  it  at  their  aphelion.  A 
comet,  when  perfectly  formed,  consists  of  three 
parts,  the  nucleus,  the  envelope,  or  coma,  and  the 
tail ;  but  one  or  more  of  these  parts  is  frequently 
wanting.  D.  Olmsted. 

eOM'ET,  71.    A  game  at  cards.  Southmie. 

eO.M-ET-A'RI-UM,  71.  An  astronomical  instrument, 
intended  to  represent  the  revolution  of  a  comet  round 
the  sun.  Encyc. 

eOM'ET-A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  comet.  Cheyne. 

eo  MET'ie,  a.    Relating  to  a  comet. 

eO.M'ET-LTKE,  a.    Resembling  a  comet.  Shak. 

eO.M-ET-OG'RA-PHY,  71.  [comet,  and  Gr.  ypaifiw,  to 
describe.] 

A  description  or  treatise  of  comets. 

eO.M'FlT,  (71.     [D.  konfyl;  G.  confect;  Dan. 

eO.M'FIT-IJRE,  )  confcct;  Fr.  conft,  confiture;  It. 
eonfrtio,  confcttura,  or  confezione;  Sp.  conftte;  Port. 
confeito ;  from  the  L.  confectura,  confectus,  conjicio, 
con  and  facio,  to  make.] 

A  dry  sweetmeat ;  any  kind  of  fruit  or  root  pre- 
ser\'ed  with  sugar  and  dried.  Johnson. 

GO.M'FIT,  (kum'fit,)  v.  t.  To  preserve  dry  with  sugar. 

Cowley. 

eOM'FIT-MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  prepares 
comfits. 

eO.M'FORT,  (kum'furt,)  v.  t.  [Low  L.  conforto  ;  Fr. 
conforter ;  Arm.  cdnforti,  or  conforta  ;  It.  conforiare; 
Sp.  and  Port,  confortar ;  Ir.  comli-fhurtuch,  comfort, 
and  fnrtachd,  id.  ;  furlaighim,  to  relieve  or  help  ;  from 
the  L.  copt  and  forlis,  strong.] 

1.  To  strengthen;  to  invigorate;  to  cheer  or  en- 
liven. 

LL-rht  excellcth  in  comfoTting  the  tplrita  of  men.  Bacon. 
Comfort  ye  your  he.aru,  — Gen.  xviii. 

i2.  To  strengthen  the  mind  when  depressed  or  en- 
feebled ;  to  console  ;  to  give  new  vigor  to  the  spirits  ; 
to  cheer,  or  relieve  from  depression  or  trouble. 

liis  friends  came  to  mouni  witli  liim  and  to  comfort  h'un,  — 
Job  ii. 

3.  In  lato,  to  relieve,  assist,  or  encourage,  as  the 
accessory  to  a  crime  after  the  fact,  Blackstone. 

eO.M'FORT,  71.  Relief  from  pain;  ease;  rest,  or 
moderate  pleasure  after  pain,  cold,  or  distress,  or 
uneasiness  of  body.  Tlie  word  signifies,  properly, 
new  strength,  or  animation  ;  and  relief  from  pain  is 
often  the  effect  of  strength.  In  a  popular  sense,  the 
word  signifies,  rather  negatively,  the  absence  of  pain, 
and  the  consetiuent  quiet,  than  positive  animation. 

2.  Relief  from  distress  of  luiiid  ;  the  ease  and 
quiet  which  is  experienced  when  pain,  trouble,  agi- 
tation, or  affliction,  ceases.  It  imjilies,  also,  some 
degree  of  positive  animation  of  the  spirits,  or  some 
pleasurable  sensations  derived  from  hope,  and  agree- 
able prospects ;  consolation. 

I.rt  me  alone,  that  I  may  take  comfort  a  little.  — Job  x. 
Uaufjhl'T,  be  of  good  comfort ;  Uiy  faiUi  liath  made  thee  whole. 
—  Matt.  ix. 

3.  Support ;  consolation  under  calamity,  distress, 
or  danger. 

I,et  thy  merciful  kindnesB  he  lor  my  comfort.  —  Ps.  cxix. 

4.  That  which  gives  strength  or  support  in  distress, 
difiiculty,  danger,  or  infirmity  ;  as,  pious  children 
are  the  comfort  of  their  aged  parents. 

.5.  In  law,  supiiort;  assistance;  countenance;  en- 
couragement; as,  an  accessory  affords  aid  or  emn- 
forl  to  a  felon. 

6.  That  which  gives  security  from  want,  and  fur- 
nishes moderate  enjoyment ;  as,  the  comforts  of  life. 
eO.M'FORT-A-BLE,  n.  Deing  in  a  state  of  ease,  or 
moderate  enjoyment ;  as  a  person  after  sickness  or 
pain.  This  is  tJie  most  common  use  of  the  toord  in  the 
United  States. 


COM 

2.  Admitting  comfort ;  that  may  afford  comfort. 
Who  can  promise  him  a  comfoTtnbte  appearance  b-fore  his 

dreadful  Judge  ?  SouUi. 

3.  Giving  comfort  ;  affording  consol.ition  ;  as,  be 
comfortable  to  my  mother.    [  Obs.]  Shall. 

The  word  of  my  lord  the  king  shall  now  be  comfortable.  —  3 
S.im.  xiv. 

4.  Placing  above  want,  and  affording  moderate 
enio\iiiei)t ;  as,  a  comfortable  provision  for  life. 

eO.Vl'FOR'l'-A-IiLE,  71.  A  warm  coverlet  for  a  bed, 
containing  down  or  cotton  quilted  in.  [j^merica.] 

eOM'FORT-A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  enjoying 
comfort. 

CO.M'F()RT-.\-BI,Y,  culo.  In  a  manner  to  give  com- 
fort or  consolation. 

Speak  ye  comfortably  to  Jerusalem.  —  Is.  xl. 
2.  With  comfort  or  cheerfulness  :  without  despair. 

How  co'iirortnotv  aim  cneeriuliv  lor  uroa  s  iwriorniance. 

eOM'FORT-ED.  pp.  Strengthened-  consoled  en- 
coiiratied 

eO.M'FORT-ER,  71.  one  wno  administers  comfon  "r 
consolation  ;  one  who  strengthens  and  supports  the 
mind  in  distress  or  danger. 

1  looked  for  comforters,  but  found  none.  — Ps.  Ixix. 
Miserable  comforters  are  ye  all.  — Job  xvi. 

2.  The  title  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  whose  office  it  is 
to  comfort  and  support  the  Christian. 

Eut  the  Comforter,  the  Holy  Spirit,  whom  the  Father  will  send 
in  my  name  —  lie  will  leach  you  all  things.  —  John  xiv. 

3.  A  knit  woolen  tippet,  long  and  narrow. 
CmrFORT-FUL,  a.    Full  of  comfort. 
eOM'FORT-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  strength  or  spir- 
its ;  giving  ease  ;  cheering;  encouraging;  consoling. 

CO.M'FORT-LESS,  a.  Without  comfort ;  without  any 
thing  to  alleviate  misfortune  or  distress. 

1  will  not  leave  you  coptfortless.  —  John  xiv. 

e5M'F0RT-LE,*S-LY,  adv.  In  a  comfortless  manner. 

eO.M'FORT-LESS-NESS,  71.  State  of  being  comfort- 
less. 

eOM'FORT-RE.SS,  71.  A  female  that  affords  comfort. 
eO.M'FREY,  (  (kum'frv.)  n.  [Uu.  L.  confirmo,  equiv- 
eO.M'FRY,    S  .  alent  to  consolido.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  jilants,  the  Sym- 
phytum. 

€OMMC,rt.   [It.  cojnicns ;  Gr.  KtoiiiKOi;-    See  Comedy.] 

1.  Relating  to  comedy,  as  distinct  from  tragedy. 

2.  Raising  mirth  ;  fitted  to  excite  merriment.  SbaJi. 
eOM'lG-AL,  a.    Relating  to  comedy  ;  comic.  Oay. 

2.  Exciting  mirth  ;  diverting  ;  sportive  ;  droll. 

j^ddison. 

We  say  a  buffoon  is  a  comical  fellow,  or  his  story 
or  his  manners  are  comical. 
€OM'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  befitting  comedy. 
2.  In  a  comical  manner  ;  in  a  manner  to  raise 
mirth. 

eo,\I'ie-AL-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  comical ; 

the  power  or  quality  of  raising  mirth.  Johnson. 
eO.M'ING,  ppr.  [SeeCoME.]  Drawing  nearer  or  nigh ; 

approaching  ;  moving  toward  ;  advancing. 

2.  a.    Future  ;  yet  to  come  ;  as,  in  coming  ages 

3.  Forward  ;  ready  to  come. 

How  comirg  to  the  poet  every  muse.  Popl. 
[  The  latter  sense  is  noto  nnitstial.] 
€OM'ING,  71.    The  act  of  coming ;  approach. 
2.  The  state  of  being  come  ;  arrival. 

The  Lord  hath  blessed  thee  since  my  coming.  —  Gen.  xxx. 
eOM'ING-IN,  71.  Entrance. 

1  know  thy  going-out  and  thy  coming.in. — 2  Kings  xix. 

2.  Beginning  ;  commencement ;  as,  the  coming-in 
of  the  year.    2  Kings  xiii. 

3.  Income  ;  revenue.    [JYot  now  used.]  Shak. 

4.  Compliance  ;  submission.    [JVot  in  tise.] 

Jilassinger. 

CO-MI" TI-.^,  (ko-mish'e-a,)  n.  pi.  [L.]  In  ancient 
Rome,  a  term  applied  to  the  assemblies  of  the 
people,  for  electing  officers  and  passing  laws. 

€0-.MI"Tr.\L,  (ko-mish'al,)  a.  [L.  cnmilin,  an  assem- 
bly of  the  Romans  ;  prohtibly  formed  from  cum  and 
CO,  Ir.  coimh,  \V.  cym,  or  cyv.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  comitia  or  popular  assemblies  of 
the  Romans,  for  electing  officers  and  passing  laws. 

Middlcton. 

2.  Relating  to  an  order  of  Presbyterian  assemblies. 

Bp.  Bancroft. 

CO.M'I-TY,  71.  [L.  comitas,  from  comes,  mild,  affable; 
Ir.  caomh.] 

Mildness  and  suavity  of  manners  ;  courtesy  of  in- 
tercourse between  individuals  or  communities  ;  civil- 
ity ;  good-breeding.  Well-bred  people  are  character- 
ized by  comity  of  manners. 
eOM'jM  A,  n.  [Gr.  av./i/iu,  a  segment,  from  Konn.',  to 
cut  off.] 

1.  In  7cn(ino-and  printing,  this  point  [,]  denoting 
the  shortest  pause  in  reading,  and  separating  a  sen- 
tence into  divisions  or  members,  according  to  the 
construction.  Thus,  "  There  is  not  a  just  man  upon 
earth,  that  ilocth  good,  and  sinneth  not."  "  Virtue, 
wit,  knowledge,  arc  excellent  nccomplishmcnts." 
"  Live  .soberly,  righteously,  and  piously,  iu  the  pres- 
ent world." 

2.  In  music,  n  name  applied  to  the  interval  between 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


2S8 


COM 


COM 


COM 


the  major  ami  tlie  minor  lone  ;  also  applied  to  some 
other  small  iiiterv-als.  Ed.  F.ncyc. 

3.  Dialinction.  MilUon. 
eOM-MANU',  V.  t.  [It.  comaniiare.;  Sp.  comaniiar,  mnn- 
tlur  ;  Arm.  coumandi ;  Fr.  cuuimandrr  ;  con,  or  enm, 
ami  L.  maiidu,  to  comniuml,  to  cnmmit  to  ;  Ba.sqiie 
manatn  ;  litenilly,  to  send  to,  to  send  forth,  from  thn 
same  root  as  eommend,  demand,  and  L.  moneo.  Sec 
Class  Mn.l 

1.  To  bid  ;  to  order  ;  to  direct ;  to  charge  ;  imply- 
ing niitliorily,  and  power  to  control,  and  to  require 
obedience. 

\Vc  will  iscriliw  to  llis  Lonl  our  God,  m  he  •Imll  commani 
m.  —  Kj.  Tiii. 

1  k»o\v  lliiit  he  (Abmhaiii]  will  command  hii  chiMrpn  :\nd 
hii  houatholil  ufur  liiiii,  and  they  will  keep  llie  wnjr  of  tlic 
Lord. —Gen.  iviil. 

2.  To  govern,  lead,  or  direct ;  to  liave  or  to  exer- 
cise supreme  authority  over ;  as.  Lord  Wellinjiton 
commanded  an  army  in  Spain  ;  lie  cummanded  the 
arniv  at  the  lialtle  of  Waterloo. 

.L  To  have  in  power  :  to  be  able  to  exercise  power 
or  aulliiiritv  over :  .as.  a  inililary  post  ri>.nni««</j(  the 
surroiiiidiii!:  country  ;  a  fort  commands  the  harbor 

\.  To  overlooK,  or  have  in  the  power  of  the  eve, 
without  obstruction. 

One  6ide  comtnandt  a  view  of  the  fineat  garden  in  the  world. 

AddUon, 

5.  To  direct ;  to  send. 

Th-*  Ix'ol  shtll  command  the  blessing  on  thee.  —  Dent,  xxviii. 
The  Lonl  will  comnuxnd  his  loving  kindncas.  —  Pa.  xtii. 

6.  To  have  or  to  exercise  a  controlling  influence 
over;  as,  a  sood  magistrate  commands  the  respect  and 
atVections  of  the  people. 

€OM-.MXND',  I',  i.  To  h.ave  or  to  exercise  supreme 
aiilflority  ;  lo  possess  the  chief  power  ;  to  govern  j 
as,  the  general  command.i  Willi  dii;iiity  and  human- 
ity.   What  pener.il  cotnmands  in  I'anada 

eoNl-M.>iM)',  n.  The  right  or  power  of  governing  with 
chief  or  exclusive  authority  ;  supreme  power;  con- 
trol ;  as,  an  officer  has  a  brigade  under  his  command  : 
he  takes  command  of  the  army  in  France  ;  on  appro- 
priate militani  term. 

2.  The  power  of  controlling ;  governing  influence  ; 
sway. 

He  aisiniied  an  aljaolnte  command  over  h\s  rcailera.  Drydcn. 

3.  Cogent  or  absolute  authority. 

Commanil  and  force  may  often  create,  but  cau  never  cure,  an 
aversion.  Locke. 

4.  The  act  of  commanding  ;  the  mandate  uttered  ; 
order  given. 

The  captain  jives  command.  Dryden, 

5.  The  power  of  overlooking,  or  surveying,  with- 
out obstmction. 

The  Blrepy  strrtnil 
\\'tiich  overlooks  the  vole  with  witlc  command.  Drydcn. 

6.  The  power  of  governing  or  controlling  by  force, 
or  of  defending  and  protecting  ;  as,  the  fortress  has 
complete  command  of  the  port. 

7.  That  which  is  commanded  ;  control ;  as,  a  body 
of  troops  under  command.  .Mar^liall. 

8.  Order  ;  request ;  message  :  any  communication 
desired,  or  sent ;  a  complimentary  use. 

9.  A  body  of  troops,  or  any  naval  or  military  force, 
under  the  commantl  of  a  purliciilar  officer. 

eOM-.MA.\I)'A-BLF,,  a.    That  may  be  commanded. 
eOM-.MA.N-UANT',  n.    [Fr.]    A  cum m.ander  ;  a  com- 
manding ofliccr  of  a  place  or  of  a  bt>dy  of  forces. 

Smollett. 

eOM-M.\XD'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  force  of  a  com- 
mantl. 

eo.M-M.XN'D'ED,  ]ip.  Ordered;  directed;  governed; 
controlled. 

eOM-.MA  .ND'ER,  n.  A  chief ;  one  who  has  supreme 
aiitlinrity  ;  a  leader  ;  the  chief  officer  of  an  army,  or 
of  any  di\nsi(iii  of  it.  The  terra  may  also  be  applied 
to  the  admiral  of  a  fleet,  or  of  a  squadron,  or  to  any 
supreme  officer ;  as,  the  commander  of  the  land  or  of 
the  naval  force  ;  the  commander  of  a  ship. 

2.  In  the  nary,  an  officer  who  ranks  above  a  lieu 
tenant  and  below  a  captain. 

3.  One  on  whom  was  bestowed  a  commandry. 

4.  .\  heavy  beetle  or  wooden  mallet,  used  in  pav- 
ing, &.c. 

[This  gives  ns  the  primary  sense  of  L.  mando,  to 
lend,  to  drive.] 
h.  .\n  insiniment  of  surgery.  mseman. 

eO.M-M.\.\D'RY,     i  """"a"'''"'  ] 

Among  several  orders  of  iniVAt»,  a  district  under 
the  control  of  a  member  of  the  order,  who  received 
the  inci>nie  of  the  estates  bclimging  to  the  knights 
within  that  district,  and  expended  jKut  for  his  own 
use,  and  accounted  for  the  rest.  Brandt. 

There  are  strict  and  regular  commandries,  obtained 
by  merit,  or  in  order ;  and  others  are  of  grace  and 
favor,  bestowed  by  the  grand  master.  There  are  al- 
so commandries  for  the  religious,  in  the  orders  of  SL 
Bernard  and  St.  Anthony.  Encyc. 
eO.M-.MAND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Bidding;  ordering;  di- 
recting with  aiilhoriiy  ;  governing;  bearing  rule  ;  ex- 
ercising supreme  authority  ;  having  in  power;  over- 
looking without  obstruction. 


2.  a.    Cimtrolliiig  by  iiilliii  ncc,  aiitlmrity,  or  dig- 
nity ;  as,  a  man  u(  commandinjr  manners  ;  a  command- 
111  o-  eltK|iienre. 
€OM-MANl)'i.\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  commanding  man- 
ner. 

€O.M-IMANf)'MENT,  n.  A  command;  a  mandate; 
an  order  or  injunction  given  by  authority;  charge; 
prece|)t. 

Why  do  ye  transcrress  the  comtnnndment  of  God  t  —  Matt.  xv. 
This  in  th'"  first  niul  fjn»;>l  commanthnenl.  —  Mutt,  jtxii. 
A  new  commandmejit  1  give  to  you,  that  ye  love  one  another. 
—  John  Xlii. 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  a  precept  of  the  decalogue, 
or  moral  laWj  written  on  fables  of  stoiu^,  at  Mount 
Sinai ;  one  tif  the  ten  commandments,    Ec.  xx.xiv. 

3.  Authority  ;  coercivi;  power.  Shnk. 
eOM-MXND'KESS,  n.    A  woman  invested  with  su- 
preme authority.  Hooker. 

€O.M'M.\IlK,  II.    \Vt.  cnmarqut  \  Sp.  comarca.] 

The  frontier  ol^  a  country.  Sheltm. 

eOM-MA-TP.'RI-AI,,  a.  [etm  and  mofrna/.]  Consist- 
ing of  the  same  matter  with  another  thing.  Bacon. 

eO.M-.MA-TE-lll-AL'I-TY.  ii.  Participation  of  the 
same  matter  Johnson. 

CO.MM  AT'ie,  0.  Having  snort  clauses  or  sentences  ; 
I'rief .  rtmcise 

€OM'M A-TIS.M,  n.  ^Irom  comma.\  Briefness:  con- 
ciseness in  writing.  Bp.  Horstei/. 

eOiM-MEAS'lJR-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Measirk.]  Hav- 
ing a  common  measure.  But  Comme.nsi'rable  is 
generally  used. 

COMMK  'if.  FJlUT,  (kom-il-fo,)  [Fr.]  As  it  should  be. 

COM-ME.M'O-RA-BI.F,,  a.  IMi  iiiorablc  ;  worlliy  to  be 
remembered,  or  noticed  with  honor.    [See  iMi:mura- 

RLE.j 

eO.M-MEM'O-RATE,  r.  t.  commemoro;  ton  and 
rndnorii,  to  mention.    See  Memorv.] 

To  call  to  remembrance  by  a  solemn  act ;  to  cele- 
brate with  honor  and  solemnity  ;  to  honor,  ns  a  per- 
son or  event,  by  some  act  of  respect  or  affection, 
intended  to  presene  the  remembrance  of  that  per- 
son or  event ;  as,  the  Lord's  supper  is  designed  to 
commemorate  the  sufferings  and  dying  love  of  our 
Savior. 

€0.M-.MEM'0-Ra-TED,  pp.  Called  to  remembrance 
by  some  act  of  solfinnily. 

eO.M-ME.M'O-R.X-TING,  ppr.  Celebrating  with  hon- 
or by  stime  solemn  act. 

eO.M-ME.M-O-RA'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  c.illing  to  re- 
memliraiice  by  some  stilt^mnity  ;  the  act  of  htmoring 
the  memory  oi"soine  person  or  event  by  solemn  cel- 
ebration. The  feast  of  shells  at  I'lymouth,  in  Massa- 
chusetts, is  an  annual  commemoration  of  the  first 
landing  of  our  ancestors  in  KiQO. 

Commemoration  day,  at  the  university  of  Oxford, 
Eng.,  is  an  annual  solemnity  in  honor  of  the  benefac- 
tors of  tlie  university,  when  orations  are  delivered, 
and  prize  compositions  are  read  in  the  Uieater.  It 
is  the  great  ilav  of  fi  stivity  for  the  year.  Huber. 

eO.M-MEM'O-U.V-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  preserve  the 
remeiiibniice  of  something.  Merburv. 

eo M-M  E.M'0-R.\-TO-RY,  a.  Serving  to  preserve  the 
memory  of. 

eO.M-.\IE.\'CE',  (koin  mens',)  v.  i,  [Fr.  commciicfr  ; 
Port,  comcfar;  Sp.  comenzar:  It.  eominciare;  Arm. 
coiiiiiaii^i.    Perliai»s  cfmi  ami  iin'fio.] 

1.  To  begin  ;  to  take  rise  or  origin  ;  to  have  first 
existence  ;  as,  a  state  of  glory  to  commence  after  this 
life  ;  this  empire  commenced  at  a  late  period. 

2.  To  begin  to  be,  as  in  a  change  of  character. 


Let  not  learning,  too,  commence  Its  foe. 


Pope. 


3.  To  take  a  degree,  or  the  first  degree,  in  a  uni- 
versity or  college.  Bailey. 
COM-.ME.\CE',  r.  f.  To  begin  ;  to  enter  upon  ;  to  per- 
form the  first  act ;  .a-s,  to  commence  operations. 

2.  To  begin  ;  to  originate  ;  to  bring  ;  as,  to  com- 
mence a  suit,  action,  or  process  in  law. 
eO.M-ME.\C'£D,  (kom-menst',)  pp.    Begun;  origi- 
nated. 

eOM-ME\CE'ME.\T,  (kom-mens'ment,)  «.  Begin- 
ning ;  rise  ;  origin ;  first  existence ;  as,  the  firni 
inf««mcnt  of  New  Style,  in  1752 ;  the  commencement 
of  hostiliti«6  in  1775. 

2.  The  time  when  students  in  colleges  commence 
bachelors  ;  a  d.ay  in  which  degrees  are  publicly  con- 
ferred in  the  English  and  American  universities. 

eO.M-ME.NC'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Beginning;  entering  on  ; 
originating. 

CO.M-.ME.Nl)',  r.  U  [L.  eommendo  ;  eon  and  mando:  It. 
commendare  ;  Port,  encommcndar ;  Fr.  reeommander ; 
Sp.  cnmandar,  to  command,  and  formerly  to  commend. 
This  is  the  same  word  as  command,  differently  ap- 
plied. The  primary  sen.se  is,  to  send  to  or  throw  ; 
hence,  to  charge,  bid,  desire,  or  entreat.] 

1.  lo  represent  as  worthy  of  notice,  regard,  or 
kindness  ;  to  speak  in  favor  of;  to  recommend. 

1  commtnd  to  you  Phebe,  our  sister.  —  Rom.  xvl. 

2.  To  commit ;  to  intrust  or  give  in  charge. 

Father,  Into  thy  hands  I  comm4nd  my  spirit.  —  l.uke  xxiii. 

3.  To  praise  ;  to  mention  with  approbation. 

The  pTinc..s  commanded  S.irai  before  Pharaoh. 

The  Lorxt  commtndtd  the  unjtist  steward.  Bihte. 


A.  'i'o  make  acceptable  tir  more  acceptable. 

But  meat  commtntltlh  us  not  to  (»o<l.  —  1  Cor.  viii. 
5.  To  produce  or  present  to  favorable  notice. 
The  chnnis  had  an  oc<a«on  of  commending  tbetr  voics  to  tlM 
Hii*.  DrytUn. 

f  To  send  or  bear  to. 

These  draw  the  chariot  which  Latlnns  ai^nds, 
And  the  rich  pri-sent  to  the  prince  eommetuls.  Ihyflen. 
eo:\I-MEND',  71.    Commenilation.   [JWif  xtsed.]  Shak. 
eO.M-MEND'A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  reeommandabit ;  It.  ciim- 
mendable.     Formerly  accented   iiiiproiierly  on  the 
first  syllable.] 

That  may  be  commended  or  praised  ;  worthy  of 
approbation  or  praise  ;  laudable. 

Order  and  decent  cerx-nioiues  in  tlie  church  are  commtndnh'e. 

Bacon, 

€OM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  com- 
mendable. 

€O.M-.MEND'A-BLY,  adc.  Laudably;  in  a  praise- 
worfhv  manner. 

CO.M-.ME.ND'A.M,  n.  [L.]  In  fw/e.-iWica/Mic,  in  Eng- 
land, a  benefice  or  living  commeiuted,  by  the  king  or 
head  of  the  church,  lo  the  rare  of  a  clergyman,  to  hold 
till  a  proper  pastor  is  provided.  This  may  be  tempo- 
rary or  pfrpetiial.  Blucli.'itane. 

The  trust  or  administration  of  the  revenues  of  a 
benefice  given  to  a  layman,  lo  litdd  as  a  de|xisit  tor 
six  months,  in  order  to  repairs.  Sec,  or  to  an  ecclesi- 
astic, to  perform  the  pa.storal  duties,  till  the  benefice 
is  providi>rt  wilh  a  regular  incumbent.  Encyc, 

eO.M-.ME.\U'A-TA-RY,  n.    f  .-'r.  commendataire ;  It. 
commendatario,  commcndatore. j 
One  who  holds  a  living  in  cnminendam. 

eO.M-MEMf-A'TION,  ii.    [L.  comiiiriK/ado.] 

1.  The  act  of  commending  ;  praise  ;  favorable  rep- 
resentation in  words  ;  declaration  of  esteem. 

Need  we,  assume  oihcri,  k-lters  of  commeni/alion  7 — 2  Cor. 

XXXi, 

2.  Ground  of  esteem,  approbation,  or  praise;  that 
which  presents  a  person  or  thing  to  anotlier  in  a  fa-' 
vorable  light,  and<renders  worthy  of  regard  or  accept- 
ance. 

Good-nature  is  llie  most  godlike  «omnundauon  of  a  man. 

Drydtn. 

3.  Service  ;  respects  ;  message  of  love.  Shak. 

J\'ote.  —  In  iinifation  of  the  French,  we  are  accus- 
tomed to  use  recommendation.  Sec,  for  commendation. 
But,  in  most  insmnces,  it  is  belter  to  use  the  word 
without  the  prefix  re.  A  letter  of  commendation  is 
the  preferable  phrase. 

eO.M-.MEND'A-TOR,  n.    One  who  holds  a  benefice 

in  comineiidiim.  Chalmers. 
eO.M-MEND'A-TO-RY,  a.     Which  serves  to  com- 
mend ;  presenting  to  favorable  notice  or  reception ; 
containing  praise  ;  as,  a  commendatoni  letter. 

Bacon.  Pope. 
2.  Holding  a  benefice  in  commendam  ;  as,  a  com- 
mendatoni bishop. 
eO.M-,MES'D'.\-TO-RY,  n.  A  commendation  ;  eulogy. 

South. 

eO.M-ME.N'D'ED,  pp.  Praised;  represented  favorably ; 
committed  in  charge. 

CO.M-.MEN'D'ER,  n.    One  who  commends  or  praises. 

CO.M-.ME.\'D'I.NG,  ppr.  Praising;  representing  favor- 
ably ;  committing  or  delivering  in  charge. 

eOM-ME.\S'.\L,  II.    [L.  con  and  mensa,  table.] 

One  that  eats  at  the  same  table.    [  Obt.]  Chaucer. 

eO.M-.ME.\-S.\L'I-TY,  ji.  [Sp.  commensalia ;  L.  eom- 
mensalisi  eon  and  mcnsa,  a  table.] 

Fellowship  at  table  ;  the  act  or  practice  of  eating 
at  the  same  table.    [LiUJe  used.]    Brown,  Oillies. 

eOM-MEN-SU-R.VBIL'I-TY,    (  n.  [Fr.  commensura- 

eO.M-ME.N'SU-RA-BLE-NESS,  \  ii/ite.] 

The  capacity  of  being  compared  with  another  in 
measure,  or  of  being  measured  by  another,  or  of 
having  a  common  measure.  Broven,  Hole. 

eO.M-.ME.X'SU-RA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  con  and  L.  nien- 
sura,  measure.    See  Measi/re.] 

That  have  a  common  measure  ;  that  may  be  meas- 
ured by  the  same  number  or  quantity.  Thus  a  yard 
ami  a  foot  are  commensurable,  as  both  may  be  meas- 
ured by  inches.  Commensurable  numbers  arc  those 
which  may  be  measured  or  divided  by  another  num- 
ber without  a  remainder,  as  12  and  18,  which  may 
be  measured  by  li  and  3. 

Commen.furable  surds,  are  those  which,  being  re- 
duced to  their  least  terms,  become  fnie  figurative 
quantities  of  their  kind,  and  are  therefore  as  a  ra- 
tional tpiantitv  to  a  rational  one.  Barlotc. 

CO.M-.ME.N'SL'-RA-BLY,  ode.  In  a  coramensurable 
manner. 

eO.M-MEN'SIJ-RATE,  a.  [IL  eonmcn.eiirar*  ;  Sp.  con- 
mctu^irar,  whence  conmensurativo ;  con  and  L.  mensu- 
ra,  measure.] 

1.  Having  a  common  mea-sure. 

2.  Equ.al ;  pro|Kirtional ;  having  equal  measure  or 
extent ;  .is,  we  find  nothing  in  this  life  commensuraU 
to  our  desires. 

eOM-MEN'SU-RATE,  v.  £.  To  reduce  to  a  common 
measure. 

eOM-.MEN'SU-RA-TED,  pp.  Reduced  (o  a  common 
measure. 


TONE,  BlILL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


29* 


COM 

€OM-MEN'SU-RATE-L,Y,  ndv.    VVitli  the  capacity 
of  measuring  or  being  measured   by  some  otiier 
tiling.  Holder. 
2.  With  equal  measure  or  extent. 

eOM-MEN'SIJ-RATE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
commensurate.  Foster. 

€O.M-.MEN"SU-Ra-TI.\G,  j>pr.  Reducing  to  a  com- 
mon measure. 

eO.M-JIEN-StJ-RA'TIOX,  7i.  Proportion,  or  propor- 
tion in  measure  ;  a  state  of  having  a  connnon  measure. 

All  IUnes£  lies  in  ft  p;iriic!il.ir  commensurotio/i,  or  propurdon 
ol  i">e  thiii^  to  411'jilirr.  Sijulh, 

COM'MENT,  V.  i.  [L.  commentor,  to  cast  in  the  mind, 
to  thinlt,  to  devise,  to  compose  ;  from  ciui  anil  mens, 
mind,  or  the  same  root.  It.  cuniciitare  ;  Fr.  coinmenter ; 
Sp.  cimieiitur;  Port,  commentar.    See  .Mind.] 

1.  To  write  notes  on  the  works  of  an  author,  with 
a  view  to  illustrate  his  meaning,  or  to  exjilain  par- 
ticular passages ;  to  explain;  to  expound;  to  anno- 
tate ;  followed  by  on.  We  say,  to  ciymincnt  on  an  au- 
thor, or  on  his  writings.  Drydcn.  Pope. 

2.  To  make  remarks,  tibservations,  or  criticisms, 
either  on  a  book,  or  writing,  or  on  actions,  events,  or 
opiniiuis.  Siink. 

eo.M'MENT.  f.  f.    To  explain.  Fuller. 
2.  To  feign  ;  to  devise.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

€O.M'ME.\'T.  n.  A  note,  intended  to  illustrate  a  writ- 
Mi:;,  rr  a  ditficult  passage  in  an  author :  annotation  ; 
►'XplaiiaTuiii .  exposition  ;  as.  tile  comments  of  ^^coll  on 
tne  Scriptures 

2.  That  which  explains  or  illiisiraie!. ,  as,  a  man's  i 
conduct  is  the  best  comment  on  his  declarations.  Pov-  ' 
erty  and  disgrace  are  very  significant  comme7its  on 
lewdness,  gambling,  and  dissipation. 

3.  Remark  ;  observation. 

In  such  a  time  as  (iiis,  it  is  not  meet 

'rha{  ever/  nice  oticnse  shuuhl  bear  its  comment.  Shdk 

eOM'.MENT-A-RY,  n.  A  comment ;  exposition  ;  ex- 
planation ;  illustration  of  diflicult  and  obscure  ptis- 
sages  in  an  author. 

2.  A  book  of  comments  or  annotations. 

3.  An  historical  narrative  ;  a  memoir  of  particular 
transactions  ;  as,  the  Commentaries  of  Cesar. 

€O.M'MENT-A-RY,  v.  t.  To  write  notes  upon.  [Lit- 
tle llsedA 

eO.M'MEN'-TATE,  ».  (.  To  make  comments ;  to  write 

notes  upon.  Purs,  of  Lit. 

eO.M'.ME.\T-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  comments;  one 

who  writes  annotations ;  an  expositor ;  an  annotator. 

[The  accent  on  the  first  syllable  and  that  on  the  third 

are  nearly  equal.] 
eO.M-.ME.'VT-A'TO 

inentat(»r, 

eO,M'.ME.\'T-ER,  n.    One  that  writes  comments  ;  an 
2.  One  who  makes  remarks.  [annotator. 
eO.M'.MEi\1"-I.\G,  ppr.    Making  notes  or  comments 

on  something  said  or  written. 
€O.M-.MEN-TI"TIOUS,  (kom-men-tish'us,)  a.  [L.  coni- 

mcnlitiiis.^ 

Invented  ;  feigned  ;  imaginary.  Olanville. 
GO!\I'.MERCE,  n.    [Fr.  commerce;  L.  commercivm;  con 
and  mercor,  to  buy  ;  mcrz,  merco.    See  Class  .Mr,  No. 
3.   ll.  comtnercin  ;  ^\).  cotntircio  ;  Port,  cojnmercio.  For- 
merly accented  on  the  second  syllable.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  an  interchange  or  mutual 
change  of  goods,  wares,  proiliictions.  or  property  of 
any  kind,  between  nations  or  individuals,  either  by 
barter,  or  by  purchase  and  sale ;  trade ;  trallic.  Com- 
merce is  foreign  or  inland.  Foreign  commerce  is  the 
trade  which  one  nation  carries  on  with  another;  in- 
land commerce,  or  inland  trade,  is  the  trade  in  the  ex- 
change of  commodities  between  citizens  of  the  same 
nation  or  state.    .Active  commerce.    See  Active. 

2.  Intercourse  between  individuals ;  interchange 
of  work,  business,  civilities,  or  amusements  ;  mutual 
dealings  in  common  life. 

3.  Familiar  intercourse  between  the  sexes. 

4.  Interchange  ;  reciprocal  communications  ;  as, 
there  is  a  vast  commerce  of  ideas.  D.  fVtb.stcr. 

€O.M-.MF.RCE',  v.  i.    To  tratlic  ;  to  carry  on  trade. 
2.  To  hold  intercourse  with.  [Riileiffh. 

Ami  look,  commereing  »  illi  the  ski-s.  Milton. 

eOM-MER'CIAL,  (kom-mer'.ihal,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
commerce  or  trade  ;  as,  commercuU  concerns  ;  commer- 
cial rtdations. 

2.  (Jarryingon  commerce  ;  as,  a  commercial  nation. 

3.  Proceeding  from  trade  ;  as,  commercial  benefits 
or  profiis. 

€O.M-iMER'CIAI^LY,  adv.    In  a  commercial  view. 

BllrliC. 

€OM-MER'CI.\G,  ppr.  Holding  intercourse  with  ;  as, 
and  looks  cimmercing  with  the  skies.  Mdton. 

eO.M'.MERE,  (  mire,)  n.    [Fr.  mere.] 
A  connnon  mother. 

COM-MET'ie,  a.    Giving  a  gloss  or  beauty. 

eOM'MI-GRATE,  ti.  t.    [L.  commigro ;  con  a 
to  inigmle.] 

To  migrate  togcthr-r  ;  to  move  in  a  body  from  one 
country  or  placo  to  another,  fur  permanent  residence. 
[LtUir  iijw/.l 

eO.M-VII-GRX'TION,  n.  The  moving  of  a  body  of 
pixjple  from  one  country  or  place  to  another,  with  a 
view  to  permanent  rc*idence.  Woodward. 


roU-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  com- 


1  and  migro. 


COM 

CO.M-.MI-Na'TION,  n.  [I>.  comminalio :  con  and  mi- 
natin,  a  threatening,  from  minor,  to  threaten.  See 
Menace.] 

1.  A  threat  or  threatening  ;  a  denunciation  of  pun- 
ishment or  vengeance. 

2.  The  recital  of  God's  threatenings  on  stated  ilays ; 
an  oflice  in  the  Liturgy  of  the  Church  of  England, 
appointed  to  be  read  on  Ash  Wednesday,  or  on  the 
first  day  of  Lent.  Encyc. 

€0,M-!V11N'A-T0-RY,  a.  Threatening;  denouncing 
punishment.  B.  Jonsun. 

eO.M-.MIN"GLE,  (-ming'gl,)  v.  t.  [con  and  7ni)!o/e.] 
To  mix  together  ;  to  mingle  in  one  mass,  or  inti- 
mately ;  to  blend.    [See  MiNoLE.]  Sliak. 

eo.M-.MIN"GLE,  ti.  i.  To  mix  or  unite  together,  as 
different  substances.  Bacon. 

eO.M-.MIN"GLi!D,pp.    Mingled  together. 

eOM-MIN"GL(NG,  ppr.    Mingling  together. 

eOM-MI.N'li-ATE,  V.  t.  To  grind    [JVot  used.]  [See 

CoMM  I  NUTE.] 

eOM-.MIN'y-I-BLE,  a.    Reducible  to  poVder.  Brown. 
COM'i\U-NuTE,  V.  t.    [L  comminuo;  con  and  minuo, 
to  lessen,  from  the  root  of  minor;  Jr.  mion,  min,  fine, 


small,  tender  ;  W.  main,  man ;  At.  ^.^j  manna,  to  di- 
minish.   Class  Mn,  No.  5.] 

To  make  small  or  fine  :  to  reduce  to  minute  parti- 
cles, or  to  a  fine  powder,  by  breaking,  pounding,  rasp- 
ing, or  grinding  :  to  pulverize  :  to  triturate  ;  to  levi- 
g.afe.  It  is  chielly  or  wholly  applied  to  substances 
not  liquid.  Boron. 

eOM'MI-Nu-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  fine  particies , 
pulverized  ;  triturated. 

eOM'JII-Nu-TING,  ;ipr.  Reducing  to  fine  particles; 
pulverizing;  levigating. 

€OM-Ml-Nu'TION,  ;i.    The  act  of  reducing  to  a  fine 
powder  or  to  small  particles  ;  pulverization. 
2.  Attenuation  ;  as,  co;H»ii««tioH  of  spirits.  Bacon. 

eO.M-MIS'EK-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Commiserate.]  De- 
serving of  commiseration  or  pity  ;  pitiable ;  that  may 
excite  sympathy  or  sorrow. 

This  commiserdblt  person,  Edward.  Bacon. 

i Little  used.^ 
.M-.MIS'ER-aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  commiseror;  con  and 
misereor,  to  pity.    See  Miserable.] 

1.  To  pity  ;  to  compassionate  ;  to  feel  sorrow,  pain, 
or  regret,  for  another  in  distress  ;  applied  to  persons. 

We  shouM  eommiBernte  those  who  ^roan  beneuLh  the  weiglit 
of  age,  disease,  or  want.  Denham. 

2.  To  regret ;  to  pity  ;  to  be  sorry  for  ;  as,  to  com- 
miserate our  mutual  ignttrance.  Locke, 

eO.M  MIS'ER-a-TEI),  pp.  Pitied. 
€OM-MIS'ER-A-TlNG, /);)r.    Pitying;  compassionat- 
ing ;  feeling  sorrow  for. 
eO.M-.MIS-ER-A'TION,  n.    Pity  ;  compassion  ;  a  sym- 
pathetic suffering  of  pain  or  sorrow  for  the  wants,  af- 
tlictions,  or  distresses  of  another. 

I  can  not  think  of  these  poor  delniled  crentures  hot  with 
eommtKeration. 

eOM-MIS'ER-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    From  compassion. 

eo.M-MIS'ER-A-TOR,  71.    One  who  pities.  Bromn. 

eO.M-MIS-SA'KI-AL,  a.  [See  Commissakv.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  commissary. 

Smollett  uses  Commissobial  ;  but  this  is  not  regu- 
lar nor  authorized. 

eO.M-MIS-SA'llI-AT,  71.    [Sp.  comisariato.    See  CoM- 

MI.S9ARV.] 

The  office  or  employment  of  a  commissary  ;  or  the 
whole  body  of  officers  in  the  comniissary'.s  d^^part- 
ment.  TooUe,  Ross.  i.  57.^>. 

eO.M'MIS-SA-RY,  71.  [Fr.  commi.isaire  ;  It.  and  Port. 
commissario  ;  Sp.  comisario  ;  Low  L,  cmnmissarins  ; 
from  commiisus,  comrnitto  ;  con  ami  mitto,  to  send.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  commissitmer ;  one  to  whom 
is  commitled  some  charge,  duty,  or  office,  by  a  supe- 
rior power  ;  one  who  is  sent  or  delegated  to  execute 
some  ollire  or  duty,  in  the  place,  or  as  the  represent- 
ative, of  his  superior. 

2.  In  ecclesitt.itieal  law,  an  officer  of  the  bishop,  who 
exercises  spiritual  jurisdiction  in  places  of  the  dio- 
cese so  far  distant  from  the  episcopal  see,  that  the 
chancellor  can  not  call  the  people  to  the  bishop's 
principal  consistory  court,  without  putting  thi  iii  to 
inconvenience.  Aijti.fe.  F.ncyc. 

3.  In  a  tnilitary  .sense,  an  offirer  who  has  the  charge 
of  furnishing  provisiims,  clothing,  &c.,  for  an  army. 
Commissaries  are  distinguished  by  different  names, 
according  to  their  duties  ;  as,  commissary-general ,  who 
is  .at  the  head  of  the  department  of  supplies,  and  has 
under  him  deputy  comviUsaries  and  issuing  commu'sa- 
rii's;  the  latter  to  issue  or  distribute  the  supplies. 

4.  An  officer  who  mii.sters  the  army,  receives  and 
inspects  the  muster-rolls,  and  keeps  an  account  of 
the  strength  of  the  army.  lie  is  called  the  commis- 
sary-general of  jnustrrs.  The  commi.tsary  of  horses 
has  llie  inspiTtiim  of  the  artillery  lior.st^s  ;  and  the 
commissary  of  stores  has  charge  of  all  the  stores  of 
the  nrtilh  fv.  F.neyc. 

COM'MIS-SA-RY-GEN'ER-AL,  ii.    The  head  of  Iho 

commissary  department. 
€OM'WIS-SA-UY-SIIIP,  n.    The  ollicc  of  a  coinmis- 

sary.  Ayliffe. 


COM 

 «  

eOM-MIS'SIOi\,  (-niish'iin,)  n.  [Fr.  commissinn  ;  It. 
cotnmisiune :  Sp.  comision;  L.  commissio,  with  a  differ- 
ent application,  from  comrnitto  ;  con  and  mitto,  to 
send.] 

1.  The  act  of  committing,  doing,  performing,  or 
perpetrating  ;  as,  the  commission  of  a  crime. 

2.  The  act  of  committing  or  sending  to ;  the  act  of 
intrusting,  as  a  charge  or  duty. 

3.  A  writing  from  proper  authority,  given  to  a  per- 
son as  his  warrant  for  exercising  certain  powers,  or 
the  perfiirmance  of  any  duty,  whether  civil,  ecclesi- 
astical, or  military.  Hence, 

4.  The  thing  committed,  or  power  and  authority 
given. 

5.  By  a  metonymy,  a  number  of  persons  joined  in 
an  office  or  trust. 

G.  In  commerce,  the  state  of  acting  under  authority 
in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  goods  for  another.  To 
trade  or  do  business  on  commission,  is  to  buy  or  sell 
for  another  by  his  authority.  Hence, 

7.  The  allowance  made  to  a  factor  or  commission 
merchant  fiir  transacting  business,  which  is  a  certain 
rate  per  cent,  of  the  v.ilueof  the  g<iods  bought  or  sold. 

8.  To  put  a  skip  into  commission,  is  to  send  it  forth 
on  public  .service  after  it  has  been  laiil  up. 

9.  7V  put  the  great  seal  ijito  commission,  is  to  place 
it  in  the  hands  of  commissioners  dtiring  the  period 
that  intervenes  between  the  going  out  of  one  lord 
keeper  and  tne  accessitm  of  another. 

Commu'ision  of  bankruptcy,  is  a  commission  issuing 
from  the  chancellor  in  Great  Britain,  and  in  other 
countries  from  some  proper  authority,  uppoiutiiig 
and  empowering  certain  persons  to  examine  into 
the  facts  relative  to  an  alleged  bankruptcy,  jna  to 
secure  the  bankrupt's  lands  and  efi'ects  lor  the 
creditors. 

Commission  of  lunacy,  is  a  commission  issuing  from 
the  Court  of  Chancery,  to  authorize  an  inquiry 
whether  a  person  is  a  lunatic  or  not. 

Commission  officer,  in  the  army  or  nary,  is  an  officer 
who  has  a  commission,  in  distinction  from  subaltern 
officers. 

eOM-.MIS'SION,  (kom-mish'un,)  r.  t.  To  give  a 
commission  to  ;  to  empower  or  authorize  by  com- 
mission. The  president  and  senate  appoint,  iiut  the 
president  commissions.  United  States. 

2.  To  send  with  a  mandate  or  authority. 

A  chos:-n  K.nil 
He  fir>l  commisBtonB  to  tin-  Lali.iii  land.  Dryden. 

3.  To  authorize  or  empower. 

Mite.  —  CoMMissioNATE,  iu  a  like  sense,  has  been 
used,  but  rarely. 

eO.M-MIS'SION-AL,     )  a.    Appointed  by  warrant. 

eOM-MIS'SION-A-RY,  (      [Little  used.] 

eOM-MlS'SION-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  a 
commission  ;  empowered  ;  authorized. 

eO.M-MIS'SION-ER,  n.  A  person  who  has  a  com- 
mission or  warrant  from  proper  authority,  to  perfiirm 
some  office,  or  execute  .some  liusini^ss,  for  the  person 
or  government  which  employs  him,  and  gives  liiin 
authority  ;  as,  commissioners  for  settling  the  bounds 
of  a  state,  or  for  adjusting  claims. 

eO.M-MIS'SION-lNG,  ;)/)r.  Giving  a  commission  to ; 
furnishing  with  a  warrant ;  empowering  by  letters 
patent  or  other  writing ;  authorizing. 

eOM-MlS'SION-MER'CHANT,  n.  A  merchant  who 
transacts  business  as  the  agent  of  other  men,  in 
buying  and  selling,  and  receives  a  rate  per  cent,  as 
his  commission,  or  reward. 

eO.M'lMIS-StJKE,  ».  [L.  commissura,  from  comrnitto, 
commissus  ;  literally, a  sending  orthriistingtogether.] 

1.  A  joint,  seam,  or  closure ;  the  place  where  two 
bodies,  or  ptiits  of  a  body,  meet  and  unite  ;  an  inter- 
stice or  cleft  between  particles  or  parts,  as  between 
plates  or  laiiielhe. 

2.  In  architirture,  the  joint  between  two  stones, 
or  a|jplic;itioiiof  the  surface  of  one  to  that  of  another. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  suture  of  the  cranium  or  skull  ; 
articulation  ;  tile  corners  of  the  lips.  Also,  certain 
parts  in  the  ventricles  of  the  brain,  uniting  flit  two 
lieiiiisplieres.  Core. 

COM-.MIT',  )•.  (.  [L.  comrnitto,  to  send  to,  or  thrust 
together;  con  and  miUo,  to  send  ;  Fr.  metlrc,  to  put, 
set,  or  lay;  commcltre,  to  commit;  It.  mctlrre,  com- 
mcttrre  :  .Sp.  meter,  comctcr :  Port,  meter,  romcter.] 

Literally,  to  send  to  or  upon  ;  to  throw,  put,  or  lay 
upon.  Hence, 

1.  To  give  in  tnist ;  to  put  into  the  hands  or  power 
of  another;  to  intrust ;  with  to. 

Qymmit  thv  wav  lo  the  Lord.  —  Ps.  xxxvii. 
The  lhin/;«  thou  lia«t  hinid  of  im-,  commit  lo  faithflfl  n.en. — 
'i  Tint.  ii. 

2.  To  put  into  any  place  for  preservation  ;  to  de- 
posit; as,  fo  commit  a  [lassage  in  a  book  to  memory  ; 
to  commit  the  body  to  flic  grave. 

3.  To  put  or  send  to,  for  ctmfinement  ;  as,  to  com- 
mit an  offender  to  prison.  Hence,  for  tlui  sake  of 
brevity,  commit  is  used  for  imprison.  The  sherili'  has 
commitled  the  offender. 

These  two  were  comtnideff,  at  least  reitraliied  of  their  lilirrty. 

Ctartmloti. 

4.  To  do  ;  to  effi^ct  or  perpetrate  ;  as,  to  commit 
murder,  treason,  fidony,  or  trespass. 

Thon  ihalt  not  commit  ailullery  F.x.  XX. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


230 


COM 

5.  To  join  or  put  toRetlior,  for  a  contest ;  to  match  ; 
followed  by  loM ;  a  Latinisni. 

How  (Io.-8  PliilopolU  commit  Ihc  opponent  mth  Ihn  reipondent. 
uttil.]  Mart. 

fi.  To  place  in  a  state  of  hostility  or  incongruity. 
"  Cimmilting  short  am)  long  words."  But  this  seeins 
to  be  the  same  si|;niricntion  as  the  foregoing. 

7.  To  expose  or  unUan^'er  by  a  preliminary  step  or 
decision  which  can  not  be  recalled;  as,  to  commil 
the  peace  of  a  country  by  espousing  the  cause  of  a 
belligerent. 

You  inii^hl  have  gntiided  eTrry  duty  of  politicnl  frieu<Uhip  with- 
out cornmitliiif  the  honor  oT  your  6ovcrci*n.  Juniua. 

8.  To  engage  ;  to  pledge ;  or  to  pledge  by  implica- 
tion. 

The  genernl  addrewed  letteri  to  Gen.  GnteB  and  to  Gen. 
Henlh,  ciiulioning  them  a^ithist  any  sudden  nssent  to  the 
propoiAl,  which  Nii^ht  poiwildy  be  conxiiiered  .tv  comtmttiug 
the  liilh  of  the  United  Stales.  MarsUatl. 

And  tvith  the  reciprocal  proiir>iin,  to  commit  one^s 
selfy  is  to  do  stinie  act,  or  make  some  di^claration, 
wiiich  may  bind  the  person  in  honor,  good  faitli,  or 
consistency,  to  pursue  a  centiin  course  of  conduct,  or 
to  adhere  to  the  tenure  of  that  di  claration. 

9.  To  refer  or  intrust  to  a  committee,  or  select 
number  t>f  persons,  for  their  consideration  and  report ; 
a  term  of  U>rislation  ;  as,  the  petition  or  the  bill  is 
committed.  Is  it  the  pleasure  of  the  house  to  commit 
the  bill  > 

10.  To  commit  fullij,  is  to  commit  to  prison  for  trial, 
in  distinction  from  a  temporary  commitment  while 
under  examination.  Bomutr. 

eO.M-MIT'ME.\T,  n.  The  net  of  committiiii;  ;  a 
sending  to  prison  ;  a  putting  into  prison  ;  imprison- 
nicnl.  It  is  etpiivalcnt  to  setitlinir  or  puttiittr  in  sim- 
ply ;  as,  a  commitment  to  the  Tower,  or  to  iVowpate  ; 
or,  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  omitting  the  name  of  the 
place,  it  is  equivalent  to  putting  into  prison;  as,  the 
olfentler  is  secured  by  commitment. 

2.  An  order  for  confining  in  prison.  But  more 
generally  we  use  ntittiwtts. 

3.  The  act  of  referring  or  intrusting  to  a  committee 
for  consitleration  ;  a  term  in  legi.'ilation :  as,  the  com- 
viitment  t)f  a  petitittn  or  a  bill  to  a  select  number  of 
persons  for  consideration  and  report. 

4.  The  act  of  delivering  in  charge,  or  intrusting. 

5.  A  doing,  or  perpetration,  as  of  sin  or  a  crime  ; 
commission.  Clarendon. 

C.  The  act  of  pledging  or  engaging  ;  or  the  act  of 
exposing  or  entlangering.    [See  the  verb,  Nos.  7 
antl  8  1  Hamilton. 
eo.M-.MIT'T.\I.,  n.    A  pledge,  acttuil  or  implied. 
eO.M-.MlT'TED,  pp.     Delivered  in  trust;  given  in 
charge  ;  depi>sited  ;  imprisoned  ;  dime  ;  (lerpetrated  ; 
engaged  ;  exposed  ;  referred  to  a  committee. 
Fnihi  cnmmiUed;  committed  to  prison  for  trial. 

iSee  tjoM.MiT.l 
>I-MIT'TEE,  n.  One- or  more  persons  elected  or 
appointed,  to  whom  any  matter  or  business  is  referred, 
either  by  u  legislative  body  or  either  branch  of  it,  or 
by  a  court,  or  by  any  corporation,  or  by  any  society, 
or  collective  body  of  men  acting  together.  In  legis- 
lative bodies,  a  htiiise  or  branch  of  that  body  may 
resolve  or  form  itself  into  a  committee,  called  a  com- 
mittee of  the  uilwle  Itoiue,  when  the  speaker  leaves 
the  chair,  and  one  of  the  members  acts  as  chairman. 
Standing  commitlces  are  such  as  continue  during  the 
existence  of  the  legisl.iture,  and  to  these  are  com- 
mitted all  matters  that  fall  within  the  purposes  of 
their  ap|H>intment ;  as,  the  committee  of  elections,  or 
oC printegr^f,  Slc.  Special  committee.i  are  appointed  to 
consiiler  anil  report  tm  particular  subjects. 
eO.M-MIT''|-EE-SHlP,  n.    The  otfice  and  profit  of 

committees.  Milton. 
eO.M-.MlT'TER,  ».    One  who  commits;  one  who 

d(H'S  or  perpetrates.  South. 
€O.M-MIT'TI-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  committed. 

ILiUle  it.»«rf.J  Brown. 
eO.M-MIT'TING,  ppr.    Giving  in  trust;  depositing; 
imprisoning;  perpetrating;  engaging;  referring  to  a 
coininiltee  ;  exposing. 
CO.M-.MIX',  r.  t.    [Ij.  eommuiceOy  commixtus  ;  con  and 
mLseeo,  to  mix.    [See  .Mix.] 

To  mix  or  mingle  ;  to  blend  ;  to  mix,  as  different 
siibstiinces.  Bacon.  A'tirtuii. 

€O.M-.MI.\',  p.  I.    To  mix  ;  to  mingle.  Shnk. 
eO.M-.MI.\'ED,  (kom-mixt',)  pp.    .Mixed;  blended. 
eo.\|  iMIX'ING,  ppr.    .Mixing;  blending. 
€O.M-.MIX'TIO.V,  (ktmi-niix'chun,)  n.     Mixture;  a 
blending  of  different  ingredients  in  one  mass  or 
com|H>uhd.  Brown. 

CoMMixioN  is  used  by  Shakspeare,  but  is  hardly 
legitimate. 

eO.M-MIXT'lJRE,  (kom-mixt'ytir,)  n.  The  act  of 
niixing  ;  the  state  of  being  mingled  ;  the  blending  of 
ingreilients  in  one  mass  or  compound.  Baron, 

2.  The  mass  formed  by  mingling  different  things; 
composition  ;  compound.    Baron.    Shak.  fVotton. 

3.  In  Sco/j  (aui,  a  method  of  acquiring  property,  by 
blending  different  substances  belonging  to  different 
proprietors.  F.najc. 

etj.M-.MODE',  n.  [Fr  ,  from  L.  commodus,  conveni- 
ent ;  con,  or  com,  and  modtu,  manner.    See  Mode.] 


COM 

1.  A  kind  of  head  dress  formerly  worn  by  lathes. 

Mddi.-^on. 

9.  A  chest  of  drawers,  often  with  shelves  added, 
and  other  coiiveiiifuces. 
€OM-iMo'UI-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  commode;  ll.comodo;  pp. 
id.  ;  L.  commodity,    i^rit  Mode.] 

Convenient;  suitable;  fit;  proper;  adapted  to  its 
use  or  purpose,  or  to  wants  and  necessities;  as,  a 
commodious  house  or  rt)om. 


Tiie  iiaven  wna  not  CQinmotitoitt  to  whtter  i 


.  12. 


It  is  followed  by  for  before  a  noun  ;  as,  a  place 
commodious  for  a  camp. 

eOM-Mo'UI-OUS  LY,  (tdv.  Conveniently  ;  in  a  com- 
motlious  manner;  suitably;  in  n  manner  to  afford 
ease,  or  to  prevent  tineasiness  ;  as,  a  house  comniodir- 
oiuly  situated  ;  we  may  pass  life  cotnmodiously  with- 
out the  restraints  of  ceremony. 

eO.M-MO'DI-OUS-NESS,  11.  Convenience;  fitness; 
suitableness  for  its  purpose  ;  as,  the  commodioiuiness 
of  a  house  or  an  apartment ;  the  commodiousntgs  of  a 
situation  for  trade. 

eO.M-MOD'I-TY,  II.  [L.  commoditas  ;  It.  comoditd  :  Fr. 
commoditc  ;  P]>.  comodidud  ;  Port,  contniodidade.  See 
Commode.] 

1.  I'rimarihj,  convenience;  profit;  advantage; 
interest.  "  .Slen  seek  their  own  commodity."  In 
this  sense  it  was  iiseil  by  Hooker,  Sidney,  &c. ;  but 
this  is  nearly  or  wholly  obsolete. 

2.  That  which  affords  ease,  cimvenience,  or  advan- 
tage ;  any  thing  that  is  useful,  but  particularly  in 
commerce,  including  every  thing  movable  that  is 
bought  and  sold,  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  produce 
of  land  and  miiniil'actures.  Unless,  perhaps,  ani- 
mals may  be  excepted,  the  word  includes  all  the 
movables  which  are  objects  of  commerce. 

Commotlitie*  nre  ti.oviilles,  valu;vljle  by  money,  the  common 
nieaiiiirc.  Locke. 

The  princii>il  use  of  money  is  10  save  the  commiilaiion  ol  more 
bulky  commoditiea.  Arbullinot. 

Staple  cimmodilics,  are  those  which  are  the  produce 
or  inamifacture  of  a  country,  and  constitute  the  prin- 
cipal articles  of  exportatiim.  Thus  tlour  is  the  staple 
commodity  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  ;  rtour 
and  tobacco,  of  Marj  land  and  Virginia  ;  cotton  and 
rice,  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia ;  cotton  and 
sugar,  of  Louisiana. 
€O.M'M(J-DoRE,  II.  [This  wtird  is  probablya  corrup- 
tion of  the  Itiilian  camandatore,  a  commander;  or 
the  Spanish  comendndor,  a  superior  of  a  monastery, 
or  a  knight  who  holds  a  couiiuandiy.] 

1.  The  officer  who  commands  a  squadron  or  de- 
tachment of  ships,  destined  on  a  particular  enter- 
prise. In  Vie  British  marine,  a  naval  officer  having 
the  temporary  rank  of  rear-admiral.  Brandc. 

2.  A  title  given  by  courtesy  to  the  senior  captain, 
when  two  or  more  ships  of  war  are  cruising  in  com- 
pany. Totlcn. 

3.  The  convoy  or  leading  ship  in  a  fleet  of  mer- 
chantmen, which  carries  a  light  in  her  top  to  conduct 
the  other  ships. 

eOM-.MOD-y-I.A'TlON,  n.    [L.  con  and  modutatio.] 
Measure  ;  agreement.    [Little  u.ied.]  Jfakeicill. 

eOM'.MOlGXE,  (  iiioin,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  monk  of  the 
same  convent.   \j\^ot  in  use.]  Sclden, 

CO.M'MO.V,  a.  [L.  communis:  Ft.  commim;  Arm. 
cournun  ;  It.  comune  :  Sp.  comun  ;  Port,  commuin ;  Goth. 
gamaiiwi ;  Sax.  gr.micn  ;  G.  gemein  :  D.  gemeen  ;  &w. 
gcmen  :  l>an.  gemeen  ;  It.  cumann  ;  Goth,  gamana,  a  fel- 
low, fellowship.  This  word  may  be  composed  of  cum 
and  man,  men,  the  plural  men  being  equivalent  to 
people  and  vulgus.  The  last  syllable  is  clearly  from 
the  root  of  many,  which  seems  to  belong  to  the  root 
of  man,  and  mean  is  of  the  same  family.  Hence  we 
see  the  connectiim  between  common  and  mean,  as 
vulgar,  from  valgus.  Eng.  folks.] 

1.  Belonging  etpially  to  more  than  one,  or  to  many 
indefinitely  ;  as,  life  and  sense  are  common  to  man 
and  betust ;  the  common  privileges  of  citizens  ;  the 
common  wants  of  men. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  public;  having  no  separate 
owner.    The  right  to  a  liighway  is  common. 

3.  General ;  serving  for  the  use  of  all ;  as,  the 
common  prayer. 

4.  Universal ;  belonging  to  all ;  as,  the  earth  is 
said  to  be  the  common  motiier  of  mankind. 

5.  Public  ;  general  ;  frequent ;  as,  ommoii  report. 

6.  Usual  ;  ordinary  ;  as,  the  common  operations  of 
nature  ;  liie  common  forms  of  conveyance  ;  the  com- 
mon rules  of  civility. 

7.  Of  no  rank  or  superior  excellence;  ordinary. 
ApplirA  to  men,  it  signifies,  not  noble,  not  distin- 
guished by  noble  descent,  or  not  distinguished  by 
office,  character,  or  talents  ;  as,  a  common  man  ;  a 
common  soldier.  Jipplied  to  things,  it  si^ifies,  not 
distinguished  by  excellence  or  superiority  ;  as,  a 
common  essay  ;  a  common  exertion.  It,  however,  is 
not  generally  equivalent  to  mtaii,  which  expresses 
something  lower  in  rank  or  estimation. 

8.  Prostitute  ;  lewd  ;  as,  a  common  woman. 

9.  In  grammar,  such  verbs  as  signify  both  action 
and  passitin  are  called  common :  as,  a<pcmor,  I 
despise  or  am  despised  ;  also,  such  nouns  as  are  both 
masculine  and  feminine  ;  as,  parens. 


COM 

10.  A  common  bud,  in  botany,  is  one  that  coiitiiiiis 
both  leaves  and  fluwers  ;  a  cnmmon  peduncie,  one 
thai  bt^ars  several  tlowers  ,  a  coinoion  perianth,  one 
that  incloses  several  ilislincl  fructifications;  a  cm/i- 
innii  receptacle,  one  that  connects  several  distinct 
fructiftcatioiis.  Martyiu 

Common  dioisor,  or  meiv^ure.  In  mathematicH,  is  a 
nuir.ber  or  quantity  that  divides  two  or  more  num- 
bers or  quantities  without  a  remainder. 

Common  law ;  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  the  unwritten  law,  the  law  that  receives  its 
bintling  force  from  immemorial  usage  and  universal 
reception,  in  distinction  from  the  written  or  statute 
law.  That  body  of  rules,  principles,  and  customs, 
which  have  been  received  from  our  ancestors,  ami 
by  which  courts  have  been  governed  in  tlii-ir  judi- 
cial decisions.  The  evidence  of  this  law  is  to  be 
found  in  the  reports  of  those  decisions,  and  the 
records  of  tlie  courts.  Some  of  these  rules  may 
have  originated  in  eilicts  or  statutes  which  are  now 
lost,  or  ill  the  terms  and  conditions  of  particular 
grants  or  charters  ;  but  it  is  most  probable  that  many 
of  tliem  origiiiatcil  in  judicial  decisions  founded  ou 
natural  justice  and  equity,  or  on  local  custinus. 

Common  plias ;  ill  Great  Britain,  one  of  the  king's 
courts,  now  held  in  Westminster  Hall.  It  consists 
of  a  chief  justice  and  three  other  justices,  and  has 
cognizance  of  all  civil  c.iuses,  real,  personal,  or 
mixed,  as  well  by  original  writ  as  by  removal  from 
the  inferior  courts.  A  writ  of  error,  in  the  nature  of 
an  apiieal,  lies  from  this  court  to  the  Court  of  King's 
Bench.  Btackstone, 

In  some  of  the  .American  States,  ti  court  of  common 
pleas  is  an  inferior  court,  whose  jurisdiction  is  lim- 
ited to  a  cfiunly,  and  it  is  siunetimes  called  a  county 
court.  This  court  is  variously  constituted  in  ilirt'er- 
ent  States,  and  its  powers  are  defined  by  statutes.  It 
has  juristlictit.il  of  civil  causes,  and  of  minor  of- 
fenses ;  but  its  final  jurisdiction  is  very  limited  ;  all 
causes  of  iiiagiiitiide  being  removable  to  a  higher 
ctjurt  by  appeal,  or  by  writ  of  error. 

Common  prnifrr:  the  liturgy  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, wliii  li  all  the  clergy  of  the  church  are  enjoined 
to  use,  under  a  penall}-.  Knryc. 

Common  recovery:  a  legal  process  for  barring  en- 
tails, reiuaiiulers,  &.c.    [See  Kecoverv.] 

Common  time  ;  ill  music,  the  name  given  to  those 
varieties  of  time,  in  which  the  measure  consists  of 
two  or  of  four  etpial  portions,  Edin.  Enryc. 

In  common:  etptally  with  another,  or  with  others; 
to  be  equally  used  or  participated  by  two  or  more  ; 
as,  tenants  in  common :  to  prtivide  for  children  in 
common  ;  to  assign  lantis  to  two  persons  in  common, 
or  to  twenty  in  common ;  we  enjoy  the  bounties  of 
Providence  in  common. 
eO.M'.MO.X,  n.  A  tract  of  ground,  the  use  of  which 
is  not  appropriated  to  an  individual,  but  belimgs  to 
the  public,  or  to  a  number.  Thus  we  apply  the 
word  to  an  open  ground  or  space  in  a  highway,  re- 
served for  public  use. 

2.  Ill  law,  an  open  ground,  or  that  soil  the  use  of 
which  belongs  equally  to  the  inhabitants  of  a  town 
or  of  a  Itirtlship,  or  to  a  certain  number  t)f  proprie- 
tors ;  or  the  [irofit  which  a  man  has  in  the  land  of 
anotlier ;  or  a  right  which  a  person  has  to  pa.stiire  his 
cattle  on  land  of  another,  or  to  dig  turf,  or  catch  fish, 
or  cut  wood,  or  the  like  ;  called  common  of  pasture, 
of  turbary,  tif  piscary,  and  of  estovers. 

Common,  or  right  of  common,  is  appendant,  appurte- 
nant, breaiise  of  vicinage,  or  in  gross. 

Common  appendant,  is  a  right  belonging  to  the  own- 
ers or  occupiers  of  arable  land  to  put  commonable 
beasts  upon  the  loril's  waste,  and  upon  the  lands  of 
other  persons  within  the  same  manor.  This  is  a 
matter  of  most  universal  right. 

Common  appurtenant,  may  be  annexed  to  lands  in 
other  lordships,  or  extend  to  other  beasts,  besides 
those  which  are  generally  commonable  ;  this  is  not  of 
common  right,  but  can  he  claimed  only  by  immemo- 
rial usage  and  prescription. 

Common  because  of  vicinage,  or  neighborhtxid,  is 
where  the  inhabitants  of  two  townships,  lying  con- 
tiguous to  each  other,  have  usually  interctnniiioned 
with  one  another,  the  beasts  of  the  one  straying  into 
the  other's  fields  ;  this  is  a  permissive  right. 

Common  in  gross,  or  at  large,  is  annexed  to  a  man's 
perstin,  being  granted  to  him  and  his  heirs  by  deed  ; 
or  it  may  be  claimed  by  prescriptive  right,  as  by  a 
parson  oi"  a  church  or  other  corporation  sole. 

Blackstajie, 

eOM'MON,  V.  i.    To  have  a  joint  right  with  others  in 
common  ground.  Johnson, 
2.  To  board  together ;  to  eat  at  a  table  in  common. 

Kncyc 

eOM'MON,  adv.    Commonly.  Shak. 

eO.M'MO.\-eAR  RI-ER,  n.  One  who  iindertases 
for  hire,  to  transport  goods  from  one  place  to  another 
Such  a  carrier  is  liable  for  all  losses  and  injuries  V 
the  goods,  except  those  which  have  liappenetl  in  con 
sequence  of  the  act  of  God,  or  of  the  enemies  of  'Ji^ 
country,  or  of  the  owner  of  the  property  hims.  lf. 

Bo  trier. 

eOM'MOX-eOU.N'CIL,  n.  The  council  of  a  my  or 
corporate  town,  empowered  to  make  by-laws  for  ilia 


TOXE,  BULL,  qXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CU  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

_  _  _ 


COM 


COM 


COM 


tiovernment  of  the  citizens.  The  common-council 
of  London  consists  of  two  houses  ;  the  upper  house, 
coniposfd  of  tlie  U)rd  niaj'or  and  aldermen  ;  and  the 
lower  house,  of  tlie  common-council -men,  elected  by 
the  several  wards.  In  most  of  the  American  cities, 
the  mayor,  aldermen,  and  common-council-men  con- 
stitute one  body,  called  a  Court  of  Common-Council. 

[The  common-councils  sometimes  consist  of  two 
houses,  chambers,  or  courts,  (as  at  Norwich,)  and 
sometimes  form  only  one.  The  city  of  London  is 
divided  into  twenty-four  wards  ;  the  supreme  magis- 
trate of  each  ward  has  the  title  of  alderman;  the 
twenty-four  aldermen,  with  the  lord  mayor,  form  the 
Court  of  Milermen  ;  each  ward  annually  chooses  a 
certain  number  of  the  inhabitants,  who  are  sworn  to 
assist  the  aldermen  with  their  advice  in  all  public 
affairs,  and  they  form  the  Court  of  Common-Council. 
—  E.  II.  B  1 

eOM'.MO.X-eOU.N'CILr-MAN,  n.  A  member  of  a 
common-council. 

t;0.\l'MO.V-€lll'ER,  n.  A  crier  whose  occi*pation  is 
to  give  notice  of  lost  tilings. 

€O.M'.MO.\-HALL,  n.  A  hall  or  house  in  which  citi- 
zens? m^et  for  business, 

<;O.M'MO.V-LAVV.    See  Law  and  Common. 

€OM'MON-LA\V'YER,  ;i.  One  versed  in  common- 
law.  Spelinan. 

eO.M'MOX-LOOK'INO,  a.  Having  a  common  ap- 
pearance. 

f;O.M'.MO.\-PLE.\S,  n.  p7.    A  court  for  trial  of  civil 

causes.    [See  Common. 1 
CO.M'MO.N-SE.\SE,  n.  'Sound  practical  judgment ; 

the  instantaneous  decision  of  unperverted  reason. 
eO.M'.MO.\-.\-BLE,  a.    Held  in  common.  Bacon. 
2.  That  may  be  pastured  on  common  land. 

Cbmoionoi.'c  tx-asts  nr**  cilhcr  beasts  of  Ihe  plow,  or  such  as 
ni.iii.iru  llie  ground.  Blackslone. 

€O.M'.MON-AGE,  n.  The  right  of  pasturing  on  a  com- 
mon ;  the  joint  right  of  using  any  thing  in  common 
w'lh  others.  Johnson. 
eO.tl'.MO.X-AL  TY,  71.  The  common  people.  In  Great 
Britjiin,  all  classes  and  conditions  of  people  who  are 
below  the  rank  of  nobility. 

Tlie  eommomiUy,  like  llis  noljility,  are  tlivide<I  into  sev-ral 
degrL'^6.  Blac!(slone. 

In  the  United  Slates,  commonalty  has  no  very  defi- 
nite signification.  It  is,  however,  used  to  denote 
that  part  of  the  people  who  live  by  labor,  and  arc  not 
liberally  educated,  nor  elevated  by  office  or  profes- 
sional pursuits 
2.  The  bulk  of  mankind  Hooker. 
eOM'.MON-ER,  (1.  One  of  the  lower  r.ank,  or  common 
people  ;  one  under  the  dc'gree  of  nobility.  Addison. 

2.  A  member  of  the  house  of  commons.  Smift. 

3.  One  who  has  a  joint  right  in  common  ground. 

Bacon. 

4.  A  student  of  the  second  rank  in  the  University 
of  Oxford,  Eng.,  (corresponding  to  a  pensioner  at 
Cambridge,)  wiio  is  not  dependent  on  the  foundatii  a 
for  support,  but  pays  for  his  board  or  commons,  to- 
gether with  all  other  charges.  Hnher. 

5.  .\  prostitute.  Sluik, 

6.  A  p  irtaker.  Fuller. 
€OM-.MO-.\I"T[OX,  (  nish'un,)  n.    [L.  commonitio. 

See  -Monition.] 

Advice  ;  warning  ;  instruction.    [Little  itsfrf.] 
€O.VI-.\IO.\'I-TIVE,  tt.    Warning  ;  monitory.  [Little 
used.  ] 

€O.M-MO.N'I-TO-RY,  a.    Calling  to  mind  ;  giving  ad- 

moniiion.  For. 
eO.M'.MO.X-LY,  adv.   Usually  ;  generally  ;  ordinarily  ; 

frequently  ;  for  the  most  part ;  as,  confirmed  habits 

commonly  continue  through  life. 
eOM'.MO.V.N'ESS,  71.    Frequent  occurrence ;  a  state 

of  being  cominmi  or  usual. 
2.  Eqi-.al  participation  by  two  or  more.  [Little 

used.] 

eOM'MOX-PL.^CE,  a.    Common,  trite,  not  new  or 

extraordinary. 
eO.M'.\10N-PL.*CE,  71.    A  memorandum  ;  a  common 

topic. 

eO.M'.MOM-PL.\CE,  V.  t.  To  enter  in  a  common- 
place-book, or  to  reduce  to  general  heads.  Fellon. 

eo.M'MO.V-PLACE'-BOOK,  71.  A  book  in  which 
things  to  be  ri  niemhered  are  recorded. 

eO.\r.M(J.\-PL.xC-£D,  (-plist,)  u.  Entered  in  a  com- 
tnoni»lacn-book. 

eO.M'MOiNS,  71.  pi.  The  common  people,  who  inherit 
or  possens  no  honors  or  titles  ;  the  vulgar. 

Chancer.    Shak.  Dnjden. 

2.  In  F.njland,  the  lower  house  of  parliament,  con- 
sisting of  the  reprrsentatives  of  cities,  boroughs,  and 
comities,  chosen  by  men  possessed  of  the  property  or 
qualifications  required  by  law.  This  body  is  called 
the  hiiute  uf  r/immimj.  The  lioimc  of  representatives, 
in  North  C'arolinn,  bears  the  name  name. 

3.  Common  ffrouwLi ;  land  |Mn*s*'Sscd  or  used  by  two 
or  more  persons  in  ciininion.    [Sec  Common.] 

4.  Food  provided  at  a  common  table,  as  in  colleges, 
where  many  peravn*  eat  at  the  same  table,  or  in  the 
■aine  hall. 

Tti«lc  tommont,  thou|^  but  coarse,  were  nothing  teaiit. 

Alry^n. 


Doctors  Commons,  in  London;  a  college  founded  by 
Dr.  tlarvey,  for  the  professors  of  the  civil  law,  where 
the  civilians  common  together.    The  house  was  con- 
sumed in  the  great  fire  in  16GG,  but  rebuilt  in  1G72. 
To  this  college  belong  thirty-four  proctors.  Enctjc. 
eOM'MON-TY,  n.     In  Scots  law,  land  belonging  to 
two  or  more  common  proprietors  ;  or  a  heath  or  iiiuir, 
of  which  there  has  been  a  promiscuous  possession 
by  pasturage.  Enctjc. 
€OM-MOi\-VVi5AL',       )  n.        [See  Weal  and 
eOM'.MO.N'-WEALTH',   \  Wealth.] 

L  An  established  form  of  government,  or  civil 
polity  ;  or,  more  generally,  a  state  ;  a  hotly  politic, 
consisting  of  acerUiin  portion  of  men,  united,  by  com- 
pact or  tacit  agreement,  under  one  form  of  govern- 
ment and  system  of  laws.  This  term  is  applied  to 
the  government  of  Great  Britain,  which  is  of  a  mixed 
character,  and  to  other  governments,  which  are  con- 
sidered as  free  or  popular,  but  rarely,  or  improperly, 
to  jn  absolute  government.  A  commonwealth  is 
properly  a  free  stale  ;  a  popular  or  representative  gov- 
ernment ;  a  republic  ;  as,  the  commonweattfi  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. The  word  signifies,  strictly,  the  common 
good  or  happiness :  and  hence,  the  form  of  govern- 
ment supposed  best  ti-  secure  Ihe  public  good. 

2.  The  whole  body  of  people  in  a  state  ;  the  pub- 
lic. Shnk. 

3.  The  territory  of  .t  state  ;  as,  all  the  land  within 
the  limits  of  the  cummontccalth.  J\lassachnsetts. 

4.  'I'he  Commonwenllh  :  in  F-nglLih  history,  the  form 
of  government  established  on  the  di-ath  of  Charles  I., 
and  which  existed  under  Oliver  Cromwell  and  his 
son. 

eO.M-MOX-WEALTH'ft  MAN,  7t.  One  who  favored 
the  English  commonwealth.  [See  Commonwealth, 
No.  4.) 

GOM'MO-RANCE,   )  71.     [L.  commorans,  commoror ; 
eO.M'MO-R.\N-CY,  i     con  and  moror,  to  stay  or  de- 
lay.] 

A  tl  welling  or  ordinary  residence  in  a  place ;  abode ; 
habitation. 

Commorancy  consists  in  usually  lying  there.  BlackfU>ne, 

eO.M'.MO-RANT,  a.  Dwelling;  ordinarily  residing ; 
inhabiting. 

All  freeliMl  Iers  within  th^  precinct  — and  all  persons  commorant 
tti  r-jn  —  art  obiigej  to  attenti  Ihe  cmrt  leel.  BiacksUirte. 

eOM-Mo'RI-ENT,  a.    [L.  commoriais.] 

living  at  the  same  time.  Buck. 
eO.M'M(^TII-ER,  n.    A  godmother.    [Little  used.] 
COM-.Mo'TION,  n.    [h.  commotio,  commoveo  ;  con  and 
vioveo.    See  Move.] 

1.  .Agitation  ;  as,  the  commotion  of  the  sea. 

2.  Tumult  of  people  ;  disturbance;  disorder,  which 
may  amount,  at  times,  to  sedition  or  insurrection  ; 
as,  the  commotions  of  a  state. 

ars  and  commotions,  be  not  terrilied.  — 

3.  Agitation  ;  perturbation  ;  disorder  of  mind  ; 
heat  ;  excitement. 

lie  could  not  dk-'ti.tte  without  commotion.  Qarendon. 

eOM-.Mo'TION-ER,  71  One  who  excites  commotion. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 

€O.M-.\10VE',  p.  ^    [I.,  commoveo.    See  Move.] 

To  put  in  motion  ;  to  disturb  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  unset- 
tle ;  a  poetic  word.  Thomson. 

eo.M-.MfiV'SD,  pp.    Moved  ;  agitated. 

eOM-Mi'iV'ING,  ppr.  Agitating. 

eO.M-.MON'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  commune. 

COM-.MuNE',  V.  i.  [Fr.  communter;  \V.  cymunaw ; 
Arm.  communya.  The  Welsh  word  is,  by  Owen,  con- 
sidered as  a  compound  of  cy,  a  prefix  tMiuivalent  to 
CO  antl  con  in  Latin,  and  ymun  ;  ym  noting  identity, 
and  utiatp,  to  unite.  If  the  worti  is  formed  from  cy 
or  cum  aiitl  unus,  it  is  rtidically  different  from  com- 
mon. But  tile  Ltitin  communico  acctirtls  with  this 
Word,  ami  willi  common.] 

1.  To  converse  ;  to  tiilk  together  familiarly  ;  to  im- 
part SLUlimeiits  mutually,  in  private  or  familiar  dis- 
course ;  followed  by  with  before  the  person. 

And  there  will  I  meet  and  commune  leith  thee,  —  Ex.  xxr. 

2.  To  have  intercourse  in  contemplation  or  medi- 
tation. 

Commune  with  your  own  heart  on  your  bed.  —  Ps.  W. 

3.  To  partake  of  the  sacrament  or  Lord's  supper; 
to  receive  the  ctimmunion  ;  a  common  use  of  the  word 
in  .America,  as  it  is  in  the  IVelsh. 

CO.II'MUJVF,,  71.  A  small  territorial  district  in  France, 
one  of  the  siiboriliiiate  divisions  of  the  country  in- 
troduced in  the  late  revolution.  In  the  conntrii,  a 
commune  sometimes  t;mbr:ices  a  number  of  villages, 
while  some  large  citii^s  are  divided  into  a  number 
of  communes. 

COM-MCJVI-BUS  .^JV'JVIS;  one  year  with  another  ; 
on  an  average. 

COM-MO'JVI-BUS  LO'CIS;  one  place  with  another; 
on  ;t  medium. 

eOM-.MU-Nf-eA-RIL'I  TY,  71.  [Sec  Communicate.] 
The  quality  of  being  communicable;  capability  of 
being  imparted  from  one  to  another.  Johtison. 

eOM-.\I0'NI  CA-BLE,  a.    [Fr.]    That  may  be  com- 


municated ;  capable  of  being  imparted  from  one  to 
another;  as,  kntiwledge  is  communicable  by  words. 

Lost  bliss,  to  thee  no  more  communicable.  fifiUon. 

Eternal  life  is  communicat/te  to  all.  Hooker, 

2.  That  may  be  recounted.  JirUtoiu 

3.  Communicative  ;  ready  to  impart.    [Au(  u-sed.] 

B.  Jaiison. 

eOM-Mu'NI-eA-BL&NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being 
cominiiiiicable.  ^ 

€O.M-MC'NI-eA-BLY,  adv.    With  communication. 

eO.M-.Mu'NI-CANT,  71,  One  who  communes  at  the 
Lord's  table  ;  one  who  is  entitled  tt>  partake  of  the 
sacrament,  at  the  celebration  of  the  Lord's  supper. 

JJooker.  ..^tterbury. 

eOM-Mu'NI-CATE,  V.  t.  [L.  communico:  from  cotti- 
mu7tis,  common  ;  It.  comunicare  ;  Sp.  comunicar  ,*  Fr. 
comjnunit/utT.] 

1.  To  impart ;  to  give  to  another,  as  a  partaker ; 
to  confer  for  joint  possession  ;  to  bestow,  as  llitit 
which  the  receiver  is  to  hold,  retain,  use,  or  enjoy  ; 
with  to. 

Where  God  is  worshiped,  there  he  communicatee  his  hlessingi 
I  holy  iuflnencri.  Taylor. 


Let  him  that  i 

tf-ichetli  in  ull  < 


in  the  word  communicate  to  hn 
I  things.  —Gal.  vi. 


2.  To  impart  reciprocally,  or  mutually  ;  to  have  or 
enjoy  a  share  of ;  followed  by  with. 

Common  benefits  are  to  be  communicated  teith  all,  but  pecu- 

li.tr  benefits  with  choice.  Bacon. 
But  Dionte  le  desires  my  company, 

And  still  eommanieates  his  praise  with  me.  Dryden. 

3.  To  impart,  as  knowledge ;  to  reveal ;  to  give, 
as  infonnation,  either  by  words,  signs,  or  signals  ; 
a-s,  to  communicate  intelligence,  news,  opinions,  or 
facts. 

Formerly,  this  verb  had  with  before  the  person  re- 
ceiving ;  as,  "  He  coniviunicated  those  thoughts  only 
with  the  Lord  Digby."  Clarendon.  But  now  it  has 
fii  only. 

4.  To  deliver ;  as,  to  communicate  a  message  ;  —  to 
give  ;  as,  to  communicate  motion. 

eoM-Mu'-M-CATE,  v.  L  To  partake  of  the  Lord's 
supper.  Taijlor. 

Instead  of  this,  in  Jlmerica,  at  least  in  JVna  Eng- 
land, commune  is  generally  or  always  used. 

2.  To  have  a  communication  or  passage  from  one 
to  another  ;  to  have  the  means  of  passing  from  one 
to  another;  as,  two  houses  co/nmu/ftcatc  with  eairh 
other  ;  a  fortress  communicates  with  the  country  ;  the 
canals  of  the  body  communicate  with  each  other. 

.^rbutlmot. 

3.  To  have  intercourse  ;  applied  to  persons. 

4.  To  have,  enjoy,  or  suffer,  reciprocally  ;  to  have 
a  share  with  another. 

Ye  have  done  well  that  ye  did  communicate  with  my  affliction. 
—  Phil.  iv. 

eOM-JIU'NI-C.A-TED,  pp.    Imparted  from  one  to 

another  ;  bestowed  ;  delivered. 
eO.M-.Mu'Nl-CA-TING,  p;jr.    Imparting;  giving  or 

bestowing;  delivering. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  supper. 

3.  Leading  or  conducting  from  place  to  place,  as  a 
passage  ;  connected  by  a  passage  or  channel ;  as,  two 
lakes  communicating  with  each  other. 

4.  Having  intercourse  by  words,  letters,  or  mes- 
sages; correspoiuling. 

eO.M-MU-Nl-CA'TlON  n.  The  act  of  imparting, 
conferring  or  deliveiing,  from  one  to  another;  as, 
the  communication  of  knowledge,  opinions,  or  facts. 

2.  Intercourse  by  worils,  letters,  or  messages  ;  in- 
terchange of  thoughts  or  opinions,  by  conference  or 
other  means. 

AUner  had  communication  with  the  elders  of  Israel,  sayinj, 
Ye  sought  lor  David  in  times  past  to  be  king  over  you. — 
2  Sam.  lii. 

Let  your  communication  be,  yea,  yea  ;  nay,  nay.  —  Matt.  v. 

In  I  Cor.  XV.  33,  "  Evil  communications  corrupt 
good  manne  s,"  the  word  may  signify  cimversalion, 
colltiquial  discourses,  or  customary  association  and 
familiarity. 

3.  Intercourse  ;  interchange  of  knowledge  ;  cor- 
rcsponilence  ;  good  undcrsttiniling  between  men. 

Secrets  may  l"-'  carri'-d  so  far  as  to  stop  tho  eommunicalion 
iR-cessa'rr  amoiiif  all  vvho  have  the  manageiuenl  ol  ..II  lirs. 

4.  Connecting  passage  ;  means  of  passing  from 
place  to  placir ;  as  a  strait  or  channel  between  se.as 
or  lakes,  a  road  between  cities  or  countries,  a  gallery 
between  apartments  in  a  house,  an  avenue  between 
streets,  &c.  Keep  open  a  communication  with  Ihe 
besiegetl  place, 

5.  That  which  is  communicated  or  imparted.  The 
house  receivetl  a  communication  from  the  governor 
resp<;cting  the  hospital. 

0.  In  rhetoric,  a  trope,  by  which  a  speaker  or 
writer  takes  his  hearer  or  reader  as  a  parlner  in  his 
sentiments,  anil  says  we,  instead  of  /  or  you.  Beattie. 
€OM-M0'NI  e.\-TI  VE,n.  Iiiclineil  to  communicate  ; 
ready  to  impart  to  others.  In  the  sense  of  liberal  of 
benefits,  though  legitimtite,  it  is  little  used. 

2.  Disposed  to  impart  or  disclose,  as  knowledge, 
opinions,  or  facts  ;  free  to  communicate  ;  not  reserved. 

We  have  paid  for  our  want  of  prudence,  and  determine  ftir  th« 
future  to  tie  Ifs*  Tommunicatttitf.  Sa\fL 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  MUTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.UllNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

_  .  - 


COM 

eO.M-MC'M  eA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  qiKility  of  be- 
iiil  coiiiiiuinicative  ;  readiness  to  iiiipurt  to  others  ; 
I'ri'cdom  friiin  reserve.  JSTurrU. 

eOiM-JIO'M-eA-TOR,  71.   One  who  comniiinicates. 

I>wifrkt. 

eOM-MCNI-CA-TO-RY,  a.   Importing  know  ledge. 

Barrow, 

eOM-MPN''I\G,  ;);>r.  Conversing  familiarly ;  having 
familiar  intercourse. 

CO.M-.M0.\'I.NG,n.  Familiar  converse  ;  private  inter- 
course. K.  7".  Fiuh. 

COM-IIOX'ION,  (koni-mun'ynn,)  n.  [L.  coinmuiiio; 
Ft.  cammunion  ;  It.  comuniniiei  Sp.  cum  union ;  Port. 
communkam.    See  Commu.v.] 

I.  Fellowship;  intercourse  between  two  persons 
or  more ;  interchange  of  transactions  or  offices ;  a 
state  of  giving  and  receiving ;  agreement ;  concord. 
We 


Willi  cammuiifon  hath  liahl  wllli  il\rkii'»!?— S 
Tlie  cointnunion  o(  Uio  liuly  Kpirit  be  wilh  >u 


— 2Cor. 


2.  Mutual  intercourse  or  union  in  religions  wor- 
ship, or  in  doctrine  and  discipline.  The  Protestant 
churches  have  no  communion  wilh  the  Roman  Catlt- 
olic  church. 

3.  'I  he  body  of  Christians  who  have  one  common 
faith  and  discipline.  Tlie  three  grand  commnnion.i 
into  which  the  Christian  church  is  divided,  are  those 
of  the  Greek,  the  Roman  Catholic,  and  the  I'rutestaiit 
churches. 

4.  The  act  of  communicating  the  sacrament  of  the 
eucharist;  the  celebration  of  the  Lord's  supper;  the 
participation  of  the  blessed  sacrann  iil.  The  fourth 
council  of  Laleran  decrees  that  everj'  believer  shall 
receive  the  communion  at  least  at  Easter.  Encyc. 

5.  l.'nion  of  professing  Christians  in  a  particular 
church  ;  as,  members  in  full  comtnnnion. 

CommunioHscrrice,  in  the  litiirg}'  of  the  Episcopal 
church,  is  the  office  for  the  administration  of  tlie 
holy  sacrament. 
€O.M-.M0X'IO.V-IST,  n.  One  of  the  same  communion. 

Viiri/. 

€O.M'.MU-NISM,  n.    [Fr.  comnnnic,  common.] 

Comiminity  of  property  among  all  the  citi7.ens  of  a 
state  ;  a  state  of  things  in  whicii  tliere  are  no  indi- 
vidual or  separate  rights  in  property  ;  a  new  French 
word,  nearly  synonymous  with  a^rarianism,  sociali^nty 
and  raiUcaliifm. 
eOM'.MU-NIST,  B.  An  advocate  for  a  community  of 
property  among  citizens.  Some  persons  of  this  sect 
contend  also  for  a  community  of  females,  or  a  pro- 
miscuous intercourse  of  the  se,tes. 
€0.\I-.MO'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  communitas;  It.  comunitd ; 
Pp.  comuniihil ;  Fr.  communaute.    See  Commox.] 

1.  Proyjir/K,  common  possession  or  enjoyment ;  as, 
a  community  of  goods. 

It  U  11  cuiifirmalioQ  of  tlie  original  communili/  uf  :ill  tlifnirs. 

Locke. 

0.  .\  society  of  people  having  common  rights  and 
privileges,  or  common  interests,  civil,  political,  or 
ecclesiastical ;  or  living  uutler  the  same  laws  and 
regulations;  a-s,  a  caminuniri/ of  monks. 

3.  Society  at"  large  ;  a  commonwealth  or  state  ;  a 
body  politic  ;  the  public,  or  people  in  general. 

[In  this  sense,  the  term  sliould  not  be  used  abso- 
lulchj,  like  the  word  society  ;  as,  the  interests  of  com- 
munity require  Uiis ;  but,  the  interests  of  tJte  commu- 
nity, kc] 

4.  Commonness;  frequency.    [Obs.]  SIuA; 
eO.M-MO-TA-BIL'l-TY,  ii.    [See  Commuti:.]  The 

quality  of  being  capable  of  being  exchanged  or  put, 
one  in  the  place  of  the  other. 

€O.M-.M0'TA-I!LI:,  n.  [U  commutaHth.  See  CoM- 
ut'TE.]  That  may  be  exchanged,  or  mutually 
changed  ;  that  m.\v  be  given  for  another.  In  ;>Ai- 
lolo^jy  that  may  |>ass  from  one  into  another ;  as,  the 
letter  b  is  commutablc  with  r;  or,  in  Celtic,  b  and  niA 
are  commutabU. 

eOM-.MU-TA'TIOX,  n.  [L.  commutatio.  See  CoM- 
muteJ 

1.  Change ;  alteration ;  a  passing  from  one  st-nte  to 
another.  SoulA. 

5.  Exchange  ;  the  act  of  giving  one  thing  for  an- 
other ;  barter. 

The  in*-  of  mimry  U  to  nve  the  commubation  of  more  biilkjr 
c  >ininoitiliea.  ArbutJtitol. 

3.  In  /(IK),  the  change  of  a  penally  or  punishment 
from  a  greater  to  a  less ;  as  banishment  instead  of 
death. 

Suiti  *re  kllownble  in  Ih-*  •plriliial  courtt  Tor  mon^y  njrreeil  to 
be  giftn  lu  a  commuloxion  (ht  penance.  BlacJcttont. 

eOM-SlO'TA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  commutatif;  It.  commu- 
tatiro.    See  Commute.] 

Relative  to  exchange  ;  interchangeable  ;  mutually 
pa-osing  from  one  to  another  ;  as,  commutatice  justice, 
justice  which  is  mutually  done  and  received,  between 
men  in  stKiety. 

To  ciiltir^te  Kii  h.iUtna]  rr^rd  to  commulatttM  Justice.  Burke, 

€OM-M0'TA-TIVE-LY,  adv.  Pv  way  of  reciprocal 
exchanac.  Brown, 

COM-.MOTE',  V.  L  eommuto ;  con  and  muto^  to 

change.   See  AIutable  and  Mi'tation.] 


COM 

1.  To  exclu»nge  ;  to  put  one  thing  in  the  place  of 
nni>lher  ;  to  give  or  receive  one  thing  for  another  ; 
as,  to  commute  our  labors  ;  to  commute  pain  for  pleas- 
ure. 

2.  In  law,  to  exchange  one  penalty  or  punishment 
for  another  of  less  severity  ;  as,  to  commute  death  for 
transportation. 

eOM-MOTE',  r.  1.  To  atone;  to  compensate;  to 
stand  in  the  place  of;  us,  one  penally  commuliu  for 
another. 

eo.M-.MOT'ED,  pp.  Exchanged. 

CO.M-MOT'ING,  ppr.  Exchanging. 

eO.M-.MO'TU-AL,  a.  [con  Vit\d  mutual.]  Mulu;il ;  re- 
ciprocal ;  used  in  poetry. 

Tiiere,  with  commutunl  zeot,  we  botli  ha.l  tttovo 

111  acu  of  ilear  bciievulciicc  aiiU  love.  Pope. 

Co'MOSE,  a,    [L.  comosu-i,  hair)'.] 

In  botany,  ending  in  a  lull  or  kind  of  brush. 

Bn?nilr. 

CO.M-P.\eT',  a.      [Ij.  rompnrluf,  cowpin^o  :  con  and 
pan^o,  pnctiu,  ti>  tlinist,  drive,  fix,  make  fist  or  close  ; 
antiti. /irti'ii, /larii ;  (Jr.  rrr/j  I'uoi.    Pee  Pack.] 
IJlrralln,  driven,  thi  iisi,  or  pressed  together.  Hence, 

1.  Cliisi'ly  and  lirnily  united,  as  the  particles  of 
solid  tioities  ;  lit'iii  ;  close  ;  Sfilid  ;  dense.  Stone,  iron, 
and  woiid  are  compact  boflies.  A  compart  leaf,  in  bot- 
any, is  one  liaving  the  pulp  of  a  close,  firm  texture. 

2.  Couiposing;  consisting. 

A  w:inilrrin?  fire, 
Compact  of  unctuous  vapor.  Milion. 

This  sense  is  not  common.  [Sec  the  verb.]  Com- 
pact seems  to  be  used  for  compacted.  So  in  the  fol- 
lowing example. 

3.  Joined  ;  held  together.    [Little  used.] 

A  pipe  of  seven  recils,  compact  with  wax  togethrr.  Peaeham, 

4.  Brief ;  close ;  pithy ;  not  dilTuse ;  not  verbose  ; 
as,  a  compact  disctuirsc. 

eOiM'P.lCT,  JL.    [L.  compactum.] 

An  agreement ;  a  contract  between  parties ;  a 
word  tlitit  may  be  applied,  in  a  general  sense,  to  any 
covenant  or  contract  between  individuals ;  but  it  is 
more  generally  applied  to  agreements  between  na- 
tions and  states,  a.s  treaties  and  confederacies.  So 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States  is  a  political 
contract  between  the  States ;  a  national  compact.  Or 
the  word  is  ajiplied  to  the  agreement  of  the  individu- 
als of  a  community. 

Tlic  Inw  of  nations  depends  on  mutu;il  comparlt.  treaties, 
leagues,  &c.  Itiackttone. 

In  the  Dt-giniiings  of  speech  there  was  an  implicit  comjyacl, 
founded  on  common  consent.  South. 

eOM-PAeT',  V.  L  To  thrust,  drive,  or  press  closely 
together ;  to  join  firmly  ;  to  consolidate  ;  to  make 
close  ;  as  the  parts  which  compose  a  botly. 

Now  the  Ijriglit  sun  compacts  the  precious  sloiie.  BiOcTcmore. 

This  verb  is  not  much  used.  The  participle  is 
more  frequent ;  as,  the  earth's  compacted  sphere. 

Roscommon. 

The  solids  are  more  strict  and  eompaeted.  Arhuthnot, 

2.  To  unite  or  connect  firmly,  as  in  a  system. 

The  wtiole  body  fitly  Joined  togvUier  and  c^mpaeud,  —  Eph.  Iv. 

3.  To  league  with. 

Thou  pernicious  woman. 
Compact  with  her  dint's  gone.  Shak, 

4.  To  compose  or  make  out  of. 

If  he,  compact  of  Jars,  grow  musical.  Shak, 
In  the  two  last  examples,  compact  is  used  for  com- 
pactcfl. 

eOM-PAeT'ED,pp.ora.    Pressed  close  ;  firinlyunited 

or  connected. 
eO.M-PAGT'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  comiwct  manner. 
eOM-PACT'ED-NESS,  n.    A  st.ate  of  being  compact ; 

firmness  ;  closeness  of  parts ;  density,  whence  results 

hardness.  Digby. 
eO.M-PACT'ER,  n.    One  who  makes  a  compact. 
eCM-PACT'l-HLE,  a.   That  m.ay  be  joined. 
eOM-P.\eT'ING,  ppr.  Uniting  closely  ;  consolidating. 
eo.M-PAe'TIO.\,  II.    The  act  of  making  compact ;  or 

the  state  of  being  compact.  Bacon. 
€O.M-P.\eT'IA',  udL-.    Closely;  densely;  with  close 

union  of  part4. 
eO.M-PACT'XESS,  n.  Firmness ;  close  union  of  parts ; 

density.  Boyle. 
eOM-P.-ieT't^RE,  71.    Close  union  or  connection  of 

parts;  structure  well  connected  ;  manner  of  joining. 

Spcn.^cr. 

€O.M-PA'CkS,  7».  [L.]  A  system  of  structure  of  many 

parts  united.  Jtaii, 
eOiM-PAG-IN-A'TION,  71.    [L.  compaso.    See  Com- 

FACT.] 

Union  of  parts  ;  structure ;  connection  ;  context- 
ure.   [Little  used.]  Brown. 
eO.M'PA-NA-nLE,  a.   Companionable.  [Obs,] 
eO.M'PA-NA-BLE-NESS,  71.    Sociableness.  [Obs.] 

Sianet/. 

€OM-PAX'I-A-BI,E,  a.    Social.    [Obs.]  Bacon. 
eO.M-P.\.\'I-A-BLE-XESS,  n.   Sociableness.  [Obs,] 

Bp.  Hall. 

COM'PA-M-Kll,  pp.   Associated  with  ;  attended. 
eo.M-PAN'IO.V,  (kom-p.an'yun,)  71.    [Fr.  coBipaoTioTi ; 


COM 

Arm.  compaitrnun;  It.  cumpatrno;  Sp.  ccmpanero; 
Vurl.  cooipanheiro  ;  Ir.  companack.    See  CoiPAirr.] 

1.  One  who  keeps  company  with  another;  nno 
with  whom  a  pi:rson  frequently  associates  antl  con- 
verses. "  It  differs  from  friend,"  says  Johnson,  "  n« 
acquaintance  from  confidence,**  'i'he  word  does  not 
necessarily  imply  friendship  ;  but  a  companion  is 
often  or  generally  a  friend. 

A  companion  of  fools  shall  be  destroyed.  —  Pror.  ziil. 

2.  One  who  accompanies  another  ;  as  two  persons 
meeting  casually  anil  traveling  together  are  called 
companions.     So  soldiers  are  called  companions  in 

3.  .\  partner  ;  an  associate.  [arms. 
Epapliro.liiiis,  niv  brother,  and  companion  in  I.ibor,  and  fellow* 

soMiur.  — ri.il.  ii. 

4.  A  fellow  ;  a  mate.  Shak. 
.S.  A  term  someliines  apjdied  to  a  knight ;  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  knights  coiniiianders  of  the  same  order. 

6.  A  sort  of  wooden  Jiorch,  placed  over  the  en- 
trance or  staircase  of  the  cabin,  in  merchant  ships. 
Hence  the  cabin  stairs  are  called  the  companion^ay, 
and  the  ladder  by  which  otlicers  ascend  to  and  de- 
scend from  tlie  ijuarter  deck  is  called  the  companion 
ladder,  jVar.  Diet. 

eOM-PAN'IOX  A-lft.E,  a.  Fit  for  good  fellowship ; 
qualified  to  be  agreeable  in  company ;  sociable  ; 
agretjalile  as  a  companion.  Clarendon. 

eO.M-P.\X'IOX-A-BLY,  ado.  In  a  companionable 
manner. 

€OM-I'A.\'IO.\-LESS,  o.    Having  no  companion. 
eo.M-P.\.\'10X-SllIP,  71.    Fellowship;  association. 

Shak. 

2.  Company  ;  train.  Shak. 
eO.M'PA-XY,  (kum'pa-ne,)  71.  [ft.  compagnia;  Sp. 
compania  ;  Von.  eompanhia  ;  Fr.  compainiie :  not  from 
cum  and  panis,  Ijread,  a  mess  or  number  of  men  eat- 
ing together,  as  is  coninumly  supposed  ;  but  from 
cujn  anti  pannu.t,  cloth,  Teutonic  fahne  or  vaan,  a  Hag. 
The  word  denotes  a  band  or  number  of  men  under 
one  flag  or  standard.  What  decides  this  question  is; 
the  Spanish  mode  of  writing  the  word  with  n  tildi, 
titled  «,  compania,  for  this  is  the  manner  of  writing 
paho,  cloth;  wheri'as  pant.'!,  bread,  is  written  poTi. 
'I'he  ortliograjihy  of  the  word  in  the  other  languages 
is  confirmatory  of  this  opinion.] 

1.  In  military  affairs,  tile  stddiers  united  under  the 
command  of  a  captain  ;  a  subdivision  of  a  regiment, 
consisting  usually  of  a  number  from  sixty  to  one  hun- 
dred men.    But  the  number  is  indefinite. 

2.  Any  a.ssemblage  of  jwr-sons ;  a  collection  of  men, 
or  other  animals,  in  a  very  indefinite  sense.  It  may 
be  applied  to  a  small  number,  or  any  multitude  what- 
ever ;  as  in  Scripture  we  read  of  a  company  of  jiriests, 
a  company  of  prophets,  and  an  innumerable  company 
of  angels  ;  also,  a  company  of  liorses, 

3.  An  assemblage  of  pe^rsons  for  entertainment  or 
festivity  ;  a  party  collected  by  invitation  or  other- 
wise. 

4.  Persons  that  associate  with  others  for  conversa- 
tion or  pleasure  ;  society ;  as,  let  your  children  keep 
gtxid  company. 

5.  The  state  of  being  a  companion  ;  the  act  of  ac- 
companying ;  fellowship;  society;  as,  we  cannot 
enjoy  the  company  of  licentious  men. 

I  will  keep  thee  company,  Drydtn. 

6.  A  number  of  persons  united  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, or  in  a  joint  concern ;  as,  a  company  of  mer- 
chants or  mechanics  ;  a  company  of  players.  Th© 
wortl  is  applicable  to  private  partnerships  or  to  incor- 
porated bodies  of  men.  Hence  it  may  signify  a  firm, 
house,  or  partnership ;  or  a  corporation  ;  as,  the  Ea.st 
India  Company,  a  banking  or  insurance  company, 

7.  The  crew  of  a  sliip,  including  the  ofticers  ;  also, 
a  fleet. 

To  bear  company;  to  accompany  ;  to  attend  ;  to  go 
with ;  denoting  a  temporary  association. 

His  fnidiful  dug  sit.ill  bear  hini  company.  Pope. 
To  keep  company  ;  to  accompany  ;  to  attend  ;  also, 
to  associate  wilh  ireqtieiilly  or  habitually ;  hence,  to 
frequent  public  houses.  Broo.  xxix. 
eO.M'PA-XY,  V.  u  To  accompany;  to  attend;  to  go 
with  ;  to  be  companion  to.  [But  AccoMfANr  is  gen- 
erally used.] 

eOM'PA-XY,  V.  i.  To  associate  with  ;  to  frequent 
tlie  company  of. 

I  wrote  you  not  to  comjiany  with  fornicators. —  1  Cor.  v. 

2.  To  be  a  gay  companitm.    [Oii.]  Spenser. 

3.  To  have  commerce  w  ith  the  otlier  sex. 

Bp.  HalL 

€OM'PA-XY-IXG,  ppr.    Associating  with  ;  accompa- 

nving ;  attending. 
€0!m'PA-RA-BI,E,o.  [l..eomparal>ilis.  See  Cohpare.] 
That  may  be  compared  ;  worthy  of  comparison  ; 

being  of  equal  regard ;  that  may  be  estimated  aa 

equal. 

There  [s  no  blessing  of  life  eomparahU  to  the  enjoyment  of  a 

discreet  and  virtuous  frienJ.  Addieon, 
The  precious  sons  of  Zion,  camparabU  to  fine  ^Id.  —  l.am.  iv. 

eOM'PA-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  wor- 
thv  to  be  comp-ired,  or  of  equal  regard.  IVoUon. 

€O.SrP.\-R.\TES,  n.  pi.  In  /o£tc,  the  two  things  com- 
pared to  one  another. 


TONE,  BJjLL,  U.XITE.  — AX"GEyi,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


COM 


COM 


€OM-PA-Ra'TION,  71.  Provision ;  a  making  pro- 
vision. 

€OM-PAR'A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  comparativus ;  It.  com- 
jiarativo;  Fr.  cowparatif.    See  Compare.] 

1.  Estimated  by  comparison  ;  not  positive  or  ab- 
solute. Tile  cmnparalive  weight  of  a  body  is  tliat 
which  is  estimated  by  comparing  it  with  the  weight 
of  another  body.  A  body  may  be  called  heavy,  when 
compared  with  a  feather,  wliich  would  be  called 
light,  when  compared  with  u-on.  So  of  ctmparative 
good  or  evil. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  comparing  different  things ; 
as,  a  comparative  faculty,    Ciu.  OlanvUle. 

3.  In  grammar,  expressing  more  or  less.  Tlie  com- 
parative degree  of  an  adjective  expresses  a  greater  or 
less  degree  of  a  quantity,  or  quality,  than  the  pos- 
itive; as,  brighter,  or  more  bright;  smaller  j  Jiner ', 
stronger ;  weaker* 

Comparative  anatomy ;  that  branch  of  anatomy 
which  treats  of  tlie  anatomy  of  man  and  of  other 
animals  in  one  connected  view,  in  order  to  compare 
them  together,  and  arrive  at  general  conclusions. 

Kiicyc.  Am, 

eOM-PAR'A-TIVE,  n.  One  who  is  equal,  or  pretends 
to  be  an  equal.    [J^ot  now  used.]  Skak. 

€O.M-PAR'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  state  of  compari- 
son ;  by  comparison  ;  according  to  estimate  made 
by  comparison  ;  not  positively,  absolutely,  or  in  itself. 
A  thing  is  comparatively  heavy,  when  it  is  compared 
with  something  less  heavy.  Paper  is  comparaticeUj 
light  or  heavy  ;  light,  when  compared  with  lead;  and 
heavy,  when  compared  with  air. 

How  few,  comparatively,  are  the  instances  of  a  wise  arpl'calion 
of  time  aiij  talents  1  Anon. 

€OJI-PaRE',  v.  t.  [L.  comparo,  to  prepare,  to  provide 
or  procure,  to  make  eqtial,  to  compare  ;  con  aiKi  para, 
to  prepare  ;  It.  parare,  to  dress,  trim,  adorn  ;  also,  to 
parry ;  Sp.  parar,  to  prepare,  to  halt,  to  stop,  to  pre- 
vent, to  detain,  to  stake  at  cards  ;  Port,  parar,  to 
stop  or  cease  to  go  forward  ;  to  meet  or  conline 
upon  ;  to  touch  or  be  bounded  ;  to  tend  ;  to  drive  at 
some  end;  to  aim  at;  to  come  to;  to  hinder;  to 
parry,  or  ward  off ;  to  turn  or  change  in  inclination 
I  or  morals  ;  to  lay  or  stake,  as  a  wager;  Sp.  parada, 
!  I  a  halt,  stop,  pause  ;  a  fold  for  cattle  ;  a  relay  of 
I '  horses  or  mules  ;  a  dam  or  bank  ;  a  bet,  stake,  or 
I '  wager  ;  a  parade,  or  place  of  exercise  for  troops  ;  Port. 
Y  id.;  Arm.  para  ;  W.  parof/t,  to  prepare.  This  seems 
to  be  the  N13  bara,  of  the  Shemitic  languages.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  throw,  drive,  or  strike ;  hence, 
to  drive  or  force  off,  to  separate,  to  p'ire ;  hence,  to 
trim,  or  dress,  which  may  be  from  separating,  as  in 
the  French  parer  des  cuirs,  to  dress  or  curry  leather  ; 
I  or  from  setting  off,  as  we  express  the  idea,  that  is,  by 
enlargement,  or  display  ;  or  from  setting  in  order,  as 
we  say,  to  fix.  The  sense  of  compare  is  allied  to  the 
Portuguese  application  of  tlie  word,  to  come  to,  to 
meet ;  and  the  L.  par,  equal,  belongs  to  the  same 
root,  and  seems  to  be  included  in  comparo.  One  of 
the  principal  significations  is,  to  stop ;  that  is,  to  set ; 
to  fix.  In  fencing,  it  is  to  intercept  by  thrusting  the 
weapon  aside.  In  gaming,  it  is  to  lay  or  throw 
down.  All  the  senses  unite  in  that  of  extending, 
thrusting,  or  driving.  VV.  par,  that  is,  contiguous, 
preparedness,  a  pair,  a  fellow.  Eng.  peer,  L.  par.  The 
latter  word  seems  to  signify,  extended,  or  reaching 
to,  and  to  be  closely  allied  to  the  Portuguese  sense 
of  contiguity.] 

J.  To  set  or  bring  things  together  in  fact  or  in  con- 
templation, and  to  examine  the  relations  they  bear 
to  each  other,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  their  agree- 
ment or  disagreement ;  as,  to  compare  two  pieces  of 
cloth,  two  tables,  or  coins  ;  to  compare  reasons  and 
arguments  ;  to  compare  pleasure  with  pain. 

In  comparing  movable  things,  it  is  customary  to 
bring  them  together,  for  examination.  In  comparing 
things  immovable  or  remote,  and  abstract  ideas,  we 
bring  them  together  in  the  mind,  as  far  as  we  are 
able,  and  consitler  them  in  connection.  ^Comparison 
therefore  is  really  collation,  or  it  includes  it. 

2.  To  liken ;  to  represent  as  similar,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  illustration. 

Solon  compared  tlie  people  to  the  sea,  and  ontors  and  coun- 
I'  llorB  to  the  wiikU  ;  for  that  the  eea  would  be  calm  and 
fl'ii'-t,  if  the  winds  did  not  trouble  it.  Bacon. 

In  this  sense  compare  is  followed  by  to. 

:).  To  examine  the  relatiims  of  things  to  each 
other,  with  a  view  to  discover  their  relative  propor- 
tions, quantities,  or  qualities  ;  as,  to  compare  two 
kingdoms,  or  two  mountains,  witJi  each  other  ;  to 
compare  the  number  ten  wtth  fiftetm  ;  to  compare  ice 
with  crystal  ;  to  compare  a  clown  witJi  a  duncing- 
manier  or  a  dandy. 

In  thlM  B(!nse  compare  is  followed  by  with. 

4.  In  urammar,  to  form  an  ailjfjctive  in  the  dc- 
({rec«  of  comparison ;  as,  blackish,  black,  blacker, 
blackest, 

5.  To  got ;  to  procure  ;  to  obtain  ;  as  in  I.ntin. 
rOfr/t.l  Sprnser. 

eoM-PXRE',  V.  i.  To  hold  comparison ;  to  be  like  or 
cquil. 

2.  To  vie.    ^Obs.]  Spnser. 
€0.M-PAKE',  »     The  slate  of  being  compared  ;  cnip- 


parative  estimate ;  comparison  ;  possibility  of  enter- 
ing into  comparison,  or  being  considered  as  equal. 
Their  small  galleys  may  not  hold  compare 
With  our  tall  ships.  Walter. 

2.  Simile ;  similitude  ;  illustration  by  comparison. 

Johnson, 

[This  noun  is  in  use,  but  can  not  be  considered  as 
elegant.] 

eOM-PAR'ED,  pp.  Set  together  and  examined  with 
respect  to  likeness  or  unlikeness,  agreement  or  dis- 
agreement ;  likened  ;  representee!  as  similar. 

CO.M-PaR'ER,  n.  One  who  compares  or  makes  a 
comparison. 

eOJI-PAR'ING,  ppr.     Examining  the  relations  of 

things  to  each  other  ;  likening. 
eOM-PAR'ING,  71.    Act  of  comparing.  Baiter. 
eOM-P.\R'I-SON,  li.     [It.  comparaiione ;  Sp.  com- 

paracion ;    Fr.  comparaison  ;  Port,  compara^am;  L, 

comparatio.    See  Compare.] 

1.  The  act  of  comparing ;  the  act  of  considering 
the  relation  between  persons  or  things,  with  a  view 
to  discover  their  agreement  or  resemblance,  or  their 
disagreement  or  difference. 

We  lenrn  to  form  a  correct  estimate  of  men  and  their  actions 
by  comparison.  Anon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  compared. 

If  we  lightly  estimate  what  we  call  good  and  evil,  we  shall  find 
it  lit.'S  much  in  comjKirison.  Locke. 

3.  Comparative  estimate  ;  proportion. 

Who  is  left  amonw  you  that  saw  ihii  house  in  its  first  glory  ? 
And  how  do  ycu  see  it  now  i  Is  it  not  in  your  eyes  in 
comparison  of  it  as  nothijig  ?  —  Hag.  ii. 

4.  In  grammar,  the  formation  of  an  adjective  in  its 
several  degrees  of  signification  ;  as,  strong,  stronger, 
strongest ;  greenish,  green,  greener,  greenest ;  glorious, 
more  glorious,  most  glorious.  In  English,  there  are 
strictly  four  degrees  of  comparison 

5.  A  simile ;  similitude,  or  illustration  by  si- 
militude. 

Whereunfo  shall  we  lilren  the  kingdom  of  God  f  Or  with  what 
comparison  shall  we  compare  it  f  —  Mark  iv. 

6.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which  two  things  are 
considered  with  regard  to  property  or  quality,  which 
is  ctunmon  to  them  both  ;  as,  a  hero  is  like  a  litm 
in  courage.  Here  courage  is  common  to  hero  and  lion, 
and  constitutes  the  point  of  resemblance.  Encyc. 

The  dislinction  between  similitude  and  comparison  is,  that 
the  former  has  relerenc;  to  the  quality;  llie  latter,  to  the 
quantity.  Comparison  is  between  more  and  less  ;  simili- 
tude is  tietween  good  and  bnd.  Hannibal  —  hung  like  a 
tempest  on  the  declivities  of  the  Alps — is  a  likeness  by 
eimililude.  The  sublimity  ol  the  scripniral  prophets  ex- 
ceed«  that  of  Homer,  as  much  as  thunder  is  louder  than  a 
whisper —  is  a  likeness  by  comparison. 

J.  Q.  Adams,  lect.  ix. 

But  comparison  has  reference  to  quality  as  well 
as  quantitv. 

eO.M-PXRT',  V.  t  [Fr.  eompartir;  It.  compartire;  Pp. 
compartir,  con,  or  com,  and  partir ;  L.  partio,  to  divide. 
See  Part.] 

To  divitle  ;  to  mark  out  a  plan  or  design  into  its 
several  parts  or  subdivisions.  Wotton. 

CO.M-PXRT'ED,  pp.  Divided  into  parts  or  apartments. 

eOM-PXRT'ING,  ppr.  Dividing  or  disposing  into 
parts. 

eo.Vl-PXR-TI"TION,  71.  The  act  of  dividing  into 
parts.  In  architecture,  the  division  or  disposition 
of  the  whole  groundplot  of  an  edifice  into  its  va- 
rious apartments.  Encyc. 

2.  Division  ;  part  divided  ;  a  separate  part ;  as, 
amphitheaters  needed  no  compartitions.  JVotton. 

eOM-PXRT'MENT,7i.  [Fr.  comparlinient ;  It.  compar- 
timento.] 

1.  A  division  or  separate  part  of  a  general  design, 
as  of  a  picture,  or  of  a  groundplot.   Po/ie,  Peacliam. 

2.  A  design  composeti  of  several  different  figures, 
disposed  with  symmetry,  for  ornament ;  as,  a  com- 
partment of  tiles  or  bricks,  duly  amanged,  of  various 
colors,  and  varnished,  to  decorate  a  building.  In  irar- 
dening,  compartments  are  assemblages  of  beds,  plots, 
borders,  walks,  &c.  In  heraldry,  a  compartment  is 
called  also  a  partition.  Encyc. 

COM-PAKT'NER,  n.    A  sharer.  ■  Pearson. 

eOM'PASS,  (kum'pas,)  71.  [Ft.compas;  Pp.  com  pas ; 
It.  compasso ;  Port,  compasso  ;  con,  or  com,  and  Fr.  pas, 
Sp.  pa-w.  It.  passo,  a  pace  or  step,  L.  passtis,  which  co- 
incides with  the  participle  of  panilo,  to  open  or  stretch. 
(See  Pace  and  Pass.)  A  compass  is  a  .s'tr/j/iinj- togeth- 
er. So  in  Spanish  and  Portuguese,  it  signifies  a  beat- 
ing of  time  in  music] 

1.  Stretch;  reach;  extent;  the  limit  or  boundary 
of  a  space,  and  the  space  included  ;  applied  to  time, 
space,  sound,  &c.  ■  Our  knowledge  lies  within  a  very 
narrow  compa.ts.  The  universe  extentls  beyond  the 
compass  of  our  thoughts.  So  we  say,  the  compass  of 
a  year,  the  compass  of  ;in  empire,  the  compass  of  rea- 
son, the  compass  of  the  voice. 

And  In  that  compass  all  the  world  conbilni.  Dryden. 

2.  A  passing  round  ;  a  circular  course ;  a  circuit. 

Time  U  come  round  ; 
And  where  1  did  begin,  there  itliall  I  end  : 
My  life  has  run  ila  compass.  .S^rifc. 
They  felched  a  comjtasi  of  si-vcn  ilays'  Journey.  -  2  Kin^s  ill. 
V  Mam.  V,    Acts  xxviii. 


3.  Moderate  bounds  ;  limits  of  truth  ;  moderation  ; 
due  limits.  ■ 

In  two  hundred  years,  (I  speak  within  compass,)  no  such  ' 
commission  had  been  executed.  Davics.  ' 

This  sense  is  the  same  as  the  first,  and  the  peculiar 
force  of  the  phrase  lies  in  the  word  within,  ^ 

4.  The  extent  or  limit  of  the  voice,  or  of  sound.  1 
[See  No.  1.]  ■ 

5.  An  instrument,  often  called  the  mariner's  com-  I 
pass,  used  for  directing  or  ascertaining  the  course  of 
ships  at  sea.  It  consi.sts  of  a  circular  box,  containing 

a  paper  card  marked  with  the  thirty-two  points  of  di- 
rection, and  fixed  on  a  magnetic  needle,  that  always 
points  to  the  north,  the  variation  excepted.  The  nee- 
dle, with  the  card  attac"lied  to  it,  turns  on  a  pin  in  the 
center  of  the  box.    The  box  is  covered  with  glass,  to 
prevent  the  motion  of  the  card  from  being  disturbed  , 
by  the  wind,  and  is  so  suspended  as  to  remain  al-  I 
ways  in  an  horizontal  position,  notwithstanding  tlie  ■ 
motion  of  the  ship.  Encyc. 

6.  An  instrument  used  in  surveying  land,  con- 
structed, in  the  main,  like  the  mariner's  compass ;  1 
but  with  this  difference,  that  the  needle  is  not  fitteil  ' 
into  the  card,  moving  with  it,  but  plays  alone  ;  the 
card  being  drawn  on  the  bottom  of  the  box,  and  a 
circle  divided  into  3G0  degrees  on  the  limb.  This  in- 
strument is  used  in  surveying  land,  and  in  directing 
travelers  in  a  desert  or  forest,  miners,  Slc.  Encyc. 

eOM'PASS,  (kum'pas,)  v,  t.  Literally,  to  measure  with  I 
a  compass.    Hence,  | 

1.  To  stretch  round ;  to  extend  so  as  to  embrace  j 
the  whole  :  hence,  to  inclose,  encircle,  grasp,  or 
seize  ;  as,  to  compass  with  the  arms. 

2.  To  surrounil ;  to  environ  ;  to  inclose  on  all 
sides  ;  sometimes  followed  by  around,  round,  or 
about. 

Now,  all  the  blessings 
Of  a  glad  fatlier  compass  thee  about.  ShnJc. 
With  lavor  will  thou  compass  him  as  wilh  a  shield.  —  Ps.  v. 
The  willows  of  the  brook  compass  him  about.  — Job  xl. 

3.  To  go  or  walk  round. 

Ye  shall  compass  the  city  —  and  the  sevenUi  day  ye  shall 

compass  the  city  sev^n  times.  —  Josh.  vi. 
For  ye  compass  sea  and  ianil,  —  Matt,  xxiii. 

4.  To  besiege ;  to  beleaguer ;  to  block  up. 

This  is  not  a  diflerent  sense,  but  a  particular  appli- 
cation 

Thine  enemies  shall  cast  a  trench  aiout  thee,  and  compass 
thee  round,  and  keep  [bee  in  on  every  side.  —  Luke  xix. 

5.  To  obtain;  to  attain  to;  to  procure;  to  bring 
within  one's  power;  to  accomplish. 

If  1  can  check  my  erring  love,  1  will  ; 

If  not,  to  compass  her  I'll  use  my  skill.  ShaJe. 

How  can  you  hope  to  compass  your  designs?  Denham. 

6.  To  purpose  ;  to  intend  ;  to  imagine  ;  to  plot ;  to 
contrive  ;  as  we  say,  to  go  about  to  perform,  but  in 
mind  only  ;  as,  to  compass  the  death  of  the  king. 

Compassing  and  imagining  the  death  of  the  king  are  synon.v- 
luoiis  lerms  ;  compass  signifying  the  purpose  or  design  of 
the  mind  or  will,  and  not,  as  in  common  speech,  the 
carrying  such  design  to  etli?cl.  Jitackstone. 

eOM'PASS-BOX,  (kum'pas-)  n.  A  box  for  a  compass. 
COiM'PASS-NEE'DLE,  n.  The  needle  of  the  compass. 
eO.M'PASS-SAVV,  71.   A  saw  that  cuts  in  a  circular 
manner. 

eO.M'PAs^S-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  compassed. 

Burke. 

€OM'PASS-ED,  (kum'past,)  pp.  Embraced  ;  surround- 
ed ;  inclosed  ;  obtained  ;  imagined. 

€0M'PASS-ES,7i.pi.  [Or  II  pair  of  compasses,  so  named 
from  its  legs  ;  but  pair  is  superHuous  or  improper,  and 
the  singular  number,  compass,  is  the  pri^ferable  name.] 
An  instrument  for  describing  circles,  measuring 
figures,  &.C.,  consisting  of  two  pointed  legs  or 
branches,  made  of  iron,  steel,  or  brass,  joined  at 
the  top  by  a  rivet,  on  which  they  move.  There 
are  also  compasses  of  three  legs,  or  triangular  com- 
passes, cylindrical  and  spherical  compasses,  with 
four  branches,  and  various  other  kinds.  Encyc. 

eO.M'PASS-INO,  ppr.  Embracing;  going  round  ;  in- 
closing ;  obtaining ;  accomplishing;  imagining ;  in- 
tending. 

2.  Ill  ship-building,  incurvated  ;  arched.  Mar.  Diet. 
eOM-PAS'SION,  (kom-pash'uu,)  n.    [It.  compa-isione ; 
Sp.  compasion ;  Fr.  compa.-ision  ;  Low  L.  compassio, 
compalior;  con  and  patior,  passus,  to  suffer.    See  Pa- 
tience.] 

A  suffering  with  another;  painful  sympathy;  a 
sensation  of  sorrow  exciteil  by  the  ilistress  or  misfor- 
tunes of  another  ;  pity;  commiseration.  CompaA-<ion 
is  a  mixed  passion,  compounded  of  love  and  sorrow  ; 
at  least  some  portion  of  love  gemrrally  attelitls  the 
pain  or  regret,  or  is  excited  by  it.  ICxtreme  distress 
of  an  enemy  even  changes  enmity  into  at  least  tem- 
porary affection. 

lie,  being  full  of  compassion,  forgave  their  iniquity. —  Pa. 
Ixxvni. 

Ills  father  hall  cotnmssion,  and  ran,  and  fell  on  his  neck,  and 
kissed  him.  — I.uke  iv. 
COM-PAS'SION,  »>.  (.    To  pity.    [JVof  used.]  Shak. 
COM-PAS'SION-A-BLE,  a.    Deserving  of  pity.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Barrow. 
eOiM-PAS'SION-ATE,  a.    Having  a  temper  or  riispo- 
sition  to  pity  ;  inclined  to  show  mercy  ;  merciful ; 


FiTE,  FXR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MftTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  IlIltD.  -  NfjTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


834 


COM 

iKiving  a  heart  that  is  tender,  and  easily  moved  by 
tlie  distresses,  sullerings,  wants,  and  infirmities  u( 
others. 

TIktc  never  wn»  a  heiirt  truly  prcnt  nnit  generous,  llml  wa» 
not  iilno  (entlvr  And  comjxutionate.  Suuth, 

COM-PAS'SION-ATE,  v.  t.  To  pity ;  to  commiserate ; 
lo  have  compassion  fur. 

CoinpattioftaUt  niy  p.tii)s.  and  pitiei  me.  Additon. 

eoM  I'AS'SION-S-TED,  p;i.  Pitied. 

CUM-l'AS'srDN-ATE-LY,  adv.  With  compassion  ; 
niircifiilly.  Clarenilun. 

COM  PAS'SION-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
in;:  compassionate. 

COM  l'A.s'.siOi\-A-TING,  p;)7-.  Having  pity  on  j  com- 
niisrraling. 

CO.M'l'ASi.-^  LKSS,  o.    Havi  ig  no  compass.  Knowhs. 

€X).M-P.V-TER.\'I-TY,  «.  [con  and  palcrnitij.]  'I'he 
relation  of  a  godfather  to  the  person  for  whom  he  an- 
swers. Daviea. 

eO.M-PAT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [See  Compatible.]  Con- 
sistency ;  the  quality  or  power  of  coiixisling  with 
something  else ;  suitableness ;  as,  a  cumpattl/Uity  of 
tempers. 

COM  PATT-BI.E,  a.  [Fr.  compatible;  Pp.  id.;  Port. 
compalii'rl ;  from  the  L.  compcto,  to  sue  or  seek  for  the 
sariic  Ihins,  lo  agree  ;  con  and  pcto,  to  seek.] 

Cuiisislent ;  that  may  exist  with  ;  suitable  ;  not 
ini-on;;ruous ;  agreeable;  followed  by  wit/i;  some- 
times by  U>,  but  less  properly. 

The  poelt  hnve  joined  qualiuei  which  by  nature  are  the  mo«t 

coiitpaliblt.  Broome, 
The  ottice  of  a  IcgUInlor  and  of  a  Judge  are  deemed  not  com- 
patibte. 

To  (uirdoii  oflondem  is  not  alwaya  compatible  vith  public 
aaleiy. 

eO.M-PAT'I-BLE-NESS,  71.     Consistency;  fitness; 

agreement;  the  same  as  CoufAriuiLiTr,  which  is 

generally  used. 
CO.M-I'AT'I-BLV,  (w/r.  Fitly;  suitably;  consistently. 
eo.M  P.^'TIE.NT,  (-shcnt,)  a.    [L.  fu/i  and  palior.] 
Sntforing  together.    [Little  nsrd.]  Buck. 
COM-PA'TIU-OT  oreO.M-P.\T'RI-OT,  n.    [It.  cora- 

patriotla ;  Sp.  compatriota  ;  con,  or  com,  and  patriot.] 
One  of  the  same  country,  and  having  like  interests 

and  feelings.  Burke. 
eo.M-PA'TRI-OT  or  €O.M-PAT'RI-OT,  a.     Of  the 

same  founlr\'.  Mcnside. 
eoM-PA'TRUOT-ISM  or  €OM-PAT'Rl-OT-ISM,  n. 

Fellow  patriotism. 
eo.M  PEER',  n.    [L.  compar ;  eon  and  par,  equal. 

See  Peuh.I 

An  etpial ;  a  companion  ;  an  associate  ;  a  mate. 

Phdips. 

eO.M-PEER',  V.  (.  To  equal ;  to  match  ;  to  be  eiptal 
with.  S/iaJi. 

eO.M-PEER',  r.  i.    [L.  compareo.] 
To  appear.  [Ob.<.] 

COM-PEL',  V.  t.  f  L.  compelloj  compeUtre  ;  con  and 
prilo,  to  drive  ;  bp.  compeler  ;  Port,  compcllir.  See 
Pkal  and  .-Vppeal.] 

1.  To  drive  or  urge  with  force,  or  irresistibly  ;  to 
constrain  ;  to  oblige  ;  to  necessitate,  either  by  phys- 
ical or  moral  force  ;  as,  circumstances  compel  us  to 
practice  economy. 

Tliou  shall  not  compel  him  to  serve  as  a  tx>nd  servant.  —  Levit. 
zxv. 

And  they  compel  one  Simon  to  l>eftr  Iiis  cross.  —  Mark  xv. 
Go  out  into  tne  highways  and  hetl^s,  and  compel  them  to 
conio  in,  that  my  house  may  lie  tilled. —  Luke  xiv. 

S.  To  force ;  to  take  by  force  or  violence  ;  to 
seize. 

The  subJ'XIs'  fri'-f 
Comes  through  commissions,  which  cotnpel  from  each 
A  sixth  part  ofbis  suljstauc«.  SKak. 

[This  sense  is  harsh,  and  not  very  common.'] 

Johnson. 

3.  I'o  drive  together  ;  to  gather  ;  to  unite  in  a 
crowd  or  company.    ,A  Latinism  ;  compellere  gregetn. 

In  one  troop  compelled.  Dryden, 
A.  To  seize ;  to  overpower ;  to  hold. 
And  easy  sleep  tbeir  weary  limljs  compelled.  Dryten, 
[Unusual.] 

To  call  forth  ;  Ij.  comprllrre.    [Ob.i.]  Spenser. 

eO.M-PEL'LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  driven,  forced, 
or  constrained. 

eo.M  PEl.'LA  BLY,  adv.   By  compulsion. 

€O.M-PEULA'TION,  n.  [L.  compeUatio  :  compello, 
eampeUarr,  the  same  word  as  the  preceding,  applied 
to  the  voice  ;  lo  send  or  drive  oul  the  voire.] 

A  ceremonious  appellation  ;  the  word  of  salutatiim. 
The  comps.'fatton  of  the  kings  of  France  is  by  sire.  Temple. 

COM-PEL'LA-TO-RY,  a.  Compulsive. 

CO.M-PEL'LKI),  pp.    Forced  ;  constrained  ;  obliged. 

t'O.M-PEL'LER,  n.   One  who  compels  or  constrains. 

COM-PEL'LING,  ppr.  Driving  by  force;  constrain- 
ing ;  obliging. 

eo.M'PENl),  I         rr  j  -i 

€O.M-PE.\D'I-UM,  i         L'*  compendium.] 

In  literature,  an  abridgment  ;  a  summary  ;  an 
epitome  ;  a  brief  compilation  or  coniposititm,  con- 
taining the  principal  heads,  or  general  principles,  of 
a  larger  work  or  system. 


COM 

eOM-PEND-I-A'UI  OUci,  a.  Short ;  contracted,  [tit- 
tle used.] 

eOM-I'E.VnT-ATE,  f.  (.  To  sum  or  collect  together. 
[JV„<  «.«•</.] 

eOM-PENlrl-OUS,  a.  Short  ;  summary  ;  abridged  ; 
comprehensive  ;  ctiiilaining  the  substance  tir  general 
principles  of  a  subject  or  work  in  a  narrow  compas.s  ; 
as,  a  compendious  system  of  chemistry  ;  a  compendi- 
ous grammar.  ' 

2.  Short;  direct;  near;  not  circuitous;  as,  acorn- 
prndious  way  to  actpiire  science. 
eo.M-PEXl)'I-OUS-LY, «(/(>.    Ill  a  short  or  brief  man- 
ner ;  suniiiiuril}' ;  in  brief ;  in  epitome. 

The  Bubstance  of  Chrijitiuii  belief  is  cumpendiousty  expre^ged  in 
a  few  articles.  Anon. 

eOM-PEND'I-OUS-NES.S,  n.    Shortness  ;  brt^vity  ; 

ct>iiiprebf'iisif>n  ill  a  narrow  compass.  Bcntleti. 
eo.M-I'l"..NS' A  HI.i:,  a.     [See  L  upensate.]  'fhat 

may  bf  ciiiii|i(  iis;iti'il.    [f.iltlc  u.«ci,  1 
eO.M-PE.\'SA  l  E  or  eO.\l'PE.\-SATE,  r.  t.    [L.  com- 

peuso  ;  con  and  penso,  to  prize  t)r  value,  from  pcndo, 

to  weigh,  to  value.    See  Pendent.] 

1.  To  give  eipial  value  to  ;  to  recompense  ;  to  give 
an  equivalent  for  services,  or  an  aiiioiint  lost  or  be- 
stowetl ;  lo  return  or  bestow  that  which  makes  good 
a  loss,  or  is  estimated  a  sutlicieiit  reiiiitni'ralion  ;  as, 
to  compensate  a  laborer  fur  his  work,  or  a  merchant 
for  his  losses. 

2.  To  be  equivalent  in  value  or  effect  to ;  to  coun- 
terbalance ;  to  make  amends  for. 

The  length  of  the  night  and  the  dews  do  compensate  the  heat 
of  the  tl«y.  i*ilion. 

The  pleasures  of  sin  never  compenente  the  sinner  fur  the  mis- 
eries he  suflers,  even  in  this  life.  Ation. 

€OM-PEN'SATE  or  CO.M'PEN-SATE,  v.  t.  To 
make  amenils  ;  to  supply  an  equivalent  ;  followed 
by  for :  as,  nothing  can  compensate  for  the  loss  of 
reputation. 

This  word  is  generally  accenteil  on  the  second  syl- 
lable, most  uiifortunateiy,  as  any  car  will  ili'terinine 
by  the  feebleness  of  the  last  syllables  in  the  parti- 
ciples eompen' sated,  compen' sating. 

E*ic!i  seeming  want  compensated  of  course.  Pope. 

With  the  primary  accent  on  tlm  first  syllable,  and 
the  si^coiidary  accent  on  the  tliini,  tijis  defui  t,  and 
the  ditfii  ulty  of  uttering  distinctly  the  last  syllables, 
are  reiiietlietl. 

€OM-PEi\'SA-TED  or  COM'PEN-S A-TED,  pp.  Rec- 
ompensed ;  supplied  with  an  equivalent  in  amount  or 
effect ;  rewarded. 

eO.M-PEN'SA-TING  or  eOM'PEN-SA-TING,  ppr. 
Giving  an  equivalent ;  recompensing ;  remunerating ; 
making  good  a  dehciency. 

eOM-PEN-SA'TION,  n.  That  which  is  given  or  re- 
ceived as  an  etpiivalent  for  services,  debt,  want,  loss, 
or  suffering  ;  amends  ;  remuneration  ;  recompense. 

All  other  debts  may  compeniation  find.  _  Dryden. 
The  pleasures  of  lile  are  no  compensation  for  the  loss  of  liivinc 
favor  and  prolccliuil. 

2.  That  which  supplies  the  pl.ace  of  something 
else,  or  makes  good  a  deficiency.  Palcy. 

3.  In  law,  a  set-otf ;  the  payment  of  debt  by  a 
credit  of  equal  amount. 

€OM-PEi\"SA-TlVE,  a.  Making  amends  or  com- 
pensation. 

eo.M-PEN'SA-TO-RY,a.    Serving  for  compensation  ; 

making  amends. 
eo.M-PE.N'SE',  (kom-pens',)  v.  t.    To  recompense  : 

found  in  Bacon,  but  not  now  in  use.  [delay. 
eOM-PE  REN'Dl-NATE,  r.  L  [L.  comperendino.]  To 
tiO.M-PK.TE',  V.  i.    [L.  compcto;  con  and  pcto.] 

1.  Toseck,  or  strive  for  the  same  thing  as  another ; 
to  carry  on  competition  or  rivalry. 

Our  manufacturers  compete  with  the  English  in  making  cotton 
cloths. 

2.  To  strive  or  claim  to  be  equal. 

The  sa(res  of  antiquity  will  not  dare  to  compete  with  the  In- 
spired authnrs.  MUnsr. 

eOM'PE-TEN'CE,  j  n.  [L.  competens,  ecmpeto,  to  be 
f;0.\rPE-TEN-CY,  (      meet  or  fit ;  c«7i  and  pcto,  to 

seek  ;  properly,  lo  press,  urge,  or  come  to.] 

Primarily,   fitness  ;    suitableness ;  convenience. 

Hence, 

1.  Sufficiency ;  such  a  quantity  as  is  sufficient ; 
properly  or  means  of  subsistence  sufiicient  to  fur- 
nish the  necessaries  and  conveniences  of  life,  with- 
out superfluity. 

Be,ison'»  whole  pleasure,  nil  the  Joys  of  sense, 

Lie  in  three  words  —  health,  peace,  and  competence.  Pope, 

2.  Sufficiency,  applied  to  other  things  than  prop- 
erty ;  but  this  application  is  less  common. 

li.  Legal  c.ap.acily  or  qualifications  ;  fitness;  as,  the 
competence  of  a  witness,  which  consists  in  his  liaving 
the  qualifications  required  by  law,  as  age,  soundness 
of  mind,  impartiality,  &c. 

4.  Right  or  authority  ;  legal  power  or  cap.tcity  to 
tike  cognizance  of  a  cause  ;  as,  the  competence  of  a 
judge  or  court  to  examine  and  decide.  Kent. 

.■■).  Fitness  ;  adequ.acy  ;  suit-ibleness  ;  legal  suffi- 
ciency ;  as,  the  competency  of  evidence.  Setcall. 
eO.M'PE-TENT.o.  Suitable  ;  fit ;  convenient ;  hence, 
sufficient,  that  is,  fit  for  the  purpose  ;  adequate;  ful- 


COM 

lowed  by  to;  as,  competent  supplies  of  food  and  cloth- 
ing ;  n  competent  force  ;  an  army  competent  lo  the 
jireservation  of  the  kingdom  or  slate  ;  a  competent 
knowledge  of  the  worlil.  This  word  usually  implies 
a  moderate  supply,  a  siitficicncy  without  HU|H'rfliiity. 

2.  Uualified  ;  fit ;  having  leg.'d  cajiacity  or  [Hiwer  ; 
as,  a  competent  judge  or  court;  a  competent  witness. 
In  a  judge  or  eoiirl,  it  im|>lies  right  or  authority  to 
hear  ana  detimiiine  ;  in  a  witness,  it  implies  a  legal 
right  or  capacity  to  ti\slify. 

'i.  Incident;  belonging;  having  adequate  power 
or  right. 

That  is  the  privilege  of  the  infiidte  Author  of  things,  who  never 
t.Iiiiiili'TS   nor  sleeps,  but  is  not  competent  to  any  finite 
l«iii-.  Cocke. 
It  is  not  competent  to  llie  defendant  lo  allege  fraud  in  tlie 


till. 


eO.M'PE-TENT-LY',  atlv.  Sufficiently  ;  adeqiiaK  ly  ; 
suitably  ;  reasonably  ;  as,  the  fact  has  been  conipc- 
tentlii  jirovf-rl  ;  a  church  is  competently  endowed. 

eOM-PET'I-BI,E,  a.  [Ao£  note  used.]  See  Com- 
patible. 

eO.M-PicT'lNG,  ppr.    Striving  In  riv,alry. 
eOiM  PE-TI"TIO.\,  (kom-pe-tish'un,)  n.     [Low  L. 
coinpetitio.]    See  Compete  and  Competenck. 

1.  Tjie  act  of  seeking,  or  endeavoring  to  gain, 
what  anotlii  r  is  endeavoring  to  gain  at  the  same 
time;  rivair)' ;  mutual  strife  fiir  the  same  object; 
also,  strife  for  superiority ;  as,  the  competition  of  two 
canilidates  for  an  office,  or  of  two  poets  for  superior 
reputation. 

2.  A  state  of  rivalsbip;  a  state  of  having  equal 
claims. 

A  portrnit,  with  which  one  of  Titian'*  cotlld  not  come  in 
competition.  Dryden. 

3.  Double  claim  ;  claim  of  more  than  one  to  the 
same  thing;  formerly  with  to,  now  with  for. 

Competition  to  the  crown  there  is  none,  nor  can  be.  Baeon, 
There  is  nu  competilion  but  for  the  accond  place.  Diyden. 

eOM-PET'I-TOR,  n.  One  who  seeks  and  endeavors 
to  obtain  what  another  seeks ;  or  one  who  claims 
what  another  claims ;  a  rival. 

Tiiey  can  not  brook  competitore  In  love.  Shak. 

2.  An  opponent.  Shak. 
eOM-PET'l-TO-RY,  a.    Rivaling  ;  acting  in  compe- 
tition. Dangers  of  the  Country. 
eO.M-PET'I-TRE.SS,  )        ,  r  , 
eOM-PI'T'I-TRIX     i       A  female  competitor. 
eO.M-PI-LA'TIo"\',  n.    [See  Compile.] 

1.  A  collection  of  certain  parts  of  u  book  or  books 
into  a  separate  book  or  pamphlet. 

2.  A  collection  or  assemblage  of  other  substances  ; 
or  tlie  act  of  collecting  and  forming  an  aggregate. 

ff'oodward. 

€OSI-PI-LA'TOR,  n.  A  collector.  [JVot  used.]  Chaucer. 

CO.M-PILE',  V.  t.  [Ij.  compUo,  to  pilfer  or  plunder; 
con  and  jnlo,  to  pillage,  to  peel,  and  to  drive  close; 
compilatio,  a  pillaging;  IL  compilare ;  Fr.  compiler; 
Sp.  and  Port,  compilar.  'i'he  L.  pilo  is  the  English 
to  peel,  to  strip  ;  but  pUo,  to  make  thick,  or  drive  to- 
gether, is  the  Gr.  Ki\'>io,  lanos  cogo,  coarcto,  consti- 
po.  Compile  is  probably  from  peeling,  picking  out, 
selecting,  and  putting  together.] 

1.  To  collect  parts  or  passages  of  books  or  writings 
into  a  book  or  pamphlet ;  lo  select  and  put  together 
parts  of  an  author,  or  to  collect  parts  of  different  au- 
thors ;  or  to  collect  and  arrange  separate  papers,  laws, 
or  customs,  in  a  bt>ok,  code,  or  system. 

2.  To  write ;  to  compose. 

In  poetry,  they  compi^  the  praises  of  virtuous  men  and  ac- 
tions. Temple. 

3.  To  contain  ;  to  comprise.  [J^'ot  used.]  Spenser. 

4.  To  make  up  ;  to  compose.  [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

5.  To  put  together  ;  fo  build.  [JVot  u.ied,]  Spenser. 
€O.M-PIL'£l),  pp.    Collected  from  authors;  selected 

and  put  logt!ther. 

eOM-PILE'.MENT,  n.  The  act  of  piling  together  or 
heaping ;  coacervation.    [Little  used.]  Woodicard. 

eOiM-PIL'ER,  n.  A  collector  of  parts  of  authors,  or  of 
separate  pa|)ers  or  accounts  ;  one  who  forms  a  book 
or  composition  from  various  authors  or  separate  pa- 
pers. Bacon.  Swift 

eo.M-PIL'IXG,  pi>r.  Collecting  and  arranging  parts 
of  books,  or  separate  papers,  in  a  body  or  compo- 
sition. 

eOM-PLA'CENCE,  )  [L.  complaeens,  eomplaceW^ 
eo.M-PLA'CE.\-CY,  j     con  and  placco,  to  please  ;  Fr. 

complaire,  complexisatit ;  It.  eompiacere,  eompiaccnte  ; 

Sp.  eomplacer.] 

1.  Pleasure  ;  satisfaction  ;  gratification.  It  is  more 
tlian  <ipproftati<m,.and  less  than  delight  or  joy. 

Others  proclaim  the  infirmities  of  a  great  man  wuh  satisfaction 
and  complacency,  it  they  discover  none  of  tlie  like  ui 
llieinselves.  Addison. 

2.  The  cause  of  pleasure  or  joy.  Milton. 

3.  Complaisance  ;  civility  ;  soUnrss  of  manners  ; 
deportment  and  address  that  afford  pleasure. 

Complacency,  and  truth,  and  inaidy  sweetness, 
Dwell  ever  on  Ins  tongue,  and  smooth  his  thoughts. 

Addieon. 

In  the  latter  sense,  ComplaI9a:(ce,  from  tba 
French,  is  now  used.    [See  Complaiiancc  I 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I 


1 


COM 

eOM-PLA'CENT,  a.    Civil ;  complaisant. 
The;  look  up  wiLli  t 

eOM-PLA-CEN'TIAL,  a.    Marked  by  complacence ; 

accommodating.  CA.  Reli^.  Appeal. 

eOM-PLA-CEN'TIAL-LY,adB.  Ilia  complacential  or 

accommodating  manner. 
€0 JI-PLa'CENT-LY,  adv.    Softly ;  in  a  complacent 

manner. 

€OM-PLaIN',  v.  i.  [Fr.  cnmplaindre  ;  eon,  or  com,  and 
plaindre,  plaint,  to  lament,  to  bewail ;  Sp.  planir  ;  It. 
compmirnere,  OT  contptantsere ;  from  llie  L.  planrro,  to 
8trike,''to  lament.  If  n  is  not  radical,  the  original 
word  was  ptago,  coinciding  with  pla^a,  Gr.  ^Ai/j  >?. 
But  this  is  doubtful.  The  primary  sense  is  to  drive, 
whence  to  strike  and  to  lament,  th.at  is,  to  strike  the 
hands  or  breasts,  as  in  extreme  grief,  or  to  drive  forth 
the  voice,  as  in  appelln.] 

1.  To  utter  e.'cpressions  of  grief ;  to  lament. 
I  will  complain  in  tlie  bitlerness  of  my  spirit.  —  Jo!)  vii. 

I  complained,  and  n»y  spirit  was  overwlieln)e<l.  —  Ps.  Ixxvii. 

2.  To  utter  expressions  of  censure  or  resentment ; 
to  murmur ;  to  find  fault. 

AuJ  when  the  people  complained,  it  displeased  the  Lord.  — 
Num.  li. 

3.  To  utter  expressions  of  uneasiness  or  pain.  lie 
complains  of  thirst.    He  complains  of  a  headache. 

4.  To  charge  ;  to  accuse  of  an  offense  ;  to  present 
an  accusation  against  a  person  to  a  proper  officer. 

To  A  B,  one  of  the  justices  of  the  peace  for  llie  county  of  S, 
complains  C  D. 

This  verb  is  regularly  followed  by  of,  before  the 
cause  of  grief  or  censure  ;  as,  to  complain  of  thirst,  of 
ignorance,  of  vice,  of  an  offender. 

5.  To  represent  injuries,  particularly  in  a  writ  of 
audita  querela. 

€OM-PLaIN',  v.  t   To  lament ;  to  bewail. 

They  might  the  g^rievance  inwardly  coTTj^jJain.     Dan.  Gp.  War. 

This  use  of  complain  is  uncommon,  and  hardly  le- 
gitimate.   The  phrase  is  properly  elliptical. 
eO.M-PLAlN'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  comi)lained  of. 

[JVof  in  itsc]  FclUiam. 
eO.M-PLAlN'ANT,  n.    [Fr.  complaiirnant.] 

1.  A  prosecutor ;  one  who  prosecutes  liy  complaint, 
or  commences  a  legal  process  against  an  offender  for 
the  recovery  of  a  right  or  penalty. 

He  shAil  forf<=it  one  moiety  to  tlie  use  of  the  town,  and  the  other 
moiety  to  the  use  of  the  complainant. 

i>Iat.  of  i^tassachusetts. 

Q.  The  plaintiff  in  a  writ  of  audita  querela.  Ibiil. 
eOM-PLAIN'ER,  7U  One  who  complains,  or  expresses 
grief ;  one  who  laments ;  one  who  finds  fault ;  a  mur- 
murer. 

These  are  murmurers,  complainert,  walking  after  their  own 
lust.,  —  J.Kle  16. 

eOM-PLAlN'FUL,  a.   Full  of  complaint.   [JVot  iised.] 

eO.M-PLAlN'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Expressing  grief,  sor- 
row, or  censure ;  finding  fault ;  murmuring ;  lament- 
ing ;  accusing  of  an  offense. 

eO.M-PLAIN'lNG,  n.  The  expression  of  regret,  sor- 
row, or  injury. 

€O.M-PLaIi\T',  n.    [Fr.  complainte;  It.  compianto.] 

1.  Expression  of  grief,  regret,  pain,  censure,  or  re- 
sentment ;  lamentation  ;  murmuring  ;  a  finding  fault. 

Even  (o-day  is  my  complaint  bitter.  — Job  xxiii. 
I  mourn  in  my  comp'M.int,  and  mal(e  a  nuise.  — Ps.  \v. 
The  Jf  ws  laitl  many  and  grievous  compUuntt  against  Paul.  — 
AcU  XXV. 

1  find  no  cause     complaint.  Hooker. 

2.  The  cause  or  subject  of  complaint,  or  murmur- 
ing. 

The  poverty  of  the  cleryy  hath  been  the  complaint  of  all  who 
wijih  well  10  tlie  ehurcli. 

3.  The  cause  of  complaint,  or  of  pain  and  uneasi- 
ness, in  the  body ;  a  malady  ;  a  disease  ;  usually  a]>- 
plied  to  disorders  not  violent ;  as,  a  complaint  in  the 
bowels  or  breast. 

4.  Accusation  ;  a  charge  against  an  offender,  made 
by  a  private  person  or  informer  to  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  or  other  proper  officer,  alleging  thtit  the  of- 
fender has  violated  the  law,  and  claiming  the  pen- 
ally due  to  the  prosecutor.  It  differs  from  an  infor- 
mation, v/bich  is  the  prosecution  of  an  offender  by 
the  attorney  or  solicitor-general ;  and  from  a  prctent- 
mnl  and  indictment,  which  are  the  accusation  of  a 
%rand  jury. 

5.  lleprcsentation  of  injuries,  in  o  general  sense : 
and  approprintrhi,  in  a  writ  of  audita  tpierehu 

eO.M'PLAI-SANCK,  (kom'pla-zans,)  n.  [Vt.  complai- 
sance, from  complaisant,  the  participle  of  complaire  ; 
eon,  or  COTrt,  and  pUiire,  to  please,  whence  plaisant, 
pleading,  ptaisir,  pleasure,  L.  placeo,  ptacere,  the  in- 
finitive changed  into  ptaire  ;  It.  compittcrnza,  from 
eojnpiactre,  ptacere  ;  Hp.  eomplarencia,  e^tinpl/u.er.  This 
Ih  the  same  word  as  complacence  :  the  latter  we  liiive 
from  the  I^atin  orthography.  Thin  word  affords  an 
example  of  a  change  of  a  palatal  letter,  in  the  Latin, 
into  a  sibilant,  in  French  ;  c  into  s.] 

1.  A  pleasing  deportment  j  courtesy  ;  that  manner 
of  address  and  behavior,  in  Mu  ial  inlercourse,  which 
)(ives  pleasure  ;  civility  ;  obliging  condeHccnsion  ;  kind 
and  affabli!  reception  and  Ircalmcnl  of  guesu  ;  exlc- 


COM 

rior  acts  of  civility ;  as,  the  gentleman  received  us 
with  complaisance. 

2.  Condescension  ;  obliging  compliance  with  the 
wishes  or  humors  of  others. 

In  complaisance  poor  Cupid  mourned.  Prior. 

3.  Desire  of  pleasing;  disposition  to  oblige;  the 
principle  for  the  act. 

Your  complaisance  will  not  permit  your  guests  to  be  incom. 
moded.  Anon. 

€OM'PLAI-SANT,(kom'pIa-zant,)a.  Pleasing  in  man- 
ners ;  courteous  j  obliging  ;  desirous  to  please  ;  as,  a 
complainant  gentleman. 

2.  Civil ;  courteous  ;  polite  ;  as,  complaisant  deport- 
ment or  treatment. 

eO.\l'PL.\I-SANT-LY,  (kom'pl,a-zant-ly,)  adc.  In  a 
pleasing  manner;  with  civility;  with  an  obliging, 
affable  adilress  or  deportment.  Pope. 

eo.M'PL.\I-S.\.\T-NESS,  lu  Civility  ;  complaisance. 
[Little  iisfj.] 

eo.M'PL.\-.\ATE,  a.  Flat  or  laminate  ;  having  thin 
plates. 

€O.M'PLA-N.\TE,  )  v.  t.    [L.  com  piano  ;  eon  and  pla- 
CO.M-PLaNE',      i     ntis,  plain.     See  Plane  and 
Plain.] 

To  make  level ;  to  reduce  to  an  even  surface. 

Derham. 

eOM'PL.'V-NS-TED,  )  pp.  Planed  to  an  even  sur- 
eO.M-PLAN'^:D,        j  face. 

eo.M'PLA-NA-TING,  )  ppr.  Reducing  to  a  level  sur- 
€U.M-PLaN'ING,       i  face. 

CO.M'PLE-MENT,  71.  [L.  complementum,  from  compleo, 
to  fill  ;  con  and  pleo,  to  fill.    Literally,  a  filling.] 

1.  Fullness  ;  completion  ;  whence,  perfection. 
Th  -y,  as  tliey  feas:ed,  had  their  fill, 

Fo.  a  full  complement  of  all  tlieir  ill.  Hub.  Tales. 

2.  Full  quantity  or  number  ;  the  quantity  or  num- 
ber limited  ;  as,  a  company  has  its  complement  of  men  ; 
a  ship  has  its  complement  of  stores. 

3.  That  which  is  added,  not  as  necessary,  but  as 
ornamental  ;  something  adventitious  to  the  main 
thing;  ceremony.    [See  Compliment.] 

Garnished  and  decked  in  modest  complemenL  Shah. 

4.  In  trigonometry,  the  complement  of  an  arc  or  an- 
gle, is  the  difference  between  the  arc  or  angle  and 
ninety  degrees.  Thus,  if  the  arc  taken  is  thirty  de- 
grees, its  complement  is  sixty.  Day. 

5.  In  geometry,  the  complements  of  a  parnllelngram 
are  the  two  spaces  which,  with  the  parallelograms 
about  the  diagonal,  make  up  or  complete  the  whole 
parallelogram.  Brande. 

6.  In  astronomy,  complement  is  used  to  denote  the 
distance  of  a  star  from  the  zenith.  Barlow. 

7.  .Arithmetical  complement  of  a  number,  is  the  dif- 
ference between  the  number  and  10,  100,  1000,  &c. 
Its  principal  use  is  in  working  proportions  by  loga- 
rithms. £>ay. 

8.  In  fortification,  the  complement  of  the  curtain,  is 
that  part  in  the  interior  side  which  makes  the  deini- 
gorge. 

eoM-PLE-MENT'AL,  a.  Filling;  supplying  a  de- 
ficiency; completing. 

eO.M-PLE-MENT'A-RY,  n.  One  skilled  in  compli- 
ments.   [JV'ot  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

€OM-PLeTE',  a.  [L.  complettLt,  from  compleo  ;  con 
and  pleo,  inusit.,  to  fill ;  It.  compiere.  The  Greek  has 
7rA'ia),to  approach,  to  fill,  contracted  from  tcXom,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is,  to  thrust  or  drive ;  and  if 
the  Latin  pleo  is  from  the  Greek,  which  is  probable, 
then  the  original  orthography  was  peleo,  comprleo ;  in 
which  case  nXaco,  izcXau),  pleo,  is  the  same  word  as 
the  English .W.  The  Greek  TrXryOw  is  said  to  be  a  de- 
rivative.   Literally,  filled  ;  full.l 

1.  Having  no  deficiency  ;  perfect. 

And  ye  are  complete  in  him  who  is  the  head  of  all  princip.ility 
and  power. — Col.  ii. 

2.  Finished  ;  ended  ;  concluded  ;  as,  the  edifice  is 
complete. 

This  course  of  v.inity  almost  complete.  Prior. 
In  strict  jiropriety,  this  word  admits  of  no  compar- 
ison ;  for  that  which  is  complete,  can  not  be  more  or 
less  so.  But  as  the  word,  like  many  others,  is  used 
with  some  indefiniteness  of  signification,  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  (lualify  it  with  more,  most,  less,  and  least. 
More  complete,  most  complete,  less  complete,  are  common 
expressions. 

3.  In  botany,  a  complete  flower  is  one  furnished  with 
a  calyx  and  corolla.  VaUlant. 

(jr  having  all  the  parts  of  a  flower.  Martim. 
COM  PLETE',  V.  t.    To  finish  ;  to  end  ;  to  perfect ; 
as,  to  complete  a  bridge  or  an  edifice ;  to  complete  an 
education. 

2.  To  fill ;  to  accomplish  ;  as,  to  complete  Iiopes  or 
dc.iires. 

3.  To  fulfill  ;  to  accompli.'-h ;  to  perform;  as,  the 
prophecv  of  Daniel  is  completed. 

eoM-PLltT'ED,  pp.  Finished  ;  ended ;  perfected  ;  ful- 

filleil  ;  ncconipllshed. 
eO.M-PLiiTE'LY,  ado    Fully  ;  perfectly  ;  entirely. 

Sm'ift, 

eOM-PLicTE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  completing ;  a 
finishing.  Dnjden. 


COM 

eOM-PLiiTE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  complete ; 
perfection.  Walls. 

eO.M-PLKT'ING,pj)r.  Finishing;  perfecting;  accom- 
plishing. 

€O.M-PLe'TIOX,  n.    Fulfillment :  accomplishment. 

There  was  a  full,  entin;  harmony  and  consent  in  the  divine 
preitictions,  receiving  their  completion  in  Christ.  South. 

2.  Act  of  completing  ;  state  of  being  complete  ;  ut- 
most extent ;  perfect  state  ;  as,  the  gentleman  went 
to  the  university  for  the  completion  of  his  education 
or  studies. 

eO.M-PLE'TIVE,  a.  Filling;  making  complete. 

Harris 

CO.M-PLe'TO-RY,  a.    Fulfilling;  accomplishing. 

Barrow. 

COM-PLk'TO-RY,  71.  The  evening  service ;  the  com- 
plin of  the  Roman  Catiiolic  church.  Hooper. 
eo.M'PLE.X,  )  a.     [L.  complexus, 

eOM-PLEX'ED,  (kom-plekst',)  (  complex,  embra- 
cing, from  coinplfctvr,  to  embrace;  con  and  plecto,  to 
weave,  or  twist;  Gr.  jrX£*(u;  L.  plieo ;  W.  plygu; 
Arm.  plega;  Fr.  pliers  It.  piegare ;  Sp.  plegar  j  D. 
plooijen,  to  fold,  bend,  or  double.] 

1.  Composed  of  tn  o  or  more  parts  or  things  ;  com- 
posite ;  not  simple ;  including  two  or  more  particu- 
lars connected  ;  as,  a  complex  being ;  a  complex  idea ; 
a  complex  term. 


nade  up  of  several  simple  ones,  I  call  < 
auly,  gratitude,  a  man,  the  universe. 


mplex ;  such  at 
Locke. 


2.  Involved  ;  difficult ;  as,  a  complex  subject. 
eo.M'PLE.X,  71.    Assemblage;  collection;  complica- 
tion.   ILittle  used.] 

This  parable  of  the  wedding  supper  comprehends  in  it  the 
whole  complex  of  all  the  bleasmgs  aua  privileges  of  the 
gospel.  -  South. 

eOM-PLE.X'ED-NESS,  n.  Complication;  involution 
of  parts  in  one  integral ;  compound  state ;  as,  the 
ccmpleiedness  of  moral  ideas.  Locke. 

CO.M-PLEX'IO.V,  (kom-plex'yun,)  n.  A  complex 
state  ;  condition  ;  as,  to  this  complexion  we  nmst 
come  at  last.    [Little  used.]  S/iak. 

2.  The  color  of  the  skin,  particularly  of  tlie  face; 
the  color  of  the  external  parts  of  a  body  or  tiling  ;  as, 
a  fair  complexion ;  a  dark  complexion ;  the  complexion  of 
the  sky. 

3.  The  temperament,  habitude,  or  natural  disposi- 
tion of  the  body  ;  the  peculiar  cast  of  the  constitu- 
tion, which  gives  it  a  particular  physical  character  ; 
a  medical  term,  but  used  to  denote  character  or  descrip- 
tion ;  as,  men  of  this  or  that  complexion. 

'T\s  ill,  though  dilTerent  your  co77i;)/en'ons  are  ; 

The  family  of  heaven  for  men  should  war.  Dryden. 

eO.M-PLEX'ION-AL,  a.  Depending  on  or  pertaining 
to  complexion  ;  as,  eomplexional  efflorescences  ;  coni- 
plcximml  prejudices.  Brown,  Fiddes, 

eO.M-PLEX'IOA'-AL-LY,  ode.    By  complexion. 

Broton, 

COM-PLEX'ION-.\-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  complex- 
ion, or  to  the  care  of  it.  Taylor. 

€OM-PLEX'ION-£D,  (kom-ple.x'yund,)  a.  Having  a 
certain  temperament  or  state.  jSddison. 

€O.M-PLEX'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  complex; 
comiilexness.  Burke. 

CO.M'PLEX-LY,  adi).  In  a  complex  manner;  not  sim- 
ply. 

eO.M'PLEX-XESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  complex  or 
involved.  Smith. 

eO.M-PLEX'tJRE,  71.  The  involution  or  complication 
of  one  thing  with  others. 

€O.M-PLI'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Comply.]  That  can  bend 
or  yield.  Milton. 

CO.M-PLI'ANCE,  71.   [See  Comply.]  The  act  of  com- 
plying ;  a  yielding,  as  to  a  request,  wish,  desire,  de- 
mand, or  proposal ;  concession  ;  submission. 
Let  the  king  meet  compliance  in  your  looks, 
A  free  and  ready  yichhng  to  hie  wishes.  Howe. 

2.  A  disposition  to  yield  to  others. 

He  was  a  man  of  lew  words  and  great  compliance. 

Clarendon. 

3.  Obedience  ;  followed  by  with ;  as,  compliance  with 
a  command  or  precept. 

4.  I'erformanee  ;  execution  ;  as,  a  compliance  with 
the  ctmditions  of  a  contract. 

eoM-PLI'ANT,  a.    Yielding;  bending;  as,  the  com- 
pliant boughs.     [See  Pliant,  which  is  generally 
used.]  jMilton. 
2.  Yieldini  to  request  or  desire  ;  civil;  obliging. 

C0M-PI.I'.\NT-LY,  adv.    In  a  yielding  manner. 

CO.M'I'LI-CA-CV,  71.  A  state  of  being  complex  or  in- 
tricate. Milford. 

COM'PLi  eATE,  V.  L  [L.  eomplieo:  eon  and  plieo,  to 
fold,  weave,  or  knit.    See  Complex.] 

1.  Literally,  to  interweave  ;  to  fold  and  twist  to- 
gether. Ilenrc,  to  m:ike  complex  ;  to  involve  ;  to  en- 
tangle ;  to  unite  or  connect  niiitually  or  intimately, 
as  different  tilings  or  parts;  fullowed  by  jri(/i. 

Our  ollonte  iig- 
men. 

So  we  say,  a  complicated  disea.'C ;  a  complicated  affair. 
Commotion  In  the  parts  may  complicate  and  dispose  them 
after  the  manner  r'-quisllc  to  tnuke  them  stick.  Boyle. 

5.  To  make  intricate. 


sttiod  hath  been  com/>.'tc  ulecf  with  Injury  to 
Ttllotson. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK. 

^36" 


1j 


COM 


COM 


COM 


Complex  ;  cuiiiposcd  uf  two  or 


■  ciionsof  wnr  (ir«  comjilicau  in  ficl,  yel 
ml  >IUtiiicl  III  rifrlit.  Bacon. 


eOM'PLI-CA'I'lO,  a. 
iTKirc  p;irts  iiiiilcd. 

Tlioiigh  the  particiilii 
llipy  «rir  v'|iAmlo 

2.  In  lioiiniii,  fiildcd  toKctluT,  as  the  valvpH  <if  the 
•lliinif  or  I  liiilV  ill  suiiie  jjnisscs.  Martini. 

eo.M'l'I,I-t)A-TEI),  jjp.  oro.  Interwoven  ;  entansled  ; 
invdived  ;  intricate;  composed  of  two  or  more  things 
or  parts  united. 

€()M'l'LI.e.\'''K-l'Y,  ttili}.    In  a  complex  manner. 

eO.M'PLI-eATE-NKSS,  n.  Tlie  -state  of  bein};  com- 
plicated ;  involution  ;  intricacy  ;  perple.vity.  Jlnlc. 

eo.M'I'LI-eA-TI.\G,  iipr.  Interweaving  ;  infoldi»g  ; 
uniting. 

eoM-l'LI-e.^'TION,  n.    The  act  of  interweaving,  or 
involving  two  or  more  tilings  or  parts  ;  the  state  of 
being  interwoven,  involved,  or  intimately  blended. 
'I'lie  nutioiii  of  a  coiirunrd  knowledge  are  always  rull  of  per- 
pienily  niul  coni;/fi('a/lori«.  MUkins. 

9.  The  integral,  consisting  of  many  things  involved 
or  interwoven,  or  mutually  united. 

By  ndmittiiig  a  contfitication  of  ideas,  Oic  mind  ie  bewiid'^rc<l. 

Walls, 

eO.M'PLI-eA-TIVE,  o.  Tending  or  adapted  to  in- 
volve. 

€OM'PLICE,  (-plis,)  n.  [U.  complice ;  Fr.  Port,  and 
Sp.  id, ;  L.  canijilicuj  comphcitumy  coiiipliccj,  See  CuM- 
FLicATE  and  Complex.] 

One  who  is  united  with  another  in  the  commis- 
sion of  a  criinaf  or  in  an  ill  design  ;  an  associate  or 
confederate  in  some  unlawful  act  or  design  j  an 
accomplice.  The  latter  is  now  used.  [See  Accom- 
plice.] SkaJi.  Ctareiiilon, 

€O.M-PLIC'I-TY,  (-plis'o-tc,)  n.    [Kr.  complicite.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  complice  or  ac- 
complice. {Little  iLsed.] 

f  OM-PU'W),  prct.  of  Comply. 

CO.M-PLI'EK,  H.  One  who  complies,  yields,  or  obeys ; 
a  person  of  ready  compliance ;  a  man  of  an  easy, 
vii'lding  temper.  Swift. 

eo.M'PLI-.ME.NT,  n.  [Fr.  id.;  It.  complimevtn  ;  !?p, 
cttmplimieittOy  completion,  perfection,  compliment  j 
Port.  comprimnttOj  length,  fultillment  ;  coniplinient, 
obliging  words,  from  the  verb  comprir,  to  fiiltill,  to 
perform  ;  Sp.  cumplir  ;  It.  compiere  ;  h,  compleo.  See 
Complete.] 

1.  .\n  expression  of  civility,  respect,  or  regard  ;  as, 
to  send  or  make  one's  cmnpliments  to  an  absent 
friend.    In  tliis  application,  the  plural  is  always  used. 

He  ottoenred  fvv  tomjiUmenlt  in  niatler  of  arma.  ^'idiiey. 

2.  ,\  present  or  favor  bestowed.  My  friend  made 
ine  a  complimriit  of  Homer's  Iliad. 

eo.M'PLI-.MENT,  r.  t.  To  praiie  ;  to  flatter  by  ex- 
pressions of  approbation,  esteem,  or  respect. 

Munnrchs  

Rliould  cvinplitntnt  llipir  foes,  and  shnn  their  friends.  Prior, 
Slie  comptiintntt  M'-nel.ius  very  liaiidsuinely.  P,'pe, 

2.  To  congratulate;  as,  to  compliment  a  prince  on 
the  birth  of  a  son. 

3.  To  bestow  a  present ;  to  manifest  kindness  or 
regard  for,  by  a  [iresent  or  other  favor ;  as,  he  com- 
plimentpd  us  with  tickets  for  the  exhibition. 

eOM'PI,I-.ME.\T,  r.  i.  To  pass  compliments;  to  use 
ceremony,  or  ceremonious  language. 

i  nialce  tile  inlerloculors,  upon  occasion,  Cjmptimtnt  wilti  encti 
other.  Boytt, 

eOM-PH-MEN'T'AL,  a.    Expressive  of  civility  or 
res[)ect ;  implying  compliments. 
Lniigr-.;»ffes  (Trow  rich  and  abund.tiil  in  comptimentai  phrases, 
ami  such  froth.  Hodon. 

COM  PLI-.ME.NT'AI^LY,  adr.  In  the  nature  of  a 
compliment ;  by  way  of^  civility  or  ceremony. 

Broome, 

eOM-PLI-ME.VT'A-RY,  o.    Expressing  civUity,  re- 

gartl,  or  pniise. 
eOM'PI.I-ME.NT  En,  pp.  Praised. 
eo.M'PI.l  .ME.\T-ER,'i.    One  who  compliment.-! ;  one 

given  to  compliments  ;  a  tlalterer.  .lohnson. 
eO.M'PLI-.ME.NT-l.NG,  ppr.    Praising,  bestowing  on 

as  a  present. 

eO.M'PMN'E,  )  n.  [Fr.  compile  ;  It.  eompiria;  from  L. 
GO.M'PLIN,    \     compleo.,  caniplendo,  com/dctiuf.] 

The  last  division  of  the  Roman  Calhnlic  breviarj- ; 
the  last  prayer  at  night,  to  be  recited  after  sunset ;  so 
called  because  it  closes  the  service  of  the  day. 

Johnson,    Encijc,  Taylor, 
GOM'PLISH,  for  Accomplish,  is  not  now  u.«ed. 

Spenser, 

eOM'PLOT,  n,    [French,  of  eon,  or  com,  and  plot,]  A 

plotting  together  ;  a  joint  plot ;  a  plot ;  a  confederacy 

in  some  evil  tiesign  ;  a  conspiracy. 

I  know  their  complot  is  to  h.tTe  my  life.  Sftak. 
eOM-PI.OT',  c.  (.   To  plot  together  ;  to  conspire  ;  to 

form  a  plot  j  to  join  iu  a  secret  design ,  generally 

criminal.  * 

We  find  ihem  eomploUing  toweiher,  and  contririnr  a  new 
scene  of  miseries  to  Iho  Trujaiis.  Popt, 

eoM-PrOT'MENT,  n.  A  plotting  together;  con- 
''\or.uy,  ic,„„. 

C()M-PI,0T'TED,  pp.    Plotted  tocethcr  ;  contrived. 

CO.M-PLOT'TER,  n.  One  joined  in  a  plot  ;  a  con- 
"P'™«»r-  Dnjden, 


eO.M-PI.O'I''Tl.\(i,  ppr.  Ploltiiig  together;  conspir- 
ing ;  coiitrix'ing  an  evil  tlcsigii  or  crime. 

e(J.M-PI.U'l''  ri.\(;-LV,  a.li>.    Ily  loiiiplottinc. 

CO.\l-Pl-U-TE.N"SlA.\,  H,  The  Compliilni.--,un  co|iy  of 
the  Bible  is  that  of  Compliitum  or  .Mi  ala  de  lleiiiires, 
hrst  published  iu  lu73,  by  Cardinal  Xiii'eiies,  in 
.'^paiii. 

€O.M-PL?',  V.  i.  !  prct.  Complied.  [The  Italian  com 
piacere,  to  humor,  to  comply,  is  the  Latin  complurro 
Ft.  complain',  'i'he  Sp.  citmptir  is  frtuu  complt-o,  for  it 
is  rendered  l<i  disciiarge  one's  dul\',  to  jirovidt:  or 
supply,  to  reach  one's  birtliday,  to  fulfill  one's  prom- 
ise, to  be  (it  or  convenient,  to  sulUre.  The  Portu- 
guese changes  /  into  r ;  comprir,  to  fullill,  to  perform  ; 
iience,  coiiiprimrnto,  a  complement,  and  a  compliment. 
Comply  seems  to  lie  from  the  Spanish  ciimplir,  or 
I.,  compleo ;  formeti,  like  siipptij,  from  siippleo  ;  yd  in 
some  of  its  u.scs,  the  sense  is  deiliicible  from  the 
root  of  Lat.  plico,  (See  AprLV  and  Plv.)  It  is  fol- 
lowed by  wilJi,] 

1,  To  comply  with  ;  to  fulfill  ;  to  perfect  or  rarry 
into  ellect ;  to  complete  ;  to  perform  or  executt' ;  as, 
to  comply  Willi  a  promise,  with  an  award,  with  a 
command,  with  an  order.  So  to  comply  with  one's 
expectations  or  wishes,  is  to  fulfill  them,  or  complete 
them. 

2.  To  yield  to ;  to  be  obsequious ;  to  accord  ;  to 
suit ;  followed  by  with ;  as,  to  comply  with  a  man's 
liunior. 

The  truth  of  tilings  will  not  comply  vilh  our  conceits. 

TilloHon, 

€OM-PL?'ING  WITH,  ppr.  Fulfilling  ;  performing  ; 
yielding  to. 

eo.M-PO.\K',  V,  U  To  compose;  to  settle.  [Ois.] 
[See  t'liMPosE.] 

GO.M-Po.NE',    i  In  heraldry,  a  bordtire,or  compone,  is 

CO.M-Po.V'^.'l),  (  that  formed  or  eonijiosed  of  a  row 
of  annular  parts  <ir  checkers  of  two  colors. 

eo.M-Po'NE.NT  or  CO.M'PO-NENT,  a,  [L.  compo- 
nent, compono ;  con  and  pono,  to  place.] 

Literally,  setting  tir  placing  together  ;  hence,  com- 
posing ;  constituting  ;  forming  a  com(ioiind  ;  as,  the 
component  of  a  plant  or  fossil  substance  ;  the 

component  parts  of  a  society. 

eO.M-Po'.N'E.\'T  or  CO.M'PO-.N'ENT,  n,  A  constitu- 
ent part.  DiiTby, 

eO.M-PoRT',  I),  i.  [It,  comporlarc  ;  Yt.  comporler ;  Sp. 
and  Port.  comporUir ;  con  anil  L.  porta,  to  bear.  (See 
Sear.)    It  is  followed  by  willi.] 

To  comport  witJi  ;  literally,  to  bear  to  or  with  ;  to 
carry  together.  Iience,  to  agree  with  ;  to  suit ;  to 
accord  ;  as,  to  consider  how  far  our  charity  may 
comport  with  our  prudence.  His  behavior  does  not 
comport  with  his  station. 

eo.M-PoRT',  V.  t.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to 
behave ;  to  conduct. 

It  is  curious  to  ot«ery»  how  Lord  Somers —  comporltd  himself 
ou  timt  occasion.  Burke. 

[Little  used,] 

2.  To  bear ;  to  endure ;  as  in  French,  Spanish, 
and  Italian.    [JVotnsed.j  Daniel, 
CO.M'PoRT,  71,    Behavior ;   conduct  ;   manner  of 
acting. 

1  knew  them  well,  and  marked  their  rude  coJ7i7>orL  Dryden. 

This  woril  is  rarely  or  never  used,  but  may  be  ad- 
missible in  i>oetr>'.    We  now  use  deportment.  The 
accent,  since  Oryden's  time,  has  been  transferred  to 
the  first  syllable. 
eO.M-POKT'A-BLE,  o.    Suitable  ;  consistent. 

We  cast  the  rules  of  this  art  Into  some  comporlable  methor), 

VKoUon. 

eOM-PORT'ANCE,  n.  Behavior ;  deportment.  [  Obs,] 

Spen.scr, 

eOM-PORT-A'TION,  n.  An  assemblage.  [Au(  «.«rf.] 

Bp,  RicluiriUon, 
eOM-PORT'ED,  pp.    Behaved  ;  suited. 
eOM-PoRT'l\(;,  ,rpr.    Behaving;  suiting. 
eo.'Sl-PnRT'ME.NT,  n.    Behavior  ;  demeanor  ;  man- 


ner of  acting.  [Aot  now  iiso/.]  Hale,  Addison. 
CU.M'POS  MfJiTTIS,    "  -        -  - 

of /w-v.^um,  potLi,] 


[L.  con  and  pos,  from  the  root 


Possessed  of  mind  ;  in  a  sound  state  of  mind. 
COM-P(iSE',  f;.  t,  [ Fr.  cora/jiMcr ;  .\im,  composi :  from 
the  participle  of  the  L.  compono,  compositus  ;  con  and 
pono,  positiLs,  tti  set,  put,  or  lay  ;  Fr.  poser,  and  in  a 
dilfercnt  dialect;  Eng.  to  put;  Sp.  componcr ;  It. 
comporre,] 

Literallij,  to  place  or  set  together.  Iience, 

1.  To  form  a  compouml,  or  one  entire  body  or 
thing,  by  uniting  two  or  more  things,  parts,  or  intli- 
viiluals;  as,  to  compose  an  army  of  raw  soldiers; 
the  parliament  of  Great  Britain  is  composed  of  two 
houses,  lords  and  commons ;  the  senate  <if  the 
I'liited  States  is  composed  of  two  senators  from  each 
State. 

Ze*l  o-iffhl  to  be  compoitd  of  the  highest  degrees  of  all  pious 
atfi:ctioiis.  ■  SpiaU. 

2.  To  invent  and  put  together  words  and  sen- 
tences ;  to  make,  as  a  discourse  or  writing  ;  to  write, 
as  an  author ;  as,  to  compose  a  sermon,  or  a  book. 

3.  To  constitute,  or  form,  as  pans  of  a  whole;  as, 


letters  compose  syllables,  syllables  compose  Words, 
words  compose  .sentences. 

A  few  useful  thnl^,  rniifoiiiKled  with  many  trifles,  fill  their 
nieiiioriua,  hiiA  compose  their  inlellecluMrpobsesAiuns. 

Malts. 

4,  To  calm  ;  to  ipiiet ;  to  ap|)ease  ;  to  traii<piilli/.e  ; 
that  is,  to  set  or  lay  ;  as,  to  compo.^e  p:issloiis,  lears, 
disorders,  or  whatever  is  agitated  or  excited. 

.5.  To  settle  ;  to  atljitst  ;  as,  to  compose  ditfeTeiices. 

(i.  To  place  in  proper  form,  or  in  a  quiet  state. 

In  A  p-iic«'fol  gr.ive  niy  corpa«  compose,  Dtydm, 

7.  To  settle  into  a  tftiet  state.  ■ 

The  sea  composes  its'df  to  n  level  surface.  It  requires  nliont 
t\*o  iliiys  to  compose  it  alter  a  fiile.  W. 

8.  To  dispose  ;  to  put  in  a  proper  state  for  any 
purjiose.  [Oifs.] 

Tile  army  se'-nied  well  composed  to  obtain  that  by  their  swords 
wbich  they  could  not  by  tlii-ir  pen.  Clarendon. 

9.  In  prinlinir,  to  set  types  or  characters  in  a  com- 
pu.iinir  stick,  from  a  copy,  arranging  the  letters  in  the 
proper  oriler. 

11).  Ill  mii.iic,  to  form  a  tunc  or  piece  of  music  with 
notes  arranging  tlieiii  on  the  stafl' in  such  a  manner, 
as,  when  sung,  to  proilttce  harmony. 
CO.M-POS'i-'l),  pp.  Set  together,  or  in  due  order ; 
formed  ;  constituted  ;  calmed  ;  quieted  ;  settled ; 
adjusted. 

2.  a.  Calm;  sedate;  quiet;  tranquil;  free  from 
agitation. 

The  Miintuan  there  in  solxr  triumph  s«t, 

Com/iosed  his  |>osttire,  and  his  look  sedate.  Pope. 

eO.M-POS'ED-LY,  adv.  Calmly  ;  seriously  ;  sedately. 
The  inun  Tory  composidty  answered,  I  am  he.  Oarenclon. 

eOM-PoS'ED-NKSS,  n.  A  state  of  being  composed  ; 
calmness  ;  seuateness  ;  trantpiillity.  fVilkitis, 

eo.M-PoS'ER,  II.  One  who  composes;  one  who 
writes  an  original  work  ;  as  distinguished  from  a 
compiler;  an  author;  also  one  who  forms  tunes, 
whether  he  adapts  them  to  particular  words  or  not. 

2.  One  who  quiets  or  calms  ;  one  who  adjusts  a 
difference. 

eO.\l-P()?'ING,7>;)r.  ora.  Placing  togoth^r  ;  forming; 
constituting;  writing  an  original  work  ;  quieting ; 
settling;  ailjusting;  setting  tvpes. 

eOM-Po-S'ING-STICK,  n,  Aiiiong  printers,  an  in- 
strument in  which  types  are  set  from  the  cases,  ad- 
justed to  the  length  of  the  lines. 

eo.M-POS'ITE,  a.  Made  up  of  parts  ;  as,  a  composite 
language.  Coleridire, 

2.  In  architrctiirr,  the  composite  order  is  the  last  of 
the  five  orders  of  roltimiis ;  so  called  because  its 
capital  is  composed  of  the  Ionic  onler  grafted  upon 
the  Corinthian.  It  is  of  the  same  proportion  as  the 
Corinthian,  and  retains  the  .same  general  character, 
with  the  exception  of  the  capital,  in  which  the  Ionic 
volutes  and  ccJiinus  are  introduced,  and  the  Corin- 
thian caulicoli  (or  smaller  branches)  and  scrolls  are 
left  out.  It  is  called  also  the  Roman  or  the  Italic 
order.  Olos.i,  of  ArchiL 

Compo.nte  number ;  one  which  can  be  measured 
exactly  by  a  number  exceeding  unity,  as  6  by  2  or  3 ; 
so  that  4  is  the  lowest  composite  number.  Encyc, 

eO.M-PO-Sl"TIO.\,  II.  In  a  general  sense,  the  art  of 
composing,  or  that  which  is  composed  ;  the  .act  of 
forming  a  whole  or  integral,  by  placing  together  and 
uniting  dilferent  things,  parts,  or  ingredients  ;  or  the 
whole  body,  mass,  or  coinponntl,  thus  formed.  'J'hiis 
we  speak  of  the  composition  of  medicines,  by  mixing 
divers  ingredients,  and  call  the  whole  mixture  a 
compo.tition,  A  composition  of  sand  and  clay  is  used 
for  luting  chemical  vessels. 

Vast  pillars  of  stone,  cased  ever  with  a  composition  that  looks 
Itlte  inurl)le.  Addison. 

ilent  and  vivacity,  in  n^e,  is  sn  excellent  composilion  for 
business.  Baton, 

2.  In  literature,  the  act  of  inventing  or  combining 
ideas,  clothing  them  with  words,  arranging  them  in 
order,  and,  in  generil,  committing  them  to  paper,  or 
otherwise  writing  them.  Hence, 

X  A  written  or  printed  work ;  a  writing,  pam- 
phlet, or  btiok.  Addison, 

4.  In  niiL<ic,  the  act  or  art  of  forming  tunes  ;  or  a 
tune,  sting,  anthem,  air,  or  other  iitiisical  piece. 

5.  The  state  of  being  placed  together  ;  union  ; 
conjunction ;  combination. 

Coiiteiiipt  it<!  tiling  first  in  their  simple  natures,  and  then  view 
Iheiti  in  composi:ion.  Watts. 

6.  In  tlie  fine  arts,  that  combination  of  the  several 
parts,  in  which  each  is  presented  in  its  due  propor- 
tion. 


By  composition  Is  r 
tiling,  tiolh  in 


ant  Ihe  distribution  and  orderly  placing  of 
nera!  aial  parliciilnr.  Or^dtn, 


7.  Adjustment ;  orderly  disposition.  Ben  Jonson 
speaks  of  the  composition  of  gesture,  look,  pronunci- 
ation, and  motion,  in  a  preacher. 

8.  .Mutual  agreement  to  terms  or  conditions  for  the 
settlement  of  a  difference  or  controversy. 

Thus  we  are  agn-e.l ; 
I  crave  our  composilion  may  te  written.  Shak. 

9.  Mutual  agreement  for  the  discharge  of  a  debt, 
on  terms  or  by  means  dilferent  from  those  requireti 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  —  AN"GER,  Vf'CIOUS.— C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


COM 

by  the  original  contract,  or  by  law,  as  by  the  pay- 
ment of  a  different  sum,  or  by  mailing  other  com- 
pensation. Hence,  the  sum  so  paid,  or  compensation 
given,  in  lieu  of  that  stipulated  or  required. 

A  real  composidon  is  when  an  agreement  is  made  between 
Ihe  owner  oi  lands  and  the  parson  or  vicar,  with  the  consent 
of  the  ordinary  and  the  patron,  lliat  such  lands  shall  for  the 
future  tje  discharged  from  the  payment  of  utiles,  l>>  reason 
of  some  land  or  other  real  recompense  given  to  the  parson, 
in  lieu  and  satisfaction  thereof.  Biackslone. 
A  bankrupt  is  cleared  by  a  commission  of  bank- 
ruptcy, or  by  composition  with  his  creditors. 

10.  Consistency  ;  congruity.  [Little  used.]  Shtik. 

11.  The  act  of  uniting  simple  ideas  in  a  complex 
idea  or  conception  •,  opposed  lo  analijsis.  JVewton. 

li  The  joining  of  two  words  in  a  compound,  as 
in  book-case ;  or  the  act  of  forming  a  wtird  with  a 
prefix  or  affix,  which  varies  its  signification  ;  as,  re- 
turjij  from  turn  ,■  preconcert,  from  concert  i  endless,  from 
end. 

13.  The  synthetical  method  of  reasoning  ;  syn- 
thesis ;  a  method  of  reasonmg  from  known  or  admit- 
ted truths  or  principles,  as  from  axioms,  postulates, 
or  propositions  previously  demonstrated,  and  from 
these  deducing  a  clear  knowledge  of  the  thing  to  be 
proved  ;  or  the  act  of  collecting  scattered  parts  of 
knowledge,  and  combining  them  into  a  system,  so 
that  the  understanding  is  enabled  distinctly  to  follow 
truth  through  its  different  stages  of  gradation.  This 
method  of  reasoning  is  opposetl  to  anolysis,  or  resolu- 
tion. It  begins  with  first  principles,  and,  by  a 
train  of  reasoning  from  them,  deduces  the  proposi- 
tions or  truths  sought.  Coinposition,  or  synthesis,  pro- 
ceeds by  collecting  or  combining  ;  anahjsis,  or  resolu- 
tion, by  separating  or  unfolding.     Harris.  Encyc. 

14.  in  priiUing,  the  act  of  setting  types  or  charac- 
ters in  the  composing-stick,  to  form  lines,  and  of  ar- 
ranging the  lines  in  a  galley,  to  make  a  column  or 
page,  and  from  this  to  make  a  form. 

15.  In  chemistry,  the  combination  of  different  sub- 
stances, or  substances  of  different  natures,  by  affin- 
ity ;  from  which  results  a  compound  substance,  dif- 
fering in  properties  from  either  of  the  component 
parts.  Thus  water  is  a  composition  of  hydrogen  and 
oxygen,  which  are  invisible  gases. 

16.  Composition  of  forces,  in  mechanics,  is  the  finding 
of  a  single  force  which  shall  be  equal  to  two  or  more 
given  forces  when  acting  in  given  directions.  Hebert. 

17.  Composition  of  proportion,  in  matliematics,  is 
when,  of  four  proportionals,  the  sum  of  the  first  and 
second  is  to  the  second  as  the  sum  of  the  third  and 
fourth  to  the  fourth.  Barlow. 

eO.M-POS'I-TIVE,   o.     Compounded  ;   having  the 

power  of  compounding  or  composing. 
€O.M-POS'I-TOR,  71.    In  printing,  one  who  sets  types, 

and  makes  up  the  pages  and  forms. 
2.  One  who  sets  in  order. 
€OM-POS-SESS'OR,  71.    A  joint  possessor. 
eO.M-POS'SI-BLE,  o.  [con  and  possible.]  Consistent. 

[JV«(  itscrf.]  Ckillingworth. 
GO.M'PoST,  7!.    [It.  composta;  L.  compositum,  from 

compono.    See  Compose.] 

In  agriculture,  a  mixture  or  composition  of  various 

manuring  substances  for  fertilizing  land.  Compost 

may  be  made  by  almost  every  animal  and  vegetable 

substance  in  nature,  with  lime  or   other  earthy 

matter. 

2.  A  mixture  or  composition  for  plastering  houses, 
usuallv  called  compo.  Smart. 
€0M'P6.ST,  v.  t.    To  manure  with  compost.  Bacon. 
eO.M-POST'UEE,  71.    Soil;  manure.    [Xot  used.] 

Shak. 

eO.M-PoS'CRE,  (kom-p5'7.hur,)  ti.    [See  Compose.] 

1.  The  act  of  composing,  or  tliat  which  is  com- 
posed ;  a  composition  ;  as,  a  form  of  prayer  of  pub- 
lic composure  f  a  hasty  composure. 

In  the  eompoturet  of  men,  remember  you  are  a  man.  WalU. 
In  this  use,thii  word  has  given  way  to  Composition. 

2.  Composition;  combination;  arrangement;  or- 
der.   [Liule  used.] 

From  the  various  compotureg  of  these  corpuscles,  happen  all 
ihe  varietii's  of  Ijodics  formed  out  of  them.  Woodward. 

3.  The  form,  adjustment,  or  disposition  of  the  va- 
rious parts. 

In  compotUTt  of  hU  face. 

Lived  a  lair  but  manly  grace.  Crathate. 
The  otitward  form  and  compoture  of  (he  body.  Duppa. 

4.  Frame  ;  make  ;  temperament. 

Ilih  eompoattrt  rnnst  be  rari*  indeed, 

Whom  these  things  cajniot  lileinish.  SluJc. 

.5.  A  nettled  state  of  tlic  mind  ;  sedatencss  ;  calin- 
nesH  ;  tranquillity. 

When  the  [Auiona  are  silent,  the  mind  enjoys  Its  most  perfect 
cumpoiurt.  Watta. 

[TliU  is  the  most  common  u,ie  of  this  word.] 
fi.  Agreeiiicnl  ;  xi  ttlenient  of  diirercnces  ;  compo- 
flition.    [Little  %Lied.] 

The  treaty  at  Uzbridgefavt  the  fairest  hopes  of  a  hnnpy  com. 
foturt.  Kiog  Criarlet. 

€OM-PO-TA'TION,  n.  compotalio ;  con  and  po- 

IMia,  from  polo,  to  drink,  j 
'J'hc  act  of  drinking  or  tippling  togcthi'r. 

Brown.  Philipa. 


COM 

€OM'PO-Ta-TOR,  71.   One  who  drinks  with  another. 

Pope. 

€01I-POUND',  V.  U  [L.  compono  :  con  and  pojio,  to 
set  or  put ;  Sp.  componcr ;  It.  comporre,  for  componcrc  ; 
Port,  compor.] 

1.  To  mix-or  unite  two  or  more  ingredients  in  one 
mass  or  body  ;  as,  to  compound  drugs. 

Whoever  eompoundeth  any  like  it,  shall  be  cut  off  from  his 
people. — Ex.  xxx. 

2.  To  unite  or  combine. 

We  have  the  power  of  altering  and  compounding  images  into 
all  the  varieties  of  picture.  Addieon. 

3.  To  compose  ;  to  constitute.    [JVut  used.]  Shak. 

4.  In  grammar,  to  unite  two  or  more  words  ;  to 
form  one  word  of  two  or  more. 

5.  To  settle  amicably  ;  to  adjust  by  agreement ;  as 
a  difference  or  controversy.  Bacon.  ShaJc. 

[In  this  sense  we  nmo  use  Compose.] 

6.  To  pay  by  agreement ;  to  discharge,  as  a  debt, 
by  paying  a  part,  or  giving  an  equivalent  different 
from  that  stipulated  or  required ;  as,  to  compound 
debts.  Oay. 

But  we  now  use,  more  generally,  to  compound  with. 
[See  the  verb  intransitive.] 

To  compound  felony,  is  for  a  person  robbed  to  take 
the  goods  again,  or  other  compensation,  upon  an 
agreement  not  to  prosecute  the  thief  or  robber.  This 
offense  is,  by  the  laws  of  England,  punishable  by 
fine  and  imprisonment.  Blackstone. 
eo.M-POUND',  V.  i.  To  agree  upon  concession  ;  to 
come  to  terms  of  agreement,  by  abating  something 
of  the  first  demand  ;  followed  by  for  before  the  thing 
accepted  or  remitted. 

They  were  glad  to  compound  for  his  bare  commitment  fo  the 
Tower.  Oat-endon. 

9.  To  bargain  in  the  lump ;  to  agree ;  followed  by 
Kith. 

Compound  vdUi  this  ftllow  by  the  year.  Sludc. 

3.  To  come  to  terms,  by  granting  something  on 
each  side  ;  to  agree. 

Cornw.ill  compounded  to  furnish  ten  oxen  for  thirty  pounds. 

Paracelsus  and  his  admirers  have  compounded  with  the  Galen- 
isls,  and  brought  into  pnictice  a  mixed  use  ofcbentic  il  riied- 
iciiies.  Temple. 

4.  To  settle  with  a  creditor  by  agreement,  afid 
discharge  a  debt  by  paying  a  part  of  its  amount ;  or 
to  make  an  agreement  to  pay  a  debt  by  means  or  in 
a  manner  different  from  that  stipulated  or  required 
by  la\v.  A  bankrupt  may  compound  with  his  credittirs 
for  ten  shillings  on  the  pound,  or  fifty  cents  on  the 
dollar.  A  man  may  compound  witli  a  parson  to  pay  a 
sum  of  money  in  lieu  of  tithes,  [See  Composition, 
No.  9.] 

To  compound  with  a  felon,  is  to  take  the  goods 
stolen,  or  other  amends,  upon  an  agreement  not  to 
prosecute  him.  Blackstone. 
€O.M'POUND,  o.    Composed  of  two  or  more  ingre- 
dients. 

Compound  substances  are  made  up  of  two  or  more  simple 
substances.  If  alts. 

2.  In  grammar,  composed  of  two  or  more  words. 
Ink-stand,  writing-desk,  carelessness,  are  compound 
words. 

3.  In  botany,  a  compound  flower  is  a  species  of  ag- 
gregate flower,  containing  several  florets,  inclosed 
in  a  common  perianth,  on  a  common  receptacle, 
with  the  anthers  cimnected  in  a  cylinder,  as  in  the 
sunflower  and  dandelion.  Martyn.  Harris. 

A  compound  stem,  is  one  that  divides  into  branches. 

A  compound  leaf,  connects  several  leaflets  in  one 
petiole,  called  a  common  petiole. 

A  compound  racem^  is  composed  of  several  race- 
mules  or  small  racemes. 

A  compound  spilic,  is  composed  of  several  spicules 
or  spikelets. 

A  compound  corymb,  is  formed  of  several  small 
corymbs. 

A  compound  umbel,  is  one  which  has  all  its  rays  or 
peduncles  bearing  umbcllules,  or  small  umbels,  at 
the  top. 

A  compound  frurtijiration,  consists  of  several  con- 
fluent lliircts  :  iip])osed  to  simple. 

4.  Compound  interest,  is  interest  upon  interest ; 
when  the  interest  of  a  sum  is  added  to  the  principal, 
and  then  bears  interest ;  or  when  the  interest  of  a 
sum  is  put  upon  interest. 

5.  Compound  motion,  is  that  which  is  effi'ctrd  by 
two  or  more  conspiring  powers,  acting  in  dilfereiit 
but  not  in  oppositt^  din-ctions.  Barlow. 

G.  Compound  or  Composite  number,  is  that  u'liich 
may  be  divided  by  soine  other  number  great(;r  than 
unity,  without  a  remainder ;  as  18,  which  may  be 
divided  by  2,  (i  and  9. 

7.  Compound  ratio,  is  that  which  the  product  of  the 
antecedents  of  two  or  more  ratit>s  lias  to  the  product 
of  their  consequent.-".  Thus  fi  to  72  is  in  a  ratio  com- 
pounded of  2  to  0,  and  of  3  to  12.  Day. 

8.  Compound  ijuantity ;  in  algebra,  a  quantity  com- 
poseil  of  two  or  more  simple  quantities  tir  terms,  con- 
nected by  the  sign  -f  (plus,)  or  —  (minus.)  Thus 
a       —  e,  and  bh  —  b,  are  compound  (piantities.  liay. 

9.  Compound  larceny,  is  that  which  is  accompaiiietl 


C03I 

with  the  aggravation  of  taking  goods  from  one's 
house  or  person.  Blaclisivne. 

10.  Compound  time;  in  77!!i.</c,  a  term  applied  to 
those  varieties  of  time  in  which  each  mi  :ustire  is 
diviiled  into  six  equal  parts.  T.  HiL^tinos. 

eO.M'POUiVD,  H.  A  nia.ss  or  body  foriiieil  by  the 
union  or  mixture  of  two  or  more  iiigreilieiiis  or  ilif- 
ferent  substances  ;  the  result  of  composition.  Mor- 
tar is  a  compound  of  lime,  sand,  and  water. 

Man  is  a  compound  of  flesh  and  spirit.  South. 

2.  In  Ihe  F.ast  Indies,  a  yard  round  a  building  ;  a 
corruption  of  the  Portuguese  worti  campania. 

eo>I-POUi\'D'.\-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  com- 
pounded. Sherwood. 

eoM-POUND'ED,  pp.  Made  up  of  diflerent  mate- 
rials ;  mixed  ;  formed  by  union  of  two  or  more  sub- 
stances. 

COM-POUND'ER,  71.  One  who  compounds  or  mixes 
different  things. 

2.  One  who  attempts  to  bring  parties  to  terms  of 
agreement.    [Liule  used.]  Swift. 

3.  One  who  compouims  with  a  debtor  or  felon. 

4.  One  at  a  university  who  pays  extraordinary 
fees,  according  to  iiis  means,  for  tlie  degree  he  is  to 
take.  Smart. 

eO.M-POU.VD'IXG,  ppr.  Uniting  diflerent  substances 
in  one  botly  or  mass  ;  forming  a  mixed  body  ;  agree- 
ing by  concession,  or  tibateiiient  of  denianils  ;  dis- 
charging a  debt  by  agreement  to  pay  less  than  the 
original  sum,  or  in  a  diflerent  manner. 

€OM-PRE-e.\'TIO.\,  71.    [L.  cim  and  precatio.] 
A  praving  together.    [Little  used.] 

eOM-PRE-HE.N  l)',  c.  fc  [L.  comprehendo  ;  con  and 
prehendo,  to  seize  or  grasp  ;  It.  comprendere,  prendere  ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  compreficndcr,  prendcr ;  Fr.  comprendre, 

.  prendre.    This  word  is  a  compound  of  the  Latin  con 
and  pra,  and  the  Saxon  hendan  or  hentan,  to  take  or 
seize  ;  ge-hentan,  id.    Hence  forehend,  in  Spenser.] 
Literally,  to  take  in  ;  to  take  with,  or  together. 

1.  To  contain  ;  to  include  ;  to  comprise. 

The  empire  of  Great  Britain  comprehends  England,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland,  with  their  dependencies. 

2.  To  imply;  lo  contain  or  include  by  implication 
or  construction. 

If  there  be  any  other  commandment,  it  is  briefly  comprehended 
in  this  saying,  Thou  shalt  love  thy  neighbor  as  tliysell. — 
Rotii.  xiii. 

3.  To  understand ;  to  conceive ;  that  is,  to  take, 
hold,  or  contain  in  the  mind  ;  to  possess  or  to  have 
in  itlea  ;  according  to  the  popular  phrase,  "  I  take 
your  meaning." 

Goddoeth  great  things,  which  we  can  not  com^e^enii.  —  Job 
xxxvii. 

It  is  not  always  safe  10  disbelieve  a  proposition  or  ^statement, 
because  we  do  not  comprehend  it. 

eO.M-PRE-HEXD'ED,  pp.  Contained ;  included ;  im- 
plied ;  understood. 

eO.M-PRE-HE.ND'ING,  p;)r.  Including;  comprising; 
understanding;  imphiiig. 

eO.M-PRE-HE.\'SI-15LE,  a.    [L.  comprchensibilis.] 

1.  That  may  be  comprehended  or  included  ;  pos- 
sible to  be  comprised. 

2.  Capable  of  being  understood  ;  intelligible;  con- 
ceivable by  the  mind. 

€OiM-PRE-IlEN'Sl-BLE-NESS,  71.  Capability  of  be- 
ing understood.  More. 

eO.M-PRE-HEN'SI-nLY,  adr.  With  great  extent  of 
embrace,  or  comprehension  ;  with  large  extent  of 
signification  ;  in  a  manner  to  comprehend  a  large 
circuit. 

The  words  wisdom  and  righteousness  are  commonly  used  very 
comprehensively,  so  as  to  signify  all  religion  and  virtue. 

niotson. 

This  word  is  rarely  used.     [See  Comprehen- 

SIVELV.] 

eO.M-PRE-IIEN'SION,  71.    [L.  cemprehensio.] 

The  act  or  quality  of  comprehending  or  contain- 
ing ;  a  comprising. 

In  the  Old  Testament  there  is  a  dose  comprehention  of  the 
Nem ;  ill  the  Neie,  an  open  ihscovcry  of  the  Old.  Hooker, 

2.  An  including  or  containing  within  a  narrow 
compass ;  a  summary ;  an  epitome  or  coinpend. 

Thiswise  nnrl  religious  aphorism.  In  the  text,  is  the  sum  and 
cooipreheneton  of  all  the  ingrvdienls  of  human  h-ippiness. 

Jtogert. 

3.  Capacity  of  the  mind  fo  understand  ;  power  of 
the  iinderstiinding  to  receive  and  contain  ideas  ;  ca- 
pacity of  knowing;  as,  the  nature  of  sjiirit  is  not 
w  itliin  our  comprehension. 

4.  In  rhetoric,  a  trope  or  figure,  by  which  the  name 
of  a  wliolt'  is  put  for  a  part,  or  th.at  of  a  part  for  a 
whole,  or  a  definite  number  for  an  indefinite. 

Harris. 

eOM-PRE-IIEN'SIVE,  n.  Having  the  qu.-ility  of  com- 
prising much,  or  inrliiiling  a  great  extent  ;  extensive  ; 
as,  a  comprehensive  charity ;  a  comprehensive  view. 
It  seems  sometimes  to  convey  the  sense  of  compre- 
hending much  in  a  small  compass. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  comprehend  or  understand 
many  things  at  once  ;         comprehensive  ]\vnA.  Pirpe. 

COM  PRE-IIE.\'SIVE-I>Y,  a/Zi'.  In  a  comprehensive 
manner  ;  \\  iili  tirr'at  (\\tent  of  embrace 

COM-Pin:  III'.N'SIVE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  bc- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. — 


238 


COM 


COM 


CON 


ing  comprehensive,  or  of  including  much  extent ;  as, 
tile  comprfikensioenrss  (tf  a  view, 

2.  The  quality  of  including  much  in  a  few  words, 
or  narrow  compass. 

Compare  Iho  iM^KUty  anil  comprthtnttttenea*  of  Ipyendi  on 
aiicit^nl  coiiit,  Adtliton. 

COM-PRE-HEN'SOR,  n.  One  who  has  obtained 
know  liMlge.    [jVi/f  in  use]  Hull. 

eO.M-I'RES-BY-'rE'K(-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Pres- 
liytcrian  fotm  of  ecclesiastical  ministration.  MlUin. 

GOM-PllESS',  V.  t,  [L.  comprfssiiji,  cnmprbno  ;  con 
ami  premn,  prrsstis,  to  press.  But  the  verb  premo  and 
participle  pressus  may  be  from  difl'ercnt  roots.  I''r. 
pre.iser ;  D.  pressen ;  Sp.  aprclar,  and  preiusar.  See 
Press.] 

1.  To  press  together  by  external  force;  to  force, 
urge,  or  drive,  into  a  narrower  compass ;  to  crowd; 
as,  to  compress  air. 

TUc  weight  of  i\  lliomniul  nirnoaphcrci  will  compress  water 
twelve  iinj  a  lialf  ptT  cent.  Pcrkitts. 

2.  To  embrace  carnally.  Pope. 

3.  To  crowd  ;  to  bring  within  narrow  limits  or 
space. 

Events  of  centuries  —  cotnurejtecf  williin  tlie  ron!p(i.!a  of  a 
siiijlc  life.  D.  Wrbsler. 

eOM'PUESS,  71.  In  surgery,  n  holster  of  soft  linen 
cloth,  with  several  fulils,  used  by  surgeons  to  cover 
a  plaster  or  dressing,  to  keep  it  in  its  place,  and  de- 
fend the  part  from  the  external  air.  Kuciic. 

eOM-PKESS'KII,  (kom  presi',)  pp.  or  a.    Pressed  or 
sipieezed  together ;  forcetl  into  a  narrow  or  narrower 
coiii|>ass ;  embraced  carnally. 
2.  In  6utany,  Hatted  ;  having  the  two  opposite  sides 

I  plane  or  flat ;  as,  a  compressed  stem.  JMarti/ii. 
eo.M  PRESS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

compressible  ;  the  quality  of  being  capable  of  com- 
pression into  a  smaller  space  or  compass  ;  as,  the 
cojiiprcssibUity  of  elastic  fluids,  or  of  any  sol\  sub- 
stanre. 

CO.M-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  forced  or 
tiriven  into  a  narrower  compass  ;  as,  elastic  tluitls 
are  compressible ;  water  is  compressible  in  a  small 
iii'i;ree. 

CO.M-PttESS'l-BLE-.\ESS,  n.  Compressibility:  tlic 
I      qualit\'  ttf  being  cttmpressible. 

I I  rO.M-PitESS'lNG,  p;ir.    Pressing  together. 

i    eOM-PRES'SION,  (kom-presh'un,)  n.    The  act  of 
I      rtimprt;ssing,  or  of  pressing  into  a  narrower  ctimpti^^s  ; 
the  act  of  forcing  the  parts  of  a  boily  into  closer 
union,  or  density,  by  the  application  of  force. 
2.  The  state  of  being  compressed. 
t|  CO.M-PRESS'lVE,  a.    Having  power  to  compress. 
1  Smith. 
I    eOM-PRESS'^RE,  n.    Tlic  act  or  force  of  one  body 
I       pressing  against  another ;  pressure.  Soule. 

CD.M'PRlliST, /I.    A  fellow-priesL    [JVut  in  ii.<c] 
I  ■  MiUnn. 

eOM-PRI.NT',  t>.  C  [See  PnisT.]  To  print  together. 
It  is  taken,  in  laio,  for  Hit!  deceitful  printing  of 
another's  copy  or  book,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  pro- 
prietor. ^LitUe  used.]  Philips. 
eo.M'PRIN  r,  n.  The  siirrepititious  printing  of  a  work 
belonging  to  another;  a  work  thus  printed.  Smart 
eo.M-PllIS'AL,  7u   The  act  of  comprising  or  com pre- 

henilliig.  Barroio. 
eu.M-PRISE',  r.  ^    [Fr.  eompris,  participle  of  com- 
prcmlre;  L.  comprehendo.    See  Comprehend.] 

To  comprehend  ;  to  contain  ;  to  incltide  ;  as,  the 
substance  of  a  discourse  may  be  comprised  in  a  few 
worils. 

COMPKIS'iCn,  p7>.    Comprehended;  contained. 
eu.M-PRIS'lNti,  ppr.    Containing;  including;  com- 
prehending. 

eo.M'PKO-B.ATE,  r.  i.  To  agree  in  approving;  to 
concur  in  testimony.  Elyol. 

eO.M-PRO-B  A'TIO.\,  71.  [L.  comprobatio,  comprobo ; 
con  and  prvbo,  lit  prove.] 

Proof ;  joint  altestatiim.    [Little  used.]  Brown, 

COM'PRO-iMTSE,  n,  [L.  compromitsum,  from  com- 
promitto,  to  give  bond  to  stand  to  an  award  ;  con  and 
promitiu,  to  promise  ;  It.  compromesso  ;  Fr.  compromis  ; 
Sp.  compromiso.    See  Promise.] 

1.  A  mutual  promise  or  contract  of  two  parties  in 
controversy,  to  refer  their  dilferences  to  the  decision 
of  arbitrators. 

2.  An  amicable  agreement  between  parties  in  con- 
troversy, to  settle  their  differences  by  mutual  con- 
cessions. 

3.  Mutualngreement ;  ailjiistment.  Judge  Chipman. 
[This  is  its  usual  siirnifieation.] 

eoM'PRO-MISE,  V.  t.  to  atljust  and  settle  a  dilTer- 
ence  by  mutual  agreement,  with  concessions  of 
cLiiins  by  the  parties  ;  to  coin|>uund. 

2.  To  agree  ;  to  accord.  Shai. 

3.  To  cunimil ;  to  put  to  hazard  ;  to  pledge  by 
sonic  act  or  declaration.  Smart. 

(/ft  this  sense,  see  Cumprouit,  which  is  ffencraUy 
used.] 

eo.M'PRO-M'S-KD,  (kom'pro-mT7.d,)  pp.    Settled  by 

agreement,  with  mutual  concessions. 
GO.VI'PRO-.MIS-ER,  n.    One  whti  compromises. 
CO.M'PRO-.MIS-IiXG,  ppr.    Adjusting  by  agreement. 


TOXE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE 


€O.M-PRO-MIS-S0'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a  compro- 
mise. Chalmers. 

eOM'PRO-MlT,  V.  t.  [Fr.  compromeiire :  It.  compro- 
viettere ;  Sp.  comprometcr ;  L.  compromitlo ;  com  and 
promitto,  to  promise.] 

1.  To  pleilgc  or  engage,  by  some  act  or  declaration, 
which  may  not  be  a  direct  iiromise,  but  which  ren- 
ders necessary  some  future  act.  Hence, 

2.  To  put  to  hazard,  by  some  previous  act  or 
measure,  which  cannot  be  recalled  ;  as,  to  compromit 
the  honor  or  the  safety  of  a  nation. 

eO.M'PRO-MIT-EU,  pp.    X'ledged  by  some  previous 

act  or  declaration. 
eO.M'PRO-MIT-lNG,  ppr.     Pledging;  exposing  to 

hazard. 

eo.M-PRO-VIN'CI  AL,  (-shal,)  n.    [cor,  and  prorincial.] 
One  beU)ngiiig  to  the  same  province  or  ari-Iiicpis- 
copal  jurisdiction.  .^yliffc. 

eOMPT,  (kount,)  n.    [Fr.  compte,  from  computo.] 
Account ;  computation.    [OA.s-.]  sltuk. 

eOMPT,  II.  t.    'i'o  compute.    [Ub.i.]    [Sec  Count.] 

eO.MPT,  «.    [J.,  comptiis.]   Neat;  spruce.   [JVut  u.icil.] 

eOMPT'I-BLE,  (koiint'e-bl,)  a.  Accountable  ;  sub- 
ject ;  submissive     [  Ohs.]  SImlc. 

eO.MPT'LV,  at/e.    Neatly.    [JVo(  i/i  ii-sf.]  Sherieood. 

eO.MPT'iV'ESS,  n.   Neatness.   [JVu(  in  k.<c]  Shrnrood. 

eO.MP'T().\.ITE,  It.  A  niincr.al  from  Vesuvius,  iden- 
tical with  Thonisonite,  which  see. 

eOiMP-TROLL',  (kou-trol'.)  See  Control,  the  true 
spelling. 

eo.M-PUL'SA-TIVE,    )a.    [L.  com;)«/sii.t,  from  com- 
e(3.M-PUL,'SA-TO-RY,  j    pcllo  ;    Low  L.  eompulso. 
See  Compel.] 

Comfielling;  forcing;  constraining;  operatini  by 
force.  ShaJi. 
eo.M-PUL'SA-TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  constraint  or  com- 
pulsion. 

eO.M-PUI/SION,  n.  [Low  L.  compalsio.  See  Compel.] 

1.  The  act  of  driving  or  urging  by  force,  physicitl 
or  moral ;  force  applied  ;  constraint  of  the  will;  the 
application  of  a  force  that  is  irresistible. 

If  rfiuiona  were  tts  iilenty  as  blacklierries,  I  woiiltl  give  no  man 
n  rrasoii  on  compulsion.  Sliak. 

A  niitn  \s  exc(i»Ml  lur  acts  done  through  unavoidable  forC'  anil 
contputtion.  Jilacletlone. 

2.  The  state  of  being  compelled  or  urged  by 
violence. 

CO.M-PUL'SIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  compel;  driv- 
ing ;  forcing  ;  constraining  ,  applying  fort;e  ;  as,  uni- 
formity of  opinions  cannot  be  ellected  by  computsice 
measures. 

eo.M-PUL'SI  VF^LY,  adv.    By  compulsion  ;  by  force. 
COM-PUL'SIV*;-NESS,  71.    Force;  compulsion. 
CO.M-PUL'SO-RI-LY,  adv.    In  a  compulsory  manner  ; 

by  force  or  constraint. 
CO.M-PUIVSO-RY,  a.    Having  the  power  or  quality  of 
compelling;  applying  force;  driving  by  violence; 
constraining. 

Ill  the  correction  of  vicious  propensities,  it  tnajr  be  necessary  to 
rvsori  to  compulsory  nieiuui\-8. 

COM-PUNG'TIOi\,  71.  [h.  compunctio,  eompuntro ;  eon 
and  punifo,  to  prick  or  sting ;  It.  compunzione,  com- 
puirnere,  or  compunirere  ;  Sp.  compuncion ;  Fr.  componc- 
tion.    See  Pungency.] 

1.  A  pricking  ;  stimulation  ;  irritation  ;  selilom  used 
in  a  literal  sense.  Brown. 

2.  A  pricking  of  heart ;  poignant  grief  or  remorse 
proceeding  from  a  consciousness  of  guilt  ;  the  pain 
of  sorrow  or  regret  for  having  otfended  GtMi,  and  in- 
cuiTed  his  wrath  ;  the  sting  of  conscience  proct:eding 
from  a  conviction  of  having  violated  a  moral  duty. 

Ho  acltnowlcilp-d  hit  disloyalty  to  the  king,  with  expn-neions 
ol  gnrat  compunction.  Clarendon. 

eOM-PUNC'TION-LESS,  a.  Not  feeling  compunc- 
tion. 

eo.M-PUNC'TIOUS,  (kom-punk'slius,)  a.  Pricking 
the  conscience  ;  giving  pain  for  ollenses  committed. 
Let  no  comfmnctiout  vtsitin«s  of  nature 
Shake  my  Icll  purpose.  ShaJc. 
eOM-PU.Ve'TIVE,  a.   Causing  remorse.  Johiuon. 
eOM-PO'PII.,  71.    A  fellow-pupil.    [LiUle  useil.] 

H'alton. 

COM-PUR-O.I'TION,  71.  [L.  compurgo  ;  con  and  pur- 
go,  to  purify.] 

In  law,  the  act  or  practice  of  justifying  a  man  bv 
the  oath  of  others,  who  swear  to  tliijir  belief  of  his 
venicity  ;  wager  of  law,  in  which  a  man,  who  has 
given  security  to  make  his  law,  brings  into  rourt 
eleven  of  his  neighbors,  and  having  made  o.uli  him- 
self that  he  does  not  owe  the  plaintilf,  the  eleven 
neighbors,  called  compurgators,  avow  on  their  oaths 
that  iliey  believe  in  their  consciences  he  has  atririned 
the  truth.  Blaclistone. 

CO.M-PUR-fiS'TOR,  71.  One  who  bears  testimony  or 
swears  to  the  veracity  or  innocence  of  another.  [See 

CoMPL'BOATION.l 

eo.M-POT'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Compute.]  Capable  of 
being  computed,  numbered,  or  reckoned.  Jlale. 

eO.M-PU-TA'TlON,  n.  [L.  computatio,  from  computo. 
See  Compute.] 

1.  The  act  of  computing,  nuniberini,  reckoning,  or 
estimating;  the  process  by  which  oirterent  sums  or 
particul.irs  are  numbered,  estimated,  or  compared, 
with  a  view  to  ascertain  the  amount,  aggregate,  or 


other  result  depending  on  such  sums  or  particulars. 
We  finti  by  computation  the  tpinntity  of  provisions 
necessary  to  supiKirt  an  army  for  a  year,  and  the 
amount  of  money  to  p:iy  them ;  making  the  ration 
and  pay  of  eacli  man  the  basis  of  the  compatuiion. 
By  computations  of  time  or  years,  we  ascertain  the 
dates  of  event.s. 

2.  The  sum,  quantity,  or  amount  ascertained  by 
computing  or  reckoning. 

We  pass  for  women  of  fitly  :  many  additional  years  aro  thrown 
into  fem.ilc  computatione  of  UlLb  nature.  Addieon. 

3.  Calfiilation. 

eO.M-POTE',  ti.  /.  [Ii.  computo,  eon  and  puto,  to  hip  or 
prune;  to  think,  count,  reckon  ;  to  cast  up.  The 
senst;  is  probably  to  cast  or  throw  together.] 

1.  To  number;  tti  count;  to  reckon;  to  cast  lo- 
gt-tlier  several  sums  or  particulars,  to  ascertain  the 
amount,  aggregatt;,  or  other  result.  Compute  the  tpian- 
tity  of  water  that  w'll]  lilt  a  vessel  of  t^'rtain  dimen- 
sions, or  that  will  cover  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Com- 
pute the  expiMises  of  a  campaign.  Compute  time  by 
weeks  or  tiays. 

2.  To  cast  or  estimate  in  the  mind  ;  to  estimate  the 
amount  by  known  or  supposed  data. 

3.  To  calciilalt\ 

eOM-POTE',  n.    Computation.    [JiTot  used.]  Brown. 
eO.M-POT'EU,  pp.    Counted;  numbered;  reckoned; 
estimated. 

eo.M-POT'ER,  n.  One  who  computes ;  a  reckoner;  a 
calculator.  Swift. 

eo.M-PuT'ING,  ppr.  Counting  ;  numbering ;  reckon- 
ing ;  estimating. 

CO.\I'Pi;-TI.<T,  H.    A  computer.    IFoUon.    If.  More. 

CO.M'RAUE,  H.  [Fr.  camnradc  ;  It.  camerata  ;  i^yt.cama- 
raila  ;  Port,  camarada ;  from  camara,  camera,  a  c/tain- 
brr.] 

LitcruUii,  one  who  lodges  in  the  same  room.  Hence, 
in  a  more  ifeiieral  sense,  a  fi'lltiw,  a  mate,  or  compan- 
ion ;  an  assttciate  in  occupation. 
eo.M'RADE-SIIlP,  n.    .State  of  being  comrades. 
eO.M'ROGUE,  n.    A  fellow-rogue.    [j\'u£  in  «.«.] 

B.  Junson. 

GON,  [with  or  again.-it.]  A  Latin  inseparable  preposi- 
tion or  prefix  to  otiier  words.  Ainsworth  remarks 
that  con  anil  cam  have  the  same  signification,  but  that 
cum  is  used  separately,  and  con  in  composition.  Con 
and  cum  may  be  radic^illy  distinct  words.  The  Irish 
comli,,  or  coimJi,  is  ei|iiivalent  to  the  Latin  con  ;  and 
the  \V'elsh  cijm,  convertible  into  cyv,  appears  to  be  the 
same  word,  tienoting,  says  Owen,  a  mutual  act,(pial- 
ity,  or  ctfect.  It  is  precisely  equivalent  to  the  Latin 
com,  in  cumparo,  compono;  and  the  Latin  com,  in  com- 
position, may  be  the  Celtic  coinA  or  cym.  But,  gener- 
ally, It  seems  to  be  con,  changed  into  com.  Ainsworth 
deduces  CUM  from  the  (ireek  cvn  ;  for  originally  it  was 
written  cyn.    But  this  is  probably  a  mistake. 

Con  coincides,  in  radical  letters  and  in  significa- 
tion, with  the  Teulonic  j^ain,  gen,  gcan,  igen,  igien, 
in  the  English  again,  against ;  Sax.  gcan,  ongean  ; 
Sw.  iVen  ;  Uaii.  iVicn.  Whatever  may  be  its  origin 
or  alfinities,  the  primarj'  sense  of  the  word  is  proba- 
bly from  some  root  that  signifies  to  meet  or  oppose,  or 
turn  and  meet ;  to  approach  to,  or  to  be  with.  This 
is  the  radical  sense  of  most  prepositions  of  the  like 
import.  [.See  the  English  With,  Again.]  SoinIri.sh, 
coinne,  a  iiierting;  as  coinne,  opposite. 

Con,  in  compounds,  is  changed  into  /  before  /,  a-s  in 
colhgo,  to  collect,  and  into  m  before  a  labial,  as  in 
cumparo,  to  compare.  Before  a  vowel  or  A,  the  n  is 
droppL'fl  ;  as  in  coalcsco,  to  coalesce,  to  co-operate  ;  co- 
hibeo,  to  restrain.  It  denotes  union,  a-s  in  conjoin; 
or  opposition,  as  in  coujlict,  contend,  (iu.  W.  gan, 
with. 

GO.\,  [abbreviated  from  Latin  contra,  against.]  In  the 
phrase  pro  and  con,  for  and  against,  con  denotes  the 
negative  side  of  a  question.  As  a  noun,  a  |>crson  who 
is  in  the  negative  ;  as,  the  pros  and  cons. 

GO\,  r.  t.    [Sax.  eeniian,  connan,  cunnan,  to  know,  to 
bi^  able,  to  be  skillful  or  wise  ;  and  ernnan,  to  bear  or 
bring  Ibith,  (Jr.  )t>'i'iiM;  and  cunnian,  to  try,  to  at- 
ttMiipt,  to  prove,  L.  ronor ;  whence  cunning,  skillful, 
expi-riencetl,  or  skill,  exjierience  ;  the  latter  word, 
cunnian,  coinciiles  in  sense  with  Sax.  anginnan,  on- 
ginnan,  to  begin,  to  try,  to  attempt,  L.  ci^nnr.    I),  ^rn- 
>icn,  to  know,  understand,  or  be  acquainted  ;  kunnen, 
to  be  "able,  ran,  to  knowi'ir  understand,  to  hold  orcoii- 
tain  ;  the  last  signification  coinciding  with  the  W. 
ganu,  to  roiilain.    C  kennen,  to  know  ;  and  kiinncn, 
to  be  able.    Dan.  kan,  to  be  able,  pri  t.  kunde,  whence 
kundskab,  knowledge,  skill,  experience.    Sw.  kanna, 
to  know  ;  kuna,  to  be  able,  to  be  skilled,  to  know. 
The  primarj'  sense  is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  which  gives 
the  sense  of  sirengtli,  [xiwer,  as  in  i;an,  anil  of  hold- 
ing, containing,  comprehending  ;  as,  contain,  from  con-  I 
tineo,  leneo,  Gr.  retvto,  L.  tendo.    And  this  significa-  ) 
tion  connects  these  words  with  gin,  in  its  coni|Kiunils, 
begin.  Sax.  beginnan,  anginnan,  Alc,  to  strain,  to  try,  . 
to  stretch  forward  and  make  .m  elTort  ;  also  with  the  I 
Gr. }  cvvau),  L.  gignor,  to  beget,  or  to  bring  forth.  See 
Class  Gn,  No.  29,  3(j,  40,  42,  4.'>,  58.    In  the  sense  of 
know,  con  signifies  to  hold  or  to  reach.] 
1.  To  know.  [Obs.] 

or  muses,  Hobhinol,  1  ronne  no  skill.  Spenser. 


—  A\"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


CON 


CON 


CON 


"  I  shall  not  canne  answer."   I  shall  not  know  or 
be  able  to  answer.  Chaucrr. 

2.  To  make  one's  self  master  of ;  to  fix  in  the  mind, 
tr  commit  to  memory  ;  as,  to  con  a  lesson. 

Milton  .Hohhr. 
To  con  thanks;  to  be  pleased  or  obliged,  or  to  thank. 
[Obi.]  Chaucer.  Sliak. 

COjV  .^-J^IO'RE,  rit.]    With  love  or  pleasure. 
eO-.N'A'TUS,  n.    [L.]    Effort;  attempt.  Pnleij. 
2.  The  tendency  of  a  body  toward  any  point,  or  to 
piirsne  its  course  in  the  same  line  of  direction.  Paleij. 
eO.N'-CAM'ER-ATE,  r.  t.    [L.  concamero,  to  arch  ;  con 
and  camera,  an  arch,  arched  roof,  or  chamber.] 

To  arch  over ;  to  vault ;  to  lay  a  concave  over ;  as, 
a  covcamerated  bone.  Orew. 
eO.VCAM'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Arched  over. 
€OX-e.\.M-ER-A'TION,  n.    An  arching;  anarch  or 

vault ;  an  arched  chamber.  OlunciUe. 
€ON-eAT'E-NATE,  v.  t.    [It.  eoneatmcrc,  to  link  to- 
gctlier  ;  concatcnato  ;  Low  L.  concatenatiL^ ;  con  and 
catena,  a  chain  ;  Sp.  concadenary  and  encadcnar,  fron) 
cadeiia,  Fr.  cadene,  a  chain.] 

To  link  together ;  to  unite  in  a  successive  series  or 
chain,  as  thinss  depending  on  each  other.  Harris. 
€OX-e.'\T'E-XA-TED,  pp.    Linked  togetlier ;  united 
in  a  series. 

€ON-€.\T'E-Na-TING,  ppr.  Linking  together  in  a 
serii'S. 

€0.\-eAT-E-NA'TION,  n.  A  series  of  links  united  ; 
a  successive  series  or  order  of  things  connected  or 
depending  on  each  other  ;  as,  a  concatenation  of  causes. 


€ON-€AUSE',  n.   Joint  cause.  [Jt'otused.'lFuthcrbij. 
€O.V-eA-V.\'TIOX,  71.    [See  Co.ncate.1    TI        '  " 
making  concave. 


;.]    the  act  of 


eO.\'C.AVE,  a.  [L.  concavus;  con  and  cavus,  hollow. 
See  Cave.] 

1.  Hollow,  and  arched  or  rounded,  as  the  inner 
surface  of  a  spherical  body  ;  opposed  to  convex ;  as,  a 
concave  glass. 

2.  Hollow,  in  a  general  sense ;  as,  the  concave  shores 
of  the  Tiber.  Shak. 

3.  In  botany,  a  concave  leaf  is  one  whose  edge  stands 
above  the  disk  Martijn. 

eoX'e.^VE,  n.    A  hollow  ;  an  arch,  or  vault ;  as,  the 

ethereal  concave. 
eOX'e.AVE,  V.  U    To  make  hollow.  Seward. 
€ON'€aV-ED,  pp.    .Made  hollow. 
€OX'e.AVE-XESS!,  n.  Hollowness. 
€OX'e.\V-I\G,  ppr.    Making  hollow. 
€0.\"-e.-VV'I-TY,  TI.    [It.  concavitd  ;  Fr.  concavite  ;  Sp. 

concavidad.] 

Hollowness ;  the  internal  surface  of  a  hollow 
spherical  body,  or  a  body  of  other  figure    or  the 
spare  within  such  body.  IVotlon. 
€OX-€A'VO-€OX'eAVE,  a.    Concave  or  hollow  on 
both  surfaces. 

€O.V-€a'VO-COX'VEX,  a.  Concave  on  one  side, 
and  convex  on  the  other.    [See  Convex.] 

eOX-e.\'VOUS,  a.  [L.  concavus.']  Concave,  which 
see. 

eO.\-e.\'VOUS-LY,  adv.  With  hollowness ;  in  a 
manner  to  discover  the  internal  surface  of  a  hollow 
sphere. 

€0X-CeAL',7-.  (.  [LowL.  concelo;  con  and  crfo,  to  with- 
hold from  sight ;  Sax.  helan,h>elan,^ehj'1an,tTchelnn,  to 
heal  and  to  conceal ;  G.  hehlen,  to  concral,  and  heilrn,  to 
heal;  D. /t*?^Zen,  to  heal  and  to  conceal ;  Dan.  Atf'/cr,  to 
conceal ;  W.  celu,  to  hide  ;  Fr.  celer ;  It.  celare  ;  Sp. 
callar,  to  keep  silence,  to  dissemble,  to  abate,  to 
grow  calm  ;  Port,  catar,  to  conceal  or  keep  close,  to 
jHill  or  let  down  ;  "  cala  a  boca,"  hold  your  peace  ; 
also  intransitive,  to  be  still  or  quiet,  to  keep  silence  ; 
coinciding  in  origin  with  whole,  all,  liohj,  hold,  &c. 
The  primary  souse  is  to  strain,  hold,  stop,  restrain, 
make  fast  or  strong,  all  from  the  same  root  as  the 

Shemitic  '713,  nVs,  yv:£=5,  Tl^i  A  halca,  Gr.  kuXdw. 

Cl.ass  Gl,  Xo.  33,  30.] 

1.  To  keep  close  or  secret ;  to  forbear  to  disclose  ; 
to  withhold  froui  utterance  or  declaration ;  a.s,  to 
conceal  one's  thoughts  or  opinions. 

I  hrtvc  not  concealtd  ihe  words  oflh<?  Holy  OriP. — Job  vi. 

2.  To  hide ;  to  withdraw  from  observation  ;  to 
cover  or  keep  from  sight ;  as,  a  party  of  men  con- 
cealed Ihenisetvcs  behind  a  wall ;  a  mask  conceals 
the  face. 

What  piofil  ii  l(  If  we  liny  our  bro!li''r  iiiul  conceal       blood  ? 
Oi-n.  ixxvii. 

€0,\-CkAL'A-I1LE,  a.  That  may  be  concealed,  hid, 
or  kept  close.  Hmieii. 

€O.N-Ci"AL'/;D,  (kon-»eeld',)  pp.  or  a.  Kept  close 
or  flecrel ;  hid  ;  withdrawn  from  sight ;  covered. 

eO.N'-CF;AL'KI)-LV,  mie.    So  as  not  to  be  detected. 

eO.N'-CRAL'EI)-.\E.-<S,  11.  A  state  of  lu  ing  concealed. 

CO.N-CP.AL'KK.  n.  One  who  conceals  ;  a«,  the  con- 
cealer of  n  iTimo.  Clarendon. 

eO.N'-CRAL'IXG,  p]rr.  Keeping  close  or  secret;  for- 
bearing to  dihrlone  ;  hiding  ;  1  civering. 

€<J.N'  <'P.AL'LN'C;,  n.  A  hiding;  a  witliholding  from 
disrloBurc. 

eON-C£AL'MENT,  n.    Forbearance  of  disclosure  ;  a 


keeping  close  or  secret ;  as,  the  concealment  of  opin- 
ions or  passions. 

2.  1'he  act  of  hiding,  covering,  or  withdrawing 
from  sight ;  as,  the  concealment  of  the  face  by  a  mask, 
or  of  the  person  by  any  cover  or  shelter. 

3.  The  state  of  being  hid  or  concealed ;  privacy  ; 
as,  a  project  formed  iu  concealment. 

4.  The  place  of  hiding;  a  secret  place;  retreat 
from  observation ;  cover  from  sight. 

The  cleft  tree 
OlTers  its  kind  concealment  to  a  few, 

'I'h-ir  food  its  iiiiects,  .Old  its  moss  their  nests.  Thomson. 
eOX-CEDE',  11.  (.  [L.  concedii ;  con  and  ccdo,  to  yield, 
give  way,  depart,  desist ;  It.  concedere,  cedere  :  Sp. 
conceder,  ceder ;  Fr.  conceder,  coder ;  Ir.  ceadaiirhinL ; 
W.  gadael,  and  ^adaw,  to  quit  or  leave,  to  permit. 
The  preterit  cessi  indicates  that  this  word  may  be 
from  a  root  in  Class  Gs.  See  that  Class,  Xo.  ()7, 
Samaritan.    See  also  Class  Gd,  and  Cede  and 

CoXGE.] 

1.  To  yield  ;  to  admit  as  true,  just,  or  proper ;  to 
grant ;  to  let  pass  undisputed  ;  as,  the  advocate  con- 
cedes the  point  in  question  ;  this  must  not  be  conceded 
without  limitation.  Boyle. 

2.  To  allow  ;  to  admit  to  be  true. 


eOX-Ci-.D'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Yielded  ;  admitted  ;  grant- 
ed ;  as,  a  question,  proposition,  fact,  or  statement,  is 
concednl. 

€OX-CkD'IXG,  ppr.   Yielding  ;  admitting  ;  granting. 

COX-CtilT',  (kon-seet',)  n.  [It.  concetto  ;  Sp.  concep- 
to  i  Port,  conceito  ,•  L.  conceptus,  from  cuncipio,  to  con- 
ceive ;  con  anti  capio,  to  take  or  seize.] 

1.  Ctmception  ;  that  which  is  conceived,  imagined, 
or  formed  in  the  mind  ;  idea ;  thought ;  image. 

In  lau^hin^  ttiere  ever  precedeth  n  coy 
lolls,  and  therefore  it  is  proper  to  1 

2.  Understanding ;  power  or  faculty  of  conceiving ; 
apprehension ;  as,  a  man  of  quick  conceit,  [JVearty 
antiquated.'] 

How  ol\eii  dill  her  eyes  say  lo  me  that  they  loved !  yet  I,  not 
looifing  for  soclt  a  matter,  had  not  my  conceit  op^n  to  un. 
dersland  them.  Sidnty. 

3.  Opinion  ;  notion  ;  fancy ;  imagination  ;  fan- 
tastic notion  ;  as,  a  strange  or  odd  conceit. 


I  thou 


conceit  ?  there  is  r 


I  hope 


of  a  fool  than  ol  Jiim.  —  Prov 

4.  Pleasant  fancy  ;  gayety  of  imagination. 

On  the  w^v  to  the  oribbet,  a  ixeak  took  him  in  the  he.id  fo  go 
olf  -.vitli  a  conceit.  L*£strange. 

5.  Affected  or  unnatural  conception. 

Some  to  conceit  aUine  th?ir  works  confine.  Pope. 

6.  Favorable  or  self-flattering  opinion  ;  a  lofty  or 
vain  conception  of  one's  own  person  or  accomplish- 
ments. 

By  a  little  study  and  a  gr^at  conceit  of  liimself,  he  has  lost  liis 

religion.  Benl'ty. 
Out  of  conceit  with  ;  not  having  a  favorable  opinion 
of;  no  longer  pleased  witli ;  as,  a  man  is  out  of  con- 
ceit with  his  dress.  Hence,  to  put  one  out  of  conceit 
with,  is  to  make  him  indifferent  to  a  thing,  or  in  a 
degree  displeased  with  it.  Tillotson.  Swift. 

eOX-CKiT',  I',  t  To  conceive ;  to  imagine ;  to 
think  ;  to  fancy. 

Tlie  strong,  by  conceiting  themselves  weak,  are  liiereby  ren- 
dered inactive.  -South. 

eOX^-CElT'ED,  pp.    Conceived  ;  imagined  ;  fancied. 

2.  part,  a.  Endowed  with  fancy  or  imagination. 
[Ohs.]  Knolles. 

3.  a.  Entertaining  a  flattering  opinion  of  one's 
self;  having  a  vain  or  too  high  conception  of  one's 
own  i)crson  or  accomplishments  ;  vain. 

If  )oii  think  me  too  conctited. 

Or  10  passion  quickly  ht-ated.  Sioifl. 

Followed  by  of  before  the  object  of  conceit. 

The  Allienians  were  conceited  of  tlieir  own  wit,  science,  and 
politeness.  Benlley. 

eON-CElT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  conceited  manner ; 
fancifully  ;  whimsically. 

Co;iffitmi/y  dress  Iier.  Donne. 

eON-Cr:IT'EI)-XESS,  H.  The  state  of  being  con- 
ceited ;  conceit ;  vanity  ;  an  overweening  tVmdnt^ss 
of  one's  own  person  or  endowments.  Collier. 

eOX-Cl'.lT'LESS,  a.  Of  dull  conce|)tion ;  stupid; 
dull  of  apprehension.    [JVo/  in  uxe.]  Shah. 

eOX-CKlV'A-Iil.E,  a.  [Fr.  concevahle ;  It.  concepi- 
bile;       coneeptible.    See  Concei  ve.] 

1.  Tliat  may  be  imagined  or  thought ;  capable  of 
being  framed  iu  the  mind  by  the  fancy  or  imagina- 
tion. 

If  It  were  possi'ile  to  contrive  nn  Invention,  wlierr'by  any  con- 
c«ivabu  wvielit  may  be  moved  by  any  conceivable  power. 

2.  That  may  l)e  understood  or  believed. 

It  it  not  conceivalilt  that  it  slioold  be  the  very  person,  whoir 
•hnpe  and  voic  is  nssnincil.  Atlerbnry. 

eON-CKl  V'A-BLE-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conceivable. 

eoN-CEl  V'A-nLY,  aJu.  In  a  conceivable  or  intelli- 
gible manner. 


eOX-CKlVE',  (kon-seeve',)  ».  t.  [Fr.  concevoir  ;  It. 
concepire;  Sp.  conccbir  i  Port,  conceber ;  L.  concipio ; 
con  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  receive  into  the  womb,  and  breed  ;  to  begin 
the  formation  of  the  embryo  or  fetus  of  an  animal. 

Then  shall  she  be  free  and  conceio*  seed.  —  Num.  v.  Heb.  xi. 
E!i7alietli  li.itli  conceived  a  sou  iu  her  olj  a*e.  —  Luke  i. 
Iji  sin  did  iny  niullier  conceive  nie.  —  Ps.  ll. 

2.  To  form  in  the  mind  ;  to  imagine ;  to  devise. 
They  conceive  miscliief  and  brin»  forth  vanity.  — Job  jcv. 
Nebuctiaduezzar  hath  cor4Ccii>«i  a  purpose  against  you.  —  Jer. 

xlix. 

3.  To  form  an  idea  in  the  mind  ;  to  understand  ; 
to  comprehend  ;  as,  we  cannot  conceive  the  manner 
in  which  spirit  opeiates  upon  matter. 

4.  To  think  ;  to  be  of  opinion  ;  to  have  an  idea; 
to  imagine. 

You  c.m  )i  \rdly  conceive  this  man  lo  have  been  bred  in  the 
same  climate.  Stpi/t. 

eOX-CKIVE',  ».  !.  To  have  a  fetus  formed  in  the 
womb  ;  to  breed  ;  to  become  pregnant. 

Thou  shall  conceive  and  bear  a  son.  —  Judges  xiii. 

2.  To  think  ;  to  have  a  conception  or  idea. 

Conceive  of  things  clearly  and  distinctly  in  their  own  natures. 

Walts. 

The  grieveil  commons 
Hardly  conceive  of  me.  Shale. 

3.  To  understand  ;  to  comprehend  ;  to  have  a  com- 
plete idea  of ;  as,  I  can  not  concetve  by  what  means 
this  event  has  bt^en  produced. 

eOX-CElV'i'D,  (kiin-seevd',)  pp.  Formed  in  the 
womb  ;  framed  in  the  mind  ;  devised ;  imagined  ; 
understood. 

eOX-CElV'ER,  n.  One  that  conceives;  one  that 
comprehends. 

eOX-Ci5IV'I.\G,  ppr.  Forming  a  fetus  in  the  womb ; 
framing  in  the  mind;  imagining;  devising;  think- 
ing; fxjmprehending. 

€0IV-CkIV'IXG,  n.    Apprehension;  conception. 

S/iaJc. 

eON-CEL'E-BR.\TE,  v.  t     To  celebrate  together. 

[JVot  used.]  Sherwood. 
eOX-CEXT',  n.    [L.  concentus,  from  coiicino,  to  sing 

in  accordance  ;  con  and  cano,  to  sing.] 

1.  Concert  of  voices;  concord  of  sounds;  har- 
mony ;  as,  a  concent  of  notes.  Baam. 

2.  Consistency  ;  accordance ;  as,  in  concent  to  a 
man's  own  principles.  .^ttcrbury. 

eOX-CEXT'ED,  ;>ar/.  a.    Made  to  accord.  Spenser. 
eO.\-L'EX'TEIi,  (  I'.  1.     [Fr.  conccntrcr  ;  It.  concen- 
€OX-CEX'TRE,  (     trare ;  Sp.  and  Port,  concentrar; 
con  and  L.  centrum,  a.  center  i  Gr.  K£i  Toov,a  goatl, 
a  sharp  point,  a  center  i  kcvtcm,  to  prick  or  goad. 
The  primary  sense  is  a  point.] 

To  come  to  a  point,  or  to  meet  in  a  common  cen- 
ter ;  used  of  converging  lines,  or  other  things  that 
meet  in  a  point. 

All  these  are  like  so  many  lines  drawn  from  several  objects, 
that  in  some  way  relate  to  him,  and  concenter  in  him. 

Hale. 

eOX-CE.\'TER, )  r.  t.    To  draw  or  direct  to  a  com- 
€OX-CEX'TRE,  j     mon  center;  to  bring  to  a  point, 
as  two  or  more  lines  or  other  things. 

The  having  a  part  lees  lo  animate,  will  serve  to  concenter  the 
spirits,  and  make  Uiem  more  active  iu  the  rest. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

€OX-CEX'TER-£D,  )  pp.    Brought  to  a  common  ccn- 
€OX-CEN'TRED,     j    ter ;  united  in  a  point. 
€OX-CEN'TEK-ING,  >ppr.    Tending  to  a  common 
€OX-CEX'TRIXG,     )     center  ;  bringing  to  a  cemer. 
eOX-CEXT'FUL,  a.    Harmonious.  Fotherbu- 
eOX-CEX'TRATE,  v.  U     [See  Concenter.]  To 
bring  to  a  common  center,  or  to  a  closer  union  ;  to 
cause  to  approach  nearer  to  .a  point,  or  center ;  to 
bring  nearer  to  each  other  ;  as,  to  concentrate  par- 
ticles of  salt  by  evaporating  the  water  that  holds 
them  in  solution  ;  to  concentrate  the  troops  in  an 
army  ;  to  concentrate  rays  of  light  into  a  focus. 
2."  To  incri^ase  the  specific  gravity  of  a  body. 
JVofc.  — The  verb  concentrate  is  sometimes  accented 
on  the  first  syllable.    'I'he  reason  is,  with  the  pri- 
mary accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and  a  secondary 
accent  on  the  third,  the  pionnuc iation  of  the  par- 
ticiples, concentrating,  concentrated,  is  much  facil- 
itated. 

eO.\-CEX'TRA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Brought  to  a  point  or 
center  ;  brought  to  a  closer  union  ;  reduced  to  a  nar- 
row compass  ;  collected  into  a  closer  hotly. 

eOX-CEX'TRA-TIXG,  ppr.  Hringing  to  a  point  or 
to  closer  unitm  ;  collecting  into  a  clo.ser  body,  or 
narrow  compass, 

eON  CE.\-TR  A'TIOX,  n.  The  art  of  concentrating ; 
the  act  of  bringing  netirer  togi'ther  ;  collection  into 
a  central  point ;  compression  into  a  narrow  space ; 
the  st.nte  of  being  brought  lo  a  point. 

2.  In  chemistrij,  the  volatilization  of  part  of  a 
liquid,  in  order  to  increase  the  .strength  of  the  re- 
mainder. 

CON-CEN'TRA-TIVE-XESS,  n.  ,\in(mg  phrenolo- 
f^ist.-i,  tilt?  power  or  faculty  of  concentnting  the  in- 
It-llecttial  force. 

eOX-CE.N'TlUt',  a.  [It.  coneentrieo  ;  Fr.  conctntrique ; 
L.  eonccntricus  \  con  and  centruni,  center.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK. — 


840 


CON 

Having  a  common  center  ;  as,  the  concentric  coats 
of  an  onion  ;  the  concentric  orbits  of  Itje  planets. 
t'ON-CEN'TRie-AL-LY,  adw.    In  a  concentric  man- 
ner. 

€ON-CEi\-TRIC'I-TY,  ii.  Sfate  of  beinc  concentric. 
eON-Cr.NT'lJ-AL,  a    [from  concent.]   ilarnionious ; 

accordant.]  }V<irltin. 
€ON-Ct;i"'X  A-CLE,  n.    [L.  concept/iculum ;  from  con- 

cipio.    See  Conceive.] 

1.  That  in  wliicli  any  thir.g  is  contained  ;  a  vessel ; 
a  receiver,  or  receptacle.  IfooUward. 

2.  In  botany,  a  follicle ;  a  pericarp  of  one  valve, 
opening  longitudinally  on  one  side  and  having  the 
seeds  loose  in  it.  The  term  has  also  been  applied  to 
the  cases  containing  the  reproductive  organs  of  snch 
plants  as  ferns.  JIartiin. 

€Oi\-CEl"'i'I-BLE,  a.  [See  Conceivable.]  That 
may  be  conceived  ;  conceivable  j  intelligible.  [jVu( 
used.}  llutc. 

€ON-CEP'TION,  71.  [L.  coneeptio,  from  conr.ipio. 
(See  Conceive.)  It.  concexione;  Sp.  concepcion  ;  Vr. 
conception.] 

1.  The  act  of  conceiving ;  the  first  formation  of  the 
embryo  or  fetus  of  an  animal. 

1   will  greatly  niuluply  thy  sorrow  nnd  tliy  conception.  — 
Ucii.  iii. 

2.  The  state  of  being  conceived. 

Joy  had  the  like  conceplion  in  our  eyes.  Shak. 

3.  In  pneumatuloirti,  apprehension  of  any  thing  by 
the  mind  ;  the  act  of  conceiving  in  the  mind  ;  that 
mental  act,  or  combination  of  acts,  by  which  an  idea 
or  notion  is  formed  of  an  absent  object  of  perce|>lion, 
or  of  a  sensation  formerly  felt.  Whi  n  we  see  an 
olij'Tt  with  our  eyes  open,  we  have  a  perception  of 
it  ;  when  the  same  object  is  presented  to  the  mind 
with  the  eyes  shut,  in  idea  tmly,  or  in  memory,  we 
have  a  conception  of  it.     AVimeo-.    Stctnart.  Knetjc. 

4.  Conception  may  be  sometimes  used  for  the 
power  of  conceiving  ideas,  as  when  we  s;iy,  a  thing 
IS  not  within  our  conception.  Some  writers  liave  de- 
fined conception  as  a  distinct  faculty  of  the  mind; 
but  it  is  considered  by  others  as  memory,  and  per- 
haps with  propriety. 

Purpose  conceived  ;  conception  with  reference 
to  the  performance  of  an  act ;  as,  note  his  dangerous 
conception  in  this  point.  Snak, 
G.  \'iew  or  opinion  ;  apprehension  ;  knowledge. 

All'l  a*  i(  Ijeast*  coiiceivf.l  "li 
Aiul  thnl  conception  bhuiiM  (I 

7.  Conceit ;  affected  seiilimcut  or  thought.  [Rare.] 

lie  is  too  full  of  conceptions,  ooiiilsor  cnigram,  (tnd  witiicisii^s. 

Dnjden. 

€0.\-CEP'TIOUS,  (kon-sep'shns,)  a.  Apt  to  con- 
ceive ;  fruitful ;  pregniint.    [A'ut  now  used.]  Sliak. 

€0.\-CEP'TlVE,  a.  Capable  of  conceiving.  [Little 
n.<rd.]  Brawn. 

CO\-CEP'Tir-.\L-IST,  n.  .  One  who  maintains  that 
conceptions  are  the  only  universals  in  pliilosophy  ;  a 
niiniinalist.  J.  .Murdoch. 

eO.N'-CEUN',  F.  (.  [Fr.  conccriicr;  li.  concernerc  ;  ^p. 
concrrnin  tt>  concern,  to  regaril,  to  belong  to;  Low 
Latin  concemo ;  con  and  cernu,  to  separate,  sift,  di- 
vide ;  to  see.  If  this  is  the  true  origin,  as  I  suppose, 
the  primary  sense  is,  to  reach  or  e.\tend  to,  or  to  look 
to,  as  we  use  retrard.] 

1 .  To  rebate  or  belong  to. 

Prcuchin^  the  kin<>^oin  of  CImt  nnil  teaching  those  thin^ 
wLich  concern  tita  LorU  Jesus  Christ. —  Acts  xxviii. 

Q.  To  relate  or  belong  to^  in  an  cmpliatiral  man- 
ner; to  affect  the  interest  of;  to  l»e  of  importance  to. 
Our  wars  with  Prance  h.^ve  nlTected  us  in  our  mo«l  tender 
interests,  and  cuncsrnoi  us  iiiurc  than  those  with  any 
«         other  iiAiion.  Artditon, 
It  much  concern*  :it  to  fcure  the  favor  and  protection  of 
Uwl.  Anon. 

3.  To  interest  or  affect  the  passions ;  to  take  an 
interest  in  ;  to  engage  by  feeling  or  sentiment ;  as,  a 
good  prince  concerns  himself  in  the  happiness  of  his 
EUhjecls  ;  a  kind  parent  concerns  himself  in  the  vir- 
tuous education  of  his  children. 

ice,  and  no 
Hogtrt. 

4.  To  disturb  ;  to  make  uneasy ;  as,  to  he  much 
concerned  for  the  safely  of  a  friend.  Drrham. 

5.  To  intermeddle ;  as,  we  neetl  not  concern  our- 
selves with  the  affairs  of  our  iieichbors. 

CON-CER.\',  n.  That  which  relates  or  belongs  to 
one  ;  business  ;  affair  ;  a  very  general  term,  express- 
ing whatever  occupies  the  time  and  attention,  or 
BlVects  the  interests  of  a  person. 

Intermeddle  not  in  the  private  concerns  of  a  fam- 
ily. Religion  is  the  main  eoiuern  of  a  ratitnial  being. 
We  have  no  concern  in  the  private  quarrels  of  our 
neighbors.  The  industrious  and  jiriident  occupy 
their  time  witli  their  own  concern.--. 

2.  Interest ;  importance  ;  moment ;  that  which 
affects  the  welfare  or  happiness ;  as,  to  live  in  peace, 
is  a  matter  of  no  small  concern  to  a  nation. 

Mysterious  secreu  of  a  hiyh  concern, 

And  W'-i^hty  truths,  solid  convmcini;  sense, 

explained  hj  uuaifected  elM^uence.  Roacommon. 

3.  Affection  ;  regard  ;  careful  regard  ;  solicitude  ; 


'  They  think  themsokes 
longer  concerned  t 


It  of  the  reach  of  Pn 
ohcil  his  Uiat. 


CON 

anxiety  ;  as,  why  all  this  concern  fur  the  poor  things 
of  this  life .' 

0  Murcia,  let  nie  hope  thy  kind  concemt 

And  gentle  wishes  follow  ine  to  hitltlc.  Ad/liton. 
An  iiiipeiiileiit  man  feels  no  concern  tor  his  soul.  ^non. 

4.  Persons  connected  in  business,  or  their  affairs 
in  general  ;  as,  a  debt  tliie  to  the  \vht)Ie  concern;  a 
loss  afftH'tiiig  tlie  whole  concern.  Mercantile  Usairc. 
eo.\-CEllN'/';l),  pp.  or  «.  Interested  ;  engaged  ;  hav- 
ing a  connection  with  that  which  may  affect  the 
intt;rest,  welfare,  tir  h.'tppiness  ;  as,  all  men  are  con- 
cerned in  the  pr()p:it.':iti(iii  tif  truth;  we  are  concerned 
in  the  virtuous  ettiu  atioii  of  our  children. 

2.  Interi;sted  in  business  ;  liaving  connection  in 
business ;  as,  A  is  concerned  with  U  in  the  East 
Intlia  trade.  Of  an  advocate  or  counselor  we  say, 
he  is  concerned  in  tin;  cause  of  A  against  ii. 

3.  Uegariliiig  with  care  ;  solicittms  ;  anxious ;  as, 
we  an;  concerned  for  the  fate  of  our  fleet. 

€ON-CEUN'EI)-LY,  adr.    With  affection  or  interest. 
eON-CEIti\'INt;,/);<r.  Pertaining  to ;  regarding;  hav- 
ing relation  to. 

The  I.onI  hath  spoken  pood  concerning  Israel.  —  Num.  x. 

1  have  acccpteil  tliec  concerning  tills  thin*.  —  Gen.  xix. 
This  woril  has  been  considered  as  a  prejiosition, 

but  most  improperly;  concerning,  when  so  called,  re- 
fers to  a  verb,  sentence,  or  pro|)osition  ;  as,  in  the  first 
example,  the  word  applies  tt)  the  preceding  aflirma- 
tion.  Tlie  Lord  hath  spoken  good,  which  speaking 
good  is  concemino  Israel.  Concerninir,  in  this  case, 
refers  to  the  first  clause  of  the  sentence. 
eoN-CERN'MENT,  n.  The  thing  in  which  one  is 
concerned  or  interested  ;  concern  ;  affair  ;  business  ; 
interest. 

To  mix  with  thy  concernments  I  desist.  btilton. 

Propositions  wlilcli  extend  only  to  the  present  life,  are  small, 
coiiipiiretl  with  those  that  have  inlluence  upon  our  everlast- 
ing concernnienls.  Hairs. 

The  great  concernwicnf  of  men  is  willi  men.  Locke. 

2.  A  particular  bearing  upon  the  interest  or  hap- 
piness of  one;  importance;  moment. 

Experimental  truths  are  matters  of  great  conccmmeni  to 
mankind.  Boyle. 

3.  Concern  ;  interposition  ;  meddling  ;  as,  the 
father  had  no  concernment  in  the  marriage  of  his 
dauglitt'r.    In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  concern. 

4.  Emotion  of  mind  ;  solicitude ;  as,  their  ambition 
is  manifest  in  ilieir  concernment.  In  this  sense,  con- 
cern is  generally  use»!. 

eO.N-CEKT',  r.  U  [It.  concerfire.  So  contrive;  Sp. 
concerlar,  to  agree,  to  aiijust,  to  coven.int ;  Port.  id. ; 
Fr.  cnncertcr;  from  L.  concerto,  to  slrive  together; 
r.on  and  certo,  to  strive.  Ths  i;ri!ns.'fy  sense  is,  to  set 
or  act  together.] 

To  contrive  and  settle  by  mutual  communication 
of  opinions  or  propositions  ;  to  settle  or  adjust,  as  a 
plan  or  system  to  be  pursued,  by  conference  or  agree- 
ment of  two  or  more  parties  ;  lus,  to  concert  meas- 
ures ;  to  concert  a  plan  of  operations. 

€ON'CERT,  71.  Agreement  of  two  or  more  in  a  de- 
sign or  plan  ;  union  formed  by  mutual  coininunica- 
tion  of  opinions  and  views  ;  accordance  in  a  sclieme  ; 
harmony  ;  as^  the  allies  were  frustrated  for  want  of 
concert  in  tlicir  operations ;  the  emperor  and  the  pope 
acted  in  concert. 

2.  A  number  or  company  of  musicians,  playing 
or  singing  the  same  piece  of  music  at  the  same 
time  ;  or  the  music  of  a  company  of  players  or  sing- 
ers, or  of  both  united. 

3.  A  singing  in  company. 

4.  Accordance ;  harmony. 
eON'CERT-PITClI,  71.    In  wu.tie,  the  pitch  or  degree 

of  elevation  generally  adopted  for  a  given  note,  and 
bv  which  the  other  notes  are  governed.       P.  Cijc. 
€0'N-CERT-A'T10.\,  n.    Strife ;  contention.  [LtUle 
tiscd.  ]  • 

eON-CERT'A-TIVE,  a.    Contentious;  quarrelsome. 
CON-CERT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Mutually  contrived  or 
planned. 

€Oi\-CERT'I.\0,  ppr.    Contriving  together. 

eO.V-CEItT'0, 71.  [It.]  A  piece  of  music  composed 
for  a  particular  instrument,  which  bears  tlie  greatest 
part  in  it,  or  in  which  tlie  performance  is  partly 
alone,  and  partly  accomiianied  by  other  parts. 

Brande. 

eON-CES'SION,  (kon-sesh'un,)  ti.  [L.  conccssio,  from 
concedo.    Sec  Concede.] 

1.  The  act  of  granting  or  yielding  ;  usually  imply- 
ing a  demand,  claim,  or  retpiest,  from  the  party  to 
whom  it  is  made,  and  thus  distinguished  from  ^^ii;- 
in^,  which  is  voluntary  or  spontaneous. 

The  concsssion  of  these  charters  was  in  a  parliamentary  way. 

Hals. 

2.  The  thing  yielded ;  as,  in  the  treaty  of  peace, 
each  power  made  large  conces.<!ions. 

3.  In  rhetoric,  or  debate,  the  yielding,  granting,  or 
allowing,  to  the  op|>osite  party,  some  point  or  fact 
that  may  bear  dispute,  with  a  view  to  obtain  some- 
thing which  can  not  be  denied,  or  to  show  that,  even 
ailmitting  the  point  conceded,  the  cause  is  not  with 
the  adverse  party,  but  can  be  maintained  by  the  ad- 
vocate on  other  grounds. 

4.  Acknowledgment  by  way  of  apology;  confes- 
sion of  a  fault. 


CON  ii 

eO.\-CES'SION-A-KY,  o.  Yielding  by  indulgence  or 
allowance. 

eON-CES'SION-IST,  n.  One  who  is  in  ftivor  of  mak- 
ing concessions. 

eON-CES'SIVE,  a.  Implying  concession;  as,  a  con- 
cessive conjunction.  Lmelli. 

eON-CES'SI  VE-LY,  ai/ij.  Hy  way  of  ctmcession  or 
yielding ;  by  way  of  admitting  what  may  be  dis- 
putable. Brown. 

€0.\-CES'SO-RY,  a.    Conceding;  yielding. 

€Oi\-CET''l'0, 71.  [It.  See  Conceit.]  Allected  wit ; 
conceit.    [JV*i;(  F.ntrlisk,  nor  in  use.]  Hhcjistone. 

eo.NCll,  (koiik,)  H.    [L.  ciineha;  Gr.  Koyxji ;  It.  canca  f 
Sp.  cunr/m;  Fr.  conqur ;  jirobably  W.  i;octf^,  cockles, 
and  pi'rlin|is  allieil  to  cofiatr,  to  frown,  to  knit  the 
brows,  that  is,  to  wrinkle.    See  Cancer.] 
A  marine  shell. 

Adds  orient  pearls,  which  from  the  conctis  he  drew. 

Vryden. 

eONCII'I-FER,  (koiik'e-fer,)  n.    [L.  concAa,  a  shell, 

and  ftro,  to  bear.] 
An  animal  that  prtxltices  or  is  covered  with  a  shell, 

as  the  tortoise  ;  applied  particulartij  to  bivalvt;  mol- 

lilsks.  Cuvier.  Kirby. 

eOiVeiMF'ER-OUS,  a.  Producing  or  having  shells. 
eONCH'ITE,  (konk'ite,)  n.   A  fossil  or  petrificil  conch 

or  shell.  Aul.  Uisl. 

eONeil'Oin,  (konk'oid,)  n.    [coiii;/i,  supra,  and  Gr 

tir!o{,  form.] 

The  name  of  a  curve,  given  to  it  by  its  inventor, 
Nicoinedes. 

CONCH-OID'AL,  a.  In  mineraloiry,  having  curved 
elevations  or  depressions,  in  form  like  the  valve  of  a 
bivalve  shell  ;  applietl  only  to  a  stirtace  produced  by 
fracture;  the  fracture,  when  of  the  kind  described, 
is  saiti  to  be  conchoiilol.  Dana. 

eOXeH-0-LOG'IC-AL,o.  [SeeCoNCHOLoov.]  Per- 
taining to  conchology. 

eoNCII-OL'O-CilST,  II,  One  versed  in  the  natural 
history  of  shells  ;  one  who  studies  the  nature,  prop- 
erties, and  litibits,  of  shells  and  their  included 
animals. 

eO.N'eil-OL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  <to)  xr,,  a  shell,  and  Aoj  oj, 
discourse.] 

'I'he  doctrine  or  .science  of  shells  and  the  animals 

that  inhabit  them. 
eo\€II-Oi\I'E-TER,  71.     [Gr.  kojx'i,  a  shell,  and 

ptrpzo),  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  shells.  Barnes. 
eONCH-YL-I-A'CEOUS,  (-shiis,)  a.     [from  concA] 

Pertaining  to  shells  ;  resembling  a  shell ;  a.s,  conchyC- 

iaceons  impressions.  Kincan. 
eONeH-YL-I-OL'O-OlST, )  [from  L.  concliylinm,  a 
eo\eiI-YL-I-OL'0-CY.     i    shell-fish.]  See  Conch- 

OLOGIST  alltt  ClINCHOLOcy. 

eONeil-YL-I-OiM'E-TRY,  7i.  [L.  conchylium,  and  Gr. 

p€T00l:] 

T.  he  art  or  science  of  measuring  shells  or  their 
curves. 

€Oi\CII-YL'I-OUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  or  species  of 
shells.  _ 

COX'CIa-TOR,  71.  In  ffl4L^.-!-icorIis,  the  person  who 
weighs  and  proportions  the  sail  on  ashes  and  sand, 
and  who  works  and  tempers  them.  Enci/c. 

COJV-CIERdE',  (kon-sarj',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  keeper,  as 
of  a  prison,  a  palace,  &c. 

eON-CIL'I-A-BLi:,  71.    [L.  eonciliabutum.] 

A  small  .assembly.    [.Vot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

eON-CIL'I-.'\R,  a.    [from  L.  concilium,  a  council.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  council.    [Little  used.] 

eON-CIL'I-ATE,  (kon-sil'e--.te,)  v.  t.  [L.  roncilio,  to 
draw  or  bring  together,  to  unite  ;  a  coiiipoiiiid  of  cun 
and  coin,  Gr.  miXk.i,  to  call  ;  Cli.  ^S^N  in  .\\ih.,  from 
•'^D,  nV^,  or  nVi,  to  hold  or  keep,  to  trust,  to  finish, 
to  call,  to  thunder;  W.  galic.  The  primary  sense  of 
the  root  is,  to  strain,  stretch,  tirive,  or  tiraw.  Calling 
is  a  straining  or  driving  of  voice.  .See  Class  Gl,  No. 
32,  36,  48,  4!) ;  and  see  Coe.Neii..] 

1.  To  lead  or  draw  to,  by  moral  influence  or 
power;  to  win,  gain,  or  engage,  as  the  affections, 
favor,  or  good-will ;  as,  politeness  and  hospitality 
conciliate  affection. 

2.  To  reconcile,  or  bring  to  a  state  of  friendship, 
as  persons  at  variance.  We  say,  an  attempt  has 
been  made  to  conciliate  the  contending  parties 

eON-CIL'I-A-TEI),  pp.  Won  ;  gained  ;  engaged  by 
moral  inlluence,  as  by  favor  or  affection  ;  reconciletJ. 

eO.N'-CIL'I-A-Tl.\G,  ;i;/r.  Winning;  engaging;  rec- 
onciling. 

2.  a.  Winning  ;  having  the  quality  of  gaining 
favor  ;  as,  a  cnncihatinir  adtiress. 

eOX-CIL-I-A'TIO.N',  71.  The  act  of  winning  or  gain- 
ing, as  e.stcem,  favor,  or  affection  ;  reconciliation. 

eOi\-CIL'I-A-TOIl,  71.  One  who  conciliates  or  recon- 
ciles. 

€ON-CIL'I-A-TO-RV,  a.  Tending  to  conciliate  or 
reconcile ;  tending  to  make  jM-ace  between  iK'rsons 
at  variance  ;  pacilic  ;  as,  the  general  made  concilia- 
tory prtiiKisitions  to  the  insurgents ;  the  legislature 
adopted  concdiatory  measures. 

CON-CIN'NI-TY,  71.  [L.  concinnita."*,  from  eondnnus. 
fit,  concinno,  to  fit  or  prepare  ;  either  friun  con  anil 
caiio,  to  sound  in  accord,  tir  the  last  constituent  of 
the  word  may  be  the  Ileb.and  Ch.  "3,  to  fit  or  adapt.] 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  a*  K ;  6  aj  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THI3. 


31 


241 


CON 


CON 


CON 


1.  Fitness;  suitabltiiess ;  neatness.    [Little  used.] 

2.  A  jinslinj:  of  words.  Ti/nclutt. 
eON-CUVNOUt",  a.     [L.  concinnus.     See  Concin- 

NITV.] 

Fit ;  suitable ;  agreeable  ;  becoming ;  pleasant ;  as, 
a  coiicinnoa.'  interval  in  music  ;  a  concinnous  system. 

Kncyc. 

COJVCr-O  AD  CLE'RUM,  (kon'she-o,)  [L.J  A  ser- 
mon to  tile  clergv. 

eO.N'ClO-JVA-Tui!,  n.  [Infra.]  A  preacher.  [JV«« 
in  tis€.\ 

eO.\'Cl6-N.\-TO-RY,  a.     [L.   concimatorius,  from 

cmtcin^  an  assembly.] 
Pertaniing  to  preaching  or  discourses  to  public 

assemblies.  Howel. 
eON-ClSE',  a.    [L.  concistis,  cut  off,  brief,  from  con- 

cijlo;  cm  and  cieUo,  to  cut.    See  Class  Gd,  Mo.  2,  4, 

8,  49,  59.] 

Brief;  short,  applied  to  l.mguage  or  style;  con- 
taining few  words  ;  comprehensive  ;  couiprtlu  nding 
much  in  few  words,  or  the  principal  matters  only  ; 
as,  in  Genesis  we  have  a  cuncise  account  of  the 
creation. 

Tlie  concise  style,  which  expresS'-lh  not  enough,  but  leaves 

soinewhal  io  be  uniieniloutl.         ^  B.  Junson. 

Where  tiie  author  is  too  briet'aiid  concise^  amplify  .i  hdlrr. 

WutU. 

€OX-CISE'LY,  adv.  Briefly  ;  in  few  words ;  com- 
prehensively. 

eOX-CISE'.VESS,  n.    Brevity  in  speaking    or  wri- 
ting ;  as,  concL-ieness  should  not  be  studied  at  the  ex- 
pense of  perspicuity. 
eoX-CIS'ION,  (kon-sizh'un,)  n.    [Low  L.  coucisio, 
from  concisuTity  ojncido,  to  cut  olT;  It.  coucisioiie.] 
Literal!]/,  a  cutting  otf.  Hence, 
In  Scripture,  the  Jews,  or  those  who  adhered  to 
circumcision,  which,  after  our  Savior's  death,  was 
no  longer  a  seal  of  the  covenant,  but  a  mere  cutting 
of  the  flesh. 

Beware  of  (lo^s  ;  beware  of  the  concision.  —  Phil.  iii. 
eON-CI-TA'TIOX,  n.    [L.  concitntio,  from  concito,  to 
stir  or  disturb  ;  con  and  cito,  to  stir.] 
The  act  of  stirring  up,  exciting,  or  putting  in  nio- 
eON-ClTE',  V.  U    [L.  conciio.]  [tion. 

To  excite.    [A'oi  in  twe.] 
eOX-CIT'ED,  ;;;).  Excited. 
€ON-CIT'ING,  ppr.  Exciting. 
€0.\-CIT'I-Z£.\,  n.    A  fellow-citizen. 
€0X-CL.-V-.Ma'T10N,  n.    [L.  ctmclamatio,  from  con- 
clamo  :  con  and  clamo,  to  cry  out.    See  Claim.] 
An  outcrj-  or  shout  of  many  together.  Did. 
COX'CLaVE,  n.    [L.  conclace,  an  inner  room;  con 
and  clacis,  a  key,  or  from  the  same  root,  to  make 
fast.] 

1.  A  private  apartment,  particularly  the  room  in 
which  the  cardinals  of  the  Roman  C;itholic  church 
meet  in  priv;icy,  for  the  election  of  a  pope.  It  con- 
sists of  a  range  of  small  cells,  or  apartments,  stand- 
ing in  a  line  along  the  galleries  and  hall  of  the  Vati- 
can. Kncyc. 

2.  The  .assembly  or  meeting  of  the  cardinals,  shut 
up  for  the  election  of  a  pope.  Encyc. 

3.  A  private  meeting  ;  a  close  assembly.  Oarth. 
€ON'€L.\-VIST,  H.   All  allcniiant  whom  a  cardinal 

is  allowed  to  take  with  him  into  the  conclave  for  the 
choice  of  a  pope.  Encyc.  Jim. 

€OX-€LuDE',  V.  U  [L.  concludo  :  cm  and  clauiln,  or 
cUdo,  to  shut;  Gr.  tXti^'iw,  or  (tXtio),  contracted  ; 
It.  cunchiudrre  ;  Sp.  concluir  ;  Port.  id. ;  Ft.  cuiiclure. 
The  sense  is,  to  stop,  make  f;ist,  shut,  or  rather  to 
thrust  together.  Hence,  in  Latin,  claiulo  signifies  to 
halt  or  limj),  that  is,  to  stop,  as  well  as  to  shut.  See 

1.  To  shut. 

The  very  j>?rsoii  of  Christ — was  only,  touching  bodily  sub- 
stance, corMuded  in  ili'r  grave.  JJookir. 
[This  use  of  the  word  is  imcommon.] 

2.  To  include  ;  to  comprehend. 

For  God  Iiath  concluded  Iheiii  all  in  unbelief.  — Rom.  xi. 
The  Scripture  liath  conclatUd  all  umtcr  sin.  —  Gal.  iii. 

The  meaning  of  the  word  in  the  latter  passage  may 
be,  to  declare  irrevocably,  or  to  doom. 

3.  To  coUea  by  reasoning  ;  to  infer,  as  from  prem- 
ises ;  to  close  an  argument  by  inferring. 

Therefore  we  conclude,  ih  il  a  man  is  justifieil  by  faith  willioul 
the  deeds  of  the  law.  —  Koin.  iii. 

4.  To  decide  ;  to  determine ;  to  make  a  final  judg- 
ment ur  determination. 

As  touching  the  Geuiiks  who  believe,  we  have  written  and 
concluded  that  Ihey  observe  no  such  thing.  —  iluni.  xi. 

5.  To  end  ;  to  finish. 

1  will  eonctwU  Uiis  part  with  the  speech  of  b  counselor  of 
■tiite.  Bacon. 

6.  To  slop  or  restrain,  or,a»  in  law,  to  estop  from 
further  argumimt  or  prnceeiliiigs  ;  to  oblige  or  bind, 
a-t  by  autliority,  rtr  by  tme's  own  tirgitinenl  or  ctm- 
cension  ;  ctrnt'r.'illy  in  tjie  passive  ;  us,  llie  d<;fendaiil 
is  concluded  by  his  otvn  plea. 

If  lliey  will  appeal  to  revelation  for  tbelr  creation,  tliey  must  be 
eonetudM^t  hy  U.  /JaU. 

I  do  nut  cuiuider  Itie  dscislun  of  Ibat  motion,  upon  artldavlta,  lo 
aniuinit  to  a  rta  Judicata,  4rhich  ou;;ht  tu  cone/u//tf  the 
prevent  intjuiry.  Kent. 


eOX-CLuDE', 
determine. 

■the  world  will  conclude  I  had 


To  infer,  as  a  conseiiuencc to 


But  this  verb  is  really  transitive.    The  world  will 

conclude  that  I  had  a  irnilty  conscience  —  tjiat  is  here 
the  object,  teferritig  to  the  subsetjuent  clause  of  the 
sentence.    [See  verl)  transitive,  .No.  3.] 

2.  To  settle  opinion  ;  to  form  a  final  judgment. 

Cm\ -Af.  conclude  upon  Luther's  instability,  as  our  author  has 
done  t  Alleriury. 

3.  To  end. 

A  train  of  lies, 

That,  made  il^  Inst,  conclude  in  perjuries.  Dry  len. 

The  old  fonn  of  expression,  to  conclude  of,  is  no 
louL'cr  in  use. 

eoX-CLuD'ED,  pp.  Shut;  ended;  finished;  deter- 
mined ;  inferred  ;  comprehended  ;  stopped,  orbtnind. 

eOX-CLUD'EX-CY,  n.  Inference  ;  logical  deduction 
from  premises.  Hale. 

eOX-€LUL)'EXT,  a.    Bringing  ttf  a  close  ;  decisive. 

Bacon. 

eON-CLtSD'ER,  n.    One  who  concludes.  Mountanu. 

eOX  eLOD'IXG,  ppr.  Shutting  ;  ending  ;  determin- 
ing ;  inferring;  comprehending. 

2.  a.  Final;  euiling;  closing;  as,  the  concluding 
sentence  of  an  essay. 

eOX-CLuD'IXG-LY,  adv.  Conclusively;  with  in- 
controvertible evidence.    [Little  i/wct/.]  Digby. 

eOX-€LC'SI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  concluded°or  in- 
ferred ;  determinable.    [Little  used.]  Hammond. 

eOX-CLC'SIOX,  (kon-klQ'zhun,)  n.    [L.  conclasio.] 

1.  End  ;  clt>se  ;  the  last  jiart ;  as,  the  conclusum  of 
an  address. 

2.  The  close  of  an  argument,  debate,  or  reasoning; 
inference  that  ends  the  discussion  ;  final  result. 

Let  us  hear  the  conclusion  of  the  whole  matter ;  Pear  God, 
and  keep  his  connnandinents  ;  for  this  is  the  whole  duty  of 
man.  —  Ecctes.  xii. 

3.  Determination  ;  final  decision  ;  as,  after  long 
debate,  the  housa  of  commons  came  to  this  conclusion. 

4.  Consequence ;  inference  ;  that  which  is  col- 
lected or  drawn  from  premises  ;  particularly  deduc- 
tion from  jiropositions,  facts,  experience,  or  reasoning. 

5.  The  event  of  experiments ;  experiment.  _ 
We  practice  all  conclu. 

Ue  used.\ 

C.  Confinement  of  the  thoughts  ;  silence.  [jVot 
■tLied.]  Shak. 
eO.\-eLu'SIOX-AL,  a.    Concluding.    [JVot  used.] 
eOX-CLU'SIVE,  a.    [It.  conclu.>ico.]  [Hooper. 

1.  Final ;  decisive  ;  as,  a  conclusive  answer  to  a 
proposition.  . 

2.  Decisive;  giving  a  final  determination;  pre- 
cluding a  further  act. 

The  agreeing  votes  of  both  houses  were  not,  l>y  any  law  or 
reasoti,  conc.'ustue  lo  my  judgment.         J^ing  Charles. 

3.  Decisive  ;  concluding  the  question  ;  putting  an 
end  to  debate  ;  as,  a  conclusive  argument. 

4.  Regularly  consequential. 

Men,  not  knowing  the  true  forms  of  syllogisms,  can  not  know 
whether  they  are  made  in  right  and  coiKlusive  utodes 
and  figures.  Locke. 

eON-CLu'SIVE-LY,  adv.  Decisively;  with  final 
tletcrinination ;  as,  the  point  of  law  is  conclusively 
settled. 

etJX  CLO'SIVE-XESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
cttndusive,  or  decisive  ;  the  jiower  of  determining 
the  opinion,  or  of  .settling  a  qiU!stion  ;  as,  the  eunclu- 
sincne-HS  of  eviilence,  or  of  an  argument.  Hale. 

eOX  CLu'SO-RY,  a.  Conclusive. 

eUX-e(>-AG'U-LATE,i;.(.  [t;i.ii  and  cou^u/afe.]  To 
curdle  or  congeal  one  thing  with  another.  Bot/le. 

eOX-eO-AG'U-L.^-TED,  pp.    Curdled  ;  concreted. 

eO.X  eO-AG'U-LA-TIXG,  p;ir.  Concreting;  curdling. 

eOX-eO-AG-l|-LA'TIOX,M.    a  ciagulating  together, 
as  different  substances,  or  bodies,  in  one  mass. 
Crystallization  of  different  salts  in  the  same  men- 
struum. Coxe. 
[  This  word  w  little  used.] 

GO.N-CO.C1'',  f,  /.  [L.  concoqtto,  concoctum  ;  con  and 
coijuo,  to  cook.    See  Cook.] 

1.  To  digest  by  the  stomach,  so  as  to  turn  food  to 
chyle  or  nutriment. 

The  vital  functions  are  performed  by  general  and  constant  laws; 
the  food  i»  concocted.  Cheyne. 

2.  To  purify  or  sublime  ;  to  refine  by  separating 
the  gross  or  extraneous  matter  ;  as,  concocted  venom. 

Thunuon, 

3.  To  ripen.  [Obs.] 

Fruits  and  grains  are  half  a  year  in  concaclini;.  Bacon. 

4.  Fiiruraticchj,  to  form  and  prepare  in  the  mind  ; 
as,  to  concoct  a  sfbi'iiie. 

eo.N'-CDCT'ED,  pp.  or  (I.   Digested  ;  purified  ;  rijicned. 
CI).\-e<)CT'ER,  n.    A  person  who  concocts. 
CON  eOCT'l.S'G,  ;);»r.  Digesting  ;  purifying  ;  ripening, 
cox  COC'TION,  n.    [L.  concoctio.] 

I.  Digestion  or  solution  in  tlie  stomach  ;  the  pro- 
cess by  which  ftmil  is  tiinifil  into  chyle,  t»r otherwise 
prepareil  to  ninirisli  tlii^  bmly ;  thi;  change  which 
fiKjd  undi.'rgoes  in  the  stomach.  Coxc.  Kncyc, 

3.  iMaturiition  ;  the  procesH  by  which  morbid  mat- 


ter is  sep:irati  il  I'lum  the  blood  or  liuiiiurs,  or  iXlier- 
wise  cliaiigeil  and  prepared  to  be  thrown  off.  Coxe. 

3.  A  ripening  ;  the  acceleratitni  of  any  thing  to- 
ward perfection.  ./ohnson. 

eO.V-COCT'IVE,  a.    Digesting;  having  the  power  of 
digesting  or  ripenintr.  jMiltim. 

eoX'COL-OR,  (-kul-lur,)  a.    Of  one  color    [.V..(  in 
use.]  Bniien. 

eoX-eO.M'I-TAXCE,  )  n.     [L.  con  and  comitor,  to 

€0.\  CO.M'I-T,i.\-CY,  j     accompany,  from  comes,  a 
companion.    See  CotJNT.] 

.\  being  together,  or  in  connection  with  another 
thing. 

The  secun  lary  action  siHisisteth  not  alone,  but  in  concomitanar 
with  th"  other.  Brown. 

eOX  eO.M'I-T.^XT,  a.     .Accompanying  ;  conjoined 
with ;  concurrent ;  attending. 


iiex  to  severil  objects  a 
Locke. 


It  has  ple.as''d  our  wise  Creator  to 
ronfo'/iiM;»l  ple.isure. 

eO.\-€O.M'I-TAXT,  71.  A  ct.inpanion  ;  a  person  or 
tiling  that  accompanies  another,  or  is  collaterally  con- 
nected.   It  is  seldom  applied  to  persons. 

The  other  cojtcomilant  ol  ingratitude  is  liard-heartedness. 

South. 

Reproach  is  a  cotico/riitant  to  greatness.  Addison. 

eOX  eOJI'I-TAXT-LY,  adv.  In  company  with  oth- 
ers. Pearson. 

€0.\  eOM'I-TATE,  V,  t.  To  accompany  or  attend ; 
to  be  collaterally  connected.    [JVot  used.]  Harvey. 

COX'CORD,  71.  [Fr.  cnncorde:  L.  conrordia,  from  con- 
cars,  of  con  and  cor,  cordis,  the  heart.    See  Accord.] 

1.  Agreement  between  persons;  union  in  opinions, 
sentiments,  views,  or  interests  ;  peace ;  harmony. 

What  concord  liath  Christ  with  Reli.al  ?  — 2  Cor.  vi. 

2.  Agreement  between  things ;  suitableness;  har- 
mony. 

If,  nature's  concord  iToite, 
Among  the  constellations,  war  were  sprung.  Milton. 

3.  In  miuiic,  consent  of  sounds ;  liarmoRy  ;  the  re- 
lation between  two  or  more  sounds  which  are  agree- 
able to  the  ear.    [See  Chord.] 

Th-  man  that  hatli  not  music  in  himself, 

,1  with  concord  of  sweet  sounds. 


N..I 

Is  fit  for  tre.ts 


Snak. 


4.  A  compact ;  an  agreement  by  stipulation  ;  treaty. 

Dacies. 

5.  In  law,  an  agreement  between  the  parlies  in  a 
fine,  made  by  leave  of  the  court.  This  is  an  ac- 
knowledgment from  the  deforciants  that  the  land  in 
question  is  the  right  of  the  complainant. 

Blockstonc. 

6.  In  grammar,  agreement  of  words  in  constnic- 
tion,  as  atljectives  with  nouns  in  gender,  iiiiiiiber, 
and  case,  or  verbs  with  nouns  or  pronouns  in  niiin- 
ber  and  [lerson.  Or  concord  may  signify  the  system 
of  rules  for  construction  called  syntux. 

Form  of  concord,  in  ccclesia..:ticai  history,  is  a  book 
among  tiie  Lutherans  cimtaining  a  system  of  doc- 
trines to  he  subscribed  as  a  condition  of  communion, 
composed  at  IVirgau  in  l^ld.  Knci/c. 
eoX-CORD'A-ULE,  «.  That  may  accord  ;  agree'ing; 
hariiioiiious. 

eOX-CORD'.A-RLY,  «f/c.  With  agreement.  Rogers. 
eOX-CORD'.A.NCE,  H.      [Fr.  concordance :  It.  conror- 

dunia;  L.  concordans,  (ritm  concordo,  to  agree.  See 

Concord.] 

1.  Agreement.  In  this  sense  Accordance  is  gencr- 

2.  In  grammar,  concord.    [JVof  u.ied.]    [ally  u.sed. 

3.  .\  tlictionary  or  iiiilex  in  which  all  the  principal 
words  used  in  the  Scriptures  are  arranged  aljiliabet- 
ically,  and  the  book,  chapter,  and  verse,  in  w  liich 
each  word  occurs,  are  noted  ;  designed  to  assist  an 
inquirer  in  finiling  any  passage  of  Scripture,  by 
means  of  any  leading  word  in  a  verse  which  he  can, 
recollect. 

eON-COKD'AX-CY,  n.    Agreement.  Mouatagu. 
eOX-CORD'.'VXT,  a.     Agreeing;  agreeable;  corre- 

sponilent ;  harmonious.  Brown. 
eOX-eORD'AXT,  71.    That  which  is  accordant. 

.Mountagu. 

eO.\'-CORD'.\XT-LY,  adv.    In  ctmjiinction. 
eoX-C<JKD'.\T,  11.    An  .-icreenu  nt  matle  tiy  a  tem|X>- 

ral  sovereign  with  the  pope  relatiw  to  ecclesiastical 

in;itters. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  a  compact,  covenant,  or  agree- 
ment concerning  some  beneticinry  matter;  as,  a  res- 
ignation, permutation,  |>romotion,  and  tlie  like. 
eON  CORD'lST,  71.    The  compiler  of  a  coiict>rdance. 

Ch.  Ob.icrrer,  March,  Ii*ll. 
eO.V-COR'PO-UATE,  V.  u    [L.  concorporo,  of  can  and 
corpus,  a  bod\".J 

'I'o  unite  diflerent  things  in  one  mass  or  body  ;  to 
incorporate,    [/.illle  luicd.]  Taylor. 
eo.N'-COR'PO-UATE,  p.  i.    To  unite  in  one  nuuss  or 

btitly.  Clcavcland, 
CO.\  'COR'PO-R.^  TF.D,  pp.  United  in  n  mass  or  body. 
CO.V-C(.>R'PO-R.\-TI.NG,  p;>r.    Uniting  in  a  mass  or 
btnlv. 

CO.X  COR  PO  RA'TIO.X,  n.  Union  of  things  In  one 
mass  or  body. 

eo.N'C(")rRSi;,  «.  [Fr.  concnurs;  Sp.  conciirso;  It 
cnncorso ;  L.  ctmriir.vH.v,  from  concurro,  to  riltl  tugelll- 
er  ;  con  tfiitl  curro,  to  run.] 


FATE,  FAtt,  FiVLL,  WH*T.     MSTE,  PllfiV. piNE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  .MOVE,  WQLl-,  ItQQK.— 


CON 


CON 


CON 


1.  A  moving,  flowing,  or  running  togetlicr  ;  con- 
fluence ;  as,  a  furtuitous  conco-^rae  of  atoms  ;  a  con- 
coiime  of  men. 

2.  A  meeting ;  an  assembly  of  men  ;  an  assemblage 
of  tilings  j  a  collecti(m  formed  l)y  a  voluntary  or  spon- 
taneous moving  and  meeting  in  one  place.   Jicts  xix. 

;t.  The  place  or  point  of  inecling,  or  a  meeting  ;  the 
point  of  junetiou  of  two  bodies. 

Thf  (Irup         begin  to  niuvu  toward  tbe  concourtt  of  Iho 
j*l.tsa.'.i.  yewton. 

f  Tills  application  Li  uniufual.] 
CON  t'RE-ATE',  V.  t.    [con  and  cre/ite;  It.  concreare.] 
To  create  with,  or  at  the  same  time. 

Dr.  Taylor  iiiki^tt  thit  it  is  incoiisi^ttMit  with  ttie  nature  of 
virtiif  tliAt  il  klioiiltt  Lie  concrcated  willi  any  (htsuii. 

EdtoaMe^  Orig.  Sitt, 

eoN-CRK-AT'CD,  pp.  or  a.  Created  at  the  same 
tliii",  or  ill  union  witli. 

t"0.\' t'KKD'IT,  r.  f.  To  intrust.  [Ml  aseJ.]  Barrow. 

CON'-CIIK-.MA'TIOX,  ii.  coiicrciiio,  to  burn  to- 

gether; con  and  crniwj  U)  Imrn.] 

The  net  of  htirning  dilferent  things  togetlier.  [Lit- 
tlr  iised.] 

ei)N"eRG-.ME.N"r,  «.  n,ow  L.  concremcntum,  from 
roiicrcsro^  to  grow  together.    See  Cqncreti:.] 

.\  growing  logetlier ,  the  collection  or  mass  fiirmeil 
hy  concretion,  tir  natural  union.  Half. 

CO.N-CHKS'CICN'CE,  h.     [L.  concresceiitiay  concrcsco. 

t»ee  (.*i)SCRETK.] 

(Jrowth  or  increase  ;  the  act  of  growing  or  increas- 
ing by  spontaneous  union,  or  the  coalescence  ttf  sejv 
ante  particles.  Ralegh. 
eON  CKKS'Cl-BLE,  a.  Ca|Kiblo  of  concreting  ;  that 
may  congeal  or  be  changed  from  a  liquid  to  a  solid 
state. 

Tlicy  r^rmnl  .1  g^enuiiit*,  (ixrd,  concretciltle  oil.  J^ureroy. 
eo\'CllK'I'E,  a.  [L.  coHcreliis,  from  coiirrr.ico,  to  grow 
together  ;  con  and  cresco,  to  grow.    See  tfRow.] 

1.  /.iterallij,  united  in  growth.  Hence,  formed  by 
coalition  of  sepanite  particles  in  one  body  ;  consist- 
ent in  a  mass  ;  united  in  a  solid  form. 

Th<r  6r»t  coticriU  st.-ite  or  txtiiisistenl  surface  of  tiic  chnos. 

Burnt  I. 

2.  In  loirie,  existing  in  a  subject ;  not  abstract ;  as, 
the  white  siiotD.  Here  whiteness  is  considered  as  ex- 
isting in  the  snow,  and  not  as  a  sc|)arate  thing. 

Concrete  termi,  while  th'-y  expr»-f*  the  qnality,  <lo  niso  ex- 
preu,  or  u»[>Iy,  or  rel'T  to  .i  •uljecl  to  which  thev  l*"loiig. 

■  Walls. 

3.  A  concrete  number  expresses  or  denotes  a  parlic- 
•   ular  subject ;  .is,  three  men  ;  but  when  we  use  a 

number  without  reference  to  a  particular  subject,  as 
three  or /of,  we  use  the  term  in  the  abstract. 

Barlow.  Bailnj. 

4.  In  phonoloaij,  a  concrete  sound,  dV  movement  of 
the  voice,  is  one  which  slides  lontinuoiisly  up  or 
down,  as  distinguished,  from  a  discrete  movement, 
in  which  the  voice  leaps  nt  once  from  one  line  of 
pitch  to  another.  Rush. 

eo.VeRKTE,  71.  .\  compound  ;  a  mass  formed  by 
concretion,  spontaneous  union,  or  coalescence  of  sep- 
arate particles  of  matter  in  one  body. 

Gold  is  A  porous  eontreu.  Bentley. 
2.  In  philosophy^  a  mass  or  compound  body,  made 
up  of  dilTerent  ingredients  ;  a  mixed  body  or  mass. 

Soitp  is  n  fauilious  concrete.  Encyc. 

X  In  logic,  a  concrete  term  ;  a  term  that  includes 
both  the  quality  and  the  subject  iu  which  it  exists  ; 
a:?,  nitrrum,  a  black  thing.  .^inswnrth. 

A.  In  architecture,  a  mass  of  stone  chippings,  jwb- 
bles,  gLc.j  cemented  by  mortar,  laid  at  the  foundation 
of  walls  111  s|H>ngy  soils.  Brande. 

CO.N'-CRkTE',  r.  i.  To  unite  or  coalesce,  as  separate 
particles,  into  a  mass  or  solid  IxHly,  chiefly  by  spon- 
taneous cohesion,  or  other  natural  process  ;  as,  saline 
particles  concrete  into  crysL'iIs ;  blood  conrreic*  in  a 
bowl.  Applied  to  soiiit^  substances,  it  is  equivalent 
to  indurate  :  as,  metallic  matter  co/icrrtcs*  into  a  hard 
botty.  .Xpplieti  to  other  substances,  it  is  equivalent 
to  C4}nirealf  thicken^  in.tpi.tAate,  coagulate^  as  in  the 
concreliiin  of  blootl.   Arbulhiiot,  M'oodicard.  .Vcteton. 

C().\-t'RF.TE',  r.  f.  Ti)  form  a  mass  by  the  cohesion 
or  malescence  of  separate  particles.  Hate. 

Co.N'-CRioT'EI),  pp.  or  a.  L'liited  into  a  solid  mass; 
coiim  nli'd,  inspissated,  clotted. 

CD.N'-CKiJTE'EY,  adr.  In  a  concrete  manner  ;  in  a 
manner  to  include  the  subject  with  the  predicate  ; 
not  abstractly.  .Vurrw. 

eoX-CRK  TE'.NESS,  >i.  A  slate  of  being  concrete  ; 
rtKiinilalion. 

CON'-CRkT'I.VG,  pjyr.  Coalescing  or  congealing  in  a 
mass;  becoming  thick  ;  making  solid. 

eo.N-CRK'TlO.N,  (kon-krC'shiin,)  11.  The  act  of  con- 
creting ;  the  process  by  which  soft  or  fliiiil  bodies 
become  thick,  consistent,  .solid,  or  hard  ;  the  .act  of 
growing  together,  or  of  uniting,  by  other  natural  pro- 
cess, the  small  particles  of  matter  into  a  nuuss. 

2.  The  ina-ss  or  solid  matter  formed  by  growing  to- 
gether, by  congelation,  condensalioii,  coagulation,  or 
indumlitin  ;  a  clot ;  a  lump  ;  a  solid  substance  formed 
in  the  wn  parts  or  in  the  cavities  of  animal  bodies. 

€0.\-eRK'T10\-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  concretion. 


eON-CRK'TION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  made 
up  of  ciMicretions  ;  producing  concretnms.  Hitchcock. 

GOi\-eRl';''i'l VE,  a.  Ctiusing  to  concrete;  having 
power  to  produce  concretion  ;  tending  to  form  a 
soliil  nuuss  from  separate  particles ;  as,  concrclire 
juices.  _  Brown. 

eO.N'-CRK'TIiRE,  M.  A  mass  formed  by  concretion. 
[JV(i(  u.srd.] 

eoN-CREVV',  (kru',)  r.  i.  To  grow  together.  [JVof 
w.tTt/?^  Sprn.-icr. 

€0.\-t:RI,M-I.\-A'TIO.\,  n.    A  itiint  accusation. 

€Oi\-eu'I!I.\-AGE,  n.  [Fr.  See  Coni  i'hi.m:.]  The 
act  or  practice  of  cohabiting,  as  man  and  wimiau,  iu 
sexual  commerce,  without  the  aiiliiority  of  law  or  a 
legal  marriage.  In  a  more  acniral  scn.^r,  litis  word 
is  used  to  express  any  criminal  or  pridiibileil  si  \ual 
commerce,  including  adultery,  ince.sl,  and  foriii- 
catioii. 

Ill  some  countries,  concubinage  is  marriage  of  an 
interior  kinil,  or  performed  with  less  soleiiiiiity  tli:iii 
a  true  or  formal  marriage ;  or  marritige  with  a 
woman  of  inferior  condition,  to  whom  the  husband 
does  not  convey  his  rank  or  quality.  This  is  .said  to 
be  .still  in  use  in  (iermaiiy.  F.neyc. 

In  hur,  couciibintige  is  usetl  as  an  exception  against 
111  r  lh:il  sill  th  lor  ilowi  r  ;  in  wliii  li  it  is  allrgeil  that 
she  was  not  l;iwl'iilly  inarrieil  In  tin*  mail  in  wintst' 
lauds  slit;  seeks  to  be  endowed,  but  tlitit  site  was  his 
concubine.  Cowel. 

eo.\-eO'lil\-.\I.,  a.    Pertaining  to  cimctibinage. 

eU.\-€0'UI.\-A-KV,  n.  One  who  indulges  in  concu- 
binage. 

e().\-eO'l!I.\-.\-RY,  a.    Relating  to  concubinage. 
eo.\-eC"BI.\-ATE,  71.    Whoredom  ;  lewdness.  [JVol 

in  i<-%r.j  'I\tttlor. 
eoX'CIJ-ni.NE,  {konk'yu-liTne,)  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  con- 

cubiiia,  from  concnoibo,  to  lie  together;  can  and  ciim- 

bo,  or  cubo,  tt)  lie  ilown.] 

1.  A  woman  who  cnliabits  with  a  man  without 
the  authtirity  t>f  a  legal  marriage  ;  a  woman  kept  for 
lewd  piiriioses  ;  a  kept  mistress. 

Bacon.    Slink.  T>ryden. 

2.  A  wife  of  inferior  conilition  ;  a  lawful  wife,  but 
not  unitetl  to  the  man  by  the  usual  cereniouii's,  and 
of  inferior  ctuidition.  Such  were  llagar  and  Ki  tu- 
rah,  the  coiiciibint;s  of  Abralitim  ;  and  such  concu- 
bines were  allowed  by  the  Roman  laws. 

Encijc.  Crudcn. 
eON-eUL'e.ATE,  v.  t.    [U  canculco.]    To  tread  on  ; 

to  tnimple  uniler  ftiot.  Monnt4i"u. 
eOX-eUL'C.A-TEl),  w<.    Tramiileil  tm. 
eON-eUL'CA-TlM;,  ;i;ir.    Treading  im. 
eO.V-eUE-CA'TIO.V,  «.     a  trampling  under  foot. 

[A'V;!  77(«trA  M.-T//.] 
€C)N-eO'PIS-C:E.\CE,  Ji.   [L.  concupLicentia,  from  con- 

cupUcn^  to  covet  or  lust  alter  ;  con  and  ciipioy  to  desire 

or  covet.] 

Lust  ;  unlawful  or  irregular  desire  of  sexual 
pleasure.  In  a  more  <rrnrrol  sense^  the  coveting  of 
carnal  things,  or  an  irregular  appetite  for  worldly 
gCKKt ;  inclination  for  unlawful  enjtiyinents. 

We  know  even  secret  concu;jifcrnc<  to  Ije  sin.  Hooker, 
Sin,  tHkin?  occisioii  by  tlio  coniin.mtlinenl,  wrought  in  nie  all 
manner  of  ro'ini/>iscenc«,  — Koiii,  vii. 

eON  CO'PIS-CE.VT,  a.  Desirous  of  unlawful  plea.s- 
ure  ;  libiiliuotis.  Shak. 

eo.V  eU-PlS-CEN'TI.VL,  a.  Relating  to  cimcu- 
piscence. 

eo.\  CC'PIS-CI-RLE,  a.  Exciting  or  impelling  to  the 
enjoyment  of  carnal  ple.istire  ;  inclining  to  the  at- 
tainment of  ple:i:^ure  or  goiKi  ;  as,  cuncupi^cible  appe- 
tite. •  SouUi. 

eO.N'-GL'R',  r.  i.  [L.  conciirro,  to  nin  together;  con 
and  curroy  to  run;  It.  concorrere ;  Sp.  conciirriri 
Port,  concorrer  :  Fr.  coiicuurtr,] 

1.  To  meet  in  the  same  iNiint ;  to  agree. 

Kcason  anil  sense  concur.  Temple. 

2.  To  agree  ;  to  join  or  unite,  as  in  one  action  or 
opinion  ;  to  miu't,  mind  with  mind  ;  a.s,  the  two 
houses  of  parliament  concur  in  the  measure. 

It  has  with  before  the  {lerstin  with  whom  one 
agrees  ;  as,  Mr.  Hurke  eancurrai  with  Lord  Chatham 
ill  opinion. 

It  has  to  before  the  eflfect. 

Kltrcmes  in  in.tn  concur  t>  ^ener.il  use.  Pojie. 

3.  To  unite  or  be  conjoined,  with  the  consetpien- 
trnl  sense  of  aitling,  or  contributing  powt^r  or  in- 
fluence to  a  coinintin  object ;  as,  various  t:auses  may 
concur  in  the  changes  of  teniperaturi.-. 

eo.VeUR'KENCE,  71.  A  meeting  or  coming  to- 
gether ;  union  ;  conjunction. 

Wc  h.ive  no  other  ine.^snre  bin  of  our  own  iile.t8,  wtlh  the 
concurrence  of  other  probable  reasons,  to  jwrsuaile  us. 

Lockt. 

2.  A  meeting  of  minds  ;  agreement  in  opinion  ; 
union  in  design  ;  implying  joint  approbation. 

Tarqnin  the  Proiiil  wa*  expellcti  bjr  lite  univer^l  eoncurrenct 
of  not'les  and  people.  Sifi/l. 

3.  A  meeting  or  conjunction,  whether  casual  or 
intended  ;  combination  of  agents,  circumstances,  or 
events. 

Struck  with  Uieae  gre.it  eonevrrenceM  of  things.  Cra^fiau. 


4.  Agri^einent  ;  consent  ;  approbation.    See  No.  2 

5,  Agreeiiieiit  or  con.'.i'iit,  impl)iiig  joint  aid  ur 
contribution  of  power  or  inllueiice. 

From  these  siiblinie  images  we  collect  the  greatness  of  ttis 
work,  mill  the  necessity  ol  the  divine  concurrence  to  it. 

Hogert. 

G.  A  meeting,  an  of  claims,  or  power ;  joint  rigliti, 
implying  etpiality  in  tliflereiit  persons  or  Inxiitrs  ;  iu4, 
a  concurrence  of  jurisdiction  in  two  ililli  rtMtl  courts, 

CU.\-CinfRE.\-CV,  71.    The  .saiiie  as  CoxtLiiiitJicL. 

eoN-CC R'RE.S'T,  <i.  Meet.llg"^  iiniliiig  ;  accompany- 
ing; aciiiig  in  Cfiiijiiucliiui  ;  agret-iitg  in  the  same 
act ;  contribiiling  to  'he  same  event  or  cHect ;  'o|)- 
crating  with. 

1  Join  with  tiiese  laws  the  {>..rsonal  nn-y-nce  of  the  king's  sun, 
aj  a  concurrent  cause  ot  tills  reforiniiiiun.  Uaview. 
All  coinliincd, 
Your  beauty,  nii'l  my  impotence  of  mind, 
And  his  coficurrenl  ilaiiie,  that  blew  niy  Ore.  llrydcn. 

2,  Conjoined  ;  associate  ;  conroinitant.  • 

There  is  no  dili"renc<*  iietween  the  concurrent  echo  iinil  the  itt> 
r.iiit,  but  ilie  (juickiiess  or  slowness  nl  tie-  return.  Batvn. 

3.  Joint  anil  etjiial  ;  existing  ttigiriher  and  tiperat- 
ing  on  tile  same  objects.  The  courts  of  lite  L'liited 
States,  aiitl  Ihose  of  the  St.ites,  have,  in  some  cases, 
concurrent  jtiristliction, 

eoN-Cl'R'RENT,  71.  That  which  ciuicurs  ;  joint  or 
contributory  cause. 

To  all  nltitirs  of  iini-oruince  there  ure  three  nec  sB  iry  concur*, 
rent*  —  time,  induatry,  and  Ijculties,      Decay  of  Piety. 

eON-eUR'RENT-LY,  adv.  With  concurrence  ;  unit- 
edly. 

eO.\-€UR'RI.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  .Meeting  in  the  same 
point;  agreeing;  running  or  acting  together;  unit- 
ing in  action  ;  contributing  to  the  same  event  or 
eft'ect ;  consenting. 

A  concurring  figure,  in  geometry,  is  one  whirli, 
being  laid  on  another,  exactly  meets  every  part  of  il, 
or  one  which  corri>spontls  with  it  in  all  its  |Kiit,s. 

eo.\-C(JS-S.\'TIO.V,  71.  [See  Co.vei'ssio.s.]  A  vio- 
lent shock  or  agitalitiii. 

€()N-('('S'S/;|),  (koii  kust',)  77.  Shaken. 

CO.N'-CCS'SIO.V,  (kiin-ktish'un,)  n.  [L.  concasnia, 
from  coocutiiiy  to  shake,  frniu  con  ami  i/uatio^  r/i/r7.v.vo, 
to  shake  or  slitilli  r.  Knmi  the  sense  of  ditcutio  and 
prrculio,  we  may  Inter  tlittt  the  primary  sense  is  to 
beat,  to  strike,  or  to  beat  in  pieces,  to  bruise,  10  beat 
down,  Fr.  cn.<.irr,  Eng.  to  qua.ih,  L.  cirilo,  eudo.  See 
Class  Gd,  No.  38,  4(>,  7(1,  and  Class  Gs,  .\o.  17.] 

1.  'J'he  act  of  shaking,  particularly  and  properly 
by  the  stroke  or  iin(iitlse  of  another  btjtly. 

It  is  l.elieyed  that  great  riii^iiij  of  iiells,  in  j.opulon*  cities,  hath 
dissipate*!  iicstiletit  air,  which  may  l«  fruiii  the  concueeion 
of  the  air.  Bacon. 

2.  The  State  of  being  shaken  ;  a  shock  ;  as,  the 
conciuision  of  the  bniin  Iiy  a  stroke.  It  is  usetl  also 
for  shaking  or  agitation  "in  general  ;  as,  the  mnciui- 
siiin  of  the  earth.  Woodward. 

€0.\-Cl,'S'Sl  VE,  u.  Having  the  [lower  or  quality  of 
shaking.  Jahn.son. 

GO.Xl),  0.  t.  [Fr,  conduirr.'\  In  seamen's  language,  to 
contltict  a  ship  ;  to  direct  the  mail  at  the  helm  how 
to  steer.  Bailey.  F.neyc. 

€0.\-DE.M.\',  (kon-dcm',)  v.  t.  [L.  condemnor  con 
ami  dainno,  to  couilemti,  to  disapprtive,  Iti  tlooin,  to 
tievtite  ;  IL  eondnnnarc,  daunarc  ;  Port,  condcnur  ;  Sp. 
id.:  Vr.  condainnar ;  .Ann.  condauni  :  \}.  dnrnien,  ver^ 
doemen  ;  G.  verdanimcn  i  Sw,  diima,  Jordi>nia  ;  Dan. 
fiornnirr,fordt>aiiner;  Sax,  dema  1,  fordrman,  to  derm, 
to  doom,  to  juilge,  to  condemn.    See  Da.mx,  Deem, 

DtloM,] 

1.  To  pronounce  to  be  utterly  wrong;  to  utter  s 
sentence  of  disapprobation  against ;  to  censure  ;  to 
blame.  Hut  the  word  often  expresses  mure  than 
censure  or  blame,  and  seems  to  incltide  the  itlea  of 
uttt  r  rejection  ;  as,  to  enmUmn  heretical  opinions  ;  to 
condemn  oue*s  coiltlllct. 

We  condemn  niialakea  with  .tspcrity,  where  wc  p.a»i  over  sins 
with  gentleness.  Bueitmifieler, 

2.  To  determine  or  judge  to  be  wrong,  or  guilty  ; 
to  disallow  ;  to  tlisapprove. 

B'-luved,  ii  our  he  irt  ctndernn  us  not,  wc  hnve  coiilideoce  to 
ward  (iod.  —  1  John  lii. 

3.  To  witness  against ;  to  show  or  prove  to  be 
wrong,  or  guilty,  by  u  contrary  pnictice. 

The  men  of  Nineveh  shall  rise  in  Judgment  with  Ulit  gvnenUioD, 
and  sh.dl  condemn  it.  —  Matt,  xii. 

4.  1\i  prtinotince  to  be  guilty ;  to  sentence  to  pun- 
ishment ;  to  utter  sentence  against  jutlicialiy  ;  to 
ilooni  ;  opposed  to  aaiuit  or  o//.*n/rc;  with  to  before 
the  penalty. 

The  Son  of  man  shall  tie  betrayed  nnto  tbe  chief  priests,  anu 
unto  the  scribes,  and  they  shall  condemn  him  to  death. — 

Matt.  XX. 

He  diAt  beheveth  on  hiin  is  not  condemn^.  —  John  iii. 

5.  To  doom  or  sentence  to  pay  a  fine  ;  to  line. 

And  the  king  of  Kgypt  —  cuttdematd  the  land  in  a  hundred  tal- 
ents of  silvei.  —  'i  Chron.  xxxvi. 

G.  To  judge  or  prnnnuncc  to  he  iinflt  for  use, 
or  service  ;  as,  tlie  ship  was  condemned  as  not  sea- 
worthy. 

7.  To  jinlge  or  pronounce  to  be  forfeited ;  as,  the 
ship  and  her  cargo  were  condemned. 


TCXE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


243 


CON 


CON 


CON 


eO.\-DE.M'XA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  conli^■mllcd  ; 
blamable  ;  culpable.  Brown, 

eON-DEM-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  cnndemnatio.1  The  act 
of  condemning  ;  the  judicial  act  of  declaring  one 
guilty,  and  dooming  him  to  punisliment. 

For  Oie  judgment  was  bj  one  to  condejnnalion.  —  Rom.  t. 

2.  The  state  of  being  condemned. 

Dost  Ihou  not  fear  God,  seeing  thou  art  in  the  same  condemna- 
tion?—  L.ul{e  xxiii, 

3.  The  cause  or  reason  of  a  sentence  of  condem- 
nation.   John  iii. 

eON-DEM'N.\-TO-RY,  a.  Condemning ;  bearing  con- 
demnation or  censure  ;  as,  a  condemnatory  sentence 
or  decree. 

eON-DE.MN'£D,  (kon-demd')  pp.  or  a.  Censured  ; 
pronounced  to  be  wrong,  guilty,  worthless,  or  for- 
feited ;  adjudged  or  sentenced  to  punishment. 

eON-DEM'NER,  n.    One  who  conilcmns  or  censures. 

€ON-DEM'NING,ppr.  or  o.  Censuring;  disallowing; 
pronouncing  to  be  wrong,  guilty,  worthless,  or  for- 
feited ;  sentencing  to  punishment. 

€ON-DEXS'A-BI,E,  «.  [See  Condense.]  Capable 
of  being  condensed  ;  th.it  may  be  compressed  into  a 
smaller  compass,  and  into  a  more  close,  compact 
slate  ;  as,  vapor  is  condensable. 

eO.V-DENS'ATE,  v.  t.  [See  Condense.]  To  con- 
dense ;  to  compress  into  a  closer  form  ;  to  cause  to 
take  a  more  compact  state  ;  to  make  more  dense. 

CON-DENS'aTE,  v.  i.  To  become  more  dense,  close, 
or  Iiard. 

€ON-DENS'.aTE,o.  Made  dense;  condensed;  made 
more  close  or  compact.  Pcacham. 

eON-DENS'A-TED,  pp.  Condensed  ;  made  more 
compact. 

€ON-DENS'a-TING,  ppr.  Making  more  close  or 
compact. 

€0.\-DEX-Sa'TION,  n.  [L.  condensatio.  See  Con- 
dense.] 

The  act  of  making  more  dense  or  compact ;  or  the 
act  of  causing  the  parts  that  compose  a  body  to  ap- 
proach or  unite  more  closely,  either  by  mechanical 
pressure  or  by  a  natural  process  ;  the  state  of  being 
condensed.  Dew  and  clouds  are  supposed  to  be 
formed  by  the  condensation  of  vapor.  It  is  opposed  to 
rarefaction  and  eipansion.  Condensation  is  applica- 
ble to  any  compressible  matter ;  and  from  condensa- 
tion proceeds  increased  liardness,  solidity,  and  weight. 
€0N-DE.\S'A-TI\'E,  a.  Having  a  power  or  tendency 
to  condense. 

eON-DENSE',  (kon-dens',)  e.  t.  [L.  condense  ;  con 
and  dcTiso^to  make  thick  or  close;  It.  condensare; 
Sp.  and  Port,  condensar ;  Fr.  condenser.    See  Dense.] 

1.  To  make  more  close,  thick,  or  compact ;  to  cause 
the  particles  of  a  body  to  approach,  or  to  unite  more 
closely,  either  by  their  own  attraction  or  affinity,  or 
by  mechanical  force.  Thus  vapor  is  said  to  be  con- 
densed  into  water  by  the  application  of  cold  ;  and  air 
is  condensed  in  a  tube  by  pressure.  Hence  the  word 
is  sometimes  equivalent  to  cornpress. 

2.  To  make  thick  ;  to  inspissate  ;  applied  to  soft, 
compressible  substances. 

3.  To  compress  into  a  smaller  compass,  or  into  a 
close  body  ;  to  crowd  ;  applied  to  separate  individuals. 
Thus  we  say,  to  condense  ideas  into  a  smaller  com- 
pass. Dnjden. 

CON-DE\SE',  V.  i.  To  become  close  or  more  com- 
pact, as  the  particles  of  a  body  ;  to  approach  or  unite 
more  closely  ;  to  grow  thick. 

Vapors  contlense  and  coalesce  into  smnll  parcels.  Neuiton. 

CON'-DENSE',  a.  Close  In  texture  or  composition  ; 
compact ;  firm  ;  dense  ;  condensated.  [See  Dense, 
which  is  generally  used.]  Milton. 

€0N-DENS'/;D,  (kon-denst',)  pp.  or  a.  Made  dense, 
or  more  close  in  parts  ;  tiiatie  or  become  compact  ; 
compressed  into  a  narrower  compass, 

CO.N'-DE.N'.S'ER,  n.  A  pneumatic  engine  or  syringe, 
in  which  air  or  other  elastic  fluids  may  be  compressed. 
It  consists  of  a  cylinder,  in  which  is  a  movable  piston 
to  force  the  air  into  a  receiver,  and  a  valve  to  prevent 
the  air  from  csca|>ing.  Encyc. 

2.  A  vessel,  or  part  of  machinery,  in  which  aqueous 
or  spirituous  vapors  are  reduced  to  a  liquid  form.  This 
may  be  done  either  by  injecting  a  quantity  of  cold 
water  into  the  condenser,  as  in  th.at  of  a  steam-en- 
gine, or  by  immersing  the  condenser  in  another  vessel, 
through  which  cold  water  continually  Mows.  IleberL 

eON-DE.N.S'I.NG,  ppr.  or  o.  Making  more  close  or 
compact. 

€ON-I)i:.\.S'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  condensed  ; 

denseness  ;  density.    [  The  latter  are  irencrally  used.] 
eO.VD'ER,  71.    [Vr.  cuna'utre  ;  L.  conduro.    See  CoND.1 
J.  A  perHon  who  stjinds  upon  a  rlifl",  or  elevati  d 

part  of  the  sea-coast,  in  the  time  of  the  herring  fish- 

rr>',  to  point  out  to  the  fishermen,  by  signs,  the  course 

of  the  shoals  of  fish.  Cowrl. 
2.  One  who  gives  directions  to  a  helmsman  how 

to  steer  the  ship.  Kncyc. 
CON-DE-SCE.NCE',  n.    Descent  from  suiieriority. 
eON-DE-SCEND'  v.  i.    [It.  cimdesctndcrc  ;  Sp.  condc- 

tcender  ;  Fr.  comuscendre  ;  con  and  L.  dcscendo.  See 

Descend.] 


r 


1.  To  descend  from  the  privileges  of  superior  rank 
or  dignity,  to  do  some  act  to  an  inferior,  which 
strict  justice  or  the  ordinary  rules  of  civility  do  not 
require.  Hence,  to  submit  or  yield,  as  to  an  inferior, 
implying  an  occasional  relinquishment  of  distinction. 

Mind  not  V^h  ttiinofs,  but  condescend  to  men  of  low  estate. — 
Rom.  xii. 

9.  To  recede  from  one's  rights  in  negotiation,  or 
common  intercourse,  to  do  some  act,  which  strict 
justice  does  not  require.  ^ 

Spain's  mighty  monarch, 
In  gracious  clemency,  does  cotulescend. 
On  tliese  conditions,  to  become  your  friend.  Dryden. 
3.  To  stoop  or  descend ;  to  yield  ;  to  submit ;  im- 
plying a  relinquishment  of  rank,  or  dignity  of  char- 
acter, and  sometimes  a  sinking  into  debasement. 
Can  lliey  ttiinli  ni"  so  broken,  so  debjised, 
Wiih  corporal  sTvilude,  that  niy  inind  ever 
Will  condescend  to  such  absurd  commands  1  ^lilion. 

€0N-DE-SCEND'EXCE,  n.  A  vohuitary  yieliling  or 
submission  to  an  inferior. 

You  will  observe  [in  the  Turks]  nn  insnhin^  condescendence, 
wliich  tx'speaks  their  contempt  of  yuu.    "  Eton. 

eON-DE-SCEiXD'ING,  ppr.  Descending  from  rank 
or  distinction  in  the  intercourse  of  life  ;  receding 
front  rights  or  claims  ;  yielding. 

2.  a.  Yielding  to  inferiors  ;  courteous  ;  obliging. 
€ON-DE-SCEND'ING-LY,  nJr.    By  way  of  yielding 

to  inferiors  ;  with  voluntary  submission;  by  way  of 
kind  concession  ;  cotirteousiv.  Mtrrhury. 
eOX-DE-SCEX'SION,  n.  Voluntary;  descent  from 
rank,  dignity,  or  jiLst  cl.iims  ;  relinquishment  of  strict 
right  ;  submission  to  inferiors  in  granting  requests  or 
performing  acts  which  strict  justice  does  not  require. 
Hence,  courtesy. 

It  forbids  pride  and  commands  humility,  modesty,  .ind  conde- 
scension to  others.  7^/^ot«on. 

Raph  let,  amidst  his  tenderness,  shows  snch  a  dignity  and  con- 
descension in  all  his  behavior,  as  are  suitable  to  a  superior 
nature.  Addison. 

eON-DE-SCEN'SIVE,  a.  Condescending ;  courteous. 

Barrow. 

eON-DE-SCENT',  n.     Condescension.    [JVot  used."] 

Bp.  Hall. 

eOX-DiGN',  (kon-dlne',)  a.  [1,.  condigntis ;  con  and 
dignus,  worthy.    See  Dignity.] 

1.  Deserved  ;  merited  ;  suitable  ;  applied  usually  to 
punishment ;  as,  the  malefactor  has  sulTered  condign 
punishment. 

2.  \Vorthy  ;  merited  ;  as,  condia-n  praise. 

tin  the  latter  sense,  seldom  used.]     [Spetiser.  Sfialc. 

€ON-DIG'XI-TY,  n.  Merit ;  desert.  In  school  divin- 
ity, the  merit  of  human  actions,  which  claims  re- 
ward on  the  score  of  justice.  Milner. 

eON-DIGX'LY,(kon-dine'ly,)  adv.  According  to  merit. 

€OX-DlGN'NESS,  (kon-dine'ness,)  iu  Agreeableness 
to  deserts ;  suitableness. 

COX'DI-MEXT,  n.  [L.  coiidimentiim,  from  condio,  to 
season,  pickle,  or  preserve.] 

Seasoning;  sai'.ce  ;  that  which  is  used  to  give  relish 
to  meat  or  other  food,  and  to  gratify  the  taste. 

As  for  radish  and  the  like,  they  are  for  condiments,  and  not  for 
nourishment.  Bacon, 

eOX-DIS-Cl'PLE,  Tt.    [L.  condiscipulus  ;  con  and  dis- 

cipulus.    See  Disciple.] 
A  school  fellow  ;  a  learner  in  the  same  school,  or 

under  the  same  instructor. 
eON-DITE',  V.  L    [L.  condio,  cnnditum.] 

To  prepare  and  preserve  with  sugar,  salt,  spices,  or 

the  like  ;  to  pickle  ;  as,  to  cun-Jitc  pears,  plums,  quinces, 

mushrooms,  &c.    [Little  ujsed.]       Orew.  Taylor. 
COX-DITE'AIEXT,  n.    A  composition  of  conserves, 

powders,  and  spices,  in  the  form  of  an  electuary. 

[Little  used.]  Bniley. 
€0.\-DIT'IXG,  ppr.  Preserving.  [Little  used.]  Greio. 
eOX-DI"TIO.N,  (kon-dish'un,)  n.    [L.  conditio,  from 

condo,  to  build  or  make  ;  to  ordain  ;  properly,  to  set 

or  fix,  or  to  set  together,  or  in  order ;  con  and  do,  to 

give;  prnjicrly,  to  send.] 

1.  Stale;  a  particular  mode  of  being;  applied  to 
external  circumstance,  to  the  body,  to  the  mind,  and  to 
things.  We  spe.ik  of  a  good  condition,  or  a  bad  con- 
dition, in  reference  to  wealth  and  poverty  ;  in  refer- 
ence to  health  and  gickness  ;  in  reference  to  a  cheer- 
ful or  depressed  disposition  of  mind  ;  and  with 
reference  to  a  sound  or  broken,  perishing  state  of 
things.  The  word  signifies  a  setting  or  fi.xing,  and 
has  a  very  general  and  indefinite  application,  coin- 
ciding nearly  with  state,  from  .^to,  to  stand,  and  de- 
notes that  particular  frame,  form,  mode,  or  disposi- 
tion, in  which  a  thing  exists,  at  any  given  tune.  A 
man  is  in  a  good  condition,  when  he  is  thriving.  A 
nation  with  an  exhausted  tretisury,  and  burtiencd 
with  taxes,  is  not  in  a  condition  to  make  war.  A 
poor  man  is  in  a  humble  condition.  Religion  affords 
consolation  to  man  in  evt^ry  condition  of  life.  Ex- 
hortations should  be  adapted  to  the  condition  of  the 
mind. 

ConWilt'on,  circumstance.  Is  not  the  thinf ; 

lihsa  ii  the  sunie  in  subji  ct  or  in  king.  Pope. 

2.  duality  ;  property  ;  attribute. 

It  Kemed  to  iia  n  conrtilton  aiul  property  of  divine  powers  and 
beings  to  b«  hidden  und  imscen  to  others.  Bacon. 


3.  Stale  of  the  mind;  temper;  temperament;  com- 
plexion.   [See  Xo.  1.]  Shak. 

4.  Moral  quality  ;  virtue  or  vice.  Raleigh.  South. 
[Thesesenses,  hcwever,fall  within  the  first  definition.] 

5.  Rank,  that  is,  state  with  respect  to  the  orders  or 
grades  of  society,  or  to  property ;  as,  persons  of  the 
best  cctndition.  Clarendon. 

6.  Terms  of  a  contract  or  covenant ;  stipulation  ; 
that  is,  that  which  is  set,  fixed,  established,  or  pro- 
posed.   What  are  the  conditions  of  the  treaty 

Make  our  conditions  wilh  yon  capiive  king.  Dryden. 
He  sendeth  aiul  desireth  conditions  of  peace,  —  Luke  xiv. 

7.  A  clause  in  a  bond,  or  other  contract,  containing 
terms  or  a  stipulation  that  it  is  to  be  performed,  and, 
in  case  of  failure,  the  penally  of  the  bond  is  to  be  in- 
curred. 

8.  Terms  given  or  provided,  as  the  ground  of  some- 
thing else ;  that  which  is  established,  or  to  be  done, 
or  to  happen,  as  requisite  to  another  act ;  as,  I  will 
pay  a  sum  of  money  on  condition  you  will  engage  to 
refund  it. 

9.  That  which  must  exist,  as  the  ground  or  neces- 
sary adjunct  of  something  else. 

eOX-Dr"TIOX,  (kon-dlsh'un,)  v.  i.    To  make  terms  ; 
to  stipulate  ;  as,  it  is  one  thing  to  condition  for  a  good  ' 
office,  and  another  to  execute  it.  ' 

eOX-DI"TIOX,  V  t.   To  contract ;  to  stipulate.  \ 

It  was  conditioned  l^tween  Saturn  and  Titan,  that   Samm  j 
sliould  1.01  to  death  all  his  male  children  Ralegh.  \ 

eOX-DI"TIOX-AL,  a.  Containing  or  depending  on  a 
condition  or  conditions  ;  made  with  limitations  ;  not 
absolute  ;  made  or  granted  on  certain  terms.  A  con- 
ditional promise  is  one  which  is  to  be  performed  when 
something  else  stipulated  is  done  or  has  taken  place. 
A  conditional  fee,  in  law,  is  one  which  is  granted  upon 
condition  that,  if  the  donee  shall  die  without  such  par- 
ticular heirs  as  are  specified,  the  estate  shall  revert  to 
the  donor.  Hence  it  is  a  fee  restrained  to  particular 
heirs,  to  the  exclusion  of  others. 

2.  In  grammar  and  Ionic,  expressing  a  condition  or 
supposition  ;  as,  a  canddional  word,  mode,  or  tense  ; 
a  conditional  syllogism. 

eOX-Dl"TIOX-AL,  71.    A  limitation.  Bacon. 

eOX-DI"TIOX-AL'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
conditional,  or  limited  ;  limitation  by  certain  terms. 

€OX-DI"TION-AL-LY,  adc.  With  certain  limita- 
tions ;  on  particular  terms  or  stipulations ;  not  abso- 
lutely or  positively. 

We  see  hrsre  preferments  tendered  to  hira,  but  conditiojuUIy, 
upon  his  doin;j  wicked  offices.  Houth. 

eOX-DI"TIOX-A-RY,  (-dish'un-,)  a.     Conditional ; 

stipulated.    [.Vol  useiL]  .Vifrrti. 
eOX-DI"TIOX-ATE,  a.  Conditional ;  established  on 

certain  terms.    [JVot  used.]  Hammond. 
eOX-DI"TION-ATE,  V.  t.    To  qualify ;  to  regulate. 

[JVot  171  u^e.]  Brown. 
eOX-DI"TIOX-£D,  (kon-dish'imd,)  pp.    Stipulated ; 

containing  terms  to  be  performed. 
2.  a.    Having  a  certain  state  or  qualities.  This 

word  is  usually  preceded  by  some  qualifying  term  ; 

as,  good-conditioned,  ill-conditioned,  best-conditionrd. 
eoX-DI"TIOX-IXG,  ppr.  Making  terms  or  conditions 

in  stipulations. 
eOX-DI"TIOX-LY,  adv.    On  certain  tenns.  [JVot 

tised.]  Sidney. 
€OX'DI-TO-RY,  71.     [L.  conditorium,  from  condo,  to 

hide.] 

A  repositorv  for  holding  things. 
eOX-Do'LA-TO-RY,  a.    Expressing  condolence. 
CON-DOLE',  r.  i.    [L.  condolco',  con,  wilh,  and  dolco, 
to  ache,  or  to  grieve.] 

'I'o  feel  pain,  or  to  grieve,  at  the  distress  or  misfor- 
tunes of  another. 

your  friends  would  have  cause  to  rejoice,  rather  than  condolt 
with  you. 

It  is  followed  by  7citA  before  the  person  for  whom 
we  ffcl  grief. 

eOX-DoLE',  !■.  (.   To  lament  or  bewail  with  another, 
or  on  account  of  another's  misfortune.    [  Unusual.] 
Why  should  our  noet  petition  Uis  for  her  safe  delivery,  and  af- 
ter^ ard  fonao/«  her  miscarriage  ?       Dryden.  Milton. 

eON-DoLE'MENT,  n.  Grief;  pain  of  mind  at  an- 
other's loss  or  misfortune  ;  sorrow  ;  mourning.  Shak. 

GOX-I)6'LENCE,  71.  Pain  of  mind,  or  grief  excited 
by  the  distress  or  misfortune  of  another.  -irbuUtnot. 

eON-I)Ol/EK,  71.    One  who  condoles. 

eOX-Dol.'IXt!,  ppr.    Grieving  at  another's  distress. 

eoX-DoL'IXG,  71.  Expression  of  grief  for  another's 
loss, 

€OX'I)0-.MA,  71,   An  animal  of  the  goat  kind,  as  large  I 
as  a  stag,  and  of  a  gray  color.     J)ict.  of  JVat.  Hist,  i 
It  is  a  spt!cies  of  antelope,  the  A.  strrpsicrros. 
eON-DO-NA'TION,  71.    [L.  condono.] 

The  act  of  pardoning.    [Little  used.] 
eON'DOR,  71,  .\  large  bird,  of  the  genus  yuUur,  found 
in  the  most  elevuttMl  parts  of  the  Amirs,  in  South 
America.    It  flies  higher  than  any  other  bird.  The 
reports  of  Its  si/,e  have  been  much  exaggerated. 

Dana. 

eON-DOCE',  V.  i.  [L.  conduco ;  con  and  duco,  to  lead  ; 
Sp.  conUucir  f  It.  condurre.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT — METE.  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


244 


CON 


CON 


To  lead  ur  tend  :  to  contribute ;  followed  by  to. 

They  ni.iy  fow/uce  to  lurlher  discoTcrii'i  for  comitlt't'iip  (he 
Iheury  of  li-lil.  Newton. 

To  conduce  lo,  im  liidi'.i  thi;  sense  of  ftidins,  trnding 
to  produce,  or  furnishing  tlie  means  ;  lieni  e  it  is 
SHnu'liines  equivalent  to  promote,  advance,  or  furtlior. 
Virtue  conduces  to  the  welfare  of  society.  RcliRion 
conducts  to  ti  niporal  happiness.  Temperance  conduces 
lo  heallh  and  long  life. 

In  the  transitive  sense,  to  conduct,  it  is  not  author- 
ized. 

€O.\-D0CE'MENT,  «.    A  leading  or  tending  to  ;  tcn- 

diiuv.  Grcgonj. 
€0.\-l)C''CENT,  o.  Tending  or  contributing  to.  Laud. 
€ON-U0'C'MU,E,  a.    [L.  condncibilis.] 

Leading  or  tending  tu;  having  the  power  of  con- 
ducing i  having  a  tendency  to  promote  or  forward. 
Our  Snvior  hiilh  nijoliicd  iis  a  renioiinblc  service  ;  nil  his  laws 
Bf  ill  tlieinsf  Ives  conduci6/<  to  Uiu  leiiipural  interest  of  tlicin 
llint  observe  tliein.  Benltey. 

[This  leord  is  Ujts  used  than  Conditive.] 
eON-DO'CI-BLE  NESS.  n.    The  quality  of  leading  or 

contributing  to  any  end.  More. 
eO.\-I)0'L'r-l3LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  promote. 
€0\-DC'CIXG,  ppr.    Tending  or  contributing. 
€ON-D0'CIVE,  a.    That  may  conduce  or  contribute  ; 

liaving  a  tendency  to  promote. 

An  action,  however  fonrfurit7e  lo  tiie  gooA  of  our  country,  will 
t»e  reprfsenteil  as  prejudicial  to  it.  Addison. 

eON-nO'ClVE  NESS,  II.  The  quality  of  conducing 
or  lending  to  promote.  Boyle. 

eO.N'DUeT,  n.  [Sp.  conducia;  It.  condotta;  ¥r.  con- 
duite ;  from  the  1,.  conductu.i,  but  with  a  dilferent 
sense,  from  conduco,  to  Icatl  ;  con  and  duco.  Sec 

DUKE.J 

1.  Litcralhi,  the  act  of  lending;  guidance;  com- 
mand.   So  VVuller  has  used  it. 

Corufuel  of  itrmies  is  n  prince's  art. 

9.  The  act  of  convoying  or  guarding ;  guidance,  or 
bringing  along  under  protection.  Sliak. 

3.  Guard  <m  the  way;  convoy;  escort.  Shak. 
[Tfiese  senses  are  now  uniisuaf,  thouirh  not  improper.'] 

4.  In  a  general  sense,  piTsoual  hchavior;  course  of 
actions;  deportment;  appUcnble  rijuaUij  to  a  trood  or 
bad  course  of  actions  i  as,  lauttahle  conduct ;  detestable 
coiuluct.  The  wortl  seems  originally  to  have  been 
followed  with  life,  action:i,  affairs,  or  other  term  ;  as, 
the  conduct  of  life ;  the  conduct  of  actioits ;  that  is,  the 
leading  along  of  life  or  actions. 

Yiiiiii^  men,  in  the  eondttcl  and  manage  of  actiont,  einbnico 

iiioiie  ihtn  they  cm  hold.  Bacon. 
Wh;it  in  the  conrluct  o/  our  ti/e  :ipp<'nrs,  Dryden. 

But,  by  custom,  conduct  alone  is  now  nsetl  to  ex- 
press the  idea  of  behavior,  or  course  of  life  and  man- 
ners. 

5.  Ei.act  behavior  ;  regular  life.  [Unusual.]  Sw{fL 

6.  .Management ;  mode  of  carrying  on. 
Christinnity  hss  liunuiniriitl  the  conduct  of  war.  Paley. 

7.  The  title  of  two  clergymen  appointed  to  read 
prayers  at  Eton  College,  in  Eiiglanii.  Mason. 

€ON-rjUeT',  1).  I.  [Sp.  conducir;  Port,  conduzir,  to 
conduct,  and  to  conduce  ;  Fr.  conduire  ;  It.  condurre  ; 
h.  conduco.  But  the  English  verb  is  from  the  noun 
conduct,  or  the  Latin  participle.] 

1.  To  lead;  to  bring  along;  to  guide;  to  accom- 
pany nnd  show  tlie  way. 


3.  To  lead  ;  to  direct  or  point  out  the  way  ;  as, 
the  precepts  nf  Christ  will  conduct  us  to  happiness. 

3.  To  lead  ;  to  usher  in  ;  to  intriKluce  ;  to  attend 
in  civility. 

Pr.iy,  receive  them  no!>ly,  Knil  conduct  them 

Inlo  our  presence.  ShaJc. 

A.  To  give  a  tlirertion  to  ;  to  manage  ;  a/ijdied  to 
things :  as,  the  farmer  conducts  his  affairs  with  pru- 
dence. 

5.  To  lead,  as  a  commamler ;  to  direct ;  lo  govern  ; 
to  command  ;  as,  to  conduct  an  army  or  a  division  of 
troops. 

6.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  conduct  one's 
self,  is  to  behave.  Hence,  by  a  customarj'  omission 
of  the  pronoun,  to  conduct,  in  an  intransitive  sense, 
b  to  behave ;  lo  direct  personal  actions.    [See  the 

7.  To  escort ;  to  accompany  and  protect  on  the 
way 

€0>"-l»L'eT'ED,         Led;  guided;  directed;  intro- 
duced ,  commanded  ;  managed. 

€ON.DUeT-l-niL'I-TY,  n.    Capability  of  being  con- 
ducted ;  as,  the  conductibilUy  of  the  electric  fluid. 

€ONl)UeT'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Leading;  escorting; 
introducing;  commanding;  behaving;  managing. 

eON-DUe'TIO.N,  n.    The  act  of  training  up.  (Aot  in 
«"<•]  B.Jonson. 

2.  Transmission  through  or  by  means  of  a  con- 
ductor. Ilcnrv'^  Chrm 

eONDUe-Tf'TIOUS,  (tish  us,)  a.    [L.  conductuius, 
from  conduco,  to  hire.] 

^v.J'mll^-if,'"'''"^'''*  Jlyliffe. 
eON-IJUeT'IVE,  o.    Directing  ;  leading ;  managing. 


eON-DUCT'OR,  n.  A  leader ;  a  guide ;  one  who 
goes  before  or  accompanies,  and  shows  the  way. 

2.  A  chief;  a  commandtT;  one  who  lends  an  army 
or  a  pet)pl('. 

;i.  A  ilireclor;  a  manager:  a  superintendent;  as, 
the  conductor  of  a  railroad  train. 

4.  In  surgery,  an  instrument  which  serves  to  di- 
rect the  knife  m  cutting  for  the  slone,  and  in  laying 
up  siiiiisi  s  and  fistulas  ;  also,  a  machine  to  secure  a 
frat^red  iiml).  Coie.  F.nryc. 

5^n  physics,  a  substance  which  forms  a  medium 
for  the  transmission  of  some  other  substance  or  fluid, 
particularly  of  heat  or  elitctricity.  Hence, 

G.  ,\  metallic  rod  erecti:d  by  btiilitings  or  in  shi|is, 
to  condiM't  li:;liliiing  to  the  earlh  or  water,  and  pro- 
tect till'  biilliliii^  ['roTU  its  effects. 
eON-DUeT'O-KY,  «.    Having  the  property  of  con- 
ducting. 

€ON-DUeT'RESS,  n.  A  female  who  leads  or  di- 
rects ;  a  directress. 

eON'DUlT,  (kon'dit,)  n.  [Fr.  conduit,  the  participle 
of  contluire,  L.  conducrre,  to  conduct ;  Sp.  conducts  ; 
It.  condotto  ;  Port,  condiuta.] 

1.  In  ancient  architecture,  a  narrow  passage,  usually 
under  ground,  for  the  purpose  of  secret  communica- 
tion between  apartments.  Brande. 

2.  A  canal  or  pi()e  for  the  conveyance  of  water  ; 
an  a(|ueduct.  Conduits  are  made  of  lead,  stone, 
cast  iron,  wood,  &.C.,  above  or  below  tJie  surface  of 
the  e.arth. 

3.  A  vessel  that  conveys  the  blood  or  other  fluitl. 

The  conduitt  of  my  blood.  Shak. 

4.  A  conductor. 

These  or»iuis  are  tlie  nerves,  which  are  the  conduitt  to  convey 
th.in  from  without  to  tlieir  audience  in  the  bnuu.  Locke. 

5.  .\  pi|)C  or  cock  for  drawing  off  liquor.  Shak. 
G.  Any  channel  that  conveys  water  or  fluids;  a 

sink,  sewer,  or  drain. 
eON-DO'I'LI-CATE,  a.    [L.  conduplicatus,  from  con- 
duplico,  to  double  or  fold ;  con  and  duplico.  See 
DounLE.] 

Doubled  or  folded  over  or  together,  as  the  leaves  of 
a  buil.  Martyn. 

eON-Du'PLI-e.\TE,    t.  To  double  ;  to  fold  together. 

eON-DU'Pl.I-CA-THD,  a.    Doubled  ;  foliled  together. 

€0N-UU-PI,l-e.\'T10N,  n.    [L.  coii(/ii;</ic«(/o.] 

.\  doubling  ;  a  duplicate.  Johnson. 

eON'DYLE,  (kon'dil,)  n.  [L.  condyhis:  Gr.  KoviSoUi.] 
A  protuberance  on  the  end  ol  a  bone  ;  a  knot,  or 
joint ;  a  knuckle.  Coic. 

eoN'DYL-OID,  a.  [Gr.  Kov?,v\of  and  tiilof,  form.] 
Tlie  coiulyloid  process  is  the  posterior  protuber- 
ance .It  the  extremities  of  the  under  jaw  ;  an  oblong 
rounded  head,  which  is  received  into  the  fossa  of 
the  temporal  bone,  forming  a  movable  articulation. 
The  anterior  is  calleil  the  coronoid  process.  Encyc. 

eON'DYL-Oin,  n.  The  apophysis  of  a  bone  ;  the 
projecting  soft  end,  or  process  of  a  bone.  Coie. 

eON'DYL-OPE,     )  M.    [Gr.  KovdoUf,  a  joint,  and 

eON-DYL'O-POn,  j     iron?,  foot.] 

A  general  term  applied  by  Ctivier  to  insects,  Crus- 
tacea, and  spiders,  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  tht^y  are 
articulated  annuals  with  jointed  feet.  Dana. 

CoN  E,  n.  [  Fr.  cone  ;  It.  and  Sp.  cono  ;  from  L.  conus  : 
Gr.  KOV'oi ;  VV.  con,  that  which  shoots  to  a  point, 
from  extending  ;  VV.  connyn,  a  tail ;  conyn,  a  stalk  ; 
cono,  a  spruce  fellow.  It  coincides  in  radical  sense 
with  the  rtKJt  of  can  and  begin.] 

1.  ■\  solid  body  or  figure  having  a  circle  for  its 
base,  and  its  top  terniinatt^d  in  a  point  or  vertex,  like 
a  sugar-loaf. 

2.  In  botany,  the  conical  fruit  of  several  evergreen 
trees,  as  of  the  pine,  lir,  cedar,  and  cypress.  It  is 
com|>osed  of  wooily  scales,  usually  opening,  and  has 
a  seed  at  the  base  of  each  scale.  Martyn. 

A  cone  of  rays,  in  o])tics,  includes  all  the  rays  of 
light  which  proceed  from  a  radiant  point  anti  fall 
upon  a  given  surface,  as  of  a  glass.  Barlow.  Brandt. 

A  right  cone,  is  when  its  axis  is  perpendicular  to 
the  plane  of  its  base,  and  its  sides  equal.  It  is  formed 
by  the  revolution  of  a  right-angled  plane  triangle 
about  one  of  its  sides.  Brande. 

An  obliifue  or  scalene  cone,  is  when  its  axis  is  in- 
clined to  the  plane  of  its  base,  and  its  sides  unequal. 
eO-.\F.'I.NE.    See  CoitiiNA.  [Bailey.  Brande. 

CO'NE-PaTE,  )  n.     The  .Mexican  popular  name  of  an 
eO'NE-P.\TL,  j    animal  of  the  wf.-usel  kind  in  Amer- 
ica, resembling  the  polecat  in  form  and  size,  and  in  its 
fetid  stench.  It  is  the  .Mephitis  Americana,  commonly 
called  .ikunk  in  New  England. 
eSNE'-SIIAP-iJD,  (  shipt,)  a.    Having  the  form  of  a 
eO'NEY.    See  Coxv.  [cone. 
eoN-FAB'i;-LATE,r.  1.    f  L.  eon/oftiJor  ;  con  and/ofr- 
ulor,  to  tell.    See  Fable.] 
To  t.-ilk  familiarly  together  ;  to  chat ;  to  prattle. 
If  birds  con/o^u/ole  or  no.    [Little  uted.]  Coxeper. 

eON-FAn-t;-LA'TION,  n.    [L.  confahttlatio.] 

P'amili.ar  t.alk  ;  ea.sy,  unrestrained,  unceremonious 

conversation.    Familiarly  abridged  into  confab.  [j\'ot 

an  elegant  word,  and  little  used.] 
eo.\-FAB'tJ-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Belonging  to  familiar 

talk.    [LitlU  used.] 


eON-FA-.MIL'IAR,  (  fa-mil'yar,)  a.  Very  familiar. 
[JVii(  in  use.] 

eoN-FAR  RF.-A'TION,  ii.  [L.  con/urrcatio  ;  con  and 
fnrreo,  to  join  in  marriage  with  a  cake,  from  far, 
corn  or  meal.] 

The  solemnization  of  marriage  among  the  Romans, 
by  a  cereinoii}'  in  which  the  bridegrtiom  antI  bride 
tasted  a  cake  made  of  Hour,  with  salt  anil  water, 
called  far  or  panis  furreus,  in  presence  of  the  high 
priest  antI  at  least  ti  n  witnesses.  Ayliffe.  Mum. 
CO.V-FaT'EI),  a.  Fated  together.  [A'lit  in  use.] 
CO.N'  FECT',  0.  (.  To  make  sweetmeats.  [See  Coh- 

KIT.]  * 

eON'FEGT,  n.    [I,,  confrctits,  conficio.    See  Comfit.] 
Soiiuthing  preparetl  with  sugar  or  honty,  as  fruit, 

herbs,  roots,  and  the  like  ;  a  sweetmeat.  Jlurvey. 
CON-FEC  T'El),  pp.    Maile  into  sweetmeats. 
CON-FECT'l.N't;,  ppr.    .Making  into  sweetmeats. 
eON-FE8'TIUN,  n.    [L.  confectio,  from  conficio  i  con 

and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  .Any  thing  prepared  with  sugar,  as  fniit;  a 
sweetmeat  ;  something  preserved.  Bacon.  Kncyc. 

2.  A  composition  or  mixture.  Bacon. 

3.  .\  sort  electuary.  Encyc. 
€ON-FE€'TIO.\-ER,  n.    One  whose  occupatitin  is 

to  make,  or  to  sell,  sweetmeats,  &,c. 

Boyle.  Sfiak. 
[Confectionery  in  this  sense  is  obsolete.] 
€0.>I-FEC'T10N-ER-Y,  n.    A  place  for  sweetmeats  ; 

a  place  where  sweetmeats  and  similar  things  are 

made  or  sold. 
2.  Sweetmeats  in  general;  things  prepared  or  sold 

by  a  confectioner. 
eON-FE€'TOR,  n.    [L.]    An  officer  in  Ww  Roman 

games,  whose  business  was  lo  kilt  any  beast  that 

was  dangerous.  Mttncr. 
eo.\-FEC'TO-R  V,  a.   Pertaining  to  the  art  of  making 

sweetmeats.  Beaum. 
eON-FEl)'ER-.\-CY,  n.    [Low  L.  confaderalio ;  con 

and  fotlcrutio,  from  fitdus,  a  league.    Sec  Feuekal' 

and  Wed.] 

1.  A  league  or  covenant ;  a  contract  betwet^n  two 
or  more  persons,  bodies  of  men  or  st.ites,  combined 
in  support  of  each  other,  in  some  act  or  enterprise  j 
mutual  engagement  ;  fetleral  coiiipnct. 

The  friendships  of  the  worlil  are  olt 

Con/e'teracies  in  vice.  A'ldieon, 
A  confederacy  of  princjs  to  check  inn  )v.itioii.  .Irtun. 

2.  The  persons,  states,  or  nations  united  by  a 
league. 

Viri;il  has  a  whole  confeieracy  against  him.  Dryden. 

3.  In  law,  a  combination  of  two  or  more  persons  to 
commit  an  unlawful  act.  Encyc. 

eO.V-FElVER-ATE,  a.    [Low  L.  con/cricra(i<.s-.] 

United  in  a  league  ;  allied  by  treaty  ;  engitged  in 
a  confederacy. 

These  werv  confederate  with  Abrnm. — Gen.  xiv. 
Syria  \i  eonfedtrale  with  Kphraim.  —  Is.  vii. 

eON-FEl)'ER-ATE,  ri.  One  who  is  united  with  oth- 
ers in  a  league  ;  a  person  or  nation  engagt  il  in  a  con- 
federacy ;  an  ally.  Uliak.  Dryden. 
eO.\-FED'EK-ATE,  v.  i.  [Fr.  confederrr ;  Low  L. 
confa-dero.  But  the  English  verb  seems  to  be  directly 
from  the  aiijective,  supra.] 

To  unite  in  u  league  ;  to  join  in  a  niiilual  contract 
or  covenant;  as,  the  colonics  of  America  confeder- 
ated in  I77G ;  several  states  of  Euroiic  have  some- 
times confederated  for  mutual  safety. 

Bywords  m-'ii  come  to  know  one  another's  minds;  by  these 
they  ctveiLini  and  confederate.  South. 

eO.N-FED'ER-ATE,  i-.  u  To  unite  in  a  league  ;  to 
ally. 

With  these  the  Piercies  thetn  con/edernte.  Daniel, 

eON-FED'ER-A-TEO,  pp.  or  a.    United  in  a  league. 
CON-FEl)'Ell-A-TING,  pjtr.    Uniting  in  a  league. 
eON-FED-ER-A'TION,  n.    [Fr.  confrderotion  .  It,  con- 
fedcrazione:  haw  h.  confaderatio  ;  coti  ami  firderatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  confediratlng ;  a  league;  a  compact 
for  mulual  suppoit ;  alliance,  particularly  of  princes, 
nations,  or  stAtes. 

The  three  princes  enter  into  a  strict  league  and  confederation. 

Bacon. 

2.  The  United  States  of  America  are  sometimes 
called  the  confetlrration. 

C().\-FER',  r.  i.  [Fr.  conferer :  It.  confrrire  :  Sp.  eon- 
fcrir  :  Tj.  cnnfcro  i  con  and  fero,  lo  bear,  to  bring  forth, 
to  show,  to  declare.    See  Hear.] 

To  discourse;  lo  converse;  to  consult  together; 
implying  conversation  on  some  serious  or  iin)>ortant 
subject,  in  distinction  from  mere  talk,  or  light,  famil- 
iar conversation  ;  followed  by  iritA, 

Adoiiijah  ror^erred  ailh  Joab  an<l  Abiaihar.  —  1  Kin^s  i. 
Festus  conferred  isith  the  council. —  Acts  xxv. 

eON-FER',  1. 1.   To  give  or  bestow  ;  fallowed  by  on, 

Corination  confers  on  the  tin?  no  royal  authority.  South, 
This  word  is  particularly  used  to  express  the  grant 
of  favors,  benefits,  and  privileges,  to  be  enjoyed,  or 
rights  which  are  to  be  iK-rmanent  ;  as,  to  confer  on 
one  the  privileges  of  a  citizen  ;  to  confer  a  title  or  an 
honor. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


31 


245 


CON 


CON 


CON 


9.  To  compare  ;  to  examine  by  comparison  ;  lUer- 
alhj,  to  bring  together.    [See  Compare.] 

It'  we  confer  these  observations  with  others  of  the  like  luiture. 

Boyle. 

[TTiw  sen.-ie^  though  genuine,  w  note  obgotete.'] 
3.  'J'o  contribute  ;  to  conduce  to;  tliat  is,  to  bring 
to.  The  closeness  of  parts  confers  mncli  to  the 
strength  of  the  nnion  ;  or,  intransitivehjy  cimfcrs  to 
tlie  strenglli  of  the  union.  [OAs.]  Olanrille. 
€OX'FER-E.\X'E,  n.  [Fr.  conference:  Sp.  confcrencia ; 
It.  confcrenza.    See  Cunfer.] 

1.  The  act»of  con^'ersing  on  a  serious  stibject ;  a 
discoursing  between  two  or  more,  for  tlie  purpose 
of  instruction,  consultation,  or  deliberation  ;  formal 
discourse  ;  oral  discussion  ;  as,  the  ministers  had  a 
conference  at  Ratisbon. 

For  they  who  seetiieti  lo       somewh.-vt,  in  conference  atltleil 
iiolhiiig  to  nie.  —  Gal.  ii.  ^ 

2.  \  meeting  for  consultation,  discussion,  or  in- 
struction. 

3.  Comparison  ;  examination  of  things  by  com- 
parison. 

The  mutual  conference  of  obser**alions.    Tlie  conference  of  dif- 
ferent p.iss;iges  of  Scripture.  Hooker. 

[nii'<  sense  is,  T  believe,  noiB  obsoletc.~\ 

4.  .\  meeting  of  the  two  brauches  of  a  legislature, 
by  th:;ir  committee,  to  adjust  difterences  respecting 
bills,  &.Q. 

5.  \  stated  meeting  of  preachers  in  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  church,  for  trans.icting  business. 

€0.\-FER'Rf;D,         Given;  imparted;  bestowed. 
CO.V-FER'REK,  //.    One  who  confers;  one  who  con- 
verses; one  who  bestows. 
€ON'-FER'RI.\G,  ;);)r.    Conversing  together  ;  bestow- 
eO.X-FER'RING,  n.    The  act  of  bestowing.  [ing. 

9.  Comparison  ;  examination. 
eON-FER-Ru'.MIX-A-TED,  o.    Sodered  together. 

Wmker, 

eO.V-FER'VA,  n. ;;»/.  CoNFERv.K.  [L.]  \nbutany,l\\e 
name  tif  an  extensive  sectitin  of  the  jiltrie,  consisting 
of  simple,  tubular,  joiuteti  water-weeds.     P.  Cyc. 

€ON-FESS',  r.  (.  [Fr.  confesser:  It.  confessare :  Sp. 
confr.^-ar ;  Port,  confcssnr :  fnun  1..  cnnfitctrr,  confe^sum  ; 
con  ami  fateitr,  to  own  or  acknowledge  ;  Ir.  faoisdin.l 

1.  To  own,  acknowledge,  or  avow,  as  a  crime,  a 
fault,  a  charge,  a  debt,  or  something  that  is  against 
one's  interest  or  reputation  ;  as,  I  confess  the  argu- 
ment against  nie  is  good,  and  not  easily  refuted  ;  let 
tis  frankly  confess  our  sins. 

iluin.tn  faults  with  human  grief  confess.  Prior. 

"  Confess  tliee  freely  of  thy  sins,"  used  by  Shak- 
speare,  is  not  legitimate,  unless  in  the  sense  of 
Koinan  Catholics. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  to  acknowledge 
sins  and  faults  to  a  priest ;  to  disclose  the  state  of  the 
conscience  to  a  priest,  in  private,  with  a  view  lo  ab- 
solution ;  sometimes  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun. 

The  beautiful  votary  confeaeed  herself  lo  this  ceiebrateH  father. 

A'idison. 

3.  To  own,  avow,  or  acknowledge  ;  publicly  to 
declare  a  belief  in  and  adherence  to. 

Whoever  shall  confess  nie  liefore  men. —  Matt.  x. 

4.  To  own  and  acknowledge,  as  true  disciples, 
friends,  or  children. 

Him  will  I  confess  t>efore  my  Father  who  is  in  heaven.  — 
Mati.  I. 

.'■>.  To  own  ;  to  acknowledge  ;  to  declare  to  be  true, 
or  to  admit  or  .asssnt  to  in  words  ;  opposed  to  deny. 

Then  will  I  confess  to  thee  that  thy  own  rijlit  hand  can  save 
thee.  —  Jul'  3tl. 

Th^se  —  confessed  that  they  were  stntngers  and  pili^ims  on  tbe 
earih.  —  lieb.  x't. 

6.  To  show  by  the  effect ;  to  prove  ;  to  attest. 
Tall,  thrivin*  trees  confessed  the  fruitful  mold.  Pope. 

7.  To  hear  or  receive  the  confession  of  another ; 
as,  the  priest  confessed  the  nuns. 

eO.N'-FESS',  V.  i.  To  make  confession  ;  to  disclose 
faults,  or  the  state  of  the  conscience ;  as,  this  man 
went  lo  the  priest  to  confess. 

eO.\-FESS'.\.\T,  n.    One  who  confesses  to  a  priest. 

Bacon. 

eo.\-FESS'.\-RY,  71.  One  who  makes  a  confession. 
rjV«)(  n.ieil.]  {fall. 

eO.\-FESS'>;i),  {kon-fest',)  pp.  or  a.  Owned  ;  ac- 
knowledged ;  declared  to  be  tnie  ;  admitted  in  words  ; 
avowed  ;  admitted  to  disclose  to  a  priest. 

eO\-FESS'EI)-r<V,  Hj/r.  I)y  confession  or  acknowl- 
edgment ;  avowedly  ;  undeniably.  Dcmo.sthcnes 
waN  ronfes^rdly  the  greatest  orator  in  Greece. 

9.  Willi  avowed  purpose  ;  as,  his  object  was  coii- 
fessrdty  to  secure  to  hiuHelf  a  benetice. 

eo.V-Ffi.^.S'I.NG,  ppr.  Owning;  avowing;  declaring 
to  be  true  or  real  ;  crauting  or  ailmitting  by  assent  ; 
receiving  discltMure  of  sins,  or  the  state  of  the  con- 
science of  another. 

eO.N  FE.'»'.'<IO.\,  (kon  feHh'iin,)  n.  The  acknowl- 
edgment of  a  crime,  fault,  or  Bomelhing  to  one'K 
^iHadvantage  ;  open  declaration  of  guilt,  failure, 
debt,  accuaation,  &c. 

with  lh«.MOUlh  confession  ij  rrade  li>  Mlvallon.  —  Rom,  X. 


2.  Avowal;  the  act  of  acknowledging  ;  profession. 
Who,  before  Pontius  PILite,  witnessed  a  ?ood  coufesaion. —  I 

Tim.  Ti. 

3.  The  act  of  disclosing  sins  or  faults  to  a  priest ; 
the  disburdtjning  of  the  conscience  privately  to  a 
confessor  ;  somelinies  called  auricular  confession. 

4.  Concession,  or  confession  of  faith  :  a  formulary  in 
which  the  articles  of  faith  are  comprised  ;  a  creeti  to 
be  assented  to  or  signed,  as  a  preliminary  to  admis- 
sion into  a  church.  • 

.•j.  The  acknowleilgment  of  a  debt,  by  a  debtor, 
before  a  ju.stice  of  the  peace,  &c.,  on  which  judgment 
is  enteretl  and  execution  issued. 
eON-FE.S'SION'-.AL,  »i.    The  seat  where  a  priest  or 
confessor  sits  lo  hejir  confessions  ;   a  confession- 
eo.\-FE.S'SIOX-.\-RV,  n.    [Pp.  confesionario.]  [chair. 

A  confession-chair,  ;is  above. 
eON-FES'SION-.V-RY,  a.     Pertaining  lo  auricular 
ettnfessiou. 

eoX-FKS'SION-IST,  n.   One  who  makes  a  profession 

of  failh.  j\lounta(TU, 
eo.N'-FESS'OR,  n.    [Fr.  confcsseur;  Sp.  confesor.) 

1.  One  who  confesses ;  one  who  acknowledges 
his  sins. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  profession  of  his  faith  in  the 
Christian  religiim.  The  term  was  particularly  ap- 
plied, in  the  early  church,  to  one  who  confessed  the 
doctrine  of  Christ  before  persecuting  nianistmles,  and 
firmly  endured  punishment  for  defending  the  faith. 
If  such  a  one  died  under  his  torments,  he  was  called 
a  martyr.  Hook.  The  term  was  used,  also,  for  such 
Christians  as  Jived  a  good  life,  and  died  with  the 
reputation  of  sanctity.  Encyc. 

3.  A  priest  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  who 
hears  the  confessions  of  others,  and  has  power  to 
grant  them  absolution. 

eOX-FEST',  p;).  or  a.  [For  Confessed.]  Owned; 
open  ;  acknowletiged  ;  apparent;  not  disputed. 

eoX-FEST'LY,  ado.  [For  Confessedly.]  Avowed- 
ly; indisputably.    [Little  ujcJ.] 

eo.V'FI-DAXT.  ji.  m.  (  One  intrusted  with  secrets  ; 

eOX'FI-DAXTE,  «./.  i  a  contidential  or  bosom 
friend.  [This  word  has  been  spelt  confident  by  Jlit- 
ford,  Co.xe,  and  others,  and  this  spelling  would  be 
preferable,  as  more  conformed  to  the  derivation  of 
the  word.1 

eoX-FIDE',  E.  f.  [L.  confido;  con  and  yirfo,  to  trust ; 
It.  confidare ;  Sp.  Port,  confiar ;  Fr.  confer ;  Arm. 
JizyouL    See  Faith.] 

To  trust ;  to  rely  on,  with  a  persuasion  of  faith- 
fulness or  veracity  in  the  person  trusted,  or  of  the 
reality  of  a  fact;  lo  give  credit  to;  to  believe  in, 
with  assurance  ;  followed  by  in.  The  prince  confiiies 
in  his  ministers  ;  the  minister  confides  in  the  strength 
and  resources  of  the  nation  ;  we  confide  in  the  veraci- 
ty of  the  sacred  liistorians  ;  we  confide  in  the  truth 
of  a  report. 

eOX-FIDE', ».  t.  To  intrust ;  to  commit  to  the  charge 
of,  with  a  belief  in  the  fidelity  of  the  person  intrust- 
ed ;  to  deliver  into  possession  of  another,  with  assur- 
ance of  safe  keeping,  or  good  management ;  followed 
by  to.  We  confide  a  secret  to  a  friend  ;  the  common 
interests  of  the  United  Slates  are  confided  to  the 
congress ;  the  prince  confides  a  negotiation  to  his 
envoy. 

They  would  take  the  property  out  of  the  hands  of  those  to  whom 
it  »«s  conjvled  by  the  charier.  Hopkinson. 

Congress  niay,  under  the  constitution,  coryiie  to  the  Circuit 
Court  jurisdiction  of  all  ollenses  against  the  United  Slates. 

Judge  Story. 

eOX-FID'ED,  pp.  Intrusted  ;  committed  to  the  care 
of,  for  preservation,  or  for  performance  or  exercise. 

eoX'FI-DENCE,  n.  [L.  confitlentia  :  It.  confidrnza ; 
Sp.  confianza ;  Fr.  eonftance,  cotifidcnce  See  Con- 
fide.] 

1.  .'\  trusting  or  reliance  ;  an  assurance  of  mind  or 
firm  belief  in  the  integrity,  stability,  or  veracity,  of 
another,  or  in  the  truth  and  reality  of  a  fad.  Mu- 
tual riinfiilrnce  is  the  basis  of  social  happiness.  I  place 
cottfidence  in  a  statement,  or  in  an  otficial  report. 

It  is  lieltrT  to  trust  in  the  LonI,  than  to  put  confidence  in  man. 
-  Ps.  cx.iii. 

I  re^'ice  tliat  1  have  confidence  in  you  in  all  thiu^.  —  '2 

2.  Trust ;  reliance  ;  applied  to  one's  own  abililies  or 
fortune  ;  belief  in  one's  own  competency. 

ills  tiiTi'-s  hchi^  r:tiher  prosperous  than  calm,  had  raised  his 
confidence  by  success.  Bacon. 

3.  That  in  which  trust  is  placed  ;  ground  of  trust ; 
he  tir  that  which  supports. 

l»rii  l  was  a.h.HTneil  i)f  B.  lli  el  their  ron>ien«. —Jcr.  llviii. 
J.-huvah  >hiill  b.-  thy  confitlence.  —  Pros' .  iii. 

4.  Saft^ty,  or  assurance  of  safely ;  security. 


They  .hxll  l)"iid  hou,.-«  ai 
tlwelt  with  confi/tence. 


1  plant  vinevards  ;  yea,  they  Bh:\l 
-tv-y.  xxvin. 


5.  Bolflness  ;  courage. 

Pieachiii;  tlie  kliigdorn  of  Go-l  with  all  confidence,  ~  Acts 
xxviii. 

6.  Excessive  boldness  ;  assurance,  proceeding  from 
vanity  or  a  falne  opinion  of  one's  own  abilities  or  ex- 
cellencies. 

Their  eonfidtnce  arlieth  from  too  much  credit  |fi»»-n  to  their  own 
wiu.  Hooker. 


eOX'FI-DEXT,  a.  Having  full  belief;  trusting  ;  rely- 
ing ;  fully  assured ;  as,  the  troops  rush  on,  cmifideiit 
of  success. 

1  am  confi'lent  that  much  may  be  done  toward  the  improvement 

of  philosophy.  Boyle. 
■    2.  Positive  ;  dogmatical ;  as,  a  confident  talker. 

3.  Trusting ;  without  suspicion. 

Rome,  be  as  Just  and  srrxcious  unto  me. 

As  1  am  confidsnl  and^kiiid  to  thee.  Shak. 

4.  Btild  to  a  vice  ;  having  an  excess  of  assurance. 

The  fi.c.l  rajeth  and  is  confllenl.  —  Prov.  xiv. 

eOX'FI-DE.NT,  n.  One  intrusted  with  secrets  ;  a  con- 
fidential or  bosom  frienil.   Dnjden.  Coze.  Jifitfurii. 

[Thi.s  leord  Itas  been  usually  written  Confidant. 
The  regular  Knglish  ortho^rrnphy  tcould  be  Co.sfident, 
(7<  triren  bit  Core  and  Jltlfitrd.] 

€0.\-FI-DEX'TI.\L,  a.  Enjoying  the  confidence  of 
another  ;  trusty  ;  that  may  be  safely  trusted  ;  as,  a 
confidential  frientl. 

2.  That  is  to  be  treated  or  kept  in  confidence  ;  pri- 
vate ;  as,  a  confitlential  matter. 

3.  .Admitted  to  special  cimfidence. 
eOX-Fl-DEX'TIAL-LY,  ado.    In  confidence;  in  re- 
liance or  secrecy. 

eOX'FI-DEXT-LV,  ailv.  With  firm  trust ;  with  strong 
assurance  ;  without  doubt  or  wavering  of  opinion  ; 
positively  ;  as,  to  believe  confidently ;  lo  assert  confi- 
de ntl>i. 

eOX'Fl-DEXT-XESS,  n.    Confidence  ;  the  quality  or 

st.tte  ijf  having  full  reliance. 
COX-FID' ER,  71.  One  who  confides ;  one  who  intrusts 

to  another. 

COX-FID'IX'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Trusting ;  reposing  confi- 
dence. 

eOX-FIG'U-R.\TE,  V.  i.  [L.  configuro.  See  Config- 
ure.] 

To  show  like  the  aspects  of  the  planets  toward 
each  other.  Jordan. 
eOX-FIG-U-R.\'TIOX,  77.    [Fr.,  from  L.  configuro.] 

1.  External  f  rm,  figure,  shape ;  the  figure  which 
bounds  a  body,  ami  gives  it  its  external  appearance, 
constituting  one  of  the  principal  diflerences  between 
bodies.  Enctjc. 

2  Relative  position  or  aspect  of  the  planets  ;  or 
the  face  of  the  horoscope,  according  lo  the  relative 
positions  of  the  planets  at  any  time.  Bailey.  Johnson. 

3.  Resemblance  of  one  figure  lo  another. 

Bailey.  Jones. 

GOX-FIG'URE,  r.  t.  [L.  configure ;  con  and  figuro,  to 
form  ;  figura,  figure.] 

To  form  ;  to  dispose  in  a  certain  form,  figure,  or 
shape.  Bentien. 

€OX-FIG'L3R-£D,  (kon-fig'yurd,)  pp.  To  dispose  in  a 
certain  form. 

eOX-FlG'UR-IXG,  ppr.    Forming  to  a  figure. 

€0.\-FrX'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  confined  or  lim- 
ited. Bp.  H.tU. 

eOX'FIXE,  71.  [L.  confinis,  at  the  end  or  border,  ad- 
joining; cotifiniuin,  a  limit;  co;i  anA  finis,  end,  bor- 
der, limit ;  It.  confine,  confiito ;  Sp.  confin ;  Fr.  and 
Poll,  confins.    See  Fine.] 

Border ;  edge  ;  exterior  part ;  the  part  of  any  territory 
which  is  at  or  near  the  end  or  extremity,  it  is  used 
gener.illy  in  the  plural,  and  applied  chiefly  to  coun- 
tries, territory,  cities,  rivt  rs,  &c.  We  say,  the  cott- 
fines  of  France,  or  of  Scotland  ;  and,  figuraticelij,  the 
confines  of  light,  of  death,  or  the  grave  ;  but  never 
the  cntifines  of  a  book,  table,  or  small  piece  of  land. 

eOX'FiXE,  a.  Bordering  on  ;  lying  on  the  border; 
atljacent;  having  a  common  boundary.  Johnson. 

eOX'FIXE,  V.  i.  [Ft.  confiner;  Sp.confinar;  ll.  confi- 
nare.] 

To  border  on  ;  lo  touch  the  limit ;  to  be  adjacent 
or  contiguous,  as  one  territory,  kiiigtlom,  or  state,  to 
another  ;  usually  followed  by  u7i ;  sometimes  by  icith. 
England  confines  on  Scotland.  Connecticut  confines 
on  M.Tss:ichuselts,  New  York,  Rhode  Island,  and  the 
Sound. 

eO.N-FiXE',  r.  t  [Sp  confinar ;  Fr.  confiner.  See 
supra.] 

1.  To  bound  or  limit ;  to  restrain  within  limits ; 
hence,  lo  imprison  ;  lo  shut  up  ;  to  restrain  from  es- 
cape by  force  or  insurmountable  tibstacles,  in  a  gen- 
eral .sense;  as,  to  confine  horses  or  cattle  to  an  iuclt)- 
siire  ;  to  confine  water  in  a  pond,  to  dam  ;  lo  confine  a 
garrison  in  a  town  ;  lo  confine  a  criminal  in  prison. 

2.  To  iminure  ;  to  keep  close,  by  a  voluntary  act ; 
to  b<^  much  at  home,  or  in  reliremeul ;  as,  a  man  con- 
fiites  himself  lo  his  studies,  or  to  his  house. 

3.  To  limit  or  restrain  voluntarily,  in  some  act  or 
practice  ;  as,  a  man  may  confine  himself  to  tlie  use  of 
animal  fooil. 

4.  To  lie  or  bind  ;  to  make  fast  or  close  ;  as,  to 
confine  air  in  a  bladder,  or  corn  in  a  bag  or  sack. 

5.  To  restrain  by  a  moral  force  ;  as,  to  confine  men 
by  laws.  The  constitution  of  the  United  Si;itesc««- 
fines  the  States  to  th«  exercise  of  powers  of  a  local 
nature. 

eoN-FI.N'KI),  pp.  or  a.  Restrained  within  limits  ;  im- 
prisoned ;  limited  ;  secluded  ;  close. 

eoX'FINE-LESS,  a.  llountUess  ;  unlimited  ;  without 
enil.  S/iuA. 

eoN-FINE'.MEXT,  71.    Restraint  within  limits ;  im- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 


846 


CON 


CON 


1 


prisonnu-nt ;  any  restr.iinl  of  liberty  by  forcr  nrnlher 
obstiu  If,  or  necessity  ;  lis,  tlii;  cunjlnement  of  a  debtor 
or  criuiiniil  to  a  prison,  or  of  troops  to  a  besieged 
town. 

2.  V'uluntc-y  restraint ;  sechisiiin  ;  as,  tbc  confine- 
ment of  II  man  In  bis  boiise,  or  to  liis  studies. 

:).  Viiliinlary  restraint  ni  action  or  inactice ;  as, 
cnnjinrinrnt  to  a  iiarlicnlar  diet. 

4.  Restraint  frnni  !;oinj;  abroad  by  sickness,  partic- 
ularlv  l>v  einldbirlli. 
eo.N-KTN'i;U,  II.   He  or  tliat  wliicb  limits  or  restrains. 
eO.\"l''Ii\-Klt,  a.    A  iKirdi  rer;  one  wlio  lives  on  eon- 
lines,  or  near  ibe  border  of  a  eonnlry.  SItuli. 

•2.  lie  orlbatttliieb  is  nearlbe  limit;  a  near  neigh- 
bor;  be  or  lliat  w  bieli  is  adjacent  or  cnntignons  ;  as, 
ronliiier.-)  in  art ;  conjinerj  between  plants  and  ani- 
mals, as  iiN'sters.  H'tUtim.  Itucun. 
Cl).\-l"I.\''l.\(J, ;v<r.  Restraining;  liniitins;;  imprison- 
in  l'. 

C;0.\  FIN''I-TY,  ».  [I.,  conjinitas.]  Contiguity  ;  near- 
ness ;  neiubbiirbood.  Dicf, 

eo.N'-FIR.M',  (kon-furm',)  v.  t.  [L.co!\firmoi  con  and 
JirmtK  to  make  lirm.    See  Kihm.] 

1.  'J'o  make  lirm,  or  more  linn  ;  to  adil  strength 
to  ;  to  strengtlieii ;  as,  health  is  cunjirmed  by  e.ter- 
cise, 

2.  To  fix  more  firmly  ;  to  settle  or  establish. 

Olitfirmin^  IIk-  huiils  cf  Ihr  »ItscillU'§. —  Acl»  xiv. 

1  miijinn  ilu-i'  in  ilic  pri«atlio„.).  M(tetxibet9. 

fuit/irm  llie  crown  lo  iiic  .iii.l  (o  mine  heirs.  S.'iok, 

:t.  'I'o  make  firm  or  certain  ;  to  give  new  assurance 
of  truth  or  certainty  ;  to  put  past  doubt. 

'I'lie  li-*linionj'  of  C'lirifct  was  iim/tnnetl  in  >oii. —  1  Cor.  i. 

4.  To  fi\;  to  iRdicate  ;  as,  the  patient  has  a  cok- 
firmed  dropsy. 

;').  'I'o  strengthen  ;  to  ratify  ;  as,  to  confirm  an  agree- 
ment, promise,  covenant,  or  title. 

ti.  To  make  more  firm  ;  to  siri  nslhjn  ;  as,  to  con- 
firm an  opinioi;,  a  i»urpose,  or  resolution. 

7.  To  admit  to  llii'  full  privileijes  of  a  I'liristian,  by 
the  inipiisition  of  a  bishop's  hanils.  Jolin.ion. 

8.  Xn  tJiC  iritvfrnincnt  of  the  United  S(a£c*",  lo  estab- 
lish, assent  to,  or  ratify  ;  as,  the  senate  confirmn  or 
rejects  the  appointments  proposed  to  tllcni  by  the 
pri  sideni  of  the  United  Stales. 

eo.\-KIR.M'A-HLK,  (kon  furin'abl,)  a.  That  maybe 
confirmed,  eslablished,  or  ratified  ;  capable  of  being 
made  more  certain.  Brown. 
eON'-FlR.M-.\'T10iV,  n.  The  act  of  confirming  or  es- 
tablishing ;  a  fixins,  scttlinn,  establishing,  or  making 
more  certain  or  firm  ;  establishimnit. 

In  the  cU  fctisc  .mtl  coiijtiinntion  of  the  pospcl,  ye  .■^r«  nU  j)i\rtak- 
cra  of  tny  gntco.  —  Phil.  i. 

9.  The  act  of  ratifying  ;  as,  the  confirmation  of  a 
promise,  covenant,  or  stipiilalicm. 

3.  The  act  of  giving  new  strength  j  as,  the  con- 
firmation of  health. 

4.  The  act  of  giving  pew  evidence  ;  as,  the  con- 
firmation of  opinion  or  report. 

5.  That  which  rimfirms  ;  that  which  gives  new 
strength  or  .xssurance  ;  additional  evidence;  proof; 
convincing  testiimniy  ;  as,  this  fad  or  this  argument 
is  a  confirmation  of  what  was  before  alleged. 

(i.  In  laiD,  an  assurance  of  title,  by  the  conveyance 
of  nn  esu\te  or  right  in  esse,  from  one  man  to  ;iiiolh- 
er,  by  which  a  voidable  estate  is  made  sure  or  una- 
voidable, or  a  iKirticular  estate  is  increased,  or  a  pos- 
session made  |)erfecL  Blackstone, 

7.  In  church  affairs,  the  act  of  ratifying  the  elec- 
tion of  an  archbishop  or  bishop,  by  the  king,  or  by 
persons  of  his  ap|Hiintmenl.  hlackxtone. 

8.  "The  act  or  ceremony  of  laying  on  of  hands,  in 
the  admission  of  bapti/.eil  persons  to  the  enjuyment 
of  Christian  privileges.  The  p-  rsoii  to  be  coiiiiriiied 
brings  his  codf.illier  and  godmother,  and  takes  upon 
himself  the  baptismal  vnws.  This  is  practiced  in 
the  Greek,  Roman,  and  Episcopal  churches. 

Hammond.  F.ncye, 
eON-FIRM'.\-TIVE,  (kon-furin'a-tiv,)  a.  Having 

the  power  of  confirming;  tending  to  establish. 
eo.N'-FIR.M'.i-TIVl'.-lA',  adr.    In  a  manlier  tending 

to  confirm. 

eO.N-FIRM-A'TOR,  n.    lie  or  that  which  confirms. 
eO.\-FIRM'.\-TO-RY,  (kon  furiii'a-to-ry,)  a.  That 

serves  to  confirm  ;  giving  adtlitlonal  strength,  fiirce, 

or  stability,  or  adtlition.al  assurance  or  evidence. 
3:  Pertaining  to  the  rite  of  confirin.ation. 
eO.\-FlUM'f;i),  (koii-furind',)  pp.  or  a.    Made  more 

finn  ;  slrenglliened  ;  established, 
a.  Admitied  lo  the  full  privileges  of  the  church. 
CO.N'-FIRM'ED-.NESS,  (kon-furiii'ed-ncss,)  n.  A  fi.ved 

stale. 

C0.\  FIRM-EE',  n.  One  to  whom  any  thing  is  con- 
finned.  ^sA. 

eo.N-FIRM'ER,  (kon-furm'er,)  n.  He  or  that  which 
confirms,  esijibhshes,  or  ratities;  one  that  prodnces 
new  evidence  ;  an  atlester.  Shai. 

eoX-FIR.M'ING,  (kon-furin'ing,)  ppr.  Making  firm 
or  more  firm;  strengthening:  ratifying;  siviiig  aildi- 
tional  evidence  or  proof;  establishing  ;  administering 
the  rite  of  confirm  ilimi. 

e()N-FlR.\I'I.N(;-I,Y,  {k.m-furm'ing-ly,)  adv.  In  a 
manner  to  strengthen  or  make  firm.    B.  Jonson. 


et)N-FIS'CA-llLE,  n.    (See  C.mriscATE.]    That  may 

be  confiscated  ;  li.'ibltt  to  forfeiture.  Browne. 
€0\-FI.'^'f' aTI:  or  t;(l.N"Fl<  C.\TE,  r.  I.    [I,,  con- 
fi.fco ;  con  anil    /iVcm.v,  a  basket,  hamper,  or  bag ; 
hence,  revenue,  or  Ihe  em|ieror's  treasure;  It.  conjii- 
core:  Fr.  eoojisi/ner ;  .^p.  confi.-icar.] 

To  ailjiiilge  to  be  forfeited  lo  the  public  treasury, 
as  ihi'  goods  or  estate  of  a  liailor  or  other  criminiil, 
by  v.  ay  of  penally  ;  or  to  condemn  private  forfeited 
phjperly  to  public  use. 

Th^stnl''  of  the  rcU'Ia  vf:\a  tn  iiii\  i\n,l  confiacale'l.  Atioti. 
eO.-V-FlS'e.^TE  or  t;().\'FIS-€.\TE,   o.     Forfi  iteil 
and  ailjiidged  to  the  public  trea.sury,  as  the  goods  of 
a  erimttial. 

€ON-Fl.S'eS-TF,D  or  eON'FI.«:-e.vTF.n,  p;>.  or  «. 
Atljndged  to  the  public  treasury,  as  forfeited  goods 
or  esiat,'. 

eoN-FIS'C^  -TING  oreON'FIS-eA-TING,  ppr.  Ad- 
judging lo  the  public  use. 

€<JN-FIS-t;.\'TK)\,  n.  The  act  of  condemning  as 
forfeited,  and  adjudging  to  the  public  treiusiiry,  as 
the  goods  of  a  criminal  who  has  committed  a  public 
ofl'cnse.    F.-.ra  vii. 

eON'Fl!<-eA-TOJ{,  11.    One  who  confiscates.  Burke. 

€0.\-FI.S't;A  'J'O-KY,  a.    Consigning  to  forfeiture. 

Bnrkc. 

eo.VFIT,  n.    A  sweetmeat.    [See  Confect.I 

eO.\'FI-'i'E.\T,  II.  [h.confiteni.  See  CoNfEss.]  One 
who  confesses  his  sins  anil  faults.    [JV'oJ  niiicA  used.] 

e().\'FIT-URE,  II.  [Fr.,  from  cuiiyirc,  confit ;  L.  coii- 
fectura,  eonfirio  ;  con  and  /«ciii.  'I'his  word  is  cor- 
rupted into  CoMKiT,  which  is  now  used. J 

A  sweetmeat  ;  cinifection  ;  comfit.  Bacon. 

€ON-FI.\',  r.  t.    [ij.  confiiro,  confixnm  ;  con  and  fiiro,  to 
fix,  to  Ihriist  to  or  on.    Sec  Fix.] 
'I'o  fix  down  ;  to  fasten.  Shak. 

eo.\'-FlX'i;U,  (-fixt,)  ;>;i.  Fixed  down  or  to;  fast- 
ened. 

eo.N-FlX'l.NG,  p/ir.    Fixing  to  or  on  ;  fastening. 
€().\'-FI.\'lJRE,  11.    The  act  of  fastening.  Jfountairu. 
GON-FL.A 'G R ANT,  a.    [L.  confiairrans,  confia^ro  ;  con 
and  fiit^rro,  to  burn.    See  Flagrant.] 

Burning  together  in  a  common  fiaine.  J\filton. 
€O.N-FLA-GR.\''nO.\,  II.    [L.  confiM^rratio.    See  Fla- 

GltA.NT.] 

I.  .\  great  fire,  or  the  burning  of  any  great  mass 
of  combustibles,  as  a  house,  but  more  especially  a 
city  or  forest.  Bentleij. 

a.  The  burning  of  the  world  at  the  consiiniinaiion 
of  tilings,  when  "the  elements  shall  melt  with  fer- 
vent heat." 

eON'-FL.A'GRA-TIVE,  a.    Causing  conflagration. 
eo.\-FLA'TIOi\,  11.     [\..  confialio,  from  conflo  ;  con 

and  fio,  to  blow.    See  Bi.ow.] 

A  blowing  together,  as  of  many  instruments  in  a 

concert,  or  of  many  lirtis  in  melting  metals.  Smart. 
eO.\'-Flj;.\M-RE,  II.    A  beii.ling.    [jYot  vsed.] 
€0.\'FLIC  T,  II.    [L.  conflictus,  from  confli^w  :  con  and 

fiif^Oy  to  Strike,  Eng.  to  fio^,  to  lick;  !Sp.  confiicto ;  It. 

confiitto  f  Fr.  confitt.] 

1.  A  striking  or  (lashing  against  each  other,  as  of 
two  moving  bodies  in  opposition  ;  violent  collision 
of  substances;  as,  a  confltcl  of  eleinenis  or  waves; 
a  coofiict  of  particles  in  ebullition. 

2.  A  fighting ;  cimibat,  as  between  men,  and  ap- 
plicable to  individuals  or  to  armies  ;  as,  the  confiict 
was  long  and  desperate. 

a.  Contention  ;  strife  ;  contest. 

Ill  our  last  conJUct,  four  of  his  five  wits  went  linlUiio:  off.  ShaJc. 

4.  A  struggling  with  difiiculties  ;  a  strivina  to  op- 
pose or  overcome  ;  as,  the  good  man  has  a  perpetual 
conflict  with  his  evil  propensities. 

."i.  A  struggling  of  the  mind  ;  distress ;  anxiety. 
Col.  ii. 

li.  The  l!Lst  struggle  of  life  ;  agony  ;  as,  the  confiict 
with  death.  'I'homson. 

7.  Opposing  operations;  countervailing  action; 
collision  ;  opposition.  . 

In  exercising  the  li^lil  of  frerinen,  tlie  mf\n  of  rrli^inn  t-xperi- 
eiiccs  no  coojticl  hetweeii  his  duly  iinil  his  iiicim  -lion. 

/.  AppUlon. 

eO.\-FLieT',  V.  i.  To  strike  or  dash  against;  to 
meet  and  opixisc,  as  bodies  driven  by  violence  ;  as, 
conflicting  waves  or  elements. 

2.  To  drive  or  strike  against,  as  contending  men 
or  armies;  to  fight;  to  contend  with  violence;  a.s, 
conflicting  armies 

3.  To  strive  ors(rn"2le  to  resist  and  overcome;  as, 
men  conflicting  with  difiiculties. 

4.  To  be  in  opposition,  or  contradictory. 

The  l  iws  of  Ihe  Uiineil  States  nnil  of  the  iiulivi.hi  il  Snios  msy. 
In  some  crises,  confiict  with  e.ich  other.  ^   W'hrnloiCs  Hep. 

eON-FEieT'I\G,  ppr.  Striking  or  dashing  together  ; 
fighting;  contending;  struggling  to  resist  and  over- 
come. 

2.  a.  Being  in  oppasition  ;  contrary ;  contradictory. 

In  Ihe  nl'vncc  of  all  c^nfiicting  cvhlence.  &tory. 

eO.N'-FLIC  r'IVE,  «.    l  ending  to  confiict. 
eo.N'FIiU-EXCE,  II.     [U  eonflaentia,  from  confluo  ; 

con  audyliio,  to  fiow.    See  Flow.] 

I.  .\  tlowing  together  ;  the  meeting  or  junction  of 

two  or  more  streams  of  water,  or  other  finid  ;  also. 


the  place  of  meeting  ;  as,  the  confluence  of  the  Tigris 
and  Euphrates,  or  of  Ihe  Ohio  and  .Mississippi 

2.  The  rillillilig  tou'elher  of  people;  the  acl  of 
meeting  and  ciowdiiig  in  a  jilaci'  ;  a  crowd  ;  a  con- 
course ;  the  latter  word  ts  inure  ^rnrrullij  used. 

Temple.  Hhok 

3.  A  collection  ;  meeting  ;  assemblage.  Boitte 
eo.N'FEU-E.NT,  a.    [L.  <:n«;li<c/i.v.]    Flowing  togeth- 
er ;  meeting  ill  their  coiir.se,  as  two  streaiiM ;  as, 
confluent  strcEMis.  BlncUmore. 

2.  In  medical  .vi^iViifi^,  running  together,  and  spread- 
ing over  a  large  surface  of  the  body  ;  as,  the  confluent 
smallpox.  Eneije. 

3.  In  botany,  united  at  llie  base  ;  growing  in  Itilts  ; 
as,  confluent  leaves;  running  into  ciicli  olher  ;  as, 
confluent  lobes.  Jfartijn. 

GO.X'FEI-'X,  TI.  [Low  L.  coiiflufio,  from  confluo. 
See  CoNKLCEr«eE.J 

1.  A  llowiiig  together;  a  in,-etiiig  of  two  or  more 
currents  of  a  Miiid.  S/iak. 

2.  .\  collc'ction  ;  a  crowd  ;  a  multitude  collected  ; 
as,  a  general  etnifiui  of  people.  Cturendon. 

eON-Fl.l'X-l-HII/I TY,  II.  The  tendency  of  fiuids 
lo  run  loaellier.    [/.illlru.^rd.]  Boijle. 

CON-FORM',  II.  [  L.  ct/ii/(ir/iii.t ;  con  and  forma,  form.] 
Matle  to  resemble  ;  assuming  the  same  form;  like; 
resembling.    [Little  u.-iv/.]  Bacon. 

GO.N'-FOR.M',  V.  t.  [L.  ronformo  ;  con  and  fornw,  to 
form,  or  shape,  from  forma,  form.] 

1.  To  make  like  in  external  appearance;  to  re- 
duce to  a  like  shape,  or  frrin,  with  something  else  ; 
with  to  i  as,  to  conform  any  thins  to  a  model. 

2.  More  generally,  to  retiuce  to  a  likeness  or  cor- 
respondence in  manners,  opinions,  or  moral  qual- 
ities. 

Kor  wtiom  he  <li<l  foreltnow,  he  niso  tliil   pn-ilesllnnte  In  be 

con/ormed  to  the  iina'^--  iit  his  S<.n.  —  Roin.  viii. 
Be  not  eon/ormed  to  this  world.  —  Itoin.  xii, 

3.  To  make  agreeable  to ;  to  sipiare  with  a  rule  or 
directory. 

Dcni.tnd  of  them  why  they  conform  not  tUemselves  to  Ibe 
Older  ot  the  church.  «  Hooker, 

eON-FOR.'M',  ».  i.  To  comply  with  or  yield  to;  to 
live  or  act  according  to  ;  as,  to  conform  to  the  fashion 
or  to  custom. 

2.  To  comply  with  ;  to  obey  ;  as,  to  conform  to  the 
laws  of  the  state. 

eoX-FOR.M'A-HLE,  a.  Correspondent ;  having  the 
same  or  similar  external  form  or  shape ;  like  ;  re- 
sembling ;  as,  an  edifice  conformable  lo  a  model  or 
draft. 

2.  Having  the  same  or  similar  manners,  opinions, 
or  moral  qualities. 

Tlic  Gentiles  were  not  m.ide  conformable  lo  the  Jews,  in  thai 
which  was  to  cease  at  the  coiiiinjr  of  Christ.  Hooker. 

3.  .Agreeable;  suitable;  consistent ;  as.  Nature  is 
conformable  lo  herself.  AVwton, 

4.  Compliant;  ready  to  follow  directions ;  submis- 
sive ;  obsequious  ;  peaceable  ;  disposed  to  obey. 

I  li;ive  U-en  to  you  a  tiue  and  hurnl.lc  wde, 

At  all  time  to  yotir  will  cott/orinabte.  Shak. 

k  5.  In  geology,  when  the  planes  of  one  set  of  strata 
are  generally  parallel  to  those  of  another  set  lying  in 
contact,  they  are  said  to  be  conformable.  Luell. 

It  is  generally  ft>IIowed  by  to,  but  good  writers 
have  used  with.  In  ils  etyinolouical  sense,  that  may 
be  conformed,  capable  of  being  conformed,  it  seeins  not 
lo  be  used. 

eON-FOR.M'A-BLY,  aih.  With  or  in  conformity  ; 
suitably ;  agreeably  ;  as,  let  us  settle  in  our  own 
minds  what  rules  to  pursue,  and  act  conl'ormahly. 

eo.\  FOR.M-A'TIO.X,  11.  The  manner  in  which  a 
body  is  formed  ;  the  jiarticular  texture  or  structure  of 
a  body,  or  disposition  (if  the  parts  which  compose  it; 
form  ;  structure  ;  often  with  relation  lo  stune  olher 
body,  and  with  adaptation  to  s^me  purpose  or  elTecl. 
Light  of  difi't  reiit  colors  is  rerti'Clcd  from  bodies,  ao 
cording  to  their  diirereiit  conformation.  Varieties  of 
sound  depend  on  Ihe  conformation  of  the  organs. 

2.  The  act  of  conforming  ;  Ihe  act  of  producing 
suitableness  or  conformily  ;  with  f<i ;  iis,  the  conform- 
ation of  our  hearts  and  lives  to  Ihe  duties  of  true 
religion  H'att.<. 

3.  In  medical  science,  the  particular  make  or  con- 
struction of  the  body  peciili.ir  to  an  individual ;  .as,  a 
gtiod  or  bad  ciinformation.  F.nrye. 

eo.N  FOR.M'AI),  pp.  Made  lo  resemble  ;  reduct-d  to 
a  likeness  of;  made  agreeable  to ;  siiiletl. 

ei ).\-F< IR.M'ER,  71.  One  who  cimforins  ;  one  who 
complies  with  established  forms  or  doctrines. 

eo\-F()ll.M'l.XG,ppr.  Kediiciiig  to  a  likeness  ;  adapt- 
ing :  complying  with. 

eO\-FOR.M'l.'^T,  n.  One  who  conforms  or  complies  j 
appropriately,  one  who  complies  with  the  worship  of 
the  Church  of  England,  or  of  the  established  church, 
as  dislinsiiislicd  from  a  dissenter  or  non-conformist. 

€O.N-FOR.M'l-TV,  II.  Likeness  ;  corres|K>ndence  with 
a  model  in  form  or  manner  ;  resemblance  ;  agreement ; 
congmity  with  something  else  ;  followed  by  to  or  ifitA. 
A  ship  is  consirticled  in  conformity  to  a  model,  or  in 
I  conformity  with  a  model.  True  happiness  consists  in 
i     conformity  of  life  to  Ihe  divine  law. 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GEa,  VI"CIOL'S.  — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  T H  as  in  THIS. 


CON 


CON 


CON 


2,  Consistency ;  tigreenient. 

Many  instances  prove  ilie  con/ormUy  ul  llie  essay  with  tlie  no- 
tions of  Hippocratus.  Arbulhnol. 

3.  In  theology,  correspondence  in  manners  and 
principles ;  compliance  with  established  customs. 

Live  no!  in  conforndty  with  the  worKi.  Anon. 

•€ON-FOR-Ta'TION,  n.  [See  Comfort.]  The  act 
of  comfurtiiig  or  giving  strength.    [JVo£  used.] 

Bactnu 

€ON-FOUND',  c.  L  [Ft.  confondre;  L.  confundo;  con 
and  fundo^  to  pour  out ;  It.  confondtre ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
confundir.    Literalhj^  to  pour  or  throw  together.] 

1.  To  mingle  and  biend  ditidrent  things,  so  that 
tlieir  forms  or  natures  can  nut  be  distinguished  ;  to 
mix  in  a  mass  or  crowd,  so  tliat  individuals  can  not 

2.  To  throw  into  disorder  [be  distinguished. 

lyM  US  go  tlown,  and  lliere  coit/ound  tlieir  lAiigiLige.  —  Geil.  li. 

3.  To  mix  or  blend,  so  as  to  occasion  a  mistake  of 
one  thing  for  another;  as,  men  may  con/omul  ideas 
with  words. 

A  tlLii-1  iKniy  and  n  welling  liquor,  lycause  tliey  agree  in  inftny 
ihin^e,  are  woiit  10  be  confounded.  Boifle. 

4.  To  perple.t ;  to  disturb  the  apprehension  by  in- 
distinctness of  ideas  or  words.  Men  may  cunfuund 
each  other  by  unintelligible  terms  or  wrong  applica- 
tion of  words. 

5.  To  abash ;  to  throw  the  mind  into  disorder ;  to 
cast  down  ;  to  make  ashamed. 

Be  Uiou  confounded,  and  bear  Ihy  shame. —  Ezek.  xvi. 
Saul  confounded  the  Jews  at  D.tmasciis.  —  Acts  ix. 

6.  To  perplex  with  terror  ;  to  terrify  ;  to  dismay  ; 
to  aston  ish  ;  to  throw  into  consternation  ;  to  stupefy 
with  amazement. 

So  spake  l)ie  Sen  of  God ;  and  Saltan  stood 

A  while  as  tnilte,  confounded  what  to  say,  Milton. 

The  multitude  came  together,  aii'i  were  confounded.  —  Acts  ii. 

7.  To  destroy  ;  to  overthrow. 

So  deep  a  malice  to  confound  the  race 

Of  mankind  in  one  rcou  yfltton. 

€OX-FOUND'ED,  pp.    Mixed  or  blended  in  disorder; 

perplexed ;  abasheil  ;  dismayed ;  put  to  shame  and 

silence ;  astonished. 
2.  a.    Very  great  ;  enormous  ;  as,  a  confounded 

tory.    [  Vidtrnr.j 
eOX-FOtTND'EU-LY,  nrfr.     Enormously;  greatly; 

shamefully  ;  as,  he  was  ctmfoundtilly  avaricious.  [A 

low  word.] 

€O.N-FOUXD'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
founded. jMUtoi:. 

eOX-FOL'ND'ER,  n.  One  who  confounds  ;  one  «Tio 
disturbs  the  mind,  perplexes,  refutes,  frustrates,  and 
puts  to  shame  or  sik  nee  ;  one  who  terrifies. 

eON-FOUXD'IXG,  ppr.  Mixing  and  blending;  put- 
ting into  disorder  ;  perplexing;  disturbing  the  mind; 
abashing,  and  putting  to  sliame  and  sdence  ;  as- 
tonishing. 

eON-FRA"-TER'NI-TY,  n.  [h.  confraternita  :  Fr.can- 
fralernite  ;  con  and  L.  fratcntitaji,  fraternity,  from 
frater,  brother.] 

A  brotherhtxid  ;  a  society  or  aod}'  of  men  united 
for  some  purpose  or  in  some  profession  ;  as,  the  con- 
fraternity of  Jesuits. 
eOX-FRI-e.\'TIO.\,  71.    [ft.  cnnfricazionc,  friction  ; 
L.  confrico  ;  con  and  frico,  to  rub.    See  Friction.] 
A  rubbing  against ;  friction.  Bacon. 
€Oi\-FRI'ER,  n.    [Fr.  confrere.] 

One  of  the  same  religious  order.  TVeever. 
€O.\-FR0.\T',  (kon-frunt',)  r.  (.     [It.  confrontare  ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  confruntar  :  Fr.  confronter  ;  con  and 
front,  the  forehead,  or  front,  L.  fron.^.] 

1.  To  stand  face  to  face  in  full  view;  to  face;  to 
stand  in  front. 

He  (poke,  and  then  confronts  the  bull.  Dryden. 

2.  To  stand  in  direct  opposition  ;  to  oppose. 

The  CAst  and  west  churchei  did  both  confront  the  Jews  and 
concur  with  thenj.*  Hooker. 

3.  To  set  face  to  face  ;  to  bring  into  the  presence 
of ;  as  an  accused  person  and  a  witness,  in  court, 
for  examination  and  discovery  of  the  truth  ;  fol- 
lowed by  icUli. 

The  witnei«et  are  confronted  with  the  accused,  the  accused 
wil^i  one  another,  or  the  witnesses  vilh  one  another. 

4.  To  set  together  for  comparison  ;  to  compare  one 
thing  with  another. 

When  1  confront  a  merlal  with  a  vene,  I  only  show  you  the 
same  ficsign  executed  by  dilTerent  hands.  Additon. 

C0.\  FROX-Ta'TION,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  two 
persons  into  the  presi'nce  of  each  other  for  examina- 
tion and  rtiwoverj'  of  truth. 

CO.V-FKi'j.VT'EI), ';.7>.  Set  face  to  face,  or  in  oppoei- 
liim  ;  broiisht  intti  the  presence  of. 

eo.\-FKO.\T'I.N'<;,  ppr.  .Selling  or  standing  face  to 
face,  or  in  opjHiHitit>ii,  or  in  pre^^cnce  of. 

efJX-KKONT'.MEN'l',  n.    I  'ouipnrison.  Oley. 

eO.VFCSE',  a.    .Mixed  ;  confounded.  Barret. 

COX-FCISE',  v.  I.  [L.  coiifnuua  ;  Fr.  confas  ;  from  L. 
confundo.    i^vM  <-'oni-iH7M).] 

1.  To  mix  or  blend  things,  no  that  they  can  not  be 
dintinguishcd. 

Klunnlnjf  loundi  and  Tolc/*!  all  confuted.  Milton. 
£very  battle  of  the  warrior  la  with  confuted  noise.  —  Is.  Ix. 


2.  To  disorder,  as,  a  sudden  alarm  confused  the 
troops  ;  a  careless  book  keeper  has  confused  the  ac- 
counts. 

3.  To  perplex;  to  render  indistinct ;  as,  the  clamor 
,   confused  his  ideas. 

4.  To  throw  the  mind  into  disorder ;  to  cast  down 
or  abash  ;  to  cause  to  blush  ;  to  agitate  by  surprise 
or  shame  ;  to  disconcert.  A  sarcastic  remark  con- 
fused the  gentleman,  and  he  could  not  proceed  in 
his  argument. 

Confused  and  sadly  she  at  length  replied.  Pope. 

eON-FuS'£D,  (kon-fuzd',)  pp.  or  a.  Mixed  ;  blended  ; 
so  tliat  the  things  or  persons  mixed  can  not  be  dis- 
tinguished. 

Some  cried  one  thin^,  and  some  another;  for  the  assembly  was 
confused.  —  Acts  xix. 

2.  Perplexed  by  disorder,  or  want  of  system  ;  as,  a 
confused  account. 

3.  Abashed  ;  put  to  the  blush  or  to  shame  ;  agitated ; 
discoiicerted. 

COX-Ft)S'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  mixed  mass  ;  without 
order  or  separation  ;  indistinctly  ;  not  clearly ;  tu- 
multuously  ;  with  agitation  of  ntind  ;  without  regu- 
larilv  or  system. 
€OX-FuS'ED-.\ESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  confused; 
want  of  order,  distinction,  or  clearness. 

The  cause  of  tlie  confusedness  of  our  notions  is  want  of  atten- 
tion. KorrU. 

eOX-FCSE'LY,  ad.    Obscurely.  BarreU 
eOX-FrS'IXt;, ;;;)r.    Mixing;  confounding. 
€OX-FU'SIOX,  n.    In  a  general  sense,  a  mixture  of 
several  things  promiscuously  :  hence,  disorder ;  ir- 
regularity ;  as,  the  confusion  of  tongues  at  Babel. 

2.  Tumult ;  want  of  order  in  society. 

Tiie  whole  city  was  filled  with  confusion. —  Acts  xix. 
God  is  not  the  author  of  confusion.  —  I  Cor.  xiv. 

3.  A  blending  or  confounding  ;  indistinct  combi- 
nation ;  opposeil  to  distinctness  or  perspicuity ;  as,  a 
confusion  of  ideas. 

4.  Abashment ;  shame. 

O  Lord,  let  me  never  be  put  to  confusion.  —  Ps.  Ixxi. 

We  lie  in  shanie,  and  our  confusion  covereth  us.  — Jer.  iii. 

5.  Astonishment ;  agitation  ;  perturbation  ;  distrac- 
tion of  mind. 

Confusion  dwelt  in  every  face.  Spectator. 

6.  Overthrow  ;  defeat ;  ruin. 

The  makers  of  itlols  shall  go  to  confusion  together.  —  Is.  xlv. 

7.  \  shameful  blending  of  natures ;  a  shocking 
crime.    Lerit.  xviii.  23;  xx.  12. 

eOX-FuT'.A-BLE,  a.  [See  Coxflte.]  That  may  be 
confuted,  disproved,  or  overthrown  ;  that  may  be 
shown  to  be  false,  defective,  or  invalid  ;  as,  an 
argument  or  a  course  of  reasoning  is  confutable. 

eOX-Fu'TAXT,  n.  One  who  confutes  or  undertakes 
to  confute.  Milton. 

eOX-FU-TJ\'TION,  71.  The  act  of  confuting,  disprov- 
ing, or  proving  to  be  false  or  invalid  ;  refutation  ; 
overthrow,  as  of  arguments,  opinions,  reasoning, 
theor\',  or  error. 

eOX-Fu'TA-TlVE,  a.  Adapted  or  designed  to  con- 
fute. _  Rich.  Diet 

eOX-FuTE',  V.  U  [L.  confuto ;  con  and  ant./uto ;  Sp. 
confutar  ;  It.  confutare.    Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  disprove  ;  to  prove  to  be  false,  defective,  or 
invalid  ;  to  overthrow  ;  as,  to  confute  arguments,  rea- 
soning, theory,  error. 

2.  i'o  prove  to  be  wrong;  to  convict  of  error,  by 
argument  or  proof;  a-s,  to  confute  an  advocate  at  the 
bar  ;  to  confute  a  writer. 

eoN-FOT'EU,  pp.    Disproved  ;  proved  to  be  false, 

defective,  or  unsound  ;  overtlirown  by  argument, 

fact,  or  proof. 
eOX-FuTE'.MEXT,  n.  Cimfutation  ;  disproof.  Milton. 
COX-FOT'ER,  71.    One  who  disproves  or  confutes. 
€OX-F0T'IXG,  ppr.    Disproving  ;  proving  to  be  false, 

defective,  or  invalid  ;  overthrowing  by  argument  or 

proof. 

COX'Ce,  (kon'jee.)  n.  [Fr.  congi,  leave,  permission, 
discharge,  contracted  frtuii  conned ;  verb,  conircdirr,  to 
dismiss  ;  It.  con<jedo,  leave,  permission  ;  congedarc,  to 
give  leave  ;  Arm.  congea.  The  verb  is  a  compound 
of  con  and  ged ;  \V.  gadatt,  to  i^uit,  to  leave,  tti  per- 
mit ;  gad,  leave.  Oadaic  is  the  Celtic  form  of  the  L. 
ccdo.    Conged  is  therefore  concedo.] 

1.  Leave;  farewell;  parting  ceremony.  Spenser. 

2.  The  act  of  respect  performed  at  the  parting  of 
friends.  Hence,  the  customary  act  of  civility,  on 
other  occasions ;  a  bow  or  a  cotirt/'sy. 

The  c-iptaiu  salutes  you  with  conge  profound.  SwifL 
eOX'fiP.,  V.  i.    To  take  leave  with  the  customary  ci- 
vilities ;  to  bow  t)r  courtesy. 

The  preterit, CoNtjcKi),  is  tolerable  in  English  ;  bill 
CoiTGk:ir<io  will  not  be  tiilmitted,  and  CoNOEEiNt;  is 
an  anomaly. 

COJV' ZJ'/^/.J'/i^;',  (konV.h.'t-ila-leer',)  [Fr.]  Infc- 
cle.iia.itical  affair.i,  the  king's  license  or  permission  to 
a  dean  antl  chapter  to  choose  a  bishop ;  or  to  an  ab- 
bey or  priory  of  his  own  touiiiltttion  to  choose  tlu;ir 
abbt)t  or  prn)r.  The  king  t)f  (Jreat  Britain,  as  sovts 
reigii  patron,  hntl  formerly  the  nppt)inlment  of  all  ec- 
cieHiastical  dignities ;  investing  by  crosier  and  ring. 


and  afterward  by  letters  patent.  But  now  the  king, 
on  demand,  sends  his  conge  d^elire  to  the  dean  and 
chapter,  with  a  letter  missive,  containing  the  name 
of  the  person  he  would  have  them  elect,  and  if  they 
delay  the  election  twelve  days,  the  nomination  de- 
volves on  the  king,  who  may  appoint  by  letters  pa- 
tent. Encyc,    Cowel.  BUickstcme. 

eOX'CE,  71.  In  architecture,  a  molding  in  form  of  a 
quarter  round,  or  a  cavetto,  which  serves  to  separate 
two  members  from  one  another;  such  as  that  which 
joins  the  shaft  of  the  column  to  the  cincture,  called 
also  apophyge.  Also,  a  ring  or  ferrule,  formerly  used 
on  the  extremities  of  columns  to  keep  them  from 
splitting ;  afterward  imitated  in  stone-work.  Encyc. 

COS-Ck.\1j',  (kon-jeel',)  v.  t.  [h.  congelo ;  con  and 
gelo,  to  freeze  ;  Fr.  congeler  ,•  It.  congelare ;  Sp.  coh 
gelar;  Ann.  culedi.  This  may  be  connected  with  the 
Xv.  cculaic,  to  curdle  or  coagulate,  from  caul,  a  calPs 
maw  ;  also,  rennet,  curd,  and  cliyle.  The  L.  gelo 
has  the  elements  of  cool,  but  it  may  be  a  different 
word.] 

1.  To  change  from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  state,  .as  by 
cold,  or  a  loss  of  heat,  as  water  in  freezing,  liquid 
metal  or  wax  in  cooling,  blood  in  .stagnating  or  cool- 
ing, &c. ;  to  harden  into  ice,  or  into  a  substance  of 
less  solidity.  Cold  congeals  water  into  ice,  or  vapor 
into  hoar-frost  or  snow,  and  blood  into  a  solid  mass, 
or  clot. 

2.  To  bind  or  fix  with  cold.  Applied  to  the  circu- 
lating blt>od,  it  does  not  signify  absolutely  to  liarden, 
but  to  cause  a  sensation  of  cold,  a  shivering,  or  a  re- 
ceding of  the  blood  from  the  extremities;  as,  the 
frightful  scene  congealed  his  blood. 

€OX"-CeAL',  v.  i.  To  grow  hard,  stiff,  or  thick,  from 
loss  of  heat ;  to  pass  from  a  lluid  to  a  solid  state ;  to 
concrete  into  a  solid  mass.  Melted  lead  congeals; 
water  congeals  ;  blood  congeals, 

eOX-<5EAL'.A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  congealed  ;  ca- 
pable of  being  converted  from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  state. 

COX-<iEAL'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Converted  into  ice,  or  a 
solid  mass,  by  the  loss  of  heat,  or  other  process ; 
concreted. 

€OX-CeAL'ED-XESS,  71.    State  of  being  congealed. 

€OX-Gp;.AL'1XG,  ppr.  Changing  from  a  liquid  to  a 
solid  state;  coricreting 

€OX-GeAL'MEXT,  71.  A  clot  or  concretion  ;  that 
which  is  formed  by  congelation.    Also,  congelation. 

€OX-GE-La'TIOX,  II.    [L.  eongclatio.] 

The  process  of  passing,  or  the  act  of  converting, 
from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  state,  by  the  abstraction  t»f 
heat  ;  or  the  state  of  being  congealed  ;  concretitm.  1 
It  differs  from  crystallization  in  this:  in  congelation,  j 
the  whole  substance  of  a  fluid  may  become  solid  ;  in  1 1 
crystallization,  when  a  salt  is  formed,  a  portion  of 
liquid  is  left.     But  the  congelation  of  water  is  a  ] 
real  cr\'stallization.  Ennic.  i 

eo\liE.\I-I-X.VTIOX,  71.    Act  of  doubling.  [Ois.] 

COX'GE^XER,  71.  [L.  congener;  con  and  gener,  kintl, 
race.] 

A  thing  of  the  same  genus,  kind,  or  nature. 

The  cherry-tree  has  been  often  gratted  on  the  laurel,  to  which  it 
is  a  congener.  Miller. 

eOX'GE  .\ER,         j  a.  Of  the  same  genus,  kind,  or 

eOX-GEX'ER-OUS,  ]  nature  ;  allied  in  origin  or 
cause  ;  as,  congenerous  bodies  ;  congenerous  diseases. 

Broicn.  .^rbtlOinoL 

eOX-GEX'ER-.A-CY,  7i.    Similarity  of  origin. 

€OX-GE-XER'ie,  a.  Being  of  the  same  kind  or  na- 
ture. 

eoN-GE.\'ER-OUS-XESS,  71.     The  quality  of  being 
from  the  same  original,  or  of  belonging  to  the  same  | 
kind.  jDict. 

eoX-Gi5'XI-AL,  a.  [L.  con  and  genus,  whence  geni- 
alis,  genial.    See  Generate.] 

1.  Partaking  of  the  same  genus,  kind,  or  nature  ; 
kindred  ;  cognate  ;  as,  congenial  souls. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  nature;  natural;  agreeable  to 
the  nature  ;  usually  followed  by  to;  as,  this  severity 
is  not  congenial  to  him. 

3.  Xatural  ;  agreeable  to  the  nature  ;  adapted  ;  as, 
a  soil  congenial  to  a  plant. 

€().\-CE  XI-.AL'I-TV,  j  71.  Participation  of  the  same 
€<).N-Ge'XI-AL-NESS,  J     genus,  nature, or  original; 

cognation;  natural  affinity  ;  suitableness.  fVoUon. 
eo.N-Gr.'XI-AL-IZE,  V.  t.   To  make  congenial. 
CO.\-GE.\'ITE,     la.    [Ij.  congenitus ;  con  and  geni- 
€0N-GEX'I-T.\L,  S     (lis,  born,  from  g-ig-no,  to  beget, 
gignor,  to  be  born.] 

Of  the  same  birth  ;  born  with  another ,  connate ; 
begotten  together. 

Many  coiiclusiuns,  of  moral  and  intellectual  trutlia,  aeem  to  be 

conseuxCe  with  us.  Hole. 
Native  or  congetiiUU  varieties  of  animals.  Lawrence. 

eOX"GER,  j  (kong'gur,)  n.    [I.,  conger,  ot  con^ 

€0N"GER-EEL,  i  grus;  Or.  tayypos,  or  yoyypos; 
It.  gongro;  Fr.  congre.] 

The  sea-eel ;  a  large  species  of  eel,  of  the  genus 
Anguilla,  sometimes  growing  to  the  length  of  ten 
fix't,  and  weighing  a  hundred  pounds.  In  Cornwall, 
England,  it  is  an  article  of  commerce,  being  shipped 
to  Spnjn  and  Portugal.  P.  Cyc 

eOX-GlC'Rl  KS,  71.  [I..,  from  congern,  to  bring  togeth- 
er, to  amass  ;  c<;ii  anil  gero,  to  bear.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.  — METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

_ 


CON 

A  collection  of  severul  purticlcs  or  bodies  in  one 
muss  or  asi-regate.  Boyle. 
eON-GEST',  V.  i.    fL.  congero,  congestam;  con  and 
gcrOj  to  bt'ar.] 

To  collect  or  gather  into  a  mass  or  aggregatr. 

Ralc^li. 

eON-GEST'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  collected  into  a 
mass. 

eON-CiKS'TlON,  (kon-jest'ynn,)  n.    [L.  convestio.] 
An  unnatural  accumulation  of  blood  in  any  part  of 
tho  bo<lv,  or  uny  subordinate  system  of  parts.  Tulhj. 

eON-GEST'IVE,  a.  Indicating  or  attended  by  an 
accumulation  of  blood  in  some  part  of  the  body. 

eo.\'Cl-A-UY,  V.  [L.  congiariiim,  from  congiii.i,  a 
measure ;  Fr.  con(riairc.] 

Proptrlij,  a  pre.sent  madi^,  by  the  Roman  emperors, 
to  the  people  ;  originally,  in  corn  or  wine  nuasured 
out  to  llii.'m  in  a  r.o«g^ui.<,  a  vessel  holding  a  gallon  or 
rather  more.  In  present  ii.iii!;c,  a  gift  orilonative  rep- 
resented on  a  medal.  Kiiciic.  Jlihlisaii. 

COX-GLa'CI.\TE,  v.  i.   [L.  conirliirin ;  am  and  i;liir,io, 
to  freeze  ;  glacies,  ico.J 
To  turn  to  ice  ;  to  freeze.  Brown. 

eO.\-GLJ-CI-A'TION,  n.  The  art  of  changing  into 
ice,  or  the  state  of  being  converted  to  ice  ;  a  freez- 
ing ;  congelation.  Bruwn. 

eON-GI.O'li.VrE,  a.  [h.  conglobntii.'!,  Cmm  conirlubo; 
con  and  gloho,  to  collect,  or  tti  make  round  ;  gtobtis^  a 
ball.    .«ee  Globe.] 

Formed  or  gathered  into  a  ball.  A  cunirlohnic  gland 
is  a  single  or  lymphatic  gland,  a  small,  smooth  body, 
covered  in  a  fine  skin,  admitting  only  \u\  artery  and 
a  lymphatic  vessel  to  pass  in,  and  a  vein  and  a  lym- 
phatic vessel  to  pass  out.  Parr.  Coir. 

eoN'-GLo'BATE,  r.  t.  To  collect  or  form  into  a  ball, 
or  hardj^ round  substance.  Orcw. 

eO»\-GLo'BA-TED,  jip.  Collected  or  formed  into  a 
ball. 

eOi\-GL0'BATE-LY,  ado.  In  a  round  or  roundisli 
form. 

CON'-GLO-Ba'TIOM,  n.    The  act  of  forming  into  a 

ball ;  a  round  body. 
eo.\-GLOl!E',  V.  i.     [L.  conglobo;  con  and  globo, 
from  globus,  a  round  body.] 
To  gather  into  a  ball ;  to  collect  into  a  round  mass. 

Mllon. 

eOX-GI.OBE',  V.  i.  To  collect,  unite,  or  coalesce  in 
a  round  mass.  jMUton. 

COS  V.\.C)\i'F.D,  pp.    Collected  into  a  ball. 

CO.N'-OLoB'ING, />/>r.  Gathering  into  a  round  mass 
or  ball. 

eO\-GLOB'tJ-L5TE,  v.  i.    To  gather  into  a  little 
■  round  mass,  or  globule.  Johnson. 
eO.V-GLO.M'ER-ATE,  a.     [I.,  conglomero ;  con  and 

glomrro,  to  wind  into  a  ball,  from  glomus,  a  ball,  a 

clew.    See  Glomehatk.  j 

1.  Gathered  into  a  ball  or  round  body.  A  conglom- 
erate gland  is  comiK>sed  of  many  smaller  glands, 
whose  excretor)'  ducts  unite  in  a  eonunon  one,  as 
the  liver,  kidneys,  pancreas^  parotids.  &,c.  Each  lit- 
tle grandnlated  portion  furnishes  a  small  tube,  which 
unites  with  other  similar  ducts,  to  form  the  common 
excretory  duct  of  the  gland.  Coic.  Encijc. 

2.  In  botany,  conglomcrolc  flowers  grow  on  a 
branching  peduncle  or  fiHilstalk,  on  short  pedicles, 
closely  compacted  together  without  order  ;  opposed 
to  difftiscd.  jifurtyn. 

3.  Conglnmcrate  rocks.    Pee  PuoniNr.-PTo.iE. 
eON-GLO.M'EK-ATE,  v.  I.    To  gather  into  a  ball  or 

round  bodv  ;  to  collect  into  a  round  mass.  Grew. 

eO.^'-GI,0^i'ER-.VTE,  n.  In  geology,  a  sort  of  |>ud- 
ding-slonc,  or  rock,  composed  of  [Ktbbles  cemented 
together  by  another  mini  mi  substance,  either  calca- 
reous, silicions,  or  argillaceous.  Brande. 

€0.\-GL().M'ER-.\-TEU,  pp.  or  a.  G.ithered  into  a 
ball  or  round  mass. 

€0.\-GI.O.M'EU-A-TI.\G,;;;.r.    Collecting  into  a  ball. 

eO.\-GLO.M-Ell-A'TK)\,  n.  The  act  of  gathering 
into  a  ball ;  the  state  of  being  thus  collected  ;  collec- 
tion ;  .accumulation. 

€ON-GL0'TI-NANT,  a.  [Seo  Concluti.hate.]  Glu- 
ing; uniting;  healing.  Bacon. 

CO.N*-GLO'T1-NA.\T,  n.  A  medicine  that  heals 
wounds. 

eO.\-GI,0'TI-XATE,  r.  (.  [L.  eonglatino ;  con  and 
glutino,  from  gluten,  glue.    See  Gli'e.] 

1.  To  glue  together  ;  to  unite  by  some  glutinous  or 
tenacious  substance. 

2.  To  heal ;  to  unite  the  separated  parts  of  a 
wound  bv  a  tenacious  substance. 

€ON-GLC'TI-XaTE,  v.  i.  To  coalesce;  to  unite  by 
the  intervention  of  a  callus.  Jolmson. 

eo\-(;i,0'TI-i\A-TED,  or  a.  Glued  together; 
united  by  a  tenacious  substance. 

CON-GLO'TI-Na-TING,  ppr.  Gluing  together  ;  uti- 
ting  or  closing  bv  a  tenacious  substance. 

e().\-GL0-TI-.\A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  gluing  to- 
getlier;  a  joining  by  means  of  some  tenacious  sub- 
stance ;  a  healing  by  uniting  the  parts  of  a  wound  ; 
union.  JlrbuUinoL 

eO.\-GL0'TI-N,\-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
uniting  bv  ghie  or  other  substance  of  like  nature. 

eO.\-GL0'TI-NA-TOR,  n.  That  which  has  the  power 
of  uniting  wounds.  IVooduard. 


CON 


ics  of  black  lea. 
ing  in  participation. 

Milton. 


eON"n(),  (kong'go,)  n.  A  specie 
eON-GKAT'lj-LANT,  a.  Kejoic 


€ON-GRAT'II-LATE,  (kon-gr.it'yu-lite,)  v.  t.  [U. 
congrntulor ;  con  and  gratulor,  from  grata.'!,  grateful, 
pleasing.    See  Gbace.] 

To  profess  one's  pleasure  or  joy  to  another  on  ac- 
count of  an  event  deemed  liappy  or  fortunate,  as  on 
the  birth  of  a  child,  success  in  an  enterprise,  victory, 
escape  from  danger,  iScc. ;  to  wish  joy  to  another. 
We  eougratulatc  the  nation  on  the  restoration  of 
peace. 

Kormerly  this  verb  was  followed  by  to.  "The 
subjects  of  England  may  congratulate  to  themselves." 
Drydrn.  But  tliis  use  of  lu  is  entirely  obsolete.  The 
use  of  teith  after  this  verb,  **  I  concralulate  trith  my 
country,"  is^  perhaps,  less  objectionable,  but  is  rarely 
used.  Thi^  intransitive  sense  of  the  verb  may  there- 
fore be  considered  as  antiquated,  and  no  longer  legit- 
imate. 

eO.\-GRAT'U-LA-TF,r),  pp.  Complimented  with  ex- 
pressions of  joy  at  a  happy  event, 

eON'-GRAT'l|.LA-TIN(ij  ppr.  I'rofessing  one's  joy 
or  satisfaction  on  account  of  some  happy  event, 
pros|>eritv,  or  success, 

CUN-GR.VT-II  La'TIDX,  n.  The  act  of  professing 
one's  joy  or  good  wishes  at  the  success  or  happiness 
of  another,  or  on  account  of  an  event  deemed  for- 
tunate to  both  partii'S  or  to  the  coinniunitv, 

eo,\-GRAT'lI-L,\-TOR,  h.  One  who  otfcrs  congrat- 
ulation, Millon. 

eo.V-GltAT'lT-LA-'i'O-RY,  a.  Expressing  joy  for  the 
good  fortune  of  another,  or  for  an  event  fortunate 
for  both  parties,  or  for  the  conimunitv. 

eo.V-tiREE',  r,  I,    To  agree.    [JVot  iii  use.]  Sbak. 

eo.\-GKEET',  V.  t.  To  salute  mutually.  [-V»t  in 
vsr.]  ahak. 

eOi\"GUE-GATE,  (kong'gre-gate,)  v.t.  [h.  coiigrego  ; 
con  and  grrx,  a  herd,  VV.  gre.    See  Grkcarious,] 

To  collect  separate  pers(ms  or  things  into  an  as- 
semblage ;  to  assemble ;  to  bring  into  one  place,  or 
into  a  crowd  or  united  body  ;  as,  to  congregate  men 
or  animals ;  to  congregate  waters  or  sands. 

Hooker.    MUton.  Shah. 

eON"GRE-GATE,  ».  i.  To  come  together;  to  as- 
semble ;  to  meet. 

Eq'i;il3  witii  eqUAls  oflcii  congregate.  Denham. 

eO.\"'GRE-GATE,  a.     Collected  ;  compact  ^  close, 

[Little  used.} 
eo.\"GKE-GA-TE 


Bacon 

ED,  pp.  or  a.    Collected  ;  assembled 
in  one  place, 

eO,\"GUE-GA-TING,  j<pr.    Collecting;  iissembling; 

coining  together. 
etJi\"GRE-GA'TION,  (kong-gre-ga'shun,)  n.  The  act 

of  bringing  together,  or  :isseinbling. 

2.  A  collecti(m  or  assemblage  of  separate  things  ; 
as,  a  congregation  of  vapors,  ShaJ:. 

3.  More  generally,  an  assembly  of  persons  ;  and 
appropriately,  an  assembly  of  persons  met  for  the 
worship  of  God,  and  for  religious  instruction. 

Hooker. 

4.  An  assembly  of  rulers.   JVum.  xxxv. 

5.  An  assenibiy  of  ecclesiastics  or  cardinals  ap- 
pointed by  the  pt>pe;  as,  the  congregation  of  the 
holy  office,  &c.  Also,  a  company  or  society  forming 
a  subdivision  of  a  monastic  order.  Encyc. 

(!.  At  Orford  and  Canibriilgc,  the  assembly  of  mas- 
ters and  doctors  for  transacting  the  ordinarj'  business 
of  conferring  degre<>3.  Brande. 
eOi\"GRi:-GA'T10N-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  congre- 
g;ition. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  system  of  Congregationalism  ; 
appropriately  used  of  such  Christians  as  maintain 
that  each  congregation  is  independent  of  others,  and 
has  the  right  to  choose  its  own  pxstor  and  govern 
itself;  as,  a  Congregational  church  or  mode  of  wor- 
ship. J.  Murdock. 

eoN"GRE-GA'Tin\-AI.-IS.M,  n.  That  .system  of 
church  government  which  vests  all  ecclesiastical 
[lower  in  the  iissembled  brotherhood  of  each  local 
church,  as  an  iiiilepend«nt  body.         J.  Murdock. 

€0.\"GRE-GA''I'I0N-,\L-1ST,  ii.  One  who  belongs 
to  a  Coiigregation;il  church  or  society  ;  one  who 
holds  to  the  independence  of  each  congregation  or 
church  of  Christians,  and  the  right  of  the  assem- 
bled brethren  to  elect  their  p,xstor,  and  to  determine 
all  ecclesiastical  matters,  J.  .burdock. 

eO.V'GRESS,  (kong'gress,)  ii.  [L.  eongrcssus,  from 
congralior,  to  come  together ;  con  and  gradior,  to  go 
or  step  ;  grarliu,  a  step.    Sec  Grade  and  Deoree.J 

1.  A  meeting  of  individuals  ;  an  assembly  of  en- 
voys, commissioners,  deputies,  &.c. ;  particularly, a 
meeting  of  the  n^presentatives  of  several  courts,  to 
concert  measures  for  their  common  good,  or  to  adjust 
their  mutual  concerns.  Europe. 

2.  The  assembly  of  delegates  of  the  several  Brit- 
ish colonies  in  America,  which  united  to  resist  the 
claims  of  Great  Britain  in  1774,  and  which,  in  177G, 
declared  the  colonies  indeiicndent. 

3.  The  assembly  of  the  delegates  of  the  several 
United  suites,  after  the  declaration  of  independence, 
and  until  the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution, 
and  the  organization  of  the  government  in  1789. 


CON 

During  tln^se  |ieriods,  the  congress  consisted  of  one 
houst!  only. 

4.  The  assembly  of  senators  and  representatives 
of  the  United  Slati'S  of  America,  according  to  the 
present  ciuistitiilion,  or  political  coni|iact,  by  which 
they  arc  united  in  a  fi  deral  republic  ;  the  legislature 
of  the  United  States  consisting  of  two  houses,  a 
senate  and  a  house  of  representatives.  Mcmbi  rs  of 
the  senate  are  elected  for  six  years,  but  the  mem- 
bers of  the  house  of  representatives  are  chosen  for 
two  years  only.  Hence,  the  united  body  of  senators- 
and  representatives  for  the  two  years,  (luring  which 
the  representatives  hold  their  seats,  is  called  one  con- 
gres.-!.  'i'hiis  we  say  the  first  or  second  session  of 
the  sixteenth  congress, 

f>.  .\  meeting  of  two  or  more  persons  in  a  contest ; 
an  eneounler  ;  a  conflict.  Drydrn. 

C,.  The  meeting  of  the  sexes  in  sexual  cominerce. 
eo\-i:i!ES'SIO.\,  »,    A  company,    [J^ot  in  use.] 
CO.N-tiKES'SIO.N-AL,  (koii-gre.s"h'un-al,)  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  congress,  or  to  the  congress  of  the  United 
States  ;  as,  congressional  debates. 


Th*?  congrestitntal  in. 


iitioa  i>r  Ainphictyoiu  In  Gnw. 


eO.N'-GRES'SrVE,  a.    Meeting,  as  the  sexes.  Brown. 

2,  Encountering, 
eON'GllEVE  ROCK'ET,  n,    A  very  destructive  en- 
gine  of  war,  invi'uted  by  Sir  William  Congrevc,  It 
is  tilled  with  highly  intlamniable  materials,  and  im- 
pelK  d  forward,  like  the  common  sky-rocket,  with  a 
continual  acceli-ration,  Brande. 
eON-GKOE',  t),  i.    To  agree,    [JVot  xised.]  Shal:. 
eOi\"GRU-EN(.'E,  (  n,  [L,  congruentia,  from  conirruo, 
eON-GRC'E.\-CV,  i     to  agree,  or  suit,] 

Suitableness  of  one  thing  to  another ;  agreement ; 
consistency.  More. 
eON"GRU-ENT,  a.  Suitable  ;  agreeing ;  correspond- 
ent, Davics. 
eoX-GRO'I-TY,  71.     Suitableness ;  the  relation  of 
agreement  between  things, 

Th?re  id  no  cougruity  U*twM>n  ft  m<?an  subject  and  (i  lofty  ilyle  : 
but  an  obviuuB  con^ruily  between  un  derated  MAUon  auu 
(ii^nilk'J  dc'ponnicut, 

2,  Fitness;  pertinence. 

A  whole  Kutence  may  foil  ofita  congrtttty  by  wanting  a  jiarticlc. 

Stitney. 

3,  Reason;  consistency;  propriety.  Hooker. 

4,  In  sclwol  divinity,  the  good  actions  which  are 
supposed  to  render  it  meet  and  equitable  that  God 
should  confer  grace  on  those  who  perform  them. 
The  merit  of  congruity  is  a  sort  of  impiTfert  qualifi- 
cation for  the  gift  and  reception  of  God's  grace, 

Milner. 

5,  In  geometry,  figures  or  lines,  which,  when  laid 
over  one  another,  exactly  coincide,  are  in  romrruity. 

eON"GRU-OUS,  a,    [U  congruus.]  [Johnson. 

1,  Accordant;  suitable;  consistent;  agreeable  to. 
Light,  airy  music,  and  a  soleinii  or  mournful  occa- 
sion, are  not  congruous.  Obedience  to  God  is  congru- 
ous to  the  light  of  reason,  Loclic, 

2,  Ration.al ;  fit. 

It  U  not  eongritoug  tbat  (lod  shouM  be  alw,iy»  frightening  men 
iiito  an  acknowledgment  oT  tW  trutn.  Auerbury. 

eOX"GRU-OUS-LY,  <i(/».     Suitably  ;  pertinently  ; 

agreeably  ;  consistently.  Boyle. 
CON'IC  ) 

GON'Ic'aTj  (  nfoftKO^.  See  Cone.] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a  cone  ;  round  and  decreas- 
ing to  a  [loint ;  as,  a  conic  figure  ;  a  conical  vessel. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  cone  ;  as,  conic  sections. 

Conic  section ;  a  curve  line  formed  by  the  intersec- 
tion of  a  cone  and  plane.  The  conic  sections  are 
the  parabola,  hyperbola,  and  ellipse.  Bailey. 

eO.\'ie-.\L-LY,  ado.    In  the  form  of  a  cone.  Boyle. 

eO.\'ie-.Vt,-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
conical. 

eo.N'ICS,  n.  Th.at  p.irt  of  geonietrj'  which  treats  of 
the  cone  and  the  curves  which  arise  from  its  sec- 
tions. Johnson. 

Go'NI-FER,  n.    FL.]    A  plant  bearing  cones. 

CO-J\rjF'ER-.^,  [L,  infra.]  n.  pi.  All  order  of  plants, 
which,  like  the  fir  and  pine,  bear  cones  or  tops  in 
which  the  seeds  are  conlaineit.  Lyelt. 

eO-XIF'ER-(JUS,  a.  [I.,  conifer,  con\ferus ;  from 
conus  antl  fero,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  cones  ;  producing  hard,  dry,  scaly  seed- 
vessels,  of  a  conical  figure,  as  the  pine,  fir,  cypress, 
and  beech.  Martyn.  Encyc. 

Co'.N'I-FOR.M,  a.  [cone  and  form.]  In  form  of  a 
cone  ;  conical  ;  as,  a  coniform  mountain  of  Potosi. 

eO-.\I-ROS'TEIlS,  71,  pi.  [L,  conus,  a  cone,  and  rot- 
trum,  a  beak.]  A  tribe  of  insessorial  birds,  including 
those  which  have  a  strong  bill  of  a  ctiiiical  form,  as 
the  crows  and  finches.  Brande. 

ioNpfrxV  [Gr.  .....no..] 

?0  \ir'I  VA  •''"<'''"'<l  obtained  from  Coni- 

*^n  \  T'  \  f    ummaculatum,the  modem  officinal 

t^M  vT'ivV  I     hemlock,  and  its  active  medicinal 

e8-xft'iNJ-,  j  P""^'P'«- 

eO-XI-ROS'TR.\L,  a.    Having  a  thick,  conical  beak, 

as  crows  and  finches.  Steainson- 
eo-NlS'TR.\,  71,    [Gr,]    The  pit  of  a  theater. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  yXITE,  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  aa  Z ;  CU  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


82 


CON 


CON 


CON 


efi'MTE,  n.    [Gr.  kovis,  ttiii-t.] 

A  variety  oi  iiia?in*siun  carbonate  uf  lime,  occur- 
ring massive  or  in  stalactites.  It  contains  tliree  parts 
of  carbonate  of  magnesia  to  one  of  carbonate  of 
linio.  Dana. 

eON-JECT',  V.  t.  To  throw  together,  or  to  throw. 
[JVo(  used.]  Muuntagu.. 

eON-JECT',  E.  i.    To  guess.    [JVo(  iW.]  Sliak. 

COiV-JEeX'OK,  71.  [ L.  conjicio,  to  cast  logetlier ;  con 
and  jacio,  to  throw.] 

One  wlio  guesses  or  conjectures.  [See  Conjec- 
ture.] Swifl. 

eON-JE€T'tT-RA-BLE,  a.  Tliat  maybe  guessed  or 
conjectured. 

eOX-JECT'lI-RAL,  a.  Depending  on  conjecture ; 
dcme  or  said  by  guess  ;  as,  a  cmijeclural  ojHriion 

eON-JEeT'U-RAL-LY,  adu.  Without  proof  or  evi- 
dence ;  by  conjecture  ;  by  guess ;  as,  this  opinion 
was  given  conjecturafly. 

€ON-JEeT'L;KE,  (kon-jekt'yur,)  n.  [L.  conjutura  ; 
Ft.  conjecture ;  It.  coniretlara-,  or  congiiiettttra  ;  Sji. 
coiijcfura  ;  Port,  conjectura,  or  conjeitHra.    See  Con- 

JECTOR.] 

1.  LiteralUj,  a  casting  or  tjirowing  together  of  pos- 
sible or  proltable  events  ;  or  a  casting  of  the  mind  to 
something  future,  or  souielliing  past  but  unknown  ; 
a  guess  formed  on  a  supposed  possibility  or  proba- 
bility of  a  fiict,  or  on  slight  evidence  ;  preponder- 
ance of  opinion  without  proof;  surmise.  We  sjieak 
of  future  or  unknown  things  by  cunjectare,  and  of 
probable  or  unfounded  conjectures. 

2.  Idea  ;  notion.  Shak. 
eO.\-JEeT'URE,  (kon-jekt'yur,)  r.  t.    To  guess;  to 

judge  by  guess,  or  by  the  probability  or  the  possibil- 
ity of  a  fact,  or  by  very  slight  evidence  ;  to  form  an 
opinion  at  random.  What  will  be  the  issue  of  a 
war,  we  may  conjecture,  but  can  not  know.  He  coft- 
jectured  that  some  misfortune  had  happened. 

eON-JEGT'lIR-BD,  pp.    Guessed;  surmised. 

€ON-JEeT'UR-ER,  n.  One  who  guesses;  a  guesser; 
one  who  forms  or  utters  an  opinion  witliout  proof. 

Addison. 

eO.V-JEeT'UR-I.\G,  ppr.    Guessing;  surmising. 
eON-JOB'BLE,  V.  t.    To  settle  ;  to  concert.  [  l^ulffar.] 
CON-JOIN',  u.  (.    [Fr.  conjoindre;  It.  cuniriutrnere,  ar 

congiunffcre ;  L.  conjungo ;  con  and  jungo,  to  join. 

See  Join.] 

1.  To  join  together,  without  any  thing  intermedi- 
ate ;  to  unite  two  or  more  persons  or  things  in  close 
connection  ;  as,  to  conjoin  friends  ;  to  conjoin  man 
and  woman  in  marriage.  Drijden.  Slialc. 

2.  To  associate  or  connect. 

Let  tiiat  which  lie  Icarus 
knows  already. 

CON-JOIN',  V.  i.   To  unite ;  to  join  ;  to  league.  Sluik. 
eON-JOIN'£D,  pp.  or  a.   Joined  to  or  with  ;  united  ; 
associated. 

eo.\-JOIN'ING,  ppr.  Joining  together;  uniting; 
connecting. 

CON-JOINT',  a.    United  ;  connected  ;  associated. 
Conjoint  degrees;  in  music,  two  notes  which  follow 
each  other  immediately  in  tlie  order  of  the  scale  ;  as 
ut  and  re.  Jofnison. 

Conjoint  tetracknrds  ;  two  tetrachords  or  fourths, 
where  tlie  same  note  is  the  highest  of  one  and  the 
lowest  of  ttie  other.  Encyc. 

eON-JOINT'LY,  ado.  Jointly  ;  unitedly  ;  in  union  ; 
together.  Dnjilen. 

CON-JOINT'.\ESS,  71.  St.ite  of  being  joined  or  united. 

eON'JU-GAL,  a.  [L.  cojijugalis,  from  conjugiuin, 
marriage  ;  conjugo,  to  yoke  or  couple  ;  con  and  jugo, 
id.    See  Join  and  Yoke.] 

I.  Belonging  to  marriage ;  raatriinouial ;  connu- 
bial ;  as,  conjugal  relation  ;  conjugal  lies. 

a.  Suitable  to  the  married  state  ;  becoming  a  hus- 
band in  relation  to  his  consort,  or  a  consort  in  rela- 
tion to  iif.t  husband  ;  as,  conjugal  alTi'ction. 

CON'JU-GAL-LY,  ado.    M.atrimonially  ;  connubially. 

eO-VJU-GATE,  V.  t.  [L.  conjugo,'  eonjugatus,  to 
couple;  c»n  and  jugo,  to  yoke,  to  marry.  See  Join 
and  Yoke.] 

1.  To  joui ;  to  unite  iu  marri.ige.  [JVot  now  u.ied.] 

fVollon. 

2.  In  grammar,  to  distribute  Die  parts  or  inliec- 
tions  of  a  verb    into  the  several  voices,  modes, 
tenses,  numbers,  and  persons,  so  as  to  show  their 
C4innection'',  distinctions,  and  niodt  s  of  formation.  I 
LilrralUj,  to  connect  all  the  inllections  of  a  verb,  ac- 
cord mg  to  their  derivation,  or  all  the  variations  of 
one  verb.    In  Kngl'ish,  as  the  verb  undergoes  few 
variations,  conjugation  cimsi«ts  chielly  in  combiniDg  I 
the  words  which  unitedly  form  tlie  several  ti.nses  in  : 
the  several  persons.  ' 

eON'JIMiA'I'E,  ji.    A  word  agreeing  in  deriv.ation  ' 
with  another  word,  and  therefore  generally  resem- 
bling it  in  signification.  | 

We  Mtc  l»Mmwl,  in  lo^ic,  ll..it  conjugatts  lire  •oiriftlm-*  in 
Kaiiic  ou\y,  aiii)  Itui  in  il'-ed.  UrtunlMll. 

CO.\"JIT-GATK,  a.  In  botany,  a  conjugnlr.  leaf  is  a' 
piniiatJ-  leaf  which  has  only  i>iie  p:iir  of  le:illets  ;  a  { 
conjugate  raceme  has  two  racemes  only,  iinil'-d  b\'  a  I 
conilnitll  (NrfluiK'le.  .Mnrtijn.  | 

Conju/(aU  diameter  ;  in  geometry,  a  diameter  parni-  1 


exl  be  nearly  conjoined  wilh  what  he 


lei  to  a  tangent  at  the  vertex  of  the  primitive  diame- 
ter. j4.  D.  Stanley. 

CON'JU-GA-TED,  pp.  Passed  through  its  various 
f()rms,  as  a  verb. 

eON'JU-GA-TING,  ppr.  Passing  through  its  modes 
of  formation. 

CON-JU-GA'TION,  n.    [h.  conjugatio.] 

1.  A  couple  or  pair ;  as,  a  conjugation  of  nerves. 
\_Little  used.^^  Brown. 

2.  The  act  of  uniting  or  compiling  ;  union ;  as- 
semblage. Bcntlry.  Taylor. 

3.  In  grammar,  the  distribution  of  the  several  in- 
flections or  variations  of  a  verb,  in  their  dill'erent 
voices,  modes,  tenses,  numbers,  and  persons  ;  a  con- 
nected scheme  of  all  the  derivative  forms  of  a  verb. 

CON-JUNCT',  a.  [L.  conjunctus,  from  conjungo.  See 
Conjoin.] 

Conjoined  ;  united  ;  concurrent.  Shak. 
CON-JUNCTION,;!.    [Y,.  conjunctio.   See  Conjoin.] 

1.  Union  ;  connection  ;  association  by  treaty  or 
otherwise.  Bacon.  South. 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  meeting  of  two  or  more  stars 
or  planets  in  the  same  degree  of  the  zodiac  ;  as,  the 
conjunction  of  the  moon  with  the  sun,  or  of  Jupiter 
and  .Saturn. 

Heavenly  bodies  are  said  to  be  in  unijunction  when 
they  are  seen  in  the  same  part  of  the  heavens,  or 
have  the  same  longitude.  The  inferior  conjunction 
of  a  planKt  is  its  position  when  in  conjunction  on  the 
same  side  of  the  sun  with  the  earth  ;  tiie  superior 
conjunction  is  its  position  when  on  the  side  of  the 
sun  most  distant  from  the  earth.  D.  Olmsted. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  connective  or  connecting  word  ; 
an  indeclinable  word  which  serves  to  unite  sen- 
Jj'iices  or  the  clauses  of  a  sentence  and  words,  join- 
ing two  or  more  simple  sentences  into  one  compound 
one,  and  continuing  it  at  the  pleasure  of  the  writer 
or  speaker.  This  book  cost  one  dollar  ten  cents. 
Virtue  and  vice  are  not  compatible. 

God  called  Uie  hjht  day,  and  Ihe  darkness  he  called  night.  — 
Gen.  i. 

The  hupe  of  the  ri^liteons  shall  he  gladness,  but  the  exjiectation 
ol  the  wicked  sliail  perish.  —  Prov.  x. 

4.  The  copulation  of  the  sexes.  Smith's  Tour. 
CON-JUNC'TIVE,  a.    Closely  united.  Shak. 

2.  Uniting  ;  serving  to  unite. 

3.  In  grammar,  the  conjunctive  mode  is  that  which 
follows  a  conjunction,  or  expresses  some  ctuidition 
or  contingency.  It  is  more  generally  called  sub- 
junctive. 

CbN-JUNC'TlVE-LY,  adv.  In  conjunction  or  union ; 
together.  Brown, 

eO.\-JUNC'TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  conjoin- 
ing or  uniting. 

CON-JUN€T'LY,  adv.    In  union  ;  jointly  ;  together. 

eON-JUNCT'IJUE,  (kon-junkt'yur,)  u.  [Fr.  con- 
jonctnre.    See  Conjoin.] 

1.  A  joining ;  a  combination  or  union,  as  of 
causes,  events,  or  circumstances ;  as,  an  unhappy 
conjuncture  of  affairs. 

2.  An  occasion  ;  a  critical  time,  proceeding  from  a 
union  of  circumstances ;  as,  at  that  conjuncture, 
peace  was  very  desirable.  Juncture  is  used  in  a  like 
sense. 

3.  Union  ;  connection  ;  mode  of  union ;  as,  the 
conjunctures  of  letters  iu  words.  Holder. 

4.  Connection  ;  union  ;  consistency. 

1  w;i5  willing  tt)  grant  to  Prestrylery  what  with  reason  il  can  pre- 
tend to,  in  a  conjuncture  willi  Ejiiscopacy.  Kin^  CfiarUs. 

€0N-JU-Ra'T1ON,  (kun-ju-ra'shun,)  n.  [See  Con- 
JL'RE.]  The  act  of  using  certain  words  or  cere- 
monies to  obtain  the  aid  of  a  superior  being  ;  Ihe  act 
of  summoning  in  a  sacred  name  ;  the  practice  of  arts 
to  ex|iel  evil  spirits,  allay  storms,  or  perform  super- 
natural or  extraordinary  acts. 

eON-JCKE',  V.  t.  [Ij.  conjuro,  to  swear  together,  to 
conspire  ;  con  and  juro,  to  swear  ;  It.  congiurare  ; 
Sp.  conjuror :  Fr.  conjurer.] 

1.  To  call  on  or  summon  by  a  sacred  name,  or  in 
a  solemn  manner ;  to  implore  with  solemnity.  It 
seems  originally  to  liave  sigjiifled,  to  bind  by  an  oath. 

1  conjure  yon  I  let  him  know, 
Wliate'rr  Wils  done  against  him,  Llato  diil  it.  Addison. 

2.  To  bind  two  or  more  by  an  bath  ;  to  unite  in  a 
rommon  design.  Hence,  intransitively,  to  conspire. 
[JVu(  usnul.]  Milton. 

CON'JUKE,  (knn'jur,)  v.  L  To  affect,  in  some  man- 
ner, by  magic  arts,  as  by  invoking  the  Supreme 
Being,  or  by  the  use  of  certain  words,  characters,  or 
ceremonies,  to  eiigagi"  supernatural  intluencc  ;  as,  to 
conjure  up  evil  spirits,  or  to  conjure  down  a  tempest ; 
to  conjure  tin?  stars. 

J\''olr.  —  It  is  not  easy  to  define  this  word,  nor  any 
word  of  like  import  ;  as  the  practices  of  conjurers 
ari'  little  known,  or  various  and  indefinite.  'J'hc 
use  of  this  word  indicates  that  an  oath  or  solemn  in- 
vocation originally  formed  a  part  of  the  ceremonies. 

2.  'I'll  conjure  up;  to  raist!  up  or  bring  info  exist- 
ence without  ii  asiin,  or  by  uiiiMitural  means;  as,  to 
conjure  up  a  phantom,  to  conjure  up  a  story. 

CriN'JIIltE,  (kun'jiir,)  n.  i.  'I'o  practice  the  arts  of  a 
conjurer  ;  to  use  arts  to  engage  the  aid  of  spirits  iu 
performing  some  extraordinary  act.  Sttak. 


2.  In  a  vulgar  se:ise,  to  behave  very  strangely  ;  to 
act  like  a  witch  ;  to  play  tricks. 

eON-JuR'£D,  i>p.    Bound  by  an  oath. 

CON-JURE'.MENT,  »i.  Serious  injunction;  solemn 
ilemanil.  Milton. 

eO.V'JU-RER,  (kun'jur-er,)  71.  One  who  practices 
conjuration  ;  one  who  pretends  to  the  secret  art  of 
performing  things  supernatural  or  extraordinary,  by 
the  aid  of  superior  powers  ;  an  impostor  who  pre- 
tends, by  unknown  mtans,  to  discover  stolen  goods, 
&.C.  Hence,  ironically,  a  man  of  shrewd  conjecture  ; 
a  man  of  sagacity.  Jiddison.  Prior. 

eON-JuR'ING,  pi>r.  Enjoining  or  imploring  solemnly. 

eON-NAS'CENCE,  71.  [L.  con  and  itttscor,  to  be 
born.] 

1.  "The  common  birth  of  two  or  more  at  the  same 
time;  production  (.f  two  or  more  together. 

2.  A  being  born  or  produced  with  another.  Brmnii. 

3.  The  act  of  growing  together,  or  at  the  same 
time.  _  JViseman. 

CON'NaTE,  a.   [L.  071  and  -natiix,  born,  from  nascor.] 

1.  Born  with  another:  being  of  the  same  birth  ;  as, 
connate  notions.  South. 

2.  In  holtmy,  united  in  origin  ;  growing  from  one 
base,  or  united  at  their  bases  ;  united  into  one  body  ; 
as,  connate  leaves  or  anthers,  Martyn. 

eON-NA'TION,  71.  Connection  by  birth  ;  natural 
union. 

eON-NAT'U-RAL,  a.  [con  and  natural.] 

1.  Connected  by  nature ;  united  in  nature ;  born 
with  another. 

These  affections  are  conruUaral  to  us,  and  as  we  grow  up,  ^A^  tlo 
they.  L'Eslraiige. 

2.  Participating  of  the  same  nature. 

And  mix  witli  our  coniuUural  dust.  Milton. 

€ON-NAT-U-RAL'I-TY,  71.  Participation  of  the 
same  nature  ;  natural  union.         John.ion.  Hale. 

eON-NAT'U-RAL-IZE,  v.  t.    To  connect  by  nature. 

eON-NAT'U-RAL  IZ-KD,  pp.    Connected  by  nature. 

CON-NAT' Q-RAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Connecting  by  na- 
ture. 

eON-NAT'U-RAL-LY,  culv.    By  the  act  of  nature; 

originallv.  Hale. 
eON-NAl'-'U-RAL-NERS,  71.     Participation  of  the 

same  nature  ;  natural  union.  Johnson.  Pearson. 
GON-NECT',  n  t    [L.  cunnecto  :  con  and  vectu ;  It. 

connettere.    See  Class  Ng,  No.  32,  38,  40,  41.] 

1.  To  knit  or  link  together ;  to  tie  or  fasten  to- 
gether, as  by  something  intervening,  or  by  weaving, 
winding,  or  twining.  Hence, 

2.  To  join  or  unite ;  to  conjoin,  in  almost  any 
manner,  either  by  junction,  by  any  intervening 
means,  or  by  order  and  relation.  We  connect  letters 
ami  words  in  a  sentence  ;  we  connect  ideas  in  the 
mind  ;  we  connect  arguments  in  a  discourse.  The 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  connects  the  Mediterranean  with 
the  Atlantic.  A  treaty  connects  two  n.itions  'J'he 
interests  of  agriculture  are  connected  with  those  of 
commerce.  Families  are  connected  by  marriage  or 
by  friendship. 

CON  NECT',  r.  i.  To  join,  unite,  or  cohere  ;  to  have 
a  close  relation  ;  as,  this  line  of  stage-coaches  connects 
with  another  ;  this  argument  connects  with  another. 

Burke. 

eON-NECT'ED,  pp.   or  a.  Linked  together ;  united. 

eoN-NECT'ElJ-LY,  adt>.  By  connection  ;  in  a  con- 
nected manner. 

eON-NECT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Uniting ;  conjoining. 

eON-NEC'TION,  71.  [L.  conncxio ;  It.  conncssione. 
See  Connect.] 

1.  The  .act  of  joining,  or  state  of  being  joined  ;  a 
state  of  being  knit  or  fastened  together:  union  by 
junction,  by  an  intervening  substance  or  medium, 
by  depenilencc  or  rehitioii,  or  by  order  in  a  series  ;  ij 
word  of  very  general  import.  There  is  a  connection  of 
links  in  a  chain  ;  a  connection  between  all  parts  of 
the  human  body  ;  a  connection  between  virtue  anil 
happiness,  and  between  this  life  and  the  future  ;  a 
connection  between  parent  and  child,  master  and 
servant,  hiisb;ind  and  wife;  between  motives  and 
actions,  and  between  .actions  and  their  conseipiences. 
Ill  short,  the  word  is  applicable  to  almost  every  thing 
that  has  a  dependence  on  or  relation  to  another 
thing. 

2.  A  relation  by  blood  or  marriage. 

3.  A  religious  sect,  or  united  body  ;  as,  the  Meth- 
odist connection. 

CON-NECT'I  VE,  a.   Having  the  power  of  connecting. 

CO.\-NECT'IVi;,  w.  In  grammar,  n  word  tliat  con- 
nects other  witrds  anil  sentences ;  a  conjunction. 
Harris  uses  the  word  for  conjunctions  and  prejKisi- 
tious.  Hermes. 

CON-NECT'I  VE-I.Y,  ado.  In  union  or  conjunction  ; 
jointlv.  Swift. 

eON-NE.X',  7'.  I.    [I,.  eoKveium.] 

To  link  together  ;  to  join.    [JVof  in  use.]  Hull. 

eON-NE.\'ION,  ».  Connection.  [But  for  the  sake 
of  regular  aiinlogy,  I  have  inserted  Connkctioh, 
as  the  di  rivative  of  the  English  connect,  and  would 
discard  Connexion.] 

eoN-NE.V'IVi;,  (I.  (,'onncctive  ;  having  the  power 
to  connect  ;  tiuifing;  conjunctive;  as,  coii/im/'f  par- 
ticles,   [/.itlle.  iLscd.]  tVatLi. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.-MJITE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


CON 


CON 


CON 


eON-NtV'ANrE,  n.    [Sec  Connive.]    Propn-ly,  the 
ai  t  of  \viiikiii<;.    llciia:,  Jiirurativehj,  voluntary  blind- 
ness to  an  ai  t  ;  intention;il  foil)i;aranci;  to  st'C  a 
fault  or  other  act,  (!enerally  implying  consent  to  it. 
Kvcry  vio?  inl<<rpivU  a  conmaance  lo  be  appniUilion.  Soulh. 

eON-NIV'E',  V.  i.  [h.  conniveo,  eonnivi  or  cnnnUi : 
can  and  the  root  of  nkto,  to  wink.    Class  Np.J 

1.  To  wink  ;  to  close  and  open  the  eyelids  rap- 
idly, SpccUitor, 

2.  In  a  Hguraliec  sen.ie^  to  close  the  eyes  upon  a 
fault  or  other  act ;  to  pretend  ignorance  or  lilinduess  ; 
to  forbear  to  see;  to  overlook  a  fault  or  other  act, 
and  suffer  it  lo  pass  unnoticed,  uncensured,  or  un- 
punished ;  as,  tlic  father  connwcs  at  the  vices  of 
iiis  son. 

eO.\-NI V'E.\-CY,  n.    Connivance  ;  which  sec. 

Bacon. 

e().\-NIV'Ei\T,  a.  Shutting  the  eyes  ;  forbearing  to 
see,  Milton. 

2.  In  anatomij,  the  connivent  valves  are  those  wrin- 
kles, cellules,  and  vsiscules,  which  are  found  on  the 
inside  of  the  intestines.  Encijc. 
X  In  botmiii,  closely  united  ;  converging  together. 

CON-NIV'EK,  H.  who  connives.  [Eaton. 

€0.\'-i\'I V'L\i;,  ppr.  Closing  the  eyes  against  faults ; 
permitting  faults  to  pass  uncensured. 

eoN-NOlii-SEOU',  (kon-nis-sur'  or  kon-nis-saur',)  7i. 
[ Kr.,  from  the  verb  connoitn),  from  L.  cognosco,  to 
know.] 

A  person  well  versed  in  any  subject ;  a  skillful  or 
knowing  person  ;  a  critical  judge  or  lyaster  of  any 
art,  particularly  of  [Kiiuting  and  sculpture. 
e(>.N-.Nt)lS-SEOK'Sllli',  n.    The  skill  of  a  connois- 
seur. 

e0.\''.\O-T.\TE,  e.  t.  [cnn  and  note,  L.  nolo,  notatu.t.] 
To  designate  witli  something  else  ;  to  imply.  [Lit- 
tle usal.]  llammoml. 

CO.V'MJ-Ta  TED,  pp.  Designated. 

€1).\'NO-Ta-T1.NG,  ppr.  Designating. 

CO.N'-.VO-Ta'TION,  h.  The  act  of  making  known  or 
di'sigiiating  with  something  ;  implication  of  some- 
thing beside  itself;  iiilVreuce.  [Liule  xLstil.\  Hate. 

CO.N-NoTE',  f.  t.  [L.  coil  and  nota;  noto,  to  mark, 
fciee  Note.] 

To  make  known  together ;  to  imply  ;  to  denote  or 
designate  ;  to  include.    [LitUc  tuicd.]  Suntli. 
CO.N-.NoT'EI),  pp.  Denoted. 

eO.N'-.NU'Bl-Al.,  a.  [L.  coniiiiiiioiw,  from  connuiiam  ; 
con  and  nnOo,  to  marry.] 

Pertaining  to  marriage  ;  nuptial ;  belonging  to  the 
state  of  luisbaiul  and  wife  ;  as,  connubial  rites  ;  con- 
Hubiai  love. 

eoN-NU-.MER-A'TION,  n.    A  reckoning  together. 

Porsoiu 

e>>N'NU-SANCE,  n.  [Fr.  connoijssancc,  from  connoitrc, 
to  know,  L.  co«"«w.*crt.] 

Knowledge.    [See  Cocsizance.] 
eOX'NU-S.VNT,  o.    Knowing;  informed;  apprised. 

A  nciuml  vaa--],  bnaVwz     blocliailc,  u  lUble  to  confidciition,  if 
connusatit  ul  Uitr  lluckaile.  Brototte. 

€0N-NC-.«!OR'.    .=!ee  Cogniior. 
e().\-.N'i;-TKl"TIUi;.S,  a.    Nourishing  together. 
eON'NY,  a.    [\V.  cunu.]    Brave  ;  line.  [Local.] 

Grose. 

eO'NOID,  lu  [Gr.  KiovociSnf  >  Koifo{,  a  cone,  and  ciSus, 
form.J 

1.  In  Ereometrijj  a  solid  formed  by  the  revolution  of 
a  conic  section  about  its  axis.  If  the  conic  section  is 
a  parabola,  the  resulting  solid  is  a  parabolic  conoid, 
or  par.iboliud  ;  if  an  hyperbola,  the  solid  is  an  hyper- 
bolic conoid,  or  hyperiioliiid  ;  if  an  ellipse,  an  ellip- 
tic conoid,  a  splieroid,  or  an  ellipsoid,  tjlin.  Knctjc. 

2.  In  analiimij,  a  gland  in  the  third  ventricle  of  the 
brnin,  resembling  a  cone  or  pine-apple,  and  called  the 
pineal  gland.  F.ncyc. 

eO-NOID'AL,  a.    Nearly  but  not  exactly  conical. 

Lindlctj. 

eO-NOID'ie,        la.  Pertaining  to  a  conoid  ;  having 

eo-NOID'ie-AL,  i     the  f.irm  of  a  conoid. 

CU-NO.M-l-.\EE',  n.  One  nominated  in  conjunction 
with  another  .  a  joint  nomiiu-e.  Kirby. 

eoN-UUAO'R.xTE,  c.  f.    To  bring  into  a  square. 

eo^-al.'.'VS'^^ATE,  r.  L    [L..  co/K/ii<i.«u.] 

To  shake.    [LitHe  u.ird.]  Ilartcy. 

CON-(llJAf!'.sS-TEI),  pp.  Shaken. 

eON-UL'AS'!<.\-TIN(;,  ppr.  .^baking. 

eON'UUER,  (kiink'er,)  r.  (.  [Kr.  conijuerir,  from  the  L. 
canquiro;  con  and  qiurro,  to  seek,  to  obtain,  to  con- 
quer; Ann.  cii;.v;fiiri.  As //mrru  is  written,  it  belongs 
lo  Class  Gr,  and  ils  preterit  lo  Class  Gs.     fee  .\r. 

\jj  karan  or  yuuruu,  and  llcb.  Cli.  ">pn  lo  seek. 
Class  Gr,  No.  .'>l,  .■«.] 

,  1.  To  subdue  ;  lo  reduce,  by  physical  force,  till  re- 
alnance  is  no  longer  made  ;  lo  overcome ;  to  van- 
quish. Alexander  conquered  Asia.  Tile  Uomans  eon^ 
qutreil  Cartlmge. 

2.  To  g;iin  by  force  ;  to  win  ;  to  take  possession  by 
violent  means  ;  to  gain  dominion  or  sovereignty  over, 
ns  the  subduing  of  the  iwwer  of  an  enemv  generally 
implies  possession  of  the  persim  or  thing  subdued  by 


the  conqueror.  Thus,  a  king  or  an  amiy  conquers  a 
country,  or  a  city,  which  is  arterward  restored. 

W.  To  subdue  tipptisitioii  or  resistance  of  the  will 
by  moral  force  ;  to  overcome  by  argument,  persua- 
sion, or  other  influence, 

Anna  conquert  but  to  K\Te, 

A  lul  governs  liilt  to  blcts.  Smith. 
lie  wi  lit  lonh  conquering  and  to  conquer.  —  Rot.  vi. 

4.  To  overcome,  as  dilticulties ;  to  surmount,  as 
obstacles  ;  to  subdue  whatever  opposes  ;  as,  to  cun~ 
qurr  the  passions  ;  to  conquer  reluctance. 

r>.  To  gain  or  obtain  by  etVort ;  as,  to  conquer  free- 
dom ;  to  conquer  peace ;  a  Frcncli  application  of  tJic 
irord. 

eo.N'CiUER,  (konk'er,)  ».  i.  To  overcome;  to  gain 
tile  victory. 

The  cl«\mi>ioiia  resolvcil  to  coii^u^r  or  to  die.  Waller, 

€ON'aUEll-A-BEE,  a.  That  may  be  conquered, 
overcome,  or  subdued.  South. 

eON'aUER-A-HLE-NESS,  n.  A  state  that  admits  of 
being  conquered. 

eON'ttUEU-A;i),  (konk'erd,)  pp.  or  a.  Overcome; 
subdued  ;  vanquished  ;  gained  ;  won. 

eON'tiUER-ESS,  n.  A  female  who  conquers;  a  vic- 
torious female.  Fairfax. 

eoN'ClUER  lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Overcoming ;  subduing ; 
vanquishing;  obtaining. 

eON'tiUEll-lNG-LY,  (konk'er-)  ado.  By  conquering. 

eO.\'UUER-()R,  (konk'er-iir,)  n.  One  who  conquers  ; 
one  who  gains  a  victory  ;  one  who  subdues  and 
brings  into  subjection  or  possession,  by  force  or  by 
inlluence.  The  man  who  defeats  his  antagonist  in 
combat  is  a  conqueror,  as  is  the  general  or  admiral 
who  defeats  his  enemy. 

eON'ClUE.ST,  (konk'west,)  n.  [Fr.  conquHe;  It.  eon- 
qui-tta  ;  Sj>.  id. ;  I,,  conquisitu.^,  qutc-iitusy  qn^estus,  from 
qutrro,  to  seek.  The  L.  qiue^ici,  qutesitu,-<y  coiiicitles  in 

elements  with  the  W.  cci.HaiB,  Eth.  Class 
Gs,  No.  35.  'IMie  primary  sense  is  to  seek,  to  press  or 
drive  toward.] 

1.  The  act  of  conquering ;  the  act  of  overcoming  or 
vanquishing  opposition  by  force,  physical  or  moral. 
Jipptie4t  to  pcr.^ons,  territory,  and  the  lilcc,  it  usually  im- 
plies or  includes  a  taking  possession  of;  as,  the  con- 
quest of  Cawnia  by  the  British  troop.s.  So  we  speak 
of  the  conquest  of  the  heart,  the  passions,  or  the  will. 

2.  Victory;  success  in  arms;  the  overcoming  of 
opposition. 

In  Jnys  of  conquest  he  resijjns  his  breath.  Addison. 

3.  That  which  is  conquered  ;  possession  gained  by 
force,  physical  or  moral ;  as,  Jamaica  was  a  valuable 
conqae.it  for  England. 

4.  In  a  fciulal  sciuc,  acquest ;  acquisition  ;  the  ac- 
quiring of  property  by  other  means  than  by  inherit- 
ance, or  the  acquisition  of  property  by  a  nuiiiber  in 
community,  or  by  one  for  all  the  others. 

Blachstvne.  Encyc, 

5.  In  the  law  nf  nations,  the  acquisition  of  sove- 
reignty by  force  of  arms. 

The  right  o(  conquest  is  ileriveil  from  the  laws  of  war.  Eneye. 
G.  The  act  of  gaining  or  regaining  by  effort ;  as,  the 
conquest  of  libertv  or  peace  ;  a  French  phrase. 
eO.\-.s.\N-GUI.\'E-OUS,  a.   [I..  coiuian<:utiieus,  infra.l 
Of  the  same  blood;  related  by  birth;  descended 
from  the  same  parent  or  ancestor.  Shak. 
eON-S.A.\'-GUI.N"l-TV',  n.      [L.  consangvinitiLi;  con 
and  saniruu-t,  blood.] 

The  relation  of  persons  by  blood  ;  the  relation  or 
connection  of  [icrsons  descended  from  the  same  stock 
or  common  ancestor,  in  distinction  frotn  aOinity  or 
relation  by  marriage.    It  is  lineal  or  collateral. 

Blackstone. 

eON-SAR-CIN-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  patching  to- 
gether. 

eON'SCIENCE,  (kon'shens,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  con.iei- 
cntia,  from  conscto,  to  know,  to  be  privy  to  ;  con  and 
jcio,  lo  know  ;  It.  ccnjfcicnza,  or  coscienza;  )Sp.  conci- 
eneia.] 

1.  Internal  or  self-knowledge,  or  judgment  of  right 
and  wrong  ;  or  the  faculty,  power,  or  principle  with- 
in us,  which  decides  on  the  lawfulness  or  unlawful- 
ness ofuurown  actions  and  affections,  and  instantly 
approves  or  condemns  them. 

Conscience  is  calh-'d,  by  some  writers,  the  moral 
sense,  and  considered  as  an  original  faculty  of  imr 
nature.  Others  question  the  propriety  of  considering 
conscience  as  a  distinct  faculty  or  principle.  They 
consider  it  rather  .as  the  general  principle  of  moral 
approbation  or  disapprobation,  applied  to  one's  own 
conduct  and  affections  ;  alleging  that  our  notions  of 
right  and  wrong  are  not  lo  be  deduced  from  a  single 
jirinciple  or  faculty,  but  from  various  powers  of  the 
understanding  and  will. 

Encyc    Jiutchtson.    Rcid.  EdiruEncye. 

Being  contict'Hj  by  tlioir  own  corucvnce,  they  went  out  one  by 

one.  — John  viii. 
Tlie  enninenct  manifrsU  itself  In  the  feeline  of  obij^tJon  we 

expeneiice,  wliich  pnxeilcs,  Attends,  and  fellows  o':r  actions. 

E.  T.  Filch. 

Contdenee  is  Arsl  occupied  in  sscertalnin^  our  duty,  brf.in;  we 
pruceeil  to  action  ;  Uien  ia  Jud^g  of  our  acuuns  when 
pertomied.  J.  M.  Mnson. 


2.  The  estimate  or  delermiimllon  of  conscience ; 
justice  ;  honesty. 

What  you  requip!  can  not,  in  coriarunce,  lie  ilpfi-rre<l.  Milton, 

3.  Heal  sentiment ;  private  thoughts;  truth;  as, du 
you  in  coivtcience  believe  the  story 

4.  Consciousness  ;  knowledge  of  our  own  actions 
or  thoughts. 

The  sweeunl  conlial  wc  p'c-ive,  at  last, 

Is  coiisnen^'e  of  uur  virtuous  aclious  pssL  Denham. 

[  This  primary  seme  of  the  word  is  nearly,  perliaps 
wholly,  ob.mlete.] 

5.  Knowledge  of  the  actions  of  othem. 

B.  Jffnson. 

6.  In  ludicrous  Umtrua^e,  reason  or  rea.sonablenesa. 
llalf*a-doien  fools  are,  in  all  eooMCitnce,  as  many  as  you  should 

ntjnire,  Stm/L 

To  make  conscience,  or  a  matter  of  conscience,  is  to 
act  according  to  the  dictates  of  conscience,  or  to  scru- 
ple to  act  contrary  to  ils  dictates.  lAicMe. 

Court  of  conscience:  in  England,  a  court  established 
for  the  recovery  of  small  debts,  in  London  and  other 
trading  cities  and  districts.  BLjcksfane. 
eoN'SClE.VCE-LESS,  a.    Having  no  conscience. 

Hooker. 

eON'SClENCE-PROOF,  a.  Proof  against  the  com- 
punctions of  conscience. 

eON'SCIENCE-S.MIT'TEN,  a.  Smitten  by  con- 
science; stung  with  remorse.  .^Uen. 

eON'SCIENC-£D,  (kon'shenslit,)  a.  Having  con- 
science. South. 

eON'SCIENT,  a.    Conscious.    [JVof  ujied.]  Bacon. 

eoN-SCI-EN'TIOlIS,  (kon-she-en'shus,)  a.  InMu- 
enceil  by  conscience ;  governed  by  a  strict  regard  to 
the  dictates  of  conscience,  or  by  the  known  or  siip- 
po.sed  rules  of  right  and  wrong ;  as,  a  conscientious 
judge. 

2.  Regulated  by  conscience  ;  according  to  the  dic- 
tates of  conscience  ;  us,  a  canscientious  probity. 

L'Estrantre. 

eON-SCI-EN'TIOUS-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  di- 
rection of  conscience  ;  with  a  strict  regard  to  right 
and  wrong.    A  man  mav  err  conscientiously. 

eON-SCI-EN'TIOU.S-NESS,  n.  A  scrupulous  regard 
lo  the  decisions  of  conscience  ;  a  sense  of  justice, 
and  strict  conformity  to  its  dictates.  Locke. 

All  his  conduct  seenied  marked  with  an  exact  and  unyaryiup 
conaci^ntiousnett. 

J.  L.  Kingsley,  Eulogy  jn  Pro/.  Fiahtr. 

eON'SCION-A-BLE,  a.  According  to  conscience  ;  rea- 
sonable ;  just. 

Let  my  debtors  Imve  conscionable  satisfiction.  Wotlon. 

CON'SCION-.V  BLE-NESS,  11.  Reasonableness  ;  equi- 
ty. DicL 

eON'SCION-A-BLY,  ailv.  In  a  manner  agreeable  to 
conscience  ;  reasonably  ;  justly.  Taylor. 

eON'SCU)i;s,  (kon'shus,)  a.    [L.  con.icius.] 

1.  Possessing  the  faculty  or  power  of  knowing 
one's  own  thoughts  or  mental  ojierations.  Thus, 
man  is  a  conscious  being. 

2.  Knowing  from  memory,  or  without  extraneous 
information  ;  as,  I  am  not  conscious  of  the  facL 

The  damsel  ihen  to  Tancred  sent, 

Who,  conscious  of  Uie  occ^ision,  feared  tlic  event.  Drydtn. 

3.  Knowing  by  consciousness,  or  internal  percep 
lion  or  persuasion  ;  as,  I  am  not  conscious  of  having 
given  any  offense.  Sometimes  followed  by  to ;  as,  I 
am  not  cotu-icious  to  myself. 

£neas  only,  conscious  to  the  si^, 

Pn-*s.iged  tlie  event.  Dryden. 

So  we  say,  conscious  of  innocence,  or  of  ignorance, 
or  of  a  crime. 

eO.\'SCIOUS-LY,  adr.  With  knowledge  of  one's 
own  mental  operations  or  actions. 

If  Uiese  peiceplions,  with  their  consciousness,  always  remained 
in  the  mind,  the  s.une  tliinkinj  thing  would  be  always  eoi»- 
tcioutty  present.  Locke. 

eO.X'SCIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  knowledge  of  sensa- 
tions and  mental  operations,  or  of  what  passes  in 
one's  own  mind  ;  the  art  of  the  mind  which  makes 
known  an  internal  object.     Locke,    Rcid.  Encye. 

Conteioutnett  of  our  t..ns.ations,  and  eonseiausneat   of  our 

exiKti'iici',  si-em  to  be  sininlLaneous.  Edin.  Eneye. 

Consciousness  must  be  an  e»*nual  attribute  of  spirit.  Vf'aas. 

2.  Internal  sense  or  knowledge  of  giiill  or  inno- 
cence. A  man  may  betray  his  consciousness  of  guilt 
by  his  countenance. 
'3.  Cert;iin  knowledge  from  observation  or  experi- 
ence. Gibbon. 
eON'PCRIPT,  a.  [I^.  conscriplus,  from  eonscribo,  lo 
enroll  ;  con  and  .icribo,  lo  write.] 

Written  ;  enrolled  ;  as,  conscript  fathers,  the  sena- 
tors of  Rome,  so  called  because  their  names  were 
written  in  the  register  of  the  senate. 
eoN'SCRIPT,  71.  One  taken  by  lot  from  the  conscrip- 
tion list,  and  compelled  to  serve  as  a  soldier  or  sailor 
[.^  tpord  used  in  France.] 
eON-SCRlP'TION,  It.    [L.  amscriptio.] 

1.  .^n  enrolling  or  registering. 

2.  A  compulsory  enrollment  of  individuals  of  a 
cert.iin  age,  held  liable  to  be  drafted  for  niililnry  or 
naval  service  ;  a  system  which  existed  among  tlie 


TONE,  BfJLL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  e  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CON 

Rumans,  and  was  first  introduced  into  France  at  the 
time  of  the  revolution.  Brande. 
eON'SE-€RATE,  v.  t.    [L.  ctmsecro  ;  con  and  sacro,  to 
consecrate,  from  sacer,  sacred.    See  Sacred.] 

1.  To  malce  or  declare  to  be  sacred,  by  certain  cer- 
emonies or  rites  ;  to  appropriate  to  sacred  uses ;  to  set 
apart,  dedicate,  or  devote,  to  the  service  and  worship 
of  God  ;  as,  to  consecrate  a  church. 

Thou  slialt  consecrate  Aaron  ami  his  sona.  — Exod.  xjcix. 
All  tlie  silver,  and  gold,  and  vessels  of  brass  and  iron,  are  con- 
secrated to  Ihe  Lord.  —  Josh.  vi. 

9.  To  canonize  ;  to  exalt  to  the  rank  of  a  saint ;  to 
enroll  among  the  gods,  as  a  Roman  emperor. 

3.  To  set  apart  and  bless  the  elements  in  the  eucha- 
rist. 

4.  To  render  venerable ;  to  make  respected  ;  as, 
rules  or  principles  consecrated  by  time. 

eON'SE-CRATE,  a.  Sacred  ;  consecrated  ;  devoted  ; 
dedicated. 

They  were  assembled  in  tliat  consecrate  place.  Bacon. 

[TViis  word  is  now  seldom  used.,  unless  in  paetrij.'} 
eOiN'SE-CRA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Alade  sacred  by  cere- 
monies or  solemn  rites ;  separ;ited  from  a  common  to 
a  sacred  use  ;  devoted  or  deiiicated  to  the  service  and 
worship  of  God  ;  made  venerable. 
eON'SE-€RA-TED-NES.S,  n.  State  of  being  conse- 
crated. 

€0N'SE-€R.5-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  sacred  ;  ap- 
propriating to  a  sacrf  d  use  ;  dedicating  to  tlis  service 
of  God  ;  devoting  ;  rendering  vencrabie. 

eON-SE-CRA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  ciT^niony  of  sep- 
arating from  a  common  to  a  sacred  use,  or  of  devo- 
ting and  dedicating  a  person  or  thing  to  the  service 
and  worship  of  God,  by  certain  rites  or  solemnities. 
Consecration  does  not  make  a  person  or  thing  really 
kolti,  but  declares  it  to  be  sacral,  that  is,  devoted  to 
God,  or  to  divine  service  ;  as,  the  cun.<ecration  of  the 
priests  among  the  Israelites  ;  the  consecration  of  tlie 
vessels  used  in  the  temple  ;  the  consecration  of  a 
bishop. 

2.  Canonization ;  the  act  of  publicly  enrolling  or 
numbering  among  the  acknowledged  saints  or  gods  ; 
the  ceremony  of  the  apotheosis  of  an  emperor.  Male. 

3.  The  benediction  of  the  elements  in  the  euch.i- 
rist ;  the  act  of  setting  apart  and  blessing  the  elements 
in  the  communion.  Encijc. 

eON'SE-CRA-TOR,  n.  One  who  consecrates  ;  one 
who  performs  the  rites  by  which  a  person  or  thing 
is  devoted  or  dedicated  to  sacred  purposes.  Atterburij. 

eON'SE-CR.VTO-RY,  a.    Making  sacred. 

Bp.  Morton. 

eON-SEC-TA'NE-OUS,  o.    Following  of  course. 

Oilbert. 

eON'SEC-TA-RY,  a.   [L.  consectarius,  from  comector, 
to  follow  ;  con  and  sector,  sequor.    See  Seek.] 
Following  ;  consequent ;  consequential ;  deducible. 

Brown. 

eON'SEC-TA-RY,  n.  That  which  follows  ;  conse- 
quence ;  deduction  from  premises  ;  corollary. 

Woodward. 

€ON-SE-eO'TION,  n.  [L.  con.iecutio,  from  consequor, 
to  follow  ;  con  and  sequor,  to  follow.    See  Seek.] 

1.  A  following  or  sequel ;  train  of  consequences 
from  premises ;  series  of  deductions.  JIale. 

2.  Succession  ;  series  of  things  that  follow  each 
other  ;  as,  a  consecution  of  colors.  JVcwton. 

eON-SEClI-TIVE,  a.  [It.  consecutivo ;  Fr.  consccutif. 
See  Consecution.] 

1.  Following  in  a  train  ;  succeeding  one  another  in 
a  regular  order  ;  successive  ;  uninterrupted  in  course 
or  succession  ;  as,  fifty  consecutive  years.  Arbutltnot. 

2.  Following ;  consequential ;  succeeding  ;  as,  the 
actions  of  men  consecutive  to  volitii.n.  Locke. 

3.  Consecutive  cliords,  in  music,  '.mply  a  succession 
or  repetition  of  the  same  consonance  in  similar  mo- 
tion. Enajc. 

eON-SEC'tl-TIVE-LY,  ado.  By  way  of  consequence 
or  succession,  in  opposition  to  antecedently  or  casually. 

.  Diet. 

eON-SEC'lI-TIVE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  consec- 
utive. 

eON-SE-NES'CENCE,  )  «.    [L.  consenesco,  to  grow 

eON-SE-NES'CEN-CY,  (  old.] 

A  growing  old  :  deray  from  ago  ;  a.s,  the  consenes- 
cence (»f  the  world.  Ray, 

GON-SE.\''SI().\,  n.    [L.  consensio.    See  Consent.] 
Agreement ;  accord.    [Little  used.]  Bcntley. 

GON-SE\T',  n.  [Vi.  consensus  ;  it.  consenso  ;  Fr.  con- 
aentemcnl :  Sp.  consentimicnto  ;  from  L.  consentio,  to  be 
of  one  mmd,  to  agree  ;  con  and  senlio,  to  think,  feel, 
or  perceive  ;  Sp.  conaentir ;  Port  Fr.  id. ;  It.  consentire. 
See  Sense  and  Assent.] 

I.  Agreement  of  the  mind  to  what  is  proposed  or 
iitaled  by  another  ;  accord  ;  hence,  a  yielding  of  the 
mind  or  will  to  that  tvhicli  i.^  propos<;d  ;  as,  a  parent 
gives  his  consent  to  the  marriage  of  his  daughter. 

Wc  generally  use  this  word  in  caxcs  where  power, 
rightJi,  and  claims,  are  concerned.  We  give  consent, 
when  we  yiebl  that  which  we  have  a  right  to  with- 
hold ;  but  we  do  not  give  cotucnt  to  a  mere  opinion 
or  abstract  proixmition.  In  this  ciwe,  we  give  our  as- 
senL  Itut  a-nsent  if*  aUo  used  in  conceding  what  we 
may  withhold.    Wo  give  our  assent  to  the  marriage 


CON 

of  a  daugliter.  Consequently,  assent  liaa  a  more  ex- 
tensive application  tlian  conscnU  But  the  distinntion 
is  not  always  observed.    Consent  often  amounts  to 

Defnud  ye  nol  one  another,  except  with  consent  for  a  time.  — 
1  Cor.  vu. 

2.  Accord  of  minds;  agreement;  unity  of  opinion. 

All  with  one  consent  bp^n  to  make  excuse.  —  Luke  xiv. 
The  company  of  jiriesla  murder  by  consent.  —  Hos.  vi. 

3.  Agreement;  coherence ;  correspondence  in 
parts,  qualities,  or  operation. 

Such  is  the  world's  great  harmony,  thit  upringa 

From  union,  order,  lull  sonsenl  of  Oiings.  Pope. 

4.  In  the  animal  economy^  an  agreement,  or  sympa- 
thy, by  which  one  alfected  part  of  the  system  affects 
some  distant  part.  This  consent  is  supposed  to  exist 
in,  or  be  produced  by,  the  nerves,  and  the  affections 
to  be  communicated  from  one  part  to  another  by 
means  of  tlieir  ramifications  and  distributions  through 
tlie  body.  Thus  tlie  stone  in  the  bladder,  by  velU- 
cating  the  fibers,  will  produce  spasms  and  colic  in 
the  bowels  ;  a  shameful  thing  seen  or  heard  will  pro- 
duce blushing  in  the  cheeks.  Quincy.  Encyc. 

But  many  facts  indicate  that  other  causes  than 
nervous  communication  produce  sympathy. 
CON-SENT',  V.  i.    [L.  consentio.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  Literally^  to  think  with  another.  Hence,  to 
agree  or  accord.  More  generally,  to  a^ree  in  mind 
and  will ;  to  yield  to  wliat  one  has  the  power,  the 
right,  or  tiie  disposition  to  witlihold,  or  refuse  to 
grant. 

If  sinners  entice  tliee,  consent  thou  not.  —  Prov.  i. 
Aiut  Said  was  consenting  to  Stephen's  death.  — Acts  viii. 
Only  let  us  consent  to  Uiem,  and  they  will  dwell  with  us.  — 
Gen.  rxxiv. 

2.  To  agree. 

When  Uiou  sawest  a  tJiief,  thou  consentedst  with  him.  — Pa.  1. 

3.  To  assent, 

I  consent  lo  the  law,  tliat  it  is  gootl.  — Rom.  vii,    1  Tim.  vi, 
€(>N-SEN-TA-Nk'I-TY,  7i.    Mutual  agreement. 
€ON-SKN-Ta'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  consent^meus.  See 

Agreeable  ;  accordant ;  consistent  with  ;  suitable. 


The  pructice  of  virtue  i 
he  Art. 


nol  consentaneous  lo  the  unrenewed 
Auon. 


eON-SEN-TA'NE-OUS-LY,  adv.  Agreeably  ;  con- 
sistently ;  suitably. 

eOi\-SEN-TA'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.  Agreement;  ac- 
cordance ;  consistency.  DicL 

eO.\-SENT'ER,  71.    One  who  consents. 

eON-SEN'TIEN"T,  (kon-sen'shent,)  a.  [L.  consenticns, 
consentio.] 

Agieeing  in  mind  ;  accordant  in  opinion. 

The  Rulhorily  due  to  the  consentient  jutlgmeiit  of  the  cUurch. 

Pearson. 

eON'SE-QUENCE,  n.  [L.  conscquenlia,  from  conse- 
quor; con  and  sequor,  to  follow.    See  Seek.] 

1.  That  which  follows  from  any  act,  cause,  princi- 
ple, or  series  of  actions.  Hence,  an  event  or  efl'ect 
produced  by  some  preceding  act  or  cause. 

Slmn  the  bittrr  consequence ;  lor  know. 
The  day  thou  eatesl  (hereof,  tiiou  shalt  die.  Aii/lun. 
The  conseijiieiices  of  uitempeniice  are  disgrace,  poverty,  liisease, 
and  premature  death. 

2.  In  logic,  a  proposition  collected  from  the  agree- 
ment of  other  previous  propositions  ;  the  conclusion 
which  results  from  reason  or  argument ;  inference  ; 
deduction. 

Every  rational  beinj  is  accountable  to  bis  Midier  ;  man  is  a 
rational  bcinff ;  the  conse^tieitee  then  must  be,  that  man  is 
accnuiiUible  to  his  Maker. 

From  tiiiji  tniin  of  argument,  the  consequence  is  obvious. 

3.  Connection  of  cause  and  efl'ect ;  consecution. 

1  felt 

That  I  must  after  thee,  with  this  my  son ; 

Such  fatal  consequence  unites  us  tiiree.  MUton. 

4.  Influence ;  tendency,  as  tp  etfects.  The  sense 
of  consequence,  in  this  use,  is  modified  by  the  words 
connected  with  it;  as,  "it  is  of  little  consequence,'^ 
that  is,  of  little  importance,  small  effects  will  follow  ; 
*'  it  is  of  710  consequence,^'  of  no  moment,  no  ellectof 
importance  will  follow  ;  '*  it  is  of  trreat  consequence," 
of  great  importance,  great  effects  will  follow. 

5.  Importance  ;  extensive  influence  ;  distinction  ; 
as,  a  man  of  great  consequence  in  society. 

In  consequence  ;  by  means  of;  as  the  effect  of. 
eON'SE-aUE.\T,  a.    [L.  consequens.] 

1.  Following  as  the  natural  effect ;  with  to  or  on. 
The  rii^ht  was  consequent  to,  and  built  on,  .an  act  perlVctly  per- 

son:iI.  Locke. 
His  poverty  was  eonseq^tent  on  his 

2.  Following  by  necessary  inference  or  rational 
deduction  ;  as,  a  proposition  conset/uent  lo  other  prop- 
ositions. 

eON'SE-aUENT,  n.  Effect  ;  that  which  foUows  a 
cause. 

They  were  HI  governed,  which  Is  always  a  consequent  of  in- 
payment. Davtcs. 

2.  That  which  follows  from  propositions  by  rational 
deduction  ;  that  which  is  di^duced  from  reasoning  or 
argumentation  ;  a  ctmclusimi  or  inference. 
eON-SB-aUEN'TIAL,  a.    Following  as  the  efl'ect; 


CON 

produced  by  the  connection  of  effects  with  causes; 
as,  a  consequential  evil. 

2.  Having  the  consequence  justly  connected  with 
the  premises ;  conclusive. 

These  argumenlB  are  highly  consequential  and  coucludent  to  my 
purpose.  Hale. 

3.  Important. 

4.  Assuming  the  air  of  a  person  of  consequence  ; 
pompous  ;  applied  to  persons. 

eON-SE-aUEN'TI  AL-LY,  adv.  With  just  deduction 
of  consequences  ;  with  right  connection  of  ideas. 

Jlddison. 

2.  By  consequence ;  not  immediately  ;  eventually. 

South. 

3.  In  a  regular  series ;  in  the  order  of  cause  and 
efl'ect.  Mdison. 

4.  With  assumed  importance  ;  with  conceit. 

Campbell. 

eON-SE-aUEN'TIAL-NESS,  71.  Regular  consecu- 
tion in  discourse.  Diet. 

eON'SE-QUENT-LY,  adv.  By  consequence  ;  by  ne- 
cessarj-  connection  of  effects  with  their  causes  ;  in 
consequence  of  something. 

eON'SE-aUENT-NESS,  n.  Regular  connection  of 
propositions  following  each  other  ;  consecution  of 
discourse.    [Little  used.]  Di^by. 

eON-SER'TIOi\,  71.    [L.  consero,  consertum.] 

Junction;  adaptation.  Youmr. 

eON-SERV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Conserve.]  That  may 
be  kept  or  preserved  from  decay  or  injury. 

eON-SERV'AN-CY,  71.  [L.  conservans.  See  Con- 
serve.] 

A  court  of  conservancy  is  held  by  the  lord  mayor 
of  London,  for  the  preservation  of  the  fisherj-  on  the 
Thames.  Johnson. 

eON-SERV'ANT,  a.  Preserving ;  having  the  power 
or  qualitv  of  preserving  frtun  decay  or  destruction. 

eON-SER-VA'TION,  n.  [L  conservatio.  See  Con- 
serve.] 

The  art  of  preser\'ing,  guarding,  or  protecting; 
preserv,iti(m  from  loss,  decay,  injury,  or  violation  ; 
the  keeping  of  a  thing  in  a  safe  or  entire  state  ;  as, 
the  conservation  of  botiies  from  perishing  ;  the  conser- 
vation of  the  peace  of  society ;  the  conservation  of 
privileges. 

eON-SERV'A-TISM,  71.  The  desire  and  eflbit  of 
preserving  what  is  established. 

€ON-SERV'A-TIVE,n.  Preservative;  having  power 
to  preserve  in  a  safe  or  entire  slate,  or  from  loss, 
waste,  or  injnn'.  Peacham. 

eON-SERV'A-TIVE,  71.  One  who  aims  to  preserve 
from  ruin,  innovation,  injurj',  or  radical  change  ; 
one  who  wishes  to  maintain  an  institution,  or  form 
of  government,  in  its  present  state.    [.Modern  usane.] 

eON-SER-VA'TOR,  n.  A  preserver  ;  one  who  |>re- 
serves  from  injury  or  violation.  .Appropriately,  an 
officer  who  h.is  the  charge  of  preserving  the  public 
peace,  as  judges  and  sheriffs  ;  also,  an  officer  who 
has  the  charge  of  preserving  the  rights  and  privileges 
of  a  city,  corporation,  or  community,  as  in  Roman 
Catholic  universities.  It  is  a  word  of  extensive  ap- 
plication. 

2.  In  Connecticut,  a  person  appointed  to  superintend 
idiots,  lunatics,  &c.,  manage  their  property,  and  pre- 
serve it  from  waste. 

eON-SERV'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  pre- 
serving from  loss,  decay,  or  injury. 

eON-SER  V'A-TO-RY,  n.  A  place  for  preserving  any 
thing  in  a  state  desired,  as  from  loss,  decay,  waste, 
or  injury.  Thus,  a  fish-pond  for  keeping  fish,  a 
granary  for  corn,  an  ice-house  for  ice  and  other 
things,  a  receptacle  for  water,  &c.,  are  called  coTt- 
scrvatorics. 

2.  A  greenhouse  for  exotics,  otlen  attached  to  a 
dwelling-hou.se  .as  an  ornament.  In  large  con-wea- 
(oi  ie.*,  properly  so  called,  the  plants  are  reared  on 
the  free  soil,  and  not  in  pots.  Brande. 

3.  A  society  for  promoting,  or  for  preserving,  music 
in  good  taste. 

eOi\'-SERVE',  (kon-scrv',)  v.  t.  [L.  conservo  ;  con 
and  servo,  to  hold,  keep,  or  guard  ;  Fr.  conserver :  It. 
consei-vare  ;  Sp.  consenmr.  Sec  Class  Sr,  No.  34,  38, 
39,  40,  4.1,  and  Class  Ur,  No.  32.] 

To  keep  in  a  safe  or  sound  state  ;  to  save ;  to  pre- 
serve from  loss,  decay,  waste,  or  injury  ;  to  defend 
from  violation  ;  as,  to  conserve  bodies  from  perishing ; 
to  conserve  the  peace  of  society ;  to  conserve  fruits, 
roots,  and  herbs,  wifh  sugar,  &c. 

CON'SERVE,  71.  A  sweetm(!at  made  of  fresh  fruits, 
&c.,  beat  into  one  uniform  mass,  with  tine  sugar,  anil 
without  boiling.  Encyc.  ofDom.  Econ. 

2.  In /)/i(irHi(;r>/,  a  similar  preparation,  designed  to 
preserve  the  flowtys,  herbs,  roots,  or  fruits  of  sim- 
ples, as  nearly  as  possible,  in  their  natural  fresh 
state.  Fresh  vegetables  and  sugar  of  the  consistence 
of  honey.  Encyc.  Coze. 

3.  A  conservatory.    [JVat  usual.]  Evelyn. 
eON-SERVi';D,  pp.    Preserved  in  a  safe  and  sound 

state  ;  guarded  ;  kept ;  maintained  ;  protected  ;  pre- 
jiared  with  sugar. 
et)N-SEIlV'ICR,  71.     One  who  conserves;  one  who 
keeps  from  loss  or  injury  ;  one  who  lays  up  for  pres- 
ervation ;  a  preparer  ol"  conserves.  JIayieard.  Temple. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  FRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVR,  MOVH,  W9I-F,  BOOK.— 


!252 


CON 


CON 


CON 


eON-SERV'tNG,  m.r.  KocpiHB  in  safety  ;  defentling  ; 
Kiiiitriiiiin^ ;  prrparini;  wilh  sugar, 


CON-SKS'SION,  n.    [L.  caiuiessin,    Seo  Session.] 

A  sitting  logotlior.    [Little  used.] 
eON-SES'SOR,  n.    One  that  sits  with  others.  [LitUe 
iisetl.] 

€()N-.SIl)'ER,  t).  L  [L.  oonsiilero,  to  consider,  to  view 
attentively,  from  coiiaido  or  con^ideo,  to  sit  by  ;  con 
and  sedeo,  to  siL  (See  Si  r.)  The  literal  sense  is,  to 
.■«'£  by  or  close,  or  to  set  tJie  mind  or  the  eye  to  ;  hence, 
to  view  or  examine  with  attention.] 

1.  To  fix  the  mind  on,  with  a  view  to  a  careful  ex- 
amination ;  to  think  on  with  care;  to  ponder;  to 
study  ;  to  meditate  on. 

Know,  therefore,  thii  day,  niid  consider  it  in  lliy  heart.  — 
Deut.  iv. 

Hnut  thou  conevlered  my  servtiiit  Job  ?  —  Job  i. 

Contider  Ihc  lilic«  ol  Ute  field  liow  they  ;rrow.  —  Malt.  v{, 

2.  To  view  attentively  ;  to  observe  and  examine. 

The  prieKl  sliali  consuler  tlie  leprosy.  —  Ijcv.  xiii. 

3.  To  attend  to ;  to  relieve. 

Blessed  is  he  lliat  coruiikreth  the  poor.  —  Ps.  xll. 

4.  To  have  regard  to  ;  to  respect. 

Let  111  eonndfT  one  unoUier,  to  provoke  to  love  and  to  good 
works. —lleb.  x. 

;;.  To  take  into  view  in  examination,  or  into  ac- 
count in  estimates  ;  a.s,  in  adjusting  accounts,  ser- 
vices, time,  and  expense,  ought  to  be  considered. 

(i.  ill  the  imperative, rii?i.«iV/cr  is  equivalent  to,  think 
with  care,  attend,  examine  the  subject  with  a  view 
to  Iriith  or  the  consetpiences  of  a  measure.  So  we 
ust?  see,  obserre,  tAiiiA',  attend. 

7.  To  requite ;  to  reward  ;  particularly  for  gratui- 
tous services. 

€ON-SII)'EK,  V.  i.  To  think  seriously,  maturely,  or 
carefully  ;  to  reflect. 

None  contidereth  in  liis  heart,  neither  is  there  knowled^  or 

iinilentiinding.  —  Is.  xliv. 
In  the  day  of  nUvcreity  consider,  —  Eccles.  vii. 

2.  To  deliberate ;  to  turn  in  the  mind,  a.s  in  the 
case  of  a  single  person  ;  to  deliberate  or  consult,  as 
numbers  ;  sometimes  followed  by  of;  as,  I  will  co;i- 
sider  yoiir  csise,  or  of  your  case. 

The  apt»sil.'s  and  rliiers  conie  lojellier  to  consider  of  this 
inatv-r.  —  Acts  xv, 

3.  To  doubt ;  to  hesitate.  Dryden. 
eON-SlD'EK-.VBLE,  a.  [Fr.  andSp.  See  Consider.] 

That  may  be  consiileretl ;  that  is  to  be  observed,  re- 
marked, or  attended  to. 

It  is  considerable,  that  some  urns  hare  had  inscriptions  on  them, 
expressing  tliat  Ifie  lanl|is  were  burning.  Wilkins. 

[  This  primary  use  of  the  word  is  obsolescent,  or  very 
rarely  iL-ied.] 

2.  Worthy  of  cousidcrntioii ;  worthy  of  regard  or 
attention. 

Eternity  is  in5nitffly  tlie  most  coneiderable  dnralion.  7^/^Cson. 
As  that  which  is  worthy  of  regard  is  in  some 
measure  important,  hence, 

3.  Kesi>ect;ible  ;  deserving  of  notice  ;  of  some  dis- 
tinction ;  applied  ta  persons. 

Men  considemble  in  all  worthy  pnifessions,  eminent  in  many 
ways  of  life.  SpraU. 

4.  Important ;  valuable ;  or  moderately  large,  ac- 
cording to  the  subject.  Considerable  aid  was  ex- 
jicctetl  front  the  allies.  .\  man  has  a  considerable 
estate  in  Norfolk.  .-V  considerable  sum  of  money  was 
collected.  Formerly  it  was  sometimes  followed  by  to. 
lie  thought  his  aid  cunsidrrable  to  liiin. 

€0.\-SlI)'Ell-A-IlLE-XE.-<S,  n.  Some  degree  of  im- 
port;Lnce,  int>inent,  or  dignity ;  a  degree  of  value  or 
importance  that  deser\'es  notice. 

The  consiiteralilenste  ol  thin^  ts  to  be  estimate  by  their  useful- 
ness, or  by  Uieir  ertects  on  society. 

€ON-SID'ER-.\-BI.Y,  adv.  In  a  degree  de.serving  no- 
tice ;  in  a  degree  not  trifling  or  uniin|>ortant. 

And  Euttipe  »till  contidembly  ^run*, 

lloUi  by  tfieix  good  exaniph*«  and  llieir  pains.  i?o«co;nmon. 

€0\-SID'ER-.\.\CR,  M.  Consideration;  reflection; 
sober  thought.    [Aut  used.]   [Sec  Co.nsidebatios.J 

SAaA". 

eoN-Sin'ER-ATE,  a.    [L.  connidcralas.    See  Co.-s- 

•  IDER.] 

1.  Given  to  consiilenition  or  to  sober  reflection  ; 
thoughtful ;  hence,  serious  ;  circiinis|iect ;  careful  ; 
discreet ;  prudent ;  not  hasty  or  ra-sh  ;  not  negligent. 
£nru  is  p«\tient,  eonsid^mu,  and  Cirrfnl  of  Iiis  people.  Dryden, 
%  Having  respect  to  ;  regardful  ;  as,  considcraU  of 
praise.  [IMtlensed.] 
3.  Moderate  ;  not  rigorous.  .Tohnson. 
eON-SIU'EH-ATK-LY,  ado.  With  deliberation  ;  with 

due  consideratioi.  ,  calmly  ;  prudently.  Bacon. 
eoX-SID'ER-A  i  t,  NESS,  n.    Prudence  ;  calm  delib- 
eration 

eON-SID-ER-A'TION,  n.    IL.  consideratio.  SeeCorr- 

1.  The  act  of  considering  ;  mental  view  ;  regard  ; 
notice  ;  as,  let  us  take  into  con.tidcration  Uie  conse- 
quences of  a  hasty  decision. 

2.  Mature  thought ;  serious  deliberation. 
 us  ihinlt  wiUi  coruvirrruiafi.  Sidi  ey. 


3.  Contemplation  ;  meditation, 
li.ati  brought  you  Uj  tli  '  onei'tertu 

Sitlitey, 

4.  Some  degree  of  importance  ;  claim  to  notice,  or 
regard  ;  a  moderate  degree  of  respectability. 

Lucan  is  an  author  of  coneitlcration  among  the  Latin  i>oets. 

A'bhson, 

5.  That  which  is  considered  ;  motive  of  action  ;  in- 
fluence ;  ground  of  conduct. 

He  was  ol)liired,  antecedent  to  all  other  contldertitions,  to  sKMrcli 
an  ftsyluni.  JJnjrUn, 

6.  R<!ason  ;  that  which  induces  to  a  detcriiiiiia- 
tion  ;  a.s,  he  was  moved  by  the  considerations  set  be- 
fore him. 

7.  In  law,  the  reason  which  moves  a  contracting 
party  to  enter  into  an  agreement ;  the  material  Ciiiise 
of  a  contract;  the  price  or  motive  of  a  stipulation. 
In  all  contracts,  each  party  gives  something  in  e.v- 
change  for  what  he  receives. 

A  contract  is  an  agreement,  upon  sutlicicnt  CTn.9i(/- 
eraiion.  This  ctuisitleration  i^s  erprcss  or  implied ;  ex- 
press, when  the  thing  to  be  given  or  done  is  spaci- 
lied  ;  imiiUrd,  when  no  specific  consideration  is  agreed 
upon,  but  justice  requires  it  and  the  law  implies  it; 
as,  when  a  man  labors  for  another,  without  stipu- 
lating for  wages,  the  law  infers  that  he  shall  receive 
a  reasonable  consideration.  A  gootl  consideration  is 
that  of  blood,  or  natural  love  ;  a  valuable  consideration 
is  such  as  money,  marriagi;,  &c.  Hence,  a  considrra- 
tivn  is  an  equivalent  or  rixoinpeiise ;  that  which  is 
irincn  as  of  etpial  estimated  value  with  that  wliiclr'  i.s 
receired. 

eO\-SID'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Taking  into  consideration. 
[Little  ii.,-r./.] 

etJN-SIU'ER-ED,  pp.  Thought  of  with  care;  pim- 
dered  ;  viewed  attentively  ;  deliberated  on  ;  exam- 
ined. 

CO.\-SlD'ER-KR,  ?i.  A  thinker;  one  who  considers  ; 
a  man  of  reflection.    [Considehator  is  not  in  use.] 

eON-SIU'EU-INC,  ppr.  Fixing  the  mind  on  ;  medi- 
tating on  ;  pondering  ;  viewing  with  care  antl  atten- 
tion ;  deliberaling  on. 

Myle.  —  We  have  a  peculiar  use  of  this  word, 
which  may  be  a  corruption  for  considered,  or  which 
may  be  a  devitition  t'roiii  analogy  by  an  insensible 
change  in  the  structure  of  the  phrase."  "  It  is  not  pos- 
sible for  us  to  act  otherwise,  considerin.'r  the  weakness 
of  our  nature."  As  a  [larticiple,  this  word  must  here 
refer  to  tis,  or  the  sentet ice  can  not  be  resolveii  by  any 
rule  of  English  syntax.  It  would  be  correct  ttj  say, 
"  It  is  not  possible  for  us  to  act  otherwise,  the  weak- 
ness of  our  nature  being  considered;"  or,  "  We,  eon- 
siderinrr  the  weiikness  of  our  nature,  can  not  act  oth- 
erwise." But  the  latter  phrase  is  blotter  grammar 
than  it  is  senst?.  We  use  other  participles  in  like 
manner ;  as,  ".^lloirinir  for  tare,  ilie  weigiit  could  not 
be  more  than  a  hiiiulred  iiouiid^."  'J'liese  and  simi- 
lar phrases  arc  r.nomaltjiis.  But  eonsidcrinir  is  no 
more  a  bind  of  conjunction,  in  such  a  phrase,  than  it 
is  a  TUiun. 

eON-SID'ER-ING,  »i.  The  act  of  deliberaling,  or 
carefully  atteiuling  to ;  hesitation ;  as,  many  ina/ed 
Considrrin^s.  S/ltlk. 

eOi\'-SU)'EK-I.\G-LY,  adv.  With  consideration  or 
deliberation.  Ifltole  Duly  of  Man. 

eo.N'-SIG.N',  (kon-sino',)  v.  t  [ L.  con-<i »-no,  to  seal  or 
sign  ;  con  .and  sij^no,  to  seal  or  stamp ;  .W«7ium,  a  sign, 
seal,  or  mark  ;  It.  con,^etrnare,  to  deposit,  deliver,  con- 
sign ;  Sp.  coM.<ii?'/irtr ;  Vt.  consigner.  (See  Sign.)  The 
sense  is,  to  set  to,  to  lhrn.it,  or  .lend.] 

1.  To  give,  send,  or  set  over;  to  tniiisfer  or  deliver 
into  the  possession  of  another,  or  into  a  dilferent 
state,  with  the  sense  of  fixedness  in  that  stjite,  or 
permanence  of  possession ;  as,  at  death  the  body  is 
cunsiirned  to  the  grave. 

At  the  d;iy  of  p-neral  account,  good  men  are  to  bp  consigned 
ooer  ut  another  stale.  AUerbury, 

2.  To  deliver  or  trinsfer,  as  a  charge  or  trust ;  to 
commit ;  as,  to  consis'n  a  youth  to  the  care  of  a  pre- 
ceptor ;  to  eon.iifrn  giHids  to  a  factor. 

3.  To  set  over  or  commit,  for  |>ermancnt  preserva- 
tion ;  as,  to  c<»i.sij,m  a  history  to  writing.  Jlddison, 

4.  To  appropriate.  Dn/dcn. 
€ON-SI(;.N',  (ktm-slne',)  r.  i   To  submit  to  the  same 

terms  with  another  ;  also,  to  sign  ;  to  agree  or  con- 
sent.   [  0/«.l  Shak. 
€C)N  SIG-N.^'TlON,  71.   The  act  of  consigning  ;  the 
act  of  delivering  or  cominiltiiig  to  another  person, 
place,  or  state. 

Despair  is  a  cerlain  consignation  to  eternal  ruin. 

Tilylor.  Park. 

r/.itt/<  K.W.]    [See  Consignment.] 

€()N-.-J|<5'NA  TrRE,  II.  Full  signature ;  joint  sign- 
ing or  stamping. 

eON-SKJN'i,!),  (kon-slnd',)  pp.  Delivered  ;  com- 
mitted for  keeping  or  management ;  deposited  in 
trust. 

eoN-SIGN-EE',(kon-se-nee')  n.  The  |)erson  to  whom 
goods  or  other  things  are  delivered  in  trust,  for  sale 
or  sup"rinienilence  ;  a  factor. 
eoN-SIG.N'ER,  (ktm-siu'er,)    )  n.    The  person  who 
eON-SlG.\-OR',  (koii-sc-nor',)  j     consigns;  one  who 


dense,   rare,  fan^ble, 
Vocon. 


sends,  delivers,  or  commits  goods  or  other  things  iu 
tru.<t  to  aniitlier  for  sale,  or  su|M'rintendence. 

€0.\-SI(;  .M  Kl-CA'TIOX,  n.  [Seo  Sionikv.]  Joint 
signification.  Harris. 

C'ON-SIG-NIF'I-CA-TIVE,  a.  [Sec  Signify.]  Hav- 
ing a  like  significatiim,  or  Jointly  significative. 

yallaticetl,  Oram.  57. 

eUN-SKiN'ING,  (kon-sine'-,)/>/ir.  Deliveriiii:  to  anoth- 
er in  trust;  sending  or  committing,  as  a  po.ssession 
or  charge. 

eo.\-Sli;N'.Ml:NT,  (kon-slne'-,)  n.  'I'lie  act  of  ctm- 
signing  ;  coiisigii.-itioii  ;  the  act  of  sending  or  eoni- 
mittiiig,  iLs  a  cliftrgr  tor  s;tfe  keeping  or  iiiaiiagemeiit ; 
the  act  of  tle|iosttiiig  willi,  as  goods  tor  sale. 

2.  The  thing  consigned  ;  the  goods  sent  or  deliv- 
ered to  a  factor  for  sale  ;  as,  A  received  a  large  con- 
siiTnnient  i;f  gootis  from  11. 

3.  The  writing  by  wliieli  any  thing  is  consigni'd. 
CO.\-SI.M'l-I,.\R,  (1.    Having  coiiiiiioii  resuiiiblance. 

[Lit lie  nsed.\ 

eoN  SI-.MIL'1-TUnE,  n.  Resemblance.   [Little  used.] 
GUN-SIST',  V.  i.    [  Ij.  cnnsi.-ito  ;  con  antl  si,tttt,  to  st.aiid  ; 
Sp.  eonsi,-itir  ;  It.  eonsisttre  ;  ['"r.  consi..!trr,] 

1.  To  stanil  togcflier ;  to  be  in  a  fixed  or  perma- 
nent statt-,  as  a  body  composed  of  ptirts  in  union  or 
connectitui.  Hence,  to  be  ;  to  exist ;  to  subsist ;  to 
be  supported  and  maintained. 

lie  was  Iji-llire  nil  tbiiig.,  ancl  by  him  all  tilings  consist. — 
Col.  i. 

2.  To  stand  or  be  ;  to  lie  ;  to  be  contained  ;  fol- 
lowed by  III  ;  as,  the  beauty  of  epistolary  writing 
con,-tists  in  ease  and  freetloiii. 

3.  To  be  coiniKtsed  ;  fid  lowed  by  of;  as,  a  land- 
scape should  consist  of  a  variety  of  scenerj'. 

7'o  consist  logetlicr ;  to  coexist ;  to  have  being  con- 
currently. 

Necevsily  ami  election  can  not  consist  togetbsr  in  Uie  same  act. 

Brainhatt. 

To  consist  with  ;  to  agree ;  to  be  in  accordance  with ; 
to  be  compatible. 

Health  consists  with  tempernncc  alone.  Pope. 
eON-SIST'ENCE,  )  «.    A  standing  together ;  a  be- 
€0.\-SIST'E.\-CV,  \      ing  fixed  in  union,  as  the  parts 
of  a  body  ;  that  state  of  a  body,  in  which  its  com- 
ponent parts  reiiiain  fixed. 

Tfie  consistency  of  lioilies  is  diver 
pneiiinalical,  volatile,  ic. 

2.  A  degree  of  density  or  spissitiide,  but  indefinite, 

Lel-tlie  juices  or  liipior  be  boiled  into  the  consistenaj  of  simp. 

.irbulhnot, 

3.  Substance;  make;  firmness  of  constitution  ;  as, 
friendship  of  a  \astmg  coiu^isteney ;  resolutions  of  du- 
rable eonsi-itenee,  Soutli.  JIammond. 

4.  .\  standing  together,  as  the  parts  of  a  system, 
or  of  conduct,  &c.  ;  agreement  or  liarmoiiy  of  all 
parts  of  a  complex  thing  among  llieinselves,  or  of  the 
same  thing  with  itself  at  diHerent  times;  congruity  ; 
uniformity  ;  as,  the  con,ii,itcney  of  laws,  regulations, 
or  judicial  decisions  ;  con.iistency  of  opinions  ;  con- 
sistency of  behavior  or  of  character. 

There  is  harmony  and  consistency  iu  all  Gwl's  works. 

J,  LaOirop. 

5.  A  Standing  ;  a  state  of  rest,  in  which  things 
capable  of  growth  or  decrease  remain  for  a  time  at 
a  stand.  Cluimbers. 

eON-SI.<T'ENT,  a.    [L.  coii.twtoM.    Sec  Consist.] 

1.  Fixed  ;  firm  ;  not  fluid  ;  as,  the  consistent  parts 
of  a  body,  distinguished  from  the  fluid.  Ilarrey. 

2.  Standing  together  or  in  aEreeinent ;  compatible; 
congruous;  uniform;  not  contnidictorj-  or  opposed  ; 
as,  two  opinions  or  schemes  are  consi.ttcnt ;  let  a  man 
be  consistent  with  himself;  the  law  is  consistent  with 
justice  and  iwlicy. 

So  Iwo  consistent  motions  act  the  soul.  Pope. 

eON-SIST'ENT-LY,  arfc.    In  a  con.sistent  manner ; 
in  agreement ;  agreeably  ;  as,  to  command  confidence 
a  man  must  act  consistentlti. 
eo.N-SIS-To'RI-AL,  )  a.  "[See  Consistobv.]  Per- 
eO.VSIST'O-RY,      j      t.aining  or  relating  to  a  can- 
,iistonj,  or  ecclesiastical  court  of  an  archbishop  or 
bishop.  Jiyhffe. 
Every  archbishop  and  bishop  of  a  dioa-se  hath  a  consistory  court. 

tfncyc. 

€ON-SIS-To'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  an  order  of  Pres- 
byterian assemblies.  Hp.  Hancrofl. 

C(^.V-SIST'<.>-RY,  n.  [L.  eonsistorium,  from  eonsisto. 
See  Consist.] 

Primarily,  a  place  of  meeting  ;  a  council-house,  or 
place  of  justice.  Hence, 

1.  In  Uie  Knirlish  church,  a  place  of  justice  in  the 
spiritual  court,  or  the  court  itself ;  the  court  of  every 
diocesan  bishop,  held  in  their  cathedral  churches, 
for  the  trial  of  ecclesiastical  causes  arising  within  the 
diocese.  Tlie  bishop's  chancellor  or  his  ciuninissary 
is  the  judge.  Black.itone. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  an  assembly  of 
prelates ;  the  college  of  cardinals  at  Kume. 

Pius  was  then  hearing  ciuses  in  consistory,  Bonn. 

3.  A  solt^mn  assembly  or  council.  Milton.  Pope, 

4.  A  place  of  residence.    [A'ot  u.ir</.J  Shak. 

5.  In  some  churches,  as  the  Dutch,  a  consistory  is 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.-e  as  K ;  C  as  J :  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


CON 

tlie  lowest  tribuiiul,  correspoiidiii!:  to  a  church  session, 
and  in  others  is  composed  of  ministers  and  elders, 
corresjjondins  to  a  presbytery. 
€ON-So'CIATE,  ti,    [L.  coyisociatus.    See  the  next 
word.] 

An  associate ;  a  partner  or  confederate  ;  an  accom- 
plice. _  Hayward. 
eON-So'CIATE,  V.  t.    [L.  coTtsociatu-i,  from  consocio  ; 
cnn  and  sucio,  to  unite  j  socius,  a  companion.  See 
Social.] 

1.  'J'o  unite  ;  to  join  ;  to  associate.  Wottnn. 

2.  To  cement  or  iiold  in  close  union.  BiirneU 

3.  To  unite  in  an  assembly  or  convention,  as  pas- 
tors and  messengers,  or  delegates  of  ciuirclx^s. 

Saybrook  Platform^ 
eON-SO'CIATE,  V.  i.    To  unite  ;  to  coalesce. 

Bentlni. 

9.  To  unite,  or  meet  in  a  body  ;  to  form  a  consoci- 
ation of  pastors  and  messengers.    Smibrook  Plalfirrm. 

CON-So'ClA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Associated  in  a  body. 

€OX-5o'CI.\-TING,p;7r.    Uniting  in  a  body. 

€OX-So-CI-A'TION,  (kon-so-slie-a'slmn,)'n.  Inti- 
mate union  of  persons  ;  fellowship  ;  alliance  ;  com- 
panionship ;  union  of  tilings.  [The  word  is  less  iised 
than  .AssncjATioN.]  Wotton. 

2.  All  assembly  of  the  pastors  and  delegates  of  the 
Congregational  churches  within  a  certain  district, 
forming  a  court  of  appeal  from  the  decisions  of  the 
churches.  TrnmbulVs  History  nf  Connc^tiait. 

eOX-SO-C!-A'TIOX-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  consoci- 
ation. TnimbnU, 

CON-SoL'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Console.]  That  admits 
comfort ;  capable  of  receiv  i.ig  consolation. 

€0.\'SO-LaTE,  v.  t.  To  comfort.  [Obs.]  [See 
Console.] 

eON-SO-LA'TIO:<l ,  71.  [h.  consoUitio.  See  Console.] 
1.  Comfori  ;  alleviation  of  misery,  or  distress  of 
n'.iiiQ  ;  refreshment  of  mind  or  spirits  ;  a  compara- 
tive degree  of  hap|>iness  in  distress  or  misfortune, 
s, 'ringing  from  any  circumstance  that  abates  the 
evil,  or  supports  and  strengthens  the  mind,  as  hope, 
joy,  courage,  and  the  like. 

Af^iinsl  such  cruelties, 
With  inward  consolations  recomi.eiiscti.  Milton. 
We  have  ^ent  joy  and  consolation  in  thy  love.  —  Pliilrin.  7. 

9.  That  which  comforts  or  refreshes  the  spirits ; 
the  cause  of  comfort ;  as,  the  consolation  of  Israel. 
Luke  ii. 

€O.\'SO-La-T0R,  71.    One  who  comforts. 

CON-SOL' A-TO-RY,  a.    [L.  cortsolatoriu.'s.] 

Teniliug  to  give  comfort ;  refreshing  to  the  mind  ; 
assuaging  grief.  Howell. 

CON-SOL' A-TO-RY,  7i.  A  speech  or  writing  con- 
taining topics  of  comfort.  Milton. 

eO.N'  SoLE',  f.  t.  [V..cunsolor!  It.  consolare ;  Sp.  co7i- 
solar ;  Fr.  consoler.    The  primary  sense  is  either  to 

set  or  allay,  to  give  rest  or  quiet,  Ar.  i^^w  sala,  Heb. 
T\^Zt  ;  or  the  sense  is  to  strengthen,  in  which  case  it 
coincides  with  the  root  of  solid.  I'iie  latter  is  most 
probable.] 

To  comfort ;  to  cheer  the  mind  in  distress  or  de- 
pression ;  to  alleviate  grief,  and  give  refreshment  to 
the  mind  or  spirits ;  to  give  contentment  or  moderate 
happiness,  by  relieving  from  distress.  The  promises 
of  the  gospel  may  well  console  the  Christian  in  all 
the  afflictions  of  life ;  it  is  a  consoling  reflection  that 
the  evils  of  life  are  temporary.  , 

I  am  ninch  consoled  hy  the  n-fl'-ction  that  the  religion  of  Christ 
has  b^-en  attacked  in  vain  l»y  all  tlie  wits  and  nliilosopliers, 
and  its  triumph  has  been  complete.  P.  Henry. 

eON'SoLE,  71.  [Fr.]  In  architecture,  a  br.acket,  or 
shoulder-piece  ;  or  an  ornament  cut  upon  the  key  of 
an  arch,  which  has  a  projcctiire,  and,  on  occasion, 
serves  to  support  little  cornices,  figures,  busts,  and 
va.ses.  Kncyc. 

eON-SoL'ED,  pp.    Comforted  ;  cheered. 

CO.V-SdL'ER,  n.    One  that  gives  comfort. 

CO\-t^()L'I  UA.NT,  a.  [See  Consolidate.]  Having 
the  (pialitv  of  uniting  wounds,  or  forming  new  flesh. 

CON-SOL'i-n.\.\T,  71.  A  medicine  that  heals  or 
unites  the  parts  of  wounded  flesh.  Core. 

eON-SOL'I-DATE,  v.  t.  [ll.  consolidnre  ;  Ft.  consoli- 
der ;  Sp.  consolidar ;  con  and  L.  solidus,  solid.  See 
Solid.] 

1.  To  make  solid  ;  to  unite  or  press  together  loose 
or  ficparatt;  [larts,  and  form  a  compact  mass ;  to 
harden  or  make  tirnse  and  firm. 

He  fix'rl  and  cimsoti^laud  the  earth  aliove  the  watenf.  Burnet. 

2.  To  unite  the  parts  of  a  broken  bone,  or  the  lips 
of  a  wound,  by  means  of  applications.  Kncyc. 

3.  Ill  a  mure  genn-al  sense,  to  unite  various  partic- 
ulars into  one  nia.S3  or  body  ;  as,  to  consolidate  the 
forces  of  an  army  ;  to  coti.snfidate  vaiions  funds. 
Hence,  in  parUnmentnry  usage,  to  con.solidate  two 
billa  is  to  unite  them  into  one.  In  late,  to  consolidate 
benirficcN  is  to  combine  them  into  one. 

CO.N-KOL'r-DATK,  r.  i.  To  grow  firm  and  bard  ;  to 
unite  niid  become  Hulid  ;  an,  inoisl  clay  consolidate) 
by  drying. 


In  huru  and  ulc^n  of  the  head,  dryni 
to  conMlidaU. 


I  moketli  thrm  moiv  apt 
Bacon. 


CON 

€0N-S0L'I-DaTE,  a.    Formed  into  a  solid  mass. 

Klyot. 

eON-SOL'I-DA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  solid,  hard,  or 
compact ;  united. 

eOi\-SOL'I-DA-TING,  ppr.    Making  solid  ;  uniting. 

eON-SOL-I-D'A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making,  or  pro- 
cess of  becoming,  solid ;  the  act  of  fonning  into  a 
firm,  coiniiact  mass,  body,  or  system. 

2.  The  uniting  of  several  particulars  into  one  body  ; 
as,  a  consolidation  of  the  funds.  Hence, 

3.  The  annexing  of  one  bill  to  anotlier  in  parlia- 
ment or  legislation. 

4.  The  combining  of  two  benefices  in  one.  Cmecl. 

5.  The  uniting  of  broken  bones  or  wounded  flesh. 
eOjV-SOL'I-D.V-TlVE,  a.    Tending  to  consolidate; 

healing. 

eON-SoL'IXG,  y;)r.    Comforting;  alleviating  grief. 

CON-lSoL'ING,  rt.  Adapted  to  console  or  comfort ;  as, 
consoling  news. 

eON'SOLS,  n.  pi.  In  England,  three  per  cent,  annui- 
ties, granted  at  diflerent  times,  and  at  last  consoli- 
dated into  one  stock  or  fund.  They  constitute  near- 
ly half  the  public  debt,  and  hence  their  rise  or  fall  is 
takeitas  an  index  of  the  state  of  stocks.  Brande. 

eON'SO-NANCE,  7i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  cotuionantia,  con- 
simuns,  from  consono,  to  sound  together  ;  con  and  sono, 
to  sound.    See  Sound  and  Tone.] 

1.  Accord  or  agreement  of  sounds.  In  music,  con- 
sonance is  an  accord  of  sounds,  simultaneously  pro- 
duced, which  creates  an  agreeable  sensation  in  the 
ear,  as  the  third,  fifth,  and  eighth.  It  denotes,  also, 
the  according  intervals.  When  the  interval  of  a  con- 
sonance is  invariable,  it  is  called  perfect ;  but  when 
it  may  be  either  major  or  minor,  it  is  termed  imperfect. 

Busby. 

2.  Agreement ;  accord  ;  congruity  ;  consistency  ; 
agreeableness  ;  suitableness  ;  as,  the  con.-ionance  of 
opinions  among  judges  ;  the  consonai>ce  of  a  ritual 
to  the  Scriptures. 

eON'SO-NANT,  a.  Agreeing  ;  according  ;  congru- 
ous ;  consistent ;  followed  generally  by  to  ;  sometimes 
by  with ;  as,  this  rule  is  consonant  to  Scripture  and 
reason. 

2.  In  music,  composed  of  consonances ;  as,  cotiso- 
vant  intervals. 
eON'SO-NANT,  71.  A  letter,  or  element  of  speech, 
having  either  no  vocality,  as  p  and  the  other  mutes, 
or  only  an  imperfect  vocality,  as  b,  I,  &.c.  For  this 
reason,  consonants  are  ordinarily  sounded  only  in 
connection  with  a  vowel,  and  hence  the  name.  The 
consonants  are  better  called  articulations,  as  they  are 
the  names  given  to  the  several  closings  or  junctions 
of  the  organs  of  speech,  which  precede  and  follow 
the  openings  of  the  organs  with  which  the  vowels 
are  uttered.  These  closings  are  perfect,  and  wholly 
intercept  the  voice,  as  in  the  syllables  ek,  ep,  el,  or 
imperfect,  and  admitting  some  slight  sound,  as  in 
cm,  en.  Hence,  some  ai  ticulations  are  called  viutes, 
and  others  semi-vowels.  The  consonants  begin  or 
end  syllables,  and  their  use  is  to  determine  the  man- 
ner of  beginning  or  ending  the  vocal  sounds.  These 
closings  or  configurations  of  the  organs,  being  vari- 
ous, serve  to  diversify  the  syllables,  as  in  uttering  ba, 
da,  pa,  or  ab,  ad,  up;  ami,  although  b  and  p  may  be 
considered  as  representing  no  sounds  at  all,  yet  they 
so  modify  the  utterance  of  ab,  ap,  or  ba,  pa,  that  the 
slight  ditiereiice  between  these  aiticulalious  may  be 
perceived  as  far  as  the  human  voice  can  be  distinctly 
heard. 

eON'SO-N.\NT-LY,  ado.  Consistently;  in  agree- 
ment. 

eON'SO-NANT-NESS,  7i.  Agreeableness;  consist- 
ency. 

eON'SO-NOUS,  a.    [L.  cnnsonus.] 

Agreeing  in  sound;  syiiiphonious. 
eO.\-So'l'l-.ATE,  )'.  t.    To  lull  asleep.  [Mused.] 
eON-.'^0-PI-A'TIO.\,  71.    A  lulling  asleep.  [^Totused.] 
CON'SO-l'ITE,  V.  t.    [L.  consopio.} 

To  compose  ;  to  lull  to  sleep.    [JVoi  used.] 
eON'SO-rri'E,  a.    Calm  ;  composed.    [JVut  used.] 

Mure. 

eON'SORT,  71.  [L.  consors  ;  con  and  surs,  sort,  state, 
kind.] 

1.  A  companion  ;  a  partner ;  an  intimate  associate  ; 
particularly,  a  |>artiier  of  the  bed  ;  a  wife  or  husband. 

lie  single  chose  to  live,  and  iiluiin)e<l  to  wed, 

Well  pieajsed  to  watit  a  consort  o(  his  bed.  Dryden. 

2.  An  assembly  or  association  of  persons,  convened 
for  consultation.  Spen.ier. 

3.  Union  ;  conjunction  ;  concurrence.  Attcrburtj. 

4.  A  number  of  instruments  played  together  ;  a 
symphony  ;  a  concert.  In  this  sense  concert  is  now 
used. 

5.  In  navigation,  any  vessel  keeping  company  with 
another. 

Qiiccn  consort ;  the  wife  of  a  king,  as  distinguished 
from  a  qtieen  regnant,  who  rules  alone,  and  a  queen 
doiroger,  the  widow  of  a  king. 
eo.N'-SORT',  r.  i.    'I'o  associate  ;  to  unite  in  company  ; 
to  keep  company  ;  followed  by  witJi. 

Which  of  the  Cnxi.m  chi  Ik  cons'irts  unth  Uiec  t  Dnj'ten. 

eON-SORT',  B.  t.    To  join  ;  to  marry. 

Willi  his  consorted  Eve.  Milton. 


CON 


2.  To  unite  in  company. 

He  begins  to  consort  himself  i 


ill^en.  Locke. 
3.  To  accompany.    [JVot  used.]  Sltak. 
eON-SORT'A-BLE,  a     Suitable.  JVntton. 
eON-SORT'ED,  pp.    United  in  marriaap,  Mdum. 
CON-SORT'ING,  ppr.    Uniting  in  company  with ;  as- 
sociating. 

eON-SOll'TION,  71.   Fellowship.   [Jfotttsed.]  Brown. 
eON'SOKT-SHIP,  n.    Fellowship  ;  partnership. 
eON'SOUND,  71.    The  name  of  several  species  of 
plants. 

eON-SPEC'TA-BLE,  a.    Ea.sy  to  be  seen. 
eO.^-SPEC'TIIlN,  71.    A  beholding.    [^Tot  u.ied.] 
eON-SPF.e  Tu'l-TY,  «.    Sight;  view.    [J^ut  lued.] 
eOX-Sl'EU'.<Ki\,  rt.   A  sprinkling.  [A"o£k.v«/.] 
eON-SPI-CC'I-TY,  )i.    Conspicuousness  ;  brightness. 

[Little  used.]  Shak. 
eON-SPlC'lI-OUS,  a     [L.  consplenus,  from  cojuipicio, 

to  look  or  see  ;  con  and  speeio,  to  see.    See  Species.] 

1.  Open  to  the  view  ;  obvious  to  the  eye;  easy  to 
be  seen;  manifest;  as,  to  stand  in  Si  conspicuous 
place. 

Or  come  I  less  conspicuous.  Milton. 

2.  Obvious  to  the  mental  ej  e  ;  clearly  or  extensive- 
ly known,  perceived,  or  understood.  Hence,  emi- 
nent ;  famous  ;  distinguished  ;  as,  a  man  of  conspic- 
uous talents :  a  lady  of  cotispinioiis  virtues. 

eO.\-SPIC'IJ-OUS-LY,  orff.  In  a  conspicuous  man- 
ner; obviously  ;  in  a  manner  to  be  clearly  seen  ;  em- 
inentlv  ;  reiiiarkalilv. 

eON-SPlC'li-OUS-NESS,  71.  Openness  or  exposure 
to  the  view  ;  a  state  of  being  visible  at  a  distance; 
as,  the  conspicuousness  of  a  tower 

2.  Eminetire  :  fame  ;  celebrity  :  renown  ;  a  state 
of  being  extensively  known  anil  distinguished ;  as, 
the  cnnspicunusnrss  of  an  author. 

eON-SPIK'A-CV,  71.  [L.  conspiratio,  from  conspire. 
See  Conspire.] 

1.  A  combination  of  men  for  an  evil  purpose  ;  an 
agreement,  between  two  or  more  persons,  to  commit 
some  crime  in  concert ;  particularly,  a  combination 
to  commit  treason,  or  excite  setlitioii  or  insurrection, 
against  the  government  of  a  state  ;  a  plot ;  as,  a  con- 
spiracy against  the  life  of  a  king  ;  a  conspiracy  against 
the  government. 

More  than  forty  had  made  this  conspiracy.  —  Acts  xxiii. 

2.  In  law,  an  agreement  between  two  or  more  per- 
sons, falsely  and  maliciously  to  indict,  or  procure  to 
be  indicted,  an  innocent  person  of  felony. 

Blaekstone. 

3.  A  concurrence  ;  a  general  tendency  of  two  or 
more  causes  to  one  event.  Sidney. 

eON-SPIK'ANT,  a.    [L.  conspirans.} 

Conspiring;  plotting;  engaging  in  a  -  plot  to  com- 
mit a  crime.  Shak. 

CON-SPI-Ra'TION,  71,  Conspiracy  ;  agreement  or 
concurrence  of  things  to  one  end. 

eON-SPIU'A-TOR,  71.  One  who  conspires  ;  one  who 
engages  in  a  plot  to  commit  a  crime,  particularly 
treastm. 

2.  In  lair,  one  who  agrees  with  another  falsely  and 
maliciously  to  indict  an  innocent  person  of  felony. 
By  the  British  statute,  a  conspirator  is  defined  to  be 
one  who  binds  himself  by  oath,  covenant^  or  other 
alliance,  to  assist  another  falsely  and  maliciously  to 
indict  a  person,  or  falsely  to  maintain  pleas.  Encyc. 
eON-SPIKE',  V.  i.  [L.  eonspiro,  to  plot ;  coii  and  .s7>i- 
ro,  to  breathe.  Hut  the  primary  sense  is,  to  throw,  to 
winti ;  hence  spira,  a  fold,  circle,  wreath,  or  baiitl ; 
and  the  sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  breathe  together,  or, 
more  probably,  to  wiiiil  or  band  together.] 

1.  To  agree,  by  oath,  covenant,  or  otherwise,  to  I 
commit  a  crime  ;  to  plot ;  to  hatch  treason. 

The  servants  of  Amnion  conspired  against  hun,  and  slew  'ho 

king  in  his  own  house.  — Kings  xxi. 
Tliey  coTLspired  ag-ainsl  Joseph  to  slay  him.  — Gen.  xxxvii. 

2.  In  lata,  to  agree  falsely  and  maliciously  to  indict 
an  innocent  person  of  felony. 

3.  To  agiee  ;  to  concur  to  one  end  ;  as,  all  things 
conspire  to  make  us  prosperous. 

The  pn-ss,  the  pulpit,  and  the  stage, 
Conspire  to  censure  and  expose  our  agx:.  Roscommon. 

eON-SPIR'ER,  71.  One  who  conspires  or  plots  ;  a  con- 
spirator. Shak. 
CON-SPIR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Agreeing  to  commit  a 
crime;  plotting;  uniting  or  concurring  to  one  end. 

2.  In  jneelianics,  cun.tpiring  forces  are  forces  acting 
obliipiely  to  each  other,  but  which  may  be  severally 
resolved  into  two  parts,  one  of  which,  in  each  cast:, 
acts  in  the  same  direction  with  the  other  ;  ctMijierat- 
ing  powers.  D.  Olmsted. 

eoiN'-SPIR'ING-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  conspir- 
acy ;  by  conspiracy.  Milton. 
eON-SPlS  SA'TION,  71.    [L.  conspissatas.] 

The  act  of  making  thick  or  viscous  ;  thickness. 

More. 

eON-SPUR-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  conspurco ;  con  and  spur- 
co,  to  defile.] 

'i'lie  act  of  defiling;  defilement;  pollution.  [JVut 
in  use.]  Bp.  Ilall. 

CON'STA-BLE,  fkun'sta-bl,)  71.  [Sp.  condestnblei  Port. 
id. ;  It.  cone.itabue  ;  Fr.  connetuble ;  Sp.  conde,  it.  conte, 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRI).  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


254 


CON 


CON 


a  Cdimt,  ami  L.  .itubulum,  a  stable;  L.  cuines  stubuti, 
couiil  of  llie  stable.] 

1.  A  olliceriii  tliu  moiiarcliical  establishments 
of  the  niiilille  a};es.  Brande, 

The  loril  Itiijh  l  uiistaMc  uf  Enirlmiil  was  the  seveiitli 
otiii  i  r  of  llie  crown.  He  had  the  care  of  tlie  coiiiinon 
peace,  in  deeiU  of  arms  and  matters  of  war,  bL'ing  a 
jiidfie  of  the  court  of  chivalry,  now  called  the  court  uf 
huiwr.  To  this  ollicer,  and  to  the  earl  marshal,  he- 
longed  the  co'^ni/.ance  of  contracts,  deeds  of  arms 
w  ithout  the  realm,  and  combats  and  blazonry  within 
the  realm.  The  power  of  this  officer  w;is  so  gre.it, 
and  so  improperlv  used,  that  it  was  ahriilged  by  tlie 
i:»h  Richard  II.,  and  was  afterward  forfeited  in  the 
person  of  Edward  Stall'ord,  duke  ol  liiii  kinf;liain,  in 
l.VJl.  It  has  iu!Ver  been  granted  to  any  person  since 
tliat  time,  except  pro  liac  vice,  or  on  a  particular  occa- 
sion. Kitnjc. 

2.  An  (ifllcer  of  the  peace.  In  K/iWhhi/,  there  are 
high  con.stables,  petty  coiistabhs,  and  constables  of 
London.  The  high  constabh  s  are  chosen  at  tlK"  court 
leets  of  the  franchise  or  hiindreil  over  w  hich  they 
preside,  or,  in  default  of  that,  hy  tile  justices  of  the 
<iuarter  sessions,  and  urc  removable  by  (he  same  au- 
thority that  appoints  them.  The  p:'tty  constables  are 
chosen  by  the  jury  of  the  court  leet,  or,  if  no  court  is 
held,  they  are  appointed  by  two  justices  of  the  peace. 
In  Ijcuidon,  a  constable  is  iiominated  in  c,'\cll  precinct 
by  the  inhabitants,  and  confirmed  at  the  court  of 
wardmote.  The  duty  of  constables  is  to  keep  the 
jieace  ,  and  for  this  purpose  they  arc  invested  with 
the  (mwer  of  arresting  and  imprisoning,  and  of  break- 
ing open  houses. 

In  Uie  United  Stales,  constables  are  town  or  .city 
oflicers  of  the  peace,  with  powers  similar  to  those 
possessed  by  the  constables  in  (Jreat  ISritaiii.  'I'hey 
are  invested  also  with  powers  to  execute  civil  as  weil 
as  criminal  process,  and  to  levy  executions.  In  j\yw 
F,n!,'land,  they  are  elected  by  tlie  inhabitants  uf  towns 
in  legal  meeting. 

To  orrrrun  tilt  constable  :  to  spend  more  tlian  a  man 
is  worth  or  can  pay  ;  a  viiltrar  phrase. 

€ON'ST.\-ULKIl-Y,  (kun'sta-bler-y.)  h.    The  body  or 
jurisdiction  of  constables. 

et'i.N'ST.'V-BLK-.^IIll',  n.    The  office  of  a  constable. 

€0N'ST.'V-BI,E-\V1CK,  n.    The  district  to  which  a 
constable's  power  is  limited.  Hale. 

eo.N'-STAB'Ii-L.\-KY,  o.    Pertaining  to  constables  ; 
consisting  of  constables. 

CON'ST.\.\'-CY,  n.    [L.  constantia,  from  coiista;  con 
and  sto,  to  stand.] 

1.  Fixedness ;  n  standing  firm  ;  hence,  applied  to 
God  or  his  works,  immutability  ;  unalterable  contin- 
uance ;  a  (leriiianent  state.  Hooker. 

2.  Fixedness  or  lirmness  of  niind  ;  persevering  res- 
olution ;  steady,  unshaken  deteriniiiatioii ;  particu- 
larly applicable  to  tirinness  of  mind  under  sntferings, 
to  steadiness  iu  attachments,  and  to  perseverance  in 
ent<'rprise.  Lasting  at&ctioii ;  stability  in  love  or 
friendship. 

:i.  fcrtaiiitv ;  veracity  ;  reality.    Sliak.  Johnson. 
CON"STA.\T,"n.    [L.  co'nslans.] 

1.  Fixed  ;  firm  ;  opposed  to  JIniil. 

To  tiini  two  tttiitl  Ikiuors  into  iv  tonslant  bot\y.  Boyie. 

\In  this  sT/isff  wot  M^e^.] 

2.  Fixed ;  not  varied ;  unchanged ;  permanent ;  lin- 
mulablc. 


Th-  vvorlil  ' 

CotiiMitt,  ill 


*  of  clnn^vi,  and  to  be 
w.'rv  incotikttiicv. 


Cowley. 

X  Fixed  or  firm  in  inind,»j)urj)Ose,  affection,  or 
principle  ;  unshaken  ;  unmoved  ;  as,  a  constant  friend 
or  lover. 

4.  Certain  ;  steady  ;  lirinly  adherent ;  with  to  ;  as, 
a  man  consinnt  to  his  purpose  or  to  liis  duties. 

€l).N''f>TANT,  n.  In  ;;/ii/.«if.«,  that  w  hich  remains  un- 
changed or  invariable.  Thus  a  tpiantity,  force,  law, 
&c.,  when  it  coiitinues  unclianged,  is  called  a  cun- 
stant.  P.  Cifc. 

eO.N-STAN-TI-NO-l'OL'I-TAN,  a.  Relating  to  Con- 
stantinople, the  nietro|iolis  of  the  empire  of  Turkey. 

€O.N'ST.\.VT-LY,  (!(/.  Firmly;  steadily;  invariably; 
continually  ;  perseveringly. 

RlinU  corulanVy  itlliniK'il  that  it  w:u  even  so.  —  AcU  xii. 
Thpsi;  things  I  wilt  Uiai  ihuu  alfirm  cvnttanUif.  — Tit.  iii. 

eON'STAT,  n.  [L.,  it  appears.]  In  F.nsland,  a  cer- 
tificate given  by  the  clerk  of  the  pipe  and  auditors  of 
the  excheipier  to  a  perstm  who  intenils  to  plead  or 
move  fora  discharge  uf  any  thing  in  that  court  The 
cffc'ct  of  i  is  to  show  what  appears  upon  the  rccoril 
respecting  the  matter  in  ipiestion. 

2.  An  exemplification  under  the  great  seal  of  the 
enrollment  of  anv  letters  patent.  F.ncyc. 

eON'STEULATE,  r.  L  [Low  L.  consUUalas  ;  con 
and  stello,  to  sliino  ;  Stella,  a  star.] 

To  join  luster ;  to  shine  with  united  radiance  or 
one  general  light.    [Little  used.] 

Thr  wercnX  l]iin*i  wliich  engage  our  aflections  •hiiic  fonh  aiui 
eoTuUUau  bi  Gotl.  lioyU. 

eON'STEULSTE,  r.  t  To  unite  several  shining 
h"dies  in  one  splendor.    [Little  ii.iert.]  Brown. 

CO.\'STf;L-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  United  in  one  splen- 
tlor.  Broien. 


•2.  Starry ;  set  or  adorned  with  starx  or  constella- 
tions. ./.  Burloic. 
eON  STEL-LA'TION,  71.  A  cluster,  assemblage,  or 
group,  of  rixetl  stars  ;  a  number  of  stars  which  appear 
as  if  situated  near  each  other  in  the  heavens,  and 
are  considered  as  furiiiiiit;a  particular  division.  Tlie 
constellations  are  reduced  mostly  to  the  figures  of 
certain  animals  or  other  known  things,  as  the  bear, 
the  bull,  the  ram,  the  balance,  &c. 

Fur  tlic  efiirs  uf  h<-iiven,  and  the  cottetcllationt  Uicrcuf,  &h.Lll  not 
gtvf  tln'ir  lisht.  —  In,  xiii. 

9.  An  assenililage  of  splendors  or  excellences. 

e()N-STEU-N.\'TK)N,  11.  [L.  constrrnntio,  from  cun- 
stcnw :  con  and  ,-<civi«,  to  tlirow  or  strike  down.] 

Astiiiii^hni.'nt ;  aiiiazeiiieiit  or  horror  that  confounds 
the  faculties,  and  incapacitates  a  person  for  consulta- 
tion and  (^xel.ulioll ;  excessive  terror,  wonder,  or  siir- 
jirise.  South. 

et).\''STI-I*.\TE,  r.  t.  [Ij.  constipo  ;  cnn  and  sd>(i,  to 
crowd,  or  cram.  Eng.  to  stuff,  to  stvp.  See  .Stukf  ami 
Srop.l 

I.  To  crowd  or  cram  into  a  narrow  comjiass ;  to 
thicken  or  cuiuleiise.  Duron. 

9.  To  sttip,  by  filling  a  p.assage,  and  preventing 
motion  ;  as,  Iti  constipate  capillary  vessels. 

.^rbuthnot. 

3.  To  fill  or  crowd  the  intestinal  canal,  and  make 
costive.  Brotan. 

e<  i.V'STI  r.A  'PEO,  pp.    Made  costive. 

C()N'ST!-1'.A-Tl\(;,;i;ir.    .Making  costive. 

CO.N-STI  r.\'Tl().\,  n.  The  act  of  crowding  any 
tiling  into  a  less  cunipiuss  ;  a  pressing  together;  con- 
densation ;  as,  a  close  c«H,'.7(/;n^(«n  t)f  particles.  Bcntleij. 

9.  j\tvre  trrnrrnlly,  a  crowding  or  filling  to  hartl- 
ness  the  intestinal  canal,  from  defective  excretion  ; 
costiveiiess  ;  ob.-itipation.  Encyc.  Cote. 

etJ.V  tiTlTM!-E.\-CV,  n.  The  act  of  cimstituting,  or, 
more  freipieiitly,  the  boily  of  constituents.  [Modern 

M>V(WT.] 

eo.N'-HTITMJ-E.N'T,  a.  [L.  constitucn.i,  constituo ;  con 
and  stiUuo,  to  set.    See  ST.\Tt'E,  Statute.] 

Setting ;  constituting  ;  applied  to  parts  of  a  iking 
Hiut  are  essential  to  it.  Ilence, 

1.  Necessary  or  essential ;  elemental ;  forming, 
composing,  or  making,  as  an  essential  jiarl;  as,  oxy- 
gen and  hyilrogen  are  the  con.ttilu.enl  parts  of  water. 
Uuily,  soul,  ;inil  reason,  arc  Uie  three  cons^Luenl  parts  of  a  man. 

lyry'len. 

9.  Having  the  power  of  constituting  or  appointing. 

A  (Hiesliuii  of  right  arises  l»-tween  the  con^Iilueril  unci  rcpr.'S  'iit- 
ative  tiovly.  Junius. 
eO.\-STIT'lI-E.\T,  Ji.    lie  or  that  which  sets,  fixes, 
or  forms ;  he  or  that  which  constitutes  or  composes. 

Their  first  rompomire  and  ori-rination  rcqnires  a  higher  ami  no 
bl'T  consdtuenl  Uiaii  chance.  Hale. 

9.  That  which  constitutes  or  composes,  as  a  part, 
or  an  essential  part. 

The  lymph  in  those  glands  Li  a  necessary  eonglituent  of  the  all* 
mt'iit.  ArbuOinot. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  those  who  appoint  or  elect 
some  one  as  their  representative  to  an  oltice  or  eni- 
ploMnetit.  Burke. 
e< '.N'STI- TOTE,  r.  t.  [L.  constituo:  con  and  statuo, 
to  set.  (See  Statue,  Statute.)  It.  constituire ;  Sp. 
constit-uir :  Fr.  constituer.'\ 

1.  To  set ;  to  fix  ;  to  enact ;  to  estjiblish. 

We  iiiiisl  oU'v  laws  appoiiiteil  and  cont&tuted  by  lawful  author- 
ity, not  a^.iiiist  Uie  law  of  Uod.  7\lylor. 

9.  To  form  or  compose ;  to  give  formal  existence 
to  ;  to  make  a  thing  what  it,  is.  Perspicuity  consti- 
tutes the  prime  excellence  of  style. 

Truth  and  n-asuli  ronstilule  that  Intellectual  ^Ul  tliat  defies  de- 
struction. Johnson. 

3.  To  appoint,  depute,  or  elect,  to  an  office  or  em- 
ployment ;  to  make  and  empower.  A  sherilf  is  con- 
slituted  a  consiTvator  of  the  peace  ;  A  has  constituted 
B  his  attorney  or  agent. 

eo.N'STI-TOTE,  H.    An  est.ablished  law.  [Oi.?.] 

eON'STI-TC-TEI),pp.  ora.  Set;  fixed;  established; 
in.ade  ;  elected  ;  ap|H>iiited. 

eo.S'STI-TC-TEO  AU-THOR'I-TIES,  n.  pi.  The 
macistnites  or  governors  of  a  people.        H.  .Mora. 

et).\'STI-TO-TEll,  n.  One  who  constitutes  or  ap- 
fMiints. 

CI).\'STI-T0-T1XG,  ppr.  Petting  ;  establishing  ;  com- 

ptvsiuir;  electing;  a]))H)inting. 
en.V-STl-TO'TlO.X,  «.    The  act  of  constituting, 

enacting,  establishing,  or  appointing. 

2.  The  state  of  being;  that  form  of  being,  or  pe- 
culiar stnicture  and  connection  of  parts,  which 
makes  or  characterizes  a  system  or  body.  Hence, 
the  iKirticnlar  fnime  or  temperament  of  the  human 
hotly  is  called  its  constitution.  VVe  speak  of  a  robust 
or  fi»'ble  constitution:  a  cold,  phlegmatic,  sanguine, 
or  irritable  constitution.  W'e  speak  of  the  constitution 
of  the  air,  or  other  substance  ;  the  cotistilutiun  of  the 
solar  system  ;  the  constitution  of  things. 

3.  The  frame  or  temper  of  mind,  aflections,  or 
passions. 

4.  The  established  fonn  of  government  in  a  state, 
kinsdom,  or  country  ;  a  system  of  fundamental 
niles,  principles,  and  ordinances,  for  the  government 


of  a  .state  or  nation.  In  free  stales,  the  constiiiitinn 
is  paramount  to  the  statutes  or  laws  eitai  ted  by  the 
legislature,  limiting  anil  controlling  its  pow<-r  ;  and 
in  the  United  Slates,  Uii-  legislature  is  created,  and 
its  powers  tlesignated,  by  thtr  constittiiiiui. 

fi.  .\  particular  law,  oriltnance,  or  re:;iilatiiiii,  ninde 
by  the  aiilluirily  of  any  superior,  civil  or  ecclesiasti- 
cal;  as,  the  con.ftitutions  of  the  chiirclit;s;  the  novel 
conslilulwns  ii(  Jnstlni,'in  and  his  siiccesstirs. 

G.  A  system  of  fiiiiibimeiitnl  principles  for  the  gov- 
ernment uf  rational  and  social  beings. 

The  New  Teslaiiieiit  is  tlic  iiKiril  c-onslixulion  of  inoilern  soeietj. 

(jriinkt. 

eO\-STI-T0'TIO.\-AL,  a.  Bred  or  inherent  in  the 
constitution,  or  in  the  natural  frame  of  body  or 
mind  ;  as,  a  con.itilalionnl  infirmity  ;  can.slituliunal 
ardor  or  dullness. 

2.  Consistent  with  the  constitution  ;  authorized  by 
the  ctuistitution  or  fundamental  rules  of  a  govern- 
ment; legal. 

An  act  of  cangMa  pr^ihiljitjn^  llt<*  {mpon.tlion  of  staves  into  tJie 
United  Sljit'-s  is  constitutwtioj . 

3.  Relating  to  the  constitution  ;  as,  a  constilulional 
doubt.  Paleij. 

eo.N'-STI-TP'TlOX-AL-IST,  «.  An  adherent  10  the 
ctiustiliition  tif  government. 

2.  An  innovator  of  tin;  old  constitution,  or  a 
framer  or  fru  nd  of  the  new  con.stitution,  in  Fnince. 

Burke. 

eON-STI-TO-TIOX-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
constitutiimal  ;  the  sLate  of  being  inherent  in  the 
natural  frame ;  as,  the  constitutionalitij  of  tlisease. 

Coze.    Alrd.  Rrpository. 
2.  The  st.ate  of  being  consistent  with  the  constitu- 
tion or  frame  of  government,  or  of  being  authorized 
by  its  provisions. 

The  jiidijes  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  lite  Uniteil  State*  have  the 
power  ol  tieteniuiiiiig  the  eonstUaliOntUUt/  uf  laws. 

eON-STI-TO'TION-AL-LY,   adv.     In   consistency  " 
with  the  ctmstittition  or  frame  of  government. 

eON-STI-TP'TION-A-RY,  a.   Constitutional.  [Bad.] 

eoN-STI-TO'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  the 
constitution  of  the  cotiiitrv.  Bolini;hruke. 

eoX'STI-Tu-TlVE,  n.  That  constitutes,  forms,  or 
cumposes  ;  elemental ;  es.sential. 

The  constilalive  pirls  ol  a  schismatic  bein^  th-?  esteem  of  him- 
self and  contempt  of  others.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  Having  power  to  enact,  establish,  or  create  ; 
instituting. 

eON'STI-Tu-TIVE-LY,  ailc.  In  a  constitutive  man- 
ner. 

€ON-STRaIX',  v.  t.  [Fr.  cnntraimlre ;  It.  eonstriirnere, 
OT  coslrintTcre  ;  Sp.  constrenir  ;  VoTl.  constrin^ir ;  from 
L.  constrin<ro  ;  con  and  stringo,  to  strain,  to  bind. 
Sec  Strain.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  strain  ;  to  press  ;  to  urge  ;  to 
drive  ;  to  exert  force,  [ihysical  or  moral,  either  in 
urging  to  action  or  in  restraining  it.  Ilence, 

1.  To  compel  or  force  ;  to  urge  with  irresistible 
power,  or  with  a  power  sufficient  to  produce  the 
eflect. 

The  spirit  within  me  eonstraineth  me.  — Job  xxxii. 
I  was  eonstmined  to  ap|xntl  to  Cesar.  —  Actjf  xxviii. 
For  tlie  love  of  Christ  eonstraineth  us.  —  2  Cor.  v. 

2.  To  confine  by  force ;  to  restrain  from  escape  or 
action ;  to  repress. 

My  sire  in  caves  eorurtratrts  the  winds.  Drvien. 

3.  To  hold  by  force  ;  to  press ;  to  confine. 

How  the  strait  stays  tlie  slender  waijit  eonstrain  I  Oay. 

4.  To  constringe  ;  to  bind. 

When  winter  frosts  eonsrroin  tlie  tietd  with  cold.  Dryden. 

5.  To  tie  fast ;  to  bind  ,  to  chain  ;  to  confine. 

He  hinds  in  chains 
The  drowsy  prophet,  ami  his  limbs  eonstrains.  Dryden. 

6.  To  necessitate. 

Did  fati;  or  we  the  aduUerous  act  constrain?  Pope. 

7.  To  force  ;  to  ravish.    [JVot  wted.]  Shak. 

8.  To  proiluce  in  opposition  to  nature  ;  as,  a  ron- 
slrained  voice  ;  con.-flrained  ntites.  fVallrr. 

eoX-STR.AlX'.\-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  constrained, 
lorced,  ttr  repressed  ;  liable  to  constraint,  or  to  re- 
straint. Hooker. 

eo.\-STK.\l.\'f;n,  />;>.  or  n.  Urged  irresistibly  or 
powerfully  ;  compelled  ;  forceil ;  restrained  ;  con- 
fineil  ;  bounil  ;  iniprisoiietl ;  necessitated. 

eo\-STU.\IX'ED-LY,  o<ir.  By  constraint;  by  com- 
pillsioll.  Hooker. 

€;().\-STK.\IX'ER,  71.    One  who  constrains. 

GO.N-STlt aI.S"I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Urging  with  irresisti- 
ble or  powerful  force  ;  coin|n'lling  ;  forcing  ;  repress- 
ing ;  confining  ;  holding  by  fiircc  ;  pressing;  binding. 

€OX-STRAI.\T',  71.    [Fr.  conrraiiitf.] 

Irresistible  force,  or  its  etl'ect ;  any  force  or  power, 
ph>'sical  or  moral,  whitdi  comiiels  to  act  or  to  forbear 
action,  or  which  urges  so  strongly  as  to  produce  its 
eflect  upon  the  body  or  mind  ;  compulsion  ,  restraint ; 
confinement. 

Not  by  constnunl.  but  by  my  rKoJce,  I  came,  Drydtn. 
Feed  the  flock      tiod,  LaJbnjf  the  overaigtit  tlvrrof,  not  by  eow- 
straini,  but  wUiinfly.  —  1  Pel,  v. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UXITE,  — AN"GER,  VI-'CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


CON 

eON-STRAlNT'IVE,  a.    Having  power  to  compel. 

Carew, 

eON-STRICT',  V.  U  [L.  constringo,  constrictum.  See 
Constrain.] 

To  draw  together ;  to  bind ;  to  cramp  ;  to  draw 
into  a  narrow  compass  ;  hence,  to  contract  or  cause 
to  slirink.  Arbtitlmot. 
eON-STRICT'ED,  pp.    Drawn  togetlier ;  bound ;  con- 
tracted. 

eON-STRICT'IXG,  ppr.  Drawing  togetlier ;  binding ; 
contracting. 

eON-.STUIt;'TrON,  ;i.  A  drawing  togetlier  or  con- 
traction, by  means  of  some  inlierent  power,  or  by 
spasm,  as  distinguished  from  compression,  or  tlie  pres- 
sure of  extraneous  bodies ;  as,  tlie  constriction  of  a 
muscle  or  fiber.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  sometimes  used 
as  synonymous  with  compression. 

eON-STRICT'OR,  n.  Tliat  which  draws  together  or 
contracts.  In  anatemy,  a  muscle  which  draws  to- 
gether or  closes  an  orifice  of  the  body  ;  as,  the  con- 
strictor labiorum,  a  mus(!le  of  the  lips.  Knctjc. 

9.  A  term  applied  to  large  serpents  which  crush 
their  prey  in  their  folds,  as  the  Boa  Constrictor,  &c. 

Branile. 

eON-STRI.\GE',  (kon-strinj',)  v.  t.  [L.  constringo. 
See  Constrain.] 

To  draw  together ;  to  strain  into  a  narrow  com- 
pass ;  to  contract ;  to  force  to  contract  itself. 

Strong  liquors  cunsliingc,  haRlen  the  fiLjers,  and  coasrulate  the 
fluids.  ArhuOmoU 

eOX-STRlN0'J:D,  pp.  Contracted  ;  drawn  together. 
eO\-S  TRIXC'EXT,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  con- 

tractiiiL',  hiii'liuir,  or  compressing.  Bacon.  Thomson. 
eON-STRl.\'t;'h\G,  ppr.     Druuing  or  compressing 

into  a  smaller  com[)ass  ;  contriicliiii: ;  hiiuliiii;. 
eON-STRUCT',  v.t.    [L.  co,i..iriu,,  cuottnulum;  con 

and  strtin,  to  lay,  dispf)se,  or  set  in  oj'dcr;  ^'[i.  con- 

struir ;  Fr.  con^'truire  ;  It.  id.    See  Stri'cture.] 

1.  To  put  together  the  parts  of  a  thing  in  their 
proper  pliice  and  order ;  to  build ;  to  form  ;  as,  to 
coiLstrnct  an  edifice. 

2.  To  devise  and  compose ;  as,  to  construct  a  new 
system  ;  or  simply  to  frtime  or  form  ;  as,  to  construct 
a  telescope.  The  word  may  include  the  invention, 
with  the  formation,  or  nut,  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
writer.  A  man  constructs  a  ship  according  to  a 
model ;  or  a  grammar  liy  a  new  arrangement  of  prin- 
ciples ;  or  a  planetarium  of  a  new  form. 

3.  To  interpret  or  understand.    [See  Construe.] 

4.  7\i  construct  an  equation,  in  geometry,  is  to  form  a 
geonulrical  figure  corresponding  to  the  etiuation. 

Stanley. 

eON-STRUCT'ED,  pp.  Built ;  formed  ;  composed  ; 
compiled. 

eON-STRIJCT'ER.  n.  One  who  constructs  or  frames. 
eOiX-STRUCT'l.Ni;,  ;;;)r.  Building;  framing;  com- 
eON-STRUC'TlO.V,  n.    [L.  construrlio.]  [posing. 

1.  The  act  of  building,  or  of  devising  and  forming ; 
fabrication. 

2.  The  form  of  building;  the  manner  of  putting 
together  the  parts  of  a  building,  a  machine,  or  a  sys- 
tem ;  structure  ;  conformution.  The  sailiim  of  a  ship 
and  its  capacity  depend  chiefly  on  its  conMructioo. 

:i.  In  grammar,  syntax,  or  the  arrangement  and  con- 
nection of  words  in  a  sentence,  according  to  established 
usages,  or  the  practice  of  gooii  writers  and  speakers. 

4.  Sense  ;  meaning  ;  interpretation  ;  explanation  ; 
or  the  manner  of  understanding  the  arrangement  of 
words,  or  of  understanding  facts.  Let  us  find  the 
true  construction  ;  or  lot  us  give  the  author's  words  a 
sound,  rtitional,  consistent  construction.  What  con- 
struction can  bit  put  upon  this  alfair,  or  upon  the  con- 
duct of  ;i  man  ? 

.').  The  manner  of  describing  a  figure  or  problem 
in  geometry.  Johnson. 

The  drawing  of  such  lines,  such  figure,  &c.,  as  are 
previously  necessary  for  milking  any  demonstration 
appear  more  |)lain  and  undeniable.  Kneyc. 

C.  'i'he  construction  of  fin  equation,  in  geometry,  is 
the  drawing  of  such  lines  and  figiirt^s  as  are  neces- 
sary for  the  solution  of  a  problem  or  ihe  demonstra- 
tion of  a  tbeortim.  •  Stanleii.  Johnson. 
eO.\-STRIJC"'i'Ii)X-,\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  construc- 
tion ;  deduced  from  (lonstruction  or  interpn^tation. 
[UniLxual]  '  IVaterlaud. 
eO.N'-STRl/c'TION-IST,  ».    One  who  construes  a 

writing  or  piililic  instrument. 
CON-STKUCT'l  VE,  a.    By  consirnrtion  ;  created  or 
dedinied  by  constrm  tion,  or  mode  of  interprt  tation  ; 
not  ilirectly  cxpri-ssed,  but  inferred  ;  as,  coustrueticc 
treason.  Blar.lcsl.one. 

Htipuljtionit,  irxprr^Mcd  or  iinpli'-d,  foiinul  or  comlrucdve. 

Foley. 

eON-.STRi;eT'IVE-I,Y,  oaIv.  In  a  ronstrnctive  man- 
ner ;  by  way  of  conntruction  or  interpretiition  ;  by 
fair  inference.  Chaunccy.    United  States. 

A  Dfulril  must  have  noUc'*  of  a  Ijlutkade,  citln'r  actually  by  a 
fonihii  inrurmalioii,  or  conttrucUocli/  Ity  notice  u>  Iiih  govern, 
"irnt.  Kent. 
€ON-HTRUeT'IVE-NESH,  n.    Among  phrrnologisti, 
the  faculty  which  litadfi  to  the  formation  of  parts 
into  a  wlKile.  Combe. 
eON  HTKUeTMIRE,  (kon-»trukt'yur,)  n.  An  edifice ; 


CON 

pile  ;  fabric.  [For  this,  Structure  is  more  generally 
used.]  Blackmore. 
eOX'STRuE,  ?!.       [h.  constrao.    See  Construct.] 

1.  To  arrange  words  in  their  nattiral  order ;  to  re- 
duce from  a  transposed  to  a  nattiral  order,  so  as  to 
discover  the  sense  of  a  sentence  ;  hence,  to  interpret, 
and,  when  applied  to  a  foreign  language,  to  translate  ; 
to  render  into  English;  as,  to  construe  Greek,  Latin, 
or  French, 

2.  To  interpret ;  to  explain  ;  to  show  or  to  under- 
stand the  meaning. 

1  pray  that  1  may  not  he  so  understood  or  construed.  Hooker. 
Tlius  we  are  put  to  construe  and  paraplir.isj  onr  own  words. 

.StUliugJIeel. 

eON'STRU-JED,  pp.  Arranged  in  natural  mder ;  in- 
terpreted ;  understood  ;  tninslated. 

CON'STRU-ING,  ppr.  Arranging  in  natural  order; 
expounding;  interpreting;  translating. 

eOiX'STLF-I'RATE,  v.  t.  [L.  conslui)ro  ;  con  and  stuirro. 
To  violiite  ;  to  tlebauch  ;  to  defile.         [to  ravish.] 

eON'SvTU-l'RA-TED, Debauched. 

€OX'STir-PRA-TL\G,  ppr.  Violating. 

€ON-STU-PRa'TION,  n.  The  act  of  ravishing  ;  vi- 
olation ;  defilement.  Bp.  Hull. 

eON-SUB-SIST',J).  i.   To  subsist  together.    [See  Sud- 

SIST.] 

CO.X-SUB-STAN'TIAL,  (-stan'shal,)  a.  [L.  consub- 
stantialLs  i  con  tixifi  substantia.    See  Substance.] 

1.  Having  the  same  substance  or  essence  ;  coes- 
scntial. 

Tlie  orthodox  believe  the  Son  to  be  consubslaiiluil  with  the  Fa- 
ther. Kncyc. 

2.  Of  the  same  kind  or  nature. 

It  continu''th  a  body  consubst^rUial  with  ours.  Hooker. 

€ON-SUB-STAN'TIAL-IST,  n.  One  who  believes 
in  consubslantiation.  Barrow. 

eON-SUB-STAN-TI-AL'I-TY,  (-stan-she-al'e-ty,)  71. 
The  existence  of  more  than  one  in  the  same  sub- 
stance ;  as,  the  coeternity  and  consubstantiality  of  the 
Son  with  the  Father.  JIaoimond. 
2.  Participation  of  the  same  nature.  Johnson. 

CON'-SUB-STAN'TIaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  con  and  substantia, 
substance.] 

To  unite  in  one  common  substance  or  nature. 

Johnson. 

CON-SUB-STAN'TIaTE,  v.  i.  To  profess  consub- 
sttintiation.  Drydcn. 

eON-SLTB-STAN'TI.x-TED,  United  in  a  common 
substance. 

eON-SUB-STAN'TlA-TING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  a  com- 
mon subst;)llC(\ 

eON-SUB-STAN-TI-A'TION,  (-sho-a'shun,)  n.  The 
union  of  the  body  of  otir  blessed  Savior  with  the  sac- 
ramental elements.  The  Ltitlierans  maintain  that, 
after  consecration  of  the  elements,  the  botly  and 
blood  of  Christ  are  substantially  present  with  the 
substance  of  the  bread  and  wine  ;  which  is  called 
consuhst.antiation,  or  impanation.  Enci/e. 

eON'SUE-TuDE,  )i.    Custom  ;  usaie.  Scott. 

€ON-SUE-Tu'DIi\-AL,  a.  Customary. 

CON'SUL,  n.    [L.  consul,  from  consulo,  to  consult.] 

1.  The  chief  magistrate  of  the  ancient  Roman  re- 
public, invested  with  regal  authority  for  one  year. 
There  were  two  consuls  annually  chosen  in  the  Cam- 
pus Martins.  In  the  first  ages  of  Rome,  tlu^y  were 
elected  from  patrician  families  or  noblemen  ;  bat,  in 
the  year  of  Rome  388,  the"  people  obtained  the  |)i  ivi- 
lege  of  electing  one  of  the  consuls  from  their  own 
body,  and  sometimes  both  were  plebeians.  ICuryr. 

2.  .\  chief  magistrate,  among  the  f'rrnch,  during 
their  revolution,  in  imitation  of  the  Romans.  Brande. 

3.  A  person  commissioned  by  a  king  or  state  to  re- 
side in  a  foreign  country  as  an  agent  or  ri'presenta- 
tive,  to  proti!ct  the  rights,  commerce,  merchants,  and 
seamen,  of  the  state,  and  to  aid  the  gtiveniinent  in  any 
commercial  transactions  with  such  foreign  countrj'. 

4.  All  adviser.    [J^ot  loell  autliorized.]  Bacon. 
eON'SIJL-AGi^,  7!.  A  duty  laid  by  the  British  Levant 

company  on  imports  and  exports  for  the  sujiport  of 

the  comptiny's  affairs.  Kton. 
GON'SUL-AR,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  consul ;  as,  consular 

power  ;  consular  dignity,  or  jjrivileges. 
eoN'SUL-ATE,  n.    [L.  consulatu.<:.]    The  office  of  a 

consul.  .Addison. 
[  This  is  applicable  to  modern  consuh,  aji  well  as  to 

Vie  Roman.] 

9.  The  jurisdiction  or  extent  of  a  consul's  authority. 
3.  The  residence  of  a  consul.  [Kent. 
eON'SUL  GEN"ER-AL,  Ji.    A  consul,  in  Uie  commer- 
cial sense,  appointed  for  several  iilaces  or  over  sevi^ral 
consuls.  Kncuc.  Jim. 

CO.\'Si:i--SIl!P,  71.    The  oflice  of  a  consul;  or  the 

term  of  his  ollice  ;  npplicable  onlit  to  Roman  consuh. 
CON  Siri.T',  II.  i.    IE.  eonsulto,  from  consulo,  to  con- 
sult, to  ask  counsel.    The  last  syllable  mtiy  be  from 

the  ,Ar.  ^JLw  suala,  lleb.  Cli.  Sam.  F,th.  Vnb',  to  ask.] 
1.  To  seek  the  opinitin  or  atlvict*  of  another,  by  a 
atatemi  nt  of  facts  tinil  suitable  inquiries,  for  Ihe  pur- 
pose of  directing  one's  own  judgment ;  followed  by 
with. 

Hehotoiin  comulUid  tnlli  tli-  ul,l  nw-ii.  —  I  Kini[»  xli. 

Ilavid  consulted  mill  the  c.iptaiiin  ol'  thuuuandB.  —  1  Uliron.  xlll. 


CON 

2.  To  take  counsel  together  ;  to  seek  opinions  and 
advice  by  mutual  statements,  inquiries,  and  reason- 
ings ;  to  deliberate  in  common. 

The  chief  priests  cousulled  lliat  tliey  miglit  put  Lazanu  to  death. 
John  xii. 

3.  To  consider  with  deliberation.   LuJce  xiv. 
CONSULT',  V.  t.    To  ask  advice  of;  to  seek  the 

opinion  of  another,  as  a  guide  to  one's  own  judg- 
ment; as,  to  consult  a  friend  or  parent. 

2.  To  seek  for  information, or  facts,  in  something; 
as  by  examining  books  or  papers.  Thus,  I  consulted 
sevend  authors  on  the  subject ;  I  consulted  the  official 
documents. 

3.  To  regard  ;  to  have  reference  or  respect  to,  in 
juilging  or  acting ;  to  decide  or  to  act  in  favor  of. 
We  are  to  consult  the  necessities,  rather  than  the 
pleasures,  of  life.  We  are  to  consult  public  as  well 
as  private  interest.  Ho  consulted  his  own  safety  in 
(light. 

Kre  fancy  you  coneutt,  consult  your  purse.  i-Vanik/in. 

4.  To  plan,  devise,  or  contrive. 

Thtou  hast  consulted  shame  to  thy  house,  by  cutting  off  many 
people.  —  Hab.  ii. 

\  litis  sense  Li  ttnusual,  and  not  to  be  countenanced.] 
eo:N-SULT',  71.    'J'lie  act  of  consulting  ;  the  etfect  of 
consultation;  determination;  a  council,  or  deliber- 
ating tissembly.  Drydcn.  Bacon. 

This  word  is,  I  believe,  entirely  obsolete,  except  in 
poetry.  It  would  be  naturiilly  accented  on  the  first 
syllable,  but  the  poets  accent  the  Itist. 
COiN-SULT-A'TlON,  71.  The  act  of  consulting ;  de- 
liberation of  two  or  more  persons,  with  a  view  to 
syme  dtM-ision. 

The  chief  priests  held  a  consullalion  with  tlie  elders  and  8cribes. 
—  Mark  xv. 

2.  .\  meeting  of  persons  to  consult  together ;  a 
cotmcil  for  deliberation,  as  of  leg;d  counsel  retauied  in 
a  cause,  or  of  phj  sicians  in  a  dangerous  disease. 

H'iscman. 

Writ  0/ consultation  ;  in  iaip,  a  writ  awarded  by  a 
superior  court,  to  return  a  cause  which  had  been  re- 
moved by  prohibition  from  the  court  Christian  to  its 
original  jurisdictiuii ;  so  called,  because  the  judges, 
on  consultation,  find  the  prohibition  ill  founded. 

Blac.kstonc. 

€ON-SULT'A-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  privilege  of 
consulting.  Brumhall. 

CON-SULT'ED,  pp.  Asked  ;  inquired  of,  for  opinion 
or  advice  ;  regarded. 

COX-.SULT'Eli,  «.  One  who  ctmsults,  or  asks  coun- 
sel or  information  ;  as,  a  consulter  with  familiar 
S[)irits.    JJrut.  xviii. 

CON-SULT'IiNG,  ;j/i7'.  or  a.  Asking  advice  ;  seeking 
information  ;  deliberating  and  inquiring  mutually  ; 
regarding. 

eON-SOM'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Consume.]    Thtit  may 
be  consumeil ;  possible  to  be  destroyed,  dissipated, 
wasted,  or  spent;  as,  asbestos  is  not  co7!sKi;ia4;c  by 
fire.  Wilkins. 
The  iniport^itiun  and  exportation  of  consumahle  commodities, 

Locke. 

CON-SuME',  7'.  t.  [L,  constimo ;  con  and  sumo,  to 
take.  So,  in  English,  we  say,  it  talces  up  time, 
that  is,  it  consumes  time.  Sp.  consamir ;  It.  consu- 
viarc ;  Fi:  con.su mer.    Class  Sni,] 

1.  To  ilestniy,  by  sejiarating  the  parts  of  a  thing, 
by  di  coTijposiiicin,  as  by  fire,  or  by  eating,  ilevour- 
iiig,  ami  annihilating  the  form  of  a  substance.  Fire 
consumes  woiid,  coal^  stubble  ;  animals  consume  flesh 
and  vegetables. 

2.  To  destroy  by  dissipating  or  by  use  ;  to  expend  ; 
to  waste  ;  to  sqnautler  ;  as,  to  consume  an  estate. 

Ye  asl(,  and  n-ceive  not,  becaus  -  ye  ask  amiss,  that  ye  may  con- 
sume it  upon  your  lusts. — Jiuiits  iv. 

3.  To  spend  ;  to  cause  to  pass  away,  as  time  ;  as, 
to  consume  the  day  in  iillcness. 

Their  days  tlid  he  consume  in  vanity.  — Pa.  Ixxviii. 

4.  To  cause  to  disappear ;  to  waste  slowly. 

My  flesh  is  consumed  away,  —  Job  xx  xviii. 
.5.  To  destroy ;  to  bring  to  utter  ruin  ;  to  exter- 
minate. 

Let  me  alone  —  that  1  may  co"si*7ii#  them.  —  Ex.  xxxii, 

eON-SC'.ME',  11.  i.  To  waste  away  slowly;  to  be 
exhausted. 

Their  flesli  —  their  eyes  —  llicir  tongue  shall  consU7n«  away. — 
Z,ch.  xiv. 

The  wicked  shall  [wrish  —  Uiey  shiill  consuvu:.  —  P«.  xxxvll. 

eOiV-SO.M'Kl),  pp.    Wiisteil ;  burnt  up  ;  destfoyed  ; 

dissipated  ;  squandered  ;  expended. 
GON-Sl'.M'ER,  One    who   consumes,  spends, 

wtistes,  or  tleslmys  ;  that  which  consumes. 
et>N-Su.\l'IN(i, /'//'•.   Binning;  wiisting;  destroying; 

expentUng;  ealiiig;  devouring. 
2.  a.    That  drstro>s. 

The  I.unl  thy  Cod  ii.  a  connuming  fire,  —  Deut,  Iv, 

eO.\-SU.\I'MA'l'E  or  CON'SUM-MATE,  1).  (.  [I.. 
consnmmo,  consummotus  ;  con  and  summo,  from  sum- 
ma,  sum  ;  I'r,  rou.-<ummer ;  S]i,  consnniar.    See  Sum,] 
To  end  ;  to  finish  by  completing  what  was  in- 


FATF,,  FAU.  FALL,  WU^T  METE,  PREY,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  UQQIC  — 


CON 


CON 


CON 


tonded  ;  to  perfect;  to  bring  or  carry  to  the  utmost 

ptjiiit  or  dcpree. 

f  ie  li:id  a  mind  to  eontumuuiu  tlie  happiiiCM  of  the  da;.  TiUler, 
t'ON-SUM'MATE,  a.    Complete;  perfect;  carried  to 

tile  utmost  extent  or  degree  ;  as,  consummate  grcat- 

nrss  or  felicity. 
eoN-SU.M'.MA-TED   or    eO.V'SUM-MA-TED,  pp. 

(,'(mipleted  ;  perfected  ;  ended. 
eON-SU.M'JlATE-LY,  ado.    Completely  ;  perfectly. 

fVarton. 

eON-SII.M'M.^-TING  or  CON'StJiM-IM.^-TING,  ppr. 

(^oinplclin!; ;  accomplishing;  pcrfectinf;. 
CON-SUM. .M.X'TION,  n.    [L.  contummatio.] 

1.  Completion  ;  end  ;  perfection  of  a  work,  pro- 
cess, or  scheme.  JldtiUoit. 

2.  The  end  or  completion  of  the  present  system  of 
things  ;  the  enil  of  the  world.  Hooker. 

:).  Oeath  ;  the  end  of  life.  Shak. 

Consummation  of  marriage ;  the  most  intimate 
union  of  the  sexes,  which  completes  the  connuliial 
reliition. 

eo.X-SU.MP'TION,  n.        consiimpth.  See  Consume.] 

1.  The  act  of  consuming  ;  waste  ;  destruction  by 
burning,  eating,  devouring,  scattering,  dissipation, 
slow  decay,  or  by  passing  away,  as  time;  as,  the 
consumption  of  fuel,  of  food,  of  commodities  or 
estate,  of  time,  Ate. 

2.  The  state  of  being  wasted  or  diminished. 

Etna  nnil  Vesuvius  h  \vc  not  sulfcred  any  coniiderAlii'*  dimintilion 
ur  consumption.  WoodMird. 

3.  In  medicine^  a  wasting  of  flesh  ;  a  gradual  decay 
or  diminution  ot  the  botly  ;  a  wirrd  of  extrn-tioe  .-■iVni- 
fcation.  Hut  particularly^  the  disease  called  plit/iisi'i 
pulmonali^j  pulmonic  consumption,  a  disease  seated 
in  the  liings,  attended  with  a  hectic  fever,  cough,  &c. 

€0.\-Sr.Ml"TlVE,  a.  Destructive;  wasting;  ex- 
hausting; having  tlie  quality  of  consuming,  or  dis- 
sipating ;  as,  n  long,  cousumptire  war.  Mili-ton. 

2.  Affected  with  a  consumption  or  pulmonic  dis- 
ease ;  as,  con..--umptit'e  lungs  ;  or  inclined  to  a  con- 
sumption ;  tending  to  the  phthisis  pulmonalis  ;  ap- 
plied to  the  incipient  state  of  tJie  disease,  or  to  a  constitu- 
tion predisposed  to  it. 

eON-SUMI>'TIVE-LY,  adu.  In  a  way  tending  to 
consumption.  Bedducs. 

eON-SUMl"TIVE-\ESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  con- 
sumptive, or  a  tendency  to  a  consumption. 

eON-TAlJ'lI-LATE,  r.  t.  [L.  conlabulo;  con  and 
tabula.] 

To  rioor  with  boards.  Gaulon. 
eON-TAB'lI-LA-TED,  pp.    Floored  with  boards. 
eo.\-TAl!'tT-L.A-TING,  ppr.    Flooring  witli  boards. 
eON-TAB-lJ-LA'TION,  n.   The  act  of  laying  with 

boards,  or  of  flo<^ring. 
CON'T.VeT,  n.    [L.  contactus,  from  contingo,  to  touch  ; 

eon  and  taniro,  to  touch,  originally  tii;ro;  Gr.  tiijoj. 

See  ToieH.J 
A  touching  ;  touch  ;  .close  union  or  juncture  of 

bodies.    Two  bodies  come  in  c«n<nc(  when  they  meet 

without  any  sensible  intervening  space  ;  the  parts 

that  touch  are  called  the  points  of  contact. 
€0.\'-TAe'TIO.\,  II.    The  act  of  touching.  Brown. 
eON-TA'OION,  (-ta'jun,)  ii.    [L.  contagio,  from  the 

root  of  contintTo,  tantro,  primarily,  tniro,  to  touch.] 

1.  Literallii,  a  touch  or  touching.  Hence,  the 
communication  of  a  disetisc  by  cont.ict,  or  the  mat- 
ter communicated.  More  gcnerallij.  that  subtile  mat- 
ter which  proceeds  from  a  diseased  person  or  body, 
and  communicates  the  disease  to  another  person,  as 
in  cases  of  small-jiox,  measles,  &c.,  diseases  which 
are  communicated  without  contact.  This  contagion 
proceeds  from  the  breath  of  the  diseased,  from  the 
perspiration  or  other  excretiims. 

2.  That  which  communicates  evil  from  one  to 
another  ;  infection  ;  that  which  propagates  mischief; 
as,  the  contagion  of  vice  or  of  evil  examples.  Mdtoit, 

3.  Pestilence ;  a  pestilential  disease ;  venomous 
exhalations.  Shak, 

eON-TA'GlON-i'D,  (kon-ti'jund,)  a.  Affected  by 
contagion. 

eON-TA'OION-IST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  the 
contagious  character  of  certain  diseases,  as  tlic 
plague,  Ate. 

eOX-TA'GIOUS,  a.  Containing  or  generating  conta- 
gion ;  catching  ;  that  may  be  communicated  by  con- 
tact, or  by  a  subtile  excreted  matter ;  as,  a  conlagijias 
disease. 

2.  Poisonous ;  pestilential ;  containing  contagion  ; 
as,  contagious  air  ;  contagious  clothing. 

3.  Containing  mischief  that  may  be  propagated ; 
as,  contagious  example. 

4.  That  may  be  communicated  from  one  to  anoth- 
er, or  may  excite  like  affections  in  others. 

Hi«  «;fiiius  rendcird  lus  courage  more  •onXarioiM.  WxrL 
rON-TA'ftlOUS-LY,  adv.    By  contagion. 
eO.VTA'GlOUS-NESS,  n.   The  quality  of  being  con- 
tagious. 

€ON-TaIN',  «.  (.  [L.  eontineo ;  con  and  tenro,  to  hold  ; 
It-contenrre;  Ft.  contmir ;  Sp.contcner.    See  Tenet, 

1  ENt'HE.l 

I.  To  hold,  as  a  vessel ;  as,  the  vessel  contains  a 
pllon.  Hence,  to  have  capacity ;  to  be  able  to 
hold  ;  applied  to  an  empty  vessel. 


2.  'I'o  comprehend  ;  to  hold  within  specified  limits. 

Bcliolil,  (lie  Ikmvcii  Rn<l  Uiti  licaveu  of  huaveiui  biiHiul  contain 
Uice.  —  1  Kings  viii. 

3.  To  comprehend  ;  to  comprise.  The  Jiistory  of 
Livy  contains  a  hundred  and  forty  books. 

4.  To  holil  within  limits  prescribed ;  to  restrain; 
to  withhold  from  trespass  or  disorder. 

The  Itiii^'s  person  contains  the  unruly  people  from  evil  occ.-isioiis. 

[Ol)s.]  Spenerr. 
Kear  not,  my  Ion! ;  we  can  rorifoin  oiinii'lves.  Sliak. 

5.  To  include.  This  article  is  not  contained  in  the 
account.  This  number  does  not  contain  the  article 
specified. 

G.  To  inclose  ;  as,  this  cover  or  envelop  contains 
a  letter. 

eON-TAIN',  V.  i.    To  live  in  continence  or  chastity. 

Jirhitlhnot  and  I'opr.    I  Cor.  vii. 

eON-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  \k  contained  or 
comprised.  Boyle. 

e0N-TAIN'£D,  pp.  Held;  comprehended;  com- 
prised ;  included  ;  inclosed. 

eOiV-TAIN'EK,  n.    Th;it  which  contains. 

eON-TAlN''I.\G,  ;v)r.  Holding;  having  capacity  to 
hold  ;  comprehending  ;  comprising  ;  including  ;  in- 
closing. 

eO.\-TAM'I-i\ATE,  r.  (.  [\..contamino;  con  and  ant. 
tamino.  (ill.  Heb.  Cli.  fvr.  N3a  to  defile.  Class 
Uin,  No.  19.] 

To  corrupt  the  jiiirity  or  excellence  of;  to  pol- 
lute ;  as,  to  contaminate  the.  blood.  It  is  employed, 
u.siially,  in  a  figurative  si'iise  ;  to  sully  ;  to  Uiriiish  ; 
to  taint.  Lewdness  con(UHii«<i<MCliaracter ;  cowaid- 
ic  '  contaminates  honor. 

Slmll  we  tiow 

Cktnlamtnnle  our  fini»er*  Willi  Uise  bribes  f  SfiaJc, 

eON-TAM'I-NATE,  a.    Polluted  ;  defiled  ;  cormpt. 
eON-TA.M'I-NA-TED,  pp.     Polluted  ;  defiled  ;  tar- 
nished. 

eON-TA.M'I-NA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Polluting ;  defiling ; 
tarnishing. 

eoN-TA.M-I-NA'TrON,  n.  The  act  of  polluting ;  pol- 
lution ;  defilement  ;  taint. 

€0.\-TAM'I-NA-TIVE,  a.    Adapted  to  contaminate. 

eON'TECK,  n.  Uuarrel ;  contention.  [JVui  i'-ng- 
lish.]  Speiiser. 

eON-TEC'TION,  71.    [L.  conUgo.] 

A  covering.    rj\''o!  used.]  Sir  T.  Browne. 

eON-TEM'EIl-A-TEU,  a.    Violated  ;  polluted. 

GON-TE.MN',  (-tern,)  v.U       contemno  ;  cun  VLnilemno, 


dhaama,  to  drive 


to  despise ;  It  contcmncrc;  At. 


away,  to  despise.   Class  Dm,  No.  1,  4.] 

1.  To  despise  ;  to  consider  and  treat  as  mean  and 
despicable ;  to  scorn. 

In  whose  eyes  a  vile  person  [i  conlemnsd. —  Ps.  xv. 

2.  To  slight ;  to  neglect  as  unworthy  of  regard  ;  to 
reject  with  disdain. 

Wherefore  do  the  wicked  contjemn  fiod  ?  —  Ps.  x. 
They  contemn  the  counsel  of  the  Most  High.  —  I*s.  evil. 

eON-TEM'NED,  (kon-tenid',)  pp.  Despised  ;  scorned  ; 

slighted  ;  neglected,  or  rejected  with  disdain. 
eo.V-TE.M'NER,  71.    One  who  contemns  ;  adespiser; 

a  scorner. 

eON-TE.M'NING,  ppr.  Despising ;  slighting  .is  vile 
or  despicable  ;  neglecting  or  rejecting,  as  uhworthy 
of  regard. 

eO.\-TE.M'PER,  v.  t.  [Low  L.  contempero ;  con  and 
tempera,  to  mix  or  temper.    See  Temper.] 

To  moderate  ;  to  reduce  to  a  lower  degree  by  mix- 
ture with  opposite  or  different  qii.alities  ;  to  temper. 

The  le;\V'  s  (jualify  and  conlemper  the  heal.  Ray. 

eON-TEM'PEU-A-MEXT,  ti.  Moderated  or  qualified 
degree  ;  a  degree  of  any  quality  reduced  to  that  of 
another  ;  teniperaiiieiit.  Derliam. 

€ON-TE.M'PEII-aTE,  v.  t.  (See  CoNTEMPEn.j  To 
temper  ;  to  reduce  the  quality  of,  by  mixing  some- 
thing opposite  or  different ;  to  modenttc. 

Brown.  IViseman. 

eON-TEM-PER-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  reducing  a 
quality  by  admixture  of  the  contrary ;  the  act  of  inod- 
cmtiiig  or  tinnpering.  Brown. 

2.  Teinperamonl ;  proportionate  mi.xture  ;  as,  the 
eontemperament  of  humors  in  different  bodies.  Hale. 

[Instead  of  these  words,  Temper  and  Tempera- 
ment are  now  generallv  used.] 

eoN-TEM'PER-A-TlillE,  n.  Like  temperature  or 
tem|)crainenL 

eON-TE.M'PLATE  or  CON'TEM-PLATE,  v.  L  [L. 
contemplor.  If  m  is  radical,  sec  Cl.iss  Dm,  No.  3, 
4,  35.1 

1.  To  view  or  consider  with  continued  attention  ; 
to  study  ;  to  meditate  on.  This  word  expresses  the 
attention  of  the  mind,  but  sometimes  in  connection 
with  that  of  the  eyes  ;  as  to  conUmplate  the  heavens. 
More  generally,  the  act  of^the  mind  only  is  intended  ; 
as,  to  contemplate  the  wonders  of  redemption  ;  to  con- 
template  the  state  of  the  nation  and  its  future  pros- 
pects. 

Teach  me  to  contemplate  ihy  grape.       Mrs,  Delany. 


2  To  consider  or  have  in  view,  In  reference  to  a 
fiiliire  act  or  event ;  to  intend. 

A  decree  of  the  naduunl  iua.  Mil.ly  of  France,  June  M,  1792, 

conleinfitiuet  a  sup|)ly  froni  the  United  8lAles  of  four  niillioiiA 

of  livrin 

There  p>niaiu  nunc  ptirticuhrs  to  complete  the  Infonnatlon  owv 
ternptatert  by  llios'r  resoluiioris.  llamiUun't  fteporl. 

If  R  tr)M(y  cotilaiiis  any  slipuhilions  which  conteinjiUue  a  ilale  of 
future  Will.  Kent's  Commsntariss. 

eON-TE.M'PLATE  or  CON'TEM-PLATE,  v.  L  To 
think  studiously;  to  study;  to  muse;  to  medit.ite  ; 
as,  he  delights  to  contemplate  on  the  works  of  crea- 
tion. 

eON-TEM'PLA-TED  or  eON'TEM-PLA-TEl),  jrp. 
or  a.  Considered  with  attention  ;  meditated  on  ; 
intended. 

eON-TEM'PLA-TIXGoreON'TE.M-PLA-TING,ppr. 

Ctmsidering  with  continued  attention  ;  meditating 

on  ;  musing. 
CON-TKM  I'La'TION,  71.    [1..  eonlemplalio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  irf  file  iiiinil  in  considering  with  ntten- 
tiiiii  ;  nieilitaliiin  ;  stiiily  ;  continued  attention  of  the 
mind  to  a  particular  suliject. 

Contemplation  is  Iteepii 
time  uclU'illy  ill  vi>? 

2.  Holy  meditation  ;  attention  to  sacred  things;  a 
particular  application  of  the  foregoing  definition. 

To  have  in  contemplation  ;  to  intend  or  purpose,  or 
to  have  uiiiler  consideration. 

eo.N-'lXM'PLA-TIST,  «.    One  who  coiitim plates. 

eON-Ti;.M'PI,A-TIVE,  (7.  Givi  u  to  cDiilenipiation,  or 
continued  application  of  the  mind  to  a  subject ;  stu- 
dious ;  thouglitfiil ;  a-s,  a  contemplative  philosopher  or 
mind. 

2.  Employed  in  study  ;  as,  a  eonlewplatire  life. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  stuily,  or  a  studious 
habit  ;  as,  a  contemplatire  look.  nenham, 

4.  Having  the  power  of  thought  or  meditation  ;  as, 
the  contemplatire  faculty  of  man.  Raij. 

eON-TEM'PL.\-Tl  VE-LY,  adc.  Wilh  contemplation ; 
attentively  ;  thoughtfully  ;  with  deep  attention. 

eON'TE.M-PLA-TOK,  71.  One  who  contemplates  ;  one 
employed  in  study  or  meditation  ;  an  intpiirer  after 
knov\iedge.  Ralegh.  Brown. 

eON-TE.M-PO-RA'NE-OUS,  a.  [.See  Cotemporary.] 
Living  or  being  at  the  same  time. 

eON-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS-LY,  adv.  At  the  same 
time  with  some  oilier  event. 

eON-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS-NESS,  71.  The  state  or 
qualitv  of  being  contemporaneous.  Gliddon. 

eON-TE.M'PO-R  A-RI-NE.SS,  71.  Existence  at  the  same 
time.  Howell. 

eOX-TEM'PO  RA-RY,  n.  [It.  Sp.  cnnUtnpornnco  ;  Fr. 
cuntewporain  ;  L.  eonteinporalis  eon  and  trwporaliSj 
tcmporarius,  from  tempus,  time.  For  the  sake  of  ea- 
sier pronunciation,  and  a  more  agreeable  sound,  this 
word  is  often  changed  to  CoTEMPORARy  ;  and  this  is 
the  prrO  rable  word.] 

Coetaueoiis  ;  living  .at  the  same  time,  applied  to 
persons  :  being  or  existing  at  the  same  time,  applied 
to  things ;  as,  contemporary  kings  ;  contemporary  events, 
[See  CoTi  MPORARv,  the  preferable  word.] 

eoN-TE.M'PO-KA-RY,  w.  One  who  lives  at  the  same 
time  with  another  ;  as,  Socrates  and  I'lato  were  con- 
temporaries. 

eON-TEM'PO-RIZE,  r.  t.    To  make  contemporary; 

to  place  ill  the  same  age  or  time.    [Oft...]  Brown. 
eON-TE.M'P(;-RIZ-KU,  /■/).    Placeil  in  the  same  time 

or  age. 

eON-TE.M'PO  RIZ-INC,  ppr.  Placing  in  the  same 
time. 

CON  TEMPT',  (kon-teiiit',)  71.  [L.  contcmptus.  See 
Contemn.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  despising;  the  act  of  viewing  or  con- 
sidering and  treating  as  mean,  vile,  and  worthless; 
disdain  ;  hatred  of  what  is  mean  or  deemed  vile. 
This  word  is  one  of  the  strongest  expressions  of  a 
mean  opinion  which  the  language  affords. 

Nothing,  says  I.oii^nus,  cm  be  great,  the  conl<m;>(  of  which  b 
^nrau  A'ldison. 

2.  The  state  of  being  despised  ;  whence,  in  a  aerip- 
tural  sense,  shame,  disgrace. 

Some  shall  awake  to  cverl:»stin^  contempt.  —  Dan.  xli. 

3.  In  late,  disobedience  of  the  rules  and  orders  of  a 
court,  which  is  a  punishable  offense. 

eON-TEMPT'I-BLE,  a.    [L.  cnntemptibilit.] 

1.  Worthy  of  contempt;  that  deserves  scorn  or  dis- 
dain ;  despicable  ;  mean  ;  vile.  Intemperance  is  a 
contemptible  vice.  No  plant  or  .animal  is  so  contempt.- 
Hie  as  not  to  exhibit  evidence  of  the  wonderfUI 
|x)wer  ami  wisdom  of  the  Creator.  The  pride  that 
leads  to  dueling  is  a  c^mtemptible  fkission. 

2.  Apt  to  despise  ;  contemptuous.  [A'ot  leg'dimate.^ 

Shak. 

eON-TEMPT'I-BLFv-NE-SS,  ti.  The  stale  of  being 
contemptible,  or  of  being  despised ;  dcspicableness ; 
meanness  ;  vilencss. 

eO.\  TEMPT'I-BLY,  a,ie.  In  a  contemptible  man- 
ner ;  meanly  ;  in  a  manner  deser\'ing  of  contempt. 

eON-TEMPT'lJ-OUS,  o.  Manifesting  or  expressing 
contem[it  or  disdain  ;  scornful ;  as,  eo7i(f7npttK7ii.»  -tin- 
guage  or  manner ;  a  conlemptuoiLs  opinion.  JippUed 
to  men,  apt  •■>  dospise  ;  haughty  ;  insolent ;  a*,  a  na- 
tion proud,  se**ere,  contemptuous.  ^Ulton. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS  C'as  K;  0  as  J  j 


B  as  Z  ;  CU  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CON 


CON 


CON-TEMPT'U-OUS  LY,  adi:  In  a  contemptuous 
manner;  with  scorn  or  disdain;  despiteliilly. 

The  apostles  and  most  eminent  Cliristians  were  ix>or,  and 
treated  conUmptuously.  Taylor. 

eON-TEMPT'l^-OUS-NESS,  71.  Disposition  to  con 
tempt ;  act  of  contempt ;  insolence  ;  scornfulness ; 
haughtiness. 

eON-TEND',  V.  i.  [L-  contendo;  con  and  taido,  to 
stretch,  from  teneo,  Gr.  rcii'io.    See  Tend,  Tenet.] 

1.  To  strive,  or  to  strive  against ;  to  struggle  in  op- 
position. 

Distress  not  the  Moabites,  nor  contend  viilh  them  in  battle.  — 
Deut.  ii. 

2.  To  strive ;  to  use  earnest  efforts  to  obtain,  or  to 
defend  and  preserve. 

You  sit  above,  and  see  vain  men  below 

Contend  for  what  you  only  can  bestow.  Dryden. 
Ye  sliould  eami-slly  contend  /or  the  faith  onc«  deliveretl  to  the 
saints.  —  Jude  3. 

3.  To  dispute  earnestly  ;  to  strive  in  debate. 

They  that  were  of  the  circumcisiou  contended  with  hhn.  —  Acts 
xi.    Job  LT. 

4.  To  reprove  sharply  ;  to  chide ;  to  strive  to  con- 
vince and  reclaim. 

Then  contended  I  with  the  rulers.  — Neh.  xiii. 

5.  To  strive  in  opposition  ;  to  punish. 

The  Lord  God  calletl  to  contend  by  fire  Amos  vii. 

fi.  To  quarrel ;  to  dispute  fiercely ;  to  wrangle. 
The  parties  conteud  about  trifles. 

To  contend  for ;  to  strive  to  obtain  ;  as,  two  compet- 
itors coninid  for  tile  prize. 
eON-TEND',  V.  I.    To  dispute  ;  to  contest. 

Wlien  Carthage  shall  contend  tlie  world  with  Rome.  Diyden, 

This  transitive  use  of  contend  is  not  strictly  legiti- 
mate.   Tlie  plirase  is  elliptical, /ur  being  understootL 
after  contend ;  but  it  is  admissible  in  poetry. 
eON-TE.\D'ED,  pp.    Urged  in  argument  or  debate  : 

disputed  ;  contested. 
GON-TEND'Ei\T,  n.    An  antagonist  or  opposer. 

UK^slrange. 

eON-TEND'ER,  )i.    One  who  contends  ;  a  combat- 
ant ;  a  champion.  Locke.  Watts. 
eON-TEiND'ING,  ppr.     Striving;   struggling  to  op- 
pose ;  debating  ;  urging  in  argument ;  quarreling. 

■2.  a.  Clashing  ;  opposing  ;  rival ;   as,  contending 
claims  or  interests. 
euN-TEN'E-MENT,  n.    [con  and  tenement.']  Land 
or  freehold  contiguous  to  a  tenement. 

Blackstune.    J^orm.  Diet. 
eON-TENT',  a.    [L.  contetitus,  from  contineor,  to  be 
held  ;  con  and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

Lilerally,  held,  contained  within  limits ;  hence, 
quiet ;  not  disturbed  ;  having  a  mind  at  peace  ;  easy  ; 
satisfied,  so  as  not  to  repine,  object,  or  oppose. 

Content  with  scienty?  in  the  vale  of  peace.  Pope. 
Having  food  and  ituiiient,  let  us  be  therewith  content.  —  1 
Tnn.  vi. 

eON-TEi\T',  V.  t.  To  satisfy  the  mind  ;  to  make 
quiet,  so  as  to  stop  conipluiiit  tir  opposition  ;  to  ap- 
pease ;  to  make  etisy  in  iiiiy  situation  ;  used  cliiefitj 
wtUi  the  reciprocal  pronoun. 

Do  not  content  yuunii-lves  with  obscure  and  conftlsed  ideas,  where 
clearer  arvi  to  be  olitained.  Watte, 

Pilate,  willing  to  content  tlie  people,  released  BanU^bas. — 
Mark  XV. 

2.  To  please  or  gratify. 

It  doth  much  cont£r\t  me 
To  hear  liitn  so  inclined.  Shak. 

eON-TENT',  n.  Rest  or  quietness  of  the  mind  in  the 
present  condition  ;  satisfaction  which  holds  the  mind 
m  peace,  restraining  complaint,  opposition,  or  further 
desire,  and  oftim  implying  a  moderate  degree  of  hap- 
piness. 

A  wise  content  iiis  even  soul  securetl, 

By  want  not  shiiken,  nor  by  wealth  allured.  Smith. 

3.  Acquiescence  ;  satisfaction  without  examina- 
tion. 

'I'he  style  is  excUent ; 
The  stMise  they  huniljly  Hke  ujion  content.  Pope. 

3.  The  power  of  containing  ;  capacity  ;  extent 
within  limits  ;  as,  a  ship  of  great  content.  Bacon. 

[  Hut  in  this  Hcnac  the  plural  is  genrrnllij  used.] 

4.  The  term  used  in  the  hiiiise  of  lords,  in  Eng- 
land, to  express  an  assent  to  a  bill  or  motion. 

eO.N-TEN'l'-A'TION,  n.  Content ;  satisfaction.  [Obs.] 

.^rbuthnut. 

eO.V-TENT'KI),  pp.  or  a.  P.itisfied  ;  quiet ;  e:u^y  in 
mind  ;  not  complaining,  opposing,  or  demanding 
more.  The  good  man  is  contrntcd  with  his  lot.  It  is 
our  duty  to  he  cuntrnlcd  with  the  disjieiisations  of 
Providence. 

eON-TEN'J"Er)  I,Y,  <H/n.  In  a  contented  manner ; 
quietlv  ;  without  r^incr  rn. 

;€OK-TE.\T'i:i)  NE,«H,  n.  auiu-  of  resting  in  mind  ; 
quiiit;  salisl'actltjn  of  mind  with  any  comlition  or 
event.  IVallon. 

eON-TENT'l'Jjl,,  a.     Full  of  contentment.  [A"..* 

used.]  Ilorriiw. 

CON-TEN'TION,  o,    [\..  cimlcntin.    See  Cintcnd.] 
1.  BUife ;  Htnigijle  ;  n  violent  effort  to  obtain  Mjnie- 


thiiig,  or  to  resist  a  person,  claim,  or  injurj' ;  con- 
test ;  quarrel. 

Multitudes  lost  their  lives  in  a  tumult  raised  by  c07ifention  among 
the  partisans  of  the  several  colors.  Adam. 

2.  Strife  in  words  or  debate  ;  quarrel ;  angry  con- 
test ;  controversy. 

Avoid  foolish  questions,  and  genealogies,  and  contentions,  and 

strivings  about  the  law.  —  Tit.  iii. 
A  fool's  lips  enter  uito  contention.  —  Prov.  xviii. 

3.  Strife  or  endeavor  to  excel ;  emulation.  Shak. 

4.  Eagerness  ;  zeal ;  ardor  ;  vehemence  of  en- 
deavor. [Obs.] 

This  is  an  end  worthy  of  our  utmost  contention  to  obt.iin. 

Jiogcrs. 

eON-TEN'TIOUS,  (kon-ten'shus,)  a.  [Fr.  conlen- 
tieux  ;  It.  contenzioso.] 

1.  Apt  to  contend  ;  given  to  angry  tlebate  ;  quar- 
re^ome  ;  perverse. 

lual  di 
alike. 

2.  Relating  to  contention  in  law  ;  relating  to  liti- 
gation ;  having  power  to  decide  causes  between  con- 
tending parties  ;  as,  a  court  of  contentious  jurisdic- 
tion. Black.-'-tone. 

3.  Exciting  or  adapted  to  provoke  contention  or 
disputes  ;  as,  a  contentious  subject.  Mtlner, 

eOi\-TEN'TIOUS-LY,  ado.  In  a  contentious  man- 
ner ;  quarrelsomelv  ;  perversely.  Brown. 

eON-TEN'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  A  disposition  to  con- 
tend ;  proneness  to  contest;  perverseness  ;  quarrel- 
someness. Benilcy. 

eON-TENT'LESS,  a.  Discontented  ;  dissatislied  ;  un- 
easy. Shak.  ' 

eON-TENT'LY,  o'/c.    In  a  contented  tv ay.  [Obs.] 

eON-TEi\T'MENT,  n.    [Fr.  coulenlcmrnt.] 

1.  Content ;  a  resting  or  satisfactitm  of  mind  with- 
out dis(|uiet ;  acquiescence. 

Contentment,  wiUiuut  external  honor,  is  humility.  Grew. 
Go^lliiiess,  with  contentment,  is  great  g;tui.  —  1  Tim.  vi. 

2.  Gratification. 

At  Paris  the  prince  spent  a  day,  to  give  bis  mind  some  content- 
ment. Wullon. 

eON'TENTS  or  CON-TE.^TS',  n.  pi.  That  which  is 
contained  ;  the  thing  or  things  held,  included,  or 
comprehended  within  a  limit  or  line;  as,  the  conl.enU 
of  a  cask  or  bale  ;  of  a  room  or  a  ship  ;  the  contents  of 
a  book  or  writing. 

2.  In  geometrij,  the  quantity  of  matter  or  space  in- 
cluded in  cerlain  lines.  Barlotn. 

3.  Heads  ot"  uiial  a  book  contains;  an  index. 
€ON-TERi\riN  .\-liLE,  o.    [L.  con  and  lermimis.] 

Capable  of  the  same  bounds.  Wotton. 
eON-TER.M'IN-ATE,  a.    Having  the  same  bounds. 

B.  Jouson. 

€ON-TERM'IN-OUS,  )  a.  [L.  eontemiinus ,  con  and 
eON-TERM'IN-AL,    j     terininu.9,  a  border.] 

Bordering  upon  ;  touching  at  the  bounilary  ;  con- 
tiguous ;  as,  a  people  conterminous  to  the  Roman  ter- 
ritory. 

eON-TER-RA'iVE-AY,    )  a.    [L.  conterrancns ;  eon 

eON-TER-RA'NE-OUS,  (     and  (frra,  country.] 
Being  of  the  same  country.    [JVol  used.]  Vict. 

eON-TES-SE-R.A'TION,  n.    Assembly  ;  collection. 

eO.'iI-TEST',  ?i.  t.  [Fr.  cojilf.vjcr,  to  dispute.  The  Sp. 
and  Port,  cotitestar,  and  L.  eontestvr,  htive  a  tlifferent 
sense,  being  equivalent  to  the  Eng.  attest.  See  Test.] 

1.  To  dispute  ;  to  strive  earnestly  to  htdd  or  main- 
tain ;  to  struggle  to  defend.  The  troops  contested 
every  inch  of  ground. 

2.  To  dispute  ;  to  argue  in  opposition  to;  to  con- 
trovert ;  to  litigate  ;  to  oppose  ;  to  call  in  question  ; 
as,  the  advocate  contested  every  point. 

None  have  conteeted  the  proportion  of  these  ancient  pieces. 

Dryden. 

eON-TEST',  V.  i.  To  strive ;  to  contend  ;  followed  by 
with. 

The  tlifhculty  of  an  argument  adds  to  the  pleasure  of  contesting 
witli  it,  when  there  are  hopes  el  victory.  ISurnct. 

2.  To  vie  ;  to  emulate. 
Of  man,  who  dares  in  pomp  with  Jove  contest.  Pope. 
eON'TE.'^T,  71.    Strife  ;  struggle  for  victory,  superior- 
ity, or  in  defense  ;  strnggle  in  arms.    All  Europe  en- 
gaged in  the  contest  against  France.  The  contest  was 
furious. 

2.  Dispute  ;  deb,ate ;  violent  controversy ;  strife  in 
argument. 

Leave  all  noisy  contents,  all  immotlest  clamors,  and  brawling  lan- 
guaije.  Watu. 

€ON-TEST'A-I!I,E,  a.  That  may  he  disputed  or  de- 
bated ;  disputable  ;  ccinIrovertibh\ 

eON-TEST'A  Itl.i;  NE.^S,  n.  I'tissibility  of  being 
rontesled. 

eOX-TEST-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  contesting  ;  strife  ; 
dispute. 

AfUT  yeiin  spent  m  domestic  conteifationf,  she  found  means  to 
wiUidriw.  Cliireiulon. 

9.  Testimony  ;  proof  by  witnesses.  Barroic. 
CON-TI>T'EI)!  pp.  or  a.  Disputed. 
(;f)N  'rr.ST'I.NG,  ppr.  Disputing. 
CDN-TF.ST'ING,  h.    The  act  of  contending.  Barter. 
eoN-TlCST'ING-LY,  ado.    In  a  contending  manner. 


eON-TEST'LESS,  a.    Ntit  to  be  disputeil.  Hill. 
eON-TEX',  V.  t.   To  weave  together.    [JVot  u.ird.] 

Boiile. 

eON'TEXT,  n.  [L.  conteztus,  from  cantezo ;  con  anil 
tezoy  to  weave.] 

The  general  .series  or  composition  of  a  discourse; 
more  particularly,  the  parts  of  a  discourse  which  pre- 
cede or  follow  tlie  sentence  iiuoled  ;  the  passages  of 
Scripture  which  are  near  the  text,  either  before  it  or 
after  it.  The  sense  of  a  passage  of  Scripture  is  often 
illustrated  by  the  context. 

eON-TEXT',  a.  Knit  or  woven  together;  close  ;  firm. 

Drrham. 

eON-TEXT',  V.  t.    To  knit  together.    [JVoi  used.] 
eOX-TEXT'U-RAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  contexture,  or 

to  the  human  frame.  Smith. 
eON-TEXT'lTRE,  (kon-te,\t'yur,)  n.  The  interweav- 
ing several  parts  into  one  boily  ;  the  tlisposition  :ind 
union  of  the  ctmstituent  parts  of  a  thing,  with  re- 
spect to  each  other;  composition  of  parts  ;  constitu- 
tion ;  as,  a  silk  of  admirable  contexture. 

He  was  not  of  any  delicJtte  contexture  ;  his  limbs  rather  slurtly 
than  damty.  Wotton. 

eON-TEXT'UR-ED,  a.  Woven ;  formed  into  texture. 
CON-TIG-Na'TION,  n.     [L.   contignalio ;  con  tinil 
tignuin,  ,a  beam.] 

1.  A  frame  of  beams  ;  a  story.  IVotton. 

2.  The  act  of  framing  together,  or  uniting  betims 
in  a  fabric.  Burkr. 

€0N-T1-GU'I-TY,  n.  [See  Contiouous.]  Actual 
contact  of  boilies  ;  a  touching.  Hale. 

GOA^-'i'IG'U-OQS,  a.  [L.  contigttus  j  con  antl  tangOy 
tago,  to  touch.] 

Touching;  meeting  or  joining  at  the  surface  or 
border  ;  as,  two  contiguous  bodies  or  countries. 

The  houses  in  ancient  Rome  were  not  contiguous,  Encyc. 

Tills  word  is  sometimes  used  in  a  wider  sense, 

though  not  with  strict  propriety,  for  ailjaccnt,  or  near, 

without  being  absolutely  in  contact. 
Usually  followed  by  to.   Bacon  uses  wiOi,  but  he 

has  not  been  followed. 
eO.'V-TIG'U-OITS-i.Y,  «f7e.    In  a  manner  to  toiu  h  ; 

without  intervcniuii  space.  Dritdcn. 
eO.\-TI(;'li-Ol'S-.\K.<.S,  H.    a  state  of  contact';  close 

union  of  surfaces  or  borders. 
CON'TI-NENCIC,  \  n,    [L.  continentia,  from  enntinen, 
eo.N'TI-NEN-CY,  i     to  hold,  or  withhold;  con  and 

teneo,  to  hold.    See  Tenet.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  l]ie  restraint  which  a  person 
imposes  upon  his  desires  and  ptissions ;  self-coni- 
inand. 

2.  Jipitroprintehj,  the  restraint  of  the  passion  for 
^X'ual  enjoyment;  resistance  of  concujiiscence ; 
forbetiraii :e  of  lewd  pleasures:  hence,  chastity. 
But  the  term  is  usu.ally  applied  to  males,  as  elia.itity 
is  to  females.  Scipio  the  younger  exhibited  the  no- 
blest example  of  continence  recorded  in  pagan  his- 
tory ;  an  example  surpassed  only  by  that  of  Joseph 
in  sacretl  history. 

3.  Forbearance  of  lawful  pleasure. 

Content  without  lawful  vcncry,  is  continence  ;  without  uidawful, 
is  ch;istity.  Greet). 

4.  Moderation  in  the  indulgence  of  sexual  enjoy- 
ment. 

Chastity  is  either  .alstinence  or  continence ;  alstinence  is  tliat  of 
virgins  or  widows ;  continence,  tliat  of  married  persons. 

Taylor. 

.').  Continuity ;  uninterrupted  course.    [JVot  non 
tisril.]  Aijliffe. 
eO;\"ri-NENT,  n.    [L.  eontitmis.] 

1.  Refiaiiiiug  from  unlawful  sexual  commerce,  or 
modertite  in  the  indulgence  of  lawful  |)leasurc; 

2.  Restrained';  nioilerate  ;  temperate.  [chaste. 

Have  a  continent  forbeanuice.  Sltak. 

3.  Opposing;  restraining.  Shak. 

4.  Continuous  ;  connected  ;  not  interrupted  ;  as,  a 
continent  fever.  More  generally  we  now  say  a  coii- 
tinned  fever. 

The  north-e.ist  part  of  Asia,  if  nut  rona'ncuf  with  America. 

Hrereirood. 

CON'TI-NENT,  ti.  In  geography,  a  great  extent  of 
land,  not  disjoined  or  intemipt<'d  by  a  sea ;  a  coii- 
necteil  tract  of  lauil  of  great  extent  ;  as,  the  eastern 
and  western  cnntinenl.  It  dilli  rs  from  an  isle  only 
in  extent.  New  Holland  may  be  ili  nominateil  a 
continent.  liiitaiii  is  called  a  continent,  ;is  opposeil 
to  the  Isle  of  Anglesey. 

J{e,mj,  riisl.  Brit.  I,  31. 
In  Spenser,  continent  is  used  for  ground  in  general. 
2.  That  wbirh  contiiins  any  thing.    [.Vof  used.] 
eON-Tl-.NHNT'.Al,,  «.    I'ertttiuing  or  relating  to  a 
rtintineut ;  as,  the  cnnlinrnlal  powers  of  Europe.  In 
.America,  pertaining  to  the  United  States  ;  as,  conti- 
nental intiney,  in  distinrtion  from  what  pt;rtains  to 
the  separate  States  ;  a  irord  much  vsetl  during  the  rev- 
olution. 

eON'TI-NENT-LY,  ailv.    In  a  continent  manner ; 

cliastelv  ;  motleratelv  ;  temperately. 
eON-TlNrtE',  r.  i.    1'o  ttuieh  ;  to  happen.  [Obs] 
e()N-TlN'OEN("H,  j  71.    f \j.  contingcns  ;  eontingo,  to 
eoN-TIN'GEN-CY,  (     fall  or  hajipen  to ;  co«  antl 

tungo,  lf»  ttmch.    St!o  'i'utren  ] 


J'— 


fiXe,  f'AR,  FALL,  WH;(VT.  — METE,  PRBY,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


CON 


CON 


CON 


1.  Tlic  quality  of  heing  contingent  or  casual;  a 
liappening;  or  tlie  possibility  of  coming  to  p;iss. 

Wc  are  nut  to  build  ccruun  mica  on  tlic  contingency  ol  liiiinuii 
iictiuns.  iioulh, 

2.  Casualty  ;  accident ;  fortuitous  event.  Tlie 
success  of  the  attempt  will  depend  on  coiUingeiicies. 
[See  Accident  and  Casualty.] 

eOM-TIN'CENT,  a.  Falling  or  coming  by  chance, 
that  is,  without  design  or  expectation  on  our  part ; 
nccidentiil ;  casual.  On  our  part,  we  spsak  of 
chance  or  ctmtiiigcnc.ir^  ;  but  with  an  inlhiite  being, 
nothing  can  be  coutitirrrnt. 

2.  In  law,  depending  on  an  uncertainty ;  as,  a  cnn- 
tiiiirciit  remainder.  Ilfurlist.tme. 

CON-TIN'GENT,  n.  A  fortuitous  event  ,  that  whiili 
Climes  without  our  design,  foresight,  or  expectation. 

2.  That  which  falls  to  one  in  a  division  or  appor- 
tionment among  a  number  ;  a  quota  ;  a  suitable 
sharii  ;  proportion.  Each  prince  furnishes  his  con- 
tin^rciit  of  men,  money,  and  nuinitions. 

C<)N-ThV'<5ENT-LY,  adv.  Accidentally;  without 
ilesigu  or  foresight. 

eON-TIN'GE.VT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
tinuent  ;  fortuitousness. 

CO.N-TIN'li-A-DLE,  o.    That  may  be  continued. 

Jr^fcrson. 

eON-TIN'lI-AL,  a.  [Fr.  coniinud;  I.,  mttinuus. 
See  CoNTiist'E.] 

1.  Proceeding  without  interruption  or  cessation ; 
unceasing ;  not  intermitting ;  used  in  reference  to 
tune. 

He  thai  hath  a  merry  heart  hatli  a  continual  fcaj»L  —  Pnjv.  xv. 
1  have  gr^xl  hcaviiiciis  iiml  continual  sorrow  of  heart.  — 
Rom.  ix. 

2.  Very  frequent ;  often  repeated  ;  as,  the  charita- 
ble man  has  continual  applications  for  alms. 

3.  Cimtinual  fever,  or  continued  fever  :  a  fever  that 
abates,  but  never  entirely  intermits,  till  it  comes  to  a 
crisis  ;  thus  distinguished  from  remitting  and  inter- 
miltitti'  fever. 

4.  Continual  claim ;  in  lam,  a  claim  that  is  made 
from  time  to  lime,  within  every  year  or  day,  to  land 
or  other  estate,  the  possession  of  which  can  not  be 
obtained  without  liazard.  Cowdl. 

a.  Perpetual. 

Continual  proportional-i ;  quantities   in  continued 
proportion.    [J^ee  Continukd.]  Brandc, 
eoN-TIi\a;-AI.-LY,  adv.    Without  pause  or  cessa- 
tion ;  unceasingly  ;  as,  the  ocean  is  contimuMij  roll- 
ing its  waves  on  the  shore. 

2.  Very  often  ;  in  repeated  succession  ;  from  time 
to  time. 

Tho\i  shall  cat  brcail  at  my  t;ible  continually.  — 2  Sam.  ix. 

eO.X-TIN'U-AL-NESS,  n.    Permanence.  Hulrs. 

eoN-TIN'Q-ANCE,  «.  [See  Continue.]  A  holding 
on  or  remainiuR  in  a  particular  state,  or  in  a  course 
or  series.  Applied  to  time,  duration  ;  a  static  of  last- 
ing ;  as,  the  contimtance  Of  rain  or  fair  weather  for 
a  day  or  a  week.  Sensual  pleasure  is  of  short  con- 
tinnanec. 

2.  Perseverance  ;  as,  no  excuse  will  justify  a  con- 
tinuance in  sin. 

By  patient  continuance  in  well  doin^.  —  Rom.  ii. 

3.  Abode ;  residence  ;  as,  during  our  covlinuance 
in  Paris. 

4.  Succession  uninterrupted  ;  continuation  ;  a  pro- 
longing of  e.vistence  ;  as,  the  brute  regards  the  con- 
tinuance of  his  species.  .Addison. 

5.  Progression  of  time. 


6.  In /air,  the  deferring  of  a  suit,  or  the  giving  of 
a  day  for  the  parties  to  a  suit  to  appear.  After  issue 
or  demurrer  joined,  .-us  well  as  in  some  of  the  previ- 
ous stage.^f  proct'ediiii:,  a  day  is  continuathj  given, 
and  entered  upi>n  record,  for  the  parties  to  appear  on 
from  time  to  time.  The  giving  of  this  day  is  called 
a  continuance.  Bfack.^Utne. 

7.  In  Uie  United  S(/ito,  the  rtoferring  of  a  trial  or 
suit  from  one  stated  term  of  the  court  to  another. 

8.  Continuity  ;  resistance  to  a  separation  of  parts  ; 
a  holding  together.    [jYot  n.ird.]  Baron. 

€().V-TI.\'IJ-aTE,  v.  t.    To  join  closely  together. 
e(JN-TI.\'II-.\TE,  o.    [h.  conlinuatH..:]  [Potter. 

1.  Immediately  united ;  holding  together.  [Little 
I""'-!  Jfookcr. 

2.  Uninterrupted;  unbroken.    [Little  u<e,t.] 

Peacham. 

€ON-TIN'U-A-TF.D,  pp.    Closelv  joined. 
eoN-TIN'U-ATE-LY,  adc.    With  continuitv  :  with- 
out interruption.    [LilUe  used.]  IVUkiits. 
'■^'^^-'^  TING,  I'pr.    Closely  uniting. 
COX-Tl.\-lf-A'Tl()N,  !,:    [I,,  contimmtio.] 

1.  Kxtensiim  of  existence  in  a  series  or  line  ;  suc- 
cession uninterrupted. 

The»- tliiiij,  muM  be  works  of  Providence,  for  the  continuation 
'*      'peciet.  it^y, 

2.  Extension  or  carrj  ing  on  to  a  further  point ;  as, 
the  continuation  of  a  story. 

3.  Extension  in  space  ;  production  ;  a  carrying  on 
m  length  ;  as,  the  continuation  of  a  line  in  survey- 


ing. 


€ON-TIN'y-A-TIVE,  n.  An  expression  noting  per- 
manence or  duration. 

To  lliese  may  beniMed  continuativet ;  na,  Ri>nie  remains  to  thij 
day  ;  wtiich  includes  at  Icist  two  propositions,  viz.,  Rome 
wiui,  and  Rome  ijt.  Wntit. 
2.  In  m-ainmnr,  a  word  that  continues.  Harris. 
€ON-TlN'tI-A-TOIl,  n.    One  who  continues  or  keeps 

up  a  series  or  succession. 
eOiN-TI.V'lJE,  (kon-tiu'yu,)  v.  i.    fFr.  continuer;  L. 
contimio;  can  and  tcHco,  to  hold;  It.  continuare;  Sp. 
contiutiar.    See  Tenet,] 

1.  To  remain  in  a  state  or  place  ;  to  abide  for  any 
thue  indefinitely. 

'I'lte  multitude  coiifiriue  widi  mo  now  three  d.ays,  and  have  noth- 
ing to  eat,  —  .M.itl.  XV. 

2.  To  last ;  to  be  durable ;  to  endure ;  to  be  pcr- 
ninnent. 

Thy  kingdom  shall  not  contlTtuff.  —  1  Sam.  xlii, 

3.  To  persevere  ;  to  be  steadfast  or  constant  in  any 
course. 

If  ye  ron(inue  in  my  woni,  tlioii  are  ye  my  disciples  indeed.  — 
Joini  viii. 

€0N-T1N'1;E,  v.  U  To  protract;  not  to  cease  from  or 
to  terminate. 

to  them  that  know  tlice.  —  Ps. 

2.  To  extend  from  one  thing  to  another ;  to  pro- 
duce or  draw  out  in  length.  Continue  the  line  from 
A  tt)  n  ;  let  the  line  be  continued  to  the  boundary. 

3.  To  persevere  in  ;  not  to  cease  to  do  or  use ;  as, 
to  continue  the  same  diet. 

4.  To  hold  to  or  unite.    [JVot  used.] 

Tlie  navel  continues  the  infant  to  its  mother.  lirown. 

eO.N-TIN'IIKn,  (kon-tin'yude,) ;);).  or  a.  Drawn  out ; 
protracted  ;  produced  ;  extended  in  length  ;  extended 
without  interruptioti. 

2.  a.  Extended  in  time  without  intermission  ;  pro- 
ceeding without  cessation  ;  uninterrupted  ;  unceas- 
ing ;  as,  a  continued  fever,  which  abates,  but  never 
entirely  intermits ;  a  continued  base  is  performed 
thpmgh  the  whole  piece. 

Continued  proportion,  in  ariOimetlc  and  alirebra,  is  a 
proportion  composed  of  two  or  more  equal  ratios,  in 
which  the  conseipieut  of  each  preceding  ratio  is  the 
same  with  the  antecedent  of  the  following  one ;  as, 
4  :  8  :  8  :  IG  : :  16  :  32.  Day. 

eON-TIN'tJ-ED-LY,  adv.  Without  interruption  ; 
without  ceasing.  Jifvrri.i. 

eON-Tli\'TJ-EK,  n.  One  who  continues;  one  that 
has  the  power  of  perseverance.  Sliatc. 

eON-TlN'LI-ING,  ppr.    Remaining  fixed  or  perma- 
nent; abiding;  lasting;  enduring;  persevering ;  pro- 
tracting: producing  in  length. 
2.  a.  Permanent. 

Iter?  we  have  no  continuing  city.  —  Ileb.  xiii. 

eON-TI-NC'I-TY,  71.    [L.  continititas.] 

1.  Connection  uninterrupted  ;  cohesion  ;  close 
union  of  parts  ;  unbroken  texture.  Philosophers 
talk  of  the  solution  of  contintiity. 

2.  Imw  of  continuity;  in  physics,  the  principle  that 
nothing  passes  from  one  state  to  another,  without 
passing  through  all  the  intermediate  states.  Brande. 

e()i\-Tl\aj-().    [It.]    In  mH.«c,  continued. 
eON-TlN'U-OUS,  a.    [L.  continuus.] 

Joined  without  intervening  space ;  as,  continumts 

depth.  Thomson. 
eON-Th\'n-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  continuation  without 

interruption. 

COJ^-TOR-JVI-A' TT,  n.    [It.  contomo,  contorTiafo.] 
In  numiginaties,  a  species  of  meiials  or  medallions 
of  bronze,  having  a  curved  furrow,  (coHtorno,)  on 
each  side,  and  supposed  to  have  been  struck  in  the 
days  of  ('onstantine  and  his  successors.    F.ncijc.  Am. 

C(-).\-TOUT',  v.  t,    [h.  cotttorquco,  contortu^  ;  con  and 
tortpteo,  tortus.] 
To  twist  together ;  to  writhe. 

eO.\-TORT'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Twisted  over  each  other 
in  oblique  directions.  A  contorted  corol,  in  botany, 
has  the  edge  of  one  petal  lying  over  the  next,  in  an 
oblique  direction.  Martyn. 

eON-T01l'TIO.\,  n.    [Fr.  conlorsion;  L.  eonturtm.] 

1.  .\  twisting  ;  a  writhing  ;  a  wresting  ;  a  twist ; 
wry  motion;  as,  the  contortion  of  the  muscles  of  the 
face.  SicifL 

2.  In  medicine,  a  twisting  or  wresting  of  a  limb  or 
member  of  the  body  out  of  its  natural  situation  ;  the 
iliac  [lassion  ;  partial  dislocation  ;  distorted  spine  ; 
cjintracted  neck.  Kncyc.  Coje. 

eo.N'-TOIJR',  (kon-toor',)  n.  [Fr.  contour;  It.  coii- 
torno  ;  Sp.  id. ;  con  and  tour,  tomo,  a  turn.] 

The  outline  ;  the  line  that  bounds,  defines,  or  ter- 
minates a  figure.  Kuciic.  ./»Ah,>-.i)i. 

eO.\'-T0UR'M-.\-TEI),  n.  Having  edges  appi  arinz 
as  if  liirned  in  a  lathe.  Kncye. 

COjV'J'RA  ;  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  mrumsi, 
in  opposition,  cnlvring  into  the  conipiisition  of  .some 
English  words. 

It  appears  to  he  a  compound  of  con  and  tra,  like 
intra  ;  tra  for  AV.  tras.    Fr.  centre. 

eo.\'TRA-B.\ND,  a  [It.  cantrabhando,  contrary  to 
proclamatiim,  prohibited;  Sp.  contrabaiulo ;  Fr.  con- 
Irebandc.    See  Ban.] 


Prohibited.  Ciuitraband  goods  are  such  ils  aie 
prohibited  to  be  imported  or  exported,  either  by  the 
laws  of  a  particular  kingdom  or  state,  or  by  the  law 
of  nations,  or  by  special  treaties.  In  time  of  war, 
arms  and  munitions  of  war  are  not  [lermilted  by  one 
belligerent  to  be  transiiorted  to  the  other,  but  are  held 
to  be  contraband,  and  liable  to  capture  and  condem- 
nation. 

eON'TR.\-llANr),  71.    Prohibitiim  of  trading  in  goods 
contrarv  to  the  laws  of  a  state  or  of  nations, 
a.  Illegal  tratlic. 

eoN'TRA-lSANI)  1ST,  B.    One  who  traffics  illegally. 

COJ<--TRJI  BJiS'SO.  [It.]  The  largest  kind  of  bass- 
viol,  usu.illv  called  the  double  Ws.  Brande. 

COJVTRA  BO'jVOa  MO'REH.  [I,.]  Against  good 
mirals. 

eON-'PRACT',  I'.  (  [Ij.  contralto,  eontractum ;  con  and 
tralio,  lit  draw;  It.  contrarre;  Sp.  conlraer ;  Port,  eon- 
traliir  ;  Vt.  eontrartrr.    See  Duaw.] 

1.  To  draw  together  or  nearer ;  to  draw  into  a  less 
compass,  either  in  length  or  breadth  ;  to  shorten  ;  to 
abridge ;  to  narrow  ;  to  lessen  ;  as,  to  contract  an  in- 
closure  ;  to  contract  the  faculties  ;  to  contract  the  pe- 
riod of  life  ;  to  contract  the  sjdiere  of  action. 

2.  To  draw  the  parts  together  ;  to  wrinkle  ;  as,  to 
contract  the  brow. 

3.  To  belroth  ;  toafiiancc.  A  c^nfracfcrf  his  daugh- 
ter to  1! ;  the  lady  was  contracted  to  a  man  of  merit. 

4.  To  draw  to;  to  bring  on  ;  to  incur;  to  gain. 
We  contract  vicious  habits  by  intlulgcnce  ;  we  <w7t- 
tract  debt  by  extravagance. 

5.  To  shorten  by  omission  of  a  letter  or  syllable  ; 
as,  to  contraeX  a  word. 

6.  To  epitomize  ;  to  abridge  ;  as,  to  contract  an 
es,sav. 

eoN-TKACT',  ».  i.  To  shrink  ;  to  become  shorti;r  or 
narrower.  Many  bodies  contract  by  the'  application 
of  cold  ;  a  hempen  cord  contracU  by  moisture. 

2.  To  bargain  ;  to  make  a  mutual  agreement,  as 
between  two  or  more  persons.  We  have  contracted 
for  a  loail  of  Hour  ;  or  we  have  contracted  with  a 
farmer /or  a  quantity  of  provisions. 

eoN-TR.\CT',  [for  Contuacteu,]  pp.  Affianced  ; 
betKithed.  aiiak. 

eoN'TR  ACT,  71.  An  agreemeiit  or  covenant  between 
two  or  more  persons,  in  which  each  i>arty  binds  him- 
self to  do  or  forbear  some  act,  and  each  acipiires  a 
right  to  what  the  other  promises  ;  a  mutual  promise, 
U|iiiii  lawful  consideration  or  cause,  which  binds  the 
parties  to  a  performance  ;  a  bargain  ;  a  compact. 
Contracts  are  executory  or  cxt'cuted. 

Stip.  Court,  Cranch's  Rep. 

2.  The  act  by  which  a  man  and  woman  are  be- 
trothed, each  to  the  other.  Sliak. 

3.  The  writing  which  contains  the  agreement  of 
parties  with  the  terms  and  conditions,  and  which 
serves  as  a  proof  of  the  obligation. 

eO.X-TRAC'i'ED,  pp.  Drawn  together,  or  into  a 
shorter  or  narrower  compass;  shrunk;  betrothed; 
incurred  ;  bargained. 

2.  a.  Drawn  togirthcr  ;  narrow ;  mean ;  selfish  ; 
as,  a  man  of  a  contracted  soul  or  mind. 

Contracted  vein,  or  vena  contracta ;  a  term  denoting 
the  diminution  which  takes  place  in  the  diameter 
of  a  stream  of  wate  r  issuing  from  a  vessel,  at  a  short 
distance  from  the  discharging  aperture.  Ilrbert. 
eON-TIl.\eT'ED-LY,  adc.    In  a  contracted  manner. 

Bp.  JVctpton. 

eON-TRACT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
tracted. 

2.  Narrowness  ;  meanness  ;  excessive  selfishness. 

eO.N-TRACT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Possibility  of  being 
contracted  ;  quality  of  siidVrin'.;  contraction;  as,  the 
contractibiliiii  and  dilatabilitv  of  air.  Jirbulhnot. 

eoN-TRACi-'l-liLE,  a.    Capable  of  contraction. 

Sm.UI  air-l.I.uldets  dilal.il.le  and  ronlmclii/e.  Arliuthnot. 

eON-TRACT'I-BLE-.\ESP,  71.  The  quality  of  siilTer 
ing  contraction  ;  coiitractibilitv.  DicL 

et).\-TR.\CT'lLE,  a.  Tending  to  contract;  having 
the  power  of  shortening  or  of  drawing  into  smallei 
dimensions  ;  as,  the  contraetile  force  of  certain  elastic 
bodies.  Darwin. 

€0.\-TRACT-II,'I-TY,  11.  The  inherent  quality  or 
force  by  whic  h  bodies  shrink  or  contract.  Bediloes. 

eo\-TR.\eT'l.\(;,  ppr.  shortening  or  narrowing; 
drawing  together  ;  lessening  dimensions  ;  shrinking ; 
making  a  baritain  ;  betrothing. 

2.  n.  Making  or  having  made  a  contract  or  treaty; 
stipulating  ;  as,  the  coiitractinrr  parties  to  a  league. 

eOiN-TUAC'TIO.N,  71.    [L.  contractio.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing  togittlier,  or  shrinking ;  the 
act  of  shortening,  narrowing,  or  les.-!»'niiig,  extent  or 
ilimrnsions,  by  causing  the  parts  of  a  body  lo  ap- 
proach nearer  to  each  other;  the  stale  of  being  con- 
tracted. 

Oil  of  VTtnoI  will  throw  the  siumaeh  into  involuntary  conlrflc- 

ttona.  Arbut/inoi. 
Til.'  contrnclion  of  tile  he  irt  is  call-nl  syse-Ie. 
Some  thin^  iiidn&;  a  cimtrnclion  of  the  nerv  es.  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  shortening,  abridging,  or  reducing 
within  a  narrower  compass  by  any  means.  A  poem 
may  be  improved  by  omissions  or  contractions. 

3.  Ill  grammar,  tlie  shortening  of  a  word,  by  the 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  «S  as  J  ;  ?  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I 


CON 


CON 


CON 


omission  of  a  letter  or  syllable  ;  as  can^t  for  can  not ; 
burst  for  bursted  or  butsten;  Sw.  and  Dan.  ord,  a 
word. 

4.  A  contract ;  marriage  contract.    [JVot  nsedJ 

5.  Abbreviation.  [Slmic. 
€ON-TRA€T'OR,  71.    One  who  contracts  ;  one  of  the 

parties  to  a  bargain  ;  one  who  covenants  to  do  any 
thing  for  another.  Taylor. 

2.  One  who  contracts  or  covenants  with  a  govern- 
ment to  furnish  provisions  or  other  supplies,  or  to 
perform  any  work  or  service  for  the  public,  at  a  cer- 
tain price  or  rate. 

eON'TRA-DANCE,  n.  [Fr.  contredanst  ;  It.  contrad- 
danza  i  Sp.  contradanza,] 

A  dance  in  which  the  partners  are  arranged  in 
opposition,  or  in  ojipo^ite  lines. 

[The  word  is  now  more  generally  spelt  and  pro- 
nounced CouNTRT-DA>cE,  though  in  opposition  to  the 
meaning  and  derivation.]  , 

eON  TKA-UieT',  V.  t.  [L.  coniradico  !  contra  and 
dico,  to  speali.] 

1.  To  oppose  by  words  ;  to  assert  the  contrary  to 
what  has  been  asserted,  or  to  deny  what  has  been 
affirmed. 

It  b  not  lawful  to  contradict  a  point  of  history  known  to  all  the 
world.  Dryrleri. 

The  Jews  —  spoke  affniiist  those  things  whicli  wer^  spuken  by 
Paul,  contrajlicltng  and  bl.isphenimg.  —  Acts  xiii. 

2.  To  oppose  i  to  be  directly  contrary  to. 

No  truth  can  contradict  another  Irnth.  Hooker. 

eON-TRA-DICT'ED,  pp.  Opposed  in  words ;  opposed  ; 
denied. 

eON-TRA-DICT'ER,  n.  One  who  contradicts  or  de- 
nies ;  an  opposcr.  Swifl. 

eON-TRA-DICT'ING,  ppr.  AflirmiMg  the  contrary  to 
what  has  been  asserted  ;  denying;  apposing. 

eON-TRA-Die'TION,  n.    [L.  contradictio.] 

1.  An  assertion  of  the  contrary  to  what  has  been 
said  or  affirmed  ;  denial ;  contrary  declarati(;n. 

2.  Opposition,  wliether  by  words,  reproaches,  or 
attempts  to  defeat. 

Consider  him  that  endured  such  contra/liclion  of  sinners  against 
himself.  —  Ueb.  xii. 

3.  Direct  opposition  or  repugnancy  ;  inconsistency 
with  itself;  incongruity  or  contrariety  of  tilings, 
words,  thoughts,  or  propositions.  These  theorems 
involve  a  contradiction. 

If  we  perceive  truth,  we  thereby  perceire  whatever  is  f  dse  in 
contradiction  to  it.  GreiB. 

eON-TRA-Die'TION-AL,  a.  Inconsistent.  [JVot  in 
tise.l  Milton. 

€ON-TR.\-Die'TIOUS,  (-dik'shus,)  a.  Filled  with 
contr.idictions  ;  inconsistent.  Collier. 

2.  Inclined  to  contradict ;  disposed  to  deny  or  cavil. 

3.  Opposite ;  inconsistent. 
eON-TRA-Die'TIOUri-NESS,  n.      Inconsistency  ; 

contrariety  to  itself.  JVbrri?. 
2.  Disposition  to  contradict  or  cavil. 
eON-TRA-DICT'IVE,  a.    Containing  contradiction. 
eON-TKA-DICT'IVE  LY,  ado.    By  contradiction. 
eON-TRA-DICT'O-RI-LY,  adv.    In  a  contradictory 

manner ;  in  a  manner  inconsistent  with  itself,  or 

opposite  to  others.  Brown. 
€ON-TRA-DI€T'0-RI-NESS,  71.    Direct  opposition  ; 

contrariety  in  assertion  or  effect.  Baxter. 
€ON-TRA-DieT'0-RY,  a.    Affirming  the  contrary  ; 

implying  a  denial  of  what  has  been  asserted  ;  as, 

contradictory  as-sertions. 
2.  Inconsistent ;  opposite  ;  contrary  ;  as,  contradic- 

tcini  schemes. 

eON-TRA-DICT'O-RY,  n.  A  proposition  which  de- 
nies or  opposes  another  in  all  its  terms  ;  contrariety ; 
inconsistency. 

It  is  common  with  princes  to  will  contratlictories.  Bacon. 

eON-TRA-DIS-TINCT',  a.  Distinguislied  by  opposite 
qualities.  Smith. 

CON-TRA-DIS-TINC'TION,  n.  [contra  and  distinc- 
tion,] 

Distinction  by  opposite  qualities. 

We  speak  of  sins  of  infirmity,  in  conlradigtinctitm  to  those  of 
pn-aumption.  South. 

eo\-TRA-DIS-TINeT'IVE,  a.  Distinguishing  by 
oppositcs.  Harris. 

eoN-TRA-DrS-TIN"GUISn,  (-ting'guish,)  v.  t.  [con- 
tra antl  di.itifttruish.'l 

To  distiiiguisli  not  merely  by  differential,  but  by 
opposite  qualities. 

are  our  complex  lileas  of  soul  and  bodv,  aa  contra/lintin- 
gtiitlitd.  Locke. 

eO.V-TRA-DIS-TIN"GUISH-Ji;D,  (  ting'gwisht,)  pp. 
DiHtiuKuishcd  by  opposites. 

€ON.TRA-Dia-l'lN"0(JISI 
Ing  hv  opposites. 

eON-'i'ttA-FI.S'HtIRE,  (-fish'yur,)  n.  [contra  and  fis- 
ture.]  In  surgery,  a  fiHsun-  or  fracture  in  the  cra- 
nium, on  the  Hide  opptisitr  to  that  whic  h  rereivt^d  the 
blow,  or  at  some  diMtance  froiri  it.      Cure.  Knciic. 

CON-TRA-IN'i)I-eANT,  n.  A  «yiriptoin  th.il  forbids 
to  treat  a  dinorder  In  the  u.sual  wav.  Hurhr.. 

eON-TRA-I.\'I)I-CATE,  v.  I.  [contra  ttnil  indicate.] 
In  medicine,  to  indicate  Kome  method  of  cure,  c(m- 
trary  to  that  which  the  general  tenor  of  the  diHcase 


JIJISIMNG,  ppr.  DistinguLsli- 


requires  ;  or  to  forbid  that  to  be  done  which  the  main 
scope  of  the  malady  points  out.     Harvey.  Encyc. 

eON-TRA-IN'DI-eA-TED,  pp.  Indicating  a  method 
contrary  to  the  usual  one. 

eON-TRA-IN'DI-€A-TING,  ppr.  Indicating  a  con- 
trary method  of  cure. 

eON-TRA-IN-DI-CA'TION,  n.  An  indication,  from 
some  peculiar  symptom  or  fact,  that  forbids  the 
method  of  cure  which  tlie  main  symptoms  or  nature 
of  the  disease  requires.  .MrbntlinoL 

€ON-TRAL'TO,  n.  [It.]  In  mnsic,  the  part  imme- 
diately below  the  treble,  called  also  the  counter  tenor. 

Brande. 

eON'TRA-MURE,  n.  An  out  wall.  [See  Counter- 
mure  J 

€ON-TRA-N.\T'IJ-RAL,a.  Opposite  to  nature.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Bp.  Rust. 

eON-TRA-NI'TEN-CY,  n.  [L.  contra  and  nitor,  to 
strive.] 

Reaction  ;  resistance  to  force. 

eON-TRA-PoSE',  V.  t.    To  set  in  opposition. 

eON-TRA-PO-SI"TION,  (-zish'un,)  n.  [contra  and 
positio7t.]   A  placing  over  against  ;  opposite  position. 

€ON-TRA-PUNT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  counterpoint. 

eON-TRA-PUNT'IST,  n.  One  skilled  in  counter- 
point. Mason. 

eON-TRA-REG-IJ-LAR'I-TY,  n.  [contra  and  regu- 
larity.] 

Contrariety  to  rule,  or  to  regularity.  JVorris. 
eON-TRA'RI-ANT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  cuntrarier,  to  con- 
tradict, or  run  counter.] 

Contradictory  ;  opposite  ;  inconsistent.  [Little 
ziseil.]  .Syliffe, 
eON'TRA-RIES,  (kon'tra-riz,)  71.  pZ.  [See  Con- 
TRARv.]  In  logic,  propositions  which  destroy  each 
other,  but  of  which  the  falsehood  of  one  does  not 
establish  the  truth  of  the  other. 

If  two  universals  differ  in  quality,  they  are  contraries  ;  as,  every 
virte  IB  a  tree  ;  no  vine  is  a  tree.  These  can  never  lie  botii 
true  together ;  but  they  may  be  both  false.  Watts. 

eON-TR.VRI'E-TY,  71.    [L.  contrarietas.   See  Con- 

TR.VRY.] 

1.  Opposition  in  fact,  essence,  qti-ality,  or  princi- 
ple ;  repugnance.  The  expedition  failed  by  means 
of  ' a  Cf)?(£ran>(f/ of  winds.  There  is  a  contrariety  in 
the  nature  of  virtue  and  vice  ;  of  love  and  hatred  ; 
of  truth  and  falsehood.  Among  men  of  the  same 
profession,  we  find  a  contrariety  of  opinions. 

2.  Inconsistency;  quality  or  position  destructive 
of  its  opposite. 

How  can  these  contrari£tieB  agree  ?  Sltak. 

eON'TRA-RI-LY,  adv.    In  an  opposite  manner ;  in 

opposition  ;  on  the  other  side  ;  in  opposite  ways. 
€ON'TRA-RI-NESS,  71.    Contrariety  ;  opposition. 

Vict. 

eON-TRA'RI-OUS,  a.    Contrary  ;  opposite  ;  repug- 
nant. Milton. 
€ON-TRA'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    Contrarily  ;  oppositely. 

Shak. 

eON'TRA-RI-WISE,  adv.  [contrary  and  wise,  man- 
ner.] On  the  contrary  ;  oppositely  ;  on  the  other 
hand. 

Not  rendering:  evil  for  evil,  nor  railing  for  railing  ;  but  contrarU 
wise,  blessing.  —  1  Pet.  iii. 

eON'TR  A-RY,  71.  [L.  contrarius,  from  cpntra,  against ; 
Fr.  contraire ;  Sp.  and  It.  contrario.] 

1.  Opposite  ;  adverse  ;  moving  against,  or  in  an 
opposite  direction  ;  as,  contrary  winds. 

2.  Opposite  ;  contradictory  ;  not  merely  different, 
but  inconsistent  or  repugnant. 

The  flesh  lusleth  ag-ainst  the  spirit,  and  the  spirit  against  the 
flesh ;  and  tliese  are  contrary,  Uie  one  to  tlie  other.  — 
Gal.  v. 

This  adjective,  in  many  phrases,  is  to  be  treated 
grammatically  as  an  adverb,  or  as  an  atljective  re- 
ferring to  a  sentence  or  affirmation  ;  as,  this  hap- 
pened contrary  to  my  expectations.  The  word  here 
really  belongs  to  the  affirmation  or  fact  declared  — 
this  happened;  for  contrary  dttes  not,  like  an  adverb, 
express  the  manner  of  happening,  but  that  the  fact 
itself  was  contrary  to  my  expectation.  .According, 
agreeable,  pursuant,  antecalent,  prior,  anten-ior,  &.C., 
are  often  used  in  the  like  manner. 
eON'TRA-RY,  71.  A  thing  that  is  contrary  or  of  op- 
posite qualities. 

No  confrrtriea  hold  more  anllpaUiy 

Than  1  and  such  a  knave.  Shdk. 

2.  A  proposition  contrary  to  another,  or  a  fart  con- 
trary to  what  is  alleged  ;  as,  this  is  stated  to  be  a  fact, 
but  I  will  endeavor  to  show  tlie  contrary. 

On  the  contrary ;  in  opposition  ;  on  the  other  side. 

Sinift. 

To  tlie  contrary  ;  to  an  opposite^  purpose  or  fact ;  a-s, 
he  said  it  was  just,  but  I  told  him  to  tlie  contrary. 
They  did  It,  not  for  w.ant  of  instruction  to  tlie  contrary. 

Slilimgjlcet. 

CON'TRA-RY,  r.  t.    [Fr  contrarier.] 

To  contradict  or  opiiosc.  [OA.?.] 
eON'TRA-RY-MIND'ED,  a.    Of  a  different  mind  or 

ouinion.  Hall. 
Gl^N-'J'RAST',  V.  t.    [Fr.  conlraster.  Norm,  id.,  to  co7i- 

Irast ;  It.  contrajtare,  Sp.  and  Port,  contraslar,  to  re- 


sist, withstand,  strive,  debate,  quarrel.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  set  against,  or  to  strain,  to  strive.] 

1.  To  set  in  opposition  different  tilings  or  quali- 
ties, to  show  the  superior  excellence  of  one  to  ad- 
vantage. 

To  contrast  the  goodness  of  Cod  with  our  rebellion,  will  tend 
to  make  us  humble  and  thankful. 

Clark,  Serm.,  July  4,  1814. 

2.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  to  place  figures  in 
such  opposition  or  dissimilitude,  that  the  one  shall 
give  greater  visibility  and  effect  to  the  other. 

The  figures  of  the  groups  must  con(rasI  each  other.  Dryden. 
eON-TRAST',  V.  i.   To  stand  in  contrast  or  opposi- 
tion to. 

The  Joints  which  divide  the  sandstone  contrast  finely  %vith  the 
divisional  planes  which  separate  tiie  bas.Ul  into  pillars. 

Lyetl. 

eON'TRAST,  71.  Opposition  of  things  or  qualities  ; 
or  the  placing  of  opposite  things  in  view,  to  exhibit 
the  superior  excellence  of  one  to  more  advantage. 
AVliat  a  contract  between  modesty  and  impudence,  or 
between  a  well-bred  man  and  a  clown  ! 

2.  In  pamii«^  and  5cu/;j(iirf,  opposition  or  dissimil- 
itude of  figures,  &c.,  by  which  one  contributes  to 
the  visibility  or  effect  of  the  other.  Johnson. 

Contrast,  in  this  sense,  is  applicable  to  things  of  a 
similar  kind.  We  never  speak  of  a  contrast  between 
a  man  and  a  mountain,  or  between  a  dog  and  a  tree  ; 
but  we  observe  the  contrast  between  an  oak  and  a 
shrub,  and  between  a  palace  and  a  cottage. 

eON-TRAST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Set  in  opposition ;  exam- 
ined in  opposition. 

eON-TRAST'ING,  ppr.  Placing  in  opposition,  with  a 
view  to  discover  tlie  difference  of  figures  or  other 
things,  and  exhibit  the  advantage  or  excellence  of 
one  beyond  tliat  of  the  other. 

eON'TRA-TEN'OR,  7i.  In  music,  a  middle  part  be- 
tween the  tenor  and  treble  ;  contralto ;  counter. 

eON'TRATE-WHEEL,  7i.  A  wheel,  the  teeth  of 
which  lie  contrary  to  those  of  the  other  wheels  ;  i.  e., 
parallel  to  the  axis  ;  used  chiefly  for  cloek-work. 

eON-TRA-VAL-LA'TION,  7i.  [L.  contra  and  vallo, 
to  foitify  ;  Fr.  contrecallation.] 

In  fortification,  a  trench  guarded  with  a  parapet, 
formed  by  tlie  besiegers  between  their  camp  and  tlie 
place  besieged,  to  secure  themselves  and  check  sal- 
lies of  the  garrison.  Brande. 

eON-TRA-VliNE',  v.  t.  [L.  contravenio  ;  contra  and 
venio,  to  come.] 

Literally,  to  come  against ;  to  meet.  Hence,  to  op- 
pose, but  used  in  a  figurative  or  moral  sense  ;  to  op- 
pose in  principle  or  effect ;  to  contradict ;  to  obstruct 
in  operation  ;  to  defeat ;  as,  a  law  may  contravene  the 
provisions  of  the  constitution. 

eoN-TRA-Vr:N'£D,  pp.    Opposed  ;  obstructed. 

eON-TRA-VEN'ER,  ii.    One  wlio  opposes. 

eON-TllA-VEN'ING,  ppr.  Opposing  in  principle  or 
effect. 

eON-TRA-VEN'TION,  71.  Opposition  ;  obstruction  ; 
a  defeating  of  the  operation  or  effect ;  as,  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  allies  were  in  direct  contravention  of 
the  treaty. 

eON-TRA-VER'SION,  71.  [L.  contra  and  vcrsio,  a 
turning.] 

A  turning  to  the  opposite  side ;  antistrophe. 

Corigreve. 

eON-TRA-YER'VA,  7t.  [Sp.  contrayerba  ;  Poit.  C071- 
traherva  ;  contra  and  yerba,  herva,  an  herb,  L.  hei'ba  ; 
a  counter  herb,  an  antidote  for  poison,  or,  in  general, 
an  antidote.] 

The  popular  name  of  various  jilants,  as  of  some 
species  of  Dorstenia,  Passiflora,  &c. 

eON-TREC-TA'TION,  71.    [L.  contrectatio,  tracto.] 
A  toucliing  or  handling.  Ferrand. 

COJiT-TRK-TKMPS',  (kon-tr-tilng',)  n.  [Fr.]  An  un- 
expected accident,  which  throws  every  thing  into 
confusion.  ' 

eO.N-TRI  H'U-TA-BLE,  a.   That  can  be  contributed. 

eON-TRlB'lf-TA-RY,  a.  [See  Contriuute.]  Pay- 
ing tribute  to  the  same  sovereign ;  contributing  aid 
to  the  same  chief  or  principal. 

It  was  situated  on  the  Oanp^es,  at  the  place  where  this  river  re- 
ceived a  contribulary  sii-cam.         lyAnvitle,  An.  Ocog. 

eON-TRIB'yTE,  V.  t.  [L.  conlribuo  ;  con  and  tribuo, 
to  grant,  assign,  or  impart;  It.  contribuire  i  Sp.  con- 
tribuir;  Fr.  contribucr.    See  Tribe,  Tribute.] 

1.  To  give  or  grant  in  common  with  others  ;  to  give 
to  a  common  stock  or  for  a  common  purpose  ;  to  pay 
a  share.  It  is  the  duty  of  Chri.stians  to  contribute  a 
portion  of  their  substance  for  the  propagation  of  the 
gospel. 

England  coti(ri6u(e«  much  more  than  any  otJier  of  the  allies, 

Atldison. 

2.  To  impart  a  portion  or  share  to  a  common  jmr- 
pose ;  as,  let  each  man  contribute  his  iiiffucnce  to  cor- 
rect public  morals. 

eON-TRIB'liTE,  V.  i.  To  give  a  part  ;  to  lend  a  por- 
tion of  power,  aid,  or  inlluence  ;  to  have  a  share  in 
any  act  or  effect. 

There  li  not  a  sln^fle  beauty  In  the  piece,  to  wliich  the  Invention 
must  not  contribute.  Pope. 

eON-TRin'lI-TEI),  pp.  Given  or  advanced  to  a  com- 
mon fund,  stock,  or  jmrpiwe  ;  paid  as  a  share. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WliyP — ME'I'B,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 


860 


CON 


CON 


CON 


eON'TRO-VEKT-ED,  fp.  or  a.  Disputed ;  opposed 
in  (lcl):ite. 

eON'TUO-VERT-ER,  71.  One  wlio  controverts  ;  a 
controversial  writer.  B,  Jonsoiu 

eON-TRO-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  Tlmt  may  bo  dls|.uted  ; 
disputable  ;  not  too  evident  to  excliKle  diirurence  of 
opinion  ;  as,  this  is  a  controvertible  point  of  law. 

eON-TUO-VEKT'I-BLY,  culc.  In  a  controvertible 
manner. 

eO.V'TB.O-VERT-ING,ppr.    Disputing;  denyingand 

attrni|it;ns  to  refute. 
€0.\'TKO-VERT-IST,  n.    One  who  controverts  ;  a  « 

disputant ;  a  man  versed  or  engaged  in  controversy 

or  di^iputation. 

How  unfriendly  is  liie  irpiril  of  Ihc  coniroverUit  to  th«'  rli-wm- 
iiifnt  U  Uv;  criuc  I  CampUU. 

eON-TO'BER-NAL,  a.  [I,,  eontubemalin,  from  conttt- 
brrnium  :  con  and  ttibema.] 

I'erlainin;;  lo  IVIlowship  in  a  mess  or  lodging  ;  dc- 
notinir  a  species  of  concubinage. 

eO.\  TU-.Ma'CIOUS,  (konUu-ma'shus,)  a.  [L.  cm- 
tuynoj,  from  con  and  tuntcOy  to  swell.] 

1.  Litcrallii,  swelling  against  ;  haughty.  Hence, 
obstinate  ;  perverse  ;  stubborn  ;  inllexilile  ;  unyield- 
ing ;  disobedient  ;  as,  a  contmnacious  child. 

a.  In  law,  willfully  disobedient  to  the  orders  of  a 
court.  Blackstonc, 

eON-TU-MA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.  Obstinately  ;  stub- 
bornly ;  perversely  ;  in  disobedience  of  orders. 

eoN-TU-MA'CIOUS-NESS,  71.  Obstinacy;  pervcrse- 
ness  ;  stubbornness  ;  contumacy. 

eON'TU-M.\-CY,  71.    [L.  contumacia.l 

1.  stubbornness ;  unyielding  obstinacy  ;  inflexi- 
bility. Millun. 

2.  In  law,  a  willful  contempt  and  disobedience  to 
any  lawful  summons  or  order  of  court  ;  a  refusal 
to  appear  in  court  w  hen  legally  summoned,  or  diso- 
bedience to  its  rules  and  orders.  Jiyliffr. 

€ON-TU-Mis'IJ-OUS,  a.     [L.  contumcliosus.  See 

Co.NTUMtLY.l 

1.  Haughtily  reproachful  ;  contemptuous  ;  inso- 
lent;  rude  and  sarcastic ;  as,  contumelious  lansuage. 

SicifU 

2.  Hauglity  and  contemptuous  ;  disposed  to  utter 
reproach,  or  to  insult ;  insolent;  proudly  nide  ;  asfa 
contumvimus  person.  SItak. 

3.  Keproacliful ;  shameful ;  ignominious. 

Decay  of  Piety, 
eON-TU-.ME'Ll-OUS-LY,  ath:     In  a  contumelious 

manner  ;  with  i)ride  and  contempt  ;  reproachfully  ; 

rudely  ;  insolentlv. 
eON-TU-Mr.'LI-dUS-XESS,  71.  Reproach  ;  rudeness; 

contempt. 

eON'TU-.\lE-LY,  71.  [L.  contumclia,  from  eonlumeo; 
con  and  tumeo,  to  swell.] 

Rudeness  or  reproach  compounded  of  haughtiness 
and  contiinpt  ;  conteniptuousncss  ;  insolence;  con- 
temptuous language. 


eO.\-TRIlt'IJ-TINH,  ppr.  Giving  in  common  with 
others  to  some  stock  or  purpose;  imparting  a  share. 

eON-TKl-liO'TIO-V,  71.  The  act  of  giving  to  a  com- 
mon stock,  or  in  common  with  others  ;  the  act  of 
lending  a  portion  of  power  or  inlluence  to  a  common 
purpose  ;  the  jiayment  of  each  nuin's  share  of  some 
cotinnon  expense. 

•2.  That  which  is  given  to  a  common  stock  or  pur- 
pose, either  by  an  individual  or  by  many.  We  speak 
of  the  contribution  of  one  person,  or  the  contribution 
of  a  society.  Contributions  arc  involuntary,  as  taxes 
and  imposts  ;  or  voluntary,  as  frtr  some  undertaking. 

3.  In  a  military  sense,  iinpositions  paid  by  a  frontier 
country,  to  secure  themselves  from  being  plundereil 
by  the  enemy's  army ;  or  impositions  upon  a  country 
in  the  power  of  an  enemy,  which  are  levied  under 
various  jiretenses,  and  for  various  purposes,  usually 
for  the  support  of  the  army. 

eON-TRin'U-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  contribute  ;  con- 
tributing; having  the  power  or  ijuality  of  giving  a 
portion  of  aid  or  influence ;  lending  aid  to  promote, 
iu  concurrence  with  ethers. 

This  measure  is  contribalive  to  the  K\me  einL  Tai/hr. 

eOX-TRIU'IJ-TOR,  71.  One  who  contributes;  one 
who  gives  or  pays  money  to  a  comm(>n  stock  or  fund  ; 
one  who  gives  aid  to  a  common  purpose,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  others. 

eoN-TRlIl'lJ-TO-RY,  a.  Contributing  to  the  same 
stock  or  purpose;  promoting  the  same  end  ;  bringing 
assistance  to  some  joint  design,  or  increase  to  some 
common  stock. 

CON'-TRIS'TaTE,  7;.  t.    [L.  contristo.] 

To  make  sorrowful.    [JVnt  useil.]  Bacon. 

eON-TUIS-TA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  making  sad. 
[.Vo(  iwrrf.]  Bacon, 

GO-N'TRITE,  a.  [L.  contritus,  from  contcro,  to  break 
or  bruise ;  con  and  tero,  to  bruise,  rub,  or  wear.  See 
Trite.] 

Literally,  worn,  or  bruised.  Hence,  broken-liearted 
for  sin ;  tleeply  aflected  with  grief  and  sorrow  for 
having  olTendcd  God  ;  humble ;  penitent ;  as,  a  con- 
trite siniier. 

A  brok'-n  and  .1  contrite  heart,  0  God,  thou  wilt  not  despise.  — 
I's.  li. 

eO.N'TRITE-LY,  adv.  In  a  contrite  manner;  with 
penitence.  [for  sin. 

eo.N'TRITE-XESS,  71.  Deep  sorrow  and  penitence 
eON-TRI"TIO.\,  (  trish'un,)  n,    [L.  contritio.] 

1.  The  act  of  grinding  or  rubbing  to  powder. 

At' IP  £071. 

2.  Penitence  ;  deep  sorrow  for  sin  ;  grief  of  heart 
for  having  done  wrong,  especially  towards  an  infi- 
nitely holy  and  benevolent  God.  The  word  is  usu- 
ally understood  to  mean  genuine  penitence,  accom- 
panied with  a  deep  sense  of  ingratitude  in  the  sin- 
ner, and  sincere  resolution  to  live  in  obedience  to  the 
divine  law. 

Fruits  of  more  pleasing-a-iror,  from  thy  seed 

Sown  witti  contrition  iu  his  hean.  Antton. 

Imperfect  repentance  is  by  some  divines  called  at- 
trition. 

eOM-TRIV'A-BLE,  a.  [Sec  Contrive.]  That  may 
be  contrived;  capable  ot  being  planned,  invented, or 
devised. 

Pfr[»etual  motion  may  seem  easily  contrivable.  Wilkin*. 
eO.N-TRIV'ANCE,  71.    [See  Coxtrite.]    The  act  of 
invonting,,devi?iag,  or  planning. 

'I'here  is  no  work  impossible  to  these  contrionnce^.  Witkins. 
Q.  The  thing  invented  or  planned ;  a  scheme ;  plan  ; 
disposition  of  parts  or  causes  by  design. 

Our  bodies  aic  made  according  to  the  most  orderly  contrivanct, 

atanviae. 

3.  Artifice  ;  plot ;  scheme ;  as,  he  has  managed  his 
ctm/rirflilce  well. 

eOX-TRIVE',  V.  U  [Fr.  controurer;  eon  and  trouvcr, 
lo  find  ;  It.  controvare.^ 

1.  To  invent ;  to  devise  ;  to  plan. 

Oui  T)0!l  h.TS  always  some  ht'autiful  di*si*ii,  which  h"  fir^t  rstalv 
Ushrs,  anil  then  contriitet  Uie  means  w*hich  will  nauir.illy 
conduct  tiim  to  his  end.  Dryden. 

2.  To  wear  out ;  as,  three  ages  such  as  mortal 
men  ct77Urit7c.    Spenser.  [Obs.'\ 

[This  must  he  from  the  L.  contcro,  eontrivi,  and  If 
the  Fr.  c«7itr(iucer,  and  Italian  cuntrorarr,  are  the 
same  word  dilTerently  applied,  the  primary  sense  is, 
to  invent  by  rubbing,  that  is,  by  ruminating,  or  lo 
strike  out,  as  in  forae.  But  the  word  Ls  probably 
from  (rowrer,  to  findj 
eON-TRIVE',  V.  i.  To  form  or  design ;  lo  plan ;  to 
scheme  ;  as,  how  shall  we  contrive  to  hide  our 
gh.ame ! 

[This  verb  is  really  transitive.balfuUoujed  by  a  verb, 
^  in  the  place,  of  an  object  or  name.] 
,    eON'-TRIV'£;D,  pp.  or  a.    Invented;  planned;  de- 
vised. 

CO.VTRIVE'MENT,  n.    Contrivance  ;  invention. 

eOiN'-TRIV'ER,  n.  An  inventor ;  one  who  plans  or 
devises  ;  a  schemer.  Swiji.  Shak, 

eON'-TRtV'ING,  ppr.    Planning;  forming  in  design. 

€ON-TR6L',  71.  [Fr.  controlle,  a  counter  register  ; 
eoTifire  and  roUe,  a  roll,  list,  or  catalogue  :  Arm,  coun- 
ter roll.] 


1.  Primarily,  a  book,  register,  or  account,  kept  to 
correct  or  check  another  account  or  register  ;  a  coun- 
ter register.  Hence,  check  ;  restraint ;  as,  to  speak 
or  to  act  without  control.  Tlie  wind  raged  without 
control.  Our  passions  should  be  under  the  control  of 
reason. 

2.  Power  ;  authority  ;  government  ;  command. 
Children  should  be  under  the  control  of  their  parents. 
The  events  of  life  are  not  always  under  our  ccr.tiol. 

3.  lie  or  that  which  restrains.  Burlu. 
eON-TRoL',  7'.  u    To  keep  under  check  by  a  coimcer 

register  or  double  account.  The  proper  officer  con- 
trols the  accounts  of  the  treasury. 

2.  To  check  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  govern. 
I  feel  my  virtue  stniggling  in  my  soxil ; 

But  stronger  jKission  tioes  its  powi-r  control.  Dryden. 

3.  To  overpower  ;  to  subject  to  authority  ;  to 
counteract  ;  to  have  under  command..  The  course 
of  events  can  not  be  controlled  by  human  wisdom  or 
power. 

4.  To  direct  or  govern  in  opposition  ;  to  have  suiie- 
rior  force,  or  auUiority  over. 

A  reciuil  can  not  control  the  plain  wonia  in  the  f^.ui'.iiig  fwirt  of 
a  deed.  Johnson's  Hejiorts. 

eON-TRoL'LA-BLE,  a.  Th.at  may  be  controlled, 
checked,  or  restrained  ;  subject  to  command. 

Passion  is  the  tinnikcnness  of  the  mind,  and  not  always  cofttrol- 
table  by  reason.  6'oul/i. 

eON-TRoL'L£U,  (kon-trold',)  pp.     Checked  ;  re- 
strained; governeil. 
eON'-TRoL'LER,  71.    [Norm,  cowitrc-rouler.] 

1.  One  who  controls  or  restrains ;  one  that  has  the 
power  or  authority  to  govern  or  control. 

The  gr^Mt  Controller  of  our  fate 
Deigned  to  lie  man,  and  lived  in  low  estate.  Drytien. 

2.  An  ofllcer  appointed  to  keep  a  counter  register 
of  accounts,  or  to  oversee,  control,  or  verify  the  ac- 
counts of  other  ollicers  ;  as,  in  Great  Britain,  the 
controller  of  thi!  hanaper,  of  the  household,  of  the 
pipe,  and  of  tlie  pells.  In  tlie  United  States,  the 
duty  of  the  controller  i)(  Ihc  treasury  is  to  superintend 
the  adjustment  and  preservation  of  the  public  ac- 
counts ;  to  examine  all  accounts  settled  by  the  audi- 
tor, and  certify  to  the  register  the  balances  due  there- 
on ;  to  countersign  all  warrants  drawn  by  the 
secretarj'  of  the  treasury  which  shall  be  warranted 
by  law  ;  to  rejiort  to  the  secretaiy  the  oflicial  forms 
of  all  pa])ers  to  be  issued  in  the  diflVreiit  oliices  for 
collecting  the  public  revenue,  and  the  manner  and 
form  of  keeping  and  stilting  the  accounts  of  the 
persons  employed  in  them,  &c. 

Stat,  of  the  United  State-t. 

eOX-TRoL'LKR-SIIIP,  n.    The  oflice  of  a  controller. 

eON"-Tl!C)L'LlM;,  ;i;ir.  or  o.    Clii^cking  ;  governing. 

eoX-TKUI/.ME.NT,  11.  The  power  or  act  of  con- 
trolling ;  the  state  of  being  restrained  ;  control  ; 
restraint. 

2.  Opposition  ;  resistance  ;  counteraction  ;  refu- 
tation. 

For  this  word,  ConTnoi.  is  now  genendly  used. 
eON-TRO-VER'SA-RY,a.   Disputatious.   Bp,  Hall. 
€0.\'TRO-VER.-'E,  n.  and  v.    Controversy,  and  to 

dispute.  ''-^''■-'•] 
€().N''J'l{n-Vr.RS-ER,  I  71.   A  disputant.  [Obs.] 
eo.N'TRO-VEUS-OR,  (  Monnta^. 
eOX-TRO-VER'SIAL,  (-shal,)  a,    [See  Controvert, 

CoNTROVEUSV.] 

RelaLiug  ttt  tlisputes  ;  .as,  a  controversial  discourse. 
eO.N-TK(J-VER'SI.\L-IST,  71.    One  who  caiTies  on  a 
controversy;  a  disputant.    [The  proper  word  is  Cos- 

TROVERTIST,  wllicll  See.] 

eON-TRO-VER'SI.\L-LY,  adv.  In  a  controversial 
manner. 

eo.\-TRO-VER'.«iION,  71.    Act  of  controverting. 
eO.\'TRO-VER-6Y,  7i.    [L.  conirovcrsia.    See  Con- 
trovert.] 

1.  Dispute  ;  debate  ;  agitation  of  contrary  opin- 
ions. A  iliipule  is  commonly  oral,  and  a  controversy 
in  writing.  Johnson.  Dispute  is  often  or  generally 
a  delmte  of  short  duration,  a  teniponiry  debate  ;  a 
controversy  is  often  oral,  and  sometimes  continued  in 
books  or  in  law  for  months  or  years. 

This  left  no  nx»ni  for  cvntroverty  about  the  tide.  Locke, 
Wiliiout  controversy,  gi\;at  is  the  mystery  of  godliness.  —  t 

2.  A  suit  in  law  ;  a  case  in  which  opposing  par- 
ties contend  for  their  respective  claims  btfore  a 
tribunal. 

And  l»v  their  wnnl  shall  every  controversy  ajid  every  stn>ke  l)e 
in.il.  —  Ueui.  xxi. 

3.  Dispiitt! ;  opiwsitioii  carried  on. 

The  l.or\l  liath  a  controversy  with  the  nations.  — Jer.  ixv. 

4.  OpiKTsition  ;  resistance. 

Ami  steuiiniug  it  (the  tnrrvnl]  witll  hearts  of  controversy.  Shak. 

€ON'TRO-VERT,  P.  (.  [L.  controverto,  eontroversor  ; 
contra  ami  verto,  verso,  lo  turn.  Literally,  lo  turn 
against. J 

To  dis|>ute  ;  lo  oppose  by  rea.soning ;  lo  contend 
acninst  in  words  or  WTitings  ;  to  deny  and  attempt  to 
ilis|irove  or  confute  ;  to  agitate  contrary  opinions  ; 
as,  to  rontrnvrrl  opinions  or  principles  ;  to  controvert 
the  justness  of  a  conclusion. 


The  oppressor's  wrong,  the  proud  man's  contumely.  Shak. 

eOX-TUND',  I',  t.    [L.  co«(u7i7/n.] 

To  boat ;  to  bruise  by  beating.    [Little  u.scd,] 
eO\-TCSE',  p,  t.    [L.  coiititsii-s,  contundo.] 

To  beat ;  to  bruise  ;  to  injure  the  flesh  or  substani^e 
of  a  living  being  or  other  thing  without  breaking  the 
skin  or  substance,  sometimes  with  a  breach  of  the 
skin  or  substance.  Bacon. 
eON-Tu.«'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Bruised. 
€ON-TuS'lNG,  ppr.  Bniising. 

eON-TO'SION,  (kon-tu'/.hun,)  11.  [X,.  coiifiisio,  from 
contundo  ;  con  and  tnndo,  to  beat ;  San.  tutl.] 

1.  The  act  of  beating  and  bruising,  or  the  state  of 
being  bruised. 

2.  The  act  of  reducing  to  powder  or  fine  particles 
by  beating.  Bacon. 

3.  In  surgery,  a.  bniise  ;  a  hurt  or  injury  to  the 
flesh  or  some  part  of  the  body  by  a  blunt  instrument, 
or  by  a  fill,  producing  no  breach  or  apparent  wound. 

eo-.XL'N'DRL  M,  71.  A  .sort  of  riddle  in  which  some 
odd  resemblance  is  proposed  for  discovery  between 
things  ([uite  unlike  ;  a  quibble  ;  a  low  jest.  Smart. 

CO.N'I  -SA-I!1,E,  a.    Liable  to  be  tried  or  judged. 

GOX'lJ-S.VNCE,  M.    [Fr.  connoissance.] 

Cognizance  ;  knowledge  ;  notice.    [See  Co.nnu- 

SAXCE.] 

€0.\'r-S.\.N'T,  a.    Knowing ;  having  notice  of. 
CO.\'-r-SOR'.    .«ee  Coosizor. 

eo.N-V.\-LE.SCE',{kon-va-less',)!J.i.  To  grow  better 

after  sickness ;  to  recover  health.  ; 
eOi\-VA-LES'CE.\CE,  (71.  [ L.  cniira/rsco,  to  grow  I 
eOX-VA-I.ES'CE.V-CY,  \    stronger ;  con  and  vale.ico, 

to  get  strength,  raleo,  to  be  strong.  Eng.  well.  See 

Well  and  Avail.] 
Renewal  of  health  ;  the  insensible  recover>'  of 

health  and  strimgth  after  disease  ;  the  state  of  a 

bodv  renewing  its  vigor  after  sickness  or  weakness,  i 
CO.N-VA-LES'CENT,   <i.     Recovering    health  and 

strength  after  sickness  or  debilitv. 
eO.\-VA-LES'Cl.\G,  ppr.    Recovering  health. 
eON-VEC'TION,  n.    [L.  coTii-Mfio,  from  comcho,  lo 

convey.] 

A  carrying ;  the  act  of  carrying  or  conveying  ;  as, 
the  eonrcctton  of  heat.  Prout, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  0!  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Tll  as  in  THIS. 


GON 


CON 


CON 


eON-VEN'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Convene  ]    That  may 
be  convened  or  assembled.     Panitplist,  May,  1809. 
2.  Consistent.    [06s.]  Spenser. 

CON-VeNE',  v.  i.  [h.  convemo;  cm  and  vetiio,  to 
comej 

1.  To  come  together ;  to  meet;  to  unite;  as  things. 

[Unusual.] 

The  mys  of  light  converge  and  convene  in  the  eyes.  Neu/ton. 

2.  To  come  together  ;  to  meet  in  the  same  place  ; 
to  assemble  ;  as  persons.  Parliament  will  conocne  in 
November.  The  two  liouses  of  the  legislature  con- 
vened at  twelve  o'clock  The  citizens  convened  in 
the  state  house 

€ON-VeNE',  v.  t.   To  cause  to  assemble  ;  to  call  to- 
gether ;  to  convoke.    The  president  has  power  to 
convene  the  congress  on  special  occasions. 
2.  To  summon  judicially  to  meet  or  appear. 
By  the  papal  canon  law,  clerks  con  be  conoened  only  before  an 
ecctesiaslical  juj*^.  Aytijfe. 

eON-VEN'ED,  pp.    Assembled  ;  convoked. 
COX-VkN'ER,  iu    One  who  convenes  or  meets  with 
others.    [  Ohs.] 

2.  One  who  calls  an  assembly  together.  Hence, 

3.  The  chairman  of  an  organizecl  body,  as  a  com- 
mittee, it  being  his  province  to  convene  or  call  tliera 
together.  [ficiMi.sh.'] 

eON-VE.V'IENCE,  j  ji.  [L.  convenicntia,  from  con- 
eON-VE.\'IEN-Cy,  i  venio.] 

ii«cra((y,  a  coming  together ;  a  meeting.  Hence, 

1.  Fitness  ;  suitableness  ;  proi)riety  ;  adaptation 
of  one  thing  to  another,  or  to  circumstances.  Jlooker. 

2.  Ctmunodiousness  ;  ease  ;  freedom  from  diffi- 
culty. 

Every  man  must  want  sometliing  fur  the  convenience  of  his  life. 

Calamif. 

There  is  another  convenience  in  lliis  method.  Swift. 

3.  That  which  gives  ease  ;  accommodation  ;  that 
which  is  suited  to  wants  or  necessity.  A  pair  of 
spectacles  is  a  great  convenience  in  old  age. 

4.  Fitness  of  time  or  place.  ShaTi. 
eON-VEN'IENT,  a.    Fit ;  suitable  ;  proper  ;  adapted 

to  use  or  to  wants  ;  commodious ;  followed  by  to  or 
for  ;  usually  by  for. 

Some  arts  are  peculiarly  conveniejit  to  particular  nations. 

TUlulton. 

Feed  me  with  food  convenient  for  me. — -Prov.  xxx. 

€ON-VeX'IENT-LY,  adv.  Fitly;  suitably;  with 
adaptation  to  the  end  or  elTect.  That  house  is  not 
conveniently  situateil  for  a  tradcsnuin. 

2.  Commodiously ;  with  ease;  without  trouble  or 
difficulty.  He  cannot  coiicni/oif/;/ accept  the  invitation. 

COX-VEiVING,  ppr.  Coining  together ;  calling  to- 
gether. 

eO.\-VEN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  coming  together; 
ctinvention. 

CON'VENT,  n.  [L.  conventus,  from  concenio,  to  as- 
semble ;  Fr.  convent.l 

1.  An  assembly  of  persons  devoted  to  religion  ;  a 
body  of  monks  or  nuns. 

2.  A  house  for  persons  devoted  to  religion ;  an 
abbey  ;  a  mon.astery  ;  a  nunnery. 

eON-VENT',  v.  t.    [L.  ionoentus,  eonvenio.'} 

To  call  before  a  judge  or  judicature.  Slink. 
eON-VENT',  v.  i.    To  meet ;  to  concur.    [JVnt  used.] 

Branrn, 

€ON-VENT'I-€LE,  n.  [L.  convcnticulum,  dim.  of 
conventus.] 

1.  An  assembly  or  meeting ;  usually  applied  to  a 
meeting  of  dissenters  from  the  established  church, 
for  religious  worship.  In  tliis  sense  it  is  used  by 
English  writers  and  in  English  statutes.  Hence,  an 
assembly,  in  contempt.  AtUrbnnj. 

In  the  United  Stjiirs,  this  word  lias  no  ap|iropri;ite 
application,  and  is  little  used,  or  not  at  all. 

2.  A  secret  assembly  or  cabal ;  a  meeting  for  plots. 

Shak. 

fiON-VENT'I-CLE,  v.  i.   To  belong  to  a  conventicle. 

Sontli. 

eON-VENT'I-CLER,  71.    One  who  supports  or  fre- 
quents conventicles.  Dryden. 
eo.\-VE.'V'T10i\,  n.    [Ti.  conventio.    See  Convene.] 

1.  The  act  of  coming  together  ;  a  meeting  of  sev- 
eral persons  or  individuals.  Boyle. 

2.  Union  ;  coalition. 

3.  An  assembly.  In  this  sense,  the  word  includes 
any  formal  mircting  or  collection  of  num  for  civil  or 
ecclesiastical  |iiirposi,'s  ;  particularly  an  assembly  of 
delegates  or  ri'presi'iitatlves  for  consultation  on  im- 
portant concerns,  civil,  political,  or  ecclesiastical. 

In  Gnat  Uriljiin,  convention  is  the  name  given  to  an 
exiraorilinary  assembly  of  the  estates  of  the  realm, 
held  williinit  the  king's  writ  ;  as  the  assembly  wliii  h 
restored  Charles  II.  to  the  throne,  anil  tb;it  which 
declared  the  throne  to  be  abdicated  by  .lames  II. 

In  llie  United  Sljitrs,  tills  name  is  given  to  the  as- 
sembly of  representativirs  which  forms  a  constitution 
of  government,  or  political  association  ;  as,  the  con- 
vention which  funned  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States  in  I7H7. 

4.  An  agreemtrnt  or  contract  between  two  parties, 
aji  betwetm  the  romiiianrltTs  of  two  armies;  an 
agreement  previous  to,  or  in  the  place  of,  a  definitive 
treaty. 


eON-VEN'TION-AL,  a.    [Fr.  comentionncL] 

1.  Stipulated  ;  formed  by  agreement. 

Conventional  services  reserved  by  tenui'es  on  grants,  made  out 
of  the  crown  or  icniglil^  s<Tvice.  //ri/e. 

2.  Arising  out  of  custom  or  tacit  agreement ;  as,  a 
conventional  use  of  language. 

eON-VEN'TlON-AL-lSM,  n.  That  which  is  received 
or  established  by  convention  or  agreement. 

eON-VEN-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.  A  conventional  mode 
of  living  and  acting. 

eON-VEN'TlON-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a  conveiition.il 
manner  ;  by  tacit  agreement. 

eON-VEX'TlOX-A-KY,  a.  Acting  under  contract ; 
settled  by  stipulation ;  conventional;  as,  concenfion- 
ant  tenants.  Carciv. 

eON;VEN'T10X-Ell,  n.  One  who  belongs  to  a  con- 
vention. 

eOi\-VEN'TIOX-IST,7i.    One  who  makes  a  contract. 
eON-VENT'U-AL,  a.    [Fr.  conventnet.]  [Sterne. 
Belonging  to  a  convent;  monastic;  as,  convcittual 
priors. 

€ON-VENT'IT-AL,  n.    One  that  lives  in  a  convent ; 

a  monk  or  nun.  Mdison. 
€OX-\'ERGE',  (kon-verj',)  v.  i.    [Low  L.  convcr^n  ; 
con  and  vento,  to  incline.    See  Veroe.] 

To  tend  to  one  point;  to  incline  and  aiiproacli 
nearer  together,  as  two  lines  which  continually  ap- 
proach each  other  ;  opposed  to  diverge.  lAnea  which 
converge  in  one  direction  diverge  in  the  other. 

The  niountiiins  converge  into  a  sing;le  ridge.  Jtgerson. 

eON-VERG'E\CE,  )  n.  The  quality  of  converging ; 
eON-VEKG'EN-CY,  \     tendency  to  one  point. 

Oretrory. 

eON-VERG'EXT,  a.  Tending  to  one  point;  ap- 
proaching each  other,  as  they  proceed  or  are  extend- 
ing. 

€ON-VERG'ING,  ppr.  or  n.  Tending  to  one  point ; 
approaching  each  other,  as  lines  extended. 

Convergiuir  rnijs;  in  optics,  those  raj'S  of  light, 
which,  proi  iTiliiii;  IVoin  different  points  of  an  object, 
tend  toward  a  sint'le  point.  At  tliis  point  they  cross, 
and  become  diverging  rays.  Kncyc. 

Converging  series,  in  mathematics,  is  that  in  wliicli 
the  magnitude  of  the  several  terms  gradually  di- 
minishes. Bartow. 
eOj\-VEItS'A-nLE,  a.    [It.  conversahile  ;  Fc.  conver- 
sable.   See  Converse.] 

tiualified  for  conversation,  or  rather  disposed  to 
converse  ;  ready  or  inclined  to  iiuitiial  coiniiiiinica- 
tiim  of  thoughts  ;  sociable;  free  in  discourse. 

./iddisnn. 

eON-VERS'A-liLEJ^ESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
free  in  (-onversation  ;  disposition  or  readiness  to  con- 
verst!  ;  sociability. 

CON-VERS' A-lil.Y,  adv.    In  a  conversable  manner. 

eON'Vi'.R  S A.N'CE,  )  n.     Disposition  to  associate  ; 

eON'VER  SA.\-cy,  |     habit  of  familiaritv. 

eoN'VER-SANT,  a.  [It.  conversanle.  See  Con- 
verse.] 

1.  Keeping  company  ;  having  frequent  or  custom- 
ary intercourse  ;  intimately  associating;  familiar  by 
fellowship  or  cohabitation  ;  acquainted. 

Bill  the  men  were  very  ffoirl  to  us  —  as  long  as  we  were  conuer- 

snnt  miU,  lle  in.  —  1  .S  ml.  XXV. 
N-ver  lo  !«■  ijikxled  with  d-li^ht, 

Nor  conversant  witli  e;iae  and  idleness.  SJiaJc. 

2.  Acquainted  by  familiar  use  or  study.  We  cor- 
rect tiiir  style,  and  improve  our  taste,  by  being  co7t- 
versant  leith  {Iw  best  classical  writers. 

In  the  fiiregoiiig  applications,  this  word  is  most 
geniirally  fidlowed  by  witli,  according  to  present 
usage.  In  was  formerly  used ;  anil  botli  in  and 
among  may  be  iistul. 

3.  Concerning  ;  having  concern  or  relation  to  ; 
liaving  for  its  object ;  followed  by  uhoat. 

Kducation  is  coriversant  aliotit  children.  Wotton. 

eON'VER-SANT-LY,  adv.  In  a  conversant  or  famil- 
iar manner. 

eoN-VER-SA'TIO.V,  71.  General  course  of  manners ; 
behavior ;  deportment ;  especially  as  it  respects  mor- 
als. 

I.et  your  conversation  be  aa  bccomcth  the  gospid.  —  I'liil.  i. 
Be  ye  holy  in  all  luanncr  of  conversation.  —  1  Pet.  i. 
[In  tJtis  .^cn.ve  nearly  ohsolcte.] 

2.  A  kei^ping  comgiany  ;  familiar  intercourse  ;  inti- 
mate fellowship  or  association  ;  commerce  in  social 
life.  Knowletlge  of  men  and  nianners  is  best  ac- 
quireil  by  conversation  with  the  best  company. 

3.  Intimate  and  familiar  a(-(|iiaint;tiice ;  as,  a  co/i- 
versatiiin  with  botiks  or  other  olij(;cts. 

■1.  I'ainiliar  discourse  ;  general  intercoiir.se  of  sen- 
timents ;  chat ;  unrestrained  talk,  opjiosed  to  u  for- 
mal cimferelici^ 

What  1  mentioned  in  conversation  w.m  not  a  new  thouirht. 

.SVi/-l. 

[This  is  TtotD  the  most  general  itse  of  the  ivord.] 
eOiN-VER-SA'TION-AI,,  a.    Pertaining  to  conversa- 
tion ;  dime  in  iniitutil  discourse  or  talk. 
eoN-VEIl-SS'TION-AL-lST,  71.    One  who  excels  in 
conversatitui. 

CON-VER-SA'TION-Kl),  a.  Acquainti!d  with  the 
manner  of  acting  in  life.    [JVot  vseil.]  Beanm.  and  Fl. 


eON-VERS'A-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to  an  intercourse 
with  men  ;  opposed  to  eontcniplativc. 

She  chose  to  endtic  liini  with  conoersatioe  qualities  of  youth. 

Wotton. 

COJV yER-SAZ-I-O'JVE,  (kon'ver-sit-zc-6'na,)7i.  [It.] 
A  meeting  for  conversation,  particularly  on  literary 
subjects.  Gray. 

CON- VERSE',  V.  i,  [L.  conversor  ;  con  and  versor,  to 
be  turned  ;  Fr.  converser ;  It.  conversare ;  Sp.  conver- 
sor. Literally,  to  be  turned  to  or  with  ;  to  be  turned 
about.] 

1.  To  keep  company  ;  to  associate ;  to  cohabit ;  to 
hold  intercourse  and  be  intimately  aciiuaiutcd  ;  fol- 
lowed by  with. 

•  for  him  who  lonely  loves 

To  seek  the  disutut  hills,  and  tliere  converse 

With  natur*;.  T'^iomson. 

2.  To  have  se.\u.al  commerce.  Guardian. 

3.  To  talk  familiarly  ;  to  have  free  intercourse  in 
mutual  comniunicatiuu  of  thoughts  and  opinions  ;  to 
convey  thoughts  reciiirocally  j  followed  by  with  be- 
fore the  person  adilressed,  anil  071  before  the  subject. 
Converse  as  friend  tcith  friend.  We  have  often  coti- 
verscd  with  each  other  071  the  merit  of  Milton's 
poetry. 

[  This  is  now  the  most  general  use  of  the  word.] 
CON'VERSE,  71.    Conversation  ;  familiar  discourse  or 
talk  ;  free  interchange  of  thouglits  or  opinions. 

Fv'rmed  hy  thy  coimerse  happily  to  steer 

From  ^rave  to  g.iy,  from  lively  to  severe.  Pope, 

2.  Acquaintance  by  frequent  or  customary  inter- 
c^uirse  ;  cohabitation  ;  familiarity.  In  this  sense,  the 
word  may  include  discourse,  or  not  ;  as,  to  hold  coti- 
vcrse  with  iiersons  of  different  sects  ;  or  to  hold  con- 
verse with  terrestrial  things. 

3.  In  logic,  the  converse  of  a  proposition  is  that 
which  arises  from  interchanging  the  terms;  i.  e., 
putting  the  predicate  for  the  subject,  and  the  subject 
for  the  predicate.  It  should  not  (as  is  often  done)  be 
confounded  with  the  contrary  or  opposite  of  a  propo- 
sition, which  is  formed  by  introducing  the  negative 
7i«t  or  no. 

4.  In  mathematics,  an  inverted  proposition  ;  thus, 
after  drawing  a  conclu.<<ion  from  something  supposed, 
we  invert  the  ortlor,  making  the  conclusion  the  siip- 
imsition  or  premises,  and  draw  from  it  what  was 
first  supposed.  Thus,  if  two  sides  of  a  triangle  are 
equal,  the  angles  opposite  the  sides  are  eiiual ;  and  the 
coiwcrse  is  true,  i.  e.,  if  these  angles  are  equal,  the 
two  siiles  are  equal.  Barlow.  Brande. 

€ON'VERSE-LY,  adv.    With  change  of  order;  in  a 

contrarv  order  ;  reciprocally.  Johnson. 
eON-VER'SlON,  7!.    [L.  conversio.    See  Convert.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  turning  or  change  from  one 
state  to  another  ;  witli  regard  to  substances,  traiis- 
nmtation  ;  as,  a  conversion  of  water  into  ice,  or  of 
food  into  chyle  or  blood. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  a  change  of  front,  as  when  a 
body  of  troops  is  attacked  in  the  fiank,  and  they 
change  their  position  to  face  the  enemy. 

3.  In  a  thrologiral  or  moral  sense,  a  change  of  heart, 
or  dispositions,  in  wiiich  the  enmity  of  the  heart  to 
God  and  his  law,  and  the  obstinacy  of  the  will,  are 
stibduetl,  tind  are  succeetled  by  supreme  love  to  CJoil 
and  his  moral  government,  and  a  reformation  of  lile. 

4.  Change  from  one  side  or  party  to  another. 

That  conversion  will  be  suspected  that  apparency  concurs  with 
interest.  ,  Johnson. 

5.  A  change  from  one  religion  to  another  ;  as,  the 
conversion  of  tile  Gentiles,    .^cts  xv. 

G.  The  act  of  appropriating  to  private  use ;  as,  in 
trover  and  cottversion. 

Conver.'iion  of  equations  ;  in  algehra,  the  reduction  of 
equations  by  multiplication,  or  the  manner  of  alter- 
ing an  equation,  when  the  quantity  sought,  or  any 
nieiiiber  of  it,  is  a  fraction  ;  the  reducing  of  a  frac- 
tional equation  into  ;in  integral  one. 

Kncyc.    Baileif.  Johnson, 

Conversion  of  proportion,  in  niatliematics,  is  when  of 
four  propoitionals  it  is  inferred  that  the  first  is  to  its 
evct^ss  above  the  second  as  the  third  to  its  excess 
above  the  fourth.  Barloto. 

Conversion  of  propo.\it.ion.tyin  logic,  is  a  changing  of 
the  subject  into  the  place  of  the  predicate,  and  still 
retaining  the  quality  of  the  proposititm.  Bailey. 
eoN-VERS'lV'lC,  a.  Sociable;  conversabU?. 
C()N-VI''RT',  V.  t.  [L.  converto  i  con  and  verto,  to 
turn;  coiiiiiiling  in  rliinents  and  signification  with 
barter,  and  probably  from  the  root  of  vani,  vario,  veer, 
Sji.  birnr,  Port.  iii7-ar,  to  turn.    Class  Hr.] 

1.  To  change  or  turn  into  another  .siib.stance  or 
form  ;  as,  to  convert  gases  into  water,  or  water  into  ice. 

2.  'i'o  change  from  one  state  to  nnothtT  ;  as,  to 
convert  a  barren  waste  into  a  fruitful  field  ;  to  convert 
a  wilderness  into  a  garilen ;  to  convert  rude  savages 
into  civilized  men. 

3.  To  change  or  turn  from  one  religiim  to  another, 
or  from  one  party  or  sect  to  another  ;  as,  to  convert 
pagans  to  Christianity  ;  to  convert  royalists  into  re- 
publicans. 

4.  To  turn  from  a  bad  life  to  a  good  one  ;  to  change 
the  ht^art  and  moral  character,  from  enmity  to  God 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  niRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  IIQOK.— 


362 


CON 

iind  from  vicious  luibits,  to  lovu  of  God  and  to  a  holy 
life. 

Rc[x*nl  yc  thcn'fon-',  tind  be  converted^  lhat  your  lina  iiiiiy  l« 

blouckl  oul.  —  Acu  iii. 
IK'  tli.il  coni'ert'Uh  u  hiiiikt  from  Ih-s  i-rror  of  IliH  way,  »h-tll  siivc 

u  soul  Iruiii  ili'iiih,  —  J;iiiiL'»  V. 

5.  To  turn  toward  a  point. 

CryBLil  will  aMify  in(o  ilcclricily,  »nJ  convert  IhJ  nmllc  fVvcly 
pl.iikil.    l£/7iu»uoi.l  Broim. 

6.  To  turn  from  one  use  or  destination  to  another ; 
as,  to  concert  lilx'rty  into  an  engine  of  oppression. 

7.  To  appropriate  or  ai)ply  to  one's  own  use,  or  lo 
I)ersonal  lieuelit ;  as,  to  convert  public  pro|K;rty  to  our 
own  use. 

8.  'J'o  change  one  proposition  into  anotlier,  so  that 
what  was  the  subject  of  the  first  becomes  the  predi- 
cate of  the  second  ;  as,  all  sin  is  a  transgression  of 
the  law  :  but  every  transgression  of  the  law  is  sin. 

Hale. 

9.  To  turn  into  another  language.       B.  Jonsun. 
eON-VEKT',  V.  i.    To  turn  or  be  changed  ;  to  under- 
go a  change. 

The  love  of  wicked  rriemU  coitocrtx  to  fear ; 

Thul  fear,  10  lule.  SiMk. 

eON'VEUT,  n.  A  person  who  is  converted  from  one 
opinion  or  practice  to  anotlier  ;  a  person  wlio  re- 
nounces  one  crei  d,  rcligimis  system,  or  party,  and 
embraces  another  ;  applied  particularly  to  those  who 
change  their  religious  opinions,  but  applicable  to  po- 
litical or  philosophical  sects. 

2.  I  n  a  more  strict  sciise,  one  who  is  turned  from 
sin  to  holiness. 

Zion  sh:^ll  U'  rrdc^med  with  Jud^iient,  and  her  converts  with 
righU'ouiiu'ss.  —  la.  i. 

3.  In  monasteries,  a  lay  friar  or  brother,  admitted  to 
the  service  of  the  housi?,  without  orders,  and  not  al- 
lowed to  sing  in  the  choir.  F.iicijc. 

eO.V-VERT'En.  pp.  or  a.  Turned  or  changed  from 
one  substance  or  state  to  another  ;  turned  fioin  one 
religion  or  sect  to  another ;  changed  from  a  state  of 
sin  to  a  state  of  holiness ;  aiiplied  to  a  piurticuhir 
use  ;  appropriated. 

eo.N-VEllT'EK,  II.  One  who  converts ;  one  who 
makes  converts. 

eoN-VEUT-l-lilli'I-TY,  71.    [from  conBcrf/Wc] 

1.  The  capability  of  being  converted  or  cliaiiged 
from  one  substance,  form,  or  state,  to  another  ;  as, 
the  cunvertiliility  of  land  into  money.  Burke. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  i  haui;eable  from  one  let- 
.    ter  to  another  ;  a-s,  the  cuiiocrtiOilitij  of  in  with  b,  or  of 

d  into  t.  .4s.  Rrsearckes. 

eON-VERT'I-rtl.E,  a.    [Ft.,  from  cniii-ndr.] 

1.  That  may  be  changed  ;  susceptible  ot  change ; 
tninsinutable  ;  transformable. 

Miitendi  ^re  not  conitcrUbte  into  anotlier  species,  though  of  the 
«.iiiie  ^:UU3.  liiiroey. 

2.  So  much  alike  that  one  maybe  used  for  another. 
ITsiir)'  and  interest  are  not  now  cmwertMe  terms, 
though  formerly  tliey  were. 

3.  That  may  be  changed, as  one  letter  for  another; 
as,  b,  p,  and  /  are  eoncertible  letters. 

eON'-VEHT'l-ltI.E-.NESS,  ii.  Convcrtibilitv. 

eON-VERT'l-l!LY,  adc.  Kcciprociilly  ;  w'ith  inter- 
change of  terms.  SouUi. 

CO.V  VEUT'l.N't;,  ppr.    Turning;  changing. 

€ON-VERT'IN(.;,  a.  Adapted  to  convert  ;  tliat  con- 
verts I'roni  a  state  of  naturi;  to  a  state  of  grace. 

eo.N'VERT-ITE,  n.    .\  convert.    [JVot  in  iise.] 

eo.V'VEX,!!.    [I,,  conveztts ;  ll.  coiwejso.] 

Rising  or  swelling  on  the  exterior  surface  into  a 
spherical  or  round  form  ;  gibbous  ;  opposed  to  can- 
care,  which  e.\pr(  s.ses  a  round  form  of  the  interior 
surface, ;  as,  a  coiicer  mirror  or  lens. 

COiV'VEX,  n.    A  convex  body  ;  as,  heaven's  convex. 

Tukel. 

eON'VE.X-El),  (kon'vext.l  a.    Made  convex  ;  protu 

bemut  in  a  spherical  form.  Broan. 
eON-VEX'EI)-LY,  adr.  In  a  convex  form.  Brown. 
eON-VEX'I-TV,  n.    [L.  eonrezitas.] 

The  exterior  surfaiu!  of  a  convex  body  ;  a  gibbons 

or  globular  form  ;  roundness.       JVeirlon.  Bentlcii. 
eON'VE.V-LY,  ado.    In  a  convex  form;  as,  a  body 

eoHveztti  conical. 
eO.N'VEX-NE.Ss!,  n.    Convexity  ;  which  see. 
eON-VEX'O-eON'eSVE,  «.    convex  on  one  aide 

and  concave  on  the  other ;  liaving  the  hollow  on  the 

inside  corresponi''  .g  to  the  convex  surface. 
e().\-VEX'0-e.^iS'VEX,  a.    Convex  on  both  sides. 
GON-VgY',  (kon-vii',)  v.  U    [L.  ampeho  ;  con  and  rr- 

ho,  Wt  carry,  ??ax.  w<r^an,  wegan.  Eng.  to  aeigh.  See 

VVsioH  antl  Wat.] 

1.  To  carry,  bear,  or  transport,  either  by  land  or 
water,  or  in  air  ;  as,  to  cnnrry  a  letter  or  a  ptickage  ; 
to  convey  goods  from  Englam't  to  France. 

2.  To  pass,  or  cause  lo  pass ;  to  transmit ;  as,  to 
coKveija  right  or  an  i^st;ite  from  father  to  son. 

3.  To  transfer;  to  p.iss  a  title  to  any  thing  from 
one  person  to  another,  as  by  deed,  assignment,  or 
other\vise  ;  as,  to  convey  lands  by  bargain  and  sale. 

■t.  To  cause  to  piuss ;  to  transmit ;  lo  carry,  by 
any  medium ;  as,  air  coitery^  sound ;  words  convey 
ideas. 


CON 

,5.  To  iiitiiiagi^  with  privoiy.    \_S^ot  used.] 

I  will  convey  tlie  bumni-Hii  lu  i  Khali  Oiid  incaiui.  .^hak. 

fi.  To  impart ;  to  communicate. 
eON-VEY',  (kon  vu',)  r.  /.    To  play  the  thief.  Shak. 
COi\-V6Y'A-HLE,  (kon-vi'a  bl,)  a.    Thai  may  be 

ctmveved  or  Iransferrt;!!.         Burke  on  the  Sublime. 
eo.N-VEV'ANCi;,  (koii-vS'aus,)  n.    'J'he  art  of  con- 
veying ;  tile  act  of  hearing,  carrying,  or  Iransptirt- 
ing,  by  land  or  water,  or  through  any  medium. 

2.  'J'he  act  of  transmitting,  or  transferring,  as  ti- 
tles, estates,  or  claims,  from  one  person  to  another  ; 
transmission  ;  traiisferrence  ;  assignment. 

3.  The  instniinent  or  means  of  passing  a  thing 
from  place  to  place,  or  person  to  pi  ison  ;  as,  a  ve- 
hicle is  a  conveyance  for  persons  or  goods  ;  a  canal  or 
a(|iieduct  is  a  conveyance  for  water ;  a  deed  is  a  coii- 
veyancc  of  laiitl. 

4.  Removal ;  the  act  of  removing  or  carrying. 

Skaj!. 

5.  Managenumt ;  artifice ;  secret  practices.  [In 
this  sense,  obsolete.]  SpeiL-ier. 

eON-VEV'A.V-CER,  (kon-va'an-ser,)  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  draw  conveyances  of  property,  deeds, 

&.C. 

C()\-VEY'AN-CIi\<J,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  draw- 
ing deeds,  leases,  or  olhi  r  writings  for  transferring 
the  title  to  property  from  one  jn^rson  to  amither. 

eo.\-VEY'/;i),  (kon-vude',)  pp.  Carried  ;  transmit- 
ted ;  transfi'rri'd. 

eON-VlJY'ER,  (kon-vfi'er,)  71.  One  who  conveys  ; 
he  or  that  which  conveys,  carries,  transports,  trans- 
mits, ortr.insfers  from  one  person  or  place  to  another. 

2.  A  juggler.  Skalc. 
eO.N'-VEV'I.N't;,  (kon-vi'ing,)  ppr.    Carrying,  trans- 
porting ;  transferring. 

eUi\-Vl-Ck\"l-TY,  H.    Neighborhood  ;  vicinity. 

IVarto* 

GOX-VICT',  V.  t.  [L.  convinco,  convictnm  ;  con  and 
vinco,  to  vampiish  or  subdue  ;  Sp.  convencer  ;  It.  con- 
vineere;  Fr.  coneainere,  (See  Convince.)  The  verb 
vinco  is  allied  to  vincio,  to  bind,  the  primary  sense  of 
which  is,  to  strain,  force,  make  fast ;  hence,  to  sub- 
ilue  ;  and  as  «  appears  to  be  ciusual,  the  root  is  Vg  or 
Vc] 

1.  To  determine  the  truth  of  a  charge  against  one  ; 
to  prove  or  tind  guilty  of  a  crime  charged  ;  to  dettrr- 
miiie  or  decide  to  be  giiilly,  as  by  the  verdict  of  a 
jury,  by  ctinfcssion,  or  oIIkm"  legal  decision.  The 
jury  enuricled  the  prisoiii^r  of  fi  loiiy. 

a.  To  convince  of  sin  ;  to  prove  or  determine  to  bo 
guilty,  as  by  the  consciencl^ 

'I'hey  who  heanl  it,  lieiii^  convicted  by  Iheir  own  coiiscienc*!,  went 
oot  one  by  one.  — Joliii  »iii. 

3.  To  confine  ;  to  prove  or  show  to  be  false.  [06.i.] 

Brown. 

4.  To  show  by  proof  or  evidence  ;  as,  to  convict  a 
person  of  error.  Hooker. 

CO.N-VICT',  pp.  for  Convicted.  I'roved  or  found 
guillv.  .S/i«A-. 

eoN'VICT,  n.  A  person  proved  or  found  guilty  of  a 
crime  alleged  against  him, either  by  the  verdict  of  a 
jury  or  otiu  r  legal  decision. 

eoN  VIGT'El),  pp.  or  a.  I'roved  or  determined  to  be 
guilty,  eitlier  by  verdict  of  a  jury  or  by  the  decision 
of  conscience. 

eo.N-VICT'l.NC,  ppr.  or  a.   Proving  or  finding  giiiltv. 

CO.V-Vie'TIO.N,  11.  The  act  of  proving,  tindiiig,  or 
determining  to  lie  guilty  of  an  olfense  charged  against 
a  iierson  before  a  legal  tribunal ;  as  by  confession,  by 
the  verdict  of  a  jury,  or  by  the  sentence  of  other  tri- 
bunal, ;is  in  the  summary  convictions  before  commis- 
sioners of  the  revenue. 

2.  The  act  of  convincing,  or  compelling  one  to  ad- 
mit the  tnith  of  a  charge  ;  the  act  of  convincing  of 
sin  or  sinfulness  ;  the  state  of  being  convincetl  or 
convicted  by  conscience  ;  the  state  of  being  sensible 
of  guilt ;  as,  the  convictions  of  a  sinner  may  he  tein- 
portirj',  or  lasting  and  etlicacious.  liy  conviction,  a 
sinner  is  brought  to  repentance.  Men  often  sin 
against  the  conviction  of  their  own  consciences. 

3.  The  act  of  convincing  of  error;  confutation; 
the  act  of  compelling  one  to  acknowledge  his  error, 
or  the  truth  of  what  is  alleged;  as,  the  conviction  u{ 
a  heretic  may  induce  him  to  abandon  liis  errors. 

4.  Strong  belii^f  on  the  ground  of  satisfactory  evi- 
dence, without  any  implication  of  previous  error ;  as, 
a  conviction  that  there  is  nothing  honorable  which  is 
not  acconi|Kinied  with  innocence.  Steele. 

eo.N'-VICT'IVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  convince 
or  convict. 

€ON-VieT'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  convincing  manner. 

More. 

eON-VICT'IVE-.VEPS,  ji.    Power  of  convicting. 
eON-VI.NCE',  (kon-vins',)  v.  t.  [L.  eonrinco  ;  con  and 

vince,  to  vanquish  ;  Sp.  convencer ;  It.  convinccre ;  Fr. 

convaincre.] 

I.  To  persuade  or  s.atlsfy  the  mind  by  evidence  ; 
to  subdue  the  opposition  of  the  mind  to  truth,  or  to 
what  is  alleged,  and  compel  it  to  yield  its  assent ;  as, 
lo  convince  a  man  of  bis  errors  ;  or  to  convince  him  of 
the  truth. 

Tor  he  ini^itily  eonrnnctd  the  Jews,  showing  by  the  Scriptures 
that  J'-soi  w;u  the  Christ.  —  Acts  xviii. 


CON 

2.  To  convict  ;  to  prove  guilty  ;  to  constrain  one 
lo  admit  or  acknowledge  himself  to  be  guilty. 

If  ye  have  p'specl  to  pcrsoni,  ye  coinmil  sin,  nnd  air  conpinr«d 
of  [by)  the  law  jis  traiisirreNHOre.  —  J.iTiies  ii. 

To  convince  all  tji.at  are  nngoiUy  uiiiong  tliciii  of  oil  tlieir  ungixl- 
ly  deeds.  —  Joile  xv. 

.1.  To  convince  ;  to  prove.    [04s.]  Shak. 
4.  To  overpower  ;  to  suniiount  ;   to  vantjuish. 
[Obs.]  Sliak. 
e<)iV-Vi.N"("/;i),  (kon-vinst',)  pp.  or  a.    Persuaded  in 

mind  ;  satisfied  with  evidence  ;  convicted. 
eoN-VlNCE'.ME.XT,  (kon-vins'ment,)  n.  Convic- 
tion.   [Little  used.] 
eON-VliN'CER,  II.    lie  or  that  which  convinces  ;  that 

which  makes  manifest.  Mort. 
€Oi\'-Vl.\'Cl-l!EE,  a.    (Capable  of  conviction. 

2.  Capable  of  being  disproved  or  refuted.  [Little 
vsed.]  Broicn. 
eo.X-VI.V'CfN'f!,  ppr.     Persuading  the  mind  by  evi- 
tleiice  ;  foii\'KtiiiL'. 

2.  u.  PerMiailiiig  the  mind  by  evidence  ;  capable  of 
subduing  the  opposition  of  the  mind  and  ciniipelling 
its  asstuit.  We  iiave  convincing  proof  of  tU«  truth  of 
the  Scriptures,  and  of  God's  moral  goveriiiiieiit  of  the 
world 

eON-VIN'CI.XG-LY,  ailv.  In  a  convincing  manner  ; 
in. a  mttnuer  to  leave  no  room  to  doubt,  or  to  compel 
assent.  Clarendon, 

e().\-VI.\"'(:i.\(;-NE.SS,  n.  The  power  of  convincing. 

eoN-Vl"Tl()IJS,  (kou-vish'us,)  a.    [L.  coneitior.] 
Reiiroarhful.  [Obs.] 

eON-VIViy,  V.  t.  To  entertain;  to  feast.  [.<Viit  in 
use.]  Shak. 

eC).\-VI V'l-.Mi,  a.  [L.  convirulis,  from  convirn,  a 
guest,  or  convivo,  to  live  or  eat  and  drink  together  ; 
con  and  vivo,  to  live.    See  Vh-ti;ai.9.] 

Relating  to  a  feast  or  entertaiiiiiient ;  festal ;  so- 
cial ,  jovial ;  ;ls,  a  convivial  meeting.  Venhum. 

eo.\-VIV-I-AI.'I-TY,  n.    The  good  humor  or  mirth 
indulged  at  an  entertainment. 
2.  A  convivial  spirit  or  disposition. 

eON'VO-C.ATE,  V.  t.  [\j.  convoco,  to  convoke;  cm 
and  voco,  to  call.    See  Voice.] 

To  convoke  ;  to  call  or  summon  to  meet ;  lo  as- 
semble by  summons.    [See  Convoke.] 

eON-V()-C.\'Tl()N,  71.    [L.  convocntio.] 

1.  Th(^  art  of  calling  or  assembling  by  summons. 

2.  An  assembly. 

In  the  firel  day  there  shall  be  a  holy  conoocation.  —  Kx.  xK. 

3.  In  the  Church  of  England,  an  assembly  of  the 
clergy,  by  their  representatives,  to  consult  on  ecclesti- 
astical  all'airs.  It  is  summoned  to  meet  at  the  same 
time  will!  parliament ;  but,  for  more  than  a  century 
past,  it  li;us  been  prorogued  iininediatidy  upon  its  as- 
seiuliliiig.  Edin.  Encye,  Brandc. 

4.  In  the  University  of  Oxford,  an  acadtrinic.al  as- 
sembly, lu  which  the  business  of  the  university  is 
ti:tn«arled.  Brande. 

C(  >.\-VoK  E',  e.  f.    [L,.  eonvoco  ;   Fr.  convoqucr.  See 

VoltrE.] 

'J'o  call  together ;  to  summon  to  meet;  to  .i-s.scm- 
ble  by  summons.    It  is  the  jirerogative  of  the  presi- 
dent of  the  United  .States  to  convoke  the  senate. 
eo.N-VoK'A'I),  pp.     Siimiiioned  or  a.s.seinl)led  by 
order. 

eo.\-VOK'I.\G,  pyir.  Summoning  to  convene  ;  as- 
sembling. 

eo.X'VO-EUTE,     )  a.    Rolled  together,  or  one  part 
C(JN'V()-EIJ-TEn,  j     on  another  ;  as,  the  sides  or 
margins  of  nascent  leaves  in  plants,  or  as  the  petals 
and  stigmas  in  Crocus.  Marlyn.  Lee. 

€ON-Vt)-I,0'TI().\,  71.    [I.,  eonrnlulio.] 

1.  The  ai  t  of  rolling  or  winding  together,  or  one 
thing  on  another;  the  state  of  being  ridled  together. 

2.  A  winding  or  twisting  ;  a  wiiutlng  motion  ;  as, 
the  convolution  of  certain  vines;  the  convolution  of  an 
eddy.  Thomson, 

et>i\-VOI.VE',  V,  U    [h.conTolco;  con  and  iw/ni,  to 
roll.    See  Wai.i.ow.] 
To  roll  or  wind  togetln  r ;  to  roll  one  part  on  anotliet. 
eON-V01,V'7;i),  ,i;i.    Roll.  d  together. 
eo\-V(tI.V'l.\G,  ppr,    Rtdling  or  winding  together. 
eO.N-VOLV'U-ms,  n.    [I,.,  from  eonrolvo.] 

Bindweetl,  a  genus  of  plants  of  many  sjiecies. 
GON-VOY',  r.  t.  [Ft.  convoyer;  II.  eonriare  :  Sp.  con- 
roynr  ;  Port,  comboyur ;  rnn  and  rote,  via,  way,  or  the 
same  rotil  ;  <ir  more  tlirertly  from  tht;  ro<>t  of  I.,  veho, 
to  carry  ;  Sax.  ttd-gan,  tcegan,  to  hear  or  carry,  to 
bring  along.] 

To  accompany  im  the  way  for  protection,  either  by 
sea  or  land  ;  as,  ships  of  war  conrnyed  the  Jamaica 
fleet ;  the  troops  couroyed  the  baggage  wagons. 

When  persons  are  to  be  protected,  the  word  fjicort 
is  used. 

GO.VVDY,  n.  A  protertinc  force  accompanying  ships 
or  properly  on  their  \^'ay  from  jdace  lo  place,  eitliei 
by  sea  or  iand.  liy  sea,  a  ship  or  ships  of  war  which 
accompany  mi  rcliantmen  for  protection  fl-om  an  en- 
emy. By  land,  any  body  of  trtiops  which  accom- 
pany provisions,  aniniiinition,  or  other  property,  for 
protection. 

2.  Tin;  ship  or  fleet  conducted  and  protected  ; 
that  which  is  conducted  by  a  protecting  force  ;  thai 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  is  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  3FI1  as  in.TiHS. 


coo 

wliich  is  convoyed.  Tlie  word  sonietinios  inclndi's 
both  tlie  protecting  and  protected  fleets.  Ailmtraltij 
Reports.   Anderson.   Burclutt.   Eiicye.    Stale  PtipcrJ. 

3.  Tlie  act  of  attending  fur  defense.  Jliltun. 

4.  Conveyance.    [0A.<.]  Sliak. 
eOM-VOV'£D,  (lion-voydO  pp.    Attended  on  a  pas- 
sage by  a  protecting  force. 

eON-V6Y'ii\G,  ppr.  Attending  on  a  voyage  or  pas- 
sage, for  defense  from  enemies  ;  attending  and 
guarding. 

€ON-VULSE',  17.  t.  [L.  convello,  convulstivi,  eonvulsus ; 
con  and  vello,  to  pull  or  pluck.] 

1.  To  draw  or  contract,  as  the  muscular  parts  of 
an  animal  body  ;  to  affect  by  irregular  spasms  j  as, 
the  whole  frame  may  be  coiwufsed  by  agony. 

2.  To  .shake  ;  to  atfect  by  violent,  irregular  action. 

Conculsing  heaven  and  earlll.  Tliornson. 

COti-VUhS'ED,  (kon-vulst',)  Contracted  by 

spasms;  shaken  violently. 

eON-VULS'I.\G,  ppr.  AtTeeting  by  spasmodic  con- 
tractions ;  shaking  with  violence. 

eOX-VUL'SION,  n.    [L.  convuUn.] 

1.  A  preternatural,  violent,  and  involuntarj'  con- 
traction of  the  muscular  parts  of  an  animal  body. 

Enctjc. 

2.  Any  violent  and  irregular  motion  ;  tunmlt ; 
commotion  ;  as,  political  cnnvutsiotis, 

eON-VUL'SION-A-KV,  a.  Pertaining  to  convulsion. 
€ON-VUL'SlVE,  a.    That  produces  convulsion  ;  as, 

co/iuu/.yiff  rage  ;  convtiUivc  son'ow.  Dryden.  Prior, 
9.  Attended  with  Convulsion  or  spasms  J  as,  cu?juui- 

sice  motions  ;  conrtdsirc  a\.t\(c.        Drijdcn.  Hale. 
€ON-VUL'SIVE-LY,  adv.    With  violent  sliaking  or 

agitation. 

Co'NY  or  eOJJ'Y,  n.  [D.  konyn  ;  G.  kanin  ;  Svv. 
kaiiin;  Dan.  kanine;  Fr.  conin,  or  coiiil ;  L.  ciinkulus; 
It.  coniglio  ;  Sp.  coiirjo ;  Ir.  euiniii  :  W.  cinuntr.  Tile 
primary  sense  is,  a  shoot,  or  a  shootius-ai.Mi^.] 

A  rabbit ;  a  quadrupeil  of  the  genus  Lrpus,  which 
has  a  short  tail  and  naked  ears.  In  a  wild  state  the 
fur  is  brown,  but  the  color  of  the  domestic  rabbit  is 
various. 

eo'XY-nUR-RoVV,  (ko'ne-  or  kun'ne-,)  n.    A  place 

where  rabbits  burrow  in  the  earth. 
€0'NV-e.-VTCH,  (ko'ne-  or  kun'ne-,)  v.  i.    [cony  and 

calcli.'\    In  tlie  cant  of  tldeces,  to  clieat ;  to  bite  ;  to 

trick.  Shak. 
eo'NY-CATCH-ER,  n.   A  thief;  a  cheat ;  a  sharper. 

J.0/«.] 

€o'.\Y-eATCH-ING,  n.    Banter.    [Obs.]  Sliak. 
COO,  V.  i.    [Probably  from  tlie  sound.] 

To  cry,  or  make  a  low  sound,  as  pigeons  or  doves. 

T/wmson. 

eOO'£D,  (Rood,)  pret.  of  Coo. 

eoO'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Uttering  a  low  sound,  as  a  dove. 
eCn'IXG,  ;i.    Invitation,  as  the  nuti'  of  the  dove. 
t'OOK,  c.  t.    [Sax.  (recocniaii :  Sw.  ko/ca  ;  Dan.  koger : 

i).  kooken  ;  G.  kochen  :  It.  cuocere     Sp.  cocer,  and 

cocinar ;  Port,  cozinhar;  L.  cotjuo.^ 

1.  To  prepare,  as  victuals  for  the  table,  by  boiling, 
roasting,  baking,  broiling,  &c.  To  dress,  as  meat  or 
vegetables,  for  eating. 

2.  To  prepare  for  any  purpose.  Shak. 

3.  To  throw.    [  Obs.  or  local.}  Orosc. 
COOK,  V.  i.    To  make  the  noise  of  the  cuckoo. 
eOOK,  n.    [Sax.  coe ;  D.  kok  ;  D.  koch ;  Sw.  kock ;  Dan. 

kok  ;  It.  cuoco  ;  Ir.  coca ;  L.  coijhils.] 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  prepare  victuals  for 

the  table ;  a  man  or  woman  who  dresses  meat  or 

vegetables  for  eating. 
eopiv'AT),  (kwkt,)  pp.  or  a.    Prejjared  for  the  table. 
€OOK'EK-Y,  ;i.    The  art  or  the  practice  of  dressing 

and  preparing  victuals  for  the  labb^ 
COOK'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Preparing  victuals  for  the  table. 
COUK'-.MAID,  n.    [cook  ami  maid.]    A  female  servant 

or  maid  who  dresses  provisions. 
GOOK'-ROOM,  n.  [cook  ami  room.]  A  room  for  cook- 
cry  ;  a  kitchen.     On  board  of  ships,  a  galley  or 

caboose. 

epOK'Y,  71.    [D.  koekj  kockje,  a  cake.] 

A  small  cake,  moderately  sweet. 
eOOL,  a.    [Sax.  col :  D.  koel ;  G.  knU  :  Sw.  kail ;  Dan. 

kold,  cold  ;  kiiilcr,  to  cool ;  kiddc,  chilliness  ;  krder,  to 

blow  strong.] 

1.  Moderately  cold  ;  being  of  a  temperature  be- 
tween hot  and  cold  ;  as,  cool  air ;  cool  water. 

2.  Not  ardent  or  zealous  ;  not  angry  :  not  fond  ; 
not  excited  by  p,assion  of  any  kind  ;  indinerent  ;  as, 
II  cool  friend  ;  a  cool  temper  ;  a  ciml  lover. 

3.  Not  liasty  ;  deliberate  ;  iis,  a  cool  purpose ;  a  cool 
falsehood  or  deception.  Hence, 

4.  Impudent  in  a  very  high  dcrgree,  as,  when  speak- 
ing of  Mome  trick,  pretension,  &.C.,  we  say,  "  That  is 
coo/.'*  * 

5.  Not  n  taining  heat ;  liglil ;  as,  a  cool  dress. 
€OOL,  n.    A  moderate  state  of  cold  ;  moderate  tem- 
perature of  the  air  betwei  n  hot  and  cold  ;  as,  the 
cool  of  the  d.'iy  ;  the  cool  of  the  morning  or  evening. 

COO\j,  V.  t,  [.Sax.  coliun,  acoliun  ;  I),  koeltn  ;  G.  kith- 
Icn  i  Dan.  kiiilrr.] 

1.  'J'o  allay  heat ;  to  make  co<jI  or  cold  ;  to  reduce 
tlie  temperature  of  a  Hubxtance  ;  nn,  ice  cooU  water. 
Suiui  IjAiaruB,  tlint  tiR  may  itip  (lie  Up  uf  tiU  ftiigor  In  watur,  and 
090/  my  tuiijfiir,  — .  Liika  xvi. 


COO 


COF 


2.  To  moderate  excitement  of  temper;  to  allay, 
as  passion  of  any  kind  ;  to  calm,  as  anger  ;  to  abate, 
as  love  ;  to  moiliTate,  as  desire,  zeal,  or  ardor;  to 
render  imlifl'erent. 

eoOL,  V.  i.  To  become  less  hot ;  to  lose  heat.  Let 
tea  or  coffee  cool  to  the  temperature  of  the  blood  be- 
fore it  be  drank. 

2.  To  lose  the  heat  of  excitement  or  passion  ;  to 
become  less  ardent,  angry,  zealous,  or  affectionate  ; 
to  become  more  moderate.  Speak  not  in  a  passion  ; 
first  let  your  temper  cool. 

COOL'-eLTP,  ;i.    A  beverage  that  is  cooling. 

eOOL'KD,  pp.    Made  less  hot,  or  less  ardent. 

GOOL'ER,  «.  That  which  cools  ;  any  substance 
which  abates  heat  or  excitement;  as,  acids  are 
coohers  to  the  body. 

2.  A  vessel  in  which  litpiors  or  others  things  are 
cooled. 

eoOL'-HEAD-ED,  (-hed-od,)  a.  Having  a  temper  not 
easily  excited  ;  free  from  passion.  Burke. 

COOL' ING,  ppr.  Abating  heat  or  excitement ;  making 
or  bi'coming  cool. 

eOOI/ING,  a.  Adapted  to  cool  and  refresh;  as,  a 
cooliti^  drink. 

eOOL'lSH,  a.    Somewhat  cool.  Oohlsinilk. 

eOOWlA',  adr.    Witliout  heat  or  sharp  cold. 

2.  In  a  cool  or  inditi'erent  manner:  not  cordially ; 
without  passion  or  ardor.  He  was  coolly  received  at 
court. 

3.  Without  haste  ;  calmly  ;  deliberately.  The 
design  was  formed  coolly,  and  executed  with  iirmuess. 

eOOL'NESS,  H.  A  moderate  degree  of  cold  ;  a  tem- 
perature between  cold  and  heat  ;  a.s,  the  coolness 
of  the  summer's  evening. 

2.  A  moderate  degree,  or  a  want  of  passion  ;  want 
of  ardor,  or  zeal;  indirference ;  want  of  affection ; 
as,  they  parted  with  coubiess. 

eOOL-TANK'ARl),  n.  An  old  English  beverage  of 
various  composition,  but  usually  of  ale  with  a  little 
wine,  or  wine  and  water,  with  an  addition  of  lemon 
juice,  spices,  and  burrage,  or  other  savory  herbs. 

Kncyc.  Dom.  Kcon. 

eOOL'Y,  71.    An  East  Indian  porter  or  carrier. 

eOOM,/(.    [¥i:.  cnmboais  ;  Sw. /ii<7i,  soot.] 

Soot  that  g.itlu  rs  over  an  oven's  mouth  ;  also,  the 
matter  that  works  out  of  the  naves  or  boxes  of  car- 
riage wheels.  In  Scotland,  the  useless  dust  which 
falls  from  coals. 

eOO.Mli,  (kooni,)  (  77.    [Clu.  L.  cnmuliis,  or  Gr.  <ci>u- 

eo.MB,  (kom,)      j  /j„i.] 

A  dry  measure  of  four  bushels,  or  half  a  quarter. 

eOOP,  n.  [D.  kuip,  a  Uih  ;  kiiipcr,  a  cwiper ;  G.  kufe  ; 
Fr.  ciii!c;  L.  ciipa,  from  bending,  liollowuess,  or  con- 
taining, holding.  Ciu.  Gr.  KVifiog.  The  Latin  cupa 
seems  to  be  both  coop  and  cup.    See  Cue.] 

1.  A  box  of  boards,  grated  or  barred  on  one  side, 
for  keeping  fowls  in  confinement.  U  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  lo..„  boxes  for  keeping  poultry  for  fattening 
or  coiivej  ance  on  board  of  ships,  as  cage  is  used  for 
a  small  box  to  keep  singing-birds  in  houses.  I  do  not 
know  that  it  is  ever  used  in  America  for  a  pen  to  con- 
fine other  animals. 

2.  A  pen  ;  an  inclosed  place  for  small  animals. 

.Johnson. 

3.  A  barrel  or  cask  for  the  jireservation  of  liquors. 

Johnson. 

4.  A  tumbrel,  or  close  cart.  Kncyc.  Jamicson's  Diet. 
[The  three  last  senses  not  .American.] 

eOOP,  V.  t.  To  put  in  a  coop ;  to  confine  in  a  coop. 
Hence,  to  shut  up  or  confine  in  a  narrow  compass; 
usually  followed  by  up  ;  to  coop  up;  sometimes  by  in. 

The  'I'mjans  cotijied  tpiUtiit  Iti.  ir  walla.  Diydcn. 
They  arc-  cooped  tn  clow:  by  Uie  laws  ot  the  country.  Locke. 
eOOVEU,  (koopt,)  pp.    Shut  up  in  a  coop  ;  confined 

to  narrow  limits. 
eOO-PEE',  71.    A  motion  in  dancing. 
eOOP'ER,  71.    [from  coop  ;  D.  kniper  ;  G.  kiifer.] 

Om'  \\'liose  occupation  is  to  make  barrels,  hogs- 
heads, butts,  tubs,  and  casks  of  various  kinds. 
COOP'F.li,  V.  t.    To  do  the  work  of  a  cooper ;  to  mend 

or  put  in  order,  as  a  cooper  does  casks. 
CpOP'KU-.AGE,  n.   The  price  paid  fur  cooper's  work. 

2.  A  place  where  cooper's  work  is  doiu;.  Jameson. 

3.  Tin;  work  or  business  of  a  cooper.  Perry. 
CO-OP'ER-aTE,  v.  i.   [L.  con  and  opero,  to  work  ;  Fr. 

cooperer  ;  U.  cooperare  ;  Hi),  cooperar.] 

1.  To  act  or  operate  jointly  with  another  or  others, 
to  the  same  end  ;  to  work  or  labor  with  mutual  elfoits 
to  promoti!  the  same  object.  It  litis  icitli  bt  fiire  the; 
jigeiit,  anil  to  before  the  end.  Russia  co-operated  with 
Great  Britain,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  to  reduce  the 
power  of  llontiparte. 

2.  To  act  tiigittlier;  to  conctir  in  producing  the 
same  I'U'ect.  Natural  and  moral  events  co-operate  in 
illustraling  the  wisilom  of  the  Creator. 

CO  C)l"i;il-A-TING,  ppr.  Acting  or  operating  to- 
gether. 

CO-OP  KR  A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  working  or  opt!r- 
ating  together  to  one  enil  ;  joint  operatiim  ;  concur- 
rent ellort  or  labor;  as,  the  co-operation  i>(,l\)u  com- 
bini  d  powers  ;  the  co-operation  of  the  understanding 
and  till'  will. 

eo-OP'KRA-TIVE,  o.  Operating  jointly  to  the  same 
end. 


eO-OP'Elt-A-'I'OR,  77.     One  who  endeavors  jointly 

witli  others  to  promote  the  same  end. 
eOOP'ER-ING,  ppr.  Making  casks,  or  putting  them  in 

order. 

eOOP'ER-ING,  71,    The  occupation  of  a  cooper 

CO-OP'TaTE,  7).  t.    [L.  cooplo.] 

To  choose,  or  choose  with  another.    [JVot  itserf.J 

eO-OP-TA'TlON,  71.    Adoption  ;  assumption.  Howell 

eO-OR'DI-NANCE,  n.    Joint  ordinance. 

eO-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  con  and  ordinatus,  lioin  07-- 
dino,  to  regulate.    See  Oiider.] 

Being  of  cqiittl  order,  or  of  the  same  rank  or  de- 
gree ;  not  subordinate  ;  as,  two  courts  of  co-ordinate 
jurisdiction. 

eO-OR'I)l-i\ATE  LY,  adv.  In  the  same  order  or 
rank  ;  in  eipial  degree  ;  without  subordination. 

€0-OU'DI-NATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  co- 
ordinate ;  equtilitv  of  rank  and  authority. 

CO-OR-DI-Na'TION,  71.  'J'he  sttite  of  holding  equal 
rank,  or  of  standing  in  the  same  relation  U>  some- 
thing higher  or  lower. 

In  the  high  court  f  parliament  there  is  a  i^re  co-ordination  ot 
power.  JloictU. 

COOT,  71.  [D.  koet ;  W.  cjctiar,  from  cwta,  short,  bob- 
taHed.] 

A  Water  fowl  of  the  genus  Fu/icu,  frequenting  lakes 
and  other  still  waters.  The  common  coot  has  a  bald 
fiirehetid,  a  black  body,  and  lobated  toes,  and  is 
about  fifteen  inches  in  length.  It  makes  its  nest 
among  rushes,  with  grass  and  reeds,  floating  on  the 
water. 

COP,  71.  [Sa.T.  cop,  or  copp  ,vW.  cop,  cob ;  D.  kop ;  G. 
kopf;  Ft.  coupeau;  Gr.  Kviiq.] 

1  The  head  or  top  of  a  thing,  as  in  co4-castle,  for 
co/>-castle,  a  castle  on  a  hill  ;  a  tuft  on  the  head  of 
birds.  This  word  is  little  used  inAnierica,  unless  cob, 
the  spike  of  maize,  may  be  the  same  word.  Chaucer. 

2.  The  conical  ball  of  thread  formed  on  the  spin- 
dle of  a  wheel  or  spinning-frame. 

eO-PAI'BA,  ;  H.    [Sp.  and  Port.]    Balsam  of  copaiba, 

eO-PAI'VA,  j  or  capivi,  is  a  liquid,  resinous  juice, 
flowing  from  incisions  made  in  the  stem  of  a  tree 
called  Copuifera  officinalis,  growing  in  Spanish  Amer- 
ica, in  the  province  of  .\ntioquia.  This  juice  is  clear, 
transparent,  of  a  whitish  or  pale-yellowish  color,  an 
agreeable  smell,  and  a  bitterish,  pungent  taste.  It  is 
of  the  consistence  of  oil,  or  a  little  thicker.  7Vs  a 
medicine,  it  is  corroborating  and  detergent.  Eneyc. 

Go'PAL,  71.    [Mexican  copalli,  a  generic  name  of  res- 
.  ins.  Clavigero.] 

The  concrete  juice  of  a  tree  growing  in  South 
America  and  tlie  East  Indies,  hard,  shining,  transpa- 
rent, citron-colored,  and  inodorous.  It  is  not  strictly 
a  gum,  nora  resin,  as  it  has  not  the  solubility  in  water 
common  to  gums,  nor  that  in  spirit  of  wine  common 
to  resms.  In  these  respects  it  rather  resembles  am- 
ber. It  may  be  dissolved  by  digestion  in  linseed  oil, 
with  a  heat  little  less  than  sufficient  to  boil  or  de- 
compose the  oil.  This  solution,  diluted  with  spirit  of 
turpentine,  forms  a  beautiful  transparent  varnish. 

Encyc.  J^icholson. 

eO-PAR'CE-NA-RY,.7i.  [co,  or  con,  and  Norm,  parce- 
nier,  parceiiery.    See  Coparcener.] 

Partnership  in  inheritance;  joint  heirship;  joint 
right  of  succession  or  joint  succession  to  an  esttue  of 
iiihentance. 

CO-I*,\  R't.'1-I-IVER,  77.  [con  and  parcener,  from  part, 
Fr.  parti,  L.  pars,  or  the  verb  partir,  to  divide.] 

A  coheir  ;  one  who  lias  an  equal  jiortion  of  the  in- 
heritance of  his  or  her  ancestor  with  others. 

All  the  coparceners  together  make  hut  one  heir,  ami  have  but 

one  osteite  amon^  lliein.  Blnckstone, 
Coparceners  take  by  descent ;  joint-tenants,  by  purchase. 

Blackstone. 

CO-PXR'CE-NY,  71.  An  equal  share  of  an  inheritance. 
CO-PaRT'iMENT,  71.    The  same  as  CoMi'Ai<T.Mf;\r. 

ij^ot  in  use.]  IVorton. 
-PaRT'NER,  71.    [con  and  partner.    Svc  Cofar- 

CENEK.] 

1.  One  who  has  a  share  in  a  common  stork  for 
transacting  business,  or  who  is  jointly  concerned 
with  one  or  more  persons,  in  carrying  on  trade  or 
other  business ;  a  partner;  an  associate,  particularly 
in  trade  or  manufactures. 

2.  A  sharer  ;  a  partaker ;  as,  copartners  of  our  loss. 

Milton. 

eO-PART'NER  SHIP,  71.    Joint  concern  in  business  ; 
a  slate  of  having  a  joint  share      a  coiniiuiu  stock,  or 
a  joint  inli  irst  and  cnncein  in  business,  particularly 
in  traile  and  man nfaet ores. 
2.  'I'lie  persons  who  have  a  joint  concern. 

eO-PART'NI'.l!-Y,  H.  The  slate  of  being  copartners 
in  any  umb  rtaking  ;  not  confined,  like  coparlnrrship, 
to  trade  or  liiisiiiess.  King. 

Co'PA-T.MN,  11.  [See  Cor.]  High-raised;  pointed. 
[Alif  in  use.  ]  Shtili. 

eO  PA'TRl-OT  or  CO-PAT'lUO'l',  n.  A  joint  pa- 
triot. (}.  Morris. 

eO-PAY'VA.    See  CorAinA. 

COPK,  71.    [W.  rOli:  Sax.  arppe ;  I),  kap ;  Dan  knppe, 
kaabc  ;  Sw.  kapiia  or  knpa ;  Fr.  cliape,  whence  chapcnu, 
a  hat ;  Sp.  capu  :  It.  cnppa  ;  Port,  ciiyia.] 
1.  A  cover  for  the  lietid. 


FATE,  F/^LL,  WH^T — MRTE,  PRfiV.  — nNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  .MOVE,  WQLF,  OQQK.- 


COP 


COP 


COP 


3.  A  sacerdotal  cloak  worn  in  sacred  ministrations. 
An  urnauient  worn  hy  chanters  and  siilu'lianlers 
wlien  tliey  uiriciute  in  solemnity.  It  readies  from 
the  shoulders  to  the  feet. 

3.  Any  thing  spread  or  extended  over  the  head; 
the  arch  or  concave  of  the  sky  ;  the  roof  or  covering 
of  a  hou^e  ;  the  arch  over  a  door,  &.c. 

4.  An  ancient  tribute  due  to  the  kinj;  or  lord  of  the 
soil,  out  </  the  lead  mines  in  some  parts  of  Derby- 
shire Eiicijc. 

COl'E,  V.  L    To  cover  as  with  a  cope.  MUL-ion. 

2.  To  pare  the  be.ik  or  talons  of  a  hawk.  Bailnj. 

3.  To  embrace.    [Obs.]  S/iak. 
€C>\'E,  V.  i.    [Dan.  Iciv,  contention  ;  kives,  to  strive  ; 

kappes,  to  strive,  to  e<pial,  to  envy  ;  Sw.  kif,  strife  ; 
kifwUj  to  contend  or  quarrel ;  kUppa^,  to  strive  ;  to  em- 
£^  — 

uhite ;  Ar.  1 1      i  kafaa,  to  turn  back,  to  drive  away, 

to  thrust,  to  oppose,  to  equal ;  i  kiifai,  to  be 

.lufficient,  to  be  equal,  to  be  like,  to  be  a  substitute. 
Class  Gb,  No.  53,  53.] 

1.  To  strive  or  contend  on  equal  terms,  or  with 
equal  strength  ;  to  equal  in  combat ;  to  matcll ;  to  op- 
pose witli  success. 

Tlieir  ff^neraU  iiave  not  been  »blo  lo  coj/e  vj'ilh  Ui(*  troo|is  of 

AU'ieiia.  Adtitsvn. 
Till  LuUier  rose,  no  power  could  cope  with  Ihe  pop-. 

U.  .1.  Clark. 

Ite  wu  too  open  ami  direct  in  his  conduct,  niul  (MMyv-ised  tuo  lit. 
Uc  [ii.ui.t^>incnt,  lo  coyie  willi  so  cool  and  skilllul  uii  ndver- 
s.'xry.  Wirt, 

2.  To  contentl ;  to  strive  or  struggle  ;  to  combat. 
Host  coped  will)  host ;  dire  wiut  the  din  of  wiir.  PltiUjis, 

3.  To  encounter;  to  interchange  kindness  or  sen- 
tinients.  Slink. 

4.  To  make  return  ;  to  reward.  [Ofo.]  Slwk. 
.').  To  exchange  or  barter.    [jViit  I'li  u^cj  BaUeij. 

Co'l'IX'lv.    See  Kopeck. 

t'ol'TCD,  (kopt,)  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  a  coi)e. 

€o1M:'.MA.\,  «.    A  ch;ipman.    [.Yot  ilicI.]  Skiik. 

CO-PlCR'Ni  eAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Copernicus,  a 
Prussian  by  birth,  who  taiiglit  tlie  world  the  solar 
system  now  received,  called  the  Cnprrnican  system. 

tj'Ol'KS'.MATE,  n.  [cu/je  and  luute.]  A  companion  or 
friend.  [Ohs.]  Hubbard. 

COI'G'STo.Vli,  n.    Head  or  top  stone. 

eO-Pllo'Slt!,  n.    [Gr.]  Deafness. 

euP'I-KU,  (kop'itl,)  ;)/'•  Copv.]    Taken  off; 

w  rilten  or  transcribed  from  an  original  or  form  ;  imi- 
tated. 

eoP'l-ER,  j  71.  One  who  copies  ;  one  who  writes  or 
eOP'V-IST,  t    transcribes  from  an  original  or  form  ; 

a  transcriber  ;  uii  imitator ;  also,  a  plagiary. 

jidtlUoii,  Drydcn, 
€OP'I.\G,  ppr.   Striving  ^  contending. 
GoP'l.VG,  It.    [See  Cope,  h.]    The  top  or  ci>ver  of  a 

wall,  usually  made  sloping  to  carry  off  the  water.  I 

King.^  vii.  9.    .\  coping  over,  is  a  projecting  work 

ht^veliiig  on  its  under  side. 
eo'PI-Uij'S,  a.    [Vt.  copirux  ;  It.  copioso ;  Sp.  id.;  L. 

C4}piu;nLSy  from  copia,  abundance,  Ir.  tMtb.    (Xn.  Cli. 

3rj  to  collect,  gather,  accumulate  ;  Ar.  Lxi»  jabau, 
id.    Class  Gb,  No.  2,  5,  .55.] 

I.  Abundant ;  plentiful ;  in  great  quantities  ;  full ; 
ample  ;  furnishing  full  supplies. 

The  tender  heart  is  peace, 
And  kindly  pnun  its  cvpiotn  uvasurea  fortJi 
In  V 


Thanuon. 

2.  Furnishing    abundant    matter ;   not  barren  ; 

rich  in  sup|ilies.    The  reilrmption  of  man  is  a  eopi- 

otu  subject  of  contemplation. 

tl:iit.  Son  of  tfO<l,  S;ivior  of  men  !  tjiy  name 

Slutll  Ije  Uie  copious  iiwiiu-r  ol'  my  sung.  Milton. 

CO'PI-OUS-I.Y,  flrfr.     Abundantly  ;  plentifully  ;  in 
large  quantities. 
2,  Largely  ;  fully  ;  amply  ;  diffusely. 

ili<ltiity  Iuve  birn  cojkootli/  it<-scrilM-<(  I»y  triv. 

.\ittluon. 

eO'PI-OUS-NESS,  n.     Abundance ;  plenty  ;  great 
quantity  ;  full  supply. 

2.  Diffusiveness  of  style  or  manner  of  treating  a 
subject  ;  as,  the  copiou.inf.i.<  of  Homer.  Dnjden. 
GOP'IST,  n.    A  copier  ;  an  iU-formed  irord. 
eoP'LAXD,  11.    A  piece  of  ground  terminating  in  a 

rop  or  acute  angle.  [jV..(  usrd  in  America.]  Diet. 
eO-Pl,ANT',  r.  1.    To  plant  together.    [A'ot  in  «.>e.] 

IIowcl. 

eO-POR'TION,  n.  Equal  share.  [JV,i(  u.sed.]  Spenser. 
€OP'Pf:n,  I  a.  [See  Cop.]  Rising  to  a  iKjint,  or 
eOP'PL£D,  j  head. 

Copped  like  a  sugnr-loo/.  tfufiTwin. 
COP'PEU  SeeCuPEu 

COP'PER,  n.  [D.  koper  ;  G.  kupfer :  Sw.  koppar;  Ir. 
copnr:  Corn,  caber;  L.  cuprum;  Ft.  cairre :  Sp. 
cohre  ;  Port.  ii. ;  Arm.  caetir,  coecrc  ;  snp|Kised  to  be 
so  called  from  Cyprus,  an  isle  in  the  .Mediterra- 
Tliis  opinion  is  probable,  as  the  Greeks  called 


The  remnins  of  ii 
eleiu. 


ncan. 


it  \>i\ko^  KviriiK'i,  Cyprutn  liMss,  bntss  of  Cyprus. 
In  this  case,  copper  was  originally  an  adjcrlive. ] 

A  metal  of  a  p  ile  red  color,  lingi  d  with  yellow. 
Next  to  gold,  silver,  and  platiiiiiiii,  it  is  the  most 
ductile  and  malleable  of  the  metals,  and  it  is  more 
clastic  than  any  metal  exci;pt  steel,  and  the  most 
sonorous  of  all  the  metals.  It  is  found  native  in 
laminie  or  fibers,  in  a  gang  almost  always  quart/.iiiis  ; 
it  is  also  found  crystallized,  and  in  grains  or  super- 
ficial laminu!  on  stones  or  iron.  It  is  not  altered  by 
water,  but  is  tarnished  by  exposure  to  the  air,  and  is 
at  last  co\'errd  with  a  green  carbonated  oxyd.  (Jop- 
per  in  sheets  is  miii  h  used  for  covering  the  bottoms 
of  ships,  for  boilers,  anil  other  ulensils  ;  mixed  with 
tin  and  zinc,  it  is  used  in  enaiiiel-paiiiliiig,  dyeing, 
Ulc;  mixed  with  tin,  it  forms  bell  metal ;  with  a 
smaller  |>roportioii,  bronze  ;  and  with  zinc,  it  itirms 
brass,  pinchlieck,  &.c.  When  taken  into  the  body,  it 
operates  as  a  violent  emetic,  and  all  its  preparations 
are  violent  poisons.      Fourcroy.    Encyc.  Ilonpfr. 

COP'PER,  a.    Consisting  of  Copper.  Clenrelund. 

etJP'Pl'.R,  H.    A  vessel  made  of  copper,  particularly  a 
large  boiler. 
2.  Formerly,  a  small  copper  coin. 
My  friends  filled  iny  pocket  witli  coppert.  FVaniiin. 

eOP'PER,  V.  L  To  cover  or  sheathe  with  sheets  of 
copper  ;  as,  to  copper  a  ship. 

eoP'PER-AS,  n.  [Fr.  coupcrose  ;  D.  knperrood,  that 
is,  red  copper,  anti  koperroesl  is  copper  rust,  verdigris  ; 
Ami.  coupcrosa,  or  couperas.] 

Sulphate  of  iron,  or  green  vitriol  ;  a  salt  of  a  pecu- 
liar astringent  taste,  anil  of  varitius  colors,  green, 
gray,  yellowish,  or  whitish,  but  more  usually  green. 
It  is  much  used  in  dyeing  black  and  in  making  ink, 
and  in  medicine,  as  a  tonic.  The  coppi'ias  of  com- 
merce is  usually  made  by  the  decomposition  of  iron 
pjrites.  The  term  cnpprriK  w.is  fonin  rly  synony- 
mous with  ritrtol,  anil  inrluiled  the  green,  blue,  and 
\\'hite  vitriols,  or  the  sulphates  t>f  iron,  copper,  and 
zinc.  Cleaveland.  Fourcroy. 

€()P'PEll-l!i;i/I,Y,  71.  An  American  serpent,  the 
Coluber  eri/tftroirustrr. 

eoP'PER-liOT-l'U.M-ED,  a.  Having  a  bottom 
sheathed  with  copper. 

€()P'PER-A'I),  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  sheets  of  cop- 
per ;  sheathed. 

eoP'PER-F.\ST-K.\-i!D,  (-f.is'snd,)  a.  Fastened 
Willi  copper  bolts. 

eOP'PER-llEAD,  (  bed,)  71.  [from  its  color.]  A 
poisonous  American  serpent,  the  Trigoiiocepfialas 
conlortrix  ;  the  Boa  contorlrix  of  hinna-tis. 

COP'PER-ISII,  n.  Containing  copper ;  like  copper,  or 
partaking  of  it. 

eoP'PER-NoSi;,  71.    A  red  nose.  Shak. 

eOP'PER-Pl.ATE,  71.  .\  plate  of  polished  copper  on 
which  concave  lines  are  engraved  or  corroded,  ac- 
cording to  some  tieliiieateil  figure  or  design.  This 
plate,  when  charged  with  any  cohiri  d  lliiid,  imparts 
an  impression  of  the  figure  or  design  to  pa|K:r  or 
parcliment.  Encyc, 

2.  A  print  or  impression  on  paper,  &c.,  from  a  cop- 
perplate. 

eoP'PER-S.MITII,  71.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
inamifactiiri!  copper  utensils. 

eoP'PER-U'ORK,  (-wiirk,)  71.  A  place  where  copper 
is  wrought  tir  manufactured.  Woodicard. 

eoP'PER-WOR.M,  (  wurin,)  71.  A  little  worm  in 
ships ;  a  worm  that  frets  garments ;  a  worm  that 
breeils  in  one's  hand.  Jiinsicorlh. 

eOP'I'ER-Y,  (I.  iMixeil  with  copper ;  containing  cop- 
per, or  made  of  copi>cr  ;  like  copper  in  taste  or  smell. 

Woodieard. 

eoP'PICE, )  71.    [Norm,  eoupiz,  from  coupcr,  to  cut, 

eoPSE,      t     Gr.  K...T7U.] 

\  wood  of  small  growth,  or  consisting  of  under- 
wood or  brushwood  ;  a  wood  cut  at  certain  times  for 
fuel  or  other  purposes. 

The  i^Oe  of  coppice  lands  will  fall  on  Uie  discovery  of  coal  mines. 

Locke. 

eoP'PI.F^eROWN,  n.  A  tuft  of  feathers  on  the 
head  of  a  fowl.  lloUmony. 

eop'PI.KI),  j  a.    [from  cop.]    Rising  to  a  point ;  con- 

COP'P/CD,    \     ical.  Woodteard. 

eoP'PEF:-nuST,  71.  Powder  used  in  purifying  met- 
als ;  properly,  cupel  dust. 

eOP'PI.?V-ST"0.\ES,  71. ;)(.  Lumps  and  fragments  of 
stone  broke  from  the  ailjacent  cliU's,  rounded  by 
being  bowled  and  tumbled  to  and  ag.ain  bv  the  action 
of  water.  Johnson.  IVondmard. 

In  A'eie  England,  we  pronounce  this  word  cobble, 
cobble-stones,  and  if  the  word  is  a  diminutive  of  cob, 
cop,  a  head,  or  enb,  a  heap,  we  follow  the  Welsh  cob, 
as  the  English  do  the  same  word  cop,  in  the  Saxon 
dialect.  We  apply  the  word  to  small  round  stones, 
from  the  size  of  an  inch  or  two,  to  five  or  six  inches 
or  more,  in  diameter,  wherever  they  niav  be  found. 

eoP'RO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  luirpof,  dung,  and  XiWos,  a 
stone.] 

Petrified  dung  of  carnivorous  reptiles.  Buckland. 
eO-PROPH'A-GOirS,  a.    Feeding  on  excremenls. 
eoP-RO-LIT'lC,  a.    Containing  or  resembling  cop- 

rolitrs.  Humble. 
eoPSE,  a.  A  wood  of  small  growth.  [See  Coppice.] 


eoP.SE,  V.  t.    To  preserve  iinderwiHids.  SmifL 

COP'.'iY,  a.    Having  copses.  Dyer 

COP'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  descendants  of  ths 
ancient  Egyptians,  called  Cnpti,  or  Copbti,;\A  distinci 
from  the  Arabians  and  other  inhabitants  of  modern 
Ei:\pt.  The  name  is  supposed  to  be  taken  from 
Copios,  the  nietrofKilis  of  the  Thebaid  ;  as  E^n/pt, 
Aij  iiTroj,  is  probably  from  that  name  ;  Sanscrit, 
atrupta,  inclosed,  fortified.  So  Misrann  niid  Mniur 
are  from  to  inclose,  to  bind,  to  fortify.  Whatever 
may  be  tin?  origin  of  Copt,  the  adjective  Coptic  now 
refers  to  the  people  called  Copts,  who  are  t'hristians, 
and  to  their  language.  Hence, 

eoP'TIC,  II.  The  lan>»-\.4c  of  the  Cu;<M.  [Sec  Class 
<;b,  .\o.  H,  14.] 

GOP'U-LA,  II.  [L.  Sec  Copulation  and  Cot  pLE.] 
In  logic,  liiK  word  which  unites  the  subject  and  jired- 
icate  of  a  proposition.  Religion  is  indispensable  to 
happiness.  Here  is  is  the  copula,  joining  religion,  the 
siiliject,  with  indispensable  la  happiness,  the  predicate, 

COP'1-J-L.Vn;,  a.    Joined.    [Lilllc  used.] 

COP'l^-LATE,  r. copulo,Ui  couple;  Sp.  copular ; 
It.  cop iilarc ;  Vt.  coupler.    See  Couple.] 
To  unite  ;  to  join  in  pairs.    [l.itlJc  u-ieJ.] 

€OP'U-LATE,  r.  i.  To  unite  in  sexu.al  embrace; 
applied  to  animals  in  general. 

eui'MT-LA-TED,  pp.    Joined  in  pairs. 

COP'I|-La-TL\G,  ppr.    Uniting  in  pairs;  embracing. 

COP-IJ-LA'TION,  H.    [L.  copulatip.] 

The  act  of  coupling  ;  the  embrace  of  the  sexes  in 
the  act  of  generation  ;  coition. 

eoi"(i-LA-TI VE,  a.  That  unites  or  couples.  In 
grammar,  the  copulative  conjunction  connects  two  or 
more  subjects  or  pri'ilicates,  in  an  allirniative  or  neg- 
ative prupiKition  ;  as,  riches  and  honors  are  tenipta- 
tiiins  to  pride  ;  tlii:  Rniuans  conquereil  Sp:iiii,  and 
Gaul,  and  llritain  ;  iii  illier  wealtii  nor  honors  will 
purchase  immortal  happiness. 

eoi"li-LA-Tl  VE,  11.    .\  Copulative  conjunction. 
2.  Ciiunection.    [jVnt  m  use.] 

GOP'V,  71.  [  I'V.  r(//iir  ;  Ann.  copy;  It.  copiu  ;  S|).  and 
Port,  cii/iia  .■  Ir.  coib,  coibeadk.  'I'llis  word  is  from 
the  root  of  cope,  in  the  sense  of  likeness,  rest:m- 


blancc,  .\r. 


kiifai,  to  be  like  ;  or  it  is  from 


doubling,  and  the  root  of  cuff,  Ar.  (  sl* — .  Uaifa. 
Class  Gil,  No.  50.    See  Cope  and  Cukk.] 

Literally,  a  likeness  or  resemblance  of  any  kind. 
Hence, 

1.  A  writing  like  another  writing  ;  a  tninscript 
from  an  original  ;  or  a  book  printed  accortling  to  the 
original  ;  hence, 

2.  .Any  single  book,  or  set  of  books,  containing  a 
composition  reseiiililing  the  original  work  ;  as,  the 
copy  of  a  ileed,  or  of  a  bond  ;  a  copy  of  Addison's 
works  ;  ,a  copy  of  the  laws  ;  a  copy  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

3.  The  form  of  a  picture  or  statue  according  to  tlie 
original  ;  the  imitation  or  likeness  of  any  figure, 
draught,  or  aliiiost  any  object. 

4.  original  work  ;  the  autograph  ;  the  arche- 
type, lli-ni  e,  that  which  is  to  be  iinitiiled  in  writ- 
ing or  printing.  Let  the  child  write  arcunling  to  the 
copy.  The  copy  is  in  Ilie  hands  of  the  printer.  Hence, 
a  pattern  tir  example  for  imitation.  His  virtues  are  an 
excellent  copy  for  imitation. 

5.  Abundance.    [L.  co/»i«.]  [O&s.] 

eOP'V,  1'.  (.  To  write,  print,  or  engrave,  accortling  to 
an  original ;  to  form  a  like  work  or  composition  by 
writing,  printing,  or  engraving;  to  transcribe  ;  often 
followed  by  out,  but  the  use  is  not  elegant.  The 
men  of  Ilezekiah  copied  certain  proverbs  of  Solo- 
mon. 

2.  To  paint  or  draw  according  to  an  origin.al. 

3.  To  form  accortling  to  a  model,  as  in  archi- 
tecture. 

4.  To  imitate  or  attempt  to  re-seinble  ;  to  follow  an 
original,  or  pattern,  in  manners  or  ctnirse  of  life.  Copy 
the  Savior  in  bis  liiiniilil>'  and  tihetlieiice. 

eOP'V,  7'.  I.  To  imitate  or  endeavor  lo  be  like  ;  to  do 
any  thing  in  iiiiilation  of  something  else.  .\  painter 
copies  from  the  life.  An  obedient  child  copies  nfter 
his  parent. 

They  n-'ver  Ml,  when  they  copy,  lo  follow  the  lud  as  well  ns  tlie 
gwj^i.  Dryleii, 

eOP'Y-ROOK,  71.  A  book  in  which  copies  are  written 
or  printed  for  learners  to  imitate. 

COP'Y-^.'D,  (kop'id,)  pp.  Transcribed  ;  imit.tted  ;  usu- 
ally written  Copieo  ;  but  copyed  is  preferabh', 

COP'Y-ER,  71.  One  who  copies  or  transcrilx^s  ;  usiial- 
Iv  written  Copier  ;  but  enpyer  is  most  regular. 

etiP'Y-IIOLD,  71.  In  England,  a  tenure  of  estate  by 
copy  of  court  roll  ;  or  a  tenure  for  w  hich  the  tenant 
hath  nothing  to  show,  except  the  mils  made  by  the 
steward  of  the  lord's  court.  Blackstune. 

eOP'Y-HoLD'ER,  n.  One  who  is  {xx^iised  of  land 
in  copy-hold. 

eOP'Y-ING,  ;>7>r.  Transcribing. 

COP'Y-ING-PHESS,  71.    A  machine  for  taking  an  ex- 
act copy  of  any  manuscript  recently  writt4'n.  Hebert, 
eOP'Y-IST,  71.    A  copier  ;  a  transcrilRT. 


TCNE,  BI;LL,  qNlTE.  — AN'  GER,  VI"CI0US.^€  a«  K;  G  as  J  j  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


3-1 


coil 


COR 


eoP'Y-RIGHT,  (  rile,)  n.  TIil-  suIc  right  which  an 
author  has  in  his  own  original  literary  compositions  ; 
the  exclusive  rijjlit  of  an  author  to  print,  puhlish, 
and  vend  his  own  literary  works,  for  his  own  ben- 
efit ;  the  like  right  in  the  hands  of  an  assignee. 

eo-UUAL'LlN,  n.  A  small  quadruped,  of  the  squir- 
rel kind,  but  incapable  of  climbing  trees. 

JJict.  nf  JV«t.  //;,■.•(. 

eoaUE'LI-eOT,  (  (kSke'le-ko,)  n.   [Fr.]    Wild  pop- 

eoUUE'LI-eO,  i  py  ;  hence,  the  color  of  wild 
poppy,  viz.,  a  mixture  of  orange  and  scarlet. 

RO-UUET',  (ko-ket',)  v.  t.  To  attempt  to  attract  no- 
tice, admiration,  or  love,  from  vanity  ;  to  treat  with 
an  appearance  of  tenderness  or  regard,  with  a  view 
to  deceive  and  disappoint. 

You  -AK  vjquttung  a  in.'uci  of  honor.  Siei/t. 

eO-QUET',  I',  i.  To  tritie  in  love ;  to  treat  a  person 
with  an  appearance  of  favor,  but  with  a  design  to  de- 
ceive and  disappoint. 

eO-aUET'RY,  II.   [Fr.  coquHtcrie.] 

Atlenjpis  to  attract  admiration,  notice,  or  love, 
from  vanity ;  afl'ectalion  of  amorous  advances  ;  tri- 
fling in  love.  Mdisoii. 

eo  aUETTE',  (ko-ket',)  ii.  [Fr.  coyiirt,  a  beau,  a 
general  lover,  a  cock-boat ;  coquette^  a  jilt ;  from  the 
Welsh  or  Celtic  coe^en,  a  vain,  saucy  wench,  a  co- 
quette, from  cueg,  vain  ;  Sp.  aiqueta ;  It.  ciDetlM,  an 
owl ;  civettare,  to  play  tlie  wag,  to  trifle,  to  coquet ; 
ctDfttfriti,  coquetry  ;  civettiiio,  a  vain  young  fellow.] 

A  vain,  airy,  trifling  girl,  wlio  endeavors  to  attract 
admiration  and  advances  in  \vvc,  from  a  desire  to 
gratify  vanity,  and  then  rejects  her  lover ;  a  jilt. 


The  li^lu  corjuelles  in  svijilis  alofl  r"?p:ur, 
And  spDrt  autl  flutter  in  the  lieliU  of  air. 


Pope. 


Mote.  —  In  French,  coquet  is  masculine,  and  coquette 
feminine  ;  but,  as  our  language  has  no  such  termi- 
nation for  geiuler,  it  may  be  better  to  write  coquet  for 
both  sexes,  and  for  distinction  prefix  male  to  the  word 
.  vvlien  applied  to  a  man. 

eO-UUET'TEI),  prel.  and  pp.  of  CoquET,  which  see. 

eO-aUET'TL\G,  ppr.  Attracting  notice  to  gain  ad- 
mirers, and  then  rejecting  them. 

€0-aUET'TISH,  (ko-ket'fsh,)  a.  Pr;u:ticing  coquetry. 

€0-aUET'TISH-LY,  (ko-ket'isli-ly,)  ado.  In  a  co- 
quettish manner. 

eOIl.  H.    The  measure  of  a  pottle. 

eOR'A-CLE,  H.    [W.  cwnoirle.] 

A  boat  used,  in  Wales,  by  fishermen,  made  by 
covering  a  wicker  frame  with  leather  or  oil-clotli.  A 
similar  boat  was  used  by  the  ancient  Egyptians. 

Braiide. 

€OR'A-eOID,  71.  [Gr.  Knoai,  a  crow,  and  cidu,,  fcjrm.J 
A  small,  sharp  process  of  the  scapula,  shaped  like 
a  crow's  beak.    The  name  has  been  extended  to  a 
bone  in  birds,  &c.,  near  the  shoulder-joint.  Brande. 
eOR'A-€OIU,  a.    Shaped  like  a  crow's  beak. 

Bnrhlanil. 

COR'AL,  n.  [L.  coralliiim ;  Gr.  KnoaWi'tv^  from  \non, 
damsel,  and  uAf,  sea  ;  Fr.  coruil,  or  cnral :  It.  curMu  ; 
Sp.  coral ;  D.  kiiraal ;  G.  korulle  :  Dan.  koruL] 

In  zoology,  a  substance  consisting  chiefly  of  carbo- 
nate of  lime.  It  is  the  solid  secretions  of /.oophytes, 
produced  within  the  tissues  of  the  polyps,  ami  corre- 
sponding to  the  skelettui  in  higher  atiinials.  Corals 
have  often  the  form  of  trees,  shrubs,  or  assume  hem- 
ispherical and  nodular  shaptss.  Sucli  are  madrepores, 
astrea.t,  and  bruiti-coral.  The  surface  is  usually  cov- 
ered with  radiated  cells,  each  of  which  marks  the 
position  of  one  of  the  jiolyps  ;  and,  when  alive,  the 
animals  appear  like  (lowers  over  every  part  <if  the 
zoophyte.  Dana. 

2.  A  piece  of  coral,  used  by  children  as  a  play- 
thing. 

€OR'AIj,  «.    M.ide  of  coral;  resembling  coral. 
eOR'Alj-R.\G,  n.    In  geolugij,  a  curallifeious  deposit, 
forming  a  member  of  the  middle  division  of  oolite. 

Ifuinblc. 

€OR'AL-TREi;,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  Erylhrina,  of 
sever.il  sfiecies,  natives  of  Africa  and  America.  They 
are  all  shrubby,  flowering  plants,  adorned  chiefly 
Willi  trifoliate  or  tliree-lobed  leaves,  and  scarlet 
spikes  of  papilionaceous  flowers. 

eOll'.X  I>-WOKT,  n.  The  popular  name  of  cerUiin 
species  of  plants,  Dentaria,  called  also  toot/i-irort,  or 
tuoth-vwier.  Font,  of  Plnnt.i. 

eOR-AL-LA'CEOUS,  a.  Like  coral,  or  partaking  of 
its  (pialitirs. 

eOR-Ab-MF'KR  OUS,  n.    Containing  coral.  OMert. 

COR'AI.-I.I-FIJll.M,  a.  fciW  and  form.]  Resembling 
coral  ;  forked  and  crooked.  Kiricun. 

eoR-AL-l.lO'E.N-OU.S,  a,    Producing  coral.  Ilumhle. 

eOR'AL-M.VK,  (  lin,)  a.  Consisting  of  coral  ;  like 
conil  ;  containing  coral. 

eOK'AL-I.I.M-;,  «.  A  suiimirine,  seini-cnitareous  or 
calcareous  plant,  consisting  of  many  jointird  brunches, 
resembling  some  K|ieries  of  moss.  Thi^  term  has  also 
been  applied  to  certain  minute  corals  growing  in 
moHS  like  fornn.  Dona., 

CaW \\i-l.\S WE,,  n.    A  fossil  polypier  or  coralline. 

/M.  JViU.  Jlul. 

eOIl'AI.MTE,  n.  A  mineml  Hiibstanceor  petrifac- 
liiin,  in  llic  form  of  coral  ;  or  a  fiMHil  polypii:r,  larger 
than  a  mrallinite.  kiraan.    Did.  ML  Jfuit. 


eOR'AL-LOII),         )        r        I        4  1      r  1 

cor-aE-luid'al,  1  "■  [""■"''  -'"'^ 

Having  the  form  of  coral ;  branching  like  coral. 

Diet.  Mat.  ;/;.<(. 

eOR'AL-LOID,  n.  A  term  formerly  applied  to  a  spe- 
cies of  minute  corals  called  Escara,  and  also  some- 
times to  the  Qorgonias.  Encyc. 

CO'RJIM  JC'DI-CE,    [L.]    Before  the  judge. 

CO'RjIM  MOM  JU'Df-CE,  [L.]  Before  one  not  a 
judge  ;  before  one  who  has  not  jurisdiction. 

CO-KANT',  It.  [Fr.  courant,  running  ;  courir,  to  run  ; 
L.  curro.] 

A  lofty,  sprightly  dance.  Johiuou.  Temple. 

GORB,  n.    [Ij.  eorbi.s.    See  the  next  word,] 

1.  A  basket  used  in  coaleries. 

2.  4"  ornament  in  a  building.  Spenser. 
eORB'AN,  ji.    [L.  curbis  ;  D.  korf;  G.  korh ;  Sw.  kurg  ; 

Dan.  kurv ;  Fr.  corbeille ;  Eth.  karbu,  a  wicker 

basket ;  Russ.  korhan,  a  church  box  or  chest,  a  treas- 
ury. But,  in  Ethiopic,  korban  is  an  oblation,  that 
which  is  oflered  to  God,  a  gift,  s.acrifice,  coinciding 
with  the  Heb.  P"^p,  from  2-\p,  to  approach,  to  cause 
to  approach,  to  bring  or  otTer.] 

1.  In  Jewish  antiquity,  an  offering,  sacrifice,  or 
oblation  of  any  kind,  presented  before  Goil.  Gesenius. 

It  is  a  gift,  corban,  hy  whatsoever  thou  ini?titesl  be  profited  by 
nie ;  that  is,  1  have  devoted  tliat  to  God  which  you  :isk  of 
me,  and  it  is  no  longer  m'uie  to  give.  Encye. 

2.  An  alms-basket ;  a  vessel  to  receive  gifts  of 
charity  ;  a  gift;  an  alms  ;  a  treasury  of  the  church, 
where  offerings  are  deposited.  Culmet. 

3.  Among  Mohamtnedans,  a  ceremony  performed  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Arafat,  in  Arabia,  near  .Mecca. 
It  consists  in  killing  a  number  of  sheep,  and  distrib- 
uting them  among  the  poor.  Encyc. 

€ORBE,  a.    [Fr.  courbc.]    Crooked.    [Mot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

eORB'EIL,  (kor'bel,)n.  [Fr.  corbeille  ;  It.  corbello.  See 
Corban.] 

In  fortification,  a  little  basket,  to  be  filled  with  earth, 
and  set  upon  a  parapet,  to  shelter  men  from  the  fire 
of  besiegers.  Johnson. 
eORB'EL,  Ji.    [See  the  preceding  words.] 

1.  In  architecture,  the  representation  of  a  basket, 
sometimes  set  on  the  heads  of  caryatides. 

2.  The  va.se  or  tainbor  of  the  Corinthian  column  ; 
so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  a  basket.  Encyc. 

eORB'EL,  ?i.  A  short  piece  of  timber,  iron,  &c.,  in  a 
wall,  jutting  sixoreiglit  inches,  .as  occasion  requires, 
in  the  manner  of  a  shoulder-piece  ;  sometimes  placed, 
for  strength,  under  the  semigiriler  of  a  platform. 
The  under  part  is  sometimes  cut  into  the  form  of  a 
boultin,  sometimes  of  an  ogee,  or  of  a  face,  &c. 

Encyc.  Johnson. 

2.  A  niche  or  hollow  left  in  walls  for  images,  fig- 
ures, or  statues.  Chambers. 

eOR'HY,  n.    A  raven.    [Mot  in  use.] 
COR'CIJLE,  /  u.     [L.  corculum,  but  in  a  different 
COR'CEE,    \     sense.    It  is  a  diminutive,  from  cor, 
the  heart.] 

In  botany,  the  heart  of  the  seed,  or  rudiment  of  a 
future  plant,  attaclieil  to  and  involved  in  the  cotyle- 
dons. It  consists  of  the  plume,  or  ascending  part, 
and  the  rostel,  or  radicle,  the  simple  descending  part. 

Jllartyn. 

CORD,  71.  [W.  cord;  Fr.corde;  It.  corda;  Sp.  cucrda; 
ii.  koord :  E.  chorda;  Or.  X'l'iArj.  According  to  the 
Welsh,  tills  word  signifies  a  twist,  from  cOr,  the  root 
of  choriL'<.] 

I.  A  string,  or  small  rope,  composed  of  several 
strands  twisted  together.  Rahab  let  down  the  spies 
by  a  cord  through  the  window,    ./osh.  ii. 

9.  A  tpiantity  of  wood  or  other  matt!rial,  originally 
measured  with  a  cord  or  line.  The  cord  is  a  pile 
containing  108  cubic  feet ;  or  a  pile  eight  feet  long, 
four  feet  high,  and  four  feet  broad. 

3.  In  Scripture,  the  cords  of  the  wicked,  are  the  snares 
with  which  they  catch  the  unwary.    Ps.  cxxix. 

The  cords  of  sin,  are  bad  habits,  or  the  consequences 
of  sill.    Pruo.  V. 

The  cords  of  a  man,  are  the  fair,  gentle,  or  natural 
means  of  alluring  nii'u  to  obeilieiice.    Hos.  xi. 

The  cords  of  vanity,  ■.m  worhlly  vanities  and  pleas- 
ur<:s,  profit,  or  iireferinent  ;  or  vain  and  deceitful 
arguments  and  jiretenses,  which  draw  men  to  sin. 

Is.  v. 

To  stretch  a  line  or  cord  about  a  city,  is  to  level  it, 
or  utterly  to  di^stroy  it.    l.am.  ii. 

Till?  cords  of  a  tent,  denote  stability.    To  loosen  or 
breiUi  Vie  cords,  is  to  weaken  or  d(;stroy  ;  to  lengUien 
the  cords,  is  to  enlarge,    ./ob  xxx.    is.  liv.    Jer.  x. 
eoRI),  t'.  t.    To  bind  with  a  cord  or  rope ;  to  fasten 
with  cords. 

9.  'J'o  pile  wood  or  other  material  for  measurement 
and  sale  by  the  cord. 

eoRD'.MXK-ER,  71.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
ropes  ;  but  in  America  called  rojirotakrr. 

eoRD'VVOQI),  71.  Wood  nil  and  iiiled  for  sale  by  the 
iMird,  in  distinction  from  long  wood  ;  properly,  wood 
cut  to  the  length  of  four  feet ;  hut,  in  this  respect, 
the  practice  is  not  uniform.  In  Scotland,  cordwoud  is 
wood  conveyed  to  mtirket  on  btiard  of  vessels,  in  op- 
position to  that  which  is  floated.  Encye. 


CURD' AGE,  0.  rsp.  cordage:  Fr.  id.;  from  cord.] 
.\  Icriii  applied  to  all  sorts  of  cords  or  ropes  used  in 
the  running  rigging  of  a  ship,  or  kept  in  reserve,  to 
supply  the  place  of  that  which  may  be  rendered  uii- 
servic(!able.  In  a  more  general  sense,  the  word  in- 
clutles  all  ropes  and  lines  used  on  board  of  ships. 

CDUn'ATE,     la.     [L.  cordatus,  with   a  difl"i;rent 

CORD'a-TEII,  j  signification,  from  cor,  the  heart.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  heart  ;  heart-shaped  ;  a  term 
used  by  naturalists  ;  as,  a  cordate  leaf,  in  botany,  re- 
sembling the  longitudinal  section  of  the  heart. 
Hence,  cordate-oblong,  heart-shaped  lengthened  ;  cor- 
date-lanceolate, heart-sliap*'il,  gnidually  tapering  to- 
ward each  extremity,  like  the  head  of  a  lance ; 
cordate-sagittate,  heart-shaped,  but  resembling  the 
head  of  an  arrow.  Martytu 

eoRD'ATE-LY,  adv.    In  a  cordate  form. 

CORD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Btiiind  or  fastened  with  cords. 
2.  Piled  in  a  form  for  measurement  by  the  cord. 
"3.  Made  of  cords  ;  furnished  with  cords.  Sliak. 

4.  Striped  or  furrowed,  as  by  cords. 

5.  In  heraldry,  a  corded  cross  is  one  wound  with 
cords,  or  made  of  two  pieces  of  wood.  Encyc. 

eoR-HE-LlKR',  (kor-de-leer',)  ii.    [Fr.,  from  corde,  a 
girdle  or  cord  worn  by  the  order.] 

A  Franciscan  friar;  one  of  a  religious  order  found- 
ed by  St.  Francis  ;  a  gray  friar.  The  Cordeliers  wear 
a  thick  gi-.iy  cloth,  a  little  cowl,  a  cha[)eron,  and  a 
cloak,  with  a  girdle  of  rope  or  cord,  tied  with  three 
knots.  Encyc. 

eOR'UEL-ING,  a.  Twisting. 

€ORD'I-Ali,  a.    [Fr.  and  Sp.  corc/ia; ;  M.cordtalc;  from 
L.  cor,  the  hetiit.] 

1.  Proceeding  from  the  heart ;  hearty  ;  sincere  ; 
not  hypocritical  ;  warm  ;  atrectionate  ;  as,  we  give 
our  friends  a  cordial  reception. 


Willi  looks  of  cordi/tX  love. 


Milton. 


2.  Reviving  the  spirits  ;  cheering  ;  invigorating  j 
giving  strength  or  spirits  ;  as,  cordial  waters. 

Wiseman. 

eORD'I-.AE,  71.  In  medicine,  that  which  siiildenly  e.x- 
cites  the  system,  and  increases  the  action  of  the 
heart  or  circulation  when  languid  ;  any  medicine 
which  increases  strength,  raises  the  spirits,  and 
gives  life  and  cheerfulness  to  a  person  when  weak 
and  depressed. 

2.  Aromatized  and  sweetened  spirit,  employed  as 
a  beverage.  Cooley. 

3.  Any  tiling  that  comforts,  gladdens,  and  exhila- 
rates ;  as,  good  news  is  a  cordial  to  the  mind. 

eORD'I-AE-HEART'EI),  a.  Having  cordial  afTec- 
lion. 

eoRD-I-AL'I-TY,  7i.    Relation  to  the  heart.  [Mot 

iLsed.]  Brown. 
2.  Sincerity  ;  freedom   from  hypocrisy  ;  sincere 

affection  and  kindness ;  as,  our  friends  were  received 

with  cordialitq. 
€ORD'I-AL-lZE,  II.  (.    To  render  cordial.    Ec.  Reo. 
€0RD'I-AL-l7,-£n,;);;.    Rendered  cordial. 
eORD'I-AE-IZ-IX(;,  ppr.    Making  cord i.al. 
eORD'I-AL-LY,  adv.    Heartily  ;  sinceri-ly  ;  without 

hypocrisy  ;  with  real  aft'ection.    The  Christian  cor- 

dialh,  receives  the  doctrines  of  gnice. 
eORD'I-AL-N'ESS,  71.    Cordi.ality  ;  hearty  good  will. 
eoKIVIE-RlTE,  71.    The  mineral  called  otherwise 

iolite  and  dichroite. 
eORD'l-FOR.M,  a.     [L.  cor,  the  heart,  and  forma, 

form.] 

Heart-shaped  ;  having  the  form  of  the  human 
heart. 

eORU'I-NER,  71.    [Mot  used.]    See  Cobdwaixer. 
eORD'I.VG,  jipr.   Binding  with  cords  ;  piling  for  meas- 
urement. 

eoR'DON,  71.  [Fr.  anil  Sp.  cordon;  It.  cordone;  Port. 
cordam.    See  Coud.] 

1.  In  fortification,  a  row  of  stones  jutting  before 
the  rampart,  and  the  basis  of  the  parapet ;  or  a  row 
of  stones  betwi^en  the  wall  of  a  fortress  whirli  Mrs 
aslope,  and  the  parapet,  which  is  perpendicular;  serv- 
ing as  an  ornament,  and  used  only  in  fortifications 
of  stone-work.  Johnson.  Encyc. 

2.  In  military  language,  a  line  or  scries  of  military 
posts  ;  as,  a  cordon  of  troops. 

3.  Cordon  sanitaire ;  a  line  of  troops  or  military 
posts  on  the  borders  of  a  district  of  cminlry  infected 
with  disease,  to  cut  ofl'  cninimiiiicalion,  and  thus 
prevent  the  disease  from  spreading. 

eOR'IX)  VAN.  11.    Spanish  leather. 
eoR-DU-ROY',  71.    A  thick  cotlon  stuff,  corded  or 
ribbed. 

eOltD'VVAIN,  71.    [Sp.  con/uAnii ;  Port.  cnn/nMTn  ;  Fr. 
cordouan  ;  from  Cordova,  or  Cordoba,  in  Spain.] 
Spanish  leather;  goat-skin  thinned  and  dressed. 

Spenser.  Sp.  Diet. 
€ORD'VVJIi\-ER,  71.  [from  co7-(/wui;i.l  A  shoemaker. 
This  word  was  formerly  written  cordiners.  It  is  evi- 
dently from  file  French  cordouan,  cordouonnier ; 
properly,  a  worker  in  cordwain,  or  cordovan  leather. 
CoRI'I,  71.  \Vr.  cirur  ;  Norm,  core;  Sp.  corazon ;  Port. 
corafum;  It.  cuore ;  from  E.  cor,  the  heart,  Gr.  Kiai>. 
See  Cliuss  Gr.] 

1.  The  heart  or  inner  part  of  a  thing;  particularly 
the  central  part  of  fruit,  coiiininiiig  the  kernels  or 


FATE,  FAE,  PALL,  WH^T.t-METE,  PKfiV  PINE,  MABINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLK,  UQQK — 


C  ()  K 


COK 


seeils ;  as,  the  core  iif  ail  apple  or  quince.  It  was 
funnerly  applied  o  place  \  as,  in  the  core  of  a  sipiare. 

Ralegh. 

2.  The  inner  part  of  an  ulcer  or  boil.  Dnjden. 

3.  (n  arelutccture,  tile  interior  part  of  any  thing; 
as,  the  cure  of  a  colnnin  or  wall.  GiniU. 

■\.  A  body.  [Fr.  nir/i.*.]  [A'nt  used.]  Bacon. 
5.  A  disorder  of  sheep,  occasioned  by  worms  in 

the  liver.  Chamhrrs. 
eOU'^.'l),  (kord,)  n.    In  iJie  herring  fishery,  rolled  in 

salt,  and  pri'pared  for  ilrvinj;.  jf.</i. 
eO-llif.'tSK.N'T,  II.  A  ji>iiit  regent  or  niler.  JVraraU. 
eo-UK-LA'TION,  M.  Corresponding  n-lation.  A'i.W. 
et)RF,  K.    A  basket  for  carrying  co;ils  and  other  inin- 

enils  in  a  mine.  Gilbert. 
€()-RI-.\'CE()US,(ko-re-i'shus,)  a.  [ L. coriaccui, from 

coriuiiiy  leather.] 

1.  Consisting  of  leather,  or  resembling  leather  ; 
tough  ;  as,  coriaceotu  concretions.  .^rbuthnoU 

•2.  In  botany,  stiff,  like  leather  or  parchment ;  ap- 
litird  tv  a  Irttf,  a  calyx,  or  cap.sulc.  Martyn. 
eO-lU-.\N'I)Ell,  n.   [Ij.  coriandrum;  Gr.  kooioi',  kooi- 

a>...l.] 

The  po|iiilar  name  of  a  genus  of  plants  of  one  spe- 
cies. The  seeds  of  this  species  have  a  strong  smell, 
anil,  in  medicine,  :irc  considered  as  stoinacliic  and 
carminative. 

eo  UI.V'OO.N.    Sec  CoRi-NDUM. 

eOR'I.\TII,  11.    A  city  of  Greece.  Hence, 

2.  A  small  fruit,  now  called  Ci.'rr.oit  ;  which  see. 

Philips.  Broome. 

e(1-KI\Tin-Ae,  «.   Pertaining  to  Corinth.  V'.inrille. 

eO-RI.\TH'l-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Corinth,  a  celebra- 
ted city  of  Greece  ;  as,  Corinthian  column  ;  Corinthian 
order ;  Corintliiun  bniss.  The  Curintliian  order,  in 
architecture,  is  the  most  delicate  of  all  the  orders, 
and  enriched  with  a  profusion  of  ornaments.  The 
capiu-il  is  usually  adorned  with  olive  leaves  or  acan- 
thus. Encyc. 

ert-RI'V'.VL,  n.    [con  and  rival;  written  improperly 

CoRRITAL.] 

.•\  rival,  or  frllow-rival ;  a  competitor.  Shak. 
CO-RI'VAI,,  r.  t.    To  rival ;  to  pretend  to  equal.  Shak. 
eO-RI'VAL-RV,     )        I     ,  , 

eo-ui'VAL-sinp,  \  "■  •"<""'  '"■"^'y- 

CORK,  «.  [D.  kurk ;  G.  kork ;  Sw.  korcli ;  Dan.  korJc ; 
S[K  corchv  ;  Rnss.  korka  i  Ft.  ccorce;  L.  cortex,  bark, 
rind,  shell,  crust.] 

1.  A  glandiferous  tree,  a  species  of  Ouercns,  grow- 
ing in  Spain  and  Portugal,  having  a  thick,  rough, 

.  fungous,  cleft  bark. 

2.  The  oul<T  bark  of  the  tree,  or  epidermis,  of 
which  stopples  for  bottles  and  casks  are  made.  This 

■  outer  bark  is  taken  off,  and  a  new  cpidennis  is 
formed,  which,  in  six  or  seven  years,  becomes  fit 
for  use.    This  bark  is  also  burnt  to  make  a  kind  of 
light  black,  called  Spanish  black. 
:i.  A  stopple  for  a  botlk'  or  cask,  cut  out  of  cork. 

CORK,  c.  t.  To  stop  bottles  or  casks  with  corks  ;  to 
confine  or  make  fast  with  a  cork.    [See  also  Cilk.] 

€ORK'/;n,  (korkt,)  pp.    Stopped  with  a  cork. 

CORK'I.NG,  ppr.    Stopping  with  corks. 

t'Oi(K'l.\G-Pl.V,  n.    .\  pin  of  a  large  size.  Sicifi. 

etJRK'SCREW,  (-skrQ,)  (u  A  screw  to  draw  corks 
from  bottles.  y 

eORK'Y,  o.  Consisting  of  cork  ;  resembling  cork ;  dry 
and  tough  like  cork. 

Bind  fiut  his  eorty  arm*.  Shak. 

eOR'MO-RANT,  n.  [Fr.  cormoran  ;  Sp.  corvejon. 
Cormorant  is  sup|X)sed  to  be  cornipted  from  Cnrvits 
m/iriniuf,  se.a-raven.  'I'lie  Welsh  also  called  the  bird 
murcran,  sea-crow.] 

1.  .\  genus  of  sea-birds,  (Phalacro  corax,)  often 
called  the  sra~raren,  and  distinguished  for  its  voraci- 
ty. The  head  and  neck  are  black  ;  the  coverts  of 
tile  wings,  the  scapulars,  and  the  back,  are  of  a  deep 
green,  edged  with  black,  and  glossed  with  blue.  The 
base  of  the  lower  mandible  is  covered  with  a  naked, 
yellow  skin,  which  extends  under  the  chin,  and  forms 
a  sort  of  pouch.  This  bird  occupies  the  clilTs  by  the 
sea,  feeds  on  fish,  and  is  extremely  voracious.  Encyc 

2.  A  clutton. 

eOR'.MUS,  n.  [Gr.  >o/)^oi.]  In  botany,  the  generic 
name  of  a  stalk  or  stem  of  uny  plant. 

T).  C.  tntldeninri. 
2.  The  dilated  base  of  the  stems  of  monocotj  li  ihv 
nous  plants,  intervening  between  the  root  and  the 
first  buiU,  and  forming  the  reproductive  (Kirtion  of  1 
such  plants,  when  they  are  not  caulescent.  Lindlcy. 
eOR.N,  n.    [Sax.  com  .'  I),  kimrn;  G.  korn  :  Dan.  and  | 
Sw.  korn.    .Not  improbably  this  word  is  the  1*  jrra- 
iiBin.    ."^urli  imns|K>sitions  are  not  uncommon.  The 
word  signifi,"5  not  only  the  hard  seeds  of  certain 
plants,  but  hail  and  shot,  L.  urandn,  Ir.  frdii,  grain, 
hail,  shot   Johnson  quotes  an  old  Runic  rhyme  : 
"  llagid  er  kaldastnr  korna," 
Hail  is  the  coldest  corn.    Sec  Grai^.I 

1.  A  sinale  seed  of  ceruiii  plants,  as  wlieat,  rye, 
b.irlcy,  and  .naize  ;  a  grain.  In  this  sense  it  has  a 
plural :  as,  three  bariey  corns  make  an  inch.  It  is 
generally  applied  to  edible  seeds,  which,  when  ripe, 
are  hard. 

2.  The  »eed«  of  certain  plants  in  general,  in  bulk 


or  quantity  ;  as,  corn  is  dear  or  scarce.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  comprehends  all  the  kinds  of  grain  which 
constitutit  the  food  of  men  and  horses.  In  Great 
Britain,  corn  is  generally  applied  to  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
anil  barley.  In  the  United  Statr.i,  it  ha.s  thi'  same  gen- 
eral sense,  but  by  custom  it  is  np|iropriati'd  to  niai/.e. 
We  are  aecustmned  to  say,  the  crop  of  wli  at  is  good, 
but  the  corn  is  bad  i  it  is  a  good  j'ear  for  wheat  anil 
rjc,  but  bad  for  corn.  In  this  sense,  corn  has  no 
plural. 

3.  The  plants  which  priuliice  corn,  when  growing 
in  the  field  ;  the  .stalks  and  ears,  or  the  stalks,  ears, 
and  seeds,  after  reaping  and  before  thrashing.  We 
say,  a  field  of  corn,  a  sheaf  or  a  shock  of  rum,  a  load 
of  corn.  The  plants  or  stalks  are  im  luded  in  the 
term  corn,  until  the  seed  is  separated  from  the  ears. 

4.  In  surgery,  a  hard  excrescence,  or  induration  of 
the  skin,  on  the  toes  or  some  part  of  the  fei't,  occa- 
sioned by  the  pressure  of  the  shoes  ;  so  calL  d  from 
its  hardness  and  resemblance  to  a  corn. 

5.  A  small,  hard  panicle.    [^See  Grain.] 
CORN,  r.  L    To  preserve  and  scasim  with  salt  in 

grains  ;  to  sprinkle  with  salt ;  as,  to  corn  beef. 
2.  To  gnmulate  ;  to  form  into  small  grains. 
eOR.\'-H.\SK-ET,  «.    A  large  basket  for  carrying  the 

ears  of  maize. 
eOR.N'BI.M),  n.    Climbing  buckwheat.  [Local.] 

Grose. 

€OR.\''-IlL.\DE,  n.  The  leaf  of  the  maize.  Corn-blades 
are  collected  and  preserved  :us  fodder,  in  some  of  the 
Southern  Slates  of  .■\merica. 

ecJK.X'BRASH,  n.  A  coarse,  shelly  limestone,  form- 
ing a  soil  celebrated,  in  Wiltshire,  England,  for  the 
growth  of  corn.  Bmni/r.  .Mimltll. 

eOKN'-RREAD,  (  bred,)  71.  A  kind  o(  bread  or  bread- 
cake  made  of  the  meal  of  Indian  corn. 

eoRN'-CilAXD-I.ER,  71.  [Chandler,  a  dealer  in  can- 
dles, is  supposed  to  be  from  the  Fr.  chandelier  ;  but 
what  has  this  word  to  do  with  corn  and  ship,  in  eorn- 
ch/indler iim\  ship-chandler  ?  In  these  words,  chandler 
seems  to  be  a  corniptiim  of  the  Teutonic  handler,  a 
trader  ;  Sw.  kornhnndlarc,  a  corn-dealer ;  Dan.  handler ; 
G.  id.  s  D.  hundelaar.] 
A  dealer  in  corn. 

CORN'-CLAD,  a.    Covered  w  ith  growing  com. 

Bilrloio. 

eORN'-GRAKE,  71.  The  crake  or  land-rail ;  the  corn- 
crow  ;  for  kriika,  ill  Sw.,  and  krage  in  Dan.,  is  our 
word  croip,  and  the  name  is  probaltly  taken  Irom  its 
cry.  'I'he  Dutch  krnai,  a  crow,  is  contnicled  from 
kraag,  and  kraaijcn  is  to  crow,  to  vaunt,  to  tell  tales  ; 
G.  krdhe,  krdJien. 

eORN'-CUT-TER,  71.  [ci7r7i  and  cut.]  One  who  cuts 
corns  or  jndurati<ms  of  the  skin. 

eORN'FlKM),  71.    A  field  where  corn  is  growing. 

eUU.V-FLAG,  71.  The  |H>pular  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants,  the  Gladiolus,  of  several  species,  bearing  red 
or  white  fiowers. 

€OR.\'-Fl.oOR,  77.  A  floor  for  corn,  or  for  thrashing 
corn.    Is.  xxi.    Ifos.  ix. 

eOR.\'-FLO\V-ER,  71.  A  flower  or  plant  growing 
among  corn,  as  the  blue-bottle,  wild  poppy,  *ic. 

Baeoti. 

eORN'-IlKAP,  71.    A  heap  of  corn.  l/all. 

eORN'-I..\.Nl),  71.  Land  appropriated  or  suitable  to 
the  production  of  corn  or  grain. 

eOR.N'-LAWS,  71.  pi.  In  Great  Britain,  laws  prohib- 
iting the  iin|H>rtation  of  foreign  corn  or  grain  for  home 
consumption,  except  whi  n  the  price  rises  beyond  a 
certain  rate.    Repealed  in  18-li>.  JPCnlloeh. 

eOR.N'-LOFT,  71.   An  apartment  for  com  ;  a  granary. 

Shcru:uod. 

eOR.\'-MAR'Y-GoLD,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  ge- 
nus of  plants,  the  Clir^'santheinuiii. 

eOR.\'-.MXS-TER,  n.  One  who  cultivates  com  for 
sale.    [.\'ot  used.]  Bacon, 

eoR.\'.Ml";-TER,  11.    One  who  measures  com. 

eoR.N'-MI  LL,  II.  ,\  mill  for  grinding  corn,  more  gen- 
erally called  a  grist-inilL 

eoK.N'-PARS-LEY,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of  plants,  the  Sison. 

€OR.\'-PIPE,  71.  .\  pipe  made  by  slitting  the  joint  of 
a  green  stalk  of  corn.  Johnson. 

eoR.N'-ROCK-ET,  n.  The  pojiular  name  of  a  genus 
t)f  plants^  the  Biinias. 

eoR.N'-RoSE,  11,    A  species  of  poppv,  or  Papaver. 

eoRN'-SAI^AD,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Valeriana, 
wbost;  top  leaves  are  said  to  be  a  good  salad. 

eoR.N'STALK,  r-stawk,)  ».  A  sUilk  of  corn,  [lartic- 
uliirly  a  stalk  of  the  maize.  .America. 

eOR.V- VI  O  LET,  11.  A  species  of  CampaiiuUu  Tate. 

rORN'-W.XI.N',  11.    A  wagon  that  carries  corn. 

COK.\'.\GE,  II.    [from  Fr.  eorne,  L.  cornu,  a  horn.] 
An  ancient  tenure  of  lands,  which  obliged  the  ten- 
ant to  give  notice  of  an  invasion  by  blowing  a  horn. 

€OR.N"E-A,  11.  [from  L.  cornit,  a  horn.]  [Blackstone. 
The  strong,  homy,  transparent  membrane  in  the 
fore  part  of  the  eye,  through  which  the  rays  of  light 
pass  ;  situated  in  the  sclerotica,  and  considered  by 
some  as  a  portion  of  it. 

eOR.N'i'.'n,  (koriid,)  pp.  or  a.  Sprinkled  with  salt ; 
cured  by  salting  ;  as,  carnal  beef. 

2.  Drunk.    [Aoir.]  Grose. 


COll'N'EL,  )  71.    [  L.  rernii-v,  from  ciiiiiu.  a 

eoR'.VEl^TREE,         >     horn,  or  its  riMit,  from  toe 
eoR-Nr:L'!A.\-TREE,  >     hardness  of  the  Wood  ;  8p. 
corno  :  \t.  coroioto  :  Ft,  cornoniller.] 

7'lie  cornelian  cherry  or  dogwniNl,  the  popular  name 
of  a  spi'cies  of  Coriius.    The  CorniLs  maseula,  or  cor- 
nelian cherry-tree,  hius  a  stein  of  twenty  feet  high, 
branching  and  forming  a  large  head,  garnished  with 
oblong  leaves  and  small  unibi  ls  lif  yellowish-green 
flowers,  succeeded  by  small,  red,  acid,  eatable,  cher- 
ry-like fruit.  EncyC 
eo'R..\r:L'IAN.    Sec  Carmeliaw. 
C<)It\l",'.Mf'#E,   j  71.    [Fr.  cornemu.fe  ;  corne,  a  horn, 
eOR.V'A  Mf'TE,  (     andiniue,'  It.  curiiaiiiu.<a.] 

.\  lia::pipe.  Drayton, 
COR.VE Ol'S,  o.    [h,  eornrus,  from  cornu,  a  horn. 
See  IluRN.J 

Horny  ;  like  horn  ;  consisting  of  a  homy  substance, 
or  substance  resembling  horn  ;  hard.  Bruten, 
COR'XER,  71.  [W.  cornel,  from  corn,  a  point  or  pro- 
jection, a  horn  ;  Corn,  komal ;  Arm.  cwrii ;  Ir.  ceama ; 
Sw.  liiirn.  (."^l  e  Horn  and  Gkain.)  Uu.  Ileb.  Ch. 
Syr.  and  Ar.  pp  karan,  to  shoot.] 

1.  The  point  where  two  converging  lines  meet; 
properly,  the  external  point;  an  angle;  as,  we  met 
at  the  corner  of  the  state  house,  or  at  the  c&mer  of 
two  streets. 

2.  The  interior  point  where  two  lines  meet ;  an 
anL'le. 

3.  The  space  between  two  converging  lines  or 
walls  which  meet  ill  a  point.  Hence, 

4.  -Vii  inclosed  place;  a  secret  or  retired  place. 
Tills  tiling  w.ui  hot  ilonc  In  a  corner.  —  AcUj  ixTi. 

5.  Ind^finitehi,  any  part;  a  part.  They  searched 
every  cenier  of  the  forest  ;  they  explored  oil  corners 
of  the  country. 

fi.  The  end,  extremity,  or  limit;  OS,  the  eomtrs  of 
the  head  or  beard.    Lev.  xix. 

Corner  teetli  of  a  horse ;  the  fore  teeth  between  tlie 
niiiliUing  teetli  and  the  tushes,  two  above  and  two 
below,  on  each  side  of  the  jaw,  which  shoot  when 
the  horse  is  four  years  and  a  half  old.  Farrier's  Diet. 

eOR'.\ER-f;i),  (kor'iierd,)  a.  Having  corners;  hav- 
ing three  or  more  angles. 

eoU'.VEll-eAP,  II.  The  chief  embellishment  or  or- 
nament. Shak. 

eOR'.VER-STo.NE,  71.  The  stone  which  lies  at  the 
corner  of  two  walls,  and  unites  them  ;  the  principal 
stone,  and  especially  the  stone  which  forms  the  cor- 
ner of  the  foundation  of  an  edifice. 

VVIio  liijit  the  roi'ner-ttone  (li'*n?of  ?  —  Job  xzxviii. 
Christ  liiinsclf  being  the  cliiel  comtT'ttone.  —  Kpb.  ii. 

€OR'NER-TEETH,  71.  The  four  teeth  of  a  horse,  be- 
tween the  middle  teeth  and  the  tushes. 

eOR'.N'ER-VVISE,  oi/i'.  Diagonally;  with  the  corner 
in  front ;  not  parallel. 

€ORX'ET,  71.  [Fr.  cornet,  eornetie ;  It.  eornelta,  cor^ 
netto  I  Sp.  corneta,  from  L.  ciirnw,  a  horn.   See  IIuRx.] 

1.  .An  instrument  of  music,  in  the  nature  of  a 
trumpet,  soiiiidid  by  blowing  with  the  mouth.  It 
was  of  a  winding  shape,  like  d  horn ;  used  in  armies, 
and  on  occ;isions  of  joy. 

David  pl.iycil  Itctijn:  llie  Lonl  on  cometM.  —  2  Sajn.  tU 

2.  In  modem  usage,  an  officer  of  cavair)',  who  bears 
the  ensign  or  colors  of  a  troop.  He  is  the  third  oflicer 
in  the  company.  Encyc 

3.  .\  company  of  cavalry  ;  a  troop  of  horse.  '{jVot 
used.]  Clarendon,  Bacon. 

4.  The  cornet  of  a  horse,  [coronet,]  is  the  lowest  part 
of  his  pastern,  that  mns  round  the  cotlin,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  hair  that  joins  and  covers  the  unoer 
part  of  the  hoof.  Farrier's  Di&t 

5.  A  little  cap  of  paper  in  which  retailers  inclose 
small  wares. 

6.  .\  scarf  anciently  worn  by  doctors.  Diet. 

7.  A  luad-dress.  DicL 
COR'^TET-Ji-PIS'TOKS,   [Fr.]   A  brass,  wind,  mu- 
sical instrument,  like  the  Frencli  horn,  but  capable  of 
niii«li  greater  inflection,  from  the  valves  and  pistons 
with  which  it  is  furnished.  Brande. 

eoR.\'ET-CY,  It.     The  commission  or  rank  of  a 

cornet.  Chesterjield.  Stephens. 

eOR.V'ET-ER,  71.    One  who  blows  a  cornet.  IlakntiU, 
eoR'NICE,  11.    [It.  cornice ;  Fr.  ciyrnichc  ;  Sp.  c<>nii<a  ; 
from  L.  eoronis,  Gr.  icii/xjm;,  ko^iuh  i),  a  siiminit,  a 
cniini.] 

1.  In  arehitretiire,  the  iipjicr  grand  division  of  .  v; 
entablature  of  a  column,  or  the  highest  projectiire  . 
that  which  crow'ns  an  order.  Brandt. 

2.  .\  little  projecture  in  joiner)' or  masonry  ;  as,  the 
cornice  of  a  chimney.  Eneyc. 

Cornice-ring  of  a  cannon,  is  the  ring  next  from  the 
inuzzb -ring  backward.  Eueye. 
eoR.N'l-CLE,  n.    [L.  cimiicuium,  from  cornu,  a  horn.] 

.\  little  horn.  Brown 
eOK-MC'U-LATE,  o.    [from  U  turnu,  a  horn.1 

1.  Horned  ;  having  horns.  More. 

9.  In  botany,  producing  homed  pods  ;  bearing  a 
little  spur  or  horn.  Chambers, 
eOR.N-IF'ie,  a.    PriHiiiring  horns. 
eoR.N'I-FOR.M,  o.    Having  the  shape  of  n  horn. 


TO.NE,  BULL,  IT.MTE.  —  .\N"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  .«  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SII  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


-i67 


COR 

(jOR-iN'IO'EIl-OL^S,  a.  [L.  eonii^er ;  cornn,  a  licni, 
uimI  "rero,  to  bear.] 

Hiirned  ;  having  horns  ;  as,  cormVrroiis  animals. 

CORN'LN'G,  p/jr.    pprinliling  wilh  salt.  [Brown. 

eORN'IiNG-lIOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  pl.ice  where  pow- 
der is  granulated. 

eoRN'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  Cornwall,  in  England  ; 
and,  as  a  uuun,  the  language  of  Cornwall. 

CORN' 1ST,  n.    A  performer  on  the  cornet  or  horn. 

eORN'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  corn  ;  as,  comless  dwell- 
ing-places. Tooke's  RiLs.sia. 

eoR.N'-SXAKE,  71.  The  Coluber  guttatus  of  the 
Southern  United  States. 

COJi'JVU-^M-jMO'JVIS,  n.  [L.]  A  fossil  shell,  like 
a  ram's  horn  ;  an  ammonite. 

eoR-NU-eo'PI-A,  71. ;  CoRNUcopi.t.  [L.  co7-nu,  a 
Iiorii,  and  copia,  plenty.] 

1.  The  horn  of  plenty,  an  emblem  of  abundance 
of  fruits. 

2.  In  architect.itre  and  smlpturey  tlie  figure  of  a  horn, 
fruui  which  fniits  and  flowers  are  represented  as 
proceeding. 

eoR-NuTE',  V.  t.  [L.  cornutus,  from  coi-nu,  a  horn.] 
To  bestow  horns  ;  to  cuckold.  Burtun. 

eOR-NOT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Grafted  with  horns  ;  horned  ; 
•2.  In  botany^  horn-shaped,  [cuckolded. 

eoR-Nu'TO,  71.  [It.]  A  man  that  wears  the  horns  ; 
a  cuckold. 

eoR-.N  u'TOR,  71.    .\  cuckold-maker.  Jordan. 

eollN'Y,  a.    [L.  contu,  a  liorn.l 

Horny  ;  strong,  stiff,  or  hard,  like  a  horn  ;  resem- 
bling horn.  JiliUon. 

GORN'Y,  a.  [from  corn.]  Producing  corn  ;  contain- 
ing corn.  Prior.  Drtjdtn. 

G(->R'0-DV,    \  71.    [It.  corredOf  provision  ;  corrcdare, 

eoR'RO-DY,  i     to  furnish.] 

An  allowance  of  meat,  drink,  or  clothing,  due  to 
the  king  from  an  abbey,  or  other  religious  house,  for 
the  sustenance  of  such  one  of  his  servants  as  he 
ihinUs  good  to  bestow  on  it.  An  allowance  fur  the 
iniiintrnanco  of  any  of  the  king's  servants  living  in 
an  abbey.  Cowcl. 

Curndie.i  are  a  right  of  sustenance,  or  to  receive 
certain  allotments  of  victuals  and  provision  for  one's 
maintenance  ;  in  lieu  of  which,  a  pension  or  sum  of 
money  is  sometimes  substituted.  Blacksttnie. 

The  king  is  entitled  to  a  corody  out  of  every  bish- 
opric ;  that  is,  to  send  one  of  his  chaplains  to  be 
maintained  by  the  bishop,  or  to  have  a  pension 
allowed  till  the  bishop  promotes  him  to  a  benefice. 
\_This  Juvt  fallen  into  disti^e.]  BlncU.^tonc. 

.According  to  the  Italian,  the  latter  word  is  the  cor- 
rect orthography. 

f  o'ltljl 'l  \  I  "  crown.] 

In  biitany,  the  inner  covering  of  a  flower.  The 
corol  surrounds  the  parts  of  fructification,  and  is 
composed  of  one  or  more  flower  leaves,  called  prtuh. 
It  is  distinguished  from  the  perianth  by  the  fineness 
of  it.-!  texture  and  the  gayness  of  its  colors  ;  but 
there  are  many  exceptions.  It  is  sometimes  inaccu- 
rately called  Zi/o.M«;/!  and/»!Cfr. 

Martyn.    Kncyc.  Darwin. 

eOR-OL-LA'CEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  corol;  in- 
closing and  protecting  like  a  wreath. 


A  corollnceous  covi 


Lee. 


€OR'OL-L.\-RY,  n.  [E.  corotlarium,  a  coronet,  from 
corolla,  a  crown.  Finis  coronal  optLs.  Johnson.  Fr, 
corollaire.] 

1,  An  inference  from  a  preceding  proposition. 

J.  Day. 

9.  A  consequent  truth  which  follows  immediately 
from  some  preceding  truth  or  demonstration.  Barlow. 
^  3.  A  surplus ;  [because  the  word  originally  de- 
noted a  gratuity  to  a  person  beyond  his  due.]  iikak. 
€1  )R'OI,-I,aTE,     (a.    Like  a  corolla;  having  co- 
fJOR'OI.-I.A-Tlil),  j  rollas. 

COR'OL-EET,  )  71.  One  of  the  partial  flowerswhich 
eoR'OL-I.lJLE,  i     make  a  com))ound  one;  the  floret 

in  an  aggregate  flower.  Martyn.  ICncyc, 

eO-Ro'NA,  71.  [L.,  a  crown.]  In  architr'rtnrr,  a  large, 
flat  member  of  a  cornice,  usually  of  considerable 
projection,  to  carry  oH"  the  rain  that  falls  on  it,  and 
calli  d  by  workmen  the  drip.  Owitt. 

2.  In  anatomy y  the  ujtpcr  surface  of  the  molar  teeth 
or  grinders. 

:t.  In  tmiany,  the  circumference  or  margin  of  a  ra- 
diated compound  flower.  Enr.yc. 

An  npp<^nrlage  of  the  corol  or  petals  of  a  flower, 
proceeding  from  the  base  of  the  limb.  Lindlcij. 

Alfo,  the  apprriilage  to  the  to|)  of  seeds,  which 
enables  them  In  disperse.  Mirtijn. 

4.  In  optici,  a  halo  or  luminous  circle  around  the 
«un,  moon,  or  st.-irs.  Encyc. 
COR'O-.N'AI.,  a.    lielonging  to  the  crown  or  top  of  the 

head  ;  a**,  tlle  coronal  suture. 
COR'<J-NAI.,  71.   A  crown  ^  wreath  1  garland,  .'fpenser. 

2.  The  first  suture  ol'  the  skull.  F.ncyc, 
eOR'O-N.A-llY,  u.    Ri'lating  to  a  crown  ;  seated  on 
the  top  of  the  liead,  or  pl.iced  as  a  crown.  Brown. 

Coronary  vaneii.  and  lij^anirnu,  in  anatomy,  art! 
thooe  which  spread  round  certain  viscera,  bones,  6lc. 

BraiuU. 


COR 

Coronary  arteries  ;  two  arteries  which  spring  from 
the  aorta,  before  it  leaves  the  pericardium,  and  sup- 
ply tlie  substance  of  the  heart  with  blood,  Encyc. 

Coronary  vein  ;  a  vein  difl'used  over  the  exterior 
surface  of  the  heart,  receiving  the  blood  from  the 
heart,  Cexc,  Encyc. 

Stomachic  coronary ;  a  vein  inserted  into  the  trunk 
of  the  splenic  vein,  which,  by  uniting  with  the  mes- 
enteric, forms  tile  vena  i>orta,  Encyc. 
eOR'O-N  A-TEl),  a.    In  cnncltoloiry,  crowned,  or  girt 
toward  the  apex  with  a  single  row  of  eminences, 

//«77i6;e, 

eOR-0-NA'TIOi\,  71,    [from  L,  corona,  a  crown,] 

1,  The  act  or  solemnity  of  crowning  a  sovereign  ; 
the  act  of  investing  a  prince  with  the  insignia  of  roy- 
alty, on  his  succeeding  to  the  sovereignty, 

2,  The  pomp  or  assembly  attending  a  coronation, 

Ptrpc. 

Coronation-oath  ;  the  oath  taken  by  a  monarch  at 
his  coron;ition, 
eOR'O-.N'EL,  (kur'nel,)  71,   [Sp,  coronet;  Port,  id. :  Fr, 
colonel;  It,  colonello.  We  follow  the  Spanish  and  Por- 
tuguese orthography  in  our  pronunciation,] 
The  ofiicer  who  connnands  a  regiment,  [  OZ»s.] 

Spenser. 

eOR'O-NER,  71,    [Law  L,  coronator,  from  corona,  a 
crown,] 

In  Entrland,  an  officer  whose  office  is  concerned 
principally  with  i)leas  of  the  crown.  One  chief  jiart 
of  his  duty  is,  when  a  person  dies,  or  is  supposed  to 
die,  a  violent  death,  to  in<piire  into  the  manner  of  his 
death.  This  must  be  done  by  a  jury,  cm  sight  of  the 
body,  and  at  the  place  where  the  death  happened. 
In  England,  the  coroner  is  to  inipiire,  also,  concern- 
ing shipwrecks,  and  certify  whether  wrecks  or  not, 
and  who  is  in  possession  of  the  goods ;  also,  con- 
cerning treasure-trove.  As  a  ministerial  officer,  the 
coroner  is  the  sherilf's  substitute  ;  and  when  an  ex- 
ception can  be  taken  to  the  sheriff",  for  suspicion  of 
partiality,  process  is  awarded  to  the  coroner. 

Blaclcslone. 

In  some  of  the  States  in  America  there  is  a  coroner, 
but  his  [)rincipal  or  iinly  duty  is  to  inquire  into  the 
causes  of  violent  death,  !u  Connecticut  there  is  no 
such  officer,  tlie  duty  being  performed  by  a  constable, 
or  justice  of  the  peace, 
eOR'O-NET,  71,    [from  L,  corona,  a  crown,] 

1.  An  inferior  crown  worn  by  noblemen.  The  cor- 
onet of  a  duke  is  adorned  with  strawberry  li'aves ; 
that  of  a  marquis  has  leaves  with  pearls  interposed  ; 
that  of  an  earl  raises  the  pearls  above  the  leaves ; 
that  of  a  viscount  is  surrounded  with  pearls  only  ; 
that  of  a  baron  iias  only  four  pearls.  Johnson. 

2.  In  poetical  language,  an  ornamental  head-dress. 
Coronet  of  a  horse.    See  Cuhnet. 

eOR'O-NET-Ei),  a.    Wearing,  or  entitled  to  wear,  a 
coronet. 

€0-RON'I-FORM,  0.   [L,  corona,  a  crown,  and/urma, 
form,] 

Having  the  form  of  a  crown. 
eOR'O-NOIU,  a.    [Gr.  Kopui/Ji,  a  crow,  and  titSoj, 
form.] 

Noting  the  upper  and  anterior  process  of  the  end 
of  the  lower  jaw,  called  the  coronoid  process.  Coze. 
eOR'O-NULE,  71.    [from  L.  corona,  a  crown.] 

A  coronet  or  little  crown  of  a  seed  ;  the  downy  tuft 
on  seeds.  Jilartiin. 
eoR'PO-RAL,  71.  [It.  caporale;  Fr.  caporal;  Sji.  ca- 
poral;  from  L.  caput,  head,  or  more  diri'ctly  from  the 
Celtic  root  of  capnt,  Sp.  cabo.  It.  capo.  Eng.  cape.  Our 
orthography  is  a  corruption.] 
.  1,  'I'he  lowest  officer  of  a  comp,iny  of  infantry, 
next  below  a  Serjeant,  He  has  charge  over  one  of 
the  divisions,  places  and  relieves  sentinels,  &c. 

2,  Tlie  corporal  of  a  ship  of  war,  is  an  officer  under 
the  master  at  arms,  employed  to  teach  the  sailors  the 
use  of  small  arms ;  to  attend  at  the  gangways  on  en 
tiering  ports,  and  see  that  no  spirituous  liquors  are 
brought,  except  by  permission  ;  to  extinguish  fire  and 
candles,  &c. 

COR'PO  RAL,  a.    [L.  corporalis,  from  corpus,  body.] 

1.  lielonging  or  relating  to  the  body  ;  as,  corporal 
pain,  opposed  to  oientol. 

2.  Material  ;  not  spiritual.    [See  Corpohe.il.] 

Shak. 

COR'PO-RAL,     )  71.  A  fine  linen  cloth,  used  to  cover 
COR-PO-Ra'LR,  (     the  sacred  elements  in  the  eu 
charist,  or  in  which  the  sacrament  is  put. 

'  I'aletj.  Chalmers. 

Corporal  oath;  a  solemn  oath,  so  called  from  the 
ancient  usage  of  touching  the  eorporale,  or  cloth  that 
covered  the  consecrated  elements.  Valry. 
COR  ro  RAL'I-TY,  71.    The  slate  of  being  a  body  or 
em.rudied  ;  opposed  to  spirituality. 


If  Itilt  tight  liiiUi  any  corporalily,  It  i 


lUl'tlc  ftinl  niirc. 

flaleeh- 

eOR'PO  RAL  LY,  adr.   llodily  ;  in  or  with  the  body  ; 

as,  to  be  roriiorath)  present, 
eoll'I'O  RAI,  SIIII",  n.   [fnun  corporal.]  A  corporal's 

fiftice  or  command.    In  the  ranks,  a  cf)rpt>ral  dot:s 

the  tluty  of  a  private,  but  his  pay  is  greater, 
COR'PO-RAS,  71,    The  old  name  of  the  corporal  or 

communion-cloth. 


COR 

GOR'PO-RATE,  a.  [L.  corporatas,  from  corporor,  lo 
be  shai^ed  intt)  a  body,  from  coquis,  body.] 

1.  United  in  a  body,  or  community,  as  a  number 
of  individuals,  who  are  empowered  to  transact  busi- 
ness as  an  individual ;  formed  into  a  body  ;  as,  a  cor- 
porate assembly,  or  society  ;  a  corporate  town.  Swift. 

2.  United  ;  general ;  collectively  one. 

They  answer  in  a  cor^torate  Toice.  Shak. 

€OR'PO-R.\TE-LY,  adv.  'In  a  corporate  capacity. 

eOR'PO-RATE-!VESS,  7t.  The  state  of  a  corporate 
body.  Diet. 

COR-PO-Ra'TION,  71.  A  body  politic  or  corporate, 
formed  and  authorized  by  law  to  act  as  a  single  per- 
son ;  a  society  having  the  capacity  of  transacting 
business  as  an  individual.  Corporations  are  ajrirrc- 
gate  sole.  Corporations  aggregate  consist  01  two 
or  more  persons  united  in  a  society,  whicli  is  pre- 
servetl  by  a  succession  tif  members,  either  forever, 
or  till  the  corporation  is  dis.solved  by  the  power  that 
formed  it,  by  the  death  of  all  its  members,  by  surnui- 
tler  of  its  charter  or  franchises,  or  by  forfeiture.  Such 
corporations  are  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  cities, 
the  head  and  fellows  of  a  college,  the  dean  and  cha|)- 
ter  of  a  cathedral  church,  the  stockholders  of  a  bank 
or  insurance  company,  Acc.  \  corporation  sole  con- 
sists of  one  person  only  and  his  successors,  as  a  king 
or  a  bishop.  Blackstonc. 

COR'PO-Ra-TOR,  71.    The  member  of  a  corporation. 

Ser-rcant. 

eOR'PO-RA-TlTRE,  71.  The  state  of  being  embodied. 
[JV/'t  ill  use.]  More. 

€OR-Po'RE-AL,    )  0.    Having  a  body  ;  consisting  of 

eOR-PO'RE-OUS,  (  a  ni.aterial  body  ;  inateriid  ;  op- 
posed to  spiritual  or  immaterial  ;  as,  our  corporeal 
iVamej  corporeal  substance. 

eOR-Po'RE-AL-IST,  71.  One  who  denies  the  exist- 
ence t)f  s[)iritual  substances. 

eOR-PO-RE-AL'I-TY,  71.  The  state  of  being  corpo- 
real. 

eOR-Po'RE-AL-LY,  adv.  In  body  ;  in  a  bodily  form 
or  manner.  Richardson. 

eOR-PO-Ric'I-TY,  77.  The  state  of  having  a  body,  or 
of  being  embodied  ;  materiality. 

Tlie  one  atlrilnilej  corporeily  to  God.  SlUlin^ett. 

eOR-POR-r-FI-CA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  giving  body 
or  palp:ibilit\'. 

eOR-POR'I-EY,  V.  t.  To  embody  ;  to  form  into  a  body. 

[.Vet  used.]  But/le. 
COR'PO-SAiN'T,  71.    [Sp.  currpo  sanio,  holy  boily.'] 

A  name  given  by  seamen  to  a  luminous  appearance 
often  beheld,  in  dark,  tempestuous  nights,  about  the 
decks  and  rigging  of  a  ship,  but  particnltirly  at  the 
mast-heads  and  yard-arms,  supposed  to  be  electrical. 

Mor.  Diet. 

Corps,  (kOre  ;  pi.  korz,)  71.  sing,  and  pi.  [Fr.,  from 
L.  corpus,  body.  Being  pronounced  kore,  it  is  tin 
ill  word  in  English.] 

1.  In  mUttary  language,  a  body  of  troops  ;  any  di- 
vision of  an  army  ;  as,  a  corps  de  reterce. 

2.  A  body,  in  contempt,  ;is  used  by  Milton  and 
Dryden,  but  probably  pronounced  in  the  English 
manner,  as  corpse. 

3.  A  carcass  ;  a  dead  body.  [See  Corpse.]  Shak. 

4.  In  architecture,  any  part  that  iirojects  beyond  a 
wall,  serving  as  the  ground  of  some  decoration. 

Gwilt. 

CORPS  DrP-r.O-MA-TrQUE',  (kSre  di|)-lo-m.i-teek',) 
[Fr.]  The  body  of  ministers  or  diplomatic  charac- 
ters. 

CORPSE,  (korps,)  71-  [L.  corpus,  a  body  ;  Ir.  corp  ;  W. 
core;  Arm.  cf77^;  It.  cor/io  ;  Sp.  enerpo.] 

I'he  deal!  body  of  a  human  being.  .Addison. 
eOR'I'U-LENCE,   (71.   [L.  ceTjiniciitia,  from  ror;)!!,*,  a 
C0R'PU-LE.\-1;Y,  i  body.] 

1.  Flesliint^ss  ;  excessive  fatness  ;  a  state  of  being 
loaded  with  flt^sh,  as  the  body  of  a  human  being. 

Jlrbnthnot. 

2.  Rpissitude  ;  grossness  of  matter  ;  as,  corpulence 
of  water.    [hitUc  imed.]  Ray. 

eOR'PU-LEIVT,  a.  Fleshy  ;  having  a  great  or  exces- 
sive quantity  of  ftit  or  flesh,  in  proportion  to  the  frame 
of  the  body  ;  as,  a  corpulent  child. 

COR'PU-LENT-LY,  adv.    In  a  corpulent  manner. 

COR' PUS  CHRIS' Ti,  (body  of  Christ.)  Alestivid 
of  the  church  of  Rome,  kept  on  the  next  Thursday 
after  Trinity-Sunday,  in  honor  of  tile  eucharist. 

Encyc. 

COR'PUS  JCRIS  CJI  J^OJ^I-Cl,    [L.]    The  body 

or  code  of  canon  law. 
COR'PUS  JO'RIS  CI-VFUS,    [L.]     lloily  of  civil 

law. 

eoR'PUS  CLE,  (kor'ptis-sl,)  71.  [L.  eorpusculum,  dim. 
of  corpus,  b(nl>'.] 

A  niiiiuli!  particle,  or  physical  atom  ;  ciiriiu.iclrs  are 
the  very  small  bodies  which  conijiose  large  bodices, 
not  the  elementary  principles  of  matter,  but  such 
small  particles,  simple  or  compound,  as  are  not  dis- 
solveil  tir  (lissip;ited  b}'  ordinaiy  heat. 

ll  will  imM  ithicIi  In  iiiir  Biiliftl.iction,  if  UioM  corpuielel  cmi  l« 
ilitici)Vfrcil  liy  inicruiici»j)ri.  I^cwton. 

eOR-PnS'CtJ-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  corpuscles,  01 
Binall  particl(!S,  supposed  to  be  the  constituent  mate 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH.»T.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


268 


COR 


COK 


COR 


rials  of  ull  liirge  bodies.  The  corpuscular  pliilosupliy 
:Uti'iii|)ls  to  arcoiiiil  fur  the  plii'iioiiieiiii  of  nature,  by 
tlic  inutioii,  figure,  rest,  position,  &.C.,  uf  the  minute 
particles  (jf  matter.  Kitctjc. 

COR-lH'«-CU-L.A'lU-AN,  a.    Corpuscular,  as  above. 

COK  rUS-t'U-L.\'UI-AN,  n.  An  advocate  lor  the  cor- 
pnscii/ar  philo.'fopliv. 

COIM'US'CUI.K.    See  CoRPrscLE. 

C()IM(Al)K',  1).  t.    To  rub  oti". 

CdH  KAll'KD,  pp.    Rubbed  off. 

COK  KAD'ING,  ppr.    Uulibing  off. 

eOK-K.\-l)l-.\''noN,  n.  [L.  con  and  radialio.  See 
Kav.] 

A  conjunction  of  rays  in  one<polnt.  Bacon. 

GOR-KKCT',  «.  corrcctus^UtMn  cnrritro ;  con  and 
rcn-n,  to  set  riclit ;  rectus,  right, straight.  See  Kioht.] 
Literullij,  set  right,  or  made  straight,  llencc,  right ; 
conformable  to  truth,  rectitude,  or  propriety,  or  con- 
formable to  a  just  slaiulard  ;  not  faulty;  free  from  error. 
A  correct  edition  of  a  book  is  exactly  according  to  the 
original  copy.  Correct  manners  correspond  with  the 
rules  of  morality  and  received  notions  of  ilecorum. 
Ct  r'cet  principles  coincide  with  the  truth.  Correct 
language  is  agreeable  to  established  usage. 

COK-KECT',  V.  t.  [L.  correctus,  corrigo ;  con  and 
rc^o.    Sec  Right.] 

1.  To  make  right ;  to  rectify  ;  to  bring  to  the 
standard  of  truth,  justice,  or  propriety;  as,  to  correct 
manners  or  principles.  Hence, 

a.  'J'o  amend  ;  to  remove  or  retrench  faults  or  er- 
rors ;  to  set  right  ;  as,  to  correct  a  book  ;  to  correct  a 
copy  I'or  the  press ;  or  in  printing,  to  correct  the 
prt!ss,  or  errtirs  of  the  press. 

3.  To  bring  back  or  attein|it  to  bring  hack  to  pri>- 
priety  in  monils  ;  to  punish  for  faults  or  deviations 
from  moral  rectitude  ;  to  chastise  ;  to  discipline  ;  as, 
a  child  should  be  corrected  for  lying. 

Correct  (hy  son,  nnd  he  bIkxII  jivc  llieo  TviA, —  Prov.  xxix. 

t.  To  obviate  or  remove  whatever  is  wrong  or  in- 
co'iveiiieiit  ;  to  rt^diico  or  change  the  (pialities  of  any 
thing  by  mixture,  or  other  application  ;  to  counteract 
whatever  is  injurious  ;  as,  to  correct  the  acidity  of 
the  stoin.ach  by  alkaline  preparations  ;  to  correct  the 
I       rebxing  (jiiality  of  water  by  boiling  it  with  animal 

substances.  Jjrbuthnot. 
I    COR  RKCT'KD,  pp.  or  a.    Set  right;  freed  from  er- 
rors ;  amended  ;  punished. 
eoR  RKCT'liNCJ,  ppr.    liringing  to  the  standard  of 

tnilli,  justice,  or  propriety  ;  amending  ;  chastising. 
eoK-KKC'TIO.N',  n.    [L.  corrcctio.] 
I  1.  The  act  of  correcting  ;  the  act  of  bringing  back, 

from  error  or  deviati<in,  to  a  just  standard,  as  to 
truth,  rectitude,  justice,  or  propriety  ;  as,  the  correc- 
tion of  opinions  or  manners. 

.All  Scripuire  is  prDfiliilde  for  correction.  — 2  Tim.  iii. 

2.  Retrenchment  or  emendation  of  faults  or  errors  ; 
amendment ;  as,  the  correction  of  a  book,  or  of  the 

:  press. 

\         3.  That  which  is  substituted  in  the  place  of  what 
;       is  wrong ;  as,  the  corrections  of  a  copy  are  numer- 
ous ;  set  the  corrections  in  the  margin  of  a  proof- 
j  sheet. 

'  4.  That  which  is  intended  to  rectify,  or  to  cure 
I       faults;  punishment  J  discipline  ;  chastisement;  that 

which  corrects. 
^  Wilhliolil  iiol  correction  from  the  child.  —  I*ri>T.  xxiii. 

]  5.  In  .vrri/jfj/rrt/ ^mo-Krtifc,  whatever  tendsto  correct 

the  moral  conduct,  and  bring  back  from  error  or  sin, 

as  alllictions. 

They  luive  n-fiL-trd  lo  receive  correction.  —  Jer.  T. 
My  »on,  itraj>i»i<  nol  tha  diiivleiiiiig  of  the  LjonI,  nor  be  weaiy 
of  liu  correctiofi.  —  Pn»v.  iii. 

G.  Critical  imtiec ;  nnimadverston.  Brozon, 
7.  .\batenient  of  noxious  (pnilities  ;  the  counterac- 
tion of  what  is  inconvenient  or  hurtful  in  its  effects; 
as,  the  correction  of  acidity  ill  the  stomach. 

House  of  correction  :  a  house  where  disorderly  per- 
sons are  conrined  ;  a  bridewell. 
€0R-REC'T10N-.\L,  a.    Tending  to  or  intended  for 

correction.  IVaUh. 
eOR-REC'TION-ER,  ii.    One  that  has  been  in  the 

house  of  correction.    [JsTol  imt*/.]  Shak. 
eOR.RECT'IVE,  a.    llaving  the  power  to  correct; 
having  the  quality  of  removing  or  obviating  what  is 
wrong  or  injurious  ;  tending  to  rectify  ;  as,  corrective 
penalties. 

I  Mollriri  -*  an*  prctomi,  corrccljM  of  hilioilB  .ilknli.  Arbuthnol. 

COR-RKCT'IVE,  n.  That  which  has  the  power  of 
correiting  ;  that  which  has  the  cpiality  of  altering  or 
obviating  what  is  wrong  or  injurious;  as,  alkalies 
are  corrrcdrM  of  acids  ;  penalties  are  corrcctioes  of 
iininomi  c*>nduct, 
y.  I.iiiiit.-ition  ;  restriction.    [Liulc  luieil.]  Hale. 

COR-RECT'I.V,  nilt).  In  a  correct  manner  ;  in  con- 
formity with  truth,  justice,  rectitude,  or  propriety  ; 
according  to  a  slamlard ;  agreeable  to  a  co|iy  or 
original ;  exactly  ;  accuratelv  ;  without  fault  or  er- 
ror ;  as,  to  behave  correctly ;  lo  write,  s|)eak,  or 
think  enTTtctlu;  to  judge  corrrctlii. 

COR-RECT'.NESS,  k.  C'mifornii'ty  to  tnitli,  justice, 
or  propriety  ;  as,  the  correctness  of  opinions,  of  jiidg- 

I I  ment,  or  of  nianil^rs.  « 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— 


34* 


3.  Conformity  to  settled  usages  or  rules  ;  as,  cor- 
rectness in  writing  or  speaking. 

3.  Conformity  to  a  copy  or  original ;  as,  the  cor- 
rectness of  a  bo<ik. 

4.  Conformity  to  established  rules  of  taste  or  pro- 
portion ;  as,  the  correctness  of  design  in  painting, 
sculpture,  or  architecture. 

eOR-REeT'OR,  n.  One  who  corrects  ;  one  who 
amends  faults,  retreni  In  s  error,  and  renders  con- 
formable to  truth  or  propriety,  or  to  any  standaril  ; 
as,  a  corrector  of  the  press  ;  a  corrector  of  abuses. 

2.  One  who  punishes  for  correction  ;  one  who 
amends  or  ri  forins  by  chastisement,  reproof,  or  in- 
struction. 

3.  That  which  corrixts ;  that  which  abates  or  re- 
moves what  is  noxious  or  inconvenient  ;  an  ingre- 
dient ill  a  composition  wliich  abates  or  counteracts 
the  force  of  another  ;  as,  an  t..kali  is  u  corrector  of 
acids. 

Turpentine  \n  a  corrector  of  qnickulver.  Quincy. 
eOR-REO'I-DOR,  n.    [Sp.]    A  Spanish  magistrate. 

SmotleU. 

eOR'RE-I,ATE,  ;i.  [I,,  con  and  relatus.  See  Relate.] 
lie  or  that  which  stanils  in  a  reciprocal  relation  to 
soinelliing  else,  as  falhi  r  and  son.  South, 

e0R-RE-I..\'T10N,  II.    Reciprocal  relation.  Paleij. 

€OR-REL'.\-'ri VE,  a.  [L.  con  and  relativus.  See 
Relate  and  Relative.) 

Having  a  reciprocal  relation,  so  that  the  existence 
of  one  in  a  reciprocal  state  depends  on  the  existence 
of  another ;  as,  father  and  son,  husband  and  wife, 
are  correlative  terms.  The  term  son  is  correlative  to 
that  of  father. 

eOR-REL'.\-TlVE,  II.  That  wliich  is  opposed  to 
something  else  in  a  certain  relation.  The  son  is  the 
correlalioe  of  his  father.  Darkness  and  light  are  cor- 
relatives.   Rest  is  the  correlative  of  motion. 

COR-REl/.\-TIVE-I,Y,  adv.  In  a  correlative  relation. 

COR-REL'A-TlVE-NESri,  ii.     The  state    of  being 

eOR-REI"T10N,  11.    [\..  corripio,]  [correlative. 
Chiding;  reproof;  reprimand.  Jlammond, 

€OR-KE-SrOM)',  II.  i.  [It.  corrLiponderc ;  Fr.  cor- 
respondre ;  Sp.  corresponder  ;  from  1*.  con  and  respon- 
deo,  to  answer ;  re  and  spondeo,  to  promise.  See 
SpoNsor.] 

1.  To  suit;  to  answer;  to  agree;  to  fit;  to  be 
congruous  ;  to  be  adapted  to.  Levity  of  manners 
does  not  correspond  irith  the  dignity  of  the  cb  riral 
character.  The  length  of  a  room  should  correspond 
Kith  the  breadth.  Actions  siiould  correspond  icitli 
words. 

2.  To  be  equal ;  to  be  ad"<iuate  or  proportioned. 
Let  the  means  of  prosecuting  a  war  correspond  with 
the  magnitude  of  the  contest. 

3.  To  communicate  by  letters  sent  and  received  ; 
to  hold  intercourse  with  a  person  at  a  distance  by 
sending  and  receiving  letters.  We  delight  to  cor- 
respond with  those  we  love  and  respect. 

4.  To  have  direct  intercourse  or  communion. 
Thus  Milton  speaks  of  man  as  created  iiiagnani- 
inons,  to  corre^-tpond  with  Heaven.  [Rare.] 

eOIl-RE-Sl'0.\I)'E.\CE,  )  «.  Rel.ation  ;  Illness  ;  con- 
eOR-RF.-Sl'OND'E.\-CY,  (     griiity  ;  mutual  adapta- 
tion of  one  thing  to  another.  There  is  no  correspond- 
ence between  a  [lolite  education  and  clownish  man- 
ners. 

2.  Intercourse  between  persons  at  a  distance,  hy 
means  of  letters  sent  and  answers  received.  The 
ininisttTS  of  the  two  courts  have  had  a  correspoiid- 
eme  on  the  subject  of  commerce.  Hence, 

3.  The  letters  which  pass  between  correspond- 
ents. The  correspondence  of  the  ministers  is  pub- 
lished. 

4.  Friendly  intercourse  ;  reciprocal  exchange  of 
ofliccs  or  civilities  ;  connection. 

Ijel  militnfy  penoits  holtl  good  correeporulence  Willi  Ihe  other 
gTV.\l  men  in  die  suic.  liacon. 

eOR-RE-.SPONI)'ENT,  a.    Suitable;  fit  ;  consruoiis  ; 

agreeable  ;  answerable  ;  adapti'd.    Let  behavior  be 

correspondent  to  profession,  and  both  be  correspondent 

to  good  monds. 
eOR-Ri:-SI'ONI)'ENT,  n.    One    who  corresponds  ; 

one  with  whom  an  intercourse  is  carried  on  hy  letters 

or  messages.     When  A  is  the  corrcipondenl  of  Ii, 

IJ  is  the  correspondent  of  A. 
eOR-RE-Sl'0.\l)'ENT-LY,  oc/d.    In  a  corresponding 

manner. 

eOR-RE-SPON'D'I.NG,  ppr.  or  0.  Carrying  on  inter- 
course by  letters;  answering;  agreeing;  suiting. 
Corresponding  memhrr  of  a  society,  one  residing  at  a 
distance,  who  is  invited  to  hold  intercourse  with  the 
societv,  and  aid  in  carrying  out  its  designs. 

eoR-RE-SPON'SlVE,  a.    Answerable;  adapted. 

Shak, 

eOR-RE-SPON'SlVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  corresp<mding 
manner. 

eoR'RI-l)OR,  n.  [Fr.  ;  Sp.  corredof,  from  correr  ;  It. 
correre  ;  L.  curro,  to  run,  to  tlow.  The  termination 
dor  may,  [K-rhaps,  be  the  L.  lor,  as  in  curator,  cursi- 
tor.  C"rr«/«r signifies  a  runner;  hence,  a  running, 
llowinc,  or  long  line.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  gallery  or  open  communication 
round  a  building,  leading  to  severil  chambers  .it  a 
dist;incc  from  each  other.  BramLc. 


2.  In  fortification,  the  covered  way  1)  iiig  round  the 
whole  compass  of  the  fortifications  of  a  place. 

//tfrri.t. 

COR  RI  (iF.\"nA,n.pl.  [L.]  Things  or  wiirds  to 
be  corrected. 

eoR'Rl-GI-llI.i;,  a,    [I'r.,  from  J,.eorrigo,  to  corri-cl.J 

1.  That  may  be  set  right,  or  amended  ;  ius,  a  curri- 
gible  defect. 

2.  'i'hat  may  be  reformed  ;  as,  the  young  man  may 
^_^e  rorri'/il  'r. 

3.  riiiiisfiablc  ;  that  may  be  chastised  for  eornr- 
tinii.    Mr  \\  as  adjiiilged  corri'jdile  for  abusive  worils. 

eoK'KI-Cil  ItLE-NESS,  ii.  The  quality  of  being  cor- 
rigible. 

eOK-RI'VAL,  n.     A   fellow    rival;  a  competitor. 

More  corri  elly,  Corival,  which  see. 
eoR'RI-VATE,  V.  L    [L.  con  and  rivus,] 

To  draw  water  out  of  several  streams  into  one. 

[Little  used.]  Burton. 
eOK  RI-VA' I'lON,  II.     The   running  of  dim-reni 

stri^ains  into  one.    [..Vot  much  used.]  Jiurtnn. 
eoR  KOli'o  lt.\.\  r,«.  [SeeCoRBoiioRATE.]  .■^tri  iiiilh  [ 

cning  ;   h.iving   the    power  or  quality  of  giving 

strength  ;  as,  a  corroborant  medicine. 
€OR-RoirO-RA.\"l',  II.    .\  medicine  that  strengthens 

the  liiiinaii  bnilv  \\'lien  weak. 
eOR-KoH'O  RaTK,  v.   t.    [I.,   corroboro;  con  and 

roboro,  to  streiiglheii,  from  robur,  strength.  Class 

Rli.] 

1.  To  strengthen  ;  to  make  strong,  or  to  give  addi- 
tional strenjrtlito;  as,  lo  corro&ftrafc  the  nerves;  lo 
corroborate  the  judgment,  authority,  or  habits. 

tVutls.  IVotton, 

2.  To  confirm  ;  to  make  more  certain.  The  news 
was  doubtful,  but  is  corroborated  bv  recent  advices. 

eOR-R01!'0-R.'\ Ti;!),  pp.  or  a.  Strengthened  ;  con- 
firmed ;  reiidereil  more  e*Tlaili. 

eOR-RfJIi'O-K.A-TI.Ni;,  ppr.  or  a.  Strengthening; 
giving  tirmiiess  or  additional  assii ranee. 

eOR-R01!-(J-RA'TIO.\,  «.    The  act  of  strengthening  ' 
or  confirming  ;  addition  of  strength,  assurance,  or 
security  ;  cciiiliniiatinii  ;  as,  the  corroboration  of  an 
argument,  or  of  iiitelltgeiice. 

eOR-ROIi'O-RA-TIVi;,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
giving  strength,  or  additional  strength  ;  tending  to 
confirm. 

eOR-RCJB'O  RA-TIVE,  ii.   A  medicine  that  strength- 
ens ;  a  corroborant. 
eoR-RoDE',  v.t,    [\„eorrodo;  con  and  ror/o, to  gnaw, 

Ar.jjiiji  arorfAa,  to  eat  or  gnasv,  (qii.  rata  and  crude  ;) 

It.  corrodere,  rodere  ;  Fr.  corroder;  Sp.  corrocrj  W. 
rhwtiaw,  to  corrode,  to  rub  or  fret.] 

1.  To  eat  away  by  degrees  ;  t<i  wear  away,  or  dimin- 
ish by  gnutually  separating  small  particles  from  a  body, 
in  the  manner  an  animal  gnaws  a  substance.  Thus 
nitric  acid  corrodes  copix-r. 

2.  To  wear  away  by  degrees  ;  to  prey  uiKin  ;  lo 
impair  ;  to  consume  or  diminish  by  slow  degrees. 
Jealousy  and  envy  corrode  the  constitution.  Sub- 
stances are  corroded  by  time.  The  anxious  man  is  a 
victim  to  eorrodina  care. 

eOR-RoD'ED,  />/<.  or  a.     Eaten   away  gradually; 

worn  ;  diminished,  impaired,  by  slow  degrei^s. 
eOR-Ro'I)E.\T,  a.    Having  the  power  of  corroding 

or  wasting  by  degrees. 
eOR-Ro'UENT,  lu    Any  substance  or  medicine  that 

corrodes.  Coze. 
COK-Ro'DI-ATE,  v,  I,    That  eats  away  by  degrees. 

Sandys, 

eoR-RO-DI-BlL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cor- 
rodible. 

€OR-Ko'I)I-HI,E,  a.    That  may  be  corroded.  Brown. 

Cf)R-Rdl)'I.N(J, /i/ir.  or  a,    Ealing  away  gradually;  | 
impairing  ;  wasting.  ! 

eoR'RO-DY.     [See  Coroov.]    But  Corrody  would  j 
be  the  most  correct  orlhograpliy,  ' 

COR-RO-Sl-IUL'l-TY.    Sec  CoRRoDiBiLiTy.  ,| 

eOR-Rn'SI  RLE.    .S-e  Corrouirle. 

COR-Ro'SI-HLF^NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  cor-  I 
rosihie.  1 1 

eoK-Ro'?ION,  (kor  ro'/.hun,)  n.  [from  romirfc]  The 
action  of  eating  or  wearing  away  by  slow  degrees,  as  I 
by  the  action  of  acids  on  iiiet^ils,  hy  which  the  sub-  It 
stance  is  gradually  changed.    This  is  effected  by  the 
affinity  of  the  menstruum  with  the  comixuient  parts 
of  the  substance,  in  consequence  of  wliirh  the  two  I 
substances  unite  and  form  new  combinations. 

eOR-RO'SIVE,  o.    Eating;  wearing  away;  having  . 
the  power  of  gradii.ally  wearing,  cunsuiiimg,  or  im- 
pairing ;  as,  corrosive  sublimate  ;  corrosive  care  ;  a 
corrosive  ulcer. 

2.  llaving  the  quality  of  fretting  or  vexing. 
Citrrosive  sublimate ;  an  acrid  ptiisuii  of  great  viru- 
lence.   It  is  a  bi-chlorid  of  iiierciir\'. 

eOR-RO'SIYE,  71.    That  which  has  the  quality  of 
eating  or  wearing  gr.adiially. 
2.  That  which  has  the  |x)wer  of  fretting.  Hooker. 

COR-RO'SI  VE-LY,  arfr.  Like  a  corrosive;  with  the 
p<iwer  of  corrosion  ;  in  a  corrc«ive  manner. 

COR-Rfi'SIVf^.NESS,  n.  Tht  quality  of  corroding, 
eating  away,  or  wearing  ;  acrimony.  Boyle. 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — e  as  K  ;  (5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SB  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


COR 

€0R'UU-(;A.NT,  a.    [See  CoRRuciXE.]    Haviii!,'  tlie 

power  (if  rontmcting  into  wrinkles. 
eOU'RU-GATE,  B.  (.    [L.  comiiro;  con  and  ru<rn,  to 

wrinkle,  in  our  vulgar  language,  to  ruck,  W.  rhygu, 

to  furrow.] 

To  wrinkle  ;  to  draw  or  contract  into  folds  ;  as,  to 

corrueratp  the  skin.  Bacuru 
eOR'RU-GATE,  a.    Wrinkled.  Young. 
€OR'RU-Ga-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Wrinkled. 
eOR'RU-GA-Th\G,  ppr.    Contrai  ting  into  wrinkles. 
€OR-RU-Ga'TION,  n.     A  wrinkling;  contraction 

into  wrinkles. 
€OR'RU-Ga-TOR,  n.    A  muscle  which  contracts  the 

skin  of  the  forehead  into  wrinkles.  Coze. 
COR  RUPT',  t'.  (.    [L.  corruptus,  from  corrumpo,  con 

and  TtimpOy  for  rupo,  to  break ;  Fr.  corrompre  ,*  It. 

corromprrc  ;  Sp.  corroniper.    Class  Rb.l 
Literally,  to  break,  separate,  or  dissolve.  Hence, 

1.  To  change  from  a  sound  to  a  putrid  or  putres- 
cent state  ;  to  separate  the  component  parts  of  a 
body,  as  by  a  natural  process,  which  is  accompanied 
by  a  fetid  smell. 

2.  To  vitiate  or  deprave  ;  to  change  from  good  to 
bad. 

Evil  commuiiicationa  corrupt  g^ood  manners.  —  1  ("or.  xv. 

3.  To  waste,  spoil,  or  consume. 

Lay  not  up  for  yoursdves  treasures  on  eturth,  where  moth  and 
rust  dolli  corrupt.  —  Matt.  vi. 

4.  To  defile  or  pollute.    Ex.  xxxii. 

5.  To  entice  from  goad,and  allure  to  evil.  2  Cor.  xi. 
C.  To  pervert  ;  to  break,  disobey,  or  make  void. 

Jtlai.  ii. 

7.  To  pervert  or  vitiate  integrity  ;  to  bribe  ;  as,  to 
corrupt  a  judge. 

8.  To  debase  or  render  impure,  by  al'.erations  or 
innovations  ;  as,  to  corrupt  language. 

9.  To  pervert ;  to  falsify  ;  to  infect  with  errors ; 
as,  to  corrupt  the  sacred  te.\t. 

eOR-RUPT',  V.  i.  To  become  putrid  ;  to  putrefy  ;  to 
rot.  Animal  and  vegetable  substances  speedily  cor- 
rupt in  a  warm  and  moist  air. 

2.  To  become  vitiated  ;  to  lose  purity. 

eOR-RUPT',  a.    [L.  corruptiis  ;  It.  corr'otto.] 

1.  Changed  from  a  sound  to  a  putrid  state,  as  by 
natural  decomposition. 

2.  Spoiled  ;  tainted  ;  vitiated  ;  unsound  ;  as,  cor- 
rupt air  or  bread.  Kiiolles. 

3.  Depraved  ;  vitiated  ;  tainted  with  wickedness. 

Tiiey  are  corrupt ;   tliey  have  done  abominaljle  works.  —  Ps. 
xiv. 

The  earth  was  corrupt  before  Goil.  —  Gen.  vi. 

4.  Debased  ;  rendered  impure;  changed  to  a  worse 
state  ;  as,  corrupt  language. 

5.  iS'ot  genuine ;  infected  with  errors  or  mistakes. 
The  text  is  corrupt. 

eOR-RUPT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Putrefied  ;  vitiated  ;  de- 
praved ;  spoiled  ;  marred  ;  bribed ;  infected  with 
errors. 

eOR-RUPT'ER,  71.  One  who  cornipts ;  one  who 
vitiates  or  taints  ;  as,  a  corrupter  of  morals,  or  of 
Christianity. 

2.  One  who  bribes ;  that  which  depraves  or  de- 
stroys integrity. 

3.  One  who  introduces  errors. 
eOR-RUPT-l-BIL'I-TY,  n.   The  possibility  of  being 

rorrujiti'd. 

e01!-RUPT'I-IiLE,n.  [Fr.  corrttptiMe ;  It.  comittibilr..] 

1.  'J'hnt  may  be  corrupted  ;  that  may  become  pu- 
trid ;  subject  to  decay  and  destruction.  Our  bodies 
are  corruptible. 

2.  That  may  be  vitiated  in  tpialitics  or  principles  ; 
susceptible  of  deiiravation.  Manners  are  corruptible 
by  evil  example. 

€OR-RUPT'I-HI>E,  n.  That  which  may  decay  and 
perish  ;  the  human  body. 

ThiA  corruptible  M)n*t  put  on  incorruption. —  1  Cor.  xv. 

€OR-Ri:PT'I-nLE-NESS,  n.  Susceptibility  of  cor- 
ruptiim  ;  corruptibility. 

eOR-IUIPT'I-RLY,  a/ie.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  be 
corrupted  or  vitiated. 

eOR-RIj'PT'lNG,  ppr.  Putrefying;  depraving;  viti- 
ating. 

eOR-UnPT'IXG,  a.    Fitted  or  tending  to  deprave  or 
eOR-RliP'TKJX,  n.    [L.  corruplio.]  [vitiate. 
1.  'I'lieact  of  ciirriipiing,  or  state  of  being  corrupt 
or  putrid;  (he  rlestruction  of  the  natural  form  of 
bodies,  by  the  si  paration  of  the  component  parts,  or 
by  disorganization,  in  the  proce.ss  of  putrefactitui. 

Thou  wilt  not  tulTer  thy  Holy  One  to  KC  carruplion.  —  P«. 
xvi, 

S.  Putrid  matter ;  pus. 

3.  Pulrencencc ;  a  foul  state  occasioned  by  putre- 
faction. 

4.  Depravity  ;  wickedness  ;  perversion  or  deterio- 
ration of  moral  principles  ;  loss  of  purity  or  integrity. 

ILivinff  eicnp^I  tjie  corruption  thai  U  in  the  worlcl  ihrou'rh  lu»t. 
-  JIVt  I. 

Corruption  in  el'-cllona  ll  Ihfl  ffreftt  enemy  of  frcejotn, 

J.  Adams. 

5.  Debaiiemcnt ;  taint ;  or  tendency  to  a  worse 
date. 

Knrrp  my  honor  from  corruptum.  Shak. 


COR 

6.  Impurity  ;  depravation  ;  debasement ;  as,  a  cor- 
ruption of  language. 

7.  Bribery.    He  obtained  his  suit  by  corruption. 

8.  In  laio.  taint ;  impurity  of  blood,  in  consequence 
of  an  act  of  attainder  of  tre.ason  or  felony,  by  which 
a  person  is  disabled  to  inherit  lands  from  an  ancestor, 
nor  can  retain  those  in  his  possession,  nor  transmit 
them  by  descent  to  his  heirs. 

Corruption  of  blood  can  be  removed  only  by  act  of  parliament. 

Blachetone. 

eOR-RUPT'IVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  corrupting, 
tainting,  or  vitiating. 

It  should  be  endne<l  with  some  corruptive  qu:dity.  Fay. 

eOR-RUPT'LESS,  a.  Not  susceptible  of  corruption 
ortiecav.  Dnjden. 

eOR-RUPT'LY,  atlv.  In  a  comipt  manner  ;  with 
corruption;  viciously;  wickedly;  without  integrity. 

We  have  dealt  very  corruptly  against  thee.  — Neh.  i. 

2.  I?y  bribery.    A  judgment  was  obtained  corrapfZy. 
eOR-RUPT'NESS,  «.    The  state  of  being  comipt; 
putrid  state  or  putrescence. 

2.  A  state  of  moral  impurity  ;  as,  the  corruptness 
of  a  judge. 

3.  A  vicious  state ;  debasement ;  impurity ;  as,  the 
corruptness  of  language. 

eOR-RUPT'RESS,  n.    A  female  that  corrupts  others. 

Beaitm.  and  Ft. 

eOR'SAIR,  7!.  [Fr.  corsaire ;  Sp.  cnrsario,  a  cruising 
by  a  privateer  ;  corscar,  to  cruise  ;  It.  corsare,  a  pi- 
rate, from  eorso,  a  course  or  career ;  L.  cursus,  from 
curro,  to  run.] 

A  term  applied,  especially  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
to  a  pirate  ;  one  who  cruises  or  scours  the  ocean, 
with  an  armed  vessel,  without  a  commission  from 
any  prince  or  state,  to  seize  and  plunder  merchant- 
men ;  also,  a  piratical  vessel. 

GOR'S.\K,  n.    A  species  of  fox.  Pennant. 

eORSE  or  Corse,  «.    [Fr.  corps  ;  L.  corjius.] 

A  corpse  ;  the  dead  body  of  a  human  being ;  a 
portiriil  word.  Jiddison. 

CORSE'-EN-CUM'BER-ED,  a.  Loaded  with  dead 
bodies  ;  as,  the  corse-cnctttnbcred  plains.  Barlow. 

CORSE'-PRES-ENT,  71.  A  mortuary  or  present  paid 
at  the  interment  of  a  dead  bodv.  JSlnckstone. 

CORSE'LET,  n.    [Fr.  corselet;  It.  corsaletto  ;  from 

1.  A  little  cuirass,  or  an  armor  to  cover  the  body 
for  protectitm,  worn  formerly  liy  pikemen.  Encyc. 

2.  That  part  of  a  winged  insect  to  which  the 
wings  and  legs  are  attached,  and  which  answers  to 
the  breast  of  other  animals. 

CORSE'LET,  V.  U    To  encircle  with  a  corselet. 

BeaiLm, 

eORSE'LET-ED,  pp.    Encircled  with  a  corselet. 
eORSE'LET-ING,  ppr.    Encircling  with  a  corselet. 
eOR'SET,  71.    [Fr.,  from  coT-se.]    A  bodice  ;  jumps; 

something  worn  to  give  shape  to  the  body ;  used  by 

ladies  and  dandies. 
eOR'SET,  V.  t.    To  inclose  in  corsets. 
COR'SET-ED,  pp.    Confined  in  corsets. 
COR'SET-ING,  ppr.    Confining  in  corsets. 
eOR'SET-ING,  71.    The  act  or  practice  of  binding  with 

corsets. 

eORS'NED,  71.  [Sax.  corsnccde,  comp.  of  corse,  curse, 
and  Sliced,  a  mouthful,  piece,  or  bit.  It  is  called  also 
ned-bread,  need-bread,  bread  of  necessity.] 

Tiie  morsel  of  execration,  or  curse ;  a  piece  of 
bread  consecrated  by  exorcism,  and  to  be  swallowed 
by  a  suspected  person,  as  a  trial  of  his  innocence. 
If  guilty,  it  was  supposed  that  the  bread  would  pro- 
duce convulsions  and  paleness,  and  find  no  passage, 
if  innocent,  it  was  believed  it  would  turn  to  nourish-, 
meiit.  Blackstonc. 

COW  TEdE,  (kor'tazh,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  It.  corteggio, 
from  corte,  court.] 

A  train  of  attendants. 

eOR'TES,  (kor'ti'z,)  ii.  pi.  [from  corte,  court.]  The 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  name  of  the  states  of  the 
kingdiini,  composed  of  nobility,  clergy,  and  repre- 
sentatives of  cities ;  the  assembly  of  the  states, 
answering,  in  some  measure,  to  the  parliament  of 
Gre;it  Hrit.-iiu. 

€OR'  J-KX,  n.    [1,.]  Hark,  as  of  a  tree. 

COR'Tl-CAL,  II.    [from  L.  cortex,  bark.    See  Chart.] 
Helonging  to  bark  ;  (Consisting  of  bark  or  rind  ;  re- 
sembling bark  or  rind;  external;  belonging  to  the 
extiTiial  covering  ;  as,  the  cortical  part  of  thic  brain. 

Cheyne. 

A  cortical  l>utl,in  plants,  proceeds  from  the  scales  of 
the  bark.  Martijn. 
eoR'TI-C.\Ti;,     )  a.     [L.  cort.ir.aius,  from  cortex, 
COR'TI-CA TED,  (  bark.] 

Having  or  resembling  the  bark  or  rind  of  a  tree. 

Brtnpti. 

eOR-TI-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [cortex  and  fero,  to  pro- 
duce.] 

Produring  b;irk,  or  that  which  resembles  it.  Diet. 
eOR-'I'IC'I-FOR.\I,  (kor  tis'c-lorm,)  a.     [cortex  and 
fortu.^ 

Resembling  bark. 

eOR'Tl'-COUS  i        '•arky;  full  of  bark.  DicL 


COS 

COR'TILE,  71.  [It.]  The  area  or  open  internal  court- 
yard of  a  (Iwelling-liouse  or  other  building.  Brandc. 

CO-RUi\'DU  Jl,  n.  A  crystallized  or  massive  mineral  of 
extreme  hardness,  consi.sting  of  nearly  pure  alumina. 
It  is  allied  to  the  sapphire,  and  is  sometimes  called 
adantautine  spar.  Brande, 

eO-RUS'CVNT,  a.  [See  Coruscate.]  Flashing ; 
glittering  by  fiashes. 

eOR'US-e.\TE,  V.  i.    [L.  corusco,  to  flash.] 

To  Hash  ;  to  lighten  ;  to  glitter.  Barlow. 

COR-US-Ca'TIOX,  ;i.    [L.  coruscatio.] 

1.  A  Hash  ;  a  sudden  burst  of  light  in  the  clouds 
or  atmosphere.  Bacon. 

2.  The  light  produced  by  the  combustion  of  in- 
flamiiialile  gas  in  the  earlli.  J\rcwton. 

3.  Figuraiivebj,  intellectual  brilliancy  ;  as,  the  cor- 
usratioiis  of  genius. 

Artijicial  r.oru.scittions  are  produced  by  iiliosphorus 
and  sulphuric  acid,  or  by  sulphuric  acid  and  iron 
filinss.  Encyc. 

COR-VEE' ,  (kor-va',)  71.  In  feudal  law,  an  obligation 
to  perform  certain  services,  as  the  repair  of  roads, 
&(■.,  for  the  feudal  lord  or  sovereign.  Brande. 

COR-VETTE',  n.  [Fr.  corvette;  Sp.  cororta,  a  leap,  a 
curvet,  a  boat.] 

A  sloop  of  war,  ranking  next  below  a  frigate,  and 
carrying  not  more  than  about  twenty  guns.  Original- 
ly, corvettes  and  sloops  of  war  were  light  vessels 
with  only  one  mast,  but  they  are  now  frigate-rigged, 
with  three  masts,  and  built  for  fast  sailing.  Lunier. 

eOR-VET'TO.    See  Corvette. 

eOR'VI.XE,  a.  [from  coruH.v.]  Pertaining  to  the 
eOR'VO-RANT.  See  Cormorant.  [crow. 
COIl'VUS,  71.    [L.  corvus,  a  raven.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  a  constellation  of  the  southern 
hemisphere. 

2.  A  military  engine  or  galley  used  by  the  Romans 
for  boarding  ships  in  war.  It  was  a  strong  platform 
of  boards  at  the  prow,  movable  as  on  a  spindle,  and 
thrown  over  the  side  of  the  enemy's  vessel  when 
grappled.  Encyc. 

COR-Y-lSAN'Tie,  a.  Madly  agitated  ;  inflamed  like 
the  Corybantes,  the  frantic  priests  of  Cybele. 

Cudtrerrth. 

COR-Y-DAL'IN-A,  )  71.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from 
COR-Y-Da'LIA,  \  the  root  of  Corydalis  tuber- 
€OR-YD'A-HNE,  )  osa. 

eOR'YMn,        I         rr  1        r-  n  ^ 

eO-RYM'I!US,  i  "■    IL.  (;<^./"'"«s;  Gr.  «o,oii(i/<os.J 

Primarily,  a  top,  head,  or  cluster.  In  modern  botany, 
a  species  of  iiiHoiescence,  in  which  the  lesser  or  par- 
tial flower-stalks  are  produced  along  the  common 
stalk  on  both  sides,  and,  though  of  unequal  length, 
rise  to  the  same  height,  so  as  to  form  an  even  sur- 
face, as  in  Spiraea  opulifolia,  scurvy-grass,  &c. 

Milne.  Marti/n. 

eO-RYM'BI-A-TED,  a.  Garnished  with  clusters  of 
berries  or  blossoms  in  the  form  of  corymbs. 

COR-YiM-BIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  corytnbifer  ;  corynibus 
and  fero,  to  bear.] 

Producing  corymbs  ;  bearing  fruit  or  berries  in 
clusters,  or  producing  flowers  in  clusters.  jMdne. 

eO-RY,M'BOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  corymbs  ;  in  clus- 
ters. Barton.  Lrr. 

eO-RYM'BU-LOUS,  a.  Having  or  consisting  of  little 
corymbs.  Barton. 

COR'Y-PHENE,  71.  A  fish  with  a  sloping,  truncated 
head,  and  the  dorsal  fin  extending  the  whole  length 
of  the  back.  Pennant. 

eOR-Y-PIlE'US,  71.  [Gr.  K'>nv,patof.]  The  chief  of 
a  chorus;  any  chief  or  leader;  as,  the  corypbnis  of 
theologians.  Soutli. 

eoS-ClX'O-MAN-CY,  71.  [Gr.  Koamvor,  a  sieve,  and 
pamia,  divination.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  divinatiim,  by  suspending  a 
sieve  and  taking  it  between  two  fingers,  or  by  fixing 
it  to  the  point  of  a  pair  of  shears,  then  repeating  a 
formula  of  words,  and  the  names  of  persons  sus- 
pected. If  the  sieve  trembles,  shakes,  or  turns, 
when  any  name  is  repeated,  the  person  is  deemed 
guilty.  This  divination  is  mentioned  by  'i'heocritu.s, 
and  is  said  to  be  still  practiced  in  some  parts  of 
England.  The  practice  and  the  name  arc  strangers 
in  .America. 

CO-Si5'C.\NT,  71.  [See  Secakt.]  In  geometry,  the 
secant  of  the  complement  of  an  arc  or  angle. 

COS'/'.'N.    See  Cozen.  [Barlow. 

COS'A'iV-AGE.    See  Cozknace. 

€f)-SEN'TIEi\T,  (-.sen'shent,)  n.  Perceiving  together. 

Co'SEY,  0.    Snug  ;  comfortable. 

2.  Chatty  or  talkative.  SniarL 

erVSI-LY,  atlv.    Snugly  ;  comfortably.  Smart. 

Co'SlER,  (ko'zlicr,)  71.  [t'r.  eou.tu,coiidrc.]  A  botcher. 
[JVot  u.srd.]  Shak. 

eos'lN-AGE,  (kuz'in-iyc,)  71.  [Fr.  cousinage,  kin- 
dred.   Sec  Cot'siN.] 

In  lain,  a  writ  to  recover  jMissession  of  an  estate  in 
lands,  when  a  stranger  has  entered  and  abated,  after 
the  death  of  the  tresail,  or  the  grandfather's  grand- 
father, or  oilier  collateral  relation.  Blarkslone. 

Cd'-SIi\E,  71.  [See  Sine.]  In  geometry,  the  sine  of 
the  (•oiiipleuieiil  of  an  arc  or  angle.  Barlow, 

eos-.MET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Kotr/jriri/tof,  from  Koapu{,  order, 
beauty.]  * 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi\T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


270 


COS 

BeautilyiiiK  ;  improving  beauty,  |):irtii  iiliiily  the 
beauty  of  th<;  skin. 

COS-MET'ie,  II.  Any  external  application  tliat  ren- 
ders the  skin  soft,  pure,  and  white,  and  helps  to  beau- 
tify and  improve  the  ct)mplexion.  ICiicijc. 

e(JS'iMie,  «.    Cosniical ;  relating  to  the  universe. 

eos'.MIC-AI.,  a.  [Gr.  Koa^iKJi,  from  »o<Jf(uf,  order, 
the  world.] 

I.  Relatuig  to  the  world,  or  to  the  whole  system 
(if  visible  bodies,  including  the  eartli  and  .stars. 

'J.  In  ancient  aslronmnij,  rising  or  setting  with  the 
sun  ;  not  acronical.  Brandc. 

eOS'.Mie-AL-liV,  adv.  With  the  sun  at  rising  or  set- 
ting ;  a  star  is  said  to  rise  or  set  cosmically,  wlii  n  it 
rises  or  sets  with  the  sun.  lirande. 

€OS-iMOG'0-.\IST,  n.  [Sec  Cosmooony.]  One  who 
treats  of  the  origin  or  formation  of  the  universe  ;  one 
who  is  vi>rsi'd  in  cosmogony.  F.nfirld. 

eOS-.MOG'O-.NY,  n.  [Gr.  kuit/io)  oun  ;  <("(r/it<{,  world, 
^o»'»/,  generation.] 

Tlie  generation,  origin,  or  creation  of  the  world  or 
universe.  In  phijiics,  the  science  of  the  origin  or  for- 
mation of  the  universe.  Enfield.  Knciic. 

€OS-iMOG'KA-I'lIER,  ii.  [See  CosMocnAPHV.]  One 
wlio  describes  the  world  or  universe,  including  the 
ht-avens  and  the  earth  j  one  who  is  versed  in  cos- 
mography. 

€OS-MO-GRAPIl'ie,       )a.    Relating  to  the  general 

eOS-MO-GRAl'iri€-AL,  j  description  of  the  uni- 
verse ;  pertaining  to  cosmography. 

eoS-.MO-GRAPH'ie-AI^LY,  oi/r.  In  a  manner  re- 
lating to  the  science  of  describing  the  universe,  or 
corresponding  to  cosmography. 

eOS-iMOG'R.\-l'llY,  H.  [Gr.  koth 'ypaipia ;  ko(Tiio{, 
the  world,  and  j  dh^o,  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  world  or  universe  ;  or  the 
science  which  teaches  the  constitution  of  the  whole 
system  of  worlds,  or  the  figure,  disposition,  and  rela- 
tion of  all  its  parts,  and  the  manner  of  representing 
them  on  a  plane.  Brande. 

ei  )S'.MO-L.\UE,  n.  [Gr.  Knaim,  world,  and  Xanliavu, 
to  take.] 

An  ancient  instrument  for  measuring  distances  in 
the  heavens  or  <ui  earth.  Bnrlaw. 

eoS-.MOL'A-TRY,  ji.    [Gr.  KoufnH,  world,  and  Aa- 
ri>'  i  w,  to  worship.] 
The  worship  paid  to  the  world  or  its  parts  by 
heathens.  CudworUi. 

eOS-MO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Cosmolixjv.]  Rela- 
ting to  a  discourse  or  treatise  of  the  world,  or  to  the 
science  of  the  universe  ;  pertaining  to  cosmology. 

eOS-.MOL'O-GlST,  H.  One  who  describes  the  uni- 
verse ;  one  who  is  versed  in  cosuntlogy. 

€0S-.M0L'0-(5Y,  n.  [Gr.  Koa^rnXoy  ,a  i  jtoff/ioj,  the 
universe,  and  \oyo(,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  the  world  or  univertse;  or  a  treatise 
relating  to  the  structure  and  parts  of  the  system  of 
creation,  the  elements  ofbodies,  the  modifications 
of  material  things,  the  laws  of  motion,  and  the  order 
and  course  of  nature.  Encyc.  Knjitld. 

€OS-.MO-rLAS'Tie,  o.  [Gr.  Kotr/ios,  world,  and 
TrAa(T<T(i>,  to  fiirni.] 

World-forming  ;  |>ertaining  to  the  formation  of  the 
world.  Ilalhiaell. 

eOS-.MO-POL'I-TA.\,  )  n.    [Gr.  Kna,i>H,  world,  and 

€OS-.MOP'0-I,ITE,     (     TToX.rrii,  a  citizen.] 

A  person  who  has  no  fixed  residence  ;  one  who  is 
nowhere  a  stranger,  or  who  is  at  home  in  eveiy 
place;  a  citi/en  of  the  world.  JfutcelL 

€OS-MO-POL'I-TAi\-lS.y,  n.  Citizenship  of  the 
world. 

€OS-.MOP'0-LIT-ISM,  n.  The  suitc  of  men,  in 
which  all  nations  form  one  social  community,  free 
from  natioii.'il  prejmlices  and  attachments,  or  in 
which  the  common  interest  of  tlie  whole  is  the  object 
of  public  measures. 
sL  Superior  regard  to  the  public  weal.  Chalmers. 

€OS-MO-RA'.\IA,  n.  [Gr.  *uff/iu>,  world,  and  o/>uu, 
to  see.] 

A  picturesque  exhibition,  consisting  of  a  number 
of  dniwini;s,  which  arc  laid  hori/.ont;illy  round  a 
semicircular  table,  reflected  by  mirrors  placed  oppo 
site  to  them  diagonally,  and  viewed  through  a  con- 
vex lens  placed  in  front  of  each  mirror.  Tlie  pic 
tnres  are  illuminated  by  lamps  so  situated  as  not  to 
be  seen  by  the  siK'ctator.  Brande. 

COS-MO-RAM'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  cosmoranuu 

eOS'MO-SPIIEKE,  II.  [Gr.  K.xT^ojaud  <r^.ii.)u.]  An 
appiimtus  for  showing  the  position  of  the  earth,  at 
any  given  time,  with  respect  to  the  fixed  stars.  It 
consists  of  a  hollow  gl.a.ss  globe,  on  which  are  de- 
picted the  stars  forming  the  constellations,  and  with- 
in which  is  a  U  rrestrial  globe.  J/chcrt. 

€0."*S,  II.  A  Hindoo  measure  of  ore  English  mile  and 
a  quarter,  nearly.  jixiuf.  Bej. 

2.  Alacbm,  when  first  brought  into  Europe,  was 
called  the  Rule  of  Co.«s,  probably  from  the  Italian 
Rrgola  di  Cum,  the  rule  of  the  thing,  the  unknown 
number  being  called  eosa.  Hence,  old  writers  speak 
nf  cii.tU  numbers,  and  the  eo.isic  art.  Braiulr. 

COS'S.\C"K,  II.  One  of  a  military  people,  skillful  as 
horsemen,  who  inhabit  the  Ukraine,  in  the  Russian 
empire. 


COS 

eOS'S.AS,  «.  pi.  Plain  India  muslins,  of  various  qual- 
ities anil  breadths. 

eoS'SE'l",  ri.  [(III.  G.  kn.imt,  like  I),  kiiidnm,  and 
from  the  root  of  cut,  or  hotue;  It.  ca,vuxifi,  from  ca.va, 
a  house. J 

A  laml)  brought  up  by  hand,  or  without  the  aid  of 
tlie  dam.    Hence,  a  {H't. 
eOS'Sie,  a.    Relating  to  algehnu    [See  Com.] 

Bp.  Hull. 

COST,  II.  [G.  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  host ;  It.  coadns  ;  W. 
cost,  coast  and  cost ;  Fr.  cuOt ;  Arm.  coiut.  See  the 
verb.] 

1.  The  price,  value,  or  equivalent  of  a  thing  pur- 
chased ;  the  amount  in  value  paid,  charged,  or  en- 
gaged to  be  paid,  for  any  thing  lioiiglit  or  taken  in 
barter.  The  word  is  equally  npplicalile  to  the  price 
in  money  or  commodities ;  as,  the  cost  of  a  suit  of 
clothes  ;  the  cost  of  a  house  or  farm. 

2.  Expense ;  amount  in  value  expended  or  tn  be 
expended  ;  charge  ;  that  which  is  given,  or  to  be 
given,  for  another  thing. 

1  will  not  utIVr  bunil-otfi-riiin  witliout  cott.  —  1  Clitxii).  xxl. 

Il.ivr  we  PMi'ii  M  nil  lit  tllc  kiiig'n  ro«l7  — 2  Sum.  xix. 

The  cott  of  maintaining  nrintt's  is  iinmeiw,  anU  uflen  ruinoua. 

^fion. 

3.  In  law,  the  sum  fixed  by  law,  or  allowed  by  the 
court,  for  charges  of  a  suit  awarded  against  the  parly 
losing,  in  favor  of  the  party  prevailing,  &c.  The 
jiir)'  find  that  the  plaintiir  recover  of  the  defendant 
ten  dollars  with  costs  of  suit,  or  with  his  cost. 

4.  Loss  or  expense  of  any  kind  ;  detriment ;  pain  j 
suffering.  The  vicious  man  intlulges  his  propen- 
sities at  a  great  cost. 

5.  Sumptiiousncss  ;  great  expense.  Sliuk. 
€OST,  V.  L  ;  prrl.  and  pp.  Cost.    [G.  and  D.  luisten  ; 

Dan.  kostcr;  Sw.  kosta;  Fr.  caittrr,  for  coiutrr : 
Ann.  cousta,  coiuttcin  ;  W.  aistiaw  ;  It.  costare  ;  Sp. 
costar;  I'ort.  cicstar ;  Ir.  cosnam.  'J'lic  noun  cast 
coincides  in  most  of  these  languages  with  codst  and 
L.  casta,  a  rib,  the  exterior  part.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  throw  or  send  out,  to  cast,  as 

we  say,  to  lay  out.  Ciu.  the  Ar.  and  Pers.  (j<,Ltl.«^" 

kostason,  a  balance,  or  pair  of  scales,  from  l^^M-i 
tecaa,  to  distribute.  I  call  this  a  transitive  verb.  In 
the  phrase,  a  hat  costs  six  dollars,  the  sense  is,  it  ex- 
penils,  lays  out,  or  causes  to  be  laid  out,  six  dollars.] 

1.  To  require  to  he  given  or  expended  in  barter  or 
purchase  ;  to  be  bought  for  ;  as,  this  book  cost  a  dol- 
lar ;  the  army  and  navy  cost  four  millions  a  year. 

2.  To  require  to  be  laid  out,  given,  bestowed,  or 
employed ;  as,  Johnson's  Dictionary  cost  him  seven 
years'  labor. 

3.  To  require  to  be  borne  or  siifit  red.  Our  sins 
cost  us  many  pains.  A  sense  of  ingratitude  to  his 
llaker  costs  the  penitent  sinner  many  pangs  and 
sorrows. 

€OST'AL,  a.  [Fr.  costal,  from  Ij.  casta,  a  coast,  side 
or  rib  ;  Sp.  casta,  cost,  and  a  coast ;  casttar,  to  pay 
co,«t.s',  to  ciia.<(  along.  A  coast  or  side  is  the  extreme 
part,  a  limit,  from  extending,  throwing  or  shooting 
out,  Eng.  to  cast.] 

Pertaining  to  the  side  of  the  body  or  the  ribs  ;  as, 
costal  nerves. 

eOST'ARD,  >u   A  head.    rjV„t  used.]  Sliak. 
2.  An  apple  round  and  uulky,  like  the  head. 

Johnjtov. 

€OST'ARD-MON"GER,)  (-miing'ger,)  n.    An  applc- 
eOST'ER-MON"GEK,  j     seller  ;  applied  to  hawk- 
ers and  peddlers  who  sell  fruit ;  a  fruiterer. 

Brande.    Rick,  Did. 

eOS'TATE,     (  ,  , 

eOS'TA-Tl^D,!'^  (L.«sta.] 

Ribbed  ;  having  ribs,  or  the  nppearancv  of  ribs. 

Brande. 

eOS'TIVE,  a,  [Contracted  from  It.  castipoto,  costi- 
pare,  from  the  L.  coitstipo,  to  cram,  to  stitjf,  can  and 
stipa,  to  cram.] 

1.  Litertdtii,  crowded,  stulTcd,  as  the  intestines  ; 
hence,  bound  in  body  ;  reUiining  fecal  matter  in  the 
bowels,  in  a  hard  and  drj'  state  ;  having  the  excre- 
ments obstructed,  or  tlie  motion  of  the  bowels  too 
slow. 

2.  Dry  and  hard  ;  as,  costive  clay.    [JVu«  tused.] 

Jilurtimer. 

eOS'TIVE-LY,  adv.    With  costiveness. 

eos'TIVE-NESS,  n.  A  pretcniatunU  detention  of 
the  fecal  matter  of  the  bowels,  with  hardness  and 
dryness  ;  an  obstruction  or  preternatural  slowness  of 
evacuations  from  the  bowels.  Medicine. 

COST'IiES.S,  a.    Costing  nothing.  Barrow. 

eoST'I.I-EK,  a.  camp.    More  costly. 

COST'M  EST,  a.  superl.    Most  cos'tly. 

eoST'I,I-.\ESS,  n.  [See  Costly.]  Expensiveness ; 
great  cost  or  expense ;  sumptuoasness.  Rev.  xviii. 
10.  Sidney. 

eOST'LY,  a.  [from  co.st]  Of  a  high  price  ;  sump- 
tuous ;  expensive ;  purchased  at  a  great  expense ;  as, 
a  eastty  habit ;  costly  furniture. 

.M.iry  twii  a  pound  of  apikennnl,  Tery  cotUy.  — John  xii. 


COT 

eoST'MA-llY,  n.    [Gr.  kuctus,  I.,  castas,  an  aromatic 
plant,  and  Maria.    Ar.  and  Pers.  It  ..^  «'  ka.it.] 
A  sjiecies  of  tansy,  or  Tanacetiiin  ;  alecoHt. 
COS'TREI,,  n.    A  bottle.    [JVat  in  nse.] 
CU.S-TC.ME',  II.    [Fr.  costume,  custom.] 

1.  In  paintinif,  a  rule  or  precept  by  which  an  artist 
is  ciijoiiird  to  make  every  person  and  thing  sustain 
its  proper  cli:iractcr,  observing  the  scene  of  action, 
the  country  or  place,  and  making  the  lialiit'<,  arms, 
manners,  and  proportions  correspond.  Hence,  the 
observance  of  this  rule  in  execution.  Encyc. 

2.  An  t-stalilished  mode  of  dress,  particularly  that 
which  is  appro[>riatc  to  a  given  age,  place,  per- 
son, &CV. 

eO-SUF'FER-ICR,  n.    One  who  sufit  rs  with  another. 
€()-.'^l.'-PItr;.\IE',  II.   A  partaker  of  supremacy.  SUak. 
eO-SC'RE'TY,  (  shure'ti-,)  n.   One  who  is  surety  with 

another.  Mass.  Rep. 

eo'SY.    See  Cosev,  or  Cozt. 

COT,    )  n.    [Sax.  cot,  cote,  cyte  ;  G.  kotli;  D.  kot;  W. 

CoTE,  j  cwt.  In  \Velsh,  tlie  word  signifies  a  cot,  a 
hovel  or  stye,  an  abrupt  termin.'ition,  a  rump,  a  tail, 
a  skirt.  Ctrta,  short,  abrupt,  bob-tailed  ;  cwtau,  to 
shorten.  This  indicates  that  cot  is  from  cutting  olf, 
anil  hence  defending.] 

1.  A  small  house  ;  abut;  n  mean  habitation  ;  also, 
a  shed  or  inclosiirc  for  beasts.    2  Chron.  xxxii. 

2.  .\  leathern  cover  for  a  sore  finger. 

3.  .\n  abridgment  of  coU/ucan. 

4.  A  cade  lamb.    [Local.]  Orase. 
.'j.  A  little  boat. 

eo'i'T  j       [Sax.  coi,  cuW,  a  bed.    Qu.  Gr.  jcoirij.] 

1.  A  small  bed. 

2.  On  board  of  .<:kips,  a  bed  frame  suspended  from 
the  beams,  for  the  othcers  to  sleep  in,  between  the 
decks ;  a  jiiece  of  canvas,  extended  by  n  frame. 

eo-TAi\'GENT,  n.    The  tangent  of  the  complement 

of  an  arc  or  angle.  Barlow. 
CoTE,  II.    A  sheepfold.    [See  Cot.] 
Co  TE,  V.  t.    To  pasa*by  and  turn  before ;  to  gain 

ground  in  coursing,  and  give  a  competitor  the  turn. 

[Little  used.]  Shak.  Chapman. 

eo-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS,  o.     [Infra.]     Living  or 

being  at  tin?  same  time. 
eo-TElI-PO-RA'NE-OUS-LY,  adv.     At  the  same 

time  with  some  other  event.  _ 
eO-TE.M'PO-RA-UY,  a.     [L.  can,  co,  an?  tempos, 

time.] 

Living  or  being  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  catrmparary 
authors.    Josephus  was  colemporary  with  Vespasian. 

iMke.  Blackstone. 

eO-TEM'PO  RA-RV,  n.  One  who  lives  at  the  same 
time  with  another. 

[I  consider  this  word  as  preferable  to  contemporary, 
as  being  more  easily  pronounced.] 

eO-TE.\'ANT,  n.    A  tenant  in  common.  Kent. 

CO-TE-RIK',  (ko-te-ree',)  ii.  [Kr.]  A  circle  of  fa- 
miliar friends  ;  a  meeting,  for  social  or  literary  inter- 
course. Brande. 

eO-TERM'IN-OUS,  a.  [See  Contermlnoi  s.]  Bor- 
dering upon  ;  adjacent  in  territory.  .lefferson. 

eo-THL'RN'ATE,     I  a.  Buskincd  ;  relating  to  trage- 

eO-TIIURN'A-TED,  i  dy.  Cackrram. 

eO-TIC^-LAU,  a.  [L.  coticula,  from  cos,  a  whet- 
stone.] 

Pertaining  to  whetstones ;  like  or  suitable  for  whet- 
stones. Kirwan. 
eO-TIL'LON,   /  ,■.„,;,?,.„„■,   (n.  [Fr.,  a  petticoat.] 
eO-TIL'LIO.\,  i  C^o-td'yun,)  j     ^    J^^^ '  ^^„^^J 

performed  by  eight  persons  together  ;  also,  a  tune 

which  regulates  the  dance. 
eOT'LANU,  II.    Land  apjiendant  to  a  cottage. 
eOT'tilJK.\N,  n.    A  man  who  busies  himself  with 

the  afiairs  which  properly  belong  to  women. 
eO-TRUS-TEE',  II.    A  joint  trustee.  KenL 
eOTS'WoLD,  JI.    [Sax.  coU  and  aald.] 

A  term  applied  to  sherpcotes  in  an  open  country. 
COT'T.AGE,  11.    [from  cot.]    /'ro/irWy,  a  cot ;  a  li^it ; 

a  small  habit.'ition  for  poor  persons. 

Th«!  soi-coiut  shidl  be  tlwellin^j*  and  eounget  for  tlwrphcrds.  — 
Z<ph.  ii. 

The  term  is  also  now  applied  to  small  but  neat  and 
tasteful  dwellings. 
eoT'TA-G/:D,  a.    Set  or  covered  with  cottages. 
eOT'T.\-GER,  n.    One  who  lives  in  a  hut  or  cottage. 
2.  In  law,  one  who  lives  on  the  common,  without 
paving  any  rent,  or  liavinc  land  of  his  own. 
eof'TER,  COT'I'AR,  or  COT'TI-ER,  ii.  A  cottager. 
eOT'TOiN",  (kot'n,)  ii.    [Fr.  c<)(<iii ;  It.  cofoiic  ;  Ir.  rn- 
d4is  ;  Sp.  al^odon,  the  cotton  plant,  or  th<!  wool  ; 
eaton,  printed  cotton  ;  Port,  altradani ;  I),  katvea  ;  W. 
catwm,  cotton,  dag-wool,  as  if  from  cet,  a  short  tail. 

S  <J  } 

But  it  seems  to  be  an  Arabic  word,    JtsJi  kotun,  cor- 

responding  with  a  word  in  Ethiopic  and  Syrinc, 
which  signifies  to  be  thin  or  fine.  And  with  a  com- 
mon dialectical  variation,  it  may  coincide  with  the 
first  syllable  of  ^ossypium  and  ffossamrr.] 

I.  A  soft,  downy  substance,  resembling  fine  wooi, 


TONE,  BJjLL,  IINITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — 6  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

-  .  _ 


-J| 


COIJ 


cou 


cou 


Die  c(itton. 

Silk-cotton  tree  ;  the  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants,  the  Bombax,  growing  to  a  great  size  in  the 
Indies,  and  producing  a  kind  of  cotton  in  cai)sules. 

Encijc. 

eOT'TON,  (kot'n,)  a.    Pertaining  to  cotton  ;  made 
of  cotton  ;  consisting  of  cotton  ;  as,  cotton  clo'li ; 
cotton  stockings. 
eoT'TON,  t).  i.    To  rise  with  a  nap.  Johnson. 
2.  To  agree  ;  to  unitely  closely  with  ;  a  cant  word. 

Swift. 

eOT'T0X-G[N,  n.  A  machine  to  separate  tlie  seeds 
from  cotton,  invented  by  that  celebrated  mechani- 
cian, Eli  Whitney. 

COT'TON-GKSSS,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of  plants,  the  Eriophorum. 

eOT'TON-GRoW'ING,  a.    Producing  cotton. 

eOT'TOX-.MA-CHINE',  (kot'n-ma-cheen',)  n.  A 
machine  for  carding  or  spinning  cotton. 

eOT'TO.\-.MILL,  n.  A  mill,  or  building,  with  ma- 
chinery for  carding,  roving,  and  spinning  cotton,  by 
the  force  of  water  or  steam. 

eOT'TON-PLANT,  *  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Gos- 

eOT'TON-SHRUii,  j  sypium,  of  several  species, 
all  growing  in  warm  climates.  The  principal  spe- 
cies are,  1.  the  herbaceous  cotton,  with  smooth 
leaves  and  yellow  flowers,  succeeded  by  roundish 
capsules,  full  of  seeds  and-cotton  ;  2. "  the  hairy 
American  cotton,  with  hairy  stalks  and  leaves,  and 
yellow  flowers,  succeeded  by  oval  pods  ;  .1.  the  liar- 
badoes  shrubby  cotton  has  a  shrubby  stalk,  yellow 
flowers,  and  oval  pods  ;  4.  flie  arboreum,  or  tree 
cotton,  with  a  woody,  perennial  stalk,  bears  yellow 
flowers  and  large  pods.  The  first  three  species  are 
annual  plants  ;  the  last  is  perennial.  Encijc. 

In  the  Syiitkern  States  nf  .America,  the  cotton  culti- 
vated is  distinguished  into  three  kinds;  the  nankeen 
cotton,  so  called  from  its  color  ;  the  green  seed  cotton, 
producing  white  cotton  with  green  seeds.  These 
grow  in  the  middle  and  upper  country,  and  are  called 
short  staple  cotton.  The  black  seed  cotton,  cultivated 
in  the  lower  country,  near  the  sea,  and  on  the  isles 
near  the  shore,  produces  cotton  of  a  tine,  white, 
silky  appearance,  very  strong,  and  of  a  lung  staple. 
The  seeds  of  the  long  staple  cotton  are  separated  by 
roller-gins.  The  seeds  of  the  short  staple  cotton  are 
separated,  with  more  difliculty,  by  a  saw-gin,  invented 
bv  Eli  Whitney.  Rarmay.  Drayton. 

eoT'TON-PRESS,  n.  A  machijie  for  pressing'cotton 
into  bales. 

eOT'TON-THIS-TLE,  (kot'n-this-1,)  n.  A  plant,  the 
Onopordum.  .MiMenbenr. 

eOT'T  ON-WEED,  n.  A  plant,  the  Filago.  The 
name  is  given  also  to  the  Gnaplialium,  cudweed,  or 
goldvlocks. 

eOT'tO.\-WOOD,  n.    A  tree  of  the  poplar  kind, 

the  Populus  Canadensis. 
€OT'TO.\-Y,      j  a.    Downy;  nappy;  covered  with 
euT'TO.N-Ol.'S,  \     hairs  or  pubescence,  like  cotton. 

9.  Soft,  like  cotton.  [jVartim. 
eOT'Y-LE,  ;  n.    [Gr.  Korv\ri.] 

€OT'Y-LA,  j  The  cavity  of  a  bone  which  receives 
the  end  of  another  in  articulation. 

CO-TVL-E'DON,  n.  [Gr.  icoruAr/JciJi',  from  KorvXn,^ 
hollow  or  cavity. 1 

1.  In  botany,  the  perishable  lobe  of  the  seeds  of 
plants.  It  involves  and  nourishes  the  embryo  plant, 
and  then  perishes.  Some  seeds  have  two  lobes; 
otiiers  one  only,  and  others  none.  Mirlyn.  Encyc. 
,2.  In  anatomy,  a  cup-shaped  vascular  body,  adher- 
ing to  the  Chorum  of  some  animals.  hraiule. 

'i.  A  genus  of  plants,  navel-wort,  or  kidney -wort, 
of  several  species.  Encyc. 

eO-TYL-E'DO-NOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  cotyledons; 
having  a  sci-d-lobe. 

eO-TYL'I-FOK.M,  a.  In  physinloav,  an  epithet  applied 
to  such  organs  as  have  a  rotate  figure  with  an  erect 
limb.  QUbert. 

eOU'CIl,  ».  t.  [Fr.  couche,  a  bed  ;  ronrhrr,  to  lie 
down;  Norm,  cout/ic,  a  couch,  and  laid  double;  Sp. 
gaclio,  bent  down  sloiicliing  ;  a)racharsr,  to  stooji,  to 
crouch  ;  Port,  affacharse ,  aca^apar.ie,  to  stcMip,  crouch, 
or  Kcpiat ;  Arin.raarha  and  Moac/m,  our  vulgar  .vcoocA  ; 
D.  hukkrn  ;  C.  hockrn;  Dan.  hagrr.  The  primary 
Hcnsc  is,  lo  lay  or  throw  down.  See  Class  Cg,  Gk, 
No.  7,  8,0.] 

1.  'I'o  lie  down,  as  on  a  bed  or  place  of  repose. 

2.  To  lie  down  on  the  knees  ;  lo  stoop  and  recline 
on  the  knees,  as  a  beast. 

Pi'-re*  lip^rt  couched  »rufiii<I.  Dryfltn. 

.1.  To  lie  down  in  secret  or  in  ambush  ;  to  lie  clow 
and  conc>-nled. 

I'hr  ^nrl  of  Anftif  muchtd  In  a  furrow.  flayward. 
JuiIaIi  couehtd  u  a  lion.  — <ii-n.  xlix. 


4.  To  lie  ;  to  lie  in  a  bed  or  stratum. 

BleeseJ  of  ihf  I,oril  lie  Ills  l:uid  — for  tlic  .lew,  and  for  tlie  deep 
lh.it  coucheOi  lienenth.  —  Dent,  xxxiii. 

5.  To  stoop  ;  to  bend  the  body  or  back  ;  to  lower 
in  reverence,  or  to  bend  under  labor,  pain,  or  a 
burden. 

Iss:ictiar  is  a  Btron*  ass,  couching  down  between  two  bunlens.  — 
Gen.  xlix. 

These  eoucldngs,  and  these  lowly  courtesiea.  SbaJt. 

GOUCH,  V.  u  To  lay  down  ;  to  place  on  a  bed  or 
place  of  rest. 

Where  nnbruised  youth,  with  uiistufled  brain, 

Doth  couch  his  liinlis.  Sliak. 

9.  .To  lay  down  ;  to  spread  on  a  bed  or  floor ;  as, 
to  conch  malt.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  lay  close,  or  in  a  stratum. 

The  waters  couch  lliemselvea,  as  close  as  may  he,  to  the  center 
of  the  globe.  BurneL 

4.  To  hide  ;  to  lay  close,  or  in  another  body. 

It  is  in  use,  at  this  day,  to  couch  vessels  in  walls,  to  gather  the 
wind  from  the  top,  and  p;iss  it  down  in  spools  into  rooms. 

B<u:on. 

5.  To  include  secretly  ;  to  hide  ;  or  to  e.vpress  in 
obscure  terms,  that  imply  what  is  to  be  understooil ; 
with  under. 

All  this,  and  more,  lies  couched  under  tliis  alleffory. 

Hence, 

6.  To  involve ;  to  include  ;  to  comprise  :  to  com- 
prehend or  express. 

This  great  argument  for  a  future  suate,  which  St.  Paul  hath 
coudied  in  die  words  read.  AtLerbury. 

7.  To  lie  close.  Spenser. 

8.  To  fix  a  spear  in  the  rest,  in  the  posture  of 
attack. 

They  couched  their  spears.  Milton.  Dryden. 

9.  To  depress  the  conilenscd  crystalline  humor  or 
film  that  overspreads  the  pupil  of  the  eye.  Johnson. 

To  remove  a  cataract,  by  entering  a  needle  through 
the  coats,  of  the  eye,  and  pushing  the  lens  to  the 
bottom  of  the  vitreous  humor,  and  tlien  downward 
and  outward,  so  as  to  leave  it  in  the  under  and  out- 
side of  the  eye.  Encyc. 

The  true  phrase  is,  to  couch  a  cataract ;  but  we 
say,  to  couch  the  eye,  or  the  patient. 
€OU(JH,  n.    A  bed  ;  a  place  for  rest  or  sleep. 

Milton.  Dryden. 
9.  A  seat  of  repose ;  a  place  for  rest  and  ease,  on 
which  it  is  common  to  lie  down  undressed. 

Milton.  Dryden. 

3.  A  layer  or  stratum  of  barley  prepared  for  malt- 
ing ;  as,  a  couch  of  malt.  Brande. 

4.  In  painting,  a  lay  or  impression  of  color,  in  oil 
or  water,  covering  the  canvas,  wall,  or  other  matter 
to  be  painted.  Encyc. 

5.  Any  Lay  or  impression  used  to  make  a  thing  firm 
or  consistent,  or  to  screen  it  from  the  weather.  Eneyc. 

(i.  A  covering  of  gold  or  silver  leaf,  laid  on  any 
substance  to  be  gilded  or  silvered.  Enctjc.  ' 

eOUCH'ANT,  a.  [Fr.  See  Couch.]  Lying  down  ; 
sijuatting.  In  heraldry,  lying  down  with  the  head 
raised,  which  distinguishes  the  posture  of  couchunt 
from  that  of  dormant,  or  sleeping ;  applied  to  a  lion 
or  other  beast.  Encyc. 

Lecant  and  couchant ;  in  Zair,  rising  up  and  lying 
down  ;  appli(!d  to  beasts,  and  indicating  tliat  they 
have  been  limg  enough  on  land  to  lie  down  and  rise 
up  to  feed,  or  one  night  at  least.  Blackstime. 

eOUCir/^D,  (koucht,)  pp.  Laid  down  ;  laid  on  ;  hid  ; 
included  or  involved  ;  laid  close  ;  fixed  in  the  rest, 
as  a  spear ;  depri'ssed  or  removed,  as  a  cataract. 

COUCirEE,(]iMKh'ee,)  n.  [Fr.]  liedtime,  or  visits 
received  about  bedtime  ;  opposed  to  leoce.  Dryden. 

COUCll'EU,  71.    One  who  couches  cataracts. 

2.  In  (iW  English  statutes,  a  factor;  a  resident  in  a 
country  for  traflic.  Encyc. 

3.  A  book  in  which  a  religious  house  register  their 
acts.  Encyc. 

eoUCir-FEL-LoW,  71.  A  bed-fellow  ;  a  companicm 
in  lodging. 

eoUCII'-GRASS,  71.  Agropyron  or  triticum  repens, 
a  species  of  gr;iss,  very  injurious  to  other  plants. 

€0(JCH'IN(i,  ppr.  Lying  tlown  ;  laying  down  ;  l>'ing 
close  ;  involving  ;  inelutling;  expressing;  depressing 
a  cataract. 

€OUCII'L\G,  71.   The  act  of  stooping  or  bowing.  Sha];. 
2.  The  act  of  removing  a  cataract. 
X  'I'he  spreading  of  malt  to  dry. 
eOUCH'LE.S.S,  11.    Having  no  couch  or  bed. 
COIJ'G.MI,  71.    An  American  carnivorous  quadruped, 

al.st)  calletl  pnnia  and  panther.  Encyc.  Am. 

eOUGH,  (kauf,)  n.  [till.  1).  kuch.]  The  elements 
are  not  bolli  of  the  same  organ  ;  but  gh  and  /  are 
sunietimes  interchangeil,  as  in  rough,  ruff.   See  Class 

Cg,  No.  29,  3(5.    In  Pcrs.  Aijlii  chitftah,  and 
ehttfa,  is  a  cough.] 

A  violent  ell'ort  of  the  lungs  t*  throw  off  offending 
matter;  n  violent,  Ronietimes  invtiluntary  and  stjno- 
roiis,  expirnlion,  Kiiildi  nly  expelling  the  air  through 
the  glottis.    The  violent  action  of  the  muscles  serv- 


ing for  expiratitui  gives  great  force  to  the  air,  while 
the  contraction  tif  the  gltittis  produces  the  sound. 
The  air,  forced  violently,  carries  along  with  it  the 
phlegm,  or  irritating  matter,  which  causes  the  eflbrt 
of  the  muscles.  Encyc. 

eOUGlI,  (kauf,)  V.  i.  To  make  a  violent  efl"ort  with 
noise,  to  expel  the  air  from  the  lungs,  and  evacuate 
any  oflending  matter  that  irritates  the  parts,  or  ren- 
ders respiration  dilficult. 

eOUGII,  (kauf,)  «.  (.  To  expel  from  the  lungs  by  a 
violent  eflbrt,  with  noise  ;  to  expectorate ;  followed 
by  up;  as,  to  couirh  up  phlegm. 

eOUGH'ER,  (kauf'er,)  >i.    One  that  coughs. 

eOUGH'lNG,  (kauf-,)  ppr.  Expelling  from  the  lungs 
by  a  violent  effort,  witli  noise  ;  expectorating. 

eOUGH'ING,  (kauf-,)  ii.  A  violent  effort,  with  noise, 
to  expel  the  air  from  the  lungs. 

eOULD,  (kopd.)  [The  past  tense  of  can,  according  to 
our  customary  arrangement  in  gnimmar,  but,  in  real- 
ity, a  distinct  word,  can  having  no  past  tense. 
Could,  we  receive  tlirough  the  Celtic  dialects,  W. 
gallu.  Corn,  golly.  Arm.  gallout,  to  be  able  ;  Heb. 

Sji,  Ch.  Sns,  Eth.  to  be  able,  to  prevail  ;  L. 

calico.  Either  of  the  Oriental  verbs  may  be  the  root, 
and  all  may  be  of  one  family.  In  the  past  tense, 
could  signifies,  was  able,  had  power.] 

1.  Had  sufficient  strength  or  physical  power.  A 
sick  man  could  not  lift  his  hand  ;  Isaac  was  old,  and 
could  not  see  ;  Alexander  could  easily  conquer  the 
effeminate  Asiatics. 

2.  Had  adequate  means  or  instruments.  The  men 
could  defray  th-ir  own  expenses  ;  the  country  was 
exhausted,  and  coiiW  not  support  the  war. 

3.  Had  adequate  moral  power.  We  heard  the 
story,  but  coul^l  not  believe  it ;  the  intemperate  man 
could  have  restrained  his  appetite  for  strong  drink  ; 
he  could  have  refrained,  if  he  would. 

My  mind  could  not  be  toward  lliis  people. — Jer.  xv. 

4.  Had  power  or  capacity  by  the  laws  of  its  nature. 
The  tree  could  not  grow  for  want  of  water. 

5.  Had  comjietent  legal  power ;  had  riglit,  or  had 
the  requisite  qualifications.  Fonnerly,  a  citizen  could 
not  vote  for  officers  of  government  without  the  pos- 
session of  some  property ;  A  B  could  not  be  elected 
to  the  office  of  senator,  for  want  of  estate ;  B  C,  not 
being  of  the  blood  of  the  ancestor,  could  not  inlierit 
liis  estate. 

6.  Had  sufficient  capacity.  The  world  could  not 
contain  the  books.    John  xxi. 

7.  Was  capable  or  susceptible,  by  its  nature  or 
constitution,  as  of  some  change.  He  found  a  sub- 
stance that  could  not  be  fused. 

8.  Had  adequate  strength  or  fortitude ;  as,  he  coiiU 
not  endure  the  pain  tir  the  rejiroach. 

9.  Had  motives  sufficient  to  overcome  objections. 
He  thought,  at  first,  he  cuiiW  not  comply  with  the 
retpiest;  but,  after  consideration,  he  determined  lo 
comply. 

11).  Had  competent  knowledge  or  skill.  He  could 
solve  the  most  difficult  pmblems. 

C0(7'Z.£(/« /)£  flO.».'E,  (koo'laur-de-roze,)  [Fr.]  Lit- 
erally, of  a  rose  color;  hence,  under  an  aspect  of 
beauty  and  attractiveness ;  as,  to  see  every  thing 
couleur  de  rose. 

CoUL'TER.    See  Colter. 

COU'.MA-RI.fil,  71.  A  vegetable  proximate  principle, 
obtainetl  from  the  Tonka  bean,  Coumaruuna  odorata, 
anil  from  the  flowers  of  the  nielilot.  It  is  u.sed  in 
medicine  ;  ami  it  gives  flavor  to  the  Swiss  cheese, 
called  schabzieger. 

eOUN'CIL,  71.  [Fr.  concile:  Sp.  coneilio ;  It.  ennri- 
glio,  concilia  i  from  L.  cmtcithtm  ;  con  and  tvi/o,  to  t  ;tll, 
Gr.  KiiXeio,  W.  guho,  Ch.  nV^  in  Aph.,  to  call.  (See 
Hold.)  Class  Gl.  This  word  is  often  confouiult^d 
with  counsel,  with  which  it  has  no  connection. 
Council  is  a  collection  or  assembly.] 

1.  An  assembly  of  men  sunnnoned  or  convened 
for  consultation,  deliberation,  and  ailvice.  The  kings 
of  England  were  formerly  assisted  by  a  gnind  councd 
of  peers. 

The  chief  priests  and  till  die  council  Bought  false  witness.  — 
Matt.  XX. 

The  word  is  applir.alile  to  any  body  of  men,  ap- 
pointed or  convened  for  consultation  and  .advice  in 
im|>ortant  affairs  ;  as,  a  council  of  divines  or  clergy- 
nu'ii,  with  their  lay  ilelegates  ;  a  council  of  war,  con- 
sisting of  the  principal  officers,  to  advise  the  com- 
mander-in-chief tir  ailmiral  ;  a  fuunrii  of  physicians, 
to  consult  and  advi.se  in  iliflicult  cases  of  dise.ise. 

2.  A  body  of  men  specially  designaleil  to  advise  a 
diief  magistrate  in  the  ailministration  of  the  govern- 
ment, as  in  Gri^at  Britain. 

3  In  .tonte  nf  the  American  States,  a  branch  of  the 
legislature,  corresponding  with  the  senate  in  other 
States,  antl  called  legislatire  council.     .Wiu  .lecsey. 

4.  An  assembly  of  pi'el.ites  and  tloctors,  convened 
for  regulating  matters  of  doctrine  and  discipline  in 
the  church. 

5.  Act  of  deliberation  ;  consultation  of  a  council. 

Mdton. 

Common -council  of  a  city  ;  in  London,  a  court  con- 
sisting of  the  lord  mayor  and  aldermen  in  one  house, 


growing  In  the  capsules  or  pods  of  Gossypiuin,  the 
cotton-plant.    It  is  the  material  of  a  large' proportion 
of  cloth  for  apparel  and  furniture 
2.  Cloth  made  of  cotton. 

Lavender-cutton ;  the  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants,  Santolina,  of  several  species  ;  shrulis  culti- 
vated in  gardens.  One  species,  the  chamtecyparLisus, 
or  Abrotanum  ftpmina,  female  southern-wood,  is 
vulgarly  called  brotany.  Encyc. 

Philosophic  cotton  ;  flowers  of  zinc,  which  resem- 


PATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  DQQK — 


279 


cou 


cou 


and  of  rcpresentiitives  of  tlio  sevenil  wards,  called 
coiiimon-councilmeny  in  the  otlier.  Uut  mure  generally, 
Itie  coninion-council  is  considered  as  the  body  of 
representatives  of  the  citizens,  as  distinct  from  tlie 
mayor  and  aldermen.  Tlius,  in  Connreticut,  tlie 
cities  are  incorporated  by  tlie  name  of  "  The  Mayor, 
Aldermen,  CommoH-CouucU,  and  Freemen,  of  the 
City  of  Hartford,  New  Haven,  &.c." 

Kcummical  council  ;  in  church  history,  a  general 
council  or  assembly  of  prelates  and  doctors,  repre- 
scntin";  the  whole  church  ;  as,  the  council  of  Nice,  of 
Ephesus,  and  of  Chalccdon.  Enciic. 

Privy  council ;  a  select  council  for  advising  a  king 
in  the  administration  of  the  government. 
^ulic  council.    See  Aulic. 

C'OU.\'(;lL-I(oARD.  n.  Council-table  ;  the  tabic 
round  which  a  council  holds  consultation.  Hence, 
the  council  itself  in  deliberation  or  session. 

eoiJN'CIL-OR,  n.  The  member  of  a  council.  [See 
Counselor,] 

€OUN'CILr-TA-nLE,  n.  Council-board. 

€0-UN-DER-STANl)'ING,  n.  Mutual  understanding. 

€0-U-NITE',  V.  L    To  unite.     [JVut  used.]  More. 

eOUN'SEL,  j<.  [Fr.  con.-seil ;  Arm.  consailh ;  U.  con- 
si^lio ;  Sp.  conseju  ;  Port,  consclho  ;  from  L.  consUiuni, 
from  tlie  root  of  ctiii^u/o,  to  consult,  which  is  probably 

the  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Eth.  bttw,  Ar.  ^Lw  saula, 

to  ask.  Class  SI,  No.  IG,  42.  The  radical  sense  of 
the  verb  to  ask  is,  to  set  upon,  urfj:e,  or  press. 
Hence  the  Oriental  verb  is  probably  the  root  of  the 
L.  salio,  assilio,  or  from  the  same  root.  See  the  like 
analogies  in  L.  peto,  to  ask,  to  assail.] 

1.  Advice  ;  opinion,  or  instruction,  given  upon  re- 
quest or  otherwise, .  for  directing  the  judgment  or 
conductof  another  J  opinion  given  upon  deliberation 
or  consultation. 

Every  purpose  is  esublished  liy  counsel.  —  Prov.  xi. 
Thuu  h;ul  nol  licarkc ir-iI  10  niy  cuamet.  —  'i  C'broii.  xxt. 

2.  Consultation  ;  interchange  of  opinions. 

We  took  sweet  counsel  lo^i-lher.  —  Ps.  Iv. 

3.  Deliberation ;  examination  of  consequences. 
They  all  confess  that,  in  tlie  workii!^  of  itiat  firet  c  vuse,  eounse.' 

is  used,  leason  lolloweil,  and  a  way  otjserved.  J/ooktr. 

4.  Prudence;  deliberate  opinion  or  judgment,  or 
the  faculty  or  habit  of  judging  with  caution. 

0.  how  comely  is  Uie  wisdom  of  old  tn.'n,  and  undcrataiuliug  and 

counsel  to  men  of  honor  1  —  Kcclus.  xxv. 
The  law  shall  perish  from  tlie  priest,  iiad  counsel  from  the  an- 
cients. —  Lzek.  vii. 

5.  In  a  bad  smse,  evil  advice  or  designs ;  art ; 
machination. 

The  counjei  of  the  frowanl  is  carried  hcadlon j.  —  Joh  v. 

6.  Secrecy  ;  the  secrets  intrusted  in  consultation  ; 
secret  opinions  or  purposes.  Let  a  man  keep  his 
own  counsel. 

7.  In  a  scriptural  seme,  purpose  ;  design  ;  will  ; 
decree. 

Whnt  thy  eou)i*tt  delermineil  ijefote  to  be  done.  —  Acta  ir. 
To  show  the  unmuubility  of  his  couiuel  Heb.  tl 

8.  Directions  of  God's  word. 

Thou  slialt  /^lide  mo  by  liiy  counsel  — Ps.  Ixxiii. 

9.  The  will  of  God,  or  his  truth  and  doctrines  con- 
cerning the  way  of  salvation. 

1  have  not  slmimed  to  decliue  to  you  till  the  counsel  of  God  

Acu  XX. 

10.  Those  who  give  counsel  in  law  ;  any  counselor 
or  advocate,  or  any  number  of  counselors,  barristers, 
or  sergeants  ;  as,  the  plaintilf's  counsel,  or  the  de- 
fendant's counsel.  The  attorney-general  and  solicit- 
or-general are  the  king's  counsel.  In  this  sense  the 
word  has  no  phiral ;  but,  in  the  singular  number,  is 
applicable  to  one  or  more  persons. 

eOUN'SEL,  f.  t.    [L.  consilior.] 

1.  To  give  advice  or  deliberate  opinion  to  anotlier 
for  the  government  of  his  conduct  ;  to  advise. 

1  eounstl  Uiec  to  buy  of  me  j^tild  tjieil  in  tiie  fire.  —  Rct.  iii. 

2.  To  exhort,  warn,  ndmtmish,  or  instruct.  We 
ought  frequently  to  counsel  our  children  against  the 
vices  of  the  age. 

They  th&t  will  not  be  counseled  can  not  be  helped.  Fmnihn. 

3.  To  advise  or  recommend  ;  as,  to  counsel  a  crime. 
[A'ot  much  used.]  Drydeiu 

eOUN'SEL-KEEP'ER,  n.  One  who  can  keep  a  se- 
cret. Hhak. 

€OUN'SF.L-KEEP'IXG,  <i.    Keeping  secrets.  Shak. 

€OUN'SEL-A-BLE,  a.  Willing  to  receive  counsel ; 
disposed  to  follow  the  advice  of  others.  Clarendon. 

€OUN'SEL-i.'D,  pp.  Advised  ;  instructed  ;  admon- 
ished. 

eOUN'SEL-ING,  ppr.  Advising  ;  instructing  ;  ad- 
monishing. 

eOUN'SEL-OR,  n.  Any  person  who  gives  advice  ; 
but  properly  one  who  is  authorized  by  natural  rela- 
tionship, or  by  birth,  oflice,  or  profession,  to  advise 
aniither  in  regard  to  his  future  conduct  and  measures. 
Ahithoplicl  was  David's  counselor.  His  mother  was 
his  counselor  to  do  wickedly.    2  Chron.  x.xii.  In 


Oi  eat  Britain,  Ilie  peers  of  the  realm  are  hereditiiry 
counselors  of  the  crown. 

2,  One  of  the  members  of  a  council ;  one  appointed 
to  advise  a  king  or  chief  magistrate,  in  regard  to  the 
administration  of  the  government. 

3.  One  who  is  consulted  by  a  client  in  a  law  case  ; 
one  who  gives  advice  in  relation  to  a  tpiestion  of  law  ; 
one  whose  profession  is  to  give  advice  in  law,  and 
manage  catises  for  clients. 

Privv  counselor;  a  member  of  a  privy  council. 

€OUN'S'EL-OR-SHIP,  n.  The  oliice  of  a  counselor, 
or  privy  counselor. 

COUNT,  V.  t.  [Kr.  cmler;  It.  contarc;  Sp.  Port,  con- 
tar;  Arm.  coii'ita  or  eontein.  (la.  the  root.  'I'he 
Fr.  has  compter,  also,  from  the  L.  computo  ;  the  Sp. 
and  Port,  computar  ;  and  the  It.  cumpulare.  'I'lie 
Eng.  count  is  directly  from  conlcr;  and  it  may  be 
a  question  whether  contcr  and  cuntar  arc  from  the 
L.  computo.'] 

1.  To  number;  to  tell  or  name  one  by(me,or  by 
small  numbers,  for  ascertaining  the  whole  number 
of  units  in  a  collection  ;  as,  to  jpi/nt  the  years,  days, 
and  hours  of  a  man's  life  ;  to  count  the  stars. 

Who  can  count  the  dust  of  Jacob?  —  Niun.  xxiii. 

2.  To  reckon ;  to  preserve  a  reckoning ;  to  com- 
pute. 

Some  tribes  of  rude  nations  count  their  years  by  Uie  coming  of 
C'-rtttin  binls  among  them  at  cert^iin  seasons,  and  Icavuig 
thent  at  ollieis.  Locke. 

3.  To  reckon  ;  to  place  to  an  account ;  to  ascribe 
or  impute  ;  to  consider  or  esteem  as  belonging. 

Abraham  tK  lieved  in  God,  and  he  counted  it  to  hira  for  righteous- 
ness. —  Gen.  XV. 

4.  To  esteem  ;  to  account;  to  reckon;  to  think, 
judge,  or  consider. 

I  i-ount  them  my  enemies.  —  Ps.  cxxxix. 
Neillier  count  1  my  life  dear  to  myself.  —  Acts  XX. 
1  count  all  tilings  loss.  —  Pliil.  iii. 

5.  To  impute  ;  to  charge.  Rowe. 
COUNT,  V.  i.    To  count  on  or  upon;  to  reckon  upon  ; 

to  found  an  account  or  scheme  on  ;  to  rely  on.  We 
can  not  count  on  the  friendship  of  nations.  Count  not 
oil  the  sincerity  of  sycophants. 

2.  To  swell  the  number,  or  count;  as,  each  addi- 
tional one  counLs. 
COUNT,  71.    [Fr.  conte  and  comple;  Sp.  cuenta  and  cii- 
ento;  It.  conto.    The  Spanish  has  also  computo,  and 
the  It.  id.] 

1.  Reckoning ;  the  act  of  numbering ;  as,  this  is 
the  number  according  to  my  count. 

2.  Number.  Spenser. 

3.  In  law,  a  particular  charge  in  an  indictment,  or 
narration  in  pleading,  setting  forth  the  cause  of  com- 
plaint. There  may  be  different  counts  in  the  same 
declaration. 

COUNT,  n.  [Fr.  comte ;  It.  conte ;  Sp.  eonde ;  Port.  id. ; 
Arm.  condt ;  from  L.  comes,  comitis,  a  ctimpanion  or 
associate,  a  fellow-traveler.    Clu.  cent  and  eo.] 

A  title  of  foreign  nobility,  equivalent  to  the  Eng- 
lish earl,  and  whose  domain  is  a  county.  An  earl ; 
the  alderman  of  a  shire,  as  the  Saxons  called  him. 
The  titles  of  English  nobility,  according  to  their  rank, 
are  duke,  marquis,  earl,  viscount,  and  b.iron. 

Blackstont.  Eneye. 
COUNT' A-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  numbered. 

Spfnser. 

COUNT'ED,  pp.  Numbered  ;  told  ;  esteemed ;  reck- 
oned ;  imputed, 

COUN'TE-NANCE,  n,  [Fr.  contenance,  from  ccmtenant, 
containing,  from  contenir,  to  contain,  L.  continco ;  con 
and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  Literally,  the  contents  of  a  body  ;  the  outline 
and  extent  which  constitutes  the  whole  figure  or  ex- 
ternal aiipearance.  .Appropriately,  the  human  face  ; 
the  whole  form  of  the  face,  or  system  of  features ; 
visage. 

A  merry  heart  maJceth  a  clwcrful  counlsnatioe  Prov.  xv. 

Be  not,  as  tlte  hypucritos,  of  a  sad  countenance.  —  Matt.  vi. 

2.  Air ;  look  ;  aspect ;  appearance  of  the  face ;  as 
in  the  phrase,  to  change  or  alter  the  countenance. 

3.  The  face  or  look  of  a  beast ;  as,  a  horse  of  a  good 
countenance. 

4.  Favor;  good-will  ;  kindness. 

Thou  lust  mode  him  glad  with  thy  countenance,  — •  Ps,  xxi. 

Hence,  in  scriptural  laniruage,  the  /i<TA£  of  Ood's 
countenance  is  his  smiles  or  favorable  regards,  his  fa- 
vor and  grace  ;  and  to  hide  his  face  or  countenance  is 
to  manifest  his  displeasure,  and  withdraw  his  gra- 
cious aids.  So  the  rebuke  of  his  countenance  indicates 
his  anger  and  frowns,    Ps.  lixx. 

This  application  of  face  or  countcvance,  which 
seems  to  be  tif  high  antiquity,  proceeded  probably 
from  the  practice  of  turning  away  the  face  to  express 
anger,  displeasure,  and  refusal  —  a  practice  stdl  com- 
mon, but  probably  universal  among  rude  nations. 
The  opposite  conduct  would,  of  course,  express  fa- 
vor, 'i'he  grant  of  a  petition  is  accompanied  with  a 
look  directed  to  the  petitioner;  the  refusal  or  denial, 
with  .an  averted  face.  Hence, 

5.  Support ;  aid  ;  patronage  ;  encouragement  ;  fa- 
vor in  promoting  and  maintaining  a  pt;rson  or  cause. 


Let  religion  enjoin  the  eauntenance  of  the  laws.  Givfl 
no  cuunlettance  to  violations  of  moral  duly. 

It  is  the  province  of  Uie  nuigislrau  to  give  counUnanee  to  piety 
and  virtue,  AUdrbury. 

6.  Show;  resemblance;  superficial  appearance. 
The  election  l;eiug  done,  lie  made  countenartcs  of  great  rtlseoQ, 

lent  thereat.  A$cham. 

7,  In  law,  credit  or  estimation.  CoweL 
To  keep  the  countenance,  is  to  preserve  a  calm,  com- 
posed, or  natural  look,  unruHled  by  passiim  ;  to  re- 
frain from  expressing  laughter,  joy,  anger,  or  other 
passion,  by  an  unchanged  countenance. 

In  countenance ;  in  favor  ;  in  estimation. 
If  the  profession  of  religion  were  in  countenance  among  men  of 
distinction,  it  would  have  a  liappy  etl<:ct  on  society. 

To  keep  in  countenar\ee ;  to  give  assurance  or  cour- 
age to  ;  to  support;  to  aid  by  favor;  to  prevent  from 
shame  or  dismay. 

To  put  in  coitntenanre ;  to  give  assurance  ;  to  en- 
courage ;  or  to  bring  into  favor ;  to  support. 

Out  of  countenance ;  confounded;  abashed;  with 
the  countenance  cast  down  ;  not  bold  or  assured. 

To  put  out  of  countenance:  to  cause  the  counte- 
nance to  fall  ;  tu  abash  ;  to  intimidate  ;  to  disct  ncert. 
COUN'TE-N,\NCE,  v.  t.  To  favor ;  to  encourage  by 
opinion  or  words. 

The  desii^n  wo*  made  known  to  the  minister,  but  lie  said  nothing 
tu  counlejvlnce  it,  Anon, 

2.  To  aid  ;  to  support ;  to  encourage  ;  to  abet ;  to 
vindicate,  by  any  means. 

Neither  sluUt  thou  countenance  a  poor  man  In  liis  cause,  —  Ex, 

xxiii. 

3.  To  encourage  ;  to  appear  in  defense. 


He  countsnanceri  the  landing  in  his  long.Loat.  tVbtton. 

4.  To  make  a  show  of. 

Each  to  tliese  lailies  lure  did  countenance.  Speneer. 

5.  To  keep  an  appearance.  Sliak. 


COUN'TE-NANC-fJl),  f koun'te-nanst,)  pp.  Favored  ; 
encouraged  ;  supported. 

eOUN'TE-N  ANC-EK,  n.  One  who  countenances,  fa- 
vors, or  supports. 

COUN'TE-N ANC-ING,  ppr.  Favoring ;  encouraging ; 
supporting. 

COUNT'ER,  71.  [from  coiinf.]  A  false  piece  of  money 
or  stamped  metal,  used  .as  means  of  reckoning  ;  any 
thing  used  to  keep  an  account  or  reckoning,  as  in 
games. 

2.  Money,  in  contemjit.  Shak. 

3.  A  table  or  board  on  which  money  is  counted  ;  a 
table  on  which  goods  in  a  shop  are  laid  for  e.xamina- 
tion  by  purchasers. 

In  lieu  of  this,  we  sometimes  see  written  the  French 
CoMPToiit,  from  compter,  computo;  but  counter  is  the 
genuine  orthography. 

4.  The  name  of  certain  prisons  in  London. 

5.  One  that  counts  or  reckons  ;  also,  an  auditor. 

6.  Encounter.    [.Not  used.] 

7.  In  skips,  an  arch  tir  vault,  whose  upper  part  is 
terminated  by  the  bottom  of  the  stern.  The  upper 
or  second  counter  is  above  the  former,  but  not 
vaulted. 

8.  A  telltale ;  a  contrivance  in  an  engine  or  car- 
riage to  tell  numbers,  as  of  strokes  or  revolutions. 

9.  In  music,  counter  is  the  name  given  to  an  under 
part,  to  serve  for  contrast  to  a  principal  part ;  as, 
eoimfcr-tenor,  &c. 

Counter  of  a  horse;  the  breast,  or  that  part  of  a 
horse's  forehand  which  lies  between  the  shoulder 
and  under  the  neck.  Farrier's  Diet. 

COUN'TER,  ado.  [Fr.  contre;  L.  contra;  Sp.  and  It 
contra  ;  probably  a  compound  of  con  and  tra,  as  in  ex- 
tra, ultra.] 

1.  Contraiy  ;  in  opposition ;  in  an  opposite  direc- 
tion ;  used  chiefly  with  ran  or  /ro ;  as,  to  run  counter 
to  the  rules  of  virtue ;  he  iccnf  counter  to  his  own  in- 
terest 

2.  The  wrong  way  ;  contrary  to  the  right  course. 

Shak. 

3.  Contrariwise ;  in  a  contraiy  manner.  Locke. 

4.  The  face,  or  at  the  face.    fjVut  used.]  Sandys. 
This  word  is  prefixed  to  many  otlirrs,  cliietly  verbs 

and  nouns,  expressing  ojrpo.-tition. 

COUN-TER-ACT',  v.  (.  [counurand  act]  To  act  in 
opposition  to ;  to  liiniler,  defeat,  or  frustrate,  by  con- 
trary agency.  Good  precepts  will  sometimes  counter- 
act the  effects  of  evil  example ;  but  more  generally 
good  precepts  arc  counteracted  by  bad  examples. 

COU.\-TER-AeT'ED,;»p.  Hindered;  frustrated ;  de- 
feated bv  contrirv  agency. 

eOUN-TER-AeT''l.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Acting  against ;  hin- 
dering ;  fru.strating, 

COUN-TER-AC'TION,  n.  Action  in  opposition  ;  hin- 
derance. 

eoUN-TER-ACT'IVE,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
counteracts. 

COU.\-TER-,\CT'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  counteract 
COU^<-TER-Ae T'lVE-LY.  adv.  By  counteraction. 
COUN'TER-AT-TRAC'TIO.V,  n.     [counffr  and  at 

(ruction,]  Opposite  attraction.  Shensloni 
COCX'TER-.\T-TRAeT'IVE,  a.  Attracting  in  ar.  op. 

posite  way. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IJNITE,  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ,  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
S3  27:? 


\ 


cou 


cou 


eOUN-TER  BAI/AXCE,  B. «.  {counter  and  balance.'] 
To  weigh  against ;  to  weigh  against  with  an  equal 
weight ;  to  act  against  with  equal  power  or  effect ;  to 
counterviiU.  A  column  of  thirty  inches  of  quiclcsil- 
ver,  and  a  column  of  thirty-two  feet  of  water,  coun- 
terbalance the  weight  of  a  like  column  of  the  whole 
atmosphere.  The  pleasures  of  sin  never  counterbal- 
ance the  pain,  misery,  and  shame,  which  follow  the 
commission  of  it. 

eOU\'TEIl-B.\L-ANCE,  n.  Equal  weight,  power,  or 
agency,  acting  in  opposition  to  any  thing. 

Money  is  ihe  counUrrbalaiice  of  ail  Uiings  purchasiible.  Locke. 

eOUN-TER-BAL'ANC-ED,  (-bal'anst,)  pp.  Opposed 
by  equal  weight,  power,  or  effect. 

eOUN-TER-IiAL'ANC-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Opposing  by 
equal  weight,  power,  or  operation. 

eOUN'TER-BOXD,  n.  [counter  and  bond.]  A  bond 
to  save  harmless  one  who  has  given  bond  for  an- 
other. 

eOUX-TER-BUFF',  v.  U  [conntcranA  buff.]  To  strike 
back  or  in  an  opposite  direction ;  to  drive  back  ;  to 
stop  bv  a  blow  or  impulse  in  front.  Dnjiien. 

eOUN'TER-BUFF,  n.  A  blow  in  an  opposite  direc- 
tion ;  a  stroke  that  stops  motion  or  causes  a  recoil. 

Sidney. 

eOUN-TER-BUFF'£D,  (-buft,)  pp.  Struck  with  a 
blow  in  oj)position. 

COUX'TER-CaST,  n.  Delusive  contrivance ;  contra- 
ry cast.  Spenser. 

eOUN'TER-CAST-ER,  n.  [counter  and  caster.]  A 
caster  of  accounts  ;  a  reckoner  ;  a  book-keeper,  in 
contempt.  Sliak. 

eOUX'TER-CHANCE,  71.  [counter  ani  chancre.]  Ex- 
change ;  reci(irocation. 

€OUN-TER-CHANGE',  v.  L  To  give  and  receive  ;  or 
to  cause  to  change  places. 

€OU.\-TER-CHaNG'£D,pp.  Exchanged.  In  herald- 
rti,  intennixed,  as  the  colors  of  the  field  and  charce. 

■€0"UX-TER-CHaN6'ING,  ppr.  Exchanging  ;  inter- 
mixing. 

eOUN'TER-CH.KRGE,  n.    An  opposite  charge. 

eOlJX'TER-CHXR.M,  n.  [counter  and  clurm.]  That 
which  has  the  power  of  dissolving  or  opposing  the 
effect  of  a  charm.  Pope. 

€OUX-TER-CH.\.RM',  v.  U  Tr-  destroy  the  effect  of 
enchantment. 

eOUX-TER-CHARM'jED,  pp.  Defeated  by  contrary 
charms. 

COUX-TER-CHaRJI'ING,  ppr.  Destroying  the  effect 

by  opposite  charms. 
eOUX-TER-CHECK',      (.    [counter  and  cAcci-.]  To 

oppose  or  stop  by  some  obstacle  j  to  check. 
eOUX'TER-CHECK,  n.    Check;  stop;  rebuke  ;  or  a 

censure  to  check  a  reprover.  Bailey. 
€OUX-TEU-CUECK'£D,   (-chekt,)   pp.     Opfiosed  ; 

stopped. 

eOUN-TER-CHECK'ING,  ppr.  Checking  by  hinder- 
ance. 

eOUX'TER-€lTR-RENT,  a.  [counter  and  currcnL] 
Running  in  an  opposite  direction.  Klrwan. 

€OUX'TEE-eUR-UENT,  n.  A  current  in  an  oppo- 
site direction. 

eOUX'TER-DIS-TINe'TIOX,  n.  Contradistinction. 

31  ore. 

eOUX'TER-DRSIN,  n.  A  drain  parallel  to  a  canal 
or  embanked  water-course,  for  collecting  the  soak.ige 
water.  Oa'dU 

eOL'X-TER-DRAW,  v.  t.  [counter  and  draw.]  In 
painting.,  to  copy  a  design  or  painting,  by  means  of  a 
fine  linen  cloth,  an  oiled  paper,  or  other  transparent 
matter,  whereon  the  strokes  appearing  through,  they 
are  traced  with  a  pencil.  The  same  is  done  on  glass, 
and  with  frames  or  nets  divided  into  squares  with 
silk  or  thread,  or  by  means  of  instruments,  as  the 
parallelogram.  Kncyc. 

€OUN-TER-DKA\\''IXG,  ppr.  Copying  by  means  of 
lines  drawn  on  <orne  transparent  matter. 

eOUX-Ti;R-l)UA \VX',  pp.  copied  from  lines  drawn 
on  soni'-ilunL'  ei.-r. 

€0UX-TI;K  i:V'l  DEXCE,  71.  [cou7iternm\  eridence.] 
Opposite  <!Vi(li  iii :e  ;  evidence  or  testimony  which  op^ 
poses  otii'-r  <  \  iili-nce.  Burnet. 

eoUX'TLR-FErr,(koun'ter-fit,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  contnfuirc. 
contrcfuit ;  contre  and  /aire,  to  make  ;  L.  contra  and 
facto;  It.  contraffarcj  contrujjtillo  j  t^p.  contraJiaccr,con~ 
traJieeho.] 

1.  To  forge  ;  to  copy  or  imitate,  without  authority 
or  right,  and  with  a  view  to  deceive  or  defraud,  by 
passing  the  copy  or  thing  forged  for  that  which  is 
original  or  genuine;  as  to  counterfeit  coin,  bank- 
note", a  seal,  a  bond,  a  deed,  or  other  instrument  in 
writing,  the  liandwriting  or  signature  of  another,  &c. 
To  make  a  likeness  or  resemblance  of  any  thing  with 
a  view  to  defraud. 

2.  To  imitate ;  to  copy  ;  to  make  or  put  on  a  re- 
semblance ;  an,  to  counterfeit  the  voice  of  another 
[lerson  ;  lo  rountrrfeit  piet\'. 

eOUN'TER-KElT,  p.  i.  To  feign  ;  to  dissemble  ;  to 
carry  cm  a  fiction  or  deception.  Shulc. 

COU.N'TER-KEIT,  a.  Forged;  fictitious;  false;  fab- 
ricated without  right ;  inad(!  in  imitation  of  some- 
thing else,  with  a  view  to  defraud,  by  piissing  the 
false  copy  for  genuine  or  ongioal ;  as,  counterfeit  cuiu  ; 


a  counterfeit  bond  or  deed  ■  a  counterfeit  bill  of  ex- 
change. 

2.  Assuming  the  appearance  of  something  ;  false  ; 
hypocritical  ;  as^  a  counterfeit  friend. 

.3.  Having  the  resembl.'uice  of ;  false  ,  not  genuine ; 
as,  counterfeit  modesty. 
eOUX'TER-FEIT,  (koun'ter-fit,)  n.    A  cheat ;  a  de- 
ceitful person ;  one  who  pretends  to  be  what  he  is 
not;  one  who  personates  another  ;  an  impostor. 

2.  In  law,  one  who  obt.ains  money  or  goods  by 
counterfeit  letters  or  false  tokens.  Encyc. 

3.  That  which  is  made  in  imitation  of  siiniething, 
but  without  lawful  authority,  and  with  a  view  to  de- 
fraud, by  passing  the  false  for  the  tme.  We  say,  the 
note  is  a  conntcrf<:it. 

eOUNTER  FElT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Forged ;  made  in 
imitation  of  something,  with  a  view  to  defraud  ;  cop- 
ied ;  imitated  ;  feigned. 

eoUX'TER-FElT-ER,  n.  One  who  counterfeits ;  a 
forger. 

2.  One  who  copies  or  imitates;  one  who  assumes 
a  false  appearance. 

3.  One  who  endSavors  to  set  off  a  thing  in  false 
colors. 

eOUX'TER-FEIT-ING,  n.    The  act  of  forging  ;  the 

making  of  a  counterfeit  resemblance. 
eOUX'TER-FEIT-IXG,  ppr.    Forging  ;  feigning. 
eOUX'TER-FEIT-LY,  ado.    By  forgery  ;  falsely  ;  fic- 

titiouslv. 

eOUX-f  ER-FER'MEXT,  n.  [counter  and  ferment  ] 
Ferment  opposed  to  ferment.  Mdison 

eOUX-TER-FK'SANCE,  «.    [Fr.  contrefaisance.] 
The  act  of  forging  ;  forgery.    [  04.5.1 

eOUX'TER-FOIL,     (  n.    That  part  of  a  tally  struck 

eOUN'TER-STOCK,  \  in  the  exchequer,  which  is 
kept  by  an  officer  in  that  court,  the  other  being  deliv- 
ered to  the  person  who  has  lent  the  king  money  on 
the  account,  and  is  called  the  stock.  Bailey. 

eOUN'TER-FoRT,  n.  [counter  anii  fort.]  A  buttress, 
spur,  or  pillar,  serving  to  support  a  wall  or  terrace 
subject  to  bulge.  Chambers. 

€OUX'TER-GAGE,  n.  [counter  am\  saije.]  In  car- 
pentry, a  method  used  to  measure  the  joints,  by  trans- 
ferring, as,  for  instance,  the  breadth  of  a  mortise  to 
the  place  where  the  tenon  is  to  be,  in  order  to  make 
them  fit  each  other.  (rwilt. 

eOUN'TER-GUARD,  71.  [counter  mi  guard.]  \n  for- 
tification, a  small  rampart,  or  work  raised  before  the 
point  of  a  bastion,  consisting  of  two  long  faces  par- 
allel to  the  faces  of  the  b;istion,  making  a  salient  an- 
gle, to  preserve  the  bastion.  It  is  sometimes  of  a 
different  shape,  or  differently  situated.  Encyc. 

eOUX-TER-lX'FLU-EXCE,  v.  t.  To  hinder  by  op- 
posing inliuence.    [Liade  used.]  Scott. 

eOUX-TER-IX'FLU-EN-Cf;D,  (-in'flu-enst,);;;).  Hin- 
dered by  opposing  influence. 

eOUX-TER-lX'FLU-EN-ClNG,  ppr.  Opposing  by 
opposing  influence. 

eOUX'TER-LIGHT,  (-lite,)  n.  [coiHitfi-  and  liglit.]  A 
light  opposite  to  any  thing,  which  makes  it  appear  to 
disadvantage.  Chambers. 

eOUN-TER-.MXND',  v.  U  [Fr.  contremandcr  ;  cmitre 
and  mander,  L.  maiulo,  to  coinniand.] 

1.  To  revoke  a  former  command  ;  or  to  give  an  or- 
der contrary  to  one  before  given,  which  annuls  a  for- 
mer command,  and  forbids  its  execution  ;  as,  to  coun- 
termand orders. 

2.  To  oppose  ;  to  contradict  the  orders  of  another 

3.  To  prtihibit.    [Little  used.]  Harvey. 
eOUN'TER-MAXD,  n.    A  contrary  order;  revocation 

of  a  former  order  or  command.  Shck. 
eOUX-TEll-MXND'ED,  pp.    Revoked  ;  annulled,  as 
an  order. 

COUN-TER-.MAND'IXG,  ppr.  Revoking  a  former 
order  ;  giving  directions  contrary  to  a  former  com- 
mand. 

eODN-TER-MSRCH',  ».  i.  [counUr  a.ni  march.]  To 
i.-.arch  back. 

eOUN'TER-MXRCH,  n.  A  marching  back  ;  a  return 
ing.  Collier. 

2.  .\  change  of  the  wings  or  face  of  a  battalion,  so 
as  to  brmg  the  right  to  the  left,  or  the  front  into  the 
rear.  Cyc. 

3.  A  change  of  measures  ;  alteration  of  cimduct. 

Burnet. 

eOUN-TER-.M.\RCII'£D,  (-mircht,)  pp.  Marched 
back. 

eoP;.\-TER-.M\RCIl'ING,  ppr.  or  n.  Marching  back. 

€01;N'TER-.MARK,  «.  [counter  and  mark.]  A  second 
or  third  mark  put  on  a  bale  of  goods  belonging  to 
several  merchants,  that  it  may  not  he  opened,  but  in 
the  presence  of  all  the  owners. 

2.  The  mark  of  the  goldsmiths'  company,  to  show 
the  uietul  to  be  standard,  added  to  that  of  the  arti- 
ficer. 

3.  An  artificial  cavity  made  in  the  teeth  of  horses, 
that  have  outgrown  their  nalural  mark,  to  disguise 
their  agl^ 

•1.  A  mark  added  to  a  medal,  a  long  time  after  it 
has  been  struck,  by  which  its  severiU  changes  of  val- 
ue may  be  known.  Chambers. 
€Oi;X-TER-iMARK',  v.  t.    'i'o  mark  the  corner  teeth 
of  a  horso  by  un  artificial  cavity,  to  disguise  his  age. 

Farrier's  Vict. 


eOUX'TER-MiXE,  H.  [io«;i(cr  and  m/ne.]  In  military 
affairs,  a  W(^ll  and  gallery  sunk  in  the  earth,  and 
running  under  ground,  in  search  of  the  enemy's 
mine,  or  till  it  meets  it,  to  defeat  its  effect. 

Military  Diet. 

2.  Means  of  opposition  or  counteraction.  Sidney. 

3.  A  stratagem  or  project  to  frustrate  any  contriv- 
ance. L'Estraufre. 

eOUX-TER-MIXE',  ».  (.  To  sink  a  well  and  gallery 
in  the  earth,  in  search  of  an  enemy's  mine,  to  frus- 
trate his  designs. 

2.  To  counterwork  ;  to  frustrate  by  secret  and  op- 
posite measures. 

€OLfN-TER-MIX'£D,  pp.  Counterworked. 

eOUN-TER-MIX'IXG,  ppr.  Sinking  a  mine  to  frus- 
trate another  mine. 

eOUN'TER-.Mo-TIOX,  n.  [counter  and  motion.]  An 
opposite  motion  ;  a  motion  counteracting  another. 

Digby.  Collier. 

eOUN-TER-Mo'TIVE,  n.    An  opposite  motive. 

eoUX-TER-MciVE',  b.  (.  or  i.  To  move  in  a  contrary 
direction,  or  in  oppositicm  to  another. 

eOUX'TER-.MOVE-MEXT,  «.  A  movement  in  op- 
position to  another. 

eoUX-TER-MOV'JNG,  ppr.  Moving  in  an  opposite 
direction. 

eOUN'TER-MuRE,  n.     [Fr.  eo/itremitr ;  contre  and 

mur,  L.  inuriu,  a  wall.] 

A  wall  raised  behind  another,  to  supply  its  place, 

when  a  breach  is  made. 
eOUN'TER-MORE,  v.  t.   To  fortify  with  a  wall  be- 

hin<i  another. 

eOUX'TER-MuR-£D,  pp.  Fortified  by  a  wall  behind 
another. 

eOUN'TER-MuR-ING,  ppr.  Fortifying  by  a  wall  be- 
hind another. 

eOUX'TER-NAT'U-R.\L,  a.  -  [counter  and  natural] 
Contrary  to  nature.  Hureey. 

eOUX'TER-XE-GO-TI-A'TIOX,  ri.  [counter  and  ne- 
gotiation.] Negotiation  in  opposition  to  other  negoti.i- 
tion. 

eOUX'TER-NOISE,  71.  [counter  and  noise.]  A  noise 
or  sound  by  which  another  noise  or  sound  is  over- 
powered. Calamy. 

eOUX'TER-6'P£X-IXG,  7i.  [counter  and  opening.] 
An  aperture  or  vent  on  the  opposite  side,  or  in  a  dif- 
ferent place.  Sharp. 

€OUX'TER-P.\CE,  71.  [counter  and  pace.]  A  step  or 
measure  in  opposition  to  another;  contrary  nieasin- 
or  attempt.  S:r'r't. 

€OUX'TER-PaL-£D,  a.  [counter  and  pale,]  nih.r- 
aldry,  is  when  the  escutcheon  is  divided  into  twelve 
pales  parted  perfesse,  the  two  colors  being  counter- 
changed,  so  that  the  upper  and  lower  are  of  diil'erent 
colors.  Enciic. 

€OUN'TER-P5NE,  71.    A  particular  kind  of  coverlet 
for  a  bed.    [See  CouNTERfoiNi.] 
2.  One  part  of  an  indenture.    [Ofts.]  B.  Jonson. 

eOUN'TER-PART,  n.  [counter  and  part.]  The  cor- 
respondent part ;  the  part  that  answers  to  another, 
as  the  two  papers  of  a  contract  or  indentures  ;  a  copy  ; 
a  duplicate.  Also,  the  part  which  fits  another,  as  ilie 
key  of  a  cipher.  .Addison.  Johnson. 

2.  In  maoic,  the  part  to  be  applied  to  another  ;  as, 
the  base  is  the  counterpart  to  the  treble. 

Badeii.  Encyc. 

eOUX-TER-PAS'SANT,  a.  [counter  anA'pas.iant,]  in 
heraldry,  is  when  two  lions  in  a  coat  of  arms  are  rep- 
resented as  going  contrary  ways.    Bailey.  Encyc. 

eOUX'TER-PE-Tl"TION,  (  pe-tish'un,)  n.  A  \k- 
tition  in  opposition  to  anollier.  Clarendon, 

eOUN'TER-PLE.V,  71.  [counter  and  pica.]  In /nic,  a 
replication  to  a  plea,  or  request.  Cotecl. 

eOUX-TEll-PLOT',  e.  (.  [counter  and  plot.]  To  oii- 
poseone  plot  to  another  ;  to  attempt  to  frustrate  strat- 
azem  by  stratagem. 

eOlTiN'TER-PLOT,  71.  .\  plot  or  artifice  opposed  to 
another.  L'Estrangr. 

eoUN-TER-PLOT'TING,  71.  A  plotting  in  opposition 
to  a  stratagem. 

eOUX'TER-POINT,  71.  [Fr.  confrr/joi'iitc  ;  Arm.  co«- 
treppentenn  ;  It.  contrappunto  ;  contre  and  point.] 

1.  A  coverlet ;  a  cover  for  a  bed,  stitched  or  woven 
in  squares.  It  has  been  corrupted  into  Counter- 
pane. 

2.  In  mitsie,  counterpoint  is  when  the  musical  char- 
acters by  which  the  notes  in  each  part  are  signified, 
are  placed  in  such  a  maimer,  each  with  respect  to 
each,  as  to  show  how  the  parts  answer  one  to  an- 
other. Kncyc.  Busby. 

'J'lie  term  is  now  synonymous  with  harmony,  and 
nearly  S(»  with  composition.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  An  opiKisite  |Hiiiit.  Sandys. 
eOUN'TEIl-PUlSE,  11.  U   [Fr.  contrepeser ;  It.  eoutrap- 

pesare ;  Sp.  contrapesar  i  contre,  contra,  and  peser,  pe- 
sar,  to  weigh.    See  PonE.] 

1.  To  counterbalance  ;  to  weigh  against  with  ccpial 
weight ;  to  be  equiponderant  to  ;  to  e(pial  in  weight. 
The  fonic  and  {|i»lAiuv»  of  wcigliu  cuunterjioieini!  tucli  oUrTi 

ought  to      p-ciprtic.il.  Di^by. 
The  lifiivincM  of  ti»<lif'n  must  br  counterpoited  hy  n  nliiuiiiict 
fiiilL'iu'a  ;ilK/ut  Ih'-  \m\W\  to  tlir  ;txU.  Wilkint. 

Q.  To  act  against  with  i^tpial  power  or  effect ;  to 
balance.    The  wisdom  of  the  siuiate  may  be  able  lo 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — MftTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQU^  BQQK.— 


cou 

eounterpoiae  the  rash  impetuosity  of  a  democratic 
house. 

€OUN'TER-rOrsE,  n.  [Fr.  contrcpoiiU;  It.  contrap- 
yeso ;  Sp.  rontrHitrso.'\ 

1.  Ecmal  weij-ht  iictinR  in  ojumaition  to  something ; 
equijionili-riince  ;  a  w  eight  suHicient  to  balance  imot'i- 
cr  in  the  opposite  scale  ;  equal  balanre.  Milton. 

Q.  Equal  power  or  force  acting  in  opposition  ;  a 
force  sulticient  to  balance  another  force  ;  ecjuipol- 
lence. 

The  K'cond  nobles  ore  »  ttmnterpoiit  to  lh(  liisliir  iioliilily. 

lliicon. 

3.  In  the  vianege,  a  position  of  the  rider  in  which 
his  body  is  duly  balanced  in  his  seat,  not  inclined 
more  to  one  side  than  the  other.  F.ticijr. 

eOUN''TER-l'OIS-KI),  pp.  Balanced  by  an  equivalent 
opposing  wei^'lit,  or  by  e<iual  power. 

eol'N' I'Ell  roIS  INGjPpr.  or  a.  Balancing  by  equal 
weight  in  the  opposite  scale,  or  by  0(pial  power. 

eoUN'TKl'.-POI -SO.V,  f-poi'/.n,)  n.  [countfrand  poi- 
son.] Oni:  po'.'on  that  destroys  the  ellect  of  another  ; 
an  antidote ;  a  medicine  that  obviates  the  effects  of 


poison. 


Jlrbutlinot. 


eulJi\'TEll-f  RAe-TICE,  n.  Practice  in  opposition 
to  another 

eOUN'TER-PRESC-TIRE,  n.  [toimtcr  and  pres.--urr.] 
Opposing  pressure  ;  a  force  or  pressure  that  acts  in  a 
contrary  direction  lllarknioye. 

eOUN''!  EK-PROJ  EGT,  71.  [counter  anA  project.]  A 
project,  scheme,  or  proposal,  of  one  party,  given  in 
opposivion  to  another,  before  given  by  the  other  par- 
ty ;  as  in  the  neg  illation  of  a  treaty.  Swift. 

edUN'TEK-l'ROOF,  71.  [coiiiifcr  and  ;>riw/.]  In  ra- 
gravinn,  a  print  taken  otT  from  another  fresh  printed, 
which,  by  l)t'ng  passed  through  the  press,  gives  the 
figure  of  the  former,  but  inverted.  Brandt. 

eOUN'TER-PROVE,  r.  (.  [eounter  and  pruic.l  To 
take  off  a  design  in  black  lead  or  red  chalk,  by 
passing  it  ilirough  a  rolling  press  with  another  piece 
of  paper,  both  being  moistened  with  a  sponge. 

Chmnbcrs. 

€OUN'TER-PR0V-KD,  pp.    See  the  verb. 

€OU.\'TEK-PltOV-I.\(;,  ppr.    See  the  verb. 

eOL'i\-TER-REV-0-Lu''l'IOi\,  71.  .\  revolution  op- 
posed to  a  former  one,  and  restoring  a  former  state 
of  things. 

eOUA"TER-REV-O-l,0'TIOi\-\-RY,  a.  Pertaining 

to  a  counter-revolution. 
e0Ui\'TER-REV-O-Eu'TIO.\-IST,  71.  One  engaged 

in  or  befriending  a  counter-revolution. 
€OUN'TER-KOL.L,  71.    [counter  and  roll.]    In  law,  a 
.   counterpart  or  copy  of  the  rolls,  relating  to  appeals, 

inquests,  &c.  Baitetj. 
2.  As  o  verb,  this  word  is  contracted  into  Control, 

which  see. 

eOUN-TER-RoL'.MENT,  71.  A  counter  account.  [See 
Control.] 

eOUN-TER-SA'LI-ENT,  a.  [Fr.  contre  and  saitlir,  to 
leap.] 

In  heraUlry,  is  when  two  beasts  are  borne  in  a 
coat,  Ie;iping  from  each  other.  Bailey. 
eOU.\'TER-SeXRP,  71.    [Pr.  contresearpe ;  It.  contra 
Scarpa ;  Sp.  contracscnrpa  ;  contre  and  e^carpe,  scarpa, 
escarpa,  a  slope,  from  the  root  of  carve.] 

In  fortification,  tlie  exterior  talus  or  slope  of  the 
ditch,  or  the  talus  that  supports  the  earth  of  the  cov- 
ered way  ;  but  it  olten  signiries  the  whole  covered 
way,  with  its  parapet  and  glacis  ;  as  when  it  is  said, 
the  enemy  have  lodged  themselves  on  the  counter- 
scarp. Harris.  Encyc. 
eOlJX'TER-PeUP-FLE,77.  Opposite  scuffle  ;  contest. 
eOU.\'TER-Sli.\L,  r.t.   To  seal  with  another.  Sliak. 
eOU.N'TER-SK.\L-A,D,  ;>p.    Scaled  with  another. 
eOU.\'TER-SKAI,-l.Vi;,  ppr.    Sealing  with  another. 
eOUN'TER-SE-eCRE',  i:  L     [counter  and  secure.] 

To  secure  one  who  has  civen  security. 
eOt'N'TER-SE-eO'Rl-TY,  11.    Security  given  to  one 
who  has  entered  into  bonds  or  become  surety  for 
another.  Bailey. 
eOU.N'TER-SENSE,  71.    Opposite  meaning.  Houeell. 
€OUN'TER-SIGi\,  (-sine,)  r.  t.    [counter  and  .viirii.] 
Literally,  to  sign  on  the  opposite  side  of  an  instrument 
or  writing  ;  hence,  to  sign,  as  secretary  or  other  sub- 
ordinate ollicer,  a  writing  signed  by  a  principal  or 
Bupc-rior,  to  attest  the  authenticity  of  the  writing. 
Thus  charters  signed  by  a  king  are  connter.^igned  by 
a  secretary    Bank  notes,  signed  by  the  president, 
are  countersiirned  by  the  cashier. 
COUX'TER-SIGN,  71.    A  private  signal,  word,  or 
I      phrase,  given  to  soldiers  on  guard,  with  orders  to  let 
no  man  p<iss  unless  he  tirst  names  that  sign  ;  a  niili- 
tar>'  watchword.   Advance,  and  give  the  countersii^n. 

2.  The  signature  of  a  secretary  or  other  subordi- 
nate oificcr  to  a  writing  signed  by  the  principal  or 
superior,  to  attest  its  authenticilj-. 
'  €OU.\''TER-SIG-N.\L,  71.    A  signal  to  answer  or  cor- 
respond to  another  ;  o  nanal  term. 
eOLX'TER-SlG'NA-TURE,  n.    The  name  of  a  sec- 
retary or  other  subordinate  officer  countersigned  to 
'     a  writing. 

Below  Uw  umwrial  luime  ia  eommonl ;  a  eounter-tifnaturt  of  oae 
of  Uw  uvbiucl  iiiinjatcn.  Tooke. 
eOUN'TER-SIGN-ED,  pp.   Signed  by  a.  uccreury  or 
other  subordin.ite  olhcer. 


COU 

€OUN'TER-SIGN-ING,  ppr.  Attesting  by  llie  signa- 
ture of  a  subordinate  officer. 

eOUN'TER-SliN'K,  v.  t.  To  drill  a  conical  depression 
in  wood  or  im  lal,  as  in  a  hole  for  a  screw. 

eOUN'TER-SliVK,  71.  A  drill  or  bracebit  for  counter- 
sinking. 

tJOUN'TER-SI.NK-ING,  ppr.    Sec  the  verb. 

eOUN-TER-STAT'Ti  rE,  71.  4  contrary  statute  or 
ordinance.  JSlilton. 

eOUN'TER-STRoKE,  71.  A  contrary  stroke;  a  stroke 
returned.  Spenser. 

COUN'TER-.SUNK,  pp.    See  the  verb. 

€OUN-TER-S0RE'TY,  71.  A  counter-bond,  or  a 
surety  to  secure  one  that  has  given  security. 

eOU.N'TER-SWAY,  71.  Contrary  sway  ;  opp<^site  in- 
fluence. Milion. 

eoi;N'TER-T.\I.,-LY,  n.  A  tally  corresponding  to 
another. 

eoUN'TER-TASTE,  n.  [counter  and  taste.]  Oppo- 
site or  false  taste.  Slienstone. 

€OUi\-TER.TEN'OR,  )  »i.    [counter  and  tenor.]  In 

eOUN'TER,  j     music,  one  of  the  middle 

parts,  between  the  tenor  and  the  treble  ;  high  tenor. 

eoUX'TER TIDE,  k.  [counter  and  tide.]  Contrary 
tide.  Dryilen. 

eoU.N'TER-TI.ME,  71.  [counter  and  time.]  In  Die 
maneire,  the  defense  or  resistance  of  a  horse,  that  in- 
terrupts his  cadence  and  the  measure  of  his  manege, 
occasioned  by  a  bad  horseman,  or  the  bad  t<  inp)er  of 
the  horse.  Encyc. 
2.  Resistance  ;  opposition.  Dryuen. 

eOllN'TER-TUR.V,  ti.  'I'lie  height  of  a  play  which 
puis  an  end  to  exgiectation.  Dryden. 

€0U.\-TER-Va1L',  t'.  L  [co«7i<er  and  L.  valco,  to 
avail  or  be  strong.] 

'I'o  act  against  with  equal  force  or  power ;  to 
eqii.al  \  to  act  with  equivalent  eir<;ct  against  any 
tiling;  to  balance  ;  to  compensate  ;  as,  the  profit  wiil 
hardly  countcrvaii  the  inconveniences. 

AlUiou llic  enemy  could  not  counlervatt  the  Icing's  damage.  — 
Eslh.  vii. 

eOUN'TER-VAlL,  71.     Equal  weight  or  strength; 

power  or  value   suthcieiit  to  obviate  any  effect ; 

eipial  weight  or  value ;  compensation  ;  requital. 

Spenser.  South. 
eOUN-TER-V.\lL'£D,  pp.    Acted  against  with  equal 

force  or  power  ;  balanced  ;  compensated. 
eOUN-TEIl  V.AlL'INt;,  Pin-,  or  a.     Opposing  with 

equal  strength  or  value ;  balancing ;  obviating  in 

effect. 

eOUN'TER-VIEW,  (  vii,)  71.    [counter  and  vine.]  An 

opposite  or  opposing  view  ;  opposition  ;  a  posture  in 

which  two  persons  frimt  each  other.  Mdton. 
2.  Contrast ;  a  position  in  which  two  dissimilar 

things  illustr.itc  each  other  by  opposition.  Swifl. 
eOUiN'TER-VoTE,  v.  t.    To  vote  in  opposition  ;  to 

outvote.  Scott, 
eOU.N'TER-VVBIGH,  (-w5,)ii.  <.    [See  Weich.]  To 

weiL'h  against ;  to  counterbalance.  Jlscliain. 
eoUX'TER-WIlEEl,,  v.  L   To  cause  to  wheel  in  an 

oiiposite  direction. 
eOlfi\'TEK-\VIIEEL-ING,p/7r.   Causing  to  move  in 

an  opposite  direction. 
eOUN'TER-\VIM),  n.    Contrary  wind. 
eOUN  TER-\V<")RK',  (-wurk,)e.«.   [See  Work.]  To 

work  in  ojiposition  to  ;  to  counteract ;  to  hinder  any 

effect  by  contrary  operations. 

That  counlerieorkt  each  folly  and  a\pria'.  Pope. 

eOUX-TER-VVORK'ING,  ppr.  Working  in  opiiosi- 
tion  ;  counteracting. 

eoUX-TER-VYllOUGIlT',(-rawt,);)p.  Counteracted; 
opposed  by  contrary  action. 

eOUXT'ESS,  71.    [Fr.  co77i(c«e;  lUcontcssa;  Sp.  con- 
<ic.<a.    See  Count.] 
The  consort  of  an  earl  or  count. 

eOU.N'T'l.N'C,  ppr.    Xuiiibering;  reckoning. 

eoi'XT'IX(;-HOUSE,  l  n.    [.-Jee  Count,  the  verb.] 

eOL'NT'lXG-ROOM,  j  The  house  or  room  appro- 
priated by  merchants,  traders,  and  inantilacturers,  to 
the  business  of  keeping  their  books,  accounts,  letters, 
and  papers. 

eoU.NT'l.NG,  n.   The  act  of  computing  or  reckoning. 

eOUXT'LESS,  a.  [count  and  le.ss.]  That  which  can 
not  be  counted  ;  not  having  the  number  ascertained, 
nor  a-scertiinable  ;  inniinierable.  The  sands  of  the 
sea  shore  are  eounllejs. 

eOUX'TRI-FI-KI),  (kun'tre-flde,)  a.  Rustic;  rural; 
having  the  appearance  and  manners  of  the  country. 

Todd.    Rich.  Diet. 

eOUN'TRY,  (kiin'tr)-,)  n.  [The  correct  orthograiihy 
would  be  Contrv,  Fr.  conlree,  It.  conlraila,  contracted 
from  L.  coiifcrro,  co7i  anil  terra,  land  adjacent  to  a 
city.  Hencj!,  the  citizens  say,  "  Let  us  go  into  the 
country."  The  I>atin  has  conte7Ta7icu.«,  acouiilryinan.] 

1.  Properly,  the  land  lying  about  or  near  a  city  ; 
the  terriloo'  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  a  city.  Our 
friend  has  a  seat  in  the  country,  a  few  miles  from 
town.    Sec  Mark  v.    Luke  viii.  Hence, 

2.  The  whole  territory  of  a  kingdom  or  slate,  as 
opp<ised  to  city.  We  say,  "  The  gentleman  has  a  seat 
in  the  country,"  at  any  distance  from  town  indefinitely. 
Hence, 

3.  Any  tract  of  land,  or  inhabited  land  ;  any  re- 


COU 

gion,  as  distinguished  from  other  regions ;  a  king- 
dom, state,  or  lesser  district.  We  speak  of  all  tha 
countries  of  Eurojie  or  Asia. 

And  they  came  into  the  (ounlry  of  Moah,  —  Rutli  i. 

4.  The  kingdom,  state,  or  territory,  in  which  one 
is  born  ;  the  land  of  nativity  ;  or  the  particular  dis- 
trict indefinitely  in  which  one  is  born.  America  is 
my  coutary,  or  England  is  my  country. 

Laban  laid,  It  muit  not  be  so  done  in  our  country. — Geo. 
xxlx. 

5.  The  region  in  which  one  resides. 

He  soJournrU  in  the  land  of  promise,  as  in  a  fonrign  country.  — 
lleh.  xi. 

6.  Land,  as  opposed  to  water ;  or  inhabited  territory. 
Tlie  Khipmen  dreined  that  they  drew  neur  to  some  country.  — 

Acu  xxvii. 

7.  The  inhabitants  of  a  region. 

Alt  Ui'-  couiilTtj  wept  with  a  loud  voice.  —  2  S:un.  xr. 

8.  A  place  of  residence ;  a  region  of  permanent 
habitation. 

They  d'-dare  pliiinly  that  they  8'*elt  a  country.  —  Heb.  xi. 
Tliey  desiiv  u  U-tt-T  country,  that  IB,  a  heavenly.  —  Heb.  xi. 

9.  In  law,  a  jury  or  jurors  ;  as,  trial  by  the  coun- 
try,  per  pais. 

COU.X'TRY,  (kun'try,)  0,  Pertaining  to  the  country 
or  territory  at  a  tlistance  from  a  city  ;  rural ;  rustic  ; 
as,  a  country  town  ;  a  country  seat ;  a  country  squire  ; 
a  country  life  ;  the  country  party,  as  opposed  to  city 
party. 

2.  Pertaining  or  peculiar  to  one's  own  country. 

He  spoke  in  hi»  country  language.  Alaccabttt. 

3.  Rude  ;  ignorant.  Dryden. 
eOU.\"TllY  DAXCE,  71.  [Ft.  eontre  danse.]    A  dance 

in  which  the  partners  are  arranged  opposite  to  each 
other  ill  lines.    Originally  and  properly,  Contra- 

DANCE. 

eOUX'TRY-.MAN,  71.  One  bom  in  the  same  country 
with  another.  This  man  is  my  countryman.  See  Q 
Cor.  .xi.  21). 

2.  One  who  dwells  in  the  country,  as  opposed  to  a 
citizen ;  a  rustic  ;  a  fanner  or  husbandman  ;  a  man 
of  plain,  unpolished  manners. 

3.  An  inhtibitant  or  native  of  a  region.  What 
countryman  is  he  ? 

eOUX'TRY  Si!AT,  71.  A  dwelling  in  the  country 
used  as  a  place  of  retirement  from  the  city. 

eoUNT'-WHEEL,  n.  The  wheel  in  a  clock  which 
moves  round  and  causes  it  to  strike. 

eoUX'TY,  71.  [Fr.  compte  ;  Sp.  condado  ;  It.  coTit^a  ; 
L.  comilatus.    See  Count.] 

1.  Originally,  an  earldom  ;  the  district  or  territory 
of  a  count  or  earl.  JVotc,  a  circuit  or  particular 
portion  of  a  state  or  kingiloiii,  separated  from  the 
rest  of  the  territory,  for  certain  purposes  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice.  It  is  called  also  a  shire. 
[See  Shire.]  Each  county  has  its  slicriir  and  its 
court,  with  other  olficcrs  employed  in  the  adiniuis- 
tration  of  justice,  and  the  execution  of  the  laws.  In 
England  there  are  ftl\v-two  counties,  and  in  each  is 
a  lord-lieutehant,  who  has  command  of  the  militia. 
The  several  States  of  America  are  dividi  d  by  law 
into  counties,  in  e.ich  of  which  is  a  county  court  of 
inferii>r  jurisdiction  ;  and  in  each  the  supreme  court 
of  the  State  holds  stated  sessions. 

2.  A  count ;  an  earl  or  lord.    [  04s.]  Shak. 
County  palatine,  in  England,  is  a  county  <}istin- 

giiishi^d  by  particular  iirivileges  ;  so  called  a  palatio,  the 
palace,  because  the  owner  had  tiriginally  royal  pttwers, 
or  the  same  powers,  in  tlii!  administration  of  justice, 
as  the  king  had  in  his  p.alace  ;  but  their  [Kjwers  are 
now  abridged.  The  counties  palatine,  in  England, 
are  Lancaster,  Chester,  and  Durham. 

County  corporate,  is  a  county  invested  with  partic- 
ular privileges  by  charter  or  royal  grant,  as  Lon- 
don. York,  Bristo'l,  &.c. 

eOUX'TY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  county  ;  as,  county  court. 

eol  '.V'TY  eOCRT,  71.  A  court  whose  jurisdiction  is 
limited  to  a  county,  anil  whose  powers,  in  America, 
depend  on  statutes.  In  England,  it  is  incident  to 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  sheriff. 

eoUX'TY  TOWN,  71.  'I'liat  town  where  Uie  various 
courts  of  a  county  are  held.  In  the  IVestcra  Slates,  it 
is  improperlv  called  a  county  seat. 

COUP  DE  OKA  CE',  (koo-de-gris',)  [Fr.]  Literally,  the 
stroke  of  mercy  by  which  an  executioner  ends  the 
siitrerings  of  one  on  the  rack,  &c.,  by  deatli.  Hence,  a 
decisive,  finishing  stroke  ;  a  finisher. 

COUP  DE  .JM/.V-',  (kt>o-<le-niang',)  [Fr.]  An  in- 
sUantaiieoiis  aiitl  unexpected  attack  or  enterprise. 

COUP  yj'CE/Z,,  (koo-dile',)  [Fr.]  Shght  view  ;  glance 
of  the  eve. 

COUP  D'E-T.IT,  (koo-d.1-til',)  [Fr.]  A  sudden,  de- 
cisive blow,  in  politics  ;  a  stroke  of  policy. 

COUP  DE  SO-LEIL',  (koo-de-so-lile',)  [Fr.]  A  stroke 
of  the  sun. 

COU-PK',  (koo-pa',)  71.  The  front  apartment  of  a 
French  diligence. 

€OU-PEE',  (k(M>-|)ee',)  71.    fFr.  i;ouprr,  to  cut.] 

A  motion  in  dancing,  when  one  leg  is  a  little  bent, 
and  suspended  from  the  ground,  and  with  the  other 
a  motion  is  made  forward.  Chambers. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


cou 


cou 


cou 


€X5U1"LE,  (ktip'pl)  :i.  [Fr.  couple:  h.  copula:  It.  Pp. 
id.  ;  Arm.  rouble  ;  t).  kuppct ;  G.  kupprl ;  Sw.  koppet : 
Dan.  kobbel ;  Ht-b.  hs>:> ;  Cli.  iJ.,  and  hsp,  to  double 
or  fold  ;  Syr.  id. ;  Sam.,  to  shut.] 

1.  Two  of  the  same  species  or  kind,  and  near  in 
place,  or  considered  together  ;  as,  a  couple  of  men  ;  a 
couple  of  oranges.  I  liave  planted  a  couple  of  cherry- 
trees.  We  can  not  call  a  horse  ami  an  ox  a  couple, 
unless  we  add  a  generic  term.  Of  a  horse  and  ox 
feeding  in  a  pasture,  we  should  say,  a  couple  of  ani- 
moLs,  .Among  huntsmen  and  soldiers,  brace  is  used 
for  couple  :  as,  a  brace  of  ducks  ;  a  brace  of  pistols. 
Couple  differs  from  pair,  which  implies,  strictly,  not 
only  things  of  the  same  kind,  but  likeness,  equality, 
or  customary  association.  A  pair  is  a  couple,  but  a 
couple  may  or  may  not  be  a  pair. 

•2.  Two  things  of  any  kiiid  connected  or  linked  to- 
gether. 

3.  A  male  and  female  connected  by  marriage,  be- 
trothed, or  allied  ;  as,  a  married  couple ;  a  young 
couple. 

4.  That  which  links  or  connects  two  things  togeth- 
er ;  a  chain. 

eOUP'LE,  (ku|)'pl,)  V.  U  [Fr.  coupler;  L.  copula;  Sp. 
copular ;  It.  copularc] 

1.  To  link,  chain,  or  connect  one  thing  with  an- 
other ;  to  sew  or  fasten  together. 

Thou  Shalt  couple  the  curtains  with  hooks.  —  Ex.  xxv\. 

2.  To  marry ;  to  wed  ;  to  unite,  as  husband  and  wife. 
€OUP'LE,  V.  i.   To  embrace,  as  the  sexes.  Dryden. 
eOUP'L£D,  (kup'pld)  pp.  or  a.  United,  as  two  things ; 

linked ;  married. 

Coupleii  colttinns;  in  ardiitecturc,  columns  arranged 
'       in  pairs  half  a  diameter  apart. 

€0UP'LE:-BEG-GAR,  n.    One  who  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  mam'  beggars  to  each  other.  Sicift. 
eOL'P'LEME.XT,  (kup'pl-ment,)  n.    Union.  Spenser. 
eOUP'LET,  (kup'let,)  «.    [Fr.]    Two  verses ;  a  pan- 
of  rhymes. 

2.  A  division  of  a  hymn  or  ode,  in  which  an  equal 
number  or  equal  measure  of  verses  is  found  in  each 
part,  called  a  strophe. 

3.  .\  pair  ;  as,  a  couplet  of  doves.    [JVot  used.] 
COUP'LING,  ppr.    Uniting  in  couples;  fastening  or 

(     connecting  together ;  embracing. 

I  €OUP'LING,  71.    That  which  couples  or  connects,  as 

a  hook,  chain,  or  bar ;  as,  the  coupling  of  a  railroad 

car.    2  Chroii.  xxxiv. 
2.  The  act  of  coupling. 
I  eOUP'LING-BOX,  (kup'pling-box,)  v.    In  machinrry, 
I     something  that  permanently  connects  two  shafts  ; 
'      usually,  a  tube  or  strong  cylinder  embracing  the  end 

of  each  shaft,  with  a  pin  or  bolt  passed  throush  each. 

HeberU 

eOUP'LI.N'G-PIX,  71.    A  pin  used  for  coupling  or  join- 
1 1      ing  U)gether  railroad  cars  and  other  machinery, 
li  COU-PO.V,  (koo-pong',)  71.    [Fr.]    An  interest  cer- 
tificate, printed  at  the  bottom  of  transferable  bonds, 
(state,  railroad,  &.c.,)  given  for  a  term  of  years. 
There  are  as  many  of  these  certificates  as  there  are 
payments  of  interest  to  be  made.    At  each  time  of 
payment  one  is  cut  off,  and  presented  for  payment. 
Hence  its  name,  coupon,  or  cut  off. 
€0UR'.\6E,  (kur'raj)  71.    [Fr.,  from  caur,  L.  cor,  the 
heart :  Arm.  eouraich  ;  Sp.  curagc ;  Port,  corageiii ;  It. 
coragffio.'] 

Bravery  ;  intrepidity  ;  that  tiuality  of  mind  which 
enables  men  to  encounter  danger  and  ditiiculties  with 
firmness,  or  without  fear  or  depression  of  spirits  ; 
valor ;  boldness  ;  resolution.  It  is  a  constituent  part 
o{ fortitude;  but  fortitude  implies  patience  to  bear 
continued  suffering. 

Courage  that  grows  from  constitution  oflffn  forsakes  a  man  when 
he  has  ocaisi.jn  for  it ;  courage  whicii  arises  from  a  sense  of 
duly  act*  in  .-i  unilorin  ni:itiner.  Addison. 

Be  strong  and  of  food  courage.  — Deut.  xxxi- 

€OUR-A'GEOUS,  (kur  ra'jus,)  a.  Brave  ;  bold  ;  dar- 
ing; intrepid;  hardy  to  encounter  difficulties  and 
dangers  ;  adventurous  ;  enterprising. 

Hi:  thou  strong  and  courageoue.  —  Josh.  i. 

eOUR-S'GEOUS-LY,  ode.  With  courage  ;  bravely  ; 
boldlv  ;  stoutly. 

COUR-A'GEOlfS-NESS,  71.  Courage;  boldness ;  brav- 
ery ;  intrepidity  ;  spirit ;  valor. 

eOU-ttAN'TO,  !       f^''-  'O"™"'*-  running.] 

1.  A  piece  of  music  in  triple  time ;  also,  a  kind  of 
dance,  consisting  of  a  lime,  a  step,  a  balance,  and  a 
coupee.  Encyc. 

2.  A  title  of  a  newspaper,  so  called  from  its  rapid 
circulation. 

eOU-RAP',  71.  .\  distemper  in  the  E.ist  Indies  ;  a  kind 
of  herpcH  or  itch  in  the  armpits,  groin,  breast,  and 
face.  Encyc. 

eOURB,  V.  i.    [Fr.  courber.] 
To  bend.    [JVo(  in  use.] 

eOURB,  a.    Crooked.    [JVot  in  i«e.] 

eOUR'BA  RIL,  n.  Anime,  a  resinous  substance  which 
flown  from  the  llymenoea,  a  tree  of  South  America  ; 
I       used  for  varnishing.  Fourcroy. 

€0U'R!-ER,  (koo're-er,)  n.  [Ft.  couritr,  Uom  courir, 
to  run,  L.  eurro.] 


1.  .\  messenger  sent  express  for  conveying  letters 
or  dispatches,  usually  on  public  business. 

2.  'i'he  name  of  a  newspaper. 

Course,  n.  [Fr.  course;  Sp.  curso ;  It.  eorso ;  It. 
cursa;  from  t.  cursus,  from  curro,  to  run,  W.  ffyru. 
Eng.  hurry.    See  Class  Gr,  No.  7,  15,  32,  34.J 

1.  In  its  general  sense,  a  passing;  a  moving,  or 
motion  forward,  in  a  direct  or  curving  line ;  applica- 
ble to  any  body  of  substance,  solid  or  fluid. 

jSpplied  to  animals,  a  running,  or  walking  ;  a  race  ; 
a  career;  a  passing,  or  passage,  with  any  degree  of 
swiftness  indefinitely. 

.Applied  to  fluids,  a  flowing,  as  in  a  stream  in  any 
direction  ;  as,  a  straight  course,  or  winding  course. 
It  is  applied  to  water  or  other  liquids,  to  air  or  wind, 
and,to  light,  in  tlie  sense  of  motitm  or  passing. 

..Applied  to  solid  bodies,  it  signifies  motion  or  pass- 
ing ;  as,  tlie  course  of  a  rolling  stone  ;  the  course  of  a 
carriage  ;  the  course  of  the  earth  in  its  orbit. 

.Applied  to  navigation,  it  signifies  a  passing  or  mo- 
tion on  water,  or  in  balloons  in  air ;  a  voyage. 

2.  The  direction  of  motion;  line  of  advancing; 
point  of  compass,  in  which  motiim  is  directed  ;  as, 
what  course  shall  the  pilot  steer  In  technical  lan- 
guage, the  angle  contained  between  the  nearest  me- 
ridian and  that  point  of  compass  on  which  a  ship 
sails  in  any  direction.  Jl/ar.  Vict. 

3.  Ground  on  which  a  race  is  run. 

4.  passing  or  process ;  the  progress  of  any  thing  ; 
as,  the  course  of  an  argument,  or  of  a  debate ;  a 
course  of  thought  or  reflection. 

5.  Order  of  proceeding  or  of  passing  from  an  an- 
cestor to  an  hen- ;  as,  the  course  of  descent  in  in- 
heritance. 

G.  Order ;  turn  ;  class ;  succession  of  one  to  an- 
other in  office  or  duty. 

Solomon  appointed  the  courses  of  the  priests.  — 2  Clirou.  viii. 

7.  Stated  and  orderly  method  of  proceeding ;  usual 
manner.  He  obtained  redress  in  due  course  of  law. 
Leave  Nature  to  her  course. 

8.  Series  of  successive  and  methodical  procedure; 
a  train  of  acts  or  applications  ;  as,  a  course  of  med- 
icine administered. 

9.  A  methodical  series,  applied  to  the  arts  or  sci- 
ences; a  systeniized  order  of  principles  in  arts  or 
sciences,  for  illustration  or  instruction.  We  say, 
the  author  has  completed  a  course  of  principles  or  of 
lectures  in  philosophy.  Also,  the  order  pursued  by 
a  student ;  as,  he  has  completed  a  course  of  studies 
in  law  or  physics. 

10.  Manner  of  proceeding ;  way  of  life  or  conduct ; 
deportment ;  series  of  actions. 

That  I  might  finish  my  course  with  Joy.  —  Acts  xx. 
Tli'-;r  course  is  eTil.  — Jer.  xiiii. 

11.  Line  of  conduct ;  manner  of  proceeding ;  as, 
we  know  not  what  course  to  pursue. 

12.  Natural  bent ;  propensity  ;  uncontrolled  will. 
Let  not  a  perverse  child  take  his  own  course. 

13.  Tilt ;  act  of  running  in  the  lists. 

14.  Orderly  structure  ;  system. 

The  ton^aie  setteth  on  Jire  the  course  of  nature.  —  James  iti. 

15.  Any  regular  series.  In  architecture,  a  contin- 
ued range  of  stones,  level  or  of  the  same  hight 
throughout  the  whole  length  of  the  building,  and  not 
interrupted  by  any  aperture.    A  laying  of  bricks,  &c. 

10.  The  dishes  set  on  table  at  one  time ;  service 
of  meat. 

17.  Regularity  ;  order ;  regular  succession  ;  as,  let 
the  classes  follow  in  course. 

18.  Empty  form ;  as,  compliments  are  often  words 
of  course. 

Of  course ;  by  consequence ;  in  regular  or  natural 
order ;  in  the  common  manner  of  proceeding ;  with- 
out special  direction  or  provision.  This  effc-ct  will 
follow  of  course.  If  the  defendant  resides  not  in  the 
State,  the  cause  is  continued  of  course. 
€otJRSE,  V.  t.   To  hunt ;  to  pursue  ;  to  chase. 

Wc  coursed  him  at  the  heels.  ShaJc. 

9.  To  cause  to  run ;  to  force  to  move  with  speed. 

May. 

3.  To  run  through  or  over.  The  blood  courses  the 
winding  arteries.  The  bounding  steed  courses  the 
dusty  plain. 

Course,  v.  i.    To  run  ;  to  move  with  speed  ;  to  run 
or  move  about ;  as,  the  blood  courses.  Shalt, 
The  grcyhoumls  courted  through  the  fields. 

eOURS'£D,  (korst,)  pp.  Hunted  ;  chased ;  pursued  ; 
caused  to  run. 

COURS'ER,  71.  A  swift  horse;  a  runner;  a  war 
horse  ;  a  word  used  chiefly  in  poetry.  Dryden.  Pope. 

2.  One  who  hunts  ;  one  who  pursues  the  sport  of 
coursing  hares.  Johnson. 

3.  An  order  of  birds  which  have  short  wings,  and 
move  chiefly  by  running,  as  the  ostrich,  dodo,  and 
cassowary.  Kirby. 

4.  A  disputant.    [JVo(  in  use."]  Wood. 
eOURS'ES,  71.  pi.    In  a  ship,  the  principal  sails,  as  the 

main-sail,  fore-sail,  and  miz/.en :  soaietimes  the 
name  is  given  to  the  stay-sails  on  the  lower  masts ; 
also  to  the  main  stay-sails  of  all  brigs  and  schooners. 

Mar.  Diet. 

3.  Catamenia  ;  menstrual  flux. 


eoURS'EY,  n.   Part  of  the  hatches  in  a  galley. 
_  Sherwood. 

CoURS'ING,  ppr.  Hunting ;  chasing ;  running ;  flow- 
ing ;  compelling  to  run. 

CoURS'ING,  n.  The  act  or  sport  of  chasing  and  hunt- 
ing hares,  foxes,  or  deer. 

Court,  71.  [Sax.  curt;  Fr.  eaur;  Arm.  court;  It. 
corte ;  Sp.  carte ;  Port.  cort£ ;  L.  curia ;  Ir.  cui7^ 
The  primary  sense  and  application  are  fiot  perfectly 
obvious.  Most  probably  the  word  is  from  a  verb 
%vhich  signifies  to  go  round,  to  collect.    W.  cwr,  a 

circle ;  Ar.^LT  kaura.  to  go  round,  to  collect,  to 

bind.  Hence  applied  to  a  yard  or  inclosure.  See 
Class  Gr,  No.  32,  34.  It  may  possibly  be  allied  to 
yard,  Goth,  gurds ;  or  it  may  be  derived  from  a  verb 
signifying  to  cut  off  or  separate,  and  primarily  sig- 
nify tlie  fence  that  cuts  off  or  excludes  access.  The 
former  is  most  probable.] 

1.  An  uncovered  area  before  or  behind  a  house,  or 
in  its  center,  and  in  the  latter  case  usually  surround- 
ed on  all  sides  by  the  buildings ;  in  popular  language, 
a  court-yard.  Owilt. 

2.  A  space  inclosed  by  houses,  broader  than  a 
street ;  or  a  space  forming  a  kind  of  recess  from  a 
public  street. 

3.  A  palace  ;  the  place  of  residence  of  a  king  or 
sovereign  prince.  Europe. 

4.  The  hall,  chamber,  or  place  where  justice  is  ad- 
ministered. 

St.  Paul  was  brought  into  Uie  highest  court  in  Athens. 

Allerbury. 

5.  Persons  who  compose  the  retinue  or  council  of 
a  king  or  emperor.  Temple. 

6.  The  persons  or  judges  assembled  for  hearing 
and  deciding  causes,  civil,  criminal,  militarj',  naval, 
or  ecclesiastical ;  as,  a  court  of  law  ;  a  court  of 
chancery ;  a  court  martial ;  a  court  of  admiralty ;  an 
ecclesiastical  court ;  court  baron,  &c.  Hence, 

7.  Any  jurisdiction,  civil,  military,  or  ecclesias- 
tical. 

8.  The  art  of  pleasing ;  the  art  of  insinuation  , 
civility  ;  flattery  ;  address  to  gain  favor.  Hence  the 
phrase,  to  make  court,  to  attempt  to  please  by  flattery 
and  address. 

9.  In  Scripture,  an  inclosed  part  of  the  entrance 
into  a  palace  or  hotise.  The  tabeniacle  had  one 
court;  the  temple,  three.  The  first  was  the  court  of 
the  Gentiles;  the  second,  the  court  of  Israel,  in 
which  the  people  worshiped  ;  the  third  was  the 
court  of  the  priests,  where  the  priests  and  Levites 
exercised  their  ministry.  Hence,  places  of  public 
worship  are  c:illed  the  courts  of  tlie  Lord. 

10.  In  Me  United  States,  a  legislature  consisting  of 
two  houses  ;  as,  the  Oeneral  Court  of  Massachusetts. 
The  original  constitution  of  Connecticut  established 
a  General  Court  in  1639.  B.  TrutnbuU. 

11.  A  session  of  the  legislature. 

Court,  7).  t.  in  a  general  sense,  to  flatter ;  to  en- 
deavor to  please  by  civilities  and  address  ;  a  use  of 
the  word  derived  from  the  manners  of  a  courL 

2.  To  woo  ;  to  solicit  for  marriage. 

A  thuiis.and  court  you,  though  they  court  in  Tain.  Pope. 

3.  To  attempt  to  gain  by  address ;  to  solicit ;  to 
seek  :  as,  to  court  commendation  or  applause. 

COURT,  V.  i.  To  act  the  courtier ;  to  imitate  the 
manners  of  the  court. 

CoURT-B.\R'ON,  71.  A  baron's  court ;  a  court  inci- 
dent to  a  manor.  Blackstone. 

CoURT'-BRED,  a.    [See  Bried.]    Bred  at  court. 

eOURT'-BREED-ING,  71.    Education  at  a  court. 

Milton. 

CoURT'-BUB-BLE,  71.    The  trifle  of  a  court  Bcaum. 
CoURT'-CHAP'L.4.IN,  n.    A  chaplain  to  a  king  or 
prince. 

CoUUT'-CUP'BO.'VRD,  71.  The  sideboard  of  ancient 
days.  Slutk. 

CoURT'-Da  Y,  71.  A  day  in  which  a  court  sits  to  ad- 
minister justice. 

COURT'-DUESS,  71.  A  dress  suitable  for  an  appear- 
ance at  court  or  levee. 

CoURT'-l)RESS-ER,  71.    A  flatterer.  Locke. 

CoURT'-FASH-lON,  n.   The  fashion  of  a  court. 

Fuller. 

CoURT-FA'VOR,  71.  A  favor  or  benefit  bestowed  by 
a  court  or  prince.  L'K^trange. 

COURT'-HAND,  71.  The  hand  or  manner  of  writing 
used  in  records  and  judici.al  proceedings.  Shall. 

COURT'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  in  which  established 
courts  are  held,  or  a  house  appropriatcil  to  courts 
and  public  meetings.  Anerica. 

eOURT'-LA-DY,  71.  A  lady  who  attends  or  is  con- 
versant in  court. 

COURT'-LEET,  71.  A  court  of  record  held  once  a 
year,  in  a  particular  hundred,  lordship,  or  manor,  be- 
fore the  steward  of  the  leet.  Blackstone. 

COURT'-MXR'TIAL,  71.  ;  pi.  CouRTs-MAnxiAL.  A 
court  consisting  of  military  or  naval  officers,  for  the 
trial  of  ottenses  of  a  militarv  or  naval  character. 

eOURT'-PLAS-TER,  71.  Sticking-plaster  made  of 
silk,  with  some  adhesive  substance,  commonly  gum 
benzoin,  on  one  side.  Ure. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  MftTE,  PKgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

875 

J. 


cou 


GOV 


GOV 


€oIJRr'-YXRD,  n.  A  court  or  inclosure  round  a 
liouse 

€5U11T'ED,  ;>p.  Flattered  ;  wooed  ;  solicited  in  mar- 
riage ;  soiiglit. 

eOURT'E-OUS,  (l<urt'e-iis,)  a.  [from  court ;  Fr.  cour- 
tois  ;  It.  ciyrtc^e :  Sp.  coWc.v.] 

1.  Polite  ;  well-bred  ;  being  of  elegant  manners  ; 
civil  ;  obliging;  condescending  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Polite  i  civil;  graceful;  elegant;  complaisant; 
applied  to  manners^  ^'c. 

€OLrRT'E-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  courteous  manner ; 
vvitii  obliging  civility  and  coMdescensin  ;  complai- 
xanllv. 

eOURT'E-OUS-NESS,  n.  Civility  of  manntrs;  obli- 
ging condescension  ;  complaisance. 

eOURT'ER,  n.  One  who  courts;  one  who  solicits  in 
marriage.  SUerwtwd. 

€OURT'E-SAN,  (kurt'e-zan,)  n.  [Ft.  courtisane ;  Sp. 
cortesana;  from  court.'] 

A  prostitute  ;  a  woman  who  prostitutes  herself  for 
hire,  especially  to  men  of  rank. 

€OURT'E-SY,  (kurt'e-sy,)  n.  TFr.  couHoi.iic  ;  Sp.  It. 
cortcsia  ;  Port,  cortczia  ;  from  Fr.  courtoisj  Sp.  ci/rtcSj 
courteous,  from  court.] 

1.  Elegance  or  politeness  of  manners  ;  especially, 
politeness  connected  with  kiiulness  ;  civility  ;  com- 
plais^ince ;  as,  the  gentleman  shows  great  courtf^n  to 
strangers  ;  he  treats  his  friends  with  great  rourtr.-^ij. 

2.  An  act  of  civility  or  respect ;  an  act  of  kindness 
or  favor  performed  with  pelili  ness.   S/ioA.  Bacon. 

3.  A  favor  ;  as,  to  liolil  upon  courtcsij,  that  is,  not 
of  right,  but  by  indulgence. 

Tenure  by  courtrgij, or  curtesy,  is  where  a  man  mar- 
ries a  woman  seized  of  an  estate  of  inheritance,  and 
has  by  her  issue  born  alive  which  was  capable  of  in- 
heriting her  estate  ;  in  tliis  case,  on  the  death  of  his 
wife,  he  holds  the  lands  for  his  life,  as  tenant  by  cur- 
tesy. Blachitone. 

COURTE'SY,  (kurt'sy,)  n.  The  act  of  civility,  re- 
spect, or  reverence,  |)erforme(l  by  a  woman  ;  a  fall  or 
inclination  of  the  body,  corresponding  in  design  to 
the  bow  of  a  gentleuuin.  Dryden. 

eOURTE'SY,  (kurt'sy,)  p.  ».  To  perform  an'act  of 
civility,  respect,  or  reverence,  as  a  tvoman. 

JVot«.  —  This  word  was  formerly  applied  to  the 
other  sex ;  but  is  now  used  only  of  the  acts  of  rever- 
ence or  civility  performed  by  women. 

€OURT'E-SY,  V.  I.  To  treat  with  civility.  [A"o£  in 
use.] 

€OUETE'SY-ING,  (kurt'sy-ing,)  ppr.    Making  an  act 

of  civilitv  or  respect,  as  females. 
CoURT'IER,  (kort'yur,)  n.  [from  court.]  A  man  who 
attends  or  freijucnts  the  courts  of  princes. 

Bacon.  Dryden. 
2.  One  who  courts  or  solicits  the  favor  of  another ; 
one  who  tiatters  to  please ;  one  who  possesses  the  art 
of  gaining  favor  by  address  and  ciunplaisancc. 

There  was  not  among  n\\  our  princci  a  gp-atcr  coitrtUr  of  tite 
people  Ui»n  Rich.mt  111.  Suckling, 
eOURT'IER-Y,  u.    The  manners  of  a  courtier.  [JVot 

used.]  B.  Jotuton. 

€oURT'ING,  ppr.    Flattering;  attempting  to  gain  by 

address  ;  wooing  ;  soliciting  in  marriage. 
CoUKT'ING,  II.    The  act  of  paying  court ;  the  act  of 

soliciting  in  marriage. 
t'Ol-  RT'LIKF,,  a.    Polite  ;  elegant.  Camden. 
t'oUIlT'LI-NESS,  II.    [See  Colbtlv.]    Elegance  of 
manner  ;  grace  of  mien  ;  civility  ;  complaisance  with 
dignity.  Digby. 
€oURT'LING,  n.   A  courtier ;  a  retainer  to  a  court. 

B.  Jonson. 

COURT'LY,  a.  [court  and  like.]  Relating  to  a  court ; 
elegant  ;  |M)lite  with  dignity,  applied  to  men  and  man- 
ners ;  flattering,  applied  to  lau^naue.  Pope. 

€01IRT'LY,  aiir.  In  the  manner  of  courts ;  elegantly  ; 
in  a  flattering  manner. 

eOURT'SIIIP,  n.   The  act  of  soliciting  favor.  Swift. 

2.  The  act  of  wooing  in  love  ;  solicitnti<m  of  a 
woman  tn  marriage.  Dryden, 

3.  Civility;  elegance  of  manners.  [Obs.]  Donne. 
eOUS'/\,  (ku/.'n,)  lu    [Fr.  con-mh.    (In.  contracted 

from  L.  consobrinusy  or  consanguincuSy  or  is  it  allied 
O 

to  the  Persian  (jXo y  ~~-  related,  kindred 

1.  In  a  trenirai  sense,  one  coll.-itcrally  relat<-d  more 
remotely  than  a  brother  or  si>tor.  Hut, 

2.  .Appropriately,  the  son  or  daugliter  ttf  an  uncle 
or  aunt;  the  children  of  brothers  and  sisters  being 
usually  denoniin.ated  coa.tin,i,  or  coitsin'trermans,  (from 
germanus,  of  the  same  slock.)  In  the  second  gener- 
ation, they  are  called  second  cousins. 

3.  A  title  given  by  a  king  to  a  nobleman,  p.articii- 
larly  to  those  of  the  council.  Johnson. 

eOrsy.V,  (kuz'n,)  a.    Allied.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
eOl'S'/.N'-LY,  (kuz'n-ly,)  a.    Like  or  becoming  a 
cousin. 

eOU.-^'SI-NET,  (koos'si-net,)  n.    [Fr.,  a  cushion.] 

In  architecture,  a  stone  placed  on  the  impost  of  a 
pier  for  receiving  the  first  stone  of  an  arch.  Also, 
that  p.irt  of  the  Ionic  capital  betwwn  the  abacus  and 
quarter  round,  which  serves  to  form  the  volute. 

Oicilt. 


eOU-TEAU',  (ko.^to',)  II.    [Fr.,  a  knife.]    A  hanger. 

eOVE,  K.  [Sax.  cof,  cofe,  an  inner  room,  a  den.  (In. 
Obs.  L.  covum.  The  Spanish  li.is  the  word  with  the 
Arabic  prefix,  a/cu4a  and  alcore ;  Port  alcora  :  It.  alco- 
vo.  It  may  be  allied  to  cubby,  W.  cwb,  a  hollow  place, 


a  cote  or  kennel ;  or  to  cave,  At.  i_o  kabba,  to  arch, 

or  (_iLj  kauba,  to  make  hollow.] 

A  small  inlet,  creek,  or  bay  ;  a  recess  in  the  sea- 
shore, where  vessels  and  boats  may  sometimes  bi; 
sheltered  from  the  winds  and  waves. 
COVE,  V.  L    To  arch  over;  as,  a  cored  ceiling. 

Sirinbume. 

eOV'E-NA-BLE,  a.  [Old  Fr.]  Fit ;  suitable.  [Obs.] 

IVickhffe. 

eOV'E-NANT,  (kuv'e-nant,)  n.  [Fr.  conrenant,  the 
participle  of  conrenir,  to  agree  ;  L.  convenio,  con  and 
venio,  to  come  ;  Norm,  contvence,  a  covenant ;  It.  con- 
venzione,  from  L.  conventio.  Literally,  a  coming  to- 
gether ;  a  meeting  or  agreement  of  minds.] 

1.  A  mutual  consent  or  agreement  of  two  or  more 
persons,  to  do  or  to  forbear  some  act  or  thing ,  a  con- 
tract ;  stipulation.  .\  covenant  is  created  by  deed  in 
writing,  sealed  and  executed  ;  or  it  may  be  implied 
in  the  contract.  Kneye.  Blackstone. 

2.  .\  writing  containin5.the  terms  of  agreement  or 
contract  between  parties ;  or  the  clause  of  agreement 
in  a  deed  containing  the  covenant. 

3.  In  theology,  the  covenant  of  works,  is  that  implied 
in  the  comniaiiils,  prohibitions,  and  promises  of  God  ; 
the  promise  of  God  to  man  that  man's  perfect  obedi- 
ence should  entitle  him  to  happiness.  This  do,  and 
live  :  Oiat  do,  and  die. 

The  covenant  of  redemption,  is  the  mutual  agree- 
ment between  the  Father  and  Son,  respecting  the  re- 
demption of  sinners  by  Christ. 

The  covenant  of  grace,  is  that  by  which  God  en- 
gages to  bestow  salvation  on  man,  upon  the  condition 
that  man  shall  believe  in  Christ,  and  yii  ld  obedience 
to  the  terms  of  the  gospel.  Crnden.  F.ncyc. 

4.  In  chureJi  affairs,  a  solemn  agreement  betwi-en 
the  members  of  a  church,  that  they  will  walk  together 
according  to  the  precepts  of  the  gospel,  in  brotherly 
aft"ection. 

eOV'E-N  AiVT,  (kuv'e-nant.)  r.  i.  To  enter  into  a  for- 
mal agreement ;  to  stipulate  ;  to  bind  one's  self  by 
contract.  A  covenants  with  B  to  convey  to  him  a 
certain  estate.  When  the  terms  are  expressed,  it 
has  for  before  the  thing  or  price. 

They  eoverumted  teith  him  for  Uiirly  piecci"  of  silrer.  —  Mutt, 
xxvi. 

€OV'E-NANT,  V.  t.  To  grant  or  promise  by  cove- 
nant. 

€OV'E-NANT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Pledged  or  promised  by 
covenant. 

eOV-E-N.\NT-EE',  II.    The  person  to  whom  a  cove- 
nant is  maile.  Blackslone. 
eO V'E-NANT-ER,  ii.    He  who  makes  a  covenant. 

Blackslone. 

2.  A  subscriber  to  the  Scotch  national  covenant, 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  .Mso,  one  of  the  Scotch 
seccders,  who,  in  1743,  renewed  the  same  covenant. 

J.  Murdock. 

eOV'E-NAN'T-ING,  ppr.  Making  a  covenant ;  stipu- 
lating. 

CnV'E.V-OUS.   PeeCovisand  Covinous. 

eOY'E.NT,  II.    [Old  Fr.  covent,  for  c<i«»e7it.l 

A  convent  or  mcmasterj-.  Bale. 
Hence,  Cm'cnt  Garden,  in  lAmdon,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  garden  of  a  convent  on  that  spot. 

eOV'E.\T-RY,  II.  y'o.WK/to  Ciirciitry, denotes, among 
military  men,  to  exclude  from  the  society  of  the  mess, 
to  shut  out  from  all  social  interc(uir<e,  for  conduct  re- 
garded as  mean  or  iingentlemanly.  Orose. 

[This  phrase  has  been  traced  to  the  times  of  Charles 
I.,  though  with  great  doubt  as  to  its  origin.  The  fol- 
lowing facts,  mentioned  by  Baxter  in  the  narr;itive 
of  his  life,  may,  perhaps,  furnish  an  explanation. 
Oiventry  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Puritans  ;  and,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  troubles,  many  of  this  de- 
spised sect,  in  the  neighboring  country,  "  that  would 
fain  have  lived  ipiietly  at  home,  were  forced  (by  the 
royalists)  to  be  gone,  and  to  Coventry  they  came." 
Hence,  the  phrase  to  send  to  Coventry  may  have  been 
handed  down  by  the  Cavaliers  to  military  men,  and 
obtained  its  present  application.  —  F,d.] 

eOV'EN-TRY  BI.OE,  ii.  Blue  thread  of  a  superior 
dye,  made  at  Coventry,  England,  and  used  for  em- 
broidery. B.  Jonson.  Tooke. 

eOY'ER,  (kuv'er,)  r.  t.  [Fr.  coutinV;  Sp.  and  Port,  eu- 
brir !  It.  coprire  ;  Norm,  coverer  and  convcrer  ;  from 
Ij.  cooperio.] 

1.  To  overspread  the  surface  of  a  thing  with  an- 
other subst;ince  ;  to  lay  or  set  over  ;  as,  to  cover  a  ta- 
ble with  a  cloth,  or  a  floor  with  a  carpet. 

Th'  TftU*»,T«  nrf  covered  with  com.  —  Vs.  Ixt. 

The  lociula  shall  cover  the  face  of  the  enrth.  —  Ex.  z. 

2.  To  hide  ;  to  conceal  by  something  overspread. 

if  1  sny,  Siin-Iy  th-  darkness  sh.ill  co«r  me.  —  Ps.  cxxxix. 


3.  To  conceal  by  some  intervi  ning  object ;  as,  the 
enemy  was  covered  from  our  sight  by  a  forest. 

4.  To  clothe;  as,  to  cover  with  a  robe  or  mantle  ; 
to  cover  nakedness.    1  Sam.  xxviii.  14.  /Ir.  xxviii.  42. 

5.  To  overwhelm. 

The  wiitera  covered  the  chariol*  anil  hownien.  —  Kx.  xi». 
1.1-1  tliein  he  covered  with  reproach.  —  P*.  Uxi. 

6.  To  conceal  fi-oin  notice  or  punishment. 

Cliarity  shall  cover  the  iniilUluile  of  sins.  —  I  Pel.  ir. 

7.  To  conceal ;  to  refrain  from  disclosing  or  con- 
fessing. 

He  tliiil  eovereth  his  sin  shall  not  prosper. —  ProT.  xxTiii. 

8.  To  parrlon  or  remit. 

Bl'-iu"(l  is  he  vv]i(«e  sin  is  covered.  —  Ps.  zzzii. 

9.  To  vail,  applied  to  women.    1  Cor.  xi. 

To  wear  a  li.it,  applied  to  men.    Be  covered,  sir. 
II).  'J'o  wrap,  infold,  or  envelop;  as,  to  cover  a 
package  of  goods.  * 

11.  To  shcltiT  ;  to  protect ;  to  defend.  A  squadron 
of  horse  covered  the  troo|)s  on  the  retreat. 

Ami  the  sufl  win;^  of  jie.ace  cover  him  around.  Covley. 

12.  To  brood  ;  to  incubate  ;  as,  a  hen  covering  her 
•    eggs.  Mdison. 

13.  To  copulate  with  a  female. 

14.  To  equal,  or  be  of  eipial  extent  ;  to  be  equiva- 
lent to  ;  as,  the  reci^pts  do  not  cover  the  expenses ;  a 
mercantile  use  of  the  word. 

15.  To  disguise;  to  conceal  hypocritically. 

IG.  To  include,  embrace,  or  comprehend.  This 
land  wascorercf/  by  a  mortgage.       Johnson*s  Rep. 
GOV'EU,  (kuv'er,)  ».    .Xny  thing  which  is  laid,  set, 
or  spread  over  another  thing  ;  as,  the  cover  of  a  ves- 
sel ;  the  cover  of  a  bed. 

2.  Any  thing  wliirh  vails  or  conceals  ;  a  screen  ; 
disguise  ;  superficial  appearance.  .Aflected  gravity 
may  serve  as  a  r^rrr  ft»r  a  deceilful  heart. 

3.  Shelter  ;  defense  ;  protection.  The  troops  fought 
under  i-oefr  of  the  batteries. 

4.  (concealment  and  jirotection.  The  army  ad- 
vanced uniirr  r.m'rr  of  the  nijiht. 

5.  The  woods,  underbrush,  ^c,  which  shelter  and 
conceal  game  ;  shelter ;  retreat. 

G.  A  plate  set  on  the  table. 
eOV'ER-ClIlKF,  II.   A  cuveruig  for  the  head.  [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

eOVER-CLE.  71.    [Fr.  ]  A  small  cover  ;  a  Ird. 
COY'Ell-iED,  (kuv'erd,)  />;<.  or  o.    Spread  over;  hid; 
concealed  ;  clothed  ;  vailed  ;  having  a  hat  on  ;  wrap- 
ped ;  inclosed  ;  shelteri'<l  ;  proteetrd  ;  ilisguised. 
€OV'ER-ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  covers. 
COV'ER-INti,  ;ipr.     Spreading  over  ;  laying  over  ; 
concealing  ;  vailing  f  cluthing  ;  wrapping  ;  inclo*- 
ing  ;  protecting  ;  disguising. 
€OV'EK-I.\G,  n.     That  which  rovers  ;  any  thing 
spread  or  laid  over  another,  whether  for  security  or 
concealment. 

Noah  removeil  li.f  cov^nvf  of  the  ark. — Gen.  Tiii. 
He  spn'ail  a  cloml  (or  a  covering. —  Ps.'cT, 
Dfstniclion  hath  n->  covering.  —  Job  xxjL 

2.  A  cover  ;  a  lid. 

Kvcry  open  Tossel  that  hath  no  corerin^.  —  Num.  zix. 

3.  Clothing  ;  minieiit ;  garments  ;  dress. 

They  fcuise  the  naked  to  IimI  je  without  clothing,  tliat  Utey  hare 
no  covering  in  the  c*>ld,  — Joh  xxiv. 

eOV'ER-I.ET,  n.  [cover,  and  Fr.  lit,  a  bed.]  The 
cover  of  a  bed  ;  a  piece  of  furniture  designetl  to  be 
spread  over  all  Die  oih.  r  covering  of  a  bed.  Dryden. 

eOV'ER-SH.i.ME,  n.  Something  used  to  conceal  in- 
famy. Dryden. 

eOV'Etl-SI,UT,  II.    Something  to  hide  sluttishness. 

Burke. 

eOV'ERT,  (kiiv'ert,)  a.  [Fr.  couvert,  participle  of 
ceiirrir,  to  cover.] 

1.  Covered  ;  hid  ;  private  ;  secret ;  concealed. 

Whether  of  open  war,  or  covert  guile.  Alilion. 

2.  Disguised  ;  insidious. 

3.  Sheltered  ;  not  o|R'n  or  exposed  ;  as,  a  corerf 
alley  or  place.  Bacon.  Pope. 

4.  Under  cover,  authority,  or  protection  ;  as,  a 
feme-covert,  a  married  »'oman  who  is  considered  as 
being  under  the  influence  and  protection  of  her  hus- 
band. 

COVERT,  n.  A  covering,  or  covering  place  ;  apl.ace 
which  covers  and  shelters  ;  a  shelter  ;  a  defense. 

A  til«'niacli.  —  for  a  cop»-|  fri>m  atonn  and  rain .  —  Is.  It. 
I  wiil  tniHl  Ml  llie  corert  of  thy  wings.  —  P*.  Ixi. 

2.  A  thicket ;  a  shady  place,  or  a  hiding-place.  I 
Sam.  XXV,    Job  xxxviii. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  feathers  of  diOVrent  sizes  on 
or  under  the  wings  of  birds.  Brandt. 

eOV'ER'l"-LY,  adv.  Secretly  ;  closely  ;  in  private  ; 
insidiously. 

Among  the  p«ets,  Penius  covtrllx/  strikes  .at  NV.-o.  DryUn. 

eOV'ERT-NESS,  n.   Secrecy;  privacy. 

eOV'ERT-URE,  (kuv'ert-yur,)  n.  Covering;  shel- 
ter ;  defense.  Milton.  Bacon. 

2.  In  iaiff,  the  state  of  a  married  woman,  who  is 
considered  as  under  cover,  or  the  power  of  her  hus- 
band, and  therefore  calleij  a  feme-covert  or  /cmm»- 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  <3  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


86' 


87f' 


cow 

convert.  The  coverture  of  a  woman  disables  her 
fi  um  making  contracts  to  the  prejudice  of  herself  or 
husband,  without  his  allowance  or  confirmation. 

€OV'ERT-\VaY,  n.  In  fortificutiun,  a  space  of  ground 
level  with  the  field,  on  the  edge  of  the  ditch,  three  or 
four  fathoms  broad,  ranging  quite  round  the  half 
moons,  or  other  works,  toward  the  country.  It  has  a 
parapet  raised  on  a  level,  together  with  its  banquets 
and  glacis.  It  is  called,  also,  tlie  corridor,  and  some- 
times the  counterscarp,  because  it  is  on  the  edge  of 
the  scarp.  Harris.  Eiicijc. 

€OV"ET,  (kuv'et,)  v.  U  [Fr. eonvoittr,  to  covet ;  Norm. 
coreitant,  covetous  ;  cocctise,  greediness  ;  VV.  q/iyi,  a 
c6vetous  man  ;  cijbrjzu,  to  covet.  The  Welsh  word 
is  pronounced  cijhyihn  ;  and  cy  has  the  power  of  con, 
and  may  be  a  contraction  of  it.  The  last  constituent 
part  of  the  word  coincides  in  elements  with  the  Latin 
feto,  and  more  nearly  with  the  Gr.  ttoBcw,  to  desire.] 

1.  To  desire,  or  wish  Sir,  with  eagerness  ;  to  desire 
earnestly  ;  to  obtain  or  possess  j  in  a  ^ood  setise. 

Corel  earnesUy  Uie  l>?st  gifu.  —  I  Cor.  xii. 

2.  To  desire  inordinately  ;  to  desire  that  which  it 
is  lawful  to  obtain  or  possess ;  in  a  bad  sense. 

Thou  shilt  not  covet  thy  neighbor's  house  —  wife  —  or  ser- 
vant. —  Kx.  XX. 

eOV'ET,  V.  i.    To  have  an  earnest  desire.    1  Tim.  vi. 
€f)\"ET-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  coveted. 
eOV'ET-ED,  ]ip.  or  a.     Earnestly  desired  ;  greatly 

wished  or  longed  for. 
eOV'ET-ER,  (kuv'et-er,)  n.    One  who  covets. 
eOV'ET-IXG,  ppr.  Earnestly  desiring  or  wishing  for  ; 

desiring  inordinately  to  obtain  or  possess. 
eOV'ET-ING,  71.    Inordinate  desire.  Sliak. 
eOV'ET-ING-LY,  adc.    With  eager  desire  to  possess. 
€OV'ET-ISE,  (-is,)  n.  Avarice.    [yVo!  in  use.]  Spenser. 
eOV'ET-OUS,  (kuv'et-us,)  a.    [Fr.  cotwoitcuz.] 

1.  Very  desirous  ;  eager  to  obtain  ;  in  a  good  sense  ; 
as,  covetous  of  wisdom,  virtue,  or  learning. 

Taylor.  Skak. 

2.  Inordinately  desirous  ;  excessively  eager  to  ob- 
tain and  possess  ;  directed  to  money  or  goods,  avari- 
cious. 

A  bishop,  then,  must  not  be  covetous,  —  I  Tim.  iii. 

€0V'ET-OUS-I,Y,  adv.   With  a  strong  or  inordinate 

desire  to  obtain  and  possess  ;  eagerly  ;  avariciously. 
€OV'ET-OUS-NESS,  n.    A  strong  or  inordinate  de- 
sire of  obtaining  and  possessing  some  supposed  good  ; 
usually  in  a  bad  sejise,  and  applied  to  an  inordinate  de- 
sire of  wealth,  or  avarice. 

Out  of  the  heart  proceedeth  covetousness.  —  Marie  vii. 
Mortify  your  members  — and  coveloasmss,  wliich  is  idolatry.  — 
Col.'iu. 

2.  Strong  desire ;  eagerness.  SAoA-. 
COV'EY,  (kuv'y,)  n.    [Fr.  couvee,  a  brood  ;  coucer,  to 
Bit  on  or  brood,  to  lurk  or  lie  hid  ;  It.  covare  ;  Sp.  co- 
bijar,  to  brood,  to  cover  ;  L.  cubo,  incubo.    See  Class 
Gb,  No.  14,  25,  31,  36,  88.] 

1.  A  brood  or  hatch  of  birds  ;  an  old  bird  with  her 
brood  of  young.  Hence,  a  small  flock  or  number  of 
birds  together  j  applied  to  game :  as,  a  covey  of  par- 
tridges. .Addison. 

2.  A  company ;  a  set. 

€OV'IN,  (kuv'in,)  n.  [Q,u.  Ar.  j^j-*^  gabana,  to  de- 
fraud. More  probably  this  word  belongs  to  some 
verb  in  Gb,  signifying  to  conceal,  or  to  agree.  In 
Norm.  Fr.  covyne  is  a  secret  place  or  meeting.] 

In  law,  a  collusive  or  deceitful  agreement  between 
two  or  more  persons  to  prejudice  a  third.  Cowel. 

€o'VIN"G,  71.  [See  Cove.]  The  projection  of  the  up- 
per stories  of  houses  over  the  lower  ones  ;  formerly 
a  prevalent  style  of  building.  Otoilt. 

€0V'IN-OUS,  a.    Deceitful ;  collusive  ;  fraudulent. 

€OVV,  71.;  p/.  Cows  ;  old  pi.  Kine.  [Sax.  cit;  D. 
ioc ;  G.  kuli ;  .Sw.  ko  :  Dan.  koe  ;  L.  ceva ;  Hindoo  gaj 
or  gou  ;  Pers.  koh  :  Pahlavi  gao ;  Sans,  go,  a  cow, 
and  irau,  an  ox,  godama,  a  cowherd  ;  Heb.  nyj,  to 
low. J 

The  female  of  the  bovine  genus  of  animals  ;  a 
quadruped  with  cloven  hoofs,  whose  milk  furnishes 
an  abundance  of  food  and  profit  to  the  farmer. 

Sea-cow ;  the  Manatee,  a  cetaceous  herbivorous 
mammal.    (See  Sea-Coh.J 

€OW,  V.  t.  Ui\i.  Ice.  kiifwa,  or  kuga,  to  depress.]  To 
depress  witli  fear  ;  to  sink  the  spirits  or  courage  j  to 
oppress  with  habitual  timidity.  StiaJc. 

eoW'-BANE,  71.  [i:o7fl  and  6a/ic.J  A  popular  name 
of  the  Cicuta,  a  genus  of  poisonous  aquatic  plants,  of- 
ten destrnrtive  to  cattle.  Farm.  Encyc. 

eOW'HAOE,  /  n.    [Ill  Bengalee,  fflf /loWicc]  A  legu- 

COW'-ITCII,  \  niiiioiiH  plant,  the  Jf/HCu/ia  pruricTi,^^ 
a  native  of  wann  climates.  It  has  a  fibrous  root  anti 
an  herbaceous,  climbing  stalk,  with  red  papiliona- 
ceous flowers,  and  IrgiiiniiioiiH,  coriaceous  pods, 
crooked,  and  covered  with  sharp  hairs,  which  pene- 
trate the  Hkiii,  and  cause  an  itching.  A  sirup  made 
from  these  pods  lia«  been  iimciI  as  a  venniruge. 

COW'IlKltl),  71.  [Sec  IIebii.]  One  whose  occupa- 
tion it  IS  to  altenil  cows. 

eOW'-IIOIIHE,  71.  \  house  or  building  in  which 
cows  are  kept  or  stabled.  .Mortimer. 


COW 

eOW'-KEEP-ER,  71.  One  whose  business  is  to  keep 
cows.  Broome. 

eOW'-LEECH.  71.  [See  Leech.]  One  who  pro- 
fesses to  heal  the  diseases  of  cows. 

€OW'-LEECH-ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  healing 
the  disleiilpers  of  co«'s.  Mortimer. 

COW'LICK,  re.  .\  tuft  of  hair  turned  up  over  the 
forehead,  as  if  licked  bv  a  cow.  Farby. 

eoW'-P.KRS-.XEP,  71.  .K  plant  of  the  genus  Heracle- 
iim  ;  the  wild  parsiiep. 

eOW'-PE.\,  71.    .\  pen  for  cows. 

eOW'-POX,  H.    The  vaccine  disease. 

€OW'-Q,UaKES,  71.  Quaking  grass,  the  Briza,  a 
genus  of  plants. 

GOW'SLIP,     I  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Primula,  or 

eOW'S'-LIP,  (  primrose,  of  several  varieties.  The 
,  American  cou'slip  belongs  to  the  gentis  Dodecatheon  ; 
the  Jerusalem  and  mountain  cowslip,  to  the  genus 
Pulmonaria. 

eoW'S'-LU.VG'WORT,  71.     A  plant  of  the  genus 
€0W'-TREE,  71.    [Sp.  ^alo  de  vac.a.]  [Verbascum. 
A  tree  of  .South  America  which  produces  milk,  a~ 
nourishing  tluid ;  the  Galactodendron  utile. 

HnmbolJt, 

eOW'-WEED,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Chairophyl- 

lum,  or  chervil. 
eOW'-VVHK.\T,  71,    A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Jlelampy- 

rum. 

COW'ARD,  71.  [Fr.  covard  ;  Arm.  couhard:  Sp.  and 
Port,  cobarde.  The  original  French  orthography  was 
culvert,  and  it  has  been  supposed  to  be  from  citiutn 
vertere,  to  turn  the  tail.  This  suggestion  receives 
countenance  from  the  corresponding  word  in  Italian, 
codardo,  codardia,  which  would  seem  to  be  from  coda, 
the  tail  ;  and  it  derives  confirmation  from  tlie  use  of 
the  word  in  heraldry.  In  Welsh,  it  is  cujaii,  ca^gi, 
from  the  same  root  as  L.  caco.] 

1.  A  person  who  wants  courage  to  meet  danger ; 
a  poltroon  ;  a  timid  or  pusillanimous  man. 

A  coisard  does  not  always  eswpe  with  disgrace,  but  sometimes 
loses  his  lile.  South. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  term  given  to  a  lion  borne  in  the 
escutcheon  with  his  tail  doubled  between  his  legs. 

Encyc. 

COWARD,  a.  Destitute  of  courage  ;  timid  ;  base  ; 
as,  a  coward  wretch. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  expressive  of  fear  or  timid- 
ity ;  as,  coicard  cry  ;  coieard  joy.        Shak.  Prior. 
eOW'.^RD,  r.  t.    To  make  tinnjroiis. 
eOW'ARD-ED,  pp.    Made  cowardly. 
eOW'ARD-ICE,  (-is,)  71.  [Tr.  couardise  ;  Sp.  cobardia.] 
Want  of  courage  to  face  danger  ;  timidity  ;  pusil- 
lanimity ;  fear  of  exposing  one's  person  to  danger. 

Qjmardice  alone  is  loss  of  fame.  Dryden. 
Did  cou>aTdjce,  did  injustice,  ever  save  a  sinkings  state  f  Ames. 

eOW'ARD-IXG,  ppr.    Making  cowardly. 
eOW'.\RD-lZE,  V.  I.    To  render  cowardly. 
COW'ARn-IZ--ED,  pp.    Rendered  cowardly. 
eOW'ARD-lZ-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  cowardly. 
eOW'ARD-LiKE,  a.    Resembling  a  coward  ;  mean. 
eOW'ARD-LI-NESS,  71.  Want  of  courage  ;  timidity  ; 
cowardice. 

€OW'ARD-L\'^,  a.  Wanting  courage  to  face  danger  ; 
timid;  timorous;  fearful;  pusillanimous.  Bacon. 

2.  Mean;  base;  befitting  a  coward  ;  a.s,  a  cowardly 
action. 

3.  Proceeding  from  fear  of  danger ;  as,  cowardly 
silence.  South. 

€OW'ARD-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  coward  ; 

meanlv  ;  basely.  Knolles. 
eOW'ARD-OUS,  a.   Cowardly.    [JVe<  used.]  Barret. 
eO\V'ARD-SHIP,  71.    Cowarilice.    [JVo(  used.]  SliaJc. 
eoW'ET),  (kowd,)  pp.    Depressed  with  fear. 
eOW'ER,  II.  i.    [W.  cwrian,  to  squat  or  cower  ;  ctcr, 

a  circle  ;  G.  kauern.    See  Class  Gr,  No.  32,  34,  37.] 
To  sink  by  bending  the  knees ;  to  crouch  ;  to 

squat ;  to  bend  down  through  fear. 

Our  dame  sits  cowering  o'er  a  kitchen  fire.  Dryden. 

eOW'ER,  7'.  (.    To  cherish  with  care.  [JVotuscd.] 
eOWEK-Kl),  pp.    Cherished  with  care.  [Spen.ier. 
eOW'ER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Bending  down  ;  crouching  ; 
timorous. 

eOW'HIDE,  71.    The  hide  of  a  cow  made,  or  to  be 
made,  into  leather. 
2.  A  coarse  riding-whip  made  of  cow's  hide. 
COWHIDE,  V.  L   To  beat  or  whip  with  a  cowhide. 

.America. 

eoW'HID-ING,  71.    A  beating  with  a  cowhide.  Jim. 

COWING,  ppr.    Depressing  with  fear. 

eOW'ISlI,  a.    Timorous  ;  fearful  ;  cowardly.  [Little 

used.]  SAaJc. 
eOWL,  71.    [Contracted  from  Sax.  eugle,  eugele;  L. 

cucullus  ;  Ir.  cochal :  Sp.  cogulla  ;  Port,  cogula,  cucula.] 

1.  A  monk's  hixul,  or  habit,  worn  by  the  Bernard- 
ines  and  Benedictines.    It  is  either  white  or  black. 

What  dilli'r  more,  yon  cry,  than  crown  and  eoiol?  Ptpe. 

2.  A  vessel  to  be  carried  on  a  pole  betwixt  two 
persons,  for  the  conveyance  of  water.  Johnson. 

eOWL'-STXFF,  n.  A  staff  or  pole  on  which  a  ves- 
sel is  supported  between  two  persons.  Suckling. 

COWL' Eli,  a.  Wearing  a  cowl;  hooded;  in  shape 
of  n  cowl ;  ilh,  a  cowled  leaf. 


CRA 

COW-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  cow.  Pope. 

€0-WORK'ER,  (-wurk'er,)  71.  One  that  works  with 
another  ;  a  co-operator. 

COWRY,  71.  A  small  shell,  the  Ctjpriea  moneta,  used 
for  mimey  in  Africa  and  the  East  Indies.  Malcom 
states  that  8000  are  equivalent  to  a  dollar  at  Calcutta, 
and  10,000  at  Bankok  ;  but  the  value  varies  at  differ- 
ent places. 

eOX'Co.MB,  (-koin,)  71.  [cock^s  comb.]  The  top  of 
the  head.  SItak. 

2.  A  strip  of  red  cloth  notched  like  the  comb  of  a 
cock,  which  licensed  ftMiIs  wore  formerly  in  their 
caps  ;  also,  the  cap  itself.  Shak. 

3.  A  fop;  a  vain,  showy  fellow  ;  a  superficial  pre- 
tender to  knowledge  or  accomplishments.  Dryden. 

4.  A  kind  of  red  flower  ;  a  name  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  Celosia,  and  some  other  plants. 

eOX'CoMB-LY,  (  kbm-)  a.  Like  a  coxcomb.  [JVof 
tmed.]  Beaum.  a<id  Fl. 

COX'Co.MB-RY,  (ko-f  kom-ry,)  71.  The  manners  of  a 
coxcomb.  Ec,  Hev. 

eoX-CO.M'ie.^L,  a.  Foppish;  vain;  conceited;  a 
low  word. 

COY,  (1.  [Fr.  cot, or  coy,  quiet, still ;  contracted,  proba- 
bly, from  the  L.  ijuietus,  or  its  root,  or  from  caiitus.] 

Jlodest ;  silent ;  reserved  ;  not  accessible  ;  shy  ; 
not  easily  condescending  to  f^imiliarity. 

Like  Daphne  slie,  as  lovely  and  as  coy.  Waller, 

eOY,  II.  i.  To  behave  with  reserve ;  to  be  silent  or 
distant ;  to  refrain  from  speech  or  free  intercourse. 

Drydai. 

2.  To  make  difficulty;  tobe  backward  or  unwill- 
ing ;  not  freely  to  condescend.  Shak. 

3.  To  smooth  or  stroke.  Shak. 
COY,  for  Decoy,  to  allure.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
COY'ISH,  a.    Somew  hat  coy  or  reserved. 
eOY'LY,  adc.    With  reserve ;  with  disinclination  to 

familiarity.  Clmpman. 
eOY'NESS,  71.    Reserve  ;  unwillingness  to  become 
familiar ;  disposition  to  avoid  free  intercourse,  by 
silence  or  retirement. 

When  the  kind  nymph  would  coynesB  feign, 

And  hides  but  to  be  tuund  again.  Oryden. 

eOYS'TREL,  71.    A  species  of  degenerate  hawk. 

Dryden. 

eOZ,  (kuz.)    A  contraction  of  Cousiw.  Sliak. 

COZ'-KN,  (kuz'n,)  v.  t.  [Q.U.  Arm.  couczyein,  couchiein, 
conchcza,  to  cheat,  or  to  waste  and  fritter  away.  In 
Russ.  kos-nodei  is  a  cheat,    (iu,  chouse  and  cheat.] 

1.  To  cheat ;  to  defraud. 

He  tliat  suffers  a  government  to  be  abused  by  carelessness  and 
neglect,  does  the  same  thing  with  him  that  corrupUy  sets 
himself  to  cozen  it.  L'Eslrange. 

2.  To  deceive  ;  to  beguile. 

Children  may  be  cozened  into  a  knowledge  of  the  letters. 

I,ocite. 

€0Z'£N-AGE,  (kuz'n-aj,)  71.  Cheat ;  trick  ;  fraud  ;  de- 
ceit; artifice  ;  the  practice  of  cheating.  Dryden.  Sicift, 

eOZ' EN-ED,  (kuz'nd,)  pp.  Cheated  ;  defrauded  ; 
beguiled. 

€6Z'  F.S-ER,  71.    One  who  cheats  or  defrauds. 

€07.'  F.y -ING,  ppr.  Cheating;  defrauding;  beguiling. 

Co'ZI-LY,  ad.    Snugly  ;  comfortably.      fV.  Irring. 

eo'ZY,  a.    Snug  ;  comfortable.  W.  Irving. 

2.  Chatty  ;  talkative.  Smart. 

CRAB,  71.  [Sax.  crabba  and  hrefen  ;  Sw.  krabba  ;  Dan. 
krabbe,  kriebs ;  D.  larab,  krecft ;  G.  krabbe,  krcbs :  Fr. 
ecrevisse  ;  W.  crav,  claws  ;  cravanc,  a  crab  ;  cravu, 
to  scratch  ;  Gr.  Kapaiios;  L.  carabus.  It  may  be  al- 
lied to  the  Ch.  3"\3  kerabh,  to  plow.  Eng.  to  grave, 
enirrave,  L.  scribo,  Gr.  )  pu<jj(o,  literally,  to  scrape  or 
scratch.    See  Class  Rb,  No.  30,  18,  &c'.] 

1.  An  animtil  of  the  class  Crustacea,  having  the 
whole  body  covered  by  a  crust-like  shell  called  the 
carapax ;  it  has  ten  legs,  the  front  pair  of  which  ter- 
minate in  claws.  Crabs  differ  from  lobsters  and 
shrimps  in  having  the  tail  very  small,  and  concealed 
at  all  times  under  the  body.  There  are  several 
genera,  among  which  the  Cancer  and  Lupa  atibrd 
the  most  coiiiiiion  edible  species. 

2.  A  wild  apple,  or  the  tree  producing  it;  so 
.  named  from  its  rough  taste. 

3.  A  peevish,  morose  person.  Johnson. 

4.  A  species  of  crane  much  used  by  masons  for 
raising  large  stones.  Qwilt. 

5.  A  wooden  engine,  with  three  claws,  for  launch- 
ing ships  and  heaving  them  into  the  dock.  Phdips. 

G.  A  pillar  used  sometimes  for  the  same  purpose 
as  a  capstan.  Mar.  Dicu 

7.  Cancer,  a  sign  in  the  zodiac. 

CrabKt  ctaw  ;  in  the  materia  mcdica,  the  tips  of  the 
claws  of  the  common  crab  ;  used  as  absorbents. 

Encyc. 

Crab*s  eyes;  in  pharmaty,  concretions  formed  in 
the  stomacii  of  the  crny-fish.  They  are  rounded  on 
one  side,  and  depressed  and  sinunted  on  the  other, 
considt^rably  heavy,  moderately  hard,  and  without 
smell.   They  are  absorbent,  discussive,  and  diuretic. 

Encyc. 

Crab-lice;  small  insects  that  stick  fa-st  to  the  skin. 
€RAB,  a.    Stmt;  rough;  ihistere.    [Qu.  crab,  supra, 

or  L.  acerbus.] 
€RAB'-AP-PLE,7i.    A  wild  apple.  [See  Crab,  No.  2.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


878 


CRA 


CR  \ 


CRA 


eUAR'-GRXSS,  n.    A  genus  of  plants,  the  Dinilaria.  | 

eRAIl'-TllKK,  n.    Tlie  tri'u  that  bears  crab-apples. 

eUAB'-YAVVS,  H.  'I'lie  name  of  a  diseiise  ill  the 
West  Indies,  beinj;  a  kind  of  ulcer  on  the  soles  of 
the  feet,  with  hani,  callous  lips.  F.neijc. 

C1!AH'BI;D,  a.  [fniiii  crnb.]  Roiinh  ;  harsh;  aus- 
len- ;  sour  j  peevish  ;  morose  ;  cynical  ;  applied  to 
the  temper.  HJtak. 

2.  Uducli ;  harsh  ;  applied  to  things. 

3.  DilKcult ;  perplexing  ;  us,  a  crabbed  author  or 
subject.  J)njile.n. 

eRAU'HKD-LY.orfo.  Peevishly;  roughly;  iiiimisely; 
with  perplexitv.  Joliiuioiu 

CRAU'llED-NESS,  n.    Roughness;  harshness. 
9.  Sourness  ;  peevishness ;  asperity. 
3.  Dilliculty  ;  perplexity. 

CRAH'UV",  a.    Ditticult.  Moron. 

CUA'HKU,  H.    The  water-rat.  Walton. 

tKAli'S'-EVF.?,  (  i/.e,)  II.  p(.  Concretions  formed  in 
the  stiunach  of  naw-tish,  and  used  in  medicine. 

CRACK,  V.  t.  [I'V.  craijiier ;  1).  kraakcn  ;  G.  krachen  ; 
\y.\n.  krakker ;  It.  erocenre ;  W.  rhecaiii  ;  Sp.  rajar  ; 
Port,  racltar ;  probably  from  the  root  of  break,  wreck, 
and  coinciding  with  the  Gr.  epeiicco,  ^qyvvo);  also 
with  Eng.  creak,  croak.  'I'lie  W.  has  also  cria,  a 
crack,  from  Wiii',  a  notch.  Otoen.  See  Class  Kg, 
No.  34.] 

1.  To  rend,  break,  or  burst  into  chinks  ;  to  break 
partially  ;  to  (lix'ide  the  parts  a  little  t'rom  each  other  ; 
as,  t<t  crack  a  board  or  a  rock  ;  or  to  break  without  an 
entire  severance, of  the  parts;  as,  to  crack  glass 
or  ice. 

3.  To  break  or  rend  asunder  with  a  sharp,  abrupt 
sound  ;  as,  to  crack  nuts. 

3.  To  break  with  grief ;  to  atTect  deeply  ;  to  pain  ; 
to  torture  ;  as,  tocrac/tthe  heart.  VVe  now  use  break 
or  rend.  Shak. 

4.  To  open  and  drink  ;  as,  to  crack  a  bottle  of 
wine,  [/.oip.] 

5.  To  thrust  out,  or  cast  with  smartness  ;  as,  to 
tn-ack  a  joke. 

fi.  To  produce  a  sharp,  abrupt  sound,  like  that  of 
rending  ;  to  snap  ;  iis,  to  crack  a  whip. 

7.  To  break  or  destroy. 

8.  To  impair  the  regular  exercise  of  the  intellectual 
faculties  ;  to  disorder  ;  to  make  crazy  ;  as,  to  crack 
the  brain. 

CR.ACK,  V.  i.  To  burst ;  to  open  in  chinks  ;  as,  the 
earth  cracks  by  frost ;  or  to  be  marred  witliout  an 
opening  ;  as,  glass  cracks  by  a  siiilden  application  of 

2.  To  fall  to  ruin,  or  to  be  impaired.  [heat. 
Thccr.Htit  ofthi^  rxcti«iii.>r  cracks  when  Itulc  cornea  in  nni!  much 

gu''«  out.    [.Vol  eV^anl.)  Dryden. 

3.  To  utter  a  loud  or  sharp,  sudden  sound  ;  as,  the 
clouds  crack;  the  whip  cracks.  SUak. 

4.  To  boast ;  to  brag  ;  that  is,  to  utter  vain,  pomp- 
ous, blustering  words  ;  with  of. 

The  Kthiops  of  tivrir  sweet  cuin))lexioa  crack.    [Sot  tlegant.] 

SttaJt. 

CRACK,  n.    [Gr.  jjujof.] 

1.  A  disruption  ;  a  chink  or  fissure  ;  a  n.-irrow 
breach  ;  a  crevice  ;  a  partial  separation  of  the  parts 
of  a  substance,  with  or  without  an  o|)ening;  as,  a 
er<uk  in  timber,  in  a  wall,  or  in  glass. 

5.  A  burst  of  sound  ;  a  sharp  or  loud  sound,  uttered 
suddenly  or  with  vehemence  ;  the  sound  of  any 
tiling  suddenly  rent;  a  violent  report ;  us,  the  crack 
of  a  falling  house  ;  the  crack  of  a  whip. 

3.  Change  of  voice  in  puberty.  Shak. 

4.  Craziness  of  intellect :  or  a  crazy  person. 

5.  A  boast,  or  boaster,    [ioio.]  [.Iddison. 

6.  Breach  of  chastity  ;  and  a  prostitute.  [Loie.] 

7.  A  lad  ;  an  instant.    [.Vut  iised.] 

CRACK,  a.  Of  superior  excellence,  having  qualities 
to  be  boasted  of.    [Familiar,  or  law.]  lioUoway. 

€UACK'-15R.\1.\-A0,  a.  Having  intellects  i  mpaired  ; 
crazy. 

CRACK'KD,  (krakt,)  pp.  or  a.    Burst  or  split ;  rent ; 
broken ;  partially  severed. 
S.  Impaired  ;  crazy. 
CRACK'EU,  n.    A  noisy,  boasting  fellow.  Shak. 

2.  A  firework  ;  a  ipianiity  of  gunpowder  confined 
so  as  to  explode  with  noisel 

3.  .V  hard  biscuit.  Smart. 

4.  That  which  cracks  ,iny  thing. 
CRACK'-HEMP,  J  n.    .\  wretch  fated  to  the  gallows  ; 

'  eR.\CK'-R5PE,  i     one  who  deserves  to  be  hanged. 

Sliak. 

CRACK'IXG,  ppr.  or  o.  Breaking  or  dividing  par- 
tially ;  opening ;  impairing  ;  snapping ;  uttering  a 
sudden,  sharp  or  loud  sound ;  boasting ;  casting 
jokes. 

CRACK'I.N'G,  B.  .A  breaking  or  dividing ;  a  sharp, 
abrupt  sound. 

CRACK'LE,  (krak'l,)r.  i.  [dim.  of  crocA-.]  To  make 
slight  cracks ;  to  make  small,  abrupt  noises,  rapidly 
or  frequently  repeated  ;  to  decrepitate ;  as,  burning 
thorns  crackle. 

CR.VCK'LING,  ppr.  or  o.  .Making  slight  cracks,  or 
abrupt  noises. 

CR.VCK'l.l.N'G,  n.  The  making  of  small,  abrupt  cracks 
or  re|K>rts,  frequently  repeated. 

Tb--  eracktinf  at  Uiunu  under  s  pol.  —  Ecclei.  Tii. 
2.  The  rind  of  roasted  pork.  Perry. 


TONE,  B^LL,  qMTE.— 


CRACK'NEL,  n.  .\  hard,  brittle  cake  or  biscuit. 
I  Kings  xiv.  3. 

CRA'UhE,  II.  [Sax.  cradcl;  W.  cryd,  a  rocking  or 
shaking,  a  cnuile  ;  cnjdu,  to  shake  or  tremble  ;  cry- 
dian,  crijdiaio,  id. ;  from  rhyd,  a  moving  ;  It.  creatJiam, 
to  shake  ;  Gr.  xpaiaw,  id.,  and  to  swing  ;  lli  b.  "nn 
to  tremble  or  shake,  to  palpitate  ;  Syr.  in  Etiip.,  to 
rub  or  scr.ape.  Without  the  first  letter,  W.  rhijil, 
Hcb.  Ch.  Eth.  iyi  to  tremble,  to  shake.     In  Ar. 

tS£j  ruada,  to  thunder,  to  impress  terror,  to  trem- 
ble;  and  rada,  to  run  hither  and  thither,  to 
move  one  w.ay  and  the  other,  to  tremble  or  shake. 

The  Arabic  »XEj  'o  thunder,  coincides  with  the 

Latin  rndo,  to  roar,  and  the  AV.  grtjdiaw,  to  utter 
a  rough  sound,  to  shout,  whoop,  or  scream,  grydwst, 
a  iiiiiriimr,  from  gryd,  a  shout  or  whoop,  and  this 
from  rhyd;  so  that  crydiuw,  and  grydiaw  are  from 
the  same  root,  and  from  this  we  have  cry,  and  cry 
implies  roughness,  coinciding  with  the  Syriac,  supra, 
to  scrape,  whence  grate,  gride,  &c.  See  Owen's 
IVelsh  Dictionary,  and  Castell's  /feptaglot.] 

1.  A  movable  machine  of  various  constructions, 
placed  on  curved  pieces  of  board,  for  rocking  chil- 
dren or  infirm  persons  to  sleep,  fur  alleviating  pain, 
or  giving  moderate  exercise. 

Me  let  the  lender  office  Ion»  en^^ 

To  rock  tlie  cradle  ot  a'poiiiig  nge.  Pope, 

2.  Infancy.  From  the  cradle,  is  from  the  state  of 
infancy  ;  in  tJie  cradle,  in  a  state  of  infancy. 

3.  That  [Kirt  of  the  stock  of  a  cross-bow,  where  the 
bullet  is  put.  llncye. 

4.  In  surgery,  a  case  in  which  a  broken  leg  is  laid, 
after  being  set.  F.ncyc 

5.  In  ship-building,  a  frame  placeil  under  the  bot- 
tom of  a  ship  for  launching.  It  supports  the  ship,  and 
slides  down  the  timbers  or  po-ssage  called  the  ways. 

Ilebert. 

6.  A  standing  bedstead  for  wounded  seamen. 

Mar.  Diet. 

7.  In  engraving,  an  instrument  formed  of  .steel, 
and  resembling  a  chisel,  with  one  sloping  side,  used 
In  scraping  mezzotintos,  and  preparing  the  plate. 

Encyc. 

8.  In  husbandry,  a  frame  of  wood,  with  long,  bend- 
ing teeth,  to  which  is  fastened  a  scythe,  for  cutting 
and  laying  oats  and  other  grain  in  a  swath. 

eR.\'DLE,  c.  (.  To  lay  in  a  cradle ;  to  rock  in  a  cra- 
dle j  to  compose  or  quieL 

It  cradles  their  feaii  to  sleep.  D.  A.  Oark. 

2.  To  nurse  in  infancy.  D.  Webster. 

3.  I'o  cut  and  lay  with  a  cradle,  as  grain. 
CR.a'DLE,  c.  i.    To  lie  or  lodge  in  a  cradle.  Shak. 
CRa'DLE-CLoTHES,  n.  pi.    The  clothes  used  for 

covering  one  in  a  cradle. 
CR-A'DLf-'U,  pp.    I-aid  or  rocked  in  a  cradle  ;  cut  and 

laid  with  a  cradle,  as  grain. 
eRA'I)LE-SCYTllE,(kri'dl-s!the,)ji.    A  scythe  used 

in  a  cradle  for  cutting  grain. 
CRa'DLING,  p/<r.    Laying  or  rocking  in  a  cradle; 

cutting  and  laving  with  a  cradle,  as  grain. 
CRA'DLING,  n.    The  act  of  using  a  cradle. 

2.  In  archileeture,  a  term  applied  to  the  timber, 
ribs,  and  pieces  in  arched  ceilings,  to  which  the 
laths  are  nailed.  Owilt. 

CRAFT,  n.  [Sax.  crirft,  art,  cunning,  power,  force; 
G.  Sw.  anJ  Dan.  krafl,  power,  faculty  ;  \V.  crev, 
cryv,  strong;  crcru,  to  cry,  to  scream,  to  crave; 
eryrau,  to  strengthen,  to  wax  strong;  crnf,a  cl.isp ; 
crafu,  to  hold,  to  comprehend,  to  perceive ;  crafus,  of 
quick  perception.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  strain  or 
stretch.  Hence  strength,  skdi,  a  crying  out,  hold- 
ing, &c.] 
L  Art ;  ability  ;  dexterity  ;  skill. 
Poesy  is  Uie  poet's  skill  or  cro/l  of  in.ikin^.         B.  Jonson. 

3.  Cunning,  art,  or  skill,  in  a  bad  sense,  or  applied 
to  bad  purposes ;  artifice  ;  guile ;  skiU  or  dexterity 
employed  to  efiTect  purposes  by  deceit 

The  chi.'f  prieau  and  scribes  sou^t  how  Ihe^  mi^ht  take  him  by 
crn/t,  and  put  him  to  deAth.  —  M:irk  xiv. 

3.  Art ;  skill  ;  dexterity  in  a  particular  manual 
occupation  ;  hence,  the  occupation  or  employment 
itself;  manual  art ;  trade. 

Ye  know  that  by  this  crajl  we  have  our  wealth.  —  Acts  xii. 

4.  A  term  applied  to  all  sorts  of  vessels.  Totten. 
Small  cruft,  is  a  tenn  given  to  small  vessels  of  all 

kimis,  as  sloops,  schooners,  cutters,  &c. 

CRAFT,  r.i.    To  pby  tricks.    [jVot  in  usf.l  Shak. 

CRAFT'I-LY,  n</c.  fSce  CnAFTT.]  With  craft,  cun- 
ning, or  guile  ;  artfully  ;  cunningly  ;  with  more  ort 
than  honesty. 

CRAFT'I-NESS,  n.  Artfulness;  dexterity  in  devis- 
ing and  effecting  a  purpose  ;  cunning  ;  artifice  ; 
stratagem. 

He  laketh  the  wise  in  their  own  emj^ness.  —  Job  r. 
Not  wnlkinj  in  craflintss,  nor  hanUlmr  the  word  of  God  deceit- 
fully. — a  Cor.  iv.  * 


CRAFTS'.MAN,  n.    An  artificer  ;  a  mechanic  ;  one 

skilled  in  a  manual  occupation. 
CRAFTS'MAS-TER,  n.    One  skillird  in  his  craft  or 

tntile. 

CRAFT'Y,  a.  Cunning;  artful;  skillful  in  devising 
and  pursuing  a  scheme,  by  deceiving  others,  or  by 
taking  advantage  of  their  ignorance  ;  wily  ;  sly ; 
frttuduleiit. 

He  dltippointcih  llie  devices  of  the  crafty.  —  S'Ai  t. 
2.  Artful ;  cunning  ;  in  a  good  sense,  or  in  a  laud- 
able iiiirsuit. 

r«  ini'  crafty,  I  cauglit  you  with  guile.  —2  Cor.  xii. 

CR  AG,  n.  rw.  Scot,  and  Ir.  craig ;  Gaelic,  creag  ; 
(/'orii.  karak  ;  Arm.  garreai  ;  probably  (Jr.  pa\ia, 
^a\i!,  from  the  root  of  ,'>/)  n  oj,  to  break,  like  rapes, 
111  Latin,  from  the  root  of  ruinpo,  riipi,  ami  crepido, 
from  crepo.  (.-^ee  Crack.)  The  name  is  taken  from 
breaking,  L.  frangn,  fur  fragu  ;  anil  fragosus  nnil 
craggy  are  the  same  word  with  ditferent  prefi\i:s  ; 
Eng.  ragged.  The  Knayn?  in  Cilicia,  mi-ntionecl  by 
Strabo  and  Pliny,  retains  the  Celtic  orthography.] 

1.  A  stei'p,  rugged  rock  ;  a  rough,  broken  rock,  or 
point  of  a  rock. 

2.  In  geology,  a  tertiary  deposit  of  gravel  mixed 
with  shells.  Lyell. 

eR.\G,»i.  [Sax. /iracra,  the  neck  ;  Scot,  era »■  or  crai»  ; 
Gr.  /<u\;i5.  The  same  word  probably  as  the  pre- 
ceding, from  its  roughness,  or  break.  We  now 
call  it  rack.] 

The  neck,  formerly  applied  to  the  neck  of  a  hu- 
man being,  ns  in  Spenser.  We  now  apply  it  to  the 
neck  or  neck-piece  of  mutton,  and  call  it  a  rack  of 
mutton. 

CRAG'-BCILT,  (  bilt,)  a.    Built  with  crags.  Ining. 
CRAG'GED,a.    Full  of  crags  or  broken  rocks  ;  rough; 

rugged  ;  abounding  with  prominences,  jioints,  and 

ini'i|ualities. 

eKAi;'(;i;i)  NESS,  n.  The  state  of  abounding  with 
cr:i!i-:,  or  hrokeii,  pointed  rocks. 

CRAfJ'lil-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  craggy. 

CR.AtJ'G  Y,  a.  Full  of  crags  ;  abounding  with  broken 
rocks;  rugged  with  projecting  points  of  rocks;  as, 
the  craggy  side  of  a  mountain  ;  a  craggy  clitT. 

CRAKE,;!.    ,\  bo-tst.    [See  Crack.]  Spenser. 

CRAKE,  H.    [Uu.  Gr.  ifo£(,  from  kock;!.] 

The  corn  crake,  a  migratory  fowl,  is  a  species  of 
the  rail,  Rallns,  found  among  grass,  corn,  broom,  or 
furze.  Its  cry  is  very  singular,  crek,  crrh,  ami  is 
imitated  by  rubbing  the  bladt^  of  a  knifi>  on  an  in- 
denteil  bone,  by  which  it  may  be  decoyed  into  a  net. 

F.nriie. 

CRAKE'-BER-RY,  n.     A  species  of  Einpetruiii  or 

berry-bearing  heath. 
GRA.M,  V.  t.    [Sax.  crammian  ;  Sw.  krama ;  coinciding 

in  sense,  ana  probably  in  origin,  with  ram.] 

1.  To  press  or  drive,  particularly  in  filling  or  thrust- 
ing one  thing  into  another;  to  stutf;  to  crowd  ;  to 
fill  to  siipertltiity  ;  as,  to  rram  any  thing  into  a  basket 
or  bag  ;  to  cram  a  room  witli  people  ;  to  cram  victuals 
down  the  throat. 

2.  To  fill  with  food  beyond  satiety  ;  to  stuff. 
Children  would  U'  more  free  from  diwiues,  if  they  werp  not 

crammed  so  iimch  by  loud  nmtli'.-rs,  Locke. 

3.  To  thrust  in  by  force  ;  to  crowd. 

Fate  baa  crammed  us  all  into  one  lease.  Gryden. 

CRAM,  V.  i.  To  eat  greedily  or  beyond  satiety  ;  to 
stuff.  Pope. 

CRA.M'BO,  71.  A  play  in  which  one  person  gives  a 
word,  to  wliicli  another  finds  a  rhyme.  Sw\fl. 

CR.^.M'.MKD,  (kramd,)  pp.  Stull'ed  ;  crowded  ;  thrust 
in  ;  filled  with  food. 

CRAM'.MIXG,  ;i/)r.  Driving  in  ;  stuffing;  crowding; 
eating  beyontl  satiety  or  stifticieiicy. 

CRA.M'.MI.N'G,  n.  A  cant  term,  in  ric  British  universi- 
ties, Uw  the  act  of  preparing  a  student  to  pass  an 
examination,  by  going  over  the  topics  with  him  be- 
forehand, and  furnishing  him  with  the  requisite 
answers. 

CR.A.MP,  n.  [Sax.  hramma;  D.  kramp ;  G.  Dan.  and 
.Sw.  kranipe :  It.  rampone,  a  cramp-iron.  Uu.  Ir. 
crampa,  a  knot.  If  m  is  radical,  this  word  may  ac- 
cord with  the  Celtic  crom,0.  krumm,  crooked,  from 
shrinking,  contracting.  But  if  ;>  is  radical,  this  word 
accords  with  the  W.  craf,  a  cl.asp,  a  cramp-iron,  rra- 
/«,  to  secure  holil  of,  to  compreliend,  Ir.  crapadh,  to 
shrink  or  contract.  The  sense  is,  to  strain  or  stretch.] 

1.  The  spa-smodic  and  involuntary  contraction  of  a 
limb,  or  some  muscle  of  the  body,  attended  with 
pain,  and  sometimes  with  convulsions,  or  numb- 
ness. 

2.  Restraint ;  confinement  ;  that  which  hinders 
from  motion  or  expansion. 

A  narrow  fortune  is  a  cramp  to  a  grcal  mind.  Estrange. 

3.  A  piece  of  iron  bent  at  the  ends,  serving  to  hold 
together  pieces  of  timber,  stoties,  <tc. ;  a  cramp-iron. 
[Fr.  crampon  ;  It.  rampone.] 

4.  An  irtm  instrument,  having  a  screw  at  one  end 
and  a  movable  shoulder  at  the  other,  used  for  closely 
compressing  the  joints  of  framework. 

(iwilt.  Ilebert. 
CRAMP,  V.  L    To  pain  or  affect  with  spasms. 

2.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  hinder  from  ac- 


AN"GER,  VI"CtOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SlI ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


270 


CRA 


RA 


CRA 


tion  ur  expiinsiiin  ;  as,  to  cramp  the  exertions  of  a 
nation  ;  to  cramp  the  genius. 

3.  To  fasten,  confine,  or  hold  with  a  cramp  or 
cramp-iron. 

€RA.MP,  «.    Difficult  ;  knotty.    [LitOe  nsed.l 

eRAMP'BD,  (kramt,)  pp.  or  a.  .\ffected  with  spasm  ; 
convulsed  ;  confinei  ;  restrained. 

eR.\MP'-FISH,  «.  The  torpedo,  or  electric  ray,  the 
touch  of  which  affects  a  person  like  electricity, 
causing  a  slight  shock,  and  producing  numbness, 
tremor,  and  sickness  of  the  stomach. 

CRA.MP'I.N'G,  ppr.    .Effecting  with  cramp  ;  confining. 

eUAMP'-I-ROX,  (-I-urn,)  H.  An  iron  used  for  fast- 
ening things  together  ;  a  cramp,  which  see. 

€RA.M-POOXS',  n.  pi.  Hooked  pieces  of  iron  some- 
thing like  double  calipers,  fur  raising  stones,  lumber, 
and  other  lieavy  materials.  OilherU 

CRA'.NWGE,  «.    [from  crane.    Imw  li.  cranas-iitm.] 
The  liberty  of  using  a  crane  at  a  wharf  for  rais- 
ing wares  from  a  vessel  ;  also,  the  money  or  price 
paid  for  the  use  of  a  crane.  Cowcl.  Eiicyc. 

eUA.\'BER-RY,  n.  [crane  and  bcrrtj.]  The  fruit  of 
a  si)ecies  of  Oxycoccus,  (sour  berry,)  a  berry  that 
grows  on  a  slender,  bending  stalk.  It  is  also  called 
moss-bcrni,  or  moor-bernj,  as  it  grows  only  on  peat- 
bogs, or  swampy  land.  The  berry,  when  ripe,  is  red, 
and  of  the  size  of  a  small  cherry,  or  of  the  hawthorn 
berry.  These  berries  form  a  sauce  of  exquisite  tla- 
vor,  and  are  used  for  tarts.  The  cranberry  of  the 
United  States  is  the  O.  macrocarpiis.  that  of  Europe 
is  O.  paliLstris.  [The  common  pronunciation,  cra/n- 
berrtj,  is  erroneous.] 

€RXNCH.    See  Ckauivch. 

GRaNE,  71.  [Sax.  cran  ;  G.  krahn ;  D.  kraan ;  Sw.  kran, 
or  trana  ;  Dan.  kraiie,  or  trane ;  \V.  fraran  ;  Corn,  kra- 
na ;  Arm.  ^aran ;  Gr.  >  coai"'?,  whence  geranium.,  the 
plant,  crane's-bill.  The  word  in  Welsh  signifies  a 
shank  or  shaft,  a  crane  or  heron.  This  fowl,  then, 
may  be  named  from  its  long  legs.  [du.  pp,  to 
shoot.] 

1.  A  migratory  bird  of  the  genus  Grus,  belonging 
to  the  grallic  order.  The  bill  is  straight,  sharp,  and 
long,  with  a  furrow  from  the  nostrils  toward  the 
point ;  the  nostrils  are  linear,  and  the  feet  have  four 
toes.  These  birds  have  long  legs,  and  a  long  neck, 
being  destined  to  wade  and  seek  tiieir  food  among 
grass  and  reeds  in  marshy  grounds.  The  conmion 
crane  is  about  four  feet  in  length,  of  a  slender  body. 

2.  A  machine  for  raising  great  weights,  and  mov- 
ing them  to  a  distance.  It  consists  of  a  horizontal 
arm,  or  piece  of  timber,  projecting  from  a  post,  and 
furnished  with  a  tackle  or  pulley. 

3.  A  siphon,  or  crooked  pipe',  for  drawing  liquors 
out  of  a  cask. 

€RaNE'-FL5,  n.  An  insect  of  the  genus  Tipula,  of 
many  species.  The  mouth  is  a  prolongation  of  the 
liead  ;  tlie  upper  jaw  is  arched  ;  the  palpi  are  two, 
curved,  and  longer  than  the  head ;  the  proboscis  is 
short.  Encyc. 

CR.^XE'S'-BILL,  n.  The  plant  geranium,  of  rnany 
species ;  so  named  from  an  a])pendage  of  the  seed- 
vessel,  which  resembles  the  beak  of  a  crane  or  stork. 
Some  of  the  species  have  beautiful  flowers  and  a 
fragrant  scent,  and  several  of  them  are  valued  for 
their  astringent  properties.  [.See  Crane.]  Encyc. 
2.  A  pair  of  pincers  usedliy  surgeons. 

eRA-NI-OG'NO-.\IY,  n.  [Gr.  Kpafiov,  L.  cranium,  the 
skull,  and  Gr.  yi'w/i'.u',  index.] 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  determining  the  proper- 
ties or  characteristics  of  the  mind  by  the  conforma- 
tion of  the  skull.  Oaod. 

€Ra-.\I D-LOG'IC-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  craniology. 

eilA-XI-UL'O-GIST,  n.  One  w  ho  treats  of  craniolo- 
gy, or  one  wlio  is  versed  in  the  science  of  the  cra- 
nium. 

€Ra-NI-OL'0-GY,  71.  [Gr.  Kpapiof,  the  skull,  and 
Xoyos,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  cranium  or  skull ;  or 
the  science  which  investigates  the  structure  and  uses 
of  the  skulls  in  v.arious  anim.als,  particularly  in  rela- 
tion to  their  specific  character  and  intidlectual  pow- 
ers. Ed.  Encyc. 

€Ra-NI-O.M'E-TER,  71.  [Gr.  Koapiov,  the  skull,  and 
ptrni'v,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  skulls  of  animals. 

€RA-iNI-0-.MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  craniome- 
try. 

eRA-.M-O.M'E  TRY,  71.  The  art  of  measuring  the 
cranium,  or  skulls,  of  animals,  for  discovering  their 
specific  diirvTenres. 

€RA-NI-OS'CO-i'Y,  7t.  [Gr.  x/iiuiac,  supra,  and  ir/co- 
v'.w,  to  view.] 

The  sciena;  of  the  eminences  produced  in  the  cra- 
nium by  the  brain,  intended  to  discover  the  particu- 
lar part  of  the  brain  in  which  ri^side  the  organs  which 
Inllui  nce  lartictilar  px'isions  or  facidlics.  fjl.  Encyc. 

€UA'M-IIM,  n.    [I,.  ;  from  Gr.  Koavw.] 

The  xkull  of  an  animal ;  the  assemblage  of  bones 
which  inclose  (he  brain. 

GRA.N'K,  n.  [This  word  jmjbably  belongs  to  the  root 
of  crinfff,  krinkU,  to  bend.  I),  krinkrt,  a  curl ;  kron- 
kd,  a  bend  or  winding ;  and  /iruii/t,  weak,  is  probiibly 
from  bending ;  Ir.  frcanc,  to  make  crooked.  Uu.  y-t3, 
or  the  root  of  crook.] 


1.  Literally,  a  btnd  or  turn.  Hence,  an  iron  axis 
with  a  part  bent  like  an  elbow,  for  producing  a  hori- 
zontal or  perpendicular  motion  by  means  of  a  rotarj' 
motion  or  tlie  contrary'.  Thus  the  saw  in  a  saw-miil 
is  made  to  rise  and  fall  at  every  turn  of  the  axis. 

2.  Any  bend,  turn,  or  winding.  Slialc. 

3.  A  twisting  or  turning  in  speech  ;  a  conceit 
which  consists  in  a  change  of  the  form  or  meaning 
of  a  word. 

duips,  and  cranks,  and  wanton  w-iles.  Afillon. 

4.  An  iron  brace  for  various  purposes. 

Jtlar.  Did. 

€RA^^^,  a.  [D.  krank  ;  G.  id.,  weak  ;  Sw.  krdncka, 
to  afflict ;  Dan.  krtBnker,  id.,  or  krtenger,  to  careen  a 
ship.] 

1.  In  seameii^s  lanr^uage,  liable  to  be  oversetj  as  a 
ship  when  she  is  too  narrow,  or  has  not  siifhcient 
ballast,  or  is  loaded  too  high,  to  carry  full  sail. 

2.  Stout ;  bold  ;  erect ;  as,  a  cock  crowing  crank. 

Spenser. 

CRANK,  )v.i.  [See  Crank,  ti.,  and  Crinkle.] 
CR.\N'K'LE,  \     To  run  in  a  winding  course ;  to  bend, 

wind,  and  turn. 

.Si'c  how  tliis  river  comes  me  cranklinff  in  !  Skak. 
CRANK'LE,  (krank'l)  v.  t.    To  break  into  bends, 

turns,  or  angles  ;  to  crinkle. 

Old  Va^'s  stream  

Crarikling  her  tMnl».  Philipt. 

CRANK'LE,  71.    A  bend  or  turn  ;  a  crinkle. 
CRANK'L£D,  pp.    Broken  into  unequal  surfaces. 
CRAXK'LiCS,  (krank'lz,)  n.  pi.  .Angular  prominences. 
CRAXK'LING,  ppr.    Breaking  into  bends,  turns,  or 
angles. 

CRAXK'NESS,  71    Liability  to  be  overset,  as  a  ship. 

2.  Stoutness ;  erectness. 
CR.\NK'Y.    See  Crank,  a. 

€RAN'NI-£:D,  (kran'nid,)  a.  [See  Crasnt.]  Havin: 
rents,  chinks,  or  fissures  ;  as,  a  crannied  wall. 

Brown.  S/iak. 

CRAN'NY,  71.  [Fr.  cran ;  Arm.  cran,  a  notch  ;  L.  cre- 
na ;  from  the  root  of  rend.  Sax.  hrcndan,  or  rendan 
Ann.  ranna,  to  split ;  crenna,  to  cut  otf ;  W.  rkanu,  to 
divide  ;  rhan,  a  piece  ;  Ir.  roinnim,  or  ruinnim,  to  di- 
vide ;  Gr.  A-o;i'(o  ;  L.  cemo.  See  Class  Rn,  No.  4, 
13,  16.] 

1.  Properly,  a  rent ;  but  commonly,  any  small,  nar- 
row opening,  fissure,  crevice,  or  chink,  as  in  a  wall 
or  other  substance. 

—  In  a  firm  hiiilding,  the  cavities  ought  to  be  filled  with  brick  or 
stoue,  fitted  to  the  crannies.  Dryden. 

2.  A  hole  ;  a  secret,  retired  place. 

He  peeped  into  every  cranny.  Arbu'Jinot. 

5.  In  irlass-making,  an  iron  instrument  for  forming 
the  necks  of  gla.sses,  Encyc. 

CRAN'NY,  a.    Pleasant ;  praiseworthy.  Bailey. 

CRAN'NY-ING,  a.    Making  crannies. 

CRANTS,  n.  pi.    [G.  kranz.] 

Garlands  carried  before  the  bier  of  a  maiden,  and 
hung  over  her  grave.  Shak. 

CRAPE,  n.  [Fr.  crepe  and  cr'per,  to  curl,  to  crisp,  to 
frizzle  ;  .\rm.  crep  ;  Sp.  crespon,  crape  ;  crcspo,  crisp, 
curled  ;  cre.tjinr,  to  crisp  or  curl  ;  Port,  crcipam.  Crape 
is  contracted  from  cresp,  crisp.  D.  krip,  G.  krepp,  Dan. 
krcp.    See  Crisp.] 

A  thin,  transparent  stuff",  usually  black,  made  of 
raw  silk  gummed  and  twisted  on  the  mill,  woven 
without  crossing,  and  much  used  in  mourning.  Crape 
is  also  used  for  gowns  and  the  dress  of  the  clergj'. 
A  saint  in  crape  is  twice  a  saint  in  lawn.  Pope. 

CRAPE,  V.  t.  To  curl ;  to  fonn  into  ringlets ;  as,  to 
crape  the  hair. 

CRAP'/;D,  (krapt,)  pp.    Curled  ;  formed  into  ringlets. 

CR.'iP'ING,  ppr.    Curling ;  forming  into  ringlets. 

CRAP'LE,  n.    [\V.  crai:] 

.\  claw.  Spenser. 

CRAP'.NEL,  71.    A  hook  or  drag.    [Qu.  grapnel.] 

CRAP'U-LA,  11.    [L.]    a  surfeit. 

CRAP'lj-I^ENCE,  71.  [L.  crapula,  a  surfeit.  See 
Crop.] 

Cropsickness  ;  drunkenness ;  a  surfeit,  or  the  sick- 
ness occasioned  by  intemperance.  Diet. 
CRAP'T-LENT,  J  a.  Drunk  ;  surcharged  with  liquor; 
CR.^P'C-LOL'S,  j     sick  by  intemperance.  Diet. 
CRaRE,  n.    An  unwieldy  trading  vessel.  [Obs.] 

Shak.  Toone. 

CRASH,  V.  t.    [Fr.  ccraser,  to  crush.    Crash  seems  to 
be  allied  to  crash  and  to  rush.  Sax.  kreosan.] 
To  break  ;  ti>  bruise.  Shak. 

CRASH,  7'.  i.  To  make  the  loud,  clattering,  multifa- 
rious sound  of  many  things  falling  and  breaking  at 
once. 

Wlien  cnnviiUions  cl'-ave  the  lalrorinp  eanh. 
Bi.'fore  the  diftiiiiii  yawn  R[i|ji'ant,  the  ^oiiiiii 
Trembles  and  licavcs,  Uie  nodding  houses  crash.  Smith. 

CRASH,  71.   The  loud,  mingled  sound  of  many  things 
falling  and  breaking  at  once  ;  as,  the  sound  of  a  large 
tree  falling  and  its  branches  breaking,  or  the  sound 
of  a  falling  house. 
2.  [L.  crassu.i.]    Coarse  hempen  cloth. 

eRASII'KD,  (kra.sht,)  pp.    Broken  or  bruised. 

€RASII'I.N'(;,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  or  denoting  a  loud, 
clattering  noise. 


CRASH'ING,  71.   The  sound  of  many  things  falUng 
and  breaking  at  once. 

There  shall  be  a  great  crashing  from  the  hills.  —  Zeph.  i. 

CRA'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  Kpa(7is,  from  xcpawvpi,  or  Kipaw, 
to  mix,  to  temper.] 

1.  The  temper  or  healthy  constitution  of  the  blood 
in  an  animal  body;  the  temperament  .which  forms  a 
particular  constitution  of  the  blood.  Coze. 

2.  In  grammar,  a  figure  by  which  two  different  let- 
ters are  contracted  into  one  long  letter,  or  into  a 
diphthong;  as,  uAijOta  into  aXridii ;  rvxeos  into  tv- 

CRASS,  a.  [L.  crassus,  the  same  as  Gross,  which  see.] 
Gross  ;  thick  ;  coarse ;  not  thin,  nor  fine  ;  applied 
to  fluids  and  solids ;  as,  crass  and  fumid  exhalations. 
[Little  used.]  Brown. 
CRASS' A-MENT,  n.  The  thick,  red  part  of  the  blood, 
as  distinct  from  the  serum,  or  aqueous  part ;  the  clot. 
CRASS' I-MENT,  7!.    Thickness.  SmarU 
CRASS'l-TUDE,  71.    [L.  crassitudo.] 

Grossness;  coarseness  ;  thickness  ;  applied  to  liquids 
or  solids.  Bacon.  fVoodward. 

CR.^SS'NESS,  71.   Grossness.  Glancille. 
CRATCH,  71.    [Fr.  creche.] 

A  manger  or  open  frame  for  hay.  Spenser. 
The  childish  amusement  called  making  cratch-cra- 
dle is  an  intended  representation  of  the  figure  of  the 
cratch.  Toone. 
CR.^TCH.    See  Scratch. 

CRATCH'ES,  7!.  pi.     [G.  krdtze,  Uie  itch,  cratches  ; 
kratzen,  to  scratch.] 

In  the  manege,  a  swelling  on  the  pastern,  under  the 
fetlock,  and  sometimes  under  the  hoof  of  a  horse. 
CRATE,  71.    [L.  crates.] 

A  kind  of  basket  or  hamper  of  wicker-work,  used 
for  the  transportation  of  china,  crockery,  and  sunilar 
wares. 

CRA'TER,  71.    [L.  crater,  Gr.  Konrnp,  a  great  cup.] 

1.  The  aperture  or  mouth  of  a  volcano. 

2.  A  constellation  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  con- 
taining 31  stars. 

CR-I-TERT-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  crater. 

Mantell. 

CRSUNCH,  (kranch,)  v.  L     [D.  schransscn;  vulgar 
scraunch.] 

To  cmsh  with  the  teeth  ;  to  chew  wjth  violence 
and  noise. 

CRAUNCH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Crushing  with  the  teeth 

with  violence. 
CRA-VAT',  71.    [Ft.  cravate;  It.  cravntta;  Sp.  orbata; 

Port,  caravata.  In  Dan.,  kragc,  and  krave,  is  a  collar, 

a  cape,  the  neck  of  a  shirt,  &.C.] 

A  neckcloth  ;  a  piece  of  fine  muslin,  or  other  cloth, 

worn  by  men  about  the  neck. 
CRA  VE,  V.  t.    [Sax.  crafian,  to  crave,  ask,  implore ; 

\V.  crrvu,  to  cry,  to  cry  for,  to  crave  ;  crev,  a  cry,  a 

scream  ;  Sw.  krajia ;  Dan.  krtEVcr  ;  Ice.  krefa.  (See 

Class  Rb,  No.  2,  4,  Syr.)    So  also  D.  roepen:  Sax. 

hreopen,  Goth,  hropyan,  to  cr)-  out,  as  our  vulgar 

phrase  is,  to  rip  out.    The  primary  scn?e  is,  to  cry 

out,  or  call.] 

1.  To  ask  with  earnestness  or  importunity  ;  to  be- 
seech ;  to  implore  ;  to  ask  with  submission  or  humil- 
itj',  as  a  dependent ;  to  beg  ;  to  entreat. 

As  for  HIT  nobler  friends,  I  crave  their  panlons.  Shak, 
Joseph  —  went  in  boliily  to  Pilate,  and  craved  Uje  body  of  Jesits. 
—  Mark  xv. 

2.  To  call  for,  as  a  gratification  ;  to  long  for ;  to  re- 
quire or  demand,  as  a  passion  or  appetite;  as,  the 
stomach  or  appetite  craves  food. 

3.  Sometimes  intransitively,  with  for  before  the 
thing  sought ;  as,  I  crane  for  mercy. 

eRAV'£D,  pp.  Asked  for  with  earnestness ;  implored  ; 

entreated  ;  longed  for  ;  required. 
^''^ly^'J'    )  n.    [Qu.  from  ercre,  that  ia,  one  who 

CRA' V  A  NT  )    ^'"^^      '"^  '■'"'^ 

1.  .\  word  of  obloqnv,  used,  formerly,  by  one  van- 
quished in  trial  by  battle,  antl  yielding  to  the  con- 
queror. Hence,  a  recreant ;  a  coward ;  a  weak-heart- 
ed, spiritless  fellow.  Shak. 

2.  A  vanquished,  disi)irited  cock.  Shak. 
CRA'V/C.\,  (kra'vn,)  v.  t.    To  make  recreant,  weak, 

or  cowardlj'.  Shak. 

CRa'V KN-ED,  (kra'vnd,)  pp.    Made  recreant  or  cow- 

CRA'V/;N-ING,  ppr.    Making  cowardly.  [ardly. 

CR.aV'EK,  n.    One  who  craves  or  begs. 

eRAV'ING,p;)r.  or  n.  Asking  with  importunity  ;  urg- 
ing for  earnestly  ;  begging  ;  entreating. 

2.  Calling  for  with  urgency  ;  requiring  ;  demanding 
gratification  ;  as  an  appetite  craeing  food. 

CRAV'INt;,  71.    Velieiuenl  or  urgent  desire,  or  calling 
for  ;  a  longing  f(*r, 

eRAV'ING-I,Y,n(ie.  In  an  earnest  or  craving  manner. 

CP.aV'ING-NESS,  71.    The  .state  of  craving. 

CRAW,  71.  [Dan.  *rof;  Sw.;.rc(A''i.  This  word  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  crop;  W.  cropa  :  Sax.  cropi 
V.kropsG.  kropf.  The  Danish  troc  signifies  the 
craw,  and  a  victualing-house,  t.avern,  or  ale-house. 
It  seems  to  be  named  from  gathering.] 
The  crop  or  first  stomach  of  fowls.  Ray. 

CRAW'-FISH,  )  ».    [CraiD  is  contracted  from  craJ, 

CRXY'-FISH,  i    or  from  the  Welsh  craj,  a  shell ; 


FATB,  PAR,  PALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


CRE 

py.i<rod  cragni,  shell -fish.  (Sue  Char.)  Uii.  is  not 
Jish,  in  these  \vi)r<ls,  from  tlic  last  sjihihle  of  tlie 
Frencli  ecrccutse  ?] 

A  s|)i  cies  of  Cni-itacra  of  tlic  same  Ronus  witli  Ihe 
lohster,  (A.-Haeus,)  liiit  smaller,  anil  fimnd  in  fresh- 
water streams.  It  is  esteemed  very  delicate  food. 
eUAWL,  1'.  i.  [D.  kriclm  ;  Scot,  croicl;  Dan.  I.rap- 
Ic'r,  to  crawl  up,  to  climb  ;  Sw.  krUla,  to  crawl,  to 
swarm  1  IJ.  irriclcn,  to  swarm;  fp-iUeii,  to  shiver  or 
shudder  ;  Fr.  frrouiUer,  to  stir  about,  to  crawl  with 
insects  ;  It.  g-riUare,  to  sinnncr.  Uii.  Uan.  krillcr,  to 
itch.] 

1.  To  creei»-;  to  move  slowly  by  thrusting  or  draw- 
ing the  body  along  the  ground,  as  a  worm  ;  or  to 
move  slowly  on  the  hands  and  knees  or  fei  t,  as  a 
human  being.  A  worm  cratolx  on  the  earth  ;  a  boy 
crawU  into  a  cavern,  or  up  a  tree. 

•J.  To  move  or  walk  weakly,  slowly,  or  timor- 
ously. 

Hf  wtut  hunlly  able  lo  craiel  nlnjiit  tlic  room.  ArUuOinot. 

3.  To  creep  ;  lo  advance  slowly  and  slyly  ;  to  in- 
sinuate one's  self;  as,  to  crniol  into  favor.  ['I'his 
vsi^  i-i  vutirar.] 

4.  To  move  about;  to  move  in  any  direction; 
itsed  in  coidempU 

Aluord  opinions  crawl  ;ilxiut  llic  worUl.  South, 

5.  To  have  the  sensation  of  insects  creeping  about 
the  body  ;  as,  tlie  llesh  crawls. 

eUAVV'L,  H.  [Uu.  1).  kraal.]  A  pen  or  inclosure  of 
slakes  and  hurdles  on  the  sea-coast  for  containing 
fish.  Mar.  Diet. 

eUAVVL'ER.n.  He  ortliat  which  crawls  ;  a  creeper; 
a  reptile. 

eUAWL'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Creeping ;  moving  slowly 
along  the  ground,  or  other  substance  ;  moving  or 
walking  slowly,  weakly,  or  timorously  j  insinuating. 

€R AVVL'ING-LV,  ado     In  a  crawling  manner. 

CK^Y'ER  S       A  small  sea  .vessel.  [M'otinuse.] 
eU.AY'-FISH,  n.     The  river  lobster.    [See  Cuaw- 

FlSH.l 

CU-^V't).\,  n.  [Fr.,  from  craic,  chalk,  from  L.  crrla, 
Sp.  ffreda.] 

1.  A  general  name  for  all  colored  stones,  ejirths,  or 
other  minerals  and  substances,  used  in  drawing. 

Kncvc. 

9.  A  kind  of  pencil,  or  colored  C)  linder,  to  itraw 
lines  with.    It  is  usually  made  of  pipe-clay,  colored 
with  some  pigment.  IJrydcn. 
3.  A  drawing  or  design  done  with  a  pencil  or 
•  crayon.  Jflhinton, 
€U.\Y'ON,  I),  t.    To  sketch  with  a  crayon.  Ilcjice, 

2.  To  sketch;  to  plan  ;  to  tonnuit  to  papi'r  one's 
first  thoughts.  Biilin'jbruke. 

eRAY'Oi\-/;i),  pT>.    Sketched  with  a  crayon. 
€KaY'0.\-ING,  ppr.    Sketching  or  planning  with  a 
cravon. 

CRa  Y'ON-P.AlNT-ING,  ft.  The  act  or  art  of  drawing 

with  crayons. 
CK.aZE,  e.  t.    [Fr.  ecraser;  Sw.  Aro,vs<i ;  to  break  or 
bruise,  to  cri/.«A.    See  Cni-sH.] 

1.  To  break  ;  to  weaken  ;  lo  break  or  impair  the 
natural  force  or  energy  of. 

Till  l-ii?tli  of  jfjirs, 
Anil  tc4leiitary  luiiitl>i>ett&,  craze  ni>  liinlM.  •filUton. 

S.  To  crush  in  pieces  ;  to  grind  to  powder  ;  as,  to 
craze  tin. 

3.  To  crack  the  brain  ;  to  shatter ;  lo  impair  the 
intellect ;  as,  to  be  crazed  with  love  or  grief.  Sluik. 

CR.^Z'Kl),  pp.  or  a.  Broken;  brni.sed  ;  crushed;  im- 
paired ;  deranged  in  intellect ;  decrepit. 

€RaZ'EI)-.M;SS,  11.  .\  broken  state;  decrepitude; 
an  impaired  state  of  the  intellect.  lluakcr. 

eR.^7,i;'-.MlI,I,,      \  n.     i\  mill    re-sembling  a  gri.st 

eKAZ'hXG-.MILL,  \     mill,  used  for  grinding  tin. 

F.ticijc. 

CRa'ZI-IA',  ode.    [Sec  Crazy.]     In  a  broken  or 

crazy  manner. 
CRA'ZI-NESS,  71.    [See  Cbaty.]    The  state  of  being 

broken  or  weakened  ;  as,  the  craziiuss  of  a  ship,  or 

of  the  limbs. 

The  state  of  being  broken  in  mind  ;  imbecility 

or  weakness  of  intellect  ;  derangement. 
CRXZ'ING, ;;pr.  Urcaking,  crushing;  making  crazy. 
CRA'ZY,  a.    [Fr.  ecrasi.] 

1.  Broken  ;  decrepit ;  weak;  feeble  ;  applied  to  the 
bodijy  or  coiuititutioit^  or  any  structure;  as,  a  crazy 
body  ;  a  crazy  constitution  ;  a  crazy  ship. 

2.  Broken,  weakened,  or  disordered  in  intellect  ; 
deranged,  weakened,  or  shattered  in  mind.  \Ye 
sav,  tile  man  is  crazy. 

eRE.\GHT,  ru   [Irish.]    Herds  of  cattle.    [.Vot  used.] 

Dartrs. 

CRE.AGIIT,  r. «.   To  gaze  on  lands.    [.Vot  «-.r./.] 

Dartrs. 

CRE.\K,  V.  i.  [\V.  crecian,  to  scream,  to  crash  ;  crrc,a 
scream,  a  shriek  ;  connected  with  cre/r,  cry^,  rough, 
hoarse,  harsh,  from  rAyjr,  Eng.  ri/r,  but  the  sense  of 
which  is  rough,  rugaed.  Indeed,  this  is  radically 
Ihe  same  word  .as  rough,  L.  raucus.  The  L.  rugio  is 
proliably  from  the  same  root,  and  perhaps  rugo. 
The  Sax.  cearcian,  to  creak,  may  be  the  same  word, 
the  letters  transposed  ;  as  may  the  Sp.  cruxir,  to 


CRE 

rustle,  Gr.  HftcicM,  to  comb,  scrape,  ralte,  and  Russ. 
crik,  a  cry,  krichu,  to  cry.  On  this  word  are  formed 
shriek  and  screech.] 

To  make  a  sharp,  harsh,  grating  sound,  of  some 
continuance,  as  by  the  frirtiiin  of  hard  siibstaiiees. 
Thus,  the  hinge  of  a  door  creaks  in  turning  ;  a  light, 
firm  shoe  creaks  in  walkin;;,  by  the  friction  of  the 
leather. 

CReAK'ING,  ppr.  or  «.  Making  a  harsh,  grating 
sound  ;  as,  creakiit^r  hinges  or  shoes.  * 

CRk.'VK'ING,  n.    A  harsh,  grating  sound. 

CRk.'V.M,  71.  [Fr.  crSttte  ;  l<.  cremor;  G.  rahm  ;  Sax. 
reaiti ;  Icc.  rioiite  ;  i),  ruoiii ;  Sp.  crc/ria.    Class  Rm.] 

1.  In  a  general  .tcii.ie,  any  part  of  a  liipior  that  sep- 
arates from  the  rest,  rises  and  collects  on  the  surface. 
More  particularly,  the  oily  part  of  milk,  which, 
when  Itu^  milk  stands  uiiagitated  in  a  cool  place, 
rises  and  forms  a  scum  on  the  surface,  as  it  is  sjk-- 
cifically  lighter  than  the  olln  r  part  of  the  liipior. 
This,  by  agitation,  forms  biilter. 

2.  The  best  part  of  a  tiling;  as,  the  cream  of  a 
jest  or  story. 

Creatn  of  lime ;  the  scum  of  lime-water ;  or  tliat 
part  of  lime  which,  aller  being  dissolviMl  in  its  caus- 
tic state,  separates  from  the  water  in  the  mild  state 
of  chalk  or  limestone.  Kncye. 

Cream  of  tartar;  purifii'd  tartar  or  argal,  being  the 
bi-tartrate  of  potassa  ;  so  callfil,  because  it  rises  like 
creain  to  the  surface  of  the  liquor  in  which  it  is  pu- 
rified. Ure.  Ctiie. 
CRlc.-V.M,  t'.  (.  To  skim;  to  take  olT  cream  by  skim- 
ming. 

2.  To  lake  oS  the  quintessence  or  best  part  of  a 
thing. 

eUfi.V.M,  V.  I.    To  gather  cream  ;  to  llower  or  mantle. 

2.  To  grow  stiif  or  formal.  ^lu/;. 
CRK.\M'-ltO\Vl.,  n.    A  bowl  for  holding  cream. 
CRlC.V.M'-Cll KESE,  71.    Cream  dried  by  exposure  to 
the  air  till  it  forms  a  .solid  mass.    It  is  not  properly 
cheese,  not  being  formed  into  curd. 

Kncyc.  of  Dutn.  Kcon. 
eRF;.\.M'£I),  pp.    Skimmed  olf  from  milk,  as  the  best 
pari. 

CUkA.M'-F.aC-KD,  (kreme'niste,)  a.    White;  pale; 

having  a  coward  look.  Shale. 
eRE.V.M'-XUT,  71.    'I'he  fruit  of  Ihe  Bertholletia  ex- 

celsa,  of  South  America ;  more  commonly  called 

Brazil  nut.  Ilaliiermtui. 
CRf.A.M'-I'OT,  n.    A  vessel  for  holding  cream. 
CREA.M'Y,  a.    Full  of  cream;  like  cream;  having 

the  nature  of  cream  ;  luscious. 
GRE'ANCE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  credo,  cralens.] 

In  falconry,  a  fine,  small  line,  fastened  toa  hawk's 

lea.sh,  when  she  is  first  lured.  Bailey. 
€REASE,  71.    [Uu.  G.  krduscn,  Sw.  krusa,  Dan.  krtuicr, 

Scot.  croiV,  to  curl,  to  crisp.    Class  Rd,  .\o.  73,83; 

or  Fr.  crcuser,  to  make  hollow,  from  crcui,  hollow. 

Class  Rg.  See  Ckisp.] 
A  line  or  mark  made  by  folding  or  doubling  any 

thing  ;  a  hollow  streak,  like  a  groove. 
CKkASE,  p.  (.   To  make  a  crease  or  mark  in  a  thing 

bv  folding  or  doubling. 
€lt'KAS'/;i),  (krecst,)  ;i;i.    Marked  by  doubliii-;. 
ClU-:AS'l.\i;,  ppr.    Making  creases  by  folding. 
CIlK'A-.'^tJTE.    See  Creusotb. 

CRi;'.\T,  n.  [Fr.]  In  Vic  manege,  an  usher  to  a 
riding-master.  Enciic. 

eilE-ATE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  crcer ;  It.  creare;  Sp.  and  I'ort. 
criar;  L.  creo :  Arm.  croui ;  Corn,  gurci.  In  \V. 
crcu  signifies  to  cmife,  and  crew,  to  cry,  to  crave,  lo 
caw,  to  beg.  \V.  crete  and  crez,  constitiilion,  tempi'r  ; 
also,  a  trembling  or  shivering  with  cold.  Ir.  crotJi 
or  cruth,  form,  shape  ;  cruthaighim,  to  create,  to  prove, 
assert,  maintain.  From  the  Celtic,  then,  it  appears 
that  the  E.  creo  is  contracted  by  the  loss  of  a  d  or  th. 
The  Welsh  has  also  cri,  a  cry,  and  criaw,  to  cry,  both 
deduced  by  Owen  from  ere;  but  ere  is  a  contraction 
<if  creru,  to  cry,  or  of  gryd,  a  crj  ing  or  whooping, 
or  cnjd,  a  shaking.  In  Welsh,  also,  eri  signifies 
rough,  rate,  cruiie  ;  all  which  unite  in  the  root  of  cry, 
eraillr,  I,,  rudo,  to  bray.  The  primary  sense  of  cre- 
ate and  of  cry  is  the  same,  lo  throw  or  drive  out,  to 
produce,  to  bring  forth,  precisely  as  in  the  Sheniitic 
N"<3.  Hut  the  Welsh  cr^u  and  creu  may,  iwrhaps,be 
from  ditferent  roots,  both,  however,  with  the  same 
primary  sense.] 

1.  To  produce  ;  to  bring  into  being  from  nothing  ; 
to  cause  to  exisL 


In  Uic  ir^mt'mg,  God  ereaUd  tlic  bcAven  i 
G.-n.  i. 


id  tllJ  earth.  — 


2.  To  make  or  form,  by  investing  with  a  new  char- 
acter ;  as,  to  create  one  a  peer  or  baron  ;  to  create  a 
manor. 

I  ereau  you 

Coinpnnioiu  to  our  pcnoii.  ShaJe. 

3.  To  produce  ;  lo  cause  ;  to  be  the  occwicm  of. 
Long  abstinence  cre/itfs  uneasiness  in  the  stomach  ; 
confusion  is  created  hurry. 

Your  eye.  In  ScoU.ind, 
Would  ertau  aoldlen,  ami  nialie  women  fi'hL  ShaJt. 

4.  To  beget ;  to  generate  ;  to  bring  forth. 

llic  ^opli',  wliicli  shall  be  crtaud,  •hall  praiac  the  IxirU.  — 


CRE 

5.  To  msike  or  produce,  by  new  combinaliimn  of 
matli'r  alre.idy  cre.'iled,  and  by  investing  these  com 
binalions  with  new  foriiis,  coiistitutiuns,  and  quali- 
ties ;  to  shape  and  organize. 

Uoil  created  in.iii  in  liii  own  iiiuii;**.  — Gen.  I. 

n.  To  form  anew  ;  to  change  the  slate  or  charac- 
ter ;  to  renew. 

Crinte  in  me  n  dean  heiin.  —  li. 

We  are  hit  workinaniliip,  created  in  Chrut  Ji'tui.  —  Eph.  II. 

eUE-ATE',  a.    Begotten  ;  coin|Hised  ;  created.  Shak. 

eUE-AT'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Formed  from  nothing;  caused 
to  exist ;  produced  ;  generated  ;  invested  with  a  new 
character  ;  forined  into  new  combinations,  with  a  pe- 
culiar shape,  constitution,  and  properties  ;  renewed. 

GRE-AT'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Forming  from  nothing  ;  origi- 
nating ;  producing  ;  giving  a  new  character  ;  consti- 
tuting new  beiiig»  from  matter  by  shaping,  organiz- 
ing, and  investing  with  new  properties  ;  forming 
anew. 

CRE-A'TICV,  n.  The  act  of  creating  ;  the  act  of 
causing  to  exist ;  and  especially,  the  act  of  bringing 
this  World  into  existence.    Roin.  i. 

2.  'J'he  act  of  making,  by  new  combinations  of 
matter,  invested  willi  new  forms  and  proi>erties,  and 
of  subjecting  to  ditlereiit  laws  ;  the  act  of  shaping 
and  organizing;  as,  Ihe  creation  of  man  and  other 
animals,  of  plants,  miner.als,  itc. 

3.  The  act  of  investing  with  a  new  character  ;  as, 
the  creation  of  peers  in  l-^tigland. 

4.  The  act  of  producing. 

5.  The  things  creati.'d  ;  creatures  ;  the  world  ;  the 
universe. 

At  siilijecls  then  the  wh<>Ie  creittion  came.  Denttam. 

C.  Any  part  of  the  things  created. 

Before  the  low  crealion  swarmed  with  men.  Parnell. 
7.  Any  thing  proiliiced  or  caused  to  exist. 

A  false  rrertlion 

Proceeiling  from  llio  heat-oppresaej  bnuiv  Shak. 

eRE-J'TION-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  creation. 

CRE-A'TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  create,  or  ex- 
erting the  act  of  creation  ;  as,  crcatiee  fancy  ;  creativt 
power. 

eUE-A'TIVE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  creative. 
CRE-A'TOR,  71.    [L.]    The  being  or  person  that  cre- 
ates. 

R>..inr.nib.*r  thy  Creator  in  the  days  of  Ihy  youth.  —  Kcciai.  xii. 
2.  The  thing  that  creates,  produces,  or  c.-iuscs. 
CRE  A'TOR-Sllll',  71.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  cre- 
ator. 

CRK-A'TRESS,  71.    A  female  that  creates  any  thing. 

CRi;.\T'l!R-.\L,  (kret'yur-al,)  a.  Belonging  to  a  crea- 
ture ;  having  the  qualities  of  a  creature. 

CRi:AT'l|RE,  (krCt'yiir,)  71.  [Fr.]  That  which  is 
creati'd  ;  every  being  besides  the  I'reator,  or  every 
thing  not  self-existent.  The  sun,  moon,  and  stars; 
the  earth,  animals,  plants,  light,  darkiies.s,  air,  water, 
Slc.,  are  the  creatures  of  God. 

2.  In  a  rc.strictA-d  scitse,  an  animal  of  any  kind  ;  a 
living  being  ;  a  beJist,  In  a  more  restricted  seiuie, 
man.  Thus  we  say,  he  was  in  trouble,  and  no  crea- 
ture was  present  to  aid  him. 

3.  .'\  human  being,  in  cimteinpt ;  .is,  an  idle  crea- 
ture; a  \nwr  crenture  ;  what  a  crend/rc' 

4.  With  words  of  endearment,  it  denotes  a  human 
being  beloved  ;  as^  a  prettj'  creature  ;  a  sweet  creature. 

ft.  That  which  is  produced,  formed,  or  imagined  ; 
as,  a  creature  of  the  imagination. 

fi.  A  person  who  owes  his  rise  and  fortune  to  an- 
other ;  one  who  is  made  to  be  what  he  is. 


Great  princes  tints,  whi-n  lavnriles  ihey  rtise, 
To  jiislily  their  ^,ic^*,  their  crealuree  |>r.use. 


Drydei 


7.  A  dependent ;  a  person  who  is  subject  to  the 

wjll  or  intliicnce  of  another. 
eRr;.\T'l'RE-EY,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  a  crea- 

liire.    [/Mile  iiseil.]  Clieiine, 
eRi-.AT'l'RE-Sllll',7i.  The  state  ofa  creature,  [flare.] 
eitK'HROIJS,  a.  Frequent. 

CRK'DE.N'CE,  71.         crcilenza  :  Fr.  creance  ;  from  L. 
credens,  from  credo,  to  believe.    See  Crekd.] 

1.  Belief;  credit ;  reliance  of  the  mind  on  evidence 
of  facts  derived  from  other  sources  than  [lersunal 
knowledge,  as  from  the  testimony  of  others.  We 
give  credence  to  an  historian  of  uiisuspccled  integrity, 
or  lo  a  story  which  is  related  by  a  man  of  known 
veracity. 

2.  That  which  gives  a  claim  to  credit,  belief,  or 
confidence  ;  as,  a  letter  ofcre-dence,  which  is  intcntled 
to  commend  the  bearer  to  the  confidence  of  a  third 
person.    [See  Pbothesis.] 

CRk'DE.N'CE,  p.  L    To  give  credence  to  ;  lo  believe. 
CRE-DFJ^' DA,  n.  pi.     [L.    Sue  Creed  j     In  tAcoJ- 
ogy,  things  to  be  believed  ;  articles  of  faith  ;  distin- 
giiishetl  from  agenda,  or  practical  duties.  Johnson. 
CRK'DE.N'T,  a.     Believing;  giving  credit;  easy  of 
belief.  Sliai, 
2.  Having  credit ;  not  lo  be  questioned.  Shak. 
[  This  itiin-d  is  rarely  used,  and  in  the  latt»r  stnsA  is 
improper.] 

eRE-DE.N'TIAE,  a.   Giving  a  lille  to  credit. 
eRE-I)Ei\'TIALS,  (-sbalz,)  71.  pL    [Rarely  or  nnfr 
used  in  tlie  singular.] 
T)kat  which  gives  credit ;  that  which  gives  >  title 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJXITE.  —  A.N"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  OH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


36 


281 


CRE 

or  claim  to  confidence  ;  the  warrant  on  which  l>e- 
lief,  credit,  or  authority,  is  claimed,  among  strangers  ; 
as  the  letters  of  commendatiun  and  power  given  by  a 
government  to  an  embassador  or  envoy,  wliich  give 
him  credit  at  a  foreign  court.  So  tile  power  of  work- 
ing miracles  given  to  the  apostles  may  be  considered 
as  their  crfdcntia's^nuthuriz'i})^  them  to  propagate  the 
gospel,  and  entitling  them  to  credit. 
eRED-I-BlL'I-TY,  lu  [Fr.  credibUilc,  from  L.  credib- 
Uis.] 

Credibleness ;  the  quality  or  state  of  a  thing  which 
renders  it  possible  to  be  believed,  or  «  hich  admits 
belief,  on  rational  principles  ;  the  ipiality  or  state  of 
a  thing  which  involves  no  contradiction  or  absurdi- 
ty. Credibility  is  less  than  certaintij^  and  greater 
than  possibility;  indeed,  it  is  less  than  prubability^ 
but  is  nearly  allied  to  it.  [See  Crkdible.] 
eRED'l-BLE,  a.    [L.  crtdibtlis.] 

1.  That  may  be  believed  ;  worthy  of  credit.  A 
thing  i.s  credible,  when  it  is  known  to  be  possible,  or 
when  it  involves  no  contradiction  or  absurdity  ;  it  is 
vtitre  credible,  when  it  is  known  to  come  within  the 
ordinary  laws  or  operations  of  nature.  With  regard 
to  the  divine  Being  and  his  operations,  everj'  thing 
is  credible  which  is  consistent  with  his  perfections, 
and  supported  by  evidence  or  unimpeaeliable  testi- 
mony, for  his  power  is  unlimited.  With  regard  to 
human  affairs,  we  do  not  apply  the  word  to  things 
barely  possible,  but  to  things  which  come  within  the 
usual'  course  of  human  conduct,  and  the  general 
rules  of  evidence. 

2.  Worthy  of  belief ;  having  a  claim  to  credit ;  ap- 
plied to  persons.  A  credible  person  is  one  of  known 
veracity  and  integrity,  or  whose  veracity  may  be 
fairly  deduced  from  circumstances.  We  believe  the 
history  of  .\ristides  and  Themistocles,  on  tlie  author- 
itv      credible  historians. 

€RKl)'l-n[.E-i\liy.s,  n.    Credibility;   worthiness  of 
belief;  just  claim  to  credit.    [See  Credibility.] 

€REl)'l  1!1,Y,  a(lt\     In  a  manner  that  deserves  be- 
lief;  with  good  authority  to  support  belief. 

CREU'lT,  n.    [Fr.  credit;  It.  credito ;  Sp.  id.;  L.  cred- 
itiun.    See  Creed.] 

1.  Belief ;  faith  ;  a  reliance  or  resting  of  the  mind 
on  the  truth  of  something  said  or  done.  We  give 
credit  to  a  man's  declaration,  when  the  mind  rests 
on  the  truth  of  it,  without  doubt  or  suspicion,  which 
is  attended  with  wavering.  We  give  credit  to  testi- 
mony or  to  a  report,  wlien  we  rely  on  its  truth  and 
certainty. 

a.  Reputation  derived  from  the  confidence  of  oth- 
ers ;  esteem  ;  estimation  ;  good  opinion  founded  on 
a  belief  of  a  man's  veracity,  integrity,  abilities,  and 
virtue  ;  as,  a  physician  in  high  credit  with  his  breth- 
ren. Hence, 

3.  Honor  ;  reputation  ;  estimation  ;  applied  to  me?t 
or  things  A  man  gains  no  credit  by  profaneness  ; 
and  a  [wem  may  lose  no  credit  by  criticism.  The 
credit  of  a  man  depends  on  his  virtues  ;  the  credit  of 
his  writings,  on  their  worth. 

•1.  That  which  procures  or  is  entitled  to  belief ; 
testimimy  ;  authority  derived  from  one's  character, 
or  from  the  confidence  of  others.  We  believe  a  story 
on  the  credit  of  the  narrator.  We  believe  in  miracles 
on  the  credit  nf  inspired  men.  We  trust  to  the  credit 
of  an  assertion  made  by  a  man  of  known  veracity. 

5.  Influence  derived  from  the  reputation  of  ve- 
racity or  integrity,  or  from  the  good  opinion  or  confi- 
dence of  others  ;  interest  ;  power  derived  from 
weight  of  character,  from  friendshi)),  fiilelity,  or 
other  cause.  A  minister  may  have  great  credit  with 
a  prince.  He  may  t^mploy  his  credit  to  good  or  evil 
purposes.  A  man  uses  his  credit  willi  a  friend  ;  a 
servant,  with  his  masti:r. 

(3.  In  enmnierce,  trust ;  transfer  of  goods  in  confi- 
dence of  future  payment.  Wiien  the  merchant  gives 
a  credit,  he  sells  his  wares  on  an  expressed  or  implied 
promise  that  the  purchaser  will  p;iy  for  them  at  a 
future  tiiin-.  'I'he  si-ller  belieres  in  the  solvability 
and  probity  of  the  purchaser,  and  delivers  his  goods 
on  that  belief  or  trust  ;  or  he  delivers  thi  iii  on  llie 
err/tit  or  reputaliou  of  the  purchaser.  'I'he  purch:tser 
taki's  what  is  sold,  on  credit.  In  like  manner,  money 
is  loaiii-d  on  the  rrriht  uf  the  borrower. 

7.  The  capacity  of  bi-iiig  trusted  ;  or  the  reputation 
of  stdveiiey  and  probity  which  entitles  a  man  to  be 
trusted.  A  customer  has  good  credit  or  no  credit  with 
a  merchant. 

8.  In  bonk-keqtinrr,  the  sid"  of  an  account  in  which 
payment  is  entered  ;  opprised  to  debit.  This  article 
IS  earned  to  one's  credit,  and  that  to  his  debit.  We 
Hpi'ak  of  the  credit  side  (tf  an  account. 

!).  Public  credit ;  the  confidenci;  u  hich  men  enter- 
tain in  the  ability  and  disposition  of  a  nation,  to 
make  good  its  engagriin  uts  with  its  rri'ilitors  ;  or 
the  esthnati<in  in  wliirli  imlividioili  holil  the  public 
promises  of  payiiii-nt,  whether  such  proimsis  are 
expressed  or  implied.  The  li  rni  is  alsci  applied. to 
the  neneral  credit  of  individuals  in  a  iiatimi  ;  when 
merchants  and  others  are  wealthy,  and  piiuctnal  in 
fiillilling  engagements  ;  or  when  tiiey  tran-^act  busi 
neifs  with  honcir  and  fidelity;  or  whi'ii  traiisiv-rs  of 
prop<Tly  are  made  with  ea-e  for  ready  payment.  So 
wo  Hjieuk  of  the  credit  of  a  bank,  whi  n  general  con- 


CRE 

fidence  is  placed  in  its  ability  to  redeem  its  notes; 
and  the  credit  of  a  mercantile  house  rests  on  its  sup- 
posed ability  and  probity,  which  induce  men  to  trust 
to  its  engagem^-nts.  When  the  public  credit  is  ques- 
tionable, it  raises  the  premium  on  loans. 

Clierish  public  credit.  Wasitin^on. 

10.  The  notes  or  bills  which  are  issued  by  the  pub- 
lic, or  by  corporations  or  individuals,  which  circulate 
on  the  confidence  of  men  in  the  ability  and  dispo- 
sition in  those  who  issue  them,  to  redeem  them. 
Tliey  are  sometimes  called  bills  of  credit. 

11.  The  time  given  for  payment  for  lands  or  goods 
sold  on  trust ;  its,  a  long  credit,  or  a  short  credit. 

12.  A  sum  of  money  due  to  any  person  ;  any 
thinjg  valuable  standing  on  the  creditor  side  of  an  ac- 
count. A  lias  a  credit  on  the  books  of  B.  The 
credits  are  more  than  balanced  by  the  debits. 

[In  tlti^  sense,  the  word  has  die  plural  number.'^ 
CRED'IT,  V.  t.    [from  the  noun.]    To  believe  ;  to 
confide  in  the  truth  of;  as,  to  credit  a  report,  or  the 
man  who  tells  it. 

2.  To  trust ;  to  sell  or  loan  in  confidence  of  future 
pa.x  inent ;  as,  to  credit  goods  or  luone}-. 

3.  'I'o  procure  credit  or  honor  ;  to  do  credit ;  to 
give  reputation  or  honor. 

M  ly  fieri;  her  moniiniPnl  stand  so, 

To  credit  this  nid'-  age.  Waller. 

4.  To  enter  upon  the  credit  side  of  an  account; 
as,  to  credit  the  amount  paid. 

To  set  to  the  credit  of;  as,  to  credit  to  a  man 
the  interest  paid  on  a  bond. 
€RED'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Reputable ;  that  may  be  en- 
joyed or  e.vercised  with  reputation  or  esteem  ;  esti- 
mable. A  man  pursues  a  creditable  occupation,  or 
way  of  living.  .^rbutlinot. 
CRED'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Reputation  ;  estimation. 

Joliiison. 

eRED'IT-A-BLY,  ado.  Reputably;  with  credit; 
without  disgrace. 

CREU'IT-EI),  pp.  Believed  ;  trusted  ;  passed  to  the 
credit,  or  entered  on  the  credit  side  of  an  account. 

eRED'lT-I.VG,  ;;;)r.  Believing;  trusting;  entering  to 
the  credit  in  account. 

eRED'lT-OR,  »i.  [L.  See  Creed.]  A  person  to 
whom  a  sum  of  money  or  other  thing  is  due,  by  ob- 
ligation, promise,  or  in  law  ;  properly,  one  who  gives 
creait  in  commerce  ;  but  in  a  general  sense, one  who 
h.as  a  just  claim  for  money  ;  corr<  l.itive  to  debtor. 
In  a  figuTotioe  sense,  one  who  has  a  just  claim  for 
services.  Mdi-son. 
Creditors  have  liefter  memories  than  dehtors,  Fraulclin. 
2.  One  who  believes.    [JVof  used.]  Shak. 

CRED'I-TRIX,  H.    A  female  creditor. 

eilE-DO'LI-TY,  II.  [Fr.  crr.dulile,  L.  crcdulitas,  from 
credo,  to  believe.    See  Creed  and  (_.'reduloi;s.] 

Easiness  of  belief;  a  weakness  of  mind  by  which 
a  person  is  disposed  to  believe,  or  yield  his  assent  to 
a  declaration  or  proposition,  without  suflicicnt  evi- 
dence of  the  truth  of  what  is  said  or  proposed  ;  a 
disposition  to  believe  on  slight  evidence  or  no  evi- 
dence at  all. 

CRED'tl-LOUS,  a.  [L.  credulus,  from  credo.  See 
Creed.] 

Apt  to  believe  without  sufficient  evidence  ;  unsus- 
pecting ;  easily  deceived. 

eRED'U-LOUS-LY,  ado.    With  credulity. 

CRED'U-UJUS-NESS,  n.  Credulity;  easiness  of  be- 
lief ;  readiness  to  believe  without  suflicient  evidence. 

Beyond  all  crediitily  is  the  ei-edulouaiiess  of  aUieUU,  who  ^>elieve 
Ih.tt  chance  couki  make  the  worUI,  when  it  can  not  build  a 
house.  iS'.  Clarice. 

CREED,  71.  [W.  credo ;  Sax.  creda  ;  It.  and  Sp.  credo. 
This  word  seems  to  have  been  introduced  by  the  use 
of  the  Latin  cre^lo,  J  believe,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Apostles'  Creed,  or  brief  .system  of  Christian  faith. 
li.  credo  ;  VV.  credit;  ('orn.  credzhi ;  .Arm.  cridi ;  It. 
creidiin  ;  It.  credere  ;  Sp.  creer  ;  Port,  crer ;  Fr.  croire  ; 
Norm,  r.rere,  crucr.  The  primary  sense  is  probably 
to  throw,  or  throw  on  ;  or  to  set,  to  rest  on.  See 
Creed.    Class  Rd.] 

1.  A  brief  summary  of  the  articles  of  Christian 
faith  ;  a  symbol  ;  as,  the  Apo.stolic  creed. 

2.  That  which  is  believed  ;  any  system  of  princi- 
ples which  are  believed  or  jirofessed ;  as,  a  political 
creed, 

€REKK,j'.  «.  To  make  a  harsh,  sharp  iioist,'.  [See 
Creak.]  Shak. 

CREEK,  (kreek,)  ii.  [Sax.  creeea;  D.  Ure.ek ;  Fr. 
criipie ;  W.crig.  a  crack;  ci-iiryll,ti  creek;  rhig,  a 
notch  or  groove.    See  (!rack.] 

1.  A  small  inlet,  bay,  or  cove;  a  recess  in  the 
shore  (d'  tin;  sea,  or  ot*  a  river. 

Tlii-y  iliiicov.-n-il  a  c-rtain  creek  with  u  lllurc.  —  AclJ  xxvH. 

2.  Any  turn  or  winding.  Shak. 
'•i.  A  prominence  or  jut  in  a  winding  coast. 

Davits. 

[ThLt  sense  is  probably  not  leicitijnate.] 
i.  Ill  Home  of  the  JImrrican  States,  A  small  river. 
This  is  contrary  to  English  usage,  and  is  not  justi- 
fied by  I'tymology  ;  but  as  streams  often  enter  into 
cree-ks  and  small  bays,  or  lorm  them,  the  name  ban 
been  (fXteiided  to  small  stri^ams  in  general. 


CRE 

CREEK'Y,  (kreek'y,)  a.    Containing  creeks  ;  full  of 

creeks;  winding.  Spenser. 
CREEL,  11.    An  osier  basket,  such  as  aivglers  iise. 

Brocket. 

CREEP,  V.  i.;prct.  and  pp.  Crept.  [Sax.  crropan, 
trypan;  W.  crepian,  cropian  ;  D.  kruipen  ;  ."^w.  krypa, 
to  creep  ;  Dan.  kryben,  a  creeping  ;  [r.  drrapam  :  Sp. 
and  Port,  trepar;  L.  repo;  Gr.  to-w.  The  sense  is, 
to  catch,  to  grapple  ;  and  the  latter  is  from  the  same 
root,  Welsh,  crapiaw,  allied  to  L.  rapio,  and  to  W. 
cripian,  to  scrape  or  scratch.    Class  Rb.] 

1.  To  move  with  the  belly  on  the  ground,  or  the 
surface  of  any  other  body,  as  a  worm  or  serpent 
without  legs,  or  as  many  insects  witli  feet  and  very 
sliort  legs  ;  to  crawl. 

2.  To  move  along  the  ground,  or  on  the  surface  of 
any  t»ther  body,  in  growth, as  a  vine  ;  to  grow  along. 

3.  To  mtwe  slowly,  feebly,  or  timorously  ;  as,  an 
old  or  infirm  man,  who  creeps  about  his  chamber. 

4.  To  move  slowly  and  insensibly,  as  time. 

To-morrow,  and  to-morrow,  and  to-inorrow, 

Creeps  in  tins  pett.v  pice  from  day  to  day.  Shak. 

5.  To  move  secretly  ;  to  move  so  as  to  escape  de- 
tection, or  prevent  suspicion. 

01  this  sort  art;  they  who  creep  into  houses,  and  lead  cajjiive  silly 
women.  — 2  Tim.  iii. 

6.  To  steal  in  ;  to  move  forward  unheard  and  un- 
seen ;  to  come  or  enter  unexpectedly  or  unobserved  ; 
as,  some  error  has  crept  into  the  copy  of  a  history. 

7.  To  move  or  behave  with  servility  ;  to  fawn 

Shak. 

CREEP'ER,  n.  One  who  creeps  ;  tliat  which  creeps  , 
a  reptile  ;  also,  a  creeping  jilaiit,  which  moves  ahnig 
the  surface  of  the  earth  or  attaches  itself  to  some 
other  body,  as  ivy. 

2.  An  iron  used  to  slide  along  the  grate  in  kitch- 
ens. Jiihnson. 

3.  A  kind  of  patten  or  clog  worn  by  women. 

Johnson. 

4.  Creeper  or  Creepers;  an  instrument  of  iron  with 
hooks  or  claws,  for  drawing  up  things  from  the  bot- 
tom <if  a  well,  river,  or  harbor.  Forby. 

5.  A  small  bird  of  the  genus  CertJiia,  of  many  spe- 
cies, allied  to  the  wooilpeckers  and  wrens.  These 
birds  run  along  the  body  or  branch  of  a  tree,  and 
when  they  observe  a  person  near,  they  run  to  the 
side  opposite,  so  as  to  keep  out  of  sight.  Kiicyr. 

CKEEP'-HoLE,  n.  A  hole  into  which  an  animal  may 
creep  to  escape  notice  or  danger;  also,  a  subterfuge  ; 
an  excuse.  .Jolinsoii. 

CREEP'ING,  71.    Act  of  creeping.  Dicighl. 

CREEP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  on  the  belly,  or  close 
to  the  surface  of  the  earth  or  other  body  ;  moving 
slowly,  secretly,  or  silently ;  moving  insensibly ; 
stealing  along. 

CREEP'ING-LY,  adv.  By  creeping  ;  slowly  ;  in  the 
manner  of  a  reptile.  Sidney. 

CREEP'LE.    [JVot  iLied.]    See  Cripple. 

CREESE,  11.    A  .Malay  dagger. 

CRE-.M.a'TION,  71.    [L.  crematio,  from  crnno,  to  burn.] 
A  burning  ;  particularly,  the  burning  of  the  dead, 
according  ttt  the  custom  of  many  ancient  nations. 

Eiicyc. 

CRE-Mo'NA,  7!.  A  superior  kind  of  violin,  made  or 
invented  at  ('remona,  in  It;ily. 

2.  A  name  erroneously  given  to  a  stop  in  the 
organ.    [See  Cromorna.]  Brande. 

CRE'MOR,  71.  [L.  See  Cream.]  Cream ;  any  ex- 
pressed juice  of  grain  ;  yeast ;  scum  ;  a  substance 
rt;seinbling  cream.  Coze. 

CRK.'N.yi'E,     I  a.    [L.  erena,  a  notch,  wlience  ere- 

CRE'Na-TED,  \  vatits,  notched.  See  Cran.mv.] 
Notched  ;  indentetl  ;  scolloped.  In  botany,  a  crs- 
note  leaf  has  its  edge,  as  it  were,  cut  with  circular 
incisurt^s,  not  inclining  toward  either  extremity 
When  the  scallops  are  segments  of  small  circles,  i( 
is  saiti  to  be  obtusely  crenated ;  when  the  larger  seg- 
ments have  smaller  ones  upon  them,  a  leaf  is  saiti  to 
be  doubiti  crcnate.  Miirtyn.  . 

CREN'A-TUKE,  7i.  A  scallop,  like  a  notch,  in  a  leaf, 
or  in  the  style  of  a  plant.  Bigclow. 

CREiVK'LE,  /    „  n 

CRENG'LE.  (    ^'^'^  Cringle. 

CREN'l'-LATE,  a.  [dim.,  used  by  Linnaeus.]  Hav- 
ing the  edgt;,  as  it  were,  cut  into  very  small  scallops. 

.Martyn. 

CRk'OLE,  71.  A  native  of  Spanish  America  or  the 
West  Indies,  descended  from  European  ancestors. 

CRk'O-SO'J'I:,  II.  [Gr.  Kiicois,  gen.  of  upcat,  llesh, 
and  lu^iT'iii,  preserver.] 

An  aiitiseplir  principle,  tiften  called  fiesh-preservcr, 
the  protluct  ol  the  decoiiipositioii  of  wttod  in  a  cer- 
ttiiii  manner;  an  oily,  colorless  liipiid,  having  the 
smell  of  smoke.  It  is  obtained  from  the  pyroligiious 
acid  antl  the  tarry  matter  u'hich  distills  over  from 
wood.    It  Is  a  powerful  irritant.       Knight.  Urc. 

CRC'PANEf'!         [I^.-'Y"',  to  burst.] 

A  cliop  or  cratch  in  ii  horse's  leg,  caused  by  iUc 
shoe  of  one  hind  toot  crossing!  and  striking  the  other 
liind  fuut.    It  nonu'liiiies  de^enerati^-s  into  an  nicer. 

Kiiet/c. 

eilKr'l-TATK,  V.  i.  crcpito,  to  crackle,  from 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.-MKTE,  PKBY.  — PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF.  BQQK. 


282 


CRE 

erqio,  to  cmck,  to  hurst  witli  n  sharp  sound  ;  It. 
erepitATf.^  crcpart- ;  Fr.  crcrrr  ;  Sax.  hreo/itin  ;  Golli. 
hropynn  i  D.  rvfpen;  allied  t4>  Vav^,  ri;/,  and  probably 
from  llic  root  of  rumpOy  rupi^/SiLC.    Sue  D^n  and 

kharofa.  Class  Rb,  No.  27,  and  No.  I8,2G,:iO.] 

Tocrarl'lP  ;  to  snap  ;  to  burst  with  a  small,  sharp, 
abrupt  •"Uinl,  rapidly  repeated,  as  .salt  in  lire,  or 
durine  cslcination.  It  differs  Ironi  Ueluiiatr,  whirli 
siLMiilies,  to  burst  with  a  sin;;le  loud  report. 

GR r.l" l-T.\-'riNG,  ppr.    Crarklinj;;  snappine. 

eRI'.l'  l-TA'TION,  H.  The  art  of  bursting'  with  a 
fre<|uent  re|)etilion  of  sharp  sounds  ;  the  noise  of 
some  salts  in  nilcinntiim  ;  cracklinf;.   Ouc.  Kncijr. 

2.  The  noise  of  fractured  bones,  when  moved  by 
n  surcmn  to  ascertain  a  fracture.  Encyc. 

GRKPT,  prrt.  and  pp.  of  Creep. 

eUK-I'lISTI.E,  (-si,)  j  n.  [L.  crrpiutculum,  from  crrpo, 
eRK-l'US'fULIi,      (     or  its  root,  a  little  burst  or 

bri  ak  of  light,  or  broken  light.  Crepcrus  is  from 
'  the  same  root,] 

Twilight;  the  light  of  the  morning  from  the  first 

dawn  to  sunrise,  and  of  the  evening  from  sunset  to 

darkness.    It  is  occasioned  by  the  refraction  of  the 

snn*s  rji\"s.  ' 
eUK-PLIS'CU-L.'VR,    I  a.     I'ertainins  to  twilight  ; 
CRE-PUS'eU-LUUS,  !      glimuiering;  notingtheim- 

P"rfect  light  of  the  morning  and  evening  ;  hence, 

impertVctlv  clear  or  luminous.  Brown.  Gtanviltf. 
CRK-PIIS'C'II-MNE,  a.  Crepuscular.  [JVu<  ii-wrf.] 
eRES-CK.N'DO,     [ll.l    in  music,  denotes  with  an 

iui'reasing  volume  of  voice. 
eRES'CK.V  T,  a.    [1..  cmcrns,  from  ctmco,  to  grow; 

Fr.  cruii.^ant.    See  (Jrow.] 

•  Increasing  ;  growing  ;  a.**,  crrscrnt  horns.  Milton. 
eRES'CKNT,  ;i.  The  increasing  or  new  mcKin,  which, 
when  receding  from  the  sun,  shows  a  curving  rim  of 
light,  lermiMating  in  points  or  horns.  It  is  ap|ilied 
to  the  old  or  decreasing  mwn,  in  a  like  state,  but  less 
properly.  DnjUen, 

•2.  The  figure  or  likeness  of  the  new  moon,  as 
that  borne  in  the  Turkish  Hag  or  national  standard. 
The  standard  itself,  and  f^urativclij,  the  Turkish 
power.  Gibtiuit. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  hearing  in  the  form  of  a  half 
moon. 

4.  The  name  of  a  military  order,  instituted  by 
Renatus  of  Anjou,  king  of  Sicily  ;  so  called  from 
its  symbol  or  badge,  a  crescent  of  gold  enameled. 

Eucyc. 

eRES'CENT,  V.  L   To  form  into  a  crescent. 

Seward. 

t-RK.'S'rKNT-En,  a.  Adorned  with  a  crescent.  KraLi. 
€RES'CENT-FOR.M-£U,  a.    Formed  like  a  crescent. 

Scott. 

eRES'CENT-.SIHP-f:D,  f-shipt,)  a.  In  botany, 
lunate;  lunated  ;  shappd  like  a  crescent;  as  a  leaf. 

eRES'CIVE,  a.    [U  crrsco,  to  grow.]  ■'Wurty/i. 
Increasing ;  growing.  Shak. 

GRESS,  M.  [Fr.  cre.ison;  It.  cresciane  ;  Arm.  crcfton  ; 
D.  A-(*r.v  ;  G.  kresse  ;  Sax.  eterst  or  crcssciu  tiu.  its 
alliance  to  crojix,  or  to  L.  crrjco.] 

The  name  of  several  species  of  plants,  most  of 
them  of  the  class  Tetradynamia,  \Vater-cresses,  of 
the  genus  Sisyniliriuni,  are  used  as  a  salad,  and  are 
valued  in  medicine  for  their  antiscorbutic  qualities. 
The  leaves  have  a  moderately  pungent  taste.  They 
grow  on  the  brinks  of  rivulets  and  in  other  moist 
grounds.    The  word  is  generally  used  in  the  plunil. 

CRESS'ET,  n.  [Fr.  croisette,  dun.  of  croix,  cr(»s9,  be- 
cause beacons  formerly  had  crosses  on  their  tops. 
Sec  Cross.] 

1.  A  great  light  set  on  a  beacon,  light-house,  or 
watch-tower.  Johnson.  Shak. 

2.  A  lamp  or  torch.  Muton.  Holinshrd, 
eREST^  II.    [Fr.  crftr  :  L.  crista:  It.  cresta ;  Sp.  cru- 

ton.  This  is,  probably,  a  growing  or  shooting  up, 
from  the  nxH  of  cresco,  Fr.  croitre ;  Norm,  crest,  it 
rises,  it  accnies  ;  Riiss.  rastu  or  rostu,  to  grow  ;  rost, 
growth,  size,  lallness.] 

1.  The  plume  of  feathers  or  other  material  on  tlie 
top  of  the  ancient  helmet ;  the  helmet  itself.  Shak. 

2.  The  ornament  of  the  helmet  in  heraldry. 

Encyc. 

3.  The  comb  of  a  cn-k  ;  also,  a  tuft  of  feathers  on 
the  head  of  other  fowls. 

4.  Any  tuft  or  ornament  worn  on  the  head. 

Drydrn. 

5.  Loftiness;  pride;  courage;  spirit;  alonvmien. 

Shak. 

€REST,  r.  L   To  furnish  with  a  crest ;  to  serve  as  a 
crt.n  for.  Shak. 
2-  _To  mark  with  long  streaks. 
^''''•''^''''ED,  pp.or  a.    [from  cres/.]    Wearing  a  crest ; 
adorned  with  a  crest  or  plume  ;  having  a  comb  ;  as, 
a  rrrstrd  helmet ;  a  crested  cock. 
2.  In  naturat  history,  having  a  lufl  like  a  crest. 
CRE.-^T'-FAI.L-EN,  (fawl-n,)  a.    Dejected;  sunk; 
bowed  ;  dispirited  ;  heartless  ;  spiritless. 

Shak.  Howell. 
2.  Having  the  upper  part  of  the  neck  hanging  on 
one  side,  lu  a  hone.  Enciic 


CRI 

eREST'lNG,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  a  crest. 
eR  E.ST'I,i:.-*S,  a.    Without  a  crest ;  not  di^-iiified  with 
coat-armor ;  not  of  an  eminent  family  ;  of  low  birth. 

Shak. 

€RERT-MA-UtNE',  (-ma-reen',)  jr.  Rock  samphire. 
CRE-T.A'(^I'iOUS,  rt.         cretnceu.^,  from  crrM,  chalk. 

Sp.  It.  id. ;  Fr.  cra/>  ;  I),  krijt :  (J.  krridr. ;  .'!w.  krita.] 
Chalky;  hiiving  tlii' ipialitiesof  chalk  ;  like  chalk  ; 

nlionniling  with  chalk. 
ei!l-;''l".^-TEl),  a.    Kubbed  with  chalk. 
CRk'TIC,  n.    [Gr.  -ro.jn.  .(.] 

.\  poetic  foot  of  liirec  syllables,  one  short  between 

t«'o  long  syllables.  lirntlry. 
eUl~;'TL\,  w.    .'\  name  given  to  certain  deformed  and 

helpless  idiots  in  llie  valleys  of  the  .Alps. 
CKk'TIN-IS.M,  n.    The  st;iio  of  a  cretin.  Kidd. 
CKlO'TISM,  n.    A  falsehood  ;  a  Cretan  jiractice;  from 

the  reputation  of  the  Cretans  as  liars  and  deceivers. 
eRK'TOSE,  a.  Chalky. 

CHF^y.^SSE',  n.    [Fr.]    A  deep  crevice;  a  breach. 

This  term  is  applii'd  on  the  Mississippi  to  a  breach  in 

the  levee  or  einbaukiiient  of  the  river. 
GREV'ICE,  n.    [Fr.  crerasse,  from  crcver,  to  burst,  to 

crack;  Iv.  ereputura;  L.  crepo,  to  burst.    See  CREri- 

TATE  and  Kip.] 

A  crack  ;  a  cleft  ;  a  fissure ;  a  rent ;  an  opening  ; 

as,  a  crerice  in  a  wall.  jiddL^vn. 
CREVICE,  r.  «.    To  crack  ;  to  flaw.  Wollon. 
CREV'IS,  n.    The  craw-fish.    [Little  wsed.] 
CREW,  (kru,)  n.  [Contrac-ted  from  Sax.  crctul,  or  crulh, 

a  crowd;  I),  rot ;  G.  rotte  ;  Sw.rote;  Eng.  rout,  an 

assemblv,  a  collection,  from  gathering  or  pressing. 

Cliuss  Ild.]  .  b  bis 

1.  A  company  of  people  associated  ;  as,  a  noble 
crew ;  a  gallant  crci/".  Spcii.irr.    Chevy  Chase. 

2.  A  conipaiiy,  in  a  lom  or  bad  sense,  which  is  now 
most  usual ;  a  herd  ;  as,  a  rebel  crcir.  Jldton. 

So  we  say  a  miserable  crew. 

3.  The  company  of  seamen  who  man  a  ship,  ves- 
sel, or  boat ;  the  company  belonging  to  a  vessel. 
Also,  the  company  or  gang  of  a  cnrpeiiter,  gunner, 
boatswain,  Sec.  It  is  appropriated  to  the  common 
sailors. 

GREW,  prcl,  of  Crow;  but  the  regular  preterit  and 

participle,  crowed,  is  now  most  commonlv  used. 
eUKWEl,,  H.    [Uu.  I),  klewe.t.] 

Two-threaded  worsted  yarn  slarkly  twisted. 

Johnson.  Bailey. 

CREWET.    See  Cruet. 

CRIB,  n.  [Sax.  crybb  ;  D.  krib ;  Sw.  krubba  ;  Dan. 
krybbe:  Ir.  irrih.    Uu.  the  root  of  irrapple,  to  catch.] 

1.  The  manger  of  a  stable,  in  which  oxen  and 
cows  feed.  In  Jlmcrica,  it  is  distinguished  from  a 
rack. 

Where  no  oxen  are,  the  crib  is  clean.  —  Pror.  xiv. 
The  manger  for  other  beasts. 

The  »»s  knowelh  his  m:\ster's  crib.  —  !■.  i. 

2.  A  small  habitation  or  cottage.  Shak. 

3.  A  stall  for  oxen. 

4.  ,V  c;ise  or  box  in  salt-works.  Encyc. 
.'>.  A  small  building,  raised  on  posts,  for  storing 

Indian  corn.  U.  Stales. 

G.  A  small  frame  for  a  child  to  sleep  in. 

CRIB,  r.  t.  To  shut  or  confine  in  a  narrow  habita- 
tion ;  to  cage.  Shali. 

CRIH'R.VGE,  n.  A  game  at  cards,  in  which  the  dealer 
makes  lip  a  third  baud  for  himself,  partly  out  of  the 
hand  of  his  opponent.  Smart. 

eRIirKKI),  (kribd,)  pp.    Shut  up;  confined  ;  caged. 

eiUH'ItlNG,  ;>pr.    Shutting  in  a  crib  ;  confining. 

eRIll'llLE,  II.  [L.  eribellum,  from  criftri/m,  and  this 
from  cri*ro,  to  sill ;  Sp.  criiiu,  cribar ;  Port,  cnco  ;  It. 
cribro,  cribrarr,  and  erivello,  erivrllare ;  Fr.  crible, 
cribler ;  W.  cribaw,  to  c<unb  or  card  ;  Arm.  kribat ; 
Ir.  riobhar,  a  sieve;  allied  to  Eng.  garble.  See  Ch. 
 i> , 

Sai3,  Ar.  ^Jj^  garbala  ;  Ch.  ^31,  to  sift  or  riddle. 

Class  Rb,  Xo.  30,  31,  4(1.  ] 

1.  A  coarse  sieve  or  screen.  Brandr. 

2.  Coarse  flour  or  meal.  [J\'u(  used  in  Oie  United 
S(a  ((•,«.  1 

eRIB'BEE,  p.  t.    To  sift  ;  to  cause  to  pass  through  a 

sieve  or  riddle. 
CRIB'BI.KI),  Sifted. 
eRIB'BLlNG,  ppr.  Sifting. 

CRI-BRa'TION,  II.  [See  Crirri.e.)  The  art  of  sitt- 
ing or  riddling  ;  used  in  pharmacy. 

GRIB'RI-FOR.M,  o.  [L.  cribrum,  a  sieve,  and  furma, 
form.] 

Resembling  a  sieve  or  riddle  ;  a  term  applied  to  the 
lamina  of  the  ethmoid  hone,  through  which  the  fibers 
of  the  olfactory  nerve  pass  In  the  nose.  Anat. 

eRICH'TO.X  ITE,  n.  A  mineral,  so  called  from  Dr. 
Crichton,  physician  to  the  emperor  of  Russia.  It  has 
a  velvet  bhick  color,  and  crystallizes  in  very  acute, 
small  rhomboids.  It  occurs  in  primitive  rocks,  with 
octahcdritc.  Ure. 

CRICK,  n.  [Sec  Creak.]  The  creaking  of  a  door. 
[^Vv(  u,srrf,] 

2.  .\  spasmodic  affection  of  somi;  part  of  the  body, 
as  of  the  neck  or  back,  rendering  it  dillicult  to  move 
the  part  affected  ;  local  spasm  or  cramp. 


CRI 

CRICK'ET,  71.  [D.  krrkrl,  from  the  root  of  creak ;  W. 
cricrll,  cricket,  and  cricctlu,  to  chirp  or  chatter;  eng, 
u  crack.] 

An  insect  of  the  genus  Grylliis,  belonging  to  the 
order  Heniiptera.  There  are  several  species,  so 
named,  probably,  on  account  of  their  creaking  or 
chirping  voice. 

The  cricket  chirping  In  the  hearth.  CoUUinilh. 

CRICK'ET,  71.    [Qii.  Sax.  cricf,  a  stick.] 

1.  A  play  or  exercise  with  bats  and  ball.  Pope. 

2.  A  low  stool.  [British  kmrrt,  a  little  elevation. 
Whilakrr.    Uu.  Sw.  kryekn,  stilts  or  crutches.] 

eiUCK'ET-EK,  n.    One  who  plays  at  cricket. 

Daiuombe. 

CRICK'ET-MATCH,  71.    A  match  at  cricket. 

eitt'A.'l),  pret.  and  part,  of  Crv.  [Duncombr. 

eiU'ER,  n.  (See  Crv.]  One  who  cries;  one  who 
makes  prorlaiiiation.  The  crier  of  a  court  is  an 
officer  whose  duly  is  to  proclaim  the  orders  or  coin- 
niamls  of  the  court,  to  open  or  adjourn  the  court, 
keep  silence,  &c.  A  crier  is  also  employed  to  give 
notice  of  auctions,  and  for  other  pur|Hises. 

CIll.M.  CoX.  Criniiiial  ciiiiversalion  ;  unlawful  intcr- 
coiirsi;  with  a  married  woiii;tii. 

eHI.ME,  71.  [L.  crimen  ;  Gr.  ympn  ;  It.  crime ;  Port,  id, ; 
Sp.  crimen  ;  Fr.  crtme  ;  Arm.  rrim  ,■  Norm,  crisnie. 
This  word  is  from  the  root  of  Gr.  k-piKo,  L.  ecrno,  to 
separate,  to  judge,  to  decree,  to  cimdemn.  But  this 
verb  seems  to  be  composed  of  two  distinct  riMils  ; 
for,  in  Latin,  the  pret.  is  crrri,  which  can  not  be 
formed  from  cr.rno;  and  in  Greek,  the  derivatives, 
Kuilho,  KfJtaif,  if..irr/s,  Can  not  be  regularly  formed 
from  The  (Jr.  Koifnt  is  iindoiilitedly  a  con- 

traction ;  for  in  Norman  the  word  is  crisme.  The 
root,  then,  of  these  derivatives  is  the  same  as  of  the 
Ir.  crintliar,  a  sieve,  W.  rliidyll.  Eng.  riddle ;  W. 
rhidiaw,  to  secrete,  to  separate.  We  have  screen,  a 
riddle,  from  the  root  of  Kotp:;  and  riddle,  from  the, 
Oltic  root  of  Kniaif,  KuiTqi..  To  judge  is  to  decide, 
to  si'parate,  or  cut  off,  hence  to  condemn  ;  a  crime  is 
that  which  is  condi'iuned.] 

1.  An  act  which  violates  a  law,  divine  or  human  ; 
an  act  wliich  violates  a  rule  of  mora!  duly  ;  an  of- 
fense against  the  laws  <if  right,  prescribed  by  God  or 
man,  or  against  any  rule  of  duty  plainly  implied  in 
those  laws.  A  crime  may  consist  in  omLision  or  neg- 
lect, as  well  as  in  commi-ision,  or  positive  transgres- 
sion. The  commander  of  a  fortress,  who  suffers  the 
enemy  to  take  possession  by  neglect,  is  as  really 
criminal  as  one  who  voluntarily  opens  the  gates  with- 
out resistance. 

But,  in  a  more  common  or  restricted  sense,  a  crime 
denotes  an  offense,  or  violation  of  public  law,  of  a 
deeper  and  mure  atrocious  nature;  a  public  wrong; 
or  a  violation  of  the  commands  of  God,  and  the 
offenses  against  the  laws  made  to  preserve  the  pub- 
lic rights  ;  as  treason,  murder,  robbery,  theft,  arson, 
<LC.  The  minor  wrongs,  conimined  against  individ- 
uals or  private  rights,  are  denoniinatrd  trespasses  ; 
and  the  minor  wrongs  against  pnhlir  rmliis  are  called 
viisdemeaniirs.  Crimes  and  misdi  iiieaiiors  are  i>un- 
ishable  by  indictment,  infiirniation,  or  public  prose- 
cution ;  trespasses  or  private  injuries,  at  the  suit  of 
the  individuals  injured.  But,  in  many  cases,  an  act 
is  considered  both  as  a  public  offense  and  a  tresjass, 
and  is  punishable  both  by  the  public  and  the  individ- 
ual injured. 

2.  Any  great  wickedness  ;  iniquity;  wrong. 

No  crime  wa*  Uiine,  if  'lit  nu  crime  to  lo»e.  Pope. 

Capital  crime:  a  crime  punishable  with  death. 
GRIME'l'lJl,,  a.     Criiiiiiinl  ;   wicked;  partaking  of 

wrong  ,  contrary  to  law,  right,  or  duty.  S/mk. 
CRI.ME'I.ESS,  a.    F'ree  from  crime  ;  innocent.  Shak. 
€R1  M'I.\-.\L,  a.    Guilty  of  a  crime  ;  applied  to  per.ions. 
2.  Partaking  of  a  crime;  involving  a  crime  ;  that 
violates  public  law,  divine  or  huniaii ;  as,  theft  is  a 
crimuial  act. 
.1.  That  violates  moral  obligation  ;  wicked. 
4.  Rttlating  to  crimes  ;  opposed  to  cicil ;  as,  a  crim- 
inal code  ;  criminal  l;iw. 
CKI.M'I.V-.M-,  71.    .\  person  who  has  committed  an 
orfense  against  public  l:iw  ;  a  violator  of  law,  divine 
or  liiimaii.    Mire  parltcularly,  a  person  inilicteil  or 
charged  with  a  public  offense,  and  one  who  is  found 
guiltv,  by  Verdict,  confession,  or  proof. 
CRI.M  IN  AL'I-TY,   j  ii.    The  qualilv  of  being  crimi- 
eRl.M'IN-AI.NESS,  j     nal,  or  a  violation  of  law; 
guiltiness  ;  the  quality  of  lieing  guilty  of  a  crime. 

Tliii  ii  by  no  me.in*  Ui^  only  crit'-rion  of  crirntruT/ily. 

liladtetone,  iv.  ch.  17.    Panoptiet.  Encye. 

eRI.M'IN-AI^LY,  a//r.  In  violation  of  public  law  ;  in 
violation  of  divine  law  ;  wickedly  ;  in  a  wrimg  or 
iniquitous  manner. 

CRIM'1.\-aTE,  r.  (.  criminor,  eriminattis.] 

To  acci  AC  ;  to  charge  with  a  crime  ;  to  allege  to 
be  guilty  of  a  crime,  offense,  or  wrong. 

Our  ninn)ci|Ml  laws  do  iiol  p^iitin-  the  olP'oii-T  to  pl-ad  "piilty  or 
erimtmile  hiiiwir.  .Vcull  on  jL*^.  ti.    Beloe'e  iierod. 

€RIM'IN-A-TED,  pp.  Accused  ;  charged  with  ■ 
crimi'. 

eRI.M'IN-A-TI.N'G,  ppr.  Accusing;  alleging  to  be 
guilty. 


TONE.  BtJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER.  VI"C[OUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ,  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII  ;  TII  as  in  TIII.S. 


283 


OKI 


CRl 


cm 


eUIM-IN-A'TIO\,  71.    [L.  criminatio.] 

The  act  of  accusing  ;  accusation  ;  charge  of  hav- 
ing been  guilty  of  a  criminal  act,  offense,  or  wrong. 

Johnson, 

CRIJI'IN-A-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  accusation  ;  ac- 
cusing. 

€RIM'IN-OUS,  o.  Very  wicked;  heinous;  involving 
great  crime.    [JVot  used.]  Hammond. 

eRIM'IN-OUS-Ly,  adv.  Criminally  ;  heinously  ;  enor- 
mously.   r.Vot  used.] 

eRI.M'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.  Wickedness ;  guilt ;  crimin- 
ality.   [.Vot  used.]  King  Charles. 

€RI-M'0-SL\.    See  Crimson. 

CRI.MP,  a.  [?ax.  acrymman,  to  crumble  ;  D.  kruim,  a 
crum  ;  kruimelen,  to  crumble.    ?ee  Crumble.] 

1.  Easily  crumbled  ;  friable  ;  brittle.    ILittle  used.] 

The  fowler —  treads  Uie  crimp  earth.  PhUips. 

2.  Not  consistent.  [Q.U.  Dan.  knim,  crooked,  or 
supra,  easily  broken.]    [Jv'ul  used.]  ArbuUinot. 

€RI.\1P,  ti.-f.    [W.  crimpiaw,  to  pinch,  to  form  into  a 
ridge  or  rim.] 
To  catch ;  to  seize ;  to  pinch  and  hold.  [See 

CniMPLE.] 

CRI.MP,  r.  t.    [Pax.  gecnjmpt.] 

1.  To  pinch  up  in  ridges,  as  a  ruffle  or  the  hair. 

2.  In  cookerij,  to  crimple  or  cause  to  contract,  as 
the  flesh  of  a  live  fish,  by  gashing  it  with  a  knife,  to 
give  it  greater  hardness,  and  make  it  more  crisp. 

Smart. 

This  is  evidently  the  same  worif  as  the  foregoing. 
CRIMP,  71.    In  England,  an  agent  for  coal  merchants, 
and  for  persons  concerned  in  shipping.  Bailey. 

2.  One  who  decoys  another  into  the  naval  or  mili- 
tary service. 

3.  One  who  decoys  sailors  in  any  way,  for  the  sake 
of  getting  them  in  his  power. 

4.  A  game  at  cards.  [Ofo.] 

CRIMP'LXG^'  i       '^'•^      °^  crimping. 

eRIAlP'IXG-MA-CmNE',  (-ma-sheen',)  ti.  A  machine 
consisting  of  two  fluted  rollers,  for  crimping  ruffles. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Kcon. 

CRIMP'LE,  (krimp'l,)  v.  t.  [D.  krimpen  ;  G.  id. :  Sw. 
krimpa  ;  Dan.  krymper  ;  Scot,  crimp  ;  V\'.  crimpiaw,  to 
shrink,  to  pinch;  crwm,  crom,  curving,  bending, 
shrinking  ;  crymu,  to  bend.  See  Crumple  and  Ru.M- 
PLE,  from  the  same  root,  W.  rhimp,  rim,  a  rim.] 

To  contract  or  draw  together;  to  shrink  :  to  cause 
to  shrink  ;  to  curl.  IfUemaiu 

€RI.MP'LA"D,  pp.    Contracted;  shrunk;  curled. 

CRI.MP'LIXG,  ppr.  Contractiag ;  shrinking  ;  curling  ; 
hobbling.  .^.ili. 

CRIiM'SU.V,  (krim'zn,)  ti.  [U.  creniisi,  cremisino  ;  Fr. 
cramoisi;  !^p.  carmesi ;  Arm.  carmoasy ;  D.  karmozyn  : 
G.  karmo.iin ;  Sw.  karmcsin  ;  Dan.  kannesic  ;  from  Ar. 


kinnizon,  kermes,  the   cochineal   insect  or 


bi-rrj'.] 

A  deep-red  color ;  a  red  tinged  with  blue  ;  also,  a 
red  color  in  general ;  as,  the  virgin  crimson  of  mod- 
esty. S/iak, 

He  m.ioe  the  vail  o(  blue,  «nd  purple,  and  crimson.  —  2 
Chron.  iii. 

CRIM'SON,  a.    Of  a  beautiful  deep  red  ;  as,  the  crim- 

SOH  blush  of  modesty  ;  a  crimsoji  stream  of  blood. 
eRI.M'SON,  V.  t.    To  dye  with  crimson  ;  to  dye  of  a 

deep-red  color ;  to  make  red. 
eRI.M'SON,  V.  i.   To  become  of  a  deep-red  color  ;  to 

be  tinged  with  red  ;  to  blush.    Her  cheeks  crimsoned 

at  the  entrance  of  her  lover. 
€RI-M'SO.N-£D,  (krim'znd,)  pp.   Dyed  or  tinged  with 

a  deep  red. 

€RI.M'SON-HO-£D,  (krim'zn-hude,)  a.    Of  acrimson 
color. 

eRI.M'SON-ING,  ppr.    Dyeing  oi  tinging  with  a  deep 
red. 

CRIM'SO-V-WARM,  a.   Warm  to  redness. 
CRI'NAL,  a.    [L.  crinis,  hair.] 

licit. nging  to  hair. 
CRl.N'C'U.M,  n.    A  ci-amp  ;  a  contraction;  a  turn  or 

bend  ;  a  whimsy.    [.^  vulvar  irvrd.]  Ihtdibras. 
eRIi\6E,  (krinj,)  r.  L    [Probably  from  the  root  of 

crank,  crinkle,  lleb.  and  Ch.  yi3  ;  or  from  the  root 

of  crook,  with  a  nasal  sound  of  tlie  last  consonant ; 

G.  krifc/un  ;  W.  crycu,  to  curl.] 

Properly,  to  sliriiiK  ;  to  contract ;  to  draw  together  ; 

a  jiopular  iikc  of  the  word.    [Vulgarly,  scringe] 

Yuti  •(■c  him  crin^f  hi*  Caw.  AVirtA. 

CRI.N6E,  (krinj,)  r.  i.    To  bow  ;  to  bend  with  servil- 
ity ;  to  fawn  ;  to  make  court  by  mean  compliances. 

Kidtter^ni  are  alwaya  b<>winp  and  cringing.  Arbulhnot. 

€RI.N"6E.  (krinj,)  n.    A  bow  ;  servile  civility.  Philips. 
CRI.N6e'I,ING,  71.    One  who  cringes  meanly. 
eRING'ER,  n.  One  who  criiigcii,  or  bowa,  and  flatters 

with  servility. 
€ltI.N6'I.NG,  ppr.  w  o.    Shrinking  ;  bowing  Bervilely. 
CRI.N"<;LE,  (kring'gl,)  71.    [0.  krin/:,  krinkcl,  kronkel 

a  bend,   turn,  ring,  or   twiat.     See  CntNK  and 

Ckiroe.] 

1.  A  withe  for  faHtcning  a  gate,  [l^ea/.] 


2.  In  marine  language,  a  hole  in  the  bolt-rojie  of  a 
sail,  formed  by  intertwisting  the  division  of  a  rope, 
called  a  strand,  alternately  round  itself,  and  through 
the  strand  of  the  bolt-rope,  till  it  becomes  threefold, 
and  takes  the' shape  of  a  ring.  Its  use  is  to  receive 
the  ends  of  the  ropes  by  which  the  sail  is  drawn  up 
to  its  yard,  or  to  extend  the  leech  by  the  bow-Une- 
bridles. 

Iron  cringles,  or  hanks,  are  open  rings  running  on 
the  stays,  to  which  the  heads  of  the  stay-sails  are 
made  fast.  Mar.  Did. 

CRIN-I-CUL'TITR-AL,  0.  Relating  to  the  growth  of 
hair. 

€RI-NIO'ER-OUS,  a.  [h.  criniger ;  crinis,  hair,  and 
gero,  to  wear.] 

Hairy  ;  overgrown  with  hair.  Diet, 
CRI'iNITE,  a.    [L.  eriniius,  from  crinis,  hair.   Q,u.  W. 
crinaw,  to  parch,  to  frizzle.] 

Having  the  appearance  of  a  tufl  of  hair. 
CRINK'LE,  (krink'l,)  v.  i.    [D.  krinkclen,  to  winA  OT 
twist.    Qii.  crank  and  ring.  Sax.  hring.] 

To  turn  or  wind  ;  to  bend;  to  wrinkle ;  to  run  in 
and  out  in  little  or  short  bends  or  turns  ;  as,  tlie  light- 
nini;  crinkles. 

CRIN'K'LE,  T.t.  To  form  with  short  turns  or  wrink- 
les ;  to  mold  into  inequalities. 

CRINK'LE,  71.  A  wrinkle  ;  a  winding  or  turn ;  sinu- 
osity. 

CRINK'LKD,  pp.    Formed  into  short  turns. 

CRINK'LING,  pp.    Bending  in  short  turns. 

CRI-NOID'E-AN,  71.  \  [Gr.  (foaoi,  a  lily,  and  eiloi, 

CRI-NOID'E-A,  7>.  pi.  \  likeness.] 

In  geology,teTms  applied  to  extinct,  fossil,  radiated 
animals,  related  to  some  of  the  star-fish  and  asterias, 
but  growing  on  a  long,  jointed  st.ilk.  The  name  in- 
cludes the  encrinitrs,  to  which  the  term  stone-lily  has 
often  been  applied.  Dana. 

€RI-NOID'AL,  a.  Containing  the  fossil  remains  of 
crinoideans.  Jlumble. 

CRl'.NoSE,  o.    Ilairv.    [See  CRivtTE.]    [Little  used.] 

CRl-NOS'I-TY,  71.    "Hairiness.    [Little  used.] 

CRIP'PLE,  (krip'I,)  71.  [D.  kraipel;  G.  kriipprl ;  Dan. 
krypling,  krSppel,  and  krobling,  from  kr'6h,a  creeping 
animal  ;  Icel.  crypen,  to  move  crooked.  It  would 
seem  that  this  is  from  the  root  of  creep.] 

A  lame  person  ;  primarily,  one  who  creeps,  halts, 
or  limps  ;  one  who  has  lost,  or  never  enjoyed,  the  use 
of  his  limbs,   jjcts  xiv. 

The  word  may  signify  one  who  is  partially  or  to- 
tally disabled  from  using  his  limbs. 

See  the  LjUiiJ  beggar  dauce,  the  cripple  sing.  Pope. 

CRIP'PLE,  a.    Lame.  Sliak. 

CRIP'PLE,  V.  t.  To  lame  ;  to  deprive  of  the  use  of 
the  limbs,  particularly  of  the  legs  and  feet. 

2.  To  dis.ible  ;  to  deprive  of  the  power  of  exertion. 
We  say,  a  fleet  was  crippled  in  the  engagement. 

CRIP'PLED,  (krip'pid,)  pp.  or  a.  Lamed  ;  rendered 
impotent  in  the  limbs  ;  disabled. 

CRIP'PLE-NESS,  71.  Lameness. 

CRIP'PLING,  ppr.  Laming;  depriving  of  the  use  of 
the  limbs ;  disabling. 

CRIP'PLINGS,  71.  pi.  Spars  or  timbers  set  up  as  sup- 
ports, (crutches,)  against  the  side  of  a  building. 

.Smart. 

CRI'SIS,  71. ;  p!.  Crises.  [Gr.  Kntcis,Ij.  crisis,  from 
the  root  of  x/kkw,  to  separate,  to  determine,  to  de- 
cide.   See  Crime.] 

1.  In  medical  science,  the  change  of  a  disease  rrMch 
indicates  its  event ;  that  change  which  indicates  re- 
covery or  death.  It  is  sometimes  used  to  designate 
the  excretion  of  something  noxious  from  the  Ijody, 
or  of  the  noxious  fluids  in  a  fever.    Encyc.  Parr. 

2.  The  decisive  state  of  things,  or  the  point  of  time 
when  an  affair  is  arrived  at  its  bight,  and  must  soon 
terminate  or  suffer  a  material  change. 

This  hour 's  tlie  very  crisis  of  your  fate.  Dn/den. 
CRISP  a.    [L.  crispus ;  U.  crespo  ;  G.  kraus.  Seethe 
verb  ] 

1   Curled  :  formed  into  curls  or  ringlets. 

2.  Indented  ;  winding  ;  as,  cri.yj}  channels.  Shak. 

3.  Dritlle;  friable  ;  easily  broken  or  crumbled. 

Bacon. 

CRISP,  tJ.  (.  [L.  crispo;  It.  crespare  ;  Sp.  crespar ;  Fr. 
erf  per  ;  Dan.  kru-ier  ;  Sw.  krusa ;  VV.  rri.s',  a  crust ; 
crisb,  a  crisp  coating  ;  crisbin,  crisp,  friable  ;  from 
rhis,  broken  into  points,  mince  ;  allied  to  crcsu,  cra- 
su,  to  roast  or  parch.  From  the  Gothic  dialects,  we 
observe  that  p  is  not  radical.  Class  Rd,  No.  20,  73, 
^T.] 

1.  '''o  curl ;  to  twist ;  to  contract  or  form  into  ring- 
lets, as  the  hair ;  to  wreathe  or  interweave,  as  the 
branches  of  trees.  B.  Jonson,  Milton. 

2.  To  indent.    Johnson.    To  twist  or  eddy. 

Mason. 

lint  the  sense  is,  to  curl ;  to  wrinkle  in  little  undu- 
lations, as  a  fretted  surface. 

From  tliat  aapphlrv  fount  the  crisped  bn)oI«, 

Rolling  on  orient  pearl  acul  sandA  of  gold, 

U.m  necliir,  vUiliiig  each  plant.  Milton. 

CRISP'A-^n'D,  !       ""'  '"B  a  crisped  appearance. 
CRI.SP-A'TION,  n.   The  net  of  curling,  or  state  of  be- 
ing curled.  Bacon. 


eUlyP'.\-TliRE,  71.  A  curling;  the  state  of  being 
curled.  Lee.  Bnlany. 

CR1SP'£D,  (krispt,)  pp.  or  a.  Curled  ;  twisted  ;  friz- 
zled. 

CRIS'PIN,  71.  An  appeflation  given  familiarly  to  shoe- 
makers, from  their  patron  saint,  Crispinus. 

CRISP'ING,  ppr.    Curling;  frizzling. 

CRISP'ING-PIN,  71.    A  curling-iron.  I.miah. 

CRIS-PI-SUL'CANT,  a.  Wavy  or  undulating,  a, 
lightning  is  represented. 

CRISP'LY,  ado.    With  crispness  ;  in  a  crisp  manner. 

ClUSP'NESS,  71.  A  state  of  being  curled  ;  also,  brit- 
tleness. 

CRI.SP'Y,  a.  Curled  ;  formed  into  ringlets ;  as,  cri^y 
locks.  Shak. 

2.  Brittle ;  dried  so  as  to  break  short ;  as,  a  cnspy 
cake. 

CRIST'aTE,  i  a.  [L.  cristatus,  from  crista,  a 
CRIST'A-TED,  \  crest.] 

In  botany,  crested  ;  tufted  ;  having  an  appendage 
like  a  crest  or  tuft,  as  some  anthers  and  flowers. 

Martyn. 

CRl-TE'RI-ON,  71.  ;  pi.  Criteria.  [Gr.  Kfimuiiov, 
from  the  root  of  koivu},  to  judge.    See  Crime.] 

A  standard  of  judging;  any  established  law,  rule, 
princiiile,  or  fact,  by  which  facts,  propositions,  and 
opinions  are  compared,  in  order  to  discover  their 
truth  or  falsehood,  or  by  which  a  correct  judgment 
may  be  formed. 

CRITH'O-.MAN-CY,  71.  [Gr.  KpiBn,  barley,  and  pa^- 
TCia,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of  the  dough  of 
cakes,  and  the  meal  strewed  over  the  victims  in 
ancient  sacrifices.  Encyc. 

CRIT'IC,  71.  [Gr.  KoiTiKOf,  from  Koirns,  a  judge  or 
discerner,  from  the  root  of  Kpifw,  to  judge,  to  sepa- 
rate to  distinguish.    See  Crime.] 

1.  A  person  skilled  in  judging  of  the  merit  of  lite- 
rary works  ;  one  who  is  able  to  discern  and  distin- 
guish the  beauties  and  faults  of  writing.  In  a  more 
general  sense,  a  person  skilled  in  judging  with  propri- 
ety of  any  combination  of  objects,  or  of  any  work 
of  art ;  and  particularly  of  what  are  denominated 
the  Jine  arU.  A  critic  is  one  who,  from  experience, 
knowledge,  habit,  or  taste,  can  perceive  the  differ- 
ence between  propriety  and  impropriety,  in  objects 
or  works  presented  to  his  view  ;  between  the  natu- 
ral and  unnatural ;  the  high  and  the  low,  or  lufty 
and  mean  ;  the  congnious  and  incongruous  ;  the 
correct  and  incorrect,  according  to  the  established 
rules  of  the  art. 

2.  An  examiner ;  a  judge. 


And  maJie  each  day  a  critic  on  the  last. 


Pope. 


3.  One  who  judges  with  severity  ;  one  who  cen- 
sures or  finds  fault.  Pope.  IVatts.  Swift. 
CRIT'IC,  a.  Critical ;  relating  to  criticism,  or  the  art 
of  judging  of  the  merit  of  a  literary  performance,  or 
discourse,  or  of  any  work  in  the  fine  arts.  [See 
Critical.] 

CRIT'IC,  V.  i.  To  criticise  ;  to  play  the  critic.  ILit- 
tle iised.\  Temple. 

CRIT'IC-AL,  a.  [L.  criticus ;  Gr.  koitikos.  See 
Critic] 

1.  Relating  to  criticism;  nicely  exact;  as,  a  crit- 
ical dissertation  on  Homer. 

2.  H.iving  the  skill  or  power  nicely  to  distinguish 
beauties  from  blemishes  ;  as,  a  critical  judge  ;  a  crit- 
ical auditor  ;  a  critical  ear  ;  critical  taste. 

3.  .Making  nice  distinctions ;  accurate  ;  as,  critical 
rules. 

4.  Capable  of  judging  with  accuracy;  discerning 
beauties  and  faults ;  nicely  judicious  in  matters  of 
literature  and  the  fine  arts  ;  as,  Virgil  was  a  critical 
poet. 

5.  Capable  of  judging  with  accuracy;  conforming 
to  exact  rules  of  propriety  ;  exact ;  particular  ;  as,  to 
be  critical  in  rites  and  ceremonies,  or  in  the  selection 
of  books. 

fi.  Inclined  to  find  fault,  or  to  judge  with  severity. 

7.  [."^ee  Crisis.]  Pertaining  to  a  crisis;  marking 
the  time  or  slate  of  a  disease  which  indicates  its  ter- 
mination in  the  death  or  recovery  of  the  [latient;  as, 
critical  days,  or  critical  symptoms. 

8.  Producing  a  crisis  or  change  in  a  disease  ;  indi- 
cating a  crisis  ;  as,  a  critical  sweat, 

9.  Decisive  ;  noting  a  time  or  state  on  which  the 
issue  of  things  depends;  important,  as  regards  the 
conseipiences  ;  as,  a  critical  time  or  moment ;  a  criti- 
cal juncture. 

10.  Formed  or  situated  to  determine  or  decide,  or 
ha.  iiig  the  crisis  at  command  ;  important  or  essential 
for  detcnnliiiiig  ;  as,  a  (-nfica/ post.  Mitfurd. 

11.  Ki  specting  criticism. 
eRIT'IC-AL-LV,  adr.    lii  a  critical  manner;  with 

nice  discernment  of  triilh  or  falsehood,  propriety  of 
impropriety  :  with  nice  scrutiny  ;  accurately  ;  ex- 
actly ;  as,  to  examine  evidence  critically  ;  to  observe 

2.  \t  the  crisis  ;  at  the  exact  time.  [critienlly 

3.  In  a  critical  situation,  place,  or  cimdilion,  so  as 
to  command  the  crisis  ;  a.s,  a  town  critically  situated. 

Mitfurd. 

€RIT'1C-AT.-NF,SS,  71.  The  st.ale  of  being  critical ; 
incidence  at  a  particular  point  of  time. 


FATE,  FAR,  Vf^XA.,  WMfyrT  METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  HOQK.— 

«<4 


CRO 


CRO 


S.  F;\;idiiess  ;  accuracy  ;  nicely  ;  minute  caro  in 
f-Xiiuii[i;iticiit. 

eitlT'I-L'TSii;,  II.  I.  To  I'xauiine  and  judue  critical  y  ; 
to  jiuljjr  Willi  atliMiliou  to  lu-autics  ami  faults;  as,  to 
crifiri.-e  on  a  literary  work,  on  an  arKument  or  dis- 
coursi-. 

2.  To  write  reinarka  on  the  merit  of  a  perform- 
ance j  to  nutico  beauties  ami  faults. 

C«yit  you  ni;iy,  but  iiovt-r  critiriee.  Pope. 

3.  To  animadvert  upon  as  faulty  ;  to  utter  censure  ; 
iui,  to  criticise  on  a  niaii's  manners,  or  liis  expenses. 

L(tcke, 

€RIT'I-CISF.,  V.  t.  To  notice  beauties  and  blcMuisbea, 
or  faults,  in  ;  to  utter  or  write  remarks  on  the  mi  rit 
of  n  performance  ;  as,  to  criticise  the  writings  of 
Milton. 

2.  To  pass  judgment  on  with  respect  to  merit  or 
blame  ;  as,  to  criticise  an  author ;  to  crilicise  the 
conduct. 

eRIT'I-CIS-KD,  (krit'e-sizd,)  pp.  Examined  and 
jiidsed  with  res|>ect  to  beauties  anil  faults. 

eUl  T'l-CtS-l.NO,  ppr.oTtt.  Kxamining  and  judsing 
with  regard  to  beauties  and  faults  ;  remarking  on  ; 
animadverting  on. 

GRIT'I-CISM,  n.  The  art  of  judging  with  propriety 
of  the  beauties  and  faults  of  a  literary  performance, 
or  of  any  production  in  the  tine  arts  j  as,  the  rules  of, 
criticism, 

2.  The  act  of  judging  on  the  merit  of  a  perform- 
ance ;  animadversion  ;  remark  oil  beauti<!s  and  faults  ; 
critical  observation,  verbal  or  written.  We  say,  the 
author's  criliciinna  are  candid,  or  they  are  severe. 
eUl-TlUI'K',  (kre-ti-ek',)  ii.  [Kr.  critique.]  A  critical 
examination  of  the  merits  of  a  performance  ;  remarks 
or  animadversions  on  beauties  and  faults.  Addison 
wrote  a  critique  on  Paradise  Lost. 

2.  5»cicncc  of  criticism  ;  standard  or  rules  of  judging 
of  the  merit  of  performances.    [Often  spelt  Cnmc.] 

h  iitfA*  mill  wonU  were  <li*linctly  ttTi^lirtt,  .yul  duly  considered, 
lh.ey  would  alVonl  us  aiioUiiT  son  of  logic  niid  cnlic. 

Locke, 

CRIZ'ZKI.,  \n.  [See  Crisp.]  .\  kind  of  rougli- 
eRIZ'ZEL.  ING,  i     ness  on  the  surface  of  glass,  which 

clouds  its  transparency.  Eucyc, 
GROAK,  r.  i.  [Sax.  crucrttan;  Goth,  hrukijan  :  \j,  cro- 
ciOj  criicito  :  Sp.  croaxar  ;  It.  crocciarc  ;  Ft.  criiasser  ; 
Arm.  croiiU;  G.  kraclizen  ;  D.  krtinijcii,  to  crow,  and 
kruchirrn,  to  groan;  \t,  s^rag,  frrairain;  coinciding 
in  elements  with  W.  creir,  cry/s,  lioarse,  crijirii,  to 
make  rough  or  hoarse  ;  Sax.  hreog,  rough,  and  lircuw- 
irt»,  to  rue  ;  dr.  jfoi.^M,  Koto)  /loj,  and  kou^m,  t'tay  rij. 
These  all  appear  to  be  of  one  lamily,  and  from  the 
root  <if  rough  and  creaky  \X.  rhy<r,    See  Crow.] 

1.  To  make  a  low,  hoarse  noise  in  the  throat,  as  a 
frog  or  other  animal. 

2.  To  caw  ;  to  cry  as  a  raven  or  crow. 

3.  To  make  any  low,.inntterine  sound,  resembling 
that  of  a  frog  or  raven  ;  as  their  bellies  croak,  l^cke. 

4.  Figuralively,  to  complain  ;  to  forebode  evil  ;  to 
grumble.  Rich.  Vict. 

a.  In  contempt,  to  speak  with  a  low,  hollow  voice. 
CRf)AK,  n.    The  low,  harsh  sound  uttered  by  a  fro; 

or  a  raven,  or  a  like  sound. 
CRo.VK'ER,  n.    One  that  croaks,  murmurs,  or  grum- 

bli's  ;  one  who  complains  unreasonably. 
CROAK'I.NG,  ppr,  or  a.    Uttering  a  low,  h.arsh  sound 

from  the  throat,  or  other  similar  sound  ;  foreboding 

evil ;  grumbling. 
CROAK'I.NG,  n.    A  low,  harsh  sound,  as  of  a  frog,  or 

the  bowels. 
2.  The  act  of  foreboding  evil ;  grumbling. 
CRO'.'VTt!,  n.  pi.    Troops,  natives  of  Croatia. 
CKOC'AI^ITE,  n.    (from  frociis,  sntrroii.]    A  variety 

of  the  mineral  natrolite,  one  of  the  zeolites.    Il  has 

an  orange  or  brick-red  color,  and  occurs  in  reniforiii 

or  globular  masses,  having  a  radiated  structure. 
GRo'CEOL'S,  (krO'shus,)  a.    [L.  croccu.i,  from  crocu-t, 

saffron.] 

Like  saffron  ;  yellow  ;  consisting  of  saff'ron 
CR6'CilES,  n.  pi.    Little  buds  or  knobs  about  the  tops 

of  a  deer's  horn.  Bailey. 
CROC-I-TA'TIOX,  n.    [L.  crocito.] 
A  croaking. 

CROCK,  It.    [Sax.  cruce,  croeca  ;  D.  kruik ;  G.  krug ; 

D.  krukke  :  Sw.  kruka  ;  I'r.  cruche!  VV.  cregen,  an 

earthen  vessel  ;  eroeati,  a  fMit.] 
.\ii  earthen  vessel ;  a  pot  or  pitcher  ;  a  cup. 
CROCK,  n.    [Uu.  from  crock,  supra,  or  from  Ch.  T^f", 

Ar.  '3j  *-  eharaka,  to  bum.] 

Soot,  or  the  black  matter  collected  from  combustion 
on  pots  and  kettles  or  in  a  chimney.  Ray. 

CROCK,  r.  (.  or  i.  To  black  with  siMit,  or  other  mat- 
ter collected  front  combustion  ;  or  to  black  with  tile 
fidiiring  matter  of  cloth.       Forby.    jWw  Kngtand, 

CRO<-'K'KR-V,  n.  [VV.  crocan,  a  boiler  or  pot ;  crocenu, 
to  make  earthen  vessels ;  croccnyz,  a  potter.  See 
Crock.] 

Earthen  ware ;  vessels  formed  of  clay,  glazed  and 
baked.  The  term  is  applied  to  the  coarser  kinds  of 
ware,  the  finer  kinds  being  usually  called  china  or 
porcelain. 


CROCK'ET,  n.  [I'r.  croc,  cruchel.]  In  Gothic  arrhi- 
lerline,  a  term  applieil  to  curved  and  bent  foliage, 
used  to  ornameiil  canopies,  spiles,  and  pinnacles. 

Klines. 

CROCK'Y,  a.    Smutty.  Forby. 
CROC'O-UILE,  n.     [Fr.  KponnSct^of  t  (qu.  kook^c, 

sall'ron,  and  duXn^,  fearing;)  L.  croeodilus ;  It.  coc- 

coilrillo ;  Sp.  cocoilrila.] 

1.  An  amphibious  animal  of  the  genus  Croeodilus. 
Tt  has  a  naked  body,  with  four  feet  and  a  tail ;  il  has 
five  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  and  four  on  the  hind  feet. 
It  grows  to  the  length  of  sixteen  or  eigliti  en  feet, 
runs  swiftly  on  land,  but  doi;s  not  easily  turn  iLself. 
It  inhabits  the  large  rivers  in  Africa  ami  .Asia,  and 
lays  its  eggs,  resembling  those  of  a  goose,  in  the 
.sand,  to  be  hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.  [See 
Allioator.]  F.iiryc. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  captious  and  sophistical  argument, 
contrived  to  draw  one  into  a  snare. 

CROC'O-DILE,  n.  I'lrtiiiiiing  to  or  like  a  crocodile; 
as,  crocodile  tears,  that  is,  t'alse  or  allected  tears,  hyp- 
ocritical sorrow  ;  alluding  to  the  fictions  of  old  trav- 
elers, that  crocodiles  shed  tears  over  those  they  de- 
vour. 

CROC-O-DIL'I-AN,  a.    PertJiining  to  the  crocodile. 

Buckland. 

CROC-O-DIL'I-TY,  II.    In  (n;'!!;,  a  captious  or  si)|iliis- 

tiral  mode  of  arguing. 
CRo'Cl'S,  n.    [Gr.  «,uu<tos,  from  the  Shemitic  pii,  and 

its  yellow  color.] 

l'.  Sallroii,  a  genus  of  jilanUf. 

2.  In  chrmi.-itry,  u  yellow  powder;  any  metal  cal- 
cined to  a  red  or  dee|)  yellow  color.  I'.ncyc. 
CROFT,  n.    [Sax.  cro/t :  allied,  probably,  to  L.  crypta, 
Gr.  KnvTTTto,  to  conceal.] 

A  small  field  adjoining  or  near  to  a  dwelling-house, 
and  used  for  pasture,  tillage,  or  other  purposes. 

Braiide. 

CROI-SADE',  71.  [Fr.,  from  rroi>,  a  cross.]  A  holy 
war  ;  an  expedition  of  (;hristians  against  the  infidels, 
for  the  coiKpii'st  of  Palestine.  [Sec  the  more  com- 
mon word,  Crusaoe.] 

CROIS'ES,  II.  pi.  [See  Cross.]  Soldiers  enzaged  in 
a  croisade,  and  wearing  the  badge  of  it.  Burke. 

2.  Piliirims  wearing  the  same  badgi?,  and  acconipa- 
nving  the  military  expedition.  ./.  .Mnrduck. 

CRo'KER,  ».  .\  water  fowl  that  inhabits  the  Chesa- 
|i.  ;Lk  and  the  larL'e  rivers  in  Virginia  ;  sometiiiK  S  of 
three  feet  in  lenglli.  Feiiiianl. 

CRO.M'LECII,  (krom'lek,)  n.  [W.  cromlc<; ;  crom, 
bent,  concave,  and  Ilec,  a  Hat  stone.] 

A  term  applied  to  huge  flat  stones,  resting  on  other 
stones,  set  on  end  for  that  [lurpose;  supposed  to  be 
the  remains  of  druidical  altars.  Rowland,  JiUin.  Jinliq. 

CRO-MOR'.N' A,  ».  [I'r.  cromorne;  Ger.  krummhorn, 
crmiked  horn.] 

The  n.-niie  of  a  reed  stop  in  the  organ,  voiced  like 
the  oboe,  but  of  a  dillereiit  (piality,  bearing  the  same 
relatioji  to  the  oboe  as  the  stopped  diap.ason  to  the 
open.    Corniptlv  written  Cremona. 

CROM-\VEL'l,l-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Cromwell. 

CKO.N  E.n.  [Ir.  crKimi,  old  ;  crinn,  withered  ;  crionaim, 
to  wither,  fade,  decay  ;  \V.  crinaw,  to  w  ither,  to  be- 
come brillle  ;  (Jr.  ycowf,  old.] 

1.  An  olil  woman.  Sliak.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  4ii  old  ewe.  Tusser. 
CRo'.N'ET,  n.    [corniicf.]    The  hair  which  grows  over 

the  top  of  a  horse's  hoof.  Johnson. 
2.  The  iron  at  the  end  of  a  tilting  spade.  Bailey. 
CRO.N'IC-AL,  CRO.V'VC-AL.    See  Acrosicau 
CRO'NV,  71.    [See  Crone.    Hut  this  word  seems  to 

carry  the  sense  of  fcUowship,  and  is  precisely  the  Ar. 

karana,  to  join,  to  associate  ;  whence  its  deriv- 
ative, an  associate.] 

An  intimate  companion  ;  an  associate ;  a  familiar 
friend. 

To  olili^*  your  crony,  Svvifl, 

Dvitg  our  iLiine  .1  new  yejir  s  gift.  S-Aft. 

Hence,  nn  old  crony  is  an  intimate  friend  of  long 
standing. 

CR(.)OK,  II.  [Sw.  krok  :  Dan.  krog  ;  Fr.  croc,  crochet; 
Arm.  crocq :  Ir.  crura  ;  \V.  crtcg,  crieca,  croca  Goth. 
hrugg,  a  shepherd's  crook,  which  in  lUilian  is  rocco : 
VV.  crug,  a  heap,  a  rick;  Sax.  Aric ;  Eng.  a  ridge; 
G.  rilcken,  the  back  or  riilge  of  an  animal.  These 
words  apiiear  to  be  connected  with  L.  ruga,  a 
wrinkle,  Russ.  kryg,  okrug,  a  circle.  Wrinkling 
forms  roughness,  and  this  is  the  ra<lical  sense  of 
lUKirseness,  It.  ruco,  hoarse,  L.  raucits.  Eng.  rough, 
VV.  cryg,  rough,  hoarse.  The  radical  sense  of  crook 
is,  to  strain  or  draw;  hence,  to  bind.] 

1.  .\ny  bend,  turn,  or  curve  ;  or  a  bent  or  curving 
insiriiinent.  VVc  speak  of  a  crook  in  a  stick  of  tim- 
ber, or  in  a  river  ;  and  any  hook  is  a  crook. 

2.  .\  shepherd's  stalT,  curving  at  the  end  ;  a  pas- 
toral staff.  When  used  by  a  bishop  or  abbot,  it  is 
called  a  crosier. 


Re  left  his  crook,  he  left  his  flocks. 

3.  A  gibbet. 

4.  An  artifice ;  a  trick. 


Prior. 


Cranmer. 


CRO 

eUfVIK,  r.  (.  (Fr.  crocher  ;  Sw.  krUka  ;  Dan.  irHgtr; 
VV^.  crtreau,  rrocau.] 

1.  To  bend  ;  to  turn  from  a  straight  line  ;  lo  make 
a  curve  or  hook. 

2.  To  turn  from  rectitude  ;  to  pervert.  Bacon, 

3.  To  thwart,    [/.itlle  u.^^ed.] 

CRQQK,  v.  i.    To  bend  or  be  bent ;  to  be  turned  from 

a  right  line  ;  to  curve  ;  to  wind.  Camden, 
CKOOIv'-I!,\CK,  71.    A  crooked  back  ;  one  who  hag  a 

crooked  back  or  round  shouldiTS.  Shak. 
CliOQK'-ItACK-KI),  (  bakt,)  a.  Having  a  round  back, 

or"  shoulders.  Vryden, 
CROOK'El),  (/)nr(.  krookt,  adj.  krook'ed,)  ;</>.  or  a. 

ISeiit  ;  curved  ;  curving  ;  winding. 
2.  Winding  in  moral  conduct ;  devious;  froward  ; 

perverse  ;  going  out  of  the  path  of  rectitude  ;  given 

to  obliquity,  or  wandering  from  duty. 

'rii-y  ap_'  A  iMTventi-  luul  crooked  ^nfmlion.  —  Deut.  xxxii. 
CROOK'ED-LV,  adc.    In  a  winding  manner. 

2.  Cntowardly  ;  not  com|iliantly. 
CROOK'ED-NESS,  n,    A  winding,  bending,  or  turn- 
ing ;  ciirvity  ;  curvature  ;  infiection.  Hooker. 

6.  Perverseness  ;  iiiitowardness  ;  deviation  from 
rectitude;  inii|iiity  ;  obliquity  of  conduct. 

3.  Deformity  of  a  gibbous  body. 

.Johnson,  Taylor, 
€\lCiOK' F.'S ,  V.  t.   To  make  crooked.    [Mil  in  it»e.] 
CRtVlK'l.NG,  ppr.    Rending  ;  winding. 
Cl!OOK'-K.\HEI),«.  Having  crooked  knees.  Shak. 
eROOK'-SIloLL-DKR-£D,  a.    Having  bent  shoul- 
ders. 

CROP,  71.  [Sax.  crop,  cropp,  the  crop  of  a  fowl,  a 
cluster,  ears  of  com,  grapes,  grains  of  corn  ;  D. 
Urop  ;  G.  krnpf;  VV.  crop,  the  crop  or  craw  ;  cropiatl, 
a  gathering  into  a  heap, a  creeping;  cropian,  to  creep. 
Here  we  see  that  crop  is  a  gathering,  and  that  it  is 
ctmnected  \\'itli  creep,  whose  radical  sense  is  to  catch 
or  take  hold.  Hence  crop  coincides  with  L.  carpn, 
corpus,  ami  perhaps  with  reap,  rapio,  as  ij,  does  with 
jrnipple.  Hence  we  see  how  the  crop  of  a  fowl,  and 
a  rrii/>  of  grain  or  hay,  are  consistently  the  same 
word.] 

1.  The  first  stomach  of  a  fowl ;  the  craw. 

2.  The  top  or  highest  jKirt  of  a  thing ;  the  end. 
[A"f  in  use.]  Chaiicfr. 

3.  That  wliieli  is  grithered  ;  the  corn  or  fruits  of 
the  earth  collected  ;  harvest.  The  word  includes 
every  species  of  fruit  or  produce,  gathered  for  man 
or  beast. 

4.  Corn  and  other  cultiv;ited  plants  while  growing ; 
a  popular  m.s-c  of  the  icurd. 

.■>.  Any  thing  cut  off  or  gathered. 

(i.  Hair  cut  close  or  short. 
CROP,  V.  t.  To  cut  ofT  the  ends  of  any  thing  ;  to  eat 
ort';  to  pull  off;  to  pluck  ;  to  mow  ;  to  reap;  a:i,  to 
crop  (lowers,  trees,  or  grass.  Man  crops  tree.M  or 
plants  with  an  instnimnit,  or  with  his  fingns;  a 
beast  crops  with  his  teeth. 

2.  To  cut  off"  prematurely  ;  to  gather  before  it  falls. 

While  force  our  youth,  like  fniils,  untimely  crop*.  DejiJtam. 

3.  To  cause  to  bear  a  crop  ;  as,  to  crop  a  field. 
CROP,  r.i.    To  yield  harvest.    [.Vot  iji  u,ic.l  Shak. 
CROP'-IOAR,  n.    [cr«;i  and  rnr.]    A  horse  v.'Iiose  ears 

are  crojiped.  Shak. 
CROI"-i;.\R-£D,  a.    Having  the  ears  cropped. 

B,  Jonton, 

CROP'FIIL,  a.    Having  a  full  crop  or  belly  ;  s.-itiatcd. 

Jililton. 

CROP'-OUT,  r.  i.    To  ripen  to  a  full  crop. 

2.  When  an  inclined  stratum,  as  of  coal,  appe.irs 

on  the  surface,  it  is  said  to  crop  ouf.  I.urll. 
CROP'PA.D,  /  pp.  or  a.    Cut  off;  plucked  ;  eaten  ofT; 
CROPT,       j      reaped  or  mowed. 
CROP'PER,  II.    A  pigeon  with  a  large  crop. 

Johnson.  Wallofn, 
eV.OV'\'\'SG,ppr.  Cutting  off";  pulling  off";  rating  of; 

reaping  or  mowing. 
CROP'PI  .\"G,  II.    The  .act  of  cutting  off". 

2.  The  raising  of  crops. 
CROP'-SICK,  a.    Sick  or  indisiiosed  from  a  sur- 

cliargiul  stomach  ;  sick  with  excess  in  eating  or 

drinking.  Tate, 
CROP'-SICK-NESS,  n.    Sickness  from  rcpletiim  of 

the  stomach,    [h.  craputa,] 
CRo'SIER,  (kro'zhur,)  n.    [Fr.  erosse,  a  ero.nrr,  a  hat 

or  gatr  stick  ;  crasser,  to  play  at  cricket ;  Arm.  crt/f!  ; 

from  the  root  of  cross.] 

1.  .\  bishop's  crtHik  or  pastoral  staff,  a  symbol  of 
pastoral  authority  and  care.  Il  consists  of  a  gold  or 
silver  staff,  crtutked  at  the  ti>p,  and  is  carried  occa- 
.•ionally  befiirc  bishops  and  abbots,  and  held  in  the 
hand  when  they  give  solemn  benedictions.  The  use 
of  crosiers  is  ancient.  Originally,  a  crosier  was  a 
staff"  with  a  cross  on  the  top,  in  form  of  a  crutch  or  T. 

F.ncye, 

2.  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  four  stars  in  the 
southern  hemisphere,  in  the  form  of  a  cross ;  the 
Southern  Cross.  FMcyc 

CROS'LET,  n.  [See  Cross.]  A  small  cross.  In 
heraldni,  a  cross  crossetl  at  a  small  di-stance  from 
the  ends.  F.ncye. 

CROSS,  II.  (VV.  crocs;  .Ann.  croaz;  G.  Jtrcii: ;  Sw 
kors;    Dan.   kryds  and  kors;   Kuss.  krest.  Class 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


36* 


CRO 


CRO 


CRO 


Rd.  But  the  English  cross  would  seem  to  be  from 
the  L.  cruZj  through  the  Fr.  croixj  crosier ;  It,  crace  ; 
Sp.  cruz  ;  \V.  crotr^  coinciding  witli  the  Ir.  re^h, 
riagh.  Qu.  the  identity  of  these  words.  The  Irish 
h;is  cros,  a  cross  ;  crosa'dh,  crosaim,  to  cross,  to  hinder. 
If  the  last  radical  is  g  or  c,  this  word  belongs  to  the 
root  of  crook,    Chaucer  uses  croucke  for  cross.] 

1.  A  gibbet  consisting  of  two  pieces  of  timber 
placed  across  .each  other,  either  in  form  of  a  T  or  of 
an  X.  That  on  which  our  Savior  suffered,  is  repre- 
sented, on  coins  and  other  monuments,  to  have  been 
of  the  former  kind.  Kiicijc. 

2.  Tlie  ensign  of  the  Christian  religion  ;  and  hence, 
figuratively,  the  religion  itself.  Rome. 

3.  A  monument  with  a  cross  upon  it,  to  excite  de- 
votion, such  as  were  anciently  set  in  market-places. 

JohiiA-on.  Shak. 

4.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a  cross  or  gibbet. 

5.  A  line  drawn  through  another.  Johnson, 

6.  Any  thing  that  thwarts,  obstructs,  or  perplexes; 
hinderance  ;  vexation  ;  misfortune ;  opposition  ;  trial 
of  patience. 

Heaven  prepares  good  men  with  crosses.         B.  Jonson, 

7.  A  mixing  of  breeds  in  producing  animals. 

8.  Money  or  coin  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a 
cross.  Dryderu 

9.  The  right  side  or  face  of  a  coin,  stamped  with 
a  cross.  Kncyc. 

10.  The  mark  of  a  cross,  instead  of  a  signature, 
on  a  deed,  formerly  impressed  by  those  who  could 
not  write.  Encyc. 

11.  Church  lands  in  Ireland.  Davies. 

12.  In  theology,  the  sufferings  of  Christ  by  cruci- 
fixion. 

Tl»t  he  might  reconcile  both  to  God  in  one  body  by  the  crofi*.  — 
Epii.  ii. 

13.  The  doctrine  of  Christ's  sufferings  and  of  the 
atonement,  or  of  salvation  by  Christ. 

The  preaching  of  the  cross  is  to  tliem  that  perish  foohahnesa.  — 

1  Cor.  i.   Gal.  v. 
To  take  up  the  cross,  is  to  submit  to  troubles  and 
afflictions  from  love  to  Christ. 

14.  In  mining,  two  nicks  cut  in  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  thus,  -j-. 

Cross  and  pile  {  a  play  with  money,  at  which  it  is 
put  to  chance  whether  a  coin  shall  fall  with  that  side 
up  which  bears  the  cross,  or  the  other,  which  is  called 
pile,  (pilcB,)  or  reverse. 
€ROSs,  a.  Transverse  ;  oblique  ;  ptissing  from  side 
to  side  ;  falling  athwart  ;  as, a  cross  beam. 

The  cross  refraction  of  a  second  prism.  Newton. 

2.  Adverse  ;  opposite  ;  obstructing  ;  sometimes 
with  to  ;  as,  an  event  cross  to  our  inclinations. 

3.  Perverse ;  untractable  ;  as,  the  cross  circum- 
stances of  a  man's  temper.  South. 

4.  Peevish  ;  fretful  ;  ill-humored  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons or  things;  as,  a  cross  woman  or  husband;  across 
answer. 

5.  Contrary  ;  contradictory  ;  perplexing. 
Contradictions  that  seem  to  lie  cross  and  uncouth.  South. 

6.  Adverse ;  unfortunate. 

Beliold  llie  cross  and  unkicky  issue  of  my  design.  Glanvilte. 

7.  Interchanged  ;  as,  a  cross  marriage,  when  a 
brother  and  sister  intermarry  with  two  persons  who 
have  the  same  relation  to  each  other.  Bailey. 

8.  Noting  what  belongs  to  an  adverse  party  ;  as,  a 
cross  interrogatory.  Kent. 

€ROS.S,  prep.  Athwart :  transversely  ;  over;  from  side 
to  side  ;  so  as  to  intersect. 

Ami  cross  thf-ir  limits  cut  a  sloping  way.  Dryien. 
This  is  admissible  in  poetry,  as  an  abbreviation  of 
Across. 

CROSS,  V.  t.  To  draw  or  run  a  line,  or  lay  a  body 
across  another ;  as,  to  cross  a  word  in  writing ;  to 
cross  the  arms. 

2.  To  erase  ;  to  cancel  ;  as,  to  cross  an  account. 

3.  To  make  the  sign  of  the  cross,  as  Roman  Cath- 
olics in  rievotitui. 

4.  To  pass  from  side  to  side ;  to  pass  or  move  over ; 
as,  to  cross  a  road  ;  to  cross  a  river  or  the  ocean.  1 
crossed  the  English  Channel,  from  Dieppe  to  llrigh- 
ton,  in  a  steamboat,  Sept.  18,  1824.  JV.  IV. 

5.  To  thwart ;  to  obstruct ;  to  hinder  ;  to  embar- 
ra-HS  ;  as,  to  cross  a  purpose  or  design. 

().  To  counteract ;  to  clash  or  interfere  with  ;  to  be 
incimsi»t<mt  with  ;  as,  natural  appetites  may  cross 
our  principles. 

7.  To  counteract  or  contravene  ;  to  hinder  by  au- 
thority ;  to  stop.    [See  No.  5.] 

8.  To  contradict.  Bacon.  Honker. 

9.  To  debar  or  preclude.  Sltuk. 
To  crofts  the  breed  of  an  animal,  is  to  produce  young 

from  different  varieties  of  the  species. 
CROSS,  V.  I.    To  lie  or  be  athwart. 

2.  'i'o  move  or  pass  laterally,  or  from  one  side  toward 
the  oilier,  or  from  place  to  place,  eithiT  at  right  an- 
gles or  oblitpiely  ;  as,  to  cross  from  Nantucket  lo  New 
Bedford. 

3.  To  be  incimsistent ;  an,  men's  actions  do  not  al- 
wayii  eroM  with  reason.    [JVot  luirrf.]  Sidney. 


eROSS'-ARM-^;D,  a.  With  arms  across.  In  botany, 
brachiate ;  decussated  ;  having  brandies  in  pairs, 
each  at  right  angles  with  the  next.  Jlartyn. 

eROSS'-BAR-R£D,  (-bird,)  a.  Secured  by  transverse 
bars.  '  Milton. 

CROSS'-BAR-RoW,  71.    An  .arrow  of  a  cross-bow. 

CROSS'-BAR-SHOT,  71.  A  bullet  with  an  iron  bar 
passing  through  it,  and  standing  out  a  few  inches  on 
each  side  ;  used  in  naval  actions  for  cutting  the  ene- 
my's rigging.  Encyc. 

€ROSS'-BE.\R-ER,  n.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church, 
the  chaplain  of  an  archbishop  or  primate,  who  bears 
a  cross  before  him  on  solemn  occasions.  Also,  a  cer- 
tain officer  in  the  Inquisition,  who  makes  a  vow  be- 
fore the  inquisitors  to  defend  the  Roman  Catholic 
faitji,  though  with  the  loss  of  fortune  and  life. 

Encyc. 

CROSS'-BILL,  71.  In  chancery,  an  origin.il  biil  by 
which  the  defendant  prays  relief  against  the  plaintiff. 

Blaclcstone. 

€ROSS'-BILL,  7t.  A  species  of  bird,  the  Lozia  curvi- 
rostra,  the  mandibles  of  whose  bill  curve  opposite 
wavs  and  cross  each  other.  Encyc. 

€R08S'-BlTE,  71.    A  deception  ;  a  cheat.  L'Estrange. 

CROSS'-BtTE,  V.  t.  To  thwart  or  contravene  by  de- 
ception. Collier. 

eitOSS'-BIT-ING,  ppr.  Thwarting  or  contravenuig 
by  deception. 

eROSS'-Brr-T£N,  pp.    Contravened  by  deception. 

CROSS'-BoW,  71.  In  archery,  a  weapon  used  for 
shooting,  and  formed  by  placing  a  bow  athwart 
a  stock.  Bailey. 

CROSS'-BoW-ER,  71.  One  who  shoots  with  a  cross- 
bow. Ralegh. 

€ROSS'-BREED,  71.  A  breed  produced  from  the  male 
and  female  of  dilferent  breeds. 

€ROSS'-BU.\,  71.  ,\  bun  or  cake  with  a  cross  marked 

CROSS'CUT,  r.  t.    To  cut  across.  [on  it. 

€ROS.S'eUT-SAVV,  71.  A  saw  managed  by  two  men, 
one  at  each  end. 

€ROSS'£D,  (krost,)  pp.  Having  a  line  drawn  over; 
canceled  ;  erased  ;  passed  over  ;  thwarted  ;  opposed  ; 
obstructed  ;  counteracted. 

eilOSS-ETTE',  11.  [Fr.]  In  architecture,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  sini'll,  projettiug  pieces  in  arch  stones, 
which  hanc  upon  the  adjacent  stones.  Brande. 

€K0SS'-r.X-A.M-l.\-A'T10.\',  n.  'J'he  examination  or 
intcrrii^ali'Ui  of  a  witness,  called  by  one  party,  by 
tlie  ii|>p.isitc'  party  or  his  counsel. 

CROS.-^-EX  A.M'IN'E,  V.  t.  'i'o  examine  a  witness  by 
the  upfKisnc  |);irTy  itr  his  counsel,  as  the  witness  for 
the  plaintiti'  by  the  defendant,  and  vice  versa. 

The  opportunity  to  cross-exajnme  the  witnesses  has  been  ex- 
pressly waived.  Kent, 

CROSS-EX-AM'IN-iO),  pp.  Examined  or  interroga- 
ted by  the  op[)osite  party. 

CROSS-EX-AiM'IN-l.\G,  ppr.  Examining  or  interro- 
gating bv  the  opposite  party. 

€ROSS'-E?-£:i),  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  that  kind  of  squint 
by  which  both  the  eyes  turn  toward  the  nose,  so  that 
the  rays,  in  passing  to  each  eye,  cross  the  other. 

Forby. 

CROSS'-FLoW,  7t.  I.    To  flow  across.  Milton. 

eROSS'-GR.\lN-AD,  a.  Having  the  grain  or  fibers 
across  or  irregular,  and  hence  difficult  to  work  ;  as  in 
timber,  t\'here  a  branch  shoots  frtun  the  trunk,  there 
is  a  curling  of  the  grain. 

2.  Figuratively,  perverse  ;  untractable  ;  not  conde- 
scending. 

eUOSS'ING,  ppr.  Drawing ;  running  or  passing  a 
line  over  ;  erasing  ;  canceling  ;  thwarting  ;  ojiposing  ; 
ctmnteracting  ;  passing  over. 

CROSS'INO,  71.   A  thwarting;  impediment;  vexation. 

2.  A  passing  across. 

3.  The  place  of  passing;  as,  the  crossings  of  the 
streets. 

CROSS'-JACK,  (kro'jak,)  n.  A  sail  extended  on  the 
lower  yard  of  the  mizzen-mast,  but  seldom  used. 

Encyc. 

€ROSS'-LEG-G£D,  (-legd,)  a.  Having  the  legs 
across. 

CROSS'-UKE,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  cross. 
CKOS.S'LY,  mill.    Athwart  ;  so  as  to  intersect  some- 
thing else. 

2.  Adversely  ;  in  opposition  ;  unfortunately. 

3.  Peevishly  ;  fretfully. 

eilOSS'NESS,  n.  Peevishness;  frctfulness  ;  ill-hu- 
mor ;  perverseness. 

CROSS'-PATCH,  71.  An  ill-natured  persmi.  [Still 
heard  in  JWw  England.]  Mem,  of  II,  More, 

eilOSS'-PIicCE,  H.  A  rail  of  timber  extending  over 
the  windlass  of  a  ship,  furnished  with  pins  with 
which  to  fasten  the  rigging,  as  occasion  requires. 

E,ncyc, 

CROSS'-PUR-POSIO,  71.  A  contrary  purpose  ;  contra- 
dictory sysft'in  ;  also,  a  conversation  in  which  one 
person  does  or  pretends  to  misunderstand  another's 
meaning.    An  enigma;  a  riddle.  Maaon. 

eilOSS-UUES'TION,  e.  (.    To  cross-examine. 

Killingbeck, 

CROSS-anES'TION-lNG,  ppr.  Cross-examining. 
eROSS'-Rl":AD-lNG,  71.  The  reading  of  the  lines  of  a 
newspaper  directly  across  the  page,  through  the  ad- 


joining columns,  thus  confounding  the  sense,  and 
often  proihicing  a  ludicrous  combination  of  ideas.  ^ 

€Rl)SS'-RoVV,  (  ro  )  71.    Tiie  alphabet,  so  named  be" 
cause  a  cross  is  placed  at  the  beginning,  to  show 
tluu  tile  end  of  learning  is  piety.     Johtison.  Sluilc 
2  A  row  that  crosses  others. 

CROS!^'  SKA,  71.  Waves  running  across  others;  a 
swell  running  in  diflerent  tiirectitms. 

CROSS'-S'l  AFF,  71.  An  instrument  to  take  the  alti- 
tude of  the^sun  or  stars. 

€ROSS'-SToNE,  n    See  H.vsuoto.me  and  Stauro- 

LITE. 

CROSS'-TIN-ING,  71.  in  hu.ihandry,  a  harrowing  by 
drawing  the  harrow  or  drag  back  and  forth  on  the 
same  ground.  Encyc, 

CROSS'-TREES,  71.  pi.  In  ships,  certain  pieces  of  tim- 
ber, supported  by  the  cheeks  and  trestle-trees,  at  the 
upper  ends  of  the  lower  niast-s,  to  sustain  the  frame 
of  the  top,  and  on  the  topmasts,  to  e.xteud  the  top- 
gallant shrouds.  Mar,  Diet, 

CROSS'-W.A  Y,  (  71.    A  way  or  road  that  crosses  an- 

€ROSS'-Ro.\li,  (  other  road  or  the  chief  road  ;  an 
obscure  path  intersecting  the  main  road.  Shak, 

CROSS'-WIND,  71.  A  side  wind  ;  an  unfavorable 
wind.  Boyle, 

GROSS'WTSE,  adv.    Across  ;  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 

C!tOS8'-WORT,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Valantia. 

CROTCH,  71.  [Fr.  croc,  a  hook.  See  Crook  and 
Crutch.] 

1.  A  fork  or  forking  ;  the  parting  of  two  legs  or 
branches  ;  as,  the  crotch  of  a  tree.     Bacon,  Forby, 

2.  In  ships,  a  crooked  timber  placed  on  the  keel,  in 
the  fore  and  aft  parts  of  a  sliip. 

3.  A  piece  of  wood  or  iron,  opening  on  the  top  and 
extending  two  horns  or  arms,  like  a  half  moon,  used 
for  supporting  a  boom,  a  spare  topmast,  yards,  &c. 

Mar,  Diet, 

eROTCH'f;n,  (krotcht,)  a.    Having  a  crotch  ;  forked. 
CROTCH'ET,  71.    [Fr.  crochet,  croche,  from  croc.  See 
Crook.] 

1.  In  printing,  a  term  applied  to  brackets  or  hooks 
including  U'ortls,  a  sentence,  or  a  passage,  distin- 
guishi'd  from  the  rest,  thus  [-  ]. 

2.  In  music,  a  note  or  character,  equal  in  time  to 


half  a  minim,  and  the  double  of  a  quaver,  thus. 


3.  A  piece  of  wood  resembling  a  fork,  used  as  a 
support  in  building. 

4.  .\  i>eculiar  turn  of  the  mind ;  a  whim,  or  fancy  ; 
a  perverse  conceit. 

All  the  devi&'s  and  crotchets  of  new  inventions.  Howell. 
eROTCH'E  l'-ED,  a.    Marked  with  crotchets. 
CROTCH'ET-Y,  a.     Having  perverse  conceits,  or 

crotchets  of  the  brain. 
CRO'TON  OIL,  71.  Oil  from  the  Croton  tiglium,a  plant 

of  the  East.    It  is  a  violent  cathartic,  and  causes 

small  pustules  when  rubbed  on  the  skin.  Brande. 
eROUClI,  t>.  i.    [G.  kriechen,  kroch,  kriiche,  to  creep, 

to  stooj),  to  cringe,  probably  allied  to  crook,  Fr. 

crochn,  as  cringe  to  crank.    Class  Rg.  Vulgarly, 

crooch,  scrooclL.'\ 

1.  To  bend  down  ;  to  stoop  low  ;  to  lie  close  to  the 
ground  ;  as  an  animal.  A  dog  crouches  to  his  mas- 
ter ;  a  lion  crouches  in  the  thicket. 

2.  To  bend  servilely  ;  to  stoop  meanly  ;  to  fawn  ; 
to  cringe. 

Every  one  that  is  left  in  thy  house  shall  come  and  crouch  to  hiro, 
for  a  piece  of  bread.  —  1  S.am.  ii. 

CROITCH,  t'.  (.  [See  Cross.]  To  sign  with  the  cross ; 
to  bless.    [JVof  111  iisf.]  Chancer. 

CROUCU'ED-FRI-ARS,  71.  pi.  An  order  of  friars, 
so  called  from  the  cross  which  they  wore. 

CROUCIl'lNG,  ;>pr.  or  o  Bending';  stooping;  cring- 
ing. 

CROUP,  (kroop,)  71.  [Fr.  croupe,  a  ridge,  top,  but- 
tocks, Sp.  grnpa ;  Port,  garupa ;  It.  grappa;  W. 
criA;   Riiss  /fr.eei,  crooked  ;  Aric/yii,  to  bend.] 

The  rtiinp  of  a  fowl ;  the  buttocks  of  a  liorse  or 
extremity  of  the  reins  above  the  hips. 

CROUP,  (kroop,)  71.  [Scot,  croup,  cropc,  crupe,  crowp, 
to  croak,  to  cry  or  speak  with  a  lioarsc  voice  ;  Goth. 
hropyan  :  Sax.  hreopan,  to  call  out.] 

'I'he  disease  called  technically  cynanche  trachealis, 
an  inflanmiatory  affection  of  the  trachea,  accompa- 
nied with  a  hoarse  cough  and  difficult  respiration.  It 
is  vulgarly  called  rattles, 

CROU-PAliE',  71.  [from  croup,  or  its  root.]  In  the 
maneire,  a  leap  in  which  the  horse  pulls  up  his  hind 
legs,  "as  if  he  drew  thein  up  to  his  belly.  Encyc. 

CROU'PI-ER,  (kroo'pe-<'r,)  II.  [Fr.]  He  who  watclu's 
the  cards  and  collects  the  money  at  a  gaming-table 

2.  One  who,  at  a  public  dinner  parly,  sits  at  the 
lower  end  of  the  table  as  assistant  chairman.  Smart. 

KROUt'  i  "■    t**'  •^"'•''"fi'^'  •  D.*r«irf.] 

Sour  crout  is  made  by  laying  minced  or  chopped 
cabbage  in  layers  in  a  barrel,  with  a  handful  of  salt 
and  caraway  seeds  between  the  layers;  Ihen  raiii- 
niing  down  the  whole,  covering  it,  pressing  it  Willi  a 
heavy  weight,  and  suffering  it  lo  stand,  till  it  has 
gone  through  fermentation.  It  is  an  efficacious  pre- 
servativt^  against  scurvy  in  long  voyages.  F.neijc, 


FATE,  FAR,  Vfiljh,  WH-ST.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  ByQK — 


286 


CRO 


CRU 


CRU 


eitOVV,  (krO,)  n.  [Sux.  craicf. :  Dan.  kra<re;  Sw. 
kniku  :  D.  kra/ii :  G.  krdhe  :  ho  named  fnini  its  cry,  <J. 
kratirn,  1).  kraaijcn,  GdIIi.  AruA,  a  croaking,  hrukijan, 
tucruoA  or  crow,  L.  cruciu,  Gi.  «,iiu;(.>,  >t;<n(u),«c<|Oa)  a. 
It  lias  no  Lonni'clion  with  L.  eonits,  but  rook  is  of 
liie  same  fiimily.] 

I.  A  large  black  bird,  of  the  genun  Corvus  ;  the 
beak  is  convex  and  ciiltratcd,  the  nostrils  are  cover<-(l 
with  brisjly  feathers,  the  lonsnc  is  forked  and  car- 
tilaginous. This  is  a  voracious  bird,  feeding  on  car- 
rion and  cmin,  particularly  maize,  which  it  iiulls  up, 
just  aftiT  it  ap|iears  above  pround. 

To  iiluck  or  iiiill  n  cruie,  is  to  be  industrious  or  con- 
tentious about  a  tride,  or  thing  of  no  v.aliie.  Johnson. 

a.  \  bar  of  iron  with  a  beak,  crook,  or  two  claws, 
used  in  raising  and  moving  heavy  weights,  drawing 
spikes,  etc.  Mozon. 

3.  The  voice  of  the  cock.    [See  the  verb.] 

4.  The  iiieseiitcry  or  rtiBie  of  a  beiust,  so  called  by 
butchers. 

eUOVV,  t>.  i.  ■•  prrL  and  pp.  Cboweu  ;  formerly  pret. 
CiiEW.  [Sax.  craiDan  ;  1).  kraaijen  ;  O.  krdhen  ;  Gr. 
Aou^di.   See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  cry  or  make  u  noise  as  a  cock,  in  joy,  gay- 
cty,  or  defiance. 

a.  To  boast  in  triumph  ;  to  vaunt ;  to  vapor ;  to 
swagger.  [A  popular,  but  not  an  elegant  use  of  Uic 
trnri/.]  Orandisoa. 

CROW'-HXR,  It.  A  bar  of  iron  sharpened  at  one  end, 
used  as  a  lever  for  raising  heavy  bodies. 

CROVV'-llKll-KY,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  F.inpetriiin, 
or  bi-rrv-bearing  heath,  One  species  bears  the  crow- 
crake  berries.  F.nciir. 

eUoW'S'-Bll.L,  n.  In  surgery,  a  kind  of  forcejis  for 
extractmg  bullets  and  other  things  from  wounds. 

Kiicijc. 

GROW'S'-FEET,  n.  pi.  The  wrinkles  nndi  r  the 
eves,  which  are  the  effects  of  age.    [  Oft.--.]  Cliauccr. 

eHoW'-FLOW-ER,  n.    A  kind  of  camiiion. 

eR6\V'-FOQT,  II.    l)n  board  nfsMps,  :t  complication 
of  small  cords  spreading  out  from  a  long  block  ;  used 
to  suspend  the  awnings,  or  lo  keep  the  top-sails  from 
striking  and  fri  tting  against  the  lops.  Kncije. 
■>.  In  botiinti,  the  Raiiuiicuhis,  a  genus  of  plants. 

€R0\V"S'-Fq6  |",  n.  In  the  inilitary  art,  a  machine  of 
iron,  with  toiir  points,  so  formed"  that  in  whatever 
way  it  falls,  there  is  one  point  upward,  and  intiMidi  d 
to  stop  or  embarrass  the  approach  or  inarch  of  the 
enemy's  cavalry  ;  a  caltrop.  F.ncijc. 

CKOW'INtJ,  ppr.  Uttering  a  particular  voice,  as  a 
cock  ;  bo-asiing  in  triumph  ;  vaunting  ;  bragging. 

CROVV'-KEEP-ER,  n.  A  boy  employed  to  scare  off 
crows  from  new-sown  land.  'I'his  was  fttrmerly 
soiiietinies  done  by  shooting  at  them  with  a  bow  ; 
and  hence  Lear  says,  that  fellow  handles  his  bow 
like  a  crow-kerper,  i.e.  awkwardly,  as  one  not  tniined 
to  its  use.  .  Furbtj. 

eUOW'-NKT,  n.  In  England,  a  net  for  catching  wnd 
fowls  ;  the  net  used  in  New  England  for  catching 
wild  pigeons. 

CROW-SILK,  lu    A  plant,  the  Conferva  rivalis. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

CROW-TOE,  (kro't5,)  n.  A  plant;  as,  the  tufted 
crou^-ioe.  .Milton. 

CROWD,    ill.    [Ir.  eruit;  W.  trwth,  a  swelling  or 

CROWTII,  i    bulging,  a  musical  instrument.] 

An  instrument  of  music  with  six  strings ;  a  kind 
of  violin. 

CROWD,  n.    [Sax.  cruth,  crtad.    Sec  Crew.] 

1.  Pn»pfr/i/,  a  collection ;  a  number  of  things  col- 
lected, or  closely  pressed  together. 

2.  .\  number  of  persons  rongregated  and  pressed 
together  or  collected  into  a  close  body  without  order; 
a  throng.  Ilence, 

3.  .V  multitude  ;  a  great  number  collected. 

4.  .\  niiniber  of  things  near  together ;  a  number 
promiscuously  assembled  or  lying  near  each  other ; 
as,  a  erouid  of  isles  in  the  Egean  Sea. 

5.  The  lower  orders  of  people ;  the  populace ;  the 
vulgar.  Dryden. 

CROWD,  r.  (.    To  press  ;  to  urge  ;  to  drive  together. 

2.  To  fill  by  pressing  numbers  together  without 
order ;  as,  to  crowd  a  ri>om  with  people  ;  to  croted  the 
memory  with  ideas. 

3.  To  fill  to  excess.  Volumes  of  reports  crowd  a 
lawyer's  library. 

4.  To  encumber  by  multitudes.  Shak. 

5.  To  urge  ;  to  press  by  solicitation  ;  to  dun. 

t).  I  n  seaman.ihip,  to  crowd  sail,  is  to  carry  an  extra- 
ordiniuy  force  of  sail,  with  a  view  to  accelerate  the 
cour?te  of  a  ship,  as  in  chasing  or  escaping  from  an 
enemy  ;  to  carry'  a  press  of  sail. 
t'ROWb,  r.  i.  lo  press  in  numbers;  as,  the  multi- 
tude crowdtd  through  the  gate  or  into  the  room. 

2.  To  press  ;  to  urge  forward ;  as,  the  man  eroaded 
into  the  room. 

3.  To  swann  or  be  numerous. 

CROWD'ED,  pp.  or  fl.  Collected  and  pressed  ;  pressed 
together  i  urged  ;  driven  ;  filled  by  a  promiscuous 
iiiiillitnde. 

CROWD'ER,  «.    A  fiddler;  one  who  plays  on  a 

crowd 

CROWD'I.NG,  ppr.     Pressing   together;  pushing; 


tlirii^tiiig ;   driving;  assriiibling  in  u  promiscuous 

iiiultilude;  filling;  urging. 
CROWD'I.Vt;,  «.    Tlic  act  of  crowding;  the  state  of 

being  crowded. 
GROWN,  H.    [Fr.  couronne;  Ann.  cwrun ;  W.eoron; 

D.  kroon:  G.  kranr :   Sw.  krona  ;  Dan.  krone  ;  Ir. 

coroin;  L.  corona;  Sp.  and  It.  id.;  Gr.  xup-.-nrj.  The 

radical  letlei-s  appear  to  be  Cr,  as  corolla,  witluiul  n, 

indicates,    (in.  a  top  or  roundness.    See  (/"hokus.  | 

1.  .'Vn  orii.'unent  worn  on  the  head  by  kings  and 
soviTeign  princes,  as  a  b.idge  of  imperial  or  regal 
power  and  dignity.  Figuratively,  regal  power; 
royalty  ;  kingly  government,  or  executive  authority. 

'2.  \  wreath  or  garlanil. 

3.  Honorary  distinction  ;  reward. 

Tlioy  ilo  it  to  obtiii)  a  comiiiUble  croirn ;  wc,  oil  liicumipliljif. 
—  1  Cor.  ii. 

4.  Honor;  splendor;  dignity. 

TIr.  crown  h.ia  f.ill'  n  (mm  our  hc.uU.  —  l..im.  v.  Phil.  i». 
A  virtuous  \^oii).tii  Ih  ii  croutn  lo  Uci  liiiNkiiid.  —  Prov.  xii, 

5.  The  top  of  the  lieaii ;  the  toj)  of  a  mountain  or 
other  elevatetl  object.  The  end  of  an  anchor,  or  the 
point  from  which  the  arms  proceetl. 

ti.  The  part  of  a  hat  which  covers  the  top  of  the 
head. 

7.  A  coin  anciently  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a 
crown.  The  English  crown  is  five  shillings  sterling. 
The  French  crown  is  a  hundred  and  nine  cents. 
Other  coins  bear  the  same  n;uiie. 

8.  Conipletitm  ;  accoiiipli-^liiiK'nt. 

9.  Clerical  tonsure  in  a  circular  fiirni  ;  a  little  cir- 
cle shaved  on  the  top  of  the  head,  as  a  mark  of  eccle- 
siastical odicc  or  disiinclion. 

10.  Among  jewelers,  the  upper  work  of  a  rose 
diamond. 

11.  In  botany,  an  appendage  to  the  top  of  a  seed, 
which  serves  to  bear  it  in  the  wind. 

12.  In  archilrctarr,  the  uppermost  member  of  the 
cornice,  calletl  al.so  the  corona  or  larmier. 

CROWN,  r.  t.  To  invest  with  a  crown  or  regal  orna- 
ment. Hence,  to  invest  with  regal  dignity  and 
power. 

2.  To  cover,  as  with  a  crown  ;  to  cover  tlie  top. 

Ao.l  p-^ircr..l  oliv,  s  cro:c„el  lil)  l.,.,ry  h.Mil.  Drgilen. 

3.  To  houoi  ;  to  dignify  ;  to  adorn. 

'J'hou  liitst  cr  iwned  him  with  glory  ami  lioiior.  —  Ps.  viii. 

4.  To  reward  ;  to  bestow  an  honorary  reward  or 
distinction  on  ;  as,  the  victor  croicned  with  laurel. 

.").  To  reward  ;  to  ri:eoiii|>eiisc. 

Slu'*ll  crown  a  irniti'l'iil  aiiil  a  coiMlant  llanie.  lioseommon. 

fi.  To  teriniiiate  or  finish  ;  to  complete  ;  to  perfect. 
7.  To  terminate  and  rew.ard  ;  as,  our  efforts  were 
crownni  with  success. 
CROW.N'KD,  pp.arii.    Invested  with  a  crown, or  with 
regal  power  and  iliguily  ;  honoreil ;  dignified  ;  re- 
warded Willi  a  crown,  wreath,  garland,  or  ilistinrtion ; 
reeoiiipi'nsed  ;  terniiiiated  ;  coiiipletetl  ;  perfected. 
CROW.N'EK,  n.    He  or  tli.at  which  crowns  or  com- 
pleles. 

eRO\V.\'ET,  II.  A  conuiet,  which  see.  Shakspeare 
has  used  It  for  chief  end  or  last  purpose;  but  this 
sense  is  singular. 

CROW.V'-flL.KSS,  n.  The  finest  sort  of  English  win- 
dow-glass. 

CROWN-l.M  Pl";'Rl-.\L,  n.  A  p"ant  of  the  genus 
Prilillaria,  having  a  beautiful  flower. 

CROW.N'I.N'tJ,  ppr.  or  o.  Invested  with  a  crown,  or 
with  royally  or  supreme  power;  honoring  with  a 
wre.atli  or  with  distinction  ;  adorning  ;  rewarding  ; 
finishing  ;  perfecting. 

CROW.N'I.Sf;,  n.  In  architecture,  the  upper  termina- 
tion or  finish  of  a  member  or  any  ornamental  work. 

2.  In  marine  language,  the  finishing  part  of  a  knot, 
or  interweaving  of  the  strands  at  the  end  of  a  rope. 

CROW.N'LESS,  a.    Without  a  crown.  Bi/ron. 

CROWN'-OF'KICE,  n.  In  England,  an  oflice  i),  long- 
ing to  the  Court  of  King's  llencli,  of  which  the  king's 
coroner  or  attorney  is  commonly  master,  and  in  which 
the  attorney-general  and  clerk  exhibit  informations 
for  crimes  anil  misdemeanors. 

CROWN'-POST,  n.  In  budding,  a  post  which  stands 
upright  in  the  middle,  between  two  principal  rafters. 

Bailey. 

CROWN'-SCAB,  n.  A  scab  formed  round  the  cor- 
nets of  a  horse's  hoof,  a  cancerous  ami  painful  sore. 

Farricr^s  Diet 

CROWN'-TIIIS-TI.E,  (-this-sl)  n.    A  flower. 

CROWN'-WIIEEL,  n.  .\  wheel  with  cogs  set  at  right 
angles  with  its  plane. 

2.  In  a  wauh,  the  upper  wheel  next  the  balance, 
which  drives  the  balance,  and  in  royal  pendulums,  is 
called  the  swing-wheel. 

CROW.N'-WORK,  (-wiirk,)  n.  In /ffr(iffcn(ion, an  out- 
work running  into  the  field,  consisting  of  two  demi- 
bastions  at  the  extremes,  and  an  entire  b,a,stion  in  the 
middle,  with  curtains.  It  is  designed  to  gain  some 
hill  or  advantageous  post,  and  cover  the  other  works. 

CROYL'STONE,  ii.  Crystallized  cawk,  in  which  the 
cr\  stals  ari^  sm.all.  Woodward.  Johnson. 

CRO/.E,  n.    A  cooper's  tool. 

CRO'tMAL,  (kru'shal,)  a.    [Fr.  erudale,  from  L.  crux, 


In  surgery,  transverse  ;  pxssiiig  across  ;  intersect- 
ing ;  in  form  of  a  itoss  ;  as,  crucial  ini:isiori.  Sharp. 

2.  Severe;  trying;  s<-archiiig,  as  if  bringing  to  the 
cross  ;  as,  a  crucial  experiment. 
CRO'CIA.N,  II.    A  short,  thick,  broad  fish,  of  a  deep 

yellow  color.  Diet,  of  jVat.  Hist. 

CRO'CI.aTE,  (kru'shite,)  v.  L  [L.  crucio,  to  torture, 
from  erne,  a  cross.] 

To  torture  ;  to  torment ;  to  afflict  with  extreme 
pain  or  distrt.'ss;  but  tlic  verb  is  seldom  used.  [See 
Esent'ciATj:.] 
CRC'CIA'l'E,  n.    Tormented.    [IMtle  used.] 
2.  In  botany,  having  the  form  of  a  cross. 
CRi;-CI-.\'TION,  n.   The  act  of  torturing;  torment. 

[/.ittle  used.]  Hall, 
CRO'CI-liLE,  n.    [It.  crogiaolo,  and  eroeiuolo  ;  Sp. 
crL-iol ;  Port,  ehrijsol  or  erisol ;  Fr.  creuset:  I).  Atom, 
smelt -kroes.    It  is  from  criir,  a  cro.<s,  as  Lunier  sup- 
poses, friini  till'  figure  of  the  cross  formerly  attached 

to  II.      lint  (|I1.] 

1.  A  clieiiiic.al  ve.asel  or  meltinc-|>ot,  usually  made 
of  earth,  and  so  tempered  and  baked  as  to  entlure 
extreme  heat  wilhoiit  melting.  It  is  used  for  melting 
ores,  metals,  Jtc. 

2.  In  mitiilhirgu,  a  hollow  place  at  the  bottom  of  a 
fiiriiaett  lo  receive  the  melted  met;Ll,  Fourcroy. 

CRIJ-L'lF'F.U-OU.'<,  a.  [L.  crncifer;  crux,  a  cross,  and 
/(TO,  to  lii'ar.]    Hearing  the  cross.  Diet. 

2.  In  botany,  a  t-  rni  applied  to  the  Cruciferu;,  a 
family  of  plants  having  the  four  petals  of  the  flower 
in  the  form  of  a  cross.  Partington. 

CRO'i;i-FI-f;D,  pp.  or  a.    Put  to  death  on  the  cross. 

CRO'CI-FI-ER,  11.  [See  Cure  in  .]  A  person  who 
crucifies  ;  one  who  puts  another  to  dealli  on  across. 

CRO'CI-FIX,  II.  [L.  cruc{fixus,  from  crueifigo,tu  fix 
to  a  cross  ;  crux  and  .tigo,  to  fix.] 

1.  .'V  cross  on  whicli  the  body  of  Christ  is  fastened 
in  elfigy.  Encue.  . 

2.  A  representation,  in  painting  or  statuary,  of  our 
Lord  fastened  to  the  cross.  Johnsoti. 

'J.  Figuratively,  the  religion  of  Christ.  [Little  usetl.] 

'J'anlor. 

eRL'-CI-FI.\'IO.\,  (km  se-fix'yun,)  n.  [See  Cruci- 
fix.] Thi;  nailing  or  fastening  of  a  person  to  a  cross, 
for  llie  purptise  of  putting  Iiiiii  to  tleath  ;  the  act  or 
puiiisliiiieiit  of  pulling  a  eniiiinal  to  de.atli  by  nailing 
him  to  a  cross.  jjddison. 

CKO'L'l-FOK.M,  o.  [L.  crux,  a  cross,  and  forma,  forin.J 

1.  Cross-shaped. 

2.  In  botany,  cimsisting  of  four  eipial  petals,  dis- 
poseil  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  Mirlyn. 

The  crneiform  plants,  or  Crueifera^,  compre'liend 
nearly  all  culinary  plants,  except  spinach,  as  the  cab- 
bage, liiniip,  radtlisli,  miistnrd,  &c.    Farm.  F.ncyc. 
CRO'Cl-F?,  c.  t.    [L.  crucijigo  ;  criu:,  cross,  and  Jigo, 
to  fix  ;  Fr.  erucijier ;  It.  crocifiggere ;  Sp.  cruciJiearT\ 

1.  To  nail  to  a  cross;  to  put  to  de.itli  by  nailing 
the  hands  and  feet  to  a  cross  or  gibbet,  sometimes, 
anciently,  by  fastening  a  criminal  to  a  tree  with  cords. 

B'lt  Ih'-y  cried,  C>  aci/ij  liiin,  crucify  hiin.  —  Luke  xxiii. 

2.  In  scriptural  language,  to  subdue  ;  to  mortify  ; 
lo  destroy  the  power  or  ruling  influence  of. 

Ttiry  lh.it  HFp  Chrijit'i  have  cruci/ted  the  tVsh,  with  Uic  afl'cctioni 
un.l  lusU.  — Ual.  V. 

3.  To  reject  and  despise. 

They  croH/y  lo  thonwrlveji  the  Son  of  God  nTn^sh.  —  Hel>.  vi. 

7'o  be  crucified  with  Chriit,  is  to  become  dead  to  the 
law  and  to  sin,  and  to  have  indwelling  corrupticm 
subdued.    Gal.  ii.  and  vi. 

4.  To  vex  or  torment.    [J\'</(  used.]  Burton. 
eRC'("I-F?-l.\G,  ppr.    Putting  to  death  on  a  cross  or 

gibbet ;  subduing  ;  destroying  the  life  and  (lower  of. 
CUU-CIC'ER-OUS  a.    Bearing  the  cross. 
CllUl),  II.   Curd.    [See  Cc  Ru,  the  usual  orthography.] 
CRI  'D'DLE,  r.  i.    To  curdle  ;  also,  lo  sli.op.  BrockeU 
CRCDE,  a.    [L.  cradiut ;  Fr.  erud,  cru  ;  Sp.  and  It.  cru- 
do  ;  Port,  crn  :  .\rin.  criz ;  W.  cri ;  I),  raauw ;  Sax, 
hream  ;  C.  roh  :  Eng.  raw  ;  either  from  the  r<Kit  of  cry, 
from  roughness,  (\V.  cri,  a  cry,  and  crude,)  or  from 

the  Ar.  aradha,  to  cat,  lo  corrode,  to  rankle,  to 

become  raw,  L.  rodo,  rosi.    Class  Rd,  .\o.  3.1.] 

1.  Raw  ;  not  ctKiked  or  preparcil  by  fire  or  heat ;  in 
its  natural  slate  ;  undressed  ;  as,  criirfr  flesh,  crude 
meat.    In  this  sense,  raw  is  more  generally  used. 

2.  Not  changed  from  its  natural  state  ;  not  altered 
or  prepared  by  any  artificial  process  ;  as,  crude  salt, 
crude  alum. 

3.  Rough  ;  harsh  ;  unripe  ;  not  mellowed  by  air  or 
other  means  ;  as,  crude  juice. 

4.  Unconcocted;  not  well  digested  in  the  stomach. 

Bacon. 

5.  Not  brought  to  perfection  :  unfinished  ;  imma- 
ture ;  as,  the  crude  materials  of  the  earth.  .Vdtun, 

H.  Having  indigested  notions.  Milton, 

7.  Indigested  ;  not  matured  ;  not  well  formed,  ar- 
ranged, or  prepared  in  Ihe  intellect ;  as,  crude  notions  ; 
a  crude  plan  ;  a  crude  theory.  Milton. 

8.  In  painting,  a  term  applied  to  a  picture  when  the 
colors  are  rudely  laid  on,  and  do  not  blend  or  har- 
monize. Brandt, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AiV'GER,  VI"CIOU8  — €  asK;6asJ;SasZ;CHa!iSH;THa3Ui  THIS. 

.  __ 


CRU 


CRU 


CRU 


CRuDE'LY,  a</u.    Williuut  due  preparation  ;  without 
form  or  arrangement ;  vvithotit  uiaturity  or  digestion. 
CRC'DE'N'ESS,  ?i.    Rawness;  unripeness;  an  undi- 
gested or  unprepared  state  ;  as,  tlic  cnuleiie^s  of  Aesh 
or  |)lants,  or  of  any  body  in  its  natural  state. 

2.  A  state  of  being  unformed  or  iiuligested;  inima- 
Inreness  ;  as,  tlie  crudeiiess  of  a  theory. 
eUO'DI-TY,  n.    [L.  cruditas.] 

Rawness  ;  crudeness  ;  sonjething  in  a  cnide  state. 
Among  pkysicians,  a  term  ajiplied  to  undigested  sub- 
stances in  the  stom.icli,  or  unconcocted  humors  not 
well  prepared  for  expulsion  ;  excrements. 

Coze,  Encyc. 

eRu'DLE,  V.  t.    To  coagulate.    Rut  this  word  is  gen- 
erally written  Curdle  ;  which  see. 
GRC'liV,  a.    Concreted;  coagulated.    [JVof  in  use.] 
[See  Curd.]  Spenser. 
2.  Raw  ;  chill.    [JVot  used.]   [See  Crude.]  Sliak. 
CKP'EL,  a.    [Fr.  cruel;  h.  cradelis ;  It.  crudcle.  See 
Crude  and  Rude.] 

J.  Disposed  to  give  pain  to  others,  in  body  or  mind  ; 
willing  or  pleased  to  torment,  vex,  or  afflict ;  inhu- 
man ;  destitute  of  pity,  compassion,  or  kindness  ; 
fir^rre  ;  ferocious  ;  savage  ;  barbarous  ;  hard-hearted  ; 
applied  to  persons  or  Oieir  dUpositions, 

'I'ivy  arc  crael,  ami  li.ive  no  mercy.  —  Jer.  vi. 
9.  Inhuman;  barbarous;  savage;  causing  pain, 
grief,  or  distress,  exerted  in  tormenting,  vexing,  or 
afflicting. 

Ciiraetl  !«  Uieir  wmlli,  for  it  wmcriul.  —  G?n.  xlix. 
Ttu-  u-iuler  iiit- rcii-s     the  wickpil  are  cruel.  —  Prov.  xii. 
Otlicrs  li.ul  trials  of  cruel  inocliiilgs.  —  Helj.  Jti. 

eRO'EL-LY,  wlv.  In  a  cruel  manner ;  with  cruelty  ; 
inhumanly;  barbarously. 

Because  iic  cruelly  oppressed,  he  sh:ill  tlie  in  his  iniquity.  —  Ezek. 

9.  Painfully ;  with  severe  pain  or  torture  ;  as,  an 
instrument  may  cut  the  flesh  most  cruelty. 
CRC'EE-XESS,  n.    Inhumtmity  ;  cruelty.  Spenser. 
CRU'EL-TY,  H.    [h.  crudcUtas  :  Fr.  crtiaute.] 

1.  Inhumanity;  a  savage  or  barbarous  disposition  or 
temper,  which  is  gratified  in  giving  unnecessary  pain 
or  distress  to  others;  barbarity;  applied  to  persons; 
as,  the  cruelty  of  savages ;  the  cruelty  and  envy  of 
the  people.  Shak. 

2.  Barbarous  deed  ;  any  act  of  a  human  being 
which  inflicts  unnecessary  pain  ;  any  act  intended 
to  torment,  vex,  or  afflict,  or  which  actually  torments 
or  afflicts,  without  necessity  ;  wrong ;  injustice ;  op- 
pression. 

With  force  and  with  cruelty  have  ye  ruled  tliem.  —  Ezek. 

CRO'EN-TaTE,  a.    [L.  cruentaius.] 

Smeared  with  blood.    [JUttle  used.]  Glanvillc. 

€RU-ENT'OUS,  a.    lilooily  ;  cruentale. 

€RO'ET,  n.    [Ciii.  Fr.  crciu,  hollow,  or  eruehette,{iora 
cruc/te.    See  Cruse.] 
A  vial  or  small  glass  bottle,  for  holding  vinegar, 

CRUISE,/!.    See(;BU»E.  [oil,  *ic. 

CRUlSE,  (kruze,)  v.  i.  [D.  kriiisscn,  from  kruis,  a 
cross  ;  (J.  kreuzen  ;  D.  krydser ;  Fr.  croiscr.  See  Cross.] 
To  sail  back  and  forth,  or  to  rove  on  the  ocean  in 
search  of  an  enemy's  ships  for  capture,  or  for  protect- 
ing commerce;  or  to  rove  for  pluniler,  as  a  pirate. 
The  admiral  cruised  between  the  liahaina  Isles  and 
Cuba.  VVe  cruised  oft"  Cape  Finisterre.  A  i)irate 
was  cruising  in  the  Oulf  of  .Mexico. 

eilCISE,  71.  A  voyage  made  in  croismg  courses;  a 
sailing  to  and  fro  in  search  of  an  enemy's  ships,  or 
by  a  pirate  in  search  of  pluiuler. 

eitf'IS'ER,  (kruz'er,)  n.  .\  person  or  a  ship  that 
cruises  ;  usually  an  arnied  ship  that  sails  to  and  fro 
for  capturing  an  enemy's  ships,  for  protecting  the 
commi;rce  of  the  country,  or  for  plmiili  r. 

CRUlS'I.NC;,  ppr.  Sailing  fur  the  rapture  of  an  ene- 
my's ships,  or  for  protecting  commerce,  or  for  plun- 
der, as  a  pirate. 

€RUL'LER,  n  A  kind  of  crisped  cake  boiled  in  fat. 
[See  KnuLLEB.] 

CRIJ.MB,  \  n.    [Sax.  cnima  ;  D.kruim;  G.  krume  ;  Ileb. 

CilU.M,  i  Cli.  D-13  to  gnaw,  or  break.  Class  Rm, 
.\o.  14,  II),  19,  2.1,  2ii.] 

.\  small  fragment  or  piece  ;  usually,  a  small  piece 
of  bread  or  other  food,  broken  or  cut  off;  the  soli 
part  of  bread. 

Liunu,  druring  to  br  fed  witli  the  crumbt  which  fell  from  tlie 
ricli  nian'B  Ublc.  —  [.uke  xvi. 

CRUMlt,  j  II.  (.    To  break  into  small  pieces  with  the 
CItl'.M,    i     fingers  ;  ns,  to  (-rum/;  lin  ad  into  milk. 
eKi;M'lil,E,  I!,  t.    (1).  kruimrlen  ;  (i.  kmmelyi.] 

To  break  into  small  pieces  ;  to  divide  into  minute 
part-^. 

CKU.M'Ill/E,  r.  i.  To  fall  into  small  pieces  ;  to  break 
or  |urt  into  Hinall  fragments. 

If  a  itoiie  U  Ijrittle,  It  will  cruiiijjle  into  gravel.  ArltuOinot. 

2.  To  fall  to  di.'cay  ;  to  perish  ;  as,  our  flesh  will 
crumble  iiitii  dust, 
en  I'.M'1II,/;IJ,  ;</<.  or  a.    Broken  or  parted  into  aniall 

pieces. 

eUI.'.M'llI.I.VJ.  ppr.  or  a.    Breaking  into  small  frag- 
ments; falling  into  small  j>iec<«  ;  decaying. 
eRUMB'-fcLOTII,  n.    A  cltjth  to  be  laid  under  a  ta- 


ble, to    receive  falling  fragments,  and    keep  the 

carpet  or  floor  clean. 
CRO'.ME-NAL,  n.    [L.  crumena.]     A  purse.  [JVot 

iL^ed.]  Spenser. 
CRVM'MA-TihE,  a.    That  may  be  broken  into  small 

pieces  bv  the  fingers. 
CRU.M'MV,  a.    Full  of  crumbs  ;  soft. 
CRU. MP,  a.    [Sax.  cr«m;) ;  U.  krum  ;  G.  kriimm  ;  Dan. 

kruui ;  W.  crom,  crwiUj  crookeil  ;  Ir.  crom,  whence 

croinaim,  to  bend,  crotnan^  the  hi|»-bone,  tin;  rump. 

Crump.,  rump^  rumple,  crumple,  crimplc,  are  doubtless 

of  one  family.] 

Crt>t>ked  ;  as,  cri/mp-shouldered. 
CRUiMP'ET,  n.     A  soft  cake  baked  upon  an  iron 

plate. 

€RLJ.M'PLE,  t'.  I.    [from  crump.    See  Rumple,  the 
same  word  without  :i  prefix.] 

To  draw  or  press  into  wrinkles  or  folds  ;  to  rum- 
ple or  crook.  .Addison. 

eilU.M'PLE,  u.  !.    To  contract ;  ti)  shrink.  Smitti. 

CRL'M'PLED,  pp.  or  a.    Drawn  or  pressed  into  wrin- 
kles. 

CRU.M'PLING,  p/ir-.  Drawing  or  pre.s.sing  into  wriii- 
CRUJl'PLING,  n.    A  small,  degenerate  apple,  [kles. 

Johnson. 

CRI^NK'LE  j  '■  To  cry  like  a  crane.  [AM  used.] 
,CRU'OR,u.   [L.]   Gore  ;  coagulated  blood.  0«cH/iiU. 

CROUP  {  "■    """^  l'""™^''^' 
CRLIP  d.    Short;  brittle.    [Md  in  use.] 
CRUP'PER,  (kronp'i  r,)  n.    [Fr.  croupiere ;  It. 
yif.ra ;  Sj).  a-riiprrn  :  I'roni  croupe^  S^''^PP^^  ll''*^J><^y  <i 
ridge,  tlie  buttocks  nf  a  iiorso.    See  Crol'p.j 

1.  In  the  manege,  the  buttocks  of  a  horse  ;  tlie 
rump. 

2.  A  strap  of  leather  wliich  is  buckled  to  a  saddle, 
and,  parsing  under  a  horse's  tail,  jireventsthe  saddle 
from  bein^  cast  forward  on  lo  the  horse's  neck. 

€RyP'PER,  V,  t.    To  put  a  crupper  on  j  as,  to  crupper 
a  horse. 

CRu'RATj,  a.    [L.  cruralis,  from  cms,  cruris,  the  le?.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  leg ;  as,  the  crural  arteries, 
which  convey  blood  to  the  legs,  and  the  crural  veins, 
which  return  it.  Quhicy.  Coxc. 

2,  Shaped  like  a  leg  or  root.  Brands. 
GRU-SaDE',  n.    [Fr.  croisade ;  lUcrociata;  ^-p,  cruza- 

(la  ;  from  L.  crux,  Fr.  croiz,  Sp.  cruz,  It.  croce,  a  crons. 
Class  Rg.] 

A  military  expedition  undertaken  by  authority  of 
the  Roman  CatlKilic  church,  for  the  recdvery  ttf  the 
Holy  Land,  the  scene  of  our  Savior's  life  and  siiifer- 
ings,  from  the  power  of  infidels  or  Mohamnu-dans. 
Several  of  these  expeditions  were  carried  tm  from 
Europe,  under  the  banner  of  the  cross.  The  soldiers 
had  crosses  of  ditferent  colored  cloth  sewed  upon 
their  outer  garments,  and  were  hence  called  cru- 
saders. The  term  has  also  been  applied  to  military 
expeditions  against  the  Waldenses  and  others  who 
di^Jsonted  from  the  church  of  Rome. 
CRU-SaUE',  n.  A  Portuguese  coin,  stamped  with  a 
cross._ 

€RU-SaD'ER,  n.    A  person  engaged  in  a  crusade. 

Ruhertsott. 

€I10SE,  11.    [D.  kroes.   See  CnufinLE.]    A  small  cup. 

Tak?  with  thee  a  cruve  uf  ii.ui'-j-.  —  1  Kiiig^s  xiv. 

In  J^eio  Enffland,  it  is  useil  chietjy  or  wholly  for  a 
small  bottle  or  vial  for  vinegar,  called  a  vinegar-cruse. 
€Ru'SET,  n.    [Fr.  creusct,  formerly  cruisct.    See  Cru- 
cible.] 

A  goldsmith's  cnicible  or  melting  pot.  Philips. 
CRUSH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  ecraser  ;  Ir.  scriusam.  In  Sw. 
krossa,  iji  Dan.  krystcr  signifies,  to  stptceze.  In  It. 
croscio  is  a  crushing  ;  and  crosciare,  to  throw,  strike, 
pttur,  or  rain  hard.  There  are  many  words  in  the 
Shemitic  languages  which  coincide  with  crush  in 
elements  and  signification.    Ch.  ileb.  Syr.  D"^i,  to 

break  in  pieces  j   Ar.  ^jt^^s^   garasa,   id.  ;  Eth. 

ehnrats,  to  grintl,  whence  ^ist ;  Ileb.  and 
Ch.  "pn,  and  Ch.  Syr.  Ileb.  V^"',  'o  break,  to  crush  ; 

Ar.  y_vSj  "ic  same.    See  crash,  in  English,  and  Fr. 

brisrr.  Arm.  frrnsu,  lo  bruise.  See  Class  Rd,  ."Mo.  IG, 
20,  22,  -11,  -18,  iiiiil  Syr.  N'o.  HI!.    See  Rush.] 

1.  To  press  and  bruise  belwt^en  two  haiil  bodies  ; 
to  .stiuee/.e,  so  as  to  force  a  thing  out  of  its  natural 
shapi:  ;  to  liriiise  by  pressure. 

The  liNH  —  crunht'l  Ualaain'*  foot  Hgiiilist  the  wall.  —  Num.  xxii. 

To  crush  grapes  or  apples,  is  tti  sipireze  them  till 
bruised  and  broken,  st>  that  the  juice  escapes. 
Hence,  tt>  crush  out,  is  to  force  tint  \ty  prtrssure. 

2.  To  press  with  violence  ;  to  force  together  into 
a  mass. 

;t.  'I'o  overwhelm  by  pressure  ;  to  beat  or  force 
down  by  un  incumbent  weight,  with  breaking  or 
bruiHing;  as,  the  man  was  crushed  by  tile  fall  of  a 
tree. 


4.  To  overwhelm  by  power;  to  subdue;  to  con- 
quer beyond  resistance  ;  as,  to  crush  one's  enemies  ; 
to  crush  a  rebtrllion. 

5.  To  oppress  grievously. 

Thoti  shall  Ije  only  oppressetl  anil  crushed  alw.iya.  —  DeuL 
xxviii. 

G.  Tti  bruise  and  break  into  fine  particles  by  beat- 
ing or  grinding  ;  to  comininute. 

'J'o  crush  a  cup  of  wine  ;  to  master  or  drink  it.  Shak, 
CRUSH,  i).  i.  To  be  pressed  into  a  smaller  compass  by 

external  weight  or  force. 
CRUSH,  n.    A  violent  collision,  or  rusliing  together, 
which  breaks  or  bruises  the  bodies  ;  or  a  fall  that 
breaks  or  brui.ses  into  a  confused  mass ;  as, the  cntsk 
of  a  large  tree,  or  of  a  building. 

The  wreck  of  matter  ami  the  crush  of  worlds.  Addison. 

CRUSH'iiD,  (krusht,)  jrp,  or  a.  Pressed  or  squeezed 
so  as  to  break  or  bruise  ;  overwhelmed  or  subdued 
by  power  ;  broken  or  bruised  by  a  fall ;  grievously 
oppressed  ;  broken  ttr  bruised  to  powder;  coinniinu- 

CRUSU'EK,  71.    One  who  crushes.  [ted. 

CRUSH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Pressing  or  squeezing  into  a 
mass,  or  until  broken  or  bruised ;  overwhelming  . 
subtluing  by  force ;  oppressing;  comminuting. 

CRUST,  71.  [Ij.crusta;  Fr. croiite:  It.  crosta;  1).  korst ; 
G.krustc;  W.  crcsf,  from  cresu,  to  parch  or  scorch, 
cres,  a  hardening  by  heat.  But  the  primary  sense  is 
probably  to  shrink,  contract,  harden,  whether  by 
colli  or  heat,  and  it  is  probably  allied  to  crystal, 
freeze,  cri.^p,  &.c.  See  Class  Rd,  No.  19,  33,  73,  7G, 
83,  &),  88.] 

1.  An  external  coat  or  covering  of  a  thing,  which 
is  hard  or  harder  than  the  internal  substance ;  as, 
the  crust  of  bread  ;  the  crust  of  snow  ;  the  crust  of 
drt)ss  ;  the  crust  of  a  pie. 

2.  A  deposit  from  wine  as  it  ripens,  collected  on 
the  interior  of  bottles,  &c.,  and  consisting  of  tartar 
and  ctdoring  matter.  Encyc.  of  Dom.  Eco7i. 

3.  A  piece  of  crust ;  a  waste  piece  of  bread. 

'  Dryden.    L*  Estrange, 

4.  A  shell,  as  the  hard  covering  of  a  crab  and 

5.  A  scab.  [some  other  animals. 
U.  The  siiperfici.al  substances  of  the  earth  are,  in 

geology,  calletl  its  crust, 
CRUST,  i>.  t.    To  cover  with  a  hard  case  or  coat ;  to 
spread  over  the  surface  a  substance  harder  than  the 
matter  covered  ;  to  incrust ;  as,  to  cru.vt  a  thing  with 
clay  ;  to  crust  cake  with  sugar  ;  crusted  with  bark. 

.Addison. 

2.  To  cover  with  concretions.  Suiift. 
eUUST, !'.  I.  To  gather  or  contract  into  a  hard  cov- 
ering ;  to  concrete  or  freeze,  as  su|)erficial  matter. 
CRUS-Ta'CE-A,  (-she-a,)  n.  pi.  One  of  the  classes  of 
the  Mrtteulata,  or  articulated  animals,  including  lob- 
sters, shrimps,  and  crabs;  so  called  from  the  crust- 
like shell  with  which  the  body  and  legs  are  covt^red. 

Dana. 

CRUS-Ta'CEAN,  n.  or  a.    See  Crust.icea. 
CRUS-Ta-CE-OL'O-GY,  n.     [L.  Crustacea,  and  Gr. 

Aovo?.]  The  science  which  treats  of  the  Crustacea. 
eRUS-TA-CE-0-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  crus- 

taceolog\'. 

eRUS-TA-CE-OL'O-GIST,  ».  One  versed  in  crusta- 
ceology. 

CRUS-Ta'CEOUS,  (krus-ta'shus,)  a.  [Fr.  critst<ii:<!e, 
frt)m  L.  crasta,] 

Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  crust  or  shell ; 
belonging  to  the  Crustacea,  which  see. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

CRUS-Ta'CEOUS-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  having  a 
soft  and  jointed  shell. 

CRUST' A-'I'ED,  a.  Covered  with  a  crust ;  as,  crustated 
basalt.  Enci/c. 

CRUST-A'TION,  71.  An  adherent  crust;  incrustation. 

CRUST'ED,  pp.    Covered  with  a  crust. 

CRUST'I-LY,  ado.  [from  crusty.]  Peevishly  ;  harsh- 
ly ;  morosely. 

CRUST'I-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  crust ;  hardness. 
9.  Peevishness;  moroseness  ;  surliness. 

CRUST'ING,  ppr.    CoveriUL'  with  crust. 

CRUST' Y,  o.  Like  crust ;  of  the  nature  of  crust  ;  per- 
taining to  a  hard  covering  ;  hard  ;  as,  a  crusty  coat ; 
a  crusty  surface  or  substance. 

2.  Peevish  ;  snappish  ;  int>rt»sc  ;  surly  ;  a  wonl  used 
in  familiar  discourse,  but  not  deemed  elegant.  [In  the 
old  writers  Crust  is  used.] 

CU  UT,  71.    The  rough,  shaggy  part  of  oak  bark. 

CRUTCH,  n.  [It.  croccia,  or  gruceia;  D.  kruk;  G. 
krtieke  ;  Sax.  kryekn  ;  Dan.  krykkc  ;  radically  the  same 
as  crotch  and  crook.] 

1.  A  stair  with  a  curving  cross-piece  at  the  head, 
to  be  placed  iinili  r  the  arm  or  sliouldi^r,  to  support 
the  lami'  in  walking. 

2.  Figuratirehi,  old  age.  Shak. 
CRUTCH,  I.  f.    To  suppt)rt  on  crutches;  to  prop  oi 

sustain,  with  miserable  helps,  that  which  is  leeble. 

Ta  c)  f.i.iln  that  crutch  their  feeljc  »cii«>'  un  veme.  VryiUn. 

CIUJT('I1'1"J>,  pp.  or  a.  {part.  pro.  kriilcht,  and  adj 
kriitcb'rd.)    Siipporteil  willi  criilches. 

CRU  rcH'EI)  I'RI'ARSI.    See  Crouched  Fbiars. 

CRU.X,  71.    [I,,  criij,  a  cross.) 

An)'  thing  that  puzzles,  vexes,  or  tri(*s,  in  the  high- 
est dt'gree.    [/Attle  used.]  Dr,  Sheritiait, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


_JI 


^  CRY 


CRY 


CVli 


CRCYS-HAGE,  n.  A  flsli  of  the  shark  kind,  having 
a  triangular  liuad  and  nioiitli.     Did.  of  Jfat.  Hist. 

CRY,  V.  i.  i  }iret.  and  pp.  Crilu.  It  ouf^ht  to  be  CnvtD. 
[Fr.  crifr.  'I'llu  VVtdsli  has  cri,  a  cry,  and  ruligli, 
raw,  muio,  to  cry,  clamor,  or  weep ;  and  crevu,  to 
cry,  to  crave;  both  deduced  by  Owen  from  cru,  a 
combining  cause,  a  principle,  beginning,  or  fir(<t  mo~ 
tion  ;  also,  what  pervades  or  penetrates,  a  cnj.  This 
is  tlie  root  of  create,  or  from  the  same  root.  Crc, 
Owen  deduces  from  rhe,  Willi  the  prefix  cy;  and  rite, 
he  renders  a  run  or  swift  motion.  This  is  certainly 
contracted  from  rlieJ,  a  race,  the  root  of  ride ;  Owen 
to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  All  the  senses  of 
these  words  unite  in  that  of  shooting  forth,  driving 
forward,  or  producing.  There  is  a  class  of  words  a 
little  different  from  the  foregoing,  which  exactly 
give  the  sense  of  cry.  It.  gridarc  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  gri- 
iar !  Sax.  gnedan  ;  Sw.  grata ;  Dan.  grtrJer ;  U  knj- 
len  ;  VV.  grydiaic,  to  utter  a  rough  sounil,  from  rliijil, 
the  Welsh  root  ofcrijdu,  to  shake  or  tremlilc,  wlienre 
cradle.  (\V.  creUi,  a  trembling  or  shivering  with  cold, 
.  from  ere  ;  also,  constitution,  disposition.)  The  latter 
root,  rhydf  crydu,  would  give  cri,  rough,  raw,  crude. 
Cyy  is  a  contracted  word  ;  but  ^\'liether  from  the  ftir- 
mer  or  latter  class  of  roots  may  be  less  obvious  —  pos- 
sibly, all  are  from  one  source.  If  not,  I  think  cry  is 
from  the  French  crier,  and  this  from  gridure,  grilur.] 

1.  To  utier  a  loud  voice  ;  to  speak,  call,  or  ex- 
claim with  vehemence  ;  in  a  very  general  seiuie. 

a.  To  call  importunately  ;  to  utter  a  loud  voice,  by 
way  of  earnest  request  or  prayer. 

The  ptopic  crird  lo  Pliiir.ioll  fur  —Gen.  ili. 

Th"?  {lewjile  cried  lo  Mu*-*,  ami  lie  pr.iy>:.i.  —  Num.  xi. 

3.  To  utter  a  loud  voice  in  weeping  ;  to  utter  the 
voice  of  sorrow  ;  to  lament. 

Bui  yi-  Mh:\\\  cry  for  sorrow  of  li'-nrt.  —  In.  Uy. 
>^iu  cried  wilh  a  ^n'al  and  l>Uu<r  cry.  —  Ucii.  xxvii. 

Also,  to  weep  or  shed  tears  in  silence ;  a  popular 
use  nf  the  word. 

4.  Ti>  litter  a  loud  sound  in  distress  ;  as,  Ileshbon 
shall  cry.    Is.  XV. 

\lv  givelh  fuod  lo  iJie  joung  ravens  which  cry.  —  Pa.  cxivil. 

5.  To  exclaim  ;  to  utter  a  loud  voice  ;  with  out. 
Anil,  lo,  K  fpiril  Ulcclh  hira,  and  he  luddunly  crieOt  out  

Luke  ix. 

C.  To  proclaim;  to  utter  a  loud  voice,  in  giving 
public  notice. 

Go,  and  cry  in  Ihc  ean  of  JeniMlem.  —  Jer.  ii. 

The  voice  of  him  Ihnl  crielh  in  tlie  wilderness,  —  Is.  zU 

7.  To  bawl ;  to  squall ;  as  a  child. 

8.  To  yelp,  as  a  dog.  U  may  be  used  for  the  ut- 
tering of  a  loud  voice  by  other  animals. 

To  cry  agaiiuH  ;  to  exclaim,  or  utter  a  loud  voice 
by  way  of  reproof,  threatening,  or  censure. 

Arise,  go  to  Nineveh,  and  cry  agtunst  iu  —  Jonah  i. 

To  cry  out ;  to  exclaim  ;  to  vociferate  ;  to  scream  ; 
to  clamor. 

2.  To  complain  loudly. 

To  cry  out  against ;  to  complain  loudly,  with  a  view 
to  censure  ;  to  blame  ;  to  utter  censure. 
To  cry  to  :  to  call  on  in  prayer  ;  to  implore. 
CRT,  r.  t.    To  proclaim  ;  to  name  hiudly  and  publicly 
for  giving  notice  ;  as,  to  cry  goods ;  to  cri^  a  lost 
child. 

To  cry  down ;  to  decry ;  to  depreciate  by  words  or 
In  writing  ;  to  dispraise  y  to  condemn. 

Men  of  disMhile  Urea  cry  down  religion,  because  ihey  would  not 
te  under  Ule  reslnunls  of  II.  7^'oUon. 

2,  To  overbear. 

Cry  dotBn  ihls  fellow's  insolence.  Shak. 

To  cry  up  ;  to  praise  ;  to  appl.itid  ;  to  extol ;  asi,  to 
cry  up  a  man's  tjilents  or  patriotism,  or  a  woman's 
beauty  ;  to  cry  up  the  administration. 

2.  To  raise  the  price  by  proclamation ;  a.s,  to  cry 
up  certain  coins.    [.Vol  in  u.«c]  Temple. 

To  cry  off;  in  the  tulgar  dialect,  is  to  publish  inten- 
tions of  marriage. 
€RV,  n. ;  pL  Crie*.    In  a  general  seitse,  a  loud  sound 
uttered  by  the  nioiitli  of  an  animal  ;  applicable  to  the 
voice  of  man  or  be.-i.st,  and  articulate  or  inarticulate. 

2.  A  li>ud  or  vehement  sound,  uttered  in  weeping, 
or  lamentation  ;  it  may  be  a  shriek  or  scream. 

And  Uiea'  slull  be  a  grvxt  cry  in  ail  lire  land  of  hlgvpl. — 
F.X.  xi, 

3.  Clamor  ;  outcry ;  as,  war,  war,  is  the  public  cry. 

And  Oiere  arose  a  efreal  cry.  —  AcU  xxiii. 

4.  Exclamation  of  triumph,  of  wonder,  or  of  other 
passion. 

■   5.  Proclamation ;  public  notice. 

At  midnight  there  was  a  cry  maile.  —  Mall.  xxv. 

6.  The  notices  of  hawkers  of  wares  to  he  sold  in 
Ihe  street  are  called  cricj :  as,  the  cries  of  Ix>ndon. 

7.  Acclamation  j  expression  of  popular  favor. 

The  cry  wenl  once  for  thee.  ShaJt. 

8.  .\  loud  voice  in  distress,  prayer,  or  request :  im- 
portunate call. 

He  forfrlleth  not  Uie  cry  of  die  humble,  —  P..  Ix 
 Theiewas  a  fnu  cry  in  Egypi.  —  Kx.  xu. 


1 1 


9.  Public  rcport.s  or  complaints  j  noiso  ;  fame. 
BeCiiuse  the  cry  of  Sodom  nntl  Gumormh  is  jrenl  —  I  will 

down,  and  see  wlieliicr  Ihe^  have  done  allugi-tlier  according 
10  the  cry  of  it.  — Gen.  xviii.  * 

10.  nit'ter  complaints  of  oppression  and  injustice. 

Ho  luolied  for  righteousness,  and  IkIioM  a  cry.  —  Ii*.  v. 

11.  The  sound  or  voice  of  irrational  animals  ;  e.x- 
prtission  of  joy,  fright,  alarm,  or  want ;  as,  the  cries 
of  fowls,  the  yell  or  yelping  of  dogs,  &c. 

12.  A  pack  of  dogs.  Shak. 
CR?'AL,  n.    I W.  crcffyr,  a  screamer.] 

The  heron.  ^iiiswortlu 
CRY'KR,  »i.    See  Crikr. 

t"R?'Kll,  iu  A  kind  of  hawk,  called  the  falcon  gentle, 
an  enemy  to  pigeons,  and  v**ry  swift  Aingworlk. 

eUVl-VG,  ppr.  Uttering  a  loud  voice  ;  proclaiming, 
&c. 

CRV'IN'G,  a.  Notorious  ;  common  ;  great ;  as,  a  cry- 
ing sin  or  abuse.  Mdisvn. 

eilt'I.N'G,  n.    Importunate  call  j  clamor;  outcry. 

CKV'O-I.ITE,  11.  [Gr.  itpuoj,  cold,  and  AiUos,  stone, 
ice-stone.] 

A  lliiorid  of  sodium  and  aluminum,  found  in 
GriHrnland,  of  a  pale,  gniyisli-wliite,  snow-white,  or 
yellowish-brown.  It  occurs  in  masses  of  a  foliated 
structure.  It  has  a  glistening,  vitreous  luster.  Dane. 
eUV-OPII'O-UUS.  B.  [Gr.  Kpvoi,  frost,  and  '/.o.ottj, 
to  bi;ar.] 

Frost-bearer  ,  an  instrument  contrived  by  Dr.  Wol- 
lastoii  for  freezing  water  by  its  own  evaporation. 
CRYPT,  II.    [lir.  (cuurrw,  to  hide.]  [Braude. 
A  siihternineaii  cell  or  cave,  especially  under  a 
church,  for  the  interment  of  persons  ;  al.so,  a  subter- 
ranean chapel,  or  orator)',  and  the  grave  of  a  martyr. 
CKYP'Tie,       jo.    [Supra.]     Hidden;  secret;  oc- 
CKVP'TIC-AI.,  I     cult.  fVatU. 
CKYI"TIC-AL,-LY,  ado.  Secretly. 
CKYP-TO-GA'MI-A,  i  n.     [Gr.  -cpurrof,  concealed, 
CRYP-TOG'A-MY,    (    and  >  u^.<s,  marriage.] 

Concealed  fructification.  In  botany,  a  class  of 
plants  whose  stamens  and  pistils  are  not  distinctly 
visible.  Linrunus.    Kd.  JCncyc. 

CRYP-TO-GA'lMr-AN,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  plants  of  the 
CRYP-TO-GAM'IC,     >    class  Cryptogamia,  includ- 
CRYP-TOG'A-.MOUS,  )    ing    ferns,    mosses,  sea- 
weeds, mushrooms.  Sec. 
CRYP-TOG'A-MIST,  M.    One  who  is  skilled  in  ciyp- 
toganiic  botany  ;  one  who  favors  the  sj  stein  of  cryi)- 
tOL'amy  in  plants.  Liiidlcy. 
CRYP-TOG'KA-PllER,  ji.    One  who  writes  in  secret 
characters. 

CRYP-TO-GRAPII'IC-AL,  a.  Written  in  secret  char- 
acters or  in  cipher,  or  with  sympathetic  ink. 

CRYP-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  k^vjttos,  hidden,  and 
)  pait>w,  to  write,] 

'i'lie  act  or  art  of  writing  in  secret  characters  ;  also, 
secret  characters  or  cipher. 

CR YP-TOL'O-G Y,  n.   [Gr.  xpurroj,  secret,  and  Aoj ot, 
discourse.] 
Secret  or  enigmatical  language. 

eRYS'T.\L,  71.  [L.  crystaUas;  Gt.  KpviTaWof  ;  Fr. 
crislal ;  cristtil ;  It.  cnstalto  ;  D.  kristal;  O.  krys- 
tall :  W.  crisial,  from  cris,  it  is  said,  a  hard  cr«.if.  It 
is  from  the  same  root  a-s  crLip,  and  VV.  cresu,  to  parch, 
crest,  a  crust,  cra.iu,  to  roast.  The  Greek,  from 
which  we  have  the  word,  is  composed  of  the  root  of 
Kpvuf,  frost,  a  contracted  word,  probably  from  the 
root  of  the  Welsh  words,  supra,  and  urcXXoi,  to  set. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  Welsh  words  is  to  shrink, 
draw,  contract;  a  sense  equally  applicable  to  the 

effects  of  heat  and  cold.   Qu.  Ar.  (j^yi  karasa,  CIi. 

ir-ip  kerash,  to  conneal.    Class  Rd,  No.  83,  65.] 

1.  In  chemiitry  and  mineralogy,  an  inorganic  body, 
which,  by  the  operation  of  affinity,  li.is  assumed  the 
form  of  a  regular  solid,  termin.ated  by  a  certain  num- 
ber of  jilane  and  smooth  surfaces.         CleaoelantI . 

2.  A  factitious  bwly,  cast  in  glass-houses,  called 
crystal  glass ;  a  species  of  glass,  more  perfect  in  its 
composition  and  manufacture,  than  common  glass. 
The  best  kind  is  the  Venice  crj  sial.  It  is  called  also 
factitious  crystal  or  paste.  Encyc.  J^ichulson. 

3.  A  substance  of  any  kind  having  the  form  of  a 

4.  The  glass  of  a  watch-case.  [crystal. 
Rock  crystal,  or  mountain  crystal ;  a  general  name 

for  all  the  transp,arent  cr)stals  of  quartz,  particularly 
of  limpid  or  colorless  quartz. 

Iceland  crystal ;  a  variety  of  calcareous  spar,  or 
crystallized  carbonate  of  lime,  brought  from  Iceland. 
It  occurs  in  laminated  masses,  easily  divisible  into 
rhombs,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  double  refraction. 

Clcavetand. 

CRYS'T.XL,  0.  Consisting  of  crystal,  or  like  crjstal ; 
clear ;  transparent ;  lucid  ;  pellucid. 

By  cryttni  streams  thai  murmur  through  the  meads.  Dryden. 
eRYS'TAL-FOR.M,  a.    Having  the  form  of  crj-sl.il. 

Knritc 

CRY.S-TAL'LI-NA,  n.     An  alkaloid  obtained  from 

Inriigofera  tinctoria,  the  Indigo  plant. 
eRYS'T.\L-LI.NE,  o.    IL.  crystallinas ;  Gr.  ipvaraX- 


1  Consisting  of  crystal ;  as,  a  crystalline  palace. 

Sliak. 

2.  Resembling  crjstal;  pure;  clear;  transparent; 
pellucid  ;  as,  a  crystalline  sky.  Milton. 

Crystulline  heavens ;  in  ancient  astronomy,  two 
spheres  imagined  between  the  primuni  mobile  and 
the  firmament,  in  the  Ptolemaic  system,  which  sup- 
posed the  heavens  to  be  solid  and  only  susceptible  of 
a  singli!  motion.  Harlow. 
Crystalline  humor,  j  a  Icntiform,  pellucid  boily,  com- 
Crystalline  tens  ;  )  posed  of  a  very  white,  trans- 
parent, firm  substance,  inclosed  in  a  membranous 
capsule,  and  situated  in  a  depression  in  the  anterior 
part  of  the  vitreous  humor  of  the  eye.  it  is  some- 
what convex,  and  serves  to  transmit  and  refract  the 
rays  of  light  to  the  vitri'oiis  humor.   F.ncyc.  Hooper. 

CRYS'TAI.-LITE,  n,  A  name  given  to  whinstone, 
cooled  slowly  after  fusion.  Hall.  Thomson. 

eRYS'TAL-U7.-A-HLE,a.  [from  crystallize.]  That 
may  be  crystallized  ;  that  may  form  or  be  formed  into 
rr>'slals,  Clnvigero.  iMvoisier. 

CRYS-TAI-  Lf-ZA'TION,  n.  [from  crystallize.]  The 
act  or  process  by  which  the  parts  of  a  solid  body, 
separated  by  the  intervention  of  a  fluid  or  by  fusion, 
again  coalesce  or  unite,  and  form  a  solid  body.  Ifthe 
process  is  slow  and  undisturbed,  the  particles  assume 
a  regular  arrangement,  each  substance  taking  a  de- 
ferniinate  and  regular  form,  according  to  its  natural 
laws  ;  but  if  the  process  is  rapid  or  disturbed,  the 
substance  takes  an  irregular  form.  This  process  is 
the  effect  of  refrigeration  or  evaporation. 

Jjavoisicr.  Kirwan. 
2.  The  mass  or  body  formed  by  the  process  of  crys- 
tallizing. It'oodward. 

CKYS'T.VL-LIZK,  r.  (.  To  cause  to  form  crystals. 
Common  salt  is  crystallized  by  the  evaporation  of  sea 
water. 

CR  VS'T.\L-LIZF,,  r.  i.  To  be  converted  into  n  crys- 
tal ;  to  unite,  as  the  separate  particles  of  a  substance, 
and  form  a  determinate  and  regular  solid. 

E.icli  ajx-cii's  of  »;ilt  crysUillizea  in  a  peculi;ir  fonn.  Lanoitier. 

CRYS'TA \.-lA'/.-F.V),  pp.  or  a.    Formed  into  crvstals. 

eRVS'TAL-I.IZ-I.NG,  ppr.  Causing  to  cry,stallize  ; 
forming  or  uniting  in  crvsjal.s. 

eRYS-TAL-LOG'RA-PHEK,  n.  [Infra.]  One  who 
describes  crystals,  or  the  manner  of  their  formation. 

eRVS-TAL-LO-GRAPIl'IC,        \a.     Pertaining  to 

€RYS-TAL-LO-GRAPH'lC-AI,,  |  crystallography. 

eRYS-TAL-LO-GKAPII'ie-AL-LY,arfr.  In  the  man- 
ner of  cry.stallography. 

eKYS-TAI^LOG'UA-PilY,  «.  [crystal,  as  above,  and 
paipT],  description.] 

1.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  crystallization,  teach- 
ing the  principles  of  the  process,  and  the  forms  and 
structure  of  crystals.  • 

2.  A  discourse  or  tn^atise  on  crystallization. 
CTE-NOIU'I-ANS,  (te-noid'-)  n.pl.  [Gr.  »TCi5,comb, 

and  £!(!»{,  form.]    The  third  order  of  fishes,  estab- 
lished by  .Xgassiz,  characterized  thus  :  skin  covered 
with  jagged,  pectinated,  unenameled  scales. 
CUH,  «.     [Allied  perhaps  to  Ir.  caubh,  a  branch,  a 
shoot.    But  the  origin  of  the  word  is  uncertain.] 

1.  The  young  of  certain  quadrupeds,  as  of  the  bear 
and  the  fox  ;  a  puppy  ;  a  whelp.  Waller  uses  the 
word  for  the  young  of  the  whale. 

2.  A  j  oung  boy  or  girl,  in  contempt.  Shak. 
CUH,  n.    A  stall  for  cattle.    [.N'ol  in  use.] 

CUH,  V.  t.    To  bring  forth  a  cub,  or  cubs.    In  coti- 

templ,  to  bring  forth  young,  :us  a  woman.  Dryden. 
eUIi,  f.  1.    To  shut  up  or  confine.    [JVbt  in  «.>■<•. ] 

Burton. 

€U-Ba'TIONj  71.  [L.  cubatio,  from  cubo,  to  lie  down.] 
The  act  ot  lying  down  ;  a  reclining.  Diet. 

eu'B.\-TO-IlY,  a.  Lying  down;  reclining;  incum- 
bent. Diet. 

Cti'BA-TORE,  71.  [from  cube.)  The  finding  ex.actly 
the  solid  or  cubic  contents  of  a  bodv.  Brande. 

€Vn'i\KU,  (kiibd,)  pp.  Brought  forth  ;  shut  up  ;  con- 
fined.   [UseJ  vf  beast,i.] 

eUB'BIXtJ,  p,ir.  Bringing  forth,  as  beasts;  shutting 
up  in  a  stall. 

eUB'-DRAWN,  a.  Drawn  or  sucked  by  cubs,  applied 
by  Sliakspearc  to  the  bear. 

CORE,  71.  [Gr.  Ai'/io( ;  L.  cubns,  a  die  or  cube  ;  Fr. 
cube;  U.  cubo  ;  Sp.cubo;  Port.  cubo.  In  the  two  latter 
languages,  it  signifies  also  a  pail  or  tub,  and  in  Port,  the 
nave  of  a  wheel.  W.  cub,  n  bundle,  heap,  or  aggre- 
gate, a  cube ;  Cli.  to  square,  to  form  into  a  cube  ; 
NOip,  the  game  of  dice,  Gr.  Kv/Scia.  It  seems  to  be 
allied  to  I,,  cubo,  to  .set  or  throw  down,  and  to  signify 
that  which  is  set  or  laid,  a  solid  mass.] 

1,  In  geometry,  a  regular  solid  body,  with  six  equal 
square  sides,  arid  containing  equal  angles. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  the  product  of  a  number  multiplied 
into  itself,  and  that  product  multiplied  into  the  same 
number ;  or  it  is  formed  by  multiplying  any  number 
twice  by  itself;  as  4  x4  =  Hi,  antl  16  X4  =  04,  the 
cube  of  4. 

llie  law  of  the  planets  u,  that  the  iriuam  of  the  times  of  their 
revolutions  are  in  proportion  to  the  eubet  of  tlicir  mean  di>- 
tances. 

Cii*«  roof,  is  the  number  or  quantity,  which,  mul- 
tiplied into  itself,  and  tlien  into  the  prtiduct,  produces 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  g  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


» 


cue 


CUE 


CUL 


the  cube  ;  or  which,  twice  multiplied  into  itself,  pro- 
duces the  number  of  which  it  is  the  root  ;  tlius, 
3  is  the  cube  root  or  side  of  27,  for  3x3  =  9,  and 
3  X  9  =  27. 

efillE,  V.  t.  To  raise  to  the  third  power,  by  multiply- 
ing a  number  into  itself  twice. 

COBE'-oRE,  71.  An  ore  of  a  green  color,  consisting  of 
arsenic  acid  and  iron. 

£S  

€0'BEB,7i.    [Ar.  X,[^'=-,  kababan ;  Indian  kehaha, 

Ciass  Gu,  No.  45.    Sp.  cuheba.'\ 

The  small,  spicy  beriy  of  the  Pipercubcba,  from  Ja- 
va, and  the  other  East  India  isles.  It  was  formerly 
called,  from  its  short  stems.  Piper  candatmn,  or  tailed 
pejiper.  It  resembles  a  grain  of  pepper,  but  is  some- 
what longer.  In  aromatic  warmth  and  pungency,  it 
is  far  inferior  to  pepper.  Coze.  Eiiojc. 

eO'lilCAL  I      [L.  ciiiiois,  from  cuJiis.  See  Cube.] 
Having  the  form  or  properties  of  a  cube  ;  that  may 
be  or  is  contained  within  a  cube.    A  cubic  foot  of 
water  is  the  water  that  may  be  contained  within  six 
equal  sides,  each  a  foot  square. 

Cubic  e</uali<m  ;  in  ni^ebra,  an  equation  in  which 
the  highest  or  only  power  of  the  unknown  quantity 
is  a  cube.  BarUno. 

Cubic  number,  is  a  number  produced  by  multiply- 
ing a  number  into  itself,  and  that  product  by  the 
same  number;  or  it  is  the  number  arising  from  the 
multiplication  of  a  square  number  by  its  root.  [See 
Cube.] 

eu'Bie-.\L-LY,  adv.    In  a  cubical  method. 
eD'Hl€-AL-NE.SS,  ji.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 
€U-BI€'U-L.'\R,  a.    [L.  cubiculum.]  [cubical. 

Belonging  to  a  chamber. 
eU-Bie'l^-L.'V-RY,  a.    [L.  cubiculum,  a  bedroom.] 

Fitted  for  the  posture  of  lying  down.  [Liulc  used.] 

Brown. 

eO'BI-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  cube.  Coze. 
eO'BIT,  JI.  [L.  cubitus,  the  elbow  ;  Gr.  xvptrof  ;  prob- 
ably allied  to  L.  cubu,  and  signifying  a  turn  or  corner.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  fore  arm  ;  the  ulna,  a  bone  of 
the  arm  from  the  elbow  to  the  wrist.   Cnze.  Encyc. 

2.  In  mcnsjiration,  the  length  of  a  man's  arm  from 
the  elbow  to  the  extremity  of  the  middle  finger.  The 
cubit,  among  the  ancients,  was  of  a  different  length 
among  different  nations.  Dr.  Arbuthnot  states  the 
Roman  cubit  at  seventeen  inches  and  four  tenths  ; 
the  cubit  of  the  Scriptures  at  a  little  loss  than  twen- 
ty-two inches ;  and  the  English  cubit  at  eighteen 
niches.  Encyc. 

€U'B1T-AL,  a.    Of  the  length  or  measure  of  a  cubit. 

Brown. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  cubit  or  ulna  ;  as,  the  cubital 
nerve  ;  cubital  artery  ;  cubital  muscle.    Hooper.  Coze. 

eO'BIT-ED,  a.    Having  the  measure  of  a  cubit. 

eUB'LESS,  a.    Having  no  cubs.  [Skeldon. 

eO'BO-DO-DEC-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  Presenting  the  two 
forms,  a  cube  and  a  dodecahedron.  Cleavcland. 

Cu'BOID,  a.    Having  nearly  the  form  of  a  cube. 

eiJ-BC)ID'AI,,  a.    [Gr.  Kv/ios,  cube,  and  ci6i>{,  form.] 
Nearly  in  the  shape  of  a  cube  ;  as,  the  cubotdal 
bone  of  the  foot.  )Valsh. 

eO'BO-OC-TA-HE'DRAL,  a.    [cube  a.nA  octahedral.] 
Presenting  a  combination  of  the  two  forms,  a  cube 
and  an  octahedron.  Cleaoeland. 

eUCK'ING-STOOL,  71.  [Qu.  from  choke.]  A  duck- 
ing-stool ;  an  engine  for  punishing  scolds  and  refrac- 
tory women  ;  also  brewers  and  bakers  ;  called,  also, 
a  tumbrel  and  a  trcbuchet.  Tile  culprit  was  seated  on 
the  stool,  and  thus  inmiersed  in  water. 

Old  Eng.  Law. 

eUCK'OLD.Ti.  [Chaucer,  CDtfjfoZA  The  first  sylla- 
ble is  Fr.  cocu,  which  seems  to  be  the  first  syllable 
of  coucou,  cuckoo  ;  W.  cog ;  Sw.  gok  ;  Dan.  giiig: 
The  Dutch  call  ■»  cuckold  koorndraagcr,  a  /torn- 
wearer  ;  and  the  Germans,  hahnrei,  from  liakn,i\  cock ; 
the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  coriiudo,  Ital.  cornuto, 
liorned  ;  Fr.  cornard,  (obs.)  See  Spelman's  Olossw- 
ry,  voc,  jjrfffl.] 

A  man  whose  wife  is  false  to  his  bed  ;  the  hus- 
band of  an  adulteress.  Swift. 

€UCK'OLU,  V.  t.  To  make  a  man  a  cuckold  by  crim- 
inal conversation  with  his  wife  ;  applied  to  the  se- 
ducer. Skak. 

2.  To  make  a  husband  a  cuckold  by  criminal  con- 
versation with  anotlier  man  ;  applied  to  Vie  mfc. 

Dniden. 

eUCK'OLD  ED,  pp.  Made  a  cuckold  by  criminal 
conversation. 

€U(;K'OL-DO.VI,  n.  The  act  of  adultery  ;  the  state 
of  a  cuckold.  Johnson.  Drydcn. 

eUCK'OLD-LY,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  cuck- 
old ;  mean  ;  sneaking.  ShaJc. 

eUCK'OLD-.MAK  ER,  7i.  One  who  has  criminal con- 
VKr><ati(jn  with  another  mau'a  wife  ;  one  who  makes 
a  cuckold.  Dnjdcn. 

€IJCK'0(J,  (kwk'oo,)  71.  [L.  cucidm  ;  Gr.  kokkv[  ;  Fr. 
coucou  :  Arm.  coucouq  ;  Hax.  ffeac  ;  liiiti.  ffiii g  ;  Sw. 
ffUh  :  W.cok;  I),  ht/ekork  i  G.  kuckuck  f  Sp.  cuco  or 
cucUllo  ;  It.  ciLculo.  See  Gawk.] 
A  bird  of  tbc  genua  CucuIuh,  whoHe  name  is  sup- 


posed to  be  called  from  its  note.    The  note  is  a  call 
to  love,  and  continued  only  during  the  amorous  sea- 
s<ui.    It  is  sanl  the  cuckoo  lays  its  eggs  in  a  nest 
formed  by  another  bird,  by  which  they  are  hatched. 
€ljCK'00-BtID,  71.  The  plant  crowfoot  or  buttercup. 

Shak. 

eiJCK'OO-FLOVV-ER,  Ti.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Car- 

dainine  or  Lady's  Smock. 
eyCK'OO-UKE,  (kook'oo-)  a.    Like  the  cuckoo. 
€ijCK'00-PiNT,  71.    A  plant,  of  the  genus  Arum. 
eijCK'OO-SPIT,         )  71.     A   dew  or  exudation 
€[jCK'00-SPIT-TLE,  (     found  on  plants,  especially 

about  the  joints  of  lavender  and  rosemary.  Brown. 
Or  a  froth  or  spume  found  on  the  leaves  of  certain 

plants,  as  on  white  field  lychnis  or  catchfly,  called, 

sqinetiines,  spatling-poppy.  Encyc. 
eUe'aUEAN,  71.    [Fr.  coquine.] 

A  vile,  lewd  woman.    [J\'V)«  in  use.]    B.  Jonson. 
Cu'GUL-LATE,     )  a.    [L.  cucullatus,  from  cucullus, 
€u'€UL-La-TED,  i     a  hood,  a  cowl.] 

1.  Hooded  ;  cowled  ;  covered  as  with  a  hood. 

9.  Having  the  shape  or  resemblance  of  a  hood  ;  or 
wide  at  the  top  and  drawn  to  a  point  below,  in  shape 
of  a  conical  roll  of  paper  ;  as,  a  cucullate  leaf. 

€0'CUM-BER,  71.  [Fr.  coucombre,  or  coJtcombre,  from 
L.  cucumer  or  cucumis ;  Sp.  eokovibro ;  D.  kommommer ; 
It.  cucamhar.] 

The  name  of  a  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus 
Cucumis.  Tlie  flower  is  yellow  and  bell-sha|)ed  ;  and 
the  stalks  are  long,  slender,  and  trailing  on  the 
ground,  or  climbing  by  their  claspers. 

eu'€UR-BIT,    )  7t.     [L.  cucurbita,  a  gourd  ;  It.  id. ; 

€U'€UR-BITE,  j  Fr.  cueurbite;  from  L.  curvitas.] 
A  chemical  vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  gourd  ;  but 
some  of  them  are  shallow,  with  a  wide  mouth.  It 
may  be  made  of  copper,  glass,  tin,  or  stone  ware,  and 
is  used  in  distillation.  This  vessel,  with  its  head  or 
cover,  constitutes  the  alembic. 

€U-eUR-Bl-TA'CEOUS,  a.  Resembling  a  gourd  ;  as, 
eucurbitaceous  plants,  such  as  the  melon  and  pump- 
kin or  pompion.  Mdne.  Martyn. 

eU-eUR'BI-TIVE,  a.  A  word  applied  to  small  worms 
shaped  like  the  seeds  of  a  gourd. 

€UD,  71.  [As  this  word  is  often  vulgarly  pronounced 
(piid,  I  suspect  it  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  D.  kaauwd, 
gekaauwd,  chewed,  from  kaauwen,  to  chew.  Arm. 
ch..^~uein,  Sax.  ceowan.    See  Chew  and  Jaw.] 

J.  The  food  which  ruminating  animals  chew  at 
leisure,  when  not  grazing  or  eating  ;  or  that  portion 
of  it  which  is  brought  from  the  first  stomach  and 
chewed  at  once. 

2.  A  portion  of  tobacco  held  in  the  mouth  and 
chewed. 

3.  The  inside  of  the  mouth  or  throat  of  a  beast 
that  chews  the  cud.  Encyc. 

eUD'BE.AR,  71.  [A  corruption  of  Cuthbert,  with  a 
French  pronunciation,  so  called  after  a  man  of  this 
name,  who  first  brought  it  into  notice.] 

A  plant,  the  Lecanora  Tatarea,  of  the  order  of  Li- 
chens, much  employed  in  dyeing.  It  gives  a  purple 
color. 

€UD'D£N,  )  71.    A  clown  ;  a  low  rustic ;  a  dolt.  [JVot 
eUD'DY,     (     used.]  Dryden. 
eUD'DLE,  V.  i.   [Ann.  cuddyo  ;  W.  cuiiaw,  to  hide,  to 
lurk,  to  cover  or  keep  out  of  sight ;  Sa.t.  cudcle,  the 
cuttlr-Jish.     (lu.  hide  and  cheat.     See  Class  Gd,  No. 
2G,  30,  31,  38.] 
To  retire  from  sight ;  to  lie  close  or  snug  ;  to  squat. 

Prior. 

eUD'DLE,  V.  t.    To  hug  ;  to  fondle.  Forby.  Holloway. 
CUD'DY,  71.  A  small  cabin  in  the  fore  part  of  a  lighter 
or  boat.    Totten.  Hence, 

2.  A  very  small  apartment. 

3.  The  cole-fish. 

eUD'GEL,  71.  [W.  cogcl;  from  e&g,  a  mass,  lump,  or 
short  piece  of  wood.  The  Scot,  cud,  Teut.  kodde, 
kudse,  is  a  different  word  ;  dg  in  English  being  gen- 
erally from  g,  as  in  pledge,  bridge,  &.C.] 

A  short,  thick  stick  of  wood,  such  as  may  be  used 
by  the  hand  in  beating.  It  differs  strictly  from  a 
club,  which  is  larger  at  one  end  than  the  other.  It 
is  shorter  than  a  pole,  and  thicker  than  a  rod. 

Dryden.  Locke. 
To  cross  the  cudgels;  to  forbear  the  contest  ;  a 
phrase  borrowed  from  the  practice  of  cudgel-players, 
who  lay  one  cudgel  over  another.  Johnson. 
eUD'GEL,  0.  t.    To  beat  with  a  cudgel  or  thick  stick. 

Swift. 

Q.  To  beat  in  general.  Shall. 

eUD'GEI.-KD,  pp.    Beaten  with  a  cudgel. 

eUI)'GEL-ER,  JI.    One  who  beats  with  a  cudgel. 

eiJD'GEL-lNG,  ppr.    Beating  with  a  cudgel. 

CUD'GEL-PROOF,  a.  Able  to  resist  a  cudgel ;  not 
to  be  hurt  by  beating.  JJudibras. 

eUD'LE,  fkud'l,)  71.    [au.  Scot,  cuddie.] 

A  small  sea-lish.  Carew. 

eUD'WEED,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Gnaphalium  ; 
called,  also,  everlasting,  goldylocks,  or  eternal  flower, 
of  many  species.  The  flowers  are  remarkable  for 
retaining  tlioir  beauty  for  years,  if  gathered  in  dry 
weather.  Encyc. 

eOE,  (kii,)  71.  [Fr.  quew,  I,,  cauda;  It.  and  Sp.  coda,] 
1.  The  tail  ;  the  end  of  a  thing  ;  as  tho  lung  curl 
of  a  wig,  or  a  long  roll  of  hair. 


2.  The  last  words  of  a  speech,  which  a  player,  who 
is  to  answer,  catches  and  regards  as  an  intimation  to 
begin.  A  hint  given  to  an  actor  on  "the  stage,  what 
or  when  to  speak.  Johnson.  Encyc. 

3.  A  hint ;  an  intimation  ;  a  short  direction. 

4.  The  part  which  any  man  is  to  play  in  his  turn. 

Were  it  my  cue  to  figlit.  Sliak. 

5.  Humor;  turn  or  temper  of  mind.  [Vulgar.] 
fi.  A  farthing,  or  farthing's  worth.  Beaum 
7.  The  straight  rod,  used  in  playing  billiards. 

eUER'PO,  (kwer'po,)  71.  [Sp.  cuerpo,  L.  corpus,  body.] 
To  be  in  cuerpo,  or  to  walk  in  cuerpo,  are  Sp;mish 
phrases  for  being  without  a  cloak  or  upper  garment, 
or  without  the  formalities  of  a  full  dress,  so  that  the 
shape  of  the  body  is  exposed.  Encyc. 

Hence,  to  be  in  cuerpo,  also  denotes  to  be  naked  or 
unprotected;  as,  exposed  in  cuerpo  to  their  rage. 

Iludibras. 

eUFF,  71.    [Pers.  Liji  kafa,  a  blow  ;  Ch.  «)P3,  id. ;  Ar. 

t_jOU  nakafa,  to  strike  ;  Hcb.  c)p3,  to  strike  off,  to 
sever  by  striking  to  kill.  The  French  coup  coin- 
cides with  cii^  in  elements,  but  it  is  supposed  to  be 
contracted  from  It.  eolpo,  L.  colaphus.  Cuff,  however, 
agrees  with  the  Gr.  Kunru.] 

1.  A  blow  with  the  fist ;  a  stroke  ;  a  box. 

2.  It  is  used  of  fowls  that  fight  with  their  talons. 
Tn  be  utjisty-cuffs;  to  fight  with  blows  of  the  fist. 

eUFF,  7'.  t.    To  strike  with  the  fist,  as  a  man  ;  or 

with  talons  or  wings,  as  a  fowl.  Cdngreee.  Dryden. 
eUFF,  V.  i.  To  fight ;  to  scutfle.  Dryden. 
eUFF,  71.    [This  word  probably  signifies  a  fold,  or 

doubling  ;  Ar.  (  jL^i  kaufa,  to  double  the  border 

and  sew  together  ;  Ch.  «)0,  to  bend ;  Heb.  e)B3  ;  Gr. 
KvnTu  ;  Low  L.  cippus.    Chiss  Gb,  No.  65,  68,  75.] 

The  fold  at  the  end  of  a  sleeve  ;  the  part  of  a  sleeve 
turned  back  from  the  hand.  Arbutknot. 

€UFF'£D,  (kuft,)  pp.    S'ruck  with  the  fist. 

eUFF'ING,p;ir.    Striki.ig  with  the  fist. 

CO'FIt",  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  the  older  characters 
of  the  Arabic  language,  used  at  the  time  of  Mo- 
hammed, and  about  three  centuries  after,  when  those 
now  in  use  were  invented.  Encyc.  An. 

CUIBO'J^O,  (kl-bo'no,)  [L.]  For  whose  benefit, 
(cui  est  bono  ?) 

eUIN'AGE,  (kwin'aje,)  71.  The  stamping  of  pigs  of 
tin,  by  the  proper  officer,  with  the  arms  of  the  duchy 
of  Cornwall ;  corrupted  from  coinage.  JilcCulloch. 

eUl-RASS',  (kwe-ras',)  71.  [Fr.  cuirasse;  It.  eorazia; 
Sp.  coram ;  Port,  coura^a  W.  euros.  Qu.  from  cor, 
the  heart ;  or  from  Fr.  cuir,  L.  eorium,  leather.] 

A  breastplate  ;  a  piece  of  defensive  armor,  made 
of  iron  phite,  well  hammered,  and  covering  the 
body  from  tjie  neck  to  the  girdle.  Encyc. 

€U1-RAS-SIeR',  (kwe-ras-seer',)  71.  A  soldier  armed 
with  a  cuirass,  or  breastplate.  JUilton. 

eUlSH,  (kwis,)  71.  [Fr.  cuisse,  the  thigh  or  leg  ;  VV. 
coes ;  Ir.  cos.] 

Defensive  armor  for  the  thighs.    Shak.  Dryden. 

CUl-tSlJ^E',  (kwe-zeen',)  71.  [Fr.]  The  cooking  de- 
partment ;  cookery. 

eUL'DEE,  71.    [L.  cuUorcs  Dei,  worshipers  of  God.] 
A  monkish  priest,  remarkable  for  religious  duties. 
The  Culdees  formerly  inhabited  Scotland,  Ireland, 
and  Wales.  Encyc 

CUL-DE-SAC,  [Fr.]  Z,i(cra%,  the  bottom  of  a  b.ag, 
and  Jiguralioely,  a  street  which  is  not  open  at  both 
ends.  Bouvier 

eUL'ER-AftE.n.    [Ft.  cul] 

Another  name  of  the  Arse-sm.art. 

eU-LlC'I-FOR.M,  (ku-lis'c-forin,)  a.    [L.  culei.,  a  gnat 
or  flea,  and  forma,  form.] 
Of  the  form  or  shape  of  a  flea  ;  resembling  a  flea. 

CU'LI-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  culinarius,  from  cuUna,  a  kitch- 
en, W.  eyl.    See  Kiln.] 

Relating  to  the  kitchen,  or  to  the  art  of  cookery  ; 
used  in  kitchens  ;  as,  a  culinary  fire ;  a  culinary  ves- 
sel ;  culinary  herbs.  JVewton. 

eULL,  V.  t.  [Uu.  Fr.  cueillir.  It.  coglierc,  to  gather ; 
Norm,  culliir ;  It.  scegliere.  To  cull  is  rather  to  sep- 
arate, or  to  take.] 

To  pick  out  ;  to  separate  one  or  more  things  from 
others ;  to  select  from  many  ;  as,  to  cull  flowers  ;  to 
cull  hoops  and  staves  for  market. 

Pope.    Prior.    Laws  of  Conn. 

eilLL'KD,  pp.    Picked  out ;  selected  from  many. 

eUL'LEN-DER,  71.  A  strainer.  'I'his,  which  is  the 
more  regular  spelling,  is  now  used  in  some  standard 
English  works.    [See  Colander.] 

eULL'ER,  n.    One  who  picks  or  chooses  from  many. 
2.  An  inspector  who  selects  merchantable  hoops 
and  staves  for  marki^t.       /mws  of  J\In.ts.  and  Conn. 

CUL'LET,  71.  Broken  glass, to  be  melteil  over.  Brande. 

eUL-LI-BIL'I-TY,  «.  [from  cii;/;/.]  Credulity  ;  easi- 
ness of  being  gulled.     [A"i/(  elegant.]  SwifL 

EVlAj'lNO,  ppr.    Selecting  ;  choosing  from  many. 

eULI.'ING,  71.  Any  thing  separated  or  selected  from 
a  mass  ;  refuse.  Drayton. 

eULL'ION,  (kul'yun,)  71.    [It.  coglione.] 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRgY,  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


CUL 

1.  A  mpan  wretch.  If  from  ciUly,  one  easily  de- 
ceived ;  11  diipn.  Driiden. 

2.  A  round  or  bulbous  root ;  Orchis.    [L.  cateus.] 
ei."LL'10N-LY,  a.    .Mean;  base.  bad  ward,  and 

not  used.]  Shak. 
€UL'L(S,  71.    [Fr.  eoulis,  from  coaler,  to  strain.] 

1.  Broth  of  N>iled  meat  strained.     Beaum.  and  Fl. 

2.  A  kind  of  jelly.  Marsloti. 
eni/LY,  n.    {.See  the  verb.]   A  person  who  is  meanly 

deceived,  tricked,  or  imposed  on,  as  by  a  .sliari)er, 
jilt,  or  strumpet ;  a  mean  dupe.  Hudibras. 
€UI/I.V,  V.  t.    [V>.  kullen,  to  che.-it,  to  trull.] 

To  deceive  ;  to  trick,  cheat,  or  impose  on  ;  to  jilt. 
etn,'I,Y-I.\G,ppr    Deceivins;  tricking. 
eUL'I.Y-ISM,  n.    The  slate  of  a  cully. 

[CuWy  and  its  derivatives  are  not  elegant  words.] 
€IJI<M,  n.    [L.  culmus;  Ir.  colbk;  VV.  co/ou,  a  stalk  or 
stem;  L.  caulU;  D.  kool.    See  (Ii'ill  and  Haulm.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  stalk  or  stem  of  corn  and  gr.asses, 
usually  jointed  and  hollow,  and  supporting  the  leaves 
and  fnictilicalion.  Martijn. 

2.  The  straw  or  dry  stalks  of  corn  and  grasses. 

3.  .\ntliracito  coal ;  a  species  of  fossil  coal,  found 
in  small  masses,  not  adhering  when  heated,  dillicult 
to  bo  ignited,  and  burning  with  little  llanie,  but 
yielding  a  disagreeable  smell. 

jVichohon.    Jotim.  of  Science. 

4.  Comminuted  anthracite  coal.  QMcrt. 
eUL'MEN,  li.    [L.]    Top;  summit. 
eUL-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  culmus,  a  st.-ilk,  and  fcro, 

to  bear.] 

1.  Bearing  culms.  Culmifrrous  plants  have  a 
smooth,  jointed  stalk,  usually  hollow,  and  wrapped 
about  at  each  joint  with  singb',  narrow,  shar|>- 
poinled  leaves,  and  their  seeds  ronlained  in  chatly 
busks,  03  wheal,  rye,  oats,  and  barley. 

Milne.  Qitincij. 

2.  .Abounding  in  culm  or  glance  coal.  Sedjpoick. 

3.  Containing  culm. 

eUL'lII.V-.^TE,  n.  I.    [L.  culmen,  a  top  or  ridge] 
To  be  vertical ;  to  come  or  be  in  the  meridian  ;  to 
be  in  the  highest  point  of  altitude  ;  as  a  planet. 

Milton. 

eUL'MIX-ATE,  a.  Growing  upward,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  lateral  growth  ;  a  term  applied  by 
Dana  to  the  growth  of  corals. 

eUL'Mr\-.^-TI.\(},  ;;;)r.  or  a.  Being  at  the  meridian  ; 
having  its  highest  elevation. 

eUI^MIN-A'TlON,  n.   The  transit  of  a  heavenly 
body  over  the  meridian,  or  highest  point  of  alti- 
tude for  the  day.  Barlow. 
2.  Top  ;  crown. 

eUL-PA-BIL'l-TY,  n.  [See  Culpahle.]  Blamable- 
ni'ss  ;  culpableness. 

eUL'PA-BLE,  a.  fUiw  Ij.  eulpahilis  :  Fr.  coupable; 
it.  colpabile :  from  L.  culpa,  a  fault  ;  \V.  cml,  a  fault, 
a  flagging,  a  drooping,  like /mi//,  from/oi/.] 

1.  Blaiuable  ;  deserving  censure,  as  the  person 
who  has  done  wrong,  or  the  act,  conduct,  or  negli- 
gence of  the  pi'rson.  We  say,  the  man  is  culpable, 
or  voluntary  ignorance  is  culpable. 

2.  Sinful ;  criminal  ;  immoral ;  faulty.  But  gener- 
ally, culpable  is  a|>plied  to  nets  less  atrocious  than 
crimes. 

3.  Guilt>-  of;  as,  culpable  of  a  crime.    [JVot  used.] 

Spenser. 

€UL'PA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Blamablcness ;  guilt;  the 
qiuility  of  deserving  blame. 

eilL'P.i-BLY,  adr.  Blaniably  ;  in  a  faulty  manner; 
in  a  manner  to  merit  censure. 

eUL'PRIT,  >i.  [Supposed  to  be  formed  from  cti/,  for 
culpable,  and  prit,  ready  ;  certain  abbreviations  used 
by  the  clerks  in  noting  the  arraignment  of  criminals  ; 
till  prisoner  is  guilty,  and  the  king  is  ready  to  prove 
him  so.  ]  Blackstoiu. 

1.  A  person  arraigned  in  court  for  a  crime. 

Drijden. 

2.  Any  person  convicted  of  a  crime  ;  a  criminal. 


eUL'TEK,  ;i.    [h.]    A  colter  ;  winch  .see. 
eULr-TI-ROS'TRAL,  (  '" 
trum,  a  beak.] 


,  a.    [L.  culler,  a  colter,  and  ros- 


Huving  a  bill  shaped  like  the  colter  of  a  plow,  or 
like  a  knife,  as  tha  heron.  Partington. 
€UL'TI-VA-ULE,  a.    (See  Cultivate.]    CaiKiblo  of 
being  tilled  or  cultivatcil. 

.Med.  Repnu.    Edaards's  JV.  Ind. 
eUL-TF-V.^'TA-BLE,  a.    Cultivable.  Edu:ard.i. 
€UL'TI-VATE,  r   L    [Fr.  culticrr  ;  Pp.  and  Port. 
tulticar  ;  It.  cultirare ;  from  L.  colo,  cultas,  to  till,  to 
dwellj 

1.  To  till ;  lo  prepare  for  crops  ;  to  manure,  plow, 
dress,  sow, and  reap;  to  labor  or  miinagc  and  im- 
prove in  husbandry ;  as,  to  cuUivaU  land  ;  to  cultivate 
« farm.  Sinclair. 

2.  To  improve  by  labor  or  study  ;  to  advance  the 
(frowth  of;  to  refine  and  improve  by  correction  of 
faults,  and  enlargement  of  powers  or  good  finali- 
ties ;  as,  to  eullitcaU  talents  ;  to  cultieate  a  taste  for 
poetrj-. 

3.  To  study ;  to  labor  to  improve  or  advance  ;  as, 
to  cuitiraU  philosophy  ;  to  cultivate  the  mind. 

4.  To  cherish  ;  to  foster ;  to  labor  to  promote  and 
Incrc.ise  ;  .15,10  cultirate  the  love  of  excellence ;  to 
cuUiraU  gracious  alTeclions. 


CUM 

5.  To  improve  ;  to  meliorate,  or  to  labor  to  make 
better;  to  correct;  to  civilize;  as,  to  culUvate  tlie 
wild  savagi!. 

0.  'J'o  raise  or  produce  by  tillage  ;  as,  to  cultivate 
corn  or  grass.  SinrlaiA 

€UL'Tl-VA-TEn,  pp.  or  a.  Tilled  ;  improved  in  ex- 
cellence or  condition  ;  corrected  and  enlarged  ; 
cherished  ;  meliorated  ;  civilized  ;  produced  by  til- 
lage. 

eUL'TI-VS-TING.p/ir.  Tilling;  preparing  for  crops ; 
improving  in  worth  or  good  iiualities  ;  meliorating  ; 
enlarging;  correcting;  fostering;  civilizing;  produ- 
cing by  tillage. 

eUL.-TI-V.\'T10.\,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  tilling 
ami  preparing  for  crops  ;  husbandry  ;  tht;  manage- 
ment of  land.  Land  is  often  made  better  by  cultiva- 
tion. Ten  acres  under  good  cultivation  will  produce 
more  than  twenty  when  badly  tilled. 

2.  Study,  care,  and  practice  directed  to  improve- 
ment, correction,  enlargement,  or  Increase  ;  the  ap- 
plication of  the  means  of  improveifcent ;  as,  men 
may  grow  wiser  by  the  cultivation  of  talents ;  fhey 
may  grow  blotter  by  the  cu//ti^u/it>7i  of  the  mind,  of 
virtue,  and  of  piety. 

3.  The  producing  by  tillage  ;  as,  the  cultivation  of 
corn  or  grass. 

eUI.'TI-VA-TOR,  n.  One  w)io  tills, or  prepares  land 
for  crops  ;  one  who  manages  a  farm,  or  carri(;s  on  the 
operati(ms  of  husbandry  in  general  ;  a  fanner ;  a 
husbandman  ;  an  agriculturist. 

2.  One  who  studies  or  labors  to  improve,  lo  pro- 
mote, and  advance  in  good  qualities,  or  in  growth. 

3.  A  kind  of  harrow. 

CIIL'TRATE,  la.  [I,,  cultratus,  from  culter,  a 
Ci;i/TKA-TE1),  i  knife.] 

Sharp-edged  and  |>oiiiti'd  ;  shaped  like  a  pruning- 
knifc  ;  as,  the  beak  of  a  bird  is  convex  and  eullrated. 

'  Encifc.  art.  Corcus.  Loudtin. 
eUL'TlJRE,  fkult'yur,)  ;t.  "[L.  cultura,  from  colo.  See 
Cultivate.) 

1.  The  .act  of  tilling  and  preparing  the  earth  for 
crops  ;  cultivation  ;  the  application  of  labor  or  other 
means  of  imiirovcnient. 

We  ou^ht  to  bUime  Uie  culture,  not  the  soil.  Pope. 

2.  The  application  of  labor,  or  otlier  means,  to  im- 
prove good  qualities  in,  or  growth  ;  as,  the  culture  of 
the  mind  ;  the  culture  o(  virtue. 

3.  The  application  of  labor,  or  other  means,  in  pro- 
ducing ;  as,  the  culture  of  corn  or  grass. 

4.  Any  labor  or  means  employed  for  improvement, 
correction,  or  growth. 

eUL'Tl^RE,  V.  t.    To  cultivate.  Thomson. 
eUL'TlIR-i-T),  pp.  Cultivated. 
eUL'TlJRE-I.ESS,  a.    H.iving  no  culture. 
CUL'TIIR-ING,  ppr.  Cultivating. 
eUL'TlJR-IST,  n.    A  cultivator. 

CUL'VER,  71,  [Sax.  culfer,  culfra  ;  Arm.  colm  ;  L.  co- 
lumba.] 

A  pigeon,  or  wood-pigeon.  Thomson. 

eUL'VER-IIOUSE,  71.    .\  dove-cote.  Ilarmar. 

eUL'VER-IN,  71.  [Fi.  coulcuvrine  ;  U.  colubrina  ;  Sp. 
culebrina ;  from  L.  colubrinus,  Irora  coluber,  a  ser- 
pent.] 

A  long,  slender  piece  of  ordnance  or  artillery,  serv- 
ing to  carry  a  ball  to  a  great  distance.  Knci/c. 

eUL'VER-Kl"? Y,  (-ke,)  71.  A  pl.ant,  or  flower.  IFdlton. 

eUL'VERT,  71.  .\  passage  under  a  roail  or  canal,  cov- 
ered with  a  bridge;  an  arched  drain  for  the  passage 
of  water.  Cue. 

eUL'VER-TAIL,  n.  [culoer  and  tail.]  '  Dovetail,  in 
joinery  and  carpentry. 

eUL'VER-TAIL-ED,  (  tild,)  a.  United  or  fastened, 
as  pieces  of  timber,  by  a  dovetailed  joint ;  a  term 
used  bij  shipwrights.  Encuc. 

€II.M'BE\T,  a.    [L.  eumJo.] 
Lying  down. 

CUiM'BER,  V.  t.  [Dan.  i«i7i77ifr,  distress,  encumbrance, 
grief;  I),  kommcren  G.  kiimmern,  to  arrest,  to  ctm- 
cern,  to  trouble,  to  grieve ;  Fr.  C7i(;<77/i6rer,  to  eucum- 
lier.] 

1.  To  load,  or  crowd. 

A  varioly  of  frivoloui  ar^menU  evmbrrt  the  memory  to  no  pur- 
pot-^.  Locke. 

2.  To  check,  stop,  or  retard,  as  by  a  load  or  weight ; 
to  make  motion  dilhcult ;  to  obstruct. 


Why  iuk«  hr  wh.\t  aYAili  lum  not  in  fi"ht, 
Ami  woiUil  but  cumber  and  rPLird  tli<  night  / 


Drydei 


3.  To  perplex  or  embarrass ;  to  distract  or  trouble. 
M-irtlta  waa  cumbered  about  much  Krrin^.     Luke  z. 

4.  To  trouble  ;  to  be  troublesome  to  ;  to  cause 
trouble  or  obstniction  in,  as  any  thing  useless. 
Thus,  brambles  cumber  a  garden  or  field.  [See 
Encumker,  which  is  more  generally  used.] 

eU.M'BER,  71.  Ilinderance  ;  obstruction  ;  burdensome- 
ness;  embarrassment;  disturbance;  distress. 

Thua  f^itlc  thy  hi*liM,  i\nii  thua  thy  cu;n^ra  apring.  ^>ena«r. 
[This  word  is  nov)  scarcely  used.] 
eU.M'BER-KI),  pp.    Lo,idcii;  crowded. 
eU'.M'BER-I.Nt;,  ppr.  Loading  ;  crowding  ;  obstructing. 
GU.M'BER-SO.ME,  o.     Troublesome  ;   burdensome  ; 
embarrassing  ;  vexatious  ;  as,  cumbersome  obedience. 

Sidney. 


r  heaping  together ;  a 


CUN  ; 

9.  I.'nwieldy  ;  unmanageable;  not  eiLsily  borne  or  | 
maiiagud  ;  as,  a  cumbersome  load  ;  a  cumbersome  iiia-  | 
chine. 

CCM'BER-SO.ME-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  encum- 
ber. Sherwood. 

eUM'BER-ROME-NESS,  n.  Burdensomene.ss  ;  the 
quality  of  being  cumbersome  and  troublesome. 

eU.M'HRANCE,  7i.  That  which  obstructs,  retards,  or 
renders  motion  or  action  diflicult  and  toilsome  ;  bur- 
den ;  encumbrance  ;  hindcrance  ;  oppressive  load  ; 
embarrassment.  Milton. 

CU.M'IIROUS,  a.  Burdensome  ;  troublesome  ;  render- 
ing action  dilhcult  or  toilsome  ;  oppressive  ;  as,  a 
cumbrous  weight  or  charge.        Milton.  Dryden. 

2.  Giving  trouble  ;  vexatious  ;  as,  a  cloud  of  cutii- 
broas  gnats,  Spenser. 

3.  Confused  ;  jumbled  ;  obstructing  each  other; 
as,  the  cumbrous  elements.  Mdton. 

CL'.M'liR01)S-LY,  adv.    In  a  cumbrous  manner. 

CIJ.M'liKOlTS-NESS,  h.    State  of  being  cumbrous. 

CI/.M'1'1U:Y,  (kum'fry,)  71.  .\  genus  of  plants,  the 
Syiiiphylum  ;  sometimes  written  Comi  rev,  Comfrt, 
Jind  (.'oMi'imv. 

eUM'IN,  77.  [L.  cuminum  ;  Gr.  Kvntviiv  ;  Oriental  ims, 
kumon.  The  verb  with  which  tliis  word  seems  to  be 
connected,  signifies,  in  Ar.  <'h.  Syr.  and  Sam.,  to  re- 
tire f'rtini  sight,  to  lie  concealed.] 

An  annual  plant  whose  seeds  have  a  bitterish, 
warm  taste,  with  an  aromatic  flavor  ;  Cuminum 
cvminuni. 

eu'M'MLVG-TON-ITE,  77.  A  new  mineral  discovered 
by  Dr.  J.  Porter,  in  Cii<77i7ii7ii<-/07i  and  Plainfield,  Hamp- 
shire county,  Massachusetts,  and  named  by  Prof. 
Dewey.  It  is  massive,  the  coinposititm  thin,  colum- 
nar, scapiforiii,  stellular,  rather  incoherent,  libers 
somewhat  curveil,  luster  silky,  color  ash-gray,  trans- 
lucent to  opatpie,  brittle.  Porter.  Slupard. 

CC'.MC-La'I'E,  v.  I.  [li.cumulo:  Riiss.  Auiti,  a  mass 
or  lump;  L.  ci/;7iii/i/.s',  a  heap;  Fr.  combler,  cumuler ; 
Sp.  cumular  i  It.  ci/77tu/nrc.J 

To  gather  f)r  throw  into  a  heap ;  to  form  a  heap ; 
to  heap  together.  H'oodward. 
[Accumulate  is  more  generally  used.] 

eU-.\IU-LA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  heaping 
hi\ip.    [See  .Accumulation. 

eO'iMU-LA-TIVE,  o.  Comiiosed  of  parts  in  a  heap; 
forming  a  mitss.  Bacon. 

2.  That  augments  by  addititm  ;  that  is  added  to 
something  else.  In  lute,  that  augments,  as  evidence, 
facts,  or  arguments,  of  the  same  kind. 

CO'iMU-LoSE,  a.    Full  of  heaps. 

e0'iMU-I-O-STR.\'TIJS,  71.   [L.  cumulus  and  stratus.] 
In  meteoroloiry,  a  name  given  to  a  cloud  having,  in 
its  main  body,  the  characters  of  the  stratu.i,  but  in 
its  mtirgin,  small  tufts  like  the  cumulus.    D.  Olmsted. 

eO'M  U-LUS,  71.  [L.,  aheap.]  In  777cto>re;o»'y,  a  name 
given  to  one  of  ilie  four  fundamental  clouds,  from  its 
structure  in  convex  masses  piled  one  upon  another. 

D.  OlmsUd. 

eUN,  r.  L    To  know.    [JVot  used.]    [See  Coy.] 

2.  To  direct  the  course  of  a  ship.    [See  Co.nd,  the 

true  orthography.] 
eUNC-TA'TIO-N,  «.    [L.  cunctor,  to  delay.] 

Delay.    [A**/  mueJi  used.] 
eiI.\e-TA'TOR,  71.    One  who  delays  or  lingers,  [tit- 

tle  used.]  Hammond. 
eiJND,  p. /.   To  give  notice.    [Sec  Co:»d.] 
CO'NE-AL,  a.    [L.  chiicu.*,  a  wedge.    See  Coin.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  wedge. 
eO'NE-ATE,     /       ,,r  1      u  J 
eO'NE  A-TED,  i  Wedge-shaped. 
CU-.\K'l-FOR.M, )  a.  [L.  euTieiu,  a  wedge,  and/omw,' 
eO'M-FOR.M,     j  form.] 

Having  the  shape  or  form  of  a  wedge. 
eUN'NER,  71.    A  vulgar  local  name  for  the  limpet  or 

patella.  OUberU 
eUN'.NING,  a.    [Sax.  cuTiTian,  co7i77a7i ,-  Goth. /4ii7i7ia7i, 

tt)  know  ;  Sw.  hunna,  to  be  able,  to  know  ;  kunnig, 

known  ;  also,  knowing,  skillful,  cunnint;;  D.  A'u7in£7t, 

can,  to  be  able,  to  hold,  contain,  understand,  or 

know  ;  G.  kdnnen.    See  Can.] 

1.  Knowing;  skillful  ;  experienced  ;  well-instnict- 
ed.  It  is  applied  to  .all  kinds  of  knowledge,  but  gen- 
erally and  appropri.ately,  to  the  skill  and  dexterity  of 
artificers,  or  the  knowledge  acquired  by  experience. 

Eaui  waa  a  cunning  hiintfr.  -Gon.  xjiii. 

1  will  uilcc  away  the  cunning  Rrulicr.  —  li.  iii. 

A  cunning  workman.  —  Ex.  xxxviiL 

2.  Wrought  with  skill ;  curious  ;  ingenious. 

With  cherubs  of  cunning  work  ahidt  thou  make  them  ^Ex. 

zavi. 

[  The  foregoing  senses  occur  frequently  in  our  version 
of  the  Scripture.^,  but  are  nearly  or  tjuite  obsoletr..] 

3.  Artful ;  shrewd  ;  sly  ;  crafty  ;  astute ;  design- 
ing ;  as,  a  cunning  fellow. 

They  are  reaolved  to  be  cunning;  let  otheta  run  the  hoiArd  of 
tx-ing  aiiiorie.  South. 

In  this  sense,  the  purpose  or  fin.al  end  of  the  per- 
son may  not  be  illaudable  ;  but  cunning  implies  the 
use  of  artifice  to  accomplish  the  purpose,  rather  than 
o[>en,  candid,  or  direct  means.  Ilence, 

4.  Deceitful;  trickish ;  employing  stratagems  for  > 
bad  purpose. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJ.MTE.  —  AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


801 


CUP 


CUR 


CUR 


5.  Assumed  witli  siibtilty  ,  artful. 

Accounting  his  iutcgrily  to  be  but  a  cunning  face  of  falsehood. 

Sidney. 

eUN'NING,  71.  Knowledge  :  art  ;  skill ;  dexterity. 
[Obs.] 

I^et  nij  ri^ht  hand  forget  her  cunning.  —  Ps.  cxxxvii. 
12.  Art ;  artifice  ;  artfulness ;  craft ;  shrewdness 
the  faculty  or  act  of  using  stratagem  to  accomplish 
a  purpose.    Hence,  in  a  bad  sense,  dcceitfulness  or 
deceit ;  fraudulent  skill  or  dexterity. 

Discourage  cunning  in  a  clilld  ;  cunning  b  the  ape  of  wisdom. 

Locke. 

€UN'NIiVG-LY,  adv.  Artfully  ;  craftUy ;  with  subtil- 
ty ;  with  fraudulent  contrivance. 

We  liave  not  followed  cunningly  devised  fables.  —  2  Pet.  i. 

€UN'.VIXR-JI.A.N,  n.  A  man  who  pretends  to  tell  for- 
tunes, or  teach  how  to  recover  stolen  or  lost  goods. 

BnUer. 

€UN'NING-NESS,  n.    Cunning ;  craft ;  deceitfulness. 

CUP,  71.  [Sax.  cop  or  cupj)  ;  D.  hop ;  Ban.  id. ;  Sw.  kopp  ; 
Fr.  coupe ;  Arm.  coupen ;  It.  coppa  ;  Sp.  copa ;  Ir.  capa, 
or  capan ;  W.  cwb,  ciopan ;  L.  cupa,  cuppa,  whence 

S  J 

cupella,  a  cupel,  a  1  ittle  cup ;  Ch.  30  i«6 ;  Ar.  ■  -> 

liubon.  Class  Gb,  No.  48.  See  also  No.  6.  The 
primary  sense  may  be,  hollow,  bending,  Russ.  kopatju, 
or  containing  ;  most  probably  the  latter,  and  allied 
to  L.  capio.    See  No.  51),  52,  68,  and  Coop.] 

1.  A  small  vessel  of  capacity,  used  commonly  to 
drink  out  of.  It  is  usu.illy  made  of  metal ;  as,  a  sil- 
ver cup ;  a  tin  cup.  But  the  name  is  also  given  to 
vessels  of  like  shape,  used  for  other  purposes.  It  is 
usually  more  deep  than  wide ;  but  tea-cups  and  cof- 
fee-cups are  often  exceptions. 

9.  The  contents  of  a  cup ;  the  liquor  contained  in 
a  cup,  or  that  it  may  contain  ;  as,  a  cup  of  beer.  See 
1  Cor.  xi. 

3.  In  a  scriptural  sCTisf,  sufferings  and  afflictions; 
that  which  is  to  be  received  or  endured. 

O  my  Father,  if  it  be  possible,  let  this  cup  pass  from  me.  — 
Matt.  xxvi. 

4.  Good  received  :  blessings  and  favors. 


My  cup  I 


eth  over.  —  Ps.  xxiii. 


Take  t!ie  cup  of  salvation  ;  that  is,  receive  the  bless- 
ings of  deliverance  and  redemption  with  joy  and 
thanksgiving.  Crudcn.  Brown. 

5.  Any  thing  hollow  like  a  cup  ;  as,  the  cup  of  an 
acorn.  The  bell  of  a  flower,  and  a  calyx,  is  called  a 
Jiower-cup, 

C.  A  glass  cup  or  vessel  used  for  drawing  blood  in 
scarification. 

Cup  and  can ;  familiar  companions ;  the  can  being 
the  large  vessel  out  of  which  the  cup  is  filled,  and 
thus  the  two  being  ctmstantly  associated.  Swift. 

Cups,  in  the  plural;  social  entertainment  in  drink- 
ing ;  merry  bout. 


Milton. 


Thfruce  from  cups  to  civil 

CUP,  71.  «'.    In  surgery,  to  apply  a  cupping-glass  to  pro- 
cure a  discharge  of  blood  from  a  scarified  |)art  of  the 
body.  Encijc. 
2.  'J'o  supply  with  cups.    [06.;.]  Shak. 

€UP'-IiE.\R-i;K,  n.  An  attendant  of  a  prince  or  at  a 
feast  who  conveys  wine  or  other  liipiors  to  the  guests  ; 
an  officer  of  the  king's  household.   JWA.  i. 

eUP'BOAIll),  (kub'burd,)  7i.  [cup  and  board.]  Origi- 
nalbj,  a  board  or  shelf  for  cups  to  stand  on.  In  mod- 
ern houses,  a  small  case  or  inclosure  in  a  room,  with 
shelves  destined  to  receive  cups,  plates,  dishes,  and 
the  like.  Bacon.  Drifden. 

€UP'no.\Rn,  V.  t.  To  collect  into  a  cupboard  ;  to 
hoard.    ijVut  used.]  SJiaJc. 

eUP'IiOAKD-EH,  pp.    Deposited  in  a  cupboard. 

CO'PEL,  71.  [I,,  cupella,  a  little  cup.]  A  small  cup  or 
vessel  used  in  refining  precious  metals.  It  retains 
them  while  in  a  metallic  state,  but  when  changed  by 
fire  into  a  lluid  scoria,  it  ab.sorbs  them.  Thus  when 
a  mixture  of  lead  with  gold  or  silver  is  heated  in  a 
strong  fire,  the  lead  is  oxydatcd,  and  sinks  into  the 
substance  of  the  cupel,  while  the  gold  or  silver  re- 
mains pure.  This  kind  of  vessel  is  made  usually  of 
phosphate  of  liuu^  or  the  residue  of  burnt  bones, 
ninimed  into  a  mold,  which  gives  it  its  figure. 

Kncyc.    Lavoisier.  Mckolson. 

eO'P£I--IJUST,  71,   I'owder  u.sed  in  purifying  uutals. 

Smart. 

CU  PEIv-LA'Tro.-V,  71.  The  refining  of  gold,  silver, 
and  some  other  metals,  In  a  cupel,  or  by  scorification. 

iML'oisirr.    JVieliolson.  Kncyc. 

eUP'-GALL,  71.  A  singular  kind  of  gall  found  on  the 
leave.')  of  oak,  tc.  It  contains  the  worm  of  a  small 
fly.  F.ncyc. 

eO'Pin,  71.  [I<.  eupido.]  In  mythology,  the  god  of  love. 

CU-PID'i-TY,  71.  [1*.  cupiitiUis,  from  cupidus,  from  ca- 
pio, to  desire,  to  covet.    Sec  (  'lass  Gb,  No.  22,  24.] 

An  eager  desire  to  poHHess  something;  an  ardent 
wishing  or  longing  ;  inordinate  or  unlawful  desire  of 
wealth  or  power.    It  is  not  used,  I  believe,  for  the 


anim.il  appetite,  like  lust  or  concupiscence,  but  for 
desire  of  the  mind. 

No  property  is  secure  when  it  becomes  large  enough  to  tempt  the 
cupiditi/  of  indigent  power.  Burke. 

€UP'-MOSS,  71.  A  vague  term  for  a  sort  of  moss,  or 
some  plant  called  a  moss,  whether  correctly  or  not  is 
uncertain. 

eO'PO-LA,  71.  [It.  cupola ;  Sp.  cupula ;  from  the  root 
of  cii;i,  or  rather  from  W.  cop,  a  top  or  sumtuit.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  spherical  vault  on  the  top  of  an 
edifice ;  a  dome. 

2.  The  round  top  of  a  structure ;  as,  the  cupola  of  a 
furnace.  Encyc. 

€u'PO-L.\£D,  o.    Having  a  cupola.    [JVof  used.] 

Herbert. 

CUP'P£D,  (kupt,)  pp.  Bled  by  means  of  cupping- 
glasses. 

CUP'PER,  71.  [from  cup.]  One  who  applies  a  cup- 
ping-glass; a  scarifier. 

CUP'PING,  ppr.  or  71.  Applying  a  cupping-glass,  with 
scarification  ;  a  drawing  blood  with  a  cupping-glass. 

eUP'PING-GLASS,  71.  A  glass  vessel  like  a  cup,  to 
be  applied  to  tlie  skin,  before  and  after  scarification, 
for  drawing  blood. 

CU'PRE-OUS,  a.    [L.  cupreus,  from  cuprum,  copper.] 
Coppery ;  consisting  of  copper  ;  resembling  copper, 
or  partaking  of  its  qualities.  Encyc.  Boyle. 

CU-PRIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  cuprum,  copper,  and  fero, 
to  bear.] 

Containing  or  afTording  copper ;  as,  cupriferous  sil- 
ver. Tooke.  Russ. 

€UP'-RoSE,  7!.    The  poppy. 

eUP'-SHAP-£D,  (-shapt,)  a.    Shaped  like  a  cup. 

Cu'PU-LA,  j  n.    [L.  cupula.]    In  botany,  the  cup  of 

Cu'PULE,  i  the  acorn,  husk  of  the  filbert,  chestnut, 
&e. ;  a  peculiar  combination  of  bracts.       P.  Cue. 

eU-PU-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Bearing  cupules. 

CUR,  71.  [Q,u.  Lapponic  coira;  Basque  chauirra;  Ir. 
gT/r,  gaier,  a  dog.] 

A  tiegenerate  dog ;  and,  in  reproach,  a  worthless 
man.  .addison.    ShaJc.  Dryden. 

COR'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Cure.]  That  may  be  healed 
or  cured  ;  admittnig  a  remedy;  as,  a  curable  wound 
or  disease  ;  a  curable  evil.  Dryden. 

CUR'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  Possibility  of  being  cured, 
healed,  or  remedied. 

eU-RA-CoA',  (ku-ra-s6',)  71.  A  liqueur  or  cordial,  fla- 
vored with  orange  peel,  cinnamon,  and  mace,  and 
deriving  its  name  from  the  Island  of  Curacoa,  where 
it  is  best  made.  Brande. 

€0'RA-CY,         j  71.   [See  Cure  and  Curate.]  The 

eO'RATE-SHIP,  j    office  or  employment  of  a  curate  ; 
the  employment  of  a  clergyman  who  represents  the 
incumbent  or  beneficiary  of  a  church,  parson,  or  vic- 
ar, and  officiates  in  his  stead.  Swift. 
2.  A  benefice  held  by  license  from  the  bishop. 

€U-R.AR'I-NA,  71.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  La- 
siostoma  Curare,  or  the  Woorara-tree  of  South  Amer- 
ica. 

CU'RATE,  71.  [L.  curator,  or  curatus,  from  cura,  care. 
See  Cure.] 

1.  A  clergyman  in  the  Church  of  England,  who  is 
employed  to  perform  divine  service  in  the  place  of 
the  incumbent,  parson,  or  vicar.  Encyc. 

There  are  two  kinds  ;  stipendiary  being  one  who  is 
hired  by  the  rector  or  vicar  to  serve  for  him,  and  per- 
petual being  one  who  is  not  dependent  on  the  rector, 
but  is  supported  by  a  part  of  the  tithes  or  otherwise. 

Brande. 

2.  One  employed  to  perform  the  duties  of  another. 

Vnjdcn. 

eO'RA-TIVE,  a.    Relating  to  the  cure  of  diseases; 

tendjug  to  cure.  .^rbuthnot. 
eU-RA'TOR,  71.    [L.    See  Cure.]    One  who  has  the 

care  and  superintemlence  of  any  thing.  Swifl. 

2.  A  guardian  a|)pointed  by  law.  .^yliffe. 

3.  Among  Vie  Romans,  a  trustee  of  the  afl'airs  and 
interests  of  a  person  emancipated  or  interilicted. 
Al.so,  one  appointed  to  regulate  the  price  of  mer- 
chandise in  the  cities,  and  to  superintend  the  cus- 
toms and  tributes.  Encyc. 

,4.  In  the  United  Provinces,  or  Holland,  the  curator 
of  a  university  superintends  the  affairs  of  the  institu- 
tion, the  administration  of  the  revenues,  the  ctmduct 
of  the  professors,  &.c.  Encyc. 

eU-RA'TRIX,  71.    She  that  cures  or  heals.  Cudworth. 

CURB,  77.  [Fr.  courher,  to  bend;  Russ.  koroblyu,  to 
bend,  to  draw  in,  to  straiten.] 

1.  In  the  manege,  a  chain  of  iron  made  fast  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  branches  of  the  bridle,  in  a  hole 
called  the  eye,  and  running  over  the  bi  ard  of  the 
horse.  It  consists  of  three  parts ;  the  hook,  fixed  to 
the  eye  of  the  branch  ;  the  chain  or  links  ;  and  the 
two  rings  or  mails.  Encyc. 

2.  Restraint ;  check  ;  hinderance.  Religion  should 
operate  as  an  eflectual  curb  to  the  passions. 

3.  A  frame  or  a  wall  round  the  mouth  of  a  well. 

4.  [Fr.courbe;  U.  corba,  a  disease  and  a  basket.] 
A  hard  and  callous  swelling  on  the  hind  part  of  tlio 
hock  of  a  horse's  leg,  attended  with  stilfness,  and 
sometimes  pain  and  lamimess.  Encyc. 

eURH,  V.  U  To  restrain  ;  to  guide  and  manage,  as  a 
horse.  Milton. 


2.  To  restrain  ;  to  check ;  to  hold  back  ;  to  con- 
fine ;  to  keep  in  subjection  ;  as,  to  curb  the  passions 

And  wisely  learn  to  cur6  tliy  sorrows  wild.  MiHon. 

3.  To  furnish  or  surround  with  a  curb,  as  a  well. 

4.  To  bend.  [J^otuscd.] 

€URB'£D,  pp.  Restrained  ;  checked  ;  kept  in  subjec- 
tion ;  furnished  with  a  curb. 

CURB'ING,  ppr.    Holding  back  ;  checking  ;  restrain- 

CURB'ING,  71.    A  check.  [ing. 

eURB'LESS,  a.    Hr.ving  no  curb  or  restraint. 

eURB'-ROOF,  71.  A  roof  having  a  double  slope  on 
each  side  \_  a  gambrel  roof. 

eURB'-SToNE,  71.  A  stone  placed  at  the  edge  of  a 
pavement,  to  hold  the  work  together.  It  is  written 
sometimes  Kerb  or  Kirb. 

CUR-Cu'LI-0, 71.  [L.]  A  general  name,  in  the  United 
States,  for  the  coleopterous  insects  which  devour 
fruits,  or  the  larvie  of  which  do  so.  Oardner. 

eURD,  71.  [Ir.  criiWi;  Scot.criirfs.  Sometimes,  in  Eng- 
lish, Crud.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  congeal  or  coag- 
ulate.   See  Crystal.] 

The  coagulated  or  thickened  part  of  milk,  which 
is  formed  into  cheese,  or,  in  some  countries,  eaten  as 
common  food.  The  word  may  sometimes,  perhaps, 
be  used  for  the  coagulated  part  of  any  liquor.  Bacon. 

CURD,  V.  t.    To  cause  to  coagulate;  to  turn  to  curd. 

€URD'ED,pp.    Coagulated.  [Shak. 

eURD'LE,  (kurd  1,)  v.  i.  [Sometimes  written  Cbu- 
DLE.    See  Curd.] 

1.  To  coagulate  or  concrete  ;  to  thicken,  or  change 
into  curd.    Milk  curdles  by  a  mixture  of  runnet. 

2.  To  thicken  ;  to  congeal ;  as,  the  blood  curdles 
in  the  veins. 

CURU'LE,  r.  t.  To  change  into  curd ;  to  cause  to 
thicken,  to  coagulate,  or  concrete.  Runnet  or  brandy 
curdles  milk. 

At  FlorenQe  they  cunlle  their  milk  with  artichoke  flowers. 

Encyc. 

9.  To  congeal  or  thicken.  The  recital  curdled  my 
blood. 

eURD'LED,  pp.  or  a.    Coagulated  ;  congealed. 
CURD'LING,  ppr.    Concreting  ;  coagulating. 
eURD'Y,  a.    Like  curd ;  full  of  curd  ;  coagulated. 

Arbutlinot, 

CORE,  71.  [L.  cura  ;  Fr.  cure  ;  L.  euro,  to  cure,  to  take 
care,  to  prepare  ;  VV.  etir,  care,  a  blow  or  stroke,  af- 
fliction ;  curaw,  to  beat,  throb,  strike  ;  curiam,  to 
trouble,  to  vex,  to  pine  or  waste  away  ;  Fr.  curcr,  to 
cleanse  ;  "  se  curer  les  dents,''  to  pick  the  teeth  ;  It. 
cura,  care,  diligence  ;  curare,  to  cure,  attend,  protect ; 
also,  to  value  or  esteem  ;  Sp.  cura,  cure,  remedy, 
guardianship ;  curar,  to  administer  medicines  ;  to 
salt,  as  meat ;  to  season,  as  timber ;  to  bleach  thread 
or  linen ;  to  cake  care  ;  to  recover  from  sickness  ; 
eurioso,  curious,  neat,  clean,  handsome,  fine,  careful. 
The  radical  sense  of  this  word  is,  to  strain,  stretch, 
extend,  which  gives  the  sense  of  healing,  that  is, 
making  strong,  and  of  care,  superintendence.  But 
the  Welsh  has  the  sense  of  driving,  a  modified  ap- 
plication of  extending,  and  this  gives  the  sense  of 
separation  and  purification.  In  its  application  to 
hay,  timber,  provisions,  &c.,  the  sense  may  be,  to 
viake  right,  as  in  other  cases  ;  but  of  this  I  am  not 
confident.] 

1.  A  healing  ;  the  act  of  healing  ;  restoration  to 
health  from  disease,  and  to  soundness  from  a  wound. 
We  say,  a  medicine  will  effect  a  cure. 

2.  Remedy  for  disease  ;  restorative ;  that  which 
heals. 

Colds,  hunger,  prisons,  ills  without  a  cure.  Dryden. 

3.  The  employment  of  a  curate  ;  tlie  care  of  souls ; 
spiritual  charge. 

CORE,  r.  t.    [L.  euro.    See  the  noum] 

1.  To  heal,  as  a  person  diseased,  or  a  wounded 
limb  ;  to  restore  to  health,  as  the  body,  or  to  sound- 
ness, as  a  limb. 

The  child  was  cured  from  that  very  hour.  —  Ma«.  xvii. 

2.  To  subdue,  remove,  destroj',  or  put  an  end  to  ; 
to  heal,  as  a  disease. 

Christ  gave  his  disciples  power  to  cure  diseases.  —  I.uke  ix. 

When  the  person  and  the  disease  are  both  men- 
tioned, cure  is  followed  by  n/ before  the  disease.  The 
physician  cured  the  man  n/his  fever. 

3.  To  remedy  ;  to  remove  an  evil,  and  restore  to  a 
good  state.  Patience  will  alleviate  calamities  which 
it  can  not  cure. 

4.  To  dry  ;  to  prepare  for  preser^'ation  ;  as,  to  cure 
hay  ;  or  to  prepare  by  salt,  or  in  any  manner,  so  as  to 
prevent  speedy  putrefaction  ;  as,  to  cure  fish  or  beef. 

eOR'Kl),  pp.  or  a.  Healed  ;  restored  to  health  or 
soundness;  removed,  as  a  di.se.tse  ;  remcdit^d  ;  dried, 
smoked,  or  otherwise  prepared  for  preservation. 

eORE'I.ESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  cured  or  healed  ; 
incurable  ;  not  admitting  of  a  remedy  ;  as,  a  cureless 
disorder  ;  a  cureless  ill.  Dryden. 

eOR'ER,  71.   A  hetiler ;  a  physician  ;  one  who  heals. 

Harvey. 

eUR'FEW,  (kur'fu,)  71.    [Fr.  courre  feu,  cover-fire.] 
1.  The  ringing  of  a  bell  or  bells  nt  night,  as  a  sig- 
nal to  the  inhabitants  to  rake  up  their  fires  and  retire 
to  rest.    This  practice  orignateil  in  England,  from  an 
order  of  William  the  Ciuiqueror,  who  directed  that, 


FATE,  FAR,  F^VLL,  WIl^T — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  DIED  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI.F,  BQQK. 


CUR 


CUR 


CUR 


at  the  riiifiinK  of  the  bell  at  eight  o'clock,  ever)'  one 
shuiilil  put  out  his  light  and  go  to  bod.  This  word 
is  not  used  in  America ;  although  the  practice  of 
ringing  a  bell  at  nine  o'clock  continues  in  many 
places,  and  is  considered,  in  New  England,  as  a  sig- 
nal for  [wople  to  retire  from  company  to  llieir  own 
abodes  ;  and,  in  general,  (ho  signal  is  obeyed. 
2.  A  cover  for  a  fire ;  a  fire-plate.    [jW£  used.] 

Bacon. 

eU-UI-A-LISt'ie,  a.    [L.  curittlis.] 

Pertaining  to  a  court. 
€U-KI-AL.'I-TY,  n.    [L.  curialis,  from  curia,  a  court.] 
'I'he  privileges,  prerogatives,  or  retinue,  of  a  court. 
[.Xot  luseii.]  Bacon. 
COK'ING,  ;>;(r.    Healing;  restoring  to  health  or  sound- 
ness ;  removing,  as  an  evil ;  preparing  for  preserva- 
tion. 

eOK'I.XG-HOU.SE,  ji.  A  building  in  which  sugar  is 
drained  and  dried.  Edicards,  IV.  Ind. 

eU-Kl-0-LO<S'ie,  a.  [Gr.  xu/xoXoj  la,  propriety  of 
spraking.] 

Designating  a  rude  kind  of  hieroglyphics,  in  which 
a  thing  is  represented  by  its  picture.  IVarburloiu 
eU-IU-OS'I-TY,  n.    [la.  curioaitas.    See  Cl-riul's.] 

1.  A  strong  desire  to  see  something  novel,  or  to 
discover  something  unknown,  either  by  research  or 
inipiiry  ;  a  desire  to  gratify  the  senses  with  a  sight  of 
what  is  new  or  unusual,  or  to  gratify  the  mind  with 
new  discoveries  ;  inquisilivcness.  A  man's  curiosity 
leads  him  to  view  tlie  ruins  of  llalhec,  to  investigate 
the  origin  of  Ilcuner,  to  discover  the  component  parts 
of  a  niiner.il,  or  the  motives  of  aiiollicr's  actions. 

2.  Nicety  ;  delicacy.  Shak. 

3.  Accuracy  ;  exactness  ;  nice  performance  ;  curi- 
ousne.ss  j  as,  the  cun'o,«i7i/  of  workmanship.  Raij. 

4.  A  nice  experiment;  a  tiling  unusual  or  worthy 
of  curiosity. 

There  lialh  bwn  pnicticctl  n  curio$ity.  to  act  a  ure  on  the  north 
■iilu  or  a  wall,  nnd  at  a  little  higiit,  to  draw  it  through  tlie 
wail,  &c.  Btuvn. 

a.  An  object  of  curiosity  ;  that  which  e.vcites  a 
desire  of  seeing,  or  deserves  to  be  seen,  as  novel  and 
extraordinary. 

Wo  took  a  luniUe  together  to  tee  the  curiotiUet  of  this  great 
town.  Addison. 

[TlieJIrst  and  thf  last  senses  are  chicfiy  used.] 
eU  RI-O'SO,  n.    [It.]    A  curious  person  ;  a  virtuoso. 
eO'RI-OUS,  a.    [L.  eurwsus,  from  euro,  care.  See 
Cure.) 

1.  Strongly  desirous  to  sec  what  is  novel,  or  to  dis- 
■  rover  what  is  unknown  ;  solicitous  to  see  or  to  know ; 

imiuisitive. 

Ik  not  <Mriou«  In  unnfWMary  matters,  nor  to  pry  into  the 
coniU'mj  of  your  iieighbunt.  Anon. 

Q.  Habitually  in()uisitive ;  addicted  to  research  or 
iniiuiry  ;  ns,  a  man  of  a  curious  turn  of  mind  ;  some- 
times followed  by  after,  and  sometimes  by  of.  Curi- 
ous aflrr  things  elegant  and  beautiful ;  curious  of 
antiquities.  IVoodaard.  Dnjden. 

3.  Accurate ;  careful  not  to  mistake  ;  solicitous  to 
be  correct. 

Men  were  Dot  curoim  what  sjUablet  or  particles  they  umsI. 

Hooker. 

4.  Careful ;  nice ;  solicitous  in  selection ;  difficult 
to  please. 

A  Icniperata  nuui  la  not  curioiM  of  dclictciei.  Taylor. 

5.  Nice ;  exact ;  subtile  ;  made  with  care. 

lioth  th^  tenaen  embrace  their  objocta  —  with  a  more  cun'ou* 
diacrimioaliuii.  Holder. 

6.  Artful ;  nicely  diligenL 

Fwich  ornament  alout  her  •eemty  liea, 

By  cwrioua  cli.vncc,  or  cvrelcas  art,  compoaed.  F>urfax. 

7.  Wrought  with  care  and  art  ;  elegant ;  neat ; 
finished  ;  as,  a  curious  girdle  ;  curiaiu  work.  £z. 
xxviii.  XXX. 

8.  Requiring  care  and  nicety  ;  as,  curious  arts. 
Acts  xix. 

9.  Rigid  ;  severe  ;  particular.    [lAttle  used,]  Shak. 

10.  Rare  ;  singular  ;  what  was  hardly  to  be  ex- 
pected ;  as,  a  curious  fact.    Hume.    Burke.  Southeji. 

CO'RI-OUS-LV,  orfD.  With  nice  insjiection  ;  inquisi- 
tively ;  attentively. 

I  saw  iiotliinir  at  fint,  but  ohaenring  it  moT«  curiautly,  tlx  apota 
apiicateJ.  Neteum. 

2.  With  nice  care  and  art ;  exactly ;  neatly ;  ele- 
gantlv.    Ps.  cxxxix. 

3.  In  a  singular  manner;  unusually. 
eO'Rl-OUS-NE.-<S,  n.    Fitness  to  excite  curiosity ;  ex- 
actness of  workmanship. 

2.  Singularity  of  contrivance. 

3.  Curiosity. 

eURL,  c.  t.  [D.  kruUen ;  Dan.  kroUer,  to  curl,  to  crisp  : 
Com.  kriUia.] 

1.  To  turn,  bend,  or  form  into  ringlets  ;  to  crisp  ; 
a-1  the  hair. 

2.  To  writhe  ;  to  twist ;  to  coil ;  as  a  scrpenL 

3.  To  dress  with  curls. 

The  inakj  lodl 
Thai  earUd  Mepcra.  MilUm. 

A.  To  raise  in  waves  or  undulations ;  to  ripple. 

Dryden. 


Having  curling  hair. 


Se**  would  be  jmola,  wUiout  Um  bruahin?  air 
To  curl  the  wa<ea. 


eURL,  V.  i.  To  bend  in  contractitm  ;  to  shrink  into 
ringlets.  Boyle. 

2.  To  rise  in  waves  or  undulations  ;  to  ripple  ;  and 
particularly,  to  roll  over  at  the  summit ;  as,  a  curling 
wave. 

3.  To  rise  in  a  winding  current,  and  to  roll  over  at 

the  ends  ;  as,  curling  smoke. 

4.  To  writhe  ;  to  twist  itself. 

Thrn  round  hrr  alL-nder  waist  he  curled.  Dnjden. 

5.  To  shrink  ;  to  shrink  b.ick  ;  to  bend  and  sink. 
He  curled  down  into  a  corner. 

6.  To  play  at  the  game  called  curling.  [Scottisli.] 
eiTRL,  II.    A  ringlet  of  liair,  or  any  thing  of  a  like 

form. 

2.  Undulation;  a  waving;  sinuosity;  flexure. 

M'ewl.an. 

3.  A  winding  in  the  grain  of  wood. 

4.  A  disease  in  potatoes,  in  which  the  leaves,  at 
their  first  appearance,  seem  curled,  and  shrunk  up. 

Brnmtr. 

eURL'KD,  pj).  or  a.    Turned  or  formed  into  ringlets  ; 

crisped  ;  twisted  ;  undulated. 
eURL'ER,  n.    Oiw  that  curls. 

2.  t)ne  that  plays  at  the  game  called  curling. 

[Scottisli.j 

eUK'LKW,  (kur'lii,)  n.    [Fr.  courlis,  or  eorlieu.] 

An  atpiatic  bird,  of  the  genus  Nuinenius,  and  the 
grallic  order.  It  h:is  a  long  bill ;  its  color  is  diversi- 
fied with  ash  and  black  ;  an<l  the  largest  species 
spread  more  than  three  feci  of  wing.  It  frequents 
the  sea-shore  in  winter,  and  in  summer  retires  to  the 
mountains.  This  bird  is  of  the  same  family  with 
the  woodcock  and  sandpipt^r,  and  is  much  priz.ed  for 
food.  Its  various  species  are  widely  scattered  on 
both  continents. 

eUIU/l-NESS,  n.    .\  state  of  being  curly. 

CURL'ING,  n.  A  winter  game  among  the  Scotch, 
which  consists  in  launching  from  the  hand  a  heavy 
weight,  (as  a  large  stone  or  mass  of  iron,)  along  the 
surface  of  the  ice,  so  as  to  strike  another  heavy  weight 
and  propel  it  in  a  given  direction,  thus  resembling 
billiards.  Jainieson*s  Scotti.sh  Vict. 

eURJL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Bending  ;  twisting;  forming 
into  ringlets  ;  playing  at  the  game  of  curling. 

eiJRL'ING-I-RONS, )  n.  pi.    An  instrument  for  curl- 

CURL'ING-TONGS,  j     ing  the  hair. 

eURL'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  waving  manner. 

CURIi'Y,  a.  liaving  curls;  tending  to  curl;  full  of 
ripples. 

eURL'Y-HEAD-ED, 

€URL'Y-PA-TED, 

eUR-MUD'OEON,  fkur-mud'jun,)  n.  [Fr.  caur, 
heart,  and  mediant,  evil.    JYares.  Qu.] 

An  avaricious,  churlish  fellow;  a  miser;  a  nig- 
gard ;  a  churl.  Hwdibras. 

eUR-iMUD'GEON-LY,  a.  Avaricious;  covetous; 
niggardlv  ;  churlish.  L'Estrange. 

eUR'KANT,  »u  \Uom  Corinth.]  The  fruit  of  a  well- 
known  shrub  belonging  to  the  genus  Ribes,  of  which 
Grossularia  is  now  considered  a  species ;  the  gross- 
berry  or  gooseberry  and  the  currant  falling  under  the 
same  genus.  Currants  are  of  various  species  and 
varieties  ;  as,  the  common  red  and  white  currants, 
and  the  black  currant. 

2.  A  small  kind  of  dried  grape,  imported  from  the 
Levant,  chiefly  from  Zante  and  Ceplialonia  ;  useil  in 
cookery.  jir  CuUoch. 

eUR'llEN-CY,  n.  [See  CtBKF.!«T.]  Literally,  a  flow- 
ing, running,  or  passing;  a  continued  or  uninter- 
rupted course  like  that  of  a  stream  ;  as,  the  currency 
of  time.  Ayliffe. 

2.  .\  continued  course  in  public  opinion,  belief,  or 
reception  ;  a  pa.ssing  from  person  to  person,  or  from 
age  to  age  ;  as,  a  report  has  had  a  long  or  general 
currency.  Johnsoiu 

3.  A  continual  passing  from  hand  to  hand,  as  coin 
or  bills  of  credit ;  circulation  ;  as,  the  currency  of 
cenLs,  or  of  English  crowns  ;  the  currency  of  bank 
bills,  or  of  treasury  notes. 

4.  Fluency  ;  readiness  of  utterance ;  but  in  this 
sense  we  generally  use  fluency. 

5.  General  estimation ;  the  rate  at  which  any 
thing  is  generally  valued. 

He  t^kea  cTeatneaa  of  kingdom!  according  to  tlicir  bulk  nnd 
currency,  and  not  after  uitrinaic  raiue.  Bacon. 

6.  That  which  is  current  or  in  circulation,  as  a 
medium  of  trade.  The  word  may  be  ajiplied  to 
coins,  or  to  bills  issued  by  authority.  It  is  often  ai>- 
plied  to  bank  notes,  and  to  notes  issued  by  govern- 
ment. Crawford. 

eUR'KENT,  a,  [I,,  currens,  from  curro,  to  flow  or 
run  ;  Fr.  courir,  whence  courier,  and  discourir,  to 
discourse,  coneourir,  to  concur,  &c. ;  It.  correre  ;  Sp. 
and  Port,  ctrrrrr,  to  run  ;  W.  gyru,  to  drive  or  run  ; 
Eng.  hurry.   It  seems  to  be  connected  with  the  root 

of  ear,  cart,  chariot,  like  currus.    See  Ar.jLT  karua, 

and  <i^j-^  garaL   Class  Gr,  No.  7,  32,  15.] 

1.  Literally,  flowing,  rtinning,  passing.  Hence, 
passing  from  person  to  person,  or  from  hand  to  hand  ; 


circulating  ;  as,  ciirrciif  opinions ;  current  coin. 
Hence,  common,  general,  or  lasliinnabl.! ;  generally 
received  ;  popular;  ns,  the  current  imlions  of  the 
day  or  age  ;  current  folly.       WalLi.    Strifl.  Pope. 

2.  Established  by  common  estimation  ;  generally 
received  ;  as,  the  current  value  of  coin. 

3.  Passable ;  that  may  be  allowed  or  admitted. 

Shall. 

4.  Now  piissing ;  present  in  its  course ;  as,  the  cur- 
rent month  or  year. 

eUR'RKiNT,  n.  A  flowing  or  passing ;  a  stream  ; 
applied  to  fluids  ;  as,  a  current  of  water,  or  of  air. 

2.  A  progressive  motion  of  the  Wal4*r  of  the  sea,  a 
lake,  and  at  a  certain  place.  The  Gulf  Stream  is  a 
remarkable  current,  in  the  Atlantic.  A  current  sets 
into  the  Mediterranean. 

3.  Course  ;  progressive  motion  or  movement ; 
continuation  ;  as,  the  current  of  time. 

4.  A  connected  series;  successive  course;  as,  the 
current  of  events. 

r>.  General  or  main  course  ;  as,  the  current  of 
opinion. 

CUU-RFJ^'TF.  CaL'JiMO,  [L.]  The  pen  running j 
with  the  pen  running. 

ei;K'Ri;.\''I'-LY,  «</<•.  in  constant  motion;  with 
continued  propression.  Hence,  coniinonly  ;  gener- 
ally ;  popularly;  with  general  receplitm ;  as,  the 
story  is  currently  reported  and  believed. 

CLJR'RENT-NESS,  h.  Currency  ;  circulation  ;  gen- 
eral reception. 

2.  Fluency ;  easiness  of  pronunciation.  [JVof 
much  used.] 

eUR'RI-CLE,  n.    [L.  curriculum,  from  curro,  to  nin.] 

1.  A  chaise  or  carriage  with  two  wheels,  drawn  by 
two  horses  abrexst. 

2.  A  chariot.    [Au(  in  use.] 

3.  A  course.    [.Vot  in  use  ] 
€ini-Rie'i;-LUM,  n.    [L.]    A  race-course;  a  place 

for  running  ;  a  chariot,  &c.  Hence, 
2.  A  course,  in  general ;  applied  particularly  to  the 

course  of  study  in  a  university,  4cc. 
€UR'RI-KD,  (kur'rid,);)p.  or  n.  [See  Curry.]  Dressed 

by  currying  ;  dressed  as  leather  ;  cleaned  ;  prepared. 
CUR'RI-ER,  n.    [L.  coriarius;   Fr.  corroyeur.  See 

Cl'rrv.] 

A  man  who  dresses  and  colors  leather,  after  it  is 
tanned. 

eUR'RlSH,  a.  [See  Cur.]  Like  a  cur ;  having  the 
qualities  of  n  cur;  brutal;  malignant;  snappish; 
snarling  ;  churlish  ;  intnictablc  ;  quarrelscmie. 

Sidney,    Kairfai.  Shak. 
CUR'R1SH-I,Y,  adv.  Like  a  cur  ;  in  a  brutal  manner. 
CUR'RISH-NESS,  71.    Moroseness  ;  churlishness. 

Feltham. 

CUR'RY,  r.  t.  [Fr.  corroyer  ;  Arm.  eourreza ;  Sp.  cur- 
tir ;  Port,  cortir.  The  French  and  Arnioric  word 
seems  to  be  compounded  of  L.  corium,  a  hide,  and 
the  root  of  rado,  lo  scrape,  or  of  a  word  of  like  sig- 
nification. The  Sp.  and  Port,  word  seems  to  be  al- 
lied lo  cortex,  bark,  from  stripping;  or  to  L.  curtus, 
short,  from  cutting.  Hut  tliu  L.  corium  is  probably 
from  a  root  signifying  to  scrape,  or  to  peel.  See 
Class  Gr,  Nos.  5  and  6.] 

1.  To  dress  leather  after  it  is  tanned  ;  to  .soak, 
pare,  or  scrape,  cleanse,  beat,  and  color  tanned  hides, 
and  prepare  them  for  use. 

2.  To  rub  and  clean  with  a  comb  ;  as,  to  curry  a 
horse. 

3.  To  scratch  or  claw  ;  to  tear,  in  quarrels. 


By  Bi'tling  brother  .ijidnst  brother, 
To  claw  and  curry  one  another. 


Duller. 


4.  To  rub  or  stroke ;  to  make  smooth  ;  lo  tickle  by 
flattery ;  to  humor.  But  generally  used  in  the 
phr.Tse, 

To  curry  furor ;  to  seek  or  gain  favor  by  flattery, 
caresses,  kindness,  or  officious  civilities.  [.Vut  elt- 
gant.\  Uookcr. 
GUR'RV,  n.  A  kind  of  sauce  much  used  in  India, 
containing  red  pepper  and  other  strong  spices.  It  is 
poured  on  the  food,  which  is  hence  spoken  of  as 
curried  rice,  fowl,  &c. 

2.  A  stew  of  fowl,  fish,  ice,  cooked  with  curry- 
sauce.  Spalding, 
CUR'RY-CO.MB,  n,     [See  Comb.]    An  iron  instru- 
ment or  cimib,  for  rubbing  nnd  cleaning  horses. 
€UR'RY-1NG,  ppr.    Scraping  and  dressing ;  clean- 
ing ;  scratching. 
2.  Rubbing  down,  as  a  horse. 
eUR'RY-ING,  n.    Rubbing  down  a  horse. 

2.  The  art  of  dressing  skins  after  they  are  t.anned, 
or  of  giving  them  the  necessary  smooliiuess,  luster, 
color,  and  suppleness.  Ure. 
CURSE,  V.  L  ;  pret.  and  pp,  Cursid  or  Curst.  [Sax. 

cursian,  eorsian  ;  Arm.  argeunL    Qu.  Ar. 
karatha.] 

1.  To  utter  a  wish  of  cvU  against  one  ;  to  impre- 
cate evil  upon  ;  to  call  for  mischief  or  injury  to  fall 
upon  ;  to  execrate. 

Thou  ihalt  not  cum  the  rulrr  of  thy  people.  —  Ex.  xxii. 

Blesa,  and  curie  not.  —  Roni.  xii. 

Cure*  me  Ihia  people,  for  they  ore  toa  inlgktj  for  me.  —  Num. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AlV'GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CUR 

2.  To  injure  ;  to  subject  to  evil ;  to  vex,  harass,  or 
torment  witli  great  calamities. 

On  impious  realms  and  barbarous  liiiis^s  impose 

Thy  plao^ucs,  and  curse  'em  wiUl  eucil  sous  as  those.  Pope, 

3.  To  devote  to  evil. 

CURSE,  V.  i.    To  utter  imprecations ;  to  affirm  or 
deny  with  imprecations  of  divine  vengeance. 
Then  began  he  to  curse  aiid  to  swear.  —  Matt.  xxvi. 
CURSE,  n.    Malediction ;  tlie  expression  of  a  wish  of 
evil  to  another. 

Sbimei  —  who  cuTsed  me  with  a  ^ievous  curse.  —  1  Kings  li. 

2.  Imprecation  of  evil. 

They  entered  into  a  curse,  and  into  an  oath.  —  Neh.  X. 

3.  Affliction  ;  torment ;  great  vexation. 

I  will  make  tliis  city  a  curse  to  all  nations.  —  Jer.  xxvl. 

4.  Condemnation  ;  sentence  of  divine  vengeance 
on  sinners. 

Christ  bath  redeemed  iw  from  the  curse  of  the  law.  —  Gal.  iii. 

5.  Denunciation  of  evil. 

The  priest  shall  write  all  these  curses  in  a  book.  —  Num.  v. 

CURS'SD,  (kurst,)pp.    Execrated;  afflicted;  vexed; 
tormented  ;  blasted  by  a  curse. 
'2.  Devoted  to  destruction. 

'I'Lou  art  cursed  from  tlic  earth.  —  G-n.  iv. 

CURS'ED,a.    Deserving  a  curse  ;  execrable;  hateful; 
detestable  ;  abominable. 
2.  Vexatious  ;  as,  a  cursed  quarrel ;  cursed  thorns. 

Drydai.  Prior. 

eURS'ED-LY,  arfti.  In  a  cursed  manner  ;  enor- 
mously ;  miserably ;  in  a  manner  to  be  cursed  or 
detested.    \A  low  ioord.] 

eURS'ED-NESS,  v.  The  state  of  being  under  a  curse, 
or  of  being  doomed  to  execration  or  to  evil. 

eURS'ER,  n.    One  who  curses,  or  utters  a  curse. 

eUR'SHIP,  n.  [See  Ci;B.j  Dogship  ;  meanness  ;  ill- 
nature.  Hudihras, 

eURS'ING,  ppr.    Execrating;  imprecating  evil  on 
denouncing  evil;  dooming  to  evil,  misery,  or  vexa- 
tion. 

eURS'ING,  Ji.  Execration  ;  the  uttering  of  a  curse ; 
a  dooming  to  vexation  or  misery. 

CUU'SI-TOR,  n.  [from  tlie  L.  carso,  cursito,  to  run.] 
In  England,  a  clerk  in  the  Court  of  Chancery,  whose 
business  is  to  make  out  original  writs.  In  the  stat- 
ute 18  Edward  III.,  the  cursitors  are  called  clerks  of 
course.  They  are  twenty-four  in  number,  and  are  a 
corporation  among  themselves.  To  each  are  assigned 
certain  counties,  to  which  he  issues  writs.  Encyc. 

CUR'SIVE,  a.  [It  corsivo,  running.  See  Course  and 
Ct;nRENT.] 

Running;  flowing.     Cursive  hand,  is  a  running 
hand.  Fry. 
CUll'SO-RA-RY,  0.    Cursory;  liasty.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Sliak. 

CUR'SO-RI-LY,  adv.  [.See  Cursory.]  In  a  running 
or  hasty  manner;  slightly;  hastily;  without  atten- 
tion ;  as,  I  read  the  pafter  cursorily. 

eUR'SO-RI-NESS,  71.    Slight  view  or  attention. 

eUR'SO-RY,  a.  [L.  cursorius,  from  cursus.  See 
Course.] 

1.  Running;  hasty;  flight;  superficial;  careless; 
not  with  close  attention  ;  as,  a  cursory  reading ;  a 
cursory  view. 

2.  Running  about ;  not  stationary. 
CURS']',  pp.  of  Curse.    [.See  Cursep.] 

CURST,  a.  Hateful  ;  detestable  ;  froward  ;  torment- 
ing ;  vexatious  ;  peevish  ;  malignant ;  mischievous  ; 
malicious;  snarling;  a  word,  liowever,  which  can 
be  hardly  -said  to  have  a  definite  signification.  It  is 
applied  to  any  thing  vexatious.  In  some  of  its  ap- 
plic'itions  in  old  autliors,  it  appears  to  be  the  Dutch 
korsl,  crust,  and  to  signify  crusty,  crabbed,  surly. 

eURST'NESS,  n.  Peevishness;  malignity;  frovvard- 
ness  ;  crabbedness  ;  surliness. 

CURT,  a.    f  L.  ctirtus.] 

.Shf>rt.    \Rarcly  used,  and  not  ele!Tanf,.1  Brown. 

CUR  TAIL',  T).  (.  [Composed  of  Ii.  citrtus,  Fr.  ce>i<r(, 
short,  and  tailler,  to  cut ;  tiiille,  edge.] 

To  shf)rten  ;  to  cut  ofi*  tlie  end  or  a  part ;  as,  to 
curtail  wortls.  Ilenre,  in  a  more  general  sense,  to 
shorten  in  any  manner;  toabridce  ;  to  diminish;  as, 
to  cur(uii  our  privileges.  It  is  followed  by  o/ before 
the  thing  shortened.  His  name  was  currai/eti  o/ three 
lifters  ;  we  are  curtailed  n/'our  rights. 

eUR'TAII^DOG,  71.  A  dog  whose  tail  is  cut  off,  ac- 
cording to  the  forest  laws,  and  therefore  hindered 
from  fotirslng.  Shak. 

CUK'TAII>-STEP,  71.  The  lowest  step  in  n  flight  of 
rtairs,  ending,  ai  its  outer  extremity,  in  a  scroll. 

Brande. 

eilR-TAIL'Kf),  pp.    Cut  short  or  shorter ;  abridged. 
eUR-TAII/ER,  71.    One  who  cuts  off  any  thing. 
eUR-'l'AIL'ING,   ppr.    Cutting  short  or  shorter; 
abriilging. 

CUR-TAII,'1,'>IG,  71.    Abridgment;  abbreviation. 

CUR'TAIN,  (knr'tin,)  n.  J  It.  rorlina  :  l.nw  L.  Hp. 
and  Port.  ;  U.ffordyn;  Ir.  rf/nrtfn/',  in  fortification. 
Thin  wtird  may  bo  from  the  rotit  of  court,  and  from 
the  sense  of  separating.  I  think  it  is  not  a  contrac- 
tion of  the  It.  copertina.] 


CUR 

1.  A  cloth  hanging  round  a  bed,  or  at  a  window, 
which  may  be  contracted,  spread,  or  drawn  aside,  at 
pleasure  ;  intended  for  ornament,  or  for  use.  Also, 
the  hangings  about  the  ark,  among  the  Israelites. 

2.  A  cloth-hanging  used  in  theaters,  to  conceal  the 
stage  from  the  sjiectators.  This  is  raised  or  let  down 
by  cords.  Hence  the  phrases,  to  drop  the  curtain,  to 
close  the  scene,  to  end  ;  to  raise  the  curtain,  or  the 
curtain  will  rise,  to  denote  tlie  opening  of  tlie  play. 
And  to  draw  the  curtain,  is  to  close  it,  to  shut  out  the 
light,  or  to  conceal  ,in  object ;  or  to  open  it,  and  dis- 
close the  object.  Behind  tlie  curtain ;  in  concealment ; 
in  secret. 

3.  In /ort(/7fa(ion,  that  part  of  the  rampart  which 
is  between  the  flanks  of  two  bastions,  bordered  with 
a  parapet  five  feet  high,  behind  which  the  soldiers 
^tand  to  fire  on  the  covered  way,  and  into  the  moat. 

Encyc. 

4.  In  Scripture,  tents  ;  dwellings.    Hab.  iii.  7. 
CUR'TAIN,  V.  t.    To  inclose  with  curtains ;  to  furnish 

with  curtains.  Shak. 
CUR'TAIN-£D,pp.   Inclosed  with  curtains. 
CUR'TAIN-ING,  ppr.    Inclosing  or  surrounding  with 

curtains. 

eUR'TAIN-LEC-TI^RE,  n.    Reproof  given  in  bed  by 

a  wife  to  her  husband.  .Sddison. 
eUR'TAlN-LESS,  a.    Having  no  curtain. 
CURT'AL,  71.    A  horse,  and  also  a  dog,  with  a  docked 

tail.  B.  Jmson. 

CURT'AL,  a.    Curt  ;  brief.  Milton. 
2.  Belonging  to  the  court  gate;  as,  the  curtal  friar, 
who  was  porter  of  the  monastery.  Smart. 
CUR'TaTE,  a.    [L.  curtains,  from  curto,  to  shorten.] 
The  curtate  distance,  in  astronomy,  is  the  distance 
of  a  planet  from  the  sun,  reduced  to  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic ;  i.  e.  to  that  point  where  a  perpendicular, 
let  fall  from  the  planet,  meets  with  the  ecliptic. 

Encyc. 

Or  the  interval  between  the  sun  or  earth,  and  that 
point  where  a  perpendicular,  let  fall  from  tlie  planet, 
meets  the  ecliptic.  Barlow. 

CUR-Ta'TION,  71.  [See  Curtate.]  The  interval 
between  a  planet's  distance  from  the  sun  and  the 
curtate  distance.  Barlow. 

CUR'TI-LAGE,  71.  In  laic,  a  yard,  garden,  inclosure, 
or  field,  near  and  belonging  to  a  messuage.  [This  is 
probably  from  court,  or  tlie  same  radix.] 

CURT'LY,  adv.    Briefly.    [JVot  in  use.] 

CURT'NESS,  71.  S-ho-iness. 

CO'RULE,  a.  [L.  curulia,  from  cumis,  a  chariot.] 
Belonging  to  a  ciiariat.  The  curule  chair  or  seat, 
among  the  Romans,  was  a  stool  without  a  back, 
covered  with  leather,  and  so  made  as  to  be  folded. 
It  was  conveyed  in  a  chariot,  and  used  by  public 
officers.  Smitli^s  Diet. 

eURT'SY.    See  Courtesy. 

CURV'A-TED,  a.  [See  Curve.]  Curved  ;  bent  in  a 
regular  form. 

eURV-A'TION,  71.   The  act  of  bending  or  crooking. 
CURV'A-TIIRE,  71.    [L.  c«7T)a(iira.    See  Curve.] 
The  continual  flexure  or  bending  of  a  line  from  a 
rectilinear  direction.  Encyc. 
CURVE,  (kurv,)  a.    [L.  curvus,  bent,  crooked  ;  eurvo, 
to  bend,  turn,  or  wind  ;  Fr.  courbe,  courber ;  It.  curvo, 
curvare;  Sp.  curvo,  corvar.    If  b  is  not  radical,  this 
word  belongs  to  Class  Gr,  W.  cbr,  a  circle  ;  but  qu. ; 
for  in  Russ.  it  is  krivei.] 

Bending ;  crooked  ;  inflected  in  a  regular  form, 
and  forming  part  of  a  circle  ;  as,  a  curve  line,  whicii 
may  be  cut  by  a  right  line  in  more  points  than  one. 

Encyc. 

A  curve  line  is  that  which  is  neither  a  straight  line 
nor  composed  of  straight  lines.  Ci/c. 

CURVE,  71.  A  bending  without  angles ;  that  which 
is  bent ;  a  flexure.  In  geometry,  a  line  of  whicli  no 
three  consecutive  points  are  in  the  same  direction  or 
straight  line.  Brande. 

CURVE,  I',  t.  [L.  curvo;  Fr.  courber;  Russ.  krivtyu.] 
To  bend  ;  to  crook  ;  to  inflect. 

CUR  V'/';il,  ;</).  or  a.    Bent;  regularly  inflected. 

CURVET,  n.  [It.  corvctta;  Fr.  courbctte;  Sp.  corvcta. 
See  Curve.] 

1.  In  the  maneire,  a  particular  leap  of  a  horse,  when 
he  raises  both  his  fore  legs  at  once,  equally  advanced, 
and,  as  his  fore  legs  are  falling,  he  raises  his  hint! 
legs,  so  that  all  his  legs  are  raised  at  once.  Eneyc. 

2.  A  prank  ;  a  frolic. 

CURVET,  V.  i.  [It.  corveltare;  Fr.  caurieOer ;  Sp. 
corvetear.] 

1.  To  leap  ;  to  hound  ;  to  spring  and  form  a  curvet. 

2.  To  leap  and  frisk. 

CUR V'l-FOR.M,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  curve. 
CUR-VI-LIN'E-AR,  I  a.    [L.  curvus,  bent,  and  linea, 
eUR-VI-LIN'E-AL,  j     a  line.] 

Consisting  of  curve  lines ;  bounded  by  curve  lines ; 
as,  a  curvilinear  figure. 
CUR-Vl-LIN-E  AR'I-TY,  n.   The  state  of  being  cur- 
vilinear, or  of  consisting  in  curve  line.s. 

Guth.  Quiiwtilian,  Prtf. 
CUR  VI-LIN'E-AR-LY,  arfi).  In  a  curvilinear  manner. 
CURV'IN(;,  n.    A  curve;  a  winding  form. 
CURVING,  ppr.   Bending  in  a  regular  form  ;  crooked. 
CURVI-'i'V,  n.    [I.,  curvitxis.] 

A  bending  in  a  regular  form  ;  crookedness.  Holder. 


cus 


CIJSH'AT,  (k99sh'at,)  n.    Tlie  ring-dove  or  wood- 

Scott. 


pilieon.  ocetc. 
CySlI'ION,  (koosh'un,)  n.   [Fr.  coussin ;  It.  cuscino  ;  T>. 
kusscn  ;  G.  kvsscn  ;  Sp.  cozia  ;  Port,    cuxim  ;  Arm. 

cou^zm.    Qu.  ^r  f'l  vfi*^— ■  kisaian:  Ch.  1D3  keesi, 

a  little  cushion  for  the  elbow.] 

1.  A  pillow  for  a  seat ;  a  soft  pad  to  be  placed  on 
a  chair;  a  bag,  stuffed  with  wool,  hair,  or  other  soft 
material. 

2.  A  bag  of  leather  filled  with  sand,  used  by  en- 
gravers to  support  the  plate. 

3.  In  gilding,  a  stuffing  of  fine  tow  or  wool,  cov- 
ered by  leather,  on  a  board  ;  used  for  receiving  the 
leaves  of  gold  from  the  paper,  in  order  to  its  being 
cut  into  proper  sizes  and  figures.  Encyc. 

Lady's  cushion  ;  a  |)Iant,  a  species  of  Saxifraga.  Lee. 
Spa-cushion  ;  sea-piiil^,  or  tlirift,  a  species  of  Statice. 
CUSH'ION,  7!.  (.    To  seat  on  a  cushion.  [Lee. 
2.  To  furnish  witli  ciisliiims ;  as,  to  cushion  a 
chaise. 

eiJSH'ION-ED,  (knosh'und,)  pp.  or  a.  Seated  on  a 
cushion  ;  supported  by  cushions ;  furnished  with 
cushions.  Johnson. 

CIJSH'ION-ET,  7i.    A  little  cushion.  jBeaiim.  ajtd  Fl. 

CUSK,  71.  A  salt  water  fish,  Brosmius  vulgaris,  highly 
esteemed  for  food.  D.  H.  Storer. 

CUSK'IN,  71.    A  kind  of  ivory  cup.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Bailey. 

CUSP,  n.    [L.  cuspis,  a  point.] 

1.  Tlie  point  or  horn  of  the  moon  or  other  lumi- 
nary. Encyc. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  projecting  point  in  the  foliations 
of  Gothic  tracery,  arches,  panels,  &.C.  ;  and  also  a 
projecting  point,  forming  a  pendent  of  a  pointed 
arch,  &c.  Brande. 

CUSP'A-TED,  a.    [L.  cuspis,  a  point.] 

Pointed  ;  ending  in  a  point. 
CUSP'l-DAL,  a.    Ending  in  a  point.  More. 
CUSP'I-DATE,     I  a.    [L.  cuspidatus,  from  cuspis,  a 
CUSP'I-Da-TED,  (  point.] 

Having  a  sharp  end,  like  the  point  of  a  spear;  ter- 
minating in  a  bristly  point ;  as,  a  cuspidate  leaf. 

J\Iartyn. 

CUS'PIS,  71.    [L.J    A  point. 

CUS'TARD, 71.  [Cymbric  eicsJarrf.  Junius.  I  suspect 
the  first  syllable  to  be  W.  caws,  curd,  cheese.] 

A  composition  of  milk  and  eggs,  sweetened,  and 
baked  or  boiled,  forming  an  agreeable  kind  of  food. 

Custard-coffin  ;  a  cant  term  used  by  Sliakspeare 
for  a  piece  of  raised  pastry,  or  upper  crust,  which 
covers  or  coffins  a  custard.  Todd. 

CUS'TARD-AP'PLE,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Anona, 
growing  in  the  West  Indies,  whose  fruit  is  of  the 
size  of  a  tennis  ball,  of  an  orange  color,  cimtaining  a 
vellowish  pulp,  of  the  consistence  of  custard.  Encyc. 

CilS'TODE,  71.    See  CusTODIA^. 

CUS-To'DI-AL,  a.  [from  custody.]  Relating  to  cus- 
tody (ir  guardianship. 

CUS-TO'DI-AN,  71.  One  who  has  the  care  or  custody 
of  some  public  building,  &c.  PV.  Irvinrr. 

CUS'TO-DY,  71.  [L.  custodia  ;  It.  and  Sp.  id. ;  from 
L.  custos,  a  watchman,  a  keeper.  This  word  has  the 
elements  of  castle,  W.  cas,  the  primary  sense  of 
which  is,  to  separate,  to  drive  off";  Jience,  to  defend, 
to  hold.    See  Chaste.] 

1.  A  keeping;  a  guarding  ;  care,  watch,  inspec- 
tion, for  keeping,  preservation,  or  security.  'J'he 
prisoner  was  committed  to  the  custody  of  iJie 
sheriff. 

Under  the  custody  and  charge  of  the  sons  of  Merari  shall  be  the 
boards  of  tlie  tabernacle.  —  Num.  iii. 
Hence, 

2.  Imprisonment ;  confinement ;  restraint  of  lib- 
erty. 

3.  Defense  from  a  foe ;  preservation ;  security. 
There  wi\s  prepared  a  fleet  of  thirty  ships  for  the  custody  of  tho 

narrow  seas.  Hacon. 
CUS'TOM,  71.    [Fr.  coitdmc,  from  <;oi/j<iimc  ;  \\.  costu- 
ma,  costume  ;  Sp.  costumhre;  Port,  costume  ;  Arm.  cus- 
tum.    Qu.  L.  cavsuctus.] 

1.  Fri;quent  or  common  use,  or  practice  ;  a  frequent 
repetition  of  the  same  act ;  hence,  way  ;  established 
manner;  habitual  practice. 

The  priest's  custom  with  the  people  was.  —  1  Sam.  ii. 

We  have  no  s.icli  custom. —  1  t^or.  xi. 

The  custotiu  of  Uie  p<!oplo  are  vain.  —  Jer.  x. 

2.  A  buying  of  goods ;  practice  of  frequenting  a 
shop,  and  purchasing  or  procuring  to  be  dbne.  The 
shopkeeper  has  extimsivc  cuslojn,  or  a  good  run  of 
custom.  A  mill  or  a  manufacturer  has  extensive  cus- 
tom, or  little  cu.stom. 

Let  liim  have  your  custom,  hut  not  your  votes.  Addison. 

3.  In  latr>,  long-established  practice,  or  usage, 
which  constitutes  the  unwritten  law,  and  Itmg  con- 
sent lo  which  gives  it  authority.  Custojns  nrc  gen- 
eral, which  extend  over  a  state  or  kingdom,  anti  par- 
ticular, which  arc  limited  to  a  city  or  district.  Enajc 

CUS'TOM,  V.  t.    To  make  familiar.    [See  Accustom, 
which  is  the  word  used.] 
2.  To  give  cuHlom  to.  Bacon. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH.^T.  — MltTE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  lUARlNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK. — 


•  294 


CUT 


CUT 


CUT 


CUS'TOM,  V.  i.    To  acciistoiii.  Spenser. 
eUS'TOM,  n.    [Fr.  cou<ume,  from  codter,  fut  coupler, 
to  cost.] 

Tribute,  toll,  or  tax  ;  that  is,  cost  or  charge  paid  to 
the  public. 

Ruiider  cuilom  to  whom  euttom  u  due.  —  Rom.  xiii. 
Citsloms,  in  the  plural:  the  duties  imposed  by  law 
on  merchandise  ini|)iirted  or  exported.    In  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States,  thin  word  id  limited  to 
these  species  of  duties, 
eUS'TOM-A-BLE,  a.    Common  ;  habitual ;  frequent. 

Johtison, 

2.  Subject  to  the  payment  of  the  duties  called  cus- 
toms. I'nw  of  Jilassachiisctts. 

eUS'TOM-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Frequency  ;  conformity 
to  custom.    [Little  used.] 

eUS'TO.M-A-HLY,  adv.  According  to  custom  ;  in  a 
customary  manner.  llaijioard. 

eUS'TOM-A-RI-LV,  ado.  [See  Customarv.]  Habit- 
ually ;  commonly.  ^"W- 

€US'TO.M-A-Kl-NESS,  n.  Frequency;  commonness; 
habitual  use  or  practice. 

€US'TO.M-A-RY,  a.    [Fr.  coutumier.] 

1.  .According  to  custom,  or  to  established  or  com- 
mon usage  ;  as,  a  customary  dress ;  customanj  compli- 
ments. 

Si.  Habitual ;  in  common  practice ;  as,  customary 
vices. 

3.  Holding  by  custom ;  as,  ejistomary  tenants,  who 
are  copy-holders. 

4.  Held  by  custom  ;  as,  a  customary  freehold. 
eUS'TO.\l-A-RY,  n.    [Fr.  coutumier,  coustumier.] 

A  book  containing  laws  and  usages,  or  customs  ; 
as,  the  customary  of  the  Normans.  Cowel. 
eUS'TO.M-£0,  (kus'tumd,)  a.    Usual ;  common  ;  to 
which  we  are  accustomed.    [See  Accustomed.] 

•2.  Furnished  with  customers.  Bacon. 
eUS'TO.M-ER,  n.    One  who  frequents  any  place  of 
sale  for  the  sake  of  purchasing  goods  ;  one  who  pur- 
chases goods  or  wares. 

•J.  One  who  frequents  or  visits  any  place  for  pro- 
curing what  he  wants.  We  say  a  mill  has  many  cus- 
tomers. Hence,  a  |)crson  who  receives  supplies  is 
called  a  customer ;  l/e  smith,  the  shoemaker,  and 
the  tailor,  have  their  customers ;  and  the  coll'ee-house 
has  its  customers.  Hence,  perhaps,  the  phrase  an  u"-- 
ly  customer,  meaning  one  who  is  dilticult  to  deal  with 

3.  .\  toll-gatherer.    [  Obs.]  [or  manage. 

4.  ,\  connuon  or  lewd  woman.  Shak. 
eUS'TOM-HOUSE,  it.   The  house  where  vessels  en- 

"  ter  and  clear,  and  where  the  customs  are  paid,  or  se- 
cured to  1m»  paid. 

eUS'TO.M-SIIRUNK,  o.  Having  a  diminished  num- 
ber of  customers.  Shak. 

CUS'TOS,n.  [L.]  A  keeper  ;  as,  cujjfo*  ftre'cium,  the 
principal  clerk  of  the  common  pleas  ;  castas  rotulo'- 
rum,  the  principal  jusliceof  the  pence  in  a  county, 
who  is  keeper  of  the  rolls  and  records  of  the  sessions 
of  the  peace.  England. 

eUS'TREL,  n.  [Qu.  Old  Fr.  coustillier,  from  L.  scu- 
tum.] 

A  buckler-bearer.  Also,  a  vessel  for  holding  wine. 
fjVu/  in  use.] 

eUS'TlI-.M.\-RY,  n.    A  book  of  laws  and  customs. 

CUT,  V.  t. !  prru  and  pp.  Ci  T.  [.\orm.  coin,  cut.  This 
word  coincides  in  elements  with  the  VV.  cat,  a  piece, 
ealeia,  to  cut,  cicta,  short,  cwtau,  to  shorten,  and  with 
ysgythru,  to  cut  off,  to  lop,  to  slired,  to  carve,  which 
Owen  dttduces  from  ysgtctJi,  a  push,  from  irwth,  a  push 
or  llmist,  gielhiatc,  to  push,  thnist,  press.  Whether 
cut  is  derived  to  us  from  the  Welsh  or  not,  may  be  a 
question  ;  but  I  have  not  found  the  word  in  any  of 
the  Oolhic  or  Teutonic  languages.  It  is  obviously 
from  a  common  root  with  the  L.  cado  and  cudo,  and 
the  primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  drive,  to  strike  ; 
and  to  cut  off  is  primarily  to  strike  off.  We  have 
proof  of  this  in  our  own  language  ;  for  a  stroke 
with  a  whip  is  called  a  cut,  and  our  common  peo- 
ple, when  they  urge  a  person  to  nde  or  run  with 
haste,  cry  out,  Cut  on,  cut  on.  The  fact  is  the  same 
with  many  other  words  which  now  signify  to  sepa- 
rate with  an  edged  tool.  See  Cl,iss  Gd,  No.  2,  4,  8, 
43,  49,  5ti,  T)!),  and,  in  a  different  dialect.  Class  Gs, 
No.  5,  6,  28,  32,  40,  41,  42,  67.] 

1.  To  sciKirate  tile  parts  of  any  bixly  by  an  edged 
instrument,  either  by  striking,  as  with  an  ax,  or  by 
sawing  or  rubbing  ;  to  make  a  gn.sh,  incision,  or 
notch,  which  separates  the  external  part  of  a  body  ; 
03,  to  cut  the  flesh.  It  signifies,  also,  to  cut  into 
pieces;  to  sever  or  divide;  as,  to  cut  timber  in  the 
forest.  Rut  when  an  entire  sep,aratioii  of  the  body 
is  intended,  it  is  usually  followed  by  off,  doicn,  asun- 
der, in  tifo,  in  pieces,  or  other  word  denoting  such 
severance.  "\e  shall  not  cut  yourselves,"  that  is. 
Ye  shall  not  gash  your  flesh.    Deut.  xiv. 

2.  To  hew. 

Tlijr  ■rrranu  can  tJtiU  to  cut  Umber.  —  2  Chron.  il. 

3.  To  carve,  as  meat ;  to  carve  or  engrave  in  sculp- 
ture JIddison. 

4.  To  divide ;  to  cleave,  by  passing  through  ;  as,  a 
■hip  cuts  the  briny  deep. 

5.  To  penetrate  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  oflccC  deeply ;  as,  a 
caicasin  cuts  to  the  quick. 


6.  To  divide,  as  a  pack  of  cards ;  as,  to  cut  and 
shuflle. 

7.  To  intersect ;  to  cross.  One  line  cuts  another  at 
right  angles.    The  ecliptic  cuts  the  equator. 

8.  To  castrate. 

To  cut  across ;  to  pass  by  a  shorter  course,  so  as  to 
cut  off  an  angle  or  distance. 

To  cut  asunder;  to  cut  into  pieces;  to  divide;  to 
sever. 

He  hnUi  cut  asunder  the  conU  of  'he  wicked. —  P».  cxxix. 
To  cut  down  ;  to  fell ;  to  cause  to  fall  by  severing. 

Yc  iliall  cut  douin  Uii-ir  giov.  s.  —  Kl.  xxiiv. 

Hence,  to  depress ;  to  abash  ;  to  humble  ;  to  shame  ; 
to  silence  ;  as,  his  eloquence  cuts  down  the  finest  ora- 
tor. Jiddison. 
[This  phrase  is  not  elegant,  but  is  in  popular  itsr.] 
To  cut  off;  to  separate  one  part  friim  another;  as. 
to  cut  off  11  finger,  or  an  arm  ;  to  cut  ojf  the  right  hand 
figure ;  to  cut  off  a  letter  or  syllable. 

2.  To  destroy  ;  to  extirpate ;  to  put  to  death  un- 
timely. 

Jpicly-l  ait  of  the  prophets  of  the  Lord. —  1  Kings  xviii. 
E»il-doera  shidi  !«-■  cut  o/.  — 1'«.  xxxrii. 

3.  To  separate  ;  to  remove  to  a  distance,  or  to  pre- 
vent all  intercourse.  A  man  in  another  country,  or 
in  prison,  is  cut  off  from  his  country  or  his  friends. 

4.  To  interrupt ;  !is,  to  cut  off  communication. 

5.  To  separate  ;  to  remove  ;  to  take  away  ;  as,  to 
cut  off  ten  years  of  life. 

G.  To  intercept ;  to  hinder  from  return,  or  union. 
The  troops  were  cut  off  from  the  ships. 

7.  To  end  ;  to  finish  ;  as,  to  cut  off:M  controversy. 

8.  To  prevent  or  preclude  ;  as,  to  cut  off'  all  occa- 
sion of  blame. 

9.  To  preclude  or  shut  out.  The  sinner  cuts  him- 
self off  from  the  benefits  of  Christianity. 

10.  To  stop,  interrupt,  or  silence. 

The  jutlg«  cut  o_/rtIic  couniiel  yery  short.  Bacon, 

To  cut  on ;  to  hasten  ;  to  run  or  ride  with  the  ut- 
most speed  ;  a  vulgar  phrase. 

2.  To  urge  or  drive  in  striking;  to  quicken  blows  ; 
to  hasten. 

To  cut  out ;  to  remove  a  part  by  cutting  or  carving ; 
as,  to  cut  out  a  piece  from  a  board  ;  to  cut  out  the 
tongue.  Hence, 

2.  To  slia|)e  or  form  by  cutting  ;  as,  to  cut  out  a 
garment ;  to  cut  out  an  image ;  to  cut  out  a  wood  in- 
to walks.  Hence, 

3.  To  scheme  ;  to  contrive ;  to  prepare  ;  as,  to  cut 
out  work  for  another  day.    So  vvc  say,  to  strike  out. 

4.  To  shape  ;  to  adapt.  He  is  not  cut  out  for  an 
author.    [JVol  elegant] 

5.  To  debar.    [A*ot  common.]  Pope. 

6.  To  take  the  preference  or  precedence  of ;  as,  to 
cut  out  a  prior  judgment  creditor.  Kcnt^ 

7.  To  step  in  and  t:ikc  the  place  of,  as  in  courting 
and  dancing.    [j3  vulgar  phrase.] 

8.  To  interfere  as  a  horse,  when  the  shoe  of  one 
foot  beats  off  the  skin  of  the  pastern  joint  of  another. 

To  cut  out  a  ship,  is  to  enter  a  harbor,  and  seize  and 
carry  off  a  ship  by  sudden  attack. 

To  cut  short ;  to  hinder  from  proceeding  by  sudden 
interruption. 

Achilles  cut  him  thorU  Dryden. 

2.  To  shorten  ;  to  abriilge  ;  as,  to  cut  short  of  pro- 
visions or  pay  ;  to  cut  the  matter  short. 

To  cut  up ;  to  cut  in  pieces  ;  as,  to  cut  up  beef. 

2.  To  eradicate  ;  to  cut  off;  as,  to  cut  up  shrubs. 

7*0  cut  aequaiiUaiue  with  any  one,  or  to  cut  onc^s 
acquaintance,  is  to  meet  him  in  tlie  street  or  else- 
where, and  pretend  not  to  see  or  recognize  him. 
CUT,  u.  I.    To  pass  into  or  through  and  sever ;  to  enter 
and  divide  the  parts  ;  as,  an  instrument  cuts  well. 

2.  To  be  severed  by  a  cutting  instrument ;  as,  this 

3.  To  divide  by  passing,  [fruit  cuts  easy  or  smooth. 

The  teeUi  are  ready  to  cut.  Arbuihnot, 

4.  To  prrfonn  a  surgical  operation  by  cutting,  es- 
pecially in  lithotomy. 

He  irtTe<l  lire*  by  cutting  for  the  alone.  Pope. 

5.  To  interfere,  as  a  horse. 

To  cut  in ;  to  divide,  or  turn  a  card,  for  determining 
who  arc  to  play. 
CUT,  pp.  or  a.    Gashed  ;  divided ;  hewn  ;  carved ; 
intersected  ;  pierced  ;  deeply  affected  ;  castrated. 

Cut  and  dried ;  prepared  for  use  ;  a  metaphor  from 
hewn  timber. 

CUT,  II.   The  action  of  an  edged  instrument ;  a  stroke 
or  blow,  as  with  an  ax  or  sword. 

2.  A  cleft ;  a  gash  ;  a  notch ;  a  wound  ;  the  open- 
ing made  by  an  edged  instrument,  distinguished  by 
its  length  from  that  maile  by  perforation  with  a  point- 

3.  A  stroke  or  blow  with  a  whip,    [cd  instrument. 

4.  A  channel  made  by  cutting  or  digging;  a  ditch  ; 
a  groove  ;  a  furniw  ;  a  canal. 

5.  A  part  cut  otT  from  the  rest ;  as,  a  good  cut  of 
beef;  a  cut  of  timber.  Also,  any  small  piece  or 
shretl. 

6.  A  ne,ar  passage,  by  which  an  angle  is  cut  off; 
05,  a  shorter  cut. 

7.  A  picture  cut  or  carved  on  wood  or  metal,  and 
impressed  from  it.  Brown. 


8.  The  stamp  on  which  a  picture  is  carved,  and  jy 
wliirh  it  is  impressed. 

9.  The  act  of  dividing  a  park  of  cards.  Also,  the 
right  to  divide  ;  as,  whose  cut  is  it .'' 

10.  Manner  in  which  a  tiling  is  cut ;  form  ;  shape  ; 
fa.sliion  ;  as,  tliu  cut  of  a  garment ;  the  rut  of  hia 
bearil.  Stitlingjleet. 

11.  A  fool  ;  a  cully  ;  a  gelding.    [JVat  m  use.] 

To  draw  cuti,  is  to  draw  lots,  as  of  I>aper,  4ic.,  cut 
of  unetpial  lengths.  Rich.  Diet. 

Cut  and  long  lad ;  men  of  all  kinds  ;  a  proverbial 
erpression  borrowed  from  dogs. 

eU-TA'NE-OUS,  a.  [Sec  Cuticle.]  Rclonging  to 
the  skill,  or  cutis  ;  exLsting  on,  or  affecting  the  skin  ; 
as,  a  cutaneous  disease  ;  cutaneous  eruption. 

COTE,  a.    [acute.]    Clever ;  sharp,     [f'ulg.]  .9sh. 

eUTll,  in  Saxon,  signifies  known,  or  famous.  Hence, 
Cuf/iwin,  a  famous  conqueror;  CufArcd,  a  famous  or 
knowing  counselor ;  CuUibert,  known  bright,  or  fa- 
mous for  skill.  Gibson. 

eC'TI-CLE,  «.  [L.  cutieula,  dim.  of  cutis,  skin,  the 
same  as  hide,  wliich  see.] 

1.  The  scarf-skin  ;  the  thin,  exterior  coat  of  the 
skin,  which  rises  in  a  blister;  a  thin  pellucid  mem- 
brane covering  the  true  skin. 

2.  The  thin,  external  covering  of  the  bark  of  a 
plant.  It  serves  to  prevent  too  rajiid  perspiration, 
and  is  furnished  with  respiratory  openings  called 
stomata.  Brandc. 

3.  A  thin  skin  formed  on  the  surface  of  liquor. 

J^~ewton. 

CU-TIC'lJ-I.AR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  cuticle  or  exter- 
nal coat  of  the  skin. 

CUT'L.\SS,  71.  [Fr.  coutrlas ;  Arm.  contelaf.en  !  IL 
eoltellaccio  ;  Port,  cutelo.  This  word  seems  tit  be  from 
the  L.  cultellus,  at  lea.st  the  Italian  and  French  are 
so  ;  and  n  in  the  .Ariiioric  is  casual,  as  in  other  words 
in  that  dialect.  'I'he  curteleaxi  or  curtelax  of  some 
authors,  and  curtojr,  seem  to  be  corrupted,  or  they  are 
from  Sp.  cortiir,  L.  curto,  to  cut.  Cutlas  would, 
from  the  etymology,  be  a  more  correct  orthography.] 
A  broad,  curving  sword;  a  hanger;  usetl  by  sol- 
diers in  the  cavalry,  by  seamen,  &c. 

CUT'LER,  71.  [Fr.  coutelier;  Norm,  cotcllcr ;  Arm. 
contellcr  (IT  couldUiur ;  VoTt.  cutileiro  ;  It.  coUellinaio  ; 
from  L.  culter,  a  knife.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  knives  and  other 
cutting  instruments. 

eUT'LER-Y,  »!.  The  business  of  making  knives ;  or, 
7iiorc  generally,  knives  and  other  edged  instruments 
in  gi  iieral. 

CUT'LET,  n.  [Fr.  cutellctte,  a  little  side  or  rib;  cSti, 
side.] 

A  small  piece  of  meat  for  cooking;  as,  uveal  cutlet. 

eUT'PlJRSE,  71.  [cut  and  purse.]  One  who  cuLs 
purses  for  stealing  them  or  their  contents  ;  a  practice 
said  to  have  been  common  wliirn  men  wore  purses  at 
their  girdles.  One  who  steals  from  the  person ;  a 
thief;  a  robber.  Sh^il:.  Bentley. 

eUT'TER,  71.    One  who  cuts  or  hews. 

2.  An  instrument  that  cuts;  as,  a  straw-eutter. 

3.  .\  fore  tooth,  that  cuts  meat,  as  distinguished 
from  a  grinder. 

4.  .\  small  boat  used  by  ships  of  war.  .Also,  a  ves- 
sel with  one  mast  and  a  stniight  running  bowsprit, 
which  may  be  run  in  upon  deck ;  rigged  nearly  like 
a  sloo|).  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  A  small  one-horse  sleigh.  .America. 
G.  All  officer  in  the  exchequer  that  provides  wood 

for  the  tallies. 
7.  A  ruffian  ;  a  bravo  ;  a  destroyer.  [04s.] 
CUT'-TIIRo.VT,  71.    A  murderer;  an  ass,^ssill ;  a  ruf- 
fian. South.  Dryden. 
CUT'-TIIRO.VT,  a.    Murderous  ;  cruel ;  barbarous. 

Carca. 

CUT'TING,  ppr.  or  a.  [See  Cut.]  Dividing  by  an 
edged  instrument ;  cleaving  by  the  stroke  or  motion 
of  an  edged  instrument,  as  by  a  knife,  ax,  or  saw  ; 
hewing;  carving;  intersecting;  piercing. 

2.  a.  Piercing  the  heart ;  wounding  the  feelings  ; 
deeply  affecting  with  shame  or  remorse;  pungent; 
pitpiant  ;  satirical ;  as,  a  cutting  refiectiun. 

CUT'TING,  71.    A  separation  or  division. 

2.  A  piece  cut  off;  a  twig  or  cion  cut  off  for  the 
purpose  of  grafting  ;  as,  the  cuttings  of  vines. 

3.  An  excavation  through  a  hill  in  constructing  a 
railroad,  canal,  &c. 

4.  The  operation  of  removing  a  stone  from  the 
bladder. 

CUT'TI.NG-LY,  adv.    In  a  cutting  manner. 
CUT'TLE,  )  n.    [Sax.  cudel;  from  the  sense  of 

CUT'TLE-FISII,  j     withdrawing  or  hiding,  allied  to 

cuddle,  W.  euiiaa,  to  hide,  Ann.  cutoff,  or  cuddyo,  to 

hide.] 

1.  A  genus  of  molluscous  animals,  of  the  order 
Cephalopoda  and  genus  Sepia,  They  have  small  arms, 
with  serrated  cups,  by  which  they  lay  fast  hold  of 
any  thing.  They  have  also  two  tcniacula  longer 
than  the  arms ;  the  mouth  is  in  the  centre  of  the 
arms,  and  is  horny,  and  hooked  like  the  bill  of  o 
liawk.  They  feed  on  sprats,  lobsters,  and  other 
shell-fish.  They  have  a  little  bladder  under  the 
throat,  [near  the  liver,  Curier,]  from  which,  when 
pursued,  they  throw  out  a  black  liquor  that  darken* 


TONE,  BULL,  ^NITE.  — AN"GER,  VT'CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  B  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CYC 

the  water,  by  which  moans  Ihey  escape.  Hence, 
euttle  is  used  for  a  foul-moutlied  fellow ;  one  who 
blackens  the  character  of  another.    Encyc  Shak, 
2.  A  knife.    [jVut  in  lue.]  Sliak. 

eUT'TY-STOOL,  n.  A  small  raised  seat  or  gallery 
in  old  Scottish  churches,  where  female  offenders 
against  chastity  were  formerly  seated  during  three 
Sundays,  and  publicly  rebuked  by  their  minister. 

JValUr  ScutU  Jamieson, 

eUT'-WA-TER,  n.  The  fore  part  of  a  ship's  prow, 
or  knee'of  the  head,  which  cuts  the  water.  Also,  a 
water-fowl,  a  species  of  gull ;  or  rather,  the  Rhyn- 
cops,  or  razor-bill. 

eUT'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  Embroidery.  {JVot  in  iise.] 

eUT'-WOR.M,  n.  A  name  given  to  any  caterpillar 
dwelling  on  the  earth,  which  eats  or  cuts  away  the 
young  plants  of  cabbage,  corn,  beans,  &c.  Oardiier. 

CWT.  ;  an  abbreviation  of  hundred  weight.  , 

CY'.\N-ATE,  71.  A  saline  compound  of  cyanic  acid 
with  a  base.  Ure. 

CY-A.\'ie  ACID,  n.  A  compound  of  cyanogen  and 
oxygen. 

CY'A.V-ID,  n.    A  basic  compound  of  cyanogen  with 

some  other  element  or  compound. 
CV'.\-.\rTE.    See  Kva.mte. 

CY-A.\'0-GEN,  h.  [Gr.  K\>avo(,  blue,  and  ■jtvvaui,r.o 
beget.] 

A  compound  acidifying  and  hasifying  principle, 
composed  of  one  equivalent  of  nitrogen  and  two  of 
carbon.  It  is  an  essential  ingredient  in  prussian 
blue,  and  is  a  gas  which  has  an  odor  like  that  of  crush- 
ed peach  leaves,  and  burns  with  a  rich  purple  flame. 

C5-AN-O.M'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  Kvavoi  and  //troto).] 
An  instrument  to  ascertain  degrees  of  blueness,  or 
the  azure  color  of  the  ocean  or  sky.  Humboldt. 

CY-AN'U-RET,  71.  A  basic  compound  of  cyanogen 
and  some  other  element  or  compound.  More  cor- 
rectly, CVANID. 

C?-AX-l|'R[e  AC'ID,  71.  A  crjstallizable  acid  ob- 
tained by  decomposing  urea  by  heat.  Brands. 

CS-.-VTiri-FOR-M,  a.     [L.    ctjalhus,  a  cup;  Gr. 

In  the  form  of  a  cup,  or  drinking-glass,  a  little 
widened  at  the  top.  Lee. 
CV-e.\'DE-.\,  n.  A  natural  order  of  plants,  holding 
an  intermediate  place  between  paluiri,  ferns, and  tlie 
pine-tribe  or  coiiiferce,  hut  approaching  nearer  to  the 
last.    They  are  natives  of  tropical  climates. 

PartingtoTU 

CYe'LA-Di5S,  71.        [Gr.  /tDvXrjs,  a  circle.] 

A  number  of  isles  arranged  round  the  [sle  of  Delos, 

in  the  Grecian  Sea,  in  the  form  of  a  circle. 
CYCLA-MEN,  «.    [h.]    In  botany,  sow-bread. 
CV'GLE,  71.    [Gr.  <i.<cAu4,  L.  cijclus,  an  orb  or  circle  ; 

It.  cioiral.    (iu.  Eng.  g-i>,-  Ch.  Ileb.  Jin.   Class  Gk, 

No.  16.] 

1.  In  chronology,  a  period  or  series  of  numbers, 
which  regularly  proceed  from  first  to  last,  and  then 
return  to  the  first,  in  a  perpetual  circle.  Hence, 

2.  The  cycle  of  the  moon,  or  golden  number,  or  me- 
tonic  cycle,  so  called  from  its  inventor,  .Meton,  is  a 
period  of  nineteen  years,  which  being  completed,  tlie 
new  and  full  moons  return  on  the  same  days  of  the 
month. 

3.  The  cycle  of  the  sun,  or  solar  cycle,  is  a  period  of 
twenty-eight  years,  which  having  elapsed,  the  do- 
minical or  Sunday  letters  return  to  their  former  place, 
and  proceed  in  the  former  order,  according  to  the 
Julian  calendar. 

4.  Cycle  of  iiuliclion,  a  period  of  fifteen  yea.-s,  at 
the  end  of  which  the  Roman  emperors  imposed  an 
extraordinary  tax,  to  pay  the  soldiers,  who  were 
obliged  to  serve  in  the  army  for  that  period  and  no 
longer. 

5.  A  round  of  years,  or  period  of  time,  in  which 
the  same  course  begins  again  ;  a  periodical  space  of 
time.  Holder. 

6.  An  imaginary  orb  or  circle  in  the  heavens. 

Milton. 

CyI'u^'aL,  i       Pertaining  to  a  cycle. 

Cyclic  poets  {  a  term  applied  to  certain  epic  poets 
who  followed  Homer,  and  wrote  merely  on  the  Tro- 
jan war,  keeping  within  the  circle  oivi  single  subject. 

Brande, 

Cyclic  rjioriui;  the  chorus  which  performed  the 
songs  and  dances  of  the  Dithyrambic  odes  at  Ath- 
ens, dancing  round  the  altar  of  Uucchus  in  a  circle. 

Brande. 

CYe'LO-GRAI'H,  n.  [Gr.  /tuxXos,  circle,  and  >  ji,t^o>, 
to  describe.] 

An  instrument  for  describing  the  arcs  of  circles, 
where  compassirs  can  not  he  conveniently  employed. 
It  is  chiefly  used  in  drawing  flat  segments,  or  curva- 
tures which  approiich  nearly  to  straight  lijies.  Qwdt. 
CY'CLOII),  71.    [Gr.  <rtii[A»s,  circle,  and  ii/m,  form.] 

A  geometrical  curve  on  which  depends  the  doc- 
trine of  pendulums. 

The  genesis  of  a  cycloid  may  be  conceived  by 
imagining  a  nail  in  the  circumference  of  a  wheel ; 
the  line  which  the  nail  describes  in  the  air,  whde  the 
whc«l  rcvolvei  in  a  right  line,  is  the  cycloid. 

Johnson. 

Cf-CLOID'AL,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  cycloid  ; 


CYM 

as,  the  cycloidal  space  is  the  sjiace  contained  between 
a  cvcloid  and  its  base.  Chambers. 

CY-€LOID'I-ANS,  7i.  pi.  The  fourth  order  of  fishes, 
according  to  the  arrangement  of  Agassiz,  having 
smooth  scales,  as  the  herring  and  salmon. 

CY€'LO-LlTE,  71.    A  name  given  to  Madrepores. 

DicU  JVat.  IRst. 

CV-CLOM'E-TRY,  ji.  [Gr.  kvkXos,  circle,  and  perpcw, 
to  measure.] 
The  art  of  measuring  cycles  or  circles.  Wallis. 

Cf-eLO-PlO'AN,  a.  [from  Cyclops.]  Pertaining  to 
the  Cyclops,  fabulous  giants  of  antiquity ;  vast ;  ter- 
rific. Hall. 

The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  remains  of  a  rude 
and  very  massive  kind  of  architecture,  of  the  earli- 
est ages,  demanding  an  enormous  exertion  of  physi- 
,  cal  force.  Fosbrooke. 

CY-CLO-FE'DI-A,  )  7!.    [Gr.  KfitXot,  circle,  and  thi- 

CS-€LO-P.«;'DI-A,  i  6ii  J,  discipline,  erudition.] 
The  circle  or  compass  of  the  arts  and  sciences ; 
circle  of  human  knowledge.  Hence,  the  book  or 
books  that  contain  treatises  on  every  branch  of  the 
arts  and  sciences,  arranged  under  proper  heads,  in 
alphabetical  order.    [See  Encyclopedia.] 

C5-€LOP'ie.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Cyclops  ;  gigantic  ; 
savage.  Bryant. 

C^'CLOPS,  71.  5171^.  and  pi.  [Gr.  KvxXuxp;  kvkXo;,  a 
circle,  and  oji//,  an  eye.] 

1.  In /u/ih/ous /iiston7,  a  class  of  giants,  thesons  of 
Neptune  and  Ampliitrite,  who  had  but  one  circular 
eye  in  the  midst  of  the  forehead.  They  inhabited 
Sicily,  and  a.ssisted  Vulcan  in  making  thunderbolts 
for  Jupiter.  Lcmpriere. 

2.  A  family  of  minute  Crustacea,  found  both  in 
fresh  and  salt  water.  They  are  so  abundant  in  some 
parts  of  the  ocean  as  to  afford  food  for  the  whalebone 
whale,  and  give  a  reddish  tint  to  the  waters.  These 
animals  were  so  named  because  the  two  eyes  form  a 
single  minute  spot  on  the  center  of  the  head,  and  till 
lately  they  were  supposed  to  have  but  one  eye. 

Dana. 

CS'-€LOS'TO-MOUS,  0.    [Gr.  kvk\o(  and  trro/ia.] 
Having  a  circular  mouth  or  aperture,  as  certain 
molluscous  animals.  Kirby. 
C^'DER.    See  Cider. 

CYG'NET,  71.    [L.  cy^us,  cycnus,  a  swan;  Gr.  kvk- 

fOf.] 

A  young  swan.  S7i«/f. 
CYL'IN-DER,  71.    [Gr.  icuXii'^.oof,  from  K\i\ivf:u>,  to 
roll,  from  KvAiCJ,  id.;  Ij.  cylindriis  i  Sp.  cilindro ;  It. 

id. ;  Fr.  cylindre ;  Ileb.  Ch.  hh^,  Ar.  jL::>  gaula,  to 
roll.] 

In  geometry,  a  solid  body  supposed  to  be  generated 
by  the  rotation  of  a  parallelogram  round  one  of  its 
sides  ;  or  a  long,  circular  body,  of  uniform  diameter, 
and  its  extremities  forming  equal  parallel  circles. 

Encyc.  Bailey. 
CYL-I.\-DRA'CEOUS,  a.    Cylindrical.    [£Me  used.] 

Lee.  Bot. 

CYL-IN'DRie,  j  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  cylin- 
CYL-IX'DRIC-AL,  j    der,  or  partaking  of  its  prop- 

CYLr-lN'DRie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  cyl- 
inder. 

CYL-IN-DRIC'I-TY,  71.    A  cylindrical  form. 
CYL-IN'DRI-FOR.VI,  a.  [cylinder  and  form.]  Having 

the  form  of  a  cylinder. 
CYL'IN-DROID,  71.    [cylinder  and  ci6oi,  form.]  A 

solid  body,  approaching  to  the  figure  of  a  cylinder, 

but  having  the  bases  or  ends  elliptical,  but  parallel 

and  equal.  Brande. 
CYL-IN-DRO-MET'Rie,  a.  Belonging  to  a  scale  used 

in  measuring  cylinders.  Jlsh. 
CS'M.\,  71.    [Gr.  itu/ia,  a  wave.] 

In  architecture,  a  member  or  molding  of  the  cornice, 

the  profile  of  which  is  waving,  that  is,  concave  at 

the  lop  and  convex  at  the  bottom. 

There  is  also  another  form,  called  cyma  revcrsa, 

which  is  concave  at  the  bottom  and  convex  at  the 

top,  called  also  ogee.    [See,  also.  Cyme.]  Brande. 
CY-.\1AR',  71.    A  slight  covering;  a  scarf;  properly, 

SiM\n. 

CY-Ma'TIUM,  71.    [L. ;  Gr.  KvpaTiov,  a  little  wave.] 
A  top  molding  to  certain  parts  of  the  orders  in 
classic  architecture. 

CY.M'B.\L,  71.  [L.  cymbalam;  Gr.  KVpffaXov ;  It  cem- 
balo.] 

1.  A  musical  instrument  of  brass,  in  a  circular 
form,  like  a  dish,  producing,  when  two  are  struck 
together,  a  sharp,  ringing  sound. 

2.  A  mean  instriinient  used  by  gypsies  and  va- 
grants, made  of  a  steel  wire,  in  a  triangular  form,  on 
which  are  passed  five  rings,  which  are  touched  and 
shifted  alimg  the  triangle  with  an  iron  rod  held  in 
the  left  hand,  while  it  is  supported  in  the  right  by  a 
ring,  to  give  it  fn  e  motion.  Encyc. 

CYM'UI-FOR.M,  a.  [L.  cymba,  a  boat,  and  forma, 
form.] 

Shaped  like  a  boat.  Martyn. 

CS'Ma'  i  "■  I-''''"         'etusi  from  swell.] 
1.  Literally,  a  sprout,  particularly  of  the  cabbage. 


CYP 

Technically,  an  aggregate  of  flowers  composed  of  sev- 
eral florets  sitting  on  a  receptacle,  producing  all  the 
primary  peduncles  from  the  same  point,  but  having 
the  partial  peduncles  scattered  and  irregular  ;  all  fas- 
tigiate,  or  forming  a  flat  surface  at  the  top.  It  is 
naked  or  with  bracts.  Martyn. 

2.  A  panicle,  the  elongation  of  all  the  ramifications 
of  which  is  arrested,  so  that  it  has  the  appearance 
of  an  umbel.  Lindley. 

CYM'LING,  71.    A  sort  of  squash.  Virginia. 

CVMOID,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  cyme. 

CYM'O-PHaNE,  71.  [Gr.  itu;ia,  a  wave,  and  ijiaivu, 
to  appear.] 

A  mineral,  called  also  chrysoberyl.  Its  color  is 
green,  of  different  shades  ;  its  fracture  conchoidal  or 
undulated,  and  in  hardness  it  ranks  next  to  the  sap- 
phire. Hariy.  Cleavelnnd. 

CY-MOPH'A-NOUS,  o.  Hav/hg  a  wavy,  floating  light; 
opalescent ;  chatoyant. 

CY'MoSE,  )  a.    Containing  a  cyme ;  in  the  form  of  a 

CY'MOUS,  \     cvme.  Martyn. 

CY-N.\N''eHE,  (se-nan'ke,)  71.  [Gr.  Kvvayxii,  a  dog- 
collar,  angina  ;  Kinov,  a  dog,  and  ajx<^>  '0  press  or 
bind  ;  to  suffocate.] 

A  disease  of  the  throat  or  windpipe,  attended  with 
inflammation,  swelling,  and  difficulty  of  breathing 
and  swaUowing.  It  is  of  several  kinds,  and  compre- 
hends the  quinsy,  croup,  and  malignant  sore  throat. 

CY-NAN'THRO-PY,  71.  [Gr.  kvuiv,  a  dog,  and  uitf.ow- 
iTos,  man.] 

A  kind  of  madness  in  which  men  have  the  quali- 
ties of  dogs.  Chalmers. 
CY-VAP'I-NA  ^ 

QY^.^,pj^   '  f  71.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  iEthu- 
CYN'A-PINE    J         Cynapium,  or  fiiols'-parsley. 
CYN-ARe-TO.M'A-CHY,  ?i.  [Gr.  Kvuiy,  a  dog,  aoKTo;, 
a  bear,  and  fiaxn,  a  fight.] 

Bear-baiting  with  a  dog.    [-4  barbarous  word.] 

Hudibras. 

CYN-E-6ET'ieS,  71.   The  art  of  hunting  with  dogs. 

CYN'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  dog-star.  The  year  de- 
termined by  the  heliacal  rising  of  the  dog-star,  (3(i5 
days,  G  hours,)  was  called  the  Sothic,  Cynic,  or  Ca- 
nicular year;  that  of  3115  days,  (the  civil  year,)  was 
called  the  vague  year,  from  its  continually  changing 
in  relation  to  the  sejisons :  the  period  from  one  coin- 
cidence of  the  Sothic  and  civd  years  to  another, 
(1400  Sothic  and  1461  civil  years,)  was  cahed  the 
Sothic  period  and  the  cynic  cycle. 

CYN'ie,       )  a.    [Gr.  /fun/cos,  canine,  from  Kvojf,  a 

CYN'ie-AL,  (  dog.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  a  suiiy  dog ;  snarling ;  cap- 
tious ;  surly  ;  currish  ;  austere. 

Cynic  spasm  ;  a  kind  of  convulsion,  in  which  the 
patient  imitates  the  howling  of  dogs.  Encyc- 

CYN'ie,  71.  A  man  of  a  canine  temper;  a  surly  or 
snarling  man  or  philosopher;  a  misanthrope.  [See 
Cynics.]  Shali. 

CYN'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  snarling,  captious,  or  mo- 
rose manner.  Bacon. 

CYN'ie-AL-NESS,  77.  Moroseness;  contempt  of  rich- 
es and  amusements. 

CYN'I-CIS.M,  71.  The  practice  of  a  cynic  ;  a  rnorose 
contempt  of  the  pleasures  and  arts  of  life. 

Prof.  Emerson. 

CYN'ieS,  71.  pi.    [Gr.  Kwcs,  dogs.] 

In  ancient  history,  a  sect  of  snarling  philosophers, 
who  valued  themselves  on  their  contempt  of  riches, 
of  arts,  sciences,  and  amusements.  Diogenes  be- 
longed to  this  sect.  They  are  said  to  owe  their  ori- 
gin to  .■\ntisthenes  of  Athens.  Encyc. 
CYN'O-SURE,  (sin'o-shure  or  si'no-shure,)  71.  [Gr. 
icui'OffoDpa,  the  tail  of  the  dog.] 

A  name  given  to  the  constellation  of  the  Lesser 
Bear,  to  which,  as  containing  the  polar  star,  the  eyes 
of  mariners  and  travelers  were  formerly  directed. 
Hence,  the  term  has  been  used  by  poets  to  describe 
any  thing  to  which  attention  is  strongly  turned  ;  as 
in  the  lines  of  Milton  .- 

Where  pprhiips  some  beauty  lici, 
The  cynosure  of  neighhohng  eyo«. 

Brande. 

C^'ON.    See  Cion. 

CY'PHER.    See  Cipher. 

CYPH'ON-IS.M,  71.    [Gr.  KV'Pof.] 

A  species  of  punishment  frequently  used  by  the 
ancients,  consisting  in  the  besmearing  of  the  crimi- 
nal with  honey,  and  exposing  him  to  insects. 

C^'PRESS,  71.    [L.  cuprcssus;  Gr.  Kvirnoicraos.] 

I.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  [ilants  or  trees. 
The  most  remarkable  are  the  sempervirens,  or  com- 
mon cypress,  the  evergreen  American  cypress,  or 
white  cedar,  and  the  disticha,  or  deciduous  Ameri- 
can cypress.  'I'he  wood  of  these  trees  is  remarkable 
for  il.s  durability.  The  coftins  in  which  the  Athenian 
heroes  and  the  mummies  of  Egypt  were  deposited, 
are  said  to  have  been  made  of  the  first  species. 

Encye. 

a.  The  emblem  of  mourning  for  the  dead,  cypress 
branches  having  been  anciently  used  at  funerals. 
Hail  BUCCCM  ntlciuled  lh«  Ainericaiia,  the  deftlh  of  Wiirrcn  would 


have  been  mlficient  to  (Imnp  the  Joyi  of  victory,  and  tiit 
tvpTM  wouM  have  been  uiiitiid  wlLli  the  laiin-l. 

£lilll'<  Biof. 


FITE,  FAE,  PALL,  WHAT  MttTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


296 


DAC 


DAG 


DAI 


CYP'RI-AN,  a.    BcloiiKiiiK  to  the  Island  of  Cyprus. 

2.  A  U-tm  applii  il  to  u  lewd  wmnan. 
CYP'RIN,  o.    Pertaining  totlie  fi.-ili  of  the  genus  Cyp- 
rinus. 

CYP'IM-OT,  II.    An  inhabitant  of  Oypnis. 

Ct'PKlS,  n. ;  pi.  C'vi'k.uks.  A  sprcies  of  frcsh-walftr 
Crustacea,  which  swim  by  means  of  cilia;  they 
swarm  in  stagnant  water.  Jlantrll. 

CV'l'ltllS,  «.    A  thin,  transparent,  black  stutV.  Shale 

CYK-K-NA'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  Cyrene. 

CVR-I-O-L()0'ie,  a.  [Gr.  Kupias,  chief,  and  Xoyo;, 
discourse.] 

Relating  or  pertaining  to  oapital  letters.  Encyc. 
CyT'TIS  ("•    [Gr.«i'<7r<«,  a  bladder.]" 

A  bag  or  tunic  which  Include!)  morbid  matter  in 
animal  bodies.  Knr.yc. 


CYST'ie,  o.  Pertaining  to  a  cyst,  or  contained  in  a 
cyst.  'J'hc  cijxtic  duct  is  the  menibninous  canal  that 
C(mveys  the  bile  from  tlic  hepatic  duct  into  the  gall- 
bladder. The  cij.'^tic  artery  is  a  branch  of  the  hepatic. 

CYST'INK,  n.    A  kind  of  calculus  formed  in  the  hu- 
man lilac'der.    It  was  formerly  called  ci/sdV  nitjj. 
CYti-TI'Tf.S,  n.    Inllannnatiou  of  the  bladder. 

Uranilt'. 

CYS'TO-CiiLE,  )i.  [Gr.  Kvam,  a  bladder,  and  kiiX'i, 
a  tumor.] 

A  hernia  or  rupture  formed  by  the  protrusion  of 
tlie  urinary  bladiler.  Hooper. 

CYST'C^SE,  a.    Containing  cysts. 

CYS-TOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Kvanf,  a  bladder,  and  TtpL- 
tio>,  to  cut.] 

Tlic  act  or  practice  of  opening  cysts  ;  particularly. 


the  operation  of  cutting  into  the  bladder  for  the  ex- 
traction of  a  stone  or  otlicr  extraneous  matter. 

_  Brande, 

CVTH-K-Kk'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  goddess  Venus. 

CYT'I-SIi\,  II.  A  vegemble  proximate  principle  found 
in  the  Cytisus  laburnum,  and  otlier  plants.  It  is  an 
active  medicine. 

CYT'I-SCS,  n.  A  slirub  or  tree ;  also,  a  genus  of  trees ; 
treetrefoil. 

CZ.'iR,  n.  A  king  ;  a  chief;  a  title  of  the  emperor  of 
Russia;  pronounced  (tar,  and  so  written  by  good 
authors. 

CZA-RT'NX,  (za-re'na,)  n.  A  title  of  the  empress  of 
Russia. 

CZAU'lSH,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  cz.ir  of  Russia. 
CZAR'O-WITZ,  n.   The  title  of  the  eldest  son  of  the 
c/.ar  of  Russia. 


D. 


Din  the  English  alphabet,  Is  the  fourth  letter  and 
;  th<^  third  articulation.  It  holds  the  sniiie  place  in 
the  Enclish  as  in  l\\r  Chaldee,  S>  ri:ic,  Hebrew, 
Samaritan,  Greek,  and  l.atiu  alplialitts.  In  the 
Arabic,  it  is  the  eiglilh  ;  in  the  Russian,  the  fifth  ; 
and  in  the  Elhiopic,  the  niiieti  enth  letter. 

1)  is  a  dent.al  articulation,  formed  by  placing  the 
end  of  the  tongue  against  the  gum  just  abovi;  the 
upper  teeth.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  T,  but  is  not  so 
close  a  letter,  or  rather  it  does  not  interrupt  the  voice 
so  suddenlv  as  T,  and  in  forming  the  articulation, 
there  is  a  lingual  and  nasal  sound,  which  h.is  induced 
some  writers  to  rank  D  among  the  lingual  letters. 
It  has  but  one  sound, as  in  ilu,  din,  bad;  and  is  never 
quiescent  in  English  words,  except  in  a  rapid  utter- 
ance of  such  words  as  handkerchief. 

As  u  numeral,  I)  represents  j!cc  hundred,  and  when 
a  dash  or  stroke  is  placed  over  it,  thus,  D,  it  denotes 
Jive  thousand. 

As  an  abbreviation,  D.  stands  for  Doctor ;  as,  M.  D. 
Doctor  of  Medicine ;  D.  T.  Doctor  of  Theoloiry,  or 
S.  T.  D.  Doctor  of  Sacred  Theology  ;  I).  D.  Doctor  of 
Divinity,  ot  dono  dcdil :  D.  D.  D.  dot,  dicat,  dedicat; 
and  D.  D.  D.  D.  dignum  Deo  donum  dcdit. 
DAD,  c.  (.  [Fr.  daiiAcr,  or  from  the  same  root.  It  has 
the  elements  ofdip,  dub,  and  tap,  Gr.  ruirroj,  and  of 
daub.    Class  Db,  .\o.  a,  21,  28,  5S.] 

1.  To  strike  gently  with  the  hand  ;  to  slap ;  to 
box.  Baitnj. 

2.  To  strike  gently  vvith  some  soft  or  moist  sub- 
stance ;  as,  to  dab  a  sore  with  lint.  Sharp. 

DAB,  n,    A  gentle  blow  with  the  hand. 

2.  A  sni.ill  lump  or  mass  of  any  thing  soft  or  moist. 

3.  Something  moist  or  slimy  thrown  on  one. 

4.  In  sportire  language,  an  expert  man  ;  as,  a  dab 
at  making  an  index.  Ooldsmith. 

5.  A  small,  flat  fish,  allied  to  the  flounder,  of  the 
genus  Platissa,  of  a  dark  brown  color. 

D.AH'HKD,  (dabd,)  pp.   Struck  with  something  moist. 
D.AB'Bl.N'G,  ppr.    Striking  gently  with  something 
moist. 

D.\B'BI.E,  F.  f.  [llcb.  S3a  tabnl,  or  from  the  root  of 
dip,  Goth,  daapyan,  Belgic  dabbcn  or  dabbelen.  Sec 
Dip.] 

Literally,  to  dip  a  little  or  often  ;  hence,  to  wet ;  to 
moisten  ;  to  spatter  ;  to  wet  by  little  dips  or  strokes ; 
to  sprinkle.  Sif(/'/.  IVuiemaiu 

DAB'BLE,  r.  i.  To  play  in  water;  to  dip  the  hands 
throw  water,  and  spl.ish  about ;  to  play  in  mud  and 
water. 

2.  To  do  any  thing  in  a  slight  or  superficial  m.in 
ner  ;  to  tamper ;  to  touch  here  and  there. 

You  have,  I  Uijiik,  bc^-fi  dnhbiing  with  Uic  Icxl.  Atterbury. 

3.  To  meddle  ;  So  dip  into  a  concern. 
DAB'BLER,  n.    One  who  plays  in  water  or  mud. 

2.  Une  who  dips  slightly  into  any  tiling  ;  one  who 

medilles  without  going  to  the  bottom  ;  a  superficial 

meddler;  .xs,  a  dabbler  in  politics. 
D.\B'HLL\G,  ppr.  or  0.    Dipping  superficially  or 

often  ;  playing  in  water,  or  in  mud  ;  nicddlinc. 
DAU'lil.I.NG,  n.    The  art  of  dipping  su|icrfici.ally  into 

or  luecldling  with  any  thing. 
I)AU1!I,I.\G-LY,  a/r.    In  a  dabbling  manner. 
DAlt'CllICK,  n.    [rf.iA,  or  </ij),  and  cAici.]    A  water 

fowl,  a  sjiecies  of  grebe.  Jardine. 
DAB'STER,  n.      [Uu.  from  adept,  with  sUr,  Sox 

stioran,  to  steer.] 
One  who  is  skilled  ;  one  who  is  expert ;  a  mxster 

of  his  business.    [J^'ot  an  elegant  aord.]    [Sec  Dap 

PER.] 

DX  CX'PO,  (di-kA'po,)  [It.]  In  miuie,  a  direction 
to  return  to,  and  eu  1  with,  the  first  stniin. 

D.\CE.  11.    [  I),  dans.    Ciu.  Fr.  rcndtfivc] 

.\  tish,  the  Cyprinus  IcueiMus  ;  a  small  river  fish  of 
a  bright  silvery  color.  IValton. 


DACTYL,  II.    [Gr.  iaKrvXuf,  a  finger;  L.  dactylus ; 

probably  a  shoot.    See  Digit.] 

A  poetical  foot,  consisting  of  three  syllables,  the 

first  long,  and  the  others  short,  like  the  joints  of  a 

fincer;  as,  t^gmtni,  ctlrm'fnt'. 
D.\e'TYL-.\R,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  dactyl ;  reducing 

from  three  to  two  syllables.  Scott's  Kssat/.*. 

DAC'TYL-ET,  n.    A  dactyl.  Bp.  Hall. 

D.AC-TYI.'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  chiefly 

or  wholly  of  dactyls  ;  as,  dactylic  verses  ;  a  dactylic 

flute,  a  flute  consisting  of  uneipial  intervals.  Kncyc. 
D.\C-TYL'ie,  H.    Aline  consisting  chiefly  or  wholly 

of  dactvls. 

D.\e'TYL-IST,  n.    [from  dactyl.]    One  who  writes 

flowing  verse.  tVarlon. 
DAC-TYL'O-GLYPH,  n.    [Gr.  (5a«riiXuj, 'finger,  and 

vXmtiw,  to  engr.ive.] 
The  inscription  of  the  name  of  the  artist  on  a 

finger  ring  or  gem.  Brandc. 
DAC-TYL-OG'RA-PHY,7i.  [Gr.JukruAos  and  yoaipu, 

to  write.] 

The  science  or  art  of  gem  engraving.  Brande. 
DA€-TYI,-0L'0-6Y,  n.    [Gr.  doKrvUs,  finger,  and 
Xoyo^,  discourse.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  art  of  communicating  ideas  or 
thoughts  by  the  fingers.  Deaf  and  dumb  persons  ac- 
quire a  wonderful  dexterity  in  this  art. 

2.  The  science  which  treats  of  the  history  and 
qualities  of  finger  rings.  Klma. 

DAC-TYL'O-.MAN-CY,  71.    [Gr.  iuKTuXos  and  pau- 

Tticn,  divination.]^ 
Divination  by  hnger  rings.  Elme.^. 
DAD,       j  71.    [W.  tad;  Ir.  laid;  Arm.  tad;  Com. 
D.\D'DY,  i      tad  or  Mi;  ancient  L.  tata;  Port,  (nifa; 

Gypsy,  dad,  datla  ;  Sans,  tada  ;  Hindoo,  dada  ;  Kuss. 

tiatia ;  Finn,  taat.] 

Father ;  o  mini  used  by  infanU,  from  whom  it  is 

taken.    The  first  articulations  of  infants  or  young 

children  are  dental  or  labial ;  dental,  in  tad,  dad,  and 

labial,  in  mamma,  papa. 
D.XD'IJLE,  r.  i.    To  do  anything  slowly;  to  w;ilk 

with  tottering,  like  a  child  or  an  old  man.  [LUtle 

used.] 

DADE,  V.  t.  To  hold  up  by  leading-strings.  [Little 
tLtcd.  ]  Drayton. 

DA'DO,  71.  ('Ital.,  a  die.]  The  die  or  square  part  of  a 
pedestal  ;  the  cubical  base  of  a  column.  Tlwmson. 

DAD'DOCK,  n.    The  rotten  body  of  a  tree. 

D.'E'D.AL,  a.  [L.  Decdalus,  Gr.  AllltnXo(^  an  ingenious 
artist,  who  made  the  Cretan  labyrinlii.j 

1.  Various  ;  variegated.  Spenser. 

2.  Skillful. 

D.*;-DA'LI-AX,  a.  [See  Djedal.]  Formed  with  art ; 
intricate  ;  m,izc-like. 

DiED'A-LOUS,  a.  [from  Dadalus.]  Having  a  mar- 
gin with  various  windings  and  turnings;  of  a  beau- 
tiful and  delicate  texture ;  a  term  applied  to  the  Irnvej 
of  planU.  Jilartyn,  Lee. 

D  \FFk  j  "•    t'*^*"  ^'"■^■^ 

A  stupid,  blockish  follow.  [04s.]  Chaucer. 
DAFF,  r.  t  To  daunt.  fi,ocaJ.]  Orose. 
D.AFF,  r.  (.   To  toss  aside;  to  put  otr.    [See  Doff.] 

Shak. 

DAF'FO-DIL,  71.  [D.  affodille;  G.  doppcltc  narcisse, 
double  narcissus ;  IL  a^odillo ;  Fr.  asphodelc ;  L. 
a.-fpbodelus  ;  Gr.  aciJio^cXoi.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Narcissus,  of  several  species. 
These  have  a  bulbous  root,  and  beautiful  flowers  of 
a  deep  yellow  hue.  Encyc. 
Da  FT,  a.     Insane;   foolish;  thoughtless;  giddy. 

[  ScoUish.] 
D.VG,  n.    [Fr.  dague,  twin  thrusting.] 

A  dagger;  a  hand-gun;  a  pistol.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Burton. 

DAG,  71.    Dew.    [M>t  in  use.] 


DAG,  71.    [Sax.  dag.] 

1.  A  loose  end,  as  of  locks  of  wool ;  called  also 
da^-tocks.  Bailey. 

2.  A  leathern  latcheL 

DAG,  V.  t.    To  daggle.    [JVol  in  use.] 

2.  'i"o  cut  into  slips.    [Oft.?.]  Chaucer. 
DAG'GER,7i.    [Vr.daguc;  l).ttagge;  Arm.dager;  Sp. 

daga  ;  Port,  adnga  ;  It.  daga;  Ir.  daigcar.    In  G.  and 

D.  degen  is  a  sword.] 

1.  A  short  sword  ;  a  poniard.  Sidney. 

2.  In  fencing  nchools,  a  blunt  blade  of  iron  with  a- 
basket  hilt,  used  for  defense. 

3.  With  printrr.t,  an  obelisk,  or  obelus,  a  mark  of 
reference  in  the  form  of  a  dagger  ;  thus  (f). 

D.\<J'<JER,  V.  t.    To  iiierce  with  a  dagger  ;  to  stab. 

DAG'GERS-DR.:\\V-ING,  7i.  The  act  of  drawing 
dajigers ;  approach  to  open  attack  or  to  violence  ;  a 
quaiTel.  SaifL 

D.VG'GLE,  (dag'gl,)  ».  t.  [Probably  from  dag,  dew, 
or  its  root.J 

To  trail  in  mud  or  wet  grass  ;  to  befoul ;  to  dirty, 
as  the  lower  end  of  a  garment. 

DAG'GLE,  V.  i.    To  run  through  mud  and  water. 

DAG'GL/il),  pp.  Dipped  or  trailed  in  mud  or  foul 
water  ;  befouled. 

D.\G'GLE-TaIL,  a.  Having  the  lower  ends  of  gar- 
ments defiled  with  mud. 

D.\G'GLir<G,  jipr.  Drawing  along  in  mud  or  foul 
water. 

D.\G'-LOCK,  71.  [dag,  dew,  and  lock.]  A  lock  of 
wool  on  a  sheep  that  hangs  and  drags  in  the  wet. 
[Often  pronounced  tag-lock.]  Orose. 

dAg'-HWA1i\,  71.    [rfrtir,  a  shred.]    A  kind  of  carpet. 

D.VG'-TaIL-£D,  a.  The  same  as  dagglc-tail ;  trailed 
in  mud. 

DA-GUERRE'I-AX,  (da-gcr're-an,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
Daguirrc,  or  to  his  invention  of  the  daguerreotype. 

DA-GUERRE'O-TYPE,  (da-ger'ro-tjpe,)  71.  [from 
Dagucrre,  the  discoverer.]  A  method  of  fixing  im- 
ages of  objects  by  the  camera  obsciira.  A  copper 
sheet,  plated  with  silver,  well  cleaned  with  dduted 
nitric  acid,  or  polished,  is  exposed  to  the  v.ipor  of 
iodine,  which  forms  a  very  thin  coating.  This  sheet 
is  placed  in  the  camera  obscura,  in  which  it  remains 
a  very  short  time  ;  it  is  then  taken  out  and  ex- 
posed to  the  vapor  of  mercury  ;  then  heated  to  167' 
Fahrenheit,  and  the  images  apjiear  as  by  enchant- 
ment. 

Da1I'LI,\,  71.  [from  Da}d,\.\\c  name  of  a  Swedish 
botanist.] 

A  South  American  plant,  introduced  into  Europe 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1769.  It  bears  a  large,  beauti- 
ful, compound  Ilower,  of  every  variety  of  liuo. 

Partington^ 

[This  name  originally  belonged  to  a  shrub  grow- 
ing at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with  flowers  of  but 
little  beauty.] 

DXH'LINE,  n.    Inulin,  the  fecula  obtained  from  ele- 
campane, resembling  starch.  Ure, 
DAl'LI-NESS,  71.    Daily  occurrence.  Taylor. 
DAI'LY,  a.    [Sax.  dirglic,  from  dag,  day.] 

Ha|ipening  or  being  every  d.iy  ;  done  day  by  day  ; 
bestowed  or  enjoyed  every  day  ;  as,  daiiy  labor ;  a 
daily  allowance. 

Give  uj  OiU  tl.'»y  our  dnily  bread.        lard**  Prayer. 

DAI'LY,  adv.   Every  day;  day  by  day;  as,  a  thing 

happens  daily. 
D.AINT,  n.    Something  of  exquisite  taste;  a  dainty. 
DAI.\T'I-LV,  o</r.  [from  (/ainty.]  Nicely  ;  elegantly ; 

as,  a  hat  daintily  made.    [JVot  legitimate,  nor  in  use.] 

Bacon 

2.  Nicely ;  fastidiously  ;  with  nice  regard  to  what 
is  well  tasted  ;  .is,  to  eat  daintily. 

3.  Dcliciously  ;  as,  to  fare  daintily. 

4.  Ceremoniously ;  scrupulously. 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SB  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


38 


W7 


DAL 


DAM 


DAM 


DAINT'I-NESS,  n.  Delicacy  ;  foftness  :  elegance  ; 
nicety ;  as,  the  daintiness  of  tlie  limbs.    [  06s.] 

B.  Jiinson. 

9.  Pelicacy  ;  delicioiisness  ;  applied  to  food  j  as, 
the  daintiness  of  pri)visions. 

3.  Nicety  in  taste  ;  sqiieamishness  ;  fastidious- 
ness ;  as,  the  daintiness  of  tlie  taste.  Ifotion. 

4.  Ceremoniousness  ;  scrupulousness  ;  nice  atten- 
tion to  manners.  [Ofo.] 

D.AlNT'REL,  71.    A  delicacy.    [JVu<  in  use] 
DaINT'Y,  a.    [W.  deintiait;  Scot,  dainty:  from  dant, 
daint,  the  teeth,  L.  dens,  Gr.  ojuuc,  Sans,  danla.] 

1.  Nice;  pleasing  to  the  palate;  of  exquisite  taste  ; 
delicious  ;  as,  dainty  food. 

HU  soul  abhorrelh  dainty  meat.  —  Job  xxxiii. 

2.  Delicate  ;  of  acute  sensibility  ;  nice  in  selecting 
what  is  tender  and  good  ;  squeamish  ;  soft  ;  lu.turi- 
ous  ;  as,  a  dainty  taste  or  palate  ;  a  dainty  people. 

3.  Scrupulous  in  manners  ;  ceremonious.  Sliak. 

4.  Elegant ;  tender  ;  soft ;  pure  ;  neat ;  elfeini- 
nately  beautiful  ;  as,  dainty  hands  or  limbs.  Sliak, 

5.  Nice  ;  att'ectedly  line  ;  as,  a  dainty  speaker. 

Prior. 

D.\INT'Y,  71.    Something  nice  and  delicate  to  the 
taste  ;  that  which  is  exquisitely  delicious  ;  a  delicacy. 
Be  not  desirous  of  dainties,  for  Uiey  are  dcceilful  meat.  —  Prov, 
xxiii, 

2.  A  term  of  fondness.    [JVot  much  used-l 

Wliy,  tliat's  my  dainty.  Sftak. 

DaI'RY,  71.  [This  word  I  have  not  found  in  any 
other  language.  In  Russ.  doya  signifies  to  milk,  and 
Junius  mentions  dey,  an  old  word  for  milk,  and  Ice- 
landic de!^n-ia,  to  milk.  It  may  be,  and  probably  is, 
a  contracted  word.] 

1.  Milk,  and  all  Itet  concerns  it,  on  a  farm ;  or 
the  business  of  managing  milk,  and  of  making  but- 
ter and  cheese.  The  whole  establishment  respecting 
milk,  in  a  family,  or  on  a  farm. 

Grounds  were  tnrin^d  much  in  England  either  to  feeding  or 
dairy ;  and  tliis  adv.inced  llie  trade  of  English  butter. 

Temp'A. 

2.  The  place,  room,  or  house,  where  milk  is  set 
for  cream,  managed,  and  converted  into  butter  or 
cheese.  Dryden. 

3.  A  milk  farm  or  pasture  land.  Bacon. 
DaI'RY-HOUSE,  j  77.    A  house  or  room  ap])ri)priated 
DaI'RY-ROO.M,   i     to  the  management  of  milk. 
DaI'RY-MaID,  71.    A  female  servant  whose  business 

is  to  manage  milk.  Addison. 
DaI'RY-ING,  71.    The  business  of  conducting  a  dairy. 

P.  Cyc. 

DaIS,  (da'is  or  dase,)  7i.  A  raised  floor  at  the  upper 
end  of  the  dining-hall,  where  the  high  table  stood. 

W.  Scott. 

Also,  a  canopy  with  its  scat  at  the  high  table. 

DaI'SI-JJD,  (di'zid,)  a.  [See  Daisv.]  Full  of  daisies  ; 
adorned  with  daisies.  Shak. 

DaI'SY,  71.    [Sax.  dxges-egc,  day's  eye.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Rellis,  of  several  varieties. 
The  blue  daisy  belongs  to  the  genus  Globularia,  as  does 
the  globe  daisy  ;  the  greater  or  ox-eye  daisy  belongs 
to  the  genus  Chrysanthenmm  ;  and  the  middle  daisy, 
to  the  Doronicum.  J^arTi.  of  Plants. 

Da'KER,  71.    A  dicker  ;  the  number  of  ten. 

Da'KER-HEN,  71.  The  corn-crake  or  land-rail,  a 
bird  of  the  grallic  order  of  Liniiaius.      Eil.  Encyc. 

Da'KIR,  71.  In  F.nirlisli  statutes,  ten  hides,  or  the 
twentieth  part  of  a  lait  of  hides.  Encyc. 

Dale,  71.  fGoth.  daici;  Dan.  and  Sw.  dal ;  G.  thai;  : 
D.  dal;  W.  dbl;  Russ.  dol,  udol,  and  doline ;  allied, 
perhaps,  to  dell.  The  Welsh  d&l  signifies  a  winding, 
bend,  or  meaniler,  and  a  dale  through  which  a  river 
runs;  a  band,  a  ring,  cfcc.  In  D.  daalcn  signifies  to 
descend,  to  sink.] 

A  low  place  between  hills ;  a  vale  or  valley  ;  a 
poetic  word. 

DAL'LI-ANCE,  71.  [See  Dai.lv.]  /.iVcraHy,  delay  ;  a 
lingering ;  appropriately,  acts  of  fondness  ;  inter- 
change of  caresses  ;  toying,  as  males  and  females  ; 
as,  youthful  dalliance.  Milton. 

2.  Conjugal  embraces ;  commerce  of  the  sexes. 

Jl/l//071. 

3.  Delay.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
DAI,'LI./2I>,  (dai'lid,)  pp.    Delayed  ;  deferred. 
DAI,'LI-ER,  71.    One  who  fondles;  a  triller ;  as,  a 

dullier  with  pleasant  words.  Ascliam. 
DAI/I-Y,  V.  i.    l\V.  ddl  or  dala,  to  hold,  bear,  keep, 
Btop  ;  Ann.  duira,  lo  slop  or  retard  ;  Ir.  dail,  delay  ; 
Kuss.  dlyu.    The  sense  of  holding  is  often  connected 
with  that  of  extending,  drawing  out  in  time ;  Ar. 

^LjS  taula,  to  prolong,  to  delay.  Class  III,  No.  20. 
Sec,  also,  No.  24,  99.] 

1.  /.itrrally,  lo  delay;  to  linger  ;  to  wait.  Hence, 

2.  To  trifle  ;  to  lose  tinii'  lu  iilleness  and  tridi;8  ; 
to  amuse  one'u  self  with  idle  play. 

IC  is  madiim  to  lUUty  any  Iuh^"t.  Qdamy. 

3.  To  toy  and  wniiton,  as  man  and  woman  ;  to 
Interchange  care»iicii  j  lo  fondle.  Shalt. 

4>  To  aport ;  to  piny. 

8lK  dallitt  witli  Uw  wind.  Shak.  I 


DAL'LY,  V.  t.  To  delay ;  to  defer ;  to  put  off;  to 
amuse  till  a  proper  opportunity  ;  as,  to  daily  off  the 
time.    [jVot  much  used.]  Knolles. 

D.WJ LY-l!<G,  ppr.  Delaying;  procrastinating;  tri- 
flmg;  wasting  time  in  idle  amusement;  toying; 
fondling.  ■ 

D.AL-.M.-VT'I-C.^,  71.  A  long  white  gown  with  sleeves, 

worn  by  deacons  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 
DAM,  77.    [Supi)osed  to  be  from  U'lme,  which  see.] 

1.  A  female  parent ;  used  of  beasts,  particularly 
of  quadrupeds. 

2.  A  human  mother,  in  contempt.  SImk. 

3.  [Fr.  dame, l\ie  queen;  Sp.  daina.]    A  crowned 
man  m  the  game  of  (Iraughts. 

D.\i\I,  71.  [D.  darn;  G.damm;  Sw.  id.;  Dan.  dam,  a 
pond.    See  the  verb.] 

^  A  mole,  bank,  or  mound  of  earth,  or  any  wall,  or 
a  frame  of  wood,  raised  to  obstruct  a  current  of 
water,  and  to  raise  it,  for  the  purjiose  of  driving 
mill-wheels,  or  for  other  purposes.  Any  wttrk  that 
stops  and  confines  water  in  a  pond  or  basin,  or 
catises  it  to  rise. 
DAM,  7;.  (.  [Sax.  dcmmanj  G.  d'dmmen  ;  D.  dammen  ; 
Dan.  daminver ;  Ch.  ailfl  to  stop,  lo  shut ;  Ileb.  and 


Ch.  DUN,  Ar. 


atama,  to  stop  or  shut.  Qu. 


Ch.  aao,  Ar.  jt^LlA^  satama.  Id.    This  is  the  root 

of  dumb.     See  Class  Dm,  No.  17,  18,  23,  39.] 

1.  To  make  a  dam,  or  to  stop  a  stream  of  water 
by  a  bank  of  earth,  or  by  any  other  work  ;  lo  con- 
fine or  shut  in  water.  It  is  common  to  use,  after 
the  verb,  in,  up,  or  out;  as,  to  dam  in,  or  to  dant  up, 
the  water,  and  lo  dam  out  is  to  jirevent  water  from 
entering. 

2.  To  confine  or  restrain  from  escaping ;  to  shut 
in  ;  vsed  by  Slmkspeare  of  fire,  and  by  Milton  of  litrht. 

DAM'AGE,  n.  [Fr.  dommai^e  ;  Arm.  douniaich  ;  Norm. 
domatre  ;  Sax.  dem ;  L.  damnum  ;  Sp.  daiio ;  Port,  da- 
710  ,•  It.  danno  ;  Ir.  damuUte.  This  word  seems  to  be 
allied  to  the  Greek  i^npi",  a  fine  or  mulct,  Ch.  not  or 
■■ni,  to  impose  a  fine.    But  qu.    See  Damn.] 

1.  Any  hurt,  injury,  or  harm,  lo  one's  estate  ;  any 
loss  of  properly  sustained  ;  any  hinderance  lo  the  in- 
crease of  property ;  or  any  obstruction  to  the  success 
of  an  enterprise.  A  man  sulTers  damage  by  the  de- 
struction of  his  corn,  by  the  burning  of  his  house,  by 
the  detention  of  a  ship  which  defeats  a  profitable 
voyage,  or  by  the  failure  of  a  profitable  undertaking. 
Damage,  then,  is  any  actual  loss,  or  the  prevention 
of  profit.  It  is  usually  and  properly  applied  lo  prop- 
erty, but  sometimes  lo  reputation  and  other  things 
which  are  valuable.  Dut,  in  the  latter  case,  injury 
is  more  correctly  used. 

2.  The  value  of  what  is  lost. 

3.  Damages;  in  late,  the  estimated  reparation  in 
money  for  detriment  or  injury  sustained  ;  that  which 
is  given  or  adjudged  to  repair  a  loss.  It  is  the  prov- 
ince of  a  jury  lo  assess  damages  in  trespass. 

DAM'AGE,  v.  t.  [It.  danneggiare ;  but  Norm,  damager 
is  to  oppress.] 

To  hurt  or  harm  ;  to  injure  ;  to  impair  ;  to  lessen 
the  soundness,  goodness,  or  value  of.  Rain  may  dam- 
age corn  or  hay  ;  a  storm  may  damage  a  ship  ;  a  house 
is  often  damaged  by  fire  when  it  is  iicl  destroyed ; 
heavy  rains  damage  roads. 

DAM'AGE,  v.  i.  To  receive  harm  ;  to  be  injured  or 
impaired  in  soundness  or  value  ;  as,  green  corn  will 
damage  in  a  mow  or  slack. 

DA.M'AGE-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  injured  or  im- 
paired ;  susceptible  of  damage  ;  as,  damageable  goods. 
2.  Hurtful  ;  pernicious.  [Rare.] 

DAM'AG-iJI),  p;).  or  a.    Hurt;  impaired;  injured. 

DAM'AGE-FEaS'ANT,  (dam'aj-fuz'ant,)  a.  [Fr./ai- 
sant,  from  faire.'\ 

Doing  injury  ;  trespassing,  as  cattle.  Blackstone. 

DAM'AG  lNd, /ipr.    Injuring;  impairing. 

DAM'AR.    See  Dammar. 

DA.M'AS-CK.XE,  n.    [L.  damaseenus,  from  Dama.^cus.^ 

1.  A  particular  kind  of  ])luni,  now  pronouncetl 
Damsom  ;  which  sm. 

2.  It  may  be  locally  applied  to  other  species  of 
plums. 

DA.M'A.SK,  71.  [It.  dommnsco ;  Fr.  damns  ;  Sp.  darnasco; 
from  Daniasrns,  in  Syria.] 

1.  A  silk  stuff,  having  some  parts  raised  above  the 
ground,  repri  scnting  flowers  and  other  figures,  origi- 
nally from  liamasciis. 

2.  A  kinil  of  wrought  linen,  made  in  Flanders,  in 
itnttation  of  damask  silks. 

3.  Red  color,  friun  the  damask-rose.  Fairfar. 
Damask-steel  is  a  fiue  steel  from  the  I^evant,  chief- 
ly from  Dainascii'i,  nsi  (I  for  swoiil  and  nillass  blades. 

DA.M'ASK,  71.       To  form  flowers  on  sluli's  ;  also,  to 
variegate  ;  lo  diversify  ;  as,  a  bank  damasked  with 
flowers.  Milton. 
2.  To  adorn  steel-work  with  figures.  [See  Damas- 

KKEN,] 

D.^.M'ASK-ED,  (dam'askt,) pp.   Varlegattui  with  flow 


DAM'ASK-EN,     (v.t.    [Fr.  damasquiner.    See  Dam- 

DA.M-ASK-EEN',  \  ask.] 

To  make  incisions  in  iron,  steel,  &c.,  and  fill  them 
with  gold  or  silver  wire  for  onianu  nt ;  used  chii'tlv 
for  adorning  sword_-blades,  guards,  locks  of  iiistuls, 
&c.  '  Chambers. 

DAM-ASK-EEN'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Cut  into  figures  and 
inlaid  \^'itii  tiuld  or  silver  wire. 

DAM-ASK  i:E.\'1,N(;,  ppr.  Engraving  and  adorning 
witl!  L'"M  iir  silvrr  wire  inlaid. 

DA,M-A.<K  1:E.\'1.\G,  ii.  The  act  or  art  of  beautify- 
ing iron  or  steel,  by  engraving  and  inlaying  it  with 
gidd  or  silver  wire. 

DAM'ASK4N,  71.  A  saber,  so  called  from  the  manu- 
facltire  of  Damascus. 

D.'V.M'ASK-ING,  p»r.    Variegating  with  flowers. 

DA.M'ASK-PEU.M,  71.    A  small  black  plum. 

DA.M'ASK-1U).«E,  ii.  A  species  of  rose  which  is  red, 
and  anothiT  which  is  wiiite. 

DA.M'AS-SI.\,  71.  A  kind  of  damask  with  gold  and 
silver  flowers  woven  in  the  warp  and  woof.  Ure. 

Da  ME,  n.  [Fr.  dame;  Sp.  Port.  It.  damn;  from  L. 
domina,  a  mistress  or  governess,  frtim  domo,  Gr.  fl<i- 
/I'u.i,  to  subdue,  Eng.  to  £U77ie.  Class  Dm,  No.  3,  4, 
23,  24.] 

Literally,  a  mistress  ;  hence,  a  lady ;  a  title  of  htmor 
to  a  woman.  It  is  now  generally  applied  to  the  mis- 
tress of  a  family  in  the  common  ranks  of  life  ;  as  is 
its  compound,  viailam.  In  poetry,  it  is  applied  to  a 
woman  of  rank.  In  short,  it  is  applied  with  propri- 
ety to  any  woman  who  is  or  has  been  the  mistress  of 
a  family,  and  it  sometimes  comprehends  women  in 
general. 

DaME'S-.VI'O-LET,  j  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Hes- 
DaME'VCORT,  !     peris ;  called  also  yiiff/i'-s-i,--!/- 

ly-flower,  or  rocket.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  fragrant 
odor,  and  ladies  are  fond  of  having  it  in  their  apart- 
ments. 

Da'MI-AN-ISTS,  n.  pi.  In  church  history,  the  followers 
of  Damianus,  patriarch  of  Alexandria,  in  tlie  fourth 
century,  who  concentered  all  the  personal  attributes 
of  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,  in  the  one  God  ; 
and  therefore  was  accused  of  teaching  Sabellianisni. 

DA.M'M.^R,  71.  A  name  applied  to  a  resinous  sub- 
stance obtained  in  the  East  Indies  from  a  species  of 
Agathis  or  Daminara,  a  tree  allied  to  the  pine. 

DAM'M£D,  pp.  Confined  or  shut  in  by  means  of  a 
dam. 

D.\M'MING,  ppr.  Confining  water  by  means  of  a 
dam. 

DAMN,  (dam,)  v.  t.  [L.  dam  no  ;  Fr.  damncr;  .\rm. 
dauna  ;  It.  dannare  ;  Sp.  danar  ;  Port,  donor.  The 
Portugutise  word  is  rendered  to  hurt,  to  damnify,  to 
corrupt  or  spoil,  lo  undo  or  ruin,  to  bend,  to  crook,  to 
make  mad.  The  latter  sense  would  seem  to  he  from 
the  L.  dcotens^  and  damnum  is  by  Varro  referred  to 
demendo,  demo,  which  is  supposed  to  be  a  ctunpnund 
of  de  and  cmo.  Hut  qu.,  for  damno  and  condemno  co- 
incide with  the  Eng.  doom.] 

1.  To  sentence  to  eternal  torments  in  a  future 
state  ;  lo  punish  in  hell. 

He  tliat  Lielieveth  not  shall  tie  damned. —  Mark  xvi. 

2.  To  condemn  ;  to  decide  lo  be  wrong  or  worthy 
of  punishment ;  lo  censure  ;  lo  reprobate. 

He  Uiat  doiiliti-lli  iti  damned  ii  lie  i-at,  —  Roni.  xiv. 

3.  To  condemn  ;  to  explode  ;  to  decide  to  be  bad, 
mean,  or  displeasing,  by  liissing  or  any  mark  id"  dis- 
approbation ;  as,  to  damn  a  play,  or  a  mean  author. 

4.  A  word  used  in  profaneness ;  a  term  of  execra- 
tion. 

DAM'N.\-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  damned  or  con- 
demned; deserving  damnation;  worthy  of  eternal 
punishment.  More  gene  rally,  tliat  which  subji  ets  or 
renders  liable  lo  damnalKui ;  as,  damnable  heresies. 
2  Pet.  ii. 

2.  In  a  low  or  ludicrous  sejise,  odious,  detestable,  or 
pernicious.  Shiil;. 
DA.M'NA  HEE-NESS,  n.    The  .sl.itc  or  quality  of  de- 
serving damnation. 
DAM'NA-liEY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  incur  eternal 
punishment,  or  so  as  lo  exclude  mercy.  South. 

2.  In  a  low  sense,  odiously  ;  detestably  ;  soiiR-tuiuis 
excessively. 
DAM-NA'TION,  n.    [h.  ilamnntio.] 

1.  Sentence  or  coiidemnatltui  to  everlasting  piin- 
islimenl  in  the  future  state;  or  the  slate  of  eternal 
torments. 

How  can  ye  escajn'  llie  linmnation  of  li'-II  ?  —  Matt,  xxiil. 

2.  Coiideninalioii.  Taylor. 
r).\M'NA-T(>  RV,  «.    Containing  a  sentiiire  (if  ciui- 

tleiniiatitui.  tVatrrUind. 
DA.M'.N'/'.'I),  ((blind  ;  adj.  in  serious  discourse,  daiii'- 
neil,)  /V'.  or  a.    Sentenced  to  everlasting  punishment 
in  a  future  state  ;  condi-iniitMl. 

2.  a.  Hateful  ;  detestalile  ;  abominable  ;  a  word 
chiefiy  used  in  profaneness  by  persons  of  vulgar  man- 
ners. 

D.\.M-NIF'ie,  o.  [f>ec  Damnify.]  Prociiting  lose  ; 
mischievous. 

DAM'NI-FI  U),  /I/).  [See  1)a,m;<ii  v.]  Injured  ;  en- 
damaged. 

DA.M'Nl-i''?,  t>.  t  [h,  damnifico  ;  damnum  and  facio; 
If.  damn{/lcare.] 


FATE,  FAE,  FJ^hU,  WHAT — METE,  PR|JV  PINE,  MARYNE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQI.F,  ByQK.— 


DAM 

1.  T<)  cause  loss  or  (laiiiasc  to ;  to  hurt  in  estate 
or  interest ;  to  injure  ;  to  enUaniago  ;  as,  to  ilamnifij 
a  man  in  his  [^(mxIs  or  estate. 

2.  To  hurt ;  to  injure  ;  to  impair ;  applied  to  the  per- 
son. Spenser. 

l)A.\r\I-F?-l.\G,  pi>r.    lUirting  ;  injuring ;  impairing. 
U.\.M'.N'I.\(J,  ;/pr.    Dooming  to  endless  punishment; 
a  condemning. 

2.  a.  That  condemns  or  exposes  to  damnation ;  as, 
a  (laiiiiiiiifr  sin. 
D.V.M'.M.VU-NESS,  it.  Tendency  to  bring  damnation. 

Hammond. 

D.1M'.YU.W .iBS'QaR  LV-JfRl^,  [I,.]  Losswitli- 
out  any  injury  of  the  wliich  the  law  can  take  cog- 
\i\/.;\nef. 

DAM  I',  a.  [G.  Hampf;  D.  iamp  ;  Sw.  lUmh  ;  Dan.  damp, 
-steam,  vapor,  fog,  smoke  ;  perhaps  stram  is  from  the 
same  riH)t,  from  wasting  ;  Sans,  dhmna.  See  Class 
Dm,  No.  a3.] 

1.  Moist ;  humid  ;  being  in  a  stale  betivecn  drj' 
niid  wet ;  as,  a  damp  cloth  ;  damp  air  ;  sometimes  fog- 
gy ;  as,  the  atmosphere  is  damp ;  but  it  may  be  damp 
without  visible  vapor. 

2.  Dejected ;  sunk  ;  depressed ;  chilled.  [ Unusual.] 

Jilittoiu 

D.VMP,  n.   Moist  air ;  humidity  ;  moisture  ;  fog. 

Mdton. 

2.  Dejection  ;  depression  of  spirits ;  chill.  \ye  say, 
to  strike  a  damp,  or  to  cast  a  damp,  on  the  spirits. 

jVillon. 

3.  Damps,  pi. ;  noxious  exhalations,  or  rather  gas- 
es, issuing  from  the  earth,  and  deleterious  or  fatal  to 
animal  life.  These  are  often  known  to  exist  in  wells 
whicli  continue  long  covered  and  not  used,  and  in 
mines  and  coal  pits;  and  sometimes  they  issue  from 
the  old  lavas  of  volcanoes.  These  damps  are  usually 
the  carbonic  acid  gas,  vulgarly  called  choke-ilamp, 
which  instantly  sutfocates  ;  or  carbureted  hydrogen, 
called  Jire-damp. 

D.AMP,  r.  t.  To  moisten;  to  make  humid,  or  mod- 
erati  lv  wet. 

2.  i'o  chill ;  to  deaden ;  to  depress  or  deject ;  to 
abate  ;  as,  to  damp  tile  spirits  ;  to  damp  the  ardor  of 
IKission.  Sicifi. 

3.  To  weaken  ;  to  make  dull ;  as,  to  damp  sound. 

Bacun. 

4.  To  check  or  restrain,  as  action  or  vigor ;  to 
make  languid  ;  to  discourage ;  as,  to  damp  industry. 

Bacon. 

H.VMP'ED,  (dampt,)  pp.  Chilled  ;  depressed  ;  abated  ; 

weakened  ;  checked  ;  discouraged. 
D A.MP'A'.V,  ((lanip'n,)  r.  t.    To  make  damp  or  moist, 
D.\.MP'K.\-I\g,  ;v>r.  Making  damp.  Judge  Miisoiu 
D.V.MP'Klt,  n.   That  which  damps  or  checks. 

2.  A  valve  or  sliding  plate  in  a  furnace  to  stop  or 
lessen  the  quantity  of  air  admitted,  and  thus  to  reg- 
ulate the  heat  or  extinguisb  tlie  lire. 

F.daards,  tV.  Ind.  Rumfard. 

3.  A  part  of  a  piano-forte,  by  which  the  sound  is 
deadened. 

D.VMP'I.NG,  ;>pr.  Chilling;  deadening;  dejecting; 
abating;  checking;  weakening 

D.\.MP'[SH,  a.    Moderately  damp,  or  moist. 

D.VMP'lSll  l.V,  adc.    In  a  dampish  manner. 

D.VMP'ISH-.N'ESS,  n.  .\  moderate  degree  of  damp- 
ness, or  moistness;  slight  humidity. 

D.A.MP'.NESS,  n.  Moisture;  fogginess ;  moistness; 
moderate  humidity  ;  as,  the  dampness  of  the  air,  of 
Uie  ground,  or  of  a  cloth. 

DA.MP.-^,  n.  p(.    Sec  Dam  1". 

DA.MP'Y,  a.   Dejected  ;  gloomy,    [tittle  ustd.] 

Haijteard. 

D.VM'SEL,  n.  [Fr.  damoisrlle  and  demoiselle,  a  gentle- 
woman, and  damov-eau,  a  spark  or  beau  ;  Norm. 
damoisells,  or  demirelles,  nobles,  sons  of  kings,  princes, 
knighLs,  lords,  ladies  of  (juality,  and  damoijsejes,  dam- 
sels, female  infants  ;  Sp.  damisula,  a  young  gentle- 
woman, any  girl  not  of  the  lower  class.  The  .Arm. 
ma-mesell,  ra-mesrll,  or  man-meselt,  a  woman  or  mad- 
am, seems  to  indicate  that  the  first  syllable  is  a  pre- 
fix, and  me.iell.  Eng.  miss,  a  distinct  word.  Hut 
damoitelle.  Norm,  demicelle,  from  which  we  have  dam- 
sel, is  doubtless  from  the  IliUian  damigella,  a  diminu- 
tive, formed  from  (/ama,  like  the  L.  <//>mici/(um,  from 
damns,  and  penicdtus,  from  the  root  of  penna.  'i'he 
Italian  dami:;ello,  in  the  masculine  gender,  shows  the 
propriety  of  the  ancient  application  of  damsel  to 
males.] 

.A  young  woman.  Formerly,  a  young  man  or  wo- 
man uf  nutde  or  genteel  extraction  ;  as.  Damsel  Pepin  ; 
Damsel  Rirliard,  prince  of  Wales.  It  is  mtw  used 
only  of  young  women,  and  is  applieil  to  any  class  of 
yiMiiig  unmarried  women,  unless  to  the  must  vulgar, 
and  siHnetunee  to  countr}-  girls. 

With  iki^r  train  q( dam*€t$  »lie  wiu  rrm^.  Dryden, 
lltcii  B<AU  aaui.  Wboac  doriwci  U  iTiu  —  Ruth  u. 

This  word  is  rarely  used  in  conversation,  or  even 
in  prose  writings  of  the  present  day  ;  but  it  occurs 
frequently  in  the  Scriptures,  and  in  poetry. 
DAM'SO.N,  (dam'7.n,)n.   [('oiunicted  fiom  damascene, 
tile  Damascus  plum.] 

The  fruit  of  a  variety  of  Oie  Frunus  domcstica ;  a 
■mall  black  plum 


DAN 


D.AX,  ?i.    [Sp.  don.    Clu.  from  dominus,  or  Ar. 

dauna,  to  be  chief,  to  judge,  Ileb.  Ch.  .Syr.  and  Ktli. 
jn.    Class  Dn,  No.  2,  4.] 

.A  title  of  honor  etpuvalent  to  master;  used  by 
Shakspeare,  Prior,  &.C.,  but  now  obsolete. 
DANCE,  e.  1.  [  Fr.  dnnsrr  ;  itanzar  ;  Vort.  dnn^nr  i 
Arm.  dan^zal ;  It.  dnnznrc  ;  G.  tanzcn  ;  Sw.  dunsa  ; 
Dan.  dandser  i  D.  dunssrn  ;  Basipn^,  dantza  ;  Unss. 
tantziju.  (111.  the  radical  letters,  and  tlie  Oriental 
fit,  with  a  casual  n.] 

1.  /Vminri(y,  to  leap  or  spring;  hence,  to  leap  or 
move  with  measured  steps,  regulated  by  a  tune,  sung 
or  played  on  a  musical  instrument ;  to  leap  or  step 
with  graceful  nuitions  of  the  body,  corresiionding 
with  the  sound  of  the  voice  or  of  an  instriiuu  iit. 

Thrrc  iji  11  tint''  lo  mourn,  and  n  time  to  —  Eccli-a.  iii. 

2.  To  leap  and  frisk  about;  to  move  nimbly  or  up 
anil  down. 

7*11  dance  attendance :  to  wait  with  obsequiousness  ; 
to  strive  to  please  and  gain  favor  by  assiiliious  atten- 
tions and  olHcious  civilities ;  an,  lo  dattcc  attendance 
at  court. 

D.\NCE,  r.  f.  To  make  to  danre;  to  move  up  and 
down,  or  back  and  forth  ;  to  dandle  ;  as,  to  dance  a 
child  on  the  knee.  Baron. 

D.\NCE,  II.  Inn  ^cncrnl  sdi.«p,  a  leaping  and  frisking 
about.  JlppropriatrUj,  a  li'aping  or  stepping  with 
motions  of  the  body  adjusted  to  the  measure  of  a 
tune,  particularly  by  two  or  more  in  concert.  A 
lively,  brisk  exi'rcise  or  amiiseineiit,  in  w  liich  the 
movements  of  the  persons  are  regul;ited  by  art,  in 
figure,  and  by  the  sound  of  instruments,  in  measure. 

2.  A  tune  by  which  dancing  is  regulated,  as  the 
minuet,  the  wait/.,  tlie  cotillon,  &c. 

D.\NC'f.'U,  (dilnst,)  pp.  iMoved  up  .and  down,  back- 
ward or  forward,  in  measured  sti:ps. 

D.XN'CER,  n.  Une  who  practices  dancing,  or  is  skill- 
ful in  tile  perforinance. 

D.KN'CI.N'G,  ppr.ot  a.  Leaping  and  stepping  to  the 
sound  of  the  voice  or  t)f  an  instrument ;  moving  in 
measured  steps;  frisking  about. 

DX.N'Cl.N'G,  n.  The  act  of  moving  in  measured  step ; 
frisking. 

Da.\'CI.NG-MXS-TER,  n.  One  who  teaches  the  art 
of  dancing. 

D.>iN'CI.\G-SeiIOOI,,  n.  A  school  in  which  the  art 
of  dancing  is  taiigli* 

DAN'DK-l.T-ON,  ii.    [Fr.  dent  de  lion,  lion's  tooth.] 
A  well-known  plant  of  the  genus  Leontodon,  hav- 
ing a  naked  stalk,  Willi  one  large  llower. 

DAN'DER,  B.  i.  To  wander  about;  to  talk  incohe- 
rentlv. 

DAN'UI-PRAT,  n.  [Fr.  rfandm,  a  ninny  ;  It.  dondo- 
lone,  a  loiterer;  dondolo,  any  thing  swinging;  rfoii- 
dnlnre,  to  swing,  lo  loiter.  The  Sp.  and  Port.  luiUn, 
a  dolt,  may  be  of  the  same  family.    Qu.  prat.] 

A  liltle  fellow;  an  urchin  ;  a  icorii  of  fondness  or 
contempt.  Johnson. 

D.AN'DLE,  V.  L  [G.  tdmletn,  to  toy,  to  trifle,  to  lounge, 
to  dailille  ;  Fr.  danilinrr,  to  jog  ;  It.  dondolare,  to 
swing,  to  loiter  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  tuntear,  to  dole,  to  talk 
nonsense  ;  Scot,  danddl,  dander.  These  words  seem 
to  be  allied.] 

1.  To  sliaKC  or  jolt  on  the  knee,  as  an  infant;  to 
move  up  and  down  in  the  hand  ;  literally,  to  amuse 
by  play. 

Ye  *li.iU  be  dandled  on  her  knees.  —  Is.  Ixvi. 

3.  To  fondle to  amuse ;  to  treat  as  a  child  ;  to  toy 
witlu 

1  am  ashamed  to  b«  dandled  thus.  Addison, 
3.  To  delay  ;  to  protract  by  tritles.  [Obs.]  Spenser. 

D.VN'DI./'^D,  pp.  Danced  im  the  knee,  or  in  the  arms ; 
fondled  ;  amused  by  trilles  or  play. 

D.A.N'Dl.ER,  n.    One  who  dandles  or  fondles  children. 

D.A.N'DLI.N'G,  ppr.  Shaking  and  jolting  on  the  knee  ; 
moving  about  in  play  or  for  amusement,  as  an  infant. 

D  A.N' 1)1,1  Nt;,  n.  Act  of  fondling,  or  jolting  on  the  knee. 

DA.\'l)Rt"FF,  n.  [Qu.  Sax.  tan,  a  scab,  tetter,  and 
drof,  sordid  ;  or  Fr.  teitrne.  Arm.  titrn,  or  tai^n.] 

.A  scurf  which  forms  on  the  head,  and  comes  cfT  in 
small  scales  or  particles. 

D.VN'DV,  n.    [Fr.  dandin,  a  ninny,  n  silly  fellow.J 
A  fop;  a  coxcomb  ;  one  who  dresses  liiiiisell  like 
a  doll,  and  who  carries  his  character  on  his  back. 

DAN'DV-ISII,  a.    Like  a  dandy. 

DA.N'DV-IS.M,  n.   The  manners  and  dress  of  a  dandy. 

I).^.^■E,  n.    .A  native  of  Denmark. 

DA.NE'GELT,  n.    [Dane  .and  gelt,  getd, mnnry.] 

In  Kn^land,  an  annual  tax  formerly  laici  on  the 
English  n.ation,  for  maintaining  forces  to  oppose  the 
Danes,  or  to  furnish  Iribiite  to  procure  peace.  It  was 
at  first  one  shilling,  afterw.ard  two,  and  at  last  .seven, 
for  every  bide  of  land,  except  such  as  belonged  to  the 
church.  Kncijc. 

At  a  subsequent  period,  when  the  Danes  became 
masters,  the  danegell  was  a  tax  levied  by  the  Danish 
princes  on  every  hide  of  land  owned  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,  p.  Cijc. 

Da.NE'WORT,  u.  a  plant  of  the  genus  Sambucus; 
a  species  of  elder,  called  dwarf-elder  or  wall-ieorL 

DaN'«jER,  n.    [Fr.  .Arm.  Scot,  danger;  Norm,  rfaiin- 


DAK 

eerous,  dubious.    This  word  in  .Scottish,  .•ircording  To 
Jaiiiitr.son,  signifies  peril,  power, nr  duiiilnion,  doubt, 
hesitation.    Ill  Chaucer,  it  signifies  peril,  and  coy- 
ness, sparingness,  or  custody.    In  old  English  laws, 
it  denotes  a  payment  in  money  by  forest  leiiantS|  lo 
their  lord,  for  |K'rmi.ssioii  to  pbiwaiidsow  in  the  time 
of  pannage  or  iiia»t-feediiig.    The  primary  sense  is 
not  obvious.    Speii.ser  has  tlic  fidlowing  coujilel :  — 
Vntiimt  he  shouUl  tje  M  fire, 
Sliuwing  danger  mure  Lli^ii  ire.] 
Peril ;  risk  ;  hazard  ;  exposure  to  injury,  loss,  pain, 
or  otln  r  evil.    It  is  ea.sy  lo  boost  of  despising  tleath 
when  there  is  no  dan/gcr. 

Our  cmA  ia  in  danger  tu  be  set  at  nati^ht.  —  AcU  zix. 

DAN'OElf,  e.  To  put  in  ha/.ard  ;  to  expose  to  loss 
or  injury.  Shal:.  Ihit  rarely  used.  [See  E.nda.nukh, 
whirli  is  generally  used.] 

DaN'OEII-LGSS,  a.  Free  from  danger  ;  without 
risk.    [Little  used.]  Sidney. 

DiN'CJEIi-OUS,  a.  Perilous;  ha/.ardous ;  exposing 
to  loss  ;  unsafe  ;  full  of  risk  ;  as,  a  dangerous  voy- 
age ;  a  dangerous  experiment. 

2.  Creating  danger;  causing  risk  of  evil ;  as,  a 
dan<rerous  m:in  ;  a  dangerous  conspiracy. 

DaN'GER-OUS-LA',  ai/p.  With  danger;  with  risk  of 
evil  ;  with  exposure  to  injury  or  ruin  ;  hazardously ; 
perilously  ;  as,  to  be  dangerously  sick  ;  dangerously 
situated. 

DaN'GEU-OU.S-.NESS,  n.  Danger;  h.azard  ;  pivil ;  a 
stale  of  being  exposed  to  evil  ;  as,  the  dangcrousncss 
of  ciuidition,  or  liisease. 

D.AN"(;LE,  (dang'gl,)  e.  i.  [Dan.  dingier,  to  swing 
to  and  fro.    llu.  dandle,  or  Ch.  .Syr.  Spn.] 

1.  To  hang  loose,  (lowing,  shaking,  or  waving; 
to  hang  and  swing. 

IIcM  rulier  on  a  gil>bet  dangle.  Itnd'ihnu. 

2.  To  hang  on  any  one  ;  to  be  a  humble,  officious 
follower;  vvilh  after  or  about;  as,  to  dangle  about  ^ 
woman  ;  to  ilanglc  after  a  minister  for  favors. 

D.AN"GLER,  «.  One  who  dangles;  applied  parlicu- 
larhi  to  men  who  hang  about  women. 

D.AN''(i  M.N'G,  ppr.  01  a.  Hanging  loosely;  busily  or 
otfiriously  adhering  to. 

D.A.N'ISII,  a.    Helonging  to  the  Danes  or  Denmark. 

I).\N'ISII,  71.    The  language  of  the  Danes. 

D-ANK,  a.    [Qu.  G.  tunken,  to  dip.] 
Daiiiji ;  moist  ;  humid  ;  wet. 

D.AIS'K,  II.    Moisture ;  humidity.        Milton.  Shah. 

DANK'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  damp. 

DANK'ISII-.NESS,  n.    Dampness;  humidity. 

I).A-NO'BI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Danube. 

D.\'OU-RITE,  n.  A  mineral,  called  rubciltte,  resem- 
bling sliorl,  bill  differing  from  it  in  chemical  charac- 
ters.   Its  color  is  red,  of  various  shades.  Cleavcland. 

DAP  or  DaPE,  r.  i.    [Goth,  daapynn,  to  dip.] 

To  drop  or  let  fall  the  bait  gently  into  the  water; 
to  raise  or  sink  it ;  a  word  used  by  anglers.  IValton. 

DA-PAT'ie-AL,  a.    [L.  dapes.] 

Sumptuous  in  cheer.    [JVut  in  use.] 

D.APII'.NI',  II.    A  nvmph  ol  Diana. 

D.VPir.M.N,  n.  The  bitter  principle  of  tlie  Daphne 
Mezereiiiii,  discovered  by  Vauquelin.  It  is  obtained 
in  small  cry  stals,  hard,  transpareiit^of  a  grayish  color, 
and  a  bitter  t:iste. 

DAP'I-FER,  n.    [L.  dapes,  feast,  and  fcro,  to  bear.] 
One  who  brings  meat  to  the  table.    Formerly,  the 
title  or  office  of  the  grand-master  of  a  king's  house- 
hold.   It  still  subsists  in  Germany.  Eneyc. 

D.AP'PER,  a.  [D.  dapper,  brave,  valiant;  Sw.  .and 
D.an.  tapper;  G.  lapfer.    See  Class  Db,  No.  13,  28.] 

Active  ;  nimble  ;  brisk  ;  or  little  anil  active  ;  neat ; 
lively  ;  as,  a  dapper  fellow  ;  a  dapper  spark. 

D.AP'PER-LING,  n.    A  dwarf;  a  dandiprat. 

DAP'PLE,  a.  [.Most  probably  allied  to  tabbij,  and  from 
dipping,  or  to  W.  darnu,  to  drop.  The  word  signi- 
fies .ipotted,  and  spots  are  often  from  drojiping  or 
sprinkling.] 

.Marked  with  spots  ;  spotted  ;  variegated  with  spots 
of  different  colors  or  sliades  of  color  ;  a-s,  a  dapple- 
bay  or  dapple-gray :  applied  to  a  horse  or  other  beast. 
It  may  sometimes  express  strcaJicd,  but  this  is  not  its 
true  signification. 
D.AP'PLE,  B.  t.    To  spot ;  to  variegate  with  spots. 

The  senile  liny 
Dnpplet  the  drowsy  east  with  epou  ol'^ray.  ShaJc. 
The  dapplcl  pinit  and  hliishm^  ruse.  Prior. 

D.AP'PLKI),  pp.  or  a.  Spotted  ;  variegated  with  spots 
of  (iillVreiit  colors  or  shades  of  color. 

DAP  PLING,  ;>;ir.    A'ariegating  with  spots. 

!)\RT   j        A  fish  found  in  the  Severn.  Badry. 

D.\UI),'n.  [Vt.dard.]  What  is  thrown  out,  or  is  cast 
forward,  as  a  dart  is  thrown. 

DaRE,  c.  i. ;  prft,  DuBsT.  [Sax.  rfrarran,  durran;  D, 
darren,  dureen  ;  G.  dttrfen :  Sw.  dierf,  bold  ;  dierfcas, 
to  dare,  and  tSras,  to  dare  ;  Dan.  (Sr.  to  dare,  anil 
(or,  dry,  torrid,  L.  torreo;  Dan.  tiirhed,  dryncs.s,  bar- 
renness ;  Virstig,  Ihirst)-.  The  German  durfen,  com- 
pounded, bedrirfen,  signifies  to  want,  to  need,  to 
Lack,  and  this,  in  Dutch,  is  drrren.  The  Sw.  dare, 
rash,  mad,  sottish,  dura,  to  infatuate,  Dan.  daarer. 
may  be  of  the  same  family.    The  Gr.  ^apptoi,  and 


•I»ONF,,  BJJLL,  TINITE  AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUS  G  as  K ;  Cs  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  Sil ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 

200 


II 


DAR 


DAR 


DAS 


Rass.  derzayu,  to  dare,  are  evidently  the  same  word. 

Ar.  ,!i  dhaura,  to  be  bold,  audacious  ;  to  be  angry, 

or  averse  ;  to  be  terrified,  to  flee.  So  in  Sw.  darra, 
to  tremble.  The  sense  of  boldness,  daring,  is  some- 
times from  the  sense  of  advancing  ;  but  some  of  the 
senses  of  these  words  indicate  the  sense  of  receding.] 
To  have  courage  for  any  purpose  ;  to  have  strength 
of  mind  or  hardihood  to  undertake  any  thing  ;  to  be 
bold  enough  ;  not  to  be  afraid ,  to  venture ;  to  be  ad- 
venturous. 

I  dare  do  all  thr.t  may  become  a  man.  Shak. 
Dare  anv  of  you  'o  lo  law  btfore  the  vmjiist  ?  —  1  Cor.  vi. 
None  of  his  disciples  durst  .ask  liim,  Who  art  thou  ? —  Jolm  xxi. 

In  this  intransitive  sense,  dare  is  not  generally  fol- 
lowed by  tlie  sign  to  before  another  verb  in  the  in- 
finitive ;  though  to  may  be  used  with  propriety.  In 
German,  the  verb  is  numbered  among  the  au.xiliaries. 
In  the  transitive  form,  it  is  regular,  thus  : 
DaRE,  !).  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Dared.  To  challenge;  to 
provoke  ;  to  defy ;  as,  to  dare  a  man  to  fight. 
Time,  1  dare  thee  to  discover 

Such  a  youth,  and  such  a  lover.  Dryden. 
To  dare  larks  ;  to  catch  them  by  means  of  a  look- 
ing-glass, or  by  keeping  a  bird  of  prey  hovering  aloft, 
which  keeps  them  in  amaze  till  caught  by  a  net 
thrown  over  them ;  to  terrify  or  flinaze. 

Johnson.  Dryden, 
DaRE,  n.  Defiance  ;  challenge.  [JVot  used.']  Shak. 
DARE,  71.    A  small  fish,  the  same  as  the  dace. 

Eticyc.  Johnson. 

DaR'ED,  pp.    Challenged  ;  defied. 

DARE'FIJL,  a.    Full  of  defiance,  f  JVbe  used.]  Shak. 

DaR'ER,  n.    One  who  dares  or  ilefies. 

DAR'I€,  n.    A  gold  coin  of  Darius  the  Mede,  value 

about  556  cents. 
DaR'ING,  n.    A  bold  act ;  a  hazardous  attempt. 

Southey. 

DaR'ING,  ppr.    Having  courage  sufficient  for  a  pur- 
pose ;  challenging;  defying. 

2.  a.  Bold  ;  courageous  ;  intrepid  ;  fearless  ;  ad- 
venturous ;  brave  ;  stout. 

Grieve  not,  O  daring  prince,  that  noble  heart.  Pope. 

3.  Audacious  ;  impudently  bold  and  defying,  as 
in  hrarcn-dariniTj  defying  almighty  power. 

DaR'ING-LY,  adv.    Boldly;  courageously;  fearless- 
ly ;  impudently. 

The  principles  of  our  holy  religion  are  daringly  attacked  from 
the  press.  Anon. 

DaR'ING-NESS,  71.    Boldness  ;  courageousness  ;  au- 
daciousness. ^ 

DARK,  a.    [Sa.T.  dcorc  ;  Ir.  dorcka  ;  Pers.  Ji^jJO  tirah, 

o       ^  - 

dark ;  i*5CjjLj  tarik,  dark,  darkness.     See  Class 

Dr,  No.  15.] 

1.  Destitute  of  light ;  obscure.  A  dark  atmos- 
phere is  one  which  prevents  vision. 

9.  Wholly  or  partially  black  ;  having  the  quality 
opposite  10  white  ;  as,  a  dark  color  or  substance. 

3.  Gloomy  ;  disheartening  ;  having  unfavorable 
prospects  ;  as,  a  dark  time  in  political  affairs. 

There  is,  in  every  true  woman's  l^eart,  a  spark  of  heavenly  fire, 
which  beams  and  bUazes  in  tlte  dark  hour  of  adversity. 

Irving. 

4.  Obscure  ;  not  easily  understood  or  explained ; 
as,  a  dark  passage  in  an  author  ;  a  dark  saying. 

5.  Mysterious ;  as,  the  ways  of  Providence  are 
often  dark  to  human  reason. 

6.  Not  enlightened  with  knowledge  ;  destitute  of 
learning  and  science  ;  rude  ;  ignorant ;  as,  a  dark 
age. 

7.  Not  vivid  ;  partially  black.    Lev.  x'ni. 

8.  Blind.    [JVot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

9.  Gloomy  ;  not  cheerful ;  as,  a  dark  temper. 

Addison. 

10.  Obscure  ;  concealed ;  secret ;  not  understood  ; 
as,  a  dark  design. 

11.  Unclean  j  foul.  Milton. 

12.  Opatpin.  But  dark  and  opaque  are  not  synony- 
mous.   Chalk  is  opaque,  but  not  dark. 

13.  Keeping  designs  concealed. 

Tlie  dark,  unn  lenfinff  Tiberius.  Oibbon. 

DARK,  71.   j.'^ans.  tarrki.]     Darkness  ;  obscurity  ;  the 
absenrx;  of  light.    We  say,  we  can  hear  in  the  dark. 
Shall  thy  wooden  be  known  in  the  dark?  — ft.  Ixxxviil. 

2.  Obscurity  ;  secrecy  ;  a  state  unknown  ;  as, 
things  done  in  the  dark. 

3.  (Jhsciirity  ;  a  state  of  ignorance ;  as,  wc  arc  all 
in  the  dark. 

DARK,r.  (.    To  darken  ;  to  obscure.  [Obs.] 
DARK'-HROVV-/;i),  a.    Stem  of  aspect  ;  frowning; 

as,  dark-browed  Jlnt^pur.  JPern/s  Masnae 

DXUK'-e0L-Oll-i;i),  (  kul'Iurd,)  a.    Having  a  dark 

hue.  Smith. 
DARK'KN,  (rliirk'n,)  v.  I.    TSaT.  ailrnreian.] 

1.  To  make  ilark  ;  to  ilrprivi:  of  light ;  as,  close 

ibo  Bhuttcm  and  darken  the  room. 


2.  To  obscure  ;  to  cloud. 

His  confidence  seldom  darkened  liis  foresight.  Bacon. 

3.  To  make  black. 

The  lociistjs  darkened  die  land. — Ex.  x. 

4.  To  make  dim;  to  deprive  of  vision. 

Let  their  eyes  be  darkened.  —  Rom.  xi. 

5.  To  render  gloomy ;  as,  all  joy  is  darkened.  Is, 
xxiv. 

6.  To  deprive  of  intellectual  vision ;  to  render  ig- 
norant or  stupid. 

Their  foolish  heart  was  darkened.  —  Rom.  i. 
Having  the  understanding  darkened.  —  Eph.  iv. 

7.  To  obscure  ;  to  perplex  ;  to  render  less  clear  or 
intelligible. 

M'lio  is  this  that  darkeneth  counsel  by  words  without  knowledge  ? 

Job  XXXViil. 

8.  To  render  less  white  or  clear ;  to  tan  ;  as,  a 
burning  sun  darkens  the  complexion. 

9.  To  sully  ;  to  make  foul.  Tillotson, 
OaRK'EN,  V.  i.    To  grow  dark  or  darker;  also,  to 

grow  less  white  or  clear. 

DARK'-EN-£D,  (dark'nd,)  pp.  Deprived  of  light ;  ob- 
scured ;  rendered  dim;  made  black  ;  made  ignorant. 

DARK'£N-ER,  n.    That  which  darkens. 

DARK'£N'4NG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  light;  obscuring; 
making  black,  or  less  white  or  clear  ;  clouding. 

DXRK'-Ey-£D,  (-ide,)  a.    Having  dark  eyes. 

DARK'-IIOUSE,  7t.    An  old  word  for  a  mad-house. 

DARK'l.SH,  a.    Dusky  ;  somewhat  dark.  [S/io/j. 

DARK'LING,  a.  Being  in  the  dark,  or  without  light; 
a  poetical  word.  JMilton.  Shak. 

DARK'LY,  adv.  Obscurely  ;  dimly  ;  blindly  ;  uncer- 
tainly ;  with  imperfect  light,  clearness,  or  knowl- 
edge. 


DARK'-MIND-ED,  a.    Having  a  dark,  close,  or  re- 
vengeful mind.  Baxter. 
DARK'NESS,  n.    Absence  of  light. 

And  darkness  was  on  the  face  of  the  deep.  —Gen.  1. 

2.  Obscurity  ;  want  of  clearness  or  perspicuity ; 
that  quality  or  state  which  renders  any  thing  difficult 
to  be  understood  ;  as,  the  darkness  of  counsels. 

3.  A  state  of  being  intellectually  clouded  ;  igno- 
rance. 

Men  love  darkness  rather  than  light. — John  iit. 

4.  A  private  place  ;  secrecy ;  privacy. 

What  I  tell  you  in  darkness,  Uiat  speak  ye  in  light.  —  Matt.  x. 

5.  Infernal  gloom ;  hell ;  a-,  atter  darkness.  Matt. 
xxii. 

C.  Great  trouble  and  distress ;  calamities  ;  perplex- 
ities. 

A  day  of  clouds  and  thick  darkness.  — Joel  ii.   Is,  viii. 

7.  Empire  of  Satan, 

Who  hath  deUvered  us  from  tlie  power  of  darkness.  —  Col.  1, 

8,  Opaqueness, 

Land  of  darkness  ;  the  grave.   Job  x, 
DAHK'SOME,(dilrk'sum,)a,  Dark  ;  gloomy  ;  ob.scure; 

as,  a  darksome  house  ;  a  darlcsome  cloud, 

Milton.  Dryden. 
DARK'-S5Ul.-£n,  a.    Having  a  dark  soul, 
DARK'-VVORK-ING,  (-wurk'ing,)  a.     Working  in 

darkness,  or  in  secrecy,  Shak. 
DAR'LING,  a,    [Sax.  deorhng  ;  dear,  dear,  and  linjr, 

which  primarily  denotes  likeness,  and,  in  some  words, 

is  a  diminutive.    So  in  G,  liebling,  Joveling,  D,  Ueve- 

lintr.    See  Dear,] 
Dearly  beloved  ;  favorite ;  regarded  with  great 

kindness  and  tenderness  ;  as,  a  darling  child  ;  a 

darling  science,  '  fVatts. 

DAR'LlNG,  7t,    One  much  beloved  ;  a  favorite ;  as, 

that  son  was  the  darling  of  his  father, 
DARN,  V.  t.    [ W.  darn ;  Arm,  dam ;  Fr.  dame ;  a  piece 

or  p.itch,] 

To  mend  a  rent  or  hole,  by  imitating  the  texture  of 
the  cloth  or  .stuff"  with  yarn  or  thread  and  a  needle  ; 
to  sew  together  with  yarn  or  thread.  It  is  used  par- 
ticularly of  stockings,  Qay.  SwijX. 

DARN,  71,    A  place  mended  by  darning, 

DARN'ED,  pp.  Mended  by  imitating  the  te.\ture  of 
the  cloth, 

D.KR'NEL,  77.  A  plant  of  the  genus  I,olium,  a  kind 
of  grass  ;  the  most  remarkable  species  are  the  red 
darnel^  or  rye-grass,  and  the  ivhite  darnel. 

DAUN'ER,  71.    One  who  mends  by  darning. 

I)AR.\'ING,  p;>r.  Mending  in  imitation  of  the  origi- 
nal texture;  sewing  together,  as  a  torn  stocking,  or 
cloth. 

DARN'ING,  71.  The  act  of  mending,  as  a  htde  in  a 
garment, 

DAR'RaIN,  v.  t.  [Norm,  darcigner,  drrenrr,  drrcigner, 
deraiirner,  to  prtiVe,  to  t(;stify,  to  ch^ar  himstrlf,  to  in- 
stitute ;  noun,  (/arrcm,  or  drreiie,  or  d''rn<riie,  i)foof; 
also,  derreiner,  to  endeavor.  In  Chaucer,  the  word 
is  interpreted  to  contcsL 

But  fur  thou  art  a  worthy  pentil  kniirlif, 
And  wilncst  to  darraine  hire  by  bataille. 

The  word  is  probably  compound.  But  neither  the 
origin  nor  the  signification  is  obvious.] 


To  prepare,  or  to  order  ;  or  to  try  ;  to  cnileavnr  ;  to 
prove;  to  apply  to  the  contest.  [OAs.] 

_  Carew.    Spenser.  Shak. 

DAll'REiN,  a.    [Corrupted  from  Fr.  dernier.] 

Last ;  as,  darrein  continuance,  the  last  continu- 
ance. ^  Buuvicr. 
DA  RT,  71.  [Fr.  dard  ;  Arm.  dared  or  dard  ;  It.  Sp.  and 
Port,  dardo  ;  Russ.  drot.  In  Sw.  dart  is  a  dagger. 
The  word  is  from  some  verb  signifying  to  throw  or 
thrust.    In  Gr.  Sonv  is  a  spear  or  lance.] 

1.  A  pointed,  missile  weaiion,  to  be  thrown  by  the 
hand  ;  a  short  lance.  Dryden. 

2.  Any  missile  weapon ;  that  which  pierces  and 
wounds. 

And  from  about  her  shot  darts  of  desire. 
DART,  V.  t.    To  throw  a  pointed  instrument  with  a 
sudden  thrust ;  as,  to  dart  a  javelin.  Dryden. 

2.  To  throw  suddenly  or  rapidly  ;  to  send  ;  to 
emit ;  to  shoot ;  applied  to  small  objects  which  pass 
witit  velocity  ;  as,  the  sun  darts  his  beams  on  the 
earth. 

Or  what  ill  eyes  malignant  glances  dart.  Pope. 

DART,  1'.  i.    To  fly  or  shoot,  as  a  dart  ;  to  fly  rapidly. 
2.  To  spring  and  run  with  velocity  ;  to  start  sud- 
denly and  run  ;  as,  the  deer  darted  from  the  thicket. 

D.KR'TARS,  71,  A  scab  or  ulceration  under  the  chins 
of  lambs.  Farm.  Encyc. 

DART'ED,  pp.  Thrown  or  hurled,  as  a  pointed  in- 
strument ;  sent  with  velocity, 

DART'ER,  71,    One  who  throws  a  dart. 

2,  A  Brazilian  bird,  of  the  Pelican  family,  which 
darts  into  the  water  after  its  prey,  Partington. 

DART'ING,  ppr.  Throwing,  as  a  dart ;  hurling  darts ; 
flying  rapidiv, 

DART'ING-LY,  adv.    Rapidiv  ;  like  a  dart, 

DAR'TROUS,  a.    [Fr,  dartre,  tetter,] 

A  vague  term  relating  to  a  kind  of  cutaneous  dis- 
ease of  no  definite  character, 

DASH,  V.  t.  [In  Dan.  dusk  signifies  a  blow  ;  in  Sw. 
daska,  to  strike;  in  Scot,  dusch,  to  rush.  In  Persian, 
u  „ 

jlj  <a:  or  (an:,  is  an  assault  on  an  enemy.  See 

Class  Ds,  No,  3,  4,  5,  14,  92,  30,  31,  40,] 

1,  To  .strike  suddenly  or  violently,  whether  throw- 
ing or  falling ;  as,  to  dash  one  stone  against  another. 

Bacon. 

Lest  thou  dash  tliy  foot  against  a  stone.  —  Matt,  iv, 

2,  To  strike  and  bruise  or  break  ;  to  break  by  col- 
lision ;  but  usually  with  the  words  in  pieces. 

Thou  shall  dash  them  in  pieces,  as  a  potter's  vessel.  —  Ps.  ii. 

3,  To  throw  water  suddenly,  in  separate  portions ; 
as,  to  dash  water  on  the  head. 

4,  To  bespatter ;  to  sprinkle  ;  as,  to  dash  a  gar- 
ment. Shak. 

5,  To  strike  and  break  or  disperse. 
At  once  the  brushing  oars  and  brazen  prow 

Dash  up  tlie  sandy  waves,  aud  ope  the  depth  below. 

Dryilen. 

6,  To  mix  and  reduce  or  adulterate  by  throwing  in 
another  substance  ;  as,  to  dash  wine  with  water ;  the 
story  is  dashed  with  fables. 

7,  To  form  or  sketch  out  in  haste,  carelessly. 

Pope. 

8,  To  erase  at  a  stroke  ;  to  strike  out ;  to  blot  out 
or  obliterate ;  as,  to  dash  out  a  line  or  word.  Pope. 

9,  To  break  ;  to  destroy  ;  to  frustrate ;  as,  to  dash 
all  their  schemes  and  hopes, 

10,  To  confound  ;  to  confuse  ;  to  put  to  shame ;  lo 
abash ;  to  depress  by  shame  or  fear ;  as,  he  was 
dashed  at  the  appearance  of  the  judge. 

Dash  die  proud  gamester  in  liis  giUled  car.  Pope. 
DASH,  V.  i.    To  strike,  bre.ak,  scatter,  and  fly  off";  .as, 
agitate  water  and  it  will  dash  over  the  sides  of  a  ves- 
sel ;  the  waves  dashed  over  the  side  of  the  ship, 

2,  To  rush,  strike  and  break,  or  scatter  ;  as,  the 
waters  dash  down  the  precipice, 

3,  To  rush  with  violence,  and  break  through  ;  as, 
he  dashed  into  the  enemy's  ranks  ;  or,  be  dashed 
through  thick  and  thin, 

DASH,  71,  Collision  ;  a  violent  striking  of  two  bodies  ; 
as,  the  dash  of  clouds,  '/'hom.ion. 

2,  Infusion  ;  .idmixture  ;  something  thrown  into 
another  substance  ;  as,  the  wine  has  a  dash  of 
water. 

Innocence  with  a  dash  of  folly.  Addison. 

3.  Admi.xture;  as,  red  with  a  dash  of  purple. 

4.  ,\  rushing,  or  onset,  with  violence  ;  as,  to  make 
a  dash  upon  the  enemy. 

5,  A  sudden  stroke  ;  a  blow  ;  an  act. 

She  takes  upon  her  bravely  at  first  dash.  Sliak. 

f).  A  flourish ;  blustering  parade ;  as,  the  young 
fop  made  a  dash,  [yulgar.] 

7.  A  mark  or  line,  in  writing  or  printingj  noting  a 
break  or  stop  in  the  sentt  nro ;  as  in  Virgil,  (/uos 
ego  — ;  or  a  pause  ;  or  the  division  of  the  sentence. 
'8.  In  iHitiir,  a  small  m.ark  [thus  (]  denoting  that 
the  note  over  which  it  is  placed  is  to  be  performed 
In  a  short,  distinct  manner.  Brande. 
DASH'-I1(")ARI),  71.  Aboard  placed  on  the  fore  pnrt 
of  a  chaise,  sleigh,  or  other  vehicle,  to  prevent  water. 


FATE,  FAR,  PAI-L,  WHjST — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

300 


DAT 

miirt,  or  snow,  from  bi'ing  thrown  upun  those  in  tlie 

vehicle  by  the  htx'ls  of  the  horses. 
DASll'KI),  (daslil,)  pp.     tftruclc  violently  ;  driven 

ncaiiist ;  kniisud,  broken,  or  scattered,  by  collision  : 

bespriiiliU'd  ;  mixed  or  adulterated  j  erased  ;  blottea 

out ;  broken  ;  cast  down  ;  confounded  ;  abashed. 
D.VSiriXc;,  ppr.   Drivini!  and  slrikinK  against ;  strik- 

inc  suddenly  or  violently  ;  breakins;  or  scattering  by 

collision  i  infusing i  nii.\ing;  confounding;  blotting 

out ;  rushing. 
*i.  a.    Rushing  ;  driving  ;  blustering  ;  making  a 

dasit ;  as,  a  itiishin^  fellow. 

:).  a.    Precipitate  ;  rushing  carelessly  on.  Burke. 
D.\S'T,\RD,  7».    [In  Sax.  ailastrisan  is  to  frighten,  to 

deter.] 

\  coward  ;  a  poltroon  ;  one  who  meanly  shrinks 
from  danger.  Dnjtlni. 
UAS'T.'VUl),  a.   Cowardly  ;  meanly  shrinking  from 
danger. 

Ciine  on  thi-ir  dattard  loiils.  Ad^lison. 

D.AS'TARD,  V.  t  To  make  cowardly  ;  to  intimidate  ; 
to  dispirit.  Dnjdt-ii. 

D AS' TAUn-IZE,  r.  (.    To  make  cowardly.  JlowcU. 

I)A.-<'  rAKI)-rZ-f;i),  pp.    Made  cowardly. 

UAS'TAKD-IZ-I.VC;,  ppr.    Making  cowardly. 

DAt«'T.\UD-LI-NESS,  ii.  [from  dastardly.]  Coward- 
liness. Barrett, 

D.VS'TAUO-LY,  a.  Cowardly  ;  meanly  timid  ;  h.isc  ; 
sneaking.  Herbert. 

D.\S'T.\IiD-NESS,  ».  Cowardliness  ;  mean  timor- 
onsness. 

I)AS''1'.\RD-Y,  71.   Cowardliness;  base  timidity. 
D.VS'Y-URE,  n.    [Gr.  d  iffus  and  ovita.]    A  iiuadruped 

of  New  Holland  and  Van  Diemen's  Land,  allied  to 

the  opossum. 
D.\'T.\,  H.  pi.    [L.  data,  given.] 

Thmgs  given,  or  admitted  ;  quantities,  principles, 

or  facts  given,  known,  or  admitted,  by  which  Co  lind 

things  or  results  unknown. 
DA-T.\'R!-.\,  B.    The  papal  ch.incerj-  at  Rome,  from 

which  all  bulls  are  issued,  so  called  from  the  sul>- 
'scription.  Datum  apud  Sanctum  Pctrum,  i.  e.,  in  tile 

Vatican.  Kncyc.  Jim. 

Ua'T.V-R  V,  n.  A  high  otficer  of  the  chancery  of  Rome, 

who  atlixes  the  datum  Roma  to  the  pope's  bulls, 
•i.  The  employment  of  a  datary. 
DATE,  11.  [Kr.  date  ;  It.  and  Sp.  rfafo;  L.  datum,  given, 

from  do,  to  give  ;  Sans,  da,  data.] 

1.  That  addition  to  a  writing  which  specifies  the 
year,  month,  and  day,  when  it  was  given  or  execu- 

'  ted.  In  letters,  it  notes  the  time  when  they  are  writ- 
ten or  sent ;  In  deeds,  contracts,  wills,  and  other  pa- 
pers, it  specifies  the  time  of  execution,  and,  usually, 
the  time  from  which  they  are  to  take  elTect  and  o[i- 
crate  on  the  rights  of  person.  To  the  dale  is  usually 
added  the  name  of  the  place  where  a  writing  is  exe- 
cuted,.and  this  is  sometimes  included  in  the  term  dale. 

2.  The  time  when  any  event  happened,  when  any 
thing  w;is  transacted,  or  when  any  thing  is  to  be 
done  ;  as,  the  date  of  a  battle ;  the  date  of  Cesar's 
arrival  In  Britain. 

3.  End;  conclusion.  [I7muiia/.| 

What  Umc  would  spare,  from  Blecl  receirca  ils  dale.  Pope. 

4.  Duration  ;  continuance  ;  as,  ages  of  endless  date. 

.Milton. 

DATE,  r.  t.  To  write  or  note  the  time  when  a  letter 
is  written,  or  a  writing  executed  ;  to  express,  in  an 
instrument,  the  year,  month,  and  day,  of  it-s  execu- 
tion, and,  usually,  the  place  ;  as,  to  date  a  letter,  a 
bond,  a  deed,  or  a  charter. 

i2.  To  note  or  fix  the  time  of  an  event  or  transac- 
tion. Historians  date  tlio  fulliUiuent  of  a  prophecy  at 
dilTerent  periods. 

3.  To  note  the  time  when  something  begins ;  a.s, 
to  date  a  disease,  or  a  calamity,  from  a  certain  cause. 
DATE,  r.  i.    To  reckon. 

2.  To  begin  ;  to  have  origin. 

The  BaLiTi&n  republic  daUt  Trom  the  succeates  of  (he  FVnch 
amis.  E.  Eeertit, 

DATE,  n.  [Ft.  datte,  for  dacte;  It  daUero;  Sp.  dalil; 
1*.  dactylus  ;  Gr.  (irtjtrtjAof.] 

The  fruit  of  the  great  palm-tree,  or  date-tree,  the 
Phanix  dactylifera.  This  fruit  is  somewhat  in  the 
shape  of  an  .icorn,  composed  of  a  thin,  light,  glossy 
membrane,  somewhat  pellucid  and  yellowish,  con- 
taining a  soft,  pulpy  fruit,  firm  and  sweet,  esculent 
and  wholesome,  and  In  this  is  inclosed  a  hard  kernel. 
DATE'-TREE,  n.  The  tree  that  bears  dates ;  the  great 
palm-tree. 

D.^T'ED,  pp.  Having  the  time  of  writing  or  execu- 
tion specified  ;  having  the  time  of  happening  noted. 

DAT K' LESS, a.  Having  no  date;  having  no  fixed  term. 

D.yrKU,  n.    One  th.at  dates.  [SAa*. 

UAT'l.NG,  ppr.  Expressing  the  time  of  writing,  or  of 
executing,  a  paper  or  instrument ;  noting  the  time  of 
happening,  or  originating. 

DA'TIVE,  a.  or  n.    [L.  rfaiiru.!,  from  rfo,  to  give.] 

In  grammar,  a  term  applied  to  the  case  of  nouns 
which  usually  follows  verbs  that  express  giving,  or 
some  act  directed  to  an  object.  Thus,  datur  tibi,  it  is 
given  to  you  ;  miji,»iim  est  illi,  it  was  sent  to  him  ;  fecit 
mihi,  he  made,  or  did,  to,  or  for,  me  ;  loquebatur  itles, 
he  spoke  to  ttiem.    It  also  follows  other  words  ex- 


a  piaili  vieiuiiig  >ee(i  ui  a  iiieuiuiii 
DA-TO'RI-.\A,  )  71.  All  alkaloid  ol 
I)A-TO'Rl-.\,  >  ra  .■.tramonium,  i 
DA-TO'RIXl::,  >    identical  with  j 


She  look  for  him  nn  nrk  < 
nil.!  with  pilch.  —  Kx 


villi  ye  have  daubed  with  luitciitpered 


DAU 

pressing  something  to  be  given  to  a  person,  or  lor  his 
benefit ;  as,  utili.i  vobi.i,  useful  to  you.  In  English, 
this  relation  is  expressed  by  to  or  for. 

Dative  eiecutur  :  in  /aic,  one  appointed  by  the  judge 
of  probate;  an  ailministrator. 

D.\T'()-1jITE,    j  II.    A  mineral,  occurring  in  small, 

U.\TH'0-LITE,  i  complex,  glassy  crystals,  usually 
colorless,  or  a  little  yellowish.  It  consists  of  silica, 
horacic  acid,  and  lime,  with  five  per  cent,  of  w,ater. 
A  variety  presenting  botryoidal  or  iiiamiiiillary  forms 
is  calh^d  botryolltr.  Dana. 

D.A'TUM,  71. ;  pi.  Data.  [L.]  Something  given  or  ad- 
mitted.   [See  Data.] 

DA'TU.M-LINE,  ti.  In  civil  en^ineerinir,  the  horizon- 
tal or  base  line,  from  which  the  surface-points  are 
reckoned,  or  measured,  in  the  plan  of  a  railwav,  &c. 

Oitbert. 

DA-TPra  STRA-MO'm-UM,  n.  The  thorn-apple, 
a  pl.ant  yielding  seed  of  a  medicinal  quality. 

All  alkaloid  obtained  from /)a«ii- 
now  supposed  to  be 
Atropiiia. 

DAUn,  V.  t.  [\V.  (iicAiaw,  to  daub;  dirb,  mortar;  Ir. 
dobhaimh,  to  dtiub  ;  doib,  plaster  ;  allied  probably  to 
Fr.  dauber,  to  strike,  that  is,  to  throw  or  put  on,  and 
the  root  of  this  word  probably  occurs,  contracted,  in 
the  L.  iiiduo.] 

1.  To  smear  with  soft,  adhesive  matter  ;  to  plaster ; 
to  cover  with  muJ,  slime,  or  other  soft  substance. 

hulrushcs,  unil  daubed  it  with  blime 

■  ith  pi 
itk  do 
iiiortiir.  —  Kzek, 

2.  To  paint  coarsely. 

If  n  picture  b  dauted  with  m.in7  bright  colors,  the  vuljrir  nd- 
niiie  it.  M'alts. 

3.  To  cover  with  something  gross  or  specious  ;  to 
disguise  with  an  artificial  covering. 

So  smooth  lit.-  daubed  his  vice  witli  show  of  virtue.  SbaJe. 

4.  To  lay  or  put  on  without  taste ;  to  deck  awk- 
wardly or  ostentatiously,  or  to  load  with  affected 
finery. 

Iy?t  him  he  daubed  with  lace.  Dryden. 

5.  To  flatter  gros.sly. 

Conscience  will  not  daub  nor  fl.iUcr.  South. 

DAUB,  V.  I,  To  practice  gross  flattery ;  to  play  the 
hypocrite.  Slialc. 

DAUB'£D,  (dawbd,)  pp.  Smeared  with  soft,  adhesive 
matter ;  plastered  ;  painted  coarsely  ;  disguised ;  load- 
ed with  ill-chosen  finery. 

DAUB'ER,  71.  One  who  daubs ;  a  coarse  painter;  a 
low  anil  gross  flatterer. 

DAUB'ER-V, )  n.    A  daubing;  any  thing  artful. 

DAUB'RY,     j  Sliak. 

DAUB'ING,  ppr.  Pl.astering ;  painting  coarsely;  dis- 
guising clumsily  ;  decking  ostentatiously  ;  flattering 
grossly. 

DAUB'iiVG,  n.  Plastering;  coarse  painting;  gross 
rtattery. 

DAUB' Y,  a.    Viscous;  glutinous;  slimy;  adhesive. 

Dnjden, 

DAUGH'TER,  (daw'ter,)  ti.  [Sax.  doliter  ;  D.  dosler; 
ii.  tochtcr;  Sw.  and  Dan.  dolteri  Gr.  dvyarrip ;  Goth. 

dauJitar;  Russ.  JncA;  Fcrs.  jji^^  d«cA<ar,  a  daugh- 
o  J 

ter;  also,  i"'  N  docht,  daughter,  and  a  virgin  ;  also, 
strength,  power ;  Sans,  dumda,  or  duhita.  The  latter 
words  coincide  with  the  Sax.  dunan.,  to  avaih,  to  be 
good  ;  dugoth,  strength,  grace,  L.  dccus.  See  De- 
cency.] 

1.  The  female  offspring  of  a  man  or  woman  ;  a  fe- 
male child  of  any  age. 

2.  .\  daugliter-in-law ;  a  son's  wife.    Ruth  iii. 

3.  A  woman  ;  pL  female  inhabitants. 

Dbah  went  out  to  see  the  daughlere  of  the  land.  —  Gen.  xxx\v. 

4.  A  female  descendant ;  lineage  of  females. 
Luke  i. 

5.  The  female  penitent  of  a  confessor.  Shak. 
This  word  is  used,  in  Scripture,  fiir  the  inhabitants 

of  a  city  or  country,  male  and  female.        xvi.  2. 
Matt.  xxl.    Also,  a  term  of  affection  or  kindness. 
Daughter,  be  of  good  comfoit.  —  MaW.  ix. 

DAI;GH'TER-LI-.\ESS,  n.    The  state  of  a  daugh- 
ter. Mure. 
2.  The  conduct  becoming  a  daughter. 

DAl.'GH'TER-LY,  a.   Becoming  a  daughter  ;  dutiful. 

DAI'K.    See  Dawk.  [drcndwA. 

D.\U.\T,  r.  t.  [In  Scot  rfan(,  danfon,  signify  to  sub- 
due. In  Dan.  daaner,  Sw.  dana,  signifies  to  faint  or 
swoon,    (iu.  L.  domito,  Fr.  domptrr,  contracted.] 

To  repress  or  subdue  courage ;  to  intimidate  ;  to 
dishearten  ;  to  check  by  fear  of  danger.  It  expresses 
less  than  fright  and  terrify. 

Some  prrsencfa  daunt  and  discourage  us.  ClanviUe. 

DXIJXT'ED,  pp.    Checked  by  fe.ar  ;  intimidated. 

DXU.NT'l.NG,  ppr.  Repressing  courage ;  intimidating ; 
disheartening. 


DAY 

D.\UNT'LESS,  a.  Bold;  fcirless  ;  not  timid  ;  not  dis- 
couraged ;  as,  a  dauntless  hero  ;  a  dauntte.is  spirit. 

DAUNT'LES.><-I,Y,  adv.    In  a  bold,  fearless  manner. 

I)AU,\T'I.ESS-M:.SS,  «.    Fearles-^ness  ;  iiitrepiilily. 

DAU'PIIIN,  n.  [Vt.  dauphin,  a  dolphin;  L.  delplun, 
delpbiuu.t ;  Gr.  (I/Ai^if.'  It.  delfmo  ;  .Sp,  deljin.] 

The  eldest  son  of  the  king  of  France,  and  pre- 
sumptive heir  of  the  crown.  Since  tin/  detlirone- 
nienloflhe  elder  branch  of  the  Bourbon  family,  in 
IKtil,  the  title  has  been  discontinued.  P.  t'l/c. 

DA  I  'I'lll.V  KSS,  n.    The  wife  or  lady  of  the  dauphin. 

Da'VII)  IS'l'S,  (11.;)/.     The   followers  of 

Ua'VII)  (iEOR'Gl-ANS,  i  D.ivid  George  ;  a  sect  of 
quiet  mystics  in  the  Kith  century,  who  were  accused 
of  very  erroneous  sentiments. 

D.\-V1'5>'.\,  n.  A  new  Vcsuvian  mineral,  of  a  hexahe- 
dral  form  and  laminar  texture ;  so  called  in  liiiiior  of 
Sir  II.  Davy.  It  is  the  same  with  mpheline, 
which  see. 

D.Wrr,  71.  A  beam  used  on  board  of  ships,  as  a 
crane  to  hoist  the  flukes  of  the  anchor  to  the  top  of 
the  bow,  without  injuring  the  sides  of  the  ship  ;  an 
operation  called  fishinir  tite  anchor. 

2.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  pieces  of  timber  or 
iron,  projecting  over  a  ship's  side  or  stern,  having 
tackle  to  raise  a  boat  by  ;  these  are  called  bout  dacitn. 

Totten, 

DAW,  71.  A  word  that  Is  found  in  the  compound  names 
of  many  species  of  birds  ;  as,  the  Jackdaw ;  the  blue 
daw  ;  the  purple  daw. 

n.WV,  e.  i.    To  dawn.  [JVof  I'li  lise.]  [Seo  Da«  :<.1 

DAW'DLK,  f.  i.    To  waste  time  ;  to  trifle.  \Obs.\ 

DAVV'Dl.KR,  >i.    .'V  trirter.  [06».] 

DAVV'ISil,  adv.    Like  a  daw. 

DAWK,  71.    A  hollow,  rupture,  or  incision  in  timber. 
{Lucal.^  Moxon. 
2.  [ijindoo  d&k.]    The  mall  post  in  India. 

DAWK,  1'.  (.   To  cut  or  mark  with  an  incision. 
[1  know  not  that  this  word  is  used  in  Ameriea.] 

DAWN,  r.  i.  [i^iix.  daoian  ;  G.tagen;  D.  daagen  ;  Sw. 
dagat ;  from  the  rtxit  of  day,  which  see.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  shoot,  as  rays  ;  hence,  to  open  or  expand, 
to  shine.  We  observe  in  this  word  the  n  of  the 
Saxon  infinitive  is  retained.] 

1.  To  begin  to  grow  light  in  the  morning ;  to  grow 
light ;  as,  the  day  dawns  ;  the  morning  dawns. 

It  be^an  to  claim  toward  tlic  fint  day  of  the  week.  —  MatU 

KXviii. 

2.  To  begin  to  open  or  expand  ;  to  begin  to  show 
intellectual  light,  or  knowledge;  as,  the  genius  of  the 
youtii  begins  to  daicn. 

When  Ufe  aw;\l£rt  and  dawnt  at  every  line.  Pope. 

3.  To  glimmer  obscurely.  Locke. 

4.  To  begin  to  open  or  appear.  Dryden. 
DAW.N',  II.    The  break  of  day  ;  the  first  appearance  of 

light  in  the  morning. 

They  arose  about  (he  daten  of  day.  — Jcxsh.  ri. 
The  word  may  express  the  whole  time  from  the 
first  appearance  of  light  to  sunrise. 

2.  First  opening  or  expansion  ;  first  appearance  of 
intellectual  light  ;  as,  the  dawn  of  genius,  intellect, 
or  mental  powers. 

3.  Beginning;  rise;  first  appearance ;  aa,lhe  daum 
of  time.  Shak. 

4.  A  feeble  or  incipient  light ;  first  beams. 

These  tender  circumstances  diil'u«e  a  daien  of  serenity  ovrr  the 
soul.  Pope. 
DAWN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Growing  light ;  first  appear- 
ing luminous;  opening;  as,  the  dawning  titiy. 

2.  Opening ;  expanding ;  beginning  to  show  intel- 
lectu.al  light;  beginning. 
DAWN'I.NG,  71.    The  first  appearance  of  light  in  the 
morning. 

2.  The  first  opening  or  appearance  of  the  intellect- 
ual powers;  beginning;  as,  the  first  dawning  o{  no- 
tions in  the  understanding.  Locke, 
DAY,  71.  [Sax.  dj-g,  deg,  dag;  Goth,  dags;  D.  daa- ; 
0.  tag ;  Sw.  dag  ;  Dan.  dag  ;  Sans,  dyu  ;  Celtic  di,dm; 
W'.diidh:  IM.  die.'!.    See  Dawn.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  time  of  the  earth's  revolution 
on  its  axis,  in  which  it;,  surface  is  presented  to  the 
sun  ;  the  part  of  the  twenty-four  hours  when  it  is 
light ;  or  the  space  of  time  between  the  rising  and 
setting  of  the  sun  ;  called  the  aT^i^iai  day. 

And  Goil  c^lcd  die  light  '/<sy.  —  Gen.  L 

2.  The  whole  lime  or  period  of  one  revolution  of 
the  earth  on  its  axis,  or  twenty-four  hours ;  called  the 
natural  day. 

Ami  (he  fvcning  and  tlie  morning  were  the  first  day.  —Gen.  I. 

In  this  sense,  the  day  may  commence  at  any  period 
of  the  revolution.  The  Bab\  loniaiis  began  Ihe  day 
at  stinrisiiig;  the  Jews,  at  siinselting  ;  the  Egyp 
tians,  at  midnight,  as  do  several  nations  In  modern 
times,  the  British,  French,  Sp.anish,  American,  &c. 
This  d.ay,  in  reference  to  civil  transactions,  is  called 
the  cirii  day.  Thus  with  us  the  day  when  a  legal 
instrument  is  dated,  begins  and  ends  at  midnight. 

The  sidereal  day,  is  the  period  In  which  the  earth 
makes  one  complete  revolution  on  its  axis,  and  is 
about  four  minutes  shorter  than  the  mean  sol.ar  day, 
owing  to  the  motion  of  the  sun  in  Its  orbit. 

Barlow. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DAY 


DEA 


3.  Light  kunsliine. 

Let  d)  walk  lioiiesliy,  as  in  ihe  day.  —  Rom.  xiii. 

4.  Time  specified  ;  any  period  of  time  distinguished 
from  other  time  ;  age ;  time  with  reference  to  the 
existence  of  a  person  or  tiling.  He  was  a  useful  man 
in  his  day. 

Ill  the  fiaythou  eatfst  Ihercof,  ttioii  shall  surely  die. — Gen.  U. 

In  this  sense,  the  plural  is  often  used  ;  as,  from  the 
(Iniis  v{  the  jiulges  ;  in  the  rfay?  of  our  fathers.  In 
this  sense,  al.so,  the  word  is  often  equivalent  to  life, 
or  earthly  e.vi.stence. 

5.  The  contest  of  a  day  ;  battle  ;  or  day  of  combat. 
The  day  is  his  own.  He  won  the  day;  that  is,  he 
gained  the  victory. 

6.  An  appointed  or  fixed  time. 

If  my  dehlorsdo  not  keep  llieir  <iny.  Dryrlen, 

7.  Time  of  commemorating  an  event ;  anniversary  ; 
the  same  day  of  the  month,  in  any  future  year.  VVe 
celi'brate  the  day  of  our  Savior's  birth. 

Day  by  day  ;  daily  ;  every  day  ;  each  day  in  suc- 
cession ;  continually  ;  without  intermission  of  a  day. 

Day  by  day  we  magnify  tliee.  Common  Prnyer. 

But  or  only  from  day  to  day  ;  witliuut  certainty  of 
continuance  ;  temporarily.  Slialc. 

To-day,  adv.  [Sax.  «o-rf<rn-.]  On  tlie  present  day  ; 
this  dav  ;  or  at  tlie  present  time. 

Day'of  ^acc  ;  in  tlicology,  the  time  when  mercy 
is  offered  to  sinners. 

To-day,  if  ye  wiil  hear  his  voice,  harden  not  your  hearts. — 

Ps.  XCVr. 

Davs  of  grace ;  in  law,  are  days  granted  by  the 
court  for  delay,  at  the  prayer  of  the  plaintiff  or  de- 
fendant. Kncyc. 

Tiiree  days,  beyond  the  day  naufed  in  the  writ,  in 
which  the  person  summoned  may  ajipear  and  answer. 

Blades  tone. 

Days  of  grate  ;  in  commerce,  a  customary  number 
of  days,  in  Great  Britain  and  .America  three,  allowed 
for  the  payment  of  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange,  after 
it  becomes  due.  A  note  due  on  the  sevcnUt  of  the 
month  is  payable  on  the  tenth. 

The  days  of  grace  are  different  in  different  coun- 
tries. In  France,  they  are  ten  :  at  Naples,  eight ;  at 
Venice,  .\m.sterdam,'and  ,\ntwerp,  .iU ;  at  Ham- 
burg, twelce  i  in  Spain,  fourteen  ;  in  Genoa,  thirty. 

Kncyc. 

Day  in  court,  is  a  day  for  the  appearance  of  parties 
in  a  suit. 

Daiji  in  hank:  in  England,  days  of  appearance  in 
the  Conrt  of  Common  Bench.  Days  in  court  are  gen- 
erally at  the  distance  of  about  a  week  from  each 
other,  and  have  reference  to  some  festival  of  the 
church.  On  some  one  of  these  days  in  bank,  all  orig- 
inal writs  must  be  made  returnable.  Blark.^tone. 

DAY'-liK.V.M,  n.    The  light  of  the  day.  Bowring. 

Da  Y'-liED,  n.  A  bed  used  for  idleness,  indulgence,  or 
rest,  during  the  day.  Shale. 

D.\Y'-I'.On'\.  71.  .\  journal  of  accounts  ;  a  hook  in 
will,  'uc  recorded  the  debts  and  credits  or  accounts 
'"i  day. 

DaY'-BREaK,  n.   The  dawn  or  first  appearance  of 

light  in  the  morning. 
Da  Y'-eo.M.,  n.  A  name  given  by  miners  to  the  upper 

stratum  of  coal.  Kncyc. 
D.iY'-DKl£.\iM,  n.    A  vision  to  the  waking  sen.ses. 

Jl/Uion. 

D.^Y'-FLO\V-ER,  ».  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of  plants,  the  t'onimelina.  Muhlrnbcrg. 

DaY'-FLV,  n.  One  of  a  genus  of  insects  that  live 
one  day  only,  or  a  vi^ry  short  time,  called  Kfihemera. 
The  species  are  numerous,  some  of  which  live 
scarcely  an  hour,  others  several  days.  Eucyc. 

DaY'-FL?-E11,  n.  An  animal  that  Hies  in  the  day- 
time. 

DaY'-LA-EOR,  n.  Labor  hired  or  performed  by  the 
day. 

DaY-La'BOR-ER,  n.    One  who  works  bv  the  day. 
DSY'LKJHT,  (  lite,)  n.    The  light  of  the  day  ;  the 

light  of  the  sun,  as  oi)posed  to  that  of  the  moon  or 

of  a  lamp  or  candle. 
UAY'-l.ll..-Y,7i.  The  same  with  asphodel.  Johnson. 

A  spiH'ies  of  Hemerocnllis.  Botany. 
D.^Y'LV,  a.    The  more  regular  orthography  of  Daily. 
Da V'-MaID,  ;i.    A  dairy  maid.  Shale. 
DAVS'.\I.\N,  n.    An  umpire  or  arbiter  ;  a  mediator. 

N' ilh-r  in  lli-  re  My  daytnvtn  l^etwixt  in.  —  Job  ix. 

D.XY'-HPKIXG,  n.  The  dawn  ;  the  beginning  of  the 
day,  or  first  appearance  of  light. 

Wliep-ljy  the  dnytjiTing  from  on  li)<;h  Iiatli  vUil.-d  us.  —  Luke  I. 

DAY'-MTAR,  n.  The  mornitig  star,  Luc  ifer,  Venus  ; 
the  star  which  precedes  the  morning  light.  Milton. 

UAV'-TI.ME,  ».  'I'he  time  of  the  sun's  light  on  the 
earth  ;  opiiosed  to  night, 

DAV'-VVkA-RI-KD,  (di'wC-rid,)a.  Wearied  with  the 
labor  of  the  day.  Shak. 

DA  Y'-VVnM-A.N,  n.   A  dairy  maid. 

DAY'-WOKK,  (work,)  n.  Work  by  the  day;  day- 
labor. 

DAV'S'-WORK,  n.  Tho  work  of  one  day.  Among 
teamrn,  the  account  or  reckoning  of  ft  ship's  course 
for  twenty-four  houn,  from  noon  to  noon.  Kncyc. 


DaZE,  v.  t.  [Ciu.  Sax.  dicics,  dy.4,  dysig.  Eng.  dizzy. 
See  13az7.le.] 

To  overpower  with  light ;  to  dim  or  blind  by  too 
strong  a  light,  or  to  render  the  sight  unsteady. 
[A'of  nu?c  used,  unless  in  poetry.]  Dryden. 
DAZE,  n.    Among  yniners,  a  glittering  stone. 
DAZ'ZLE,  V.  U  [In  Sa.x.  dwms  is  dull,  stupid,  foolish  ; 
dioascan,  to  extinguish  ;  dysi  or  dysig,  dizzy. J 

1.  To  overpower  with  light ;  to  hinder  di.stinct 
vision  by  intense  light ;  or  to  cause  to  shake  ;  to 
render  unsteady,  as  the  sight.  We  say,  the  bright- 
ness of  the  sun  dazzlct  the  eyes  or  the  sight. 

2.  To  strike  or  surprise  with  a  bright  or  intense 
light ;  to  dim  or  blind  by  a  glare  of  light,  or  by 
splendor,  in  a  literal  or  figurative  sense  ;  as,  to  be 
daztlcd  by  resplendent  glory,  or  by  a  brilliant  ex- 
pression. 

D.AZ'ZLE,  V.  i.  To  be  overpowered  by  light;  to  shake 
or  be  unsteady ;  to  waver,  as  the  sight. 

I  daT«  not  tnist  these  eyes ; 
They  dance  in  mists,  and  dazzle  with  surprise.  Dryden, 

DAZ'ZLED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  wavering,  as  the  sight ; 
overpowered  or  dimmed  by  a  too  strcmg  liglit. 

DAZ'ZLE-.MENT,  71.  The  act  or  power  of  dazzling. 
[JVot  used.]  Donne, 

DAZ'ZLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rendering  unsteady  or  waver- 
ing, as  the  sight  ;  overpowering  by  a  stitmg  light ; 
striking  with  splendor. 

D.\Z'ZLIXG-LY,  adv.    In  a  dazzling  manner. 

DE,  a  Latin  prefix,  denotes  a  mtjviiig  from,  separa- 
tion ;  as  in  debark,  decline,  decease,  deduct,  decamp. 
Hence,  it  often  expresses  a  negative,  as  in  derange. 
Sometimes  it  augments  the  sense,  afi  in  deprave,  de- 
spoil. It  coincides  nearly  in  sense  with  the  French 
dcs  and  L.  dis. 

The  Latin  phrase  de  jure  denotes  by  right ;  de 
.facta  in  fact,  or  actually  existing. 

DHA'eoy!,  (de'kn,)  n.    [L.  diucomis,  from  Gr. 
(tQi/oj,  a  minister  or  servant ;  iia,  by,  and  koi  tw,  to 
serve  ;  Fr.  diacre  ;  Ann.  diagon  ;  It.  and  Sp.  diacono ; 
D.  diaken,] 

1.  A  person  in  the  lowest  degree  of  holy  orders. 
The  office  of  deacon  was  instituted  by  the  apostles, 
.4cts  vi.,  and  seven  persons  were  chosen, at  first,  to 
serve  at  the  feasts  of  Christians,  and  distribute  bread 
and  wine  to  the  communicants,  and  to  minister  to 
the  wants  of  the  i>oor. 

In  tlie  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  office  of  the  dea- 
cons is  to  incense  the  officiating  priest ;  to  lay  the 
corporal  on  the  altar ;  to  receive  the  cup  from  the 
subdeacon,  and  present  it  to  the  person  officiating  ; 
to  incense  the  choir  ;  to  receive  the  pax  from  the 
officiating  prelate,  and  carry  it  to  the  subdeacon  ; 
and  at  the  pontifical  mass,  to  put  the  miter  on  the 
bishop's  head.  Encyc. 

In  the  church  of  England,  the  office  of  deacons  is 
declared  to  be  to  assist  the  priest  in  administering 
the  holy  communion  ;  and  their  office  in  Presbyterian 
and  Independent  churches  is  to  distribute  the  bread 
and  wine  to  the  communicants.  In  the  latter,  they 
are  elected  by  the  members  of  the  church. 

2.  In  Scotland,  an  overseer  of  the  poor,  and  the 
master  of  an  incorporated  company. 

DE.VeON-ESS,  (de'kn-ess,)  n.    A  female  deacon  in 

the  primitive  church.  Encyc. 
DK.V'eo.\-RY,    j  H.    The  office,  dignity,  or  minis- 
DiiA'eoN-SHIP,  j     try  of  a  deacon  or  deaconess. 

Encyc. 

DEAD,  (dcd,)  a.  [Sax.  dead,  probably  contracted  from 
detred  ;  D.  dood ;  G.  todt ;  Sw.  dUd  ;  Dan.  diid.  See 

Dt'E.] 

J.  Deprived  or  destitute  of  life  ;  that  state  of  a 
being,  animal  or  vegetable,  in  which  the  organs  of 
motion  and  life  have  ceased  to  perform  their  func- 
tions, and  have  become  incapable  of  performing 
thein,  or  of  being  restored  to  a  state  of  activity. 
The  men  arerferwi  who  sou<^lit  thy  hfe.  —  Ex.  iv. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  of  before  the  cause  of 
death  ;  as,  dead  of  hunger,  or  of  a  fever. 

2.  Having  never  had  life,  or  having  been  deprived 
of  vital  action  before  birth  ;  as,  the  child  was  born 

a.  Witliout  life  ;  iiiaiiiiiiate.  [dead. 
All,  all  but  tnilh,  drops  dend-itom  from  the  press.  Pope. 

4.  Willioiit  veget.ible  life  ;  as,  a  dead  tree. 

."i.  Imitating  death;  deep  or  sound;  as,  a  dead 
sliM'p. 

Ci.  Perfectly  still  ;  motionless  as  death;  as,  a  rfcarf 
calm  ;  a  dead  weiglit. 

7.  Empty  ;  vacant ;  not  enlivened  by  variety  ;  as, 
a  dead  Void  space  ;  a  dead  plain.  Dryden, 

We  say,  also,  a  dead  level,  for  a  perfectly  level 
surface. 

8.  Unemployed  ;  useless  ;  unprofitable.  A  man's 
facullit^s  may  lie  i/mi/,  or  his  goods  remain  dead  on 
his  hands.  So  dead  capital  or  stock  is  that  which 
|)rodures  no  profit. 

1).  Dull  ;  inactive  ;  as,  a  dead  sale  of  commodities. 

10.  Dull;  gloomy;  still;  not  enlivened  ;  ns,  a 
dead  winter  ;  a  dead  season.  Mdison. 

11.  Slill  ;  deep;  obscure;  as,  the  dead  darkness 
of  the  night. 

12.  Dull ;  not  lively  ;  not  resembling  life  ;  ns,  the 
dcjut  coloring  of  a  piece  ;  a  dead  eye. 


iJ.  Dull ;  Iieavy  ;  as,  a  dead  sound.  Boyle. 
14.  Dull;  frigid;  lifeless;  cold;  not  animated; 
not  atFecling  ;  u.-ied  of  prayer.  AddtAun, 
\h.  Tasteless  ;  vapid  ;  spiritless;  used  of  liquors. 
If).  Uninhabited  ;  as,  dead  walls.  Arbathnot. 

17.  Dull ;  without  natural  force  or  crt'icacy  ;  not 
lively  or  brisk  ;  as,  a  dead  fire. 

18.  In  a  state  of  spiritual  death;  void  of  grace; 
lying  under  the  power  of  sin. 

19.  Impotent ;  unable  to  procreate     Rom.  Iv. 

20.  Decayed  in  grace. 

Thou  hast  a  name  that  thou  livest,  and  art  dea/l.  —  Rev.  iii. 

21.  Not  proceeding  from  spiritual  life;  not  pro- 
ducing good  works;  as,  faith  without  works  is 
dead,    .lames  ii. 

22.  Proceeding  from  corrupt  nature,  not  from  spir- 
itual life  or  a  gracious  principle  ;  as,  dead  works. 
Hcb.  ix.  14. 

23.  Perfect  or  complete;  as,  a  dead  level,  a  dead 
certainty  ;  so,  also,  a  dead  shot,  i.  c.,  a  perfect  or  un- 
erring marksman. 

24.  In  lam,  cut  off  from  the  rights  of  a  citizen  ; 
deprived  of  the  power  of  eiijo>  ing  the  rights  of 
property  ;  as.  one  banished  or  becoming  a  monk  is 
civilly  dead,  Blark.slone. 

Dead  language;  a  language  which  is  no  longer 
spoken  or  in  cttininon  use  by  a  people,  and  known 
only  in  writings,  as  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin. 

Dead  rising,  or  ri.ting  line ;  the  parts  of  a  ship's  floor 
or  bottom  throughout  her  length,  where  the  floor  tim- 
ber is  terminated  on  the  lower  futtock.   Mar.  Diet 

Dead  set.    See  Set. 
DE.\D,  (ded,)  n.    Tlie  dead  signifies  dead  men. 

Ye  shall  not  make  cuttiiio^s  for  the  dead.  —  Lev.  xix. 

2.  The  state  of  the  dead  ;  or  death. 
This  is  John  the  B.iptist ;  ho  is  risen  from  the  dead,  —  Matt.  xiv. 
This  may  be  understood  thus  —  he  is  risen  from 
among  the  dead. 
DEAD,  (ded,)  ?i.    The  time  when  there  is  a  remarka- 
ble stillness  or  gloom  ;  depth,  as  the  midst  of  win-, 
ter  or  of  night.    'J'lie  dead  of  winter,  the  dead  of 
night,  are  familiar  expressions. 
DEAD,  (ded,)  v.  i.   To  lose  hfe  or  force.  [Ois.] 

Bacon. 

DE.\D,  (ded,)  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  life,  force,  or  vigor. 
[  Obs.]  Bacon. 

DEAD-COL'OR-ING,  (ded  kul'liir-ing,)  7i.  In  paint- 
ing, tlie  first  layer  of  colors,  usually  some  shade  of 
gray,  on  which  are  su[)criiidiiced  tlie  finishing  colors 
which  give  life  and  beaiitv  to  Ihe  picture.  Broirn.. 

DE.\D'-DO-ING,a.    Destructive  ;  killing.  [Obs.] 

Spen.^er. 

DEAD'-DRtJNK,  (7.    So  drunk  as  to  be  incapable  of 

helping  onii's  self. 
DE.\D'£.\,  (ded'n,)  r.  t.    [D.  doodrn  :  G.  tddlen.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  a  portion  of  vigor,  force,  or  .sen- 
sation ;  to  abate  vigor  or  action  ;  as,  to  deaden  the 
force  of  a  ball ;  to  deaden  the  natural  powers  or 
feelings. 

2.  To  blunt ;  to  render  less  susceptible  of  feeling ; 
as,  to  deaden  the  senses. 

3.  To  retard  ;  to  lessen  velocity  or  motion  ;  as,  to 
deaden  the  motion  of  a  ship,  or  of  the  wind. 

4.  To  diminish  spirit ;  to  make  vapid  or  spiritless  ; 
a.s,  to  deaden  wine  or  beer. 

5.  To  ilcprive  of  gloss  or  brilliancy  ;  as,  to  deaden 
gilding  by  a  coat  of  size. 

DEAD'£N-/;D,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  force  or  sensa- 
tion ;  made  vapid  ;  to  give  a  dead  appearance. 

DEAD'£.\-ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  force,  velocity,  or 
sensation. 

DE.VD'-E\'E,  (ded'i,)  «.  [dead-maii''s  eye.]  Among 
seamen,  a  round,  flattisli,  wooden  block,  encircled  by 
a  rope,  or  an  iron  band,  and  pierced  with  three  holes, 
to  receive  the  laiiiaiil,  used  to  e.xtend  the  shrouds 
and  stays,  and  for  oilier  purposes. 

DE.\D'-HKaKT-ED,  a.    Having  a  dull,  faint  heart. 

Jlall. 

DEAD'-HEXRT-ED-NESS,  71.  Pusillanimity. 

DE.\I)'-1.E  I'-TER,  n.  A  li  iler  which  lies  for  a  cer- 
tain pei  ioil  uncalled  for  at  the  post-oflice,  and  is  then 
seiil  10  Ihe  general  post-oflice  to  be  ojiened. 

DE.\l)'-I.II'"r,  The  lilUiig  of  a  thing  at  the  ut- 
most disadvaiilnge,  as  of  a  dead  body;  hence,  an 
extreme  rxigriiev.  lludibrns. 

DEAD'-l.Kill  T,  (ded'llte,)  71  A  strong  wootleii  shut- 
ter, made  lo  suit  a  cabin  window,  in  which  it  is  fixed, 
to  pri  vciil  till-  water  Irom  entering  a  ship  in  a  storm. 

DEAD'LI-11091),  H.    The  suite  of  the  dead. 

Pearson. 

DEAD'LI-NESS,  (ded'li  ne.ss,)  71.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing ilradlv. 

DEAD'LV,  (ded'lv,)  a.  That  may  occasion  death  ; 
mortal ;  fatal ;  destructive ;  as,  a  deadly  blow  or 
wound. 

2.  Mortal;  implacable;  aiming  to  kill  or  destroy; 
as,  a  deadly  ciieiiiy  ;  deadly  malice  ;  a  deadly  feud. 
DH.MI'LY,  (ded'ly,)  adr.    In  a  manner  resembling 
death  ;  as,  deadly  pale  or  wan.  Shale 

2.  Mtirtally. 

VTith  ^roiiiiiiii^ii  utadewlly  wounded  man.  —  Ku'k.  xxx. 

3.  Implacably  ;  destructively. 


KATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHyi'.  — METE,  PRgV.  —  PINK,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DQVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 

3(W 


DEA 

4.  Ill  a  I'u/i'ur  or  liulirrous  sense.  Vi;iy  ;  extreiiiPly  ; 
as,  n  ilruillii  ciiniiiii'j  iinui.  ^^rbitthiiuL 
I)i;.\l)'l,V-CAK  lll/l',   K.     A   lil:iiit  of  tlie  griius 
'riia|)-<i;i. 

IJKAD'I.Y-NIGirr'SIlAnE,  n.     A  poisnnous  plant 

i>r  llic  Eciiiis  Atropa,  tlii;  bi'lliiiluna. 
DKAD'.MMU.'II,  II.    A  piece  .>!"  siilumii  music,  played 

at  till'  inl.  rmenl  o(  llii-  ileail. 
1)KAI)'M;ss,  (ili-.l'iiess,)  ,1.    Want  of  natural  lifo  or 

vital  pmvrr  in  an  animal  iir  plant  ;  as,  the  tleadiiess  of 

a  linili,  iif  a  luiilv,  I'l  i4'  ii  tree. 
Q.  Wan!  of  aiiiiiiatioii ;  dullness;  languor;  as,  the 

dea'Iiie>:<  of  the  eve. 

3.  Want  of  warmlli  or  aid  ir  ;  coliliiess  ;  frigidity  ; 
as,  the  tleadiiess  of  the  alli  ctions. 

4.  Vapidiioss  ;  want  of  spirit ;  as,  the  deadiiess  of 
liqiu)rs. 

5.  State  of  bein?  incapalile  of  conception,  accord- 
ing to  the  ordinary  laws  of  nature,    liniii.  iv.  111. 

6.  Indiirerence  ;  mortilicatiim  of  the  natural  de- 
sires ;  alienation  of  heart  from  temporal  pleasures  ; 
as,  dendiifss  In  the  world. 

Di:Al)'-.\i;'r-TI,K,  «.  a  plant  of  the  genus  I.amium, 
and  another  of  the  genus  (laleopsis. 

DKAD'-l'LKOOE,  h.  A  mortgage  or  pawning  of  things, 
or  thing  pawned.  Bailey. 

DKAI)'-lll'.CK-ON-I.\G,  (ded'rck-ninE,)  n.  In  Huei- 
iriilion,  the  judgment  or  estimation  of  the  |)lace  of  a 
ship,  without  any  observation  of  the  heavenly  bod- 
ies ;  or  an  account  of  the  distance  she  has  run  by 
the  log,  and  of  the  course  steered  by  the  coiup.iss, 
and  tins  rectitied  by  due  allowances  for  drift,  lec- 
wav,  itc.  Mur.  Diet. 

DKAi)  -STRUCK, a.  Confounded  ;  struck  with  Inuror. 

l)r..\l)'-\V.\-TEU,  II.  The  eddy  water  closing  in  with 
a  ship's  siern,  as  she  passes  through  the  water. 

I)i;AI)'-\Vr,U;HT,  (ded'wat,)  n.  A  heavy  or  oppres- 
sive burden. 

2.  .\  name  given  to  an  advance  by  the  Bank  of 
England  to  the  government,  on  account  of  hall-pay 
and  pensions  to  retired  olficers  of  the  army  or  navy. 

Gilbei-t. 

DEAD'-WOQO,  n.  Blocks  of  timber  laid  on  the  keel 
of  a  sliip,'|)'articularly  at  Ihe  extremities. 

I)EAL)'\V(5UKti,  The  pans  of  a  ship  which  are 

above  the  surface  of  the  water  when  she  is  laden. 

DEAF,  (def  in  En>rland,  more  coiiimniilij  dcef  in  Amer- 
ica.) a.  [Sax.  deaf;  Ice.  daiif:  I),  doof:  G.  tnub  ; 
Dan.  lUiB  ;  Sw.  diif;  D.  duocen  :  to  ipieiich  or  stitle  ; 
Dan.  doner,  lo  deafen  ;  coinciding  with  Ch.  Nsa  to 
.  extinguish,  L.  stipo.  Ft.  etouj'rr,  to  stuff.  Hence  we 
say,  thick  of  keariiiir.  The  true  English  pronuncia- 
tion of  this  woril  is  derf,  as  appears  from  the  poetry 
of  Chaucer,  who  uniformly  makes  it  rhyme  with 
leaf:  and  this  privof  is  conlirmed  by  jMietry  in  the 
works  of  Sir  \V.  Temple.  Such  was  tlie  prcmuncia- 
tion  which  our  ancestors  brmight  fnuii  England. 
The  word  is  in  analogy  with  leaf,  sheaf,  and  the  long 
sound  of  the  vowels  naturally  precedes  tile  semi-vowel 
/.  Def,  from  the  Danish  and  Swedish  pronuncia- 
tion, is  an  anomaly  in  English  of  a  singular  kind, 
there  being  not  another  word  like  it  in  the  language. 
See  Chaucer's  "  Wife  of  Bath's  rrologue."] 

1.  Not  perceiving  siujiids  ;  not  receiving  impres- 
sions from  sonorous  bodies  through  tlie  air ;  as,  a 
deaf  e.ir. 

2.  Wanting  the  sense  of  hearing;  having  organs 
which  do  not  peruiive  sounds;  as,  a  r/c<//nian.  It  is 
followed  by  (u  before  that  which  ought  to  be  heard  ; 
as,  deaf  to  the  voice  of  the  orator. 

Blinil  air  tht'ir  eye*,  their  c-ire  An:  deaf, 

Nor  ln'.\r  wlu*n  iiiurtils  pr\y  : 
Mon.tlii  thil  w.iitttir  (h.-ir  bpIu-I, 

Arc         «ii.l  lUn/nt  Ui.  y.  Wattt,  P:  135. 

3.  In  a  nirta;)Aoric«' souf,  not  listening  ;  not  regard- 
ing ;  not  moveil,  [K'rsuadod,  <ir  convinced  ;  reject- 
ing; a-s,  rfca/lo  reason  or  arguinenU.  Men  are  deuf 
to  the  calls  id'  the  gospel. 

4.  Without  the  ability  or  will  to  regard  spiritual 
things  ;  unconcerned  ;  as,  hear,  yc  druf.    Is.  xlii. 

5.  Deprived  of  the  [Kiwer  of  hearing  ;  deafened  ; 
as,  deqf  with  Nainor. 

6.  Stitied  ;  imperfect ;  obscurely  heard  ;  as,  a  deaf 
noise  or  murmur.  Dnjdeii. 

DE.\F,  c.  t.,  to  deafen,  is  used  by  Dryden,  but  is  obso- 
lete, unless,  perhaps,  in  i>oetry. 

DEAF' K.N,  (deef-n  or  dern,)  r.  I.  To  make  deaf;  to 
deprive  of  the  power  of  hearing;  to  impair  the  or- 
gans of  hearing,  so  as  to  render  them  unimpressible 
tu  sounds. 

2.  To  stun  ;  to  render  incapable  of  perceiving 
sounds  distinctly  ;  as,  deafened  with  clamor  or  lu- 
imill. 

3.  In  arehitecture,  to  deafen  a  floor,  is  to  reniler  it 
impervious  to  sound,  by  lilling  liie  space  beneath  it 
with  ninrtar  and  oilier  substances.  Gicilt. 

DEAF'/;X-i:D,  (deefud  or  dernd,)  pp.  Made  deaf, 
stunned. 

I)E.\F'K.\-I.\0,  pnr.  Making  deaf;  rendering  im- 
pervious to  soiimi. 

DEAI  'LY,  (deefle  or  deric,)  adc.  Without  sense  of 
sounds  ;  obscurely  heard. 

DE.VF'.N'E.^S,  (deefness  or  defness,)  n.  Incapacity 
of  perceiving  sounds;  the  state  of  the  organs  which 


DEA 

prevents  the  impressions  which  cimstitute  hearing  ; 

as.  thtr  deafness  of  the  ears  ;  hence,  applied  to  persons, 

want  of  the  sense  of  hearing. 
•J.  tJiiwillingness  to  hear  and  regard  ;  voluntary 

rejei'ti(ui  of  what  is  addressed  to  the  ear  and  to  the 

understanding.  Kin^r  Charles. 

Dl'.AF'-MOTE,  n.  A  deaf  and  dumb  [lerson.  Oallaudet. 
DK.M.,  v.  L  !  pert,  ami       Dealt,  (dell.)   [Sax.  dirlan, 

bctltflan,  ireilti-lan  ;  tioth.  dailijan  ;    Sw.  dela  i  Dan. 

dreler :  G.  theilen ;  I),  deelen  ;  beilrelrn  ;  Russ.  detitu  ; 

W.  dijdoli,  to  separate  ;  dij  ami  tawl,  separation,  a 

throwing  olf,  tawlii,  to  throw  olT,  to  si  parate  ;  Ir.  and 

Gael.  daUim,  to  give  ;  dail,  a  part,  Eng.  dole ;  ileb.  and 

Ch.  Sia  to  separate  or  divide ;  Ar.  bailala,  to 

exchange,  or  give  in  exchange;  ^>>o  badhala,  to 

give,  lo  yield.  (Uu.  \V.  goioli,  to  endow.)  There 
IS  a  remarkable  coinciileiice  between  the  Sliemitic 
word  and  the  Sax.  and  Dutch,  bedalan,  bcdcelen. 
The  Welsh  tairlu  gives  the  true  original  sense.] 

1.  To  dividi^  ;  to  part  ;  to  separati; ;  hence,  to  di- 
vide in  portions ;  to  ilislributc  ;  often  followed  by  out. 

Is  it  iMJl  \oileal  lliy  hread  to  the  hungry.  —  In.  Iviii. 

Ami  Hoini-'  fleaU  ovil  her  blrsaiiigK  ;iiul  lu-rgolil.  Ticket. 

2.  To  scatter  ;  to  throw  about  ;^  as,  to  deal  out 
feathered  deaths.  Vnjdcn. 

3.  To  throw  out  in  succession  ;  to  give  one  after 
another  ;  as,  to  deal  out  blows,  to  deal  out  cards,  to 
dial  out  curses. 

Dti.AL,  V.  i.    To  traffic  ;  to  trade  ;  lo  negotiate. 

Th'-y  hny  nml  »ftl,  they  tieat  iitnl  iniilic.  South. 

2.  To  act  between  man  anil  man  ;  to  intervene  ; 
to  transact  or  negotiate  between  men. 

Ho  th:it  dealt  U.-t\vecn  inuii  and  man,  ifviaclh  \\\m  own  cn'dit 
uilhlkjth.  liatyjii. 

3.  To  behave  well  or  ill ;  to  act ;  to  conduct  <me's 
sell"  in  nlation  to  others. 

'Diuii  shall  not  stciii,  nor  ileal  fiiiscly,  nor  lie.  —  Lev.  xix. 

4.  To  distribute  cards. 

To  deal  bij  ;  to  treat,  either  well  or  ill ;  as,  to  deal 
well  bij  domestics. 

Such  one  (teats  not  fairly  by  his  own  mind.  Loclie. 

To  deal  in ;  to  have  to  do  with  ;  to  be  cngtigeil  in  ; 
to  practice.  They  deal  in  political  iiuitters  ;  they  deal 
in  low  humor. 

2.  To  trade  in  ;  as,  to  ileal  in  silks,  or  in  cutlery. 

To  deal  wOli  i  to  tr>->t  in  !uiy  manner ;  to  use  well 
or  111. 

Now  will  we  lietu  wonf  letth  thee. — Gen.  xix. 
Return  —  luiil  I  will  ileal  well  with  thee.  — Urn.  xxxii. 

2.  To  contend  with  ;  to  treat  with,  by  way  of  o|>- 
position,  check,  or  correction  ;  as,  he  has  turbulent 
passions  to  deal  iriOi. 

a.  To  treat  with,  by  way  of  discipline,  in  ecclesi- 
astical affairs  ;  to  .admonish. 
Dl":.\L,  w.    [Sax.  da-l,  dnl,  iredal ;  Ir.  dal :  Yt.  deel  ;  G. 
tlteit ;  Dan.  i/fcZ ;  i>\v .  del ;  li\iss.  dolia.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Litirallij,  a  divisiim  ;  a  part  or  portion  ;  hence, 
an  indetiuite  i|uaiitity,  degree,  or  extent ;  as,  a  deal 
of  tiim;  and  trouble  ;  a  deal  of  cold  ;  a  deal  of  sjiace. 
Formerly  it  was  limited  by  some  :  as,  some  deal ;  but 
this  is  niiw  obsidete  or  vulgar.  Ill  geni^nd,  we  now 
(lualify  the  word  tvith  o-rcut ;  as,  a  irreiU  deal  of  labor  ; 
a  o-reat  deal  of  time  and  pains  ;  a  great  deal  of  land. 
In  the  phrases,  it  is  a  ffreat  deal  better  or  worse,  the 
words  irreat  deal  serve  as  modifiers  of  the  sense  of 
belter  ami  worse.  The  true  construction  is,  it  is,  bij 
a  great  deal,  better;  it  is  better  bi/  a  great  deal,  that 
is,  by  a  great  part  or  dilferelice. 

2.  The  division  or  distribution  of  cards ;  the  art  or 
practice  of  dt^aling  cards. 

The  deal,  the  shnille,  and  the  cut.  Swi/t. 

3.  The  division  of  a  piece  of  timber  made  by  saw- 
ing ;  a  pine  boartl  or  plank  :  a  seiue  much  more  used 
in  Enirland  than  in  the  United  States. 

DE-AI/BaTE,  r.  /.  ri,.  dealho;  de  and  albus,  white.] 
To  whiten.    [LiUlc  ;i..f<;.) 

DE-AE-B.A'TIO.N,  H.    The  act  of  bleaching ;  a  whit- 

Dk.M.'KD,  pp.    Divided  ;  thrown  out.  [ening. 

Dk.Mj'ER,  n.  One  who  deals;  one  who  has  to  do 
with  any  thing,  or  has  concern  with  ;  as,  a  dealer  in 
wit  and  learning.  Swijl. 

2.  A  trailer;  a  trafficker ;  a  shopkeeper;  a  broker; 
a  merchant ;  a  leord  of  eery  eztensive  use  ;  as,  a  dealer 
in  dry  giKids  ;  a  dealer  in  liardware  ,  a  dealer  ill 
storks;  a  dealer  in  leather;  a  dealer  in  lumber;  a 
dealer  in  linens  or  woolens  ;  a  small  dealer  in  groce- 
ries ;  a  money-^/c<i/fr. 

3.  One  who  distributes  cards  to  the  players. 
DE.Mj'I.NG,  pjir.     Dividing;  dislribiitiiig  ;  throwing 

2.  Trading  ;  tratlickiiig  ;  negotiating.  [out. 

3.  Treating  ;  behaving. 

Dk.\L'I.\G,  II.  Practice;  action;  conduct  ;  behavior; 
as,  observe  the  dealings  of  the  men  who  administer 
the  government.  But  it  is  now  more  generally  used 
of  the  acliims  of  men  in  private  life. 

DE.VLT,  (dell,)  pr«.  and  ;jp.  Scattered;  given  in  suc- 
cession ;  traded  ;  conducted. 


DEA 

2.  Conduct  in  relation  to  others ;  treatini^nt ;  as, 
the  dealings  of  a  father  with  his  chililreii.  God's 
</f«/oH'.<  with  men  are  the  disjiensations  of  his  prov- 
idence or  moral  government. 

3.  Intercourse  in  buying  and  selling  ;  traffic  ;  busi- 
ness ;  negotiation.  American  merchants  have  ex- 
tensive dealings  with  the  nierchaiils  of  I,iverpiH)l. 

4.  Interctmrse  of  business  or  friendship;  concern. 

Tli"  J'-wa  li.iv-  no  ilenliitga  with  tlie  S.ini.irit.itn.  —  John  ir. 

DE-A.M'BI'  L.aTE,  r.  i.    [L.  deambulo.] 

To  walk  abroad.    (jVot  lued.] 
DE-A.M-BU-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  walking  abroad. 

Klijot. 

DE-AM'BU-I.A-TO-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  walks. 

DE-A.M'lU;.|,A-TO-RY,  n.    A  place  to  walk  in. 

Dean,  n.  [I'r.  doyen, tUt:  eldest  of  a  corporation  ;  .\rm. 
dean;  Sp. ///(i/i,  deeano;  Port,  deitm,  derano ;  It.  drea- 
no;  from  I.,  dccanus,  the  leader  of  a  file  ten  deep,  the 
head  of  a  colltfge,  from  decent,  Gr.  hKti,  W.  deg,  ti'ti ; 
so  named  because  originally  he  was  set  over  ten  can- 
ons or  prebendaries.  Jiyliffe.] 

1.  In /'.'ni'/d/K/,  an  ecclesia-stical  dignitary  in  cathe- 
dral and  collegiate  churches,  and  the  head  of  a  chap- 
ter ;  the  second  dignitary  of  a  diocese.  Ancient  deans 
are  elected  by  the  chapter  in  virtue  of  a  eonge  d'elire 
from  the  king  and  letters  missive  of  recoiimieiidation  ; 
but  in  the  ch  ipters  founded  by  Henry  VIII.  out  of  the 
spoils  of  dissolved  monasteries,  the  deanery  is  dona- 
tive, and  the  installation  merely  by  the  king's  letters 
patent.  Encijc. 

2.  An  officer  in  each  college  of  the  universities  in 
England.  IVarton. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  a  registrar  of  Ihe  faeiilly  in 
some  colleges,  and  especially  in  nieilical  iiisiitiitinns. 

Rural  dean,  or  arcli-presb)  ter,  had  oniruially  juris- 
diction over  ten  cliiiielies;  bill  afl.  rward  he  became 
only  the  bishop's  siibstiliile,  with  no  ahsuliite  judicial 
power  in  himself,  but  the  orileriiig  of  ecclesiastical 
affairs  within  his  d.  aiiery,  by  the  direction  of  the 
bisli<»p  or  archdeacon.  Gilbert. 

Dean  if  a  inonusti  ry ;  a  superior  established  under 
the  abbot,  to  ease  him  in  taking  care  of  ten  monks. 
Hence  his  name.  F.neyc. 

Dinn  and  chapter,  arc  the  bishop's  council,  to  aid 
him  with  their  advice  in  atfairs  of  religion,  anil  in  the 
temporal  concerns  of  his  see.  F.neyc. 
DE.-\.\'ER-Y,  «.    The  office  or  the  revenue  of  a  dean. 

Clarendon.  Sipift. 

3.  The  house  of  a  dean.  Shak. 

3.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  dean. 

E;ich  archrl'MConry  is  diviiled  into  rural  deniieyiea.  anri  each 
deanery  is  div-i<led  into  p.tris)i<-H.  BtaeKtlone. 

Dk.\  N'SH1I',  n.    The  office  of  a  dean. 

DE.\R,  a.  [Sax.  deor  ;  G.  theuer,  di  ar,  rare;  theure  or 
thearang,  dearness,  scarcity,  dearth  ;  D.  f/»'/r,  dear  ; 
duarte,  iliiarlh  ;  Sw.  ilyr,  dear  ;  dyrlirt,  di-arlh  ;  Dan. 
diire,  dyrtid,  id.  It  seems  that  the  primary  sense  is, 
scarce,  rare,  or  close,  narrow  ;  this  is  idiviotis  from 
dearth.  So  in  I.,  earns,  earitas.  Class  Dr,  No.  7,  8, 
19,  and  Class  Sr,  No.  4,  34,  47.] 

1.  Scarce  ;  not  plentiful ;  as,  a  dear  year.  [0/«.] 

Sliak. 

2.  Bearing  a  high  price  in  comparison  of  the  usual 
price  ;  more  cosily  than  usual ;  of  a  higher  price  than 
the  customary  one.  Wheat  is  dear  at  a  ilollar  a  bush- 
el, when  the  usual  price  is  sevenly-live  cents.  This 
sense  results  from  tlie  former,  as  tycar/ic^-.v  is  the  ellect 
of  scarcity  and  ileniaiiil. 

3.  Of  a  high  value  in  estimation  ;  greatly  valued  ; 
beloved  ;  precious. 

And  th'-  last  Joy  waa  dearer  than  the  rest.  Pojie, 
Ue  ye  iidiowrrs  ol  (jixl,  as  dear  chil.l(^-n.  —  K|)h.  v. 

Dr.  \R,  a.  rSax.  dirinn,  to  hurt;  Scot,  derc  or  iZrir,  lu 
aiiiiuN',  ami  dere,  to  fear.] 

Hurtful ;  grievous  ;  hati-ful.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

DEAR,  r.  (.    To  make  dear.    [.Vol  ii..ri/.]  Shelton. 

DEAR,  71.  .\  darliii";  a  word  denoting  lender  alfec- 
tion  or  endearment  ;  as,  my  drar. 

Di;.\R'BOR.V,  n.    .\  light  four-wheel  carriage. 

DEAR'-BOUGIIT,  (-b.aut,)  a.  [See  Bouoiir.]  Pur- 
chased at  a  high  price;  as,  dear-bought  experience; 
dear-bought  blessings. 

DE.\R'EST,  a.  taperl.  Bearing  the  highest  price  ;  of 
the  Ereatest  value. 

DE  AR'ES  T,  w.  Darling  :  a  term  denoting  the  tenderesl 

DEAR'I.ING.    See  DiRiiNC.  [affiction. 

DEAR'-I.i1V-/:D,  (  liivil,)  a.    Greatly  beloved.  Shuk. 

DE.VR'I.V,  o</r.    .U  a  high  price;  as,  he  pays  dearly 
for  his  rashness. 
2.  With  Kreat  f.mdness  ;  as,  we  love  our  children 

DE.VR.N,  a.    [Sax.  </riirji.]       [dearly;  dearly  beloved. 

1,  (111 -ly  ;  solitary;  melancholy.    (06.v.]  Shak. 
DEAR'.S'F.SS,  n.   .<carcily  ;  high  price,  or  a  higher 

price  than  the  customary  one  ;  xs,  the  dearae.<s  of 
corn. 

2.  Fondness^  neaniess  lo  the  heart  or  nfTections ; 
great  value  in  estimation  ;  preciousness ;  tender  love; 
as,  the  dearness  of  friendship. 

DE.\R.\'EY,  adr.    Secretly;  privately;  mournfully. 

[Oftv.]    [ficp.  Dernlv.] 
DEARTH,  (derth,)  11.    [See  De.ib.]    Scarcity  ;  lus,  a 

deartli  of  corn. 
2.  Want ;  neeil ;  famine.  Shak. 


TONE,  BI;lL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  Sil ;  Til  ns  in  THIS. 


303 


DEB 


DLB 


3.  Barrenness ;  sterility  ;  as,  a  dearth  of  plot. 

Dnjdcn. 

nE-AU-Tie'U-LATE,  V.  t.    To  disjoint.    [JVut  wscA] 
DE.\TH,  (deth,)  n.    [Sax.  death  ;  D.  dood  ;  G.  tod ;  S\v. 
diid;  Dan,  dSd.    See  Die  and  Dead.] 

1.  That  state  of  a  being,  animal  or  vegetable,  but 
more  particularly  of  an  animal,  in  n  liicli  there  is  to- 
tal and  permanent  cessation  of  all  the  vitiil  fiimtions, 
when  the  organs  have  not  only  coa-eil  to  act,  but 
have  lost  the  susceptibility  of  renewed  action.  'J'lms 
the  cessation  of  respiration  and  circulation  in  an  an- 
imal may  not  be  death  ;  for  during  hybernation,  some 
animals  become  entirely  torpid,  and  some  animals 
and  vegetables  may  be  subjected  to  a  li  ved  state  liy 
frost,  but  being  capable  of  revived  activity,  they  are 
not  dead. 

2.  The  state  of  tlie  dead ;  as,  the  gates  of  death. 

3.  The  manner  of  dying.  [Juft  xxxviii. 

Thou  sliult  tile  ihedea'Jts  of  them  thai  are  slain  in  llic  in.ilst  of 

the  seas.  — Ezek.  xxviii. 
Let  me  die  the  deallt  of  the  righteous.  —  Num.  xxiii. 

4.  The  image  of  moitality  represented  by  a  skele- 
ton ;  as,  a  death's  head.  Shal:. 

5.  Murder  ;  as,  a  man  of  death.  Bacon. 

6.  Cause  of  death.    We  say,  he  caught  his  death. 
O  thou  man  of  God,  there  is  dealli  in  the  pot. —  2  Kings  iv. 

7.  Destroyer  or  agent  of  death  ;  as,  he  will  be  the 
death  of  his  poor  fatlier. 

8.  In  poetry,  the  means  or  instrument  of  death  ;  as, 
an  arrow  is  called  the  feathered  death ;  a  ball,  a  lead- 
en death. 

Deaths  invisible  c«me  winded  witli  fire.  fhyden. 

9.  In  theolorry,  perpettial  separation  from  God,  and 
eternal  tonnents  ;  culled  the  second  death.     Rev.  ii. 

10.  Separation  or  alienation  of  the  soul  from  God  ; 
a  being  under  the  dominion  of  sin,  and  destitute  of 
grace  or  divine  life  ;  called  spiritual  death. 

We  know  that  we  have  passed  from  deaOi  to  life,  because  we 
love  the  brethren.  — 1  John  iii.  Lultei. 

Civil  death,  is  the  separation  of  a  man  from  civil 
society,  or  from  the  enjoyment  of  civil  rights  ;  n.s  by 
banishment,  abjuration  of  the  realm,  entering  into  a 
monasterv,  &c.  BlacUstone. 
DE.ATH'-BED,  (deth'bed,)  rt.   The  bed  on  which  a 

person  dies  or  is  confined  in  his  last  sickness. 
DE.VrH'-BoD-ING,  a.    Portending  death.  Shak. 
DEATH' -DaRT-I.XG,  a.    Darting  or  inllicting  death. 

Sliak. 

DE.ATH'-DO-ING,  a.    Inflicting  death. 
DEATH'-DOOM-£D,  a.   Doomed  to  death.  Coleridge. 
DEATH'FUL,  o.    Full  of  slaughter ;  murderous  ;  de- 
structive. 

Tliese  eves  bcluild 
The  ical^.^ii;  scene.  Pope. 

DEATII'FUL-NESS,  n.  Appearance  of  death.  Taylor. 
DE.\TH'LESS,  a.    Immortal  ;  not  subject  to  detith, 

destruction,  t)r  extinction  ;  as,  deathless  beings  j  dtatJir- 

less  fame. 

DE.\TH'LlKE,  a.    Resembling  death  ;  gloomy  ;  still  ; 

calm  ;  quiet ;  peaceful  j  motionless  ;  like  tieath  in 

horror  or  in  stillness  ;  as,  deatlilihe  slumbers. 
2.  Resembling  death  ;  cadaverous. 
DEATH'-RAT-TLE,  (deth'rat-tl,)  n.   A  rattling  in 

the  throat  of  a  dving  person. 
DE  ATH'-SH.'VD-6VV-£D,  a.  Surrounded  by  the  shades 

of  death.  More. 
DEATH'-STRoKE,  n.    The  stroke  of  death. 
DE.ATH'S'-DoOR,  (deths'dor,)  n.    A  near  approach 

to  death  ;  the  gates  of  tleatli.  Taylor. 
DE.\TirS'-.M.\?{,  n.    An  executioner ;  a  hangman. 

Shak. 

DE.\TH'-To-K;^:X,  n.  That  which  indicates  approach- 
ing death.  Skuk. 

DEATH'VVARD,  w/i'.  Toward  death.  Bcaum.  and  Fl. 

DEATH'-VVATCII,  n.  A  small  kind  of  beetle,  whose 
ticking,  which  is  really  the  call  of  the  male  for  its 
mate,  lias  been  weakly  supposeil,  by  su[)i  rstitions  anil 
ignorant  people,  to  prognosticati;  death.  Oay. 

DE-AU'RSTE,  f.  (.    [L.  deauro.] 
'I'o  gild.    [Little  used.] 

DE-AU'RATE,  a.  GilditL 

DK-iiAC'CHATE,  v.  i.  To  rave  and  bluster,  as  a  hac- 

I)i;  DAC-eilA'TION,  71.    A  raving.  [chanal. 

DE-IiAC'LK,  (dc-bak'l,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  breaking  or 
bursting  forth.  Buekland. 

A  violent  rush  of  waters,  Iiaving  so  great  force  as 
to  liiivc  conveyed  the  fragments  of  rocks,  and  the  re- 
mains of  animals  and  vegetables,  to  a  di.stance  from 
their  native  localities.  FjI.  Encyc. 

DE-UAR',  r.  t.  [de  and  liar.]  To  cut  off  from  en- 
trance ;  to  preclude  ;  to  hindi'r  from  approach,  entry, 
or  cnjoymeiil ;  to  shut  out  or  cvclitde  ;  as,  we  are  not 
debarred  from  any  ralionttl  enjoyment ;  religion  de- 
bars UM  from  no  real  pleasure. 

UE-llA  RK',  V.  U  [Fr.  dcbarqucr  ;  de  and  barque,  a  boat 
or  veHnel.l 

To  lanil  from  a  ship  or  boat ;  to  remove  from  on 
board  any  wati  r-(  raft  and  placi-  on  land  ;  to  ili.scm- 
bark  ;  as,  to  drhark  nrldli  ry.  [It  is  less  us(m1,  es- 
pecially ill  a  traiiHitive  si-nsr,  than  liiiKMiiAnK.] 
DE-HAUK',  r.  i.  To  h  ave  a  ship  or  boat  and  pass  to 
the  land  ;  an,  the  troops  debarked  at  four  o'clock. 


DE-BXRK-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  disemjiarking. 

DE-BARK'£D,  (de-bArkt',)  pp.  Removed  to  land  from 
on  board  a  shi])  or  boat. 

DE  B.iRK'IJv'G,  pirr.  Removing  from  a  ship  to  the 
land  ;  goiiig  from  on  board  a  vessel. 

DE-BAR'Ri-'D,  (de-b.ird',)  ;>;).  [from  rfcJar.]  Hindered 
from  approach,  entrance,  or  possession. 

DE-IiAR'RI.XG,  ;)/)(•.  Preventing  from  approach,  en- 
trance, or  enjoyment. 

DE-BaR'RING,  n.    Hinderance  from  approach. 

DE-BaSE',  v.  t.  [de  and  base.]  To  reduce  from  a 
higher  to  a  lower  state  in  tpiality  or  respectability. 
The  drtinkard  debases  himself  and  his  character.  In- 
temperance and  debauchery  debase  men  almost  to  a 
level  with  beasts. 

2.  To  reduce  or  lower  in  quality,  purity,  or  value  ; 
to  adulterate  ;  as,  to  debase  gold  or  silver  by  alloy. 

3.  To  lower  or  degrade  ;  to  make  mean  or  despica- 
ble. Religion  should  not  be  debased  by  frivolous  dis- 
putes. Vicious  habits  debase  the  mind  as  well  as  the 
character. 

4.  To  sink  in  purity  or  elegance  ;  to  vitiate  by 
meanness ;  :is,  to  debase  style  by  the  use  of  vulgar 
words. 

DE-BaS'£D,  (de-baste',)  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  in  esti- 
mated value  ;  lowered  in  estimation  ;  reduced  in 
purity,  fineness,  quality,  or  value  ;  adulterated  ;  de- 
graded ;  rendered  mean. 

DE-BaSE'MENT,  7!.  The  act  of  debasing;  degrada- 
tion ;  reduction  of  purity,  fineness,  quality,  or  value  ; 
adttltertition  ;  a  state  of  being  debased  ;  as,  debase- 
ment of  character,  of  our  faculties,  of  the  coin,  of 
style,  &c. 

DE-BaS'ER,  n.  One  who  debases  or  lowers  in  esti- 
mation or  in  value  ;  one  who  degrades  or  renders 
mean  ;  that  which  debases. 

DE-BaS'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Reducing  in  estimation  or 
worth  ;  adulterating  ;  reducing  in  purity  or  elegance ; 
degrading ;  rendering  mean. 

2.  a.  Lowering ;  tending  to  debase  or  degrade  ; 
as,  debasiiifr  vices. 

DE-l!.At;'l.\(3-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  debase. 

DE-BaT'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Debate.]  That  may  be 
debated  ;  disputable  ;  subject  to  controversy  or  con- 
tention ;  as,  a  debatable  question. 

DE-BaTE',  71.  [Fr.dcl.at;  Sp.debaU;  Port,  id.;  de 
and  battre,  to  beat,] 

1.  Contention  in  words  or  arguments ;  discussion 
for  elucidating  truth  ;  strife  in  argument  or  reasoning, 
bjtween  persons  of  different  opinions,  each  endeav- 
oring to  prove  his  own  opinion  right,  and  that  of  his 
opposer  wrong;  dispute;  caniroversy ;  as,  the  de- 
bates in  patliamenpor  in  coa^Tess 

2.  Strife  ;  contention. 

BehoKl,  ye  fast  for  strife  and  debase.  —  Is.  Ivlii. 

3.  The  power  of  being  disputed  ;  as,  this  question 
is  settled  beyond  debate ;  the  story  is  true  beyond  de- 
bate. 

4.  Debate  m  debates ;  the  published  report  of  argu- 
ments for  and  against  a  measure  ;  as,  tlie  debates  in 
the  conventitm  are  printed. 

DE-BaTE',  7'.  f.  [Fr.  debattre ;  Sp.  debatir  ;  Port,  de- 
bater.   See  Beat  and  Abate.] 

To  contend  for  in  words  or  arguments;  to  strive 
to  maintain  a  cause  by  reasoning ;  to  dispute  ;  to  dis- 
cuss ;  to  argue  ;  to  contest,  as  opposing  parties ;  as, 
the  question  was  debated  till  a  late  hour. 

Debate  Uiy  cause  with  thy  neighbor  himself.  —  Prov.  xxv. 
DE-BSTE',  V.  i.    To  debate  on  or  in  ;  to  deliberate  ;  to 
discuss  or  examine  different  arguments  in  the  mind. 

Shak. 

2.  To  dispute.  Taller. 

3.  To  engage  in  con>bat.    [JVot  in  use.] 
DE-ISaT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Disputed  ;  argued  ;  discussed. 
DE-BaTE'FJJL,  0.    Of  thinirs,  contested  ;  occasion- 
ing contention.  Spenser. 

2.  Of  persons,  quarrelsome ;  contentious.  [Little 
vsed.] 

DE-BaTE'FUL-LY,  adv.    With  contention. 

Sherwood. 

DE  I!ATE'MENT,7t.  Controversy;  deliberation.  [Lit- 
tle ii.vr./.l  Shak. 

DE-B.\T'ER,  n.  One  who  debates;  a  disputant;  a 
controverli.st. 

DE-BaT'I.\'(!,  ppr.  or  a.  Disputing;  discussing;  con- 
tending by  arguments. 

DE-B.^T'[.\'(i  l.Y,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  debate. 

DE-BaT'ING-SO-CI'E-TV,  «.  A  society  for  the  pur- 
pose of  debtite  and  imiirovement  in  extemporaneous 
speaking. 

DE  BAUCH',  V.  t.  [Fr.  dcbauchcr;  Arm.  dibaueha.  This 
is  said  by  Lunier  to  be  compounded  of  de  and  an  old 
French  word,  signifying  a  shop,  {bauehe,)  and  that 
its  primary  sense  is  tt)  draw  t>r  entice  one  frtun  his 
shop  or  work  ;  and  in  this  sense  it  is  still  used. 
Ili  nce,  embaurhrr  is  to  help  a  journeyman  to  employ- 
nii  iit,  and  to  enlist  as  a  solilier.  The  general  sense, 
then,  of  debauch,  in  English,  is  to  lead  astray,  like 
seduce.] 

1.  To  corrupt  or  vitiate  ;  as,  to  debauch  a  jirince  or 
youth  ;  to  debauch  good  principles. 

2.  To  corrupt  with  lewdness  ;  as,  to  debauch  a 
woman. 


3.  To  seduce  from  duty  or  allegiance  ;  as,  to  de- 
bauch an  army. 
DE-BAUCH',n.    [Fr.  (/cJaitc/ic ;  Arm.  Aftaucft.] 

Excess  in  eating  or  drinking  ;    intemperance  ; 
drunkenness  ;  gluttony  ;  lewdness. 
DE-HAUCH'SD,  (de-bauclit',)  pp.  or  a.    Corrupted  ; 

vitiated  in  morals  or  purity  of  character. 
DE-BAUCIl'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  profligate  manner. 

Coirleti. 

DE-BAITCH'ED-NESS,  71.  Intemperance.  Bp.  Hall. 
DEB-AU-CHEE',  (deb-o-shee',)  n.    A  man  given  to 

intemperance  or  bacchanalian  excesses.  But,  chiefly, 

a  man  habitually  lewd. 
DE-BAUCH'ER,  71.    One  who  debauches  or  corrupts 

others  ;  a  seducer  to  lewdness,  or  to  any  dereliction 

of  duty. 

DE-BAUCH'ER- Y,  7!.  E.xcess  in  the  pleasures  of  the 
table  ;  ginttuny  ;  intemperance.  But,  chiefly,  habit- 
ual lewdness  ;  excessive  unlawful  indulgence  of  lust. 

2.  Corruption  of  fidelity  ;  seduction  from  duty  or 
allegiance. 

The  republic  of  Pans  will  endeavor  to  complete  the  debauchery 
of  the  army.  Burke. 

DE-BAUCH'.AIENT,  71.  The  act  of  debauching  or 
coniipting  ;  tlie  act  of  seducing  from  virtue  or  duty. 

DE-BEL'LaTE,  J!.  J.    [L.dcbello.]  [Taylor. 
To  subdue.    [JVut  used.]  Bacon. 

DE-BEL-La'TION,  7!.  The  act  of  conquering  or  sub- 
duing.   [JVui  used.]  More. 

DE  BE'.VE  ES'SE,  [L.]  Well  being,  or  condition- 
al allowance.  In  law,  to  take  an  order  or  testimf)ny 
de  bene  esse,  is,  to  take  or  allow  it  for  the  present,  but 
subject  to  be  suppressed  or  disallowed  on  a  further 
or  full  examination.  Cowcl. 

DE-BENT'lIRE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  dcbco,  to  owe.  Class 
Db.] 

1.  A  writing  acknowledging  a  debt ;  a  writing  or 
certificate  signed  by  a  public  officer,  as  evidence  of  a 
debt  due  to  some  person.  This  paper,  given  by  an 
officer  of  the  customs,  entitles  a  merchant,  exporting 
goods,  to  the  receipt  of  a  bounty,  or  a  drawback  of 
duties.  When  issued  by  a  treasurer,  it  entitles  the 
holder  to  a  sum  of  money  from  the  state. 

2.  In  Vie  customs,  a  certificate  of  drawb.ack  ;  a 
writing  which  states  that  a  person  is  entitled  to  a 
certain  sum  from  the  government,  on  the  tjxportatiou 
of  specified  goods,  the  duties  on  wliicli  had  been  p:iid. 

DE-BENT'UR-£D,  a.  Debentured  goods  are  tl)o>e  for 
which  a  debenture  has  been  given,  as  being  entitled 
to  drawback. 

DEB'ILE,  a.  [L.  debilis ;  Fr.  dcbile;  U.  dcbile  :  Sp.  de- 
bit.   See  Class  Db,  No.  1,  2,  3,  5,  7,  15,  47,  51.] 

Relaxed  ;  weak  ;  feeble  ;  Uuiguid  ;  faint ;  without 
strength.  Shak. 

DE-BIL'I-TaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  debilito,  from  debilis.] 

To  weaken  ;  to. impair  the  strength  of;  to  enfee- 
ble ;  to  make  faint  or  languid.  Intemperance  dtbdi- 
tates  the  organs  of  digestion.  Excessive  indulgence 
debilitates  the  system. 

DE-BIL'I-Ta-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Weakened  ;  enfeebled  ; 
relaxed. 

DE-BIL'I-Ta-TING,  ppr.  Weakening;  enfeebling; 
impairing  strength. 

DE-BIL'I-Ta-TING,  a.  Tendingor  adapted  to  weaken. 

DE-BIL-I-Ta'TION,  71.  The  act  of  weakening  ;  re- 
laxation. 

DE-BIL'I-TY,  71.    [L.  debilitas,  from  dciiVi.*.] 

Relaxation  of  the  solids;  weakness;  feebleness; 
languor  of  body;  faintness ;  imbecility;  as,  mor- 
bid sweats  imluce  debility.  [It  may  be  applied  to 
the  viind,  but  this  is  less  comuwn.] 

DEB'IT,  )i.  [L.  debitum,  from  debeo,  to  owe,  Fr.  de- 
voir, Sp.  deber.  It.  dovere,  (See  Duty.)  The  sense  is 
probably  to  press  or  bind  ;  Gr.  6110.] 

Debt.  It  is  usually  written  Debt.  But  it  is  used  in 
mercantile  language  ;  as,  the  debit  side  of  tin  account. 

DEB'1'1',  7'.  (.  To  charge  with  debt ;  as,  to  debit  a  pur- 
chaser the  amount  of  goods  sold. 

We  debit  congress  wilh  this  whole  sum.  Ji[{Terson. 

2.  To  enter  an  account  on  the  debtor  side  of  a 
botik  ;  as,  to  debit  the  sum  or  amount  of  goods  sold. 
DEB'IT-EI),  pp.    Charged  in  debt;  made  debtor  on 
account. 

2.  Charged  to  one's  debt,  as  money  or  good.s. 
DEB'IT-ING,  ppr.     Making  debtor  on  ttccount,  as  a 
person. 

2.  Charging  to  the  debt  of  a  person,  its  goods. 
DEB'ITOR,  71.    A  delitor.  Shak, 
I)E-l!l-TU-iMIN-I-'/.A'TIOiV,  71.   The  act  of  depriving 
of  bitumen. 

DE-Bl-TO'.MIN-IZE,  v.  U   To  deprive  of  bitumen. 

Lycll. 

DE-BI-TO'MIN-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  bitu- 
men. 

DEB-l)-N'AIR',<J.  [Fr.]  Civil ;  gentle  ;  complaisant ; 
elegant.  Milton. 

DEB-O  N.^IR'I.V,  adv.  In  a  meek  and  gentle  manner. 

DEB-O-NAIR'NESS,  11.  Gentleness;  meekness;  kind- 
ness. 

DE-BOUOir,  (de  boosh',)  v.  i.  [Fr.  dcboucher;  de  and 
bourhe,  month.] 

To  issue  or  march  out  of  a  confined  place,  or  from 
defiles,  as  troops. 


FATE,  FXK,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


304 


DEC 


DEC 


DEC 


X>£-BR/S'  (da-lirce',)  II.  [Fr.]  iitcraWi^,  ruins  or  frag- 
lueiits.  in  trfotoirtiy  masses  of  rock  atui  ollirr  siih- 
slances  detnclied  frum  llii-  suinniit  and  sides  of  a 
moiuitnin,  and  piled  U|>  bcloiv.  Brande. 

DEBT,  (d.-t,)  n.  [L.  drbUum,  contracted  ;  Fr.  </<«(•;  Sp. 
and  it.  drbito.    Sou  Deiiit.] 

1.  That  »iiicli  is  due  from  one  person  to  another, 
wlietlier  money,  ijoods,  or  services  ;  tliat  w  liiili  one 
person  is  bound  to  pay  or  |)i'rfonn  to  anotlier ;  as,  the 
debts  of  a  b.'iukrupt ;  the  dcbU  uf  a  nobleman.  It  is 
«  common  misfortune  or  vice  to  be  in  debt. 

When  you  nio  in  d€bl,  you  give  to  another  power  over  ^our 
Itluny.  Pmnkim, 

2.  That  which  any  one  is  oWiged  to  do  or  to  sutfer. 
Vour  un,  my  lord,       paid  n  solili'-r's  dtbt,  ShaJc, 

Hence  death  is  called  the  debt  of  nature. 

3.  In  taut,  an  action  to  recover  a  debt.  This  is  a 
customary  ellipsis.  He  brought  debt,  instead  of  an 
action  of  debt. 

4.  In  Hrri/iture,  sin;  trespass;  guilt;  crime;  that 
Which  renders  liable  to  punishment. 

Korjjive  us  our  debu.  Lord^t  Prayer. 

DEBT'ED,  (det'ted,)  pp.   Indebted  ;  obliged  to.  [JVot 

mted.]  Shak. 
DEHT-EE',  (det-tee',)  n.    A  creditor ;  one  to  whom  a 

debt  is  due.  Bluckstoiir. 
DEU  T'LESS,  (det'less,)  a.    Free  from  debt.  Chaucer. 
DEHT'OIl,  (del'tor,)  n.    [L.  debitor.] 

1.  The  person  who  owes  another  either  money, 
goods,  or  services. 

la  Athens  an  insolvent  d€btor  bccAme  slave  to  his  cmlitor. 

A/if/ord. 

•2.  One  who  is  under  obligation  to  do  somelliing. 

I  am  n  debtor  to  llif  tireeks  mil  lurturinti*.  —  Rotn.  i. 
lie  IS  a  debtor  to  ilo  the  whole  law.  —  Gal.  v. 

3.  The  side  of  an  account  in  tvhicli  debts  are 

chareed.    [See  Di;bit.1 
DElt-I'h  LC'TION,  M.    A  bubbling  or  seething  over. 
DK-BUr,(,ii:\-b!x',)n.  [Fr.] 

Beginning  ;  a  tirst  appearance  before  Ilie  public,  as 

of  an  actor  or  public  speaker,  Sec. ;  the  beifiiining  of 

an  enterprise.  Brande. 
DKB-  U-  TAjyT",  (deb-u-tang',^  n.  A  person  who  makes 

his  tirst  ap|M>arance  before  the  public. 
DEe'A-eilOUl),       j  n.    [Cr.  6tKa,  ten,  and  x"pin, 
l)Ee  A-eilOlin'Oi\,  \  string.] 

1.  .\  musical  instrument  of  ten  strings. 

2.  .Siiiiething  consisting  of  ten  parts.  n'a/.<o7i. 
DF.C'.\-I)  AI.,  a.    Pertaining  to  ten  ;  consisting  of  tens. 
DECADE,  n.    [L.  decas,  deeadii;  Fr.  decade  ;  Sp.  deca- 

da  ;  from  Gr.  isica,  ten.    Sec  Ten.] 

The  sum  or  number  of  ten  ;  an  aggregate  consist- 
ing of      ;  as,  a  decade  of  years ;  the  decades  of  Livy. 

SE:€vl;Ei:;?S',!--  [SeeD.c.r.] 
DEC  A-tiO.V,  n.   [Gr.  ScKn;  ten,  and  )  una,  a  comer.] 
In  rreinuctry,  a  plane  figure  having  tell  sides  ana 
ten  angles. 

DEe'A-GRAM,       )  n.    [Gr.  hita,  ten,  and  £-ram,  a 

DEC^GRJiMME,]  weight.] 

.\  French  weight  of  10  gniins,  or  1.">I  grains,  44 
decimals,  eijiial  to  G  pennyweights,  10  gniins,  44  deci- 
mals, equal  to  5  drams,  (j5  Imndredllis,  avoirdupois. 

DEC-A-CYN"I-A,  n.  {Hi.  h-.a,  ten,  and  )  uvji,  a  fe- 
male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  ten  styles. 

LtntuetLs. 

DE-^  \(?  YN-Oi;?'  i  botany,  having  ten  styles. 

DEe-A-IIF;'DRAL',  a.    Having  ten  sides. 
DEC-A-IIE'DRO.N,  n.    (Gr.  i):«u,  ten,  and  Ilpa,  a 
base. J 

In  geometry,  a  solid  figtire  or  body  having  ten  sides. 

^c'^^Lm:,  \  ■•  '""■] 

.K  French  metisnre  of  capacity,  containing  10  litres, 
or  (ilO.28  cubic  inches,  equal  to  2  gallons  and  44231 
cubic  inches. 

DE-eAl,'O-0lST,  n.  [See  Decalogue.]  One  who 
explains  the  decalogue.  Oregon/. 

DECX-LOGUE,  (dek'a-log,)  n.  [Gr.  i?e«d,  ten,  and 
Ao)  Of,  speech.] 

The  ten  commandments  or  precepts  given  by  God 
to  .Moses  at  .Mount  Sinai,  and  originally  written  on 
two  tables  of  stone. 

DE-e.V.M'ER-U.\,  n.    [Gr.  fcKa,  ten,  and  tiinof,  part.] 
.\  volume  consisting  of  ten  books  ;  applied  (Kirtic- 
ularly  to  the  celebrated  collection  of  tales  by  Boccac- 
cio. 

DE-eAM'E-TER,  )  n.     [Gr.  ^t»a,  ten,  and  iicruoi, 

DECI  MlWrER.  i  measure.] 

\  French  measure  of  length',  consisting  of  ten  me- 
tres, and  equal  to  393  English  inches,  and  71  deci- 
mals. 

DE-CA.MP',  r.  i.  [Fr.  decamper;  Pp.  decampar ;  de  and 
cdmp.1 

1.  To  remove  or  depart  from  a  camp;  to  march  olT ; 
as,  the  army  decamped  at  six  o'clock.  Hence, 

2.  In  a  vidrr  sense,  \o  dejKirt ;  to  take  one's  self  oflfj 
as,  he  decamped  hastily. 

DE-CA.MP'ME.VT,  n.  Departure  from  a  camp;  a 
marcliing  otr. 


DEC'.A-.\.\L,  a.  [See  Dean.]  Pertaining  to  a  dean- 
ery. 

DE-CAN'DRl-A,  n.  [Gr.  6:k'<,  ten,  and  avtio,  a  male.] 
in  botanij,  a  class  of  plants  having  ten  stamens. 

Limueus. 

DE-C^VDROUS,'  1  «•    ""''"'8  stamens. 
DEC-.W'G  IJ-L.VR,  a.    [Gr.  icita,  ten,  and  angular.] 
Having  ten  angles.  Lee. 
DE-CANT',  r.  L    [\,.dee.anU)  ;  </c  and  canto,  to  sing  ; 
literally,  to  throw  ;  Fr.  decanter,  to  pour  oil";  Sp.  de- 
cantar :  ll.  ilecantare.    See  Cawt.] 

To  |X)ur  otr  gently,  as  liquor  from  its  sediment ;  or 
to  pour  from  one  vessel  into  anotlier ;  as,  to  decant 
wine. 

DE-eANT-.X'TIOxV,  n.  The  act  of  pouringoffa  clear, 
supernatant  fluid  gently  from  its  lees  or  sediment,  or 
frimi  one  vessel  into  another. 

DE-CANT'ED,  pp.  Poured  off,  or  from  one  vessel 
into  another. 

DE-e.VNT'ER,  n.    A  vessel  used  to  decant  liquors,  or 
for  receiving  decanted  liquors.     A  gl.iss  vessel  or 
bottle  used  for  holding  wine  or  other  liquors,  for  fill- 
ing the  drinking-glasses. 
2.  One  (vlio  decants  liquors. 

DE-e.\NT'l.N'G,  ppr.  Pouring  off,  as  liquor  from  its 
lees,  or  from  one  vessel  to  another. 

DE-eAPH'YL-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  c'.ao,  ten,  and  ^vMop, 
a  leaf.) 

Having  ten  leaves.  Marttjn. 
DE-CAP'I-TATE,  r.  L    [  L.  decapito ;  de  and  caput, 
head.) 

To  lieheail ;  to  cut  off  the  head. 
DE-CAP'I-T.A-TEI),  pp.  Beheaded. 
»E-CAP'I-T.\-TI.\G,  ppr.  Belic.uling 
DE-CAP  I-T.\'TIO.\,  n.    The  .act  of  beheading. 
DEC.\-P01),  II.    [Gr.  (itirj,  ten,  and  -oe$,  foot.] 

.\n  animal  with  ten  feet  or  legs.  Kirby. 
DE-e.\R'nON-STE,  V.  L   To  deprive  a  carbonate  of 
iLs  acid. 

DE-e.\R-HO.\-I-ZA'TIO\,  ii.  The  action  or  process 
of  depriving  a  substance  of  carbon.  Bdl. 

DE-eXR'BO.X-IZE,  I'.  (.  [i/c  and  corioni:!-.]  To  de- 
prive of  carbon  ;  as,  to  decarbonize  sttri'l.  Chemistry. 

DE-e.JlR'HO.N-IZ-L'l),  pp.    Deprived  of  carbon. 

DE-eXR'BO.\-rZ-I.\G,  ppr.    Depriving  of  carbon. 

DECAR'DI.V-AL-IZE,  t.  <.  [</c  and  c«r</<nai.]  Tore- 
move  from  the  rank  of  a  cardin.il.  Hotoell. 

DECA-STICH,  (dek'a-stiU,)  ii.    [Gr.  icKa,  ten,  and 
art\oi,  a  verse.] 
A  poem  consisting  of  ten  lines. 

DEe'A-ST?LE,  n.  [Gr.  i!t«ta,  U-n,  and  arvXos,  a  col- 
umn.] 

.A  portico  with  ten  columns  in  front.  Encyc. 
DEe-A-SYL-LAB'ie,  a.    Consisting  of  ten  syllables. 
DE-GAY'',  ti.  t,    I'Fr.  dechoir,  from  Ij.  de  and  corfo,  to 
fall,  or  decedo  ;  It.  scadere  ;  Sp.  decaer;  Port,  dcscahir.] 

1.  To  pass  gnidually  from  a  sound,  prosperous,  cr 
perfect  state,  to  a  less  jierfect  state,  or  toward  destruc- 
tion ;  to  fail ;  to  decline  ;  to  be  gradually  impaired. 
Our  bodies  decay  in  old  age  ;  a  tree  decays ;  buildings 
decay  ;  fortunes  decay. 

2.  To  become  weaker ;  to  fail ;  as,  our  strength  de- 
cays, or  hopes  decay. 

DE-eAY'',  r.  t.  To  cause  to  fail ;  to  impair ;  to  bring 
to  a  worse  state. 

Infimuty,  that  dtcayt  the  wise,  iloth  ever  make  better  thi^  fool. 

SImk. 

[The  transitive  sense  of  the  verb  is  now  rarely 
used.] 

DE-eAY',  B,  Gradual  failure  of  health,  strength, 
soundness,  prwperity,  or  any  species  of  excellence 
or  perfection  ;  decline  to  a  worse  or  less  perfect  stale  ; 
tendency  toward  dissolution  or  extinction  ;  a  state  of 
depravation  or  diminution.  Old  men  feel  the  decay 
of  the  body.  VVe  perceive  tlie  decay  of  the  faculties 
in  age.  We  lament  the  decay  uf  virtue  and  p^itriotisiu 
in  the  state.  The  northern  nations  invaded  the  Ro- 
man empire  when  in  a  state  of  decay. 

2.  Declension  from  prosperity  ;  decline  of  fortune. 

If  Uiy  trotlier  be  waxen  poor,  ami  fallen  Into  decay.  —  Lev. 
zxv. 

3.  Cause  of  decay.    [Ao(  usuaL] 

He  th,at  plots  tn  be  the  only  figure  among  ciphers,  is  the  dectiy 
of  the  whole  agr.  Bacon. 

DE-CAY'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Having  fallen  from  a  good  or 
sound  state  ;  impaired  ;  weakeneil ;  diminished. 

DE-CAY' ED-NESS,  it.  A  stale  of  being  inqiaircd;  dt>- 
caved  stale. 

DE-CAY'ER,  II.   That  which  causes  decay.  Shak. 
DECAY'l.VG,  ppr.  or  a.    Failing;  declining;  passing 

from  a  gcKid,  pnwperous,  or  sound  state,  to  a  worse 

ronilition  ;  [lerisliing. 
Di:-e.\  V'l.NG,  n.    Dec.iy  ;  decline. 
DE-CF;ASi;',  n.    [I,,  decessus,  from  decedo, \o  depart; 

de  and  cedo,  to  withdraw  ;  Fr.  decfs.] 

Literally,  departure ;  hence,  departure  from  this 

life  ;  death  ;  applied  to  human  beings  only. 

Miwes  an.I  F.ii-u,  who  apncnrni  in  fflory,  and  spoke  of  hU  d*. 
crui,  wlucli  he  JioulJ  .acconipliih  at  Jenibilem.  —  Luke  ix. 

DE-CkASE',  r.  i.  To  depart  from  this  life  ;  to  die. 
General  Washington  deceased,  December  14,  1799,  in 
the  ti8tii  year  of  his  age. 


DE-CkAS'KD,  (de-seest',)  pp.  or  a.  Departed  Irom 
life.  This  is  used  as  a  passive  participle.  He  it  de- 
ceased, for  he  has  deceased  ;  he  was  tieceaseil,  for  ne 
had  tleceaseil.  This  use  of  the  participle  of  an  in- 
tmnsitive  verb  is  not  infrequent,  but  the  word  omit- 
ted is  ris'tlly  has.  He  has  deceased.  It  is  properly 
an  adjective,  like  dead. 

DE-CIC.A.'^'IXG,  ppr.    Departing  from  life  ;  dying. 

DE-tio'DENT,  n.    [L.  decedens.] 

A  deceased  ptTSon.  Laws  of  Penn. 

DE-ClcIT',  (de-scet',)  n.  [Norm,  deccut,  contracted 
from  L.  deceptio.    See  Deceive.] 

1.  Literally,  a  catching  or  insnaring ;  hence,  the 
misleading  of  a  person  ;  the  leading  of  anoilier  per- 
son to  believe  what  is  false,  or  not  to  believe  what  is 
true,  and  thus  to  insnarc  him  ;  fraud  ;  fallacy  ;  cheat ; 
any  declanition,  artifice,  or  practice,  which  nii.'ileads 
another,  or  causes  him  to  believe  what  is  fal.se. 

My  ti|«  iih  dl  not  spealr  wickedness,  nor  my  tongue  utter  deceit. 
—  Job  xxvii. 

2.  Stratagem  ;  artifice  ;  device  intended  to  mislead, 
Tlify  imagine  deceits  all  tlie  day  long.  —  Ps,  xxxviil. 

3.  In  Scripture,  that  which  is  obtained  by  guile, 
fraud,  or  oppression. 

Th.'ir  hous  s  arc  full  of  dcrcil.  —  Jrr.  v.    Z^pli.  1. 

4.  In  law,  any  trick,  device,  craft,  collusion,  shift, 
covin,  or  underhand  practice,  used  to  defraud  an- 
other. Ctneel. 

DE-CEIT'FITL,  a.   Tending  to  mislead,  deceive,  or 
insnare  ;  as,  deceitful  words  ;  deceitful  practices. 
Favor  is  deceitful.  —  Prov.  xxxi. 
2.  Full  of  deceit ;  trickish ;  fraudulent ;  cheating ; 
as,  a  deceitful  man. 
DI",-CP.IT'FlJIy-I.Y,  orfe.     In  a  deceitful  manner; 
fraudulently  V  with  deceit;  in  a  manner  or  with  a 
view  to  deceive. 

:I  Shechrm  aoil  Uainor  his  fivtlier 


Tlie  sons  of  Jacob 

deeeit/itily.  — Gen. 

DE  CE1T'F}JL-NESS,  n.  Tendency  to  mislead  or 
deceivt; ;  as,  the  deccitfulness  of  sin. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  fraudulent ;  as,  the  deceit- 
fulness  of  a  man's  practices. 

3.  Tlie  disposition  to  tieceivc  ;  as,  a  man's  deceit- 
futnrss  mav  be  habitual. 

DE-Cf?.ri"Li;ss,  a.    Free  from  deceit.  Hull. 

DE-CEIV'.A-BLE,  a.  [See  Decei vs.]  Subject  to  de- 
ceit or  imposition  ;  cap.able  of  being  misled  or  cn- 
trappeil  ;  exposed  to  im|)oslure  ;  as,  young  persons 
are  very  deceivnble. 

2.  Subject  or  apt  to  produce  error  or  deception  ;  de- 
ceitful. 

Fair  promises  often  prove  deceioabte.       ^fiUon.  Hayicard. 
[  The  latter  ttse  of  the  word  is  incorrect,  and,  I  beliece, 
not  HOW  prevalent.] 
DE-Cl".I  V'A-BMv.NESS,  n.  Liablencss  to  be  deceived. 
2.  Liableness  to  deceive. 
With  all  dectieaUencMt  of  uiirtghtcoiuiiess.  — 2  Thrss.  ii. 
DE-Cf.IV'A-BLV,  adv.    In  a  deceivable  manner. 


DE-CeI  VE',  (de-siive',)  p.  t.  [L.  rfccipio,  to  lake  aside, 
to  insnare;  de  and  capia  ;  Ft.dccecoir;  Arm.  dccevL 
Set!  Cai"ahle.] 


1.  To  mislead  the  mind  ;  to  cause  to  err ;  to  cau.se 
to  believe  what  is  false,  or  disbidieve  what  is  true  ; 
to  impose  on  ;  to  delude. 

Tak.-  h«^!d  lint  no  man  iteceioe  you.  —  Malt.  xxiv. 

If  we  say  we  have  uo  sin,  wc  deceive  ouniclV'--s.  —  1  John  i. 

2.  To  beguile ;  to  cheat. 

Your  faUier  hatli  rleceioed  me,  and  chansped  my  wagrs  ten 
times.  —  Gen.  xxxi. 

3.  To  cut  off  from  expectatiiui ;  to  frustrate  or  dis- 
a|>|ioiiit  ;  as,  his  hopes  were  deceived.  Dryden. 

4.  To  take  from ;  to  rob. 

Plant  frii!l-m-rs  in  larffe  Uirlers,  anil  m-t  llieirin  fine  Bowers, 
hut  thill  and  Bp:uiiigly,  lest  Uiry  r/eceiee  the  \rera.  {The 
literal  sense,  biu  not  nois  used.]  Bacun. 

DE-Cl~:IV'KD,  (de-seevd',)  pp.  or  a.    Misled;  led  into 

error;  beguiled;  cheated;  deluded. 
DE-CkIV'ER,  II.    One  who  deceives  ;  one  who  leads 

into  error ;  a  cheat ;  an  impostor. 

I  shall  sci-m  to  my  father  as  a  deceioer.  —  Gen.  xxvii. 

DE  CEIVING,  ppr.  Misleading;  insnaring;  beguil- 
ing ;  cheating. 

DE-l'EM'liER,  n.  [L.  December,fmm  decern,  ten  ;  this 
being  the  tenth  mimtli  among  the  early  Romans,  who 
beg;tn  the  year  in  March.] 

The  la.st  month  in  the  year,  in  which  the  sun  en- 
ters the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  and  makes  the  winter 
solstice. 

DE-CE.M-DEN'TATE,  a.  [L.  decern,  ten,  and  denta- 
tus,  toothed.] 

Havinc  ten  points  or  tertli. 
DE-CE.M'FIl),  a.    [I...  decern,  ten,  and  /do.  to  divide.] 
Ten-cleft ;  divided  into  ten  parts ;  having  ten  di- 
visions. Martyn. 
DE-CE.M-LOG't^I,AR,  a.    [L.  decern,  ten,  and  loculua, 
a  little  hag  or  cell.] 

Having  ten  cells  for  seeds.  .Martyn- 
DE-CEM'PE-DAI.,  a.    [L.  dcnrni.  ten,  and  pes,  a  fooC) 
Ten  feet  in  length. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  yXlTE   -AN"GEH,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


39 


DEC 


DEC 


1)E-CEM'V1R,  71. ;  pt.  Decemviri  or  Decemvirs.]  [L. 

aeciitj  ten,  auil  vir,  a  man.] 
One  of  ten  magistrates,  who  liad  absolute  autlior- 

i  v  in  ancient  Kome. 
DF  Ci;.M' Vl-IIAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  decemvirs  in 

Unnie.  Encyc. 
DE-CKM'VI-RaTE,  n.    [L.  decemviralus.    See  De- 

CKMVIR.J 

1.  Tlie  office  or  term  of  office  of  tlie  decemvirs,  or 
ten  magistrates,  in  Kome,  vvliohad  absolute  authority 
fcr  two  years. 

2.  A  body  of  ten  men  in  authority. 
Dk'CEN-CY,  71.    [Fx.decence;  L.  decentia,  from  dccens, 

decco^  to  be  fit  or  becoming  ;  Sp.  decencia  ;  It.  dccenza. 
The  L.  dece.o  coincides  in  elements  with  the  G.  tau- 
ffciiy  to  be  good,  or  fit  for;  D.  deugen,  to  be  good  or 
virtuous ;  Sax.  dugan,  to  avail,  to  be  strong,  to  be 
worth  ;  duiriuk,  virtue,  valor  ;  dohtig,  doughty  ; 
doliter,  dauihter  ;  VV.  tijgiaw,  to  prosper  ;  to  befit ;  to 
succeed.  The  Teutonic  and  Welsh  words  have,  for 
their  radical  sense,  to  advance  or  proceed,  to  stretch 
forward.  In  Welsh,  also,  teg  signifies  clear,  fair, 
smooth,  beautiful ;  tegu,  to  make  smooth,  fair,  beauti- 
ful, which  would  seem  to  be  allied  to  dcceo,  whence 
dectLS,  decaru.    See  Class  Dg,  No.  18,  25.] 

1.  That  which  is  fit,  suitable,  or  becoming,  in 
words  or  behavior ;  propriety  of  form  in  social  in- 
tercourse, in  actions,  or  discourse;  proper  formality; 
becoming  ceremony.  It  has  a  sjiecial  reference  to 
behavior;  as,  rfecPHci/ of  conduct ;  riccciici/ of  worship 
But  it  is  used,  also,  in  reference  to  speech ;  as,  be 
discoursed  with  decency. 

Tlios?  thousand  decencies^  that  daily  flow 

Frum  all  U'-T  words  and  actions.  Millhn. 

2.  Suitableness  to  character  ;  propriety. 

3.  Propriety  in  speech  ;  modesty ;  opposed  to  rib- 
aldry, or  obscenity. 

Want  o{  decency  is  want  of  sense.  Pope. 
It  may  be  also  used  for  propriety  of  speech,  op- 
posed to  rudeness,  or  disrespectful  language  ;  and  for 
'propriety  in  tiress,  opposed  to  raggediiess,  exposure  of 
nakedness,  filthiness,  &c. 
DE-CEi\''NA-RY,  n.     [L.  deccjinis,  decennium,  from 
decern.,  ten,  and  annnSj  a  year.] 

1.  A  period  of  ten  years. 

2.  A  tithing  consisting  of  ten  freeholders  and  their 
families.  Blackstone. 

DE-C'EN'NI-AL,  a.    [L.  decemialis,  as  above.] 

Continuing  for  ten  years  ;  consisting  of  ten  years ; 
or  happening  eveiy  ten  years ;  as,  a  decennial  period  ; 
decennial  games. 
DE-CE.\'i\'0-VAL,      la.    [L.  rfccein,  ten,  and  jioym, 
DE-C1;N'N0-V.A.-RY,  (  nine.] 

Pertaining  to  the  number  nineteen  ;  designating  a 
period  or  circle  of  nineteen  years.    [iit^Ze  itscrf.] 

Holder, 

Dk'CENT,  a.    [h.  decens ;  Ft.  decent.    See  Decency.] 

1.  Becoming  ;  fit ;  suitable,  in  words,  behavior, 
dress,  and  ceremony  ;  as,  decent  language  ;  decent 
conduct  or  actions  ;  decent  ornaments  or  dress. 

2.  Comely ;  not  gaudy  or  ostentatious. 

A  saljle  style  of  Cypnis  lawn, 

O'er  the  decent  shoulders  drawn.  MilUin. 

3.  Not  immodest. 

4.  In  popular  language^  moderate,  but  competent ; 
not  large  ;  as,  a  decent  fortune.  So  a  decent  person 
is  one  not  highly  accomplished  nor  offensively  rude. 

De'CENT-LY,  ade.    In  a  decent  or  becoming  man- 
ner;  with  propriety  of  behavior  or  speech. 
2.  Without  immodesty. 

P;u*t  hops  of  safely,  'twils  his  latest  care, 

Like  liiiling  Caaiar,  decenlli/  to  die.  Dryden. 

Df.'CENT-NESS,  71.  Decency. 

DE-CEP-TI-BILT-TY,  77.  The  quality  or  state  of  be- 
ing capable  or  liable  to  be  deceived.  Glanville. 

DE  CEP''I'I-H1>E,  a.    'I'hat  may  be  deceived.  Brown. 

DE-CEP'TION,  (de-sep'shun,)  n.  [L.  deceptio,  from 
dccipio.    See  Deceive.] 

1.  The  act  of  deceiving  or  misleading. 

All  deception  ia  a  iiiuapplic^ilion  of  liic  cstahlishcd  si^s  ns^d  to 
coiniiiutiicate  thouglits.  Anon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  deceived  or  misled.  Incau- 
tious and  inexperienced  youth  is  peculiarly  exposed 
to  drcrption. 

•t.  Artifice  practiced  ;  cheat ;  as,  a  scheme  is  all  a 
deception. 

DE-CEP'TIOtJS,  (dc-sep'shns,)  a.  Tending  to  de- 
ceive :  deceitful.  Sllutl. 

DE-CEP''1'I  VE,  «.  Tending  to  deceive;  havingpower 
to  iiiisli-ad,  or  impress  faNe  opinions  ;  as,  a  decejdioe 
couiitfiiance  or  appearance. 

DE CEP'TI  VE-LY,  n//ii.    In  a  manner  to  deceive. 

DE-<JEP'TIVE  NE.SS,  71.  'J'hc  power  of  deceiving  ; 
the  li  iidency  or  uptiieKs  to  deceive. 

UE  (;EP'T()-KY,  a.  Tending  to  deceive ;  containing 
(pialiti'r^  or  ine'ans  adapteil  to  mislead. 

DE CKR.N',  V.  t.    I  L.  dcci-rno.] 
'I'o  jridg7r.    (Aot  171  njte.] 

I)l',-CEI!\'/;r»,  ;<p.    Judged;  estimated. 

DE-Ci:!t,N''l.\(;, /i/TT.    Judging;  estimating. 

DE cnitPJ"',  a.     (  I,,  drrerplne.] 
<>ro|)|>ed.    [A'lit  u^ied.] 


DE-CERP'TI-BLE,a.  That  may  be  plucked  or  taken 
off. 

DE-CERP'TION,  n.  [L.  dccerpo,  to  pluck  off;  dc  and 
carpo.] 

A  pulling     plucking  off ;  a  cropping.  Olanville. 
DE-CER-TA'TION,  71.    [L.  dcccrtatio ;  de  and  certo,  to 
strive.] 

Strife  ;  contest  for  mastery.    [Little  used.']  Brown. 
DE-CES'SION,  (de-sesh'un,)  71.     [L.  dccessio  ;  de  and 
cedo,  to  pass.] 

Departure.    [Little  used.] 
DE-CI1XK.M',  r.  t.    [Fr.  decliarmer.    See  Charm.] 

To  remove  aspell  or  enchantment;  to  disenchant. 
DE-CHXRM'KD,  pp.    Disenchanted.  [IlarveT/. 
DE-CII.^IlAriXG,  ppr.    Removing  a  spell. 
D^;-CHRIS'TIAN-IZE,  r.  (.     [rfe  and  Christianize.] 
To  turn  from  Christianity ;  to  banish  Christian  be- 
lief and  principles  from.  J.  P.  Smith. 
DE-eHRIS'TIAN-IZ-£D,  (-krist'yan-izd,)/);;.  Turned 

from  Christianity. 
DE-CURIS'TI  AN-IZ-ING,  ;i;>r.    Turning  from  Chris- 
tianity. 

DE-ClD'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  decided.  Jones. 
DE-CIDE',  V.  t.    [L.  decide ;  de  and  caido,  to  strike,  to 
cut.] 

Literally,  to  cut  off,  and  thus  to  end.  Hence, 

1.  To  end  ;  to  determine,  as  a  controversy,  by  ver- 
dict of  a  jury,  or  by  a  juilgment  of  court.  We  say, 
the  court  or  the  jury  decided  the  cause  in  favor  of  the 
plaintiff,  or  of  the  defendant. 

2.  To  end  or  determine,  as  a  dispute  or  quarrel. 

3.  To  end  or  determine  a  combat  or  battle  ;  as,  a 
body  of  reserve,  brought  to  the  charge,  decided  the 
contest. 

4.  To  determine  ;  to  fix  the  event  of.  The  fate  of 
the  bill  is  decided. 

5.  In  general,  to  end  ;  to  terminate. 
DEtCiDE',  v.  i.    To  determine  ;   to  form  a  definite 

opinion  ;  to  come  to  a  conclusion.    We  can  not  de- 
cide how  far  resistance  is  lawful  or  practicable.  The 
court  decided  in  favor  of  the  defendant. 
DE-(;II>'ED,  pp.     Determined;  ended;  concluded. 
DE-€iD'ED,  a.     That  implies  decision;  clear;  un- 
equivocal ;  that  puts  an  end  to  doubt. 

1  find  much  cuise  to  reproach  myself  that  I  have  lived  so  long, 
and  have  given  no  decided  and  nnlilic  proofs  of  my  being  a 
Christian.  P.  flenry,  Wirt'e  Sketches. 

2.  Resolute  ;  determined. 
DE-CiD'ED-LY,  adv.     Ill  a  decided  or  determined 
manner  ;  clearly  ;  indisjiutably  ;  in  a  manner  to  pre- 
DE-CI'DENCE,  71.    [L.  decidens.]  [elude  doubt. 

A  falling  off.    [ JVoi  171  iisf . ]  Brown. 
DE-CiD'ER,  71.     One  who  determines  a  cause  or  con- 
test. 

DE-CID'ING,  ppr.  Determining ;  ending ;  conc.uding. 
DE-CID'll-OUS,  a.    [L.  dcciduus,  decido  ;  dc  and  cado, 
to  fall.] 

Falling;  having  but  a  temporary  existence,  as  in 
animals,  certain  kinds  of  hair,  horns,  and  teeth,  are 
deciduous ;  not  perennial  or  permanent.  In  botany,  a 
deciduous  leaf  is  one  which  falls  in  autumn  ;  a  decid- 
uotis  calyx  is  that  which  falls  along  with  the  corol 
and  stamens;  distinguished  from  permaitcni.  Jilartyn. 
DE-CID'lI-OUS-NESS,  71.  The  tpiality  of  falling  once 
a  year. 

DEC'l-GRAM,        )  71.  A  French  weight  of  one  tenth 

DKC'i  ajt^MMK,  i     of  a  gramme. 

DE'CIL,  77.  An  aspect  or  position  of  two  planets, 
when  they  are  distant  from  each  other  a  tenth  part 
of  the  zodiac.    [Olisolcte.]  Encyc. 

DE-CIL'I-TER,  I  71.    A  French  measure  of  capacity 

DEC I  IJ-TRE,  \     equal  to  one  tenth  of  a  lUre. 

DE-CIEL'ION,  (de-sil'yun,)  n.  According  to  the  Eng- 
lish notation,  a  mWWon  involved  to  the  tenth  power, 
or  a  unit  with  sixty  ciphers  annexed  ;  according  to 
the  French  notation,  a  thousand  involved  to  the  elev- 
enth power,  or  a  unit  with  thirty-three  ciphers  an- 
nexed. 

DE-CILL'IONTH,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  deciilion. 
DEC'l-iM.\L,  a.    [L.  rfeciwiii.?,  tenth,  from  i/cccm,  ten  ; 
Gr.  icKa  ;  Goth,  tig,  ten,  Sax.  a  tie.] 

1.  Numbered  by  ten  ;  as,  (/ecimfl!  progression.  Locke. 

2.  Increasing  or  diminishing  by  tens;  as,  decimal 
numbers ;  decimal  fractions. 

3.  Tenth  ;  as,  a  decinuil  part. 

necimal  arithmetic,  is  that  in  which  we  count  tens. 
DEC'l-MAIi,  71.    A  tenth  ;  a  fraction  having  some 

power  of  ten  for  its  denominator. 
DEC'l-.MAE-EY,a(/i).  By  tens;  by  means  of  decimals. 
DEC'l-MATE,  V.  t.    [L.  dccimo,  from  decern,  ten.] 

1.  'I'o  tithe;  to  lake  the  tenth  part. 

2.  To  selert  by  lot  and  jiiinish  with  death  every 
tenth  man  ;  a  practice  in  armies  for  punishing  iiiu- 
tiiioiis  or  unfaithful  troops. 

3.  'J'o  take  ('Very  tenth.  Mitford. 
DEC'I-.MA-TICI),  pp.    Tithed  ;  taken  by  lots. 
DEC-I-MA-TIN(!,   ppr.     Tithing;    selecting  every 

tenth. 

DEC-l-SIA'TIO.\,  71  A  tithing;  a  selection  of  every 
tenth  by  lot. 

2.  The  selecling  by  lot  for  punishment  every  tenth 
man  in  a  company  or  regiment, &c. 
I)E(;'I-M A-TOR,  71.     One  who  selects  every  tenth 
man  for  punishnienl.  South. 


DE-CI.M'E-TER,  j  71.    A  French  measure  of  length 
DEC'I-MF.-THE,  \     equal  to  the  tenth  part  of  a  me- 
ter, or  3  inches  and  33710  decimals. 
DEC'IM-O-SEX'TO,  71.     [L.]    A  book  is  in  decimo- 
serto,  when  a  sheet  is  folded  into  sixteen  leaves. 

Taylor. 

DE-CI'PIIER,  (-si'fer,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  dechiffrer;  de  and 
chijfre,  a  cipher  ;  It.  deciferare  ;  Sp.  dcscifrar  ;  Port. 
dccifrar.    See  Cipher.] 

1.  To  find  the  alphabet  of  a  cipher ;  to  explain 
what  is  written  in  ciphers,  by  finding  what  letter 
each  character  or  mark  represents  ;  as,  to  decipher  a 
letter  written  in  ciphers. 

2.  To  unfold  ;  to  unravel  what  is  intricate  ;  to  ex- 
plain wh.at  is  obscure  or  difiicult  to  be  understood  ; 
as,  to  decipher  an  ambiguous  speech,  or  an  ancient 
manuscript  or  inscription. 

3.  To  write  out ;  to  mark  down  'ji  characters. 

Locke. 

[This  tLse  is  now  uncommon,  and  perhaps  improper.] 

4.  To  stamp;  to  mark;  to  characterize.  [Unu- 
sual.] S/tak. 

DE-Cl'PIIER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  deciphered,  or 
interpreted. 

DE-CrPllER-£D,pp.  Explained  ;  unraveled  ;  marked. 

DE-Cl'PHER-ER,  71.  One  who  explains  what  is 
written  in  ciphers. 

DE-Cl'PHER-ING,  ppr.  Explaining  ;  detecting  the 
letters  represented  by  ciphers  ;  unfolding;  marking. 
2.  JI.  The  act  of  explaining  or  unfolding. 

DE-CIS'ION,  (de-sizh'un,)  n.  [L.  decisio.  See  De- 
cide.] 

1.  Determination,  as  of  a  question  or  doubt;  final 
judgment  or  opinion,  in  a  case  which  has  been  under 
deliberation  or  discussion  ;  as,  the  decision  of  the  Su- 
jireme  Court.  He  has  considered  the  circumstances 
of  the  case  and  come  to  a  decision. 

2.  Determination  of  a  contest  or  event;  end  of  a 
struggle  ;  as,  the  decision  of  a  battle  by  arms. 

3.  In  Scotland,  a  narrative  or  report  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Court  of  Sessions.  Johnson. 

4.  Report  of  the  opinions  and  determinations  of 
any  triliunal.  We  say,  read  the  decisions  of  the 
Court  of  King's  Bench. 

5.  Act  of  separat'^n  ;  division.    [A^ot  used.] 

6.  Unwavering  firmness. 

DE-CI'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  or  quality  of  de- 
termining a  question,  doubt,  or  any  subject  of  delib- 
eration ;  final ;  conclusive  ;  putting  an  end  to  cim- 
troversy  ;  as,  the  opinion  of  the  court  is  decisice  of 
the  question. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  determining  a  contest  or 
event ;  as,  the  victory  of  the  allies  was  decisive. 

DE-CI'SIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  conclusive  manner  ;  in  a 
manner  to  end  deliberation,  controversy,  doubt,  or 
contest.  C'hcsterjirld. 

DE-CI'SIVE-NESS,  71.  The  power  of  an  argument  or 
of  evidence  to  terminate  a  difference  or  doubt ;  con- 
clusiveness. 

2.  The  power  01  an  event  to  i)iit  aJi  end  to  a  con- 
test^ 

DE-CI'SO-RY,  a.    Able  to  decide  or  determine. 

Shencond. 

DECK,  1).  t.  [D.  dekken  ;  G.  decken  ;  Sw.  tackia  ;  Dan. 
tdikker ;  Sax.  gedecan,  and  thecan,  and  t/ieccan  ;  L. 
tego,  to  cover,  whence  tectum,  a  roof,  Fr.  toil.  The 
Gr.  has  rcj  os,  a  roof,  but  the  verb  has  a  prefix,  orfi  w, 
to  cover.  Hence,  L.  tegula,  a  tile,  'i'he  Ir.  teach,  a 
house,  contracted  in  Welsh  to  (;/,  may  be  of  the  same 
family.  In  Ger.  dach  is  a  roof,  and  thatch  may  be  also 
of  this  family.  Class  Dg,  No.  2, 3,  10.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  put  on,  to  throw  over,  or  to  press  and 
make  close.] 

1.  Primarily,  to  cover  ;  to  overspread  ;  to  put  on. 
Hence, 

2.  To  clothe ;  to  dress  the  person  ;  but  usually,  to 
cloUie  witli  more  than  ordinary  elegance  ;  to  array  ; 
to  adorn  ;  to  embellish. 

The  itew  wilh  spangles  decked  the  ground.  Dryden. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  deck,  as  a  vessel. 

DECK,  71.  The  covering  of  a  ship,  which  constitutes 
a  floor,  made  of  timbers  and  planks.  Small  vessels 
have  only  one  deck  ;  larger  ships  have  two  or  three 
ducks.  A  flush  deck  is  a  continued  floor  from  stem  to 
stern,  on  one  line. 
2.  A  pack  of  cards  piled  regularly  on  each  other. 

GrflP. 

DECK'A'D,  (dekt,)  pp.  Covered  ;  adorned  ;  furnished 
with  a  deck. 

DECK'ER,  71.    One  who  decks  or  adorns;  acoverer; 

ns,  a  tahtr-decher. 

2.  Of  a  ship,  we  say,  she  is  a  two-decker  or  a  threb- 

decker:  that  is,  she  has  two  decks  or  three  decks. 
nE('K'li\G,  ppr.    Covering;  arraying;  ailorning. 
DECK'iNC!,  71.    Ornament  ;  embellishment.  Homilies. 
DE-CLAIM',  I'.  1.    [E. '/rr/fii7ii7 ;  dc  and  clamo,to  cry 

out.    Sec  Claim  and  (-'i.amub.] 

1.  To  speak  a  set  oratiim  in  public  ;  to  speak  rhe- 
torically ;  to  make  a  formal  speech  or  oration  ;  as, 
the  students  declaim  twice  a  week. 

2.  To  liarangui' ;  to  speak  loudly  or  earnestly,  to  a 
public  body  or  iissenibly,  with  a  view  o  convince 
their  minils  or  move  their  passions. 


PATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRBV.  —  PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. — 


DEC 


DEC 


DEC 


1 


DE-GLAIM',  V.  t.    To  spciik  in  public. 

Q.  To  spfak  in  favorof ;  to  atlviiciile.  [J^'ot  in  u,<r.] 
DE-ei<Al.M'A.\T,  I  n.    One  who  lU-clainw  ;  a  speaker 
UE-CI.Al.M'ER,    (     in  public  ;  one  who  attempts  to 
convince  by  an  harangue. 

2.  One  who  speaks  clamorously. 
DE-CL.Al.M'lNG,  ppr.     Speaking  rhetorically;  ha- 
ranmimg. 

UE-eL.II.M'ING,  II.    The  act  of  speaking  in  public. 

2.  An  harangue.  Bp.  Taylor. 
DEC-LA  .M.^'T[ON,  7i.    [L.  declamath.] 

1.  .\  speech  made  in  public,  in  the  tone  and  man- 
ner of  an  oration  ;  a  discourse  addressed  to  the  pas- 
sions ;  a  set  s|)eecli ;  an  harangue.  The  word  is  ai>- 
plied  especially  to  the  public  spt-aking  and  speeches 
of  students  in  colleges,  practic?d  for  exercises  in 
oratory.  It  is  applied  also  to  piiblic  speaking  in  the 
legislature  and  in  the  pulpit.  Very  often  it  is  used 
for  a  noisy  haningue,  without  solid  sen<c  or  argu- 
ment ;  as^  mere  declamation  ;  nitptij  tlcclamotion. 

3.  A  piece  spoken  in  public,  or  intended  for  the 
public. 

DEG'L.V-.M.A-TOR,  n.    A  declaimer.    [JVut  used.] 

Tuylor 

DE-CLAM'A-TO-RY,  a.    [L.  dfchmatorius.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  practice  of  di  claiming ;  per- 
taining to  declamation  ;  treated  in  the  manner  of  a 
rhetorician  ;  as,  a  declamatorij  theme.  tVoUon. 

2.  Appealing  to  the  passions  ;  noisy  ;  rhetorical 
without  solid  sense  or  argument ;  as,  a  declamatory 
way  or  style. 

DE-eL.AR'A-BLE,  a.    [Sec  Declabe.]    That  may  be 

declari'd  or  proved. 
nK-Cl..\U'A.\  T.  H.    One  who  declares. 
DEe  i.A-R.^'TIO.N,  n.    [I.,  dcelaralio.] 

1.  .\n  alRrmation  ;  an  ojien  expression  of  facts  or 
opinions  ;  verbal  uttennce  ;  as,  Ui-  declared  his  sen- 
timents, and  I  rely  on  his  declaration. 

2.  Expression  of  facts,  opinions,  promises,  pre- 
dictions, &c.,  in  writings  ;  records  or  reports  of  what 
has  been  declared  or  uttered.  The  Scriptures 
abounil  in  declarations  of  mercy  to  penitent  sinners. 

3.  I'liblication  ;  manifestation  ;  as,  the  declaration 
of  the  greatness  of  Mordecai.    F.stli.  x. 

4.  A  public  annunciation  ;  proclamation  ;  as,  the 
declaration  of  independence,  July  4,  1776. 

5.  In  iau>,  that  part  of  the  process  or  pleadings  in 
which  the  plainlilf  sets  forth  at  large  Ills  cause  of 
complaint  ;  the  narration  or  count. 

DE-eL.\R'.\-TIVE.  n.    Making  declaration  ;  explan- 
.  atory  ;  making  show  or  manifestation  ;  as,  the  name 
of  a  thing  may  be  declaratice  of  its  form  or  nature. 
2.  Making  pnH'lam.ition,  or  publication.  [Grew. 
DE-CLAR'.\-TO-RI-LY,  ado.    By  declaration  or  exhi- 
bition. 

DE-eLAR'A-TO-RY,  a.  Making  declaration,  clear 
manifestation,  or  exhibition;  expressive ;  as,  this 
clause  is  declaratory  of -the  will  of  the  legislature. 
The  declaratory  part  of  a  law,  is  that  which  set.s 
forth  and  defines  what  is  right  and  what  is  wrong. 
A  declaratory  act,  is  an  act  or  statute  which  sets 
forth  more  clearly  and  explains  the  intention  of  the 
legislature  in  a  former  act, 

DE  CL.XRE',  V.  t.  [L.  declaro;  de  and  claro,  to  make 
clear ;  Ir.  glnair,  or  gleair ;  VV.  eolur,  clear,  bright  ; 
eirlnraie,  to  make  clear  or  plain,  to  manifest,  to  ex- 
plain ;  Fr.  declarer  :  Sp.  decUirar  ;  It.  dichiarare.  (See 
Clear  and  Glort.)  The  sense  is  tu  open,  to  sepa- 
rate, or  to  spread.] 

1.  To  clear ;  to  free  from  obscurity  ;  to  make  plain. 

Boyle. 

r/n  this  literal  sense,  the  word  is  no  longer  in  u.<«.J 

2.  To  make  known  ;  to  tell  explicitly  ;  to  manifest 
or  communicate  plainly  to  others  by  words. 

1  will  dtclnrt  what  he  h-Mh  done  for  my  ioul.  —  Pi.  Ixri. 

3.  To  make  known  ;  to  show  to  the  eye  or  to  the 
understanding ;  to  exhibit ;  to  manifest  by  other 
means  tlian  words. 

The  hf-.ivi?n»  dtclart      %\ory  of  God.  —  P«.  xix, 

4.  To  publish  ;  to  proclaim. 

Dtclnrt  \iu  ylory  nmoiij  thr  hr:ah«*n. —  1  Chnin.  rri. 
Dtciaring  Ihe  coiiveraiuii  ul  ihc  Gentiles.  —  Acu  xv. 

5.  To  assert ;  to  alfinn  ;  as,  he  declares  the  story 
to  be  false. 

To  declare  one's  self:  to  throw  off  respr\'e  and 
avow  one's  opinion ;  to  show  openly  what  one 
thinks,  or  which  side  he  espouses. 
DE-CI<ARE',  c.  i.  To  make  a  declaration  ;  to  pro- 
claim or  avow  some  opinimi  or  resolution  in  favor  or 
in  opposition  ;  to  make  known  explicitly  some  de- 
termination ;  With  for  or  against ;  as,  the  prince  de- 
clared for  the  allies ;  the  allied  powers  declared 
agaiiut  France. 

Lilc  r.iwnin;  coiini^n,  toTKwxem  Ihry  wiiit ; 

And  then  coiiir  ■milinj,  and  dtclart  jot  fAte.  Dryden. 

2.  In  fain,  to  recite  the  causes  of  complaint  against 
the  defendant;  as,^he  plaintitT  i/M^arM  in  debt  or 
trespa.sH. 

,1.  To  show  or  manifest  the  issue  or  event ;  to  de- 
cide in  favorof;  as,  victory  had  not  declared  for 
either  party. 

DE  CLAIl'i;i),pp.  or  o.  Made  known  ;  told  explicitly  ; 


avowed  ;  exhibited  ;  manifested  ;  published  ;  pro- 
claimed ;  recited. 

OK-ei.AR'f.ii-l.Y,  adv.    .\vowedlv  ;  exiiliritly. 

DE-eLAK'El)-NESS,  «.    ftalc  of  being  dei;lared. 

DE-CI,Altl'.'.ME.\T,  n.  Declaration. 

DE-CLAR'Ell,  n.  One  who  makes  known  or  pub- 
lishes :  that  which  exhibits. 

DE-eLAR'ING,  ppr.  Making  known  by  words  or  by 
other  miians ;  manifesting;  publishing;  alhrniing; 
reciting  the  cause  of  complaint. 

DE-Gl.AR'I.NG,  B.    Declaration;  proclamation. 

DE-(,'LEM'SION,  n.  [L.  dcclinatio,  from  decline.  See 
Decline.] 

1.  /.itrrallij,  a  leaning  back  or  down  ;  hence,  a 
falling  or  declining  toward  a  worse  state  ;  a  tendency 
toward  a  less  degree  of  excellence  or  perflation. 
The  dcdriision  of  a  state  is  manifested  by  corruption 
of  mor.'ils.  \Vc  speak  of  tlie  declension  of  virtue,  of 
manners,  of  taste,  of  the  sciences,  of  the  fine  arts, 
and  sometimes  of  life  or  years  ;  but  in  the  latter  ap- 
plication, decline  is  more  generally  used. 

2.  Declination;  a  declining;  descent;  slope;  as, 
the  declension  of  the  shore  towaril  the  sea.  Burnet. 

3.  In  grammar,  inllection  of  nouns,  adjectives, 
and  pronouns  ;  the  declining,  deviation,  or  leaning 
of  the  termination  of  a  word  from  the  termination  of 
the  nominative  case  ;  change  of  termination  to  form 
the  obliipie  cases.  Thus  from  rei  in  tlie  nominative 
case,  arc  formed  regis  in  the  genitive,  regi  in  the 
dative,  regem  in  the  accusative,  and  rege  in  the 
ablative. 

DE-eLI.\'A-nLR,  a.  Tiiat  may  bo  declined  ;  chang- 
ing its  termination  in  the  oblitpie  cases  ;  as,  a  declina- 

DEC'I.I  NATE,  a.    [U  drclinatus.]  [Wc  noun. 

In  bulimy,  bending  or  bent  downward,  in  a  curve  ; 
tleclinini:.  Martyn. 

DKe-LI-.\  A'TIO.V,  n.  .\  leaning ;  the  .act  of  bending 
down  ;  as,  a  declination  of  Ihe  head. 

2.  A  declining  or  falling  into  a  worse  st.ate  ;  change 
from  a  better  to  a  worse  condition  ;  decay  ;  deleritira- 
tion ;  gradual  failure  or  diminution  of  strength, 
soundness,  vigor,  or  excellence. 

3.  .\  deviation  from  a  right  line,  in  a  literal  sense  ; 
oblit^ue  motion  ;  as,  tiie  declination  of  a  descending 
body.  Bcntlcy. 

4.  Deviation  from  rectitude  in  behavior  or  morals  ; 
obliquity  of  conduct;  ;is,  a  dcclinalion  from  the  path 
of  integrity. 

5.  In  astronomy,  the  distance  of  any  object  from 
the  celestial  equator,  either  northward  or  southward. 

D.  Olm-slcd. 

6.  Declination  of  the,  eompns*.  or  needle,  is  Ihe  varia- 
tion of  the  needle  from  the  true  meridian  of  a  place. 

BarUun. 

7.  In  dialing,  the  declination  of  a  wall  or  plane, 
is  an  arch  of  the  \\m\/.un,  contained  between  the 
plane  and  the  prime  vertical  circlt:,  if  reckoned  from 
the  east  or  west,  or  between  the  meridian  anil  the 
plane,  if  you  reckon  from  the  northor  south.  Barlom. 

8.  In  grammar,  decleiisitm  ;  or  the  iiiHection  of  a 
noun  through  its  various  terminations.  Johnsem. 

DEG-I.I-NA'TOR,  71.  .\n  instrument  for  taking  the 
declination,  or  inclination  of  a  reclining  plane ;  an 
instrument  in  dialing.  Barloto. 

DE-eM.\'A-T()-RY,  a.  Declinatory  plea;  in  law,  a 
plea  before  trial  or  conviction,  intended  to  show  that 
the  party  was  not  liable  to  the  penalty  of  the  law, 
or  wiis  specially  exempted  from  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  court.  The  plea  of  benefit  of  clergy  is  a  declina- 
tortt  plea.  Blackstone. 

DE-eUN'A  TtlRE  n.  A  declining.  [Rare.]  G.  Combe. 

DE-CI.I\E',  V.  t.  [L.  dccltno  !  de  and  clino,  to  lean. 
See  Lean.] 

1.  To  lean  downward  ;  as,  the  head  declines  to- 
ward the  earth. 

2.  To  lean  from  a  right  line ;  to  deviate ;  in  a 
literal  sense. 

3.  To  lean  or  deviate  from  rectitude,  in  a  moral 
sense;  to  leave  the  path  of  truth  or  justice,  or  the 
course  prescribed. 

Yet  do  1  not  dtclint  from  thy  testimonies.  —  P$.  cxix.  157, 

4.  To  fall ;  to  tend  or  draw  toward  the  close  ;  as, 
Ihe  day  declines. 

5.  To  avoid  or  shun ;  to  refuse ;  not  to  comply  ; 
not  to  do;  as,  he  declined  to  take  any  part  in  the 
concern, 

6.  To  fall ;  to  fail ;  to  sink  ;  to  decay  ;  to  be  im- 
paired ;  to  tend  to  a  less  perfect  state ;  a^,  the  vigor 
of  youth  rffc/iiiM  in  age;  health  declines;  virtue  rfe- 
clmes ;  religion  declines;  national  credit  and  pros- 
perity decline  under  a  cornipt  administration. 

7.  To  sink  ;  to  diminish  ;  to  fall  in  value  ;  as,  the 
prices  of  land  and  goods  decline  at  the  close  of  a 
war. 

DE-eLI.VE',  t.  L  To  bend  downward;  to  bring 
down. 

In  melancholy  deep,  with  head  dteiintd.  Thomson. 

2.  To  bend  to  one  side ;  to  move  from  a  fixed 
point  or  right  line. 

3.  To  shun  or  avoid  ;  to  refuse  ;  not  to  engage  in  ; 
to  be  raiitioiis  not  to  do  or  interfere  ;  not  to  accept  or 
comply  with  ;  as,  he  declined  the  contest ;  he  de- 
clined the  offer ;  he  declined  the  business  or  pursuit. 


4.  To  iiillert  •  to  change  the  termination  of  a  woid 
for  forming  the  oblique  cases  ;  as,  Dominus,  Domini, 
Domino,  Doininum,  Domuie. 

DF.ei.I.NE',  n.  Literally,  a  leaning  from;  hence,  a 
falling  off;  a  tendency  to  a  worse  slate  ;  diiiiiniition 
or  decay  ;  delerionition  ;  as,  the  decline  of  life  ;  the 
decline  of  strength  ;  the  decline  u(  virtue  and  religion  ; 
the  decline  of  revenues  ;  the  decline  of  agriculture, 
commerce,  or  manufactures  ;  the  decline  of  learning. 
2.  A  gridual  decay  of  health  ;  consumption. 

DE-t'M.N'KI),  p/).    Bent  downward  or  from  ;  inllected. 

Dli-ei.I.N'l.N't;,  ppr.  or  a..  Leaning;  deviating;  fall- 
ing ;  failing  ;  decaying  ;  tending  to  a  worse  state  ; 
avoiding;  refusing;  iiitlecting. 

DEG-LI-.N'OM'E-TER,  n.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  declination  of  the  magnetic  needle. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

DE-GLIN'OUS,  0.  In  botany,  decimate  ;  bent  down- 
ward. 

DE-CLIVI-TV,  71.  [L.  declivita.1,  from  dcclivis,  slop- 
ing ;  de  ami  clirns.    See  Clifk.] 

Declination  from  a  horizontal  line  ;  descent  of 
land  ;  inclination  downward  ;  a  slope  ;  a  gradual 
descent  of  the  earth,  of  a  rock  or  other  thing; 
chiefly  used  of  the  earth,  and  opposed  to  aeclirity, 
or  ascent ;  the  same  slope,  considered  as  descending, 
being  a  declivity,  and  considered  as  ascending,  an 
acclivity. 

DF.-eLI'VOUS,      )  a.    Gradually  descending  ;  not 
DE-CLIV't-TOlTS,  i      precipitous  ;  sloping. 
DE-COCT',  I'.  (.    [i..  decoquo,  decoctum;  de  and  coquo, 
to  cook,  to  boil.] 

1.  To  prepare  by  boiling  ;  to  digest  in  hot  or  boil- 
ing water.  Bacon. 

2.  To  digest  by  the  heat  of  the  stomach  ;  to  pre- 
pare as  food  for  nourishing  the  body.  Dacies, 

3.  To  boil  in  water,  for  extracting  the  principles  or 
virtues  of  a  substance.  Bacon. 

4.  'i'o  boil  up  to  a  consistence  ;  to  invigorate.  Sliak. 
[This  verb  is  Utile  used,  and,  in  its  la^t  sense,  is  hard- 
ly proper.] 

DE-eOCT'l:D,  pp.    Prenared  by  boiling. 
DE-eoeT'l-ULE,  a.    That  may  be  boiled  or  digested. 
DE-eoe'TIO.\,  (dc-koU'shun,)  n.    [Fr  decoction;  It. 
dccozione.    Sec  DecocT.] 

1.  The  act  of  boiling  a  substance  in  water,  for  ei- 
tracting  its  virtues. 

2.  The  liquor  in  which  a  substance  has  been  boiled  ; 
water  impregnated  with  the  principles  of  any  animal 
or  vegct.ihle  substance  boiled  in  it ;  as,  a  weak  or 
a  strong  decoction  of  Peruvian  bark. 

DE-eOC  T'IVE,  a.    That  may  be  easily  decocted. 
DE-eoeT'URE,  71.    A  siihstanee  diawn  by  decoction. 
DE-eOL'LATE,  i>.  t.    [L.  dccollo.] 

To  behead.  Burke. 
DF.-COL'LA-TED,  pp.  Beheaded. 
I)E-eOL'LA-TI\G,  ppr.  Beheailiiig. 
DE-eOL-LA'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  decvllatio,  from  dccollo,  to 

behead  :  de  and  collum,  the  neck.] 
The  act  of  beheading;  the  act  of  cutting  off  tJie 

neck  of  an  animal,  and  severing  the  head  from  the 

body.    It  is  especially  used  of  St.  John  the  Baptist, 

and  of  a  painting  which  represents  his  beheading. 
DE-eOL'OR,  (-kul'lur,)  v.  t.    To  deprive  of  color  ;  to 

bleach.  Ure. 
DE-t'OL'OR-ANT,  71.    A  substanr.e  which  removes 

color,  or  bleaches. 
DE-e0L-O-RA'TIO.\,  (  kul-lur-a'shun,)  71.     [L.  de- 

Coloratio.] 

The  removal  or  absence  of  color.  Fcrrand. 

DE  eOL'Oli-l.NG,  ppr.  or  <7.    Depriving  of  color. 

DE-ei^L'OR  I/.E,  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  color. 

Dk'CO.M-PLEX,  a.  [de  and  complei.]  Compounded 
of  compli'x  ideas.  Gregory.  Locke. 

DE-eo.M-POS'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Decompiije.]  That 
may  be  decomposed  ;  capable  of  being  resolved  into 
its  constituent  elements.  Davy. 

DE-eO.M-PoSC,  r.  t.  [Fr.  decomposer  ;  de  and  C0771- 
poser,  to  compose,  from  L.  eompono,  eomposittts.] 

To  separate  the  constituent  parts  of  a  body  or  sub- 
stance ;  to  disunite  elementary  particles  combined 
by  affinity  or  chemical  attraction  ;  to  resolve  into 
oriixinal  elements. 

DE  CO.M-PoS'/:D,  pp.  or  a.  Sep,aratcd  or  resolved  into 
the  constituent  parts. 

DE-COM-PoS'l.\G,  j);ir.  Separating  into  constituent 
parts. 

DE-eoM-POS'ITE,  (de-koin-poz'it,)  a.  [L.  de  and 
cumpositus.    See  Compose.] 

Ci>mpoiind(Ul  a  second  time ;  compounded  with 
thinsis  already  composite.  Bacon. 

DE-eoM-PO-SI"TIO.\,  71.  Analysis  ;  the  art  of  sc|>- 
aniting  the  constituent  parts  of  a  com|K>unii  body  or 
substance.  Decomposition  differs  from  mechanical 
divisiim,  as  the  latter  effects  no  chanue  in  the  prop- 
erties of  the  body  divided,  whereas  the  parts  decom 
posed  have  properties  very  dirferent  from  those  ol 
the  siibsunce  itself. 

2.  .\  second  composition.  [In  this  sense,  not  now 
«.■.<•//.]  Boyle. 

Decomposition  of  forces ;  the  same  03  resolution  oj 
forces ;  which  see. 

DE-€O.M-Pt)L'.VD',r.  (.  [dennA  compound.]  To  com- 
pound a  second  ;  to  compound  or  mix  with  that 


TO.\E,  BULL,  qXITE.-A.N"GER,  VI"CIOi;S.-e  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


307 


DEC 


DEC 


DEC 


wtiich  i3  already  compound  :  to  form  by  a  second 
O'jmposiiion.  Botjlc.    Locke.  JSTewton. 

3.  To  reduce  to  simple  parts  liy  uieclianical  di- 
vision ;  to  drcompose.    [LiHle  usctl^  or  not  at  a//.] 
DK-eOM-POUND',  a.    Compound  of  things  or  words 
already  compounded  ;  com])ounded  a  second  time. 

Boyle. 

2.  A  decompound  leaf,  in  botany,  is  wlien  tlie  pri- 
mary petiole  is  so  divided  tliat  eacli  part  forms  a  com- 
pound leaf.  A  decompound  Jlnwer,  is  formed  of  com- 
pound flowers,  or  containing,  vvitliin  a  common 
calyx,  smaller  calyxes,  common  to  several  floAvers. 

Martijn, 

DE-€OM-POUND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  decom- 
pounded. 

DE-€O.M-POUND'ED,  pp.  Compounded  a  second 
time  ;  composed  of  things  already  compounded. 

T)E-CO>l-POUND'lSG,  ppr.  Compounding  a  second 
time. 

DEC'O-R.VMENT,  iu    Ornament.    [JVot  used.] 
DECO-RaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  decoro,  from  decus,  decor, 
comeliness,  grace.    See  Decency.] 

1.  To  adorn  ;  to  beautify  ;  to  embcllisli ;  used  of 
external  ornaments  or  apparel ;  as,  to  decorate  the 
person  ;  to  decorate  an  edifice  ;  to  decorate  a  lawn 
with  flowers. 

2.  To  adorn  with  internal  grace  or  beauty  ;  to  ren- 
der lovely  ;  as,  to  decorate  tile  mind  with  virtue. 

3.  To  adorn  or  beautify  with  any  thing  agreeable  ; 
to  emhellisii ;  as,  to  decorate  a  hero  with  honors,  or  a 
lady  with  arcomplisluuents. 

DEC'O-il.A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Adorned ;  beautified  ; 
embellished. 

DECO-Ra-TING,  ppr.  Adorning  ;  embellishing  ; 
rendering  beautiful  to  the  eye,  or  lovely  to  the 
mind. 

DEC-O-UA'TION,  n.  Ornament  ;  embellishment  ; 
sny  thing  added  which  renders  more  agreeable  to  the 
eve  or  to  the  intellectual  view. 

%  In  architecture,  any  thing  which  adorns  and 
••nriches  an  edifice,  as  vases,  paintings,  figures, 
festoons,  &c. 

3.  In  theaters,  the  scenes,  which  are  changed  as 
occasion  requires. 

DEC'O-RA-TIVE,  n.    Adorning  ;  suited  to  embellish. 

DEC'O-RA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  duality  of  being  deco- 
rative. 

DECO-Ra-TOR,  n.    One  who  adorns  or  embellishes. 

DE-€6'R0USorDEe'0-R0US,a.  [h.  decorus.  See 
Decencv.]  Decent  ;  suitable  to  a  character,  or  to 
tilt;  time,  place,  and  occasion  :  becoming ;  proper  ; 
befitting;  as,  .i  deairou^  speech;  decorous  behavior; 
a  decorous  dress  for  a  judge. 

UE-€o'ROUS-LV  or  DECO-ROUS-LY,  ado.  In  a 
bfroniiug  manner. 

DE  CO'KUL  S  NKSS  or  DECO-ROUS-NESS,  n.  De- 
cency or -(iriiiii  il  ly  of  behavior. 

DE-C(  )II'T1-CaTE,  v.  u  [L.  dccortico  ;  dc  and  cortez, 
bark.] 

To  strip  ofl'  bark  ;  to  peel ;  to  husk  ;  to  take  off 
the  exterior  coat ;  as,  to  decorticate  barley. 

.^'^rbuthnot. 

DE-€0R'TI-€-A-TED,  pp.  Stripped  of  bark  ;  peeled  ; 
husked. 

DE-eOR'TI-CA-TINC,  ppr.    Stripping  off  bark  or  the 

external  coat ;  peeling. 
DE-eOR-TI-CA'TION,'  n.    The  act  of  stripping  off 

bark  or  husk. 
DE-€o'RUiM,  «.    [L.  from  rfcceo,  to  become.    See  De- 

CENCy,] 

1.  Propriety  of  speech  or  behavior;  grace  arising 
from  suitahlencRS  of  speech  and  behavior,  U>  one's 
own  character,  and  to  the  characters  present,  or  to 
the  place  and  occasion  ;  seemliness ;  decency ;  op- 
posed to  rudeness,  licentiousness,  or  levity.  To 
speak  and  behave  with  decorum  is  essential  to  good 
breeding. 

2.  In  architecture,  the  suitableness  of  a  building, 
and  of  its  parts  and  ornaments,  to  its  place  and 
ti.ses. 

DE-eOY',  V.  t.  [D.  Iiooi,  a  cabin,  berth,  bed,  fold, 
cage,  decoy  ;  Icooijen,  to  lie,  to  bed.] 

'I'd  lead  or  lure  by  artifice  into  a  snare,  with  a 
view  to  catch  ;  to  draw  into  any  situation  to  be 
taken  byafo*;;  to  entrap  by  any  means  which  de- 
ceive. The  fijvvler  decoijs  ducks  iutt)  a  net.  Troops 
may  be  dreotjed  into  an  ambush.  One  .sbij)  decoys 
nnotber  within  reach  of  licrshiil. 

DE-CO V',  71.  Any  Ihuig  inli  niliil  to  lead  into  a  snare; 
any  lure  or  alhin  ijii  iil  lli.il  (lori'ives  and  misleads 
into  t'vil,  daiiEi  r,  or  the  power  of  an  enemy. 
2.  A  place  for  catcliini;  wild  fowls. 

DE-eoV'-DIJCK,  n.  A  duck  employed  to  draw  oth- 
ers into  a  net  or  situation  to  hi\  taken. 

DE-COy'A'I),  pp.  Lured  or  drawn  into  a  snaie  ornct ; 
allured  into  danger  by  deception. 

DE  COY'INC,  ppr.  Euriiig  nito  a  snare  or  net  by  de- 
cefition  ;  l)*ading  into  evil  or  flanger. 

DE-C')V'-.M  A.\,  II.  A  man  employed  in  decoying  and 
catching  fowls. 

DE-CRl~;A.SE',  r.  t.    [li.  decrescn;  Je  and  cre.no,  to 
grow  ;  Kr.  drcroUre  ;  It.  dccreaccre  ;  Sp.  dccreeer ;  Arm. 
di^isi^.    Hee  Ohow.] 
Tu  become  Icm ;  to  be  diminiiihcd  gradually,  in  ex- 


tent, bulk,  quantity,  or  amount,  or  in  stnuigth,  qual- 
ity, or  excellence ;  a.s,  the  days  decrease  in  length  from 
June  to  December. 

He  mu^l  increase,  but  1  must  tUcrcase.  — John  iii. 

DE-€ReASE',  v.  t.  To  lessen  ;  to  make  smaller  in 
dimensions,  amount,  quality,  or  excellence,  &c. ;  to 
diminish  gradually  or  by  small  deductions ;  as,  ex- 
travagance decreases  the  means  of  charity  ;  every 
payment  decreases  a  debt  ;  intemperance  decreases 
the  strength  and  powers  of  life. 

DE-CReASE',  71.  A  becoming  less  ;  gradual  diminu- 
tion ;  decay  ;  as,  a  decrease  of  revenue  ;  a  decrease  of 
strength. 

2.  The  wane  of  the  moon  ;  the  gradual  diminu- 
tion of  the  visible  face  of  the  moon  from  the  full 
to  tlu|_change. 

DE-CRk AS'f;r),  pp.    Lessened;  diminished. 

DE-CKi;  Af^'IN'G,  P2>r.  or  a.  Becoming  less ;  diminisli- 
intr ;  pruning. 

DE-CHkA.S'I.VC-LY,  ac/i).    By  diminishing. 

DE-CREE',  n.  [L.  dccretum,  from  decerno,  to  judge  ;  de 
and  crrno,  to  judge,  to  divide  ;  Fr.  decret;  It.  and  Sp. 
dccreto.] 

1.  Judicial  decision,  or  determination  of  a  litigated 
cause  ;  as,  a  decree  of  the  Court  of  Chancery.  The 
dfcisi<ui  of  a  court  of  ecpiity  is  called  a  decree ;  that 
of  a  c<jurt  of  law,  a  judgment. 

2.  In  the  civil  law,  a  determination  or  judgment  of 
the  emperor  on  a  suit  between  parties.  Knnjc. 

3.  An  edict  or  law  made  by  a  council  for  regula- 
ting any  business  within  their  jurisdiction  ;  as,  the 
decrees  of  ecclesiastical  councils.  Encyc. 

4.  In  general,  an  order,  edict,  or  law,  made  by  a 
sui)erior,  as  a  rule  to  govern  inferiors. 

There  went  a  decree  from  Cesar  Au^stus,  that  all  the  world 
should  he  tixed.  —  Luke  ii. 

5.  Established  law,  or  rule. 

He  made  a  decree  Tor  the  rain. — Job  xxviii. 

6.  In  theology,  predetermined  purpose  of  God  ;  the 
purpose  or  determination  of  an  immutable  Being, 
whose  plan  of  operations  is,  like  himself,  unchange- 
able. 

DE  CREE',  V.  t.  To  determine  judicially  ;  to  resolve 
by  sentence;  as,  the  court  decreed  that  the  property 
should  be  restored  ;  or,  they  decreed  a  restoration  of 
the  property. 

2.  To  determine  or  resolve  legislatively  ;  to  fix  or 
appoint ;  to  set  or  constitute  by  edict  or  in  purpose. 
Thou  shall  decree  a  tiling,  and  it  sliall  be  established.  —  Job 

Let  lis  not  be  solicitous  to  know  what  God  has  decreed  con- 
cerning U3.  Anon. 

DE-CREED',  pp.  Determined  jiulicially ;  resolved; 
appointed  ;  established  in  purpose. 

DE-CREE'ING,  ppr.  Determining;  resolving;  ap- 
pointing ;  ortlering. 

DEC'RE-AIENT,  n.  [L.  dccrementmn,  from  decresco. 
See  Decrease.] 

1.  Decrease ;  waste ;  the  state  of  becoming  gradu- 
ally less. 

Rocks  and  mountains  suffer  a  continual  decrement. 

Woodward. 

2.  The  quantity  lost  by  gradual  diminution  or 
waste  ;  opposed  to  increment. 

3.  In  heraldry,  the  wane  of  the  moon. 

4.  In  cryslulogrnphy,  a  successive  dimiiuition  of  the 
lamens  of  molecules,  applied  to  the  faces  of  the  prim- 
itive form,  by  which  tlie  secondary  forms  are  sup- 
posed to  be  produced.  Havy. 

DE-CREP'IT,  a.  [L.  decrepitus,  from  de  and  crepo,  to 
break.] 

Broken  down  with  age ;  wasted  or  worn  by  the 
infirmities  of  old  age  ;  beiiig  in  the  last  stage  of  de- 
cay ;  weakened  by  age.  Milton,  Pope. 

Tliis  word  is  sometimes  erroneously  written  and 
pronounced  Decrepid. 
DE-CREP'I-Ta'I'E,  v.  t.  [L.  decrepo,  to  break  or  burst, 
to  crackle  ;  de  and  crepo.] 

To  roast  or  calcine  in  a  strong  heat,  with  a  contin- 
ual bursting  or  crackling  of  the  substance;  as,  to  de- 
crepitate salt. 

DE-CRICP'I-TaTE,  v.  i.  To  crackle,  as  salts  when 
roasting. 

DE-CREP'I-Ta-TED,  pp.  Roasted  with  a  crackling 
noise. 

DE-CREP'I-Ta  TING,  ppr.  Crackling;  roasting  with 
a  crackling  noise  ;  suddenly  burstuig  when  exposed 
to  heat. 

DE-CREP-I-TA'TION,  n.   The  act  of  roasting  with  a 

continual  crackling  ;  or  the  separation  of  parts  with 

a  crackling  noise,  occasioned  by  heat. 
DE-CREP'IT-M;sS,  (  n.    [See  Decrepit.]    The  bro- 
DE  CRi;P'IT-l'l)E,  i     kiui,  crazy  state  of  the  body, 

proiluced  by  ilr  cay  and  the  infirmities  of  age. 
DE-CRES'CENT,  a.    [L.  dccresccHs.   See  Decrease.] 
Decreasing  ;  bi  commg  le.ss  by  gradual  diminution  ; 

as,  a  decrescent  mtK>n. 
DE-CRlc'TAL,  n.    [.See  Decree.]    Appertaining  to  a 

decree  ;  containing  a  decree;  as,  a  decretal  epistle. 
DE-CRk'TAL,  n.    An  authoritative  order  or  decree. 
2.  A  letter  of  the  pope,  determining  some  [M>int  or  | 


question  in  ecclesiastical  law.  The  decretals  form  the 
second  jiart  of  the  canon  law.  Encyc. 
3.  A  collection  of  the  pope's  decrees.  Howell. 
DE-eRE'TIOi\,  (de-kre'shiin,)  n.    [See  Decrease.] 

A  decjreasing.    [JVot  used.]  Pearson. 
DE-CRe'TIST,  71.    One  who  studies  or  professes  the 

knowledge  of  the  decretals. 
DE-CRe'TIVE,  o.    Having  the  force  of  a  decree. 

Rich.  Diet. 

DEC'RE-TO-RI-LY,  adv.    In  a  definitive  n}anner. 

Goodman. 

DECRE  TO  RY,  a.  Judicial ;  definitive  ;  established 
by  a  decree. 

The  decretory  rigors  of  a  condemning  sentence.  South. 

2.  Critical ;  determining;  in  which  there  is  some 
definitive  event ;  .as,  critical  or  decretory  days.  Brown. 

DE-CREW',  V.  i.    To  decrease.    [JVot  iu  use.] 

DECRI'AL,  71.  [See  Decrv.]  A  crying  down;  a 
clanuirous  censure  ;  condemn;itii>n  by  censure. 

DE-CKI'/CD,  (de-kride',)  pp.  Cried  down  ;  discredit- 
ed ;  brouglit  into  disrepute. 

DE-CRl'ER,  71.  One  who  decries  or  clamorously  cen- 
sures. 

[It  would  be  better  to  write  Decry al,  Decryed, 
Decryer.] 

DE-CROVVi\',  V.  t.    [de  and  crown.]    To  deprive  of  a 

crown.    [Little  used.]  Ovcrbuni. 
DE-CUUST-a'TION,  71.  The  removal  of  a  crust  from. 
DE-CR5',  I',  t.    [Fr.  decrier  ;  de  and  crier,  to  cry.] 

1.  To  cry  down  ;  to  censure  as  faulty,  mean,  or 
worthless  ;  to  clamor  against;  to  discredit  by  finding 
fault ;  as,  to  decry  a  poem. 

2.  Tu  cry  down,  as  improper  or  unnecessary  ;  to 
rail  or  clamor  ag.iinst;  to  bring  into  disrepute  ;  as, 
to  decrit  the  measures  of  adniinistration. 

DE-CRY'I.N'G,  ppr.    Crying  down. 
DEC-IJ-Ba'TION,  71.    [L.  decumbo.] 

The  act  of  lying  down.  Evelyn. 
DE-CUM'BENCE,  j  ;i.    [L.  deeumbens,  from  decumbo, 
DE-CUiM'BEN-CY,  (     to  lie  down  ;  de  and  cutnbo,  to 
lie  down.] 

The  act  of  lying  down  ;  the  posture  of  lying  down. 

Brown. 

DE-eUM'BENT,  a.  In  botumj,  declined,  or  bending 
down  ;  having  the  stamens  ami  pistils  bending  down 
to  the  lower  side  ;  as,  a  decumbent  Hower.  Martiin. 

DE-CUAl'BEN'T-LY,  adv.    In  a  decumbent  posture. 

DE-CU.M'Bl-Tl^RE,  n.  The  time  at  which  a  person 
takes  to  his  bed  in  a  disease. 

2.  In  a.^trology,  the  scheme  or  aspect  of  the  heav- 
ens, by  which  the  prognostics  of  recovery  or  death 
are  discovered. 

DEC'li-PLE,  (dek'yu-pl,)  a.    [L.  decuplus ;  Gi.  icKa- 
nXovi,  from  itxa,  ten.] 
Tenfold  ;  containing  ten  times  as  many. 

DEC'lj-PLE,  71.    A  number  ten  times  repeated. 

DEC'U-PLE,  1).  (.    To  make  tenfold. 

DECU-PLA'D,  ppr.    Made  tenfold.  Coleridge. 

DE-CO'RI-OM,  71.  [L.  decurio,  from  decent,  Gr.  Scxa, 
ten.] 

An  officer  in  the  Roman  army,  who  commanded  a 
decuria,  or  ten  soldiers,  which  was  a  third  part  of  the 
tunna,  and  a  thirtieth  of  the  legion  of  ctivaliy. 

Eneitc  Temple. 
DE-CO'RI-ON-ATE,  n.    The  state  or  office  of  a  decu- 
rion. 

DE-CUR'REN'T,  a.  [I-.  dccurrens,  from  decurro,  to  run 
down  ;  dc  and  curro,  to  run.] 

Extending  downward.    A  decurrent  leaf,  is  a  ses- 
sile leaf,  having  its  base  extending  downward  along 
the  stem.  Lindley. 
DE-CUR'RENT-LY,  adv.    In  a  tiecurrent  manner. 
DE-CUR'SION,  71.    [L.  deeursio,  from  decurro  ;  dc  and 
curro,  to  run.] 
The  act  of  running  down,  as  a  stream.  Hale. 
DE-eUR'SIVE,  a.    Running  down. 

Dccursively  pinnate  ;  in  botany,  applied  to  a  leaf 
having  the  leaflets  decurrent,  of  running  along  the 
DE-CURT',  V.  t.    [L.  deeurto.]  [petiole. 

To  shorten  bv  cutting  off.    [JVol  in  use.] 
DE-CURT-A'TION,  71.     [L.  deeurto,  to  shorten  ;  de 
and  curto.] 
The  act  of  shortening  or  cutting  short. 
DECU-RY,  71.   [L.  decuria,  from  dcccm,  Gr.  6eKa,  ten.] 

A  set  of  ten  men  undiu-  an  oflicer  called  decurio. 
DE-CUS'SaTE,  t).  t.    [L.  decusso,  to  cut  or  strike 
across.] 

In  general,  to  intersect ;  to  cross,  as  lines,  rays,  or 
nerves  in  the  body  ;  usually,  to  intersect  at  acute  an- 
gles, or  in  till!  form  of  an  X.  Brown.  Encyc. 
DE-CUS'SATE,  (a.  Crossed ;  intersected.  In 
DE-CUS'S-^-TED,  \  any,  decussated  leaves  and 
branches,  are  such  as  grow  in  pairs  which  alter- 
nately cross  each  other  at  right  angles,  or  in  a  reg- 
ular manner.  Mnrtyn.  Lte. 

Ill  rhetoric,  a  deeu.isoted  period  is  one  that  consists 
of  two  rising  and  two  falU|ig  clauses,  placed  in 
alleruale  opposition  to  each  other.  For  example, 
"  If  impudence  could  effect  as  much  in  courts  of 
justice,  us  insolence  sometimes  do(!s  in  the  country, 
Ciesina  woulil  now  yield  to  the  impudence  of 
Ebutius,  U8  he  then  yielded  tu  his  insolent  assaiilu" 
Mm  Q.  Mams,  LccL 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T — METE,  I'llfiY.  — PINE,  MAIUNB,  BIUD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


308 


I 


DED 


DEE 


DEE 


l)E-e(JS'SATE-I^Y,  od'i'.   In  a  decussate  maimer. 
DK-CUS'SA-TING,  ppr     Crossing  ;  intersecting  at 
nciite  iin,i.'lrs. 

DE-eUSt!A''rtO\,n.    The  act  of  crossing;  the  cross- 

iiiR  of  two  lines,  rays,  or  nerves,  wliicli  ni<'('t  in  a 

point,  and  tlien  proceed  and  diverge.  lliMotu 
'Xr  A  crossing  in  tlie  form  of  an  X. 
DE-CUS'SA-TI VK-LY,  uc/o    Crosswise;  in  the  form 

of  an  X.  Broioii. 
PR Da'M-AN,  a.    See  I).kd*uian. 
l)KI)'A-IX)i;S,  a.    Sec  D.i:dalous. 
l)E-m:C'0-KATE,  B.  t.    [I,,  dedecaro.] 

To  disgrace.    LV)t  iwfj.] 
ni;  I)i:t: O-llA'TION,  II.    a  disgracins.    [J^nt  used.] 
ni:  l)IX"()  nous,  «.    Dissraci  fnl ;  unlieconiiiig. 
l)i;-l)i;.N-  l'l"'l'IO.\,  (-dcn-tish'un,)  n.    [dc  and  denti- 

tinn.]    Tlie  slieddinK  of  teetli.  Brown. 
DED'i  eATE,  V.  t.    [h.  dcdico  ;  de  and  rfico,  dicarc,  to 

vow,  promise,  devote,  dedicate.    See  Class  Ug,  i\o. 

IQ,      45.    The  sense  is,  to  send,  to  throw  ;  lience, 

to  set,  to  appoint.] 

1.  To  set  apart  and  consecrate  to  a  divine  Beins, 
or  tt>  a  sacred  piirposi' ;  to  devote  to  a  sacred  use,  hy 
a  st»Iemn  act,  or  liy  reli«;imis  ceremonies  ;  as,  to  drdi- 
Cttic  vessels,  treasures,  a  temple,  an  altar,  or  a  church, 
to  God  or  to  a  religious  use. 

Vf»'*I«  of  iiilvfr,  oC  ffulil,  mill  of  bn\M,  wliich  Kiiij  D.iviil  tlUl 
dtdicnte  lo  tin'  Lunl.  —  "i  Sum.  viii. 

2.  To  appropriate  solemnly  to  any  person  or  pur- 
pose ;  to  give  wholly  or  chielly  to.  The  ministers  of 
the  gospel  dedicate  ihemsclves,  their  time,  and  their 
studies,  to  the  st  rvice  of  I'lirist.  A  soldier  dedicates 
himself  to  the  professi|>ii  of  arms. 

3.  'I'o  inscribe  or  address  to  u  patron ;  as,  to  dedi- 
cate a  hook. 

DEU'I-e.VTE.o.  Consecrated  ;  devoted  ;  appropriated. 

Sllak. 

DED'I-CA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Devoted  to  a  divine  Heing,  or 
to  a  sacred  use  ;  consecrated  ;  appropriated  ;  given 
wholly  to. 

DED-1-C.\-TEE',  n.  One  to  whom  a  thing  is  dedica- 
ted. Ell.  lice. 

DED'I-eX-TINO,  ppr.  Devoting  to  a  divine  Being,  or 
to  a  sacred  purpose  ;  consecrating  ;  appropriating ; 
giving  wholly  to. 

DED-I-e.^'TIO.\,  n. .  The  act  of  consecratins  to  a 
divine  Being, or  to  a  sacred  use,  oflen  with  religious 
solemnities  ;  soleiiin  appropriation  ;  as,  the  dedication 
of  Solomon*s  temple. 
.    2.  The  act  of  devoting  or  giving  to. 

3.  An  address  to  a  patron,  prefixed  to  a  book,  tes- 
tifyina  respect,  and  recommending  the  work  to  his 
protection  anil  favor.  Pope. 

DED'i  eA-TOU,  II.  One  wlio  dedicates  ;  one  who 
iiiscribi  s  a  book  to  the  favor  of  a  patron.  Pope. 

DEI)'l-t'.\-TO-RY,  a.  Composing  a  dedication;  as, 
an  epistle  dedicatory. 

DF.iy l:MUS,n.  [L.)  A  writ  to  commission  private 
persons  to  do  some  act  ill  place  of  a  judge,  as  to  ex- 
amine a  witness,  &,c.  Bouvier. 

DE-l)l"TION,  (de-dish'iin,)  n.  [L.  dcditio,  from  dedo, 
to  yield.] 

The  .act  of  yielding  any  thing:  surrendry.  Hqlt. 
DED'0-I>E.\T,  a.    [L.  daiolco.] 

Feeling  no  compunction.  [Aut  used.] 
DE-DOCE',  r.  U  [h.  deiluco  :  de  and  diico,  to  lead, 
bring,  or  draw.  The  L.  daco  is  the  Sa.\.  tco-^an,  teon, 
Eng.  to  (uf,  to  Ivis,  G.  ucJien;  lience  L.  dax.  Eng. 
duke.  (Sec  DuKi.)  Class  Dg,  No.  5,  12,  15,  37, 
62,  6A.] 

1.  To  draw  from  ;  to  bring  frjin. 

O  ofixlili^,  m\y,  ■hnll  I  detluct  my  rhyine* 

Knjiii  thi;  ilin:  nation  in  iu  iMrljr  Uinci  i  Pop*. 

2.  To  draw  from,  in  reasoning  ;  to  gather  a  truth, 
opinion,  or  pro|x>sition,  from  premises  ;  to  infer  soine- 
Uiing  from  what  precedes. 

K«.i«onin^  ii  nothing  bill  the  rnculty  o(  deducing  unknoWD 
irutlia  from  pritiaptn  nlrriuly  known.  Lock*. 

3.  To  deduct.    [JVu(  in  iwr.]  B.  Jon.ion. 

4.  To  transplant.    [.Vo/  in  ii.«c.]  Sridcn. 
DE-DOC'SD,  (de-duste*,)pp.    Drawn  from  ;  inferred; 

as  a  consequence  fnuii  principles  or  premises. 

DE-DOCE'iME.\T,  n.  The  thing  drawn  from  or  de- 
duced ;  inference ;  that  which  is  collecti'd  from 
premises.  Dniilcn. 

DE-I)OC'I-nLE,o.  That  may  be  deduced  ;  infenible  ; 
collectible  by  reason  from  premises  ;  consequential. 

The  properti<>t  of  n  triAn^Ie  are  dtduciUt  from  Uic  comntrx  liica 
« ihivc  lines  including  a  apace.  Lock*. 

DE-DOC'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  from;  inferring;  col- 
lecting from  principles  or  facts  alrcadv  established  or 
known. 

•     DE  DO'CIVE,  a.    Performing  the  act  of  deduction. 
[l.iUU  used] 

DE-DUCT', t>.  t.  [L.  dedaeo,deduaum.  See  Deduce.] 
To  take  from  ;  to  subtract ;  to  separate  or  remove, 
in  numbering,  estimating,  or  calculating.  Thus  wo 
say,  from  the  sum  of  two  numbers  deduct  the  lesser 
number  ;  from  the  amount  of  profits  deduct  the 
charges  of  freight. 

DE-UL'CT'ED,  pp.   Taken  from  ;  subtracted. 

DE-DUeT'ING,ppr.   Taking  from  ;  subtracting. 


TONE,  BULL,  IfNITE.— 


DE-DUe'TION,  (de-diik'shun,)  n.    [I,,  dcductio.] 

1.  The  act  of  deducting. 

2.  That  which  is  deducted  ;  sum  or  amount  taken 
from  another;  defalcation;  ahatement ;  as,  this  sum 
is  a  deduction  from  the  yearly  rent. 

3.  That  which  is  drawn  from  premises  ;  fact, 
opinion,  or  h)'potliesis,  ctillected  from  principles  or 
facts  slated,  or  established  data;  inference;  conse- 
quence drawn  ;  conclusion;  as,  this  opinion  is  a  fair 
deduction  from  the  princijiles  you  have  advanc<rd. 

DI'.-DUCT'IVE,  a,  Deducible  ;  tliat  is  or  may  be  de- 
duced from  premises. 

All  knowledge  is  deductive.  GlanvUle. 

DE-DUCT'IVE-LV,  lulv.  By  regular  deduction  ;  by 
way  of  inference  ;  by  consequence.  Brown. 

DEED,  II.  [Sax.  du-d  :  D.  daad  :  G.  that!  Dan.  ditad ; 
the  jiarticiple  of  Sax.  don,  Goth.  Utuijan,  G.  tJiun,  D. 
doen,  to  tlo  ,  probably  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  That  which  is  done,  acted,  or  effected  ;  an  act ; 
a  fact  ;  a  word  of  extensive  application,  including 
whatever  is  done,  good  or  bad,  great  or  small. 

Anil  Josi.ph  anitl  10  Uiem,  What  deed  is  this  wtilcli  ye  hitvc  ilonc  t 
—  (ii-il^lliit. 

We  ivci  ive  the  due  rewiinl  oP  out  deeds,  —  I, like  xxv. 

2.  Exploit ;  achievement ;  illustrious  act. 
Whiwie  decde  soiiio  nobler  poem  sli;ill  adorn.  Urylen. 

3.  Power  of  action  ;  agency. 

Wiih  will  iinii  deed  created  free.  Ardton. 

4.  A  writing  cniitaining  some  contract  or  agree- 
ment, and  the  evidence  of  its  execution  ;  particular- 
ly, an  instrument  on  paper  or  parchment,  conveying 
real  estate  to  a  purchaser  or  donee.  This  instrument 
must  be  executed,  and  the  execution  ottesled,  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Indeed  ;  in  fact ;  in  reality.  These  words  nretinited, 
and  called  an  ailverb.  But  sometimes  they  are  sei>- 
arated  by  very,  in  very  deal ;  a  more  cmpliatical  ex- 
pression.   Er.  ix. 

DEED,  r.  t.  To  convey  or  transfer  by  deed  ;  a  popular 
use  of  Uie  word  in  America  i  as,  he  deeded  all  his  estate 
to  his  eldest  son. 

DEED'-A-CHIeV-ING,  0.  That  accomplishes  great 
deeds. 

DEED'LESS,  a.  Inactive ;  not  performing  or  h.aving 
performed  deeds  or  exploits.  Pope. 

DEED'-POLL,  n.  A  deed  not  indented,  that  is,  shaved 
or  even,  made  by  one  party  only.  Blackstone. 

DEED'Y,  a.    Industrious  ;  active. 

DEEM,  r.  t.  [Sax.  deman  ;  D.  doemen  ;  Sw.  doma  ; 
Dan.  fiomiiicr;  whence  i/odm.  Russ.  (/umni/u,  to  think, 
reflect,  reckon,  believe  ;  duma,  a  thought  or  idea,  a 
privy  council ;  rinmnoi,  a  privy  counselor.  See  Class 
Dm,  No.  .5,  36,  39,  and  Cla.ss  Sin,  No. .";.] 

1.  To  think  ;  to  judge  ;  to  be  of  opinion  ;  to  con- 
clude on  consiileration  ;  as,  he  deems  it  prudent  to  be 
silent. 

For  never  can  T  deem  him  less  tli.in  god.  Dryden. 
The  slitpmen  deemed  tlial  Uicy  drew  near  to  some  country. — 
Acts  xxvii. 

2.  To  estimate.    [Obs.]  Spen.ier. 
DEE.M,  n.    Opinion  ;  judgment;  surmise.  [04i.] 
DEEM,  V  i.    To  judge  ;  to  think  ;  to  estimate. 
DEEM'/oD,  71/1.    Thought;  judged;  supposed. 
DEE.M'INti, /lyir.    Thinking  ;  judging  ;  believing. 
DEE.M'STER,  n.    [derm  and  sUr.    See  Steer.] 

A  judge  in  the  Isle  of  Man  and  in  Jersey. 

Johnson. 

DEEP,  a.  [Sax.  rfc.ip,  dypa;  D.  diep  ;  G.  tirf;  Sw. 
diiip ,  Dan.  </i/».  It  seems  to  be  allietl  to  and  (/ice, 
whose  radical  sense  is,  to  thrust  or  plunge,    tin.  \\. 

dwvtfn.] 

1.  Extending  or  being  far  below  the  surface  ;  de- 
scending far  downv.aid  ;  profound  ;  opposed  to  sAo^ 
low  ;  as,  deep  water  ;  a  deep  pit  or  well. 

2.  Low  in  situation  ;  being  or  descending  far  be- 
low the  adjacent  land  ;  as,  a  deep  valley. 

3.  Entering  far  ;  piercing  a  great  way.  A  tree 
in  a  good  soil  takes  deep  root.  A  spear  struck  deep 
into  the  flesh. 

4.  Far  from  the  outer  part  ;  secreted. 

A  spider  deep  amUislied  in  her  deo.  Dryten. 

So  deep,  when  applied  to  soldiers  drawn  up  in  rank 
and  file,  means  di.suincc  from  the  front;  as,  drawn 
up  three  deep. 

5.  Not  superficial  or  obvious ;  hidden  ;  secret. 
He  discoreieUi  deep  tilings  out  of  darkness. —  Job  xii. 

6.  Remote  from  comprehension. 

O  liOnl,  thy  UioughU  are  »ery  deep.  —  Ps.  xcii. 

7.  Sagacious  ;  pent^trating ;  having  the  power  to 
enter  far  into  a  subject ;  as,  a  man  of  deep  thought ; 
a  deep  divine. 

8.  Artful ;  contriving  ;  concealing  artifice  ;  insid- 
ious ;  designing ;  as,  a  friend,  deep,  hollow,  treach- 
erous. 

9.  Grave  in  sound ;  low ;  as,  the  deep  tones  of  an 
orgtin. 

10.  Very  still ;  solemn  ;  profound  ;  as,  deep  silence. 

1 1.  Thick  ;  black  ;  not  to  be  penetrated  by  the 
sight. 

Now  deeper  darkness  brooded  on  the  ground.  Hoole. 


12.  Still ;  sound  ;  not  easily  broken  or  disturbed. 

1'he  I.unl  (Joil  caiiKil  a  deep  ilei  p  lo  fall  on  Ad.iiii.  —  >Jen.  II. 

1.1.  Depressed;  sunk  low,  mc«a;iAori(;a% ;  as,  deep 
poverty.  I 

M.  Dark;  intense;  strongly  colored;  as,  a  deep 
brosvn  ;  a  deep  crimson  ;  a  deep  blue. 

15.  Unknown  ;  unintelligible. 

A  people  of  deeper  speech  than  thou  tmst  pereelre.  — Is.  xxxil . 
111.  Heartfelt ;  penetrating ;  affecting ;  as,  a  deep 
sense  of  guilt. 

17.  Intricate  ;  not  easily  understood  or  unrave'ed  ; 
as.  :i  deep  plot  or  intrigue. 

This  word  often  qualifies  a  verb,  like  an  adverb. 
Drink  deep,  or  liuite  not  the  I'i'Tian  spring.  Pope. 
DEEP,  n.   The  sea ;  the  abyss  of  waters  ;  the  ocean. 
He  niaketh  the  deep  to  lioil  like  a  pot.  —  Job  xli. 

2.  A  lake  ;  a  great  collection  of  water. 

Launch  out  Into  the  deep,  and  let  down  your  neu. —  T.ukc  v. 

3.  'i'hat  which  is  profound  ;  not  easily  fathomed,  or 
incomprehensible. 

Thy  jiidi^iiients  are  a  great  deep. —  Ps.  xxxvl. 

4.  The  most  still  or  solemn  part ;  the  midst  ;  as,  in 
i/ir/i  of  iiiKht.  Shah.  Philips. 

DEEP'-l)KAVV-IN(;,  a.    Sinking  deep  into  the  water. 

Shak. 

DEEP'-DRAVVN,  a.    Drawn  from  a  depth. 
DEEP'f.'.N,  (dee'pn,)  r.  (.    To  make  deep  or  deeper; 

to  sink  lower ;  as,  to  deepen  the  channel  of  a  river  or 

harbor  ;  to  deepen  a  well. 

2.  To  make  dark  or  darker ;  to  mako  more  thick 
or  gloomy  ;  as,  to  deepen  the  shades  of  night ;  to 
deepen  gloom. 

3.  'I'o  give  a  darker  hue,  or  a  stronger  color ;  as,  to 
deepen  a  color;  to  deepen  a  red,  blue,  or  crimson 
color. 

4.  To  make  more  poignant  or  absorbing ;  as,  to 
deepen  grief  or  sorrow. 

5.  To  make  more  frightful ;  as,  to  deepen  the  hor- 
rors of  the  scene. 

C.  To  make  more  sad  or  gloomy  ;  as,  to  deqien  tho 
murmurs  of  the  flood. 

7.  To  make  more  grave  ;  as,  to  deepen  the  tones  of 
an  organ. 

DEEI"£N,  r.  i.   To  become  more  deep ;  as,  the  water 

deepens  at  every  cast  of  the  lead. 
DEEP'A'N-KD,  (deep'iid,)  pp.    .Made  more  deep. 
DEEI"i5.\-INO,  ppr.  or  a.    Sinking  lower  ;  making 

more  deep;  growing  deeper. 
DEEP'ER,  a.  comp.    More  deep. 
DEEP'EST,  a.  supcrl.    Most  deep. 
DEEP'-LAID,  a.    Laid  deep;  formed  with  cunning 

and  sagacity. 

DEEP'LY,  adv.  At  or  to  a  great  depth  ;  far  below  the 
surface ;  as,  a  passion  derpiij  rooted  in  our  nature ; 
precepts  dcepht  engraven  on  the  heart.  | 

2.  Profoundly  ;  thoroughly ;  as,  deeply  skilled  in 
ethics  or  anatomy. 

3.  To  or  from  the  inmost  recesses  of  the  heart ; 
with  great  sorrow  ;  most  feelingly. 

He  siglvii  deeply  in  his  spirit.  —  Mark  viii. 

He  wiui  deeply  atlected  at  the  sight.  Anon. 

4.  To  a  great  degree  ;  as,  lie  has  deeply  offended. 

They  have  deeply  corrupted  themselves.  —  Hos.  ix. 

.').    With  a  dark  hue,  or  strtmg  color;  as,  a  deeply- 
red  liquor ;  deeply  colored, 
t).  (Jravely  ;  as,  a  deeply-ltmod  instrument. 
7.  With  profound  skill ;  with  art  or  intricacy  ;  as, 
a  dceply.\:iu\  plot  or  intrigue. 

This  word  can  not  easily  be  defined  in  all  its  va- 
rious applications.    In  gent-ral,  it  givtis  emphasis  or 
intensity  to  the  word  which  it  qualifies. 
DEEP'-M0UTI1-^;D,  a.    Having  a  hoarse,  loud,  hol- 
low voice  ;  ns,  a  deep-mouthed  dog.  Shak. 
DEEP'-MC'S-I.NG,  a.   Contemplative ;  thinking  closely 

or  profoundly.  Pope. 
DEEP'NESS,  II.    Depth  ;  remoteness  from  the  surface 
in  a  desceniling  line  ;  interior  di.stancc  from  the  sur- 
face ;  profundity. 

And  forthwith  they  sprung  up,  lecausc  they  had  no  deepnett 
of  earth.  —  .Malt.  xiii. 

2.  Craft;  insidioiisness.    I  r/ii«.--i/a/.] 
DEEP'-READ,  (  red,)  a.    Having  fully  read  ;  pro- 

fountily  versed.  U Estranrre. 

DEEP'-RE-VOLV'ING,  a.    Profoundly  revol\-1ng  or 

meditaling.  Slink. 
DEEP  -se.\K-RKD,  (-skird,)  a.    Having  deep  scars. 
DEEI"-Sr;AT  EI),  a.    Seat.d  deeply. 
DEEP'-SOrXD-I.Nt;,  a.    Having  a  low  .sound.  I 
DEEP'-THINK  ING,  fl.    Thinking  profoundlv. 
DEEP'-THRO.VT-ED,  a.     ILaving  a  deep  tiiroat  or 

voice.  jMilton. 
DEEP'-TON-KD,  a.    Having  a  very  low  or  grave 

tone. 

DEEP'-VAULT-ED,  a.  Formed  like  a  deep  vault  or 
arch.  Milton. 

DEEP'-WAIST  ED,  a.     Having  a  deep  waist,  as  n 
ship  when  the  quarter-deck  and  foreca-stle  arc  raised  I 
from  four  to  six  feet  above  the  level  of  the  main  | 
deck.  Mar.  Diet. 

DEEP'-WoRN,  a.  Worn  to  a  great  depth.  Hovkinson. 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


L.ll 


DEF 


DEER,  71.  sin^.  and  pi.  [Sax.  dcor:  D.  ii'irr;  G.  Viicr : 
S\v.  dtur ;  Dan.  dyr ;  Polish  iioiers  i  Gr.  5^/0,  a  wild 
beast.  The  primary  sense  is  simply  roving,  wild, 
untamed  ;  hence,  a  wild  beast.] 

A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Cervvs,  of  several  spe- 
cies, as  the  stag,  the  fallow-deer,  the  roe-buck,  the 
rane  or  reindeer,  &c.  These  animals  are  wild,  and 
hunted  in  the  forest,  or  kept  in  parks.  Their  flesh, 
called  venison,  is  deemed  excellent  food. 

DEER'-NECK,  n.  In  Iwrsernaiiskip,  a  thin,  ill-formed 
neck.  Farm.  Knc}fc, 

DEER'-SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  a  deer,  of  which  a 
very  supple  leather  is  made. 

DEER'STALIv-ER,  (  stawk-er,)  n.  One  who  prac- 
tices deerstalking.  Booth. 

DEEU'STALK-IXG,  (-stawk-ing,)  71.  The  lying  in 
wait  to  shoot  deer,  or  pursuing  them  as  much  as  pos- 
sil>le  under  cover. 

DEER'STkAL-ER,  n.    One  who  steals  deer. 

DEER'STkAL-ING,  71.    The  act  or  crime  of  stealing 

Dli'ESS,  71.    [Fr.  deesse.']  [deer. 
.A  goddess.    [JVoJ  in  77.ve.]  Cioft. 

DE-FACE',  V.  t.  [Arm.  difagza;  de  and  L.  fiicio;  Fr. 
defiiire,  to  undo  or  unmake.] 

1.  To  destroy  or  m;ir  the  lace  or  surface  of  a  thing ; 
to  injure  the  superficies  or  beauty ;  to  disfigure  ;  as, 
to  deface  a  monument ;  to  deface  an  edifice. 

2.  To  injure  any  thing  ;  to  destroy,  spoil,  or  mar  ; 
to  erase  or  obliterate  ;  as,  to  deface  letters  or  writing  ; 
to  deface  a  note,  deed,  or  bond  ;  to  deface  a  record. 

3.  To  injure  the  appearance  ;  to  disfigure. 
VE-FaC'F.U,  (de-fiste',)  pp.  or  a.    Injured  on  the  sur- 
face ;  disfigured  ;  mairt  d  ;  erased. 

DE-FaCE'.ME.VT,  71.  Injury  to  the  surface  or  beauty  ; 
rasure ;  obliteration  ;  that  which  mars  beauty,  or  dis- 
figures. 

DE-FaC'ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  defaces  ;  one  who 
injures,  mars,  or  disfigures. 

DE-FaC'I.\'G,  ppr.  Injuring  the  face  or  surface ;  mar- 
ring; disfisuriiig;  erasing. 

DE-FaCT.N'G-LY,  adv.    In  a  defacing  manner. 

DE  FJIC'TO,  [L.]  Actually;  in  fact;  in  reality; 
existing ;  as,  a  kmg  dc  facto,  distinguished  from  a 
king  de  jure,  or  by  right. 

DE-Fa1L'ANCE,7i.  [Fr.  See  Fail.]  Failure;  mis- 
carriage.   [Ohs.]  Taylor. 

DE-FAE'CaTE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  dcfalqiicr ;  It.  dcfalcare ; 
i^p.  desfalcar :  Port,  desfalcar ;  from  ij.defalco;  i/e  and 
falco,  fnmi  fall,  a  sickle.] 

Liieralltj,  to  cut  off ;  hence,  to  take  away  or  deduct 
a  part ;  used  chiefly  of  money,  accounts,  rents,  in- 
come, &c. 

DE-FAL'Ca-TED,  pp.  Taken  away  ;  deducted,  as  a 
'  part. 

DE-FAL'e.\-TING,  ppr.    Deducting  from  a  money 

account,  rents,  &-c. 
DE-FAL-e.\'TIO.\,  77.    That  which  is  cut  off;  as, 
this  loss  is  a  defalcation  from  the  revenue. 

Literally,  a  cutting  off;  and  hence,  a  diminution, 
deficit,  or  withdrawment.    [In  recent  7i.s-un-f.] 
DE-FALK',  V.  t.    To  def;dcate.    [Mt  in  me.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

DEF-A-M.A'TION,  7t.  [See  Defame.]  The  uttering 
of  slanderous  words,  with  a  view  to  mjure  another's 
reputtition  ;  the  malicious  uttering  of  falsehood  re- 
specting another,  which  tends  to  destroy  or  impair 
his  good  name,  character,  or  occupation;  slander; 
calumny.  To  constitute  defamation,  in  law,  the 
words  must  be  false,  and  spoken  maliciously.  De- 
famatory words,  written  and  published,  are  called 
a  libel.  Blackstone. 

DE-FAM'A-TO-RY,  a.  Calumnious  ;  slanderous  ; 
containing  defamation  ;  false  and  injurious  to  repu- 
tation ;  as,  defamatory  words  ;  defamatory  reports  or 
writings. 

DE-Fa.ME'  7).  t.  [Fr.  diffamer:  It.  diffamarc ;  Sp.  dis- 
famar ;  frt)m  L.  dijfamo  ;  de,  or  di.s,  nndfataa,  fame.] 

1.  To  slander  ;  falsely  and  maliciously  to  utter 
words  respecting  another  which  tend  to  i7ijure  his 
reputation  or  occupaticm  ;  as  to  say,  a  judge  is  cor- 
rupt ;  a  man  is  perjured  ;  a  trader  is  a  knave. 

2.  To  speak  evil  of;  to  dishonor  by  false  reports  ; 
to  calumniate  ;  to  libel ;  to  impair  reputation  by  acts 
or  words. 

B*-inp  defamed,  we  rnlrcal.  —  1  Cor.  iv. 

DE-FA. M'TCD,  pp.  Slandered  ;  dishonored  or  injured 
by  evil  reptirts. 

DE-FAiM'EK,  n.  A  slanderer;  a  detractor;  a  calum- 
niator. 

DE-Fa.M'ING,  p/)r.    Slandering;  injuring  the  charac- 
ter by  false  reports. 
DE-FA M'l.N'G,  n.    Defamation;  slander.  .Jeremiah. 
DE-FA.M'l.N'G-I.Y,  adv.    In  a  defaming  manner. 
DE-FAT'l-GA-ULE,  a.    Liable  to  be  wearied.  (_JVot 
I      much  ujted.]  lllanviUe. 
DE-FAT'I-GXTE,  ».  (.    [I,,  defatigo  ;  dc  and  fatigo,to 
tire.    See  Fatioi'c] 
To  weary  or  lire.    [lAlile  used.]  Herbert. 
DE-FAT-I-GA'TI0.\,  71.    VVcarinesa.    [Little  ilmL] 
I  Ha  eon. 

DE-FAULT',  71.  [Fr.  rff/nuf,  for  </r/n«/(,  from  i/r/uiHir. 
Ui  fail  ;  de  and  fadlir,  to  fail.  Fail  and  Fault.] 

I  1.  A  failing,  or  failure  ;  an  omissiiin  of  Hint  winch 

ought  to  be  done  ;  neglect  to  do  what  duty  or  law 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  


DEF 


requires ;  as,  this  evil  has  happened  through  the 
governor's  default.  A  default,  or  fault,  may  be  a 
crime,  a  vice,  or  a  mere  defect,  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  duty  omitted. 

2.  Defect ';  want ;  failure. 

Coolts  couUl  make  artificial  binb,  in  default  of  real  ones. 

ArbuUmot. 

3.  In  law,  a  failure  of  appearance  in  court  at  a  day 
assigned,  particularly  of  the  defendant  in  a  suit  when 
called  to  make  answer.  It  may  be  applied  to  jurors, 
witnesses,  &c.  ;  but  a  plaintiff's  failing  to  appear  by 
himself  or  attorney  is  usually  called  a  non-appear- 
ance. 

To  suffer  a  default,  is  to  permit  an  action  to  be 
called  without  appearing  or  answering  ;  applied  to  a 
defendant. 

DE-FAULT',  71.  i.  To  fail  in  performing  a  contract  or 
agreement.  Johnson, 

DE-FAULT',  V.  t.  In  law,  to  call  out  a  defendant, 
[according  to  the  common  expression.]  To  call  a 
defendant  officially  to  appear  and  answer  in  court, 
and  on  his  failing  to  answer,  to  declare  liim  in  de- 
fault, and  enter  judgment  against  him;  as,  let  the 
defendant  be  defaulted. 

No  costs  are  to  be  awanled  for  such  town,  if  defaidled. 

Mass,  Laws. 

2.  To  call  out  a  cause,  in  which  the  defendant 
does  not  appear,  and  enter  judgment  on  the  default ; 
as,  the  cause  was  defaulted. 

3.  To  fail  in  performance.  JtlUlon. 
DE-FAULT',  1'.  (.    To  offend.  [OIis.] 
DE-FAULT'ED,  pp.    Called  out  of  court,  as  a  de- 

2.  a.    Having  defect.  [fendant  or  his  cause. 

DE-FAULT'ER,  71.  One  who  makes  default ;  one 
who  fails  to  appear  in  court  when  called. 

2.  One  who  fails  to  perform  a  public  duty  ;  partic- 
ul.iily,  one  who  fails  to  account  for  public  money 
intrusted  to  his  care  ;  a  delinquent. 
DE-FAULT'ING,  2);)r.    Failing  to  fulfill  a  contract; 
delinquent. 

2.  Failing  to  perform  a  duty  or  legal  requirement; 
as,  a  defaulting  creditor.  fVabh. 

3.  Calling  out  of  court,  and  entering  judgment 
against  for  non-appearance,  as  a  defendant. 

DE-FEAS'ANCE,  (de-Rz'ans,)  n.  [l^urm.  defesance ; 
Fr.  defesant,  from  defaire,  to  undo  ;  de  and  /aire,  L. 
faeio.] 

1.  Literally,  a  defeating  ;  a  rendering  null ;  the 
preventing  of  the  operation  of  an  instrument. 

2.  In  law,  a  condition,  relating  to  a  deed,  which 
being  performed,  the  deed  is  defeated  or  rendered 
void  ;  or  a  collateral  deed,  made  at  the  same  time 
with  a  feoffment  or  other  conveyance,  containing 
conditions,  on  the  performance  of  which  the  estate 
then  created  may  be  defeated.  A  defeasance,  on  a 
bond,  or  a  recognizance,  or  a  judgment  recovered,  is 
a  condition  which,  when  performed,  defeats  it.  A 
defeasance  differs  from  the  common  condition  of  a 
bond,  in  being  a  separate  deed,  whereas  a  common 
condition  is  inserted  in  the  bond  itself.  Blackstone. 

3.  The  writing  containing  a  defeasance. 

4.  Defeat.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
DE-FEAS'I-1!LE,  (de-fez'e-bl,)  a.    That  may  be  de- 
feated, or  annulled ;  as,  a  defeasible  title ;  a  defeasible 
estate, 

DE-FeAS'I-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
feasible. 

DE-Fi'cAT',  71.  [Fr.  defaite,  from  defaire,  to  undo;  de 
and  faire.] 

1.  Overthrow ;  loss  of  battle  ;  the  check,  rout,  or 
destruction  of  an  army  by  the  victory  of  an  enemy 

2.  Successful  resistance  ;  as,  the  defeat  of  an  at- 
tack. 

3.  Frustration;  a  rendering  null  and  void  ;  as,  the 
defeat  of  a  title. 

4.  Frustration  ;  prevention  of  success  ;  as,  the  de- 
feat      a  plan  or  design. 

DI^FliAT',  r.  t.  To  overcome  or  vanquish,  as  an 
army  ;  to  check,  disperse,  or  ruin  by  victory  ;  to 
overthrow  ;  applied  to  an  army,  or  a  diri.-ton  of  troops  ; 
to  a  fieel,  or  to  a  commander.  The  English  army  de- 
feated the  French  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham.  Gen- 
eral Wolf  defeated  Montcalm.  The  French  defeated 
the  Austrians  at  Marengo. 

2.  To  frustrate  ;  to  prevent  the  success  of;  to  dis- 
appoint. We  say,  our  dearest  liopes  are  often  de- 
feated, 

Tlien  mayest  thou  for  mc  defeat  the  counsel  of  Ahitliophrl.  — 2 
S.iin.  x».  anil  ivii. 

3.  To  render  null  and  void  ;  as,  to  defeat  a  title  or 
an  estate. 

4.  To  resist  with  success  ;  as,  to  defeat  an  attempt 
or  assault. 

DE-FP.A'I''ED,  pp.  or  a.  Vanquished  ;  rffertually  re- 
sisted ;  overtlirowu  ;  frustrated  ;  disappointed ;  ren- 
dered null  or  inoperative. 

DE-FP.AT'ING,  ppr.  Vanquishing;  subduing;  op- 
posing successfully  ;  overthrowing  ;  frustrating  ;  dis- 
appointing ;  rendering  null  and  void. 

DE-FE.\T'IJRE,  (  fot'yur,)  71.    Change  of  feature. 

Shah. 

2.  Overthrow  ;  defeat.  [  Oi.«.]  Beamn. 
DEF'E  CATE,  v.  U    [L.  defeco  ;  dc  and  fier,  dregs.] 


DEF 


1.  To  purify  ;  to  refiuo  ;  to  clear  from  dregs  or 
impurities  ;  to  clarify  ;  as,  to  defecate  liquor. 

2.  To  purify  from  admi.\tiire  ;  to  clear  ;  to  purge 
of  extraneous  matter. 

DEF'E-€A-TED,  pp.    Purified  ;  clarified;  refined. 
DEF'E-eA-Tli\G,  ppr.    Purifying ;   purging  of  lees 
or  impurities. 

DEF-E-CA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  separating  from  lees 
or  dregs ;  purification  from  impurities  or  foreign 
matter. 

DE-FECT',  71.  [L.  defcctus;  It.  difttto  ;  Pp.  defetto ; 
from  L.  defcin,  to  fail ;  de  and  facia,  to  make  or  do.] 

1.  Want  or  absence  of  something  necessary  or 
useful  toward  perfection  ;  fault  ;  imperfection.  We 
say,  there  are  numerous  defects  in  the  plan,  or  in  the  ; 
work,  or  in  the  execution. 

Errors  have  been  correctetl,  and  defects  supplied.  DaiMS. 

2.  Fading  ;  fault ;  mistake  ;  imperfection  in  moral 
conduct,  or  in  judgment.  A  deep  conviction  of  the 
defects  of  our  '  -'es  tends  to  make  us  humble. 

Trust  not  ^'ourwlf ;  but,  your  defects  to  know, 

Make  use  of  every  friend  and  every  foe.  Pope. 

3.  Any  want,  or  imperfection,  in  natural  objects  ; 
the  absence  of  any  thing  necess.ary  to  perfection  ; 
any  thing  unn.atural  or  misplaced  ;  blemish  ;  deformi- 
ty. We  speak  of  a  defect  in  the  organs  of  seeing  or 
hearing,  or  in  a  limb  ;  a  defect  in  timber ;  a  defect  in 
an  instrument,  &c. 

DE-FECT',  7-.  i.  To  be  deficient.  [JVot  in  vse.)  Brown. 
DE-FECT-l-BIL'I-TY,  71.    Deficiency;  imperfection. 

[Liltic  used.]  Digby.  Hale. 

DE-FECT'I-BLE,  a.    Imperfect;  deficient  ;  wanting. 

[Little  ii.ifrf.]  Hale. 
DE-FEC'TION,  (de-fek'shun,)  n.    [L.  defectio.  See 

Defect.] 

1.  Want  or  failure  of  duty  ;  particularly,  a  falling 
away  ;  apostasy  ;  the  act  of  abandtining  a  person  or 
cause  to  which  one  is  bound  by  allegiance  or  duty, 
or  to  which  one  has  attached  himself.  Our  defection 
from  God  is  proof  of  our  depravity.  The  cause  of 
the  king  was  rendered  desjierale  by  the  defection  of 
the  nobles. 

2.  Revolt ;  7Lsed  of  nations  or  states. 
DE-FECT'IVE,  a.    [L.  dcfeclirus.    See  Defect.] 

1.  Wanting  either  in  substance,  quantity,  or  qual- 
ity, or  in  any  thing  necessary  ;  imperfect  ;  as,  a  de- 
fective limb  ;  defective  timber ;  a  defective  copy  or 
book  ;  a  defective  account.  Defective  articulation,  in 
speaking,  renders  utterance  indistinct. 

2.  Wanting  in  moral  qualities  ;  faulty  ;  blamable  ; 
not  conforming  to  rectitude  or  rule ;  as,  a  defective 
character. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  defective  noun  is  one  which 
wants  a  whole  number  or  a  particular  case  ;  an  in- 
declinable noun. 

4.  A  defective  verb,  is  one  which  wants  some  of  the 
tenses. 

DE-FECT'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  defective  manner ;  im- 
perfecllv. 

DE-FECt'IVE-NESS,  71.    Want ;  the  state  of  being 

imperfect  ;  faultiness. 
DE-FECT-IJ-OS'I-TY,  71.    Defectiveness;  faultiness. 

\J\rot  used.)  .Montagu. 
DE-FECT' y-O US,  a.   Full  of  defects.    [Little  used.] 

IVortllington. 
DEF-E-Da'TION,  71.    Pollution.    [JVot  i7t  71.sc] 

Bentley. 

DE-FENCE',  71.  Protection  against  injury  ;  vindica- 
tion when  attacked. 

2.  The  art  or  .science  of  defending  against  ene- 
mies ;  skill  in  fencing,  &e. 

3.  In  laic,  the  defendant's  answer  or  plea.  | 
[For  remarks  on  the  spelling  of  the  word,  see 

DE-FENCE'LESS,  a.   Without  defense.    [See  De-  I 

FENSELE99.] 

DE-FEND',  1;.  (.  [L.  dcfendo  ;  de  and  obs.  frndo  :  Fr. 
defendre  ;  It.  difendrre  ;  Sp.  defender  ;  Port.  id. ;  .Arm. 
difenn,  or  dircnn  ;  VV.  rfi/i/ii ;  Norm,  fcndu,  struck  ; 
defender,  to  oppose,  to  prohibit.  The  primary  sense 
is,  to  strike,  thrust,  or  drive  off;  to  repel.] 

1.  To  drive  from  ;  to  thrust  back  ;  hence,  to  deny ; 
to  repel  a  demand,  charge, or  accusation  ;  to  oppose; 
to  resist ;  the  effect  of  which  is  to  maintain  one's 
own  claims. 

2.  To  forbid  ;  to  prohibit;  that  is,  to  drive  from, 
or  back.  Milton  calls  the  forbidden  fruit  the  de- 
fended fruit. 

The  use  of  wine  in  some  place*  is  defended  by  cuBtoips  or  lawi. 

Ttmple. 

[This  application  is  nearly  obsolete.] 

.3.  To  drive  back  a  foe  or  ilanger ;  to  repel  from 
any  thing  that  which  assails  or  annoys  ;  to  protect  by 
opposition  or  resistance  ;  to  support  or  maintain  ;  to 
prevent  from  being  injured  or  destroyed. 

Tlii-n'  aros.',  to  defend  Israel,  Tola,  the  son  of  Puah.  —  Jud^  X. 

4.  To  vindicate  ;  to  assert ;  to  uphold  ;  to  maintain 
uninjured,  by  force  or  by  argument ;  as,  to  defend  our 
cause  ;  to  defend  rights  and  privileges ;  to  defend  tep- 
ulation. 

a.  'I'o  secure  against  attacks  or  evil ;  to  fortify 
against  danger  or  violence  ;  to  set  obstacles  to  llie 
approach  of  any  thing  that  can  annoy.    A  garden 


METE,  PilfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


810 


DEF 


DEF 


DEF 


may  be  defeiulrd  hy  a  grove  ;  a  camp  may  be  defended 

by  a  wall,  a  hill,  or  a  river. 
DI;-1'1;N'I)',  v.  i.    To  make  opposition;  as,  the  party 

enm  -s  into  couit,  defeiulji,  and  says, 
nr.  I'|;N1)'.\-IU,E,  a.    That  may  be  defended. 
I'K.N'D'A.VT,  a.    [Fr.  participle  of  drftndrt.] 

1.  l)i  fi'Msive  ;  proper  fur  defense.  Shak. 
G.  Making  defense ;  being  in  the  character  of  a  de- 
fendant. IVhcatim^s  Rr-p. 

DE-1"E.\D'.\NT,  71.  lie  that  di-fends  against  an  as- 
sailant, or  against  the  approach  of  evil  or  danger. 

2.  In  law,  the  party  that  opposes  a  complaint,  de- 
mand, or  charge ;  he  that  is  snmmoncd  into  court, 
and  defends,  denies,  or  oppose.'!,  the  demand  or  charge, 
and  maintains  his  own  right.  It  is  apjdied  to  any 
party  of  whom  a  demand  is  made  in  court,  vvhetlier 
the  "party  denies  and  defends,  or  admits  the  claim  and 
sulTers  a  default. 

DK-FK.VD'KD,  pp.  Opposed  ;  denied  ;  prohibited  ; 
maintained  by  resistance  ;  vindicated ;  preserved  un- 
itijiired  ;  secured. 

DK-FK.VD'EH,  n.  One  who  defends  by  opposition  ; 
one  who  mainl.ains,  supports,  protects,  or  vindicates  ; 
an  assertor ;  a  vindicator,  either  by  arms  or  by  argu- 
ments ;  a  champion  or  an  advocate. 

DK-FE.\D'ING,  ppr.  Denying;  opposing;  resisting; 
forbidding  ;  maintaining  uninjured  by  force  or  by  rea- 
son ;  securing  frotn  evil. 

DE-FENS'.\-TIVE,  n.  Guard;  defense;  a  bandage, 
plaster,  or  tlie  like,  to  secure  a  wound  from  external 
injury.  Johnson, 

DE  FENSE',  (de-fens',)  n.    [L.  drfmsio.'] 

1.  Any  tiling  that  opposes  attack,  violence,  danger, 
or  injury  ;  any  thing  that  secures  the  person,  the 
rights,  or  the  possessions,  of  men  ;  fortilication  ; 
guard  ;  protection ;  security.  A  wall,  a  parapet,  a 
ditch,  or  a  garrison,  is  the  defense  of  a  city  or  for- 
tress. The  .\linighty  is  the  defense  of  the  righteous. 
Ps.  lix. 

2.  Vindication  ;  justification ;  apology  ;  that  which 
repels  or  disproves  a  charge  or  accusation. 

M..I1,  brvlhn-n,  f.ahera,  lio.ir  ye  my  de/eine,  —  AcU  xxU. 

3.  In  /aw,  the  defendant's  reply  to  the  plaintiff's 
decl.aration,  demands,  or  charges. 

4.  Prohibition.    [OAs.)  Temple. 

5.  Resistance  ;  opposition.  Shali. 

6.  The  science  of  defending  against  enemies;  skill 
in  f..'ncing,  &.C. 

7.  In  furtijication,  a  work  that  flanks  another. 
(This  word,  like  expense,  has,  till  of  late,  been 

spelled  with  a  c,  though  Bailey  gtive  it  with  s.  It 
ought  to  undergo  the  same  change  with  expense,  the 
reason  being  the  same,  viz.,  that  s  must  be  used  in 
defensme  as  in  ezpensivc.  Defense  was  the  original 
spelling  in  the  French,  and  defcnsio  in  the  Latin.  It 
is  therefore  desirable,  on.  every  ground,  to  exchange 
the  c  for  s.] 

DE-FE.\.-*E',  (de-fens',)  v.  L  To  defend  by  fortifica- 
tion.   [Obs.]  Fairfax. 

DE-FENS' ED,  (de-fenst',)  pp.  Fortified. 

DE-FE.\SE'LESS,  (de-fens'less,)  a.  Being  without 
defense,  or  without  means  of  repelling  assault  or  in- 
jury ;  applied  U>  a  town,  it  denotes  unfortified  or  uii- 
garrisoned  ;  open  to  an  enemy  ;  applied  to  a  person,  it 
denotes  naked  ;  unarmed  ;  unprotected  ;  unprepared 
to  resist  attack  ;  weak  ;  unable  to  oppose  ;  uncov- 
ered ;  nnshellered. 

DE-FENSE'I,ESS-NESS,  (de-fens'les.s-ncss,)  n.  The 
state  of  being  unguarded  or  unprotected. 

DE  FEN'S'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  defended  ;  as,  a  (ie- 
fensible  city. 

2.  That  may  be  vindicated,  maintained,  or  justi- 
fied ;  as,  a  defensible  cause. 
DE-FEXS'I  VE,  a.    ( Fr.  defen.i\f.] 

1.  That  serves  to  defend  ;  proper  for  defense  ;  as, 
dtfensice  armor,  which  repels  attiicks  or  blows,  op- 
posed to  offensive  .arms,  which  are  used  in  attack. 

2.  Carried  on  in  resisting  .attack  or  aggression  ;  as, 
defensive  war,  in  distinction  from  offensive  war,  which 
ie  aggressive. 

3.  In  a  slate  or  posture  to  defend.  Miltun. 
DE-FENS'IV£,  n.   Safeguard  ;  that  which  defends. 

Wftn  preventire,  upon  Jiist  tcan,  arc  Inie  dtftnsivet.  Bacon, 

To  be  on  the  defensive,  or  to  stand  on  the  difensive,  is 
to  be  or  stand  in  a  state  or  posture  of  defense  or  re- 
sistance, in  opposition  to  aggression  or  attack. 

DE-FENS'l VE-LV,  aiir.  In  a  defensive  manner;  on 
the  defensive ;  in  defense. 

DE-  FER',  r.  I.   [  L.  diffrro  ;  </i,>-,  from,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

1.  To  delay ;  to  put  off ;  to  postpone  to  a  future 
time ;  as,  to  defer  the  execution  of  a  design. 

When  li\ou  vowrii  a  vow,  rie/er  not  lo  p»y  il.  —  F^clcfl.  t. 
Hope  dt/errtd  nwkelh  Uic  liciirt  iick.  —  Prov.  xiii. 

2.  To  refer ;  to  leave  to  anotlicr's  judgment  and 
detrrmin.ation.  Bacon. 

[In  this  sense,  Refeb  is  now  used.] 
DE  FER',  r.  i.    To  yield  to  another's  opinion  ;  to  sub- 
mit in  opinion  ;  as,  he  defers  to  the  opinion  of  his 
father. 

DEF'ER-E.VCE,  n.  A  yielding  in  opinion  ;  submission 
of  judgment  to  the  opinion  or  judgment  of  another. 
Hence,  regard  ;  respect.    We  often  decline  acting  in 


opposition  to  those  for  whose  wisdom  we  liave  a 
great  deference. 

2.  Complaisance  ;  condescension.  Locke, 

3.  Submission.  Jiddison. 
DEF'ER-E.\T,  a.  Bearing;  carrying  ;  conveying.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Bacon, 

DEF'ER-E.NT,  n,    Tli.at  which  carries  or  conveys. 

2.  A  vessel  in  the  human  body  for  the  cimveyance 
of  fluids.  Chambers, 

3.  In  the  Ptolemaic  astronomy,  a  circle  surrounding 
the  earth,  in  whose  pcripliery  the  center  of  the  epi- 
cycle moves  round.  D.  Olmsted. 

DEI'-lClt-KN'TIAL,  f-en'shal,)  a.    Expressing  defcr- 
I)1;F-1:U-I;N"1'IAL-LY,  adv.    With  deference,  [ence. 
1)IM'|;K',M1:NT,  )i.    D.^lay.  Suckling. 
Di'.-l'V.R'UyA),  pp.    Delayed;  postponed. 
DE-FKR'RER,  «.    One  who  delays  or  puts  off. 

B.  Jonson. 

f)F,-FER'RI\G,  ;>;jr.    Delaying;  postponing. 
DE-FI'.\NCE,  H.    [French,  in  a  dillereiit  sense.  See 

DEKV.j 

1.  .V  daring;  a  challenge  to  fight;  invitation  to 
combat ;  a  call  to  an  adversary  to  encounter,  if  he 
dare.    Goliath  bid  defiance  to  the  army  of  Israel. 

2.  .'V  challenge  to  meet  in  any  contest ;  a  call  upon 
one  to  make  good  any  assertion  or  charge  ;  an  invi- 
tation to  maintain  any  cause  or  point. 

3.  Contempt  of  opposition  or  danger  ;  a  daring  or 
resistance  that  implies  the  coiiteiiipt  of  an  adversary 
or  of  any  opposing  power.  Men  often  transgress  tlic 
law,  and  act  in  defiance  of  authority. 

DE-Fi'.\-TO-RV,  a.    Bidding  or  bearing  defiance. 

Shelford. 

DE  FI"CIEN-CY,  j  n.  [L.  deficicns,(rom  dificio,\.o(a.i\, 
DE-FI"CIENCE,  \     rfc  and /ucio,  to  do.] 

1.  A  failing;  a  falling  short;  imperfection;  as,  a 
deficiency  in  moral  duties. 

2.  Want ;  defect ;  something  less  than  is  neces- 
sary ;  as,  a  deficiency  of  means  ;  a  deficiency  of  reve- 
nue ;  a  deficiency  of  blood. 

DE-FI"CIENT,  (de-fish'ent,)  a.  Wanting  ;  defective  ; 
imperfect ;  not  sutiicient  or  adequate ;  as,  deficient  es- 
tate ;  deficient  strength. 

2.  Wanting  ;  not  having  a  full  or  adequate  supply  ; 
as,  the  country  may  be  deficient  in  the  means  of  car- 
rj  iiig  on  war. 

Deficient  numbers,  in  arithmetic,  arc  those  numbers 
whose  aliquot  parts,  added  together,  make  less  than 
the  integer  whose  parts  they  are.  Brande. 

DE-FI"CIE.\T-LY,  adv.    In  a  defective  inanuer. 

DEF'I-CIT,  n.  [L.]  Want ;  deficiency;  as,  a  deficit 
in  the  taxes  or  revenue. 

DE-FI'£D,  (de-flde')  pp.  Challenged ;  dared  to  com- 
bat. 

DE-FI'ER,  71.  [See  Defy.]  A  challenger ;  one  who 
dares  to  combat  or  encounter  ;  one  who  braves  ;  one 
who  acts  ill  contempt  of  opposition,  law,  or  authori- 
ty ;  as,  a  deficr  of  the  laws.    [Better  written  Ue- 

I'VEB.] 

DE-FIG-U-RS'TION,  n.  A  disfiguring.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Hall. 

DE-FIG'URE,  (-fig'yur,)  v.  U  To  delineate.  [-Vut  in 
use.]  JVeercr. 

DE-FiL'.aD-ING,  n.  In  fortification,  the  raising  of  the 
exposed  side  of  a  fortress,  so  as  to  shelter  the  inte- 
rior works,  when  they  are  in  danger  of  being  com- 
manded by  the  enemy  from  some  higher  point. 

DE-FILE',  V.  L    [Sa.\.  afylan,  befylan,  gefijlan,  afidan, 

from  ful,  fula,  foul.   (See  Fouu)  gy  ^ 

Ufnl,  is  almost  precisely  the  English  word.  CasL 
1553.1 

1.  'To  make  unclean  ;  to  render  foul  or  dirty  ;  in  a 
general  sense, 

2.  To  make  impure  ;  to  render  turbid  ;  as,  the  wa- 
ter or  liquor  is  defiled. 

3.  To  soil  or  sully  ;  to  tarnish  ;  as  reputation,  &c 
He  i<  ainoujf  llie  frralcst  prrl.Alei  of  Ihe  age,  liowever  his 

cliaraclcr  mav  he  defiled  by  itiny  h.in(ls.  Swift. 
Tli.  y  ili.iU  di^fiti  thy  brighlncn.  —  Ei.  xxviii. 

4.  To  pollute  ;  to  make  ceremonially  unclean. 
ThAt  which  dielh  of  ilself,  lie  shall  not  eat,  to  defit*  liiiiuetf 

tiieivwiih.  —  La'v.  xxii. 

5.  To  corrupt  chastity  ;  to  debauch  ;  to  violate ;  to 
tarnish  the  purity  of  character  by  lewdness. 

Shfchein  defiled  Dinah.  —  Gen.  xxxiv. 

6.  To  taint,  in  a  moral  sense ;  to  corrupt ;  to  vitiate  ; 
to  render  impure  with  sin. 

Defile  not  youivlTcs  with  the  idols  of  F.^pt.  —  Ezek.  xx. 
II'.-  hath  defiled  the  sanctuary  of  ifie  Lonf.  —  Num.  xix. 

DE-FILE',  r.  i.    [Fr.  defiler ;  de  and  file,  a  row  or  line, 
from  L.//«>n,  a  thread.] 
To  march  off  in  a  line,  or  file  by  file ;  to  file  off. 

Roseoe, 

DE-FTLE',  II.    [Fr.  defili,  Ctom  fit,  file,  a  thread,  a  line.] 
A  narrow  pinssage  or  w.iy,  in  which  troops  may 

march  only  in  a  file,  or  with  a  narrow  front ;  a  long, 

narrow  p,iss,  as  between  hills,  Ice, 
DE-FIL'ED,  pp,  or  a.    Made  dirtv  or  foul;  polluted; 

soiled  ;  corrupted  ;  violated  ;  vitiated. 
DE-FIL'EO,  preL    Marched  off  in  a  line. 
DE-FILE',MENT  n.    The  act  of  defiling,  or  state  of 

being  defiled  ;  foulness;  dirtiness;  uncleaniiess. 


2.  Corniptiim  of  morals,  princijdes,  or  character  ; 
impurity  ;  polltitioii  by  sin. 

The  chiiali*  &U1  nut  rake  into  such  filth  without  ilnn?<*r  of  de- 
filement. Attili4vn. 

DE-FIL'EK,  71.    One  who  defiles;  one  who  coriupts 

or  viidatrs  ;  that  which  polliiti  s. 
DE-FIL'ING,  ppr,  or  a,    I'ulliitiiig ;  making  inipiirc, 

2.  Marching  in  a  file,  or  with  a  narrow  front. 
DE-FIN'A-BLE,  a.     [St^e  Define.]     Lilerally,  tli.it 

m.'ty  be   limited,  or  have   its  limits   ascertained  ; 

hence,  ca|)able  of  having  its  extent  .ascertained  with 

precision  ;  capable  of  being  fixed  and  determined. 

The  e.xtent  of  the  Russian  empire  is  hardly  definable ; 

the  limits  are  hardly  drflnnblr, 

2.  That  may  be  delnicd  or  described  ;  capable  of 
having  its  signification  rendered  certain,  or  expressed 
with  certainty  or  precision  ;  as,  definable  words. 

3.  That  nuiy  be  fixed,  determined,  or  a-scertained  ; 
as,  lint  time  tir  period  is  not  definable. 

DE-FIN' A-BLY,  adv.   In  a  definable  manner. 
DE-FINE',  11.  t,    [L,  definin  :  de  and  finio,  lo  end,  to 

limit,  from  finis,  end;  Fr.  definir;  Sp.  defuiir;  It. 

definire.] 

1.  'I"o  determine  or  describe  the  end  or  limit;  as, 
to  define  the  extent  of  a  kingdom  or  country. 

2.  To  determine  with  precision  ;  to  ascertain  ;  as, 
to  define  the  limits  of  a  kingdom. 

3.  To  mark  the  limit ;  to  circunLicribe  ;  to  bound. 

4.  'i'o  determine  or  ascertain  the  extent  of  the 
meaning  of  a  word  ;  to  ascertain  the  signification  of 
a  term  ;  to  explain  wli.'it  a  worti  is  understood  to  ex- 
press ;  as,  to  define  the  words  virtue,  courage,  belief, 
or  charity, 

5.  To  describe  ;  to  ascertain  or  explain  the  distinc- 
tive properties  or  circumstances  of  a  thing ;  as,  to 
define  a  line  or  an  angle. 

DE-FI.N'E',  c.  i.    To  determine ;  lo  decide.    [A"o(  used.] 

Bacon. 

DE-Fl\'£D,  (de-fInd,)  pp.  Determined  ;  having  the 
extent  ascertained  ;  liaving  the  signification  deter- 
mined. 

2.  Having  the  precise  limit  marked,  or  having  a 
determinate  limit ;  as,  the  shadow  of  a  body  is  well 

defined. 

DE-FIN'ER,  n.  He  who  defines  ;  he  who  nscertains 
or  marks  tile  limits  ;  he  who  determines  or  explains 
the  signification  of  a  word,  or  describes  the  distinc- 
tive pioperties  of  a  thing. 

DE  Fl.N'I.N'G,  ppr.  UT  a.  Determining  the  limits;  ns- 
ceilaiiiing  the  extent  ;  explaining  the  meaning;  de- 
scribing the  properties. 

DEF'IN-ITE,  a.    [L.  definitas.] 

1.  Having  certain  limits  ;  bounded  with  preci^lOn  ; 
determinate  ;  as,  a  definilc  extent  of  land  ;  dcfiniu 
dimensions  ;  definite  measure. 

2.  Having  certain  limits  in  signification  ;  determi- 
nate ;  certain  ;  precise  ;  as,  a  definite  word,  term,  or 
expression. 

3.  Fixed  ;  determinate ;  exact ;  precise ;  as,  a  defi- 
Tiite  time  or  period. 

4.  Defining;  limiting;  deteniiining  the  extent ;  as, 
a  definite  word. 

DEF'IN-ITE,  H.    Thing  defined.  .^yliffe. 
I)EF'I.N-ITE-LY,  adr.    In  a  ilefinite  manner. 
DEF'IN-ITE-NESS,  71.   Certainfv  of  extent ;  certainty 

of  signification;  detciniinateiiess. 
DEF-Ii\-I"TION,  (dcf-t--nish'un,)  n.     [L.  definUio. 

See  Defi ne.J 

1.  A  brief  description  of  a  thing  by  its  properties; 
as,  a  definition  of  wit,  or  of  a  circle. 

2.  In  loiric,  the  explication  of  the  essence  of  a 
thing  by  its  kind  anil  difference. 

3.  In  lexicoirraphy,  an  explanation  of  the  significa- 
tion of  a  word  or  term,  or  of  what  a  word  is  under- 
stood lo  express. 

DE-FIN'I-TI  VE,  a.    [L.  defmilivus,] 

1.  Limiting  the  extent ;  determinate  ;  positive;  ex- 
press ;  as,  a  definitive  term. 

2.  Limiting;  ending  ;  determining;  final;  opposed 
to  conditional,  proeisiorial,  or  interlocutory  ;  as,  a  drfiit- 
itive  sentence  or  decree. 

DE-FIN'I-TI  VE,  71.  In  grammar,  an  adjective  used 
to  define  or  limit  the  extent  of  the  signification  of  an 
ai>ellalive  or  common  noun.  Such  are  the  Greek  o, 
il,  TO  ;  the  Latin  hic,  illr,  ipse ;  the,  tJiis,  and  that,  in 
English  ;  le,  la,  /eji,  in  French  ;  i7,  la,  lo,  in  Italian. 
Thus,  free  is  an  appellative  or  common  noun  ;  (At  j 
tree,  this  tree,  Viat  tree,  designate  a  particular  tree,  i 
determinate  or  known.  J/omo  signifies  man;  hie 
homo,  ille  homo,  a  particular  man,  &c.  But,  in  some 
langua!:es,  the  definitives  have  lost  their  original  use, 
in  a  great  degree  ;  as  in  tlie  Greek  and  French. 
Thus,  "  La  force  de  la  vertu  "  must  be  rendered,  in 
English,  tJie  force  of  virtue,  not  Ihe  force  of  the  virtue. 
The  first  la  is  a  definitive  ;  the  last  has  no  definitive 
effict. 

DE-FIX'I-TI VE-LY,  adv,  Determinately  ;  positively  ; 
expressly.  ^ 

2.  Fin.ally  ;  conclusively  ;  unconditiorally  :  ns,  the 
points  between  the  parlies  are  definitireb'  settled. 
DE-FI.\'I-TIVE-.\ESS,  71.    Dcterminot  aess  ;  deci- 
siveness ;  conclusiveness. 
DE-FIX',  u.  t.  [L,drfigo.] 

To  fix  ;  to  fasten.    (.\ol  used,]  Herbert, 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  Sil ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


an 


DEF 


DEF 


DEG 


DEF-LA-GRA-BIL'I-TY,n.  [See  DEFLiGR*TE.]  Tlie 
quality  of  burning  with  a  sudden  and  spiirklinp;  com- 
bustion, as  a  metallic  wire  ;  a  chemical  term.  Boyle. 

DE-FLa'GRA-BLE,  a.  Having  tlie  quality  of  burning 
with  a  sudden  and  sparkling  combustion,  as  alcohol, 
oils,  &c.  Boyle. 

DEF'LA-GRaTE,  v.  L  [L.  defiagro ;  de  andJla^To,  to 
burn  ] 

To  bum  with  a  sudden  and  sparkling  combustion  ; 
as,  to  deflairrate  oil  or  spirit. 

DEF'LA-GRa-TED,  pp.    Burned  ;  consumed. 

DEF'LA  GR.^-TING,  7);)r.    Burning;  consuming. 

DEF-LA-GRa'TION,  71.  A  sudden  and  sparkling  com- 
bustion. 

The  strength  of  spirit  is  proved  by  deflagration.  Encyc. 
A  rapid  combustion  of  a  mixture,  attended  with 
much  evolution  of  flame  and  vapor,  as  of  niter  and 
charcoal.  Cyc. 

This  term  is  also  applied  to  the  rapid  combustion 
of  metals  by  galvanism. 
DEF'LA-GR.A-TOR,  ji.  A  galvanic  instrument  for 
producing  rapid  and  powerful  combustion,  particu- 
larly the  combustion  of  metallic  substances.  Hare. 
DE-FLEGT',  v.  i.  [L.  deflccla ;  de  and  Jlecto,  to  turn  or 
bend.] 

To  turn  from  or  aside  ;  to  deviate  from  a  true 
course  or  right  line ;  to  swerve. 

The  neeille  deflects  from  liie  mericUiin.  Broion. 
DE-FLEGT', ».  t.    To  tuni  aside  ;  to  turn  or  bend  from 

a  right  line  or  regular  course. 
DE-FLEeT'ED,  pp.    Turned  aside,  or  from  a  direct 
line  or  course.    In  botany,  bending  downward  arch- 
*  wise. 

DE-FLEGT'ING,  ppr.    Turning  aside  ;  turning  from 

a  right  line  or  regular  course. 
DE-FLECTION,  ii.    Deviation  ;  the  act  of  turning 

aside  ;  a  taming  from  a  true  line  or  the  regular 

course. 

2.  The  departure  of  a  ship  from  its  true  course. 

3.  A  deviation  of  the  rays  of  light  toward  the  sur- 
face of  an  opaque  body  ;  intiection.  Jlooke. 

DE-FLEX'liRE,  (de-flek'shur,)  n.  A  bending  down  ; 
a  turning  aside  ;  deviation. 

DE-FLo'RaTE,  a.  [L.  dejloratus,  from  defiuro,  to  de- 
tlour;  c/s  and  jloreo,fios.    See  Flower  ] 

In  botany,  having  cast  its  farina,  pollen,  or  fecun- 
dating dust.  Martyii. 

DEF-LO-Ra'TIO\,  n.    [Fr.    See  Defloub.] 

1.  The  act  of  deflouring;  the  act  of  depriving  of 
the  (lower  or  prime  beauties  ;  particularly  the  act  of 
taking  away  a  woman's  virginity. 

2.  A  selection  of  the  flower,  or  of  that  which  is 
most  valuable. 

Tile  Invvs  of  Normandy  arc,  in  a  ^eat  measure,  the  dejloralion 
ol  the  Knglish  huvs.  Ha:e. 

DE-FLOUR',  V.  t.  [L.  defloro  :  de  and  floreo,  or  flos,  a 
flower;  Fr.  drjiflrer ;  It.  dejlorare,  or  dejiorare ;  Sp. 
de.^Jlurar.    See  Flowei!.] 

1.  To  deprive  a  woman  of  her  virginity,  either  by 
force  or  with  consent.  When  by  force,  it  may  be 
equivalent  to  ravUh  or  violate. 

2.  To  take  away  the  prime  beauty  and  grace  of  any 
thing. 

The  sweetucss  of  his  soul  w.is  dejtoured.  Taylor. 

3.  To  deprive  of  flowers.  Montagu. 
DE-FLOUR'£D,  pp.  or  «.    Deprived  of  maidenhood  ; 

ravished  ;  robbed  of  |>riuie  beauty. 
DK-FI.OUR'Ell,  /!.    One  who  deprives  a  woman  of 
her  virginity. 

DE  FLOIJR'iiVG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  virginity  or  maid- 
enhood ;  robbing  of  prime  beauties. 
DE-FLOVV,  V.  i.    [L.  drjluo.] 

To  flow  down.  fA'/t  in  use.]  Brown. 
DEF'LU-OU.S,  a.    [L.  drfinus  :  de  and  flno,  to  flow.] 

Flowing  down  ;  falling  ofl".    [Little  u-ted.] 
DE-FLL'X',  H.    [L.  drfliuus ;  de  atiil  ftuo,ftiuus.  See 
Flow.] 

A  flowing  down  ;  a  running  downward  ;  as,  a  de- 
Jlu J- t,f  iminttr^.    [See  Defloxion.]  Bacon. 
DE-FLUX'IO.N,  (de-fluk'shun,)  n.     [L.  drjluzio,  from 
dejluo,  to  flow  down  ;  de  and  Jluo,  to  flow.  See 
Flow.] 

1.  A  flowing,  running,  or  falling  of  humors  or  fluid 
mattiT,  from  a  superior  to  an  inferior  part  of  the 
body  ;  propi:rly,  an  inflammation  of  a  purl,  attended 
with  incre;isi.(i  secretion. 

2.  A  discharge  or  flowing  ofl"  of  humors  ;  as,  a  dc- 
fiuzion  from  the  nose  or  head  in  ratnrrlL 

DEF'LY,  arfi).    Dextrously  ;  skillfully.    [Ob.s.]  [Sec 
.  Deft.)  Spenner. 
DEF  U;-!)A'TI(J.V,  (def-e-di'sliun,)  n.     The  act  of 

making  filthy. 
DE-FO-LI-A'l'IO.V,  n.     [L.  de  and  folialio,  foliage, 

from  foliuia,  a  leaf  or  folwr.    See  Folio.] 

Aiferaf/i/,  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  or  shedding  of  leaves  ; 

but  ttckntcalty,  the   tltm;   or   beason    of  shedding 

leaven  in  autumn  ;  applied  to  trcca  aiid  alirub.t. 

Linjutu^. 

DE  FORCE',  II.  t.  [de  and  force.]  To  disseize  and 
kc'-pout  of  lawful  [HiHsetiHion  of  an  estate  ;  to  with- 
finld  the  [HisMessioii  of  an  estate  from  the  rightful 
owner  ;  applied  to  any  )>ossesHor  wiiosc  entry  wils 


originally  lawful,  but  whose  detainer  is  become  un- 
la\\fiil.  Blaclistone. 

DE-FoRC'^JD,  pp.    Kept  out  of  lawful  possession. 

DE-FoRCE'.ME.\T,  n.  The  holding  of  lands  or  ten- 
ements to  which  another  person  has  a  right ;  a  gen- 
eral term,  including  ahateinent,  intrusion,  disseisin, 
discontinuance,  or  any  other  species  of  wrong,  by 
which  he  that  hath  a  right  to  the  freehold  is  kept  out 
of  possession.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  Scotland,  a  resisting  of  an  officer  in  the  ex- 
ecution of  law. 

DE-FoR'ClANT,  n.  He  that  keeps  out  of  possession 
the  rightful  owner  of  an  estate  ;  lie  against  whom  a 
flctitious  action  is  brought  in  fine  and  recovery. 

Black:>tone. 

DE»F6RC'IXG,  ppr.  Keeping  out  of  lawful  posses- 
sion, 

DE-FORM',  V.  t.  [L.  deformo ;  de  and  forma,  form  ; 
Sp.  de^furmar  ;  It.  defonnare.] 

1.  To  mar  or  injure  the  form  ;  to  alter  that  form  or 
disposition  of  parts  which  is  natural  and  esteemed 
beautiful,  and  thus  to  render  it  displeasing  to  the  eye ; 
to  disfigure;  as,  a  hump  on  the  back  deforms  the 
body. 

2.  To  render  ugly  or  displeasing,  by  exterior  appli- 
cations or  appendages  ;  as,  to  deform  the  face  by 
paint,  or  the  person  by  unbecoming  dress. 

3.  To  render  displeasing. 

Wintry  blasts  deform  the  year.  Tliomson. 

4.  To  injure  and  render  displeasing  or  disgusting; 
to  disgrace  ;  to  disfigure  moral  beauty  ;  as,  all  vices 
deform  the  character  of  rational  beings. 

.5.  To  dishonor  ;  to  make  ungraceful.  Dnjden. 
DE-FOKM',  a.    [L.  deformis.] 

Disfigured  ;  being  of  an  unnatural,  distorted,  or 
disproportioned  form ;  displeasing  to  the  eye.  Spenser. 

Si^ht  so  deform  what  heart  of  rock  could  loiij 

Dry-eyed  behold  i  MUton. 

DEF-ORiM-A'TION,n.   A  disfiguring  or  defacing. 

Baxter. 

DE-FORM'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Injured  in  the  form  ;  disfig- 
ured ;  distorted;  ugly;  wanting  natural  beauty  or 
symmetry. 

2.  Base  ;  disgraceful.  JS.  Jonson. 

DE-FORM'ED-LY,  adv.    In  .an  ugly  manner. 
DE-FOR.M'ED-NESS,  n.    Ugliness  ;  a  disagreeable  or 

unnatural  fijrm, 
DE-FORM'ER,  n.    One  who  deforms. 
DE-FOR.M'L\'G,  ppr.     Marring  the  natural  form  or 

figure;  rendering  ugly  or  displeasing;  destroying 
DE-I'ORM'I-TY,  n,    [h.  drformita..:]  [beauty. 

1.  Any  unnatural  state  of  the  shape  or  form  ;  want  of 
that  unifiirinity  or  syininelry  which  constitutes  beau- 
ty ,  distortion ;  irregularity  of  shape  or  features ; 
disproportion  of  limbs;  defect;  crookedness,  &c. 
Hence,  ugliness  ;  as,  bodily  deformity. 

2.  Anything  th.it  destroys  beauty,  grace,  or  propri- 
ety ;  irregularity  ;  absurdity  ;  gross  deviation  from 
order,  or  the  established  laws  of  propriety.  Thus  we 
speak  of  deformity  in  an  edifice,  or  deformity  of  char- 
acter. 

DE-FoRS'ER,  71.     [from  force.]    One  that  casts  out 
by  force.  Blount. 
[Jll  formed,  and  not  in  tise.] 

DE-FOUL', !'.(.    To  defile. 

DE-FOUL'£D,        Defiled;  made  dirty. 

DE-FOUI/IN'G,  ppr.    Rendering  vile. 

DE-FRAUD',  i>.  (.  [L.  defraudo  ;  de  and  frando,  to 
clitsit ;  frausi,  fraud  ;  It.  drfraiidare ;  Sp.  defraudar.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  right,  either  by  obtaining  some- 
thing by  deception  or  artifice,  or  by  taking  something 
wrongfully  without  the  knowledge  or  consent  of  the 
owner  ;  to  cheat ;  to  cozen  ;  followed  by  of  before 
the  thing  taken;  as,  to  </c/rai»/  a  man  «/his  right. 
The  agent  who  embezzles  public  property  drfrauds 
the  state.  The  man  who  by  deception  obtains  a  price 
for  a  commodity  above  its  value,  drfrauds  the  pur- 
chaser. 

>Ve  have  corrupted  no  man,  we  have  defrauded  no  ma.n. — 2 
Cor.  vii. 

2.  To  withhold  wrongfully  from  another  what  is 
due  to  him.    Defraud  not  the  hireling  of  his  wages. 

3.  To  prevent  one  wrongfully  from  obtaining  what 
he  may  justly  claim. 

A  man  of  forlinur  who  permila  his  son  to  consume  the  season 
ol  cducaliijii  ill  huiilins,  Bhootiiig,  or  in  fr-quentiuij  horso 
races,  iisM'iiiMii'i,  dc.  defraud u  the  conununity  of  a  itcno- 
factor,  and  Ix-iiucatiis  tliein  n  nuisance'.  Paley. 

4.  To  defeat  or  frustrate  wrongfully. 

By  tile  duiica  dewrted  —  by  the  claims  defrauded.  Paley. 

DE-FRAUD-A'TION,  n.   The  act  of  di;fraiiding. 

DE-FRAUI)'EI),  pp.  D(!prived  of  property  or  right  by 
trick,  artifice,  or  deception  ;  injured  by  the  withhold- 
ing of  wluit  is  dui'. 

DE-FRAUD'KR,  n.  One  who  defrauds  ;  one  who 
takes  from  aimtlier  his  right  by  deception,  or  with- 
holds what  is  his  due ;  a  cheat ;  a  cozener  ;  an  em- 
bezzler ;  n  peculator. 

DE-FKAUI)'iNG,  p/>r.  Depriving  another  of  his  prop- 
erty or  right  by  deception  or  artifice ;  injuring  by 
withholding  wrongfully  what  is  due. 

DE-FRAUD'MENT,  7l    The  act  of  defrauding. 

Milton. 


DE-FRaY',  (de-fra',)  ».  t.  [Fr.  defrayer;  de  and  frais, 
fratz,  expense  ;  Arm.  defraei.] 

1.  To  pay  ;  to  discharge,  as  cost  or  expense  ;  to 
bear,  as  charge,  cost,  or  expense.  It  is  followed 
chiefly  by  expau'te,  chnroe,  or  cost.  The  acquisitions 
of  war  seldom  defray  the  expenses.  The  profits  of  a 
voyage  will  not  always  rff/ray  the  charges,  or  even 
the  cost  of  the  first  outfits. 

2.  To  satisfy  ;  as,  to  </f/>aj/ anger.   [OJs.]  Spenser. 

3.  To  fill  ;  as,  to (/r/rai/ a  bottle.  [Obs.]  Spenser. 
DE-FRaY'£;D,  pp.    Paid ;   discharged,  as  expense, 

or  cost. 

DE-FRaY'ER,  77.     One  who  pays  or  discharges  ex- 

DE-FRaY'ING,  ;)pr.    Faying ;  discharging,  [penses. 

DE-FRaY'MENT,  ?!.    Payment.  Slicltoji. 

DEFT,  a.    [Sax.  daft.] 

Neat ;  handsome ;  spruce ;  ready  ;  dextrous  ;  fit ; 
convenient.    [Obs.]  Shak.  Dryden. 

DEFT'LY,  adv.  Neatly;  dc.xtrously;  in  a  skillful 
manner.    [Ofo.]  Slmk.  Gray. 

DEFT'NESS,m.    Neatness  ;  beauty.  [Obs.]  Drayton. 

DE-FUNCT',  a.  [L.  dcfunctus,  from  defungor ;  to 
perform  and  discharge  ;  dc  and  fangor,  id.] 

Having  finished  the  course  of  life  ;  dead  ;  de- 
ceased. Shak. 

DE-FUNCT',  71.  A  dead  person  ;  one  deceased.  Shak. 

DE-FUNCTION,  n.    Death.    [JVoI  vsed.]  Shak. 

DE-FY'j  V.  t.  [Fr,  defter;  de,  des,  from,  and  ./icr,  to 
trust ;  It.  sfulare;  Sp.  desnfiar  ;  des  ami  far;  Port.  id.  ; 
Arm.  difyal;  Low  L.  di^i/ure,  and  </(^i/iicinrc,  fnun 
fido,  to  trust.  (See  Faith.)  The  vitnidilfidare  seems 
originally  to  have  signified,  to  dissolve  the  bond  of 
allegiance,  as  between  the  lord  and  his  vassal ;  op- 
posed to  njjidare.  Spelman,  ad  voc.  Hence  it  came  to 
be  used  for  the  denunciation  of  enmity  and  of  war. 
Hence,  to  challenge.  If  we  understand  defer  to  sig- 
nify to  distrust,  t\\t:n  to  defy  is  to  call  in  question  the 
courage  of  another,  according  to  the  popular  phrase, 
"  You  dare  not  fight  me."] 

1,  To  dare  ;  to  provoke  to  cotnbat  or  strife,  by  ap- 
pealing to  the  courage  of  another;  to  invite  one  to 
contest  ;  to  challenge  ;  as,  Goliath  defied  the  armies 
of  Israel. 

2,  To  dare  ;  to  brave  ;  to  offer  to  hazard  a  con  fl  ict 
by  manifesting  a  contempt  of  opposition,  attack,  or 
hostile  force  ;  as,  to  defy  the  arguments  of  an  oppo- 
nent ;  to  defy  the  power  of  the  magistrate. 

Were  we  to  .alwlish  the  common  law,  it  would  rise  triumphant 
above  its  own  ruins,  deriding  and  defying  its  impotent 
enemies.  Dupotieeau. 

3,  _To  challenge  to  say  or  do  any  thing. 
DE-FY',  71.    A  challenge.    [JVot  used.]  Dryden. 
DE-FY'ER,  71.    One  who  defies.    [See  Defier.] 
DE-F?'ING,  ppr.    Challenging;  daring  to  combat. 
DEG,  V.  t.    [Sax.  deagan.]    'Tn  sprinkle.  Orose. 
DE-GXR'NISH,  v.  t.    [Fr.  dcgarnir  ;  de  and  gariiir,  to 

furnish.    [.See  Garnish.] 

1.  To  unfuriiisli ;  to  strip  of  furniture,  ornaments, 
or  apparatus. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  garrison,  or  troops  necessary  for 
defense  ;  as,  to  drgornish  a  city  or  fort. 

rVashington's  Letter,  JVnv.  II,  1788. 

DE-G.KR'NISH-iJD,  (ilc-g.ir'nisht,)pp.  Stripped  of  fur- 
niture or  anparatiis  ;  deprived  of  troops  for  defense. 

DE-Ga  R'NISH-ING,  ppr.  Stripping  of  furniture,  dress, 
apparatus,  or  a  garrison. 

DE-Ga  R'NISH-MENT,  ii.  The  act  of  depriving  of 
furniture,  apparatus,  or  a  garrison. 

DE  GEN'DEK,  1'.  i.    To  degenerate.    [04s.]  Spenser. 

DE-GE.\'ER-A-CY,  71.    [See  Degenerate,  the  verb.) 

1.  A  growing  worse  or  inferior  ;  a  decline  in  good 
qualities  ;  or  a  state  of  being  less  valuable  ;  as,  the 
degeneracy  of  a  plant. 

2.  In  moruLt,  decay  of  virtue  ;  a  growing  worse  ; 
departure  from  the  virtues  of  ancestors ;  desertion  of 
that  which  is  good.  \Vc  speak  of  the  degeneracy  of 
men  in  modern  times,  or  of  the  (/e/.ri  neraci/ of  niaii- 
ners,  of  the  ago,  of  virtue,  &c.,  sometimes  without 
reason. 

3.  Poorness;  meanness;  as,  a  (/(•"■fiTacy  of  spirit. 
DE-GEN'ER-aTE,  7-.  i.    [L.  degenero,  from  degener, 

grown  worse,  ignoble,  base;  de  and  gener,  genus; 
Fr.  degenerer;  Sp.  degenerar.] 

To  become  worse  ;  to  decay  in  gooil  qualities ;  to 
pass  from  a  good  to  a  bad  or  worse  state ;  to  lose  or 
sufl'er  a  diininnlion  of  valuable  qualities,  either  in  the 
natural  or  moral  world.  In  the  iiuliir.il  world,  plants 
ami  animals  degenerate  w\u-i\  tlii  y  grow  to  a  less  size 
than  usual,  or  lose  a  part  of  the  valuable  qualities 
which  belong  to  the  species.  In  the  nmral  world, 
men  degenerate  when  they  decline  in  virtue,  or  other 
good  qiralities.  .Manners  degenerate  when  they  be- 
conio  corrupt.  Wit  may  degcneraie  into  indecency  or 
impiety. 

DE  GEN'ER-ATE,  a.  Having  fallen  frtmi  a  perfect  or 
good  state  into  a  less  ext  i  lleni  or  worse  state  ;  hav- 
ing lost  something  of  Ilie  good  qualities  possessed; 
having  declined  in  natural  or  moral  worth. 

The  degenerate  plant  of  a  strang;o  vine. — Jer.  U. 

2,  Low  ;  base  ;  mean  ;  corrupt ;  fallen  from  primi- 
tive or  natural  excellence  ;  having  lost  the  good  qual- 
ities of  the  specii's,  Man  is  considered  a  drgrncraU 
being.    A  coward  is  a  man  of  degenerate  sjiirit. 


FATE,  FAR,  FJ^Lh,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


312 


DEG 


DEI 


DEJ 


1)E-GEN'ER-A-TKD,  ;>;>.  or  a.    Grown  worse. 

l)E-CEN'Ell-ATli-LY,  adc.  In  a  degenerate  or  base 
inimner.  Milton. 

DE-GEN'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.  A  dcRrnerute  stale;  a 
utate  in  which  the  natnral  good  qualities  of  the  spe- 
cies are  decavi  d  or  lost. 

OE-GE.N'EK-X-TING,  fpr.  or  a.  Decaying  in  good 
(Qualities. 

DE  GE.\-ER-a'T[0.\,«.  a  growing  worse,  or  losinn 
ot'  good  qualities  j  a  decline  from  the  virtue  and 
w  (irlh  of  ancestors ;  a  decay  of  the  natural  good 
qualities  of  the  species  ;  a  falling  from  a  more  excel- 
lent state  to  one  of  less  worth,  either  in  the  natural 
or  moral  world. 
2.  The  thing  degenerated.  Brmfn. 

DE  0E.N"EIM)US,  a.  Degenerated  ;  fallen  from  a 
stale  of  excellence,  or  from  the  virtue  and  merit  of 
ancestors.  Hence, 

2.  Uivv  ;  ba.se  ;  mean  ;  unworthy  ;  as,  a  rfcjc/icr- 
nii--  passion.  Dnnleii. 

DE'0E.\'ER-OUS-LY,  ailv.  Ina degenerous manner  ; 
basely  ;  meanly.  . 

DE4iI.C'TI.V-ATE,  c.  f.  [J.,  degliitmo ;  tie  ami  •rlii- 
(iiifi, to  glue.   SeeGn  E.] 

To  unglue;  to  loosen  or  separate  substances  glued 
together.  Hcotl. 

DE-GEO'TI.\'-.\-TED,  ]tp-  Unglued ;  loosened  or 
separated  ;  as  of  substances  glued  together. 

DKG-M'-TI  'TION,  (deg-lu-tish'un,)  71.  [L.  deglutio, 
to  swallow  ;(/«  and^/ufiu.    SeeGn  r  rox.] 

1.  The  act  of  swallowing  ;  as,  di'i'tutuion  is  dilli- 
cult. 

2.  The  power  of  swallowing  ;  as,  dtglutition  is  lost. 
DEC  UA-Ua'TI().\,  m.    [Er.    t^ee  Deoraoe.] 

1.  .\  reducing  in  rank  ;  the  act  of  depriving  one  of 
-  a  degree  of  honor,  of  dignity,  or  of  rank  ;  also,  dep- 
osition ;  removal  or  dismission  from  otlice  ;  as,  the 
d'-irnidationai  a  peer,  of  a  knight,  or  of  a  bishop,  in 
Englaiul. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  reduced  from  an  elevated  or 
more  honor.ible  station,  to  one  that  is  low  in  fact  or 
in  estimation  ;  baseness  ;  degeneracy. 

Di-)ilur.tblo  is  (he  degradation  oroiir  nature.  South. 

3.  Diminution  or  reduction  of  strength,  efficacy,  or 
value. 

4.  In  painting,  a  lessening  and  obscuring  of  the 
appearance  of  distant  objects  in  a  landscape,  that 
they  may  appear  as  they  would  do  to  an  eye  placed 
at  a  distance.  Johivson.  Eiicijc. 

.  5.  In  aeuloff]),  diminution  ;  reduction  of  altitude 
or  magnitude  j  as,  the  degradation  of  rocks. 

Jour II  of  Science. 
DE-GR.\DE',  F.  t    [Fr.  degrader ;  Sp  and  Port,  de- 
grndar  :  It.  degradore ;  L.  dc  and  g-radiUy  a  step,  a 
degree.    See  Gkaoe.] 

1.  To  reduce  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  rank  or  de- 
gree ;  to  deprive  one  of  any  oliice  or  dignity,  by 
which  he  loses  rank  in  society  ;  to  strip  of  honors  ; 
as,  to  degrade  a  nobleman,  an  archbishop,  or  a  gen- 
eral officer. 

2.  To  reduce  in  cstim-ttion  ;  WIessen  the  value  of; 
to  lower;  to  sink.  Vice  degrades  a  man  in  the  view 
of  others  ;  often  in  his  own  view.  Drunkenness  de- 
grades a  man  to  the  level  of  a  beast. 

3.  In  geology,  to  reduce  in  altitude  or  magnitude, 
as  hills  and  mountains. 

AlUioii^h  the  riilg«  is  ttill  there,  the  riJ^c  ifsrlf  hna  !>Tn  d*. 
gmtletl.  Journ.  of  Scitnct. 

DE-GR.aD'ED,  pp.  oro.     Reduced  in  rank  ;  deprived 
of  an  office  or  dignity  ;  lowered  ;  sunk  ;  reduced  in 
estimation  or  value  ;  reduced  in  bight. 
DE-GRAUE'ME.\T,  n.    Deprivation  of  rank  or  otTice. 

DE-GR.aD'ING,  ppr.  Reducing  in  rank  ;  depriving 
of  honors  or  oHices  ;  reducing  in  value,  estimation, 
or  altitude. 

2.  a.  Dishonoring;  disgracing  the  character;  as, 
degrading  obsequiousness. 

The  iiionlinate  Iotc  of  money  sind  of  fanie  are  base  ajid  tlei^ra~ 
ding  pnstfioiu.  K'irl. 

DE-GRaD'ING-LY,  adr.     In  a  degrading  manner,  or 

in  a  way  to  depreciate. 
DErr-R.\-VA'T10N,  11.    [h.degraco;  dt  and  gratis, 

heavy.  ] 

The  art  of  making  heavy.    [JVot  in  vsr.'] 
DEGREE',  11.    [Er.  dcgri :  Norm,  degrtl ;  from  L. 
gradus,  Sp.  and  It.  grailo,  \V.  rhai,  Syr.  |)y  radah,  to 
go.    See  Grade  and  Degrade.] 

1.  A  step  ;  a  distinct  portion  of  sp,aceof  indefinite 
e.\tent ;  a  space  in  progression  ;  as,  the  army  gained 
the  hill  by  degrees  ;  a  balloon  rises  or  descends  by 
slow  degrees  ;  and  figuratively,  we  advance  in  knowl- 
edge by  slow  degrees.  Men  arc  yet  in  the  first  degree 
of  improvement.  It  should  be  their  aim  to  attain  to 
the  furthest  degree,  or  the  highest  degree.  There  are 
degrees  of  vice  and  virtue. 

2.  .\  step  or  portion  of  progression,  in  elevation, 
quality,  dignity,  or  rank  ;  as,  a  man  of  great  degree. 

Spenser. 

We  speak  of  men  of  liicli  degree,  or  of  low  degree : 
of  sup<Tior  or  inferior  degree.  It  is  supposed  there 
are  difiVrent  degrees  or  orders  of  anzels. 

Tfiey  puichaK  toUiemaelTr*  a  good  ilegrtt.  —  1  Tim.  iii. 


3.  In  gcnenlogtj,n.  certain  distance  or  remove  in  the 
lini^  of  descent,  determining  the  proximity  of  blood  ; 
as,  a  relation  in  the  third  or  fourth  degree. 

4.  Mt^asiire  ;  extent.  Tlie  light  is  intense  to  a 
degree  that  is  intolerable.  We  sutler  an  extreme  de- 
gree of  heat  or  coUi. 

5.  lu  geometry,  a  division  of  a  circle,  inrliiiling 
a  three  hundred  and  sixtieth  part  of  its  circumfi  r- 
ence.  Hence,  a  degree  of  latitude  is  the  3G0th  part  of 
the  earth's  surface  nortli  or  south  of  the  equator,  and 
a  degree  of  longitude,  the  same  part  of  the  surface 
cast  or  west  of  any  given  nieriilian. 

6.  In  algebra,  a  term  applied  to  equations,  to  de- 
note the  highest  power  of  the  unknown  quantity. 

Brande. 

7.  In  miusic,  an  interval  of  sound,  marked  by  a 
line  on  the  scale.  Rousseuu.  huslni. 

6.  In  arithmetic,  a  degree  consists  of  tliree  figures  ; 
thus,  270,  3ljO,  compose  two  degrees. 

9.  A  division,  space,  or  interval,  marked  on  a 
mathematical  orotlicr  instrument,  as  on  athernioin- 
cter  or  barometer. 

10.  li\  colleges  and  jinircrsiViM,  a  mark  of  distinc- 
tion conferred  on  students,  as  a  testimony  of  their 
protici(>ncy  in  arts  and  sciences  ;  giving  them  a  kind 
of  rank,  and  entitling  them  to  certain  privileges. 
'J'liis  is  usually  evidenced  by  a  diplom.a.  Degrees  are 
conferred  pro  meritis  oi\  the  alumni  of  a  college  ;  or 
they  are  honorary  tokens  of  respect,  conferred  on 
strangers  of  distinguished  repiitatitm.  'J'he  frst  de- 
gree is  that  of  baekclor  of  arts ;  the  second,  that  of 
master  of  arts.  Honorary  degrees  are  those  of  doc- 
tor of  divinity,  doctor  of  lairs,  &c.  Physicians  also 
receive  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine. 

By  degrees ;  step  by  step  ;  gradually  ;  by  little  and 
littli;  ;  by  moderate  advances.    Frequent  drinking 
forms  by  degrees  a  confirmed  habit  of  intemperance. 
DE-GUST',  V.  U    [L.  degusto.] 

To  taste.    rj\'ot  used.] 
DEG-US-TA'TION,  n.    [U  degnsto.] 

A  tasting.  Bp.  ILill. 

DE-GUST'ED,  pp.  Ta.sted. 
DE-GUST'ING,  ppr.  Tasting. 

DE-KISCE',  (de-bis',)  ».  i.    [Infra.]    To  gape ;  in  lot- 
any,  to  open,  as  liic  capsules  of  plants.  Lindtey. 

DE-HI.S'OE.\'CE,  n.    [L.  dchisccns,  dcliisco,  to  gape ;  dc 
and  hisco,  id.] 

A  gaping.  In  botany,  the  opening  of  capsules  in 
plants,  and  of  the  cells  of  anthers  for  emitting  pollen, 
&c. ;  the  season  when  capsules  open.  jMarttin. 

DE-HIS'CENT,  a.    Opening,  as  the  capsule  of  a  plant. 

DE-HO-N'ES'TaTE,  v.  U    [L.  dchonesto.]  [Eaton. 
To  disgrace. 

DE-HO.\-EST-A'TION,7i.  A  disgracing;  dishonoring. 

DE-HORS',  (de-h8rz,)  [Fr.]    Out  of;  without;  for- 
eign ;  irrelevant;  chiefly  used  in  law  language. 

DE-HORT',  V.  t.    [L.  dchortor,  to  dissuade;  dc  and 
hortor,  to  advise.] 

To  dissuade  ;  to  advise  to  the  contrary' ;  to  counsel 
not  to  do  nor  to  undertake.  IVilkins.  Ward. 

DE-HORT-.\'TION,  m.    Dissuasion  ;  advice  or  coun- 
sel against  something. 

DE-HORT'.\-TO-UY,  a.   Dissuading;  belonging  to 
di-ssirasion. 

DE-HORT'ED,  pp.  Dissuaded. 

DE-IIORT'ER,  u.    A  dissuadcr ;  an  adviser  to  the 
DE-HOUT'ING,  ppr.    Dissuading.  [contrary. 
DK.'I-CIDE,  n.    [It.  dcicidio  ;  L.  Vcus,  God,  and  ca:d'o, 
to  slay  ] 

1.  The  act  of  putting  to  death  Jesus  Christ,  our 
Savior.  Prior. 

2.  One  concerned  in  putting  Christ  to  death. 
DE-IF'ie,       jo.    [L.  deas,  a  god,  and  facio,  to 
DE-IF'IC-AL,  i  make.] 

1.  Divine  ;  pertaining  to  tlie  gods. 

2.  Making  divine.  [Trans,  of  Pausanias. 
DE-IF-ie-.\'TIO.\,  n.    [;See  Deify.]    Theact  of  dei- 
fying ;  the  act  of  exalting  to  the  rank  of,  or  enroll- 
ing among  the  heathen  deities. 

Dk'I-FI-£D,  (de'e-f  ide,)  pp.  or  a.    Exalted  or  ranked 
among  the  gods  ;  regarded  or  praised  as  divine. 

Dr:'I-F?^ER,  I 

Db'I-FOR.M,  o,    [L.  dcus,  a  god,  and  forma,  form.] 
Like  a  god  ;  of  a  godlike  form. 

Tbeae  kuIj  cxtiibit  a  dei/ortJipowr.T. 

J>»ri».  o/Paiiinniu. 
DE-I-FORM'I-TY,  n.   Resemblance  of  deity. 
Dk'I-F?,  v.  t.    [L.  dciuf,  a  god,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  a  god  ;  to  exalt  to  the  rank  of  a 
heatlicn  deity  ;  to  enroll  among  the  deities  ;  as,  Ju- 
lius Cxsar  was  deified. 

2.  To  ex.alt  into  an  object  of  worship  ;  to  treat  as 
an  obiect  of  supreme  regard  ;  as,  a  covetous  man 
deifies  his  treasures.  Prior. 

3.  To  exalt  to  a  deity  in  estimation  ;  to  reverence 
or  praise  as  a  deity.  The  pope  w.as  formerly  extolled 
and  de{fied  by  his  votaries. 

DK'I-Ft-I.N'G,  ppr.   Exalting  to  the  rank  of  a  deity  ; 

treating  as  divine. 
DEIG.V,  (dine,)  r.  i.    [Fr.  daigner  ;  It.  degnare  :  Pp. 
dignarse  ;  Port,  id, ;  L.  dignor,  Uon\  digitus,  worthy.] 
To  think  worthy  ;  to  vouchsafe  ;  to  ctuidesccnd. 
O,  deign  to  visit  our  fonairQ  geau.  Pope. 


DEIGN,  (dine,)  v.  t.  To  grant  or  allow  ;  to  conde- 
scend to  give  to. 

Nor  would  we  deign  him  buriiil  of  hji  m<>n.  Shak. 

DEIGN' J^D,  (dand,)  pp.   Granted  ;  condescended. 

DEIGN'ING,  (din'ing,)  ppr.  Vouchsafing;  thinking 
wonliv. 

£»i,-';  f;«y}'r/-y(,  (d.Vl-gra'she-a,)  [I..]  By  the  grace 
of  Go<l  — words  used  in  the  ceremonial  disciplim:  of 
the  title  of  a  sovereign.  Brande. 

DEf-NO-THE'RI-UiM,  k.  [Gr.  icivo{,  terrible,  and 
Orinioi/,  a  wild  beast.] 

A  name  given  to  the  fossil  remains  of  gigantic 
Pachyderinata,  remarkable  for  enormous  tusks  pro- 
jecting from  the  lower  jaw.  Dana. 

DE1.\'TE-(;RaTE,  v.  t.  To  disintegrate.  [M 
used.]    [See  DisinTLCRATE.] 

DE-ll"^.\-ROirS,  o.    [E.  dciparu.1.] 

Hearing  or  bringing  forth  a  god  ;  an  epithet  applied 
to  tlte  Virgin  Jilary. 

DEII'-NOS'O-PHIST,  (dlpe-nos'o-fist,)  n.  [Gr.  ijtiiri'ov, 
a  feast,  and  ampi^in,  a  sophist.] 

One  of  an  ancient  sect  of  philosophers,  who  were 
famous  for  their  learned  conversation  at  meals. 

jJ«A.  Observer. 

DF.'ISM,  n.  [Fr.  deistne  ;  Sp.  dcixmo ;  It.  id. ;  from  L. 
ZJcits,  God.] 

'i"he  doctrine  or  creed  of  a  deist ;  the  belief  or 
system  of  religious  opinions  of  those  who  acknowl- 
edge the  existence  of  one  God,  but  deny  revelation  ; 
or  deism  is  the  belief  in  natural  religion  only,  or 
those  truths,  in  doctrine  and  practice,  which  man  is 
to  discover  by  the  light  of  re.ason,  indeiwiideirt  and 
exclusive  of  any  revelation  from  God.  llence  deism 
implies  infidelity,  or  a  disbelief  iu  the  divine  origin 
of  the  Scriptures. 

The  view  which  the  rising  grenlneta  of  our  country  present*  to 
my  eyes,  is  ga-atly  taniisii'Hf  l-y  Uie  genenU  prtv.ileiicc  of 
deitm,  wluch,  wiUi  me,  is  but  nnoUier  name  for  vice  and 
d'  i>r.ivity.  P.  Henn/,  WirVt  SktlcU: 

Dii'I.<T,  n.    [Fr.  dcUe;  It.  rfci.s(a.] 

One  who  believes  in  tile  existence  of  a  God,  but 
denies  revealed  religion;  one  who  professes  no 
form  of  religion,  but  follows  the  liclit  of  nature  and 
re;ison,  as  his  only  guides  in  doctrine  and  practice ;  a 
freethinker. 

DE-I.ST'ie,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  deism  or  to  deists  ; 
DE-IST'ie-.\L,  i     embracing  deism  ;  as,  a  deutical 

writer ;  or  containing  deism  ;  as,  ndcistictU  book. 
DE-IST'ie-AL-LY,  ad.    After  the  manner  of  deists. 

jlsh. 

Dk'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  deilc ;  It.  deild;  Sp.  dcidad ;  L. 
deltas,  from  deus,  Gr.  Oeos,  God  ;  W.  date  ;  Ir.  dia ; 
Arm.  done ;  Fr.  ilicu ;  It.  dio,  iddio ;  Sp.  dios  ;  Port. 
dcos ;  Gipsy,  dctce,  dcwcl ;  fiixus.  dcca.  'J'he  latter 
orthography  coincides  with  the  Gr.  (iois,  ^tej,  Jupi- 
ter, and  L.  dims,  a  god,  and  dium,  the  open  air,  or 
light.  So  in  W.  dyin,  is  day  ;  Hindoo,  dia  ;  Gipsy, 
ditces,  day.  Uu.  Chinese  Ti.  The  word  is  probably 
contracted  from  dg,  and  may  coincide  with  day,  Sa.x. 
da!g,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is,  to  open,  expand^ 
or  to  shoot  forth,  as  the  morning  light.  But  the  pre- 
cise priniar)'  meaning  is  not  certain.] 

1.  Godhead;  divinity;  the  nature  and  essence  of 
the  Supreme  Being  ;  as,  the  deity  of  the  Supremo 
Being  is  manifest  in  his  works. 

2.  God  ;  tlie  Supreme  Being,  or  infinite  self-exist- 
ing Spirit. 

3.  A  fabulous  god  or  goddess  ;  a  superior  being, 
supposed,  by  heathen  nations,  to  exist,  and  to  pre- 
side over  particular  departments  of  nature ;  as,  Ju- 
piter, Juno,  Apollo,  Diana,  &c. 

4.  The  supposed  divinity  or  divine  qualifies  of  a 
pagan  god.  Spenser.  Ralegh, 

DE-JECi"',  V.  t    [L.  dejicio  ;  de  and  jacio,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  ca.st  down  ;  usually,  to  cast  down  the  coun- 
tenance ;  to  cause  to  fall  with  grief;  to  make  to  look 
sad  or  grieved,  or  to  express  discouragement. 

But  gloomy  were  his  eyes,  dejected  wtis  his  f.icc.  Dn/den. 

2.  To  depress  the  spirits ;  to  sink  ;  to  dispirit ;  to 
discourage ;  to  dishearten. 

Nor  tiiinlt  to  die  dejects  my  lofty  mind.  Pope. 

DE  JECT',  a.    [L.  dejectus,  from  dejicio.] 

Cast  down  ;  low-spirited.  Shak, 

DE-JECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Cast  down;  depressed; 
grit^ved  ;  discouraged. 

DE-JE€T'ED-LY,  ai/D.  Ina  dejected  manner;  sad- 
ly ;  heavilv.  Bacon. 

DE-JECT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  cast 
down  ;  lowness  of  spirits. 

DE-JECT'I.NG,  ppr.  Casting  down;  depressing;  dis- 
piriting. 

DE-JEC'TION,  n.  A  casting  down;  depression  of 
mind  ;  melancholy  ;  lowness  of  spirits,  occasionci| 
by  grii-f  or  misfortune.  Millon, 

2.  Weakness;  as,  (/ejection  of  appetite.  [Unusual,] 

.IrbtttJinoL 

3.  The  art  of  voiding  the  excrements;  or  tlie 
matter  ejected.  Ray, 

DEJECT'LV,  ndr.    In  a  downcast  manner. 

DE-JECT'O-RY,  a.  Having  power  or  tending  to  cast 
down,  or  to  promote  evacuations  by  sttxjl.  Ferrand, 

DE-JECT'l^RE,  n.  That  which  is  ejected;  excre- 
ments. Arbulhnot. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GEK,  WCIOUa.— C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


40 


li 


DEL 


DEL 


DEL 


DE-IFM-JVER',  )  , ,-  ,  „  -,  ,  (  n.  [Fr.l  Breakfast. 
DE^rEU-JVE',    \  (J^'  '■I'l-n^'.)  j    aIsu,  used  of  late 

in  the  fasliitmable  world  for  lunch.  Gilbert. 
DE  JU'RE,  [L.1    Of  right.    [See  De  Facto.] 
DE-LAC-ER-A'T ION,  71.    [L.  ddacero.] 

A  tearins;  in  pieces.    [.Yat  used.] 
DE-LAe-RY-JlA'TIOX,  ;i.    [L.  delacrijmalio :  dc  and 
locrymatio,  a  weeping.] 

A  preternatural  discharge  of  watery  humors  from 
the  eyes  ;  waterisliiiess  of  the  eyes.  Diet. 
DEL-AG-Ta'TION,  n.    [L.  delactatio.] 

A  weaning.    LVot  used.]  Diet. 
DEL-AP-Sa'TIOX,  n.    A  falling  down.  Ray. 
DE-LAPSE',  (de-laps',)  v.  i.    [L.  dclabor,  delapsus;  de 
and  labor,  to  slide.] 
To  fall  or  slide  down. 
DE-LAPS'£D,  (de-lapst',)  pp.    Fallen  down. 
DE-LAP'SION,  11.    A  falling  down  of  the  uterus, 
anus,  &c. 

DE-L.\TE',  r.  t.  [L.  delatus ;  dc  and  latus,  part,  of 
fern,  to  bear.] 

1.  To  carry  ;  to  convey.    [Little  ttsed.]  Bacon. 

2.  To  accuse  ;  to  inform  against ;  that  is,  to  bear 
a  charge  against.  J3.  Jonson. 

DE-La'TIOM,  n.  Carriage  ;  conveyance  ;  as,  the  de~ 
lation  of  sound.    [Little  used.]  Baeon. 

2.  Accusation ;  act  of  charging  with  a  crime ;  a 
term  of  the  civil  law. 
DE-L.\'T0R,  71.    [L.]    An  accuser  ;  an  informer. 

Sartdy.9, 

DE-LaY',  (de-la',)  v.  t.  [Ft.  dcla',  delay  ;  Sp.  dilatar  ; 
Port,  id.,  to  delay  ;  It.  dilata,  delay  ;  dilatarc,  to'  di- 
late, to  spread  ;  from  L.  dilatus,  differo.  We  see  tliat 
delay  is  from  spreading,  extending.    See  Dilate.] 

1.  To  prolong  the  time  of  acjng,  or  proceeding; 
to  put  oft" :  to  uefer. 

My  lord  delayeOi  \m  comin*.  —  Matt.  xxiv. 

2.  To  retard  ;  to  stop,  detain,  or  hinder  for  a  time  ; 
to  restrain  motion,  rr  render  it  slow  ;  as,  the  mail  is 
delayed  by  bad  roads. 


Tliyrsia,  whcwe  ftjtfril  strains  have  oft  delnyed 
Tlie  liuJdliii;;  broolt  I©  hear  his  madri^ai. 


3.  To  allay.    [JVot  in  u^e,  nor  proper.]  Spenser. 
DE-LaY',  v.  i.   To  linger  ;  to  move  slow  ;  or  to  stop 
for  a  time. 

There  ar«  certain  bounds  to  the  qiiicloiesB  and  slowness  of  the 
succe-tsion  oride.t£,  beyond  which  tiiey  can  ueiUier  delay  nor 
hastej.  Looit. 

DE-L.^Y',  71.    A  lingering  ;  stay  ;  stop. 

2.  A  putting  off  or  deferring  ;  procrastination  ;  as, 
the  delay  of  trial  is  not  to  be  imputed  to  the  plaintift". 

3.  Hinderance  for  a  time. 

DE-L.\Y'£D,  (de-lade',) pp.  Deferred;  detained;  hin- 
dered for  a  time  ;  retarded. 

DE-LaY'ER,  71.    One  w  ho  defers  ;  one  who  lingers. 

DE-LaY'ING,  ppr.  Putting  oft";  deferring;  procrasti- 
nating; retarding;  detaining. 

DE-LaY'ME.\T,  n.    Hinderance.  Gower. 

DEL  CRED'ER-E,  n.  [It.]  A  guaranty  given  by  fac- 
tors,  binding  them  to  warrant  the  solvency  of  the  pur- 
chasers of  goods  which  they  sell  on  credit.  This  is 
done  for  a  premijm. 

A  del  credere  commission  is  one  under  which  an 
agent,  on  selling  goods,  in  consider.ition  of  an  ad- 
ditional premium,  insures  to  his  principal  not  only 
the  ultimate  solvency  of  the  debtor,  but  the  punctual 
discharge  of  the  debt.  Boucier. 

DE'LE,  V.  t.    [L.  imperative  of  deko.] 
Pjlot  out ;  erase. 

DEL'E-ULE,  a.    [I>.  delehilis.] 

That  can  be  blotted  out.  More. 

DE-EEC'TA-BLE,  a.  [I..  delcctabilL",  from  delcctor,  to 
delight.    See  Delight.] 

Delightful ;  highly  pleasing ;  that  gives  great  joy 
or  pleasure  ;  as,  a  deleciMble  garden.  Milton. 

DB-LEe'TA-HLE  NESS,7!.   Delightfulness.  BarreU 

Dli-LEe'TA-ItLY,  adv.  Delightfully. 

DR-l-Ee-TA'TION,  7i.  Great  j)leasure  ;  delight.  More. 

DEL'E-GA-CY,  n.    A  number  of  persons  delegated. 
[We  now  use  Delecation.]  Laud. 

DEI/E-GATE,  ».  f.  [L.  delc^o  ;  de  and  lego,  to  send. 
See  Leoate.I 

1.  To  send  away  ;  appropriately,  to  send  on  an 
embassy  ;  to  send  with  power  to  transact  business, 
as  a  representative.  The  president  delegated  three 
commissioners  to  the  court  of  St.  Cloud. 

2.  To  intrust ;  to  commit;  to  deliver  to  anothi^r's 
care  and  exercise  ;  as,  to  delegate  authority  or  jiower 
to  an  imvoy,  ri'presentative,  or  judge. 

DEI.'E-G.ATE,  u.  A  person  appointed  and  sent  by 
another  willi  powers  to  transact  business  as  his 
representative  ;  a  deputy  ;  a  couunissioner  ;  a  vicar. 
In  tite  United  Staten,  a  p.;rson  elected  or  aj)pointed  to 
represent  a  Hl.ite  or  a  di-.lrict,  in  the  congress,  or  in 
a  convention  fur  forming  or  altering  a  constitutitm. 

2,  In  Grrnl  Britntn,  a  Commissioner  appointed  by 
the  kins,  under  the  great  seal,  to  hear  anil  iletermiiie 
nppcals  from  the  ecclesiastical  court.  Ih  nie  the 
Cmirt  iif  /Jelerairt,  is  the  great  court  of  appeal  in  all 
cccb;»iaHtlnn|  i  :|i|se!'.  I',  is  UMcd  also  fur  the  court  of 
app  'alt  from  Ilril  of  the  Admiralty.  Blarkilmir. 

i).  A  liiyiii:in  n|i|Miuted  to  ullt  iid  an  eci  lusinsticul 
council. 


DEL'E-GATE,  a.  Deputed  ;  sent  to  act  for  or  repre- 
sent another;  as,  a  </f/(?^n(e  jiulgc.  Taylor. 

DEL'E-Ga-TED,  pp.  or  <i.  Deputed;  sent  with  a 
trust  or  commission  to  act  for  another ;  appointed  a 
judL'e  ;  coinftiitted,  as  authority. 

DEL'E-Ga-TE\G,  ppr.  Deputing;  sending  with  a 
commission  to  act  for  auotiier ;  appointing ;  com- 
mitting ;  intrusting. 

DEL-E-Ga'TION,  71.   A  sending  away  ;  the  act  of 
putting  in  commission,  or  investing  with  authority  to 
act  for  another  ;  the  appointment  of  a  delegate. 
The  duties  of  religion  can  not  be  ix-rfornied  by  detegalion. 

S.  iMiUer. 

2.  The  person  deputed  to  act  for  another,  or  for 
others.  Thus,  the  representatives  of  Massachusetts 
in«  congress  are  called  the  delegation,  or  whole  delega- 
tion. 

3.  In  the  civil  law,  the  assignment  of  a  debt  to  an- 
other, as  when  a  debtor  transfers  to  another  jierson 
the  obligation  to  pay,  or  a  creditor  makes  over  to  a 
third  person  the  right  to  receive  payment. 

DE-LEjY'DA  est  CAR-TIIA'GO.    [L.l  Carthage 

must  be  annihilated  —  our  rival  must  be  (icstro\'ed. 
DEL-E-NIF'IG-AL,  a.    Having  the  virtue  to  case  or 

assuaiie  pain. 
DE-LeTE',  v.  t.    [L.  deleo.] 

To  blot  out.    \jVot  used!]  Fuller. 
DEL-E-Te'RI-OUS,  a.    [L.  dcleterius,  from  deleo,  to 

blot  out  or  destroy  ;  W.  diicaw,  diliu.    tiu.  Ir.  dal- 

laiiii,  to  blind.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  destroying,  or  e-xtinguish- 
ing  life;  destructive;  poisonous;  as  a  deleterious 
plant  or  quality. 

2.  Injurious  ;  pernicious. 
DEL'E-TER-Y,  a.   Destructive  ;  poisonous. 

Ilitdihras. 

DE-LE'TION,  7!.    [L.  deletio,  from  deleo,  to  blot  out.] 

1.  The  act  of  blotting  out  or  erasing. 

2.  Destruction.  [Little  used.]  Hale. 
DEL'E-TO-RY,  n.  That  which  blots  out.  Taylor. 
DELF,  7t.    [Sax.  dclfan,  to  delve,  to  dig."' 

1.  A  mine  ;  a  quarry  ;  a  pit  dug.    [Rarely  used.] 

2.  Earthen  ware,  covered  with  enamel  or  white 
glazing,  in  imitation  of  China  ware  or  porcelain, 
uiade  at  Delft,  in  Holland  ;  properly,  Delft-ware. 

De'LI-AG,  71.  [from  Delos.]  In  the  arts,  a  kind  of 
sculptured  vase  ;  also,  beautiful  bronze  and  silver. 

Elmes. 

DEL'I-BaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  delibo  ;  de  and  libo,  to  taste.] 

To  taste  ;  to  take  a  sip.    [Little  used.] 
DEL-I-Ba'TION,  71.  A  taste ;  au  essay.  [Littleiised] 

Berkeley. 

DE-EIB'ER-.ATE,  v.  I.  [L.  dclibero  ;  de  and  libra,  to 
weigh  ;  It.  librare.    See  Librate.] 

To  weigh  in  the  mind ;  to  consider  and  examine 
the  reasons  for  and  against  a  measure  ;  to  estimate 
the  weight  or  force  of  arguments,  or  the  jirobable 
consequences  of  a  measure,  in  order  to  a  clioice  or 
decision  ;  to  pause  and  consider.  A  wise  prince 
will  deliberate  before  he  wages  war. 

Tlie  woman  that  deliberates  is  lost.  Addison. 

DE-LIB'ER-aTE,  v.  t.  To  balance  in  the  mind  ;  to 
weigh  ;  to  consider.  Laud. 

DE-LlB'ER-ATE,  a.    Weighing  facts  and  arguments 
with  a  view  to  a  choice  or  decision  ;  carefully  con 
sidering  the  probable  consequences  of  a  step ;  cir- 
cumspect;  slow  in  determining;  applied  to  persons 
as,  a  deliberate  judge  or  counselor. 

2.  B'ormed  with  deliberatitm  ;  well  advised  or  con 
sidered  ;  not  sudden  or  rash  ;  as,  a  deliberate  opinion 
a  deliberate  measure,  or  result. 

3.  Slow  ;  as,  a  deliberate  death  or  echo.  [Hardly 
legitimate.]  Bacon. 

DE-LIB'ER-A-TED,  pp.  Balanced  in  the  mind  ;  con- 
sidered. 

DE-LIB'ER-ATE-EY,  adv.  With  careful  considera 
tion,  or  deliheratitui ;  circumspectly;  not  hastily  or 
rashly  ;  slowly.   This  purjHise  was  dehbcratehi  formed. 

Dniden.  Goldsmitli. 

DE-LIB'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.  Calm'consideration  ;  cir- 
cumspection ;  due  attention  to  the  arguments  for  and 
against  a  measure  ;  caution.  A*.  Charles. 

DE-I.IB'F.B-A-TING,  ppr.  Balancing  in  the  mind  ; 
weighing;  considering. 

DE  LIB-ER-A'TION,  «.    [T,.  deliberatlo.] 

1.  The  act  of  deliberating;  the  act  of  weighing 
and  examining  the  reasons  for  and  against  a  ciioice 
or  measure  ;  consideration.  We  say,  a  measure  has 
been  taktui  with  drlibereition. 

2.  IMutiial  disciissitm  anil  examination  of  the  rea- 
sons for  iiud  against  a  measure ;  as,  the  deliberations 
of  a  legislative  body  or  council. 

DH-EIB'ER-A-'I'I VE,  a.    Pertaining  to  deliberation; 
proceeding  or  acting  by  deliberation,  or  by  mutual 
discussiim  and  exaininution ;  as,  the  legislature  is  a 
deliberative  body. 
2.  Having  a  right  or  power  to  deliberate  or  discuss. 

In  councils,  the  bisliups  linve  n  lUlibcratioe  voice,  Snaje. 
n.  Apt  or  diH|iost'd  to  consider.  Bp.  Barlow. 

DE  MH'KR  A-TIVi;,  n.  A  discourse  in  which  a 
ipieKlion  IS  discussed,  or  weiijhed  and  examined.  A 
kind  of  rhetoric  eniployed  in  proving  u  thing  and 


convincing  others  of  its  truth,  in  order  to  persuade 
them  to  aihipt  it.  Eiicyc. 
DE-LIB'ER-A-TIVE-LY,  adc.    By  deliberation. 

Burke. 

DEL'I-eA-CY,  71.  [Fr.  dclicatrs-se  ;  Sp.  deliciidcza  :  It. 
deltcate-.ia ;  but  more  directly  from  delicate,  which 
see.] 

Ui  a  general  scrue,  that  which  delights  or  pleases. 
Hence, 

1.  Fineness  of  texture  ;  smoothness  ;  softness ; 
tenderness  ;  as,  the  delicacy  of  the  skin  ;  and  nearly 
in  the  same  sense,  applicable  to  food  ;  as,  the  delic,:cy 
of  flesh,  meat,  or  vegetables.  Hence, 

2.  Daintiness  ;  pleasantness  to  the  taste. 

3.  Elegant  or  feminine  beauty  ;  as,  delicacy  of 
form. 

4.  Nicety  ;  minute  accuracy ;  as,  the  delicacy  of 
coloring  in  painting. 

5.  Neatness  in  dress  ;  elegance,  proceeding  from  a 
nice  selection  and  adjustment  of  the  several  parts  of 
dress.  Spectator. 

6.  Softness  of  manners  ;  civility  or  politeness,  pro- 
ceeding from  a  nice  observance  of  propriety,  and  a 
desire  to  please  ;  as,  delicacy  of  behavior. 

7.  Indulgence  ;  gentle  treatment ;  as,  delicacy  of 
education. 

8.  Tenderness  ;  scrupulousness  ;  the  quality  man- 
ifested in  nice  attention  to  right,  and  care  to  avoid 
wrong,  or  offense.  Bp.  Taylor. 

9.  Acute  or  nice  perception  of  what  is  pleasing  to 
the  sense  of  tasting.  Hence,  figuratively,  a  nice 
perceiition  of  beauty  and  deformity,  or  the  faculty  of 
such  nice  percejjtion. 

Delica^  of  taste  tends  to  invigorate  tlie  social  alTeclions,  and 
moderate  those  ih.it  are  selrish.  Kaiiies. 

10.  That  which  delights  the  senses,  particularly  the 
taste,  applied  to  eatables;  as,  the  peach  is  a  great  deli- 
cacy. 

11.  Tenderness  of  constitution;  weakness;  that 
quality  or  state  of  the  animal  body  which  renders  it 
very  impressible  to  injury  ;  as,  delicacy  of  constitution 
or  frame. 

12.  Smallness  ;  fineness  ;  slenderness  ;  tenuity ;  as, 
the  delicacy  of  a  thread  or  fiber. 

13.  TeniJerness  ;  nice  susceptibility  of  impression  ; 
as,  delicacy  of  feeling. 

DEE'l-CATE,  a.  [Fr.delicat:  f^p.  drlicado ;  It.  drlica- 
to  ;  L.  delieiifiui,  connected  witli  dtiiciw,  delight,  de- 
lecto,  to  delight ;  probably  a  compound  of  de  with  the 
root  of  like.    See  Delight  and  Like.] 

1.  Of  a  fine  texture;  fine  ;  soft  ;  smooth;  clear,  or 
fair  ;  as,  a  delicate  skin. 

2  Nice  ;  pleasing  to  the  taste  :  of  an  agreeable  fla- 
vor ;  as,  delicate  ftiod  ;  a  delicate  dish. 

3  Nice  in  perception  of  what  is  agreeable  ;  dainty  ; 
as,  a  delicate  taste;  a.nii,  figuratively,  nice  and  dis- 
criminating in  beauty  and  deformity. 

4.  Nice  ;  accurate;  fine  ;  soft  to  the  eye  ;  as,  a  del- 
icate color. 

5.  Nice  in  forms  ;  regulated'by  minute  observance 
of  propriety,  or  by  contlt^scensitui  and  attention  to  the 
wishes  anil  feelings  of  others;  as,  delicate  behavior  or 
manners  ;  a  delicate  address. 

ti.  Pleasing  to  the  senses  ;  as,  a  delicate  flavor. 

7.  Fine  ;  slender  ;  minute  ;  as,  a  delicate  thread. 

8.  That  can  not  be  handled  without  injury  or  dan- 
ger ;  that  must  be  touched  with  care  ;  as,  a  delicate 
point  or  topic  ;  a  delicate  question. 

9.  Composed  of  fine  thr(^ads,or  nicely  interwoven  ; 
as,  delicate  texture  ;  hence,  soft  and  smooth  to  the 
touch  ;  as,  delicate  silk. 

10.  Tender ;  cfTeminate  ;  not  able  to  endure  hard- 
ship ;  very  impressible  to  injury ;  as,  a  delicate  frame 
or  constitution. 

11.  Feeble  ;  not  sound  or  robust ;  as,  delicate  health. 
DEL'I-e.\TE,  n.   Any  thing  nice ;  a  nicetv.    f  Obs.] 

Jer.  li.  34.  Drydeu. 
DEL'I-CATE-LY,  adv.    In  a  delicate  manner ;  with 
nice  regard  to  propriety  and  the  feelings  of  others. 

2.  Daintily ;  luxuriou.dy. 

Tliey  that  live  delicately  are  in  kinjs'  courts.  —  I.nlie  vii. 

3.  With  soft  elegance;  as,  iin  expression  delicately 
turned. 

4.  Tenderly ;  with  indulgence  in  ease,  elegance, 
and  iuxurv.    Prov.  xxix. 

DEL'I-€A'I'E-NESS,  71.    The  slate  of  being  delicate; 

tenderness  ;  softness  ;  eneininai-y.    Dent,  xxviii. 
I)E-LI"Cl(^nS,  (de  lish'us,)  a.   [Fr.  dclicieiu;  L.  deli- 

caliis,  dclieia: ;  ^yi.  drlieioso  ;  It.  deliiioso.] 

1.  Highly  phasing  to  the  taste;  most  sweet  or 
grateful  to  the  senses;  ati'oriling  exquisite  pleasure; 
as,  a  delicious  viand  ;  delicious  fruit  or  wine. 

2.  Most  pleasing  to  the  mind  ;  very  grateful ;  yield- 
ing e.xquisite  delight;  as,  this  [loeni  affords  a  deiiciuus 
entertainment. 

DE-LI"CIOlJS-LY,  o(/r.  In  a  delicious  manner  ;  in  a 
manner  to  plea.se  the  taste  or  gratify  tlie  mind  ;  sweet- 
ly ;  pleasantly;  delightfully;  as,  to  feed  deliclously; 
to  be  deliriouslii  entertained. 

DE-LI"CIOlIS-NESS,  ii.    The  quality  of  being  de- 
licious, or  very  grateftil  to  the  taste  or  iiiiinl ;  as,  tli° 
deliciouirness  of  a  repast. 
2.  Delight ;  great  pleasure. 


FATE,  VAU,  KiV'-'-'i  WH.eiT  MP.TK,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BUID,— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BOQK.- 


DEL 

UKI.  I  OA'TION,  n.    [L.  deligatiu,  ddijro ;  de  ami  lij^o, 
to  bind.] 

In  sur'Trni,  n  binding  up ;  ii  b.mdagins. 
DK-l.I<;il'r','(dc-litc',)  n.    [Fr.  rfftec  (        ddicin  ;  It. 
ddiiia  !  L.  (/WicKB,  connected  with  detcctvri  probablj 
allii'd  to  Kng.  like.] 

1.  A  blRti  degree  of  pleasure  or  satisfaction  of 
niiud  ;  juy. 

llla'delight  a  in  Uie  l«w  of  Iho  Ijonl.  —  Tn.  I. 
9.  Tliat  wbieli  gives  great  pleasure  ;  that  wliieli 
all'urds  delight. 


1  wiu»  iliiily  liiH  (leiig/il.  —  I'rov.  viii. 


Dryilm. 


DrUxht  is  a  more  permanent  pleasure  than  joy,  ami 
not  dependent  on  sudden  excitement. 
Di;-LI(i  IIT',  (de-lite',)  v.  U        ddcijtnr ;  Port,  ddeitar ; 
L.  delrctor;  Vt.  ddecter.    bee  Ueliomt  and  IjIKk.1 

1.  To  all'ect  witli  great  pleasure  ;  to  please  liiglily  ; 
to  give  or  alUml  high  satisfaction  or  joy  ;  as,  a  beau- 
tjlul  landscape  deliifhu  the  ej-e  ;  harnujii)'  dtiitrhts  the 
ear ;  the  good  conduct  of  children,  and  especially 
their  piety,  ddights  their  parents. 

1  will  delight  myscU  in  tliy  sUluUs.  —  Pi.  cxix. 

S2.  To  receive  great  pleasure  in. 

1  deiishl  to  do  tliy  will.  —  I'd.  xl. 

DE-LIGHT',  V.  i.   To  have  or  take  great  pleasure  ;  to 
be  greatly  pleased  or  rejoiced  ;  followed  by  in. 
1  (leligitt  in  tilt'  Ixw  ofOod  iiitor  tlic  iiiw;inl  niiiii,  —  Roin.  vii. 

DK-LKJHT'ED,  pp.  Greatly  i>leased  ;  rejoiced;  fol- 
loweil  by  witlu 

Tli.tt      m.iy  (jc  deligfiUd  teiOi  tliu  abunduucc  of  hor  ^lory.  —  Is. 
Ixvi, 

a.  «.    Tiill  of  delight.  Sliuk. 

nE-l.Ii;ilT'r.Il,  «.    l)ne  who  takes  delight.  Barroio. 

DE-UCIl  T'l'ljl,,  (de-IIte'fiil,)  <i.  Highly  |)lt;asing ;  af- 
fording great  pleasure  and  satisfaction  ;  as,  a  ddight- 
/«/  tlioiiclit ;  a  ddif;htful  prosp<'Ct. 

DlM.I(iirr'F!JI<-LY,  ade.  In  n  manner  to  receive 
great  pleasure ;  very  agreeably  ;  as,  we  were  ddight- 
fullij  employed  or  cntert;iincd. 

3.  In  a  dirligbtfiil  manner  :  charmingly  ;  in  a  man- 
ner li>  ali'ord  great  pleasure ;  as,  the  lady  sings  and 
plavs  ddi^'hrfullu. 

DE-LIGII  l  'l'l.I.-.N'ESS,  7(.  The  qnrJity  of  being  de- 
lightful, or  of  atlbrding  great  pleasure ;  as,  the  ddiglit- 
fuliif.^.-i  of  a  prospect,  or  of  scener>'. 

fin  at  pli  astire  J  delight.    [Lc.n  prnpcr.] 

l)i:-LI(;U T'lNG,  ppr.  Giving  great  pleasure  ;  rojoic- 
in?;. 

DK-LIGHT'LESS,  a.  Alfording  noplca-surc  ordelighL 

Thomson. 

UE-I.IOHT'SO.ME,  (dc-lit'sum,)  a.  Very  pleasing; 
driiahlful.  Orcw. 

l)lM.It;ilT'SOME-l,Y,  ado.  Very  pleasantly;  in  a 
drli^'liifiil  tiittiiner. 

I)E-LIUUT>O.ME-NESS!,n.  Delightfulness ;  pleasant- 
ness in  a  liigli  degree. 

l)E-LI.\'E-.\-.ME.\T,  n.  [Intra.]  Representation  by 
delineation.  Sddcn. 

PE-IjI.N'  K  .\TE,  v.  (.  [ddiiieo;  de  and  linco,  from  lia- 
ea,  a  line.] 

1.  To  draw  the  lines  which  e.\hibit  the  form  of  a 
thing  ;  to  mark  ottt  with  lines  ;  to  make  a  dratight ; 
to  sketch  or  design  ;  as,  to  ddincatc  the  form  of  tlie 
earth,  or  a  diagnim. 

'J.  'I'o  paint  J  to  represent  in  a  picture  ;  to  draw  a 
likeness  of;  as,  to  delinfiite  Nestor  like  Atlonis,  or 
Time  with  Absalom's  lieail.  Broum. 

X  Fi:^nratirdij^  tit  describe ;  to  ri^present  to  the 
mind  or  unilerstaniling  :  to  exhibit  a  likeness  in 
words  ;  as,  to  ddiiinitc  the  character  of  Newton,  or 
.  the  virtue  t^f  Aristides. 

DI>LIN'E-A-TEU,  ;<;i.  Drawn;  marked  with  lines 
exhibiting  the  form  or  tigure;  sketched;  designed; 
painted  ;  described. 

UE-LIN'E-.^-TI.\(;,  ppr.  Drawing  the  form ;  sketch- 
ing ;  painting  ;  describin::. 

DE-LI\-E-.\'TION,  71.    [I,.  (Wiifcafio.] 

1.  First  dratight  of  a  thing;  outline;  representa- 
tion of  a  torm  or  tigure  by  lines  ;  sketch  :  design. 

a.  Represenlatioit  in  words;  description;  as,  the 
ddiiieittiuH  t>f  a  character. 

DK-LIN'E  A-TOR,  ii.    One  who  delineates. 

DE-LIN'E  A-TO-RV,  o,  Uescnbiiig;  drawing  the  out- 
line. Seoll'd  Hisiiijs. 

DE-l,IX'i;..\-TirRE,  n.    Delincatitm.    I.\ of  m  u..c.l 

DE-Ll\'l-.\IE.\1',  ti.    [I..  </f/»iim<-Ht«m.] 
Mitig.itiim.    [.Vot  u.ied.] 

Dr.-LlN'li('EX-t;Y,  (de-ltnk'wen-sy,)  n.  [L.  ddin- 
V«"j  to  fail  or  omit  iliity  :  de  and  liiiquo,  to  leave.] 

Kaihire  or  omission  of  duty  ;  a  fault  ;  a  misdeed  ; 
and  iKisitively,  an  olfense  ;  a  crime.  It  is  particular- 
ly, but  not  exclusively,  applied  to  neglect  of  duty  in 
olhcers  of  public  trust. 

DE-I.IN'UI.'E.NT,  (dislink'went,)  a.  Failing  in  duty ; 
iiireniliiig  hy  neglect  of  dtity. 

OI'.-l.I.N'UUENT,  n.  One  who  fails  to  perform  his 
I hity,  partictilarlv  a  public  offtcer  who  neglects  his 
iliity  ;  aa  uaeniler ;  one  w  ho  commits  a  fault  or 
crime. 

A  dtluu,ymt  oiiiht  to  he  titi^  In  the  place  or  luri»liction  »  h.-re 


DEL 

DI-:-bl\'(lUi;.\T-lA',  ado.    Ho  as  to  fail  in  diilv. 

UEI/I-UI'ATK,  e.  (.  or  i.    ( h.  ddiquro,  to  mi  It.'] 

'I'o  melt  or  be  dissolved.  [See  Ui;Linui:»eE  and 
DEi.Mif  lA  ry..] 

DEI.'l-tlUA-TlID,  ;.p.    Melted;  dissolved. 

DEL-I-UUA'TION,  ii.  A  melting.  [.See  Deliuues 
eK.ver,  iind  Dklhiuiation.] 

UI'.L-l-UUE.SCE',  (tlel-e  kwes',)  r.  i.  [I,.  dd!<i,irsco, 
to  iiiidt ;  de  and  /ii/iicsro,  from  liquco,  to  melt  or  be- 
come soft.    See  I.niuiu.] 

To  melt  gradually  and  become  liquid  by  attracting 
and  absorbing  iiioisttirc  frtuii  the  air,  as  certain  salts, 
aciils,  and  alkalies. 

D1;L-I  tiUE.'i'l'E.NCr,,  (del  e-kwes'scns,)  7i.  Spiuita- 
iieims  lic|iiel'actiim  in  the  air;  a  gradual  melting  or 
becoming  liiiuid  by  absorption  of  wati  r  from  the  at- 
mosphere. Funrcriii/. 

DEL-I-UUES'CEN'T,  a.  Liquefying  in  the  air  ;  capa- 
ble of  attracting  moisture  from  the  atmosphere  and 
becoming  litpiid  ;  as,  dftiijuc-iccnt  salts.  Fourcroy. 

I)E-l,Ui'Ul-ATE,  (ile  lik'we-;ite,)  r.  i.  [See  Dkli- 
(lUATK.j  To  melt  and  become  litpiid  by  imbibing 
water  Irom  the  air.  [Sec  l)ELi(ii:K9t;K.]  Fonrcnni. 

DE-IJU-UI  A' TION,  71.  A  melting  by  attracting  "wa- 
ter iVoin  the  air. 

DE-MU'UMJM,  (de-lik'we-um,)  71.    [U]    In  cAreii.*- 
(ri/,  a  iiieltiiig  or  dissolution  in  the  air,  or  in  a  moist 
piace.  Kilcyc. 
~>.  A  liquid  state  ;  as,  a  salt  falls  into  a  ddiquium, 

Fuurcroij. 

3.  In  medicine,  a  swooning  or  fainting ;  called  also 
.vifnri'pc.  Kncyc.  Core. 

DE  M'KA-CY,  71.    Delirium.  SancrnfL 
UE-I.lll'A-Mi;.\T,  71.     A  wandering  of  the  iumd  ; 

foolish  fancy.    [lAltle  tL.<ed.] 
DE-I,I'RATE,  V.  1.    I  I,.  ddini.] 

To  rave,  as  a  mauitian.    [J\'ol  in  use.] 
DEI>-I-RA'TI().\,  n.    [L.  dclinilin.] 

.\  wandiTiiig  of  mind  ;  delirium.  Kd.  Ilrv. 

DE-LIH'I-OIJS,  rt.    [L.ddirus.    See  Dklirh  m.J 

Roving  ill  iiiiiid  ;  light-headed  ;  disordereil  in  in- 
tellect ;  having  ideas  that  are  wilil,  irregular,  and 
iincminected. 
DE-MR'I-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  delirious  manner. 
UE-LI  K'l-OUS-.NESS,  7i.  The  state  of  being  delirious ; 

fleliriiiin.  Julin.ion. 
DE-I-IR'I-U.AI,  71.  [Ij.,  from  drUrn,  to  wantler  in  mind, 
to  rave  ;  de  and  liru,  to  make  balks  in  plowing,  that 
is,  to  err,  wander,  miss.] 

A  state  in  which  the  ideas  of  a  person  arc  \\'ild, 
irregular,  and  uiiconnectird,  or  do  not  corres|i(ui(l 
with  the  truth  or  willi  external  objects  ;   a  roving 
or  wandering  of  the  niintl ;  disorder  of  the  intellect. 
Fevers  often  protliice  ddiritun. 
An  alienation  of  mind  connected  with  fever.  Cyc. 
Syinptiunatic  derangement,  or  that  which  is  de- 
pendent on  some  other  disease,  in  distinction  from 
idiopathic  ilerangement,  or  mania. 
DK.-I.IR' I-  UM  TRK'.WICjVS,  n.  A  disease  of  the  brain, 
indiict'd  by  the  excessive  and  prolonged  use  of  intox- 
icating litpiors. 
DEl.-I-'l'ES'CENCE,  71.      [h.  dditcsccntia  ;  do  and 
lutro.] 

Retirement ;  obscurity.  Juhiuson. 
DE-I.IT'I-GATE,  r.  t.    [L.  ddiligo.] 

To  chide,  or  etuitend  in  words.    [A'bt  in  use."] 
DE-LIT-I-GA'TION,  71.    A  chiding  ;  a  brawl.  [JVot 
la  «,sT.] 

DE-LIV'ER,  V.  L  [Fr.  ddivrer;  i/e  and  forcr,  to  de- 
liver ;  Sp.  librar ;  Tttrt.  Ucrar ;  L,  liber,  free,  disen- 
gagetl  ;  tidibru,  to  free,  to  peel ;  Ann.  ddiora.  See 

LillKRAL,  LlllRARV,  LiBRATE.] 

1.  'i'o  free ;  to  relciLse,  as  from  restraint ;  to  set  at 
liberty  ;  as,  to  delirer  one  from  captivity. 

2.  't'o  rescue,  or  save. 

DtUvtr  nie,  0  my  G«t,  from  the  hand  of  the  wiclc-xl.  —  Ps.  Ixxi. 

3.  To  give  or  transfer ;  to  put  into  another's  hand 
or  power  ;  to  commit ;  to  pass  from  tnie  to  another. 

Thou  ktutit  deliver  Fharioh**  cop  into  hii  hand.  —  (jen.  xl. 
So  we  say,  to  deliver  goods  to  a  carrier ;  to  delicer  a 
letter  ;  to  deliver  possession  of  an  estate, 

4.  To  surrender  ;  to  yielil  ;  to  give  up ;  to  resign  ; 
as,  to  deliver  a  fortress  to  an  enemy.  It  is  often  I'ld- 
lowed  by  iip ;  as,  to  deliver  up  the  city  ;  to  deliver  up 
stolen  goods. 

Th'  exalted  mind 
All  iensc  of  woe  d^livere  to  lUe  wind.  Pupe. 

5.  To  disburden  of  a  child. 

(">.  To  utter  ;  to  pronounce  ;  to  speak  ;  to  send  forth 
.   in  words ;  as,  to  deliver  a  sermon,  an  address,  or  an 
oration. 

7.  To  give  forth  in  action  ;  as,  the  ship  delivered  a 
broadside  ;  the  troops  delivered  their  lire  ;  to  deliver  a 
blow .  M.-.VII. 

To  delirer  to  Vie  wind  ;  to  cast  away  ;  to  reject. 

To  deliver  over;  to  transfer  ;  to  give  or  pass  from 
one  to  another  ;  as,  to  deliver  over  goods  to  another. 

2.  To  surrender  or  resign ;  to  put  into  another's 
power;  to  commit  to  the  discretion  of;  toabanilon  to. 

Deliver  ine  not  owr  to  tlio  will  of  my  eneniirs.  -  -  Ps.  xx 

To  delirer  up  ;  to  give  up  ;  to  surrender. 
DE  LIVER,  a.    [L.  liber.] 

Free  ;  nimble.    [Ofts.J  Chauerr. 


DEL 

I)E-L1  V'ER-A-1!LE,  a.  That  may  be,  or  is  to  be,  de- 
livered. 

A  tilll  of  ladlntf  may  ntiito  Uiat  the  gomU  are  deliverable  to  a 
partlcnlai  |ieni>ii  tlivrctn  named.    [^Jercandle  ueage.^ 

Ainer.  fievuw. 

DE-LIV'ER-ANCE,  71.    [Fr.  delirrance.] 

1.  Reli^iise  from  captivity,  slavery,  oppression,  or 
any  restraint. 

lie  hAlh  eeiit  me  to  heal  the  t)roIien.licuTlcd,  to  preach  deliver- 
anre  to  the  &iptivf«.  ~  Luke  i<r. 

2.  Rescue  from  danger  or  any  evil. 

liud  It'  lit  nie  u>  nave  your  livt;i  hy  a  grcal  delieeraiice.  —  Ijcn. 
xlv. 

3.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  children.  Biicon. 

4.  The  ;ict  of  giving  or  transfeiriug  from  one  to 
another. 

5.  The  act  of  speaking  or  pronouncing  ;  utterance. 
[In  the  three  last  senses,  Delivehv  is  now  used.] 
li.  Aeipiittal  of  a  prisoner  by  the  verdict  of  a  jury. 

God  senil  you  a  gootl  deliverance. 
DE  LI  V'KR-AJU,  pp.    Freed  ;  released  ;  tninsferred  or 
transmitted;  p;issed  from  one  to  another;  coiiiiuit- 
ted  ;  yielded  ;  surreudered  ;  rescued  ;  uttered  ;  pro- 
nounced. 

DE  LI\"Ell-ER,  71.  One  who  delivers  ;  one  wlio  re- 
leases or  rescues ;  a  preserver. 

Tlic  l,onJ  raiiitMl  up  a  dclioerer  to  Imucl.  — Judges  iii. 
2.  One  who  relati^s  or  communicates.  Boyle. 
DE-LI  V'ER-1\G,  ppr.    Releasing;  si:tting  fit;e  ;  res- 
cuing ;  saving ;  surrendering ;  giving  over  ;  yielding ; 
resigning. 

DE-LI  V'ER  NEPS,  71.    Nimbleness  ;  agility. 
DE-LIV'ER-Y,  71.    The  act  of  delivering. 

2.  Ridease  ;  rescue,  as  from  slaverj ,  restraint,  op- 
[iression,  or  danger. 

3.  Surrender;  a  giving  up. 

4.  A  giving  or  passing  from  one  to  another  ;  as,  the 
delivery  of  goods,  or  of  a  deed. 

5.  Utterance,  pronunciation,  or  manner  of  speak- 
ing. He  has  a  good  delivery.  1  was  charmed  «  itli 
his  graceful  delivery. 

fi.  Childbirth.    I.i.  xxvi. 

7.  Free  motion  or  use  of  the  limbs.  [Ob.t.] 

Sidiiei/.  WoUon. 
DELL,  71.    [Qu.  dale,  or  W'.dell,  a  clelt  or  rift ;  or  is  it 
conlraclt  d  from  Sax.  dealel] 

A  hdllow  ])lace;  a  small,  narrow  valley  between 
two  lulls.  Gilbert. 
DELI'II.    See  Delf,  No.  9. 

DEL'I'llI-AN,  j  a.  [iVom  Delphi,  a  town  of  I'hocis, 
DEL'Pllie,      \      in  Greeci-.] 

Relating  to  Delphi,  and  to  the  celebrated  oracle  of 
that  place. 

DEL'PIIIN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  dauphin  of  France  ; 
applied  particularly  to  an  edition  of  tlie  Latin  classics, 
prepared  under  Louis  XIV.,  in  usuni  Ddphint,  i«i  ihe 
dauphin's  use.  Braiuie. 

DEL'l'HINE,  n.    [\..  delphinus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  dolphin,  a  genus  of  fishes. 

DEL-PIII.\'1-A,  •)  71.    A  vegetalile  alkaloid  di.scovered 

DEL-Plll'N.A,     I      in  Ihe  I)el|'!iinium  staphvsagrix 

DEL'I'lll-A,       (      Its  tastiMs  hitler  and  acrid.'  When 

DEL'PHIM;,  J  heated  it  melts,  but  on  cooling 
becomes  hard  and  brittle  like  resin.    Ure,.  Brande. 

DEL'I'HIN-ITE,  71.  A  mineral,  calleil  also  pi.-<lacitc 
and  epidotc.  Ure. 

£)A'Z,  S/COjV'O,  (del  san'yo.)  [It.]  In  Tnuiic,  a  direc- 
tion to  rejieat  from  the  sikii. 

DEL'TA,  71.  Tliir  (ireek  letter  A.  A  tract  of  alluvial 
land  in  the  form  of  that  letter,  or  triangular.  It  is 
particularly  applied  to  such  a  tract  of  laml  in  Eirypt, 
formed  by  two  main  branches  of  the  .Nile,  and  the 
Mediterranean  Sea;  but  the  word  is  applieil  to  any 
tract  of  land  of  a  similar  tigure  and  formation. 

DEL'TOID,  a.  [Ur.  ic\Ta,  the  letter  .i,  and  titloj, 
form.] 

1.  Resembling  the  Greek  A,  (delta;)  triangular; 
an  epithet  applied  to  a  muscle  of  the  shouldi  r;  which 
moves  the  arm  forward,  ujiward,  and  backward. 

CozK 

9.  In  botany,  shaped  somewhat  like  a  delta  or 
rhomb,  having  four  angles,  of  which  the  lateral  onirs 
are  li-ss  distant  from  the  base  than  the  others  ;  as,  a 
deltiiid  leaf.  Linn/eits.  Martijn. 

Trowel-shaped,  having  three  angles,  of  which  the 
terminal  one  is  much  t'uriher  from  the  base  than  the 
lateral  ones.  Smith, 

DE-LuD'A-HLE,  a.  [See  DELrns- ]  That  may  be  de- 
ludeil  or  deceived  ;  liable  to  be  imposed  on.  Broien. 

DE-LCI)E',  r.  U  [L.  ddiulo  ;  de  and  liido,  to  play,  to 
mock  ;  Oh.  ami  Ueb.  p^.  Class  Ls,  No.  3,  5, 
30,  41!.] 

1.  To  deceive ;  to  impose  on ;  to  lead  from  truth 
or  into  error;  to  mislead  the  mind  or  judgment;  to 
beguile.  Cbeat  is  generally  applied  to  deception  in 
bargains  ;  delude,  to  deceptitui  in  opinion.  An  artful 
man  deludes  his  followers.  We  are  often  deluded  by 
lalse  appearances. 
9.  To  frustrate  or  disappoint. 
DE-LOD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Deceived  ;  misled  ;  led  into 
error. 

DE-LCD'ER,  71.  One  who  deceives  ;  a  deceiver  ;  an 
ini|K>stor  ;  one  who  holds  out  ftilse  pretenses. 


TO.NE,  BJJLL,  IJ.VITE — A.VGER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


31.-) 


DEM 

JE-LCD'ING,  ppr.    Deceiving ;  leading  astray  ;  mis- 

leartmg  the  opinion  or  judgment. 
DK-LuU'ING,  n.    Tile  act  of  deceiving ;  falsehood. 

Pridcaux. 

DEL'UGE,  (del'luje.)  n.  [Fr.  deluge;  Arm.  diluick ; 
Sp.  dilavio  ;  It.  id. ;  L.  dtliivies,  diluvium,  from  diluo, 
dtluvio  ;  di  and  luo,  lavo,  to  wash.  If  deluge  and  di- 
luvium are  the  same  word,  of  which  there  can  be 
little  doubt,  the  fact  proves  that  luo,  lavo,  is  con- 
tracted or  clianged  from  lugo,  and  that  the  primitive 
word  was  lugo ;  and  it  is  certain  that  tlie  radix  of 
Jluo  is  fiugo.    See  Flow.] 

1.  Any"  overflowing  of  water;  an  inundation;  a 
flood  ;  a  swell  of  water  over  the  natural  banks  of  a 
river  or  shore  of  the  ocean,  spreading  over  the  adja- 
cent land.  lint  appropriutelij,  the  great  flood  or 
overflowing  of  the  earth  by  water,  in  the  days  of 
Noah  ;  according  to  tlie  common  chronology,  Anno 
iMundi  1656.    Oen.  vi. 

2.  A  sweeping  or  overwhelming  calamity. 
DEL'UGE,  V.  t.    To  overflow  with  water  ;  to  inun- 
date ;  to  drown.    The  waters  deluged  tlie  eaith,  and 
destroyed  the  old  world. 

2.  To  overwhelm  ;  to  cover  with  any  flowing  or 
moving,  spreading  body.  The  northern  nations  del- 
uged the  Roman  empire  with  their  armies. 

3.  To  overwhelm;  to  cause  to  sink  under  the 
weight  of  a  general  or  spreading  calamity  ;  as,  the 
land  is  deluged  with  corruption. 

DEL'UG-£D,  pp.  Overflowed  ;  inundated  ;  over- 
whelmed. 

DEL'UG-ING,  ppr.  Oveiflowing;  inundating;  over- 
wliihnlng. 

I)E-L0'SION,  (de-lu'zhun,)  n.  [L.  delusio.  See  De- 
lude.] 

1.  'Ihe  act  of  deluding;  deception  ;  a  misleading 
of  the  mind.  We  are  all  liable  to  the  delusions  of 
artifice. 

9.  False  representation  ;  illusion  ;  error  or  mistake 
proceeding  from  false  views. 

Aiul  fondly  mourned  llie  dear  delusion  gone.  Prior. 

JiE-LC'SIVE,  a.  Apt  to  deceive:  tending  to  mislead 
the  mind;  deceptive;  beguiling;  as,  delusive  arts; 
delusive  appearances. 

])IVLO'SIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  delusive  manner. 

DE-LO'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  delu- 
sive ;  tendency  to  deceive. 

IiE-LU'SO-llY,  a.    Apt  to  deceive;  deceptive. 

Glaiiville. 

DELVE,  (delv,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  dclfan ;  D.  dclven ;  Russ. 
dolblyu ;  to  dig.  du.  Arm.  toulla,  to  dig  or  make  a 
hole,  VV.  twU,  a  hole,  and  L.  talpa,  a  mole,  perhaps 
the  d elver.] 

1.  To  dig ;  to  open  the  ground  with  a  spade. 
Delve  of  convenient  depth  your  tlirasliing-lloor.  Dryden. 

2.  To  fathom  ;  to  sound  ;  to  penetrate. 

I  can  not  delve  him  to  the  root.  Shale, 
DELVE,  (delv,)  n.    A  place  dug ;  a  pit ;  a  pitfall;  a 
ditch  ;  a  den  ;  a  cave.    [Aot  now  used.]  Spenser. 

Delve  of  coals;  a  quantity  of  fossil  coals  dug.  [JVot 
used,  or  local.] 
DELV'TID,  pp.    Dug  ;  fathomed. 
DELV'ER,  n.    One  who  digs,  as  with  a  spade. 
DELV'I.XG,  ppr.  Digu'ing. 

DE-.MAG-NET-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
depriving  one  of  magnetic  influence. 

DE-.MAG'NET-IZE,  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  magnetic  in- 
fluence ;  to  restore  from  a  sleep-waking  state 

DE.M'A-GOG-IS.M,  n.    The  practices  of  a  demagogue. 

DEM'A-GOGIIE,  (dem'a-gog,)  n.  [Gr.  Smayoiyos,  from 
(5/7/ioS,  the  populace,  and  nyu,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  leader  of  the  people ;  an  orator  who  pleases 
the  populace,  and  influences  them  to  adhere  to  Inm. 

9.  Any  leader  of  the  populace ;  any  factious  man 
who  has  great  influence  with  the  great  body  of  peo- 
ple in  a  city  or  community. 

de-Ma  IN'. 


DE-MESNE',(dc-menc,) 


I  71.    [Norm,  demainer.  This 


might  be  from  L.  dominium,  Fr.  domaine.  In  old  law 
books,  it  is  written  demesne,  as  if  derived  from  meisaii, 
maison,  house.  In  J^orman,  it  is  written  also  dc- 
mayirne,  demeigne,  as  well  as  demeine.] 

1.  A  manor-house  and  the  land  adjacent  or  near, 
which  a  lord  keeps  in  his  own  hands  or  immediate 
occupation,  for  the  use  of  his  family,  as  distinguished 
from  his  tenemental  lands,  distributed  arwmg  his 
tenants,  called  hook-land,  or  charter-land,  and  folk- 
land,  or  estates  held  in  villenagc,  from  which  sprung 
copyhold  estates.  Bladistone. 
9.  Estate  in  lands.  Sliali. 
DE-MA  ND',  V.  t.  [I'r.  demandcr ;  Sp.  and  Port,  de- 
manilar  ;  It.  domandarc  or  dimandare  ;  Arm.  mennat ; 
de  and  L.  mando,  to  command.  The  L.  mando  sig- 
nifies to  send  ;  hence,  to  commit  or  intrust.  To  ask 
is  to  press  or  urge.  Sw.  maiia ;  Dan.  mancr ;  to  put 
in  mind,  to  urge,  pres.H,  dun  ;  to  admonish,  L.  moneo. 
It  ap|)earn  that  mando,  moneo,  and  mens,  mmd,  are  all 
of  one  family  ;  as  also  Ir.  muinim,  to  teach ;  \V. 
mynu,  to  will,  to  neck  or  procure,  to  insist,  to  obtain 
or  have;  Sax,  maniaa;  G.  mahncn.  See  Class  Aln, 
No.  7,  9.] 

1.  To  ask  or  call  for,  aa  one  who  has  a  claim  or 


DEM 

right  to  receive  what  is  sought ;  to  claim  or  seek  as 
due  by  right.  1'he  creditor  demands  principal  and 
interest  of  his  debt.  Here  the  claim  is  derived  from 
law  or  justice. 

2.  To  ask  by  authority  ;  to  require ;  to  seek  or 
claim  an  answer  by  virtue  of  a  right  or  supposed 
right  in  the  interrogator,  derived  from  his  office,  sta- 
tion, power,  or  authority. 

The  officers  of  the  children  of  Israel  —  were  beaten,  and  de. 
manded,  Wherefore  have  ye  not  fulfilled  your  task  iii  making 
brick  f  —  Kx.  v. 

3.  To  require  as  necessary  or  useful ;  as,  the  exe- 
cution of  this  work  demands  great  industry  and  care. 

4.  To  ask  ;  to  question  ;  to  inquire.  [Little  used.] 
Ttie  soldiers  also  demanded  of  liim,  saying,  What  shall  we  do  ? 

—  I.uke  iii. 

5.  To  ask  or  require,  as  a  seller  of  goods ;  as,  what 
price  do  you  demand  ? 

C.  To  sue  for  ;  to  seek  to  obtain  by  legal  process  ; 
as,  the  plaintiir,  in  his  action,  demands  unreasonable 
damages. 

In  French,  dcmander  generally  signifies  simply  to 
ask,  request,  or  petition,  when  the  answer  or  thing 
askeii  for  is  a  matter  of  grace  or  courtesy.  But  in 
English,  demand  is  now  seldom  used  in  that  sense  ; 
and  rarely  indeed  can  the  French  demander  be  ren- 
dered correctly  in  English  by  demand,  except  in  the 
case  of  the  seller  of  goods,  who  demaiuU  [asks,  re- 
quires] a  certain  price  for  liis  wares.  The  common 
expression,  "  a  king  sent  to  demand  another  king's 
daughter  in  marriage,"  is  improper. 
DE-.MAND',n.  An  asking  for  or  claim  made  by  virtue 
of  a  right  or  supposed  right  to  the  thing  sought ;  an 
asking  with  authority  ;  a  challenging  as  due;  as,  the 
demand  of  the  creditor  was  reasonable ;  the  note  is 
payable  on  demand. 

He  tliat  has  confidence  to  turn  his  wishes  into  demands,  will  be 
but  a  little  way  from  tliinking  he  ought  to  obtain  Uieni. 

Locke. 

2.  The  asking  or  requiring  of  a  price  for  goods 
offered  for  sale  ;  as,  I  can  not  agree  to  his  demand. 

3.  That  whicli  is  or  may  be  claimed  as  due  ;  debt ; 
as,  what  are  your  demands  on  the  estate 

4.  The  cal  ing  for  in  order  to  purchase  ;  desire  to 
possess  ;  as,  the  demand  for  the  Bible  has  been  great 
anil  extensive  ;  copies  are  in  great  demand. 

5.  A  desire  or  a  seeking  to  obtain.  We  say,  the 
company  of  a  gentleman  is  in  great  demand;  the  lady 
is  in  great  demand  or  request. 

6.  In  law,  the  asking  or  seeking  for  what  is  due 
or  claimed  as  due,  either  expressly  by  words,  or  by 
implication,  as  by  seizure  of  goods  or  eutiy  into 
lands. 

DE-MXND'A-BLE,  a.     That    may  be  demanded, 

claimed,  asked  for,  or  required  ;  as,  payment  is  de- 

mandable  at  the  expiration  of  the  credit. 
DE-.MaND'ANT,  n.    One  who  demands  ;  the  plaintiff" 

in  a  real  action  ;  any  plaintiff^. 
DE-MaND'ED,  pp.    Called  for  ;  claimed  ;  challenged 

as  ilue  ;  requested  ;  required  ;  interrogated. 
DE-MaND'ER,  71.    One  who  demands;  one  who  re- 
quires with  authority  ;  one  who  claims  as  due ;  one 

who  asks  ;  one  who  seeks  to  obtain. 
DE-MAND'ING,  ppr.    Claiming  or  calling  for  as  due, 

or  by  authority  ;  requiring ;  asking ;  pursuing  a  claim 

by  legal  process  ;  interrogating. 
DE-MAND'RESS,  n.    A  female  demandant. 
DE-SIXRe-A'TIOX    See  Demarkation. 
DE-MARCH',  71.    [¥t.  demarche.] 
March  ;  walk  ;  gait.  [OJi-.J 
DE-MARK-a'TION,  71.    [Sp.  demarcacion,  from  demar- 

car ;  de  and  marcar,  to  mark ;  viarca,  a  mark  ;  Port. 

demarc-ar.    See  Mark.] 

1.  The  act  of  marking,  or  of  ascertaining  and  set- 
ting a  limit. 

2.  A  limit  or  bound  ascertained  and  fi.xed  ;  line  of 
separation  marked  or  determined. 

The  speculative  line  of  denuirkation,  where  obedience  ought  to 
end  and  resistance  begin,  is  faint,  obscure,  and  not  e:isily 
definable.  Burke. 

DE-MeAN',  V.  t.  [Fr.  demener;  Norm,  dcmesner,  dc- 
mcncr,  to  lead,  to  manage,  to  govern,  to  stir ;  It.  we- 
7iarc Sp.  vtencar.] 

1.  To  behave  ;  to  carry ;  to  conduct ;  with  the  re- 
ciprocal pronoun  ;  as,  it  is  our  duty  to  demean  our- 
selves with  humility. 

2.  _To  treat.  Spenser. 
DE-MicAN',  v.  t.    [de  and  7j!fan.]    To  debase  ;  to  un- 
dervalue.   [JVi;«  used.]  Shnk. 

DE-MEAN', 71.  Behavior ;  carriage ;  demeanor.  [Obs.] 

Speiu;er. 

2.  Mien.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
DE-MlcAN'i'.Tt,  /);).    Behaved  well ;  i'ti  a  good  sense. 

Lessened  ;  debased  ;  in  a  bod  .frnse. 
DE-MeAN'L\G, yiyir.    Behaving;  also,  debasing  one's 

self. 

DE-MRAN'OR,  71.    Behavior;  carriage;  deportment; 

as,  (h'Cent  demeanor ;  s:ul  demeanor.  Mdton. 
DE-MkAN-IJRE,  7t.  Behavior.  [JVotinuse.] 
DE  ME-DI-E-TA'TK,  [L.]  A  jury  de  medirtalr.  in 
one  composed  of  half  natives  and  half  furrigners — 
used  in  actions  in  which  a  foreigner  is  a  party,  or 
half  of  common  jurors  and  half  of  men  of  the  class 
to  which  one  of  the  parties  belongs.  Bluckstane. 


DEM 


De'MEN-€Y,  71.    [L.  dementia.] 

Madness.    [JVu£  in  use.] 
DE-MEN'TATE,  a.    Mad;  infatuated. 


Skelton.' 
Hammond. 

DE-.MEN'TaTE;  v.  t.    [L:  dcmento ;  de  and  mens.] 

To  make  mad.  Burton. 
DE-MEN'TA-TED,pp.    Rendered  mad. 
DE-JIEN-Ta'TION,  7u    The  act  of  making  frantic. 

H'hiUock. 

DE-MENT'ED,  a.    Crazv  ;  infatuated.    Quart.  Rev. 
DE-MEPH-I-TI-Za'TION,  71.    [See  Demephitize.] 
The  act  of  purifying  from  mephitic  or  foul  air. 

jMed.  Repository. 
DE-MEPH'I-TiZE,  v.  t.    [de  and  mephitis,  foul  air,  or 
ill  smell.] 

To  purify  from  foul,  unwholesome  air. 

DE-MEPH'I-TlZ-/!D,  pp.  Purified  ;  freed  from  foul  air. 

DE-MEPH'I  TIZ-ING,  ppr.    Purifying  from  foul  air. 

DE-MER'IT,  »i.  [Fr.  demerite;  de  and  merite,  merit, 
li.  meritum,  from  mereo,  to  earn  or  deserve.  The  Latin 
demereo  is  used  in  a  good  sense.    See  Merit,] 

1.  That  which  deserves  punishment,  the  opposite 
of  merit ;  an  ill-de'^erving  ;  that  which  is  blainable  or 
punishable  in  moral  conduct ;  vice  or  crime. 

Mine  is  the  merit,  tiie  demerit  thine.  Dryden. 

2.  Jlnciently,  merit ;  desert  ;  in  a  good  sense.  Shah. 
DE-MER'IT,  71,  t.    To  deserve  blame  or  punishment. 

[/  believe  not  in  iise.] 
DE-MERS'£D,  (de-merst',)  a.    [L.  demersus.] 

Plunged  ;  situated  or  growing  under  water. 
DE-MER'SION,  (de-mer'shun,)  ;i.    [L,  dcmersio,  from 

demcrgo,  to  plunge  or  drown,] 

1,  A  plunging  into  a  fluid  ;  a  drowning. 

Trans,  of  Pausanias. 

2,  The  state  of  being  overwhelmed  in  water  or 
earth,  Ray. 

3,  The  putting  of  a  medicine  in  a  dissolving  liquor. 

Diet. 

DE-MES'MER-iZE,  v.  t.  [from  Mesmer.]  To  excite 
or  relieve  from  mesmeric  influence.    [See  Mesmer- 

DE-,MeSNE',  (de-meen'.)    See  Demain. 

DE-MeSN'I-AL,  (de  -me'ni-al,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  de- 
mesne. Maunder. 

DEM'I,  a  prefix,  [Fr,  f/cmi,  from  the  h.  dimidium,]  signi- 
fies half.  It  is  used  only  in  composition.  [Sue  also 
Demv.] 

DE.M'I-BATH,  )  7i.    A  bath  in  which  only  the  lower 

DEM'I-BaIN,  \     half  of  the  body  is  immersed. 

DEJI'I-BRI-GaDE',  71.    A  half  brigade.  [Gilbert. 

DEJI'I-Ca'DENCE,  71.  In  music,  an  imperfect  ca- 
dence, or  one  that  falls  on  any  other  than  the  key- 
note. Buiby. 

DE.M'I-CAN'NON,  7i.  The  obsolete  name  of  a  kind 
of  ordnance  carrying  a  ball  of  from  30  to  3i)  pounds 
in  weight. 

DE.M'l-eUL'VER-IN,  n.  The  obsolete  name  of  a  kind 
of  ordnance  carrying  a  ball  of  9  or  10  pounds  in 
weight.  Johnson.  Encyc. 

DEM-I-De'I-F?,  v.  t.   To  deifv  in  part.  Coirper. 

DE.M'I-DEV-/L,  (-dev'l,)  71,    Half  a  devil.  Shah. 

DEM'I-DIS'TANCE,  71.  In  fortif  cation,  the  distance 
between  the  outward  polygons  and  the  flank. 

DEJI'I-Di'TONE,  ».    In  music,  a  minor  third.  Busbri. 

DEM'I-GOD,  71.  Half  a  god  ;  one  partaking  of  the  ili 
vine  nature  ;  a  fabulous  hero,  produced  by  the  cohab- 
itation of  a  deity  with  a  mortal.       Milton.  Pope. 

DEM'I-GOD'DESS,  71.    A  female  demi-god.  Campbell. 

DEM'I-GOKGE,  71.  In  fortification,  that  part  of  the 
polygon  which  remains  after  the  flank  is  raised,  and 
goes  from  the  curtain  to  the  angle  of  the  polygon.  It 
is  half  of  the  vacant  space  or  entrance  into  a  bastion. 

Encfic. 

DEM'I-GROAT,  (grawt,)  n.    A  half  groat.  Sheustune. 

DEiM'I-JOIlN,  (dem'i-jon,)  7i.    [Fr.  dame-jeannc.] 

A  glass  vessel  or  bottle  with  a  large  body  and  small 
neck,  inclosed  in  wjcker-work. 

DEJI'I-LANCE,  71,  Alight  lance;  a  short  spear;  a 
half-pike.  Dryden. 

DEM'I-LuNE,  71.  A  work  constructed  beyond  the 
main  ditch  of  a  fortress,  and  in  friiiit  of  the  curtain 
between  two  bastions ;  its  object  is  to  defend  the  cur- 
tain. P.  Cyc. 

DE.M'I-M.'VN,  71.    Half  a  man  ;  a  term  of  reproach. 

Knowles. 

DEM'I-NA-TTJR-£n,  a.    Having  half  the  nature  of 

another  animal.  Sliak. 
DE,M'I-OF-FI"CI.\L,  (  of-fish'al,)  a.    Parlly  oflicial 

or  authori'/.eil.  O.  Morris. 

DEM'l-PRHM'l-SESS,  71.  pi.    Half  premises.  JIaokcr. 
DE.M'1-UIJa-\  ER,  n.    A  note,  in  music,  of  half  the 

length  of  the  quaver. 
DEM'I-RI  '.-l.lL'VO,  n.   [It.]  In  sciJy.fHir,  half  relief, 

or  the  standing  out  of  a  figure  from  the  background 

by  half  its  thiikness. 
I)E"M'I  RHP   71.     A  woman  of  suspicious  chastity, 

[Drmi-rrpulntion.] 
DE.M'l-SE.M'I-UUA-VER,  71,    A  short  note  in  music, 

two  of  which  are  equal  to  a  si  ini-quaver. 
DEM'I-TINT',  71.    [Demi  anil  lint.]    In  painting,  a 

gradation  of  color  between  positive  light  and  positive 

shade.  tUnies. 
DE.M'l-Tu.\E,  71,    In  iiiiisic,  an  interval  of  half  a  tone ; 

a  semi-tone. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII>>T.  —  MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


316 


DEM 


DEM 


DEM 


DE.M'I-VII.Ij,  n.  A  Imlfvill,  consisting  of  fivu  free- 
nn  ii  or  IraiikpluilKi's,  Sinlman.  BlacLitone. 

DK.M'I-VOI.'I",  n.  [r/rmiand  cult,  vaulL]  Oneol'the 
8i'Vt'M  artiticiul  iiioliiins  uf  a  liorstr,  in  wtiicli  lie 
raisi  s  his  liire  legs  iii  a  particular  innnni'r. 

DK.M'I-VVOLF,  II.  Haifa  wolf;  a  mongrel  (loE,  be- 
tween a  <li>s  and  a  wolf;  lycisca.  Shalt. 

I)K.M'I-(;|JaT1:,  r.  /.    [l,.  Uemigro.] 
To  iiiiiirale,  which  see. 

DK.M-l-lillA'  I'IO.N,  n.    KniiEration,  which  sec. 

l)i:MIS'.\-Iil,E,  a.  [See  Demise.]  That  may  be 
leased  ;  !us  an  estate  demisable  by  copy  of  court  roll. 

UE-.MISE',  «.  [Er.  demis,  demise,  from  dcmetlre,  L. 
demitto,  deinissio  ;  de  and  mitto,  Fr.  vietlre.  Literally, 
a  laying  down,  or  sending  from ;  a  rcmovini;.] 

1.  In  Kngland,  a  laying  down  or  removal,  applied 
to  the  crown  or  roy.ii  authority.  The  demise  of  the 
crown  is  a  transfer  of  the  crown,  royal  auiliorily,  or 
kiilgdoin,  to  a  .successor.  Thus,  when  Edward  IV. 
was  driven  from  his  throne  for  a  few  months  hy  the 
house  of  Lancaster,  this  lemponiry  traiisl'er  of  his 
dignity  was  called  a  demise.  I'litis  the  natural  death 
of  a  king  or  queen  came  to  be  denominated  a  demue, 
as  by  that  event  tiie  crown  is  transferred  to  a  suc- 
cessor. Blaek.tttnte. 

'J.  In  later  usa^e,  the  death  of  any  distinguished 
individual  ;  as,  the  demise  of  .Mr.  Vitt.  Trotter. 

'i.  A  conveyance  or  transfer  of  an  estate,  by  lease 
or  will. 

Demise  and  redemise;  a  conveyance  where  there 
are  imitiial  leases  made  from  one  to  another  of  the 
same  land,  or  something  out  of  it.  Encijc. 
DE-.MISE',  e.  t.    To  transfer  or  convey  ;  toIca.se. 

2.  To  hequeatli ;  to  grant  by  will.  Swift 
nE-.MIS'f;i),  pp.    Gnintcd  or  lert  by  will. 
I)E-.MIS'I.\'li,  ppr.    Bequeathing;  granting  by  will. 
DE-MIS'S10.\,  (de-niisii'un,)  «.    A  lowering;  degra- 
dation ;  depression.  L' Estran«e. 

DE-.Ml!?S'IVE, )  a.   Humble,     [iift/e  used.] 

DE-.MI.-*S',        j  Sltenstone. 

1)E-MIS.'»'LY,  m/p.    In  a  humble  manner.    Wot  used.] 

UE-.MIT',  r.  (.    fL.  demitlo.] 

To  let  fall  ;  to  depress  ;  to  submit.    [JVot  used.] 

DE.M'l-L'RcJE.  tt.  [Ur.  Uniiiot'oyos ;  Snpioi,  a  public 
servant,  ana  coyof,  work.] 

In  t/te  jnyUttilva-y  of  Kttstern  philosophers,  a  subordi- 
nate deity  or  eon,  employed  in  the  creation  of  the 
world  ;  a  subordinate  workman.  Encyc. 

DE.M-I-lJKG'ie,  a.    Pert.ainiug  to  a  demiurge. 

Trans,  of  Pau^anias. 

J)R-MOe'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  ^njioiroana  ;  Sripos,  people, 
and  fparcui,  to  possess,  to  govern.] 

Itoverniiu'nt  by  the  people  ;  a  form  of  government, 
in  which  the  supreme  power  is  lodged  in  the  hands 
of  the  people  collectively,  or  in  which  tlie  people 
exercise  the  [wwers  of  legislation.  Such  was  the 
government  of  Athens. 

DE.M'0-€RAT,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  a  government 
by  the  people,  or  favors  the  e.ttension  of  the  right  of 
siinVage  to  all  classes  of  men. 

DE.M-O-CKAT'IG,       )  a.     Popular  ;  pertaining  to 

DE.M-O-GKAT'ie-.VL,  j  democracy,  or  government 
bv  the  iieople  ;  as,  a  democratical  fonn  of  government. 

DEM-O-eil.VT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  democratical 
manner.  Sidney. 

DE-Moe'RA-TIST,  n.   The  same  as  Deuocrat. 

DE-Moe'RA-TY,  n.  Democracy. 

DE-.MO-GOR'GO.\,  n.  [Gr.  (iui/iwi-,  divinity,  and 
joojnj,  dreadt'iil.] 

Literally,  terrible  deity  ;  a  mysterious  divinity 
among  the  ancients,  mentioned  by  Milton. 

Brande. 

DE-XIOL'ISII,  r.  (.  [Ft.  demoUr,  demolii.nnt :  fip.  de- 
moler ;  It.  demotire  ;  L.  demoUor ;  de  and  molior,  to 
build.    Cla-ss  Ml,  No.  12,  15.] 

To  throw  or  pull  down  ;  to  raze  ;  to  destroy,  as  a 
heap  or  structure  ;  to  separate  any  collected  in.ass,  or 
the  connected  parts  of  a  thing;  to  ruin  ;  as,  to  de- 
molLih  an  edifice,  or  a  mound  ;  to  demotuh  a  wall  or 
fortilic.ation. 

DE-MOL'ISII-KD,  (de-mol'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Pulled 
down  i  thrown  down  ;  razed  ;  destroyed,  as  a  fab- 
ric or  structure. 

DE-.MOL'ISII  ER,n.  One  who  pulls  or  throws  down  ; 
one  who  destroys  or  lays  waste  ;  as,  a  dcmolisher  of 
towns. 

DE-.MOL'ISII-I.\G,  ppr.  Pulling  or  throwing  doivii ; 
destro^  iiig. 

DE-MOL'ItiII-.ME.\T,  n.   Ruin;  overUirow. 

Beaum, 

DEM-0-LI"TIO\,  (dem-o-Iish'un,)  n.  The  act  of 
overthrowing,  pulling  down,  or  destroying  a  pile  or 
stnicture;  niin  ;  destruction;  as,  the  demolUion  of  a 
house,  or  of  miliUiry  works. 

Dittos,  n.  [L.dirmon  ;  Gr.  faipuy ;  Sp.  It,  demonio  ; 
Ft.  demon  i  Ir.  deamal,  or  deamon,  Tlie  origin  and 
primary  sense  of  Uiis  word  I  have  not  been  able  to 


ascertain.   Qu.  Ar. 


dahima,  daima,  to  fall  sud- 


denly, to  nish,  to  overwhelm,  to  obscure,  to  blacken  ; 
whence  misfortune,  black,  blackness,  evil,  a  mon- 
ster.   Or  is  it  a  comiMUnd  of  dea,  dm,  deus,  and  man. 


a  word  signifjing  evil,  from  the  Persian.'  I  place 
little  coiilidence  in  these  conjectures.] 

A  spirit,  or  imtiiaterial  being,  holdiiig  a  middle 
place  between  men  and  the  celestial  deities  of  the 
pagans.  The  ancients  believed  that  there  were  good 
and  evil  demons,  which  had  influence  over  the 
minds  of  men,  and  that  these  beings  carried  on  an 
intercourse  between  men  and  gods,  conveying  the 
addresses  of  men  to  the  gods,  and  divine  benefits  to 
men.  Hence  demons  became  the  objects  of  worship. 
It  was  sujiposed,  also,  that  Imni.in  spirits,  after  their 
departure  from  the  body,  became  demons,  and  tiiat 
the  souls  of  virtuous  men,  if  highly  iiiirified,  were 
c.valteil  from  demons  into  gods.  In  the  Scriptures,  the 
Greek  Saiitiov  is  rendi  red  dciil,  and  sometiines,  at 
least,  improperly  ;  for  nothing  is  more  certain  than 
that  dilierent  beings  are  intended  by  ft>i/l  and 
('ai;<<i>i'  The  demons  of  the  New  Testament  were 
supposed  to  be  spiritual  beings  which  vexed  and  tor- 
mented men.  And,  in  general,  the  word,  in  modern 
use,  signifies  an  evil  spirit  or  genius,  which  iiillu- 
ences  the  conduct  or  directs  tlic  fortunes  of  mankind. 
£See  Campbell's  Dissert.] 
Di:'.MO.\-ESS,  n.    A  female  demon.  Mcde. 

Di'm'o  NI'  \e'  \L  \       P<"''>'»'"'"S  '0  demons  or  evil 

de^.mo'ni-an','  'S 

From  Ihy  defnoniac  lioliU.  MUton. 

2.  Influenced  by  demons  ;  produced  by  demons  or 
evil  spirits. 

Demonku  ptirentjr.  MUton, 

DE-MO'NI-.\G,  n.  A  human  being  pos.sessed  by  a 
demon  ;  one  whoso  volition  and  other  mental  facul- 
ties are  overpowered,  restrained,  or  disturbed,  in 
their  regiil.ar  oiierition,  by  an  evil  spirit,  or  by  a  cre- 
ated spiritual  being  of  superior  power.  Encyc. 

DE.M-O  NI'.Ve-.\L.-LY,  adv.  In  a  demoniacal  man- 
ner. 

DE-.MO-NI'A-CISM,  n.  The  state  of  being  demoniac ; 
or  thv.  practice  of  demoniacs.  J\Idman. 

DE-.MO'.NI-ACS,  n,  pi.  In  church  history,  a  branch  of 
the  .\nabaptists,  whose  distinguishing  tenet  w.as, 
that,  at  the  end  of  the  world,  the  devil  will  be  saved. 

Encyc. 

DE-MO'NI-AN-IS.M,  n.   The  stale  of  being  possessed 

by  a  demon.  Warburton. 
Dk'MON-IS.M,  7(.    The  belief  in  demons  or  false  gods. 

Jefferson. 

Dk'SION-IZE,  v.  t.  To  convert  into  a  demon  ;  to  in- 
fuse the  principles  or  fury  of  a  demon. 

DE-.MON-ue'R.\-CY,  n.    [Gr.  iaii^uf,  demon,  and 
Knareuj,  to  hold.] 
Tile  power  or  government  of  demons. 

DE-MON-OL'A-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  iai^Loji/,  detnon,  and 
Xarocia,  worship.] 

The  worship  of  demons,  or  of  evil  spirits.  Campbell. 

DE-MO.\-0-LOC'ie,       (  a.   Pertaining  to  deraonol- 

DE-MON-O-LOG'ie-AL,  j  ogy. 

UE-MON-OL'O-GIST,  n.  One  who  writes  on  demon- 
ology. 

DE-.MON-OL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  6aipcoi',  demon,  and 

Xojos,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  on  demons  ;  a  treatise  on  evil  spirits. 

So  King  James  entitled  his  hook  concerning  witches. 
DE-.MON'O-.MIST,  n.    [Gr.  dtti;/ui',  demon,  and  vopas, 

law.] 

One  that  lives  in  subjection  to  the  devil,  or  to  evil 
spirits.  HcrberU 
DE-.MOX'O-MY,  71.    [Supra.]    The  dominion  of  de- 
mons, or  evil  spirits.  Herbert. 
Dk'MON-RY,  n.    Demoniacal  influence. 

Miss  J.  Baillie. 

Dk'MON-SIIIP,  n.   The  state  of  a  demon.  Mede. 

DE-.MON'STRA-BLE,a.  [See  DEMossTRtTE.l  That 
may  he  demonstrated  ;  that  may  be  proved  beyond 
doubt  or  coiitradicti<m  ;  capable  of  being  shown  by 
certain  evidence,  or  by  evidence  that  admits  of  no 
doubt ;  as,  the  principles  of  geometry  are  demonstrable. 

DE-MON'STRA-ULE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
demonstrable. 

DE-.MO.N'STR.\-BLY,  arfr.  In  a  manner  to  preclude 
doubt ;  beyond  the  possibility  of  contradiction. 

DE-MON'STRATE  or  DEM'ON-STRATE,  r.  «.  [L. 
demunstro ;  de  and  monstro,  to  show  ;  Fr.  demontrcr ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  demostrar;  It.  dimostrare.  See  Muster.] 
1.  To  show  or  prove  to  be  cert.iin  ;  to  prove  beyond 
the  possibility  of  doubt ;  to  prove  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  reduce  the  contrary  |>osition  to  evident  absurd- 
ity. We  demonstrate  a  problem  in  geonietrj-,  or  a 
proposition  in  ethics,  by  showing  that  the  contrary  is 
absurd  or  ini|xi.ssible. 
a.  In  anafK'/iv,  to  exhibit  the  p.arts  when  dissected. 

DF^MON'STRA-TED  or  DE.M'ON-STRA-TED,  ;>;i. 
Proved  beyond  the  possibdity  of  doubt ;  rendered 
certain  to  the  mind. 

DE-MON'STRA-TI.\G  or  DEM'ON-STRA-TING, ppr. 
Proving  to  be  certain  ;  evincing  beyond  the  possibil- 
itv  of  ildiibt. 

DE.Sl-ON-STRA'TION,  n.  Literally,  a  showing  forth 
or  exhibition,  commonly  in  the  plural ;  as,  denwnstra- 
tions  of  joy.  Jlilford. 

9.  The  act  of  demonstrating,  or  of  exhibiting  cer- 
tain proof. 


3.  Tlie  liiglie.st  degree  of  evidence  ;  certain  proof 
exhibited,  or  such  proof  as  esUiblislies  a  fact  orjiro))- 
osition  'leyond  a  possibility  of  dieibt,  or  iu<  shows 
the  contrary  position  to  be  absurd  or  impossible. 

4.  Iiidubitiible  evidence  of  the  senses,  or  of  reasim  ; 
evidence  which  satisfies  the  mind  of  the  certainty  of 
a  fact  or  proposition.  Thus,  we  hold  that  the  works 
of  nature  exhibit  demonstration  of  the  existence  of  a 
God. 

5.  In  lopie,  a  series  of  syllogisms,  all  whose  prem- 
ises are  either  definitions,  self-evident  truths,  or  jirop- 
ositions  already  established.  Encyc. 

G.  In  anatomy,  the  exhibition  of  parts  dissected. 

7.  In  military  affairs,  a  movement  of  troops  toward 
a  given  point,  as  if  to  make  an  att.ack.  Hence, 

S.  Any  movement  against  or  attempt  upon  ;  as, 
Napoleon  made  his  first  demonstration  on  Holland. 

.^lison^s  Europe. 
DE-MO.\'STRA-TIVE,  a.  Sliowingor  proving  by  cer- 
tain evidence  ;  having  the  |Kiwer  of  demon.stration  ; 
invincibly  conclusive  ;  as,  a  demonstrative  argument, 
or  demonstrative  reasoning. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  showing  with  clearness 
and  certainty  ;  as,  a  demonstrative  figure  in  paiiifiiig. 

Dryden. 

3.  Among  the  Latin  rhetoricians,  that  lays  open  or 
explains  with  clearness,  force,  and  beauty  ;  as,  de- 
monstrative eliMpieiice.  Blair. 

DE-.MON'STRA-TIVE-LY,  ailv.  With  certain  evi- 
dence ;  with  proof  wliicli  can  not  be  questioned  ; 
certainly  ;  clearly  ;  convincingly. 

DE-MO.\'STRA-f  IVE-NESS,  71.  Quality  of  being' 
demoiisfralive. 

DE.M'O.N-STRA-TOR,  n.  One  who  demonstrates  ;  one 
who  proves  any  thing  with  certainty,  or  with  indu- 
bitable evidence. 

2.  In  anatomy,  one  who  exhibits  the  parts  when 
dissected. 

DE-.MO.\'!5TRA-T0  RY,  tt.  Tending  to  demonstrate ; 
having  a  tendency  to  prove  beyond  a  possibility  of 
doubt. 

DE-.MOR-AL-I-ZA'TIO.\,  71.  [See  Demoralize.] 
The  act  of  subverting  or  corrupting  morals  ;  destruc- 
tion of  moral  principles. 

DE-.MOR'.\Lr-IZE,  v.  t.    [(/c  and  moralize  or  moral.] 
To  corrupt  or  undermine  the  monils  of ;  to  destroy 
or  lessen  tile  effect  of  moral  jiriiiciplcs  on  ;  to  render 
corrupt  in  morals. 

The  cfTccl  would  be  to  dtTnonlize  mixiikin<l. 

Orauau,  on  Catholic  Petition. 

The  native  vj^r  of  the  »oul  must  wholly  <UaitppeAr,  viii<irr  the 
sl'Mily  iiimi*fiicc  uml  the  drmomtizmg  fXiiinpIe  of  i  n.tlii^li) 
powiT  aiid  prosperous  cninc.    Walsh,  l.euert  on  Fiance. 

l)F,-MOR'.\L-IZ-ioD,  pp.    Corrupted  in  morals. 
DE-.MOR'AL-IZ-Ii\G,  ppr.    Corrupting  or  destroying 
morals  or  mural  principlt^s. 
2.  a.  Ti'ndiiig  to  dcstrov  morals  or  moral  principles. 
DEM-OS-THEN'ie,  a.    PLrtaining  to  Demosthenes, 

the  Grecian  orator. 
DE-.MOT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  ^ijjioriirof ,  from  iriiiof,  people.] 
Popular ;  common  ;  pertaining  to  the  people. 

RiL-^sell. 

Demotic  characters,  among  the  ancient  Egy  ptians, 
were  a  conversion  of  hieroglyphics  into  a  kind  of 
current  hand,  for  popular  use,  approaching  very 
nearly  to  alphabetical  writing.  Brande. 
DE-MULCE',  (de-muls',)  i).  t.    [h.  demulceo.] 

To  soothe  ;  to  soften  or  pacify.    [Aof  used.] 
DE-MUL'CENT,  a.    [L.  demuleens,  demulceo ;  de  and 
mulcco,  to  stroke,  to  soften ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  mollis, 
mclloie,] 

Softening ;  mollifying ;  lenient ;  as,  oil  is  demul- 
cent. 

DE-.MUL'CENT,  n.  Any  medicine  which  lessens  the 
effects  of  irritation  on  the  solids ;  that  which  softens 
or  mollifies  ;  as  gums,  roots  of  marsh-mallows,  and 
other  mucilaginous  substances. 

DE-.MUR',  V.  i.  [Fr.  demeurer  ;  Sp.  danorar ;  Port. 
demorar  ;  It.  dimorare ;  L.  devioror ;  de  and  moror,  to 
stay  or  delay,  mora,  delay  ;  Arm.  mirff,  to  hold  ;  Sax. 
nerran,  myrran,  to  hintler;  allied  to  L.  miror,  and 
Eng.  to  mour,  Sp.  amarrar.] 

1.  To  stop  ;  to  pause  ;  to  hesitate  ;  to  suspend  pro- 
ceeding ;  to  delay  determination  or  conclusion.  On 
receiving  this  information,  the  minister  demurred,  till 
he  could  obtain  ftlrther  instructions. 

2.  In  late,  to  stop  at  any  [Kiint  in  the  pleadings, 
and  rest  or  abide  on  that  point  in  law  for  a  decision 
of  the  cause.  Thus  the  defendant  may  demur  to  the 
plaintifTs  decl.iration,  alleging  it  to  be  insufficient  in 
law  ;  the  plaintiff  may  demur  to  the  defendant's  plea 
for  a  like  reason. 

DE-.MUR',  r.  f.   To  doubt  of.    [JVot  legitimate.] 

Milton. 

DE-MIIR'  71.  Stop;  pause;  hesitation  as  to  the  pro- 
priety ol^  proceeding  ;  suspense  of  proceeding  or  de- 
cision. 

AU  my  demur*  but  itout4e  lua  ■ttacks.  Pop*. 
DE-MCRE',  a.   [Perhaps  from  demur,  that  is,  set,  fixed, 
st.ayed,  silent.] 

Sober  ;  grave  ;  modest ;  downcast ;  as,  a  demure 
countenance  ;  a  denture  abasing  of  the  eye.  Bacon. 
DE-.MC'RE',  r.  i.    To  look  with  a  grave  countenance. 
[JVut  used.]  Shak. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IJNITE — AN"GER,  Vl"ClOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  9  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 
40*  317 


DEN 


DEN 


DEN 


DEv'^IURE'LY,  adv.    With  a  grave,  solemn  counte- 
nance ;  with  a  fixed  look  ;  with  a  solemn  gravity. 
Esop's  damsel  s^t  demurely  at  the  board's  end.  Bacon. 

DE-5ICRE'NESS,  n.  Gravity  of  countenance  ;  sober- 
ness ;  a  modest  look.  Sidney. 

DE  MUR'RACE,  ii.  [See  Demur.]  An  allowance 
made  to  the  owner  of  a  trading  vessel,  for  delay 
or  detention  in  port  beyond  the  appointed  time  of 
departure.  This  expense  is  paid  by  the  merchant 
who  causes  the  detention. 

DE-MUU'RKD,  (de-murd',)pp.    Stopped;  objected  to. 

DE-MUR'RER,  n.    One  who  demurs. 

2.  In  law,  a  stop  at  some  point  in  the  pleadings, 
anil  a  resting  of  the  decision  of  the  cause  on  that 
point ;  an  issue  on  matter  of  law.  A  dennirrer  con- 
fesses the  fact  or  facts  to  be  true,  but  denies  the  suf- 
ficiency of  the  facts  in  point  of  law  to  support  the 
claim  or  defense.  .\  demurrer  may  be  tendered  to 
the  declaration,  to  the  plea,  to  the  replication,  to  the 
rejoinder,  &.C.  Black-tlnfie. 

DE-.MUR'RING,  pi>r.  Stopping  ;  pansing  ;  suspending 
proceedings  or  decision  ;  resting  or  abiding  on  a  point 
in  law. 

DE-.MY',  n.    [Fr.  demi,  half.] 

1.  A  particular  size  of  paper ;  a  kind  of  paper  of 
small  size. 

3.  A  half  fellow  at  JIagdalen  College,  Oxford. 
DEX,  n.    [Sax.  den,  dene,  dcnii,  a  valley ;  It.  Uma  ;  Fr. 

ianicre;  Ir.  tuinnrdJie.] 

1.  A  cave  or  hollow  place  in  the  earth  :  usually  ap- 
plied to  a  cave,  pit,  or  subterraneous  recess,  used  for 
concealment,  shelter,  protecticm,  or  security  ;  as,  a 
lion's  den;  a  den  of  robbers  or  thieves. 

The  beasts  go  into  tfens.  — Job  xxxvii. 

The  childrcn  of  Israel  made  iheiiiselves  dens.  — Judges  vi. 

2.  As  a  termination,  in  names  of  places,  it  denotes 
the  place  to  be  in  a  valley  or  near  a  wood. 

DEN,  V.  i.   To  dwell  as  in  a  den. 

DE-N,\R'eOT-lZE,  v.  t.  [dc  and  narcotlr.]  To  de- 
prive of  narcotine  j  as,  to  denarcotize  opium. 

.Tourn.  of  SelcJice, 

DE-N.\'RI-US,  n. :  p?.  Denabii.    [L.,  from  (/cm,  ten.] 
A  Roman  coin  of  the  value  of  about  sixteen  or 
seventeen  cents  ;  so  called  from  the  ktter  X  upon  it. 
In  lnvj-book<,  it  is  used  for  an  English  penny. 

DEN'A-RV,  a.    [L.  denarius.] 
Containing  ten. 

nEX'A-RY,  7!.    The  number  ten.  Dighy. 

DE-Na'TION-AL-IZE,  (-na'shun-  or  -tiash'un-,)  v.  t. 
[de  and  natiim.]  To  divest  of  national  character  or 
rights,  by  transference  to  the  service  of  another 
nation.  A  ship  built  and  registered  in  the  United 
Slates,  is  denationalized  by  being  employed  in  the 
service  of  another  nation  and  bearing  its  flag. 

French  Decrees.    Dec.  of  the  Prince  Regent. 

DE-X.5'TION-AL-iZ-£D,  pp.  Deprived  of  national 
rights.  ' 

DE-jNA'TION-AL-IZ-INGjPpr.  Deprivinj^v.f  national 
rights. 

DE-.NAT'UR-AT.-IZE,  r.  f.    [de  anA  naturalize.]  To 

render  unnatural  ;  to  alienate  from  nature. 
DE-.\AT'UR-AL-IZ-£D,7>p.  Made  unnatural.  FA.  Rer. 
9.  Deprived  of  naturalization  or  acquired  citizen- 
ship in  a  foreign  country. 
DE-N.\T'ITR-.\L-IZ-I.\G,  p;ir.    Making  unnatural. 
2.  Depriving  of  acquired  citizenship  in  a  foreign 
country, 

DE-.\SY',  71.  Denial ;  refusal.  [Ohs.]  Sliulc. 
DE-NaY',  r.  To  deny.  [Obs.]  Spenser. 
DE.N'DRA-eilATE,  n.     [Gr.  otvipof,  a  tree,  and 

aV"'''5>  agate.] 

Arborescent  agate  ;  agate  containing  the  figures  of 

shrubs  or  parts  of  plants.  Fncvc. 
DE.N'DRI-FOK.M,  a.     Having  the  appearance  of  a 

tree.  Gdberl. 
DE.N'DRITE,  n.    [Gr.  hflnov,  a  tree,  and  XiWoj,  a 

stone,  a  contraction  of  dciulrolite.] 
A  stone  or  mineral,  on  or  in  which  are  the  figures  of 

shrubs  or  trees  ;  an  arborescent  mim.'ral.  Fourermj. 
DE.N'-DRlT'ie,       j  a.    Containing  the  figures  of 
DKN-DRIT'ie-.'VI-,  i      shrubs  or  trees,  as  stones,  &c. 
DE.N'DROII), «.   [(Jr.  f^evipoi',  a  tree,  and  tiiJuv,  form.] 

Ri  scinbling  a  shrub. 
DEN'fJIlOIT,  7!.    A  fossil  which  has  some  resem- 
blance in  form  to  the  branch  of  a  tree. 

Did,  oj  JVat.  Hist. 
DE.N'DRO-UTE,  n.    [Gr.  ht'ipoti,  a  tree,  and  XiOi;s, 

a  stone.] 

A  petrified  or  fossil  shrub,  plant,  or  part  of  a  plant. 

Diet,  ofj^at.  IIi.-<t. 
DE.\-DROL'0-CY,  n.    [Gr.  (5£n!pof,a  tree,  and  Adjoj, 
a  dijiconrst!.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  trees  ;  the  natural  hi.s- 
tiiry  of  trees.  Diet. 
DEN  DROM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  hi„\pov,  a  tree,  and 
liiriti.1,1,  to  meiLsure.] 

An  instrument  to  measure  the  higlit  ami  ilianieter 
c»f  IreeH.  FncijC. 
DE.N'i;  GaTE,  r.  (.    [I.,,  denego.] 

To  deny.    \J\%t  wted.] 
DRN-E-GA'TIO.N,  n.    Denial.    [■N'ni  in  v-ir.] 
DE.V'GI.'Bi  (deng  gi,)  n.    A  pixuliur  nor!  of  fugitive 
and  erratic  epidemic  rheumatism. 


[This  disease,  when  it  first  appeared  in  the  British 
West  India  isla  ds,  \va~  calli  il  Ilie  dandi/  [ever,  from 
tlie  still'iiess  and  conslraiiil  u  hich  it  gave  to  tlie  limbs 
and  body,  ^'he  Spaniards  of  llie  neighboring  islantls 
niistotik  the  term  for  their  \\"ord  drm/ne,  deiu)liiig 
pruderj',  whirh  might  also  well  express  still'ness,  and 
lience  the  term  dengue  became,  at  last,  the  name  of 
the  disease.  Tulhi.] 

DE-NrA-liLE,  fl.  [See  Deny.]  That  may  be  denied 
or  contradicted.  Brown. 

DE-NI'.\L,  7!.  [See  De.vv.]  An  affirmation  to  the 
coiitrarj' ;  an  assertion  tliat  a  declaratiiui  or  fact 
stated  is  not  true  ;  negation  ;  contradiction.  It  is 
often  expressed  by  no  or  not,  simply. 

2.  Refusal  to  grant ;  the  negation  of  a  request  or 
potition  ;  the  contrary  tti  i^rant,  allowance,  or  cnnces- 
sion;  as,  his  request  or  application  met  with  a  direct 
denial. 

3.  .A  rejection,  or  refusing  to  acknowledge  ;  a  dis- 
owning ;  as,  a  lU  liml  of  (  Jod  ;  or  a  refusing  to  receive 
or  enilirace  ;  as,  a  iltwal  t)l'the  faith  or  the  truth. 

4.  .\  denial  of  vnr^s  setf,  is  a  declining  of  some 
gratification  ;  restraint  of  one's  appetites  or  pro- 
jiensities. 

DE-i\I'ER,  7!.  One  who  denies  or  contradicts  ;  one 
who  refuses  or  rejects;  a  disowner  ;  one  who  does 
not  own,  avow,  or  acknowledge ;  as,  a  denier  of  a 
fact,  or  of  the  faith,  or  of  Christ. 

[It  \vi>iild  be  better  written  Denver.] 
DE-XiljU',  (de-neer',)  n.    [Fr.,froni  L.  denarius  ;  It. 
danaio,  dnnaro  ;  Sp.  dinero/\ 

A   small  denomination  of  French  money,  the 
twelfth  part  of  a  sol  ;  a  small  copjier  coin. 
DEi\'I-GR.\TE,  V.  t.    [L.  dcnigro ;  de  and  nigra,  from 
iiiger,  black.] 

To  blacken  ;  to  make  black.  Boyle. 
DEN-I  GRA'TIOiN,  7i.    The  act  of  making  black;  a 
blacking. 

DEN-1-TRa'TION,  71.   A  disengaging  of  nitric  acid. 

[Obs.] 

DEN-[-Za'TION,  71.  [See  Denizen.]  The  act  of 
making  one  a  denizen,  subject,  or  citizen.  This,  in 
England,  is  done  hj- the  king's  letters  patent. 

DEN'I-Z/^.V,  (den'e-zn,)  n.  [In  W.  dinastor  is  a  citi- 
zen, from  dinas,  din,  a  fortress  or  fortified  tt>wn,  a 
city.  But  in  denizen,  the  last  syllable  seems  to  be  the 
same  as  in  citizen.] 

1.  In  England,  an  alien  who  is  made  a  subject  by 
the  king's  letters  patent,  holding  a  midille  state  be- 
tween an  alien  anti  a  natural  born  subject.  He  may 
take  land  by  purchase  or  devise,  which  an  alien  can 
not ;  but  he  can  not  take  by  inheritance.  Enctjc. 

2.  A  stranger  admitted  to  residence  in  a  foreign 
country. 

Ye  ^ofls, 

Natives,  or  denizens,  of  Ucsl  abodes.  Dryden. 

3.  A  dweller;  as,  the  dcHiicas  of  air.  Pope. 
DEN'I-ZiJN,  V.  t.    To  make  a  denizen  ;  to  admit  to 

residence  with  certain  rights  and  privileges  ;  to  in 
franchise. 

DEX'I-ZK.V-ZCD,  (den'e-znd,)  pp.  Infranchised. 
DEX'I  Z/.N'-SIIIP,  71.  State  of  being  a  denizen. 
UEX'.MaRK  SAT'IN,  71.    A  kind  of  lasting;  a  stout 

worsted  stuff,  woven  with  a  satin  twill,  used  for 

ladies'  shoes. 

DE-NO.M'IN-A-BEE,  a.  [See  Denomikate.]  That 
may  be  denominated  or  named.  Brown, 

DE-NOM'IN-aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  denomino  ;  de  and  nomino, 
to  name.    See  Name.] 

To  name  ;  to  give  a  name  or  epithet  to  ;  as,  a  race 
of  intelligent  beings  denominated  man.  Actions  are 
denominated  virtuous  or  vicious,  according  to  their 
character. 

DE-NO.M'IN-a-TED,  pp.    Named;  called. 
DE-.\().M'IN-.\-TING,  ppr.  Naming. 
DE-NU.M-IN-a'TIO.V,  n.    The  act  of  naming. 

2.  A  name  orappellation  ;  a  vocal  sound,  customarily 
used  to  express  a  tliingor  a  quality,  in  discourse  ;  as, 
all  men  fall  nntler  the  denominutiun  of  sinm;rs  ;  ac- 
tions fall  under  the  denomination  of  good  or  bad. 

3.  A  society  or  collection  of  individuals,  ctdleil  by 
the  same  name  ;  a  sect ;  as,  a  denomination  of 
Christians. 

DE-NO.M-IN-a'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  de- 
nomination, or  a  number  of  indivitluals  c:illed  by 
the  same  nam**. 

DE-NOM-IN-A'TION-AL-LY,  ado.  By  denomination 
or  sect. 

DE-NO.M'IN-ATIVE,  n.    That  gives  a  name;  that 

confi.'rs  a  distinct  appellation. 
DE-NOM'IN-A-TIVE-EY,  ado.    By  denomination. 

Baztcr. 

DE-NOM'IN-A-TOR,  n.    He  that  gives  a  name. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  that  number  placed  below  the 
line  in  vulgar  fractions,  which  shows  into  how 
many  parts  the  integt^r  is  divided.  Thus,  in  ?,  5  is 
the  denominator,  showing  that  the  integer  is  divided 
into  five  parts ;  and  the  numerattir,  3,  shows  how 
many  parts  are  taken,  that  is,  three  fifths, 
DE-NOT'A-BLE,a.    'J'liat  intiy  be  denoted  or  marked. 

Brown, 

DEN-O-TA'TION,  71.  [\„  dcnolalio.  See  Denote.] 
I        Tile  act  of  deiititing.  Hammond. 


DE-XOT'A-'I'I  VE,  a.    Having  power  to  ilenote. 

DE-NoTE',  II.  (.  [L.  denoto  ;  de  and  nntu,  to  note  or 
mark;  Ft.  denoter;  i^ii.  dcnotar :  It.  dcnotarc.] 

I.  To  mark  ;  to  signil'y  by  a  visible  sign  ;  to  indi- 
cate ;  to  express.  The  character  X  t'f'iftc.v  niulii|ili- 
calion.  Daif.s  Jilgrbra. 

9.  To  show  ;  to  betoken  ;  to  indicate  ;  as,  a  quick 
pulse  denotes  fever. 

DH-NoT'EI),  pp.    Marked;  signified;  indicatetl. 

DE-NoTE'ME\T,  ;i.    Sign  ;  indication.  Shal;. 

DE-NoT'l.\G,  ppr.   Marking;  expressing;  indicttting. 

DE-J^OUE'MEJ\"T,  (tie-noo'm'ing,)  71.    [Fr.,  from  t/c- 
nouer,  to  untie  ;  de  and  nouer,  to  tie,  L.  nodo,] 
The  unravelling  or  discovery  of  Ji  plot.  IVarton, 

DE-NOUNCE',  (de-nouns',)  p.  (.  [Fr.  dcnonrn- ;  .-'p. 
denunciar  ;  It.  denunziare  ;  L.  dcr.nncio  ;  de  and  nuneio, 
to  tell,  or  declare,  from  nomen,  or  its  root.] 

1.  To  declare  solemnly  ;  to  proclami  in  a  threaten- 
ing manner;  to  announce  or  declare,  as  a  threat. 

1  denounce  to  you,  litis  day,  that  ye  shall  surely  perish.  —  Dent. 

XXX. 

So  we  say,  to  denounce  war ;  to  denounce  wrath. 
9.  To  threaten  by  some  outward  sign  or  expres- 
sion. 

His  look  denounced  revenue.  MUton, 
3.  To  inform  against ;  to  accuse  ;  as,  to  denounce 
one  for  neglect  of  duty. 
DE-.NOUNC'£D,  (de-notinst',)  pp.  Threatened  by  open 
declaration  ;  as,  punishment  is  denounced  against  the 
ungodly. 

2.  Accused  ;  proclaimed ;  as,  he  was  denounced  as 
an  enemy. 

DE-NOUNCE'MENT,  71.  The  declaration  of  a  men- 
ace, or  of  evil ;  denunciation.  Brown. 

DE-NOUNC'ER,  71.  One  who  denounces,  or  declares 
a  menace. 

Hen?  t:omes  th"?  sad  deitouncer  of  my  fate.  «  Dryden, 

DE-NOUNC'ING,ppr.   Declaring,  as  a  threat ;  threat- 
ening ;  accusing. 
DE  myvO,  [I..]   Anew  ;  again. 
DENSE,  (dens,)  a.    [L.  den.iiui;  Fr.  dense;  Sp.  and  It. 
denso.    Q.U.  Gr.  Soars,  n  being  casual.] 

1.  Close  ;  coinpact ;  htiving  its  con.stitiient  parts 
closely  united  ;  applied  to  soliiL  or  fluids ;  as,  a  dense 
body  ;  dense  air. 

2.  Thick  ;  as,  a  dense  cloud  or  fog. 

DENSE' LY,  nJi'.  In  a  close,  coinpact  manner.  Lerer. 
DENSE'NESS,  (deiis'ness,)  n.  The  same  as  De.nsitv. 
DENS'I-TY,  n.    [L.  den.'.-itas.] 

1.  Closeness  of  constituent  parts  ;  compactness. 
Deu.^itij  is  opposed  to  7'a7-/(i/ ;  and,  in  philosophy,  the 
density  of  a  body  indicates  the  quantity  of  inaltercon- 
taiiieti  in  it  under  a  given  bulk.  If  a  body  of  eiiiial 
bulk  Willi  another  is  of  double  llie  density,  it  contains 
double  the  quantity  of  matter. 

2.  Thickness  ;  as,  the  densitij  of  fog. 

DENT,  71.  [Ann.  danto,  to  gap  or  notch.  It  seems  to 
be  from  d/iot,  a  tooth  ;  Fr.  dtnt;  L.  deus  t  Gr.  fu^jts-  ,• 
W.  dant;  It.  dcute;  Sp.  diente,  whence  dcntar,  enden 

tar,  to  tooth;  Port,  dente;  Pers.    '.^iSa^  dandun  ; 

'  '  «_> 

Gipsy  and  Hindoo,  dont,  danda.  Hence  Fr.  dentcUr, 
to  dent  or  indent,  to  jag  or  notch.] 

1.  Literally,  a  tooth  or  projecting  point.  But  it  is 
used  to  express  a  gap  or  notch,  or  rather  a  depression 
or  small  hollow  in  a  .solid  body  ;  a  hollow  made  by 
the  pressure  of  a  harder  boily  on  a  softer ;  intlenta- 
tion.  In  this  sense,  it  is  in  customary  use  in  the 
United  States. 

2.  A  stroke.  Spenser. 
DENT,  x\  t.    To  make  a  dent  or  small  hollow.  [See 

Indent.] 

DENT'AL,  n.    [J.,  dentulis.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ti  l  th ;  as,  dental  surgery.  In 
grammar,  formed  or  pronounced  by  the  tetdh,  with 
the  aid  of  tlie  tongue  ;  as,  d  and  t  are  dental  U  tters. 

DENT'AJj,  71.  An  articulation  or  letter  fornird  by 
placing  the  end  of  the  tongue  against  the  upper  teeth, 
or  against  the  gum  that  covers  the  root  of  the  upiier 
teeth  ;  as  (/,  t,  an  d  th. 

2.  A  genus  of  shell  fish,  Dentalium,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  shell  consists  of  one  tubultjus  straight 
valve,  open  at  both  ends.  Enciic. 

DE.\T'AL-ITE,  n.  A  fossil  shell  of  the  genus  Denta- 
lium. 

DENT^A-TCl),  I  "■    f^"  ''"'""""'  ''"'"-^ 

Toothed  ;  having  sharj)  teeth,  with  concave  edges. 

LififHea. 

A  dentated  root,  is  a  fleshy,  branched  root,  having 
toolh-like  prolongations.  D.  C.  IVilld. 

DENT'.\TE-SIN'i;-,\TE,  n.  A  term  denoting  a  form 
inlernii'diate  bet»  (  1  11  dentate  and  sinuate. 

DEIVT'EI),  a.  Indented  ;  impressed  with  little  hol- 
lows. 

DEN-TEI/IiT,  (-tcl'le,)  n.pl.  [It.  dentello.  See  Dentiw] 
Motlillions.  Spectator. 

DENT'1-CIJ;,  (dent'e-kl,)  71.    [L.  dcnticultu,] 

A  small  loolh  or  projecting  point.  /.'•''. 

DEN-TIC'U-E.\Ti;,     (  «.    [  E.  (/oificii/ofu',  from  dens, 

I)K.\-TIC'i;-l,.^-Ti;n,  |     a  tooth.] 

Having  small  teeth  ;  as,  a  denticulate  leaf,  cnly.t,  or 
seed.  Bolanij. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WII^T.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRU.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BOQK.— 

ai8 


DEO 

1)EN-Tl€'i;-LATE-LY,  aJo.    In  a  ilunticulate  inaii- 

Il'T. 

I)i;.\-Tie-lI-l.A'TION,  II.  'l  lie  st:iU'  ofliciiig  set  witli 

fiwxW  Ici'tli.  Ornr. 
I)E.\  T'l-l'OU.M,  a.  [1,.  liens,  a  tooth,  and/urao,  form.] 

Il:ivina  llie  furm  oC  a  tuotli.  h'iritaii. 
DENTM  KKICE,  (-l'ris,)ji.   [Fr.,  from  L.  acns,a  tootli, 
aiid  /rico,  to  l  uli.  [ 

A  pow  iturj)r  otncr  suhstanre  to  bi-  used  in  cleaninK 
llio  trrili.   liunit  sliflls  and  clinrcual  imlvorizt-d  make 
an  r.\rrlli"nl  dentifrice, 
DE.NT'IL,  n.    [  I«  Jrai,  a  tooth.] 

In  archilecUire,  an  ornament  in  rorniios  hrarinj 
some  rcseuililanrc  to  tfillf;  tisi'il  p:irlii:iilarly  in  tlic 
Ionic,  (^irintltian,  and  C\>mposilf  ord^T. 
DE.\'!"I\C!.    SeK  Indentino. 

UK.N  TI-l!OS''I"l{.AL,  o.    [L.  ilcnx,  a  tootli,  and  ri),<- 
trtnn,  a  beak.] 

Ilavinu  a  toothed  hill ;  npiilird  to  n  jronii  of  insrs- 
sorial  birds,  having  the  hill  conspicuously  notchrd, 
and  feeding  chiclly  on  insects,  lis  the  shrikes  and 
thrushes.  Hicuiusvn. 

DE.N"l"lfT,  71.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  clean  and 
evtract  teeth,  or  repair  them  when  diseased. 

DE.N'T'IST-KY,  it.    The  art  or  practice  of  a  dentist. 

DE.V-T1"TU).\,  (^-tish'un,)  ii.  [L.  dcntilh,  from  dcitlUi, 
to  breed  teeth,  Irom  (/r;i.s',] 

I.  The  breedins  or  cultinj;  of  teeth  in  infancy. 

0.  The  time  of  brcediuf;  teeth. 
DE.NT'IZE,  r.  I.  or  i.    [L.  dens,  a  tooth.] 

T<i  renew  the  teeth, or  have  them  renewed.  Bacon, 
DR\T't/,-KD,  pp.    Havinc  the  teeth  renewed. 
DE.\T'I/.-LN(;,  ppr.    Ilenewins  the  tei-th. 
DE-.NOD'.aTE,  j  c.  t.  [L.  denudoi  dc  and  hikJo,  to  make 
DE-.NOUE',      i    bare ;  nii/hw,  naked.] 

'I'o  strip  ;  to  divest  of  all  covering ;  to  make  bare 
or  naked.  Rutf.  Shtirp. 

DE-.\U-I),\'TI0X,  n.   The  act  of  stripping  off  cover- 
in:  ;  a  making  bare. 

i2.  In  i'cu/u»!/,  the  laying  b.arc  of  rocks  by  the  ac- 
tion of  running  water,  removing  earth,  &c.,  from 
above  ;  slmt.a  f.X|M»sed.  BucUand. 
DK-SOiyjiU,  pp.   I:>trippeii;  divested  of  covering;  laid 
bare. 

DE-.NOO'I.VO,  ppr.  Stripping  of  covering;  making 
DE-i\U.N"ClATE,  (-sh.">te,)  e.  t.  [L.  iknuncio.]  [bare. 

To  denounce  ;  wiiieh  see. 
DE-NU.\-Cl-.\'TIO.\,  H.    [L.  dcttunciatio,  from  denun- 
cio,    S*'e  Demu'nce.J 

Solemn  or  formal  ilei  laration,  accompanied  with  a 
"menace  ;  or  the  declaration  of  iuleuiled  evil ;  procla- 
nialion  of  »  threat;  a  public  menace  ;  as,  a  denuncia- 
tion of  war  or  of  wratli, 
DE-Nli'\'CI-A-TC)ll,  II.  He  that  denounces  ;  one  who 
publishes  or  proclaims,  especially  intended  evil;  one 
who  threatens. 
3.  An  accuser;  one  who  informs  against  another. 

DE-Ni;.V'CI-A-TO-RV,  a.  Containing  a  public  threat; 

minalor)'.  .luhnson. 
DE-NT',  e./.    [Vt.  denier;  li.denrf^o;  de  and  nc^o,  to 

deny,  Sw.  nrkn,  \V.  nam.  Hence,  ninjy  Dan.  nrj.  The 

sense  is,  to  thrust  from.] 

1.  To  contradict ;  to  gainsay ;  to  declare  a  st.ite- 
ment  or  position  not  to  he  true.  We  drnij  what  an- 
other says,  or  we  drnij  a  proposition.  We  deny  the 
truth  of  an  assertion,  or  the  assertion  itself.  The 
sense  of  this  verb  is  often  expressed  by  no  or  naij. 

a.  To  refuse  to  grant ;  as,  w  e  asked'  for  bread,  and 
the  man  denied  us. 

3.  Not  to  atToril ;  to  withhold. 

Wlio  finds  iioi  Pruvi  tf-ncf  nil  ^ond  nnH  wije, 

Aliko  ill  wh;U  lie  gitn,  aiitl  what  dtmt*  7  Pope. 

A.  To  disown  ;  to  rcfuso  or  neglect  to  acknowl- 
edge ;  not  to  confess. 

lie  Uint  denUth  iiip  Iw-forc  irn'ii  ih  JI  lie  detueil  the  aiigrla 

oriiotl.  —  Liiki*  xii. 

5.  To  reject ;  to  disown  ;  not  to  receive  or  em- 
brace. 

He  ti.ith  dewJ  tlie  faith,  nnJ  k  wonc  thnn  nn  iiiridrl.  —  1 
Ti.ii.  V. 

Denying  un§;oiUinrss  mtil  uorl Jljr  tusu.  —  Tit.  ii. 

(i.  Not  to  adltrd  or  yield.  Kinean. 
To  denij  one's  self,  is  to  decline  the  gmtifii  atioii  of 
appetites  or  desires  ;  to  refrain  from  ;  to  abstain.  The 
teni|i"nite  man  dnnes  liimsrif  the  free  use.  tif  spinlii- 
OU8  liipiors.  i  denied  nnjsrlfthe  pleasure  of  your  roni- 
pany.  "  God  can  not  i/i:/ii/ rtinisW/."  He  can  not  act 
in  contradiction  to  his  character  and  promises.  He 
can  not  h  ■  unfaithful.    'J  /'nn.  ii. 

DE  .\ VI .VG,  mir.    Contradicting;  gainsaying;  dis- 
owning ;  refusing. 

DE-Oll-STRl'CT',  r.  L    [I..  *  and  obtlruo,  to  stop ;  ob 
and  .vfruii,  to  pile.] 

To  remove  obstructions  or  impedinienLs  to  a  pas- 
sage ;  to  clear  from  anv  thing  that  hinders  the  |>as- 
sage  of  fluids  in  the  proper  diictd  of  the  body  ;  as,  to 
deoh.tirnri  the  pon-s  or  lacteals. 

DE-DIt-STRUeT'EI),  pp.    Cleared  of  obstrucUons; 
opened. 

DE-on  STRreT'I.N'G,  ppr.    Removing  impediments 
to  a  p;Lss,age. 

DE-(Jlt'STRU-E\T,  o.    Removing  obstructions  ;  hav- 


DEP 

ing  power  to  clear  or  open  the  natural  ducts  of  the 
fluiils  and  secretions  of  the  body  ,  resolving  viscidi- 
ties ;  nperit  nt.  Core.  F.ncvc. 
DE-Oli'STRlJ  i;\T,  71.  Any  medicine  which  removes 
ohstriictiiins  and  opens  the  natural  passagi^s  of  the 
fluids  of  the  body,  as  the  pores  and  lacteal  vessels  ; 
an  aperient.  Calomel  is  a  powerful  dcuhstruenU 
l)K'0-IJANn,  71.  [L.  Deo  dnndns,  to  he  given  to  God.] 
1.  In  England,  a  personal  chattel  which  is  the  im- 
mediate occasion  of  the  tleath  of  a  rational  creature, 
anil  for  that  reasim, /riien  to  God  :  that  is,  forfi  ileil  to 
the  king,  to  he  apjilied  to  pious  uses,  anil  distributed 
in  alms  by  his  high  almoner.  Thus,  if  a  cart  runs 
over  a  man  and  kills  liim,  the  cart  is  forfeited  as  a  dc- 
odand.                               Bitickstone.    F^nir.  Line. 

a.  In  popnJarnsn^e^n  fine  impos(;d  by  way  of  com- 
mutation for  the  tiling  thus  forfeited.  England. 
01".-()N'EII-aTE,  r.  (.    [I,,  dconero  ;  i/e  and  uiiiu.] 

To  unload.    [J\'ot  awn/.] 
I)E-().\-T0I,'0-GY,  n.    [Gr.  tVoi-  and  ,\  oc] 

'I'he  science  of  duty.  T.  Clialiners. 

DE-01"I'I-I.aTE,  v.  t.    [I,,  de  and  oppilo.] 

To  f rec  from  obstructions ;  to  clear  a  piissage.  [Lit- 
tle ns-rd.] 

DE-Ol'-IM-L.^'TION,  n.    The  removal  of  ohstriic- 

lioiis.    [Little  used.]  Broirn. 
r)E-Or'Pl-l..\-TIVE,  a.    Deobstruent ;  npcrieni. 

I/tircey. 

DE  nu  1)1  NA'TION,  a.    [L.  dc  and  ordinalio.] 

Disorder.    f.Viit  in  use.]  Haielcn, 

DE-().S'eU-EATE,  r.  U    [L.  deosculor.] 
To  kiss.    r.Vcit  in  itsc.J 

I)E-OS-eU-LA'TIO.V,  M.    A  kissing.    [JV'i.f  in  i/.^c] 

Stlllinaprt^ 

DE-OX'Y-D.ITE,  v.  t.  [dc  and  orijdate,  from  Gr.  of  i  {, 
acid.) 

To  deprive  of  oxygen, -or  reduce  from  the  state  of 
an  oxvit.  Clie.mi.tlrii. 
DE-0.\'V-DA-TED,  pp.    Reduced  from  the  state  of  an 
o.vvd. 

I)E-0.\'Y-DA-TI\G,  ppr.  or  <i.    Reducing  from  the 

state  of  an  ox\  il. 
DE-O.X-Y-Da-TIO.V,  71.   The  act  or  process  of  reduc- 
ing from  the  state  of  an  o.wd. 
DE-OX-Y-DI-Za'TION,  h.  Deoxvdation. 
DIVOX'Y-DIZE,  f.  t.    'J'o  deowdate. 
DE-OX'V-DlZ-ED,  pp.  Deoxvilated. 
DE-UX'V-UIZ-IXG,  ppr.  Deiixydating. 

J^ote.  —  Deoiydatc  and  drofydiic  are  synonymous  ; 

but  the  former  is  preferalile,  on  account  of  the  length 

of  the  word  drorttdization. 
DE-OX'Y-CiE\-.AtE,  V.  U    [de  and  ozyirenale.]  To 

deprive  of  oxygen.  Davy,    Med.  Rep. 

DR-OX'Y-GEN-A-TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  owgeii. 
DE-OX'Y-rtEN-S-TlNG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  oxygen. 
DE-OX-Y-CEN-a'TION,  71.    Tlie  .act  or  oi>cnition  of 

depriving  of  oxygen. 
DE-P.^ IN'P',  7'.  t.    [Vt.  depcindre,  depeint ;  de  and  pcin- 

drc,  L.  pintro,  to  pa:nt.] 

1.  To  paint ;  to  picture  ;  to  represent  in  colors,  as 

by  painting  the  resemblance  of.  Spenser, 
'i.  To  describe  in  words.  Oay. 
DE-PAI.VT'ED,  pp.    Painted;  represented  in  colors; 

described. 

DE-P.UNT'ER,  n.    A  painter.  nou^Ias. 

DE-P.ilNT'lNt;,  /i;ir.  Painting;  representing  in  col- 
ors ;  describing. 

DE-P.'vRT',  I',  i.  [Fr.  drpartir ;  dc  and  partir,  to  sep,a- 
rate  ;  Sp.  departir.  See  Part.] 

1.  To  go  or  move  from. 

Depart  (mm  me,  ye  cuned,  into  everlasting  (ire.  —  Matt.  xxv. 

It  is  followed  by  from,  or  from  is  implied  before  the 
place  left.  "  I  will  depart  to  my  own  land  ;  "  that  is, 
I  will  ili  |nrt  /ni7;i  this  jilace  to  my  own  land.  jVuni.  x. 

2.  To  go  from  ;  to  leave  ;  to  ilesist,  as  from  a  prac- 
tire.  Jehu  departed  not  from  the  sins  of  Jerohoaiii. 
Ji  hoshaphat  departed  not  from  the  way  of  .Asa  li:s 
father. 

3.  To  leave ;  to  rtevi.atc  from  :  to  forsake ;  not  to  ad- 
here to  or  foflow ;  as,  we  can  not  i/c;iiir(  from  our  rules. 

I  hare  in,l  departed  from  tliy  J'l-lg  iit».  —  cMX. 

4.  To  di!sisl  ;  to  leave  ;  to  abandon  ;  as,  he  would 
not  depart  from  his  pur|)ose,  resolution,  or  demand. 

5.  To  be  lost ;  to  perish  ;  to  vanish  ;  as,  his  glory 
has  departed. 

G.  To  die  ;  to  decease  ;  to  leave  this  world. 

Loni,  now  kttp«t  Ihon  Uiy  servant  depart  in  pence,  uceonlin^  to 
tiiy  wiinl,  —  t^iikf  ii. 

To  depart  Uua  life,  is  elliptical,  from  being  under- 

BtOtMl. 

7.  To  leave  ;  to  forsake ;  to  abandon  ;  as,  to  depnH 

8.  To  cease.  [from  evil. 

The  prey  depnrteOx  not.  —  Nah.  iii. 

9.  To  deviate  ;  to  vary  from. 

II  tJie  plan  of  the  coorentfoii  Is:  found  to  depart  from  r»pohlicnn 
piiiiaples.  Madison, 

10.  To  vary;  to  deviate  from  the  title  or  defense 
in  pleading.  Blackstone. 

1 1.  To  iKirt  with.    [JVot  in  «.«.]  Shak, 
To  depart  from  Odd,  is  to  forsake  his  service  and 

live  in  sin  ;  to  a|iosiutizc  ;  to  revolt ;  to  desert  his 
government  and  laws. 


DEP 

God  departs  from  men,  when  he  abandons  them  to 
their  own  sinful  inclinaticms,  or  ceases  to  bestow  on 
them  his  favor,    llnsra  ix. 

DE-PA IIT',  V,  U  To  divide  or  separate;  to  part. 
[A^iif  nsed,]  Shak.  Spcnsrr, 

DE-P.\RT',  B.   The  act  of  going  away  ;  de.ith.  [A'ot 
used.]  Sfiak. 
9.  Tlivision  ;  separation.    [Aoi  iLied.]  Bacon. 

DE-PART'ED, |)/;. oro.  .Gone  from;  vanished;  dead. 

DE-PA RT'ER,  II.  One  who  refines  metals  by  separa- 
tion.   f.Vijf  used.] 

DE-PART'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Going  from;  leaving;  de- 
sisting; forsaking;  vanishing;  dying. 

DE-PA  KT'I.N'G,  II.    A  going  away;  separation.  Sliak. 

DE-PA  RT'.MEX  r,  n.  [Fr.  departemenl ;  Sp.  dcpar- 
ttwiento.] 

I.  Literally,  a  separation  or  division  ;  hence,  a  sep- 
arate part,  or  portion  ;  a  division  of  territory  ;  as  .he 
depart nieiifs  of  France. 

•J.  A  separate  allotment  or  part  of  business;  a  dis- 
tinct province,  in  which  a  class  of  duties  are  allotted 
to  a  particular  person  ;  as,  the  department  tif  state,  as- 
f  igneil  to  the  secretary  of  state  ;  the  treasury  depart- 
ment ;  the  department  of  war. 

X  A  separate  station;  as,  the  admirals  had  their 
respective  departments.  Nearly  in  this  sense,  during 
war,  were  used,  in  .America,  the  terms  Northern  and 
Southern  departments. 

4.  In  France,  the  largest  territorial  division,  of 
whirli  there  are  Sli  in  the  kingdom. 
DE-PA KT-,MENT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  department 
or  division. 

DE  PART'URE,  (de-pirt'yur,)  71.  The  act  of  going 
away;  a  moving  from  or  leaving  a  place;  Sis,  a.  de- 
parture from  London. 

•J.  Death  ;  decease  ;  removal  from  the  present  life. 
Th'"  time  of  my  tlrftttrture  is  nt  haml.  — 2  Tim.  iv. 
A  forsaking;  abandonment;   as,  a  departure 
from  evil. 

4.  A  desisting;  a«,  a  departure  from  a  purpose. 

5.  Kuin  ;  destriictiou.    Kzek.  x\vi. 

6.  A  deviation  from  tlie  title  or  defense  in  pleading. 

7.  In  navigation,  the  distance  a  ship  h.as  gone  to 
the  east  or  west  of  the  meridian  from  w  hich  he  de- 
parted. Brande. 

DE  PAS'CEXT,  a.     [\„  depasccns,  depascor ;  de  and 

pasenr,  to  ferd.]  Feeding, 
DE-PaS'  TCRE,    (de  p.ist'yur,)  r.  t.     [L.  depascor.] 

To  eat  up;  to  consume.  Spenser. 
DE-PAS'THRE,  V,  i.    To  feed  ;  to  graze. 

ll  u  in^ii  Lik'-s  in  a  li<ir*e,  or  other  cattle,  to  graze  and  depneture 
ill  lii^  ^utiiiLls,  U'tiicli  tlie  law  calls  ugistnient.  HLactceioue. 

DE-PA  S'TtJR-£D,  pp.  Eaten  up ;  consumed  by  gra- 
zing upon. 

DEPAS'Tl'R-IXG,  ppr.  Feeding;  grazing;  eat 
ing  up. 

DE-PAU'PER-.aTE,  r.  t,  [L.  depaupcro :  de  and 
paupero,  to  beggar,  from  pauper,  [wor ;  Sp.  em;7<i- 
breeer,] 

To  make  poor  ;  to  impoverish  ;  to  deprive  of  fer- 
tility or  richness;  as,  to  depauperate  the  soil  or  the 
blood.  Mtn-timer,  .^rhathnot. 

DE-PA(J'PER-.X-TED,pp.  Impoverished;  m.ade  poor. 
DE-P.AI"PEIt-.X-Tl.\(;,;>/>r.  Impoverishing ;  making 
DE-Pi;e'Tl-liI.E,  a.    [  L.  depecto,  to  comb.]  [pi.or. 

ToiiL'h;  tliii  k.    [.Vut  used.] 
DE-Pt;C-l"-L.\  TIO.V,  71.     [L.  depeculatin.]     A  rob- 
bing of  the  coiiiiiionwe.alth.  Cockeram. 
DE-PEl  NCT',  {ile-iuiile',)  i'.  U    [L.  depinno.] 

To  paint.    [Aot  ttsed.]  Spenser, 
DE-PE.ND',  r.  1.    [  I,,  dependeo  ;  de  and  pendeo,  to  hang  ; 
depeitdcr  ;  It.  dipcnderci  Fr.  dependrc ;  .Arm.  lYc- 
;ia  iifii.l 

1.  To  hang;  to  be  sustained  by  being  fastened  or 
ait.iehed  to  something  above  ;  foliowed  by  from. 

Prom  ilio  frozen  ticard 
\M\^\<:\c\f*dejtend.  Dryden. 

2.  To  he  connected  with  anything,  a«  the  cause  of 
its  existence  or  of  its  openition  and  etl'.  cts  ;  to  rely 
on  ;  to  have  such  connection  with  any  thing  as  a 
cause,  that,  without  it,  the  elTect  would  not  be  pro- 
duced ;  followed  by  on  or  upon.  We  depend  on  God 
for  existence  ;  we  depend  on  air  for  respiration  ;  vege- 
tation depends  on  heat  and  moisture  ;  the  inf^int  de- 
pends on  its  parents  for  support;  the  peace  of  society 
depends  on  good  la^vs  and  a  faithful  adminUtr;ftion. 

;t.  To  adhere;  to  hold  to;  to  be  n  tainjd.  [See 
DEiT.Nor.MT.]  Skak, 

4.  To  be  in  suspense  ;  to  be  undetermined  ;  .as,  the 
cause  still  depends,  I'.nt  the  verb  is  seldom  used  in 
this  .sense.  We  use  the  participle;  as,  the  suit  is 
still  depcndiwr  in  court.    [See  Penoino.] 

5.  To  rely  ;  to  rest  with  confid-  ;ce  ;  to  trust ;  to 
confide  ;  to'  have  full  confidence  or  belief.  We  de- 
pend on  till-  wortl  or  assurance  of  our  friends.  We 
depend  on  the  arrival  of  the  mail  at  the  usaal  hour. 
Depend  on  it,  the  knave  will  deceive  us. 

To  depend  on,  or  upon  ;  to  rely  ;  to  trust  in  with 
confidence. 

DE-PEND'A-ni,E,  a.    Th.at  may  be  depended  on  ;  as, 

rfepe;i//<jWc  frienilships.    [Aor  in  iijir.]  Pope, 
l)F.-PEND'F.\("E,  (  71.    A  state  of    hanging  down 
DE  PE.ND'i;.N-CY,  i     from  a  supporter. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  Vr'ClOL'S — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


319 


DEP 

2.  Any  thing  hanging  down  ;  a  series  of  things 
hanging  to  anotlier. 

And  made  a  long  depend£nce  from  the  byii^h.  Dnjden, 

3.  Concatenation  ;  connection  by  wliich  one  thing 
is  sustained  by  another  in  its  place,  operations,  or 
ellects,  or  is  alTected  by  it. 

Bui  of  Ifiis  frame  the  bearing  and  the  ties, 

The  sttong  conncctiuus,  i\\ix:Mepend€ncies.  Pope, 

4.  A  s'ate  of  being  at  tlie  disposal  of  anotlier;  a 
stale  I  I  being  siihjpct  to  the  will  (jf  an  iiittlligent 
cause,  or  to  the  power  and  operation  of  any  other 
cause  ;  inability  to  sustain  itself  without  the  aid  of. 
We  ought  to  feel  our  dependence  on  God  for  life  and 
support.  The  child  shouhl  be  sensible  of  his  de- 
pendence on  his  parents.  In  the  natural  and  moral 
world,  we  observe  the  dependence  of  one  thing  on 
another. 

5.  Reliance  ;  confitlence  ;  trust;  a  resting  on  ;  as, 
we  may  have  a  firm  dependence  o\\  the  promises  of  God. 

6.  Accident  ;  that  of  which  the  existence  presup- 
poses the  existence  of  something  else  ;  that  which 
pertains  to  something  else  ;  as,  »m(/es  which  are  con- 
sidered as  dependencies  or  aifections  of  substances. 

Locke. 

7.  That  which  is  attached  to,  but  subordinate  to 
something  else  ;  as,  this  earth  and  its  dependencies. 

JBurnet. 

8.  A  dependency  ;  a  teriitorj-  remote  from  the  king- 
dom or  state  to  which  it  belongs,  but  subject  to  its 
duiitinion,  as  distant  isles  or  countries.  Great  Brit- 
ain has  its  dependencies  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  America. 

DE-PEND'ENT,a.  Hanging  down  ;  as,  a  de;<eHi;e«(  leaf. 

The  furs  in  the  tails  were  deperulenl.  Petmham. 

2.  Subject  to  the  power  of ;  at  the  disposal  of ; 
not  able  to  exist  or  sustain  itself  without  the  will  or 
power  of.  Thus,  we  are  dependent  on  God  and  his 
providence  ;  an  effect  may  be  dependent  on  some  un- 
known cause. 

3.  Relying  tm  for  support  or  favor  ;  unable  to  sub- 
sist or  to  p.  rform  any  thin;,  without  the  aid  of. 
Children  are  dependent  on  their  parents  for  food  and 
clothing.    The  pupil  is  dependent  on  his  preceptor  for 

■*  instruction. 

DE-l'E.VD'ENT,  n.  One  who  is  at  the  disposal  of 
another;  one  who  is  sustained  by  another,  or  who 
relies  on  another  for  support  or  favor  ;  a  retainer  ;  as, 
the  prince  was  followeti  by  a  numerous  train  of  de- 
pendents, 

DI>1'E.\D'ENT-LY,  adv.    In  a  dependent  manner. 
Ui^PEND'ER, )!.    One  who  depends  ;  a  depentlent. 

SImk, 

DE-PEXD'ING,  ppr.    Hanging  down  ;  relying. 

2.  a.  Fending  ;  undecided  ;  as  a  suit  or  question. 
DE-PER'DIT,  a.    \h,  depcrditus,'] 

That  whii  li  is  lost  or  destroyed.  Paleij. 
DEP-ER-DI"TIO.V,  (-dish'un,)")i.   Loss;  destruction. 

[.*^ee  f*EKDiTioN.]  Brown. 
DE-PHLEG'.MaTE,  v.t.   {de  and  Gr.  (pUypa,  phlegm, 
from  4iXiyi,>,  to  burn.] 

To  deprive  of  superabundant  water,  as  by  evapo- 
ration or  distillation,  used  of  spirits  and  acids ;  to 
clear  spirit  or  acids  of  aqueous  matter  ;  to  rectify. 


[l)i:PHLEt:M  is  used  by  IJoyle.l      [Coxf.  Knciic 

 "  "   -a.    Fn    ■  " 

roncentraled.  Burke. 


DE-PHLEG'.Ma-TED,  pp.  or  i 


Freed  from  mixture  ; 


UI>P11LEG-.\Ia'TIOX,  n.  The  operation  of  separa- 
ting water  from  spirits  and  acids,  by  evaporation  or 
repeated  distillation  ;  called  also  concentration,  par- 
ticularly when  acids  are  the  subject.  Kncyc. 

DE-PIILEGM'EIJ-.\ES.'<,  (de-tlem'ed  ness,)  n.  A  state 
of  being  freed  from  water.    [J\rot  used,]  Boyle. 

DK-PHLU-GIS'TI-e.\TE,  v.  t.  [de  and  (Jr.  (/.Aoyitrmj, 
burnt,  intlainmable,  from  ^Auj-i^cj,  to  burn.  See 
Phlogiston.] 

To  deprive  of  phlogiston,  or  the  supposed  principle 
of  intlainmability.  Pneslleij. 

DE-PIiEO-GlS'TI-eA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of 
phlogiston.  Dephlii gLsticuted  air,  is  an  clastic  fluid 
capable  of  suiiportiiig  animal  life  and  Hame  much 
longer  than  common  air.  It  is  now  called  oxygen, 
ozyiren  gas,  or  vital  air.  Oxygen  was  first  called  by 
Prii'sllev  dephFotrtstimtrd  air. 

DE.PilI,6-Gl.-5'TI-eA-TI.\G,  ppr.  Depriving  of 
phlogistfjn. 

DE-PICT',  V.  I.  [L.  dcpingo,  depictum  ;  de  and  pingo, 
to  paint.] 

1.  To  paint ;  to  portray  ;  to  form  a  likeness  in 
colors  ;  as,  to  depict  a  lion  on  a  shield.  Taylor. 

2.  To  describe;  to  repri«ent  in  words;  as,  the 
pwt  depicU  the  virtues  of  his  hero  in  glowing  lan- 
guage. 

IJE  PICT'ED,  pp.  Painted;  represented  in  colors; 
de!<rribcd. 

DE-PICT'I.NG,  p;>r.    Painting;  representing  in  colors, 

or  in  wordn. 
DE-PIC'TIO.V,  n.    A  painting  or  depicting. 
UK  PIC'TIiRE,  v.t.    [(/e  anil  picture.]    'i'o  paint ;  to 

picture  ;  to  represent  in  colors.    [See  Dkpict.] 

IVccner. 

DE  PIC'TIJU-KD,  7>p.  Painted  ;  n-presented  in  colon. 
DEP'IL-ATE,  V,  t.    [L.  depilit  f  dc  and  piliUy  hair.] 

To  "trip  of  hair. 
DEP'IL-A-TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  hair. 


DEP 

1)EP'IL-A-TL\G,  ppr.    Depriving  of  hair. 
DEP-IL-A'TIO.\,  n.    The  act  of  pulling  oiT  the  hair. 

Dryden. 

DE-PIL'A-rO-RY,  a.  Having  the  quality  or  power  to 
take  off  hair  and  make  bald. 

DE-PII/A-TO-RY,  71.  Any  application  which  is  used 
to  take  off  the  hair  of  an  animal  body  ;  such  as 
lime  and  orpiiiient.  Encyc. 

DEP  IL-OU8,  a.    Without  hair.  Brown. 

DE  PLA.\T-A'TIO.\,  n.    |  L.  deplanto,] 
The  act  of  taking  up  plants  from  beds. 

DE-PLe'TIOX,  n.    [L.  depleo  ;  de  and  pleo,  to  fill.] 
The  act  of  emptying  ;  particularly,  in  tlie  ynedical 
art,  the  act  of  diminishing  the  quantity  of  blood  in 
Uie  vessels  by  venesection  ;  blootlU  tting. 

DE-PLE'TO-RY,  a.  Calculated  to  obviate  fullness  of 
habit. 

DEP-LI-e.\'TION,  n.    [L.  de  and  pUeo,  to  fold.] 
An  unfolding,  untwisting,  or  unplaiting. 

Jitontarrue. 

DE-PLoR'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Deplore.]  That  may  be 
deplored  or  lamented  ;  lamentable  ;  that  demands  or 
causes  lamentation  ;  hence,  sad  ;  calamitous  ;  griev- 
ous ;  miserable  ;  wretched  ;  as,  the  evils  of  life  are 
deplorable  i  the  pagan  world  is  in  a.  deplorable  conili- 
[Deplorate,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  used.]  [tion. 
2.  In  popular  use,  low  ;  contemptible  ;  pitiable ;  as, 
deplorable  stupidity. 

DE-PLoR'A-BLE-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  de- 
plorable ;  misery  ;  wretchedness  ;  a  miserable  state. 

DE-PLoR'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  be  deplored  ; 
lamentably  ;  miserably  ;  as,  manners  are  deplorably 
corrupt. 

DEP-LO-Ra'TION,  71.    The  act  of  lamenting.  In 

music,_a.  dirge  or  mournful  strain. 
DE-PLoRE',  f.  t.    [h.  deploro  ;  de  and  ploro,  to  howl, 

to  wail;  Fr.  dcplorcr;  It.  deplorare;  Sp.  deplorar, 

Uorar.] 

To  lament ;  to  bewail ;  to  mourn  ;  to  feel  or  ex- 
press deep  and  poignant  grief  for.    We  deplored  the 
deathjif  Washington. 
DE-PLoR'£D,  pp.     Lamented ;  bewailed ;  deeply 
regretted. 

DE-PLoR'ED-IiY,  adv.    Lamentably.    [JVoi  w.srf.] 

Taylor. 

DE-PLoR'ER,  71.  One  who  deplores,  or  deeply  la- 
ments ;  a  deep  mourner. 

DE  PLoR'IXG,  ;i;)r.    Bewailing;  deeply  lamenting. 

DE-PLoR'I.\G,  71.    Act  of  deploring. 

DE-PLoR'IN'G-LY,  adv.    In  a  deploring  manner. 

DE-PLO  V,  V.  t.  [Fr.  deployer  ;  dc  and  ployer,  or  plier, 
to  fold  ;  L.  plico  ;  Gr.  ttXckio  ;  Arm.  plega;  Sp.  pie- 
gar  ;  It.  pieirare  ;  W.  phjtru.  Hence,  Sp.  desjdegar, 
to  display  ;  It.  spiegare.  Deploy  is  only  a  ditferent 
orthograph.y  of  deplier,  Sp.  desplegar,  to  display.] 
To  display  ;  to  open  ;  to  extend  ;  a  military  term. 

DE-PLOY',  V.  i.  To  open  ;  to  extend.  Thus  a  col- 
umn is  said  to  deploy  when  the  front  spreads  out  on 
each  side,  as  is  cominonlv  done  in  making  an  attack. 

DE-PLO Y'£D,  pp.    Opened  ;  displayed  ;  extended. 

DE-PLO Y'ING,  ppr.  Opening  ;  extending;  displaying. 

DEP-HJ-A1a'T1U\,  71.    [See  Deplume.]    The  strip- 
ping or  fulling  olf  of  plumes  or  feathers. 
2.  A  tumor  of  the  eyelids  with  loss  of  hair.  Coxe. 

DE-PLu.ME',  V.  U  [L.  dcplumo  ;  de  and  pluma,  a 
feather  ;  Sp.  dcsplumar ;  It.  spiumare,]  * 

To  strip  or  pluck  off  feathers ;  to  deprive  of  plu- 
mage. Hayicard. 

DE'PLO.M'i^D,  pp.    Stripped  of  fteathers  or  plumes. 

DE-PLu.M'IN'G,  ;i/>r.  Stripping  off  jilumes  or  feathers. 

DE-Po-L.AR-I-Za'TION,  71.  The  act  of  depriving  of 
polarity,  as  the  rays  of  light.  Francis. 

DE-Po'LAR-IZE,  ti.  t  To  deprive  of  polarity.  [See 
PoLAPiTV.]  Urc. 

DE-Po\E',     <.  ['L.depono.] 

1.  To  lay  down  as  a  pledge ;  to  wage.  [JVot  in 
use.]  lludibras. 

2.  To  testify  under  oath.  State  trials.  In  Scotland, 
the  word  is  used  in  this  sense.  Depose  is  used  in 
Knglaud,  Rich.  Diet. 

DE-Po'NENT,  a.  [L.  deponens,  depono  f  de  and  pono, 
to  lay.] 

1.  Laying  down. 

2.  A  deponent  verb,  in  the  Latin  grammar,  is  a 
verb  which  has  a  passive  termination,  with  an  active 
signification,  and  wants  one  of  the  passive  partici- 
ples ;  as,  loipior,  to  speak. 

DE  Po'.NE.NT,  71.  One  who  deposes,  or  gives  a  depo- 
sitiim  under  oath  ;  one  who  gives  written  testimony 
to  be  used  as  evidence  in  a  court  of  justice.  With 
us  in  New  England,  this  word  is  never  used,  I  be- 
lieve, ftir  a  witiu?ss  who  gives  oral  testimony  in 
court.  In  England,  a  deponent  is  one  who  gives  an- 
swers under  oath  to  interrogatories  exhibited  in 
Q.  A  deponent  verb.  [chancery. 

DE-POP' q-L ATE,  ».  t.  [L.  dcpopulor  ;  de  and  popii- 
lor,  lo  ravage  or  lay  waste,  from  populus,  people  ;  Sp. 
de.fpoblar  ;  h.  spopolare  i  Vr.  depcnpler.] 

To  dispeople  ;  to  unpeople  ;  to  deprive  of  inhab- 
itants, whether  by  death,  or  by  expulsion.  It  is  not 
Rynonyinous  with  l.wing  waste  or  destroying,  being 
limited  to  the  loss  <i(  inhabitants  ;  as,  an  army  or  a 
faiiiim?  may  ii/';7f?;)w/'ifr  a  country.  It  rarely  expresses 
an  entire  loss  uf  inhabitants,  but  often  a  great  dim- 


DKP 

iniition  of  their  numbers.  The  deluge  nearly  depop- 
ulated the  earth. 

DE-POP' I I-LaT E,  7-.      To  become  dispeopled. 

DE-POP' U-LA-TED,  pp.  or  o.  Dispeopled  ;  deprived 
of  inhabitants. 

DE-POP'lI-LA-TlXG,;7pr.  Dispeopling;  depriving  of 
inhabitants. 

DE-POP-II-LA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  dispeopling; 

destruction  or  expulsion  of  inhabitants. 
DE-POP' U-LA-'l'OR,  n.    One  who  depopulates;  one 

w  ho  destroys  or  expels  the  inhabitants  of  a  city,  town, 

or  country  ;  a  dispeopler. 
DE-PoRT',  V.  u    [Fr.  ieparter;  Sp.  depoHar;  L.  de- 

porto  ;  de  and  porta,  to  carry.] 

1.  therccij)rocal  pronoun, toctiTTy;  to  demean; 
to  behave. 

Let  an  einbnssador  deport  himself  la  the  most  grateful  manner 
before  a  prince.  Pope. 

2.  To  transport ;  to  carr}'  away,  or  from  one  coun- 
trj-  to  another. 

He  told  us,  he  had  Ijeen  deported  to  Spain,  with  a  litindred 
otiieis  lUie  liiniself,  WaiatL, 

DE-PoRT',  71.  Behavior ;  carriage  ;  demeanor  ;  de- 
portment \_  as,  goddess-like  deport,    [j3  poetic  word,] 

DEP-OR-Ta'TION,  11.  A  cariying  away  ;  a  removal 
from  one  country  to  another,  or  to  a  distant  phice  ; 
exile;  banishment.  In  France, :i  punishment  corre- 
sponding to  transportation  in  England.  .Syhffe. 

DE-PoRT'ED, Carried  away;  transported;  ban- 
ished. 

DE-PoRT'ING,  ppr.  Carrj  ing  away  ;  removing  to  a 
distant  place  or  country' .  transporting ;  banishing. 

DE-P6RT'iME.NT,  n.    [Fr.  deportement.] 

Carriage  ;  manner  of  acting  in  relation  to  the  du- 
ties of  life  ;  behavior ;  demeanor  ;  conduct  ;  man- 
agement. Swift. 

DE-PoS'.\-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  deposed  or  deprived 
of  office.  Howell. 

DE-PoS'AL,  71.  The  act  of  deposing,  or  divesting  of 
offline.  Fox. 

DE-PoSE',  (de-poze',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  deposcr ;  L.  depono,  de- 
posituni ;  de  and  pono,  to  lay  or  put ;  Sp.  deponer  f  It. 
dcpurre,] 

1.  To  lay  down  ;  to  throw  ;  to  let  fall ;  [obs,,  De- 
posit being  now  used  ;]  as,  the  fiood  deposed  fine  par- 
ticles of  earth  on  the  bank  of  the  river.  In  this  si  use, 
we  now  use  Deposit.  Woodward, 

2.  To  reduce  from  a  throne  or  other  high  station  ; 
to  ilethrone  ;  to  degrade  ;  to  divest  of  otlice  ;  as,  lo 
depose  a  king  or  a  pope. 

3.  To  put  under  oath,  as  an  evidence.  [  Obs,]  Shak. 

4.  To  lay  aside.  Burrow. 

5.  To  take  away ;  to  strip  ;  to  divest.  [JVut  in  use.] 

Sliak. 

fi.  To  examine  on  oath.    [JVut  in  use]  Shak, 
DE-PoSE',  ti.  i.    To  bear  witness.  Sidney. 
DE-P6S'£I),  pj7.or  a.  Dethroned  ;  degraded  ;  testified. 
UE-PoS'fiR,  II.    One  who  deposes  or  degrades  from 
office. 

DE-PoS'ING, y/)r.  Dethroning;  degrading;  bearing 
witness. 

DE-POS'ING,  71.    The  act  of  dethroning.  Srlden. 
DE-POS'IT,  r.  (.    [L.  drposdum,  from  dipono.] 

1.  To  lay  down  ;  to  lay  ;  to  throw  down.  A  croc- 
odile deposits  her  eggs  in  the  sand.  A  bird  deposits 
eggs  in  a  nest.  An  inundation  deposits  particles  of 
earth  on  a  meadow. 

2.  To  lay  up ;  to  lay  in  a  place  for  preservation. 
We  deposit  the  produce  of  the  etirth  in  barns,  cellars, 
or  storehouses.  We  deposit  goods  in  a  warehouse, 
anil  books  in  a  library. 

3.  To  lodge  in  the  hands  of  a  person  for  safe-keep- 
ing or  other  purpose;  to  commit  to  the  care  of;  to 
intrust ;  to  commit  to  one  as  a  pledge.  We  say,  the 
bond  is  deposited  in  the  hands  ol^  an  altorney  ;  money 
is  deposited  as  a  pledge,  or  security. 

4.  'J"o  lay  aside.    ILittlc  \ised.] 

DE-POS'IT,  71.  That  which  is  laid  or  thrown  down  ; 
any  matter  laid  or  thrown  down,  or  lodged. 

The  deposit  .already  funne<l  aflbrding  to  the  succeedinir  ponions 
of  the  charged 'flu-il  a  b.iais.  Kirwan. 

2.  Any  thing  intrusted  to  the  ctre  of  another;  a 
pledge  ;  a  pawn  ;  a  thing  given  as  security,  or  for  pres- 
erNiition  ;  as,  these  papers  are  conimitli  d  to  you  as  a 
sacred  deposit;  he  has  a  deposit  of  money  in  his  hands. 

3.  A  place  wiiere  things  are  deposited  ;  a  deposi- 
torv. 

4.  A  city  or  town  where  goods  are  lodged  for  safe- 
keeping or  for  reshipment.    [Vr.  depSt.]  ■ 

In  deposit,  in  a  state  of  pledge,  or  for  safekeeping. 
DE-POS'IT-A-RY,  71.    [Fr.  depositaire;  Low  L.  depu.^ 
it^irius.] 

1.  A  person  with  whom  any  thing  is  left  or  lodged 
in  trust ;  one  to  whom  a  thing  is  committed  lor  sal'e- 
kee|)ing,  or  to  be  used  for  the  be  nefit  of  the  owner; 
a  trustee;  a  guardian.  The  Jews  were  the  deposita- 
ries of  the  sacred  writings. 

2.  In  laui,  one  to  whom  gooils  arc  balled,  to  he  kept 
for  the  bailor  wilhoiit  a  p  compense.  Kent. 

DE-P()?'1T  El),  pp.  01  II.  Laid  down  ;  putaway  ;  in- 
trusted. 

DE-POS'IT-ING,  2i/7r.  Laying  down  ;  pledging;  fB- 
positiiig. 


FATE,  FAtt,  PALL,  WHA.T.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  -   NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


320 


DEP 

I)KP-0-Sl"TIO\,  (ilcp  o -zisli'uii,)  M.    [L.  deiiosi'io.] 
1   Tlii^  act  of  layiiis;  or  thron  ing  down  ;  a«,  soil  is 
fornii'd  liy  (lio  deposition  of  fine  particles,  during  a 
flood. 

•i.  That  whii  li  is  thrown  down  ;  that  which  is 
lodsed  ;  ns,  hanks  are  sometimes  drposiUons  of  allu- 
vial matter. 

S.  Tin;  act  of  Rivinj  written  testimony  under  oath. 

4.  TIk!  attested  written  testimony  of  a  witness ;  an 
allidavit. 

5.  The  act  of  dethroning  a  king, or  the  degrading 
of  a  person  from  an  otlice  or  station  ;  a  divesting  of 
sovereignty,  or  of  otlice  and  dignity  ;  a  depriving  of 
clerical  orders.  A  deposition  dilfors  from  abdication  ; 
an  abdication  being  voluntary,  and  a  de|>osition  com- 
pulsont. 

DIM'OS'IT-Oll,  n.    One  who  makes  a  deposit. 
I)l'M'().S'IT-0-llY,  II.    A  place  where  any  thing  Is 

lodged  for  safe-keeping.    A  warehouse  is  a  depository 

for  goods  ;  a'clerk's  office  for  records. 
l)K-l'l)S'IT-UiM,  >^    A  deposit.    pVut  Knirliisk,  nor  in 

tuie^  ] 

1)1M>OT',  (de-po',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  place  of  deposit. 
Hence,  in  mililary  affairs,  a  place  where  stores  and 
pnivisions  are  kept,  and  where  recruits  are  trained. 

2.  A  buililing  for  the  occupation  of  passengers,  &c., 
at  the  termination,  or  at  a  wav  station  of  a  railroad. 

0Kr-UA-VA'TlO.\',   H.     [L.  'depravalio.     See  1)e- 

PKWE.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  bad  or  worse  ;  the  act  of 
corrupting. 

2.  The  state  of  being  made  bad  or  worse  ;  degen- 
eracy ;  a  state  in  which  good  tpialities  are  lost  or  im- 
paired. We  speak  of  the  depraration  of  nnirals, 
manners,  or  government ;  of  the  heart,  or  mind  ;  of 
nature,  t.asle,  &c. 

'X  Censure  ;  defamatiiui.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
UK  I'U.\  VE',  e.  £.  [L.  depravo  ;  de  and  prai-as,  crooked, 
perverse,  wicked.] 

1.  To  make  bad  or  worse ;  to  impair  good  quali- 
ties ;  to  make  bad  qualities  worse  ;  to  vitiate  ;  to 
corrupt ;  as,  todeproM  manners,  morals,  government, 
laws  ;  to  deprarc  the  heart,  mind,  will,  understand- 
ing, tiLstc,  principles,  &.C. 

2.  To  defame ;  to  vilify.    [^Xoi  now  used.] 

Skak.  bpenser. 

DE-?RAV'ED,  pp.  Made  had  or  worse ;  vitiated ; 
tainted  ;  corrupted. 

2.  a.  Corrupt ;  wicked  ;  destitute  of  holiness  or 
good  principles. 

Dp.  I'K.A  VED-LY,  ado.    In  a  corrupt  manner. 

UE-l'IliV'EO-.NESS,  n.  Corruption;  taint;  a  vitia- 
ted state.  Hammond. 

DE-PR.^VE'MENT,  n.    A  vitiated  state.  Bnncn. 

DE-1'UaV'EII,  n.  A  corrupter;  he  who  vitiates;  a 
vilifier. 

DEI'Ka  V'l.N'G,  ppr.    Makipg  had;  corrupting. 

Dii-PR.^V'ING,  n.    ,\  corrupting  or  traducing.  [Obs.] 

DE-I'U.\\''I.\(;-LV,  adr.    In  a  depniving  manner. 

DE  PK \V'[-TY,  «.  Corruption  ;  a  vitiated  state  ;  as, 
the  drprai'ilij  of  manners  and  morals.  Burke. 

2.  .\  vitiated  state  of  the  heart  ;  wickedness  ;  cor- 
ruption of  moral  principles  ;  destitution  of  holiness 
or  good  principles. 

DEP'llE-eA-l!l,E,  a.    Th.at  is  to  be  deprecated. 

DEP'KE-e.iTE,  r.  (,  [h.  deprrcor  i  de  and  preeor,  to 
pray.    See  Phw  and  Preach.] 

1.  To  pray  against ;  to  pray  or  entreat  that  a  pres- 
ent evil  may  he  removed,  or  an  expected  one  averted. 
VVe  should  all  deprecate  the  return  of  war. 

The  Jiul^mrntj  we  woutj  deprecate  an  nol  rvmovM. 

Smaltri/ige. 

2.  More  frenrratly,  to  regret  ;  to  have  or  to  express 
deep  sorrow  at  a  present  evd,  oral  one  that  may  occur. 
This  word  is  seldom  used  to  express  actual  prayer  ; 
but  it  expresses  deep  regret  th.at  an  evil  exists  or  may 
exist,  wliicli  implies  a  strong  desire  that  it  m.ay  be 
removed  or  averted. 

3.  To  implore  mercy  of.    [Improjier.']  Prior. 
DEP'RE-eA-TED,  pp.     Prayed  against ;  deeply  re- 
gretted. 

DEP'RE-eS-TINR,  p;>r.  Praying  against ;  regretting. 
DEP'KE-CJ-TI.NG-LY,  adv.    By  deprecation. 

Mamiatt. 

DEP-RE-e.\'TIO\,  n.    A  praying  against  ;  a  praying 

that  an  evil  may  l>e  removed,  or  prevented.  Milton. 
2.  Entreaty;  petitioning;  an  excusing;  a  begging 

pardon  for.  Johnson. 
nr.l'  KE-CA-TOR,  n.    One  who  deprecates. 
DKI'  RE  CA-TO-RY,  j  a.    That  s<-rves  to  deprecate  ; 
I)KI"R1-Ve.\-TIVE,   i    tending  to  remove  or  avert 

evd  by  prayer  ;  as,  drprecatury  letters.  Bacon. 
2.  IJavniE  the  form  of  praver. 
I)E-PKli'CIATE,  V.  L    [Low  L.  drprrtio;  de  and  pre- 

tium,  price  ;  Fr.  drpriser.    See  Phici:.] 

1.  'I'o  lessen  the  price  of  a  thing ;  to  cry  down  the 
price  or  value. 

2.  To  undervalue  :  to  represent  as  of  little  value  or 
merit,  or  of  less  value  than  is  commonlv  sup|Kised  ; 
as,  one  author  is  apt  to  depreciate  the  works  of  anoth- 
er, or  to  depreciate  their  worth. 

;i.  To  lower  value.  The  issue  of  a  superabundance 
of  notes  depreciates  them,  or  depreciates  their  value. 
DE-PRE'CIATE,  c.  i.    To  fall  in  value  ;  to  become  of 


DEP 

less  worth.  A  paper  currency  will  depreciate,  unless 
it  is  convertible  into  specie.  Estates  are  apt  to  depre- 
ciate in  the  hands  of  tenants  on  short  leases.  Conti- 
nental bills  of  credit,  issued  by  the  congress,  during 
the  n^volution,  depreciated  to  the  one  hundreiltti  part 
of  their  nominal  value. 

DE-PRE'CIA-TEl),  pp.  or  a.  Lessened  in  value  or 
prici:  ;  undervalued. 

DE-PRl";'CIA-TI.\G,  ppr.     Lessening  the  price  or 
worth  ;  undervaluing. 
2.  Falling  in  value. 

DF.-PRE-C1-a'TION,  (de-pre-she-a'shun,)  n.  The  act 
of  lessening  or  crying  down  price  or  value. 

2.  The  falling  of  value  ;  reduction  of  worth  ;  as, 
the  depreciation  of  bills  of  credit. 

DE-PRE'CIA-TIVE,  a.  Undervaluing. 

DEP'RE-D.aTE,  v.  L  [L.  dcprj:dor;  de  and  prtedor,  to 
plunder,  prieda,  prey.] 

1.  To  plunder  ;  to  rob  ;  to  pillage  ;  to  take  the 
property  of  an  enemy,  or  of  a  foreign  country,  by 
force;  as,  the  army  depredated  the  enemy's  country. 

Ttuil  kiiitl  ufwu  vi\u<\\  deprtdnue  mid  iki^ln'Mex  iiuii%'i>lii;ilii, 

Marthalt. 

2.  To  prey  upon  ;  to  waste  ;  to  spoil.  Baeva. 

3.  To  devour  ;  to  destroy  by  eating  ;  as,  wild  ani- 
mals depredate  the  corn. 

DEP'RE-D.aTE,  v.  L  To  take  plunder  or  prey  ;  to 
commit  waste  ;  as,  the  troops  depredated  on  the  coun- 
tr\-. 

DEP'RE-DA-TED,pp.  Piwiled  ;  plundered  ;  wasted  ; 
pillaged. 

DEP'RE-DA-TING,  ppr.  Plundering;  robbing;  pil- 
laging. 

DEP-RE-Da'TION,  71.  The  act  of  plundering ;  a  rob- 
bing ;  a  pillaging. 

2.  \Vaste ;  consumption  ;  a  taking  aw.ay  by  any  act 
of  violence.  The  sea  of\en  ni.'ikes  depredalivns  on  the 
land.  Intemperance  conunits  depredations  on  the  con- 
stitution. 

DEP'RE-D.A-TOR,  n.  One  who  plunders  or  pillages  ; 
a  spoiler  ;  a  waster. 

DEP'RE-l).\-T()-ltY,  a.  Plundering  ;  spoiling  ;  con- 
sisting in  pillaging.  Encye. 

DEP-RE-HE.\I)',  e.  t.  [h.  deprchcndo  ;  dc  anA  prehcn- 
do,  to  lake  or  seize.] 

1.  To  catcli ;  to  take  unawares  or  by  surprise;  to 
seize,  as  a  person  committing  an  unlawful  act. 

More.  Hooker. 

2.  To  detect ;  to  discover ;  to  obtain  the  knowledge 
of.  Bacon. 

DEl'-RE-IIE\I)'nn,  pp.   Taken  by  surprise  ;  caught ; 

sei/.»-(i  ;  (ti-^rovereil. 
DEI"  Iti;  IIi;M)  i.VC,  ppr.    Taking  unawares;  calch- 

in;;  ;  >;ri/uig  ;  (lisc.nveriug. 
DEP  UK  llEN'SI-liEE,  a.    That  may  he  caught  or 

disctivered. 

DEP-RE-IIEN'SI-RLE-iNESS,  n.  Capablencss  of  be- 
ing cauglit  or  discovered. 

DEP  RE-ilEN'SIO.V,  n.  A  catching  or  seizing  ;  a  dis- 
covery. 

[DKeRRHEND  and  its  derivatives  are  little  used.] 
DE-PRESS',  e.  (.    (L.  deprcssus,  dtprimo  ;  de  and  pres- 
sus,  prcmo,  lo  press.] 

1.  To  press  down  ;  to  press  lo  a  lower  state  or  po- 
sition ;  as,  ti»  depress  the  end  of  a  lube  or  the  mu/./le 
of  a  gun. 

2.  To  let  fall ;  to  bring  down  ;  as,  lo  depress  the 
eye. 

3.  To  render  null  or  languid  ;  to  limit  or  diminish  ; 
as,  lo  deprejs  conunerce. 

•I.  'I'o  sink  ;  to  lower ;  to  deji'ct ;  lo  make  sad  ;  as, 
to  depress  the  spirits  or  the  mind. 

5.  To  huudde  ;  to  abase  ;  as,  to  drpre.is  priile. 

G.  To  sink  in  altitude  ;  lo  cause  lo  appear  lower  or 
nearer  the  horizon  ;  ;ls,  a  man  sailing  toward  the 
etpiator  depresses  the  p(»le. 

7.  To  iin|Hiverish  ;  to  lower  in  temporal  estate  ; 
as,  misfortunes  and  losses  have  depressed  the  mer- 
chants. 

(j.  1'o  lower  in  value ;  as,  to  depress  the  price  of 
slock. 

DE  PRESS' ED, (de-prest',)  pp.  or  a.  Pressed  or  forced 
down  ;  lowered  ;  tlejecteil  ;  dispirited  ;  sad  ;  liniii- 
bled  ;  sunk  ;  rendered  languid. 

2.  In  botany,  a  depressed  leaf  is  hollow  in  the  mid- 
dle, or  having  the  disk  more  depressed  llian  the  sides  ; 
used  of  succutent  leaves,  and  opposed  to  Convex. 

Martyn, 

DE-PRESS'I\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Pressing  down  ;  lowering 
in  pl.ice  ;  letling  fill ;  sinking  ;  dejecting  ;  abashing  ; 
iin|Miverishiug  ;  rendering  languid. 

DE  PRESS'LVG-EY,  ailv.    In  a  depressing  manner. 

DE  PRES'SIO.N,  (de-presh'iin,)  n.  The  act  of  press- 
ing down,  or  the  state  of  being  pressed  down  ;  a  low 
suite. 

2.  .V  hollow  ;  a  sinking  or  falling  in  of  a  surface  ; 
or  a  forcing  inwani ;  as,  roughness  consisting  in  little 
protiiberanci^s  and  depressions ;  the  depression  of  the 
skull. 

3.  The  act  of  humbling;  abasement;  as,  the  de- 
pression of  pride  ;  the  depression  of  the  nobility. 

A.  A  sinking  of  the  spirits ;  dejectiim  ;  a  state  of 
sadness  ;  want  of  courage  or  animation  ;  as,  depres- 
sion of  the  mind. 


DEP 

5.  A  low  state  of  strength  ;  a  state  of  body  succeed- 
ing  debility  in  the  fonnatiim  of  disease.  Cote. 
(».  A  low  slate  of  business  or  of  properly. 

7.  In  astronomy,  the  angular  distance  of  a  celestial 
object  below  the  horizon.  Tin-  depression  of  the  pole, 
is  its  angular  approach  to  tlie  horiznn,  as  the  specta- 
tor recedes  from  the  pole  toward  the  equator. 

D.  Olmsted. 

8.  In  al^elrra,  Ihe  depression  of  an  equatim,  is  the  re- 
duction of  the  equation  to  one  of  lower  dimensions. 

Barlow. 

DE  PRESS'IVE,  a.  Able  or  lending  to  di-press  or  cast 
down. 

DE-PRESS'OR,  71.     He  that  presses  down  ;  an  op- 
pressor. 

2.  in  anatomy,  a  muscle  that  depresses  or  draws 
down  till'  part  to  which  il  is  attached  ;  as,  the  de- 
pressor of  the  lower  jaw  or  of  the  eyeball.  It  is 
called  also  deprimcnt  or  drprimens. 

DEP'RI-.MEN'T,  n.    [L.  deprimo,  to  depress.] 

Depres.sion.  Drprininu  is  the  epithi'l  given  to  a 
muscle  whii  h  depresses,  as  that  which  depresses  the 
globe  of  the  eve. 

DE-PRIV'A-ULE,  a.    [See  Depbive.]    That  may  be 
deprived. 

A  cluiptitin  shnit  be  deprivabte  by  tlic  fuilndcr,  nut  by  llie  bt«)iop, 

[See  Dei'HI  VE,  Xo.  4.] 
DEP-RI-VA'TION',  «.    [.Sec  Deprive.]    The  act  of 
depriving  ;  a  taking  away. 

2.  A  stale  of  being  deprived  ;  loss ;  want ;  bcreave- 
menl  by  loss  of  friends  or  of  goods. 

3.  In  law,  the  act  of  divesting  a  bishop  or  other 
clergyman  of  his  spiritual  promotion  or  dignity  ;  the 
taking  away  of  a  preferment ;  deposition.  Tliis  is  of 
two  kinds  ;  a  benrfcio,  and  ab  officio.  'I'lie  fiiriiier  is 
the  deprivation  of  a  minister  of  his  living  or  prefer- 
ment;  the  latter  of  his  order,  and  othersvise  called 
deposition  or  de^rradatioii.  F.ncyc. 

DE  PRIVE',  e.  (.    [  E. //e  and  priro,  to  take  away  ;  Sp.  j 
pnrar  ;  It.  pricare  ;  V{.  prircr.    See  Private.] 

I.  To  take  frniii  ;  to  bereave  of  somelhing  pos- 
sessed or  eiijujt'd  ;  followed  by  of;  as,  to  deprive  a 
man  n/siglit ;  to  deprive  one  of  strength,  of  reason,  or 
of  property.  This  h;us  a  general  signification,  appli- 
cable to  a  lawful  or  unlawful  taking. 

God  Imth  deprioed  lier  of  wisdom.  — Job  xxxix. 
To  hinder  from  possessing  or  enjoying  ;  to  de- 


bar. 


From  iiin  Tacc  1  tlLill  be  liid,  deprived 
or  bis  ble&aed  couiiU'iiaiicj.*. 


Milton. 

[TVlis  tuse  of  the  icord  is  nol  leiritiinate,  but  common,] 

3.  To  free  or  release  from.  Spctuer. 

4.  To  divest  of  an  ecclesiastical  preferment,  dig- 
nity, or  office  ;  to  divest  of  orders,  as  a  bisliop,  preb- 
end, or  vicar. 

DE-l'RIV'/CD.pp.  Rerefl ;  divested  ;  hinder<-d  ;  stripped 
of  office  or  diifiiity  ;  deposed  ;  degraded. 

DE-PRIVE'.ME.\T,  7i.  The  stale  of  losing  or  being 
deprived. 

DE-PRiV'ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  deprives  or  be- 
reaves. 

DE-PRiV'ING,  ppr.  Bereaving;  taking  away  what  is 
|K>ssessed  ;  divesting;  hindering  from  enjoying ;  de- 
posing. 

DEPTH,  71.  [from  deep.]  Deepness  ;  the  distance  or 
me.isure  of  a  thing  from  the  surface  to  the  bottom, 
or  lo  the  extreme  part  downward  or  inward.  The 
depth  of  a  river  may  be  ten  feel.  Tlie  depth  of  the 
ocean  is  unfathomable.  The  rfcptA  of  a  wound  may 
he  an  irii  li.    In  a  vertical  direction,  depth  is  opposed 

2.  A  tieep  place.  [to  hight. 

3.  The  sea  ;  the  ocean. 

'VUr  de/ith  cIo»<hJ  in*»  round  nlwou  —  Jott^h  ii. 

4.  The  abyss  ;  a  gulf  of  infinite  profundity. 

Wlii-n  h-*  wl  :i  roiii)).i!M  nn  Uie  Uc*;  of  Oic  depdi.  —  Pruv.  viii. 

!t.  The  miildle  of  a  season  ;  a«,  the  depth  of  winter  ; 
ortlie  miihlle,  the  darkest  or  stillest  part ;  as,  ilrpth 
of  night ;  or  the  inner  part,  a  part  remote  from  Iho 
border  ;  as,  the  depth  of  a  wood  or  forest. 

6.  Ahstriiseiiess ;  obscurity  ;  that  which  is  not 
e.xsily  explored  ;  as,  the  depth  ol  a  science. 

7.  Unsearcliableness ;  infinity. 

O  111''  depth  of  ihf  richi-s  bolb  of  Uio  wiadom  und  linowted^  of 
(iod  !  —  flom.  xt. 

8.  The  breadth  and  depth  of  the  love  of  Christ,  are 
its  vast  extent. 

9.  Profoundness;  extent  of  penetration,  or  lif  the 
capacity  of  penetrating  ;  as,  depth  of  understanding  ; 
depth  of  skill. 

10.  The  </<-p(A  of  a  sipiadron  or  battalion,  is  the  num- 
ber of  tnen  in  a  file,  which  forms  tlie  extent  from  the 
front  lo  the  rear  ;  as,arff;itA  of  three  men  or  six  men. 

11.  Depth  of  a  .<ai{,  the  extent  of  the  square  sails 
from  the  huad-rope  to  the  foot-rope,  or  the  length  of 
the  after-leech  of  a  stav-sail  or  boom-sail.  .l/ar.  Diet. 

DEPTH'LESS,  a.    Having  no  depth.  Coteridire. 
DE-PO'CE-LATE,  v.  t.    To  dellour ;  to  bereave  of 
virginitv. 

DE-PULSE',  r.  «.    To  drive  away.  Coekeram. 
I)E-PI;LS'£D,  (de-pulsf.) pp.    Driven  away. 
DE-Pl'L'SIO.\,  n.  [L.  depulsio  :  de  and  pello,  todrive  1 
.\  driving  or  thrusting  away.    [See  Rkpuuioh.1 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — A.N"GER,  VI"CIOUS— C  as  K  ;  G  ns  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


41 


321 


DER 


DER 


DER 


WE-PUL'SO-KY,  a.  Driving  or  tliruslingiiway  ;  avert- 
iiis. 

DEP'TJ-RaTE,  p.  t.  [Fr.  depurcr;  It.  depurare;  Sp. 
depurar ;  from  r/c  and  pii^^  puris.'] 

To  purify  ;  to  free  from  impurities,  heterogeneous 
matter,  or  feculence  ;  a  chemical  term. 

1)E1"U-Ka-TED,  pp.  or  o.  Purified  from  lieterogene- 
ous  matter,  ir  from  impurities.  Hiirke. 

I)EP'CI-Ra-T1NG,  j'pr  Purifying ;  freeing  from  im- 
purities. 

I)EP-U-Ra'TIOX,  ?i.  The  act  of  purifying  or  freeing 
fluid's  from  hctcrogeJ.eoiiS  mailer.  Tliis  is  done  by 
decantatiiui,  wlien  the  feculent  matter  is  deposited 
uu  tlie  butloni  of  tlie  ves.^el ;  or  liy  despumation,  ef- 
fected by  boiling  or  fermentation, and  skimming;  or 
by  filtration  ;  oi  by  fining  or  clarification.  Purr. 
2.  The  1  Iransing  of  a  wound  from  impure  matter. 

I)EP'l/-RA-TO-KY,  a.  Cleansing;  purifying;  or 
tending  to  purily.  .\  dcpuraUinj  fever,  is  a  fever 
that  expels  morbid  matter  by  a  free  perspiration. 

DE-POKE',  r.  t.    To  depurate.    [JVu£  used.] 

DEP-i;-lU"TION,  (dep-yu-risli'un,)  n.  The  removal 
of  impurities  in  tlie  humors  of  tiie  body  ;  the  clarifi- 
cation of  a  liquid.  Oilbert. 

DEP-U-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  id.;  It.  deputazioiie ;  Sp. 
dipuiacion.  See  Depute.] 

\  1.  The  act  of  appointing  a  substitute  or  represent- 
ative to  act  for  another;  the  act  of  appointing  and 
sending  a  deputy  or  substitute  to  transact  business 
for  another,  as  his  agent,  cither  with  a  special  com- 
mission and  authority,  or  witii  general  powers.  This 
word  may  be  used  for  the  election  of  representatives 
to  a  legislature  ;  but  more  generally  it  is  employed  to 
express  the  appointment  of  a  special  agent  or  com- 
missioner, by  an  individual  or  public  body,  to  traus- 
tict  a  particular  business. 

2.  A  special  conmiission  or  authority  to  act  as  the 
substitute  of  another  ;  as,  this  man  acts  by  deputation 
from  the  sherilf. 

3.  The  person  deputed  ;  the  person  or  persons  au- 
tliori/.ed  aiul  sent  to  transact  business  for  another  ; 
as,  the  general  sent  a  deputation  to  the  enemy  to  oUcr 
terms  of  peace. 

DE-PuTE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  depatcr ;  It.  deputare  ;  Port,  de- 
putar  ;  Sp.  diputar ;  L.  deputo,  but  dift'erently  apjilied  ; 
de  and  puto.  'J'he  primarj'  sense  of  puto  is  to  thnist, 
throw,  send  ;  but  it  has  various  applications.  See 
Class  lid.  No.  13,  19.] 

'J'o  appoint  as  a  substitute  or  agent  to  act  for  an- 
other ;  to  appoint  and  send  with  a  special  commission 
or  authority  to  tr.ansact  business  in  another's  name. 
The  sheritf  deputes  a  man  to  serve  a  writ. 

Tli'-Te  U  no  m:ih  tlrpuud  liy  Oie  kiii»  lo  hear.  —2  Sum.  xv. 

Tbe  bishop  may  depuu  a  iiricsl  to  auiiiinisler  llie  sacniiufnt. 

DE-POT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Appointed  as  a  substitute  ;  ap- 
IMiinted  and  sent  with  sjiccial  authority  to  act  for 
another. 

DE  PC'T'IXG,  ppr.  Appointing  as  a  substitute;  ap- 
pointing and  sending  with  a  special  commission  to 
transact  business  for  another. 

DEP'lI-TIZE,  V.  t.  To  appoint  a  deputy  ;  to  empower 
to  act  forTinotlier,  as  a  sherilT.  [A'ot  used  in  Eng., 
and  veni  little  iji  tke  U.  S.] 

DEP'li-TY,  71.    [Fr.  depute.'] 

1.  A  person  appointed  or  elected  to  act  foranotlier, 
especially  a  persim  sent  with  a  special  commission  to 
act  in  the  place  of  another ;  a  lieutenant ;  a  viceroy. 
A  prince  sends  a  deputy  to  a  diet  or  council,  to  repre- 
sent him  and  his  dominions.  A  sherilf  appoints  a 
deputy  to  execute  the  duties  of  his  otlice.  Tbe  towns 
in  New  England  send  deputies  to  the  legislature.  In 
the  latter  sense,  a  deputy  has  general  powers,  and  it 
is  more  common  to  use  the  word  represeuUitwe. 

2.  In  lau>,  one  that  exercises  an  ofiice  in  another's 
right,  and  the  forfeiture  or  misdemeanor  of  such 
deputy  shall  cause  tile  person  he  represents  to  lose 
Ills  olficc.  Philip.i. 

DEP'I^-TY-€OL-LF,eT'OR,  n.  A  person  appointed 
to  perform  the  duties  of  a  collector  of  the  customs  in 
lilace  of  the  collector. 

DEP'U-TY-MXU'SHAIi,  71.  One  appointed  to  act  in 
the  place  of  the  marshal. 

DEP'U-TY-POST'.MXri-TER,  n.  A  person  who  is 
appointed  to  act  as  postmaster,  in  subordination  to 
the  ptistmaster-generaJ 

DEP'y-TY-SHER'lFF,  n.  A  person  deputed  or  au- 
thorized to  perform  the  duties  of  the  sherifi",  as  his  sub- 
stitute. In  like  manner,  we  use  drpuly-cummissary, 
deputij-pauma-itrry  &c. 

DE-CHJAiVTI-T.\TE,  v.  L  To  diminish  the  quantity 
of.    [Mil  in  use.] 

DER,  pri'lixi  d  to  namen  of  places,  may  be  from  Sax. 
deuTy  a  wild  beast,  or  from  dur,  water. 

I)E-i£.\C'I-NATE,».  (.  [Vr.  deraciiicr  ;  de  iitul  racine, 
a  root.  ] 

To  pluck  up  by  the  roots;  lo  extirpate.  [IMtle 
u.ieiL  ]  Shale 
DE-RAC'I-NA-TED,  pp.     Plucked  up  by  the  roots  ; 
extirpated. 

DE-RAC'I-NA-TIXG,  ppr.  Tearing  up  by  the  roota ; 
eitirpatinit. 

DK-IIAU-I-NA'TION,  n.  The  net  of  pulling  up  by  the 
root*.  Maumler. 


'  / 1 ,        7  ^  S  [Nor  n.  dercner,  dc- 

'  (de-rane',)  '       .    l         .  » 
\  ^  '^  (     rctjrucr,  dtratiruery  or  de- 


DE-RAIGN' 
DE-RAIN', 
rainer.] 

To  prove ;  to  ju.stify  ;  to  vindicate,  as  an  assertion  ; 
to  clear  one's  self,    [.^n  old  law  terui,  now  distued.] 

DE-RaKJX'jMENT,  )  71.    Theact  of  deraining;  |>roof ; 

DE-RAIN'MENT,    (  justificiition. 

A  like  word  was  formerly  used  in  the  sense  of  dis- 
ordering, derangement,  a  discharge  from  a  profes- 
sion, or  departure  from  a  religious  order.  [Fr.  de- 
rauircr ;  de  and  ra7ii,''fr.J 

DE-RANGE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  deranger;  de  and  ranger,  Xjo 
set  in  order,  from  rung,  rank  ;  Arm.  dirtncqa,] 

1.  To  put  out  of  order  ;  to  disturb  the  regular  oi- 
def  of ;  to  throw  into  confusion  ;  as,  to  derauge  the 
plans  of  a  commander,  or  the  afl;iirs  of  a  nation. 

I  had  long  siipjwsL-J  that  iioltiiiig  couM  derange  or  iiit'Triipl  the 
"(Xiiinie  ot  piurifaclion.  Lavoisier,  Tran. 

2.  To  embarrass  ;  to  disorder ;  as,  his  private  af- 
fairs are  deranged. 

3.  To  disorder  the  intellect ;  to  disturb  the  regular 
operations  of  reason. 

4.  'J'o  remove  from  place  or  oflice,  as  the  personal 
staff  of  a  principal  military  officer.  Thus,  when  a 
general  ofiicer  resigns  or  is  removed  from  oflice,  the 
personal  stafT,  appointed  by  himself,  are  said  to  be 
deranged.  JV.  H,  Sumner. 

DE-IIAN(>'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Put  out  of  order  ;  disturb- 
ed ;  embarrassed  ;  confused  ;  disordered  in  mind  ; 
delirious  ;  distracted. 

DE-RaNGE'iMENT,  71.  A  putting  out  of  order;  dis- 
turbance of  regularity  or  regular  course  ;  embarrass- 
ment. Wnsltingtim. 

2.  Disorder  of  the  intellect  or  reason  ;  delirium  ;  in- 
sanity ;  as,  a  derangement  of  the  mental  organs.  Pulcy. 

DE-RANO'INt;,  ;7/)r.    Putting  out  of  order ;  disturb- 
ing regularity  or  regular  course ;  embarrassment; 
confusion.  Hamilton. 
2.  Disordering  the  rational  powers. 

DE-Ra\'',  71.  (.  [from  the  French.]  Tumult;  disor- 
der ;  merriment.    [J^ut  in  use.]  Douglas. 

DER'BY-SHIRE-SPAR,  )i.  Fluor  sjiar,  or  tltioriil  of 
calcium,  a  beautil'ul  mineral,  found  in  Derbyshire, 
Eiigbuul,  and  wrougllt  into  vases  and  other  orna- 
mi'Tital  work.  Brande. 

DliR  E,  V.  L    [S:ix.  derian  ] 
To  hurt.    [  Obs.] 

DER'E-LICT,  a.    [L.  derelictus,  derelivquo ;  de  and  re- 
liuqno,  to  leave,  re  and  linquo,  id.  Class  Lg.] 
Left  ;  alKUuloned. 

DER'E-LieT,  71.  In  law,  an  article  of  goods,  or  any 
commodity,  thrtiwn  away,  relintpiished,  or  aban- 
iloueil  by  the  owner. 

a.  A  tract  of  land  lefl  dry  by  the  sea,  and  fit  for 
cultivation  or  use. 

DER-E-Lie'TION,7!.    [I,,  derelictio.] 

1.  The  act  of  leaving  with  an  intention  not  to  re- 
claim ;  an  utter  forsaking  ;  abandonment. 

2.  The  state  of  being  left,  or  abaniloned.  Hooker. 

3.  A  leaving  or  receding  from  ;  as,  the  dereliction 
of  the  sea.  Blaclistone. 

DE-RIDE',  ».  t.  [L.  derideo;  de  and  ri(/fi<,  to  laugh; 
It.  dyidere.  In  Fr.  dcrider  \s  to  unwrinkle  ;  from 
ride,  a  wrinkle.  Probably  the  primary  sense  of  L. 
riitro  is,  to  wrinkli^,  ti>  grin.] 

To  latigh  at  in  contempt;  to  turn  to  ridicule  or 
make  sport  of;  lo  mock;  to  treat  with  scorn  by 
laughter. 

The  Pharisees  also  —  der't/led  him.  —  Luke  jcvi. 
Some,  wlio  uilore  Newton  for  liis  fluxions,  deride  him  for  his 
religion.  Berkeley. 
DE-RI1)'ED,  j»;7.    Laughed  at  in  contempt;  mocked; 
ridiculed. 

DE-KlD'ER,  71.    One  who  laughs  at  another  in  con- 
tempt ;  a  mocker;  a  seofier.  Hooker. 
2.  .\  droll  or  Imtroiin. 
DE-UII)'1N(;,  ppr.  Laughing  at  with  contempt ;  mock- 
ing ;  ridiculing. 
DE  lilD'lNG-LV,  ai/i'.    liy  w.iy  of  derision  or  mock- 
Dt''.R'l.\(;, /i/ir.  Hurting  ;  injuring.  [J^'nl  used.]  [erv, 
l)E-RIS'IOi\,  (de-rizh'un,)  ii.    [L.  dertsio.     See  Dk 
niDK.J 

1.  'I'he  act  of  laughing  at  in  contempt. 

2.  Contempt  manifested  by  laughter  ;  .scorn. 

1  uin  hi  deiiyion  daily.  —  ler.  xx. 

3.  An  object  of  derision  or  contempt ;  a  laughing 
stock. 

1  wiu  a  derision  to  all  my  people, —  f.ani.  iii. 
DE-Rt'SIVE,  a.    Containing  derision  ;  iWcking  ;  rid- 
iculing. 

Derisive  tiuiils.  Pope, 

DE-RI'SIVE-LY,  ado.    With  mockerv  or  contempt. 

DE-RI'SI  VE-NESS,  71.    The  Mate  of  "being  derisive. 

DE-»I'SO-RY,  «.    Mocking;  ridiculing.  Stiajlesbury. 

DE-RIV'A-HLE,  o,  [See  Dkhive.]  That  may  be  de- 
rived ;  that  may  be  ilrawn,  or  received,  as  frimi  a 
guiirce.  Income  is  deriiiabU  from  land,  money,  or 
stocks. 

2.  That  may  be  received  from  ancestors;  as,  an 
estato  ileritable  from  an  iincestor. 

3.  That  may  be  drawn,  as  iVoni  premises;  deduci- 
lile  ;  as,  an  argument  dirieabte  from  facts  or  preced- 
ing propositions. 


A.  That  may  be  drawn  from  a  radical  word  ;  as,  a 
word  derivable  from  an  Oriental  root. 
DE-RIV'A-IILY',  ado.    By  derivation. 
DER'I-VATE,  71.    [L.  derivatus.] 

A  word  derived  from  another.  Stuart. 
DER'I-VATE,  V.  t.    [L,  dcrico.] 

To  derive. 
DER'I-Va-TED,  pp.  Derived. 
DER'I-VA-TING,  ppr.  Deriving. 
DER-I-Va'TION,  71.    [L.  dcrieatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  deriving,  drawing,  or  receiving  from 
a  source  ;  as,  the  derivation  of  an  estate  from  ances- 
tors, or  of  profits  from  capital,  or  of  tnith  or  facts 
frtiiu  aiitiquity. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  drawing  or  tracing  of  a  word 
from  its  root  or  original  ;  as,  derivation  is  from  the 
Ii.  derivo,  and  the  latter  from  rtvus,  a  stream. 

3.  A  drawing  from,  or  turning  aside  from,  a  natu- 
ral course  or  channel  ;  as,  the  derivation  of  water 
from  its  channel  Itv  lateral  drains. 

4.  A  drawing  of^huinors  from  one  part  of  the  body 
to  another  ;  as,  the  derieation  of  humors  from  the 
eye,  by  a  blister  on  the  neck. 

5.  The  thing  derived  or  deduced.  Glanvillc. 
DE-RIV'A-TIVE,  a.    Derived  ;  taken  or  having  pro- 
ceeded from  another  or  something  preceding  ;  sec- 
ondary ;  as,  a  derivative  perfection  ;  a  derivative  con- 
veyance, as  a  release.  Blackstone.^ 

2.  A  derivative  chord,  in  music,  is  one  derived 

from  a  fundamental  chord. 
DE-RIV'A-TIVE,  77.    That  which  is  derived  ;  a  word 

which  takes  its  origin  in  another  word,  or  is  formed 

from  it.    Thus,  depravity  is  a  derivative  from  the  L. 

depravo,  and  acknowledge,  from  knowledge,  and  this 

from  know,  the  primitive  word. 
2.  In  music,  a  chord  not  fundamental. 
DE-RIV'A-TIVE-LY,  atiu.    In  a  derivative  manner; 

by  derivation. 

DE  RI  V'A-Tl VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  deriv- 
ative. 

DE-RlVE',  V,  t,  [h.  derive ;  de  and  rinits,  a  stream ; 
Fr.  deriver    Sp,  derivar  ;  It.  derivare.] 

1.  To  draw  from,  as  in  a  regular  course  or  chan- 
nel ;  to  receive  from  a  source  by  a  regular  convey- 
ance. The  heir  derives  an  estate  from  his  ancestors. 
We  derive  from  Adam  mortal  bodies  and  natures 
prone  to  sin. 

2.  To  draw  or  receive,  as  from  a  source  or  origin. 
We  derive  ideas  from  the  senses,  and  instruction 
from  ctiod  books. 

3.  To  deduce  or  draw,  as  from  a  root,  or  primitive 
word.  A  hundred  words  are  often  derived  from  a 
single  monosyllabic  root,  and  sometimes  a  much 
greater  number. 

4.  To  turn  from  its  natural  course ;  to  divert ;  as, 
to  derive  water  from  the  main  channel  or  current 
into  lateral  rivulets, 

5.  To  communicate  from  one  to  another  by  descent. 
An  excellent  disposition  is  derived  to  your  lordship  from  j  oiir 

parents.  Pclton. 

6.  To  spread  in  various  directions ;  to  cause  to  flow. 
The  streams  of  justice  were  derived  into  every  part  of  the 

kingdom.  Davies, 

DE-RlVE',  V.  i.    To  come  or  proceed  from.  [J\'"o« 

C(;77777107i.] 

Power  from  heaven  derives.  Prior. 

DE-RIV'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn,  as  from  a  source  ;  de- 
duced ;  received  ;  regularly  conveyed  ;  descended  ; 
comiminicated  ;  transmitted. 

DE-RIVER,  77.  One  wlio  derives,  or  draws  from  a 
source.  South. 

DE  RIVING,  ;);J7-.  Drawing;  receiving;  deducing; 
communicating;  diverting  or  turning  into  another 

DER.M,  71.  [Gr.  ^en/ia,  skin.]  [clianiiel. 
'I'he  organized  tegument,  or  natural  covering  of  an 
animtil. 

DER.M'AL,  77.    [Gr.  Icpiia,  skin.] 

Pertaining  to  skill ;  consisting  of  skin.  Fleming. 

DEKM'A-TINE  i  "'    P"taini"K  s"^'"- 
DERM'A-T01I)|  u.   [Gr.  (!£<7,;a,  skin,  and  cu]us,  form.] 

Like  the  skin,  without  being  skin. 
DERM-A-TOL'O-GIST,  71.    One  who  discourses  on 

the  skill  and  its  diseases. 
DER.M-A-T0L'0-CY,  7i.    [Gr.  (Ufi/ia,  skin,  and  Aoyoj, 

discourse.]    A  treatise  or  history  of  the  skin  and  its 

diseases. 

DEIt.M'OII),  a.    Resembling  skin  ;  dermatoid. 

DEKM-SKEL'E-TON,  11.  [Gr.  iippa  and  .ricrAtroi', 
skin-skeleton.]  A  term  aiiplied  to  the  oiitwartl 
case  or  covering  of  numerous  classes  of  animals,  as 
the  lobster,  &.c.  This  covering  not  only  |)rotects  the 
soft  parts  of  the  biitly  from  injury,  but  acts  .as  a  fixed 
point  tif  attachment  for  the  moving  powers,  as  the 
internal  skeleton  tloes  in  tither  animals.  Brande. 

DEItN,  a.    [Sax.  dcurn.] 

Solitary  ;  sad  ;  cruel.    [  Obs.]  More. 

DERN'FfJL,  «.    Sail  ;  intiurnful.  [Obs.] 

DER'NI-Ell,  (der'iii-ererderii-yar',)  a.  [Fr.]  Last; 
final  ;  ultimate  ;  as,  the  dernier  resort.  [/  know  not 
that  it  is  used  in  anif  other  phrtu^e.] 

DERN'LY,  (7(/ii.   Sadly ;  niouinfiilly.    rois.]  Jl/n" 

DK .  .  ^ 


IIN'LY,  (7(/ii.  Badly ;  niouinlully.  iOOs.]  Mori. 
ll'O-GATE,  V.  (,    [L.  derogo;  de  and  rogo,  to  ask, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  Wll/yr — METE,  PKBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  RIKD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


DCS 


to  propose.  In  ancii'iit  lUtini*,  rotro  was  vi.-^ed  in  pro- 
posinK  now  laws,  anil  dcru<;o,  in  rc|)ealing  some  sec- 
tion of  a  law.  llrni-i'  the  sense  is,  to  talte  from  or 
uiinul  a  i)art.    riass  Kg.] 

1.  To  repeal,  annul,  or  destroy  the  force  anil  ellect 
of  soniu  part  of  a  law  or  established  rule  ;  to  lessen 
the  e.xtcnt  of  a  law  ;  distinguished  from  abragnle. 

By  Bcvcml  ciiutniry  ciistoini,  liisiny  yf  llio  civil  iiiul  c;iii<m  l  iwi 
iiiv  cuiilrullfd  niid  dtragnted.  Hn!e. 

Q.  To  lessen  the  worth  of  a  person  or  thins ;  to 
disparage. 

[Ill  llic  furegoing  senses,  Uie  word  is  now  seldom 
K.vr//.] 

DEll'U-G.^TE,  r.  i.  To  take  away,  to  detrart;  to 
lessen  by  taking  away  a  part ;  as,  say  nothing  to 
derogate  fnwn  the  nn  rit  or  reputation  of  a  brave  man. 
[  7'he  word  is  generuHy  used  in  Utis  sense,] 

2.  To  act  beneath  one's  rank,  plate,  or  birth.  [Un- 
usual.] SliuU. 

DBU'O-GA-TEI),  pp.  Diminislied  in  value  ;  degraded  ; 
ilaniageil.  [Shakspeare  uses  Derooate  in  this  sense.] 

l)Klt'()-(;.\lT;-LY,  ado.    In  a  manner  to  lessen  or 
■      lake  from.  Shali. 
i  Di;K'0-ti.\-TIi\0,  ppr.    Annulling  a  part ;  lessening 
I      bv  taking  from. 

[  DEU-0-(5.\'TIi).\,  ri.  The  act  of  annulling  or  revok- 
ing a  law,  or  some  part  of  it.  jMorc  generathj,  the 
act  of  taking  away  or  destroying  the  value  or  effixt 
of  any  thing,  or  of  limiting  its  extent,  or  of  rc.sinin- 
ing  its  operation  ;  as,  an  act  of  parliament  is  passed 
in  derogation  of  the  king's  prerogative  ;  wo  can  not 
do  any  thing  in  derogation  of  the  moral  law, 

3.  The  act  of  taking  something  from  merit,  repu- 
tation, or  honor  ;  a  lessening  of  value  or  estimation  ; 
detraction;  disparagement;  with  from  or  of:  as,  I 
say  not  this  in  derogation  of  Virgil ;  let  nothing  be 
saiil  in  derogation  from  his  merit, 

DE-KOG'A-TtVE,  a.  Uerogatorj-,  [The  latter  is 
mostly  used.] 

rtE-ROG'A-TO-RI-I.Y,  i7(/b.   In  a  detracting  manner. 
UE-UOG'A-TO-RI-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 
derogatorj-, 

DE  UOG'.A-TO-UY,  a.  Detnicting  or  tending  to  les- 
sen by  taking  something  from  ;  that  lessens  the  ex- 
tent, etfect,  or  V;iluc  ;  with  ((I.  Let  us  entertain  no 
opinions  derogatory  to  the  honor  of  God,  or  his  moral 
government.  Lot  us  s:iy  nothing  derogatory  to  the 
merit  of  our  neighbor. 

2.  A  derogatory  clause,  in  a  testament,  is  a  sentence 
or  secret  character  inserted  by  the  testator,  of  which 
he  reserves  the  knowledge  to  himself,  with  a  condi- 
tion that  no  will  he  may  make  hereatler  shall  be 
valid,  unless  this  clause  is  inserted  word  for  word  ; 
a  precaution  to  jjnard  against  later  wills  extorted  by 
violence,  or  obtained  by  suggestion.  Kneyc. 

DER'RICK,  II,  An  instrument  or  contrivance  for'niis- 
ing  heavy  weights  by  means  of  a  pulley.  It  is  differ- 
ently constnictcd,  according  to  circumstances. 

Brandt. 

DER'RING.a.  Daring.  [JS'of  in  iiic]  Spenser. 
l)ER'Vl'sE, )        [•"<■'■■''•■>"•]    A  Turkish  or  Persian 

monk,  who  professes  extreme  poverty,  and  leads  an 

austere  life.  Knciic. 
DES'e.V.NT,  B.    [Pp,  di.<!eanle,  ditcantar ;  dis  anil  L. 

ciinUi,  to  smc.    (See  C'a.n  i.)    Tiie  Fr.  dechanlcr  has  a 

ditferent  st^nse.] 

1.  A  song  or  tunc  composed  in  parts. 

2.  A  song  or  tunc  witli  various  modulations. 

Tlic  «  ak.  riil  nil'iliiif  .le 
Ali  niglit  toii^  tt  *r  (iiiiuruufl  detcanl  tiiii^,  MUton, 

3.  .\  discourse  ;  discussion  ;  dispuUitlon  ;  animad- 
version, comment,  or  a  series  of  coininents, 

4.  The  art  of  ominsing  music  in  several  parts. 
Dcscnnl  is  pUitn^fignrative^  and  double. 

Plain  dc-icanly  is  the  groundwork  of  musical  com- 
positions, consisting  in  the  orderly  disposition  of  con- 
cords, answering  to  simple  counler[Hiint. 

Figuratiee  ur  florid  descant,  is  that  part  of  an  air  in 
which  some  discords  are  concerned. 

Double  deseant,  is  when  the  parts  are  so  contrived, 
that  the  treble  may  be  made  the  base,  and  the  base 
the  treble.  Bailry.  F.ncye. 

DES-e.\.\T',  r.  i.  To  run  a  division  or  variety  with 
the  voice,  on  a  miisiciU  ground  .n  true  meiisure  ;  to 
•ilig.  Ba//ri;.  Jolinson. 

2.  To  discourse  ;  to  comment ;  to  niake  a  variety 
of  remarks;  to  animadvert  freely, 

A  Tinnoui  rn.in  thouM  Ijc  pj'*.uctl  lo  fiiij  projjc  dttenntinf  on 
tus  actioiia.  Ad/iuon. 

r)E."^C.\NT'ER,  n.    One  who  descanw, 
UES-C\.\T'I\G,  ppr.    Singing  m  (larts  or  with  vari- 
ous modulations;  discoursing  freely  ;  commenting. 
DE.*-e.'\XT'I.\R,  n.    Remark ;  conjecture.  BurneU 
DL-SCE.\D',  ;de-scnd',)  r.  i,     [L.  descendo ;  de  and 
nando,  to  climb ;  \V.  diseimu,  from  ckiim,  to  rise, 
cjon,  top  ;  l\.  discendcrt :  Fr.  dcseendrc :  ^p.  desceiulrr ; 
Arm.  disgenn.    The  root  cien  is  from  extending, 
■hooting,  thnisting,  as  gin  in  begin.] 

1.  To  move  or  p,xss  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  place  ; 
to  move,  come,  or  go  downward  ;  to  fall  ;  to  sink  ;  '. 
lo  run  or  flow  down  ;  applicable  to  any  kind  of  motion  \ 


or  of  body.  Wo  descend  on  the  feet,  (m  wheels,  or  by 
fulling.    A  torrent  descends  from  a  mountain. 

The  mills  i!fic€futtdf  and  the  llootU  cuiiif .  —  M.tit.  vil. 

2.  To  go  down,  or  to  enter, 

Hu  sh.iU  tiencrnd  into  Utttio  and  p'fish.  —  1  .Sntii,  xrvi. 

3.  To  come  suddenly;  to  fall  violently. 

And  on  llie  iiiitors  li*t  thy  wrath  descend.  Pope. 
•I.  To  go  in  ;  to  enter, 

llo,  with  iinnost  meditntiont  I-hI, 
Into  \iiiuK'-\i itrscenrlefi.  Milton. 

5.  To  rush  ;  to  invade,  as  an  enemj'. 

Til-'  Cin.-ci.m  lie  I  rlesceruling  on  tlif  luwn.  Pnflcn. 

ft.  Tt)  proceed  from  a  source  or  original ;  to  be  de- 
rived. The  beggar  may  descend  frtmi  a  prince,  and  a 
prince  from  a  beggar. 

7.  To  proceed,  as  from  father  to  son  ;  to  pass  from 
a  preceding  pixsessor,  in  the  order  of  lineage,  or 
according  to  the  l:iws  of  succession  or  iiitn'ritaiice. 
Thus,  an  inheritance  descends  to  the  son  or  next  of 
kin  ;  a  crown  descends  to  the  heir. 

8.  To  pa.ss  from  general  to  pailiciil.ir  considera- 
tions; a.s,  having  explained  the  general  siiliject,  we 
will  descend  to  particulars. 

D,  'J'o  come  down  from  an  elevated  or  honorable 
station  ;  in  a  fgurattre  sense,  ri.ivius  is  an  homira- 
ble  man  ;  he  can  not  descend  lo  acts  of  meanness. 

lU.  In  vtiisic,  to  fall  in  sound  ;  to  pass  from  any 
note  to  another  less  acute  or  shrill,  or  from  sharp  lo 
flat.  HotL^seua. 

DE-SCENT)',  r.  t.  To  walk,  move,  or  pass  downward 
on  a  declivity  ;  as,  to  descend  a  hill ;  to  descend  an 
inclined  plain.  [But  this  may  be  considered  as 
elliptic.;!,  on  or  ulon-r  being  iinili  rstotid.] 

DE-SCEN1)'ANT,  «.    fFr.  dcsccyidnnt :  L.  descendens.] 
Any  perstin  prticeeiling  from  an  anee-slor  in  any 
degree  ;  issue  ;  offspring,  in  the  line  of  generation, 
ad  infnitum.    We  are  all  the  descendants  of  Aiiam 
and  Eve. 

DE-SCEND'ED,  pp.  Jloved  downward  from  a  higlit ; 
proceeded  from  a  source,  as  a  son  from  a  fatlier. 

DE-St'E.\»'E.\T,  a.    Descending;  falling;  shiking. 
2.  Troceeding  from  an  original  or  ancestor.  I'opc. 

DE-SCE.NT)-I-1!11/I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
scendible, or  capable  of  being  transmitted  from  an- 
cestors ;  as,  the  descendibility  of  an  estate  or  of  a 
crown,  Blackstonc. 

DE-SCE.\I)'I-HLE,  a.  That  may  be  descended  or 
passed  down  ;  as,  the  hill  is  descendible. 

2.  That  may  descend  from  an  ancestor  to  an  heir ; 
as,  a  descendible  estate. 

DE-S(,'E.M)'1NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  downward  ;  pro- 
ceeding from  an  ancestor. 

DE-SCEN'SION,  (de  sen'shun,)  ii.    [L.  descen.-.-io.] 

1.  The  act  of  going  downward  ;  tteseent ;  a  falling 
or  sinking  .  declension  ;  degradalitm, 

2,  In  astronomy,  right  dcscension  is  the  arc  of  the 
equator  which  descends,  with,  the  sign  or  star,  below 
the  horizon  of  a  right  sphere.  Barlow. 

Oblique  dcscension,  is  the  arc  of  the  equator  which 
descentis,  with  the  sign  or  star,  below  the  hori/.on  of 
an  oblitpie  sphere.  Barlow. 

DE-SCE.N'SION-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  ileseeiil. 

DE-SrE.\'SI  VE,  a.  Descending  ;  tending  downward  ; 
having  [Kiwer  lo  descend,  Sherwood. 

DF^SCE.N-SO'RI.IJ.M,  H.    ,\  chemical  furnace, 

DE-SCE.NT',  (lie-sent',)  n.  [Fr.  descente ;  L.  descensus.] 

1.  The  act  of  descending  ;  the  act  of  passing  from 
n  higher  to  a  li>wer  place,  by  any  form  of  motion,  as 
by  walking,  riding,  rolling,  sliding,  sinking,  or 
falling. 

2.  Inclination  downward  ;  obliquity  ;  slope  ;  de- 
clivity ;  as,  the  descent  of  a  hill,  or  a  roof. 

3.  Progress  downward  ;  as,  the  descent  from  higher 
to  lower  orders  of  beings.  LueJu: 

4.  Fall  from  a  higher'to  a  lower  state  or  station. 

J\Idton. 

5.  A  laniling  from  ships ;  invasion  of  troops  from 
the  sea  ;  aSj  to  make  a  descent  on  Cuba. 

6.  A  passing  from  an  ance.stor  to  an  heir ;  transmis- 
sion by  succession  or  inheritance;  iis,  the  descent  of 
an  esUate  or  a  title  from  the  father  to  the  son.  De- 
scent is  lineal,  when  it  proceeds  directly  from  the 
father  to  the  son,  .and  from  the  son  to  the  grandson  ; 
collateral,  when  it  proceeds  from  a  man  to  his  brother, 
nejihew,  or  other  collateral  representative, 

7.  A  proceeding  from  an  original  or  progenitor. 
The  Jews  boast  of  their  descent  from  Abraham. 
Hence, 

8.  Ilirth  ;  extr.aclion  ;  lineage  ;  n.s,  a  noble  descent. 

9.  A  generation  ;  a  single  degree  in  the  scale  of 
genealogy  ;  distance  from  the  comniim  ancestor. 


No  m.\»  i*  a  Uiouund  detcenu  from  Adiim.  Hooker. 

10.  Offspring  ;  issue ;  descendants. 

The  car*  of  our  lUtetnt  perplf  xn  mint.  Milton. 

11.  A  rank  in  the  scale  of  subordination.  Milton. 

12.  U)west  place.  Shak. 


13.  In  music,  a  pa-islng  from  a  note  or  sound  to  one 
more  grave  or  less  acute. 
DE-SeRIIl' A-llLE,  a.    That  may  be  described ;  capa- 
ble of  description. 


DE-PCRIHE',  V.  t.  [L,  describe ;  de  and  tcribo,  lo 
write;  Sp  de.^cribir ;  lU  descnvcre  i  Fr.decrirs;  Anu. 
discriva.    See  ScniiiE,] 

1.  To  delineate  or  mark  the  form  or  figure  ;  as,  to 
describe  a  circle  by  the  compasses, 

2.  To  make'or  exiiiliil  a  figure  by  motion  ;  ."W,  a 
star  describes  a  circ  e  or  an  ellipsis  m  Ihe  lii  avens, 

3.  To  sliow  or  represent  to  otiiers  in  words  ;  to 
comniiinicate  an  idea  of  a  thing,  by  naming  its  na-  j 
lure,  form,  or  properli^'s.     The  poet  describes  Ihe 
Trojan  horse  ;  llie  hi>lori.'in  describes  the  battle  of 
I'liarsalia ;  the  moralist  describes  the  ellects  of  ciirnipl  ' 
manners ;  the  geographer  dacribes  cowntriwfl  and  I 
cities.  I 

4.  To  repr  sent  by  signs.  A  deaf  and  dumb  man  ' 
may  describe  a  distant  objiet ;  our  p:issions  maybe  I 
described  by  external  motinns. 

5.  To  draw  a  pliin  ;  lo  represent  by  lines  and  other 
marks  oti  paper,  or  uiliiT  material ;  as,  to  describe  the 
siirl'aee  of  Die  earth  by  a  map  or  cliart. 

6.  To  give  a  clear  and  vivid  exliibiliim  in  language; 
as,  iMiltiin  dcscribc.1  with  uucoinniuii  force  and  hi  aiity. 

7.  To  define  laxly.  Orntj. 
DE-i^ClMlS'A'D,  ;)/).    Represented  in  form  by  marks 

or  ligiires;  deline:Ued ;  represented  by  words  or 
signs. 

DE-seilin'ER,  n.  One  who  describes  by  marks,  xyords, 
or  signs. 

DE  SCRIIVI.N'G,  ppr.  Representing  the  form  or  figure 
of,  by  lines  or  marks;  communicating  a  view  of,  by 
words  or  signs,  or  by  naming  the  nature  and  prop- 
erties. 

DE-SCKr£l),  pp.  [See  Descbt.]  Espied  ;  discov- 
ered ;  seen. 

DE-SGRI  ER,  n.    [Sec  DEscnv.]    One  who  espies  or 

discovers;  a  discoverer  ;  a  detecter.  Crashaw. 
DE  .■^CltlP'TlON,  n.    [L.  descriptio.] 

1.  T  he  ael  of  delineating,  or  representing  the  figure  |i 
of  any  Ihiiig  by  a  plan,  lo  lu^  presented  to  the  eye. 

2.  'I'lie  figure  or  appearaiict!  of  any  tiling  deline- 
ated, or  reiireseiiteil  by  visilili;  lines,  marks,  etilors,  i 
&e.  ;  as,  the  description  of  a  country,  or  of  Solomon's  ' 
tenipli'. 

3.  'I'he  act  of  reprt-si  ntiiig  a  thing  by  xvords  or  by 
signs,  or  the  passagi;  conlaniing  siieli  ref>resenlation  ; 
a  re|)resi  niatioii  of  nanu  s,  nature,  or  [iropiTlies,  that 
gives  to  aiiolhcr  a  view  of  the  tiling.  Ilonii  r  ahininds 
Willi  beautiful  and  sinking  descriptions.  Hence, 

4.  A  definition.  All  definitions  must  be  less  per- 
fect descriptions  of  a  material  thing,  than  a  visible 
figure  or  di^lineation.  i  > 

5.  'J'he  qualities  expressed  in  a  representatifui  ;  as,  j 
a  man  of  this  description.  Burke. 

Hence, 

6.  The  persons  having  the  qualiii'  s  expressed  ;  a 
class  of  persons  to  wliiun  a  <l .  ^eriiition  is  applicable, 
or  who  are  in  a  similar  condiliuii. 

The  srcn-ury  proc/'etla  to  cxaininr,  whi-ihcr  a  diirerrnce  ou^lil 
to  In:  ixTiiiitifd  to  irintiiii  between  llw.'ni  and  aiiolh^-r  (/«• 
teriplion  of  put,lic  ciTditora.  Hamiiton. 
PiT*oiia  uf  dilU'rt-'nl  detcriptiont.  Scott. 
DE-SeRIP'Tl  VE,  a.    Conlaining  description  ;  tend- 
ing lo  tlescribc  ;  having  the  quality  of  representing; 
as,  a  descriptirc  figure  ;  a  descriptive  narration  j  a 
story  descripliee  of  the  age. 

Descriptive  geometry,  consists  in  the  application  of  j 
geometrical  rules  to  the  representation  of  the  figures  | 
and  various  relations  tif  the  fnrins  of  bodies  accord- 
ing lo  certain  conventional  methutis,  Brande. 
Dli-SeRIP'TIVE-LY,  a(/r,    IJv  description. 
DE-S€Kir'TIVE-.\ESS,  n.    State  of  being  descrip- 
tive. 

DE-SCRV,  f.  [\ornr.  descrier  or  discricer,  and  dis- 
cecer,  to  discover.] 

1.  To  espy;  lo  explore;  to  examine  by  obserx'a- 
tion, 

Th'?  Iioimi?  qf  Joseph  srni  to  descry  Bclhol.  — Judgt^  i. 

2.  To  detect;  to  find  out;  to  discover  any  thing 
concealed, 

3.  To  see ;  to  behold  ;  to  hax-e  n  sight  of  from  a 
distance  ;  a.s,  the  seamen  descried  land. 

4.  To  give  notice  of  something  suddenly  discov- 
ered,   [A"ii(  in  use.]  Hall, 

DE-seilV',  n.  The  thing  descried,  as  an  army  si>cn 
at  a  distance.    [Unusual.]  Shak. 

DE-.-JCRt'l.N't;,  ppr.    Discovering;  espying. 

DES'E-eR.^TE.,  V.  t.  [L,  desecro ;  de  and  sacro,  to 
consecrate,  from  sacfr,  sacreil,] 

1.  To  tliveTt  from  a  sacred  purjiose  or  appropria- 
tion ;  opposed  to  con.iccrate  ;  as,  to  desecrate  a  dona- 
tion lo  a  church. 

2.  To  divest  of  a  sacred  cliaricter  or  oflice. 

The  cI'Tiry  cnn  nnl  sn!T-r  Corporal  pnniahin^nt,  wiUionl  l>-ing 
pn-viiiii»ly  deucraled.  Tooke't  ttuMtia. 

DES'E-eU.X-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Diverted  from  a  s.-irred 
purpose  or  appropriation  ,  divested  of  a  sacred  char-  j 
acter  or  office.  ' 

DES'E-€R.X-TI.\G,  ppr.    Diverting  from  a  purpose  to  | 
which  a  thing  is  consecrated  ;  divesting  of  a  sacred 
character  or  office. 

DES-E-eilA'TlO.N,  71.    The  art  of  diverting  from  a  ' 
sacred  purpose  or  use  to  which  a  thing  had  been  de- 
voted ;  Jie  act  of  diverting  from  a  sacred  character 
or  office. 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  :  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


323 


DES 

DES  KRT,  a.  [L.  ile.^ertu.s,  dc-'ero ;  dc  iirnl  sn-o,  to 
NOW,  plant,  or  scatter ;  Fr.  desert ;  Sp.  desierto,] 

1.  Ltferalliiy  forsaken  ;  hence,  uninhabited  ;  as,  a 
desert  isle.  Hence,  wild  ;  untilled  ;  waste ;  unculti- 
vated ;  as,  a  desert  land  or  country. 

2.  Void  ;  empty  ;  unoccupied. 

Full  many  a  flower  is  bom  to  bhish  unseen, 

And  Wiiste  iu  sweeuiess  on  die  deserl  air.  Gray. 

DES'ERT,  n.    [h.  deseHitm.] 

An  uninhabited  tract  of  land  ;  a  region  in  its  nat- 
ural state  ;  a  wilderness  ;  a  solitude  ;  particularly^  a 
vast  sandy  plain,  as  the  deserts  of  Arabia  and  Africa. 
But  the  word  ni.iy  be  applied  to  an  uninhabited 
country  covered  with  wood. 

DE  SERT',  c.  t.  [Fr.  deserter,  from  the  adjective, and 
this  from  the  L.  descrtus,  descro,  Xo  forsake.] 

1.  To  forsake;  to  leave  utterly;  to  abandon;  to 
quit  with  a  view  not  to  return  to  ;  as,  to  desert  a 
friend  ;  to  desert  our  countrj- ;  to  deicrt  a  cause. 

2.  To  leave,  without  permission,  a  military  band, 
or  a  ship,  in  which  one  is  enlisted  ;  to  forsake  the 
service  in  which  one  is  engased,  in  violation  of  duty  ; 
as,  to  desert  the  army  ;  to  desert  one's  colors  ;  to  de- 
sert a  ship. 

DE-SERT',  V.  i.  To  run  away  ;  to  quit  a  scnice  with- 
out permission  ;  as,  to  desert  from  the  army. 

DE-SERT',  n.  [from  deserve.]  A  deserving ;  that 
which  gives  a  right  to  reward  or  demands,  or  which 
renders  liable  to  punishment  ;  merit  or  demerit ;  that 
which  entitles  to  a  recompense  of  equal  value,  or  de- 
mands a  punishment  equal  to  the  offense  ;  good  con- 
ferred, or  evil  done,  wliich  merits  an  equivalent  re- 
turn. A  wise  legislature  will  reward  or  punish  men 
accorfling  to  their  deserts. 

2.  Tliat  which  is  deserved  ;  reward  or  punishment 
merited.  In  a  future  life,  every  man  will  receive 
llis  dest-rf. 

DE-SEKT'ED.  pp.  or  a.  Wholly  forsaken  ;  abandon- 
ed ;  left. 

DE  SERT'ER,  n.  A  person  who  forsakes  his  cause, 
his  post,  or  his  party  or  friend  ;  particularhj,a  soldier 
or  seaman  whoquits  the  service  without  permission, 
and  in  vii)lation  of  his  engageme?it. 

DE-SEKT'FIJL,  a.    High  in  desert ;  meritorious. 

Bcaum.  S,-  Fl. 

DE-SERT'IN'G,  ppr.    Forsaking  utterly  :  abandoning. 

DE-SER'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  forsaking  or  abandon- 
ing, as  a  party,  a  friend,  a  country,  an  army,  or  mil- 
itary band,  or  a  ship;  the  act  of  quitting  with  an  in- 
tention not  to  return. 

2.  The  state  of  being  forsaken  by  God ;  spiritual 
despondency. 

The  agonies  of  a  soul  under  desertion.  South. 

DE  SERT'LESS,  a.  Without  merit  or  claim  to  favor 
or  reward.  Dryden. 

DE-SERT'LESS-LY,  adv.  Undesen  edly.  Braiim.  4"  Ji"i. 

Rl^  ^Sn'rlol^"^'  !  n-  A  female  who  deserts.  Mdtan. 
DE-ShRl'KlX,  \ 

DE-SERVE',  (de-zerv',)  v.  t.  [L.  descrvio;  de  and  ser- 
rio,  to  serve.    The  Fr.  deservir  is  not  used. J 

1.  To  merit;  to  be  worthy  of;  applied  to  good  or 
evil. 

2.  To  merit  by  labor  or  services  ;  to  have  a  just 
claim  to  an  equivalent  for  good  conferred.  Tiie  la- 
borer deserves  his  wages  ;  he  deserves  the  value  of 
his  services. 

3.  To  merit  by  good  actions  or  qualities  in  gen- 
eral ;  to  be  worthy  of,  on  account  of  excellence. 
The  virtuous  man  deserves  esteem  and  commenda- 
tion.   A  work  of  value  deserves  praise. 

4.  To  be  worthy  of,  in  a  bad  sense ;  to  merit  by  an 
evil  act ;  as,  to  deserve  blame  or  punishment. 

God  exacu-lh  of  Ujec  lew  th.'Ui  thine  iniquity  deeervelh.  —  Job  xi. 

DE-SERVE',  (de-zerv',)  v.  i.  To  merit ;  to  be  worthy 
of  or  deserving;  as,  he  deserves  well  or  ill  of  liis 
neighbor. 

DE-SERV'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Merited  ;  worthy  of. 

DE  SERV'ED-EY,-  adv.    Justly;  according  to  desert, 

whether  of  good  or  evil.    .'\  man  may  be  deservedly 

praise<l,  Wamed,  or  punished. 
DE-SERVER,  ii.    He  who  deserves  or  merits;  one 

who  is  worthy  of;  used  generally  in  a  good  sense. 

Dryden. 

DE-SERV'IN'G,  ppr.  Meriting;  having  a  just  claim 
to  reward  ;  justly  meriting  punishment. 

2.  a.  Worthy  of  reward  or  praise ;  meritorious  ; 
possessed  of  good  qualities  that  entitle  to  approba- 
tion ;  as,  a  deserving  olhcer. 

DE  SERV'LN'G,  «.  The  act  of  meriting;  desert; 
meriL 

If  jro  have  (lotie  to  him  accord^g  to  the  deterving  of  hb  hantU. 
-Ju.J({<«  IX. 

DF^?KRV'I.\G-LV,  adv.  Meritoriously;  with  just 
dfjM-rt. 

OKfy^llA  fJir.r.K',  (des-a-bil',)  n.  [Fr.,  from  de  and 
hahillrr,  to  clothe.  I  have  restored  the  true  orthog- 
raphy.) 

An  undress  ;  n  loose  morning  dress  ;  hence,  any 
home  dress  ;  aJ«,  the  lady  is  in  deshabille. 

DE-SIC'CANT,  a.    [.See  Desicc»ti:.]  Drying. 

DE-Sre'e.\NT,  n.  A  medicine  or  application  that 
drien  a  sore.  Wutfman. 


DES 

DE-.«ie'eATE  or  DES'IG-CaTE,  ».  t.  {Ij.  desicco ; 
de  and  sicco,  to  dry.] 

To  dry  ;  to  exhaust  of  moisture  ;  to  exhale  or  re- 
move moistdre  from. 

DE-Sie'CATE  or  DES'ie-CATE,  c.  i.  To  become 
dry.  Bacon.  Hale. 

DE-Sie'€A-TED,  pp.  Dried. 

DE-SIC'Ca-TING,  jipr.  Drying;  exhausting  moisture. 
DES-ie-CA'TlON,  n.    The  act  of  making  dry;  the 

state  of  being  dried.  Bacon. 
DE-SIC'CA-TI  VE,  n.    An  application  which  tends  to 

dry  up  secretions. 
DE-Sie'CA-TIVE,  (I.    Drj-ing;  tending  to  dry  ;  that 

has  the  power  to  dry. 
DE,SID'ER-aTE,  r.  t.    [from  the  L.]    To  want ;  to 

miss.  Brougftam. 
DE-SID'ER-.A-TIVE,  a.    Denoting  desire  ;  as,  dcsid- 

rratire  verbs^ 

DE-SI D-ER-A'TUM,  n. ;  pi.  Desiderata.  [L.  desid- 
eratuSy  -»m,  from  desidcro,  to  desire.] 

That  which  is  desired  ;  that  which  is  not  pos- 
sessed, but  which  is  desirable  ;  any  perfection  or  im- 
provement which  is  wanted.  'J'he  longitude  is  a 
dcsiilcratum  ill  navigation.  A  tribunal  to  settle  na- 
tional disputes  without  war  is  a  great  desideratum. 

DE-SID'I-OSE,  a.    Idle  ;  lazy. 

DE-SlGX',  (ile-sinc'  or  de-zinc',)  r.  t.  [L.  dciigno ;  de 
and  sigjto,  to  seal  or  stamp,  tliat  is,  to  set  or  throw  ; 
Sp.  dcsignar,  discnar ;  It.  designarCy  disegnare  i  Fr. 
designer,  dessiuer.'\ 

I.'To  delinetite  a  form  or  figure  by  drawing  the 
outline;  to  sketch  ;  as  in  painting  and  other  works 
of  art. 

0.  To  plan  ;  to  form  an  outline  or  representation 
of  any  thing.  Hence, 

3.  To  iiroject ;  to  form  an  idea,  as  a  scheme. 
Henre, 

4.  To  purpose  or  intend  ;  as,  a  man  designs  to 
write  an  essay,  or  to  study  law. 

5.  To  mark  out  by  tokens.    [JVot  used.]  Locke. 

6.  To  intend  to  apply  or  appropriate;  with /or; 
as,  we  design  this  ground  /t*r  a  garden,  and  lliat  for 
a  park.  The  worii  design  may  include  an  adapting 
or  planning  a  thing  for  a  purpose,  or  mere  intention 
or  scheme  of  the  mind,  whicli  implies  a  plan.  The 
father  dr,■!i^rns  his  son  fur  the  profession  of  the  law, 
or  fur  the  ministry.  It  was  f.irinerly  followed  by  to, 
but  this  use  is  now  uncommon. 

DE-SIG.N"',  (de-sine'  or  de-zine',)  n.    [Fr.  desscin.] 

1.  A  plan  or  representation  of  a  thing  by  an  out- 
line ;  sl<etcli ;  general  view  ;  first  idea  represented 
by  visible  lines,  !is  iu  painting  or  architecture. 

2.  A  scheme  or  plan  in  the  mind.  A  wise  man  is 
distinguished  by  the  judiciousness  of  his  dc^-iigjis. 

3.  Purpose  ;  intention  ;  aim  ;  implying  a  scheme 
or  iilan  in  tlie  mind.  It  is  my  design  to  educate  my 
son  for  the  bar. 

4.  The  idea  or  scheme  intended  to  be  expressed  by 
an  artist ;  as,  the  designs  of  medals.  .Addison. 

5.  In  manufactories,  Ihe  figures  with  which  work- 
men enrich  their  stuft's,  copied  from  painting  or 
draughts.  Encyc. 

6.  In  mnsic,  the  inventitm  and  conduct  of  the  sub- 
ject; the  disposition  of  every  part,  and  the  general 
order  of  tlie  whole.  Huusseau. 

DF^SIGN'A-F.LE,  (de-sln'.a-bl  or  de-zin'a-bl,)  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  tlesigned  or  marked  out. 
2.  Distinguishable.  Digby. 
DES'!G-NaTE,  j).  t.    [L.  designo,  dcsignntum.] 

1.  To  mark  out  or  show,  so  as  to  make  known  ;  to 
indicate  by  visible  lines,  marks,  description,  or  some- 
thing known  and  determinate  ;  as,  to  de-iignatc  the 
limits  of  a  country  ;  the  limits  are  designated  on  the 
map;  rifyiVdafc  the  spot  where  a  star  appears  in  the 
heavens ;  designate  tlie  place  where  our  ancestors 
first  landed. 

2.  To  point  out;  to  distinguish  from  others  by  in- 
dication ;  as,  to  be  able  to  designate  every  individual 
who  was  concernetl  in  a  riot. 

3.  To  appoint ;  to  selert  or  distinguish  for  a  partic- 
ular purpose  ;  to  assign  ;  with  for  ;  as,  to  dcsigntUe  an 
officer  for  the  command  of  a  station  ;  or  with  to  ;  as, 
this  captain  was  designalcA  to  that  station. 

DE.S'IG-.NaTE,  a.  Appointed  ;  marked  out.  [Little 
used.] 

DES'IG-.Na-TEI),  pp.  Marked  out ;  indicated  ;  shown  ; 
pointed  out  ;  appointed. 

DES'IG-.\A-Tl.\(i,  ppr.  Marking  out;  indicating; 
pointing  out  ;  appointing. 

DE.S-I(;-i\A'Tl().\,  71.  The  art  of  pointing  or  marking 
out  by  signs  or  objects ;  as,  the  designation  of  an  es- 
tate by  boundaries. 

2.  Indication;  a  showing  or  pointing;  a  distin- 
guishing from  others. 

3.  Appointiin  nt ;  direction;  as,  a  claim  to  a  throne 
grounded  on  Ihe  designation  of  a  predecessor. 

4.  Ap|>ointiiient ;  a  selecting  and  appointing  ;  as- 
signment ;  as,  the  designation  of  an  officer  to  a  par- 

5.  Import;  distinct  application,  [ticular  coininand. 
finite  anil  Inftnito  are  priin^nly  attributed  In  tiifir  firit  cf<»i;?fux- 

iion  to  UiiiiK«  which  have  parti.  L/tcke. 

DES'IG-NA-TIVE,  a.    Serving  to  designate  or  indi- 
cate. Pritchard, 
DES'IG-NA-TOR,  n.   A  Roman  officer  who  assigned 


DES 

to  each  person  his  rank  and  place  in  public  shows 
and  ceremonies. 

DES'IG-\A-'i'0-RY,  a.    That  which  designates. 

DE-SlGN'£D,(de-sInd'  or  de-zind',)  pp.  or  a.  Marked 
outj  delineated  ;  planned  ;  intended. 

DE-SiGX'LD-LY,  a<Zi-.  By  design;  purposely;  inten- 
tionally ;  opposed  to  accidentally,  ignoraiUiy,  or  inad- 
vertentty. 

DE-SIGN 'ER,  (de-sln'er  or  de-zin'er,)  n.  One  who 
designs,  marks  out,  or  plans ;  one  who  frames  a 
scheme  or  project ;  a  contriver. 

2.  One  who  plots  ;  one  who  lays  a  scheme ;  in  an 
ill  sense. 

DE-SIGN'F{JL-NESS,  n.  Abundance  of  design  [JVot 
use^L]  Barrou). 

DE-SlGN'I.VG,  (de-sin'ing  or  de-zin'ing,) ppr.  Form- 
ing a  design;  planning;  delineating  the  outline; 
drawing  figures  on  a  plane. 

2.  a.  In  an  ill  sense,  artful  ;  insidious;  intriguing; 
contriving  schemes  of  mischief;  hence,  deceitful. 
Desi'sning  men  are  always  liable  to  suspicion. 

DE-SlGN'lNG,  71.    The  art  of  delineating  objects. 

Berkeley. 

DE-SIGX'LESS,  a.  Without  design  or  intention ;  in- 
advertent. 

DE-SIGX'LESS-LY,  ado.    Without  design ;  inadver- 
tently ;  ignorantly. 
DE-SlGN'MEiNT,  71.    Design;  sketch;  delineation. 

Dryden. 

2.  Design  ;  purpose  ;  aim  ;  intent ;  scheme. 
[This  jCL'^d  is  note  little  used.]       [Olonville.  Shak. 
DES^I-.VENfE,  n.    [L.  desino.] 

End  ;  close.  Bp.  Hall. 

DES'!-NE.\T, o.    Ending;  extreme;  lowermost. 
DE-SIF'I-ENT,  a.    [L.  dcsipiens,  dcsipio,  to  dote  ;  de 
and  sapio,  to  be  wise.] 

Trifling  ;  fo(»lish  ;  playful. 
DE-SIR'.VBLE,  a.    [See  Desire.]    Worthy  of  de- 
sire; that  is  to  be  wished  for  with  sincerity  or  earn- 
estness.   .\n  easy  address  is  a  desirable  accomplish- 
ment ;  real  virtue  is  still  more  desirable. 
2.  Pleasing;  agreeable. 

All  ol  them  desirable  young  men.  —  Kzek.  xxiii. 
DE-SIR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  desir- 
able. Ooodnian. 
DE-SiR'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  desirable  manner. 
DE-SIRE',  71.     [Fr.deMr-  It  ■iesio ;  i^p.  dcsco ;  Port. 
dcsrjo  ;  Aim.  dc^ir.    (iu.  W.  iiais.'j 

1.  An  emotion  or  excitement  ot  the  mind,  directed 
to  the  atlainmtmt  or  possession  of  an  object  from 
which  pleasure,  sensual,  intellectual,  or  spiritual,  is 
expected  ;  a  p;i-ssiiin  excited  by  the  love  of  an  object, 
or  uneasiness  at  the  want  of  it,  and  directed  to  its 
attainment  or  possession.  Desire  is  a  wish  to  possess 
some  gratification  or  source  of  happiness  which  is 
supposed  to  be  obtainable.  A  icish  may  exist  for  some- 
thing that  is  or  is  not  obtainable.  Desire,  when  di- 
rected solely  to  sensual  enjoyment,  differs  little  from 
appetite.  In  other  languages,  desire  is  expressed  by 
Umging  or  reaching  towanl,  [Gr.  opt)  w,  L.  apprto,] 
and  when  it  is  ardent  or  intense,  it  approaches  to 
longing;  but  the  word  iu  English  usually  expresses 
less  than  longing. 

We  endeavored  —  to  see  your  f.tc<  with  great  deeirt.  —  1  Thcsa. 
ii. 

Thou  5atisfi'_-st  tlie  desiret  of  every  living  thin^.  —  Ps.  cxIt. 
Desire  in  tliat  internal  act,  which,  by  ioiluencing  Uie  will,  makes 
us  ptticeed  to  .action.  El.  of  Critidtm. 

2.  A  prayer  or  request  to  obtain. 

He  will  fulfill  the  desire  of  them  that  fear  him.  —  Ps.  cxlv. 

3.  The  object  of  desire  ;  that  which  is  desired. 

The  desire  of  all  nations  shall  come.  —  Hag.  ii. 

4.  Love;  aflection. 

llis  rfesire  is  toward  me.  —  Cant.  vii. 
.5.  .Appetite ;  lust. 

Fulfilling  the  desires  ot  the  flesh.  —  Eph.  ii. 
DE-STRE',  r.  t.  [Fr.  desirer:  Arm.  desira  ;  It.  desiare, 
or  de-yirare ;  Sp.dcsear;  Purl,  drsejar ;  supposed  to  be 
contracted  from  I.,  desidero,  from  dr.iido,  to  sink  or 
sellle,  to  want.  The  latter  seems  to  be  the  primary 
sense.] 

1.  '1  o  wish  for  the  possession  and  enjoyment  of, 
with  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  earnestness  ;  to 
covet.  It  expresses  less  strength  of  affection  than 
longing. 

N.'Uher  shall  any  man  desire  thy  land.  —  F.x.  x  xxiv. 
KoUuw  after  charity,  and  desire  spiritual  gilUi.  —  1  Cor.  xW. 

2.  To  express  a  wish  to  obtain  ;  to  ask ;  to  re- 
quest ;  to  petition. 

Tiien  she  said,  Did  I  desire  ft  son  of  my  Lord  t —2  Kings  iv. 

3.  To  require?.    [A"o(m  n.«c]  Spenser. 
DE-SIR'f.'D,  pp.  or  a.    Wished  for ;  coveted  ;  rt^qucst- 

<rd  ;  entreati'd. 
DK-STRE'l.ES.'^,  a.    Free  from  desire.  Donne. 
DE-.<TR'ER,  n.    One  who  desires  or  asks  ;  one  wht. 

wishes. 

DE  SIK'ING,  ppr.    Wishing  for;  coTeting;  asking; 

expressing  a  wish  ;  soliciting. 
DE  STR'OUS,  a.    Wishing  for ;  wishing  to  obtain ; 
coveting ;  solicitous  to  possess  and  enjoy. 
Be  not  desirous  of  his  dainties.  —  Prov,  xxill. 
Jesus  knew  tltcy  wer'  desirous  to  ask  him.  — John  xri. 


FATE,  FAH,  F^LL,  Wll^T  METE,  PRgV  PtNE,  &IARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


ir= 


DES 

DE  Slll  OU!>  l.Y,  alio.  W  illi  ilusiio ;  with  eanit-st 
wishes. 

I)E  SIK'OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  affection  of  be- 
in^  (le.sirous. 

DE  SIST',  V.  i.    [L.  tlesLito  ;  rfcand  sistu,  to  st;incl.] 
'I'o  stop  ;  to  ce.isc  to  act  or  proceed  j  to  forbear  ;  with 

from  ;  as,  he  ticsistcit  from  his  purpose  j  let  us  desist. 
DE-SIST'.VNCE,  n.    A  ceasing  to  act  or  proceed  ;  a 

stoppiiiR:  Boyle. 
DE-SlST'lNd,  ppr.    Ceasing  to  act  or  proceed. 
I)i:  SI"TION,  (de-sish'un,)  n.  [I.,  dcsitus.]  End. 

CE^^ls^i^WE.!  «•  [L-"-"-] 

Kinal ;  coucUisive.    [Obs.]  Wutl.i. 
1)E.-:K,  II.    [U.  dUch,  a  table,  a  dish;  Sax.  disc;  (J. 
tisch :  Dan.  and  Sw.  disk  ;  Kuss.  doska  ;  L.  ducus  : 
Gr.  (JiTKov.    See  DuH.l 

1.  An  inclinins  table  for  the  use  of  writers  and 
readers  ;  usually  niaile  with  a  box  or  drawer  under- 
neath, and  sometimes  with  a  book-c;ifie  above.  Po/ic. 

•J.  Tlie  pulpit  in  a  church,  an<l  fiiruratifcUj,  the 
clerical  profession.  The  luau  appears  well  in  the 
desk,  lie  intends  one  son  for  the  bar,  and  nnollicr 
for  I  be  desk. 

DESK,  r.  t.  Toshut  up  in  a  desk  ;  to  treasure.  J.  IlalU 

l)i;sK'A"D,  (deskt,)  /i/<.    Slnit  up  in  a  desk. 

DI'.SK'I.S'i;,  ppr.    ShultiuK  up  in  a  desk. 

DES'Ml.N'E,  n.  .\  mineral  that  er) stalli7.es  in  little 
sdken  tufts,  which  accomimny  spinellane  in  the  lava 
of  extinct  volcanoes  on  Ihe  banks  of  the  Rhine. 

DES'0-L.'\TE,  u.    [\..  desolatit-t.    .«ee  the  verb.] 

1.  Destitute  or  deprived  of  inhabitants ;  ilesert ; 
uninhabited  ;  denoting  either  stripped  of  inliabitants 
or  in'ver  having  been  inhabited  j  as,  a  desolate  isle  ;  a 
desolate  wilderness. 

1  wilt  n).alw  llic  citk-c  of  Jmlnh  desolate,  witlioilt  oji  iiili-ibiunt. 
— Jir.  ix. 

2.  Ijiiid  waste  ;  in  n  minons  condition  ;  neglected  ; 
destroyed  j  as,  desolate  altars  j  desolate  towers.  Ezek. 
Zepk. 

3.  Solitary  ;  without  a  companion  ;  alDictcd. 
Taiii.ir  p'lii.iiii'^l  tietolalt  in  AIicUoiii'*  iioii*".  —  2  Sam.  xiiL 
Have  Diorcy  oii  me,  for  1  am  ittuutau.  —  Ps.  xxv. 

4.  Deserted  by  God  ;  deprived  of  comfort. 

My  hfnrt  wiliitn  tnc  is  desolate.  —  Pi.  cxtiii. 

DES'O-EaTE,  r.  (.  [L.  de.iolo,  desohtus ;  dc  and  solo, 
to  lay  waste,  solus,  alone  ;  Sp.  desular ;  Fr.  dcsolcr  ; 
It.  desntare.] 

■  1.  To  deprive  of  inhahiuints ;  to  make  desert.  The 
earth  was  nearly  desolated  by  the  flood. 

2.  To  lay  waste  ;  to  ruin  ;  to  ravage  ;  to  destroy 
improvements  or  works  of  art.  An  inundation  r/f,Mi- 
lates  tii  lds.  \Vhole  countries  have  been  desolated  by 
armies. 

DES'0-1,A-TED,  pp.  or  o.  Deprived  of  inhabitants ; 
wasted  ;  ruined. 

DES't).L.\TE-I.Y,  orfr.    In  a  desolate  manner. 

DES'O-LATE-.NESS,  n.    .\  state  of  being  desolate. 

DES'O-La-TEK,  n.  One  who  lays  waste  or  desolates  ; 
that  which  desolates. 

DES'0-La-T1.\G,  ppr.  ox  a.  Depiiving  of  inhabitants  ; 
wasting  ;  ravaging. 

DES-O-La'TION,  n.  The  act  of  desolating  ;  destruc- 
tion or  expiUsion  of  inhabitants;  destruction  ;  ruin; 
waste. 


2.  A  .pl.icc  deprived  of  inhabitants,  or  otherwise 
wasted,  nivaged,  and  ruined. 

How  il  B.ibyloii  AdesotaUon  amon^  the  nations  I  — Jcr.  i. 

3.  A  desolate  slate  ;  gUx-niiness  ;  sadness ;  destitu- 
tion. Skiik.  Thomson, 

The  abomination  of  desolation  ;  Roman  armies  which 
ravaged  and  di*slrt»yed  Jerusalem.    Matt.  xxiv. 
DES'0-l,.\-TO-RV,  a.    Causing  desolation. 
DE-SPA  I II',  n.    [Fr.  desespoir.    See  the  %-erb.] 

1.  llo|H'lessness;  a  liojieless  state  ;  a  destitution  of 
hope  or  expectation. 

We  lire  perplexed,  but  not  in  despair.  —  2  Cor.  ir. 

All  Kilety  in  despair  ol  Mfely  plitCNl.  Denham. 

2.  That  which  causes  despair ;  that  of  which  there 
is  no  hope. 

The  mere  drtprtir  oTtiir^ry  tie  ctirei.  Shak. 

3.  Loss  of  hope  in  the  mercy  of  God.  Sprat. 
DE-SPAIR',  r.  i.    |  Fr.  desesperer  ;  des  and  espercr,  to 

hope  ;  lu  di.-prrare ;  Sp.  desesperar ;  Ann.  dise^peri ; 
from  L.  drspero  ;  dc  anil  .v^irro,  t(»  hope.] 

To  be  without  hope  ;  to  give  up  all  hope  or  expec- 
tation ;  followed  by  of. 

We  denaired  even  o/Iife.  —2  Cor.  1. 

Never  atspair  o/  GoU'i  t>les»ing«  h»'"e,  or  of  hU  rewani  hei^ 
"fi'T.  ir«i«. 

DE-.«PAIR'ER,  n.    One  without  hope.  Dnplen. 
DE-SPAIR-K^L,  o.    Hopeless.  Sidney. 
DE-SP.\1R'ING,  ppr,  or  a.  Giving  up  all  hope  or  expec- 
tation. 

DE-SPA [R'lXG-LY,  adv.  In  a  despairing  manner;  in 
a  manner  indicating  ho|K'lessne,«s  ;  as,  he  speaks  de- 
fpairinglii  of  the  sick  man's  recovery. 

DE-SPAIR'ING-.\ESS,  n.   State  of  being  despairing. 

DES-PATCH'.  SeeDiirATCH. 


DES 

DE-SPEC''l'IO.\,  «.    [L.  drsfiectio.] 

A  looking  down ;  a  despising.    [Little  used.] 

DES-PE-KA'I)(),  n.  [from  desperate.]  A  desperate 
fi^llow  ;  a  furious  man ;  a  madman  ;  a  person  urged 
by  furious  passions;  one  fearless  or  regardless  of 
safety. 

DES'PE-RATE,  a.  [L.  dcsjicratus,  from  despero,  to  de- 
spair.] 

1.  vVithout  hope. 

I  iiin  deepcrale  of  ohl'iinin  J  tier.  S/tnJc, 

2.  Withtitit  regard  to  danger  or  safety  ;  as,  a  despe- 
rate elfort.  Hence, 

.').  Abandoned  to  despair ;  furious;  as,  he  has  be- 
come desperate, 

4.  llopiless  ;  despaired  of;  lost  beyond  hope  of  re- 
covery ;  irretrievable  ;  irrecoverable  ;  forlorn.  W'c 
speak  of  il  desperate  c:isetif  ilisease,  desperate  fortunes, 
a  desperate  situation  or  ctuidition. 

5.  In  a  popular  sense,  great  in  the  extreme ;  as,  a 
desperate  sot  or  fool.  Pope. 

DES'PE-R.\TE-LY,  adv.    In  a  desperate  manner,  as 
in  despair;  hence,  furiously;  with  rage;  madly; 
without  regard  to  danger  or  safety;  as,.tlie  troops 
fought  desperately. 
2.  In  a  popular  sense,  greatly  ;  extremely  ;  vitjiently. 

She  fvll  desperately  in  lure  will)  hiin.  Addison. 

DES'PE-RATE-.NESS,  ii.  Madness  ;  fury  ;  rash  pre- 
cipitance. 

DES-l'E-RA'TlON,  n.  .\  despairing ;  a  giving  up  of 
hope  ;  as,  desperation  of  success.  J/ammond. 

2.  Hopelessness  ;  despair ;  as,  the  men  were  in  a 
state  of  desperation.  Hence, 

3.  Fury  ;  rage  ;  disreg.ird  of  .safety  or  danger;  as, 
the  men  fought  with  desperation ;  they  were  urged  to 
desperation. 

DES'l'l-CA-llLE,  a.  [Low  L.  dcspicabilis,  from  de.i- 
piclo,  to  look  down,  to  despise ;  dc  and  specie,  to 
l(M>k.] 

That  may  be  or  deserves  to  be  despised  ;  contem[)l- 
ible  ;  iiu-aii  ;  vile  ;  worthless  :  opplteable  ci/ually  to  per- 
sons and  thinirs  ;  as,  a  despicable  man  ;  despicable  coin- 
panv  ;  a  despicable  gift. 
DES'PI-C.A-HLE-N'ESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  despicable;  iiieaiiiiess ;  vileiiess;  worttiless- 
ness. 

DES'Pl-CA-HLY,  arfo.  Meanly;  vilely;  contempti- 
blv  ;  as,  despicabht  poor. 

DES-P1"C1E.\-CY,'  (des-pish'cn-sc,)  n.  [L.  despicio.] 
A  looking  down  ;  a  despising,  [/.iltle  used.]  JUedc. 

DE-SI'IS'A-liLE,  o.    Despicable  ;  contemptible. 

DE-SPIS'AL,  Ti.    Contempt.  [Obs.] 

DE-SPISE',  (de-spize',)  r.  t.  [I  tloubt  whether  this 
word  is  formed  from  the  L.  despicio.  In  Sp.  and 
Port,  pisar  is  l{)  tread  down,  and  to  despL-iC.  It  ;ip- 
pears  to  be  of  dillurent  origin  from  despite,  and  to  be 
formed  on  the  riiot  of  the  Spanish  word.  We  pntb.a- 
bly  sec  its  alhiitties  in  Sp.  pisou,  a  rammer,  and  the 
L.  pi.so,  to  stamp,  whence  pi.stiUam,  Eng.  pestle,  pisUm, 
&c.  The  primary  sense,  then,  is,  to  thrust,  drive, 
anil  hence  to  cast  otT  or  tread  ilown,  to  despise.] 

1.  To  contemn  ;  to  scorn  ;  to  disdain;  to  have  the 
lowest  opinion  of. 

Fimli  denj/ise  wisdom  and  liiBtniclion.  —  ProT.  i. 

2.  To  abhor.  Shak. 
DE-SPIS'KD,  pp.  or  a.    Contemned  ;  disdained  ;  ab- 
horred. 

DE-SI'TS'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  despised. 

DE-SPIS'ER,  n.    A  contemner  ;  a  scorner. 

DE-SI'T;*'I.V(!,  ppr.    Contemning;  scorning;  disdain- 

DE-SI'IS'IM;,  h.    Contempt.  [ing. 

DE  sns  l.NG-I.Y,  adv.    With  contempt. 

DE-SPITE',  M.  [  Fr.  depit ;  Norm,  despite  ;  Ann.  desped ; 
It.  despetto,  spite,  malice.  Uu.  from  L.  despeclus,  de- 
spicio.   See  SfiTE.] 

1.  Extreme  malice;  violent  hatred;  m,ilignity  ; 
malice  irritated  or  enraged  ;  active  nualignity  ;  angry 
haired. 

Wiih  «tl  thy  despite  nfainrt  Ihe  land  of  luael.  —  l^lc.  xxv. 
Thou  wretch  !  ae*pte  o'erw  lietin  Uiee.  ^'iioJIc. 

2.  Defiance  with  contempt,  or  triumph  over  oppo- 
sition. He  will  rise  to  fame  in  despite  of  his  enemies. 
[See  Spite.] 

3.  .An  art  of  m-ilice  or  contempt ;  as,  a  desT>ite  to  the 
Most  High.  Milton. 

DE-SPri'E',  r.  t.   To  vex  ;  to  offend ;  to  tease.  Rale-rh. 
DE  SPIT'ED,  pp.    Vexed  ;  offended. 
DE-SPrrE'F},'L,  o.    Full  of  spite ;  malicious  ;  malig- 
nant; as ,  a  despiteful  enemy.  ^'ng  Charles. 
llaten  of  tiod,  desjnte/ul,  proud,  boniterv.  —  Rom.  i. 

DE-SPTTE'FJJULY,  adt>.  With  despite ;  maliciously  ; 
contemptuously. 

FnT  for  ihem  that  despite/ulli/  ute  you.  — Malt.  v. 

DE-SPITE'FUL-NESS,  n.  Malice;  extreme  hatred; 
nialignitv. 

DES-PIT'E-OUS,  o.    Malicious.    [Obs.]  Miltx>rt, 
I)ES.PIT'E-OUS-LY,  o/Zn.  Furiously,  (obs.]  Spenser, 
I)E-.'*Pn"L\G,  p/rr.    Offending;  teasing. 
DE-SPOIL',  <•.  L    [L.  despolio;  de  and  spolio,  to  spoil ; 

Fr.  depouiller;  IL  spofliare;  Sp.  despojar;  Port.  id. 

See  Spoil.] 

1.  To  strip ;  to  take  from  by  force  ;  to  rob ;  to  de- 


DES 

prive  ;  followed  by  "/,•  as,  to  despoil  one  of  arms  ;  to 
despoil  of  honors  ;  to  despoil  of  innocence. 
2.  To  strip  or  (livest  by  any  means.  IVoodward. 
DE-SPOIL' /•-D,  ;>p.    Slri|ii>ed  ;  robbed;  bereaved  ;  de- 
prived. 

DH^SPOIL'EK,  n.  One  who  strips  by  force  ;  a  plun- 
derer. 

DE-SPOIL'ING,  ppr.    Depriving;  stripping;  rolibiiig. 
DE-SPOIL'ME.NT,  n.    Act  of  despoiling;  a  plunder- 
ing. 

DE  SPO-LI-A''J'l().\,  n.  'J  lie  act  of  despoiling  ;  a  strijf- 
piiig. 

DE-SPOXl)',  V.  i,  [\j.  desponden  ;  dc  and  spondeo,  to 
promise  :  litrrally,  In  throw  to  or  forward.] 

1.  'i'o  b<;  cast  down  ;  to  be  depressed  or  dejected 
ill  mind  ;  to  fail  in  spirits. 

1  hIiouUI  drspriir,  or  at  U-iut  despond.  .Scott's  Letters. 

2.  I'o  lose  all  courage,  spirit,  or  resolution  ;  to  sink 
by  loss  of  hope. 

Otheni  (lepr^-8s  tiieir  own  niiiida,  and  despoitd  ut  tiie  Tint  dilli. 
ciilly.  Locke. 

JVote.  —  The  distinction  between  despair  and  de- 
spond is  well  marked  in  the  foregoing  passage  from 
Scott.  Hut  although  despair  implies  a  total  loss  of 
hope,  which  despond  dues  not,  at  least  in  every  case, 
yet  despondency  is  followed  by  the  abandonment  of 
effort,  or  cessation  of  action,  and  despair  sometimes 
impels  to  violent  action,  even  to  rage. 

DE  SPO.N'I)',  n.  Despontlency  ;  as  in  the  phra.se,  the 
Slough  of  Despond.  Bwiynn. 

DE-Sl'l)ND'EN-C'Y,  n.  A  sinking  or  dejictiou  of 
spirits  at  tlie  loss  of  hope  ;  loss  of  courage  at  the 
failure  of  hope,  or  in  di^^p  aflliction,  or  at  the  pros- 
pect of  insiirmountiible  ditficulties. 

DE-SPO.ND'E.\T,  a.  Losing  courage,  at  the  loss  of 
hope;  sinking  into  dejection;  depressed  and  inac- 
ti\i'  in  ilcspajr.  Bentlri/.  Thtniison. 

DH-SI'<).\l)'i:.\T  LV,  adiK    Witliimt  hope.  Barrow. 

DK-PI'O.ND'LK,  n.    One  destitute  of  hope. 

DE-Sl'O.N'D'LNti,  ppr.  or  a.  Losing  courage  to  net,  in 
conseipujnce  of  loss  of  hope,  or  t>f  ileep  calamity,  or 
of  ditliitulties  deemed  insurmountable  ;  sinking  into 
dejection  ;  depressed  in  spirit. 

DE-SPO.\l)'I.\G-LY,  ttdr.  In  a  desponding  manner  ; 
«  itli  dejection  of  spirits  ;  desptiiringly. 

DE  Sl'(  I.N'SATE,  r.  I.    [L.  desponso.] 
To  hetridh.    [.\'ot  in  use.] 

DES-I'O.N-SA'TIO.N,  n.    A  betrothing.    [A'ot  in  use.] 

DES'PfiT,  n.  [(Jr.  (i  irTfyrijj,  a  ma.ster  or  lord  ;  It. 
despoto  i  Vt,  despolc  ;  Sp.  despotn.] 

An  emperor,  king,  or  |)riiice,  iiive.»ti  (I  with  abso- 
lute power,  or  ruling  without  any  control  from  men, 
constitution,  or  laws.  Hence,  in  a  general  sense,  a 
tyrant.  Burke, 

DES-PoT'lC,       I  a.     Absolute  in  power  ;  inde- 

DES-POT'IC-.AL,  (  pendent  of  control  from  men, 
constitution,  or  laws ;  arbitrary  in  the  exercise  of 
power  ;  as,  a  de-^-potic  prince. 

2.  Unlimited  or  iinri  sltaiiied  by  constitution,  laws, 
or  men  ;  absolute  ;  arbitrary  ;  as,  despotic  authority 
or  power.  Mdison,  StcifL 

3.  Tvrannical. 

DES-POt'ie-AL-LY,  adr.  With  unlimited  power  ; 
arbitrarily  ;  in  a  despotic  inaniitT.  Blnekstone. 

DES-POT'IC-AL-NESS,  n.  Absolute  or  arbitrary  au- 
thority. 

I)ES'P(')T-ISM,  71.    [i'p.  drspoli.smo  ;  Fr.  despotisme.] 

1.  Absolute  power;  aiithnrity  iiiiliniited  and  un- 
controlled by  men,  constitution,  or  laws,  and  depend- 
ing alone  on  the  will  of  the  prince  ;  as,  the  despotism 
of  a  Turkish  sultan. 

2.  An  arbitrary  government,  as  that  of  Turkey 
and  Persia. 

DES'PLf-.M ATE,  v.  i.     [L.  de.spumo  ;  de  and  spuma, 
froth  or  scum.] 
To  foam  ;  to  froth  ;  lo  form  froth  or  scum. 
DES-PU-MA'TIO.\,  )i.    The  ai  t  of  tliniwing  off  ex- 
creineiititious  matter  and  forming  a  t'rotli  or  scum  on 
the  surface  of  liiiuor  ;  clarilication  ;  scumming. 

Coze. 

DES-CiU  A-.MA'TIO.\,  n.  [L.  desquamo ;  de  and  squama, 
a  scale.] 

.A  .sealing  or  exfoliation  of  bone  ;  the  separation  of 
the  cuticle  in  small  scales.  Coze. 
DESS,  for  Desk.    [jVot  in  "-•'^.l^    Chaucer.  Spenser, 
DES-SEIIT',  (dez-zert',)  ii.    [Fr.  dessert,  from  desser- 
vir,  to  clear  the  table  ;  de  and  .servir,  to  serve.] 

.A  service  of  fruits  and  sweetmeats,  nt  the  close  of 
an  enti  rt;iinment ;  the  last  course  at  the  table,  after 
the  meat  is  removed.  l>rydeiu 
DES-TEM'PER,  )  j  -  n 

DIS-TE.M'PER,  i        [^'-  ''^'•■""P'-] 

In  paintinfTj  a  sort  of  painting  with  opaque  colors, 
ground  and  diluted  with  w.iter,  glue,  eggs,  fee  Elmeji. 
DES'TI-.N'ATE,  v.  t.    [L.  destinn,  drstinatw  | 

To  design  or  apiMjinL    [Seldom  used.]    ^See  Dn- 

TINE.l 

DES'TI-NATE.a.    Appointed  ;  destined ;  determined. 

Morton, 

DES'TI-NA-TI.N'G,  ppr.    Designing;  appointing. 
DES-TI-.\A'TION,  n.    [L.  desimalio.] 

1.  The  act  of  destining  or  appointing. 

2.  The  purpose  for  which  ony  thing  is  intended  or 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K  ;  G  a3  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  ns  in  THI8. 

"41"^  BB  ^ 


II 


DES 


DET 


DET 


appoiiittMl  ;  eiiil  or  ultimate  design.  Every  animal 
is  fitlf'd  fur  its  drstintitiim. 

3.  Tlie  place  to  which  a  thing  is  ajipointed,  as,  the 
ship  left  tor  her  destination  ;  btil  it  is  more  usual  to 
sa\',  for  the  place  of  lier  destination* 
DES'TINE,  r.  (.  [L,.  dcjitino :  probably  rfc  and  stino, 
or  slano.  There  seems  to  have  been  a  root  of  tliis 
orthography,  different  from  L.  sto,  which  wc  find  in 
obstinate,  obstino,  jtrtsstino,  a;id  in  Kuss.  stanacliju.  is 
to  set  or  place,  Stan  is  stature,  and  we  have  stancliion, 
and  stone.  Sax.  stan,  perha))s  from  the  same  root. 
The  words  beginnins;  with  st,  as  stable,  steady,  stage, 
stand,  signify  to  set,  but  the  ilifl'erence  of  final  artic- 
ulation seems  to  indicate  a  dift'erence  of  roots, 
stab,  stad,  stag,  stan.^ 

1.  To  set,  ordain,  or  appoint  to  a  use,  purpose,  state, 
or  place.  We  destine  a  son  to  the  ministerial  otiice  ; 
a  house  fur  a  place  of  worship;  a  ship  for  the  Lon- 
don trade,  or  to  Lisbon  ;  and  wc  are  all  destined  to  a 
future  state  of  happiness  or  misery. 

2.  To  fix  unalterably,  as  by  a  divine  decree  ;  as, 
the  destined  hour  of  death. 

3.  To  doom ;  to  devote  ;  to  appoint  unalterably. 

Prior. 

DE3'T[N-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Ordained  ;  appointed  by  pre- 
vious determination  ;  devoti'il  ;  fixed  unalterably. 
DES'TIN-LNG, /!/»■.    Ordaining;  appointing. 
DES'TL\-IST,  n.    A  believer  in  destiny. 
DES'TI-NV,  71.    [Fr.  destin  ;  It.  destino  ;  Sp.  id.] 

1.  State  or  condition  appointed  or  predetermined  ; 
ultimate  fate  ;  as,  men  are  solicitous  to  know  their 
future  destiny,  which  is,  however,  hajipily  concealed 
from  them. 

2.  Invincible  necessity  ;  fate  ;  a  necessity  or  fixed 
order  of  things  established  by  a  divine  decree,  or 
by  an  indissoluble  connection  of  causes  and  effects. 

But  wlio  can  turn  the  stream  of  destiny?  Spenser 

Destinies;  the  fates,  or  supposed  powers  which 
preside  over  human  life,  spin  it  out,  and  determine  it ; 
called  by  the  Latins  Pare.cji. 
DES'TI-TUTE,  a.     [L.  dcstitutns,  destitm ;  it  and 
statuo,  to  set.    Literally,  set  from  or  away.] 

1.  Not  having  or  possessing  ;  wanting  ;  as,  desli- 
tiuc  of  virtue,  or  of  piety  ;  destitute  of  food  and  cloth- 
ing. It  differs  from  deprived,  as  it  does  not  necessa- 
rily imply  previous  possession. 

2.  Needy  ;  abject ;  comfortless  ;  friendless. 

He  will  regard  tlie  prayer  of  the  destitute.  —  Ps.  cii. 

DES'TI-TUTE,  ii.  One  who  is  without  friends  or 
comfort. 

DES'TI-TUTE,  f.  t.    To  forsake.    [.Vot  used.] 

Fotherby. 

2.  To  deprive.    [jYot  used.]  Bacon. 

DES-TI-TO'TION,  n.  Want  ;  absence  of  a  thing  ; 
a  state  in  which  something  is  wanted,  or  not  pos- 
sessed ;  poverty.  Hooker.  Taulor. 

DE-STllOY',  V.  t.  [L.  deslrun  ,-  de  and  .struo,  to  pile, 
to  build  ;  Fr.  Uetndre ;  It.  distruggcre  ;  Sp.  and  Tort. 
destruir.    See  S  raucTfnE.] 

L  To  demolish;  to  pull  down;  to  separate  the 
parts  of  an  edifice,  the  union  of  which  is  necessary 
to  constitute  the  thing  ;  as,  to  destroy  a  house  or  tem- 
ple ;  to  dejitroy  a  fortification. 

2.  To  ruin  ;  to  annihilate  a  thing  by  demolishing 
or  by  burning  ;  as,  to  destroy  a  city. 

3.  'l"o  ruin  ;  to  bring  to  naught ;  to  annihilate  ;  as, 
to  destroy  a  theory  or  scheme  ;  to  destroy  a  govern- 
ment ;  to  destroy  influence. 

4.  'J'o  lay  waste  ;  to  make  desolate. 

(jo  lip  a^aiiut  this  IliikI,  and  destroy  it.  — Is.  xxxvi. 

5.  'I"o  kill ,  to  slay  ;  to  extirpate  ;  ajipUed  to  men  or 
other  animals. 

Ye  Bhall  dettroy  all  this  people. —  Num.  xxxii. 
All  the  wicked  will  he  deslroij.  —  Pit.  cxlv. 

C.  Totiikcaway  ;  to  cause  to  cease  ;  to  put  an  end 
to  ;  as,  pain  destroys  happint-ss. 

That  the  body  of  sin  mi^ht  be  dettroijed,  —  Rom.  vi. 

7.  To  kill ;  to  eat  ;  to  devour;  to  consume.  Birds 
destroy  insects.    Hawks  destroy  chickens. 

8  In  general,  \.n  put  an  <  nd  to;  to  annihilate  a 
thing,  or  the  form  in  which  it  exi.sts.  An  army  is 
destroyed  by  slatighter,  capture,  or  dispersion  ;  a 
forest,  by  the  ax,  or  by  fire  ,  towns,  by  fire,  or  inun- 
d.ition,  &c. 

9.  In  ehemistry,  to  resolve  a  body  into  its  parts  or 
elements. 

DE-STROY'.\-I!LE,  a.    That  may  be  destroyed. 

PUnlK  KCarcly  i/riro-oi/a/i/e  by  the  weath-T.  fitrrltnm. 
[f.iUtr.  used.] 

DE  STKOV'/;n,  pp.      Di  rnnlisbed  ;   i)u!led   down  ; 

ruined  ;  anmhilafi  d  ;  drvonred  ;  swept  away,  &.C. 
DE  S  TUOV'EH,  n.    One  who  di  vtroy9,or  lays  wasti- ; 

one  who  kills  a  man,  or  an  animal,  or  who  ruins  a 

country,  cities,  ice, 
DE-STllOV'I ppr.  or  a.     Demolishing  ;  l.iying 

waHti>  ;  killing  ;  annihilating  ;  putting  an  end  to. 
DE-STROY'l.Vf;,  n.    I)e»truclion.  Mdton. 
DE  STK1.'(;T',  for  DKiTimr,  i»  not  used. 
DE-STllUCT-l-llIL'I  'I'Y,  ji.    The  quality  of  being 

cupuble  of  dcHtriiction.  ' 


DE-STRUeT'I-BLE,  a.    [L.  destruo,  destruetuin.] 

Liable  to  destriii^tion  ;  capable  of^  being  destroyed. 
DE-STRUCT'I-BLE-NESS,  ji.  The  state  of  being  de- 
structible.' 

DE-STRUe'TION,  n.  [L.  destructin.  See  Destroy.] 
1.  The  act  of  destroying;  demolition;  a  pulling 
down  ;  subversitm  ;  ruin,  by  whatever  means  ;  as, 
the  destruetion  of  builtlings,  or  of  towns.  Destruc- 
tion consists  in  the  annihilation  of  the  form  of  any 
thing,  that  form  of  parts  which  constitutes  it  what  it 
is  ;  as,  the  destruetion  of  grass  or  herbage  by  eating ; 
of  a  forest,  by  cutting  down  the  trees  ;  or  it  denotes 
a  total  annihilation  ;  as,  the  destruetion  of  a  particu- 
lar government ;  the  (ir.<(r«c(iu«  of  happiness. 
,  2.  Death;  murder;  slaughter;  nuissacre. 

There  was  a  deadly  destruction  Uiroughout  all  the  city.  —  1 
Sam.  V. 

3.  Ruin. 

Destruction  .and  miser)'  are  in  Uieir  ways.  —  Rom.  iiu 

4.  Eternal  death. 

Broad  is  the  way  that  learletli  to  fieslruction.  —  Matt.  vii. 

5.  Cause  of  destruction  ;  a  consuming  plague  ;  a 
destroyer. 

The  destruction  that  wasteth  at  noonday.  —  Ps.  xci. 

DE-STRUe'TION-IST,  n.  One  in  favor  of  destroy- 
ing 

DE-STRU€T'IVE,  a.  Causing  destruction  ;  ha-ving 
the  quality  of  destroying  ;  ruinous  ;  mischievous  ; 
pernicious;  with  o/ or  to;  as,  a  destruetire  fire  or 
famine.  Intemperance  is  destructive  of  health  ;  evil 
examples  are  destructive  to  the  morals  of  youth. 
Destructive  distillation.    See  Distillation. 

DE-STRUeT'IVE-LY,arfi!.  With  desti'uctiim  ;  ruin- 
ously ;  mischievously  ;  with  power  to  destroy  ;  as, 
destructivehi  lev/d  t>r  intempertite. 

DE-STRUe  r'!VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  destroy- 
ing or  ruining. 

DE-STRUGT'OE,  n.  [L.l  A  destroyer;  a  consumer. 
[Obs.] 

DES-IJ-Da'TION,  n.  [L.  dcsudo ;  de  and  sudo,  to 
sweat.] 

A  sweating;  a  profuse  or  morbid  sweating,  suc- 
ceeded by  an  eruption  of  pustules,  called  keat-pimples. 

Core.    En  eye. 

DES'UE-TUDE,  (des'we-tiide,)  71.  [L.  rfe.-KrtH(/n,  "from 
desucsco  ;  de  and  sue^co,  lo  accustom  one's  self.] 

The  cessation  of  use  ;  disuse  ;  discontinuance  of 
practice,  custom,  or  fashion.  Habit  is  contracted  b)' 
practice,  and  lost  by  desuetude;  words  in  every  lan- 
Eiiage  are  lost  hv  desuetude. 

DE  SUL'PllU-RATE,  v.  t.  [de  and  sulphurate,  or  sul- 
phur.] 

To  deprive  of  sulphur.  Chemi-itry. 
DE-SUL'PIIU-Ra-TEI),  /)/).    Deprived  of  sulphur." 
DE-SUL'rilU-RA-TI.\(;,;.;)r.    Depriving  of  siilidiur. 
DE-SUL-PIHJ-Ra'TIO.\,  n.    The  act  or  operation  of 

depriving  of  siilpliur. 
DES'UL-TO-RI-LY,  adr.     [See  Desultory.]     In  a 

desultttry  maTiiu  r:  witiiout  method;  loosely. 
DES'UL-TO-RL.M'.SS,  H.    A  desultory  manner;  nn- 

connecteduess ;  a  passing  from  one  thing  to  another 

witiiout  order  tir  method. 
DES-UL-To'RI-OIJS,  e.    Dosultorv.  Barroto. 
DES'UL-'JX)-RY,  a.    [L.  dcsultorius,  from  desilio ;  de 

and  stdio,  to  leap.] 

1.  Leapirtg;  passing  from  one  thing  or  subject  to 
another,  without  order  or  natural  connection  ;  un- 
connected ;  immetliodical ;  as,  a  desultory  conver- 
sation. 

2.  Coming  suddenly ;  started  at  the  moment ;  not 
proceeding  from  natural  order  or  connection  with 
what  precedes  ;  as,  a  desultory  thouglit. 

DE-Su.ME',  )'.  t.    [L.  desumo.] 

'i'o  take  from  ;  to  liorrow.    [A^'ot  in  use.]  JIale. 
DE-TACir,  V.  t.    [Fr.  detacher;  Arm.  di.-.tagai  Sp. 

and  I'ort.  destacar;  It.  staexare;  de  and  the  rottt  tif 

Eng.  tack.    See  ATi;Ai:H.] 

1.  To  separate  or  disiiniti^ ;  to  disengage  ;  to  part 
from  ;  as,  to  dr.taclirthv,  coats  of  a  bulbous  root  from 
each  other ;  to  detaeli  a  nuin  from  the  interest  of  tlie 
minister,  or  from  a  party. 

2.  'I'o  separate  men  from  their  companies  or  regi- 
ments ;  to  draw  from  companies  or  rc  giini:nts,  as  a 
party  of  men,  ami  si  nil  them  on  a  particular  service. 

3.  To  si  li  cl  ships  from  a  (li'el,  and  seuil  them  on 
a  separate  ser\'ice. 

DE-T.\Cir/:i),  (de-taclit',)  pp.  Separated;  parted 
from  ;  disiiuilrd  ;  drawn  and  sent  <m  a  separate 
service. 

2.  a.  Separate  ;  as,  detached  parcels  or  portions. 

DE-TACII'l.\(;,;</ir.  .'^eiKiiating  ;  parting  from  ;  draw- 
ing and  sending  on  a  separate  i'm|ilovuieiit. 

I)E-TA(;ir.MH.\  T,  n.  The  act  of  dtitaching  or  sep- 
arating. 

2.  A  body  of  troops,  selected  or  taken  from  the 
main  ariii\-,  and  i  niploycd  on  some  special  service  or 
cxpialilion. 

3.  A  number  of  ships,  taken  from  a  fleet,  and  sent 
on  a  separate  scrvit-e. 

DE-TAIL',  r.  I.  [Fr.  delailler,  to  cut  in  pieces  ;  de  and 
laiUer,  lo  cut,  Sp.  tailor.  It.  tagltare.'J 

I.  To  reliitt!,  report,  or  nairatc,  in  particulars;  to 


recite  the  particulars  of;  to  particularize;  to  relate 
minutely  and  ilistinctly  ;  as,  he  detailed  all  the  facts 
in  due  order. 

2.  To  select,  as  an  officer  or  soldier  from  a  divis- 
ion, brigade,  regiment,  or  battalion. 

Laio  of  jMassachusctt-i. 
DE  TAIL',  71.  [Fr.]  /.KtraZ/j/,  a  cutting  ofl' into  parts 
or  portions,  and  hence  the  parts  or  jiortioiis  them- 
selves ;  as,  the  details  of  a  scheme  ;  tlie  details  of  a 
work  in  the  fine  arts,  as  distinguished  from  the 
whole  mass.  • 

2.  In  military  affairs,  a  selecting  of  certain  individ- 
uals or  bodies  of  men  for  a  particular  ser%'ice. 

3.  A  minulo  and  iiarlicular  narration,  dwelling  on 
the  distinct  parts  of  a  subject. 

DE-TAIL'EU,  /);).  or  ii.  Related  in  particulars  ;  minute- 
ly recited  ;  selected. 

DE-TaIL'ER,  «.    One  who  details. 

DE-TaIL'INC,  ppr.  Relating  minutely;  telling  the 
2.  Selecting  stddiers  for  some  service,  [particulars. 

DE-Ta1N',  v.  t.  [L.  detineo;  de  and  tenco,  to  hold; 
Fr.  detenir ;  Sp.  dcteuer.    See  Te.nant.] 

1.  To  keep  back  or  from  ;  to  withhold  ;  to  keep 
what  lielongs  to  another.  Detain  not  the  wages  of 
the  hireling.  Taylor. 

2.  To  keep  or  restrain  from  proceeding,  either  going 
or  coming ;  to  stay  or  stop.  We  were  detained  by  the 
rain. 

Let  us  detain  thee,  till  we  have  made  ready  a  kid.  —  Judges  xiii. 

3.  To  hold  in  custody.  Blackstone. 
DE-TAIN'DER,  ii.    A  writ.    [Sec  Detinue.] 
DE-TAIN'f:i),  pp.    Withheld;  kept  back;  prevented 

frimi  going  or  coming;  held;  restrained. 
DE-TaIN'ER,  7!.    One  who  withholds  what  belongs 
to  another ;  one  who  detains,  stops,  or  prevents  from 
going. 

•2.  In  lain,  a  holiling  or  keeping  possession  of  what 
beltings  to  another ;  detention  of  what  is  another's, 
though  tlie  original  taking  may  be  lawful.  Blackslone. 

DE-TAIN'ING,  ppr.  Witiiholding  wliat  belongs  to 
another;  holding  back  ;  restraining  from  going  or 
coming;  holding  in  custody. 

DE-TaIN'iMENT,  71.  Tlie  act  of  detaining  ;  deten- 
tion. Blackstone. 

DE-TECT',  71.  (.  [L.  detego,  delectus;  de  and  tego,  to 
cover,  W.  toi.  Eng.  to  deck,  which  see.] 

Literally,  to  uncover ;  hence,  to  discover ;  to  find 
out ;  to  bring  to  light ;  as,  to  detect  the  ramifications 
and  inosculations  of  the  fine  vessels.  But  this  word 
is  especially  applied  to  the  discovery  of  secret  crimes 
and  artifices  ;  we  detect  a  thief,  or  the  crime  of  steal- 
ing; we  delect  the  artifices  of  the  man,  or  the  man 
himself ;  we  detect  what  is  concealed,  especially  what 
is  coiH'traled  by  design. 

DE-TEeT'ElJ,p/).  or  «.  Discovered;  found  out;  laid 
open  ;  broil  !;ht  to  light. 

DE-TECT'ER,  7!.  .\  discoverer;  one  who  finds  out 
what  another  attempts  to  conceal. 

DE-TECT'ING, iipr.    Discovering;  finding  out. 

DE-TEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  detecting  ;  discovery 
of  a  persi7n  or  thing  attempted  to  be  concealed  ;  as, 
the  detection  of  a  thief  or  biirglarian  :  the  detection 
of  fraud  or  forgery  ;  the  detection  of  artifice,  device, 
or  a  plut. 

2.  Discovery  of  any  thing  before  hidden  or  un- 
known. 

The  sea  and  rivers  arc  insfiumental  to  the  detection  of  amber 
and  other  fossils,  by  washing  away  the  earth  that  con. 
cealed  tiiem.  M'oo-lifard. 

DE-TE.N'E-BRATE,  v.  t.    JL.  de  and  tenebra:.] 

To  remove  darkness     [J^'ot  in  use.]  Broicn. 
DE-TKNT',  71.    [L.dctentus;  I'r.  detente.] 

A  stop  in  a  clock,  which,  by  being  lifted  up  or  let 
down,  locks  and  unlocks  the  clock  in  striking.  F.nciie. 
DE-TEiN'TION,  h*  [See  Detain.]  The  act  of  de- 
taining; a  withholding  from  another  his  riglit ;  a 
keeping  what  belongs  to  another,  and  ought  to  be  re- 
stored. Blackslone. 

2.  Coufiiieuient ;  restr.iint ;  as,  rfcfcwrioii  in  custody. 

3.  Dilav  IVoui  necessity;  a  detaining;  as,  the  de- 
tention of  the  mail  by  bad  roads. 

DE-TEK',  r.  t.    [L.  dtlerreo  ;  dennA  terrra,  to  friizhten.] 

1.  To  discourage  and  stop  by  fear  ;  to  stop  or  pre- 
vent I'loiii  acting  or  proceeding,  by  daiigi-r,  difiiciilty, 
or  oilii  r  Cdiisidi'niliiiii,  which  disheartens  or  counter- 
vails tlie  iiiuiive  fur  an  act.  We  are  often  deterred 
from  our  duly  by  trivial  dilliciilties  ;  the  stale  of  the 
road  or  a  cloudy  sky  may  deter  a  man  from  undertak- 
ing a  journey. 

A  liiilliiin  of  fnuttrritoil  hopes  will  not  f/*ler  ua  fruin  new  exiieri. 
mi  nla.  J.  jl/.  Masun, 

2.  To  prevent  by  prohibition  or  danger.  JMilford. 
DE-TER6E',  (de-te"rj',)  v.  t.  [L.  de.lergo  ;  de  and  tergo, 

to  wipe  or  scour.] 

To  cli^nnsi- ;  to  purge  nway  foul  or  ofl'ending  m.it- 
ter  lYom  the  biid\ ,  or  IVom  an  ulcer.  IViseman. 

DE-TEIit'i'A.'l),  w".    Clcausrd;  purged. 

DE-TEItr.'E.VT,  rt.    Cleansing;  purging. 

I)E-TEIU';'Ei\T,  H.  A  medicine  that  bus  the  power 
of  cleansing  the  vesselsor  skin  from  oll'eiidiug  matter. 

DE-TERCi'IN(;,/i/>r.   Cleansing;  carrying  off  obstruc- 
tions or  fiiiil  inalter. 
2.  a.  Having  the  quality  of  cleansing. 


FATE,  PAR,  PALI-,  WH*T  METE,  PltBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIllD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


»i6 


DET 


DET 


DEU 


UE-Til'Rl-O-USTK,  I',  i.  [Vt.  deteriurcr ;  ll.  drtcrio- 
rare  Sp.  ilrtrrioriiry  (utm  flftcrior^  wiirso,  L.  drterior,] 
To  Kf'xv  wiiisc  ;  to  he  iiiipairvU  in  (iiiality  ;  lo  de- 
Ci'ncnitf  ;  opposcil  to  mdiurate. 

UK'I'K'lll-O-ltA'I'i;,  V.  t.  To  make  worse  ;  to  reduce 
ill  i)u;ility  ;  as,  to  deteriorate  a  race  of  men,  or  llieir 
coiiilitn.li.  llmjley.  Palnj. 

OKTic  RI-O-RS-TED,  pp.  Made  worse;  impaired 
ill  (|ii:ililv. 

iJlv'I'K'KI-O-RA-TINO,  ppr.  Becoiiiing  worse  or  in- 
tVrior  ill  qiialilv. 

Di:-TI-;-l{|-()-llA'TIO.\,  n.  A  growing  or  making 
worse  ;  tlie  state  of  growing  worse. 

DE-'l"i:-RI-OU'l-TY,  H.  Worse  state  or  quality;  as, 
drirrinrilii  of  diet.  Ran. 

DIvTEU'ME.N'I',  II.  [See  Dkteii.]  The  act  of  deter- 
ring ;  the  cause  of  deterring  ;  that  which  deters. 

DI:  T1;U.M'I.\  A-nLK,  a,    [See  Detkrmi ne.]  [RnyU. 
1.  Tliat  may  he  decided  with  certainty.  Uorjlt. 
Q.  That  may  end  or  lie  determined. 

DK-TEK.MM.S'-ATB,  u.    [I,,  dclrrminatus.'] 

1.  Limited;  tixed ;  definite;  as,  u  determinate 
qiiaiitily  ol  matter. 

'J.  Estalilislied  ;  settled;  positive;  as, a  Jc(cnni|iatc 
rule  or  order. 

The  determinate  counsel  of  God.  —  Acts  ii. 

3.  Decisive  ;  conclusive  ;  as,  a  determinate  resolu- 
tion or  jinlgmenL 

4.  Resolved  on.  S/tak, 

5.  Fived  ;  resolute.  Sidnni. 
Dr.-TKRM'I.\-.\TE,  r.  (.  To  limit-    [Aut  itsifJ.]  [See 

Detkkmi  sr..] 
DE-TEIl.M'l.\-ATE  LY,  adv.    With  certainty. 

Tlw  priiicintt's  of  n-Iirioii  are  detentutuUcly  iruc  or  fil^. 

TilloUait. 

2.  Resohitelv  ;  witli  fixed  resolve.  Sidnrii. 
DE-TERM'I.N  .XTE  NKSS,  ;i.    The  state  of  being  de- 

trriiiinate,  certain,  or  precise. 
I)E-'l'ER.M-l.\'-.\'TION,  11.   The  actof  determining  or 
deciding. " 

2.  Decision  of  a  question  in  the  mind  ;  firm  reso- 
lution ;  settled  piir|Hise  ;  as,  tlie^  have  acquainted  me 
Willi  their  determination, 

3.  Judicial  decision  ,  the  ending  of  a  controversy. 

4.  Strong  direction  to  a  given  point;  as,  a  determ- 
malion  of  blood  lo  tile  head. 

5.  Absolute  direction  lo  a  certain  end. 

R*>mi*»ncils  cin  by  no  inrans  consMl  willi  n  conslnnl  detentuna^ 
txon  of  t)ic  will  lo  die  ^Mtf»t  iipp.ip-nt  ^uo.l.  Locke. 

6.  An  ending  ;  a  putting  an  end  to ;  as,  the  dcler- 
minatiim  of  a  wilt.  Blacli.-ilone, 

7.  In  phijsicid  science,  the  referrins  of  minerals, 
plants,  &c.,to  the  species  to  which  lliey  belong  ;  as, 
I  am  indebted  to  a  friend  for  the  dclerniiimtion  of  the 
m'e.'iti  r  part  of  these  shells.  Liiell. 

DE-TI:R.M'I.\-A-TIVE,  That  uncontrollably  di- 
rixts  to  a  certain  end. 

TEir  ileUriruntUiM  power  of  a  Jtiit  cuise.  Bmnihatt. 

2.  Limiting;  that  limits  or  bounds;  as,  a  word 
may  \u-  determinnlkrr,  and  limit  the  subject.  1Vatt.i. 

3.  That  is  employed  in  determining;  as,  determin- 
atioe  tables  in  the  natiind  sciences,  i.  e.,  tables  ar- 
ranged for  determining  the  specific  character  of  min- 
erals, plants,  &.C,  and  assigning  them  their  names. 

Dana, 

DE-TERM'IX-.X-TOR,  n.    One  who  determines. 

DE-TKR.M'I.\E,  c.  t.  [L.  delrrmino:  de  and  termino, 
to  bnund  ;  terminus,  a  boundary  or  liiiiit ;  W.  tcmjn, 
an  extremity  or  limit;  trrc,  outward,  extreme;  (rr- 
nmu,  lo  fix  a  bound,  lo  limit,  to  determine  ;  term,  a 
term,  extreme  point ;  tenniaic,  lo  limit ;  Ir.  tcora,  a 
border  or  limit ;  (ir.  rom  i,  r  n/i'io'.    See  Term.] 

1.  To  end  ;  particularly,  to  end  by  the  decision  or 
conclusiim  of  a  cause,  or  of  a  doubtful  or  contro- 
verted point ;  applicable  to  the  decisions  of  the  mind, 
or  to  juilicial  decisions.  We  s;iy,  I  li.id  determined 
this  ipiestiiin  in  my  own  mind  ;  the  court  lias  deter- 
mined the  cause. 

3.  To  end  and  fix;  to  settle  ultimately;  as,  this 
event  determine-l  his  fate. 

3.  To  fix  on  ;  to  settle  or  establish  ;  as,  lo  deter- 
mine the  proper  season  for  planting  seeds. 

GoA  — haOi  determintd  (ji-  t:i.i'-»  NYorc  appoiiiletl.  —  Act*  xril. 

4.  To  end  ;  to  limit :  to  bound  ;  to  confine.  Yon- 
der hill  determines  our  view.  Knowledge  is  determined 
by  the  sight.  Bacon. 

5.  To  givi'  a  diirclion  to  ;  to  influence  the  choice  ; 
that  is,  to  linul  to  a  particular  purpose  or  direction  ; 
as,  this  rircninsumce  drtrrminni  him  to  the  study  of 
law.  Also,  to  give  a  direction  to  maleri:il  bodies  in 
their  course  ;  us,  impulse  may  detemune  a  moving 
body  to  this  or  that  point. 

(b.  To  resolve  ;  that  is,  to  end  or  settle  a  point  in 
the  mind,  as  in  definition  first. 

I  dturminetl  Uitt  Willi  myself.  —  Q  Cor.  ii. 

PjuI  hid  tUlermiiml  lo  sail  bT  Kptiesua.  —  Acu  xx. 

7.  To  destroy.    [Aof  used.]  Shak. 

8.  To  put  an  end  to ;  as,  to  determine  n  will. 

Btac/citone. 

9  To  settle  or  ascertain,  as  something  uncertain. 
The  clvmOer  of  ihe  soul  is  detenmned  by  ihe  ch  irmrter  of  lis 
J.  Ulu-ardi. 


DE-TER.M'I.NE,  v.  i.  To  resolve;  to  conclude:  to 
come  to  a  decision. 

ile  shiill  p:iy  as  llie  \m\gi^  determine.— fit.  xxi. 
It  is  iiiilirlen-nl  liow  Ihe  learneii  stkoll  datertntite  coneenilTi:;  this 
niiillcT.  Aiwn. 

9.  To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  terminate.  The  danger 
determined  by  the  death  of  the  conspirators.  Revo- 
lutions often  determiiie  in  si  lting  up  tyranny  at  home, 
or  in  conquest  from  abroad. 

Some  csuitcs  inuy  deteriniite  on  fiilure  coiiuii^iicies. 

Illacketone. 

DE-TERM'rN-ra,pp.  Ended  ;  concluded  ;  decided  ; 
limited  ;  fixed  ;  settled  ;  resolved  ;  directed. 

2.  a.  Having  a  firm  or  fixed  purpose,  as  a  deter- 
mined man  ;  or  manifesting  a  firm  resolution,  as  a  de- 
termined countenance. 

DE-TI".RM'I.N-i;i)-LV,  adi:   In  a  determined  manner. 
DE-TEU.M'IN-ER,  ;i.    One  who  decides  or  determ- 
ines. 

DE-TERM'IN-ING,  p;n-.    Ending;  deciding;  fixing; 

settling;  resolving;  limiting;  directing. 
DE-TER-R.\'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  *  and  frrrn,  earth.] 

The  uncovering  of  any  thing  which  is  buried  or 
covered  with  earth  ;  a  taking  from  out  of  the  earth. 

tVoodward. 

DE-TER'R^TD,  pp.  [See  Deter.]  Discouraged  or 
prevented  from  proceeding  or  acting,  by  fear,  diHi- 
culty,  or  danger. 

DE-TEIl'RI.\(;,  ppr.  Discouracing  or  influencing  not 
to  proceed  or  act,  by  fear,  diiriciilly,  danger,  or  pros- 
peel  of  evil. 

3.  a.  Discouraging  ;  frightening.  A-A. 
DIv-TEK'SION,  (-shun,)  ii.  [  L.  delcrsus,  detergo.  See 

Deterce.] 

The  act  of  cleansing,  as  a  sore.  Wiseman. 
DE-TER'SIVE,  a.    [ll.  dctcrsico;  Fr.  detersif.  See 
Deteroe.] 

Cleansing  ;  having  power  to  cleanse  from  offend- 
ing matter. 

DE-TER'SIVE,  n.  A  medicine  which  has  the  power 
of  cleansing  ulcers,  or  carrying  off  foul  matter. 

DE-TEST',  i:  t.  [L.  dete.-itor ;  dc  and  (c.vfor,  to  affirm 
or  beiir  witness;  It.  dctcstare ;  Sp.  detcstar ;  Er. 
dcte.-itcr.  'I'he  primary  sense  of  testor  is  to  set,  throw, 
or  thrust.    To  detest  is  to  thrust  away.] 

To  abhor ;  lo  abominate ;  to  h:ite  extremely ;  as, 
lo  drfr.^t  crimes  or  meanness. 

DE-TEST'.\-liLE,  a.  Extremely  liateful ;  abomina- 
ble; very  odious  ;  deserving  abhorrence. 

Thou  h:ist  defiled  my  sanctuary  witJi  all  tliy  deteitfihle  tilings.  — 
Kiek.  V. 

DE-TEST' A-I!I,E-NESS,  n.    Extreme  h.itefulness. 
DE-TEST'A-I!LV,  ado.    Very  hatefully  ;  abominably. 
DET-ES-T.A'T10.\,n.   Extreme  hatred  :  nbhorrenre  ; 

with  of.    The  good  man  entertains  uniformly  a  dct- 

e.-itation  of  sin. 

DE-TE.ST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Hated  extremely  ;  abhorred. 
DE-TEST'ER,  ii.    One  who  abhors. 
DE-TEST'I.Mi,  pjir.    Hating  extremely;  abhorring; 
alioiiiiiialiiig. 

DE-TIIRo.N'E',  r.  f.  [Fr.  (/«(ra«<T  ;  Sp.  i/f,«(ro;iar;  It. 
stronnre;  de  and  tJtrone,  L.  t/lronus.] 

1.  To  remove  or  drive  from  a  throne  ;  to  depose  ; 
to  divest Xif  royal  aulbority  and  iliL'iiily. 

2.  To  divest  of  rule  or  power,  or  of  supreme 
power. 

The  Prolccuir  w.ia  dethroned.  Iliune. 

DE-TIIRON'^D,  pp.  or  a.  Removed  from  a  throne  ; 
deposed. 

DE-rilRo.\E'ME.\T,  n.  Removal  from  a  throne; 
de|Kisitiiin  of  a  king,  einpenir,  or  prince. 

Dl-VrilRfS.N'ER,  II.    One  who  delliroiies. 

DE-TIIRo.\'I.M;,  ppr.  Driving  from  a  throne;  de- 
priviiii:  of  renal  power. 

Dl'.-TIIR().N''rZE,  r.  (.    Tonnthrime.  Cot'jrare. 

DET'l-.N'C'E,  n.  [  I'r.  drlrnu,  delained  ;  delmir,  to  detain.] 
Litfrnthi,  a  person  or  tiling  detained. 
Ill  Into,  a  wrd  of  detinue  is  one  that  lies  against 
him  who  wrongfully  detiuns  goods  or  chattels  ileliv- 
ered  to  him,  or  in  his  po.sse.ssion.  This  writ  lies  for 
n  thing  certain  and  valuable,  as  for  a  horse,  cow, 
sheep,  plati-,  cloth,  ice,  to  recover  the  thing  itself,  or 
d.'images  fur  the  detainer.  Blackslnne. 

DET'0-.\  ATE,  0.  (,  [L.  delono ;  de  and  fuiiw,  lo  thun- 
der.] 

In  cAcnii.«fry,  to  cause  to  explode;  to  burn  or  in- 
flame with  n  sudden  re|)orL 

DI'.T'O-.VATE,  r.  i.  To  explode  ;  lo  burn  with  a  sud- 
den report.    .N'iter  detonates  with  sulphur. 

DET'0-.\A-TED,  pp.  Expbided  ;  burnt  with  explo- 
sion. 

DET'O-.N'A-TIN'O,  ppr.  or  o.  Exploding;  inflaming 
with  n  sudden  re|Hirt. 

DET-0-NA'T10.\,  II.  .\n  explosion  or  sudden  report 
m.-iile  by  the  inflammation  of  certain  combustible 
bodies,  .as  fulminating  gold.  Detonation  is  not  de- 
crepitation. 

DET-0-.M-7.A'TI0N,  n.    The  act  of  exploding,  as 

certain  combustible  bodies. 
DET'O  NIZE,  r.  t     [See  Deto:«»te.]    To  cause  to 

explmie  ;  to  burn  with  an  explosion  ;  to  calcine  with 

detonation. 


DET'O-NIZE,  v.  i.  To  explode  ;  to  burn  with  a  »u(>- 
deii  report. 

This  precipitate —  detonixe*  v>ltli  a  considerable  noise. 

Fkjurertry 

DET'O-NIZ-JvD,  pp.  Exploded,  as  a  combustible 
body. 

DET'l)-NIZ-l.\G,  ppr.  Exploding  with  a  sudden 
ri'iHirt. 

DE-TOKT',  J).  L  [L.  dctortus,  of  detorqueo!  de  and 
tori/nco,  to  twist.) 

To  twist ;  to  wrest ;  to  pervert ;  to  turn  from  the 
oriainal  or  plain  meaning.  Dryden. 

DE-TOKT'EI),  pp.    Twisted;  wrested  ;  perverted. 

DE-TORT'LN'C,  ppr.    Wresting;  perverting. 

I)E-'1'()R'TI0.\,  Ji.  :\  turning  or  wresting;  per- 
version. 

I)F>TOUR',  (da-toor',)  n.  [t"r.]  .\  turning;  a  cir- 
cuitous way. 

DE-TRAGT',  u.  f.  [L.  delrnetum  ;  del  recto  :  detrahoi 
de  and  trafio,  to  draw  ;  Sp.  drtractar ;  ly.  dctrarre  i 
Fr.  detrneter.    See  Duaw  and  Dbii;.]  j 

1.  Lileralhj,  to  draw  from.    Hence,  to  lake  away 
from  reiiiilation  or  merit,  Iliroiigli  envy,  malice,  or  I 
other  motive  ;  hence,  to  detract  from,  is  to  lessen  or 
depreciate  reputation  or  worth  ;  to  derogate  from. 

Never  cireulatc  n-porls  lli;it  detract  from  the  reputation  or  honor 
of  your  neighbor,  witliuut  obvioiu  necessity  to  justify  the 
act.  Anon. 

2.  To  take  a«  ay  ;  to  withdraw,  in  a  literal  sense. 

IVotton.  Boyle. 
DE-TRAeT'I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Taking  away  ;  dero- 
gating. 

DE-TRACT'IXO-LY,  ndr.    In  a  detracting  manner. 

DE-TRAC'TIO.N',  n.    [L.  detractio.] 

The  act  of  taking  something  from  the  repiit.ition 
or  Worth  of  another,  with  the  view  to  lessen  him  in 
esliiiiation  ;  censure;  a  lessening  of  worth;  the  act 
of  depreciating  aiiotlier,  from  envy  or  malice.  De- 
traction may  consist  in  representing  merit  .as  less  than 
it  really  is;  or  in  the  imputation  of  faults,  vices,  or 
crimes,  which  impair  reptitiition  ;  and  if  such  impu- 
tation is  false,  it  is  slander,  or  defain.ation. 

DE-TRAC'TIOUS,  (-slius,)  a.  Containing  detraction  ; 
lessening  reput:ition.    [A'ot  in  lue.] 

DE-TRACT'IVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  or  tendency 
to  lessen  the  worth  or  esliiiiation. 

DE-TRAeX'OR,  n.  One  who  takes  away  or  impairs 
the  reputation  of  another  injuriously  ;  one  who  at- 
tempts to  lessen  the  worth  or  honor  of  another. 

DE  TUAeT'O-RY,  a.  Derogatory  ;  defamatory  by 
denial  of  desert ;  with  from.        .Johnson.  Boole. 

DE-TRACT'RESS,  H.    A  female  detractor;  a  censo- 

DE-TRECT',  V.  t.    [L.  detrecto.]  [rioiis  woman. 

To  refuse.    [A'ot  iii  uj>e.]  Fotherby. 

DET'RI-.MEi\T,7i.  [I,,  detrimentum.  ftu.  defer,  worse, 
or  detero,  dctritum,  worn  olf.] 

Loss;  damage;  injury;  mischief;  harm;  diminu- 
tion. We  speak  of  detriment  to  interest,  property, 
religion,  morals,  reputation,  and  lo  land  or  buildings. 
//  is  a  iBord  of  very  general  application. 

DET-R[-.ME.\T'AL,  a.  Injurious;  hurtful;  causing 
loss  or  damage. 

A  ej'iril  of  speculation  may  be  detrimental  to  regular  commerce. 

Anon. 

nr.T'RI-MEN'T-ED,  a.    Injured  :  made  worse. 
DE-TRI'T.\L,  a.    rertainiiig  to  or  consisting  of  de- 
tritus. 

DE-TRI"TIO.\,  (dc-trish'un,)  n.    [L.  dctcro.] 

.\  wearing  oil".  Stevens. 
DE-TRI'TI'S,  n.    [L.  detritus,  worn  ;  detero,  to  wear.] 
Ill  L'eolofry,  a  mass  of  substances  worn  off  from 
solid  bodies  by  attrition,  and  reduced  lo  small  por- 
tions ;  as,  diluvial  drfrifn.".    When  the  portions  are 
large,  the  word  debris  is  used.  Buckland. 
DE-TRf'DE',  e.  L     [L.  detrudo  ;  dc  and  Uudo,  to 
thrust.] 

To  thrust  down  ;  to  push  down  with  force.  | 
Locke.    Thomson  | 
DE-TRf'D'ED,  pp.    Thrust  or  forced  down. 
DI'.-TRC'D'l.N'G,  fipr.    Thrusting  or  forcing  down.  ' 
DE-TRi;.\C'ATE,  r.  t.    [L.  detruneo  ;  de  and  truneo,  I 
to  cut  shorler  ;  truncus,  cut  short;   Fr.  trancher ;  ' 
Arm.  troucha,  or  traincha.    .See  Tre.'*ch.] 
To  rut  otl';  to  Inp  ;  lo  shorten  by  cutting. 
DE-TRi;.\e'A-TED,  pp.    Cut  otf;  shortened. 
DE-TRn\C  A-TI.\(i, ppr.    Cutting  or  lopping  off. 
DET-Rl'.V  CA'TKJ.N,  ii.    Tlie  .act  of  culling  otT. 
DE-TRC'SIO.V,  (de  lru'7.liun,)  n.    [See  DExnuoi.]  j 

The  act  of  thrusting  or  drivint;  down. 
DE-TrR'PATE,  r.  I.    [L.  dcturpo.] 

To  defile.    [ LiUle  u.srd.]  Taylor. 
DECCE,  (iluse,)"  u.    [Fr.  drut,  two.] 

Two ;  a  card  with  two  sjiots  ;  a  die  with  two 
siKits  :  a  term  used  in  ^amin*r. 
DEl't'E,  {  n.    [£>u.>iiu,  the  name  of  a  kind  of  evil 
DECsT.,  t     spirit.s.    Se.'  Dhe.1 

.\n  evil  spirit  ;  a  demon.  \yul"ar.] 
DEC'-TER-OG'A-.MIST,  ii.    [liifra.]    One  who  mar- 
ries the  second  lime.  Goldsmith. 
DEO-TER  OG'A-.MY,  n.    [Gr.  rletrto  f,  second,  and 
J  u/ios,  marriage.] 

.•\  second  marriage  .ifter  the  death  of  the  first  hus- 
band or  wife.  OoUUmith. 


I   TO.VE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US  €  as  K  ;  tS  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  Cfl  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS.  I 


DEV 


DEV 


DEV 


DEU-TER-ON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Jturtp  is,  second,  and 
vojtcij  law.] 

Tlie  second  law,  or  second  (living  of  the  law  by 
Moses  ;  the  name  given  to  tlie  fifth  book  of  the  Pen- 
tateuch. 

DEu-TER-O-Pa'THI-A,  I  n.  [Gr.  i^cvrcpos,  second, 
DEU-TER-OP'.A-THY,    \     and  r.iW.s.] 

A  sympathetic  affection  of  any  part  of  the  body,  as 
headache  from  an  overloaded  stomach. 
DEu-TER-OS'eO-PY,  ji.    [Gr.  dtvrci^os,  second,  and 
GKOTTswy  to  see.] 

The  second  intention  ;  the  meaning  beyond  the 
literal  sense. 

DEoT-IIV-DROG'U-RET,  )  n.  In  chemistry,  a 
DEU-TO-HY-DROG'U-RET,  S      compound  of  two 

equivalents  of  hydrogen  with  one  of  some  other 

element. 

DEu-TOX'YD,  n.  [Gr.  hvTcpos,  second,  and  oznjd; 
strictly,  Deuteroxyd.] 

A  compound  of  two  equivalents  of  o.\ygen  with 
one  of  a  base. 
DE-VAP-O-Ra'TION,  v.    [dr  and  L.  vapnratio.] 

Tlie  change  of  vapor  into  water,  as  in  the  genera- 
tion of  rain.  Darwin. 
DE-VAST',  V.  t.    [L.  dcrasto.] 

To  lay  waste  ;  to  jjundcr.  [JVot  in  use."]  Sandys. 
DEV'AS-'TaTE,  v.  t.    [D.  devasto;  dc  and  va-tto,  to 
waste;  Ft.  devastcr ;  Sj).  devastar ;  It.  devastare.  See 
Waste.] 

To  lay  waste  ;  to  waste ;  to  ravage  ;  to  desolate  ; 
to  dc^^trov  iinpiDvements. 
DEV'AS-f.A-TED,  ;)/).    Laid  waste ;  ravaged. 
DEV'.\S-'I'A-TIi\G,  ppr.    Laying  waste;  desolating. 
DEV-.'VS-T.^'TION,  H.    [L.  d'cra-Ktatio.] 

1.  Waste  ;  ravage  ;  desolation  ;  destruction  of 
works  of  art  and  natural  iiroductions  which  are 
necessary  or  useful  to  man ;  havock ;  as  by  armies, 
fire,  flood,  &c. 

2.  In  law,  waste  of  the  goods  of  the  deceased  by 
an  executor  or  administrator.  Blackstone. 

DE-VEL'OP,  JI.  L  [Fr.  develupper :  It.  si-iliippare,  to 
unfold,  to  display ;  viluppo,  a  packet  or  bundle,  in- 
tricacy.] 

1.  To  uncover ;  to  unfold  ;  to  lay  open  ;  to  dis- 
close or  make  known  something  concealed  or  with- 
held from  notice.  The  general  began  to  develop  the 
plan  of  his  operations. 

These  serve  lo  develop  its  tenets.  '  MUner. 

2.  To  unravel ;  to  unfold  what  is  intricate  ;  as,  to 
develop  a  plot. 

DE-VEL'OP-£D,  (de-vel'opt,)  pp.  Unfolded  ;  laid 
open  ;  unraveled. 

DE-VEL'OP-EK,  71.    One  who  develops  or  unfolds. 

DE-VEL'OP-ING,  ppr.  Unfolding  ;  disclosing  ;  un- 
raveling. 

DE-VEL'OP-MENT,  n.    An  unfolding  ;  the  discover- 
ing of  something  secret  or  withheld  from  the  know! 
edge  of  others;  disclosure  ;  full  exhibition, 
y.  The  unraveling  of  a  plot. 

DEV-E-NUS'TaTE,  v.  t.      [L.  de  and  venustas, 
bcaiity.] 
To  deprive  of  beauty  or  grace. 

DE-VERG'Ei\-CY.    See  Divergence. 

DE  VEST',  V.  t.  [Fr.  devetir ;  de  and  vetir,  to  clothe, 
L.  vestio,  id.,  vestis,  a  vest,  a  garment.  Generally 
written  Di  test.] 

1.  To  strip;  to  deprive  of  clothing  or  arms;  to 
lake  off".  Dcniuim. 

2.  To  deprive  ;  to  take  away  ;  as,  to  devest  a  man 
or  nation  of  rights.    [See  Divest.] 

3.  'I'o  free  from  ;  to  disengage. 

4.  In  law,  to  alienate,  as  title  or  right. 
DE-VEST',  V.  i.    In  law,  to  be  lost  or  alienated,  as  a 

title  or  an  estate. 

[This  word  is  generally  written  Divest,  except  in 
the  latter  and  legal  sense.] 

DE-VEST'ED,  pp.  Stripped  of  clothes;  deprived; 
freed  from  ;  alienated  or  lost,  as  title. 

DE-VEST'ING,  ppr.  Stripping  of  clothes;  depriv- 
ing; freeing  from  ;  .alienating. 

DE-VEX',  a.    [L.  devr.zas.] 

Rending  down.    [JV'uf  in  ■use.'] 

DE-VE.\'1-TY,  n.  [L.  devezitas,  from  de  and  veho,  to 
cany.] 

A  bending  downward  ;  a  sloping  ;  incurvation 
downward.  Davies. 
Dk' VI-aTE,  ti.  i.    rit.  dcuiare;  Sp.  dcsviarsc;  L.  de- 
uiu.v;  dr,  from,  and  via,  way.] 

1.  To  turn  aside  or  wander  from  the  common 
or  right  way,  course,  or  line,  cither  in  a  literal  or  fig- 
urative sense  ;  as,  to  deviate  from  the  common  truck 
or  path,  or  from  a  true  course. 

Tli'-re  imuin-  deaiatri,  arxl  Ijerc  wnntjeni  will.  Pope. 

2.  To  stray  from  the  path  of  duty  ;  to  wander,  in  a 
moral  sense  ;  to  err  ;  to  hIii. 

DE-VI  A''I'I0.\,  n.  A  wandering  or  turning  asiddfrom 
the  right  way,  rourse,  or  liiii'. 

2.  Variation  from  a  commoil  or  trstablislied  rule,  or 
from  analogy. 

3.  A  wainlrriiig  from  the  path  of  duly ;  want  of 
conformity  to  the  rules  prescribed  by  God  ;  error  ;  sin  ; 
obliquity  of  conduct. 

4.  In  commerce,  the  voluntary  departure  of  a  ship, 


without  necessity,  from  the  regular  and  usual  course 
of  the  specific  voyage  insured.    This  discharges  the 
underwriters  from  their  responsibility.  Park. 
DE-VICE',  rt.    [Fi.devis,  devise;  It.  divisa;  from  L. 
divisns,  divido.] 

1.  That  which  is  formed  by  design,  or  invented  ; 
scheme  ;  artificial  contrivance  ;  stratagem  ;  project ; 
sometimes  in  a  <roud  sense  ;  mure  grnerallij  in  a  bad  sense, 
as  artifices  arc  usually  employed  for  bad  purposes. 
In  a  good  sense : 

His  device  is  against  Babylon,  to  destroy  it.  — Jcr.  li. 
In  a  bad  scTise ; 

lie  (Iisapix)inleth  the  devices  of  the  crafty.  —  Job  v. 
They  imagined  a  niischicvous  device. —  Ps.  xxi. 

9.  An  emblem  intended  to  represent  a  family,  per- 
son, action,  or  quality,  with  a  suitable  motto  ;  used 
in  painting,  sculpture,  and  heraldry.  It  consists  in  a 
niet:iphi>ri(  ;\l  siiTiilitude  between  the  things  represent- 
ing ami  irpie^riited,  as  the  figure  of  a  plow  repre- 
senting agriculture. 

Knights-errant  tlsed  to  distinguish  themselves  by  devices  on  tlieir 
siiields.  Aildisoii. 

3.  Invention  ;  genius  ;  faculty  of  devising ;  as,  a 
man  of  noble  device.  Sh'ik. 

4.  A  spectacle  or  show.    [Ois.]      Bcaum.  ((  Fl. 
DE-VICE'F}JL,  a.  Full  of  devices  ;  inventive. 

Spenser. 

DE-VICE'FJJL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  curiously  con- 
trived. Donne. 

DEV'/L,  (dev'vl,)  n.  [Sax.  dinfol;  D.  diiivel ;  G.  teufel; 
Sw.  diefvul ;  Dan.  diarvel ;  Russ.  diavol ;  Tartar,  diof ; 
L.  diabolus;  Gr.  (iia/^  '^  's,  said  to  he  from  (Im/)' lAXu, 
to  calumniate  ;  Fr.  diable ;  Sp.  diablo  ;  Pert,  dinbo :  It. 
diavolo.  The  Armoric  is  diaul ;  W.  diawl,  which  Ow- 
en supposes  to  be  compounded  of  di,  a  negative,  and 
atcZ,  light  —  one  without  light,  (prince  of  darkness.) 
The  Irish  is  diabhail,  which,  according  to  O'Brien,  is 
composed  of  dia,  deity,  and  bhal,  air,  (god  of  the  air.) 
If  these  Celtic  words  aie  justly  exiilained,  they  are 
not  connected  with  diabolus,  or  the  latter  is  enoiie- 
ously  deduced.] 

1.  In  tlie  Christian  thcoluiry,  an  evil  spirit  or  being ; 
a  fallen  angel,  exjielled  from  heaven  for  rebellion 
against  God  ;  the  chief  of  the  apostate  angels  ;  the 
ini]ilacal)le  enemy  and  temirter  of  the  liiiman  race. 
In  the  New  Testament,  the  word  is  frequently  and 
erroneously  used  for  dcmon.^ 

9.  Avery  wicked  person,  and  in  ludicrous  Ian  f^uai/e, 
any  great  evil.  In  profane  lann-uasre,  it  is  an  exple- 
tive expressing  wonder,  vexation,  &c. 

3.  An  idol,  or  false  god.    Lev.  xvii.    9  Chron.  xi. 

4.  A  machine  for  cutting  up  rags  and  old  cloth  for 
manufacturing  purposes. 

f>.  A  printer's  errand-boy.  [Low.] 
DEV'/L,  I),  a.  To  cut  up  cloth  or  rags  in  an  instrument 
called  a  devil. 

2.  To  pepjier  excessively.  Smart. 
DEV'/L-ING,  n.    A  young  devil.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Beaum. 

DEV'/L-ISH,  (dev'vl-ish,)  a.  Partaking  of  the  qual- 
ities of  the  devil ;  diabolical ;  very  evil  and  mischiev- 
ous ;  malicious ;  as,  a  devilish  sclieme  ;  devilish  yvick- 
edness.  Sidney. 

2.  H.'iving  communication  with  the  devil ;  pertain- 
ing to  the  devil.  Skak. 

3.  Excessive  ;  enormous  ;  in  a  vulgar  and  ludicrous 
sense  ;  as,  a  devili.-ih  cheat.  Jiddison. 

DEV'/L  ISH-LY,  <ulv.  In  a  manner  suiting  the  devil ; 
diabolically  ;  wickedly.  South. 
2.  Greatly;  excessively;  in  a  vulgar  sense. 
DEV'/L  ISH-NESS,  n.    The  qualities  of  the  devil. 
DEV'/L-IS.M,  n.    The  state  of  devils.    [JVot  used.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

DEV'/L-iZE, 7)  t.  To  place  among  devils.  [JVot  used.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

DEV'/L-KIN,  (dev'vl-kin,)  71.  A  little  devil.  Clarissa. 
DEV'/L-SllIP,  7!.    The  character  of  a  devil. 
DEV'/L-TRY,  71.    Diabolical  conduct.  [Low.] 
Dk' VI-OUS,  a.    [L.  dcvius ;  de  and  via,  way.) 

1.  Out  of  the  common  way  or  track  ;  as,  a  devious 
course. 

2.  Wandering  ;  roving  ;  rambling. 

To  lil'-ss  llie  wildly  devious  morning  Widk.  Tfioinson. 

3.  Erring ;  going  astray  from  rectitude  or  the  di- 
vine prccejits. 

One  devious  step  at  first  may  lead  into  a  course  of  habitnal  vice. 

Anon. 

In  a  devious  manner. 

Reynolds. 

DP,'VI-OUS-NESS,    71.      Departure  from  a  regular 

course  ;  wandering. 
DE-VIR'GIN-ATE,  (-vur'gin-)  i'.  L  [Low  L.  derirg-ino.] 

To  detlour.  Sandys. 
DF.-VIH'GIN  A-TED,  71;).    Deprived  of  virginity. 
DE- Vlfi'A-liLE,  (de-vl/.'a-bl,)  a.    See  the  verb. 

1.  That  may  be  bequeathed  or  givi  n  by  will. 

Blackstone. 

2.  That  can  he  invented  or  contrived.  Sadler. 
DE-VI!«E',  7'.  t.    |Fr.  drrisrr,  tn  talk  or  interchange 

thoughts  ;  It.  divi.iare,  lo  think,  divide, or  share  ;  from 
L.  dirisus,  dividii.] 
1.  To  invent ;  lo  contrive  ;  to  form  In  the  mind  by 


DE'VI-OUS-LY,  adv. 


new  combinations  of  ideas,  new  applications  of  prin- 
ciples, or  new  arrangement  of  parts  ;  to  excogitate  ; 
lo  strike  out  by  thought ;  to  plan  ;  to  scheme  ;  to  pro- 
ject; as,  to  dcywe  an  engineer  machine;  to  devise  2l 
new  mode  of  writing ;  to  devise  a  plan  of  defense  ; 
to  devise  arguments. 

To  devise  curious  works  in  gold  and  silver.  —  Ex.  xxxv. 
In  a  bad  sense ; 

Devise  not  evil  against  tliy  neighbof.  —  Prov,  iii. 
2.  To  give  or  bequeath  by  will,  as  land  or  other 
real  estate.  Blaclcstone. 
DE-VISE',  V.  i.    To  consider ;  to  contrive ;  lo  lay  a 
plan  ;  to  form  a  scheme. 

Devise  how  you  will  use  him  when  he  comes.  Shak. 
Formerly  followed  by  of;  as,  let  us  devise  of  ease. 

Spejiser. 

DE- VISE',  71.  Primarilii,a  dividing  or  division  ;  hence, 
the  act  of  giving  or  distribitling  real  estate  by  a  tes- 
tator. The  term  is  also  sometimes  afiplied,  though 
improperly,  to  bequest  of  personal  estate. 

Blackstone.  Bouvier. 

2.  A  will  or  testament.  " 

8.  A  share  of  estate  bequeathed. 

DE-VTSE',  71.  Contrivance ;  scheme  invented.  [OJs.l 

Hooker. 

DE-VlS'£D,  pp.  Given  by  will ;  bequeathed  ;  con- 
trived. 

DEV-l-SEE',  71.  The  person  to  whom  a  devise  is 
made  ;  one  to  whom  real  estate  is  bequeathed. 

DE-VlS'ER,  n.  One  who  contrives  or  invents ;  a  con- 
triver ;  an  inveiutir.  Grew. 

DE-VIS'LXG,  ppr.  Contriving  ;  inventing  ;  forming 
a  scheme  or  plan. 

2.  Giving  by  will;  bequeathing. 
DE-VIS'OR,  71.    One  who  gives  by  will;  mie  who  be- 
queaths lands  or  tenements.  Blackstone. 

DEV'I-TA-KI.E,  a.    Avoidable.    [Mit  in  use.] 
DEV-I-Ta'T10X,  71.    An  esca|)ing.    [JVot  in  use.] 
DE-VIT-RI-FI-eA'TIOX,  71.     The  act  of  depriving 
glass  of  its  transparency,  and  converting  it  into  a 
gray,  opaque  substance.  Ure.  Bigelow. 

DEV-O-CA'TrON,  71.    [L.  devocatio.] 

A  calling  away  ;  setluctiun.    [JVot  in  u.^e.] 

Hallywell. 

DE-VOID',  a.  [de  and  void,  Fr.  vuide,  vide.  See  Void.] 
1.  Void  ;  empty  ;  Vacant ;  applied  to  place.  Spenser. 

9.  Destitute;  not  possessing;  devoiil  of  under- 
standing. 

3.  Free  from  ;  as,  devoid  of  fear  or  shame. 
DF,-yOlR' ,  (dev-wor')  71.  [Fr.  devoir;  It.  dovcre  ;  from 

L.  drbeo,  to  owe.] 

Primarily,  service,  or  duly.    Hence,  an  act  of  ci- 
vility or  resjiect ;  respectful  notice  due  to  another ; 
as,  we  paid  our  devoirs  to  the  queen,  or  lo  the  ladies. 
DEV-O-LO'TION,  71.    [L.  drrolutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  rolling  down;  as,  the  (/fee/iit/OTi  of 
earth  into  a  valley.  Wundirard. 

9.  Reiiuival  from  one  person  to  another  ;  a  passing 
or  falling  upon  a  successor.  JIale. 
DE-V01,VE',  (de-volv'J  !•.  (.   [L.  dcvolvo ;  de  and  7^0;- 
1*0,  to  roll,  Eng.  to  wallow.] 

1.  To  roll  down  ;  to  pour  or  flow  with  windings. 

Through  splendiil  kingdoms  h.-  devolves  his  maze.  Thomson. 

2.  To  move  from  one  person  to  another ;  to  deliver 
over,  or  from  one  possessor  lo  a  successor. 

The  king  devolved  tlie  care  and  disposition  of  affaire  on  th"  iluke 
of  Orniontt.  Temple.  Oibbon. 

DE-VOLVE',  (de-volv',)  v.  i.  Literally,  to  roll  down  ; 
hence,  to  pass  from  one  lo  another  ;  to  fall  by  suc- 
cession from  one  possessor  lo  his  successor,  in  the 
absence  of  the  commauder-in-chief,  the  command 
devolved  on  the  next  oflicer  in  rlink.  On  the  death 
of  the  prince,  the  crown  drvnlved  on  his  elilest  son. 

DE-VOLV'/CD,  pp.  Rolled  drwn  ;  passed  over  to  an- 
other. 

DE-VOLV'ING,  /,v77-.  Rolling  down  ;  falling  to  a  suc- 
cessor. 

DE-VOLVE'MEXT,  71.    The  art  of  devolving. 
DEV-O-Ka'TION,  «.    The  act  of  devouring. 
DE-Vo''i'A-RY,  n.    .\  votary.  [JVot  in  lusc]  Gregory. 
DE-VoTE',  V.  t.    [L.  dcvoveu,  devotas  ;  de  and  vavro, 
to  vow  ;  Fr.  deroner.] 

1.  To  appropriate  by  vow  ;  to  set  apart  or  dedicate 
by  a  solemn  act ;  to  consecrate. 

No  devoted  ihin?  that  a  man  shall  devote  to  the  Lord,  shall  be 
sold  i.r  r.-dfi  iiicd.  Kvi-ry  devoted  thing  is  most  holy  to  the 
I.ortl.  — Lev.  xxvii. 

9.  To  give  u[)  wholly  ;  to  addict ;  lo  direct  the  at- 
tention wholly  or  chiefly  ;  lo  attach  ;  as,  lo  devote 
one's  self  to  science  ;  It)  devote  tmrselvt^s  lo  our 
friends,  or  lo  Iheir  interest  or  pleasure. 

3.  To  give  ii[>;  to  resign;  as,  alii'us  were  i/cuofrii 
lo  raiiine  ;  the  city  was  devoted  to  the  flames. 

4.  To  doom  ;  to  ctmsign  over ;  as,  to  devote  one  to 
destriirtioii. 

,').  To  execrate  ;  to  doom  to  evil.  Rnwe. 
DE-V^^TE',  a.  Devoti  d.  Md'on. 
DI^-VfiTE',  71.  A  devotee.  San<lys. 
DE-VoT'EI),  pp.     Appropriated  by  vow  ;  solemnly 

set  apart  or  diulicateil  ;  consecrated  ;  addicted  ;  given 

up  ;  duomtrd  ;  consigned. 

2.  a.    Ardent ;  zealous  ;  strongly  attached. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WU^T  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK — 

_ 


DEV 

I)E-V6T'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  devoted  or 

given  ;  aildicleilness  ;  as,  ilecotedneis  to  reU(!ioii. 
HKV-O-TEIV,  II.    [Ft.  decot.]         [Orrm.  Jllibirr. 
One  «  lio  is  wholly  devoted  ;  jmrticidarly,  one 
given  wholly  to  religion  ;  one  wlio  is  siiperstitiously 
given  to  religious  duties  and  ceremonies  ;  a  bigot. 
UE-VoTE'ME.NT,  ii.    Dcvotedness  ;  devotion. 

Mem.  uf  BuchanaH. 
2.  Vowed  tledication.  Mlioh. 
I)E-VOT'ER,  n.  One  that  devotes  ;  al-so,  n  worshiper. 
I  I)E-V0T'1NG,  piir.    Giving  or  appropriating  by  vow  ; 
I      suleinnly  setting  apart  or  dedieatiiig  ;  consecrating  j 
giving  wholly;  addicting:  dooming;  consigning. 
DK-Vo'TION,  II.    The  state  of  hoing  dr  dicated,  con- 
secrated, or  solemnly  set  apart  for  a  iKirliciilar  pur- 
pose. 

'J.  A  solemn  attention  to  the  Supreme  Ileing  in 
worship:  a  yielding  of  the  heart  and  alFections  to 
Odd,  with  reverence,  faith,  anil  piety,  in  religious 
duties,  particularly  in  prayer  anil  meditation  ;  de- 
vOutness. 

i.  E.vtemnI  worship ;  act.s  of  religion ;  perform- 
ance of  religious  duties. 

At  I  pa&sctl  \ij  ami  Ik-lictd  yuur  deootiana,  —  Acu  xvit. 
A.  Prayer  to  the  Supreme  Being.    A  Christian  will 
be  regular  in  his  morning  and  evening  dccutions. 
5.  .\n  act  of  reverence,  respect,  or  cereinonv. 

liliak. 

C.  Ardent  love  or  affection  ;  attachment  mani- 
fested by  constant  ;itteulion ;  as,  the  duke  was  dis- 
tinguished by  his  deration  to  the  king,  and  to  the 
interest  of  Ilie  nation.  Clarendon. 

7.  Earnestness  ;  ardor ;  eagerness. 

lie  iiwfci  their  hate  witli  greaUT  ilepotioH  Uuiil  tlirv  Mil  muler 
it  him.  ShaJc. 

8.  Disposal  ;  power  of  disjiusing  of;  state  of  de- 
pendence. 

Arufutrl  Castle  would  keep  tlmt  rich  cvnirr  ol  Ihe  country  at  hi« 
ii).ij<-jily'«  dtpoUon,  Ciareiidon. 

IE-V5'TIOX-.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  devotion  ;  used 
in  devotion  ;  as,  a  dcrotioiud  posture ;  drvotivntU  ex- 
ercises. 

'J.  Suited  to  devotion  ;  as,  a  devotional  frame  of 
mind. 

DE-Vf)'TIO\-AI^IST,  ( II.  A  person  given  to  devo- 
DE-VO'TIOX-IST,       \    lion  ;  orone  supcrsiilitins- 

ly  or  fiirmally  devout.  tiprctator. 
Di;-Vt")'TION-.\l,  LY,  adr.    In  a  devout  manner. 
l>E-VO'Tt),  II.    [It.]    .\  devotee.    [jYot  in  u.<f.] 

Spciv/er. 

DE-VO'TOR,  n.    One  who  reverences  or  worships. 

[Oh.'.]  Beaum.  i,-  Fl. 

DE-VOUR',  r.  t.    [L.  deroro :  de  and  n/ri),  to  eat ;  It. 

TorarPy  dtvorare         deeorar  i  Fr.  derorrr ;  Arm.  rfe- 

reri;  \V.  piiri,  to  feed  ;  Gr.  fSnntt,  pasture;  Ileb,  Ch, 

lya,  to  consume.   Class  flr.  No.  (>.] 

1.  Toe.at  up;  toe.it  with  greediness;  to  eat  mv- 
enously,  as  a  beast  of  prey,  or  as  a  hungry  man. 

We  W'll  KIT,  Some  evil  h-.rit  U\th  deeaurfl  him,  — Gen.  xxxvii. 
Ill  tlie  muining  he  »h.ill  devour  the  prey.  —  tjen.  llix. 

2.  To  destroy  ;  to  cinisniue  with  ra|iidity  and  vio- 
lence 

1  vilt  vn'l  a  fire  into  the  house  of  Hax.irl,  which  ihtll  decour 

the  pulaceaof  Ben-h.i'teil.  —  Amos  i. 
Famine  and  pestilence  al»ll  lUvour  him.  —  Vj-  v;i, 

3.  To  enter  upon  and  pursue  with  great  eagerness. 

He  ».rmed  m  lwU\neu  tu  tUrour  the  way.  St^ak. 

4.  To  waste  ;  to  consiiiiie ;  to  spend  in  dissipation 
&nd  riot. 

At  soon  aj  thti  tli^  ion  had  come,  who  hath  lUooured  thy  Itrln^ 
with  harlots.  —  l.uke  xe. 

5.  To  consume  wealth  and  substance  by  fraud, 
oppression,  or  illegal  exactions. 

Ye  depour  widows'  hou*^.  — Matt,  xxili. 

6.  To  destroy  spiritually  ;  to  ruin  the  soul. 

Tour  Bdren;\ry,  the  deri],  as  a  roaring  lion,  waiketh  about, 
•eekinj  wtiunvhe  may  itcvour.  —  1  I'ct.  T. 

7.  To  Slay. 

Ttw  swonl  shall  devour  the  youn^  lions.  —  N'ah.  U. 

8.  To  enjoy  with  avidity. 

Longing  they  look,  and  geipinjr  at  the  sijht. 

Devour  her  o'er  and  o'er  with  v.Lst  delt*iiu  Dryden. 

DE-VOUR'ED,  pp.  Eaten ;  swallowed  with  greedi- 
ness ;  consumed  ;  destroyed  ;  wasted  ;  slain. 

DE-VOUR'ER,  n.  One  who  devours  ;  he  or  that 
which  cats,  consumes,  or  destroys  ;  he  that  preys  on. 

DE-VOI'R'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Eating  greedily  ;  con- 
suming ;  wasting;  destroying;  annihilating. 

Dr.-VOL'R'I.\G-LY,  a</r.    In  a  devouring  manner. 

DE-VOLT',  o.  [It.  devoto;  Fr.  detot  ;  L.  dceodu. 
See  Deiote.] 

1.  Yielding  a  tolemn  and  reverential  attention  to 
God  in  religious  exercises,  p.irticularly  in  prayer. 

We  must  be  constant  snd  devout  in  tjie  woiship  of  God.  Roftrt. 

2  Pious ;  devoted  to  religion  ;  religious. 

Sim-on  was  a  Just  man  and  devnul.  —  I.uke  ii. 
Lkvout  men  came^l  Steptien  to  his  burial.  —  AcU  riii. 

3.  Expressing  devotion  or  piety  ;  as,  with  eyes 

MiUon. 


devout 


DEX 

4.  Expressing  a  lively  interest;  sincere;  solemn; 
earnest ;  as,  you  liavo  my  devout  wishes  for  your 
safety. 

ni;-V()UT'.  71.    A  devotee.    [:?<rot  used.]  ShcUlon. 
OE-VOUT'LESS,  a.    Desjitute  of  devotion. 
I)E-VOUT'I,ESS-LV,  aiJo.    Without  devotion. 
UE-VOUT'LESS-NESS,  n.    Want  of  devotion. 

Bp.  of  Cltiche.'ter. 
DE-VOUT'LY,  adv.    With  solemn  attention  and  rev- 
erence to  God  ;  with  ardent  devotion. 

He  was  deoouUy  en^j-il  in  prayer.  Anon. 

2.  Piously  ;  religiously  ;  with  pious  thoughts  ;  as, 
he  viewed  the  cross  devoutly. 

3.  Sincerely;  solemnly;  earnestly;  as,  a  consum- 
mation dniitnllij  to  be  wished. 

DE-VOUT'NESS,  n.  'J'he  quality  or  state  of  being 
devout.  Olanville. 

DE-VOW',  »J.  t.    To  give  up.  [JVut  in  «.«.]  B.  Jonson. 

DKW,  (da,)  n.  [Sax.  deaw  ;  D.dauw;  G.  than;  Sw. 
da/r^r ;  nan.  i/u"-;'.  See  Class  Dg,  .\o.  24,  CI),  r,2,  (53. 
It  is  probalily  from  the  same  primary  root  as  tJiam  ; 
G.  (A«t/,  dew,  OirtHen,  to  thaw.] 

IMoisliiro  preripilrited  from  the  atinospliere  on  the 
surfaces  of  bodies.  It  is  thus  distinguished  from  fog, 
which  is  moisture  precipitated  within  the  atiiios- 
phi  re.  />.  Olmsted. 

DF.W,  r.  t.    To  wet  with  dew  ;  to  moisten.  Driiden. 

I)r,W'-l!E.\T,  II.    Bent  bv  the  dew.  Thumson. 

l)i:\V'-HER-RY,  n.  The  fruit  of  a  species  of  brier  or 
lirambU^ ;  the  low-vined  blackberry,  that  creeps  along 
the  ground,  of  the  gi  iiiis  Riibu.s. 

DEW-.Iii:-SPA.\"GI,;;U,  (du-be-spang'gid,)  a.  Spang- 
led with  dew-drop=.  Oran. 

DEVV-I!i;-SPKENT',  a.    Sprinkled  with  dew.   [  O/..*.] 

Milton. 

DEW-BE-SPRINK'L£D,  (du-be  sprink'ld,)  a.  Sprink- 
led with  ili'W.  Slienslone. 

DEW'-DRE.\CII-/iD,  (du'drenslit,)  a.  Drenched  with 
dew. 

DE\\''-DR(iP,  n.  A  drop  of  dew,  which  sjiarkles  at 
sunrise  ;  a  spangle  of  dew.  Milton. 

DEW'-nROP-PIi\G,a.  Wettingas  with  dew.  Thomson. 

Dr.W'Kl),  (dude,)  pp.    Moistened  with  dew. 

I)E\V-I.M-Pi;ARL'fn),  a.  [See  Peaki.]  Covered 
with  dew-drops,  like  pearls.  Drayton. 

DEW'I-N  ESS,  11.    State  of  being  dewy. 

DKW'I.XG,  ppr.    Wetting  or  moistening  with  dew. 

Di:VV''-LAP,  n.    [driv  and  /a;>,  to  lick.]    The  Hesh 
that  hangs  from  the  tliroat  of  oxen,  which  laps  or 
licks  the  dew  in  grazing.  Mdijun. 
2.  In  Shak-ipearc,  a  lip  flaccid  with  age. 

DEW'-LAPT,  a.    Furnished  with  a  dew-lap. 

DF.W'IiESS,  a.    Having  no  dew. 

DEW-POINT,  II.  1"he  temperature  or  point  of  the 
Ihermometer,  at  which  dew  begins  to  form.  It  va- 
ries according  to  the  humidity  of  the  atinivspliere. 

Brunde. 

DEW'-WORM,  (dii'wurm,)  ii,  A  worm,  called  other- 
wise farlA-ioorin,  a  species  of  Lunibricus,  which 
lives  just  under  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

DEW'Y,  (du'e,)  a.    Partaking  of  dew  ;  like  dew  ;  as, 
dewy  mist. 
2.  Moist  with  dew  ;  as,  detry  fields. 


His  ii<isy  locits  distilled 
Ambrosia. 


Afi/Ioii. 


DEX'TER,  o.    [L.  derter;  Gr.  ^cfioj ;  Ir  dtis.] 

Right,  as  opposed  to  le(\  ;  a  tenn  used  in  heraldry, 

to  denote  the  right  side  of  a  shield  or  coat  of  arms ; 

as,  liend-fleiter  ;  dexter-point.  Enciic. 
DEX-TER'I-TY,  II.    [U.  dextcrUas,Uom  lifxtcr,  right, 

fit,  prompt.] 

1.  Readiness  of  limbs;  adroitness;  activity;  cx- 
pi-rtness  ;  skill ;  that  readiness  in  perfunning  an 
action,  which  proceeds  from  experience  or  practice, 
united  with  .activity  or  qiiick  motion.  We  say,  a 
man  handles  an  instrument,  or  eludes  a  thrust,  with 
dcitrrity. 

2.  Readiness  of  mind  or  mental  faculties,  as  in 
contrivance,  or  in\-enting  means  to  accomplish  a 
pur|M>se  ;  promptness  in  devising  expedients  ;  quick- 
ness anil  skill  in  managing  or  conducting  a  scheme 
of  operations.  We  say,  a  negotiation  is  conducted 
with  dexterity.  Qibbon. 

DEX'TR.M,,  a.    Right,  as  opposed  to  left.  Broirn. 
DE.\-TR.VE'I-TY,  lu   The  state  of  being  on  the  right 
side. 

DE. \'TRI.\E,  n.  A  substance  of  a  giininiy  appear- 
ance, into  which  the  interior  molecules  of  starch  are 
converted  by  di.istase  or  acids ;  used  in  cookery.  It 
is  named  from  its  turning  the  plane  of  polarization 
to  the  right  hand.  Vrc. 

DEX-TRnR'S.AL,  a.    [dexlerand  versus,  versus,  from 
rcrt/i,  to  turn.] 
Rising  from  right  to  left,  as  a  spiral  line  or  helix. 

Henry. 

DF.  X'TROUS,  )  a.  Ready  and  exjicrt  in  the  use  of 
DEX'TER-OUS,  (    the  lK>dy  and  limbs  ;  skillful  and 

active  in  manu.al  employment;  adroit;  as,  a  dex- 
trous hand  ;  a  dextrous  workman. 

2.  Ri-aily  in  tlie  use  of  the  mental  faculties ;  prompt 
in  contrivance  .and  management ;  expert ;  quick  at 
inventing  expedients  ;  as,  a  dextrous  manager. 

Dtxtroue  the  craTing,  fawning  crowd  to  quit.  Pope. 


1>1  A 

3.  Skillful  ;  artful  ;  done  with  dexteri'y  ;  as,  da- 

trous  iiianagemeiiL 
DEX'TR()t;S-L,V,      I  ailv.  With  deitentv  ;  expertly  ; 
DEX'TEll-OUS-LY,  |     akilUully  ;  artfuUy  ;  adroitly  ; 

promptly. 

DEX'TRtmS-NESS,      )       n    .  . 

UEX'TER-OUS-NfJs,         Celerity ;  adroitness. 

DfiY,  (da,)  II.  A  Turkish  title  of  dignity  given  to  the 
governor  of  Algiers  before  the  French  crnqiiest. 

DI,  a  prefix,  [a  contraction  uf  du,]  denotes  Jrom,  sepa- 
ration, or  7icj^a/.ioii,  or  ttco. 

DI'A,  (Greek,)  a  prefix,  denotes  tlirov<;h. 

DI'.A-U.VSE,  n.    Another  name  of  greenstone. 

DI-AIl-A-Ti;'RI-AL,  a.    [Gr.  iialJatfuh] 

Uorder-jiassing.  Mtford, 

DI-A-Uk'TicS,  71.  [Gr.  finflriri!!,  fnmi  SmUaciidi,  to 
pass  through  ;  liin  and  ii<iii  oi,  to  go  or  pass.] 

An  excessive  and  morbid  discharge  uf  saccharine 
urine. 

DI-A-BET'lC,  a.    Pertaining  to  diabetes. 
DT-AIi'LE-RV,  II.    [Fr.  diablerie.] 
Deviltn'. 

Dr-A-noi/ir,     ;     rr  i  ■  i    ..  j  n 

I)I-A-BOI,'rC-AI.,  1  devil.] 

Devilish  ;  pert.iiiiiiig  to  the  devil ;  hence,  extreme- 
ly iiialiciiiiis  ;  impious  ;  atrocious  ;  nef.irioiis  ;  out- 
rageously wicked  ;  partaking  of  any  quality  ascribed 
to  the  devil  ;  as,  a  diabolical  temper ;  a  diabolical 
scheme  or  action. 

DI-A-liOI,'l€-AL-LY,  ai/p.  In  a  diaboUcal  manner; 
very  wickedlv  ;  nefariously. 

DI-A-noL  'I-FV,  V.  L  To  ascribe  diabolical  qualities 
to. 

DT-A-nOL'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  qualities  of  the  devil. 
DI-AB'O-LISM,  II.    The  actions  of  the  devil. 

a.  Po.-session  by  the  devil.  Warburton. 
DI-A-CAUS'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  oiaxuibi,  to  burn  or  in- 
flame.] 

Belonging  to  curves  formed  by  refraction.  Bailey. 
DI-ACII'Y-LUM,  ;       „    ,       J      >  , 
Dr-A€II'Y-LON,  (  "•    ['^'-  X^^oi.] 

A  pl,ister,  originally  composed  of  the  juices  of  sev- 
eral plant.s,  (wlience  its  name,)  but  now  made  of  an 
oxyd  ci^f  lead  and  oil.  Brande, 
DI-A-Co'DI-UM,  71.    The  simp  of  poppies. 
DI-A€'0-NAL,  a.    TL.  diaconus.] 

Pertaining  to  a  deacon. 
Dt-Ae'0-.\.VTE,  n.   Tlie  office  of  a  deacon. 
DI-A.eOL'.S'TI€,  a,    [Gr.  ijiaitoua),  to  hear;  6ia  and 
o/toui.i,  to  hear.] 

Pertaining  to  the  science  or  doctrine  of  refracted 
sounds. 

DI-A-eoUS'Ties,  n.  That  branch  of  natural  philos- 
ophy which  tre.its  of  the  properties  of  sound  refract- 
ed by  p:issing  through  different  mediums ;  called  also 
diaphonic:t. 

DI-A-CKIT'ie-AL,  fn.    [Gr.  ^i 

DI-A-CRIT'ir,  i  to  separate  ;  .iiH  and  vfjii"..,  to 
separate.] 

'I'hat  separates  or  distinguishes  ;  distinctive;  iu<,  a 
diacritical  point  or  mark. 

Tlie  lihoft  vowel  is  never  si^iifted  by  any  diacritical  mark. 

DI-.A-DEI,PII'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  .iif,  <!i,  twice,  and  aft\4,uf, 
a  brother.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  whose  stamens  are 
uniti:d  into  two  bodies  or  bundles  by  their  tilaiiieiit!!. 

Linntpus, 

DT-.\-ni;LPll'I- A.\,  )  a.    Having  stamens  united  in 
DT-A-DF.I.PH'OUS,  j    two  bodies  by  their  filaments. 
DI'A-DE.M,  II.    [Gr.  Mai'nua,  from  I'.iaieui,  to  gird  ;  rio 
and  ijroi,  to  bind  ;  I,,  diadema.] 

1.  Jinciently,a  head  band  or  fillet  worn  by  kings  as 
a  badge  of  royalty.  It  was  made  of  -silk,  linen,  or 
wool,  and  tietl  round  the  temples  and  forehead,  the 
ends  being  tied  behind  and  li  t  fall  on  the  neck.  It 
was  usually  white  and  plain  ;  sometimes  embroidered  I 
with  gold,  or  set  with  pe:irls  and  precious  stones. 

2.  In  modem  tisage,  the  mark  or  badge  of  royalty, 
worn  on  the  head  ;  a  crown  ;  sinA,  figuratively,  em- 
pire ;  supreme  power.  Oibbon. 

3.  A  distinguished  or  principal  omamenL 

A  diadem  of  beauty.  —  U.  xxrli]. 

DI'.\-DEM-tT),  a.  Adorned  with  a  diadem  ;  crowned  ; 

ornamented.  Pope. 
DI'A-DRO.M,  n.    [Gr.  iji.ic'iioui!,  a  ninning  about ;  liia- 

ioopft  y ;  ^ta  anil  r/)f\w,  to  run.] 
.V  course  or  p.-issing;  a  vibration;  the  time  in 

which  the  vibration  of  a  pendulum  is  performed. 

[06.1.1  Locke. 

DT-.ER'E-PIS,  )         rr-      t  a 

DI-ER'E-SIS,  i        l^'-  '^'aipnais-] 

The  dissolving  of  a  diphthong  ;  the  mark  " ,  de- 
noting that  the  vowels  are  to  be  pronounced  as  dis- 
tinct letters. 
DI-.\(;-NO'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  ftay  voinif.] 

Thedi.stinctiveordiscriminating  knowledge  of  any 
thing,  but  es|iccially  of  a  disexse. 
DI-AG-NOS'Tie,  a.    [fir.  ^tay  vocrtKOi ;  StaytyuaKtit ; 
6ia  and  >  ivoiaviu,  to  know.] 

Distinguishing;  characteristic;  indicating  the  na- 
ture of  a  dise.ise. 
DI-AG-.\OS'TI€,  n.    The  sign  or  symptom  by  which 
a  disease  is  known  or  distinguished  from  others.  Di- 


TO.\E,  nULL,  IINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._€  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TI!  as  in  THIS 


DIA 


DIA 


DIA 


a!rnostics  are  of  two  kinds  ;  the  ailjunct,  or  such  as 
are  coinmou.  to  several  diseases,  and  the  pathogno- 
monic, which  always  attend  the  disease,  and  distin- 
guish it  from  all  otiicrs.  Encijc. 
CI-AG'O-NAL,  o.  [Gr.  o'lOf  wi-iof  ;  Jia  and  ^uinu,  a 
corner.] 

1.  In  geometry,  extending  from  one  angle  to  an- 
other of  a  quadrilateral  or  nniltilateral  figure,  and  di- 
viding it  into  two  parts. 

2.  Being  in  an  angular  direction. 
DI-AG'O-NAL,  K.    A  right  line  drawn  from  angle  to 

angle  of  a  quadrilateral  or  multilateral  figure,  and  di- 
viding it  into  two  parts.    It  is  sometimes  called  the 
diameter,  and  sometimes  the  diametral.  Barluw. 
DI-AG'O-NAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  diagonal  direction. 
Dl-AG'O-NOUS,  a.    In  botany,  having  four  corners. 
DX'A-GRA.M,  It.    [Gt.  liiayoaiiiiii;  iut  and  j-oa/.u.] 
In  ireometry,  a  figure,  draught,  or  scheme,  delinea- 
ted for  the  purpose  of  demonstrating  the  properties 
of  any  figure,  as  a  square,  triangle,  circle,  &c. 
Jlneienthi,  a  musical  scale. 
DI'A-GRAPH,  71.    [Gr.  rSia  and  ypa'PM.] 

A  recently-invented  instrument  used  in  perspective. 
ni-.\-GRAPH'ie,        (  a.    [Gr.  iia  and  jpu^oj,  to  de- 
DI-A-GRAPH'ie-AL,  \  scribe.] 
Descriptive. 

Dl-A-GRYD'I-ATES,  n.  pi.  Strong  purgatives  made 
with  diagrydiuni ;  a  preparation  of  scammony  and 
quince  juice. 

Dl'AL,        [Ir.  diail ;  probably  from  day,  dies.} 

An  instrument  for  measuring  time  by  the  shadow 
of  the  sun.  It  is  a  surface,  on  which  lines  are  drawn 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  shadow  of  a  wire,  or  of 
the  upper  edge  of  a  plane,  erected  perpendicularly  on 
that  surftice,  may  show  the  true  time  of  the  day.  The 
wire,  or  edge  of  the  plane,  which  shows  the  time,  is 
called  the  style  or  gnomon ;  and  this  must  be  parallel 
to  the  axis  of  the  earth.  The  line  on  which  this 
style  or  gnomon  is  erected  is  called  the  substyle ;  and 
the  angle  included  between  the  substyle  and  style  is 
called  the  elevation  or  fiitrht  of  the  style. 

DI'AI^PLaTE,  71.  The  plate  of  a  dial,  and  also  of  a 
clock  or  watch,  on  which  the  lines  are  drawn  to  show 
the  hour  or  time  of  the  day.  Oilbert. 

DI'A-LECT,  71.  [Gr.  doiAt^m? ;  dio  and  Xt)  w,  to 
speak  ;  It.  dialetto  ,■  Fr.  diahcte ;  Sp.  diatecio.'] 

1.  The  form  or  idiom  of  a  language  peculiar  to  a 
province,  or  to  a  kingdom  or  state,  consisting  chiefly 
in  differences  of  orthography  or  pronunciation.  The 
Greek  language  is  remarkable  for  four  dialects  ;  the 
Attic,  Ionic,  Doric,  and  Eolic.  A  dialect  is  the 
branch  of  a  parent  language,  with  such  local  altera- 
tions as  time,  accident,  and  revolutions  may  have 
introduced  among  descendants  of  the  same  stock  or 
family,  living  in  separate  or  remote  situations.  But, 
in  regard  to  a  large  portion  of  words,  many  Ian 
guages,  which  are  considered  as  distinct,  are  really 
dialects  of  one  common  language. 

2.  Language ;  speech,  or  manner  of  speaking  or 
e.\pression.  South. 

DI-A-LECT'ie,       j  a.    Pertaining  to  a  dialect  or  di- 

DI-A-LEeT'ie-AL,  t     alects  ;  not  radical. 

2.  Pertaining  to  logic  ;  logical ;  argumental.  Boyle. 

DI- A-LEGT'ie- A  l^  L  Y,  adi<.  I  n  the  manner  of  a  dialect. 

DI-.\-LEe-TI"CIAN,  n.    A  logician  ;  a  reasoner. 

DI-A-LEeT'ies,  71.  That  branch  of  logic  which 
teaches  the  rules  and  modes  of  reasoning.  Encyc. 

DT-A-IiEGT'OK,  71.    One  learned  in  dialectics. 

DI'AL-ING,  71.  The  science  which  unfolds  the  prin- 
ciples of  measuring  time  by  dials  ;  or  the  art  of  con- 
structing dials.  D.  Olmsted. 

DI'AI.  IS  T,  71.  A  constructer  of  dials  ;  one  skilled  in 
dialing. 

DI-AL'LA-GE,  71.    [Gr.  luiKXa)  11,  difference.] 

A  rhetorical  (igure  by  which  arguments  are  placed 

in  various  points  of  view,  and  Ihen  turned  to  one 

point.  Smart. 
DI'AI.  LAGE,  71.    [Gr.  (5iaA*(i)  J),  difference,  alluding 

to  the  dillerence  of  luster  between  its  natural  joints.] 
A  dark  green  or  bron/.e-colored  laminate  mineral, 

considered  a  variety  of  hornblende  or  augite.  Dana. 
DI-AI.'O-GlS.M,  «.    A  feigned  speech  between  two 

or  more.  Fullie. 
DI-AL'O-GIST,  71.    [Sec  Dialogue.]    A  speaker  in  a 

dialogue  ;  also,  a  writer  of  dialogues.  Johnson. 
Dt-AL-O-GlST'ie,  a.    Having  the  form  ofa  dialogue. 
DI-AL-O  Gl.ST'ie-AL-LY,  ado.     In  the  manner  of 

dialogue. 

DI-AL'O-GIZE,  ».  i.  [Sec  Dialogue.]  To  discourse 
in  dialogue.  Fotherby. 

OrA-LOGUE,  (dl'a-log,)  71.  [I'r.  dialogue !  It.  dialo- 
ffo  t  Sp.  id.;  from  Gr.  ha^oy^,  from  SiaXcyofiai,  to 
dispute  ;  (!iii  and  Aijoi,  to  speak.] 

1.  A  conversation  or  rtuifen'nce  bet^veen  two  or 
more  persons  ;  particularly,  a  formal  converKatioii  in 
theatrical  performances  ;  also,  an  exercise  in  colleges 
Hnd  schools,  in  which  two  or  more  permms  carry  on 
a  discourse. 

2.  A  written  convemation,  or  a  roinposiiion  in 
which  two  or  more  persims  are  rejiresenicd  as  coii- 
vermng  on  some  topic  ;  as,  the  Oinluguct  of  Cicero  de 
Oratore,  and  de  Naliira  l>'*oruiii. 

DI'A-LOGUE,  V.  i.  To  dmcourite  tji|;elher  ;  to  confer. 
[Ai>(  uted.]  ShjiJL. 


DI'A-LOGUE-WRIT'ER,  71.    A  writer  of  dialogues 

or  feigned  conversations. 
Dl-AL'Y-SIS,  71.    [Gr.  ^laAno-ij ;  ^laAuw,  to  dissolve  ; 

6ia  and  \v(lt,  to  dissolve.] 

1.  A  mark  in  writing  or  printing,  consisting  of  two 
points  placed  over  one  of  two  vowels,  to  dissolve  a 
diphthong,  or  to  show  that  the  two  vowels  are  to  be 
separated  in  pronunciation  ;  as,  aer,  mosaic. 

2.  In  medicine,  debility ;  also,  a  solution  of  conti- 
nuity. 

Dl-A-MAG-NET'ie,  71.  or  a.  [Gr.  Sia,  through  or 
across,  and  jiayvri^,  a  magnet.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  class  of  substances  which,  un- 
der the  inrtuence  of  magnetism,  take  a  position, 
\Hhen  freely  suspended,  at  right  angles  to  the  mag- 
netic meridian,  that  is,  point  east  and  west. 
DI-A-MAN'TINE,  for  Adamantine.  [JVot  in  use.] 
Dl-AM'E-TER,  71.  [Gr.  (Jia/Jtrpuf  ;  6ia  and  /itr/joe, 
measure  through.] 

1.  A  right  line  passing  through  the  center  of  a  cir- 
cle, or  other  curvilinear  figure,  ti'rminated  by  the 
curve,  and  dividing  the  figure  symmetrically  into 
two  equal  parts. 

2.  .\  right  line  passing  through  the  center  of  apiece 
of  timber,  a  rock,  or  other  object,  from  one  side  to 
the  other  ;  as,  liie  diameter  of  a  tree,  or  of  a  stone. 

DI -A-M' KTR  AL,  n.    Diametrical,  which  see. 

DI-A.M'H-TIIAL-LY,  ado.  Diametricallv. 

DI-A-MET'RIC-AL,  0.    Describing  a  diameter. 

2.  Observing  the  direction  of  a  diameter;  direct; 
as,  diametrical  opposition. 

Dl-A-JIET'Rie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  diametrical  direc- 
tion ;  directly;  as,  r/ya;/ir^ricn//7/ opposite. 

Dl'A-MOND,  "(di'a-mond  or  di'inond,)  71.  [Fr.  dta- 
viant;  It.  and  Sp.  diamante:  G.  and  D.  dianiant ;  L. 
adamas :  Gr.  ada^'ti,  ar^ofiai'Toi,  whence  adavmnt, 
from  the  Celtic  ;  VV.  ebedvaen,  moving  stone  ;  c/tcd, 
to  Hy  or  move,  and  maen,  stone  ;  a  name  first  given 
to  the  lode-stone.    See  Adamant.] 

1.  A  mineral,  gem,  or  precious  stone,  of  the  most 
valuable  kind,  remarkable  for  its  hardness,  as  it 
scratches  all  other  minerals.  When  pure,  the  dia- 
mond is  usually  clear  and  transparent,  but  it  is  some- 
times colored.  In  its  rough  state,  it  is  commonly  in 
the  form  of  a  rounitish  pebble,  or  of  octahedral  crys- 
tals. It  consists  of  pure  carbon,  and  u^hen  heated  to 
14°  Wedgwood,  and  exposed  to  a  current  of  air,  it  is 
gradually,  hut  completely,  combustible.  Duimonds 
are  said  to  be  of  the  first  water,  when  very  trans- 
parent ;  and  of  the  second  or  third  icatrr,  as  the 
transparency  decreases.   Encyc.  Kirican.  Cleaoeland. 

2.  A  very  small  printing  letter,  the  smallest  used  in 
English  printing. 

3.  A  figure,  otherwise  called  a  rhombus. 
DI'A-MONIl,  a.    Resembling  a  dianuuid  ;  as,  a  dia- 
mond color;  or  consisting  of  diamonds;  as,  a  dia- 
mond chain. 

DI'A-l«OND-ED,  )a.    Having  the  figure  of  an 

DI'A-MOND-SHaP-KD,  (     ol.lique-anglcd  iiaiallelo- 

gram,  or  rhombus.  Fuller. 
DI'A-MOND-HILT-ED,  a.    Having  a  hilt  with  dia- 
monds. 

DI'A-MOND-MINE,  71.  A  mine  in  which  diamonds 
arc  found. 

Dl-AN'DRI-A,  71.  [Gr.  Jis,  ^i,  twice,  and  uj-ijo,  a 
male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  two  stamens. 

DI-AN'DROUS;  I  "=^^"'8 
DI'A-PAS.M,  71.    [Gr.  Sia7taaoo>,  to  sprinkle.] 

A  powder  or  perfume.    [Obs.]  B  Jonson. 

DI-A-Pa'SON,  /        rr^     <  .,        1.   11  n 

DI'A-PASE      i  "•    [    ■       "■""■""'i  through  all.] 

1.  In  music,  the  octave  or  interval  which  includes 
all  the  tones. 

2.  Among  musical  instrument-makers,  a  rule  or  scale, 
by  which  they  adjust  the  pipes  of  organs,  the  holes 
of  Mutes,  ic,  in  due  proportion  for  expressing  the 
several  tones  and  .semitones.  Busby. 

Diaiiuson-diapente ;  a  compound  consonance  in  a 
triple  ratio,  as  3  to  9,  consisting  of  9  tones  and  a 
semitone,  or  19  semitones  ;  a  twelfth.  Encye.  Busby. 

Diapason-diatessaron;  a  compound  concord,  found- 
ed on  the  proportion  of  8  to  3,  consisting  of  eight 
tones  and  a  semitone. 

Diapason-ditone  ;  a  compound  concord,  w  hose  terms 
are  as  10  to  4,  or  H  to  2. 

Diapason-semiditone  ;  a  coinjtound  concord,  whose 
terms  are  in  the  proportion  of  12  to  ,'>.  Encyc. 
DI-A-PEN'TE,  71.    ((Jr.  i^ui  and  r,i/ri,  five.] 

1.  In  music,  an  ancient  Ii  rm  denoting  a  fifth  ;  an 
interval  making  the  second  of  the  concorils,  ami,  with 
the  diatessariui,  an  octave.  Encyc. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  composition  of  five  ingredieiils. 
WA  PER,  11.    [Fr.  r/«i;ir^,  diapered  ;  said  to  he  from 

Ypre.i,  in  the  .Nellierlands.  jinder.wn.] 

Figured  lin.  ii  cloth  ;  a  cloth  wove  in  flowers  or  fig- 
ures, miii  h  used  for  towels  or  napkins.  Hence,  a 
towel  or  napkin. 

DI'  A  PER,  ''.  /.  To  variegate  or  diversify,  as  cloth, 
with  figures  ;  to  flower.  Siiensrr.  J/owcl. 

DI'A-PEK,  «.  1.  'I'o  draw  flowers  or  figiiri  s,  as  upon 
cloth. 

If  you  dinjier  on  toUln.  Pcacham. 


DI'A-PER-£D,  pp.  Flowered. 

DI'A-PHaN-£D,  (di'a-fand,)  a.    Transparent.  [Little 

used."] 

DI-A-PHA-Ne'I-TY,  71.  [Gr.  (Jia^oi-cia;  ilia^aitu,  to 
shine  through  ;  iSiu  and  tpaivui,  to  shine.] 

The  power  of  transmitting  light ;  transparency  ; 
pellucidness.  Ray. 
DI-A-PHAN'ie,  a.    [Gr.  Sia0nvr,i.    See  supra.] 
Having  power  to  transmit  light ;  transparent. 

Ralegh. 

Dt-APII'A-NOUS,  a.  [See  supra.]  Having  power  to 
transmit  rays  of  light,  as  glass ;  pellucid ;  transpa- 
rent ;  clear. 

DI-A-PHON'ieS,  71.    [Gr.  6ta  and  ^ou-t;,  sound.] 

The  doctrjne  of  refracted  sound.  Brande. 
DI-A-PHO-RE'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  (iia0/)/)i?(ri5  ;  6iatjioi>iu,  to 

carry  thnmgh  ;  (ii<i  and  <Jj'ineo>,  to  carry.] 
Augmented  perspiration  or  sweat ;  or  an  elimin.a- 

tion  of  the  humors  of  the  body  through  the  pores  of 

the  skin.  Coze.  Encyc. 

Di-A-PHO-RET'IC,  a.    [Supra.]    Having  the  power 

to  increase  perspiration  ;  sudorific  ;  sweating. 
Dl-A-PIIO-RET'ie,  n.    A  medicine  which  promotes 

perspiration  ;  a  sudorific.  Coxe.  Encyc. 

Diaphoretics  differ  from  sudorifcs ;  the  former  only 

increase  the  insensible  perspiration,  tlie  latter  excite 

Jhe  sensible  discharge  called  sweat.  Parr. 
Dl'A-PHRAG.M,  (di'a-fram,)  71.    [Gr.  <5ia.,',pa) /i,i ;  rim 

and  {/>/ja'j(Tc),  to  break  off,  to  defend.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  midriff',  a  muscle  separating  the 
chest  or  thorax  from  the  abdomen  or  lower  belly. 

Coxe.  Encyc. 

2.  A  partition  or  dividing  substance,  commonly 
with  an  opening  through  it.  fVoodwurd. 

3.  In  astronomy, '.\  circular  ring,  used,  in  optical  in- 
struments, to  cut  off  marginal  portions  of  a  beam  of 
light.  D.  Olmsted. 

DI-A-PHRAG-MAT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  dia- 
phragm. 

DI-A-PO-Ric'.SIS,  71.  [Gr.  Siawopijais !  Siawopcot,  to 
doubt.] 

Jn  r.'irtoric,  doubt ;  hesitation.  Bailey. 
DI-A'Rl-AN,  a.    [SecDiARV.]    Pertaining  to  a  diary  ; 
daily. 

DI'A-RIST^  71.    One  who  keeps  a  diarv. 
DI^AR-RHe'A,  (di-ar-re'a,)  71.    [Gr.  oi'ioporn  ;  <5i.ip- 

pCM,  to  flow  through  ;  dm  and  /'fii>,  to  flow.] 

A  morbidly  frequent  evacuation  of  the  intestines  ; 

a  lax. 

DI-AR-RIIET'ie,  a.    Producing  diarrhea  or  lax. 
DI-aR-TIIUo'SIS,  71.  [Gr.]   The  movable  connection 
of  bones. 

DI'A-KY,  11.    [Ij.  diarium,  from  dies,  a  day.] 

An  account  of  daily  events  or  transactions  ;  a  jour- 
nal ;  a  register  of  daily  occurrences  or  observations ; 
as,  a  diary  of  the  weather. 

A  diani  fev.er,  is  a  fever  of  one  day. 
DI-A-SeiliS'.MA,  (-ski/.'ina,)  71.     [Gr.  I'lOfrvifpn,  a 
piece  cut  off;  6ina\ii,oi;  rhfi  and  (7.\i^(.),  to  cut  otf.l 
In  music,  the  difference  between  the  ciunma  ami 
enharmonic  diesis,  commonly  called  the  lesser  com- 
ma, Encyc. 
DI'AS-PORE,  71.    [Gr.  fliaffucipw,  to  disperse.] 

A  rare  mineral,  occurring  in  lamellar  masses,  and 
in  (ibliqiii^  prisms,  with  a  brilliant  cleavage,  having  a 
grayish,  greenish,  or  brownish  color,  and  character- 
ized by  decrepitating  with  violence  (as  the  name  im- 
plies) befiire  the  blowpipe.  It  consists  of  alumina 
and  water.  Dana. 
Dl-AS-TAL'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  SiaraXriKos,  dilating.] 

Dilated  ;  noble ;  bold  ;  an  epithet   given    by  the 
Greeks  to  certain  intervals  in  music,  as  the  major 
third,  major  sixth,  and  niajor'seventh.  BnJiy. 
DI'.\S-TASE,  71.    [Gr.  diu  and  larnpi.] 

A  peculiar  substance  generated  during  the  germi- 
nation of  grain  for  the  brewery,  tending  to  acri  lerate 
the  formation  of  sugar  during  the  fermeiitaiion  of 
worts.  Ure. 
DI'AS-TE.M,  71.    [Gr.  Am<r.!/.<i.] 

In  music,  a  simple  interval.  • 
I)I-,\S'TO-LE,  71.    [Gr.  <li.ir"Ar,,  (ImyfAAw  ;  I'ui  and 
i7Tc\\io,  to  set,  or  send  fMin.] 

1.  .\iuong  pliysician.i,  a  dilatation  of  the  heart,  au- 
ricles, and  arteries  ;  opposed  to  systole  or  contraction. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  extension  of  a  syllable  ;  or  a 
figure  by  which  a  sjllalile  naturally  short  is  made 

Dr'A-S'l"9'l,E,  II.    [Gr.  rli..  ami  un.A  s.]  [long. 
An  edifici'  in  wliii  li  three  diauu  ters  of  the  coluimis 
are  allowed  for  intcrcoliiuiniations.  Harris. 
DI-A-'/'ICS'SA  RON,  11.    [(Jr.  I'u.,  and  T:nnara,  four.] 

1.  Among  musicians,  a  concord  or  harmonii!  inter- 
val, composed  of  a  greater  tone,  a  lesser  tone,  and 
one  greater  semitone.  Its  ]iriip<ii'tion  is  as  4  to  3,  and 
it  is  called  a  prrfeel  fourth.  Harris. 

2.  In  Biblical  literature,  a  harmony  of  the  four 
Gospels. 

DT-;\-TIIER'MAIj,  a.  Possessing  free  permeability  to 
heat. 

DI-A-TIIER'MA-NOI'S,  (7.    [Gr.  ilia,  throngli,  and 

f/ip/irui  r.',  to  heat.] 

Possessing  free  pcrmealiility  to  heat. 
l)I-.\  f'lI'E  SI.-!,  „.    H'.r.i    Particular  disposition  or 

habit  of  body,  good  or  bad.  Coze. 


FATE,  I'AR,  FALL,  WII.^T.  —  METE,  PafiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  VQOK.— 


Die 


DID 


DIE 


DI-AT'OM-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  <!io,  throiigli,  and  rtjji'w,  to 
cloavc] 

In  mtncrnlnjrij,  a  term  applied  to  crystals  witll  one 
distinct,  diagunul  clwiViige.  Mails. 
DI-A-TOi\'ie,  o.    [Ur.  iu,  by  or  tliroiiph,  and  roi  of, 
sound.] 

In  music,  a  term  applii^l  to  the  natural  scali>,  which, 
proceeding  by  degrees,  includes  botii  tones  and  semi- 
tones. Hniuitr. 

1)1  A-'rON'ie-AI,-I<Y,  ailv.    In  a  diatonic  manner. 

DfA-'l'iailK,  n.    [Or.  .iuirpi  ->/.] 

,\  conliniH'd  discourse  or  disputation.  Bailrtj. 

l)r-.\  T'lMH-IST,  n.  One  who  prolongs  his  discourse 
or  tliscussion.  IlamHwntl. 

DI-A-'/.KC'TIC,  o.    [Gr.  dmCtt')  fi'/i',  to  disjoin?] 

A  ilinzriitic  tone,  in  ancient  Greek  music,  disjoined 
two  I'ourths,  one  on  each  side  of  it,  ami  which,  bein^ 
joined  to  either,  made  a  fiftli.  This  is,  in  our  music, 
IVoiil  F  to  (i.  i'^'i/f.  Knciic.  Brantlc. 

DIB'ltLi;,  71.  [Probably  from  the  root"  of  tttp,  tip,  a 
point,  and  denoting  u  little  sharp  point ;  or  allied  to 
dip,  to  thrust  in.] 

A  (minted  insiniinent,  used  in  gardening  and  ag- 
riculture, to  make  holes  for  plantittj;  seeds,  &c. 

DIR'ULK,  c.  (.  'I'o  plant  with  a  d.lddc  ;  or  to  make 
holes  for  planting  .seeds,  &c. 

DIlt'BLK,  V.  I.    'i'o  dibble  or  dip  ;  a  term  in  anglin<r. 

OIU'KLKK,  n.  One  who  makes  holes  in  the  ground 
Ui  receive  seed. 

DIll'S'l'fi.NK,  n.  A  little  stone  which  children  throw 
at  another  stone.  Locke. 

DI-e.A'CI()US,  (de-ka'8hiis,)(i.  Talkative.  Maunder. 

Dl-CAC'I-TY,  (de-kas'c-te,)  lu    [L.  dicacita.i.] 

I'ertness.    [IMlle  used.]  Graves. 

DI'e.AST,  II.  [Gr.  I'lAor'/Si  f™™  i'xai^w,  to  judge, 
from  (lini),  justice.] 

In  aHcicnt  Greece,  an  olficcr  answering  nearly  to 
our  juryman.  Mitfitrd. 

PIl'K,  n,       of  Dii; ;  also,  a  game  with  dice. 

)'tCi;,  I-.  1.    'I'o  play  with  dice.  Sliak. 

UtCK'-HO.X,  n.  A  box  from  which  dice  are  thrown 
in  camins.  Adtlison. 

DiCE'-.MaK-ER,  ?!,    A  maker  of  dice. 

m-CEI'lI'A-LOUS,  a.    [Gr.  (!({,  and  KCij,a\n,  head.] 
Having  two  heads  on  (me  body.  Lindlcij. 

Die  Ell,  n.    A  player  at  dice. 

UlCH  ;  a  corruption  for  do  it;  as,  "much  good  dich 
thv  heart."  SItak. 

DI-f;HAST'A-SIS,  n.  [See  Dichastic.]  Spontane- 
j>us  subdivision.  Dana. 

DI-eUAST'ie,  o.  [Gr.  ii\ai:^M,  to  subdivide  sponta- 
neously.]   Callable  of  subdividing  s|)ontaneously. 

Dana. 

DI  CIILAM-YD'E-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  <!.$,  and  x^az-'-Si  a 
garment.] 

In  botany,  having  two  coverings,  a  calyx  and  a 
corol  .•  Lindlrij. 

DI  eilOT'O-MtZE,  (dl-kot'o-mize,)  v.  U  [See  the 
ne.xt  \tord.]  To  cut  into  two  parts;  to  divide  into 
pairs, 

DI-CHOT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  iixa,  doubly,  by  pairs, 
and  Tfjii'M,  to  cut,] 

In  ho'ni.y,  regularly  dividing  by  pairs,  from  top  to 
bottom  ;  its,  a  dtcJitilimwus  stem.  Martijn. 

DI-eilOT'O-iMOl'S-eoK'Y.Mll-Jtrn,  ( dl-kot'o-mus- 
kor'inul,)  <i.  Composed  of  corymbs,  in  which  the 
IK'dirles  liivide  and  subdivide  by  pairs.  Marlijn. 

DI-CIIOT'O-MOUS-LY,  adn.  In  a  dichotomous  man- 
ner. 

DI-CIIOT'O-MY,  (dl-kot'o-me,)  n.  [Gr.  i.xorouia,  a 
division  into  iwo  parf; ;  /n\ii  and  TiftvM,  to  cut.] 

L  Division  ni  distribution  of  things  by  pairs.  \l.it- 
lituaed.\  Watt.i. 

Q.  In  a.itronoir.\\  'hat  pha.se  of  the  moon  in  which 
it  apiwars  bisect>'d,  or  shows  only  half  it3  disk,  as  at 
the  qiiailntures.  Encyc. 
DI'CIIKO-l*.M,  n.    fGr.  fi<,  twice,  and  \poa.  color.] 
I'lu-  pro|)erty  obbTived  in  ."onie  crystids  of  present- 
ing dili'erent  colors  when  viewed  ill  two  different 
directions.  Dana, 
DI'eilKO  ITE.    Pee  Iolite. 

DT  eilRU-MAT'ie,o.    [Gr.      and  x/)W(ia.]  Having 

or  producing  two  colors.  Gilbert 
DICING,  i>.   The  practice  of  plaving  at  dice. 

Ricli.  Diet 

DIC'ING-IIOUSE,  n.    A  house  where  dice  is  played  ; 

a  gaiuiuK-house.    [Utile  tutrd.] 
DI<;K'E.\'S  j  a  vulg:ir  e.\claination  in  old  writers  for 

the  devil.  S/iak. 
DICK'EU,  II.    [Probably  from  Gr.  c'txa,  ten,  W.  deff, 

L.  (Orcein.] 

In  old  uiKAur.i,  the  number  or  quantity  of  ten,  par- 
ticularly ten  hides  or  skins  ;  but  apfilied  to  other 
thiiiRS,  as  a  dicker  of  gloves,  &.c.  [/  believe  not  used 
in  Jiinrrica.] 

DlCK"V,i«.  A  seat  behind  a  carriage,  for  scr\-ants,&,c 

•2.  A  sham  bosom  of  a  shirt.  (trose. 
DIC'LI-.NATE,  a.    [Gr.  in,  twofold,  and  kXivw,  to 
incline.] 

In  mineralotry,  an  epithet  applied  to  crystals,  in 
which  two  of  the  axes  are  oblitiuely  inclined,  as  in 
the  oblique  rect-mgiilar  prism.  Dana. 
DI  eOCeOUS,  a.    [Cr.  6if  and  (roxitof,  L.  eocciu,  a 
pain.] 


Two-grained  ;  consisting  of  two  cohering  grains 
or  cells,  with  one  seed  in  each;  as,  a  dict>rc-an.-i  cap- 
sule. Martyn. 
DI-CO-TYL-E'DON,  ii.  [Gr.  6is,  twice,  and  ito ruA,/r!wi , 
a  cavity.] 

A  |ilaiit  whoso  seeds  divide  into  two  lobes  in  ger- 
minating. Martyn. 

DI  Gt)1'YL-K'DON-OUS,  a.  Having  two  hibes.  A 
difntijlri/onnus  plant  is  one  whose  steeds  have  two 
lobes,  ami  coiiseipiently  rise  witll  two  seminal  leaves. 

DIC'KO-TOS,  H.  [Gr.  liic  and  k,,otu{.]  [Milne. 
A  double  or  rebounding  pulse. 

Die'  T.^TE,  V.  I.  [Ij.  ditto,  from  dieo,  to  sp(!ak  ;  Hp. 
dictor ;  it.  dcttarc ;  Vr.  dicier;  Ir.  dcachtuim.  Class 
Dg.] 

1.  To  tell  with  authority  ;  to  deliver,  as  an  onler, 
command,  or  direction  ;  as,  what  (jod  has  dictated,  it 
Is  our  duly  to  brlieve. 

2.  To  order  or  instruct  what  is  to  be  said  or  writ- 
ten ;  as,  a  gtuieral  dictates  orders  to  his  troops. 

il.  I'o  suggest ;  to  admonish  ;  to  direct  by  impulse 
on  the  mind.  We  say,  the  Spirit  of  God  dictated  the 
messages  of  the  jirophets  to  Isr.ael  ;  conscience  ofli  n 
dictates  to  men  tlio  rules  by  which  they  arc  to  govern 
their  conduct. 
DICTATE,  H,    An  order  delivered  ;  a  command. 

S.  A  rule,  maxim,  or  precept,  delivered  with  au- 
thority. 

I  cn-ilit  wimt  the  Grrd.in  dietaut  wy.  Prior. 

3.  Suggestion  ;  rule  or  direction  suggested  to  the 
mind  ;  as,  the  dictates  of  reason  <ir  conscience. 

DI€'TA-TED,;>p,  Delivered  witll  authority  ;  ordered; 
directed  ;  suggested, 

DICTA-TING  ppr.  Uttering  or  delivering  with  au- 
thority ;  instructing  what  to  say  or  write  ;  ordering  ; 
suggesting  to  the  mind. 

Die-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  dictating ;  the  act  or 
practice  of  prescribing. 

It  allonls  s^'Ciirily  njiiinal  the  ttirtaaon  of  law*.  Paley. 

Die-TA'TOK,  71.  [L.]  One  who  dictates  ;  one  who 
prescribes  rules  antl  maxims  for  the  direction  of 
others. 

2.  One  invested  with  absolute  authority.  In  aii- 
cient  Rome,  a  magistrate,  created  in  times  of  exigence 
and  distress,  and  invested  with  unlimited  power. 
He  remained  in  otiice  six  months. 

Die-TA-1'O'llI-AL,  a.  PerUiiniiig  to  a  dictator;  ab- 
soluttf;  unlimited  ;  uncontrtillalile. 

2.  Imperious  ;  dogmatical  ;  overbearing ;  as,  the 
officer  assumed  a  dictatorial  tone. 

DIC-TA-TO'KI-AL-LY,  ade.  In  an  imperious,  dog- 
matical manner. 

Die-TA'TOU  SIirP,  It.  The  office  of  n  dictator ;  the 
term  of  a  dictator's  office. 

2.  Authority  ;  imperiousncss  ;  dogmatism.  Drxjden. 

DIC'TA-TO  KY,a.   Overbearing;  dogmatical.  Mdton. 

Die-TA'1'IU.\,  II,  [L.]  A  female  who  dicUites  or 
commantls. 

DICTA-TIJRE,  n.  The  olfice  of  a  dictator;  dicta- 
torshi)). 

2.  Absolute  authority  ;  the  power  that  dictates. 

Yooke. 

Die'TION,  (dik'shtin,)  Ji.  [L.  ^ctio,  from  dtco,  to 
speak.    Cbiss  Dg.] 

Expression  of  itleas  by  words;  style;  manner  of 
expression.  Dryden. 
DICTION-A-RY,  n.    [Fr.  dietimnaire  ;  It.  diiimutrio ; 
Sp.  diccionario  ;  from  L.  dictio,  a  word,  or  a  speaking.] 
A  book  containing  the  words  of  a  language,  ar- 
ranged in  alphabetical  order,  with  explanations  of 
their  meanings  ;  a  lexicon.  Johnson. 
DICTUM,  71.;  pi.  DicTi.    [L.]    An  authoritative 

saying  or  assertion. 
DID,  prcL  of  Do,  contracted  from  doed.    I  did,  thou 
ditlst,  he  did  ;  we  did,  you  or  ye  did,  they  did. 

Hare  ye  not  trail  wliat  David  did  when  he  wa*  huiiffry  f  — 
MivlL  lU. 

The  proper  signilic.ition  is,  made,  executed,  per- 
formed ;  but  it  is  used,  also,  to  express  the  state  of 
health. 

And  Monlccal  walltrd  evrry  »l.tjr  before  the  court  of  the  women's 
huuac,  tu  Itnow  how  Katlicr  did.  —  Kstlt,  li. 

Did  is  used  as  the  sign  of  the  past  tense  of  verbs, 
particularly  in  interrogative  and  negative  sentences  ; 
as,  did  he  command  you  to  go He  did  not  command 
me.  It  is  also  useil  to  express  emphasis ;  as,  I  did 
love  him  beyond  measure. 

DI-DACTie,       )  o.   [(;r.  MaKTtKos,  from  SiSacKu,, 

DI-DACTie-AL,  i    to  teach.] 

Adapted  to  te.ach  ;  preceptive  ;  containing  doc- 
trines, precepts,  princijiles,  or  rules ;  intended  to 
instruct ;  as,  a  didactic  )>oein  or  essay 

DI-DAC'TI€-AL-LY,  a</e.  In  a  didactic  manner ;  in 
a  form  to  teach. 

DI  I).\CTYI>,  n.    An  animal  having  two  toes. 

DI  DAC'TYL-OITS,  o.    [Gr.  ii,  ii(,  and  iuKToSoi.] 
Having  two  toes. 

DI'D/VP-PER,  n.  [from  dip.]  A  bird  that  dives  into 
the  water,  a  species  of  grebe,  Podiceps  minor. 

DI  I)AS-eAL'ie,it  [Gr.  iiiaaxtX  iKof,  from  itiaffKo), 
to  te.ach.j 

Didactic ;  preceptive ;  giving  precepts.  [Little 
used.]  Pnor. 


DID'DEK,  V.  i.    [Tent,  diddern  ;  qii.  titter,  taUrr.] 

To  shiver  with  nild.    [J^'ot  used.]  Sherwood. 
DID'DLE,  e.  «.    To  cheat  or  overreach.  Ilalloveay. 
DID'DI.E,  V.  i.    To  totter,  as  a  child  in  walking. 
Dl-DEC-A-HlC'DKAI,,  a.     [di  and  drcaliedral.]  In 

cri/stalloitrapliy,  having  the  form  of  a  decahi-dral 

prism,  with  pentalietlral  summits.  Clcavrland. 
DI-DEL'PHYe,  a.    Relating  to  animals  of  the  genus 

Didelplivs,  tu  which  the  o|K)ssum  belongs. 
DI-DEL'PIIY.'<,ii.  [(;r.  1^15,  twice,  and  dt  A (;,ii«,  litems.] 

A  genus  of  marsupial  animals,  including  the  opossum. 
DI-l)O-DI0e-A-IIF:'I)RAI.,  a.     [di  and  dodrcahrdral.] 

In  crystalloirraphy,  having  the  form  of  a  dodrcalie- 

dral  prism  with  hexahiMlral  suniinit.s,  Clenvcland. 
DI  DKACIl'MA,  (di-drak'ma,)  11,    [Gr,]    A  piece  of 

money,  the  fourth  of  an  tuiiiee  of  silver. 
DIDST.    *i'he  second  person  of  the  pretiirit  of  do. 
DI-DUC'TIO.V,  H.    [1,.  diductio  !  di  and  dnco.  to  draw,] 
Separation  by  withdrawing  one  part  from  the  other, 

Boyle. 

DI  DY  M'l-I.'.M,  71.  A  metal  recently  discovered  by 
M.  Mosaiuler,  in  the  ores  of  Cerium. 

Ure.    Dr.  Bridjres. 
DID'Y-MOi;.*^,  17.    [Gr.  (!ii!M,ioi.]  />.  Cyc 

In  botinni,  growing  in  pairs  or  twins. 
DID-Y-.\  A'.\ll-A,  71.  [Gr.  il ,  .'n,  and  Hiu  nfti;,  power.] 
In  botany,  the  name  tif  a  class  of  jilaiits  of  four  sta- 
mens, dis|Hi.se(i  in  twt>  pairs,  one  being  shorter  than 
the  other. 

DI  l)-\'-.\.\'MI-,'\N,  }  a.  Cont.'iining  four  stamens,  dis- 
Dr-1)YN'.\-.M(JUS,  (     posed  in  pairs,  one  shorter  than 
the  other. 

DIE,  V.  i.  fSw.  do  ;  Daii.  dUrr.  .This  appears  to  be  a 
coiitractc  ii  word,  and  llie  r.iilieal  I'  tter  lost  is  not  ob- 
vious. The  word  th/e,  to  linge,  is  conIr:icted  from 
Dg,  and  the  .Arjliir  nml  siL'itilir.s  not  only  to  fotjrf, 
but  to  pi  risk  :  whicli  l  irclilii^Iatice  would  I<*ad  one  to 
infer  that  Ihey  are  railn  allt  0111.'  word,  and  that  the 
primary  sense  is,  to  plunge,  fall,  or  sink.  The  Saxon 
dradiun  is  evidently  a  ilerivalive  of  the  particijile  dead. 
See  DvE.] 

1.  I'o  be  deprived  of  respiration,  of  the  circulation 
of  blood,  and  otlirr  bodily  I'linrtidiis,  and  rendered 
incapable  of  resuscitation,  as  aniiii.-ils,  either  by  nat- 
ural decay,  by  dise;t.se,  or  liy  violence  ;  to  cease  to 
live  ;  to  expire  ;  to  deectse  ;  to  perish  ;  and,  with 
respect  to  man,  tu  depart  from  this  world. 

All  the  fintl-Iiorn  in  the  laiul  of  Karypt  sImII  die.  — Ex.  xi. 
The  liiih  th.it  a  in  the  river  •liall  die.  — Kx.  vii. 

This  word  is  followed  by  of  or  by.  Wen  die  of  dis- 
ease ;  of  a  fever;  of  sickness;  of  a  fall;  of  grief. 
They  die  by  the  sword  ;  bit  faiiiine  ;  by  |)estileiice  ;  by 
violence;  by  sickness;  fcy  disease.  In  some  cases, 
custom  has  establislieil  the  use  of  the  <me,  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  the  other;  but,  in  many  cases,  eitliiT  by  or 
of  may  be  used  at  the  pleasure  of  the  writer  or  speak- 
er. The  use  of /or,  he  died  for  thirst,  is  not  elegant 
nor  common. 

2.  To  be  punished  with  death  ;  to  lose  life  for  a 
crime,  or  for  the  sake  of  another.  I  will  relieve  my 
master,  if  1  die  for  it. 

Chrint  died  for  tlieatn^llT.  —  Rom.  T, 
Ctirist  died  for  our  sins.  —  1  Cur.  xv. 

3.  To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  cease  ;  to  be  lost ;  to  per- 
ish or  come  to  nothing ;  as,  let  the  secret  die  in  youi 
own  breast. 

4.  To  sink  ;  to  faint. 

His  he.irt  dud  witliin  hiin,  ami  he  hecarne  as  a  stone.  —  1  S.im. 

5.  To  languish  with  pleasure  or  tenderness ;  fol- 
lowed by  away. 

To  souiiiis  orhe.tTenIy  harp  slie  diet  aieay.  Pop*. 

6.  To  languish  with  affection. 

The  young  men  ackuowleil^ed  that  they  died  tor  Rebecca. 

Tiultr. 

7.  To  recede,  as  sound,  and  become  less  distinct ; 
to  become  less  and  less  ;  or  to  vanish  from  the  sight, 
or  disappear  gradually.    Soiinil  or  cidor  dies  atray. 

8.  To  lose  vegetable  life;  to  wither  ;  to  (icrish  ;  as 
plants  or  seeds.  Plants  die  for  want  of  water  ;  some 
plants  die  annually. 

9.  To  become  vapid  or  spiritless,  .as  liquors  ;  mostly 
used  in  the  participle  ;  as,  the  cider  or  beer  is  dead. 

10.  In  Uteolo/ry,  to  perish  everlastingly  ;  to  suffer 
divine  wrath  and  punishment  in  the  future  world. 

11.  I'o  become  indifferent  to,  or  to  cease  to  be  un- 
der the  power  of;  as,  to  die  to  sin. 

12.  To  endure  great  danger  and  distress. 

1  itit  daily.  —  1  Cor.  XT. 
7*11  die  airay ;  to  decrease  gradually  ;  to  cease  to 
blow  ;  as,  the  wind  dies  array. 
DIE,  11.  ; ;)/.  Dk.e.    [I'r.  di  ;  It.  dado  ;  Sp.  and  Port  id. : 
Arm.  diei ;  Ir.  disle.] 

1.  A  small  cube,  marked  on  its  faces  with  numbers 
from  one  to  six,  used  in  gaming,  by  being  thrown 
from  a  box. 

He  ventunsl  his  all  on  the  cut  of  a  (fM. 

2.  Any  cubic  btxiy  ;  a  flat  tablet.  Watts. 

3.  In  arehileclure,  the  cubical  part  of  the  |iedestal, 
between  its  base  and  cornice. 

4.  Hazard ;  chance. 

Such  is  the  <fi«  of  war.  Spender, 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE — A,\"GER,  Vf'ClOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DIF 


DIF 


DIF 


Dre.  n. :  pi.  Dies.  A  stamp  used  in  coining  money,  in 

foundenes,  &c. 
DI-E'CIAN  and  DI-E'CIOUS.    See  DifficiiN  and 

DlCECIOUS. 

Di'ER.  SeeDTER. 

DI-ER'E-SIS,  n.  See  DiaiREsis. 

DI'B^SIS,  n.    [(Jr.  6ieiTi(,  a  division.] 

In  music,  the  division  of  a  tone,  less  than  a  semi- 
tone ;  or  an  interval  consisting  of  a  less  or  imperfect 
semitone.  Eiicyc. 

Dl'ES  vVO.V,  [L.  dies  non  juridiau:.']  A  day  on  which 
courts  are  not  held,  as  the  Sabbath,  &c.  IVood^s  InsU 

DI'ET,  71.  [L.  duEta;  Gr.  Itaira,  manner  of  living, 
mode  of  life  prescribed  by  a  physician,  food,  a  room, 
parlor,  or  bedroom  ;  Sp.  dirtu ;  Fr.  dieU ;  It.  dieta.  In 
the  middle  aees,  this  word  was  used  to  denote  the 
provision  or  food  for  one  day,  and  for  a  journey  of 
one  day.  Spelman.  Hence  it  seems  to  be  from  dies, 
day,  or  its  root ;  and  hence  tlie  word  may  have  come 
to  signify  a  meal  or  supper,  and  the  room  occupied 
for  eating.] 

1.  Food  or  victuals  ;  as,  milk  is  a  wholesome  diet; 
flesh  is  a  nourishini;  diet. 

2.  Food  regulated  by  a  physician,  or  by  medical 
rules  ;  food  prescribed  for  the  prevention  or  cure  of 
disease,  and  limited  in  kind  or  quantity.  I  restrained 
myself  to  a  regular  diet  of  flesh  once  a  day. 

3.  Allowance  of  provision. 

For  his  di  n  Uiere  was  a  continual  diet  given  Kim  by  tlie  liiuf .  — 
Jer.  lii. 

4.  Hoard,  or  boarding  ;  as,  to  pay  a  certain  sum  for 
diet,  washing,  and  lodging. 

DI'ET,  n.  [b.  ryksdag:  G.  rcic/Lsta^;  Sw.  riksdag ; 
Dan.  rigsdag ;  empire's  day,  imperial  diet.  These 
words  prove  that  diet  is  from  dies,  day.  So  in  Scots 
law,  diet  of  appearance.] 

An  assembly  of  the  .states  or  circles  of  the  empire 
of  Germany  and  of  Poland  ;  a  convention  of  princes, 
electors,  ecclesiastical  dignitaries,  and  representatives 
of  free  cities,  to  deliberate  on  the  affairs  of  the  em- 
pire.  There  are  also  diets  of  states  and  cantons. 

Eneyc. 

DI'ET,  r.  t.  To  feed  ;  to  board ;  to  furnish  provisions 
for  ;  as,  the  master  diel-s  his  apprentice. 

2.  To  take  food  by  rules  prescribed  ;  .as,  an  invalid 
should  carefully  diet  himself. 

3.  To  feed  ;  to  furnish  aliment  ;  as,  to  diH  re- 
venge. Shak. 

DI'ET,  V.  i.   To  eat  according  to  rules  prescribed. 

2.  To  eat  sparingly.  Shak. 

3.  To  eat ;  to  feed ;  as,  the  students  diet  in  com- 
mons. 

DI'ET-A-RY,  n.  Rule  of  diet ;  allowance  of  food,  es- 
pecially for  the  poor  in  alms-houses  and  prisons. 

Brande. 

DI'ET-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  diet  or  the  rules  of 
diet. 

Di'ET-DRINK,  n.  Medicated  liquors ;  drink  prepared 
with  medicinal  ingredients. 

DI'ET-ED,  pp.  Fed  ;  boarded  ;  fed  by  prescribed  rules. 

Dl'ET-ER,  n.  One  who  diets ;  one  who  prescribes 
rules  for  eating  ;  one  who  prepares  food  by  rules. 

DI-E-TET'ie,        )       rrr  \„,^„..,r,^ 

DI-E-TET'ie^AL,  i  ''"'"■''-""'■J 

Pertaining  to  diet,  or  to  the  rules  for  regulating  the 
kind  and  quantity  of  food  to  be  eaten. 

DI-E-TET'ies,  11.  Tliat  part  of  medicme  which  re- 
lates to  diet  or  food. 

Dl'ET-I\E,  71.  A  subordinate  or  local  diet ;  a  cantonal 
convention. 

DI'ET-I.NG,  ppr.  Taking  food  ;  prescribing  rules  for 
eating  ;  taking  food  according  to  prescribed  rules. 

DIEU  ET  MOJV  DROIT,  (de-u'a-mon-drwi,)  [Fr.] 
God  and  my  right. 

DIF-FAR-RE-a'TIO\,  71.    [L.  dis  and  farreatio.] 

The  parting  of  a  cake  ;  a  ceremony  among  the  Ro- 
mans, at  the  divorce  of  man  and  wife.  Encijc. 

DIF'FER,  V.  i.  [L.  diffrro,  dis  and  fcro,  to  bear  or  move 
apart ;  It.  diffcrire  :  Fr.  diffcrer.    See  Hear.] 

1.  Literally,  to  be  separate.  Hence,  to  be  unlike, 
dissimilar,  distinct,  or  v.arious,  in  nature,  condition, 
form,  or  qualities  ;  followed  hy  from.  Men  differ  from 
brutes ;  a  statue  differs  from  a  picture ;  wisdom  differs 
from  folly. 

One  sur  difftrtlh  from  another  itar  In  glory.  —  1  Cor.  xt. 

2.  To  disagree  ;  not  to  accord  ;  to  be  of  a  contrarj' 
opinion.  We  arc  all  free  to  diffrr  in  opinion,  and 
sometimes  our  sentiments  differ  less  than  we  at  first 
suppose. 

3.  To  contend  ;  to  be  at  TOriance  ;  to  strive  or  de- 
bate in  words  ;  to  dispute  ;  to  quarrel. 

We'll  iifTT  d^^tr  with  a  crowdpil  pil.  lioist, 

DIF'FER,  tj.  U  To  cause  to  be  different  or  various. 
A  diflercnt  dialect  and  pronunciation  differs  persons 
of  divers  countries.  Derham. 

[  Tins  transitive  use  of  the  verb  is  not  common,  nor  to 
be  commended.] 

DIF'FEK-KD,  pp.    Made  different ;  disagreed. 

DIF'FER  E.N'CE,  ti.  The  HUale  of  being  unlike  or  dis- 
tinct ;  distinction  ;  disagreement ;  want  of  sameness  ; 
variation  ;  dissimilarity.  Difference  may  be  total  or 
partial,  and  exist  in  tlie  nature  and  essence  of  things 
In  the  form,  the  qualities,  or  degrees.    There  Is  a  dif- 


ference in  nature  between  animals  and  plants  ;  a  dif- 
ference in  form  between  tlie  genera  and  species  of 
animals;  a.  difference  of  quality  in  paper;  and  a  dif- 
ference in  degrees  of  heat,  or  of  light. 

2.  The  quality  which  distinguishes  one  thing  from 
another. 

3.  Dispute  ;  debate ;  contention  ;  quarrel ;  contro- 
versy. 

What  was  the  difference  7   It  was  a  contention  in  public.  ShaJc. 

4.  The  point  in  dispute;  ground  of  controversy. 

5.  A  logical  distinction.  [Shak. 

6.  Evidences  or  marks  of  distinction. 

The  marks  and  differences  of  sovereignty.  DavUs, 
I  7.  Distinction. 


8.  In  mathematics,  the  remainder  of  a  sum  or  quan- 
tity, after  a  lesser  sum  or  quantity  is  subtracted. 

9.  In  logic,  an  essential  attribute,  belonging  to 
some  species,  and  not  found  in  the  genus  ;  being  the 
idea  that  defines  the  species.  Encyc. 

10.  In  heraldry,  a  certain  figure  added  to  a  coat  of 
arms,  serving  to  distinguish  one  family  from  another, 
or  to  show  how  distant  a  younger  branch  is  from 
the  elder  or  principal  branch. 

DIF'FER-ENCE.  r.  £.  To  cause  a  difference  or  dis- 
tinction. A  rtgular  administration  of  justice  accord- 
ing to  fixed  '.a\YS,  differences  a  civilized  from  a  savage 
st.ite. 

DIF'FER-ENC-£D,  (dif 'fer-enst,)  pp.  Caused  to  dif- 
fer ;  separated. 

DIF'FER-ENC-ING, ppr.  Causing  a  difference ;  mak- 
ing different. 

DxF'FER-ENT,  a.  Distinct ;  separate  ;  not  the  same  ; 
as,  we  belong  to  different  churches  or  nations. 

2.  Various  or  contrarj' ;  of  various  or  contrary  na- 
tures, forms,  or  qualities;  unlike;  dissimilar;  as, 
different  kinds  of  food  or  drink  ;  different  states  of 
health  ;  different  shapes  ;  different  degrees  of  excel- 
lence. 

DIF-FER-EN'TIAL,  (dif-fer-en'shal,)  <z. 

1.  In  commerce,  creating  a  ditference  ;  as,  differential 
duties.  England. 

2.  In  mathematics,  an  epithet  used  in  fluxions,  or 
t!ie  doctrine  of  infinitesimals;  as,  the  differential  cal- 
culus, (see  Calculus,)  a  differential  quantity,  (see 
the  noun  Differextial.)  ' 

DIF-FER-EN'TIAL,  71.  In  the  differential  and  integral 
calcidvs,  if  two  or  more  quantities  are  dependent  on 
each  other,  and  subject  to  variations  of  value,  their 
differentials  are  any  other  quantities  whose  ratios  to 
each  other  are  the  limits  to  which  the  ratios  of  the 
variations  approximate,  as  these  variations  are  re- 
duced nearer  and  nearer  to  zero.       .4.  D.  Stanlexi. 

DIF-FER-EN'TIAL  THER-MOM'E-TER,  71.  A  ther- 
mometer for  measuring  very  small  differences  of 
temperature.  Brande. 

DIF'FER-ENT-LY,  <zi?p.  In  a  different  manner ;  va- 
riously. Men  are  differently  affected  with  the  same 
eloquence. 

DIF'FER-ING,  ppr.  Being  unlike  or  distinct ;  disa- 
greeing; contending. 

DlF'FER-Ii\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  different  manner. 

DIF'FI-CILE,  (dif'fe-sil,)  a.    [L.  difficUis.] 

Difficult ;  hard  ;  scrupulous.    [JVut  itscd.]  Bacon. 

DIF'FI-CILE-NESS,  n.  Difliculty  to  be  persuaded, 
f  JVo(  used.']  Bacon. 

D1F'FI-€ULT,  a.  [L.  difficilis ;  dis  ani  faeilis,  easy 
to  be  made  or  done,  from  facio,  to  make  or  do  ;  Sp. 
difcuUcso ;  It.  diffcoltoso.] 

1.  Hard  to  be  made,  done,  or  performed  ;  not  easy ; 
attended  with  labor  and  pains  ;  as,  our  task  is  difficult. 
It  is  difficult  to  persuade  men  to  abandon  vice.  It  is 
difficult  to  ascend  a  steep  hill,  or  travel  a  bad  road 

2.  Hard  to  be  pleased  ;  not  easily  wrought  upon  ; 
not  readily  yielding  ;  not  compliant ;  unaccommo- 
dating ;  rigid  ;  austere  ;  not  easily  managed  or  per- 
suaded ;  as,  a  difficult  man  ;  a  person  of  a  difficult 
temper. 

3.  Hard  to  be  ascended,  as  a  hill ;  traveled,  as  a 
road  ;  or  crossed,  as  a  river,  &c.  VVe  say,  a  difficult 
ascent ;  a  difficult  road  ;  a  difficult  river  to  cross,  &c. 

DlF'Fl-eULt-LY,  aJ.    Willi  difficulty. 
DIF'FI-eUL-TY,  71.    [Fr.  difficulte;  It.  difficoltd;  Sp. 
d{ficullad  :  L.  difficultas.] 

1.  Hardness  to  be  done  or  accomplished  ;  the  state 
of  any  thing  which  renders  its  performance  labori- 
ous or  perplexing  ;  opiTOsed  to  easiness  or  facility ;  as, 
the  difficulty  of  a  task  or  enterprise  ;  a  work  of  labor 
and  difficulty. 

2.  That  which  is  hard  to  be  performed  or  sur- 
mounted. We  often  mistake  diffir.iillirs  for  impossi- 
bilities. To  overcome  difficulties,  is  an  evidence  of  a 
great  mind. 

3.  Perplexity  ;  embarrassment  of  affairs  ;  trouble  ; 
whatever  renders  progress  or  execution  of  designs 
laborious.  We  lie  under  many  difficulties,  by  reason 
of  bad  markets,  or  a  low  state  of  trade. 

4.  Objection  ;  obstacle  tobelief;  that  which  ran  not 
be  easily  understood,  explained,  or  believed.  Men 
often  raise  difficulties  concerning  miracles  and  myste- 
ries in  religion,  which  candid  research  will  remove. 


5  In  o  popular  sense,  bodily  complaints  ;  indispo- 
sition. 

DIF'FlDE,  t).  i.    [L.  diffido  ;  dis  and  fdo,  to  tnisi.] 

To  distrust  ;  to  have  no  confidence  in  [Aaif.J 
DIF'FI-DENCE,  71.   [It.  diffidania ;  Sp.  difideneia ,  from 
L.  diffidcns,  diffido  ;  dis  and  jido,  to  trust.  See  Faith.] 

1.  Distrust ;  want  of  confidence  ;  any  doubt  of  the 
power,  ability,  or  disiiosition  of  others.  It  is  said 
there  was  a  general  diffidence  of  the  strength  and  re- 
sources of  the  nation,  and  of  the  sincerity  of  the 
king. 

a  More  generally.  (J  jotrust  of  one's  self;  want  of 
confidence  in  our  own  power,  competency,  correct- 
ness, or  wisdom  ;  a  doubt  respecting  some  personal 
qualification  We  speak  or  write  with  diffidence, 
when  we  doubt  our  ability  to  speak  or  write  cor- 
rectly, or  to  the  satisfaction  of  others.  The  effect  of 
diffidence  is  some  degree  of  reserve,  modesty,  timid- 
ity, or  bashfulness.  Hence, 

3.  Modest  reser\'e  ;  a  moderate  degree  of  timidity  or 
bashfulness  ;  as,  he  addressed  the  audience  or  the 
prince  with  diffidence. 
DIF'FI-DENT,  a.  Distrustful  ;  wanting  confidence  ; 
doubting  another's  power,  disposition,  sincerity,  or 
intention. 

Be  not  diffident  of  wisdom.  Milton. 

2.  Distrustful  of  one's  self;  not  confident ;  doubt- 
ful of  one's  own  power  or  competency 

Distress  niaJtes  Uie  humble  heart  dijjident.  Clarissa. 

3.  Reserved  ;  modest ;  timid  ;  as,  a  diffident  youth. 
DIF'FI-DEi\T-LY,  adv.    With  distrust ;  in  a  distrust- 
ing manner;  modestly. 

DIF-FI.VD'  I',  e.  [L.  diffindo.]    To  split. 
DIF-FIN'I-TIVE,  a.    Determinate  ;  difinitive. 
DIF-FLa'TION,  71.  The  act  of  scattering  by  a  gust  of 
wind. 

DIF'FLU-ENCE,  )  rr  j«  i 
DIF'FLU  EN-CY,  \  '''M'">-i 

A  flowina  or  fallin<;  away  on  all  sides.  Brown. 
DIF'FLU-ENT,  a.    Flowing  away  on  all  sides;  not 
fixed. 

DIF'FORM,  <7.  [L.  dis  and  forma.  But  it  appears  to 
have  been  adopted  from  the  French  or  Italian  dif- 
forme,  which  we  write  deform.] 

1.  Irregular  in  form  ;  not  uniform  ;  anomalous  ; 
as,  a  diffurm  flower  or  corol,  the  parts  of  which  do  not 
correspond  in  size  or  proportion  ;  so,  difform  leaves. 

2.  Unlike :  dissimilar  •  [.l/artyn. 

The  unequal  refractions  of  difform  rays.  iNViclon. 
DIF-FOR.M'I-TY,  71.   Irregularity  of  form;  want  of 

uniformitv.  Brown. 
DIF-FR.\eT',  V  t.    [L.  diffractum,  diffringo.] 
To  break  or  separate  into  parts,  as  light. 
DIF-FRACT'ED,  pp.    Broken  or  separated  into  parts. 
DIF-FRAC'TIOX,  n.  [from  L.  diffringo,  diffractum,  to 

break  in  pieces.] 
In  optics,  a  change  which  light  undergoes,  when, 

by  passing  very  near  the  borders  of  an  opaque  body, 

it  forms  parallel  bands  or  fringes.         D.  Olmsted. 
DIF-FRAN'CHISE,  )        „  „ 

DIF-FRAN'CHISE-.MENT,  \  uisfbanchise, 

which  is  the  word  in  use. 
DIF-FUSE',  (dif-fuze',)  v.  t.    [L.  diffasus ;  d  iff  undo ; 

dis  and  fundo,  to  pour,  to  spread.    If  71  is  casual,  as 

it  probably  is,  the  root  belongs  to  Class  Bd  or  Bs.] 

1.  To  pour  out  and  spread,  as  a  fluid  ;  to  cause  to 
flow  and  spread.  The  rivet  rose  and  diffused  its 
waters  over  the  adjacent  plain. 

2.  To  spread  ;  to  send  out  or  extend  in  all  direc- 
tions. Flowers  diffuse  their  odors.  The  fame  of 
^Vashington  is  diffused  over  Europe.  The  knowl- 
edge of  the  true  God  will  be  diffiusetl  over  the  earth. 

DIF-FuSE',  a.    Widely  spread  ;  dispersed. 

2.  Copious  ;  prolix  ;  using  many  words ;  giving 
full  descriptitms  ;  as,  Livy  is  a  diffuse  writer. 

3.  Copious  ;  verbose  ;  containing  full  or  particular 
accounts  ;  not  concise  ;  as,  a  diffuse  style. 

DIF-FUS'£D,  (dif-fuzd',)  pp.   Spread  ;  dispersed. 
2.  Loose  ;  flowing  ;  wild.  Shali. 

DIF-FUS'ED-LV,  (dif-fuz'ed-ly,)  adv.  In  a  diffused 
manner  ;  with  wide  dispersion. 

DlF-FuS'ED-\ESS,  (dif-fuz'ed-ness,)  71.  The  state 
of  beini;  widely  spread.  Sherwood. 

DIF-FUSE'LV,  <«/ii.    Widely  ;  extensively. 
2.  Copiously  ;  with  many  words  ;  fully. 

DIF-FCS'ER,  71.    One  who  diffuses. 

DIF-Fu-Sl-BIL'I-TY,  (dif-fu-z^bil'i-ty,)  71.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  diffusible,  or  capable  of  being  spread ; 
as,  the  difftisihility  of  clay  in  watiT.  ICtnran. 

DIF-FO'SI-BLE,  (dif  fu'ze-ble,)  a.  That  may  flow  or 
be  spread  in  all  directions  ;  that  may  he  dispersed  ; 
as,  diffusible  stimuli.  Brown. 

DIF-FC'S!I-HI,E-NESS,  71.  Diffusibilitv. 

DIF-FOS'LN'G,  ppr.    Spreading;  extending. 

DIF-FO'SlOX,  (dif-fu'zhun,)  ?i.  .\  spreading  or  flow- 
ing of  a  liquid  substance  or  fluid,  in  a  lateral  as  well 
as  a  lineal  direction  ;  as,  the  diffusion  of  water ;  tlie 
diffu-iion  of  air  or  light. 

2.  A  spreading  or  scattering;  dispersion;  as,  a 
diffusion  of  dust  or  of  seeds. 

3.  A  spreading  ;  extension ;  propagation  ;  as,  the 
diffusion  of  knowledge,  or  of  good  principles. 


FATE,  FAE,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PKBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQOK.— 


332 


DIG 

•1.  Oiipiousne<i?i,  extiburance,  as  of  style.  [Little 
I,.-,/.) 

DIK-rO'SIVE,  u.  llavitiR  tlie  qniilily  of  (lin'iisins,  or 
sprtadiriL'  l>y  llowiii:;,  as  li(|iiUl  substancfs  or  Huiila  ; 
or  of  (lis|wrsiii?,  as  iniiiulc  particles.  Water,  air, 
nnd  liglit,  dust,  smoke,  and  odors,  are  dijfiuicc  sub- 
stances. 

2.  Extended  ;  spread  widely  ;  extending  in  all  di- 
rections ;  extensive  ;  as,  diffmiot  charity  or  benevo- 
lence. 

DIF-FO'SIVE-LY,  adc.  Widely  ;  extensively  ;  every 
way. 

DIF-FO'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  diflusing,  or 
state  of  being  dill'iised  ;  dispersion. 

2.  Extension,  or  extensiveness  ;  as,  the  diffusivr- 
ness  of  benevolence. 

3.  The  quality  or  state  of  beinfj  dilfiise,  as,  an  au- 
thor or  his  style  ;  vcrboseiiess ;  copiousness  of  words 
or  expression.  Jlddison. 

DIG,  t!.  t,  prct.  DiooED  or  Duo;  jip.  Diooeu  or  I)uu. 
[Sw.  dika  ;  Dan.  diger,  to  ilig,  to  ditch  :  Sw.  dike,  a  ditch, 
Dan.  digc ;  U.  dijk,  a  dijke  ;  G.  deich,  Sax.  die,  id. ; 

Sax.  dician,  to  ditch  ;  Elh.  dachi.    Cl.iss  Dg, 

No.  14.  'I  he  Irish  luclUaim,  tachlaim,  to  dig,  may  be 
from  the  sauie  rool.l 

1.  To  open  and  break,  or  turn  up  the  earth,  will) 
a  spade  or  other  sharp  instrument. 

Bo  first  to  (//*  tJte  ;rroiind.  Drytlen, 

2.  To  excavate ;  to  lorm  an  ojiening  in  the  earth 
by  digging  and  removing  the  loose  earth  ;  as,  to  diffa. 
well,  a  pit,  or  a  mine. 

3.  To  pierce  or  open  with  a  snout  or  by  other 
means,  as  svvine  or  mules. 

4.  To  pierce  with  a  |x)inlrd  instrument ;  to  thrust  in. 

Still  fur  till?  frowiiig  liver  diggett  hi«  ba-i»t.  Drylen. 

To  diff  down,  is  to  undermine  and  cause  to  fall  by 
digging  ;  a**,  to  di;r  dotrn  a  wall. 

To  liiir  out,  or  to  dig  from,  is  to  obtain  by  digging  ; 
as,  to  ditt  coals  from  a  mine  ;  to  di<^  out  fossils.  Hut 
the  preposition  is  ortni  omitted,  and  it  is  said,  the 
men  are  diirtrinjr  coals,  or  fti'^'jintr  iron  ore.  In  such 
phrases,  some  woril  is  understood  :  They  are  digrring 
out  ore,  or  digging  for  coals,  or  digging  ore  from  the 
earth. 

To  dig  np,  is  to  obtain  .something  from  the  earth  by 
opening  it,  or  uncovering  the  thing  with  a  spade  or 
other  instrument,  or  to  force  out  from  the  earth  by  a 
bar  ;  as,  to  dig  up  a  stone. 
DIG,  p.  i.  To  work  will)  a  spade  or  other  piercing  in- 
Btrtmient ;  to  do  servile  work. 

1  cm  not  t/iy  ;  1  urn  a.ili.im»t  to  bt-j.  —  Luke  xvl. 
3  To  work  in  search  of ;  to  search. 

Thry  dig  for  it  nion;  ilinn  for  llkl  tirasuivl.  —Job  iii. 

To  dig  in,  is  to  pierce  with  a  spade  or  other  pointed 
instrument. 

Son  of  man,  Jig  now  in  t)ic  wall.  —  F^-lc.  viil. 

To  dig  through:  to  o|)en  a  pa-ssage  through)  to 
make  an  o|>eiiing  from  one  side  to  the  other. 
DI-GA.M'.M.\,  11.    [Gr.  I'l,  and  > a.";/a, double  gamma.] 
The  name  of  a  letter  in  the  early  language  of 
Greece,  which   gradually  fell  into  disuse,  except 
among  the  Eolics.     It  has  very  nearly  the  sound 
of  the  English  f,  and  was  callcil  digamma  from  its 
resemblance  to  two  gammas,  one  placed  above  tlic 
other.  , 
DIG'.\-MY,n.  Second  marri.igc.  [JVo*  in  u-ic]  Herbert. 
DI-G  AS'TR  IC,  a.    [Gr.  ,'.5  and  ,  .ir>;  ',  belly.] 

Having  a  ilouble  belly ;  an  epithet  given  to  a  mus- 
cle of  the  lower  jaw.  Bailey. 
DIG'ER-EXT,  a.    [I,,  digerrns.] 

Dieesiing.    [jVot  in  use.] 
DI'fiEST,  71.    (I.,  dige.ttus,  put  in  order.] 

1.  A  collection  or  body  of  Koman  laws,  digested  or 
arranged  under  proper  titles  by  order  of  the  emperor 
Justinian.    A  pandect. 

2.  Any  collection,  compilation,  abridgment,  or 
summary  of  laws,  disposed  under  proper  heads  or 
titles  ;  as,  the  Digest  i>(  Comyii. 

DI-GEST',  r.  t.  [1,.  digr.-tiim,  from  digrro,  to  distrib- 
ute, or  to  dissolve  ;  di,  ordi.i,  and  gero,  to  ho.ir,  c.irry, 
or  wear;  Vr.digerer;  h.digrrire:  digrrir.] 

1.  To  distribute  into  suitable  classes,  or  under 
proper  heads  or  titles  ;  to  arrange  in  convenient  or- 
der ;  to  disimsc  in  iliie  method  ;  as,  to  dige.it  the  Ro- 
man laws  or  the  common  law. 

2.  To  arrange  methodically  in  the  mind;  to  form 
with  due  arrangement  of  parts  ;  as,  to  digest  a  plan 
or  scheme. 

3.  To  separate  or  dissolve  m  the  stomach,  as  food  ; 
to  reduce  to  minute  parts  lit  to  enter  the  lacteals  and 
circulate ;  to  concoct ;  to  convert  into  chyme. 

Coze.  Knctjc. 

4.  In  chemistry,  to  soften  and  prepare  by  heat ;  to 
expose  to  a  gentle  heat  in  a  boiler  or  matrass,  as  a 
preparation  for  chemical  operations. 

5.  To  bear  with  patience ;  to  brook  ;  to  receive 
without  resentment ;  not  to  reject  j  as,  s.iy  what 
you  will,  he  will  digest  it.  ShaJt. 

6.  To  prepare  in  the  mind  ;  to  dispose  in  a  manner 
that  shall  improve  the  undersuinding  and  he:irt;  to 


DIG 

prepare  for  nourisiiing  practical  duties  ;  as,  to  digest 
a  discourse  or  sermon. 

7.  To  dispose  an  ulcer  or  wound  to  suppurate. 

8.  To  dissolve  and  prepare  for  manure,  as  [ilants 
and  other  substances. 

DI-<jES'1'',  v.  L   To  be  prepared  by  heat. 

2.  To  suppurate  ;  to  generate  laudable  pus  ;  as  an 
ulcer  or  wound. 

3.  To  dissolve  and  be  prepared  for  manure,  as  sub- 
stances in  compost. 

DI-GEST'Et),  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  method  ;  arranged 
in  ilue  order  ;  concocted  or  prepared  in  the  stomach 
or  by  a  gentle  heat ;  received  without  rejection ; 
borne  ;  disposed  for  tise. 

Dr  ORST'ED-I. Y,  ni/e.    In  a  well  arranged  manner. 

DI-GE.S  T'EIl,  11.    He  that  digests  or  disposes  in  order. 

2.  One  wlio  digests  his  food. 

3.  A  medicine  or  article  of  food  th.at  aids  diiies- 
tion,  or  strengthens  the  digestive  power  of  the  stom- 
ach. 

4.  A  strong  vessel,  contrived  by  Pnpin,in  which  to 
boil  bony  substances  with  a  strong  heat,  and  reduce 
them  to  a  tluid  state  ;  or,  in  general,  to  increase  the 
solvent  power  of  water. 

DI-GE.ST-I-ltIL'I-TY,  n.  The  qu.alily  of  being  di- 
gestible. 

1)1-0 E.ST'1-HLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  digested.  Briroii. 

1)1  (jEf  T'IiN't;,  ppr.  .\rranging  in  due  order,  or  under 
projier  heads  ;  dissolving  and  preparing  for  circula- 
tion in  the  stomach  ;  softening  and  jircparing  by 
heal;  disposing  for  practice;  disposing  to  generate 
pus  ;  brooking;  reducing  by  heat  to  a  tluid  state. 

DI-GES'TIO.N',  (de-jest'yun,)  71.    [h.  digcslio.] 

1.  The  conversion  of  food  into  chyme,  or  the  pro- 
cess of  decomposing  aliment  in  the  stomach  anil  re- 
composing  it  ill  a  new  form,  and  thus  preparing  it 
for  circulation  and  iiuurishiiient.  A  ^itoil  digestion  is 
essential  to  liealLli. 

2.  In  chrmt.stni,  the  operation  of  exposing  httdies  to 
a  gentle  heat,  to  prejiaie  them  for  some  action  on 
each  other ;  or  the  slow  actitm  of  a  solvent  011  any 
substance. 

3.  The  act  of  methodizing  and  reducing  to  order; 
the  maturing  of  a  design.  Temple. 

4.  The  process  of  maturing  an  ulcer  or  wound, 
and  disposing  it  to  generate  pus;  or  the  generation 
of  matter. 

5.  Tlie  process  of  dissolution  and  preparation  of 
substances  for  inarnire,  as  in  compost. 

DI-<5EST'I  VE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  cause  diges- 
tion in  the  stomach;  as,  a  digestive  pieparalion  of 
medicine. 

2.  CaiKible  of  softening  and  preparing  by  heat. 

3.  Methudi/.ing  ;  reducing  to  order  ;  as,  dige.-:live 
thought.  hryden. 

A.  Causing  maturation  in  wounds  or  ulcers. 
.">.  Dissolving. 

DI-GEST'IVE,  11.  In  medieine,  any  preparation  or  med- 
icine which  increases  the  tone  of  the  stomach,  and 
aids  digestion  ;  a  stomachic  ;  a  corroborant. 

2.  In  snrgrnj,  an  application  which  ripens  an  ul- 
cer or  wound,  or  disposes  it  to  suppurate. 

Digr-itire  .mil,  the  muriate  of  potash. 
DI-GESTTKE,  n.     Concoction;  digestion.  [/iar«.] 
DlG'GA-liLE,  <i.    That  niav  be  digged. 
DIC.'CA.l),  (digil,)  ;)rft.  and  pp.  of  Dig. 
DIG'GEK,  II.    One  who  tligs  ;  one  who  opens,  throws 

up,  and  breaks  the  earth  ;  one  who  opens  a  well,  pit, 

trench,  or  ditch. 
lUG'GlS<J,ppr.    Opening  or  turning  the  earth  with  a 

spade. 

DIGHT,  (dite,)  p.  L  [Pax.  dihl,  disposition,  order,  com- 
mand ;  dilitan,  to  set,  establish,  prepare,  instruct, 
dicuite.  This  si^'ins  to  be  from  the  same  source  as 
the  I.,  dieo,  dieti'.] 

To  prepare ;  to  put  in  order :  hence,  to  dress,  or 
put  on  ;  to  army  ;  to  adorn.  [Obsolete,  or  used  onlij 
111  piirtnj.  .Milton. 

DIij'IT,  11.  [L.  digitus,  a  finger,  that  is,  a  shoot ;  Gr. 
t'axri'A'jj.j 

1.  The  measure  of  a  finger's  breadth,  or  three 
fourths  of  an  inch.  Boyle. 

9.  The  twelfth  part  of  the  diameter  of  the  sun  or 
miKin  ;  a  term  used  to  express  the  qnantity  of  an 
ecli|ise ;  as,  an  eclijise  nf  six  digits  is  one  which 
hides  one  half  of  the  disk. 

3.  In  arilhmetie,  any  integer  under  10;  so  called 
from  counting  on  the  fingers.  Thus,  1,  2, 3, 4,  5  6, 
7,  8,  9,  are  calleil  iligiLs. 

DIGTl'-AI.,  a.    [I,,  digilnlis.] 

Pertaining  t^i  the  lingers,  or  to  digits. 
DIG  I-Ta'I,I-A,    )  n.    .\  snpiKised  alkaloid  obtained 
DI-GI-Ta'I,INE,  (     from  the  foxglove  or  Digitalis 
pnrpurrn.  It  has  not  been  obtained  in  a  perfectly  pure 
DIG  l-TA'LIS,  11.    [I,.  i/iinfM,  a  finger.]  [slate. 
The  plant  cMl-iI  foxglove ;  the  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants. 

DIGIT-aTR,  r.  L   To  point  out  as  with  Ihe  finger. 

DIG'IT-.ATE,     I  a.  In  bot/iny,  a  digitate  leaf  is  one 

DIG'IT-A-TED,  t  which  branches  into  several  dis- 
tinct leaHeLs,  like  fingers  ;  or  when  a  simple,  undi- 
viiled  p<tiole  connects  several  leafiet^  at  the  end 
of  it.  MaHyn. 

DIG'IT-ATE-LV,  adv.    In  a  digit.atc  manner. 


DIG 

DIG  IT-S'TION,  II.  [L.]  A  division  into  finger-like 
proci^sses.  Odhcrt. 

DlG'IT-I-GR.ADE,  n.  [L.  digitus,  a  finger  or  toe,  and 
gradior,  to  walk.] 

An  anim.al  that  walks  or  steps  on  his  toes,  as  the 
lion,  wolf,  &c.  Bell. 

DIG'IT-I-GRADE,  a.  Walking  on  the  toes,  as  the 
cat  and  dog. 

DI-GLA'DI-ATE,  r.  U    [L.  digladior.\ 
To  fence  ;  to  quarrel.    [Little  uselL] 

DI-GLA-DI-A'TION,  n.  A  combat  with  swords  ;  a 
quarrel.  B.  Jonson. 

DI'GLYl'II,  n.  [Gr.  ^if,  twice,  and  j-Ati^oi,  to  carve.] 
In  architecture,  a  projecting  face  having  two  panels  or 
channels  sunk  in.  The  triglypli  has  three.  Owilt. 

DIG-M-Fi  eA'TlON,  n.  [See  DioMty.]  The  act 
of  dignifying  ;  exaltation;  promotion.  IValton. 

DlG'.\l-fT -^.D,  fdig'ni-fide.)  71/).  [^Sce  Dionikv.)  Ex- 
alted ;  honoretl ;  invested  with  dignity  ;  as,  the  dig- 
jiijied  cler::y. 

2.  17.  Marked  with  dignity;  noble;  as,  dignified 
conduct  or  manner. 

To  the  ^PRt  nBloniahment  of  the  Jew*,  the  mann^ra  of  Jrstis  ftre 
familiar,  yet  digtiified.  Buekmintter, 

DIG'NI-F?,  V.  I.  [Ifp.  dignificar ;  L.  </i>nuj,  worthy, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  invest  with  honor  or  dignity;  to  exalt  in 
rank  ;  to  promote  ;  to  elevate  to  a  liigh  ofiicc. 

2.  i'o  honor;  to  make  illustrious;  to  distinguish 
by  some  excellence,  or  that  which  gives  celebrity. 

Your  worth  will  dignify  our  fc^t.  B.  Jonson. 

DIG'XI-T.\-RY,  71.  An  ecclesiastic  who  holds  a  dig- 
nity, or  a  benefice  which  gives  him  some  iiri'-eini- 
neiice  over  mere  priests  and  canons,  as  a  bishop, 
dean,  archdeacon,  prebendary,  &.c.    Kncye.  Swift. 

DIG'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  dignitas,  from  dignus,  worthy  ;  ' 
Pp.  digno  ;  It.  degno ;  Fr.  digne:  Arm.  dign  or  din. 
(ill.  its  relation  to  Sax.  dugan,  to  be  good,  to  avail,  to 
be  worth,  to  be  prtifitable.  It  is  probable  that  g 
and  n  arc  not  both  radical,  but  it  is  uncertain 
which.] 

1.  True  honor ;  nobleness  or  elevation  of  mind, 
consisting  in  a  high  sense  of  propriety,  truth,  and 
justice,  with  an  abliorri^nce  of  mean  and  sinful  ac- 
tions ;  opposed  to  meanness.  In  this  sense,  we  speak 
of  the  dignity  of  mind,  and  dignity  of  sentiments. 
This  dignity  is  based  on  moral  rectitude;  all  vice  is 
inroiiipatible  with  true  dignity  of  mind.  The  man 
who  deliberately  injures  another,  whether  male  or 
female,  has  no  true  dignity  of  soul. 

2.  Elevation  ;  honorable  place  or  rank  of  eleva- 
tion ;  degree  of  excellence,  either  in  estimatiim,  or 
in  the  order  of  nature.  Man  Is  superior  in  dignity  to 
brutes. 

3.  Elevation  of  aspect ;  grandeur  of  mien  ;  as,  a 
man  of  native  dignity. 

4.  Elevation  of  deportment ;  as,  dignity  of  man- 
ners or  behavior. 

.S.  An  elevated  office,  civil  or  ecclesia-stical,  giving 
a  high  rank  in  society  ;  advancement ;  preferment, 
or  the  rank  attached  to  it.  We  say,  a  man  enjoys 
his  dignity  with  moderation,  or  without  haughtiness. 
Among  ecclesiastics,  dignity  is  olBce  or  preferment 
joined  with  power  or  jurisdiction. 

Bailey.  Johnson. 

6.  The  rank  or  title  of  a  nobleman.  Kncye. 

7.  In  iinilory,  one  of  the  three  parts  of  elocution, 
consisting  in  the  right  use  of  tropes  and  figures. 

Kncye. 

8.  In  astrology,  an  advantage  which  a  planet  has 
on  account  of  its  being  in  some  particular  place  of 
the  zodiac,  or  in  a  particular  station  in  respect  to 
other  planets.  Bailrti. 

9.  A  general  maxim  or  principle.  [A'at 

Broicn, 

DIG-NO'TION,  n-    [h.  dignosen.] 

Distinguishing  mark  ;  distinction.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Brotciu 

DIG'O-NOUS,  a.    [Gr.      and  >.<oeia,  an  angle.] 

In  botany,  having  two  angles,  as  a  stem.  Lee. 
DI'GllAl'H,  (dl'graf,)  71.     [Gr.  dij  and  ypa<l>u,  to 
write.] 

A  union  of  two  vowels,  of  which  one  only  is  pro- 
nounced, as  in  Af<7'/,  breath.  Shrridan, 
DI-GRESS',  r.  i.     [L.  digresnu,  digredior ;  di,  or  dis, 
and  gradior,  to  step.    Sec  Graoe.] 

1.  Literally,  to  step  or  go  from  the  way  or  road  ; 
hence,  to  depart  or  wander  from  the  main  subject, 
design,  or  tenor  of  a  discourse,  argument,  or  narra- 
tion ;  used  only  of  speaking  or  writing. 

In  the  pursuit  of  an  .arpiinoni  there  ia  linnlly  room  to  digrttt 
into  n  particular  <li-liiiilion,  as  oHeii  00  a  man  vari  «  \iva 
nigiiiiicilioit  of  any  term.  Lock*. 

2.  To  go  out  of  the  right  wav  or  common  track  ; 
to  deviate  ;  in  a  literal  sense,    f  JYut  note  in  use.] 

Shak. 

DI-GRESS'I.\G,  ppr.  Departing  from  the  main  sub- 
ject. 

Dl-GRE.S'SIO.\,  (de-grcsh'un,)  n.    [Ij.  digressio.] 

1.  The  act  of  digressing;  a  departure  from  the 
m*in  subject  under  consideration ;  an  excursion  of 
speech  or  writing. 

2.  The  part  or  passage  of  a  discourse,  argument,  or 


TONE,  BULL,  y.MTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DIL 


DIL 


DIM 


narration,  which  deviates  from  tlie  main  subject, 
tenor,  or  design,  but  wliicU  may  have  some  relation 
to  it,  or  be  of  use  to  it. 

3.  Deviation  from  a  regular  course ;  as,  the  digres- 
sion of  the  sun  is  not  equal.   [Little  used.]  Brown, 
DI-GRES'SION-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in 
digression  ;  departing  from  the  main  purpose  or  sub- 
-    ject.  fVarton.    jidaviSj  Lect. 

DI-GKESS'IVE,  a.  Departing  from  the  main  sub- 
ject ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  digression. 

J.  Q.  ^darns. 
DI-GRESS'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  digression. 
Dl-GYN'I-A,  ?i.  [Gr.  ^ij,  twice,  and  j  i'k/,  a  frmale.j 
In  botany,  au  order  of  plants  iiaving  two  styks. 

LinntBus. 

DT-GVN'I-'\N  ) 

DIG'Y.X  o'u-^ '  i  '"'""f'  having  two  styles. 

DI-He'DRAL,  a,  [Gr.  Sts,  twice,  and  iSpa,  a  seat  or 
face.] 

Having  two  sides,  as  a  figure. 
DI-He'DRON,  n.    [Supra.]    A  figure  with  two  sides 
or  surfaces. 

DI-HEX-A-He'DRAL,  a.  [di  and  hezahedral.]  In 
crystidlnffriijihy,  Iiaving  tlie  form  of  a  hexahedral 
prism  with  triliedral  summits.  Cleavcland. 

DI-I-AiM'BUS,  n.  In  prosody,  a  double  iambus ;  a  foot 
consisting  of  two  iambuses. 

DI-JC'D1-€.aTE,  r.  (.    [L.  dijudico.] 

To  judge  or  determine  by  censure.  Hates. 

DI-JU'Di  eA-TED,  pp.  Judged  or  determined  by 
censure. 

Dl-JU'Di  eA-TING,  ppr.  Judging  or  determining  by 
censure. 

Di-Ju-UI-€a'TION,  n.  A  judging  between  ;  judicial 
distinction. 

DIKE,  n.  [fiax.  die  ;  Sw.  dike  ;  Dan.  dige  ;  D.  dyk  ;  G. 
deick ;  Ir.  diog ;  Scot,  dike,  dyk  ;  Fr.  digue ;  Sp.  dique ; 
from  digging.  (.See  Dig.)  It  *is  radically  tile  same 
word  as  ditcfi,  and  this  is  its  primary  sense ;  but  by 
an  easy  transition,  it  came  to  signify  also  the  ban.k 
formed  by  digging  and  throwing  up  earth.  Jn- 
trenchment  is  sometimes  used  botli  for  a  ditch  and  a 
rampart.] 

1.  A  ditch ;  an  excavation  made  in  the  earth  by 
digging,  of  greater  length  tlian  breadth,  intended  as 
a  reservoir  of  water,  a  drain,  or  for  otlier  purjiose. 

Dnjden.  Pope, 

2.  A  mound  of  earth,  of  stones,  or  of  other  mate- 
rials, intended  to  prevent  low  lands  from  being  in- 
undated by  the  sea  or  a  river.  I'he  low  countries  of 
Holland  are  thus  defended  by  dikes. 

3.  A  vein  of  basalt,  greenstone,  or  other  stony  sub- 
stance ;  or  an  intrusion  of  melted  matter  into  rents 
or  fissures  of  rocl<s.  Cleaceland.  Maiitell. 

DIKE,  V.  t.    To  surround  or  protect  with  a  dilce  ;  to 

secure  by  a  bank. 
DIKE,  V.  i.    To  dig.    [JVo«  in  use.] 
DIK'£D,  (dlkt,)  pp.    Surrounded  with  a  dike. 
DIK'ING,  n.    Tlie  act  of  diking,  or  surrounding  with 

dikes. 

DIK'I.VG,  ppr.  Surrounding  with  a  dike  ;  making 
a  dike. 

DI-LACER-ATE,  t;.  U  [L.  ddacero ;  di  and  lacero,  to 
tear.] 

To  tear  ;  to  rend  asunder  ;  to  separate  by  force. 

Brown. 

DI-LAC'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Torn  ;  rent  asunder. 

Dl-LAC'ER-A-TING,  ppr.    Tearing  ;  rending  in  two. 

DI-LAC-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  rending  asunder  ; 
a  tearing,  or  rending.  [In  lieu  of  these  words.  Lac- 
erate, Laceration,  are  generally  used.] 

DI-La'NI-aTE,!".  t.  [L.  dilanio ;  di  and  lanio,  to  rend 
in  pieces.] 

To  tear;  to  rend  in  pieces;  to  mangle.  [Little 
used.]  Howell. 

DI-La-XI-a'TION,  n.    A  tearing  in  pieces. 

DI-LAP'I-DaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  ddapido;  di  and  lapido,  to 
stone,  from  lapis,  a  stone.    It  seems  originally  to 
have  signified  to  pull  down  stone-work,  or  to  suffer 
such  work  to  fall  to  pieces.] 
To  go  to  niin  ;  to  fall  by  decay. 

DI-LAI"1-D.\TE,  r.  (.  '  'I'o  pull  down  ;  to  waste  or  de- 
stroy ;  to  sufl'er  to  go  to  ruin. 

If  tlic  bUhop,  piinion,  or  vicar,  &c.,  ditapidatet  thf!  building,  or 
cute  down  ttic  timber  of  Uie  patrimony  ol  tliu  church. 

Blacketone. 

2.  To  waste  ;  to  squander. 

DI-LAP'I-DA-TED,p;).or«.  Wasted;  ruined;  pulled 
down  ;  suflenMl  to  go  to  ruin. 

DI-LAP'I  1)A-TL\'(;,  ;,pr.  Wasting;  pulling  down; 
suirering  lo  go  to  ruin. 

Di-LAP-I  DA''i"I(jN,  7(.  Ecclesi.'istical  waste;  a  vol- 
■  ntary  wa.sling  or  snriering  to  go  to  decay  any  build- 
ing in  po.s.sc«iiion  of  an  incumbent.  Dilapidation  is 
voluntary,  or  active,  when  an  incumbent  pulls  down 
a  building;  prrmUiive,  or  passive,  when  he  suffers  it 
to  decay  and  neglects  lo  repair  it.  Dilapidation  cx- 
tendf  to  the  waste  or  destruction  of  wood,  and  other 
liropcrty  of  the  church.  BlarlMone. 

2.  Destruction  ;  demolition  ;  decay  ;  ruin. 

Bryant. 

3.  Peciilnllr>n.  fttrphens. 
DI-LAP'LDA TOR  )i.    One  who  causes  dilapidation. 
DI-LA-TA  lilL'I-'I  Y,  n.    [«ec  Dilate.]    The  (|uulUy 


of  admitting  expansion  by  the  elastic  force  of  the 
body  itself,  or  of  another  elastic  substance  acting 
upon  it ;  opposed  to  eontractihility. 
DI-LaT'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  exp.insion  ;  possessing 
elasticity  ;  'elastic.  A  bladder  is  dilatable  by  the 
force  of  air ;  air  is  dilatable  by  heat.  It  is  opposed 
to  contractible, 

DIL-A-Ta'TION,  n.  The  act  of  expanding  ;  expan- 
sion ;  a  spreading  or  extending  in  all  directions ;  the 
slate  of  being  ex]>aiided  ;  opposed  to  contraction. 
Dilatation  differs  from  eiten.sion,  as  the  latter  is  ap- 
plied to  lines  and  surfaces  ;  the  former  to  bodies  that 
spread,  open,  or  enlarge  in  all  directions.  A  line  or 
a  plain  is  extended  ;  a  bladder,  an  artery,  a  balloon, 
is  diluted. 

<2.  The  expanding  of  a  body  into  greater  bulk  by 
its  own  elastic  power. 
DI-LaTE',  v.  t.    [L.  dilato  ;  di  and  latus,  wide;  Fr. 
ddater  ;  It.  dilatarc  ;  Sp.  dilatar.    See  Delay.] 

1.  To  expand  ;  to  distend  ;  to  enlarge  or  extend  in 
all  directions;  opposed  to  contract.  The  air  dilates 
the  lungs  ;  air  is  dilated  by  rarefaction. 

2.  To  enlarge  ;  to  relate  at  large  ;  to  tell  copiously 
or  diffusely  ;  as,  to  dilate  upon  the  policy  of  a  meas- 
ure. In  this  sense,  it  is  generally  used  intransitively. 
Spenser  and  Shakspeare  have  used  it  in  a  transitive 
sense  ;  as,  to  diUite  a  tlieme. 

DI-L.^TE',  v.  i.  To  widen  ;  to  expand ;  to  swell  or 
extend  in  all  directions. 

Ilis  heart  diUilee  ami  glories  in  his  strength.  Addison. 
2.  To  speak  largely  and  copiously;  to  dwell  on  in 
narration.    An  advocate  may  weaken  his  argument 
by  dilating  on  trivial  circumstances. 

DI-LaTE',  a.    Expanded  ;  expansive. 

DI-LaT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Expanded  ;  distended  ;  enlarged 
so  as  to  occupy  a  greater  space. 

DI-LaT'ERj  71.  One  who  enlarges;  that  which  ex- 
pands. 

Dl-LAT'ING,  ppr.    Expanding  ;  enlarging  ;  speaking 

DI-La'TION,  7i.    Delay.  [largely. 

DI-LaT'OR,  71.  That  which  widens  or  expands ;  a 
muscle  that  dilates. 

DIL'A-TO-RI-LY,  adv.    With  delav  ;  tardily. 

DIL'A-TO-RI-NESS,  7!.  [from  (WaiuiT/.]  The  quality 
of  being  dilatory  or  lalt^ ;  lateness  ;  slowness  in  mo- 
tion ;  delay  in  jiroceeding;  tardiness. 

DIL'A-TO-RY,  a.  L^r.  dilatoire ;  ll.  dilatorio  :  Low 
L.  dilatorius,  from  diffcro,  dilatus.  See  Delay  and 
Dilate.] 

1.  Literally,  drawing  out  or  extending  in  time : 
hence,  slow  ;  late  ;  tardy  ;  applied  to  tilings  ;  as,  dila- 
tory councils  or  measures. 

2.  Given  to  procrastination  ;  not  proceeding  with 
diligence  ;  making  delay  ;  slow  ;  late  ;  applied  lo  per- 
sons ;  as,  a  dilatory  messenger.  A  man  is  dilatory 
when  he  del.iys  attendance,  or  performance  of  busi- 
ness, beyond  the  proper  time. 

3.  In  law,  inteniled  to  make  delay  ;  tending  to 
delay  ;  as,  a  dilatory  jilea,  which  is  designed,  or 
which  tentls,  to  delav,  the  trial  of  a  cause.  Blaclistone. 

DI-LEG'TION,  n.    [L.  ddcelio.] 

A  loving.  Martin. 
DI-LEM'.MA,  71.     [Gr.  f:i\n\Hia,  a  syllogism  which 

strikes  on  each  side;  tlis  and  Xypiia,  an  assumption, 

from  Xii/j/yiii/w,  to  take.] 

1.  In  logic,  an  argument  which  presents  an  antag- 
onist with  two  or  more  alttsrnatives,  hut  is  etiually 
conclusive  against  him,  \\'iiicliever  alternative  he 
chooses.  Aytmiig  rhetorician  sttid  to  an  old  sophist, 
"  Instruct  me  in  pleading,  and  I  will  pay  you  when  1 
gain  a  cause."  The  master  sued  for  the  reward, 
and  the  scholar  endeavored  to  elude  the  claim  by  a 
dilemma.  "  If  I  gain  my  cause,  I  shall  withhold 
your  jiay,  bectiiise  the  award  of  the  judge  will  be 
against  you.  If  I  lose  it,  I  may  witlilicilil  it,  because 
I  slitill  nut  yet  have  gained  a  cause."  The  master 
replied,  "  If  you  gain  your  cause,  yoinnust  pay  me, 
because  you  are  to  [jtiy  mc  when  you  gain  a  cause  ; 
if  you  lose  it,  you  must  jiay  me,  because  tlie  judge 
will  award  it."  Johnson. 

2.  A  diliiciilt  or  doubtful  choice  ;  a  state  of  things 
in  which  t^vils  or  obstacles  present  themselves  on  ev- 
ery side,  and  it  is  difiicult  to  determine  what  course 
to  pursue. 

A  strong  dilemma  in  a  desperate  case  I 

To  act  Willi  inlaniy,  or  quit  the  place.  Sun/l. 

Dir^F.T  rJiJ^TK,  (dil-el-tan'ta,)  7i;  pi.  Dilettanti. 

[\l.]    An  admin  r  or  lover  of  tlie  line  arts  ;  one  who 

delights  in  promoting  science  or  the  line  arts.  Burke. 
DIL  ET-TAN'TE-ISiM,  ji.   The  pursuits  and  feelings 

of  a  dilettante. 
DIL'I-GEiN'CE,  71.    [L.  diligentia,  from  diligo,  to  love 

earnestly  ;  di  and  lego,  lo  choose.] 

1.  Steady  application  in  business  of  any  kind  ;  con- 
stant ( ll'ort  to  accompli.sh  whtit  is  undertaken  ;  exer- 
tion of  body  or  mind,  without  unnecessary  delay  or 
shith  ;  due  nltention  ;  industry  ;  assiduity.  IHli- 
gence  is  the  pliilo.soplier'8  stone,  that  turns  every 
thing  to  gold. 

Brethren,  (five  dSigence  lo  make  your  Ciiliiiig  and  eleclioii  sure. 
—  2  P.  L  I. 

2.  Cnrc;  lieed  ;  heedfulness. 

Keep  itiy  heart  wilh  all  dUig*nce.  —  Prov.  iv. 


(liligeitt  in  his  business?  He  shall  stand 
Prov.  xx'ii. 


DIL'I-QFJ^CE,  (dil-e-zhanse,)  ti.  The  name  of  a  kind 

of  stage-coach  used  in  France. 
DIL'I-GENT,  a.    [L.  diligent.] 

1.  Steady  in  application  to  business ;  constant  in 
effort  or  exertion  to  accomplish  what  is  undertaken  ; 
assiduous  ;  attentive  ;  industrious  ;  not  idle  or  negli- 
gent;  applied  to  persons. 

Secsl  Ihou  a  r 
belore  king; 

2.  Steadily  applied  ;  prosecuted  with  care  and 
constant  efl'ort ;  careful ;  assiduous ;  as,  make  dili- 
gent search. 

The  judges  shull  make  (Wi'irent  inquisition.  — Judges  xix. 
DIL'I-GENT-LY,  adi:    With  steady  application  and 
care  ;  with  industry  or  assiduity  ;  not  carelessly  ; 
not  negligently. 

Ye  shall  diligenlty  keep  tlie  commandmenta  of  the  Loitl  your 
Ood.  — Deul.  vi. 

DILL,  71.  [Sax.  dil,  dile ;  Sw.  dill ;  Dan.  dild ;  D.  diUe ; 
G.  dill] 

An  annual  plant  of  the  Anethum  graveolens,  the 
seeds  of  which  are,  moderately  warming,  pungent, 
and  aromatic. 

DI-LO'CIl),  n.    [L.  dilucidus.] 
Clear.    [.Vof  m  use.] 

DI-LO'CID-ATE,  t.  To  make  clear.  [Miniise.] 
[See  Elucidate.] 

DI-LIJ-CID-A'TION,  n.   The  act  of  making  clear. 

Dl-LO'Cl D-LY,  o(/i'.  Clearly. 

DlL'tJ-E.\T,  a.    [Uddiiens.    See  Dilute.] 

1.  Making  liquid  or  more  fluid  ;  making  thin  ;  at- 
tenuating. 

2.  Weakening  the  strength  of,  by  mixture  with 
water. 

DIL'y-ENT,  71.    That  which  thins  or  attenuates  ;  that 

which  makes  more  liquid. 
2.  That  wliich  weakens  the  strength  of,  as  water, 

which,  mixed  with  wine  or  spirit,  reduces  the 

strength  of  it. 
DI-LuTE',  V.  t.    [Ij.  diluo,  dllidus ;  di,  dis,  and  lavo, 

luo,  lo  w^ash,  contracted  from  lago  or  lugo.  See 

Deluoe.] 

1.  Literally,  to  wash  ;  but  appropriately,  to  render 
liquid,  or  more  liquid  ;  to  make  thin,  or  more  fluid. 
Tliiis  sirup  or  molasses  is  made  thin  or  more  liquid 
by  an  admixture  with  water;  and  the  water  is  said 
to  dilute  it.  Hence, 

2.  To  weaken,  as  spirit  or  an  acid,  by  an  admix- 
ture of  water,  which  renders  the  spirit  or  acid  less 
concentrated.  Thus,  we  dilute  spirit,  wine,  or  a  de- 
coction, by  adding  to  it  W'ater. 

3.  To  make  weak  or  weaker,  as  color,  by  mixture. 

JSTetcton. 

4.  To  weaken;  to  reduce  the  strength  or  standard 
of;  as,  to  ddute  virtue.  Mdnrr. 

DI-LuTE',  a.  Thin  ;  attenuated  ;  reduced  in  strength, 
as  spirit  or  color.  JVewton. 

DI-LuT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  j\Iade  liquid  ;  rendered  more 
fluid  ;  weakened  ;  made  tliiii,  as  liiiiiids. 

Dl-LuT'ED-LY,  adr.    In  a  diluted  C.riii. 

Dl-LOT'ER,  71.  That  which  makes  thin,  or  more 
liquid. 

DI-LOT'ING,  ppr.  Making  thin  or  more  liquid ; 
«'eakening. 

Dl-LO'TION,  H.  The  act  of  making  thin,  weak,  or 
more  liquid.  Opposite  to  dilution  is  coagulation  or 
tliickrning.  Mrbutlinot. 

DI-L0'V1-.\L,  )  a.    [L.  diluvium,  a  deluge,  from  diluo. 

DI-LU'VI-A.\,  i     See  Dillte.1 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  flood  or  xlehige,  more  especially 
to  the  deluge  iu  Noah's  days. 

2.  Ert'ecteil  or  produced  by  a  deluge,  particularly 
by  tin:  great  Hood  in  the  days  of  Noiih.  Bucklund. 

DI-I,0'VI-,\L-IST,  71.  One  who  explains  geological 
plieiioiiiena  liy  the  deluge.  Lyell. 

DI-LC  Vl-ATE,  V.  i.    To  run  as  a  flood.    [JVot  7;iucA 

.  used  J  Sandys. 

Dl-LO'VI-UM,  JI.  [L.]  In  geology,  a  deposit  of  su- 
perficial loam,  sand,  gravel,  pebbles,  &.C.,  caused  by 
the  deluge,  or  ancient  currents  of  water.  Buckland. 

DI.M,  a.  [Sax.  dim;  Dan.  dum,  dark,  obscure,  dim, 
and  dumb  ;  dummer,  lo  dim  ;  dumnies,  lo  grow  dim 
or  dull,  to  stupefy.  Eng.  dumps,  dumpish  ;  Sw.  dimba, 
fog,  mist,  a  clouii  ;  \r.dcimhe,  darkness  ;  Riiss.  ^iinmn, 
fog  ;  tcmnei,  dark,  obscure  ;  Saiis.  lamn,  black,  Finn. 
tuinma.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  damp,  vapor,  Russ. 
dim  or  deim.  (See  Damp.)  If  dim  and  dumb  are  of 
the  same  family,  the  sense  is  close,  thick.] 

1.  Not  seeing  clearly;  having  the  vision  obscured 
and  indistinct. 

When  ls;iac  Was  old,  and  liii  eyes  were  dim.  — Gen.  xxvii, 

2.  Not  clearly  seen  ;  obscure  ;  imperfectly  seen  or 
discovered  ;  as,  ii  dim  prospect. 

3.  Somewhat  dark  ;  dusky  ;  not  luminous ;  ns,  a 
dim  shade.  Spenser. 

4.  Dull  of  apprehension  ;  having  obscure  concep- 
tions. 

The  underMandiii!^  is  dim.  Rogtra. 

5.  Iiaving  its  luster  obscured  ;  sullied  ;  tarnished. 

How  Is  ihe  gold  l«-coiiie  rfim  /—  Lam.  iv. 
DIM,  V.  t.   To  cloud  ;  to  impair  the  powers  of  vision ; 
as,  to  dim  the  eyes. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

334  ~ 


DIM 


DIN 


DIO 


2.  To  obscure  ;  as,  to  dim  tlio  sijjlit ;  to  dim  tlip 
prospict. 

a.  To  rcniler  rtiiU  llic  powers  of  coiicoplion. 

4.  To  iiiakt'  le:is  bright ;  to  obscure. 

Kach  {lAs^uii  tliinined  Ids  Uct:.  liWton, 

5.  To  render  less  briglit ;  to  tarnish  or  sully ;  ns, 
to  dint  fiolJ. 

DI.M'BLE,  ?i.    A  bower;  a  cell  or  retreat.    [JVot  in 

usr.]  I^'  Jutuioti, 

Dr.Mtl,  Ti.     [Fr.  ;  contracted  from  dizieme  or  disme. 

Norm,  dieme,  tentli.l 
A  silver  coin  of  the  United  States,  of  the  value  of 

ten  cents  ;  the  tenth  of  a  dollar. 
I)l-ME.\"SIOi\,  (de-inen'shun,)  h.    [L.  dimetislo,  from 

dimetior,  to  measure  ;  di,  or  dit,  and  mrtior,  to  mete  ; 

lir.  iicTiicio.    See  .Mkte  and  Mevsure.] 

1.  In  geomelnj,  the  extent  of  a  boify,  or  lonfith, 
breadth,  and  thickness  or  depth.  A  line  has  one 
dimension  or  lenalh  ;  a  superliries  has  two  dimen- 
sions, len<;lh  and  breadth;  and  a  solid  has  three 
dimensions,  length,  breadth,  and  thickness  cr  depth. 
The  word  is  generally  nsed  in  the  phiral,  and  de- 
notes the  whole  space  occupied  by  a  body,  or  its 
capacity,  si/e,  measure  ;  as,  the  dimfiisiuiu  of  a 
riH>m,  or  of  a  ship ;  the  dimeit^iions  of  a  farm,  of  a 
kingdom,  &e. 

2.  I)imcnsii>n  of  an  equation,  in  algebra,  a  term 
used  to  denote  the  highest  |Hiwer  of  the  unknown 
quantity  contained  in  an  equation  ;  the  sanu^  as  dr- 
frrer.  Bartuic. 

ni-MEN'PION-LES.S,  a.  Without  any  definite  meas- 
ure or  extent  ;  boundless.  .Mdlon. 

I)!-^^■'..^■'.•^I-TV,  II.    Extent;  capacity.  Ifowell. 

DI-ME.N'SIVE,  a.  That  maiks  tlie  boundaries  or 
outlines. 

Who  can  (Iriw  the  touri  dimensiv€  lines  I  Damtt. 

Pni'E-TER,a.    [L  ]    Having  two  poetical  measures. 
DIM'r^TEll,  II.  A  verse  of  two  measures.  [Tiirwliill. 
I)I-.MET'4{ie,  II.    [Ur.  itij,  twofold,  and  lurpov,  meas- 
ure.] 

In  minrraloiry,  an  epithet  applied  to  crystals  with 
the  axes  of  two  kinds,  the  vertical  being  unequal  to 
the  lateral,  as  the  sipiare  prism  and  sipiare  oct.ihe- 
drtm.  Dana. 
Dl.M-l-e.\'TIOX,  n.    [L.  dimicatio.] 

A  battle  or  tight ;  contest. 
DI-M1I)'1  aTE,  f.  /.    [U  dimidio.] 
To  divide  into  two  equal  [Kirts. 
PI-MID'I-.\-TRl),  pp.  or  a.     [L.  dimidiatus  ;  di  and 
mediKs,  inidille.] 

Divided  into  two  equal  parts  ;  halved. 
DT-MID'I-.x-Tl.NG,  ppr.    Dividing   into   two  equal 

puric  ;  halving. 
DI-.MlD-l-A'TION,  n.   The  act  of  halving;  division 

into  two  equal  parts. 
DI-.MI.\'ISII,  r.  t.    [L.  rfiVniiiiio  ;  di  and  niiiiuo,  to  les- 
sen ;  minor,  less;  It.  (/ifiiiiiuirr  ;  Fr.  dimiititer :  Sp. 
diminuir ;   Ir.  mm,  fine  ;  inion,  small  ;    \V.  rimiii, 
meinw,  small,  slender  ;   Russ.  meiuhc,  less ;  uinen- 


thayu,  to  diminish  ;  .\r. 


irianiin,  to  cut  off,  to 


weaken,  to  diminish.    Class  Mn,  No.  5.] 

1.  To  lessen  ;  to  make  less  or  smaller,  by  any 
means  ;  opposed  to  iiicrea.-ie  and  ausmenl ;  as,  to 
diminvih  the  size  of  a  thing  by  contraction,  or  by  cut- 
ting otr  a  part ;  to  dimiui.ili  a  number  by  subtraction  ; 
to  diminuh  the  revenue  by  limiting  cmiimercc,  or  re- 
ducing the  customs  ;  to  diminUh  strength  or  safety 
to  diminuh  the  heal  of  a  room.  It  is  particularly  ap- 
plied to  bulk  and  quantity,  as  .ihortrn  is  to  length. 

2.  To  lessen  ;  to  iin|iair  ;  to  degrade. 

I  win  diminuK  Ui'*m,  lhal  Uw-'y  slull  no  mon  rule  orer  tlie 
nations.  —  Fjrk.  xxix. 

3.  In  music,  to  take  front  a  note  by  a  sharp,  flat,  or 
natural. 

To  diminiih  from;  to  take  away  something.  [OAa*.] 

Nciliier  sh.ill  you  diminith  aught /rom  iL  —  Deuu  iv. 

Dl-MIN'ISH,  p.  i.    To  lessen  ;  to  become  or  appear 

less  or  smaller.    The  apiKirent  size  of  an  object 

dimini^hf3^  as  we  recede  from  it. 
D1-ML\'ISI!-A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  reduced  in 

size  or  quality. 
DI-.MI.\'ISII-f:i),  (de-inin'isht,)  pp.  or  a.    Lessened  ; 

made  smaller ;  reduced   in  size ;  contracted  ;  de- 

gratled. 

t)l-MI.\'ISH-ER,  71.    He  who,  or  that  which  dimin- 
ishes. 

Dl-MlX'ISII-ING,  ppr.    Lessening;  contracting;  de- 
grading. 

D1-.MI.\'ISH-ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  to  lessen 
reputation.  Locke. 

ni-.Ml.V-U-F.ynO,  or  DI.V.,  in  mu-iic,  directs  to  a  de- 
creasing viilume  of  sound. 

DI-.MI.\'i;-EXT,  a.    Lessening.    [LitUe  used.] 

Sanderson. 

DIM'I-XOTE,  a.    Small.    LVi.f  in  OorTes. 
DI.\!-I-.\0'TION,«.    [L.  </i.»i,mrio. 

1.  The  act  of  lessening;  a  ni.aking  smaller;  op- 

po«e<l  to  ang-mentatian  :  as,  the  diminution  of  size,  of 

wealth,  of  power,  of  safety. 


2.  The  sliile  of  becoming  or  appearing  less;  o|)- 
posed  to  incretLte  ;  as,  the  diminution  of  tht;  apparent 
diameitrr  of  a  receding  body. 

y.  Discredit ;  loss  of  dignity  ;  degradation.  Pliillps. 

4.  Deprivation  of  dignity  ;  a  lessening  of  estima- 
tion. JJddLion. 

5.  In  arcAilfctiire,  the  contraction  of  the  uppi'r  part 
of  a  column,  by  which  its  diameter  is  made  less  than 
that  of  the  lower  |)art. 

C.  In  music,  the  imit.aIion  of  or  n^ply  to  a  subject 
ill  notes  of  half  the  length  or  value  of  those  of  the 
subject  itself.  Buslni. 
UI-iMlN'II-TI  VE,  a.    [Fr.  diminutif;  It.  diminuitwo  ; 
Sp.  diminutivo.] 

Small ;  little  ;  narrow  ;  contracted  ;  as,  a  diminu- 
tive race  of  men  or  other  animals ;  a  diminutive 
tliouglit. 

DI-.MI.N'II-TIVE,  71.  In  grammar,  a  w<  rd  formed 
from  another  word,  usually  an  appellative  or  generic 
term,  to  express  a  little  thing  tif  the  kind;  as,  in 
liatin,  lapillus,  a  little  stiuie,  from  lapU  :  cellala,  a 
little  cell,  from  cclla,  a  cell ;  in  French  maisonnette,  a 
little  house,  frt>in  maison,  a  house  ;  in  English,  mani- 
kin, a  little  man,  from  innn. 

DI-.MI.\'II-TI VE  LY,  In  a  dimiiuitive  manner; 

in  a  manner  to  lessen  ;  as,  to  speak  diminuticdy  of 
auothi'r. 

DI-.MI.\'MT-TIVE-\ESS,   7i.     Smallness ;  littleness; 

«  aiit  of  bulk  ;  want  of  dignity. 
DIM'ISII,  a.  [from  i/im.]  Somewhat  dim,  or  obscure. 
DI-.\ll^'SIO.\,  (ile  inish'un,)  it.    Leave  to  depart. 
DI.M'IS-SO-KY,  n.    [\,.  dimissorius.    See  Dismiss.] 

1.  Sending  away  ;  dismissing  to  another  jurisdic- 
tion, letter  dimissoni,  is  tuie  given  by  a  bishop 
dismissing  a  person  wjio  is  removing  into  another 
diocese,  and  recommending  hiiii  for  reception  there. 

Jfook. 

2.  Granting  leave  to  tlepart.  Pridcauz. 
DI-MIT',  r.  (.    [L.  dimdui.] 

To  permit  to  go  ;  to  grant  to  farm  ;  to  let.  [jVut 
III  use.\ 
DI.M'l-'rY,  71.    [n.  diemit.] 

A  kiiiil  of  white  cotton  cloth,  ribbed  or  fimriMl. 
DIM'LY,  adv.    [See  Dim.]    In  a  dim  or  obscure  man- 
ner; with  imp  rfect  sight. 
2.  .Not  brightly,  or  eUarly  ;  with  a  faint  light. 
DI.M'M/;i),  (diiiul,)  pp.  Clouded  ;  obscureil  ;  rendered 
tliill. 

Dl.M'iMI.Vd,  ppr.  Clouding;  obscuring  the  sight  or 
concept  ion. 

DIM'.MI.NC,  n.    Obscurity.  Shik. 
DI.M'.NE.SS,  II.    Dullness  of  sight  ;  as,  tile  dimness  of 
the  eyes. 

2.  Obscurity  of  vision;  impeifeet  siglit ;  .as,  the 
dimness  of  a  view. 

3.  Faintness  ;  imperfection  ;  as,  the  dimness  of  a 
color. 

4.  Want  of  brightness  ;  as,  the  dimness  of  gold  or 
silver. 

5.  Want  of  clear  apprehensitm  ;  stupidity;  as,  the 
dlinnrss  of  perceptitm. 

DI-.MOKI'H'IS.M,  n.  [Gr.  i''?,  twice,  and  /i"o<,'"i>  form.] 
The  projierty  of  crystallizing  in  two  distinct  forms 
not  derivable  from  one  another.  Sulphur  iissiinies 
one  form  when  crystallizing  at  a  high  temperature, 
and  another  wholly  ditferent  when  becoming  solitl  at 
the  ordinary  temperature.  Dana. 

DI-.MOItl'iroUS,  a.  [Gr.  <!i<  and  iio,„l,t,.]  A  term 
applied  to  a  siibstxince  whose  crystals  lielong  to  dif- 
ferent systems,  or,  if  they  are  of  the  stiine  system, 
are  so  ditfen  nt  that  lliey  can  not  be  referreil  to  the 
same  primary  form.  Dana. 

DI.M'IM.E,  II.    [(ill.  G.  laumeln,  to  reel,  to  indent.] 
A  small  natural  cavity  or  depression  in  the  cheek 
or  other  |)art  of  the  face.  Prior. 

OI.M'PLE,  I',  i.  To  form  dimples;  to  sink  into  de- 
pressions or  little  inequalities. 

Anil  smilin*  cihltos  dimpied  on  the  main.  Dryltn. 

DIM'PLED,  a.  Set  with  dimples  ;  a-s,  a  dimpled  cheek. 

DI.M'PLY,  a.  Full  of  dimples,  or  small  dejiressions  ; 
as,  the  ditnpUi  tlood.  IVarton. 

DI.M'-SIGllT-ED,  (-sit-cd,)  a.  Having  dim  or  obscure 
vision.  Mdison. 

DIM'-TWIN'K-LING,  a.    Twinkling  dimly.  .More. 

DIN,  n.  rSax.  dyn,  noise  ;  dyna,  to  sound  ;  Ice.  di/na, 
to  thuntler  ;  L.  tinnio,  tonit.-t,  tono.  This  word  proba- 
bly belongs  to  the  rtiot  of  tone  and  thunder,  and  de- 
*^otes  a  rumbling  or  rattling  noise.  Sax.  eorth-dyne, 
an  earthquake.] 

Noise  ;  a  loiiii  sound  ;  icirticularly,  a  rattling,  clat- 
tering, or  mmbling  sound,  long  continued ;  as,  the 
din  of  arms,  the  din  of  war. 

DI.\,  r.  (.  To  strike  with  continued  or  confused 
sound  ;  to  stun  with  noise  :  to  harass  with  clamor ; 
as,  to  rfiii  the  ears  with  cries ;  to  din  with  clamor. 

DIN'AIl-eilY,  n.    [Gr.  <!ij  and  uoxi.] 

.\  form  of  government  in  which  the  supreme 
power  is  vested  in  two  persons. 

DI.S'E,  r.  i.  dynan,  to  dine.    The  Ft.  diner,  is 

supposed  to  be  contracted  from  It.  desinare,  to  dine, 
L.  desino,  to  ce.xse  ;  in  which  case  dinner  must  have 
been  so  named  from  the  intermission  of  business. 
The  ."^axon  and  the  French,  in  this  case,  are  proba- 


bly fmm  dilferent  sources.  The  Gr.  has  iaifvpai, 
and  Uotvato,  to  feast.] 

To  eat  the  chief  meal  of  the  day.  This  meal 
seems  originally  to  have  been  t:iken  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  day,  at  least  in  northern  climates,  as  it 
still  is  by  laiioring  people.  Anioitg  fx-ople  in  the 
higher  w;ilks  of  lite,  antl  in  commercial  towns,  the 
time  of  dining  is  frtmi  two  Co  live  or  six  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon. 

DINE,  r.  t.  'I'll  give  a  dinner  to :  to  furnish  with  the 
principal  meal;  to  feed;~as.  the  landlord  dined  a 
liunilriMl  men. 

DI.N'KD,  (dind,)  pp.  Having  eaten  a  dinner  or  en- 
terlaini'd  with  a  dinner. 

DI-NET'lC-AL,  a.    [Gr.  ihfnriKoi.] 

Whirling  round.    [.Yot  used.]  Brown. 

DING,  I'.  (. ;  prit.  Di'NO  or  Dinoed.  [Sax.  dcnejran.to 
beat ;  Scot,  i/in^',  to  drivt-  or  strike.] 

To  thrust  or  daili  with  violence.    [fAtlte  used.] 
A7i.v/i.  .Marston. 

DING,  V.  i.    To  bluster,  to  bounce,    [ji  l"7r  imrd.] 

.^rbutJinot. 

DING'-DO.VG.  A  term  used  to  express  the  sound  of 
bills.  Shali. 

DIN'GI-NESS,  II.  [Sec  Dinov.]  A  dusky  or  dark 
hue  ;  brownness. 

DI.\"GLE,  (ding'gl)  71.  A  n.arrow  dale  or  valley  be- 
tween hills.  Mdtiin. 

DIN"GLI-:-I)A.\"GLE,  (ding'gl  dang'gl.)  Hanging 
loosely,  or  something  daiiuluiL'.  IVarlon. 

DI.X'GY,  a.  Soiled  ;  sullied  ;  of  a  dark  color;  brown  ; 
dusky  ;  dun. 

I)T.\'I.\(;,  ppr.  or  a.  Eating  the  principal  meal  in  the 
ilay  ;  giving  a  dinner  ;  pertaining  to  dinner. 

DT.V'I.N'G-IIALL,  ii.    .\  hall  for  a  company  to  dine  in. 

DI.\'I.\G-K(  iO.M,  n.  A  rtKiiii  for  a  family  or  for  com- 
paiiv  to  dine  in  ;  a  room  for  entertainments. 

DI.\'IN(;-T.\'BLE,  71.  A  table  used  for  the  purpose 
of  dining. 

DI.V.N'f.'D,  pp.    Stunned  with  a  loud  noise. 
Dl.V'.NEK,  II.    (Fr.  i//nri- ;  Ir.  f/iniirr.    See  Dise.] 

1.  The  meat  taken  about  the  middle  of  the  day  : 
or  thi!  principal  iiieid  of  the  day,  eaten  between  noon 
and  evening. 

2.  An  entertainment ;  a  feast. 

B.-lu)lil,  I  have  pn-fKiretl  my  dinner.  —  M;itL  xxii. 
DI.X'XF.Il-LE.'^.S,  rt.    Having  no  dinner.  fuller 
DlN'.NEIU'I'.A'liLi:,  II.    .\  Uible  at  which  dinner  is 
taken. 

DI.V'.NEK-TIME,  71.  'J'he  usual  time  of  dining  Pope 
DI-NO-TllK'RI  U.M,  II.     [Gr.  iui-oj,  terrible,  and 

tiqinov,  beast.] 

.V  gigantic,  herbivorous,  aquatic  animal,  fifteen  or 

eighteen  feet  long;  now  extinct.    [See  Dei.nothe- 

Rli'M.]  Bucklund, 
DI.VT,  II.    r.Sax.  dynt,  a  blow  or  striking.    It  may  be 

coiinec.leif  with  dm  and  din^.] 

1.  A  blow  ;  a  stroke.  .Mdlon. 

2.  Force  ;  violence  ;  power  exerted  ;  as,  to  win  by 
dint  of  arms,  by  dint  of  war,  by  dint  of  argument  or 
importunity. 

3.  The  mark  made  by  a  blow  ;  a  cavity  or  impres- 
sion matle  by  a  blow  or  by  pressure  on  a  substance  ; 
often  pronounced  dent. 

His  han^U  luul  ni.itle  a  dint.  Dn/den. 

DI.N'T,  7'.  (.  To  make  a  mark  or  cavity  on  a  substance 
by  a  blow  or  by  pressure.    [See  Indemt.J  Donne. 

DI.N'T'EI),  .Marked  by  a  blow  or  by  jiressure  ;  as, 
deep-diiitrd  furrows.  Spenser. 

DI.Vr'I.N'c;,  ppr.    Impressing  marks  or  cavities. 

Dt-NL'-.M  i;il-A'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  numbering  sing- 
ly.    [Little  used.] 

DI'O  Ck-S.V.N',  a.  [See  Diocese.  The  .accent  on  the 
first  ami  on  tile  third  syllable  is  nearly  equal.  The 
accent  on  the  antepenult  given  to  this  word  in  most 
of  the  English  books  is  wrong,  almost  to  ridiculotis- 
ni!ss.]     i'ertaiiiing  to  a  diocesi;. 

DI'0-CP;-S.\.\,  II.  .\  bishop;  one  in  possession  of  a 
diocese,  and  having  the  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction 
over  it. 

DI'O-t'ESE,  n.  [Gr.  itioiarqai;,  administration, a  prov- 
ince or  jurisdiction;  iia  and  niKnoii,  residence; 
aiKcio,  to  dwell  ;  "i»  s,  a  house.  This  word  is  often 
spelt  (/iiicc^.v but  this  ortliogntphy  is  opfxised  to  the 
derivation,  and  is  not  sanctioned  by  the  best  English 
authority.] 

The  circuit  or  extent  of  a  bishop's  jurisdiction  ;  an 
eccli.sia,stical  division  of  a  kingilom  or  state,  subject 
to  the  authority  of  a  bi'-hop.  In  F.nsiland,  tliere  are 
two  provinces  or  circuits  of  arclibi>liops'  jurisdiction, 
Canterbury  and  Ytirk.  The  province  of  Canterbury 
contains  twenty-one  dioceses,  and  that  of  Ytirk  tliri-e, 
bcsitles  the  Isle  of  .Man.  Everj'  diocese  is  divideil 
into  archdeaconries,  of  which  there  are  sixty  ;  and 
each  arclideaconrj',  into  niral  deaneries ;  ami  every 
deanery,  into  p;trishes.  Hlackstone. 

\  diocese  was  originally  a  divisitm  of  the  Roman 
empire  for  the  pnrptwe  i>f  civil  government,  a  prefect- 
ure ;  but  the  term  is  now  exclusively  appropriated 
1  to  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction.  f'.iteye. 
I  I)T-Oe-TA-lll";'l)RAL,  n.  [dis  and  nrtahedral.]  In 
I  cry.it/illfltrrnptiy.  having  the  form  of  an  octahedral 
I     prism  wUh  tetrahednil  siimmiLs.  Cteareland. 


TC.VE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER.  YI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  on  in  THIS. 

_ 


DIP 


DIP 


DIR 


DI'O-DON,  n.  The  globe-fisli ;  a  ^cniis  of  plectognatliic 
fislies,  with  uiuliviileil  juws,  eacli  with  a  single  and 
continuous  dental  plate.  Brande.  Partiiiirton. 
DI-CE'CI-A,  71.  [Gr.  and  oix"--]  A  class  of 
plants  having  the  stamens  on  one  plant,  and  the 
pistils  on  the  other.  P.  Cijc. 

DI-CE'CIAN,  -  Jo.    In  botany,  belonging  to  the  class 
I    DI-CE'CIOUS,  (     Diircm  ;  havini;  the  stamens  on  one 
1       plant,  and  tlie  pistils  on  another. 
I    DI-OP'!<IUE,  n.    [Gr.  6i„xl,i,.] 

I  A  foliated  variety  of  augite,  of  a  clear  grayish- 
I  green  color.  Dana. 
j  DI-OP'TASE,  n.  A  rare  ore  of  copper,  consisting  of 
silica  and  copper,  with  twelve  per  cent,  water.  It 
I  occurs  in  rich,  euierald-green  crystals,  having  the 
'  form  of  six-sided  prisms,  terminated  at  each  end  by 
■  a  three-sided  prism.  Dana. 
I  DT-OP'TRie,  )a.  [Gi:fimTpiKO!,fmmSionToiiai, 
I  Dl-OP'TRie-AL,  i  to  see  through  ;  [)iri  and  iiTr<)/<ni, 
I       to  see.    Sometimes  written  Dioplic  nitil  Dinjitiral.] 

1.  Affording  a  meduim  for  the  sight ;  assisting  the 
sight  in  the  view  of  distant  ijbjpcts  ;  as,  ntliiqiirk  glass. 

2.  Pertaining  to  dioptric.s,  or  the  science  of  re- 
fracted light. 

Dl-OP'TRies,  II.    That  part  of  optics  which  treats  of 
the  refractions  of  light  passing  through  dill'ercnt  me- 
diums, as  throuyli  air,  wali  r,  or  glass.  Harris. 
[    DI-0-RX'M.\,  ;i     [Gr.  lii  i  and from  u/iatii.] 
I  A  contrivance  for  giving  a  high  degree  of  optical 

I       illusion  to  paintings  exhibited  in  a  building  prepared 
1       for  the  purpose.    This  is  done  chiefly  by  a  peculiar 
distribution  of  light.    By  means  of  folds  and  shutters 
concealed  in  the  roof,  the  intensity  of  the  ilhiiuina- 
tion  may  be  increased  or  diminished  at  pleasure,  and 
the  picture  may  thus  be  made  to  change  its  appear- 
ance from  bright  sunshine  to  cloudy  weather,  or  the 
obscurity  of  twilight.  Some  parts  of  the  painting,  also, 
are  transparent,  and  through  these  places  increased 
light  is  at  times  admitted  with  .surpassing  effect,  giv- 
ing to  the  diorama  a  character  of  nature  and  reality 
beyond  that  of  any  other  mode  of  painting.  Brande. 
2.  A  building  used  for  the  purpose  above  described. 
DI-O-RA.M'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  diorama. 
Dl'O-RlS.M,  n.    [Gr.  (]io,nat,a.] 

Definition.    yRarcbj  u.vf(/.]  More. 
DI-O-RIS'Tie,  a.    Distinguishing  ;  defining.  [liurely 
used.] 

Dl-O-RIS'Tie-AL-LY,  adi:  In  a  distinguishing  man- 
ner.   [Rarely  used.] 

DI'O-RITE,  71.    A  variety  of  trap  rock. 

Dl-OR-THo'SIS,  71.  [Gr.]  A  surgical  operation,  by 
which  crooked  or  distorted  limbs  are  restored  to  their 
proper  shape. 

DI-OS-POL'I-T.\N,  a.  Pertaining  to  Diospolis,  a  city 
in  Egypt,  called  also  Tliebes.  Gliddon, 

DI-O'TA,  71.  [L.  and  Gr.]  In  ancient  sculpture,  a  sort 
of  vase  with  two  handles,  used  for  wine.  Elmes. 

DI-OX'Y-LITE,  71.  [Gr.  two,  of  i.j,  acid,  (in  allu- 
sion to  its  containing  two  acids,)  and  Aiflus,  stone.] 

A  native  salt  of  lead,  of  a  pale  greenish  or  yellow- 
ish color,  consisting  of  the  carbonate  and  sulphate  of 
lead.  Dana. 

DIP,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Dipped  or  Dipt,  [Sax.  dip- 
pan;  Goth,  dan pyan  ;  D.  doiipen  ;  G.tupftn:  i^w.diipa, 
duppa;  Dan.  diipper  ;  It.  tiiffare ;  Russ.  tojdtfu  ;  Gr. 
SinrTM  ;  allied,  probably,  to  dtve,  Hcb.  Ch.  yao.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  thrust  or  drive,  for  the  same 
word,  in  Syr.  and  Ar.,  signifies  to  stamp  or  impress 
a  mark,  Gr.  rviruu,  whence  tijpe;  and  Tuirrij,  to 
strike,  Eng.  tap,  seems  to  be  of  the  same  family. 
Class  Db,  No.  28.] 

1.  To  iilunge  or  immerse,  for  a  moment  or  short 
time,  in  water  or  other  liiiuid  substance  j  to  put  into 
a  fluid  and  withdraw. 

The  nricst  shiill  dip  hia  finger  in  the  bloyj.  —  Lev.  iv. 

Let  him  dip  tiis  fuut  in  oil.  —  Deut.  xxxiii. 

One  dip  Uie  pencil,  uiiil  one  string  the  lyre.  Pope. 

2.  To  take  with  a  ladle,  or  other  vessel,  by  immers- 
ing it  in  a  fluid  ;  as,  to  dip  water  fnim  a  boiler;  oflen 
with  nut ;  as,  to  dip  out  water. 

I  X  To  engage  ;  to  take  lujnccrn  ;  ^iscd  intransitively, 
I        but  the  passive  participle  is  used. 

He  wim  a  little  dipt  in  the  reltcllion  of  tlie  conniions.  Dryden. 

I  4.  To  engage  as  a  pledge  ;  to  mortgage.  [Little 
used.]  Dryden. 

5.  I'o  moisten  ;  to  wet.    [Unusual.]  Milton. 

6.  To  baptize  by  immersion. 

I  DIP,  v.  i  'I'o  Hink  ;  to  imiiu-rge  in  a  litpiid.  LT^stranire. 
j  2.  'i'o  enter ;  to  pierce.  Oranville. 

'  ;t.  Til  engage  ;  to  take  a  concern  ;  as,  to  dip  into 

the  funds. 

To  enter  Bliglitly  ;  to  look  cursorily,  or  here  and 
]       ttlere  ;  as,  to  dip  into  a  viilnme  of  history.  Pope. 
I  5.  To  choose  by  chance  ;  to  thrust  ami  take. 

G.  To  incline  downward  ;  aa,  the  magnetic  needle 
I       dips.    (_See  DippiMi;.] 

1  DII',  71.  Inclination  downward  ;  a  sloping  ;  a  direction 
hclow  a  horizontal  line ;  depression  ;  as,  the  dip  of 
the  needle. 

Tin;  dip  of  a  Hlratum,  in  ifeidotry,  \ti  it^  greatest  iii- 
rlination  to  the  hon/on,  or  that  on  a  line  ))i-rpeiidic- 
iilar  to  itH  directiiiii  or  coiirsi- ;  c.-illed,  also,  the  pitcli. 
DIP'-CmC'K,  71.    A  Himill  bird  that  diven. 


Dl-PET'AL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  di;  and  ;r£7u,\oi.,  a  leaf  or 
petal.] 

Having  two  flower-leaves  or  petals  ;  two-petaled. 

Martiin. 

DIPII'TIIONG,  (difthong,)  n.  [Gr.  r5,00uj,  o{,"  6is 
and  i/iOj)  j  of,  sound  ;  L.  diplithon'rus.] 

A  coalition  or  union  of  two  vowels,  pronounced 
in  one  syllable.  In  uttering  a  diphthong,  both  vow- 
els are  pronounced  ;  tlie  sound  is  not  simple,  but  the 
two  sounds  are  so  bleu  tied  as  to  be  considered  as 
forming  one  syllable,  as  in  jay,  noise,  bound,  out. 
[The  proniincialHin  dm'ilion'r  is  vulgar.] 
DIPH-T[IO.N"GAL,  ((rn-tlu.ng'gal,)  Belonging  to 
a  (iiphtiiotig  ;  cfinsisting  of  two  vowel  sountls,  pro- 
nouiH  i  il  ill  I'lic  syllable. 
DlPll-rili).\"!:AL-LY,  (dif-thong'gal-ly,)  adv.    In  a 

diplitliongal  iii;tiuier. 
DIPII'VL-LOUS,  «.    [Gr.  rlis  and  it>vXXov,  a  leaf.] 

In  liotii/iti,  li:i\'ing  two  leaves,  as  a  calyx,  &,c. 
DIP'I.O-E,  /i.    [(ir.  /irrAiMis,  double.] 

The  SdtY  nicihtiiliiiim,  medullary  substance,  or 
jiorous  part  between  the  plates  of  the  skull. 

Coze.  Kncyc. 

DI-PLO'iMA,  77.  [Gv.  JittXwuo,  from  Si-rXoot,  to  double 
or  fold.  .Anciently,  a  letter  or  other  composition 
written  on  paper  or  parchment,  and  folded  ;  after- 
ward, any  letter,  literary  monument,  or  public  doc- 
ument.] 

A  li'tter  or  writing  conferring  some  power,  author- 
ity, privilege,  or  honor.  Diplomas  are  given  to 
graduates  of  crilleges  on  their  receiving  the  usual 
degrees;  to  cleig\iiun  Who  are  licensed  to  exercise 
the  ministerial  f'liiictions  ;  to  jihysicians  who  are 
licensed  to  practice  their  profession  ;  and  to  agents 
who  are  authorized  to  transact  business  fur  their  prin- 
cipals. A  dtploina,  then,  is  a  writing  or  instrument, 
usually  under  seal,  and  signed  by  tile  jiroper  person 
or  officer,  conferring  merely  honor,  as  in  the  case  of 
graduates,  or  authority,  as  in  the  case  of  physicians, 
agents,  Ike. 

DI-PLo'MA-CY,  71.  [This  word,  like  supremacy,  re- 
tains the  accent  of  its  original.] 

1.  The  customs,  rules,  and  privilt^ges  of  embassa- 
dors, envoys,  and  other  representatives  of  princes 
and  states  at  foreign  courts;  forms  of  negotiation. 

2.  A  diplomatic  body  ;  the  whole  boiiy  of  minis- 
'"  ters  at  a  foreign  cnutt. 

3.  The  agency  or  management  of  ministers  at  a 
foreign  court.  Ccvallos, 

4.  Dexterilv  or  skill  in  managing  negotiations,  &c. 
DIP'LO-MATE,  71.    One  skilled  in  diplom.acy  ;  a  d\p- 

loniatist. 

DIP'LO-Ma-TED,  a.    .Made  by  diplomas.  Rennet. 
Dll'-LO-MAT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  diplomas;  privi- 
.  leged. 

2.  Furnished  with  a  diploma  ;  authorized  by  let- 
ters or  credentials  to  transact  business  for  a  sovereign 
at  a  foreign  court.  Ministers  at  a  court  are  denomi- 
nated a  diplomatic  botl\'. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  ministers  at  a 
foreign  court,  or  men  authorized  hy  diploma  ;  as,  a 
diplomatic  character  ;  the  diplomatic  corps  ;  diplomatic 
managemenf. 

DIP-LO-JI.-VT'IC,  n.  A  minister,  oflicial  agent,  or  en- 
voy to  a  foreign  court. 

DIP-LO-.MAT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  According  to  fho  rules 
of  di|iloiiiacy. 

DIP-EO-llAT'ieS,  71.  The  science  of  diplomas,  or  of 
ancient  writings,  literary  and  public  documents,  let- 
ters, decrees,  charters^  codicils,  &.C.,  which  has  for 
its  object  to  decipher  old  writings,  to  ascertain  their 
authenticity,  their  date,  signatures,  &.c. 

Kncyc.  Lunier. 

DI-PI,ryM.\-TIST,  71.    A  person  skilled  "in  diplomacy. 

DIP'PKD,  (ilipt,)         Plunged;  immersed. 

DIP'l'ER,  K.    One  that  dips  ;  he  or  that  w  liich  dips. 

2.  A  ves.sel  used  to  dip  water  or  other  liquor;  a 
ladle. 

3.  One  of  a  genus  of  birds,  of  the.  thrush  family, 
which  delight  in  water  ;  the  Cinclus. 

4.  7Vic  dipper ;  a  name  popularly  applied  to  seven 
stars  in  the  constellation  of  the  Great  Bear  ;  other- 
wise called  Charles's  IVitin. 

DIP'PING,  ppr.  Plunging  or  immersing  into  a  liquid 
and  speedily  withdrawing  ;  as,  to  ascertain  the  tem- 
perature of  water  by  dipping  Ibe  finger  in  it;  bap- 
tizing by  immersion. 

2.  Engaging  or  taking  a  concern  in. 

3.  Looking  into,  here  and  there;  examining  in  a 
cursory,  slight,  or  iiasty  luanmT. 

4.  Inclining  downwaril,  as  the  magnetic  needle. 

5.  Breaking;  iiirlining;  as  a  vtun  of  ore. 
DIP'PlNf!,  n.    The  ai  t  of  pliiiigiiig  or  immersing. 

2.  The  act  of  iinliiiing  toward  file  earth  ;  iiicliua- 
tioii  downward  ;  as,  the  dijtjnnir  t)f  the  imedle. 

3.  'I'lie  iiiterniplion  of  a  vein  of  ore,  or  stratum  of 
a  fossil,  in  a  mine  ;  tu-  a  slojiing  downward. 

4.  'I'he  act  of  b:i|itizing  hy  the  iiiiinersion  of  the 
whole  body  in  water. 

DIP'PIN'iJ-.'NJEK  DLi;,  n.  An  instrument  which 
shows  the  iui  linaliiin  of  the  magnetic  needle  to  the 
horizon  at  any  given  jilace.  It  is  found  by  ob.serva- 
tion,  that  when  a  magnetic  iietMlle  is  lialanced  on  its 
centre  of  gravity,  it  usually  does  not  maintain  n 


horizontal  position,  but  dips  or  inclines  to  the  hori- 
zon in  a  certain  angle.  In  certain  places  in  the 
equatorial  regions,  however,  points  are  found  where 
the  needle  becomes  horizontal,  and  the  line  ctuinect- 
ing  these  points  is  called  the  magnetic  equator;  and  a 
certain  point  within  the  polar  circle,  wliere  the  nee- 
dle becomes  perpendicular,  is  called  the  magnetic 
pole.  The  pole  of  the  dipping-needle,  is  the  elevated 
point  in  the  heavens  toward  which  the  upper  end 
of  the  dipping-needle  is  directed.         D.  Olmsted. 

DI-PRIS-MAT'ie,  a.  [di  and  ;>7-is7na£i<:.]  Doubly 
prismatic.  Jameson. 

2.  Having  cleavages  parallel  to  the  sides  of  a  four- 
sided  verlical  prism,  and  at  the  same  time,  to  a  hori- 
zontal prism.  MoIls. 

DIP'SAS,  n.  [Gr.  dii/zat,  dry,  thirsty;  iixpaui,  to 
thirst.] 

A  serpent  whose  bite  produces  a  mortal  thirst. 
See  Dent,  viii. 
DIP'TER-.-\,  71. ;)/.    [Gr.  Ai;  and  nrepcv,  a  wing.] 

'J'lie  diptera  are  an  order  of  insects  having  only 
two  wings,  and  two  poiscrs,  as  the  house-fly. 

Encye. 

DIP'TER-AL,  o.  Having  two  wings  only  ;  belonging 
to  the  order  of  Diptera. 

I)IP'TER-.\L,  a.  or  ii.  In  ancient  architecture,  a  term 
denoting  one  of  the  seven  orders  of  sacred  buildings, 
viz.,  a  temple  which  had  a  double  row  of  columns 
on  each  of  its  flanks,  as  well  as  in  front  and  rear. 

Brande, 

DIP'TER-OUS,  0.  Having  two  wings;  belonging  to 
the  order  of  insects  called  diptera.  Gilbert. 

DIP'TOTE,  K.    [Gr. ;  from       and  nirrroi,  to  fall.] 
In  grammar,  a  noun  which  has  only  two  cases  ; 
as,  siippetiw.,  suppetias.  Encyc. 

DIP'TY€II,        (  7t.  [Gr.  Siirrvxa;;  Sis  and  Trri'ffcrw, 

DIP'TY-CIIUM,  j     Trrufcj,  to  fold.] 

In  ancient  history,  ;i  sort  of  book  or  tablet,  so  called 
because  it  consisted  of  two  leaves  folded,  but  it 
sometimes  contained  three  or  more  leaves.  The 
term  was  applied  particularly  to  <a  public  register  of 
the  names  of  consuls,  and  other  magistrates  among 
pagans  ;  and  of  bishops,  martyrs,  and  others,  among 
Christians.  The  sacred  diptych  was  a  double  cata- 
logue, in  one  of  which  were  registered  the  names  of 
the  living,  and  in  the  other  the  names  of  the  dead, 
which  were  to  be  rehearsed  during  the  oflice. 

Elmes.  Encyc. 

DI-P^RE',  71.  A  mineral  occurring  in  minute  prisms, 
either  single  or  adhering  to  each  other  in  fascicular 
groups.  Before  the  blowpipe,  it  melts  with  ebulli- 
tion or  intumescence,  ami  its  powder  on  hot  coals 
phosphoresces  with  a  feeble  light.  Its  name,  from 
Gr.  (iu",  two,  and  ttbo,  fire,  indicates  the  double  ef- 
fect of  fire,  in  producing  fusion  and  phosphorescence. 
It  has  been  considered  a  variety  of  scapoliie. 

Cleaveland. 

DI-Ra-DI-a'TIOX,  h.    [L.  diradiatio.] 

The  rays  of  light  emitted  and  diffused  from  a  lu- 
minous body. 

DIRE,  (7.  [L.  dims.  If  the  primary  sense  is  terrible, 
this  word  may  belong  to  the  root  of  tcrrco.  But  it 
may  be  great,  wonderful,  Syr  ioiZ.  ""''■)  'o  wonder  ; 
or  it  may  be  raging,  furious,  as  in  L.  dirx.] 

Dreadful;  dismal;  horrible;  terrible ;  evil  in  a 
great  degree. 

Dit  e  \v;is  the  tossing,  deep  the  groans.  Alilton. 
DI-REGT',  a.    [L.  directus,  from  dirigo  ;  ili  and  rego, 
rceliis,  to  make  straight.    See  Rioht.] 

1.  Straight;  right;  as,  to  pass  in  a  direct  line  from 
one  hotly  or  place  to  another.  It  is  opposed  to  a-ook- 
ed,  winding,  ublirpie.  It  ife  also  opposed  to  refracted  ; 
as,  a  direct  ray  of  light. 

2.  In  astronomy,  appearing  to  move  forward  in  the 
orilcr  of  the  signs,  i.  e.,  from  west  to  east ;  opposed 
to  retrograde :  as,  the  niotiim  of  a  planet  is  direct.  j 

3.  In  the  line  of  father  and  stm  ;  opposed  toco;-  j 
lateral ;  as,  a  descemiaiit  in  the  direct  line.  ] 

4.  Leading  or  tending  to  an  end,  as  by  a  straight 
line  or  course;  not  circuitous.   Thus  we  speak  of  \ 
direct  means  to  effect  an  object ;  a  direct  course  ;  a 
direct  way. 

Open  ;  not  ambiguous  or  doubtful.  Bacon. 

6.  Plain  ;  express  ;  not  ambiguous  ;  as,  he  said 
this  in  direct  words  ;  he  made  a  direct  acknowledg- 
ment. 

7.  In  music,  a  direct  interval  is  that  which  forin.i 
any  kiiul  of  harmony  on  the  fiimlamental  sound 
which  produces  it;  as  the  fifth,  major  third,  and 
octave.  Ronnsean.  | 

Direct  tax,  is  a  tax  assessed  on  real  estate,  as  houses 
and  lands. 

DI-RECf',  V.  t.    [Ij.  directum,  directus,  from  dirigo.] 

1.  To  point  or  aim  in  a  straight  line,  toward  a 
place  or  object ;  as,  to  direct  an  niTow  or  a  piece  of 
ordnance;  to  direct  the  eye;  la  direct  a  course  or 
flight.  I 

2.  To  point ;  to  show  the  right  road  or  course  ;  as, 
he  directed  ine  to  the  h  rt-liantl  road. 

.3.  To  regiihile  ;  to  guide  or  load;  to  govern  ;  to 
cause  to  proceed  in  a  particular  manner ;  us,  to  di- 
rect the  affairs  of  a  nation. 

Winilmii  1h  piiilitiihle  to  direct.  —  Kcclfii.  X. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WUAT.  —  METE,  PKBY  PINE,  MARINE,  niRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


336 


DIR 

4  To  prescribe  a  course ;  to  niiirk  out  a  way. 
Job  xxxvii. 

5.  To  order  ;  to  instruct;  to  point  out  n  course  of 
procrcdins,  with  autlu)rily  i  to  coinuinud.  U\il  direct 
is  a  sorter  term  tliau  cuiiiinaiul. 

DI-REG'I'',  H.  In  U1II.HC,  a  diameter  placed  at  tlie  end 
of  a  slalf  to  direct  tlie  performer  to  tlie  tirst  note  of 
tile  next  start".  Bu-ibij. 

UI-IlKe'l''Eh,  pp.  or  a.  Aimed  ;  pointed  ;  guided  ; 
reL'Ulated  ;  governed  ;  ordered  ;  instructed. 

I)|.1{K('  I"KR,  N.    A  director,  wliicli  see. 

Ul  lUX'T'l.S'O,  ppr.  Aiming!  ;  pointing;  guiding; 
regulating;  governing;  ordering. 

DI-KKC  ril).\,  M.    [I,,  ilirrctio.] 

1.  Aim  nt  a  certain  point ;  a  pointing  toward,  in  a 
straight  line  or  course  ;  as,  the  direction  of  good 
works  to  a  giKMl  end.  Sinulrid-jr. 

2.  The  line  in  which  a  body  moves  by  impulse  ; 
course.  Matter  or  boil)'  can  nut  alter  the  direction  of 
ibi  own  motion. 

3.  .\  straight  line  or  course.  A  star  appeared  in 
the  direction  of  a  certain  tower.  The  ship  sailed  in 
a  solltll-ellsterly  direction. 

4.  The  act  of  governing;  administration;  nian- 
ngenicnt  ;  guidanee;  siiiKTintenilence  ;  as,  the  <//>rc- 
tion  of  public  atfairs  ;  direction  of  domestic  concerns  ; 
the  direction  of  a  bank. 

5.  Regularity  ;  adjustment. 

All  cliiiiiCL-,  direction,  wliicli  thou  cnml  not  «y.  Pope. 
B.  Order;  prescription,  either  verbal  or  written; 
instruction  in  what  manner  to  proceed.    The  em- 
pK»yer  gives  directiuiut  to  Ills  workineH  ;  the  physi- 
cian, to  his  patient. 

7.  The  superseripliou  of  a  li  tter,  including  the 
name,  title,  and  place  of  abode  of  the  person  for 
whom  it  is  intended. 

8.  A  body  or  biKird  t>f  directors. 

ni-RKC  T'l  Ti;|)E,  .1.  A  word  put  by  Shakspoare 
into  the  mouth  of  a  servant,  a^  a  blunder  for  dis- 
credit. Malone. 

DI-RKCT'IVK,  n.    Having  the  power  of  direction  ;  as, 
a  directire  rule.  Hooker. 
2.  Inforniing  ;  instructing  ;  showing  the  way. 

DI-Ri;CT'I.Y,  n</e.  In  a  stniight  line  or  course; 
rectiliiieally  ;  not  in  a  winding  course.  Aim  directly 
to  the  object.  Gravity  lends  directly  to  the  center 
of  the  earth.  As  a  direct  line  is  the  shortest  course  ; 
hence, 

2.  Immediately;  soon;  without  delay ;  as,  lie  will 
•  be  with  us  direciJii. 

3.  Openly  ;  expressly ;  without  circumlocution  or 
ambiguity  ;  or  without  a  train  of  inferences. 

No  iiiiiii  lintlt  l^'n  m  liiipiuOA,  lu  direcUy  u>  coiutemii  pntvor. 

DI-REGT'NESS,  n.  Strnightncss ;  a  straight  course  ; 
nearness  of  way.  Hentltij. 

ni-RECT'OK,  II.  One  >yho  directs;  one  who  super- 
intends, governs,  or  manages  ;  tme  who  prescribes 
to  others,  by  virtue  of  aiithurily  ;  an  instructor ;  a 
counselor. 

2.  Th.at  which  directs  ;  a  rule  ;  an  ordinance. 

3.  One  a|>pi>inled  to  trans.art  the  artiiirs  of  a  com- 
pany ;  as,  the  director  of  a  bank,  or  of  the  India 
Coinjiany, 

4.  That  which  directs  or  controls  by  inHuence. 

S.ifi*  >■  fniin  oxi'-nml  il.\ii^<r  U  Uic  tuusl  iviwrrful  riirertiyr  of 
ii  iU'iital  cuii.liict.  t\ileral\it,  Haimllon. 

5.  Ill  ^uri'cri/,  a  grcxived  probe,  Intended  to  direct 
the  eili'e  of  the  knife  or  scissors  in  o|H*ning  sinuses 
or  flstula.'  ;  a  guide  f*r  an  incision-kiiife. 

F.nciie.  Coze. 

DI-REt'-To'RI  AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  directors  or  di- 
rection ,  coiitaiiiiiig  direction  iir  coiniiiand. 

DI  RIXT'Oll-SIJII',  «.  The  condition  or  ortice  of 
director. 

DIREGT'O-R V,  a.  Containing  directions;  enjoin- 
ing; instructing!. 
Dl-RECT'O-R V,  n.  A  guide  ;  a  rule  to  direct;  par- 
ticalarly^  a  book  ciuit'iiuing  directions  for  public 
worship,  or  religious  services.  The  liiblc  is  our  best 
directory  in  faith  and  pricltce. 

2.  A  iMHik  containing  an  alphabetical  list  of  the 
InhabitanLs  of  a  city,  with  their  jdares  of  abode. 
2.  The  su|ireine  executive  council  of  Knincej  in 
4.  A  hoard  of  directors.  [the  revolution. 

PI-RECT'RESS,  B.    A  f -male  who  directs  or  manages. 
DI-REGT'RIX,  «.    .\  female  who  governs  or  ilirects. 
2.  In  seometry^  a  certain  striiglit  line  (H'r|>endicu- 
lar  to  the  o-xis  of  a  conic  section,    [."^ee  also  Dm- 
ir.cNT.l 

DIRE't'JJL,  0.  [See  Dire.]  Dire  ;  dreadful  ;  terri- 
ble ;  calamitous  ;  as,  liirefnl  fiend  ;  a  direful  misfor- 
tune. Spenser     Dn/dcn.  Pope. 

DIRE'FI'L-I,V,  adp.    Dreadfully  ;  terribly;  wofully. 

DtRE'K!.  I.-.\ES:s,  n.  ralaniitousness. 

DIRE'-I.QOK  I.NG,  o.    IxiokiuR  direfully. 

DI  REMI"tlO.\,  «.    [I.,  dircmptio.] 

.\  s.;i>aralion.  '  Bp.  Hall. 

DIRE'.\E."!8,  n.    Terrihieness  ;  horror;  dismaliiess. 

l)l-REP'TIO.N,».    [Udirrpii,.]  [shak. 
The  act  of  plundering. 

DIRCE,  (diirj,)  n.  [Usually  supposed  to  be  a  con- 
traction of  L.  dirige,  a  word  used  in  the  funeral  ser- 


I)  IS 

vice.  In  Sw.  dyrkit,  Dan.  dijrkcr,  sigiiilies  to  wor- 
ship, honor,  reverence.] 

A  song  or  tune  intended  to  express  grief,  sorrow, 
and  iiioiiniing  ;  as,  a  funeral  </iri'c. 

Dlll'l  OiE.NT,    (  «.    (See  DiKKex.]    In  n-conicfn/,  the 

UI-RECT'RIX,  t  line  or  plane  along  which  aiiollier 
line  or  plane  is  supposed  to  move  in  the  generation 
of  a  surface  or  solid.  Barlow. 

niR'l  CENT,  «.    Directing.  Baztcr. 

DIRK,  (durk,)  ii.    [Scot,  dark.] 
A  ki 'd  of  dagger  or  poniard. 

DTltK,  (iliirk,)  (1.    Dark.    [OA.,-.J  Sprn.ier. 

DIKK,  (durk,)  r.  (.    To  darken.    [Qbs.]  Spenser. 
2.  To  poniard  ;  to  stab. 

fflfRK'f.'l),  (durkt,) ;)/).  Stabbed. 

DTRK'I.NG,  ;;//r.  Stabbing. 

DIRT,  (diirt,)  «.  [Sax.  i'ri/)-i(a« ;  D.  dryten  ;  Ice.  rfrit, 
cacare.  ] 

1.  Any  foul  or  filthy  substance  ;  excrement ;  earth  ; 
mud;  mire;  dust;  whatever,  adhering  to  any  tiling, 
renders  it  foul  or  unclean. 

Th''  tit  cloapil,  :inil  Ihi?  dirt  cami*  out.  — Judy*  iii. 
Wliow;  \vut<-n  cut  up  iniru  niui  dirt.  —  U.  Ivii. 

2.  Meanness;  sordidness.    tJVot  in  lue.] 

DIRT,  (durt,)  c.  I.    To  make  fiiiil  or  filthy  ;  to  soil; 

to  bedaub  ;  to  jiollute  ;  to  detile.  Sicift. 
DTRT'I-KD,  (durt'id,)  pp.    .Made  filthy. 
DIRT'1-LY,  (diirt'i-ly,)  adv.    (from  dirty.]    In  a  dirty 

manner ;  foully  ;  nastily  ;  filthily. 
2.  Meanly  ;  sordidly  ;  by  low  means. 
DIRT'I-NESS,  (durt'iness,)  n.    Filtliiness  ;  foulness; 

Hastiness. 
2.  Meanness;  baseness;  sordidness. 
DIRT'Y,  (diirt'y,)  a.    Foul;  nasty;  (iltliy  ;  not  clean  ; 

as,  dirt.j  hands. 

2.  Not  clean  ;  not  pure  ;  turbid  ;  as,  dirty  water. 

3.  Cloudy  ;  dark  ;  dusky  ;  as,  a  dirty  white. 

4.  Mean;  liase  ;  low;  despicable;  groveling;  as, 
a  dirtii  fellow  ;  a  dirty  einployiiient. 

DIRT'Y,  (durt'y,)  r.  t.  To  foul  ;  to  make  filthy  ;  to 
soil  ;  ;u«,  to  dirty  the  clothes  or  hands. 

2.  I'o  tiiriiisli ;  to  sully  ;  to  scandalize  ;  applied  to 
reputation. 

DIRT'Y-INC,  ppr.    Making  filthy  ;  soiling. 

DI-RUP'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  diriiplio ;  dirumpo,  to  hurst.] 
A  bursting  or  rending  asunder.  [See  DisnuerioN.] 

DIS;  a  prefix  or  inseparable  preposition,  from  the  Latin, 
whence  Fr.  des^  Sp.  dts,  and  //c,  may  in  some  in- 
stances be  the  same  word  contracted.  Dis  denotes 
separation,  a  parting  from  ;  hence  it  has  the  force  of 
a  privative  and  negative,  as  in  disarm,  disoblige,  dis- 
tt'eree.  In  some  cases,  it  still  signifies  separation,  as 
in  distribute,  disconnect. 

DIS-A-HII,'I-TY,  n.  [from  rfouiic]  Want  of  compe- 
tent natural  or  bodily  power,  strength,  or  ability  ; 
weakness  ;  impotence  ;  as,  disability  arising  from  in- 
firmity or  broken  limbs. 

2.  Want  of  competent  intellectual  power,  or 
strength  of  mind  ;  incapacity  ;  as,  the  diiabilily  of 
a  deranged  person  to  reason  or  to  make  contracts, 

3.  \\'ant  of  coniiM'teiit  means  <ir  instruments, 
[In  this  sense,  Imabilitv  is  geiienilly  used.] 

4.  Want  of  legal  qualifications;  incafKicity  ;  as,  a 
disability  to  inherit  an  estate,  when  the  ancestor  has 
been  attainted.    [Yn  tjiis  sense,  it  has  a  plural.] 

Blaekstone. 

Disability  dilTersfnim  inability,  in  denoting  drprira- 
tion  of  ability  ;  whereas  inability  ilenotes  destitution 
of  ability,  either  by  deprivatitm  or  otherwise. 
DIS-A'KLE,  c.  t.  [dis  and  aMc]  To  render  unable; 
to  deprive  of  conipetenl  natural  strength  or  |>ower. 
A  man  is  diiabled  to  walk,  by  a  broken  or  paralytic 
leg,  by  sickness,  &c. 

2.  I'o  deprive  of  mental  power,  as  by  destroying  or 
weakening  the  understanding. 

3.  To  deprive  of  adeipiale  means,  instruments,  or 
resources.  A  nation  may  be  diiableil  to  carry  on 
war  by  want  of  money.'  The  loss  of  a  ship  may 
disable  a  man  to  prosecute  cuninierce,  or  to  pay  his 
debts.  .         1  / 

4.  To  destroy  the  strength  ;  or  to  weaken  and 
impair  so  a.s  to  render  incapable  of  action,  service, 
or  resistance.  A  Heet  is  di.iablcd  by  a  storm,  or  by  a 
battle.  A  ship  is  disabled  by  the  loss  of  her  masts  or 
8p:irs. 

5.  To  destroy  or  iin|>air  and  weaken  tlie  means 
which  render  any  thing  .active,  erticaciotis,  or  u.seful ; 
to  destroy  or  diminish  any  coni|H'teiit  means. 

6.  To  deprive  of  legal  <pialifications,  or  competent 
power  ;  to  incapacitate  ;  to  render  incapable. 

An  nlt-iiiitifT  of  ih^  aiio^r  cornipu  the  t>lucd,  anti  ftieable*  h'lM 
chiMn-ii  to  iiiSent.  i^tig.  Uuo. 

DIS-A'BLKD,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  competent  ix)wer, 
c<ir|Hireal  or  intellectual  ;  rendered  incapable ;  de- 
prived of  means. 

DI.S-A'III.E-.MENT,  n.  Weakness  ;  disability  ;  legal 
inipediment  Bacon. 

DIS  A'llM.N't;,  ppr.  Rendering  unable  or  incapable; 
depriving  of  adee,uate  power  or  cajiacity,  or  of  legal 
qualifications. 

DIS-A'HIJ.NG,  a.  That  dis.able3  or  disqualifies;  de- 
priving of  moral  power  or  right ;  as,  a  disablimr 
statute.  " 


DIS 

DIS-A-liCSE',  (di»-a-buze',)  B.  f.    [Pr,  c<r<iiiiiMer,  Se« 

AHrsK.] 

To  free  from  mistake  ;  to  undeceive  ;  to  dis- 
engage from  fallacy  or  di:ception  ;  to  set  right.  It  !• 
our  duty  to  disabuse  ourselves  of  false  notions  aiiU 
prejudices. 

If  ini^ii  are  now  iiitlieti^ntly  enli^hU'ii'il  to  rtieahme  i\vii\v\rf% 
of  urttfli^,  liypucriav,  luiil  »ii|MTi.[ilioii,  lJu-y  will  contnlcr 
tlib  evfnt  .u  all  em  in  (lii'lr  hintury.  J.  ArUti/n. 

DIS-A-HC'»'f;i),  (dis  n-hu/.d' )  pp.  rndeceived. 
I)IS-A-KCS'I.\G,  (.lis-a-bu//ing,)  ppr.  Undeceiving. 
DIS-AC  COM'MO  DATE,  v.t.  [disaiiiiaccommuilaU.] 

To  put  III  inciiiiveiiieiice. 
DIS-AC  CO.M'.MO  Da-TEI),  pp.      Put    to  inconve- 
nience. 

DIS-AC  €O.M'MO-DA-TI.\G,  ppr.  Putting  to  incon- 
venience. 

DIS-Ae-eO.M-MO-DJ'TIO.\,  n.    [dis  and  aexommoda- 

tlON.] 

A  stall' of  being  iiiiaccununoilated  ;  a  state  of  being 
miprtpMri'il.  Hale. 

DIS-AC  CdltD',  r.  i.  f(/i.<  and  accon/.]  To  refuse 
assent.    [A~iit  ti^eil.]  Spenser. 

DIS-AC-CI  S' Tt  ).\1,  0.  t.  [dis  and  acmstom.]  To 
neglect  faiiiiliar  or  customary  practice  ;  to  destroy  the 
force  of  lialiii  hv  disine. 

DIS-AC-Crs' TOM/.I),  Disused;   having  neg- 

lected practice  or  familiar  use.  Tnokr. 

DIS-AC-CCS'TOM-LN't;,  ppr.  Disusing  ;  neglecting 
familiar  or  ciistoiuarv  piaciice. 

DI.S-Ae-K.\<nvi,'EI)OE,  r.  t.  [dii  and  acknowledge.] 
To  deny  ;  !o  disown.  South, 

DI.S-Ae-k.\()\\  l,'i;OG-f;D,  pp.     Denied;  disowned, 

DlS-Ae-I<Nt>WL'EDG-I.\G, /vr.  Denying;  disown- 
ing. 

DI.S-Ae-aiJAI.N'T',  r.  f.  [See  Acijuaint.]  To  dis- 
solve acquaintance,    [l.ittlc  used.] 

DIS-Ae-tii:Al.\l"A.\(E,  n.  .Neglect  or  disuse  of  fa- 
miliarity, or  familiar  knowledge  of.  South. 

DIS-A-D6r,\'',  »  t    To  deprive  of  ornaments. 

Con  irreve. 

DIS-A-DOR\'KD,  pp.    Deprived  of  ornaments. 
DI.'<-A-I)()R \'I.\'G,  ppr.    Dejiriving  of  ornaments. 
DIS-AD-VA.\CE',  f.  t.  or  i.    To  ch>jck  ;  to  halt.  [JVot 

in  use.]  Sueiu^er. 
DIS-AD  VA.\"TAGE,n.    fFr.  desavantaire.] 

1.  That  which  prevents  success,  or  renders  it  dif- 
ficult ;  a  state  not  favorable  to  successful  operation. 
The  army  commenced  an  attack  on  the  enemy,  not- 
withstanding the  disadvttiitaire  of  its  position. 

2.  Any  unfavorable  state;  a  stale  in  which  some 
loss  or  injur)'  may  be  sustained.  Hence, 

3.  Loss;  injury;  prejudice  to  interest,  fame,  credit, 
profit,  or  other  good  ;  as,  to  sell  goods  to  disadcan- 
tntre. 

DIS-.'\D-VA\'TAGE,  c.  fc  To  injure  an  interest;  to 
prejudice. 

DIS-AD-VA.V'TAGE-A-BLE,  a.  Not  advantageous, 
[ JV at  in  use.]  Bacon, 

DIS-AD-VAN'TA-Gn),         Injured  in  interest. 

DI.S-AD-VA\-T.A'GEOUS,  a.  Cnfavorable  to  suc- 
cess or  prosperity  ;  inconvenient ;  not  adapted  to 
promote  interest,  reputation,  or  other  good  ;  as,  the  sit- 
uation of  an  army  is  disaitvantaseoiLs  for  attai  k  or  de- 
fense. We  are  apt  to  view  characters  in  the  most 
disadrantageons  lights. 

DIS-AD-VA.N-Ta'OEOUS-LY,  adr.  In  a  manner  not 
favorable  to  success,  or  to  interest,  profit,  or  reputa- 
tion ;  with  loss  or  inconvenience. 

DIS-AD-VAN-Ta'OEOUS-NESS,  )i.  Unfavorableness 
to  success  ;  inconvenience  ;  loss. 

D1S-AD-VE.\'T1;RE,  II.    Misfortune.    [JVot  tiserf,] 

Ralegh. 

DI.<-AD-VE.\'Tl^R-OUS,  a.  Unprosperous.  [J^ot 
used.]  Spenser. 

DIS-AF-FEeT',r,  t.  [dis  ani  affect.]  To  alienate af- 
fi'Clion  ;  to  make  less  friendly  to  ;  to  make  less  faith- 
ful to  a  jK-rson,  party,  or  cause,  or  less  zealous  to 
support  it;  to  make  discontented  or  unfriendly  ;  as, 
an  attempt  w.is  made  Ui  disaffccl  the  army. 

2.  To  disdain,  or  dislike.  Hall. 

3.  To  throw  into  disorder.  Hammond, 
DIS-.\F-FE€T'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Having  the  atl'ections 

alienated  ;  indisposed  lo  favor  or  siipptirt ;  unfriend- 
ly ;  followed  by  with  or  to ;  as,  these  men  are  disaf- 
fected teith  the  govt  riiiiieiit,  or  disaffected  to  the  king, 
or  to  the  adniiiiistralioii. 
DIS-A1'"-FECT'ED-LY,  ade.  In  a  disotTected  man- 
ner. 

DIS-AF-FECT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
disalficted. 

DIS-AF-FECT'ING,  ppr.  Alienating  the  alTections  ; 
making  less  friendly. 

DIS-AF  FEe'TIO.V,  n.  Alienation  of  afiection,  at- 
tachment, or  good  will  ;  yvant  of  afl'eclion  ;  or,  more 
generally,  positive  enmity,  dislike,  or  unfriendliness ; 
disloyalty.  It  generally  signifies  more  than  inditTer- 
ence  ;  as,  the  disaffection  of  petijile  to  their  prince  or 
governiiieiit ;  the  disaffection  of  allies  ;  disc^ffictwn  lo 
religion. 

2.  Disorder ;  bad  constitution  ;  in  a  physical  sense. 
[Little  vsed.]  'iViseman. 
DIS  AF  FEe'TION-ATE,  o.    Not  well  disposed  ;  not 
friendly.  BlounL 


TONE,  BJjLL,  liNlTE.-AM"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  j  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  us  in  THIS, 


43 


CC 


337 


J)1S 

DIS-AF-FlKM',  ((lis-:if-iinii',)  v.  t.  [dis  anil  affirm.] 
Ti)  deny  ;  tci  cniilnulict.  Dat'ie.i. 

9.  To  ovcitlinuv  or  unmil,  as  a  judicial  decision, 
by  a  contrary  jiiclynient  of"  a  superior  trilmnal. 

DIS-AF-FIll.M'ANCE,  71.  Denial ;  negation  ;  dis- 
proof; confutation.  Hale. 

2.  Overtlirow  or  annulment,  by  the  decision  of  a 
superior  tribunal ;  as,  ilL^njUnitimcc  of  judjiuient. 

DIS-AF-FIll.M'i'-U,  jjp.  Denied;  coiitratlicted  ;  over- 
thrown. 

DIS-AF-FIR.M'ING,  ;);)r.  Denying;  contradicting; 
annulling. 

DIS-.\F-FOIl'E«T,  1'.  I.  [^-feand  nffuri-at.]  To  reduce 
from  the  privdeges  of  a  lor'St  to  the  state  of  connuon 
ground  ;  to  strip  of  forest  laws  and  their  oi)pressive 
privileges. 

By  cliarter  9  Ili  ii.  HI.  [iiauy  furesli;  were  disajfovested. 

DIS-AF-FOR'EST-ED,  ;)/).  Stripped  of  forest  privi- 
leges. 

DIS-AF-FOR'EST-ING,  ppr.  Deiniving  of  forest 
privileges. 

DIS-.\G'GRE-G.\TE,  11.  t.  [dis  and  agip-cgate..']  To 
separate  an  aagreL'atu  mass  into  \\»  conip.inent  parts. 

DIS-AG'GRE-G.A-TED,  pp.  Sejjarated,  as  an  aggre- 
gate mass. 

DIS-AG'GUE-G.X-TI.\G,  ppr.  Separating,  as  the  parts 
of  an  afrirr.  i::it"  hmly. 

DIS-AG-i;i!i;  Ca' TIDN,  n.  The  actor  operation  of 
separating'  an  a?;;regata  body  into  its  component  parts. 

DIS-A-GUEE',  I-.  (.  [dis  aiid  agree.']  'J'o  differ;  to 
be  not  accordant  or  coincident ;  to  be  not  the  same  ; 
to  be  not  exactly  similar.  Two  ideas  dUagree,  when 
they  are  not  the  same,  or  when  they  are  hot  exactly 
alike.    The  histories  of  the  same  fact  often  dinagree. 

2.  To  differ,  as  in  opinion;  as,  the  best  judges 
sometimes  disagree. 

Who  shall  Oecicle  when  doctors  disagree  7  Pope. 

3.  To  be  \insuitable.  ^ledicine  sometimes  disa- 
grees irilh  the  patient ;  food  oflen  disagrees  witli  the 
stomach  or  the  taste. 

4.  To  differ;  to  he  in  opposition. 

Men  oKeii  reject  tii  phiiiiest  sense  of  Scripture,  Ijecause  it  dis- 
agrees Willi  III  ir  reiisoii  or  prccimceivetl  opioioiis.  Anon. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  with.  But  we  say,  I  disa- 
gree Jii  your  pn>posal.  The  use  of /rum  after  disagree 
is  nttt  coniinun. 

DI.^'-A-GREE'.V-liEE,  «.  Contrary;  unsuitab  e  ;  not 
conformable  ;  not  congruous.    [Little  itsei/.j 

'I'liis  coinluci  u  Rs  disagrep.iible  to  her  iiiitiinil  sincerity.  BroQii\€. 
9.  Unpleasing ;  offensive  to  the  mind,  or  to  the 
senses ;  but  expressing  less  than  disgusting  and 
odious,  liehavior  may  be  r/iMioniv/i/c  to  our  uiinils; 
food  may  be  di.iagrrealih  to  the  taste  ;  many  tilings 
are  disagreeable  16  the  siglit  ;  siriinds  may  be  ilisagree- 
able  to  the  ear,  and  odors  to  the  smtdl.  Whatever  is 
di.iagre.ea hie  gives  some  pain  or  iiuejLsiness. 

DIS-A-GREE'.VliLE-NEriS,  71.  Uiisuitableness  ;  con- 
trariety. 

2.  Unpleasantne.ss  ;  ofTensiveness  to  the  minil,  or 
to  the  senses;  as,  disagreeahleness  of  annlJier's 
manners  ;  the  dtsagreeable.iicss  of  a  taste,  sounti,  or 
smell. 

DIS-A-GRF,E'.\-I!LY,   aw.      Unsuitalily;  unjileas- 

antly  ;  oU'ensively. 
DIS-A-GREED',  pret.  and  ;/;)  of  Disaguee. 
DIS-A-GREE'ING,  jjpT-.    Differing;  not  according  or 

coinciding. 

D1S-A-GREE',ME.\'T,  n.  DiU'erence,  either  in  form  or 
essence  ;  di-ssimilitiide  ;  diversity  ;  as,  the  di.iagree- 
vient  of  two  ideas,  of  two  i)ictures,  of  two  stories  or 
narrations. 

2.  Difference  of  opinion  or  senliinents.  Hooker. 

3.  Ilnsuilableness. 

DIS-AL-I,I'£1),  (-al-llile',)  pp.    Improperly  allietl. 
2.  a.  ^<eparateil  from  alliance. 

DIS-AL-Mr.CiE',  v.  l.    To  alientite  from  allegiance. 
[JVol  in  use]  Miltou. 

DIrf-AI.,-EC)W',  V.  t.  [dis  and  allow.]  To  refuse  iter- 
mission,  or  not  to  permit ;  not  to  grant ;  not  to  make 
or  suppose  lawful  ;  not  to  itiilhori/.e  ;  to  ilisprove. 
(Jod  lhat  I 'hri^tians  should  conform  to  the 

immoral  i>ractices  of  the  worht.  A  gooti  man  di.sa.l- 
luws  evirry  kind  of  profaneiujss. 

2.  To  testify  dislike  or  disapprobation  ;  to  rt'fusc 
assent. 

But  ir  tier  f.alier  ■hall  tliioltoiB  her  in  the  tlay  that  he  h'MP'th, 
not  uny  of  her  vow*  or  her  Ijonila  ....  shall  stanil.  —  Niiiu. 

XXX. 

3.  Not  to  approve ;  not  to  receive  ;  to  reject. 

To  whom  cuiolnjr,  11*  to  ft  llvlnjf  stone,  diuatlomd  tiiticcd  hy 
men,  Lot  cli,.»  n  hy  an.l  pn-ciou..  —  1  l>el.  ii. 

4.  Not  to  all()W  <ir  admit  a**  just  ;  to  rtjject ;  as,  lo 
disallow  ail  ar:couiil  or  i  hiirgi'. 

DIS-AL-LOW,  V.  i.  To  refuse  pcrniisHion  ;  ni>l  to 
grant. 

DIH-AIy-LOVV'A-ni.E,  a.  Not  allowable  ;  not  to  be 
HulTered. 

DIS-AI^I,OV\"AN('E,  71  Disapprobation;  refusal  to 
admit  or  permit;  )irohihition  ;  rejei:tion. 

DIH.AL-1>0VV'/;D,  pp.  Not  granted,  |M;rmilled,  or 
ndniilU'd  ;  diiiapprovi;d  ;  rejixled. 


DIS 

DIS-.\L-LOW'ING.  ppr.  Not  permitting  ;  not  admit- 
ting; disapproving;  rejecting. 

DIS-AL-IA'',  y.  t.  [dis  and  lilhj.]  To  form  an  im- 
proper alliance.  Miltim. 

DIS-AL-L^'ING,  ppr.  Forming  a  disadvantageous 
alliance. 

DIS-ANeiI'OR,v.  (.  [dis  and  anchor.]    To  force  from 

its  anchors,  as  a  ship. 
DIS-ANeil'Oll-KD,  pp.    Forced  from  its  anchors. 
DlS-AN'eil'OR-ING,  ppr.    Forcing  a  ship  from  its 

anchors. 

DIS-AN-(5EL'ie-AL,  a.    Not  angelical.    [.Vof  vsed.] 

Cocentnj. 

DIS-AN'I-M.XTE,i>.  (.  [dis  and  animate.]  To  deprive 
of  life.    [JVot  ii.sed.] 

2.  To  deprive  of  spirit  or  courage  ;  to  discourage  ; 
to  dishe.'irten  ;  to  deject.  Doijle. 

DIS-AN'I-.M.^-TED, /);).    Discouraged  ;  dispirited. 

DIS-.AN'I-.MA-TING,  ppr.  Discouraging;  disheart- 
ening. 

DI.S-AN-I-Ma'TION,  71.    The  act  of  discouraging; 
dejaession  of  spirits. 
9.  Privation  of  life.    [J^ot  used.]  Brown. 
DI.S-AN-NEX',  0.  t.     To  ilisunite  ;  to  separate  that 

wliii-li  has  been  annexed. 
DLS-AN-NLTl/.    Jin  improper  word.    [See  Annul.] 
DIS-.\N  A'UL'.ME.NT.    See  Annolmext. 
DIS-A-NUINT',  t'.  (.    To  render  consecration  invalid. 

Mdlon. 

DIS-AP-PAR'EL,  7'.  I.  To  disrobe ;  to  strip  of  raiment. 

Junius. 

DIS-AP-PAR'EL-£D,  pp.  Disrobed  ;  stripped  of  gar- 
ments. 

DIS-AP-PAR'EL-ING,  ppr.  Disrobing. 

DIS -AI'-l'iiAR',  71.  t.  [dis  and  appear.]  To  vanish 
from  the  sight  ;  to  recede  from  the  view  ;  to  become 
invisilile  by  vanishing  or  departing,  or  by  being  en- 
veloped in  any  thing  that  conceals,  or  by  the  interpo- 
sition of  an  ohjert.  Darkness  di.saiipears  at  the  ac- 
cess of  light,  :ind  light  disappeais  ;it  the  approach  of 
darkness.  .\  ship  disappears  by  departure  to  a  dis- 
tance ;  tlie  sun  disappears  in  a  ftjg,  or  behind  ii  cloud, 
or  in  setting. 

2.  To  cease  ;  as,  the  ejiidemic  has  disappeared. 

3.  To  withdraw  from  ohservation  ;  the  debtor  dis- 
appears  when  he  abscontls. 

DIS-AP-Pe.\R'ANCE,  71.  Cessation  of  appearance ; 
a  removal  from  sight. 

DIS-AP-PeAR'£D,  pp.  Removed  from  sight  ;  van- 
ished ;  become  invisible. 

DIS-AP-PEAR'ING,  ppr.  Vanishing;  receding  from 
the  siglitj  becoming  invisible. 

DIS-AP-PiiAR'ING,  n.  A  vanishing  or  removal  from 
sight. 

DIS-AP-POINT',  v.t.  [dis  and  appoint;  properly,  to 
unfix  or  unsettle.] 

1.  To  defeat  of^  exiiectation,  wish,  hope,  desire,  or 
intention  ;  to  frustrate  ;  to  lialk  ;  to  hinder  from  the 
possessitm  or  enjoyment  of  that  which  was  intend- 
ed, desired,  hopi'il,  or  expected.  We  say,  a  man  is 
dusappointat  of  Ills  lio])es  or  expecltitions,  or  bis  ho|>es, 
desires,  intentions,  or  expectations,  are  dUappainted. 
A  b;id  season  disappoints  the  farmer  of  his  crops  ;  a 
defeat  disappoints  an  enemy  of  his  spoil.  The  man 
promised  me  a  visit,  but  he  disappointed  me. 

Without  counsel  purposes  are  disappointod.  —  Prov.  xv. 

2.  To  frustrate  ;  to  prevent  an  effect  intended. 

The  relirin*  foe 
Shrinks  fiuni  the  wouiul,  ami  dimp})oints  the  lilow.  Addison. 

DIS-AP  POI.NT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Defeated  of  expecta- 
tion, hope,  desire,  or  design  ;  frustrated. 

Disappointed  is  itseil  by  Shakspeare,  in  Hamlet,  uct 
i.  scene  5,  for  unprepared^  correspoutling  to  well-ap- 
pointed, which  unmans  well-furnished  or  prepared. 

DIS  AP-PDINT'hNG,  ppr.  Defeating  of  expectation, 
hope,  desire,  or  purpose  ;  frustrating. 

DIS-AP-POINT'JIE.NT,  71.  Defi:at  or  failure  of  expec- 
tation, hopi',  wish,  ilesire,  or  intention;  miscarriage 
of  design  or  plan. 

Wc  are  npt  to  couiphiin  of  the  ilisajipoinliMnt  of  our  hopes  ami 
Bch-'inea ;  but  dieappaintirutnts  oHell  pwve  hlessinirs,  and 
save  us  Ironi  Ciitainity  or  ruin.  Anon. 

DIS-AP-PKi~;'CIATE,  V.  t.  [dis  and  appreciate.]  To 
undervalue  ;  not  lo  esteem. 

DIS-AP  I  KP.'ClA  TED,  pp.  Undervalui^d. 

DlS-AP  PRlf.'CIA-TlNG,  ppr.  Undei-valuing. 

DIS-AP-PIU)-ll.\'TI().\,  u.  ['/;.<  ami  approbation.]  A 
disapproving;  tlislike  ;  the  act  of  the  mind  which 
coiiilemns  what  is  supposeil  to  be  wrong,  whether  the 
act  is  expressed  or  not.  Wt;  ol'teii  disapprove  when 
wt!  ilo  not  exprt'Ss  disapprobation. 

DIS-AP'PRO  HA  'PO  RV,  a.  Containing  disapproba- 
titin  ;  teniliug  to  disapprove. 

I)IS-AP-PR6'I'RI-ATE,  a.  [(//.<  and  appropriate.]  Not 
appropriateil,or  not  having  appropriateil  church  jiroi^ 
erty  ;  a  disappnipnate  chtin  lt  is  one  from  which  the 
appropriated  parsonage,  glebe,  and  tithes,  are  sev- 
ered. 


The  appropriation  may  Iw  1 
ajijtrojirinte,  two  ways. 


vered  ami  the  church  liecomo  dit- 
Blackttone. 


DIS-AP-PRO'PRI-ATE,  o.  t.    To  sever  or  sepnmte,  Dl.'^-A- V(JW,  u.  t.    [dis  and  avow.    See  Vow] 


as  an  appropriation  ;  to  withdraw  from  an  appropri- 
ate use. 

The  appropriations  of  tlie  several  parsonages  would  have  t^en, 
liy  the  rules  of  the  counnou  law,  dtsapjirojtriated. 

Blackttone. 

2.  To  deprive  of  appropriated  property,  as  a  church. 
DIS-AP-PROV'AL,  71.    Disapprobation  ;"  dislike. 
DIS-AP-PROVE',  (-ap-proov'j)  v.  t.  [Fr.  desappruuver ; 
dis  ami  approre.] 

1.  'J'o  (iislike  ;  to  condemn  in  opinion  or  judgment ; 
to  censure  as  wrong.  W^e  often  disapprove  the  con- 
iluct  of  others,  or  public  measures,  whether  we  ex- 
press an  opinion  or  not.  It  is  often  followed  by  of; 
as,  to  disapprove  of  behavior.  But  modern  usage  in- 
clines to  omit  of. 

2.  To  manifest  dislike  or  disapprobation  ;  to  reject, 
as  tlisliked,  whtit  is  projiosed  for  sanction.  The  sen- 
tence of  the  court-martial  was  disapproved  by  the 
commander-in-chief. 

DIS-AP-PROV'iD,  pp.  Disliked;  condemned;  re- 
jected. 

DIS-AP-PIiO V'ING,  ppr.  Disliking  ;  condemning ;  re- 
jecting from  dislike. 

DIS-AP-PROV'ING-LY,  adv.    By  disapprobation. 

DIS'ARD,  17.    [Sax.  dijsig,  foolish.] 

A  prattler;  a  bo.asting  talker.  [Oi.f.] 

DIS-AR.M',  (diz-arm',)  v.t.  [Fr.  dcsarmcr  ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  desannar  ;  dis  and  arm.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  arms  ;  to  take  the  arms  or  weap- 
ons from,  usually  by  force  or  authority  ;  as,  he  dis- 
artftcd  his  foes  ;  the  prince  gave  orders  to  disarm  his 
sulijects.  With  of  before  the  thing  taken  away  ;  as, 
to  disarm  one  of  his  weapons. 

2.  To  deprive  of  means  of  attack  or  defense  ;  as, 
to  disarm  a  venomous  serpent. 

3.  To  deprive  of  force,  strength,  or  means  of  an- 
noyance ;  to  render  harmless;  to  quell;  as,  to  disarm 
rage  or  passion. 

4.  To  strip;  to  divest  of  any  thing  injurious  or 
threatening;  as,  piety  disarms  death  of  its  terrors. 

D1S-aI{.M'A-MENT,  71.    Act  of  disarming. 

DIS-A  R.M'f.'D,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  arms  ;  stripped  of 
tlie  means  of  tiefense  or  annoyance ;  rendered  harm- 
less ;  subdued. 

DIS  ARM'ING,  ppr.    Stripping  of  arms  or  weapons; 
subduing  ;  rendering  harmless. 
2.  71.    The  act  of  depriving  of  arms. 

DIS-.\R-RAN6E',  v.  I.    [dis  and  arrange.]    To  put 
out  of  order  ;  to  unsettle  or  disturb  the  onier  or  due 
arrangement  of  parts.  IVarton. 
[See  Deranoe,  which  is  more  gener.ally  tised.] 

DIS-AR-RaNG'ED,  pp.    Put  out  of  order  ;  disturbing. 

DIS-All-RANGE'MEN'P,  71.  The  act  of  disturbing  or- 
der or  method  ;  disorder.  Baxter. 

DIS-AR-RANG'ING,  pjrr.  Putting  out  of  order;  dis- 
turbing the  arrangement  of. 

DIS-AR-RAY',  (-ar-ra',)  r.  U  [dis  and  array.]  To  un- 
dress ;  to  divest  of  clothes.  Spenser. 
9.  To  throw  into  disorder  ;  to  rout ;  as  troops. 

Milton. 

DIS-.^R-RaY',  71.    Disorder  ;  confusion  ;  loss  or  want 
of  array  or  regular  order.  Drijden. 
9.  Uiidress.  Spenser. 

DIS-AR-RaY'£D,  (-ar-i  ade',)  pp.  Divested  of  clothes 
or  anay  ;  disordered. 

DIS-AR-RaY'ING,  ;j;)r.  Divesting  of  clothes;  throw- 
ing into  disiirilitr. 

DIS-.\S-St-DU'I-TY,  71.  Want  of  assiduity  or  care. 
[Jt'ot  n.sed.]  IVotton. 

DlS-AS-SfyCIATE,  v.  t.  To  disunite  ;  to  disconnect 
tilings  associated. 

DIS-AS-So'CI  A-TED,  pp.  Disunited. 

DIS-.\S-So'CIA-TfNG,  ppr.  Disuniting. 

DIS-AS'TER,  (di/.-as'ler,)  71.  [Fr.  dcsastre;  Sp.  and 
Port.  id. :  It.  disastro ;  dis  and  astre,  Gr.  uarrtp,  a  star; 
a  wortl  of  astroltigical  origin.] 

1.  A  blast  or  stroke  of  an  unfavorable  planet. 
[Obs.]  Shah. 

2.  Misfmtune  ;  mishap  ;  calamity  ;  any  unfortunate 
event,  especially  a  sudtlen  misfortune ;  as,  we  met 
with  many  disasters  on  the  road. 

DIS-AS'TER,  71.  t.  To  blast  by  the  stroke  of  an  un- 
lucky jilanet ;  also,  to  injure ;  to  afflict. 

Shah.  Thimsiin. 

DIS-AS'TER-A'D,;)p.    Blasted;  injured  ;  alliicteil. 

DIS-AS'TROUS,  «.  Unlucky;  unfortunate;  calami- 
tous ;  occasioning  loss  or  injury  ;  as,  the  iliiy  was 
disastrous ;  the  battle  proved  disastrous ;  their  fate  was 
disastrous. 

Fly  the  pursuit  of  niy  disnstrous  luve,  Dryden. 
2.  Gloomy;  dismal;  threatt^ning  disaster. 

The  moon, 

In  tlim  eclipse,  disastrous  twilight  shetls.  Milton. 
DI$-AS'TROU.S-I,Y,  adv.  Unfortunately  ;  in  a  disiniil 
manner. 

DlSi-AS'TllOUS-NESS,  71.  Unfortiinaleness  ;  calam- 
itoiisnesa. 

Dl.'<-AU''l'IIOR-IZE,i'.  f.  [(&  and  niifAomc]   To  de- 
prive of  credit  or  authority.    [/Jttle  used.]  Wotton. 
DIS-A-V()IJ(;iI',  ».  /.     [i/i's  and  (JiioiifA.    See  Vow.] 
To  retract  profession;  to  deny  ;  to  disown.  \Littli 
used.  ]  Vinies. 
IS-A-V 


Po 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PUJJY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


DIS 


deny  ;  to  disown  j  to  deny  to  be  true,  as  a  fact  or 
ctiiiri,'e  rcspucting  one's  self;  as,  lie  was  cliaryed 
with  embezzlement,  bnt  lie  (lisaumDs  the  fact.  A 
man  may  liLiacom  his  name  or  sif;natnrc ;  lie  nny 
disasoiri  a  knowledge  of  u  fact,  or  his  concern  ill  a 
transaction.    Opposed  to  own  or  acknowledge. 

•2.  To  d 'iiy  ;  to  disown  ;  to  reject. 

3.  To  diisseiit  from  ;  not  to  admit  as  true  or  justifi- 
able ;  not  to  vindicali'.    The  envoy  disavowed  some 
parts  of  the  president's  proclamation. 
UlS-.\-VO\V'.\L,  n.    Denial ;  n  disowning. 

A  iluami-cal  uf  lu.ir  ult'  ii  pn)e':'-iU  fri'iii  tear.  Ctaritta. 

2.  Uejei  tioii  ;  a  decliniii!;  to  vindicate. 
niS-.W'OW'/'.'I),  Denied;  disowned. 
Ult!-A-V()\V'1.N'(;,  ;i;ir.     Denying;    disowning;  re- 

j.Ttinu  as  soniulliing  not  to  be  maintained  or  vindi- 

catril. 

DIS-A-VO\V'ME.\T,  n.    Denial ;  a  disowning. 

H''otton. 

1)1S-HA\D',  r.  f.    [rfis  and  ifliirf ;  Fr.  dcbaiidcr.] 

1.  To  dismiss  from  military  service  ;  tolireak  npa 
band,  or  body  of  men  enlisted  ;  as,  to  dUbaiid  an  army 
or  a  reniiiieiit ;  to  dultand  tniops. 

2.  'I  o  sc.itter  ;  to  disperse.  Woodward. 
DIS-I!A.N'D',  r.  I.    To  retire  from  military  service  ;  to 

separate  ;  to  break  up ;  as,  the  army,  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  di^band.-i. 
•2.  To  separate  ;  to  dissolve  connection. 

lliiiiiui)  8Lx:ii-ty  Miay  dxtbatvt,    \lmprciKr,]  TilloUon. 

3.  To  be  dissolved.    [JVo4  iiscrf.] 

WIv-ii  Intti  rncki  un.l  nil  Uitiij^  rIkiII  (fubtrwi.  Herbert. 
DIS-llAND'ED,  ;);>.  or  a.     Dismissed  from  military 

service  ;  separatetl. 
niS-BA.NU'lMJ,  ;>/»r.    Dismissing  from  military  ser- 
vice ;  sep;iratiiig ;  dissctlviiig  cimnectioii. 
DIS-IIXUK',  V.  L     [I'r.  dibaniwr,  or  i/is  and  bark  ;  a 
word  not  well  formed,  and  Utile  used.    We  now  use 
DKHAnx  and  DisEMn.MtK.] 
To  laud  from  a  ship ;  to  put  on  shore.  Pope. 
DIS-I!E-HkK',  n.    [</«  and  Mif/.]    Ucfusal  of  credit 
or  faith ;  denial  of  belief. 

Our  l»-Uef  ur  diabeli^ot  a  tiling  docs  not  alter  tlie  nntiire  of  the 
tliutg.  TUlotton. 

DIS-IIE-I.IkVE',  i>.  t.    [dis  and  bdicrr.]    Not  to  be- 
lieve ;  to  hold  not  to  be  true  or  not  to  exist ;  to  refuse 
to  credit.   Some  men  disbilici-c  the  inspiration  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  the  immortality  of  the  soul. 
•  DIS-liE-LlKV'KD,  pp.    Not  believed  ;  discredited. 

DIS-BIVLIEV'EU,  H.  One  who  refuses  belief;  one 
who  denies  a  thing  to  be  true  or  real.  IVaUs. 

DIS-UE-LIkV'ING,  ppr.  Withholding  belief;  dis- 
crediting. 

DIS-UE.\CH',  0  t    [dii  and  ieiicA.]    To  drive  from  a 

bench  or  seat.  Shak. 
DIS-BLAMB',  r.  t.   To  dbar  from  blame.    [JVut  used.] 

Chnuccr. 

DIS-BOD'I-KD,  (-bod'id,)  o.  Disembodied,  which  is 
the  word  now  used. 

DIS-BOW'EL.,  0.  L  [dis  and  bowel.]  To  take  out  the 
intestines.  Spenser. 

DIS-BOW'EL-JED,  pp.  Eviscerated  ;  deprived  of  in- 
testines. 

DIS-BOW'EL-IXG,  ppr.   Taking  out  the  intestines. 
DIS-BRX.\Cir,  c.t.    [dit -.mA  braiuJt.]    To  cut  oil"  or 
8e|>anite,as  the  branch  of  a  tree.    [/i((/c  lucW.l 
•i.  To  deprive  of  branches.    [Liuic  usrjl.]  Kvelijn. 
DIS-BUD',  D.  L   To  deprive  of  buds  or  shoots. 

Gardeners. 

DIS-BUR'D£X,  (-btir'dn,)  r.f.  [rfis  and /iim/en.  Pee 
BuRDGX.]  To  remove  a  burden  from  ;  to  unload  ; 
to  discharge.  MiUun, 

2.  To  throw  off  a  burden  ;  to  disencumber ;  to 
clear  of  any  thing  weighty,  troublesome,  or  cumber- 
some ;  as,  to  dt.ibunUu  one's  self  of  grief  or  care  ;  to 
disburden  of  sii|K  r!liioiis  ornaments. 

DI3-BUK'D£.\,  V.  i.  To  ease  the  mind ;  to  be  re- 
lieved. JMiltoit. 

DIS-BUU'n£N  KD,  (  bur'dnd,)  pp.  Eased  of  a  bur- 
den ;  iinloaili'd  :  dis<  nciiiubercd. 

DIS-BlIU'D/;.N-I.\'i;,  ;>;'r.  Unloading;  discharging; 
throwing  otf  a  biirili  n  ;  disencumbering. 

D18-RURSE',(dis-biirs',)  t.U  [Ft.  deboarscr ;  de,(tTdis, 
and  bourse,  a  purse.] 

'I'o  pay  out,  as  money  ;  to  spend  or  lay  out ;  prima- 
rily, to  pay  money  from  a  public  chest  ur  treasury, 
but  applicable  to  a  private  purse. 

DtS-BUR.-5'KI),  (dis-burst',) />;>.    Paid  out ;  c.vpendi^d. 

UlS-BL'KSE'.MENT,  (dis-burs'meiit,)  h.  [Fr.  de- 
bvursemenl.] 

1.  The  act  of  paying  out,  as  inonay  from  a  public 
or  private  chest. 

'3.  The  money  or  sum  paid  out ;  as,  the  annual  dis- 
bar.-^rinenu  exceed  the  income. 
DIH.Rriltf'EU,  n.   One  who  pays  out  or  disburses 
money. 

DIS  IlL  RS'INO,  p/ir.  or  a.    Paying  out  orexpcnding. 
DISC,  II,    [L.  discus.    .See  Dim.]    The  face  or  visible 

pfoji'Ction  of  a  celestial  boily. 
DIS-CAh'CE- A TE,  c.  L    [L.  discaUeatus ;  dis  and  cal- 

ceus,  a  shoe.] 
'I'o  pull  otr  the  shoes  or  sandals. 
DIS-CAL'CE-A-TED,  pp.   Stripped  of  shoes. 


DIS 

DIS-GAL-CE-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pulling  off  the 
shoes  or  samials.  Brown. 

DIS-eAN'DY,  w.  i.  [Ji's  and  candi/.]  To  melt ;  to  dis- 
solve. Shak. 

DIS-GARD',  V.  t.  [Sp.  deseartar;  Port,  id.;  dis  and 
card.] 

1.  To  tlirow  out  of  the  hand  such  cards  as  are 
usidess. 

2.  To  dismiss  from  service  or  employment,  or  from 
society  ;  to  cast  off;  as,  to  discard  spies  and  intVirin- 
ers  ;  to  discard  an  old  servant  ;  to  discard  an  asso 
ciate. 

3.  To  thrust  away  ;  to  reject ;  as,  to  discard  preju- 
dices. 

DIS-C\KI)';;D,  pp.  or  a.  Thrown  out;  dismissed 
from  service  ;  ri-jecleil. 

DlS-e\Rl)'IN(;,  piir.  Throwing  out;  dismissing  from 
eiiiplovmi'iit  ;  ri'jeeliiig. 

DlS-e.\R'N  ATE,  n.    [dis  and  L.  euro,  tiesh.l 

Stripped  of  llesh.  Otunville. 

DIf!-€A.SE',  II.  f.  [i/i.i  and  cn.<c.]  To  take  off  a  cov- 
ering front ;  to  strip  ;  to  undress.  Shak. 

D1S-1;1".I'-Ta''1'1()N,  «.  Controversy. 

DIS-OEP-TA'TOR,  ii.  [L.]  One  who  arbitrati^s  or 
decides.    [J^ol  used.] 

DIS-CER.N',  (diz-zerii',)  e.  L  [I.,  disceruo ;  dis  nnd 
ccrnu,  to  separate,  or  distinguish,  Gr.  ci ;  It.  i/t.<- 
cernerci  Sp.  disccrnir ;  Fr.  discernnr ;  Eng.  screen. 
The  sense  is,  to  sepirate.] 

1.  To  separate  by  the  eye,  or  by  the  uiidcrsinnd- 
ing.  Hence, 

2.  To  distinguish ;  to  see  the  difference  between 
two  or  more  things;  to  discriuiinate  ;  as,  to  dLiccrn 
the  blossom-buds  from  the  leaf-buds  of  plants. 

Jioijle. 

Ditcern  tliou  wlr.it  is  tliine.  — tien.  xxxi. 

3.  To  make  the  difference.  [Obs.] 

For  nothing  clae  discemt  tlie  virtue  or  tlie  vice.     B.  Jonton. 

4.  To  discover  ;  to  ace;  to  distinguish  by  the  eye. 
I  discerned  tirnoiig  the  ^-ouilu  a  young  innn  void  uf  under- 

Btnndin^.  —  Pruv.  vii. 

,'>.  To  discover  by  the  intellect ;  to  distinguish ; 
lience,  to  have  knowletlge  of ;  to  juilge. 

So  is  my  lonl  tlie  kins;  to  digcern  ^imrl  ami  U»d.  —  2  .Sam.  xiv. 
A  Wise  nian*£  lu'iirt  digcerimlh  time  ami  jiidjfiiient.  —  KccicB.  viii, 

DIS-OERN',  (diz-zern',)  v.  i.    To  see  or  understand 
the  difference;  to  make  distinction;  as,  to  discern 
between  good  and  evil,  trutli  and  falsehood. 
2.  'I'o  have  judicial  cognizance.    [OAs.]  Bacon. 

DIS-CERiN'f-D,  (diz-zcrud',)  pp.  D  istingiiishud ;  seen  ; 
discovered. 

D1$-CERN'ER,  (diz-zern'er,)  ?i.  One  who  sees,  dis- 
covers, or  distinguishes  ;  ail  obsi'rver. 

2.  One  who  knows  and  judges  ;  one  wlu»  has  the 
power  of  disliuguisliiiig. 

He  wiis  a  ^rcat  oiiservT  am!  diieerntr  of  men's  nUtip'sand 
iuinioni.  CInretidun. 

3.  That  which  distinguishes;  or  that  which  causes 
to  understand. 

Tlie  wopl  of  Ood  is  qnicic  and  po»-crfuI  —  a  diacenttr  of  the 
tiuHii^liU  .md  inl>?nu  of  Uie  h-art.  — Heb.  iv, 

DIS-CERN'l-BLE,  (diz-zern'e-bl,)  a.  That  may  be 
seen  distinctly  ;  discoverable  by  the  eye  or  the  iiii- 
derstaiitliiig ;  disliiigiiishable.  ;\  star  is  discernible 
by  the  eye;  the  identity  or  difference  of  ideas  is  dis- 
e'rrnilde  bv  tile  iindersuindiiig. 

DIS-CER.VI  HI.E-NESS,  II.  Visiblcness. 

DI*-CER.N'l-lUiV,  ado.  In  a  manner  to  be  discerned, 
seen,  or  discovered  ;  visibly.  Jlammimd. 

DIS-CER.\'1N<;,  (diz-zern'ing,)  ppr.  Distiiiguisliing  ; 
seting;  discovering;  knowing;  judging. 

2.  a.  Having  power  to  discern  ;  capable  of  see- 
inc,  discriiuiiiating,  knowing,  and  judging  ;  sharp- 
sighted  ;  iH'iietratiiig  ;  acute  ;  as,  u  discerning  man  ur 
mind. 

DIS-CER.N'I.NG,  n.  The  act  of  discerning  ;  discern- 
ment. Speelalar. 

D1S-l;ERX'I.\(5-IA',  ii'/c.  ^\^ilh  discernment;  acutely; 
with  jtidiiment;  skillfiillv.  Garth. 

DIS-CER.V'.ME.VT,  n.  The  act  of  discerning;  also, 
the  power  or  faculty  of  the  mind,  by  which  it  dis- 
tinguishes one  thing  from  another,  as  truth  from 
falsehood,  virtue  from  vice  ;  aciitencss  of  judgment ; 
power  of  iierceiving  ditferciices  of  things  or  idtias, 
and  their  relalioiis  and  tendencies.  The  errors  of 
\-oiiIli  often  procerti  from  the  want  of  duccnimcnL 

DfS-CERI",  II.  (.    [L.  di.<ccrpo.] 

To  tear  in  pieces  ;  to  separate.    [JVot  used.] 

DIS-CERP-I-BIL'I-TY,  B.  Capability  or  liablencss  to 
be  lorn  asunder  or  disunited. 

DI.S-CERP'I-liI.E,  o.  [L.  ditcrrpo  ;  dis  and  cnrpo,  to 
seiz.-,  to  tear,  in  some  dictionaries  it  is  written  i/i..- 
crrplMr,  on  the  authority  of  Glaiiville  and  .More  ;  an 
error  indeed,  hut  of  little  const;iiueiice,  as  the  woril 
is  rarely  or  never  used.) 

That  m.ty  be  torn  asunder;  separable;  cap:ible  of 
beine  disunited  by  violence. 

DIS-CERP'TIOX,  (dis-serp'shun,)  n.  fhe  act  of  pull- 
ing to  pieces,  or  of  separating  tlie  jKirt's. 

DIS-CES'Slo.N',  (-sesh'iin,)  ii.    [L.  discessio.] 

Departure.    [jVut  used.]  Hall. 

DIS-CIIAKOE',  r.  L    [Ft.  dechar^er  ;  Sp.  descargar : 


UIS 

It.  scarieare  ;  dis  and  charge,  or  cargo,  from  ear,  a  cart 
or  vehicle  ] 

1.  To  unload,  as  a  ship  ;  to  take  out,  as  a  cargo; 
applied  both  to  tJie  ship  and  the  loading.  We  say,  to 
di.vcAari'e  a  ship  ;  but  more  gem  rally,  to  (/i-vcAur^'e  a 
cargo  or  the  lading  of  the  ship. 

2.  To  free  from  any  load  or  burden  ;  to  throw  off 
or  exoneriitft  ;  as,  discharged  of  business.  Dryden. 

3.  'I'o  throw  oir  a  load  or  charge  ;  to  let  lly  ;  to 
shoot  ;  applied  to  Jire-arins ;  as,  to  discharge  a  pistol 
or  a  caiiiio'.l ;  or  to  discharge  a  ball  or  grape-shut. 

4.  'I'o  f.ny  ;  as,  to  discliargc  a  debt,  a  bond,  a  note. 
.*).  'I'o  send  away,  as  a  creditor  by  payment  of  what 

is  due  to  him.    He  ducharged  his  creditors. 

G.  To  free  from  claim  or  demand  ;  to  give  an  ac- 
quittance to,  or  a  receipt  in  full,  as  to  a  debtor.  'J'ho 
creditor  discharged  his  debtor. 

7.  To  free  from  an  obligation  ;  as,  to  discharge  a 
man  from  further  duty  or  service  ;  to  disclmrge  a 
Buri'ty. 

8.  To  clear  from  an  accusation  or  crime ;  to  ac- 
quit ;  to  absolve  ;  to  set  free  ;  with  o/i  as,  to  dis- 
charge a  iiiaii  uf  all  blame.  Jfooker. 

9.  To  throw  off  or  out  ;  to  let  fly  ;  to  give  vent 
to ;  as,  to  discharge  a  horrible  oath  ;  to  discharge  fury 
or  vengeance.  Shak.  Pope. 

10.  'I'o  perliirin  or  execute,  as  a  duty  or  office  con- 
sidered as  a  charge.  One  man  discharges  the  ollico 
of  a  slierilf;  another  that  of  a  priest.  We  are  all 
bound  to  discharge  the  duties  of  piety,  of  benevo- 
lence, and  charity. 

11.  To  divest  of  an  office  or  employment ;  to  dis- 
miss from  service;  as,  to  discharge  a  steward  or  a 
servant ;  to  discharge  a  soldier  or  seaman  ;  to  dis- 
charge a  jury. 

12.  To  ilismiss ;  to  release  ;  to  send  away  from 
any  business  or  ap]iuintnieiit. 

Discharge  your  poweni  to  tlieir  sevend  counties.  Shale. 

13.  To  emit  or  send  out ;  as,  an  ulcer  discharges 
pus  ;  a  pipe  discharges  water. 

M.  To  release  ;  to  liberats  from  confinement ;  as, 
to  discharge  a  prisoner. 

1. ').  To  put  away ;  to  remove  ;  to  clear  from ;  to 
destroy.  In  general,  to  throw  off  any  load  or  encuia- 
bninre  ;  to  free  or  clear. 

DIS  CHARGE',  II.  i.    To  break  up. 

Tlie  clotid,  if  it  were  oiiy  or  fatty,  would  not  discharge.  Bacon. 

DI.S-CHARGE',  n.  An  unloading,  as  of  a  ship;  as, 
the  discharge  of  a  cargo. 

2.  A  throwing  out ;  vent ;  emission  ;  applied  to  a 
fluid,  a  rtowing  or  issuing  out,  or  a  throwing  out ;  as, 
the  discharge  of  water  from  a  spring,  or  from  a 
spout ;  applied  to  fire-arms,  an  explosion  ;  as,  a  dis- 
charge of  cannon. 

3.  That  which  is  thrown  out ;  matter  emitted  ;  as, 
a  thill,  serous  discharge  ;  a  purulent  discharge. 

4.  Dismission  from  office  or  .service  ;  or  the  writing 
which  evidences  the  dismi.ssion.  The  general,  the 
soldier,  obtains  a  discharge. 

5.  Release  from  obligation,  debt,  or  penalty  ;  or 
the  writing  which  is  evidence  of  it ;  an  acipiittancc  ; 
as,  the  debtor  has  a  discharge. 

G.  .'\bsolution  from  a  crime  or  .icciisation  ;  acquit- 
tance. South. 

7.  Ransom;  liberation;  price  paid  for  deliverance. 

.l/i7t<m. 

8.  Performance  ;  execution  ;  applied  to  an  office, 
trust,  or  dutij.  A  good  man  is  faithful  in  the  discliargc 
of  his  duties,  public  and  private. 

9.  Liberation ;  release  from  iiuprisonment  or  other 
confinement. 

10.  Exemption  ;  escape. 

Tlieru  is  no  discharge  in  lh.at  war.  —  Ecclcs.  f  iiL 

11.  Payment,  as  of  a  debt. 

12.  In  architecture,  to  relieve  or  distribute  a  weight 
to  be  borne.  Thus,  discharging  arches  are  placed  in 
a  wall  over  a  lintel,  to  discharge  the  lintel  of  too 
great  a  pressure  from  above.  Bramle. 

DIS-CHARG'fl), /!/)  or  a.  Unloaded  ;  left  olF;  shot; 
thrown  out  ;  dismissed  from  service  ;  paid  ;  re- 
leased ;  acquitted  ;  freed  from  debt  or  penalty  ;  lib- 
erated ;  performed  ;  executed. 

DIS-CHARO'ER,  n.  He  that  discharges  in  any  man- 
ner. 

2.  One  who  fires  a  gun. 

3.  Ill  rlreiricitij,  an  instrument  for  discharging  n 
Leyden  phial,  jar,  &r.,  by  opening  a  communication 
hi.'lweeii  the  two  surfaces.  Cj/c. 

DIS-CIIARG'l.\'G,;i;»r.  Unlading  ;  letting  fly  ;  shoot- 
ing ;  throwing  out ;  emitting  ;  dkioissing  from  ser- 
vice ;  paying ;  releasing  from  debt,  obligation,  or 
claim  ;  acquitting  ;  liberating  ;  perforuiing  ;  exe- 
cuting. 

DIS  CIIARGT.NG  ARCH,  n.  An  arch  over  a  door, 
window,  6ic.,  to  distribute  <  r  relieve  tlio  pressure. 

Brande. 

DIS-CIIARG'ING  ROD,  n.  In  eJi-c/rirify, a  bent  wire, 
armed  at  both  ends  with  knobs,  and  insul.iled  by  a 
glass  handle.  It  is  employed  for  discharging  a  I>!y- 
deii  jar  or  an  electrical  battery.  D.  Olmsted. 

DIS-CllURCir,  c.  u  To  deprive  of  the  rank  of  a 
church.  HaU. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOU3 — C  as  K ;  G  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SI! ;  TU  aa  in  THIS. 


339 


J)IS 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS-CllURCH'/il),  (dis-clmrclit',)  pp.     Deprived  of 

the  rar.k  of  a  cliiircli. 
DIS-CIOE',  V.  I.    To  divide  ;  to  cut  in  pieces.  [JVot 

DIS'Cl-FORM,  a.    [L.  dbnts,  a  disk,  and  forma.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  disk,  or  circuhir  plate. 
DrS-CINeT',  a.  Ungirded. 

DIS-C'IND',  ».  (.  To  cut  in  two.  [JVot  used.]  Boyle. 
DIS-CI'PLE,  n.    [L.  du-icipulus,  from  disco,  to  learn.] 

1.  A  learner  ;  a  .scholar  ;  one  who  receives,  or  pro- 
fesses to  receive,  instruction  from  another ;  as,  the 
discipfcs  of  Plato. 

2.  A  follower  ;  an  adherent  to  the  doctrines  of  an- 
other. Hence,  the  constant  attendants  of  Christ 
were  called  his  disciples :  and  hence  all  Christians 
are  called  his  disciples,  as  they  profess  to  learn  and 
receive  his  doctrines  and  precepts. 

DIS-CI'PLE,  V.  I.    To  teach  ;  to  train,  or  bring  up. 

Sliak. 

2.  To  make  disciples  of ;  to  convert  to  doctrines 
or  principles. 

This  .nilliority  he  employed  in  sending  missionaries  to  disciple 
rII  n.uiu.is.  E.  a.  Gnffiit. 

3.  To  punish  j  to  discipline.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser, 

DIS-CI'PLKD,  pp.  Taught ;  trained  ;  brought  up  ; 
made  a  disciple. 

DIS-CI'PLE-LIKE,  a.    Becoming  a  disciple.  Milton. 

DIS-Cl'PLE-SHIP,  71.  The  state  of  a  disciple  or  fol- 
lower in  doctrines  and  precepts.  Hammond. 

DIS'CI-PLI.\-A-BLE,  a.    [See  Discipline.] 

1.  Capable  of  instruction,  and  improvement  In 
learning. 

2.  That  may  be  subjected  to  discipline  ;  as,  a  disci- 
plinable otTense,  in  church  government. 

3.  Subject  or  liable  to  discipline,  as  the  member  of 
a  church. 

DIS'CI-PLIN-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Caiiacity  of  receiving 
instruction  by  education.  Hale. 
2.  The  state  of  being  subject  to  discipline. 
DIS'Cr-PLIN-,\NT,  n.    One  of  a  religious  order,  so 
called  from  their  practice  of  scourging  themselves,  or 
other  rigid  discipline.  Smollett. 
DIS-CI-PLIN-a'RI-AN,  a     Pertaining  to  discipline. 

Olanvillc. 

DIS-CI-PLIN-A'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  disciplines ;  one 
versed  in  rules,  principles,  and  practice,  and  who 
teaches  tliem  with  precision  ;  particularly,  one  who 
instructs  In  miHtary  and  naval  tactics  and  nianoeu- 
vers.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  the  latter  sense,  and  es- 
pecially for  one  who  Is  well  versed  in,  or  teaches 
with  exactness,  military  exercises  and  evolutions. 

2.  A  Puritan  or  Presbyterian  ;  so  called  from  his 
rigid  adherence  to  religious  discipline.  Sanderson, 
[I  believe  not  now  used,] 

DIS'tl-PLIN-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  discipline  ;  In- 
tended for  discipline  or  government  ;  promoting  dis- 
cipline; as,  certain  canons  of  the  church  are  disci- 
plinartf. 

2.  Relating  to  a  regular  course  of  education  ;  in- 
tended for  instruction.  Milton. 
'i'be  evils  of  life,  piiiii,  sicioieBSj  losses,  sorrows,  (landers,  and 
di$.ippoinLmeiiLs,  are  disciplinary  and  reinedi.tl. 

Backminster . 

DIS'CI-PLINE,  n.   [L.  disciplina,  from  disco,  to  learn.] 

1.  Education  ;  iiislriu  tiou  ;  cultivation  and  im- 
provement, comprehending  iusti'uction  in  arts,  sci- 
ences, correct  seiiiimc^nts,  morals,  and  manners,  and 
due  subordination  to  authority. 

2.  Instruction  and  government,  comprehending 
the  coiiiinunlcation  of  knowledge  and  the  regulation 
of  practice  ;  as,  military  discipline,  which  Includes 
Instruction  in  manual  exercise,  evolutions,  and  sub- 
ordination. 

3.  Rule  of  goveniinent  ;  method  of  regulating 
principles  and  practice  ;  as,  the  discipline  prescribed 
for  the  church. 

4.  Siibjectiim  to  laws,  riili-s,  order,  precepts,  or 
regulations  ;  as,  the  troops  are  under  excellent  disci- 
pline;  the  passions  should  be  kejit  under  strict  dis- 
cipline. 

!>.  Correction  ;  chastisement ;  punishment  Intend- 
ed to  correct  crimes  or  errors  ;  as,  the  diicipliiie  of  the 
strap.  Jlddison. 

6.  In  ecclesiastical  njfliirs,  the  execution  of  thi^  laws 
by  which  the  church  is  governed,  and  infliction  of 
the  penalties  enjoined  against  offenders,  who  profess 
the  religion  of  Jesus  Christ.  Kncije. 

7.  Chastisement  or  bodily  punishment  inflicted  on 
a  delimpient  in  the  R<mi;in  (;alholic  church  ;  or  that 
chiistiucinent  or  external  mortilicaticjii  which  a  reli- 
gious person  inflicts  on  himself.      '/'aijlur.  Knci/e. 

I)IS'CI-PI,1.\'E,  ?>.  (.  To  instruct  or  educate;  to  in- 
form the  mind  ;  to  prepare  by  instructing  in  correct 
principles  and  haliiN  ;  in,  u>  discipline  youth  for  a 
profession,  or  for  future  usefulness. 

2.  To  instruct  and  govern  ;  to  teach  rules  and 
practice,  and  acnistom  to  order  and  subordination  ; 
OS,  Ui  diMci/iline  troops  or  an  army. 

3.  To  correct  ;  to  chastise  ;  to  punish. 

4.  To  execute  the  laws  of  tlKM'hiirch  on  onV  ndcrs, 
with  a  view  to  bring  them  to  repentance  and  rel'uriiia- 
tion  of  life. 

5.  Tu  advance  and  prepare  by  instruction.  Milton. 


UIS'(7I-PL1N-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Instructed  ;  educated  ; 
subjected  to  rules  and  regulations  ;  corrected  ;  chas- 
tised ;  punished  ;  admonished. 

DIS'CI-PLIN-ER,  n.    One  who  disciplines  or  teaches. 

DIS'CI-PLIN-ING,  ppr.  Instructing;  educating  ;  sub- 
jecting to  order  and  subordination  ;  correcting  ;  chas- 
tising; admonishing;  punishing. 

DIS-CLaIM',  1).  t.  [rfw  and  claim.]  To  disown;  to 
disavow  ;  to  deny  the  possession  of ;  to  reject  as  not 
belonging  to  one's  self.  A  man  disclaims  all  knowl- 
edge of  a  particular  transaction;  he  disclaims  every 
pret(uision  to  elociuence  ;  he  disclaims  any  right  to  in- 
terfere in  the  affairs  of  his  neighbor;  he  disclaims  all 
pretension  to  military  skill.  It  is  opposed  to  claim  or 
ckalle/iire, 

2.  To  renounce  ;  to  reject ;  as,  to  disclaim  the  au- 
thority of  the  pope. 

3.  "I'o  deny  all  claim.  A  tenant  may  disclaim  to 
hold  of  his  lord.  En^.  Law. 

DIS-CLaI.M',  I',  i.  To  disavow  all  part  or  share.  [Un- 
usual.] 

Nature  disclaims  in  thee.  Shak. 

DIS-CLaIM'SD,  pp.  Disowned  ;  disavowed;  reject- 
ed ;  denied. 

DIS-CLaIM'ER,  n.  A  person  who  disclaims, disowns, 
or  renounces. 

2.  In  lam,  an  express  or  Implied  denial  or  renunci- 
ation of  certain  things  in  question.  Hence, 

3.  A  public  disavowal,  as  of  [iretensions,  &c. 
DIS-GLaIM'ING,  ppr.    Disowning;  disavowing  ;  de- 
nying ;  renouncing. 

DIS-CLA-Ma'TION,  n.  The  act  of  disclaiming ;  a 
disavowing.    [JVot  used.]  Scott. 

DlS-CLoSE',  (dis-kloze',)  i>.  t.  [(lis  and  close ;  Fr.  de- 
clorre,  declos  ;  L.  discludo.    See  Close.] 

1.  "To  uncover ;  to  open  ;  to  remove  a  cover  from, 
and  lay  open  to  the  view. 

The  shells  being  broken,  tlie  stone  included  in  them  is  disclosed. 

Woodward. 

2.  To  cause  to  appear  ;  to  lay  open  to  the  view  ;  to 
bring  to  light.  Events  have  disclosed  the  designs  of 
the  ministry. 

3.  To  reveal  by  words  ;  to  tell  ;  to  utter  ;  as,  to 
di.sclose  the  secret  thoughts  of  the  heart. 

4.  To  make  known  ;  to  show  in  any  manner.  A 
blush  may  disclose  a  secret  passion  In  the  breast. 

5.  To  open  ;  to  hatch.    [JVut  used.] 

The  ostrich  layeth  iter  ejrg's  under  sand,  wheiB  the  heat  of  the 
sun  discloscdi  them.  Bacon. 

DIS-GLoSE',  n.    An  uncovering.  lounn-. 

DIS  CLOS'ED,  pp.  Uncovered  ;  opened  to  view  ;  made 
known  ;  revealed  ;  told;  uttered. 

niS-CLdS'ER,  H.    One  who  discloses  or  reveals. 

DIS-CLOS'ING,  ppr.  Uncovering;  opening  to  view  ; 
revealing;  making  kui)wn  ;  telling. 

DIS-CLoS'IfRE,  (dis-klo'zhur,)  n.  The  act  of  dis- 
closing; an  uncovering  and  opening  to  view. 

Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  revealing ;  utterance  of  what  was 
secret  ;  a  telling. 

3.  The  act  of  making  known  what  was  concealed. 

4.  1'hat  which  is  disclosed  or  made  known. 
DIS-CLO'SION,  (dis-klu'zhun,)  n.    [L.  disclusus,  dis- 
cludo ;  dis  and  claudo.] 

An  emission  ;  a  Ilirowing  out.  [Little  used.]  More. 
DIS-COAST',  i).  i.    To  depart  from  ;  to  (luit  the  coast. 
[JVot  u.w/.] 

DIS-CO-HeR'E.VT,  a.   Incoherent.  [The  latter  is  gen- 

eralltj  used.] 
nit^'Cbll),  n.    [L.  discus;  and  Gr.  titSos.] 

Something  in  form  of  a  discus  or  disk. 
DIS'COII),       j  «.    Having  the  form  of  a  disk.  The 
DI.'^-COID'AL,  i     term  discoid  is  particularly  applied 

t(i  those  univalve  shells  which  have  the  air-wluirls 

ilisposcd  vertically  on  the  same  plane,  so  as  to  form 

a  disk,  as  the  pearly  nautilus. 

Discoid,  or  discoiis,  fi.iwers  are  compound  flowers, 

not  lailiated,  but  the  florets  all  tubular,  as  the  tansy, 

sniitlirrii wood,  *ie.  Cijc.  Smitlu 

DIS-CoI/OR,  (ilis-kiiriur,)     (.  [L.  di.scoloro  ;  (/wand 

ciiloro,  from  color.] 

1.  To  alter  the  natural  hue  or  color  of ;  to  stain  ; 
It'  tinge.  A  drop  of  whnt  will  discolor  a  glass  of  wa- 
ter; sih'er  is  discolored  by  sea-water. 

2.  To  (itKingi*  any  color,  natural  or  artificial  ;  to  al- 
ter a  color  partially.  It  dill'ers  iVoiii  color  and  dye,  in 
di'notiiig  a  partial  alteration,  rather  than  an  entire 
change,  of  color. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  alter  thv  complexion  ;  to  change 
the  appearance  ;  as,  to  diicolor  ideas.  IVatts. 

Dls  eOLOR-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  altering  the  col- 
1)1  ;  a  staining. 

2.  Alteration  of  color;  stain  ;  as,  spots  and  diicol- 
o^ations  of  tli(^  skin. 

3.  Alterali'ui  (if  complexion  or  appearance. 

DIl-  eOl-'OR-iJl),  (  kul'Iurd,)  pp.  Altered  in  color; 
81  allied. 

2.  a.  Variegated;  being  of  divers  colors.  Spenser. 
DI!<  CrtI.'OR-IN(;,  ppr.     Altering  the  color  or  hue; 

Htaiiiiiig  ;  changing  the  complexion. 
D!i-'  C0L'<)R-1N<;,  (  kul'lur-)  K.    The  net  of  altering 

ej  lor  for  the  worse. 
DIf  eO.M'FIT,  (dis-knm'fit,)  v.  t.    [Fr.  dccoi\/ire,  de- 


con  fit ;  It.  scoufiiTocre,  seotifitta ;  from  dis  and  the  L. 
configo,  to  fasten,  to  nail ;  con  and  figo,  to  fix.] 

'i'o  rout ;  to  defeat ;  to  scatter  In  fight ;  to  cause  to 
flee  ;  to  vanquish. 

Joslui.i  discomfited  Am.iiek  "and  his  peo^jle  with  the  edge  of  the 

sworrl.  —  Kx.  xvii. 
He,  fii^iiivp,  declined  superior  strength, 
discomfited,  pursued.  Philips. 

DIS-€0.M'F1T,  71.  Rout  ;  dispersion  ;  defeat ;  over 
throw. 

DIS  eOM'FIT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Routed  ;  defe.ited  ;  over- 
thrown. 

DIS-eO.M'FIT-ING,  ppr.    Routing:  defeating. 
DIS-eO.VI'FlT-lJRE,  (dis-kum'fit-yur,)  71.   Rout ;  de- 
feat in  battle;  dispersion;  overthrow. 

Every  man's  aworti  wrts  a^tinst  his  fellow,  and  there  was  a  very 
gre.it  discontfilure.  —  I  Sam.  xiv. 

2.  Defeat;  frustration;  disappointment. 

DIS-eOJI'FORT,  (dis-kum'fuit,)  n.  [dis  and  comfirrl.] 
Uneasiness  ;  disturbance  of  peace  ;  pain  ;  grief ;  In- 
quietude. Shale.  South. 

DIS-eO.M'FORT,  V.  t.  To  disturb  peace  or  happiness  ; 
to  make  uneasy  ;  to  pain  ;  to  grieve  ;  to  sailden  ;  to 
deject.  Sidney. 

DlS-eO.M'FORT-A-BLE,  a.  Causing  uneasiness  ;  un- 
pleasant ;  giving  pain  ;  making  sad.    [Little  used.] 

Sidiieii. 

2.  Uneasy  ;  melancholy  ;  refusing  comfort.  [JVot 
used.]  Shnlc. 
[Instead  of  this  word,  Uncomfortable  is  used.] 
DIS-CO.M'FORT-ED,  pp.    Made  uneasy  ;  disturbed  ; 

pained  ;  grieved. 
DIS-eOM'FORT-ING,  jTpr.  Disturbing  peace  and  hap- 
piness ;  making  uneasy  ;  grieving. 
DIS-eOM-ME.ND',!).  t.  [<&  and  coramciirf.]  To  blame; 
to  censure ;  to  mention  with  disapprobation. 

I  do  not  discommend  the  lofty  style  in  tragedy.  Dryden. 

DIS-eOM-MEND'.\.-BLE,  a.  Blamable ;  censurable; 
deserving  disapprobation.  .iiiliffc. 

DIS-eOM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  Blamabieness ; 
the  quality  of  being  worthy  of  disapprobation. 

DIS-eOM-MEND-A'TION,  71.  Blame  ;  censure  ;  re- 
proach. Jlyliffe. 

DIS-CO.M-MEND'ER,  71.  One  who  discommends ;  a 
dispralser.  Johnson. 

DIS-eOIM-.MEND'INfi,  pj>r.    Blaming  ;  censuring. 

DIS-€OiM'MO-DaTE,  v.  t  To  Incommode.  [JVot 
used.] 

DIS-eOM-MoDE',  V.  t.    [db  and  commode,  Fr.] 

To  put  to  inconvenience  ;  to  incommode ;  to  mo- 
lest ;  to  trouble. 

DIS-€().M-iMoD'ED, /ip.  Put  to  Inconvenience;  mo- 
lested ;  Incommoded. 

DIS-CO.M-MoD'ING,  ppr.  Putting  to  inconvenience  ; 
giving  trouble  to. 

DIS-COM-Mo'Dl-OUS,  a.  Inconvenient  ;  trouble- 
some. Spenser. 

DlS-eO.M-Mo'DI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  discominodious 
manner. 

DIS-CO.M-.MOD'I-TY,  71.     Inconvenience;  trouble; 

hurt ;  disadvantage.  Bacon. 
DIS-eO.M'MUN,  V.  t.    [dis  and  00771771071.]    'J'o  appro- 
priate common  land;  to  separate  and  Inclose  com- 
mon. Cowel. 
2.  To  deprive  of  the  privileges  of  a  place. 

fVarton. 

DIS  eOM'.MON-KD,  pp.    Appropriated,  as  land. 
Dl.S-CO.M'MON-l.'Vl!,  ppr.   Appropriating  ;  separating 

or  inclosing  couunon  land. 
DI.'^-CO.M-PLE.X'IO.N',    (-kom-plex'yun,)    v.  t.  To 

change  the  complexion  or  color.    [JVot  used.] 

Bcanm. 

DIS  eOM-PoSE',  (dis-kom-poze',)  v.  t.  [dis  and  com- 
pose.] 

1.  To  unsettle;  to  disorder  ;  to  disturb;  applied  to 
thiitfrs. 

2.  To  disturb  peace  and  quietness;  to  agitate  ;  to 
ruffle  ;  applied  to  the  temper  or  mind i  expressing  less 
agitation  th.in  fret  and  vex,  or  expressing  vexation 
with  decorum.  Swift. 

3.  To  displace  ;  to  discard.  Wot  in  luie.]  Bacon. 
DIS-eoM-PoS'^:D,  pp.  or  a.    Unsettled  ;  disordered; 

riiHled  ;  agitated  ;  disturbed. 

DlS-CO.M-PoS'ING,  ppr.  Un.settling  ;  putting  out  of 
order  ;  rutlling  ;  agitating  ;  disturbing  tranquillity. 

DIS-eo.M-I'()-SI"T10N,  (-po-zish'un,)  n.  Inconslst- 
eiicv.    [JVot  used.] 

DIS  CO.M-PoS'l'RK,  (dis-kom-po'zhur,)  71.  Disorder; 
agitation;  disturbance;  perturbation;  as,  diicumpos- 
ure  of  mind.  Clarendon. 

DIS-CON-CERT',  r.  t.  [dis  and  concert.]  To  break 
or  interrupt  any  order,  plan,  or  harmonious  scheme  ; 
to  defeat ;  to  frustratt?.  The  cmptTor  di.-iconcerted  the 
plans  of  his  enemy.  'J'heir  schemes  were  discon- 
certed, 

2.  To  unsettle  the  mind  ;  to  discompose  ;  to  dis- 
turb ;  to  confuse.  An  iiiK'xpecleil  question  may  rfi*- 
concert  tile  ablest  advocate  in  his  argiiiiiciit. 
IJIS-CON-I-'ERT'EI),  pp.  Broken;  interrupted  ;  dis- 
ordered ;  def^^•ited  ;  unsettled  ;  discomposed  ;  con- 
fused. 

DIS  CON-CERT'ING,  ppr.  Disordering  ;  defeoting  ; 
discomiiosing  ;  disturbing. 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WII.^T — ME'l  E,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  IIQQK.— 


340 


DIS 

UIS-eoN-t'liU  TluN,  n.   The  art  of  (lisnciiicerliiig. 

Fei/rratislj  /lumiUon. 
DIP  eON-FORM'I-TY,  71.  [iIU  ami  CDiiformitrj.]  Wiint 

<if  aun-i'mciit  (ir  rniitonnit)'  ;  inconsislt'Hcy.  llakewiU. 
DIS  tU)N-(;itl''l-'l'Y,  n.    [din  anil  amirruilij.}  Waiil 

(if  coiiiirnily  ,    inroiijiniity  ;  (lisagrufiiu'iit ;  incon- 

si'^tincv.  Halt. 
DIS-CON-NT.CT',  r.  e.    [ilia  and  connect.]    To  sepa- 

ralu  ;  td  di.suiiitc  ;  tu  dissolve  cuiiiiuction. 


  T.ilth  woiilil,  ill  n  fi-w  gip|i<Titioti»,  cniiiiMc  away, 

l«  lixtconwcUd  iiilii  the  diiiit  nnjpuwdvr  of  iiiclivtiluiilitv. 

Burie. 

Thin  rcktricUoi)  ditconnecls  bunk  p.lpcr  niid  Uic  niTCiuiut  iiict.ilB. 

DIS-eo.N-NKCT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Separated  ;  disunited. 
This  word  is  not  synonymous  with  unconnected^ 
tlion<!li  often  ronfoniided  with  it.  Diicunnected  ini- 
plie's  a  previous  connection  ;  uneoniiected  docs  not 
necessarily  imply  any  previous  union. 

DIS,-t:()\..Ni;CT'I.\tS,  ;>;ir.    Separating  ;  disuniting. 

DIS-fO.\-N'Ee'TIO.V,  w.  Tlie  act  of  separating,  or 
state  of  heing  disunited  ;  separation  ;  want  of  union. 
Nuthinsr  wiM  thep*fbre  to  tie  in  all  the  stilNiniiiiutc  membera, 
lilt  wv:ikn'-j>s,  dijteonnecitoitf  ami  cuitl'uftiun.  Burke. 

DIS-eON  SK.N'T',  n.  i.    [rfM  and  consent.]    To  differ; 

to  tlisagree  ;  not  tt)  consent.  Mttton. 
niS  CO.N'SO-I.A.NCE,  n.  Disconsolateness. 
DIS-euN'.-'lJ-L.VTK,  o.    [din  and  L.  con..o/«ti<i.  See 

C0KSOLK.3 

1.  Destitute  of  comfort  or  consolation  ;  sorrowful ; 
hopeless,  or  nt>t  expecting  comfort ;  sad  ;  dejected  ; 
melancholy  ;  as,  a  jKirent,  bereaved  of  an  only  child, 
and  dtseonsidaie. 

2.  Not  nlfordins  comfort  ;  cheerless ;  as,  the  dis- 
coti.inlnle  d.'irkness  of  a  winter's  night.  Rnti. 

DIS-ei).\''SO-LATi;-l,V,«(/e.   In  a  disconsolate  nian- 

ner  ;  wiilioiit  coinfnrl. 
DIS  C(>.N'S()-I,.\TF.  \KSS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

ilisroii^iilale  or  comfortless. 
DIS-ftJ.N-SO-LA'TlO.V,  n.    Want  of  comfort. 

Jficksotu 

I)[S-CON-TENT',  n.  [dis  and  content.]  Want  of 
content  ;  uneasiness  or  inipiietiide  of  mind  ;  dissat- 
isfaction at  anv  present  state  of  things. 

n[S-t;().N-TE.\t',  a.    Uneasy  ;  dissatisfied.  Hmjieard. 

DIS-t'O.N-'I'EXT',  I),  f.  To  inake  uneasy  at  the  pres- 
ent state  ;  to  dissatisfv. 

l)IS.eo.\-TE.\T'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Uneasy  in  mind  ;  dis- 
satisfied ;  unquiet ;  as,  discontented  citi/.eiis  make 
liail  subjects. 

DlS-et).\  TENT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  discontented 
manner  or  iiioixl. 

DIS-CO.N-TENT'ED-N'ESS,  n.  Uneasiness  of  mind  ; 
iiiipiietiiile  ;  dissatisfaction.  .^ddiion. 

DI.S  C()\-TE.NT'Fl,  L,  a.    Full  of  discontent. 

DIS-CD.N-TE.NT'I.NC,  a.    Giving  une.asiiie.ss. 

DIS-eo.\-TE.\T'.ME.\T,  n!  The  state  of  being  un- 
easy in  mind  ;  uneasiness  ;  inquietude  ;  discontent. 

Hooker.  Bacon. 

DI8-€ON-TIN'y-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  discontin- 
ued. 

DIS-eON-TI\'tT.A.\CE,  n.  [Sec  Discontinue.] 
Want  of  continuance  ;  cessation  ;  intermission  ;  iii- 
terriiptitin  of  continuance ;  as,  a  dijicontinuance  of 
conversation  or  intercourse.  Merbury. 

2.  Want  of  coiitinuetl  connection  or  cohesion  of 
parts  ;  want  of  union  ;  disruption.  Bacon. 

3.  In  /aie,  a  br(\aking  otV  or  interruption  of  |msses- 
sion,  as  where  a  tenant  in  tail  makes  a  feotfinent  in 
fee-simple,  or  for  the  life  of  the  feollee,  or  in  tail, 
which  he  ha-s  not  |Kiwer  to  do;  in  this  case,  the 
entr>'  of  the  feoffee  is  lawful  during  tht;  life  of  the 
fetitfor  ;  but  if  he  retains  [Hissessinn  alter  the  death 
of  the  feoffor,  it  is  an  injury  which  is  termed  a  dis- 
conttnnance^  the  legal  estate  of  the  heir  in  tail  being 
discontinued,  till  a  recovery  can  be  had  in  law. 

BUtekst^me. 

4.  Ducontinuance  of  a  suit,  is  when  a  ))laintiff 
leaves  a  chasm  in  the  proceedings  in  his  cause,  as  by 
not  continuing  the  priM-ess  regularly  from  day  today  ; 
in  which  c.ase  the  di'fendant  is  not  bound  to  .it- 
tend.  Formerly,  the  <h*iiiise  of  the  king  caused  a 
diieontinHaiice  of  all  suits  ;  but  this  is  remedied  by 
statute  1  Edw.  VI.  Blaekstanr. 

DlS-e<).\-TI.\-U-A'TI<)N,  n.  Breach  or  interrup- 
tion of  contintiity  ;  disruption  of  parts  ;  sepanition 
of  parts  which  form  n  connected  series.  JWieton. 

DIS-eo.N"-TI.\'l.'E,  r. /.  [rfi.<- and  rontinuc]  To  leave 
off;  to  cause  to  cease,  as  a  practice  or  habit  ;  to 
stop  ;  to  put  an  end  to  ;  as,  to  di.'Vontmne  the  intem- 
perate use  of  spirits.  Invetenite  customs  arc  not 
diMHtinued  without  inconvenience. 

The  drpmliuoiii  on  our  conunrrce  were  not  to  br  difcontinutd. 

T.  PicktHng. 

2.  To  break  off;  to  interrupt. 

3.  To  re.ase  to  Uake  or  receive  ;  as,  to  diicontiHue  a 
daily  |ia|MT. 

DIS-CO.N'-Tl.N'l'E,  r.  i.  To  cease  ;  to  leave  the  pos- 
session, or  lose  an  established  or  long-enjoyed  rigliU 

Thy»'lf  ilwJl  di9cvntinu4  frvm  Uiiiie  herita^.  —  Jrr.  xvii. 

2.  To  lose  the  cohesion  of  parts  ;  to  suffer  disrup- 
tion or  separation  of  substance.    [LtUle  used.] 

Baeon, 


DIS 

DIS-CO.\-'l'l.\'lJ-AD,  pp.  Left  off;  interrupted; 
broken  off. 

DIS-C'ON-'I'IN'II-EU,  n.     One  who  discontinues  a 

rule  or  practice. 
Dl.S-t'().\-'i'IN'lJ-ING,  ppr.    Ceasing;  interrupting; 

breaking  off. 

DIS-€().N-TI-N0'1-TY,  n.  Disunion  of  parts;  want 
of  cohesion.  J^cirton. 

DlS-C<)N-TI.\'IJ-OUS,  a.    Broken  off  :  iiiterriiplid. 
2.  Separated  ;  wide  ;  gaping.  Mdtvn. 

DIS-e().\'-Vl":.\'IE.\(:E,  (  veii'yens,)  n.  [dui  and 
coiieenicncc.]  Incongruity;  disagreement,  [/.iltlc 
iwied.]  Bram/itill. 

I)lS-e().\-VK.\"IE.\T,  a.    Incongruous.  Keiju/dds. 

Dl.S'COIU),  n.  [L.  discurdiu  ;  Fr.  discordc ;  from  L. 
di.<ci>rs  ;  ilis  and  cor.] 

1.  Disagreement  among  persons  or  tilings,  lie- 
Iweeii  persons,  diiriience  of  opinions;  variance; 
opposition  ;  contention  ;  strife  ;  any  disagreemi  nt 
which  produces  angry  passions,  conti  sts,  dis|iiites, 
litig.ttion,  or  war.  Discord  may  exist  btitwccii  fam- 
ilies, parties,  and  nations. 

2.  Disagreement;  want  of  order;  a  clashing. 

All  discord,  Ivirinony  not  imdenrtooil.  Pope. 

3.  In  mK.vtc,  disagreement  of  sounds  ;  dissonance  ; 
a  union  of  sounds  which  is  inliariiionioiis,  grating, 
and  disagreeable  to  the  ear;  or  an  interval  whose 
extremes  do  not  coalesce.  Thus  the  second  and  the 
seventh,  when  soumleil  together,  make  a  discord. 
The  term  discord  is  applied  to  each  of  the  two 
sounds  which  form  the  dissonance,  and  to  the  inter- 
val ;  but  more  [iroperly  to  the  uii.xed  sound  of  dis- 
sonant tones.    It  is  opposcrd  to  concord  and  harmony. 

Dls  eoltO',  r.  i.  To  disagree ;  to  jar  ;  to  clash  ;  not 
to  suit  ;  not  to  be  coincident.    [Aet  in  use.]  Bacon, 

DIS-eORD'ANCE,  )       r,    ,.       ,  , 

DIS-eOKD'A\-cV,  i  "■  ''«™'-''''«'-] 

Disagreement ;  opposition  ;  inconsistency  ;  as,  a 
discordance  of  opinions,  or  of  sounds. 

DIS-eORD'ANT,  a.    [I..  discordan.->.] 

1.  Disagreeing;  incongruous;  contridictory ;  be- 
ing at  variance  ;  as,  discordant  opinions  ;  discordant 
rules  or  principles. 

2.  Opposite;  contrarious  ;  not  coincident;  as,  the 
discordant  attractions  of  comets,  or  of  different  plan- 
ets. Cheyne. 

3.  Dissonant;  not  in  unison;  not  harmonious; 
not  accordant ;  harsli ;  jarring  ;  as,  discordant  notes 
or  sounds. 

DIS-eoUD'.\NT-I.Y,  adv.  Dissonantly ;  in  a  dis- 
cordant manner ;  inconsistently  ;  in  a  manner  to 
jar  or  clash  ;  in  disagreement  with  another,  or  with 
itself. 

DlS-eoRDTIJL,  a.    (luarrclsome  ;  contentious. 

Spenser. 

DIS-eOUN'SEL,  1).  U    To  dissuade.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

DIS'COUNT,  71.  [Fr.  deeonte  or  dccomple ;  de,  or  du, 
and  conipte  ;  It.  seonto  ;  Sp.  de.-<cuento  ;  Arm.  discount 
or  dioont,  ^See  Count.)  Literally,  a  counting  back 
or  from.] 

1.  A  sum  deducted  for  prompt  or  advanced  pay- 
ment ;  an  allowance  or  deiluction  from  a  sum  due, 
or  from  a  credit ;  a  certain  rate  per  cent,  deducted 
from  the  credit  price  of  goods  sold,  on  account  of 
prtimpt  iKiyment ;  or  any  deduction  from  tile  cus- 
tomary price,  or  from  a  sum  due,  or  to  be  due,  at  a 
future  time.  Thus  the  uierchnnt  who  gives  a  credit 
of  tliri  e  months,  will  deduct  a  certain  rate  per  cent, 
for  payment  in  hand,  and  the  holder  of  a  note  or 
bill  of  exchange  will  deduct  a  certain  nite  per  cent, 
of  the  amount  of  the  note  or  bill  for  advanced  pay- 
ment, which  deduclitui  is  called  a  discount. 

2.  Amimg  bankers,  the  deduction  of  a  sum  for  ad- 
vanced (Kiynieul  ;  particularly,  the  deduction  of  the 
interest  on  a  sum  lent,  at  the  time  of  lending.  Tlie 
discounts  at  banking  institutiiuis  are  usually  tlie 
amount  of  legal  interest  paid  by  tile  Iwrrower,  and 
deducted  from  the  sum  borrowed,  at  the  comiiieiice- 
ment  of  the  credit.  Hamilton''s  Report. 

3.  The  sum  deducted  or  refunded  ;  as,  the  (/iocount 
was  five  |>er  cent. 

•I.  The  act  of  discounting.  .\  note  is  lodged  in 
the  bank  for  discounL  Tile  banks  have  suspended 
disronnt'f, 

DIS'COU.NT  or  DIP-COUNT',  r.  f.  [Sp.  de.^eontar ; 
Port.  11/.;  Fr.  decompler;  Ann.  diicounla,  di^ontein  ; 
It.  sconlarr.  In  Bri/isA  books,  the  accent  is  laid  on 
the  husi  syllable.  Hut  in  .America,  the  accent  is 
usually,  or  always,  on  the  first] 

1.  To  deduct  a  certain  sum  or  rate  per  cent  from 
the  princi)ial  sum.  Merchants  di.iconnt  five  or  six  per 
cent  for  prompt  or  for  advanced  payment. 

2.  To  lend  or  advance  the  amount  of,  deducting 
the  inurest  or  other  rate  per  cent,  from  the  principal, 
.at  the  time  of  the  Imin  or  advance.  The  banks  dis- 
count notes  and  bills  of  exchange,  on  good  security. 

The  Cm  rule —  to  ditoount  only  unexceptionable  paper. 

DIS'COUNT,  r.  i.  To  lend  or  make  a  practice  of  lend- 
ing inoiicy,  deducting  the  interest  at  the  time  of  the 
loan.  'J  hc  banks  lU-icouni  for  sixty  or  ninety  days, 
soinetimes  for  longer  terms. 


DIS 

DIS-eOUNT'A-HKK,  a.     Th-M  iiiny  »>«  disct>iiiil/'d. 

Curiam  foriiis  an*  nercss-iry  to  midrr  nutcs  ili.-i- 

countable  ut  a  hank.    A  hill  may  hv.  duatuntablr  fur 

more  than  Hi\tv  days. 
DI>f<>OUN'l'-l)A V,  It.  The  day  ot'thr.  wt-ck  on  which 

a  hank  di-'^cotints  noti-s  and  hills. 
DIS'CtiUNT-KI),  pp.  Dtdiictfd  Irom  a  principal  snrn  ; 

paid  back  ;  refunded  or  :illuU't;d  ;  as,  llie  sum  of  five 

pt-r  cent,  was  d'ucouuted, 
'J.  Ilavint;  the  amount  lent  on  di:^ruunt  oc  deduc- 

titm  of  a  sum  in  advance  ;  a:j,  the  bill  was  tli.tcountal 

for  sixty  diivs. 
UIS-e()U\''l'K-.\AN(:R,  V.  t,    [f/(Vf  and  countrnancf.] 

To  abash  ;  to  rullle  or  iliscompose  the  ronntrnanre  ; 

to  put  tu  shauic  ;  tu  jiut  uut  of  cuuntenunce.  [JSTot 

Ilnw  woiilil  uiif  look  from  liis  riiitJesUc  Itow 
DiiCOMnlenance  Iilt  il'-npUeil  I  Millon, 

2.  To  disci)nraf!c  ;  to  check  ;  to  restrain  hy  fniwns, 
censure,  arguments,  uppositiun,  or  cold  trenimr-nt. 
The  jiood*  citizen  will  di-icountcnancc  \''\co  by  every 
lawful  means. 
DI.-!-e(>i;X'TK-XA\(:K,  V.  Cold  treatment;  unfa- 
vorahle  aspect;  unt'iiendly  r<i;ard  ;  dtsapprubalion  ; 
whatever  ten{U  tu  check  or  discuumgc. 

He  tliuiis'ht  n  tilll'*  ditcounteiuinct  on  tlioac  pi-rsona  would 
siippn-KS  that  nptrit.  Clarendon. 

DrS-eOIJN'TE-NANX'-KO,  (-nanst,)  pp.  Abashed ; 
discouraged;  eliecked  ;  frowned  on. 

DIH-€OC\''I'K-NA.\-CER,  7;.  One  who  discourages 
l)y  cold  treatment,  frowns,  censure,  or  expression  of 
disiipprobalioM  ;  one  who  checks  or  dcjiresses  by  un- 
friendly reiiards. 

DIS-CUliN'Tli-XAN-CIXG,  ppr.  Abashing  .  discour- 
aging  i  checking  by  disapprobation  or  unfriendly  re- 
gards. 

DIS'COUNT-KR,  «.  One  who  advances  money  on 
discounts.  Barkc 

DI?^'COCNT-[Nn,  ppr.    Deducting  a  sum  for  prompt 
or  advanced  payment. 
2.  Lending  on  iliscount. 

DIS'COUNT- 1 u.  'J'he  act  or  practice  of  lending 
money  on  discounts. 


The  prufuabic  biuinL 


s  of  a  bATik  coiisihU  ill  discounUng. 

Jlnmilton. 


DIS-COUR'ACK,  (dis-kur'aje,)  r.  t.  [dis  and  courajre; 
Fr.  (Iccourtiisrr ;  Ann.  di<rnura;ri ;  It.  scfrrajririare.  The 
Italian  is  from  ci  and  ciirii'j^rio.    i?ee  Courace.] 

1.  To  exlinguisli  the  cimrage  of ;  to  disiiearlen  ; 
to"  depress  the  spirits;  to  deject;  to  deprive  of  con- 
fidence. 

Fatln'rs,  provoke  not  your  c!iiMn;ii,  test  thi-y  be  discouraged. — 
Cul.  lii. 

2.  To  di;ter  from  any  tiling;  with  from. 

Why  ducoumge  yc  ihft  ly.^a  ol  the  chililrcn  of  Israel  /rom 
^iiig-  ovrr  iiitu  the  l.iml  which  die  Lord  hulh  givcu  Ihciii  i 

3.  To  attempt  to  repress  or  prevent ;  to  dissuade 
fr<nn  ;  as,  to  di-^coura-re  an  ellurt. 

DIS-COUR'At;  FA),  (dis  kui'jijd,)  pp.  or  a.  Disheart- 
ened ;  deprived  of  coiinige  or  confidence  ;  depressed 
in  spirits;  dtjtclcd  ;  checked. 

DIS-€OUR'At;i:-.Mn\T,  (dis-kur'ajo-ment,)  n.  The 
act  of  dishearlenini!,  or  depriving  of  courage  ;  the 
act  of  deterring  or  dissuading  from  an  undertaking; 
the  act  of  depressing  cotilideuce. 

2.  Tlial  which  tli  stroys  or  abates  cournse  ;  that 
wliich  depresses  confidence  or  hope  ;  th:it  which 
deters,  or  lends  to  deter,  frttm  an  undertaking,  or 
from  the  prosecution  of  any  thing.  Kvil  exanrples 
are  great  discourtt'fi'uirntj  Ut  virtue.  The  revt)lution 
was  commenced  under  every  possible  discourage' 
virnt. 

DIS-COUU'AG-ER,  (dis-kur'aj-er,)  n.  One  who  dis- 
courages; one  wlui  dishirartcns,  cir  depresses  the 
courage  ;  one  wh(t  impresses  dilfidence  or  fear  of 
siirces-: ;  one  who  dissuades  from  an  undertaking. 

DlS-COUR'AtVl.V*;,  (dis-ktT'aj-ing,)  ppr.  Disheart- 
ening; depressing  courage. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  tlishearlen,  or  to  depress  the  cour- 
age ;  as,  di.-icourairtnir  prospects. 

DIS-C01UI'A0-IM;-LV,  adr.  In  a  manner  lending 
l()  di-rounice. 

DIS-CoL'RSi;',  (dis-kors',)  h.  [IV.  disnntr.t:  L.  ditcitr- 
sus^  from  di.scnrro^  to  ramble ;  dis  and  curro^  to  run  ; 
It.  di.-fcorgo.'\ 

1.  The  act  of  the  understanding  hy  which  it  goes 
forth  into  the  field  of  Ihonght ;  iJic  act  which  con- 
nects propositions,  and  deduces  conclusions  from 
them.  ^  Juhnson. 

Sun!  he  th.-\t  made  ua  with  such  large  ^Mcourte, 
l^ikhijf  brfiirc  nn<l  arirr,  envc  us  not 
That  bipnlriliiy  nu<l  ^adlifc  irasuD 

To  nut  III  us  ui)ii»n|.  Shak. 
[Thui  sense  is  note  oft-fo/rf/-.] 

2.  IJirratitj^  a  running  over  a  subject  in  speech  ; 
hence,  a  communication  of  thonglits  by  words,  ei- 
ther to  individuals,  to  cnm|>anies,  or  to  public  as- 
semblies. Di-itoitrsr  to  an  individual,  or  tu  n  small 
company,  is  called  conversntion^  or  talk ;  mutual  in- 
terchange of  thoughts  ;  mutual  mtrrcourse  of  lan- 
guage. It  is  applied  to  the  familiar  Ciunmnnicalion 
of  thoughts  by  an  individual,  or  to  the  mutual  com- 


TCNE,  BULL.  IIMTE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CIQUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  «  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TM  as  in  THIS. 


43^ 


CC^ 


341 


DIS 


I)  IS 


DIS 


tniinicatioii  uf  two  or  more.  We  say,  I  was  pleased 
with  his  discourse^  and  he  heard  our  discourse. 

The  vanqiiislieU  party  vn\h  iht-  victors  joiiie*!, 

Nor  wauled  sweel  discourBe.  ihe  biiiquel  of  ttie  mind, 

Dryden. 

3  Effusion  of  language  ;  speecli.  Locke, 

4.  A  written  treatise ;  a  formal  dissertation  ;  as, 
the  discourse  of  Plutarch  on  garrulity  ;  of  Cicero  on 
old  age. 

5.  A  sermon,  uttered  or  written.  We  say,  an  ex- 
temporaneous di.<ci}iir.<e,  or  a  written  discourse, 

DIS-€6UKSE',  I',  i.  To  talk  ;  to  converse;  but  it  ex- 
presses rather  nmre  formality  than  tallc.  lie  dis- 
coursed with  us  an  hour  on  the  events  of  the  war. 
Wc  discoursed  together  on  our  mutual  concerns. 

2.  To  communicate  thoui;hts  or  ideas  in  a  fonnal 
manner ;  to  treat  upon  in  a  solemn,  set  manner  ;  as, 
to  discourse  on  the  properties  of  the  circle  ;  the 
preacher  discoursed  on  the  nature  and  effect  of 
faith. 

3.  To  reason  ;  to  pass  from  premises  to  conse- 
quences. Daries. 

DIS-eoUKSE',  f. «.  To  treat  of;  to  talk  over.  [J^ot 
used.\ 

Let  us  discourse  our  forlimts.  Shak. 

2.  To  utter  or  give  forth  ;  as,  to  discourse  excellent 
mosaic. 

DIS-e6URS'£D,  (dis-korst',)  jrp.  Discussed  at  length; 
treated  of. 

DIS-CoURS'ER,  n.    One  who  discourses ;  a  speaker; 
a  haranguer. 
2.  The  writer  of  a  trpati-=e  or  dissertation.  Swift. 

DIS-CoURS'ING,  ppr.  Talking  ;  conversing  ;  preach- 
ing ;  discussing  ;  treating  at  some  length,  or  in  a  for- 
mal manner. 

DIs  eoURS'IVE,  n.  Reasoning;  p.issing  from  prem- 
ises to  consequences.  Milton. 

2.  Containing  dial.igue  or  conversation  ;  interlocu- 
tory. 

Tlie  epic  is  interlaced  with  di.do^.ie  or  discoursive  scenes. 

Dryden. 

DIS-eOURT'E-OUS,  (-kurt'e-us,)  a.  [dis  and  court- 
eous.] Uncivil ;  rude  ;  uncomplaisant ;  wanting  in 
good  manners;  as,  rf/.«co«r(couj;  knight. 

DIS-eOU'RT'E-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  rude  or  uncivil 
manner ;  with  incivility 

DIS-eOURT'E-SY,  (-kurl'e-sy,)  n.  [dis  and  courtes^i.] 
Incivility ;  rudeness  of  behavior  or  language  ;  ill 
manners ;  act  of  disrespect. 

Be  cahti  in  arguing;  lor  fierceness  makea 

Error  a  laull,  and  uiuli  discourtesy.  Herbert. 

DIS-€oURT'SHIP,  n.    Want  of  respect.  [Obs.] 

B.  Jouson. 

DISe'OUS,  a.  [from  L.  discus.]  Broad  ;  flat ;  wide  ; 
used  of  the  middle,  plain,  and  flat  part  of  some  flow- 
ers. Q^uiitcy. 

DIS-eOV'E-\ANT,  r.  t.    To  dissolve  covenant  with. 

DIS-COV'ER,  (dis-kuv'er,)  v.  U  [Fr.  dj-coucrir ;  de, 
for  des,  or  rfw,  and  r^urrir,  to  cover  ;  Sp.  descubrir; 
ViiTt.  descobrir  :  It.  scoprirc.    See  Cover.] 

1.  Literally,  to  uncover ;  to  remove  a  covering.  Is. 
xxii. 

2.  To  lay  open  to  view  ;  to  disclose  ;  to  show ;  to 
make  visible  ;  to  expose  to  view  something  before  un- 
seen or  concealed. 

Go,  draw  aside  the  cnrlains,  and  discover 
The  several  c  isl;els  to  t'lis  noble  prince.  Shak. 
He  discQvert  'Ji  deep  ihinsTs  om  of  darkness.  —  Job  xii. 
L.aw  CLn  discover  sin,  hat  not  remove.  Milton. 

[In  these  passages,  the  word  should  be  Uncuveiu] 
J.  To  reveal ;  to  make  known. 


We  will  rfwcopi 
Ducover  not  a 


■  ourselves  to  them.  —  1  Sam.  xii 
'  caH  to  anotiier.  —  Prov,  xxv. 


4.  To  espy ;  to  have  the  first  sight  of;  as,  a  man  at 
mast-head  discovered  land. 

When  wc  hail  discovered  Cypnis,  we  left  it  on  the  left  hand.  — 
Aclj.  xxi. 

5.  To  find  out;  to  obtain  the  first  knowledge  of ; 
to  come  to  the  knowledge  of  something  sought  or  be- 
fore unknown.  Columbus  discovered  the  variation 
of  the  magnetic  neeille.  We  ofli^n  discover  our 
mistakes,  when  too  late  to  prevent  their  evil  ef- 
fects. 

6.  To  di^tect ;  as,  we  discovered  the  artifice ;  the 
thi<  r,  finding  himself  r/ucoi-ercd,  attempted  to  escape. 

Ducorer  differs  from  invent.    Wc  di.icovrr  what 
before  existed,  though  to  us  unknown ;  wc  invent 
what  did  not  before  exist. 
DISCO V"Ell-.\-liLE,  a.    That  may  be  discovered; 
that  inay  be  brought  to  light,  or  ex|H)sed  to  view. 

2.  'J'h.at  m.-iy  be  seen  ;  as,  many  minute  animals 
are  discoverable  only  by  tht;  help  of  the  micrrwcope. 

3.  That  may  be  found  out,  or  made  known  ;  as, 
the  Scriptures  reveal  many  things  not  discoverable  by 
the  light  of  rciuson. 

4.  Apparent ;  vixiblc ;  cxponed  to  view. 
Nothing  discoverMc  la  llie  lunsr  surface  li  ever  cover«Hl. 

Bendey. 

DI.S-eOV'F,R-/?n,  (-kuv'erd,)  pp.  Uncnrnrcd  ;  dis- 
chwed  to  view  ;  laid  o|K'n  ;  revealed  ;  espied  or  first 
seen  ;  found  out ;  detei  tetl. 

DI8-eOV'EIt-ER,  n.    One  who  discovers  ;  one  who 


first  sees  or  enpies  ;  one  who  finds  out,  or  first  comes 

to  the  knowledge  of  something. 
2.  A  .Bcont ;  an  ex|)lorer.  Shak. 
DIS-eOV'ER  IXG,  ppr.     Uncovering  ;  disclosing  to 

view;  laying  open  ;  revealing;  making  known ;  es- 

pving  ;  finding  out ;  detecting. 
DIS-tOV'ERT-lIRE,  n.    [Ft.  dccouvert,  uncovered.] 
A  state  of  being  released  from  coverture  ;  freedom 

of  a  woman  from  the  coverture  of  a  husband. 
DlS-eOV'ER-Y,  n.    The  action  of  disclosing  to  view, 

or  bringing  to  light :  as,  by  the  discovery  of  a  plot, 

the  public  peace  is  preser^'ed. 

2.  Disclosure  ;  a  making  known  ;  a^,  a  bankrupt  is 
bound  to  make  a  full  discovery  of  his  estate  and 

'effects. 

3.  The  action  of  finding  something  hidden  ;  as,  the 
discovrrii  of  lead  or  silver  in  the  earth. 

4.  The  act  of  finding  (tut,  or  coining  to  the  knowl- 
edge of;  as,  the  (/iscoceri/ of  truth  ;  the  discovery  of 
magnetism. 

5.  The  act  of  espying  ;  first  sight  of ;  as,  the  rfis- 
covery  of  America  by  Columbus,  or  of  the  continent 
by  Cabot. 

6.  That  which  is  discovered,  found  out,  or  revealed  ; 
that  which  is  first  brought  to  light,  seen,  or  known. 
The  properties  of  the  magnet  were  an  important  dis- 
covery. Redemption  from  sin  was  a  discovery  beyond 
the  power  of  human  philosophy. 

7.  In  dramatic  poetry,  the  unraveling  of  a  plot,  or 
the  manner  of  unfolding  the  plot  or  fable  of  a  comedy 
or  tragedy. 

DIS-CRED'IT,  n.  [Ft.  discredit:  Sp.  discredito ;  It. 
scredito.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Want  of  creditor  good  reputation;  some  degree 
of  disgrace  or  reproach  ;  disesteeni ;  applied  to  per- 
sons or  thinirs.  Frauds  in  manufactures  bring  them 
into  discredit. 

It  is  the  duty  of  every  Chiistian  to  be  concerned  for  the  reputation 
or  discredit  Iiis  life  may  bring  on  his  profession.  Rogers. 

2,  Want  of  belief,  trust,  or  confidence;  disbelief; 
as,  later  accounts  liave  brought  the  story  Into  dis- 
credit. 

DIS-CRED'IT,  V.  U  [Fr.  decrediter  ;  de,  des,  dis,  and 
credit/] 

1.  To  disbelieve  ;  to  give  no  credit  to  ;  not  to  credit 
or  believe  ;  as,  the  report  is  discrcdtled. 

2.  Todepriveof  credit  or  good  rejiiilation  ;  to  make 
less  reputable  or  honorable  ;  to  bring  into  disesteem  ; 
to  bring  into  some  degree  of  disgrace,  or  into  dis- 
repute. 

He  le:ist  discredits  his  travels,  wlio  returns  the  same  man  he 
went.  WoKon. 

Our  virtues  will  be  often  discredited  with  the  appearance  of 
evil.  Rogers. 

3.  To  deprive  of  credibility.  Shak. 
DIS-eRED'IT-.\-nLE,  a.    Tending  to  injure  credit; 

injurious  to  reputtiticm  ;  disgraceful  ;  disreputable. 

Blair. 

DIS-CRED'IT-A-BLY,  ado.  In  a  discreditable  man- 
ner. 

DIS-CRED'IT-ED,  pp.  Disbelieved;  brought  into  dis- 
repute ;  disgraced. 

DISeRED'IT-ING,  p/ir.  Disbelieving;  not  trusting 
to  ;  depriving  of  credit;  disgracing. 

DIS  CREET',  a.  [Fr.  dLicrct  :  Sp.  discreto  ;  It.  id. ;  L. 
discrctus,  the  participle  assigned  to  discenw,  dis  and 
cerno,  but  probably  from  the  root  of  riddle,  W.  rhidylt, 
from  rhiiiiaiD,  to  secrete,  as  screen  is  from  the  root  of 
seccrno,  or  czccrno,  Gr.  Koifj*.  L.  cerno  ;  Gr.  (UaKottrtf. 
Class  ltd.  It  is  sometimes  written  discrete ;  Ihe  dis- 
tinction between  discreet  anil  discrete  is  arl)itrar>', 
but  perhaps  not  entirely  useless.  The  literal  sense 
is,  separate,  reserved,  warj' ;  hence,  discerning.] 

Prudent ;  wise  in  avoiding  errors  or  evil,  tand  in 
selecting  tile  best  means  to  accomplish  a  purpose  ; 
circumspect;  cautious;  waiy ;  not  rash. 

It  is  llie  discreet  man,  not  the  willy,  nor  Uie  leam'-d,  nor  the 
brwi',  who  guides  the  conversation,  and  gives  measiin^  to 
soca-ty.  Addison. 

Let  Pli.irauh  look  out  a  man  discreet  and  wise.  — CJen.  xii. 

niS-CREET'LY,  ado.  Prudently ;  circumspectly  ;  cau- 
tiously ;  witli  nice  judgment  of  what  is  best  to  be 
done  or  omitted. 

DIS-CREET'XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  discreet ; 
(iisi-rrlion. 

DI.*>-CIIMP'.\N(^E,  i  n.    [L.  discrepanlia,  discrepaus, 
DI.S-CKEP'.\N-(;Y,  (      from  discrcpo,  to  give  a  differ- 
ent sound,  to  vary,  to  jar;  dis  and  crepo,  to  creak. 
See  CnEHTATi;.] 

Difference  ;  disagri!Cment  ;  contrariety  ;  applicable 
to  facts  or  opintons. 

Then-  is  no  real  discrettanaj  between  lh''»e  two  ifentrnlo^i-s. 

/■tiier. 

DIS-eUI'.P'.\.\T,  a.   Different;  disagreeing;  roiitniry. 

DIS-CRkTE',  rt.    [\..  discreltus.    See  Dihi  iieet.] 

1.  Separati' ;  illstiiict  ;  disjiincl.  In  phonoUvrii,  a 
discrete  movement,  is  a  leap  of  the  voice  from  one  line 
of  pitch  to  anollii  r,  as  distinguislieil  from  a  concrete 
movement,  or  slide,  m  which  Ihe  voice  p.asst^s  through 
all  the  inlermi'diate  parts  of  the  musical  scale.  Hush. 
Discrete  propnrJnm,  is  w  hen  the  ratio  of  two  or  nvTC 
pairs  of  niimbirrs  or  itnanlilies  is  the  same,  but  there 
is  not  lh(;  same  proportion  belweeii  all  the  numbers; 


as,  3  :  C  : :  8 :  IG,  3  bearing  the  same  proportion  to  6 
as  8  does  to  If).  But  3  is  not  to  6  as  0  to  8.  Ilisllius 
opposed  to  continued  or  continual  proportiim  ;  as, 
3  :  6 : :  12  :  24.  Barlow. 

2.  Disjunctive;  as,  I  resign  my  life,  tut  not  my 
honor,js  a  discrete  proposition.  Jidtuson. 

DIS-CRkTE',  v.  U  To  separate  ;  to  discontinue. 
[JVot  used.]  Browiu 

DlS-eRE"TION,  (dis-kresh'un,)  n.  [Fr.  discretion ; 
It.  discrezione ;  Sp.  di.screeion  ;  from  the  L.  discretio, 
a  separating  ;  discretns,  discrrno.    .See  Disc  beet.] 

1.  Prudence,  or  knowledge  anil  iirinlence ;  that 
discernment  which  enables  a  person  to  jiidse  crit- 
ically of  what  is  correct  and  projier,  united  with 
caution  :  nice  discernment  and  judgment,  directed 
by  circiiipspection,  and  primarily  regarding  one's 
o%vn  contluct. 

A  good  man  —  will  guide  hi*  atfatrs  with  discretion.  —  Ps.  cxii. 
My  son,  keep  sountiwisdom  and  discretion.  —  Prov.  iii. 

2.  Liberty  or  power  of  acting  without  other  con- 
trol Ihtin  one's  own  judgment ;  as,  the  management 
of  affairs  was  lell  to  Ihe  discretion  of  the  prince  ;  he 
is  left  to  his  own  discretion.  Hence, 

To  surrender  at  discretion,  is  to  surrender  without 
stipulation  or  terms,  and  commit  one's  self  entirely 
to  the  power  of  the  conqueror. 

3.  Disjunction  ;  separation.     [JVut  miicA  used.] 

Mede. 

DI.S-€RE"TinX-A-RY,  j  (dis-kresh'un-,)  a.    Left  to 
DlS-eRK''TI().\-AL,     (     di.screlion  ;  unrestrained 
except  by  discreticm  or  judgment;  that  is  to  be  di- 
rected or  managed  by  discretion  only.    Thus,  Ihe 
president  of  ihe  United  States  is,  in  certain  cases, 
invested  with  discretionary  powers,  to  act  according 
to  circumstances. 
DIS-eRE"TI().\'-A-Rt-I,Y,  ^  adr.    At  di.screti.in  ;  ac- 
DlS-eRE"TI(:N-AL-LY,    (      cordinz  to  di.scr.  tion. 
DIS-CRli'TIVE,  a.    [See  Discreet  and  Discrete.] 
Disjunctive;  noting  separation  or  opposition.  In 
h)(ric,  a  discretire  proposition  expresses  some  distinc- 
tion, opposition,  or  variety,  by  means  of  but,  Owuirh, 
yet,  &c. ;  as,  travelers  change  their  climate,  but  nut 
their  temper;  Job  was  patient,  though  his  grief  was 
great. 

2.  In  grammar,  discretive  distinctions  are  sueli  as 
imply  opposition  or  difl'erence ;  as,  not  a  m.an,  but  a 
beast.  Johnson. 
2.  Separate  ;  distinct. 

DIS-CRe'TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  discretive  manner. 

DIS-CRIM'IX-A-IiLE,  a.    Thttt  may  be  discriminated. 

DIS-CRI.M'I.V-.aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  discrimmo,  from  di.scri- 
men,  difference,  distinction  ;  dis  and  crimen,  ililf.T- 
enlly  ajiplied ;  coinciding  with  the  sense  of  Gr. 
diaKiufu),  KOivu,  L.  cenw.] 

1.  To  distinguish  ;  to  observe  the  difference  be- 
tween ;  as,  we  may  usually  discrimitiate  true  from 
false  modesty. 

2.  To  separate  ;  to  select  from  others  ;  to  make  a 
distinction  between  ;  .as,  in  the  last  judirment,  the 
righteous  will  be  discriminated  from  Ihe  v.'icked. 

3.  To  mark  with  not'-.s  of  difference  ;  to  distinguish 
by  some  note  or  mark.  We  discriminate  animals  by 
names,  as  nature  has  discriminated  them  by  difi'i  rcnt 
shapes  and  habits. 

DIS-CRI.M'IN-aTE,  r.  i.  To  make  a  difference  or 
distinctiim  ;  as,  in  the  application  of  law,  and  the 
punishment  of  crimes,  the  judge  should  discriminaLc 
between  degrees  of  guilt. 

2.  To  observe  or  note  a  difference  ;  to  distinguish ; 
as,  in  judging  of  evidence,  we  should  be  careful  to 
discriminate  between  probability  and  slight  presump- 
tion. 

DIS-CRI.^I'I.N'-ATE,  a.  Distinguished ;  having  the 
difference  marked.  Bacon. 

DI.S-CRl.M'IiN-.A-TED,  pp.    Separated;  distinguished. 

DIS-eRI.M'Ii\'-.\TE-lA',  adv.  Distinctly ;  wilh  minute 
distinction ;  particularly.  .hhu.son. 

DIS-CKl.M'IN-ATE-NESS,  n.  Distinctness;  marked 
difference.  f^'ct 

DIS-eR[.M'IN-A-TING,ppr.  Separating;  distinguish- 
ing; marking  wilh  notes  of  difference. 

2.  a.  Distinguishing  ;  (leculiar ;  characterized  by 
peculiar  differences  ;  as,  the  discriminating  doctrines 
of  the  gospel. 

3.  a.  That  discriminates;  able  to  make  nice  dis- 
tinctions; as,  a  discriminating  mind. 

.lonrn.  of  Science^ 
DIS-CRIM-IN-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  di.-^inpuishing; 
the  act  of  making  t-r  observing  a  ditlerencc  ,  distinc- 
tion ;  as,  the  discrimination  bi  twi  i  ii  right  and  wrong. 

2.  The  slate  of  being  distinguished.  Slillingjleet. 

3.  .Mark  of  distim  tion.  A".  Charles. 
DI.'^-eUI.M'IN-A  TI  VE,  n.    That  makes  the  m.irk  of 

dislinctiim  ;  Unit  constitutes  the  mark  of  difference; 
characteristic  ;  as,  the  discriminnlive  feiitiires  of  men. 

2.  That  observes  distinction  ;  as,  discriniinative 
providence.  ^/<irc 
DIS-CRUriN'-A-TIVE-I.V,arfp.   With  diiicrimination 

or  distiiirtion.  Foster. 
I)lS-CItlM'I.V-A-TOIl,  71.  One  who  discriminates. 
I)lS-ClUAI'IN-()i;S,  u.    Hazardous.    [JVot  used.] 

Harvey. 

DIS  CROW.N',  p.  t.    To  deprive  of  a  crown. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  HQpK — 


842 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS-GKOWN'KD,  pp.    Deprived  of  a  crown. 
DlS-CU()VVi\'lNG,  ppr.    Ueprivim;  of  a  crown. 

CampbelL 

DIS-eO'ni-TO-RY,  n.  [1.  iHicubitorius ;  (iiscumbo  ; 
(lis  :iti(l  cuho,  to  lie  down  or  li  nn.] 

Leaning;  inclining;  or  fitted  to  a  leaning  posture. 

DIS-eUI/I'STJO,  r.  I.  [Ft.  disculper ;  Sp.  disculpar  ; 
dis  and  L.  culpa,  a  fiiiilt.] 

To  free  from  blame  or  fault ;  to  exculpate ;  to 
excuse. 

Nfith'T  ilofi  lliia  rff'»et  of  tho  Inilcpendoiice  of  n.itiong  rtiitcut/iate 
llio  uulhor  of  ail  Ull)il»t  wiir.  Trans,  of  Vnllcl. 

DI.S-eUL'PA-TED,  pp.  Cleared  from  blame ;  excul- 
pated. 

l)IS-eUI,'P.\-TK\G,  j);)r.  Freeing  from  blame ;  ex- 
cusinL'. 

ms  ci'l,  PA'TION,  ,1.  Kvciilp-ition. 
Ill.'^-eUL'PA-TD-KV,  (I.    'I'lMdiiig  to  exculpate. 
I)IS-ei;M'UK.\'-UY,  M.    [I,,  r/iscuminw.    See  Uiscfni- 

TORV.] 

Tlie  act  of  leaning  at  meat,  according  to  tlie  man- 
ner of  tlie  ancients.  lirmoti. 
l)l.-;.eUM'HKK,  r.  (.  [dls  and  cumhrr.]  To  unbur- 
den ;  to  throw  off  any  thing  cunibersnme  ;  to  disen- 
gage from  any  troublesome  wi-iizht,  or  impediment; 
to  disi'iiriiiiiber.  [  The  lattfr  is  irrnerally  «,^rf/.]  Pitpe. 
DIS-COlU;',  ti.  t.    To  discover;  to  reveal.  [.Vuducii.] 

Speii^tr. 

lilS-eilR'UKNT,  a.  Not  current,  [M  used.]  Saiulijs. 
!  >IS-t'Ull'SION,  n.    [L.  discurro  i  dis  and  curro,  to 
run.] 

.\  running  or  rambling  about.  BuUnj. 
DI.S-eUll'.-<IST,  n.    [See  Discoubse.]    A  dispiiter. 

[Mil  in  u.ie.]  L.  AMisim. 

niS-eiMl'Sl  VE,  a.    [Sp.  (/iicursieo,  from  L.  discurro, 

supra. 1 

1.  Sloving  or  roving  about ;  desultory.  Baron. 

2.  ,\rguinentative  ;  reasoning;  proceeding  regularly 
from  premises  to  consequences  ;  somrtimes  written 
DiseouBsivE.  VVIiethcr  brutes  have  a  kind  of  dis- 
curitirr  faculty.  Hate. 

l)(S-eUlt'Sl VE-I,Y,  ade.  In  a  discursive  niaiiuer; 
arsumentalivelv.  lUle. 

Dl S-e U I VE-X ESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  discursive.  Barrow. 

DlS-€&R'SO-RY,  a.    Argumental ;  rational.  Johnson. 

DlSe'US,  II.    [L.    Sec  Eng.  Dish  and  Disk.] 

■  1.  .A  quoit ;  a  piece  of  iron,  copper,  or  stone,  to  be 
thrown  in  play  ;  used  hy  the  ancients. 

•2.  in  friilaiiH,  the  middle,  plain  part  of  a  radiated 
compound  flower,  generally  consisting  of  small 
Uorets,  with  a  hollow,  regular  petal,  as  In  the  mari- 
gold and  daisy.  Baileii.  Encyc. 

3.  The  face  or  surface  o(  the  sun  or  moon.  [See 
Disk.] 

DIS-CIjSS',  r.  (.  [Tj.  disnilio,  discu<sum ;  dis  and 
quatio  ;  Fr.  di-teutrr :  Sp.  discutir.  Quatio  may  be 
allied  to  iiuasso,  and  to  rudo  and  c<rdo,  to  strike.  See 
Cbuss  Gs,  No.  17,  SM,  (W,  79,  and  Class  Gd,  No.  38, 
40,  76.] 

Literally,  to  drive  ;  to  beat  or  to  shake  in  pieces ; 
to  separate  into  p.arts. 

1.  To  disperse;  to  scatter;  to  dissolve;  to  repel ; 
lis,  to  dLsews.t  a  tumor  ;  a  medical  use  of  the  word. 

2.  To  debate  ;  to  agitate  by  argument ;  to  clear  of 
objections  and  dillicultics,  with  a  view  to  find  or 
illustrate  truth  ;  to  sift;  to  examine  by  disputation  ; 
to  ventilate ;  to  reason  on,  for  the  purpose  of  sepa- 
rating truth  from  OUsehmid.  We  discuss  a  subject,  a 
point,  a  problem,  a  question,  the  propriety,  exjicdi- 
ence,  or  justice,  of  a  measure,  Acc. 

3.  To  bre:ik  in  pieces.  Brown. 

4.  'I'o  shake  oil".    [.Vot  in  use.]  Sprnsrr. 

5.  The  primary  sense  of  the  word  is  heard  in  the 
colloquial  phrases,  to  discuss  a  fowl,  to  discuss  a  bottle 
of  wine. 

DIS-€USS'£D,  (dis-kiist',)  pp.   Dispersed  ;  dissipated  ; 

debated  ;  agitated  ;  argued. 
DIS-CUSS'ER,  ;i.    One  who  discusses  ;  one  who  sifts 

or  examines. 

DIS-eUS:v'ING,  ppr.  Dispersing;  resolving ;  scatter- 
ing ;  di  bating;  agit.atini' ;  examining  by  argument. 

DlS-CUS.-i'l.N'G,  II.    Discussion;  examination. 

DIS-eUS'SION,  (dia-kusli'un,)  n.  In  sur:;rry,  reso- 
lution ;  the  disitersion  of  a  tumor  or  any  coagulated 
matter.  Cure.  IVi.'ieinan. 

2.  Det«te :  disquisition  ;  the  acitation  of  a  [Hiint 
or  subject  with  a  view  to  elicit  truth  ;  the  treating  of 
a  subject  by  arcumenf,  to  clear  it  of  dilficiiltied,  and 
separite  truth  from  falsehiiod. 

Dls  eUSS'I  VE,  u.  Having  the  power  to  discuss,  re- 
solve,  or  disp.  rse,  tumors  or  coagulated  matter. 

DIS-Cl/SS'l VE,  n.  A  medicine  that  discusses;  a  dis- 
cutient. 

DlS-eO'TIENT,  (dis-kQ'shent,)  a.    [L.  discutiens.] 

Discussing  ;  disjiersing  morbid  matter. 
DIS-eC'TIE.NT,  n.    .\  medicine  or  application  which 
disjK'rses  a  tumor  or  any  coagulated  fluid  in  the 
boily  ;  sometimes  it  is  equivalent  to  carminalivr. 

Coze. 

DIS-DAI.V,  r.  1.  [Fr.  dedaisrnrr  ;  Sp.  de.idenar ;  It. 
sdrirnare ;  Port,  desdenhar ;  U  dedigiwr ;  de,  dis,  and 


diif-nor,  to  think  worthy;  dijrnu.^,  worthy.    See  Dio- 

NITV.] 

To  think  unworthy  ;  to  deem  worthli'ss  ;  to  con- 
sider to  be  unworthy  of  notice,  care,  regard,  esteem, 
or  unworthy  of  one's  character;  to  scorn  ;  to  con- 
teiiiii.  The  man  of  elevated  miiul  disdains  a  mo;in 
action;  he  diidaius  the  society  of  profliiiate,  worth- 
less men  ;  he  rfi.-(/«;H.<  to  corriijit  the  innocent,  or  in- 
sult the  weak  ,  Goliath  disdained  David. 

W'lioit(»  futi'-i-a  I  would  li.ivc  disdxxincd  to  sel  with  the  doja  of 
1117  llock.  —  Jul-  XXX. 
DIS-DaIN',  n.  Contempt ;  scorn  ;  a  pn.ssion  excited 
in  noble  mintls  by  the  hatred  or  detestation  of  what 
is  mean  and  dishoiiornble,  and  implying  a  conscious- 
ness of  superiority  of  iiiiinl,  or  a  supposed  superior- 
ity. In  iirnohU  minds,  disdain  may  spring  from  uu- 
warnintatile  pride  or  h.iuglitiness,  and  lie  directed 
toward  objerts  of  worth.  It  implies  li;itred,  and 
sometimes  anger. 

IIiiw  iiiy  Buiil  is  movcl  with  Jnst  diatUiin  I  Popt. 

DIS-D.\I.\''KI>,  yip.    Despised;  contemned;  scorned. 
DIS  I).\1.\'FI;L,  a.    Full  of  disdain  ;  as,  disdainful 
soul. 

2.  Expressing  disdain  ;  as,  a  disdainful  look. 

3.  Contemptuous;  scornful;  haughty;  indignant. 

Hooker.  J)rydcn. 
DI?-DAIN'FJJT.-T,Y,    mlv.     Contemptuously  ;  with 

scorn  ;  in  a  haughty  manner.  South. 
DIS-DAI.\'FlJI^.N'ESS,ii.    Contempt;  conteniptuous- 

ness  ;  haughty  scorn.  Sidney. 
Dl.S-D.^I.V'ING, /</>r.    Contemning;  scorning. 
I)I?-DAI.\'IN(;,  n.    Contempt;  sforn. 
DIS  DI-A-Pa'SON,  )  n.    [See  Diafason.]     In  m«.sii;, 
ltlS-l)I-A-P.\'SO.\,  j    a  scale  of  two  octaves,  or  a 

tilteeuth.  Brande. 
DIS-EASE',  (diz-e/.e',)  71.    [(/«  and  fajie.]    in  its  pri- 

niary  srn.'ie,  pain,  unc!:isiness,  distress,  and  so  useu  by 

Spiriiser  ;  but  in  this  sense,  obsolete. 

2.  Any  deviation  from  health  in  function  or  struc- 
ture ;  the  cause  of  pain  or  uneasiness  ;  distemper  ; 
malady;  sickness;  ilisortler;  any  state  of  a  living 
body  in  which  the  natural  fiini  lions  of  the  organs 
are  interrupled  or  distiirhed,  either  by  defective  or 
jireternatural  action,  without  a  disruptiire  of  parts  by 
violence,  which  is  called  a  wound.  The  first  ctTect 
of  tlisuase  is  uneasiness  or  pain,  and  the  ultimate 
etfect  is  death.  A  disease  may  all'ecl  tlic  whole  body 
or  a  particular  limb  or  ptirt  of  the  body.  We  say 
a  diseased  limb ;  a  disrasc  in  the  head  or  stomach  ; 
and  such  partitd  alfi  ction  of  the  body  is  called  a  local 
or  topical  disease.  The  word  is  also  applied  to  the 
disorders  of  other  animals,  as  well  as  to  those  of 
man  ;  and  to  any  derangement  of  tlie  vegetative 
functions  of  plants. 

The  sliivfts  of  disease  slioot  ncro&s  our  path  in  such  a  variety  of 
cotlraes,  tliat  tJic  miiiosph'-n;  of  liitiilan  life  la  d.irlteiied  by 
Uieir  iitiiiilvr,  and  the  eM:a|)e  of  na  individu.d  li>-conies 
almi'sl  iiiiniculuiis.  Buckmiiisler. 

3.  A  disordered  st.nte  of  the  mind  or  intellect,  by 
which  the  n:ason  is  iinpaircil. 

4.  In  society,  vice  ;  corrupt  state  of  morals.  Vices 
are  called  moral  diseases. 

A  wiac  man  converse*  with  tlie  wicked,  as  a  physician  with  the 
sick,  nut  to  C4itch  IJie  disease,  hul  to  cure  iu 

Alaxim  of  AndsOtenss. 

5.  Political  or  civil  disorder,  or  vices  in  a  state; 
any  practice  which  tends  to  disturb  the  peace  of  so- 
ciety,  or  impede  or  prevent  the  regular  administration 
of  government. 

The  intftability,  hijustice,  and  confniion  intnMliicetl  Into  the  piiMic 
&Miiicila  have,  in  titiih,  Leon  tlie  iiion-al  disetises  under 
which  popular  ^veniinciiu  ha<e  every  where  jn'rish'-d. 

f^ederaiist,  ^laiiison. 

DI$-i~;  ASE',  (diz-ez'e')  p.  ^  To  interrupt  or  impair  any 
or  all  the  natural  and  regular  functions  of  the  several 
organs  of  a  living  bmly  ;  to  alllict  with  pain  or  sick- 
ness ;  to  make  morbid;  used  chiefly  in  the  ptissivi;' 
p.'irticiple  ;  as,  a  diseased  btnl)-,  a  ditensed  stomach  ; 
but  diitased  may  hi're  be  considered  as  an  ailjective. 

2.  To  interrupt  or  rentier  imperfect  the  regular 
functions  of  the  brain,  or  of  the  intellect ;  to  disor- 
der ;  to  derange.  [gion. 

3.  To  infect ;  to  Cfunmuiiicate  disease  to  by  ctuita- 

4.  To  pain  ;  to  make  uneasy.  Locke. 
DIS-P.AS'A;D,  (diz-Czd',)  pp.  or  a.    Disordered  ;  dis- 

temperetl  ;  sick. 
DIS-RAS'ED-NESS,  (diz-ez'cd-ncss,)  ii.    The  state  of 

brill!;  ilisfased;  a  morbid  state;  sickness.  Burnet. 
DIS-t":.\SE'KljL,  (diz-eze'ful,)  a.  Abounding  with  dis- 

e.-use  ;  producing  diseases  ;  as,  a  diseascful  climate. 
2.  Orrasitining  uneasiness. 
DIS  KA*E'.MEXT,  (diz-ezc'mcnl,)  n.  Uneasiness; 

inconvenience.  Bacon. 
DIS  l";AS'l.\G,  ppr.    Disordering;  infecting. 
l)IS-EI)li'£D,  a.  [dis  and  algc]   Blunted  ;  made  dull. 

Shak. 

DIS-EM-BARK',  t>.  fc  [dis  and  embark ;  Fr.  descmbar- 
jurr.] 

To  land  ;  to  debark  ;  to  remove  from  on  board  a 
ship  to  the  land  ;  to  put  on  shore  ;  applied  particularly 
to  the  landing  of  troops  and  military  apparatus  i  as,  the 
general  dtsemharked  the  trtxips  at  sunrise. 
1  DIS-E.M-BXRK',  r.  i.   To  lanil  ;  to  ileliark  ;  to  quit  a 


ship  for  resilience  or  aelhui  on  shore  ;  as,  the  light 

infantry  anil  cavalry  di.icnil/arked,  anil  inarched  to 

meet  the  eiiemv. 
DIS  EM-l)AKK-A'TION,  n.   The  act  of  disembarking. 
l)IS-i;.M-liXRK'/;D,  (-eiii-bArkt',)  pp.   Landed  ;  put  on 

shore. 

DIS-E.M  nARK'I.NO,  ppr.'  Landing;  removing  frimi 

on  lioartl  a  ship  to  laiiil. 
DIS-EM-IIAR'KASS,  B.  (.    [,/m  and  /■mfciiprnss.]  To 

free  fiiini  embarnissment  or  jierplexity  ;  to  cletir ;  to 

e\triciile.  Mason, 
I)IS.|:M-I1AR'RASS-KI),  (dis-em-bar'rast,)  pp.  Freed 

fiiiiii  eiiiliarrassmeut  .  extricated  from  ilifliculty. 
DIS  i;.\I-l!ARMlASS-l.\G,  ;</)r.    Freeing  from  eiiibar- 

rassiiient  or  ix  rpli  xilv  ;  extricating. 
DlS-i;.M-l!ARMtASS-.VlENT,  n.  The  act  of  extricating 

fruiii  perplexity. 
I)IS-I;.\I-Ba  Y',  V.  U    To  clear  from  a  bay.  Sherburne. 
DIS-KM-BA  Y'f;i),  pp.    Cleared  from  a  hay. 
DIS-E.\1-HaY'1.\G,  ppr.    Clearing  from  a  bay. 
DIS-EM-UEL'LISII,  ».  £.    To  deprive  of  cmliellish- 

lllent. 

DIS-i;.M-lii:i/LlSH-£D,  (-em-bel'lisht,) Deprived 

of  i  nilii  llislmient. 
DIS-E.M-ltlT'TKIt,  V.  U    [dis  and  embitter.]    To  free 

from  bilteruess  ;  to  clear  from  acrmiony ;  to  render 

sweet  or  [ileasant.  .Addison. 
DIS-E.M-niT''J'ER-KD,  pp.  Freed  from  bitterness. 
DIS-EM-liOD'I-A.'l),  f-c^iu  bod'id,)  a.    [(/i.<  and  cmAorf- 

ied.]    Divested  of  the  body  ;  as,  disembodied  spirits 

or  souls. 

2.  Separated  ;  discharged  from  keeping  in  a  body. 

Jlihlia  Art,  Geo.  HI. 
DIS-E.M-BOD' Y,  v.  U  To  divest  of  body  ;  to  free  from 
flesh. 

2.  To  iliscliarge  from  militarv  array. 

DIS-E.M-IIOD'Y-ING,  ppr.    Divesting  of  body. 

DIS-E.M-BoGUE',  (tlis-<  in  bog',)  r.  I.  [dis  anil  the  root 
of  Fr.  bottche,  mouth.  The  French  lixs  cmioucAcr  anil 
debouquer.  Sp.  boca,  mouth.  Port,  id..  It.  bucca.  See 
Voice.] 

To  pour  out  or  discharge  at  the  mouth,  as  a  stretun  ; 
to  vent ;  to  discharge  into  the  ocean  or  a  lake. 
Rolliri?  down,  tiie  steep  Tiinaviis  nvves, 
And  tliruiigh  nine  chaunelii  disernlfogues  ion  waves.  Addison. 

DIS-EM-BOGUE',  v.  i.    To  flow  out  at  the  mouth,  as 
a  river  ;  to  discharge  waters  into  the  oce  an  or  into  a 
lake.    Innumerable  rivers  d'lsembogue  into  the  ocean. 
2.  To  pass  out  of  a  gulf  or  bav. 

DIS-EM-noGU'iiD,  (-eiii-bogd',)  pp.  Discharged  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river. 

DlS-E.M-BoGUE'.MENT,  n.  Discharge  of  waters  into 
the  ocean  or  a  bike.  Mra.se. 

DIS-E.M-IIO'SO.M,  V.  I.    To  separate  from  the  bosom. 

Young. 

DIS-EM-BO'SOM-KD,  pp.  Separated  from  the  bosom. 
DIS-E.M-BOW'EL,  r.  t.    [dis  and  embowel.]    To  take 

out  the  bowels  ;  to  take  or  dniw  from  the  bowels,  as 

the  web  of  a  spiiler. 
DIS-E.M-BOW'EL-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Taken  or  drawn  from 

the  bowels. 

Disemboweled  web.  Philips. 

DIR-EM-BOW'EL-ING,  ppr.  Taking  or  drawing  from 
the  bowtds. 

DIS-E.M-ltO\V'ER-j:D,  a.  Removed  from  a  bower,  or 
dt^prived  ;if  a  bower.  Bryant, 

DIS-E.M-HRAN"GLE,  (  em-brang'gl,)  v.  t.  T'o  free 
from  litigation.    [JVol  used.] 

DIS-E.M-IIROIL',  f.  ^  [dis  and  embroil.]  To  disen- 
tani;le  ;  to  free  from  perplexitj' ;  to  extricate  from 
contusion.  Dryden.  Mdison. 

DIS-IvM-ltK()IL'/.l),  p/i.  Disentangled;  cleared  from 
perplexit\*  or  confusion. 

DIS  E.M-HUoIL'ING,  ppr.  Disentangling  ;  freeing 
friiiii  confusion. 

DIS-E.M-PLOY'KD,  a.   Thrown  out  of  employment. 

DlS-E.V-A'liLE.  V.  t.  [dis  and  enable.]  To  deprive  of 
power,  natural  or  inonU  ;  to  disable  ;  to  deprive  of 
ability  or  means.  A  man  may  be  disenabled  to  walk 
by  lameness  ;  and  by  iKiverty  he  is  disenabled  to  sup- 
port his  family. 

DIS-E\-.A'BL£D,  pp.  Deprived  of  power,  ability,  or 
means. 

DIS-E.\-A'BLING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  power,  abUity, 
or  means. 

DIS-E.V-CIIANT',  V.  ^  [dis  and  enclianl.]  To  free 
from  enchantment;  to  deliver  from  tlie  power  of 
charms  or  spells. 

Hatte  to  tliy  work ;  a  nolje  *lroke  or  two 

Knds  all  Uie  ch  imis,  and  disenchants  Ihc  grove.  Dryden. 

DIS-EX-CIIANT'ED,  pp.  Delivered  from  enchant- 
ment or  the  power  of  charms. 

DI.S-E.N'-CIIAXT'ER,  ii.  He  or  that  which  disen- 
chants. 

DIS-E.\-CIIANT'ING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  enchant- 
ment or  the  influence  of  charms. 

DIS-EX-CIIAXT'.MENT,  n.    Act  of  disenchanting. 

DIS-EX  eil.M'BER,  i'.  (.  [dis  and  encumber.]  To  free 
from  encumbrance  ;  to  deliver  from  clogs  and  imped- 
iments ;  to  disburden  ;  as,  to  disencumber  troops  of 
their  baggage  ;  to  disencumber  the  soul  of  its  botfy  of 
clay  ;  to  dtsencumbcr  the  mind  of  its  cares  and  griefs. 
2.  To  free  from  any  obstruction  ;  to  free  from  any 


TONE,  BJJLL,,  IJNrra  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  <5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


DIS 

tiling  Iicavy  or  unnecessary  ;   as,  a  disencumbered 
buildinji.  Addison. 
DIS-EN-eUSI'BER-£D,  pp.  or  o.    Freed  from  encum- 
brance. 

DIS-EN-eUM'BER-ING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  encum- 
brance. 

DIS-E.\-eU.M'BR.\NCE,  n.  Freedom  or  deliverance 
from  encumbrance,  or  any  thing  burdensome  or  troub- 
lesome. Spectutur. 

DIS-E.\-GaGE',  v.  t.  [dis  and  engage.]  To  separate, 
as  a  substance  from  any  thin^  with  which  it  is  in 
union  ;  to  free  ;  to  loose  ;  to  liberate  ;  as,  to  disen- 
gage a  metal  from  extraneous  substances. 

Caloric  and  light  must  be  disengaged  during  the  process. 

Lavoisitr, 

2.  To  separate  from  that  to  which  one  adheres,  or 
is  attached  ;  as,  to  disengage  a  man  from  a  party. 

3.  To  disentangle  ;  to  extricate  ;  to  clear  from  im- 
pediments, difficulties,  or  perplexities  ;  <is,  to  disen- 
gage one  from  broils  or  controversies. 

4.  To  detach  ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  wean  ;  as,  to  r/iscn- 
gage  the  heart  or  affections  from  eailhly  [Jursnits. 

5.  To  free  from  any  thing  that  conim:iiids  the  mind 
or  employs  the  attention  ;  as,  to  ili.iengage  the  mind 
from  study;  to  disengage  one's  self  from  liusiness. 

6.  To  release  or  liberate  from  a  promise  or  obli- 
gation ;  to  set  free  by  dissolving  an  engagement ;  as, 
the  men  who  were  enlisted  are  now  disengaged  ;  the 
lady  who  liad  promised  to  give  her  hand  in  marriage 
is  disengaged. 

Let  it  be  observed,  that  disengaged  properly  implies 
previous  engagement,  and  is  not  to  be  confounded 
with  unengaged^  which  does  not  always  imply  prior 
engagement.  This  distinction  is  sometimes  careless- 
ly overlooked. 

DIS-EN-GaG'£D,  pp.  Separated  ;  detached ;  set  free  ; 
released  ;  disjoined  ;  disentangled. 

2.  a.  Vacant ;  being  at  leisure  ;  not  particularly 
occupied  ;  not  having  the  attention  confined  to  a  par- 
ticular object.  [  TVii's  iciird  is  thus  used  by  mistake  far 
Unengaoed,  not  engaged.] 

DIS-EX-GaG'ED-NESS,  11.    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  disengaged  ;  freedom  from  connection  ;  dis- 
2.  Vacuity  of  attention.  [junction. 

DI.S  EN'-GaG'E'iMEN  I',  n.  A  setting  free  ;  separation ; 
extrication. 

It  U  e!\sy  to  render  tliis  dieengagerneiU  of  caloric  nntl  light 
evident  to  the  senses.  £.avuisier. 

2.  The  act  of  separating  or  detaching. 

3.  Liberation  or  reh-ase  from  obligation. 

4.  Freedc.m  from  attention  ;  vacancy  ;  leisure. 
DIS-EN'-GaG'ING,  p;/r.   Separating;  loosing;  setting 

free  ;  detaching  ;  libcratiug  ;  releasing  fiom  obliga- 
Discngnging  mackineni.    See  Engaging.  [tion. 

DIS-Ei\-A'o'liLE,  i:  t.  To  deprive  of  title,  or  of  that 
which  ennobles.  Guardian. 

DIS-E.\-.\0'IiLED,  pp.  Deprived  of  title,  or  of  that 
which  ennobles. 

D!S-l',.\-l!nl.L',  r.  i.    To  erase  from  a  roll  or  list. 

DlS-lC.V-KfiLl, '/•;!),         Erased  from  a  mil.  [Donne. 

Dl.-^-K.N-Knl.L'I.N'G,  ;j;)r.    Erasing  fiom  a  roll  or  list. 

DIS-K.\-SI,A  VE'.  V.  t.    To  free  from  bondage.  Suiilh. 

L)l.<-EN-T.\X"GLE,(-en-tang'gl,)  v.  I.  [dis  and  entan- 
gle.] To  unravel ;  to  unfold  ;  to  untwist  ;  to  loose, 
separate,  or  disconnect  things  which  are  interwoven, 
or  united  without  order  ;  as,  to  disentangle  network  ; 
to  disentangle  a  skein  of  yarn. 

2.  To  free  ;  to  extricate  from  perplexity ;  to  disen- 
gage from  comjilicated  concerns  ;  to  set  free  from  im- 
pediments or  difiicnities  ;  as,  to  disentangle  one*sself 
from  bitsini  ss,  from  political  affairs,  or  from  the  cares 
and  ti-niptations  of  life. 

3.  Til  (lisi  iiL'.ige  ;  to  separate. 
DIS-E.N-TA.V  'G l.A.I), (-en-lang'ghl,)  pp.    Freed  from 

entanglement  ;  exlricaled. 

DIS-E\-TAi\"GLii-.ME.\T,  n.  The  act  of  disentan- 
gling. Warton. 

D1S-EX-TAN"GLI.\G,  ppr.  Freeing  from  entangle- 
ment ;  extricating. 

DIH-E.\-TER'.    See  Disinter. 

DIS-E.X-TMIIAT-L'.    See  Disinthrall. 

DI.S-EN-TIIUoNE',  B.  (.  [dis  and  enthrone.]  To  de- 
throne ;  to  (i'-pose  from  sovereign  authority  ;  as,  to 
diseiilliroiir  a  king.  Milton. 

DIS-E.N-'llIKo.N'yCU,  iv.  Deposed;  deprived  of  sov- 
ereign fMlWrr. 

D1.S-E\-TIIIU').\'L\G,  ppr.  Deposing;  depriving  of 
royal  aulhurity. 

ni.S-E.\-TI'Tlj:,  r.  t.    To  deprive  of  title.  Smth. 

DIH-E.N-TI'  I  I.A.I),         Deprived  of  title. 

D1S-E.\.TKa.\(;E',  II.  (.     [,/,.,  and  entrance.]  To 
awaken  from  a  trance,  or  from  deep  sleep  ;  to  arouse 
from  a  n  vi  ry.  Jludibras. 
from  a  trance,  sleep,  or  revery. 

DIS  E.S-TltANG'/CI),  (-i  n-tr.lnst',)  pp.  Awakened 

DIS-i;.V-TKA-N'<J'I\(;,  ;/;<r.  Arousing  from  a  trance, 
8leep,  or  revery. 

DIS  KKT',  a.    [L.  disertus.]  ICIoqucnt. 

DIS  ES  roi;«li',  c.  I.  [f/w  and  M/ioiwe.T  To  sep- 
arate after  mjiouiial  or  iiliglited  faith  ;  to  divorce. 

JUillim. 

DIS-EH-Pf)I,'S!'/;r),  p^.  Separated  after  cspoiiHal ;  re- 
leaned  from  obligation  lo  iiinrry. 


DIS 

DIS-ES-POUS'IiN'G,  ppr.  Separating  after  plighted 
faith. 

DIS-ES-TAB'LISH,  v.  t.  To  remove  from  establish- 
ment. 

DIS-ES-TEEM',  n.  [dis  and  esteem.]  Want  of  es- 
teem ;  slight  dislike ;  disregard.  It  expresses  less 
than  hatred  or  contempt.  Locke. 

DIS-ES-TEE.M',  v.  t.  To  dislike  in  a  moderate  de- 
gree ;  to  consider  with  disregard,  disapprobation, 
dislike,  or  slight  contempt ;  to  slight. 

Bnl  if  this  sacred  gift  you  disesteem.  Denliam. 

DIS-ES-TEEM'£D,pp.    Disliked;  slighted. 
DIS-E.S-TEEM'LN'G,p/)r.    Disliking;  slighting. 
DIS-ES-TI-Ma'TION,  71.    Disesteem  ;  bad  repute. 
DIS-EX'ER-CISE,  e.  £.    To  deprive  of  exercise.  [A 

bad  word.]  jMilton. 
DIS-FAX'UY,  V.  t.    To  dislike.    [JVot  used.] 

Hammond. 

DIS-F.\'VOR,  n.  [dis  and  faror.]  Dislike;  slight 
displeasure;  discountenance;  unfavorable  regttrd  ; 
disesteem  ;  as,  the  ctinduct  of  the  minister  incurred 
the  disfaevr  of  his  sovereign. 

2.  A  state  of  unacceptableness ;  a  state  in  which 
one  is  not  esteemed  or  favored,  or  not  patronized, 
promoted,  or  befriended  ;  as,  to  be  in  duifavor  at 
court. 

3.  An  ill  or  disobliging  act ;  as,  no  generous  man 
will  do  :i  disfavor  to  the  meanest  of  his  species. 

DIS-F.^ '  VOU,  r.  t.  To  discountenance  ;  to  withdraw 
or  withhold  from  one,  kindness,  friendship,  or  sup- 
port; to  check  or  oppose  by  disapprobation  ;  as,  let 
the  man  be  countenanced  or  disfavored,  according  to 
his  merits. 

DIS-Fa'VOR-£D,  pp.  Discountenanced;  not  fa- 
vored. 

DIS-F.y VOR-ER,  n.    One  who  discountenances. 

DIS-F.\'V01l-ING,  ppr.    Discountenancing.  [Bacon. 

DlS-Fi;.\'Tt;RE,  (-feet'yur,)  v.t.  To  deprive  of  fea- 
tures ;  to  disfigure. 

DI.S-FIG-i;-l!A  'riON,  ?i.  [See  Disfigure.]  The 
act  of  disfiguring,  or  marring  external  form. 

2.  The  slate  of  being  disfigured  ;  some  degree  of 
deformity. 

DIS-FIG't'iRE,  (-fig'ynr,)  c.  t.  [dis  and  figure.]  To 
change  to  a  worse  form  ;  to  mar  external  figure  ;  to 
impair  shape  or  form,  and  render  it  less  perfect  and 
beautiful ;  as,  the  loss  of  a  limb  disfigures  the  body. 

2.  To  mar;  to  impair;  to  injure  beauty,  symmetry, 
or  excellence. 

DIS-FIG'yR-£D,  (dis-fig'yuid,)  pp.  oro.  Changed  to 
a  worse  form  ;  impaired  in  form  or  appearance. 

DIS-FIG'CRE-.ME.N'T,  «.  Change  of  external  form 
to  the  worse  ;  defacement  of  beauty. 

Milton.  Sucklin". 

DIS-FIG'UR-ER,  (-fig'yiir-er,)  n.  One  who  disfig- 
ures. 

DIS-FIG'UU-ING,  ppr.  Injuring  the  form  or  shape  ; 
impairing  the  beauty  of  form. 

DIS  FOR' EST.    See  Disakforest. 

DIS-FRA.N'CHISE,  (-cliiz,)  e.  (.  [dis  and  franchise.] 
To  deprive  of  the  rights  and  jirivileges  of  a  free  citi- 
zen ;  to  deprive  of  chartered  rights  and  immunities; 
to  deprive  of  any  franchise,  as  of  tlie  right  of  voting 
in  elections,  &c.  BlacLitvnc. 

DIS-FRAN'CIIIS-/:D,  (dis-fran'chlzd,)  pp.  or  a.  De- 
prived of  the  rights  and  privileges  of  a  free  citizen, 
or  of  some  partiiMilar  franchise. 

DIS-FRAN'CIIlSi:-iMENT,  (dis-fran'chiz-ment,)  n. 
The  act  of  disfranchising,  or  depriving  of  the  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen,  or  of  some  particular  immu- 
nity. 

DIS-FRAN'CIIIS-ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen,  or  of  some  particular  immu- 
nity. 

DIS-FRI'AR,  ti.  <.  [rfi.t  and /riar.]  To  deprive  of  the 
state  of  a  friar.    [JVot  used.]  Sandy.-.: 

DIS-FUR'NISH,  J). /.  [dis  and  furnish.]  To  deprive 
of  furniture;  to  strip  of  apparatus,  habiliments,  or 
equipage.  Shalt.  KnoUes. 

DIS-FUR'."VISII-Kn,  (-fiir'nisht,)  pp.  Deprived  of 
furniture  ;  stripped  of  apparatus. 

DI.-^-FUK'.\ISII-L\G,  ppr.  Depriving  of  furniture  or 
apparatus. 

DIS-(J.VL'LANT,().  t.    To  deprive  of  gallantry.  [JVot 

used.]  B.  Jonson. 

DIS-GAR'NISH,  5).  f.  [dis  and  garnish.]  To  divest 
of  garniture  or  ornaments. 

2.  I'o  deprive  of  a  garrison,  guns,  and  military  ap- 
paratiis  ;  to  degarnish. 
DIS-GAR'RI-SON,  v.  I.    To  deprive  of  a  garrison. 

Hemit. 

DIS-GAR'RI  SO\-/:r),  pp.    Deprived  of  a  garrison. 
1)IS-(;AR'KI-S0.\-ING,  ppr.    Deprived  of  a  garrison. 
DIS-GAV'EL,  0.  (.     [See   Gavelkind.]     To  take 

BW.ay  the  tenure  of  gavelkind.  Blackstone. 
DIS-GAV'EL-y-.'l),  pp.     Deprived  of  the  tenure  by 

gavelkind. 

DlS-(; AVIOI,  I. N't;,  ppr.  Taking  away  tenure  by 
gavelkind.  Blnckstone. 

DI.S-GLO'RI-FV,  r.  r.  [dis  and  glorifti.]  To  deprive 
of  glory  ;  to  treat  with  indignity.  The  [iarticiple(/«- 
gliirilied  it)  used  by  Milton;  but  the  word  is  little 
iiHed.  I 


DIS 

DIS-GORGE',  (dis-gorj',)  v.  t.  [Fx.  degorger  i  de,  dis, 
and  gorge,  the  throat.  J 

1.  To  eject  or  discharge  from  the  stomach,  throat, 
or  mouth  ;  to  vomit. 

2.  To  throw  out  with  violence  ;  to  discharge  vio- 
lently or  in  great  quantities  from  a  confined  place. 
Thus,  volcanoes  are  said  to  disgorge  streams  of  burn- 
ing lava,  ashes,  and  stones.  Milton's  infernal  rivers 
disgorge  their  streams  into  a  burning  lake. 

3.  Fig.  To  yield  up  or  give  back  what  had  been 
seized  upon  as  one's  own  ;  as,  to  disgorge  his  ill- 
gotten  gains. 

DlS-GOKG'£D,  pp.     Ejected;  discharged  from  the 

stomach  or  inoutti ;  thrown  out  with  violence  antl  in 

great  quantities. 
DIS-GORGE'.MENT,  (dis-gorj'ment,)  n.    The  act  of 

disgorging;  a  vomiting.  JIull 
DIS-GOUG'Ii\G,  ppr.     Discharging  from  the  throat 

or  mouth  ;  vomiting;  ejecting  with  violence  and  in 

great  quantities. 
DKS-GOS'PEL,  ».  t.    [dis  and  gospel.]    To  differ  from 

the  precepts  of  the  gospel.     [JV"o(  used.]  Mdton, 
DIS-GR.aCE',  n.    [dis  and  grace]    A  state  of  being 

out  of  favor ;  disfavor;  disesteem;  as,  the  minister 

retired  from  court  in  disgrace. 

2.  Sttite  of  ignominy  ;  dishonor,  shame. 

3.  Cause  of  shame  ;  as,  to  turn  the  bacK  to  the 
enemy  is  a  foul  disgrace ;  every  vice  is  a  disgrace  to 
a  rational  being. 

4.  Act  of  unkindness.    [JVot  used.]  Sidney. 
DIS-GRaCE',  v.  t.    To  put  out  of  favor ;  as,  the  min- 
ister was  disgraced. 

2.  To  bring  a  reproach  on;  to  dishonor;  as  an 
agent.  Men  are  apt  to  take  pleasure  in  disgracing  an 
enemy  and  his  performances. 

3.  To  bring  to  shame  ;  to  dishonor  ;  to  sink  in  es- 
timation ;  as  a  cause ;  as,  men  often  boast  of  actions 
whicli_r/i.,CTrace  them. 

DIS-GR  aC'A'D,  (dis-grist',)  pp.  or  a.  Put  out  of  favor ; 
brought  under  reproach  ;  dishonored. 

DIS-GRaCE'FUL,  a.  Shameful  ;  reproachful ;  dis- 
honorable :  procuring  shame ;  sinking  reputation. 
Cowardice  is  disgraciful  to  a  soldier.  Intemperance 
and  profaneness  are  disgraceful  to  a  man,  but  mote 
disgraceful  to  a  woman. 

DIS-GRaCE'FIJL-LY,  adv.    With  disgrace. 

TIte  senate  iiavc  cast  you  forth  disgracefully.        B.  Jonson. 
2.  Shamefully  ;  reproachfully  ;  ignominibusly  ;  in 
a  disgraceful  manner;  as,  the  troops  Aed  disgrace- 
fullit. 

DIS-GRaCE'FUL-NESS,  71.  Ignoniiuy  ;  shameful- 
ness. 

DIS-GRa'CER,  n.  One  who  disgraces ;  one  who  ex- 
poses to  disgrace  ;  one  who  brings  into  disgrace, 
shame,  or  contempt. 

DIS-GRa'CING,  ppr.  Bringing  reproach  on  ;  dishon- 
oring. 

DIS-GllA'ClOUS,  a.  [dis  and  gracious.]  Ungracious; 
uiipleasing.  Sltak, 

DIS-GRaDE',  v.  t.    Our  old  word  for  Degrade. 

DIS'GRE-GaTE,  e.  t.  To  separate  ;  to  disperse.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  More. 

DIS-GUISE',  (dis-gize',)  v.t.  [Fr.  deguiser ;  dc,  dis, 
and  guise,  manner.] 

1.  To  conceal  by  an  unusual  habit  or  mask.  Men 
sometimes  disguise  themselves  for  the  purpose  of 
committing  crimes  without  danger  of  detection. 
They  disLruise  their  faces  in  a  masquerade. 

2.  To  hide  by  a  counterfeit  appeartiiice  ;  to  cloak 
by  a  false  show,  by  false  language,  or  an  artificial 
manner  ;  as,  to  dUguise  anger,  sentiments,  or  in- 
tentions. 

3.  To  disfigure;  to  alter  the  form,  and  exhibit  an 
unusual  appearance. 

Th-^y  saw  the  faces,  which  too  well  they  knew, 

Tliongh  tlien  disguised  in  death.  Dryilen. 

4.  To  disfigure  or  deform  by  liquor;  to  intoxicate. 
DIS-GUISE',  H.  A  counterfeit  habit ;  a  dress  intend- 
ed to  conceal  the  person  who  wt^ars  it.  By  tlie  laws 
of  England,  persons  doing  unlawful  acis  in  disguise, 
are  subjected  to  heavy  penalties,  and,  in  some  cases, 
declari^d  felons. 

2.  A  false  appearance  ;  a  counterfeit  show  ;  an  ar- 
tificial or  assumed  appearance  intended  fo  detx'ive 
the  beholder.  A  treacherous  design  is  often  con- 
cealed iiiitler  the  disguise  of  great  caiiilor. 

3.  Cluuige  of  manner  by  drink  ;  intoxication. 
DIS-GUIS'f.'l),  (dis-glzd', )/)/).  or  11.    Concealed  by  a 

counterfeit  Iniliit  or  appearance  ;  intoxicated. 
DIS-GUISE'MEN'I',  7i.    Dress  of  concealment;  false 
appearance. 

DIS-(;urs'ER,  (dis-giz'er,)  7i.     One  who  disguises 
himself  or  another. 
2.  lie  or  tlitit  wliirli  disfigures. 

DIS-GUIS'ING,  ppr.  Concealing  by  a  counterfeit  dress, 
or  by  n  false  slmw  ;  intoxicating. 

DIS-tiUIS'lNG,  71.  The  act  of  giving  a  false  ap- 
pearance. 

2.  Theatrical  mummery,  or  masking. 
DIS  GUST',  H.    [Ft.  degoit !  de,  dus,  and  go<lt,laste, 
L.  gu.stus.] 

I.  Disrelish  ;  distaste  ;  aversion  to  the  taste  of  fond 
or  ilrink  ;  an  unpleasant  sensation  excited  in  the  or- 


KATE,  FAR,  P^LL,  WU^T  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


344 


DIS 

gans  of  lasts  by  sointtliinE  disacreeublc,  and,  wlien 
cxtri'ine,  pruduciiis  luathiiig  or  nausea. 

■J.  Dislike;  aversion;  an  unpleasant  sensation  in 
the  mind,  excited  by  soniethinR  offensive  in  the  man- 
ners, conduct,  huiRiiage.or  ofiinions  of  others,  Tliua, 
obscenity  in  language,  and  cluwnishness  in  behavior, 
excite  (lisifHst, 
l)lri-(JL'ST',  »._(.   To  eicite  aversion  in  tlie  stomach  ; 
to  olfeiid  the  taste. 
2.  To  displease  ;  to  ofTend  the  mind  or  moral  taste  ; 
I      Willi  at  or  with  ;  as,  to  be  disgtisleil  at  foppery,  or  with 
I      vulgar  manners.    To  disgujt  from  Is  unusual  and 
hardly  U'!:itimaIo. 
DI.-^-(;U.ST'En,;//>.    Displeased  ;  offended, 
i  Ills  (iUriT'l-'JJl.,  <i.  Offensive  to  the  taste  ;  nauseous ; 
exritin^;  aversion  in  the  natural  or  mural  tasti'. 

(UTST'ING,  i>i>r.  I'rovoking  aversion  ;  offending 
Ihe  taste. 

•3.  II.    Provoking  dislike ;  odious  ;  hateful ;  as,  Jis- 
1      i'(<.vfifirt-  servility. 
UL-i-GUST'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  give  dis- 
gust. Swinburne. 
DISH,  71.    [Sax.  diic,  a  dish,  and  dUas,  dishes  ;  L.  dis- 
:  (Jr.  oicKoc  Kr.  din/ur ;  Arm.  dis^  ;  W.disirijl; 
Sp.  It.  disco.    It  is  the  same  word  as  dLk  and  desk, 
and  seems  to  signify  something  flat,  plain,  or  ex- 
tended.] 

1.  .\  broad,  open  vessel,  made  of  various  materials, 
used  for  serving  up  meat  and  various  kinds  of  f>Hi<i 
at  the  table.  It  is  sonietnnes  used  for  a  deep,  hollow 
vessel  for  liipion*.  Jlddison.  Milton. 

S.  The  meat  or  provisions  served  in  a  dish.  Hence, 
any  particular  kind  of  food. 

1  tiRvc  ficrc  a  rfuA  of  tlorc*.  Skak. 

We  say,  a  di.<h  of  veal  or  venison  ;  a  cold  <ii>7» ;  a 
warm  dUh ;  a  delicious  dish, 

:i.  .\mong  miners,  a  Irougli  in  which  ore  is  meas- 
ured, about  OS  inches  long,  4  deep,  and  6  wide. 

Knctje. 

DISH,  r.  (.  To  put  in  a  dish  ;  as,  Uie  meat  is  all  dished, 

and  readv  for  the  table. 
DISII'-eL'OTII,  ( II.    .\  cloth  used  for  washing  and 
DISH'-eLOUT,  j     wiping  dishes.  Swift. 
DISII'-WASH-KR,  (-wosh'er,)  n.   The  name  of  a 

bird,  ttie  mergus.  Johnson. 
D1S1I'-\VA-TEK,   n.    Water  in  which  dishes  are 

wa-^hed. 

DIS-ll  A-Un/I-TATE,  f,  U   To  disqualify, 

DkS-H.\-l!ll.LE',  (dis-a-bil',)  n.  [Fr.  deshabiUi  ;  des 
and  habilter,  to  dress,    ^ee  Habit.] 

.\n  undress  ;  a  loose,  negligent  dre.ss  for  the  morn- 
ing. Hut  see  Deshabille,  the  French  and  more  cor- 
rect ortliogniphy. 

Dryden  uses  the  word  as  a  participle,  "  Queens  are 
not  to  be  too  negligently  dressed  or  dishubiUe.'^  In 
this  use  he  is  not  followeih 

DIS-IIAIVIT,  r.  (.  To  drive  froni  a  habitation.  [JVut 
in  usf.]  Shiik. 

DIS-ll.\.R--Mo'M-OUS,  a.  lucoiigriious.  [See  Us- 
HAnMoxioitj.)  flalliiMrU, 

DIS-HAR'.MU-.NY,  ti.  [dis  nnA  hnrmony.]  \Vant  of 
liarmonv  ;  discord  ;  incongruity.    [A'nt  iisrd.] 

DIS-I!E.\RT'i;.V,  (dis-hirt'n,)  v.  U    [dts  and  Ai-,irf.] 
To  discounigi!  ;  to  deprive  of  courage  ;  to  depress 
the  spirits  ;  to  deject ;  to  impress  with  fear  ;  as,  it  is 
weaknes.s  to  be  di^heartenetl  bv  small  obstiicles. 

DIS-HE.iiIlT'i;.\-KD,  (dis  h.irt'nil,)  pt>.  or  a.  Discour- 
aged ;  depressed  in  spirits  ;  cast  down. 

DIS-HE.\RT'j;.N-I.\G,  (dis-hirl'n-ing,)  ppr.  or  o.  Dis- 
couraging ;  depressing  the  spirits. 

DISH'KD,  (disht,)  pp.    Put  in  a  dish  ur  dishes. 

DIS-IIBIII',  (diz-are'j)  r.  <.  To  debar  from  inheriting. 
l.X'vt  in  iA.vf.]  Drffden. 

DfS-HER'I-SO.\,  n.  [See  Dishebit.]  The  act  of  dis- 
inheriting, or  cutting  off  from  inheritance.  Bp.  Hall. 

DIS-IIER'IT,  V.  L  [Fr.  desheriler ;  dts,  du^,  and  he- 
ritrr;  Arm.  diserita;  IL  disere4art  i  ^p.  dcsheredar. 
See  lUin.] 

To  disinherit ;  to  cut  ofTfmm  the  possession  or  en- 
joyment of  an  inheritance.  [See  Di9i.>hehit,  which 
is  more  generallv  used.] 

DIS-HER'1T-A.\CE,  n.  The  state  of  disheriting,  or 
of  being  disinherited.  Beaum. 

DIS-IIER'IT-ED,  pp.  Cut  off  from  an  inheritance  or 
liereditarv  succession. 

DIS-HER'IT-IXO,  ppr.  Cutting  off  from  an  inherit- 
ance. Sprnscr. 

1)I-SHEV'£L,  (de-dhev'l,)  v.  I.  [Fr.  deduceler :  de, 
dis,  and  cJuveu.,  hair,  cJucclu,  hairy,  L.  eapillus.  Class 
Gb.J 

T  o  spread  the  hair  loosely  ;  to  suffer  the  hair  of  the 
hi'ad  to  hang  negligently,  and  to  flow  without  con- 
finement ;  ujed  diiejltj  in  ihe  passive  participle. 

DI-SUEV'f.'L,  e.  i.    To  spread  in  disorder.  Herbert. 

l)l-SHEV'i;L-i;D,  (de-shev'ld,)  pp.  or  o.  llangmg 
liKwely  and  negligently  without  confinement ;  flow- 
ing in  disorder;  as,  disherrled  locks. 

DI  SHE V'/;L-Ii\G,  ppr.    Spreading  loosely. 

UISH'ING,  ppr.  (See  Duh.]  Putting  in  a  dish  or 
dishes. 

2.  a.  Concave  ;  having  the  hollow  form  of  a  dish. 

Mortimer. 

l)I»-nOX'EST,  (diz-on'cst,)  a.  [dis  and  honest.]  Void  I 


DIS 

of  honesty  ;  destitute  of  probity,  integrity,  or  good 
faith  ;  faithless  ;  fraudulent  ;  knavish  ,  having  ur 
exercising  a  dis(Kjsition  to  deceive,  cheat,  and  de- 
fraud ;  applied  to  persons  ;  as,  a  dislifmest  man. 

a.  Proceeding  from  fraud,  or  marked  by  it ;  fraud- 
ulent ;  knavish  ;  as,  a  dishonest  transaction. 

3.  Disgraced  ;  distnuiured  ;  from  the  sense  in  Latin. 
Ditlioneat  wilh  loppcil  nniis  tho  yomh  RpfH'ara.  DryUn. 

4.  Disgraceful;  ignominious;  from  the  Latin  sense. 
Inglorioua  iriuiiipiis  ami  ili^huncst  »c-in*.  Pope. 

5.  Unchaste  ;  lewd.  Shak. 
DIS-IION'EST-LY,  (diz-on'est-ly,)  adv.    In  a  dishon- 
est manner  ;  without  good  faith,  probity,  or  integrity  ; 
with  fraudulent  views  ;  knavishly.  Slutli. 

•2.  Lewdly  ;  unchastely.  Ecclesiasticus. 
DIS-IION'ES-TY,  (diz-on'es-ty,)  n.   Want  <if  probity, 
or  integrity  in  principle  ;  failhlessness  ;  a  ilisiHisition 
to  cheat  or  defraud,  or  to  deceive  and  betray  ;  applied 
to  persons. 

2.  Violation  of  trust  or  of  justice;  fraud;  treach- 
ery ;  any  deviation  from  probity  or  integrity  ;  applied 
to  acts. 

3.  Unchastity;  incontinence;  lewdness.  ShaM. 

4.  Deceit;  wickedness;  shame.    2  Cur.  iv. 
DIS-IIO,\'()ll,  (di/.-on'or,)  n.    f dis  aiul  honor.]  Re- 
proach ;  disgrace  ;  ignominy  ;  shame  ;  whatever  con- 
stitutes a  stain  or  bleinish  on  the  reputation. 

ft  W.13  not  tnpct  for  vu  to  scv  the  king's  dUbonor.  —  F.tm  iv. 

It  may  express  less  than  iirnmniny  and  infamij. 
DIS-IION'OR,  V.  t.  To  disgrace;  to  bring  reproach  or 
shame  on  ;  to  stain  the  character  of:  to  lessen  repu- 
tation. The  duelist  dishonors  himself  to  maintain 
his  honor.  The  impunity  of  the  crimes  of  great 
men  dishonors  the  adiiiini>tration  of  the  laws, 

2,  To  treat  >vith  indignity,  Dnjden. 

3,  To  violate  the  chastity  of;  to  ilebaiich.  Drijihn. 

4,  To  refuse  or  decline  to  accept  or  Jiay  ;  as,  to  dis- 
honor a  bill  of  exchange, 

DIS-IIO.\'()R-A-BLE,  (diz-on'or-a-bl,)  a.  Shameful  ; 
repro,ichfiil  ;  base  ;  vile  ;  bringing  shame  on  ;  stain- 
ing the  character,  and  lessening  reputation.  Evtrry 
act  of  mi  anness  and  every  vice  is  dishonorable. 

2.  Destitute  of  honor  ;  as,  a  dishonorable  man. 

3.  In  a  state  of  neglect  or  disesieein. 

lie  that    ilUhonorable  in  riches,  how  much  inorf  in  jxivrrty  !  — 
Ecclesiasticus. 

DIS-IION'OR-A-nLV,  ade.  Reproachfully  ;  in  a  dis- 
hononible  manner. 

DIS-HOi\'OR-.\-RV,  (diz-on'or-a-ry,)  a.  Bringing  dis- 
honor on  ;  tending  to  disgrace  ;  lessening  reputation. 

Holmes, 

DIS-IIO.\'OR-£D,  pp.  Disgraced  ;  brought  into  disre- 
pute. 

DIS-IIOX'OR-ER,  n.  One  who  dishonors  or  dis- 
graces ;  one  who  treats  another  with  indigiiitv. 

M'dton. 

DIS-IION'OR-IXG,  ppr.  Disiracing  ;  bringing  inUi 
disrepute  ;  treating  with  indignity. 

DIS-I10U.\',  V.  t.  [dis  and  horn.]  To  deprive  of 
horns.  Sliak. 

DIS-H(JR.\'/:n,  (  hornd,)  pp.    Stripped  of  horns. 

DIS-II()K.N'l.\(;,;v<r.    Depriving  of  horns. 

DlS-liu'MOR,  n.  [i/w  and  AuiKur.j  Peevishness  ;  ill 
humor.  Spcctalor, 

DlS-l.M  PARK',  o.  L  [dLi,  in,  and  park.]  To  free 
from  the  barriers  of  a  park  ;  to  free  from  restraints 
or  seclusion.    [Litllc  used,]  Spectiitor. 

DIS-l.M  PKOVE'.ME.NT,  ii.  [dis  and  improvemenl.] 
Reduction  from  a  better  to  a  worse  state  ;  the  con- 
trary to  improvement  or  melioration  ;  as,  the  disim- 
provcmcnt  of  the  earth.    [Little  used.] 

j\  orris.  Swift 

DIS-I.\-e.\R'CER-.:^TE,  r.  t.  [dis  and  incarcerate.] 
To  liberate  from  prismi ;  to  set  free  from  confine- 
ment.   r.Viit  miieh  u-ied.]  Harvey. 

DIS-l.\-eLl.\-A'TIO.\,  n.  [dU  anA  inelination.]  Want 
of  inclination  ;  want  of  propensity,  desire,  or  affec- 
tion ;  sliglil  dislike  ;  ax'ersion  ;  expressing  less  than 
hau. 

Di«appointn)*nt  g-.tvc  hjin  a  dstineUnatuM  10  tlM  £i[r  aex. 

ArbothnuU 

DIS-I.N-ei.I.\E',  r.  I.  [dis  and  incline.]  To  excite 
dislike  or  slight  aversion  ;  to  make  disaffectecl ;  to 
alienate  from.  His  timidity  disinclined  him  from 
such  an  arduous  eiiteriirisc. 

DlS-l.\-ei.I.\'/;D,  pp.  or  a.    Not  inclined  ;  averse. 

DIS-l.\-eLIN'l.\G,  ppr.  Exciting  dislike  or  slight 
aversion. 

DIS-I.N'-CLOSE',  r.  L  [dii  anil  inclose.]  To  open  an 
inrlosiire;  to  iJirow  open  what  has  been  inclosed; 
to  dis|>ark. 

DlS-I.N-eOR'PO-RATE,  r.  L  To  deprive  of  corporate 
powers  ;  to  disunite  a  corporate  btniy,  or  an  esiab- 
lislu'd  society.  Hume. 

2.  To  deUich  or  separate  from  a  corpor.aion  or  so- 
ciety. Bacon. 

DIS-I.V  COR'PO-RA-TED,  pp.  Deprived  of  corporate 
powers. 

DlS-l.\-COR'P0-RA-TING,;>pr.  Depriving  of  corpo- 
rate powers. 

DlS-I.\-COR-PO-RA'TION,  h.  Deprivation  of  the 
rigliLs  and  privileges  of  a  corporation.  IVartau. 


DIS 

DIS-LN-FECT',  r.  (.  [dis  and  infect.]  To  cleanae 
from  infection  ;  to  purity  from  c<iiitagioiiK  matter. 

DIS-I.N'-FECT'ANT,  ii.  An  agent  for  removing  the 
causes  f>f  infection,  as  chlorine.  Cooteij. 

DIS-I.N-FECT  El),  pp.  or  a.    Cleansed  from  infection. 

I)1S-IN-FECT'L\'G,  ppr.  or  o.  Purifying  from  infec- 
tion. 

DIS-I.\-FEe'TION,  (  in-fek'shun,)  n.  Piirifiratlon 

from  infecting  matter.  Med.  Urpon. 

I)IS-I.\-GE-.\U'I-'1'Y,  7U    [dis  ani  in^enuitij.]  .M.:an- 

iiess  of   artifice  ;    unfairness  ;    disingeniioiisness ; 

want  of  candor.  Clarendon, 
[This  word  is  little  used,  or  not  at  all,  in  the  sense 

here  explained.    See  In(;enl*itv.    Wc  now  use,  in 

lieu  of  it,  DiSI  NfiENtJorsN  E99.1 

DIS-Ii\GEN'II-OUS,a.  [dui  nttA  mgrnuous,]  Unfair; 
not  open,  frank,  and  candid  ;  meanly  artful  ;  illili-  j 
eral  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Unfair;  meanly  artful ;  unbecoming  true  honor 
and  dignity  ;  as,  disinocnuons  conduct ;  disinfrenooiu 
schemes. 

DlS-lN-(iF;.\'lJ-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  disingenuous  man- 
ner ;  unfairly  ;  not  openly  and  candidly  ;  with  secret 
management. 

DIS-IN-GE.V'Q-OUS-NE.SS,  n.  Unfairness;  want  of 
cantlur  ;  low  craft  ;  as,  the  distnoenuoitsness  of  a 
man,  or  of  his  mind. 

2.  Characterized  by  unfairness,  as  conduct  or  prac- 
lice?-. 

DIS  l.\-HAIl'lT-ED,p;».    Deprived  of  inhabitants. 

DIS-I.\"-I1ER'I-S0N,  n.  [i/i-v  anil  iHAcrii.]  The  act  of 
cutting  off  from  hereditary  succession  ;  the  act  of 
disinheriting.  Bacon,  Clarendon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  disinherited.  Taylor. 

DIS-IN-IIER'IT,  c.  t.  [dis  and  inherit.]  To  cut  off 
from  hereditary  right ;  to  deprive  of  an  inheritance  ; 
to  prevent,  as  an  lu^ir,  from  coining  into  imssession  of 
any  property  or  right,  which,  by  law  or  custom, 
Would  devolve  on  him  in  the  course  of  descent.  A 
father  sometimes  disinherit  his  children  by  will.  In 
Kngland,  the  crown  is  descendible  to  the  eldest  son, 
who  can  not  be  di<inlicrited  by  the  will  of  his  father. 

DIS-IN-IIER'IT-ED,  pp,  or  a.  Cut  off  from  an  inher- 
itance. 

DIS-IN-HER'IT-IXG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  an  heredi- 
tary estate  or  riglil. 
DIS-iX-IlU.ME',  V.  t.    To  disinter. 
DIS-IX'TE-GRA-ULE,  a.     [dis  and  integer.]  That 
may  be  separated  into  integrant  parts  ;  capable  of 
disintegnition. 

Argillo-calcitc  ia  readily  disintegrabte  Ity  expo«ure  to  the  atmo*- 
pliere.  A'trwan. 
DIS-IN'TE-GRaTE,  v.  t.    [dis  and  integer,]    To  sep- 
arate the  integrant  parts  of. 

Marlilr^  arc  noi  disinugratfl  by  exposure  to  Uie  atinosnhere,  at 
\ias\.  ill  aix  yearn.  Kirvsin. 

DI.S-IN'TE-GRa-TED,  pp.  Separated  into  integrant 
parts  without  chemical  action. 

D1S-1.\'TE-(;Ra-TIXG,  ppr.  Separating  into  inte- 
grant parts. 

DIS-IN-TE-GRa'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  separating 
inli  orant  parts  of  a  substance,  as  distinguished  from 
decom[>osition,  or  the  separation  of  constituent  parts. 

Kirwan, 

DIS-IX-TER',  r.  I,  [dis  and  infer.]  To  take  out  of  a 
grave,  or  out  of  the  earth  ;  as,  to  disinter  a  dead  body 
that  is  buried. 

2.  To  take  out,  as  from  a  grave ;  to  bring  from  ob- 
scurity into  view. 

The  philosopii'-T  —  may  lie  conceiOed  in  a  pIfbrLan,  which  a 
proper  cilucalion  might  liavc  disinterred,  [tfnutuaj.] 

Addison. 

DIS-fX'TER-ESS-ED,  )  c  r>  ... 
DIS-IN'TER-ESS-.MEXT,  (  Duisterested,  &c. 
DIS-IN'TER-EST,  n.    [dis  and  intrrest]     What  is 

contrary  to  the  interest  or  advantage ;  disadv,-.r,!.age ; 

injury.  [Little  tun/,  or  not  at  aJl.]  QUncill^ 
2.  Indifference  to  profit ;  want  of  regard  to  private 

advantage.  Johnson. 
DIS-IX'TER-EST,  r.  f.    To  disengage  from  private 

interest  or  personal  ailvantage.    [Liide  used.] 

Feltham, 

DIS-IN'TER-EST-ED,  a.  Uninterested  ;  indifferent ; 
free  from  self-interest ;  having  no  separate  personal 
interest  or  private  advantage  in  aipiestion  or  affair. 
It  is  important  that  a  judge  should  be  perfectly  disin- 
terested. 

2.  Not  influenced  or  dictated  by  private  advan- 
tage ;  as,  a  duinterested  decision. 

['I'his  word  is  more  generally  used  than  U.ximter- 

E5TED.] 

DIS-IX'TER  EST-E: 
manner. 

DIS-IX'TER  EST-ED  NESS,  n.  The  suite  or  quality 
of  having  no  separate  p;'rson.al  interest  or  private 
advantagt:  in  a  question  or  event ;  freedom  from  bias 
or  prejudice,  on  account  of  private  interest;  indiffer- 
ence. Broion, 

DIS-IX'TER-EST-IXG,  a.  Uninteresting. 
[  7'A«  latter  is  the  word  now  used.] 

DIS-IN-TER'.MEXT,  n.  The  act  of  disinterring,  or 
taking  out  of  the  earth. 

D1S-1.\-TER'RKD,  (dis-in-turd',)  pp.  Taken  out  of 
the  earth  or  grave. 


-ED-LY,  ttdc     In  a  disinterested 


TONE,  Blv'LL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — G  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


« 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS-IN-TER'RING,  ppr.  Taking  out  of  the  earth,  or 
out  of  a  ffruve. 

DIS-I.N-THRALL',  (dis-in-thrawl',)  B.  £.  [dis  and  in- 
lltrall.]  To  liberate  from  slavery,  bondage,  or  servi- 
tude ;  to  free  or  rescue  from  oppression.  South. 

D1S-I.\-THRALL'E1),  pp.    Set  free  from  hondaee. 

DIS-IN  THRALL'ING,  ppr.  Delivering  from  slavery 
or  servitude. 

DIS-[N-THRALL'MENT,  n.  Liberation  from  bon- 
dage ;  emancipation  from  slavery.  E.  JVott. 

DIS-IN-IJRE',  B.  U  [dis  and  mure.]  To  deprive  of 
fmiiliarity  or  custom.  Jililton. 

DI.S-IN-lJR'£n,  pp.    Deprived  of  familiar  custom. 

DI.S-IN-VAL-ID'I-TY,  «.    Want  of  validity. 

DIS-IN-VTTE',  I'.  (.    To  recall  an  invitation.  Finett. 

Dl.S-IN  VlT'ING,  T)/"-.    Retracting  an  invitation. 

niS-IN-VOLVE',  (dis-iu-volv',)  )i.  t.  [itis  and  in- 
vater.]  To  uncover  ;  to  unfold  or  unroll  j  to  disen- 
tangle. More. 

D1S-[.V-VC)LV'OT,  pp.    Unfolded;  disentangled. 

DIS-IN-V()LV'ING,  ppr.    Freeing  from  entanglement. 

DIS-JEG'TION,  H.  Act  of  overthrowing  or  dissipating. 

DIS-JOFN',  J).  (.  [dis  ami  join.]  To  part ;  to  disunite  ; 
to  separate  ;  to  sunder. 

DI.S-JOIN'/!D,  pp.  or  a.    Disunited  ;  separated. 

DIS-JOIN'ING,  ppr.    Disuniting  ;  severing. 

DlS-JO[NT',  V.  I.  [dis  and  joint.]  To  separate  a 
joint ;  to  separate  parts  united  by  joints  ;  as,  to  dis- 
joint the  limbs;  to  disjoint  bones;  to  disjoint  a  fowl 
in  carving. 

9.  To  put  out  of  joint ;  to  force  out  of  its  socket ; 
to  dislocate. 

ri.  To  separate  at  junctures  ;  to  break  at  the  part 
where  things  are  united  by  cement;  as,  disjointed 
coUinins. 

•i.  To  break  in  jiieres  ;  to  separate  united  parts  ; 
as,  to  disjoint  an  edifice  ;  the  disjointed  pans  of  a 
ship. 

5.  To  break  the  natural  order  and  relations  of  a 
thitig  ;  t()  make  incoherent ;  as,  a  disjointed  speech. 

niS-.l()l.\T',  i!.  1.    To  fall  in  pieces.  SImk. 

I)IS-J()L\T',  a.    Disjointed.  S/mk. 

DI.'s-JOI.XT'En,  pp.  tu  a.  Separated  at  the  joints; 
parted  limb  from  limb  ;  carved  ;  put  out  of  joint ;  not , 
cnhereut. 

DIS-JOI.\T'ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  disjointed. 
I>l.-*-JOLNT'l\(J,  ppr.     Separating  joints  ;  disjoining 
limb  from  limb  ;  breaking  at  the  seams  or  junctures  ; 
rendering  incoherent. 
DIS-J' .INT'I,y,  ai/ii.    In  a  divided  state.  Sandys. 
DIS-JU-DI-eA'TION,  71.    [L.  dijudicatio.] 

Judgment ;  determination.    [A''ot  used.]  Boyle. 
DIS-JUNCT',  0.    [L.  disjuHctus,  disjnngo ;  dis  and 
jun<jn^  to  join.] 

Disjoined  ;  separated. 
DI.S-.IUNe'TrON,  71.    [L.  disjunctio.] 

The  act  of  disjoining  ;  disunion;  separation;  a 
parting;  as,  the  disjunction  of  soul  and  body, 
DIS-JUNCT'IVE,  a.    Separating;  disjoining. 

2.  Incapable  of  union.    [C/niLsuid.]  Orew, 

3.  In  grammar,  a  disjunctive  conjunction  or  con- 
nective is  a  word  which  unites  sentences  or  the  parts 
of  discourse  in  construction,  but  disjoins  the  sense, 
noting  an  alternative  or  opposition  ;  as,  I  love  him, 
or  I  fear  him  ;  I  neither  love  him,  7ior  fear  him. 

4.  In  loirie,  ti  disjunctive  proposition,  is  one  in  which 
the  parts  are  opposed  to  each  other,  by  means  of  dis- 
junctives •,  as,  it  is  either  day  or  night. 

A  disjunctive  syllogism,  is  when  the  major  proposi- 
tion is  disjunctive ;  as,  the  earth  moves  in  a  circle,  or  an 
ellipsis;  but  it  does  not  move  in  a  circle,  therefore  it 
moves  ill  an  ellipsis.  fVatls. 
DIS-JL'.Xe  T'l  VE,  H.  A  word  that  disjoins;  as  or, 
nor,  neiflicr. 

Dl.S-Jir.N'f'T'l  VE-I.Y,  adv.  In  a  disjunctive  manner ; 
separately. 

Disk,  71.    [Ij.  di.scus.    Si  e  DiHii  and  Desk.] 

1.  'I'he  face  or  visible  projeclioii  of  a  celestial  holly, 
usually  predicated  of  the  sun,  moon,  or  planets;  but 
tile  stars  have  also  apjiarriit  iltsl:s,        IX  Olmsted. 

9.  A  ipioit ;  a  piece  of  stone,  iron,  or  co[)per,  in- 
clining to  an  oval  figure,  u  liirli  the  aiicii.-iits  hurled 
by  the  help  of  a  li  atheni  tlioiiii  tied  round  the  per- 
son's hand,  and  put  lliroiigli  a  hole  in  the  middle. 

Sum*;  wliirl  ili'r  dink  ami  ituiiic  ttn;  J.ivirliii  Uiirt.  Pope. 

ri.  In  botany,  the  whole  surface  of  a  leaf;  the  cen- 
tr:il  part  of  a  radiate  compound  flower.  Martyn. 

A  term  nppln  d  to  ceilaiii  bodies  nr  proji'ctiiiiis  sit- 
uati-d  briwi  i  ii  ih,'  has,-  i,f  the  ^laiueiis  and  the  base 
of  ilii'  ovarv,  init  frrniiiig  p:irl  with  iiriiliir.  /.lodtn/. 
DH  KIND'N'ESS,  „.    [,/,,,.  and  kindness.]    Want  of 
kmiliiess;  iiiikiniliiesH  ;  want  of  nlleilKui. 

2.  Ill  turn  ;  injury;  detrimeiil.  Woodward. 
DIS-IJKE',  II.    [dis  and  l,kr.]    Disapprohaliou  ;  dis- 
inclination ;  displea'<iiri'  :  aviT'lon  ;  a   ilerale  dr. 

([fee  of  hatred.  A  man  kIiows  his  dislil.r  in  measures 
wliii  li  be  diKapprove.,  to  a  prci|iMsal  n  hii  li  he  is  dis- 
inclined to  accept,  and  lo  Inod  vvliii  h  be  ihu  H  not 
relish.  All  wise  and  guixl  men  iiiandi  Hi  their  dislike 
to  folly. 

9.  DiTord  ;  diHagreement.    [JiTot  in  use,]  Fairfai. 
DIS-LIKE',  V.  I.    'I'u  diMipprove  ;  to  regard  with  some 
averHion   or  diaplcnHUru.     We  dislike  iirnceediiiKs 


which  we  deem  wrong;  we  dislike  persons  of  evil 

habits ;  we  dislike  whatever  gives  us  pain. 
2.  To  disrelish  ;  to  regard  with  some  disgust ;  as, 

to  dislike  particular  kinds  of  food. 
DIS-LIK'KD,  (dis-likt',)  pp.  Disapproved  ;  disrelished. 
DIS-LIKETUL,   a.      Disliking;   disaflected.  [JVot 

used.]  Spenser. 
DIS-LlK'£N,  (dis-llk'n,) »). «.    To  make  unlike.  Shak. 
DIS-LlK'EN-£D,pp.    iMade  unlike. 
DIS-LTKE'NESS,  7i.    [dis  and  likeness.]    Unlikeness  ; 

want  of  resemblance  ;  dissimilitude.  Locke. 
DIS-LTK'ER,  7i.    One  who  disapproves  or  disrelishes. 
DIS-LIK'Ii\G,  ppr.    Dis.approving  ;  disrelishing. 
DIS-LIiMB',  (dis-lim',)  v.  t.    To  tear  the  limbs  from. 

Diet. 

DIS-LIMB'-ED,  (-liind',)  pp.    Torn  limb  from  limb. 
DIS-MMN',  (dis-lim',)  J),  t.   To  strike  out  of  a  picture. 

[J^ot  in  use.]^  Shak. 
DIS'LO-e.yi'E,  a.  Dislocated.  Montgomery. 
DIS'LO-CATE,  V.  t.    [dis  and  locate,  L.  locus,  place  ; 

Fr.  dislof/uer ;  It.  dislocare.] 

To  displace  ;  to  put  out  of  its  proper  place  ;  partic- 

nlarly,  to  put  out  of  joint ;  to  disjoint ;  to  move  a 

bone  from  its  socket,  cavity,  or  place  of  articulation. 
D1S'LO-€a-TE1),  pp.  or  a.    Removed  from  its  proper 

place  ;  put  out  of  joint. 
DIS'LO-e.A-TING,  ppr.    Putting  out  of  its  proper 

place,  or  out  of  joint. 
DIS-LO-eA'TlON,  71.    The  act  of  moving  from  its 

proper  place;  particularly,  the  act  of  removing  or 

forcing  a  bone  from  its  sotrket ;  luxation.  Eiicyc. 

2.  The  state  of  being  displaced.  Burnet. 

3.  A  joint  displaced. 

4.  In  geology,  the  displacement  of  parts  of  rocks, 
or  portiiuis  of  strata,  from  the  situations  which  they 
originally  occupied.  Cyc. 

DIS-LODGE',  (dis-ludj',)  v.  t.  [dis  and  lodge.]  To 
remove  or  drive  from  a  lodge  or  place  of  rust  ;  to 
drive  from  the  place  where  a  thing  naturally  rests  or 
inhabits.  Shells,  restimr  in  the  sea  at  a  considerable 
depth,  are  nut  ihsloihrnl  by  storms. 

2.  Tu  drive  fnjiii  a  place  of  retirement  or  retreat; 
as,  to  dislod'je  a  cony  or  a  deer. 

3.  To  drive  from  any  place  of  rest  or  habitation, 
or  from  any  station  ;  as,  to  dislodge  the  enemy  from 
their  quarters,  from  a  hill  or  wall. 

4.  To  remove  an  army  to  other  quarters.  Sliak. 
I)IS-l,OI)GE',  1).  1.    To  go  from  a  place  of  rest.  Milton. 
DIS-LOI)G' AD,  ;v).    Driven  from  a  lodge  or  place  of 

rest  ;  removed  from  a  place  of  habitation,  or  from 
any  station. 

DIS-liODG'lNG,  ppr.  Driving  from  a  lodge,  from  a 
place  of  rest  or  retreat,  or  from  any  station. 

DIS-LOY'AL,  a.  [i/i.^  and  loyal:  Fr.  delvyal  i  Sp.  des- 
leal.] 

1.  Not  true  to  allegiance  ;  false  to  a  sovereign  ; 
faithless  ;  as,  a  disloyal  subject. 

2.  False  ;  perfidious ;  treacherous ;  as,  a  disloyal 
knave.  Sliak. 

3.  Not  true  to  the  marriage  bed.  Shak. 

4.  False  in  love  ;  not  constant.  Johnson. 
DIS-LOV'AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  disloyal  manner;  with 

violation  of  faith  or  duty  to  a  sovereign  ;  faithlessly  ; 
perfidiously. 

DIS-L()Y'AL.-TY,  71.    Want  of  fidelity  to  a  sovereign  ; 
violation  of  allegiance  or  duly  to  a  prince  or  sover- 
eign authority. 
2.  Want  of  fidelity  in  bive.  Sliak. 

DIS'MAL,  a.  [I  am  not  satisfied  with  the  etymologies 
of  this  word  which  I  have  seen.] 

1.  Dark  ;  gloomy  ;  as,  a  dismal  shade. 

2.  Sorrowful  ;  dire  ;  horrid  ;  melaiicjiuly  ;  calami- 
tous ;  unfortunate ;  as,  a  dismal  accident  ;  dismal 
effi^cts  Miltun. 

3.  Frightful ;  horrible  ;  as,  a  dismal  scream. 
DIS'MAL-I.Y,  af/ii.  Gloomily;  (lorribly  ;  soirowfiilly  ; 

uncomfortably. 
DIS'M AI- NESS,  n.    Gloominess;  horror. 
DIS-.M.\N'TLK,  1).  (.    [dis  and  mantle  :  Fr.  dcmanteler.] 

1.  To  (le[irive  of  dress  ;  to  strip  ;  to  divest  South. 

2.  To  loose  ;  to  throw  open.  Shall. 

3.  More  generally,  to  deprive  or  stri[i  of  Ujiparatus, 
or  liiriiitiire  ;  to  unrig  ;  as,  to  dismantle  a  ^hlp. 

4.  To  deprive  or  strip  of  military  furnilure  ,  as,  to 
diswanl-le  II  fortress. 

,'■>.  To  deprive  of  outworks  or  f<iits ;  as,  to  itisman 
tie  a  town. 

(J.  To  break  down  ;  as,  his  nose  dismantleiL  lP<^yden- 

DIS  .MAN'Tl, /■;!),  pp.  or  a.  Divested;  stripprd  of 
furniture  ;  unriggeil. 

DIS  .\1,\N'T1, L\(;, /i;)r.  Stripping  of  dress  ;  depriving 
of  apiiaratus  or  fiiniiliire. 

hIS-M A."^K',  i\  I.    [dis  and  mask;  Fr,  demasi/uer.] 
To  strip  oir  a  mask;  to  uncover;  to  remove  that 
Wlltl-|l  ronceals.  Shok.  fVoltou. 

DIS  .MASK'/;i),  (dis-mitskl',)  pp.  Divested  of  a  mask  ; 
stripix  d  of  cnveiiug  or  disguise  ;  uncnyereil. 

DI.S-.MASK'l.N'G, /7/r.  Stripping  of  a  mask  or  cover- 
ing. 

DIS-MAST',  1-.  f.    [.//..■  and  77in.<f ;  Ft.  demiilrr.] 

Tu  depiive  of  a  mast  or  masts  ;  lo  lueak  and  carry 
away  the  in  -sts  from  ;  as,  a  storm  d'smo  -li-d  the  ship. 
DIS  .M  AST'l'.l),  ;)/>.    Drprivi  d  of  n  mast  or  masts. 
DIS M  AST'INti,  ;(//r.    Stripping  of  masts. 


DIS-MAST'MENT,  71.  The  act  of  dismasting ,  the 
state  of  being  dismasted.  Marshall. 

DIS-Ma  Y',  71.  (.  [Sp.  desmayar:  Port,  desmaiar ;  prob- 
ably formed  by  des  and  the  Teutonic  niagnn,  to  be 
strong  or  able.  The  sense,  then,  is,  to  deprive  of 
strength.  Sp.  desinayarse,  to  faint ;  It.  smagarsi,  to 
despond.] 

To  deprive  of  that  strength  or  firmness  of  mind 
which  constitutes  courage  ;  to  discourage  ;  to  dis- 
hearten ;  to  sink  or  depress  the  spirits  or  resolution  ; 
hence,  to  affright  or  terrify. 

Be  strong,  an<l  of  ^no(i  courage  ;  Ije  not  afrTiid,  neither  be  thou 
dismayed.  —  Josh.  i. 

DLS-MaY',  71.  [Sp.  desniayo;  Port,  desmaio,  a  swoon 
or  fainting  fit.] 

Fall  or  loss  of  courage  ;  a  sinking  of  the  spirits  ;  de- 
pression ;  dejection  ;  a  yielding  to  fear;  that  loss  of 
firmness  which  is  effected  by  fear  or  terror  ;  fear  im- 
pressed ;  terror  felt. 

And  each 

Jn  other's  countenance  read  his  own  dismay  JV/ilun. 

DIS-MAY'£D,  (dis-mide',)  pp.  or  a.  Disheartened; 
deprived  of  courage. 

DIS-.MaY'ED  NESS,  71,  A  state  of  being  dismayed  ; 
dejection  of  courage ;  dispiritedness.  [.^  useless 
word,  and  not  used.]  Sidney. 

DIS-MaY'FUL,  o.    Full  of  dismay,    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

DIS-.MAY'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  courage. 

DISME,  (  (deem)  71.    [Fr,]    A  tenth  part;  a  tithe. 

Dime,    (  .ayliffr. 

D1S-I\IE.M'BER,  V.  t.  [dis  and  mejnber.]  To  divide 
limb  from  limb  ;  to  se|iarate  a  member  fnun  the  body  ; 
to  tear  or  cut  in  pieces  ;  to  dilacerate  ;  to  mutilate. 
Kowls  obsc?iie  dismeiitbered  liis  ri'miuns.  Pope. 
2.  To  separate  a  part  from  the  main  body  ;  to  di- 
vide; to  sever  ;  as,  to  dismember  an  empire,  king- 
duiii,  or  repiiblitt.  Poland  was  dismembered  by  the 
neiL'liboriii!!  powers, 

DlS-.ME.M'liER-AI),  pp.  or  (1.  Divided  member  from 
member ;  torn  or  cut  in  pieces  ;  divided  by  the  sepa- 
ration of  a  part  from  the  main  liody. 

DIS-.MEM'BER-ING,  ppr.  Separating  a  limb  or 
limbs  fiuiii  the  body  ;  dividing  by  taking  a  part  or 
parts  from  the  body. 

DIS-:Mi;.M'l!ER-ING,  71.    Mutilation.  Blackslone. 

DIS-MEM'l!Ell-.MENT,  71.    The  act  of  seyeriiig  a 
limb  or  limbs  from  the  body;  the  act  of  tiaring  or 
cutting  in  pieces  ;  mutilation  ;  the  act  of  severing  a 
part  from  the  main  body  ;  division  ;  separation. 
He  pointed  out  the  danger  of  a  dismemhermtjil  of  llie  n-public. 

Hist.  0/ Poland,  kiicyc. 

DIS-MET'TLED,  a.  Destitute  of  fire  or  spirit.  [Aut 
much  used.]  Llewellyn. 

DIS- .MISS',  ji.  t.  [L.  disviisstis,  dimitto  ;  di,  dis,  and 
mitto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  demettre.] 

1.  To  send  away  ;  property,  to  give  leave  of  de- 
parture ;  to  permit  to  depart  ;  implying  aiilborily  in  a 
person  to  retain  or  keep.  The  town  clerk  dusmissed 
the  assembly.    jJcts  xi.\. 

2.  To  discaril  ;  to  remove  from  office,  service,  or 
employment.  The  king  rfismi.vscs  his  ministers  ;  the 
master  dismisses  his  servant  ;  and  the  employer  his 
workmen.  Officers  are  dismissed  from  service,  and 
students  from  college.  • 

3.  To  send  ;  to  dispatch. 

He  divn.ifteed  e!nbaii(i.idoni  from  Pekio  to  Tooshoo  Loomlioo. 
[Improper.]  Kiiq/c. 

4.  To  send  or  remove  from  a  docket ;  to  discon- 
tinue ;  as,  to  dismiss  a  bill  in  chancery. 

DIS  MISS',  II.  Discbarge  ;  dismission.  [JViit  tised.] 
DIS-.MISS'Al,,:n.  Dismission. 

DIS-.MISS'EI),  (dis-mlst',)  pp.  or  a.  Sent  away;  per- 
niitteti  to  depart  ;  removed  from  office  or  employ- 
ment. 

DIS-MISS'ING,  ppr.    Sending  away  ;  giving  leave  to 

dejiart ;  removing  from  office  or  service. 
DIS-MIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)  11.    [L.  dimisslo.] 

1.  Till!  act  of  sending  away  ;  leave  to  depart ;  as, 
the  dismission  of  the  grand  jury. 

2.  Removal  fnun  olfice  or  employment  ;  discharge, 
either  \yilli  lioiior  or  disgraci;. 

3.  .An  art  reipiiring  departure.    [^"01  usual.]  Sliak. 

4.  lieiiioval  of  a  suit  in  e(|iiily. 
DIS-MISS'I  VE,  a.    Giving  dismission. 
I)1SM()1{T'(;AGE,  (dis-nior'gaje,)  v.  I.    To  redeem 

from  mnrmage.  Iloieell. 
DIS-:\Hili  r'G.\G-En,  pp.    Redeemed  from  mortgage. 
DI.'>-M0UT'GA6-ING,  ppr.    Iledeemiiig  from  niort- 

itage. 

Ills  MOUNT',  V.  i.  [dis  and  mount;  Fr.  demonter; 
S]i  desutont^ir ;  It.  .?i/iiiiiMri'.] 

1  To  aliiihl  from  a  horse  ;  to  descend  or  gel  off, 
as  B  rider  from  a  biuist  ;  as,  the  officer  ordered  Ilia 
tlm  ps  to  dismount. 

2  To  rlesceiid  from  an  elevation,  Spenser. 
IMS  Mt  >l.  .N'l'',  !••        'I'o   throw  or  teinove  from  a 

rse  :  !(•  unlior.se;  as,  the  soldier  dismounted  his 
ailn  isary 

U.  To  iiiiow  or  bring  down  from  any  elevation. 

Sacki'ille. 

3.  To  throw  or  remove  cnnnnn  or  other  artillery 
from  liirir  riirriages  ;  or  to  break  the  carriages  or 
wheels,  and  rendtT  guns  ii.seless. 


KATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIJ.^T.— METE,  PilEV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIllD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MCiVK,  WpI,F,  BQQK, 


MR 


DIS 


DIS-MOUNT'KI),  ));'•  Thrown  fniin  n  liursc,  or 

from  an   cic-vation  ;   unhorsed,  or  reniovrd  I'rorn 
horses  by  onler;  a^,  ili.mitninled  troops.    Applied  lo 
horses,  it  siiinitii's  until  for  servici'. 
2.  Tlirown  or  removed  from  larriages. 
l)IS-MOUNT'l.\G,  itpr.     'I'liruwini;  from  a  liorse  ; 
unliorsint;  ;  removing  Irom  an  elevation  ;  tlirowing 
or  remttvinc  from  carriages. 
DIS-N.\T'li-l{.\LT/K,  I).  I.    To  make  alien;  lo  de- 
prive of  the  privileges  of  hirtli. 
l)I.S-.NAT'tJ-l{.\l,-IZ-£U,  pp.    Ueprived  of  the  privi- 
leges of  liirtli. 
DIf-N'A'TlTll-KO.a.    Deprived  nr  destitute  of  natural 

feelings;  unnatural.  Shiik. 
UIS-()-ltK'DI-K.\L;K,  71.  [ilh  and  uhedimce.]  N'eg- 
leet  or  refus:il  lo  obey  ;  violation  of  a  connnanil  or 
proliibiti<m ;  the  omission  of  that  wliieli  is  com- 
manded to  lie  done,  or  Iho  doing  of  that  which  is 
forbid  i  breach  of  duly  pru-scribed  by  authority. 

By  one  mAii'ii  ititDtmlienc*  many  wvre  nuidc  kiiincrs.  —  Horn.  v. 
Q.  Non-compliance. 

Tliiii '/i«o6rf/ieMr<  oftlio  moou.  Bltu-l-more. 
DIS-0-Bi";'DI-KNT,  a.     Neglecting  or  refusing  to 
obey  ;  omitting  lo  do  what  is  commanded,  or  doing 
what  is  prohibited ;   refniclory ;   not  observant  of 
duty  or  rules  prescribed  by  authority;  as,  children 
ttisobcdinit  lo  parents  ;  cili/.ens  Uisubrdicnt  to  the  laws. 
I  wiu  not  disobedient  to  Uiti  heavenly  vision.     Acu  xxvi. 
2.  Not  yielding  to  exciting  force  or  power. 
MetticiiH's  n*Hl  inin>-ce«s.trily  ctiinrilmte  losliorvn  life,  by  sooner 
icnilcrin^  peculiar  i^Aitu  of  the  tyslem  ditob^dient  to  itininli. 

Dnririn, 

l)IS-O-BP.'0I-ENT-I,Y,  ailv.  In  n  disobedient  manner. 

UIS-O  HEY',  (dis-o-lia',)  r.  (.  [dis  and  i.ftei/.]  To  neg- 
lect or  refuse  to  olii  y  ;  to  lunit  or  refuse  to  do  what 
is  ctuuiuaiuled,  or  It)  (lo  what  is  forbitl  ;  to  transgress 
tir  violat.'  an  order  or  injunction.  Refractory  chil- 
dren dUubfii  :h.-ir  parents  ;  nvw  disnhcij  their  Maker 
ami  the  laws  ;  and  we  all  di.stdiri/  the  precepts  of  the 
gosp,-l.  [TItr  triird  is  npplicabls  buVt  Ui  the  command 
and  to  Ihf  prrsait  ciimmandin^.] 

D1S-()-I!BV'A;1),  (  bade,)  pp.  Not  obeyed  ;  neglected  ; 
transgressed. 

DIS-l)-ltEY'l.\G,  ppr.    Omitting  or  refusing  to  obey  ; 

violating  ;  transgressing,  as  authoritv  or  law. 
DIS-()ll-l,l-G.^'TIO.\,  n.    [i/w  and  obliifiUiun.]  The 

net  of  disobliging  ;  an  olTense  ;  cause  uf  disgust. 

Clarendon. 

DIS-OB'LI-GA-TO-RY,  a.    Releasing  obligatitm. 

K.  Charles. 

DIS-O-BLTCF.',  r.  f.  [</«  and  oWirc]  To  do  an  act 
which  contravenes  the  will  tir  desires  of  another;  ttt 
otVend  by  an  act  tif  unkintliiess  or  incivility  ;  tt>  in- 
jure in  a  slight  degree  ;  a  term  by  which  offense  is  ten- 
derly expressed. 

My  plan  hii«  given  tiffenae  in  totne  gentlemen,  wliom  it  wouM 
nut  \k  very  s.tle  to  ditobligt.  Atblison, 

2.  To  release  from  obligation.    [J\o<  u.scr/.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

DIS  O  BI.Tft'KD,  pp.    Olfended  ;  slightiv  injured. 
DI.><-<)  BI,li;i;'.Mi:.\  r,  n.    The  act  of  disobligmg. 
I)If!-0.1(l,IiVi;i!,  n.    Due  who  disobliges.  [Mdion. 
I)IS-(»-liUtti'l.\(;,  ppr.    Oiremliiig  ;  coiitnivcning  the 

wishes  of;  injuring  slightly. 
2.  It.    Nt>l  obliging  ;  not  disposed  to  gratify  the 

wishes  of  another  ;  not  (lis[Misetl  to  please  ;  unkind  ; 

otiensive  ;  niipleasing  ;   uuiiccommudating ;  us,  a 

disobii'jina  coachman. 
DIS-()-ltI.I<!;'l.\G  l.Y,  adv.    In  a  disobliging  mtinncr  ; 

olT.'llslVelv. 

DIS-()-BI,IC'I.\'G  \CSS,  M.  Oirensiveness  ,  dis|>osi- 
tioii  to  displease,  tir  want  of  readiness  to  please. 

DIS-0-PI.\'l().\,  (-<>  pin'ynn,)  «.  Ditlerence  of  opin- 
ion.   [.'?  bad  irord^  and  not  usrd,]      Bp.  Rn/ntddji. 

DIS-0RI!'A;I),  a.  (rfi..- and  cri..]  Thrown  oiit  of  the 
profier  t>rbil  ;  as,  a  suir  disorbfd.  Shak. 

DIS-OR'OKR,  11.    [rfw  and  i/rder;  Fr.  desordre: 
dejurrdrn  i  U.  disordinr.] 

1.  Want  of  order  or  regular  dis|iosition  ;  irregu- 
larity ;  iinmethmticai  distribution  ;  confusion  ;  a 
troril  of  ^enrral  application ;  as,  the  triKi|KS  were 
ttirown  into  iii-v(;r'/rr :  the  papers  are  in  du^ordrr. 

2.  Tiimtilt;  disturbance  of  the  iH-ace  of  .society  ; 
IL^,  the  city  is  sonieliines  troubled  with  the  disorders 
of  its  citizens. 

3.  Neglect  of  rule ;  irregularity. 

From  viitnr  ImnmlB  wilh  lir:»ve  Huordrr  pftrt. 

Ami  Mk%ul)  A  jfrice  tjeyoiiil  tlw'  n-acli  oT  .irt.  Pope. 

4.  Breach  of  laws  ;  violation  of  standing  rules,  or 
institutions. 

.5,  Irregularity,  ilislurbance  or  interruption  of  the 
functions  of  tlie  animal  eeonomv  ;  disea.se;  dis- 
trni|HT;  iiickness.  [See  Diseask.]  /)i.sor(/cr,  how- 
ever, i«  more  frequently  used  to  express  a  slight 
disease. 

f>.  Discomposure  of  the  mind  ;  turbulence  of  pas- 
sions. 

7.  Irregularity  in  the  functions  of  the  brain  ;  de- 
ningenieiit  of  the  intellect  or  reason. 
DIS  DIt'DKR,  r.  L    To  break  order;  to  demnge  ;  to 
ilisiurh  any  regular  disposition  or  armiigemi-nt  of 
things  ,  lo  put  out  of  melhiHi  ,  to  throw  into  confu- 


sion ;  to  Confuse  ;  applicable  to  evert/  tliinif  Hasceptible 
of  order. 

2.  To  disturb  or  interrupt  the  natural  functions 
of  the  animal  economy  ;  lo  produce  sickness  or  in- 
disposition i  as,  to  disorder  the  head  or  sloiii;ii'h. 

'.i.  Tt)  discompose  or  disturb  the  miiiil  ;  lo  riitl1t\ 

4.  To  disturb  the  regular  operations  of  reason  ;  to 
derange  ;  as,  the  m.'in's  reason  is  disordered. 

5.  To  (lepost!  from  hoi V  orders.  [C/niLiual.] 
DIS-t)K'Di;il-KI),  pp.    I'iit  out  of  order;  deranged; 

disturbed  ;  discouipo.sed  ;  confusctl  ;  sick  ;  indis- 
posed. 

DiJs-OR'DEll-A.'n,  a.  Di.sorderly  ;  irregular;  vicious; 
loose  ;  unri.'slrained  in  behavior.  Shiik. 

DIS-t)R'UKR-ED-i\ESS,  n.  A  state  of  disorder  or 
irregularity  ;  ctmfusion. 

DIS-0R'I)E'K-IN(J,  Putting  out  of  order;  dis- 

turbing the  arrangriiienl  of ;  discomposing. 

DIS-OR'DER-LI-NES.s,  n.    State  of  being  disorderly. 

l)IS-OR'DER  I,Y,  a.  Ctmfiised  ;  iinniethodical ;  ir- 
regular; being  without  proper  order  or  disposition  ; 
as,  the  books  and  papers  are  in  a  ditordrrbj  state. 

2.  Tumultuous  ;  irregular  ;  as,  tlie  disorderly  mo- 
tions of  the  spirits. 

3.  Lawless  ;  contrary  lo  law  ;  violating  or  dis- 
posed  to  violate  law  and  good  order ;  as,  disorderly 
[HHiple  ;  dliordrrlti  n.sscmlilies. 

4.  Inclined  to  break  loose  from  restraint;  unruly  ; 
as,  disnrdrrhj  catllt;. 

DIS-()R'l)ER-LV,a(/e.  Without  order,  rule,  or  method  ; 
irregularly  ;  confusedly  ;  in  a  disorderly  manner. 

^»vnff\*v  fi^luiiig  dtMOrderly  with  stones.  finlcgb. 

2.  In  a  manner  vitilating  law  and  good  order  ;  in  a 
manner  contrary  to  rules  or  established  instiiiiiions. 
Wiihilriw  fmm  every  brother  thiU  walkclli  ditorderly. — 2 
■r\tm.  iii. 

DIS-OR'DI-NATE,  o.    Disorderlv  ;  living  Irregularly. 
UlS-OR'DI-NATE-LY,  ado.    Inordinately  ;  irregular- 
ly ;  viciously. 

Dl.S-OR-G.\N-I-ZA'TIO>J,  v.  [See  DisonoANi/.E.] 
The  act  t>f  disorganizing  ;  the  act  tif  iiestro\'irig 
organic  structure,  or  connected  system  ;  the  act  of 
destroying  order, 

2.  The  state  of  being  disorganized.  We  speak  of 
the  disnr^ranization  of  the  btxly,  or  of  government,  or 
of  society,  or  of  an  army. 

DIS-OR'GAN-IZE,  v.  U  [dis  and  organize.  See 
Or«an.] 

To  break  or  destroy  organic  structure  or  cimnected 
system  ;  lo  dissolve  regular  system  or  union  of  parts  ; 
as,  lo  disorisnnize  a  government  or  society  ;  tti  disor- 
ganize an  army. 

Every  iiccmmt  of  the  wtllement  of  Plymouth  mentions  the  con- 
duct of  Lyfoni,  who  ittleinpted  to  disorganise  tin-  cliiirch. 

Eliot'*  Biog.  Diet. 

DIS-OR'GAN-TZ-CT),  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  lo  disorder  ; 
being  in  a  confused  stale. 

DI.'*-<)R'G  AN-tZ-ER,  n.  One  who  disorganizes;  one 
wini  destroys  or  attempts  to  interrupt  ri^giilar  order 
or  system  ;  one  who  introduces  disorder  and  con- 
fusion. 

DIS-OR'GAN  IZ-ING,  ppr.  Destroying  regular  and 
ctuinected  system  ;  throwing  into  confusion. 

2.  n.  Dis|H)sed  or  lending  to  disorganize;  as,  a 
dtsoriranizinir  spirit. 

DIS-O'RI-E.N'T-A  TED,  a.  Turned  from  the  east; 
turned  from  the  right  directinn. 

DIS-fi\V.\',  r.  I.    [dis  and  own.]    To  deny ;  not  to 
own  ;  to  refuse  lo  acknowledge  as  belonging  to 
one's  self.    A  parent  can  hardly  disown  his  cliild. 
An  author  will  sometimes  disoien  his  wrilings. 
2.  To  deny  ;  not  lo  allow. 

To  dijiotfin  .1  liruilier's  letter  claim.  Dryden. 

I)l^«.f)^Y.^"^;D,  pp.  or  a.  Not  owned;  not  acknowl- 
edged as  one's  own  ;  denied  ;  ilisnllowcd, 

Dl*  OWN'I.VG,  ppr.     Not  oivning ;  denying;  dis- 

1)1?  fiW.V.MENT,  II.    Act  of  disowning,  [allowing. 

I)IS-(  IX' Y-DaTE,  r.  L  [d,s  and  oiyd/ile.-\  To  reduce 
from  oxydaiion  ;  to  reduce  frmii  the  st:ite  of  an  oxyd, 
by  di  'engaging  oxygen  triuii  a  substance  ;  as,  lo  du- 
orifdat-e  irt>n  ttr  copper. 

DIS-OX'Y-DA-TEU,  pp.  Reduced  from  tlic  stale  of 
an  oxvd. 

DIS-().\'Y-DX-TI.\G,  ppr.  Reducing  from  the  stale 
of  an  oxvd. 

DIS-(I.\-Y'-I).x'TIO.\,  n.  The  actor  process  of  freeing 
from  oxygen  and  reducing  from  the  slate  of  an  oxyd. 

Med,  Hrpos. 

[Thi.^  irord  seeing  lo  he  prrfrraile  In  Deoxtoate.] 
DIS-().\'Y-GEN-ATE,  c.  t.    [dii  nnd  ozygenalr.]  To 

deprive  of  oxvgen. 
DIS-li.y  Y  <JE.\-A-TEI),  pp.    Freed  frtmi  oxygen. 
DI.S-OX'Y-tjEN-A-TI.XG,  ppr.    Freeing  from  oxygen. 
DIS.<).\-Y-<SEN-A'TI()\,  11.    The  act Hr  process  of 

separating  oxygen  from  anv  siib-stance  containing  it. 
DIS-PACE^  r.  1.    [dis  and  s'patiur,  L.] 

To  range  aboiiL    [Ob.i.]  Sprnsrr. 
Dlfs-PAIR',  r.  t  [dLi  and  pair.]    To  sejiamte  a  pair 

or  couple.  Beaum.  4"  Fl. 

Dl.s-PAIR'ED,  pp.    P.-irted;  separated. 
DIS-PAIR'I.NG,  ppr.    Parting  a  couple  or  pair. 
niS- PA \ D',  r.  (.    [ U  rfLvponrfa.] 

To  dispLiy.  [JV'iit  IK  use.]  DieL 


DIS-PAN'SION,  (  shun,)  n.  The  act  of  spreading  t-r 
displaying.    [JVot  in  u.«e.) 

DIS-PAK'A-DlS-i'.'l),  (  par'a-dist,)  a.  [dis  and  para- 
dise.]   Removed  tVoiii  paradise. 

DIS-PAR' AGE,  B.  t.  [Norm,  despcragcr ;  dea,  i/u,  and 
paratre,  from  peer,  pur,  eipial.] 

1.  To  marry  one  lo  another  of  inferior  condition  or 
rank  ;  lo  dishonor  by  i.n  unequal  niatcli  or  inarnnge, 
against  the  nilt:s  of  decency. 

2.  To  match  unequally  ;  lo  injure  or  dishonor  by 
union  with  something  of  inferior  excelleno-. 

Jah nson. 

3.  Ti)  injure  or  dishonor  by  a  comparison  wilh 
soiiietliing  of  less  value  or  excellence. 

4.  To  treat  wilh  contempt  ;  lo  undervalue  ;  lo 
lower  in  rank  or  estimation;  to  vilify  ;  to  bring  rc- 
liroacli  on  ;  to  reproach ;  to  debase  by  words  or  ac- 
tions ;  lo  dishonor. 

Thou  dunit  not  thus  ditjtarage  glorious  arms.  Milton. 

DI.S-PAR'AG-/;I),  pp.  Married  to  one  beneath  his  or 
her  coiidition  ;  iiiietpially  matchi-d  ;  dishonored  or 
injuretl  by  comparison  with  somethtng  inferior  ;  un- 
dervalued ;  vilified  ;  debased  ;  reprtiached. 

DIS-PAR'AOE-.ME.XT,  ;i.  The  matching  of  a  man 
or  woman  to  tuie  of  inferior  rank  or  condition,  and 
against  the  rules  of  difeiicj'.  Knenc.  Coirrt. 

2.  Injury  by  union  or  comparison  with  something 
of  inferior  excellence.  Johtuion. 

3.  Uiiiiiniilion  of  value  or  excellence  ;  reproach  ; 
disgr.tce;  indignity  ;  dishonor;  followed  by  to. 

it  ought  to  be  no  disjKirtlgeineia  to  a  sur  tlijt  it  is  not  the  sun. 

South. 

To  lie  a  huinlile  Christian  is  no  disparagement  lo  a  priua-,  or  a 
nobleiiLui.  Anon. 

DIS-PAR'AG-ER,  II.  One  who  disparages  or  dishon- 
ors :  one  who  vilifies  or  disgraces. 

Dli!-PAR'.\G-IN<;,  ppr. lit  a.  Marrjing  lUie  to  another 
of  inferior  condition  ;  de|ireciating  in  the  estimation 
of  others  ;  vilif\'iiig  ;  d  islioiioritig. 

DI.S-P.AR'AO-ING-LV'inrfo.  In  a  manner  lo  disparage 
or  disliounr. 

D1."^'P.-\R-ATE,  a.  [L.  disparaia,  things  unlike  ;  dis- 
par  ;  dis  anil  pfir,  equal.] 

I'neqiial  ;  unlike;  dissimilar.  Robinson. 
I)r.s'PAR-.\TES,  n.  pi.    I'liiiigs  so  iinetpial  or  unlike 
that  they  ciin  not  be  conipartrd  with  each  other. 

Johnson. 

DIS-P.\R'I-TY,  II.  ( Fr.  rfi.spnri/c  ;  f^\i.  di.^andad ;  It. 
di.<paritd ;  from  L.  du.pary  unequal  ;  dtj  and  par, 
C(|iial.] 

1.  Irri'gularity  ;  difference  in  degree,  in  age, 
rank,  coiitlitioii,  or  excellence  ;  as,  a  disjiarity  of 
years  or  of  age  ;  di.ipahty  of  condition  or  t:ircuni- 
staiices  ;  followed  by  uf  or  in.  \Yc  say,  disparity  in 
or  of  years. 

2.  Dissimilitude  ;  unlikeness. 

DIS-PARK',  V.  t.  [dis  and  part:.]  To  throw  open  a 
park  ;  lo  lay  open.  Sliab. 

2.  To  set  at  large  ;  lo  release  from  ini  losiire  or 
coiifinrinent.  H'aller. 

DIS-l'.iiRK'KU,  (dis-piirkt',)  pp.  Disiiielo.-ed  ;  set  al 
large. 

DI.S-I'AIIK'I.N'G,  n.    Act  of  throwing  opi-n  a  park. 
DIS-PSRT',  r.  L    [dii  and  pari  .  Fr.  drpartir ;  l- dis- 

partior.    (See  Part.)    Dis  and  part  both  imply  srp 

aration.] 

To  part  asunder  ;  lo  divide  ;  loseparali^ ;  lo  sex'er  ;  | 
to  burst  .  lo  rend  ;  to  rive  or  split ,  as,  di-.-parird  air  ; 
difparletl  towers  ;  dhcparted  chaos.    [Jin  elegant  poetic 
Word.  1  Jlillon. 

DIS-PART',  V.  i.    To  separite  ;  to  open  ;  to  cleavt;. 

DIf-PART',  n.  In  gunnery,  the  difference  between 
the  thickness  of  the  inet.ii  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  at 
the  mouth  and  al  the  breech.  Bailey. 

DIS-PART',  r.  (.  In  gunnery,  lo  set  a  mark  on  the 
muzzle-ring  of  a  piece  of  ordnance,  so  that  a  sight- 
line  frtmi  the  lop  of  the  base-ring  to  the  mark  on  or 
m  ar  the  muzzle,  may  be  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the 
bore  or  hollow  cylintler.  Kneye. 

DIS-PXRT'El),  pp.  or  a.  Divided ;  separated  ;  iKirled  ; 
rent  asundi'r. 

DIS-PART'ING,  ppr.  Severing;  dividing;  bursting; 
cleaving. 

DIS-PAS'.<ION,  (-p.a.sh'nn,)  u.  [dis  and  pii.«.«tun.] 
Freedom  from  passion  ;  an  undisturbed  state  of  the 
mind  ;  aimthy.  Temple. 

DIS-PAS'SIO.N'-ATE,  a.  Free  from  passion  ;  calm  ; 
cttmpased  ;  impartial ;  modenile  ;  li'iiiperate  ;  iin- 
iiu»%*ed  by  feelings  ;  ajrplicd  to  persons  ;  as,  lUspassion- 
ate  men  or  judges. 

2.  Not  dictal(;d  by  passion  ;  not  proceeding  from 
temper  or  bias  ;  impartial ;  applied  to  things;  as,  dis- 
pa.isionate  proceed  in  gs. 

DIS-PAS'SION-A'IE-LY,  arfc.  Without  passion; 
calnilv  :  ctMillv. 

DI.-^-P.AS'SION-KD,  (dis-|ash'und,)  a.  Free  from 
[Kission. 

DI.-<-P.\TCII',  r.  I.  [Fr.  depfcheT :  Pp.  despachar ; 
Port.  irf. ;  IL  di<pnrriare  :  Arm.  dibeeh,  disbaehal.  In 
IL  .■rpaccinre  sigllilies  tti  sell,  put  off,  speed,  ilis(>alcli  ; 
spiier.io,  sale,  vent,  dis|)alch,  exjicdition.  This  word 
bi'longs  to  ("lass  Bg,  and  the  primary  sense  is  to  | 
send,  throw,  thrust,  drive,  and  this  is  the  sense  of  1 1 


TONE,  ByLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  aa  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  aa  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


347 


PIS 


DIS 


DIS 


paek,  L  j>anso,pactus.  Hence  our  vulgar  plirases,  (o 
pack  off,  and  to  budge.  The  same  word  occurs  in  im- 
peach.] 

1.  To  send,  or  send  away  ;  particularly  applied  to 
the  sending  of  messengers,  agents,  and  letters  on 
special  business,  and  often  implying  haste.  The 
king  dispatched  an  envoy  to  the  court  of  Madrid.  He 
dispatched  a  messenger  to  his  envoy  in  France.  He 
dispatched  orders  or  letters  to  the  commander  of  the 
forces  in  Spain.  The  president  dispatched  a  special 
envoy  to  the  court  of  St.  James  in  1794. 

2.  To  send  out  of  the  world  ;  to  put  to  death. 

The  company  shall  slone  them  with  sloiies,  and  dispatch  them 
with  tlietr  swords.  —  Exek.  xxiii. 

3.  To  perform ;  to  execute  speedily ;  to  finish  ;  as, 
the  business  was  dispatched  in  due  time. 

DIS-PATCH',  V.  i.  To  conclude  an  affair  with  an- 
other; to  transact  and  finish.    [JVoi  now  used.] 

They  have  dispatched  with  Poinp._*y.  .Shale. 

DIS-PATCH',  71.  Speedy  performance  ;  execution  or 
transaction  of  business  with  due  diligence.  Bacon. 

2.  Speed;  haste;  expedition;  due  diligence;  as, 
the  business  was  done  with  dispatch;  go,  but  make 
dispatch. 

3.  Conduct ;  management.    [A''ot  used.]  Shak. 

4.  A  letter  sent,  or  to  be  sent,  with  expedition,  by  a 
messenger  express  ;  or  a  letter  on  some  atfair  of  state, 
or  of  public  concern  ;  or  a  packet  of  letters,  sent  by 
some  public  officer,  on  public  business.  It  is  often 
used  in  the  plural.  .\  vessel  or  a  messenger  has  ar- 
rived with  dispatches  for  the  American  minister.  A 
dispatch  was  immediately  sent  to  the  admiral.  The 
secretary  was  preparing  his  dispatches. 

DIS-PATCH'£D,  (dis-patcht',)  pp.    Sent  with  haste, 
or  by  a  courier  express ;  sent  out  of  the  world ;  put 
to  death  ;  performed  ;  finished. 
DIS-PATCH'ER,  n.    One  that  dispatches  ;  one  that 
2.  One  that  sends  on  a  special  errand.  [kills. 
DIS-PATCH'FIJL,  a.     Bent   on  hasle  ;  indicating 
haste ;  intent  on  speedy  execution  of  business  ;  as, 
dispatchfid  looks.  Milton. 
DIS-PATCH'ING,  ppr.    Sending  away  in  haste  ;  put- 
ting to  death  ;  executing;  finishing. 
DIS'PA-THY,  71.    [Gr.  dij  and  !toO„s.] 

Want  of  passion, 
DTS-PAU'PER,  f.  «.    [Jis  ar\<\  pauper.]    To  ileprive  of 
the  claim  •f  a  pauper  to  public  support,  or  of  the  ca- 
pacity of  suing  in  forma  pauperis:  to  reduce  back 
I'rom  the  state  of  a  pauper. 

A  man  is  disf>aupered,  when  he  has  lan'lB  fallen  to  him  or 
property  given  hinl.  Eiicyc. 

DIS-PAU'PER-ED,  pret.  and  pp.  Brought  from  the 
state  of  a  pauper. 

DIS-PAU'PER-ING,  ppr.  Bringing  from  the  condi- 
tion of  a  pauper. 

DIS  PEL',  V.  t.  [L.  dispello;  di.i  and  peUo,  to  drive  ; 
Gt.  tiaXXoi.  See  Appeal,  Peal,  Pulse,  and  Bawl.] 
To  scatter  by  driving  or  force  ;  to  disperse  ;  to  dis- 
sipate ;  to  banish  ;  as,  to  dispel  vapors  ;  to  di^cl  dark- 
ness or  gloom  ;  to  dispel  fears ;  to  dispel  cares  or 
sorrows  ;  to  dispel  doubts. 

DIS-PEL'L£D,  pp.  Driven  away  ;  scattered  ;  dissi- 
pated. 

DIS-PEL'LIXG,  ppr.  Driving  away;  dispersing; 
scattering. 

DIS-PEND',  V.  t.  [L.  dispendo;  dis  and  pendo,  to 
weigh. J 

To  spend  ;  to  lay  out ;  to  consume.  Spenser. 

[See  Expend,  which  is  generiilly  used.] 
DI.S-PEND'ER,  n.    One  that  distributes. 
DIS-PENS'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  dispensed  with. 

More. 

DIS-PENS'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  capability  of  being 
dispensed  with.  Hammond. 

DIS-PENS'A-RY,  n.  A  house,  place,  or  shop,  in 
which  medicines  arc  dispensed  to  the  poor,  and  med- 
ical advice  given,  gratis. 

DIS-PEN-SA'TION,  71.     [I,,  dispensatio.     See  Dis- 

PEPtSE.] 

1.  Distribution  ;  the  act  of  dealing  out  to  different 
persons  or  places ;  as,  the  dispensation  of  water  indif- 
ferently to  all  parts  of  the  earth.  IVooduiard. 

2.  The  dealing  of  God  to  his  creatures ;  the  dis- 
tribution of  good  and  evil,  natural  or  moral,  in  the 
divine  govi'rnmeut. 

Neither  are  God's  methods  or  intentions  dillercnt  in  his  dispen- 
tatioTu  to  each  private  man.  Hogcrs. 

3.  The  granting  of  a  license,  or  the  license  itself, 
to  do  what  is  forbidden  by  laws  or  canons,  or  to  omit 
something  which  is  commaniled  ;  that  is,  the  dis- 
pensing with  a  law  or  canon,  or  the  exemption  of  a 
particular  person  from  the  obligation  to  comply  with 
lU  injiincliuns.  The  pope  has  power  to  dispense 
with  the  canons  of  the  rimrcli,  but  has  no  right  to 
grant  dispensations  to  the  injury  of  a  third  pcrsim. 

A  ditjitruatiun  was  otjtiined  to  tnalilc  Dr.  harrow  to  marry. 

Ward. 

4.  That  which  in  disptmfied  or  bestowed  ;  n  system 
of  principles  and  rites  enjoined  ;  as,  the  Mosaic  dis- 
pensation; the  /gospel  diiprnsatitni ;  including,  the 
former,  the  I^evitical  law  and  ritcsi ;  the  latter,  the 
■chcmo  of  redemption  by  Christ. 


DIS-PENS'A-TIVE,  a.  Granting  dispensation. 
DIS-PENS'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  aispensation. 

fVolton. 

DIS-PEN-Sa'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  whose  employment 
is  to  deal  out  or  distribute ;  a  distributor ;  a  dis- 
penser ;  the  latter  word  is  ^etierallij  used, 

DIS-PENS'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  power  to  grant  dis- 
pensations. 

DIS-PENS'A-TO-RY,  n.  A  book  containing  the 
method  of  preparing  the  various  kinds  of  medicines 
used  in  pharmacy,  or  containing  directions  for  the 
composition  of  medicines,  with  the  proportions  of  the 
ingredients,  and  the  methods  of  preparing  them. 

DIS-PENSE',  (dis-pens',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  dispenser  ;  Sp.  dis- 
jKnsar ;  It.  di-'pensare ;  from  L.  di^penso ;  dis  and 
pcnso,  from  pendo,  to  weigh,  primarily  to  move  ;  and 
perhaps  the  original  idea  of  expending,  was  to  weigh 
off,  or  to  distribute  by  weight.] 

1.  To  deal  or  divide  out  in  parts  or  portions  ;  to 
distribute.  The  steward  dispenses  provisions  to  every 
man,  according  to  his  directions.  The  society  dis- 
penses medicines  to  the  poor  gratuitously,  or  at  first 
cost.  God  dispenses  his  favors  according  to  his  good 
pleasure. 

2.  To  administer  ;  to  apply,  as  laws  to  particular 
cases;  to  distribute  justice. 

Willie  you  dispense  the  laws  and  ^ide  the  state.  Dryden. 

To  dispense  with  ;  to  permit  not  to  take  effect ;  to 
neglect  or  pass  by  ;  to  suspend  the  operation  or  appli- 
cation of  something  required,  established,  or  custom- 
ary ;  as,  to  dispense  with  the  law,  in  ftivor  of  a  friend  ; 
I  can  not  dispense  tciththe  conditions  of  the  covenant. 
So  we  say,  to  dispense  with  oaths ;  to  dispense  with 
forms  and  ceremonies. 

2.  To  exciise  from  ;  to  give  leave  not  to  do  or  ob- 
.serve  what  is  required  or  commanded.  The  court 
will  dispense  with  your  attendance,  or  with  your  com- 
pliance. 

3.  To  permit  the  want  of  a  thing  which  is  useful 
or  convenient ;  or,  in  the  vulgar  phrase,  to  do  with- 
out. I  can  dispense  with  your  services.  I  can  dis- 
pense with  my  cloak.  In  this  application,  the  phrase 
has  an  allusion  to  the  requisitions  of  law  or  neces- 
sity; the  thing  dispensed  with  being  supposed,  in 
some  degree,  necessary  or  required. 

I  could  not  dispense  inth  myself  from  making  a  voyage  to 

Caprea.    [Nut  to  be  imitated.]  .iddis'on. 

Canst  thou  disoense  with  Heaven  for  sucU  an  oath?  [Not 

lesitiinate.)  Shak. 

DIS-PEXSE',  (dis-pens',)  77.     Dispensation.  [JVot 
used.]  Milton. 
2.  Expense  ;  profusion.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

DIS-PEi\S'£D,  (dis-penst',)  pp.  Distributed  ;  admin- 
istered. 

DIS-PEN'S'ER,  71  One  who  dispenses  ;  one  who  dis- 
tributes ;  one  who  administers  ;  as,  a  dispenser  of  fa- 
vors, or  of  the  laws. 

DIS-PENS'ING,  ppr.    Distributing;  administering. 
2.  a.  That  may  dispense  with  ;  granting  dispensa- 
tion ;  that  may  grant  license  to  oinit  what  is  reipiired 
by  law,  or  to  do  what  the  law  forbids ;  as,  a  dispens- 
ing power. 

DIS-PkO'PLE,  (dis-pee'pl,)  11.  t.  [dis  and  people.]  To 
depopulate  ;  to  empty  of  inhabitants,  as  by  destruc- 
tion,_expulsion,  or  other  means.       Milton.  Pope. 

DIS-PeO'PLED,  (dis-pce'pld,)  pp.  Depopulated  ;  de- 
prived of  inhabitants. 

DIS-PEO'PLER,  )i.  One  who  depopulates;  a  depop- 
ulator;  that  which  deprives  of  inhabitants. 

DtS-PlcO'PLING,  (dis-pee'pling,)  ppr.  Depopulating. 

DIS-PERGE',  (dis-perj',)  v.  t.    [L.  dispergo.] 
To  sprinkle.    [JVot  in  use.] 

DI-SPER.M'OUS,  a.    [Gr.  St,  6is,  and  <r-cpfia,  seed.] 
In  botany,  two-seetied  ;  containing  two  seeds  only  ; 
as,  umbellate  and  stellate  plants  are  diipermons. 

DIS-PERSE',  (dis-pers',)  v.  t.  [L.  du'q>ersus,  from  rfw- 
pcrgo  ;  di,  dis,  and  spargo,  to  scatter ;  Fr.  disperser.] 

1.  To  scatter  ;  to  drive  asunder ;  to  cause  to  sepa- 
rate into  different  parts ;  as,  the  Jews  are  dispersed 
among  all  nations. 

2.  'J'o  difl'iise  ;  to  spread. 
The  lips  of  the  wite  disperse  knowledge.  —  I'rov.  xv. 

It  should  be  Difkl'se.] 

.  'I'o  dissipate ;  as,  the  fog  or  the  cloud  is  dis- 
perseil. 

4.  To  distribute.  Bacon. 
DIS-PERSE',  (dis-pers',)  v.  i.     To  be  scattered;  to 

separate  ;  to  go  or  move  into  ditferent  parts;  as,  the 

company  dispersed  at  ten  o'clock. 
2.  'J'o  be  scattered  ;  to  vanish  ;  as  fog  or  vapors. 
DIS-PERS'OT,  (dis-perst',)  pp.  oro.  Scattered  ;  driven 

apart ;  didusetl  ;  dissi])ated. 
DIS-PERS' E1)-LY,  ado.    In  a  disperseil  manner  ;  sep- 
arately. Jlookrr. 
DIS-PERS'ED-NESS,  71.     The  state  of  being  dis- 

persetl  or  scattered. 
DIS-PERSE'NESS,  (dis-per.s'ness,)  71.    Thinness  ;  a 

scattered  state.    [Liltlc  used.]  Brcrcieood. 
DIS-PERS'ER,  71.    One  who  disperses;  as,  the  dis- 

firr.ier  of  libels.  Spectalor. 
Ids  l'i;u.s'IN(S,  p/ir.    Scattering;  dissipating. 
DI.S  I'KR'SION,  (-shun,)  n.    The  act  of  scattering. 
2.  The  state  of  being  scattered,  or  separated  into 


remote  parts  ;  as,  the  Jews,  in  their  dispersion,  retain 
their  rites  and  ceremonies. 

3.  By  way  of  eminence,  the  scattering  or  sei>aration 
of  the  human  family,  at  the  building  of  Babul. 

4.  In  optics,  the  separation  of  light  into  its  differ- 
ent cohired  rays.  This  arises  from  their  different 
refrangibililies. 

5.  In  medicine  and  surgery,  the  removing  of  in- 
flammation from  a  part,  and  restoring  it  to  its  natu- 
ral state. 

DIS-PERS'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  scatter  or  dissipate. 

Oreen. 

DIS-PIR'IT,  V.  t.  [dis  and  spirit.]  To  depress  the 
spirits ;  to  deprive  of  courage  ;  to  discourage ;  to 
dishearten  ;  to  deject ;  to  cast  down.  We  may  be 
dispirited  by  afflictions,  by  obstacles  to  success,  by 
poverty,  and  by  fear.  When  fear  is  the  cause,  dis- 
pirit is  nearly  equivalent  to  intimidate  or  terrify. 

2.  To  exhaust  the  spirits  or  vigor  of  the  body. 
[JVot  !<,--Ha;.]  Collier. 

DIS-PIR'IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Discouraged;  depressed  in 
spirits  ;  dejected  ;  intimidated. 

DIS-PIR'IT-ED-LY,  ado.  Dejectedly. 

DIS-PIR'IT-ED-NESS,  71.  Want  of  courage  ;  depres- 
sion of  si)irits. 

DIS-PIR'IT-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Discouraging  ;  disheart- 
ening ;  dejecting  ;  intimidating. 

DIS-PIT'E-OUS,  a.  Having  no  pity;  cruel;  furious. 
[JVot  used.]  Spender. 

DIS  PLACE',  V.  t.  [dis  and  place ;  Fr.  deplacer ;  Arm. 
dibla^za.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  the  usual  or  proper  place  ;  to  re- 
move from  its  place ;  as,  the  books  in  the  library  are 

all  displaced. 

2.  To  remove  from  any  state,  condition,  office,  or 
dignity  ;  as,  to  displace  an  officer  of  the  revenue. 

3.  To  disorder. 

You  have  displaced  tlie  mirth.  Shak. 
DIS-PLaC'£D,  (-plast',)  pp.  Removed  from  the  proper 
place ;  deranged  ;  disordered  ;  removed  from  an  of- 
fice or  state.  ^ 
DIS-PLACE'iMENT,  71.    [Fr.  deplacement.] 

The  act  of  disphicing ;  the  act  of  removing  from 
the  usual  or  proper  place,  or  from  a  slate,  condition, 
or  oflice. 

The  displacement  of  the  centers  of  the  circles. 

.\siat,  Hesearches,  v.  185. 
Uimecessary  displacement  of  funds.       Hamilton's  Bep,  ii. 

DIS-PLa'CEN-CY,  71.  [L.  displiccntia,  from  displiceo, 
to  displease  ;  dis  and  placeo,  to  please.] 

Incivility  ;  that  which  displeases  or  disobliges. 

Decay  of  Fietif. 
DIS-PLAC'L\G,  ppr.     Putting  out  of  the  usual  or 
proper  place  ;  removing  from  an  office,  state,  or  con- 
dition. 

DIS-PLANT',  r.  t.  [dis  and  plant.]  To  pluck  up,  or 
to  remove  a  plant. 

2.  To  drive  away,  or  remove  from  the  tisual  place 
of  residence  ;  as,  to  dusplant  the  people  of  a  country. 

Bacon. 

3.  To  strip  of  inhabitants  ;  as,  to  ilisplant  a  coini- 
try.  Spenser. 

DIS-PLANT-A'TION,  n.    The  removal  of  a  plant. 
2.  The  removal  of  inhabitants  or  resident  people. 

Ralegh. 

DIS-PLANT'ED,  pp.  Removed  from  the  place  where 
it  grew,  as  a  plant. 

2.  Removed  from  the  place  of  residence  ;  applied 
to  persons. 

.3.  Deprived  of  inhabitants  ;  applied  to  a  country. 

DIS-PL.ANT'ING,  ppr.    Removing,  as  a  plant. 

D1S-PLANT'L\G,  w.    Removal  from  a  fixed  place. 

DIS-PLAT',  V.  U  [dis  and  plat.]  To  untwist ;  to  un- 
curl, llake.will. 

DIS-PLaY',  v.  t.  [Fr.  deployer,  and  deploy  is  the  same 
word.  It  is  a  different  orthography  of  deplier,  to  un- 
fold ;  .Arm.  displrga  t  Sp.  desplegar;  It.  .fpiegare ;  dis 
and  Fr.  plier,  Sp.  plegar,  It.  piegare,  to  folil  ;  L.  plico, 
W.  plygn,  (Jr.  -^X'.Kto  :  and  mtXooi,  atrXoto,  to  unfold, 
m:iy  be  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  Literally,  to  unfold  :  hence,  to  open  ;  to  spread 
wide  ;  to  expand. 

'i'he  northern  wind  his  wings  did  hroad  display.  Spenser. 

2.  To  spread  before  the  view  ;  to  show  ;  to  exhibit 
to  the  eyes,  or  to  the  mind  ;  to  make  mtmilVst.  The 
works  of  nature  display  the  power  and  wisdom  of 
the  Supreme  Being.  C'hristitm  charily  displays  the 
eflects  of  true  piety.  A  dress,  simple  and  elegant, 
displays  ft-male  taste  and  beauty  to  advantage. 

3.  To  carve  ;  to  dissect  and  «[ki\. 

lie  carves,  displays,  and  cut*  up  to  a  wonder.  Spectator. 

4.  To  set  to  view  ostentatiously.  SItak. 
ti.  To  discover.  [jVe/ in  ii.tc. ]  Spenser. 
ti.  'J'o  open  ;  to  unlock.    [.\'ot  used.]   B.  ./otisoiu 

DIS-PLAY',  r.  i.  To  talk  without  restraint  ;  to  mako 
a  great  show  of  words.  Sliak, 

Dl.'^-l'L.A Y',  n.  An  opening  or  unfolding;  an  exhibi- 
tion of  any  thing  lo  the  view. 

2.  Show  ;  exhiliitiiin  ;  as,  they  make  a  great  dis- 
play of  troops  ;  a  great  dis/ilay  of  maiinificence. 

DIS-t'LAV'/;i),  fihs  plailc',)  Unfolded;  opened; 
spread  ;  expanili  il  ;  exhibited  to  view  ;  manifested. 


PATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY.-PINE,  MAKINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  IMOVE,  WQLF,  DOQK.— 


348 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS-PL.\Y'ER,  n.    He  or  tlmt  which  <lis|ilays. 
l)IS-ri.AV'lN<J,  ppr.    UnfoUliii);  i  s|)rcii<liiig ;  cxhib- 

i(in2  ;  inanirestii)!;. 
DIS-PLEAS'ANCE,  (dU-ph-z'aiis,)  n.  [Fl.  diplaisaiuc] 

Aiigpr  ;  discontent.    [.Vol  lued.]  Spenser. 
DIS-PLKAS'ANT,  (dis-plui'anl,)  a   [See  Displease.] 
Unplwising  ;  ollensivc;  unpleiisuiit.    [The  latter 
toord  i.*  treiienally  used,] 
DI.S  PLe.\Siy,  (dis-plecM'O  c.  t    [dis  and  please.] 

1.  To  ulloiid  ;  to  niiike  nnsry,  soineiiiiies  in  a 
slight  ilegrec.  It  usually  expresses  less  than  t»  annr, 
vex,  irritate,  and  procukc.  .Vpplied  to  the  .MniiKlity, 
in  Scripture,  it  may  be  considered  as  equivalent  to 
anger. 

GimI  wu  'litpteatad  wiih  thu  Ihitip ;  UieRfore  Itc  imole  Ismel.  — 
I  Cliruii.  izi. 

2.  To  disgust ;  to  excite  aversion  in  ;  as,  acrid  and 
rancid  substances  dLtplease  the  taste, 

3.  To  orti-nd ;  to  be  disagreeable  to.  A  distcrted 
fiSnrc  displeases  the  eye. 

DI.^-PLkASE',  v.  i.    To  disgust ;  to  raise  aversion. 

DlS-l'LKA.S'Kl),  p;>.    Utlended  ;  disgusted. 

I)IS-l'I.I~:A#'i;i)-\ESS,  71.    Displeasure  ;  uneasiness. 

DltJ-PLlv  AS'l.NG, />pr.    Giving  offense.  [.Moiuagiie. 

UI!?-PL£AS'I.NG,  a.  OllVnsive  to  the  eye,  to  the 
mind,  to  tlie  smell,  or  to  tbe  taste  ;  disgusiiug  ;  disa- 
greeable. 

DIS-PL£AS'I.\'G-NESS,  n.  Offensivcness  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  giving  .some  degree  of  disgust. 

DI.S-PLEAS'1;RE,  (dis-pUv.h'ur,)  n.  Some  irritation 
or  uneasiness  of  tbe  mind,  occasioned  by  anything 
tlinl  coiiiiteracls  desire  or  ciimuiand,  or  which  op- 
poses justice  and  a  sense  of  propriety.  A  man  incurs 
the  displeasure  of  another  by  thwarting  his  views  or 
schemes  ;  a  servant  incurs  the  displeasure  of  his  ma.s- 
ter  by  neglect  or  disobedience;  we  ex|M>rience  i/is- 
pleasurc  at  any  violation  of  right  or  decorum.  Vis- 
fleo'ure  is  anger,  but  it  may  he  slight  anger.  It 
implies  disapprobation  or  hatred,  and  usually  ex- 
presses less  than  vexation  and  indi^niatian,  Tlius, 
slighter  offenses  give  displeasure,  although  they  may 
not  excite  a  violent  passion, 

2.  Oirense  ;  cause  of  irritation. 

Now  •h.iJI  I      mon?  M.\inekM  than  the  Plulistines,  though  1  do 
lju-iii  a  ititpleodure .  —  Jml^-«  xv. 

3.  State  of  disgrace  or  disfavor. 

He  went  into  Poland,  bciuj  in  ditpteasart  willi  ttie  pope  for 
ovcriDuch  f.u)iili.inty.  Ptndiam. 

D"IS-PI,EAS't:UE,  ».  t    To  displease,  [.in  unnecessa- 

ry  teord,  and  not  used.]  Bacon. 
DIS'PLI-CE.VCE,  M.    [L.  displieentia.] 

Dislike.    [A'ot  in  use.]  Mountatrtu 

DIS-PL(~)DE',  r.  (,    [L.  displodo;  dis  and  plaudo,  to 
break  forth.] 
To  vcnl,  discharge,  or  burst  with  a  violent  sound. 


In  ppstiir*  to  dupUide  Lhrir  second  tire 
Of  Unuickr. 


MUton. 


DIS-PLoDE',  r.  t.  To  burst  with  a  loud  reiwrt ;  to 
explode  ;  as,  a  meteor  disploded  with  a  trcnieiidoiis 
sound. 

DIS-PLoD'ED,  pp.    Discharged  with  a  loud  reiHirt. 
DIS-PLOD'I.\G, /»j>r.    Discharging  or  bursting  w  ith  a 
loud  report. 

DIS-PLO'SION,  (-7.hun,)  n.  The  act  of  disploding  ;  a 
sudden  bursting  with  a  loud  report ;  an  explosion. 

DIS  PI.O'SI  VE,  a.    -Voting  displosion. 

DIS-PLOME',  r.  t.  [dis  plume.]  To  strip  or  de- 
prive of  plumes  or  feathers  ;  to  strip  of  badges  of 
honor.  Burke. 

DIS-PI.r.M'ED,  pp.    Stripped  of  plumes. 

I)1S-P1.C.M'I.\'G,  p/>r.    Depriving  of  plumes, 

DI-SPO.\'DEE,  n.  In  GrecJ:  and  Ixilin  poetry,  a  double 
spondee,  consisting  of  four  long  syllables.  Kneiic. 

DIS  PORT',  «.  [Uis  and  sport.]  '  Play  ;  s|kirt ;  pas- 
time ;  diversion;  amusement;  merriment, 

Milton,  llawnrd. 

DIS-Pf)RT',  r,  i.  To  play  :  to  wanton  ;  to  move  light- 
ly niid  without  restraint ;  to  move  in  gayety ;  as, 
lambs  diiporting  on  the  meail. 

Wlirrc  lifht  disports  in  fTcr-niini^ing  tl_ve».  Pope. 

DIS-PflRT',  r.  t.  To  divert  or  ainnsc  ;  as,  he  disports 
himself.  Shak. 

DIS- PORT',  r.  (.    To  remove  from  a  port.  Chalmers. 

DIS-PORT'ED,  pp.  Played  ;  moved  lightly  and  with- 
out reslnint. 

DIS-PfiRT'l.VG,  ;>pr.    Playing:  wantoning. 

DIS-PORT'.ME.NT,  n.   Art  of  disp,irtiiig  ;  pi  iv.  .Vore. 

DI,-<-Pf)S'A  RLE,  (  poz'a-bl,)  o.  (.See  Dispose.]  Sub- 
ject to  dis|H>s.-il ;  not  previtiiisly  engaged  or  eniplo>  ed  ; 
free  to  be  used  or  eiiiployeil  as  orca-iion  may  retpiire. 
The  whole  dusposatle  force  consisted  in  a  regiment  of 
light  infantry  and  a  troop  of  c.av.alry. 

DI.<-P()S'AL,  (dis-p67.'al,)«.  [See  Duposk,]  The  act 
of  dis|«v<ing  ;  a  setting  or  arranging.  Tliis  obji'ct 
was  effected  by  tlie  disposal  of  ine  troojM  in  two 
lines. 

2.  Regulation,  order,  or  arrangement  of  things,  in 
the  moral  government  of  God  ;  dispen.sation. 

Tax  not  Uirine  dupomi.  A/i/ton. 

3.  Power  of  ordering,  arranging,  or  dirstribiiting ; 
government ;  management ;  as,  an  agent  is  appoint- 


ed, anil  every  thing  is  left  to  his  disposal.  The  effects 
in  mj'  hands  are  entirely  at  my  di-posal. 

4.  Power  or  right  of  bestowing.  Cert.iin  offices  are 
at  tb<i  disposal  of  the  president.  The  father  has  the 
disposal  of  his  daughter  in  marriage, 

5,  The  passing  into  .a  new  stale  or  into  new  hands. 
DIS-P6SE',  (dis-p<Sz',)  r.  L     [Ft.  diiposer ;  dis  and 

poser,  to  place  ;  Ann.  disposi;  L.  di^'posittis,  dispono.] 

1.  To  set ;  to  place  or  distribute ;  to  arrange  ;  used 
irith  rrfi-rcnee  to  order.  The  ships  were  dusposed  in 
the  form  of  a  crescent.  The  general  disposed  his 
troops  ill  three  lines.  The  trees  arc  disposed  in  the 
form  of  a  i|uinciinx, 

9,  To  regulate ;  to  adjust ;  to  set  in  right  order.  Job 
x.xxiv.  and  xxxvii. 

Till'  knightly  foniia  of  eombat  to  dispose.  Drytlen. 

3.  To  apply  to  a  particular  purpose;  to  give;  to 
place  ;  to  bestow  ;  as,  you  have  disposed  much  in 
works  of  public  pii  ty.  In  this  sense,  to  dispose  of  is 
more  generally  used. 

4.  To  set,  place,  or  turn,  to  a  particular  end  or  con- 
sequence. 

Kniliirc  nn<l  conquer;  JoTe  will  »oon  dispost 

To  I'utuie  good  our  piist  :iiid  pivsent  wo*.-*.  Dnjden. 

5.  To  adapt ;  to  form  for  any  pur()Ose, 

Tlirn  must  thou  ih-'C  dispose  anoUicr  way.    Hubbard's  Tale. 
C,  To  set  the  mind  in  a  particular  frame ;  to  in- 
cline.  Avarice  disposes  men  to  fraud  and  oppression, 

Siisptcioiia  dispose  l,iii?s  to  tyniiiiiv,  htulnntls  to  J^aluiuy,  and 

wij.'  nwn  to  irir-wjluliuii  .uid  iiK-l.inclioiy.  Jlo'con. 
lie  was  disposed  to  pan  into  Achai;i.  —  Acta  xviii.   1  Cor.  x.  27. 

To  dispose  of;  to  part  with  ;  to  sell  ;  to  alienate  ; 
as,  the  man  has  disposed  of  his  house,  and  reinovi  d. 

2.  To  part  with  to  another;  to  put  into  another's 
hand  or  power  ;  lo  bestow  ;  as,  the  father  has  disposed 
of  his  daughter  to  a  man  of  great  worth. 

3.  To  give  away  or  transfer  by  authority. 

K  ninO  Ji'dfp?  disposed  of  tx;aiity*«  prirr.  Wnller, 

4.  To  direct  the  course  of  a  thing,    Pror.  xvi. 

5.  To  place  in  any  conilition  ;  as,  how  will  you  dis- 
pose of  your  son 

6.  To  ilirect  what  to  do,  or  what  course  to  pursue  ; 
as,  they  know  not  how  to  dispose  of  themselves. 

7.  To  use  or  enipltiy  ;  as,  they  know  iu)t  how  to 
di.'^ose  nf  their  time. 

8.  To  put  away ;  the  stream  supplies  more  water 
than  raii  be  disposed  of. 

DIS-POSE',  i".  I.    To  bargain  ;  to  make  terms.  [0'«.] 

Sfiok. 

DIS-PoSE',  ri.  Disposal;  power  of  disposing;  nian- 
ageineut.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  Dispensation;  act  of  government  [Oft«.] 

Milton. 

3.  Dispasition  ;  cast  of  behavior.    [Ofts.]  Shak. 

4.  Disposition;  cast  of  mind;  inclination,  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

DIS-Pt")?'KD,  pp.  Set  in  order;  arranged  ;  pl.iced  ;  ad- 

jii-led  ;  applied  ;  bestowed  ;  inclined. 
DIS-l'oS'ER,  n.    One  who  disposes;  a  distributor  ;  a 

beslower  ;  as,  a  di*pos''r  of  gifts. 

2.  .\  dirt  rror:  a  regulator.  The  Supreme  Being 
is  the  rightful  dUposer  of  all  events  and  of  all  crea- 
tures. 

3.  That  which  disposes.  Prior. 
DIS-PtlS'l.N'G,  ;ipr.    Setting  in  order  ;  arranging  ;  dis- 
tributing ;  bestowing  ;  regulating  ;  adjusting  ;  gov- 
erning. 

DlS-PriS'IXG,  n.   The  act  of  arranging;  regulation; 

din-rtion.    Pror.  xvi.  33. 
DIS-PO-SI"TIO.\,  (-pivzi.sh'un,)  n.    [L.  dUposUio.] 

1.  The  act  of  disposing,  or  state  of  being  dis- 
posed. 

2.  .Manner  in  which  things,  or  the  parts  of  a  com- 
ph'x  body,  are  placed  or  arranged  ;  order  ;  method  ; 
disiribiitiim  ;  arningeinent.  We  speak  of  the  dispo- 
sition of  till-  infantry  and  cavalry  of  an  army  ;  the 
disposition  of  the  trees  in  an  orchanl;  the  disposition 
of  the  several  parts  of  an  edifice,  of  the  parts  of  a 
discourse,  or  of  the  figures  in  painting. 

3.  .Natiiril  fitness  or  tendency.  The  refrangibility 
of  the  riysof  light  is  llieir  disposition  to  be  refracted. 
So  we  say,  a  disposition  in  plants  to  grow  in  a  direc- 
tion upward  ;  a  disposition  in  bodies  to  putrefaction. 

4.  TemiUT  or  n.ilund  ciuistitiition  of  the  mind  ;  as, 
an  amiable  or  an  irritable  disposition, 

.S.  Inrlinatiim:  propensity;  the  temper  or  frame  of 
niiiiit,  as  directed  to  partiriilar  objects.  We  speak  of 
llie  disposition  of  a  iK-rsrm  lo  undertake  a  particular 
Work  ;  the  rfi-Tioyi/io/i.i  of  men  toward  e.ach  other;  a 
disposition  friendly  to  any  design. 

r..  DisfMisnl  ;  alienation  ;  distribution  ;  a  giving 
away,  or  giving  over  lo  another  ;  as,  he  has  made 
disposition  of  his  effects  ;  he  has  satisfiiul  his  friends 
hv  III'-  judicifMis  disfiosition  of  his  propertv. 

niS-P()-?l"Tl(>.\-AI.,  a.    Pertaining  to  disimsition. 

Dl.<  POS  I  TIVE,  a.  That  implies  disposal,  [.Yot 
used.]  JliiUffe. 

DIS  POS'I  TIVE-I,Y,  ailr.  In  a  dispositive  manner  ; 
dKlributivrlv.    [^Vot  used.]  Brown. 

DIS-POS'l-TOR,  n.  .\  disposer;  in  astroloipi,  the 
planet  which  is  lord  of  the  sign  where  another  planet 
IS.    [A'ut  used.] 


Dl.s-POS-SESS',  r,  L  [dis  and  po.<.se.s.i.]  To  put  out 
of  possession  by  any  means  ;  to  deprive  of  Ihe  actual 
occu|)ancy  of  a  thing,  particularly  of  land  or  real  es- 
tate ;  lo  disseize. 

Ye  shall  disjsjstess  IhQ  tnhabltanu  of  tjie  land,  and  dwell 

Uii'n.'in.  —  Num.  xxxiii. 
lisually  followed  by  of,  before  the  thing  taken 
away  ;  as,  lo  dispossess  a  king  of  hia  crown. 
DIS-POS-SESS'KD,  (-pos-sest',)  pp.    Deprived  of  pos- 
session or  occupancy. 
DIS-PO.S-SESS'I.\G,  ppr.    Depriving  of  possession  ; 
disseizing. 

DIS-POS-SES'SIO\,  (-pos-sesh'un,)  n.  The  act  of 
pulling  out  of  possession.  Hall. 

DlS-PoS'TRE,  (dis-po'zhiir,)  n.  [Sec  Dispose.]  Dis- 
posal;  the  power  of  disposing ;  management;  direo 
lioil.  Sandys. 

[The  use  of  this  word  is  superseded  by  that  of  Dispo- 
sal.] 

2.  State  ;  posture  ;  disposition,    [Aot  used.] 

fVott/m. 

DIS-PR.\ISE',  (dis-prSz',)  n.  [i/i.*  and  prai.sc]  Illame  ; 
censure.    Be  cautious  not  to  speak  in  di.spraise  of  a 
2.  Reproach  ;  dishonor.  [competitor, 
Tlic  <ren'T.d  his  8con  Moor*  widi  as  bad  faces ;  no  dispraise 
to  IJ,Tlran'»,  OryUn. 

DIS-PRaISE',  ».  f.    To  blame ;  to  censure  ;  to  men- 
tion with  disapprobation,  or  some  degree  of  reproach. 
I  dispraised  liim  before  die  wicked.  *  Shak. 

Dlf-PRAlS'KD,  pp.    Blamed  ;  censured, 
DIS-PRaIS'ER,  n.    One  who  blames  or  dispraises, 
DI.-*-PR.\IS'l.\(;,  ppr.    lllaming  ;  censuring. 
DIS-PRaIS'I.\G-I.Y,  adr.    By  way  of  dispraise ;  with 

blame  or  some  degree  of  reproach. 
DIS-PREAD',  (dis-pred',)  B.  t.    [dis  and  spread.  See 

Spreao,] 

To  spread  in  different  ways;  to  extend  or  flow  in 
different  directions.  Sprn.srr.  Pope. 

DIS-PRE.VD',  e.  i.    To  ex|>and  or  be  extended. 

Thomson. 

DIS-PREAD'ER,  ii.    A  publisher  ;  a  divulger.  Milton. 

DIS-PRIS'O.X,  (-priz'n,)  v.t.  To  let  loose  from  prison  ; 
to  set  at  liliertv.  Bulwrr. 

DIS-PUIV'I-LEOE,  r.  (.    To  deprive  of  a  privilege. 

DIS-PRIZE',  V.  t.    To  underviUue.  CoUon. 

DIS-PRO-FESS',  V.  I.    To  renounce  the  profession  of. 

DIS-PROF'IT,  n.  [dis  »nd  projiu]  Loss ;  detriment ; 
damage.    [Little  used.] 

DIS-PROOF',  n.  [dis  and  proof]  Confutation ;  ref- 
utatio:i ;  a  proving  to  be  false  tir  erroneous  ;  as,  to 
olFer  evidence  in  disproof  of  a  fact,  argument,  prin- 
ciple, or  allegation. 

DIS-PROP'ER-TY,  r.  f.  To  deprive  «f  property  ;  to 
dispossess.    [.Vol  used.]  Shak. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TION,  n.    [dis  and  proportion.] 

1.  Want  of  proptirtion  of  one  thing  to  another,  or 
between  the  parts  of  a  tiling  ;  want  of  symmetry. 
\Vc  speak  of  the  disproportion  of  a  man's  arms  to  his 
body  ;  of  the  disproportion  of  the  length  of  an  edifice 
to  its  hight 

2.  Want  of  proper  quantity,  according  lo  rules  pre- 
scribed ;  as,  the  disproportion  of  the  ingredients  in  a 
compound. 

3.  Want  of  suitableness  or  adequacy;  disparity; 
inequality  ;  uiisuiUibleness  ;  as,  the  disproportion  of 
strength  or  means  lo  an  object, 

DIS-PllO-PoR'TIO.\,  r.  I.  To  make  nnsiiit-ible  in 
form,  size,  length,  or  quantity  ;  to  vioKite  symmetry 
in ;  to  mismatch  ;  to  join  iintilly. 


To  aliapc  my  lew*  of  an  un,\jiial  sire, 
To  disproporuon  me  in  efcry  part. 


Shak. 


DI.S-PRO-PoR'TIO.\-.\-BLE,  a.  Disproportional ;  not 
in  proportion  ;  iinsnitihle  in  form,  size,  or  quantity, 
to  something  else  ;  inadequate, 

.Vote.  —  The  sense  in  which  this  word  is  used  is 
generally  anomalous.  In  its  true  sense,  Uuit  may  be 
made  disproportional,  it  is  rarely  or  never  used,  'I'he 
regular  wtird,  which  ought  to  be  used,  is  Dispropor- 
tional, as  iiseil  bv  Locke. 

DIS-PRO-PoR'TlO.V-A-BLE-XESS,  n.  W,int  of  pro- 
portion or  symmetry;  unsuitablencss  to  something 
else. 

DIS-PRO-PoR'TION-A-BLY,  adr.  With  want  of 
proiKirtion  or  syinmetry ;  unsuitably  to  something 
els<\  Tillotson. 

DI.S-PRO-PoR'TION-.\L,  a.  Not  having  due  propor- 
tion to  something  elstr ;  not  having  proimrtion  or  sym- 
metry of  parts  ;  unsuitable  in  form  or  quantity  ;  une- 
qual ;  iiiadiHpiate,  A  disproportional  limb  ctmstilutes 
(lefonnity  in  the  body.  The  studies  of  youth  should 
not  be  di-siiropiirtionnl  In  their  Capacities. 

[This  is  the  word  which  ought  to  be  used  for  Dis- 

PROPiiRTI'»N  \rle.] 

DIS-PRC)  PoR-TIO.V-AL'I-TY,n.   The  stateof  being 

disproportional. 
DIS-PRO-P0R'TIO\-AL-LY,  adv.    Unsuitably  with 

resp<;rt  to  form,  quantity,  or  value ;  in.adequately  ; 

nneqiiallv. 

DIS-PRO-PfiR'TION-ATE,  a.  Not  proportioned  ;  un- 
symmelrical  ;  unsuitable  to  something  else,  in  bulk, 
form,  or  value  ;  inadequate.  In  a  perfect  form  of  the 
body,  none  of  the  limbs  are  disproportiorat*     It  is 


TCNE,  DIJLL,  IGNITE.- AN"GER,  V?"C10US— €  as  K ;  0  M  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


44 


DD 


349 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS 


>'>^i  not  to  undertake  a  work  with  disproportion- 
au  n°\ns. 

CIS  PRO  Portion- ATE-LY,  aiv.  In  a  dispropor- 
tion i!e  iV*!.Tee  ;  unsuitalily  ;  inadequately. 

DIS-PRL>'-roR'TIUN-ATE-NESS, «.  Uusuitableneas 
in  furn>,  h'llk,  or  value;  inadequaey. 

DIS-PRO  roR'TION  .ED,  ;);<.or  a.  Not  proportioned  ; 
out  of  pu^fortion  ;  disproportionate. 

DIS-PUo'I'UI-aTE,  v.  I.  To  destroy  appropriation  ; 
to  withdraw  from  an  appropriate  use.  Anderson. 

[See  DisAi'PRopRiATE,  which  is  more  regularly 
formed,  and  iTiore-generally  used.] 

DIH-PROV'A  in.E,  (-proov'a-bl,)  o.  Capable  of  be- 
ing disprovet!  or  refuted.  Buylt. 

DIS-PROVE',  f  proove,)  i>.  t.  [dis  and  prove.]  To 
prove  to  be  falio  or  erroneous  ;  toconfute  ;  as,  to  dis- 
prove an  asseilioii,  a  statement,  an  argument,  a 
prn])osjtion. 

2.  To  convict  of  the  practice  of  error.  [JVu<  in 
«j>f.]  Hooker. 

3.  To  disallow  or  disapprove.    [JST-it  in  jtsr.] 
niS-PR<")V'i,'D, //j).    Proved  to  be  false  or  erroneous  ; 

refuted. 

DLS-PRo  V'ER,  71.    One  that  disproves  or  confutes. 

niS-PRoV'I.\G,  ppr.  Proving  to  be  false  or  errone- 
ous ; 'confuting  ;  refiitii.'z. 

DIS-PU.N'CE',  i\  t.  UUs  and  spun^re.']  To  expunge  ; 
to  erase  ;  also,  to  (lisrhaiue  as  from  a  sponge.  [/// 
foriried,  and  little  used.]  IVotton.  Shnk. 

mS-PUN'ISH^A-RI.E,  a.  [As  and  piuiishahle.]  With- 
out prnnl  restraint  \  not  punishable.  Swift. 

DIS-I'I  RSE',  for  Disni'Kst.    [M  in  u.ie.]  Shale. 

I)1.S-1'L'R- VE\'',  (  vfi  )  II.  (.  To  unprovide.  [.ATot  in  use.] 

DIS-PUR-VEY'ANCE,  M.  Want  of  provisions.  [JV<.£ 
in  u.<e.]  Spenser. 

DIS'PU-TA-BLE,  a.  [See  Dispute.]  That  may  be 
disputed  ;  liable  to  be  called  in  question,  contro- 
verted, or  contested  ;  controvertible  ;  of  doubtful 
certainty.  We  speak  of  di.<putahle  opinions,  state- 
ments, propositions,  arguments,  points,  cases,  ques- 
tions, &r. 

DIS-PIJ-TAC'I-TY,  n.    Proneness  to  dispute. 
DIS'PU-TANT,  n.  One  who  disputes  ;  onewhoargues 

in  opposition  to  another ;  a  controvertist  j  a  reasoner 

in  opposition. 

DiS'PU-TANT,  (I.  Disputing;  engaged  in  controversy. 
UIS-PU-Ta'TION,  n.    [L.  disputalio.]  [Milton. 

1.  The  act  of  disputmg  ;  a  r«isoning  or  argumen- 
tation in  opposition  to  something,  t)r  on  opposite 
sides  ;  controversy  in  words  ;  verbal  contest,  respect- 
ing the  truth  of  some  fact,  opinion,  proposition,  or 
arfjuinent. 

2.  An  exercise  in  colleges,  in  which  parties  reason 
in  opposition  to  each  other,  on  some  question  pro- 
posed. 

DIS-PU-TA'TIOUS,  (-ta'shus,)  a.  Inclined  to  dis- 
pute ;  apt  to  cavil  or  controvert ;  as,  a  disputatious 
person  or  temper. 

Tiie  Cliristiaii  doctrine  of  a  future  life  was  no  recommendation 
of  ih-'  new  n-li;pon  to  the  wits  und  pIiilosoph'Ts  of  thai 
diepuuitious  period.  Buckintm^ter. 

DIS-PU-Ta'TIOUS-NESS,  ji.    Inclination  to  tlisputo. 

DIS-Pu'TA-TIVE,  a.  Disposed  to  dispute  ;  inclined 
to  cavil  or  to  reason  in  opposition  ;  as,  a  disputativc 
temper.  IVutts. 

DlS-PuTE',  v.  i.  [L.  rfi,s7)ii(o  ;  dis  and  pirfo.  Tile  pri- 
mary sense  of  puto  is  to  throw,  cast,  strike,  or  drive, 
as  we  see  by  impitto,  to  impute,  to  throw  on,  to 
charge,  to  ascribe,  j^niputoy  to  prune,  is  to  strike  off, 
to  throw  otf  from  all  sides  ;  computo,  to  compute^  Is 
to  throw  together,  to  cast.  Duqiute,  then,  is  radically 
very  similar  to  debate  and  discuss,  botli  of  which  are 
from  beating,  driving,  agitation.] 

1.  To  contend  in  argument ;  to  reason  or  argue  in 
op|H)sition  ;  to  debate ;  to  altercate ;  and  to  dispute 
violently  is  to  wrangle.  Paul  disputed  with  the  Jews 
in  the  synagogue.  The  disciples  of  <;hrist  rfoynitai 
among  tliemselvea  who  should  be  the  greatest.  iVIen 
ofli!n  dispute  about  triHes. 

2.  Tc  «trivc  or  contend  in  opposition  to  a  competi- 
tor ;  as,  we  dijrputed  for  tliii  prize. 

DIS-POTE',  V.  t.  To  attempt  to  disprove  by  argu- 
ments or  statements  ;  to  attempt  to  prove  to  be  false, 
unfounded,  or  erroneous;  to  controvert;  to  attempt 
to  overthrow  by  rea-soning.  We  dUtpute  assertions, 
opinions,  arguments,  or  statements,  when  we  en- 
di;avor  to  prove  them  false  or  unfounded.  We  dis- 
pute the  validity  of  a  title  or  claim.  Hence,  to  dispute 
a  ciiuse  or  case  with  another,  is  to  endeavor  to  main- 
tain one's  own  opinions  or  claims,  and  to  overthrow 
thoxe  of  his  op|M)nenl. 

2.  To  strive  or  ctuitend  for,  either  by  words  or  ac- 
tions ;  as,  to  di-qiuie  the  honor  of  the  day  ;  In  dispute 
a  prize.  Hut  this  phrase  is  elliptical,  biuiig  used  for 
dispute  fur,  and  primarily  Ilie  verb  is  intransitive. 
[Hec  the  intransitive  verb.  No.  2.] 

n.  To  call  in  tpiertion  the  propriety  <if ;  to  oppose 
by  reasoning.  An  ollicer  Is  never  to  disjiule  the  or- 
ders of  Ilia  Htiperior. 

4.  To  strive  to  maintain  ;  as,  to  dispute  every  inch 
of  groiinrl. 

DIS-PO'1'K',  71.  Strife  or  contest  in  words,  or  by  argu- 
ments; an  attempt  Ut  prove  and  maintain  oni  's  own 
opinions  or  claims,  by  arguments  or  statements,  in 


opposition  to  the  opinions,  arguments,  or  claims  of 
another ;  controversy  in  words.  They  had  a  dispute 
on  the  lawfulness  of  slavery  ;  a  subject  which,  one 
would  think,  could  admit  of  no  dispute. 

Dispute  is  usually  applied  to  verbal  contest  ;  con- 
troversy may  be  in  wortis  or  writing.  Dispute  is  be- 
tween individuals  ;  debute  and  dissussion  is  applica- 
ble to  public  bodies. 

2.  The  possibility  of  being  controverted;  as  in 
the  phrase,  this  is  a  fact,  beijond  all  dispute. 

DIS-Pu'i  'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Contested ;  opposed  by  words 
or  arguini  nts  ;  litigated. 

DIlB-PuTE'LESS,  a.  Admitting  no  dispute  ;  incon- 
trt)vertible. 

DIS-POT'ER,  71.  One  who  disputes,  or  who  is  given 
to  disputes  ;  a  controvertist. 

Where  ia  the  dispuler  of  this  worhi  ?  —  I  Cor.  i. 

DIS  POT'IiN'fJ,  ;);)r.    Contending  by  words  or  argu- 

inciUs  ;  cttntniverting. 
DIS  I'O  T'l.Ni;,  «.    'I'he  act  of  contending  by  words 

or  arguments  ;  controversy  ;  altercation 

Do  all  tliiiigii  without  niiinnurin^  or  disputiugs.  —  Phil.  ii. 

DIS-aU.\L-i-FI-eA'TION,  71.  [See  Disqualify.] 
The  act  of  disipialifying  ;  or  that  which  disi|ualilies  ; 
that  which  renders  unfit,  unsuitable,  or  iiiadetiuate  ; 
as,  sickness  is  a  disi/nolilication  for  lalior  or  sttitly. 

2.  The  act  of  ileprivlug  of  Irg.il  power  or  capaci- 
ty ;  tliMl  wliicli  ii  iiili  rs  incapal'.le  ;  that  which  inca- 
pacllatrs  ill  law;  tlisaliility.  Conviction  of  a  crime 
is  a  dtsf[iiol{lieation  for  oluce. 

3.  Want  of  (|ualificatlon.  It  is  used  in  this  sense, 
tliiiUL'li  iiii|iriipi'rly.  In  strictness,  disqualifiention 
iiiipiii's  a  jMrvious  qualltictition  ;  but  careless  writers 
use  It  lor  till'  want  of  tpialification,  where  no  previ- 
ous ipialitication  is  suppo-sed.  Thus,  I  mii-^^t  still 
retain  the  ctuisciousness  of  those  disqualijicaiious, 
which  you  have  been  pleased  to  overlook. 

Sir  John  Shore,  Asiat.  Res  4,  17.5. 

DIS-aUAI/I-Fi-KD,  (-kwol'e-ride,)  pp.  or  a.  Deprived 
of  qiialllicatlons  ;  reiiilrml  unlit. 

DIS-UUAI/I-FY,  JI.  (.  {dis  and  qualify.]  To  make 
unfit ;  to  deprive  of  natural  power,  or  the  qualities 
or  priiperties  necessary  for  any  purpose  ;  with  for. 
Indispositifui  disqualifies  the  body  for  labor,  and  the 
mind  for  stiitly.  i'iety  dties  not  disqualify  a  person 
for  any  lawful  employment. 

2.  To  ileprivc  of  legal  capacity,  power,  or  right  ; 
to  disable.  A  conviction  of  perjury  disqualifies  a 
man  for  a  witness.  A  direct  interest  in  a  suit  dis- 
qualifies a  person  to  be  a  juror  in  the  cause. 

DI.^-tilJAL'l-E5-IN(i,  ppr.  or  a.  Rendering  unfit; 
disabling. 

DIS-CiUAN'TI-TY,  v.  t.    To  diminish.    [JVuf  in  use.] 

Shak. 

DIS-aUl'ET,  n.  [dis  and  quiet.]  Unquiet ;  restless  ; 
uneasy_.    [Seldom  used.]  Shak. 

DIS-Cilil'E T ,  71.  Want  of  quiet ;  uneasiness  ;  rest- 
lessness ;  want  of  tranquillity  in  body  or  mind  ;  dis- 
turbance ;  anxiety.  Swift.  7'illotion. 

DIS-CiUI'ET,  II.  !.  To  disturb;  to  deprive  of  peace, 
rest,  or  tranuiiiility  ;  to  iin'/.e  uneasy  or  restless;  to 
harass  the  boily  ;  to  fret  or  ve,\  the  mind. 

That  he  rnay  disijyiit  the  inhabitants  of  B.ihyloii.  —  Jev.  I. 

W!;>-  hjist  tiiou  uinfiuicU-d  me?  —  I  S.iin.  xxviii. 

O  my  soni,  why  an  thou  dvsquiel&d  within  me  ?  —  Ps.  xlii. . 

DIS-(iIlT'ET-ED,  pp.  ox  a.    Made  uneasy  or  restless  ; 

distiirbeil  ;  harassed. 
DIS-QUI'ET-ER,  n.    One  who  dl,squiet.s  ;  he  or  that 

which  makes  uneasy. 
l)h'^-ri[JiM'>T-rt.JI..,  a.    Protliicing  iniiuieliide.  Barrow. 
D!.S-(ii;i'K  r  iiXi;,  pirr.    Disturbing  ;  making  une;isy  ; 

dep.-iving  of  rest  or  peace. 

2.  a.    Tending  to  disturb  the  mind  ;  as,  disquieting 

apprehensions. 
DIS-aiJI'ET-IVi:,  a.    Tending  to  distiiiiet. 
UIS-CiUI'E'l'-I.Y,  adei.    Without  quiet  or  rest ;  in  an 

uneasy  state  ;  uneasily  ;  an.viously  ;  as,  he  rested 

rf/AV/iiiVv/?/ that  night.    [^Unusual.]  fViseinan. 
DIS-til'I'ET-MENT,  7i.    Act  of  disquieting. 
DIS  (iUI'E'l'  NESS,  71.     Uneasiness  ;    restlessness  ; 

disturbance  of  pt^ace  in  body  or  mind.  Hooker. 
D_I.S-tiUI'ET-OUS,  a.    Causing  uneasiness.  [JVot 

used.]  Milton. 
DIS-aUI'E-TUDE,  71.   W.ant  of  peace  or  tranipiilllty  ; 

uneasiness  ;  disturbance  ;  agitation  ;  an.vlety.    It  Is, 

I  believe,  most  frequently  used  of  the  mind.  Re- 

llglim  is  our  be.st  security  from  the  disquietudes  that 

imbltler  life. 

DIS-(lin-SI"TION,  (dis-kwe-7.isli'un,)  ri.  [I,,  dis- 
quisilio  I  di.sqiiiro  ;  dis  nuf\  qmero,  to  seek.] 

A  formal  or  systematic  inquiry  into  any  subject, 
by  arguments,  or  discussion  of  the  facts  and  circum- 
stances that  may  elucidate  truth  ;  as,  a  disquisition 
on  goveriiiiiiiit  or  morals;  ti  disquisition  concerning 
the  antediluvian  earth.  IVoodward, 
[It  is  usuiillq  apidied  to  a  written  treatise.] 

DIS-(H;i-SI"Tl()N-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  dlsquisi- 
tiim. 

DIS-RANK',  D.  t.  To  degraile  from  rank.  [Mit  used.] 
2.  'l"o  throw  out  of  rank  or  into  confusion.  Decker. 

DIS.RE-(;\RI)',  71.  [(/i.«  anil  iT.run/.]  Neglect;  oinis- 
sion  of  notire  ;  slight ;  implying  inilid'erenee  or  some 
degree  of  eonteinpt ;  as,  to  pass  one  with  disreirard.  I 


DIS-RE-GaRD',  71.  t.  To  omit  to  take  notice  of ;  to 
neglect  to  observe  ;  to  slight  as  unworthy  of  ri-gard 
or  notice.  We  are  never  to  disrenrard  the  wants  of 
the  poor,  nor  the  admonitions  of  conscience. 

Studious  of  good,  man  disregarded  f  tme.  Biaclcmore. 

DIS-RE-GARD'ED,  pp.    Neglected;  slighted;  nnno- 
DIS-RF.  GARD'ER,  71.    One  who  neglects.  ftlcil. 
DIS-RE-GARD'FIJL,  a.  Neglectful;  negligent ;  heed- 
less. 

DIS-RE-GaRD'FIJL-LY,  adv.  Negligently  ;  heed- 
lessly. 

DIS-RE-GARD'ING,  ppr.  Neglecting  overlooking; 
omitting  to  notice. 

DIS-REI/ISH,  n.  [dis  mA  relish.]  Distaste  ;  dislike 
of  the  ])alate  ;  some  degree  of  disgust.  Men  gener- 
ally have  a  disrcli.th  for  tobacco,  till  the  taste  is  recon- 
ciled to  it  by  custom. 

2.  Bad  taste  ;  nauseousne.ss.  Milton. 

3.  Distaste  or  dislike,  in  a  fiaurative  sense;  dislike 
of  the  mind,  or  of  the  faculty  by  which  beauty  and 
excellence  are  perceived. 

DIS-REL'ISII,  v.  t.  To  dislike  the  taste  of;  as,  to 
disrelish  a  particular  kind  of  foml. 

2.  To  make  nauseous  or  disgusting;  to  infect  with 
a  bad  taste.  Milton. 

[In  this  sense,  I  heliere,  the  word  is  little  used.] 

3.  To  dislike  ;  to  feel  some  disgust  at ;  as,  to  dis- 
relish vulgar  jests. 

DIS-REI>'1SI1-KD,  (-rel'isht,)  pp.  Not  relished  ;  dis- 
liketl  ;  made  iiatiseous. 

DIS  KI',l,'lsii-L\G,  ppr.  Disliking  the  taste  of;  ex- 
peririirlii;;  illsu'iist  at ;  reiiilerlug  nauseous. 

DIS-RE-.ME.M'BER.  71.  f.    To  forget.  [UnautJiorhed.] 

DIS-RE-PaIR',  71.  [i/i.i- and  7-f/mi>.]  A  .state  of  being 
not  ill  repair  or  good  condition,  and  wanting  repara- 
tion. Chalmers. 

DIS-UEP'U-TA-BLE,  a.  [dis  and  reputiMe.]  Not 
reputable ;  not  in  esteem ;  not  honorable  ;  low  ; 
mean  ;  as,  disreputable  company. 

2.  Dishonorable;  disgracing  the  reputation;  tend- 
ing to  impair  the  gooti  name,  and  bring  into  dls- 
esteein.  It  is  disreputable  to  associate  familiarly  with 
the  iiietm,  the  lewtl,  ami  the  prtifane. 

DrS-Ri;P'll-TA-RLY,  adv.    In  a  disreputable  manner. 

DIS-REP-IJ-TA'TION,  71.  [dis  and  reputation.]  Loss 
or  want  of  reputation  or  good  name  ;  disrepute  ; 
disesteem  ;  dishonor;  disgrace;  discredit.  Ill  suc- 
cess often  brings  an  enterprising  man,  as  well  as  his 
project,  into  disreputation. 

DIS-RE-PPTE',  77.  [dis  and  repute.]  Loss  or  w.ant 
of  reputation  ;  disesteem  ;  discredit ;  dishonor.  The 
alclu  iiiist  ami  his  books  have  sunk  into  disrepute. 

DIS-KI".  Pi' Ti;',  i\  t.    To  bring  into  disreputation. 

DIS  HE  Pf'  I  'EI),  pp.    Brought  into  disreputation. 

I)IS-RE-PCT'ING,  ppr.    Bringing  into  disreputation. 

l)lS-RE-SPEe'l"',  71.  [dis  and  respect.]  Want  of 
resptict  or  reverence  ;  disesteem.  Disrespect  often 
leatls  a  man  to  treat  another  with  neglect  or  a  degree 
of  contempt. 

2.  As  on  act,  incivility  ;  irreverence  ;  rudeness. 

DIS-RE-SPi;CT',  r.  I.    'i'o  show  disrespect  to. 

DIS-RE-SPKCT'El),  pp.    Treati  tl  with  disrespect. 

DlS-RE-SPEeT'FlJI,,  a.  Wanting  in  respect;  as,  a 
disresptetful  tllougllt  tir  tipillioil. 

2.  Mauifesliug  disesteem  or  want  of  respect ;  un- 
civil ;  as,  disrrspectfol  btdiavior. 

Dl.-^-ltK  SPK€I"FUL-I,V,  adr.  In  a  dlsres|KCtfiil 
manner:  irreverently;  uncivilly. 

DIS-RE-SPECT'ING,  ppr.    Showing  disrespect  to. 

DIS-RoUE',  V.  t.  [dis  and  robe.]  To  divest  of  a 
robe  ;  to  divest  of  garments  ;  to  iindre.ss. 

2.  To  strip  of  covering  ;  to  divest  of  any  surround- 
ing appendage.  Autumn  disrobes  the  fields  of  ver- 
dure. 

These  two  peers  were  ditrobtd  of  their  glory.  M'otton, 

DIS-RfiU'KI),  pp.  Divested  of  clothing;  stripped  of 
covering. 

DIS-Roli'F.R,  71.    One  that  strips  of  robes  or  clothing. 

DIS-Uol!'IN(!,  /'/"■•  DIve.stiiig  of  garments;  strip- 
ping of  any  kind  of  covering. 

DIS-ROOT',  V.  t.  [dis  and  root.]  To  tear  up  the 
roots,  or  by  tlu^  roots. 

2.  To  tear  from  a  foundation  ;  to  loosen  or  under- 
mine. 

A  piece  of  ground  disrooted  from  its  situntion  hy  snhterrineoui 
inuiulations.  OoliUmith. 

DIS-ROOT'ED,  pp.  Torn  up  by  the  roots;  under- 
mined. 

DIS-ROOT'ING,  ppr.  Tearing  up  by  the  roots;  un- 
dermining. 

DIS  RUPT',  a.   [Ii.  Ji.miptus  ;  dis  and  rumpo,  to  burst.] 
Rent  from  ;  torn  asuniler;  severed  by  rending  or 
breaking. 

DIS-RUPT'EI),  «.    Rent  asunder.      Dr.  Thompson. 
DIS  RUP'TION,  71.    [E.  disTuptio,  from  disrumpo.] 

1.  The  act  of  reiulliig  asunder;  the  act  of  burst- 
ing and  separating. 

2.  Breach  ;  rent :  dllaceralion  ;  as,  the  di.-n'uption 
of  rocks  in  an  earthquake  ;  the  disruption  of  a 
strMliim  of  earth  ;  disruption  of  the  fiesh. 

DIS-SAT-IS  FACTION,  ».  [dui  and  m(i.i/<irfin7i.] 
The  stale  of  being  dissatisfied  ;  discontent ;  uncnsi- 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRp  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  

350  =^-1:==^ 


DIS 


DIS 


ness  proceeding  from  the  wiiiit  of  gnuificiition,  or 
from  (lisapixjiiittd  wislius  and  expcctalious. 

The  lunbiuoua  iiwui  ii        cl  10  uncMiiiPM  «nd  dianaSi/'Vlion. 

Aittlison. 

DIS-SAT-IS-FAe'TO-RI-NES9,  n.    Inability  to  sat- 
isfy or  give  content ;  a  failing  to  give  conti  iit. 
UIS-SAT-IS-FAe'TO-RY, «.    Unable  to  give  content. 
Kallier,  giving  discontent ;  displeasing. 
To  Iwvc  mluceil  li:e  il'rtVen'iil  iiii.tlific.uions  in  llic  ililli-n-iit  Sl;vt<-5 
10  one  uiiiturili  nili',  woiiltl  jiivlMlily  have  br.-n  ;i9  dumtU- 
/actoru  to  loine  of  Uie  Sub-*,  tu  dilliciilt  lor  Uiu  coitv<'iit)uii. 

Hf.millon,  Mi^ford. 

DIS-S.\T'IS-FI-CT),  (-sat'is-fide,)  pp.  Made  discon- 
tented ;  displeased. 

2.  a.  Discontented  ;  not  satisfied  ;  not  pleased  ; 
offended.  Luckc. 

DIS-SAT'IS-FV,r. «.  To  rcndi-rdisconti-nted  ;  to  dis- 
please ;  to  excite  uneasiness  by  frustr.iting  wishes  or 
cx|icctalions. 

nirt-SAT-lS'FJ-ING,  ppr.  E.xciling  uneasiness  or 
discontenL 

DIt<-t!KAT',  V.  L   To  remove  from  a  seat.  S*iiA-. 
DIS  SECT',  r.  t.    [l^.  disscco,  ilissectusi  (lis  and  seco, 
to  cut ;  i'r.  diA<etiacr.] 

1.  To  cut  in  pieces  ;  to  divide  an  animal  body, 
with  a  cutting  instrument,  by  separating  the  joints; 
as,  to  dissect  a  fowl,    llenre,  apfroprtnUlij, 

2.  To  cut  in  pieces,  as  an  animal  or  vegetable,  for 
the  pHr[K>se  of  examining  the  structure  and  use  of 
iUs  several  parts  ;  to  anatomize.  Also,  to  o|)en  any 
pari  of  a  body  to  obsi;rve  its  morbid  ap|)earances, 
or  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  death  or  the  seat  of 
a  disease. 

3.  To  divide  into  its  constituent  parts,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  examination  ;  as,  dissect  your  mind  ;  dissect 
a  paragnipli.  Roscummoii.  Pope. 

DIS  SECT' El),  pp.  or  a.  Cut  in  pieces;  separated  by 
paiting  the  joints  ;  divided  into  its  constituent  parts  ; 
opened  and  examined. 

DlS-SEeT'l.\0,  p/>r.  Cutting  in  pieces  ;  dividing  the 
parts  ;  se|)aratiiig  colisliluent  iiarls  for  minute  exam- 
ination. 

2.  a.  Used  in  dissection  ;  as,  a  dijsectinir  knife. 
DIS-SEC'TIO.V,  (  sek'shiin,)  ii.    (L  dissectw.] 

1.  The  act  of  cutting  in  pieces  an  animal  or  vege- 
table, for  the  purpose  of  examining  the  structure 
and  uses  of  its  (larts  ;  anatomy. 

Dtitection  wja  lield  sacrilege  lill  the  time  of  Friiicis  I.  Encye. 

2.  Thi;  act  of  separating  into  constituent  parts,  for 
the  purpose  of  critical  examination. 

DIS-SECT'Oll,  n.    One  who  dissects ;  an  artatomisL 
DIS-SiclZE',  (dis-sceze',)  v.  L    [dis  and  seize;  Ft. 
dessaisir.] 

In  law,  to  dispossess  wrongfully ;  to  deprive  of 
actual  seizin  or  possession  ;  lollowed  by  ofi  as,  to 
disseize  a  tenant  ii/his  freehold. 

A  iT);tii  nuky  »ii[>iKMC  tiiiii*'!!  (iu«nz«'I,  when  he  U  not  so. 

Bladcttont. 

DIS-SkIZ'KD,  (dis-sce/.d',)  pp.  Tut  out  of  posses- 
sion wrongfully  or  by  force  ;  deprived  of  actual 
|M>ssfssion. 

I)IS-Sr:l-'/.EE',  (dis-see-zee',)  n.  A  person  put  out  of 
pussession  of  an  estate  unlawfully. 

DIS-SKIZ'I.N,  n.  The  act  of  disseizing  ;  an  unlawful 
dispossessing  of  a  [>erson  of  his  lands,  tenements, 
or  incorporeal  hereditaments  ;  a  deprivation  of  actual 
seizin.  Btackstone. 

DlS-Sf;IZ'ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  actual  seizin  or 
pussi'ssiim  ;  pulling  out  of  (losscssion. 

DIS-^iKlZ'Olt,  n.  One  who  puis  .mother  out  of  pos- 
session wrongfully  ;  he  that  dis[Hjssesses  another. 

Blackstotie. 

DIS-SE.M'IIEAXCE,  n.  [di>  and  semblancr.]  Want 
of  resemlilance.    [LtttU  used.'j  Osborne. 

DIS-SE.M'IIEE,  r.  L  [L.  disstmulo  ;  dis  and  simulo, 
from  simtlts,  like;  tr.  di<simulcr ;  It.  dissimulare  ; 
8p.  diiintular  :  .Ann.  diczuinula.] 

1.  To  hide  uniler  a  false  apjwarance  ;  to  conceal ; 
to  disguise  ;  to  pretend  that  not  to  be  whicli  re:illy 
is  ;  OS,  I  will  not  dusniMe  the  truth  ;  1  can  not  i/u- 
seiuble  my  real  sentiments.  [  TUis  is  Uie  proper  sense 
of  Otis  ifor*/.] 

2.  To  pretend  that  to  be  which  is  not ;  to  make 
a  false  ap^iearauce  of.   This  is  the  sense  of  siinutaie. 

Your  ion  l.nCf.'ntio 
Doth  love  my  d.mght'-r,  nnd  •lir  lovrth  liim, 
Ur  UjUi  du«er/U>i<  dct'piy  their  alVt--%:ttuiift.  Shak. 

DIS-SEM'BLE,  r.  i.  To  be  hypocritical ;  to  assume  a 
false  apiiearance;  to  conceal  the  real  fact,  motives, 
intention,  or  seutiinenls',  under  some  pretense. 

Yr  h\¥e  itolt-n,  .-xii-l  disttmbled  nUj. —  Josh.  vii. 

Hl'  tJul  h.iUrtli,  ditttmUeUi  with  hia  Up*.  —  Prov.  xxri. 

DIS-SE.M'BLED,  pp.  Concealed  under  a  false  ap|>ear- 
ance ;  disguised. 

DIS-SE.M'BUER,  n.  One  who  dissembles ;  a  hypo- 
crite .  one  who  conce.ils  his  opinions  or  dispositions 
under  a  false  appearance. 

I)IS-SE.M'11Ij1XG,  ppr.  or  a.  Hiding  under  a  false 
appearnnre  ;  acting  the  liypoerite. 

l)lS-SEM'liLING-I,Y,m/r.  With dissimul.ition  ;  hypo- 
rntioally  ;  falsely.  Knolics. 

D1S.^EM'I\-ATE,  r.t,  dissemino  ;  dts  iind  seinino, 
to  sow,  from  semen,  seed.] 


1.  Litrralhj,  to  sow  ;  to  scatliT  seed  ;  but  seldom 
or  never  used  in  its  literal  sense.    Hut,  hence, 

2.  To  scatter  for  growth  and  pro|>agati(m,  like 
seed  ,  tt)  spread.  Thus,  principles,  opinions,  and 
errors  are  dissfniiiiutrd,  when  they  are  spreatl  and 
propagated.  Tt>  disseminate  truth,  or  the  gospel,  is 
iiigiily  laudable. 

li.  To  spread  ;  to  ililTiise. 

A  iniifurin  ln-iit  disttctninaled  llnuu^h  tlio  tiu<ly  ul  tii**  <Mnli. 

ti'oo<ii*ar(i. 

4.  T<i  spread  ;  to  disiiersc. 

The  Jew*  lire  dittemiualcd  nil  ttie  muling  part*  of  the 

worltl.  AtUlidfin. 
[The  second  is  the  most  proper  applicatitui  of  the 
word,  as  it  should  always  include  tlie  idea  of  growth 
or  taking  root.    The  fourth  is  hardly  vintlicabltr.] 
DIS-SEM'IN-.A-TEU,  pp.    Scattered,  as  seed;  prop- 
agated ;  spread. 

2.  In  mi/irro/oi'T/,  occurring  in  portions  less  than  a 
hazel-nut ;  being  scattered. 
DIS-SEM'IN-A-TING,  pp.  Scattering  and  propaga- 
ting ;  spreading. 
DIS-SE.M-l.\-.\'TIO.\,  71.  The  act  of  scattering  and 
propagating,  like  seed ;  the  act  of  spreading  for 
growth  and  perinanenct!.  We  trust  the  world  is  to 
be  reformed  by  the  disscminatiuit  of  evangelical 
doctrines. 

DIS-SEM'IN-.A-TOR,  n.     One  who  disseminates  ; 

one  who  spreads  and  propagates. 
DIS-SE.N'SIO.N,  (shun,)  h.    [  L.  disscnsio  ;  dis  and  seii- 

tio,  to  think  ;  Fr.  du;sension.\ 

Disagreement  in  opinion,  usually  a  disagreement 

which  is  violent,  producing  warm  debates  or  angry 

words  ;  contention  in  words  ;  strit'e  ;  discord  ;  ([uar- 

rel ;  breach  of  friendship  and  union. 

Di'luitt-a,  distentiong,  iipruars  an?  lliy  ]ov.  Dryden, 
Paul  aiitl  B.tniub»*  had  no  small  duietition  wiUi  tli<.-ni.  — 
ACIA  xr. 

We  see  dissnt.\-ions  in  church  and  state,  in  towns, 
parishes,  and  families  ;  and  the  word  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  ililferences  wliicli  produce  war  ;  as,  the  dis- 
seiisiiins  between  the  houses  of  V'ork  and  Lancaster 
in  England. 

DIS-SE.\"SI()US,  (dis-sen'shus,)a.  Disposed  to  dis- 
cord ;  quarrelsome  ;  contentious  ;  factious.  [Little 
used.)  Sltali.  ^sclinm. 

DIS-SE.\T',  V.  i.  [L.  dissensio  ;  dis  and  scntio,  to 
tliiiikj 

1.  To  disagree  in  opinicm  ;  to  differ;  to  think  in  a 
different  or  contrary  manner  ;  with/ram.  There  are 
many  opinions  in  which  men  dissent  from  us, as  they 
dissent  from  each  other. 

2.  To  dillcr  from  an  established  church,  in  regard 
to  doctrines,  rites,  or  government. 

3.  To  differ;  to  be  of  a  contrary  nature.  [Less 
proprr.'\  Hooker. 

DIS-SE.NT',  n.    Difference  of  opinion  ;  disagreement. 

2.  Declaration  of  disagreement  in  opinion  ;  as, 
they  entered  their  dissent  on  the  journals  of  the 
house. 

3.  Separation  from  an  established  church,  espe- 
cially that  of  England. 

4.  Ctmtririely  of  nature  ;  opjHisite  quality.  [Rare.] 
DIS-SE.\T-A'.\E-(>US,  a.    Disagreeable  ;  contrary. 
D1S'SE.\T-A-NY,  a.     Dissentaneous  ;  inconsistent. 

[A'lil  it.-r</.l  MUUin. 

DlS-SE.\T-A'TIO.\,  II.    Act  of  dissenting. 

DIS-SE.NT'ER,  n.  One  who  dissents;  one  who  dif- 
fers in  opinion,  or  one  who  declares  his  disagree- 
ment. 

2.  One  who  separates  from  the  ser\'ice  and  wor- 
shipof  any  esuiblished  church.  The  word  is  in  Eng- 
land particularly  applied  to  those  who  separate  from, 
or  who  do  nut  unite  with,  the  Church  of  England. 

niS-SE.V'TI  E.N'T,  a.    Disagreeing  ;  declaring  dissent. 

DIS-SEX'TIE.N'T,  (dis  seii'slient,)  n.  One  who  dis- 
agrees and  declares  Ins  dissent. 

DIS-SE.\T'I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Disagreeing  in  opinion  ; 
separating  from  the  comiminion  of  an  established 
church.  It  is  used  as  an  adjective ;  as,  a  dissenting 
minister  or  ctmgregalitui. 

D1.S-SE.N"T10US,  (dis-sen'shus,)  a.  Dis|)Osed  to  dis- 
agretmient  (tr  tliscord. 

DIS-SEI*'I-.ME.\T,  n.  [h.  dissrpimentum  :  dissepio^ to 
sep.arate  ;  dis  and  sqtio,  to  incbkse  or  guard.] 

In  liolnnij,  a  term  applied  to  the  partitions  that  are 
fiirmetl  in  ovaries,  by  the  united  sides  of  cohering 
carpels,  and  which  sejiarale  the  inside  into  cells. 

Litidicy. 

DIS-SERT',  r.  i.    [L.  dissero,  diierta.] 

To  discourse  or  dispute.    [^Little  m  use.) 
DIS'SER-TaTE,  r.  i.    To  deal  in  dis.sertalion ;  to 

write  dissertations,  J.  Foster. 

DIS  SERT-.\'T10.\,  71.    [U  I'Jssrrtatio,  from  dissert.,, 

to  discourse,  from  disscro,  id, ;  dis  and  sero,  to  stiw, 

that  is,  to  throw.    Disscro  ia  to  throw  out,  to  cast 

abroad.] 

1,  A  discourse,  or  rather  a  formal  discourse,  in- 
tended to  illustrate  a  subject. 

2.  A  written  essay,  treatise,  or  disquisition  ;  as, 
Plutarch's  disstrtjition  on  the  poets  ;  Newton's  dis-  \ 
srrtations  on  the  prophecies.  I 

DIS'SERT-A  -TOR,  n.  One  w  ho  writes  a  dissertation  ;  [ 
one  who  debates.  Boyle. 


DIS-SERVE',  (dis-serv',)  r.  t.    [dis  and  srrrr.]   To  in- 
jure ;  to  hurt ;  to  harm  ;  to  do  injury  or  iiiischii-f  to. 

He  look  the  first  opportunity  to  ditnervt  liiiii.  CUtrerulon. 
Too  iiioch  j^-.il  oflt-n  iltMttrvet  a  gwoil  ciu*.:.  Anon. 

I)IS-SERV'KD,  (di.s-servd',)  pp.  Injured. 

DISSERVICE,  n.  Injury  i  harm;  mischief;  as,  vl- 
ob  lit  remedies  oftt-n  do  a  dissrrcicc. 

I)IS-SERV'ICE-A-Ul,E,a.    Injurious;  hurtful. 

D1S-SERV'ICE-A-I!I,E-N1')SS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing injurious  ;  tendency  to  harm.  J^'orris. 

DIS-SEK  VI('E-.-\-I!LY,  ado.    .So  as  to  be  injurious. 

D I S-S  E R  V'  1  .\ (J ,  ;ipr.  Injuring. 

D1S-S1-;  T'TI.E,  c.  t.    To  unsettle.    [JVot  «.sed.]  More. 

DIS  SEVER,  c.  t.    [<^is  and  wpcr.    In  tliis  word, 
as  in  dispart,  can  have  no  effect,  unless  to  augment 
the  sigiiilication,  as  dis  and  secer  both  denote  sepa- 
ration.] 

To  ilispart;  to  part  in  two,  to  divide  asunder;  to 
separalt!  ;  tti  tlisunite,  either  by  violence  or  not. 
\\'ii«-ii  witli  force,  it  is  ef)uivaleiit  to  rend  antl  burst. 
It  may  ilenote  either  to  cut  or  to  tear  tisiiuder.  In 
beheatliiig,  the  head  is  dissecered  from  the  body  ;  the 
lightning  may  disseccr  a  branch  from  the  stem  of  a 
tree.  Jealousy  dissevers  the  bonds  of  frierulship. 
The  reformation  dissevered  the  catholic  church  ;  it 
dissevered  I'rotestaiils  fri>m  Roman  Catholics. 
DIS-SE  VER-.\.\CE,  «.  The  act  of  dis.severing  ;  sep- 
aration. 

DIS-SEV-ER-.A'TIO.\,  71.    Act  of  dissevering. 
DI.S-.se VER-Z-JD,  pp.  or  a.     Disparted  ;  disjoined  ; 
separated. 

DIS-SEV"ER-I.\G,  ppr.  Dividing  .asunder;  sep.irat- 
ing  ;  tt-ariii<!  or  cutting  asunder. 

DIS  SEV'i;iM.NG,  II.     'I'hc  act  of  separating;  sep- 

DIS'SI  I>!-,.\Ci;,  II.    [Infra.]    Discord.  [aration. 

DIS'Sl-l)i;.\'i',  a,  [L.  dissideo,  to  disagree  ;  dis  and 
sedeo,  to  sil.l    Not  agreeing. 

DIS'SI-DE.\'I ,  H.  A  tlisseuter  ;  one  who  separates 
from  the  eslablishetl  religion  ;  a  word  applied  ttt  the 
members  of  the  Eutlieran,  Calviiiistic,  and  Greek 
churche  s  in  I'lilaud.  Eneyc. 

DIS-SIL'I-ENCE,  n.  [L,  d'usilio  ;  dis  and  salio,  to 
leap.] 

'I'lie  act  of  leaping  or  starting  asunder. 

DIS-SIL'I-ENT,  a.  Starting  asunder;  bursting  and 
0|>ening  with  an  elastic  force,  as  the  dry  pod  or  cap- 
sule of  a  plant ;  as,  a  dissihritt  pericarp.  Marttjn. 

DIS-SI-LI  'TIO.\,  (ilis-se-lish'iiii,)  n.  The  act  of 
bursting  open  ;  the  act  of  starting  or  springmg  dif- 
ferent wa\s,  Boide. 

DIS-SI.M'I-LAR,  a.  [dis  and  similar.]  Unlike,  ■•ilher 
in  nature,  properties,  or  external  form  ;  liot  simil.u  ; 
not  having  the  rt\seinhlance  of ;  hetertigeiieous. 
Ntrwtou  denominates  dissiniHar  the  rays  of  light  of 
dillerent  refraiigibility.  The  tempers  of  men  are  as 
dissimilar  as  their  features. 

DIS-SI.M-I-L.\R'1-TY,  ii.  Unlikeness;  want  of  re- 
semblance ;  dissimilitude  ;  as,  the  dissimilarity  of 
human  faces  and  forms. 

DIS-SI  M'l-LE,  (dis-sim'i-ly,)  II,  Comparison  or  illus- 
tration by  contraries,    [LitUe  used.] 

DIS-SI-MI  L'l-TUDE,  II,    (L.  dtssimUitudo.] 

Unlikeness  ;  want  of  resemblance  ;  as,  a  dissimili- 
tude of  form  or  character. 

DIS-SI.M-I.;  E.\'TION,  It.  [L.  diisimulatio  ;  dis  and 
siinulatui,  (com  simuU,,  to  make  like,  .vimi/ij,  like.] 

The  act  of  dissi-nibling  ;  a  liiding  under  a  false 
appearance  ;  a  feigning  ;  false  preteiisitui  ;  hypoc- 
risy. Dissimulation  may  be  simply  concenlnii:nI  of 
the  opinions,  st-ntiineiits,  or  piirptise  ;  but  it  includes, 
also,  the  assuming  of  a  false  or  counterfeit  appear- 
ance, w  hich  conceals  the  real  opinions  or  piir|iosc, 
DissimuiatioH,  amiuig  statesmen,  is  sometimes  re- 
garded as  a  necessary  vice,  or  as  no  vice  at  all, 

lyt  love  lie  wiihriitt  t/utonu/aliori. —  Rom.  xii. 

DIS-PI.M'I'I.E,  F,  (.    To  dissemble.    f.Vof  i«  u.se.] 
DIS'SI-I'A-liM-:,  a.    [See  Dismpvtk.]    Li.-ible  to  be 
dissipatt-tl ;  that  may  be  scatteretl  tir  dispersed. 

The  li--ut  of  those  plaiiu  is  vi-ry  dittipahte.  Bacon. 

DIS'SI-P.aTE,  r,  t,  [I.,  d'lssipatus,  dissipo ;  dis  and  an 
obsolete  verb,  sipo,  to  throw-.  We  perha|is  see  its 
derivatives  in  stpfion,  prosapia,  ;uu\  sej,t ;  antl  srpio, 
to  inclose,  niay  be  primarily  to  rejiel,  and  thus  to 
guard.] 

1.  'lo  scatter;  to  disperse;  to  drive  asunder, 
WintI  dissipates  fog  ;  the  heat  of  the  sun  dissipates 
vapor;  mirth  dusipntrs  care  and  anxiety;  the  cares 
of  life  tend  to  dissipate  si'rious  rellt'Ctioiis. 

Sriittrr,  disperse,  ami  dissipate,  are  in  many  cases 
synon>  nious  ;  but  dissipate  is  iisetl  appropriately  to 
denot.'  the  dispersion  of  things  that  vanish,  tir  are 
not  afterward  collected  ;  as,  l«»  dissipate  fog,  vn|Mir, 
or  clouds.  We  say,  an  army  is  .watered  or  dLt/irrsed, 
but  not  di.-t.^iiiated.  Trees  are  scattered  or  dispersed. 
over  a  field,  but  not  dissipated. 

2,  To  expeiiil  ;  to  squander  ;  lo  scatter  property  in 
wasteful  extravagance  ;  to  waste  ;  to  consume  ;  as, 
a  man  ha<  dtssi/iated  his  fortunt?  in  the  pursuit  of 

X  Ti>  scatter  the  allcntion.  [ple.isure 
DIS'SI-P.iTE,  1-.  1.    To  scalli  r:  to  disperse    to  s»-p- 
amte  into  parts  and  disappear;  lo  w:iste  nway  ;  lo 
v.inish.    A  fog  or  cloud  grulutilly  di.isipatet,  before 


TC.NE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  -  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS 


the  rays  or  lieat  of  the  sun.  The  heat  of  a  body 
dissiiiates  ;  tlie  lluids  ilvisipate. 

DIS'SI-Pa-TEO,  pp.  Scattered  ;  dispersed  ;  wasted  ; 
consumed  ;  squandered. 

9.  a.  Loose;  irregular;  given  to  extravagance  in 
the  expenditure  of  property  ;  devoted  to  pleasure  and 
vice  ;  as,  a  diisipated  man  ;  a  di^siputi  d  life. 

DIS'SNPA-TL\G,;;pr.  Scattering;  ch^;,M..ing;  wast- 
ing; consuming;  squandering;  vaijisliing. 

DIS-SI-P.\'TION,  7!.  Tlie  .act  of  scaiu  ring ;  disper- 
sion ;  the  state  of  being  dispersed  ;  as,  the  dissipation 
of  vapor  or  heat. 

2.  In  physics,  the  insensible  loss  or  waste  of  the 
minute  parts  of  a  body,  which  fly  oft",  by  which 
m:'ans  the  body  is  diminished  or  consumed. 

3.  Scattered  attention  ;  or  that  which  diverts  and 
calls  off"  the  mind  from  any  subject.  Swift. 

4.  A  dissolute,  irregular  course  of  life  ;  a  wander- 
ing from  object  to  oljject  in  pursuit  of  pleasure  ;  a 
course  of  life  usually  attended  with  carel'.'ss  and  ex- 
orbitant expenditures  of  money,  and  indulgence  in 
vices,  which  impair  or  ruin  both  health  and  fortune. 

What!  b  it  proposed,  lhc:i,  lo  reclLitm  tlie  speiuUlirill  from  his 
dissipnlion  and  exlr.ivagance,  by  filling  his  pockets  willi 
money  f  P.  Henry,  Wirt's  Skeiches. 

DIS-So-CI.A.-BIL'1-TY,  n.    Want  of  social,  litv. 
DIS-So'CI.\-BLE,  (-so'sha-bl,)  a.    [.^ee  Dissociate.] 
Not  well  associated,  united,  or  assorted. 

They  came  in  two  and  two,  though  niulclied  in  the  most  disso- 
cifd>!e  manner.  Spectator,  No.  4. 

3.  Incongruous  ;  not  reconcilable  v.itli.  fi^arhiirton. 
DIS-So'CL-VL,  (-so'shal,)  a.  [dis  and  social.]  Unfriendly 

to  society  ;  contracted  ;  selfish  ;  as,  a  dissucial  passion. 
DIS-SO'CIaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  dissociatus,  dissocio ;  dis  and 

socio,  to  unite,  sociiut,  a  companion.] 

To  separate  ;  to  disunite  ;  to  part ;  as,  to  dissnciute 

the  particles  of  a  concrete  substance.  Boyle. 
DI.->-So'('lA  TED,  p/j.    Separated;  disunited. 
DIS-So'CIa-TI.XG,  ^;>r.    Separating;  disuniting. 
DIS-SO-CI-A'TIO.\,  n.    The  act  of  disuniting ;  a  state 

of  separation ;  disunion. 

It  will  ad<i  to  the  dissociation,  dislr.iction,  and  concision  of  these 
confederate  republics.  Burke. 

DIS-SO-LU-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Capacity  of  being  dissolved 

by  heat  or  moisture,  and  converted  into  a  fluid. 
DIS'SO-LU-BLE,  a.    [L.  dissolubilis.    See  Dissolve.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  dissolved  ;  that  may  be  melt- 
ed ;  having  its  parts  separable  by  heat  or  moisture; 
convertible  into  a  fluid.  JVoodtcard. 

2.  That  mav  be  disunited. 
DIS'SO-LUTE,'  a.    [L.  dissohitu.i,  from  dbsolvo.] 

1.  Loose  in  behavior  and  morals ;  given  to  vice 
and  dissipation  ;  wanton  ;  lewd  ;  luxurious ;  de- 
bauched ;  not  under  the  restraints  of  law  ;  as,  a  dis- 
solute man  ;  dissolute  company. 

2.  Vicious  ;  wanton  ;  devoted  to  pleasure  and  dis- 
sipation ;  as,  a  dissolute  life. 

DIS'SO-LUTE-LY,  adv.  Loosely;  wantonly;  in  dis- 
sipation or  debauchery ;  without  restraint ;  as,  to  live 
dissolutely. 

DIS'SO-LLJTE-NESS,  n.  Looseness  of  manners  and 
morals  ;  vicious  indulgences  in  pleasure,  as  in  intem- 
perance and  debauchery ;  dissipation  ;  as,  dissolute- 
ness of  life  or  manners. 

DIS-SO-LU'TIO.\,  n.  [L.  dissolutio,  from  dl.'ssnlvo.] 
In  a  general  sense,  the  separation  of  the  parts  of  a 
body  which,  in  the  natural  structure,  are  united  ;  or 
the  reduction  of  concrete  bodies  into  their  sm.allest 
parts,  without  n  gard  to  solidity  or  fluidity.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the  dissululioii  of  salts  in  water,  of  met- 
als in  nitro-muriatic  acid,  and  of  ice  or  butter  by 
heat ;  in  which  cases,  the  dissolution  is  rft"ected  by 
a  menstruum  or  particular  agent.  We  speak,  also, 
of  the  dissolution  of  flesh  or  animal  bodies,  whi^n  the 
parts  separate  by  putrefaction.    Dissolution  then  is, 

1.  The  act  of  liquefying  or  changing  from  a  solid 
to  a  fluid  state  by  heat ;  a  melting  ;  a  thawing  ;  as, 
the  dissolution  of  snow  and  ice,  which  converts  them 
into  water. 

2.  The  reduction  of  a  body  into  its  smallest  parts, 
or  into  very  minute  parts,  by  a  dissolvent  or  menstru- 
um, as  of  a  metal  by  nitro-nmriatic  acid,  or  of  salts 
in  water. 

3.  The  separation  of  the  jiarts  of  a  body  by  putre- 
faction, or  till'  analysis  of  the  natural  structure  of 
mixed  bodies,  as  of  animal  or  vegetable  sub>tanccs  ; 
decomposition. 

4.  The  substance  formed  by  dissolving  a  body  in  a 
menstruum.    [ThiH  is  now  calb-d  a  solution.]  Bacon. 

5.  Death  ;  the  separation  of  the  soul  and  body. 

Milion, 

R.  Destruction  ;  the  snparatitm  of  the  parts  which 
cninpiwe  a  connected  system,  or  body  ;  as,  the  di.tso- 
lution  of  the  world,  or  of  nature  ;  the  dissolution  of 
government. 

7.  The  breaking  up  of  an  assembly,  or  the  putting 
an  end  lo  ita  existeiico. 

Diaiolutlon  b  tlic  civil  death  orparliirncnt.  B!rlckatotii. 

8.  LooscnesH  of  manners  i  dissipation. 

Taylor.  Smith. 
[In  (hia  Inttcr  Kcniie  the  word  ia  obsolete,  Disio- 
LUTEKKii  being  Bubaiitiitcd.] 


9.  Dissolution  of  the  blood ;  in  medicine,  that  state 
of  the  blood,  in  which  it  does  not  readily  coagulate, 
on  its  cooling  out  of  the  body,  as  in  malignant  fevers. 

C;/r. 

DI3-S0LV'A-BLE,(diz-20lv'a-bl,)a.  [See  Dissoi;ve.] 
That  may  be  dissolved  ;  capable  of  being  melted  ; 
that  may  be  conveited  into  a  fluid.  Sugar  and  ice 
are  di-^solvahle  bodies. 

DIS-SOLV'.^-BLE-NESS.  ji.  Slate  of  being  dissolv- 
able. 

DIS-SOLVE',  (diz-zolv',)  r.  I.  [L.  dissolvo ;  dis  m\i 
soli-o,  to  loose,  to  free.] 

<  I.  To  melt ;  to  liipiefy  ;  to  convert  I'roin  a  solid  or 
fixed  state  to  a  fluid  state,  by  means  of  heal  or  mois- 
ture. 

To  dissolve  by  heat,  is  to  loosen  the  parts  of  a 
solid  body  and  render  them  fluid  or  easily  mova- 
ble. Thus,  ice  is  converted  into  water  by  dissolu- 
tion. 

To  dissolve  in  a  liquid,  is  to  separate  the  parts  of  a 
solid  substance,  and  cause  them  to  mix  with  the 
fluid  ;  or  to  reduce  a  solid  substance  into  minute 
parts  which  may  be  sustained  in  that  fluid.  Thus, 
water  dissolves  salt  and  sugar. 

2.  To  disunite  ;  to  break  ;  to  separate. 

Seeing,  th"n,  tli:\t  all  lliese  things  shall  be  dissolee'f,  what  man- 
U'  r  of  piTSuiis  nuglil  ye  Ui  be  in  all  holy  convers;xtion  and 
godliness  f  —  2  Pet.  iii. 

3.  To  loose  ;  to  disunite. 

Down  fell  tlie  duke,  his  joinl^s  dissolved.  Fairfax. 

4.  To  loose  the  ties  or  bonds  of  any  thing;  to  de- 
stroy any  connected  system  ;  as,  to  dissolve  a  govern- 
ment ;  to  dissolve  a  corporation. 

5.  To  loose  ;  to  break  ;  as,  to  dis.-'olvc  a  league  ;  to 
dissolve  the  bonds  of  friendsliip. 

6.  To  break  up  ;  to  cause  to  separate  ;  to  put  an 
end  to  ;  as,  to  dUsotve  the  parliament ;  to  dissolve  an 
assembly. 

7.  To  clear ;  to  solve  ;  to  remove  ;  lo  dissipate,  or 
to  explain  ;  as,  to  {lissolve  doubts.  VVe'  usually  say, 
to  solve  doubts  and  diificullies. 

8.  To  break  ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  dUsolve  a  charm, 
spell,  or  enchantment.  MUton. 

9.  To  loosen  or  relax ;  to  make  languid  ;  as,  rfis- 
solved  in  pleasure. 

10.  To  waste  away  ;  to  consume  ;  to  cause  to  van- 
ish or  perish. 

Tliou  dtssaliiest  my  substance.  — Job  xxx, 
IL  To  annul ;  to  rescind ;  as,  to  dissolve  an  injunc- 
tion. Johnson's  Rq>. 
DIS-SOLVE',  (diz-zolv',)  v.  i.    To  be  melted  ;  to  be 
converted  from  a  solid  to  a  fluid  state ;  as,  sugar  dis- 
solves in  water. 

2.  To  sink  away  ;  to  lose  strength  and  firmness. 

Shah. 

3.  To  melt  away  in  pleasure;  to  become  soft  or 
languid. 

4.  To  fall  asunder  ;  to  crumble  ;  lo  be  broken.  A 
government  may  dissolve  by  its  own  weight  or  ex- 
tent. 

5.  To  waste  away  ;  to  perish  ;  to  be  decomposed. 
Flesh  dissolves  by  putrefaction. 

6.  To  come  to  an  end  l)v  a  separation  of  parts. 
DIS-SOLV'£D,  ;)/).  or  a.    Melted  ;  liquefiiMl  ;  disunit- 
ed ;  parted  ;  Itiosed  ;  reiaxcd  ;  «'asted  away  ;  ended. 

Dissolved  blood,  is  that  which  does  not  readily  co- 
agulate. 

DIS  SOLVENT,  a.  Having  power  to  melt  or  dis- 
solve ;  as,  the  dissolvent  juices  of  the  stomach.  Ray. 

DIS  SOLVENT,  n.  Any  thing  which  has  the  power 
or  quality  of  melting,  or  converting  a  solid  substance 
into  a  fluid,  or  of  seiiiirating  the  parts  of  a  fixed  body 
so  that  they  mix  with  a  liipiid  ;  as,  water  is  a  dis- 
solvent of  salts  ami  earths.  It  is  otherwise  called  a 
menstruum. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  remedy  supposed  capable  of  dis- 
solving concretions  in  the  body,  such  as  calculi,  tu- 
bercles, &c.  Parr. 

DIS-SOLVER,  n.  That  which  dissolves,  or  has  the 
power  of  dissolving.  Heat  is  the  most  powerful  dis- 
solvrr  of  substances. 

DIS  SOLVl.N'G,  ;)/)r.  Melting;  making  or  becoming 
tiquiil. 

DIS'SO-N.\NCE,  71.  [Fr.  dissonance,  from  L.  dbso- 
nans,  di.ssono,  to  be  discordant  ;  dis  and  sono,  to 
sound.] 

1.  Discord  ;  a  mixture  or  union  of  harsh,  unhar- 
monious  sounds,  which  arc  grating  or  un[ileasiiig 
to  tlr'  ear  ;   as,  the  dissonance  of  notes,  sounds,  or 

2.  Disagrci  inenl.  [numbers. 
DIS'SO-NA.\  T,  (I.    Discordant;  harsh;  jarring;  un- 

liarmuiiious  ;  unpleasant  lo  the  ear;  as,  dLssonanl 
notes  or  intiTvaN. 

2.  Disagn  tMiig  ;  incongruous  ;  usually  with  fmm  ; 
as,  ho  advanceil  propositions  very  dissoiuinl  from 
truth. 

DIS-SUADE',  F).  (.  f  L.  dissuadeo ;  dis  and  suadeo,  to  ad- 
vise or  incite  to  any  iliing.] 

I.  To  advise  or  t'xhort  against ;  to  atti-mpt  to  draw 
or  divert  from  a  measure,  by  reason  or  olfcring  mo- 
tivi's  to;  as,  the  mrnisliT  (/wvita'/cJ  the  prince'  from 
adopting  the  measure  ;  he  dissuaded  him  from  his 
purpose. 


2.  To  represent  as  unfit,  improper,  or  dangerous. 

War  therefore,  open  or  concealed,  alike 

My  voice  dissucules.  Mitton. 

This  phraseology  is  probably  elliptical,  and  merely 
poetical  ;  from  bein'g  understood. 

DIS-SUaD'ED,  ;)/).  Advised  against ;  counseled  or 
induced  by  advice  not  to  do  something ;  diverteti 
from  a  purpose. 

DIS-SUSD'ER,  n.    He  that  dissuades  ;  a  dehorter. 

DIS-SUaD'LXG,  p;ir.  Exhorting  against ;  attempting, 
by  advice,  to  divert  from  a  purpose. 

DIS-SU.A'SION,  {dis-swi'zhun,)n.  Advice  or  exhorta- 
tion in  opposition  to  something  ;  the  act  of  attempt- 
ing, by  reason  or  motives  olTered,  to  divert  from  a 
purpose  or  measure  ;  dehortation.  Boyle. 

DIS-SUa'SIVE,  a.  Tending  lo  dissuade,  or  divert 
from  a  measure  or  purpose  ;  dehortatory. 

DIS-SUa'SIVE,  ti.  Keasun,  argument,  or  counsel, 
employed  to  deter  one  from  a  measure  or  purpose  ; 
that  which  is  used  or  which  tends  to  divert  the  mind 
from  any  purpose  or  pursuit.  The  consequences  of 
intemperance  are  powerful  dissuasives  from  indulging 
in  that  vice. 

DIS-SUa'SIVE-LY,  adr.    In  a  dissuasive  manner. 

DIS-SUN'DER,  v.  t.  [dis  and  sunder.]  To  separate  ; 
to  rend.  Chapman. 

DiS-SUN'DER-ED,  jyp.    Separated  ;  rent. 

DIS-SU.N"DER-ING,  ppr.    Separating;  rending. 

DIS  SWEET' A"N,  (  sweet'n,)  v.  t  To  deprive  of 
sweetness.    [J\~ot  used.]  Bp.  Richardson. 

DIS-SYL-LAB'ie,  a.  Consisting  of  two  syllables  on- 
ly ;  as,  a  dissyllabic  foot  in  poetr^'. 

DIS-SYL'LA-IiLE  or  DIS'SYL^LA-BLE,  n.  [Gr. 
SiacniWaSos ;  6is,  two  or  twice,  and  avXKaiSos,  a 
syllable.] 

A  word  consisting  of  two  syllables  only  ;  as,  paper, 
whiteness,  virtue. 
DIS'TAFF,  n.    [The  English  books  refer  this  word  to 
the  Saxon  disUrf :  but  I  have  not  found  the  word  in 
the  Savon  Dictionary.] 

1.  The  staff"  of  a  spinning-wheel,  to  which  a 
bunch  of  flax  or  tow  is  tied,  and  from  which  the 
thread  is  drawn. 

Slie  laveth  her  hands  to  tite  spindle,  and  her  hands  hold  the 
iltslaJF.  —  Pi-ov.  xxxi. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  woman,  or  the  female  sex. 

His  crown  usurped,  a  dislaf  on  the  throne.  Dryden. 
DIS'TAFF-THIS'TLE,   (this'l,)    71.     Tht  popular 
name  of  certain  species  of  Alractylis  and  Cailha- 
miis.  * 

DIS-TaIN',  ti.  t.  [dis  and  stain.  This  seems  to  be 
from  the  French  dctcindre,  from  the  L.  lingo ;  but  see 
Stain.] 

1.  To  stain  ;  lo  tinge  with  .any  diff"erent  color  from 
the  natural  or  proper  one  ;  to  discolor.  We  speak  of 
a  sword  distainrd  with  blood  ;  a  garment  distained 
with  gore.  It  has  precisely  the  signification  i>{ stain, 
but  is  used  chiefly  or  appropriately  in  poetry  and  the 
higher  kinds  of  prose. 

2.  To  blot ;  to  sully  ;  to  defile  ;  to  tarnish. 

She  distained  her  honorable  blood.  Spenser. 
Tlie  worlitiness  of  praise  distains  his  wortti.  Slialr. 

DIS-TAlN'ivD,  (dis-tand',)  pp.  Stained ;  tinged  ;  dis- 
colored ;  blotted  ;  sullied. 

DIS-TaI.X'ING,  ppr.  Staining  ;  discoloring  ;  blotting  ; 
tarnishing. 

DIS'TANCE,  71.  [Fr.  di.stancc :  Sp.  distancia  ;  ll.  dis- 
tania  \  L.  distantia,  from  disto,  to  stand  apart ;  dis  and 
sto,  to  stand.] 

1.  .\n  interval  or  space  between  two  objects;  the 
length'of  the  shortest  line  which  intervenes  between 
two  tilings  that  are  separate ;  as,  a  great  or  small 
distance.  Distance  may  be  a  line,  an  inch,  a  mile, 
or  any  indefinite  length  ;  as,  the  di.stunce  between 
the  sun  and  Saturn. 

2.  Preceded  by  at,  remoteness  of  place. 

lie  wails  at  distance  till  lie  liears  from  Cato.         A  '.  Hson. 

3.  Preceded  by  tliy,  hit,  your,  her,  their,  a  suitable 
space,  or  such  remoteness  as  is  cmninou  or  In  com- 
ing ;  as,  let  him  keep  hU  distance;  keep  your  distance. 
[See  No.  8.] 

4.  A  space  marked  on  the  course  where  horses  run. 
This  liorse  ran  tlje  whole  field  out  of  distance.  L'Eslrnn^e. 
.').  Space  of  timi> ;  any  indefinite  length  of  time, 

past  or  future,  inti'rveiiing  between  two  periods  or 
events  ;  as,  the  distance  of  ail  hour,  of  a  J  ear,  of  an 

6.  Ideal  space  or  separation.  [age. 

Ciualitii-s  tliat  aJl'Ct  onr  senses  are,  in  tlie  things  themselves, 
HO  unitL'd  and  blended,  that  tlierx]  is  no  distance  Ix  tweeii 
lliein.  Locke. 

7.  Conlrar'ely ;  opposition. 

Danqno  was  your  enemy  ; 

So  is  he  mine,  and  ni  such  bloody  distance.  Sltak. 

8.  The  remoteness  which  respect  requires  ;  hence, 
respect. 

1  hope  yonr  modesty 

Will  know  what  distance  10  th.'  erort  ii  is  due.  Dn/tttn. 

'Tis  by  n-a|vct  and  distance  that  Huthurily  is  uiiheld.  AtMrbury. 

See  No.  X] 

.  Reserve  ;  coldnc3.s ;  alienation  of  heart. 

On  the  part  of  Heaven, 
Now  nlienat-vl,  distance  and  distaste.  Milton. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL.  WHAT  METE,  PKBY  PINE,  MAKINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  DQQK.— 


36(2 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS 


11).  Kriniitemss  in  succrssion  or  rohiltuii  ;  as,  tlic 
dislaiiec  between  :>  <li'scrii<liiMt  nnd  Ilia  ancestor. 

11.  In  miuiic,  the  interval  between  two  notes  ;  as, 
the  itistiincr  of  a  fiiTirtli  or  seventh. 
DIS''l"Ai\Ci;,  I).  (.  To  place  remote ;  to  throw  oirfrom 
the  view.  Dryden. 

2.  To  leave  behind  in  a  race  ;  to  win  the  race  by  a 
great  superiority. 

3.  To  leave'at  a  great  distance  beliind. 

He  dUtanctd  llie  niokt  akilirul  of  lii*  colempor.irieji.  ^ftttter. 
I)IS'TANC-KD,  (dis'tanstOp/'.    Left  far  behind  ;  cast 

out  of  the  race. 
DIS'T.A.NC-ING,  jtpr.   Leaving  far  behind. 
DIS'T.VNT,  a.    [L.  ilistam,  standing  apart.] 

1.  Separate  ;  having  an  intervening  space  of  any 
indefinite  extent.  One  point  may  be  less  tlian  a  line 
or  a  hair's  breadth  diiliiiU  from  another.  J^atiirn  is 
supposed  to  be  nearly  nine  liundred  million  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  sun. 

'X  ReiiKilo  in  place  ;  as,  a  distant  object  appears  un- 
der a  small  angle. 

:<.  Keinote  in  time,  past  or  future  ;  as,  a  di-itant  age 
or  iM-riod  ()f  the  world. 

■1.  Kenmtc  in  the  line  of  succession  or  descent,  in- 
definitely ;  as,  a  distant  descendant;  a  distant  ances- 
tor ;  distant  |K)Sterity. 

5.  Remote  in  natural  connection  or  consanguinity  ; 
as,  a  distant  relation  ;  distant  kindred  ;  a  distant  col- 
lateral line. 

G.  Keinote  in  nature  ;  not  allied  ;  not  agreeing  with 
or  in  confurinily  to ;  as,  practice  very  distant  from 
principles  or  profession. 

7.  Remote  in  view  ;  slight;  faint ;  not  very  likely 
to  be  re.ili/.ed  ;  as,  we  have  a  distant  hope  or  prospect 
of  seeing  better  times. 

8.  Keinote  III  connection;  slight;  faint;  indirect; 
not  easily  seen  or  nnilerstond  ;  as,  a  distant  hint  or 
allusion  to  a  person  or  subject.  So,  also,  we  say,  a 
distant  idea  ;  a  distant  thought  ;  a  distant  resem- 
blance. 

9.  Resen'ed  ;  shy  ;  implying  haughtiness,  coldness 
of  artection,  indifTercnce,  or  disrespect ;  as,  the  man- 
ners of  a  iierson  are  distant. 

DIS'T.\NT-LV,  adc.  Remotely  ;  at  a  distance ;  with 
reserve. 

DIS-'I'aSTE',  n.  [(Ih  and  taste]  Aversion  of  the 
taste ;  dislike  of  hwd  or  drink  ;  disrelish  ;  disgust, 
or  a  slight  degree  of  it.  Distiuite  for  a  particular  kind 
of  fofxl  may  be  constitutional,  or  the  eflcct  of  a  dis- 
'  2.  Dislike  i  uneasiness.  [eased  stomach. 

Pnapcrily  u  not  wilhoiit  mi\ny  tfim  and  t^laaUt^  and  advenily 
u  not  wiUwut  coinlon  ujkI  bopes.  Bacon, 

3.  Dislike  ;  displeasure  ;  alienation  of  affection. 

jViltuit,  Po/if, 
DIS  TaSTE',  r.  e.  To  disrelish  ;  to  dislike ;  to  loathe; 
as,  to  distaste  drugs  or  (wis^ns. 

2.  To  offend  ;  to  disgust. 

He  thought  it  no  policj  to  distaste  the  English  or  Imh,  but 
•ought  to  pleaae  thcin.  Davits. 

3.  To  vex  ;  to  displease  ;  to  sour.  Pope. 
[The  tico  latter  significations  are  rare.] 

DIS-TAST'ED,  pp.  Disrelished;  disliked;  offended; 
displeased. 

DIS-TaSTE'FIJL,  a.  Nauseous;  unpleasant  or  dis- 
gusting to  the  txste. 

2.  Offensive;  displeasing;  as,  a  duta$Ie/u' tnith. 

DnjdrTU 

3.  Malevolent ;  as,  distasteful  looks.  Sliak. 
DIS-TASTE'FJjL-LY,  adc.   In  a  displeasing  or  offen- 
sive manner. 

DIS-TASTE'FI;L-NESS,  n.    Disagrecableness  ;  dis- 
like. H'/tiUock. 
DIS-TAST'IN'C,  ppr.   Disrelishing ;  disliking ;  offend- 
ing ;  displeasing. 
DIS-TaST'IVE,  Fi.    That  which  gives  disrelish  or 

aversion.  }VhMoek. 
DIS-TE.M'PER,  n.   [dis  tmA  temper.]    Literally,  nn  {in- 
due or  unn.'\iural  temper,  or  disproportionate  inLxture 
of  parts.  Ilenco, 

2.  Disease ;  mal.idy  ;  indisposition  ;  any  morbid 
state  of  an  animal  boily,  or  of  any  part  of  it ;  a  state 
in  which  the  animal  economy  is  dentnged,  or  iin|ier- 
fcclly  carried  on.  [See  Disease.]  It  is  used  of  the 
slighter  diseases,  but  not  exclusively.  In  general,  it 
is  S)  nunymoiis  with  disease,  and  is  particularly  ap- 
plied to  the  diseases  tif  brutes. 

X  Want  of  due  teiii|)er.itiire,  applied  to  climate ;  the 
Uieral  sense  of  the  word,  but  not  note  used. 

Counthe*  under  the  Inipic  of  a  disumptr  uninhabitAble.  RattgK. 

4.  Bad  constitution  of  the  mind ;  undue  predomi- 
nance of  a  p.issiun  or  appetite.  Shak. 

5.  Want  of  due  balance  of  parts  or  opiiosite  quali- 
ties and  principles  ;  as,  the  temper  and  distemper  of 
an  empire  consist  of  contraries.    [A'ut  iioio  lu^cd.] 

Bacon. 

6.  Ill  humor  of  mind  ;  depravity  of  inclination. 
[Aot  used.]  ICmg  Charles. 

7.  rulitical  disorder  ;  tumult.  trailer. 

8.  Uneasiness  ;  ill  humor,  or  bad  temper. 
Then-  is  a  iionrai, 

Wliich  pun  some  of  US  In  duUmptr.  Shak. 

9.  In  painting,  the  mixing  of  colors  with  some- 


thing besides  oil  ami  water.  When  colors  are  mixed 
with  size,  whites  of  eggs,  or  other  unrtiious  or  glu- 
tinous matter,  and  not  with  oil,  it  is  said  to  be  done 

in  distemper. 

DIS-TE.M'l'ER,  r.  (.  To  disease  ;  to  disorder  ;  to  de- 
range the  functions  of  the  body  or  mind.  Skali. 

2.  To  disturb  ;  to  riifUe.  Ihtjden. 

3.  To  deprive  of  temper  or  moderation.  Dryden. 

4.  To  make  disaffected,  ill-humored,  or  malignant. 

Slink. 

[This  verb  is  sehlom  used,  ercept  in  the  participles.] 
DI.^i-TE.M'I'Kll-ANf-'E,  ;i.  Distcmperature. 
DIS-TE.M'PER-ATE,  a.    Immoderate.    ILittle  vscd.] 

RaUfrh. 

DIS-TEM'PER-A-TIJRE,  71.  Bad  temperature  ;  in- 
temperateness  ;  excess  of  heat  or  cold,  or  of  oilier 
qualities  ;  a  noxious  state  ;  as,  the  distcmperature  of 
the  air  or  climnte. 

2.  Violent  tumultuousness  ;  outrageousness. 

Juhnson. 

3.  Perturbation  of  mind.  ShaJc. 

4.  Confusion  ;  commixture  of  contrarieties ;  loss  of 
regularity  ;  tiisorder.  Shak. 

.5.  Sli!;ht  illness  ;  indisposition.  Brewer. 
DIS-TE.\1'PER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Diseased  in  body,  or  dis- 
ordered in  mind.    Wc  speak  of  a  distempered  body,  a 
distempered  limb,  a  distempered  head  or  brain. 

2.  Disturbed  ;  ruffled  ;  as,  distempered  passions. 

3.  Deprived  of  temper  or  moderation  ;  immoder- 
ate ;  as,  distempered  zeal.  Dryden. 

4.  Disordered  ;  biased  ;  prejudiced  ;  perverted  ;  as, 
minds  distempered  by  interest  or  passion. 

The  tmn^nfition,  when  comnlctely  disUmpertd,   \£  the  most 
incurable  of  litl  dijunlereil  fuciiiti''*.  Buckniinster. 

5.  Disaffected  ;  made  malevolent. 

Distempered  lords.  Shak. 

DIS-TEM'PER-ING,  jrpr.  Affecting  with  disease  or 
disorder;  disturbing;  depriving  of  moderation. 

DIS-TE.M'PER-ING,  n.  The  painting  of  walls  in  dis- 
temper. 

DIS-TEND',  V.  t.  [L.  distendo ;  dis  and  tmdo,  to  tend, 
to  stretch,  from  the  root  of  tenco,  to  hold.  Or.  rcinu, 
to  stretch.    Class  Dii.] 

1.  To  stretch  or  spread  in  all  directions ;  to  dilate  ; 
to  enlarge  ;  to  expand  ;  to  swell  ;  as,  to  distend  a 
bladder  ;  to  distend  the  bowels  ;  to  distend  the  lungs. 
\_This  is  the  appropriate  sense  of  the  word.] 

2.  To  spread  apart ;  to  divaricate ;  as,  to  distend  the 
legs.  ^Ve  seldom  say,  to  distend  a  plate  of  metal,  and 
never,  I  believe,  to  distend  a  line  ;  extend  being  usi'd 
in  both  cases.  We  use  distend  cliieliy  to  denote  the 
stretching,  spreading,  or  expansion,  of  any  thing,  by 
means  of  a  substance  inclosed  within  it,  or  by  the 
elastic  force  of  something  inclosed.  In  this  case,  the 
body  distended  swells  or  spreads  in  all  directions, 
and  usually  in  a  spherical  form.  A  bladder  is  dis- 
tentled  by  inflatitm,  or  by  the  expansion  of  rarefied 
air  within  it.  The  skin  is  distended  in  boils  and  ab- 
scesses by  matter  generated  within  them.  This  ap- 
propriation of  the  word  has  not  always  been  ob- 
served. 

DIS-TEXD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Spread  ;  expanded  ;  dilated 
by  an  incloseil  substance  or  force. 

DIS-TE.\D'I.NG,  ppr.  Stretching  in  all  directions ;  di- 
lating ;  expaniliiig. 

DIS-TE.V-SI-lill.'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  capacity  of 
being  distensible. 

DIS-TEN'Sl-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  distended  or 
dilated. 

DIS-TEN'SION,  (dis-ten'shun,)  n.  The  act  of  stretch- 
ing.   [See  Distention.] 
DIS-TENT',  a.    Spread.    [Ao!  in  use.]  Spenser. 
DIS-TE.\T',  lu    Breadth.    [A'ul  used.]  fVoUnn. 
DIS-TE.N'TIO.\,  (dis-ten'shun,)  n.    [L.  dUdentio.] 

1.  The  act  of  distending  ;  tlie  act  of  stretching  in 
breadth  or  in  all  directions ;  the  state  of  being  dis- 
tended ;  as,  the  di-ttention  of  the  lungs  or  bowels. 

2.  Breadth  ;  extent  or  space  occupied  by  the  thing 
distended. 

3.  An  opening,  spreading,  or  divarication ;  as,  the 
distention  of  the  legs. 

DIS-TER',  tJ.  (.    [I,,  dis  and  fcrra.] 

To  banish  from  a  countrj'.    \J\''ot  used.] 

DIS-TER.M'I .\-ATE,  o.    [L.  disttrminalus.] 

Separated  by  bounds.    [Obs.]  Hale. 

DIS-TER.M-IN-A'TION,  n.   Sepiiration.  [Obs.] 

flammond. 

DIS'TIIE.XE,  n.    [Gr.  6t(,  twice,  and  trOeio,,  force.] 
.\  minenil,  so  called  by  llaiiy,  because  its  crystals 
have  the  property  of  being  elBctrllied  both  positively 
and  negatively    It  is  the  sappare  of  Saussure,  and 
the  kyanite  of  Werner.  Lanier.  Cleavcland, 

DIS-TIIKO.V'IZE,  c.  £.   To  dethrone.    [JsTot  used.] 

Spenser. 

DIS'Tieil,  (dis'tik.)  n.  [L.  distiehon;  Gr.  tJij  and 
ari\oi,  a  verse.] 

A  couplet  ;  a  couple  of  verses,  or  poetic  lines, 
making  cmnpletc  sense  ;  an  epigram  of  two  verses. 

Johnson.  Kncyc 

DIS'TIGH-OUS, )  a.  Having  two  rows,  or  dis|)osed  i 
DIS'Tieil,         j     two  rows.  Lee. 
A  distichous  spike  has  all  tlio  flowers  pointing  two 
ways.  Martyn. 


DIS  TILL',  V.  i.  [L.  dLstillo;  dis  and  ttillo,  to  drop; 
atilta,  a  drop  ;  Fr.  distiller  ;  It.  distillare ;  Sp.  destdar  i 
Gr.  arahai.^.] 

1.  To  drop;  to  fall  in  drops. 

Soft  showen  distiiled,  and  suns  grew  warm  In  vaio.  Pipe. 

2.  To  flow  gently,  or  in  a  small  stream. 

The  Euphmlci  distUtelh  out  of  the  inouiitnJns  of  Armenia. 

Ilalech. 

3.  To  use  a  still ;  to  practice  distillation.  Shak. 
DIS-TILL',  V.  t.   To  let  fall  in  drops  ;  to  throw  down 

in  drops.    The  clouds  distill  water  on  the  earth. 

The  dew  which  on  the  tender  gniM 

The  evening  had  distiUct.  Drayton. 

2.  To  extract  by  heat ;  to  separate  spirit  or  essen- 
tial oils  from  liquor  by  heat  or  evaporation,  and  con- 
vert that  vapor  into  a  liquid  by  condensation  in  a  re- 
frigeratory ;  to  separate  the  volatile  p.irts  of  a  sub- 
stance by  heat;  to  rectify  ;  as,  to  distill  brandy  from 
wine,  or  spirit  from  mol.asses. 

3.  To  extract  spirit  from,  by  evaporation  and  con- 
densation ;  as,  to  distill  cider  or  molasses  ;  to  distill 
wine. 

4.  To  extract  the  pure  part  of  a  fluid ;  as,  to  distill 
water. 

5.  To  dissolve  or  melt.  [Unusual.] 

Swxn.ls  hy  the  lightning's  «uLt'.Ie  force  distilled.  Addison. 
DIS-TILL' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  distilled  ;  fit  for 

distillation.  Shertcood. 
DIS-TILL-A'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  falling  in  ilrops,  or 

the  act  of  pouring  or  throwing  down  in  drops. 

2.  The  vapori/.alitin  and  subsetiiieiit  contlciisation 
of  a  liquid  by  means  of  an  alembic,  or  still  and  re- 
frigeratory, or  of  a  retort  Jind  receiver  ;  the  operation 
of  extracting  spirit  from  a  substance  by  evaporation 
and  condensation  ;  rectification. 

3.  The  substance  extracted  by  distilling.  Shak. 

4.  That  which  falls  in  drops.  Johnson. 
Dry  distillation,  is  a  term  applied  to  the  tlistillation 

of  substances  per  se,  or  without  the  addition  of  wa- 
ter. Destructive  distillation,  is  the  distillation  of  sub- 
stances at  very  high  temperatures,  so  thai  the  ultimate 
elements  are  separated  or  evolved  in  new  combina- 
tions. 

DIS-TILL'A-TO-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  distillation  ; 
used  for  distilling  ;  as,  distillatory  vessels.  Ilooprr. 

DIS-TILL'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Let  fall  or  thrown  down  in 
drops ;  subjected  to  the  process  of  distillation ;  ex- 
tracted by  evaporation. 

DIS-TILL'ER,  II.  One  who  distills ;  one  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  extract  spirit  by  evaporation  and  coiidcn- 
s.ttion. 

DIS-TILL'ER-Y,  n.   The  building  and  works  where 

distilling  is  carried  on. 
DIS-TILL'IiNG,  ppr.    Dropping  ;  letting  fall  in  drops  ; 

extracting  by  distillation. 
DIS-TILL'I.NG,  H.    The  act  or  practice  of  extracting 

spirit  by  distillation. 
DIS-TILL'.MENT,  n.   That  which  distills  or  drops. 

Sliak. 

DIS-TINCT',  a.    [L.  dislinetus,  from  distinguo.  See 

Dl9TINGt;iSI(.] 

1.  '  Literally,  having  the  diflercnce  marked  ;  separa- 
ted by  a  visible  sign,  or  by  a  note  or  mark  ;  as,  a  place 
distinct  by  name.  jildton. 

2.  Different ;  separate ;  not  the  same  in  number  or 
kind  ;  as,  he  holds  two  distinct  offices  ;  he  is  known 
by  distinct  titles. 

3.  Separate  ill  place ;  not  conjunct ;  as,  the  two 
regiments  niarclicd  together,  but  had  dUtinct  encamp- 
ments. 

4.  So  scparateil  as  not  to  be  confounded  with  any 
other  thing ;  clear ;  not  confused.  To  reason  correct- 
ly we  must  have  distinct  ideas.  We  have  a  dutinct 
or  indistinct  view  of  a  prospect. 

5.  Spoiled  ;  variegated. 

Teinnestuoiw  fell 
Hia  arrows  from  the  fourtold-visiiged  four. 
Distinct  with  eyes.  Milton. 

DIS-TIXeT',  r.  t.   To  distinguish.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

DIS-TI.Xe'TIO.V,  n.    [L.  distinctio.] 

\.  The  act  of  separating  or  distinguishing. 

2.  A  note  or  mark  of  difference.    [Seldom  used.] 

3.  Difference  made  ;  a  separation  or  disagreement 
in  kind  or  qualities,  by  which  one  thing  is  known 
from  another.  We  observe  a  distinction  between 
matter  and  spirit ;  a  distinction  between  the  animal 
and  vegel;ible  kmgdtims  ;  a  distinction  between  gt>od 
and  evil,  right  and  wrong  ;  between  sound  reasoning 
and  st>phistry. 

4.  Difference  regarded  ;  separation  ;  preference  ;  as 
in  the  phrase  without  distinction,  which  denotes,  pro- 
miscuously, all  together,  alike. 

Middfl,  wom-'n,  wives,  uiltiout  distinction,  pill.  Dryden. 

5.  Separation  ;  division  ;  as,  \i\c  distinction  of  trage- 
dy into  acts.  Dryden, 

[In  this  sense,  Divisio:*  would  be  preferable.] 
b.  Notation  of  difference  ;  discrimination  ;  as,  a 
distinction  between  real  and  apparent  gixid. 

In  classing  the  qu.ilities  of  actioiu,  it  is  tK-ceasaxy  to  make  accvi- 
ratc  distinctions.  Anon. 

7.  Eminence  ;  siipcrionty  ;  elevation  of  rank  in  so- 


TONE,  BULL,  liNlTE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  »s  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


45 


DD 


353 


DIS 


DIS 


DIS 


ciety,  or  elevation  of  character ;  honorable  estima- 
tion. Men  who  hold  a  higli  rank  by  birth  or  office, 
and  men  who  are  eminent  for  tlieir  talents,  services, 
or  wortli,are  called  men  o[  distinction,  us  being  raised 
above  others  by  positive  institutions,  or  by  reputa- 
tion.   So  we  say,  a  man  of  note. 

8.  That  which  confers  eminence  or  superiority,  of- 
fice, rank,  or  public  favor. 

9.  discernment ;  judgment.  Johnson. 
DIS-TIiN€T'lVK,  a.  That  marks  distinction  or  differ- 
ence ;  as,  distinctive  names  or  titles. 

2.  Ilaving  the  power  to  distinguish  and  discern. 
[Less  proper.]  Brown. 

DrS-TI\eT'I\'E-LY,  arZc.  With  distinction  ;  plainly. 

DlS-TIi\€T'IVE-!SESS,  n.  State  of  being  distinct- 
ive. 

DIS-TINeT'LY,  adv.    Separately  ;  with  distinctness  ; 
not  confusedly  ;  without  the  blending  of  one  part  or 
thing  witii  another;  as,  a  proposition  distinctly  un- 
derstood ;  a  figure  distinctly  defined.  Hence, 
2.  Clearly  ;  plainly  j  as,  to  view  an  object  distinctly. 

DIS-TINCT'NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
distinct ;  a  separation  or  difference  that  prevents  con- 
fusion of  parts  or  things  ;  as,  the  distinctness  of  two 
ideas,  or  of  distant  objects. 

2.  Nice  discrimination  ;  whence,  clearness  ;  pre- 
cision ;  as,  he  stated  his  arguments  with  great  dis- 
tinctness. 

DIS-TIN"GUISH,  (dis-ting'gwish,)».  t.  [h.  distin^rno  : 
dis  and  stingo,  or  sling-nn,  n  not  radical.  This  seems 
to  be  Gr.  (rnii.t,  ari^ci,  for  the  second  future  is  cttij-w, 
and  the  derivatives  prove  the  primary  elements  to  be 
as  in  (rri)  €v^,  any  pa,  tTTiKTLi^.  Hence  also  L. 
stin-o,  whence  insti!ro,  to  instigate.  The  primary  sense 
is,  to  prick,  to  pierce  with  a  sharp  point,  to  thrust  in 
or  on  ;  and  we  retain  the  precise  word  in  the  verb  to 
stick;  which  see.  The  practice  of  making  marks  by 
puncturing,  or  sticking,  gave  rise  to  the  applications 
of  this  word,  as  such  marks  were  used  to  note  and 
ascertain  different  things,  to  distintruisli  them.  See 
Extinguish,  and  Class  Og,  No.  31.] 

1.  To  ascertain  and  inilicate  difference  by  some  ex- 
ternal mark.  The  farmer  dislinirnishes  his  sheep  by 
marking  their  ears.  'I'he  manufacturer  distinguishes 
pieces  of  cloth  by  some  mark  or  impression. 

2.  To  separate  one  thing  from  another  by  some 
mark  or  quality  ;  to  know  or  ascertain  difference. 

First,  by  sight ;  as,  to  distinguish  one's  own  chil- 
dren from  others  by  their  features. 

Sccomlly,  by  feeling.  ■'\  blind  man  distiniruislies  an 
egg  from  an  orange,  but  rarely  distinguis-Ues  colors. 

Thirdly,  Uy  smell ;  as,  it  is  easy  to  dislingnish  the 
smell  of  a  peach  from  that  ot  an  apple. 

Fourthly,  by  taste  ;  as,  to  distinguish  a  plum  from  a 
pear. 

Fifthhi,  by  hearing  ;  as,  to  distinguish  the  sound  of 
a  drum  from  that  of  a  violin. 

S,itkly,  by  the  understanding  ;  as,  to  distinguish 
vice  from  virtue,  truth  from  falsehood. 

3.  To  separate  or  divide  by  any  mark  or  quality 
which  constitutes  difference.  We  distinguish  sounds 
into  higli  and  low,  soft  and  harsh,  lively  and  grave. 
We  distinguish  causes  into  direct  and  indirect,  im- 
mediate and  mediate. 

4.  To  discern  critically;  to  judge. 


uish  of  a  man, 


5.  To  separate  from  others  by  some  mark  of  honor 
or  preference.  Homer  and  Virgil  are  distinguished  as 
poets  ;  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  as  orators. 
C.  To  make  luninent  or  known.  Johnson. 

DIS-TIN"(JUIsn,  (dis  ting'gwish,)  v.  i.  To  make  a 
distinction  ;  to  find  or  show  the  difference.  It  is  the 
province  of  a  judge  to  distinguish  between  cases  ap- 
parently similar,  but  differing  in  principle. 

DIS-TLVGIJlSll-.^-llLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  dis- 
tinguished ;  that  may  be  separated,  known,  or  made 
known,  liy  notes  of  diversity,  or  by  any  difference. 
A  tree  at  a  distance  is  dislinguishable  from  a  shrub. 
A  simple  idea  is  not  distinguishable  into  different 
ideas. 

2.  Worthy  of  note  or  special  regard.  SwifL 
DIS-'1'I.N"GUISII  £1),  (ilis-ting'gwisht,);)p.  Separated 
or  known  by  a  mark  of  difference,  or  by  different 
qualities. 

2.  a.  Separated  from  others  by  superior  or  e.\traor- 
dinary  qualities  ;  whence,  eminent ;  extraordinary  ; 
traiiscenilent ;  noted  ;  famous  ;  celebrated.  Thus, 
we  admire  di.stingui.ihed  men,  dutinguishcd  talents  or 
virtues,  and  dislin'fuished  services. 

DIS.TIN"GUISH-EIl,  n.  He  or  that  which  distin- 
guishes, or  that  separates  one  thing  from  another  by 
marks  of  diversity.  llruwn. 

2.  One  who  discerns  acairately  the  differenci;  of 
things  ;  n  nice  or  judicii>us  observer.  Drydcn. 

DIS-'J'IN"GUISH  I.\G,  ppr.  Separating  from  others  by 
a  note  of  diversity;  u:icertaining  dilfereiico  by  a 
mark. 

2.  Ascertaining,  knowing,  or  perceiving  a  differ- 
ence.* 

3.  a.  Constituting  differenci?,  or  distinction  from 
every  thing  else;  peniliur;  an,  the  distinnuLshing 
duarincH  of  Christianity. 


DIS-TIN"GUrSH-ING-LY,  adv.     With  distinction; 

with  some  mark  of  preference.  Pope. 
Drs-TIN"GUISH-.MENT,    (dis-ting'guish-ment,)  n. 

Distinction  ;  observation  of  difference.  OraunU 
DrS-Tt'TLE.  ».  (.    To  deprive  of  right.  B.Jonson. 
DIS-Ti'TLf:D,  pp.    Deprived  of  right. 
DIS-Tl'TLING,p;)r.    Depriving  of  right. 
DIS-TORT',  1).  (.    [L.  distortns,  distorqueo ;  and 

torqueo,  to  twist,  Fr.  tordre,  Sp.  torccr.] 

1.  To  twist  out  of  natural  or  regular  shape ;  as,  to 
distort  the  neck,tlie  limbs,  or  the  body  ;  to  distort  the 
features. 

2.  To  force  or  put  out  of  the  true  posture  or  direc- 
tion. 

Wrath  and  malice,  envy  and  revenge,  tUstort  tlie  underetanding. 

TUlolson. 

3.  To  wrest  from  the  true  meaning;  to  pervert; 
as,  to  distort  passages  of  Scripture,  or  tlieir  meaning. 

DIS  TORT',  a.    Distorted.  Spetiser. 

DIS-TORT'ED,  pp.  or  o.  Twisted  out  of  natural  or 
regular  shape  ;  wrested  ;  perverted. 

DIS  TORT' ING,  Pi^r.  Twisting  out  of  shape  ;  wrest- 
ing ;  perverting. 

DIS-TOR'TION,  n.    [L.  disturtio.] 

1.  The  act  of  distorting  or  wresting ;  a  twisting 
out  of  regular  shape  ;  a  twisting  or  writhing  motion ; 
as,  the  distortions  of  tlie  face  or  body. 

2.  The  state  of  being  twisted  out  of  shape  ;  devia- 
tion from  natural  shape  or  position ;  crookedness  ; 
grimace. 

3.  A  perversion  of  the  true  meaning  of  words. 
DIS-TRACT',  t).  (.     !L.  distractus,  distraho ;  (/is  and 

traho,  to  draw.  (See  Draw  and  Dkag.)  The  old  par- 
ticiple, distraught,  is  obsolete.] 

1.  Literally,  to  draw  apart ;  to  pull  in  different  di- 
rections, ami  separate.  Hence,  to  divide  ;  to  sepa- 
rate ;  and  hence,  to  throw  into  confusion.  Some- 
times in  a  literal  sense.  Contradictory  or  mistaken 
orders  may  distract  an  army. 

2.  To  turn  or  draw  from  any  object ;  to  divert  from 
any  point,  toward  another  point,  or  toward  various 
other  objects ;  as,  to  distract  the  eye  or  the  attention. 

If  he  can  not  avoitl  (lie  eye  of  the  observer,  he  liopes  lo  distract 
it  by  a  mukip.icity  of  Uie  object.  South. 

3.  To  draw  toward  different  objects  ;  to  fill  with 
different  considerations  ;  to  perplex  ;  to  confound  ; 
to  harass  ;  as,  to  distract  the  mind  with  cares  ;  you 
distract  me  witli  your  clamor. 

Wliile  I  suffer  thy  terrors,  I  am  distracted.  —  Ps.  Ixxxviii. 

4.  To  disorder  the  reason  ;  to  derange  the  regular 
operations  of  intellect;  to  render  raving  or  furious; 
most  frequently  used  in  the  participle  distracted. 

DIS-TRACT',  a.    Mad.    [Aut  i>i  use.] 
DIS-TKACT'ED,  p/i.    Drawn  apart  ;  drawn  in  differ- 
ent directions;  diverted  from  its  object ;  perplexed; 
harassed  ;  contbunded. 

2.  o.  Deranged  ;  disordered  in  intellect ;  raving ;  fu- 
rious ,  mad  ;  frantic.  Locke. 
DIS-TRAeT'ED-LY,a</o.  Madly;  furiously;  wildly. 

Sliak. 

DIS-TRAGT'ED-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  mad  ; 
madness.  Bp.  Hall. 

DIS-TRACT'ER,  71.    One  who  distracts.  More. 

DIS-TRACT'ING, ppr.  or  a.  Drawing  apart;  separat- 
ing ;  diverting  from  an  object ;  perplexing ;  harassing  ; 
disordering  the  intellect. 

DIS  TRACTION,  ji.    [L.  distractio.] 

1.  The  act  of  distracting  ;  a  drawing  apart;  sepa- 
ration. 

2.  Confusion  from  multiplicity  of  objects  crowding 
on  the  mind  and  calling  the  attention  different  ways  ; 
perturbation  of  mind  ;  perplexity  ;  as,  the  family  was 
in  a  state  of  distraction.    [See  I  Cor.  vii  ] 

3.  Confusion  of  affairs;  tumult;  disorder;  as,  po- 
litical distractions. 

Nevrr  was  known  a  nigtit  of  such  distraction.  Dryden. 

4.  Madness;  a  state  of  disordered  reason  ;  fiantic- 
ness  ;  furiousness.  [  H'e  usually  apply  tJiis  word  tv  a  state 
of  derangemcnt-whichproduces  raving  andviolence  inthe 
patient.] 

5.  Folly  in  the  extreme,  or  amounting  to  insanity. 

On  the  supposition  of  the  truth  of  the  birtli,  death,  and  reaurrcc- 
tioi)  ut  Jusus  ClirUt,  irreligiua  is  nolliiiig  better  than  distrae- 
tion.  Buckniinstsr. 

DIS-TKA€T'IVE,  a.  Causing  perplexity ;  as,  distracl- 
ive  cares.  JJryden. 

DIS-'I'RAIN',  JI.  (.  [L.  dislringo  ;  dis  and  stringo.  See 
Strain.    Hlackstime  writes  liistmn.] 

1.  To  seize  for  debt ;  to  take  a  personal  chattel 
from  the  iKissession  of  a  wrong-doer  into  the  posses- 
uion  of  the  injured  party,  to  satisfy  a  demand,  or 
compel  the  [lerfiirmance  of  a  duty  ;  as,  to  distrain 
goods  for  rent,  or  for  an  amercement. 

2.  'l"o  rend  ;  to  tear.    [Ol>.i.\  Spenser. 
DIS-TRAIN',  V.  t.    To  make  seizure  of  goods. 

On  wtioni  I  am  not  distrain  for  debt.  Canvlen. 
>'or  negli-ctiiig  to  do  suit  lo  the  lord's  court,  or  otlier  jxTsonal 
service,  Uie  lord  may  riislrru'n  ut  coiiiiuon  right.  Ulackstons, 

[In  this  phrase,  however,  simio  word  socins  to  bo 
understood  ;  as,  to  distrain  goods.] 
DIS-TUAlN'A-lll.i:,  o.    That  ia  liable  to  be  taken  for 
distresH.  Bliickattme.  I 


DIS-TRaIN'£D,  pp.  Seized  for  debt,  or  to  compel  the 

performance  of  duty. 
DIS-TRaIN'ING,  ppr.    Seizing  fipr  debt,  or  for  neglect 

of  suit  and  service. 
DIS-TRaIN'OR,  n.    He  who  seizes  goods  for  debt  or 

service.  Blacks/one. 
DIS-TRAUGHT',  (dis-trawf.)  [Obs.]  See  Distract. 
DIS-TReAM',  v.  i.     [<its  and  stream.]   To  spread  or 

flow  over. 

Yet  o'er  that  virtuous  blush  distreams  a  tear.  Shenstons. 
DIS-TRESS',  n.    [Fr.  dctresse ;  Norm.  id. ;  from  the 
Celtic,  W.  Irais,  violence,  treisiaw,  to  strain  or  force. 
See  Stress,] 

1.  The  act  of  distraining ;  the  taking  of  any  per- 
sonal chattel  from  a  wrong  doer,  to  answer  a  demand, 
or  procure  satisfaction  for  a  wrong  committed. 

Blackstone. 

2.  The  thing  taken  by  distraining;  that  which  is 
seized  to  procure  satisfaction. 

A  distress  f.f  houseliold  gootis  shall  be  impounded  under  cover* 
If  the  lessor  docs  not  hiiU  sutlicieut  distress  on  llie  preiiiisesi 
&c.  Blacketone. 

3.  Extreme  pain  ;  anguish  of  body  or  mind.;  as,  to 
suffer  great  distress  from  the  gout,  or  from  the  loss  of 

4.  Affliction  ;  calamity  ;  misery.       [near  friends. 

On  earth  distress  of  nations. —  Lul;e  %yi. 

5.  A  state  of  danger  ;  as,  a  ship  in  distress,  from 
leaking,  loss  of  spars,  or  want  of  provisions  or  wa- 
ter, &.C. 

DIS-TRESS',  V.  t.  To  pain  ;  to  afflict  with  pain  or 
anguish  :  applied  to  the  body  or  the  mind.  Literally,  to 
press  or  strain. 

2.  To  afflict  greatly  ;  to  harass;  to  oppress  with  ca- 
lamity ;  to  make  miserable. 

Distress  not  the  Moabiles.  —  Deut.  ii. 

We  are  troubled  on  every  side,  but  not  distressed.  — 2  Cor.  iv. 

3.  To  compel  by  pain  or  suffering. 

There  are  men  who  can  neitlier  be  distressed  nor  won  into  a 
sacrifice  of  duty.  Federalist,  Hamilton. 

DIS-TRESS'^:D,  (dls-trest',)  pp.  or  a.  Suffering  great 
pain  or  torture  ;  severely  afflicted  ;  harassed ;  op- 
pressed with  calamity  or  misfortune. 

DIS-TRESS'ED-NESS,  )i.  a  state  of  being  greatly 
pained.  Scott. 

DIS-TRESS'FIJL,  a.  Inflicting  or  bringing  distress; 
as,  a  distressful  stroke.  Shak. 

2.  Indicating  distress  ;  proceeding  from  pain  or 
anguish  ;  as,  di.stressful  cries.  Pope. 

3.  Calamitous  ;  as,  a  distressful  event.  IValts. 

4.  Attended  with  poverty  ;  as,  dislressfvl  bread. 

Shak. 

DIS-TRESS'FIJL-LY,  adv.    In  a  painful  manner. 
DIS-TRESS'ING,  ppr.   Giving  severe  pain  ;  oppress- 
ing with  affliction. 

2.  a.  Very  alflicting ;  affecting  with  severe  pain; 
as,  a  distressing  sickness. 

DIS-TRESS'ING-LY,  adv.    With  extreme  pain. 
DIS-TRIB'U-TA-HLE,  a.    [See  Distriiiute.] 

That  may  be  dislributetl ;  that  may  be  assigned  in 
portions.  Ramsay. 
DIS-TRIB'IJTE,  V.  t.    [L.  distribuo;  dis  and  Iribuo,  to 
give  or  divide.] 

1.  To  divide  among  two  or  more  :  to  deal ;  to  give 
or  bestow  ill  parts  or  portions.  Nioses  distributed 
lands  to  the  tribes  of  Israel.  Christ  distributed  the 
loaves  to  his  disciples. 

'2.  To  dispense ;  to  administer ;  as,  to  disiributt 
justice. 

3.  To  divide  or  separate,  as  into  classes,  orders, 
kinds,  or  species. 

4.  To  give  in  charity. 

Distributing  to  llie  necessities  of  tlie  s-aints.  —  Rom.  xii. 

5.  In  printing,  to  separate  types,  and  place  them 
in  their  proper  cells  in  the  cases. 

DlS-TRlIi'U-TEO,  ;)/).    Divided  among  a  number; 

dealt  out ;  assigned  in  portions  ;  separated  ;  bestowed. 
DIS-TRIU'LJ  TER,  n.    One  who  divides  or  deals  out 

in  parts  ;  one  who  bestows  in  portions  ;  a  dispenser. 
DIS-TRIH'IJ-TING,  ppr.    Dividing  among  a  number; 

dealing  out;  dispensing. 
DIS-TRI-BO'TION,  «.    [I/,  dislributio.] 

1.  The  act  of  dividing  amtnig  a  number ;  a  dealing 
in  parts  or  portions ;  as,  the  distribution  of  an  estate 
among  heirs  or  cliililren. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  in  charity ;  a  bestowing  in 
parts.  Bacon,  .^tterbury. 

'J.  Dispensation  ;  administration  to  numbers ;  a 
rendering  to  individuals ;  as,  the  distribution  of 
justice. 

4.  The  act  of  separating  into  distinct  parts  or 
classes;  as,  the  distribution  of  plants  info  genera  and 
species. 

5.  In  arehitrcture,  the  dividing  and  disposing  of 
the  several  parts  of  the  building,  according  to  some 
plan,  or  to  the  rules  of  the  art. 

(i.  In  rtii  torir,  a  ilivisioii  and  enumeration  of  the 
several  iiualities  of  a  subject. 

7.  In  general,  the  division  and  disposition  of  the 
parts  of  any  thing. 

8.  In  jiriiifiiiir,  the  taking  a  form  apart;  the  sepa- 
rating of  the  types,  and  placing  each  letter  in  iu 
proper  cell  in  the  cases. 


FATE,  FXn,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PHfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


y.4 


DIS 

DIS-TllIB'lJ-TIVE,  a.  TiKit  distributes  ;  that  divides 
anil  assigns  in  portion.i ;  that  deals  to  cacli  liis  prupiT 
sliarc  ;  as,  tiUlribiUioe  justice. 

2.  That  assigns  the  various  species  of  a  ccneral  term. 

3.  That  separates  or  divides ;  as,  a  dijlnbutwc  ad- 
jective. 

DIS-TIUB'IJ-TIVE,  ?i.  In  frrammnr,  a  word  that 
divides  or  distrilmtes,  as  eack  and  every^  wliich  rep- 
resent tile  individuals  of  a  collective  number  as 
separate. 

Ols  riUl!'lT-TlVE-LY,  adc.   By  distribution  ;  singly  ; 

Milt  ciillertively.  Ifo<i!<er.  IValls. 

WIS  riUlt'lI-TlVE-NESS,  tt.    Desire  of  distributing. 

[Liltlf  iisrd.]  Fell. 
DIS'TRICT,  n.    [L.  districlan,  from  distringo,  to  press 

hard,  tu  bind  ;  It.  diitrrtto.    See  Distrain.] 

1.  Properly,  a  limited  extent  ol  country  ;  n  circuit 
within  which  power,  rijjlit,  or  autliorily,  may  be  ex- 
ercised, and  to  which  it  is  restrained  ;  a  word  ap- 
plicable to  any  portion  of  land  or  country,  or  to  any 
part  of  a  city  or  town,  which  is  defined  by  law  or 
usreement.  A  governor,  a  prefect,  or  a  judge,  may 
have  his  district  Some  of  the  states  arc  divided  into 
diitriets  for  the  choice  of  senators,  representatives,  or 
electors.  Cities  and  towns  are  divided  into  districts 
for  various  purposes,  as  for  schools,  &c.  'J'lie  United 
Slates  are  divided  into  dtstriclj  for  the  collection  of 
the  revenue. 

2.  A  region  ;  a  territory  within  given  lines ;  as,  the 
district  of  the  earth  which  lies  between  the  tropics, 
or  that  which  is  north  of  a  polar  circle. 

3.  \  region  ;  a  country  ;  a  portion  of  territory  with- 
out very  definite  limits  ;  as,  the  districts  of  Russia 
covered  bv  forest. 

UIS'TltlCf  ,  r.  I.  To  divide  into  districts  or  limited 
portions  of  territory.  Legislatures  di-'trict  stati  s  for 
the  choice  of  senators.  In  jVrw  England,  towns  are 
districted  for  the  pur|>usc  of  establishing  and  manag- 
ing schools. 

DIS'TIllCT-eOURT,  n.  A  court  which  has  cogni- 
zance of  certain  causes  within  a  district  defined  by 
law.  The  district-courts  of  the  United  States  are 
courts  of  siilHirdinate  jurisdiction. 

DIS'TllieT-JUDGE,  n.  The  judge  of  a  district-court. 

United  States. 

DIS'TRieT-.^eilOOL,  n.  A  school  within  a  certain 
district  of  a  town.  jVew  England,  iVc. 

DIS'TUICT-ED,  pp.  Divided  into  districts  or  definite 
portions. 

DJS'TRieT-ING,  ppr.   Dividing  into  limited  or  def- 
inite portions. 
DlS-TRie'TION,  n.    Sudden  display.  [Unusunl.] 

Collier. 

DIS-TRrjy"Oj1S,  n.  In  lam,  a  writ  commanding  the 
sheritTto  distniin  a  person  for  debt,  or  for  his  ajipear- 
ance  at  a  certain  dav. 

DIS-'I'RUST',  p.  t.  [ilis  and  trusu  The  Danes  have 
inistriidter  i  the  Swedes,  Hii.-«(ros;a.    See  Mistrust.] 

1.  To  doubt  or  suspect  the  truth,  fidelity,  firmness, 
or  sincerity  of;  not  to  confide  m  or  rely  on.  VVe 
diitrust  a  man,  when  we  cpiestion  his  veracity,  &.c. ; 
we  in;iy  often  dUtrust  our  own  firmness. 

2.  To  doubt ;  to  suspect  not  to  be  real,  true,  sin- 
cere, or  firm.  VVe  distrust  a  man's  courage,  friend- 
ship, veracity,  declarations,  intentions,  or  promises, 
when  we  question  their  reality  or  sincerity  ;  we  can 
not  distrust  the  declarations  of  God  ;  wc  often  have 
reason  to  dLtrust  our  own  resolutions. 

DIS-TRUST',  n.  Doubt  or  suspicion  of  reality  or  sin- 
cerity ;  want  of  confidence,  failli,  or  reliance.  Syc- 
ophants should  he  heard  wiih  distrust;  distra.it  mars 
the  pleasures  of  t'riendsliip  and  social  intercourse. 

2.  Discredit ;  loss  of  confidence.  Milton. 
DI.S-TRi:ST'F,D, /i/i.    Doubled;  suspected. 
DIS-TRUST'ER,  ii.    A  person  who  distrusts. 
DIS-TRUST'Fy  1„  a.  Apt  to  distrust ;  suspicious.  Boyle. 

Q.  Not  confident;  dilhJeiit;  as,  dutrastfal  of  our- 
selves. 

3.  Diffident ;  nioclest.  Pope. 
DIS  TRUST'F|;L-I,Y,  aito.    In  a  distrustful  manner  ; 

with  doubt  or  suspicion.  .Milton. 

DIS-TRUST'KIJLM-.ss,  n.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
tnistfiil  ;  want  of  confidence. 

DIS-TRL'ST'IiNG,  ppr.  Doubting  the  reality  or  sin- 
cerity of;  siis|K'cting  ;  not  reiving  on  or  confiding  in. 

DIS-TRUST'I.VG-L,V,a<ye.  .Suspiciously;  with  distrust. 

DIS-TRUST'LESS,  a.  Free  from  distrust  or  suspi- 
cion. Shenstone. 

DIS-TONE',  c.  U    To  put  out  of  tunc.    \j\'ut  used.] 

tVotUm. 

DI9-TURB',  t>.  <,  [3p.  distarhar  ;  U.  dLiturbare ;  I., 
duturbo  ;  d is  and  turbo,  to  trouble,  disorder,  discom- 
IHwe  ;  turba,  a  crowd,  a  tumult ;  Gr.  Tootin  or  aii„^n, 
a  tiirouli ;  3opi-^i-<$,  id.  'J'fie  primary  sense  seems 
to  be,  to  stir,  or  to  turn  or  whirl  round.  The  word 
trouble  is  probably  from  the  L.  turbo,  by  transposition. 
If  Ir  are  the  primary  elements,  a-s  I  supiKkse,  the 
word  coincides  in  origin  with  tour  and  turn.  If  (  is 
a  prefix,  the  word  belongs  to  Class  lib,  coinciding 
witfi  the  Swedish  rii»4a,  to  remove,  to  trouble.  See 
Class  Rb,  .No,  3,  4,  3-1,  and  Class  Dr,  No.  3,  25,  27.] 

1.  To  stir ;  to  move  ;  to  discompose  ;  to  e.xcitc 
from  a  slate  of  rest  or  Iranqiiillitv.  We  say,  the  man 
Is  asleep,  do  not  dLiturb  him  ;  jet  the  vessel  stand. 


DIS 

do  not  move  the  liquor,  you  will  disturb  the  sediment ; 
disturb  not  the  public  peace. 

2.  To  move  or  agitate  ;  to  disquiet;  to  excite  un- 
easiness or  a  slight  degree  of  anger  in  the  mind  ;  to 
move  the  passions;  to  rullle.  The  mind  may  be 
disturbed  by  an  otii  iisi;  given  by  misfortune,  sur|>rise, 
contention,  discord,  jealousy,  envy,  Sec. 

3.  To  move  from  any  regular  course  or  operation  ; 
to  interrupt  regular  order ;  to  make  irregular.  It  has 
been  supposed  that  the  approach  of  a  comet  may  dis- 
turb the  motions  of  the  planets  in  their  orbits  ;  an 
unexpected  cause  may  disturb  a  chemical  operation, 
or  the  operation  of  medicine. 

4.  To  iiiterriiiit ;  to  hinder ;  to  incommode.  Care 
di<tnrhs  study  ;  let  no  person  disturb  my  francliisi?. 

5.  To  turn  off  from  any  direction  j  with  from. 

[Unusual.] 

Aiul  <litlnrb 

Ilia  inmost  counBcIa  from  their  dustiiieil  aim.  Milton. 

DIS-TURB',  n.    Confusion  ;  disorder.    [JVut  used.] 

Mtllun. 

DIS-TURB'ANCE,  n.  A  stirring  or  excitement;  any 
distpiiet  or  interruption  of  peace  ;  as,  to  enter  the 
cliiircli  without  making  disturbance. 

2.  Interruption  of  a  settled  state  of  things  ;  disor- 
der ;  tumult.  W'e  have  read  much,  at  times,  of  dis- 
turbances in  Spain,  England,  and  Ireland. 

3.  Emotion  of  the  mind  ;  agitation  ;  excitement  of 
passion ;  perturbation.  The  rnerchant  received  the 
news  of  his  losses  without  apparent  disturbance. 

4.  Disorder  of  thoughts ;  confusion. 

Tlify  cnri  (iirvcy  a.  variety  of  complicated  iJcns,  without  fui^uc 
or  ttialartinnce.  WatH. 

5.  In  law,  tlie  hindering  or  disquieting  of  a  person 
in  the  lawful  and  ixMceaMc  enjoyment  of  his 
right ;  the  interruption  of  a  right;  as,  the  disturbance 
of  a  franchise,  of  common,  of  ways,  of  tenure,  of 
patronage.  Blackslone. 

DIS-TURB' /CD,  pp.  or  a.     Stirred;  moved;  excited; 

discomposed  ;  disquieted  ;  agitateil  ;  uneasy. 

In  ^eulotry,  thrown  out  by  violence  from  some 

original  place  or  position  ;  as,  disturbed  strata.  Lycll. 
DIS-TURB'ER,  71.    One  who  ilisturbs  or  di.sipiiets  ;  a 

violater  of  peace ;  one  who  causes  tumults  or  disorticrs. 

2.  He  or  that  which  excites  passion  or  agitation  ; 
he  or  that  which  causes  perturbation.  Shak, 

3.  In/iiw,  <me  that  inti-rriipts  or  incommodes  an- 
other in  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  his  right. 

DIS-TURB'INt;,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving;  exciting;  ren- 
dering uneasy  ;  making  a  tumult ;  interrupting  peace  ; 
incommoding  the  quiet  enjoyment  of. 

DIS-TURN',  V.  L  [dis  and  turn.]  To  turn  aside. 
fJVot  in  use.]  Daniel. 

DI-SUL'PIIU-RET,  n.  [Gr.  ^is,  twice,  and  sulphureU] 
In  chemistry,  a  siilpniiret  containing  two  equiva- 
lents of  siil|)liiir  to  one  of  the  base.  Silliman. 

DIS-U'N'I-FOR.M,  (dis-yu'nc-forni,)  a.  Not  uniform. 
[JVot  in  luse.]  Coi^entry. 

DIS-L!\'IO.\,  (dis-yun'yun,5  n.  [di.s  anii  union.]  Sep- 
aratiim  ;  disjunction  ;  or  a  state  of  not  being  united. 
It  sometimes  denotes  a  breach  of  concord,  and  its 
effect,  contention. 

dis-i;n'io.v-ist,  n.  An  advocate  of  disunion. 

DIS-li-NITE',  (dis-yu-nlte',)  v.  L  [dis  and  unite.]  To 
sepanite  ;  to  disjoin  ;  to  part ;  as,  to  disunite  two  al- 
lied countries  ;  to  disunite  particles  of  matter  ;  to  dis- 
unite friends. 

DIS-II-NITE',  c.  I.  To  part;  to  fall  a.snnder;  to  be- 
come separate.  Particles  of  matter  may  spontane- 
ously disunite. 

DIS-lf-NIT'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Separated  ;  disjoined. 

DIS-U-.S'!T'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  disjoins. 

DIS-l'-NTT'lNG,  ppr.    Separating;  parting. 

DIS-IJ'NI-TY,  (tlis-yu'ne-ty,)  n.  A  state  of  sep.aration. 

J\fore. 

DIS-i;'SAGE,(dis-yu'zaje,)n.   [</u  and  iisar-e.]  Grad- 
ual cessation  of  use  or  custom  ;  neglect  of^nse,  exer- 
cisCj  or  practice.    VVe  lose  words  by  disusage.  * 
DIS-(4SE',  (dis-yuse',)  n.     [i/i*  and  use.]  "Cessation 
of  use,  practice,  or  exercise  ;  as,  the  limbs  lose  their 
strength  and  pliability  by  i/ijiuc ;  language  is  altered 
by  the  di.suse  of  words. 
2.  Cessation  of  custom  ;  desuetude. 
DIS-I^SE',  (dis-yuzc',)  r.  t.    [dU  and  use.]    To  cease 
to  use  ;  to  neglect  or  omit  to  practice. 

2.  To  disaccustom  ;  with  from,  in,  or  to  ;  as,  dis- 
used to  toils  ;  disused  from  pain. 
DI.S-i;s'£D,  (di.s-yuzd',)  pp.  or  a.   No  longer  used  ; 
obsolete,  as  words,  Icc. 

Priam  in  Brmi  dijuttd.  Dryden. 
9.  Disaccustomed. 
DIS-i;s'I.\G,  (dis-yu'zing,)  ppr.   Ceasing  to  use  ;  dis- 
accustoming. 

DIS-VAI--i;-X'TION,  n.     [See  Duvalue.]  Dises- 

tecm  ;  disreputation. 
DIS-VAL'IJE,  (dis-val'yu,)  c.  t.   ^rfij  ond  raiuc]  To 

under%-aliie  ;  to  disesteein.  Snak. 
DI.'^-V.VI.'ltE,  II.    Disesleem  ;  disregard.      B.  Jonson. 
DIS-VEI/OC,  r.  e.    To  develop.    (Aut  «-W.] 
DIS-VOUCH',  r.  L    [dis  and  rou<-A.J    To  discredit; 

to  contradict.  >,7iaA. 
DKS-VVAR.V,  r.  ^    [<2m  and  irani.]    To  dissuade  from 

by  previous  warning. 


DIU 

DIS-VVIT'TED,  a.  Deprived  of  wits  or  understand- 
ing. Drayton. 

DIS- WONT',  (  wunt,)  ».  t.  [dis  ani  wont.]  To  wean  ; 
to  deprive  of  wonted  usage.  Bp.  Hall. 

DIS-WOR'SIIII*,  (-wor  ship,)  n.  [dis  and  irurjAip.) 
Cause  of  disgrace.  Jlarrrt. 

DIT,  «.    A  ditty.    [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

DIT,  V.  L    [Sax.  dyltan.] 

To  close  up.    [AVt  used.]  More. 

DI-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  ditatus.] 

The  act  of  making  rich.    [JVat  used.]    Bp.  Hall. 

DITCH,  n.  [Sax.  die,  a  ditch  :  1).  (/;//;,  a  dike  ;  G.  deich, 
a  dike ;  dcicher,  a  dilclicr ;  D.  digc,  a  ditch,  a  dike ; 

Sw.  dike ;  Fr.  digue ;  Eth.  dachi,  to  dig.  Class 

Dg,  No.  11.  'i'he  primurj/ sense  is  It  digging  or  place 
dug.  After  the  practice  of  embanking  coninieiiced, 
the  word  was  used  for  the  bunk  inaiie  by  digging, 
the  dike.] 

1.  A  trench  in  the  earth  made  by  digging,  particu- 
larly a  trench  for  draining  wet  land,  or  for  making  a 
fi'iice  to  guard  iiiclosures,  or  for  preventing  an  enemy 
from  approaching  a  town  or  fortress.  In  the  luUer 
sense,  it  is  called  also  a  fosse  or  moat,  and  is  dug 
round  the  rumjiart  or  wall  between  the  scarp  and 
counterscarp.  Encyc. 

2.  Any  long,  hollow  receptacle  of  water. 
DITCH,  V.  i.    'I'o  dig  or  make  a  ditch  or  ditches. 
DITCH,  !'.  (.   To  dig  a  ditch  or  ditclies  in  ;  to  drain 

by  a  ditch  ;  as,  to  ditx:h  moist  land. 

2.  To  surround  with  a  ditch.  Barret 
DITCH-DE-I,IV'ER-/;D,  a.    Brought  forth  in  a  ditch. 
DITCH'ER,  n.    One  who  digs  ditches.  [ SImk. 

DITt.'ll'INt;,  ppr.    Digging  ditches  ;  also,  draining  by 

a  ditch  or  ditches  ;  as,  ditching  a  swamp. 
DI-TET-RA-llK'DRAL,  a.    [dis  m\A  tclraliedral.]  In 

crystallography,  having  the  form  of  a  tetraliedral 

prism  with  dihedral  summits.  Cleaveland. 
DI' I'HE-ISM,  lu   The  doctrine  of  those  who  maintain 

the  existence  of  two  gods.  Rich.  Diet 

Dt-THE-IST'ie,       (a.    Pertaining  to  ditheism. 
DI-TIIE-lST'ie-AL,  Rich.  Diet 

DITH'y-RAMB,  )  n.  [Gr.  h^vnapffos,  a  title  of 
DITII-Y-RA.M'IIUS,  |     Bacchus,  the  signifii;ation  of 

which  is  not  settled.    See  Hcder.  I.(  x.  and  Bochart 

De  Phoen.  Col.  lib.  1,  ca.  16.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  hymn  in  honor  of  .Bacchus,  full 

of  transport  and  poetical  rage.    Of  this  species  of 

writing  we  have  no  remains.  Encyc. 
DITH-Y-RAM'Bie,  )i.    A  song  in  honor  of  Bacchus, 

in  which  the  wildness  of  into.vicutioii  is  imitated. 

^  Johnson. 
2.  Any  poem  written  in  wild,  cntli*iastic  strains. 

IVaUh. 

DITII-Y-RAM'liie,  (I.    Wild  ;  enthusiastic.  Coicley. 

DI"T10N,  (dish'uii,)  n.    [L.  dilio.] 

Rjile  ;  power  ;  government ;  dominion.  Evelyn. 

DI'ToNE,  n.    [Gr.  di?  and  rami,  tone.] 

In  music,  an  interval  comprehending  two  tones. 
The  proportion  of  the  sounds  that  form  the  ditone  is 
4  ;  .'i,  and  that  of  the  semitone,  5 :  6  Encyc. 

DI-TRI(;'LVI'II,  n.  [Gr.  riif,  rottf,  and  )Xe(/,w.]  An 
arrangement  of  intercoliimniations,  in  the  Doric 
order,  by  which  two  Iriglyphs  are  obtained  in  the 
frie'/.c  between  the  triglyphs  that  stand  over  the  col- 
umns. Oicilt. 

DI-TRo'GHEE,  n.  In  prosody,  a  double  trochee  ;  a 
foot  made  up  of  two  trtichecs. 

DIT-TAN'DER,  ii.  I'epper-wort,  the  popular  name  of 
a  species  of  Lepidiiiin.  The  coininon  dittander  has 
a  hot,  biting  taste,  and  is  sometimes  used  in  lieu  of 
pepper. 

DIT'TA-NY,  II.     [L.  dictamntts  ;  Gr.  i!i<ira;ii'o;,  or 

Sixrapoi'.] 

The  white  and  the  red  dittany,  are  plants  of  the 
genus  Dictaiiiiiiis.  Their  leaves  are  covered  with  a 
white  down  ;  in  smell,  they  resemble  leinon-Iliyiiie, 
but  are  more  aromatic.  When  fresh,  they  yieid  an 
essential  oil. 

The  diliany  of  Crete  is  a  species  of  Origanum,  and 
the  bastard  dittany  is  a  species  of  .Marriibium. 

Encyc.    Earn,  of  Plants. 
DIT'TI-ED,  (dit'tid,)  a.    [See  Dittv.]    Sung ;  adapt- 
ed to  music. 

Ur,  with  his  lolt  pipe,  and  amoolh,  ditlied  tcng,  Milton. 
DIT'TO,  contracted  into  Do.  in  books  of  accounts,  is 
the  luilian  detin,  from  L.  dictum,  dirlus,  said.    It  de- 
notes said,  aforcs.aid,  or  the  same  thing  ;  an  abbrevi- 
ation used  to  save  repetition. 
DIT'TY,  «.   [Supposed  to  be  from  the  D.  dicht,  a  poem, 
Sax.  diht,  dihlan.  If  so,  it  coincides  in  origin  with  the 
L.  dico,  dictum.] 
A  song  ;  a  sonnet ;  or  a  little  poem  to  be  sung. 
And  to  the  warbling  lute  soft  dilUet  sing.  Sandyt. 
DIT'TY^  r.  i.    To  sing  ;  to  warble  a  little  tunc. 
DI-II-R|.;'SIS,  71.    [Gr.]    Excretion  of  urine.  [Herbert 
DI-1!-RET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  fwopnn^  if,  from  /iwvpao,  t'la, 
and  oi  oto),  iirinam  rcddo,  nvpni,,  urine.] 

Having  the  iwwer  to  provoke  urine ;  tending  to 
produce  discharges  of  urine.  ^  Coir. 

DT-IJ-RET'lC,  71.    .-V  medicine  that  provokes  urine,  or 

increases  its  discharges. 
Df-URN'AL,  a.     [I,,  diurnus,  daily;  VV.  diirrnod,  a 


TONE,  B^LL,  UNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  Tll  as  in  THIS. 


355 


DIV 


DIV 


DIV 


day.  'I'he  word  is  a  compound  of  tliw,  dies,  day,  and 
a  word  which  I  do  not  understand.] 

I  Relating  to  a  day;  pertaining  to  the  daytime; 
as,  diurnal  heat ;  diurnal  liours. 

2.  Daily;  happening  every  day;  performed  in  a 
day  ;  as,  a  diurnal  task. 

3.  Performed  in  24  hours ;  as,  the  diurnal  revolu- 
tion of  tlie  earth. 

4.  In  medicine,  an  epithet  of  diseases  whose  exac- 
erbations are  in  the  daytime  ;  as,  a  diurnal  fever. 

DI-URN'AL,  n.    A  day-book  ;  a  journal.    [See  Jour- 
nal, whicli  is  mostly  used.] 
DI-URN'.AL-CST,  7!.    A  journalist.    [JVot  i«  »«e.] 
DI-URN'AL-LY,  affe    Daily  ;  every  day.  [Hall. 
DI-U-TUR.\'.\L,  a.    Lasting  ;  being  of  long  continu- 

Jince.  Milton. 
Dl-U-TURN'I-TY,  n.    [L.  diuturtiitas,  from  diuturnus, 
of  long  continuance,  from  dtu,  diej.1 
Length  of  time  ;  long  duration.  Brown. 
DI-VA-Ga'TION,  n.    [L.  diea^or.] 
A  going  astray.    [Jii'ot  used.] 

DI-VAN',  n.    [.\r.  Pets.  J^i^i  diwan.    The  Arabic 

verb  J^Li  dauna,  is  rendered,  to  be  low,  mean,  vile, 

contemptible,  (qu.  down,)  and  also,  to  write  on  a 
white  table.  Hence,  divan  is  a  register  or  table  of 
names  or  accounts,  and  hence  it  came  to  signify  a 
court  or  council  assembled,  as  we  use  board  and  ez- 
clieguer.] 

1.  Among  the  TurJis  and  other  Orientals,  a  council 
of  state  ;  the  great  council  of  the  Turkish  empire. 

2.  An  audience  chamber  ;  a  saloon  for  receiving 
company,  and  especially  a  raised  seat  against  the 
walls,  furnished  with  cushions.  Hence,  in  Europe, 
the  term  diran  has  been  applied  to  a  sofa. 

3.  Figuratioely ,  any  council  assembled  for  delib- 
erntiim.  Milton. 

DI-VAR'[-GaTE,  r.  I.  [L.  divaricatus,  divarico ;  di, 
di.<,  and  i-aricit,  to  straddle.] 

To  open  ;  to  fork  ;  to  part  into  two  branches. 

Woodward. 

DI-VAR'I-eATE,  V.  t.    To  divide  into  two  branches. 

Orew. 

DT-V.VR'I-GaTE,  a.  In  botany,  turning  off  from  any 
thing  irregularly,  and  almost  at  a  right  angle. 

Lindleij. 

Turning  off  so  as  to  form  an  obtuse  angle  above, 
and  an  acut"angle  below.  D.  C.  WiUd. 

DT-VAR  I-Ga-TED,  pp.    Parted  into  two  branches. 

DI-\' AR'ieA-TlNG,  p;)r.    Parting  into  two  branches. 

DI-VAR-I-Ga'TION,  n.  A  parting;  a  forking;  a 
separation  into  two  branches. 

2.  .'V  crossing  or  intersection  of  fibers  at  different 
angles.  Cojce. 

DIVE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  dtjfan,  ge-dufion;  Gr.  inirro} ;  It. 
Uiffiire ;  coinciding  with  dip,  Heb.  Ch.  y2B.  The 
same  word  in  Syr.  aiid  Ar.  signifies  to  stamp,  strike, 
print,  impress.  Class  Db,  No.  28.  The  sense,  then, 
is,  to  thrust  or  drive.] 

1.  To  descend  or  plunge  into  water,  as  an  animal, 
head  first  ;  to  tlirust  the  body  into  water  or  other 
li(|Uor,  or,  if  already  in  water,  to  plunge  deei)er.  In 
the  pearl  fishery,  men  are  employed  to  dive  for 
shells. 

2.  To  go  deep  into  any  subject ;  as,  to  dive  into 
the  nature  of  things,  into  arts  or  science.  Dryden. 

3.  To  plunge  into  any  business  or  condition,  so  as 
to  be  thoroughly  engaged  in  it.  Sliak. 

4.  To  sink  ;  to  penetrate. 

Dii>e,  ihoiiglits,  down  into  my  sonl.  SluiJc. 
DIVE,  B.  t.    To  explore  by  diving,  [flare] 

'I'ii"  Cimii  bravely  dived  Otf  gulf  of  fame.  D«»ham. 
DI-VEL'LENT,  a.    [L.  divellens,  divcUo  ;  dis  and  vello, 
t(j  pull.] 

Drawing  asunder ;  separating. 
DI-VEI-'Li  eATE,  V.  t.    To  pull  in  jjioces. 
DIVER,  n.    One  who  dives  ;  one  who  plunges  head 
first  into  water  ;  one  who  sink.s  by  effort ;  as,  a  diver 
in  the  pearl  fisherj-. 

2.  i)ne  who  goes  deep  into  a  Siibject,  or  enters 
deep  into  study. 

3.  The  common  name  of  certain  swimming  birds, 
as  the  loon,  closely  allied  to  the  grehus  ;  so  called 
from  their  diving.  Jardine.    P.  Cijc. 

DI'VERH,  n.    A  proverb.    [JVot  m  ?(,«.]  Burton. 

DI-VEItli-Ell  A'TION,  n.  [L.  Jioerbero,  to  beat 
through.] 

A  sounding  through. 

DI-VERGE',  (dc-verj',)  r.  i.  [L.  divcrgo  ;  di,  dii,  and 
verge,  to  incline.] 

To  tend  from  one  point  anil  recrrte  from  each  oth- 
er ;  to  shoot,  extenil,  or  proceed  from  a  point  in  dif- 
ferent directions,  or  not  in  parallel  lines.  Rays  of 
light  proceed  from  the  nun  and  continually  diverge. 
It  H  O[iposed  to  ronverge. 

DI-VERTO'iMENT,  n.    Art  of  div.-rging. 

DI  VEIK'J'ENCE,  n.  A  receding  from  each  other  ;  a 
going  farther  apart  ;  as,  the  divergence  of  lines,  or 
the  angle  of  divergence.  Oregory. 


DI-VERG'ENT,  a.    Departing  or  receding  from  each 

other,  as  lines  which  proceed  from  the  same  point ; 

opposed  to  convergent. 
DI-VERG'ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Receding  from  each  other, 

as  they  proceed. 
DI-VERG'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  diverging  manner. 
DI'VERS,  a.    [Fr.  divers;  L.  diversus,  from  diverto ; 

di,  dis,  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

1.  Different ;  various. 

Tliou  sli;iU  not  sow  t!iy  fields  with  divers  seeds.  —  Dent.  xxii. 
Nor  let  tliy  cxlile  gender  with  divers  kinds.  —  Lev,  xix. 

,     [This now  generally  written  Diverse.] 

2.  Several ;  sundry  ;  more  than  one,  but  not  a 
great  number.  We  have  divers  examples  of  this 
kind. 

[This  word  is  not  obsolete  even  in  common  dis- 
cnurse, and  is  much  used  in  law  proceedings.] 

Dr'VERS-eOL'OR-£D,  (-kul'lurd,)  a.  Having  vari- 
ous colors.  SItalc. 

DI' VERSE,  a.    [h.  diversus.] 

1.  Different ;  differing. 

Four  great  Ijeasts  came  up  from   the  sea,  diverse  one  from 
another.  —  Dan,  vii, 

9.  Different  from  itself ;  various  ;  multiform. 

Eloquence  is  a  diverse  thing.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  In  diflerent  directions. 

And  with  tendrils  creep  diveree.  Philips. 

DI- VERSE',  (de-vers',)  v.  i.  To  turn  aside.  [JVoi 
used.]  Spenser. 

DI'VERSE-LY,  adv.  [from  diverse.]  In  different 
ways ;  difterently ;  variously ;  as,  a  passage  of 
Scripture  diverselij  interpreted  or  understood. 

2.  In  different  directions  ;  to  different  points. 

On  life's  vast  ocean  divereelT/  we  sail.  Pope. 

DI-VERS-I-FI-eX'TION,  n.  [See  Diversift.]  The 
act  of  changing  forms  or  qualities,  or  of  making 
various.  Boyle. 

2.  Variation  ;  variegation. 

3.  Variety  of  forms.  Hale. 

4.  Change  ;  alteration. 
DI-VERS'I-FI-KD,  (de-ver'se-flde,)  pp.    Made  vari- 
ous in  form  or  qualities  ;  variegated  ;  altered. 

2.  a.    Distinguished  by  various  forms,  or  by  a 
variety  of  objects  ;  as,  diversified  scenery  ;  a  diversi- 
fied landscape. 
DI-VERS'I-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  diversus  and  forma.] 

Of  a  different  form  ;  of  various  forms.  Diet. 
DI-VERS'l-F?,      t.    [Fi.  diversifier  ;  Sp.  diversificar ; 
L.  diversus  and  fncio.] 

1.  To  make  different  or  various  in  form  or  quali- 
ties ;  to  give  variety  to  ;  to  variegate  ;  as,  to  diversify 
the  colors  of  a  roEie  ;  to  diversify  a  landscape  with 
mountains,  plains,  trees,  and  lakes. 

2.  To  give  diversity  to  ;  to  distinguish  by  different 
things  ;  as,  a  council  diversified  by  different  charac- 
ters. 

3.  In  oratory,  to  vary  a  subject,  by  enlarging  on 
what  has  been  briefly  stated,  hy  brief  recapitulation, 
by  adding  new  ideas,  by  transposing  words  or  peri- 
ods, &c. 

DI-VERS'I-FY-ING,  ppr.    Making  various  in  form 

or  qualities:  giving  variety  to  ;  variegating. 
DI-VERS-IL'O-aUENT,  a.   [L.  diversus  and  eloquor.] 

Speaking  in  different  ways. 
DI-VER'SION,  71.    [Fr.  ;  from  L.  diverto,  to  divert.] 

1.  The  act  of  turning  aside  from  any  course,  as 
the  diversion  of  a  stream  from  its  usual  channel  ; 
the  diversion  of  a  purpose  to  another  object ;  the  di- 
version of  the  mind  from  business,  or  study. 

2.  That  which  diverts  ;  that  which  turns  or  draws 
the  mind  from  care,  business,  or  study,  and  thus  re- 
laxes and  amuses ;  sport ;  play  ;  pastime  ;  whatever 
unbends  the  mind ;  as,  the  diversions  of  youth. 
Works  of  wit  and  humor  furnish  an  agreeable  di- 
version to  the  studious. 

3.  In  war,  the  act  of  drawing  the  attention  and 
force  of  an  enemy  from  the  point  where  the  princi- 
pal attack  is  to  be  m.ade,  as  by  an  attack  or  alarm 
on  one  wing  of  an  army,  when  the  other  wing  or 
center  is  intended  for  the  principal  attack.  The  en- 
emy, if  deceived,  is  thus  induced  to  withdraw  a 
part  of  his  force  from  the  part  where  his  foe  intends 
to  make  the  main  impression. 

DI-VERS'I-TY,  71.  [L.  divcrsilas ;  Fr.  diversitei  from 
L.  diversus,  diverto.] 

1.  Difference ;  dissimilitude  ;  unlikenesR.  There 
may  be  tlioersity  without  contrariety.  There  is  a  great 
diversity  in  human  constitutions. 

2.  Variety  ;  as,  a  diversity  of  ceremonies  in 
churches. 

3.  Distinct  being,  as  opposed  to  identity.  Locke 

4.  Variegation. 

Bluahhig  ill  hnght  diversities  of  day.  Pope. 

DI-VERT',  V.  t.  diverto;  di,  dis^  and  verto,  to 

turn  ;  Fr.  divertir;  Sp.  id. ;  It.  divertirc.] 

1.  To  turn  off  from  any  course,  direction,  or  in- 
tended application  ;  to  turn  aside  ;  ns,  to  divert  a 
river  from  its  usual  channel  ;  to  divert  ctnnmerco 
from  its  usual  course  ;  to  divert  appropriated  money 
to  other  objects  ;  to  divert  a  man  from  his  purpose. 

2.  To  turn  the  mind   from  business  or  study  ; 


hence,  to  jilease  ;  to  amuse  ;  to  entertain  ;  to  exhil- 
arate.  Children  are  diverted  with  sports  ;  men  are 
diverted  with  works  of  wit  and  humor  ;  low  minds 
are  diverted  with  buffoonery  in  stage-playing. 

3.  To  draw  the  forces  of  an  enemy  to  a  different 
point.  Davies. 

4.  To  subvert.    [Jfot  in  use.]  Shall. 
DI-VERT'ED,  pp.    Turned  aside  ;  turned  or  drawn 

from  any  course,  or  from  the  usual  or  intended  direc 
tion  ;  pleased  ;  amused  ;  entertained. 
DI-VERT'ER,  71.    He  or  that  which  diverts,  turns  off, 
or  pleases. 

DI-VERT'I-CLE,  (de-vert'e-kl,)  ti.    [L.  diverticulum.] 

A  turning  ;  a  by-way.    [JVo(  used.]  Hale. 
DI-VERT'ING,  ppr.    Turning  off  from  any  course ; 
pleasing ;  entertaining. 

2.  a.  Pleasing;  amusing;  entertaining;  as,  a  di- 
verting scene  or  sport. 
DI-VERT' I NG-LY,  adv.    In  an  amusing  or  entertain- 
ing manner. 
DI-VERT'ISE  V.  t.    [Fr.  divertir,  divertissant.] 

To  divert  ;  to  please.    [JV<j£  used.]  Dryden. 
DI-VERT'lSE-MENT,  71.    Diversion.    [Little  used.] 
2.  A  short  ballet  or  other  entertainment  between 
the  acts  of  longer  pieces,    (pro.  de-vert'iz-mong.) 

Smart. 

DI-VERT'rVE,  a.   Tending  to  divert ;  amusing. 

Rogers. 

DI-VEST',  v.  t.  [Fr.  devitir;  de  and  vHir,  to  clothe, 
L.  vestio.  It  is  the  same  word  as  devest,  but  the 
latter  is  appropriately  used  as  a  technical  term  in 
law.] 

1.  To  strip  of  clothes,  arms,  or  equipage ;  opposed 
to  invest. 

2.  To  deprive ;  as,  to  divest  one  of  his  rights  or 
privileges  ;  to  divest  one  of  title  or  property. 

3.  To  deprive  or  strip  of  any  thing  that  covers, 
surrounds,  or  attends  ;  as,  to  dives't  one  of  his  glory  ; 
to  divest  a  subject  of  deceptive  appearances,  or  false 
ornaments. 

Dl-VEST'ED,  pp.    Stripped  ;  undressed  ;  deprived. 

DI-VEST' 1-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  divested.  Boyle. 

DI-VEST'ING,  ppr.  Stripping;  putting  off ;  depriving. 

DI-VEST'I-TURE,  j  Ti.    The  act  of  strippinz,  putting 

DI-VEST'URE,       i     off,  or  depriving.  Boyle.  Encyc. 

DI-VID'A-liLE,a.  [SeeDivioE.]  That  may  be  divided. 
2.  Separate  ;  parted.   [JVot  used,  nor  proper.]  Sluik. 

DI-VID'ANT,  a.    Different ;  separate.  SImk. 

DI-VIDE',  V.  t.  [L.  divido  ;  ai,  or  dis,  and  iduo,  that  is, 
vidua,  to  part.  The  Greek  iijios,  tituyfia,  t^iwrm, 
are  from  the  same  root,  as  is  the  h.  individuus,viduus, 
vidua.  Eng.  widow,  and  wide  and  void.  See  the  latter 
words.] 

1.  To  part  or  separate  an  entire  thing ;  to  part  a 
thing  into  two  or  more  pieces. 

Divide  the  living  child  in  two.  —  1  Kings  iii. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  separate  ;  to  keep  apart  by  a 
partition,  or  by  an  imaginary  line  or  limit.  A  wall 
divides  two  houses.  The  equator  divides  the  earth 
into  two  hemispheres. 

Let  the  firmament  divide  tiie  waters  from  tlie  waters,  —  Gen,  i, 

3.  To  make  partition  of,  among  a  number. 

Ye  shall  divids  Uie  land  by  lot.  —  Num.  xxxiii. 

4.  To  open  ;  to  cleave. 

Thou  didst  divide  tlie  sea.  —  Neh.  ix. 

5.  To  disunite  in  opinion  or  interest ;  to  make  dis- 
cordant. 

There  shall  be  five  in  one  house  divided,  three  against  two.  — 
Luke  xii. 

6.  To  distribute ;  to  separate  and  bestow  in  parts 
or  shares. 

And  he  ^vided  to  them  his  living,  —  Luke  XT. 

7.  To  make  dividends ;  to  apportion  the  interest 
or  profits  of  stock  among  proprietors ;  as,  the  bank 
divides  six  per  cent. 

8.  To  separate  into  two  parts,  for  ascertaining 
opinions  for  and  against  a  measure;  as,  to  rficirfe  a 
legislative  house  in  voting. 

DI-VIDE',  V.  i.    To  part ;  to  open  ;  to  cleave. 

2.  To  break  friendship  ;  as,  brothers  i/ii;i(i'c  Shak. 

3.  To  vote  by  the  division  of  a  legislative  house 
into  two  i>arts. 

The  einperora  sat,  voted,  and  divided  with  thrir  equals.  Gibbon. 

Dl-VID'ED,  p;>.  or  a.    Parted;  disunited;  distributed. 

I)1-VII)'EI)-LV,  adv.    Separately.  Knatchbull. 

DIVI  DEND,  Ji.  A  part  or  share  ;  particularly,  the 
share  of  the  interest  or  profit  of  stock  in  trade  or 
other  employment,  which  belongs  to  each  proprietor 
according  to'  his  proportiim  of  the  stock  or  capital. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  the  number  to  be  divided  into 
equal  parts. 

DI-VID'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  divides  ;  that  which 
separates  into  parts, 

2.  A  distributor ;  one  who  deals  out  to  each  hi« 
share. 

Wlio  made  me  a  )udgr;  or  diviiler  over  you  f  —  Luke  xii, 

3.  He  or  that  which  disunites.  Swift 
Dl-VID'F.RS,  71.  pi.    A  kind  of  compasses. 
DI-VID'ING,  ;i;>r.    Parting;  separating;  distributing; 

disuniting ;  apportioning  to  each  his  share. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH.^T.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  RQQK.— 

356 


DI V 


DIV 


DO 


2.  a.  Thai  indicates  separation  or  dilTcrcnce ;  as,  a 
dioitlinir  line. 

Dl-VID'ING,  n.  Separation. 

DI-VIU'I.NG-LY,  adu.    By  division. 

DI-VlD'l.l-.'VL,  a.    [L.  ilioiduiis,  from  divido.] 

Divided,  sliarcd,  or  participated  in  common  with 
otliers.    [Little  used.]  MMon. 

DI-VID'tl-AlrLY,  ade.    By  dividing. 

DIV-L\-A'TIO.V,  71.  [Ij.  divinatio,  from  divino,  to 
foretell,  from  divinus.    See  Divine.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  divining  ;  a  foretelling  future  events, 
or  discovering  things  secret  or  obscure,  by  tlie  aid  of 
suiv'rior  beings,  or  by  other  than  Inunan  means. 
Tlie  ancient  lieatlicn  philosophers  divided  divina- 
tion into  tivo  kinds,  natural  and  artijicial.  JVuturat 
divination  was  supposed  to  be  effected  by  a  kind  of 
inspiration  or  divine  atllatus  ;  artijicial  divination 
was  ertecied  by  certain  rites,  experiments,  or  obser- 
vations, as  by  sacrifices,  cakes,  flour,  wine,  observa- 
tion of  entrails,  flight  of  birds,  lots,  verses,  omens, 
position  of  the  stars,  &c.  Encyc. 
'i.  ConjectunU  presage  ;  prediction.  Shak. 

DrV'IN-.\-TOR,  II.    One  who  pretends  to  divination. 

Dl  VI.\'A-T0-11Y,  a.    Professing  divination. 

DI-VINE',  a.  [L.  divinus,  from  dicus,  a  god,  coin- 
ciding in  origin  with  dcus,  Ocoi.] 

1.  I'ertaining  to' the  true  God  3  as,  the  divine  na- 
ture ;  divine  perfections. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  heathen  deity,  or  to  fiUse  gods. 

3.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  God. 

li.-vlf  htimnn,  iialt'dirtne.  Diydtn. 

4.  Proceeding  from  God  ;  as,  Jirine  judgments. 

5.  Godlike  ;  heavenly  ;  excellent  in  the  highest 
degree  ;  extraordinary  ;  apparently  above  what  is 
human.  In  this  application,  the  word  admits  of 
comparison  ;  as,  a  divine  invention  ;  a  divine  genius  ; 
the  divinest  mind.  Davits. 

A  (/trine  »eiiteiic«  in  in  the  lips  of  Ihc  kin  J.  —  ProT.  xvi. 

6.  Presageful;  foreboding;  prescient.  [JVotu«</.] 

Jiiilton. 

7.  .-Vppropriated  to  God,  or  celebrating  his  praise  ; 
as,  divine  service  j  divine  songs  ;  divine  worship. 

DI-VI.\E',  n.  A  minister  of  the  gospel;  a  priest ;  a 
clergyman.  Swift. 

Tiie  first  divintt  of  New  Kn^litnd  were  8urp.iss<»d  hy  none  in 
txUMisive  i-rudilion,  pcptoiml  sanctity,  nnil  (lilij^encc  iu  tlie 
imtor.xl  olfice.  J.  Woodbridge. 

2.  A  man  skilled  in  divinity ;  a  theologian ;  as,  a 
.  great  divine. 

Dl-VINE',  r;.  «.    [I.,  divino.] 

1.  To  foreknow  ;  to  foretell ;  to  presage. 

Dar'sl  thou  diaiite  tiis  downfall  i  Shot. 

2.  To  deify,    f  JVi)«  in  use.]  Spenser. 
DI-VINE',  V.  i.    1  o  use  or  practice  divination. 

2.  To  utter  presages  or. prognostications. 

The  proplicls  therpof  rfipin*  for  money.  —  Mic&h  iil. 

3.  To  have  presages  or  forebodings. 

Sugl^t  but  irulli  to  my  divining  thoughts.  Shak. 

4.  To  guess  or  conjecture. 

CoutJ  you  dioint  whivl  lovers  bear.  Granville. 
DI-VTNE'LY,  odp.    In  a  divine  or  godlike  manner; 
in  a  manner  resembling  Deity. 

2.  By  tliB-  agency  or  intiuence  of  God  ;  a.s,  a 
prophet  divinely  inspired  ;  divinely  taught. 

3.  Excellently  ;  in  the  supreme  degree  ;  a.s,  divinely 
fair ;  divinely  brave. 

DI-VI.VE'NESS,  n.  Divinity  ;  participation  of  the 
divine  nature  ;  as,  the  dtvineness  of  the  Scriptures. 
[Little  used.] 

2.  Excellence  in  the  supreme  degree.  Sliak. 

Df-VIN'ER,  n.  One  who  professes  divination  ;  one 
who  pretends  to  predict  events,  or  to  reveal  occult 
things,  by  the  aid  of  superior  beings,  or  of  supernat- 
ural means. 

These  natioiu  hcftrkcncd  to  divinert.  —  DeuL  xriii. 
2.  One  who  gtiesses  ;  a  conjecturer.  I^cke, 

DI-VIN'ER-ESS,  n.  A  female  diviner ;  a  woman  pro- 
fessing divination.  Dryden. 

DIVING,  ppr.  or  a.   [See  Dive.]    Plunging  or  sinking 
into  water  or  other  liquid  ;  applied  to  animals  only. 
2.  Going  deep  into  a  subject. 

DIVING-BELL,  n.  A  hollow  vessel  in  form  of  a 
tnincated  cone  or  pyramid,  with  the  smaller  base 
close,  and  the  larger  one  open,  in  which  a  person 
may  descend  into  deep  water,  and  remain  till  the  in- 
closed air  ceases  to  be  respirable. 

DIVING-SToNE,  n.    A  species  of  jasper. 

DI-yi.N"ING-ROD,  n.  A  rod,  commonly  of  hazel, 
with  forked  branches,  used  by  those  who  pretend  to 
discover  water  or  metals  under  ground. 

DI-VIN'I-TY,  B.  fL.  divi>tUas.  Fr.diviniU;  It.  diri- 
nild;  Sp.  dtvinidaa:  from  divinus,  divus,] 

1.  The  state  of  being  divine  ;  Deity  ;  Godhead  ; 
the  nature  or  essence  of  God.  Christians  ascribe  di- 
vinity to  one  Supreme  Being  only. 

2.  God  ;  the  Deity  ;  tlie  Supreme  Being. 

Tb  the  Dinmty  that  stiis  within  us,  Addijon, 

3.  A  false  god  ;  a  pretended  deity  of  pagans. 

Beastly  dnnijiu,  and  droves  of  gods.  Prior. 
*■  ^  celestial  being,  inferior  to  the  Supreme  God, 


but  superior  to  man.  Many  nations  believe  in  these 
inferior  divinities. 

5.  Something  supernatural. 

They  sny  there  is  dimnity  in  odd  nnmben.  Sfiak. 

6.  The  science  of  divine  things  ;  the  science  which 
unfolds  the  character  of  Goil,  his  laws,  and  moral 
government,  the  duties  of  man,  and  the  way  of  sal- 
vation ;  theology ;  as,  the  study  of  divinity ;  a  system 
of  divinity. 

DItVlS-I-lilL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  divisibiliti ;  from  L.  divi- 
sihilis.    See  Divide.] 

The  quality  of  being  divisible  ;  the  property  of  bod- 
ies by  which  their  parts,  or  component  particles,  are 
capable  of  separation.  Locke. 

DI-VIS'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  divisibilis,  from  divido.  See  Di- 
vide.] 

Capable  of  division  ;  that  may  be  separated  or  dis- 
united ;  separable.    Matter  is  divisible  indefinitely. 

DI-VIS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Divisibility;  capacity  of' be- 
ing seiKirated. 

DI-VI"SION,  (de-vizh'un,)  n.  [L.  divisio,  from  divido, 
dirisi.    See  Divide.] 

1.  The  act  of  dividing  or  separating  into  parts  any 

2.  The  state  of  being  divided.  [entire  body. 

3.  That  which  diviiles  or  separates  ;  that  which 
keeps  apart ;  partition. 

4.  The  part  separated  from  the  rest  by  a  partition 
or  line,  real  or  imaginary  ;  as,  the  divisions  of  a  field. 

5.  A  separate  botly  of  men ;  as,  communities  and 
divisions  of  men.  .Addison. 

6.  A  part  or  distinct  portion  ;  as,  the  divisions  of  a 
discourse. 

7.  A  part  of  an  army  or  militia  ;  a  body  consisting 
of  a  certain  number  of  brigades,  usually  two,  and 
commanded  by  a  major-gunerdl.  Hut  the  term  is 
often  applied  to  other  bodies  or  portions  of  an  army, 
OS  to  a  brigade,  a  st^iadron,  or  platoon. 

8.  A  pan  of  a  fleet,  or  a  select  number  of  ships  un- 
der a  commander,  and  distinguished  by  a  particular 
flag  or  pendant. 

y.  Disunion;  discord;  variance;  difference. 
Tliere  was  a  division  among  the  people.  — Julm  vii. 

10.  Space  between  the  notes  of  music,  or  the  di- 
viding of  the  tones.  Johnson.  Bailey. 

11.  Distinction. 

I  will  put  a  division  between  my  people  and  thy  people. — 
Ex.  viii. 

12.  The  separation  of  voters  in  a  legislative  house. 

13.  In  arithmetic,  the  dividing  of  a  number  or  quan- 
tity into  any  parts  assigned  ;  or  the  rule  by  which  is 
found  how  many  times  one  number  or  quantity  is 
contained  in  another. 

DI-VI"SION-AL,     )  a.  Pertaining  to  division  ;  noting 
Dl-VI"SION-A-UY,  5     or  making  division  ;  as,  a  di- 
visional line. 

DI-VI"SIO.\-ER,  (de-vizh'un-er,)  n.   One  who  di- 
vides.   [JWt  used.]  SheUloTU 
DI-VI'SI\  E,  a.    Forming  division  or  distribution. 

Jlede. 

2.  Creating  division  or  discord.  Burnet. 
DI-VI'SOR,  n.    In  arithmetic,  the  number  by  which 

the  dividend  is  tlivided. 
DI-VORCE',  71.   [Fr.  divorce ;  Sp.  divorcio ;  It.  divoriio ; 

L.  divortium,  from  divorto,  a  different  orthography  of 

dicfrto,  to  turn  away.    See  Divert.] 

1.  A  legal  dissolution  of  the  bonds  of  matrimony, 
or  the  sep.aration  of  husband  and  wife  by  a  judicial 
sentence.  This  is  properly  a  divorce,  and  called, 
technically,  divorce  a  vinculo  matriTnvnii,  from  the 
bands  of  matrimony. 

2.  The  separation  of  a  married  women  from  the 
bed  and  board  of  her  husband,  a  mensa  et  toro,  from 
board  and  bed. 

3.  Separation  ;  distinion  of  things  closely  united. 

4.  The  sentence  or  writing  by  which  marriage  is 

5.  The  cause  of  any  penal  separation,  [dissolved. 

The  long  divorct  of  steel  falls  on  me.  Shak. 
DI-VORCE',  v.  L    To  dissolve  the  marriage  contract, 
and  thus  to  separate  husband  and  wife. 

2.  To  separate,  as  a  married  woman  from  the  bed 
and  board  of  her  husband. 

3.  To  separate  or  disunite  things  closely  connect- 
ed ;  to  force  asunder.  Hooker.  Shak. 

4.  To  t.ike  away  ;  to  put  away.  Blackmore. 
DI-VORCE' A-BI.E,  o.    That  can  be  divorced. 
DI-VORC'KD,  (di-vorst',)  pp.  or  a.    Separated  hy  a 

dissolution  of  the  marriage  contract ;  separated  from 

bed  and  board  ;  parted  ;  forced  asunder. 
DI-VORCE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  divorce  ;  that  can 

not  be  divorced. 
DI-VORCE'ME-\T,  n.    Divorce;  dissolution  of  the 

marriage  lie. 

L*l  him  vrile  her  a  bill  of  ditcrctment,  —  Deut.  xxiv, 
DI-VORC'ER,  IU   The  person  or  cause  that  produces 

divorce.  Lh-ummond. 
2.  One  of  s  sect  called  divorcers,  said  to  have 

spning  from  Milton. 
D1-V6RC'ING,  ;jpr.  Dissolving  the  marriage  contract ; 

separating  from  bed  and  board  ;  disuniting. 
DI-VORC'I  VE,  a.    Having  power  to  divorce.  Milton. 
DI-VO'TO,  [It.]  in  music,  directs  to  sing  in  a  devout 

manner. 


DI-VUL'GATE,  a.    Published.    [Little  used.] 
DI-VUL-GA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  divulging  or  pub- 
lishing. 

DI-VULGE',(de-vulj',)j).  U  [L.  divulgo  ;  di,  or  rfu»,  and 
vulgo,  to  make  public,  from  vulgus,  the  common  peo- 
ple, an  publish,  public,  from  L.  populns,  people.] 

1.  To  make  public  ;  to  tell  or  make  known  some- 
thing before  private  or  secret ;  to  reveal ;  to  disclose  ; 
as,  to  divulge  the  secret  sentiments  of  a  friend  ;  to  di- 
vulge the  proceedings  of  the  cabinet.  Vivulije  ia 
more  generally  applied  to  verbiil  disclosures,  and  pub- 
lish to  printed  accounts.  But  they  may  be  used  sy- 
nonymously. We  may  publish  by  words,  and  divulge 
by  the  press. 

2.  To  declare  by  a  public  act ;  to  proclaim.  [Unti- 
suttl.]  Milton. 

DI-VLILG'jED,  pp.  Made  public ;  revealed  ;  disclosed , 
published. 

DI-VULCER,  n.    One  who  divulges  or  reveals. 
Dl-VULG'ING,  ppr.    Disclosing  ;  publishing  ,  reveal- 
ing. 

DI-VUL'SION,  f-shun,)  n.  [L.  divuLHo,  from  divcllor  ; 
di,  dis,anii  vello,  to  pull.] 

The  act  of  pulling  or  plucking  away;  a  rending 
asunder. 

And  dire  divulsiona  shook  the  cliAiiging  wurld.       J.  Darlow, 

DI-VUL'SIVE,  «.    That  pulls  asunder;  that  rends. 

fCirtcan. 

DIZ'SN,  (diz'n,)  V.  U   To  dress  gayly ;  to  deck. 

SwifL 

[This  word  is  not  esteemed  elegant,  and  is  nearly 
obsolete.  Its  compound,  Bedize.t,  is  used  in  bur- 
lesque.] 

DIZZ,  E.  (.    [Sec  Dizzy.]    To  astonish  ;  to  puzzle ;  to 

make  dizzy.    [.Vot  used.]  Gaylon. 
DIZ'ZARD,  «.    [See  Dizzv.]    A  blockhead.  [JVot 

used.] 

DIZ'ZI-KD,  (diz'zid,)  pp.  Whirled  round ;  made  dizzy. 

DIZ'ZI-NESS,  71.  [See  Dizzv.]  Giddiness  ;  a  whirl- 
ing in  the  head  ;  vertigo. 

DIZ'ZY,  a.  [Sax.  dysi  or  dysig,  foolish  ;  dysignesse, 
folly  ;  dysian,  to  be  foolish  ;  gedisigan,  to  err  ;  G.  da- 
sel,  dizziness;  dusrlig,  dizzy;  D.  druzig,  stupid;  dy- 
lig,  misty,  hazy  ;  Dan.  taasse,  a  foolish  person  ;  qu. 
diSser,  to  make  sleepy.] 

1.  Giddy ;  having  a  sensation  of  whirling  in  the 
head,  with  instability,  or  proneness  to  fall ;  vertigi- 
nous. 

2.  Causing  giddiness  ;  as,  a  diz-.y  hight. 

3.  Giddy ;  tlioughtlcss  ;  heedless  ;  as,  the  dizzy 
multitude.  Miltm. 

DIZ'ZY,  V.  t.  To  whirl  round ;  to  make  giddy  ;  to 
confuse.  Shak. 

DIZ'ZY-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Whirling  round  ;  confusing  ; 
making  dizzy. 

DJER'IUD,  71.    A  blunt,  Turkish  javelin.  Maunder. 

Do,  71.  In  modem  solfeggio,  the  name  of  the  first  of 
the  musical  syllables. 

DO,  r.  (.  or  auxiliary;  pret.  Did;  pp.  Dose,  (dun.) 
This  verb,  when  transitive,  is  formed  in  the  indica- 
tive, present  tense  ;  thus,  I  do,  thou  doeM,  he  does  or 
doth;  when  auxiliary,  the  second  person  is,  thou  dosL 
[Sa.x.  do7i  ;  D.  doen;  G.  (Amti  ;  Goth,  tauyan;  Ru.ss. 
dryu  or  dayu.  This  is  probably  a  contracted  word, 
for  in  Saxon  dohte  signifies  77iude  or  did,  as  if  the  pret. 
of  this  verb.  If  the  elements  are  dg,  it  coincides  in 
elements  with  Sax.  dugan,  to  be  able,  and  with  tea- 
gan,  to  taw,  as  leather.] 

1.  To  perform  ;  to  execute  ;  to  carry  into  effect ;  to 
exert  labor  or  power  for  bringing  any  thing  to  the 
state  desired,  or  to  completion  ;  or  to  bring  any  thing 
to  pass.  We  say,  this  man  does  his  work  well  ;  he 
does  more  in  one  day  than  some  men  will  do  in  two 
days. 

In  sii  flsTS  thou  thalt  do  all  thv  work.  —  Ex.  xx. 
1  will  ti-ach  you  whul  ye  »hill  do-  —  Ex.  iv. 
I  tlie  Lord  do  all  these  (hin js.  —  Is.  xir. 

2.  To  practir.e  ;  to  perform  ;  as,  to  do  good  or  evil. 

3.  To  perform  for  the  benefit  or  injury  of  another  ; 
with  for  or  to  ;  for,  when  the  thing  it  beneficial ;  to, 
in  either  case. 

TUI  I  know  what  God  will  do  for  nte."—  1  Sain.  xxii. 
T>o  to  him  neither  good  nor  evi\.    But  to  is  more 
generally  omitted.    Do  him  neither  good  nor  liarm. 

4.  To  execute ;  to  discharge;  to  convey;  as,  t/o  a 
message  to  the  king. 

5.  To  perform  ;  to  practice  ;  to  observe. 

We  lie  and  do  not  the  txtuh.  —  I  John  i. 

6.  To  exert. 

Do  thy  dihgence  to  come  shortly  to  me.  —  3  Tim.  iv. 

7.  To  transact ;  as,  to  do  business  with  another. 

8.  To  finish  ;  to  execute  or  transact  and  bring  to  a 
conclusion.  The  sense  of  completion  is  often  implied 
in  this  verb  ;  as,  we  will  do  the  business,  and  adjourn  ; 
we  did  the  business,  and  dined. 

9.  To  perform  in  an  exigency  ;  to  have  recourse 
to,  as  a  consequential  or  last  effort  ;  to  take  a  step 
or  measure ;  as,  in  this  crisis  we  know  not  n  hat 
to  do. 

What  will  ye  do  in  the  day  af  visiution  I  —  Is.  x. 

10.  To  make  or  cause. 

Nothing  but  dead)  can  do  me  lo  lespire.    [O&t.]  Spemstr. 


TONE,  BJ;LL,  qNITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


46* 


367 


I" 


DOC 


DOC 


DOD 


Shak. 


■  had  the 

Sliak. 

Anon. 


U.  To  put.  [Oli.i.] 

Wlio  sliouia  do  Oie  duke  to  death  ( 
12.  To  answer  the  purpose. 

I'll  maJte  the  songs  of  Durfey  do. 
To  have  to  do  ;  to  Iiave  concern  with. 

What  have  I  to  do  with  you  ?  —  2  Sam.  xvi. 

What  have  I  to  do  any  more  with  idols  f  —  Hos.  xiy. 

To  do  with ;  to  dispose  of ;  to  make  use  of ;  to  em- 
ploy. Commerce  is  dull ;  we  know  not  what  to  do 
icith  our  ships.  Idle  men  know  not  what  to  do  with 
tliL'ir  time  or  witli  themselves. 

Also,  to  gain  ;  to  effect  by  influence. 

A  jest  with  a  sad  brow  will  do  loilh  a  fellow  who 

ache  in  his  shoulders. 
1  can  do  nothing  loith  this  obstinate  fellow. 

Also,  to  have  concern  with ;  to  have  business  ;  to 
deal.    [See  No.  12.] 

To  do  away ;  to  remove  ;  to  destroy ;  as,  to  do 
away  imperfections  j  to  do  away  prejudices. 
DO,  )>.  !.   To  act  or  behave,  in  any  manner,  well  or 
ill ;  to  conduct  one's  self. 

They  fear  not  the  Lord,  neither  do  they  after  the  law  and 
commandment.  —  2  Kings  xvil. 

2.  1*0  fare  ;  to  be  in  a  slate  with  regard  to  sickness 
or  health.  VVe  asked  him  how  he  did.  How  do  you 
do,  or  how  do  you  ? 

How  dost  Viou7  Shr.k. 

3.  To  succeed;  to  accomplish  a  purpose.  We  shall 
do  without  him.    Will  this  plan  do  1  Jiddison, 

Also,  to  fit ;  to  be  adapted  ;  to  answer  the  design  ; 
with  for;  as,  this  piece  of  timber  will  do  for  the 
corner  post  ;  this  tenon  will  do  for  the  mortise;  the 
road  is  repaired,  and  will  do  for  the  present. 

To  have  to  do  with ;  to  have  concern  or  business 
with ;  to  deal  witli.  Have  little  to  do  with  jealous 
men. 

Also,  to  have  carnal  commerce  with. 

Do  is  used  for  a  verb  to  save  the  repetition  of  it.  I 
shall  probably  come,  but  if  I  do  not,  you  must  not 
wait ;  that  is,  if  I  do  not  come,  if  I  come  not. 

Do  is  also  used  in  the  imperative,  to  express  an 
urgent  request  or  command  ;  as,  do  come  ;  help  me, 
do  ;  make  haste,  do.  In  this  case,  do  is  uttered  with 
emphasis. 

As  an  auxiliary,  do  is  used  in  asking  questions. 
Do  you  intend  to  go Docs  he  wish  me  to  come 

Do  is  also  usetl  to  express  emphasis.  She  is  co- 
quctish,  but  still  I  do  love  her. 

Do  is  sometimes  a  mere  expletive. 

This  just  reproach  their  virtue  does  excite.  Dryden. 
Expletives  tlieir  feeble  aid  do  join.  Popt. 

[The  latter  use  of  do  is  nearly  obsolete.] 
Do  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  opposition  ;  as,  I 
did  love  him,  but  lie  has  lost  my  affections. 
DoAT.    See  Dote. 

DOC-l-BILT-TY,    j  n.      Teachableness;  docility; 

Do'Cl-l!LE-NESS,  j     readiness  to  learn.  Walton. 

Do'CI-HLE,  (do'se-bl  or  dos'se-bl,)  a.  [See  Docile.] 
'I'eachable  ;  docile  ;  tractable ;  easily  taught  or  man- 
aged. Milton. 

Do'CILE,  (do'sil  or  dos'sil.)  a.  [L.  docilis,  from  docco, 
to  teach.  Doceo  and  teach  are  the  same  word.  See 
Teach.] 

Teachable  ;  easily  instnictcd  ;  ready  to  learn ; 
tractable  ;  easily  managed.  Some  children  are  far 
more  docile  than  others.  Dogs  are  more  docile  than 
many  other  animals. 
DO-CIL'I-TY,  7!.  Teachableness;  readiness  to  learn  ; 
aptness  to  be  taught.  The  docility  of  elephants  is 
remarkable. 

DO(;'l-.MA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  ^o/fipKiiria.  See  the  next  word.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  assaying  ores  or  metals ; 
mt^tallurgy.  Jilcd.  Rcpos. 

DOC-l-.MA.S'Tie,  a.  [Or.  foKiiiaoTtKo;,  from  fioKi- 
/ta^r.),  to  try,  essay,  examine,  from  ()u<ci/ios,  proved, 
from  Soxcc),  to  prove.    Ch.  pn.    Class  Ug,  No.  9.] 

Properly,  essaying,  proving  by  expiTiments,  or  re- 
lating to  the  assaying  of  ores  or  metals.  The  doci- 
inastic  art  is  otherwise  calletl  metallurgy.  It  is  the 
art  of  assaying  metals,  or  the  art  of  separating  them 
from  foreign  matters,  and  determining  the  nature 
and  quantity  of  metallic  substances  contained  in 
any  ore  or  minttral.  Luvoisirr. 
DOCK,  n.  [Sax.  docce ;  L.  dauciis  ;  Gr.  fiavKof ;  from 
Ar.  Syr.    Class  Dg,  No.  9.] 

'I'lii;  popular  name  of  certain  large-leafed  sjiccics  of 
Riiriicx. 

D(il  K,  r.  (.  [W.  tociaw,  and  twciaw,  to  clip,  to  cut 
off;  whence  ducket  and  ticket.  Class  Dg,  No.  19, 
47.j 

1.  To  cut  off,  as  the  end  of  a  thing  ;  to  curtail ;  to 
cut  short ;  to  clip  ;  as,  to  dock  the  tail  of  a  horse. 

2.  To  cut  off  a  part  ;  to  shorten  ;  to  deduct  from  ; 
OJi,  to  dock  an  acrr>iiiit. 

3.  To  cut  off,  destroy, or  defeat ;  lobar  ;  a»,  to  dock 
an  entail. 

<t.  'I'o  brini;,  draw, or  place  n  iihip  In  n  dock. 
DOCK,  n.    The  tail  m(  a  lieasl  cut  nhort  or  clipped  ; 
the  Hluinp  of  n  Uiil ;  the  aolid  part  of  the  tail. 
2.  A  cone  of  leather  to  cover  a  liorse'a  dock. 

F.ncijr. 

DOCIC,n.    A  broad,  deep  trench  on  the  Hide  of  a  harbor. 


or  bank  of  a  river,  in  which  ships  are  built  or  re- 
paired. A  dry  dock  has  tlood-gates  to  admit  the  tide, 
and  to  prevent  tli"  influx,  as  occasion  may  require. 
Wet  docks  have  no  flood-gates,  but  ships  may  be  re- 
paired in  them  during  the  recess  of  the  tide.  Wet 
docks  are  also  constructed  with  gates  to  keep  the 
water  in  at  ebb  tide,  so  that  vessels  may  lie  constantly 
afloat  in  them.  Mar.  Diet.  Cyc. 

In  America,  the  spaces  bet^veen  wliarves  arc  called 
doeli3. 

9.  The  place  where  a  criminal  stands  in  court. 
DOCK'-MXS-TER,  n.    One  who  has  the  superintend- 
,ence  of  docks. 

DOCK'-VaRD,  n.  A  yard  or  magazine  near  a  harbor, 
for  containing  all  kinds  of  naval  stores  and  timber. 

DOCK'SD,  (dockt,)  pp.  Clipped ;  cut  off,  as  the  end 
of  a  thing. 

DOCK'ET,  n.  [W.  tociaw,  to  cut  off,  to  clip,  to  dock  ; 
hence  docket  is  a  piece.] 

1.  A  small  piece  of  paper  or  parchment,  contain- 
ing the  heads  of  a  writing.  Also,  a  subscription 
at  the  foot  of  letters  patent,  by  tlie  clerk  of  the 
dockets.  Bailey. 

2.  A  bill  tied  to  goods,  containing  some  direction, 
as  the  name  of  the  owner,  or  the  place  to  which  they 
are  to  be  sent.    [See  Ticket.]  Bailey. 

3.  An  alphabetical  list  of  cases  in  a  court,  or  a  cat- 
alogue of  the  names  of  the  parties  who  have  suits 
depending  in  a  court.  In  some  of  the  States,  this  is 
the  principal  or  only  use  of  the  word. 

To  strike  a  docket,  in  Enirland,  is  said  of  a  creditor 
who  gives  a  bond  to  the  lord  chancellor,  engaging 
to  prove  his  debtor  to  be  a  bankrupt,  whereupon  a 
commission  of  bankruptcy  is  out  against  the  debtor. 

Smart. 

DOCK'ET,  V.  t.  To  make  an  abstract  or  summary  of 
the  heads  of  a  writing  or  writings  ;  to  abstract  and 
enter  in  a  book ;  as,  judgments  regularly  docketed. 

Blaclcstone. 

2.  To  enter  in  a  docket ;  to  mark  the  contents  of 
papers  on  the  back  of  them. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  docket.  Chesterfield. 
DOCK'ET-ED,  pp.    Abstracted  and  entered  in  a  book. 

[See  Docket.] 
DOCK'ING,  ppr.     Clipping  ;  cutting  off  the  end  ; 

placing  in  a  dock. 
DOCK'ING,  iu   The  act  of  drawing,  as  a  ship,  into  a 

dock.  Mar.  Diet. 

DOCTOR,  n.    [L.,  from  doceo,  to  teach.] 

1.  A  teacher. 

There  stood  up  one  in  the  council,  a  Pharisee,  named  Gamaliel, 
a  doctor  of  the  law.  —  Acts  v. 

2.  One  who  has  passed  all  the  degrees  of  a  faculty, 
and  is  empowered  to  practice  and  teach  it ;  as,  a 
doctor  in  divinity,  in  physic,  in  law  ;  or,  accortling  to 
nioilern  usage,  a  person  who  has  received  the  highest 
degree  in  a  faculty.  The  degree  of  doctor  is  conferred 
by  universities  and  colleges,  as  an  honorary  mark  of 
literary  distinction.  It  is  also  conferred  on  phy- 
sicians as  a  professional  degree. 

3.  A  learned  man  ;  a  man  skilled  in  a  profession; 
a  man  of  erudition.  Dryden.  Dighy. 

4.  A  physician ;  one  whose  occupation  is  to  cure 
diseases. 

5.  The  title  doctor  is  given  to  certain  fathers  of 
the  church  whose  opinions  are  received  as  authori- 
ties, and  in  the  Greek  church,  it  is  given  to  a  partic- 
ular oflicer  who  interprets  the  Scriptures.  Encye. 

Doctors'  Commons;  the  college  of  civilians  in  Lon- 
don.   It  is  here  that  wills  are  proved,  and  adminis- 
tration is  taken  out,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Prerogative  Court  of  Canterbury. 
DOCTOR,  V.  t.   To  apply  medicines  for  the  cure  of 
tliseases.    [.d  popular  use  of  Otis  word,  but  not  elrtrant.'] 
DOCTOR,  V.  i.    To  [iractice  physic.    [JViif  elcirattt.] 
DOCTOIl-AL,  a.   Relating  to  the  degree  of  a  doctor. 

Johnson. 

DOCTOR-AL-L  Y,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  doctor. 

Hakewill. 

DOCTOR- ATE,  n.   The  degree  of  a  doctor.  Encyc. 

DOCTOR-aTE,  v.  t.  To  make  a  doctor  by  con- 
ferring a  degree.  Wartou. 

DOCTOR- A'l),  Administered  to  by  a  physician; 
iMirt'd. 

DOCTOR  ING,  ppr.    Applying  medicines  ;  curing. 
DOC'I'OR  LY,  a.    Like  a  learned  man.      Bp.  Hull. 
DOCTOR-Sllll",  71.    The  degree  or  rank  of  a  ilortor. 
[DocTonATE  is  now  generally  used.]  [Clarendon. 

DOCTOIMCSS  i  "•    ^  female  physician. 

DOCTRIN-AIKE',  n.  A  cant  term,  in  the  politics  of 
France,  denoting  one  who  is  desirtnis  of  giving  to 
the  king  more  power  than  is  admitted  by  the  ultra- 
liberals,  ami  less  than  is  demanded  by  the  ultra- 
royalists. 

DOCTRIN-AI,,  (I.    [See  Doctbine.]    Pertaining  to 
doctrine  ;  containing  a  doctriiit^  or  something  tttught ; 
as,  a  doctrinal  observation  ;  a  doctrinal  proposition. 
2.  PtTtaining  to  the  act  or  means  of  teaching. 


DOe'TRIN-AI.,  Ji.    Something  that  is  a  part  of  doc- 
trine. South. 


DOe'TRIN-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  form  of  doctrine  or 
instruction  ;  by  way  of  teaching  or  positive  direction. 

Rail. 

DOCTRINE,  71.    [L.  doctrina,  from  doceo,to  teach!] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  whatever  is  taught.  Hence, 
a  principle  or  position  in  any  science  ;  whatever  is 
laid  down  as  true  by  an  instructor  or  master.  The 
doctrines  of  the  gospel  are  the  principles  or  truths 
tauglit  by  Christ  and  his  apostles  The  doctrines  of 
Plato  are  the  principles  which  he  taught.  Hence  a 
doctrine  may  be  true  or  false  ;  it  may  be  a  mere  tenet 
or  opinion. 

2.  The  act  of  teaching. 

He  taiis^ht  them  many  things  by  pantbles,  and  said  to  them  in 
his  doctrine.  —  Mark  iv. 

3.  Learning  ;  knowledge. 

Whom  shall  he  make  to  understand  doctrine  ?  —  la,  xxviii. 

4.  The  truths  of  the  gospel  in  general. 

That  they  may  adoni  the  doctrine  of  God  our  Savior  m  all 
things.  _  Tit.  ii. 

5.  Instruction  and  confirmation  in  the  truths  of 
the  gospel.    2  Tim.  iii. 

DOCQ-MENT,  71,  [L.  documentum,  from  docco,  to 
teach.] 

1.  Precept ;  instruction  ;  direction. 

Bacon.  Watts, 

2.  Dogmatical  precept ;  authoritative  dogma. 

3.  More  generally,  in  present  usage,  written  instruo 
fion,  evidence,  or  proof  ;  any  oflicial  or  authoritative 
paper  containing  in.-tructions  or  proof,  for  information 
and  the  establishment  of  facts.  Thus,  the  president 
laid  before  congress  the  report  of  the  secretaiy,  ac- 
companied with  all  the  ducuments. 

DOCU-MENT,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  documents  ;  to 
furnish  with  instructions  and  proofs,  or  with  papers 
necessary  to  establish  lacts.  A  ship  should  be  docu- 
mented according  to  the  directions  of  law. 

2.  To  teach  ;  to  instruct ;  to  direct.  Dryden, 

DOe-U-iMENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  instruction  or  to 
documents  ;  consisting  in  or  derived  from  docu- 
ments ;  as,  documental  testimony. 

Court  Martial  on  Oen.  Wilkinson. 

DOe-TJ-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  written  evi- 
dence ;  consisting  in  documents. 

DOCU-MENT-ED,  j>p.  Furnished  with  papers  and 
documents  necessary  to  establish  facts. 

DOD'DER,  71.    [G.  dotter.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Cusriita,  one  species  of  which 
is  called  kcll-wced.  It  is  almost  destitute  of  leaves, 
parasitical,  creeping,  ami  fixing  itself  to  some  other 
plant,  as  to  hops,  flax,  and  particularly  to  the  nettle. 
It  decays  at  the  root,  and  is  nourished  by  the  plant 
that  supports  it,  by  means  of  little  vesicles  or  paiiillte, 
which  attach  themselves  to  the  stalk.   Hill.  Encyc. 

DOI)'DEll-J!L),  a.  Overgrown  with  dodder;  covered 
with  supercrescent  plants.         Johnson.  Dryden. 

DO-DECA-GON,  it.  [Gr.  <!wfl«a,  twelve,  and  j-oii/ta, 
an  angle.] 

A  regular  figure  or  polygon  consisting  of  twelve 
equal  sides  and  angles.  Encyc. 
DO-DEC-A-GYN'I-A,  71,    [Gr,  SioicKa,  twelve,  and 
yvfri,  a  female.] 

In  botany,  the  name  of  an  order  of^plauts  having 
twelve  styles.       ■  *  /Jnna:us. 

DO-DEC-A-GYN'I-AN, )  o.  In  iotaiit/,  having  twelve 
DO-DE-CAG'YN-OUS,  (  styles. 
DO-DE€-A-llE'DRAL,  a.    [Infra.]    Pertaining  to  a 

dodecahedron  ;  consisting  of  twelve  equal  sides. 
DO-DEC-A-Hk'DKON,  71.    [Gr.  ScoicKa,  twelve,  and 
iipa,  a  base.] 

A  regular  solid  contained  under  twelve  equal  and 
regular  pentagons,  or  having  twelve  equal  bases. 

Chambers. 

DO-DE-CAN'DRI-A,  it.  [Gr.  ^[oi5£»ca,  twelve,  and  ui/r;p, 
a  male.] 

In  botany,  the  name  of  a  class  of  plants  having 
twelve  sttt'niens  ;  but  this  class  includes  nil  plants 
that  have  any  number  of  stamens,  from  twtdve  to 
nineteen  inclusive.  Linmnis. 
DO-DE-CAN'DRI-AN,  (  a.    Pertaining  to  the  plants, 
DO-DE-eAN'DKOUS,  (     or  class  of  plants,  that  have 

twelve  stiiiiieiis,  or  from  twelve  to  nineteen.  I.ec. 
DO-DEC-A-TE-IMo'RI-ON,       [Gr.,  composed  of  tJto- 
ti£/toT(){,  twelfth,  anil  ^  inioi',  part.] 

A  twelfth  pnrt.    [Litlle  used.]  Creech. 
DO-DEC-A-TEiM'O-RY,  71.     A  denomination  simie- 
timcs  given  to  each  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. 

Burton. 

DODGE,  (doj,)  r.  i.  [From  some  root  signifying  to 
shtiot,  dart,  or  stiirt,  and  not  iniproliably  from  the 
same  root  as  dog,  iis  d  is  not  railical.J 

1.  To  start  suddenly  aside  ;  to  shift  place  by  n  sud- 
den start.  Milton. 

2.  'I'o  play  trick.s  ;  to  bo  evasive  ;  to  use  tergiversa- 
tion ;  to  play  fast  and  loose  ;  to  raise  expectations 
and  distippoint  Iliem  ;  to  quibble.    Ifofr.  Jiddi.ton. 

DODGE,  II.  t.  To  evade  by  a  siiilili  ii  shil^  of  place  ;  to 
c«ape  by  starling  asiile  ;  us,  to  dmlgc  a  blow  aimed; 
to  dodge  a  cannon  ball. 

[  This  is  a  roiniiion  word,  very  erpressive  and  useful, 
but  not  admissible  in  solemn  discourse  or  elegant  compo- 
sition. ] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 
^  ===========================  . 


DOG 


DOG 


DOL 


DOOil'ED,  pp.    Evn(i<  il  hy  a  smldcn  shift  of  place. 
DOIX'J'KU,  n.    One  who  ilodt'os  or  evailes. 
PODCliXG,  ppr.    Startini;  adidc> ;  evading. 
UOD'KIN,  n.    [iloit,  I),  iluit,  and  kin.] 

A  little  doit ;  a  small  coin. 
nOD'.MA.\,  11.    A  fish  that  casts  its  shell  like  the  lob- 

siiT  and  crab  ;  also  called  hodmandoii.  Bacon. 
DO' no,  n.    The  Didus,  a  genus  of  large  birds,  gener- 
a.ly  supposed  to  be  extinct.   'J'hcy  are  said  to  have 
inhabited  Madagasciir  and  some  other  parts  of  the 
East,  but  their  very  existence  has  been  doubted. 

P.  Cijc.  Partington. 
DOE,  (do,)  71.    [Sax.  ila  ;  Dan.  daa.] 

A  she-dcer  ;  the  female  of  the  fallow-deer.  The 
male  is  called  a  buck. 
DOE,  (doo,)  M.    A  feat.    [A"ot  \ised.]  Iludibras. 
DOE'SKI.V,  jt.    The  skin  of  a  doe. 

*2,  A  compact  twilled  cloth,  for  pantaloons. 
DO'ER,  n.    (from  Jo.]    One  who  does;  one  who  per- 
forms or  executes  ;  an  actor  ;  an  agent. 

2.  One  who  perf.irms  what  is  required  ;  one  who 
obser%'es,  keeps,  or  obeys,  in  practice. 

The  doert  of  ttic  l.\w  shall  Ix'  jiistifird.  —  Roin.  ii. 

DOES,  (duz.)  The  third  person  of  the  verb  rfo,  indic- 
ative mode,  present  tense  ;  contracted  from  dorlh. 

DOFF,  ti.  (.  [Uu.  du-off.  R.ither  D.  duffcn,  to  push,  to 
thrust.    Class  Db,  No.  17,  18.] 

1.  To  put  off,  as  dress. 

And  made  via  du^  OUT  pa«y  robei  of  peace.  Shak, 

2.  To  strip  or  divest ;  as,  ho  doffj  himself. 

Crashaw. 

3.  To  put  or  thrust  away  ;  to  get  rid  of. 

To  duff  tiw'iT  dire  distrrsaes.  Shak, 

4.  To  put  otr ;  to  shift  otT;  with  a  view  to  delay. 
Kvery  doy  thou  daff'tt  mo  with  some  derice.  Shak. 

[This  word  w,  /  believe,  entirely  obsolete  in  discoursfy 
atleiLU  in  tJte  United  Stiites,  but  w  retained  in  poetry.] 
DOFF'KD,  (doft,)  pp.  Put  off;  stripped  ;  thrust  away. 
DOF'FEK,  n.    A  revolving  cylinder,  in  a  carding  ma- 
chine, which  doffs,  or  strips  off,  the  cotton  from  the 
cards.  [/re. 
DOG,  n.    [Fr.  dotrue,  a  bull-<iog  or  mastiff ;  se  do^iter, 
to  butt  ;  Arm.  i/o/r  nr  dogues  ;  D.  dog ;  probably,  the 
runner  or  starter.] 

1.  .\  species  of  (piadrupcds,  belonging  to  the  genus 
Canis,  of  many  varieties,  as  the  mastiff,  the  hound, 
the  spaniel,  the  shi  pheril's  dog,  the  terrier,  the  har- 
rier, the  bloodhound,  kc. 

9.  It  is  used  for  male,  when  applied  to  several  other 
animals  ;  as,  a  doir-for  ;  a  dufr-otter  ;  doer-ape.  Dryden. 

It  is  prefixed  to  other  words,  denoting  what  is 
mean,  degenerate,  or  worthless  ;  as,  dog-rose. 

Johnson. 

3.  .\n  andiron,  so  nan^ed  from  the  figure  of  a  dog  e 
head  on  the  tup.    [Kiiss.  tagan.] 

4.  .\  term  of  reproach  or  contempt,  given  to  a 
man. 

5.  A  constellation  called  Sirius  or  Canicula.  [See 

DOGDAY.] 

6.  An  iron  hook  or  bar  with  a  sharp  fang,  which 
can  be  driven  into  a  stick  of  timber  to  draw  it  in 
water  by  a  rope.  Mar.  DicU 

7.  An  iron  used  by  sawyers  to  fasten  a  log  of  tiin- 
tx  r  in  a  saw-pit. 

8.  A  gay  young  man  ;  a  buck.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Johnson. 

To  give  or  throw  to  the  dogs,  is  to  throw  away,  as 
useless. 

To  go  to  the  dogs,  is  to  be  ruined. 
DOG,  r.  L    To  hunt ;  to  follow  insidiously  or  indefat- 
igably  ;  to  follow  close ;  to  urge  ;  to  worry  with  im- 
portunity. 

I  XoLtt  been  punticd,  dogged,  and  wmjlaid.  Pope. 

DO'G.XL,  a.  [See  DoGc]  Belonging  to  or  pertaining 
to  a  doge.  iMdy  Bultrer. 

DO'GATE,  lu  [See  Dooi.]  The  office  or  dignity  of 
a  doge.  Kncyc, 

DOG'It.^.VE,  n.    A  plant. 

DOG'BER-RV,  n.  The  berry  of  the  dogwood,  a  spe- 
cies of  Cornus. 

DOG' BER  RY-TREE,  n.  The  dogwood,  a  .species  of 
t-orniis. 

DOG'URI-ER,  n.  The  brier  that  bears  the  hip;  the 
Rosa  c;inina. 

DOG'-C.AB-BAdE,  n.  A  plant  growing  in  the  south 
of  Europe,  a  species  of  'I'heligonum.  F.ncyc. 

DOG'-CHe.AP,  (-cheep,)  o.  Cheap  as  dog's  me.-it,  or 
offal ;  very  cheap.  Johnson. 

DOG'D.^Y,  n.  One  of  the  davs  when  Sirius  or  the 
dogstar  rises  and  seU  with  the  sun.  The  dogdnys 
commence  the  latter  part  of  July,  and  end  the  begin- 
ning of  September. 

DOG'DR.AW,  n.  A  manifest  deprehension  of  an  of- 
fender against  the  venison  in  the  forest,  when  he  is 
fmind  drawing  after  the  deer  by  the  scent  of  a  hound 

^)^*^y  ""^  •""><'•  Eng.  Uw.  CoiceL 

DOCK,  H.    (It. ;  U  dm;  Eng.  duke;  from  L.  dueo,  to 
le.ail  ;  Sax.  toga,  Uoehe.] 
'', '"^         maeistrate  of  Venice  and  Genoa. 

DOG'-FA.N'CI-ER,  n.  One  who  has  a  taste  for  dogs, 
and  who  keeps  them  for  sale. 


DOG'-FIGIIT,  (  flte,)  ;i.   A  battle  betwei  ii  two  dogs. 

UOG'FISII,  n.  A  name  given  to  several  species  of 
shark,  as  the  spolti:d  shark  or  greater  diii:Ji.th,  the 
piked  dogfish,  &e.  Kncyc.  Cyc. 

DDIi'FliY,  n.    A  voracious,  biting  fly.  Chapman. 

DOG'GKI),  (dogd,)  pp.  Pursued  closely  ;  urged  fre- 
quently ana  importunately. 

DOG'GED,  a.    Sullen  ;  sour;  morose  ;  surlv  ;  severe. 

Shak.  iludibras. 

DOG'GED-LY,  adv.  Sullenly  ;  gloomily  ;  sourly  ;  mo- 
rosely ;  severely  ;  with  obstinate  resolution. 

DOCJ'GED-NESS,  n.    Siillenness  ;  moroseness. 

DOG'GER,  71.  A  Dutch  fishing-vessel,  used  in  the 
German  Ocean,  particularly  in  the  herring  fishery. 
It  is  equipped  with  two  masts,  a  main-mast  and  a 
nii/,/,en-mast,  somewhat  resembling  a  ketch.  Kncyc. 

DOG'GER-EL,  o.  An  epithet  given  to  a  kind  of  loose, 
irregular  measure  in  liurlcsque  poetry,  like  that  of 
Iludibras  ;  as,  doggerel  verse  or  rliynie. 

Dryden.  -Addison. 

DOG'GER-EL,  71.  A  loose,  irregular  kind  of  poetry  ; 
u-'icd  in  burlesque.  Dryden.  iSictft. 

DO(i'GER-M AN,  n.    A  sailor  belonging  to  a  dogger. 

DOG'GERS,  71.  In  English  alum-itorks,  a  sort  of  stone, 
found  in  the  mines  with  the  true  alum-rock,  contain- 
ing some  alum.  Kncyc. 

DOG'GING,  ppr.  [from  dog.]  Hunting  ;  pursuing  in- 
cessantly or  importunately. 

DOG'GISil,  a.  Like  a  dog  ;  churlish  ;  growling;  snap- 
pish ;  brutal. 

DOG'GISII-.\ESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  doggish. 
DOG'-GRA.SS,  71.  Couch-grass.  Loudon. 
DOG'-HEXRT-ED,  a.   Cruel ;  pitiless ;  malicious. 

Sliak. 

DOG'-HoLE,  71.  A  place  fit  only  for  dogs  ;  a  vile, 
mean  habitation.  Dryden.  Pope. 

DOG'-IIOIJSE,  71.   A  kennel  for  dogs.  Ovrrbury. 

DOG'-KE.V-.NEL,  n.    A  kennel  or  hut  for  dogs. 

DOG'-LAT'IX,  n.   Barbarous  Latin.  [Dnidcn. 

DOG'-Lf.ACH,  71.    A  dog-doctor.        Beaum.  S[  Fl. 

DOG'-LOUSE,  «.    An  insect  th.at  is  found  on  dogs. 

nOG'LY,  a.   liike  a  dog.    [JVot  in  i<.<c.] 

DOG'.M.\,  71.  [Gr.  ioypa,  from  <!u«£oj,  to  think;  L. 
dogma.] 

A  settled  opinion  ;  a  principle,  maxim,  or  tenet ;  a 
doctrinal  notion,  particularly  in  matters  of  faith  and 
pliilo-sophy  ;  as,  the  dogmas  of  the  church  ;  the  dog- 
mas of  Plato. 

Compliment  iTiy  dogma,  and  I  will  compliment  yours. 

J.  M.  Mason. 

DOG'-MAD,  a.    Mad  as  a  dog. 

DOG-M.'VT'lC,  jo.  Pertaining  to  a  dogma,  or  to 
DOG-.MAT'ie-AL,  \     settled  opinion. 

2.  Positive  ;  magisterial ;  a-sserting  or  disposed  to 
assert  with  authority  or  with  overbearing  anil  arrt>- 
gance  ;  applied  to  pcrsotu ;  as,  a  dogmatic  Bchoolman 
or  philosopher.  Boyle. 

3.  Positive  ;  asserted  with  authority  ;  authoritative  ; 
as,  a  dogmatical  opinion. 

4.  Arrogant :  overbearing  in  asserting  and  main- 
taining opinions. 

DO(;-.MAT'ie-AL-I  Y,  adv.  Positively  ;  in  a  magiste- 
rial manner  ;  arrogantly. 

DOG-MAT'ie-AL-.\ESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
dogmatical  ;  positiveness. 

DOG-.MAT'lCS,  n.  Doctrinal  theology  ;  a  term  used 
by  German  writers.  Murdock. 

DOG'.M A-TIS.M,  11.  Positive  assertion;  arrogance; 
ptwitiveness  in  opinion. 

DOG'M  A-TIST,  71.  A  (msitive  a.sscrtor ;  a  magisterial 
teacher ;  a  bold  or  arrogant  advancer  of  principles. 

fValls. 

DOG'MA-TTZE,  r.  i.  To  assert  positively  ;  to  teach 
with  bold  and  undue  confidence ;  to  advance  with 
arrogance. 

Men  often  dognuuUe  moat,  when  Ihey  an  leMt  tupporlnl  by 
re»»<>i>.  Anon. 

DOG'M  A-TIZ-ER,  71.  Oncwhodogmati7.es;  a  bold 
assertor  ;  a  magisterial  teacher.  Hammond. 

DOG'M.\-TlZ-LNG,  ppr.  Asserting  with  excess  of 
confidence. 

DOG  ROSE,  a.  The  flower  of  the  hip ;  the  Rosa  ca- 
nina. 

DOG'S'-BaNE,  71.    [Gr.  itTwwof.] 

The  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  Apocynum, 

and  also  tif  Asclepi.as. 
DOG'S'-i-.AR,  11.    The  corner  of  a  leaf,  in  a  book, 

turned  down  like  the  car  of  a  dog.  Gray. 
D0(;'-SI(;K,  0.    Sick  as  a  dug. 

DOG'.^Kl.N',  (I.  Made  of  the  skin  of  a  dog.  Taller. 
DOG'-.-<LEEP  7u  Pretended  sleep.  Mdison. 
DOG'S'-.MeAT,  n.    Refuse  ;  offal ;  meal  fur  dogs. 

Drtfdcn. 

DOG'S'-RPE,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Scroplnilaria. 
DOG'STAR,  71.    Sirius,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude, 

whose  rising  and  setting  with  the  sun  gives  name  to 

the  dogdays. 

DOO 'STONES,  n,  A  plant,  fool-stones,  a  species  of 
(~)rrhis. 

DOG'-TOOTH,  n. ;  pi.  Doo-teeth.  A  sharp-pointed 
human  tooth,  growing  between  the  fore  teeth  and 
grinders,  and  resembling  a  dog's  tooth.  It  is  called 
also  an  eye-tooth. 


DOG'-TOOTll-VrO  LET,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Ervthroniuni. 

DOG'-TUKJK,  71.    A  curri.-h  trick  ;  bruUal  treatment. 

Drifilrn. 

DOG'-TROT,  71.    A  gentle  trut,  like  that  of  a  dug. 

DOG'VaNE,  71.  Among  seamen,  a  small  vane  com- 
posed of  thread,  cork,  and  feathers,  fastened  to  a 
half-pike,  and  jilaced  on  the  weather  gunwale,  to 
assist  in  steiTing  a  ship  on  the  wind.   Mar.  Diet, 

DOG'-WATCII,  f-wotch,)  71.  Among irajncn,  a  watch 
of  two  iioiirs.  The  dog-watches  are  two  reliefs  be- 
tween 4  and  8  o'clock,  P.  M. 

DOG'-\Vi";A-RY,  a.    (luite  tired  ;  much  fatigued. 

DO(J'VVO(pU,  71.  A  common  name  of  different  species 
of  the  Cornus  or  cornelian  cherry. 

DOG'WOOD-TREE,  71.  The  Piscidia  erythrina,  a  tree 
growing  in  Jamaica.  Encyc, 

DOl'LY,  71.  Formerly,  a  species  of  woolen  stuff,  said 
to  be  so  calleil  from  the  first  maker.  Congreoe. 

2.  A  sni.ill  napkin,  gi  nerally  colored,  used  with 
fruit  and  wine.  Smart, 

Dfl'ING,  p;)r.    (See  Do.]    Performing ;  executing. 

DCI.N'OS,  11.  pi.  Things  done;  transactions;  feats; 
actions,  good  or  bad. 

2.  Behavior  ;  conduct. 

3.  Stir ;  bustle. 

DOIT,  71.  [0.  (/ki(  ;  G.  (/fu(.  au.  Fr.  rfoiVf,  a  finger, 
a  point ;  L.  digitus.] 

1.  A  small  Dutch  coin,  worth  about  half  a  farthing ; 
also,  a  similar  small  coin  once  used  in  Scotland. 

Pope. 

2.  A  trifle.  Hence  our  vulg.ar  phrase,  I  care  not  a 
doit.  It  is  used  adverbially,  and  commonly  pronounced 
ditr. 

DO-LAB'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  dolabra,  an  ax,  and  forma, 
form.] 

Having  the  form  of  an  ax  or  hatchet.  Martyn, 
DO/,'C£,  (dol'chi,)  j  [It.]  In  initsie, 

/>0/.-Cf;^//wV7>;,(dol-cha-men'ta,)  i      a  direction 

to  sing  with  a  soft  sound. 
DoLi;,  n.  [Sax.  dal ;  Russ.  dolia,  a  part  or  portion  ;  Ir. 

dail;  from  the  root  of  deal.    See  Deal.] 

1.  The  act  of  dealing  or  di.stribuling  ;  as,  the  pow- 
er of  dole  and  donative.    [jVtit  in  use.]  Bacon. 

2.  That  which  is  dealt  or  distributed;  a  part,  share, 
or  portion.  Sliak. 

3.  That  which  is  given  in  charity  ;  gratuity. 

X>ri/f/cn. 

4.  Blows  dealt  out.  Milton. 

5.  Boundary.    [J\i'ot  in  M.<r.] 

6.  A  void  space  left  in  tillage.  [Local.] 
DOLE,  71.    (L.  dolor,  pain,  grief.] 

Grief;  sorrow.    [Ofc.l  Milton, 
DOLE,  1'.  I.    To  deal ;  to  distribute.    [JSTot  used.] 
DoLE'FUL,  a.    [dole  niiA  full.]    Sorrowful  ;  express- 
ing grief;  as,  a  doleful  whine  ;  a  doleful  cry. 

2.  Melancholy  ;  sad  ;  alllicted  ;  as,  a  doleful  sire. 

Sidney. 

3.  Dismal  ;  impressing  sorrow  ;  gloomy  ;  as,  dole- 
ful shades.  Milton, 

DOLE'FJJL-LV,  adv.  In  a  doleful  manner ;  sorrow- 
fully ;  dismally  ;  sadly. 

DOLE'F^IL-NES."*,  71.  Sorrow ;  melancholy ;  queru- 
lousness;  glutJininess  ;  disinalness. 

DO'LE.NT,  n.    [I.,  dolens.] 
Sorrowful.   [JVbf  in  use.] 

DOL'E-RITE,  n.  A  variety  of  trap-rocks,  composed 
of  augite  and  feldspar. 

DOLE'SO.ME,  (-sum,)  a.  Gloomy ;  dismal ;  sorrowful : 
doleful. 


The  doletome  pas».i;;e  to  the  infernal  hicy. 


Pop.. 


DOLE'SO.ME-.NESS,  71.    Gloom  ;  dism.alness. 

DOLL,  n.  [\V.  delw,  form,  image,  resemblance,  an 
idol,  a  false  god  ;  dull,  form,  figure  ;  .Arm.  dailh,  or 
faiVA,  which  seems  to  be  the  L.  talii.  .Also  Ir.  dealbh, 
an  image.  But  qu.  Gr.  ti<iaiA'<i',  an  idol,  from  ciioj, 
to  see.  ] 

A  puppet  or  baby  for  a  child  ;  a  small  image  in  the 
human  form,  for  the  amusement  of  little  girls. 
DOL'L.\R,  n.    [G.  lAu/rr  ;  D.  i/aaWrr  ;  Dan.  and  Sw. 
dalcr;  Sp.  dalrra  :  Russ.  later,    Said  to  be  frtim  Dale, 
the  town  where  it  was  first  coined.] 

A  silver  coin  of  Spain  and  of  the  United  States,  of 
the  value  of  one  hundred  cents,  or  about  four  shillings 
and  fuurpenee  stiTling.  The  dollar  seems  to  have 
been  originally  a  German  coin  ;  and,  in  difl'erent  parts 
of  Germany,  the  name  is  given  to  coins  of  different 
values. 

DOLL'MAN,  71.    A  long  cassock  worn  by  the  Turks. 

DOL'O-.MITE,  71.  A  granular  magnesian  carbonate 
of  lime,  often  forming  extensive  beds.  .Much  of  the 
common  w  hite  marble  is  dolomite.  It  is  so  railed 
from  the  French  geologist  Dolomieu.  Ci/c. 

DOL-O-.MIT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  dolomite;  of  the 
nature  of  dolomite. 

DO'LOR,  71,    [L.]    Pain  ;  grief ;  lamentation. 

Sidney.  Shjik, 

DOI^OR-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  dolor,  pain,  and  frro,  Ut 
produce.] 

Producing  pain.  IVhitaker, 
DOL-OR-IF'IC,  a.    [L.  dolorifieus ;  dolor  and  facto.] 

1.  That  causes  pain  or  grief. 

2.  Expressing  pain  or  grief. 


TONE,  BHLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  3  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DOM 

DOL-O-RO'SO,  [It.]  In  miislc,  pathetic. 
DOL'Ull-OU.S,  a.    [L.  ilulor,  p.iin,  grief.] 

1.  Sorrowful;  doleful;  dismal;  impressing  sorrow 
or  grief;  as,  a  dolorouj  object ;  a  dolorous  region. 

llooker.  Milton. 

2.  Painful ;  giving  pain. 

Their  dispatch  U  quick,  au(i  leas  dolorous  liian  the  paw  of  the 
bear.  Mo^e. 

3.  Expressing  pain  or  grief;  as,  dolorous  sighs. 
DOL'OR-OUS-LY,a<io.    Sorrowfully  ;  in  a  manner  to 

express  pain. 

DOL'PHIN,  n.  [L.  delphin,  or  delphiinis  ;  Gr.  (?£X0(f ; 
Ir.  dedf ;  Ft.  dauphin;  Sp.  delfin  ;  It.  delfino ;  Arm. 
daofin,  dolfin  ;  W.  dolfijn,  from  dolf,  a  curve  or  wind- 
ing.] 

\  popular  name  given  to  two  widely  different  in- 
habitants of  the  deep. 

1.  riie  real  dolphin,  is  a  cetaceous  mammal,  about 
ten  feet  in  length.  It  is  the  dolphin  of  the  ancients, 
so  celebrated  in  the  story  of  Arion. 

2.  The  dolphin  of  ports  and  narigators,  tlie  CorypluE- 
na  hippuris,  is  celebrated  for  its  surprising  changes  of 
color,  when  expiring  in  death.  It  is  a  fish  of  about 
five  feet  In  length.  Enajc.  Amcr. 

3.  In  ancient  Orcece,  a  machine  suspended  over 
the  sea,  to  be  dropped  on  any  vessel  passing  uniler  it. 

Mitford. 

DOL'PHIN-ET,  n.    A  female  dolphin.  Spenser. 

DoLT,  71.  [G.  tiilpel;  Sax.  dol ;  W.  dol.  au.  dull. 
The  Gothic  has  dwala,  foolish,  stupid  ;  Sax.  dwolicn, 
to  wander.  The  Svv.  has  dvala,  (o  sleep  or  be  drow- 
sy ;  Dan.  dvale,  sound  sleep ;  D.  doalen,  and  diuaalen, 
to  wander.] 

A  heavy,  stupid  fellow ;  a  blockhead  ;  a  thick- 
skull.  S'ulney.  Swift. 
DOLT,  r.  !.    To  waste  time  foolishly  ;  to  behave  fool- 
i^shly. 

DoLT'ISH,  a.  Dull  in  intellect ;  stupid  ;  blockish ; 
as,  a  doltish  clown.  Sidney. 

DOLT'ISH-LY,  ade.    In  a  doltish  manner. 

DoLT'ISII-NESS,  n.  Stupidity. 

DOM,  used  as  a  termin.-ition,  denotes  jurisdiction,  or 
property  and  jurisdiction  ;  primarily,  doom,  judg- 
ment ;  as  in  kingdom,  earldom.  Hence  it  is  used  to 
denote  state,  condition,  or  quality,  as  in  wisdom, 
freedom. 

DO.M'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  tamed. 

DO-iMaIN',  71.  [Fr.  domnine ;  Arm.  domany.  This 
would  seem  to  be  from  L.  dominium.  Q.\i.  Is  it  the 
same  word  as  Demai.'*,  which  is  from  the  Old  French 
demesne  ?  The  latter  can  not  be  regularly  deduced 
from  dominium,  domino.  The  Norman  French  has 
demesner,  to  rule,  to  demean  ;  and  the  phrase,  "  de 
son  demainer,"  in  his  demain,  would  seem  to  be 
from  a  diflerent  source.  Mainor,  in  Norman,  is  ten- 
ancy or  occupation,  from  main,  the  hand.  Domain 
seems  to  be  the  L.  dominium,  and  to  have  been  con- 
founded with  demain,  demesne.] 

1.  Dominion;  empire;  territory  governed,  or  under 
the  government  of  a  sovereign  ;  as,  the  vast  domains 
of  the  Russian  emperor ;  tlie  domains  of  the  British 
king. 

2.  Possession  ;  estate  ;  as,  the  portion  of  the  king's 
domains.  Dryden. 

3.  The  land  about  the  mansion-house  of  a  lord, 
and  in  his  inmiediate  occupancy.  In  this  sense,  the 
word  coincides  with  Demain,  Demesne.  Shenstone. 

DO'AIAL,  a.    [L.  domus.] 

Pertaining  to  house,  m  astroloo-y.  .Addison. 

DO^IE,  n.  [Vr.  dojne  ;  .\rin.  dum  ;  L.  domus  {  Gr.  So^n^  ; 
Ir.  dom;  Russ.  dom;  supposed  to  be  from  (Jt/iw,  to 
build.  The  Greek  has  also  6j>ija,  a  house,  a  plain 
roof.    Q.U.  Sax.  timlirian,  Goth,  timbryan,  to  build.] 

1.  A  building  ;  a  house  ;  a  fabric  ;  u^ed  in  poetry. 

Pope. 

2.  A  cathedral.  Burnet. 

3.  In  arc/ii(cc(«rc,  a  spherical  roof,  raised  over  the 
middle  of  a  building  ;  a  cupola.  Eneyc. 

4.  In  chemistry,  the  upper  part  of  a  furnace,  resem- 
bling a  hollow  hemisphere  or  small  dome.  This  form 
serves  to  rcllect  or  reverberate  a  part  of  the  flame  ; 
hence  these  furnaces  are  called  reverberating  fur- 
naces. Eucyc. 

D6.\1'^;D,  (domd,)  a.    Furnished  with  a  dome. 
DOMF.S'DAY,  (doomz'di.)    See  DooMsmv. 
Df)MF,'-SIlAP-£D,  (-sliipt,)  o.    Shaped  like  a  dome. 
DO.MES'iMAN,  (doom/.'man,)  7i.     [See  Doom.]  A 

jiidue  ;  an  umpire.  [Obs.] 
DO-.MES'TIt',  a.  [  L.  domesticus,  from  dovius,  a  house.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  house  or  home  ;  pertaining  to 
one's  place  of  residence,  and  to  the  family  ;  as,  do- 
mentic  concerns  ;  domestic  life  ;  domestic  dutie.s  ;  domes- 
tic affairs  ;  domestic  contentions  ;  domestic  happiness  ; 
domestic  worship. 

2.  Keniaining  much  at  home  ;  living  in  retirement ; 
Oil,  a  domestic  man  or  woman. 

J.  Living  near  the  habitations  of  man  ;  tamo  j  not 
wild  ;  as,  domestic  animals. 

4.  Pertaining  to  a  nation  considered  as  a  family, 
or  to  one'n  own  country  ;  intestine  ;  not  foreign  ;  as, 
domejitic  troublen  ;  domestic  disHensions. 

5.  .Made  in  one'n  own  house,  nation,  or  country ; 
nx,  domestic  manufaciureii. 

DO-MUS'TIC,  71.    Une  who  lives  in  the  family  of 


DOM 

another,  as  a  chaplain  or  secretary.    Also,  a  servant 
or  hired  laborer,  residing  with  a  family. 
DO-MES'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.     In  relation  to  domestic 
affairs. 

DO-.MES'Tie-ANT,  a.  Forming  part  of  the  same 
family. 

DO-MES'Tie-ATE,  j;.  f.  To  make  domestic;  tore- 
tire  from  the  public  ;  to  accustom  to  remain  much  at 
home  ;  as,  to  domesticate  one's  self. 

2.  To  make  familiar,  as  if  at  home.  Chesterfield. 

3.  To  accustom  to  live  near  the  habitations  of  man  ; 
to  tame  ;  as,  to  domesticate  wild  animals. 

DO-MES'Tie-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  domestic;  ac- 
customed to  remain  at  iiome. 

DO-.MES'Tie-A-TlNG,  jipr.    Making  domestic. 

DO-MES-Tie-.^'TlON,  n.    The  act  of  withdrawing 
from  the  public  notice,  and  living  much  at  home. 
2.  The  act  of  taming  or  reclaiming  wild  animals. 

DO-MES-TIC'I-TY,  71.    State  of  being  domestic. 

DOM'I-CILE,  71.    [L.  domicilimn,  a  mansion.] 

An  abode  or  mansion  ;  a  place  of  permanent  resi- 
dence, either  of  an  individual  or  family  ;  a  residence, 
animo  manendi.  Story.  Hopkinson. 

DO.M'I-CILE,_       )v.  t.   To  establish  a  fixed  resi- 

DOM-I-CIL'I-aTE,  i  dence,  or  a  residence  that  con- 
stitutes habitancy.  Kent. 

D0M'I-CIL-£D,         \pp.    Having  gained  a  perma- 

DO.M-I-CIL'I-A-TED,  \  nent  residence  or  inhabit- 
ancy. 

DOM-'l-CIL'I-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  abode,  or 
the  residence  of  a  person  or  family.  A  domiciliary 
visit,  is  a  visit  to  a  private  dwelling,  particularly  for 
the  purpose  of  searching  it,  under  authority. 

DO.M-I-CIL-I-A'T(ON,  71.  Permanent  residence ;  in- 
habitancy. 

DO.M'I-CIL-ING,         )ppr.     Gaining  or  taking  a 
DO.M-I-CIL'I-A-TING,  (     permanent  residence. 
DOM'I-Fy,  V.  t.    [L.  domus,  a  house,  and  facia,  to 
make.] 

1.  In  astrology,  to  divide  the  heavens  into  twelve 
houses,  in  order  to  erect  a  theme  or  horoscope,  by 
means  of  six  great  circles,  called  circles  of  position. 
[  Obs  ]  Encyc. 

2.  To  tame.    [JVot  in  use,  and  improper.] 
DOM'IN-ANT,  a.     [L.  dominans,  from  dominor,  to 

rule;  domimts,  lord,  master;  either  from  domus,  a 
house,  or  from  domo,  ^a/ta'o,  to  overcome,  to  tame,  to 
subdue,  W.  doei.  Both  roots  unite  in  the  sense,  to 
set,  to  press,  to  fix.    See  Class  Din,  No.  1,  3.] 

1.  Ruling;  prevailing;  governing;  predominant; 
as,  the  dominant  party  or  faction.       Jlcid.  Tooke. 

2.  In  music,  the  dominant  or  sensible  chord  is  that 
which  is  practiced  on  the  dominant  of  the  tone,  and 
which  introduces  a  perfect  cadence.  Every  perfect 
major  clioril  becomes  a  dominant  chord,  as  soon  as 
the  seventh  minor  is  added  to  it.    Roiuseau.  Encyc. 

DO.M'IN-ANT,  71.  In  music,  of  the  three  notes  essen- 
tial to  the  tone,  the  dominant  is  that  which  is  a  fifth 
fnim  the  tonic.  lb. 

DOM'IN-aTE,  v.  t.     [L.  dominatus,  dominor.  See 

DoMINAItT.] 

To  rule ;  to  govern  ;  to  prevail ;  to  predominate 
over. 

We  every  where  meet  witli  SlavoDian  nations  either  dominant  or 
dorniiutled.  Tooke,  Russ. 

DOM'IN-aTE,  v.  i.    To  predominate.    [Little  %ised.] 
DOM'IN-A-TED,  ;v7.    Ruled;  governed. 
DOM'IN-a-TING,  jipr.    Ruling;  prevailing;  predom- 
inating. 

DO.M-IN-A'TION,  71.    [L.  deminatio.] 

1.  The  exercise  of  power  in  ruling;  dominion; 
government.  Shak. 

2.  ."Vrbitrary  authority  ;  tyranny. 

3.  One  highly  exalted  in  power ;  or  the  fourth 
order  of  angelic  beings. 

Thrones,  dotmruitMina,  princedoms,  virtues,  powers.  Milton. 
DOM'IN-A-TIVE,  a.   Governing;  also,  imperious. 

Sandys. 

DOM'IN-A-TOR,  71.  A  ruler  or  ruling  power  ;  the  pre- 
siding or  predominant  power. 

Jupiter  and  Mara  are  dormriators  for  Ulis  iiorth-weit  part  of  the 
world.  Camdtn. 

2.  An  absolute  governor. 
DOM'I-NE,  71.    A  schoolmaster;  a  pedagogue.  [Scot- 
tis-h.] 

2.  A  title  given,  by  the  Dutch,  to  a  clergyman. 
DOM-IN-EER',  V.  i.    [L.  dominor:  Fr.  doniincr ;  Sp. 
doniinar  i  It.  dominarc.    See  Dominant.] 

1.  To  rule  over  with  insolence  or  arbitrary  sway. 
To  domineer  ovi*r  8uli)ecu»  or  sorviii 

2.  To  bluster ;  to  hector ;  to  swell  with  conscious 
superiority  or  haughtiness. 

Go  to  the  fi'iuit,  revel  and  domineer.  Shale. 
DOM-IN-EER'A'D,  pp.    Ruled  over  with  insolence. 
D0M-IN-EER'L\G,  ppr.  Ruling  over  with  insolence ; 
blustering;  manifesting  haughty  superiority. 
2.  a.  Overbearing. 
DO-MlN'ie-AL,  a.    [lAnv  li.  dominicalis,  from  domin- 
irus,  from  dominies,  lord.] 

1.  That  notes  tlio  Lord's  day,  or  Sabbath.  The 
Dominical  letter,  is  the  letter  wliich,  in  almanacs, 


DON 

denotes  the  Sabbath,  or  dies  Domini,  the  Lord's 
day.     The  first  seven  letters  of  the  alphabet  are 
used  for  this  purpose. 
2.  Noting  the  prayer  of  our  Lord.  Howell. 
DO-MIN'ie-AL,  71.    [Supra.]    The  Lord's  day. 
DO-MIN'ie-AN,  a.  or  71.  [from  Dominic,  the  founder.] 
The  Dominicans,  or  Dominican  Friars,  are  au  order 
of  monks,  called,  in  England,  Black  Friars,  and  Jac- 
obins in  France. 
DOM'I-NI-CIDE,  71.    [L.  dominus  and  cedo.] 

One  who  kills  his  master. 
DOM'I-NIE,  71.    A  pedagogue.  [Scottish.] 

2.  A  title  sometimes  given  to  clergymen. 
DO-MIN'ION,  (do-min'yun,)  7t    [L.  dominium.  See 
Dominant.] 

1.  Sovereign  or  supreme  authority;  the  power  of 
governing  and  controlling. 

Tlie  doittinion  of  the  Most  Hi jh  is  an  everlasting  dominion.  — 

2.  Power  to  direct,  control,  use,  and  dispose  of  at 
pleasure  ;  right  of  possession  and  use  without  being 
accountable  ;  as,  the  private  dom  nion  of  individuals. 

3.  Territory  under  a  government  ;  region  ;  coun- 
try ;  district  governed,  or  williin  the  limits  of  the 
authority  of  a  prince  or  state  ;  as,  the  British  do- 
minions. 

4.  Government ;  right  of  governing.  Jamaica  is 
under  the  dominion  of  Great  Britain. 

5.  Predominance  ;  ascendant.  Dryden. 

6.  An  order  of  angels. 

Whether  they  be  thrones,  or  dominions,  or  principalities,  or 
powers.  —  Col.  i. 

7.  Persons  governed. 

Juiiah  was  his  sanctuary  ;  Israel  his  dominion.  —  Pa,  cxiv. 

DOM'I-NO,  71.  A  long,  loose  cloak,  of  black  silk,  with 
a  hood  removable  at  pleasure,  used  as  a  general  dis- 
guise at  masquerades. 
2.  A  kind  of  play. 
DON  ;  a  title  in  Spain,  formerly  given  to  noblemen  and 
gentlemen  only,  but  now  common  to  all  classes.  It 
is  commonly  supposed  to  be  contracted  from  i/ominu^, 
dom  ;  and  the  Portuguese  dono,  the  master  or  owner 
of  any  thing,  gives  some  countenance  to  the  opinion. 
It  coincides  nearly  with  the  Heb.  pi,  and  lilK,  a 
judge,  ruler,  or  lord.    It  was  formerly  used  in  Eng- 
land, and  written  by  Chaucer  Dan.    [See  Spetman.] 
Dona,  or  dacha,  the  feminine  of  don,  is  the  title  of 
a  lady  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 

2.  A  sportive  appellation  for  one  who  feels  self-im- 
portant from  the  possession  of  wealth  or  dignity. 
DO?J,  V.  t.    [To  do  on;  opposed  to  duJT.]    To  put  on  ; 

to  invest  with.    [Little  u.'ied.]  Shak.  Fairfax. 

Do'NA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  given. 
Do'NA-CITE,  71.    A  petrified  shell,  of  the  genus  Do 

nax.  Jameson. 
Do'NA-RY,  71.    [L.  donarium,  from  dono,  to  give.] 
A  thing  given  to  a  sacred  use.    [LitAe  used.] 

Johnson. 

DO-Na'TION,  71.  [L.  donatio,  from  dono,  to  give ;  Fr. 
donner.] 

1.  The  act  of  giving  or  bestowing ;  a  grant. 

That  riglit  we  liold  by  his  dofialion.  Milton. 

2.  In  law,  the  act  or  contract  by  which  a  thing,  or 
the  use  of  it,  is  transferred  to  a  person,  or  corpora- 
tion, as  a  free  gift.  To  be  valid,  a  donation  supposes 
capacity  both  in  the  donor  to  give,  and  donee  to  take, 
and  retpiires  consent,  delivery,  and  acceptance. 

3.  'i'liat  which  is  given  or  bestowed  ;  that  which  is 
transferred  to  another  gratuitously,  or  without  a  val- 
uable consideration  ;  a  girt  ;  a  grant.  Donation  is 
usually  applied  to  things  of  more  value  than  pres- 
ent. Mr.  Boudinot  matle  a  donation  of  ten  thousand 
dollars  to  the  American  Bible  Society. 

DON'A-TISM,  71.  The  principles  embraced  by  those 
African  schismatics,  of  the  4lh  century,  who  wpre 
called  Donatists,  from  Donatu.-',  their  leader.  They 
were  so  strt^nuons  for  church  order,  that  ihv-y  con- 
sidered theirs  as  the  only  true  church,  and  the  ordi- 
nances administered  in  other  churches  as  invalid. 

DON'A-TIST,  71.  An  adherent  of  the  schism  of  Do- 
natus. 

DO.\'-.'\-TI.''T'ie,  o.    Pertaining  to  Donatism. 
DON'A-TIVE,  71.   [Sp.  and  It.  donatico  ;  L.  duHaduiiwi, 
from  dono,  to  give.] 

1.  A  girt  ;  a  largess  ;  a  gratuity  ;  a  present ;  a  dole. 

The  Romans  were  cntcrtitined  with  sliowa  anil  donauves. 

Dryden. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  a  benefice  given  rtnti  collated 
to  a  person,  by  tlie  fouiuler  or  patron,  without  either 
presentation,  institution,  or  induction  by  the  ordi- 
nary. Encyc. 

DON'A-TIVE,  a.  Vested  or  vesting  by  donation  ;  as, 
a  donative  advowson.  Bluckstone. 

DfjNE,  (dun,)  ji;).  [See  Do.]  Performed  ;  executed  ; 
finishi'd. 

2.  A  word  by  which  agreemrnt  to  a  proposal  is  ex- 
pressed ;  as,  in  laying  a  wager,  an  oiler  being  made, 
the  person  accepting  or  agreeing  says.  Done ;  that  is, 
it  is  agreed,  1  agree,  I  accept. 

7'(7  hare  done  with  a  person  or  thing,  is  to  cease  to 
have  concern  or  business  with  ;  to  withdraw  ono'« 
self  from. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  llQQK — 


360 


DOO 


DOR 


DOT 


DO-NEK',  n.    [friiiii  L.  dono,  to  give.] 

I.  Tile  [wrsoii  to  wlioin  a  gilt  or  a  donation  is 
made. 

'J.  'I'lie  porson  to  whom  lands  or  tcnrnionta  arc 
given  or  granted  ;  as,  a  donee  in  Ice-siiuple,  or  fee- 
tail.  Blaclistoiie. 

DO-NlI"ER  Ol'S,  a.    Deariiig  gifts. 

DO.N'JO.N,  (diiii'jun,)  II.  [.See  De.tcEON.]  The 
central  bnilTling,  or  keep,  of  an  ancient  e.istle,  to 
wliidi  the  garrison  could  retreat  in  case  of  iieces 
sity. 

DfJ.N'K'EY,  n.    An  ass,  or  mule,  for  the  saddle. 

;  the  English  orthography  of  </umj,  the  title 
of  a  lady  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 
DO\'.\/;i),  (dond,)  />;•.    Put  on  ;  invested  with. 
UON'MS.M,  II.    A  cant  term,  in  the  English  \uiiversi- 
ties,  for  self-importance,  or  distance  and  loftiness  of 
carriage.  Jlubcr. 
Do'NOR,  II.    [from  I,,  duno,  to  give] 

L  One  who  gives  or  bestows ;  one  who  confers 
any  thing  gratuitously  ;  a  benefactor. 

a.  One  who  grants  an  estate;  as,  a  conditional 
fee  may  revert  to  the  donor,  if  the  dunee  has  no  heirs 
<»f  his  body. 

DON'S II lP,'ii.    [See  Don.]    The  quality  or  rank  of  a 

gentleman  or  knight.  Hudibras. 
DON'ZEL,  It.    [It.]    A  young  attendant ;  a  page. 

IlutUr. 

DOOBor  DOUIi'Gn.KPf,  ii.  A  perennial,  creeping 
grass,  the  Cijnoilon  dnclijlon,  hislily  pri/i  il,  in  llin- 
dostan,  xs  food  for  cattle,  and  aci  liiiiat  'd  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  liiiiteil  St.iti-s. 

DOO'DLE,  fdoo'dl,)  II.  [lln.  Jete  ;  Fr.  rudolrr i  Port. 
doudo,  mad,  foolish.] 

A  trilli  r;  a  simple  fellow. 

DOOLE.    See  Dolk. 

DOOM,  r.  (.  [Sax.  t/iim,  judgment;  dfinan,  to  deem  i 
Sedeman,  to  judge  ;  D.  dueinen,  to  doom,  to  cotutemn  ; 
Dan.  dommcr  ;  Sw.  dtSma.  Doom  is  frtuii  the  root  of 
deem,  which  seems  to  coincide  also  with  L.  estimo,  to 
esteem,  and  perhaps  with  the  root  of  condemn.  See 
Deesi.] 

1.  To  judge.  [Unusuat] 

Thou  liitUt  not  doom  so  slricllT.  Milton. 
S.  To  condemn  to  any  punishment ;  to  consign 
by  a  decree  or  sentence ;  as,  the  criminal  is  doomed 
to  chains. 

3.  To  pronounce  sentence  or  judgment  on. 

Absolves  Oic  Jiiat,  nnj  doovts  the  guilly  souls.  Dryden. 

4.  To  command  authoritatively. 

Have  1  n  ton^ie  lo  doom  my  broth-r*s  ilrath  ?  ShaJe. 

5.  To  destine  ;  to  fix  irrevocably  tlie  fate  or  direc- 
tion of;  as,  wc  are  doomed  to  suUer  for  our  sins  and 
errors. 

t>.  To  condemn,  or  to  punish  hy  a  penally. 
DOOM,  II.    [Sax.  dom  :  I),  'doem  ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  doni.] 

1.  Judgint.-nt ;  judicial  sentence. 

To  Satan,  funl  in  sin,  his  doom  ap|i]ic<l.  ATdton. 
Hence,  the  .Ana/  doom,  is  the  last  judgment. 
3.  Condemnation  ;  sentence;  decree:  determina- 
tion alJecting  the  fate  or  future  state  of  another ; 
usually  a  determination  to  intlict  evil,  sometimes 
otherwise. 

Revoke  that  doom  of  merer.  ShnJc. 

3.  The  state  to  which  one  is  doomed  or  destined. 
To  sutfer  misery  is  the  doom  of  sinners.  To  toil  for 
subsistence  is  the  doom  of  most  men. 

4.  Ruin  ;  destniction. 

From  th>*  same  (ix-s,  at  last,  both  Mt  their  doom.  Pope. 

.S.  Discrimination.    [.Vot  tueji.] 
DOOM'.VGE,  n.   A  peniilty  or  tine  for  neglect. 

.V.  Hamn.-ihire, 
DOO.M'£D,  pp.    Adjudged  ;  sentenced  ;  condemned ; 

destineil  ;  fated. 
DOO.M'FI.'Ii,  o.    Full  of. destruction.  Draijton. 
DOO.M'I.S'G,  ppr.  Judging  ;  s<'ntencing  ;  condemning ; 
destining. 

DOO.M»'D.\Y,  n.  [d  om  and  daii.]  The  day  of  the 
final  judgment  ;  the  great  day  when  all  men  are  to 
be  judged  and  consigned  to  endless  happiness  or  mis- 
ery. SAak.  Drtjden. 

2.  The  riav  of  sentence  or  condemnation,  iihak. 
D0OMS'l).\y'-|!OOK,  (  n.    A  book  compiled  bv  order 
l)OMK*'n.^Y-l!()t)K,  (     of  \\  illiain  the  Conipieror, 

ciuilaining  a  survey  of  all  the  lauds  in  England.  It 
consists  of  two  volumes  ;  a  large  ftilio,  antl  a  qtiarto. 
The  fulio  contains  ly-J  double  pages  of  vellum,  writ- 
ten in  a  small,  but  plain,  character.  The  qu.ar1o  con- 
tains 450  double  pages  of  Vellum,  written  in  a  large, 
fair  character.  Kncyc. 
DOOll,  n.  Sax.]  dora,  dur,  dure:  G.  thtlr;  D.  dear ; 
Sw.  iftr;  Dan.  dSr ;  Gr.  Ovpa;  W.  dur;  U.  doraa ; 


Arm.  dor;  ^m<\uc,  dorrea ;  Russ.  deer;  Persic, 
dar ,  Sans,  dura  i  Armenian  <uru ;  Ch.  pin  or  Nfir  ; 

f-  i-l-i  —  i  .Vr.  AS-jj  tar'ahon.  It  is  .also  in  the  Sla- 
vonic languages,  Polisb,  Dohemian,  Carinlhian,  i.c. 


The  verb  l?-tn,  \] ^  taro,  in  Ch.  and  Syr.,  sigiiiflea  to 
tear  or  cut  open,  to  open,  or  break  open  ;  in  Syr.  also 
to  pray,  lo  supplicate,  to  burst,  to  cr:iek  ;  in  Ar.  to 
rush  headlong,  to  drive,  to  crowd,  to  fill.  In  Dutch, 
door  is  tJirou!;li,  G.  durch.  In  Tartar,  thurnc  is  a  door. 
Class  I)r,  No.  "l'-'.  The  Hebrew  IJ.'S',  a  gate,  .stvins 
to  be  the  same  word  dialectically  varied,  and  lite  verb 
coincides  in  sense  with  the  Arabic,  supra,  to  ru>h. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  pass,  to  drive,  to 
rush.    Hence,  a  door  is  a  passage,  or  break.] 

1.  An  opening  or  passage  into  a  house,  or  other 
building,  or  into  any  room,  apartment,  or  closet,  by 
which  persons  enter.  Such  a  passage  is  seldom  or 
never  called  a  ij^atr.. 

2.  The  frame  of  boards,  or  any  piece  of  board  or 
plank  that  shuts  the  opening  of  a  house,  or  closes  the 
entrance  into  an  apartment  or  any  inclosure,  and 
usually  turning  on  hinges. 

3.  In /(j.iii/tar  (uiiirua^'f,  a  house  ;  often  in  Ilie  phi- 
r.al,  diwr.«.  My  house  is  the  first  dour  friiiii  the  cor- 
ner. We  have  also  the  plini>es,  iritj'tin  doors,  in  the 
house,  without  doors,  out  of  the  house,  abroail. 

4.  Entrance  ;  as,  the  door  tjf  life.  Dnjden. 

5.  Aveinie  ;  passage  ;  int?aus  of  approach  or  access. 
.\ri  unforgiving  temper  shuts  the  dtior  against  recon- 
ciliation, or  the  diwr  of  reconciliation. 

I  uiii  the  door;  by  me  if  any  man  enter  in,  he  shall  b<:  s.iveil.  — 
Juhn  X. 

A  door  was  opcneil  to  me  by  the  I.onl.  — 2  Cor.  ii. 
To  lie  at  Vie  door,  in  a  figurative  sense,  is  to  be  im- 
putable or  chargeable  to  one.    If  the  thing  is  wrong, 
the  fault  lies  at  my  door. 
J^'cit  door  to  ;  near  to  ;  bordering  on. 
A  riot  unpunisheil,  U  but  nej(  door  to  n  tumult.  /.'£«(»anj»s, 
Olit  of  door  or  doors;  quite  gone;  no  more  to  be 
found.    [Ji''ot  nolo  tttcd.]  Drijdcn. 
Indoors;  within  the  house  ;  at  home. 
DCOU'C.aSE,  71.    The  frame  which  incloses  a  door. 
DoOH'ING,  71.    A  doorcase.    [JVot  lucd.l  Milton. 
DOOR'-KEEP-EK,  71.    A  porter  ;  one  who  guards  the 

entrance  of  a  house  or  apartment. 
DOOR'-NaIL,  II.  The  nail  on  which  the  knocker  for- 
merly struck. 
DOOR'-PoST,  n.   The  post  of  a  door. 
DoOR'-SII,I<,  71.    The  sill  of  a  door. 
DoOll'-STl'.Al),  II.    Entrance  or  place  of  a  door. 
DoOR'-STONE,  71.    Step  stone.  [ /f'arfturtoii. 

DOOR'-WaV,  71.    The  passage  of  a  door. 
DOU'UET,  (dok'et,)  11.    A  warrant ;  a  paper  granting 

license.    [See  Docket.]  Bacon. 
DOR,    )  II.    [Uii.  Ir.  dord,  humming,  buzzing,  also 
DORR,  !  rough.] 

'I/he  name  of  the  hlack-bcetle,  or  the  hedge-chafer, 
a  species  of  Scaraba-us.  We  usually  say,  the  dor- 
beetle. 

DO-Ra'DO,  n.    [Sp.  dorado,  gilt,  from  dorar,  to  gild.] 

1.  A  southern  constellation,  containing  six  stars, 
calleil  also  Xiphias;  not  visible  in  our  latitude.  Kncyc. 

2.  A  large  fish,  resembling  the  dolphin. 

DicL  of  JVat.  Tlist. 

DO-REE',  71.  The  French  poptihir  name  of  the  fish 
Zeus  Faber,  of  Linna'us.  The  popular  name  in  Eng- 
lish is  John-Daree,  well  known  to  be  a  corruption  of 
Jaune-doree,  i.  e.,  golilen-yellow. 

DO'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Doris,  in  Greece.  [See 
Doric] 

DOR'ie,  a.  [from  Oiirij,  in  Greece.]  In  ,j-e7i(Ta/,  per- 
taining to  Doris,  or  the  Dorians,  in  Greece,  who  dwelt 
near  Parnassus. 

In  architecture,  noting  the  seconti  order  of  columns, 
between  the  Tuscan  anil  Ionic.  The  Doric  order  is 
distinguished  for  simplicity  and  strength.  It  is  used 
in  the  gates  of  cities  and  citadels,  on  the  outside  of 
churches,  &c. 

The  Doric  dialect  of  the  Greek  language  was  the 
dialect  of  the  Dorians,  and  little  difiercnt  from  that 
of  Lacedeinon.  Encyc. 

The  Doric  mode,  in  music,  was  the  first  of  the  au- 
thentic mtxles  of  the  ancients.  Its  character  is  to  be 
severe,  temi>ered  with  gravity  and  joy.  Kncyc, 

DtVRISM*"^''  i  "•    ^  °'  ""^  ^"""^  dialect. 

DOR'.MA.N-CY,  n.    [Infra.]    Uiiie-scence.  Horsley. 
DOR'.M.\.N'T,  a,  f  Fr.,  from  dormir,  L.  dormio,  to  sleep.] 

1.  Sleeping ;  hence,  at  rest ;  not  in  action  ;  as,  dor- 
mam  jKissions. 

2.  lleing  in  a  sleeping  posture ;  as,  the  lion  dormant, 
in  hcratdni, 

3.  Neglected  ;  not  used  ;  as,  a  dormant  title  ;  dor- 
mant privileges. 

4.  Concealed  ;  not  divulged  j  private.    [  Unusual.'^ 

Bacon. 

5.  Leaning  ;  inclining  ;  nbt  perpendicular  ;  as,  a 
dormant  window,  supfxised  to  be  so  called  from  a 
beam  of  that  name.  This  is  now  written  Dormer 
or  DonMAR. 

Dormant  partner  ;  in  commerce  and  manufaelorics,  a 
partner  who  takes  no  share  in  the  active  business  of 
a  coiniKiny  or  lartnership,  but  is  entitled  to  a  share 
of  the  profits,  and  subject  to  a  share  in  losses.  He 
is  called  also  sleepini;  partner. 

DOR'.M  ANT,  71.    A  beam  ;  a  sleeper. 

DOK'.MER,  II.   A  beam  ;  a  sleeper. 


DOR'.MER,  (   71.    .\    winilow  pierced 

DOR'.MER-WIN-DOW,  (  tbrough  a  sloping  roof, 
and  }ilaced  in  a  small  gable  which  rises  on  the  side  of 
the  roof;  also  written  Durmak.    Gloss,  of  JirchittcU 

DOR'.Ml-'l'l  VE,  n.   (1..  dormio,  to  sleep.] 

A  meilicine  to  promote  slt;ep  ;  an  opiate.  .ArbuthnoL 

DOll'.Ml-TO-llY,  n.  [L.  dermitoriuHi,  from  dornno,\o 
sleep.J 

1.  A  pl.ace,  building,  or  rorim,  to  sleep  in. 

2.  A  gallery  in  convents  diviilnl  into  si-veral  cells, 
where  the  religious  sli:ep.  Kncyc. 

:i.  A  burial  place.  .^yliffe. 
DOR'.MOUSE,  71.;  pi.  Don.viieE.    [L.  dormio,  to  sleep, 
aiul  moiL^e.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  several  species  of  Myox- 

iis,  a  genus  of  .Mammalia  of  the  order  Rodentia. 
DOR.V,  II.    [G.  dorn,  a  thorn.] 

A  fi.sh ;  perhaps  the  thorn  back,  one  of  the  Ray 

family.  Carcui. 
noit'.Nie,  n.    A  species  of  linen  cloth. 
DOR'NOi'K,  II.    A  species  of  figured  linen,  made  in 

Doruock,  in  .Scotland.  Ure, 
DO'RON,  II.    [Gr.  ioipoi;  ft  gift;  Jtooti,),  Ru.sa  duriyu, 

to  give.] 

1.  A  gift ;  a  present.    [JVot  in  ttsc] 

2.  A  measure  of  three  inches.  .^sh. 
DORP,  II.    [('..  dorf;  D.  dorp  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  (orji ;  W. 

tree.    See  PRtnE.] 
A  small  village. 
DORR.    See  Dor. 

DORR,  r.  (.    To  deafen  with  noise.    fjVoi  in  use.] 
DOR'RER,  71.    A  drone.    [jVot  in  use.] 
DOR'SAIi,  17.    [from  L.  dorsum,  the  back. J 

Pertaining  to  the  back  ;  as,  the  dorsal  tin  of  a  fish  ; 
dorsal  awn,  in  botany. 
DORSE,  71.    A  canopy.  Sutton. 
DOR'SEL.    See  Dusseh. 

DOR  SI-llRANeiri-.\TE,  a.  Having  the  branchios 
eipially  distributed  along  the  body,  as  an  order  of  an- 
nelidaiis, 

DOR-SIF'ER-OIJS,  j  a.     [L.  dorsum,  the  back,  and 

DOR-SIP'AR-OUS,  i    f  ro,  or  ;inrio,  to  bear.] 

Ill  botany,  bearing  or  producing  seeds  on  the  back 
of  their  leaves  ;  an  epithet  given  to  ferns  or  planLs  of 
the  ciipillary  kind,  without  stalks.  Kncyc. 

DOR'SU.M,  71.    [L.]    The  ridge  of  a  hill.  fValton. 

DOR'TlJRi;,  n.  [Contraction  of  dormiture.]  A  dormi- 
tory.   [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

DOSE,  11.  [Fr.  dose;  It.  dosa ;  Gr.  S>ui{,  that  which  is 
given,  from  6i6o>pi,  to  give  ;  W.  dodi,  to  give.] 

1.  The  quantity  of  medicine  given  or  prescribed  to 
be  taken  at  one  time.  Q^uincij. 

2.  Any  thing  given  to  be  swallowed;  any  thing 
nauseous  that  one  is  obliged  to  take.  South. 

3.  A  quantity  ;  a  portion.  Oranrille. 

4.  As  much  as  a  man  can  swallow.  Johnson. 
DOSE,  e.  «.    [Vr.  doser.] 

1.  To  proportion  a  medicine  properly  to  the  patient 
or  disease  ;  to  form  into  suitable  doses.  Derham. 

2.  To  give  in  doses  ;  to  give  medicine  or  physic. 

3.  To  give  any  thing  nauseous. 

DoS'JTD,  (dost,)  /i/>.  (iiven  in  doses ;  formed  into  suit- 
able doses;  physicked. 

DoS'I.VG,  ppr.    Forming  into  tloses  ;  physicking. 

DOS'SER,  11.    [Fr.  dos,  the  back  ;  dossier,  a  bundle.] 
A  pannier,  or  basket,  to  be  carried  on  tlie  shoulders 
of  men.  Kncyc. 

DOS'SIL,  n.  In  siirn-cry,  a  pledget  or  portion  of  lint 
made  into  a  cylindric  form,  or  the  shape  of  a  date. 

DOST,  (dust ;)  the  second  person  of  Do,  used  in  the 
solemn  style  ;  thou  dost, 

DOT,  71.  [i  know  not  the  origin  and  affinities  of  this 
word.  It  woulil  be  naturally  deduced  from  a  verb 
signifying  to  set,  or  to  prick,  like  punr.tum,  point.  It 
coincides  in  elements  with  tatoo,  and  W.  dudi,  to  give, 
that  is,  to  thrust,  or  cause  to  pass.] 

A  small  point  or  spot,  made  with  a  pen  or  other 
pointed  instrument ;  a  speck,  used  in  marking  a 
writing  or  other  thing. 

DOT,  p.  (.    To  mark  with  doLs. 

2.  To  mark  or  diversify  with  small  detached  ob- 
jects ;  as,  a  landscape  dotted  with  cottages,  or  clumps 

Dot,  r.  i.    To  make  dots  or  siiots.  [of  trees. 

D0'TA<5E,  n,  [from  dote.]  Feebleness  or  imbecility 
of  understanding  or  mind,  particularly  in  old  age ; 
childishness  of  old  age  ;  as,  a  venerable  man,  now  in 
his  dotage, 

2.  .\  doting;  excessive  ftmdness.  Dryden. 
X  Deliriousness.    [.See  the  verb  to  Dote.] 
DO'T.M.,  a.    [Fr.  from  L.  dotalis,  from  dos,  dower.] 
Pertaining  to  dower,  or  a  woman's  marriage  por- 
tion ;  constituting  dower,  or  comprised  in  it ;  a-s,  a 
dotal  town.  Oarth, 
Do' TANT,  II.    A  dotard.  Shak. 
DO'T.ARDj  n.    [dote  and  ord,  kind.]    .A  man  whose 
intellect  IS  impaired  by  age;  one  in  his  second  child- 
hood. 

The  sickly  dotard  wants  a  wi/e.  Prior. 
2.  .\  doting  fellow  ;  one  foolishly  fond. 
DO'TARD-I.Y,  a.    Like  a  dotard  ;  weak.  More. 
DO-Ta'TION,  II.     [L.  dotatio,  from  doa,  dower,  doto, 
to  endow  ] 

1.  The  act  of  endowing,  or  bestowing  a  marriage 
portion  on  a  woman. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K;  G  08  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  7H  as  in  THIS. 


DOU 


DOU 


DOU 


2.  Endowment ;  establisliment  of  funds  for  sup- 
port ;  as,  of  a  hospital  or  eleemosynary  corporation. 

Blnchstune.. 

DoTE,  !).  i.  [D.  UuUai,  to  dote,  to  doze  ;  VV.  dtitmw, 
to  put  out,  to  cause  to  mistake,  to  err,  to  dot? ;  liolian, 
to  be  confused  ;  Fr.  radoter,  to  rave,  to  talk  idly  or 
extravagantly.  The  French  word  is  rendered  in 
Armoric,  rainbreal,  wliicli  seems  to  be  our  ramble.] 

1.  To  be  delirious  ;  to  have  tlie  intellect  impaired 
by  age,  so  that  tlie  mind  wanders  or  wavers  ;  to  be 
silly  or  insane. 

Time  has  m^ilc  you  dole,  .ind  vainly  lell 

Of  luruis  imagined  in  your  lonely  a;D.  Dryden. 

2.  To  be  excessively  in  love  ;  usually  with  on  or 
upon ;  to  dote  on,  is  to  love  to  excess  or  extravagance. 

What  tlust  we  dole  on,  when  'tis  man  we  love  1  Pope. 
Aholaii  doled  on  her  lovers,  th-'  Assyrians.  —  Ezek.  xxiii. 

3.  To  decay  ;  to  wither;  to  impair.  Ifotcsm. 
DoT'ED,pp.    Regarded  with  excessive  fondness. 

2.  a.  Stupid. 

DoT'ER,  ji.    One  who  dotes;  a  man  whose  under- 
standing is  enfeebled  by  agfe  ;  a  dotard.  Burton. 
2.  One  who  is  excessively  fond,  or  weakly  in  love. 

DoTES,  n.  p?.    Gifts  or  endowments.     Ben  .Jon.'vn. 

DOTH,  (duth.)  The  third  person  irregular  of  do,  used 
m  the  solenm  style. 

DoT'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Regarding  with  e-xcessive  fond- 
ness. 

DoT'iN'G-LY,  adv.    By  excessive  fondness.  Dryden, 
DOT'TARD,  n.    A  tree  kept  low  bv  cutting.  Bacon. 
DOT'TED,  pp.  or  a.    Marked  with 'dots  orsmall  spots  ; 
diversified  with  small,  detached  objects. 
2.  In  botany,  sprinkled  witli  hollow  dots  or  points. 

Jilartiin. 

DOT'TER-EL. )  n.    The  popular  name  of  Charadrius 

UOT'TREL,  i  Morinellus  of  Linnteus,  a  fowl  of 
his  order  Grallffi.  Sea  Dottrel  is  the  popular  name  of 
Tringa  Interpres  of  Linnajus  ;  likevviss  of  his  order 
Grallce.  Most  of  the  species  of  Charadrius  are  culled 
popularly  Plovers. 

it  is  said  to  be  a  silly  bird,  which  imitates  theaction 
of  the  fowler,  and  is  easily  taken  by  stratagem. 
Hence  the  frequent  allusions  to  this  bird  in  the  old 
writers.  Tuone. 

DOT'TISG, ppr.  Marking  with  dots  or  spots  ;  diversi- 
fving  will]  small,  detached  objects. 

DO'U-A-XIeR',  (doo-a-neer',)  »i.  [Fr.]  An  officer  of 
the  French  customs.  Grat/. 

DOU'AY-BI'BLE,  (doo'a,)  n.  [from  Dovay,  a  to"wn 
in  France.]  An  English  translation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, sanctioned  by  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

DOUB'LE,  (dub'l,)  <i.  [Fr.  double  ;  Arm.  A/uW;  Pp. 
doble:  Ft>rt.  dr:bre  :  It.  dtippiii ;  VV.  dyUijg;  U.dubbel; 
G.  doppelt  i  Dan.  dohbelt :  Sw.  dubbel :  L.  duplus,  du- 
plcz  ;  Gr. 'UttA-'os  compounded  duo,  two,  and 
pUco,  to  fold,  plcxu.i,  a  fold.    See  Two.] 

1.  Two  of  a  sort  together  ;  one  corresponding  to 
the  other  ;  being  in  pairs  ;  as,  double  chickens  in  the 
same  egg  ;  double  leaves  connected  by  one  [R-tiole. 

2.  Twice  as  much;  containing  the  same  quantity 
or  length  repeated. 

Talte  double  money  in  your  hand.  —  Gen.  xliii. 

Let  a  double  portion  of  thy  spirit  be  on  me.  —  2  Kin^  ii. 

With  to ;  as,  the  amount  is  double  to  what  1  ex- 
pected. 

3.  Having  one  added  to  another ;  as,  a  double  chin. 

4.  Twofold  ;  also,  of  two  kinds. 

Darku'^ta  and  tempest  m.aJte  a  double  night.  Dryden. 

5.  Two  in  number ;  as,  doable  sight  or  sound.  [See 
No.  1.]  Davies. 

Ci.  Deceitful ;  acting  two  parts,  one  openly,  the 
other  in  secret. 

And  with  u  double  heart  do  they  speak.  —  Pn.  xii. 
DOUB'LE,  (dub'l,)  ado.  Twice. 

I  was  dcultle  Uicir  age.  S-^/t. 

DOUB'LE,  in  composition,  denotes  two  ways,  or 
twice  the  number  or  quantitv. 

D0UB'LE-BA.\'K-/:D,  (dub'l-iiankt,)  a.  In  seaman- 
ship, having  two  opjxisite  oars  managed  by  rowers  on 
the  same  bench,  or  having  two  men  to  the  same  oar. 

Mir.  Diet. 

DOU'BLE-BAR'REL-ED,  a.  Having  two  barrels,  as 
n  gun. 

DOUB'LE-BaSE,  n.   The  lowest  toned  instrument 

of  music,  in  form  of  a  violin. 
DOUU'LE-BI  T'l.VG,  a.    Biting  or  cutting  on  either 

side;  as,  a  </"i/Wc-*i7in-r  ax.  Dri/dcn. 
DOUB'LK-BUT'TO.N-/JD,  {dub'l  but'nd,)  a.  Having 

two  rows  of  buttons.  Oay. 
DOUB'Li:-CIIAKGE,  b.  (.   To  charge  or  intnist  with 

a  double  fK>rtion.  Shak 
DOUB'LE-CHAItO'KD,  pp.     Charged  or  intrusted 

with  a  doublf-  portitjn. 
DOI-'II'LE-CIIaRG'ING, Charging  or  intrusting 

with  a  double  portion. 
IJCiI;B'IJM)KAL'ER,  n.    One  who  acta  two  different 

IKirtd  in  the  name  busincsn,  or  at  the  Banie  time  ;  a 

deceitful,  trickinh  penwn  ;  one  who  MayH  one  thing 

and  Ihinki  or  intend*  another  ;  one  gullly  of  du- 

r>l''-ily.  /.' Kitranirr. 

DOUU'LE-DF.AL'I.NG,  n.    Artiflco  ;  duplicity  ;  de- 


ceitful practice  ;  the  profession  of  one  thing  and  the 
practice  of  another.  Shak.  Broome. 

DOUB'LE-P^  i;,  ».       To  dye  twice  over.  Dryden. 

D0UB'LE-EDG-/!L),  a.    Having  two  edges. 

DOUE'LE-F^V-TEA- DRE,  (doob'l-in-tAn'dr,)  n. 
[Fr.]    Double  meaning  of  a  wi^rd  or  expression. 

DOUB'LE-ES-i!;D,  (dub'l-ide,)  a.  Having  a  deceit- 
ful countenance.  Spenser. 

DOUB'LE-E.N'TRV,  n.  A  mode  of  book-keeping  in 
which  tw(»  entries  are  made  of  every  transaction  in 
different  forms  and  in  different  books,  in  order  that 
the  one  may  check  the  other. 

DOUB'LE-FaCE,  n.  Duplicity  ;  the  acting  of  dif- 
ferent parts  in  the  same  ctmcern. 

DOUB'LE-FAC-i;D,(dub'l-faste,)  a.  Deceitful;  hyp- 
ocritical ;  showing  two  faces.  .Milton. 

DOUB'LE-F()R.M-£n,  a.    Of  a  mixed  form.  Milton. 

D0UB'LE-FOR'TI-Fi-£D,  (dub'l-for'te-fide,)  a. 
Twice  fortified  ;  doubly  strengthened. 

DOUB'LE-FOUNT-ED,  a.    Having  two  sources. 

DOUB'LE-FRONT'ED,  (dub'l-frunt'ed,)  a.  Having 

a  double  front. 
DOUB'LE-GILDjf.  t.    To  gild  with  double  coloring. 

Shak. 

DOUB'LE-GILD'ED,  pp.    Gilt  with  double  coloring. 
DOUB'LE-HAND'ED,  a.     Having  two  hands ;  de- 
ceitful. Olanville. 
DOUB'LE-HEAD'ED,  a.    Having  two  heads. 
2.  Having  the  flowers  growing  one  to  another. 

Mortimer, 

DOtlB'LE-HEART'ED,  (diib'l-hart'ed,)  a.    Having  a 

false  heart ;  deceitful  ;  treacherous. 
DOUB'LE-LOCK,  v.  t.    To  shoot  the  bolt  twice  ;  to 

fasten  with  double  security.  Taller. 
DOUB'LE-LOCK'£D,(dub'l-lokt,)p;j.  Twice  locked. 
DOUB'LE-LOCK'ING,  ppr.    Fastening  with  double 

security. 

DOUB'LE-MAN-X£D,  a.  Furnished  with  twice  the 
complement  of  men,  or  with  two  men  instead  of 
one. 

DOUB'LE- iMeAN'ING,  a.    Having  two  meanings. 
DOUB'LF.-MlND-ED,  a.    Having  different  minds  at 

different  times ;  unsettled;  wavering  ;  unstable ;  un- 

delerniined. 

DOUB'LE-MOUTII-ED,  a.    Having  two  mouths. 

Milton. 

DOUB'Lil-NA'TlIR-ED,  a.  Having  a  twofold  nature. 

Young. 

DOUB'LE-Oe-TAVE,  7i.  In  music,  an  interval  com- 
posed of  two  octaves  or  fifteen  notes  in  diatonic 
progression  ;  a  fifteenth.  Encyc. 

DOUB'LE-PLeA,  7!.  In  law,  a  plea  in  which  the  de- 
fendant alleges  two  different  matters  in  bar  of  the 
action.  Coioel. 

DoUB'LE-aUAR-REL,  ii.  A  complaint  of  the  clerk 
to  the  archbishop  against  an  inferior  ordinary,  for 
delay  of  justice.  Cuwel. 

DOUB'LE-SH.\DE,  v.  t.  To  double  the  natural  dark- 
ness of  a  place.  Milton. 

DOUB'LE-SH  aD'ED,  pp.    Made  doubly  dark. 

DOUB'LE-SHAD'LNG,  ppr.  Doubling  the  natural 
darkness  of  a  place. 

DOUB'LE-SHLN'ING,  a.    Shiningwith  double  luster. 

Sidney. 

DOUB'LE-STXR,  n.  A  star  which  usually  appears 
single,  but  in  the  telescope  is  resolved  into  two  stars. 

D.  Olmsted.  ■ 

DOUB'LE-THREAD'ED,  (dub'l-thred'ed,)  a.  Con- 
sisting of  two  threads  twisted  toiether. 

DOUU'LE-TONGU-£D,  (dub'l-tuiigd,)  a.  Making  con- 
trary declarations  on  tlie  same  subject  at  different 
times ;  deceitful. 

The  deacons  must  be  grave,  not  doubU'tongued. —  I  Tim,  iii. 

DOUB'LE,  (dub'l,)  v.  L  [Fr.  douMer  ;  Arm.  dnubla; 
Sp-  doblar;  Port,  dobrar;  It.  dopprare  i  D.  dnbbeleni 
G.doppeln;  i)nn.  doblercr ;  Sw.  dnblera;  Ir.  dublaig- 
him  ;  VV.  dyblyg-u;  L.  duplico;  Gr.  rlirrAooj.] 

1.  To  fold  ;  as,  to  double  the  leaf  of  a  book  ;  to 
double  down  a  corner.  Prior. 

2.  To  incrt:ase  or  extend  by  adding  an  equal  sum, 
value,  quantity,  tir  hjigth  ;  as,  to  double  a  sum  of 
money  ;  to  double  the  amount ;  to  double  the  quantity 
or  size  of  a  thing  ;  to  double  the  length  ;  to  double 
dislnmor. 

3.  To  cont.ain  twice  the  sum,  quantity,  or  length, 
or  twice  as  much  ;  as,  the  enemy  doubles  our  army  in 
numbers. 

4.  To  repeat ;  to  add  ;  as,  to  double  blow  on  blow. 

Dryden 

5.  To  add  one  to  another  in  the  same  order. 

Thou  Shalt  double  Uie  sixth  curuun  in  the  fore  front  of  Uie 
tabernacle.  —  Kx.  ixvl. 

6.  In  navigiuion,  to  double  a  cape  or  point,  is  to  sail 
round  it,  so  th;it  tht;  cape  or  )H)iiit  shall  be  between 
the  ship  and  her  former  situation.  Mar.  Diet. 

7.  In  nalitary  aJJ'airit,  to  unite  fwo  ranks  or  files  in 
one. 

To  double  and  tiriit,  is  to  add  one  thread  to  another 
and  twist  them  together. 

To  double  upon,  in  taciicR,  is  to  incltise  between  two 
flren. 

DOUB'LE,  r.  i.   To  increase  to  twice  the  sum,  num- 


ber, value,  quantity,  or  length  ;  to  increase  or  grow 
to  twice  as  much.  A  sum  of  money  doubles  by  com- 
pound interest  in  a  little  more  lhaii  eleven  years.  Tlie 
inhabitants  of  the  United  States  double  in  about  tv/en- 
ty-five  years. 

2.  To  enlarge  a  wager  to  twice  the  sum  laid. 

I  am  resolved  to  double  till  1  win.  Dryden. 

3.  To  turn  back  or  wind  in  running. 

Doubling  and  turning  like  a  tiimted  lii\re.  Dryden. 

4.  To  play  tricks  ;  to  use  sleights.  Johnson. 

5.  Among  parties,  to  set  upthe'ianie  .vord  or  words, 
uninteiiiionaliy,  a  second  time. 

DOUB'LE,  n.  Twice  af  much,  twice  the  nuinbf, 
sum,  value,  quantity,  or  length. 

If  llie  thief  be  foond,  let  liim  pay  double.  —  Ex.  xxij. 

2.  A  turn  in  running  to  escape  pursuers. 

Blackmore, 

3.  .\  trick  ;  a  shift  ;  an  artifice  to  deceive.  .Addison. 
DOU  B'L£D,  (doub'ld,)  pp.     Folded  ;   increased  by 

adding  an  equal  quantity,  sum,  or  value  ;  repeat' d  ; 
turned  or  passed  round. 
DOUB'LE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  doubled. 

2.  Duplicity.  [Shak. 
DOUB'LER,  n.    lie  that  doubles. 

2.  An  instrument  for  augmenting  a  very  small 
quantity  of  electricity,  so  as  to  render  it  manifest  by 
sparks  or  the  electrometer.  Cue. 
DOUB'LET,  (dub'let,)  n.    [It.  duihlead ;  Fr.  doublet.] 

1.  The  inner  garment  of  a  man  ;  a  «'aistcoal  or 
vest. 

2.  Two  ;  a  pair.  Grew. 

3.  A  word  or  phrase  unintentionally  doubled,  or  set 
up  the  second  time,  by  printers. 

4.  Among  lapidaries,  a  counterfeit  stone  composed 
of  two  pieces  of  crystal,  with  a  color  between  them, 
so  that  they  have  the  same  appearance  as  if  the 
whole  substance  of  the  crystal  were  colored.  Encyc. 

DOUB'LETS,  7i.    A  game  on  dice  within  tables. 

2.  The  same  number  on  both  dice.  Encyc. 

3.  A  double  meaning.  Jilason. 
DOUB'UNG,  ppr.    Making  twice  the  sum,  number,  or 

quantity  ;  repeating  ;  passing  round  ;  turning  to  es- 
cape. 

DOUB'LING,  7!.  The  .act  of  making  double  ;  also,  a 
fold  ;  a  plait ;  also,  an  artifice  ;  a  shift. 

DOUB  LOON',  (dub-loon',)  n.  [Fr.  doublon ;  Sp.  doblon ; 
It.  dob  blone.] 

A  Spanish  and  Portuguese  coin,  being  double  the 
value  of  the  pistole.  Encyc. 

DOUB'LY,  (diib'ly,)  ado.  In  twice  the  quantity ;  to 
twice  the  degree  ;  as,  doubly  wise  or  good  ;  to  be 
doubly  sensible  of  an  obligation.  Dryden. 

DOUBT,  (dout,)  K.  i.  [Ft.  doutcr  ;  h.dubito:  U.  du- 
bitare  :  i^p.  dudar :  Jirm.  doucti.  According  to  .^ins- 
worth,  this  IS  composed  of  duo  and  bito,  to  go.  It  is 
evidently  from  the  root  of  dubius,  and  of  tiro  ;  but  the 
manner  t)f  formation  is  ntit  clear.  So  D.  ticyjjileu,  to 
doubt,  G.  iweifdn,  Sw.  tvifla,  D.  tvioler,  are  from 
two.] 

1.  To  waver  or  fluctuate  in  opinion  ;  to  hesitate  j 
to  be  in  suspense  ;  to  be  in  uncertainty  respecting 
the  truth  or  fact ;  to  be  undetermined. 

Kven  in  inattfri  tliviue,  concerning  some  things,  we  may  lawful- 
ly <fou6I  and  suspend  our  jndgnient.  Ilooker. 

So  we  say,  I  dou6(  whether  it  is  proper;  I  doubt 
whether  I  sluill  go ;  sometimes  with  of,  as  we  doubt 
of  a  fact. 

2.  To  fear ;  to  be  apprehensive  ;  to  suspect. 

1  (/ou6l  there's  diH'p  n'senunent  in  Ins  mind.  Olirijy. 
DOUBT,  (dout,)  I),  f.    To  question  or  hold  questiona- 
ble ;  to  withhold  assent  frtmi ;  to  hesitate  to  believe; 
as,  I  have  heard  the  story,  but  I  doubt  the  truth  of  it 

2.  To  fear  ;  to  suspect. 

If  they  turn  not  back  perverse  ; 
But  that  I  doubt.  ^Wlon. 

3.  To  distrust;  to  withhold  confidence  from;  as, 
to  doubt  our  ability  to  execute  an  ottice. 

To  admire  superior  s<Mi*--,  and  doubl  their  own.  Pope. 

4.  To  fill  With  fear.    [OAs.]  Bcaum. 
DOUBT,  (dout,)  n.    A  fluctuation  of  mind  respecting 

truth  or  propriety,  arising  from  defect  of  knowledge 
or  evidence;  uncertainty  of  mind  ;  suspense;  unset- 
tled state  of  opiniim  ;  as,  to  have  doubts  respecting 
the  theory  of  the  tides. 

Joseph  is  without  doubt  rent  in  pieces.  — Gen.  xxxvii. 

2.  Uncertainty  of  condition. 

Thy  life  shall  hang  in  doubt  lieforc  thee.  —  Deut.  xxrlii. 

3.  Suspicion  ;  fear ;  apprehension. 

I  stand  in  doubl  of  you.  —  Gat.  iv. 

4.  Difficulty  objected. 

To  every  doubt  your  -inswer  ia  the  inme.  tHuc-moTt. 
!>.  Dread;  horror  and  danger.    [06  s.] 
DOUBT' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  doubled.  S/imetHid. 
DOUBT'EI),  (doiit'i'd,)  pp     Scrupled;  questioned; 

not  certain  or  settled. 
DOUBT'ER,  n.    Oiw  who  doubts  ;  one  whose  opinion 

in  unsetlletl  ;  one  who  scruples. 
DOUHT'FIJL,  a.    Dubious;  not  settled  In  opinion; 
undetermined  ;  wavering  ;  hesitating ;  applied  U>  J>»r- 


FATE,  PAR,  Fi^LL,  WHAT — MffiTE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK — 

— 


DOV  

sons  i  as,  we  arc  duiililful  of  a  fact,  or  of  llie  propriety 
of  a  inrasurp. 

'J.  Dubious  J  ambiguous;  not  clear  in  its  meaning  ; 
a«,  a  doubtful  expression. 

;t.  Ailniilting  of  doubt ;  not  obvious,  clear,  or  cer- 
tain ;  (piestionable  j  not  ilcciileil ;  as,  a  dimtitful  case  ; 
a  iliiulilful  proposition  ;  it  is  doubtful  w  liat  will  be  the 
event  of  the  war. 

4.  Of  uncertain  issue. 

We  have  BiisLxiiicd  one  ilay  in  doublfut  fighL  Millon, 

5.  Not  secure ;  suspicious ;  as,  we  cast  a  doublful 
Qy^^^  IluoUrr. 

0.  Not  confident ;  not  without  fear ;  indicating 
doubt. 

With  doublful  fc«t,  i\ml  wavering  n'solution.  Milton. 
7.  Not  certain  or  defined  ;  as,  a  doubtful  hue. 

Jtldlon. 

DOIJBT'FIJL-LY,  adv.    In  a  doubtful  manner  ;  dubi- 
ously. Siiensci: 
•2.  With  doubt ;  irresolutely, 
a.  .Vmbiguously  ;  with  uncertainty  of  meaning. 

Nor  iliJ  Iho  goilclew  doublfutty  Ucebrc.  Diydcn. 
•1.  In  a  state  of  dread.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
DOL'HT'KUL-.\KSS',  n.    A  slate  of  doubt  or  uncer- 
tiiinly  of  mind  ;  dubiousness;  suspense;  instability 
of  opinion.  IValts. 

2.  .\niliigiiity  ;  uncertainty  of  meaning.  Locke, 

3.  Uncertainty  of  event  or  issue;  uncertainty  of 
condition.  Johnion. 

DOUBT'I.NG,  ppr.  or  o.  Wavering  in  mind ;  calling  in 
qiu'stitm  ;  hesitating. 

DOUI!T'IN(;-LY,orfi).  In  a  doubting  manner;  dubi- 
ously ;  without  confidence. 

DOl'ltT'LESS,*!.  Free  from  fear  of  danger;  secure. 
[Obs.] 

Prelty  chilil,  ilcep  doiibtU$t  .-xntl  secure.  Shak. 

DOUBT'LESS,  adv.  Without  doubt  or  question  ;  un- 
qiicsiioiiably.  The  histories  of  Christ  by  the  evan- 
gi  hsis  are  doublle^.i  authentic. 

DDl'liT'LESS-LY,  adv.    Unquestionabl)'.  Beaum. 

D0L''(."/;D,  (doost,)  n.    [from  Fr.  douce.] 

A  musical  instrument     [.Yot  in  use.]  Chancer. 

DOU'CKT,  n.    [Fr.    A  custard.]    [Aot  m  usf.] 

DOU'CF.OK,  (doo'sur,)  rt.  [Fr.,  from  (/ouz,  sweet,  L. 
du!cL^.] 

A  presenter  gift ;  a  bribe. 

UQUCHE,  (doosh,)  II.  .\  jet  or  current  of  water,  di- 
rected with  considerable  force  on  to  some  diseased 
part  of  the  body  with  a  view  to  strengthen  it. 

DOU'CI.\  E.(doo'seen,)  «.  [Fr.)  A  molding,  concave 
above  and  convex  below,  serving  as  a  cyinaliuiii  to  a 
delicate  errnice  ;  a  cyinagola.  Enciic. 

DOircK'ER,  71.  [See  Duck.]  A  bird  that  dips  or 
dives  in  water  ;  a  diver.  Ray. 

Dol/'Gll,  (do,)  n.  I^Sax.  dah  ;  D.  dre<r  ;  Sw.  da: '  Uan. 
dej  ;  G.  tei".  Trobably  a  soft  mass,  and  perhaps  al- 
lied to  Utick.    See  Chiss  Ug,  No.  8,  17,  21, 22,  3ti.] 

Paste  of  bread ;  a  ni.i.ss  composed  of  Hour  or 
meal  moistened  and  kneaded,  but  not  baked. 

My  cake  is  douah ;  that  is,  my  undertaking  is  not 
come  to  maturity.  Shak. 

DOURH'-ItSK-KD,  (do'bfikt,)  a.  Unfinished;  not 
hardened  tit  perfection  ;  soil.  Donne. 

DOI'(;H'-K.M-.AD-EI),.i.    Soft;  like  dough.  MiUon. 

DoUGir.N'UT,  n  [dnu^rli  and  niU.]  A  small  round- 
ish cake,  made  of  llour,  eggs,  and  sugar,  moistened 
with  milk  and  boiled  in  lard. 

DOI'Gll'TI-l.Y,  (dow'le-le,)  arf.    With  doimhtiness. 

DOUCIl'TI-NESS,  (dou'ti-iiess,)  n.  [See  Douohtv.] 
Valor  ;  bravery. 

DOUGIl'T  V,  (dou'ty,)  a.  [Sax.  rfoA(i>,  brave,  noble  ; 
Dan.  dyfrti>r^  able,  fit  ;  Sax.  duiran^  to  be  able  or 
strong,  t»  be  good  ;  I),  deugrn  i  G.  taugm  :  Sw.  duira  ; 
Dan.  duer ;  hence,  Sax.  rfwivorA,  valor,  strength,  or 
virtue  ;  Ir.  dra^h,  dmglt,  good  ;  allied,  probably,  to  L. 
deeeo.   See  Dkcknt.] 

Brave  ;  valiant ;  eminent  ;  noble  ;  illustrious  ;  as, 
a  doughty  hero.  Pope, 
It  is  now  seldom  useil,  except  in  irony  or  biirles<pic. 

DOUGl^Y,  (do'e,)  a.  Like  dough  ;  solt ;  yielding  to 
pnasiire ;  p,ile.  S/i<i*. 

DOUSE,  F.  (.  [This  word  seems  to  accord  with 
dowat,  or  rather  with  the  Gr.  f!n  ivan.] 

1.  To  thrust  or  plunge  into  water. 

2.  In  seamen^s  lanirunire,  to  strike  or  lower  in 
haste:  to  slacken  suddenly.    Douse  the  topsail. 

3.  To  extinguish. 

DOUSE,  r.i.   To  fall  suddenlv  into  water,  lludiiras. 
DOUS'KD,  (doust,)  pp.    Plunged  into  water. 
DOUS'ING,  ppr.    Plunging  into  water. 
.  DOUT,  c.  t    [(iu.  do  out.]    To  put  out ;  to  cxtingiiish. 

Shak. 

DOUT'ER,  It.    An  extinguisher  for  candles. 

1>01"/.P; AVE,  (dod'zeeve,)  n.    [Fr.  douze,  twelve.] 
In  music,  a  scale  of  twelve  degrees,  jj.  M.  Fisher. 

DOVE,  (duv  )  n.  [Sax.  duua  :  Goth,  dubo ;  D.  dutf; 
G.  tauie:  Dan.  due:  Sw.  dufva;  Ice.  rfu/a ;  Gypsy, 
toradei ;  Hindoo,  tubbeUr  ;  Scot,  doa  ;  probably  I  roin 

cooing,  Heb.  231,  to  murmur,  or.\r.  t  t  V  A  hatufa, 
to  coo,  OS  a  dove.] 


DOW 

1.  The  popular  name  uf  several  speries  of  Coluin- 
ba,  of  I.iiiiia'iis,  a  genus  of  birds  of  his  order  Passo- 
res,  most  of  wliieli  are  ealli;d  pigeons,  'i'he  dif- 
ferent species,  wliieli  are  popiilaily  called  dncrs,  are 
dlstinguislied  by  some  additiim;il  torin  prefixed. 

A  word  of  endearment,  or  an  emblem  of  innocence. 
—  Cant.  ii.  I  I. 

DOVE'-GO'l',  (duv'-kot,)  n.  A  small  building  or  box, 
raised  to  a  coiisideralilc  ilight  above  the  ground,  in 
which  domesfic  pigeons  breed. 

nOVE'-IIOUSE,  «.    .\  house  or  shelter  for  doves. 

DOVE'Liyr,  «.    A  vouiig  or  small  dove.  Booth. 

DOVE'LIKE,  r;.    Kesenibling  a  dove.  Mlton. 

DO'VEU'SS  POWDl'.ll,  n.  A  compound  of  ipecacu- 
anha, opium,  and  siilpliate  of  potash  ;  an  excellent 
sedative  and  sudorific. 

DOVE'S'-FOO'l',  n.  A  plant,  the  popular  name  of 
a  species  of  G(;raniuin. 

DOVE'SIIIP,  n.    The  ipialitics  of  a  dove.  //,/H. 

DOVE'TAII.,  n.  In  carpentry,  the  manner  of  fasten- 
ing boards  and  timbers  together  by  letting  one  [lieee 
into  another  in  the  fiiriii  of  a  dove's  tail  spread,  or 
wedge  reversed,  so  that  it  can  not  be  drawn  out. 
This  is  the  strongest  of  all  the  fastenings  or  jointings. 

DOVE'TAIL,  V.  t.  To  unite  by  a  tenon  in  form  of  a 
pigeon's  tail  spread,  let  into  a  board  or  timber. 

DOVE'TaIL-KI),  (duv'tild,)  pp.  or  a.  United  by  a 
tenon  in  tile  fiiriii  of  a  dovi^'s  tail. 

DOVE'TAIL-I.NG,  ;)/ir.    Uniting  bv  a  dovetail. 

DOVE'TAlL-I.N(;,  ii.  The  act  of  joining  by  dove- 
tails; the  junction  thus  made. 

DOV'l."'ll,  (I.    Like  a  dove  ;  innocent.    [J^"o(  in  use] 

DOW'A-ULE,  (dou'a-bl,)  a.  [See  Doweb.I  That 
may  be  endowed  ;  entitled  to  dower.  Bluehslone. 

DOW.\-GEK,  n.   [Ve.  douairicre,  from  donnirc,  dower.] 
A  widow  with  a  jointure  ;   a  title  particularly 
given  to  the  widows  of  princes  and  persims  of  rank. 
'I'he  widow  of  a  king  is  called  tpteen  doicager. 

DOVV'CETS,  ji.  pi.    The  testicles  of  a  hart  or  stag. 

B.  Jonson. 

DOWDY,  n.    [Scot,  dawdie,  perliajis  from  daw,  a  slug- 
gard, or  its  root.  Jamie^on.] 
An  awkward,  ill-dressed,  inelegant  woman. 

Shak.  Drydcn. 

DOWDY,  o.    Awkw.ird  ;  ill-dressed;  vulgar-looking. 

DOW'DY-ISH,  a.    Like  a  dowdy.  [Gay. 

DOVV'EL,  V.  L  To  fa.sten  two  boards  together  by 
pins  inserted  in  tlie  edges  ;  as,  a  coojier  dowels 
pieces  for  the  head  of  u  cask.  [Qu.  its  alliance 
to  donble.] 

DOWEL-fil),  pp.    Fastened  by  pins  in  the  edges. 
DOW'EL-ING,  ppr.    Fastening  together  by  dowel- 
pins. 

DOWEL-PIN,  n.  A  pin  inserted  in  tlie  edges  of 
boards  to  fasten  them  together. 

DOWEK,  n.  [W.  daiod,  a  gift;  daicmi,  to  endow; 
Fr.  douaire,  from  douer,  to  endow.  Supposed  to  be 
from  L.  dos,  dolis,  dotatio ;  Gr.  iiof,  a  gift,  from  (iidw/ji, 
to  give,  W.  dodi,  L.  do.  It  is  written  in  the  Latin 
of  the  middle  ages,  dndarium,  dotarium,  douarium. 
Spelman.    In  Ir.  diobhadth  is  dower.] 

1.  That  portion  of  the  lands  or  tenements  of  a 
man  which  his  widow  enjoys  during  her  life,  after 
the  death  of  her  husband.  Hlack.slone. 

[This  is  the  usual  present  signifcntion  ofthcword.] 

2.  The  property  whicli  a  woman  brings  to  her  hus- 
band in  marriage.  Drydcn. 

3.  The  gift  of  a  husband  for  a  wife. 

Ask  mc  never  lo  much  dowry  auj  gifL  —  Gon.  xxxiv. 

4.  Endowment ;  gift. 

How  gTT.^l,  how  pI'MUifuI,  how  rich  i\  tiowerl  Daviea. 

DOW'ER-AI),  (dow'erd,)  a.  Furnished  with  dower, 
or  a  imrtiim.  Shak. 

DOWER-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  dower;  having  no 
portion  or  fortune.         .  Sliak. 

noWER-Y,  j  A  ditTerent  spelling  of  Doweh,  but  less 

DOWRY,  5  used,  and  tht'y  may  well  be  neg- 
lected. 

DOWLAS,  n.  A  kind  of  coarse  linen  cloth.  Shak. 
DOWLE,  ;i.  A  feather.  [Xot  in  use.]  Shak. 
DOW.V,  n.    [Sw.  dun;  D.  dons:  Dan.  dnun  ;  Ice.  id. 

In  Sw.  dyna  is  a  feather-bed,  or  cushion  ;  Dan. 

dyne,  Ann.  dum,  down.    tin.  Class  Dn,  No.  25. 

But  the  primitive  orthography  and  signification  are 

uncertain.] 

1.  The  fine,  soft  feathers  of  fowls,  particularly  of 
the  duck  kind.  The  eider  duck  yields  the  best  kind. 
Also,  fine  hair  ;  as,  the  dotrn  of  the  chin. 

2.  The  pubescence  of  plants,  a  fine  hairy  sub- 
stance. 

3.  The  pappus  or  little  crown  of  certain  seeds  of 
plants  ;  a  fine  feathery  or  hairy  substance  by  which 
seeds  arc  conveyed  to  a  distance  by  the  wind  ;  as, 
in  dandelion  and  thistle. 

4.  .Any  thing  that  soothes  or  mollifies 

Thou  txwoni  tofuit-u,  (Ljxn  of  itlt  my  caret.  SouOiem. 
DOWN,  n.  [."ax.  dun ;  D.  duin,  a  sandy  hill  ;  G. 
dflne ;  Fr.  dune,  pi.  dunen ;  .\rm.  dunenn,  or  tunenn. 
In  fVrnrh,  dunrtte  is  the  highest  part  of  the  p<M)p  of  a 
ship,  and  .as  this  appears  to  be  a  diminutive  uf  dune, 
it  proves  that  the  primary  sense  is  a  hill  or  elevation.) 

1.  A  bank  or  elevation  of  sand  thrown  up  by  the 
sea.  £iuyc. 


DOW 

2.  A  term  applii'd  in  lOngland  to  a  tract  of  poor, 
naked,  hilly  land,  used  only  for  pasturing  sheep. 

lirande. 

3.  The  Downs  ;  a  well-known  road  for  shipping  in 
the  English  Cliaiincl,  m  ar  Deal. 

Down,  prr/j.  [Sax.  u</«M.  In  W.  Jieei/n  is  deep. 
Corn,  doan,  ,\rin.  doun,  ]t.  domltain  :  .and  in  Welsh, 
dan  is  under,  bi'iieath.    In  Riiss.  tonu  is  to  sink.) 

1.  Along  a  descent  ;  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
place  ;  as,  to  run  i/i>icii  a  hill ;  to  fall  dovm  a  precipice  ; 
to  go  down  the  stairs. 

2.  Toward  the  mouth  of  a  river,  or  toward  the 
place  where  water  is  discharged  into  the  ocean  or  a 
lake.  We  sail  or  swim  down  a  stream  ;  we  sail 
down  the  Sound  from  New  York  to  New  i^onijon. 
Hence,  figuratively,  we  pass  down  the  current  of  life 
or  of  time. 

Down  the  sound;  in  the  direction  of  tlic  ebb-tide 
toward  the  sea. 

Down  tlie  country:  toward  the  sea,  or  toward  the 
part  where  rivers  discharge  their  waters  into  the 
oee;in. 

DOW.N',  uilr.  In  a  descending  direction  ;  tending 
from  a  liigluT  to  a  lower  place ;  as,  he  is  going 
down. 

2.  On  the  ground,  or  at  the  bottom  ;  as,  he  is 
down  :  hold  him  down. 

3.  Below  the  hori/.cm  ;  as,  the  sun  is  down. 

4.  In  the  direction  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  condi- 
tion ;  as,  his  reputation  is  going  down. 

ri.  Into  disrepute  or  disgrace.  A  man  may  some- 
times preach  down  error  ;  he  may  write  down  himself 
or  his  character,  or  run  down  his  rival ;  but  he  can 
neither  preach  nor  write  down  folly,  vice,  or  fashion. 

6.  Into  subjection  ;  into  a  due  consistence ;  as,  to 
boil  down,  in  decoctions  and  culinary  processes. 

7.  At  length  ;  extin.led  or  prof  Irate,  on  the  ground 
or  on  any  fi.it  surtace;  as,  to  lie  i^icit ;  lie  is  lying 
down. 

Up  and  down;  here  and  there;  in  a  rambling 
course. 

It  is  sometimes  used  without  a  verb,  as  down, 
down  :  in  which  cases,  the  sen.se  is  known  by  the 
construction. 

Down  with  a  building,  is  a  command  to  pull  it 
down,  to  demolish  it. 

Down  with  him,  signifies,  throw  or  take  him  down. 

Down,  down,  may  signify,  come  down,  or  go  down, 
or  take  down,  lower. 

It  is  often  used  by  seamen,  doim  with  the  fore- 
sail, &c. 

Locke  uses  it  for  go  down,  or  be  received  ;  as,  any 

kind  of  food  will  down;  but  the  use  is  not  elegant, 

nor  legitimate. 
Sidney  uses  it  as  a  verb,   "  To  down  proud 

hearts,"  to  subdue  or  conquer  them  ;  but  the  use 

is  not  legitimate. 
DOWN,  a.    Downcast;  plain;  dejected. 
DOW.N' -BE  All,  (bfire,)  v.  t.  To  bear  down  ;  to  depress. 
DOWN'-BEAR-LNt;,  ppr.    Bearing  down. 
DOWN'-BEAR-I.N'G,  >i.    Art  t  f  bearing  down. 
DOVVX'-BEI),  n.    A  bed  of  down. 
DOVVN'CAST,  a.    Cast  downward  ;  directed  to  the 

ground  ;  .as,  a  downcast  eye  or  look,  indicating  bash- 

fiilness  modesty,  or  dejection  of  niinil. 
DOWN'CAST,  JI.    Sadness;  melancholy  look.  [06^.] 

Brannt. 

DOWN'eAST-L\G,  a.    Casting  down  ;  dejecting. 
I)OWi\'/;D,  a.  Covered  or  stuli'ed  with  down.  Young. 
UOWN'FALL,  n.    A  falling,  or  body  of  things  falling  ; 
as,  the  downfall  of  a  flood.  Dnjden. 

2.  Ruin;  destruction;  a  sudden  fall,  or  ruin  by  vio- 
lence, in  distinction  from  slow  decay  or  declension  ; 
as,  the  downfall  of  the  Uoinan  empire,  occasioned  by 
the  conquests  of  the  northern  nations  ;  the  downfall  of 
a  city. 

3.  The  sudden  fall,  depression,  or  ruin,  of  reputa- 
tion or  estate.  We  speak  of  the  downfall  of  pride  or 
glory,  and  of  distinguished  characters. 

DOW'N'FALL-i;.\,  (-fawl'n,)  a.   Fallen  ;  ruined. 

Camp. 

DOWN'G?V-ED,  (  jivd,)  a.  Hanging  down  like  the 
loivse  cin>  ture  of  fetters.  Stevens. 

DOWN'-IIAt'L,  n.  In  seamen's  language,  a  rope 
passing  ahing  a  stay,  through  the  cringles  of  the  stay- 
sail or  jib,  and  made  fast  to  the  upper  corner  of  the 
sail,  to  haul  it  down.  Mar.  DicL 

DOWN'IIEART-ED,  a.    Dejected  in  spirits. 

DOVVN'HILL,  n.    Declivity  ;  descent ;  slope. 

AnJ  though  'tis  doitnhill  Drydcn. 

DOWN'HILL,  a.    Declivous;  descending;  sloping. 

A  downhill  ^enswaij.  Congrevt. 

DOWN'I-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  downy. 

DOWX'LOQK-AI),  (  Iwkt,)  a.  ILaving  a  downcast 
countenance  ;  dejected  ;  gloomy  ;  sullen  ;  as,  jeal- 
ousy downlooked.  Drydcn. 

DOWN'L?-I.\(.',  71.  The  time  of  retiring  to  rest; 
time  of  repose.  Cavendish. 

DOWN'Lf-l.\G,  a.  About  to  lie  down  or  be  in  travail 
of  child-birth.  Johnson. 

DOW.N'RIGUT,  (-rite,)  adv.  Right  down;  straight 
down  ;  perpendicularly. 

A  giant  clelt  doamHcM.  UuJUra: 


TONE,  BULL,  tlNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  a«  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


363 


DOZ 

2.  In  plain  terms ;  without  ceremony  or  circumlo- 
cution. 

^Ve  shall  chiJe  tiotanrif/i(.  ♦  Shnk. 

;;,  Complftely  ;  without  stojiping  short ;  as,  she 
fell  dcwnright  into  a  fit.  ^rbuthiwt. 

DOWN'RIG TIT,  a.  Directly  to  the  point ;  plain  ;  open  ; 
artless  ;  undisguised  ;  as,  dowtirigJd  madness  ;  down- 
right nonsense  ;  dotonri^ht  wisdom  ;  downright  false- 
hood ;  downright  atheism. 

2.  riain  ;  artless;  unceremonious;  blunt;  as,  he 
spoke  in  his  downright  way. 

DO\Vi\"llIGIlT-LY,  adv.  Plainly  ;  in  plain  terms  ; 
bluntly.  Barrmc. 

DOU'X'RIGIIT-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  downrifibt,  or  direct  and  plain. 

DOWN'-SIT-TING,  n.  The  act  of  sitting  down  ;  re- 
pose ;  a  resting. 

Thou  liiiowfsl  my  down-silling  and  my  iip-risiii*. —  Ps.  cxTxix. 

DOVVN'TROD,  /  a.    Trodden  down ;  trampled 

DOWN'TROD-DEN,  \     down.  Shak. 
DOVViN'WAIlD,  [.Sax.  rfMwrorarrf.    See  Ward.] 

1.  From  a  higher  place  to  a  lower ;  in  a  descend- 
ing course,  whether  directly  toward  the  center  of  the 
earth,  or  not;  as,  to  tend  downward  -y  to  move  or  roll 
dowmoard;  to  look  downtcard  ;  to  lake  rout  downward. 

2.  In  a  course  or  direction  from  a  head,  spring, 
origin,  or  source.  Water  Hows  downward  toward  the 
sea  ;  we  sailed  downward  on  the  stream. 

3.  In  a  course  of  lineal  descent  from  an  ancestor, 
considered  :is  a  licnd  ;  as,  to  trace  successive  genera- 
tions downward  from  Adam  or  .Abraham. 

4.  In  tile  ciiursi-  of  falling  or  descending  from  ele- 
vation or  disliiiction. 

DO^V'.\'W.\]U),  a.  Moving  or  extending  from  a 
higher  to  a  lower  place,  as  on  a  slope  or  declivity, 
or  in  the  open  air;  tending  toward  the  earth  or  its 
center  ;  as,  a  downward  course ;  he  took  his  \vay 
with  downward  force.  Dnjden. 

2.  Declivous  ;  bending  ;  as,  the  downicard  heaven. 

3.  Descending  from  a  head,  origin,  or  source. 

4.  Tending  to  a  lower  condition  or  state  ;  de- 
pressed ;  dejected  ;  as,  downward  thoughts.  Sidney. 

DOWN'VVEED,  n.    Cottonvveed,  a  downy  plant. 

Barret. 

OOWX'y.  rt  [Pee  Down.]  Covered  with  down  or 
nap  ;  as,  a  dnwnij  leather  ;  downy  wings. 

2.  Covered  witli  pubescence  or  soft  hairs,  as  a 
plant. 

3.  Made  of  down  or  soft  feathers  ;  as,  a  downy 
pillow. 

4.  Soft;  calm;  soothing;  as,  rfoirny  sleep. 

5.  Resembling  down. 

DOW'KKSS,  71.    A  woman  entitled  to  dower.  Bouvier. 

DOVV'RY,  H.  [.See  Doweb.  This  word  ditlers  not 
from  Dower.  It  is  the  same  word  differently  writ- 
ten ;  and  tlie  distinction  made  between  tliein  is  arbi- 
trary.] 

1.  The  money,  goods,  or  estate,  which  a  woman 
brings  to  her  husband  in  marriage ;  the  portion  given 
Willi  a  wife.  Sliak.  Dryden. 

2.  The  reward  paid  for  a  wife.  Cowley. 

3.  A  gift ;  a  fortune  given.  Johnson. 
DOWSE,  V.  t.    [.<w.  diL^ha.] 

To  strike  on  the  face.    [JVo£  in  tise.]  Bailey. 
DOWSE,  I  n.    A  blow  on  the  face.  [^Vulgar.] 

Smart. 

Pertaining  to  doxology ;  giv- 
ing praise  to  God.  Howell. 
DOX-OL'O-GIZE,  V.  i.    To  give  glory  to  God,  as  in 
doxt)Iogy. 

DOX-OI/O-GlZ-ING,  ppr.   Giving  glory  to  God. 

DOX-OE'O-GV,  )i.  [Gr.  i/^oXuyia  ;  do(o,  praise, 
glory,  and  Xcyoi,  to  speak.] 

In  Christian  worship,  a  hymn  in  praise  of  tile 
Almighty  ;  a  particular  form  of  giving  glory  to  God. 

DOX' Y,  n.    [Ciu.  Sw.  docka,  a  baby,  doll,  or  plaything.] 
A  loose  wench  ;  a  prostitute.  Shak. 

DOZE,  ?>.  i.  [Dan.  dSser,  to  stifle,  suppress,  or  ipiiet ; 
to  make  heavy,  sleepy,  or  drowsy  ;  dysser,  to  lull  to 
sleep.  Tile  Saxon  has  dwats,  dwci,  dull,  stupid,  fool- 
ish, D.  dwaas.  The  Saxon  dysig  is  rendered  Ibolish 
or  diz/y.    Sec  Dote,  and  Class  Ds,  No.  1,  3.] 

1.  To  slumber  ;  to  sleep  lightly. 

Khc  liappc'iicU  to  dose  a  little,  the  jolly  cohblfr  wakril  him. 

L'J-Jelrange. 

2.  To  live  in  a  state  of  drowsiness ;  to  be  dull  or 
lialf  asleep  ;  as,  to  dole  over  a  work. 

Dryden.''  Pope. 
DoZE,  B.  t.    To  pass  or  spend  in  drowsiness ;  as,  to 
do:c  away  one's  time. 
2.  To  make  dull  ;  to  stupefy. 

Dryden  uses  the  paiticiide  Dozed.    "  Do-.cd  with 

bis  fumes." 
\>C>/.'F,\),  (dft/.d,)  pp.    Slept  lightly. 
DOZ'/'.'N,  (duz'n,)  a.    [Kr.  dauzainc  ;  Arm.  dnuczcnn; 

from  I'r.  dome,  twelve  ;  Norm.  i'r.  dud-.imc,  a  ilozeii ; 

Hp.  doct,  twidve  ;  dncena,  a  do/.iMi ;  I'ort.  duzia,  dozen  ; 

It.  daziina,  id. ;  D.  dazyn  ;  (i.  duirnd,  or  dutzcnd;  Kw. 

dujiHin;  Dan.  dujnn.    Uu.  two  and  ten,  G.  zchn.  'i'ho 

composition  of  the  word  is  not  obvious.] 
Twelve  in  number,  applied  to  things  of  the  same 

kind,  but  rarely  or  never  to  that  number  In  the  ab- 

■tract.    We  aay,  a  dozen  men  ;  a  dozen  pair  of  glovcn. 


DOWSE,  j  n.  A  blow  c 
D(nVST,  ( 

DOX-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a. 


DRA 

It  is  a  word  much  used  in  common  discourse  and  in 
light  compositions ;  rarely  in  the  grave  or  elevated 
style. 

DOZ'£N,  )i.  The  number  twelve  of  things  of  a  like 
kind  ;  as,  a  dozen  of  eggs;  twelve  dozen  of  gloves;  a 
dozen  of  wine. 

DoZ'ER,  n.    One  that  dozes  or  slumbers. 

DoZ'I-NESS,  n.  [from  Dozv.]  Drowsiness ;  heavi- 
ness ;  inclination  to  sleep.  Locke. 

DoZ'IiNG, /jpr.  Slumbering. 

DoZ'lNG,  II.    A  slumbering;  sluggishness. 

Cheslerjield. 

DoZ'Y,  a,  [.See  Doze.]  Drowsy  ;  heavy  ;  inclined 
to  sltep  ;  sleepy  ;  sluggish  ;  as,  a  dozy  head.  Dryden. 

DRAIt,  II.  [Sax.  drabbe,  lees,  dregs;  D.  drabbc,  dregs. 
Tills  .'■jems  to  be  the  Dan.  draabe,  a  drop.] 

1.  A. strumpet;  a  prostitute.  Shak.  Pope. 

2.  A  low,  sluttish  woman.  [  This  seems  to  be  the 
sense  in  which  it  is  generally  used  in  JVcio  England.] 

3.  A  kind  of  wooden  box,  used  in  salt-works  for 
holiliiig  the  salt  when  taken  out  of  the  boiling-pans. 
Its  hoiiom  is  shelving  or  inclining,  that  the  water 
may  drain  off.  Encyc. 

DR  Ali,  11.  [Fr.  drop,  cloth  ;  It.  drappo  ;  Sp.  trapo,  and 
without  the  prefix  (,  ro;ia,  cloth  ;  Port,  ronpa,  whence 
robe.  From  the  French,  we  have  draper,  drapery,  as 
the  Spanish  liave  ropage,  for  drapery.  This  word 
seems  allied  to  the  L.  tj-abea.] 

A  kind  of  thick,  woolen  cloth  of  a  dun  color. 

DRAH,  a.  Being  of  a  dun  color,  like  the  cloth  so 
called. 

DR.\H,  V.  i.    To  associate  with  strumpets.  Bcanm. 
DR.Mi'BING,  ppr.     Keeping  company  with  lewd 
women. 

DRAB'BING,  n.    An  associating  with  strumpets. 

Beanm.  ^  Ft. 

DRAB'IiLE,  V.  t.  To  draggle;  to  make  dirty  by 
drawing  in  mud  and  water;  to  wet  and  befoul;  as, 
to  drabble  a  gown  or  cloak.  JVew  England. 

In  Scotti-ih,  this  word  signifies  to  dirty  by  slabber- 
ing, as  if  it  were  allied  to  dribble,  drivel,  from  the 
root  of  rfriji,  which  coincides  with  drop. 

DR.AB'BLE,  v.  i.  To  fish  for  barbels  with  a  long  line 
and  rod.  Encye. 

DRAB'BLING,  0.  Drawing  in  mud  or  water ;  angling 
for  barbels. 

DRAB'BLING,  n.  A  method  of  angling  for  barbels, 
with  a  rod  and  long  line  passed  through  a  piece  of 
lead.  Encyc, 

DKAB'LER,  n.  In  seamen's  language,  a  small  addi- 
tional sail,  sometimes  laced  to  the  bottom  of  a  bon- 
net on  a  square  sail,  in  sloops  and  schooners.  It  is 
the  same  to  a  bonnet,  as  a  bonnet  is  to  a  course. 

Encyc.    Mar.  DicU 

DRACHM,  (dram,)  n.    See  Dbam,  and  Drachma. 

DRACH'.MA,  (drak'ina,)  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Si.ax/iri ; 
Fr.  dragme  ;  It.  dramma,  by  contraction.  Eng.  dram.] 

1.  A  silver  coin  among  the  Greeks,  having  a  dif- 
ferent value  in  difl'erent  states,  and  at  different  peri- 
ods. The  average  value  of  the  Attic  drachma  was 
9J  d.,  or  about  18  cents.  Smith's  Diet 

2.  A  weight  among  the  Greeks  of  about  2  dw.  7 
grains  Troy.  Brande. 

DRa'CIN,  71.  A  supposed  alkaloid  obtained  from 
dragon's  blood,  or  the  inspissated  ji;ice  of  the  plant 
Calamus  Draco,  and,  as  is  supposed,  of  several  othiy 
plants. 

DRa'CO,  71.  [L.  See  Dracot  [  In  iwirofWTmi/,  a  con- 
stellation of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

2.  A  luminous  exhalation  from  marshj-  grounds. 

EKcyc, 

3.  A  genus  oi'  animals  of  two  species.  [See 
DnAoorf.J 

DRA-Co'mN,  ti.  A  name  applied  to  a  red  resinous 
substance  obtained  from  dragon's  blooil,  or  the  in- 
spissated juice  of  the  jilant  Calamus  Draco. 

DRA-CON'Tie,  a.    [E.  draco.] 

In  astronomy,  belonging  to  that  space  of  time  ir; 
which  the  moon  performs  one  entire  revolution. 
[  Obs.]  Badnj. 

DRA-CUNC'tT-LUS,  7i.    [from  L.  draco,  dragon.] 

1.  In.  botany,  a  plant,  a  species  of  Arum,  with  a 
long  stalk,  spotted  like  a  serpent's  belly. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  liiniia-an  genus  Callionymus,  or 
dragonet. 

3.  The  Filaria  Medinensis  of  I.innieus,  or  Guinea- 
worm,  supposed  to  be  a  worm  which  peiiclrates  the 
skin,  anil  insinuates  itself  between  the  muscles  of 
the  human  species. 

DRAI),  «.    Ti  rrilile.    [Obs.]    [Sec  Dread.] 

This  was  also  the  old  pri  t.  of  Dread. 
DRAFF,  71.    [D.  (/rn/,  rfrai;^,  dregs,  grains.  Shakspeare 

\vrole  draughj  and  the  Freiit-h  have  dragne,  grains. 

The  latter  coincides  in  elements  with  draw,  drag.] 
Refuse  ;  lees;  dregs  ;  the  wash  given  to  swine,  or 

grains  to  cows  ;  waste  matter       Jlitton.  Dryden. 
DRAFF'ISll,  a.  Worthless. 
DRA  IT*'' V,  rt.    Dreggy;  waste;  worthless. 
DRAF  T,  71.  (Corrupted  from  dr,iughl,({tm\  drag,  draw, 

but  authorized  by  respectable  use.] 

1.  A  drawing  ;  as,  this  horse  is  good  for  druft.  In 
tills  sense,  draught  is,  [lerhaps,  most  common. 

2.  A  drawing  of  men  from  a  military  band  ;  a  se- 
lecting or  detaching  of  soldiers  from  an  army,  or 


DRA 

any  part  of  it,  or  from  a  military  post.  Sometimes  a 
drawing  of  men  from  other  companies  or  societies. 
These  important  posts,  in  consequence  of  heavy 
drafLi,  were  left  weakly  defended. 

Several  of  the  Slates  liad  supplied  the  deficiency  by  drafts  to 
serve  for  the  year.  jijareliall. 

3.  An  order  from  one  man  to  another  directing  the 
payment  of  money  ;  a  bill  of  exchange. 

I  tlioiijlit  it  most  pni'Ieiit  to  defer  the  drafts  till  advice  was 
received  of  llie  pro^ss  of  the  loan.  Hamilton. 

4.  A  drawing  of  lines  for  a  plan  ;  a  figure  described 
on  paper ;  delineation ;  sketch ;  plan  delineated. 
[See  Draught.] 

5.  Depth  of  water  necessary  to  float  a  ship.  [See 
Draught.] 

6.  .\.  writing  comjiosed. 

DRAFT,  V.  t.    To  draw  the  outline;  to  delineate. 

2.  To  compose  and  write  ;  as,  to  draft  a  memorial 
or  a  lease. 

3.  To  draw  men  from  a  military  band  or  post ;  to 
select ;  to  detach. 

4.  To  draw  men  from  any  company,  collection,  or 
society. 

Tliis  Cohen-Caph-El  was  some  royal  seminarj-  in  Upper  Ksypt, 
from  whence  tliey  drafted  novices  to  supply  their  coll-'ges 
anil  temples.  IlolireU'e  Did. 

DRAFT'-IIORSE,  71.  A  horse  employed  in  drawing, 
particularly  in  drawing  heavy  loads,  or  in  plowing. 

DRAFT'-OX,  II.    .\n  ox  employed  in  drawing. 

DRAFT'ED,  ;i;i.  or  a.    Drawn  ;  delineated;  detached. 

DRAFT'ING,  ppr.    Drawing  ;  delineating  ;  detaching. 

DRAFTS, 71. pi.  A  game  played  on  a  checkered  board  ; 
hence,  it  is  often  called  checkers  in  America. 

DRAG,  V.  t.  [Sax.  dragan  :  W.  dragiaw  :  D.  draagen  ; 
Sw.  draga  ;  Dan.  drager ;  G.  tragen  ;  also  Dan.  treh- 
kcr  ;  D.  trekken  ;  Sax.  dreogan  ;  L.  traho  ;  Fr.  traire  ; 
Malayan,  tarek  ;  It.  treggia,  a  sled  or  drag  :  Sp.  tra- 
go,  a  draught  ;  tragar,  to  swallow  ;  Eng.  to  drink. 
(See  Drink  anti  Dbemch.)  'J'he  Russ.  has  dergayu, 
and  torgayu,  to  draw,  as  truck  is  written  torguyu. 
See  Class  Rg,  No.  27,  37,  .5(1.] 

1.  To  pull ;  to  haul  ;  to  draw  along  the  ground  by 
main  force  ;  applied  partleulaily  to  drawing  heavy 
things,  with  labor,  along  the  ground  or  other  surface; 
as,  to  drag  stone  or  timber  ;  to  drag  a  net  in  fishing. 
John  xxi.  8. 

2.  To  break  land  by  drawing  a  drag  or  harrow 
over  it ;  to  harrow  ;  a  common  use  of  this  word  in 
J^ao  England. 

3.  To  draw  along  slowly  or  heavily  ;  to  draw  any 
thing  burdensome  ;  as,  to  drag  a  linge.  jng  life. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  draw  along  in  contempt,  as  unworthy  to  be 
carried. 

lie  drags  me  at  his  charlot-wheeU.  SUirtng/teet. 

To  drag  one  in  chains.  Jtlilton. 

5.  To  pull  or  haul  about  roughly  and  forcibU". 

yji-i;,/eii. 

In  seamen's  language,  to  drag  ^in  anchor  is  to  draw 
or  trail  it  along  the  bottom  when  loosened,  or  when 
the  anchor  will  not  hold  the  ship. 
DR-AG,  v.  i.    To  hang  so  low  as  to  trail  on  the  ground. 

2.  To  fish  with  a  drag;  as,  they  have  been  drag- 
ging for  fish  all  day,  witli  little  success. 

.3.  'J'o  be  drawn  along  ;  as,  the  anchor  drags. 

4.  To  be  moved  slowly ;  to  proceed  heavily ;  as, 
this  business  drags. 

.').  To  hang  or  grate  on  the  floor,  as  a  door. 
DR.AG,  71.    Something  to  be  drawn  along  the  ground, 
as  a  net  or  a  hook. 

2.  A  particular  kind  of  harrow. 

3.  A  car ;  a  low  cart. 

4.  In  sea  language,  a  machine  consistingjif  a  sharp, 
square  frame  of  iron,  encircled  with  a  net,  used  to 
drag  on  the  bottom  for  various  purposes,  as  to  re- 
cover articles  that  have  been  lost,  to  collect  shells,  itc. 

Mar.  Diet.  Encyc. 

5.  Whatever  is  drawn  ;  a  boat  in  tow  ;  whatever 
serves  to  retard  a  sliiji's  way.  Encyc. 

DRAG'Gf;!),  (dragd,)  pp.    Drawn  on  the  ground; 

drawn  with  labor  or  force  ;  drawn  along  slowly  and 

heavily  ;  niked  with  a  drag  or  harrow  . 
DRA(;'(;i.\G,  ;i;ir.    Drawing  on  the  ground  ;  drawing 

wiih  lali.ir  or  by  force  ;  drawing  slowly  or  luavily; 

raking  with  a  drag. 
DR.\G'(;i,E,  (drag'gl,)  ti.  «.    [Aim.  vf  drag.]    To  wet 

and  dirty  by  drawing  on  the  ground  or  mod,  or  on 

wet  grass  ;  to  drabble.  Gray. 
DRAti'tJUC,  V.  i.    To  be  drawn  011  the  ground;  to 

become  wet  or  dirty  by  being  drawn  on  the  nitid  or 

wet  grass. 

DRAG'tJI.K  T.AlL,  II.    .\  slut.  Sherwrad. 

DRAG'CI, /■;!),  pi>.  Drawn  on  the  ground;  wet  or 
dirtieil  by  being  drawn  on  the  griiund  or  mire. 

DR.\(;'GEIN(;,  ;i;ii-.  Drawing  mi  the  ground;  mak- 
ing dirty  by  iliawiiig  mi  the  grmiiiil  or  wet  gra.ss. 

DRAG'MAfj,  II.    A  lisheiiiian  that  uses  a  tiragiiet. 

Jlale. 

DRAG'NET,  71.    A  net  to  be  drawn  on  the  botloni  of 

a  river  or  pond  for  taking  fish.      Dryden.  Halls. 
DRAG'O-MAN,  (  71.     [It.   (/nin'or„nn7i(i ;  Fr.  trurhe- 
DKOG'O-MAN,  I     mnii ;  Sp.  trujaman;  Ch.  IDJUn, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAJMNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


364 


DRA 


Ar.  J^Li.c»j.j'  from  DJin,  Cli.  Ar.  r.  Kill,  to  in- 
Icritrt't.] 

An  iiilerprLler ;  a  trriii  ill  Reiicral  use  in  the  Le- 
!  vant  :inil  otluT  parts  of  tlio  East. 
DllAtJ'U.V,  n,  [I.,  draco:  Gr.  f^oaxiov  :  It.  dm  gone  ; 
Fr.  drat;on  ;  1).  i/ruui  ;  (i.  drache  ;  Ir.  rfrnic  or  </roiV  ; 
\V.  i/rniV  ;  Sw.  (/rrtAc  ;  Dan.  dra«e.  'J'liu  origin  of 
tliis  word  is  not  obvious.  In  Ir.  </ra»  is  fire  ;  in  W. 
drairon  is  a  li'adcr,  chief,  or  sovereign,  from  driifriaio, 
todr.iw.  In  ricotch,  th^-  word  sigiiilirs  a  paper  kite, 
as  also  in  Danish  ;  proliably  from  the  notion  of  II)  - 
iiiS  or  shooting  along,  like  a'  fiery  nirteor.  .  In  Welsh, 
//rni'i'  is  reiultred  by  Owi:ii  a  procreator  or  generating 
I  principle,  a  liery  serpent,  a  dragon,  and  the  ^<^l|lrenle  ; 
and  the  plural,  (//rii'iViB,  silent  lightnings,  dri  ii;iiiie,u> 
lighten  silently.  Ilenco,  I  infer  that  the  word  origi- 
nally signified  .1  shooting  meteor  in  the  atmosphere, 
a  litry  meteor,  and  hence  a  tiery  or  tlying  serpent, 
from  a  rotit  which  signified  to  sIhmiI  or  draw  out.] 

1.  kind  of  winged  serpent,  much  celebrated  in 
tile  romances  of  the  middle  ages.  Jolinson. 

2.  A  fiery,  shooting  meteor,  or  imaginary  serpent. 

Sii-itl,  awft,  ye  dmgons  of  Uie  night  1  Uiit  dawning 

M.iy  beuf  Uic  nvcn'*  eye.  Shal:. 

X  A  fierce,  violent  pers<m,  male  or  fem;Je  ;  us, 
this  man  or  woman  is  a  drwrt^n. 

•1.  \  constellation  of  the  northern  hi-mispherc. 
[See  11r*co.] 

In  Scripture,  dragon  secm.s  sometimes  to  signify  a 
large  marine  fish  or  serpent.  Is.  xxvii.,  where  the 
leviathan  is  also  mentioned  ;  also  P.i.  Ix\iv. 

Sometimes  it  seems  to  signify  a  venomous  land 
serpent.  Ps.  \ci.  Tlie  dragon  shalt  thou  trample 
under  foot. 

It  is  often  used  for  the  devil,  who  is  called  the  old 
serpent.    Rev.  xx.  2. 

DR  AtJ'OX,  ?i.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  sau- 
rian reptiles,  found  onlv  in  the  East  Indies. 

DKAtJ'O-.NET,  II.    A  little  dragon.  Sprnsrr. 

3.  The  popular  name  of  the  species  of  a  genus  of 
fishes  called  by  Linna'us  Calliony/nus. 

DU.\G'0.\-FISH,  n.    The  dragonet ;  a  popuhir  name 

of  fishes  of  the  genus  CaUiontfinu.-t. 
DK  AG'OX-FLY,  n.   The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 

insects  called  iibcllula  bv  Linnxus. 
DIIAG'ON-ISH,  o.    Dragonhkc.  Shale 
DIL^n  O.V-.YADE',  n.    The  name  of  certain  severe 

P'Tsecntions  of  French  Protestants  by  an  armed 

force,  under  Lonis  XIV. 
DU.XG'OX-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  dragon  ;  fiery  ;  furious. 

SAnA. 

DRAG'OX'S,  n.  The  popular  name  of  certain  plants 
which  are  species  of  thd  Linniean  genus  Dracon- 
tiiim. 

DKAG'OX'S-BLOOD,  (  blud,)  n.    [Sax.  dr»cmi-blod.] 
The  vague  popular  name  of  the  inspissated  juice 
of  various  pl.ants,  as  Calamus  Draco,  Draciena  Draco, 
Plerocarpus  Draco,  &.C.    Obtained  from  such  various 
sources,  it  has  various  properties,  and  is  of  diverse 
com|H>sition.   It  is  of  a  red  color,  and  is  used  for 
tinging  spirit  and  turpentine  varnishes,  for  tooth 
tinctures  and  powders,  for  staining  marble,  &c. 
DKAG'OX'S-HEAD,  (-hed,)  ri.    A  pro|)osed  popul.tr 
name  of  certain  plants  of  the  genus  Dracocephalum, 
of  which  term  it  is  a  translation. 
I         Dragon's  lhail  and  Tail,  in  astronomy,  are  the 
■      nodes  of  the  planets,  or  the  two  points  in  which  the 
itrbits  of  the  planets  intersect  the  ecliptic.  Kncye, 
DRAG'OX-SHELl^,  n.    .~<aid  to  be  the  popular  name 

of  a  species  of  Patella  or  Limpet. 
DR  AG'OX'S-\VA-TER,  n.  Said  to  be  a  popular  name 

of  a  plant  belonging  to  the  genus  Calla. 
DUAG'().\'?-\VORT,  n.    Said  to  be  a  popular  name 
I       of  a  plant  belonging  to  the  genus  .Artemisia. 

DRAG'UX-TREE,  n.    Said  to  be  the  popular  name  of 
some  plant  belonging  to  the  order  of  Palms. 
I    DR.\-GOOX',  n.    [I'r.  dragon  :  Sp.  id.:  Port,  dragam, 
!       a  dragon  and  dratroon  :  It.  drngone :  G.  dragonrr :  D. 
t       dragondtr ;  Dan.  drainm  :  Sw.  itL  :  L.  draconarius,  an 
I       ensign-bearer,  from  draco,  dragon  ;  an  appellation 
given  to  horsemen,  perhaps  for  their  rapidity  or 
fierceness.] 

A  soldier  or  musketeer  who  serves  on  horseback 
or  on  fool,  as  occiision  may  require.    Their  arms  arc 
a  sword,  a  musket,  and  a  bayonet.  F.ncyc. 
I  DR.V-GOOX',  r.  U   To  persecute  by  abandiming  a 

place  to  the  rage  of  soldiers.  Juhn.ioiu 
I         2.  To  enslave  or  reduce  to  subjection  by  soldiers. 
,J         3.  To  harass;  to  persecute;  to  compel  to  submit 
•  I      by  violent  measures  ;  to  force.     [The  usual  sense.] 

The  colonirs  nwy  be  influenced  u>  any  Ibiiig.  but  Ujey  cAn  be 
dmgaontd  to  Dochin^.  Price. 

I  DRAG-OON-SDE',  n.  The  abandoning  of  a  place  to 
I      the  ragi^  of  soldiers.  BurncL 

DRA-(;()0\'f:D,  fp.    .Abandoned  to  the  violence  of 
I      soldiers  ;  (M-rsecuted  ;  harxssed. 
;   DK  A-GOO.N'ER,  n.    .An  old  term  for  a  dragoon. 

l)RA-GOO.\'ING,  ppr.  Abandoning  to  the  rage  of 
soldiers  ;  persecuting  ;  harassing  ;  vexing. 

DRAIL,  r.  (.    To  trail.    [.Vot  in  uic]  More. 


DRA 


DR.XII>,  r.  i.    To  draggle.    [JVut  in  «,«•.]  South. 
DU.^IX,  V.  U    [Sax.   drrhnigean,  to  ilraiu,  to  strain. 

This  may  be  a  derivative  fioni  the  rout  of  draw. 

Uii.  i'xw.dnjgan,  to  drj-.] 

1.  To  filter  J  to  cause  to  piuss  through  some  jiorous 
substance. 

Salt  w.itrr,  drained  tlirougli  twenty  rcs«:U  of  earth,  hath  iK-come 
fa-sh.  Uacon. 

2.  To  empty  or  clear  of  liquor,  by  causing  the 
liquor  to  drop  or  run  olf  slowly  ;  as,  to  drain  a  vessel 
or  its  contents. 

3.  To  make  dry  ;  to  exhaust  of  water  or  other  li- 
quor, by  causing  it  to  fiowoffin  channels,  orlliroiigli 
porous  substances  ;  as,  to  drain  laud  ;  to  drain  a 
swamp  or  marsh. 

4.  'I'o  empty  ;  to  exhaust ;  to  draw  otT  gradually ; 
as,  a  foreign  u  ar  drains  a  coiiiitrv  of  specie. 

DR.\IX,  V.  i.  To  tlow  oH'  gradually  ;  as,  let  the  w  ater 
of  low  ground  drain  olf. 

2.  To  be  emptied  of  litjiior  by  flowing  or  dropiiing  ; 
as,  let  the  vessel  stand  and  drain;  let  the  cloth  hang 
and  dram, 

DRaIX,  h.  A  channel  throngli  which  water  or  oilier 
liipiid  Hows  olf;  parliculnrlij,  a  trench  or  ditch  to 
convey  water  from  wet  land  ;  a  water-course  ;  a 
sewer  ;  a  sink, 

DU.a1X'A-I!LE,  a.    Cap.'ible  of  being  drained. 

Sherwood. 

DR.\IX'AGE,  n.   A  draining ;  a  gradual  llowing  ofi" 

of  any  liquid. 
2.  'i'lie  mode  in  which  the  waters  of  a  country 

pass  olf  by  its  streams  and  rivers. 
DR.\IX'/;D,  pp.  or  a.    Kiiiptied  of  water  or  other  li- 

ipior  by  a  gradual  discharge,  flowing,  or  dropping  ; 

exhausted  j  drawn  off. 
DR.\IX'ER,  71,    A  utensil  on  wliich  articles  arc  placed 

to  drain. 

DR.aIX'IXG,  ppr.  Emptying  of  water  or  other  liquor 
by  filtration,  or  flowing  in  small  channels. 

DRAKE,  n.  [G.  eutcrich  ;  Uau.  andrik ;  Sw.  andrak. 
It  is  compounded  of  rate,  and.  Sax.  cnrd,  I,,  anas,  a 
duck,  and  a  word  which  I  ilo  not  understand.] 

1.  The  male  of  the  duck  kind. 

2.  [L.  draco,  dragim.]    A  small  piece  of  artillen'. 

3.  The  drake-fly.  [Clarcndnii. 
DR.A.M,  ji.    [Cmitractcd  frofti  drachma,  wliich  see.] 

1.  .Among  druggists  and  physicians,  a  weight  of 
the  eighth  part  of  an  ounce,  or  sixty  grains.  In  ac- 
oirdupois  weight,  the  sixteenth  part  of  an  ounce. 

2.  A  small  quantity  ;  as,  no  drain  of  judgment. 

Dnjdrn, 

3.  As  much  spirituous  liquor  as  is  drank  at  once  ; 
as,  a  dram  of  brandy.  Drains  are  the  slow  poison  of 
life.  SKifL 

4.  Spirit;  distilled  liquor.  Pope. 
DR.ViM,  V.  i.   To  drink  drams  ;  to  indulge  in  the  use 

of  ardent  spirit.  [A  low  word,  expressing  a  low  prac- 
tice.] 

DR.\.M'-DRIXK-ER,  n.  One  who  habitually  drinks 
spirits. 

DRX'M.A  or  DRa'.M.A,  n.  [Gr.  ipapa,  from  (Jpao),  to 
make.] 

A  iK)em  or  composition  representing  a  picture  of 
human  life,  and  accommodated  to  action.  The  prin- 
cipal species  of  the  drama  are  tragedy  and  comedy  ; 
inferior  species  are  tragi-coniedy,  opera,  &.C.  Encyc. 

DR.A-M.AT'IC,       la.    Pertaining  to  the  drama  ;  rep- 

DRA-MAT'ie-AL,  (  resentt-d  by  action  ;  theatri- 
cal ;  not  narrative.  Bentlry. 

DKA-.MAT'ie-AL-LY,arfo.  By  representation  ;  in  the 
manner  of  the  drama.  Drijdrn. 

DR.1.^['.i-TIS  P£ft-SO'A-,^,  [L.]  Actors  repre- 
senting the  characters  in  a  play. 

DRAM'A-TIST,  n.  The  author  of  a  dramatic  compo- 
siti<in  ;  a  writer  of  plays.  Burnrt. 

DR.A.M'.A-TIZE,  r.  t.  To  compose  in  the  form  of  the 
drama  ;  or  to  give  to  a  coiiipositiun  the  form  of  a 
play. 

At  ni?:%,  in  1'2(\1 ,  waj  acted  a  pniphelic  play,  that  is,  a  drama. 
Uztd  cxtr.LCt  from  Uie  liiktury  of  ijie  01*1  anil  Now  T.-sta- 
nr  nu.  Tookt't  RuMiia. 

DRAM'A-TIZ-ED,  pp.  Composed  in  the  form  of  a 
plav. 

DRA.M'A-TIZ-ING,  ppr.  Composing  in  the  form  of 
a  play, 

DRA.M'.A  TL'R-GY,  »,    [Gr.  fwpa  and  cpyoi.] 

The  art  of  dramatic   poetry    and  representa- 
tion. [Oennany.] 
DR.A.N'K,  prcL  and  pp.  of  Drikk. 
DR.A.NK,  n.    A  term  fiir  wild  oats,  F.neiir. 
DRAP,  {<\ri,)  n.  [Fr.]  Cloth  ;  as,  t/rop-eTefc,  (-di-ti',) 

a  cloth  for  summer  wear. 
DRAPE,  r.  t.    [Fr.  draper.] 

To  make  cloth  ;  also,  to  banter.  [O^.t.] 
DRAP'iD,  (drapt,)  o.   Adorned  with  drap»-ry. 

Srd^rirk. 

DRa'PER,  n.    [Fr.  drapirr ;  draper,  to  make  cloth ; 

from  drap,  clotli.] 
One  who  sells  cloths  ;  a  dealing  in  cloths ;  as,  a 

linen-draper  or  woolfn-draper. 
DRA'PER-Y,  n.    [Fr.  draperie  !  It.  drnpprria  ;  from 

drap,  drappo :  Sp.  ropage,  from  ropa,  cloth.] 

1.  Clothwork  ;  the  trade  of  making  cloth.  Bacon. 

2.  Cloth  ;  stufls  of  wool.  jirbut/inol.  I 


DRA 


3.  Hangings,  curtains,  tapestry,  &c. 

4.  In  sculpture  and  painting,  the  representation  of 
the  clothing  or  dress  of  human  figures,  &c.  Kucyc 

DItA'PET,  n.    Clolli  ;  coverlet.    [A~ot  in  use.] 
DKAS'TIC,  a.    [(Jr.  innnTuof,  from  r'.iut.i,  to  makej 
Powerful;  acting  with  strength  or  violence;  ein 
cacious  ;  as,  a  dra.ilic  cathartic. 
DR.XUGII.    Sec  Dkaff. 
DR.xL'GIIT,  (drilft,)  n.    [from  draw,  drag.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing ;  as,  a  horse  or  o.x  fit  for 
draught. 

•2.  The  quality  of  being  drawn  ;  as,  a  cart  or  plow 
of  easy  draught. 

3.  The  drawing  of  litpior  into  the  inonlh  and 
throat  ;  the  act  of  drinking. 

4.  The  quantity  of  liipior  dnink  at  once. 

5.  The  act  of  deliiie.iting,  or  that  wliich  is  deline- 
ated ;  a  representation  by  lines,  as  the  figure  of  a 
house,  a  machine,  a  fort,  &.c.,  described  on  p:i|)er. 
[(in.  Ir.  dreach,  VV.  drijc]  flucuc. 

(j.  Representation  by  picture  ;  figure  painted,  or 
drawn  by  the  pencil.  Onidrn. 

7.  The  act  of  drawing  a  net ;  a  sweeping  for  lish. 

8.  That  which  is  taken  by  sweeping  with  a  net ; 
as,  a  drnu^lit  of  fishes.    Luke  v. 

y.  The  drawing  or  bending  of  a  bow ;  the  act  of 
shooting  with  a  bow  and  arrow  Camden. 

in.  Tile  act  of  drawing  men  from  a  military  band, 
army,  or  post  ;  also,  the  forces  drawn  ;  a  dctacli- 
nieiit.    [See  Drai  t,  wliich  is  more  generally  used.] 

11.  .A  sink  or  drain.    .Matt.  xv. 

12.  An  order  for  the  payment  of  money  ;  a  bill  of 
exchange.    [See  Draft.] 

13.  The  depth  of  water  necessary  to  float  a  ship, 
or  the  depth  a  ship  sinks  in  w.ater,  especially  when 
laden  ;  as,  a  ship  of  twelve  feet  draught. 

14.  In  England,  a  small  allowance  on  wcighahle 
goods,  maile  by  the  king  to  the  importer,  or  by  the 
seller  to  the  buyer,  to  insure  full  weight.  Eneye. 

13.  .A  sudden  att.ack  or  drawing  on  an  enemy, 
[Cillery.]  Spenser 

16.  -A  writing  composed, 

17,  Dranirhts ;  a  sinapism  ;  a  mild  vesicatory. 
DRAUGHT,  r.  u   To  draw  out;  to  c:ill  forth.  [See 

Draft.]  Mdisun. 
DRXUGIlT'-neARD,  n.    A  board  on  which  draughts 
are  played. 

DRXUGilT'-IIOOKS.n.  p/.  Large  hooks  of  iron  fixed 
on  the  cheeks  of  a  cannon  carriage,  two  on  each 
side,  one  near  t.he  trunnion  hole, and  the  other  at  the 
train ;  used  in  drawing  the  gun  backward  and  for- 
ward bv  means  of  draught  rojies,  Knn/e. 

DUXUGIIT'-IIORSE,  n.  A  horse  used  in  drawing  a 
plow,  cart,  or  other  carriage,  as  distinguished  from  a 
saddle-hnrse. 

DRAUGHT'-IIOUSE,  (dr  ift  )  n.  A  house  for  Uie  re- 
ception of  filth  or  waste  matter. 

DRAl-'OIITS,  II.  ;if.  .A  game  played  on  a  checkered 
board,  called  checkers  in  .America.  Smart. 

2.  .A  sinapism  ;  a  mild  vesicatory. 
DR.xL'GIITS'.M.AX,  n.    A  man  who  draws  writings  or 

designs,  or  one  who  is  skilled  in  such  drawings. 
2.  One  who  drinks  drains  ;  a  tip|ilcr.  Taller. 
DRaVE,  the  old  p-arliciple  of  Drive.    We  now  use 
Drove. 

DRAW,  r.  t, ;  preL  Drew  ;  pp.  Drawn.  [Sax.  dratran ; 
L.  tralio.  It  is  only  a  dialectical  spelling  of  drag, 
which  see.] 

1.  To  pull  along;  to  haul  ;  to  cause  to  move  for- 
ward by  force  applied  in  advance  of  the  thing  moved, 
or  at  the  fore-end,  as  by  a  rope  or  chain.  It  differs 
from  drag  only  in  this,  that  drag  is  more  generally 
applied  to  things  moved  along  the  ground  by  sliding, 
or  moved  with  greater  toil  or  difliciilty,  anil  draw  is 
applied  to  all  bodies  moved  by  force  in  advance, 
whatever  may  be  the  degree  of  force.  Draw  is  the 
more  general  or  generic  term,  and  drag  more  specific. 
We  say,  the  horses  draw  a  coach  or  wagon,  but  they 
drag  it  through  mire  ;  yet  draw  is  properly  used  in 
both  cases, 

2.  To  pull  out,  as  to  drair  a  sword  or  dagger  from 
its  sheath  ;  to  unshcath.  Hence,  to  draw  the  sword, 
is  to  wage  war. 

3.  To  bring  by  compulsion  ;  to  cause  to  come. 

Do  not  rich  mrn  oppre**  you,  anil  draw  you  larfore  U»c  Judgment. 
»:at .'  —  Janie.  li. 

4.  To  pull  up  or  out ;  to  raise  from  any  depth  ;  as, 
to  draw  water  from  a  well. 

5.  To  suck  ;  as,  to  drnir  the  breasts. 

6.  To  attract ;  to  cause  to  move  or  tend  toward 
itself,  as  a  magnet  or  other  attracting  body  is  said 
to  draw  it. 

7.  To  attract  ;  to  cause  to  turn  toward  it«elf ;  to 
engiige  ;  as.  a  beauty  or  a  popular  s|M-akrr  draws  the 
eyes  of  an  assembly,  or  drnirs  their  attention. 

8.  To  inhale  ;  to  take  air  into  the  lungs  ;  as,  there 
I  first  drew  air ;  I  draw  the  sultry  air. 

Milton.  Addison. 

9.  To  pull  or  take  from  a  spit,  as  a  piece  of  meat. 

Drydrn. 

10.  To  take  from  a  cask  or  vat ;  to  cause  or  to  suf- 
fer a  liquid  to  run  out  ;  as,  to  draw  wine  or  cider. 

J  I.  To  take  a  liquid  from  tlie  body  ;  to  let  out ;  as, 
to  draw  blood  or  water. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJ.MTE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — e  as  K ;  <5  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SB  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 
Vg"*  KK*  3S< 


i 


DRA 


DRA 


DRE 


12.  To  take  from  an  oven  ;  as,  to  draw  bread. 

13.  To  cause  to  slide,  as  a  curtain,  either  in  closing 
or  unclosing  ;  to  open  or  unclose  and  discover,  or  to 
close  and  conceal.  To  draw  the  cnrlani^  is  used  in 
both  senses.  Dnjdrn.  Siducii. 

14.  To  extract ;  as,  to  draw  spirit  from  grain  or 
juice. 

15.  To  produce  ;  to  bring,  as  an  agent  or  efficient 
cause  ;  usually  followed  by  a  modifying  word  ;  as, 
piety  draws  down  blessings  ;  crimes  draw  down  ven- 
geance ;  vice  draw.'i  on  us  many  temporal  evils  ;  war 
draws  after  it  a  train  of  calamities. 

16.  To  move  gradually  or  slowly  ;  to  e.xtend. 

They  drtio  Uiemsclves  more  westerly.  Ralegh. 

17.  To  lengthen  ;  to  extend  in  length. 

How  long  hpT  f.ice  is  draton  I  Shah. 
Ill  some  similes,  men  drats  iheir  comparisons  into  minuteptrlicu- 
Ittrs  of  no  importance.  FelUtn, 

18.  To  Utter  in  a  lingering  manner;  as,  to  draw  a 
groan.  Dri/deu. 

19.  To  run  or  extend,  by  marking  or  fonuing  ;  as, 
to  draw  a  line  on  paper,  or  a  line  of  circumvallatiun. 
Hence, 

20.  To  represent  by  lines  drawn  on  a  plain  sur- 
face ;  to  form  a  picture  or  image  ;  as,  to  draw  the 
figure  of  a  man  ;  to  draw  the  face.  Hence, 

91.  To  describe;  to  represent  by  words;  as,  the 
orator  drew  an  admirable  picture  of  human  misery. 
2i  To  represent  in  fancy ;  to  image  in  the  mind. 

Skak. 

23.  To  derive ;  to  have  or  receive  from  some 
source,  cause,  or  donor  ;  as,  to  draw  the  rudiments 
of  science  from  a  civilized  nation  ;  to  draw  consola- 
tion from  divine  promises. 

24.  To  deduce  ;  as,  to  draw  arguments  from  facts, 
or  inferences  from  circumstantial  evidimce. 

25.  To  allure  ;  to  entice  ;  to  lead  by  persuasion  or 
moral  influence  ;  to  excite  to  motion. 

Draw  me  ;  we  will  run  after  thee.  — Cant.  i. 
Men  shall  arise,  speaking   perverse   tilings,  to  drata  away 
disciples  after  them.  —  Acts  xx. 

26.  To  lead,  as  a  motive  ;  to  induce  to  move. 

,\ty  purposes  do  draio  me  much  about.  Sliak, 

27.  To  induce  ;  to  persuade ;  to  attract  toward  ; 
in  a  vrry  (rrneral  sense, 

28.  To  win  ;  to  gain  ;  a  metaphor  from  gamintr, 

Shak. 

29.  To  receive  or  take,  as  from  a  fund  ;  as,  to 
draw  money  from  a  bank  or  from  stock  in  tratle. 

30.  To  bear  ;  to  produce  ;  as,  a  bonil  or  note  draws 
interest  from  its  date. 

31.  To  extort ;  to  force  out ;  as,  his  eloquence 
drew  tears  from  the  audience ;  to  draw  sighs  or 
groans. 

32.  To  wrest;  to  distort;  as,  to  rfraicthe  Pcriptures 
to  one's  fancy.  IHnttsift. 

33.  To  compose  ;  to  write  in  due  form  ;  to  form  in 
writing ;  as,  to  draw  a  bill  of  exchange ;  to  draw  a 
deed  or  will. 

31.  To  take  out  of  a  box  or  wheel,  as  tickets  in 
a  lottery.  We  say,  to  draw  a  lottery,  or  to  draw  a 
number  in  the  lottery. 

.T).  To  receive  or  gain  by  drawing  ;  as,  to  draw  a 
prize.  We  say  also,  a  number  draws  a  prize  or  a 
blank,  when  it  is  drawn  at  the  same  time. 

3U.  To  extend  ;  to  stretch  ;  as,  to  draw  wire  ;  to 
dra7n  a  piece  of  metal  by  beating,  &,c. 

37.  To  sink  into  the  water ;  or  to  require  a  certain 
depth  of  water  for  floating ;  as,  a  ship  draws  fifteen 
feet  of  water. 

38.  To  bend  ;  as,  to  draw  the  how.    Is.  Ixvi. 

3U.  To  evi.scerate ;  to  pull  out  the  bowels ;  as,  to 
draw  poultry.  jCinir. 

40.  To  withdraw.    [JVotM-Mrf.]  Shak. 

To  draw  back :  to  receive  back,  as  duties  on  goods 
for  exportation. 

To  draw  in  ;  to  collect ;  to  apply  to  any  purpose  by 
violence. 


To  draw  out ;  to  lengthen  ;  to  stretch  by  force  ;  to 
extend. 

2.  To  beat-or  hammer  out ;  to  extend  or  spread  by 
beating,  as  a  metal. 

3.  To  lengthen  in  time ;  to  protract ;  to  cause  to 
continue. 


1  which  every  thing  it  draw 


in  to  give  color  to  the 
Locke. 


9.  To  contract ;  to  pull  to  a  smaller  compass  ;  to 
pull  back  ;  as,  to  draw  in  the  reins.  Gatj. 

3.  To  entice,  allure,  or  inveigle  ;  as,  to  draw  in 
others  to  support  a  measure, 

7'o  draw  off;  to  draw  from  or  away  ;  also,  to  with- 
draw ;  to  abstract;  as,  to  draw  off  i\\e  mind  from 
vain  amusements. 

2.  To  draw  or  Like  from  ;  to  cause  to  flow  from  ; 
an,  to  draw  off  wine  or  l  iiler  from  a  vessel. 

3.  To  extract  by  dlKtillation.  .Addison. 
To  draw  on:  to  allure;  to  entice;  to  persuade  or 

cause  to  follow.    The  reluctant  m.ay  be  drawn  on  by 
kindneKS  or  cnresncs. 
2.  To  occasion  ;  to  Invite ;  to  bring  on  ;  to  cause. 

Uatier  color  of  war,  which  either  his  negligence  dre\o  on,  or 
hi*  practice*  prucuf^d,  he  levied  a  lulMUly.  J/ayicard. 

To  drav)  over  ;  to  rai«c  or  cause  to  come  over,  as 
in  a  titill. 

2.  To  jHTiimdc  or  induce  to  revolt  from  an  oppo- 
•inK  parly,  and  U)  join  oric'ii  own  party.  .Stiuic  men 
may  be  drawn  aver  by  Intiirest,  othen  by  fear. 


Thy  iirikimlness  shall  ilia  death  draw  out 
To  lingering  sutlbraiice. 
Wilt  tlioii  drau)  O'M  thine 
Ixxxiv. 


.fhali. 

to  all  generations  .'  —  I's. 


4.  To  cause  to  issue  forth  ;  to  draw  ofT;  as  liquor 
from  a  cask. 

5.  To  extr.act,  as  the  spirit  of  a  substance. 

6.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  pump  out,  by  questioning  or 
address  ;  to  cause  to  be  declared,  or  brought  to  light ; 
as,  to  draw  out  facts  from  a  witness. 

7.  To  induce  by  motive  ;  to  call  forth. 

Tliis  was  an  artifice  to  dmia  out  from  us  an  accusation.  Anon. 

8.  To  detach  ;  to  separate  from  the  main  body  ;  as, 
to  draw  out  a  file  or  party  of  men. 

9.  To  range  in  battle  ;  to  array  in  a  line. 
7^1/  draw  toirether;  to  collect  or  be  collected. 
To  draw  up  ;  to  raise  ;  to  lift ;  to  elevate. 

2.  To  form  in  order  of  battle  ;  to  array.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  compose  in  due  form,  as  a  writing  ;  to  form 
in  writing ;  as,  to  draw  up  a  deed  ;  to  draw  up  a 
paper.  Swift. 

In  this  use,  it  is  often  more  elegant  to  omit  the 
modifying  word.    [See  No.  33.] 
DRAW,  V.  i.    To  pull ;  to  exert  strength  in  drawing. 
We  say,  a  horse  or  an  ox  draws  well. 

2.  To  act  as  a  weight. 

Watch  Uie  bias  of  the  riiind,  that  it  may  not  draw  too  much. 

A'Ldison. 

3.  To  shrink  ;  to  contract  into  a  smaller  compass. 

Bacou. 

4.  To  move  ;  to  advance.  The  day  draws  toward 
evening. 

5.  To  be  filled  or  inflated  with  wind,  so  as  to  press 
on  and  advance  a  ship  in  her  course ;  as,  the  sails 
draw. 

6.  To  unsheathe  a  sword.  His  love  dreto  to  de- 
fend him.    In  this  phrase,  sword  is  understood. 

7.  To  use  or  practice  the  art  of  delineating  figures  ; 
as,  he  draws  with  exactness. 

8.  To  collect  the  matter  of  an  ulcer  or  abscess  ;  to 
cause  to  suppurate  ;  to  excite  to  inflammation,  matu 
ration,  auti  tlischarge;  as,  an  epispastic  draws  well. 

To  draw  back ;  to  retire ;  to  move  back ;  to  with- 
draw. 

2.  To  renounce  the  faith  ;  to  apostatize.    I{eb.  x. 

To  draw  near  or  nin-h ;  to  ap|)roacli ;  to  come  near. 

To  draw  off ;  to  retire ;  to  retreat ;  as,  the  company 
drew  off  by  degrees. 

To  draw  on ;  to  advance  ;  to  approach ;  as,  the  day 
draws  on.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  gain  on  ;  to  approach  in  pursuit ;  as,  the  ship 
drew  on  the  chase. 

3.  To  demand  payment  by  an  order  or  bill,  called 
a  draft.  He  drew  on  his  factor  for  the  amount  of  the 
shipment. 

You  may  drai^  on  me  for  the  expenses  of  your  journey.  Jay. 

To  draw  up :  to  form  in  regular  order ;  as,  the  troops 
drew  up  in  front  of  the  ji-olace  ;  the  fleet  drew  up  in  a 
semicircle. 

Draw,  in  most  of  iu  uses,  retains  some  shade  of  its 
original  sense,  to  pull,  to  move  forward  by  the  appli- 
cation of  force  in  advance,  or  to  extend  in  length 
And  Johnson  justly  observes,  that  it  expresses  an  ac 
tion  gradual  or  continuous,  and  leisurely.  We  ;ioiir 
liquor  quick,  but  we  drato  it  in  a  continued  stream 
We  force  com|)liance  by  threats,  but  we  draw  it  by 
gradual  jirevalence.  We  write  a  letter  with  haste, 
but  we  draw  a  bill  with  slow  caution  and  regard  to  a 
precise  ftirm.  We  draw  a  bar  tif  metal  by  continued 
DRAW,  rt.    The  .act  of  drawing.  [beating 

2.  The  lot  or  chance  drawn. 

3.  That  part  of  a  bridge  which  is  drawn  up. 
DRAW'.\-I!I,K,  0.    That  may  be  drawn.  Jifore. 
DRAWBACK,  71.    Money  or  an  amount  paid  back 

Usually,  a  certain  amount  of  duties  or  customs,  p:vid 
or  boniled  by  an  im|)(irter,  paid  back  or  reiuittetl  to 
him  on  the  exportation  of  the  goods  ;  or  a  certain 
amtMint  of  excise  paid  back  or  allowed  on  the  expor 
tatiou  of  home  manufactures. 

2.  In  a  popular  sense,  any  loss  of  advantage,  or  de- 
dnrtion  from  profit. 

DRA  W'-HRIDGK,  71.  A  bridge  which  may  be  raised  up, 
let  down,  or  drawn  asitle,  tti  admit  or  hind.-rcoinmu 
nieation,  as  before  the  gate  of  a  town  or  ca.stlc,  or  in  a 
bridge overa  navigabli;  river.  In  the  latter,  the  draw 
bridge  usually  ctmsists  of  two  movable  platforms, 
which  may  be  raised  to  let  a  vessel  pass  thrtiugh 

DRAW'-NI;T,  71.  A  net  for  catching  the  larger  sorts 
of  birds,  mailt'  of  packthread,  with  wide  meshes. 

DRAW'-WKLL,  71.  A  deep  well,  from  which  water 
is  drawn  by  a  long  cord  or  pole.  Grew 

DRAW'ICIO,  H.  Till'  person  on  whom  an  order  or  bill 
of  exchange  is  drawn  ;  the  payer  of  a  bill  of  ex 
change. 

DRAW'KR,  »i.  One  who  draws  or  pulls;  one  who 
taki'B  water  from  u  well ;  one  who  draws  liquor  from 
a  cask. 


2.  That  which  draws  or  attracts,  or  has  the  power 
of  allraction.  Sieift. 

3.  He  who  draws  a  bill  of  exchange,  or  au  order  for 
the  payment  of  money. 

4.  A  sliding  box  in  a  case  or  table,  which  is  drawn 
at  pleasure. 

5.  Drawers,  in  the  plural;  a  close  undergarment, 
worn  on  the  lower  liiiilis. 

DRAW'I.VG,  ppr.  hulling;  hauling;  attracting;  de- 
lineating. 

DRAW'LN'G,  n.  The  act  of  pulling,  hauling,  or  at- 
tracting. 

2.  The  representation  of  the  appearance  or  fig- 
ures of  objects  on  a  plain  surface,  by  means  of  lines 
and  shadfes,  as  with  a  pencil,  crayon,  pen,  compasses, 
&c. ;  flelineation. 

3.  The  distribution  of  prizes  anil  blanks  in  a  lot- 
tery. 

DRAWr.VG-MXS-TER,  71.  One  who  teaches  the  art 
of  drawing. 

DRAWING-ROOM,  ;i.  .\  room  appropriated  for  the 
reception  of  company  ;  a  room  in  which  distinguished 
personages  hold  levees,  or  private  persons  receive 
parties.  It  is  written  by  Coxe  withdrawiug-ronm,  a 
room  to  which  comjiany  wiUidraws  from  the  dining- 
room. 

2.  The  fonnal  reception  of  evening  company  at  a 
coiiit,  or  by  persons  iu  high  station. 

3.  The  company  assembled  in  a  drawing-room. 
DRAWL,  V.  t.    [D.  draalrn,  to  linger.] 

To  utter  words  in  a  slow,  lengthened  tone. 
DRAVVL,  V,  i.    To  speak  with  slow  utterance. 
DRAWL,  71.    A  lengthened  utterance  of  the  voice. 
DRAWL'IXG,  ppr.    Uttering  words  slowly. 
DRA\VL'IXG-LY,  ad\i.    By  slow  or  lengthened  utter- 
ance. 

DRAWN,  p/).  or  a.  [See  Draw.]  Pulled  ;  hauled  ;  al- 
lured ;  attracted;  delineated;  exteniled  ;  extracted; 
derived;  deduced;  written. 

2.  Equal,  where  each  parly  takes  his  own  stake ; 
as,  a  drawn  game. 

3.  Having  equal  advantage,  and  neither  party  a 
victory  ;  as,  a  drawn  battle. 

4.  With  a  sword  drawn.  S/ia/;. 

5.  Moved  aside,  as  a  curtain  ;  unclosed,  or  closed. 

6.  Eviscerated  ;  as,  a  drawn  fox.  Sluik. 

7.  In  a  diffused  or  melted  state  ;  as,  drawn  butter. 

8.  Induced,  as  by  a  motive  ;  as,  men  are  drawn  to- 
gether by  similar  views,  or  by  motives  of  inleri!St. 

Drawn  and  (juarlcrcd ;  drawn  on  a  sled,  and  cut 
into  quarters. 

DRAVVN-BAT'TLE,  n.  A  battle  from  which  the  par- 
ties withdraw  without  the  def.  at  or  victory  of  either. 

DUAWN-IiUT'TER,  n.    Tilelt.  il  butter. 

DRAWPLa  I  E,  ».  .\  steel  |)latj  having  a  gradation 
of  conical  holes,  through  which  wires  are  drawn  to 
be  retluced  and  elongated. 

DRAY,  ».    [Sax.  drict;c,  L.  irnhea,  fioiil  draw,  traho.'] 

1.  A  low  cart  or  carriage  tm  wliecis,  drawn  by  a 
horse.  Ji-tdison. 

2.  A  sled.  Encuc 
DR.^Y'-eSKT,  H.    A  dray. 

DRaY'-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  used  for  drav.  ing  a  dray. 

7Vificr. 

DR.-^Y'MAN,  71.    A  man  who  attends  a  drav.  Soutlt. 

DItAY'-PLOW,     j  ji.    A  particular  kind  of  plow. 

DKAY'-PLOLTGH,  j  Mortimer. 

DRAZ'EL,  (draz'l,)  71.   A  dirty  woman  ;  a  slut. 

[  Ti'ii.i  IS  a  rulsrar  word  :  in  JVVio  Eit>rluud  pronounced 
droz'l,  and  I  believe  always  applied  to  a  female.] 

DREAD,  (dred,)  n.  [Sax.  dra'd.  Q.U.  from  the  root  of 
the  L.  tcrreo,  or  that  of  Sw.  rddd,  fearful,  radas,  to 
dread,  Dan.  rccd,  fearful,  S[).  arredrar,  to  terrify,  or 
Ir  cralham,  to  tremble.  If  ^/  is  a  prefix,  see  Class  Rd, 
No.  14,  19,  22,  25,  (10,  78.  The  primary  sense  is, 
probably,  to  tremble,  or  to  shrink.] 

1.  Great  fear,  or  apprehension  of  evil  or  danger. 
It  expresses  more  than  fear,  and  less  than  tt  rrur  or 
fright.  It  is  an  uneasiness  or  alarm  excited  by  ex- 
pected pain,  loss,  or  other  evil.  W'e  speak  of  the  (/r*?aii 
of  evil ;  the  dread  of  siillVriiig  ;  llie  dread  of  Ilie  di- 
vine displeasure.  It  diliVrs  from  terror,  also  in  being 
less  sudden  or  more  continued. 

2.  Awe  ;  fear  united  with  respect. 

3.  Terror. 

Shall  not  hid  dreadtaW  on  yon  f  — Job  xiii. 

4.  The  cause  of  fear;  the  person  or  the  thing 
dreaded. 

liiin  be  your  dread.  —  Is.  viii. 

DRE.\D,  (1.  Exciting  great  fear  or  apprehension.  Shak. 

2.  Terrible  ;  frighll'ul.  Shuk. 

3.  .Awful ;  vtmeralile  in  the  highest  degree  ;  as, 
drrad  sovereign  ;  dread  maji'sty  ;  dread  tribunal. 

DKKAD,  (ilr'''!.)  ''"o  ff'i"'     »  B''^"''  ilfgfec ;  as,  to 

dread  Ilie  approarli  of  a  storm. 
DREAD,  v.  i.    To  be  ill  great  fear. 

Dread  not,  ncillier  be  afraid  of  ihf-in.  —  Dcut.  i. 

DRRAD'A-RLF,,  (1.    That  is  to  be  dreaded.  [Obs.] 
DUEAD'-lloI.T  EI),  71.    Having  bolls  to  be  dreaded ; 

as,  drrad-bolird  Iliuiider.  Shak. 
DRI:AD'1;1).  (dred'.d,)  Feared. 
DREAD'ER,  n.    One  that  fears,  or  lives  in  fear.  Sie(/t 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHyi'.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQOK. — 


366 


DRE 

DREAD'FJJL,  a.    Impressing  great  fear ;  terrible  ;  for- 
miduble  ;  as,  a  drcailful  storm,  ur  dreadful  niglit. 
Tlio  icn-at       (iTtrulJuL  day  ul  Uiu  Lurd.  —  Mnl.  iv. 

2.  Awful;  venerable. 

llow  dretut/ul  b  thU  plaw  I  —  Gen.  xWiii. 

DREAI)'FI:L-LV,  adv.  Terribly;  in  a  manner  to  be 
(In  ailed.  '  Vnjilrn. 

DKKAD'Kyi^'NF.SS,  v.  Terrihleness  ;  the  quality  of 
lii  iii;;  ilrrailfiil ;  frisriitfiilness. 

DKi;  XD'LKSS,  Mreil'less,)n.  Fearless;  bold  ;  not  in- 
tiiiiidated  ;  undaunted  ;  free  from  fear  or  terror  ;  in- 
trepid. Miltim. 

I)RK.\l)'I,F,SS-NRSP,  n.  Fearlessness;  undaunted- 
ness  ;  freedom  frcnn  fear  or  terror  ;  boldness.  SiUneii. 

UUKAD'.NAUCtlT,  (drid'uawt,)  n.     A  tliiek  cloth, 
Willi  a  lontf  pile,  used  for  warm  clothing,  or  lo  ki-ep 
'J.  A  garment  made  of  such  cloth.  [olf  rain. 

DUCA.M,  Ji.  [D.  ilroom:  G.  Iraum  ;  Sw.drom;  Dan. 
dmm.  In  Russ.  dmnltju  is  to  sleep.  Rut  I  take  the 
]»rimary  sense  to  be,  to  rove,  and  the  woril  to  be  al- 
lied to  (Jr.  (luMii!,  a  running,  which  seems  to  be  from 
the  root  of  roam,  ramble.  If  not,  it  may  signify  lo 
form  images,  and  be  allied  to  frame.] 

I.  'I'lio  thought,  or  series  of  thoughts,  of  a  person 
in  sleep.  We  apply  dream,  in  the  singular,  to  a  se- 
ries of  thoughts  which  occupy  the  mind  of  a  sleeping 
p  Tson,  in  w  hicli  he  imagines  he  has  a  view  of  real 
things  or  transactions.  .\  ilream  is  a  series  of  thoughts 
not  under  the  command  of  reason,  and  hence  wild 
and  irregular.  Stewart. 

'i.  In  Scriiittire,  dreamt  w  ere  sometimes  impressions 
on  the  minds  of  sleeping  persons,  made  by  divine 
ag.  ncy.  God  came  to  Abimeleeh  in  a  dream.  Ji>- 
sepli  was  warned  by  God  in  a  dream.  Ocii.  w. 
Malt.  ii. 

3.  .'\  vain  fancy;  a  wild  conceit;  an  unfounded 
suspicion. 

DRicA.M,  r.  I. ;  j*ret.  Dream£D  or  DnKAMT.  [D.  droom- 
en  :  (5.  trO/imcn:  Sw.  driSmma;  Dan.  driimmer.] 

1.  To  have  ideas  or  images  in  the  mind,  in  the 
state  of  sleep  ;  with  of  befnre  a  noun  :  as,  to  dream 
of  a  battle  ;  to  dream  of  an  absent  friend. 

3.  To  think  ;  to  imagine  ;  as,  he  lillle  dreamed  of 
his  approaching  fate. 
3.  To  think  idly. 

Tiicy  drtnm  on  ixi  li  course  of  reading,  witliouC  digi-stin^. 

Locl-e. 

DRe  \M,  t7.  t    To  see  in  a  dream. 
.    To  drram  awaii;  to  waste  in  idle  thoughts;  as,  to 
dream  away  one's  time. 

And  dreamt  the  (utiirv  fl^lit.  Dn/iUn. 

It  is  followed  by  a  noun  of  the  like  signification  ; 
as,  lo  dream  a  dream. 
DRiiA.M'KR,  n.    One  who  dreams. 

2.  .\  fanciful  man ;  a  visionary  ;  one  who  forms  or 
entertains  v:iin  schemes  ;  as,  a  political  dreamer. 

3.  .\  man  lost  in  wild  imagination ;  a  mope  ;  a 
sluggard. 

DRf;A.M'K!.'L,,  a.    Full  of  dreams.  Johnsou. 
DRF.A.M'I.Vt;,  pj>r.    Having  thoughts  or  ideiis  in  sleep. 
DRkAM'I  \(i-I,V,  <i</e.    Sluggishly  ;  negligently. 
DKKA.M'l.r.S.<,  n.    Free  from  dreams.  Camden. 
DR|",AM'LF.SS-LY,  ni/r.    In  a  dreandess  manner, 
niii;  SMI'  T,  (dremt,)  /ip.    From  Urkam. 
llltK  WI'Y,  a.    Full  of  dreams. 

DRkAR,  H.    Dread ;  disinalness.    [OAs.]  Spenser. 
DRi^AR,  rt.    [Sax.  drroriir,  dreary.] 
Dismal ;  gloomy  with  solitude. 

\  drear  tiiid  dyin^  looitd.  Milton. 

DRF;AR'I  HEAD,  (  lied,)  n.     Dismalncss  ;  glmimi- 

iii'ss.    LXot  ill  M.^T.]  Spenser. 
DRiv AIl'I  I.Y,  O'/r.    Glooniilv  ;  dismally.  Spenser. 
1)11  K  A  R'  l-.M  K.\T,  n.    Disuuiiness  ;  terror.    [  Ohs.  j 
DRf:  VK'I-.NKSS,  n.    Dismalness  ;  glwunv  solitude. 
URt:  \R'V,  a.  drcorii'.] 

1.  Dismal ;  ghximy  ;  as,  a  dreary  waste  ;  dreary 
shades.    This  wor<l  implies  both  solitude  and  gliwm. 

2.  Sorrowful  ;  distressing ;  as,  dreary  shrieks. 

SpetLter. 

DREDOC,  ri.    [Fr.  drege  :  Arm.  rfraj-,  a.s  in  English.] 

1.  .\  dragnet  for  taking  oysters,  .!tc.  Carete. 

2.  A  mixture  of  oats  and  barley  sown  together. 
DREDGE,  e.  u    To  catch  or  gather  with  a  dredge  ;  to 

deepi  ii  with  a  dredging-machine.  Carrin. 
DREDOE,  r.  (.    [This  seems  to  be  connected  with  Ihc 
Fr.  ilra^rue,  grains,  dragie,  sug.ar  plums,  small  shot, 
mesliii.j 

To  sprinkle  flour  on  roast  meat. 
DREI)G'/;D,  pp.    Caught  with  a  dredge;  deepened 
with  a  dredging-machine ;  sprinkled,  as  flour  on 
rikasiini;  meat. 

DRElMi'ER,  II.  One  who  fishes  with  a  dn-dgc  ;  also, 
.a  ut.  nsil  fur  scatt-riiig  Hour  on  meat  wlide  roast- 
ing ;  a  dredging-machine. 

DREDG'I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Catching  with  a  dredge  ;  deep- 
ening with  a  dredging-machine  ;  sprinkling  as  with 
tloiir. 

DREIKVI.NR,  B.  The  act  of  gathering  with  a  net, 
de.  |»>iiin»  with  a  dredging-inachiiie,  or  sprinkling 
wilh  rtour. 

DREDC  l.\G-BOX,   n.     A  box  used  for  dredging 


DRE 

DREDG'ING-MA-CIUNE',  (-ma-eheen',)  n.  An  en- 
gine used  to  take  up  mud  or  gravel  from  the  huttoin 
of  rivers,  docks,  &.c.  Cyc. 

DREE,  i\  (.    [Sax.  dreali.] 

To  suffer.    [JVvl  used.]  Rny. 

DREG'GI-NEfS,  JI.  [from  rfrc^^'j;.]  Fullness  of  dregs 
or  lees  ;  foulness  ;  feculence. 

DREG'GISII,  a.  Full  of  dregs;  foul  with  lees;  fecu- 
lent. Harvey. 

DREG'GY,  a.  [See  Dbeos.]  Containing  dregs  or 
lees  ;  consisting  of  dregs ;  foul ;  niiidily  ;  feculent. 

Boyle. 

DREGS,  n.  ph  [Sw.drdsg;  V>t\t\.  drank ;  (it.  t,,',', 
TOO)  la.  That  which  is  drained  or  thrown  off,  or  that 
which  subsides.    See  Class  Rg.  No.  8,  28, 58. 

1.  The  sediment  of  liquors ;  lees;  grounds;  fecu- 
lence ;  any  foreign  matter  of  liquors  that  subsides  to 
the  bottom  of  a  vessel. 

2.  Waste  or  worthless  matter;  dross;  sweepings; 
refuse.  Hence,  the  most  vile  and  despicable  part  of 
men  ;  as,  tlu'  drrirs  of  society. 

Drerr,  in  the  singular,  is  found  in  Spenser,  but  is 
not  now  used. 
I)RE1.\.    See  Drain. 

DRENCH,  ti.  (.  [Sax.  dreneenn,  to  drench,  to  soak,  to 
inebriate,  and  drrncan,  Xiutrinh,  to  give  drink  ;  drenc, 
drench,  and  drink  ;  D.  dreoken  :  G.  trdnken,  to  water, 
to  soak  ;  Sw.  dranekia,  to  plunge,  to  soak  ;  Scot. 
dronk  ;  W.tfoci.  Drench,  drink,  drown,  and  probably 
dra^r,  are  from  the  same  root.  See  Drink  and  Dkao.] 

1.  To  wt;t  thoroughly;  to  soak;  to  fill  or  cover 
with  water  or  other  liquid  ;  as,  garments  ^/^^/lc/l^■(/  in 
rain  or  in  the  sea  ;  the  flood  has  drenched  the  earth  ; 
swords  drenehed  ill  blood. 

2.  To  saturate  wilh  drink.  Shak. 

3.  To  purge  vi(dently.  Mortimer. 
DRENCH,  a.    A  draught ;  a  swill ;  hence,  a  large  por- 
tion of  liqiiiil  medicine  administered  to  an  animal  by 
pouring  or  forcing  down  the  throrit. 

DRE.NCH'KD,  (drenclit,)  /)yi.  ora.  Soaked  ;  thoroughly 
Wi't  ;  purged  with  a  dose. 

DRENCH'EK,  n.  One  who  wets  or  steeps  ;  one  who 
gives  a  drench  to  a  beast. 

DRENCiri.\(;,  ppr.  or  a.  Wetting  thoroughly  ;  soak- 
ing ;  purging. 

DUE.N'i', /(^.    Drenched.    [.Yot  in  luie.]  Spcn.ter. 

DRESS,  V.  t. :  pret  and Dressed,  or  Duest.  [Fr, 
dresser,  to  make  straight,  to  set  up,  to  erect  ;  Arm, 
dre^zu,  dref.ein  ;  It.  ri-.zare,  to  erect,  to  make  straight  ; 
rfiri::a;r,  to  direct,  to  address  ;  Sp.  endcrczar,  Port,  en- 
(/crc^ar,  loilirect  ;  .Vorm.  adreseer,  to  redress.  The  pri- 
mary S(;nsc  is,  to  make  straight,  to  strain  or  stretch  to 
straiglitiiess.  The  It.  ri::arf  is  supposed  to  be  formed 
from  rilto,  straight,  upright,  L.  ercctns,  rectus,  from 
crioo,  re^ro.] 

1.  To  make  straight  or  a  straight  line;  to  adjust  to 
a  rishl  line.  AVe  iiave  the  primary  sense  in  llie  mili- 
tary plinise,  dress  your  ranks.  Hence  the  sense,  to 
put  in  order. 

2.  To  adjust ;  to  put  in  good  order ;  as,  to  dress  the 
beds  of  a  garden.  Sometimes,  to  till  or  cultivate. 
Ofii.  ii.    Dent,  xxviii. 

3.  To  put  in  good  order,  as  a  wounded  limb ;  to 
cleanse  a  wound,  and  to  apply  medicaments.  The 
surgeiui  dresses  Ihe  limb  or  the  wound. 

4.  To  prepare,  in  a  ireneral  sense  ;  to  put  in  the  con- 
dition desired  ;  to  make  suitable  or  fit ;  as,  to  dress 
meat  ;  to  drrM  leather  or  cloth  ;  to  dre.is  a  lamp  ;  but 
we,  In  the  latter  case,  geiienilly  use  (riai.  To  dress 
hemp  or  rtax,  is  to  break  ami  clean  it. 

5.  To  curry,  rub,  ami  comb  ;  as,  to  dress  a  horse  ; 
or  to  break  or  lame  and  prepare  for  service,  a^  used 
by  Dryilen  ;  bnt  'his  Li  uniisnaL 

6.  To  put  the  body  in  order,  or  in  a  suitable  condi- 
timi  ;  to  put  on  cloUies ;  as,  he  dressed  himself  for 
breakfast. 

7.  To  put  on  rich  gannents  ;  to  adorn  :  to  deck  ;  to 
embellish  ;  as,  the  lady  dressed  herself  for  a  ball. 

To  dre.^-s  up,  is  to  clothe  pompously,  or  elegantly  ; 
as,  to  dress  up  with  tinsel. 

To  dress  a  skip,  is  to  ornament  her  with  colors,  as 
on  days  of  rejoicing. 

The  sense  of  dress  depends  on  its  application.  To 
drcis  the  b<idy,  to  dress  meat, anil  to  dress  leather,  are 
very  different  senses,  but  all  uniting  in  the  sense  of 
preparing  or  fitting  for  use. 
DRESS,  r.  i.  To  arrange  in  a  line  ;  as,  look  to  the 
rightjjind  dress. 

2.  To  [Kiy  particular  regard  to  dress  or  raiment. 

Bramston. 

DRE.'S,  n.  Th.at  which  is  used  as  the  covering  or  or- 
nament of  the  body  ;  clothes  ;  garments ;  habit ;  as, 
the  dress  of  a  lady  is  modest  and  becoming  ;  a  gaudy 
dress  is  evidence  of  n  false  taste. 

2.  .\  suit  of  clothes ;  as,  the  lady  has  purchased  an 
elegant  dre-ts. 

3.  .A  lady's  gown. 

4.  Splendid  clothes;  habit  of  ceremony;  ns,  a  full 
dress. 

5.  Skill  in  adjusting  dress,  or  the  practice  of  wear- 
ing elecant  clothing  ;  as,  men  of  dress.  Pope. 

DRESS'KII,  (drest,)  p/).  Adjusted;  made  straight  ; 
put  in  order;  prepared  ;  triiiiiued  ;  tilled  ;  clolhed  ; 
adorned  ;  attired. 


DRI 

DRESS'F.R,  n.  One  who  dresses;  one  who  is  em- 
ployed ill  putting  on  clothes  and  adorning  another; 
one  H  ho  is  employed  in  preparing,  trimming,  or  ad- 
justing any  thing. 

2.  [Fr.  dressoir.]  A  table  or  bench  (Ui  which  meat 
and  other  things  are  dressed  or  prepared  for  use. 

DRESS'I.NtJ, />/(r.  Adjusting  to  a  line  ;  putting  in  or- 
der; preparing;  clothing;  embellishing;  cultiva- 
ting. 

DRESS'ING,  n.    Raiment ;  attire.  B.Jonson. 

2.  That  which  is  used  as  an  application  to  a  wound 
or  sore. 

3.  Tli.at  which  is  used  in  preparing  land  for  a  crop; 
manure  spread  overlaid.  When  it  remains  on  the 
surface,  it  is  calli  d  a  top-dressing. 

4.  In  popular  languaire,  correction;  a  flogging  or 
beating. 

5.  In  cookery,  the  stuffing  of  fowls,  pigs,  &c. 

(i.  A  term  applied  to  gum,  starch,  and  other  arti- 
cles, in  stilfening  or  preparing  silk,  linen,  and  other 
fabrics.  Brande. 

7.  In  architecture,  dressings  are  mouldings  round 
doors,  wiiido\vs,  A:r.  Brande. 

DRESS'ING-(;oW.\,  ji,  A  light  gown  used  by  a  per- 
son while  dressing. 

DRESS'l.VO  ROO.Nl,  n.  An  apartment  appropriated 
foi  dressing  the  persim. 

DRESS'ING-Ta-I!I,E,  n.  A  toilet,  a  t.nble  provided 
with  conv(!niencc8  for  a  person  adjusting  a  dress, 

DRESS'-.MaK'ER,  11.  A  maker  of  gowns,  or  similar 
garments  ;  a  maniua-niakcr. 

DRESS'Y,  a.  Showy  in  dress;  wearing  rich  or 
showy  dresses. 

DREST,  yjj).  of  Dress.  ^  _ 

DREuL,  (drule,)  r.  i.  [Qu.  drivel,  or  Ar.  ^  \j  raula,  to 
slaver.] 

To  emit  saliva;  to  suffer  saliva  to  Lssiie  and  flow 
down  from  the  mouth.    See  Drool. 
DRIB,  r.  t.    [tlu.  from  dribble,  but  the  word  is  not  ele- 
gant, nor  much  used-  ] 

'J'o  Clop  or  cut  ofl";  to  defalcate.  Dryden. 
DRII),  ;i.    .\  drop.    [Mdused.]  Swift. 
DRIIi'lil.E,  (drib'bl,)  v.  i.    [A  diminutive  from  drip, 
and  properly  dripple.] 

1.  To  fall  in  drops  or  small  drops,  or  in  a  quick 
succession  of  drops  ;  .-is^  water  </nAA/cs  from  the  eaves. 

2.  To  slaver,  as  a  child  or  an  idiot. 

3.  To  fall  weakly  and  slowly  ;  as,  the  dribbling 
dart  of  love.  Shak. 

DRIH'BLE,  I),  t.   To  throw  down  in  drops.  Sicift. 
DRIIi'lSI.ET,  n.    [W.  rkib.] 

A  small  piece  or  part ;  a  small  sum  ;  odd  money  in 

a  sum  ;  as,  th(^  money  was  paid  in  dribblets. 
DRlU'liLINt;,  ppr. ma.  Falling  in  drops  or  small  drops, 
DRIIi'HI.ING,  n.    A  falling  in  drops. 
DRI'/.I),  (ilride,)  pp.  or  a.  from  Dry.    Freed  from 

moisture  or  sap.    [lietter  written  Drveu.] 
DRI'ER,  71.    [from  i/ri/.]    Th.at  which  has  the  quality 

of  drying  ;  that  which  may  expel  or  absorb  moisture  ; 

a  desiccalive.    The  sun  and  a  north-westerly  wind 

are  great  driers  of  the  earth.  [Better  written  Drver.] 
DRIFT,  n.    [Dan.  drift:  from  drive.] 

1.  That  whirh  is  driven  by  wind  or  water,  as  drift 
seems  to  be  primarily  a  participle.  Hence, 

9.  .\  heap  of  any  matter  driven  together  ;  as,  a 
drift  of  snow,  called  also  a  snoie-dnft  ;  a  drift  of 
sand. 

3.  A  driving  ;  a  force  impelling  or  urging  forward  ; 
impulse  ;  overbearing  jiower  or  influence ;  as,  the 
drift  of  a  passion. 

4.  Course  of  any  thing;  tendency;  aim;  mam 
force  ;  a.s,  the  drift  of  i^asoning  or  argument ;  the 
drift  of  a  discourse. 

5.  .\ny  thing  driven  by  force  ;  as,  a  drift  of  dust ;  a 
log  or  a  raft  driven  by  a  stream  of  water,  without 
guidance.  Dryden. 

(i.  .\  shower ;  a  number  of  things  driven  at  once ; 
as,  a  drft  of  bullets.  Shak. 

7.  In  mininir,  a  passage  cut  between  shaft  and 
shaft  ;  a  pa.ssage  within  the  earth. 

Kneye.  Foureroy. 

8.  In  navigation,  the  angle  which  the  line  (if  a 
ship's  motion  makes  with  the  nearest  meridian, 
when  she  drives  with  her  side  to  the  wind  and 
waves,  and  is  not  governed  by  the  lii  lin.  .\lso, 
the  distance  which  tiie  ship  drives  on  that  line, 

Kneyc. 

9.  The  drift  of  a  current,  is  its  angle  and  velocity. 

Mar.  Diet. 

10.  In  "■'•"/nj^w,  a  term  applied  to  earth  and  rocks, 
which  have  been  drifted  by  water,  and  deposited 
ovi-r  a  counir)'  while  submerged. 

11.  Ill  architecture,  Ihc  horizontal  force  which  an 
aieli  exerts,  tending  to  overset  the  pier. 

DRIFT,  r.  I.  To  accumulate  in  heaps  by  the  force  of 
wind;  to  be  driven  into  heaps;  as,  snow  or  sand 
drifts. 

2.  To  float  or  be  driven  along  by  a  current  of  wa- 
ter ;  as,  the  ship  drifted  astern  ;  a  raft  drffteil  ashore 

DRIFT,  V.  L    To  drive  into  heaps;  as,  a  current  Ci 

wind  drifU  snow  or  sand. 
DRIFT'EI),  pp.    Driven  .along  ;  driven  into  heaps. 


 TO.\E,  BtJLL,  UNITE.- A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


267 


DRl 


DRI 


DRO 


DRIFTING,  n.    The  art  of  drifting  ;  a  drift. 
DIIIFT'ING,  ppr.    Driving  by  fuice  ;  driving  into 

DKIFT'-SAIL,  71.  In  navigation,  a  sail  used  under 
wtiter,  vec-red  out  riglit  aiiead  by  slieets.  Enctjc. 

DUIFT'-WaY,  h.  a  coniiriun  way  for  driving  cattle 
in.  Cowd. 

DRIFT'-AVIXD,  n.  A  driving  wind  ;  a  wind  that 
drives  tilings  into  heaps.  Beaum.  and  Fl. 

DRI  FT'- WOOD,  n.  Wood  drifted  or  floated  by  water. 

DRILL,  V.  't.'  [Sax.  Uiirlian;  G.  and  D.  drillen  ;  Dan. 
driller  ;  Sw.  drilla ;  to  turn,  wind,  or  twist ;  W.  rliill, 
a  row  or  drill ;  rhilliaw,  to  drill,  to  trench  ;  truliaic,  to 
drill,  as  a  hole  ;  troil,  q^^'hirl  ;  troetli,  to  turn  or 
whirl.  The  lalter  is  evidently  connected  with  rail. 
Class  Rl,  No.  4.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  drill ;  to  perforate  by  turning  a 
sharp-pointed  instrument  of  a  particular  form  ;  to 
bore  and  make  a  hole  by  turning  an  instrument. 
We  say,  to  drill  a  hole  through  a  piece  of  metal, 
or  to  drill  a  cannon. 

2.  To  draw  on  ;  to  entice  ;  to  amuse  and  put  off. 

She  rfni/eii  liim  on  to  live  and  liriy.    [\ut  elt;a„t.]  Aldism. 

3.  To  draw  on  from  step  to  step.    [A  u£  cle^'an'.] 

Suut/i. 

4.  To  draw  through  ;  to  drain  ;  as,  waters  drilled 
through  a  sandy  stratum.  Thomsun. 

5.  In  a  miULanj  sense,  to  teach  and  train  raw  sol- 
diers to  their  duty  by  frecjuent  exercise  ;  a  commvn 
and  appropriate  use  of  the  word.  Hence,  to  teach  by 
repeated  exercise  or  repetition  of  acts. 

fi.  In  husbandry,  to  sow  grain  in  rows,  drills,  or 
DRILL,  V.  i.    To  sow  in  drills.  [channels. 

2.  To  flow  gently. 

3.  To  muster  for  exercise.  Bcaam.  and  Fl. 
DRILL,  n.    A  pointed  instrument,  used  for  boring 

holes,  particularly  in  metals  and  other  hard  sub- 
stances. Jloxon. 

2.  .\n  ape  or  baboon.  Locke. 

3.  The  act  of  training  soldiers  to  their  duty. 

4.  A  small  stream  ;  now  called  a  Kill.  Sandtis. 
[Drill  is  formed  on  the  root  of  rill,  G.  rille,  a  chan- 
nel.] 

5.  In  husbandry,  a  row  of  grain,  sowed  by  a  drill- 
plow. 

DRlLL'-BoW,  (-bo,)  n.  A  smtill  bow,  whose  string 
is  used  for  the  purpose  of  rapidly  turning  a  drill. 

Brande. 

DRILL'-BOX,  n.    A  box  containing  seed  for  sowing. 

DRILL' £D,  (drild,)  pp.  Bored  or  perforated  with  a 
drill ;  exercisedj  sown  in  rows. 

DRILL'-HAR'RoW,  n.  A  harrow  used  for  smooth- 
ing ground  between  rows  or  drills. 

DRILL'-HUS'BAND-RY,  n.  The  practice  of  sowing 
land,  by  a  machine,  in  ro\*s. 

DRILL'ING,  ppr.  Boring  with  a  drill  ;  training  to 
military  duty  ;  sowing  in  drills. 

DRILL'IXG,  n.  A  coarse  linen  or  cotton  cloth,  used 
for  trowsers,  &c. 

DRILL'-PLOW,     )  n.  A  plow  for  sowing  grain  in 

DKILL'-PLOUGH,  j  drills. 

DRINK,  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Dbamk.  Old  pret.  and  pp. 
Drunk  ;  pp.  Drunken.  [Sax.  drincan,  drican,  dry- 
cian ;  Goth,  dratryan,  to  give  drink  ;  D.  drinken  ;  G. 
trinken  ;  Sw.  dricka;  Dan.  drikker,  to  drink  ;  Sp.  tra- 
gar.  Port,  id.,  to  swallow  ;  Irago,  a  draught.  The 
latter,  and  probably  drink,  is  from  drawing,  or  the  lat- 
ter may  be  mure  nearly  allied  to  W.  trochi,  or  tro^i, 
to  plunge,  bathe,  immerse.  Drink  and  drench  are 
radically  the  same  word,  and  probably  drown.  We 
observe  that  n  is  not  radical.] 

1.  To  swallow  liquor,  for  (pienching  thirst  or  other 
purpose  ;  as,  to  drink  of  the  brook. 

Yc  slull  in.l(-c.l  rfrinf  of  i,iy  c.ip.  — M^tt.  xi. 

2.  To  take  spirituous  li<iuors  to  excess  ;  to  be  intem- 
Iierate  in  the  use  of  spirituous  liquors  ;  to  be  a  habit- 
ual drunkard.  Pope. 

3.  To  feast;  to  bo  entcrtaineil  with  liquors.  Skali. 
To  drink  to;  to  salute  in  drinking;  to  invite  to 

drink  by  drinking  first ;  as,  I  drinii  to  your  grace. 

Shak. 

2.  To  wish  well  to,  in  the  art  of  taking  the  cup. 
DRINK,  V.  t.    To  swallow,  as  liquids;  to  receive,  as 
a  lluid,  into  the  stomach  ;  as,  to  drink  water  or  wine. 

2.  To  suck  in  ;  to  absorb  ;  to  imbibe. 

And  lei  the  puqile  viok-u  rlriitk  llie  istr^ain.  Dryden. 

3.  To  take  in  by  any  inlet ;  to  hear  ;  to  see  ;  as,  to 
drink  words,  or  the  voice.  Shak.  Pope. 

1  drink  (I'riicioiiii  jioi^oii  from  thy  eye.  Pope. 

4.  To  take  in  air;  to  inhale. 

To  drink  dawn,  is  to  acl  on  by  drinking ;  to  reduce 
or  subdue  ;  as,  to  drink  doim  unkindni^ss.  Shak. 

To  drink  off;  to  drink  the  whole  at  a  draught ;  as, 
to  drink  off  a  rup  of  cordial. 

To  drink  in  ;  to  absorb  ;  to  take  or  receive  into  any 
inlet. 

I'o  drink  up  ;  to  drink  the  whole. 

To  drink  hraitJt,  or  tn  the  health  ;  a  customary  civil- 
ity, in  which  a  person,  at  taking  a  glass  or  cup,  ei- 
presnes  liiit  respect  or  kind  vvislnrM  fur  another. 
UULN'K,  n.    Liquor  to  be  Hwallowed  ;  any  fluid  to  be 
taken  into  the  Htuinncli,  fur  iiiienching  thirst,  or  fur 


medicinal  purposes,  as  water,  wine,  beer,  cider,  de- 
coctions, &c. 

DRINK' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  drank  ;  fit  or^uita- 

ble  fiir  drink  ;  potable. 
DRINK' A-BLE,  n.   A  liquor  that  may  be  drank. 

Steele. 

DRIXK'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  drinkable. 
DRINK'ER,  71.  One  who  drinks,  particularly  one  who 

practices  drinking  spirituous  liquors  to  excess ;  a 

driinkaril  ;  a  tippler. 
DRINK'ING,  p;)r.   Swallowing  liquor;  sucking  in; 

absorbing. 

DRINK'ING,  a.  Connected  with  the  use  of  ardent 
spirits  ;  as,  drinking  usages ;  making  an  excessive  use 
of  spirituous  liquors. 

DRINK'ING,  71.  The  act  of  swallowing  liquors,  or  of 
absorbing. 

2.  The  practice  of  drinking  to  excess.  vVe  say,  a 
man  is  trivrii  to  drinking. 

DRINK'IXG-IH  )RN,  7i.  \  horn  cup,  such  as  our  rude 
anrestiiis  used. 

DRINK'I.\G-HOUSE,  ti.  A  house  frequented  by  ti|)- 
[ilers  ;  an  ale-house. 

DRIXK'LCSS,  a.    Destitute  of  drink.  Chancer. 

DKINK'-MON-EY,  (-mun-ny,)  ii.  Money  given  to  buy 
liquor  for  drink. 

DRIP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  dnjpan,  driopan,  dropian,  to  drip,  to 
drop  ;  D.  druipen  ;  G.  trie/en  ;  Sw.  dr^ipa  :  Dan.  dryp- 
per.  This  seems  to  be  of  the  same  family  as  drop. 
Hence,  dribble,  dripplc,  drivel.  The  Ar.  has  the  pre- 
cise word  t_Jji  tharafa,  to  drop  or  distill.    Ou.  t]))-! 

Heb.  and  Ar.,  to  drop.    The  Persic  has  ^,\a.j\j^ 

tirabiilan,  to  exude.    See  Class  Rb,  No.  II,  35.] 

1.  To  fill  in  drops  ;  as,  water  drips  from  eaves. 

2.  To  have  any  liquid  falling  from  it  in  drops  ;  as, 
a  wet  garment  drips. 

DRIP,  7,-.  t.    To  let  fall  in  drops. 

The  Uialch  drips  fast  a  shower  of  rain.  Swift. 

So  we  say,  roasting  flesh  drips  fat. 
DRIP,  71.    A  falling  in  drops,  or  that  which  falls  in 
drops.  In  building,  avoid  the  drip  of  your  neighbor's 
house. 

2.  The  edge  of  a  roof ;  the  eaves ;  a  large,  flat 

member  of  the  cornice.  Bailey.  Chambers. 

DRIP'P£D,  (dript,)  pp.    Let  fall  in  drops. 
DRIP'PING,  ppr.    Falling,  or  letting  fall,  in  drops. 
DRIP'PING,  71.    The  fat  which  falls  from  meat  in 

roasting  ;  that  which  falls  in  drops. 
DRIP'PING-PAN,  71.     A  pan  for  receiving  the  fat 

which  drips  from  meat  in  roasting. 
DRIP'PLE^  a.    Weak  or  rare.    [JVut  in  use.] 
DRIP'-SToNE,  71.    A  projecting  tablet,  or  molding, 

over  the  head  of  door-ways,  or  windows,  &.C.,  to 

throw  off  rain. 
DRIVE,  V.  t.;  preU  Drove,  (formerly  Drave  ;)  pp. 

Driven.    [Sax.  drifan  ;  Goth,  drciban  ;  D.  dryven  ;  G. 

ireiben  ;  Sw.  drifra  ;  Dan.  driver  ;  also  Sax.  dryfan,  to 

vex  ;  adrifun,  to  drive.    From  the  German  we  Inive 

thrive.    See  Ar.  (_J^Ja  tarafa,  to  drive.    ClaSs  Rb, 

No.  2!),  and  Heb.  Syr.  Ar.  aii,  id.  No.  4.] 

1.  To  impel  or  urge  forward  by  force  ;  to  force  ;  to 
move  by  physical  force.  We  drive  a  nail  into  wood 
with  a  hammer ;  the  wind  or  a  current  drives  a  shiji 
on  the  ocean. 

2.  To  compel  or  urge  forward  by  other  means  than 
absolute  physical  force,  or  by  means  that  compel  the 
will ;  as,  to  drive  cattle  to  market ;  a  smoke  drives 
company  from  the  room ;  a  man  may  be  driven,  by 
the  necessities  of  the  times,  to  abandon  his  country. 

Drive  thy  business  ;  let  not  thy  business  driue  Uiee.  Franklin. 

3.  To  chase  ;  to  hunt. 

To  drioe  Uie  lieer  with  hound  ,ind  horn.  Chevy  Chase. 

4.  To  impel  a  team  of  horses  or  oxen  to  move  for- 
ward, and  to  direct  their  course  ;  hence,  to  guide  or 
regulate  the  course  of  the  carriage  driven  by  them. 
\Vc  say,  to  drive  a  team,  or  to  drive  a  carriage  drawn 
by  a  team. 

.5.  To  take  on  a  drive  or  in  a  carriage  ;  as,  to  drive 
a  person  to  his  door. 
(>.  'I'o  impel  to  greater  speed. 

7.  To  clear  any  place  by  forcing  away  what  is 
in  it. 

To  ffrire  the  country,  force  the  iwaiua  nway.  Dryden, 

8.  To  force  ;  to  compel ;  in  a  general  sense. 

y.  To  hurry  on  inconsiderattdy  ;  often  with  on.  In 
this  si  nse,  it  is  more  generally  intransitive. 

10.  To  di.'ilress  ;  to  straiten  ;  as,  desperate  men  far 
driven.  Spenser. 

11.  To  impel  by  the  influence  of  passion.  Anger 
and  lust  often  drive  men  into  gross  crimes. 

12.  To  urge  ;  to  press  ;  as,  to  drive  an  argument. 

13.  'i'o  impel  by  moral  iiifliieucc  ;  to  coin|ii  l  ;  as, 
the  reasoning  of  his  opponent  drove  him  to  aclinowl- 
edge  his  error. 


14.  To  carr>'  on  ;  to  iirosecute ;  to  keeji  in  motion  ; 
as,  to  drive  a  trade  ;  to  drive  business. 

15.  'l"o  drive  featliers  or  down,  is  to  place  them  in 
a  machine  which,  by  a  current  of  air,  drives  off  the 
lightest  to  one  end,  and  collects  them  by  them 
selves. 

His  tlirice  driven  bed  of  down.  ShiiJi 

To  drive  away ;  to  force  to  remove  to  a  disumce  ;  to 
expel ;  to  dispel ;  to  scatter. 

To  drive  off;  to  compel  to  remove  from  a  place  ,  to 
expel ;  to  drive  to  a  distance 

To  drive  out ;  to  expet 
DRIVE,  V.  i.    To  be  forced  along ;  to  be  impelled  ;  to 
be  moved  by  any  physical  force  or  agent ;  as,  a  ship 
drives  before  the  wind. 

2.  To  rush  and  press  with  violence ;  as,  a  storm 
drives  against  the  house.  , 

Fierce  Boreas  drove  .i^aiust  his  flying  wils.  Dryden. 

3.  To  pass  in  a  carriage  ;  as,  he  drove  to  London. 
This  phrase  is  elliptical.  He  drove  his  horses  or  car- 
riage to  Lonilon. 

4.  To  aim  at  or  tend  to  ;  to  urge  toward  a  point ; 
to  make  an  effort  to  reach  or  obtain  ;  as,  we  know 
the  end  the  author  is  driving  at. 

5.  To  aim  a  blow  ;  to  strike  at  with  force. 

Four  ro  jui's  iu  buclirani  let  drive  at  me.  SJiak. 
Drive,  iu  all  its  senses,  implies  forcible  or  violent 
action.  It  is  opposed  to  lead.  To  drive  a  body,  is  to 
move  it  by  applying  a  force  b^^hind  ;  to  lead,  is  to 
cause  to  move  by  applying  the  force  before,  or  for- 
wani  of  the  body. 

DRIVE,  n.  An  excursion  in  a  carriage,  for  exercise  or 
pleasure.  In  England,  it  is  distinguished  from  a 
ride,  which  is  taken  on  horseback. 

DRIV'JEL,  (driv'l,)  v.  i.    [from  the  root  of  drip.] 

1.  To  slaver  ,  to  let  spittle  drop  or  flow  I'rom  the 
mouth,  like  a  cliild,  idiot,  or  tlotard.    Sidney.  Greic. 

2.  To  be  weak  or  foolish  ;  to  dote  ;  as,  a  driveling 
hero  ;  driveling  love.  Shak.  Dryden. 

DRIV''£L,  71.    Slaver;  saliva  flowing  from  the  mouth. 

Dryden. 

2.  A  driveler  ;  a  fool ;  an  idiot.  [JVot  itscrf.]  Sidnev. 

DRIVEL  ER,  (driv'l-er,)  ii.  A  slaverer  ;  a  slabbcrer  ; 
an  idiot ;  a  fool.  i  Su-ijt. 

DU1V'£L-I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Slavering  ;  foolish. 

DRI V'EL-ING,  (driv'l-iiig,)  71.  A  course  of  weak, 
ctintemptibli-'  action  or  conduct. 

DRIV'£N,  (driv'n,)  pp.  [from  drive.]  Urged  for- 
ward by  torce ;  impelled  to  move ;  constrained  by 
necessity. 

DRIV'ER,  71.  One  who  drives ;  the  person  or  thing 
that  urges  or  compi  ls  any  thing  else  to  move. 

2.  The  person  who  drives  beasts. 

3.  The  jierson  who  drives  a  carriage ;  one  who 
conducts  a  team. 

4.  A  large  sail  occasionally  set  on  the  mi/.zen-yard 
or  gaff,  the  foot  being  extended  over  the  stern  by  a 
boom.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  In  machinery,  that  which  communicates  motion 
to  something  else,  as  a  wheel ;  used,  also,  in  compo- 
sition, as  in  screw-driver. 

6.  A  substance  interposed  between  the  driving 
instrument  and  the  thing  driven.  A  cooiier  drives 
hoops  by  striking  upon  the  driver. 

DRIVING,  ;);ir.    Urging  forward  by  force  ;  impelling; 

taking  a  drive. 
DRIVING,  a.    Having  great  force  of  impulse;  as,  a 

driving  wind  or  storm. 
DRIVING,  71.    The  act  of  impelling. 
2.  Tendency. 

DRIZ'ZLE,  V.  i.  [G.  ricseln.  The  sense  is  probably 
to  sprinkle,  or  to  scatter.    Qu.  L.  ros,  dew,  and  Fr. 

arroscr.    See  Heb.  Ch.  cn,  Ar.  r<i,«sa.  Class 

Rs,  No.  le,  28.] 

To  rain  in  small  drops  ;  to  fall,  as  water  from  the 
clouds,  in  very  fine  particles.  We  say,  it  drizzles; 
driz:lin<r  drops  ;  dri-.ding  rain  ;  drizzling  tears. 

Jiddison. 

DRIZ'ZLE,  V.  t.   To  shed  in  small  drops  or  particles. 

Tlie  air  doth  drizzle  dew.  .sV.n*. 
■  Winter's  drizzled  snow.  .'ilioJc. 
DRIZ'ZLEn,  (ilri/.'ld,)  pp.   Shed  or  thrown  down  in 

small  drops  or  particles. 
DRIZ'ZLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Falling  in  fine  drops  or  par- 

tirU  s;  shedding  in  sm.all  drojis  or  parlirle.s. 
DRIZ'ZLI.Vc;,  71.    The  falling  of  rain  ol-  snow  in 
small  drops. 

DIUZ'ZLV,  a.  Shedding  small  rain,  or  small  particles 
of  snow. 

The  winter's  drizzly  Tr^'vrn.  Drylen. 

DROCK,  71.    Part  of  a  plow,  (/.urn/.] 
DROtJ'iM.V.V  and  DROCi'OM  AN.    Si  e  I)ba<:oman. 
DROIL,  i>.  1.    (I),  druihn,  to  lumie.] 

To  work  sluggishly  or  slowly  ;  to  ploil.    [Xot  much 

used.]  Spenser. 
DROIL,  71.    A  mope  ;  a  drone  ;  a  sluggard  ;  a  drudge. 

[  l.iltle  used.  ] 

DROIT,  71.    [Fr.]    Right ;  the  law  ;  title  ;  fee  ;  privi- 
lege.   Also,  in  finance,  duty  ;  custom. 
'J.  a.    Straight ;  riglit. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


DRO 


DRO 


DRO 


DROLL,  a.    [Fr.  drule  ;  G.  Urulli'r;  D.  id. ;  Sw.  troU,  a 
satj  ri  troUa,  tu  use  magic  arts,  to  enchant.    Uu.  its 
alliance  to  ruU,  lroH.'[ 
Odd  ;  merry  ;  facetious ;  comical  j  as,  a  droll 

DRoLL,  71.  One  whose  occupation  or  practice  is  to 
raise  niirtli  by  odd  tricks;  a  jester;  a  huObon.  Prior. 

2.  .\  farce  ;  something  exJiibited  to  raise  mirth  or 
sport.  Swifi. 

nUoI.l^,  f.  i.    To  jest ;  to  play  the  buffoon.  Suulh. 

DUOLL,  c.  (.    To  cheat.  L'Exlransr. 

UUdl.lj'KR,  n.    A  jester  ;  a  buffoon.  Olanvillr. 

UlloLL'EK-Y,  n.  Sportive  tricks;  buffoonery;  com- 
ical stories  ;  gestures,  manners,  or  talcs,  adapted  to 
raise  mirth. 

2.  A  pup|)et-shovv.  Shak. 
I)ItoLL'l.\(i,  »i.    Low  wit;  buffooneiy. 
KISOLL'INC-LY,  aUij.    In  a  jesting  manner. 
DUoLL'lt!!!,  a.    Somewhat  droll. 
UltOM'li  UA-RY,  (druni'e-der-ry,)  n.   [Fr.  dromadaire ; 

Sp.  drumcdario  :  Port,  and  It.  irf. ;  Ir.  droman;  Gr. 

^uo/jai  ;  Iroin  swiftness,  running,  Gr.  /^oo/c?,  cdoufiov^ 

doc/iw.    This  explanation  supposes  the  word  to  be  of 

Greek  origin.] 

1.  .\  species  of  camel,  called,  also,  the  .Arabian 
camel,  with  one  bunch  or  protuberance  on  the  back, 
in  distinction  from  the  Barlrian  camel,  which  has 

2.  Any  cpiick  traveling  camel.  [two  bunches. 
ORONI",  It.    [Sax.  drane,  dran  ;  G.  droliiic,  whence 

driihnm,  to  tinkle,  to  shake,  to  tingle.  See  Ar.  Nos. 
*  and  7,  Class  Ru.] 

1.  The  male  of  the  honey-bee.  It  is  smaller  than 
the  qiicen-bee,  but  larger  than  the  working-bee.  The 
drones  make  no  honey,  but,  atU'r  living  a  few  weeks, 
they  are  killed  or  driven  fre)iii  the  hive.  Eiicyc. 

Ileiice, 

2.  All  idler ;  a  sluggard ;  one  who  cams  nothing 
by  industry.  Mdison. 

3.  A  humming  or  low  sound,  or  the  instrument  of 
bumming.  Milton. 

4.  The  largest  tube  of  the  bagpijie,  which  emits 
n  continued  deep  note. 

DRONE,  V.  i.    To  live  in  idleness ;  as,  a  droning  king. 

Dnjden. 

2.  To  give  a  low,  heavy,  dull  sound  ;  as,  the  cym- 
bal's droiiinir  sound.  Drijdcn. 

DRo.NE'-FL?,  n.  A  two-winged  insect,  resembling 
the  drone-bee. 

DRo.\"l.\G,  ppr.  Living  in  idleness;  giving  a  dull 
sound. 

DRf).N"l.\G,  n.    Dull,  driveling  utterancB.  StcifL 

DRON'lSll.a.  Idle;  sluggish;  la/.y  ;  indolent;  inac- 
tive ;  s.ow.  Howe. 

DRo.V'tSll-LY,  adv.    In  a  dronish  manner. 

UK0.\'IS11-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  dronish. 

DKUtJL,  r.  (.  To  drivel  or- drop  saliva.  The  word 
which,  according  to  llolloway,  is  provincial  in  Eng- 
land, is  a  familiar  nursery  word  in  America;  as,  the 
child  drools. 

DROOP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  drcpnn  ;  Ice.  driupa.  This  word 
is  probably  from  the  root  of  the  L.  lurpto,  the  letters 
being  transposed  ;  or  from  the  root  of  drop,  D.  drui- 
pen,  to  drip,  drop,  or  droop.  Indeed,  all  may  be  of 
one  family.] 

1.  To  sinlc  or  hang  down  ;  to  lean  downward,  as 
a  body  that  is  weak  or  languishing.  Plants  droop 
for  \\  aiit  of  moisture  ;  the  huiiiaii  body  droops  in  old 
age  or  infirmity. 

2.  'J'o  languish  from  grief  or  other  cause.  Sandys. 

3.  I'o  fail  or  sink  ;  to  decline  ;  as,  the  courage  or 
the  spirits  droop. 

4.  To  faint ;  to  crow  weak  ;  to  bo  dispirited ;  as, 
the  sohliers  droop  from  fatigue. 

DROOP' KI),  (drcxjpt,)  ji/i.  Languished;  grown  weak. 
DKOOP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Sinking;  hanging  or  leaning 

downward  ;  declining  ;  languishing  ;  tailing. 
DR001"ING-LY,  adc.    In  a  laitguishing  manner. 
DROP,  n.    [Sax.  dropn,  a  drop  ;  dropian,  to  dro]) ;  G. 

tropfen ;  U.  drop ;  Sw.  droppc ;  Dan.  draabc  Ueb. 

iyi,  Ar.  i_jtE_)  raafa,  and  Oji  dharafa,  to  drop. 

Class  Rb,  No.  II.    Heb.  T>V'  id.] 

1.  A  small  portion  of  any  niiid  in  a  spherical  form, 
which  falls  at  once  from  any  body,  or  a  globule  of 
any  fluid  which  is  pendent,  as  if  about  to  fall  ;  a 
small  portion  of  water  falling  in  rain  ;  as,  a  drop  of 
water  ;  a  drop  of  blood  ;  a  drop  of  laudanum. 

2.  A  diamond  hanging  from  the  ear ;  an  ear-ring  ; 
something  banging  in  the  form  of  a  drop. 

3.  A  very  small  quantity  of  liquor ;  as,  he  had  not 
drank  a  drop. 

4.  The  part  of  a  gallows  which  sustains  the  crim- 
inal before  he  is  executed,  and  which  is  suddenly 
dropped. 

DROP,  F.  t.  [Sax.  dropian  ;  D.  druipen  ;  G.  trai'/rn  or 
tropfen  ;  Sw.  drtfpa  :  Dan.  drypper  ;  Riiss.  krnpaim.\ 

1.  To  pour  or  let  fall  in  sniall  portions  or  globules, 
u  a  tluid  ;  to  distil. 

The  h«Avciu  BluUI  drop  down  dew.  — DcuU  xxxiti. 

2.  To  let  fall,  as  any  substance;  as,  to  drop  the  oo- 
cbor  ;  to  drop  a  stone. 

3  To  let  go  ;  to  dismiss  ;  to  lay  aside  ;  to  quit ;  to 


leave  ;  to  permit  to  subside  ;  as,  to  drop  an  alfair ;  to 
droj^a  controversy  ;  to  drop  a  pursuit. 

4.  To  utter  slightly,  briclly,  or  casually  ;  as,  to 
drop  a  word  in  favor  of  a  frienil. 

.5.  To  insert  indirectly,  incidentally,  or  by  way  of 
digression ;  as,  to  drop  a  word  of  instruction  in  a 
letter. 

6.  To  lay  aside  ;  to  dismiss  from  possession  ;  as, 
to  drop  these  frail  bodies. 

7.  To  leave  ;  as,  to  drop  a  letter  at  the  post-office. 

8.  To  set  down  and  leave ;  as,  the  coach  dropped  a 
pa.sscngcr  at  the  inn. 

9.  To  quit ;  to  suffer  to  cease ;  as,  to  drop  an  ac- 
quaintance. 

10.  Tu  let  go;  to  dismiss  from  association  ;  as,  to 
drop  a  comjianion. 

11.  To  suffer  to  end  or  come  to  nothing;  as,  to 
drop  a  fashion. 

12.  To  bedrop  ;  to  speckle  ;  to  variegate,  as  if  by 
sprinkling  with  drops  ;  as,  a  coat  dropped  with  gold. 

13.  To  lower  ;  as,  to  drop  the  muzzle  of  a  gun. 
DROP,  r.  i.    To  distill  ;  to  fall  in  small  portions,  glob- 
ules, or  drops,  as  a  liquid.    Water  drops  from  the 
clouds  or  from  the  eaves. 

2.  To  let  drops  fall  ;  to  discharge  itself  in  drops. 
Tlie  heavens  dropped  at  Uic  preiciicc  of  GoJ.  —  Ps.  Ixviii. 

3.  To  fall ;  to  descend  suddenly  or  abruptly. 

4.  To  fall  spontaneously  ;  as,  ripe  fruit  drops  from 
a  tree. 

.■j.  To  die,  or  to  die  suddenly.  We  see  one  friend 
after  another  dropping  round  us.  They  drop  into  the 
grave. 

C.  To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  cease  ;  to  be  neglected 
and  come  to  nothing ;  as,  the  affair  dropped, 

7.  To  come  unexpectedly  ;  with  in  or  into;  as,  my 
old  friend  dropped  in,  a  moment. 

8.  To  fall  sliort  of  a  mark.    [JVut  usual.'] 

Oflf;ii  it  drops  or  ovcrshoola.  Collier. 

9.  To  fall  lower ;  as,  the  point  of  the  spear  dropped 

10.  To  be  deep  in  extent.  [a  little. 
Her  main  tops.iil  drops  aeventeen  yanla.            Mar,  Diet. 

To  drop  astern,  in  seamen's  lanipia^c,  is  to  pass  or 
move  toward  the  stern  ;  to  move  back  ;  or  to  slacken 
the  velocity  of  a  vessel,  to  let  another  pass  beyond 
her. 

To   drop  down,  in  seamen^s  lang^iaae,  is  to  sail, 
row,  or  move  down  a  river,  or  toward  the  sea. 
DROPS,  n,  pi.    In  medicine,  a  liquid  remedy,  the  dose 
of  which  is  regulated  by  a  certain  number  of  drops. 

Eneyc, 

DROP'-SCeNE,  n.  In  a  theater,  a  curtain  suspended 
by  pulleys,  which  descends  or  drops  in  front  of  the 
stage. 

DROP'-SE-RkNE',  «.  [jTiKa  .terena.]  A  disease  of 
the  eye  ;  amaurosis,  or  blindness  (rom  a  diseased 
retina.  Milton,  Coze. 

DROP'-SToNE,  ru   Spar  in  the  shape  of  drops. 

IVoodward, 

DROP'-\V0RT,  (-wiirt,)  n.  The  name  of  a  plant, 
the  Spirtea  Jilipcndula, 

The  hemlock  dro[>-wort,  and  the  water  drop-wort, 
are  species  of  CEiiaiitlie. 

DROP'I.ET,  71.    A  little  drop.  Shak, 

UKOP'PKI),  (dropt,)  pp.  Let  fall  ;  distilled  ;  laid 
a.side  ;  dismissed  ;  let  go  ;  suffered  to  subside  ;  sprin- 
kled or  variegated. 

DROP'PING,  ppr,  or  a.  F.allingin  globules;  distilling; 
falling;  laying  aside;  dismissing;  quitting;  suffer- 
ing to  rest  or  subside  ;  variegating  with  ornaments 
like  drops. 

jj  dropping  fire,  in  military  affairs,  is  a  constant, 
irregular  discharge  of  small  arms. 
DROP'PLN'G,  n.    The  art  of  dropping;  a  distilling;  a 
2.  That  which  drops.  [falling. 
DROP'PING-LY,  ado.    In  drops. 
DROP'SI-CAL,  a,     [See  DnopsT.]     Diseased  with 
dropsy  ;  hydropical ;  inclined  to  the  dropsy  ;  applied 
to  persons, 

2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  the  dropsy ;  applied 
to  di.ieaje, 

DR0P'SI-1:D,  (drop'sid,)  a.    Diseased  with  dropsy. 

Sitai. 

DROP'SY,  Ji.  [L.  hydrops;  Gr.  vSpwxp,  from  Wwp, 
water,  and  wt^,  the  face.  Formerly  written  hydrop- 
isy;  whence,  by  contraction,  dropsy.] 

In  mejicine,  an  unnatural  collection  of  water,  in 
any  part  of  the  body,  proceeding  from  a  greater  effu- 
sion of  scrum  by  the  exhalent  arteries,  than  the  ab- 
sorlieiits  Like  up.  It  occurs  most  frequently  in  per- 
sons of  lax  habits,  or  in  bodies  debilitated  by  disease. 
The  dro|).sy  takes  different  names,  according  to  the 
part  affected  ;  as,  ascites,  or  dropsy  of  the  iibdonien  ; 
hydrocephalus,  or  watiT  in  the  head  ;  anasarca,  or  a 
watery  swelling  over  the  whole  body,  Slc.  F-ncye. 

DROS'kY,  n.  In  Russia,  a  low,  four-wheeled  vehi- 
cle, without  a  lop,  consisting  of  a  kind  of  long,  nar- 
row bench,  on  which  the  passengers  ride  as  an  a 
saddle,  with  their  feet  reaching  nearly  to  the  ground. 

Kneyc.  of  Dom.  Eeon. 

DRO-SO.M'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  ipoaof,  dew,  and  ^troui-, 
measure.] 


An  instrument  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  dew 
on  the  surface  of  a  body  in  the  open  air. 
DROSS,  n.    [^ax.  dros ;  U.  droci;  G.  druse,  strangles, 
glanders;   D.  droessem,  G.  drusen,  dregs;  perhaps 
from  rejecting  or  throwing  olf.] 

1.  The  recrement  or  despumation  of  metals ;  the 
scutn  or  extraneous  matter  of  metals,  thrown  off  in 
the  process  of  melting. 

2.  Rust ;  crust  of  metals ;  an  incrustation  formed 
on  metals  by  oxydation.  Jiddison. 

3.  Waste  matter  ;  refuse  ;  any  worthless  matter 
separated  from  tlie  better  part ;  impure  matter. 

I'lie  worlj't  l^lorjr  U  but  drott  unclean.  Sptnter. 
DROSS'I-NEPS,  n.    Foulness  ;  rust ;  impurity  ;  a 

state  of  being  drossy.  Boyle. 
DROSS'LESS,  a.  Free  from  dross.  Stecetis. 
DUOSS'Y,  a.    Like  dross  ;  pertaining  to  dross. 

2,  Full  of  dross  ;  abounding  with  scorious  or  rcc- 
rementitious  matter ;  ns^  drossy  gold. 

3.  Worthless;  foul;  impure.  Donne, 
DROTCII'EL,  n.    An  idle  wench  ;  a  sluggard.  [JVot 

in  use.] 

DROUGHT,  (drout.)  7i.    [Contracted  from  Sax.  dru- 

£othe,  D.  droofrte,  from  drigan  or  dnj^an,  to  dry.  (See 
inv.)  The  spelling  drouaht  is  after  the  Belgic  dia- 
lect ;  but  the  regular  wortf,  drouth,  or  droioth,  as  writ- 
ten in  the  tune  of  Bacon,  is  stiH  considerably  used.] 

1.  Dryness;  want  of  rain  or  of  water;  particu- 
larly, dryness  of  the  weather,  which  affects  the 
earth,  and  prevents  the  growth  of  plants ;  aridness  ; 
aridity.  Temple.  Bacon, 

2.  Dryness  of  the  throat  and  mouth ;  thirst ;  want 
of  drink.  Mtlton, 

DROUGHT'I-NESS,  v.     A  state  of  dryness  of  the 

weather  ;  want  of  rain. 
DROUGHT'Y,  a.    Dry,  as  the  weather ;  arid  ;  want 
2.  Thirsty  ;  dry  ;  wanting  drink.  [ing  rain. 

DROU.M'Y,  o    Troubled  ;  muddy.    Same  as  Scottish 
DnuMLV.    [Ofrs.]  Bacon. 
Chaucer  has  Diiow. 
DROUTH,  71.    Dry  weather. 

2.  Thirst.  [This  was  the  original  word,  and  is  still 
used  in  Scotland,  and,  to  a  considerable  extent,  in 
America.] 

DROUTH'I-NESS,  7!.    Dryness;  thirst. 
DROUTH'Y,  a.    Dry  ;  thirsty  ;  as,  "  When  drouthy 

neebors  neebors  meet."  Burns. 
DROVE,  pre*,  of  Drive. 
DROVE,  n.    [Sax.  drof;  from  driee.] 

1.  A  collection  of  cattle  driven  ;  a  number  of  ani- 
mals, as  oxen,  sheep,  of  swine,  driven  in  a  body. 
VVe  speak  of  a  herd  of  cattle,  and  a  flock  of  sheep, 
when  a  number  is  collected  ;  but  properly,  a  drove  is 
a  herd  or  Hock  driven.  It  is  applicable  to  any  species 
of  brutes.  Hence, 

2.  Any  collection  of  irrational  animals,  moving  or 
driving  forward  ;  as,  a  finny  drove.  Milton. 

3.  A  crowd  of  people  in  motion. 

Where  droves,  as  at  a  city  pue,  may  p-tss.  Drydin. 

4.  .\  road  for  driving  cattle.  [Englislu] 
DROVER,  n.    One  who  drives  cattle  or  sheep  to  mar- 
ket.   Usually,  a  man  who  makes  it  his  business  to 
purchase  fat  cattle,  and  drive  them  to  market. 

2.  A  boat  driven  by  the  tide.  Spenser. 
DROWN,  V.  t.    [Dan.  drugner;  Sw.  drdnckia  ;  Sax. 
adrenean,  to  drown,  to  drench  ;  from  the  root  of  drench 
and  drink,] 

1.  Literally,  to  over\vlieIm  in  water;  and  appropri- 
ately, to  extinguish  life  by  immersion  in  w.ater  or 
other  fluid  ;  applied  to  animals ;  also,  to  suspend  ani- 
mation by  submersion. 

2.  To  overwhelm  in  water ;  as,  to  rfroirn  weeds. 

3.  To  overflow ;  to  deluge  ;  to  inundate  ;  as,  to 
droxcn  land. 

4.  To  immerse  ;  to  plunge  and  lose  ;  to  overwhelm  ; 
as,  to  drown  one's  self  in  sensual  ple:isure. 

5.  To  overwhelm  ;  to  overpower. 

My  prtralc  «cicc  is  droiened  amid  Uie  senate.  Addison, 

DROW.N',  V,  i.  To  be  suffocated  in  water  or  other 
fluid  ;  to  perish  in  water. 

Mcthous^ht  wtiat  p.\in  it  was  to  draan.  Shak, 

DROWN'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  life  by  immer- 
sion in  a  fluid  ;  overflowed  ;  inundated  ;  over- 
whelmed. 

DROWN'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  drowns. 
DROW.N'ING,  vpr.    Destroying  life  by  submersion  in 

a  liquid;  overrtowing  ;  overwhelming. 
DKOWN'I.NG,  a.    Perishing  in  water  ;  as,  a  drowning 
DROWSE,  (ilrowz,)  r.  i.  [Old  Belgic, drooscn.l  [man. 

1.  To  sleep  ini|>erfectly  or  unsoundly  ;  to  slumber  ; 
to  be  heavy  with  sleepiness.  MUton. 

2.  To  look  heavy  ;  to  be  hea\-y  or  dull. 
DROWSE,  v.f.   7'o  make  heavy  with  sleep ;  to  make 

dull  or  stupid.  Mdton, 
DROWS'I-HED,  n.    Sleepines-s.    [OAs.]  Spenser. 
DKOVVS'I-LV,  ado.     Sleepily  ;   heavily  ;   in  a  dull, 
slei.py  manner.  Dryden. 
2.  Sluggishly  ;  idly  ;  slothfully  ;  lazily.  Hnlcg'i. 
DROWS'l-NESS,  «.      Sleepiness  ;   heaviness  with 
sleeji ;  disp<isition  to  sleep.  MiUon.  Loek&. 

2.  Sluggishness  ;  slolJl ;  idleness  ;  inactivity. 

Baton, 


TONE,  BtjLL,  UNITE.-  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS 


47 


DRV 


DRU 


DRY 


UROWS'Y,  a.     Inclined  to  sleep  ;  sleepy  ;  heavy 
with  sleepiness  ;  letliargic  ;  comatose.  Dnjden. 
■2.  Dull ;  sluggish  ;  stupid.  jStterbury. 
3.  Disposing  to  sleep  ;  lulling  ;  as,  a  drowsy  couch. 
DROVVS'Y-HEAD'ED,  (drowz'e-hed'ed,)  a.    Heavy  ; 

having  a  sluggish  disposition.  FoOierhy, 
DRUB,     (.    Ciiw.  draliba,  to  touch,  hit,  beat ;  trdffa, 
to  liit,  toucli,  re.tch,  find  ;   Dan.  dricbcr,  to  kill  ; 
treffer,  to  hit ;  G.  D.  Ircffen  :  Gr.  rpi/iui,  to  beat ;  Sax. 
trihulan,  Irifdan  ;  It.  trebbiare  ;   L.  tribula  ;  allied 
probably  to  throb.    These  words  seem  to  be  from  the 
same  root  as  the  French  trouver,  to  find,  that  is,  to 
hit,  to  strike  on,  and  attraper  and  frapper.  Eng.  to 
rap.    But  perhaps  there  may  be  two  different  roots. 
See  Class  Kb,  No.  4,  28,  29,  37,  39.    Drubbmg  is  a 
particular  form  of  dricinff.] 
To  beat  with  a  stick  j  to  thrash  ;  to  cudgel. 
The  liiUe  tiiief  liad  been  soundly  drubbed  wilh  a  cudgel. 

L'Eslrange. 

DRUB,  n.    A  blow  with  a  stick  or  cudgel ;  a  thump  ; 

a  knock.  Addison. 
DRUH'lii^D,  pp.    Beat  with  a  cudgel;  beat  soundly. 
DRUB'BI.VG,  j)pr.    Beating  with  a  cudgel  ;  beating 

soundly. 

DRUB'BING,  71.    A  cudgeling;  a  sound  beating. 
DRUDOE,  (druj,)  V.  i.    [Scot,  drug;  to  dra-r,  to  tug,  to 

pull  with  force  ;  whence  drugsrare,  drudging  ;  Ice. 

droogur,  a  drawer  or  carrier;  Ir.  drugaire,  a  drudge 

or  slave.    This  seems  to  be  a  dialectical  form  of 

drag.,  rfrflio.] 

1  o  work  hard  ;  to  labor  in  mean  offices ;  to  labor 
with  toil  and  fatigue. 

In  merriment  did  drudge  and  labor,  Hudibras. 
DRUDGE,  n.    One  who  works  hard,  or  labors  with 
toil  and  fatigue  ;  one  who  labors  hard  in  servile  em- 
jilovinents  ;  a  slave.  Milton. 
DRUDG'ER,  n.    A  drudge. 

Q.  A  drudging  box.    [See  Dredging-Box.] 
DRUDG'ER-Y,  «.    Hard  labor;  toilsome  work  ;  igno- 
ble toil ;  hard  work  in  servile  occupations. 

Piu-adise  was  a  place  of  bliss  —  without  drudgery  or  sorrow. 

Locke. 

DRUDG'ING,  ppr.    Laboring  hard  ;  toiling. 
DRUDG'ING-BOX.    See  Dredging-Box. 
DRUDG'ING-LY,  adc.    With  labor  and  fatigue;  la- 
boriously. 

DRUG,  71.  [Fr.  drogue  ;  Arm.  drogiierezou  ,*  Sp.  Port, 
and  It,  droga.  In  Dulcli,  droogery  is  a  drug  and  a 
drying  place,  so  that  drug  is  a  dry  substance,  and 
from  the  root  of  dry.  Junius  supposes  it  to  have 
signified,  originally,  spices  or  aromatic  plants.  See 
the  verb  to  Dry,] 

1.  The  general  name  of  substances  used  in  medi- 
cine, sold  by  the  druggist,  and  compounded  by 
apothecaries  and  physicians  ;  any  substance,  vegeta- 
blei  animal,  or  mineral,  which  is  used  in  the  composi- 
tion or  preparation  of  medicines.  It  is  also  applied 
to  dyeing  materials. 

2.  Any  commodity  that  lies  on  hand,  or  is  not 
salable  ;  an  article  of  slow  sale,  or  in  no  deir:and  in 
tlie  market 

3.  A  mortal  dru^^  or  a  deadly  drug^  is  poison. 

4.  A  drudge.    [Scot,  drug.]  Sliali. 
DRUG,  V.  i.    To  prescribe  or  administer  drugs  or  med- 
icines. B.  Jonson. 

DRUG,  V.  t.   To  season  with  drugs  or  ingredients. 

S/tak. 

2,  To  tincture  with  something  offensive. 

3.  To  dose  to  excess  with  drugs  or  medicines. 
DRUG-D.\.MN' ji'D,  a.    Condemned  and  detested  for 

its  drugs  or  poisons  ;  ns^  drug-damned  lV,i\y.  Shak, 
DRUG'G/SI),  pp.  or  a.    Seasoned  with  drugs. 

2.  Dosed  with  ilriigs. 

3.  Tinctured  with  something  offensive. 
DRUG'GER,  71.    A  druggist.    [A'ot  iLsed.]  Burton. 
DRUG'GET,  71.    [Ft.droguet;  Bp.droguete;  It.  dra- 
ff hetto.] 

A  coarse  woolen  cloth,  thick  and  strong,  stamped 
on  one  side  with  figures,  and  used  as  a  covering  and 
protection  for  carpets. 

DRUG'GING,  ppr.    Seasoning  with  ingredients. 
2.  Tincturing  with  offensive  matter. 

DRUG'GIST,  n.  [Fr,  droguislr.;  Sp.  drognero;  It. 
droghiere,  from  drug.] 

One  who  deals  in  drugs  ;  properly,  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  merely  to  buy  and  sell  drugs,  without 
compounding  or  preparation.  In  America,  the  same 
person  often  carries  on  the  business  of  the  druggist 
and  the  apothecary. 

DKIK;'STER,  71.    A  dniggist.    [JVotused.]  Boyle. 

DRO'ID,  ;i.  [Ir.  draoi,  formerly  drui,  a  magician,  a 
Druid  ;  pi.  draoithr  ,  Sax.  dm,  a  magician  ;  VV'.  dermyi, 
(dcriryth,)  which  Owen  siipposcs  to  be  a  compound 
<\(dar,  dcrw,  an  oak,  and  g^riyi,  knowledge,  presence. 
The  Welsh  derivation  accords  witb  that  of  Pliny, 
who  HupiMiHes  the  DniidHwere  so  called  because  they 
freipicnted  or  inxtriicUMl  in  the  forest,  or  sacrificed 
under  an  oak.  Hut  Borne  uncertainty  resto  on  this 
siibjert.] 

A  jirieHt  or  miniiiter  of  religion,  among  the  ancient 
Celtic  nationn  in  (Jaul,  Britain,  and  (Jermany.  The 
druids  [lOHKOMHed  Home  knowledge  of  geomi'lry,  nat- 
ural philosophy,  &.C.,  ■uperintcniled  the  alTuira  uf  re- 


ligion and  morality,  and  performed  the  office  of 
judges.  OiocH.  Encxjc. 

DRC ID-ESS,  71.   A  female  Druid. 

DRU-ID'le' AL  i        Pertaining  to  the  Druids. 

DRO'ID-ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  Druids. 

DRO'ID-ISM,  71.  The  system  of  reliaion,  philosophy, 
and  instruction  taught  by  the  Druids,  or  their  doc- 
trines, rites,  and  ceremonies. 

Wliitaker.    Christ.  Observer. 

DRUM,  71.  [D.  trom,  trommel;  G.  trommel;  Sw.  trum- 
ma ;  Dan.  tromme  ;  Ir.  drnma ;  probably  from  its 
sound,  and  the  root  of  rumble,  Gr.  jiptpu),  L.  fremo. 
See  Class  Rm,  No.  10, 11.] 

1.  A  marlial  instrument  of  music,  in  form  of  a 
hollow  cylinder,  and  covered  at  the  ends  with 
vellum,  which  is  stretched  or  slackened  at  pleasure. 

2.  In  machinery,  a  sliort  cylinder  revolving  on  an 
axis,  generally  for  the  purpose  of  turning  several 
small  wheels,  by  means  of  straps  passing  round  its 
periphery.  Cyc. 

3.  The  drum  of  Hie  ear,  the  tympanum,  or  barrel  of 
the  ear  ;  the  hollow  part  of  the  ear,  behind  the  mem- 
brane of  the  tympanum.  The  latter  is  a  tense  mem- 
brane, which  closes  the  external  passage  of  the  ear, 
and  receives  the  vil)rations  of  the  air.     '  Hooper. 

4.  A  quantity  packed  in  the  form  of  a  drum ;  as,  a 
drum  of  figs. 

5.  Sheet-iron  in  the  shape  of  a  drum,  to  receive 
heat  from  a  stove-pipe. 

6.  In  architecture,  the  upright  part  of  a  cupola  cither 
above  or  below  a  dome. 

DRUM,  t\  i.  To  beat  a  drum  with  sticks;  to  beat  or 
play  a  tune  on  a  drum. 

2,  To  beat  with  the  fingers,  as  with  drumsticks  ; 
to  beat  with  a  rapid  succession  of  strokes ;  as,  to 
drum  on  the  table. 

3.  To  beat,  as  the  heart.  Dryden. 
To   drum   up  ;  literally,  to  gather  or  collect  by 

goinjround  with  a  drum  ;  or,  figm  itivchj,  by  infiu- 
eiice  and  exertion  ;  as,  to  drum  up  for  recruits,  &c. 
DRUM,  V.  t.    To  expel  with  beat  of  drum.  [Military 
phrase.] 

DRUM'BLE,!). To  drone  ;  to  be  sluggish.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

DRUM'-FISH,  71.    A  fish  found  on  the  coast  of  North 

DRUM'LY,  a.  [W.  trom,  heavy.]  [America. 
Turbid  ;  muddy.    [Aot  iii  use.] 

DRUM'-Ma-JOR,  71.  The  cliief  or  first  drummer  of  a 
regiment. 

DRUM'-MaK-ER,  ji.    One  who  makes  drums. 
DRUM'MER,  71.    One  whose  office  is  to  beat  the  drum, 

in  military  exercises  and  marching  ;  one  who  drums. 
DRUM'MING, pjir.    Beating  a  drum;  e.xpelling  with 

beat  of  drum. 

DRUM'MOND-LIGHT,  (lite,)  n.  [from  Lieut.  JJrum- 
jnond.]  A  very  intense  light,  produced  by  turning 
two  streams  of  gas,  one  oxygen,  and  the  other  hy- 
drogen, in  a  state  of  ignition,  upon  a  ball  of  lime, 

DRU.M'STICK,  71,  The  stick  with  which  a  drum  is 
beaten,  or  shaped  for  the  purpose  of  beating  a  drum, 

DRUNK,  a,  [from  drunken.  See  Drink,]  Intoxica- 
ted ;  inebriated  ;  overwhelmed  or  overpowered  by 
spirituous  liquor  ;  stupefied  or  inflamed  by  the  action 
of  spirit  on  the  stomach  and  brain.  It  is  brutish  to 
be  drunk. 

Be  not  drunk  with  wine,  wherein  is  excess.         St'.  Paul. 
2.  Drenched  or  saturated  with  moisture  or  liquor. 

I  will  make  my  arrows  drunk  with  blood.  —Deut.  xxxii. 
JVote.  —  Drunk  was  formerly  used  as  the  participle 
o(  drink ;  as,  he  had  drunk  wine.  But  in  modern 
usage,  drank  has  tjtken  its  place ;  and  drunk  is  now 
used  chiefly  as  an  adjective. 
DRUNK'ARD,  7i,  One  given  to  cbriety,  or  an  exces- 
sive use  of  strong  liquor;  a  person  who  habitually  or 
frequently  is  drunk. 

A  drunkard  and  a  jlutton  shall  come  to  poverty,  —  Prov.  xxiii. 

DRUNK'/^N,  (drunk'n,)  a.  [Participle  of  Drink,  but 
now  used  chiefly  as  an  adjective,  and  often  contract- 
ed to  Dkunk.] 

1,  Intoxicated  ;  inebriated  with  strong  liquor, 

2,  Given  to  drunkenness  ;  as,  a  drunken  butler, 

3,  Saturated  with  liquor  or  moisture;  drenched. 


Let  the  earth  be  drunken  willi  our  blood,  Shak. 
4.  Proceeding  from  intoxication  ;  done  in  a  state 
of  drunkenness  ;  as,  a  drunken  quarrel.  Swift. 

A  drunken  slaughter.  ShaJi. 
DRUNK'£N-LY,  adv.    In  a  drunken  manner,  [Little 
used.]  Shale. 


DRUNK'KN-NESS,  71,  Intoxication  ;  inebri.ition  ;  a 
state  in  which  a  person  is  overwhelmed  or  over- 
j)Owered  with  spirituous  liquors,  so  that  his  reason  is 
disordered,  and  he  more  commonly  reels  or  staggers 
in  walking.  Drunkenness  renders  some  persons 
stupid,  others  gay,  others  sullen,  others  furious. 

Let  US  widk  honestly,  as  In  tho  day  ;  not  in  rioting  and  ilrunk- 
eniieet.  St.  Paul. 

2,  Habitual  cbriety  or  intoxication.  Jfatt.?. 

3,  Disorder  of  the  faculties,  resembling  intoxica- 
tion by  liquoru  ;  inflammation  ;  frenzy  ;  rage, 

Piusion  Is  the  drunkenneee  ut  the  tnlnd.  Spenair. 


DRU-PS'CEOUS,  a.  Producing  drupes ;  as,  drupa- 
ceous trees. 

2.  Pertaining  to  drupes;  or  consisting  of  drupes; 
aSj  drupaceous  fruit.  Asiat.  Researches. 

DRuPE,  71.  [L.  drupiB,  Gr.  SpvTrennt,  olives  ready  to 
fall ;  Gr.  fpvi,  a  tree,  and  irinrw,  to  fall.] 

In  botany,  a  pulpy  pericarp  or  fruit,  without  valves, 
containing  a  nut  or  stone  with  a  kernel ;  as  the  plum, 
cherry,  apricot,  peach,  almond,  olive,  &.c.  Marlyn. 
DRuSE,  71.    [G.  druse,  a  gland,  glanders.] 

Among  miners,  a  cavity  in  a  rock,  having  its  inte- 
rior surface  studded  with  crystals,  or  filled  with 
water. 

DRu'SY,  j  a.  Covered  with  a  iMge  number  of  mi- 
DROS'£D,  j     nute  crystals, 

DRY,  a,  [S:ix.  dri,drig,vr  dryg ;  D.droog;  G.trocken. 
See  the  verb,] 

1,  Destitute  of  moisture  ;  free  from  water  or  wet- 
ness ;  arid  ;  not  moist ;  as,  dry  land  ;  dry  clothes, 

2,  Not  rainy ;  free  from  rain  or  mist ;  as,  dry 
weather  ;  a  dry  March  or  April, 

3,  Not  juicy;  free  from  juice,  sap,  or  aqueous  mat- 
ter ;  not  green  ;  as,  dry  wood  ;  dry  stubble  ;  dry  hay  ; 
dry  leaves, 

4,  Without  tears  ;  as,  dry  eyes  ;  dry  mourning. 

Dryden. 

5,  Not  giving  milk  ;  aSj  the  cow  is  dry. 

6,  Thirsty  ;  craving  drink, 

7,  Barren  ;  jejune  ;  plain  ;  unembellished  ;  desti- 
tute of  pathos,  or  of  that  which  amuses  and  inter- 
ests ;  as,  a  dry  style  ;  a  dnj  subject ;  a  dry  discussic^, 

8,  Severe  ;  sarcastic;  wiping;  as,  a  dry  remark  or 
repartee  ;  a  dry  rub,  Goodman. 

9,  Severe  ;  wiping;  as,  a  dry  blow  ;  a  dry  basting. 
[See  the  verb,  which  signifies,  properly,  to  wipe,  rub, 
scour.]  Bacon. 

10,  In  painting  and  sculpture,  a  term  applied  to  a 
sharp,  frigid  preciseness  of  execution,  or  the  want  of 
a  delicate  contour  in  form,  and  of  easy  transition  in 
coloring.  Jocelyn. 

Dry  goods ;  in  commerce,  cloths,  stuffs,  silks,  laces, 
ribbons,  &c,,  in  distinction  from  groceries. 

Dry  wines,  are  those  in  which  the  saccharine  mat- 
ter and  the  ferment  are  so  exactly  balanced,  tliat  they 
have  mutually  decomposed  each  other,  and  no  sweet- 
ness is  perceptible.  They  are  opposed  to  the  sweet 
wines,  in  winch  the  saccharine  matter  is  in  excess. 
The  dry  wines  are  considered  as  the  most  perfect 
class,  and  such  are  the  best  Burgundy  and  Port. 

Encyc.  Dom.  Econ. 
DRV,  V.  t.  [Sax,  drigan^  adrigan,  or  drygan,  adrygan, 
adriintan,  gcdrigun  ;  D.  droogen  ;  G.  trocknen,  to  dry, 
to  wipe  ;  Gr.  rpvyco;  L.  tergo,  tergeo ;  Fr.  torchcr; 
Sw.  iorcka.  The  German  has  also  diirr,  Sw.  torr, 
Dan  liir;  but  these  seem  to  be  connected  with  L. 
torreo,  Russ.  obterayu  or  oterayu.  Class  Dr.  Wheth- 
er drigan  and  dry  are  derivatives  of  that  root,  or  be- 
long to  Class  Rg,  the  root  of  rake,  is  not  certain. 
See  Drv,  Class  Rg.  The  primary  sense  is  to  wipe, 
rub,  scour.] 

1.  To  free  from  water,  or  from  moisture  of  any 
kind,  and  by  any  means  ;  originally  by  wiping;  as, 
to  dry  the  eyes  ;  to  exsiccate. 

2.  To  deprive  of  moisture  by  evaporation  or  ex- 
halation ;  as,  the  sun  dries  a  cloth ;  wind  dries  the 
eartli. 

3.  To  deprive  of  moisture  by  exposure  to  the  sun 
or  open  air.    We  dry  cloth  in  the  sun, 

4.  To  deprive  of  natural  juice,  sap,  or  greenness; 
as,  to  dry  hay  or  plants. 

5.  To  scorch  or  jiarch  with  thirst ;  with  up. 

Their  honorable  men  are  famished,  and  their  multitude  dried  up 
with  thirst.  —  Isa.  v, 

6.  To  deprive  of  water  by  draining ;  to  drain ;  to 
exhaust ;  as,  to  dry  a  meadow. 

To  dry  up  ;  to  deprive  wholly  of  water, 
DRV,  V.  i.    To  grow  dry  ;  to  lose  moisture  ;  to  become 
free  from  moisture  or  juice.    The  road  dries  fast  in  a 
clear,  windy  day  ;  hay  will  dry  sufficiently  in  two 
days. 

2.  To  evaporate  wholly  ;  to  be  exhaled  ;  sometimes 
with  up  ;  as,  the  stream  dries  or  dries  up. 
DR?'A1),  71.    [L.  dryades,  pi.,  from  Gr.  <)/)«{,  a  tree,] 
In  wytliology,  a  deity  or  nymph  of  the  woods;  a 
nymi)li  sujiposcd  to  preside  over  woods. 
DRt'-BoN-i-'D,  a.     Having  dry  bones,  or  without 
flesh, 

DRV'KD,  (dride,)  pp.  of  Dry,    [See  Dried,] 

DUVEIl,  71,  He  or  that  which  dries  ;  that  which  ex- 
hausts of  moisture  or  greenness. 

DRV'E?-A;D,  (-Ide,)  o.    Not  having  tears  in  the  eyes, 

DRV'I'WT,  71.    A  dry  vat  or  basket. 

DR?'I'"QOT,  H.  A  dog  that  pursues  game  by  the  scent 
of  the  foot.  Shak. 

DR V'ING,  ;>;ir.  Expelling  or  losing  moisture,  sap,  or 
greenness. 

DR?'ING,  a.  Adapted  to  exhaust  moisture  ;  as,  a 
drying  wind  or  day, 

2,  Funning  a  vesicle  over  tlie  surface,  and  becom- 
ing hard  ;  as,  drying  oil, 

DRV'ING,7i.  The' act  or  process  of  depriving  of  moist- 
ure or  grcrnness. 

DR?'1N(;-01L,  71.    A  term  applied  to  linseed  oil  and 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  —  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


370 


DUB 

other  oils,  wliicli  liave  been  healed  with  oxyil  of 
li-.-ul,  'iiul  thus  prepared  to  hnrd(>n.  Brande. 
DKV'I.V,  wiv.    Without  moisture. 

2.  Coldly  ;  frigidly  ;  without  aflcction.  Bacon. 

3.  Severely  ;  s.irciistically. 

4.  Barrenly;  without  einbcllishment ;  without  any 
thini;  to  enliven,  enrich,  or  entertain.  Pope. 

DU?'NESS,  IT.  Destitution  of  moisture;  want  of 
water  or  other  fluid  j  siccity  ;  aridity  ;  aridness  ;  as, 
the  tlryness  of  a  soil ;  dryness  of  the  road. 

2.  \Vant  of  rain  ;  as,  dryness  of  weather. 

3.  Want  of  juice  or  succulence ;  as,  dryness  of  the 
bones  or  fibers.  .^rbuUmot. 

4.  Want  of  succulence  or  greenness  ;  as,  tlie  dry- 
ness of  hay  or  corn. 

5.  liarrenncss  ;  jejuneness  ;  want  of  ornament  or 
pathos;  want  of  that  which  enlivens  and  entertains; 
as,  the  dryness  of  stylu  or  e.xpression  ;  the  dryness  of 
a  subject 

().  Want  of  feeling  or  sensibility  in  devotion  ; 
want  of  ardor  ;  as,  dryness  of  spirit.  Taylor. 

DRV-Nl'RSE,  n.    A  nurse  who  attends  and  feeds  a 
child  without  the  breast. 
•J.  One  who  attends  another  in  sickness. 

DRY'-NURSE,  v.  t.  To  feed,  attend,  and  bring  up, 
wiiliout  the  breast.  Jludibras. 

DRV'-ROT,  n.  A  rapid  decay  of  timber,  by  which  its 
substance  is  converted  into  a  dry  powder,  which  is- 
sues from  minute  tubular  cavities,  resembling  the 
borings  of  worms.  Hebext. 

DR  V-UUB,  r.  t.  To  rub  and  cleanse  without  wetting. 

Dodsley^s  Pveins. 

DRV'-RUn-BED,  pp.    Cleaned  without  wetting. 

DR?'-RUH-BING,  ppr.    Cleaning  without  wetting. 

DR?-SALT'ER,  ?i.  A  dealer  in  salted  or  dry  meats, 
pickles,  sauces,  &c.  Fordyce. 

DR9-SALT'ER-Y,  n.  The  articles  kept  by  a  dry- 
salter  ;  the  business  of  a  dry-salter. 

DRY'SIIOl),  a.    Without  wetting  the  feet.  Is.x\.\5. 

DR?'-SToVE,  n.  A  stove  or  structure  for  containing 
the  plaiibi  of  dry,  arid  climates. 

DRY'VAT,  ?i.    A  basket  or  other  vessel  not  holding 

DO'.AI),  II.    Union  of  two.  [water. 

DC'AL,  a.    [L.  dualis,  from  duo,  two.] 

Expressing  the  number  two ;  as,  the  dual  number 
in  Greek. 

DU'AL-IS.M,  n.  [Supra.]  The  doctrine  of  two  Gods, 
a  good  and  an  evil  one  ;  manichcism.  Jilunlock. 

Dp'AL-IST,  ?i.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  dual- 
ism. 

DU-AL-tST'ie,  a.  Consisting  of  two.  The  dualistic 
system  of  Anaxagoras  and  Plato  taught  that  there 
are  two  principles  in  nature,  one  active,  the  other 
passive.  KnfieUt. 

DU-AL'I-TY,  n.  That  which  e.xpresses  two  in  num- 
ber. .,  Jfates. 

2.  Division  ;  seonmtion!  Davics. 

3.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  two.  Uuylcy. 
DO'AR  CHY,  «.    [Gr.  du-  and  aoxn-] 

Government  by  two  persons. 
DUB,  V.  t.    [Sax.  dubban  :  coinciding  with  Gr.  TUTro), 
and  Eng.  tap.    Class  Db.] 
LiteraUyj  to  strike,  lience, 

1.  To  strike  a  blow  with  a  sword,  and  make  a 
knight. 

S"*  cyng  —  dubbmU  hi*  #unij  Henric  to  ridert. 
The  kiiig  duljUd  Uu  luii  Uenry  n  hiiiehl. 

ikix.  Oiron.    An.  lOSS. 

2.  To  confer  any  dignity  or  new  character. 

A  man  of  wraith  is  dubbtd  a  man  of  worth.  Pop«. 

3.  To  cut  down  or  reduce  with  an  adze ;  as,  to 
dub  a  stick  of  timber.  Tollen. 

To  dub  out ;  among  plasUrerSy  to  bring  out  an  even 
surface  to  a  level  plane,  by  pieces  of  wood,  Ilc. 

DUB,  V.  i.    To  make  a  tpiick  noise.  Beaum, 

DUB,  n.    .\  blow,    [/.iltle  used.]  Jludibras. 
2.  In  Irish,  a  puddle. 

DUB'B/.I),  (dubd,)  pp.    Stnick  ;  made  a  knight 

DUB'BER,  n.  A  leathern  vessel  or  bottle,  used  in 
India,  to  hold  ghee,  oil,  &c  JiV (SuUoch, 

DUB'BI.VG,  ;>;ir.    Striking;  making  a  knight. 

DUB'BI.NG-OUT,  n.  Among  plaslrrrrs,  the  act  of 
bringing  out  an  uneven  surface  to  a  level  plane,  by 
pieces  of  wood,  Sec. 

DU-BI'E-TY,  n.  [See  Doubt.]  Doubtfulness.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Richardson, 

DU-BI-O.'5'I-TY,  n.    A  thing  doubtful.  Brovrn. 

DO'BI-OUS,  n.  [L.  dubius.  Sec  Doi-bt.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  probably  to  turn  or  to  waver.) 

1.  Doubtful ;  wavering  or  Hiictiiating  in  opinion  ; 
not  settled  ;  not  determined  ;  as,  the  mind  is  in  a  rfo- 
bioiu  state. 

2.  Uncertain  ;  that  of  which  the  truth  is  not  as- 
certained or  known  ;  as,  a  duiioiM  question. 

3.  Not  clear  ;  not  plain  ;  as,  dubious  lighU  MiUon. 

4.  Of  uncertain  event  or  issue. 

In  duiiout  MlUon. 

DC'BI-OUS-LY,  adr.  Doubtfully  ;  uncertainly  ;  with- 
out any  drtennination.  Svift. 

DO'BI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Doubtfulness  ;  a  state  of  wa- 
vering and  indecision  of  mind  ;  as,  he  siieaks  w  ith 
dubwHsnejis. 

2.  l.rncertainty ;  as,  the  (fii&n>u.w.<>  of  the  question. 


DUG 

DO'BI-TA-BLE,  <;.    [h.  dubito.     Sec  Doubt.] 

Doubtful  ;  uncertain.    [LtUle  used.]    But  the  de- 
rivative indubitable  is  olten  used. 
DO'ltl-TA-BLY,  ado.    In  a  dubitahle  manner. 
DO'BI-TAi\-CY,  n.     Doubt;    uncertainty.  [LUOe 

tts'Ct/.] 

DU-BI-Ta'TION,  n.  [L.  dubitatio,  from  dubito,  to 
doubt.] 

The  act  of  doubting  ;  doubt.    [Littie  used.] 

Brown.  Orew. 
DO'BI-TA-TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  doubt. 
DO'CAL,  a.    [Kr.  Sp.  and  Port.,  from  duke.] 

Pertaining  to  a  duke  ;  as,  a  ducal  coronet.  Johnson. 
DUG' AT,  n.  [from  rfuAc.]   A  coin  of  several  countries 
in  Europe,  struck  in  the  dominions  of  a  duke.    It  is 
of  silver  or  gold.    The  silver  ducat  is  generally  of 
the  value  of  four  shillings  and  sixpence  sterling,  about 
equal  to  an  American  dollar,  or  to  a  French  crown, 
and  the  gold  ducat  of  twice  the  value  Encyc. 
DUe-A-TOOi\",  H.   f  Fr.  ducnlon  ;  Sp.  id. ;  from  ducat.] 
A  silver  coin.    'J  iiat  of  Venice  is  worth  about  four 
shillings  and  eight  pence  sterling,  or  108  cents  ;  that 
of  Holland,  about  five  shillings  six  pence  sterling, 
or  1'28  cents.  Encyc. 
DUCII'ESS,  n.    [Fr.  duchesse,  from  due,  duke.] 

The  consort  or  widow  of  a  duke.    ^Vlso,  a  lady 
who  has  the  sovereignty  of  a  duchy. 
DUCIl'V,  II.    [Fr.  ducUc.] 

The  territory  or  dominions  of  a  duke  ;  a  dukedom  ; 
as,  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.  Blaclcslone. 
DUCIl'Y-eoURT,  n.  The  court  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, in  England. 
DUCK,  n.  [Sw.  duli,  a  cloth  ;  Dan.  duug ;  G.  tuch  ; 
U.doek;  allied  perhaps  to  L.  to^a,  and  \otego,  to 
cover,  or  iero,  to  weave.] 

.\  species  of  coarse  cloth  or  light  canvas,  used  for 
small  sails,  sacking  of  beds,  &c. 
DUCK,  n.     [from  the  verb  to  duck.]    A  water  fowl, 
so  called  from  its  plunging.    There  are  many  spe- 
cies or  varieties  of  the  duck,  some  wild,  others  tame. 

2.  An  inclination  of  the  iicad,  resembling  the  mo- 
tion of  a  duck  in  water.  jMUlon. 

3.  To  make  ducks  and  drakes;  to  throw;  a  flat  stone, 
tile,  &c.,  obliquely,  so  as  to  make  it  rebound  repe.nt- 
edly  from  the  surface  of  water,  raising  a  succession 
of  jets  ;  hence,  to  play  at  ducks  and  drakes,  with  prop- 
erty, is  to  squander  it  foolishly  and  unprofitably. 

Ijime  duck.    See  Lame.  [SnuirL 
DUCK,  II.    [Dan.  dukke,  a  baby  or  puppet.] 

A  word  of  endearment  or  fondness.  Shak. 
DUCK,  K.  t.    [G.  ducken,anii  tauchcn  ;  D.  dKiAcn,  pret. 
dook,  to  stoop,  dive,  plunge.    Uu.  Sax.  tkeachan,  to 
wash,  and  its  alliance  to  tiniro  and  dye.    Class  Dg.] 

1.  To  dip  or  plunge  in  w.ater  and  suddenly  with- 
draw ;  as,  to  duck  a  seaman.  It  differs  from  dive, 
which  signifies  to  plunge  one's  self,  without  imme- 
diately emerging. 

2.  To  plunge  the  head  in  water  and  immediately 
withdraw  it;  as,  duck  the  boy. 

3.  To  how,  sttiop,  or  notl. 

DUCK,  p.  i.  To  plunge  into  water  and  immediately 
withdraw;  to  dip  ;  to  plunge  the  head  in  water  or 
otlier  liquid. 

In  Tilier  ducking  ihricc  hy  break  of  day.  Drydtn, 
2.  To  drop  the  head  suddenly  ;  to  bow ;  to  cringe. 

Duck  with  TrencU  nodi.  Shak. 

DUCK'-BILL,  n.  An  animal  of  New  Holland,  the 
Ornithorj-nclnis,  which  see. 

DUCK'-BILI^£D,  a.  Having  a  hill  like  a  duck,  an 
epithet  of  the  animal  called  Urnithnr}'nchus. 

DUCK'ATI),  (dukl,)  pp.    Plunged  ;  dipped  in  water. 

DUCK'ER,  II.    A  plunger  ;  a  diver;  a  cringer. 

DUCK'l.NG,  p/)r.  Plunging;  thrusting  suddenly  into 
water  and  withdrawing  ;  dipping. 

DUCK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  plunging  or  putting  in  wa- 
ter and  withdrawing.  Ducking  is  a  punishment  of 
olVenders  in  France  ;  and  among  English  seamen,  it 
is  a  (lenally  to  which  sailors  are  subject  on  piissing, 
for  tile  first  time,  the  ei]iiator  or  tropic. 

DUCK'I.SG-STtiOL,  ii.  A  stool  or  chair  in  which 
common  scolds  were  formerly  tied  and  plunged  into 
water.  Blacksttine. 

DUCK'-LEG-GED,  (duk'legd,)  a.  Having  short  legs, 
like  a  duck.  Drydcn. 

DUCK'LI.VG,  n.    A  young  duck.  Ray. 

DUCK'-.MkAT,    )  n.   The  popular  name  of  several 

DUCK'S'-.MeAT, !    species  of  Lcmna,  plants  grow- 
ing in  ditches  and  shallow  water,  and  serving  for 
food  for  ducks  and  geese. 
The  starry  duck's-meat  is  a  species  of  Callitriche. 

DUCK-OY'.    See  Decot.  [Fam.  of  Plants. 

DUCK'S'-FQQT,  n.  The  popular  n.amc  of  a  plant, 
the  Podophyllum  ;  called  also  May-apple 

Fain,  of  Plants. 

DUCK'-WEED,  n.    The  same  as  Duck-Meat. 

DUCT,  n.  [L.  ductus,  from  duco,  to  lead.   See  Duke.] 

1.  Any  lube  or  canal  by  which  a  fluid  or  other  sub- 
stince  is  conducted  or  conveyed.  It  is  particularly 
used  to  denote  the  vessels  of  an  animal  body,  by 
which  the  blood,  chyle,  lymph,  ic,  are  carried  from 
one  part  to  another,  and  the  vessels  of  plants  in 
which  the  sap  is  ccmveycd. 

2.  Guidance  ;  direction.    [Ultie  ised.]  Hammond. 


DUE 

DUCTILE,  (  til,)  a.    [L.  duetilu,  from  duco,  to  lead.] 

1.  That  may  be  led  ;  easy  to  be  leilordrawn  ;  trac- 
table; complying;  obsequious;  yielding  to  motives, 
persuasion,  or  in.structiun ;  as,  the  duclUe  minds  uf 
youth  ;  a  ductile  people.  Plulips.  Addison, 

2.  Flexible;  pliable. 

The  ductile  rind,  and  leares  of  radiant  gold.  Dryden. 

3.  That  may  be  drawn  out  into  wire  or  threads. 
Gold  is  the  most  ductile  of  the  metals. 

4.  That  may  be  extended  by  beating. 
DUe'TII,E-LY,  adv.    In  a  ductile  manner. 
DUe'TILE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  siitTering  exten- 
sion by  drawing  or  percussion  ;  ductility.  Donne. 

DUC-TIL'I-TY,  71.  The  property  of  solid  bodies,  par- 
ticularly metals,  which  renders  them  capable  of  be- 
ing extended  by  drawing  without  breaking ;  as,  the 
duclUily  of  gold,  iron,  or  brass. 

2.  Flexibility  ;  obsequiousness ;  a  disposition  of 
mind  that  easily  yields  to  motives  or  influence  ;  ready 
compliance.  Roscoe. 
DUC'TIIRE,  n.    [L.  duco.] 

Guidance.    [jVoI  in  use.]  South. 
DUD'DER,  V.  t.    To  deafen  with  noise  ;  to  render  the 

head  confused.  Jennings. 
DUDG'EOi\,(dud'jun,)  71.    [G.  degen.] 

A  sm.all  dagger.  Jludibras. 
DUDe'EON,  (dud'jun.)  71.    [W.  dyaen.] 

Anger;  resentment;  malice;  ill-will;  discoril. 

UF^-itrantje.  JJudibras. 
DUDS,  71.    [Scot,  dud,  a  rag  ;  duds,  clothes,  or  old  worn 
clothes;  D.  t^id,  a  rag,  qu.  tozii;  It.  loizi,  scra|>s. 
Orose.] 

Old  clothes  ;  tattered  garments.    [j1  vulgar  word.] 
DOE,  (du,)  a.  [Fr.  dU,  pp.  of  Jcroir,  L.  dcbco,  Sp.  dcber  ; 
ll.  doLcrc.    Uu.  Gr.  dtw,  to  bind.    Class  Db.    It  hits 
no  connection  with  owe] 

1.  Owed;  that  ought  to  be  paid  or  done  to  another. 
That  is  due  from  me  to  another,  which  contract,  jus- 
tice, or  propriety,  requires  me  to  pay,  and  which  he 
may  justly  claim  as  his  right.  Reverence  is  due  to 
the  Creator;  civility  is  due  from  one  man  to  another. 

'  Money  is  due  at  the  expiration  of  the  credit  given,  or 
at  the  period  promised. 

2.  Proper;  lit;  appropriate;  suitable;  becoming; 
required  hy  the  circumstances;  as,  the  event  was 
celebrated  with  due  solemnities.  Men  seldom  have  a 
due  sense  of  their  depravity. 

3.  Seasonable  ;  as,  he  will  come  in  due  time. 

4.  Exact ;  proper ;  as,  the  musicians  keep  due 
time. 

5.  Owing  to  ;  occasioned  by.    [Little  used.]  Boyle. 

6.  That  ought  to  have  arrived,  or  to  be  present, 
before  the  time  specified  ;  as,  twe  mails  are  now  due. 

DOE,  adv.    Directly  ;  exactly  ;  as,  a  rfuc  east  course. 

DOE,  71.  That  which  is  owed  ;  that  which  one  con- 
tracts to  pay,  do,  or  perform  to  another ;  that  which 
law  or  justice  requires  to  be  paid  or  d  ne.  The 
money  that  I  contract  to  pay  to  another,  is  his  due; 
the  service  which  I  covenant  to  perform  to  another, 
is  his  due  ;  reverence  to  the  Creator,  is  his  due. 

2.  That  which  oflice,  rank,  station,  social  relations, 
or  established  rules  of^  right  or  decorum,  require  to 
be  given,  paid,  or  done.  Respect  and  obedience  to 
parents  and  magistrates  are  their  due. 

3.  That  which  law  or  custom  requires ;  as,  toll, 
tribute,  fees  of  office,  or  ottier  legal  perquisites. 

4.  Right ;  just  title.  l^ddison. 

DOE,  r.  f.  To  pay  as  due.  [JVof  used.]  Shak. 
DOE'FJJL,  a.  Fit ;  becoming.  [Li'.Ue  used.] 
DO'EL,  n.  [L.  duellum ;  Fr.  duel ;  It.  duello  ;  Port.  id. ; 
Sp.  duelo.  In  Armoric,  the  word  is  dufell,  or  duvell, 
and  Grcgoire  supposes  the  word  to  be  compounded  of 
dou,  two,  and  6c//,  bellum,  war,  combat.  So  in 
Dutch,  tireeircregt,  two-figlit ;  in  G.  zwetkampf,  id.] 

1.  Single  combat ;  a  premeditated  combat  between 
two  persons,  for  the  purpose  of  deciding  some  pri- 
vate diflercnce  or  quarrel.  A  sudden  fight,  not  pre- 
meditated, is  called  a  rencounter.  A  duel  is  fought 
with  deadly  weapons,  and  with  a  purpose  to  take 
life. 

2.  Any  conteMion  or  contest.  Milton. 
DC'EL,  TJ.  I.   To  fight  in  single  combat  SoiiM. 
Dti'EL,  u.  (.   To  attack  or  fight  singly.  Mdton. 
DO'EL-ER,  71.    A  combatant  in  single  fight. 
DO'EL-ING,  ppr.    Fighting  in  single  combat 

a.    PerUiining  to,  or  employed  in  diielinE. 
DC'EL-ING.  71.    The  act  or  practice  of  fighting  in 

sincle  combat. 
DO'EL-IST,  It.    One  who  fights  in  single  combat 

The  duelist  rahipi  his  horittr  ahoTP  thr  lif-?  of  his  antxi^onisl,  his 
own  life,  and  the  happiness  of  his  family.  ^n«n, 

2.  One  who  maintains  the  proprietv  of  dueling. 
DU-EL'LO,  n.    Duel ;  or  rule  of  dueling.    [.\ot  used.] 
DOE'NESS,  (du'ness,)  n.    [See  Due.]    Fitness  ;  pro- 
priety ;  due  quality. 
DU-EN'NA,n.    [Sp.  rfucna,  fem.  of  rfi/mo  Tx.d-tegne; 
the  same  as  dona,  the  feminine  of  don.    viu.  \\'.  dyn, 
Ir.  duine,  man,  a  person.    See  Dos.] 

An  old  woman  who  is  kept  to  guard  a  youngei ,  a 
governess.  Arbuthnot.  . 


TONE,  B5JLL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-C  as  K ;  0  as  J;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


371 


DUL 

UU  ET'TO  I       [it- liit^to,  f'om  duo,  two.'] 

A  piece  of  music  composed  for  two  performers, 
wliptlier  vocal  or  instrumental. 

DUF'FEL,  ;i.  [D.]  A  kind  of  coarse  woolen  cloth, 
Imving  a  tliick  nap  or  frieze. 

DUG,  M.  [Ice.  deirii-ia.  This  word  corresponds  with 
the  root  of  L.  digitus,  Eng.  toe.  Norm,  doy,  a  finger, 
signifying  a  shout  or  point.] 

The  pap  or  nipple  of  a  cow  or  other  beast ;  now 
applied  only  to  cows  or  other  beasts,  unless  in  con- 
tempt. 

From  tender  dug  of  commoii  nurse.  Spenser. 

DUG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Dio  ;  as,  tliey  dug  a  ditch  ;  a 
ditch  was  duff.] 

DU-GON'G',  n.  A  herbivorous,  cetaceous  animal  of  the 
Indian  Ocean,  with  a  tapering  body  ending  in  a 
crescent-shaped  fin.  The  falded  mermaid  seems  to 
iiave  been  founded  on  tlie  dugong.  Oilbert.  Braude. 

DuKE,  7!.  [Fr.  due;  Sp.  and  Port,  duque ;  It.  ducai 
Arm.  dug,  or  dou<; ;  Sax.  tmche,  and,  in  composition, 
toira,  tu^c,  as  in  kpretoga,  an  army-leader  ;  a  gener- 
al;  b.licrto^;  G.  hcr-o^r ;  Dan.  hcrtug ;  Sw.  Iierlig; 
Venetian,  doge;  L.  dm,  from  duco,  to  lead,  as  in 
Saxon,  tingan,  teon,  to  draw,  to  tug;  Gr.  rayo^ ; 
Thessalian,  tagns.    Class  Dg,  No.  5,  14.] 

1  In  Orrat  Britain,  one  of  the  liighest  order  of 
nobility  ;  a  title  of  honor  or  nobility  next  below  the 
princes  ;  as,  the  duke  of  Bedford,  or  of  Cornwall. 

2.  in  some  countries  on  the  Continent,  a  sovereign 
prince,  without  the  title  of  king;  as,  the  duke  of 
Holsteiii,  of  Savoy,  of  Parma,  &c. 

3.  A  chief ;  a  prince  ;  as,  the  dukes  of  Edom. 
DuKE'DOM,  n.    The  seignory  or  possessions  of  a 

duke  ;  tlie  territory  of  a  duke.  SliaJc. 
2.  The  title  or  quality  of  a  duke.  Jbid. 

DUL'BllAlN-KD,  a.  [dull  anil  brain.]  Stupid  ;  dolt- 
ish ;  of  dull  intellects.    See  Dull-Urained.]  Sitak. 

DUL'CET,  a.    [L.  dulcis,  sweet.] 

1.  Sweet  to  the  taste  ;  luscious. 

She  tempers  dulcet  creams.  MUlon. 

2.  Sweet  to  the  ear  ;  melodious;  harmonious  ;  as, 
dulcet  sounds  ;  dulcet  symphonies.  Milton. 

DUL-CI-FI-Ca'TION,  n.  [See  Dulcify.]  The  act 
of  sweetening  ;  particularly,  the  combining  of  min- 
eral acids  with  alcohol,  by  which  their  caustic  or 
corrosive  qualities  are  diminished. 

DUL'CI-I''I-£D,  (dul'se-f  Ide,)  pp.  Sweetened. 

Dulcified  spirit ;  a  term  applied  to  a  compound  of 
alcohol  with  mineral  acids ;  as,  dulcified  spirits  of 
niter. 

DUL-UIF'I<U-OUS,  a.    [L.  dulcis  and  fluo.} 

Flowing  sweetly. 
DUL'CI-FV,  V.  t.    [Fr.  dulcifier,  from  L.  dulci-s,  sweet, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

To  sweeten ;  to  free  from  acidity,  saltness,  or  ac- 
rimony. IViseinan. 
DUL'CT'-F?-ING,  pjir.   Sweetening;  purifying  from 
acidity. 

DUL'Ci-.MER,  n.  [It.  dolcimcllo,  from  dolce,  sweet. 
Skinner.] 

An  instrument  of  music  having  about  50  brass 
wires,  which  are  played  upon  with  little  sticks. 
Daniel  iii  5.  Johnson, 
DUL'Cl-NESS,  n.    [L.  dulcL^.] 

Softness  ;  easiness  of  temper.    [jVo£  used.]  Bacon. 
DUL'CI-TUDE,  71.    [L.  dukitudo.] 
Sweetness. 

DUL'eO-RATE,  v.  I.  [L.  dulcis,  sweet ;  Low  L. 
dulco,  to  sweeten.] 

1.  To  sweeten.  Bacon. 

2.  To  make  less  acrimonious.  Johnson.  IViscinan. 
DUI.-€0-Ra'TION,  71.    The  aw  of  sweetening. 
DO'LI-A,  71.    [Gr.  fiovXeio,  service.]  [Bacon. 

An  inferior  kind  of  worship  or  adoration.  [JVof 
an  English,  word.]  Stillingfleet. 
DULL,  a.  [W.  del,  dial;  Sax.  dol,  a  wandering; 
also  dull,  foolish,  stupid  ;  D.  dti!,  mad  ;  G.  toll,  and 
liilpcl,  a  dolt ;  Sax.  dwolian,  to  wander,  to  rave.  Qu. 
Dan.  dviBler,  to  loiter ;  Sw.  dvalia.t,  id.,  or  doalu,  a 
trance.] 

1.  Stupid;  dollisli ;  blockish;  slow  of  understand- 
ing ;  as,  a  lad  of  dull  genius. 

2.  Heavy;  sluggish;  without  life  or  spirit;  as,  a 
surfeit  leaves  a  man  very  dull. 

3.  Slow  of  motion  ;  sluggisli ;  as,  a  dull  stream. 

4.  .Slow  of  hearing  or  seeing  ;  as,  dull  of  hearing  ; 
dull  of  seeing. 

5.  .ilow  to  learn  or  comprehend  ;  unready  ;  awk- 
ward ,  as,  a  dull  scholar. 

C.  .Sleepy  ;  drowsy. 

7.  Sad  ;  melancholy. 

8.  Gross;  cloggy  ;  insensible  ;  as,  the  dull  earth. 

9.  Not  pleasing  or  delightful;  not  exhilarating; 
cheerless;  us,  to  make  dictionaries  is  dull  work. 

Johnjton. 

10.  Not  bright  or  clear ;  clouded  ;  tiirnished  ;  as, 
the  mirror  is  dull. 

Jl.  Nut  bright;  not  briskly  burning;  as,  a  dull 
fire. 

12.  Dim  ;  obscure  ;  not  vivid  ;  as,  a  dull  light. 

13.  Ilhint;  obtuse;  liaving  a  thick  edge;  as,  a 
dull  knife  or  nx. 


DUM 

H.  Cloudy  ;  overcast ;  not  cleeir ;  not  enlivening  ; 
as,  dull  weather. 

15.  With  .scame77,  being  without  wind  ;  as,  a  ship 
has  a  dull  ti'me. 

IG.  Not  lively  or  animated  ;  as,  a  dull  eye. 
DULL,  V.  t.    To  make  dull ;  to  stupefy ;  as,  to  dull 
the  senses.  Skak. 

2.  To  blunt  ;  as,  to  dull  a  sword  or  an  ax. 

3.  To  make  sad  or  melancholy. 

4.  To  hebetate  ;  to  make  insensible  or  slow  to  per- 
ceive; as,  to  dull  the  ears;  to  dull  the  wits. 

Spenser,  Jlschain, 

5.  To  damp ;  to  render  lifeless  ;  as,  to  dull  the 
attention.  Hooker, 

C.  To  make  heavy  or  slow  of  motion  ;  as,  to  dull 
industry.  Bacon. 

7.  To  sully  ;  to  tarnish  or  cloud  ;  as,  the  breath 
dulls  a  uiirror. 
DULL,  71.  7.    To  become  dull  or  blunt;  to  become 

StUJlill. 

DULL'-lillAlN-^D,  a.    Stupid  ;  of  dull  intellect. 
DULL'-IiROW'£D,  a.    Having  a  gloomy  look. 

Q^uarles. 

DULL'-DIS-PoS'£D,  a.  Inclined  to  dullness  or  sad- 
ness. B.  Jotison. 

DULL'-Elf-ED,  (-Ide,)  a.    ITavini  a  downcast  look. 

DULL'-IIEAD,  (-hed,)  71.  A  person  of  dull  understand- 
ing ;  a  dolt  ;  a  blockhead. 

DULL'-SiGUT-ED,  a.  Having  imperfect  sight ;  pur- 
blind. 

DULL'-WIT-TED,  a.  Having  a  dull  intellect; 
heavy. 

DULL'ARD,  a.    Doltish  ;  stupid.  Hall. 
DULL'ARD,  7!.    A  stupid  person;  a  dolt;  a  block- 
head ;  a  dunce.  Sliak. 
DULL'ra,  (duld,)  pp.    Made  dull ;  blunted. 
DULL'ER,  71.    That  which  makes  dull. 
DULL'IN(;,  ppr.    Making  dull. 

DULL'NESS,  77.  Stupidity  ;  slowness  of  comprehen- 
sion ;  weakness  of  intellect ;  indocility ;  as,  the 
dullness  of  a  student.  Soutli. 

2.  Want  of  quick  perception  or  eager  desire. 

3.  Heaviness  ;  drowsiness  ;  inclination  to  sleep. 

4.  Heaviness  ;  disinclination  to  motion. 

5.  Sluggishness  ;  slowness. 

6.  Dimness ;  want  of  clearness  or  luster. 

7.  liluntness  ;  want  of  edge. 

8.  Want  of  brightness  or  vividness ;  as,  dullness 
of  color. 

DUL'LY,  adv.  Stupidly  ;  slowly  ;  sluggishly  ;  with- 
out life  or  spirit. 

DU-LOe'RA-CY,  7!.    [Gr.  JotiXos,  and  Kparcco,] 
Predominance  of  slaves. 

Du'LY,  ado.  [from  due.]  Properly  ;  fitly  ;  in  a  suita- 
ble or  becoming  manner ;  as,  let  the  subject  be  duly 
considered. 

2.  Regularly  ;  at  the  proper  time  ;  as,  a  man  duly 
attended  church  with  his  family. 
DUMB,  (dum,)  a.    [Sax.  dumb;  Golh,  dumbs,  dumba ; 
G.  dumm;  D.  dom;  Sw.  dumm  or  dumbe;  Dan.  dum; 

Heb.  Ch.  on,  to  be  silent;  Ar.  ^ii  dauma,  to  con- 
tinue or  be  permanent,  to  appease,  to  quiet.  Class 
Dm,  No.  3.    In  this  word,  b  is  improperly  added.] 

I.  IMute  ;  silent  ;  not  speaking. 

I  was  durnb  witli  silence  ;  I  lield  my  peace.  —  Pb.  xxxix, 

2.  Destitute  of  the  power  of  speech  ;  unable  to 
utter  articulate  sounds  ;  as,  the  durnb  bnites.  The 
Asylum  at  Hartford,  in  Connecticut,  was  the  first  in- 
stitution in  America  for  leaching  the  deaf  and  dumb 
to  reail  and  write. 

3.  Mute;  not  using  or  accompanied  with  speech; 
as,  a  dujub  show  ;  dumb  signs. 

To  strike  dumb,  is  to  confound  ;  to  astonish  ;  to  ren- 
der silent  by  astonishment;  or  it  may  be,  to  deprive 
of  the  power  of  speech. 

DUMB,  7!.  (.    To  silence.  Shak. 

DUMli'-BELLS,  (dum'belz,)  n.  pi.  Weights  swung 
in  the  hands  for  exercise. 

DUJIIi'LV,  (dum'ly,)  luiv.  Mutely ;  silently ;  without 
words  or  speech. 

DUMli'NESS,  (dum'ness,)  »7.  Muteness;  silence,  or 
holding  the  peace;  omission  of  speech.  This  is  vol- 
untary dumbness, 

2.  Incapacity  to  speak  ;  inability  to  articulate 
sounds.    This  is  involuntary  dumbness, 

DUMB' -SHOW,  n.  Gesture  without  word.s  ;  j)anto- 
mime. 

DUMB-WAIT'ER,  n.  A  framework  with  shelves, 
placed  between  a  kitchen  and  dining-room,  for  con- 
veying food,  &c.  When  the  kitchen  is  in  the  base- 
ment, the  dumb-waiter  is  made  to  rise  and  fall  by 
means  of  pulleys  and  wwghts. 

DUM'FOUNI),       )  7).  e.  To  strike  dumb  ;  to  confuse. 

DU.M-FOUND'EI!,  j         low  word.]    Spectator.  SwifL 

DUM'MER-ER,  71.  One  who  feigns  dumbness.  [JVot 
in  use.] 

DO'MOSf'  i  ^'""^  dumiis,  a  bush.] 

Abounding  with  bushes  and  briers. 
DUM'MY,  77.    One  who  is  dumb,  [yulgar.] 
DUMP,  71.    [from  the  root  of  (/ii;7i6 ;  D.  dom ;  G.  dumm.] 


DUN 

1.  A  dull,  gloomy  state  of  the  mind  ;  sadness ;  mel- 
ancholy ;  sorrow  ;  heaviness  of  heart. 

In  doleriil  dumps.  Cay. 

2.  Absence  of  mind  ;  revery.  Locke. 

3.  A  melancholy  tune  or  air  Shak. 
[This  is  not  an  elegant  word,  and  in  America,  I 

believe,  is  always  used  in  the  plural ;  as,  the  woman 
is  in  the  dumps.] 

DU.MP'ISH,  a.  Dull;  stupid;  sad;  melancholy;  de- 
pressed in  spirits  ;  as,  he  lives  a  dumpish  life. 

DUiMP'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  moping  manner. 

DUMP'ISH-NESS,  7!.  A  state  of  being  dull,  heavy, 
and  moping 

DUMP'Ll.N'G,  7t.  [from  <2ii77ip.]  A  kind  of  pudding  or 
mass  of  paste,  in  cookery  ;  usually,  a  cover  of  paste 
inclosing  an  apple  and  boiled,  called  apple-dumpling. 

DUMPS,  71.  J)/.    iMelancholy  ;  gloom. 

DUIMP'Y,  a.    Short  and  thick.  5777177^. 

DUN,  a.  [Pax.  dunn;  W.  dtcn;  Ir.  donn ;  qu.  (071, 
ta!i!/i7/.    See  Class  Dn,  No.  3,  24,  28,  35.] 

1.  Of  a  dark  color;  of  a  color  partaking  of  a  brown 
and  black  ;  of  a  duU-brown  color ;  swarthy. 

2.  Dark  ;  gloomy. 

In  the  dun  air  sublime.  Milton. 
DUN,  V.  t.   To  cure,  as  fish,  in  a  manner  to  give  them 

a  dun  color.    [See  Dunmng.] 
DUN,  V.  t    [Sax.  dynan,  to  clamor,  to  din,    (See  Di.v.) 

Q.U.  Gr.  w.] 

1.  iifcraZ/T/,  to  clamor  for  payment  of  a  debt.  Hence, 
to  urge  for  payment  ;  to  demand  a  debt  in  a  pressing 
manner  ;  to  urge  for  payment  with  importunity,  liut, 
in  common  usage,  dun  is  often  used  in  a  milder  sense, 
and  signifies  to  call  for,  or  ask  for  payment.* 

2.  To  urge  importunately,  in  a  general  sense  ;  but  not 
an  elegant  word. 

DUN,  71.  An  importunate  creditor  who  urges  for  pay- 
ment. Philips.  Jirbutlmot. 

2.  An  urgent  request  or  demand  of  payment  in 
writing  ;  as,  he  sent  his  debtor  a  dun, 
3  An  eminence  or  mound.  [.See  Down  and  Town.] 
DUN'-BIRD,  (-burd,)  n.   A  North  American  species  of 
duck,  called  the  ruddy  duck.    Peabody's  Mass.  Hep. 

O  i 

DUNCE,  (duns,)  71.  [G.  ifiin*.  Qu.  Pers.  iXji ,  a  stu- 
pid man.] 

A  person  of  weak  intellects  ;  a  dullard  ;  a  dolt ;  a 
thickskull. 

I  never  knew  this  town  without  dttnces  of  fig;\ire.  SietJ^, 
["  Dunce  is  said  by  Johnstm  to  be  a  word  of  un- 
known etymology.  Stanihiirst  explains  it.  The  term 
Duns,  from  Scotus,  'so  famous  for  his  subtill  quiddi- 
ties,' lie  says,  '  is  so  trivial  and  common  in  all  sclinols, 
that  whoso  surpasseth  others  either  in  cavilling  sopiiis- 
trie,  or  subtill  philosopliie,  is  forthwith  nickn.amed  a 
Duns.'  This,  he  tells  us  in  the  margin,  is  the  reason 
'  why  schoolmen  are  called  Dunses.'  {Description  of 
Ireland,  p.  2.)  The  word  easily  passed  into  a  term  of 
scorn,  just  as  a  blockhead  is  called  Solomon,  a  bully 
Hector,  and  as  Moses  is  the  vulgar  name  of  contempt 
for  a  Jew."  Dr.  SoutJiey's  Omniana,  vol.  i.  p.  5. 
E.  H.  B.] 

I  have  little  confidence  in  this  explanation.  W. 
DUN'CER-Y,  71.    Dullness  ;  stupidity.  Smith. 
DUN'CI-F?,  V.  t.    To  make  stupid  in  intellect.  [JVot 

iLsed.]  iVarburtun. 
DUN'CISH,  a.    Like  a  dunce  ;  sottish. 
DUN'DER,  71.  [Sp.  rcdundar,  to  overflow  ;  L.  redundo.] 

Lees  ;  dregs  ;  a  word  used  in  Jamaica. 

The  use  of  dundcr  in  tlie  making  of  rum  answers  the  purpose  of 
yeast  in  Ute  fcnnenution  of  Hour.  Edwards's  West  Indies. 

DUN'DER-PSTE,  77.    A  dunce  ;  a  dull  head. 

DONE,  71.  A  term  applied  to  low  hills  of  movable 
sand,  on  the  coast  of  England,  France,  and  other 
countries.  Lyell. 

DUN'-FISH,  71.  Codfish  cured  in  a  particular  manner. 
[See  DuNNiNc] 

DUNG,  71.  [Sax.  diiiio',  or  dincg,  or  dinig;  G.  dung; 
dnnger  ;  Dnn.dynd;  Hw,  dynga,] 

The  excrement  of  animais.  Bacon. 

DUNG,  ti.  t.    'I'o  manure  with  dung.  Dryden. 

DUNG,  r.  i.    To  void  excrement. 

DUNG'/';!),  (dungd,)  pp.    Manured  with  dung. 

DUN'GEON,  (dun'jun,)  71.  [Fr.  </o;iffrwii,  or  f/oiijon,  a 
tower  or  platform  in  the  mitlst  of  a  castle,  a  turret  or 
closet  on  the  top  of  a  house.  In  one  Armoric  dialect 
it  is  domjou,  and  Grcgoire  suggests  that  it  is  com- 
pounded of  i/om,  lord  or  chief,  and  jou,  Jupiter,  Jove, 
an  elevated  or  chief  tower  consecrated  to  Jupiter; 
but  qu.  In  Scottish  it  is  written  doungeon,  and  de- 
notes the  keep  or  strongest  tower  of  a  fortress,  or  an 
inner  tower  surrounded  by  a  ditch.  Jamieson.  It  was 
used  for  confining  prisoners,  and  hence  its  applica- 
tion to  prisons  of  eminent  strength.  The  dungeon 
was  in  the  bottom  of  a  castle,  under  ground,  and 
without  light.    Henry,  Hrit.] 

1.  A  close  prison  ;  or  a  deep,  dark  place  of  confine- 
ment. 

Anil  in  A  dungeon  deep, 
'i'liey  brvuglit  Josepli  h.Afltily 

2.  .\  subterraneous  place  of  close  confinement. 

Jeremiah, 


SpenMf. 

I  of  the  dungeon.  — Ueu.  xli. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIl^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK,— 


372 


DUP 


DUS 


DUT 


DUN'GEON,  ti.  £.    To  confine  in  a  dungeon.  HalL 
DUN'OKON-KD,  (dun'jiind,)  pp.    Conlined  in  a  dun- 
peon. 

DUNd'FORK,  n.    A  fork  used  to  throw  dung  from  a 

stable  or  into  a  cart,  or  to  spread  it  over  land. 
DUNG' III IX,  n.    A  lieap  of  dung. 

2.  A  mean  or  vile  abode.  Dnjden. 

3.  Any  mean  situation  or  condition. 

He  liftclh  the  begjur  from  liie  rfunf  AiW.  —  1  Sam.  il. 

4.  A  term  of  reproach  for  a  man  meanly  born.  [JVot 
usril.  ]  Shale. 

mjNG'llIM,,  a.    Sprung  from  the  dungliill;  mean; 

low  ;  base  ;  vile.  SItak. 
DU.NG'Y,  fl.  Full  of  dung  ;  fillliy  ;  vile.  SliaJc. 
DUNG'Y.IRD,  II.    A  yard  or  inciosure  where  dung  is 

collected.  Mortimer. 
DIJiNK'ERS,  n.  pi.     The  name  of  a  Christian  sect. 

'I'liey  practice  abstinence  and  mortification,  and  it  is 

said  they  deny  the  eternity  of  future  punishment. 
IM  '.N'LI.N',  n.    A  bird,  a  species  of  sandpiper. 

Pennant. 

I  >II\'.\.\0E,  n.  Fagots,  boughs,  or  loose  materials 
iif  any  kind,  laid  on  the  bultont  of  a  ship  to  raise 
heavy  goods  above  the  bottom.  Mar.  DicL 

l)IJi\'.\£U,  (dund,)  pp.  [from  rfuii.]  Importuned  to 
pay  a  debt ;  urged. 

DIJ.N  .\ER,  n.  [from  rfiin.]  One  employed  in  solicit- 
ing the  payment  of  debts.  Spectator. 

DUN'NING,  ppr.  [from  dun.]  Urging  for  payment 
of  a  debt,  or  for  tlie  grant  of  some  favor,  or  for  the 
obtaining  any  re<piest ;  importuning. 

DUN'NIiVG,  71.  [from  dun,  a  color.]  The  operation 
of  curing  codfish,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  it  a 
peculiar  color  and  quality.  Fish  fur  dunning  are 
caught  early  in  spring,  and  often  in  February.  At 
the  Isles  of  Shoals,  off  Portsmouth,  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, the  cod  are  taken  in  deep  water,  split,  and 
slack-salted  ;  then  laid  in  a  pile  for  two  or  three 
months,  in  a  dark  store,  covered,  for  the  greatest  part 
of  the  time,  with  salt  hay  or  eel-gniss,  and  pressed 
with  sou)e  weight.  In  April  or  iM.ty,  they  are  opened, 
and  piled  again  as  close  as  possible  in  the  same  dark 
store,  till  July  or  August,  when  they  arc  fit  for  use. 

J,  Haven. 

DUN'NISII,  a.    Inclined  to  a  dun  color;  somewhat 

dun.  Ray. 
DUN'NY,  a.  Deaf;  dull  of  apprehension.  [Local.] 
DO'O,  n.    [L.  two.]  \Orose. 

.A  song  in  two  iKirts. 
DU-0-DEe-.\-HK'DRAL, )  See  Dodecihedral,  Do- 
DU,0-DEe-A  IlK'DRON",  (  decahedron. 
DU-U-DEC'I-.MAL,  a.    I'roceeding  in  computation  by 
twelves. 

DU-0-DEC'I-M.\LS,  n.  In  arithmetic,  a  kind  of  mul- 
tiplication in  which  the  denominations  proceed  by 
twelves. 

DU-O-DEC'I.M-FID,  a.  [L.  duodecim,  twelve,  and^n- 
do,  to  cleave.] 

Divided  into  twelve  parts. 

DU-O-DEU'l-.MO,  a.    [L.  duodecim,  twelve.] 

Having  or  consisting  of  twelve  leaves  to  a  sheet ; 
ss,  a  book  of  duodecimo  form  or  size. 

DU-O-DEC'l-.MO,  n.  A  book  in  which  a  sheet  is  fold- 
ed into  twelve  leaves. 

DU-0-l)Ee'U-PLE,  a.  [L.  duo,  two,  and  decuplus,' 
tenfold.] 

Consisting  of  twelves.  .^rbuthnoU 
DU-0-Dic'NU.M,  n.    [L.]    The  first  of  the  small  in- 
testines ;  the  twelve-inch  intestine. 
DU-O-LIT'ER-AL,  a.    [L.  duo,  two,  and  lUera,  a  let- 
ter.] 

Consisting  of  two  letters  only  ;  biliternl.  Stuart. 
DUP,  V.  t.    [to  do  up.]    To  o|>cn  ;  as,  to  dup  the  door. 

fJVut  in  itsf.J 
DOPE,  n.    [Fr.  dupe.   See  the  verb.] 

A  person  who  is  deceived  ;  or  one  easily  led  astray 
by  his  credulity  ;  .as,  the  dupe  of  a  party. 
DOPE,  V.  L    [Fr.  duper;  Sw.  tubba.  Uu.  Sp.  and  Port. 
e»tfl/ar.] 

To  deceive  ;  to  trick  ;  to  mislead  by  imposing  on 
one's  credulity  ;  as,  to  be  duped  by  dalterv. 

DOP'A-ULE,  (d'up'a-bl,)  a.    That  can  be  duped. 

DOP'A.'D,  (dupt,)  pp.    Deceived  ;  tricked. 

DCP'ER-V,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  duping. 

DOP'ING,  ppr.    Tricking  ;  cheating. 

D0'Pl-O.\,  II.  A  double  cocoon,  formed  by  two  or 
more  silk-worms.  Encyc 

DO'PLE,  a.    r  L.  duplus.] 

Double.  Vuple  ratio  is  that  in  which  the  antece- 
dent term  is  double  the  consccpicnt  ;  as  of  2  to  I,  8 
to  4,  &c  Sui-duple  ratio  is  the  reverse,  or  as  1  to  2, 
4  to  8,  &.C. 

DOTLl-CATE,  a.    [L.  duplieatus,  from  duplico,  to 
double,  from  dupUz,  double,  twofold  ;  duo,  two,  and 
plito,  to  fold.   See  Double.] 
Double  ;  twofold. 

DupliaUe  proportion,  or  ratio,  is  the  proportion  or 
ratio  of  squares.  Thus,  in  geometrical  proportion, 
the  first  term  to  the  third  is  said  to  be  in  a  duplicate 
ratio  of  the  first  to  the  second,  or  as  its  square  is  to 
tlie  square  of  the  second.  Thus  in  2,  4,  8,  IC,  the 
ratio  of  2  to  8  is  a  duplitau  of  that  of  2  to  4,  or  as  the 
square  of  3  is  to  the  square  of  4. 


DO'PLI-CATE,  n.  Another  corresponding  to  the  first ; 
or  a  seconil  thing  of  the  same  kind. 

2.  .\  copy  ;  a  transcript.  Thus,  a  second  letter  or 
bill  of  exchange,  exactly  like  the  first,  is  called  a  du- 
plicate. 

DO'PLl-eATE,  r.  t.    [L.  duplico.] 
To  double  ;  to  fold. 

DC'PLI-e.^-TEl),  pp.    Alade  double. 

DO'PI.i  eA-TINt;,  ppr.    Making  double  ;  folding. 

DU-PLl-CA'TION,  II.  The  act  of  doubling  ;  the  mul- 
tiplication of  a  number  by  2. 

2.  A  foliliiig  ;  a  (loiihliiig  ;  also,  a  fold  ;  as,  the  du- 
plication of  a  luenibraiic. 

Du'PI.I-eA-TURK,  II.  A  doubling  ;  a  fold.  In  anat- 
omy, the  fold  of  a  membrane  or  vessel.  F.nrye. 

DU-I'I.IC'I-TY,  II.  [Fr.  duplicitc  :  Sp.  duplicidad :  It. 
duplicitd  ;  from  L.  duplex,  double.] 

1.  Doiiblcncss  ;  the  number  two.  JVatts. 

2.  DoubleuHss  of  heart  or  speech ;  the  act  or  prac- 
tice of  exhibiting  a  different  or  contrary  conduct,  or 
uttering  different  or  contrary  sentiments,  at  different 
times,  in  relatitm  to  the  same  thing  ;  or  the  act  of 
dissembling  one's  real  opinions  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
cealing them  and  misleading  persons  in  the  conver- 
sation and  intercourse  of  life  ;  double-dealing  ;  dis- 
simulation ;  deceit. 

3.  In  law,  duplicity  is  the  pleading  of  two  or  more 
distinct  matters  or  single  pleas.  Blaclcstonc. 

DUP'PER,  H.    The  same  as  Dubbeb,  which  see. 

DU-RA-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [See  Dubabi.e.]  Thepowerof 
lasting  or  continuing  lu  any  given  state  without  per- 
ishing ;  as,  the  durability  of  cedar  or  oak  timber  ;  the 
durability  of  animal  and  vegetable  life  is  very  lim- 
ited. 

DO'RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  dwraii/is,  from  duro,  to  last,  iu- 
rus,  hard  ;  W.  dur,  steel ;  duraic,  to  harden.] 

Having  the  quality  of  lasting,  or  continuing  long 
in  being,  without  perishing  or  wearing  out ;  as,  dura- 
ble timber  ;  durable  cloth  ;  durable  happiness. 

DO'RA-HLE-NESS,  n.  Power  of  lasting  ;  durability  ; 
as,  the  durablencss  of  honest  fame. 

DO'R.\-BLY,  adc.  In  a  lasting  manner;  with  long 
continuance. 

DV'RA  MA'TER,  [L.]  The  outer  membrane  of  the 
brain.  Coie. 

DU-Ra'.MEN,  71.  [L.]  The  central  layers,  or  heart- 
wood,  of  a  tree.  Brande. 

DC'RANCE,  71.    [from  Fr.  rfiir,  durer,  L.  duro.] 

1.  Imprisonment ;  restraint  of  the  person  ;  custody 
of  the  jailer.  Shali. 

2.  Continuance;  duration.    [See Endura?<ce.] 

Dryden. 

DU-RANT',  71.  A  glazed  woolen  stuff;  called  by  some 
everla.-itinrr. 

DU-R^Jf'TE,[\i.]  During;  as,  duran'fe  ci'ta,  during 
life;  duran'te  bc'ne  plac'ito,  during  pleasure. 

DU-Ra'TION,  71.  Continuance  in  time  ;  length  or  ex- 
tension of  existence  indefinitely  ;  as,  the  duration  of 
life  ;  the  duration  of  a  partnership  ;  the  duration  of 
any  given  period  of  time  ;  everlasting  duration.  This 
holding  on  or  continuance  of  time  is  divided  by  us, 
arbitrarily,  into  certain  portions,  as  minutes,  hours, 
and  days  ;  or  it  is  measured  by  a  succession  of  events, 
as  by  the  diurnal  and  annual  revolutions  of  the  earth, 
or  any  other  succession  ;  and  the  interval  between 
two  events  is  called  a  part  of  duration.  This  inter- 
val may  be  of  any  indefinite  length,  a  minute  or  a 
century. 

2.  Power  of  continuance.  Rogers. 
DUR'BAK,  n.    An  audience-room,  in  India. 
DORE,  r.  L    [L.  duro ;  Fr.  durer ;  Sp.  durar ;  It.  durare. 
See  Durable.] 

To  last ;  to  hold  on  in  time  or  being ;  to  continue  ; 
to  endure. 

f  7"/«.<  word  is  obsolete;  Exdure  being  substituted.] 
DORE'FyL,  a.    Lasting.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
DORE'l.ESS,  a.    Not  lasting  ;  fading.  Ralegh. 
DU-RESS',  71.  [Nonn.  duresse,  durette,  from  dur,  liard, 
grievous  ;  L.  durities,  diinis.    See  Durable.] 

1.  Literally,  hardship ;  hence,  consitraint.  Techni- 
cally, durejs,  in  law,  is  of  two  kinds ;  duress  of  im- 
priaonment,  which  is  imprisonment,  or  restraint  of 
personal  liberty  ;  &ni  duress  by  menaces  or  threats,  []kt 
minas,]  when  a  person  is  threatened  with  loss  of  life 
or  limb.  Fear  of  batter)-  is  no  durcs.s.  Duress,  then, 
is  imprisonment  or  threats  intended  to  compel  a  p<;r- 
son  to  do  a  legal  act,  as  to  execute  a  deed  ;  or  to 
commit  an  offense  ;  in  which  ca.ses  the  act  is  voida- 
ble or  excusable.  Blaclcstone. 

2.  Imprisonment ;  restraint  of  liberty. 
DOR'I.NG,  ppr.  of  Dure.  Continuing;  lasting;  hold- 
ing on  ;  as,  during  life,  that  is,  life  continuing  ;  during 
our  earthly  pilgrimage ;  during  the  space  of  a  year"; 
during  this  or  that.  These  phrases  are  the  ca.sc  ab- 
solute, or  independent  clauses;  durante  vita,  duran- 
te hoe. 

DO'Rl-TY,  n.    [Fr.  dureii,  from  dur,  L.  durus,  duro.] 

1.  Hardness;  finnness. 

2.  Hardness  of  mind  ;  harshness.    [Liule  used.] 
DC'ROUS,  a.    H.ard.    LVuf  used.]  Smil/i. 
DUR'RA,  TL   A  kind  ofmillet,  cultivated  in  N.  Africa. 
DURST,  pret.  of  Dare.    [D.  dorst.] 

DOSE,  71.  [L.  Diuius.]  A  demon  or  evil  spirit. 
"  Quosdam  dxmones  quos  dusios  Galli  nuucupant." 


(JlugusL  Pe  Civ.  Dei,  \5,  23.)  What  the  diise  is  the 
matter.'  The  diiif  is  in  you.  [f^iilgar.]  More  com- 
monly spelt  Deuce,  or  Deuse,  though  DuiE  is  ety- 
mologlcally  most  correct. 
DUSK,  a.  [D.  diiister;  G.  d»strr ;  Russ.  tusk,  tarnish  ; 
tnslcnu,  to  tarnish,  to  become  dull  or  obscure.  Qu. 
Gr.  (iii*Ti'?.] 

1.  Tending  to  darkness,  or  moderately  dark. 

2.  Tending  to  a  dark  or  black  color ;  moderately 
black.  jVi(/,.i.. 

DUSK,  71.    A  tending  to  darkness;  incipient  or  imper- 
fect obscurity;  a  middle  degree  between  light  and 
darkness;  twilight ;  as,  the  dusk  of  the  evening. 
2.  Tendency  to  a  black  l  olor ;  darkness  of  color. 
Whoso  dutk  vl  olT  tlic  'A-liili-iicM  of  the  skin.  Dryden. 

DUSK,  r.  1.   To  make  dusky.    [Little  used".] 

DUSK,  V.  i.  To  begin  to  lose  light  or  whiteness  ;  to 
grow  dark.    [Little  iLsed.] 

DUSK'l-LY,  n«ii.  Willi  jiartial  darkness  ;  with  a  ten- 
dency to  blackness  or  darkness.  Skrrwood. 

DUSK'I-NESS,  II.  Incipient  or  partial  darkness;  a 
slight  or  moderate  degree  of  darkness  or  blackness. 

DUSK'ISH,  a.  Moderately  dusky  ;  partially  obscure  ; 
slightly  dark  or  black  ;  as,  duskLh  smoke.  Spenser. 

Diisk'uh  tincture.  Wotlon. 

DUSK'ISII-UV,  mil'.    Cloudily  ;  darkly.  Bacon. 

DUSK'ISII-N'ESS.  II.  Duskiness;  appro<ach  to  dark- 
ness. Mire. 

DUSK'Y,  a.  Partially  dark  or  obscure ;  not  luminous  ; 
as,  a  dusky  valley.  Dryden. 

A  dtixky  turrh.  Sha^. 

2.  Tending  to  blackness  in  color;  parti.ally  black  ; 
dark-colored  ;  not  bright ;  as,  a  dusky  brown.  Bacon. 

Duehy  cluuiU.  Dryden. 

3.  Gloomy  ;  sad. 

'I'lii*  rfu«ty  iceiie  of  horror.  Htntlnj. 

4.  Intellectually  clouded  ;  as,  a  dusky  sprite.  Pope. 
DUST,  71.    [Sax.  diul,  dyst ;  Scot,  dust ;  Tcut.  doest, 

duyst,  dust,  fine  dour.] 

1.  Fine,  dry  particles  of  earth,  or  other  m.attcr,  so 
attenuated  that  it  may  be  raised  and  wafted  bv  the 
wind  ;  powder;  as,  clouds  of  dust  and  seas  of  blood. 

2.  Fine,  dry  particles  of  e.arth  ;  fine  earth. 
The  pe-twck  warincth  her  rj^^  in  the  dutl.  —  Job  xx.iix. 

3.  Earth  ;  unorganized  earthy  matter. 

Dust  tlion  art,  anil  lo  dust  »h.All  Uiou  return.  — Gen.  iji. 

4.  The  grave. 

For  now  sh.tll  I  sleep  in  the  dust.  — Job  Til. 

5.  A  low  condition. 

God  raiseth  the  poor  out  of  the  dust.  —  1  Sftm.  ii, 
DUST,  V.  t.    To  free  from  dust ;  to  brush,  wipe,  or 
sweep  away  dust ;  as,  to  dust  a  table  or  a  floor. 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  dust. 

3.  To  levigate  Sprar. 
DUST'-BRUSH,  n.    A  brush  for  cleaning  rooms  and 
DUST'ED,  pp.    Freed  from  dust.  [furniture. 
DUST'ER,  II.    A  utensil  to  cle.ar  from  dust ;  also,  a 

sieve. 

DUST'I-NESS,  71.   The  state  of  being  dusty. 

DUST'ING,  ppr.    Brushing  ;  freeing  from  dusL 
2.  71.    The  act  of  removing  dust. 

DUST'-MA.\,  71.  One  whose  employment  is  to  carry 
away  dirt  and  filth.  Oay. 

DUST'-PAN,  71.  A  utensil  to  convey  dust  brushed 
from  the  floor,  &c. 

DUST'Y,  a.  Filled,  covered,  or  sprinkled  with  dust ; 
clouded  with  dust.  Dnjden. 

2.  Like  dust ;  of  the  color  of  dust ;  as,  a  dusty 
white  ;  a  duslii  red. 

DUTCH,  71.  The  people  of  Holland  ;  also,  their  lan- 
guage. 

DUTCH,  a.  Pertaining  to  Holland,  or  to  its  inhab- 
itants. 

DUTCH'GoLD,  n.  In  commerce,  copper,  brass,  and 
bronze  leaf,  used  largely  in  Holland  to  ornament 
to>s.  McCiilloeh. 

DO'TE-OUS,  a.  [from  duty.]  Performing  that  which 
is  due,  or  that  which  law,  justice,  or  propriety  re- 
quires ;  obedient ;  n^sptctfiil  to  those  who  have  nat- 
ural or  legal  authority  to  require  sen'ice  or  duty  ;  as, 
a  duteous  child  or  subject. 

2.  Obeilienl ;  obsequious  ;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 

Duteous  to  tlie  vlc~s  of  Ihjr  mUtress.  Slink, 

3.  Enjoined  by  duly,  or  by  the  relation  of  one  to 
another  ;  as,  duteous  tics.    [Littie  used.]  Sliak. 

DO'TE-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  iliiteous  manner. 
DO'TE-OUS-NESS,  n.    duality  of  being  obedient  or 
respectful. 

DO'TI-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Duty.]  Subject  to  the  impo- 
sition of  duty  or  customs  ;  as,  dutiable  goods. 

Supreme  Court,  V.  S. 
DO'TI-£D,  (du'tid,)a.  Subjected  to  duties  or  customs. 

.^7Ilf<. 

DC'TI-FIJL,  a.  Performing  the  duties  or  obligations 
required  by  law,  justice,  or  propriety  ;  obedient ;  sub- 
missive to  natural  or  legal  superiors  ;  respectful ;  as, 
a  dutiful  son  or  daughter ;  a  dutiful  ward  or  servant ; 
a  dutiful  subject. 
2.  Expressive  of  respect  or  a  sense  of  duty  ;  re- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DWE 


DYI 


DYS 


spectful  ;  reverential  ;  required  by  duty  ;  as,  dutiful 
reverence ;  dutiful  attentions. 

DO'TI-FUL-LY,  adv.  In  a  dutiful  manner;  with  a 
regard  to  duty  ;  obediently ;  submissively  ;  reverent- 
ly ;  respectfully.  Swift. 

Du'TI-FUI--NESS,  n.    Obedience  ;  submission  to  just 
authority  ;  habitual  performance  of  duty  ;  as,  dutiful- 
ness  to  parents.  Drydcn. 
2.  Reverence  ;  respect.  Taylor. 

Du'TY,  n.  [from  due,  Fr.  dti.']  That  which  a  person 
owes  to  another  ;  that  which  a  person  is  bound,  by 
any  natural,  moral,  or  legal  obligation,  to  pay,  do,  or 
perform.  Obedience  to  princes,  magistrates,  and  the 
laws,  is  tlie  duly  of  evi  ry  citizen  and  subject ;  obe- 
dience,^espr'ct,  and  kindness  to  parents,  are  duties  of 
children  ;  fidelity  to  friends  is  a  duty  ;  reverence,  obe- 
dience, and  prayer  to  God,  are  indispensable  duties: 
the  government  and  religious  instruction  of  children 
are  du(ies  of  parents  which  they  can  not  neglect  with- 
out guilt. 

2.  Forbearance  of  that  which  is  forbidden  by  moral- 
ity, law,  justice,  or  propriety.  It  is  otirdutyto  refrain 
from  lewdness,  intemperance,  profaneness,  and  in- 

3.  Obedience  ;  submission.  [justice. 

4.  Act  of  reverence  or  respect. 

Tiiey  both  did  duty  to  their  lady.  Spenser. 

5.  The  business  of  a  soldier  or  marine  on  guard  ; 
as,  the  company  is  on  duty.  It  is  applied,  also,  to 
other  services  or  labor. 

C.  The  business  of  war;  military  service  ;  as,  the 
regiment  did  duty  in  Flanders. 

7.  Tax,  toll,  impost,  or  customs  ;  excise  ;  any  sum 
of  money  required  by  government  to  be  paid  on  the 
importation,  exportation,  or  consumption  of  goods. 
An  impost  on  land  or  other  real  estate,  and  on  the 
stock  of  farmers,  is  not  called  a  duty^  but  a  direct  tax. 

United  States. 

8.  In  en^ineryy  the  amount  of  weight  which  is 
lifted  by  a  steam-«ngine,  by  a  certain  quantity  of 
Coal. 

DU-UJir  FIR,  n.;  pi.  Duumviri.  [L.  duo,  two,  and 
vir,  man.] 

One  of  two  Roman  officers  or  magistrates  united 

in  the  same  public  functions. 
DU-UM'VI-R.-\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  duumvirs  or 

duiimvirale  of  Rome. 
DU-tJ.M'VI-R.\TE,  «.    The  union  of  two  men  in  the 

same  office  ;  or  the  office,  dignity,  or  government  of 

two  men  thus  associated,  as  in  ancient  Rome. 
DVVaLE,  n.    In  heraldry,  a  sable  or  black  color. 

2.  The  deadly  nightshade,  Atropa  lethalis,  a  plant ; 

or  a  sleepy  potion.  Chaucer. 
DAVARF,  n.    [Sax.  dwerg,  dweorg ;  D.  dwerg ;  S w.  id. ; 

Dan.  dv(Erg.^ 

1.  A  general  name  for  an  animal  or  plant  which  is 
much  below  the  ordinary  size  of  the  species  or  kind. 
A  man  that  never  grows  beyond  two  or  three  feet  in 
higlit,  is  a  dwarf.  This  word,  when  used  alone, 
usually  refers  to  the  human  species,  but  sometimes  to 
other  animals.  When  it  is  applied  to  plants,  it  is 
more  generally  used  in  composition ;  as,  a  dwarf-tree  i 
dwarf-elder, 

2.  An  attendant  on  a  lady  or  knight  in  romances. 

S^cuser. 

DWARF,  V.  U  To  hinder  from  growing  to  the  natural 
size  ;  to  lessen  ;  to  make  or  keep  small.  Addison. 

DWARF'fiD,  (dworft,)  pp.  Hindered  from  growing 
to  tile  natural  size. 

DWARF'ISH,  a.  Like  a  dwarf;  below  the  common 
stature  or  size  ;  very  small  ;  low  ;  petty  ;  despicable  ; 
as,  a  diBarf-fh  animal ;  a  dwarfhh  shrub.  Dryden, 

DWARF' I.SH-LY,  orfo.    Like  a  dwarf. 

DWARF'ISII-NESS,  n.  Smallness  of  stature  ;  little- 
ness of  size. 

DWAUL,  V.  i.  [Sax.  dwelian,  dwolian,  to  wander.] 
'Vo  be  delirious.  [O&s.]  Junius. 
DWELL,  V.  i. ;  pret.  Dwelled,  usually  contracted  in- 
to Dwelt.  [Dan.  dvalcr,  to  stay,  wait,  loiter,  delay  ; 
Sw.  dmla,  a  trance  ;  doaJlias,  to  delay,  abide,  remain, 
or  linger.  Tciit.  dualla  ;  Ice.  duetia  ;  Scot,  duel,  dwell. 
Q,n.  \V.  atlal,  dal,  to  hold,  stop,  stay,  and  Ir.  tuUim,  to 
sleep.  This  word  coincides  nearly  with  dally  in  its 
primitive  signilication,  and  may  be  of  the  same  fam- 
ily. Its  railical  sense  is  probably  to  draw  out  in  time ; 
lienre,  to  hold,  rest,  remain.  We  see  like  senses 
iinitjMl  in  many  words,  as  in  tenco,  rtii/w,  continue. 
See  Dallv,  and  Class  Dl,  No.  3,  5,  fi,  21.] 

I.  To  abide  as  a  permanent  resident,  or  to  inhabit 
for  a  time  ;  to  live  in  a  place  ;  to  have  a  habitation 
for  some  time  or  permanence. 

God  ihall  cnliirrc  Jiphrth,  nod  he  •hall  diaell  In  the  lenli  of 
Blicm.  — Cicii.  U. 


Dwell  imports  a  residence  of  some  continuance. 
We  use  abide  for  the  resting  of  a  night  or  an  hour; 
but  we  never  say,  he  dwelt  in  a  place  a  day  or  a  night. 
Dieiell  may  signify  a  residence  for  life  or  for  a  much 
shorter  period,  but  not  for  a  day.  In  Scripture,  it  de- 
notes a  residence  of  seven  days,  during  the  feast  of 
tabernacles. 

Ye  shall  dwell  in  booths  seren  days.  —  Lev.  xxiii. 

The  Word  was  made  flesh,  and  dwell  amons:  us.  — John  i. 

2.  To  be  in  any  state  or  condition  ;  to  continue. 

To  dioeU  in  doubtful  joy.  Shals. 

3.  To  continue  ;  to  be  fixed  in  attention ;  to  hang 
upon  with  fondness. 

The  attentive  queen 
Dwelt  on  his  accents.  Smith. 
They  stand  at  a  distance,  dwelling  on  hia  looks  and  langiia^, 
fixed  in  amazement.  Buckminster . 

4.  To  continue  long  ;  as,  to  dweU  on  a  subject,  in 
speaking,  debate,  or  writing  ;  to  dwell  on  a  note  in 
music. 

Dwell,  as  a  verb  transitive,  is  not  used.  "  We  who 

dicell  this  wild,'*  in  Milton,  is  not  a  legitimate  phrase. 
DWELL'^D,  (dweld,)  pp.  Inhabited. 
DWELL'ER,  11.    An  inhabitant ;  a  resident  of  some 

continuance  in  a  place.  Dryden. 
DWELL'ING,  ppr.  Inhabiting  ;  residing;  sojourning  ; 

continuing  with  fixed  attention. 
DWELL'ING,  71.     Habitation;  place  of  residence; 

abode. 

Hazor  shall  be  a  dtcelling  for  draa^ons.  —  Jcr.  xllx. 
2.  Continuance  ;  residence  ;  state  of  life. 
Thy  dwelling  sliall  be  with  the  beasls  of  the  field.  —  Dan.  iv. 

DWELL'ING-HOUSE,  71.  The  house  in  which  one 
lives. 

DWELL'ING-PLaCE,  71.    The  place  of  residence. 
DWELT,  pp.  of  Dwell.     Resided  ;  sojourned  ;  con- 
tinued. 

DWIN'DLE,  v.  i.  [Sax.  dwinan,  to  pine,  to  vanish  ; 
Sw.  tcina  ;  G.  schwinden.  I  suppose  founded  on  the 
root  of  wane,  or  vain,  vanish.] 

1.  To  diminish  ;  to  become  less  ;  to  shrink  ;  to 
waste  or  consume  away.  The  body  dwindles  by  pin- 
ing or  consumiition  ;  an  estate  dwindles  by  waste,  by 
want  of  industry  or  economy  ;  an  object  dwindles  in 
size  as  it  recedes  from  view ;  an  army  dwindles  by 
death  or  desertion. 

Our  drooping  days  are  dwindled  down  to  naught.  TTiomson, 

2.  To  degenerate  ;  to  sink  ;  to  fall  away. 
Religious  societies  may  dwindle  into  factious  clubs.  Swift. 

DWIN'DLE,  V.  t.    To  make  less ;  to  bring  low. 

Thomson. 

2.  To  break  ;  to  disperse.  Clarendon. 
DWIN'DLED,  pp.  or  a.    Shrunk  ;  diminished  in  size. 
DWIN'DLING, /T^r.    Falling  away;  becoming  less; 

pining;  consuming;  moldering  away. 
D5E,  V.  U    [Sax.  deagan;  L.  lingo,  for  tigo ;  Gr.  rsy- 

yiii ;  Ft.  teindre,  wlience  tint,  taint,  attaint;  Sp.  tenir; 

Fort,  tingir ;  It.  tignere ;  At.  taicha,  to  dye  and 

to  die.  Class  Dg,  No.  40.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
throw  down,  to  dip,  to  plunge.] 

To  stain  ;  to  color ;  to  give  a  new  and  permanent 
color  to;  applied  particularly  to  cloth  or  the  materials 
of  cloth,  as  wool,  cotton,  silk,  and  linen  ;  also,  to  hats, 
leather,  &c.  It  usually  expresses  more  or  a  deeper 
color  than  tinge. 

DVE,  71.    A  coloring  liquor;  color;  stain;  tinge. 

DY'ED,  (dule,) /ip.    Stained;  colored. 

DYE'-IIOUSE, 71.  A  building  in  which  dyeing  is  car- 
ried on. 

D?E'1NG,  pjir.  Staining;  giving  a  new  and  perma- 
nent color. 

DYE'ING,  71.  The  art  or  practice  of  giving  new  and 
permanent  colors  ;  the  art  of  coloring  cloth,  hats,  &c. 

DY'ER,  71.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  dye  cloth  and 
the  like. 

D?'ER'S-WEED,  71.  A  plant  from  which  is  obtained 
a  yellow  dye.  The  name  is  given  to  the  Reseda 
lutcola,  and  to  the  Genista  tinctoria. 

Loudon.  Dewey. 

DVING,  ppr.  [from  die,}  Losing  life  ;  perishing  ; 
expiring  ;  fading  away  ;  languishing. 

2.  a.    Mortal;  destined  to  death  ;  as,  rfi/m^  bodies. 

3.  Given,  uttered,  or  manifested  just  before  death  ; 
as,  dying  words  ;  a  dying  request ;  dying  love. 

4.  Supporting  a  dying  person  ;  as,  a  dying  bed. 

5.  Pertaining  to  death  ;  as,  a  dying  hour. 
DV'ING-LY,  civ.    In  a  dying  manner. 


DYKE.    See  Dike. 

DY-NAM'E-TER,  71.     [Or.  ^tii-a^iis,  strength,  and 

liCTfitu},  to  measure. 
An  instrument  for  determining  the  magnifying 

power  of  telescopes  Ramsden. 
DYN-A-.MET'Rie-AL,  a.   Pertaining  to  a  dynameter. 
DY-NAM'IC  ) 

DY-NAM'ie-AL,  (  ^"""l"!,  Power.] 

Pertaining  to  strength  or  power,  or  to  dynamics. 

DY-NAM'ies,  71.    [Gr.  Svi^i/.tf,  power.] 

That  blanch  of  mechanical  philosophy  which 
treats  of  bodies  in  motion  ;  opposed  to  statics, 

DYN-A-MO.M'E-TER,  71.  [See  Dvn*meter.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  force,  especially  the  relative 
strength  of  men  and  other  animals.  [See,  also, 
Dyphmometer.]  Ed.  F.ncyc. 

D?'NAST,  71.  [See  Dynasty.]  A  ruler ;  a  governor ; 
a  prince;  a  government. 

DY-NAST'ie,  a.  Relating  to  a  dynasty  or  line  of 
kings. 

DY-NAS'TI-DAN,  71.    [Gr.  ima',rr,i,  powerful.] 

The  dynastidans  are  a  tribe  of  beetles,  of  a  gigantic 
size. 

D5'NAS-TY,  71.  [Gr.  ^uiatrrtm,  power,  sovereignty, 
from  dviia^Ttif,  a  lord  or  chief,  from  invapai,  to  be 
able  or  strong,  to  prevail ;  Ir.  tanaiste.  The  W. 
dyn,  man,  is  probably  from  the  same  root.  Class 
Dn.^ 

Government ;  sovereignty  ;  or  rather  a  race  or 
succession  of  kings  of  the  same  line  or  familv,  who 
govern  a  particular  country ;  as,  the  dynasties  of  Egypt 
or  Persia.  Eucyc. 

The  obligation  of  treaties  and  contracts  is  allowed  to  survive  the 
change  o( dynasties.  E.  EvereU. 

DYS'€RA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  ivcKpaata  ;  ovs,  evil,  and 
xpatjis,  habit.] 

In  medicine,  an  ill  habit  or  state  of  the  humors; 
distemperature  of  the  juices.  Coze.  Encyc, 

DYS-EN-TER'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  dysentery  ;  ac- 
companied with  dysentery  ;  proceeding  from  dys- 
entery. 

2.  Afflicted  with  dysentery ;  as,  a.  dysenteric  patient. 
DYS'EN-TER-Y,  71.    [L.  dijsenteria  ;  Gr.  dvccprtpial 
(Ju5,  bad,  and  evrcfjov,  intestines.] 

A  flux  in  which  the  stools  consist  chiefly  of  blood 
and  mucus  or  other  morbid  matter,  accompanied 
with  griping  of  the  bowels,  and  followed  by  tenesmus. 

Encyc, 

DYS'NO-MY,  71.    [Gr.  Svs  and  ^0,105.] 

Bad  legislation  ;  the  enactment  of  bad  laws. 
DYS'O-DILE,  71.    A  species  of  coal  of  a  greenish  ot 
yellowish-gray  color,  in  masses  composed  of  thin 
layers.    VVlien  burning,  it  emits  a  very  fetid  odor. 

JfaUy.  Clcaveland. 
DYS-OP'SY,  71.    [Gr.  /v{  and  uxp.] 

Dimness  of  sight. 
DYS'O-REX-Y,  71.     [Gr.  ivs,  bad,  and  ope^is,  ap- 
petite.] 

A  bad  or  depraved  appetite ;  a  want  of  appetite. 

Coze. 

DYS-PEP'SY,    I  71.    [Gr.  ivaiTc4„a  ;  Svs,  bad,  and 

DYS-PEP'SI-A,  i      JTtirrw,  to  concoct.] 

Bad  digestion  ;  indigestion,  or  difficulty  of  diges- 
tion. Encyc.  Coze. 

DYS-PEP'Tie,  a.  Afflicted  with  bad  digestion ;  as, 
a  dyspeptic  person. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  dyspcpsy  ;  as,  a 
dyspeptic  complaint. 

DYS-PEP'Tie,  71.  A  person  afflicted  with  bad  di- 
gestion. 

DIS'PHA-GY,  (dis'fa-je,)  71.    [Gr.  6vs  and  0aj  cj.] 

Difficulty  of  digestion. 
DYS'PHO-NY,  71.    [Gr.  6tic<l>oivta ;  Svs,  bad,  hard,  and 
ipioi'ri,  voice.] 

A  difficulty  of  speaking,  occasioned  by  an  ill  dispo- 
sition of  the  organs  of  speech.  Diet. 
DYS-PH6'RI-A,  71.    [Gr.  (ii.;  and  ipopea.] 

Impatience  under  affliclion. 
DYSP-NQJ'A,  (ilisp-nE'i,)  n.    [Gr.  ivtrtrfotii,] 

A  difficulty  of  breathing.  Core. 
DYS-THET'ie,  a.    Relating  to  a  non-febrile  morbid 
state  of  the  blood-vessels,  or  to  a  bad  habit  of  th« 
body,  dependent  mainly  upon  the  state  of  the  circu- 
lating system. 
DYS'TOiME,        j  a,    [Gr.  i>'(,  with  difficultv,  nn(( 
DYS'TO-MOUS,  (      rf/ii'(D,  to  cleave.] 

In  mineralogy,  cleaving  with  dilHculty.  Shepard. 
DYS-IJ'Rie,  71.^  Pertaining  to  dysury. 
DYS'IJ-RY,  (dis'yu-re,)  n.    [Gr.  dvaovpta;  ^ti;  and 
ovonv,  urine.] 

bilhculty  in  discharging  the  urine,  attended  with 
pain  and  a  scnstition  of  heat.  Eticyc 


rXTB,  FXE,  FALL,  WH^T — MftTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


374 


EAG 


EAR 


EAR 


E. 


Ethe  second  vowel  and  the  fifth  letter  of  the  Eng- 
j  lish  alphabet,  seems  to  be  the  ancinnt  Phenician 
and  Hebrew  a  inverted,  corresponding  nearly  with 
the  Cbaldaic  and  later  Hebrew  ~.  Its  long  and  nat- 
ural sound  in  English  coincides  with  the  sound  of  i 
in  the  Italian  and  French  languages,  and  is  formed 
by  a  narrower  opening  of  the  glottis  than  that  of  a. 
'It  has  a  long  sound,  as  in  hrrc,  mere,  vie;  a  short 
sound,  as  in  vitt,  men;  and  the  sound  of  a  open  or 
long,  in  there,  prey,  vein.  As  a  final  letter,  it  is  gen- 
erally quiescent ;  but  it  serves  to  lengthen  the  sound 
of  the  preceding  vowel,  or  at  least  to  indicate  that 
the  preceding  vowel  is  to  have  its  long  sound,  as  in 
iiMHf,  cane,  plume,  which,  without  the  final  e  would 
be  pronounced  man,  can,  plum.  After  c  ana  o",  the 
final  e  serves  to  indicate  that  c  is  to  bo  pronounced 
as  s,  and  /r  as  j.  Thus,  without  the  fiiuil  e  in  mace, 
[mase,]  th,s  word  would  be  pronounced  mac,  [niak,J 
and  ra^re  [rij]  would  be  pronounced  ran-.  In  a  numer- 
ous class  of  words,  —  indeed  in  almost  every  word, 
except  a  few  from  the  Greek,  —  the  final  e  is  silent, 
servuig  no  purpose  whatever,  unless  to  show  from 
what  language  we  have  received  the  words;  and  in 
many  cases,  it  does  not  answer  this  purpose.  In 
words  ending  in  ive,  as  active;  in  He,  af  futile ;  in 
ine,  as  in  sanguine,  examine;  in  ite,  as  in  definite: 
e  is,  for  the  most  part,  silent.  In  some  of  these 
words,  the  use  of  e  is  borrowed  from  the  French  ;  in 
most  or  all  cases,  it  is  not  .authorized  by  the  Latin 
originals  ;  it  is  worse  than  useless,  as  it  le.ids  to  a 
wrong  pronunciation  ;  and  the  retaining  of  it  in  such 
words  is  beyond  measure  absurd. 

When  two  of  this  vowel  occur  together,  the  sound 
is  the  same  as  that  of  the  single  e  long,  as  in  deem, 
esteem,  need ;  and  it  occurs  often  with  a  and  i,  as  in 
mean,  hear,  siege,  deceive,  in  which  cases,  when  one 
vowel  only  has  a  sound,  the  combination  I  call  a 
digraph,  {double  written.]  In  these  combinations,  the 
sound  is  usually  that  of  e  long,  but  sometimes  the 
short  sound  of  e,  as  in  Had,  a  metal,  riad,  pret.  of  read, 
and  sometimes  the  sound  of  a  long,  as  mrei<rn,feipi, 
pnmounced  rotir,  fane.  Irregularities  of  this  kind 
are  not  reducible  to  rules. 

.Asa  numeral,  E  stands  forO-W.  In  the  calendar,  it 
is  the  fifth  of  the  dominical  letters.  .'\s  an  abbrevi- 
ation, it  stands  for  East,  as  in  charts ;  E.  N.  E.,  cast- 
north-east  ;  E.  S.  E.,  cast-south-east;  E.  by  S.,  east 
bv  south. 

EACH,  (Cch,)  a.  [Scot.  eik.  This  word  is  either  a 
contraction  of  the  Sax.  ale,  ele,  D.  elk,  or  the  Ir. 
eeach,  or  ffach,  Ilasque  ffucia,  Fr.  chaque,  with  the 
loss  of  the  first  articulation.  VVith  the  Celtic  corre- 
sponds the  Kiiss.  kajdei,  each.  I  am  inclined  to  be- 
lieve both  the  English  and  Scottish  words  to  be  con- 
tractions of  the  Celtic  ceach.] 

Every  one  of  any  number  separately  considered 
or  treated.  The  emperor  distributed  to  each  soldier 
in  his  army  a  libenfl  donative. 

To  all  ol  them  he  f^ave  each  man  changes  of  nvlment.  — Cieo. 
xlv. 

And        princes  of  Ismel,  brinjr  Iwelte  men,  each  one  was  lor 

th?  hoi  w  of  hu  f.»ihiT«.  —  Num.  i. 
Simeon  and  Le^i  took  tach  man  liis  sword.  — Gen.  xxxir. 

To  each  corre9p<inds  other.  Let  each  esteem  other 
better  than  himself  It  is  our  duty  to  assist  each 
ether;  that  is,  it  is  our  duty  to  assist,  tacA  to  assist 
the  other. 

ftACH'VVHEKE,  orfu.  Everywhere.  [Obs.] 
E.\D,  ED,  in  names,  is  a  Saxon  word, signifying  happy, 
fortunate  ;  as  in  Kdicard,  happy  preserver  ;  Eiisar, 
hnppy  power  ;  Eiitein,  happy  conqueror  ;  Fadulph, 
bappy  ossist.ance  ;  like  .Macarius  and  F.upolemus  in 
Greek,  and  Fausta,  Fortunatus,  Felicianus,  in  I-^atin. 

Otbson, 

EA'GER,  (5'ger,)  a.  [Fr.  aigre;  Arm.  e<rr :  W.  ejiyr  ; 
It.  agro  ;  Pp.  Ofrria  ;  L.  acer,  fierce,  brisk,  sharp,  sour. 
If  r  is  radical,  this  word  belongs  to  Class  Gr.  Ir. 
gear,  geire,  sharp ;  Ger.  trier.  Otherwise,  it  coin- 
cides with  L.  <Ku.«,  Eng.  edge.  Sax.  ecg.] 

1.  Excited  by  ardent  desire  in  the  pursuit  of  any 
object  ;  ardent  to  pursue,  perform,  or  obtain  ;  inflamed 
by  desire  :  ardently  wishing  or  longing.  The  soldiers 
were  eager  to  engage  the  enemy.  Alen  are  eager  in 
the  pursuit  of  we.ilth.  The  lover  is  eager  to  possess 
tlie  object  of  his  affections. 

2.  Ardent  ;  vehement  ;  impetuous  ;  as,  eager 
spirits  ;  eager  zeal  ;  eager  clamors. 

3.  Sharp  ;  sour  ;  acid  ;  as,  eager  droppings  into 
milk.    [UaXe  used.]  Shak, 

4.  Sharp  ;  keen  ;  biting  ;  severe  ;  as,  eager  air  ; 
ea^^rr  cold.    [Little  used.]  Shak.  Bacon. 

5.  UriiUe  ;  inflexible  ;  not  ductile  ;  as,  the  gold  is 
_  too  eager.    [LocaL]  Locke. 

F A'GER-LY,  ode.   With  great  ardor  of  desire;  ar- 


dently :  earnestlv  :  warmly  ;  with  prompt  zeal ;  as, 
he  eagerly  flew  to  the  assistance  of  Iiis  friend. 

2.  Hastily  ;  imiK'tuousIy. 

3.  Keenly  ;  sharply. 

EA'GEU-NESS,  71.  Ardent  desire  to  do,  pursue,  or  ob- 
tain any  thing  ;  animated  zeal;  vehement  lunging; 
ardor  of  inclination.  Men  pursue  honor  with  eager- 
ness. Detraction  is  often  received  with  eagerness. 
With  eagerness  the  soldier  rushes  to  battle.  The 
lover's  eagerness  often  disappoints  his  hopes. 
2.  Tartness;  sourness.  [Oftx.] 

E.4.'GLE,  (S'gl,)  n.    [Fr.  aigle;  Sp.  aguila;  It.  aquila  ; 
L.  aquila.    Clu.  from  his  beak,  Ch.  Heb.  Spy,  to  be 
o 

crooked,  (see  Buxtorf,)  or  Pars,  ^^.s.!.] 

1.  A  rapacious  bird  of  the  genus  Falco.  The  beak 
is  crooked,  and  furnished  with  a  cere  at  the  base,  and 
the  tongue  is  cloven  or  bifid.  There  are  several  spe- 
cies, as  the  bald  or  white-headed  eagle,  the  sea  ea- 
gle or  ossifragc,  the  golden  eagle,  &c. 

The  eagle  is  one  of  the  largest  species  of  birds, 
has  a  keen  sight,  and  preys  on  small  animals,  fish, 
&.C.  He  lives  to  a  great  age  ;  and  it  is  said  that  one 
died  at  Vienna,  after  a  confinement  of  a  hundred  and 
four  years.  On  account  of  the  elevation  and  rapidity 
of  his  flight,  and  of  his  great  strength,  he  is  called 
the  king  of  birds.  Hence  the  figure  of  an  eagle 
was  made  the  standard  of  the  Romans,  and  a  spread 
eagle  is  a  principal  figure  in  the  amis  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  Hence,  also,  in  heraldry,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  noble  bearings  in  armory. 

2.  A  gold  coin  of  the  United  States,  of  the  value 
of  ten  dollars,  or  about  forty-three  sliillings  sterling. 

3.  A  constellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  hav- 
ing its  right  wing  contiguous  to  the  equinoctial.  It 
contains  .Altair,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude.  E^ncyc. 

K.VGLE-E?-i;D,  (e'gl-Ide,)  a.     Sharpsiglited  .is  an 
eagle  ;  having  an  .iciite  sight.  Dnjden. 
2.  Discerning;  having  acute  intellectual  vision. 
KA'GLE-FLIGHT-ED,(£'gl-flit-ed,)a.  Flying  like  an 
_  eagle  ;  mounting  high. 

KA'GLE-SIGHT'ED,  (e'gl-slt-ed,)  a.  Having  acute 
sight.  Shak. 

EA'GLE-SPEED.  n.    Swiftness  like  that  of  an  eagle. 

KA'GLESS,  71.    A  female  or  hen  eagle.  [Pope. 

EA'GLE-SToNE.Ti.  .iCtitcs,  a  variety  of  argillaceous 
oxyd  of  iron,  occurring  in  ma-sses  varying  from  the 
size  of  a  walnut  to  that  of  a  man's  head.  Their  form 
is  spherical,  oval,  or  nearly  rcniform,  or  sometimes 
like  a  parallelopiped  with  rounded  edges  and  angles. 
They  have  a  rough  surface,  and  are  essentially  com- 
posed of  concentric  layers.  These  nodules  often 
embrace  at  the  center  a  kernel  or  nucleus,  sometimes 
movable,  and  always  differing  from  the  exterior  in 
color,  density,  and  fracture.  To  these  hollow  nodules 
the  ancients  gave  the  name  of  eagle-stones,  from  an 
opinion  that  the  eagle  transported  them  to  her  nest  to 
facilitate  the  laying  of  her  eggs.  CleavelantL 

EA'GLET,  ji.    A  young  eagle,  or  a  diminutive  eagle. 

EA'GLE-WING-f:D,  a.  Having  the  wings  of  an  e.a- 
gle  ;  swift  as  an  eagle.  Milton. 

E.\'GLE-VVOOD,  71.  A  fragrant  wood,  used  by  the 
Asiatics  for  burning  as  incense.  Brande. 

EA'GRE,  71.  A  tide  swelling  above  another  tide, as  in 
the  Severn.  Dryden. 

P.AL'DER-MAN.   See  Aldebmaw. 

iS.\ME,7i.    [Sax.  earn.] 

Uncle.    [OA.*J  Spenser. 

P.AN,  r.  f.  or  i.   To  yean.  [SeeYtAw.] 

eAN'LING,  7u  a  lamb  just  brought  forth.  [A'ut 
used.] 

E.\R,  71.  [Sax.  ear,  eare ;  D.  nor  ;  Sw.  lira ;  Dan.  '6re  ; 
G.  ohr,  or  tihr ;  L.  auris,  whence  auricula,  Fr.  oreiUe, 
Sp.  oreja.  Port,  orelha.  It.  orecehio.  The  sense  is 
probably  a  shoot  or  limb.  It  may  be  connected 
with  hear,  as  the  L.  audio  is  with  the  Gr.  ot-y,  uimi.] 

1.  The  organ  of  hearing;  the  organ  by  which 
sound  is  perceived  ;  and,  in  general,  both  the  exter- 
nal and  internal  part  is  understood  by  the  term.  The 
external  ear  is  a  cartilaginous  funnel,  attached,  by 
ligaments  and  muscles,  to  the  temporal  bone,  fiiryc. 

2.  The  sense  of  hearing^  or  rather  the  powcr.^»f 
distinguishing  sounds  and  judging  of  harmonv;'tlS 
power  of  nice  perception  of  the  differences  of  sound, 
or  of  consonances  and  disson.ances.  She  has  a  deli- 
cate ear  for  music,  or  a  good  ear. 

3.  In  tAe  plural,  the  head  or  person. 

U  Is  Viler  lo  pus  o»rr  an  alTrool  6om  ou  scoundrrl,  than  to 
draw  a  hcnl  about  one's  tart.  L  Ettrangt. 

4.  The  top,  or  highest  part 

The  caTalier  was  up  to  the  sars  In  lore.   \Lv».\  L'Ettrangt. 


TS   I  '° 


fight  or  scuffle  ;  to 
rrel. 


5.  A  favorable  hearing  ;  attention  ;  heed  ;  regard. 
Give  no  car  to  flattery.  He  could  not  gain  the  prince's 
ear. 

I  cried  to  God  —and  he  gave  ear  to  me.  —  Ps.  Ixxvil. 

G.  Disposition  to  like  or  dislike  what  is  heard  ; 
opinion  ;  judgment ;  taste. 


7.  Any  part  of  a  thing  resembling  an  ear;  a  pro- 
jecting part  from  the  side  of  any  thing;  as,  the  ears 
of  a  vessel  used  as  handles. 

8.  The  spike  of  corn  ;  that  part  of  certain  plants 
which  contains  the  flowers  and  seeds  ;  as,  an  ear  of 
wheat  or  maize. 

7^0  be  by  the  ears. 
To  fall  togctlu'r  by  the  ears, 
To  go  together  by  Uie  ears. 

To  set  by  tlie  ears ;  to  make  strife  ;  to  cause  to 
quarrel. 

jJn  ear  for  music ;  an  ear  that  relishes  music,  or  that 
readily  distinguishes  tones  or  intervals. 
EAR,  1'.  i.    To  shoot  as  an  ear ;  to  form  ears,  as  corn. 

E. \R,  v.  U    [I.,  aro.] 

To  plow  or  till.    [  Obs.] 
EAR'A-ni,E,  a.    Used  to  be  tilled.    [Obs.]  Barret. 
EAR'aCHE,  (•-ake,)  n.    [SeeAciiE.j    Pain  in  the  oar. 
iiAR'.\L,  a.  Receiving  by  the  ear.  [JVut  itsed.] 

Hemt. 

EAR'-BoR-KD,a.    Having  the  ear  perforated.  Hall. 
EAR'-CAP,  71.    .\  cover  for  the  ears  against  cold. 
eAR'-DEAF-£N-ING,  (-dC'fn- or -defn-,)  a.  Stun- 
ning the  car  with  noise.  Shak. 

F.  .\R'£D,;/p.  or  a.  Having  e.ars  ;  having  spikes  formed, 

3.  Plowed.    [Obs.]  [as  corn. 

eAR'-E-RECT'ING,  a.    Setting  up  the  ears.  C«7P;7rr. 
E.'VR'IXG,  71.    In  seamen' slanguage,  a  rope  attached  to 
the  cringle  of  a  sail,  by  which  it  is  bent  or  reefed. 

R.  n.  Dana,  Jr. 
eAR'ING,  71.    A  plowing  of  land.    Oen.  .xliv. 
eAR'LAP,  71.    The  tip  of  the  car. 
EAR'I.OCK,  71.    [Sax.  ear-loea.] 

A  lock  or  curl  of  hair,  near  the  car. 
E.\R'MARK,  n.    A  mark  on  the  ear,  by  which  a  sheep 
is  known. 

e.\R'.MARK,  71.  t.  To  mark,  as  sheep,  by  cropping  or 
slitting  the  ear. 

EAR'MXRK-f;0,  (-mirkt,)  pj,.    Marked  on  the  ear. 

EAR'MXRK-ING,  ppr.    Marking  on  the  ear. 

EAR'PICK,  n.    An  instrument  for  cleansing  the  ear. 

eAR'-PI|-.R-CL\G,  a.    Piercing  the  ear,  as  a  shrill  or 

_  sharp  sound.  Shak. 

eAR'RLVG,  n.  A  pendant;  an  ornament,  sometimes 
set  with  diamonds,  pearls,  or  other  jewels,  worn  at 

_  the  ear,  by  means  of  a  ring  passing  through  the  lobe. 

EAR'SHOT,  71.  Reach  of  the  ear;  the  distance  at 
which  words  mav  be  hoard.  Dryden. 

EAR'-TRUMP-ET,  71.  A  tube  applied  to  the  ear  to 
aid  in  hearing. 

E,\R'VV.\X,  71.  The  cerumen  ;  a  thick  viscous  sub- 
stance, secreted  by  the  glands  of  the  ear  into  the 

_  outer  passage.  F.neyc. 

EAR' WIG,  77.  [Sax.  ear-viigga,  ear-wicga;  ear  and 
worm  or  grub.] 

1.  An  insect,  with  Large  transparent  wings,  which 
cats  fruit  and  flower  h  aves,  and  h.as  been  errone- 
ously supposed  to  creep  into  the  human  brain  through 
the  ear. 

In  J^ew  England,  this  name  is  vulgarly  given  to  a 
centiped. 

2.  Figuralirrly,  one  who  gains  the  ear  of  another 
by  stealth,  and  whispers  insinuations. 

EA  R'WIG,  r.  t.    To  gain  the  ear  by  stealth,  and  whis- 
_  per  insinuations.    [Colloquial  in  Fjigland.] 
K.\R'-WIT-\ESS,  71.    One  who  is  able  to  give  testi- 
mony to  a  fact  from  his  own  hearing.  Watts. 
E.\RL,  (eri,)  71.     [Sax.  i-or/ ;   Ir.  iaWn,  an  earl;  ear- 
lumh,  noble.  This  word  is  said  to  have  been  received 
from  the  Danes,  although  not  now  used  in  Denmark. 
Formerly,  this  title  among  the  Danes  was  equivalent 
to  the  English  alderman.  Spclman.] 

A  Rritish  title  of  nobility,  or  a  nobleman,  the  third 
in  rank,  being  next  below  a  marquis,  and  nexlabove 
a  viscount.  The  title  answers  to  count  [eomple]  in 
France,  and  graaf  in  Germany.  The  earl  formerly 
had  the  government  of  a  shire,  and  was  called  shire- 
man.  After  the  conquest,  earls  were  called  counts, 
and  from  them  shires  have  taken  the  name  of  coun- 
ties. Earl  is  now  a  mere  title,  unconnected  with  ter- 
ritorial Jurisdiction.  Spelman.  F.neyc. 
E.\RL'DOM,  (eri'dum,)  ti.    The  seignor)-,  juri.sdic- 

tion,  or  dignity  of  an  earl. 
EARL-MA R'SH.AL,  n.    An  oflicer  in  Great  Britain, 
who  has  the  superintendence  of  military  solemnities. 


TtNE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  asK;  GosJ;  SasZ;  CHasSH;  THasln  THIS. 


375 


EAR 


EAR 


EAS 


He  is  the  eighth  great  officer  of  state.    Tlie  office 
was  originally  conferred  by  grant  of  tlie  king,  but  is 
now  hereditary  in  the  family  of  tlie  Howards.  Encyc. 
EARLES'-PEN'-NY,  (erlz  )  n.    Money  given  in  part 
_  payment,    [du.  L.  arrha.]    [JVot  in  use] 
EAR'LESS,  a.   Destitute  of  ears  ;  disinclined  to  hear 
or  listen. 

EAR'LI-ER,  (er'li-er,)  a.  eomp.  More  forward  or  early. 

EAR'LI-EST,  (er'li-est,)  o.  supcrl.    Most  early  ;  first. 

E.'Ul'LI-NESS,  (er'li-ness,)  n.  [See  Early  and  Ere.] 
A  state  of  advance  or  forwardness  ;  a  state  of 
being  before  any  thing,  or  at  the  beginning;  as,  the 
earliuess  of  rising  in  the  morning  is  a  rising  at  the 
dawn  of  the  morning,  or  before  the  usual  time  of 
rising.  So  we  speak  of  the  earliness  of  spring,  or  the 
earlincss  of  plants,  to  express  a  state  somewhat  in 
advance  of  the  usual  time  of  spring,  or  growth  of 
plants. 

EAR'LY,  (er'ly,1  a.  [from  Sax.  <Er,  cr,  before  in 
time,  Eng.  erf,  which  indicates  the  root  of  the  word 
to  signify,  to  advance,  to  pass  along,  or  shoot  up.  It 
is  probably  connected  with  the  D.  eer,  G.  rjire,  Sw. 
akra,  Dan.  arc,  honor,  denoting  the  highest  point.] 

1.  In  advance  of  something  else  ;  prior  in  time  ; 
forward  ;  as,  early  fruit,  that  is,  fruit  that  comes  to 
maturity  before  other  fruit  ;  early  gro\vth  ;  carhj 
manhood  ;  early  old  age  or  decrepitude,  that  is, 
premature  old  age.  So  an  early  spring  ;  an  early 
harvest. 

2.  First ;  being  at  the  beginning ;  as,  early  dawn. 

3.  Being  in  good  season  ;  as,  the  court  met  at  an 
early  hour. 

EAR'LY,  (er'ly,)  adv.  Soon  ;  in  good  season  ;  be- 
times ;  as,  rise  early :  come  early ;  begin  early  to 
instil  into  children  principles  of  piety. 

Those  that  seek  nic  early  £!::«!  find  me.  —  Fiov.  viii. 

EARN,  (ern,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  carman^  atrnian,  rrearnian^  to 
earn,  to  merit.  It  is  connected  in  origin  with  Ear- 
.NEST  and  Years,  which  see.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  strive  or  urge,  implying  an  eflbrt  to  advance  or 
stretch  forward.] 

1.  To  merit  or  deserve  by  labor,  or  by  any  per- 
formance ;  to  do  that  which  entitles  to  a  reward, 
whether  the  reward  is  received  or  not.  .Men  often 
earn  money  or  honor  which  they  never  receive. 
Earn  money  before  you  spend  it,  and  spend  less  than 
you  earn. 

It  is  idle  to  hope,  by  our  short-sighteil  conlrirances,  to  insure 
to  a  people  happiuess  which  their  own  chantct-^T  has  not 
earma.  Clianntng, 

2.  To  gain  by  labor,  service,  or  performance ;  to 
deserve  and  receive  as  compensation  ;  as,  to  earn  a 
dollar  a  day  ;  to  earn  a  good  living  ;  to  earn  honors  or 
laurels. 

EARN,  (ern,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  gyman.]  To  long  for ;  to 
feel  anxiety.    See  Yearn.  Spenser. 

EARN,  V.  i.    To  curdle.  JVort/i  of  Eufrlaud. 

EARN'£D,  (emd,)  pp.  Merited  by  labor  or  perform- 
ance ;  gained. 

E.ARN'EST,  (ern'est,)  a.  [Sax.  earnest  or  geomest, 
from  georn,  desirous,  studious,  diligent,  assidiioud, 
whence  geornian,  gyrnan,  to  desire,  to  yearn  ;  Dan. 
gieriie,  willingly,  freely,  gladly,  cheerfully  ;  gierning, 
a  deed,  act,  exploit;  Ger.  ernst ;  D.  ernst ;  W.  ern, 
earnest-money.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  strive  to  ad- 
vance, to  reach  forward,  to  urge,  to  strain.] 

1.  Ardent  in  the  pursuit  tif  an  object  ;  eager  to 
obtain  ;  having  a  longing  desire  ;  warmly  engaged 
or  incited. 

They  are  never  more  earnat  to  disturb  us,  than  when  they  see 
us  most  earnett  in  this  duty.  Dupjja. 

9.  Ardent  ;  wann  ;  eager  ;  zealous  ;  animated  ; 
importunate  ;  as,  earnest  in  love  ;  earnest  in  prayer, 
y.  Intent ;  fixed. 

On  that  prospect  Strang 
Their  earnest  eyes  were  fixetl.  Arttton. 

4.  Serious  ;  important ;  that  is,  really  intent  or  en- 
gaged ;  whence  tlie  phrase  hi  earnest.  To  be  in  earn- 
est, is  to  be  really  urging  or  stretching  toward  an 
object ;  intent  on  a  pursuit.  Hence,  from  fixed  atten- 
tion, comes  the  sense  of  seriousness  in  the  pursuit,  as 
opposed  to  trilling  or  jest.  Arc  you  in  earnest  or  in  jest  ? 

E.ARN'EST,  (ern'est,)  n.  Seriousness  ;  a  reality  ;  a 
real  event ;  as  opposed  to  jesting  or  feigned  apiiear- 
ance. 

Tnlce  heefl  that  this  )e8t  flo  not  one  day  turn  to  earnest.  Sitlney. 
And  five  in  earnett  what  1  l<egged  in  Jfst.  SItaJc. 

2.  First  fruits  ;  that  which  is  in  advance,  and  gives 
promise  of  something  to  come.  Early  fruit  may  be 
an  e<irne*t  of  fruit  to  follow.  The  (  hrii^tian's  peace 
of  mind,  in  this  life,  is  an  earnest  of  future  peace  and 
happinesn.  The  earnest  of  the  J^jiirit  is  given  to  the 
■aiiits,  as  the  assurance  of  their  future  enjoyment  of 
God's  favor  and  presence. 

:t.  A  part  paid  or  delivered  beforehand,  ns  money 
or  goods,  under  a  contract,  .is  a  pledge  and  security 
for  the  whole.  Thus,  earnest,  or  earnest-money,  is  a 
first  payment  or  depo»it,  giving  iirimiise  or  assurance 
of  full  payinenl,  and  serving  alsti  to  bind  the  seller 
lo  the  termi  tif  the  agreement.  AfcCuUorh. 

Hence  tlio  practice  of  giving  an  earnett  to  ratify  a 
bargain. 


4.  In  a  wider  sense,  a  pledge  or  assurance  of  more 
to  come  hereafter  ;  as,  to  give  earnest  of  success. 
EARN'EST-LY,  (ern'est-ly,)  ado.     Warmly  ;  zeal- 
ously ;  importunately  ;  eagerly ;  with  real  desire. 
Beinij  in  an  ag;ony,  he  prayed  more  earnestly,  —  I^uke  xxii. 
That  ye  should  earnestly  contend  for  die  faith  once  delivered  to 
the  saints.  —  JuJe  3. 

2.  With  fixed  attention  ;  with  eagerness. 
A  certain  maid  looked  earnestly  upon  him.  —  Luke  xxii. 
EARN'EST-MON-EY,  (-mun-ny,)  n.    Money  paid  as 

a  pledge  or  security. 
EARN'EST-NESS,  (em'est-ness,)  n.    Ardor  or  zeal  in 
the  pursuit  of  any  thing  ;  eagerness  ;  animated  de- 
sire ;  as,  to  seek  or  ask  with  earnestness ;  to  engage 
in  a  work  with  mmestncss. 

2.  Anxious  care ;  solicitude  ;  intenssness  of  de- 
sire. Drydcn. 

3.  Fixed  desire  or  attention  ;  seriousness ;  as,  the 
charge  was  maintained  with  a  show  of  gravity  and 
earnestness. 

EARN'FHIi,  (ern'ful,)  a.  Full  of  anxiety.  [J^otused.] 

EARN'ING,  (ern'ing,)  ppr.  Meriting  by  services  ; 
gaining  by  labor  or  performance. 

EARN'I.^IG,  (ern'ing,)  n. ;  pi.  Ear.mngs.  That  which 
is  earned  ;  that  which  is  gained  or  merited  by  labor, 
services,  or  performances  ;  wages  ;  reward.  The 
fully  of  young  men  is  to  spend  their  earnings  in  dis- 
sipation or  extravagance.  It  is  wise  fur  the  poor  to 
invest  their  earnings  in  a  productive  fund. 

EARSH,  (ersli,)  ji.  [See  Ear,  to  plow.]  A  plowed 
field.    [jVo/  in  ttse.]  Jllay. 

EARTH,  (ertli,)  n.  [Sax.  card,  eorth,  yrth;  D.  aarde; 
G.  eriic ;  Sw.  iord,  jord ;  Dan.  iord  ;  Scot,  erd,  yerd, 
yerth,;  Turk,  jerda;  Tartaric,  i/irc/tt.  It  coincides  with 

the  Heb.  fiN.   The  Ar.  (j^!  aradh,  from  which 

the  Arabic  and  Hebrew  words  corresponding  to  the 
Teutonic  above,  are  derived,  signifies  to  eat,  gnaw, 
or  corrode  as  a  worm,  or  the  teredo.  It  is  obvious, 
then,  that  the  primary  sense  of  earth  is  fine  particles, 
like  mold.  The  verb  may  be  from  ysi,  to  break  or 
bruise.  The  Ch.  and  Syr.  N^iN,  earth,  may  be  con- 
tracted from  the  same  word.    See  Corrode.] 

1.  Earth,  in  its  primary  sense,  signifies  the  particles 
which  compose  the  mass  of  the  globe,  but  more  partic- 
ularly, the  particles  which  form  the  fine  mold  on  the 
surface  of  the  globe  ;  or  it  denotes  any  indefinite  mass 
or  portion  of  that  matter.  We  throw  U|)  earth  with  a 
spade  or  plow  ;  we  fill  a  pit  or  ditch  with  earth  ;  we 
form  a  rampart  with  car(/i.  This  substance  being 
considered,  by  ancient  philo.sophers,  as  simple,  was 
called  an  element;  and,  in  popular  language,  we  still 
hear  of  the  four  elements,  ^irc,  air,  eartli,  and  water. 

2.  In  chemistry,  the  term  earth  was,  till  lately,  em- 
ployed to  denote  a  supposed  simple  elementary  body 
or  substance,  defined  to  be  tasteless,  inodorous,  un- 
infiamniable,  and  infusible.  But  it  has  also  been 
applied  to  substances  which  have  a  very  sensible  al- 
kaline taste,  as  lime.  The  primitive  earths  have 
been  reckoned  ten  in  number ;  of  which  five  are 
considered  earths  proper,  namely,  alumina,  glucina, 
yttria,  zirconia,  and  tSiorina;  four  possess  decided  al- 
kaline properties,  namely,  baryta,  strontia,  lime  or 
calcia,  and  magnesia ;  and  one,  silica,  is  regarded  as 
an  acid,  and  often  called  silicic  acid.  Recent  experi- 
ments prove  that  all  of  them,  except  ii&a,  are  com- 
pounds of  oxygen  «'ith  metallic  bases. 

Davy.    Silliman.    Phillips.  Ure. 

3.  The  terraqueous  globe  which  we  inhabit.  The 
earth  is  nearly  spherical,  but  a  little  fiatted  at  the 
poles,  and  hence  its  figure  is  called  an  oblate  spheroid. 
It  is  one  of  the  primary  planets,  revolving  round  the 
sun  in  an  orbit  which  is  between  those  of  Venus  and 
Mars.  It  is  nearly  eight  thousand  miles  in  diameter, 
and  twenty-five  thousand  miles  in  circumference. 
Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  about  ninety-five 
millions  of  miles,  and  its  annual  revolution  consti- 
tutes the  year  of  305  days,  5  hours,  and  nearly  49 
minutes. 

4.  The  world,  as  opposed  to  other  scenes  of  exist- 
ence. SShalt. 

5.  The  inhabitants  of  the  globe. 

The  whole  earOi  wa«  of  one  lanjua^.  —  Gen.  xi. 

6.  Dry  land,  opposed  to  the  sea. 

God  Cfdled  Uie  dry  land  earth.  —  Gen.  i. 

7.  Country  ;  region  ;  a  distinct  part  of  the  globe. 

Drydcn. 

In  this  sense,  land  or  soil  is  more  generally  used. 
In  Scripture,  earth  is  used  for  a  jiart  of  the  worlil. 

Eira  i.  2. 

8.  The  ground  ;  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Ho  fell 
to  the  earth.    The  ark  was  lirtcd  above  the  earth. 

In  the  second  month  —  was  Uie  earlli  dried.  —Gen.  viii. 

0.  In  Scripture,  things  on  the  earth  are  carnal,  sen- 
sual, lt;mporary  things ;  ojiposed  to  heaveiil}',  spirit- 
ual, or  divine  things. 

10.  Finuralivcly,  a  low  condition.    Re\\  xii. 

11.  [from  ear.  Sax.  erinn,  L.  aro,Xo  plow.]  The 
act  of  turning  up  the  ground  in  tillage.    [JVnt  used.] 

Tussrr.  \ 


EARTH,  (erth,)  v.  t.  To  hide,  or  cause  to  hide,  in  the 
earth. 

The  fox  b  earthed.  Dryden. 
2.  To  cover  with  earth  or  mold.  Evelyn. 

EARTH,  V.  i.  To  retire  under  ground  ;  to  burrow. 
Here  foxes  earthed. 

EARTH'-BAG,  n.  A  bag  filled  with  earth,  used  for  de- 
fense in  war. 

EAKTH'-BANK,  n.   A  hank  or  mound  of  earth. 

EARTH'-BoARD,  (erth'bord,)  n.  The  board  of  a  plow 
that  turns  over  the  earth  ;  the  molit-board. 

EARTH'BORN,  a.    Born  of  the  earth  ;  terrigenous  ; 
springing  originally  from  the  earth  ;  as,  the  falded 
2.  Earthly ;  terrestrial.  [earth-born  giants. 

AH  earlli-born  c:vre8  are  wrong.  Goldsmith. 

EARTH'-BOUND,  a.  Fastened  by  the  pressure  of  the 
earth.  Slialc. 

EARTH'-BRED,  a.    Low;  abject;  groveling. 

EARTH'-CRE  aT'ED,  a.    Formed  of  earth.  Young. 

EARTH'A'D,  (erthd,) pp.    Hid  in  the  earth. 

EARTH'£N,  (erth'n,)  a.  Made  of  earth  ;  made  of 
cl.ay  ;  as,  an  earthen  vessel ;  earthen  ware. 

EARTH'EN-WaRE,  71.  Ware  made  of  earth ;  crock- 
ery.   It  is  less  hard  than  stone-ware. 

EARTH'-FED,  a.    Low;  abject.  B.  Jonson. 

EARTH'-FLAX,  71.  Ainianth  ;  a  fibrous,  flexile,  elas- 
tic mineral  substance,  consisting  of  short  interwoven, 
or  long  parallel  filaments.  Encyc. 

EARTH'1-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  earthy,  or 
of  containing  earth  ;  grossness.  Johnson. 

EARTll'ING,  (erth'ing,)  ppr.    Hiding  in  the  earth. 

EARTH'LI-NESS,  71.  [from  eart%.]  The  quality  of 
being  earthly  ;  grossness. 

2.  Worldliness;  strong  attachment  to  worldly 
things. 

EARTH'LING,  71.    An  inhabitant  of  the  earth ;  a 

mortal ;  a  frail  creature.  Drummond. 
EARTII'LY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  earth,  or  to  this  world. 
Our  eartjily  house  of  this  tabernacle.  — 2  Cor.  v. 

2.  Not  heavenly  ;  vile ;  mean. 

Tliis  eanltly  load 
Of  death  called  liie.  Mllon. 

3.  Belonging  to  our  present  state ;  as,  eartldy  ob- 
jects ;  eartliUj  residence. 

4.  Belonging  to  the  earth  or  world  ;  carnal;  vile; 
as  opposed  \.o  spirituxd  or  heavenly. 

Whose  glory  is  in  their  shame,  who  mind  earthly  things.  — 
Phil.  iii. 

5.  Corporeal ;  not  mental.  Spenser. 

6.  Any  thing  on  earth. 

Wlial  carl/i/y  benefit  can  be  the  result  f  Pope. 
EARTH'LY-MIND'ED,  a.    Having  a  mind  devoted 

to  earlhlv  things. 
EARTH'LY-MIND'ED-NESS,  71.     Grossness;  sen- 
suality ;  extreme  devotedness  to  earthly  objects. 

Q-regory. 

EARTII'-NUT,  7!.  The  popular  name  of  a  spherical 
knob,  the  size  of  a  cherry,  which  is  black  without 
and  white  within,  and  is  a  part  of  the  root  of  the 
Carum  Bulbocastantim.  DcCand. 

2.  The  seed-vessel  and  -seed  of  the  Arachis  liy- 
poga;a,  a  leguminous  plant,  called  also  pea-nut.  It 
lies  upon,  or  is  buried  in  the  earth,  where  it  ripens. 

EARTiraUAKE,  71.  A  shaking,  trembling,  or  con- 
cussion of  the  eartli ;  sometimes  a  slight  tremor  ;  at 
other  times  a  violent  shaking  or  convulsion  ;  at  oth- 
er times  a  rocking  or  heaving  of  the  earth.  Earth- 
quakes are  usually  preceded  by  a  rattling  sound  in 
the  air,  or  by  a  subterraneous  rumbling  noise.  Hence 
the  name  earlhdin,  formerly  given  to  an  earthquake. 

EARTH'-SIIAK-ING,  a.  Shaking  the  earth;  having 
power  to  shake  the  earth.  Mdton. 

EARTH-WAN'DER-ING,  a.    Roving  over  the  earth. 

EARTll'-WbltK,  (erth'wurk,)  7i.  In  engineering,  a 
term  applied  to  cuttings,  embankments,  &c. 

EAR'J'H'-WORM,  (erth'wurin,)  71.  The  dew  worm,  a 
species  of  lumbricus ;   a  worm  that  lives  under 
ground.  Encyc. 
2.  A  mean,  sordid  wretch. 

EARTH'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  earth  ;  as,  earthy  matter. 

2.  Resembling  earth  ;  as,  an  rar(/iy  taste  or  smell. 

3.  Partaking  of  earth  ;  terrene.  Milton. 

4.  Inhabiting  the  earth ;  terrestrial  ;  as,  earthy 
spirils.  Drydcn. 

5.  Relating  to  earth  ;  as,  an  eartJiy  sign.  Dryden. 
(>.  (Jross  ;  not  refincil ;  as,  an  earthy  conceit.  Shak. 

7.  Earthy  fracture,  in  mineralogy,  is  when  the 
fracture  of  a  mineral  is  rough,  witii  niiniilo  eleva- 
tions and  depressions.  CIcaveland. 

EASE,  (Cze,)  71.  [Fr.  aise ;  Arm.  act ;  W.  hawz ;  Corn. 
hedh  ;  Sax.  tcUi  or  eaOi,  easy  ;  L,  otiumi  It.  agio;  Ir. 
easgaidh.] 

1.  Rest ;  an  undisturbed  state.  .Applied  to  the  body, 
freedom  from  jiain,  disltirbance,  excilemont,  or  an- 
noyance.   He  sits  at  his  ivj.vr.    He  takes  his  ea.<;e. 

2  Miijdird  to  the  mind,  a  quirt  state  ;  tranquillity  ; 
freedom  from  piiin,  concern,  anxiety,  solicitude,  or 
any  thing  that  frets  or  ruffles  the  minii. 

Ills  soul  ihall  ilwell  at  ease.  —  1'.,  ixv. 

Wot-  to  lliem  thitt  arc  ut  eaee  in  Zion.  —  Amoi  »1. 

3.  Ri^st  from  labor. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MttTE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


376 


EAS 

4.  Facility;  freeddni  from  ililficulty  or  great  Inbor. 
One  ni.iii  will  pi  rfcirm  tliis  service  witli  ea.ie.  Tliis 
author  writes  with  one 

3.  Freedom  IVom  stiiriiess,  harslincss,  forced  ex- 
pressions, or  unnatural  arrangement ;  as,  tiie  ease  of 
style. 

IS.  Freedom  from  constraint  or  formality  ;  unaf- 
fectcdnes^  ;  as,  ease  of  behavior. 

case ;  in  an  undisturbed  state ;  free  from  pain  or 
_  anxiety. 

E.  \SE,  V.  t.  To  free  from  pain,  or  any  disquiet  or  an- 
noyance, OS  the  body  ;  to  relieve  ;  to  give  rest  to  ;  as, 
the  medicine  h.is  cased  the  patient. 

2.  To  free  from  anxiety,  care,  or  disturbance,  as 
the  mitid  ;  as,  the  late  m;ws  has  rased  my  minil. 

3.  'I'o  remove  a  burden  from,  either  of  body  or 
mind;  to  relieve;  with  of.  Jiase  me  of  this  load; 
e<ise  them  of  their  burdens. 

4.  To  mitigate  ;  to  alleviate  ;  to  assuage  ;  to  abate 
or  remove  in  part  any  burden,  pain,  grief,  anxiety,  or 
disturbance. 

l^ase  thou  soniowt);it  the  ^icvoua  scrviluJc  of  tliy  fallicr.  —  2 
CItruli,  X. 

5.  To  quiet ;  to  allay  ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  case  pain. 
To  ease  off,  or  ease  aicay,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to 

slacken  a  rope  gradually. 

To  e(Lsea  ship,  is  to  put  the  lielm  liard  a-lee,  or  reg- 
ulate the  sail,  to  prevent  her  pitching,  when  close- 

_  hauled.  Tottnu 

KAS'Kl),  (ezd,) pp.    Freed  from  pain  ;  alleviated. 

f; ASU'FljL,  o.    Uuiet  ;  peaceful;  titf.rr.st.  Sluik. 

KASF,'Fi,lI.,-LY,  aid'.    With  ease  or  quiet.  Shcricoad. 

KA<5K  Fl,'L-XEt!S,  n.    Slate  of  being  easeful. 

KAS'EL,  «.  The  frame  on  which  painters  place  their 
canvas. 

KtL-<et-pieres,  ntnon^  painters,  are  the  smaller  pieces, 
either  portraits  or  landscapes,  which  are  painted  on 
the  e.asel,  as  distinguished  from  those  which  are 
drawn  on  walls,  ceilings,  &c,     £/icyc.  Clialmers. 

F.  A.«  E'  I.E.-^S,  a.    Wanting  ease. 

eASE'.ME.NT,  r.  Convenience;  accommodation; 
that  whicli  gives  e.ase,  relief,  or  assistance. 

lie  Iix*  tilf.  ndvaiiugv  of  .1  free  lotiging,  JUid  iome  oltiT  etue- 
menU.  ^Vl/r. 

2.  In  laio,  any  privilege  or  convenience  which  one 
man  has  of  another,  either  by  prescription  or  charter, 
without  profit ;  as  away  through  his  land,  &c. 

Eticijc.  Coied. 
KAS'I-LY,  adn.    [from  easy.]    Without  ditliculty  or 
great  labor  ;  without  great  exertion,  or  sacrifice  of  la- 
bor or  expense ;  as,  this  task  may  be  easily  per- 
formed ;  that  event  might  have  been  easily  foreseen. 

2.  Without  pain,  anxiety,  or  disturbance  ;  in  tran- 
quillity ;  .as,  to  pass  life  well  and  rosily.  Temple. 

3.  Readily;  witliout  the  pain  of  reluctance. 

N.>t  soon  provoked,  «1ic  ea^Uy  torgivcs.  Prior. 

4.  Smoothly;  quietly;  gently;  without  tumult  or 
discord. 

5.  Without  violent  shaking  or  jolting  ;  as,  a  car- 
_  riage  moves  easity. 

K.^S'I-NESS,  71.    Freedom  from  difficulty ;  ease. 

Eatinett  und  ditficult)'  are  relative  tenns.  TiUolson. 

2.  Flexibility;  readiness  to  comply;  prompt  com- 
pliance ;  a  yielding  or  disposition  to  yield  without 
opposition  or  reluctance. 

Give  to  liim,  (uid  he  tkitl  but  I.iu^h  at  your  eatinett.  Soulh. 

So  we  say,  a  man's  easiness  of  temper  is  remarka- 
ble. 

3.  Freedom  from  stitTness,  constraint,  effort,  or 
formality  ;  applied  to  taaniiers,  or  to  the  style  ofwritinir. 

Roscommott. 

4.  Rest ;  tranquillity  ;  ease;  freedom  from  pain. 

Rail. 

5.  Freedom  from  shaking  or  jolting,  as  of  a  mov- 
ing vehicle. 

B.  Softness  ;  as,  tlie  e/finess  of  a  scat. 

P.AS'IN'G,  (ez'ing,)  ppr.    Relieving;  mitigating. 

E-\ST,  (est,)  n.  i-Sax.  east ;  U  oost,  ooslen  ;  G.  ost ; 
Sw.  ost,  ostcn  ;  Dan.  Ost,  Hslen  ;  Ft.  csL  If  the  radi- 
cal sense  coincides  with  that  of  the  L.  oriens,  tliis 
word  may  belong  to  the  root  of  hoise,  hoUL] 

1.  The  point  in  the  heavens  where  the  sun  is  seen 
to  rise  at  the  equinox,  or  when  it  is  in  the  equinoc- 
tial, or  the  corresponding  point  on  the  earth  ;  one  of 
the  four  cardinal  points.  The  east  and  the  west  are 
the  |K)int3  where  a  line  at  right  angles  to  tlie  meridian 
of  a  place  intersects  the  horizon.  Hut  to  persons 
under  the  equinoctial  line,  that  bne  constitutes  cast 
and  wesL 

2.  The  ea-stern  parts  of  the  earth  ;  the  regions  or 
countries  which  lie  east  of  Europe,  or  other  countrv-. 
In  this  indefinite  sense,  the  word  is  applied  to  Asia 
Minor,  Syria,  Chaldea,  Persia,  India,  China,  &.c. 
We  speak  of  the  riches  of  the  east,  the  diamonds  and 
pearls  of  the  east,  the  kings  of  the  cast. 

Th'  i^r^iu  fojl,  with  richnl  hand, 

Poura  on  licr  kaip.  hirtkmc  pearl  and  gold.  MiUon. 

£.\ST,  a.  Toward  the  rising  sun  ;  or  tow.ard  the  point 
where  the  sun  rises,  when  in  the  equinoctial ;  as,  the 
east  gate  ;  the  east  border ;  the  east  side ;  the  east 
wind  13  a  wind  that  blows  from  the  east. 


EAT 


EIJO 


K.\S'TER,  n.  [Sax.  caster ;  (J.  oslcrn  ;  supposed  to  be 
from  Fjistre,  the  goildess  of  lovt!,  or  Vi  llus  of  the 
north,  in  honor  of  whom  a  fe.^tival  was  celebrated 
by  our  pagan  ancestors,  in  April ;  whence  this  nionlh 
wa-s  called  Kvstcrmonatk.  Kostcr  is  siipposeti,  by 
Beda  and  others,  to  be  the  Jlstaric  of  the  Sitlonians. 
See  lieda,  Cluver,  and  the  authorities  cited  by  Clii- 
vcr,  and  by  Jainieson,  under  Paysyad.  liiit  query.] 
A  festival  of  the  Christian  church,  observed  in 
commemoration  of  our  Savior's  resurrection,  and  oc- 
curring on  Sunday,  the  third  day  after  Good  Friday. 
It  answers  to  the  pascha  or  passover  of  the  Hebrews, 
and  most  nations  still  give  it  this  name,  pascha,  pask, 

_  payiie. 

IC.^S'TER-TJNG,  n.    A  native  of  some  country  east- 
wartl  of  another.  Spenser. 
2.  A  species  of  waterfowl.  Johnsnn. 

E.\S'TER-LY,  o.  Coming  from  the  eastwartl ;  as,  an 
easterly  wind. 

2.  Situated  toward  the  east ;  as,  tlie  ea.-ilcrly  side 
of  a  lake  or  country. 

3.  Toward  the  east ;  as,  to  move  in  an  easterly 
direction. 

4.  Looking  toward  the  east ;  as,  an  easterly  ex- 
_  posure. 

EAS'TER-LY,  fl</».  On  the  east;  in  the  direction  of 
cast. 

EAS'TERX,  a.    [Sax.  eastern.] 

1.  Oriental ;  being  or  dwelling  in  the  east ;  as, 
eastern  kings  ;  eastern  countries;  eastern  nations. 

2.  Situated  toward  the  east  ;  on  the  east  part  ;  as, 
tlie  eastern  side  of  a  town  or  churcli ;  tlie  eastern 
gate. 

3.  Going  toward  the  east,  or  in  the  direction  of 
_  cast ;  as,  an  eastern  voyage. 

EAST'VVAIU),  ado.  [east  and  ward.]  Toward  the 
east ;  in  the  directitm  of  east  from  some  point  or 
Iilace.  New  Haven  lies  eastward  from  New  York. 
Turn  your  eyes  eastward. 

E.\aS'Y,  (ez'y,)  a.  [See  Ease.]  Quiet ;  being  at  rest ; 
free  from  pain,  disturbance,  or  annoyance.  The  pa- 
tient has  slept  well  and  is  easy. 

2.  Free  from  anxiety,  care,  solicitiiile,  or  peevish- 
ness ;  quiet  ;  tranquil ;  as,  an  ra.<y  mind. 

3.  Giving  no  pain  or  disturbance  ;  as,  an  easy  pos- 
ture ;  an  easy  carriage, 

4.  Not  difficult ;  that  gives  or  requires  no  great 
labor  or  exertion  ;  that  presents  no  groat  obstacles  ; 
as,  an  easy  task  ;  it  is  often  more  cosy  to  resolve  tlian 
to  execute. 

Knowledge  is  easy  to  him  that  understandclh  Prov.  xiv. 

5.  Not  causing  labor  or  difficulty.  An  easy  ascent 
or  slope,  is  a  slope  rising  with  a  small  angle. 

6.  Smooth;  not  uneven;  not  rough  or  very  hilly  ; 
that  may  be  traveled  with  ease  ;  as,  an  ea.iy  road. 

7.  Gentle;  moderate;  not  pressing;  as,  a  ship 
under  easy  sail. 

8.  Yielding  with  little  or  no  resistance;  comply- 
ing ;  credulous. 

WiUi  sucli  deceits  he  gained  their  eaty  hearts.  Dryden, 

9.  Ready  ;  not  unwilling;  as,  easy  to  forgive. 

Dryden. 

10.  Contented  ;  satisfied.  Allow  hired  men  wages 
that  will  make  them  easy. 

11.  Giving  ease;  freeing  from  labor,  care,  or  the 
fatigue  of  business  ;  furnishing  abundance  without 
toil  ;  afiluent ;  as,  easy  circumstances ;  an  easy  for- 
tune. 

13.  Not  constrained  ;  not  stiff  or  formal ;  as,  east/ 
mtinners ;  an  easy  address ;  easy  movements  in 
dancing. 

13.  Smooth ;  flowing ;  not  harsh ;  as,  an  easy 
style. 

14.  Not  jolting  or  pitching ;  as,  the  horse  has  an 
easy  gait ;  the  motitm  of  the  ship  is  easy. 

15.  Not  heavy  or  burdensome. 

My  yoke  b  eaty,  and  my  burden  light,  —  Matt.  x\. 
S..\T,  r.  U  ;  pret.  Ate  ;  pp.  Eat  or  Eatek.  [Sax,  hitan, 
eatan,  ylan,  and  ctan  ;  Goth,  itan  ;  Dan,  ader ;  Sw. 
iita ;  D.  eeten,  pp.  genretcn ;  G.  essen,  pp.  gegessai  ; 
Russ,  ida,  irnlo,  the  act  of  eatiag ;  L.  edo,  esse"  esum  ; 
Gr.  liui;  W.ysu;  It.  itliim,  Meailh;  Sans.  nrfa.  The 
Dutch  and  German,  with  the  prefix  ge,  form  tlie  pass, 
part,  gegeclen,  gegessen,  which  indicates  that  the 
original  was  gccten,  gessen.  Class  Gd  or  Gs,  in 
which  there  are  several  roots  from  which  this  word 
may  be  deduced.    Etch  is  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  bite  or  chew,  and  swallow,  as  food.  Men 
eat  flesh  and  vegetables. 

They  »h.all  make  Uiee  to  tat  grui  as  oxen.  —  Dan.  l». 

2.  To  corrode ;  to  wear  away ;  to  separate  parts 
of  a  thing  gradually,  as  an  animal  by  gnawing.  We 
say,  a  cancer  eats  the  flesh. 

3.  I'o  consume ;  to  waste. 


4.  To  enjoy, 
if  ye  be  willing  i 

—  la.  L 

5.  To  consume ;  to  oppress. 

Who  «u  up  my  people  u  they  au  hrrad.  —  Pa.  xiv. 


C.  To  feast. 

1.  el  ut  tat  and  drink,  for  u>-inorrt>w  we  ah.All  die.  —  It,  xxtl. 

In  Scripture,  to  eat  the  flesh  of  Christ,  is  to  believe 
on  him,  and  be  nourished  by  faith. 

'To  cat  o/if's  words,  is  to  swallow  back  ;  to  take 
_  back  what  has  been  uttered  ;  to  retract,  tludibras. 
E.\T,  D.  i.    To  take  food  ;  to  feed  ;  to  take  a  meal,  or 
to  board. 

He  did  eat  condnually  at  Iho  kfnr'a  table.  —2  .Sam.  Ix. 

Whr  eattlh  your  maater  with  publiciuu  nnd  iiiiiiera  t  —  Matt.  Ix, 

2.  To  take  food  ;  to  be  maintained  in  food. 

3.  To  taste  or  relish  ;  as,  it  eats  like  the  tendcrest 
beef.  Malcom.  fVHtis. 

To  eat,  or  to  eat  in  or  into,  is  to  make  way  by  cor- 
rosion ;  to  gnaw  ;  to  enter  by  gradually  wearing  or 
separating  the  parts  of  a  substance.  A  cancer  eats 
into  the  flesh. 


Their  w, 
To  eat  out ; 


Td  will  eat  iia  dolli 
to  consume. 


a  ciiiker.  —  2  Tim.  ii. 


Tlicir  word  will  eat  out  Uie  viuili  of  religion,  corrupt  and  do- 
■irc.y  it.  Amn. 

EAT'A-HLE,  a.  That  may  bo  eaten  ;  fit  to  be  eaten  ; 
_  proper  for  food  ;  esculent, 

E.Vr'A-BLE,  n.    Any  thing  th.at  may  be  eaten  ;  that 
_  which  is  fit  for  food  ;  that  which  is  used  as  food. 
EAT' AGE,  ?i.    Food  for  horses  and  cattle  from  the 

aftermath.    See  Akter-eataoe. 
K.VV'ES,  (ee'tn,)  pp.    Chewed  and  swallowed  ;  con- 
_  suined  ;  corroded. 

EAT'ER,  71.  One  who  eats ;  that  which  cats  or  cor- 
_  rodes  ;  a  corrosive. 

EATII,  II.    Easy  ;  and  Of/a.  easily.  [Obs.] 
KAT'lSG,  ppr.    Chewing  and  swallowing;  consuni- 
_  inz  ;  corroding. 

eAT'INU,  71.  The  act  of  chewing  and  swallowing 
food . 

K.AT'ING-HOUSE,  n.   A  house  where  provisions  are 

sold  ready  dressed. 
HIU  nn  CO-/,OGJVK',(8'de-ko-lone',)7i.  A  perfumed 

spirit,  originally  prepared  at  Cologne. 
EAU  DE  LeCK',(S'aeAixse',)n.  A  strong  solution  of 

ammonia,  scented,  and  rendered  milky  by  mastic 

and  oil  of  amber.  Srande* 
EAVES,  (evz,)  71.  pi.     [.Sax.  cfvr.     In  English,  the 

word  has  a  plural  ending,  but  not  in  Saxon.] 
The  edge  or  lower  border  of  the  rtMif  of  a  building, 

which  overhangs  the  walls,  and  casts  ofl"  the  water 
_  that  falls  on  the  roof. 

eAVES'DROP,  v.  i.  [cares  and  drop.]  To  stand 
under  the  eaves  or  near  the  windows  of  a  house,  to 
listen  and  learn  wh.at  is  said  within  doors.  Jtliltvn. 

2,  Hi-nce,  fururatiiicly,  to  watch  for  opportunities  of 
hearing  the  private  convers.ition  of  others, 

eAVES'DROP-PER,  71,  One  who  .stands  under  the 
eaves,  or  near  the  window  or  door  of  a  house,  to 
listen  anil  hear  what  is  said  within  doors,  whether 
from  curiosity,  or  for  the  purpose  of  tattling  and  mak- 
ing mischief,  SAak, 

2.  Hence,  figuratively,  one  who  watches  for  an  op- 
portunity of  hearing  the  private  conversation  of 
others. 

EAVES'DROP-PI.VG,  71.  The  act  of  watching  for 
an  ojiportunity  to  hear  the  private  conversation  of 
others. 

Elin,  71.    [Sax.  cbbc,  ebba;  G.  and  D.  ebbe;  Dan.  id. ; 

Sw.  rbb.) 

1.  The  reflux  of  the  tide;  the  return  of  tide-water 
toward  tlie  sea  ;  opposed  to  flood,  or  flowing. 

2.  Decline ;  decay  ;  a  falling  from  a  better  to  a 
worse  state  ;  as,  the  ebb  of  life  ;  the  ebb  of  prosperity. 

EBB,  V.  i.    [Sax.  ebban  ;  D.  ebbcn  ;  VV.  eb,  to  go  from.] 

1.  To  flow  back  ;  to  return,  :is  the  water  of  a  tide  I 
toward  the  ocean  ;  opposed  to  flow.  The  tide  ebbs  , 
and  flows  twice  in  twenty-four  hours. 

2.  To  decay ;  to  decline ;  to  return  or  fall  back 
from  a  better  to  a  worse  state.         S'loi.  Ilalifar. 

EBB'ING,  ;»/ir.    Flowing  back  ;  declining;  decaying. 
ERB'IXG,  «.    The  reflux  of  the  tide. 
EBn'TIDE,  71.   The  reflux  of  tide-water;  the  retiring 
_  tide. 

E'BI-O-NITE,  71.  A  term  applied  to  those  Jewish 
Christians,  in  the  first  ages  of  the  church,  who  com- 
bined Judaism  with  Christianity,  rejected  much  of 
the  New  Testament,  anil  were  accounted  heretics  by 
the  Christian  fathers.  J.  Murdoek. 

EB'ON,  a.  [See  Eiionv.]  Consisting  of  ebony  ;  like 
ehonv :  black. 

En'O.X  IZE,  r.  t.  [See  Enoxr.]  To  make  black  or 
tawny  ;  to  tinge  with  the  color  of  ebony  ;  as,  to  ebou- 
izr  the  fairest  complexion.  Walsh. 

EB'ON-I7.->-D,  pp.    Tinged  with  the  color  of  ebony, 

EB'O.VY,  71.  [L.  elicnus:  Gr.  ciitioq  or  cilcXm  ;  Fr. 
ebene ;  It.  and  .^p.  cbano  ;  1).  ebbenlwut ;  G.  ebrn.'tolz,] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  various  species  of  differ- 
ent genera  of  plants. 

2.  A  species  of  hard,  heavj-,  and  durable  wood, 
from  Madag.ascar  and  Ceylon,  which  admits  of  a 
fine  polish  or  gloss.  The  mast  usual  color  is  black, 
red,  or  green.  The  best  is  a  Jet  black,  free  from 
veins  and  rind,  very  heavy,  astringent,  and  of  an 
acrid,  pungent  taste.  On  burning  coals,  it  yields 
an  agreeable  [icrfumc,  anil,  when  green,  it  readily 


TONE,  BtJLL,  IGNITE. -AX"GER,  VI"CI0U9.-e  as  K  ;  (5  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 
4^  = 


FF' 


37- 


ECH 


ECO 


lakes  tire  from  its  abundance  of  fat.    It  is  wrought 
into  toys,  and  used  fur  mosaic  and  inlaid  work.  Encyc. 
Ell'ON-V-TUEE,  n.    'J  hc  [xipular  name  of  a  plant, 

tlie  .Antlivllis  Cretica,  wliicli  grows  in  Crete. 
E-BK.\e''l'E-ATE,  a.    [e  priv.  and  bractea.] 

In  Iwtamj,  without  a  bractea.  Martyn. 
E-BRI'E-TY,  71.  [L.  ebrictas,  from  ebrius,  intoxicated. 
It  appears  by  the  Spanish  embria^ar^  and  the  It. 
imhrtacarsif  that  ebriits  is  contracted  by  the  loss  of  a 
p.-Uatal ;  and  hence  it  is  obvious  th.at  this  word  is 
from  the  Gr.  0f>e\o},  to  moisten,  to  drench.  So 
drunk  is  from  the  root  of  drench.] 
Drunkenness  ;  intoxication  by  spirituous  liquors. 

Brown. 

E-BRIL'LADE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  check  given  to  a  horse, 
by  a  sudden  jerk  of  one  rein,  when  lie  refuses  to 

E-BRI-OS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  cbriositas.]  [turn. 
Habitual  drunkenness.  Brown. 

E-BUL'LIEN-Cy,  (e-bul'yen-sy,)  n.  [See  Ebulli- 
tion.]   A  boiling  over.  Cudwarth. 

E-BUL'^LIENT,  a.    Boiling  over,  as  a  liquor.  Younrr. 

EB-UL-LI"TI0N,  (eb-ul-lish'un,)  n.  [L.  cbulUtio, 
from  ebuUin^  btillio,  Eng.  to  boil,  which  see.] 

1.  Tiie  operation  of  boiling  ;  the  agitation  of  a 
liquor  by  Iieat,  wliich  throws  it  up  in  bubbles  ;  or, 
more  properly,  tlie  agitation  produced  in  a  fluid  by 
the  escape  of  a  portion  of  it,  converted  into  an  aeri- 
form state  by  lieat.  Ebullition  is  produced  by  the 
heat  of  fire  directly  applied,  or  by  the  heat  or  caloric 
evolved  by  any  substance  in  mixture.  Tlius,  in  slak- 
ing lime,  the  caloric  set  at  liberty  by  the  absorption 
of  water,  produces  ebullition. 

2.  Effervescence,  which  is  occasioned  by  fermenta- 
tion, or  by  any  other  process  which  causes  the  ex- 
trication of  an  aeriform  fluid,  as  in  tiie  mixture  of  an 
acid  with  a  carbonated  alkali. 

E-BUR'NE-AN,  a.    [L.  ebunieus,  from  cbur,  ivory.] 

Made  of  ivory. 
E-CAU'DATE,  a.    [e  priv.  and  L.  cauda,  a  tail.] 

In  botany,  without  a  tail  or  spurr 
ECBA-SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  in  which 
the  orator  treats  of  things  according  to  their  events 
and  consequences. 
Ee-BAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ck,  out,  and  ffawoi,  to  go.]  In 
grammar,  denotmg  a  mere  result  or  consecpience,  as 
distinguished  from  telic,  which  denotes  intention  or 
purpose.  Thus  the  phrase  I'lu  -X'l'jtoOn,  if  ren- 
dered "  io  tliat  it  was  fulfilled,"  is  ecbatic  ;  if  ren- 
dered "  in  order  that  it  might  be,"  &.C.,  is  telic. 

J.  TV.  Oibbs. 

ECBO-LE,  n.  [Gr.]  In  rhetoric,  a  digression  in  which 
a  person  is  introduced  speaking  his  own  words. 

Ee-CA-LE-o'BI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  ckkuXiu),  to  call  out,  and 
iSios,  life.] 

A  contrivance  for  hatching  eggs  by  artificial  lieat. 

EC'CE  HO' MO,  71.  [L. ;  behold  the  man.]  In  paint- 
ing, a  name  given  to  any  picture  wliicii  represents 
the  Savior  given  up  to  the  people  by  Pilate. 

EG-CEN'TRie,       )  o.  [L.  c<-ccji(rici/^;  ez,  from, and 

EC-CEN'TRie-AL,  j     centrum,  center.] 

1.  Deviating  or  departing  from  the  center. 

2.  In  gemaetry,  not  having  the  same  center  ;  a 
term  applied  to  circles  and  spheres  which,  though 
contained  in  some  measure  within  each  other,  yet 
have  not  the  same  center ;  in  opposition  to  concen- 
tric, having  a  common  center.  Barlow. 

3.  Not  terminating  in  the  same  point,  nor  directed 
by  the  same  principle.  Bacon. 

4.  Deviating  from  stated  methods,  usual  practice 
or  established  forms  or  laws  ;  irregular  ;  anomalous  ; 
departing  from  the  usual  course  ;  as,  eccentric  con- 
duct ;  erxeniric  virtue  ;  an  eccentric  genius. 

E€;-CEN'TRie,  n.   A  circle  not  having  the  same  cen- 
ter as  another.  Bacon. 
2.  That  which  is  irregular  or  anomalous.  Hammond. 
Ee-CEN'TRie,  j  71.     A  wheel  or  disc, 

EC-CEN'TRie-VVIIEEI.,  j  having  its  axis  placed 
out  of  tlie  center,  and  used  for  obtaining  a  recipro- 
cating or  aUeriiale  motion  from  a  circular  one,  or  vice 
versa, 

Ee-CEN'TRie-AL-LY,  adv.    With  eccentricity  ;  in 

an  eccentric  manner. 
E€-CE.\-'rRIC'l-TV',  71.    Deviation  from  a  center. 

2.  'I'll!'  stjitc  of  having  a  center  diil'ereiit  from  that 
of  another  circle.  John.ton. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  distance  of  the  center  of  a 
planet's  orbit  from  the  center  of  the  sun;  tb.'it  is, 
the  distance  between  the  center  of  an  ellipse  and  its 
focus.  Barlow. 

4.  Departure  or  deviation  from  that  which  is  sta- 
ted, regular,  or  usual ;  as,  the  eccentricity  of  a  man's 
geniUH  or  conduct. 

.5.  i;xnir«ion«  from  the  proper  sphere.  tVollon. 
ECCK  aiO'J^UM,  [\..]    See  liie  sign,  evidence,  or 
priMif. 

Ee-eilY-Mf)'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  £«x«M"<"5-'I 

In  medicine,  an  appearance  of  livid  spots  on  the 
iikin,  orcaxioni  d  by  cxirnvaiiuted  blood,  li'iicman. 
EC  f;i,r;'«l-AH€II,  (ek-klC'ze-ilrk,)  n.    [Gr.  u«Ai)ai.i 
and  iio\n.] 

A  ruler  of  the  church. 
EC-C1,E  KI-AS'TRR,  (ek  klc-ze-an'tez,)  n.    [Gr.  ik 
KXitatiiarqt,  ii  pre(u:her.] 
A  canonical  book  of  the  Old  TeiiUiment. 


Ee-€LE-SI-AS'Tie,        la.  [L. ;  Gr.  «/cX>i(riari/c»(, 
Ee-CLE-SI-AS'Tie-AI,,  (    from  ciKXt,a,a,  an  assem- 
bly or  meetiqg,  whence  a  church,  from  cKKaXctn,  to 
cull  forth  or  convoke  ;  ck  and  icuXt'  i,  to  call.] 

Pertaining  or  relating  to  tlie  church  ;  as,  ecclesias- 
tical discipline  or  goviTnnient ;  ecclesiastical  afl'uirs, 
history,  or  polity  ;  ecclesiastical  courts. 

Ecclesiastical  state,  is  the  body  of  the  clergy. 
Ecclesiastical  Stale! ;  the  territory  subject  to  the 
pope  of  Rome  as  its  temporal  ruler. 

[Ecclesial  was  used  by  Miltcui,  but  is  obsolete.] 
Ee-CL&SI-AS'Tie,  n.    A  person  in  orders,  or  conse- 
crated to  the  service  of  the  church  and  the  ministry 
of  religion. 

Ee-eLE-SI-.\S'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  ecclesiasti- 
cal manner. 

Ee  eLE-SI-AS'Ti  eUS,  7i.    a  book  of  the  Apocrypha. 
EG-eLE-SI-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  ecclesi- 
ology. 

Ee  CLE-SI-OL'O-GlST,  n.  One  versed  in  ecclesi- 
ologj'. 

Ee-CLE-SI-OL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  CKKXrinta  and  Xoyof.] 
'J'lie  science  of  church  building  and  decoration. 

Ee  eO-PUOT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  tK,  ti,  out  or  from,  and 
KOTTOos,  stercus.] 

Having  the  quality  of  promoting  alvine  discharges  ; 
laxative;  loosening;  gentlv  cathartic.  Coze.  Encuc. 

Ee-eO-PROT'ie,  n.  a  medicine  which  purges  gen- 
tly, or  which  tends  to  promote  evacuations  by  stool ; 
a  mild  cathartic.  Coie.  Encyc. 

ECH'E-LON,  (esh'e-lon,)  n.  [Fr. ;  flom  cchelle,  a 
ladder,  a  scale.] 

In  military  tactics,  the  position  of  an  army  in  the 
form  of  steps,  or  with  one  division  more  advanced 
than  another.  IVellington. 

E  €H[D'NA,  71.  A  genus  of  ant-eaters,  found  in  New 
Holland.  They  are  monotrematous  edentate  mam- 
mals, nearly  allied  to  tlie  duck-billed  animal,  or  or- 
nithorynchus. 

iei'l'IN-A-TED,  i  "  hedgehog.] 

Set  with  prickles  ;  prickly,  like  a  hedgehog  ;  h.av- 
ing  sharp  points ;  bristled  ;  as,  an  cchinaled  pericarp. 

Jilartyn. 

Eehinated  pyrites,  in  mineralogy.  Woodward. 
E-GHIN'I-DAN,  ji.    A  radiate  animal,  a  species  of 
the  family  of  the  Echini.    [See  Echinus,  No.  2.] 

Backland. 

Een'IN-ITE,  (ek'in-Ite,)  ti.  [See  Echinus.]  A  fos- 
sil found  in  chalk  pits,  called  eenlronia  ;  a  petrified 
shell  set  with  prickles  or  points  ;  a  calcareous  petri- 
faction of  the  echinus  or  sea-hedgehog.  Encyc.  Ure. 

ECH-IN'O-DERM,  71.  [Gr.  tx't-us,  hedgehog,  and 
ir.pfia,  skin.] 

A  radiate  animal,  having  an  opaque,  leathery,  or 
crustaceous  skin,  with  tubercles,  or  even  spines,  as 
the  star-fish,  or  sea-urchin.  Kirby. 

EGH-I'NUS,  71. ;  pi.  Echini.    [L.,  from  Gr.  txii'uj.] 

1.  A  hedgehog. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  animals  of  the  sub-kingdom 
Radiata,  having  nearly  the  form  of  a  sphere  much 
flattened  on  the  lower  side  ;  they  consist  externally 
of  a  firm  shell  or  crust  which  is  set  on  every  side 
with  movable  spines.  There  are  many  species, 
some  of  which  are  eatable.  The  shells  without  the 
spines  are  often  called  sea-eggs.  Dana. 

3.  With  botanists,  a  prickly  head  or  top  of  a  plant ; 
an  eehinated  pericarp. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  membef  or  ornament  near  the 
bottom  of  Ionic,  Corinthian,  or  Composite  capitals, 
60  named  from  its  rougliiiess,  resembling,  in  some 
measure,  the  spiny  coat  of  a  hedgehog  ;  the  ovolo  or 
quarter-round.  Johnson.  Encyc. 

ECII'O,  (ek'o,)  71.  [L.  echo;  Gr.  rjxw,  from  r;X"5, 
sound,  r]xci>>,  to  souihI.] 

1.  A  sound  reflected  or  reverberated  from  a  solid 
body  ;  sound  returned  ;  repercussion  of  sound  ;  as, 
;in  echo  from  a  distant  hill. 

'I'hc  sotiml  must  seem  uii  echo  to  the  sense.  Pope. 

2.  In  fnbiilous  history,  a  nymph,  the  daughter  of 
the  Air  and  'I'ellus,  who  pined  into  a  sound,  t'or  love 
of  Narcissus.  Lempriere.  .hihnson. 

3.  In  orcyiitcctiirc,  a  vault  or  arch  for  producing  an 
cello.  Brnnde. 

Et'll'O,!). ;.    To  resound  ;  to  reflect  sound.    The  hall 
echoed  with  acclamations. 
2.  To  be  sounded  back  ;  as,  eclwing  noise. 

Blackmorc. 

ECll'0, 7'.  (.  To  reverberate  or  send  back  sound  ;  to 
return  what  has  been  uttered. 

Tliono  [lOidit  nn'  fchocd  hy  llic  TniJ:^t»  ifirongr.  Drytltn. 

ECIIT)-/'.'!),  (ck'odc,)  pp.    Ueverbcralpd,  ns  sound. 
Eeil'O-ING,  ppr.  or  o.    Sending  back  sound ;  as, 

echoing  hills. 
ECiro-LESS,  (rk'o-lcss,)  a.    Without  echo. 
Ii-€llO.M'l'.-TER,  71.    [Gr.  ifx^j,  sound,  and  pCTi'ov, 

measure.] 

.Among  viusicinns,  a  Hcalo  or  rule,  with  several 
lines  thereon,  serving  to  me.isure  the  duration  of 
KOiiiids,  and  lo  find  tlii'ir  intervals  and  rnliiw.  Brnnde. 
E Clll  l.M'E 'I'liY,  H.    The  art  or  act  of  measuring 
the  duration  of  sounds. 
2.  'I'lie  art  of  conKtruciiiig  vaults  lo  produce  echoes. 


E-CLaIR'CISE,  (-siz,)  v.  U    [Fr.  eclaircir,  from  clair, 

clear.    See  Clear.] 
To  make  clear ;  to  explain  ;  to  clear  up  what  is 

not  understood  or  misunderstood. 
E-€EAlR'CIS-/;D,(-sizd, )/)/..  Explained;  made  clear. 
E-CL.^IR'CISSE-.MEiN'T,  (ek-klir'sis-ming,)  n.  [Ft.] 

Explanation ;  the  clearing  up  of  any   thing  not 

l)ef()re  understood.  Clarendon. 
EC-LAMP'SY,  71.  [Gr.  £KXa;jif(if,  a  shining ;  ikAh/i-qj, 

to  shine.] 

A  flashing  of  light,  a  symptom  of  epilepsy.  Hence, 
epilepsy  itself.  Med.  Repos. 

E-CLW,  (e-kla',)  71.  [Fr.  The  word  signifies  a 
bursting  forth,  a  crack,  and  brightness,  splendor ; 
eclatcr,  to  split,  to  crack,  to  break  forth,  to  shine.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  burst  of  applause  ;  acclamation. 
Hence,  applause  ;  approbation  ;  renown. 

2,  Splendor;  show;  pomp.  Pope. 
EG-LEC'Tie,  a.    [Gr  ckXiktiko;  ;  tf  and  Xeyoi,  to 

choose.] 

Selecting;  choosing;  an  epithet  given  to  certain 
philosopliers  of  antiquity,  who  did  not  attach  them- 
selves to  any  particular  sect,  but  selected  from 
the  opinions  and  principles  of  each  what  they 
thought  solid  and  good.  Hence  we  say,  an  eclectic 
philosopher;  the  fc/ic(ic  sect.  Encyc. 

EC-LEe'Tie.  71.  A  philosopher  who  selected  from 
the  various  systems  such  opinions  and  principles  as 
he  judged  to  be  sound  and  rational.  Enfield. 

2.  A  Christian  who  adhered  to  the  doctrines  of 
the  Eclectics.    Also,  one  of  a  sect  of  physicians. 

Ee-LEC'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  choosing  or 
selecting  in  the  manner  of  the  eclectical  philosophers. 

Ee-LEC'TI-CISM,  71.    The  act  or  practice  of  select- 
ing from  different  systems. 
2.  The  doctrine  of  the  Eclectics. 

EG-LEGM',  (ek-lein',)  k.    [Gr.  £«  and  Xci\w.] 

A  medicine  made  by  the  incorporation  of  oils  with 
sirups.   _  Qiiineii. 

E-€LIP-Sa'RE-ON,  71.  An  instrument  for  explaining 
the  phenomena  of  eclipses. 

E-GLIPSE',  (e-klips',)  n.  [L.  eclipsis  ;  Gr.  £itX£.i//it, 
defect,  from  iKXemui,  to  fail,  f(  and  Xcittio,  to  leaee.] 

1.  Literally,  a  defect  or  failure  ;  hence,  in  ujitrono- 
my,  an  interception  or  obscuration  of  the  light  of  the 
sun,  moon,  or  other  luminous  body.  An  eclipse  of 
the  sun  is  caused  by  the  intervention  of  the  moon, 
which  totally  or  partially  hides  the  sun's  disc  ;  an 
eclipse  of  the  moon  is  occasioned  by  the  shadow  of 
the  earth,  which  falls  on  it,  and  obscures  it  in  whole 
or  in  part,  but  does  not  entirely  conc<^al  it. 

2.  Darkness  ;  obscuration.  We  say,  his  glory  has 
suffered  an  eclipse. 

All  the  posterity  of  our  first  parents  suffered  a  perpetual  ecUpse 
of  spiriluiil  life.  Ralegh. 

E-eLIPSE',  (e-klips',)  v.  t.  To  hide  a  luminous  body 
in  whole  or  in  part,  and  intercept  its  rays ;  as,  to 
eclipse  the  sun  or  a  star. 

2.  To  obscure  ;  to  darken,  by  intercepting  the  rays 
of  light  which  render  luminous  ;  as,  to  eclipse  the 
moon. 

3.  To  cloud  ;  lo  darken  ;  lo  obscure  ;  as,  to  eclipse 
the  glory  of  a  hero.  Hence, 

4.  To  disgrace.  Milton. 

5.  To  extinguish. 

Born  to  eelipat  thy  life.  Sl\ak. 

E-CLlPSE',  (e-klips',)  ti.  i.    To  sufler  an  eclipse. 
,  Milton. 

E-eLIPS'ED,  (c-klipsl',)  pp.  Concealed  ;  darkened  ; 
obscured  ;  disgraced. 

E-eLIPS' I NG, /lyir.  Concealing;  obscuriug;  darkeu- 
ing  ;  clouding. 

E-eLlP'Tie,  71.  [Gr.  tKXcntriKii,  from  cnXcinM,  to 
fail  or  be  defective ;  L.  eclipticus,  liiiea  ecliptica,  the 
ecliptic  line,  or  line  in  which  eclipses  are  suflVred.] 

1.  .\  great  circle  i>f  the  sphere,  supjiosed  to  be 
drawn  through  the  middle  of  the  zodi.ac,  making  an 
angle  with  the  e<|iiiiiMClial  of  about  23'  28',  whic  li  is 
the  sun's  greati  st  declination.  The  ecliptic  is  the 
a|iparent  path  of  the  sun  ;  but  as,  in  reality,  it  is  the 
earth  which  moves,  the  ecliptic  is  the  paiii  or  way 
among  the  fixed  stars  vvbirh  the  l  aith,  in  its  orbit, 
appears  to  describe  to  an  eye  placed  in  the  sun. 

Barlow. 

9.  In  geooraphy,  a  great  circle  on  the  terrestrial 
globe,  answering  to  and  falling  v.  ithin  the  plane  of 
the  celestial  ecliptic  Barlow. 
E-CMP''1'1C,  u.    Pertaining  to  or  described  by  the 
ecliptic.  Blaekmore. 
9.  SulVering  an  r^clipse.  Herbert. 
Ee'LOGUE,  (ek'log,)  ;i.  [Gr.  c/tXo)  r;, choice  ;  CKXeyoi, 
to  select.] 

I.ilrrally,  a  seli  ct  piece.  In  poetry,  a  pastoral  com- 
position, in  which  shepherds  are  inlroducetl  ciuivcrs- 
iiig  with  each  olber ;  as,  the  eclogues  of  Virgil  ;  or  it 
is  a  lillle  eli'gaiil  comimsition,  in  a  simple,  natural 
style  and  luanner.  .\ii  eclogue  dilii  rs  from  an  iilyl 
In' being  ap[iropriated  to  pieces  in  which  shepherds 
are  inlmduced.  Encyc. 
E  CO  NOM'ie,  )  a.  [See  Ei  onomv.]  Pertaining 
E-CO-NO.M'ie-AI<,  !  to  the  regulation  of  household 
concerns  ;  as,  the  economic  art.  Lfavics. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  W1I.>T — METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK. 
========================== 


ECT  . 

5.  iMaiiasiii!;  doiiipstic  or  public  pecuniary  concerns 
with  tVujiality  ;  as,  an  ecimomiad  housekcopur  ;  an 
ecomiincul  niinistcr  or  adiiiinislrntion. 

3.  Frugal ;  regulalecl  by  I'ruiialily  ;  not  n'astcful  or 
oxtravairaul  ;  as,  an  rcononiical  uso  of  niuniiy. 

E-€0-NU.M'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  VVitli  economy ;  vvitli 
fnisnlitv.  , 

E-CO-NUM'ICS,  n.    The  science  of  lionsiliolil  affairs. 

E-eON'O-MlST,  ;i.  One  who  manages  domestic  or 
other  concerns  with  fmcahty  ;  one  wlio  expends 
mom-y,  time,  or  labor,  jiidu  iously,  and  without  waste. 

2.  One  who  is  conversant  with  jmhtical  economy  ; 
the  writer  of  a  treatise  on  political  economy. 

E-€0.\'C)-MIZE,  V.  i.  To  manage  pecuniary  concerns 
with  frugality  ;  to  make  a  prudent  use  of  money,  or 
of  the  means  of  s.aving  or  acquiring  property.  It  is 
our  duty  to  ecunomite  in  the  uso  of  public  money,  as 
well  as  of  our  own. 

E-eO.\'0-.MlZE,  V.  t.  To  uso  with  prudence  ;  to  ex- 
pend with  frugality  ;  as,  to  economize  one's  income. 

To  manned  aud  tconondxe  tlic  use  of  circulalin<;  medium. 

Walsh. 

E-eo.\'0-.MIZ-OT,  pp.    Used  with  frugality. 
E-eO\'0-.\ir/-I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Using  with  frug.ality. 
E-CON'O-.M  Y,  71.    [i..  aconomia  ;  Gr.  oiKompiu  ;  ui/co$, 
house,  and  I'o^of,  law,  rule.] 

1.  PnmanVi/,  the  management,  regulation,  and  gov- 
ernment of  a  family,  or  the  concerns  of  a  household 

'raytor. 

2.  The  management  of  pecuniary  concerns,  or  the 
expenditure  of  money.  Hence, 

3.  A  frugal  and  judicious  use  of  money  ;  that  man- 
agement which  expends  money  to  advantage,  and 
incurs  no  waste  ;  frugality  in  the  necessary  expendi- 
ture of  money.  It  ililfjrs  from  yarsimuny,  which  im- 
plies an  improper  saving  of  expense.  Economy  in- 
cludes also  a  prudent  management  of  all  the  means 
by  which  property  is  saved  or  accunmlated  ;  a  judi- 
cious application  of  time,  of  labor,  and  of  the  instru- 
ments of  labor. 

4.  The  disposition  or  arrangement  of  any  work ;  as 
the  economy  of  a  poem.  Drytlcn.    B,  Jonson. 

5.  A  system  of  rules,  regulations,  rites,  and  cere- 
monies ;  as,  tile  Jewish  economy, 

Tlie  Jfwg  already  luul  a  Sabbath^  wliich,  as  citi2«'ns  and  sulijects 
ol'lhat  economy^  they  were  obliged  to  liecp,  auj  did  If -cp. 

Paltry. 

6.  The  regular  operations  of  nature  in  the  genera- 
tion, nutrition,  and  preservation  of  animals  or  plants ; 
as,  animal  economy;  vegetable  economy. 

7.  Distribution  or  due  order  of  things.  Blachmorc. 

8.  Judicious  and  frugal  management  of  public  af- 
fairs ;  as,  political  economy. 

9.  System  of  management ;  general  regulation  and 
disposition  of  the  ali'airs  of  a  state  or  nation,  or  of 
any  di'pailment  of  government. 

EC'IMIA-.^IS,  n.    [Gr.l.  An  explicit  declaration. 

Ee  PIIO-Nic'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  An  animated  or  passion- 
ate exclamation. 

EO-I'llRAC'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  ck  and  rJonrTW.] 
In  medicine,  deobstruent  ;  attenuating. 

EC-PHRAG'Tie,  H.  A  medicine  which  dissolves  or 
attenuates  viscid  matter,  and  removes  obstructions. 

Core.  QiiiHry, 

Ee'ST.\-SI-ED,  (ek'sta-sid,)  pp.  or  a.  [See  Ecstasv.] 
Enraptured  ;  ravished  3  transported ;  delighted. 

EC'ST.\-SY,  n.  [Gr.  CKaraats,  from  c(iartjiii ;  t{  and 
iirrfj^i',  to  stand.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  fixed  st.atc ;  a  trance;  a  state  in 
which  the  mind  is  arrested  and  fixed,  or,  as  we  say, 
lost ;  a  slate  in  which  the  functions  of  the  senses  are 
suspended  by  the  contemplation  of  some  extraordina- 
ry or  supernatural  object. 

Whether  wiial  we  c.\ll  ectbuy  he  not  dreaming  with  our  ejrea 
open,  1  leave  to  be  examined.  Locke. 

2.  E.xcessive  joy ;  rapture;  a  degree  of  delight  that 
arrests  the  whole  mind ;  as,  a  pleasing  ecstasy ;  the 
ecstasy  of  love  ;  joy  may  rise  to  ecstasy. 

3.  Enthusiasm  ;  excessive  elevation  and  absorption 
of  mind  ;  extreme  delight. 

He  on  the  tender  gmM 
Would  sit  and  hearken  even  to  ectlnsy.  MilUin. 

4.  Excessive  grief  or  an xietv.  itstrf.]  Shak, 

5.  Madness;  distraction.    [.Vot  ».vef/. ]  S!tak, 

6.  In  medicine,  a  species  of  catalepsy,  when  the 
person  remembers,  after  the  paro.\ysm  is  over,  the 
ideas  he  had  during  the  fit.  Encyc. 

EG'STA-SY,  V.  t.   To  fill  with  rapture  or  enthusiasm. 
EC-STAT'ie,       )  a.    Arresting  the  mind  ;  siispeiiil- 
Ee-ST.\T'ie-AL, !     ing  the  senses  ;  entrancing. 
In  pensive  uiuice,  and  anguish,  and  eetlnuc  lit.  AlUton, 

2.  Rapturous  ;  transporting  ;  ravishing  ;  delightful 
beyond  measure;  as,  ecstaltc  bliss  or  joy. 

3.  Tending  to  external  objects.    [Aot  used.] 

Ee-ST.^T'ie-AL-l,Y,(i(/p.  Rapturously;  ravishinglv. 
EG'TA-SI!?,  n.    [Gr.,  from  r» rtifw.] 

In  rhetoric,  the  lengthening  of  a  syllable  from  short 
to  long, 

EC-TIII.IP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  A  figure  of  prosodv,  bv 
which  a  final  Tn.with  the  preceding  vowel,  is  cut  oil", 
when  the  next  word  begins  with  a  vowel. 


EDG 

Ee'TY-P.\E,  a.  [Infra.]  Taken  from  the  original. 
Ee'T?I'E,  n.    [Gr  «ri.rr.-s.]  [Ww. 

1.  A  copy.  /Mcke. 

2.  In  arcliilccturc,  an  object  in  relievo,  or  embossed. 

Swift. 

Ee-TT-MEN'ie,        fa.    [Gr.  oi)foD;iri<,Ko;,  from  nu-uu- 
Ee-lJ-ME.N'IG-AIi,  i     ficfii,  the  habitable  world.] 
(Jcneral  ;  universal  ;  as,  an  ecumenical  council. 
EC'lJ-KlE,  n.    [I'r.]    A  stable;  a  covered  place  for 
horses. 

E-Ua'CIOUS,  a.    [L.  frfnr,  from  cdo,  to  eat.] 

Eating  ;  given  to  eating;  greedy  ;  voracious. 
E-Da'CIOUS-LY,  aitv.  Greedily. 
K-D.\C'I-TY,  n.    [L.  eilacitas,  from  eilar,  edo,  to  eat.] 
Greediness  ;  voracity  ;  ravenousness  ;  rapacity. 

Bticon. 

ED'DA,  n.  A  book  containing  a  .system  of  Runic  or 
Scandinavian  mythology,  with  some  account  of  the 
theology  and  philosophy  of  the  norlliern  nations  of 
Europe.  The  first  part  contains  the  mythology  of 
the  people,  and  the  second  specimens  of  the  poetry 
of  the  Scalds.  It  was  comjiosed  by  Snorro  Sturlcson, 
judge  of  Iceland  from  lai.'i  to  123i.  Mallet. 

EU'UEK,  n.    [Ciu.  Sax.  cdrr,  a  hedge.] 

In  husbmilry,  such  flexible  wooil  as  is  worked  into 
the  top  of  liedgc  stakes,  to  bind  them  together. 

J\Ia.-.-on. 

En'DER,  V.  t.  To  bind  or  make  tight  liyedder;  to 
fasten  the  tops  of  hedge-stakes,  by  interweaving  ed- 
der,  Kntrland. 

EI)'I)I:R-KD,  pp.    Bound  or  made  tight  by  eddcr. 

ED'UIOU-I.NG,  ;ipr.    iiindiiig  or  fastening  by  odder. 

ED'DISII,  j  n.    The  latter  pa-sture,  or  grass  "that  comes 

E. AD'ISII,  (  after  mowing  or  reaping;  called,  also, 
E.\fiRAss,  Earsii,  Etch.  Encyc. 

[yVot  used,  I  believe,  in  .America.] 

F.  D'uuES,  j  n.  A  name  given  to  a  x'.ariefy  of  the 
EU'UERS,  i     Arum  esculentum,  an  esculent  root. 

Mease.  Kneye. 
ED'DY,  71.    [I  find  this  word  in  no  other  language.  It 
is  usually  considered  as  a  coiniiound  of  Sa.x.  ed,^ck- 
ward,  and  ea,  water.] 

1.  A  current  of  water  running  back,  or  in  a  direc- 
tion contrary  to  the  main  stream.  Thus,  a  point  of 
land,  extending  into  a  river,  checks  the  water  near 
the  shore,  and  turns  it  back,  or  gives  it  a  circular 
course.  The  wortl  is  applieil,  also,  to  the  air  or  wind 
moving  in  a  circular  direction. 

2.  A  whirlpool ;  a  current  of  water  or  air  in  a  cir- 
cular direction. 


And  smiling  eddies  dimiiled  on  the  main. 
Wheel  Uirough  tlie  air,  111  circling  eddies  play.  Addison. 


Dryden. 
Adaisi 


ED'DY,  V.  i.   To  move  circularly,  or  as  an  eddy. 

Thomson  uses  it  actively,  to  cause  to  move  in  an 
eddy. 

ED'DY,  a.    Whirling  ;  moving  circularly.  Dryden. 

ED'DY-I.VG,  ppr.  or  a.    Mtiving  circularly,  as  an  eddy. 

ED'DY-VVA'TER,  7i.  Among  seamen,  the  water 
which,  by  some  interruption  in  its  course,  runs 
contrary  to  the  direction  of  the  tide  or  current. 

Totten. 

ED'DY-WIND,  71.  The  wind  returned  or  beat  back 
from  a  sail,  a  mountain,  or  any  thing  that  hinders  its 
passage.  Encyc. 

ED'E-LITE,  71.   A  variety  of  the  mineral  natrolUe. 

Dana. 

E-DEM'A-TOUS,  j  a.  [Gr.  oiSnfo,  a  tumor;  oiScu, 
E-DE.M'A-TOSE,  (    to  swell.] 

Swelling  with  a  serous  humor ;  dropsical.  An 
edematous  tumor  is  white,  sofX,  and  iusensible. 

Quinaf. 

E'DEN,  (e'den,)  71.    [Ileb.  Ch.  py,  pleasure,  delight.] 
The  country  and  garden  in  which  Adam  and  Eve 
were  placed  by  God  himself ;  Paradise. 

E'DEiV-IZ-ED,  a.    Admitted  into  Paradise.  Varies 

E-DE.\-Ta'TA,  71.  pi.  In  natural  hisUiry,  an  oriler  of 
anim.als  that  are  destitute  of  front  teeth,  as  the  arma- 
dillo and  ant-eater.  BM. 

E-DE.N'TATE,     )  „     rr     j   ,  ,  a  ,  -, 

E-DE.\'T\-TED  i       \.^- cdentatus,  e  ana  dcns.\ 

Destitute  or  tieprivcd  of  teeth  ;  applied  especially 
to  the  onler  Edentata. 

&DE.N'TATE,  n.  An  animal  having  no  fore  teeth, 
as  the  armadillo  and  the  sloth. 

E-DE.\-Ta'TIO.\".  n.    A  depriving  of  teeth. 

EDOiE,  (tj,)  II.  [SiLX.  ees;  Dan.  eg;  S\v.  eir^ ;  G.  ecke, 
esc;  h.  acies,  acus  ;  Fr.  aitrn,  whence  aiguille,  a  nee- 
dle ;  <«r.  uKT) ;  W.  tur^,  atrg,  edge.] 

1.  In  a  grnrrat  srn.se,  the  extreme  border  or  point 
of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  edge  of  the  table  ;  the  ed^e  of 
a  book  ;  the  v.?.-  of  cloth.  It  coincides  nearly  with 
border,  brink,  -nar^tn.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
sharp  border,  the  thin,  cutting  extremity  of  an  in- 
slniinenl ;  as,  the  ed^^  of  an  ax,  razor,  knife,  or 
scy  the  ;  also,  to  the  [loinl  of  an  instrument ;  as,  the 
«</i'«  of  a  swonl. 

2.  Fiiruratirehj,  that  »  hich  C'l's  or  penetrates  ;  that 
which  wounds  or  injures ;  as,  tue  edne  of  slander. 

Shak. 

3.  A  narrow  part  rising  from  a  broader. 

Some  harrow  tJicir  ground  over,  and  then  plow  it  upon  ar 
edge.  Mortimer. 

4.  Sharpness  of  mind  or  appetite  ;  keenness ;  in 


EDI 

tenseness  of  desire  ;  fitni^ss  for  action  or  operation  ; 
as,  the  edge  of  appetite  or  hunger. 

bileiico  and  suiilud-'  s-t  aL  edge  on  tite  genius,  Dryden. 

5.  Keenness  ;  sharpness  ;  acrimony. 

Abau:  the  eilge  ut  Iruitom.  ShaJc. 
To  set  the  teeth  on  edge;  to  cause  a  tingling  or  gra- 
ting sensation  in  the  ti;etli.  Bacon. 
EDOli,  (ej,)  V.  L  [\V.  hogi ;  Sax.  eggian ;  Dan.  eggcr.] 

1.  'lo  sharjicn. 

To  edge  her  champion's  sword.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  furnish  with  an  edge. 

A  swonl  edged  with  dint.  Dryden. 

3.  To  border ;  to  fringe. 

A  lonir  desCA-nding  tr.un. 
With  nibies  edged.  Drylen. 

4.  To  lioriltr;  to  furnish  with  an  ornamental  bor- 
der ;  as,  to  edge  a  flower-bed  with  box. 

5.  To  sharpen  ;  to  exasperate  ;  to  embitter. 

By  such  reasonings,  tlic  simple  weru  bUitdcU,  and  the  malicious 
edged.  JIayward. 

G.  To  incite  ;  to  provoke  ;  to  urge  on  ;  to  instigate  ; 
that  is,  to  push  on  as  with  a  sharp  point ;  to  goad. 
Ardor  or  passion  will  edge  a  man  forward,  when  ar- 
guments fail. 

[This,  by  a  strange  mistake,  has  Iwcn  sometimes 
written  egg,  froni  the  Sax.  eggian,  Dan.  eggcr,  to  in- 
cite ;  the  w  riters  not  knowing  that  this  verb  is  from 
the  noun  ccg,  eg,  an  edge.  The  verb  ought  certain- 
ly to  follow  the  noun,  and  the  popular  use  is  correct.] 

7.  To  move  siilew  aj  s  ;  to  move  by  little  and  little  ; 
as,  edge  your  chair  along. 
EDGE,  (ej,)  V.  i.    To  move  sideways;  to  move  gradu- 
ally.   Edge  along  this  way. 

2.  To  sail  close  to  the  wind.  Dryden. 

To  ulge  away,  in  .lailing,  is  to  increase  the  distance 
gradually  from  the  shore,  V(!ssel,  or  other  object. 

To  edge  in  wiili  a  coast  or  vessel,  is  to  advance 
gradually,  but  not  directly,  toward  it.  Totten. 
ED0'/;D,  (ejd,)  pp.  Furnished  with  an  edge  or  border. 

2.  Incited  ;  instig;ited. 

3.  a.    Sharp  ;  keen. 

EDOE'LESS,  a.  Not  sharp;  blunt;  obtuse;  unfit  to 
cut  or  penetrate  ;  as,  an  cdgctess  sword  or  weapon. 

Shak. 

EDGE'-R.aIL,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  ordinary  iron 
rail  of  a  railway,  on  the  upper  surface  or  edge  of 
which,  (so  called  from  its  narrow'ness,)  the  wheels 
of  the  cars  move.  Brande. 

EDGE'TOOL,  71.  An  instrument  having  a  sharp  edge  ; 
applied  particularly  to  the  coarser  kinds  of  cutting 
instruments,  as  axes,  chisels,  &.c.  llcbert. 

EDOE'WISE,  (ej'wizc,)  adc.    [edge  and  jci.<!e.] 
the  edge  turnetl  forward,  or  toward  a  particular  point ; 
ill  the  direction  of  the  edge. 
2.  Sideways ;  with  the  side  foremost. 

EDG'ING,  ppr.  Giving  an  edge;  furnishing  with  an 
edge. 

2.  Inciting;  urging  on  ;  goading;  stiinul.iting  ;  in- 

3.  Moving  gradually  or  sideways.  [stigating. 

4.  Furnishing  with  a  border. 

ED(5'ING,  71.  That  which  is  added  on  the  border,  or 
which  foniis  the  edge,. as  lace,  fringe,  triiimiing,  add- 
ed to  a  garment  for  ornament. 

Bordered  with  a  rosy  edging.  Vryltn. 

2.  A  narrow  lace. 

3.  In  gardening,  a  roxv  of  small  plants  set  along 
the  border  of  a  bed ;  as,  an  edging  of  box.  Encyc. 

ED'I-BEE,  a.    [from  L.  edo,  to  eat.] 

EaUiblo  ;  fit  to  be  eaten  as  foot! ;  esculent.  Some 

_  flesh  is  not  edible.  Bacon. 

E'DICT,  n.  [L.  edictum,  from  edico,  lo  utter  or  pro- 
claim ;  e  ami  dico,  to  speak.] 

That  which  is  uttered  ^r  proclaimed  by  authority 
as  a  rule  of  action  ;  an  order  issued  by  a  prince  to 
his  subjects,  as  a  rule  or  law  requiring  obedience  ;  a 
proclauiation  of  cominanil  or  prohibition.  An  edict 
is  an  order  or  ordinance  of  a  sovereign  prince,  in- 
tended as  a  permanent  law,  or  to  erect  a  new  oltice, 
to  estjiblish  new  duties,  or  other  temporary  regula- 
tion ;  as,  the  edicts  of  the  Roman  emperors  ;  the  edicts 
of  the  French  monarch. 

The  edict  of  A'antes,  was  an  edict  is.sued  by  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  in  15'JS,  giving  his  Protestant  siibjei  Is 
the  free  exercise  of  their  religion.  The  revocation  of 
this  edict,  by  Louis  XIV.,  about  a  century  al\er,  led 
to  a  cruel  persecution,  which  drove  niivsi  of  the  Prot- 
estants out  of  the  kingdom.  Brande. 

ED'I-FI-CANT,  or  E-UIF'I-CANT,  a.  Building. 

ED-I-FI-eA'TION,  71.    [I^  mdijieatio.    Sec  Edifv.] 
1   A  building  up,  in  a  moral  and  religious  sense  ; 
instniction  ;  improvement  and  progress  t»f  the  mind, 
in  knowledge,  in  morals,  or  in  faith  anil  holiness. 
He  diat  prophesielli,  speaketh  to  mm  to  e'tyicruian.  —  1  Cor.  xiv, 

2.  In.struction  ;  improvement  of  the  mind  in  any 
species  of  useful  knowledge.  Mdison. 

3.  A  birilding  or  edifice.  [Unumial.] 
ED'I-FI-e.A  TO  RY  or  E-Dll  'I  eA-TO-RY.a.  Tend- 
ing to  eililication.  Jlall, 

ED'I-FICE,  (-tis,)  71.    [L.  adOicium.    See  Edifv.] 

A  building  ;  a  structure ;  a  fabric  ;  but  appropriate- 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE.  — AiV'GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  Kj  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  ns  in  THIS. 


EDU 


EFF 


EFF 


lij,  a  large  or  splendid  buildinj.  The  word  is  not  ap- 
plied to  a  mean  buildin?,  but  to  templns,  churches,  or 
eiegant  mansion-houses,  and  to  other  ercat  structures. 

Mdtim,  .^iMlson, 

ED-I-FI"CIAI-.,  (ed-e-fish'al,)  a.  Pertaining  to  edi- 
fices, or  to  structure. 

ED'I-FI-iCD,  (ed'e-flde,)  pp.  Instructed ;  improved 
in  literary,  moral,  or  relis;ious  knowledge. 

ED'I-FI-ER,  n.  One  that  improves  anotlier  by  instruct- 
ing him. 

ED'l-FV,  V.  t.  [L.  (Filifiru  .■  Fr.  rdljirr  :  Pp.  erllficar  ;  It. 
edificare ;  from  L.  a-rff.-i,  a  lid'i^e,  and  farm^  to  make.] 

1.  To  build,  in  a  literal  ^eiur.    [.Vul  iww  used.] 

Spenser. 

2.  To  instruct  and  improve  the  mind  in  knowledge 
generally,  and  p:irticularly  in  moral  and  religious 
knowledge,  in  faith  and  holiness. 

Efli/y  one  anolher.  —  1  Thfss.  t. 

3.  To  teach,  or  persuade.    [JV<,(  used.]  Bacon. 
ED'I-FY-ING,  ppr.    Building  up  in  Christian  knowl- 
edge ;  instructing  ;  improving  the  mind. 

2.  a.    Adapted  to  instruct. 
ED'I-FY-ING-LY,  mlv.    In  an  edifying  manner. 
ED'I-FS-I-\G-.\ESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  edify- 
ing. 

B'DILE,  n.    [L.  adiUs,  from  (Bdes,  a  building.] 

A  Koman  magistrate,  whose  chief  business  was  to 
superintend  buildings  of  all  kinds,  more  especially 
public  edifices,  temples,  bridges,  aqueducts,  &c. 
The  ediles  had  also  the  care  of  the  highways,  pub- 
lic places,  weights  and  measures,  &.c.  Encijc. 

£'D1LE-SHIP,  71.  The  ofiice  of  edile  in  ancient 
Rome.  Oray. 

ED'IT,  V.  t.  [from  L.  edo,  to  publish  ;  e  and  do,  to 
give.] 

1.  Properhj,  to  publish  ;  more  usually,  to  superin- 
tend a  publication  ;  to  prepare  a  book  or  paper  for 
the  public  eye,  by  writing,  correcting,  or  selecting 
the  matter. 

Thosi?  wlio  know  how  volumes  of  Uie  falh'^rs  an^  g^enerally 
eiiiied.  Christ.  Observer. 

2.  To  publish. 

Abelard  wrote  many  pliilosopliical  treatises  which  have  never 
been  ediud.  Enfield. 

ED'IT-ED,  pp.  Published  ;  corrected  ;  prepared  and 
publisheil. 

ED'IT-ING,  ppr.  Publishing  ;  preparing  for  publica- 
tion. 

E-DV'TI-O  PRIM'CEPS,  (e-dish'e-o-,)  [L.]  The 
earliest  printed  edition  of  an  author.  Brande. 

E-DI"TIO.\,  (e-dish'un,)  ;i.  [L.  editio,  from  edo,  to 
publish.] 

1.  The  publication  of  any  book  or  writing;  as, the 
first  edition  of  a  new  work. 

2.  Republication,  sometimes  with  revision  or  cor- 
rection ;  as,  the  second  edition  of  a  work, 

3.  Any  publication  of  a  book  before  published  ; 
also,  one  impression,  or  the  whole  number  of  copies 
published  at  once;  as,  the  tenth  edition. 

E-DI"TIO.\-Ell,  71.    The  old  word  for  Editor. 
BU)'I-TOR,  71.    [L.  from  c<io,  to  publi.sh.]  [Gregory. 

1.  A  publisher  ;  paHicuJarlij,  a  person  who  super- 
intends an  impression  of  a  "book  ;  the  person  who 
revises,  corrects,  and  prepares  a  book  for  publica- 
tion, as  Er.asmus,  Scaliger,  &.C. 

2.  One  who  superintends  the  publication  of  a 
newspaper. 

ED-I-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  editor,  as  edito- 
rial labors  ;  written  by  an  editor,  as  editorial  remarks. 

ED'I-TOR-SHIP,  71.  The  business  of  an  editor;  the 
care  and  superintendence  of  a  publication.  IValsli. 

ED'I-TRESS,  II.    A  female  editor. 

E-DIT'lJ-ATE,  7).  t.  [Low  L.  adituor,  from  ffidas,  a 
temple  or  house.] 

To  defend  or  govern  the  house  or  temple.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Orcifory. 

ED'IJ-eA-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  educated. 

ED'U-eATE,  (ed'yu-kate,)  r.  t.  [L.  educo,  educare;  e 
and  dueo,  to  lead  ;  It.  educare  ;  Sp.  eilucar.] 

To  bring  up,  as  a  child;  to  instruct;  to  inform 
and  enlighten  the  understanding  ;  to  instil  into  the 
mind  principles  of  arts,  science,  morals,  religion, 
and  behavior.  To  educate  children  well  is  one  of 
the  most  important  duties  of  pan^iits  and  guardians. 

ED'U-eA-TEI»,  pp.  or  a.  Brought  up;  iiistrurteil  ; 
furnished  with  knowledge  or  principles ;  trained  ; 
disciplined. 

ED'U-€a-TLNG,  7ij>r.  Instructing  ;  enlightening  the 
understanding,  and  forming  the  manners. 

ED-IJ-eA''I'I(>N,  n.    [L.  educatio.] 

The  bringing  up,  as  of  a  child  ;  instruction  ;  forma- 
tion of  manners.  Education  comprelumds  all  that 
aerieii  of  instruction  and  discipline  which  is  intended 
to  enlighten  the  understanding,  correct  the  temper, 
and  form  the  manners  and  haliilM  of  youth,  and  tit 
them  for  usefuliiesH  in  their  future  slalitjiis.  To 
give  children  a  good  education  in  manners,  arts,  and 
(trience,  is  imiMirUiiit ;  to  give  tln;in  a  religious  cditca- 
tion  in  iiidispenxalile  ;  and  an  immense  rcspoiiHibinty 
rest*  on  parents  and  guardians  who  neglect  these 
diilleH. 

ED-IJ  CA'TIO.N'-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  education  ;  de- 
rived from  education  ;  ns,  cducatwnal  habits.  Smilli. 


ED'TJ-Ga-TOR,  71.    One  who  educates.  Beddoes. 
E-DliCE',  V.  t    [L.  educo,  ediui ;  e  and  duco,  to  lead.] 
To  bring  or  draw  out ;  to  extract;  to  produce  from 
a  state  of  occultation. 

The  eternal  art  editdng  good  from  ill.  Pope. 
E-DUC'£D,  (e-duste',)  pp.    Drawn  forth  ;  extracted ; 
produced. 

E-DuC'ING,  p/>r.   Drawing  forth  ;  producing. 
E'DUGT,  71.    [L.  eductum,  from  educo.] 

Extracted  matter ;  that  which  is  educed ;  that 
wliich  is  brought  to  light  by  separation,  analysis,  or 
decomposition. 

W^e  must  consider  the  educts  of  its  analysis  by  Bergman,  &c, 

E-DUG'TfON,  71.  The  act  of  drawing  out  or  bringing 
into  view. 

E-DUeT'OR,  7!.  That  which  brings  forth,  elicits,  or 
extracts. 

Stimulus  must  be  tilled  an  edttctor  of  vital  ether.  ZJaririn. 

E-DUL'eO-RATE,  t'.  t.  [Low  L.  edulco,  from  dulcLi, 
sweet ;  Fr.  edulcorer.] 

Literally,  to  sweeten.  In  old  chemistry,  to  render 
substances  more  mild,  by  freeing  them  from  acids 
and  salts,  or  other  soluble  impurities,  by  washing. 
In  modern  chemistry,  to  cleanse  pulverulent  sub- 
stances, by  washing  away  all  particles  soluble  in 
water.  Ure. 

E-DUL'eO-RA-TED,  pp.  Purified  from  acid  or  other 
foreign  substances. 

E-Dl'L'eO-RA-TlNG,  ppr.  Purifying  from  acid  or 
foreign  substances. 

E-DUL-eO-RA'TlON,  71.  Literally,  the  act  of  sweet- 
ening. 

In  chemistry,  the  act  of  freeing  pulverulent  sub- 
stances from  acids  or  any  soluble  impurities,  by  re- 
peated affusions  of  water.  Ure. 

E-DUL'eO-RA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
sweetening  or  purifying  by  affusion. 

ED'VVAUDS-ITE,  n.  [from  Gov.  H.  W.  Edwards.] 
A  mineral  identical  with  moyiatile.  Dana. 

EEIC.    See  Eke. 

EEL,  7!.  [Sa.x,  tel;  G.  aal ;  D.  aal;  Van.  id. ;  Sw.  al ; 
Gipsy,  alo ;  Turk.  iUin.  The  word,  in  Saxon,  is 
written  precisely  like  ami.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  Mnguilla,  a  genus  of  sofl- 
finned  fishes  belonging  to  the  order  of  Apodes.  The 
head  is  smooth  ;  there  are  ten  rays  in  the  membrane 
of  the  gills  ;  the  eyes  are  covered  with  a  common 
skin  ;  the  body  is  cylindrical  and  slimy.  Eels,  in 
some  respects,  resemble  reptiles,  particularly,  in  their 
manner  of  moving  by  a  serpentine  winding  of  the 
body  ;  and  they  often  creep  upon  land,  and  wander 
about  at  night  in  search  of  snails  or  other  food.  In 
winter,  they  lie  buried  in  mud.  They  grow  to  the 
weight  of  fifteen  or  twenty  pounds  ;  and  the  conger 
eel  is  said  to  grow  to  a  hundred  pounds  in  weight, 
and  to  be  ten  feet  in  length.  They  are  esteemed  gooii 
food.  Partinoton.    P.  Cyc. 

EEL'-FISH-ING,  7i.   The  act  or  art  of  catching  eeLs. 

EEL'POT,  71.  A  kind  of  basket  used  for  catching 
eels. 

EEL'POUT,  71.  The  burbot,  a  fresh-water  fish,  some- 
what resembling  the  eel  in  appearance ;  hence  the 
name.  Jardine^s  JVaf.  Lib. 

EEL'SKIN,  71.   The  skin  of  an  eel. 
EEL'SI'K.VR,  71.    A  forked  instrument  used  for  catch- 
E'EN,  a  contraction  for  even,  wliich  see.       [ing  eels. 

I  h.ave  e'en  done  with  you.  L' Estrange. 

2.  The  old  plural  for  Eyes. 
And  eke  with  fatness  swollen  were  his  e'en.  Spenser. 
E'ER,  (ar,)  contracted  from  Ever,  which  see. 
EF'FA-BLE,  a.    [L.  effabilis,  from  cffor  j  ex  and /or, 
to  speak.] 

Utterable  ;  that  may  be  littered  or  spoken. 
[This  word  is  not  used  ;  but  Ineffable  is  in  com- 
m<m  use.] 

EF-FACE',  7j.  £.  [Fr.  cffaccr,  from  the  L.  ex  and  facio 
or  fades.] 

1.  To  destroy  a  figure  on  the  surface  of  any  thing, 
whether  painted  or  carved,  so  as  to  render  it  invisi- 
ble, or  not  distinguishable  ;  as,  to  efface  the  letters  on 
a  iiioiiiiinent. 

2.  To  blot  out;  to  erase,  strike,  or  scratch  out,  so 
as  to  destroy  or  render  illegible;  as,  to  efface  a  writ 
ing  ;  to  efface  a  name. 

3.  To  destroy  any  impression  on  the  mind  ;  to 
wear  away  ;  as,  to  efface  tin;  image  of  a  person  in 
the  mind;  to  efface  ideas  or  thoughts;  to  effnce  grati- 
tude. Dryden. 

To  drftice  is  to  injure  or  impair  a  figure  ;  to  efface  is 
to  rub  out  or  destroy,  so  as  to  rentier  invisible. 

EF-FAC'/'.'I),  (<  f  r,islc',)  pp.  Rubbed  or  worn  out ; 
destroyed,  as  a  figure  or  impression. 

EF-FACE'MENT,  n.    Act  of  effacing. 

EF  FACING,  /i;ir.  or  a.  Destroying  a  figure,  char- 
acter, or  impression,  on  anv  thing. 

EF-FAS'C'I-NATE,  v.  t.  To  charm;  to  bewitch. 
[Obs.]    [See  Fascipiate.1 

EF-FA.S-Cl-NA'TK)iN,  71.  The  act  of  being  be- 
witched or  deluded.  Shelford. 

EF-FEOT',  71.  [L.  effettu.<i,  from  effcioi  ex  and  facio, 
to  make  ;  It.  rffello  ;  Fr.  iffct.] 


1.  That  which  is  produced  by  an  aaent  or  cause  ; 
as,  the  effect  of  luxury  ;  the  effect  of  intemperance. 
Poverty,  disease,  and  disgrace,  are  the  natural  effects 
of  dissipation. 

2.  Consequence  ;  event. 

To  say  that  a  composition  is  imperfect,  Is  in  ejfeel  to  say  tht 
aiiilior  is  a  man.  Anon. 

3.  Purpose  ;  general  intent. 

'i'hey  spoke  to  her  to  that  eJTeci.  —  2  Chi^n.  xxxiv. 

4.  Consequence  intended  ;  utility  ;  profit ;  advan- 
tage. 

Christ  is  become  of  no  e^eet  to  yon.  —Gal.  v. 

5.  Force  ;  validity.    The  obligation  is  void  anil  of 

6.  Completion    perfection.  [no  effect. 

Not  so  worthily  to  be  brought  to  heroic.il  e^ect  by  fonniie  or 
necessity.  HUlfiey, 

7.  Reality  ;  not  mere  appearance  ;  fact. 

No  i>tlier  in  e^ccl  than  wiial  it  seems.  Denham. 

8.  In  the  plural,  effects  are  goods  ;  movables  ;  per- 
sonal estate.  The  people  escaped  from  the  town 
with  tlieir  effects. 

9.  In  paiutiug,  truthful  imitation,  hightened  and 
rendered  more  impressive,  chiefly  by  the  artifices  of 
light,  shade,  and  color.  Jucelyn. 

Hence,  to  do  any  thing  for  effect,  is  to  do  it  for  the 
purpose  of  highteiiing  or  exaggerating. 

EF-FEGT',  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  produce,  as  a 
cause  or  agent ;  to  cause  to  be.  The  revolution  in 
France  effected  a  great  change  of  property. 

2.  To  bring  to  pass ;  to  achieve ;  to  accomplish  ; 
as,  to  effect  an  object  or  purpose. 

EF-FECT'ED,  pp.    Done;  performed;  accomplished. 

EF-FECT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  done  or  achieved  ; 
practicable  ;  feasible.  Brown. 

EF-FECT'ING,  ppr.  Producing  ;  performing  ;  ac- 
complishing. 

EF-FECTIO.V,  71.    Creation  or  production. 

2.  The  geometrical  construction  of  a  proposition  ; 
a  problem  or  praxis  drawn  from  some  general  propo- 
sition. 

EF-FECT'fVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  cause  or  pro- 
duce ;  etiicacious. 

They  axe  not  ej^ec&ve  of  any  thing.  Bacon, 

2.  Operative  ;  active  ;  having  the  quality  of  pro- 
ducing effects. 

Time  is  not  e_^ective,  nor  are  bodies  destroyed  by  it.  Drown. 

3.  Efficient ;  causing  to  be  ;  as,  an  effective  cause. 

Taylor. 

4.  Having  the  power  of  active  operation  ;  able  ; 
fit  for  service  ;  as,  effective  men  in  an  army  ;  an 
feetive  force. 

EF-FECT'IVE-LY,  adi\  With  effect;  powerfully; 
with  real  operation. 

This  e^ec&vely  resists  the  devil.  Taylor. 

[In  this  sense.  Effectually  is  generallv  used.] 
EF-PECT'IVE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  bemg  effect- 
ive. 

EF-FECT'LESS,  a.  Without  effect ;  without  advan- 
tage ;  useless.  Shak. 

EF-FECT'OR,  71.  One  who  effects  ;  one  who  produces 
or  causes  ;  a  maker  or  creator.  Drrham. 

EF-FECTS',  7i.  pi.  Goods ;  movables  ;  personal  es- 
tate. 

EF-FECT'tJ-AL,  0.  Producing  an  effect,  or  the  effect 
desired  or  intended  ;  or  having  adequate  power  or 
force  to  produce  the  effect.  The  means  employed 
were  effectual. 

Acconling  to  the  gift  of  the  grace  of  God  given  nie  by  the 
ejfeelual  working  of  his  power.  —  Eph.  iii. 

2.  Veracious ;  expressive  of  facts.    [Mot  used.] 

Sliak. 

3.  Effrctnal  assassin,  in  Mitford,  is  unusual  and  not 
well  autluiri/.ed. 

EF-FECT'II-AL-LY,  arfn.  With  effect;  efficaciously; 
in  a  manner  to  produce  the  intended  effect ;  tlior- 
oughlv.  The  weeds  on  land  for  grain  must  bo  ef- 
fectually subdued.    The  city  is  effectuaUii  guarded. 

EF-FECT'lI-ATE,  71.  t.  [Fr.  effectuer.  fcee  Effect.] 
To  bring  10  pass  ;  to  achieve;  to  accomplish  ;  to 
fulfil  ;  as,  to  effertuate  a  purpose  or  desire.  Sidney. 

EF-FHCT-II-A' TIO.V,  71.    Act  of  effecting.  Dwir/u. 

EF-FECTMi-A-TEl),  pp.  Accomplished. 

EF-FECT'lj-A-TlNG,  ppr.  Achieving;  performing 
to  effect. 

EF-FE.M'I-N.\-CY,  71.  [from  effhninale.]  The  soft- 
ness, delicacy,  and  weakiu;ss  in  men,  which  are 
characteristic  of  the  female  sex,  but  wliich,  in  males, 
are  deemed  a  reproach  ;  uiiiiiaiily  delicacy  ;  woman- 
ish softness  or  weakness.  Mdton. 

2.  Voliipliioiisness  ;  iiuliilgencc  in  unmanly  pleas- 
nri^s  ;  lasciviousiiess.  'I'aylor. 

EF-FEM'I-NATE,  n.  [L.  rffnminntus,  from  effirminor, 
to  grow  or  make  wom.inisli,  from  funiina,  a  woman. 
See  Woman.] 

1.  Having  the  qualities  of  the  female  sex  ;  soft  or 
delicate  to  an  unmanly  degree  ;  tender  j  womanish  ; 
voluptuous. 

Tlio  kinif,  by  his  voluptuous  Mfo  and  mean  miu-riage,  tiecnnie 
ejfeinltmtc,  mid  V-m  seiiHihlo  of  lionor.  Bacon. 

2.  Womanish  ;  weak  ;  resembling  the  practice  or 


PATE,  FAR,  FALI,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRgy  PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD  NCTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


EPF 

qtinlilii's  of  tho  sex;  as,  an  geminate  peace;  an  </- 
fnituiatr  life. 

3.  U  oiiiaiilike  ;  tender ;  in  a  sense  not  reproach- 
ful. Skak. 
EF  I'E.M'I-NA'l'E,  v.  t.   To  make  womanish  ;  to  I'n- 

man  ;  to  weakt-n  ;  ai*,  to  effeminate  children.  Locke. 
EF-FEM'I-N.\TE,  r.  i.  To  grow  wonianisli  or  weak  ; 
to  niclt  into  weakness. 

lu  a  ilolhful  peaw  Murage  will  fjfeminau.  Pope. 

EF-FEM'I-NA-TED,  pp.   Made  or  become  womanish. 

EF-FE.M'I-NATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  woinani.sh  manner; 
weakly  ;  softly. 

2.  By  means  of  a  woman  ;  as,  effeminaieltj  van- 
qnished.  Milton. 

EF-Fr,.M'I-N.\TE-NEPS,  n.    I'nmanlike  sortncss. 

EK-Fi;.M'l-N'A-TI.\(;,  ppr.    M.nkiiia  womanish. 

EF-FE.\I-I-i\A'TIO.\,  n.  The  statu  of  one  jrown 
womanish  ;  the  state  of  being  weak  or  nnniiinly. 
[Little  iisfrf.]  Bnron. 

EF-FEN'DI,  71.  In  Turkish,  a  master:  a  word  sub- 
joined to  the  names  of  persons,  in  token  of  respect, 
corresponding  to  ma.stery  vtonsieitr ;  applied  particu- 
larly to  learned  men  and  ecclesiastics.  It  also  occurs 
as  part  of  the  titles  of  particular  ollicers  ;  .as,  the  Reis 
F.ffrntli,  who  is  principal  secretary  of  state.  P.  Cijc. 

EF-FER-VESCE',  (ef-fer-vcs',)  v.  i.  [L.  effervcsco, 
from  ferveOf  to  be  liot,  to  rage.    See  Fervent.] 

To  be  in  natural  commotion,  like  liquor  when  gen- 
tly boiling  ;  to  bubble  and  liiss,as  fermenting  liquors, 
or  any  fluid,  when  some  part  escapes  in  a  gaseous 
form  ;  to  work,  as  new  wine. 

EF-FER-VES'CENCE,  (ef-fer-ves'sens,)  n.  A  kind 
of  natural  ebnlliticm  ;  that  commotion  of  a  fluid, 
which  lakes  place  when  some  part  of  the  mass  flics 
ofl*  in  a  gaseous  tbrm,  producing  innumerable  small 
bubbles  ,  as,  the  effervescence  or  working  of  new 
wine,  cider,  or  beer  ;  the  effcrccscence  of  a  carbo- 
nate with  nitric  acid. 

EF-Fr.H-VES'CE.\T,  a.  Gently  boiling  or  bubbling, 
by  means  of  the  disengagement  of  gas.  Kncifc. 

EF-FUR-VES'CI-UI,E,  o.  That  has  the  quality  of  ef- 
fervescing ;  capable  of  producing  efl'ervescencc. 

A  inistl  quantiry  of  ^ervescible  matu-r.  Ktroan. 

EF-FER-VES'CING,  ppr.  or  a.  Boiling  ;  bubbling  by 
means  of  an  elastic  fluid  e.xtricated  in  the  dissolution 
of  bodies. 

EF-FETE',  a,  [L.  effa'tus,  effctus ;  ez  and  fa  tus,  em- 
bryo.] 

1.  liarrcn  ;  not  capable  of  producing  young,  as  an 
animal,  or  fniit,  as  the  earth.  An  animal  becomes 
effete  by  losing  the  power  of  conception.  The  earth 
may  be  rendered  effete  by  drouth,  or  by  e.\haustion  of 
fertUity.  Ray.  UenlJcij. 

2.  Worn  out  with  age ;  as,  effete  sensuality.  South. 
EF-Fl-CA'CIOUS,  (ef-fe-ka'shus,)  a.   [L.  ej/iaix,  from 

effie.io.  .  See  Effect.]-" 

EHcctual ;  productive  of  eflccts  ;  producing  the  ef- 
fect intended  ;  having  iwwer  adequate  to  the  purpose 
intended  ;  powerful ;  as,  an  efficacious  reniudy  for 
disease. 

EF-FI-eA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.  Effectually  ;  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  produce  the  effect  desired.  We  say,  a 
remedy  has  been  efficaciously  applied. 

EF-FI-eA'ClUUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ef- 
tic.-icioiis.  .4.,A. 

EF'FI-CA-CY,  71.  [gp.  and  It.  efficacia;  Fr.ejjicace; 
from  L.  efficttx.] 

Power  to  produce  effects  ;  production  of  the  effect 
inteiiiled  ;  as,  the  effcacy  of  the  gospel  in  converting 
men  Ironi  sin  ;  the  effcacy  of  pniyer  ;  the  efficacy  of 
medicine  in  counteracting  disease  ;  the  efficacy  o{  ma- 
nure in  fertilir.ing  land. 

EF-FI"CIE.NCE,  (ef-fisli'ens,)     )  7U      [L.  rfficitn.i, 

EF-FI"CIEN-CY,  (ef  fish'en-sy,)  j  {mm  efficio.  See 
Effect.] 

1.  The  act  of  producing  effects  ;  a  causing  to  be  or 
eiist ;  effectual  agency. 

Thr  maimpr  of  thi»  ilivine  tfUcitncy  i*  fur  ftboTp  as.  Hooker. 
Gravity  il(x-s  nut  f  mcecU  lixjiu  Uie  tfficitnaf  of  anr  cuiiiiii^ut 
ur  utuLiblc  ng^Dt.  Woodteani. 

2.  Power  of  pro<lucing  tlie  effect  intended ;  active, 
comix'tent  pt)wer. 

EF-FI"CIE.\T,  (ef-fish'ent,)  a.  Causing  effects  ;  pro- 
ducing ;  Ih.at  causes  any  thing  to  be  what  it  is.  The 
efficient  cause  is  that  which  produces  ;  l\K  final  cause 
is  that  for  which  it  is  produced. 

EF-FI"CIE.\T,  (ef-fish'en>,)  7i.    The  agent  or  cause 
which  produces  or  causes  to  ejist. 
2.  He  that  makes. 

EF-FI'TIE.NT-I.Y,  nrfr.    With  effect ;  effectively. 

EF-FIF;RI;E',  v.  U  To  make  fierce  or  furious.  [A'ut 
I      tisril.}  Spenser, 

EF-FIG'I-ATE,  v.  U    [I,  effi-rio,  effigies.] 

To  image  ;  to  form  a  like  figure.    [Little,  rtseii.] 

EF-FIG'l-A-TKn,  pp.    Formed  in  resemblance. 

F.F  FIG'l-A-TI.NC.,  ppr.  Imaging. 

EF  FIC-I-A'TIU.N,  II.  The  act  of  fonning  in  resem- 
blance. 

EF  FI-i;Y,  n.  [L.  fjS^>.«,  from  f/BnjTo,  to  fashion  ;  « 
anil  Jinuo,  to  form  or  devise  ;  So.  It.  and  Fr.  effi^ie. 
See  rtM>:>  ] 

1.  The  image  or  likeness  of  a  person  ;  resemblance ; 


EFF 

representation  ;  any  substance  fashioned  into  the 
shape  of  a  jR'rson. 

2.  Portrait ;  likeness  ;  figure,  in  sculpture  or  paint- 
ing. 

3.  On  coi'ii.t,  the  print  or  impression  representing 
the  head  of  the  prince  who  struck  the  coin. 

Tu  burn  or  Auin'  in  effiiry,  is  to  burn  or  hang  an  im- 
age or  picture  of  the  person  intended  to  be  executed, 
disgraced,  or  degraded.   In  France,  when  a  criminal 
can  not  be  apprehended,  his  picture  is  hung  on  a  gal- 
lows or  gibbet,  at  the  bottom  of  which  is  written  his 
sentence  of  condemnation.  Kncyc. 
EF-FLAG'I-TA'i'E,  r.  (.    [L.  efflasilo.\ 
To  demand  earnestly.    [A'ol  used.] 
EF-FLATE',  e.  (.    [\..  rffio.] 

To  fill  with  breath  or  air.    [Little  used.] 
EF-FLO-RESCE',  (ef-flo-rcs',)  v.  t.  [I.,  effioresco,  from 
Jlorc-scOf  Jloreo,  to  blossom,  Jlos,  a  flower.   See  Flow- 
er.] 

1.  In  cAcrai.ffn/,  to  form  a  mealy  powder  on  the 
surface  ;  to  become  pulverulent  or  dusty  on  tile  sur- 
face. Substances  ejjlurcsce  by  losing  their  water  of 
crystallization. 

Thow  Mlta  whose  er>'9taU  rjlorenee.  brioij*  to  the  c1:(M  which  ia 
moat  BoliiUc,  ami  cry>L\lliws  hy  cooling.  /'ourcroy. 

2.  To  fimti  saline  vegetation  on  the  surface;  or 
rather  to  shoot  out  minute  spicular  crystals ;  as,  the 
effiorescence  of  salts  on  plaster. 

EF-FI-O-RES'CE.NCE,  n.  In  Imtamj,  the  time  of  flow- 
ering ;  the  season  when  a  plant  shows  its  first  blos- 
soms. JMartyn. 

2.  Among  pliysicians,  a  redness  of  the  skin  :  erup- 
tions ;  as,  in  rasli,  measb's,  small  pox,  scarlatina, &c. 

3.  In  chemistry,  the  fiiriiiation  of  a  mealy  powder 
on  the  surface  of  bodies;  also,  the  fonnation  of  mi- 
nute spicular  crystals,  called  sometimes  floicrrs,  or 
saline  vegetation.  Such  an  cinorescence  is  often 
seen  on  walls  formed  witli  plaster. 

Foureroi/.  Ure. 
EF-FLO-RES'CEN'T,  a.    Shooting  into  white  threads 
or  spiculie  ;  forming  a  white  dust  on  the  surface. 

Fourcroy. 

EF'FLU-ENCE,  n.  [I.,  effiucns,  effiuo ;  cx  and  fluo, 
to  flow.    See  Flow.] 

A  flowing  out ;  that  which  flows  or  issues  from 
any  body  or  substance. 

Bright  ^uence  of  briglit  essence  iocreale.  Milton. 
EF'FLU-ENT,  a.    Flowing  out. 

EF-FLu'VI-U.M,  71. ;  pi.  Effluvia.  [L.,  from  effiuo, 
to  flow  out.    See  Flow.] 

The  minute  and  often  invisible  particles  which 
exhale  from  most,  if  not  all,  terrestri.il  bodies,  such 
as  the  odor  or  smell  of  plants,  and  the  noxious  exha- 
lations from  diseased  bodies  or  putrefying  animal  or 
vegetable  substances. 

EF'FLU.X,  n.    [L.  efflurtis,  from  effiuo,  to  flow  out.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  out,  or  issuing  in  a  stream  ; 
as,  an  effinz  of  matter  from  an  ulcer.  Jfarrey. 

2.  Eflusion  ;  flow  ;  as,  the  first  efflux  of  men's 
piety.  Ilammond. 

3.  That  which  flows  out ;  emanation. 

Light  —  ^ux  divine.  Tliomton. 

EF-FLUX',  V.  i.    To  run  or  flow  away.    [jVol  «.«</.] 

Boyte. 

EF-FI,(;X'ION,  (ef-fluk'shun,)  7t.  [L.  effiiumn,  from 
effiuo.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  out  Brnmi. 

2.  That  which  flows  out;  effluvium;  emanation. 

Bacon. 

EF-Ff^'DI-ENT,  a.    Digging  ;  accustomed  to  dig. 
EF- FORCE',  r.  ^    f  Fr.  efforcer,  from  force.] 

1.  To  force ;  to  break  through  by  violence. 

S/)f7i.\'rr. 

2.  To  force  ;  to  ravish.  Spenser. 

3.  To  strain  ;  to  exert  with  effort.  Spenser. 
[This  word  is  now  rarely  used  ;  perhaps  never, 

except  in  poetry.    We  now  use  Force.] 

EF-FOR.M',  r.  L    [from  form.]    To  fashion  ;  to  shape. 
[For  this  we  now  use  Form.]  [Taylor, 

EF-FOR.M-A'TION,  71.    The  act  of  giving  shaiie  or 
form.  Ray. 
[We  now  use  Formatioh.] 

EF'FoRT,  n.  [Fr.  effort:  It.  sforzo ;  from  foH, 
strong,  L.  fortis.    See  Force.] 

A  straining;  an  exertion  of  strength  ;  endeavor; 
strenuous  exertion  to  accomplish  an  object ;  applica- 
ble to  physical  or  intellectual  power.  The  army,  by 
great  c^irM,  scaled  the  walls.  Distinction  in  science 
is  g:iined  by  continued  efforts  of  the  mind. 

EF'Ff)RT-I,F.SS,  o.    Making  no  eflort. 

EF-FOS'SI(J.\,  (ef-fosh'un,)  «.  [L.  effos>-us,  from  ef- 
fwlio,  to  dig  out.] 

The  act  of  digging  out  of  the  earth  ;  as,  the  effos- 
ttion  of  coins.  .^rbutltnot. 

EF-FRAN'CIIISE,  (  chiz,)  v.  t.  To  Invest  with  fran- 
chises or  privileges,  Dc  ToaiucviUe. 

EF-FRAY',  (-fri',)  r.  L    [Fr.  effraijer.] 

To  frighten.    [.Vot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

EF-FRAY'A-BLE,  a.  Frightful ;  dreadful.  [JVot  in 
use  I  Harvey. 

EF-FRE-NA'TIO.V,  k.  [L.  eff^nmaUo,  from/ranum,  a 
rein.] 


EGG 

Unbridled  rashness  or  license  ;  unrullness  (Aa( 
in  vsf.] 

EF-FRO.NT'ER-Y,  (ef-frunt'er-y,)  71.  [Fr.  effronterie, 
from  front.  ] 

Impudence;  assurance;  shameless  boldness; 
saucinesH ;  boldness  transgressing  the  bounds  of 
modesty  and  decorum.  Kffrantcry  is  a  sure  mark  of 
ill-breeding. 

EF-F(JI.GE',  (ef  fulj',)  r.  L  [L.  effulfco ;  ez  and  ful- 
geo,  to  shine. 

To  send  forth  a  flood  oS  light ;  to  shine  with 
splendor. 

EF-FUL'OE.VCE,  71.  A  flood  of  liclit ;  great  luster 
or  liriglitiiess  ;  splendor;  as,  the  effnlgniee  of  divine 
glory.  It  is  a  word  of  superlative  signification,  and 
applied,  with  peculiar  jiropriety,  to  the  sun  and  to 
the  Supreme  Keing. 

EF-FIII/GE.\T,  n.  Shining;  bright;  splendid  ,  dif- 
fusing a  flood  of  light  ;  as.  the  effnlifrnt  sun. 

EF-FUL'Gi:.\T-LY,a./e.  In  a  briglit  or  splendid  man- 
ner. 

EF-FUL'GIXG,  ppr.    Sending  out  a  flood  of  light. 

Sara  Lee. 

EF  FU-MA-1UI,'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  flying  off 
in  fumes  or  vapor.  Iloiile, 

EF-Ff'.ME',  r.  t.    To  breathe  out.    [Obs.]  Spni'srr. 

EF-FITX  D',  V.  t.    [I.,  effundo.]    To  pour  out.    [  Obs.] 

EF-FC  SE',  (ef-fuze',)  e.  t    [L.  effusus,  from  effundo ! 
ez  and  fiindo,  to  pour.] 
To  |iour  out  iLs  a  fluid  ;  to  spill ;  to  shed. 

With  gushing  l>Ioo«l  e^uaed,  ^fi'lan. 

EF-FuSE',  a.    Dissipated  ;  profuse.    [J^^t  in  use.] 

Richardson. 
2.  In  natural  historii,  spreading  loosely. 
EF-FCS'f.D,  (ef-fTi/.d',')  pp.    Poured  out  ;  shed. 
EF-FCS'IXG,  (ef-fuz'iiig,)  ;/pr.    Pouring  out ;  slied- 
din<;. 

EF-FC'SION,  fcf  fii'zhnn,)  n.  The  act  of  pouring 
out,  as  a  liqiiiil. 

2.  The  act  of  pouring  out ;  a  shedding  or  spilling; 
waste  ;  as,  the  effusion  of  blood. 

3.  Tlic  |H>uriiig  out  of  words.  Hooker. 

4.  The  act  of  pouring  out  or  bestowing  divine  in- 
fluence ;  as,  the  cffusiuns  of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  effu- 
sions of  grace. 

5.  That  which  is  poured  out. 

Wash  ni**  with  lh.il  precious  effution,  ftnd  I  shall  he  whiter  than 
enow.  King  Cliarlet. 

(5.  Liberal  donation.    [A'of  used.]  Ilammond. 
EF-FO'SIVE,a.  Pouringout;  that  pours  forth  largely. 

The  effusive  south.  Thornton. 

EF-FO'SIVE-LY,  adv.    In  an  effusive  manner. 
EFT,  71.    [Sax.  f/f(a.] 

The  i>opular  Juiine  of  the  Lacerta  Seps  of  Linnie- 

us,  a  Saurian  reptile. 
EFT',  ado.  [Sax.]  Soon  after;  again  ;  soon  ;  quickly 

[  Obs.]  Spenser. 
EFT-SOOXS',     —        -  - 

soon.] 

Soon  afterward  ;  in  a  short  time.    [  Obs.]  Spenser 

E.  G.  [exempli  gratia.]  For  the  sake  of  an  example  , 
for  instance. 

E-GAD',  ezclam.  Qu.  Ch.  t3H,  a  lucky  star,  good  fir- 
tune,  as  we  say,  Tny  stars! 

F.  'GER,    (  n.    An  iiiiputuous  flood  ;  an  irregular  tide. 

KA'GKE,  i  Brmrn. 

EG'E-RA.N,  71.  [(wmF.ger,  'm  Bohemia.]  A  subspe- 
cies of  pyraiiiidical  garnet,  of  a  ro<idish  brown  color. 
It  occurs  massive,  sometimes  crystallized.  Ure. 

E-GERM'I-.N'ATE.    [A"o(  iiarrf.]    See  Ger.misate. 
E-OEST',  v.  t.    [Ij.  egestnm,  from  egero.] 

To  cast  or  throw  out ;  to  void,  as  excrement. 
E-GEST'ED,         Cast  or  thrown  out.  [Bacon. 
E-GKST'I.\G,  ppr.    Ca.sting  or  throwing  out. 
E-CES'TIO.\,  (e-jes'rhiin,)  n.    [L.  egestio.] 

The  act  of  voiding  digested  matter  at  the  natiinti 

vent.  Hale. 
EGG,  n.    [Sax.  ag :  G.  and  D.  ei :  Sw.  dgg ;  Dan.  eg. 

Qu.  L.  arum,  by  a  change  of  g  into  r  ;  W.  vy  :  .\rni. 

oy ;  It.  ugh  ;  Russ.  lAra,  eggs,  and  the  fat  or  calf  of 

tlie  leg.] 

A  body  formed  in  the  females  of  birdi  and  certain 
other  animals,  containini:  an  embryo  or  fetus  01  the 
same  s|)ecies,  or  the  substance  from  which  a  like 
animal  is  produced.  The  eggs  of  fowls,  when  laid, 
are  covered  with  a  shell,  and  within  is  the  white  or 
albumen,  which  incloses  the  yelk  or  yellow  sub- 
stance. The  eggs  of  fish  and  some  other  animals 
are  united  by  a  viscous  substance,  and  called  spaicn. 
Most  insects  are  oviparous. 

F.gg,  to  incite,  is  u  mere  blunder.    [Sec  Edi:e.] 
EGG'IilRl),  (-burd,)  11.    A  fowl,  a  species  of  tern. 

Copk^s  yoyagrs. 

F.GG'-et'P,  n.    A  cup  used  for  eating  eggs  at  table. 

EGti'ER,  n.    One  who  excites.  Shenrood. 

EGG'I.N'G,  n.    Incitement.  Cleariland. 

EGG'-XOG,  n.  A  drink  used  in  .America,  consisting 
of  the  yelks  of  eggs  hi  aten  up  with  sugar  and  the 
whites  of  eggs  whipped,  with  the  addition  of  wine 
or  spirit".  In  Seoilaod,  milk  is  added,  and  it  is  then 
called  anid  wan^s  milk. 

EGG'-PLANT,  n.    A  plant  allied  to  the  tomato,  and 


adv.    [Sax.  eft,  after,  and  sojui,  sones^ 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  —  AN'  GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  ,G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SU;  Til  as  in  THIS 


48' 


Ml 


EH 

bearing  a  smooth  fruit,  shaped  like  an  egg,  used  in 
coiikery.  It  is  the  Solanum  Esculentum  of  Linnaeus. 

EGG'ER,  )i.    One  who  excites. 

EGG  ING,  n.  Incitement. 

EGG'-SHELL,  n.  Tile  shell  or  outside  covering  of 
E -GI-LOP'ie-AL,  a.  Affected  with  egilnps.  [an  egg. 
E'Ol-LOPS,  V.    [Gr.  ai>  lAwit.l 

Goat's  eye  ;  an  abscess  in  the  inner  canthus  of  the 
eye  ;  fistula  lachrymalis.  Coxc. 
E'GlS,  71.    A  shield  ;  defensive  armor.    [See  .lEois.] 
E-GLAND'U-LOUS,  a.    [c  ncg.  and  glanditlous.] 

Destitute  of  glands. 
EG'LAiN-TINE,  (-tine  or  -tin,)  n.    [Fr.  eglanticr;  D. 

A  species  of  rose  ;  the  sweet  brier  ;  a  plant  bear- 
ing an  odoriferous  flower. 

Milton  applies  this  terra  improperly  to  the  honey- 
suckle. Sramle. 
E-GLO.M'ER-STE,  c.  f.    [See  Glomerate.]    To  un- 
wind, as  a  thread  from  a  ball. 
E'GO-IS.M,  n.    [L.  co-o.] 

1.  The  opinion  of  one  who  thinks  every  thing  un- 
certain except  his  own  existence.  Baiter. 

2.  A  passionate  love  of  self,  leading  a  man  to  con- 
sider every  thing  as  connected  with  liis  own  pei-son, 
and  to  prefer  himself  to  every  thing  in  the  wtiild. 
This  word  seems  to  be  more  comprehensive  than 
selji.'ittness.  JeJJ'crstm. 

E'GO  1ST,  n.  [from  L.  ego,  I.]  A  name  given  to 
certain  followers  of  Dea  Cartes,  who  held  the  opin- 
ion that  they  were  uncertain  of  everj'  tiling  except 
their  own  existence,  and  the  operations  and  ideas  of 
their  own  minds.  Rcid. 

E-Go'l-TY,  n.    Personality.    [JVot  authorized.}  Swift. 

E'GO-TISM,  n.  [Fr.  egoisme  ;  Sp.  egoisino  ;  from  L. 
egOy  I.] 

Primarily,  the  practice  of  too  frequently  using  the 
word  /.  Hence,  a  speaking  or  writing  much  of 
one's  self ;  self-praise  ;  self-commendation  ;  the  act 
or  practice  of  magnifying  one's  self,  or  making  one's 
self  of  importance.  Spectator. 
A  deplorable  ego'Ssm  of  character.         Dunshl  oji  Dueling. 

This  word  has  sometimes  been  used  in  a  still 
stronger  sense,  to  denote  a  passionate  love  of  self, 
like  the  word  egoism,  which  see. 
E'GO-TIHT,  71.  One  who  repeats  the  word  /  very 
often  in  conversation  or  writing  ;  one  who  sjieaks 
much  of  himself,  or  magnifies  his  own  achievements  ; 
one  who  makes  himself  the  hero  of  every  tale. 

E-GO-Tl'lT'It-AL  \       Addicted  to  egotism. 
2.  Containing  egotism. 

E'GO-'l'lZE,  r.  i.  To  talk  or  write  much  of  one's 
self;  to  make  pretensions  to  self-importance. 

E-GRf.'lilOUS,  (e-gre'jus,)  a.  [L.  egregiu.i,  supposed 
to  be  from  e,  or  cz,  grcge,  from,  or  out  of,  or  beyond, 
the  herd,  select,  choice.] 

}.  Eminent ;  remarkable;  extraordinary;  distin- 
guished ;  as,  etrrcgioas  exploits  ;  an  egregious  prince. 
But,  in  this  sense,  it  is  seldom  applied  to  persons. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense,  great ;  extraordinary  ;  remarka- 
ble ;  enormous  ;  as,  an  egregious  mistake  ;  egregious 

•  contempt.  In  this  sense,  it  is  often  applied  to  per- 
sons ;  as,  an  egregious  rascal ;  an  egregious  mur- 
derer. 

E-GRE'CIOIIS-LY,ad!).  Greatly;  enormously  ;  shame- 
fully ;  usually  in  a  bad  sense  ;  as,  he  is  egregiously 
niistaken  ;  tlicy  were  egregiously  cheated. 

E-GRic'GIOUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  great  or 

_  extraordinary. 

E'GRESS,  71.  [li.  egressus,  from  egredior ;  c  and  n-ra- 
dior,  to  step,  Sw.  rfi.va,  Dan.  rejscr.\ 

The  act  of  going  or  issuing  out,  or  the  power  of 
departing  from  any  inclosed  or  confined  place. 


Gfttpn  of  bvimin^  atlam.inl, 
Barred  over  ua,  proliiUt  all  egrcte. 


MUton. 


E-GRES'SION,  (e-gresh'un,)  n.    [L.  egressio.] 

The  act  of  going  out  from  any  inclosure  or  place  of 
confinement.  J'ope. 
E-GRESS'OK,  71.    One  who  goes  out. 
E'GRET,  71.    [Fr.  aigrette.] 

1.  The  lesser  white  heron,  a  bird  of  the  genus 
Ardca ;  an  elegant  fowl,  with  a  while  body,  and  a 
crest  on  the  head.  Encye. 

2.  In  botany,  the  flying,  feathery,  or  hairy  crown 
of  seeds,  as  the  down  of  tlie  Ihislle. 

E  (;IU;T'J'|;',  71.  a  mfl  of  fealliers,  diamonds,  &.C.  ; 
an  orM;iiiii-iit  of  ribbons.    [Si-e  Aiokettk.] 

E'GKI-OT,  n.    [Fr.  aigre,  sour.] 

A  kind  of  Hour  cherry.  Bacon. 

E-6YP"I'1.'\N,  te-jip'slian,)  a.  [from  Egypt,  Gr. 
Ai)i':Tr  j;  supposed  to  be  so  called  from  the  nnnie 
Ciiptaa,  a  princi|ial  town,  from  gupla,  guarded,  forti- 
fied. Asiat.  Kes.  iii.  :)llt,  :):t.'i.  .«o  Mi.sr,  Muzor, 
lleli.  ">no.  whence  Misratm,  signifies  a  fortress,  from 
to  bind  or  inclose.] 
I'lTtaining  lo  l^gypt,  in  Africa. 

E  GVP'TIA.V,  71.    A  native  of  Egypt;  also,  a  gipsy. 

E-0VP'I''O-CAn-CA'HIAN,  n.  An  nnririil  J'.gyplian, 
DO  called  because  cunxidered  of  the  Cnucasiaii  fam- 
ily. fllMun. 

£11,  eiclam.   Denoting  inquiry  or  slight  sur^rim^. 


EJE 

w'dErIdL^'kI  i  '-""^  eider.] 

A  species  of  sea  duck,  producing  uncommonly 
fine  down,  luund  in  the  Shetland  Isles,  the  Ork- 
neys, &c. 

El'UER-DOWN,  71.  Down  or  soft  feathers  of  the 
eider-duck. 

Ei-DOU-Ra'NI-ON,  71.  [Gr.  eiSui,  form,  and  ovpavwi', 

heaven.] 

A  representation  of  the  heavens. 
ETGH,  (a,)  eielam.    An  expression  of  sudden  delight. 
EIGHT,  (ate,)  a.    [Sax.  a:/it«,  eahia,  ox  elita  ;  G.  aclit ; 

D.  agt ;  Sw.  otta ;  Dan.  otte  ;  Goth,  uktau  ;  L.  oeto  ,• 

Gr.  uK-(o;  It.  otto;  Sp.  uclio  ;  Port,  oito ;  Fr.  ituit; 

Arm.  eih  or  eiz ;  Ir.  oclit :  \V.  uytlt  or  wyth ;  Corn. 

eatiL ;  Gipsy,  ochto  ;  Hindoo,  aute.] 
Twice  four ;  expressing  the  number  twice  four. 

Four  and  four  make  ciglu. 
EIGHT'EEN,  (a'teen,)  n.    Eight  and  ten  united. 
EIGHT-EEX'.MO,  71.     A  compound  of  the  English 

eighteen  and  the  last  s}'llable  of  the  Latin  decimo, 

more  properly  octodecimo  ;  denoting  the  size  of  a  book 

in  which  a  sheet  is  doubled  into  eighteen  leaves. 
EIGHT'EENTH,  (a'teenth,)  a.    The  next  in  order 

after  the  seventeenth. 
EIGIlT'FoLD,  (ate'fuld,)  a.    Eight  times  the  number 

or  quantity. 

EIGHTH,  (5tth,)  a.    Noting  the  number  eight;  the 

number  next  after  seven  ;  the  ordinal  of  eight. 
EIGHTH,  71.    In  music,  an  interval  composed  of  five 

tones  and  two  semitones.  Encye. 
EIGHTH'LY,  (attli'lv,)  ado.    In  the  eighth  place. 
EIGHT'I-ETH,  (•i'ti-etli,)a.   [from  fiv'/ify.]    The  ne.xt 

in  order  to  the  seventy-ninth  ;  the  eighth  tenth. 
ElGHT'SCoRE,  (ate'skore,)  a.  or  71.    [right  and  score  ; 

score  is  a  notch  noting  twenty.]   Eight  tunes  twenty ; 

a  hundred  and  sixty. 
EIGHT'V ,  (a'ty,)  a.    Eight  times  ten  ;  fourscore. 
EIGNE,  (ane)  a.    [Norm,  aisne.] 

1.  Eldest ;  an  epithet  used  in  law  to  denote  the 
eldest  son  ;  as,  bastard  eigne.  Blaekstone. 

2.  Unalienable ;  entailed ;  belonging  to  the  eldest 
_  son.    [JVut  iiscrf.l  Bacon. 
I^l'SEL,  71.    [Sax.]    Vinegar.    [JVyi  in  use,]  More. 
ET'SEN-RAH.M,  11.    [G.,  iron-cream.]    The  red  and 

brown  eisenralim,  the  scaly  red  and  brown  hema- 
tite. Cleaveland. 
ElS-TEDD'FOD,  ji.    [VV.  eistedd,  to  sit.]    An  assem- 
_  lily  of  Welsh  bards.  P.  Cyc. 

Hl'THER,  (e'tlier  or  I'thcr.  The  former  is  the  pro- 
nunciation given  in  nearly  all  the  English  dictiona- 
ries, and  is  still  the  prevailing  one  in  .America  ;  the 
latter  has,  of  late,  become  general  in  England.)  a.  or 
pron.  [Sax,  ffgther,  egther ;  D.  yder  ;  G.  jeder  i  Ir. 
crachtar.  This  word  seems  to  be  compound,  and 
the  first  syllable  to  be  the  same  as  each.  So  Sax. 
echwar,  each  where,  every  where.  Sax.  Chron.  An. 
1114,  1118.] 

1.  One  or  another  of  any  number.  Here  are  ten  or- 
anges ;  take  either  orange  of  the  whole  number,  or 
take  either  of  them.  In  the  last  phrase,  either  stands 
as  a  pronoun  or  substitute. 

2.  One  of  two.  This  sense  is  included  in  the  fore- 
going. 

Lepi«Iiis  fialter«  boUi, 
Of  both  is  flallt'reil ;  bul  lie  iieitiier  loves, 
Nor  eiUier  cares  for  him.  Sltak. 

3.  Each  ;  every  one  sejiarately  considered. 

Oil  eitJter  side  of  the  river.  —  Uev.  xxii. 

4.  This  word,  when  applied  to  sentences  or  propo- 
sitions, is  called  a  distributii^e  or  a  conjunction.  It 
precedes  the  first  of  two  or  more  alternatives,  and  is 
answered  by  or  before  the  second  or  succeeding  alter- 
natives. . 

Either  he  is  udkinff,  or  he  is  nurBiiinj,  or  he  is  on  a  Journey, 
or  perliaps  lie  sTeepelh. —  1  Kings  xviii. 

In  this  sense,  either  refers  to  each  of  the  succeed- 
ing clauses  of  the  sentence. 
E-JAC'lJ-LATE,      (.     [L.  ejaculor,  from  jacul or,  to 
throw  or  dart,  /ucuhim,  a  dart,  from  jociVi,  to  throw.] 
To  throw  out ;  to  cast ;  to  shoot ;  to  dart ;  as,  rays 
of  light  ijaculuted.  Blackmorc. 

It  is  now  seldom  used,  except  to  express  the  utter- 
ance of  a  short  prayer  ;  as,  he  ejaculated,  a  few  words. 
E-J.'VG'lJ-I.A-TKI),  ;<;i.    Short;  thrown  out ;  uttered. 
E-JAe'lj-EA-TING, ;);)7-.    Throwing;  darting;  shoot- 
ing. 

E-JAC-TJ-La'TION,  71.   The  act  of  tlirowiug  or  dart- 
ing out  with  a  sudden  force  and  rapid  flight ;  as,  the 
ejaculation  of  light.  Bacon. 
[V'/ii.v  sense  is  nearly  obsolete.] 

2.  The  uttering  of  u  short  prayer;  or  a  short  occa- 
sional prayer  uttered.  Taylor. 
E-JAC'U-I.A-TO-KY,  a.    Suddenly  darted  out;  ut- 
lerod  in  short  sentences ;  as,  an  cjaculatory  prayer  or 
petition. 

2.  Siidih  n  ;  hasty  ;  as,  ejaculatory  repentance. 
:).  Casting;  throwing  out.  [L'Eftrange. 
E-JECT',  I'.  (.  [I.,  cjicio,  ejectum  I  eandjiMto,  to  throw, 
Vr.jeler,  It.jactn.] 

1.  To  throw  out;  to  cast  forth;  to  thrust  out,  as 
from  a  place  Inclosi.'d  or  confined.    Sandys.  South. 

2.  To  discharge  llirough  the  natural  passages  or 
cmiinctories  ;  lo  evacuati!.  Encye. 


ELA 

3.  To  throw  out  or  expel  from  an  office  ;  to  dismiss 
from  an  office  ;  to  turn  out ;  as,  to  eject  a  clergyman. 

4.  To  dispossess  of  land  or  estate. 

5.  To  drive  away ;  to  expel ;  to  dismiss  with  ha- 
tred. Shak. 

6.  To  cast  away  ;  to  reject ;  to  banish ;  as,  to  eject 
words  from  a  language.  Swift. 

E-JEeT'EU,;)p.  Thrown  out  ;  thrust  out ;  discharged  ; 
evticuated  ;  expelled  ;  dismissed  ;  dispossessed  ;  re- 
jected. 

E-JECT'ING,  p/ii-.    Casting  out;  discharging;  evacu- 

atiiic  ;  expelling;  dispossessing;  rejecting. 
E-JEC'TION,  71.    [L.  cjectio.] 

1.  The  act  of  casting  out ;  expulsion. 

2.  Dismission  from  office. 

3.  Dispossession ;  a  turning  out  from  possession 
hy  force  or  authority. 

4.  The  discharge  of  any  excrementitious  matter 
through  the  pores  or  other  emunctories;  evacuation; 
vomiting;  discharge  by  stool. 

E-JECT'iMENT,  71.  Literally,  a  casting  out ;  a  dispos- 
session. 

2.  In  low,  a  writ  or  action  ^vhich  lies  for  the  recov- 
ery of  possession  of  land  from  u  hicli  the  owner  has 
been  ejected,  and  for  trial  of  title.  Ejectment  may 
be  brought  by  the  lessor  agiiinst  the  lessee  for  rent  in 
arrear,  or  for  holding  over  his  term  ;  also  by  the  les- 
see for  years,  who  has  been  ejected  before  the  expira- 
tion of  his  term.  Encye. 

E-JEGT'OR,  71.  One  who  ejects  or  dispossesses  anoth- 
er of  his  laud.  Blaekstone. 

EJ-U-LA'TION,  71.    [L.  cjulatio,  from  ejulo,  to  cry,  to 
yell,  to  wtiil.    Perhaps  j  represents  g,  and  this  word 
may  be  radically  one  with  yell,  Sax.  giellun,  gyltan.] 
Outcry  ;  a  wailing  ;  a  loud  cry  expressive  of  grief 

_  or  pain  ;  mourning  ;  lamentation.  Philips. 

EKE,  v.  t.  [Sax.  eacan;  Sw.  bka;  Dan.  bger.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  add,  or  to  stretch,  extend,  in- 
crease, (ill.  L.  augco.  The  latter  seems  to  be  the 
Eng.  to  icaj.] 

1.  To  increase ;  to  enlarge ;  as,  to  eke  a  store  of 
provisions.  Spenser. 

2.  To  add  to;  to  supply  what  is  wanted;  to  en- 
large by  addition  ;  sometimes  with  out :  as,  to  eke  or  i 
eke  out  a  piece  of  cloth  ;  to  eke  out  a  performance. 

Pope. 

3.  To  lengthen;  to  prolong;  as,  to  cAe  ouUhe  time. 

Shak. 

EKE,  ado.    [Sax.  eac ;  D.  ook ;  G.  auch ;  Sw.  och ;  Dan. 
og ;  \V.  ac :  L.  ac,  and,  also.    This  seems  to  be  the 
same  word  as  the  verb,  and  to  denote  add,  join,  or 
aditition.   Cli.  nns,  to  join.] 
Also;  likewise;  in  addition. 


'Twill  be  prodijrious  hard  to  prove 
Tli.it  this  IS  ete'Uie  throne  of  love. 


Prior. 


[This  word  is  nearly  obsolete,  being  used  only  in 
_  poetry  of  the  familiar  and  ludicrous  kind.] 
EK'£D,  (ekd,)  pp.    Increased  ;  lengthened. 
f.K'ING, pyir.    Increasing;  augmenting;  lengthening. 
eK'ING,  II.    Increase  or  addition. 
E-I/AB'O-RATE,  u.  f.    [L.  elaboro,  from  laboro,  labor. 
See  I.ABon.] 

1.  To  proiluce  with  labor. 

Tlify  in  full  joy  elnhorate  a  sigh.  Young. 

2.  To  improve  or  refine  by  successive  operations. 
The  hciU  of  the  sun  elaborates  the  juices  of  plants, 
and  renders  the  fruit  more  perfect. 

E-LAIi'O-RATE,  a.    [L.  elahoratus.] 

Wrought  with  labor ;  finished  with  great  diligence ; 
studied  ;  executed  with  exactness  ;  as,  an  elaborate 
discourse  ;  an  elaborate  performance. 

Drawn  to  the  life  in  each  elahorale  pa^.  Waller. 

E-LAB'O-Ra-TEI),  ;);).  or  0.  Produced  with  labor  or 
study ;  improved. 

E-L  A  l!'0-R.\TE-hY,  adn.  With  great  labor  or  .study  ; 
with  nice  regard  to  exactness. 

E-LA1!'0-RATE-NESS,  ;i.  The  quality  of  being  elab- 
orate or  wrought  with  great  labor.  .Johnson. 

E-LAB'O-RA-TIN'G,  ppr.  Produced  with  labor;  im- 
jiroving  ;  refining  by  successive  operations. 

E-LAIl-O-RA'TION,  71.  Improvement  or  refinement 
by  successive  operations.  Hay. 

E-LAI!'0-Ka-T0R,  71.    One  who  elaborates. 

E-EAIi'O-RA-TO-llY,  a.  Elaborating. 

E-LA-ID'IC  ACID,  71.  A  peculiar  acid  obtained  by 
the  saponification  of  elaidin.  /'.  Cyc. 

E-LA'I-DIN,  71.  A  fally  substance  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  nitric  acid  ujion  certain  oils,  especially  castor 
oil.  Braadc. 

E-LA'IN,7i.    [Gr.  iUtfoi.] 

The  liquitl  principle  of  oils  and  fats.  Chevrrul. 
[Smart  and  Ure  give  three  sj  llalili  s  to  this  word.] 

E-EAMP'ING,  a.  [See  I.ami'.]  ishiniiig.  [J\'"r<f  in  use.] 

E-I.ANCE',  0.  L  [Fr.  dancer,  lancer,  from  toiler,  or  its 
root.] 

'I'll  throw  or  shoot ;  to  hurl ;  to  dart. 

Willie  thy  unerring  lliuui  elanecd  —  n  diut.  Piior. 

E-LXNC'f.n,  (e-liuist',)  ;>;i.    Hurled;  darted. 

E-I/\NC'ING,  71;).    Hurling;  shooting. 

ic'I.ANI),  71.    A  siTccies  of  heavy,  clumsy  antelope  in 

Africa.  Barrow. 
E  I.A'O-LITE,  71.    [Gr.  cXaio,  an  olive.] 


F^IE,  FXn,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MAUtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK — 


3G2 


ELD 


ELE 


ELE 


A  variety  of  nepheline,  presenting  a  yrcasy  luster, 
and  gray,  grayish  green,  bluish  aiul  roddisli  shades  of 
fulor.  Dana. 
E-l.Al'-I-DA'TION,  ;i.  [I,,  elapido,  from  /apis,  a  stone] 

A  dearinj;  away  of  stoni-s. 
E-LAPSE',  (e-la|)s',)  v.  i.    [L.  elapsus,  from  elabor,  la- 
bor, to  slide,] 

To  slide,  slip,  or  glide  away ;  to  pass  away 
silintly,  as  time;  appHiil  chirfly  or  whollij  to  time. 
rinsti  ad  of  Elapse,  the  noun',  \vc  use  Lapse.] 
E-L.\1'S'£U,  (c-lapsl',)  pp.   Slid  or  passed  away,  as 
lime. 

E-LAI*S'I.N'G,ppr.  Sliding  away  ;  gliding  or  passing 
away  silently,  as  time. 

E-L.\U'UE-AtE,  (e-lak'we-ate,)  r.  t.    [L.  taqiuus.] 
To  disentangle. 

E  LAU'UE-A-TED,  pp.  Disentangled. 

E-L.\a'lIE  A-T1.\G,  ppr.  Disentangling. 

E-LAS'Tie,       )a.    [lYom  the  (ir.  iAa-fJC6),to  itnpel, 

E-LAS'Tie-AL,  i  or<X>iij,  or  tAuui-a),  to  drive;  Fr. 
ela.'iliqui; ;  It.  and  Sp.  elastico.] 

Springing  back  ;  having  tlie  power  of  returning  to 
the  form  from  which  it  is  lient,  extended,  pressed,  or 
distorted  ;  having  the  inherent  propi  rty  of  recover- 
ing its  former  figure,  after  any  external  pressure, 
which  has  altered  that  figure,  is  removed  ;  rebound- 
ing ;  flying  back.  Thus,  a  bow  is  ftiL-itic,  and  when 
the  force  which  bends  it  is  removed,  it  instantly  re- 
tiifus  to  its  former  sliape.  The  air  is  riastic  :  vapors 
are  elastic:  and  when  the  force  compressing  theui  is 
removed,  they  instantly  expand  or  dilate,  and  recover 
their  former  state. 

E-LAS'Tie-.AE-LV,  arfe.  In  an  elastic  manner;  by 
an  elastic  power  ;  with  a  spring.  Lcc. 

R-LAS-TIC'l-TV,  H.  The  inherent  property  in  bodies 
by  which  they  recover  their  former  ligure  or  state, 
aher  external  jiressure,  tension,  or  distortion.  Thus, 
fliL-itic  gum,  extended,  will  contract  to  its  natural  di- 
mensions, when  the  force  is  removed.  Air,  when 
compressed,  will,  on  the  removal  of  the  compressing 
force,  instanllv  dilate,  and  till  its  former  space. 

E-L.^TE',fl.    [i,.  e/a(«..-.] 

Raised  ;  elevated  in  mind  ;  flushed,  as  with  suc- 
cess. Whence,  lofty  ;  haughty  ;  as,  elate  with  vic- 
tor\".    [It  is  used  ckiefiy  in  portrtj.] 

E-l.A  I'E',  V.  U  To  raise  or  swell,  as  the  mind  or  spir- 
its ;  to  elevate  with  success  ;  to  pull"  up ;  to  make 
proud. 

a.  To  raise ;  to  exalt.    [Umusual-I  Thomsoiu 

E-LaT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Elev.tted  in  mind  or  spirits ; 
puffed  up ;  as,  with  honor,  success,  or  prosperity.  We 
say,  clttt'.d  with  success  ;  elated  with  pride.  \l'his  is 
used  in  prose.  \ 

E-LaT'E1)-L\  ,  otic.    With  elation. 

E-LAT'EU-IX,  n.  The  active  principle  of  the  elateri- 
um,  from  wliich  the  latter  is  sujiposed  to  derive  its 
cathartic  power.  Brunde.    P.  Cue. 

ELr  A-Tk'R1-UM,  n,  A  substance  deposited  from  the 
very  acrid  juice  of  the  iMom()rdica  elateriuui,  wild 
cucumber.  It  is  in  thin  cakes,  of  a  greenish  color, 
and  bitter  taste,  and  is  a  powerful  cathartic.  BranUe. 

EL'A-TE-RY,  ji.    [Cr.  iXarci.,,,.] 

Acting  force  or  elasticity  ;  as,  the  elatcnj  of  the  air. 
fUnnsnal.]  Ray. 

E-L.aT' I\(J, ppr.    Elevating  in  mind  or  spirits. 

E-La'TION,  h.  An  uitlation  or  elevation  of  mind 
proceeding  from  self-approbation  ;  self-esteem,  vanity, 
or  pride,  resulting  from  success.  Hence,  liaughii- 
ness  ;  pride  of  prosperity.  Merbury. 

E-LaT'OR,  n.    One  who'or  that  which  elates. 

EL  BOW,  n.  [Sax.  elnbo^a,  or  elnebona  :  ulna,  the 
aru),  the  ell,  and  bo^a,  bow  ;  contracted  into  rlboiray 
clhow  ;  G.  elbogrn  :  D.  elleboog :  Scot,  elbork,  elbiick.] 

1.  The  outer  angle  made  by  the  bend  of  the  arm. 

JCncyc. 

Ttie  wliigB  thai  waH  our  ricUn  out  of  si.ijht 

Grow  uu  (he  giuivxu-r's  eibuuit,  Coieper. 

2.  Any  flexure  or  angle ;  the  obtuse  angle  of  a  wall, 
building,  or  road.  F.ncyc. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  the  upright  sides  which  flank 
any  paneled  Work,  as  in  w  indows  below  the  shut- 
ters, &c.  Sirift. 

To  be  at  the  elboit,  Is  to  be  very  near ;  to  be  by  Uie 
side  ;  to  be  at  hand. 
EL'BoW,  c.  «.     To  push  with  the  elbow.  Dryden. 
2.  To  push  or  drive  to  a  distance  ;  to  encroach  on. 
He'll  tiboi^  out  Itis  neighbors.  Dryden. 

EL'nOW,  V.  L  To  jut  into  an  angle  ;  to  project ;  to 
bend. 

EL'DOW-CII.xIU,  n.  A  chair  with  arms  to  support 
the  elbows  ;  an  arm-chair.  Qay. 

EL'RoW-ROOM,  n.  Rwim  to  extend  the  elbows  on 
each  side  ;  hence,  in  its  usual  acceptation,  freedom 
from  confinement  ;  room  for  motion  or  action.  Shak. 

EL'noVV-Kl),  (cl'bode,)  pp.    Pushed  with  the  elbows. 

EL'BSW-ING,  ppr.  Pushing  wi|j>  the  elbows  ;  driv- 
ing to  a  distance. 

ELI),  «.    [Sax.  eld,  or  aeld,  old  age.    See  Old.] 

1.  Old  age  ;  decrepitude.    \bbs.]  Spenser. 

2.  Old  people.  Chapma)U 

3.  Old  times  ;  former  age. 

[  This  Kord  is  entirety  obsolete.  But  its  dcrivatite, 
Elder,  is  in  use.] 


ELD'ER,  a.  [Sax.  cldor,  the  comparative  degree  of 
eld,  now  written  old.    See  Old.] 

1.  Older;  senior;  having  lived  a  longer  time; 
born,  produceil,  or  formed  before  something  else; 
opposed  to  younger. 

The  elder  ahull  serve  the  votuiger.  —  Gen.  xxv 
His  elder  aoii  w!u  ill  the  tV'ld.  —  Luke  xv. 

9.  Prior  in  origin  ;  preceding  in  the  date  of  a  com- 
mission ;  as,  an  elder  oflicer  or  magistrate.    In  this 
sense,  we  generally  use  senior. 
ELD'ER,  71.    One  who  is  older  than  another  or  others. 

2.  An  ancestor. 

Carry  your  he.td  as  your  elders  have  done  before  yen. 

L'Entrange. 

3.  A  person  advanced  in  life,  and  who,  on  account 
of  his  age,  experience,  and  wisdom,  is  selected  for 
ollice.  Among  rude  nations,  elderly  men  are  rulers, 
judges,  magistrates,  or  counselors.  Among  the  Jews, 
the  seventy  men  associated  with  Moses  in  the  gctv- 
ernment  of  the  people,  were  elders.  In  the  first 
Christian  churches,  elders  were  persons  who  enjoyed 
offices  or  ecclesiastical  functions,  and  the  woril  iii- 
clmles  apostles,  pastors,  teachers,  jiresbyters,  bishops, 
or  overseers.  Peter  and  John  called  themselves  rid- 
ers. The  first  councils  of  Christians  were  called 
presbyteria,  councils  of  elders. 

In  the  modern  Presbyterian  churches,  elders  are  ofli- 
cers,  who,  with  the  jiastors  or  ministers,  compose  the 
church  sessions,  with  authority  tti  inspect  and  regu- 
late matters  of  religion  and  discipline. 

In  the  first  churches  of  New  England,  the  pastors 
or  ministers  were  called  elders,  or  teachinrr  elders; 
and  this  is  still  their  title  in  the  IS.aplist  churches. 
ELD'ER,  71.  [Sax.  cWarii ;  Hw.  /lyll,  m  liyllctrd ;  Dan. 
hyUl,  or  hylde-trtc  ;  G.  holder,  or  luihlunder.  It  seems 
to  be  named  from  kolhwness.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants  called  by 
naturalists  Sambueus. 
ELD'ER-LY,  a.     Somewhat  old;  advanced  beyond 
middle  age  ;  bordering  on  old  age  ;  as,  elderly  people. 
ELD'ER-SHlP,7i.   Seniority ;  the  state  of  beiiig  older. 

Dryden. 

2.  The  office  of  an  elder.  Kliot. 

3.  Presbytery  ;  order  of  elders.  Hooker. 
ELD' E.ST,  a.    [Sax.  ealdest,  superlative  of  eld,  old.] 

Oldest :  mo>t  advanced  in  age  ;  that  was  horn  he- 
fore  others  ;  as,  the  eUlest  son  or  daughter.  It  seems 
to  be  always  applied  to  persons,  or  at  least  to  animals, 
and  not  to  things.  If  ever  applied  to  things,  it  must 
signify,  that  was  first  formed  or  produceil,  that  has 
existed  the  longest  time.  But  applied  to  things,  we 
use  oldest. 

ELD'ING,  71.    [Sax  a/an,  to  burn.] 

Euel.   [Local.]  Orose. 

EL  DO-RA'DO,  n.  [Sp.,  the  golden  region.]  A  fab- 
ulous region  in  the  interior  of  South  .America,  sup- 
jiosed  to  surpass  all  others  in  the  richness  of  its  pro- 
ductions, especially  gold,  gems,  &c. 

EL'DRITCH,  a.  Hideous;  gli;ustly  ;  wild;  demoni- 
acal ;  as,  an  eldritch  shriek  ;  an  eldritch  laugh.  [  Scot- 
tish.] Bunts. 

E-LE-AT'IC,  <J.  .An  epithet  given  to  a  certain  sect  of 
philosophers,  so  called  from  Elea,  or  Vclia,  a  town 
on  the  western  co-ast  of  Lower  Italy  ;  as,  the  Eleatic 
seel  of  philosophy.  P.  Cyc. 

EI..-E-€A.\I-PA.\E',  71.  [D.  niant :  G.  alant  or  dlnnl- 
wurzel ;  L.  Af/fiiiK/ii,  from  Gr.  fAcnor,  which  signi- 
fies this  plant  and  a  f'e;Lst  in  lionor  of  Helen.  Pliiiy 
informs  us  that  this  plafit  was  so  called  because  it 
was  said  to  have  sprung  from  the  tears  of  Helen. 
The  last  part  of  the  word  is  from  the  Latin  campana  ; 
Inula  campana.] 

The  popular  n.ame  of  a  plant,  the  Inula  Helenium 
of  Liniia-us,  of  a  pungent  taste,  and  formerly  of 
much  repute  its  a  stomachic. 

E-liEGT',  V.  L  [L.  eleetns,  from  elign :  e,  or  ex,  and 
leiro,  Gr.  \c)  o>,  to  choose  ;  Fr.  elire,  from  eligere  ;  It. 
elegtrere;  Sp.  elegir;  Port,  cleger.] 

1.  Properly,  to  pick  out ;  lo  select  from  among  two 
or  more,  that  which  is  preferred.  Hence, 

2.  To  selector  take  for  an  ollice  or  employment ;  to 
choose  from  among  a  number  ;  lo  select  or  manifest 
preference  by  vote  or  designation  ;  as,  to  elect  a  rep- 
resentative by  ballot  or  viva  voce  ;  to  elect  a  president 
or  governor. 

3.  In  theology,  to  designate,  choose,  or  select  as  an 
object  of  mercy  or  favor. 

4.  To  choose  ;  to  prefer ;  to  determine  in  favor  of. 
E-LEGT',  a.     Chosen  ;   taken   by  preference  from 

among  two  or  more.  Hence, 

•2.  In  theology,  chosen  as  the  object  of  mercy  ; 
chosen,  selected  or  designated  to  eternal  life  ;  pre- 
destinated in  the  divine  counsels. 

3.  Chosen,  but  not  inaugurated,  consecrated,  or  in- 
vested with  ofiicc  ;  as,  bishop  elect;  eni|)cror  ricct  ; 
governor  or  mayor  elect.  But  in  the  Scriptures,  and 
in  theology,  this  word  is  generally  used  as  a  noun. 
E-LECT',  II.  One  chosen  or  set  apart  ;  applied  to 
ChrisU 

B<-hnM  my  •ermnt,  whom  I  uphold  ;  my  elect,  \a  whom  niy 
soul  tleli^lileth.  —  li.  zlii. 

2.  Chosen  or  designated  by  God  to  salvation  ;  pre- 
destinated to  glory  as  the  end,  and  to  sanctification 


as  the  means ;  usually  with  a  plural  signification, 

the  elect, 

Sluill  not GotI  .tven*e  his  own  elecl7 —  Luke  xviii. 

11  it  wfrc  ixo-tiblo,  they  ]tti;ill  deceive  the-  very  elect.  —  MatL 

He  shall  send  his  angels  —  and  they  sliojl  father  his  eltcl  trom 
the  lour  winds.  —  Matt,  xxiv, 

3,  Chosen;  selected;  set  apart  as  a  peculiar  church 
and  people  ;  applied  to  tlie  Israelites.    Is.  xlv, 

E-Li;CT'A.\T,  71.    That  has  the  power  of  choosing. 

E-I.l'.CT'EI),  pp.  Chosen;  preferred;  designated  to 
oliice  by  some  art  of  the  constituents,  as  by  vote; 
chosen  or  predestinafed  to  eternal  life. 

E-I.F.CT'l-ClS.M,  71.  The  system  of  selecting  doctrines 
and  opinions  from  other  systems.  Emerson. 

E-I.KCT'1.\G,  ppr.  Choosing  ;  selecting  from  a  num- 
ber ;  preferring;  designating  to  office  by  choice  or 
pii  ference  ;  designating  or  predestinating  to  eternal 

E-LEC  riOX,  77.    iU.electio.]  [salvation. 

1.  The  act  of  choosing  ;  choice  ;  the  act  of  select- 
ing one  or  more  from  others.    Hence  upi>rnirriately, 

2.  The  act  of  choosing  a  person  to  fill  an  oflice  or 
employment,  by  any  inanife.station  of  preference,  as 
by  lialiot,  uplifted  hands,  or  viva  voce ;  as,  the  election 
of  a  king,  of  a  jiresident,  or  a  maj'or. 

Corruption  in  electtona  u  the  great  enemy  of  freedom. 

J.  Adamt. 

3.  Choice  ;  vtduntary  preference  ;  free  will  ;  lib- 
erty to  act  or  not.  It  is  at  his  election  to  accept  or 
refuse. 

4.  Power  of  choosing  or  selecting.  Davies. 

5.  Discernment ;  discrimination  ;  distinction. 

To  use  men  wUli  much  (iillerence  and  election  is  ^od.  Bacon. 

fi.  In  Oieology,  divine  choice  ;  predetermination  of 
God,  by  which  persons  arc  distinguished  as  objects 
of  mercy,  become  subjects  of  grace,  are  sanctified 
and  prepared  for  heaven. 

Th'Te  is  a  nunnant  accorilin  J  to  the  election  of  gmcc.  —  Rom.  ll.. 

7.  The  public  choice  of  officers. 

8.  The  day  of  a  public  choice  of  officers. 

9.  Those  who  are  elected. 

The  election  lialh  obtained  it.  —  Rom.  xL 

E-LEe-TIO.\-EER',  v.  t.  To  make  interest  for  a  can- 
didate at  an  election ;  to  use  arts  for  securing  the 
election  of  a  candidate. 

E-LEC  I  ION-EER'ER,  7i.    One  who  electioneers. 

E-LEe-TlON-EER'ING,  ppr.  Using  influence  to  pro- 
cure the  election  of  a  person. 

E-LEe-Tl().\EER'I,\G,  n.  Thcarts  or  practices  used 
for  securing  the  choice  of  one  to  office. 

E-LECT'l  VE,  a.  Dependent  on  choice;  as,  an  electice 
monarchy,  in  which  the  king  is  raised  to  the  throne 
by  election  ;  ojiposed  to  hereditary.  , 

2.  Bestowed  or  passing  by  election ;  as,  an  office  is 
electice.  I 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  choice  or  right  of  [ 
choosing  ;  as,  elective  franchise.  j 

4.  Exerting  the  power  of  choice ;  as,  an  elective  ' 
act. 

5.  Selecting  for  combination  ;  as,  an  electice  attrac- 
tion, which  is  a  tendency  in  bodies  to  unite  with 
certain  kinds  of  matter  in  preference  to  others. 

E-LECT'lVE-LY,  (We.  By  choice;  with  preference 
of  one  lo  another. 

E-LECT'OR,  II.  One  who  elects,  or  one  who  has  the 
right  of  choice;  a  person  who  has,  by  I.iw  or  eoiisii- 
tuliiui,  the  ritrht  of  voting  for  an  officer.  In  free 
governments,  the  people,  or  such  of  them  as  possess 
certain  qualifications  of  age,  character,  and  properly, 
are  the  electors  of  their  representatives,  &c.,  in  par- 
liament, assembly,  or  other  legislative  body.  In  the 
United  St.ates,  certain  persons  are  appointed  or  cho- 
sen to  be  electors  of  the  president  or  chief  magistrate. 
In  Germany,  certain  jirinces  were  fiirmerly  electors  of 
the  emperor,  and  elector  was  one  of  their  titles,  as 
the  elector  of  Saxony. 

E-LECT'OR-.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  election  or  electors. 
The  electoral  college  in  Germany  consisted  of  all  the 
electors  of  the  empire,  being  nine  in  number,  six  secu- 
lar princes  and  three  archbishops. 

E-LEi'T-OR-.AL'I-TY,  for  Electorate,  is  not  used. 

E-LE€T'OR-.\TE,  ii.    The  dignity  of  an  elector  in 
the  German  empire. 
2.  The  territory  of  an  elector  in  the  German  em- 

E-I.EG'TRE,  (e-l<  k'ter,)  ti.    [L.  electrum.]  [pire. 
Amber.    [See  Eli  cTUfM.^ 

[Bacon  used  this  word  for  a  compound  or  mixed 

metal.    Bui  the  word  is  not  now  used.] 
E-LECT'RESS,  ii.   The  wife  or  widow  of  an  elector 

in  the  German  empire.  OiestcrJieU. 
E-LEC'TRie,        j  a.    [Fr.  electrique  ;  It.  elcttriea  ; 
E-LECTRie  AL,  (      Sp.  c/cctrico ;  from  L.  electrum, 

Gr.  TiAtnTooe,  amber.] 

1.  Containing  electricity,  or  capable  of  exhibiting 
it  when  excited  by  friction  ;  as,  an  electric  body,  such 
.as  amber  and  glass  ;  an  electric  substance. 

2.  In  general,  |)crtaining  to  electricity  ;  as,  elertric 
power  or  virtue ;  electric  attraction  gr  repulsion  ; 
electric  fluid. 

3.  Derived  from  or  produced  by  electricity  ;  as, 
electrical  vffvet^  ;  electric  vapor  :  e/ecfric  shock. 

4.  Communicating  a  shock  like  electricity  ;  as,  the 
electric  eel  or  fish. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CiaUS — C  aaK;  CiasJ;  SasZ;  CHas  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ELE 


ELE 


-E-LEG'TRie,  n.  A  non-condiictor  of  electricity  Pin- 
ployed  to  excite  or  accuiiiulate  the  electric  fluid. 
Such  are  amber,  glass,  resin,  wax,  gum-lac,  sul- 
phur, &c. 

£-I,Ee"rR[e-EEL,  n.  A  fish  or  eel  of  the  penus 
gijmnotus^  from  two  to  five  feet  in  leniztli,  capable  of 
giving  an  electric  shock  of  such  violence  as  some- 
times to  knocic  down  a  man.  Partington. 

E-LEe'TRie-AL-LY,  adc.  In  tlie  manner  of  elec- 
tricitv,  or  by  means  of  it. 

E-LEe-TEI"ClA.\,(e-Iek-trish'un,)n.  A  person  who 
studies  electricity,  and  investigates  its  properties  by 
observation  and  experiments  ;  one  versed  in  the 
science  of  electricity. 

E-LEe-TRIC'I-TY,  «.    [from  Gr.  iiUnTnov,  amber.] 

1.  The  subtile  agent  called  tJie  electric  fluid,  usually 
excited  by  the  friction  of  glass.  It  was  called  elec- 
tricittj  from  the  Greek  word  fur  amber,  because  it  was 
in  tlie  friction  of  this  substance  that  it  was  first  ob- 
served. It  is  convenient  to  denominate  it  tile  electric 
fluid,  although  we  know  verj-  little  of  its  nature,  be- 
cause it  has  a  greater  resemblance  to  an  elastic  fluid  of 
extreme  rarity  than  to  any  thing  else  with  which  we 
are  acquainted.  Some  bodies  permit  the  electric  Hiiid 
to  pass  freely  through  them,  and  are  hence  called 
conductors ;  others  hardly  permit  it  to  pass  through 
them  at  all,  and  are  therefore  called  non-conductors. 
Metals  are  the  best  conductors  ;  next,  water  and  all 
moist  substances  ;  and  next,  the  bodies  of  animals. 
Glass,  resinous  substances,  (as  amber,  varnish,  and 
sealing-wax,)  air,  silk,  wool,  cotton,  hair,  and  feath- 
ers, are  non-conductors.  The  phenomena  of  electricity 
are  such  as  attraction  and  repulsion,  heat  and  light, 
shocks  of  the  animal  system,  and  mechanical  vio- 
lence. Olmsted. 

2  The  science  which  unfolds  the  phenomena  and 
laws  of  the  electric  fluid.  Olmsted. 
E-LEe'TRl-Fl-A-I)LE,  a.  [from  electrify.]  Capable 
of  receiving  electricity,  or  of  being  chargeil  with  it ; 
that  mav  become  electric.  Fourcron. 
E-LEe-TRI-Fl-eA'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  electrifying, 
or  state  of  being  charged  with  electricity. 

Eneyc.  art.  Bell. 
E-LEe'TRI-FI-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Charged  with  electricity. 

flneije. 

E-LEe'TRI-F1?,  V.  t.  To  communicate  electricity  to  ; 
to  charge  with  electricity.  Encye.  Cacallo 

2.  To  cause  electricity  to  pass  thruugli ;  to  affect 
by  electricity  ;  to  give  an  electric  shock  to. 

3.  To  excite  suddenly  ;  to  give  a  sudden  shock  ; 
as,  the  whole  assembly  was  electrified. 

E-LEC'TRI-FY,  r.  i.    To  become  electric. 

E-LEC'TRI-Fy-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Charging  with  elec- 
tricity ;  alTecting  with  electricity ;  giving  a  sudden 
shock. 

E-LEC'TRINE,  (-trin,)  a.    [L.  electrum.] 

Belonging  to  amber. 
E-LEC-TRI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  electrizing.  Ure. 
E  LECTRIZE,  v.  t.    [Ft.  electri-icr.] 

To  electrifv  ;  a  word  in  popular  use.  Ure. 
E-LEC'TRIZ-iiD,  pp.  or  a.    Charged  with  electricity. 

Ure.    P.  Cyc. 

E-LEC'TRIZ-IXG,  ppr.  Electrifying. 

E-LEe'TRO-CHE.M'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  electro- 
chemistry. Ure. 

E-EEC'TRO-eHEM'IS-TRY,  n.  That  science  which 
tniats  of  the  agency  of  electricity  and  galvanism  in 
efiecting  chemical  changes. 

E-LEC'THODE,  n.  [Gr.  riXcKTpcv,  (for  electricity,) 
and  b6 1{,  a  way.] 

A  name  applied  to  what  is  called  the  pole  of  the 
voltaic  circle.  The  electrodes  are  the  surfaces  of  air, 
water,  metal,  &c.,  which  serve  to  convey  an  electric 
current  into  and  from  the  licpiid  to  be  decomposed. 

Faraday.  Turner. 

E-l.F.e'TRO-DY-.NAM'ieS,  n.  The  phenomena  of 
electricity  in  motion.  Brande.    P.  Cyc. 

E-I.Ee-TROL'Y-SJS,  n.  [Gr.  r/Atur^j-jf  and  Auw,  to 
dissolve.] 

The  act  of  decomposing  a  compound  .substance  by 
the  action  of  electricity  or  galvanism.  Faraday. 
E-EEC'TRO-LfTE,  n.    [Gr.  iiUnTjiov  and  Auoj,  to 
dissolve.] 

A  compound  which  may  be  directly  decomposed 
liy  an  electric  current.  Faraihiit. 
E-LE€-TRO-LYT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  elei  tmlysi's. 

Farudaij. 

E-I,EC'TRO-LtZE,  v.  t.  [Or.  r,>^eKTiioi'  and  Xuw,  to 
dissolve.] 

To  decompose  a  compound  substance  by  the  direct 
nclion  of  electricity  or  galvanism.  Faradai/. 
E-I,Ei;'TRO-.MAG  XET'ie,    a.     Designating  what 
pertains  to  niagnctisin,  as  coiinecteil  with  electrici- 
ty, or  affected  by  it.    Klectro-ma^ielic  phenomena. 

Uenni. 

E  LEC'TRO-.MAG-NET'IC-TEI,'E  GRAI'II,  n.  An 
instrument  <ir  apparatus,  which,  by  mi^ins  of  iron 
wires,  conducting  the  eh  clnc  fluid,  conveys  intelli- 
gence to  any  given  disUince  with  the  velo(  ity  of  light- 
ning. S.  F.  H.  Morse. 

E  l.lvC'TRO-MAG'NET  I9IM,  n.  That  science  which 
trealt  of  the  agency  of  electricity  and  galvanism  in 
communicating  magnetic  propi-rtios. 

E-EEC'TIIO-.MET'AL-LUR-CY,  n.  The  art  of  depos- 


iting metals,  held  in  solution,  as  silver,  gold,  &c.,on 
prepared  surfaces,  through  the  agency  of  voltaic  elec- 
tricity or  galvanism.  It  thus  answers  the  purposes 
ot  platinir,  and  also  of  giving  exact  impressions  of 
coins,  medals,  &c.  Ure. 

E-LEC-TROM'E-TER,  n.  [L.  electrum,  Gr.  r,X«r,,ui', 
amber,  and  jifToz(,i,  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  quantity  or  in- 
tensity of  electricity.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  in- 
struments which  indicate  the  presence  of  electricity, 
or  electroscopes.  P.  Cite.  Brande. 

E-LEC-TRO-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  elec- 
trometer ;  made  by  an  electrometer  j  as,  an  eleclro- 
vietrieal  experiment. 

E-LEC'TRO-.Mo'TION,  n.  The  motion  of  electricity 
or  galvanism,  or  the  |iassing  of  it  from  one  metal  to 
another,  by  tile  attraction  or  influence  of  one  metal 
plate  in  contact  with  another.  yolta. 

E-LEC'TRO-.Mo'TIVE,  a.  Producing  electro-motion  ; 
as,  elcctro-motire  power.  Henrti. 

E-LEC-TRO-.Mo'TOR,  n.    [L.  electrum  and  motor.] 
A  mover  of  the  electric  fluid  ,  a  piece  of  apparatus 
for  eenerating  a  current  of  electricity.  Ohusted. 

E-LEC'TRO.\,  n.    [Gr.  riXe^riwi:] 

.Amber;  also,  a  mixture  of  gold  with  a  fifth  part  of 
silver.  Coxe. 

E-LEC'TRO-NEG'A-TIVE,  a.  A  term  denoting  the 
natural  state  of  a  body,  or  a  particle  of  matter,  which 
makes  it  tend  to  the  positive  pole  of  a  voltaic  liattery. 

Olmsted.  Henry. 

E-LEC-TROPH'O-RUS,  n.  [L.  electrum  and  Gr.  <j>o- 
p£oi,  to  bear.] 

An  instrument  for  exciting  electricity  in  small 
quantities.  It  consists  of  a  flat,  smooth  cake  of 
resin,  acted  upon  by  a  circular  plate  of  brass  with 
a  glass  handle.  Brande. 

E-LEC-TRO-Po'EAR,  a.  A  term  applied  to  conduct- 
ors, which  are  positive  at  one  end,  or  on  one  surface, 
and  negative  at  the  other. 

E  LEC'TRO-POS'I-TIVE,  a.  A  term  denoting  the 
natural  state  of  a  body,  or  a  particle  of  matter,  which 
makes  it  tend  lo  the  negative  pole  of  a  Voltaic  bat- 
tery. Olmsted. 

E-Llie'TRO-SeOPE,  n.    [Gr.  rjXMrpoe  and  <rKorre  .,.] 
An  instrument  for  rendering  electrical  excitation 
apparent  by  its  effects.  Brande. 

E-LEe'TRO-TEL-E-GRAPII'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
electro-magnetic-telegrapli,  or  by  means  of  it. 

E-LEe'TRO-T?PE.    See  Electro-Metallurgy. 

E-LEC'TRUjM,  v.    [L.,  from  Gr.  nXiKTiiov.] 

A  term  apjilied,  by  the  ancients,  to  various  sub- 
stances, especially  to  amber,  and  an  alloy  of  gold 
with  one  fifth  part  of  silver.       Brande.    P.  Cyc. 

E-LECTU-A-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  clcctarium,  elcctuarimn  ; 
Gr.  ckXci-)  fia,  or  ixXciKTov,  from  Xsi^o),  to  lick.  Ko.s- 
sius.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  form  of  medicine  composed  of  pow- 
ders, or  other  ingredients,  incorporated  wiUi  some 
conserve,  honey,  or  sirup,  and  made  into  due  consist- 
ence, to  be  taken  in  doses,  like  boluses. 

Quiney.  Kncitc. 
EL-EE-MOS'Y-NA-RY,  a.     [Gr.  tXtrj/zoaui-n,  alms, 
from  .'Aif;'.>,  lo  pity,  t\to^,  compassion  ;   \V.  elus, 
charitable  ;  cluscn,  alms,  benevolence.    (See  .\lms.) 
It  would  be  well  to  omit  one  e  in  this  word. 

1.  (;iven  in  charity;  given  or  appropriated  to  sup- 
port the  poor  ;  as,  eleemosynary  rents  or  taxes.  F.nnjc. 

2.  Relating  to  charitable  donations  ;  intended  for 
the  distribution  of  alms,  or  fiir  the  use  and  manage- 
ment of  donations,  whether  for  the  subsistence  of  the 
poor,  or  for  the  support  and  promotion  of  learning  ; 
as,  an  eleemosynary  corporation.  A  hospital  founded 
by  charily  is  an  eleemosynary  inslitution  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  poor,  sick,  and  impotent  ;  a  college  found- 
ed by  donations  is  an  eleemosynary  institution  for  the 
promotion  of  learning.  The  corporation  intrusted 
with  the  care  of  such  institutions  is  eleemosunarij. 

EL-I;E-.M0S'Y'-NA-RY,  71.  one  who  subsists  on  duir- 

ity.  South. 
EL'E-GANCE,   )  n.    [L.  elei^antia;  Fr.  elegance;  It. 
EL'E-GAN-CY,  j     elegania ;  probably  from  Li  eligo, 

to  choose,  though  Irregularly  formed.] 

In  its  primary  sense,  this  word  signifies  that  which 

is  choice  or  select,  as  distinguished  from  what  is 

common. 

1.  "  The  beauty  of  propriety,  not  of  greatness," 
says  Johnson. 

Jlpplied  to  manners  or  behavior,  elegance  is  that  fine 
polish,  p(diteni'ss,  or  grace,  which  is  acquired  by  a 
genteel  (education,  and  an  association  with  well-bred 
company. 

.^p/ilied  lo  language,  elegance  respects  the  manner 
of  speaking  or  of  writing.  Elegance  of  speaking,  is 
the  propriety  of  diction  and  htterance,  and  the  grace- 
fulness of  action  or  gesture  ;  comprehending  correct, 
appropriate,  and  rich  expressions,  delivered  in  an 
agrecfahle  iiianner.  FJ.egance  of  composition,  consists 
hi  correct,  appropriate,  and  ricli  expressions,  or  well- 
chosen  words,  arranged  in  a  h.appy  manner.  Ele- 
gance implies  neatness,  purity,  and  correct,  perspic- 
uous arrangement,  and  is  calculated  to  please  a  deli- 
cate taste,  rather  than  to  excite  adiuiriitiun  or  stnuig 
feeling.  tUcgance  is  ap|>li(>d  also  to  form.  Elegance, 
in  architecture,  consists  in  the  due  Hyiiiinetry  and  dis- 


tribution of  the  parts  of  an  edifice,  or  in  regular  pro- 
portions and  arrangement.  And,  in  a  similar  sense, 
the  ivord  is  applied  to  the  person  or  human  body.  It 
is  applied  also  to  penmanship,  denoting  that  form  of 
letters  which  is  most  agreeable  to  the  eye.  In  short, 
in  a  looser  sense,  it  is  applied  to  many  works  of  art  or 
nature  remarkable  for  their  beauty ;  as,  elegance  of 
dress,  or  furniture. 

2.  That  which  pleases  by  its  nicety,  symmetry, 
purify,  or  beauty.    In  this  sense  it  has  a  plural ; 
as,  the  nicer  elegancies  of  art.  Spectator. 
EL'E-GANT,  a.    [L.  elegans.] 

1.  Polished  ;  polite  ;  refined  ;  graceful ;  pleasing  to 
good  taste  ;  as,  elegant  manners. 

2.  Polished  ;  neat ;  pure  ;  rich  in  expressions ;  cor- 
rect in  arrangement ;  as,  an  elegant  style  or  compo- 
sition. 

3.  Uttering  or  delivering  elegant  language  with 
propriety  and  grace ;  as,  an  elegant  speaker. 

4.  Symmetrical  ;  regular ;  well-formed  ill  its  parts, 
proportions,  and  distribution  ;  as,  an  elegant  struct- 
ure. 

5.  Nice  ;  sensible  to  beauty  ;  discriminating  beauty 
from  deformity  or  imperfection  ;  as,  an  elegant  taste. 

[This  is  a  loose  application  of  the  word  ;  elegant 
being  used  for  delicate.] 

(!.  Beautiful  in  form  and  colors ;  pleasing ;  as,  an 
elegant  flower. 

7.  Rich  ;  costly  and  ornamental ;  as,  elegant  furni- 
ture or  equipage. 
EL'E-GANT-LY,  adr.    In  a  manner  to  please  ;  with 
elegance  ;  with  beauty  ;  with  pleasing  propriety  ;  as, 
a  composition  elegantly  written. 

2.  With  due  symmetry  ;  with  well-formed  and  du- 
ly proportioned  parts;  as,  a  house  elegantly  built. 

3.  Richly  ;  with  rich  or  handsome  materials  well 
disposed  ;  as,  a  room  elegantly  furnished  ;  a  woman 
elegantly  dressed. 

E-Le'GI-.\€  or  EL-E-fil'AC,  a.  [Low  L.  elegiacus. 
See  Elegy.] 

1.  lieloivging  to  elegy;  plaintive;  e.xpressing  sor- 
row or  lamentation  ;  as,  an  elegiac  lay  ;  elegiac 
strains.  Oay. 

2.  Used  in  elegies.  Pentameter  verse  is  elegiac. 
E-Li:'GI-Ae,  7!.  Elegiac  verse.  -  IVarton. 
EL' E  G  1ST,  11.  A  writer  of  elegies.  Goldsmith. 
E-LE'CSIT,  71.    [L.  elign,  elegi,  to  choose.] 

1.  A  writ  of  execution,  by  which  a  defendant's 
goods  are  apprized  and  delivered  to  the  plaiiitilf, 
and,  if  not  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  debt,  one  moiety 
of  his  lands  are  delivered,  to  be  held  till  the  debt  is 
paid  by  the  rents  and  [irotits. 

2.  The  title  to  estate  by  elegit.  Blackstone. 
EL'E-GY,  71.  [L.  elegiai  Gr.  eXeyciov,  eXeyof,  sup- 
posed to  be  from  At;  <o,  to  speak  or  utter.  Uu.  the 
root  of  the  L.  lugeo.  The  verbs  may  have  a  common 
origin,  for  to  speak  and  to  cry  out  in  wailing  are  only 
modifications  of  the  same  act,  to  throw  out  the  voice 
with  more  or  less  vehemence.] 

1.  A  mournful  or  plaintive  poem,  or  a  funeral  song ; 
a  poem  or  a  song  expressive  of  sorrow  and  lamenta- 
tion. Shah.  Dnjdeu. 

2.  A  short  poem  without  points  or  aflected  elegan- 
cies. Johnson. 

EL'E-MENT,  71.  [L.  elemcntum ;  Fr.  element  1  It.  and 
Sp.  elrmcnto  :  Arm.  elfcnn  ;  VV.  elvcn  or  eleyz.  This 
word  Owen  refers  to  elo  or  ff,  a  moving  principle, 
that  which  has  in  itself  the  power  of  motion  ;  and  ei 
is  also  a  spirit  or  angel,  which  seems  to  he  the  Sax. 
a'lf,  an  elf.  Vossius  assigns  elemcntum  to  eleo,  for  olco, 
to  grow.    See  Elf.] 

1.  The  first  or  constituent  principle  or  minutest 
part  of  anything;  as,  the  elements  of  earth,  water, 
salt,  or  wood  ;  the  elements  of  the  world  ;  the  elements 
of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies.  So  letters  are  called 
the  elements  of  language. 

2.  An  ingredient;  a  constituent  p.art  of  any  com- 
position. 

3.  A  letter,  or  elementary  sound.  [Used  chiefly  in 
Vie  plural.] 

•1.  In  a  rhemical  sense,  that  which  can  not  be  divided 
by  chemical  analysis,  and  therefore  considered  as  a 
simple  substance  ;  as  oxygen,  hydrogen,  nitrogen, &c. 

An  clement  is  strictly  the  last  result  of  chemical  an- 
al) sis  ;  that  which  can  not  be  decomposed  by  any 
means  now  enijiloyed.  An  nfoni  is  thi'  last  result  of 
meelianical  division  ;  that  which  can  not  be  any  fur- 
ther divided  without  decomposition  ;  hence  there  may 
be  both  clrmcnlMry  and  compound  atoms. 

."i.  In  llic  plural,  the  first  rules  or  iirinciples  of  an 
art  or  science  ;  rudiments  ;  as,  the  elements  of  geom- 
etry ;  the  elements  of  music  ;  the  elements  of  painting ; 
the  elements  of  a  theory. 

C.  In  popular  language,  fire,  air,  earth,  and  water, 
are  called  the  four  element'!,  as  formerly  it  was  sup- 
posed that  these  are  siiuple  bodies,  of  which  the  world 
is  composed.  Later  discoveries  prove  air,  earth,  and 
water,  to  bo  compound  bodies,  and  fire  to  be  only  the 
extrication  of  light  and  hvnt  during  combustion. 

7.  Element,  in  tlie  singular,  is  sometimes  used  for 
the  air.  Shah. 

H.  The  substance  which  fiirnis  flic  natural  or  most 
niiifable  habitation  of  an  animal.  Water  is  the  proper 
element  of  fishes  ;  air,  of  man.  Hence, 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PKBY  PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

_  .  - 


I 


ELE 


ELF 


KLl 


y.  Tile  propi-r  slater  or  sphere  of  any  tiling  ;  the 
stale  of  tliiii^a  siiiti'il  to  one's  temper  or  habits.  Fac- 
tion IS  the  drmnit  of  a  dciiiagojiiiie. 

10.  'I'he  matter  or  substances  which  compose  the 
world. 

TlK  elmtnlt  •hull  molt  with  fcrvpnt  hcnt.  —  2  Pol.  iii. 

11.  The  outline  or  sketch;  as,  the  e/ements  of  a 
plan. 

12.  Moving  cause  or  principle  ;  that  which  excites 
action. 

PaMions,  the  elements  of  life.  Pope. 
Klements,  In  the  plural  i  the  bread  and  wine  used 
in  the  euclinri.ft. 
EL'K-.MR.VT,  v.  t.   To  compound  of  elements  or  first 
principles.  Boyle. 
2.  To  constitute ;  to  make  as  a  first  principle. 

i}oiLne. 

[Thh  word  i,<  rarchi  or  verer  jiseJ.] 
EL-fe-.MENT'  AI.,  a.    Pertaining  to  elemonts. 

2.  Produced  by  some  of  the  four  supposed  ele- 
ments ;  as,  elnnnilal  war.  Dnjileii. 

3.  Produced  by  elements  ;  as,  c/cmf  Ufa;  strife.  Pope. 

4.  Arising  from  first  principles.  Brown. 
EL-E-.MENT-AL'I-TY,  «.    Composition  of  principles 

or  ingredients.  IVhillock. 

EL-E-.MENT'AL-LY,  adr.  According  to  elements; 
literally  ;  as  the  words,  "  Take,  eat ;  this  is  my  body  ; " 
rleiiteiitallii  understood.  Milton. 

EI.-EM  E.\'T-AU'l-TY,     J  n.    The  state  of  being  cl- 

EL-E-.MENT'A-lll-NES.S,  (  ementary  j  the  simplici- 
ty of  nature;  iineonipoimiled  state.  Brown. 

EI.-E-.ME.NT' A-llY,  «.  Primary;  simple;  uncom- 
pouiided  ;  unrombiiied  ;  having  only  one  principle 
or  coristitnent  part  ;  as,  an  dementnrij  substance.  El- 
ementnrij  p;irticles  are  those  into  which  a  body  is  re- 
solvi'd  by  decomposition. 

■2.  Initial ;  judimeiital ;  containing,  teacliing,ordis- 
cnssiiig  first  principles,  riili's,  or  rudiments  ;  as,  an 
elenieniarii  treatise  or  disipiisition.    H<id.  Black.<lonc. 

3.  Tri  aling  of  elemeiils  ;  collecting,  digesting,  or 
explaining  principles;  as,  an  flrmentunj  writer. 

El.'E-.MK.VT-i:i),  pp.  Compounded  of  elements  or 
first  principles. 

EL'E-.\II,  II.  A  resin  commonly  supposed  to  be  pro- 
diici  d  both  by  .\inyris  Pliiniieri  and  lialsamoilendron 
Zcylanicum,  the  former  a  phint  of  the  .\ntilles,  the 
hUter  of  (;<'ylon.  It  is  obtained  from  incisions  in  the 
bark,  and  is  used  in  oiiitnieiits.     It  is  siitlercd  to 

•   harden  in  the  sun. 

E-LK.\Cir,  (e  leiik',)  )  >i.  [L.  elenclnis;  Gr.  cXtyX"!, 
E-l.K.NeirUS,  i     from  tAtjxw.  ^  argue,  to 

ri'futc.] 

A  vicious  or  fallacious  argument,  which  is  apt  to 
deceive  under  the  aiipearance  of  truth  ;  a  sophism. 

.mton. 

E-I.ENeirie-.-VI.,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  clench. 
E-Lr..\eil'IC-AL-LY,  adr.    By  means  of  an  elench. 

[.V}1  in  ii.M-.J  Brown. 
E-LE.\eil'IZE,  e.  i.    To  dispute.    [jXot  in  luse.] 

B.  Joutton, 

E-LENCirTIC-.\L,  a.    Serving  to  confute.  Wilkins. 

EL'E-PIIANT,  II.  [Sax.  etp,  yip  :  Gr.  cA£>,Vi?  ;  L.  ele- 
phiu,  di-phantas;  probably  from  the  lleb.  tfjK,  a  lead- 
er or  chief,  the  chief  or  great  animal.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  pachyderma- 
tous mamnialia,  comprehending  two  species,  viz.. 
El  plias  liiilicus,  and  Elephas  Africanus,  the  former 
inhabiting  India,  the  latter  Africa.  They  are  among 
the  largest  ipiadriiiieds  at  present  existing. 

2.  Ivory:  the  tusk  of  the  elephant.  Dryden, 
EL'E-PllAXt-llEE'TLE,  ii.    The  pi)pular  name  of 

the  Sc;iraba,'us  Elephas  of  Turton's  Linnajus,  a  beetle 
inhabiting  Guinea. 
EI/E-l'lIANT'S-rQOT,  n.  The  proposed  popular 
name  of  the  sever.'il  species  of  Klepliantopus,  of 
which  it  is  a  translation.  These  are  mostly  tropical 
plants. 

EI.'E  PIIANT-P.v'PEn,  n.  Prawing-paper,  of  the 
largest  size,  being  twenty-eight  inches  by  twenty- 
three. 

EL,-E-PH.\N-Tr.\-SIS,  n.  [L.  and  Gr.,  from  cXttpas, 
elephant.] 

A  dise^ise  of  the  skin,  often  confounded  with  lep- 
rosv,  from  which,  nevertheless,  it  is  <piite  distinct. 
In  this  disease,  the  skin  is  thick,  livid,  rugose,  tnber- 
culate  ;  insensible  as  respects  feeling  ;  eyes  fierce  and 
staring  ;  perspinitioii  highly  otfensive.  J.  .U.  Good. 
EL-E-PUANT'I.\E,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  elephant; 
huge  ;  resembling  an  elephant ;  or  perhaps  white, 
like  ivory. 

2.  In  antiiiuity,  an  appellation  given  to  certain 
books  in  which  the  Konians  registered  the  transac- 
tions of  the  senate,  m;igistraies,  emperors,  and  gen- 
erals ;  so  called,  perhaps,  as  being  made  of  ivory. 

3.  In  f^roh^y,  the  drphantine  epoch  is  that  in  which 
there  was  a  preponderance  of  large  pacliyderinata. 

Miinttll. 

EI.-E-PIIAXT-OID',      I  a.    Resembling  the  form  of 
EI^E-PIIA.VT-OID'AL.  i     an  elephant. 
EUEir-SI.\'I-A.N,  a.    Relating  to  Eleusis,  in  Greece, 

or  to  secret  rites  in  honor  of  Ceres,  there  celebrated  ; 

as,  FJru^inian  mysteries  or  festivals. 
EL'E-VaTE,  b.  U    [L.  tlejco ;  e  and  Icvo,  to  raise  ;  Fr. 


eleeer ;  Sp.  elirvar  ;  It.  eltcarc  ;  Eng.  to  lift.  Sec 

LlfT.] 

1.  To  raise  ;  in  a  literal  and  general  sense,  to  raise 
from  a  low  or  deep  place  to  a  higher. 

2.  To  exalt ;  to  raise  to  a  higher  state  or  station  ; 
a-s,  to  elevate  a  man  to  an  office. 

3.  To  improve,  refine,  or  dignify  ;  to  raise  from  or 
above  low  conceptions  ;  as,  to  elevate  the  mind. 

4.  To  raise  from  a  low  or  common  state  ;  to  exalt ; 
as,  to  elevate  the  character ;  to  elevate  a  nation. 

5.  To  elate  with  pride.  Mdlon. 
().  1"o  excite;  to  cheer ;  to  animate;  as,  to  dceafc 

the  spirits. 

7.  To  take  from  ;  to  detract ;  to  lessen  by  detrac- 
tion.   [JVot  used.]  iluoker. 

8.  To  raise  from  any  tone  to  one  more  acute ;  as,  to 
elevate  the  voice. 

!l.  To  augment  or  swell ;  to  make  louder,  as  sound. 
EL'i;-V.\Tl'.,  a.    [Ii.  c/ciitt(iis.] 

Elevated  ;  raised  aloft.  JItilton. 
EL'E-Va-TEI),  !);<.  or«.    Raised;  exalted;  dignified; 
elated;  excited;  made  more  acute  or  more  loud,  as 
sound. 

El.'E-YA-TIi\(;,  ;</)r.  or  a.    Raising ;  exalting  ;  digni- 

fviug;  elating;  cheering. 
EL-E-Y.\'TI1J.\,  n.    [L.  elevatlo.] 

1.  The  act  of  raising  or  conveying  from  a  lower  or 
deeper  place  to  a  higher. 

3.  The  act  of  exalting  in  rank,  degree,  tr  con- 
dition ;  as,  the  elevation  of  a  man  to  a  tliroiie. 
3.  Exaltation  ;  an  elevated  state  ;  dignity. 

An^jels,  ii)  their  scveml  decrees  of  elevation  above  us,  may  be 
eiuluvyed  with  mure  cuiiiprehensive  fiicuUies.  Locke. 


4.  Exaltation  of  mind  by  more  noble  conceptions ; 
as,  elevation  of  mind,  of  thoughts,  of  ideas.  Aern.v. 

5.  Exalt;ition  of  style  ;  lot\y  expressions  ;  words 
and  phrases  expressive  of  lofly  coneeiitions.  fVuttou. 

(■).  Exaltation  of  character  or  manners. 

7.  Attention  to  objects  above  us  ;  a  raising  of  the 
mind  to  superior  objects.  Hooker. 

8.  Ilight ;  altitude  ;  hight  above  the  surface  of  the 
earth. 

9.  An  elevated  place  or  station. 

10.  Elevated  ground  ;  a  rising  ground  ;  a  hill  or 
mountain. 

11.  A  passing  of  the  voice  from  any  note  to  one 
more  acute ;  also,  a  swelling  or  augmentation  of 
voice. 

12.  In  astronomy,  altitude  ;  the  distance  of  a  celes- 
tial object  above  the  horizon,  or  the  arc  of  a  verti- 
cal circle  intercciitcd  between  it  and  the  horizon. 

Brande. 

13.  In  gunnery,  the  angle  which  the  lino  of  direc- 
tion of  a  cannon  or  mortar,  or  the  axis  of  the  hollow 
cylinder,  makes  with  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

Totten.  Comphell. 

14.  In  dialing;  the  angle  which  the  .style  makes 
with  the  substylar  line.  Budcy. 

15.  In  architecture,  a  view  or  representation  of  a 
building  or  object  drawn  to  a  geometrical  scale  of  its 
hight  above  the  ground,  there  being  no  vanishing 
points,  as  in  perspective  representation. 

Haldeman.  Hcbert. 
Elevation  of  the  host :  in  Roman  Catholic  countries, 
that  part  of  tlie  mass  in  which  the  priest  raises  the 
host  above  his  head  for  the  people  tn  adore.  Eneye. 
EL'E-\'A-TOIl,  n.    One  who  raises,  lifts,  or  exalts. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  muscle  which  serves  to  raise  a 
part  of  the  body,  as  the  lip  or  the  eye. 

3.  A  surgical  instrument  for  raising  a  depressed 
portion  of  a  bone.  ►  Coze. 

4.  In  milling,  a  series  of  boxes  fastened  to  a  strap, 
and  moved  by  a  wheel,  to  raise  grain,  meal,  &.C.,  to 
a  higher  fioor. 

EL'E-V'A-TO-RY,  n.     An  instrument  used  in  tre- 
panning, tor  raising  a  depressed  or  fractured  part  of 


I.  A  diminutive,  wanili  riiig  spirit ;  a  fairy  ;  a  hob- 
goblin ;  an  imaginary  being  wliieli  our  rude  ances- 
tors siip]>osed  to  inhabit  tinlVi  qiieiiteil  places,  ami  in 
various  ways  to  affect  iinuikiiid.  lb  nee,  in  Scottish, 
elf-shot  is  an  eK-arrow  ;  an  arrow-lieail  of  Hint,  sup- 
posed to  be  sliot  by  elfs  ;  and  it  signifies  also  a 
disease  supixised  to  be  produced  by  the  agency  of 
spirits. 

Kvry  ttf,  niul  f.tiry  iprite, 

I  hud  fruiu  uricr. 


Hup  lu  lii^lit  u 


SlioJc. 


the  skull 
EI/E-VA-TO-RY,  a.  Tendin 

power  to  elevate. 

(a  live',)  n.  [Fr.] 

tected  by  another. 
E-I.EV'/;N,   (e-lev'n,)  a. 


Coze.  Encyc. 
to  raise,  or  having 
Mantd. 
One  brought  up  or  pro- 
Cliesterjidd. 
[Sa.x.  muUefene,  endleof 


endlafa  ;  Sw.  c//ia  ;  Dan.  ellece;  G.  and  D.  clf ;  Isl. 
tUefii.   Qu.  one  left  afler  ten.] 
Ten  and  one  added  ;  as,  eleven  men. 
E-LE  V'/;.\TII,  a.    [Sax.  andhjia,  endlefta  ;  Sw.  elftc  ; 
Dan.  cllevle  ;  D.  elfde  ;  G.  elfie.] 

The  next  in  order  to  the  tenth ;  as,  the  ctcvaith 
chapter. 

EI, I',  n. ;  pi.  Elves.  [Sax.  elf,  or  elfcnnt,  a  spirit,  the 
nightmare  ;  a  ghost,  hag,  or  witch  ;  Sw.  dJfver.  In 
W.  el  is  a  movir  principle,  a  spirit ;  elo  is  the  same ; 
tin  is  to  I  .i,ve  onward,  to  go  ;  elven  is  an  operative 
cause,  a  constituent  part, an  element;  and  c(/°is  what 
moves  in  a  simple  or  pure  suite,  a  spirit  or  demon. 
Fnini  these  facts  it  would  seem  that  elf  is  from  a 
verb  signifying  to  move,  to  flow  ;  and  alf  or  elf  in 
Swedish,  elv  in  Danish,  is  a  river,  whence  I'Jbe.  So 
spirit  is  from  blowing,  a  flowing,  of  air.  In  Sax 
irl  is  oi7,  and  an  eel,  and  (tlan  is  to  kindle  ;  all  per 
haps  from  the  sense  of  moving,  flowing,  or  shooting 
along.  The  elf  seems  to  correspond  to  the  demon  of 
the  Greeks.] 


2.  An  evil  spirit ;  a  devil.  Dryden. 

3.  A  diminutive  person  ;  a  dwarf.  Slien.ilone. 
ELI',  V.  t.    To  entangle  hair  in  so  intricate  n  manner, 

that  it  can  not  be  ilisentangled.  This  work  was  for- 
merly ascribed  to  elves.  Johiisnn.  Shak. 

ELF'-.\R-RfiVV,  71.  A  name  given  to  Hints  in  the 
shape  of  arrow-heads,  vulgarly  supposed  to  be  shot 
by  fairies.  Eneye. 

EI/F'-BoL'J',  II.    An  elf  arrow,  or  flint  arrow-head. 

ELF'-1,0(;K,  w.  Hair  twisted  into  knots,  so  denom- 
inated as  if  the  work  of  fairies.  Sliak. 

ELF'-SKIN.  Probably  a  misprint  in  Shakspearc's 
1  Henry  IV.  fiir  eel-skin,  tn  which,  when  "dried," 
Falsialf  comp.ires  Prince  Hal,  in  allusion  to  his  long 
and  lank  person.    •  Todd's  Shak. 

El,F'l.\,a.    Relating  or  pertaining  to  elves.  Spenser. 

ELF'IN,  «.    A  littli^  urchin.  Shenstone. 

ELF'ISll,  «.    Resembling  elves  ;  clad  in  disguise. 

EI/(;L\-.MAR-I!LES,  ».  pi.  a  series  of  ancient  sculp- 
tured marbles,  iiaiiu  d  from  the  Earl  of  Elgin,  who 
removed  them  to  England.  They  belonged  to  the 
temple  of  Winejva,  and  other  edifices  in  Athens. 
They  consisted  of  matchless  statues,  casts,  me- 
topes, &.C. 

E-l/lC'lT,  V.  t.    [L.  elicio;  e,or  cr,  and  lurio,  to  allure. 
D.  lokken,  (',.  lockrn,  Sw.  locka,  Dan.  lidiker.  Class  Eg.] 
1.  To  draw  out ;  to  bring  to  light  ;  to  deduce  by 
reason  or  argument ;  as,  to  cliett  truth  by  discussion,- 
2  To  strike  out ;  as,  to  elicit  sparks  of  fire  by 
collision. 

E-LIC'IT,  a.  Rroiislit  into  act;  brought  from  possi- 
bility into  re.al  existence.    [Little  used.]  Johnson. 

E-LlC-lT-A''n(),\,  M,  The  act  of  eliciting;  the  net 
of  drawing  out.  Brumhall. 

E-LIC'IT-El),  pp.  niought  or  drawn  out ;  struck  out. 

E-I,IC'ri'-l,\(;,y</)r.  Drawing  out;  bringing  to  light ; 
striking  out. 

E-LIUE',  V.  t.    [L.  elido  ;  e  and  lado.] 

1.  To  br<ak  or  dash  in  pieces  ;  to  crush.  [JVot 
used.]  Hooker. 

2.  To  cut  ofi"  a  syllable.  Brit.  Crit. 
EL-I-Gl-UIL'l-TY,  «.     [from  f;i>iWf.]  Worthiness 

or  fitness  to  be  chosen  ;  the  state  or  quality  of  a 
thing  wliich  renders  it  preferable  to  another,  or 
desirable. 

2.  Cajiability  of  being  chosen  to  an  oflice. 

United  States. 

EL'I-GI-I!I,E,  a,  [Fr.,  from  L.  cligo,  to  choose  or  se- 
lect ;  e  and  lego.] 

1.  Fit  lo  lit'  chosen  ;  worthy  of  choice  ;  preferable. 
In  deep  di»tn?M,  ccrutiiiiy  is  mure  eli»ilile  tli:\ii  siwjx'ua*?. 

Clarissa. 

2.  Suitable  ;  proper  ;  desirable  ;    as,  the  house 
stands  in  an  eligible  situation. 

3.  Legally  (jualified  to  be  chosen  ;  as,  a  man  is  or 
is  not  eligible  to  an  olfice. 

EL'I-GI-BLE-\ESS,  ii.  Fitness  to  be  chosen  in  pref- 
erence to  antither ;  suitableness;  desirableness, 

EL'I-GI-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  be  worthy  of 
choice  ;  stiitably. 

E-LLM'I-NATE,  v.  L  [L.  elimino;  e,  or  ez,  and  limen, 
tlireshhold.] 

1.  To  thrust  out  of  doors.  Lorelaee. 

2.  To  expel  ;  to  thnist  out  ;  to  discharge,  or  throw 
off ;  to  .set  at  liberty. 

3.  In  algebra,  to  cause  a  quantity  to  disappear  from 
an  equation. 

'Villi  detains  secretions  w  hich  nntiirc  (tn<ls  it  necas-tr^-  to  etimi. 
nau.  Med.  Kepos. 


Expelled  ;  thrown  olT;  dis- 
Expelling  ;  discharging  ; 


E-LIM'I-\A-TED,  pp. 

charged. 
E-Ll.M'l-NA  TI.NG,  ppr. 

throwing  oil'. 

E-LIM-I-.\A'TK)N,7i.  The  net  of  e\p.  lling  or  throw- 
ing off  ;  the  act  of  discharging,  or  secreting  by  tlic 
pores. 

In  algebra,  the  causing  a  quantity  to  disappear 
from  an  equation. 
E-LI.\"GC;iD,  fc-ling'guid,)  a.    [L.  eliuguls.] 

Tttncue-tied  ;  not  having  the  jHiwer  of  speech. 
EL-I-UL'A'TIO.N,  II.    [L.  Wi</«o,  to  melt  ;  e  and  liijuo.] 
In  chemistry,  the  operation  by  w  hicli  a  more  fusi- 
ble substance  is  separated  from  one  that  is  less  so,  by 
means  of  a  degree  of  heat  sulfieieiit  to  iiielt  the  one 
and  not  the  other,  ns  .-ui  alloy  of  copjier  and  lend. 

Eiiciic.  Ure, 

E-LI"SK)X,  (c-lizh'un.)  n.  [L,  elisio,  from  elido,  Xx> 
strike  off  ;  e  and  Itrdo.] 

1,  In  grammar,  the  cutting  off  or  suppression  of  a 
vowel  at  the  end  of  a  w  oril,  fir  the  sake  of  .sound  or 
measure,  when  the  next  word  begins  with  a  vowel ; 
as,  th'  embattled  plain  ;  th'  empyreal  sfv'nrc. 

2.  Division  ;  scparatiim.    [JVot  used.]  Baean. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10L'S  C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


49 


G  G 


38f 


ff 


EI  M 


ELO 


ELU 


U-LI'SOR,   n.     [Xoriii.  ettscr,  lo  rlioose ;  Fr.  elire, 

In  law,  a  sheriff's  substitute  for  rctcirning  a  jurj'. 
Wlien  the  sheriff  is  not  an  indifferent  'pt^f'"!  3* 
wiien  he  is  a  party  to  a  suit,  or  related  hy  bloud  or 
affinity  to  either  of  tiie  parties,  the  venire  is  issued  to 
tlie  coroners  ;  or  if  any  exception  lies  to  the  coroners, 
the  tenire  shall  he  directeil  to  Isvu  clerks  of  the 
court,  or  to  two  persons  of  the  county,  named  hy  the 
court,  and  sworn  ;  and  these,  who  are  called  f/iVoro; 
or  electors,  shall  return  the  jury.  Bluckstoiie. 

E-LITE',  (5-leet',)  n.    [Fr.]    A  choice  or  select  body. 

E-LIX'.\TE,  c.  (.    [L.  ciuu.] 
To  extract  bv  boil;n<;. 

E-LIX'.5-TEiJ,  lip.    Extracted  by  boilins. 

EL-IX-A'TIOX,  n.  [L.  cluus,  from  clUio,  to  boil,  to 
moisten  or  macerate,  from  lUo,  lU.] 

1.  The  act  of  boiling  or  stewing ;  also,  concoction 
in,  tlie  stomach ;  diaestion.  Bnnon, 

2.  lu  pharmacy,  the  extraction  of  the  virtues  of  in- 
gredients by  boiling  or  slewing  ;  also,  lixiviation. 

Bailey,  Encyc, 
E-LIX'IR,  71,    [Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  dixir  ;  It.  eltiire  ; 
from  L.  elixu.^,  dixio,  lixo,  liz,  or,  as  others  allege,  it  is 
from  the  Arabic  al-ccsir.  chemistry. 

1.  In  medicine,  a  tincture  with  more  than  one  base. 
In  modern  phamnary,  elixirs  are  called  compound  tinc- 
tures. The  mere  adiiition  of  what  is  called  an  ailja- 
vans,  or  of  a  corrigens,  to  a  single  base,  does  not 
make  an  eUxir. 

2.  A  liquor  for  transnmting  metals  into  gold. 

Do7ine. 

3.  Quintessence  ;  refined  spirit.  South. 

4.  Any  cordial ;  that  substance  which  inviirorates 

Milton. 

E-LIZ-A-BETH'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth or  her  times,  and  to  a  stjie  of  architecture  then 
prevalent. 

,  ELK,  71.  [Sax.  elch  ;  Sw.  elg:  L.  alee,  alces  ;  Dan.  cls- 
dyr.  This  animal  is  described  by  Cesar  and  Pausa- 
nias.] 

A  quadruped,  the  Cervus  Alces  of  LinnaMis,  a  ru- 
minant mammal,  called  moose  in  North  America,  from 
the  Indian  name  miisu. 

ELIi'-XUT,  n.  A  plant,  the  Uamiltonia  oleifera,  called 
also  oil-nut,  Muhlenber;: 

ELL,  71,  [Sax.  cine;  Sw.aln  ;  D.  ell,  die;  G.  dlerFi- 
aitnc  ;  Arm.  goalcn  ;  L.  ulna  ;  Gr.  u}\evi) ;  VV,  din,  an 
elbow,  and  glin,  the  knee.  Qu.] 

A  measure,  of  different  lengths  in  different  coun- 
tries, used  chiefly  for  measuring  cloth.  The  ells 
chiefly  used  in  (ireat  Britain  are  the  English  and 
Flemish.  The  English  ell  is -19  inches.  The  Flemish 
ell  is  twenty-seven  inches,  or  three  quarters  of  a  yard. 
The  flriglish  is  to  the  Flemish  as  five  to  three.  In 
Scotland,  an  ell  is  thirty-seven  and  two  tenths 
English  inches.    In  France,  it  is  fifty-four  inches. 

EL-LAC  ie  ACID,  n.  .\  weak,  insijMd  acid,  obtained 
from  gall-nuts,  in  which  it  coexists  with  gallic  acid. 

P.  Cyc. 

EL'LlXftE',  a.    [Sax.  ahnge.]    Cheerless  ;  sad. 

EL'LIXG-XESS, 71.  Loneliness;  dullness;  cheerless- 
ness.  Jlenry  VIII. 

EL-LIPSE',  (el-lips',)  w.  In  conic  sections;  a  figure 
formed  by  the  intersection  of  a  plane  and  cone,  when 
the  plane  passes  obliquely  through  Ihe  op|)osite  sides 
of  the  cone.  Barlow.  Brande. 

EL-LIP'SIS,  «,  :»?.  Ellipses.  [Gr.  tAAtiiJ/is,  an  omis- 
sion or  defect,  from  cX\et-Oi,  to  leave  or  pass  by,  Ati- 
Tiot,  to  leave] 

1.  In  grammar,  defect ;  omission  ;  a  figure  of  syn- 
tax, by  which  one  or  more  words  are  omitted,  which 
the  hearer  or  reader  may  supply  ;  as,  the  heroic  vir- 
tues I  admire,  for,  the  heroic  virtues  which  I  admire, 

2.  One  of  tile  conic  sections.  [See  Ellii'se.I 
EI^LIP'SO  GRAPH,  71.    [ellips».aiiii  Gr.  yoaiiioi.) 

An  instrumt-nt  to  describe  an  ellipse  by  continued 
motion;  called  also -tra/zifHc/.  Gwilt. 

EI^LIP'SOID,  H.    [dlipsr  and  Gr.  t^iof,  form.] 

In  geometry,  a  solid  or  figure  formed  hy  the  revolu- 
tion of  an  ellipse  about  its  axis  ;  uii  elliptic  conoid  ;  a 
spheniid.  Rdin.  F.nryc. 

BL-LIl'-SOII)'AL,  n.  Pertaining  to  an  ellipsoid  ;  hav- 
ing the  form  of  an  ellip-^oid. 

EL-LII"TI€,       la.   Pertaining  to  an  ellipse  ;  having 

EL,-LIP'Tie-AL,  j    the  form  of  an  ellipse. 

The  plancu  movf  in  tUiptical  uritiu,  liayinw  ihc  ami  in  on« 
rucuit,  iiiiil,  by  n  niiliku  from  Uif  sun,  Uicy  dc*:iil-'  (^ilal 
area*  in  (.tjn.vl  linit;^.  CVicyne. 

2.  Defective  ;  having  a  jiarl  oniilted  ;  as,  an  dlip- 
tical  phrase. 

EL-LIP'Tie-AI^LY,  adv.  According  to  the  figure 
called  an  rltipsr. 

2.  iJefecIively  ;  with  a  part  omitti^d  ;  as,  eUipticuUy 
expre^Hi'd. 

EL-I.II'-'I'I(;'I 'I'Y,  71.  Diviation  from  the  form  of  a 
sphere  ;  applied  ta  tJte  figure  of  Uie  earth.  Thus,  the 
dliplicily  of  the  earth  in  rj,' .-j,  that  being  the  part  of 
the  equatorial  dianieU'r  by  which  it  exree<ls  ilie  po 
lar.  Brande.  Ulm.^ird. 

ELM,  71.  [Sax.  rim,  or  ulm  treou  ;  I),  uhn  :  (J.  ulme . 
Sw.  aim  fir  alm-lrd,  eliii-tree  ;  Dan.  aim  ;  L.  utmus  ; 
Hp.  otmOf  and  alamo  ;  Corn,  clau  ;  KiisH,  ilema,  ilma,  or 


KATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  


ilina.  Qu.  W.  llwye,  a  platform,  a  frame,  an  elm,  from 
extending.! 

A  tree.  The  poiiular  name  of  all  the  species  of  the 
genus  Ulmiis,  though  many  of  them  have  other  pop- 
ular names. 

The  treaty  which  William  Pent!  made  with  tlie  natiTPs  in  16S2 
w.is  ne"».li.aeil  iiniler  a  lar^  etn  wiiich  ^i^w  on  tiie  spot 
now  caUetl  Kensin^oii,  just  alwve  PliiIaiTcliihi:i.  It  w^ls 
prustmteil  by  a  storet  in  ISIO,  at  wliich  time  its  stem  meas- 
uretl  24  feet  in  circmnference.  AJemoirs  of  Hist.  Sue,  Penn. 

ELM'EX,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  elms.  Jennings, 
EL.M'V,  «.  .^boiintUng  with  elms.  H'arton. 
EL-O-CA'TIOX,  71.    [L.  eloco.] 

1.  A  removal  from  the  usual  place  of  residence. 

Bu.  Halt, 

2.  Departure  from  the  usual  method  ;  an  ecstasy. 

Follierby. 

EI^O-€u'TIOX,  71.  [L.  docutio,  from  doquor;  e  and 
io//iit)r,  to  speak,  Gr.  ArtKeu,  Xuvcio.] 

1.  Pronunciation  ;  the  utterance  or  delivery  of 
words,  particularly  in  public  discourses  and  argu- 
ments. We  say  of  elocalton,-il  is  good  or  bad  ;  clear, 
fluent,  or  melodious. 

Elocution,  wliich  anciently  embraced  style  and  the  whole  art  of 
rtietoric,  now  signifies  nuinner  of  tleiiver^*.  Porter, 

2.  In  rActoric,  f/«c«fi<in  consists  of  elegance,  compo- 
sition, and  dignity  ;  and  Dryden  uses  the  word  as 
nearly  synonymous  with  eloquence,  the  act  of  express- 
ing thoughts  with  elegance  or  beauty. 

3.  Speech  ;  the  power  of  speaking. 

Wliuse  taste  —  ^ave  etocutioTi  to  Uie  mute.  TilUtan. 

4.  In  ancient  treatises  on  oratory,  the  wording  of  a 
discourse;  the  choice  and  order  of  words;  composi- 
tion ;  the  act  of  framing  a  writing  or  discourse. 

Cicero.  Quiiictilian. 
EL-O-eO'TIOX-A-RY,  o.    Pertaining  to  elocution,  or 
containing  it. 

EL-O-eu'TIOX-IST,  71.  One  who  is  versed  in  elocu- 
tion, or  who  treats  of  the  subject. 

EL-O-CO'TI VE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  eloquent 
speaking. 

E-LOGF.',  (a-lozh',)  71.    [Fr.]    A  funeral  oration  ;  a 

panegvric  on  the  tlead.  .^tterbury. 
F.L'O-GIST,  n.    An  eulogist.    [JVof  useil.] 
EL'O-GY,       I  n.    [Fr.  eloge ;  L.  elogium  ;  Gr.  Xoyof. 
E-Lo'OI-Ull,  i     See  Ellogv.] 

The  praise  bestowed  on  a  person  or  thing;  pane- 
gyric.   [But  we  generally  use  El'LOGV.] 

WotUin.  Holder. 
E-LOIX',  V.  L    [Fr.  eloigner,  to  remove  far  off.  J 

1.  To  separate  and  remove  to  a  distance. 

Spenser.  Donne. 

2.  To  convey  to  a  distance,  and  withhold  from 
sight. 

Tlie  shcritT  may  return  that  the  goods  or  beasts  are  eloined. 

BUuketone. 

In  law  books,  this  word,  with  its  derivatives,  is 
more  genernllv  written  willi  g ;  as,  eUiigiie,  &c. 
E-LU1.\'ATE,  i:.  U    To  remove.  Howell. 
E-LOl.X'A-TEI),  pp.  Removed. 

E-LOIX 'i'D,  pp.  Removed  to  a  distance  ;  carried  far 
off. 

E-LOIX'IXG,  ppr.  Removing  to  a  disuance  from  an- 
other, or  to  a  place  unknown. 

E-LOIX'.MKXT,  71.    Removal  to  a  distance  ;  distance. 

IC-LOXG',  V,  t,    [Low  L.  elongo.] 

To  put  far  off;  :i  retard.    [Ofc.]  Shenstone. 

E-LOX"GaTE,  v.  U  [Low  L.  elongo,  from  longus. 
See  Long.] 

1.  To  lengthen  ;  to  extend. 

2.  To  reino)(e  further  off.  Brown. 
E-LOX"G.aTE,  p.  i.    To  depart  from;  to  recede;  to 

move  to  a  greater  distance  ;  particularly,  to  recede 
apparently  from  the  sun,  as  a  planet  in  its  orbit. 
E-LOX"Ga-TED,  pp.  or  u.    Lengthened;  removed  to 
a  distance. 

E-LO,\ "(J a-TIXG, ppr.    Lengthening;  extending. 
2.  Receding  to  a  greater  distance,  i>articularly  as  a 
planet  from  the  sun  in  its  orbit. 

E-L0X"Ga-T10X,  11.  The  act  of  stretching  or  length- 
ening ;  as,  the  elongation  of  a  fiber.  ArbuthnoL 

2.  The  state  of  being  extended. 

3.  Distance ;  space  which  se]>aralcs  one  thing  from 
another.  OlancUlc, 

4.  Departure  ;  removal  :  recession 

5.  Extension  ;  coiitimiatioii. 

May  not  tlie  mouiit:iiiiit  of  Wrstiium-laiid  ami  Cumtxrlaiul  be 
cunsitU-reil  iw  flongauoiu  of  tlitse  two  dkiins  ?  Pinktrlon, 

C.  In  astronomy  the  distance  of  a  planet  from  the 
sun,  aji  it  a|ipears  to  the  eye  of  a  spei  tator  on  the 
earth  ;  apparent  di  partiire  of  a  planet  from  the  sun  in 
its  orbit ;  as,  the  elongation  of  Venus  or  Merciir)'. 

7.  In  surgery,  an  imperfect  luxation,  occasioned  by 
the  stretching  or  lengthening  of  the  ligaments ;  or 
tlie  extension  of  a  part  beyond  its  natural  dimensions, 
llncijc,  Coi.e, 

E-Lf)PE',  r,  I.  [D.  Inopen  ;  wrgloopen  :  O,  laufrn,  ent- 
laufrn  ;  Sw.  lupa  ;  Dan.  lober ;  i^'w,  Iilrapan  ;  Eng.  to 
leap.  In  all  tin'  dialects,  except  the  Eii;;lisli, /cii/i  sig- 
nifies to  run.    (ill.  Ileb.  f|'rn.    Class  LI.,  No.  3'l.l 

I.  'I'll  run  away  ;  lo  ili  p  irl  from  one'u  proper  place 
or  station  privatrly,  t.r  witlioiil  permission  ;  to  ipiit, 
without  permiHsion  or  right,  the  station  in  which  one 


is  }ilaced  by  \\\\v  or  duty.  Particularly,  and  appropri- 
atrti^,  to  run  away  or  depart  from  a  husband,  and  live 
with  an  adulterer,  as  a  married  woman  ;  or  to  quit  a 
father's  house,  privately  or  without  permission,  and 
marry  or  live  « ith  a  gallant,  as  an  unmarried  wo- 
man. 

2.  To  run  away ;  to  escape  privately ;  to  depart, 
without  permission,  as  a  son  from  a  father's  bouse, 
or  an  apprentice  from  his  master's  service. 

E-LoP'iiD,  pp.    Run  away  privately. 

E-LoPE'.MEXT,  7i.  Private  or  unlicensed  departure 
from  the  place  or  station  to  which  one  is  assigned  by 
duty  or  law  ;  as,  the  elopement  of  a  wife  from  her 
husband,  or  of  a  daughter  from  her  father's  house, 
usually  with  a  lover  or  gallant.  It  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  dejiarture  of  a  son  or  an  apprentice,  in 
lik^-  manner. 

E-LoP'IXti,  ppr.    Running  away  ;  departing  private- 
_  ly,  or  without  permission,  from  a  husband,  father,  or 
E'LOPS,  71.    [Gr.  tAAot^.]  [master. 
A  fish,  inhabiting  the  seas  of  America  and  the 
West  Indies,  the  Elops  Sauriis  of  Turton's  Lin- 
naeus. 

EL'fJ-ClL^EXCE,  71.  [L.  doquentia,  from  eloquor,  loquor. 
to  speak  ;  Gr.  \r,Kiu>,  Aaictw,  to  crack,  to  sound,  to 
speak.  The  primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  burst  with 
a  sound,  for  the  Gr.  has  Aa<if,  a  fissure,  from  the 
s:une  root ;  whence  AnifiCw,  lo  open  or  split ;  whence 
L.  lacero,  to  tear  ;  and  hence,  perhaps.  Eng.  a  leak. 
Q.U.  the  root  of  clack.    See  Class  Lg,  Xo.  51,  57.] 

1.  The  expression  of  strong  emotion,  in  a  manner 
adapted  to  excite  correspondent  emotions  in  others. 
The  word,  in  its  most  extensive  signification,  com- 
prehends every  mode  in  which  deep  feeling  may  be 
expressed,  either  by  words,  tones,  looks,  or  gestures. 
Eloquence,  therefore,  reipiires,  in  its  most  perfect 
form,  a  vigorous  understanding,  a  glowing  imagina- 
tion, appropriate  and  rich  language,  with  fluency, 
animation,  and  suitable  action.  Hence,  eloquence  is 
adapted  to  please,  affetJ,  and  persuade.  Demosthe- 
nes in  Greece,  Cicero  in  Rome,  Lord  Chatham  and 
Burke  in  Great  Britain,  and  Fisher  Ames  in  the 
United  States,  were  ilistinguished  for  their  eloquence 
in  declamation  and  debate. 

2.  The  power  of  expressing  strong  emotions  with 
fluency  and  force. 

3.  Forcible  language,  which  gives  utterance  to 
deep  emotion. 

Slie  ulteretli  piercing  e!oqofnee.  Shni: 

4.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to  written  language. 
EL'O-CIL'E.VT,  a.    Having  the  power  of  expressing 

strong  emotions  in  a  vivitl  and  appropriate  manner; 
as,  an  eloquent  orator  or  preacher. 

2.  .\dapted  to  express  strong  emotion  with  fluency 
and  power  ;  as,  an  eloquent  adtlress  ;  eloquent  history  ; 
an  eloquent  appeal  to  a  jury. 

EL'O-aUEXT-LY,  at/r.  VVith  eloquence;  in  an  elo- 
quent manner;  in  a  manner  lo  jilcase,  affect,  and 

EL'RICII.    See  Eldritch.  [persuade. 

ELSE,  (els,)  a.  or  pr.  [Sax.  dle.^;  D.an.  ellcrs,  from 
dler,  or;  L.  alias,  alias.    See  .Alien.] 

Other  ;  one  or  something  beside.  Who  else  is 
coming.'  What  else  shall  I  give?  Do  you  expect 
any  thing  else  1 

[This  word,  if  considered  to  be  an  ailjective  or 
pronoun,  never  precedes  its  noun,  but  always  fol- 
lows it.] 

ELSE,  (els,)  adv.  Othenvise ;  in  the  other  case;  if 
the  fact  were  different.  Thou  desiresl  not  s:icrifice, 
cl~e  would  I  give  it ;  that  is,  if  thou  didst  desire  sac- 
rifice, I  would  give  it.  Ps,  \\,  Iti,  Repent,  or  else  I 
will  come  to  thee  quickly  ;  that  is,  repent,  or  if  thou 
sliouldst  n;'t  rejieiit,  if  the  ciuse  or  fact  should  be 
dillereiit,  I  will  come  to  thee  quickly.    lire.  ii.  v. 

2.  Beside  ;  except  that  mentioned ;  as,  nowhere 
else. 

ELSE'WllERE,  orfi'.    In  any  other  place;  as,  these 

trees  are  not  to  be  found  elsewhere. 
2.  In  some  other  place;  in  other  places  indefi- 

iiitelv.    It  is  reportetl  in  town  and  elsewhere. 
E-LU'CI-D.'iTE,  e.  t.    [Low  L.  elucido,  from  eluceo, 

lucro,  to  shine,  or  from  lacidas,  clear,  bright.  See 

Light.] 

To  make  clear  or  manifest ;  to  explain  ;  to  remove 
obscurilv  from,  and  rentier  intelligible  ;  to  ilhistnite. 
An  exai'nple  will  elucidate  the  subject.  ;\n  argiinu  nt 
may  elucidate  an  obscure  question.  .\  fact  related 
by  one  historian  may  elucidate  an  obscure  passage  in 
aiiollier's  writings. 
E-L0'C1-1)A-TED,  pp.  Explained  ;  made  plain,  clear, 
or  intelligible. 

E-LC''CI-I)A-TI.\G,  ppr.  Exjilaining  ;  making  clear 
or  intelliEible. 

E-LC-CI-l)A'TIO.V,  71.    The  act  of  explaining  or 

throwing  light  on  any  obscure  miliject  ;  explanation  ; 

exiiosition  ;  illustration;  as,  one  example  may  serve 

for  an  rluridnlion  of  the  subject. 
E-LO'CI  DA-TIVE,  a.    .Making  clear. 
F.  I.OTI-D A  'I  t )R,  71.    One  who  explains;  an  expos- 
E  LO'Cl-D  A  TORY,  a.    Tending  to  elucidate,  [itor. 
KL  I'e-TA'TIO.N,  71.     [L.  clactutus.]     The  act  of 

bursting  forth  ;  escape. 
E-LU  eL'-BRA'TlO.V.    See  Lucubbatios. 


METE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


386 


EM  A 

E-LODE',  (1.  [L.  eliuln:  e  and  /ui/o,  t,i  pliiy  ;  Sp. 
rliidir  ;  It.  tluiln  e  :  Fr.  iliiilcr.  Tin;  Latin  verb  forms 
luii,  liisum :  and  tliis  may  bo  the  Hub.  Cb.  ami  Ar. 
yh,  to  (li-rido.    Class  I,s,  No.  T).] 

1.  To  escape  ;  to  rvade  ;  to  avoid  by  artificfi,  strnt- 
ajrm,  will's,  di-coit,  or  di'Xtrrity  ;  as,  to  etmlc  an  f'li- 
cTuy  ;  to  ftiiile  tbe  siiibl  ;  to  rlnilr  an  oHii'cr;  to  rtitde 
di'loction  ;  to  rlmtf  vi^ilanct* ;  to  rbule  tbe  force  of  an 
arjinment ;  to  rlmlr  a  blo\\'  or  stroke. 

'i  To  mock  by  an  uno.vpi  cted  escape  ;  as,  to  elude 
pursuit. 

M..  gi^iulo  Delia  licckoii!  from  dii»  plain, 

Thi'ii,  hill  ill  »Ii.i.li's,  ilurlce  )wv  eas^'T  swuln.  Pope. 

3.  To  escape  being  scon  ;  to  remain  unseen  or  un- 
discovered ;  as,  to  elnilc  discovery.     Tlie  cause  of 
niaiitu'tisin  has  hitherto  eluded  the   researches  of 
pbilosopliers. 
E-I.l'D'KI), />;>.    Escaped;  avoided;  evaded. 
IM.l'D'I-HLK,  a.    That  may  be  eluded  or  escaped. 
K-lA'I)'I.\G,  ;>;>r.    Escaping;  avoiding;  evading. 
E'l.Ur,,  71.    The  twelfth  month  of  the  civil  Jewish 
year,  and  the  sixtli  of  the  ecclesiastical.    It  corre- 
sponds nearlv  to  our  August. 
E-LU.M'Ii.A-TEl),  a.    [I,.  Iambus.] 

Weakened  in  tbe  loins. 
E-LO'SION,  n.    [L.  elusin.    Pee  Elude.J 

An  escape  by  artifice  or  deception  ;  evasion. 

Brown. 

E-LO'SIVE,  o.  Practicing  elusion  ;  using  arts  to  es- 
cape. 

Elusive  of  (he  bridal  day,  «li''  pves 

Fond  lio[H'8  to  all,  and  all  wilh  hopes  deceives.  Pope. 

E-LO'SIVE-LY,  adv.    By  practicing  elusion. 
E-LC'SO-IU-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  elusorj'. 
E-LO'SO-RY,  a.    Tending  to  elude  ;  tending  to  de- 
ceive; evasive;  fraudulent;  fallacious;  deceitful. 

Broion. 

E-LOTE',  V.  t.    [L.  eluo,  elulum ;  qu.  e  and  lavo.  See 

Ell'triate.] 
To  wash  off ;  to  cleanse.  .^ybuthnot. 
E-I.OT'ED,  p/>.    Washed  ;  cleansed. 
E-I,l''l''ING,  ;>/»r.    Cleansed  by  washing. 
E-LO'TRI-ATE,  ».  t.    [L.  eluirio  ;  Sw.  Ultra,  luttra,  to 

cleanse,  to  defecate  ;  Dan.  luttrr,  pure  ;  S?ax.  lulter, 

pure;  la/lian,  to  purify  ;  (5.  luiifcr,  D.  loutcr,  pure  ;  Ir. 

gleitk.    Qu.  Class  I.s,  \o.  3U.] 
To  purify  by  washing  ;  to  cleanse,  as  a  pulvenilent 

substance,  by  separating  foul  matter,  and  decanting 

or  straining  off  the  liquor. 
E  I,0'TRI-A-TED,  pp.     Cleansed  by  washing  and 

decantation. 

E-LO'TRI-A-TING,  ppr.  Purifying  by  washing  and 
decanting.  * 

E-I,U-TRI-A'TION,  71.  The  operation  of  washing  a 
pulverulent  substance  by  mixirig  it  with  water,  and 
pouring  off  the  liipiid  in  whirli  the  foul  or  extrane- 
ous substances  are  tinating,  while  the  heavier  parti- 
cles are  deposited  at  the  bottom.  Braiide. 

E-LU.\'aTE,  v.  L    [L.  cluxatiis.] 
To  dislocate.    [See  Lm ate.] 

E-I.UX'A-TED,  pp.  Dislocated. 

E-LUX'A-TI.N'C,  ppr.  Dislocating. 

EI.-UX-A'TION,  II.  The  dislocation  of  a  bone.  [See 
Luxation.] 

ELV'AN',  a.    Pertaining  to  elves. 

ELVE'-LOCKS.    See  Ei-K-LoeK. 

EliV'EKS,  H.  ()/.    Young  eels  ;  young  congers  or  sea- 

ELVES, of  Elf  [eels. 

ELVISH,  a.    More  properly  Elfish,  which  see. 

ELV'1SH-JI.\RK-/:U,  (-markt,)  a.  Marked  or  dis- 
figured bv  l  ives.  Sliak. 

EL-Y-DOR'IC,  a.    [Gr.  cXaior,  oil,  and  i'.!  .lo,  water.] 
FJijdmric  painting  is  with  oil  and  water,  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  add  the  freshness  of  water  colors  to  the 
mellowness  of  oil  painting.  Elmes. 

E-LYS'IA.N,  (e-lizh'yaii,)  a.    [L.  elys^u.9.} 

Pertaining  to  elysium  or  the  .scat  of  delight ;  yield- 
ing the  highest  pleasures  :  delicioiisly  swithing  ;  e.x 
ceedingly  delightful;  a.s,  elij.-tian  fields. 

E-LVS'lU'.M,  (elizh'yuin,)  n.    [L.  elysium;  Gr.  ijXu- 

1710,.] 

In  ancient  mijtkolofri/,  a  place  assigned  to  happy 
souls  after  death  ;  a  place  in  the  lower  regions,  fur- 
nished with  rich  fields,  groves,  shades,  streams,  &c., 
the  scat  of  future  happiness.  Hence,  any  delightful 
place.  Kna/e.  SItak. 

E  LY  T'RI-FOR.M,  a.    In  the  form  of  a  wing-sheath. 

EL'Y-TRO.\,  J  n. ;  pi.  EcYTnA.    [Gr.]   A  name  given 

EL'Y-TRC.M,  i  to  the  wing-sheaths,  or  upper  crus- 
taceous  membranes,  which  form  the  outer  wings  or 
covering  in  the  tribe  of  beetles.  Brande. 

EL'ZE-VIR  E-I)l"TIO.NS,  ».  pi.  Editions  of  the 
classics,  ice,  published  by  tbe  Elzevir  family  at  Am- 
slerdani  and  Leyden,  from  about  1595  to  ilJSO,  and 
highly  prized  for  their  accuracy  and  elegance. 

•E.M.      Contraction  of  Them.  [Encijc.  Am. 

'I'hey  look  'ein.  Hudibnu. 

E-MAC'ER-ATE,  p.  (.   To  make  lean.    \j\'ot  in  use.] 

E  .MAC'ER-A-TED.pp.    .Made  lean. 

E-MAC  ER-A-TIX(;,  ppr.    Making  lean. 

V  \i  I'l-i^i'Tr'"'^"*''  "■    ^  niaking  lean  ;  emaciation. 
E-  .M.\  1 1  ATE,  c.  I.    [L.  einacio,  from  maceu,  or  macrr, 
lean;  Gr.  /ii«<of,  hikoh,  small;  Fr.  mai'.n-e ;  Eng. 


E  :\i  A 

meairer,  meek  ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  masero;  D.  Sw.  Dan. 
and  G.  ma;,'rr;  Cli.  ^NO,  to  be  thin,    ('las.s  Mg,  No. 

'J, !),  i;i.] 

To  lose  flesh  gradually  ;  to  become  lean  by  pining 
with  sorrow,  or  by  loss  of  a|ipe|iie  or  other  cause  ; 
to  waste  away,  as  tlesli  ;  to  decay  in  fiesli. 

E-.M.\'CI  ATi;,'i'.  (.  To  cause  to  lose  flesh  gradually  ; 
to  wa.ste  the  desh  and  reduce  to  leanness.  Sorrow, 
anxiety,  w  ant  of  appetite,  and  dise;ise,  often  ema- 
ciate the  most  robust  bullies. 

E-Ma'CIATH,  u.    'J'hin  ;  wasted.  Shenstiine. 

E-.M.\'C1  A-Ti;i>,  pp.  iir  a.  Reduced  to  leanness  by  a 
gradual  loss  nf  Ilesh  ;  thin  ;  lean. 

E-.M A'ClA-Tl.\G,  ppr.  VV;Lsting  the  fiesh  gradually; 
m:ikiiig  lean. 

E-M A-C'I-A'TIO.N',  n.    The  act  of  making  lean  or 
thin  in  flesh  ;  or  a  buconiing  lean  by  a  gradual 
waste  of  Ilesh. 
2.  l^Iie  st:ite  of  being  reduced  to  leanness. 

E-MAC'lI-LATi;,  I-.  t.  [Infra.]  To  take  spots  from. 
[Little  ii.ied.] 

E->l.\e-y-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  emaculo,  from  e  and  mac- 
ula, a  spot.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  freeing  from  spots.  [Little 

used.] 

E.M'A  NAXT,  ij.    [L.  emanaiLs.    Sec  Emanate.] 

Issuing  or  llowing  from.  Jfale. 
EM'.\-NaTE,  r.  I.    [L.  emano  !  e  and  mano,  to  flow  ; 

Sp.  emmmr ;  Fr.  aiiancr;  It.  etnanarc.    Class  Mn, 

No.  11,9.] 

1.  To  issue  from  a  source  ;  to  flow  from ;  applied 
to  fluids  ;  as,  light  emnnaten  from  the  sun  ;  pcrsjiirable 
matter,  from  animal  bodies. 

2.  To  proceed  from  a  source  or  fountain  ;  as,  the 
powers  of  governinunt  in  republics  emanate  from  the 
people. 

E,M'A-.V.A-T1XG,  ppr.  Issuing  or  flowing  from  a 
fiiuntain. 

E.M-A-X  A'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  flowing  or  proceeding 
from  a  fountain-head  or  origin. 

a.  'i'hat  %vliii;li  issues,  flows,  or  proceeds  from  any 
source,  substance,  or  body  ;  eflliix  ;  ellliiviiiui.  Liglit 
is  an  emanation  from  the  situ  ;  wisdom,  from  God  ; 
the  authority  of  laws,  from  the  supreme  power. 

E.M'.\-N.\-T1VE,  a.    Issuiii"  from  another. 

E-MAN'CI-PATE,  v.  t.  [L.  emancipo,  from  e  and 
vianeipinm,  a  slave  ;  mann.<j  hand,  and  ciipio,  to  take, 
as  slaves  were  anciently  prisoners  taken  in  war.] 

1.  To  set  free  fro;::  .servitude  or  slavery,  by  the 
voluntary  act  of  the  proprietor  ;  to  liberate  ;  to  re- 
store from  bondage  lo  freedom  ;  as,  to  emancipate  a 
slave. 

2.  To  set  free  or  restore  to  liberty ;  in  o  general 
sense. 

X  To  free  from  bondage  or  restraint  of  any  kind  ; 
to  liberate  from  subjection,  controlling  power,  or  in- 
fluence ;  as,  to  emancipate  one  from  prejudices  or 
error. 

4.  In  ancient  Rome,  to  set  a  son  free  from  subjec- 
tion to  his  father,  and  give  him  the  capacity  of  man- 
aging his  affairs,  as  if  he  was  of  age.  Encijc. 

E-M.\X'CI-PATE,  o.    Set  at  liberty.  Cowpcr. 

E-.M.\N'CI-P.^-TE1),  or  a.  Set  free  from  bondage, 
slavery,  servitude,  subjection,  or  dependence;  liber- 
.ited.  " 

E-MAX'CI-PA-TI.\G,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  bond- 
age, servitude,  or  dependence  ;  liberating. 

E-.MAX-CI-PA'TltJX,  n.  The  act  of  setting  free  from 
slavery,  servitude,  subjection,  or  dependence  ;  de- 
liverance from  bondage  or  controlling  influence  ; 
liberation  ;  as,  the  emancipation  of  slaves  by  their 
proprietors ;  the  emancipation  of  a  son  among  the 
Romans  ;  the  emancipatiun  of  a  person  from  preju- 
dices, or  from  a  servile  subjection  to  authority. 

E-.MA.\-CI-PA'TIOX-lST,  «.  An  advocate  for  the 
emancipation  of  slaves. 

E-.M.\.N''CI-PA-TOR,  n.  One  who  emancipates  or  lib- 
erates from  bondage  or  restraint. 

E-.MAX'CI-PIST,  n.  A  name  given  in  New  Holland 
to  convicts  who  have  been  set  free. 

E-.MaXE',  v.  i.    [L.  rmano.] 

To  issue  or  flow  from.  F.nfiild. 
Hut  this  is  not  an  elegant  word.    [See  Eman  ate.] 

E-MAR'GI.\  ATE,  r.  u    To  lake  aw.iy  the  margin. 

E-MAR'Ol.\-.\TE,     )  a.     [Fr.    marge:   L.  margo, 

E-.MAR'Gl.N'-A-TED,  (      whence  emargino.] 

1.  In  botany,  notched  in  a  peculiar  manner  at  the 
apex  ;  applied  to  the  leaf,  prtaj,  or  stigma. 

a.  In  minrralo'sy,  having  all  theedgesof  the  prim- 
itive form  truncated,  each  by  one  face.  CIrancland. 

3.  In  tooliigy,  having  the  margin  broken  bv  an 
obtuse  notch  on  the  segment  of  a  circle.  Brande. 

E-MXR'GIN-ATE-LY,  ado.    In  the  form  of  notches. 
E  M  \  R'CilX-A-TING,  ppr.   Taking  away  the  margin. 
E-.MAS'CIJ-LATE,  r.  t.    [U,w  L.  emiC-eulo,  from  e 
and  nni..cii/u.«,  a  male.    See  .Male.] 

1.  To  castrate  ;  to  deprive  a  male  of  certain  parts 
which  cliamclerize  the  sex  ;  to  geld  ;  to  deprive  of 
virility. 

2.  i'o  deprive  of  masculine  strength  or  vigor ;  to 
weaken  ;  to  render  effeminate ;  to  vitiate  by  un- 
manly softness. 


\V  omen  tmtueutntt  n  mongircli'i  rcipi. 
To  emn4eulau  ihe  t|>iriu. 


Dryiltn. 
Collier. 


E  M  li 

E-MAS'eU-LATE,  a.   Unmanned;  deprived  of  vigor 

JfainmoniL 

E-MAS'CtJ-LA-TED,  ;);>.  ora.    Castrated;  weakened. 

E-MAS'eU-LATIN(;,  ppr.  Castrating;  gelding; 
depriving  of  vigor. 

E-.MAS -CU-LA'l  l().\,  71.  The  act  of  depriving  a 
male  of  the  p.arts  which  characterize  the  sex  ;  cas- 
tration. 

2.  The  act  of  depriving  of  vigor  or  strength  ;  ef- 
feminacv  ;  unmanly  weakness. 
EM-BALE',  u.  (.    [Fr.  embulter :  Sp.  emimlar ;  It.  im- 
butlare ;  em,  im,  for  en  or  in,  and  bulla,  balle,  bale.] 

1.  To  make  up  into  a  bundle,  bale,  or  package  ;  to 
pack. 

2.  To  bind  ;  to  inclose  ;  as,  to  embale  in  golden 
buskins.  Spenncr, 

EM.|!AL'/;i),  ;./).    Jlade  into  a  bale. 
EM-liAL'l.N't;,  /»()r.    .Making  into  a  bale. 
E.M-HALL',  I'.  (.    To  encircle  or  embrace.  [Oftt.] 

Spenser. 

EM-RALL'LN'G,  j7.    An  embrace.  SImk. 
E.M  HAL.M',  (em-bilni',)  c.  (.    [Fr.  embaumer,  from 

bauine,  u;ilm,  from  W^'am ;  It.  imbalsainarc ;  Sp.  eni- 

baX.'iamar.] 

1.  To  open  a  ijcad  body,  take  out  the  intestines, 
and  fill  their  place  with  odoriferous  and  desiccative 
spices  and  drugs,  to  jireveiit  its  putrefaction. 

Joseph  coiiitnaiirli-d  his  Hervants.  llie  physicians,  to  embalm  his 
t'alher;  antl  the  phybici.tiis  embalmed  Israel.  — Oeii.  t. 

2.  To  fill  with  sweet  scent.  J\Iilton. 

3.  To  preserve,  with  care  and  affection,  from 
loss  or  decay. 

The  memory  o^my  beloved  ilaugliler  is  embalmed  in  my  heart, 
Virtne  alone,  wilh  liistin^  place, 

Embalms  Ihe  beaiiues  ul  the  face.  /.  Trumbull. 

EM-H.^LM'^:D,  pp.  or  o.  Filled  with  aromatic  plants 
for  preservation  ;  filled  with  sweet  scent;  preserved 
from  loss  or  destruction. 

E.M-UAL.M'ER,  n.  One  who  embalms  bodies  for 
preservation. 

EM-liAL.M'I.XG,  ppr.  Filling  a  dead  body  with  spices 
for  preservation  ;  filling  with  sweet  scent  ;  preserv- 
ing with  care  froiu  loss,  decay,  or  destruction. 

E.M-liAL.M'IXC,  n  The  act  or  art  of  filling  a  dead 
body  \\  ilh  spices  fur  iireservation. 

EM-I(XLM'.MEXT,  n.    Act  of  embalming. 

E.M-IiA.\K',  1'.  t.  To  enclose  with  a  bank  ;  to  defend 
by  banks,  mounds,  or  dikes. 

E.M-l!A.\K'f:D,  pp.    Inclosed  or  defended  by  a  bank. 

E.M-BA.NK'ING,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  surrounding  with 
a  bank. 

E.M-RAXK'MEXT,  v.  The  act  of  .surrounding  or  de- 
fending with  a  bank. 

2.  A  mound  or  bank  raised  for  various  purposes, 
as  for  protecting  against  inundations,  for  the  passage 
of  a  railroad,  &.c. 

E.M-BXR',  r.  L  [en  and  bar.]  To  shut,  close,  or 
fasten  with  a  bar  ;  to  make  fast. 

2.  To  inclose  so  as  to  hinder  egress  or  escape. 

Where  l.»3t  entbiiTe'l  in  iiiijlily  hra/en  wall.  Spenser. 

3.  To  stop;  to  shut  from  entering;  to  hinder;  to 
block  up. 

lie  ctnbarrcd  ail  hirtlier  tnide.  Bacon. 

EM-BAR-eA'TION,  n.    Embarkation,  which  see. 

E.M-BAR't.'O,  n.  [Sp.  embargo  ;  Port.  Fr.  id.  This  is 
a  modern  word,  from  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese. 
In  Portuguese,  embara^dr,  which  the  Spanish  write 
emiiarazar,  is  to  embarriLss,  entangle,  stop,  hinder  ; 
Port,  emlmra^o,  impediment,  embarrassment,  stofi, 
hinderance.  The  palatal  being  changed  into  :  and 
s,  we  have  eniborrnss  from  this  word  ;  but  embargo 
retains  Ihe  pal.atal  letter.] 

In  commerce,  a  restraint  on  ships,  or  prohibition  of 
sailing,  either  out  of  iiort,  or  into  iiort,  or  both ; 
which  prohibition  is  by  public  authority,  for  a  limited 
time.  ,Most  generally  it  is  a  prohibition  of  ships  to 
leave  a  port. 

EM-IiAR'G(t,  r.  f.    [Sp.  and  Port,  rmftarj^ar.] 

1.  To  hinder  or  prevent  ships  from  sailing  out  of 
P"rt,  or  into  port,  or  both,  by  some  law  or  edict  of 
sovereign  authority,  for  a  limited  time.  Our  ships 
were  for  a  time  embargoed  by  a  law  of  congress. 

2.  To  stop;  to  hinder  from  being  prosecuted  by  the 
departure  or  entrance  of  ships.  The  commerce  of 
the  rniled  States  has  been  embargoed. 

E.M-IiA R'(;f)  Kl),  pp.  Stopped;  hindered  from  sail- 
ing; hindered  by  public  authority,  as  ships  or  com- 
merce. 

E.M-l!.\R'GO-I.\G,  ppr.    Restraining  from  sailing  by 

public  authority  ;  hindering. 
E.M-BARK',  L'.  /,    [Sp.  cmbarcar ;  Port.  id.  ;  It,  imbar- 

eare  ;  Fr.  einbarquer ;  en  and  barco,  a  boat,  a  barge,  a 

bark.l 

1.  To  put  or  cjiuse  to  enter  on  board  a  ship  or  other 
vessel  or  boat.  The  genera!  embarked  his  troops 
and  their  baggage. 

2.  To  engage  a  person  in  any  affair.  This  pro- 
jector embarked  his  friends  in  the  design  or  expedition. 

EM-BARK',  r.  i.    Togo  on  board  of  a  ship,  boat,  or 
vessel  ;  as,  the  troops  embarked  for  Lisbon. 
2.  To  engage  in  any  business ;  to  underuko  in ; 


TONE,  BJJLL,  t^NITE — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS  C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


387 


EMB 


EMB 


tu  lake  a  share  in.    Tlie  young  iiiaii  embarked  raslilj' 
in  speculation,  and  was  ruined. 
EiM-BARK-A'TION,  n.    Tlie  act  of  putting  on  board 
of  a  ship  or  other  vessel,  or  the  act  of  goins;  aboard. 

2.  Tliat  which  is  embarked  ;  as,  an  embarlcutm  of 
Jesuits.  Smulldt. 

3.  rSp.  emtarcacion.]  A  small  vessel  or  boat. 
WniifiwL]  Anson's  Voyage. 

EM-B.\.RK'£D,  (em-barkt',)  pp.  Put  on  shipboard  ; 
engaged  in  any  affair. 

EM-BaRK'IXG,  ppr.  Putting  on  board  of  a  ship  or 
boat ;  giiing  on  shipboard. 

E1I-B.\R'R.\SS,  ji.    Embarrassment.  Warburton. 

EM-BAR'R.\S^,  f.  (.  {Vt.  embarrasser  ;  VuTl.  cmbara- 
car  ;  Sp.  embarazar ;  from  Sp.  embara-.o,  Port,  embara- 
cu,  Fr.  embarras,  perplexity,  intricacy,  hinderance, 
impediment.  In  Spanish,  formerly  embargo  signi- 
fied embarrassment,  and  embarrar  is  to  perple.\.] 

1.  To  perplex  ;  to  render  intricate  ;  to  entangle. 
We  say,  public  alTairs  are  embarrassed;  the  state  of 
our  accounts  is  embarrassed  ;  want  of  order  tends  to 
embarrass  business. 

2.  To  perplex,  as  the  mind  or  intellectual  facul- 
ties ;  to  confuse.  Our  ideas  are  sometimes  embar- 
rassed. ,    u  J 

3.  To  perplex,  as  with  debts,  or  demands,  beyond 
the  means  of  payment;  applied  to  a  person  or  his 
affairs.  In  mercantile  language,  a  man  or  his  business 
is  embarrassed,  when  he  can  not  meet  his  pecuniary 
engagements. 

4.  To  perplex  ;  to  confuse;  to  disconcert ;  to  abash. 
An  abnipt  address  may  embarrass  a  young  lady.  A 
young  man  may  be  too  much  embarrassed  to  utter  a 
word. 

EM-B.'VR'RASS-£n,  (em-bar'rast,)  pp.  or  a.  Per- 
plexed ;  rendered  intricate  ;  ccmfused  ;  confounded. 

Ell-BAR'RASS-ING,  ppr.  Perplexing;  entangling; 
confusing;  confounding;  abashing. 

EM-BAR'RASS-L\G,  a.    Perplexing  ;  adapted  to  per- 

EJKBAR'RASS-MEN'T,  n.     Perplexity;  intricacy; 

2.  Confusion  of  mind.  [entanglement. 

3.  Perplexity  arising  from  insolvency,  or  from 
temporary  inability  to  discharge  debts. 

4.  Confusion  ;  abashment. 

EJI-BAR'R£D,  (em-b.Ud',)  pp.  Shut ;  closed  ;  fast- 
ened. 

EM-Bi\R'RING,  ppr.    Fastening,  as  with  a  bar. 
E.M-BaSE',  v.  t.    [en  and  base.]    To  lower  in  value  ; 
to  vitiate  ;  to  deprave  ;  to  impair. 

Th''  virtue  —  of  :i  tr-'e  embased  by  til-*  rroiind.  Brecon. 
I  have  no  isiioble  enj  —  thai  may  tinbase  my  poor  ju.lsii.eiil. 

*  wollon. 

Spenser. 


9.  To  degrade  ;  to  vilify. 

[This  word  is  seldom  used.] 
EM-BaSE'MENT,  n.  Act  of  depraving ;  depravation; 

deterioration.  ,    „  Soutk. 

EM'BAS-SAOE,  71.  An  embassy.  [Obs.]  Spenser. 
E.M-BAS'SA-DOR,  ji.  [Sp.  embazador;  Port,  id.;  Fr. 
ambassadeur;  It.  ambasciadure ;  Arm.  ambariador ; 
Norm,  ambaxeur.  Spelman  refers  tins  word  to  the 
G.  ambact,  which  Cesar  calls  ambactus,  a  client  or  re- 
tainer among  the  Gauls.  Cliiver,  Ant.  Gcr.  1,  8, 
favors  this  opinion,  and  mentions  that,  in  the  laws 
of  Burgundy,  ambascia  was  equivalent  to  the  Ger. 
amidcf,  service,  now  contracted  to  ami,  II.  nmpt,  Dan. 
ambi,  Sw.  embetc,pffice,  duty,  function,  employment, 
province.  The  Dutch  has  nmbagt,  trade,  handcraft, 
a  manor,  a  lordship,  and  amhngstimiii,  a  journeyman 
or  mechanic,  wliich  is  evidently  the  Sw.  embetesman. 
The  Danish  has  also  rmbrdc,  office,  em|iloyment. 
In  Sax.  embcht,  ymbrht,  is  ollice,  duty,  employment ; 
embelitan,  to  serve  ;  embrhtmnn,  a  servant ;  also  om- 
heht,  collation  ;  ambijhl,  a  iiu'ssage  or  legation,  an  em- 
bassy ;  amb,jliL<ecga,  a  legate  or  envoy,  (a  message- 
sayer.)  The  word,  in  Gothic,  is  andbaliLi,  a  servant ; 
andhahtyan,  to  serve,  'i'he  German  has  amtsbote,  a 
messenger.  The  lirst  syllable,  ™,  is  from  emb  ymb, 
aifbi,  about,  and  the  root  of  ambucl  is  Bg.  See  Pack 
and  Dispatch.]  ,      ,  , 

1.  A  minister  of  the  highest  rank,  employed  by 
one  prince  or  state  at  the  court  of  another,  to  man- 
age the  public  concerns  of  his  own  prince  or  state, 
and  representing  the  power  and  dignity  of  his  sover- 
eign. Kmbassadors  are  ordinary,  when  they  reside 
permanently  at  a  foreign  court  ;  or  extraordinary, 
when  they  are  sent  on  a  special  occasion.  They  are 
also  called  miniitrrs.  Envoys  are  ministers  employed 
on  special  occanions,  and  are  of  less  dignity. 

Jolinson.  Kneye. 

2.  In  lndif,rniiM  InniTuat/e,  a  messenger.  .^sk. 
EM-BA.S-SA-Ori'RI-AL,  a.    Belonging  or  relating  to 

an  eni!):u»Hadf>r. 
E.M-BAS'SA-DIU;.'<S,  n.   The  consort  of  an  einbas- 

(lador.  CheMerficld. 
2.  .\  woman  m'nl  on  an  embassy. 
E.M'B AS  SACE,  nn  emhasHy,  is  not  lined. 
EM'BA.H-SY,  n.    [Sp.  and  Port.  cni(itt^a<;a  ;  Ft.  ambas- 

Aadr.\ 

1.  The  message  or  public  function  of  an  embassa- 
dor ;  the  charge  or  employment  of  a  public  ministi'r, 
whether  embasiador  or  envoy.  The  word  Kignirtes 
the  message  or  commission  itself,  and  the  person  or 
peraons  sent  to  convey  or  to  execute  iU    We  say,  the 


king  sent  an  embassy,  meaning  an  envoy,  minister, 
or  ministers;  or  the  king  sent  a  person  on  an  em- 
bassy ;  the  embassy  consisted  of  three  envoys ;  the 
embassy  was' instructed  to  inquire  concerning  the 
king's  disposition.  Milford. 

2.  A  solemn  message.  Taylor. 
Eighteen  ceiuiiries  a^o,  the  gospel  went  forth  from  Jertisalem 

on  an  embassy  of  niiiigletl  authority  and  love. 

B.  Dickinson. 

3.  Tronitalhi,  an  errand.  Sidney. 
[The  old  orthography,  ambassade,  ambassage,  being 

obsolete,  and  embassy  estahlished,  I  have  rendered 
the  orthography  of  embassador  conformable  to  it  in 
the  initial  letter.    The  elegant  Blackstone  uniformly 
wrote  emba-<sador.] 
EII-BaTHE',  r.  i.    To  bathe. 

E.M-BAT'TLE,  r.  t.    [en  and  battle.]    To  arrange  in 
order  of  battle  ;  to  array  troops  for  battle. 

On  Uii^ir  einbtiUled  ranks  tlie  waves  return.  MVton. 

2.  To  furnish  with  battlements.  Cyc. 
EM-BAT'TLE,  v.  i.    To  be  ranged  in  order  of  battle. 

SluiU. 

EM-BAT'TLED,  pp.  or  a.    Arrayed  in  order  of  battle. 

2.  Furnished  with  battlements;  and,  in  heraldry, 
having  the  outline  resembling  a  battlement,  as  an 
ordinary.  Cyc.  Bailey. 

3.  Having  been  the  place  of  battle  ;  as,  an  embatUed 
pliiin  or  fielil. 

EM-BAT'TLIXG,  ppr.    Ranging  in  battle  array. 
E.M-H.\V',  V.  t.    [en,  in,  and  bay.]    To  inclose  in  a 

bay  or  inlet ;  to  land-lock  ;  to  inclose  between  capes 

or  promontories.  Jfar.  Diet. 

[Ft.baigner.]    To  bathe  ;  to  wash.    [J^Tot  used.] 
°  Spenser. 
EM-BaY'J:D,  (em-bade',)  pp.   Inclosed  in  a  bay,  or 

between  points  of  land,  as  a  ship. 
EM-BAY'Ii\G,;7;)r.    Inclosing  in  a  hay. 
E.M-BED',  r.  t.    [en,  in,  anil  bed.]    To  lay  as  in  a  bed  ; 

to  lay  in  surrounding  matter  ;  as,  to  embed  a  thing  in 

clav  or  in  sand. 
EM-BED'DED,  pp.  or  a.    Laid  as  in  a  bed  ;  deposited 

or  inclosed  in  surrounding  matter;  as,  ore  embedded 

in  sand. 

EM-BED'DING,  ppr.    Laying,  depositing,  or  forming, 
as  in  a  bed. 

EM-BEO'MENT,  n.  Act  of  embedding  ;  state  of  being 
embedded. 

EM-BEL'LISII,  V.  t.    [Fr.  embeUir,  from  belle,  L.  bel- 
Ills,  pretty.] 

1.  To  ailorn  ;  to  beautify;  to  decorate;  to  make 
beautiful  or  elegant  by  ornaments ;  ap/died  to  persons 
or  things.  We  embellish  the  person  with  rich  apparel, 
a  garifen  with  shrubs  and  flowers,  and  style  with 
metaphors.  ,  „■  . 

2.  To  make  graceful  or  elegant ;  as,  to  embellish 
manners. 

EM-BEL'  LISH-M),  (cm-bel'lislit,)  pp.  or  a.    Adorned ; 

decorated  ;  beautified. 
EM-BEL'LISH-ER,  n.    One  who  embellishes. 
EjM-BEL'LISII-ING,    ppr.     Adorning ;    decorating  ; 
adding  grace,  ornament,  or  elegance,  to  a  person  or 
thinL'.  ,  .  , 

E.M-BEL'LISII-IN'G-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  embellish. 
EM-BEL'LIS1I-MEi\T,  n.    Tlie  act  of  ailorniiig. 

2.  Ornamunt ;  decoration  ;  any  thing  that  adds 
beauty  or  elegance;  that  which  renders  any  tiling 
pleasing  to  the  eye,  or  agreeable  to  the  taste,  in  dress, 
furniture,  manners,  or  in  the  fine  arts.  Rich  dress»s 
are  embellishments  of  the  person  ;  virtue  is  an  embrl- 
lishment  of  the  mind,  and  liberal  arts  the  embellish 
ments  of  society. 
E.M'BER,  in  ember-days,  ember-meeks,  is  the  Saxon 
emb-ren,  or  vmb-ryne,  a  circle,  circuit,  or  revtiliition, 
from  ymb,  ap'ln,  around,  and  ren,  or  ryne,  course, 
from  the  root  of  run.  F.mber-days  are  the  Wednes- 
day, Friday,  and  Saturday,  aller  Ciuadragisima 
Sunday,  alter  Whitsunday,  after  Holyrood-day  in 
September,  and  after  St.  Lucia's  day  in  December, 
Ember-dans  are  days  returning  at  certain  seasons  ; 
ember  irecks,l\\e  weeks  in  which  these  days  fall ;  and 
forini  rly,  our  ancestors  used  the  words  Embcr-fast 
and  Ember-tide,  or  season. 

Lye.  Eneyr..  LT..  Jilfred,  sect.  39, 
EM'BER-GOOSE,  n.  A  web-footed  bird  of  the  genus 
Columbus,  also  called  the  great  northern  direr, 
placed  by  LiiinaMis  under  the  order  .^nseres.  It  is 
larger  than  the  common  goose;  the  head  is  dusky; 
the  back,  coverts  of  the  wings  and  tail,  clouded  with 
ligliter  anil  daiker  shailcs  of  the  same;  the  prima- 
ries and  tail  are  black  ;  the  breast  and  belly  silvery 
It  inhabilH  the  northern  regions,  about  Iceland  and 
the  Orkneys.  Encyc. 
EM'BER-liNG,  n.    The  ember-days,  supra.  [Obs.] 

Tusser. 

EM'BF.RS,  n.  ;>'.   [Sax.  aimi/rinn ;  Scot,  am eris,  aimers 

Ice.  einmyria.] 

Small  coals  of  fire  with  ashes  ;  the  residuum  of 
wood,  coal,  or  other  combustibles  not  extinguished 
cinders. 

lie  TnVf*  hot  emhers,  and  reiiewi  the  lire*.  Dryden. 
It  is  used  by  Colebrooke  in  the  singular. 
He  tiikei 


EMB 

E.M'BER-WEEK.    See  Embee,  supra. 
EM-BEZ'ZLE,  ».  (.    [Norm,  cmbeasiler,  to  filch  ;  hese- 
ler,  id.    The  primary  sense  is  not  quite  obvious.  If 
the  sense  is  to  strip,  to  peel,  it  coincides  with  the  Ar 


bassala,  to  strip,  or  Ileb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  SsB.  In 

Heb.  Ch.  Svr.  and  Sam.,  ti3  or  nta  signifies  to  plun- 
der. See  Class  Bs,  No.  2,  21,  22.  Perhaps  tlie  sense 
is,  to  cut  otr.    No.  21,  .54.1 

1.  To  appropriate  fraudulently  to  one's  own  use 
what  is  intrusted  to  one's  care  and  management.  It 
dill'ers  from  stealing  and  robbery  in  this  — that  the 
latter  imply  a  wrongful  taking  of  another's  goods, 
but  embezzlement  denotes  the  wrongful  appropria- 
tion and  use  of  what  came  into  possession  by  right. 
It  is  not  uncommon  for  men  intrusted  with  public 
money  to  embezzle  it. 

2.  To  waste,  to  dissipate  in  extravagance. 
When  thou  hast  embezzled  all  thy  store.  Dryilen. 

EM-BEZ'ZLED,  (em-bez'ld,)  pp.  Appropriated  wrong- 
fully to  one's  own  use. 
EM-BEZ'ZLE-JIENT,  n.  The  act  of  fraudulently  ap- 
propriating to  one's  own  use  the  money  or  goods 
intrusted  to  one's  care  and  management.  An  accu- 
rate account  of  the  cmbctzlemeiils  of  public  money 
would  form  a  curious  history. 

3.  The  thing  appropriated. 
EM-BEZ'ZLER,  n.    One  who  embezzles. 
EM-BEZ'ZLING,  ppr.    Fraudulently  applying  to  one's 

own  use  what  is  intrusted  to  one's  care  and  employ- 
ment. 

E.M-BLaZE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  blasonner:  Sp.  blasimar;  Port. 
blazonar,  brazonnr ;  allied  to  G.  blasen,  D.  blaaien,  to 
blow,  and  Fr.  blaser,  to  burn.  Eng.  blaze.  The  sense 
is,  to  swell,  to  enlarge,  to  make  showy.] 

1.  To  adorn  with  glittering  embellishments. 

No  weepiu'^  orplirtn  Kiw  iiis  fatlii  r's  storrs 
Our  shrmed  irradiate,  or  emblaze  the  floors.  Pope. 

2.  To  blazon ;  to  paint  or  adorn  with  figures  ar- 
morial. 

'I'he  imperial  ensign,  streaming:  to  th"  wind, 
With  gems  ami  {golden  luster  rich  emblazed,  Milton. 

EM-BLaZ'A'D,  pp.   Adorned  with  shining  ornaments, 

or  with  figures  armorial. 
EM-BLaZ'ING,  ppr.    Embellishing  with  glittering  or- 
naments, or  with  figures  armorial. 
EM-Bl.A'ZON,  (em-bli'zn,)  i).  t.    [Fi.  blasonner.  See 
Emblaze  ] 

1.  To  adorn  with  figures  of  heraldry  or  ensigns 
armorial.  .  Johnson. 

2.  To  deck  in  glaring  colors  ;  to  display  pompously. 

We  liiid  Augustus  —  emblazoned  hy  tlie  poels.  llnkewell. 

EM-BLa'ZON-ED,  (eni-bliz'nd,)  pp.    Adorned  with 

figures  or  ensigns  armorial ;  set  out  pompously. 
E.M-BLa'ZON-ER,  n.    A  blazoner ;  one  that  eniblaz- 
is  ;  a  herald. 

2.  One  that  publishes  and  displays  with  pomp. 
EM-1!La'Z0.N-ING,  ppr.    Adorning  with  ensigns  or 

figures  armorial;  displaying  svitli  pomp. 
E.M-BLa'ZON-ING,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  adorning 

with  ensigns  armorial. 
E.\1-B1,A'Z0N-.ME.\T,  n.    .\n  emblazoning.  Roscoe. 
EAl-BL.^'ZON-RY,  n.    Pictures  on  shields;  display 

of  figures.  ,  Milton. 

E.M'Bl.KM,  n.    [Gr.  f/i/3Xr//ia,  from  cp/iaXXw,  to  cast 
ill,  to  insert.] 

1.  Properhi,  inlay  ;  inlaid  or  mosaic  work  ;  some- 
thing inserted  in  the  body  of  another. 

2.  A  [lictiire  representing  one  thing  to  the  eye,  and 
another  to  the  understanding ;  a  painted  enigma,  or 
a  figure  rejiresenting  some  obvious  history,  instruct 

us  in  some  moral  truth. 


I  llirhled  ember  out  of  llie  coven-d  vewrl.   


Such  is  the  image  of 


Sc'tevola  holding  his  hand  in  the  fire,  with  these 
words,  "jJ "-erf  cl  pati  fortiirr  liomanum  est,"lo  do  and 
to  siifi'.T  with  fiirtituiie  is  Roman.  Encyc 

a  A  painting  or  representation,  intended  to  hold 
forth  some  moral  or  political  instruction  ;  an  allusive 
picture  ;  a  typical  dt^signation.  A  balance  is  an  em- 
blem of  justice;  a  crown  is  the  emblem  of  royalty  ; 
a  scepter,  of  power  or  severeigiity. 

4.  That  which  represents  another  thing  in  its  priv 
dominaiit  qualities.  A  white  robe  in  Scripture  is  an 
emblem  of  purity  or  righteousness  ;  baptism,  of  puri- 

EMl'iLE.NI  '•. To  represent  by  similar  qualities. 

'  Feltliam. 
EM  IILF.M  AT'ir,       \a.  Pertaining  to  or  trompiising 
EM-BLI'.M-AT'1C-AI„  \     an  ,  niblem. 

2.  lti  |iiiseiitiiig  by  some  allusion  or  customary 
connection;  as,  a  crown  is  rmifcMa/ic  of  royalty,  a 
crown  being  worn  by  kings. 

3.  Ki  presenting  by  similar  ipialities  ;  as,  whiteness 
is  emblematic  of  purity. 

•1   I 'sing  i  nihleiiis  ;  as,  emWcmn(ic  worship. 
EM-lililOM  "VI  'IC  AL-LY,  adr.    By  way  or  means  ol 
emblems  ;  in  the  manner  of  emblems  ;  by  way  of  al- 
lusive re|irisrmation.  Swjfl. 
EM  ISM'.M'A 'I'lST,  11.    A  writer  or  inventor  of  em 

blems.  Brnim 
E.M-DMC.M'A  'IT/.K, (.  To  represent  by  an  emblem. 

Walpole, 


FATE,  FAIl,  FALl,.  WHAT— METE,  PREY— PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  "^V^^j^^ 


ExMB 


EME 


E.M-I!LE.M'A-TrZ-in,  pp.   Represented  by  an  em- 

EM-liLEM'A-TIZ-lNG,  ppr.  Representing  by  an  eni- 
hltini. 

E.\I'1U,E-.MF..\T,  n.  Used  mostly  in  tliepluril.  [No.m. 
e/nftlntrj  t'lulilfiiu'iits  ;  eiiiliteer^  to  sow  ;  Fr.  etnblaccr  ; 
Norm,  htrt-r,  to  sow  witli  corn,  I'roni  ble^btrd^  corn.] 

'J'lie  produce  or  fruits  of  hind  sown  or  iiliintinl. 
Tliis  word  is  usimI  for  tliK  produce  of  land  sown  or 
planted  by  a  tcniint  for  lifo  or  years,  whose  estate  is 
determined  suiUlenly  after  the  land  is  sown  or  planted, 
and  before  Ijarvest.  In  this  case,  the  tenant's  execu- 
tors sliall  have  the  einlilenients.  KmbUments  compre- 
hend not  only  corn,  but  the  produce  of  any  annual 
plant.  lint  the  produce  of  grass  and  perennial 
plants  belongs  to  the  lord,  or  proprietor  of  the  land. 

Blnchstonc. 

EM'lU.E.M-IZE,  i:  U    To  represent  bv  an  eud)I.  m. 
EM'ULRM-I/.-Kr),  /)/).    Represented  by  an  emblem. 
E.M'ltl,EM-IZ-l.\G,  ppr.    Representin;;  by  an  emblem. 
E.M-BLOO.M',  r.  t.    To  cover  or  enrich  witli  bloom. 
E.M-HL()(>.M'KI),;i;).    Enriched  with  bloom.  [Oood. 
E.M-IU-OD.M'LN'G,  ppr.    Covering  with  bluom. 
E.M-|{()I)'I-KI), ora.    [.See  EMBooy.]    Collected  or 

formed  into  a  body. 
EM-H()I)'1ER,  u.  'lie  that  embodies. 
EM-l!OI)'l-.ME.\T,  II.    The  act  of  embodying;  the 

stale  of  being  enib(»died. 
EM-I!()D'Y,  >■.  t.    [oi,  in,  and  Wy.]    To  form  into  a 

body  ;  to  make  corporeal  ;  to  invest  with  matter  ;  as, 

to  embody  the  soul  or  spirit ;  a  form  embodied. 

Dn/den. 

2.  To  form  or  collect  into  a  body  or  united  mass  ; 
to  collect  into  a  whole  ;  to  incorpt)rate  ;  to  concen- 
trate ;  as,  to  ciitbodij  troops  ;  to  embody  detached  sen- 
timents. 

EM-ilOI)'Y,  r.  i.  To  unite  in  a  body,  mass,  or  collec- 
tion ;  to  coalesce,  Milton.  Locke. 

Eli  non'Y-ING,  ppr.  Collecting  or  forming  into  a 
bodv. 

EM-BoG'UIXG,  (em-bng'ing,)  ii.  The  mouth  of  a 
river  or  place  where  its  waters  are  discharged  into 
the  sea, 

E.M-lioLD  EJi,  V.  t.  [en  and  bold.]  To  give  boldness 
or  courage  to  ;  to  encourage.    1  Cor.  viii. 

E.M-lioLl)'f;.\-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Encouraged. 

E.M-BoLD'KN-ER,  n.    One  that  emboldens. 

EM-UoLl)'K,\-ING,  ppr.    Giving  courage  or  boldness. 

E.M'liO-LlS.M,  n.  [Gr.  cpHoKiapos,  (lom  cp/iakXw,  to 
throw  in,  to  insert  ] 

a1.  Intercalation;  the  insertion  of  days,  months,  or 
years,  in  an  account  of  time,  to  produce  regularity. 
The  Greeks  made  I'se  of  the  lunar  year  of  354 
days,  and  to  adjust  it  to  the  solar  year  of  3()5,  they 
added  a  lunar  month  every  second  or  third  year, 
which  additional  month  they  called  embolinueii^'. 
9.  Intercalated  time^  [Barlow. 

EM-1!0-LIS'.M.\L,  u.  Pertaining  to  intercalation;  in- 
tercalated ;  inserted. 

The  eiuboligintU  months  are  cither  nntural  or  civil.  Encyc. 

E.M-BO-EIS'.Mie,  a.    Intercalated;  inserted. 


Twelve  liinatiuns  fom* 
enAolismic  year. 

E3I'BO-LUS,  n.     [Gr.  £;./?j,\o{,  from  c^0aXX<.,,  to 
thrust  in.] 

Sonn  thmg  inserted  or  acting  in  ancther ;  that 
which  thrusts  or  drives,  as  a  piston. 

.^rbuthnot.  Ilcbert. 
EJM-BO.Y  POrJ\rT,[FT.]  (Ung-bong-pwa'.)  Elumpness 

of  liodv  or  person. 
E.M-BOli'UKU,  r.  L    [Old  Fr,  cmbordcr.] 

To  ailorn  with  a  border. 
EM-B0K'1)E11-^;D,  pp.    Adorned  with  a  border. 
E.M-BOK'l)ER-l.\G,  ppr.    Adorning  with  a  border 
E.M-BOSS',  r.  t,    [en,  jfi,  and  fr()^.%-.J    In  the  fine  arts, 
to  form  bosses  or  protule-nmces  ;  to  fashitm  in  relievo 
or  raised  w  ork  ,  to  cut  or  form  with  prominent  fig- 
ures. 

i!.  To  form  with  bosses;  to  cover  with  protuber- 
ances. Mdtnn. 

3.  To  drive  hard  in  hunting,  till  a  deer  foams,  or  a 
dog's  knees  swell.  Shak.  Ilanmcr. 

EM-BOSS',  i\  t.     [Fr.  embolttr,  for  emboister,  from 
boUr,  boitte,  a  box.] 

To  iuclo.se,  as  in  a  box  ;  to  include  ;  to  cover.  [JVot 
llsrd.]  Spenser. 
E.M-BOSS',  r.  (,    [It.  imboscare,  from  bnsco,  a  wood.] 
To  inclose  in  a  wood ;  to  conceal  in  a  thicket. 
[JV.K  used.]  .mitnn. 
EM-BOSS' ED,  (em-bost',)  pp.  or  a.  Formed  or  covered 

with  bosses  or  niised  ligures. 
E.M-BOSS'ING,  ppr.    Forming  with  figures  in  relievo. 
I  Baron. 
:  EM-BOSS'IN'G,  >i.    The  formation  of  ornamental  fig- 
ures ui  relief ;  the  figures  thus  formed.  HrherU 
EM-BOSS'.MENT,  n,    A  prominence,  like  a  boss;  a 
jut. 

2.  Relief;  figures  in  relievo;  raised  work. 

Addi.<ton. 

EM-BOT'TLE.i;,  t.    [m,  in,  and  io«/c]    To  put  in  a 
j      bottle  ;  to  bottle  ;  to  include  or  confine  in  a  bottle. 
I  EM-HOT'TLKD,  pp.    Put  in  or  included  in  bottles, 

E.M-BOT'TLI.XG,  ppr.    Putting  in  a  bottle.  [PhUips. 


ICV-BOU-CilLRK',   (iing-boo^ihur',)   n,     [Fr,]  A 
mouth  or  aperture,  as  of  a  river,  cannon,  &c. 
2.  'I'he  mouth-hole  of  a  wind  instrument  of  music. 

EM-BOW,  V.  t.  To  form  like  a  bow  ;  to  arch  ;  to 
vault.  S/ifn.ver. 

E.M-BOWEL,  1'.  (.  [en,  in,  and  bowel.]  To  take  out 
the  entrails  of  an  animal  body;  to  eviscerate.  Shak. 

2.  To  take  out  the  internal  parts. 

ros.^il8  and  minerals  tliat  die  embotneled  earth 
Di»pl.i)».  Philipt. 

3.  To  sink  or  inclose  in  another  substance. 

Spenser. 

EM-BOW'EL-KD,  pn.  or  a.  Deprived  of  intestines ; 
eviscerated  ;  buried. 

K.M-BOVV'EL-ER,  )i.  One  that  takes  out  the  bowels. 

E.M-BOWEL-IiNG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  entrails  ;  evis- 
cerating ;  burying. 

EM-BOVV'EL-MEiN'T,  71.  The  act  of  taking  out  the 
bowels  ;  evisceration.  Lamb. 

E.M-BOW'EK,  V.  i.  [from  bower.]  To  lodge  or  rest  in 
a  bower.  Spenser. 

E.M-BOW'ER,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  a  bower ;  to  shel- 
ter with  tn^es.  Thomson. 

EM-B0\V'ER-J;D,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  a  bower; 
sheltered. 

EM-BOVV'ER-L\G,  ppr.  Covering  with  a  bower  or 
trees. 

E.M-BOX'KD,  (em-boxt',)  a.    Inclosed,  as  in  a  box. 

E.M-HRaCE',  i\  t.  [I'r.  emiro-sscr,  from  en  and  bras, 
the  arm  ;  Sp.  abraiar,  from  brnzo,  the  arm  ;  It.  ab- 
bracciare,  imbraeciare,  from  braecio,  the  arm  ;  Ir.  urn- 
bracaim,  from  brae,  the  arm.    See  Brace.] 

1.  To  take,  clasp,  or  inclose  in  the  arms  ;  to  press 
to  the  bosom,  in  token  of  allection. 

P:iii]  called  to  him  the  disciples  and  einbnu:ed  them.  —  Acta  tx. 

2.  To  seize  eagerly  ;  to  lay  hold  on  ;  to  receive  or 
take  with  willingness  that  which  is  offered  ;  as,  to 
embrace  the  Christian  religion  ;  to  embrace  the  oppor- 
tunity of  doing  a  favor. 

3.  To  comprehend  ;  to  include  or  take  in ;  as, 
natural  philosophy  embraces  many  sciences. 

Johnson. 

4.  To  comprise ;  to  inclose  ;  to  encompass  ;  to 
contain ;  to  encircle, 

I.ow  at  his  feet  a  spacious  plain  is  placed, 

Cetweeii  the  mountain  and  the  stream  embraced.  Dcnhain. 

5.  To  receive  ;  to  admit. 

What  is  there  tliat  he  may  not  embrace  for  triiUi  i  Locke. 

6.  To  find  ;  to  take  ;  to  accept. 

^"leatice  — must  ctjibrace  the  fate 

01  Ihat  tlurk  huur.  Shai. 

7.  To  have  carnal  intercourse  with. 

8.  To  put  on.  Spetiser. 

9.  To  attempt  to  influence  a  jury  corruptly, 

Blackstone, 

EM-BR.^CE',  ».  i.    To  join  in  an  embrace.  Shak. 
E.M-BRaCE',  11,    Inclosure  or  clasp  with  the  arms  ; 
pressure  to  the  bttsom  with  the  arms. 

2.  Reception  of  (uie  thing  inti>  another. 

3.  Sexual  intercourse  ;  conjugal  eutlearment. 
EM-BR.\C'A'I),  (em-brast',)  pp.  Inclosed  in  the  arms  ; 

clasped  to  the  bt)Som ;  seized;  laid  holiL  on;  re- 
ceived ;  comprehended  ;  included  ;  contained  ;  ac- 
cepted. 

2.  Influenced  corruptly  ;  biased  ;  as  a  juror. 

Blackstone. 

E.M-BRaCE'.ME.NT,  n.  A  clasp  in  the  arms  ;  a  hug; 
eiubnice.  Sidney. 

2.  Hostile  hug;  grapple.    [Little  used.]  Sidney. 

3.  Comprehensitui  ;  state  of  being  contained  ;  in- 
clostire.    [  LtUie  used.]  Bacon. 

4.  Conjugal  endearment ;  sexual  commerce.  Shak, 

5.  Williii!;  acceptance.    [LiUle  used.] 
EM-BR.aCE'OR,  II.    One  who  attempts  to  influence  a 

jury  corruptly.  Howel. 

EM-BRaC'ER,  n.    The  person  who  embraces. 

E.M-BRaC'ER-V,  n.  In /au<,  an  attem|>t  to  infltience 
a  jury  corruptly  to  one  side,  by  promises,  persua- 
sions, entreaties,  immey,  cnterlamments,  or  the  like. 

Blackstone. 

EM-BRAC'IXG,  ppr.    Clasping  in  the  arms  ;  pressing 
to  the  bosom;  seizing  and  holding;  comprehend- 
ing ;  including  ;  receiving  ;  accepting  ;  having  con- 
jugal intercourse. 
2.  .Attempting  to  influence  a  jury  corniptly. 

BUicl:.^tone. 

EM-BRaID',  r.  t.    To  upbraid.    [A'ot  in  xuic]  EJyoU 
E.M-IiR.X'SI^RE,  (-zhur,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  embrasrr,  to 
widi  n.    Lumcr.    If  Lunier  is  right,  this  coincides 
with  the  Sp.  abrasar,  Port.  a6ra:ur,  to  burn,  Sp.  to 
squander  or  dissip.ite.] 

1.  .\n  opeiiinE  in  a  wall  or  parapet,  through  which 
cannon  are  |Hiinted  and  discharged. 

2.  In  archUeeture,  the  enlargement  of  the  aperture 
of  a  door  or  window,  on  the  inside  of  the  wall,  for 
giving  greater  play  Itir  the  opening  of  the  door  or 
caseineiit,  or  fur  ailmitting  more  light.  F.ncve.  (hcill. 

EM-BR.\VE',  r.  f.    (See  Urate.]    To  embellish  ;  to 
make  showy.    [Oi.t.l  Spenser. 
2.  To  inspire  with  bravery  ;  to  make  bold.  Beanm. 

EM-BRA  V'£l),  pp.  Made  showy  ;  inspired  with  bra- 
very. 


E.M'BUO-eATE.i).  t.  [(Jr.  iuliiic\o),  ffpcxto,  to  moist- 
en, to  rain  ;  It.  embraccare.] 

In  suri^ery  and  medicine,  to  moisten  and  rub  a  dis- 
eased part  of  the  boily  with  a  litpiid  sub^taiii  c,  as 
with  spirit,  oil,  &c.,  by  means  of  a  cloth  or  s|Hinge. 

Coie.  Kncye. 

EM'BRO-Ca-TED,  pp.    Moistened  and  rubbed  with  a 

wet  doth  or  sponge. 
E.M'B1[0-C.\-T1,\(!,  ppr.    Moistening  and  rubbing  a 

diseasetl  part  Willi  a  wt-t  cloth  or  sjniiige. 
E.M-BRO-Ca'TIO.\,  II.    'J'lie  act  of  moistening  and 
rubbing  a  diseased  part  with  a   cloth  or  sponge, 
dipped  in  some  liipiid  substance,  as  spirit,  oil,  &c. 
Core  Encyc. 
2.  The  liquid  or  lotion  with  which  an  affected  part 
is  rubbed  or  washed. 
EM-BROIU'ER,  r.  t.    [Fr.  broder  :  Sp.  and  Port,  bor- 
dar  ;  W.  brodiaw,  to  embroider,  to  make  compact,  to 
darn.    Uu.  border.] 

To  bonier  with  ornamental  needle-work,  or  fig- 
ures ;  to  atloru  with  raised  figures  of  needle-work  ; 
as  cloth,  .stufl's,  or  muslin. 

Thou  shall  embroitJer  the  coat  of  fine  linen.  —  Ex.  xxviii. 

EM-BROID'ER-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Adorned  with  figures 

of  needle-work.  . 
E.M-BKOID'ER-ER,  n.    One  who  embroiders. 
E.M-BK()II)'ER-I.\G,  ppr.    Ornamenting  with  figured 

needle-work. 

E.M-HROID'ER  Y,  n.  \Vork  in  gold,  silver,  silk,  or 
other  thread,  foniied  by  the  needle  on  cloth,  stufls, 
and  muslin,  into  various  figures  ;  variegated  needle- 
work. Pope.  F.neyc. 

2.  Variegation  or  diversity  of  figures  and  colors  ; 
as,  the  natiirtil  embroidery  of  meadows.  Spectator. 

3.  Artificial  ornaments;  as,  the  embroidery  of 
words.  llosack. 

EM-BROIL',  ».  (.  [Fr.  embrouiller,  brouiller ;  It.  im- 
broffliare,  broirliare :  Sp.  embrollar ;  Port,  embrulhar-i 
properly,  to  turn,  to  stir  or  agitate,  to  mix,  to  twist. 
See  Broil.] 

1.  To  perplex  or  entangle;  to  intermix  in  confu- 
sion. 

The  Christian  antiquities  at  Rome  —  are  embroUcd  \v)th  fable 
and  legi-nd.  A'lditon. 

2.  To  involve  in  troubles  or  perplexities;  to  dis- 
turb or  distract  by  connection  with  something  else  ; 
to  throw  into  confusion  or  commotion  ;  to  perplex. 

The  royal  house  embroiled  in  civil  war.  Dryden. 

EM-BROIL'iD,pp.  Perplexed  ;  entangled  ;  intermixed 

and  confused  ;  involveil  in  trouble. 
E.M-BROIL'ING,  ppr.    Peiidexing ;  entangling;  in- 

vidving  in  troiilile. 
E.M-BK()U,'.ME.\T,  n.    A  state  of  contention,  pcr- 

plexilv,  or  confusion  ;  disturbance. 
E.M-liKO.V/.E'.    See  Bronze, 

E.M-BROTU'EL,  r,  f,    [See  Brothel.]    To  inclose 

in  a  lirotliel.  Donne. 
E.M'BRV-O,  *  n.  [Gr,  eiilSp^mv  ;  L.  fiiiftri»)ii ;  from 
EM'BRY-ON,  i  Gr.  tx  and  /?..v(.i,  to  flioot,  bud,  ger- 
minate. The  Griek  word  is  contricted  probably 
from  li'ivh,!,  for  it  gives  /?/>i(ri5  ;  and  if  so,  it  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  Eng.  hrnod  and  brrrd.] 

1.  In  phiisndoirtj,  the  first  rudiments  of  an  anim.al 
in  the  womb,  before  the  several  members  are  dis- 
tinctly formed  ;  after  which  it  is  called  a  fetus. 

2.  The  rudiment-s  of  a  plant.  [Encye. 

3.  The  beginning  or  first  state  of  any  thing  not  fit 
for  production  ;  the  rudiments  of  any  thing  yet  im- 
perfectly formed. 

The  company  liule  suspected  what  a  noble  work  I  had  th'-n  in 
emttryo.  Sieifl. 

EM'BRY-O,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  or  noting  any  thing 
E.M'BRY-ON,  (     in  its  first  rudiments  or  unfinished 

stale  ;  as,  an  emhnion  bud.  Dancin, 
E.M-BR  V-OL'O-G  y;  n.    [Gr.  cp&pvov,  a  fetus,  and  .\o- 

)"«■] 

T  he  doctrine  of  the  development  of  the  fetus  of 
animals. 

EM'BRY-0.\-.\TE,  a.    In  the  slate  of  an  emhrj-o. 

E.M-BRY-0.\'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  embryo,  or  in 
the  state  of  one.  Cvleridge. 

E.M-BRY-OT'O-.MY,  n.  [embryo  and  Gr.  ropr,,  a  cut- 
ting, from  Trill"  <,  to  cut.] 

A  cutting  or  forcible  sep.aration  of  the  fetus  from 
the  womb.  Coze. 

E.M-BCS'Y,  (em-biz'z.e,)r.  f.  Toeinploy,  [JVot  used.] 

K.ME,  ».    An  uncle.    [See  Eam.] 

EM  END',  r.  (.  To  make  better  or  more  perfect;  to 
aiii'-nd.    [.Vot  used.] 

E-.ME.ND'.\-BEE,  o.    [h.  emendabilis,  from  emmdti,  to 
correct ;  e  and  menda,  a  spot  or  blemish.] 
Capable  of  being  amended  or  corrected  [See 

A.MENDAnLr..] 

E.\I-E.\-Da'TION,  n.    [L.  emmdatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  alterini:  for  the  better,  or  correcting 
what  is  erroneous  or  faulty  ;  correction  ;  applied  par- 
ticularly to  the  correction  of  errors  in  icritintrs.  When 
we  speak  of  life  and  manners,  we  use  Amend, 
AMEND.MEXT,  Uie  French  orthography. 

2.  .\n  alteration  for  the  biitter  ;  correction  of  an 
error  or  fault.  The  last  edition  of  the  book  contaiiu 
many  emendations. 


TONE.  BWLL,  IJNITF^  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


49  < 


389 


EME 

EM'EN-Da-TOR,  71.  A  corrector  of  errors  or  faults  in 
writings  ;  one  who  corrects  or  improves. 

E-JlENU'.\-TO-RY,  a.  Contributing  to  emendation 
or  correction.  Warton. 

E-MEN'D'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Corrected  ;  made  better  ;  im- 
proved. 

E-.ME^''I)I-e.^TE,  v.  t.    [L.  emcndico.]    To  beg. 

E-.MEN'r)[-eA-TED,  pp.  liessed. 

E-MEN'DI-eA-TING,  ppr.  Begging. 

E.M'E-R.-VLD,  71.  [Pp.  csmcraWa  ;  Port.  iV/. ;  \t.  smtral- 
do  ;  Fr.  emcraude :  Arm.  cmeraudenn  ^  G.  D.  and  Dan. 
smaratrd;  h.  smara^diLi ;  Gr.  n<iiiaj  6ui  and  Gptaoti}- 
ios;   Ch.  UIDt;   S\T.       V  l.ic1  imaragda ;  Ar. 

zomorodon.    It  is  probable  that  the  European 

words  are  from  the  Oriental,  though  much  altered. 
The  verb  Tnt  signifies  to  sing,  to  call,  to  amputate, 
&c.  ;  lint  the  niiTuiing  of  emerald  is  not  obviou?^.] 

1.  A  pr'TiKiis  stiine  of  a  green  color,  and  i<ientical, 
except  ill  niliir,  \vii]i  brrtjl.    [See  Beuyl.]  Dana. 

2.  .\  printing  type,  in  size  between  minion  and 
nonpareil. 

E-.MERGE',  (e-merj',)  ».  i.  [L.  emergo;  e,  ex,  and 
mcr'jo,  to  plunge.] 

1.  'J'o  rise  out  of  a  fluid  or  other  covering  or  sur- 
rounding substance  ;  as,  to  emerge  from  the  water  or 
from  the  ocean. 

Tlietis  —  eJMrging  from  the  deep.  Dryden. 

We  say,  a  planet  emerges  from  the  sun's  light ;  a 
star  emfrtsiiiir  fritin  rliaus.    [t  is  opposed  to  iminerge. 

2.  To  issii.i  ;  to  pritrefd  from.  J^ewtun. 

3.  To  rr,i|tp;'nr,  al'liT  bring  eclipsed  ;  to  leave  the 
sphere  nC  tin-  nh^i  iiiiiiL'  nliirrt.  The  sun  is  said  to 
emcrgr,  tlir  iiinoii  n  .i^rsto  obscure  its  light ; 
the  satellites  oi'  .lupili  r  enti  rgej  when  they  ajipear 
beyond  the  limb  of  the  planet. 

4.  To  rise  out  of  a  stnte  of  depression  or  obscuri- 
ty ;  to  rise  into  view  ;  as,  to  emerge  from  poverty  or 
(ilis(  iirir\'  ;  to  emerge  from  the  glnmii  of  (lespondency. 

E-,Mi;i!(:'i;\(  E,  )  n.    The  act  of  using  out  of  a  (liiid 
E-M  Ellij' 1^.\-CY,  ^     or  other  co\ering,  ur  surround- 
ing matter. 

2.  The  act  of  rising  or  starting  into  view  ;  the  act 
of  issuing  from  or  quitting. 

The  while  color  of  all  n^lracteti  li*!it,  at  its  first  emergence  —  is 
coiripomuled  of  various  colols.  Newton. 

5.  That  whicli  comes  suddenly  ;  a  sudden  occa- 
sion ;  an  unexpected  event. 

Most  of  our^ntrili'-s  lu^ve  been  found  out  by  casu.il  emergency. 

Glanoille. 

4.  Exigence  ;  any  event  or  occasional  combination 
of  circumstances  which  calls  for  immediate  action 
or  remedy  ;  pressing  necessity. 

lu  Cilse  of  emergcney,  [or  in  an  emer^cnty,]  he  would  employ 
Hie  wliole  wealth  tif  liU  empire.  AdiJiaun. 

E-MERG'EN'T,  a.  Rising  out  of  a  fluid,  or  any  thing 
that  covers  or  siirrouiuls. 

The  niounfidus  iiugi^  appear  emergent.  AliUon. 
9.  Issuing  or  proceeding  from.  StnilJi.. 

3.  Rising  ou»of  a  depressed  state,  or  from  obscu- 
rity. 

4.  Coming  suddenly ;  sudden ;  casual  ;  unex- 
pected ;  hence,  calling  fur  immediate  action  or 
remedy;  urgent;  pressing;  as,  an  emergent  occa- 
sion. Clarendon. 

E-.MEItCj'ENT-LY,  aile.    By  emerging. 
E-MER'IT-ED,  a.    [L.  emerit,i.~:\ 

Allowed  to  have  done  sutiicient  public  service. 

F.reliin. 

E-MF.R'r-TUS,n.:  pi.  Fmuhiti.    [L.]   One  who  has 

been  lionorabiy  discharged  from  public  service. 
E.M'E-KODS,  71.,  with  a  plural  termination.  [Cor- 
ru])ted   from  hemorrhoids.      Gr.  aiir)jft'jii)f.^,  from 
oi(j'</j(jo€o),  to  labor  under  a  flowing  of  blood  ;  ai'/ia, 
blood,  and  //£m,  to  flow.] 

Hemorrhoids ;  livid,  painful,  and  bleeding  tuber- 
cles about  the  anus. 

The  I/ord  will  sinil/Mhee  —  with  the  enuroria.  —  Deut.  xxviii. 
E-MER'.<!Oi'V,  77.    [from  E.  ««/Tfro.    See  EMunnE.] 

I.  The  an  of  rising  out  of  a  fluid,  or  other  covermg 
or  siirroiindirig  substance  ;  opposed  to  immersion. 

9.  In  aslronomii,  the  reilppearanr.e  of  a  heavenly 
body  after  an  eclipse;  as,  the  emersion  of  the  moon 
from  the  shadow  of  the  earth  ;  also,  the  timi;  of  ri^ilp- 
pcarailce.  Barlotn. 

.3.  The  reilppearanre  of  a  star  which  has  been  hid 
by  the  elTuIgence  of  the  sun's  light.  Barlow. 

4.  Extrication.  BlaeJi. 
E.M'ER-Y,  71.  ( Kr.  emeril ;  emeri ;  Sp.  esmeril ;  D.  ameril ; 
G.  schmergei  ;  Cr.  and  I.,  smiri^.] 

A  massive  variety  of  corundum  ;  its  structure  finely 
granular  ;  its  color  varying  from  a  dei  p  gray  to  a 
hliii'h  or  blarkinh  gray,  Hornrtiini-s  browni-h.  This 
is  almost  indispensable  in  polishing  nii  t.ils  and  bard 
irtones.  The  lapidarinn  cut  ordinary  gems  on  their 
wlie**ls,  by  nprinkling  thr^m  wilh  the  tiioistrned  pow- 
der of  emery  ;  but  it  will  not  cut  the  diamond. 

/fill.  CIrnrelnml. 
EM'K-SIH,  n.    [Gr.  infra.]    A  vomiting ;  discliargcH 
from  the  stomach  by  the  mouth. 


EMI 

E-MET'ie,  a.  [It.  and  Sp.  emetico  ;  Fr.  cmetique ;  from 
Gr.  f/irw,  to  vtmiit.] 

Inducing  to  vomit ;  exciting  the  stomach  to  dis- 
charge its  contents  by  the  eso|ihagus  and  mouth. 

E-WET't€,  7i.    A  medicine  that  provokes  vomiting. 

E-IIE  T'IC-AL-LY,  ado.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  e.x- 
cite  vomiting.  Boijle. 

EM'E-TIN,  n.  [See  Emetic.]  A  white  or  yellowish 
powder,  supposed  to  be  an  alkaloid,  which  is  ob- 

_  tained  f^rom  various  emetic  roots. 

k'MEU,  j  71.    A  very  large  bird  of  New  Holland,  often 

lO'MEVV,  i  called  the  New  Holland  Cassowary,  Inim 
its  resemblance  to  the  cassowary,  but  dilfering  from 
the  hitter  in  not  IriviiiL^  the  helmet.  It  differs  from 
the  ostrirli  in  liavmi.'  in  feet  three-toed.  Its  feathers 
are  of  a  dull,  simly  bnnvn  color,  and  its  wings,  total- 
ly useless  for  flight,  serve  to  balance  the  body  in  run- 
ning. Partington. 

E-JilFMTE',  (a-mut',)  [Fr.]  A  seditious  commotion  or 
mob. 

E.M-I-Ca'TION,  7!.    [L.  emicatio,  emico,  from  e  and 

7/i/fo,  to  sparkle,  tluit  is,  to  dart.] 

A  spnrkliiig  ;  a  flying  off  in  small  particles,  as  from 

heated  irnii  or  fermenting  litpiors. 
E-.^l  IC'TK  )N,  7i.    [L.  mingo,  mictnm.] 

The  discharging  of  urine;  urine;  what  is  voided 

by  the  urinary  passages.  Harvey. 
EM'I-GRA."JT,  a.    [See  Emigrate.]    Removing,  or 

having  removed,  from  one  place  or  country  to  another 

distant  plare,  with  a  view  to  reside. 
EM'l  GU A.N'T,  71.    One  who  removes  his  habitation, 

or  quits  one  country  or  region  to  settle  in  another. 
EiM'I-GRATE,  v.  i.    [L.  emigro  ;  e  and  viigro,  to  mi- 
grate.] 

To  quit  one  country,  state,  or  region,  and  settle  in 
another  ;  to  remove  from  one  country  or  state  to  an- 
other, for  the  purpose  of  residence.  Germans,  Swiss, 
Irish,  and  ."^eoteh,  emigrate  in  great  numbers  to 
Ameiiea.  Inlialiitants  of  New  England  emigrate  to 
the  Western  .'^iates. 

E.M'l-OR.x-TF.l),  ;)/).  Removal  from  one  country  to 
anotlu-r,  with  a  view  to  a  settlement. 

E.M'1-(;R.a-TI.\G,  ;i/<r.  Removing  from  one  country 
or  state  to  another  for  residence. 

E.M-I-GRA'TIO.\,  H.  Removal  of  inhabitants  from 
one  country  or  state  to  another,  for  the  purpose  of 
residence,  as  from  Europe  to  America,  or  in  America, 
from  the  Atlantic  States  to  the  Western. 

The  removal  of  persons  from  house  to  house  in  the 
same  town,  state,  or  kingdom,  is  not  called  emigra- 
tion, but  simply  remoeal. 

E.M'l-NGiNCE,  j  7!.    [L.  f77i!nP7i(in,  from  emincna,  emi- 

E.M'I-NE.\-CY,  \  7ifo,  to  stand  or  show  itself  above  ; 
c  and  minor,  to  threaten,  that  is,  to  stand  or  push  for- 
ward.   See  Class  Mn,  No.  9,  II.] 

1.  Elevation  ;  hight,  in  a  literal  sense ;  but  usually, 
a  rising  ground  ;  a  hill  of  moderate  elevation  above 
the  adjacent  ground. 

'i'lie  temple  of  lionor  ouglit  to  lie  seated  on  an  eminence.  Burke. 

2.  Summit ;  highest  part.  Ray. 

3.  A  part  rising  or  projecting  beyond  the  rest,  or 
above  the  surface.  We  speak  of  eminences  on  any' 
|)lain  or  smooth  surface. 

4.  An  elevated  situation  among  men ;  a  place  or 
station  above  men  in  general,  eitlier  in  rank,  office, 
or  celebrity.  Merit  may  place  a  intm  on  an  eminence, 
and  make  him  conspicuous.  Eminence  is  always  ex- 
posed to  envy. 

,').  Exaltation  ;  high  rank  ;  distinction  ;  celebrity  ; 
fame  ;  preferment ;  conspicuousness.  Office,  rank, 
and  great  talents,  give  eminence  to  men  in  society. 

Where  men  can  not  arrive  at  eminence,  rvWg'nm  miiy  make 
compeiiBalioii,  by  leaching  cuiilenl.  TillotBon. 

6.  Supreme  degree.  Milton. 

7.  Notice  ;  ilistinction.  Shnk. 

8.  A  title  of  honor  given  to  rardinals  and  others. 
EM'I-\K.\T,  a.    [li.  rmiufos,  from  emineo.] 

1.  Iligli  ;  lofty  ;  as,  an  rmi'nent  place.    Kirh.  xvi. 

2.  F.xalted  in  rank  ;  his;!!  in  oltice  ;  dignified  ;  dis- 
tinguished. Princes  hold  eminent  stations  in  society, 
as  do  ministers,  judges,  and  legislators. 

3.  High  in  [iiililicestiniation  ;  conspicuous;  distin- 
guished above  others;  remarkable;  as,  an  eminent 

Iiistoriaii  or  ]  t  ;  an  CTniiiCHf.  scholar.    Burke  was  an 

eminent  oralor ;  Watts  and  Covvper  were  eminent  fur 
their  pietv. 

E.M'I-.NIO.NT  HOMaIN'.  The  vigM  of  eminent  domain, 
is  a  right  which  a  government  possesses  of  taking 
the  pniperty  of  its  subjects  for  necessary  public  uses, 
at  a  fair  \'aliiaIion.  Bouvier. 

EiVI'l-NEiN  T-LV, «(/(!.  In  a  high  degree  ;  in  a  degree 
to  attract  observatiim  ;  in  a  degree  to  be  conspicuous 
and  distinguished  from  others;  iis,  to  be  cminenthj 
learned  or  useful. 

S  i 

I";' MIR,      /  , 

E  .MEEIl',  i  "•    [Ar.^A_«)  rinerr,  a  commander,  from 

j.^^  emarn,  to  comuianil,  Ileb.  ION,  to  sjieak,  ("h. 

Syr.  Sam.  id.] 

A  title  of  dignity  among  the  Turks  and  Mohamme- 
dans, denoting  a  prince  ;  a  title  at  first  given  to  the 


EMO 

caliphs,  but  when  they  assumed  the  title  of  sulian, 
that  of  emir  remained  to  their  children.  At  length 
it  was  attributed  to  all  who  were  judged  to  descend 
from  iMohammed,  by  his  daughter  Fatimah.  Encijc. 
E.M'IS-SA-RY,  71.  [L.  erai,sv.arii«,  from  emeito;  c  and 
7Hift(i,  to  send;  Fr.  emissaire;  Sp.  emisario ;  It.  emis- 
sario,] 

1.  A  person  sent  on  a  mission  ;  a  missionary  ein- 
ploj  ed  to  pri^ach  and  jiropagate  the  gosjiel. 

If  one  of  ihe  four  Liospels  be  genuine,  we  have  in  llial  one,  strung 
reason  to  believe  llial  we  possess  tin:  accounts  which  Oie 
original  emissaries  of  the  religion  delivep'd. 

Paley,  Enid.  ChrUt. 

[TV/i.-f  sense  is  now  vnusual.] 

2.  A  person  sent  on  a  private  message  or  business ; 
a  secret  agent,  employed  to  sound  or  ascertain  the 
opinions  of  oth<Ts,  and  to  spread  reports  or  propagate 
opinions  favorable  to  his  employer,  or  designeil  to  de- 
feat the  measures  or  schemes  of  his  opposers  or  foes ; 
a  spy  ;  but  an  emissarij  may  difti'r  from  a  spy.  A  .■'py 
in  war  is  one  who  enters  an  eneiiix  's  camp  or  territo- 
ries to  learn  the  condition  of  the  enemy  ;  an  emissary 
may  be  a  secret  agent  employed  not  only  to  detect 
the  schemes  of  an  opposing  party,  but  to  influence 
their  councils.  A  spy  in  war  must  be  concealed,  or 
he  suffers  death  ;  an  emissary  may  in  some  cases  be 
known  as  the  agent  of  an  adversary,  witlumt  incur- 
ring similar  hazard.  Bacon.  Sirift. 

3.  That  which  sends  out  or  emits.    [Mit  used'.] 

Arbntlinot. 

Emissarif  vessels ;  in  anatomy,  the  same  as  excretory. 
EM'IS-SA-RY,  o.    Exploring  ;  spying.     B.  Jonson. 
E-MIS'SION,  (e-mish'un,)  n.    [L.  emis.no,  from  emilto, 
to  send  out.] 

1.  The  act  of  sending  or  throwing  out ;  as,  the 
emissioyi  of  light  from  the  sun  or  other  luminous 
body  ;  the  emission  of  odors  from  plants  ;  the  emis- 
sion of  heat  from  a  fire. 

2.  The  act  of  sentling  abroad,  or  into  circulation, 
notes  of  a  State  or  of  a  jirivate  corporation  ;  as,  the 
emissioti  of  State  notes,  or  bills  of  credit,  or  treasury 
notes. 

3.  That  which  is  sent  out  or  issued  at  one  time  ; 
an  impression,  or  a  number  of  notes  issued  by  one 
act  of  government.  We  say,  notes  or  bills  of  various 
emissions  were  in  circulation. 

E.M-IS-Sl"TIOUS,  (eni-is-sish'us,)  a.    [L.  emi^ssitius.] 
Looking,  or  narrowly  examining  ;  prying. 

Bp.  Hall. 

E-MIT',  V.  L    [E.  emilto  ;  e  and  77iif^o,  to  send.] 

1.  To  send  forth  ;  to  throw  or  give  out ;  as,  fire 
entity  heat  and  smoke  ;  boiling  water  emits  steam  ;  the 
sun  and  moon  emit  light  ;  animal  bodies  emit  per- 
spirable matter;  putrescent  substances  r7ni(  ofl'ensive 
or  noxious  exhalations. 

2.  To  let  fly;  to  di.scharge  ;  to  dart  or  shoot ;  as,  to 
crai(  an  arrow.    [Unu.sual.]  Prior. 

3.  To  issue  forth,  as  an  order  or  decree.  [Unusnal.] 

Jlyliffe. 

4.  To  issue,  as  notes  or  hills  of  credit ;  to  print, 
and  send  into  circulation.  Tiie  United  States  have 
emitted  treasury  notes. 

No  Sule  stiall  emit  bills  of  credit.         Const.  United  ^7«tes. 
E-MIT'TED,  pp.    Sent  forth. 
E-MIT'TING,  p/ir.    Sendinaout;  giving  out. 
E.M-MEN'A-GOGUE,  ti.    [Gr.  t;i/.7)iM,t,  menstiuous, 
or  te,  in,  and  /trin,  month,  and  nj  i.i,  to  lead.] 

A  medicine  that  promotes  the  menstrual  discharge. 
EM'MET,  71.    [Sax.  <cmet,  ajnictte;  G.  amcisse.] 

An  ant  or  pismire. 
EM-iMEW',  V.  t.    [.See  Mew.]    To  mew  ;  to  coop  up  ; 

to  confine  in  a  coop  or  cage.  Shah. 
E.M-.M(5VE',  0.  e.    To  move;  to  rouse;  to  excite. 

[JVet  used.]  Spenser. 
EM-ilOVEU,  pp.    Moved  ;  excited. 
E.M-MOV'ING,  ,>/)r.    Moving;  exciting. 
EM-OIi-EES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  emollcsccns,  softening. 
See  Emolliate.] 

In  meUiltnrgy,  that  degree  of  softness  in  a  fusible 
body  which  alters  its  shape  ;  the  first  or  lowest  de- 
gree of  fusibility.  Kirienn. 
E-MOE'I/I-aTE,  I!.  U  [L.  emollio,  mollio,  to  solfen  ; 
tnulli.-,-,  soft  ;  Eng.  melloT,  mild:  Russ.  miluyu,  to  pity  ; 
umiliai/us,  to  repent.  See  Mellow.] 
'J'o  solti'ii ;  to  render  efleininate. 

EmvUititftl  l)v  four  ci'iituries  of  Roman  domination,  th/-  Keltic 
colmiies  had  lorgoHen  tlieir  pristine  valor.  I'inkerton,  Cirvg. 

[This  is  n  new  word,  though  well  formed  and  ap- 
plied ;  but  wh;it  connection  is  there  betweep  soften- 
ing and  forgetting  ?  Lost  is  here  the  proper  Word  for 
forgotten.] 

E-AIOI,'Ll-A-TED,  Softened  ;  rendered  elfemi- 
nate. 

E-.MOIi'LI-A-TING,  ppr.  Softening  ;  rendering  eflem- 
inat(^ 

E-M()I.'I,I-ENT,  a.  Softening  making  supple  ;  acting 
as  an  emollient,  whii  li  see. 

Uailey  is  emoUiriit,  Arliutlinot. 

E-MOL'Iil-ENT,  71.  A  warm,  external  application,  of 
an  oleaginous^  amylaceous,  or  mucilaginous  nature, 
which  allays  nritatioii,  ami  alleviales  iiiflamiiiatory 
soreni'ss,  su-elling,  and  pain,  anil,  in  the  latfer  case, 
ctmtributeH  either  to  a  resolution  or  to  suppuration. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — Mi5TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK. 


890 


EMP 

according  to  the  stage  at  which  the  application  is 

made.  Tulh/. 
EM-0-LI"TIOV,  (em-o-lish'un,)  n.   The  act  of  soft- 

enins  or  relaviiij;.  Bacon. 
E-MOIj'lJ-MKNT,  71.    [Tj.  emolumentum^  from  cnioloi 

mola,  to  grind.    Oriirinallij,  toll  taken  for  grinding. 

See  Mill.] 

1.  The  profit  arising  from  office  or  employment  j 
tli:it  wliicli  is  received  as  a  compt;nsation  for  services, 
urwhicli  is  annexed  to  the  possession  of  oHicc,  as 
salary,  fees,  and  perquisites. 

2.  Profit;  advantage;  gain  in  general ;  that  which 
promotes  the  public  or  private  good. 

K-M()I,-IJ-ME.\T'AL,  a.  Producing  profit ;  nseful  ; 
pn  ru:iliie ;  advantageons.  '  Erclijn. 

y.-MCtSt'i^'l",  for  Among,  in  Spenser,  is  a  mistake. 

E-Mci'TK  )N,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  cmotio  ;  emovco,  to  move 
from  :  It.  emozione.] 

I.  Literallii,  a  moving  of  the  mind  or  sonl  ;  hence, 
any  agitation  of  mind  or  excitement  of  scnsihility. 

!2.  In  a  jthiltigopktcal  sen.^e^  an  internal  motion  or 
agitation  of  the  mind,  which  passes  away  without 
desire  ;  when  desire  follows,  the  motion  or  agitation 
is  called  a  passion.  Karnes's  El.  of  Criticism. 

3.  Pa-tsion  is  the  sensible  ejicl,  the  feciini;  to  which 
the  mind  is  snbjected,  when  an  object  of  imporumce 
suddenly  and  imperiously  demands  its  attention. 
The  state  of  absolute  passiveness,  in  consequence 
of  any  sudden  percussion  of  mind,  is  of  short  dura- 
tion. The  strong  impressitm,  or  vivid  sensation, 
inmu'diately  produces  a  reaclicm  correspondent  to  its 
nature,  either  to  appropriate  and  enjoy,  or  avoid  and 
repel,  the  exciting  cause.  This  re.action  is  Very 
properly  distinguished  by  the  term  emotion. 

Kinotwiu^  therefore,  according  to  the  genuine  sig- 
nification of  the  word,  are  principally  and  primarily 
applicable  to  the  sensible  cha)igts  and  visible  erterts 
which  particular  passions  produce  on  the  frame,  in 
conse(|iience  of  this  reaction,  or  |>articular  agitation 
of  mind.  Co^an  on  the  Passions. 

E-.Mo' rii).\-.\L,  a.    Pertainiog  to  emotion. 

E-.Mo'TIVE,  a.  Attended  or  characterized  by  emo- 
tion. Mickintos/i. 

EM-P.UR'j  r.  e.    To  impair.    [Ohs.]    [See  Impair.] 

E.M-PaLE',  B.  e.  [Pun.  cmpalar  :  iil. :  It.  impalare  : 
Ft.  empairr:  en,  in,  and  L.  palas,  ll.  and  Sp.  palo,  a 
stake,  a  pale.] 

1.  To  fence  or  fortify  with  stakes ;  to  set  a  line  of 
stakes  or  posts  for  defease. 

Alt  til  It  dwell  ne.AT  ciieiiii'*a  tf/7i;)af<  vilU^s,  to  save  themwivca 
rruiii  nuriirisc.  Kalegk. 

[We  now  use  stockade  in  a  like  sense.] 

2.  To  inclose  ;  to  surround. 
Roiiiiil  alioiu  her  work  she  ilul  emjnje, 

With  a  f.iir  UtrUer  wrviiijht  oisumlr^r  Howen.  Sptnter. 

3.  To  inclose  ;  to  sinjt  in. 

Iiupt-iietrible,  empaled  with  circlin*  fire.  ^riUon. 

4.  To  thrust  a  stake  up  the  fund.ament,  and  thus 
put  to  death  ;  to  put  to  death  by  fixing  on  a  stake  ;  a 
punishment  formerly  practiced  in  Kouie,  and  still 
used  in  Turkey.  .iddison.  Ennie. 

E.M-P.\L'ED,p/).  or  a.  Fenced  orfortilied  with  stakes  ; 
inclosed  ;  shut  in  ;  fixed  on  a  stake. 

EM-PaI.E'.ME\T,  n.  A  fencing,  fortifying,  or  inclos- 
ing with  stakes;  a  putting  to  death  by  thrusting  a 
stake  into  the  body. 

2.  In  Axraiii/,  the  calyx  of  a  plant,  which  surrounds 
the  other  parts  of  fructification. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  conjunction  of  coats  of  arms,  pale- 
wise.  Warton. 

EM-Pi\l.'ING,  ppr.  Fortifying  with  p.ales  or  slakes; 
inclosing  ;  putting  to  death  on  a  stake. 

EM-P.\.N'.\EL,,  M.  [¥t.  panneaa  ;  Eng.  pane,  a  square. 
See  Pane  ancl  Pan.neu) 

A  list  of  junirs ;  a  small  piece  of  paper  or  parch- 
ment containing  the  names  of  the  jurors  summoned 
by  the  sheriir.     It  is  now  written  Panel,  which 

E.M-PA.\'.\EL,  r.  t.    See  Iupannei.  [see. 

E.M-P.\KK',  r.  t.  [ill  and  pari.]  To  inclo»o  as  with 
a  fence.  Kinir. 

E.M-PXR'LANCE,  n.    See  Imparlance. 

EM-P.VS.M',  (em-iKi/.ni',)  n.  [Gr.  cti-aano,  to  sprinkle.] 
A  jHiwder  used  to  prevent  the  bad  scent  of  the 
body.  Johnson. 

E.M-PAS'SlOX,  (-pash'un,)  r.  i.  To  move  with  pas- 
sion; to  alfecl  strongly.    [See  Impassion.]  MiUon. 

E.\1-PAS'.<I(3.\.ATE,  a'.   Stnmgly  aJfected.  Spa 

EM-Pf:  veil'.    See  Impeach. 

E.M-PF;l)'PLE,  (em-i)£'pl,)  v.  L  To  form  into  a  people 
iir  community.    [Ltttle  used.]  Spenser. 

KM'PEK-ESS.    See  Empress. 

EM-PER'ISH-fTD,  (-per'isht,)  a.    [See  Perish.]  De- 
I      cnyeil.    [^Vu(  i/i  itsc]  SpeAscr. 
(|  EM'Pr.R-OR,  n,    [Pr.  empereur;  Sp.  emperaJur:  It. 
II      iniprrailore ;  U  impfra/or,  from  impero,  lo  Command, 
J I      W.  peri,  to  command,  to  cause.] 
1]         /.iternlhj,  the  Commander  of  an  army.    In  modem 
1 1      (iiBM,  the  sovereign  or  supreme  monarch  of  an  em- 
j      pire  ;  a  title  of  dignity  superior  to  that  of  king  ;  as, 
the  emperor  of  Germany  or  of  Russia. 
EMTKR-Y,  II.    Empire.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
E.M'PIIA-SIS,  n.    [Gr.  t^iJ.itk:  rp  and  0a(7it.] 

1 .  I  n  rheiorie,  a  particular  stress  of  utterance,  or  force 


Spenser. 


EMP 

of  voice,  given  to  the  words  or  parts  of  a  discourse, 
whose  sigiiificatitm  the  speaker  intends  to  impress 
specially  upon  his  audience  ;  or  a  ilistiiietive  utter- 
ance of  wortis,  specially  significant,  with  a  degree 
and  kind  of  stress  suiteil  to  convey  their  meaning  in 
the  best  manner.  Encijc.    E.  Porter. 

The  province  of  ernphnsit  i»  to  much  nion'  iinpurtiinl  th^ii 
ncO'iit,  that  tlie  cu»ti>in;iry  i"at  of  the  hitler  is  ch.iiijfetl, 
when  the  citiiiils  of  tmphasit  n-tjuitx-  it.  £.  Porter, 

2.  In  a  wider  sen.ie,n  peculiar  impressivcness  of  ex- 
pressitm  or  weight  of  thought ;  ils,  to  dwell  on  a  sub- 
ject with  great  empha.'iis. 

E.M'PIIA-SI/E,  V.  t.  To  utter  or  pronounce  with  a 
particular  or  more  forcible  stress  of  voice  ;  .as,  to  fm- 
phaiize  a  word,  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  the 
sense  more  distinct  or  impressive  than  other  words 
in  the  sentence. 

E.M'PII  A-SIZ-f.n,  pp.  or  a.    Uttered  with  force. 

EM'PII  \-Sr/.-l.\G,  ppr.    Uttering  with  emphasis. 

EM-Pll.VT'IC,        la.    Forcible  ;  strong  ;  impressive  ; 

E.M-PIIAT'1C-.\L,  i  as,  an  emphatic  voice,  tone,  or 
pronunciation  ;  emphntical  rea.soning. 

2.  Reipiiring  t*nipliasis  ;  as,  an  eoiphatical  word. 

3.  I'llereil  with  emphasis.  We  remonstrated  in 
emphatical  terms. 

A.  Striking  to  the  eye  ;  vis,  emphatic  cidors.  Bmile. 
E.M-PIIAT'ie-AI,-I,Y,  nJr.    With  emphasis;  strong- 
ly ;  forcibly  ;  in  a  striking  manner. 
2.  .According  to  appi'arancc.    [A'ot  lued."]  Brown, 
E.M-PIIV-sn'JlA,  «.    [Gr.  c/i^vui/p  i,  from  cpilivaaoj, 
to  iiifiate.] 

In  medicine,  elastic  and  sonorous  distention  of  the 
body  or  its  members,  frimi  air  accumulated  in  natunil 
cavities.  Good. 
E.M  PIIY-SEM'.VTOUS,  a  Pertaining  to  eiii|)liy- 
seiiia  ;  swtdled,  bloated,  but  yielding  easily  to  pres- 
sure. 

E.M-PllY-TEO'Tie,  o.    [Gr.  cp,  cv,  and  ijtvTcvais,  a 

planting,  ^nr.'vi.i,  to  plant.] 
Taken  on  hire  :  that  for  which  rent  is  to  be  paid  ; 

as,  empfnjtratic  lands  ;  derivetl  from  cmpht/teu.-tis,  a 

kind  of  renting  of  ground  under  the  civil  law,  resem- 

blilli;  irroond  rent.  ,     Bouvier.  Blackstone. 

EM-PI  r.IlCE',  e.  t.    [em,  in,  and  picrcf.J    To  pierce 

intt» ;  tti  penetrate.    [JSTot  used.]  Spenser. 
E.M-I'IGIIT',   (eiii-pite',)  a.     [from  pight,  to  fix.] 

Fixed;  f;istened  ;  placed.    [OL-.J  Spenser. 
EM'PIIIE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  imperium  ;  Sp.  and  It.  im- 

perio.    See  Emperor.] 

1.  Supreme  power  in  governing;  supreme  doniin- 
itm  ;  sovereignty  ;  imperial  power.  No  nation  can 
rightfully  claim  the  empire  of  the  ocean. 

2.  The  territory,  region,  or  countries,  under  the  jn- 
risdictitm  anil  dniniiiion  of  an  emperor.  An  empire 
is  usually  a  territory  of  greater  extent  than  a  king- 
dom, which  may  be,  and  often  is,  a  territory  of  small 
extent.  'I'lius  we  say, the  Russian  empire:  the  .Aus- 
trian empire  ;  the  sovereigns  tif  which  are  dentunin.a- 
tetl  emperors.  The  British  tlominioiis  are  calleil  an 
empire;  and,  since  the  iiuitin  of  Ireland,  the  [Kirlia- 
ment  is  denominated  the  imperial  parliament,  but  the 
sovereign  is  called  king.  Ily  custom,  in  Europe,  the 
empire  means  the  German  empire;  and  in  juridical 
acts  it  is  calleil  the  hidtj  Rmnan  empire.  Hence  we 
say,  the  dirt  of  the  empire;  the  circles  of  the  empire  ; 
&c.  But  the  German  empire  no  longer  exists ;  the 
slates  of  (termany  now  form  a  conlederacy. 

3.  Supreme  cimtrol ;  governing  induence;  rule; 
sway  ;  as,  the  empire  of  re.xsttn,  or  of  truth. 

4.  Any  region,  land  orwatcr,  over  which  dominion 
is  extended  ;  as,  the  empire  of  tile  sea.  Shak. 

EM'PIR-ie  or  EM  PIK  ie,  a.  [Gr.  cprreipiKOf ;  ev 
and  TTfi/irt'.',  to  attempt ;  L.  empiricns  ;  Fr.  einpiriqite ; 
Sp.  and  It.  empirieo.    See  Peril  and  Pikate.] 

/jterallij,  one  who  makes  experiments.  Ilcnce  its 
appropriate  signification  is,  a  physician  who  enters 
on  practice  without  a  regiihtr  professional  education, 
and  relies  on  the  success  of  his  own  experience 
Hence  the  word  is  used  also  for  a  quack,  an  ittnorant 
pretender  to  medical  skill,  a  charlatan.  Encijc. 

EM-PlR'ie,       (a.    Pertaining  to  experiments  or  ex- 

EM-PIR'ie-AL,  I  perience. 

2.  Versed  in  experiments ;  as,  an  empiric  alchy- 
mist. 

3.  Known  only  by  experience  ;  derived  from  ex- 
periment ;  used  and  applied  without  science  ;  as,  em- 
piric skill  ;  empiric  remedies.  Drydea. 

I  h.ive  (ivoijnl  ih^t  emjiiriait  morality  Ihal  ctire*  otie  vice  by 
lne;\r»  of  another.  Rambler . 

E.M-PIR'IC-AI^LY,  adv.  By  experiment ;  according 
to  exjierience  ;  without  science  ;  in  the  manner  of 
quarks.  Brown. 
EM-PIR'I-CISM,  n.  Dependence  of  a  physician  on 
his  experience  in  practice,  without  the  aid  of  a  regu- 
lar medical  ediicalitm. 

2.  'I'he  practice  of  medicine  without  a  medical  ed- 
ucation. Hence,  quackery  ;  the  pretensions  of  an 
ignorant  man  to  medical  skill. 

ShuiMer  to  Jettroy  life,  either  by  the  iiivked  kniic,  or  by  the 
■unrr  tuHl  lafcr  medium  of  mpiricitm.  DwighU 

EM-PI.JCE'ME.\T,  n.    [Fr.]    Place  ;  ground. 
EM-PLXS'TER.  n.    [Gr.  ip-:\aarooi;  a  plaster.  See 
Plaster,  which  is  now  used.] 


EMP 

E.M-PLXS'TER,  v.  U    To  cover  with  a  pla.«ler. 

Mortimer, 

EM-PLXS'TER-KD,  pp.    Covered  with  plaster. 
EM-PLXS'TER-IM;,  ppr.    Covering  with  plaster. 
E.M-PLAS'IMC,  a.    [Gr.  t,.irAa<rrii(»t.    See  Plaster, 
Plastic] 

Viscous  ;  glutinous  ;  adhesive  ;  fit  to  be  applied  as 
a  plaster;  as,  emptiistic  applications.  Arbuthnot. 
E.M-PLF;.M)',  p.  (.    [cm  and  plead.]   To  charge  with  a 
crime;  to  accuse.     But  it  is  now  written  Implead, 
whirh  see. 

EM-PI.F.C'TION,  71.    [Gr.  tpTAwoe.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a  method  of  constructing  i 

walls  with  wrought  stones  in  front,  and  with  rough 

stones  in  the  interior.  Elmes.  Br,andr. 

E.M-Pl.OY',  r.  fc    [Ft.  employer ;  Arm  inipliirra  or  on-  ' 

pligein  ;  Sp.  empliar  ;  Port,  emprrirnr;  \i.  impietrare  ; 

em,  or  en,  and  player,  plier  ;  W.  juii'ru  ;  L.  ptico  ;  Gr. 

rtXcKin  ;  I),  pleei^en.    See  Applt,  i>i»pLAr,  Deplot.] 

1.  To  occupy  the  lime,  attention,  and  labor  of;  to 
keep  busy,  or  at  work  ;  to  use.  VVc  emphry  our  -liands 
in  labor ;  we  employ  our  heads  or  faciiltitis  in  study 
or  thought ;  the  attention  is  employed,  when  the  mind 
is  fixed  or  occupied  uptin  an  object ;  we  employ  time, 
when  we  devote  it  to  an  object.  A  |xirtion  of  lime 
should  be  daily  employed  in  reading  the  Scriptures, 
metlilation,  anil  prayer;  a  gre:it  portion  tif  life  is  cm- 
ployed  to  little  prtifit  or  to  very  bad  pur[H)ses. 

2.  To  use  as  an  instriinieiit  or  means.  We  employ 
pens  in  writing,  and  arithmetic  in  keeping  accounts. 
We  employ  medicines  in  curing  di.seases. 

3.  To  use  as  materials  in  foniiing  any  thing.  Wc 
employ  titiiber,  stones,  or  bricks,  in  liuilding  ;  we  em- 
ploy wotd.  linen,  and  cotton,  in  making  chith. 

4.  To  engage  in  one's  service  ;  lo  u.se  as  an  agent 
or  substitute  in  transacting  business ;  to  commission 
and  intrust  with  the  management  of  one's  atfairs. 
The  president  employed  an  envoy  lo  negotiate  a  trea- 
ty. Kings  and  states  employ  embassadors  at  foreign 
courts. 

5.  To  occupy  ;  to  use  ;  to  apply  or  devote  to  an  ob- 
ject ;  to  pass  ill  business  ;  as,  to  employ  time  ;  lo  rm- 
ploy  an  hour,  a  day,  or  a  week  ;  to  employ  one's  life. 

To  employ  one''s  self,  is  to  apply  or  devote  one's  time 
and  attiMition  ;  t(»  busy  one's  self. 
E.M-PLOV',  71.    That  which  engages  the  mind,  or  oc- 
cupies the  time  and  Labor  of  a  person  ;  business ;  ob- 
ject of  study  or  industry  ;  employment. 


Pr>8"iit  to  gritsp,  (IM-I  f.ittir^  still  to  find, 
The  whole  employ  of  hotly  .tnd  of  miud. 


Pope. 

2.  Occupation  ;  as  art,  mystery,  trade,  profession. 

3.  Public  ottice  ;  agency  ;  service  for  another. 
EM-PLOV'.A-BLE,  n.    Th;it  may  be  employed  ;  capa- 
ble of  being  used  ;  fit  or  proper  for  use.  Boi/le, 

E.M  PLOV-E',  (ein-ploy-i',)  n.  [Fr.]  One  who  is 
employed. 

E.M-PLOY'ED,  jTp.  Occupied  ;  fixed  or  engaged  ;  ap- 
plied in  business  ;  used  in  agency. 

E.M-PLOY'ER,  n.  One  who  employs ;  one  who  uses ; 
one  who  engages  or  keeps  in  ser^'ice. 

E.M-PLOY'IXG,  ppr.  Occupying  ;  using  ;  keeping 
biisv. 

E.M-PLOV'ME\T,  n.  The  act  of  employing  or  using. 

2.  Occupation  ;  business  ;  thai  which  engages  the 
head  or  hands  ;  as,  agricultural  employments :  me- 
chanical employments.  .Men,  whose  employment  is  lo 
make  sport  and  amusement  for  others,  are  always 
despised. 

3.  Office  ;  public  business  or  trust;  agency  or  ser- 
vice for  another  or  for  the  public.  The  secretar>-  of 
the  treasury  has  a  laborious  anil  responsible  employ- 
ment.   Me  is  in  the  employment  of  government. 

EM-PLUNGE'.    St!e  Pll  sge. 

E.M-POIS'ON,  (poiz'n,)  v,  t.  [Fr.  empoisonner.  See 
Poison.] 

1.  To  poison  ;  to  administer  poison  lo  ;  to  destroy 
or  endanger  life  by  giving  or  causing  to  be  taken  into 
the  stomach  any  noxious  drug  or  preparation. 

Sidney,  Bacon, 
[la  this  sense.  Poison  is  generally  used :  but  Empois- 
on may  be  used,  especially  in  poetry.] 

2.  To  taint  with  poison  or  venom  :  to  render  nox- 
ious or  deleterious  by  an  admixture  of  poisonous  sub- 
stance. 

["Phis  may  be  used,  especially  in  poetry,] 

3.  To  iinbitler ;  to  deprive  of  sweetness ;  as,  to 
empoison  the  joys  and  pleasures  of  life. 

EM-POIS'0.\-£ll,  (-poi/.'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Poisoned  ;  taint- 
ed with  venom  ;  inibittered. 

E.M-POIS'ON-ER,  71.  One  who  poisons  ;  one  who 
ailminiiters  a  deleterious  drug;  he  or  tlmt  which  im- 
bitters. 

EM-POIS'ON-I.\"G,  ppr.    Poisoning;  imbittering. 
E.M-POIS'0\-MEXT,  n.    'Jhc  act  of  administering 

poison  or  causing  it  to  be  taken  ;  the  act  of  destroying 

life  by  a  deleterious  drug. 
E.M-PO-RET'ie,  a.    Used  in  m.irket. 
E.M-Po'RI-U.M,  n.    [L.,  from  the  Gr.  tpnufiot,  from 

tpTopcvopai,  to  buy  ;  tv  and  Tropivopai,  lo  pass  or  go, 

Sax.  ^ran.] 

1.  A  place  of  merchandise  ;  a  town  or  city  of  trade ; 
particularly,  a  city  or  town  of  extensive  commerce, 
or  in  which  the  commerce  of  an  extensive  country 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


391 


EMP 


EMU 


EN  A 


ceiiti  rs,  or  to  which  sellers  and  buyers  resort  from 
diftl  reiit  countries.    Such  are  London,  Amsterdam, 
and  Hamburg,    New  York  will  be  an  emjiorium, 
2.  In  medicine,  the  common  sensory  in  the  brain. 
EM-POV'ER-ItfH.    See  Impoverish.  [Coze. 
EM-PO  WEIl,  «.  f.    [from  ch,  or  in,  and  pmorr.] 

I.  To  give  legal  or  moral  power  or  authority  to ;  to 
authorize,  either  by  law,  commission,  letter  of  attor- 
ney, natural  right,  or  by  verbal  license.  The  Supreme 
Court  is  empowered  to  tty  and  decide  all  cases,  civil 
or  criminal.  The  attorney  is  empowered  to  sign  an 
acquittance,  and  discharge  the  debtor. 
9.  To  give  phj'sical  power  or  force  ;  to  enable. 
[hi  t/iis  sense,  not  freqiunthj  used,  and  perhaps  not 
used  at  aU.\ 

EM-I'OW'Ell-ED,  pp.  Authorized;  having  legal  or 
mur.'il  right. 

E.M-PUW'ER  IXG,  fpr.  Authorizing;  giving  power. 
EM'PKE.SS,  «.    [Contracted  from  empcress.    See  Em- 

PEKOB.] 

1.  The  consort  or  spouse  of  an  emperor. 

2.  A  f  nuile  who  governs  an  empire ;  a  female  in- 
vested with  imperial  power  or  sovereignty. 

E.M-PKISE',  7i.    [Norm.:  em,  ere,  and  prise,  from 
dre,  to  take;  the  same  as  Enterpkise.] 

An  uudert  iking  ;  an  enterprise.    Spenser.  Pope. 
[A^ow  rurclif  or  nerer  used,  except  in  poetry.] 
EMP'TI-£U,  pp.    Poured  out ;  exhausted  of  its  con- 
tents. 

EMP'TI-ER,  n.    One  that  empties  or  exhausts. 

E.MP'TI-NESS,  71.  [from  empti/.]  A  state  of  being 
empty ;  a  state  of  containing  notliing  except  air;  des- 
titution ;  absence  of  matter  ;  as,  the  emptiness  of  a 
vessel. 

2.  Void  space;  vacuity;  vacuum.  Dryden. 

3.  Want  of  solidity  or  substance ;  as,  the  empdree^s 
of  light  and  shade.  Dryden. 

4.  Unsatisfactoriness  ;  inability  to  satisfy  desire ; 
as,  the  emptiness  of  earthly  things. 

5.  Vacuity  of  head  ;  want  of  intellect  or  knowl- 
edge. Pope. 

EMP'TION,n.    [L.  emptio,  from  crao,  to  buy.] 

The  act  of  buying  ;  a  purchasing.     [JVbi  much 

iwe//.]  Arbnthnot. 
E.MP'TV,  a.    [Sax.  trmli^  or  (tmti,  from  amtian,  to  he 

idle,  to  be  vacant,  to  evacuate,  <cnita,  ease,  leisure, 

quiet.] 

1.  Containing  nothing,  or  nothing  but  air  ;  as,  an 
empty  chest ;  empty  space  ;  an  empty  purse  is  a  serious 
evil. 

2.  Evacuated ;  not  filled  ;  as,  empty  shackles. 

Spenser. 

3.  Unfurnished  ;  as,  an  empty  room. 

4.  Void  ;  devoid. 

la  civility,  thou  Gceinesl  so  empty.  SJiak. 

5.  Void  ;  destitute  of  solid  matter  ;  as,  empty  air. 

6.  Destitute  of  force  or  effect  ;  as,  empty  words. 

7.  Unsubstantial ;  unsatisfactory ;  not  able  to  fill 
the  mind  or  the  desires.  The  pleasures  of  life  are 
ernpty  and  unsatisfying. 

l*le;ised  with  empty  praise.  Pope. 

8.  Not  supplied  ;  having  nothing  to  carry. 
Thi^5  boat  liim,  and  sent  liim  away  emjily.  —  Mark  xii. 

9.  Hungry. 

My  fiUfxjn  now  is  sSarp  and  p;issing  empty.  Shak. 

10.  Unfurnished  with  intellect  or  knowledge  ;  va- 
cant of  head  ;  ignorant  ;  as,  an  empty  coxcomb. 

11.  Unfruitful  ;  producing  nothing. 
Ii*ra'?l  i*  uii  empty  vine.  —  Ilosea  x. 

S«:vcn  empl'j  eani  billed  with  tlic  east  wind.  —  ticn.  xVi. 

12.  Wanting  substance  ;  wanting  solidity  ;  as, 
empty  dreams. 

13.  Destitute ;  waste ;  desolate. 

Nint^veh  is  «mpty.  —  Nali.  ii. 

14.  Without  effect. 

Tlic  liword  of  Saul  relumed  not  empty. — 2  Sam.  1. 

1. ').  Without  a  cargo ;  in  ballast ;  as,  the  ship  re- 
turned empty. 

EMP'TV,  V.  t.  To  exhaust ;  to  make  void  or  desti- 
tute ;  to  deprive  of  the  contents  ;  as,  to  empty  a 
vessel  ;  to  empty  a  well  or  a  cistern. 

2.  To  pour  out  the  contents;  as,  rivers  empti/ them- 
selves into  the  ocean. 

The  ctwidfl  empty  Uirmiirlvcs  on  the  earth.  —  Ecclea.  xl. 

3.  To  waste  ;  to  make  desolate.    Jcr.  Ii. 
EMP'TY,  J,',  i.    To  pour  out  or  discharge  its  contents. 

The  Connecticut  empties  into  the  Sound. 
2.  To  bertmii' empty. 

EMP'TY-lir,\l)'r.l),  (  iK^d-)  a.    Having  few  ideas. 

E.MP'TY-IIKXltT'EI),  o.  Destitute  of  feeling  and 
nttarliincnt.  S/tak. 

E.MP'TV-I.N'G,  p/)r.  Pouring  out  the  contents  ;  mak- 
ing Void. 

E.MP'T  V-I.\f;,  71.  The  act  of  making  empty.  Shak. 
EmptyinjTH,  pi.  ;  tile  IccH  of  beer,  cider,  &<■.  ;  yeast. 

Jinierica. 

EM-PITU'PI.E,  r.  t.  [from  piirpie.l  To  tingo  or  dye 
of  a  purple  color  ;  to  dixcolur  with  purple. 

The  deep  empurpled  ran.  PtiUipt, 
EM-PUR'PL£D,  pp.  or  a.    Stained  with  a  purple  color. 


E.M-PUR'PIJNG,  ppr.  Tinging  or  dyeing  of  a  purjile 
colitr. 

EM-PuSE',7i.  _[Gr.  eniritxTd.] 

A  phantom 'or  specter.   [M'ot  used.]    Bp.  Taylor. 
EM-PUZ'ZI,E.    See  Puzzle. 

E.M-PY-ic'.MA,  7t.  [Gr.]  A  collection  of  purulent  mat- 
ter in  the  cavity  of  the  pleura. 

EM-PYR'E-AL,  a.  [Ft.  empyrce ;  Sp.  It.  empiVeo ;  L. 
empyrtpns ;  from  Gr.  epr:ho,i^;  ev  and  ttiio,  fire.] 

1.  Formed  of  pure  fire  or  light;  refined  beyond 
aerial  substance  ;  pertainingto  the  highest  and  purest 
region  of  heaven. 

Go,  Boar  witli  Plato  to  llie  empyreal  splicre.  Pope. 

2.  Pure  ;  vital ;  dephlogisticated ;  an  epithet  given 
to  oxygen  gas. 

E.M-PV-RR'AN,  a.    Empyreal.  Menside. 
EM-PY-KE'AN,  It.     [See  Empyreal.]    The  highest 
heaven,  where  the  pure  element  of  fire  has  been 
supposed  to  subsist. 

The  empyrean  run^ 
Witli  halld.ijahs.  liTaton. 

E.M-PY-REu'.MA,7!.    [Gr.,  from  ev  and  irvo,  fire.] 

In  chetnistry,  burnt  smell  ;  the  odor  of  animal  or 
vegetable  substances  when  slightly  burnt  in  close 
vessels.  Ure. 

EiM-PY-REU-MAT'ie,       \  a.    A  term  denoting  the 

EM-PY-REU-JIAT'ie-AL,  (  taste  or  smell  of  slight- 
ly burnt  animal  or  vegetable  substances. 

E.M-PYR'IC-AL,  a.  Containing  the  combustible  prin- 
ciple of  coal.  Kirwan. 

EM-l'Y-RO'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  cpnr-nnoi,  to  burn.] 

A  general  fire  ;  a  conflagration.    [Little  used.] 

EM'RODS.    .See  Emerods.  [Hale. 

E'MU,  71.  This  name  properly  belongs  to  the  New 
Holland  cassowary,  which  is  allied  to  the  ostrich  and 
cassowary,  but  has  been  erroneously  applied  by  the 
Brazilians  to  the  rhea,  or  South  American  ostrich. 
[See  Emeu.]   -  Cuvier. 

E.M'IJ-L.aTE,  (em'yu-late,)  v.  t.  [L.  tamulor  ;  Sp. 
emular  ;  It.  emulare.    Q.U.  Gr.  a/jiAA'x,  strife,  contest.] 

1.  To  strive  to  equal  or  excel  in  qualities  or  ac- 
tions ;  to  imitate,  with  a  view  to  equal  or  excel ;  to 
vie  with  ;  to  rival.  Learn  early  to  emulate  the  good 
and  the  great.  Emulate  the  virtues  and  shun  the 
vices  of  distinguished  men. 

2.  To  be  equal  to. 

Thy  eye  would  emulate  the  diamond.  Shak. 

3.  To  imitate  ;  to  resemble.  [Unusual.] 
Convulsion  cmu/attn^  the  motion  of  laughter.  ArbuJjmot. 

EM'TJ-LATE,  a.    Ambitious.    [LiUle  v.sed.]  Shak. 

EM'lj-LA-TED,  pp.    Rivaled  ;  nnitated. 

E.M'IJ-La-TING,  ppr.  Rivaling;  attempting  to  equal 
or  excel;  imitating;  resembling. 

E.M-li-LA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  attempting  to  equal 
or  excel  in  qualities  or  actions ;  rivalry  ;  desire  of 
superiority,  attended  with  effort  to  attain  it  ;  gener- 
ally in  a  good  sense  ;  or  an  attempt  to  equal  or  exceL 
others  in  that  which  is  praiseworthy,  without  the 
desire  of  depressing  others.  Rom.  xi.  In  a  bad  sense, 
a  striving  to  equal  or  do  more  than  others  to  obtain 
carnal  favors  or  honors.    Gtil.  v. 

2.  .\n  ardor  kindled  by  the  praiseworthy  examples 
of  others,  inciting  to  imitate  them,  or  to  eiiual  or 
excel  them. 

A  nolilc  emulation  heats  your  breast.  Dryden. 

3.  Contest ;  contention  ;  strife  ;  competition  ;  ri- 
valry accompanied  with  a  desire  of  depressing 
another. 

Sudi  factious  CTnu^nrioji*  shall  arise.  Shak. 
EM'tJ-LA-TIVE,  a.    Inclined  to  emulation  ;  rivaling  ; 

disposed  to  competition. 
EM'LI-La-TOR,  71.    One  who  emulates;  a  rival;  a 

competitor. 

EM'U-La-TRESS,  71.  A  female  who  emulates  another. 
EM'ULE,  1..  t.    To  emulate.    [JYot  used.] 
E-MliLGE',  7'.  (.    To  milk  out.    [JVot  used.] 
E-MULG'ENT,  a.    [L.  emulgeo  ;  e  and  mulgeo,  to 
milk  out.] 

Milking  or  draining  out.  In  anatomy,  the  emnhrent 
or  renal  arteries  are  those  which  supply  the  kidneys 
with  blood,  being  sometimes  single,  somt^times 
double.  The  cmulgent  veins  return  the  blood,  after 
the  urine  is  secreted.  This  the  ancients  considered 
as  a  milking  or  straining  of  the  serum,  whence  the 
name.  Knctjc.    Harris.    Quincy.  Parr. 

E-.MIJ1,G'F,.\T,  71.    An  emulgent  vessel. 

E.M'II-LIJI'S,  (em'yu-lus,)  «.    [L.  nmulus.] 

1.  Desirous  or  eager  to  imitate,  equal,  or  excel 
another;  desirous  of  like  excellence  with  another; 
with  of:  as,  emulous  of  another's  example  or  virtues. 

2.  Rivaling ;  engaged  in  competition  ;  as,  emulous 
Carthage.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Factious  ;  contentious.  Shak. 
EM'II-LOU.-^-LY,  ado.    With  desire  of  equaling  or 

excelling  another.  Oranviltc. 
E-^M)L'.'<IO.\,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  omuLius,  emuijeo,  to 
milk  oiit.l 

A  soli  liquid  remedy  of  a  color  and  consistence 
resembling  milk  ;  any  milk  like  mixture  prepared  by 
uniting  oil  ami  water,  by  means  of  another  sub- 
stance, saccharine  or  mucil.igiiious.    Encyc.  Urc. 


E-.MUL'SI  VE,  «.    Softening;  milk-like. 

2.  Producing  or  yielding  a  milk-likesubstance  ,  as, 
emubtire  acids.  Fonrcroy. 
E-MUNG'TO-RY,  77.    [L.  emunctorium,  from  emunctus, 
emungo,  to  wipe,  to  cleanse.] 

In  anatomy,  any  part  of  the  body  which  serves  to 
carry  off  excreuientitiouti  matter;  an  excretory  duct. 

Kncye.    Cot  e. 
The  kidneys  and  skin  are  called  the  common 
emunetories.  Cyc. 
EM-US-Ca'TION,  71.    [L.  e777ii.«or.] 

A  freeing  from  moss.  [JVoi  much  u.ted.]  Evelyn. 
EN  ;  a  prefix  to  many  English  words,  chiefly  borrowed 
from  the  French.  It  coincides  with  the  Latin  in, 
Gr.  fi/,  and  some  English  words  are  written  indiffer- 
ently with  en  or  in.  For  the  ease  of  pronunciation, 
it  is  changed  to  em,  particularly  before  a  labial,  as  in 
employ,  empower. 

En  was  formerly  a  plural  termination  of  nouns 
and  of  verbs,  as  in  housen,  escapen.  It  is  retained  in 
ozeit  and  children.  It  is  also  still  used  as  the  termi- 
nation of  some  verbs,  as  in  heark-en,  from  the  Saxon 
infinitive. 

EN-a'BLE,  v.  t.    [Norm,  enhahler.    See  Able.] 

1.  To  make  able  ;  fo  supply  «  ith  jiower,  physical 
or  moral  ;  to  furnish  with  sutlicient  power  or  ability. 
By  strength  a  man  is  enabled  to  work.  Learning  and 
industry  enable  men  to  investigate  the  laws  of  na- 
ture. Fortitude  enables  us  to  bear  pain  without  mur- 
muring. 

2.  To  supply  with  means.  Wealth  enables  men  to 
be  charitable,  or  to  live  in  luxury. 

3.  To  furnish  with  legal  ability  or  competency;  to 
authorize.  The  law  enables  us  to  dispose  of  our  prop 
erty  by  will. 

4.  To  furnish  with  competent  knowledge  or  skill, 
and,  in  general,  with  adequate  means. 

EN-A'BLED,  pp.  Supplied  with  suflicient  power,  phys- 
ical, moral,  or  legal. 
EN-A'liLE-MENT,  7i.    The  act  of  enabling;  ability. 

Bacon. 

EN-A'BLING,  ppr.  Giving  power  to  ;  supplying  with 
sutiicient  power,  abilitj',  or  means  ;  authorizing. 

EN-A€T',  V.  t.  [en  and  act.]  To  make,  as  a  law  ;  to 
pass,  as  a  bill,  into  a  law  ;  to  perform  a  last  act  of  a 
legislature  to  a  bill,  giving  it  validity  as  a  law  ;  to 
give  legislative  sanction  to  a  bill. 

ShiUl  lliis  bill  pass  to  be  enacted  7  T.  Bi^eloio. 

2.  To  decree ;  to  establish  as  the  will  of  the  su- 
preme power. 

3.  To  act ;  to  perform  ;  to  effect.  Spenser. 

4.  To  represent  in  action.  Shak. 
EN-ACT',  7).    Purpose  ;  determination. 

EN-ACT' ED,  p;7.    Passed  into  a  law  ;  sanctioned  as  a 

law  by  legislative  authority. 
EN-ACT'L\'G,  ppr.    Passing  into  a  law  ;  giving  legis- 
lative sanction  to  a  bill,  and  establishing  it  as  a  law. 
2.  a.    Giving  legislative  forms  and  sanction  ;  as, 

the  enacting  clause  of  a  bill. 
EN-ACT'I  VE,  a.    Having  power  to  enact  or  establish 

as  a  law.  Bramhatl. 
EN-ACT'MENT,  71.    The  passing  of  a  bill  into  a  law  ; 

the  act  of  voting,  decreeing,  and  giving  validity  to  a 

law.  Goldsmith.    ChrisL  Obserocr.  Wnlstu 

EN-ACT'OR,  71.    One  who  enacts  or  passes  a  law ; 

one  who  decrees  or  establishes  as  a  law.  .^tterbury. 
2.  One  who  performs  anv  thing.    [JVu(  itsei/.] 
EN-A€T'URE,  71.    Purpose."  [ATot  in  use.]  Shak. 
E-NAL'LA'.GE,    (e-nal'la-jy,)    71.     [Gr.  ti/nAAijij, 

change  ;  f  caAXarrw,  to  change  ;  cu  and  .iA,\arr(,i.] 
In  syntoj',  a  change  of  words,  or  a  substitution  of 

one  gender,  number,  case,  person,  tense,  mode,  or 

voice,  of  the  same  word,  for  another. 

Andretos  and  Stoddard.  Eneyr. 
EN-AM'BIJSII,  V.  t.    [en  and  a«iAii.v/i.]    To  hide  in 

ambush. 

2.  To  ambush.  Chapman. 

EN-A.M'BUSH-£D,(-am'busht,)  pp.  Concealed  in  am- 
bush, or  with  hostile  intentitui ;  ambushed. 

E\-A.M'liIJSIl-ING,  ppr.    Concealing  in  ambush. 

EN-A.M'El-,  ».  [en  and  Fr.  email,  Sp.  cimalle.  It.  smal- 
to,  G.  schmrh,  from  the  root  of  melt.] 

1.  In  nioie7-u?Uir7/,  a  substance  imperfeitly  vitrified, 
or  matter  in  whii  h  the  granular  appearaiice  is  de- 
stroyed, and  having  a  vitreous  gloss. 

In  tlie  arts,  a  substance  of  the  nature  of  glass,  dif- 
fering from  it  by  a  greater  degree  of  fusibility  or 
opacity.  Eneiic. 

Enamels  have  for  their  basis  a  pure  crj  stal  glass  or 
frit,  ground  « ith  a  fine  oxyd  of  le:id  and  tin.  These, 
baked  together,  are  the  nialter  of  eiiaim  ls,  anil  llie 
color  is  varied  by  adding  othi  r  siib^tamcs.  Owd  of 
gold  gives  a  rwl  color  ;  that  of  roppiT  11  green  ;  man- 
ganese a  violet;  ccdiall  a  blue  ;  ami  iron  a  line  black 
Kuryc.  JVirholsnn. 

2.  That  which  is  enameled  ;  a  smooth,  glossy  sur- 
face, of  various  rolors.  resembling  enamel. 

3.  Ill  anatomy,  the  snioolli,  hard  substance  which 
covers  the  crown  or  visible  part  of  a  tooth.  Cyc. 

EN-AM'EL,  7'.  t.  To  lay  enamel  on  a  metal,  as  on 
gold,  silver,  copper,  &.c. 

2.  To  paint  in  enamel.  Encyc. 

3.  To  form  a  glossy  surface  like  enamel. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHj>T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


S92 


ENC 


ENC 


EN-AM'F.Ij,  »  I.    Tu  pruc(ice  the  nrt  urciiaineline. 
A.M'KI^-AR,  a.    Consisling  ul'ciiainci ;  rcsciubliiig 

riiiiini'l  ;  smooth  \  glossy. 
K.N'- A.M'KL-KD,  pp.  or  a.     Ovcrhiiil  with  onninci  ; 

iidorneil  with  uny  thing  rcsewMiiig  enamel ;  as,  an 

rnamflfd  card. 
K.V-A.M'KI^KR,  n.  One  who  enamels  ;  one  whose  oc- 

ciipatiiin  is  to  lay  on  enamels,  or  inlay  colors. 
J'.\  A.\1'EL-I.\(;,  ppr.    Laying  on  enamel. 
K.N'  A.M'KL-INU,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  laying  on  cn- 

atnt-ls. 

r..\-A.M'OR,  V.  t.   [from  the  Fr.  amour,  L.  amor,  love.] 
To  inllame  with  love  ;  to  charm  ;  to  captivate  ; 
Willi  o/ before  the  person  or  thing  ;  as,  to  be  enamurnl 
iif  a  lady  ;  to  be  t-namorcd  ttf  hooks  or  science. 
[But  it  is  note  followed  by  with.] 

EN-A.\l-0-U.A'DO,  H.    One  deeplv  in  love.  Herbert. 

E.\-A.M'<)Il-i;n,  pp.  or  a.  Indnnicd  with  love; 
charmed  ;  delighted. 

EN-A.M'()R-I.N*;,  ppr.  InHaming  with  love;  charm- 
ing ;  captivating. 

E.\-A.V-'J'l-OI"A-TllY,  n.  [Gr.  tia. ri.-s,  opposite,  and 
ruMuj,  passion.] 

1.  An  opposite  passion  or  afTeclion.  Everest. 

2.  The  same  as  Allopathy  ;  a  term  used  by  the 
disciples  and  followers  of  Hahnemann. 

EN-AR.M'i;i),  a.  In  hcnildry,  having  arms,  that  is, 
horns,  hoofs,  ^tc,  of  a  dilferent  color  from  that  of  the 
body. 

EX-.\R-R.a'TION,  n.    [L.  rnarro,  narro,  to  relate.] 
Recital  ;  relation  ;  account ;  ex|i<>sition.  [Little 
used.  ] 

EN-.\R-TIIRO'SIS,  H.  [Gr.  cva.Mpoj<ns;  t"  and  a.o- 
Upov,  a  joint.] 

In  anatomy,  a  ball  and  socket  joint ;  that  species  of 
articulation  which  consists  in  the  insertion  of  the 
round  end  of  a  bone  in  the  cup-like  cavity  of  an- 
other, forming  a  joint  movable  in  every  direction. 
E-N.\-T.\'T10.\,  «.    [L.cnato.]  [Quincy. 

A  swimming  out ;  escape  by  swimming. 
B1-X.\TE',  0.    [L.  enaltts.] 

Growing  out.  Smith. 
E-NAtlN'TER,  a</o.  Lest  that.  [04.,-.]  Spciser. 
E-.N'.\V'I-GaTE,  c.  L    [L.  e;mt>;Vo.] 

To  sail  out  or  over. 
E-NAV'I-Ga-TEI),  pp.    Sailed  over. 
E-NAV'I-GA-TIi\G,  w>r.    Sailing  over. 
EN'-G.aGE',  v.  t.    [from  cage.]    To  shut  up  or  confine 

in  a  cage  ;  to  coop.  Shak.  Donne. 

.E.X-C.aG'/^D,  pp.    Shut  up  or  confined  in  a  cage. 
E.\-eAG'I.\G,  jjpr.   Cooping;  cniilining  in  a  cage. 
E.V-CA.MP',  v.  i.  [from  camp.]   To  pitch  tents  or  form 
huts,  as  an  army  ;  to  halt  on  a  march,  spread  tents, 
and  remain  fur  a  night  or  fur  a  longer  time,  as  an 
army  or  company. 

Tlfv  cnntmjKd  in  Elh-im.  —  F.x.  xiil. 

The'  l*cviu-a  shall  encamp  ttboal  Uie  Uibcmacle.  —  Num.  i. 

2.  To  pitch  tents  for  the  puriHjse  of  a  siege ;  to  be- 
siege. 

Encamp  agniiut  the  city  and  ukc  iU  — 2  Sam.  xii. 

EX-€.\.MP',  t).  t.  To  form  into  a  camp  ;  to  place  a 
marching  army  or  company  in  a  temiiorary  habita- 
tion or  quarters. 

E.\-€.\.M1"A"1),  (en-kampt',)  pp.  Settled  in  tenU  or 
huts  fur  lodifing  or  teinponiry  habitation. 

E.\-e.\.Ml"I>i'G,  ;>;)r.  I'ltching  tents  or  forming  huts 
fur  a  teinpunirv  bulging  or  rest. 

EN-CAMP'.ME.N'T,  n.  The  act  of  pitching  tents  or 
furmiiig  huts,  as  an  army  or  traveling  company,  fur 
temporar)'  lodging  or  rest. 

i  The  place  where  an  army  or  company  is  en- 
camped ;  a  camp  ;  a  ri'i;ul;\r  order  of  tents  or  huts  for 
the  acrummudalioii  of  an  armv  or  troop. 

EN-CA.N'K'ER,  r.  t.    To  corrode  ;  to  canker.  Shelton. 

E.N'-eA.VK'ER-KD,  pp.  Corroded. 

E.N-CA.NK'ER-I.NG,  ppr.  Corroding. 

EN'-CaSE'.    See  Incase. 

EN-CASII'MENT,  n.  The  payment  in  cash  of  a  note, 
dral\,  &.C.    [.^monff  f^.nirlis/i  bankers.] 

E. \-e.\l,'S'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  ii  and  KavtsriKof,  caustic, 
from  Kotoi,  to  burn.] 

Pertaining  to  the  art  of  painting  in  heated  or  burnt 
wax. 

Encaustic  painting ;  among  the.  ancienL-',  a  kind  of 
painting  in  which,  by  heatins  ur  burninir  in  wax,  the 
colors  were  rendered  permanent  in  all  their  original 
splendor.    It  was  ditferent  from  enameling.    P.  Cyc. 

EX-CACS'Tie,  II.  The  method  of  painting  in  heated 
or  biirnl  wax  ;  encaustic  painting.  P.  Cyc. 

EX-GaVE',  r.  fc  [from  caee.]  To  hide  in  a  cave  or 
recess.  Sliak. 

F.  'S-CXV' EO,  pp.    Hid  in  a  cave. 
E.V-C.^ V'l.NG  ppr.    Hiding  in  a  rave. 
>1V-CA:/^VT£',  (iing-sint',)  n.    [ i'r.,  from  cncfin,/rc  ; 

I      en  and  ceindre,  L.  cin^o,  tu  gird.) 

I  n  /orti/ication,  inclusnre  ;  the  wall  or  rampart  which 
siirruunds  a  place,  sometimes  composed  of  bastions 
and  curuiins.  It  is  sumetinies  ont>-  Hanked  by  round 
or  sc|uarc  towers,  which  is  called  a  Roman  wall. 

Encyc 

E.V-CELYTE',(^g-einV,)a.  In  laio,  pregnant ;  with 

child.  Blackstone. 
E.\-CE'NI-A,  n.  pi.    [Gr.  ei  juaino.] 


Festivals  anciently  kept  im  the  days  on  which 
cities  were  built  or  churches  consecrated  ;  and,  in 
later  times,  ceremonies  renewed  at  certain  periods, 
as  at  Oxford,  at  the  celebration  of  founders  and  ben- 
efactors, 'look. 
Ei\-CE-l'lIAI/ie,  a.  Belonging  to  the  head  or  brain. 
EX-C-'EPII'A-LOX,  n.    [Gr.  cv  and  »£^.iA.,.] 

The  cerebrum,  and  sometimes  the  whole  contents 
of  the  cranium. 
EN-CllAl'E',  V.  L    [en  and  chafe  ;  Fr.  chauffer.] 

To  chafe  or  fret ;  to  provoke  ;  to  enrage  ;  to  irri- 
tate.   [See  Vhm  k.]  Slutk. 
EN-CIlAr'£0,  (eu-chrifl',)  pp.    Chafed  ;  irritated  ;  en- 
raged. 

E\-CIIaF'ING,  ppr.    Chafing  ;  fretting  ;  enraging. 
EN-CHAIN',  »i.  ?.    [Vr.  enclia'iner.    See  Chain.] 

1.  To  fu.sten  with  a  chain;  to  bind  or  hold  in 
chains  ;  to  hidd  in  bondage. 

2.  To  hold  fast ;  to  restrain  ;  to  confine  ;  as,  to  cn- 
cJtain  the  attention. 

3.  To  link  together  ;  to  connect.  Hmtell. 
E.\-CIIaIX'K1),  pp.    Fastened  with  a  chain  ;  held  ill 

bondage  ;  lii  lil  fast ;  restrained  ;  confined. 

EN-CII.Al.\'l.\G,  ppr  Making  fast  with  a  chain  ;  bind- 
ing; holding  in  chains  ;  confining. 

EN-CII.^I.N'.ME.N'T,  h.  The  act  of  enchaining,  or  slate 
of  beinu  enchained.  Rich.  Diet. 

E\-CI1.XNT',  r.  <.  [Vt.  enchanter;  en  and  chanter,  let 
sing  ;  L.  incanto;  m  and  canto,  to  sing.  See  Chant 
and  Ca.nt.] 

1.  To  practice  sorcery  or  witchcraft  on  any  thing  ; 
to  give  eflicacy  to  any  thing  by  songs  of  sorcery,  ur 
Ciscination. 


Encltanting  all  dial  you  put  iii.  iihajc. 

2.  To  subdue  by  charms  or  spells.  Sidney. 

3.  To  delight  in  the  highest  degree  j  to  charm  ;  to 
mvish  with  pleasure  ;  as,  the  description  enchants 
me  ;  we  were  enchanted  with  the  music. 

EN-CIIXNT'ED,  p;).  or  o.  Afi'ected  by  sorcery;  fas- 
cinated ;  subdued  by  charms ;  delighted  beyond  meas- 
ure. 

2.  Inhabited  or  possessed  by  elves,  witches,  or  other 
imaginary  mischievous  spirits  ;  as,  an  cnclianted  cas- 
tle. 

EN-CIIaNT'ER,  ji.  One  who  enchants;  a  sorcerer 
or  magician  ;  cme  who  has  spirits  or  demons  at  his 
command  ;  one  who  practices  enchantment,  or  pre- 
tends to  perform  surprising  things  by  tlie  agency  uf 
demons. 
2.  One  who  charms  or  delights. 
Endianter^s  ni^litihadc  ;  the  popular  name  of  the 
Circaja  I.iitetinna,  an  herb  found  in  damp,  sliady 
places,  in  northern  parts  of  the  world. 

EN-CIIXNT'ING,  ppr.  Alfecting  with  sorcery,  charms, 
or  spells. 

2.  Delighting  highly ;  ravishing  with  delight ; 
charming. 

3.  a.  Charming;  delighting;  ravishing;  as,  an 
enchanting  vuice  ;  an  enchantin*r  face. 

Simplicity  in  nianncre  has  an  enchanting  vllcct.  KairieM. 

EN-CIIXNT'ING-I.Y,  adv.  With  the  power  of  en- 
chantment ;  in  a  manner  to  delight  or  charm  ;  as, 
the  lady  sings  enchantinifly. 

EN-CllX.NT'iME.N'T,  n.  The  act  of  producing  certain 
wonderful  elTecu  by  the  invocation  ur  aid  of  demons, 
or  the  agency  of  certain  supposed  spirits  ;  the  use  of 
magic  arts,  s|>ells,  or  charms  ;  incantation. 

The  mngiciaiu  of  Hf^pt  did  BO  witti  tlicir  enchanbnciUM. — 
Kx.  vii. 

9.  Irresistible  influence ;  overpowering  influence 
of  delight. 

The  w.imith  of  f.incy  —  wliich  holds  tlic  heart  of  a  reader  under 
the  •trony.'sl  enchantment.  Pope. 

EN-CIIANT'RES.S,  ii.  A  sorceress;  a  woman  who 
pretends  to  effect  wonderful  things  by  the  aid  uf  de- 
mons ;  one  who  pretends  to  practice  magic.  Tatler. 

2.  A  woman  wlitise  beauty  or  excellences  give 
irresistible  influence. 

Pruin  lliiii  rnfAnri/rcf*  all  llieiie  tilt  are  Come.  Drylen. 

E.V-Cn.\  RGE',  r.  t.  To  give  in  charge  or  trust.  [JVut 
in  use.]  Bp.  HaU. 

E\-CIIXRG'Kr),PP.  Intrusted  with  ;  given  in  charge  to. 

EN-CllARO'l.NG,  ppr.  Intrusting  with;  giving  in 
charce  to. 

EN-CIIaSE',  r.  t.  [Fr.  enehas^er ;  Sp.  engastar,  or 
encaxar,  from  earn,  a  box,  a  chest ;  Port,  encasloar, 
eneasar  ;  \U  inaist.  nare  ;  Vr.  chassis,  n  Uwrnc  \  Eng. 
a  ease.] 

1.  1  o  infix  or  inclose  in  another  body,  so  as  to  be 
held  fast,  but  not  cmicealed.  John.^on. 

2.  Technieally,  tu  adorn  by  embossed  work  ;  to  en- 
rich or  bi  nnlit'y  any  work  in  int'tal,  by  some  design 
or  figure  in  low  relief,  as  a  watch  case'.  Encyc. 

3.  To  ailorn  by  being  fixed  on  iU 

To  iln.ik  in  lwwl»  wlii^h  gtittcrin;  gctn  enehast.  Dry^en. 

4.  To  mark  by  incision.  Fairfax. 

5.  To  delineate.  Spenser. 
EN-CIIaS'£I),  (en-chist',)  pp.  Inclosed  as  in  a  frame, 

or  in  another  b«dy  ;  adorned  with  embossed  work. 


E.\'-CIIAS'ING,  ppr.     Inclosing  in  another  body; 

aduriiiiig  with  embossed  wurk. 
E.N-CIIAS'l.N'G,  M.   Thesame  with  Chajino,  a  species 

of  emlM»ssing. 

EN-CIIkAS'ON,  n.     [Old  Fr.]    Cause;  occanlon. 

fobs.]  Spensrr. 
E.\-eilI-RIl)'I-ON,  n.  (Gr.  ex  and  x'<",  the  hand.] 
A  manual ;  a  book  tu  be  carried  in  the  hand.  [Aat 

used.] 

E.\-CllIS'ni,,  V.  I.   To  cut  with  a  chisel. 

EN-Cllia'EL-A.I),  pp.    Cut  with  a  chisel. 

E.\-('I1I«M;L  I.NG,  ;i/)r.    Cuttingwitli  a  chisel. 

EN-eilO'RI-AI,,  u.  [Gr.  fv«w'n.,i.,a  countr)'.]  Popu- 
lar or  cuinmun  ;  applied  particularly  tu  the  most 
abridgi'd  mode  of  writing  furmeil  from  the  Egyptian 
hieroulyphics,  and  used  by  the  |)euple  ;  called,  also, 
dcmotir. 

E.\-CI.N''1)ER-KI),  a.    Rurnt  to  cinders.  Coekeram. 

EN-CIU'CLE,  (en-siir'kl,)  r.  £.  [from  circicj  To  In 
close  or  surioiiiid  with  a  circle  or  ring,  or  with  any 
thing  ill  a  circular  form.  Luminous  rings  encircle 
Saturn. 

2.  To  go  round  and  return  to  the  point  from  which 
inution  cuinineiiced ;  as,  the  army  encircled  the 
city. 

3.  To  come  around  in  a  circle  or  crowd  ;  as,  to  en- 
circle a  perst»n  abt)ut. 

4.  To  embrace  ;  as,  to  encircle  one  in  the  arms. 
EN-CIR'eLA'l),(en-sur'kld,)  pp.    Surrounded  with  a 

circle  ;  enc<uiip:issed  ;  environed  ;  embraced. 
E.\-CT!l'ei.ET,  H.    A  circle  ;  a  ring.  Sidney. 
E.V-CI1{'CLI.\'(;,  ppr.  or  a.    Surrounded  with  a  circle 

or  ring  ;  encomp.-vssing ;  embracing. 
E.\-ei.ASI",  r.  t.    To  clasp;  to  embrace. 
E\-eLri''IC,       )  a.    [Gr.  J) kAitivoj,  inclined;  tv- 
EN-CLIT'ie-AL,  i     A\n  <,,,  to  incline.] 

1.  Ijeaning  ;  inclining,  or  inclined.  \n  ^ammar, 
an  enclitic  particle  or  word,  is  one  which  is  so  closely 
united  to  another  as  to  seem  to  be  a  part  of  it ;  as, 
que,  Tjr,  anil  re,  in  virumqiie,  ntnne,  aliusre. 

a.  Tlirowing  back  the  accent  upon  the  foregoing 
syllable.  Harris. 
EN-CLIT'ie,  n.    A  word  which  is  joined  to  the  end 
of  another,  as  que  in  virumqiie,  which  may  vary  the 
accent. 

2.  A  particle  or  word  that  throws  the  accent  or  em- 
phasis back  upon  the  former  syllable.  Harris. 

EN-eLlT'IG-.\L-LY,  adv.  In  an  enclitic  manner;  by 

throwing  the  accent  back.  Walker. 
E.N'-CLoSE'.    See  Inclose. 

E.V  ei.OUU'ED,  o.    [from  claud.]     Covered  with 

clouds.  Spenser. 
E.N'-CoACII',  p.  (.    To  carry  in  a  coach.  Pavies. 
EN-CoACII'/;i),  (en-kocht',)    pp.     Conveyed   in  a 
EN-eoACiri.VG, /vjr.    Carried  in  a  coach.  [co:ich. 
EN-COF  FIN,  J.,  t.    Tuput  in  a  cortin. 
E\-eOF'FI.\-£I),         Inclosed  in  a  coffin.  Spenser. 
E.\'-€6.M'I!ER.    See  Enci  mi.kr. 

EN-COM'UER-.MENT,  n.     Molestation,    [^^,■t  used.] 

SpeiLser. 

EN-CO'MI-AST,  71.    [Gr.  ;> »6)«iar/;s.] 

One  who  praises  another  ;  a  panegyrist ;  one  who 

utters  (tr  writ«'s  coninienilations. 
EN-eo-.MI-AST'ie,  n.    A  panegyric. 
E.\-eo-MI-.\.<T'ie,       i  a,   lics'ti.wing  praise  ;  pmis- 
EN-eO-MI-.V'ST'ie-Ar.,  j     Ing;  commending;  laii- 

datur>'  ;  as,  an  i-neomiastic  adilress  or  discourse. 
E.\-e<J-.MI-AST'IC-.^L-LY,  ailv.    In  an  encomiastic 

manner. 

EN-CO'.MI-ON,  II.    Panegyric.  FoVierby. 
EN-Co'.MI-U.M,  II.;  pi.  ENeoMieMs.     [L.,  from  Gr. 

CyKtopI;,:] 

Praise;  panegyric;  coinmendatinn.  Men  areipiitc 
as  willing  tt>  receive  a-s  tu  bestow  eueominms. 
EN-eO.VI'PASS,  (en-kum'p;us,)  t.  t    [from  cumpass.] 
To  encircle  ;  to  surround;  as,  a  r\n^  encompasses  Xiit: 
finger. 

2.  To  environ  ;  to  inclose  ;  to  surround  ;  to  shut 
in.  A  besieging  army  encompassed  the  city  of  Jerusa- 
lem. 

3.  To  go  or  sail  round  ;  as,  Drake  encompassed  the 
clobe. 

EN-Cu.M'PASS-ED,  (en-kum'past,)  pp.  Encircled; 

surrouniled  ;  incltised  ;  shut  in. 
EN-eOM'PASS-ING, ppr.    Encircling;  surrounding; 

confinine. 

EN-CO.M'PASS-ME.VT,  n,    A  surrounding. 

2.  .\  going  round ;  circumlocution  in  speaking. 

Shak. 

EN  CORE' ;  a  French  word,  pronounced  nearly  dn^- 
kHre,  and  signit'ying,  again,  once  more  ;  used  by  the 
auditors  and  spectators  of  plays  and  other  sports, 
when  they  call  for  a  re|>etitiun  of  a  particular  part. 

EN-CORE',  t).  t.  To  call  for  a  repetition  of  a  particu- 
lar part  of  an  entertainment. 

E.\-eOR'KI),  (ilng-kSrd',)  pp.  Called  upon  to  rciieat 
a  piTt'ormaiice,  as  a  song.  Sec. 

E.N-COR'I.NG,  ppr.    Calleil  upon  fur  a  repetition. 

EN-CO  C.NT'ER,  n.  [Fr.  cncontre,  ea  and  cmtre,  L. 
contra,  ag:iinst,  or  rather  rencontre  ;  Sp,  encuentr^  ; 
Von.  encontro  ;  It  incotitro.] 

I.  A  meeting,  particularly  a  sudden  or  accidental 
meeting  of  two  or  more  i>erson!". 

To  ■hun  tlie  encounter  of  the  crowd.  Popt. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  ai  K ;  6  aa  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


50 


393 


END 


END 


2.  A  meeting  in  contest ;  a  single  combat,  on  a 
sudden  meeting  of  parties  ;  sometimes,  less  properly, 
a  duel. 

3.  A  fight ;  a  conflict ;  a  skirmish  ;  a  battle  ;  but 
more  generally,  a  fight  between  a  small  number  of 
men,  or  an  accidental  nieeting  and  fighting  of  de- 
tachments, rather  than  a  set  battle  or  general  en- 
gagement. 

4.  Eager  and  warm  conversation,  either  in  love  or 
anger.  Sliak. 

5.  A  sudden  or  unexpected  address  or  accwitiiig. 

SImk. 

(i.  Occasion;  casual  incident.     [Unu-tital.]  Pope.. 
EN-eOlJNT'ER,  V.  U    [Sp.  and  Port,  eyicontrar ;  It. 
intontrare;  Ft.  rencontrrr.] 

1.  To  meet  face  to  face  ;  particularly,  to  meet  sud- 
denly or  unexpectedly. 

f'I'his  sense  is  now  uncommon,  but  still  in  use.] 

6.  To  meet  in  opposition,  or  in  a  hostile  manner  ; 
to  rush  against  in  conflict ;  to  engage  with  in  battle  ; 
as,  two  armies  eitcounter  each  other. 

3.  To  meet  and  strive  to  remove  or  surmount ;  as, 
to  encounter  obstacles,  impediments,  or  ditiiculties. 

4.  To  meet  and  oppose;  to  resist ;  to  attack  and 
attempt  to  confute  ;  as,  to  encounter  the  arguments  of 
opponents.    ./Sets  xvii.  18. 

5.  To  meet  as  an  obstacle.  Which  ever  way  the 
infidel  turns,  he  encounters  clear  evidence  of  the  di- 
vine origin  of  the  Scriptures. 

6.  To  oppose  ;  to  oppugn.  Hate 

7.  To  meet  in  mutual  kindness.    [Little  lused.] 

Shak. 

EN-eOlT.\T'ER,  ».  I.  To  meet  face  to  face  ;  to  meet 
unexpe(;tedly.    [Little  used.] 

2.  To  rush  together  in  combat ;  to  fight ;  to  con- 
flict.   'I'hree  armies  encountered  at  Waterloo. 

When  applied  to  one  party,  it  is  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  wiUt;  as,  the  Christian  army  encountered 
Kitk  the  Sanicens. 

3.  To  meet  in  opposition  or  debate. 
EN-eoU.NT'ER-A'l),  pp.    Met  face  to  face;  met  in 

op[Hisition  or  hostility  ;  opjKJsed. 
Ei\-eOUNT'Ell-Ell,  «.    One  who  encounters  ;  an 

opponent  ;  an  antagonist.  Jllterbury. 
EN-eOUNT'ER-ING,  ppr.    Meeting  ;  meeting  in  op- 

pmsition  or  in  battle  ;  opposing  ;  resisting. 
E.N-COUR' ALiE,  (en-kur'raje,)  0.  I.    [Fr.  encourager; 

en   and    courage,  from  anur,  the  heart ;  It.  inco- 

raggiare.] 

To  give  courage  to  ;  to  give  or  increase  confidence 
of  success  ;  to  inspire  with  courage,  spirit,  or 
strength  of  mind ;  to  embolden  ;  to  animate ;  to  in- 
cite ;  to  inspirit. 

Bui  cliar^  Josliun  antl  encourage  him.  — Deul.  iii. 

EN-eO(JR'A-C£D,  (en-kur'rajd,)  pp.  or  a.  Embold- 
ent-d  ;  inspirited  ;  animated  ;  incited. 

E.\-€0UR'.4ftE-.MEXT,  n.  The  act  of  giving  cour- 
age, or  confiilence  of  success  ;  incitement  to  action 
or  to  practice  ;  incentive.  We  ought  never  to  neg- 
lect the  encouragement  of  youth  in  generous  deeds. 
The  praise  of  good  men  serves  as  an  encouragenteiU 
to  virtue  and  heroism. 

2.  That  which  .-iervi  s  to  incite,  support,  promote,  or 
advance,  as  favor,  countenance,  rewards,  profit.  A 
young  man  attempted  the  practice  of  law,  lint  found 
little  encouragement.  'J'he  fine  arts  find  little  eucour- 
agentcnt  among  a  rude  people. 

EN'eOIMt'A-GER,  n.  One  who  encourages,  incites, 
or  stimulates  to  action  ;  one  who  supplies  incite- 
ments, cither  by  counsel,  reward,  or  means  of  exe- 
cution. 

Tlic  popr  is  a  miutcr  of  |>oIili;  learning  ami  a  gn-'-il  encourager 
uf  iiru.  Adilteon. 

EN-eOUR'.\-GI.\l},  -ppr.     Inspirhig  with  hope  and 

confidence  ;  eliciting  courage, 
a.  a.  Eurnisliing  ground  to  hope  for  success;  aa, 

an  encouraging  prospect. 
EN-eOlJK'A-<il.\(;-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  to  give 

courage,  or  luipe  of  success. 
EN  CRA'DLE,  v.  U    [en  and  cradle.}    To  lay  in  a 

cr.'idle.  Speimer. 
E.N-t;ill M'S 0\,  r.  I,    To  cover  with  a  crimson  color. 
E.N-CllI.M'SO.N-/;i),  (en-krini'/.nd,)  pp.  or  «.  Covered 

with  a  crimson  color. 

KNCKT'N'K  1"*     Relating  to  cncrmitcs;  con- 

l''\  ('RIN  IT- AIj   (    '^'"'"S    encriiiilcs,  as  certain 
V\  <'KI-VIT'ic'*  1     kinds  of  limestone. 
E\'CRI-M  TE,  11.    [Cr.  c   and  ..iii- a  lily.] 

A  fossil  bi'loiigiim  to  llie  asicria  or  star  fish  family. 
It  consists  of  numeruii..!  jiiinteil  arms,  radiating  froiii 
around  a  center,  in  whii  It  Ilii-  niciwtli  is  situated  ;  it 
is  HupiHirti'd  on  a  joinli  d  sti  iii,  and  in  this  lesjii  ct 
dillVrs  from  all  tin:  ri-ccnl  astcnas.  Dana. 
E.N-t;RI.~tI"y';lJ,  (en-kiispf,)  a.  [from  cri.<p ;  S|i.  rn- 
crc.-'pnr.  ] 

('nrled  ;  funned  in  curls.  Sl:etton. 
E.\  CRfiAC.'M',  B.  i.    IKr  arcrnrhrr,  tii  catch,  to  grap- 
ple, Irom  croc,  a  Iiook,~W.  rr!)g.  Eng.  crimk.] 
Primanhj,  to  ciitrll  as  with  a  hook.  Il'-nee, 
I.  To  enter  on  th'-  rights  and  posMrsKions  of  an- 
other ;    to  llltriltle  ;  to  lake  poshesHliin  of  what  lip- 
Iung<  to  another,  by  gr.-tilual  advances  into  lim  limits 


or  jurisdiction,  and  usurping  a  part  of  his  rights  or 
prerogatives  ;  with  uii.  Tlie  farmer  who  runs  a 
fence  on  his  neighbor's  land,  and  incloses  a  piece 
with  his  own,  encroaches  on  his  neighbor's  projierty. 
Men  often  encroach,  in  this  manner,  on  the  highway. 
The  sea  is  said  to  encroach  on  the  land,  when  it 
wears  it  away  gradually  ;  and  the  land  encroaches  on 
the  sea,  when  it  is  extended  into  it  by  alluvion.  It  is 
important  to  prevent  one  branch  of  government  from 
encroaching  on  the  jurisdiction  of  another. 

2.  To  creep  on  gradually  without  right. 

Siiperslilion  —  a  creeping  and  encroactung  evil.  Hooker. 

3.  To  pass  the  proper  bounds,  and  enter  on  an- 
other's rights. 

Exclude  IJie  encroaching  entile  from  lliy  ground.  Dryden. 

EN-CRoACU'ER,  71.  One  who  enters  on  and  takes 
possession  of  what  is  not  his  own,  by  gradual  steps, 

SwifU 

2.  One  who  makes  gradual  advances  beyond  his 
rights.  Clarissa. 

EN-CRoACH'ING,  ppr.  Entering  on  and  taking  pos- 
session of  what  belongs  to  another. 

EN-eRo.VCH'IN't;,  a.    Tending  or  apt  to  encroach. 

Tlie  encroaching  spirit  of  power.  Madi£on, 

EN-€Ro.\CiriXG-LY,  ada.  By  way  of  encroach- 
ment. Bailey. 

EN-eRO.\CH'ME.\T,  n.  The  entering  gradually  on 
the  rights  or  possessions  of  another,  and  taking  pos- 
session ;  unlawful  intrusion  ;  advance  into  the  terri- 
tories or  jurisdiction  of  another,  hy  silent  means,  or 
without  right.  Milton.    Jiltcrhury.  Mdison. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  by  encroaching  on  another. 

3.  In  lain,  if  a  tenant  owes  two  shillings  rent-ser- 
vice to  the  lord,  and  the  lord  takes  three,  it  is  an  en- 
croachment. Cowel, 

EN-eUU.'JT'.    See  Incrust. 

E-\-€U.M'l!ER,  t'.  (.    'Fi.  encambrer.  See  Incumber.! 

1.  To  load  ;  to  cfog  ;  to  impede  motion  with  a 
load,  burilen,  or  any  thing  inconvenient  to  the  limbs  : 
to  render  motion  or  operation  ditficult  or  laborious. 

2.  To  embarrass  ;  to  perplex  ;  to  obstruct. 

3.  To  load  with  debts  ;  as,  an  estate  is  encumbered 
with  mortgages,  or  with  a  widow's  dower. 

EN-eU.M'IiER-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Loaded  ;  impedeil  in 
motion  or  operation,  by  a  burden  or  ditnculties  ; 
loaiied  with  debts. 

EN-eU.M'BER-I.Nfi,  ppr.  Loading;  clogging;  ren- 
dering motion  or  operation  dilhcult  ;  loading  with 
debts. 

EN-eUM'BR.\NCE,  n.  A  load  ;  any  thing  that  im- 
pedes action,  or  renders  it  difficult  and  laborious  ; 
clog  ;  impediment. 

2.  Useless  addition  or  load. 

Strip  from  the  bmncliiiiij  Alps  their  piny  load,  s 
The  huge  encuiitbranct  of  liorrilic  wood.  Thonieon. 

3.  Load  or  burden  on  an  estate  ;  a  legal  claim  on 
an  est.ile,  for  the  discharge  of  which  the  estate  is 
liable. 

E.\-eU.M'BRA.\C-ER,  n.  One  who  has  an  encum- 
brance or  a  legal  claim  on  an  estjite.  Kent. 

E.N'-CYC'Lie  AL,  a.  [Or.  c^iti'«Xtic>s ;  f-  and  icuitAoj, 
a  circle.] 

Circular  ;  sent  to  many  persons  or  places ;  in- 
tended for  many,  or  for  a  whole  order  of  men  ;  as, 
the  enafctical  letter  of  the  [lofie.  Stilliugfieet. 
E.N-CV-eLO-Pi?.'l)I-A,  j  II.  [Gr.  fi',in,  KuitAds,  a  cir- 
E.V-CY-eL()-P.^:'I)I-A,  !  cle,  and  .t.iuUi.i,  instruc 
tion  ;  instruction  in  a  circle,  or  circle  of  instruc- 
tion.] 

The  circle  of  sciences ;  a  general  system  of  in- 
struction or  knowledge.  More  particularly,  a  collec- 
tion of  the  principal  facts,  principles,  and  discoveries, 
in  alt  branches  of  science  and  the  arts,  digested 
under  proper  titles,  and  arranged  in  alpliahitical 
order  ;  as,  the  French  Kncijclopedia ;  the  Encyclopedia 
Itritaiinica. 

EN-CV-ei.O-PiS'DI-AN,  a.     Embracing  the  whole 

circle  of  learning. 
E.\-(:?-C1.0-PElJ'ie-AL,  o.    Pertaining  to  an  ency 

c]o[ieilia.  StncarL 
E.\'-CV  CLO-Pk'DIST,  n.    The  compiler  of  an  ency- 

cl(i|»'ilia,  or  one  who  assists  in  such  compilation. 
K.\-('VST'E1),  a.    [from  cyst.]    Inclosed  in  a  bag. 

bladder,  or  vesicle  ;  as,  an  encysted  tumor.  Sharp. 
E.\I),  11.    [.Sax.  end,  enitr,  or  trade;  G.  ende ;  D.  eiud . 

Sw.  dnde  ;  Dan.  en  ic  ;  Goth,  andei ;  llasijin^,  oniloa 


Sans,  anda  or  anta  ;  Per.  ^\  jo\  «iif/tfii.] 

1.  The  extreme  point  of  a  line,  or  of  any  thing 
that  has  lu'ire  leiigili  ilian  breaillh  :  .is,  the  end  of  a 
house;  ihr  end  of  a  table;  llie  iiii/iif  a  linger;  the 
end  of  a  chain  or  rope.  When  bodies  or  figures  have 
eipial  iliiiieiisioiis,  or  eipial  length  and  breadth,  the 
cxtreiiiilies  are  railed  sides. 

2.  The  evireiiiity  or  last  part,  in  general ;  Iho  close 
or  conclusion,  applied  to  time. 

Al  llv  en't  ol  two  :iioiiih*.  hUe  n-tunied.  —  Judp-a  xi. 

3  The  conclusion  or  cessution  of  an  action. 

Of  Uic  liicn'ti»e  of  Ilia  ir<>VfTiini<'Mt  tin  re  iiliifll  lie  no  end,  —  Ii.  11. 


1.  The  close  or  conclusion  ;  as,  the  end  of  a 
chapter. 

5.  Ultimate  state  or  condition  ;  final  doom. 

M;irk  ilie  perfect  iiiun,  im-.i  l>-Ii<iIJ  the  iipriglil,  for  liie  end  ai 
lh;tt  man  is  peaw.*— Ps.  xxxvii. 

6.  The  point  beyond  which  no  progression  can  be 
made. 

Tiiey  reel  to  and  fro,  and  sugger  lilte  a  druiilten  roan,  anil  arr 
at  their  ^^j^  ertd.  —  Ps.  cvii. 

7.  Final  determination  ;  conclusion  of  debate  or 
deliberation. 

My  ?uilt  lie  on  my  head,  and  tliere'a  an  end  I  Shak. 

8.  Close  of  life  ;  death  ;  decease. 

Unhlamed  througli  life,  lamented  in  tliy  end.  Poi>e. 

9.  Cessation  ;  period  ;  close  of  a  particular  state  of 
things  ;  as,  the  end  of  the  world. 

10.  Limit ;  termination. 

There  is  no  end  of  Uie  stor«.  —  Naliuin  ii. 

11.  Destruction.   Amos  viii. 

The  eiuZ  of  all  flesh  is  come.  —  Ck-u.  vi. 

12.  Cause  of  death  ;  a  destroyer. 

And  award 

Either  of  you  to  be  the  other's  end,  Shak. 

13.  Consetiuence  ;  issue  ;  result ;  conclusive  event ; 
conclusion. 

The  end  of  these  things  is  death.  —  Roin.  vi. 

14.  A  fragment  or  broken  jiiece. 

Old  odd  ends.  Shak. 

15.  The  ultim.ate  point  or  thing  at  which  one  aims 
or  directs  his  views ;  the  object  intentled  to  be 
reached  or  accomplished  by  any  action  or  scheme  ; 
purpose  intended;  scope;  aim;  drift;  as,  private 
ends ;  public  ends. 

Two  tliinirs  1  shall  propound  to  yon  :13  ends.  Suckling. 
The  end  ul  tlie  coiiiiuaiiduieiiu  is  ch.irity.  —  1  Tiin.  i. 

A  right  to  the  end,  implies  a  right  to  the  means 
necessary  for  attaining  it.  Ijitr. 

Hi.  J3n  end,  for  on  end  ;  upright ;  erect ;  as,  Jhs  iiair 
stands  on  end. 

17.  7'/ic  ends  of  the  eartJi,  in  Scripture,  are  the  re- 
motest parts  of  the  earth,  or  the  inhabitants  of  those 
ptirts. 

END,  0.  (.  To  finish  ;  to  close  ;  to  conclude  ;  to  tt  r- 
rainate  ;  as,  to  end  a  controversy  ;  to  end  a  war. 

On  tlie  seventh  day  God  eitded  his  worlt.  —  tjeii.  ii. 

2.  To  destroy  ;  to  put  to  death. 

Kiii^  Harry,  thy  sword  hath  ended  liiin.  Sliak. 

END,  V.  i.  To  come  to  the  ultimate  jioint :  to  be  fin- 
ished ;  as,  a  voyage  ends  hy  the  return  of  a  ship. 

2.  To  terminate  ;  to  close  ;  to  conclude.  The  dis- 
course ends  with  impressive  words. 

3.  To  cease  ;  to  come  to  a  close  ;  as,  winter  ends 
in  i\larch,  anil  summer  in  September ;  a  good  life 
ends  in  peace. 

E.\D'-.\LL,  n.    Final  close.    [JVo*  used.]  Shak. 
EN-DA.SrAOE,  1'.  t.    [from  damage.]    To  liriiig  loss 

or  damage  to;  to  harm;  to  injure;  to  mischief;  to 

prejudice. 

The  trial  hath  endamaged  tliee  no  way.  Milton, 
So  Uioii  wilt  endantage  Uie  revenue  ol  llie  kings. —  Ezra  iv. 

EN-DAM'A-GKD,  pp.    Harmed;  injured. 
E.N-U.\.M'AGE-.MENT,  n.    Damage;  loss;  injur\'. 

Shal:. 

EN-DAM'.'\-GING,  ppr.    Harming;  injuring. 

E.V-Da.N'GKR,  r.  (.    [from  danger.]    To  put  in  haz- 
ard :  to  bring  into  danger  or  peril  ;  to  expose  to  lu.ss 
or  injury.    We  dread  any  thing  that  endangers  our 
life,  our  peace,  or  our  happiness. 
2.  To  incur  the  hazard  of.    [Uniisueil.]  Bacon. 

EN-D.A.N"GRR-iCI),  pp.    Exposed  to  loss  or  injury. 

EN-DA.X'GER-ING,  ppr.  Putting  in  haiuird ;  ex- 
posing to  loss  or  injury. 

E.N-IiaN'GER-ING,  11.    Injurj' ;  damage.  Milton. 

E.\-!IS.N'GI:R-ME.\T,  n.    Hazard  ;  danger.  Spenser. 

E.\-1)H.\R',  t'.  (.    [from  dear.]    To  make  dear;  to 
make  more  beloved.    The  (fistress  of  a  friend  en- 
dears him  to  US,  by  exciting  our  sympathy. 
2.  To  raise  the  price.    [jVot  in  use.] 

EN-I)i"^AR'KI),  pp.  or  n.  Rendered  tiear,  lieUivcd,  or 
more  lieloved. 

E.\-I)P..\I!'KI)-NE.''S,  n.    State  of  being  endeared. 

EN-l)l"5.\R'ING,  ppr.  Ota.  Making  dear  or  mole  be- 
loved. 

E.N-I)K.\R'MENT,  n.  The  cause  of  love  ;  that  whicli 
excites  or  increases  atli  ction,  particularly  that  which 
excites  lenilerness  of  all'eclion. 

Her  firat  etutearinenu  Iwinini;  round  the  stiill.  Thomson. 

2.  The  state  of  lii^ng  beloved  ;  lentler  alVeclion. 

South. 

EN  DEAVOR,  (en-dev'ur,)  n.  [Norm,  deroyer,  en- 
deavor; endercra,  he  ought;  r/ii/ei/rciif,  they  ought. 
It  seems  to  lie  lYoiii  Fr.  {enderoirj  devoir,  to  owi^  or 
he  iiiileliled,  and  lieiice  it  primarily  signifies  duly, 
from  Ih.'  seii^e  of  binding,  pressure,  urgency. 
Hence,  oUr  popular  phrase,  I  will  do  my  endeavor. 
In  I r.  dihhirce  is  cmlcnror.] 
An  elfort  ;  an  essay  ;  an  attempt  ;  an  e.\erllo>>  of 


F^TE,  FXU,  Fy^LL,  WH^T,  — MiiTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE.  MARINE,  UIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQEF,  BQQK.— 
—  T 


END 


END 


ENF 


physical  strcngtli,  or  the  iiiteUeclual  powers,  toward 
.hi"  attainiiieiu  ol'  an  object. 

Tlic  bold  luul  sullicinu  iniraue  lh<-ir  f\mo  wilh  mure  paMioii, 
ciKieavoTt  unit  ii]}|)tiaiiiui),  iiiul  ther<:forc  ultcii  siiccvvl. 

Tevtjtle. 

ImiLUiuii  is  thp  eiu/frtwar  of  a  later  poet  to  write  like  one  wlio 

ll;ut  written  belun;  tiiiii  im  tlie  suiiie  subject.  Drijtten. 
Ijabor  U  a  coiiUuued  andeavor^  or  li  succesaiun  i3(  ttuleaours. 

^  Anon. 

EN-»E.\V'OR,  (oii-dcv'iir,)  r.  i.    To  c.wrt  pliysiral 
strength  or  intellectual  power,  for  tlit!  aeeoni|ili.<li- 
meiit  of  an  oliject  ;  to  try  ;  to  e.^isay  ;  to  attempt.  In 
a  race, each  man  emlrar.urK  to  oiil^trip  his  aiilai;iiMi~t. 
A  poet  may  eiiilnn-or  to  riviil  lloiiier,  but  willioiit 
success.    It  is  followetl  liy  nftrr  brforu  a  nonii  ;  as, 
the  Christian  milrururs  ufler  more  strict  conformity 
to  the  example  of  (.'lirist. 
2.  e.  f.   To  attempt  to  gain  ;  to  try  to  ctfect. 
It  is  our  limy  to  endeavor  lite  recovery  of  tliew  U-nelk-ial 
suljjfCts.  Chailiain. 

r;.\-l)r-AV"()K-Kl),         Kssayeil  ;  attenipteil. 
EN-1)1;AV'(J1M;R,  «.    One  who  makes  an  elTort  or 
atlem|>t. 

E.N-Ur.AV'OR-INO,  ppr.  Making  an  eltbrt  or  etiorts  ; 
striving  ;  iwsaviiig  i  attemptiii;;. 

EN-l)i;e'A-(;()N,  «.    rcr.     ,  >k..>,  and  ;  -.i  i.t.] 
A  plane  lifiitre  of  eleven  siiles  anil  anu'les. 

END'Kl),  pp.  Uronglit  to  an  end ;  linislied  ;  con- 
cluded. 

Ei\'-I)r.Te'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  evictKWtit,  to  show.l 

Showing  ;  exhibiting.  An  endeirtic  diaiognc,  in 
the  I'lalonic  philosophy,  ia  one  which  exhibits  a 
Rpecilllen  of  skill.  Kiijirld. 

F\  l)l-'\rlr' \I   I"'   f^""'  "'''V'us,       and  6iiiio(, 

EN-I)i^,'.\ll  Al„"i 

Pectiliarloa  p-Mtph;  or  nation.  An  fnf//*mic  disease, 
is  one  to  which  the  irihabilanis  of  a  particular  coun- 
try are  peculiarly  suhjeci,  mikI  u  Inch,  for  that  reason, 
nitty  he  stipposeil  to  prnceeii  frimi  Itn  til  causes,  as  liail 
air  or  water.  The  t^pithet  is  also  applied  to  a  dis- 
ease which  prevttils  in  a  particular  season,  cliieHy  or 
wholly  in  a  particniar  |ilacc. 

l',.N'-l)r.Sri(;,  «.    .-V  disease  of  an  endemic  nature. 

i;.\  l)KM'ie  AI.-LY,  (I'/r.    In  an  endemic  manner. 

E.\-l)i;\'r/.E,  i;-iz,)  r.  I.  [from  ilenizni,  or  lis  nnil.]  To 
iiiake  free  ;  to  n.itiirali/.c  ;  to  admit  to  the  privileges 
of  a  deni/.en.    [Littlr  u.-ictl.]  Caimteii. 

E\  I)I;N'I-//;.\,  (-den'e-zn,)  v.  L  [from  ilcnizcn.] 
To  tiatttrali/.e.  B.  Juiij^-on. 

E.N'D'EK,  n.   One  who  ends  or  finishes. 

EN  l)I("r''MENT  I  ^''"^  I-"<DicT,  Indictment. 
E.\'1)'I.\'(J,  [from  end.]    Terminating  ;  closing  ; 

cottclntliiig. 
E.N'D'I.N'd,  II.    Termination;  conclusion. 

•J.  In  trraminar,  !lie-Cerniiiiating  syllabic  or  letter 
EN-DITE'.    See  Indite.  [of  a  word. 

E.V'DIVE,  »i.    [Fr.  endive;  It.  endivia  ;  bp.  cndibia  ; 


h.  intijbiim  ;  Ar.  i_»^^JL^  hindabon,] 

A  phiiit,  a  species  ttf  the  genus  Ciclioriiiin  or  suc- 
cory ;  used  a.s  a  stilatl. 
E.\I)'l,ESrt,/i.  [See  End.]  Without  end  ;  having  no 
end  or  conclusion  ;  applieil  to  length,  and  to  dtira- 
linii  i  as,  an  rn///ft»s  line  ;  ciuIUjis  progression  ;  eutitr^tt 
duration  ;  eiidlcM  bliss. 

2.  In  a  .<«rirt  .iniic,  perpetually  recurring; 

seemingly  witlioiil  end  ;  incessant ;  cimtiiiiial ;  its, 
c/ii//r,-iy  praise  ;  endtr.^.-<  claiiiiir. 

The  endlr.-fn  .-icrno  consists  of  a  screw  combined 
with  a  wheel  and  axle,  so  that  the  threads  of  tin- 
screw  Work  into  tin:  teeth  fixed  on  the  peripln  ry  of 
the  wheel.  lirnnitp. 
ENI)'LE.'*.'<-I.Y,  nrfr.    Without  end  or  termination; 
as,  to  extenti  a  line  eniUe.sslij. 
a.  Incessantly  ;  iierpetiially  ;  continually. 
END'I.ESS-.VESrf,   ii.     Exleiisiim    wilhonl  end  or 
2.  PeriH'tiiity  ;  endless  diiriitioii.  [limit. 
KN'D'LO.Nfi,  ik/c.    In  a  line  ;  with  the  end  forward. 

[l.illlr  iLiril.]  Dnjdcn. 
E.ND'MoST,  n.    Furthest;  remotest. 
EN'Do  exIlP,  II.    [«;r.  .'ili.i' and  it.iriroc.J 
In  bntttinj^  the  inner  cttat  or  shell  of  a  Iriiit. 

Lindlnj. 

E\-I)Oe'TRl\E,  V.  L   To  teach;  to  indoctrinate. 

(See  tin:  littler  word.]  Dunne. 
EN'nO-0E\,  n.    An  endogenous  plant. 
E.\-l)Oi5'E-NOlIS,  ,1.    [(ir.  f        and  ,jm  ,i'...] 
I         An  epithet  given  to  lhat  class  of  plants  whose 
stems  increase  by  internal  growth,  without  distinc- 
tion of  pith,  wood,  and  hark.    Such  are  the  date, 
palm,  Hiit-ar-cane,  &.c.  DrCand. 
E.\  DOPll'YL-LOUS,  o.    [Gr.  ti^o^,  within,  luid  0t.A- 
A  e,  leaf.] 
I         Involved  in  a  leaf  or  sheath, 
i   E.V-l)t)-l'LEO'KA,  n.    [Gr.  .n^  .f  and  irXf.ioi.] 
I         In  huian^,  a  membrane  for  the  seed  of  a  plant,  the 
,       inn  rinosi  when  there  are  three, 
[j   E.\'l)0-RHT-7.,»,  B.  p/.    [Gr.  ri  ilo^  and  piCrt.] 

In  biiiany,  plants  whose  radicle  elongates  down- 
ward after  rupturing  llie  integument  of  Ihc  ba-se. 


EN'I)0-R1IT-7.0IJS,  j  a.     IVrtaiiiing    to    the  endo- 
E.N'DO  KIIT-Z.VE,    j     rhi/.a;.  LmUlcij. 
E.\-l)OK.':|'.',  /a     I  I 

FN  DOIl.^F'MFNT  \        Inuobsk,  Inouhskmlnt. 

EN'DOS-.MoSE,  K.  [Gr.  tv&av  and  wapci,  impul- 
sion.] 

The  transmission  of  pascniis  matter  or  vapors 
through  membranes  or  porous  substances  inward. 

Brando, 

EN-DOSS',  V.  t.    [Fr.  rndo.-:irr.] 

To  engrave  or  carve.  Spcn.ier, 
EN'DOS-'l'O.ME,  H.    [Gr.  ti'i5'.i'  and  oro/in.] 

The  passage  tliri>iigli  the  inner  iiilegiiinent  of  a 
seed,  itiimediately  below  the  ptirt  called  the  fora- 
men. 

EN-DOW',  V.  t.  [Norm,  endoner ;  Fr.  doner.  Cln. 
from  L.  i/i»\,  dolo^  or  a  ihirereiil  ('ellic  root,  for  in  Ir. 
dwbhndlt  is  dninrr.    Tin;  sense  is  to  set  or  put  on.] 

1.  To  fiirnisli  wilh  a  portion  of  gotnls  or  eslatCp 
called  dower ;  to  settle  it  dower  on,  as  on  a  married 
woman  or  widow. 

A  wi(-  is  Ijy  liiw  eiilitled  to  lie  endowed  of  all  lands  anil  Iriie- 
inenli«,  ol  wliicli  Iter  litisliaiiil  wai  seiiu-d  in  |ei--Mtnple  or 
fee-Uiil  ilurin^  the  coverture.  tilnckvujne, 

2.  'I'o  settle  on,  as  a  permanent  provision  ;  to  fur- 
nish with  a  permanent  fund  of  property  ;  as,  to  en- 
d'lw  ii  church  ;  to  endow  a  ctillege  with  a  t'lind  to  sup- 
port a  [irofessor. 

3.  To  enrich  or  furnish  with  any  girt,  cjiiality,  or 
faciihy  ;  to  indue  ;  man  is  endowed  by  his  Maker  with 
reastui. 

EN  I)0W'/;D,  (en  doiid',)  Furnished  with  a  por- 
tion of  olale  ;  having  ilnwer  setiied  on  ;  supplied 
with  a  permanent  fiiiiil  ;  inilueil. 

E.N-DOW'ER,  0.  U  To  endow  ;  to  enrich  with  a  |ior- 
tion.  IVatcrkon.te. 

EN-D<^W'ER,  ».    One  who  enriches  with  a  portion. 

EN  D(  )\V'l  .NG,  ;i/ir.  Sellliitg  :t  dower  on  ;  furnishing 
with  a  permani'iit  fund  ;  induing. 

E.N-Dn\V'.\li;NT,  n.  The  art  of  settling  dower  on  a 
woman,  or  of  settling  a  fund  or  permanent  pnivisiiui 
for  the  support  of  a  parsiui,  or  vicar,  or  of  a  profes- 
sor, dr. 

2.  That  which  is  liestoweil  or  settled  on  ;  property, 
fund,  or  revenue,  perinaiieiilly  appropriated  to  any 
ohjeci ;  ;is,  the  endowments  of  a  church,  of  a  hospital, 
or'of  a  college. 

;3.  That  which  is  given  or  bestowed  on  the  person 
or  mind  by  Ihi;  Creator;  gilt  of  nature;  any  iptalily 
or  faculty  bestoweti  hy  the  Cretttor.  Nttttintl  activity 
of  limbs  is  an  endowment  of  the  hiidy  ;  nattinil  vigor 
of  intellect  is  an  endowment  of  tin:  mind.  Cli.'tthani 
and  liiirke,  in  Great  liritaiii, and  Jay,  Ellsworth,  and 
Haiitiltiui,  in  Americti,  po.ssessed  uncouiiiioii  endow- 
ment of  inind. 

EN-DUUDGE',  (cn-druj',)  r.  (.  To  make  a  drudge  or 
slave.    [jVol  u.^ed.  ]  Hall. 

EN-DOE',  1).  t.    [Fr.  end  aire  ;  L.  indua.] 
To  indue,  which  see. 

EN-Df'E'MENT.    See  Indi'ement. 

E.N  Dl"  K'.\  HI.E,  II.    That  can  be  borne  or  snlTered. 

E.N-DC'R' A-HI.V,  ndv.    In  an  enduring  manner. 

E.V-DOK'  ANCE,  n.  [See  Enol  iie.]  Continuance ;  a 
slate  of  histing  or  duration  ;  lastingness.  Spen.^er, 

2.  A  hearing  or  siilfering  ;  a  ctuiliiiuing  under  pain 
or  distress  without  resist;iiice,  or  without  sinking  or 
yielding  to  the  pressure  ;  siilleraiice  ;  patience. 

Their  fortitude  was  mudt  ailinirahle  in  their  pre^-iice  and 
endurance  of  all  eviU,  of  p,un  and  uf  de.ath.  Temple. 

3.  Delay  ;  a  waiting  for.    [Aut  used.]  Shnk. 
EN-Df'KE',  V.  i.    [Fr.endnrer;  cn  ami  i/iircr,  to  last, 

from  i/iir,  Ij.  i/«riM,  dnro ;  Sp.  endnrar.    The  prinniry 
sense  of  durns,  hard,  is,  set,  fixed.    See  DeRAitLB.] 
I.  To  last;  to  continue  in  the  same  state  without 
perishing  ;  to  remain  ;  to  abitle. 

Tin-  I  .onl  shall  endure  forever.  —  I*s.  ix. 


2.  To  bear ;  to  brook  ;  to  siiirer  without  resistance, 
or  without  yiehting. 

How  c-iu  I  endure  to  see  the  evil  that  shall  come  to  niy  pco- 

pl-  f  —  l-jlli.-r  v,ii. 
Can  tliy  heart  en/ture,  or  thy  hands  Ih'  strong  ^ —  Kzck.  xxii. 

E.\-l>rRE',  r.  t.  To  bear;  to  sustain;  to  support 
without  breaking  or  yielding  to  force  or  presstin;. 
•Metals  endure  a  certain  degree  of  beat  without 
melting. 

B.'ih  were  of  shining  steel,  und  wrought  so  pun;, 

As  nii^it  tlie  sUoktra  of  two  such  anits  endure.  Oryden. 

2.  To  betir  with  patience ;  to  bear  without  opitosi- 
tion  or  sinking  under  the  pressure. 

'Ilieretiire  1  endure  all  things  for  the  elect's  sake.  — 2  Tim.  ii. 
If  re  endure  cliasteitinir,  Gud  dcalfftjl  witli  you  as  with  sons.  — 
Ileb.  iti. 

3.  To  unilergo ;  to  sustain. 

I  wish  to  die,  yet  iIatq  not  death  endure.  /Jryden. 

4.  To  continue  in.    [A'ot  ii.«r</.]  Brown. 
EN-DrR'/."D,  />,>.    Itorni; ;  suirereti  ;  sustained. 
EN-DCR'ICR,  n.    Oru' who  bears,  suffers,  or  sustains. 

2.  lie  or  lhat  which  continues  long. 
E.V-Dr'K'I.Nt;,  n.    Act  of  enduring  ;  a  sustaining. 
E.N-DC'K'I.NG,  ppr.    Lxsting  ;  continuing  without  per- 


ishing ,  hearing ;  sustAining ;  supixirting  with  (nt- 
tience,  or  without  op|)osition  or  yielding. 
2.  (I.    Easting  huig;  permanent. 
E.ND'WISE,  ado.    On  the  end  ;  erectly;  in  an  upright 
posititm. 
2.  With  the  end  forward. 
EN'E-CATE,  r.  L    [L.  eneco.] 

To  kill.    [JVot  ill  u^e.]  Harvey. 
E-Nk'II),  71.    [L.  ^neU.] 

A  heroic  poem,  written  by  Virgil,  in  which  yEneas 
is  the  hero. 

E-Nic'.M.\,  n.  [Gr.]    An  injection,  usually  liipiid,  but 

sometimes  gaseous,  thrown  into  the  rectum,  as  a 

medicine,  or  to  impart  nourishment. 
EN'E-.MV,  n.    [  Fr.  ennemi ;  Sp.  eneinitro  ;  It.  neinieo  t 

Ir.  nnhma;  from  L.  intmictu  ;  in,  neg.  and  amtcus, 

friend.  ] 

1.  A  foe;  an  adversary.  A  prirate  enemy,  it*  one 
who  liittes  another,  and  wishes  him  injury,  or  at- 
tempts Id  (1(1  him  injury,  to  gr.itify  his  own  malice 
or  ill  will.  A  pnhlic.  enemy  or  foe,  is  one  who  be- 
longs to  it  n;ttion  or  ptirty  at  w:ir  with  another. 

I  say  to  yun,  I.ov(;  yunr  ejieiniee.  — Matt.  v. 
Knennetf  in  war;  in  [leac-,  friends. 

Declamtion  o/  Independence. 

2.  One  who  hates  or  dislikes  ;  as,  an  enemy  to  truth 
or  falsehood. 

3.  In  tlirolofry,  and  by  way  of  eminence,  the,  enemy 
is  the  devil  ;  the  arch  fiend. 

4.  In  military  nffair.-i,  the  opposing  army  or  naval 
force,  in  war,  is  called  thi^  enemy. 

EN  ER  t;ET'ie,       jo.  [Gr.  ei/i/iyr/nnrot,  from  ri'ti)- 
EN-ER-OET'IC-AE,  t     yiti,  tvcpycu;  tv  and  cpyov, 
work.    See  Enehov.] 

1.  Operating  with  force,  vigor,  and  effect  ;  forcible  ; 
powerful  ;  elficaciotis.  We  say,  the  public  safety 
retpiired  enrr^tttc  measures.  'I'lie  vicious  inclina- 
tions of  men  can  be  rtrstntined  only  by  encr^elie 
laws.    [Enekoic  is  not  used.] 

2.  Moving  ;  working  ;  active  ;  operative.  We 
mtist  conctMve  tif  God  as  a  Being  eternitlly  enrrjrelie.. 

EN-ER  OE 1  "le  AE-I,Y,  ado.    With  force  and  vigor  ; 

wilh  energy  and  elfect. 
E.N  EK'CilC,       (  o.  Il.iving  energy  or  great  power  in 
EN-ER'Gie-AL,  j     eliect.  Collin.^. 
EN'ER  GIZE,  r.  i.  [from  em  rfry.]   To  act  with  force  ; 

to  operate  with  vigor  ;  to  act  in  producing  an  effect. 
EN'ER-GT/E,  e.  L    To  give  strength  or  force  to )  to 

give  active  vigor  to. 
EN'ER-GI/-KD,  pp.  Invigorated. 
E.N'ER-GlZ  Ell,  II.    He  or  tliiit  which  gives  energy  ; 

he  or  that  which  ;icls  in  producing  an  elfect. 
E.N'ER-CIZ-INc;,  ppr.  Giving  energy,  force,  or  vigor ; 

acting  with  force. 
EN-ER'(;iJ-MEN,  ii.    [Gr.  fi'C0)0tvi£i'05.] 

In  the  ancient  ckurck,  a  demoniac;  one  possessed 

by  the  devil.  Coleman. 
EN'ER-GY,  n.    [Gr.  tvcnytia  ;  cv  and  cpyov,  work.] 

1.  InteriiitI  or  inherent  power;  the  power  of  opera- 
ting, whether  exerted  or  not ;  as,  men  possessing  cii- 
enrirj  sometimes  sorter  them  to  lie  inactive.  Danger 
will  rouse  the  dormant  encrgicji  of  our  natures  into 
action. 

2.  Power  exerted  ;  vigorous  operation  ;  force  ;  vig- 
or. God,  by  his  almighty  enertry^  called  the  universe 
into  existence.  The  adiiiinistnttion  of  the  laws  re- 
quires enrriry  in  the  magistrate. 

3.  Eirectnal  operation  ;  efficacy  ;  strength  or  foriu; 
producing  the  elfect. 

Beg  the  ttleswd  Jesus  to  pva  an  energy  to  your  imperfecl 
prayers,  by  his  mo«t  powerful  intercession.  Sinalrvlge. 

4.  Strength  of  expression  ;  force  of  utterance  ; 
life  ;  spirit ;  emphasis.  The  language  of  Lord  Chat- 
ham is  remarkable  for  its  enrriry. 

E  NERVATE,  a.  [Infra.]   Weakened  ;  weak  ;  with- 
out sirenglli  or  I'orce.  Johnson.  Pope, 
E-NERV'aTE,  r.  t.   fL.  enerro  ;  e  and  nercu.-*,  nerve.] 

1.  To  deprive  of^  nerve,  force,  or  strength  ;  to 
weaken  ;  to  render  feeble.  Itlleness  and  voluptu- 
ous indulgences  enrn  ale  the  body.  Vices  and  lux- 
ury enereate  the  strength  of  stittes. 

2.  Til  cut  the  nerves  ;  as,  to  enerente  a  horse. 
t>NERV'A-TEI),  pp.  or  a.     Weakened;  enfeebled; 

emasctilitled. 

E-.NERV'A-TI.N(5,  ppr.  or  a.  Depriving  of  strength, 
force,  or  vigor  ;  weakening  ;  enfeebling. 

E.N-ER- Va'TIO.N,  n.    The  act  of  weakening,  or  re- 
ducing strength. 
2.  The  state  of  being  weakened  ;  elTeniinaey. 

E  NERVE',  (e-nerv',)  v.  L  To  weaken  ;  the  same  as 
Enervate. 

E-NKRV'KI).    .See  Enervated. 

E-.NERV'I.NG.    .See  Enervatino. 

t:^V  FjI  .Vl/./.F.',  (Aiig-fi-meel',)  [Fr.]  In  a  family 
state ;  doinesticiilly.  Siei/l. 

EN-FAM'ISII,  c.  f.    To  famish.    [See  Famish.] 

EN-FEE'IIEE,  r.  (.  [from  feeble.]  To  deprive  of 
strength  ;  lo  reiluc*  the  strength  t>r  force  of;  to  weak- 
en ;  to  debilititte  ;  to  enervate.  Intemperance  enfee- 
bles the  body,an(l  induces  premature  infiruiity.  Ex- 
cessive grief  and  melancholy  eii/«Wetlie  mind.  Jxing 
wars  nifrrble  a  state. 

E.\-FEE'HI.KD,  pp.  or  a.  Weakened  ;  deprived  of 
strength  or  vigor. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  6  -a  J  ;  8  a«  Z  ;  CII  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


3i)5 


ENF 

EN  FEE'BLE-MENT,  n.     The  act  of  weakening; 

enervation.  Spectator. 
EN-FEE'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Weakening  ;  debilitating ; 

enervating. 

EN-FEL/ON-.ED,  a.    [See  Felos.]    Fierce  ;  cruel. 

Spenser, 

EN-FEOFF',  (en-fef,)  v.  U  [Law  L.  feoffo,  fcoffare, 
from  fief,  which  see.] 

1.  To  give  one  a  feud  ;  hence,  to  invest  with  a  fee ; 
to  give  to  anotlier  any  corporeal  hereditament,  in  fee- 
simple  or  fee-tail,  by  livery  of  seizin.  Blackstnne. 

2.  To  surrender  or  give  np.    LVot  jised.]  Sluik. 
EN-FEOFF'BD,  (en-feft',)  pp.    Invested  with  the  fee 

of  any  corporeal  hereditament, 
EN-FEOFF'ING,  ppr.    Giving  to  one  the  fee-simple 

of  any  corporeal  hereditament. 
EN-FEOFF'MENT,  (en-fef 'ment,)  n.   The  act  of  giv- 
ing the  fee-simple  of  an  estate. 

2.  The  instrument  or  deed  by  which  one  is  invest- 
ed with  the  fee  of  an  estate. 
EN-FET'TEK,  v.  t.    To  fetter ;  to  bind  in  fetters. 

Sfutk. 

EN-FET'TER-ioD,  pp.    Bound  with  fetters. 
EN-FET'TER-li\G,  ppr.    Binding  with  fetters. 
EN-FE'VER,  v.  t.    To  e.\cite  fever  in.  Sctcanl. 
EN-FIkRCE',  v.  t.    To  make  fierce.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

EN-FI-LaDE',  71.  [Fr.,  a  row,  from  en  and  fil,  a 
thread,  L.filum,  Sp.  hilo.] 

A  line  or  straiglit  passage ;  or  the  situation  of  a 
place  which  may  be  seen  or  scoured  with  shot  all  the 
length  of  a  line,  or  in  the  direction  of  a  line. 

Juknsiin.  Bailey. 
EN-FI-L.\DE',  v.  t.    [from  the  noun  ;  tfp.  eiifilar.} 
To  pierce,  scour,  or  rake  with  shot,  in  the  uirec- 
tion  of  a  line,  or  through  the  whole  length  of  a  line. 

In  conducting  appro:ichPS  at  a  sieo;e,  care  should  be  taken  tliat 

the  trenches  ue  not  enJUa/led.  Encyc. 
In  a  position  to  enjilade  the  works  at  Fort  Isle.  Wasttington. 

EN-F[-LaD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Pierced  or  ntked  in  a  line. 
EN-FI-LaD'ING,  ppr.  Piercing  or  sweeping  in  a  line. 
EN-FIRE',  V.  t.    To  inflame  ;  to  set  on  fire.  [JVot 

usc'l.]  Spenser. 
EN-FoRCE',  v.  t.    [Fr.  enforcir  ;  en  and  force.] 

1.  To  give  strength  to;  to  strengthen;  to  invigo- 
rate.   [See  def.  5.] 

2.  To  make  or  gain  by  force  ;  to  force  ;  as,  to  en- 
force a  passage. 

3.  To  put  in  act  by  violence  ;  to  drive. 

Stonea  enforced  from  the  old  Assyrian  slings.  SJuJc. 

4.  To  instigate  ;  to  urge  on  ;  to  animate.  Sliak. 

5.  To  urge  with  energy  ;  to  give  force  to;  to  im- 
press on  the  mind  ;  as,  to  enforce  remarks  or  argu- 
ments. 

6.  To  compel ;  to  constrain  ;  to  force.  Davies 

7.  To  put  in  execution  ;  to  cause  to  take  effect ;  as, 
to  enforce  the  laws. 

8.  To  press  with  a  charge.  Skak. 

9.  To  prove  ;  to  evince.    [Little  used.]  Hooker. 
EN-FoRCE',  V.  i.    To  attempt  by  force.    [JVnt  used.] 
EN-FoRCE',  n.  Force  ;  strength  ;  power.  \J^atiised.] 

Milton. 

EN-F(")RCE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  enforced. 
EN-FoRC'ED,  pp.    Strengthened  ;  gained  by  force  ; 

driven  ;  conipeilcd  ;  urged  ;  carried  into  effect. 
EN-FoRC'EU-LY,  adv.    By  violence  ;  not  by  choice. 

Skak. 

EN-FoRCE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  enforcing ;  com- 
pulsion ;  force  applied.  Ralegh. 

2.  That  which  gives  force,  energy,  or  effect;  sanc- 
tion.  The  penalties  of  law  are  enforcements.  Locke. 

3.  Motive  of  conviction ;  urgent  evidence. 

Hammond, 

4.  Pressing  exigence ;  that  which  urges  or  con- 
strains. Shah. 

5.  In  a  general  sense,  any  thing  which  compels  or 
constrains ;  any  thing  which  urges  either  the  body  or 
the  mind. 

(i.  A  putting  in  execution  ;  as,  the  enforcement  of 
law. 

EN-l"oRC'ER,  71.  One  who  compels,  constrains,  or 
urges  ;  one  who  effects  by  violence ;  one  who  carries 
into  effect. 

EN-FoRG'I.\G,  ppr.    Giving  force  or  strength  ;  com- 
pelling; urging;  constraining;  putting  in  execution. 
EN-FOIt.M',  r.  t.    To  form  ;  to  fashion.    [Sec  FoiiM.] 
EN-FolII/l)KR-/;i),  n.    [Vr.  foutlroyer.] 

Mixeil  with  lightning.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
EN-FRAN'(;iIISL,(-chiz,)  n.t.    [tiom  franchise]  To 
8Ct  free;  to  liberate  from  slavery.  Bacon. 

2.  'I'd  make  free  of  a  city,  corporation,  or  slate  ;  to 
admit  to  the  privileges  of  a  freeman.  The  English 
culunieii  were  enfranchised  by  special  charters. 

Dames.  Hale. 

.3.  To  free  or  release  from  custody.  Shak. 

4.  To  naturalize  ;  to  denizen  ;  to  receive  as  doni- 
xenfi  ;  oh,  to  enfranchise  foreign  words.  fVatts. 
EN-FRAN'CmS-A;I),  (  chizd,)  pp.  or  a.   Set  free  ;  rc- 
leasetl  frnin  bondage, 

2.  Admitted  to  the  rights  and  privilcgcH  of  free- 
men. 

EN-FRAN'CIIISE-MENT,  n.  Release  from  Hinvery 
or  cUHtody.  Shak. 


ENG 

2.  The  admission  of  persons  to  the  freedom  of  a 
corporation  or  state  ;  investiture  with  the  privileges 
of  free  citizens ;  the  incorporating  of  a  person  into 
any  society  or  body  politic. 

EN-FRAN'cmS-ER,  n.    One  who  enfranchises. 

Ei\-FRAN'CHIS-ING,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  slavery 
or  custody  ;  admitting  to  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
denizens  or  free  citizens  in  a  state,  or  to  the  privileges 
of  a  freeman  in  a  corporation.  Cowel. 

EN-FRo'WARD,  v.  t.  To  make  froward  or  perverse. 
[JVot  used.]  Sandys. 

EN-FRoZ'£N,  (en-froz'n,)  a.  Frozen ;  congealed. 
[JV*(it  used.]  Spenser. 

EN-GaGE',  !i.  t.  [Fr.  engager;  en  and  gagcr,  to  lay, 
to  bet,  to  hire  ;  Arm.  ingagi.   See  Gage  and  Wage.] 

1.  To  make  liable  for  a  debt  to  a  creditor  ;  to  bind 
one's  self  as  surety.  Shak. 

2.  To  pawn  ;  to  stake  as  a  pledge.  Hudibras. 

3.  To  enlist;  to  bring  into  a  party  ;  as,  to  engage 
men  for  service  ;  to  engage  friends  to  aid  in  a  cause. 

4.  To  embark  in  an  affair ;  as,  be  not  hasty  to  en- 
gage j'ourself  in  i)arty  disputes. 

5.  To  gain  ;  to  win  and  attach  ;  to  draw  to.  Good 
nature  engages  every  one  to  its  possessor. 

To  every  duty  he  could  minds  engage.  Waller. 

6.  To  unite  and  bind  by  contract  or  promise.  Na- 
tions engage  themselves  to  each  other  by  treaty.  The 
j  oung  often  engage  themselves  to  their  sorrow. 

7.  To  :tttract  and  fix  ;  as,  to  engage  the  attention. 

8.  To  occupy ;  to  employ  assiduously.  We  were 
engaged  in  conversation.  The  nation  is  engaged  in 
war. 

9.  To  attack  in  contest ;  to  encounter.  The  army 
engaged  the  enemy  at  ten  o'clock.  The  captain  en- 
gaged the  ship  at  point  blank  distance. 

EN-GaGE',  ti.  i.  To  encounter;  to  begin  to  fight ;  to 
attack  in  conflict.  The  armies  engaged  at  Marengo 
in  a  general  battle. 

2.  To  embark  in  any  business ;  to  take  a  concern 
in  ;  to  undertake.  Be  cautious  not  to  engage  in  con- 
troversy without  indispensable  necessity. 

3.  To  promise  or  pledge  one's  word  ;  to  bind  one's 
self ;  as,  a  friend  has  engaged  to  sui>ply  the  necessary 
fiintls. 

EN-GaG'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Pledged  ;  promised  ;  enlisted  ; 
gained  and  attached  ;  attracted  and  fixed  ;  embarked  ; 
earnestly  employed  ;  zealous. 

Engaged  colunnvi ;  in  architecture,  cohtmns  sunk 
l)artly  into  the  wall  to  which  they  are  attached  ;  they 
always  stand  out  at  least  one  half  of  their  thickness. 

Brande. 

EN-Ga6'ED-LY,  adv.  With  earnestness  ;  with  attach- 
ment. 

EN-GaG'ED-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  seriously 
and  earnestly  occupied  ;  zeal  ;  animation. 

FlinVs  Masilion.    Panoplist.  - 

EN-GaGE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  pawning,  pledging, 
or  making  liable  for  debt. 

2.  Obligation  by  agreement  or  contract.  Men  are 
often  more  ready  to  make  engagements  than  to  fulfill 
them. 

3.  Adherence  to  a  party  or  cause  ;  partiality. 

Sinift. 

4.  Occupation  ;  employment  of  the  attention. 

Play,  by  too  long  or  constant  engagement,  becomes  like  au 
employment  or  profession.  Kogers, 

5.  Employment  in  fighting  ;  the  conflict  of  armies 
or  fleets  ;  battle  ;  a  general  action  ;  appropriately,  the 
conflict  of  whole  armies  or  fleets,  but  ajtplietl  to  ac- 
tions between  small  squadrons  or  single  ships,  rarely 
to  a  fight  between  detachments  of  land  forces. 

6.  Obligation  ;  motive  ;  that  which  engages. 

Hammond. 

EN-GAG'ER,  71.  One  that  enters  into  an  engagement 
or  agreement. 

EN-GaG'ING,  jrpr.  Pawning;  making  liable  for  debt ; 
enlisting  ;  bringing  into  a  party  or  cause ;  promising ; 
binding  ;  winning  and  attaching  ;  encountering  ;  em- 
barking. 

2.  a.  Winning ;  attractive  ;  tending  to  draw  the 
attention  or  the  affections ;  pleasing ;  as,  engaging 
manntjrs  or  address. 

Engaging  and  disengaging  machinery,  is  that  in 
which  one  part  is  alternately  united  to  or  separated 
from  another  i>art,  as  occasion  may  require. 

JV'ir.holson. 

EN-GAG'ING-LY,  adv.  ]n  a  manner  to  win  llio  af- 
fections. 

EN-GAL'LANT,  v.  t.    To  make  a  gallant  of.  [JVot 

used.]  B.  Jonson. 

EN-GAOL',  (cn-jale',)  ti.  L  To  imprison.    [Ao«  used.] 

Shak. 

EN-OA R'BOIL,  t!. «.   To  disorder.    [Jfot  in  use.] 
EN-GAR'LANI),  V.  I.  To  encircle  with  a  garland. 

Sidney. 

EN-GAR'RI-SON,  v.  U    To  furnish  with  a  garrison; 

to  ilefenil  or  protect  by  a  garrison.  Bp.  Hall. 

EN-GAS'TRI-MUTil,  n.     [Gr.  ti/,  yaarnn,  and  p\>- 

Oo(.] 

A  ventriloquist.    [-Vuf  in  use.] 
EN-GEN'DKR,  v.  t.    [I'r.  enjrendrer ;  Arm.  enguchenta  ; 
Sp.  engcndrar ;  from  the  L.  gencr,  genera,  gem,  gig- 
no.    Seo  Gknehatk.] 


ENG 

\.  To  beget  between  the  different  sexes ;  to  form 
in  embryo. 

2.  To  produce ;  to  cause  to  exist ;  to  cause  to  bring 
forth.  IMeteors  are  engendered  m  the  atmosphere  ; 
worms  are  sometimes  engendered  in  the  stomtich  ;  in- 
temperance engenders  fatal  maladies;  angry  words 
entrendcr  strife. 
EN-GEN 'DER,  v.  i.    To  be  caused  or  produced. 

Thick  clouds  are  spread,  and  storms  engender  there.  Dryden. 

EN-GEN' DER-J:D,;)/).   Begotten;  caused;  produced. 
EN-GEN'DER-ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  engenders. 
EN-GEN'DER-ING,  ppr.    Begetting;  causing  to  be; 
producing. 

EN-(;ILD',  71.  t.    To  gild  ;  to  brighten.  Shak. 
EN'GINE,  (en'jin,)  ii.    [Fx.engin;  S^).  ingenio  ;  Port. 

engenho;  Arm.  ingin  i  from  L.  ingenium;  so  called 

from  contrivance.] 

1.  In  mechanics,  a  compound  machine,  or  artificial 
instrument,  composed  of  different  parts,  and  intend- 
ed to  produce  some  effect  by  the  help  of  the  mechan- 
ical powers  ;  as  a  pump,  a  windlass,  a  capstan,  a  fire- 
engine,  a  steam-engine. 

2.  A  military  machine,  as  a  battering-ram,  &c. 

3.  Any  instrument ;  thai  by  which  any  elfect  is 
produced.  An  arrow,  a  sword,  a  musket,  is  on  en- 
gine of  death. 

4.  A  machine  for  throwing  water  to  extinguish  fire , 
a  fire-engine. 

5.  Means ;  any  thing  used  to  effect  a  purpose. 

6.  An  agent  for  another  ;  usually  in  an  ill  sense. 
EN-GI-NEER',  7t.    [Fr.  ingenieur.] 

1.  In  the  military  art,  a  person  skilled  in  mathemat- 
ics and  mechanics,  who  forms  plans  of  works  for  of- 
fense or  defense,  and  marks  out  the  ground  for  forti- 
fications. Engineers  are  also  employed  in  delineating 
plans,  and  superintending  the  construction,  of  other 
public  works,  as  aqueducts  and  canals.  The  latter 
are  called  civil  engineers. 

2.  One  vvho  manages  engines,  or  artillery.  Philips. 
EN-GI-NEER'ING,  Ti.  The  business  of  an  engineer. 
EN'GlNE-MAN,  7i.  A  man  who  manages  the  engine, 

as  in  steamers  and  steam-cars. 
EN'GINE-RY,  (en'jin-ry,)  »i.    The  act  of  managing 
engines,  or  artillery.  Miltun. 

2.  Engines  in  general ;  instruments  of  war.  Jl/irtojt. 

3.  Machinatit)n.  Shenstone. 
EN-GIRD',  (en-guid',)  7>.  t.     [See  Gird.]    To  sur- 
round ;  to  encircle  ;  to  encompass.  Shak. 

FN  GIRT'^"'  I        ^"'■'■""""''^'1  j  encompassed. 
EN-GIRD'ING,  ppr.    Encircling;  surrounding. 
EN'GI-SeOPE,  71.    [Gr.  t) )      near,  and  ojcoTtw,  to 
sec.] 

A  kind  of  microscope  ;  the  compound  microscope. 

Pritclmrd, 

EN-GLAD',  V.  t.    To  make  glad  ;  to  cause  to  rejoice. 

Skelton. 

EN-GLAIM'iCD,  o.    Furred  ;  clammy.    [JVot  used.] 

EN"GLAND.    See  English. 

EN"GLE,  (eng'gl,)  7t.    A  gull ;  a  put ;  a  bubble. 

EN"GLISII,  (ing'glish,)  a.  [Sax.  F.nglisc,  from  En- 
gles,  .Angles,  a  tribe  of  Germans  who  settled  in  Brit- 
ain, and  gave  it  the  name  of  England.  The  name 
seems  to  be  derived  from  cng,  ing,  a  meadow  or  plain, 
a  level  country ;  Sax.  iHir ;  Ice.  cinge ;  Dan.  eng ; 
Goth,  winga  ;  all  which  seem  to  be  the  same  wont  as 
the  Sax.  wang,  icung,  a  plain,  and  to  coincide  with 
the  G.  enge,  D.  eng,  W.  ing,  strait,  narrow,  L.  ango, 
from  the  sense  of  pressing,  depressitui,  laying,  which 
gives  the  sense  of  level.  The  English  are  the  de- 
scendants of  the  Ingavones  of  'J'ticitiis,  De  Mor. 
Germ.  2;  this  name  being  composed  of  ing,  a  plain, 
and  G.  wohnrn,  D.  woonen,  to  dwell.  The  Ingaivoncs 
were  inhabitants  of  the  level  country.] 
Belonging  to  England,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

EN"GLISH,  71.   The  people  of  England. 

2.  The  language  of  England  or  of  the  English  na- 
tion, and  of  their  descendants  in  India,  America,  and 
other  countries. 

EN"GLISII,  V.  t.  To  translate  into  the  English  lan- 
guage. Bacon. 

EN"GL1S1I-KD,  (ing'glisht,)  pp.  Rendered  into  En- 
glish. 

EN"GLISII-RY,  71.    The  state  or  privilege  of  being  an 

Englishman.    [Mused.\  CvircL 
EN-(;L00.M',  v.  t.    To  make  gloomy. 
EN-(JLUT',  7).  (.    [l''r.  engloutir;  L.  glutio.] 

1.  To  swallow.  Shak. 

2.  To  fill ;  to  glut.  Spenser.  jSscAuhi. 
[This  word  is  little  iist^il.    See  (Ji.ui.] 

EN-GLUT'Ti;i),  pp.    Glutted  ;  filled. 
EN-GLUT'TING,  ppr.  Glutting. 
EN-GORE',  V.  t.    To  pierce  ;  to  gore,    [See  Gobk.J 

Spenser. 

EN  GORGE',  (en  gorj',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  cngorger,  (torn 
gorge,  the  throat.] 

To  swallow ;  to  devour ;  to  gorge  ;  properly,  to 
swallow  with  greediness,  or  in  large  quantities. 

Spenser. 

EN-(;OIlGE',  (en  gorj',)  i.  To  devour  ;  to  feeil  with 
eagerness  or  voracity.  Milton. 

EN-Gi)ltG'KI),  pp.  Swallowed  with  greediness,  or  in 
large  draughts. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHi^T — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARYNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


396 


ENG 


ENJ 


ENL 


2.  To  [K1S9CSS  w  itli  satisfaction  i  to  take  pluosute  or 
delight  ill  the  jiusscssioii  of. 

Tliuu  eh.tlt  t)eg<--t  Boiu,  but  tlioii  t<]i:ilt  not  «n/ay  tliriii.  —  L)eut. 

3.  To  have,  possess,  and  use  with  satisfaction  ;  to 
have,  hold,  or  occupy,  as  a  (.'ood  or  profitable  ihing, 
or  as  something  desiralilt;.  V\'e  ctijmj  a  free  constitu- 
tion and  inestimable  privileges. 

Tlat  tlf  chil'lp'n  of  l«nn?l  m;iy  f  n/oy  every  man  lliij  liilii;ritiU)C« 

of  his  fithiTi.  —  Nurii.  xxxvi. 
Tin-  laiui  kli.ill  enjoy  licr  SubtwUi*.  —  Ix'V.  xxvi. 

7'u  rnjdij  ant's  srlf,  is  to  fcel  pleasure  or  satisfaction 
in  one's  own  mind,  or  to  relish  tiie  pleasures  in  which 
OIK;  partakes  ;  to  be  happy. 
EN-JOY',  I',  i.    To  live  in  happiness.  [Unustinl.] 

Milton. 

EN-JOY' A-ni-E,  a.    Capable  of  being  enjoyed.  Pope. 

E.\-JOY'f;0, />;).  Perceived  with  pleasiire  or  satisfac- 
tion ;  possessed  or  used  with  pleasure ,  occupied 
with  content. 

E\-JOY'RR,  n.    One  who  enjoys. 

EN-JO  Y'1.\'(J,  ;i;>r.  Keeling  with  pleasure  ;  possessing 
with  satisfaction. 

E.V-JOY'.MENT,  71.  Pleasure;  satisfactitm  ;  agreeable' 
sensations  ;  fruition. 

2.  Possession  with  satisfaction  ;  occupancy  of  any 
thing  good  or  desirable  ;  as,  the  ciijitymnit  of  an  es- 
tate ;  tile  enjaymcnt  of  civil  and  religious  privileges. 

EN-KI.\'1)I,E,  c.  (.  [from  kmtllr.]  'I'o  kindle  ;  to  set 
on  tire  ;  to  intlame  ;  as,  to  enkindle  sparks  into  a 
tlaiiic.    In  this  literal  sense,  hiniltc  is  generally  used. 

2.  To  excite  ;  to  rouse  into  action  ;  to  iiillame  ; 
as,  to  cnkimlU  the  passions  into  a  Haiiie  ;  to  enkindle 
zeal ;  to  enkindle  war  or  discord,  or  tlie  flames  of 
war. 

EN-KIN'DLED,  pp.    Set  on  fire;  inflamed,  roused 

into  action  ;  excited. 
E.\-KIN'DLI.\'(;,  ppr.    Setting  on  fire;  inflaming; 

rousing ;  exciting. 
EN-LaCE'.    See  LvLiCE. 

EN-IjARD',  v.  t.   To  cover  with  lard  or  grease;  to 

biLste.  Shak. 
EN-L.^RD'ED,  pp.    Basting  with  lard. 
EN-LARI)'lNG,ppr.  Greasing. 

E.\-I-.\RGE',  (en  lUrj')  B.  f.  [from  large. I  To  make 
greater  in  quantity  or  dimensions  ;  to  extend  in  Mm 
its,  breadth,  or  size  ;  to  expand  in  bulk.  Every  man 
desires  to  enlarge  his  possessions  ;  the  prince,  his 
dominions;  and  the  landholder,  his  farm.  The  liody 
is  enlarged  by  nutrition,  and  a  pood  man  rejoices  to 
enlarge  the  sphere  of  Iiis  benevolence. 

God  shall  enlarge  Japiiet.  — Gen.  ix. 

2.  To  dilate  ;  toexiiaiid,  as  with  joy  or  love. 

O  ye  Coriiitliiaim,  our  mouUi  is  open  to  you,  our  liean  i»  en- 
largc't  St.  Paul. 

3.  To  expand  ;  to  make  more  comprehensive. 
Science  enlarges  the  mind. 

4.  To  increase  in  appearance ;  to  magnify  to  the 
eye,  as  by  a  glass. 

5.  To  set  at  liberty  ;  to  release  from  confinement 
or  pressure.  Shak. 

C.  To  extend  in  n  discourse ;  to  dill'use  in  elo- 
quence. 

They  enlarged  thein»ilve»  on  this  nuliject.  Clarendon. 

In  this  application,  the  word  is  generally  intrunsi 
live. 

7.  To  augment ;  to  increitse ;  to  make  large  or 
larger,  in  a  general  seiise ;  a  word  vf  general  appUca- 
tion. 

Tet  enlarge  the  heart,  may  signify  to  (ipen  and  ex- 
pand in  good  will ;  to  make  free,  liberal,  and  charita- 
ble. 

E.\-LARi;E',  (cn-IUrj',)  r.  i.  To  grow  large  or  larger; 
to  extend  ;  to  dilate  ;  to  ex|)and.  .\  plant  enlarges 
by  growth  ;  an  estate  enlarges  by  good  iiiaiiagument ; 
a  volninc  of  air  enlarges  by  rarefaction. 

2.  To  be  diifiise  in  speaking  or  writing ;  to  expa- 
tiate.   I  miglil  enlarge  on  this  topic. 

3.  To  exaggerate.  Swi/l. 
EN-I,XUG'/CD,  pp.  or  o.    Increased  in  bulk  ;  extended 

in  dimensions  ;  expanded  ;  dilated  ;  augmented  ;  re- 
leased iVom  confinenK-'iit  or  straits. 
EN-L.\RG'EU-LY,u</i-.    With  enlargement. 

MonntnyrH. 

E.\-I..1KGE'.ME.\T,  n.  Increase  of  size  or  hulk, 
real  or  apparent;  extension  of  dimensions  or  limits; 
augmentation  ;  dilatation  ;  expansion.  The  enlarge- 
ment of  bulk  may  be  by  arcretiiiti  or  adilitioii  ;  of  di- 
mensions, by  spreading,  or  by  adilitiims  to  length  and 
breadth  ;  of  a  sum  ur  amount,  by  addition,  collection, 
or  accumulation. 

2.  Expansion  or  extension,  applied  to  the  mind,  to 
knowledge,  or  to  the  intellectual  powers,  by  which 
the  mind  comprehends  a  wider  ninge  of  iile:u  or 
thought. 

3.  Expansion  of  the  heart,  by  which  it  becomes 
more  benevolent  and  charitable. 

4.  Release  from  confinement,  servitude,  distress, 
or  straits.    F.itJirr  iv.  Shak. 

.5.  Uitlusiveness  of  speech  or  writing  ;  an  expa- 
tiating on  a  particular  subject ;  a  wide  range  of  dis- 
course or  argiiiiienl.  Clarendon. 


EN-GOIlGE'MENT,  (en-gorj'inent,)  n.  The  act  of 
swalliiu  ing  greedily  ;  a  devouring  with  voracity. 

E.\-(;i,)liG'lNG,  ppr.    .Swallowing  with  voracity. 

EN CRAl'T',  V.  t.    To  ingraft,  which  see. 

EN-GllAlL',  V.  U  'Fr.  cngrdlcr,  from  grde,  gresle, 
hail.] 

In  hrrtUdni,  to  variegate  ;  to  spot,  as  with  hail  ;  to 
indent  or  make  ragged  at  the  edges,  as  if  broken 
with  liail;  to  indent  in  curve  lines. 

Johnson.    Cluipmaiu  Encyc. 

EN-GRaIL'/CD,  pp.    Variegated;  spotted. 

E.V-GKaIE'MENT,  n.  The  ring  of  dots  round  the 
edge  of  a  medal.  Brandc. 

E.\-GRaIN',  v.  t,  [from  "t"'"-]  To  dye  in  grain,  or 
in  the  raw  material ;  to  dve  deep. 

EN-GRaI.N'M),  (en-grand',););).  Dyed  in  the  grain  ; 
as,  engrained  carpets. 

EN-GK.\1.\"1.\G,  ppr.    Dyeing  in  the  grain. 

EN-(;R.\P'PLE,  c.  t.  [from  grapple.]  To  grapple  ;  to 
seize  and  hold  ;  to  close  in  and  holil  fast.  [.See  Gi(*p- 
PLE,  which  is  generally  used.] 

EN-GRXSP',  v.  t.  [from  gru-ip.]  To  seize  with  a 
clasping  hold  ;  to  liold  fast  by  inclosing  or  embrac- 
ing ;  to  gripe.  [See  Gii-isr,  which  is  generally 
used.]_ 

EN-GKaVE',  v.  t. ;  pret.  ExnnAVEO  ;  pp.  E.nobaved 
or  Enobaven.  [Fr.  graver;  Sp.  grabari  It.  grajjiare; 
\V.  craini ;  G.  graben  ;  D.  graavcn  ;  Gr.  j  pa>^u}.  See 

GllAVE.] 

Literally,  to  scratch  or  scrape.  Hence, 

1.  To  lint,  as  metals,  stones,  or  other  hard  sub- 
stances, with  a  chisel  or  graver  ;  to  cut  figures, 
letti  rs,  or  devices,  on  stone  or  metal ;  to  maik  by 
incisions. 

Thou  shall  engrave  the  two  stone*  Willi  the  names  of  llie  diii- 
dren  of  Israel.  —  Kx.  xxvU), 

2.  To  picture  or  represent  by  incisions. 

3.  To  imprint ;  to  impress  deeply  ;  to  infix.  Let 
the  laWs  of  God,  and  tlie  principles  of  morality,  be 
engrared  on  tile  mind  in  early  yeai's. 

4.  To  bury  ;  to  deposit  in  the  grave;  to  inter;  to 
inhiiiiie.    [-\5)(  noio  used.]  Spenser. 

E.\-(;R.x  V'/.D,  j  pp.  or  a.    Cut  or  marked,  as  with  a 
E.\-GU.\  V'KN,  (    chisel  or  graver ;  imprinted;  deeply 
impressed. 

EN-GK.xVE'MENT,  n.  Engraved  work;  act  of  en- 
graving. 

EN-GR.\V'ER,  )u  One  who  engraves  ;  a  cutter  of  let- 
ters, figures,  or  devices,  on  stone,  metal,  or  wood  ;  a 
sculptor ;  a  carver. 

EN-GRaV'ER-Y',  n.  The  work  of  an  engraver.  [Lit- 
tle nsed.] 

E.N  GR.\V 'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  or  marking  stones  or 
metals  with  a  chisel  or  graver;  imprinting. 

EN-GR.aV'I.N(;,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  cutting  stones, 
metals,  and  other  haril'substanccs,  and  representing 
thereon  figures,  letters,  characters,  anil  devices  ;  par- 
tieularlij,  the  art  of  producing  figures  or  designs  on 
metal,  &c.,  by  incision  or  corrosion,  for  the  purpose  of 
being  subsequently  printed  on  paper.  lleberL 
2.  A  print ;  an  impression  from  an  engraved  plate. 

EN-GRIicVE',  (en-grcev',)  v.U  To  grieve  ;  to  pain. 
[_Sec  Ghieve.]  Spenser. 

EN-GROSS',  r.  f.  [from  ^05s,  or  Fr.  oro.fsir,  oi^nis- 
sir,  grossoyer ;  Sp.  engrcsar.    See  Gross.] 

1.  PriHwnVi/,  to  make  thick  or  gross;  to  thicken. 
[jVi)t  notp  used.]  Spenser. 

2.  To  make  larger ;  to  increase  in  bulk.  [.Vot  u.ial.] 

It'otion. 

3.  To  seize  in  the  gross ;  to  take  the  whole ;  as, 
worldly  cares  engross  the  att<;ntion  of  most  men,  but 
neither  business  nor  amiiscinent  should  engross  our 
whole  time. 

4.  To  purchase,  with  a  view  to  sell  acain,  either 
the  whole  or  large  quantities  of  commodities  in  mar- 
ket, for  the  purpose  of  making  a  profit  by  enhancing 
the  price.  Engrossing  does  not  necessarily  imply  the 
purchase  of  the  whole  of  any  commodity,  but  such 
quantities  as  to  rais.-  the  price,  by  diininisliing  the 
supplies  in  open  market,  and  taking  advantage  of  an 
incre.ased  demantl. 

5.  To  copy  in  a  large  hand  ;  to  write  a  fair,  correct 
copy  in  large,  or  ilistinct,  legible  diameters,  for  pres- 
ervation or  duration,  as  records  of  public  acUs,  on  pa- 
per or  parchment. 

G.  To  take  or  assume  in  undue  quantities  or  de^ 
grces  ;  as,  to  engros.^  iM>w*'r. 

E.\-GR0SS'/:D,  (en-grost',)  pp.  or  a.  .Made  thick  ;  t.t- 
ken  in  the  whole  ;  purchased  in  largo  (puaiitities,  for 
sale  ;  written  in  large,  fair  character*. 

E.N-GKoSS'ER,  n.  Me  or  that  wliuli  lakes  the  whole; 
a  person  who  purch.-.ses  the  whole,  or  such  quantities 
of  articles  in  a  market  as  to  raise  the  price. 

2.  One  who  copies  a  writing  in  l.irge,  fair  charac- 
ters. 

EN-GR6SS'1NG,  ppr.  Taking  the  whole;  buying 
comnuxlities  in  such  quantities  as  to  rtise  the  price 
in  market. 

2.  Writing  correct  copies  in  large,  fair  characters. 
EN-GKoSS'E.NG,  n.   The  copying  of  a  writing  in  fair 
and  leinble  characters. 

2.  The  buying  up  of  large  quantities  of  a  commod- 
ity in  order  to  rai.se  the  price.  Brande. 


EN-GKoSS'.ME.\T,  n.  The  act  of  engro-ssing  ;  the 
act  of  taking  the  whole. 

2.  The  appropriation  of  things  in  the  gross,  or  in 
exorbitant  tpianlities  ;  exorbitant  acipiisitton.  Swift. 

EiN-GUaRU',  v.  U  [SeoGuAUD.]  To  guard  ;  to  de- 
fend. Shak. 

E.\-(;iJI,F',  1).  t.   To  absorb  or  swallow  np  in  a  gulf. 

EN-GULF'/:D,  (-gulfl',)  pp.  Absorbed  or  swallowed 
up  in  a  whirlpool,  or  iii  a  deep  abyss  or  gulf. 

E.\-GULF'1NG,  ppr.  Swallowing  up  in  a  whirlpool 
or  abyss, 

EN-GUEF'MENT,  n.  An  absorption  in  a  gulf,  or  deep 

cavern  or  vortex. 
EN-IIXNUE',  (en-liiins',)  v.  t.  [Norm,  enhauncer,  from 

haunter,  to  raise.    Uu.  Norm,  enhance,  hauz,  haulz, 

high,] 

1.  I'o  raise  ;  to  lift  ;  applied  to  material  things  by 
Spenser,  but  this  applieution  is  entireltj  ob.iuUte. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  advance  ;  to  liiglileii ;  applied  to 
priec  or  value.  AVar  enlianees  the  price  of  provisions  ; 
it  enhantes  rents,  anil  the  value  of  lands. 

3.  To  raise  ;  applied  to  qualities,  quantity,  pleasures, 
enjoyments,  &c.  Pleasure  is  enluinced  by  the  dilhciilty 
ot  obtaining  it. 

4.  To  increase  ;  to  aggravate.  The  guilt  of  a  crime 
may  be  enhanced  by  circumstances. 

E.\-li.\.\CE',  (en-lf.lns',)  v.  i.  To  be  raised;  to 
swell ;  to  grow  larger.  A  debt  enltunces  rapidly  by 
coinpuunil  interest. 

E.N  ll.\.\C'/;i),  (eii-hUnst',)  pp.  or  a.  Raised;  ad- 
vanced ;  hightened  ;  increasi^d. 

EN-11.\NCE'.MENT, «.  Rise;  increase;  augmenta- 
tion ;  as,  the  enhancement  of  value,  price,  enjoyment, 
plexsiire,  beauty. 

2.  Increase  ;  aggnivation  ;  as,  the  enhancement  of 
evil,  grief,  piinishiiieiil,  guilt,  or  crime. 

EN-IIX.N'C'ER,  II.  One  who  enhances;  he  or  that 
which  raises  price,  &c. 

E.N'-llXNC'INt;,  ppr.  Raising;  increasing;  augment- 
ing ;  aL'ixravating.  - 

EN-IIaU'BOR,  v.  i.    To  dwell  in  or  inhabit. 

Browne. 

EN-II.^RD'£.N,  r.  t   To  harden  :  to  encourage. 

J/nirell. 

EN-H.^R-MON'IG,  a.  [from  harmonic,  hannony.]  In 
music,  an  epithet  appliiMl  to  siicti  pieces  of  composi- 
tion as  proceed  on  very  small  iiittirvals,  or  smaller 
intervals  than  the  diatonic  and  cliromalic.  Encyc. 

E-NIG'.MA,  7).  [E.  irnigma;  Gr.  uii'i^pa,  from 
aiftnocjiat,  to  hint.] 

A  dark  saying,  in  wliiclisoiin:  known  thing  is  con- 
cealed under  obscure  language  ;  an  obscure  ques- 
tion ;  a  riddle.  A  ipiestioii,  saying,  or  painting,  con- 
taining a  hidden  meaning,  vvliicli  is  propo.sed  to  be 
guessed.  .Johnson,  Encyc. 

E-.\K!-.MAT'ie,        (a.    Rilating  to  or  containing  a 

E-NlG-JIA'I"ie-AI,,  i     riddle;  obscure;  darkly  ex- 
pressed ;  ambiguous. 
2.  Obscurely  conceived  or  apprehended. 

E-.NIG-.M  AT'lti- A  I,  l.Y,  ndi\  In  an  idisciire  manner; 
in  a  sense  ditfi^rent  from  that  which  the  words  in 
coiiiiiioii  acceptation  imply. 

E-NKJ'.M  A-TIST,  71.  A  maker  or  dealer  in  enigmas 
and  ritldles.  .^drkson. 

E-.\IG',M.\-TI7.E,  1).  i.  To  utter  or  form  enigimas  ;  to 
ileal  ill  ritldles. 

E-NIG-.MA-TOC'RA-PIIY, )  n,     [Gr.    on-i^pa,  and 

E-N1G-.M.V-T0I,'0-GY,      (     ,  pji^c.),  or  Ao)  o?.] 

The  art  of  making  riddles ;  or  the  art  of  solving 
them. 

EN-J.ME',r.  L    To  put  into  jail.  Smart. 

E.\'-J()l.\',  V.  t.  f  Fr.  enjoindre:  en  nui\  jnindre,  to  join  ; 
It.  mgtngnere  :  L.  injungo;  in  and  jungo.  (See  Join.) 
We  obst;rv<;  that  the  primary  sense  of  join  is  to  set, 
extend,  or  lay  to,  to  throw  to  or  on  ;  otherwise,  the 
.si'iise  of  oriler  t»r  command  could  not  spring  from  it. 
To  enjoin,  is  to  set,  or  lay  to,  or  on.] 

1.  To  order  or  ilirect  with  urgency;  to  admonish, 
or  instruct  with  authority  ;  to  command.  Says  John- 
son,*' This  woril  is  more  aiitlioritativc  than  direct,  and 
less  imperious  than  eonnirand."  It  has  the  force  of 
pressing  ailmonitifUi  with  authority  ;  as,  a  parent  c;i- 
jnins  on  his  children  the  iliity  of  obedience.  Hut  it 
has  also  the  sense  of  command ;  as,  the  duties  en- 
joined by  tsoil  in  the  moral  law, 

2.  In  lair,  to  forbid  judicially  ;  to  issue  or  direct 
a  legal  injunction  to  slop  prui»;edings. 

This  u  K  suit  to  <n/oifi  iho  (lefcndiuiu  from  dislutUnff  the 
p.'ainlill«.  Kent. 

EN-JOI.N'Kf),  pp.  Ordtrred ;  directed;  admonished 
with  authority  ;  commanded. 

EN-JOI.N'F.R,  B.    One  who  enjoins. 

E.N-JlllN'INt;,  ppr.    (irderiu!! ;  directing.  Brown. 

E.N-JOI.N'.ME.N'T,  ii.  Direction;  command;  authori- 
tative admonition. 

E.N-JOY',  r.  L  [Fr.  jouir;  Arm.  joui^-.a;  It.  gioire. 
See  Jov.l 

1.  To  feel  or  perceive  with  pleasure  ;  to  take  plea.s- 
iire  or  satisfaction  in  Hie  po».»ession  or  experience  of. 
We  enjoy  the  dainties  of  a  feast,  the  conversation  of 
frii.'nds,  and  our  own  meditations. 

I  aiul<l  enjoy  tliA  pangs  ol  death, 

Aixl  smile  in  n^my.  AHdisan. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  <5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CII  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


50' 


•  H  H 


397 


ENN 


ENO 


ENR 


EN-LAR(5'ER,  n.  He  ortlia:  wliich  enlarges,  increas- 
es, e.xtends,  or  expands  ;  an  amplifier.  Brown. 

EN-LXRO'ING,  ppr.  Increasing  in  bulk;  extending 
in  dimensions;  expanding;  making  free  or  liberal; 
speaking  diffusively. 

EN-LARC'K\G,  n.  Enlargement. 

EN-LlGHT',  (en-lile',)  v.  t.    To  illuminate  ;  to  en- 
lighten. Pope. 
[!?ee  Enlighten.    Enlight  is  rarely  used.] 

EN-LTGHT'^N,  (en-lit'n,)  v.  t.    [from  light;  Sax.  cn- 

1.  To  make  light ;  to  shed  light  on  ;  to  supply  with 
light ;  to  illuminate  ;  as,  tile  sun  cnlisf/Uais  the  earth. 

His  lig^titniiigs  eidigfitcned  Ihc  workl.  —  Ps.  xcvii. 

2.  To  quicken  in  the  faculty  of  vision  ;  to  enable 
to  see  more  clearly. 

Jonathan's  eyei  —  vere  enlightened.—  1  Sair.  xiv. 

3.  To  give  light  to  ;  to  giv&  clearer  views  ;  to  illu- 
minate ;  to  instruct ;  to  enable  to  see  or  comprehend 
truth  ;  as,  to  ciilivhtcn  the  mind  or  understanding. 

4.  To  illuminate  with  divine  knowledge,  or  a 
knowledge  of  the  truth. 

Those  who  were  once  enUgkUiied.  —  HeU  vi. 

EN-LIGHT'iC.V-iTD,  (en-llt'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Rendered 
light ;  illuminated  ;  instructed;  informed;  furnished 
with  tieur  views. 

EN-LlGHT'£.\-ER,  (cn-lit'n-er,)  n.  One  w  ho  illumi- 
nates ;  he  or  that  which  communicates  light  to  tlie 
eye,  or  clear  views  to  the  mind.  Jlilton. 

EN-LIGHT'i5N-IN(;,  (en-lit'n-ing,)  ppr.  or  a.  Illumi- 
nating; giving  light  to  ;  instructing. 

E.\'-LIGHT'£.\-.ME\T,  ?t.  Act  of  enlightening ;  state 
of  being  enlightened  or  instructed. 

EN-LINK',  V.  t.  [from  liiUi.]  To  chain  to ;  to  con- 
nect. Sllak. 

EN-LIST',  V.  t.  [See  List.]  To  enroll ;  to  register  ; 
to  enter  a  name  on  a  list. 

2.  To  engage  in  public  service,  by  entering  tlie 
name  in  a  register  ;  as,  an  olticer  cnlisU!  men. 

3.  In  a  wilier  setise,  to  unite  firmly  to  a  cause  ;  to 
employ  in  advancing  some  interest ;  as,  to  eidint  per- 
sons of  all  clas-ses  in  the  cause  of  truth. 

EN-LIST',  !).  i.  To  engage  in  pnl)lic  service,  by  sub- 
scribing articles,  or  enrolling  one's  name. 

2.  In  a  viitrr  sense,  to  enter  heartily  into  a  cause, 
as  one  devoted  to  its  interests. 

E.N-LIST'ED,  pp.  Enrolled  for  service,  chiefly  mili- 
tarv. 

EN-LIST'ING,  jipr.  Enrolling  for  service. 
EN-LIS  T'MENT,  it.    The  act  of  enlisting. 

2.  The  writing  by  which  a  soldier  is  bound. 
EN-LIVE',  V.  t.    'I'o  animate.    [JVVt  used.] 
EN-LIV'y2N,  (en-liv'n,)  v.  t.    [from  life,  live.]  Lilcr- 
ully,  to  give  life.  Hence, 

1.  To  give  action  or  motion  to  ;  to  make  Vigorous 
or  active ;  to  excite  ;  as,  fresh  fuel  enlivens  a  fire. 

2.  'I'o  give  spirit  or  vivacity  to  ;  to  animate  ;  to 
make  sprightly.  Social  mirth  and  good  humor  cn/iucii 
company  ;  they  enlwm  the  dull  and  gloomy. 

3.  To  make  cheerful,  gay,  or  joyous. 
EN-LIV'i(;N-£I),  (eu-Uv'nd,)  pp.    Made  more  active  ; 

excited  ;  animated  ;  made  cheerful  or  gay. 
EN-LlV'KN-ER,  H.    He  or  that  which  enlivens  or 

animates  ;  lie  or  that  which  invigorates. 
EN-LIV'£N-1NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  life,  spirit,  or 

uniuiation  ;  inspiriting;  invigorating;  making  viva- 
cious, sprightly,  or  cheerful. 
EN-Lu'MINE,  1!.  <.    To  illumine  ;  to  enlighten.  [See 

the  latti-r  words.] 
E.\-.MAR')iLE,  V.  L    To  make  hard  as  marble;  to 

harden.  Speiis/r. 
EN-.MAK'IiLKn,  pp.    Hardened.  Hall. 
EN-.MAR'IiLI\(;,  ppr.    iMakiiig  hard  like  marble. 
KM"  MASSE',  (ing-miss,')  [Er.j     In  the  mass  or 

whob*  body. 

E.\-.MF.S11',  D.  (.    [from  mcs/i.]    To  net ;  toentangle; 

to  entrap.  SliaU. 
E.\'  .\l  1  -TV,  n.    [  Ft.  inimit.ii  ;  in  and  amitie,  friendship, 

amity.    See  F-NEMy.j 

1.  The  quality  of  being  an  enemy  ;  the  opposite  of 
friendship ;  ill-will ;  hatred  ;  unfriendly  dispositions  ; 
nialev(»lence.  It  expresses  more  than  aversion,  and 
less  than  mahrc,  and  differs  from  displeasare,  in  de- 
noting a  fivcd  or  rooted  hatred,  vvhercaa  displeasare 
is  more  transient. 

I  will  pill  enmilu  Iwlwcn  tiif*  nnd  Ihr  woman. — Gen.  ill. 
Tlie  cariMl  iniiul  is  enmily  ngiiinsl  (iod.  .—Horn.  vlii. 

2.  A  state  of  opposition. 

The  rrien(Uhip  of  tin-  world  [a  eumiUj  with  God.  —  Jainf-t  \v. 

KN-MOSS'a;I),  (en  mii«t',)  a.    Covered  with  moss. 
EN-NE-A-CON-TA-llK'DRAL,  a.     [Gr.  ivtCfiiKot'ra 
and  tfip'i.] 

Having  ninety  faces.  Clcaveland, 
EN'.NE  A-(i(;N,  71.    [tir.  rpffa,  nine,  and  j^ojiiu,  an 
angle.) 

In  trrometry,  n  polygon  or  plant:  figuri^,  with  nine 
HideH  or  nine  nngles. 
E.N-.N'E  A.N'lJRI-A,  n.    [Gr.  ti/fta,  nine,  and  tii  rj/),  a 


male.] 
In  t, 


•otany,  a  cla<H  of  plants  having  nine  Hinmenii. 

LintuKiu. 


EN'-NE-AN'DRI-AN,  /       „    .       .  , 
EN-NE-AN'DROUS,  \  "'"'^  '• 

EN-NE-A-PET'AL-UUS,  a.     [Gr.  ei>vca,  ninr,  and 
ncraXiii',  a  leaf.] 
Having  nine  petals  or  flower-leaves. 

EN-NE-AT'le,  *         rr.  1 

EN-NE-AT'If-AL,  \  "'"^'^ 

Enneatical  days,  are  every  ninth  day  of  a  disease. 
Enncatical  years,  are  every  ninth  year  of  a  man's  life. 

Johnson. 

EN-NEW,  r.  t.  To  make  new.  [JVo(  in  use.]  SkcUon. 
EN-No'liLE,  J'.  £.    [Fr.  cniioblir.    See  Noule.] 

1.  To  make  noble;  to  rai.se  to  nobilit}' ;  as,  to  en- 
noble a  conimciner.  * 

2.  To  tlignify  ;  to  exalt ;  to  aggrandize  ;  to  elevate 
in  degree,  qiiaiities,  or  excellence. 

VVIiat  can  ennoble  sola,  or  slaves,  or  cowards  ^  Pope. 

3.  To  make  famous  or  illustrious.  Bacon. 
EN-No'llLi'.'l),  pp.    Raised  to  the  rank  of  nobility; 

di'jinlii'il  ;  e\alr''(l  in  rank,  excellence,  or  value. 
E.\-.\()'1>LE-.MENT,  h.    The  act  of  advancing  to  no- 
bility. Baitm. 
2.  Exaltation  ;  elevation  in  degree  or  excellence. 

Glanriltc. 

EN-NoTil.I.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Ailvancing  to  the  rank  of 

a  nobleman  ;  e\:iiting;  dignifying. 
iSJV-JVC/;',  (.tiig-\vC',)  n.     [Er.  weariness;  It.  noia, 

whence  noiarr,  annoiarc,  to  tire,  to  vex,  Fr.  cjinuyer. 

Class  Ng.] 

Dullness  of  spirit,  languor,  or  uneasiness,  connect- 
ed with  a  feeling  of  disgiiSt. 
E\-0  UA^'i'lCJN,  n,    [L.  enodatio,  from  enodo,  to  clear 
from  kuois  ;  e  ami  nodus,  a  knot.] 

1.  Tlie  act  or  operation  of  clearing  of  knots,  or  of 
untying. 

2.  Solution  of  a  difficulty,    [fjltle  nsrd.] 
E-NODE',  a.    [L.  enodi.i:  c  and  nodu.i,  knot.] 

In  botany,  destitute  of  knots  or  joints;  kiiotiess. 
E  NOIJE',  V.  t.    [L.  enodo,  e  and  nodus,  a  knot.] 

To  clear  of  knots  ;  to  make  cli:ar. 
E-NOI)'EIJ,  pp.    Cle.ired  of  knots. 
E-NoL)'I.\G,  ppr.    JlakiuL'  rkar  of  knots. 
E-NO.M'O-T.siReH,  n.    The  commander  of  an  cnoin- 

oty.  Mitford. 
E-.\'OAI'0-TY,  7i.    [Gr.  cuwpoTias  tu  and  Qpt/viu,  to 
swetir.] 

In  Lae-edemon,  anciently,  a  body  of  soldiers,  siip- 
post!d  to  be  thirty-two;  but  tlie  precise  iiuinber  is 
uncertain.  Mitford. 
E-NOR.M',  (1.    [J^ot  ii-^ed.]    See  Enormous. 
E-NOR'iMI-Ty,  n.    [L.  enorinitas.]    See  Enormous. 
1.  Literally,  tile  transgression  of  a  rule,  or  devia- 
tion from  right.    Hence,  any  wrtmg,  irregular,  vi- 
cious, or  sinful  act,  either  in  government  or  morals. 

I  We  sh;dl  speak  of  the  etwrmtties  of  tlie  goverutiiait.  Spenser. 
This  law  will  not  restrain  Uie  enormity.  Hooker. 

9.  Atrocious  crime;  flagitious  villainy;  a  crime 
which  exceeds  the  common  measure.  Srcift. 

3.  Atrociousnt;ss  ;  exct;ssive  degree  of  crime  or 
gui'l.  Punishment  shoulil  be  proportioned  to  the 
enormity  of  tin;  crime. 

E-NOIi'iNlOLI."^,  n.    [L.  enormi.-< ;  e  and  norma,  a  rule.] 

1.  Going  beyond  the  usual  measure  or  rule. 

Enoriwius  in  tlieir  ;^,ut.  I^Jilton. 

2.  Excursive;  bt;yond  the  limits  of  a  regular  figure. 

Tlie  etmrmous  part  of  the  light  in  lite  circuinfeteiice  of  every 
lucid  puiiit.  Newton. 

3.  Great  beyond  the  common  measure;  excessive; 
as,  enormous  crime  or  guilt. 

4.  Exceeding,  in  bulk  or  hight,  the  comnfion 
measure  ;  as,  an  enormous  form  ;  a  man  of  enormous 
size. 

.').  Irregular  ;  confused  ;  disordered  ;  unusual.  Slial;. 

E-NOR'MOUS-LY,  arfii.  Excessively;  bi^yond  meas- 
ure ;  as,  an  tipiiiion  enormously  absurd. 

E-NOR'iMOlIS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  enor- 
mous or  exctvssive  ;  greatness  beyond  iiii^asure. 

E-NOUGH',  (e-nuf\)  a.  [Sax.  genog,  gcnoli ;  Goth. 
ganah:  G.  genug,  gnug ;  Xi.  genoeg  ;  Sw.nng;  Dan. 
volt;  Sax.  genogan  ;  to  multiply  ;  G.  gein'gen,  to  sat- 
isfy ;  D.  genoegcn,  to  s.'itisty,  please,  content.  The 
Swedes  and  Danes  tlrop  the  prefix,  as  the  Danes  do 
in  nagger,  to  gnaw.  This  worti  may  be  the  Heb. 
Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  and  Eth.  nij,  to  rest,  to  be  tpiiet,  or 
satisfied.    Class  Ng,  No.  14.] 

That  satisfies  desire,  or  gives  content ;  that  may 
answer  the  purpose  ;  that  is  adequate  to  the  wants. 

She  said,  V\'e  have  utraw  and  provender  enough.  — Gen.  xxiv. 
How  many  hired  H/'rvaiita  of  my  father  have  hread  enough  and 
to  spare  1  —  I.nke  xv. 

JVoff. — This  word,  in  vulgar  language,  is  sonic- 
times  placeil  before  its  nonn,  like  most  other  atljec- 
tives.  Hut  in  i  legant  discourse  or  composititni,  it 
always  follov\'s  the  noun  to  which  it  refers;  as, 
briMtl  enough;  money  enough. 
E-NOLKill',  (e  nuf ',)  n.  A  sulliciency  ;  a  quantity  of 
n  thing  which  satisfies  tlesire,  or  is  atlt-tpiate  to  the 
wantH.    We  have  enough  of  this  sort  of  cloth. 

And  r,sau  aaid,  1  have  enough,  my  linillier.  — Gen.  xxxiii. 
Urael  said,  It  id  enough  ;  Joseph  is  yet  alive.  — (ten.  xlv. 

2.  That  which  is  eipial  to  the  powers  or  nbilities. 
He  had  enough  to  do  to  take  rare  of  himself. 


E-NGUGH',  (e-nuf ')  adv.  Sufficiently  ;  in  a  quantity 
or  degree  tiiat  satisfies,  or  is  equal  to  the  desires  or 
wants. 

The  land,  behold,  it  is  lar^e  enough  for  them. — Gen.  xxxiv. 
Ye  have  dwelt  lung  enough  in  this  mount,  —  Deut.  t. 

2.  Fully  ;  quite  •  denoting  a  slignt  augmentation 
of  the  positive  degree.  He  is  ready  enough  to  em- 
brace the  offer.  It  is  pleasant  enough  to  consitltjr  the 
different  notions  of  different  men  respecting  the 
same  thing. 

3.  Soinetimes  it  denotes  diminution,  delicately  e.x- 
pressiug  rather  less  than  is  desired  ;  such  a  ipiaiility 
or  degree  as  commands  acquiescence,  rather  than 
full  satisfaction  ;  as,  the  song  or  the  performance  is 
well  enough. 

4.  An  exclamation  denoting  sufliciency.  Enough, 
enough.'  I'll  hear  no  more. 

E-NOUNCE,  (e-nouns',)  71.  f.  [Fr.  cno7icc7- (  L.  enun- 
♦lo  ;  e  and  nuncio,  to  declare.] 

To  utter  ;  to  pronounce  ;  to  declare.    [Little  used.] 

Horseley. 

E-Nor\C'/,'D,  pp.    Uttered  ;  pronounced. 
E-.\(  HINCK'MENT,  ti.    Act  of  enouncing. 
E-NOUNC'l.\(;,  p;ir.    Uttering;  pronouncing. 
E-NOW,  the  old  plural  tif  enough,  is  nearly  obsolete. 
EJf  PAS'SAJf  T,  (iing-pis'-silng,)  [Fr.]    In  passing  ; 

by  the  way. 
EN-riF;RCE'.    See  Empierce. 

EN-aUICK'£N,  V.  L  To  quicken;  to  make  alive. 
[JVut  u.ied.] 

Eix-tiUIRE'  ;  more  properly  iNituiRE,  which  see,  and 
its  derivatives. 

EN-RaC^E',  v.  t.    To  implant.    [JVnt  ii.serf.]  Spenser. 

EN-RaGE',  ».  (.    [Fr.  ciira^^cr.    See  Rage.] 

To  excite  rage  in  ;  to  exasjierate  ;  to  provoke  to 
fury  or  madness  ;  to  make  furious. 

E.N-RAG'A'D,  (en-iiijd',)  pp.  or  a.  Made  furious  ;  exas- 
pi'rated  ;  prtivoked  to  madness. 

E.VllAG'lNG, /)j)r.  Exasperating;  provoking  to  mad- 
ness. 

E.V-RaNGE',  v.  t.  To  put  in  order;  to  rove  over. 
[A~ot  in  lu^e.]  Spenser. 

EN-RA.\K',  7'.  t.    To  placi!  in  ranks  or  order.  Sbak. 

E.N-R  \.\K'/;i),  pp.    Placeil  in  a  rank  or  in  ranks. 

E.\-R.\NK'ING,  ppr.    Placing  in  a  rank. 

EN-RAPT',  pp.  or  a.    Carried  or  borne  away  with 
overpowering  emotion;  in  an  ecstasy.  [Puetu-.] 
Sllak.    Rich.  Diet. 

EN-R.\P'TITRE,  p.  t.  [from  rapture.]  To  transport 
with  pleasure  ;  to  delight  bevontl  measure. 

EN-RAP'TLJR-BD,  (en-rapt'yurd,)  pp.  or  a.  Trans- 
ported with  pleasure  ;  highly  delighted. 

EN-RAP'TLJR-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Transporting  with 
pleasure ;  liighly  delighting. 

EN-R.WISII,  V.  I.  [from  ravish.]  To  throw  into 
ecstasv  ;  to  transport  with  delight  ;  to  enrapture. 

EN-RA V'ISII-£D,  (en-rav'islit,)  /';).  Transported  with 
deliglit  or  pleasure  ;  enraptured. 

EN-R/W  ISH-ING,p/)r.  oro.  Throwing  into  ecstasy; 
highly  didightiug. 

EN-KAV'ISll-ING-LY,  ado.  So  as  to  throw  into  ec- 
stasy. 

EN-RAV'ISII-MENT,  77.    Ecstasy  of  delight ;  rapture. 

Olanvdle. 

EN-REG'IS-TER,  v.  t.    [Fr.  enregi.'strer.] 

To  register  ;  to  enroll  or  recortl.  Spenser. 

E.\-REG'lS-TER-f;D,  pp.    Entered  in  a  roll. 

E.N  REG'lS-TER-INfJ,  ;)/<r.    Enrolling;  recording. 

EN-RllEu.M',  (en-rume',)  ii.  i.    [Fr.  rurbnmer.] 
To  havt;  rheum  through  cold.    [J^ut  in  use.] 

EN-IUCH',  v.  t.    [Fr.  enriekir,  from  rielie,  rich.] 

1.  To  make  rich,  wealthy  or  opulent  ;  to  supply 
with  abundant  property.  7\gricuHnri',  coniinerce, 
anil  iiiiiiiuractiires  enrich  a  nation.  War  and  plun- 
der seldinii  enrich,  more  generally  they  impoverish, 
a  country. 

2.  To  fertilize;  to  supply  with  the  niilriineiit  of 
plants  and  render  productive  ;  as,  to  enrich  land  by 
manures  or  irrigation. 

3.  To  store  ;  to  .supply  with  an  abundance  of  any 
thing  desirable  ;  as,  to  c'ii<ic/i  tin;  mind  with  know  1- 
edge,  science,  or  useful  observalioiis. 

4.  To  supply  with  anv  tiling  splendid  or  ornamen- 
tal;  as,  to  enrich  a  parnting  with  elegant  drapery; 
to  c;ir/c/(  a  poem  or  oration  with  sinking  metaphors 
or  images  ;  to  ciiiicA  a  garden  with  flowers  or  shrub- 
bery. 

EN-RlCirKD,(en-richt',)  pp.  Made  rich  or  wealthy  ; 
fertilized  ;  sup|)lied  with  that  which  is  tle.sirable,  u.se- 
fiil,  or  ornamental. 

EN  IflCU'Eli,  71.    One  that  enriches. 

EN-KlCll'lNfi,  .Making   opulent  ;   fertilizing  ; 

supplying  with  what  is  splendid,  useful,  or  orna- 
mental. 

EN-UICH'.MENT,  n.  Augmentation  of  wealth  ;  ani- 
plilicntion  ;  improveinijit ;  the  addition  of  fertility 
or  ornament. 

EN-IUU(5E',  (cn-rij',)  Ji.  t.    To  form  into  ridgt^s. 

Shttk. 

EN-RING',  V.  I.    To  encircle  ;  to  bind.  Shnk. 
EN-RIP'£N,  V.  t.    To  ripen  ;  to  brills  perfection. 

J')onue. 

EN-RIVE',  t>.  t   To  rive  ;  to  cleave.  Spcn.ier. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T  —  METE,  PKBV.— PINE,  MARINE,  UIIID.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


398 


ENS 


ENT 


ENT 


E. N-RollR',  I-.  I.  [ficiiii  rube.]  To  clothe  Willi  rich 
allirc  .  lo  auire  ;  Id  iiivrst.  Sliak. 

KS  KoK' K\)y  yii.    Alfirt  d  ;  invested. 

KN-Koli'lMi, /i/>r.    Investing;  iiltirinj.'. 

r..\  KOI  'K'M  i;.\"r,  n.  a  mass  of  larjji'  stones  thrown 
in  at  raniloni  to  I'urm  tiiu  biiava  u(  piers,  bnakwa- 
t'Ts^  JJiC.  BiLchatiiin. 

KN-ltril.L',  V.  t.  [Ft.  enrOlcr,  from  rfi/c,  ruUc,  a  roll 
or  rf;:ister:] 

1.  T»  write  In  a  roll  or  register  j  to  insert  a  name 
or  enter  in  u  list  or  caiuhvgne  ;  as,  men  arc  ciiTuUed 
for  ser\'ice. 

2.  Ti)  record  ;  to  insert  in  records  ;  to  leave  in 
writing.  Milloii.  Sliak. 

3.  To  wrap  ;  to  inviilve.    [J\''ut  now  uocJ.] 

Spen.ser. 

F.  y  RCll.UEV^  pp.  Inserted  in  a  roll  or  register  ;  re- 
corded. 

E.N-ltoMVER,  n.    He  that  enrolls  or  reghsters. 
EN-KoLL'l.NG,  ppr.    Inserting  in  a  register;  re- 
cording. 

E.N'-Kol.I/.MEN'T,  11.    A  register  ;  a  record  ;  a  writing 

in  winch  any  thing  is  recorded. 
2.  'I'he  act  of  enrolling. 
EN  HOO  T',  e.  t.    [from  rouf.]    To  fix  by  the  root ;  to 

fix  fast ;  to  implant  deep.  Slial!. 
EN-llOOT'E»,  pp.    Fixed  by  the  root;  planted  or 

tixed  deep. 

E.\-KOUT'ING,  ppr  Fixing  by  the  root;  planting 
deep. 

E.NllDUND',  B.  L  To  environ;  to  surround;  to  in- 
close.   [JVot  iisrd.]  Sliak. 

tLV  HbUTE',  (king-root',)  [Fr.]  Upon  the  road  ;  in 
progress. 

E.NS,  n.    [L.  fn.<,  part,  present  of  esse,  to  be.] 

Entity  ;  being  ;  existence.  Among  fAc  oW  cA«n- 
i.<fj(,  the  power,  virtue,  or  efficacy,  which  certain  sub- 
slaiiees  exert  on  onr  bodies;  or  the  things  which  are 
siip[K>sed  to  contain  all  the  ipialities  or  virtues  of 
the  ingredients  they  are  drawn  from,  in  little  room. 
[Littte  HS€tl.]  F.nciic.  Jiihnsoii. 

E.N-.-^AFE',  c.  t.    To  render  safe.    [AW  «,.(■«/. ]  ll,M. 
E.N-S.\.M'P1,E,  n.    [Irri'giilarly  formed  from  exumpk  or 
sample^  It.  ejempio^  L.  exempt  urn.] 
An  example  ;  a  pattern  ur  model  for  imitation. 
Beiii^  entnmples  10  the  (luck.  —  I  IVt.  v. 
EN-SAM'Pl-E,  V.  L    To  exemplify  ;  to  show  by  exam- 
ple.   This  word  is  sehloin  used,  either  ad  a  iioiiii  or 
a  verb.    [."*ee  Ewmple.] 
EN-S.\.\"(;L'IXE,  .(-sang'gwin,)  v.  L    [L.  saiiu-iii.*, 
blood  ;  Eng.  santruinr.] 

'I'o  stain  or  cover  with  blood  ;  to  smear  with  gore  ; 
as,  an  ensatiirithietl  field.  Jli/toii. 
EN  S  A.\"{;L'  lS-El),pp.  or  a.  SnlTu.sed  or  staim  d  with 
EN'S.sTE,  n.    [ U  CMjw,  a  swtird.J  [blond. 

Having  sword-shaped  leaves. 
EN-seilED'ULE,  ».  t.   I'o  insert  in  a  schedule.  [See 

±seHKUL'Ll-.j  SItak. 

E.\  St'D.N'CE',  (en-skons',)  r.  L  [from  scDnce..]  To 
Cover,  or  shelter,  as  with  a  sconce  ur  fort ;  toproteot ; 
to  secure. 


A  ill  enscoTice  me  bfiiinil  llie  arra«. 


Sha*. 


EN-SCO.N'C'£D,  (en-sknnst',)  pp.  Covered,  or  shel- 
tered, as  by  a  sconce  or  fort ;  protected  ;  seciireil. 

ES-i^COSC'lSG,  2'pr.  Covering,  or  sheltering,  its  by 
a  fort. 

E.N'-Sii.AL',  r.  t.  [from  seal.]  To  seal;  to  fix  a  seal 
on  ;  to  impress. 

E.\  8i";AL'>.'IJ,  pp.    Impressed  with  a  seal. 

E.\-SKAI/I.\n,  ppr.    Pcaliiis  :  affixing  a  seal  to. 

EN-tiKAI.'INr.,  n.    The  act  of  athxing  a  seal  to. 

EN-S|.;A.M',  r.  t.  [Iroiii  seam,]  To  sew  up;  to  in- 
close by  a  seam  or  juncture  of  needle-work. 

Camden. 

EN-.Sl>.A.M'Kn,  (en-sCmd',1  pp.   Sewed  up. 
EN-Si^A.M'AD,  o.    Greasy.    [jVot  in  use.]  Shak 
E,N-SKA.\ri.N(;,  pnr.    Sewing  up. 
EN-tiF;AR',  r.  (.    [from  .««r.]    To  se.ar ;  to  cauterize ; 

to  close  or  stop  by  burning  to  hardness.  Sfiak. 
EN-SEARCH',  (en-serch',)  v.  L    To  search  for  ;  to 

try  to  find.  [JVut  used.)  ElijoU 
E.N-SijAR'Er),  (en-seerd%)  pp.    Seared  to  hardness. 

E. N-SkAR'I.NG,  ppr.    Searing  to  hardness. 

F. jV-SHM'BLE,  (,liig-<liii'l.l,)  B.  [Kr.]  The  whole  ; 
all  the  parts  taken  together. 

In  the  fine  art.<,  this  term  denotes  the  masses  and 
details  considered  with  relation  to  each  other. 

Brande* 

EN-SIIH".I,D',r.  (.  [fronisAiWrf.]  To -shield  ;  to  cover  ; 

to  protect.    Sliaksi>eare  uses  riishitld  for  enshieided, 
EN-SlllKLD'El),  pp.  Protected. 
I;N  SlllKl.D'lNG,  ppr.    C'overiiii;  with  a  shield. 
E.N-.^IIKI.NE',  r.  L    [from  slirinr.]    To  Jnclosc  in  a 

shrine  or  chest ;  to  deposit  for  safe  keeping  in  a 

cabinet.  Mdlon. 
EN-SI1RI.\'£D,  pp.    Inclosed  or  preserved  in  a  shrine 

or  chest. 

2.  Inclosed  ;  placed  a.s  in  a  shrine. 

Wbtlom  eruhrinerl  ui  beauty.  PercioaJ. 

E.\  SlIRIN'ING,  ppr.  Inclosing  in  a  shrine  cr  cali- 
inet. 

E.\  t-llllOUD',1!.  (.   To  cover,  as  with  a  shroud. 


[L.  eiisLi,  sword,  and  fero,  to 

;  n  sword. 

cnsifurmis ;  eiisLi^  sword,  and 


E.\-SIF'EK-OUS 
bear.] 
Hear!  02  or  carrvin 
E\'SI-Fi)lt:M,  (1.  '[L. 
forma,  form.] 

Having  the  shape  of  a  sword  ;  as,  the  cn.iifunn  or 
xiphtiid  cartilage  ;  an  CH.iiform  leaf. 

^laiitey,  Murtyn. 

EN'SIGN,  (en'slne,)  h.    [Fr.  cn.vci/riic ;  L.  i;isi>i(f, 
»i<fnia,  from  ni^iiumy  a  mark  impressed,  a  niirn.] 

1.  The  Hag  or  banner  of  a  military  band  ;  3  ban- 
ner of  colors;  a  standaril  ;  a  figured  cloth  or  piece 
of  silk,  attaeheil  to  a  stall',  and  usually  with  figures, 
cidors,  or  arms,  tln  rckiii,  bnriie  by  an  olhcer  at  the 
heatl  of  a  ctmipaiiy,  tniup,  or  titlier  b.'iiiil. 

2.  All)'  signal  to  asstrinble  or  to  give  notice. 

He  will  ItU  up  im  eii»i?rt  to  tlie  iMlionn.  —  ti.  v. 
Ye  8ti.tll  tie  lell  a»  uii  rnngn  uii  a  lull.  —  Is.  XXX. 

3.  A  badge  ;  a  mark  of  distinction,  nink,  or  office  ; 
as,  en.<i^its  of  power  or  virtue.      Waller.  Dryi/fa. 

4.  The  orticer  who  carries  the  Hag  or  colors,  being 
tilt*  Itiwest  commissioned  otlicer  in  a  company  of 
infantry. 

■'i.  A  large  banner  hoisted  on  a  staff,  and  carried 
commonly  over  the  poop  tir  stern  of  a  ship  ;  used  to 
distinguish  ships  tif  iliffereiit  luitions,  or  to  chanic- 
tcrixe  different  sipiadrons  of  the  same  navv. 

M'ar.  Diet. 

EN'SIG.\-I!EAR'ER,  n.  He  that  carries  the  flag  ;  an 
ensiiin. 

EiN'SIG.V-CY,  n.  The  nink,  office,  or  coi->mission,  of 
an  ensign. 

EN  SKIAJI)',  (en-skide',)  a.  Placed  in  heaven  ;  made 
ininiiirtal.    [JVut  in  h.si.]  Sliak. 

EN-Sh.A  VE',  e.  (.  [from  .ilare.]  To  reduce  to  slavery 
or  bondage  ;  to  de|irive  of  liberty,  and  subject  to  the 
will  of  a  master.  Harbaroiis  nations  rnslare  their 
prisoners  tif  war,  but  civili/ed  men  barbarously  and 
wicketlly  pureli.'ise  men  ttt  ensliirr  IIk-iii. 

2.  To  reduce  to  servitutie  or  sul)jt^t:litui.  Men  Ciflen 
suffer  their  passions  ami  appetites  to  eiislare  them  : 
they  are  enslancd  to  lust,  to  anger,  to  inteniperaiice, 
to  avarice. 

E.N-SI,.\  V'f;i),  pp.  OT  a.  Reduced  to  slavery  or  sub- 
jection. 

I'.N  SI,.A  VEH-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  enslaved. 

E.N  SI,.\\'E'Mr..\T,  n  'i  lie  suite  of  being  enslaved  ; 
slavery  ;  blindage  :  servitutie.  SiiiitJi. 

EN-SL.iV'ER,  n.  He  who  reduces  another  to  bond- 
age. Sipift. 

E.\'.S1,A\"1.NG,  ppr.  Kediicing  to  boiiilage  ;  depriving 
of  liberty. 

EN-S.N'a1!'E'.    See  Insvmie. 

K.N-SNaUL',  r.  (.    To  eiitaiiL'le.  S/d/i.-rr. 
EN-SN.X  KL'Kl),  pp.  Eiitangletl. 
EN-SN.\RI,'I.NG,  ppr.  Entangling. 
E.N'-SO'l.ER,  0.  t.    [from  .<«ier.]    To  make  sober. 

Tai/tijr. 

EN-Sd'RER-KD,  pp.    Made  sober. 

E\-S("Vlii;U  ING,  ppr.    .Making  sober. 

E.N-SI'll l'".RE',  c.  L     [from  sphere.]    To  place  in  a 

sphere.  Jlatl. 
•>.  To  make  into  a  sphere.  Careio. 
E.N-SI'll  KK'f.'I), /i/i.    Placed  in  a  sphere. 
E.N-."^PIIi'.iriN(;, /i//r.    Placing  in  a  sphere. 
E.N  .s'l'A.Ml",  r.  (.    [from  ,-7u/«/).]    To  impress  as  with 

a  stamp  ;  to  impress  dee|ily. 


GtMl  engtainjted  hu  iiiiaj^  on  i 


Eii/kld. 


EN-ST.A.MP'^,"I),  (en-stampt',)  pp.    Impressed  deeply. 
E.N'-STA.MP'LNG,  pyjr.    Impressing  deeply. 
EN-STYLE',  ti.  L   To  style  ;  to  name ;  to  call.  [Lit- 
tle ii.ted.]  Drayton. 
E.N-SC'E',  r.  L    [Fr.  ensuirre;  Norm,  ensuer !  Sp.  sr- 
ffuir  I  It.  seiriiire  ;  L.  seijunr,  to  follow.    See  Se£k.] 
To  follow  ;  to  pursue. 

S«ek  peace,  onii  tntiu  iu  —  I  Put.  iii. 
[In  this  sense,  it  is  iibsolete.] 
E\-SOE',  r.  I.   To  folltiw  as  a  ctniseqiience  of  preni- 
isi's  ;  as.  from  these  facts,  <ir  this  evidence,  the  argu- 
ment will  fii.yiir. 

2.  To  follow  in  a  train  of  events  or  course  of  time  ; 
to  succeed  ;  to  come  after,  lie  sixike,  and  silence 
ensued.  We  say,  the  ensuing  age  or  years  ;  the  rw- 
suinff  events. 

E.N'-SC'I.NtJ,  ppr.  or  a.    Following  as  a  consciiueiice. 
2.  Next  following;  succeeding;  as,  Uie  easuinir 
yjar. 

E.\-SC'RE',  (cn-shure',)  and  its  derivatives.    See  In- 

SIBE.J 

EN-S\\  EEP',  V.  L   To  sweep  over  ;  to  pa-ss  over  rap- 

iill.v-  Thomson. 
E.N-S\VEEP'I.\G,  ppr.    Sweeping  over. 
E.N-SWEPT',  iip.    Swept  over. 

E.N-TAIi'LA-Tl  RE,  /  II.  [Sp.  entablamento  :  Fr.  rn- 
EN-TA'ULE-.ME.N  I',  i     tablement :  Sp.    entnlilnr,  to 

cover  with  btKirds,  from  L.  tabula,  a  boanl  or  table.] 
In  urehitecture,  that  |i;irt  of  the  order  of  a  column 

which  is  over  the  capiuil,  including  the  architrave, 

frie/.e,  and  cornice.  Oiritt. 
E.N  'I'ACK'LE,  (en-tak'l,)  c.  L    To  supply  with  ttickle. 

[J\ot  used.]  Skriton. 
EN-TAIL',  n.    [Fr.  entaiUer,  to  cut,  from  tatller.  It. 


taffliare^  id.  Feudum  tall'iatnm,  a  fee  entailed, 
abridi-ed,  ciirL-iiliil,  limited.] 

1.  All  estate  cr  fite  eiitailetl,  or  limited  in  descent 
to  a  partifiihir  heir  or  heirs.  Estates-tail  are  gentral, 
as  when  laiiils  .'mil  (eiieiiieiits  are  given  Iti  one  antl 
the  heirs  of  liis  body  begotten  ;  or  spirial,  as  whi'ii 
laiitis  anil  teiieiiieiits  are  given  to  one  and  the  heirs 
of  bis  lioilv  bv  a  parlir  iilar  wife.  Black.-.lane. 

2.  Rule  of  ilesceiit  st  tlletl  for  an  estate. 

3.  Delicately-carveil  oriianieiital  work.  [02ijf.] 

Sprnsrr. 

EN-TaIL',  F.  L  To  settle  the  descent  of  lands  and 
teneiiieiits,  by  gift  to  a  man  and  to  certain  heirs 
specifietl,  so  that  neither  the  iltinee  nor  an>  subse- 
quent possessor  can  alienate  or  betineath  it ;  as,  to 
entail  a  iiiaiKir  to  \  It  ami  to  his  eltlest  son,  or  to  his 
heirs  of  Ills  boily  b.  gotten,  or  to  Ins  heirs  by  a  partic- 
ular wife. 

2.  To  fix  iiiialienably  on  a  person  or  thing,  or  nn  a 
person  ami  his  ttescend;ints.  IJy  the  apostasy,  mis- 
ery is  siippiised  to  be  riiiailid  on  mankind  ;  the  in- 
temperate often  entail  iiiftriiiities  Jise;ises,  and  niin, 
tin  their  ehililren. 

.1.  [From  till'  Frencli  verb.]    'I'o  cut;  to  carve  for 
ornament.    [  ()*.*.]  Sprn.ter. 
E.\-TAII.'Kl),  pp.  or  a.    Scttleil  on  a  man  and  certiiin 
heirs  specified.  ■ 

2.  Settled  on  a  person  and  his  descendants. 
E.N-I  AIL'I.NG,  ppr.    Settling  the  descent  t>f  an  estate  ; 
giving,  as  laiitls  and  ti  iienu  nts,  antl  prescribing  the 
moile  of  dest;ent ;  settling  unalieiiably  on  a  person 
or  thing. 

E.NTAIL'.'ME.N'T,  n.  The  act  of  giving,  as  an  estate, 
and  directing  the  iiioile  of  descent,  or  of  limiting  the 
de!:":eiit  to  a  particular  heir  or  heirs. 

2.  The  act  of  settling  unalieiiably  on  a  man  and 
his  heirs, 

E.N-TAME',  r.  f.    [from  fame. ]    To  tame  ;  to  subdue. 
E\-Ta.M'A;|),  ;;//.    Tamed  ;  subdued.  [Ouicer. 
EN-Ta.M'IXG,  ppr.  Taming. 

EN-TA.N"(;L1:,  (en  tang'gl.)  v.  I.  (frtim  tangle.]  To 
twist  or  interweave  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  be 
easily  se|)arateil  ;  to  make  confusetl  or  disorilered  ; 
as,  tlireail,  yarn,  or  ropes,  may  be  entan/tlcd ;  to  en- 
tanirle  the  hair. 

2.  To  involve  in  any  thing  complicated,  and  from 
which  it  is  difficult  to  extricate  one's  self;  as,  to  e«- 
tanirlc  the  feet  ill  a  net,  or  in  briers. 

3.  To  lose  in  niinierous  or  complicated  involutions, 
as  in  a  lab)  riiitli. 

4.  'To  involve  in  tlitficiiUies  ;  to  perplex  ;  to  em- 
barrass ;  as,  to  cntanirle  a  nation  in  alliances. 

.■>.  To  pu'/.-/,le  ;  to  bewilder  ;  as,  to  entangle  the  un- 
derstanding. Locke. 

(1.  To  iiisiiare  by  captious  questions  ;  to  catch ; 
to  perplex  ;  to  involve  in  contradictions. 

The  Pli.tri*'«  luolt  Cfuiuel  how  they  niiglit  entangle  him  in  hU 
uilk.  —  Mall.  xxii. 

7.  To  perplex  or  distract,  as  with  cares. 

No  ni.tn  l)i.it  u-.irn'Ui  entangteth  liiniBeir  with  Uie  alTaira  of  tfai* 

lile.  —  i  Tiin.  ii. 

5.  To  multiply  intricacies  and  difficulties. 
E.N-TA.N  '(iL/.l),  (en-tang'ghl,    pp.  or  a.  Twi.sted 

to;;i  ther;  interwoven  in  a  confused  iiiaiiiier ;  intri- 
I'.'i!  '  ;  perplexetl  ;  iiivolvetl  ;  embarrassed  ;  insnared. 

E.\-TAN"(;LE-.MEN'I',  «.  state  of  being  entangled  ; 
involution  ;  a  confusetl  or  disordered  state ;  intricacy ; 
pi  rplexitv.  ^ociU. 

E.N  rAN"GLER,  n.    One  who  entangles. 

EiN-TA»N"(;LI.NG,  ;>;ir.  Iiivtdviiig  ;  interweaving  or 
interlocking  in  confusion  ;  perplexing:  insiiariiig. 

EN'T.'\-SIS,  «.  [t»r.]  The  almost  imjierceptible 
swelling  of  the  shall  of  a  column.  Brande. 

E.N-T.'\SS'.\1E.NT,  «.    [Fr.j    A  In^ap  ;  accumulation. 

EN-TAS''i'IG,  a.  Itelating  to  all  disetises  characterized 
by  tonic  spasms. 

EN-TE.N'1)ER,  r.  t.  To  treat  with  tenderness  or  kind- 
ness. Young. 

EN'TER,  r.  t.  (Fr.  enlrrr,  from  entre,  between,  L. 
inter,  o/tm,  whence  oii»-.i,  to  enter;  It.  rntrare ;  S[». 
entrar.  The  L.  i«/cr  seeiiis  to  be  iii,  with  the  ternii- 
natioii  trr,  as  in  subier,  from  .*«*.]  " 

1.  To  move  or  pass  into  a  |>lace,  in  any  manner 
whatever;  to  come  or  go  in  ;  to  walk  or  rule  in  ;  to 
flow  in  ;  to  pierce  or  jienetnite.  .\  man  enters  a 
house  ;  an  army  enters  a  city  or  a  camp  ;  a  river  en- 
ters the  st'a  ;  a  sword  ei.trrs  the  body  ;  tile  air  enters 
a  room  at  every  crevice. 

2.  To  ailvanee  into,  in  the  progress  of  life  ;  its,  a 
youth  has  entrred  his  tenth  \ear. 

3.  To  begin  in  a  business,  employment,  or  .service ; 
to  enlist  or  engage  in  ;  as,  the  soldier  entered  the  ser- 
vice at  eighteen  years  of  age. 

4.  'I'o  become  a  iiieiiiber  of;  as,  to  enter  college;  to 
enter  a  sticiety. 

5.  'I'o  .admit  or  introduce  ,  as,  the  youth  was  e»- 
tered  a  member  of  college. 

G.  To  set  down  ill  writing  ;  to  set  an  acctiiint  in  a 
book  or  recister  ;  as,  the  t-lt  rk  entrmt  the  account  t>r 
charge  in  the  journal  ;  he  entered  debt  and  credit  at 
Uie  time. 

7.  To  set  down,  as  a  name  ;  to  enndl ;  as,  to  enter 
a  name  in  the  enlistment. 


TONE,  BULL.  IINITE.— AN"G£R,  VI"C10US — G  as  K  ;  C  as  J  :  S  as  Z  ,  ClI  as  SH  ;  IH  as  In  THIS 


ENT 


8.  To  lods^e  a  nianilcst  of  goods  at  the  custom- 
house, iirui  gain  admittance  or  pi-rmis^ioii  to  land  ;  as, 
to  entrr  goods.  We  say,  also,  to  cuU-r  a  ship  at  the 
custom-house. 

9.  To  cause  to  enter ;  to  insert,  as  one  piece  of  car- 
pentrj'  into  anotlier.  Qwilt. 

EN''l'IjR,  r.  I.  'To  go  or  come  in  ;  to  pass  iiitoj  as,  to 
enter  into  a  country. 

2.  To  rtow  in  ;  as,  water  enters  into  a  slii[). 

3.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  ;  as,  a  ball  or  an  arrow 
enters  into  tlie  boiiy. 

4.  To  penetrate  mentally  ;  as,  to  enter  into  the  prin- 
ciples of  action. 

5.  To  engage  in  ;  as,  to  enter  into  business  or  ser- 
vice ;  to  enter  into  visionary  projects. 

6.  To  be  initiated  in  ;  as,  to  enter  into  a  taste  of 
pleasure  or  niagnilicence.  JJddison. 

7.  To  lie  an  ingredient ;  to  form  .1  constituent  part. 
Lead  enters  into  tile  composition  of  pewter. 

EN'TER-De.VL,  n.    Mutual  di.alings.    [A^t  in  itsc] 

Spenser. 

EN'TER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Moved  in  ;  come  in  ;  pierced  ; 
penetrated  ;  admitted  ;  introduced  ;  set  down  in  wri- 
ting. 

EN'TER-ER,  n.  One  who  is  making  a  beginning. 

Seward. 

EN'TER-ING,  ppr.  Coming  or  going  in  ;  flowing  in  ; 
piercing  ;  penetrating  ;  setting  down  in  writing;  en- 
listing ;  engaging. 

2.  a.    That  begins  ;  being  the  first  act ;  leading  to 
somethins  else  ;  as,  an  entering  wedge. 
EN'TER-I.N'G,  Tt.    Entrance  ;  a  passing  in.    1  Thess.  i. 
EN-TE  RI'TIS,  n.    [Or.  ti/Tt/)oi',  intestine.] 

An  inrtaniniation  of  the  intestines. 
EN-TER-LaCE'.    See  Interlace. 
EN  TER'O-CkLE,  n.     [Gr.  tirepuv,  intestine,  and 
KriXri,  tumor. j 

In  surgern,^  hernial  tumor  in  any  situation,  whose 
contents  are  intestine. 
EN-TEK-OL'O-GY,  <i.     [Gr.  crnpov,  intestine,  and 
A  ij  us,  discourse.] 

A  treatise  or  discourse  on  the  bowels  or  internal 
parts  of  the  body,  usually  indudiug  the  contents  of 
the  head,  breast,  and  belly.  Qiiincij. 
EN-TER-OM'Pll.\-LOS,  7i.     [Gr.  iv-cpov,  intestine, 
and  oix<pn\'iu  navel.] 

.\n  umbilical  hernia  whose  contents  are  intestine. 
EN-TER-l'AR'LANCE,  «.    [Fr.  eitlre,  between,  and 
parter^  to  speak.] 

Parley  ;  mutual  talk  or  conversation  ;  conference. 

Ilaijward. 

EX-TER-PLkAD'.    See  Interplead. 

EX'TER-PUlSE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  eirtre prendre,  to  under- 
take ;  e/iire,  in  or  between,  and  prendre,  to  take,  prise, 
a  taking.] 

That  which  is  undertaken  or  attempted  to  be  per- 
formed ;  an  attempt ;  a  project  attempted  ;  particu- 
larly, a  bold,  arduous,  or  hazardous  undertaking, 
cither  physical  or  moral.  The  attack  on  Stony 
Point  was  a  bold,  but  successful,  cnt€rpri.-<e.  The 
attempts  to  evangelize  the  heathen  are  noble  cnter- 
prises. 

Their  hands  can  not  perform  thi'ir  enterprise,  —  Job  v. 
EN'TER-PRISE,  v.  L  To  undertake ;  to  begin  and  at- 
tempt to  perform. 

The  business  must  be  enterprised  Uiis  niglit.  Dryden. 

EN'TER-PRIS-SD,  (en'ter-prizd,)  pp.  Undertaken  ; 
attempted  ;  essayed. 

EN'TER-PRIS-ER,  n.  An  adventurer  ;  one  who  un- 
dertakes any  projected  scheme,  especially  a  bold  or 
hazardous  one  ;  a  person  who  engages  in  important 
or  dangerous  designs.  Hayward. 

EiN'TEIl-PRIS-ING,  ppr.  Undertaking,  especially  a 
bold  design. 

2.  a.  Bold  or  forward  to  undertake  ;  resolute,  ac- 
tive, or  prompt  to  atteni]it  great  or  untried  schi  ines. 
Enterprising  men  often  succeed  beyond  all  human 
probability. 

EN'TER-PRIS-ING-LY,  uuv.  In  a  bold,  resolute,  and 

active  manner. 
EN-TER-TAIN',  v.  U    [fr.  enlretenir;  entrc,  in  or  be- 

tweciu  and  tcnir,  to  hold,  L.  teneo.] 

1.  To  receive  into  the  hriise,  and  treat  with  hospi- 
tality, either  at  the  table  only,  or  with  lodging  also. 

Be  not  for^  llul  to  enter&ttn  strangers ;  for  l]ien:by  some  have 
enUrtairud  un^els  uioiwareii.  —  Heb.  xiii. 

2.  To  treat  with  conversation  ;  to  amuse  or  instruct 
by  discourse;  projicrly,  to  engage  the  attention  and 
retain  the  company  of  one  by  agreeable  conversa- 
tion, discourse,  or  argument.  'I'he  advocate  enter- 
tained 111"  audii  nce  an  hour  willi  sound  argument  and 
brilliant  displays  of  <'l(HpIc'llcl^ 

:).  'J'o  keep  in  one'H  service  ;  to  maintain  ;  09,  ho 
entertained  ten  domestics. 

You,  sir,  I  tnltrbitn  for  ono  ol  my  liumln^d.  Shak. 

[  Thit  original  and  French  tense  is  obsolete,  or  little 
UMr-d,\ 

4.  To  keep,  hold,  or  maintain  in  the  mind  with  fa- 
vor ;  to  reserve  in  the  mind  ;  to  harbor ;  to  cherish. 
Let  iif  entrrt/iin  the  iiior<t  exalted  view**  ol'  the  divine 
character.  It  in  our  duly  '.o  cntrrtum  cliarilablu  iien- 
tinieiits  toward  our  rellow-men. 


ENT 


5.  To  receive  or  admit  with  a  view  to  consider  and  i 
decide  ;  as,  to  entertain  a  proposal.      7'.  Cliahncrs. 

fi.  To  maintain  ;  to  sujiport ;  as,  to  entertain  a  hos- 
pital. [Obs.] 

7.  To  please ;  to  amuse  ;  to  divert.  David  eiitcr- 
liiined  himself  with  the  meditation  of  God's  law. 

-   Idle  men  entertain  themselves  with  trifles. 

8.  To  treat ;  to  supply  with  provisions  and  liquors, 
or  with  provisions  and  lixigiiig,  for  reward.  The 
innkeeper  entertains  a  great  deal  of  company. 

Ei\-TER-Ta1i\',  n.    Entertainment.    [Aot  in  use.] 

Speuser. 

EN-TER-TaIN'^;D,  pp.  Received  with  hospitality,  as 
a  guest ;  amused  ;  pleased  and  engaged  ;  kept  in  the 
mind  ;  retained. 

EN-TER-Ta1i\'ER,  71.  He  who  entertains;  lie  who 
receives  company  with  hospitality,  or  for  reward. 

2.  He  who  retains  others  in  his  service. 

3.  He  that  amuses,  pleases,  or  diverts. 
EN-TER-Ta[X'I_\G,  ppr.  Receiving  with  hospitality ; 

receiving  and  treating  with  provisions  and  accommo- 
dations for  reward  ;  keeping  or  cherishing  with  favor  ; 
engaging  the  attention  ;  amusing. 

2.  a.  Pleasing;  amusing  ;  diverting;  as,  an  cyiter- 
tuining  discourse  ;  an  entertaining  frientl. 

EN-TER-TaIN'ING-LY,  ado.  In  an  anmsing  man- 
ner. Warion. 

EX-TER-TaIN'IXG-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  enter- 
taining. 

EN-TER-TaIN'MENT,  71.  The  receiving  and  accom- 
modating of  guests,  either  with  or  without  reward. 
The  hospitable  man  delights  in  the  entertainment  of 
his  friends. 

2.  Provisions  of  the  table  ;  hence,  also,  a  feast ;  a 
superb  dinner  or  supper. 

3.  Tile  amusement,  pleasure,  or  instruction,  de- 
rived from  conversation,  discourse,  argument,  ora- 
tory, music,  dramatic  performances,  fitc.  ;  the  pleas- 
ure which  the  mind  receives  from  any  thing  interest- 
ing, and  which  holds  or  arrests  the  attention.  We 
often  have  rich  entertainment  in  the  conversation  of  a 
learned  friend. 

4.  Reception  ;  admission.  ,  Tillotseni. 

5.  The  state  of  being  in  pay  or  service.  [JVui  used.] 

Shak. 

6.  Payment  of  those  retained  in  service.  [Ofts.] 

Dacies. 

7.  That  which  entertains;  that  which  serves  for 
amusement ;  the  lower  comedy  ;  farce.  Gay. 

EN-TER-TIS'SU-£D,  (-tish'ude,)  a.  [Fr.  entre  and 
tissM.] 

Interwoven  ;  having  various  colors  intermixed. 
EN'TIIE-AL,  a.    [Gr.      and  Weoj.]  [Shak. 

Divinely  inspired. 
EN-THE-AS'Tie,  tu    [Gr.  tv  and  Otoj,  God.] 

Having  the  energy  of  God. 
EX-THE-AS'Tie-AL-LY,  ado.     According  to  deific 

energv.  Trans,  of  Pansanias. 

EN'THE-AT,  a.    [Gr.  cvBens.] 
Enthusiastic.    [Mjt  in  u.se.] 
EN-'J'HRALL',  v.  t.    To  enslave.    [See  Inthball.] 
EN-THRIJJ/,  V.  t.    To  pierce.    [See  Thrill.] 
EN-TIIRoNE',  7'.  t.     [from  throne.]    To  place  on  a 
tlirone  ;  to  exalt  to  the  seat  of  royalty. 

Beneatli  a  eculpmreil  arch  he  siu  entiironed.  Pope. 

2.  To  exalt  to  an  elevated  place  or  seat.  Shalt. 

3.  To  invest  with  sovereign  authorily.  Ayliffe. 

4.  To  induct  or  install  a  bishop  into  the  powers 
and  privileges  of  a  vacant  see. 

E\'-TIiROi\"iJD,  pp.  or  o.  Seated  on  a  throne  ;  exalt- 
ed to  an  elevated  place  ;  inducted  into  a  vacant  see. 

EiM-TIIUo.\E'MENT,  7i.    Act  of  enthroning. 

E.\-THRoX'ING,  ;)^r.  Seating  tm  a  throne;  raising 
to  an  exalted  seat ;  iniliictiiig  into  a  vacant  see. 

EM-TIIRo.V'IZE,  V.  t.  To  enthrone  ;  to  induct  into  a 
stall,  as  a  bishop.  [Improper.] 

EN-THUoN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  placing  a  bishop  in 
his  stall  or  throne  in  his  cathedral.  Ilook. 

Ei\-TlIUi\'DER,  V.  i.  To  make  a  loud  noise,  like 
thundiT. 

EX-TIIfJ'S?I-.\SJI,  (en-thu'ze-.izm,)  Ji.  [Gr.  CfOnvotaa- 
poi,  from  £1/0  <ui7iav^'u,  to  infuse  a  divine  spirit,  from 
liO'jvf,  CfVeiif,  inspired,  divine  ;  ti>  and  6e  ■{,  God.] 

1.  A  belief  or  conceit  of  private  revelation  ;  the 
vain  conlidfrnce  or  opinion  of  a  person,  that  he  has 
special  divine  communications  from  the  Sujiremc 
Ueiiig,  or  familiar  intercourse  with  him. 

£;it/i ufiUMm  is  foiiiuli-d  n'  ilht-'r  oti  reiisuii  nor  divine  rcvelnUon, 
but  rijos  from  the  coiiceiu  of  a  wanned  or  ove^^^'eenilli; 
(tnitginntion.  Locke. 

2.  Heat  of  iinaginalion ;  violent  passion  or  excite- 
niciil  (if  file  mind,  in  pursuit  of  some'  object,  inspiring 
extravagant  Impi-  and  confidence  of  success.  Hence 
thi;  same  he  at  of  iniagiiKitioii,  chastised  by  reason  or 
experience,  becoim  s  a  noble  passion,  an  elevah  d 
fancy,  a  warm  imauiieilion,  an  ardent  zi'al,  that 
forms  siibliiiii.'  nb  as,  and  prompls  to  the  ardent  pur- 
suit of  buidiilile  objects.  Such  is  111'.'  entltusin.sw  of 
the  poet,  the  orator,  the  painter,  and  tin:  sculptor. 
Such  is  the  c/ifViuiium  of  the  jiatriot,  the  hero,  and 
the  Christian. 

Fiiction  nnil  enthiminrm  nn*  the  instruineiHs  by  which  nopuliir 
guvoilni  nta  Kn;  Ucstroynd.  Ainet, 


ENT 

EN-THO'SI-AST,  (en-thu'ze-ast,)  n.     [Gr.  tvOovai- 

1.  One  who  imagines  he  has  special  or  supern.it- 
ural  converse  with  God,  or  special  communications 
frtmi  him. 

2.  One  whose  imasination  is  warmed  ,  one  whose 
mind  is  highly  excited  with  the  love  or  in  the  pur- 
suit of  an  object :  a  person  of  ardent  zeal ;  as,  an 
enthusiast  in  poetry  or  music, 

3.  One  of  elev.ated  fancy  or  exalted  ideas.  Dryden. 
EX-THU-SI-AST'ie,  {a.  Filled  with  entliusi- 
EN-THU-SI-AST'ie-AL,  (     asm,  or  the  conceit  of 

special  intercourse  with  God  or  revelations  from  him. 

2.  Higlily  excited  ;  warm  and  ardent ;  zealous  in 
pursuit  of  an  object;  heated  to  animation.  Our 
author  was  an  enthusiastic  lover  of  poetry  and  ad- 
mirer of  Homer.  • 

3.  Elevated  ;  warm  ;  tinctured  with  enthusiasm. 
The  speaker  addresseil  the  audience  in  enthusiastic 
strains. 

EN-THU-SI-AST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    With  enthusiasm. 

EN-THY-.ME-.MAT'1€  AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  en- 
thyrneme  ;  including  an  enthymeme.  Encyc. 

EN'THY-MEME,  n.  [Gr.  t:S„pn^ia,  from  tvOvpt,.pai, 
to  think  or  conceix-e  ;  ev  and  Bvpns,  mind.] 

In  rhetoric,  an  argument  consisting  of  only  two 
propositions,  an  antecedent  and  a  consequent  de- 
duced frcun  it  ;  as,  xve  are  dependent,  therefore  xve 
should  be  humble.  Here  the  major  proposition  is 
suppressed.  Tile  complete  syllogism  xvould  be  :  de- 
pendent creatures  should  be  humble  ;  we  are  depend- 
ent creatures  ;  therefore  xve  should  be  bumble. 

EN-TICE',  7!.  t.  [This  word  seems  to  be  the  Sp.  12(1- 
zar,  Port,  ati^ar,  Fr.  attiser,  Ann.  attisa,  from  Sp. 
tizon,  It.  tizzone,  Fr.  tlion,  L.  titiu,  a  firebrand.  The 
sense,  in  these  languages,  is  to  lay  the  firebrands  to- 
gether, or  to  stir  the  fire;  to  provoke;  to  incense. 
The  sense  in  English  is  a  little  varied.  If  it  is  not 
the  same  word,  I  knoxv  not  its  origin.] 

1.  To  incite  or  instigate,  by  exciting  hope  or  de- 
sire ;  usually  in  a  bad  sense ;  as,  to  entice  one  to  ex'il. 
Hence,  to  seduce ;  to  lead  astray  ;  to  induce  to  sin, 
by  promises  or  persuasions. 

My  son,  if  sinners  ejilice  thee,  consent  tliou  not.  —  Prov.  i. 

2.  To  tempt ;  to  incite ;  to  urge  or  lead  astray. 
Every  inr.n  is  tempted,  when  he  is  dmwn  away  by  liis  own  lust, 

anil  enticed,  —  Jiitnes  i. 

3.  To  incite  ;  to  allure  ;  in  a  good  sense.  Enfield. 
EX-TIC'£D,  pp.    Incited  ;  instigated  to  evil ;  seduced 

by  promises  or  persuasions  ;  persuaded  ;  allured. 
EN-TICE'MENT,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  inciting 
to  evil ;  instigation  ;  as,  the  enticements  of  evil  com- 
panions. 

2.  Means  of  inciting  to  evil ;  that  which  seduces 
by  exciting  the  passions.  Flattery  often  operates  as 
an  enticement  to  sin. 

3.  Allurement. 

EN'-TIC'ER,  n.    One  who  entices;  one  xvho  incites 

or  instigates  to  evil  ;  one  who  seduces. 
EN-TIC'ING,  ;>/)r.    Inciting  to  evil  ;  urging  to  sin  by 

motives,  fialtery,  or  persuasion  ;  alluring. 
2.  a.  Having  the  ipialilies  that  entice  or  allure. 
EN-TIC'ING-LY,  ado.    Charmingly  ;  in  a  xvinning 

manner. 

site  sings  most  enticingly.  Addison, 
EN-TlER'TY,  n.  [old  Fr.  eiitiCT-tie.]  Thexvhole.  [06s.] 
Ei\-TIRE',  a.    [Fr.  cntier ;  Sp.  entero ;  Port,  intciro  ; 

It.  intcro  ;  Arm.  anterin ;  L.  integer,  said  to  be  iii,  neg. 

and  tango,  to  touch.  (Xii.] 

1.  Whole  ;  undivided  ;  unbroken;  complete  in  its 
parts. 

2.  Whole  ;  complete  ;  not  participat<?d  xvitli  others 
This  man  has  the  «;i(i/-e  control  of  the  business. 

3.  Full  ;  complete  ;  comprising  all  requisites  in 
itself. 

Ad  action  is  entire,  when  it  is  complete  in  all  lu  pans. 

it'jtectaHjr . 

4.  Sincere  ;  hearty. 

He  run  a  course  more  entire  with  the  kinj  of  Arr.^gon.  Bacon. 

5.  Firm;  solid;  sure;  fi.xcd ;  complete;  undis- 
puted. 

Entire  and  sure  the  monarch's  rule  must  prove, 

Whi)  luundi  her  givatness  on  her  sub>  CU'  love.  Trior. 

G.  Uniningled ;  unalloyed. 

In  thy  pR'sence  joy  entire,  Miilon, 

7.  Wholly  devoted  ;  firmly  adherent ;  faithful. 

No  niiiu  li-td  a  he.irt  more  entire  to  the  kinjj.  Clarendon. 

8.  In  full  strength  ;  unbroken.  Spen,irr. 

0.  In  botany,  an  entire  stem  is  one  without  branch- 
es ;  an  entire  leaf  is  xvilhout  any  opening  in  the 
edge,  not  divided.  J\lartyn. 

E\-TTItH'LY,  adi:    Wholly  ;  completely;  fully;  as, 
the  money  is  entirely  lost. 
'i.  In  the  xvliole  ;  without  division. 
Kvipbr.it'-s—  fiiN  iii't  entirely  into  the  Penii.in  Sra.  fialenh. 
3.  With  (inn  adherence  or  devotion  ;  faithfully. 

Spenser. 

EN-TIltK'Ni;sS,  H.     Completeness;  fullness;  total- 
ity ;  unbroken  (ni  iii  or  state  ;  .is,  the  entirenesn  of  tin 
arch  or  a  bridge. 
'J.  Iiitegrilj  ;  wboli  iiess  of  In  ait  ;  honesty. 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  Wll^T  MRTE,  PREY.  — PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


400 


ENT 


ENl 


ENU 


EN-TIRE'TY,  n.    Wholeness  ;  coiiipleteiiess  ;  as,  cii- 
tirety  of  inlcrost.  Blaclcstune. 
9.  Tlif  whole.  Bacon. 

EN'TI-TA-TIVE,  a.  [from  mtUij.]  Considered  by 
itself. 

[This  word,  and  Entitativelv,  rarely  or  nev»r 
used.] 

EN-TI'TLE,  ».  t.  [Fr.  intitu'.cr:  Sp.  itUiiular;  It.  iii- 
tituliire;  from  L.  tilalus,  a  title] 

1.  To  give  a  title  to;  to  give  or  prefix  a  name  or 
appellation  ;  a.s,  to  entitle  a  book  Commentaries  on 
the  Laws  of  England. 

2.  To  superscribe  or  prefix  as  a  title.  Ilence,  aa 
titles  are  evidences  of  claim  or  property,  to  give  a 
claim  to ;  to  give  a  right  to  demand  or  receive.  The 
labor  of  the  servant  auitlfs  him  to  his  wage.s.  Rlil- 
ton  is  entitled  to  fame.  Our  best  services  do  not  enti- 
tle ns  to  heaven. 

3.  To  assign  or  appropriate  by  giving  a  title. 

1.  To  (pialify  ;  to  give  a  claim  by  the  possession  of 
siiicablo  qualitications  j  as,  an  otlicer's  talents  entitle 
him  to  command. 

5.  To  dignify  by  a  title  or  honorable  appellation. 
In  this  sense,  title  is  often  used. 

6.  To  ascribe.    [Ofo.]  Bnrnet. 
EN-TI'TLiCD,  pp.    Dignified  or  distinguished  by  a 

title  ;  having  a  claim  ;  as,  every  good  man  is  entitled 
to  respect. 

EN-TI'TLING,  ppr.    Dignifying  or  distinguishing  by 

a  title  ;  giving  a  title  ;  giving  a  claim. 
EN'Tl-TV,  ;i.    [Low  L.  entitas  ;  Fr.  cntite ;  Sji.  enti- 

iliid  ;  It.  entitd  ;  from  ens,  esse,  to  be.] 

1.  Being  ;  essence  ;  existence. 

Kortuue  is  uo  rtiil  entiti/.  Bentley. 

2.  A  real  being,  or  species  of  being. 
EN-T(11L',  B.  t.    [See  Toil.]    To  take  with  toils  ;  to 

insnare  ;  to  entangle.  Bacon. 

EN-TO-.MA-TOG'RA-PHY,  >i.  [Gr.  cprufia,  an  in- 
sect, and  )  a  writing.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  structure  and  liabits 
of  insects.    [Snperseded  by  E.*«tomoloi)v.] 

EN-TOM ir,  (en-toom',)  r.  t.    [from  tomb.]    To  de- 
posit in  a  tomb,  as  a  dead  body.  Hooker. 
2.  To  bury  in  a  grave  ;  to  iiitcr. 

EN-TOM  B'A'b,  pp.  or  a.  Deposited  in  a  tomb  ;  buried  ; 
interred. 

EN-TO.Mli'ING,  ppr.  Depositing  in  a  tomb  ;  burj-ing  ; 
interring. 

EN-TO.MB'.MEXT,  (cn-toom'mcnt,)  n.  Burial. 

Barrow. 

EN-TOM're,  a.    Relating  to  insects. 
EN'TO-MOID,  a.    [Gr.  ti  ru^.i  and  ciiof.] 

Like  an  insect. 
EN-TO.M'O-LITE,  «.    [Gr.  cvropa,  insect,  and  XtBog, 
stone.] 

.\  petrified  insect.  Ed.  Encyc. 

EN-T()-MO-LO(5'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  science 
of  insects. 

EN-TO-.MOL'O-GIST,  n  One  versed  in  the  science 
of  insects. 

EN-TO-.MOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  cvroiia,  insect,  from 
£1',  in,  and  r./ji  oj,  to  cut,  and  Aoj-oj,  discourse.] 

That  part  of  /.oology  which  treats  of  insects ;  the 
science  or  natural  history  and  description  of  insects. 

EN-TO-.MOS-TO.M'.VTA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  firo^oj  and 
o-r-jia.] 

In  loolorry,  a  family  of  Molhisca,  nearly  corre- 
sponding with  the  gimus  Buccinum  of  Linnieus. 

EN-TO-.MOS'TR.VeAN,  n.  .\  crustacean  belonging 
to  Cuvier's  second  division.  They  are  mostly  small 
species,  and  many  are  parasitic. 

EN-TO-MOS'TRA-eoUti,  o.  Belonging  to  the  ento- 
mostracans 

EN-TO.Vie,  a.    [Gr.  (v  and  toio?.] 

Relating  to  phlogistic  diathrsi.^,  or  a  morbid  increase 
of  vital  power  and  strength  of  action  in  tJie  circulat- 
ing svstem. 

EN-TdR-TI-L.\'TION,  n.    [Fr.  entoHiUemenL] 

A  turning  into  a  circle.  Donne. 
EN-TO-ZO'ON,  n. ;  pL  Entozoa.     [Gr.  ivros  and 
?"'•'•] 

An  intestinal  worm  ;  an  animal  living  in  some 
parts  of  another  animal,  as  in  the  eye,  or  the 
flesh. 

E.N"TR.\IL,  n.  )  [Fr.  entraiUes;  Arm.  enlrailhou; 
EN'TRAILS,  n.  pt.  \     Gr.  tin,,.,,    gee  Entkr.] 

1.  The  ihlirnal  parts  of  animal  bodies;  the  bow- 
els ;  used  ehiejly  in  the  plural. 

2.  The  internal  parts  ;  as,  tlic  entrails  of  the  earth. 

Th«  ti^Tk  tntraiU  of  America.  Locke. 

EN-TRAIL',  t>.  t.  [U.  intralciare  I  Fr.  treillis,  Ireillis- 
scrA 

To  interweave ;  to  diversify.    [JVot  in  u.«f.] 

Spenser. 

EN-TRAM'MEL,  r.  L   To  trammel ;  to  entangle. 

Jlacliet. 

EX-TRAM'.MEL-ED,  a.  [from  trammel.]  Curled; 
fri7.7.led. 

E.\-TR.\M'MEL-ING,  ppr.   Trammeling;  confining. 

E.N''TR.\.\CE,  n.    [h.  intrans,  intra  ;  or  from  Fr.  ni- 
trant.    See  E.tTER.] 
I         1.  The  art  of  entering  into  a  place  ;  as,  the  entrance 
\      of  a  iierson  into  a  house  or  an  a|>artment. 


2.  The  power  of  entering.  Let  the  porter  give  no 
entrance  to  strangers. 

Wlii-f  (lilip'iicc  o[Vii8  tho  door  of  tliff  uri<IcraU(n<ltn^,  and 
biiniini.Uity  kutpa  it,  truth  is  nurc  to  (liid  uii  entrance,  niui  n 

3.  The  door,  gate,  passage,  or  avenue,  by  which  a 
place  may  be  entered. 

Thfy  siiiil,  Show  us  the  entrance  into  tiie  city.  — Jiult^ ■»  i. 

4.  Commencement ;  initiation  ;  beginning  ;  as,  a 
youth,  at  his  entrance  im  a  ditlicult  science,  is  apt  to 
be  discoiirageil. 

5.  The  .act  of  taking  possession,  as  of  land  ;  as, 
the  entrance  of  an  heir,  or  a  disseizor,  into  lands  and 
tenements. 

6.  The  act  of  taking  possession,  as  of  an  olhre. 
Magistrates,  at  their  entrance  into  othcc,  usually 
take  an  oath. 

7.  The  act  of  entering  a  ship  or  goods  at  the  cus- 
tom-house. 

8.  The  begiiming  of  any  thing. 

St.  Augustine,  in  tile  entrance  of  one  of  his  discour*'*!*,  mulfs  n 
kinil  o(  ivix>lof,'y.  Jlak'eicHl. 

EN-TRXNCE',  71.  t.  or  i.  [from  transe,  Fr.  transe,  Arm. 
trrand.  (lu.  L.  transeo.  The  Armoric  is  from  tri, 
across,  anil  antren,  to  enter,  or  It.  andare,  to  go.] 

1.  To  )>ut  in  a  trance  ;  to  withdraw  tlie  soul,  anil 
leave  the  body  in  a  kind  of  dead  sleep  or  insensibil- 
ity ;  to  make  insensible  to  present  objects.  The  verb 
is  seldom  used,  but  the  participle,  entranced,  is  com- 
mon. 

2.  To  put  in  an  ecstasy  ;  to  ravish  the  soul  with 
delight  or  wonder. 

Antl  1  80  nivishi'd  witti  \\fT  heavenly  noti", 

I  Btocil  en'.ranced,  antl  liad  no  room  f*ir  thought.  Vryflrn. 

EN-TRANC'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Put  in  a  trance;  having 
the  soul  withdrawn,  and  the  body  left  in  a  state  of 
insensibilitv  ;  enraptured  ;  ravished. 

Ei\'-TRXNCE'MENT,  w.  A  state  of  trance  or  ecstasy. 

Rich.  Diet. 

E.\-TRANC'ING,  ppr.    Carrying  away  the  soul ;  cn- 

r.'ipturing;  ravishing. 
EN-TR.\P',  V.  t.    [Fr.  atiaaper;  It.  attrapparc.  See 

Trap.] 

To  catch,  as  in  a  trap ;  to  insnare  ;  used  chiefly  or 
wholly  in  a  fiiruratioe  sense.  To  catch  by  artilices  ;  to 
involve  in  difficulties  or  di.stresses  ;  to  entangle ;  to 
catch  or  involve  in  contradictions  ;  in  short,  to  involve 
in  any  dilficulties  from  which  an  escape  is  not  easy 
or  possible.  We  are  entrapped  by  the  devices  of  evil 
men.   We  are  sometimes  entrapped  in  our  own  words. 

EN-TRAP'PioD,  (en-trapt',)  pp.   Insnared  ;  entangled. 

EN-TRAP'PING,  ppr.  Insnaring ;  involving  in  dilfi- 
culties. 

EN-TRlcAT',  V.  L  [Fr.  en  and  trailer.  It.  tratinre,  Sp. 
and  Port,  tratar,  from  L.  tracto,  to  handle,  feel,  treat, 
use,  manage.] 

1.  To  ask  earnestly  ;  to  beseech  ;  to  petition  or 
pray  with  urgency  ;  to  supplicate  ;  to  solicit  pressing- 
ly ;  to  importune. 

Is.'utc  enlreaicd  Jehovah  for  his  wife.  — Gen.  %xt. 

2.  To  prevail  on  by  prayer  or  solicitation.  Hence, 
in  the  passive  form,  to  be  prevailed  on ;  to  yield  to 
entreaty. 

It  wop:  ft  frultl.'ss  nttempt  to  appease  a  power,  whom  no  pmyera 
could  entrtal.  Rogtrt. 

3.  To  treat,  in  any  manner ;  properly,  to  use,  or 
manage  ;  but,  I  believe,  entreat  is  always  applied  to 
persons,  as  treat  is  to  persons  or  thintrs.  Applied  to 
persons,  to  entreat  is  to  use,  or  to  deal  with  ;  to  man- 
ifest to  others  any  particular  deportment,  good  or  ill. 

1  will  Cftnae  the  enemy  to  entreat  tliee  well.  —  Jer.  xv. 
The  K^ptiiuis  evit-enlrstUsd  us.  —  Deut.  xivi, 

[In  this  application,  the  prefix  en  is  now  dropped, 
and  Treat  is  used.] 

4.  To  entertain  ;  to  amuse.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

5.  To  entertain  ;  to  receive.    [04s.]  Spenser. 
EN-TREAT',  V.  i.    To  make  an  earnest  petition  or  re- 
quest. 

The  Jiinlznrics  entreated  for  them,  as  valiant  men.  Knotalet. 

2.  To  offer  a  treaty.    [JVot  used.]  Maccabees. 

3.  To  treat ;  to  discourse.  [Aot  used.]  Hakewill. 
EN-TRHAT'.VBLE,  o.    That  may  be  inlreated,  or 

is  soon  intreated. 
EN-TRf;AT'ANCE,  n.  Entreaty  ;  solicitation.  [Obs.] 

Fairfax. 

EN-TRkAT'ED,  pp.  Earnestly  supplicated,  besought, 
or  solicited  ;  im|iortuned  ;  urgently  requested. 

2.  Prevailed  on  by  urgent  solicitation ;  consenting 
to  grant  what  is  desired. 

3.  Used  ;  managed.    [  Obs.] 
EN-TR£AT'ER,  n.   One  that  entreats,  or  asks  earn- 
estly. 

EN  TRkAT'ING,  7>pr.     Earnestly  asking;  pressing 
with  request  or  prayer;  importuning. 
2.  Treating  ;  using.  [OAs.] 
EN-TRK,\T'I.\G-LV,  adv.    In  an  entreating  manner. 
E.N-TKF;.\T'IVE,  n.    Pleading  ;  treating.  Brciorr. 
EN-TREAT'Y,  n.    Urgent  prayer;  earnest  petition; 
pressing  solicitation  ;  supplication.  • 

The  us<-th  entrtakea ;  but  llie  rich  answereth  lOUfhly.  — 
Pnytng  witli  much  entrmUy.  —  2  Cor.  vUi. 


EJV-TUEE',  (ilng-tri',)  11.  [Fr.]  LiUrally,  a  cominf; 
in,  or  entrj'. 

2.  Freedom  of  access  ;  an,  the  entrie  of  a  house. 

3.  A  course  of  dishes. 

EJ^-TRKJUF.TS',  (ilng  tr-nia',)  n.  [Fr.  eittre  and  mets, 
I    or  L.  intromUsum,  It.  tramessu.] 

A  term  applied  to  small  plates,  or  dainty  dishes, 
set  between  the  principal  dishes  at  table. 

Mortimer.    Fr.  Diet. 
FJV'TRE  A'OUS,  f^-Xn^'U  mm,)  [Fr.]    Between  our- 
selves. 

EM-TRF^POV,  Qlng-tr-po',)  n.  [Fr.  entre  and  ptt, 
U}T  post,  positum.] 

A  warehouse  or  magazine,  for  the  deposit  of  goods. 
This  term  is  applied,  in  France  and  some  other  coun- 
trir^<,  to  a  building  or  plant  where  goods  from  abro.'id 
may  be  deposited,  and  from  whence  tliey  may  be 
withdrawn  for  exportation  to  another  country  with- 
out i)aving  a  duty.  Brande. 

EN-TRICK',  e.  f.  [from  trie/;.]  To  trick  ;  to  deceive ; 
to  entanirle.    fOA.v.]  Chaucer. 

EN'TRO-CIITTi:,  ».    [Gr.  rooyof,  a  wheel.] 

A  term  applied  to  separate  joints  of  the  stem  of  an 
enerinite.  [Sec  Encrimte.]  When  first  nametl, 
their  nature  was  not  understt)od.  Dana. 

EN'TRY,  n.    [Fr.  entr6e.    Sec  Enter.] 

1.  'J'he  passage  by  which  persons  enter  a  house  or 
other  building. 

2.  The  act  of  entering;  entrance;  ingress;  as,  the 
entry  of  a  person  into  a  house  or  city  ;  the  entry  of  a 
river  into  the  sea  t>r  a  lake  ;  the  entry  of  air  into  the 
blood  ;  the  entry  of  a  spear  into  the  flesh. 

3.  The  act  of  entering  and  taking  possession  of 
lands  or  other  estate. 

4.  The  act  of  committing  to  writing,  or  of  record- 
ing in  a  book.  Make  an  entry  of  every  sale,  of  every 
debt  and  cretlit. 

5.  The  exhibition  or  depositing  of  a  ship's  papers 
at  the  custom-house,  to  procure  license  to  land  goods  ; 
or  the  giving  ait  accuuut  of  a  ship's  cargo  to  the  ofli- 
cer  of  the  customs,  and  obtaining  his  permission  to 
land  the  goods. 

EIV-TuNE',  e.  (.    [from  tune.]    To  tunc.  Chaucer. 
EN-Tli.\'/:n,  pp.    Tuned;  chanted. 
EN-TCX'I  .\(;,  ppr.    Tuning;  chanting. 
EN-TWT.\iy,  !!.  (.   [from  (mine]    'J'o  twine  ;  to  twist 
EN-TVVl.\"/;i),  pp.    Twisted.  [ri>uud. 
EN-TWINF,'MENT,  n.    A  twisting  round  ;  union. 
EN-TWIN'ING,  ppr.    Twisting  round.  [Hackrt. 
EN-TWIST',  i\  t.    [from  twist.]    To  twist  or  wreath 
around. 

EN-TWIST'ED,  pp.    Twisted  together. 
EN-TWIST'ING,  ppr.    Twisting  together. 
E-N0'B1-LaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  e  and  nubila,  mist,  clouds.] 
To  clear  from  mist,  clouds,  or  obscurity.    [JiTot  in 

use.]  Diet. 
E-Nu'ni-LOUS,  a.  Clear  from  fog,  mist,  or  clouds. 
E-NC'CLE-aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  enuctco;  e  and  nucleus,  n 

kernel.] 

Properly,  to  take  out  the  kernel.  Hence, 

1.  To  clear  from  knots  or  lumps  ;  to  clear  from  in- 
tricacy ;  to  disenuingle.  Tooke, 

2.  To  open,  as  a  nucleus;  hence,  to  cxjlain;  to 
clear  from  obscurity  ;  to  nuike  manifest.  Qnod. 

E-NO'eLE-A-TED,;jp.  Cleared  from  knots ;  dis.  losed ; 
explained. 

E  N  U'CLE-A-TING,  p/ir.  Clearing  from  knoU;  e.x- 
plaining. 

E-NU-€LE-.\'TION,  n.  The  act  of  clearing  from 
knots  ;  a  disentangling. 

Neither  nir,  nor  w:it»T,  nor  Too*!,  seem  tlirvctiy  to  contribute  any 
thing  tu  tlic  entlclealion  of  this  disease,  [Uie  plica  Polonica,] 

Tooke. 

2.  Explanation  ;  full  exposition. 
I^NO'MER-.\TE,  V.  t.    [L.  enumero ;  e  and  numero, 
nunierus,  number.] 

To  count  or  tell.  Dumber  by  number  ;  to  reckon  or 
mention  a  niiinber  of  things,  each  separately  ;  as,  to 
enumerate  the  stars  in  a  constelhition  ;  to  enumerate 
particular  acts  of  kindness;  we  can  not  enumerate 
our  dailv  mitrcies. 
E-.NC'MER-A-TED,  pp.  Coimted  or  told,  number  by 
number;  reckonetl  or  mentioned  by  distinct  particu- 
lars. 

E-NC'MER-A-TING,  ppr.  Counting  or  reckoning  any 

number,  hv  the  |)nrticulars  which  compose  it. 
E-NU-MER-A'TION,  n.    [L.  enumrratlo.] 

1.  The  act  of  counting  or  telling  a  number,  by 
naming  each  particubir. 

2.  An  account  of  a  number  of  things,  in  which 
mention  is  made  of  every  particular  ttrticle. 

3.  In  rhetoric,  a  part  of  a  peroration,  in  which  the 
orator  recapitul.ates  the  principal  points  or  heads  of 
the  discourse  or  argument. 

E-NO'.MER-A-TIVE,  a.    Counting;  reckoning  up. 

Bp.  Taylor, 

E-NUN'CIATE,  v.  t  [L.  enuncio;  e  and  nuncio,  to 
tell.] 

To  utter;  to  declare  ;  to  proclaim  ;  to  relate. 

Bp.  BarUne. 

E-NUN'CIA-TED,  pp.  Uttered;  declared;  pro 
nounccd  ;  proclaimed. 

E-NUN'CTA-TI.\G,  ppr.  Uttering;  declaring-  pro- 
nouncing. 


TONE,  BULL,  tJiVITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  M  K ;  0  as  J  ;  »  «s  Z  ;  CH  m  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


61 


H  H* 


4(V1 


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EPH 


E-NUN-C[-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  uttering  or  pro- 
nouncing ;  expression. 

2.  Manner  of  uttering  articiikite  sounds.  In  a  pub- 
lic discourse,  it  is  inipi>rtant  tliat  tlie  enunciation 
sliould  be  clear  and  distinct. 

3.  Declaration  ;  open  proclamation  ;  public  attesta- 
tion. Tuijhir. 

4.  Intelligence  ;  information.  H'lle. 
E-NUN'C[A-TIVE,  a.    Pertaining  to  enunciation ; 

declarative.  ■^yliffe. 

E-NUN'CIA-TIVE-I.Y,  adv.  Declaratively. 

E-NUiX'CIA-TO-llY,  a.  Containing  utterance  or 
sound.  fViUun's  Jieb.  Oram. 

E.\-V.\S'SAL,  V.  t.  [from  rassal.'\  To  reduce  to  vas- 
salage. 

'2.  To  make  over  to  another  as  a  slave.  Jilore. 
E\-VA.-'SAL  /.-U,  pp.  Enslaved. 
E.\'-\'  AS'.-<AL-L\G,  pjir.    Reducing  to  slavery. 
EN-\'KL'OI*,  V.  t.     [Fr.  envdopper ;   It.  inrtliipparc, 
aiuHlupjiarej  to  wrap  ;  viluppo,  a  bundle,  intricacy.] 

1.  To  cover  by  wrapping  or  folding  ;  to  inwrap  ; 
to  invest  with  a  covering.  Animal  bodies  are  \isually 
enviivpcd  with  skin  ;  the  merchant  envelup.t  goods 
with  canvas  ;  a  letter  is  enveloped  with  jiaper. 

2.  To  .surround  entirely  ;  to  cover  on  all  sides  ;  to 
liide.  A  shij)  was  enveloped  in  fog  ;  the  troops  were 
enveloped  in  dust. 

3.  To  line  ;  to  cover  on  the  inside. 

His  iron  coat  —  enueltiped  Spenser, 
EN'VEL-OPE,  j  (The  French  proiumciation,  dng-vel- 
EN-VEL'OP,  i  oyjc',  is  still  conjmon.  \Valkersays 
it  ought  to  be  pronounced  like  the  verb,  and  hence 
Envelop  would  be  the  preferable  orthography.)  n. 
[Fr.]  A  wrapper;  an  inclosing  cover;  an  investing 
integument ;  as,  the  envelope  of  a  letter,  or  of  the 
lieart. 

2.  In/ur(i^ca(io7!,  a  mound  of  earth,  raised  to  cover 
some  Weak  part  of  the  works.  Brande. 

3.  In  botany,  a  floral  envelope  is  one  of  the  parts 
of  fructilication  surrounding  the  stamens  and  pistils. 
The  envelops  are  formed  of  one  or  more  whorls  of 
abnornuilly  developed  leaves.  Lindleij. 

4.  In  astronomy,  the  envelope  of  a  comet  (some- 
times called  the  coma)  is  a  dense,  nebulous  covering, 
which  frequently  renders  the  edge  of  the  nucleas  or 
bodv  indistinct.  Olmsted. 

EN-VEL'OP-ATO,  (en-vel'opt,)  pp.  Inwrapped  ;  cov- 
ered on  all  sides  ;  surroumled  on  all  sides  ;  inclosed. 

EN-VEL'OP-ING,  p;ir.  Inwrapping  ;  folding  around  ; 
covering  or  surrounding  on  all  sides,  as  a  case  or  in- 
tegument. 

EN-VEL'OP-MENT,  n.  A  wrapping;  an  inclosing 
or  covering  on  all  sides. 

EN'-V'E.N'O.M,  V.  t.  [from  venom.']  To  poison  ;  to 
taint  or  impregnate  with  venom,  or  any  substance 
noxious  tf)  life  ;  never  applied,  in  this  seiuie,  to  persons, 
but  to  meat,  drink,  or  weapons  f  as,  an  envenomed  ar- 
row or  sh;»ft  ;  an  envenomed  pt}t\on. 

2.  To  taint  with  bitterness  or  ni;ilice ;  as,  the  en- 
venomed tongue  of  slander. 

3.  To  nuike  odious. 


O,  what  i\  woriil  is  lliis,  \vh"ii  what  is  comply 
i-jtvenums  liiiii  lliat  lx}ars  it ! 


Shak. 


4.  I'o  enrage  ;  to  exasperate.  Dryden. 

EN-Vf'.N'O.M-A'I),  pp.  i>T  a.  Tainted  or  impregnated 
with  venom  or  poison  ;  imbiltered  ;  exasperattid. 

EN-VEN'O.M-INi;, /yr.  Tainting  with  venom  ;  jjois- 
oning  ;  iuibittering  ;  enraging. 

EN-VEK'.MEIL,  v.  U    [Fr.  vermea.] 

'I'o  dve  red.  Milttm. 

EN'VI-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Envv.]  That  may  excite 
envy  ;  capable  of  awakening  ardent  desire  t)f  pos- 
session. The  sitiuitioii  of  men  in  oliice  is  not  always 
enviable. 

EN' VI-A-I5LY,  adv.    In  an  enviable  manner. 

EN'VI-£I>,  pp.  or  o.  [See  Envy,  the  verb.]  Sub- 
jected to  envy. 

EN' VI-ER,  71.  One  who  envies  another  ;  one  who  de- 
sires what  another  possesses,  and  hates  him  because 
his  condition  is  better  than  his  own,  or  wishes  his 
downfall. 

EN'VI-OUS,  <i.    {Pr.  envieui..    See  Envy.] 

1.  Feeling  or  harboring  envy  ;  repining  or  feeling 
un(rasim;ss,  at  a  vit^w  of  tin;  excelliuict;,  pros[>erity, 
or  happiness  of  another  ;  pained  by  llu;  desire  of  pos- 
sessing some  superior  gttttd  w  hich  an»)ther  possesses, 
anil  usually  disposed  to  ileprive  him  of  that  pood,  to 
lessen  it,  or  to  depreci.'ite  it,  in  common  estimation. 
Sometimes  fullowitd  by  aguinst,  but  generally  and 
properly  by  at,  before  the  piT.sim  envied. 

Ncitli'jr      tliiju  cni;it;uc  at  tlif  w  icki-d. —  Prov.  xxiv. 

It  is  followed  by  of  beltjre  thi^  thing.  He  not  envi- 
0U.1  of  the  bli  ssings  or  prospi  rity  of  others. 

2.  Tinctured  with  envy  ;  as,  an  '  iiD/otM  disposition. 

3.  Excited  or  direcUjd  by  envy  ;  as,  an  envious  at- 
tack. 

EN'V|f)II.S-I,Y,  adv.  With  envy;  with  malignity 
excited  by  the  excellence  or  prosperity  of  another. 


Iltiw  €noiottthj  til"  tndlrn  look 
WIm^ii  Uif*/  vurprW?  iiic  ut  iny  lx>ok  I 


EN'VI-OUS-NEHS,  n.   'J'hc  <pmlity  or  stale  of  being 
ei  viou^. 


EN-VI'RON,  V.  t.  [Fr.  environner,  from  environ,  there- 
about ;  ea  and  viron,  fritm  virer,  to  turn,  Sp.  birar. 
Eng.  to  veer.  ,  Ckiss  IJr.] 

1.  To  surround  ;  to  encompass ;  to  encircle  ;  as,  a 
plain  environed  with  mountains. 

2.  To  involve  ;  to  envelop ;  as,  to  environ  with 
darkness,  or  with  difiiculties. 

3.  Tti  besiege  ;  as,  a  city  environed  with  troojis. 

4.  To  int:lose  ;  to  invest. 

'I'liat  solili.-r,  that  ii.aii  ufiron, 

Whom  riljs  of  horror  all  enairon.  Cleaveland. 

EN-VI'RON-£f),  pp.  Surrounded  ;  encompassed  ; 
besieged  ;  involved  ;  invested. 

EN-VI'ltUN-INfJ,  ppr.  Surrounding;  encircling; 
besieging;  incltising  ;  involving;  investing.  The 
appropriation  of  ditlerent  parts  of  the  globe  to  some 
paitieular  species  of  stt)ne  environing  it. 

E.N'-VI'liON-iMENT,  71.  Act  of  surrounding;  state  of 
being  envirtmed. 

EN-VI'KiiNS  or  EN'VI-RONS,  7!.  pi.  The  parts  or 
places  which  surround  another  place,  or  lie  in  its 
neighborhood,  on  dilferent  sides  ;  as,  the  environs  of 
a  city  or  town.  Chesterfield. 

EN'VOY,  71.  [Fr.  envoys,  an  envo}',  from  envoycr,  to 
seiui.  The  correspontiing  Italian  word  is  inviato,  an 
eii\oy,  that  is,  sent ;  and  the  verb  incinre,  tii  send. 
The  Spanish  is  envimlo  ;  and  the  verb  to  seiul. 

Port.  id.  Hence,  envoy  is  frt)m  the  root  of  L.  via, 
Eng.  wiry,  contracted  from  viag,  vag,  t)r  wag;  It. 
viuirtriare,  to  travel  ;  Sp.  viwre,  way,  voyage.  Class 
lig-] 

1.  A  person  deputed  by  a  prince  or  government,  to 
negotiate  a  treaty,  or  transact  other  business,  with  a 
foreign  prince  or  governinent.  We  usually  apply  the 
word  to  a  public  minister  sent  on  a  special  occasion, 
or  for  one  particular  purpose ;  hence,  an  envoy  is  dis- 
tingiiislieil  from  an  embassador  or  permanent  resident 
at  a  foreign  court,  and  is  of  inferior  rank,  liut  en- 
vo\'s  are  ordinary  and  extraordinary,  and  the  word 
may  sonietuues  be  ajiplieil  to  resident  ministers. 

2.  A  common  Inessengcr.    [JV'ot  in  lute.] 

Blackm  ore. 

3.  Formerly,  a  jiostscript  sent  with  ct>inpositions, 
to  introduce  or  eiilVirce  tlirMn.    [Fr.  envoi.]  H'lirtun. 

EN'VOY-SIIIP,  71.    Tliei>llice  of  an  envoy.  Cocriitry. 

EN'VY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  envier;  Ann.  avia  ;  {torn  L.  inrideo ; 
in  and  video,  to  see  against,  that  is,  to  look  with  en- 
mity.] 

1.  To  feel  uneasiness,  mortification,  or  liiscontent, 
at  the  sight  of  superior  excellence,  reputation,  or 
liappint^ss  enjoyed  by  another  ;  to  repine  at  another's 
jirosperity  ;  to  fret  or  grieve  one's  sidf  at  the  real  or 
stipiiosed  superiority  of  another,  and  to  hate  liiin  on 
that  account. 

Kttiyy  not  thou  the  oppT**ssor.  —  Prov.  iii.  ^ 
Whoever  enuies  auother,  coiircsii.8  his  superiority.  liambler. 

2.  To  grudge  ;  to  withhold  maliciously.  Dryden. 
To  envy  at,  used  by  authors  formerly,  is  now  obso- 
lete. 

Wlio  would  envy  at  the  prosperity  of  the  wickeil  ?  Taylor. 
EN'VY,  7!.  Pain,  uneasiness,  mortification,  or  discon- 
tent excited  by  the  sight  of  another's  superiority  or 
success,  accompanied  with  some  degree  of  liatreti  or 
malignity,  ami  often  or  usually  with  a  desire  or  an 
eifort  to  depreciate  the  person,  and  with  pleasure  in 
seeing  him  depressed.  Envy  springs  from  pride,  am- 
bition, or  love,  mortified  that  another  has  obtained 
what  one  has  a  strong  desire  to  possess. 

Envy  nud  admiration  are  the  Scylla  and  Charylxlis  of  antliors. 

Pope. 

All  human  virtue,  to  its  latest  breath, 

>'iiidseHyy  never  conquered,  hut  by  death.  Pope. 

Emulation  differs  from  C7t»;/,  in  not  being  accompa- 
nied with  hatred,  and  a  desire  to  dejiress  a  more  for- 
tunate person. 

Envy,  to  which  tlip  ijnohle  mind's  a  slave, 

Is  eiiiitlation  in  the  learned  or  hrave.  Pope. 

ft  is  followed  by  of  or  to.  They  did  this  in  envy  of 
(Jesar,  or  in  envy  to  his  genius.  The  former  seems  to 
be  preferable. 

2.  Rivalry  ;  competition.    ILittle  used.]  Dryden. 

3.  Malice ;  malignity. 

You  turn  the  j^ood  we  offer  into  envy.  SliaA. 

4.  Public  odium  ;  ill  repute;  invidiousness. 

To  diMcharije  the  kitifj  of  the  envy  ol  tli;U  opinion.  Bneon. 

EN'VY-L\G,  ppr.  Fei'ling  uneasiness  at  the  superior 
condition  anil  happiness  of  another. 

E.\'VV-li\(J,  11.  .Miirtilicaliiui  evperienceil  at  the  stip- 
iiosed prosperity  and  happiness  of  another. 

2.  Ill-will  at  iilliers  on  account  of  some  supposed 
siipenoritv.    (fill.  v.  21. 

EN WAl.'l.oW  /■:i),  (  wol'lode,)  a.  [from  wallow.] 
Ileing  wallowed  or  wallowing.  SpeiL-ier. 

EN  \\'UV.V.l.i,r.  t.    [froiinWicf;.]    To  encircle.  Sliak. 

EN-WII)'^:N,  r.  t.  [from  wide.]  To  make  wider.  [JVo« 
iised.] 

EN-WOMIi',(en  wooni',)».  (.  [from  womb.]  To  make 
pregnant.    [JVol  used.]  Spenser. 
2.  To  bury  ;  to  hide  oa  in  a  gulf,  iiit,  or  cavern. 

Donne. 

E.N-WOMIl'/:i),  (  woomd',)  pp.  Impregnated  ;  buried 
in  11  deep  gulf  or  cavern. 


EN-WR,\P',  (en-rap',)  v.  t.  To  envelop.  [See  In- 
wrap.] 

EN-WRAP'JIENT,  7i.  A  covering;  a  wrapping  or 
wrapjier. 

EN-VVReATM'£D.    See  Inwreathe. 

H'O-CeNE,  q.    [Gr.  r.ioi,  aurora,  and  (tnii'os,  recent.] 
In  geology,  a  term  applied  to  the  earlier  tertiary  de- 
posits, in  which  are  a  few  organic  remains  of  exist- 
ing species  of  animals.  Hence  the  term  eocene,  which 
denotes  the  dawn  of  the  existing  state  of  things. 

Dana.    Lyell.  MauteV. 

E-O'EI-AN,  )  a.    Pertaining  to^liolia  or.:Eolis,  in  .Vsia 

E-OL'ie,      i     Minor,  inh.abited  by  Greeks. 

The  Eolic  dialect  of  the  Greek  language  was  the 
dialect  used  by  the  inhabitants  of  that  country. 

Eolian  lyre,  ur  liarp,  is  a  simple  stringed  instiurnent 
that  sounds  by  the  impulse  of  air,  so  called  from 
uEolus,  the  deity  of  tlie  winds. 

&0'H-AN  AT-TACH'MENT,  n.  A  contrivance  at- 
tached to  a  piano-forte,  by  which  .a  stream  of  air  can 
be  thrown  upon  the  chords,  which  greatly  increases 
the  volume  of  sound. 

E-OL'I-PILE,  71.  [.aColus,  the  deity  of  the  winds,  and 
pila,  a  ball.] 

A  hollow  ball  of  metal,  with  a  pipe  or  slender  neck 
having  a  very  small  orifice,  used  in  hydraulic  experi- 
ments. The  ball,  being  filled  with  water,  is  he.ated, 
till  the  vapor  issues  from  the  orifice  with  great  vi- 
olence and  noise,  exhibiting  the  elastic  power  of 
steam.  Brande. 

E'ON,  7!.    [Gr.  01(01',  age,  duration.] 

In  the  Platonic  philosophy,  a  virtue,  attribute,  or  per- 
fection, existing  from  eternity.  The  Platonists  rep- 
resented the  Deity  as  an  assemblage  of  eons.  The 
Gnostics  considered  eons  as  certain  substantial  powers 
or  divine  natures  emanating  from  the  Supreme  Deity, 
and  performing  various  parts  in  the  operations  of  the 
universe.  Encyc.  Enfield. 

EP,  EP'I,  [Gr.  £771,]  in  composition,  usually  signifies 
on. 

E'P.'^CT,  71.  [Gr.  ciroKToi,  adscititious,  from  ettujw,  !o 
adduce  or  bring  ;  em  and  a>fo,  to  drive.] 

In  ehronidogy,  a  term  denoting  the  moon's  age  at 
tile  end  of  the  year,  or  the  number  of  daj  s  by  whicii 
the  last  new  moon  has  preceded  the  beginning  of  the 
year.  Brande. 

EP-AN-A-DIP-Lo'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  Repetition  ;  a  figure 
in  rhetoric  when  a  sentence  ends  n  ith  the  same  word 
with  w  hich  it  begins. 

EP-AN-A-LEP'SIS,  71.  [Gr.]  Resumption  ;  a  fiaure 
of  rhetoric  by  which  the  same  word  is  repeateil  in 
resuming  the  subject,  as  after  a  long  parenthesis,  &c. 

Buchanan. 

EP-AN'O-DOS,  71.  [Gr.]  Return  or  inversion  ;  a  rhe- 
torical figure,  when  a  sentence  or  member  is  inverted 
or  repeated  backward  ;  as,  "  Woe  to  them  who  call 
good  evil  and  evil  good." 

EP-AN-OR-Tllt)'SIS,  71.  [Gr.]  CoiTection  ;  a  figure 
of  rhetoric  in  which  a  speaker  recalls  what  he  has 
said,  fur  the  sake  of  making  it  .stronger. 

EP'ARCU,  71.  [Gr  enapxai ;  ini  and  apx^,  domin- 
ion.] 

The  governor  or  prefect  of  a  province.  ^.v/i. 
EP'SRCil-Y,  71.    [Gr.  c-napxia,  a  province;  tiri  and 
apx'it  govern mtiiit.] 
'  A  iirovince,  prefecture,  or  territory,  under  the  ju- 
risdiction of  an  eparch  or  governor.  Tooke. 
EP-4ULE',  n.    [Fr.]    The  shoulder  of  a  bastion. 

Brande. 

EP-AULE'MENT,  n.  [from  Fr.  epaule,  a  shoulder.] 
In  fortification,  a  side-work,  or  work  to  cover  side- 
wise,  made  of  gabions,  fascines,  or  bags  of  earth.  It 
sometimes  denotes  a  semi-bastiim  and  a  square  oril- 
lon,  or  mass  of  earth  faced  and  lined  with  a  wall,  de- 
signed to  cover  the  cannon  of  the  casemate.  Harris. 
EP'AU-I,ET,  n.  [Fr.  epaulette,  from  epaule,  the  shoul- 
der :  It.  spalla,  S]).  espalda.] 

A  shoulder-piece ;  an  ornamental  badge  worn  on 
the  sliouldi^r  by  military  men.    Ulficers,  military  and 
naval,  wear  epaulets  on  one  shoulder  or  on  both,  ac- 
cording to  their  rank. 
EP-E-NET'ie,  «.    [Gr.  cir.rii/Tjn/ccj.] 

Laudatory  ;  bestowing  praise.  Phillips. 
E-PEN''i'IIE-SIS,  71.    [Gr.  trrr.vOtais ;  eni,  ev,  and  n- 
Wtj/ii,  to  put.] 

The  in.seilion  of  a  letter  or  syllable  in  the  middle 
of  a  word,  as  alituum  for  alituin.  Eneyc. 
EP-EN-TIIET'lC,  a.  Inserted  in  the  middle  of  a  word. 

M.  aiuarl, 

K-PE/Jfi'JVK',  (a  piirn',)  71.  [Fr.]  An  ornanumlul  stand 
for  a  large  dish  in  the  centre  of  a  table.  Smurt. 

EP-EX-E-GET'IC-AE,  a.  Exiilanatory  of  that  which 
ininiedititelv  precetles.  Gibbs. 

IC'l'll.^i,  (e'fi,)  M.  [lleb.  riBN,  or  riti-ti,  properly,  a 
baking.] 

A  llebrew  measure,  equal,  according  to  Josephiis, 
to  the  Attic  mediinnus,  or  about  one  and  a  half  (more 
exactly,  one  and  four  ninths)  bushels  English. 

Jiobinsoii\i  Ge.tenius. 
E-PIIEM'E  RA,  (e  fem'e-ril,)  >i.    [L.,  from  Gr.  £</,7(fi£- 
pu(,  daily  ;  iiri  and  iniipn,  a  day.] 

1    A  fever  of  one  tlay's  continuance  only. 
2.  The  day-fiy,  or  May  fly,  u  genus  of  insects; 
strictly,  a  lly  that  lives  one  day  only  ;  but  the  word 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T — MUTE,  I'ttfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

4(»a  ' 


< 


EPl 

is  applied  also  to  insects  tlial  are  very  short-lived, 

wlietiier  they  live  several  days  or  an  hour  only. 

riiere  :ire  several  species 
K  rilKM  K  RAL     la     Diurnal  ,  ueginniiii;  and  end 
1"  I'll  r.M'IMMt,'.     >     ma  Ml  a  day  ,  conliriuing  or  el 
K-l'llEM'E-ROUS,  )    isting  one  day  only. 

L'.  Sliort-lived  ;  existing  or  continuing  for  a  short 

time  only. 

[EpHEnrr.RAL  is  peniraUtj  used.    Ephemebous  is 
not  analutricoUy  formed.] 
E-I'IIE.M'E-RIS,  n. ;  jil.  Ei'hemehides.    [Gr.  cipniic- 
pii.] 

1.  A  journal  or  account  of  daily  transactions;  a 
diary. 

2.  In  astronomy,  an  account  of  the  daily  state  or 
positions  of  the  planets  or  heaveidy  orbs  ;  a  table,  or 
colli  ction  of  tables,  exhihitins  the  places  of  the  planets 
ever>'  liay  at  noon.  From  these  tables  are  calculati  d 
eclipses,  conjunctions,  and  other  aspects  of  tin'  plan- 
ets. Hrintdc. 

E-IMIE.M'E-RIST,  n.  One  who  studies  the  daily  mo- 
tions and  positions  of  the  planets ;  an  astroloser. 

Uuwcll. 

E-PIIE.M'E-RON,  n.    The  being  of  a  dav. 

E-PIIEM'E-RON-WORM,  n.  [See  Echemera.]  A 
worni  that  lives  one  day  onlv.  Din-ham. 

E-PHe'SIAN,  (e-fc'/.han,)  a.  '  Pertainins  to  Ephesus, 
in  Asia  Minor.  As  «  noun,  a-  native  of  Ephesus. 
Hence,  one  of  dissolute  life.  Shak. 

EPII-1-AL'Ti"S,  H.    [(Jr.]    The  niElitmare. 

EPII'Ol),  (ef 'od,)  n.  [lleb.  TM)N,  from  TEN,  to  bind.] 
In  Jcicinh  aiitujuili),  a  part  of  the  saci'rdotal  habit, 
beins  a  kind  of  girdle,  which  was  brought  from  be- 
hind the  neck  over  the  two  shoulders,  and  hanging 
down  before,  was  put  across  the  stomach,  then  car- 
ried round  the  waist,  and  used  as  a  girdle  to  the  tu- 
nic. There  were  two  sorts  ;  one  of  plain  linen,  the 
other  embroidered  for  the  high  priest.  Un  the  part 
in  front  were  two  precious  stones,  on  which  were 
engraven  the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel. 
Itefore  the  breast  w;is  a  square  piece  or  breastplate. 

Eiictfc.  Ciiltnct. 

EPH'OR,  «. ;  ph  Ephors  or  Ephori.  [Gr.  ii^opui,  from 
ctput^ain,  to  inspect.] 

In  ancient  Spitrta,  a  niagistratc  chosen  by  the  peo- 
ple. Tile  ephors  were  five,  and  they  were  intended 
as  a  check  on  the  regal  power,  or,  according  to  some 
writi^rs,  on  the  senate.  Rncyc.  Jlitfard. 

EPII'OR-AI^TY,  (ef'or-al-te,)  n.  The" office,  or  term 
of  office,  of  an  ephor.  Mitfurd. 

EP'ie,  a.  [L.  epiciLi,  Gr.  CTriicof,  from  c~os,  a  song,  or 
tTi  1,  ciiri.i,  to  spt!ak.] 

Narrative;  containing  narration  ;  rehearsing.  An 
epic  |)oem,  otherwise  called  heroic,  is  a  poem  which 
narrates  a  story,  real  or  fictitious,  or  both,  represent- 
ing, in  an  elevated  style,  some  signal  action  or  series 
of  actions  and  events, -nsnally  the  achievements  of 
some  distniguished  hero,  and  intended  to  form  the 
morals,  and  affect  the  mind  with  the  love  of  virtue. 
The  matter  of  the  poem  includes  the  action  of  the  fa- 
ble, the  incidents,  episodes,  characters,  morals,  afid 
machinery.  The  form  includes  the  manner  of  nar- 
ration, the  discourses  introduced,  descriptions,  senti- 
ments, style,  versification,  figures,  and  other  orna- 
ments. 'i*he  end  is  to  im))rove  the  morals,  and  insjnre 
a  love  of  virtue,  bravery,  and  illustrious  actions. 

EP'ie,  n.    .An  epic  poem.    [See  Epic.]  [Ehcijc. 

EP'l-e.\RP,  II.    [Gr.  tri  and  ».i.)<r.is.] 

In  hiiinnii,  the  outer  coating  of  the  pericarp.] 

EP'I-riiUK,"  n.    [Gr.  (Turjiirus.]  [Lindfey. 
A  funeral  song  or  discourse, 

EP-I-('K'UI-AL,  a.    Epicedian  ;  elegiac 

EP-I-CK.'DI-A.\,  (I.    Eli^giac;  mournful. 

EP-l-fiC'DI-U.M,  n.    An  elegy. 

EP't-(?E.\E,  a.  or  n.  [Gr.  eirncoivo; ;  en  and  xoipo;, 
common.] 

Common  to  both  sexes;  a  term  applied  to  snch 
nouns  as  have  but  one  form  of  gender,  either  the 
masculine  or  feminine,  to  indicate  animals  of  both 
sexes  ;  as,  H  i  {,  bos,  for  the  ox  and  cow. 
EP-I-CE-RAS'Tie,  a.  [from  the  Greek.]  Lenient; 
assuaging. 

EP-IC-Tk'TI.AN,  (ep  ik-te'shan,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
Epictetns,  a  Stoic  philosopher  in  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
man emperor  Dumitian.  .^rlmthnot. 

EP'I-eURE,  II.  [L.  rpicurus,  a  Voluptuary,  from  Epi- 
curus.] 

Properly,  a  follower  of  Epicurus  ;  a  man  devoted 
to  sensual  enjoyments ;  hence,  one  who  indulges  in 
the  luxuries  of  the  table. 

[  The  word  is  now  used  only  or  chiejly  in  the  latter 

F.pTei'RE-AN,  )  rr  t 
El-  I-eU-RK'AN,  1  '•/"""■'"•■•■•I 

1.  Pertaining  to  Epicurus,  an  ancient  Greek  phi- 
losopher ;  as,  the  Epicurean  philosophy  or  tenets. 

RriJ. 

2.  Luxurious  ;  given  to  luxury  ;  contributing  to  tlie 
luxuries  of  the  table. 

EP-l-eC'RE  AN,  j  ri.    A  follower  of  Epicurus. 
EP-l  ei.'-RE'AN,  (  ^;iicvc.  Sfiaflesbunj. 

•2.  One  given  to  the  luxuries  of  the  table. 
EP-I-Cr'Rl>-AN-ia.M,  a.    Attachment  to  the  doctrines 
of  Epicurus.  Uarris. 


EPl 

EP'I  eU-RlSM,  n.     Luxury;  sensual  enjoyments; 
indulgences  in  gross  pleasure  ;  voluptuousness.  Sluik. 
a  The  doctrines  of  Epicurus.     IVarlnn.  Bailey. 
EP'I  6U  KI'/.E,  e  i    'I'o  feed  or  indulge  like  an  epi 
cure  ,  to  riot  ,  t<)  feast  Fuller. 
2.  To  profess  the  doctrines  ot  Epicurus  Ctidwiyrtli. 
EP'I-CV-ei.E,  n.    [Gr.  tm  and  «i.«A-.s,  a  circle.] 

In  Oie  Ptolemaic  system  of  astronomy,  a  little  circle, 
whose  center  moves  round  in  the  circumference  of  a 
greater  circle  ;  or  a  small  circle,  whose  center,  being 
fixed  in  the  deferent  of  a  planet,  is  carried  along  with 
the  deferent ;  and  yet,  by  its  own  peculiar  niotioii, 
carries  the  body  of  the  planet  fastened  to  it  round  its 
proper  center.  F.iL  Encyc. 

EP-I-CyeL()in,  n.  [Gt.  catKVKXoetfnS  l  cjti,  kvkXos, 
and  £ift');,  form.] 

In  irrometry,  a  curve  gr'nerated  by  any  point  in  the 
plane  of  a  movable  circle,  which  rolls  on  the  inside 
or  outside  of  the  circumference  of  a  fixed  circle. 

Ed.  Kncye. 

EP-I-C?-€LOII)'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  epicycloid, 
or  having  its  pro|KTties.  Encyc. 

EP-LUEM'ie-AL,  j       f^""' ^Wf'  P""?'''-] 

1.  CoiiiiiKin  to  many  people.  An  epidemic  disease 
is  one  which,  indrpi  iident  of  hical  cause,  seizes  a 
great  niiinber  of  people  at  the  same  time,  or  in  the 
same  season.  Thus  we  speak  of  epidemic  fever ; 
epidemic  catarrh.  It  is  used  in  distinction  from  en- 
dimic, 

2.  Generally  prevailing  ;  nffi  cting  great  numbers  ; 
as,  epidemic  rage  ;  an  epidemic  evil. 

EP-I-DE.M'ie,  n.  .\  disease  generally  prevalent,  but 
not  dependent  upon  any  local  morbific  cause,  and  not 
conliiied  to  any  seasiui,  climati',  region,  or  country. 
The  infiueii/.a  of  October  and  November,  1789,  that 
of  March  and  April,  17!);),  that  of  the  winter  1821-.'), 
and  that  of  18i5  -  (>,  were  very  severe  epidemics.  Tully. 

EP-I-I)K.M' I€-A1..-LY,  ad.    In  an  epidemical  niaiiiier. 

EP'I-DE.M-Y,  n.  .\  prevailing,  common,  or  general 
disease,  not  dependent  on  local  causes.  Diniirtison. 

EP-l-I)ER.M'ie,        j  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  the  epi- 

EP-1-I)I;RM'I-D.\L,  )  dermis;  covering  the  skin  or 
bark. 

Till.:  ejndermic  texture.  Kirimn. 

EP-I-DERM'IS,  n.  [Gr.  tmStopif;  art  and  dcppa, 
skin.] 

The  cuticle  or  scarf-skin  of  the  body  ;  a  thin  mem- 
brane covering  either  the  skin  of  animals,  or  the  bark 
of  plants.  Encyc.  jVarti/n. 

EP-I-Uie T'le,  o.  [Gr.  firif'curiitis.]  That  explains, 
exhibits,  or  lays  open  ;  applied  by  the  Greeks  to  a  kind 
of  oratory,  called  by  the  Latins  demonstrative. 

Brottirham. 

EP'I-DOTE,n.  [from  Gr.  £itii5i<?(,./ii  ;  so  named  from 
l!ie  enlargement  of  the  base  of  the  primary,  in  some 
of  the  secondary  fonns.] 

A  mineral  of  a  green  or  gray  color,  vitreous  luster, 
and  partial  transparency.  The  primary  form  of  the 
crystals  is  a  right  rhoniboidal  prism.  It  consists  of 
silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  oxyd  of  iron,  or  manganese. 
Zoisite  is  a  variety  of  epidote.  Dana. 

EP  I-UOT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  epidote,  or  containing 
it.  Ifitchcock. 

EP-I-GAS'TRie,  o.    [Gr.  tri  and  )  ririo,  belly.] 

Pertaining  to  the  upper  and  anterior  part  of  the  ab- 
domen ;  as,  the  epigastric  region  ;  the  epitrastric  arte- 
ries and  veins.  Quiiicy. 

Ep'[:GEn;M.  i  ^«  P«>"«"- 

EP'I-CEXE,  a.  [Gr.  £iri,  upon,  and  yino/iai,  to  begin 
to  be.] 

In  treolotry,  formed  or  originating  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth  ;  opiwsed  to  hypogcne  ;  as,  epigene  rocks. 

Dana. 

The  word  was/ormrr/y  used  in  erystalloirrap/iy,  to 
denote  forms  of  crj  stiils  not  natural  to  the  subst;inces 
in  which  they  are  foiiiuL 
EP-I-GK'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  iiri,  upon,  and  J  r;,  earth.]  In 

ftii'i'ii/,  growing  close  upon  the  earth.  Lindley. 
EP-l-GLOT'Tie,  a.    Belonging  to  the  epiglottis. 
EP-l-GLOT'TIS,    n.      [Gr.         Xwrr.s  ;    £771  and 
jpAurra,  the  tongue.] 

In  anatomy,  one  ot'^the  cartilages  of  the  larj'nx, 
whose  use  is  to  protect  the  glottis,  when  food  or 
drink  is  passing  into  the  stomach,  to  prevent  it  from 
entering  the  larynx  and  obstructing  the  breath. 

Qiiinry. 

EP'I-GR.V.M,  n,  [Gr.  5Ti)pap/i  i,  inscription  ;  tiri  and 
)  piipt'ii,  a  writing.] 

A  short  poein  treating  only  of  one  thing,  and 
ending  with  some  lively,  ingenious,  and  natural 
thought.  Conciseness  and  point  form  the  beauty  of 
cpiurnms. 

Epiirtams  were  originally  inscriptions  on  tombs, 
st-atiies,  temples,  triumphal  arches,  &.c.  Eneyc. 
EP-I-GRA.MMAT'IC,       la.      Writing  epigrams; 
EP-l  (iRA.M MAT'ie-AL,  i    dealing   in  epigrams; 
as,  an  epii^ammalic  [xiet. 

2.  Siiit.'ible  to  epigrams 
like  an  epigram  ;  concise 
epiirrammatte  stj  le  or  wit. 
EP-I-GRAM'.M.VTIST,  n.    One  who  composes  epi" 


belonging  to  epigrams  ; 
pointed;  poignant;  as, 


EPl 

grams,  or  deals  in  them.  Martial  viag  a  noted  eyi- 
^ammatist. 

EP'l-GRAPII,  (ep'e  graph.i  1  Gt  •■niyo'Uliii  •ati 
and  J  nmtiu),  to  write.] 

1.  Among  Ufj/r/^ii/iriMi,  an  inscription  on  a  building 
potnliiig  out  the  lime  «>f  'ts  «r#'riion  'h**  Imilders  its 
uses,  4lC.  h.nryr 

2.  In  lilrratnre,  a  cit.ation  Irom  some  author,  or  a 
sentence  fninied  for  the  |)urpose,  placed  at  the  com- 
mencement of  a  work,  or  at  its  separate  divisions  ;  a 
motto.  Brandc. 

E  I'IG'Y-NOUS,  a.    (Gr.  tiri  and  yvn,.] 

In  botany,  a  term  used  when  the  stamens  are  united 

both  with  tile  surface  of  the  calyx  and  of  the  ovary. 

[Ohs.]  Lindley. 
EP'l-LEP-SY,  II.    [Gr.  ciriAi/iI/m,  from  £iriA«ji/j'api..,to 

seize.] 

The  falling  sickness,  so  called  because  the  patient 
falls  suddenly  to  the  ground  ;  a  diseasi' characterized 
by  general  muscular  agitation,  occasioned  by  clonic 
spasms,  williiiiit  sensation  or  consciousness,  and 
coniiiiiiiily  r*'curriiig  at  intervals.  Good. 

EP-M.EI"Tie,  H.  Pertaining  to  the  falling  sickness  ; 
air«'Ch-(l  with  epilepsy  ;  consisting  of  epilepsy. 

El'-I  l.i;i"Tie,  n.    One  aflected  with  epilepsy. 

E-P1L'(J.GI.«.\1,  H.    [Gr.  tiriAoKffpej.] 

Computation;  enumeration.  Oregory. 

EP-I-LO  GIS'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  epilogue;  of  the 
nature  of  an  epilo£:ue. 

EP'I-I,UGUi;,  (t  p'i  log,)  71.  [L.  epiloirns,  from  Gr. 
£Tr(A'i}  'K,  conclusion  ;  LziXtyot,  to  conclude  ;  tni  and 
Aej  0),  to  speak.] 

1.  In  oratory,  a  conclusion  ;  the  closing  part  of  a 
discoiir.se,  in  wliicli  the  principal  matters  are  recapitu- 
lated. Eneyc. 

2.  In  the  drama,  a  speech  or  short  poem  addressed 
to  the  spectators  by  one  of  the  actors,  after  the  con- 
clusion of  the  play. 

rP'I  LO  <5IZF j     '■        pronounce  an  epilogue. 
EP'I-LO-GUIZE,  V.  t.    To  add  to,  in  the  manner  of  an 
epilogue. 

EI'-I-Nl"CION',  (ep-e-nish'un,)  n.  [Gr.  eirti/tKiov;  cm 
and  I'tif  ('.",  to  conqiK.'r.l 

A  song  of  Iriuiiipli.  [J^ot.  in  use.]  tVarton. 
EP-I-NYC'TIS,  n.    [(Jr.  iffi  and  pii(,  n'ltr  ij,  night.] 

An  angrv  pustule,  appearing  in  the  night. 
EP-I-PE-UOAI'E-TKY,  11.  [(Jr.  tzi,  -ipf,  and  otrpoi:] 
The  mensuration  of  figures  standing  on  the  same 
base.    [JYet  used.]  Knoicles. 
E-PIPII'A-NY,  (e-pira-ne,)  11.    [Gr.  c-tipavcta,  ap- 
pearance ;  £7714.111/;.),  to  appear  ;  £ir(  and  ^miku.] 

A  church  festival  celebrated  on  the  sixth  day  of 
January,  the  twelfth  day  after  Christmas,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  appearance  of  our  Savior  to  the 
magiaiis  or  philosophers  of  the  East,  who  came  to 
adore  him  wilh  presents  ;  or,  as  others  maintain,  to 
commemorate  the  appearance  of  the  star  to  the 
inagians,  or  the  iiiaiiifest.iti<m  of  Christ  to  the  (Jen- 
tiles.  Jerome  and  Chrysostoiii  take  thi'  epiphany  to 
be  the  day  of  our  Savior's  baptism,  when  a  voice 
from  heaven  declared,  "  This  is  my  beloved  Son,  in 
whom  I  am  well  pleased."  The  Greek  fathers  use 
the  word  for  the  ap|>eaiance  of  Christ  in  the  world, 
the  sense  in  which  Paul  uses  the  word.   2  7'ini.  i.  10. 

_  Encyc. 
EP-I-PHO-Nk'M.A,  71.    [Gr.  £iri^wpi|/ia,  exclamation  ; 
£;ri  and  0'jt£ai.] 

In  oratory,  an  exclaniatori'  sentence  or  striking  re- 
flection ;  as,  admirable  clemency  !  How  inconstant 
is  the  favor  of  princes  !  Rich.  Diet. 

E-PIPH'O-RA,  (e-pif'o-ri,)  71.  [Gr.  tni  and  <t,ipoi,  to 
bear.] 

L  The  watery  eye;  a  disease  in  which  the  tears, 
from  iiicrea.scd  secretion,  or  some  disease  of  the 
lachrymal  piussagc,  accumulate  in  front  of  the  eye 
and  trickle  over  the  cheek.  Cyc  Parr. 

2.  In  rhrloric,  the  emphatic  repetition  of  a  word  or 
phrase,  at  the  end  of  several  seiiti  iices  or  stanzas. 
EP-I-PIIYl.-LO-SPERArOUS,  a.    [Gr.  tri,  .^.lAAji ,  a 
leaf,  and  c-neo^'i,  seed.] 

In  botany,  hearing  their  seeds  on  the  back  of  the 
leaves,  as  "ft-riis.  Harris. 
E-PIPH'YI^LOUS,  (e-pif'il-lus,)  a.     [Gr.   £-1  and 
(/>i  AAop.] 

In  botany,  inserted  upon  the  leaf. 
E-PIPH'Y-SIS,  n.  [Cr.t-iipvnis  •'  f^i  and  ■/.«",  lo  grow.] 

Accretion  ;  the  natural  growing  of  one  bone  lo  an- 
other by  simple  contiguity,  without  a  proper  articula- 
tion, yiiinry. 

The  s|Miiigy  extremity  of  a  bone;  any  ixirtion  of  a 
bone  growing  to  another,  but  originally  separated 
from  it  by  a  cartilage.  Core. 

Epiphyses  are  appendixes  of  the  long  bones,  for  the 
purpose  (if  articulation,  formed  from  a  di.-Iinct  center 
of  ossification,  and  in  the  young  subject  connected 
with  the  larger  bones  by  an  iiiter\'ening  cartilage, 
which  in  the  adult  is  obliterated.  Parr, 
E-PlPirY-T.\L,  a.    [Gr.  £iri  and  l^v^u^,  a  plant.] 

Pertaining  to  an  epiphyte. 
EP'I  PHY  TE,  71.    [Gr.  i-i  and  .^vrm.) 

A  plant  which  grows  on  other  plants,  hut  does  not 
penetrate  their  sulistance,  nor  absorb  iheir  juices. 
EP-l-PIIYT'ie.a.    Having  the  nature  of  an  epiphyte. 


TONE,  BULL,  1;NITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

403" 


EPI 

EP-I-PLEX'IS,  n.  [Cr.]  In  r/irt..r;c,  a  figure  by  wliicli 
;i  person  seeks  to  convince  and  move  by  :i  kind  of 
yentle  upbraiding.  Budianaii^ 

E-PIP'LO-CE,  71.  [Gr.cTriixAo/cr;,  implication  ;  tffi  and 
jrAc/toi,  to  fold.] 

A  figure  of  rlietoric,  by  which  one  aggravation,  or 
striking  circumstance,  is  added  in  due  gradation  to 
another;  as,  "He  not  only  spared  his  enemies,  but 
continued  them  in  employment ;  not  only  continued 
them,  but  advanced  them."  Johiisun. 

E-PIP'LO-CeLE,  n.  [Gr.  CTnTrXoKnXn !  tirin-Auo*',  the 
caul, and  Kn^n^a.  itimur.] 

A  hernia  whose  contents  are  epiploon. 

EP-I-PLo'ie,  a.    [Gr.  cn-iTAour,  the  caul.] 
Pertaining  to  the  caul  or  omentum. 

E-PIP'LO-ON,  n.    [Gr.  iiTi-Su:ii> ;  cm  and  tAcoj.] 
The  caul  or  omentum. 

E-PIS'€0-PA-UY,  71.  [L.  episcopattts !  Sp.  obispado ; 
Port,  bispado  ;  It.  episcopato  ;  from  the  Gr.  crriciK'jTTeto, 
to  inspect  ;  €ri  and  cKorrcoi,  to  see.    See  Bishop.] 

1.  Literally,  oversight,  watch,  or  careful  inspec- 
tion.   James.  Hence, 

2.  Government  of  the  church  by  bishops  or  prel- 
ates ;  that  form  of  ecclesiastical  government,  in 
which  diocesan  bishops  are  established,  as  distinct 
from  and  superior  to  priests  or  presbyters.  Knctjc. 

E-PIS  eO-PAL,  a.  Belonging  to  or  vested  in  bishops 
or  prelates ;  as,  episcoiial  jurisdiction ;  episcopal  au- 
thority. 

2.  Governed  by  bislu>ps  ;  as,  the  episcopal  church. 
E-PIS-GO-Pa'LI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  bishops  or  gov- 
ernment by  bishops  ;  episcopal. 
E-PIf^  eO-PA'LI-AN,  n.    One  who  belongs  to  an  epis- 
copal church,  or  adheres  to  the  episcopal  form  of 
church  government  and  discipline. 
E-PIS-eO-PA'LI-AN-ISM,  n.    The  system  of  episco- 
pal religion,  or  government  of  the  church  by  bishops. 

Bacon. 

E-PIS'eO-PAL-LY,  adv.   By  episcopal  authority  ;  in 

an  episcopal  manner. 
E-PIS'eO-PATE,  n.    A  bishopric ;  the  office  and  dig- 
nity of  a  bishop. 
2.  The  order  of  bishops. 
E-PIS'eO-PATE,  V.  i.   To  act  as  a  bishop  ;  to  fill  the 

office  of  a  prelate.  Harris.  Mitner. 

E-PIS'eO-PI-Cri)E,  n.    [L.  episcopus  and  c<cdo.] 

The  killing  of  a  bishop. 
E-PIS'eO-PY,  n.    Survey  ;  superintendence  ;  search. 

Jllilton. 

EP'I-SODE,  n.  [from  the  Gr.]  In  poetry,  a  separate 
incid(mt,  story,  or  action,  inlroduced  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  a  greater  variety  to  the  events  related  in 
the  poem ;  an  iiicident;U  narrative,  or  digression, 
separable  from  the  main  subject,  but  naturally  arising 
from  it.  Jtikiison.  Encyc. 

EP-I-SOD're,       j  a.     Pertaining  to  an  episode  ; 

EP-I-SOD'ie-AL,  j     contained  in  an  episode  or  di- 
gression. Dryden. 
j  EP-I-S(JD'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  episoile.  Scott. 

EP-I-SPAS'Tie,  o.  [Gr.  CTrianaariKa,  from  trrtaitaw, 
to  draw.] 

In  medicine,  drawing ;  attracting  the  humors  to  the 
skin  ;  exciting  action  in  the  skin  ;  blistering. 

EP-I-SPAS'Tie,  H.  A  topical  remedy,  applied  to  the 
e.xternal  part  of  the  body,  for  the  i)urpose  of  produ- 
cing infiatnmation  and  vesication.     Kncyc.  Coze. 

EP'I-SPEll.M,  n.    [Gr.  ltti  and  amppa.] 
The  outer  integument  of  a  seed. 

EP-I-STlL'lilTE,  n.  A  mineral,  white  and  translu- 
cent. The  primary  form  of  the  crystal  is  a  right 
rhombic  prism.  Rose. 

E-PIS'TLE,  (e-pis'l,)  n.  [L.  eplstola;  Gr.  tirioroA/!, 
from  tnoTcAA"!,  to  send  to  ;  tin  and  o-T-tAAw,  to 
send  ;  G.  stellrn,  to  set.] 

A  writing,  directed  or  sent,  comnninicating  intelli- 
gence to  a  distant  person  ;  a  letter;  a  letter  missive. 
It  is  rarely  used  in  familiar  conversation  or  writings, 
but  chiefly  in  solemn  or  formal  transactions.  It  is 
used  particularly  in  speaking  of  the  letters  of  the 
apostles,  as  the  epistles  of  Paul ;  and  of  other  letters 
written  by  the  ancients,  as  the  epistles  of  Pliny,  or  of 
Cicero. 

E-PIS'TLER,  n.    a  writer  of  epistles.    [Little  useu  j 
2.  Formerly,  one  who  attended  the  cunnnunion  ta- 
ble and  read  the  epistles. 
E-PIS'TO-IjA-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  epistles  or  letters  ; 
suitable  to  letters  and  correspondence  ;  familiar  ;  as, 
an  episUilar}j  style. 

2.  Contauied  in  letters  ;  carried  on  by  letters ;  as, 
an  epistutary  correspondence. 
EP-IS-T(JI,'IC,       j  u.    Pertaining  to  letters  or  epis- 
EP  la-TOL'ie  AI>,  (  ties. 

i2.  Designating  the  method  of  representing  ideas 
by  letterH  and  words.  Warburton. 
E  PIH'TO  l,IZi;,  V.  I.    To  write  eplsllos  or  letters. 

Howell. 

E  PIH'Tf).],!/  Ell,  71.    A  w.-iicr  of  cpiHtl.rs.  Howell. 
E-PI.S-T()  MJ  (HtAPII'IG,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  writ- 
ing of  lettem. 

E-PIS-TO-I,OG'KA  PHY,  n.    [Gr.  «iriffroA>,,  a  letter, 

and  ynmliin,  to  write.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  writing  letters.  Knryc. 
E-PIS'TRO-PHE,  II.    [Gr.t7r«7r,i.-./.q;  tiri  and  <r7-,..)./,r(, 

a  return.] 


EPI 

A  figure  in  rhetoric,  in  which  several  successive 
sentences  end  with  the  same  word  or  affirmation. 

Bailey,  .^sk. 
EP'I-ST?LE,  7!.    [Gr.  ctti  and  aTv>.os,  a  column.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a  term  used  by  the  Greeks 
for  what  is  now  called  the  architrave,  a  massive 
piece  of  stone  or  wood  laid  immediately  on  the 
abacus  of  the  capital  of  a  column  or  pillar.  Otoilt. 
EP'I-TAPH,  (ep'e-taf,)  n.  [Gr.  t-i  and  ru(^os,  a  sep- 
ulcher.] 

1.  An  inscription  on  a  monument,  in  honor  or 
memory  of  the  dead. 

The  epiiajihs  of  the  present  day  are  crummed  with  fulsome 
cyriiphiii'-nus  never  merited.  Encyc. 

Can  you  look  forward  to  the  honor  of  a  decorated  cotiin,  a 
splendid  funeral,  a  towering  inonunicnl  —  it  may  he  a  lying 
epiiapk  ?  W.  B.  Sprague. 

2.  A  eulogy,  in  prose  or  verse,  composed  without 
any  intent  to  be  engraven  on  a  monument,  as  that  on 
Alexander  ;  "  Sufficit  huic  tumulus,  cui  non  suflice- 
retorhis."  Encyc. 

EP-l-T.^'PHI-AN,  I  a.    Pertaining  to  an  epitaph. 
EP-I-TAPH'ie,     \  Milton. 
E-PIT'.\-SIS,  71.    [Gr.]    In  the  ancient  drama,  that 
part  which  embraces  the  main  action  of  a  play,  and 
leads  on  to  the  catastrophe  ;  opposed  to  protasis.  [See 
Protasis.]  Buchanan. 

The  term  has  also  been  sometimes  applied  to  that 
part  of  an  oration  which  appeals  to  the  passions. 
EP-I-TH.\-La'MI-UM,  I  n.  [Gx.enihaXa,i,av ;  f/rtand 
EP-l-THAL'A-MY,       (     S.iAufof,  a  bed-chamber. f 
A  nuptial  song  or  poem,  in  praise  of  the  bride  and 
bridegroom,  and  praying  for  their  prosperity. 

The  forty-fifth  psalm  is  an  ej/ithaUimium  to  Christ  and  the 
church.  Burnet. 

EP'I-THEJI,  71.  [Gr.  £TiSi)/ta,-  ciri  and  Ti^r,pi,  to 
place.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  kind  of  fomentation  or  poultice,  to 
be  ai»plicd  externally  to  strengthen  the  part.  Encyc. 

Any  e.xternal  application,  or  topical  medicine. 
The  term  has  been  restricted  to  liquids  in  wliich 
cloths  are  dipped,  to  be  applied  to  a  part. 

Parr.  Turner. 
EP'I-THET,  71.    [Gr.  tTriSi/TOK,  a  name  added,  from 
£171  and  riSi.ui,  to  place.] 

An  adjective  expressing  some  real  quality  of  the 
thing  to  which  it  is  applied,  or  an  attributive  ex- 
pressing some  quality  ascribed  to  it  ;  as,  a  verdant 
lawn  ;  a  brilliant  appearance ;  a  just  man  ;  an  accu- 
rate description. 

It  is  sometimes  used  for  title,  name,  phrase,  or  ex- 
pression ;  but  im])roperly. 
EP'I-THET,  V.  t.    To  entitle ;  to  describe  by  epithets. 

IVottoii.  , 

EP-I-THET'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  epithet  or  epi- 
thets ;  containing  or  consisting  of  epithets. 

2.  Abounding  with  epithets.    A  style  or  composi- 
tion may  be  too  epiUtctic. 
EP-I-TIIU-MET'ie,       (        rn,       a  -i 
EP-I-THU-MET'ie-AL,  j        l^'-  ^"^VfiriKOS.] 
Inclined  to  lust  ;  pertaining  to  the  animal  passion. 

Brotvn. 

E-PIT'O-ME,  n.  [Gr.  CTriTO/tr;,  from  tm  and  npfci,  to 
cut,  Topn,  a  cutting,  a  section.] 

An  abridgment ;  a  brief  stnnmary  or  abstract  of 
any  book  or  writing  ;  a  compendium  containing  the 
substance  or  principal  matters  of  a  book. 

fi^rifomes  are  helpful  to  the  nienioiy.  Wolion. 

E-PIT'O-AIIST,  71.    An  epitomizer. 

E-PIT'O-MIZE,  V.  t.  To  shorten  or  abridge,  as  a 
writing  or  discourse  ;  to  abstract,  in  a  summary,  the 
principal  matters  of  a  book  ;  to  contract  into  a  nar- 
rower compass.  Xiphilin  cpitomiicd  Dion's  Roman 
History. 

2.  To  diminish  ;  to  curtail.    [Less  proper.] 
E-PIT'O-MIZ-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Abridged  ;  shortened  ; 
contracted  into  a  smaller  compass,  as  a  book  or 
writing. 

E-PlT'U-iMIZ-ER,  n.    One  who  abridges  ;  a  writer 

of  an  epitome. 
E  PIT'O-MIZ-ING,    ppr.     Abridging;  shortening; 

making  a  summary. 
EP'I-'I'ltlTE,  71.      [Gr.  tTTirpii-oj ;  £iri  and  rpiroj, 

third.] 

In  prosody,  a  foot  consisting  of  three  long  sylla- 
bles and  one  short  one ;  as,  sklutantes,  concltati, 
Tncantire. 

E-PIT'KO-PE,  7t.  [Gr.  ciriTponrj,  from  tirirpfirw,  to 
permit.] 

In  rhetoric,  concession  ;  a  figure  by  which  one 
thing  is  granted,  with  a  view  to  obtain  an  advan- 
tage ;  as,  I  admit  all  this  may  bo  true,  but  what  is 
this  to  the  purpose I  concede  the  fact,  but  it  over- 
throws your  own  argiimi  nt.  Encyc. 
EP-I-ZECjX'IS.  71.  [(Jr.l  A  figure  in  rhetoric  in 
which  a  woril  is  repi  ateij  with  vehennmce  ;  as,  you, 
you,  Antony,  pushed  t'esar  upon  the  civil  war. 

EP-l-Zf)'A.\,  11.     /    rr.  1  r  1 

EP-I-ZO'A,  n.  pi.  »»''  C""'-! 

Ti  rnis  applieil  to  a  class  of  animals,  usually  ver- 
miform, which  live  parasitically  on  other  animals  ; 
opposed  to  the  cntozoo.  Dana. 

EP-I-Z(J-()T'IC,  a.    [Gr.  tizi  and  i^woi',  animal.] 


EQU 

1.  Pertaining  to  tile  animals  called  epizoans. 

2.  In  geology,  an  epithet  formerly  given  to  such 
mountains  as  contain  fossil  remains. 

Epizootic  mountains  are  of  secondary  formation.  Kirxnan. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  diseases  prevalent  among  an- 
imals, corresponding  to  eoidemic  among  men. 

Buchanan. 

EP-I-ZO'O-TY,  71.    [Supra.]    A  murrain  or  pestilence 

among  irrational  animals.  Ed.  Encyc. 

E  PLU'Rl-BUS  li'JVUM,  [L.]    One  composed  of 

many  ;  the  motto  of  the  United  States,  consisting  of 

many  States  confederated. 
EP'Oeil,     )  n.    [L.  c/juc/ttt ;  Gr.  CTToxi?,  retention,  de- 
EP'0-€HA,  j     lay,  stop,  from  emxto,  to  inhibit;  £ti 

and  e\w,  to  hold.] 

1.  In  chronology,  a  fixed  point  of  time,  from  which 
succeeding  years  are  numbered  :  a  point  from  which 
computation  of  years  begins.  The  exodus  of  the 
Israelites  from  Egypt,  and  the  Babylonish  captivity, 
are  remarkable  epochs  in  their  history. 

2.  Any  fixed  time  or  period  ;  the  period  when  any 
thing  begins  or  is  remarkably  prevalent ;  as,  the 
epoch  of  falsehood  ;  the  epoch  of  woe.    Donne.  Prior. 

The  (illeeuth  century  was  the  unhappy  epoch  of  niiliUiry  estab- 
lishments in  time  of  pcjice.  MadUon. 

EP'ODE,  71.    [Gr.  frioin  ;  Eiri  and  aSri,  ode.] 

In  lyric  poctryfMie  tliird  or  last  part  ot  the  ode  ; 
that  wliich  follows  the  strophe  and  antistrophe  ;  the 
ancient  ode  being  divided  into  strophe,  antistrophe, 
and  epode.  The  word  is  now  used  as  the  name  of 
any  little  verse  or  verses,  that  follow  one  or  more 
great  ones.  Thus  a  pentameter  after  a  hexameter  is 
an  epode.  Encyc. 

EP-OD'lG,  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  an  epode. 

EP-O-PEE',  7t.  [Gr.  tnos,  a  song,  anil  Troitoj,  to 
make.] 

An  epic  poem.    More  properly,  the  history,  action, 
or  fable,  which  makes  the  subject  of  an  epic  poem. 
EP'OS,7i.  [Gi.  £7705.]  [Encxjc. 

An  epic  poem,  or  .is  fable  or  subject. 
EP'SOAI-.'^ALT  ;  the  sulphate  of  magnesia,  an  anti- 
phlogistic cathartic,  producing  watery  discharges. 
E^PROU-yETTE',(3.--proo-ve\',)n.  [Fr.]  In  gunnery, 
a  machine  for  proving  the  strength  of  gunpowder. 
EP'IT-LA-RY,  a.    [L.  epularis,  from  epulum,  a  feast.] 
Pertaining  to  a  feast  oi  banquet.  Bailey. 
EP-II-LA'TION,  71.    [I.,  epulatio,  from  epulor,  to  feast.] 

A  feasting  or  feast.  -  Brown. 

EP'U-LoSE,  o.    [L.  epuluvu] 

Feasting  to  excess. 
EP-T^-LOS'I-TY,  71.    A  feasting  to  excess. 
EP-l|-LOT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  f nonAajriica,  from  tTouAoto,  to 
heal,  to  cicatrize ;  itti  and  ocAi;,  a  cicatrix,  ovXoi,  to 
be  sound,  ouA"5,  whole.] 
Healing ;  cicatrizing. 
EP-lT-LOT'ie,    71.     A  medicament  or  application 
which  tends  to  dry,  cicatrize,  and  heal  wounds  or 
ulcers,  to  repress  fungous  flesh,  and  dispose  the  parts 
to  recover  soundness.  Coze.  Quincy. 

EP-U-Ua'TION,  n.    A  purifying. 

E-QU.V-BIL'l-TY,  71.  [See  Equable.]  Equality  in 
motion  ;  continued  eipiality,  at  all  times,  in  velocity 
or  movt^ment ;  uniformity  ;  as,  the  equability  of  the 
moliim  of  a  heavenly  body,  or  of  the  blood  in  the 
arteries  and  veins. 

2.  Continued  equality  ;  evenness  or  uniformity  ; 
as,  the  eijuability  of  the  temperature  of  the  air  ;  the 
eipiabilily  of  the  mind. 

£'UUA-HLE,  a.  [h.  ir-riuabilis,  from  aquus,  equal, 
even,  tequo,  to  equal,  to  level.] 

1.  Equal  and  uniform  at  all  times,  as  motion.  An 
equable  motion  continues  the  same  in  degree  of  ve- 
locity, neither  accelerated  nor  retarded. 

2.  Even  ;  smooth  ;  having  a  uniform  surface  or 
form  ;  as,  an  equable  globe  or  plain.  Bcntley. 

ic'tiUA-HLE-NESS,  71.    ytate  of  being  equable. 

K'aUA-IH>Y,  ni/ii.  With  an  equal  or  uniform  mo- 
tion ;  with  continued  uniformity  ;  evenly  ;  as,  bod- 
ies moving  equably  in  conciMitric  circles.  Chcyne. 

K'CiU.VL,  a.  [L.  (Fqualis,  from  (rquu.-:,  equal,  even, 
<rquo,  to  equal,  perhaps  Gr.  £i«os,  similar  ;  Vi.egal; 
Sp.  i^i7(i/ ;  Port.  ul. ;  It.  egnale.] 

1.  Having  the  same  magnitude  or  dimensions  ; 
being  of  the  same  bulk  or  extent ;  as,  an  equal  quan- 
tity of  land  ;  a  house  of  equal  size  ;  two  persons  of 
equal  bulk  ;  an  equal  line  or  angle. 

2.  Having  the  same  value ;  as,  two  commodities 
of  equal  price  or  worth. 

3.  Having  the  same  qualities  or  condition  ;  as,  two 
men  of  equal  rank  or  excellence  ;  two  bodies  of  equal 
hardness  or  softness. 

4.  Having  the  same  degree  ;  as,  two  motions  of 
equal  velocity. 

5.  Even  ;  iinifiirm  ;  not  variable ;  as,  an  equat 
temper  or  mind. 

Yi'  la.r,  The  way  of  the  Lord  is  not  c^iiol.  —  Ktek.  i»l. 
(>.  Ileiiig  in  just  proportion  ;  as,  my  rommendatio' 
is  not  equal  to  his  nii'rit. 

7.  Impartial ;  neutral ;  not  biased. 

ICtjunl  and  unconcerned,  1  look  on  all.  Dryden. 

8.  Indillerent ;  of  the  same  interest  or  concern 
He  may  reci  ivi^  them  or  not,  it  is  equal  to  me. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD  NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK. 


404 


EQU 


(■iviiig  tile  same  or  similar 
I'lie  terms  and  conditions  of 


D.  Just  }  equitable 
rights  or  adviintages. 
tlie  contract  are  equal. 

10.  lieiiig  on  tlie  same  terms  ;  enjoying  tlie  same 
or  similar  l)enelits. 

'I'hpy  miidc  th'?  mtimetl,  orphnnt,  widowi,  yen  ami  the  Rged 
hIm),  tquai  m  itfoils  witli  Oirtnaclvrs.  Maccabees. 

11.  Adequate ;  having  competent  power,  ability, 
(<r  means.  The  sliip  is  not  equal  to  lier  antagonist. 
The  army  was  not  equal  to  the  contest.  We  are  not 
cqiiid  to  the  undertaking. 

iC'UU A  L,  n.  One  not  inferior  or  superior  to  anotlicr  ; 
liaving  the  same  or  a  similar  age,  rani;,  station, 
ollice,  talents,  strength,  &c. 

Tliosc  who  wt-re  once  his  equait,  envy  niul  dgfiinie  him. 

Ad'lison. 

It  was  Uiou,  a  mim  niy  equal,  my  guide.  —  Ps.  Iv.   Uiil.  i. 
e'CIUAL,  I'.  /.    To  make  equal ;  to  make  one  thing  of 
tlic  same  quantity,  dimensions,  or  quality  as  another. 

2.  To  rise  to  the  same  st.ate,  rank,  or  estimation 
with  another  ;  to  beconie  ecpial  to.  Few  ollicers  can 
expert  to  i^ua(  Washington  in  f;une. 

3.  To  be  e(iual  to. 

One  whose  all  nol  equals  Edward'i  moiety.  Shak. 

4.  To  make  equivalent  to ;  to  recompense  fully ;  to 
answer  in  full  |)roportion. 

lie  answere^l  nil  her  c^re^,  and  eqttaled  all  her  love.  Dryden. 

5.  To  be  of  like  excellence  or  beauty. 

Tlw  gold  and  Uie  crystal  can  not  equal  it.  — Job  xxvLii. 

K'CiU.\L-£n),  pf.    Made  etiual. 
K'liU.\L-IN(;,  ;</ir.    Making  etpial. 
E-UUAL'I-TY,  (e-kwol'o-tc,)  »i.    [I,,  aipialitas.'] 

1.  .\n  agrernit  nt  of  things  ni  dimensions,  quan- 
tity, or  (piality  ;  likeness  ;  similarity  in  regard  to  two 
things  ctunpared.  We  speak  of  the  equality  of  two 
or  mt>re  tracts  of  land,  of  two  liodius  in  length, 
breadth,  or  thickness,  of  virtues  or  vices. 

•2.  The  same  degree  of  dignity  or  claims  ;  as,  tlie 
equality  of  men  in  the  scale  of  being ;  the  ei/aalUy  of 
nt>bles  of  the  same  rank ;  an  equality  of  rights. 

3.  Evenness ;  uniformity ;  samoni^ss  in  state  or 
continued  course  ;  as,  an  eqaaliti/  of  temper  or  con- 
stitution. 

■I.  Evenness  ;  plainness ;  uniformity  ;  as,  an  equal- 
ity of  surface. 

E-UUAl,-l-7,.\'TIO\,  71.    The  act  of  ciiualizing,  or 

state  of  being  equalized. 
J;'UU.\I.-I/.E,  V.  t.   To  make  equal;  as,  to  equaliie 

accounts  ;  to  equalize  burdens  or  taxes. 
K'llU  AL-tZ-Ji:i),  pp.    Made  etpial ;  reduced  to  equal- 
r.'llU.\l<-IZ-I.N'G,  py>r.    Making  equal.  [ity. 
K'UU.'VL-LY,  aila.    In  the  same  degree  with  another  ; 

alike  ;  as,  to  be  equally  taxed  ;  to  be  equally  virtuous 

or  vicious  ;  to  be  equally  impatient,  hungry,  thirsty, 

swift,  or  slow  ;  to  be  equally  furnishctl. 
S!.  Ill  etpial  shares  or  proportions.   The  estate  is  to 

be  equally  diviiled  aiuiuig  the  heirs. 
3.  Impartially  ;  wnli  equal  justice.  Shak. 
IFjiuatly  should  not  be  followed  by  as,  but  by 

with.] 

K'QUAL-XESS,  n.    Equality  ;  a  state  of  being  equal. 

attak. 

3.  Evenness  ;  uniformity ;  as,  the  equalncss  of  a 
surface. 

E-aUA.\'"GU-LAR,  (e-kwang'gu-lar,)  a.  [L.  aiquus 
and  an^ulus.] 

Cuusisting  of  equal  angles.  [Sec  Ehuiangular, 
which  is  generally  used.) 

E-ClUA-Nl.M'l-T V,  n.  [L.  nquanimitas,  aqmis  and 
antrniu,  an  equal  niind.l 

Evenness  of  mind  ;  that  calm  temper  or  (irmness 
of  mind  which  is  not  easily  elated  or  depressed, 
which  sust;iins  prosperity  without  excessive  joy,  and 
adversity  without  violent  agiLatitm  of  the  (mssions  or 
depression  of  spirits.  Tlie  great  man  bears  misfor- 
tunes with  equanimity. 

E-CHJ.AN'I-MOUS,  o.    Of  an  even,  composed  frama 
of  mind  ;  of  a  steady  temjier ;  not  easily  elated  or 
_  depressed. 

K'Ciu.WT,  n.  In  the  Ptolrmmc  system  of  astrtmomy^ 
an  imaginary  circle,  used  for  regulating  and  adjust- 
ing certain  iiiotioiis  of  the  planets.  Branile. 

E-QUA'TIO.N',  n.  [L.  aquaxto,  from  aquo,  to  make 
equal  or  level.] 

1.  Laterally,  a  making  equal,  or  an  cqu.il  division. 

2.  In  algebra^  a  proposition  asserting  the  etpiality 
of  two  tpiaiitities,  and  cxpressetl  by  the  sign  =  be- 
tween them  ;  or  an  expression  of  the  same  quantity  in 
two dissinnlar  terms  ;  as,  3s.  =  3(i</.,  or  r  =  6-|-»» — r. 
In  the  latter  case,  z  is  equal  to  b  added  to  m,  with  r 
subtracted,  and  the  quantities  on  the  right  hanil  of 
the  sign  of  equation  are  said  to  be  the  value  of  z  on 
the  lul^  hand.  Encye.  Johnson. 

3.  In  astronomy,  equation  of  time,  is  the  interval  by 
which  apparent  time  ditfers  from  mean  time. 

Olmsted. 

E-CIU.^'TOR,  n.    [L.,  from  aquo,  to  make  equal.] 

In  astruiKrmi/  and  geography,  a  great  circle  of  the 
sphere,  equally  distant  from  the  two  poles  of  the 
world,  or  having  the  same  poles  as  the  world.  It 
is  called  equator,  because,  when  thi;  snii  is  in  it,  the 
d.iys  aai  nights  arc  of  optal  length ;  hence,  it  is 


EQU 

called  also  the  equinoctial,  and,  when  dniwn  on 
maps,  globes,  and  planispheres,  it  is  called  the  eifui- 
noctial  line,  or  simply  llie  line.  Every  point  in  the 
equator  is  90°,  or  a  tpiadraiit's  distance,  from  tlie 
poles  ;  hence,  it  divides  the  globe  or  sphere  into 
two  equal  hemispheres,  the  northern  and  southern. 
The  eiiuattir  rises,  at  any  given  place,  as  much  above 
the  iiori/.on  as  is  equal  to  the  complement  of  the  lati- 
tude. Barlow. 

E-UUA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  eqiiiitor  ;  as, 
equatorial  climates.  The  cquutoriid  diameter  of  the 
earth  is  longer  than  the  polar  dianii  ter. 

E-UUA-TS'Rl-AL,,  w.  .■\n  astronomical  instrument, 
with  a  telescope  whose  motion  is  on  an  axis  parallel 
to  the  axis  of  the  earth,  and  lience  corresponiling  to 
the  diurnal  motiim  of  the  heavens  from  east  to  wi-st, 
so  that  when  a  celestial  object  is  once  within  the 
field  of  view  of  the  telescope,  it  continues,  while 
above  the  horizon,  constantly  in  tlie  field. 

OlmsteAl. 

E-aUA-TO'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  have  the  motion 

of  an  eipiatorial.  P.  Cyc. 

K'CiUE-RV,    )  u.    [Ft.  ecuyer,  for  escuyer ;  It.  scudi- 
E-aUER'RY,  j     tre ;  Low  L.  scuiariiis," from  scutum, 
a  shield.    See  EsciuinE.] 

1.  An  olfioi  r  of  ntibh^s  or  princes,  who  has  the  care 
and  niaiiageiiu  iit  of  their  horses.  In  England,  the 
equerries  are  five  in  number.  They  ride  in  tlie  lead- 
ing coach,  on  all  great  occasions,  and  have  a  table 
provitleti  for  them  by  themselves.  Buclianan. 

2.  A  large  stable  or  loilge  for  horses. 
E-(1UES'TRI-AN,    a.     [L.  equcster,  equestris,  from 

eques,  a  horseman,  from  e^iiiis,  a  horse.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  horses  or  horsemanship;  performed 
with  horses  ;  as,  equestrian  feats. 

2.  Being  on  horseback  ;  as,  an  equestrian  lady. 

3.  Skilled  in  horsemanship.  [Spectator. 

4.  Representing  a  person  on  liorst^back  ;  as,  an 
equestrian  statue. 

5.  Celebrateil  by  horse-races ;  as,  equestrian  games, 
sports,  or  amusements. 

C.  Belonging  to  knights.  Among  tlic  Romans,  the 
equestrian  order,  was  the  order  of  knights,  cquilcs  ; 
also  their  troopers  or  horsemen  in  the  fit  Id.  In  cinZ 
life,  the  hiights  stood  contradistinguished  from  the 
senators;  in  the  fcld,  from  the  infantry.  Kncyc. 

E-(lUI-Arij"GU-LAR,  a.  [L.  aquus,  eipial,  and  ungu- 
lus,  an  angle.] 

In  ffcomitry,  consisting  of  or  having  equal  angles  ; 
an  epithet  given  to  figures  whose  angles  are  all  ei|ual, 
such  as  a  square,  an  equilateral  triangle,  &.C. 

E-aUI-R,\L'ANOE,  ii.    [L.  mquus  and  bilaiu.l 
•Equal  weight. 

E-QUl-BAE'ANCE,  v.  U  To  have  equal  weight  with 
something.  Ch.  Rrlig.  .Appeal. 

E-aUl-BAL'ANC-JED,  (e-kwe-bal'anst,)  pp.  Giving 
equal  weight. 

E-aUI-BAI.'ANC-ING,  rpr.    Having  equal  weight. 

E-CiUI-GRO'RAL,  o.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and  eras,  a 
leg.] 

1.  Having  legs  of  equal  length. 

2.  Having  etpi.tl  legs,  but  longer  than  the  base; 
isosceles  ;  as,  an  equicrural  triangle.  Johnson. 

E-aUI-I)IK'I'EK-ENT,  o.  Having  equal  ditferenccs ; 
arithmetically  proporlituial.  Barlote. 

2.  In  criistalloirraphy,  having  a  different  number  of 
faces  presented  by  the  prism,  and  by  each  summit ; 
and  these  three  numbers  form  a  series  in  arithmetic- 
al prtigression,  as  li,  4,  2.  Cleaveland. 

E-UUI-1)IS'TA.\CE,  ?i.    Equal  distance.  JIall. 

E-(lUI-l)IS'T.\i\T,  a.  [L.  ictfuu^',  equal,  and  (/istans, 
distant.] 

Being  at  an  cqu-a]  distance  from  some  point  or 
thing. 

E-UUI-DIS'TAXT-LY,  adv.  At  the  same  or  an  equal 
distance.  Brown. 

K'ULM-FORM,  (I.    H.-iving  the  same  for.m.  Uumblc. 

E-ClL'l-FOR.M'l-TY,  n.  [L.  tryiiuj.,  equal,  and /or/no, 
form.] 

IJnifonn  eqii.ility.  Broun, 
E-(iUI-E.\T'EIt-.\I.,  a.    [L.  o'lptus,  equal,  and  latera- 
lis, from  tatun,  side] 

Having  all  the  siili.s  equal  ;  as,  an  equilateral  trian- 
gle.   A  .square  must  necessarily  be  equilateral. 
E-UUI-LAT'ER-AL,  ;t.    A  side  exactly  corresponding 

to  others.  HerberL 
E-UUI-LI'BRaTE,  r.  t.  [L.  eequus  and  Ubro,  to  poise.] 
To  balance  equally  two  scales,  sides,  or  ends  ;  to 
keep  even  with  eipial  weight  on  each  side. 

The  iwliea  of  fish.-*  are  equitibrated  with  water.  ArintVinot, 

E-CIUI-LT'BR.\-TED,  pp.    Balanced  equally  on  both 

sides  or  ends. 
E-aUI-IJ'BRA-TIXG,  ppr.  B.alancing  equally  on  both 

sides  or  ends. 

E-aUI-EI-RR A'TION,  n.  Equipoise  ;  the  act  of  kecp- 
•ing  the  balance  even,  or  the  slate  of  being  equally 
balanoed. 

Nattire'a  lawi  o( equiiibra6on.  Derham. 

E-aUI-LIB'RI-Ors,  a.    Equally  poised. 

E-tlUI-LIB'RI-OUS-L\'  (u/e.    In  equal  poise. 

E-UL'II/I-BIUST,  n.  One  who  keeps  his  balance  in 
unnatural  (lusilions  and  hazardous  movements  ;  a 
btUancer.  Encyc.  Jim. 


EQU 

E-aUI-LIB'RI-TY,  n.    [L.  a-quilibriUu.] 

The  state  of  being  equally  balanced  ;  equal  balance 
on  both  sides  ;  equilibrium  ;  as,  the  theory  u{  equilib- 
ritii.  Greijory. 

E-CIUI-LIB'RI-UM,  n.  [I,.]  Etpiipoisc ;  etpiality  of 
weight  or  force ;  a  slate  of  ri'st  jiroiluced  by  the  mu- 
tual  counteraction  of  two  or  more  forces.    P.  'Vyc. 

2.  A  just  poise  or  balance  in  respect  to  an  r  Aject, 
so  that  it  remains  linn  ;  as,  to  preserve  the  cijuilibri- 
um  of  the  body. 

Health  conaiuta  iu  the  equilibrium  between  thoic  two  powen. 

Arbutltnot. 

3.  Equal  balancing  of  the  mind  between  motives 
or  ri'.iH'ins  ;  a  state  of  indilference  or  of  doubt,  when 
the  iiiind  is  suspended  in  indecision,  between  diifer- 
eiit  iiiotivt  s,  or  the  ilitferiint  forces  of  evidence. 

In  cquiUbrio  ;  ill  a  sttite  of  equilibrium. 
E-aUl-.MUL'TI-PLE,  a.    [L.  aiiuus  and  multiplico,  or 
jnultiplez.'^ 

Multiplied  by  the  same  number  or  quantity. 
E-CiUI-.MUI/Ti-PLE,  n.  In  arithmetic  and  neometry, 
a  tenn  apfilii  d  to  the  products  arising  from  the  mul- 
tiplication tif  two  or  more  primitive  quantities  by  the 
same  number  or  quantity.  Hence,  equimultiples  of 
any  numbers  or  quantities  are  always  in  tlie  same 
ratio  to  each  other,  as  the  simple  numbers  tir  quanti- 
ties before  multiplication.  If  li  and  "J  are  multiplied 
by  4,  the  multiples,  24  and  30,  will  be  to  each  other 
as  6  to  9.  Barlow. 

IC'aUINE,       )  n  •  i-  11 

E-Q.LJI'\AL  I       [L- ^7""*"-*)  from  ffuits,  a  horse.] 
Pertaining  to  a  horse ;  denoting  the  horse  kind. 

Jiaywood. 

The  ahoulden,  body,  thi^tis,  and  inaue  an?  f7uin< ;  Oie  head 
coniplclely  bovine.  Barrow's  Trapets. 

E-aUI-NEC'ES-SA-RY,  a.    [L.  aquus  and  nrers.iary.] 
Necessary  or  needful  in  the  same  degree,  lluilibras. 
E-C1UI-N'0€'T1.\I,,  a.    [L.  aquus,  ctiual,  and  not, 
night.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  equinoxes  ;  designating  an 
equal  length  of  day  and  night ;  as,  the  equinoctial  line. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  regions  or  climate  of  the  equi- 
noctial line  or  equator  ;  in  or  near  that  line  ;  a.s,  equi- 
noctial heat  ;  an  equinoc'.ial  sun  ;  equinoctial  wind. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  time  when  the  sun  enters  the 
equinoctial  pmnts  j  as,  an  equinoctial  gale  or  storm, 
which  happens  at  or  near  the  equinox,  in  any  part  of 
the  world. 

Equinoctial  flowers ;  flowers  that  open  at  a  regular, 
stated  hour.  J\lartyn. 

Equinoctial  points,  are  the  two  points  wlicrein  the 
celestial  equator  anil  ecliptic  intersect  each  otiier ;  the 
one,  being  jn  the  first  point  of  Aries,  is  called  the 
vernal  point  or  equinox  ;  the  other,  in  the  first  point 
of  Eibra,  the  autumnal  point  or  equinox.  Barlow. 

Equinoctial  dial,  is  tliat  whoso  plane  lies  parallel  to 
the  equinoctial.  Barlow. 

Equinoctial  time,  is  reckoned  from  a  fixed  instant 
common  to  all  the  world. 

E-aUI-.NOC'TIAL,  ;i.  [For  EquiNOCTiAL  Lime.]  In 
astronomy,  the  celestial  equator.  The  intersection  of 
the  plane  of  theotpiator  with  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
constitutes  the  trrre^^trial  etpiator,  anil  with  the  con- 
cave surface  of  the  heavens,  the  celestial  etpiator,  or 
equinoctial.  When  the  sun,  in  its  course  through  the 
ecliptic,  comes  to  I  his  circle,  viz.,  about  the  21st  of 
March  anil  2Jtl  of  .■September,  it  makes  equal  days 
and  nights  in  all  parts  of  the  globe.  Olmsted, 

E-UUI-NOO'TIAI^LY,  ailo.  In  the  direction  of  the 
equinox.  Brown. 

E'UUl-.NO.X,  n.  irquus,  cqu.il,  and  710/,  night. 
The  precise  time  when  the  sun  enters  one  of 
equinoctial  points,  making  the  d.ay  and  the  night  of 
etpial  h  ngth.  The  son  i  iiti  rs  the  first  point  of  Aries 
about  the  :ilsl  of  .March,  am!  the  first  point  of  Libra 
about  the  2;itl  of  Septt  iiilier.  Tlicse  are  called  the 
rcrnal  aiitl  autumnal  equtnores.  'I'hesc  points  art 
found  to  be  niovrng  backward,  or  westward,  al 
the  rati;  of  5(1"  of  a  degree  in  a  year.  This  ii 
called  the  precession  of  the  equinoies.  Encye. 

E-UUl-NO'MER-A-VT,  <z.  [L.  aiyuiu,  equal,  and  nu- 
7rtcr!t.v,  iiiiiiiber.] 

Having  or  consisting  of  the  same  number.  [Littls 
tised.]  MuthnoU 

E-UUIP',  r.  t. '  [Fr.  eqniprr  r  Ann.  aqipa,  aqipein  ;  Sp. 
equipar;  Ch.  t]f?i,  .Aplicl  f\'<pH,  to  surround,  to  gird  ; 

perhaps  the  same  root  as  Eth.  n)  to  em 

brace.] 

1.  Properly,  to  dress  ;  to  furnish  ;  as,  to  equip  a 
person  with  a  suit  of  clothes.  Hence, 

2.  To  furnish  with  arms,  or  a  complete  suit  of  arms, 
for  milibiry  service.  Thus  we  s.ay,  to  equip  men  or 
troops  for  war  ;  to  equiji  a  body  of  infunlry  or  cavalr)-. 
But  the  word  seems  to  iiicluile  not  cmlV  arms,  but 
clothing,  baggage,  utensils,  tents,  and  all  the  appara- 
tus of  an  army,  particularly  when  applietl  to  a  body 
of  troops.  Hence,  to  fiirnish  with  arms  and  warlike 
ap|>aratus  ;  as,  to  equip  a  regiment. 

3.  To  furnish  with  men,  artiller)-,  and  m  inilions 
of  war,  as  a  ship.  Hence,  in  cominim  language,  to 
fit  for  sea  ;  to  fiiniish  with  whatever  is  necessary  for 
a  voyage. 


the 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SB  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


51 


405 


EQU 

Ea'UI-PAftE,  (ek'we-paje,)  n.  Tile  furniture  of  a 
militarj'  man,  particularly  arms  and  tlu-irappL-iidages. 

2.  Tile  liirniture  of  an  ariny  or  body  of  troops, 
infantry  or  cavalry,  includins  arms,  artillery,  uten- 
sils, provisions,  and  whatever  is  necessary  fur  a  mil- 
itary expedition.  Camp  equipage  includes  tents,  and 
every  thing  necessary  for  accommodation  in  camp. 
Field  cf/uipnge  consists  of  arms,  artillery,  wagons, 
tumbrils,  &.c. 

3.  The  furniture  of  an  armed  ship,  or  the  neces- 
saiy  preparations  for  a  voyage ;  including  cordage, 
spars,  provisions,  &c. 

4.  Attendance,  retinue,  as  persons,  horses,  car- 
riages, &c. ;  as,  the  equipnirc  of  a  prince. 

5.  Carriage  of  slate  ;  vehicle  ;  as,  celestial  f(7«/;^an-c. 

6.  Accouterments  ;  habiliments ;  ornamental  fur- 
niture.   .  Prior. 

EQ'UI-PA-G£D,  (ek'we-pajd,)  a.     Furnished  with 

equi|)age  ;  attended  with  a  splendid  retinue.  S/icnscr. 
E-UUI-PEN'DEN-CY,  n.    [L.  mqiius,  equal,  and  pen- 

deo,  to  liang.] 
The  act  of  hanging  in  equipoise;  a  being  not 

inclined  or  determined  either  way.  South. 
E-aUIP'MENT,  11.   The  act  «>f  equipping,  or  fitting 

fur  a  voyage  or  expedition. 

2.  Any  thing  that  is  used  in  equipping;  furniture  ; 
habiliments;  \v:iihl;e  apparatus;  necessarii-s  for  an 
expedition  or  for  a  vo)  age ;  as,  the  equipments  of  a 
sliip  or  an  army. 

3.  In  civil  engiaecring,  the  necessarj'  adjuncts  of  a 
railroad,  as  cars,  locomotives,  &c.,  are  c:illed  the 
equipments. 

E'CilJI-POISE,  n.  [L.  aqmis,  equal,  and  Fr.  poids,  or 
rather  W.  pwi/s^  weight.    See  Poise.] 

Equality  of  weight  or  force  ;  hence,  equilibrium  ; 
a  state  in  which  the  two  ends  or  sides  of  a  thing  are 
balanced.  I£oId  the  scales  in  equipoise  ,•  the  mind 
may  be  in  a  state  ot  tquipoisc,  wlien  motives  are  of 
equal  weight. 

E-aUl-POL'LEXCE,  )  n.  [L.  aiquus  and  palhntia, 
E-aUI-POL'LEN-^  /,  i     power,  poUco,  to  be  able.] 

1.  Equality  o'    /iwer  or  force. 

2.  In  logic,  !_i  equivalence  between  two  or  more 
propositions;  that  is,  when  two  propositions  signify 
the  same  thing,  though  ditTerently  expressed.  Encijc. 

E-QIJI-POL'LE.VT,  a.  [Supra.]  Having  equal  power 
or  force  ;  equivalent.  In  logic,  having  equivalent 
signification.  Bacon. 

E-aUI-POL'LEXT-LY,  adv.    With  equal  iiower. 

Barroto. 

E-aUI-POX'DER-AXCE,  n.    [L.  lequus,  equal,  and 

pondns,  weight.] 

Equality  of  weight ;  equipoise. 
E-aU[-PO.\'DER-ANT,  a.     [Supra.]    Being  of  the 

same  weight.  Locke. 
E-aUI-PO.N'DER-STE,  v.  i.    [L.  aiquits,  equal,  and 

pondero,  to  weigh.] 

To  be  equal  in  weight ;  to  weigh  as  much  as 

another  thing.  Wilkins. 
E-aUI-PON'DI-OUS,  a.     Having  equal  weight  on 

both  sides.  OlanvUle. 
E-aUIP'PED,  (e-kwipt',)  pp.    Furnished  with  habili- 
ments, arms,  and  whatever  is  necessary  for  a  military 

expedition,  or  for  a  voyage  or  cruise. 
E-dlUP'PING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  habiliments  or 

warlike  apparatus  ;  supplying  with  things  necessary 

for  a  voyage. 

E-CiUI-Ko'TAL,  a.  Having  wheels  of  the  same  size 
or  diameter.  Enrtjc.  Dom.  Econ. 

ECi-UI-SE'TU.M,  n. ;  pi.  Ehuiset-i.  [L.  equas,  a 
horse,  and  seta,  a  bristle.] 

In  ttoOinij,  a  genus  of  plants,  the  species  of  which 
are  called  hor^e-taH.  The  plants  are  leafless,  with 
hollow  stems,  containing  much  silicious  matter.  The 
e^jniseturii  ftiicmale,  known  as  the  Dutck  rush,  or 
scouring  rusfi,  is  much  used  for  scouring  and  polish- 
ing wood  and  metals.        Partington.    Kncijc.  Jim. 

E-C1UIS'(J-,\.\.\CE,  n.  An  equal  sounding;  a  name 
by  which  the  Greeks  distinguished  the  consonances 
of  the  octave  and  double  octave.  Buskq. 

EU'IJI-TA-BLE,  (ek'we-ta-U,)  a.  [Fr.  cquiUMc,  from 
L.  iiquita.'i,  from  aquun,  equal.] 

1.  E(pial  in  regard  to  the  rights  of  persons  ;  dis- 
tributing iqual  justice  ;  giving  each  his  due;  assign- 
ing to  one  or  more  what  law  or  justice  demands ; 
just;  impartial.  The  judge  does  justice  by  an  cqui- 
ttil/le  decision  ;  the  court  will  make  an  equitable  dis- 
tribution of  the  estate. 

2.  Having  the  disposition  to  do  justice,  or  doing 
Justice  ;  impartial  ;  an,  an  «/i«(a4?r  judge. 

3.  Held  or  cxercinetl  in  equity,  or  with  chancery 
powers  ;  as,  the  equitable  jurisdicti(»n  of  a  court.  Kent^ 

F,a'UI-TA-lll,E-i\K,SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  just 
and  impartial ;  as,  the  equitalilcnesn  of  a  judge. 

2.  Ecpiity  ;  tlir'  Hlate  of  doing  Justice,  or  ilistribu- 
llng  to  each  according  to  his  legal  or  just  claims  ;  as, 
the  ejfuitjiljlencua  of  u  deciai<ui,  or  distribution  of  proj)- 
erty. 

E(i'i;i-TA-ni,Y,  (ck'we  ta-hly,)orfu.  In  an  equitable 
manner;  jiiwtly  ;  impartially.  The  laws  should  be 
equiOihhj  arlininistiTed. 

E-(ini-'l  A:N-<:;i;.\'TI  AI,,  o.  in  geometry,  a  term  ai>- 
plied  to  a  curve  wlioiie  tangent  \»  equal  to  a  constant 
line.  Iluiton. 


EQU 

EQ'UI-TANT,  a.  [L.  cquitans,  equito,  to  ride,  from 
eque^,  a  horseman,  or  equus,  a  horse.] 

In  botany,  a  term  denoting  such  a  situation  of  un- 
expanded  leaves  in  a  leaf-bud,  that  they  overlap  each 
other  entirely,  and  in  a  parallel  manner,  without  any 
involution. 

EQ-UI-Ta'TION,  ?i.  A  riding  on  horseback.  Barroxo. 
ECi'UI-TY,  (ek'we-te,)  n.    [L.  cequilus,  from  leqaus, 
equal,  even,  level  ;  I  r.  equite  ;  It.  equitd.] 

1.  Justice  ;  right.  In  practice,  equity  is  the  impar- 
tial distribution  of  justice,  or  the  doing  that  to  anoth- 
er which  the  laws  of  God  and  man,  and  of  reason, 
give  him  a  right  to  claim.  It  is  the  treating  of  a  per- 
son according  to  justice  and  reason. 

Tti'-  Lyril  sli:ill  jiirlare  the  people  with  efjuUy. —  Vs.  xcviii. 
With  ri^lneuiisiiess  sliall  he  judge  Ihe  puur,  and  repi-ove  with 
equity.  —  Is.  xi. 

2.  Ju.stice  ;  impartiality ;  a  just  regard  to  right  or 
claim  ;  as,  we  must  in  equity  allow  this  claim. 

3.  In  law,  an  equitable  claim. 

I  consider  the  w  ilc's  equity  to  be  too  well  setUed  to  be  sh;v!<en. 

Kent. 

4.  In  jurisprudence,  the  correction  or  qualification 
of  law,  when  too  severe  or  defective  ;  or  the  exten- 
sion of  the  words  of  the  law  to  cases  not  expressed, 
yet  coming  within  the  reason  of  the  law.  Hence  a 
court  of  equity  or  chancery,  is  a  court  which  corrects 
the  operation  of  the  literal  text  of  the  law,  and  sup- 
plies its  defects  by  rea.sonable  construction,  and  by 
rules  of  proceedin!,''and  deciding  whicli  are  not  admis- 
sible in  a  court  of  law.  Equity,  then,  is  the  law  of 
reason,  exercised  by  the  chancellor  or  judge,  giving 
remedy  in  cases  to  wliich  the  courts  of  law  are  not 
competent.  Blackstune. 

5.  Equity  of  redemption  ;  in  law,  the  advantage, 
allowed  to  a  mortgagor,  of  a  reasonable  time  to  re- 
deem lands  mortgaged,  when  the  estate  is  of  greater 
value  than  the  sum  for  which  it  was  mortgaged. 

Blackstone. 

E-(iUIV'A-LENCE,  v.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and  valens, 
from  I'aleo,  to  be  worth.] 

1.  Equality  of  value  ;  equal  value  or  worth.  Take 
the  goods,  and  give  an  equivalence  in  corn. 

2.  Equal  power  or  force. 

E-aU  I  VA  LENCE,  r.  t.    To  be  equ.al  to.  Brou>n. 

[This  verb  has  not  gained  currency.] 
E-aUl  V'A-LENC-J;D,  pp.    Equaled  in  weight,  &c. 
E-aUIV'A-LENC-ING,  ppr.     Equaling   in  value, 
weight,  &c. 

E-aUlV'A-LENT,  a.  Etpial  in  value  or  worth.  In 
barter,  the  goods  given  are  supposed  to  be  equivalent 
to  the  goods  received.  Equivalent  in  value  or  worth, 
is  tautological.  • 

2.  Equal  in  force,  power,  or  effect.  A  steam- 
engine  may  have  force  or  power  equivalent  to  that 
of  thirty  horses. 

3.  Equal  in  moral  force,  cogency,  or  effect  on  the 
mind.  Circumstantial  evidence  may  be  almost  equiv- 
alent to  full  proof. 

4.  Of  the  same  import  or  meaning.  Friendship 
and  amity  are  equivalent  terms. 

For  now  to  serve  and  to  minister,  servile  and  niinist^rinl  aie 

teniis  equivaJent.  Sutttlt. 
Equivalent  propositions,  in  logic,  are  called  also 
equipollent, 

5.  Eipial  in  excellence  or  moral  worth.  Milton. 
E-aUIV'A-LENT,  n.    That  which  is  equal  in  value, 

weight,  dignity,  or  force,  with  something  else.  The 
debtor  can  not  pay  his  creditor  in  money,  but  he  will 
pay  him  an  equivalent;  damages  in  money  can  not 
be  an  equivalent  for  the  lo.ss  of  a  limb. 

2.  In  chemi.-itnj,  equivalent  is  the  proportion  express- 
ing the  weight,  or  quantity  by  weight,  of  any  sub- 
stance which  combines  with  another  substance  to 
form  a  tlefinite  com[)ound.  It  is  often  called  chemical 
equivalent,  or  combining  proportion. 

3.  In  geology,  a  term  ajiplied  to  strata  of  diffiTent 
regiims,  which  were  cotemporaneous  in  origin.  Dana. 

E-a(JlV'A-lJ"..\T-I,Y,  adv.    In  an  equal  maimer. 
li'filll-VALVE,  a.    Having  the  valves  ctpial  in  size 
_  anil  form,  a  term  applied  to  certain  bivalve  shells. 
E'UUI-V ALVE,  n.    A  bivalve,  in  which  the  valves 

are  of  equal  size  and  form. 
E-CiUI  V'(J-C.\-CY,  71.    E(iuivocalne.ss.    [JVoi  Mserf.] 

Brown.. 

E-Q.tn  V'O-CA  L,  a.  [Low  L.  aquivocits  ;  aquus, 
equal,  and  vox,  a  word;  Fr.  equivoque;  It.  equivo- 
calc.    See  Vocal.] 

1.  Being  of  doubtful  signiflc.ition  ;  that  may  be 
understood  in  dillerent  senses  ;  capalile  of  a  double 
interpretation  ;  ambiguous  ;  as,  equivocal  words, 
terms,  or  senses.  IVleii  may  be  misled  in  their  opin- 
ions by  the  use  of  equivocal  terms. 

2.  Doubtful  ;  ambiguous  ;  susceptible  of  difl"erent 
constructions  ;  not  decideil.  The  character  of  the 
man  is  siunewhat  equivocal.  His  conduct  is  equio- 
ocat. 

3.  Uncertain  ;  proricding  from  some  unknown 
cause,  or  not  from  Ihe  usual  cause.  Equivocal  geii- 
eralion  is  the  proiliiction  of  animtils  wilhout  the  in- 
tercourse of  tile  sexi  s,  and  of  plants  without  seed. 
This  doctrine  is  now  exploded. 

E-aUIV'O  CAL,  H.  A  word  or  term  of  doubtful 
meaning,  or  capable  of  dillerent  meanings.  Venuie. 


ERA 

E-UUIVO-CAL-LY,  adv.    Andiiguously  ,  in  a  doubt- 
ful, sense;  in  terms  susceptible  of  different  senses. 
He  answered  the  question  equivocally. 
2.  By  uncertain  birth;  by  equivocal  generation. 

Bentley 

E-aUIV'O-CAL-NESS,  n.  Ambiguity  ;  double  mean- 
ing. J\rorris. 

E-aUIVO-GATE,  V.  i.  [It.  equivocari ;  Fr.  equivo- 
quer.    See  Ei^uivocal.I 

To  use  words  of  a  doubtful  signification  ;  to  ex- 
press erne's  opinions  in  terms  which  admit  of  differ- 
ent senses  ;  to  use  ambiguous  expressions  with  a 
view  to  mislead.  To  equivocate  is  the  dishonorable 
work  of  duplicity.  'J'he  upright  man  will  not  equiv- 
ocate in  his  inteicour.se  with  his  fellow-men. 

E-aUIVO-CA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Using  ambiguous 
w'ords  or  phrases. 

E-aUIV-O-CA'TION,  n  Ambiguity  of  speech  ;  the 
use  of  words  or  expressions  that  are  susceptible  of  a 
double  signification,  with  a  view  to  mislead.  Hypo- 
crites are  often  guilty  of  equivocation,  and  by  this 
means  lose  the  confidence  of  tlieir  feIlo^v-Inen.  Equiv- 
ocation is  incompatible  with  the  Christian  character 
and  profession. 

E-Q.UIV'0-e.\-TOR,  7!.  One  who  equivocates;  one 
who  uses  language  which  is  ambiguous,  and  may  be 
interpreted  in  different  ways ;  one  who  uses  mcntiU 
reservation. 

E-aUIV'O-CA-TO-RY,  a.    Savoring  of  equivocation. 
Ea'UI-VOKE,     )        ru.         ■  1 
E'QUI-VOUUE,  !       [^f-  '•'/«""'?«•] 

1.  An  ambiguous  term  ;  a  word  susceptible  of  dif- 

2.  Equivocatitm.  [ferent  significations. 
E-Q.UIV'0-KOUS,  a.  [L.  equiLi,  horse,  and  voro,  to  eat.] 

Feeding  or  subsisting  on  horse  flesh. 

Equivorous  Tartura.  Quart.  Rev. 

ER,  the  termination  of  many  English  words,  is  the 
Teutonic  form  of  the  Latin  or;  the  one  contracted 
from  wer,  the  other  from  vir,  a  man.  It  denotes  an 
agent,  originally  of  the  m.asciiline  gender,  but  now 
applied  to  men  or  tilings  indifl'ereiitly  ;  as  in  hater, 
fanner,  heater,  grater.  At  tile  end  of  names  of 
places,  er  signifies  a  man  of  the  place  ;  Londoner  is 
the  same  as  London  man. 

There  is  a  passage  in  Herodotus,  Melpomene,  110, 
in  which  the  word  wer,  vir,  a  man,  is  mentioned  as 
used  by  the  Scythians ;  a  fact  proving  the  aflinity  of  the 
Scythian  and  the  Teutonic  nation.  'I'ui  fk  A/iu^ot-aj 
KaXtovai  lA  IVu^at  Oiopirara.  Avv^iarai  6c  to  ovvpa 
TovTo  KUTi  'EAAd^Ja  yK(.o(jaav  ai'SpoKroi'ot.  iftoft 
yao  i,uXEovat  roil  avfiou,  to  ttutu,  Kreif.  (r.  "The 
Scythians  call  the  Amazons  Uioiyata,  a  word  which 
may  be  rendered  in  Greek  men-killers ;  for  oiur  is  the 
name  they  give  to  man  ;  pata  signifies  to  kill."  Pata, 
ill  the  Burniau  language,  signifies  to  kill;  but  it  is 
probable  that  this  is  reuily  the  English  beat;  W. 
bae.ki,  to  kill. 

E'RA,  n.  [L.  ara;  Fr.  ere;  Sp.  era.  The  origin  of 
the  term  is  not  obvious.] 

1.  In  chronology,  a  fixed  point  of  time,  from  which 
any  number  of  years  is  begun  to  be  counted  ;  as,  the 
Christian  era.  It  differs  from  epoch  in  this  :  era  is  a 
point  of  time  fixed  by  some  nation  or  denoniinatiim 
of  men  ;  epoch  is  a  point  fixed  by  historians  and 
chronologists.  The  Christian  era  began  at  the  epoch 
of  the  birth  of  Christ.  Encyc. 

2.  A  succession.of  years  proceeding  from  a  fixed 
point,  or  comprehended  between  two  fixed  points. 
The  era  of  the  Seleucides  ended  with  the  reign  of 
Antiochiis.  Rollin. 

E-Ra'L)I-aTE,  jj.  I.    [L.  e  and  radio,  to  beam.] 

To  shoot  as  rays  of  light ;  to  beam. 
E-Ra-DI-a'TIO.N,  )i.    Emissiim  of  rays  or  beams  of 

light ;  emission  of  light  or  sideiidor.   King  Charles. 
E-RAl)'I-eA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  eradicated. 
E-RAD'I  CaTE,  1'.  (.    [L.  eradico,  from  radij,  root.] 

1.  To  pull  up  the  roots,  or  by  the  roots.  Hence,  to 
destroy  any  thing  that  grows  ;  to  extirpate  ;  to  ile- 
stroy  the  roots,  so  that  the  plant  will  not  be  repro- 
duced ;  as,  to  eradicate  weeds. 

■  2.  To  destroy  thoroughly  ;  to  extirpate  ;  as,  to  erad- 
icate errors,  or  false  principles,  or  vice,  or  dise.-ise. 

E-RAD'I-eA-TEl),  Plucked  up  by  the  roots  ;  ex- 
tirpated ;  destroved. 

E-KAU'I-Ca-TLVg,  ppr.  Pulling  up  the  roots  of  any 
thing  ;  extirpating. 

E-RAU-I-Ca'TION,  71.  The  net  of  plucking  up  by 
the  roots;  extirpation  ;  excision  ;  total  destruction. 

2.  The  state  of  being  plucked  iij)  by  the  roots. 
E-RAD'I-eA-TIVE,  a.    'I'hat  extirpates;  that  cures 

or  destroys  thoroughly. 
E-RAD'l-CA-TIVE,  n.    A  medicine  that  eflects  a  rad- 

iciil  cure.  IVhitloek, 
E-RAS'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  or  can  bi;  era.scd. 
E-RaSE',  v.  t.    [L.  erado,  misi ;  c  and  rado,  to  scrape, 

Fr.  raser,  Sp.  raer.  It.  raschiare.  Arm.  raia.    Sec  Ar. 

^jaj\  eraisa,  to  corrode,  Ch.  TiJ,  to  scrape,  llcb. 

0">n,  n  graving  tool,  Syr.  and  Ar.  .^^j^  kharata,  to 
Bcnqie.    C:iiiss  Rd,  No.  35,  38,  and  .W.] 


FATE,  FXft,  FALL,  WHAT- —  METE,  PKBY.  — PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  UOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


406 


ERE 


EIIM 


ERR 


1.  To  iiib  or  scrape  out,  as  letti'ra  or  characters 
written,  ciigravi'd,  or  painted  ;  to  eflace  ;  as,  to  erase 
a  wont  or  a  name. 

2.  'I'o  oliliterate ;  to  expunge;  to  blot  out ;  as  with 
pen  and  ink. 

3.  To  eirace ;  to  destroy  ;  as  ideas  in  tlie  mind  or 
mcmorj-. 

4.  To  destroy  to  the  foundation.    [See  Haze.] 
E-R.\S'£D,  (e-riste'i)  pp.    Rubbed  or  scratched  out ; 

obliterated  ;  i  lfaced. 

2.  In  lieralilnj,  a  tenn  applied  to  any  thin;;  forcibly 
torn  tiff,  leaving  the  edges  jagged  and  uneven. 

E-K.\SE'MK.NT,  n.  The  act  of  erasing;  a  rubbing 
out;  e.vpiinction  ;  obliteration;  destruction. 

E-K.^S'EK,  n.    One  who  erases. 

2.  A  sharp  instrument  used  to  erase  writings,  &c. 

E-RaS'ING,  ppr.  Rubbing  or  scraping  out ;  obliter- 
ating ;  destroying. 

E-U.\  Slf).\,  (e-rS'/.hun,)  n.  The  act  of  erasing;  a 
Tubbing  out ;  obliteration.  Black,  Cliem. 

E-R.\fJ'TIAN,  71.  One  of  a  party  in  the  English 
Church,  who  professed  to  follow  the  principles  of 
Thomas  Erastus,  a  learned  German  physician,  an<i 
maintained  that  the  church  is  "  a  mere  creature  of 
the  state,"  dependent  upon  it  for  its  existence,  and 
for  all  its  powers.  J.  Mnrdock. 

E-RAS'TIAN-IS.M,  n.  The  principles  of  Uie  Eras- 
tians.  LpsUc. 

E-Ra'SI;RE,  (e-ri'zhur,)  ;i.  The  act  of  erasing;  a 
scratchitig  out ;  obliteration. 

2.  The  pl.ice  wjiere  a  word  or  letter  has  been 
erased  or  obliterated. 

EU'1!I-UM,  n.  A  metal  recently  discovered  in  ores  of 
vttrium.  Ure. 

ERi;,  (ir,)  adn.  [Sax.  <rr:  G.  eher;  D.  eer ;  Goth.  air. 
This  is  the  root  of  early,  and  ar,  in  Saxon,  signifies 
the  morning.  Before  ever  we  use  or,  "or  ever." 
I^et  it  be  observed  that  ere  is  not  to  be  confounded 
Willi  f'rr,  ft)r  frrr.l 
Before  ;  sooner  than. 

t>«  s-iils  wore  spmici  new  (Kcaiia  to  explore.  DrytUn. 
Tlie  iiuMemau  aaiUi  to  him,  Sir,  come  down  ere  my  child  die.  — 
John  iv.  y 

In  these  passages,  ere  is  really  a  preposition,  fol- 
lowed by  a  sentence,  instead  of  a  single  word,  as 
£RE,  (ir,)  prep.    Before.  [below. 

Our  frvtilfiU  Nile 
Flow*nl  ere  the  wonted  season.  DrytUn. 

ERR'LONG,  (ar-,)  adn.  [ere  and  long.]  Before  a 
■  \o\\«  Wme  luid  elapsed.    [  Ois.,  or  JitUe  liserf.] 

lie  mounted  die  horse,  and  following  the  stag,  erelong  slew 
him.  Spenser. 

2.  Before  a  long  time  shall  elapse ;  before  long. 
Erelong  you  \vill  repent  of  your  folly. 

The  world  erelong  a  world  of  teurs  must  weep.  I^filton, 
ERE'XOW,  adv.    [ere  and  now.]    Before  this  time. 

Drifden. 

ERE'WHILE,  (  adv.  [ere  and  Kliile.]  Some  time 
fillE'WHILES,  j    ago ;  before  a  little  whUe.  [Obs.] 

1  am  as  fur  now  as  I  was  erewhUe.  S/ink. 
ER'E-BUS,  71.    [L.  erebus;  Gr.  cpci^-i; ;  Oriental  311?, 

evening,  the  decline  of  the  sun,  whence  darkness, 

blackness.] 

In  mythol'gy,  darkness ;  hence,  the  region  of  the 
dead  :  a  deep  and  gloomy  place  ;  hell.   Shak.  .Mdton. 
E-REGT',  a.    [L.  erectas,  from  eriiro,  tt»  set  upright ;  e 
and  rei.ro,  to  stretch  or  make  straight,  right,  rectus ; 
It.  eretto.    See  Uir.HT.] 

1.  Upright,  or  in  a  pcrpcndicuLir  posture  ;  as,  he 

2.  Directed  upward.  [stood  erect. 

Ami  snpphaiil  Ivxnds  to  heaven  erect.  PMiipt. 

3.  Upright  and  firm  ;  bold  ;  unshaken. 

Irft  no  vain  fear  iJiy  generous  ardor  taiu« ; 

But  it^ind  erect.  OmnviUe. 

4.  Raised  ;  stretched  ;  intent ;  vigorous  ;  as,  a  vigi- 
lant anil  erect  attention  of  mind  in  prayer.  /looker. 

5.  Stretched  ;  extended. 

6.  In  bouiny,  an  erect  stem  is  one  which  is  without 
support  from  twining,  or  nearly  perpendicular  ;  an 
erect  leaf  is  one  which  grows  close  to  the  stem;  an 
erect  Hower  has  iLs  aperture  directed  upward.  Martyn. 

E-RECT',  r.  L  To  nuse  and  set  in  an  upright  or  per- 
pendicular direction,  or  nearly  such  ;  as,  to  erect  a 
pole  or  flagst.iir. 

To  erect  a  perpendicular,  is  to  set  or  form  one  line  on 
another  at  right  angles. 

2.  To  raise,  as  a  building  ;  to  set  up  ;  to  build  ;  as, 
to  erect  a  house  or  temple ;  to  erect  a  fort. 

3.  To  set  up  or  establish  anew  ;  to  found  ;  to  form  ; 
as,  to  ereU  a  kingdom  or  cuuiiuoiitvcaltii ;  to  erect  a 
new  system  or  theory. 

4.  To  elevate  ;  to  exalt. 

1  am  fiir  from  pn>tenatnr  to  iufalliUUty ;  lh.at  would  be  to  erect 
myieU  into  an  apoadc.  Locke. 

5.  To  raise;  to  excite;  to  animate;  to  encourage. 

Why  should  not  hope 
As  ranch  erta  our  Oiou^ts,  as  fear  deject  them  t  Denliam. 

6.  To  raise  a  consequence  from  premises.  [Little 
laed.] 

Malebranche  crsttf  thb  proposilion.  Locke. 

7.  To  extend  ;  to  distend. 


E-REGT',  r.i.    To  rise  upright.  Burun. 
E-RE€T'A-1!I.E,  a.     That  can  be  erected  ;  as,  an 

erectable  feather.  Jilunlmru. 
E-RECT'EI), Set  in  a  strai"lit  and  per|Kiidicular 

direction;  set  upright;  raiseiT;  built;  establishetl ; 

elevated  ;  aiiiuialed  ;  extended  and  distended. 
E^REGT'ER,  71.    One  that  erects;  one  that  raises  or 

builds. 

E-REC'TtLE,  a.    That  which  may  be  erected. 

E-REGT'Ii\G,  ppr.  Raising  and  setting  upright; 
building;  founding;  establishing;  elevating;  in- 
citing; extending  and  distending. 

E-REG'TIO.N',  H.  The  act  of  raising  and  setting  per- 
pendicular to  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  a  setting 
upright. 

2.  The  act  of  raising  or  building,  as  an  edifice  or 
fortification  ;  as,  the  erection  of  a  wall,  or  of  a  house. 

3.  The  state  of  being  raised,  built,  or  elevated. 

4.  Establishment ;  seltleineiit ;  formation  ;  as,  the 
erection  of  a  comnioiiweallli,  or  of  a  new  system  ;  the 
erection  of  a  bishopric  or  an  earldom. 

5.  Elevation  ;  exaltation  of  sentiments. 

Her  peerless  higlit  my  mind  to  high  erection  draws  up.  Sidney. 

6.  of  rousing  ;  excitement ;  as,  the  erection  of 
the  spirits.  Bacon. 

7.  Any  thing  erected ;  a  building  of  any  kind. 

Oloss.af.arch. 

8.  Distention  and  extension. 
E-REG'1''1VE,  a.    Setting  upright;  raising. 
E-RKGT'LY,  a<£u.    In  an  erect  pastjiire.  Brown, 
E-REGT'NESS,  71.    Uprightness  of  posture  or  form. 
E-RKCT'OR,  71.  A  muscle  that  erects  ;  one  that  raises. 
ER' E-.M IT-AG E,  n.    See  IlEnjiiTAGE. 
EU'E-MITE,  71.  [Ij.  ercntita  ;  Gr.  tjjrifitrTjs,  from  epTjpo^, 

a  desert.] 

1.  One  who  lives  in  a  wilderness,  or  in  retirement, 
secluded  from  intercourse  with  men.  It  is  genendly 
written  Hermit  ;  which  see.        Ralegh.  JIUton. 

2.  A  mineral  identical  with  monazile.  Dana. 
ER-E-.MIT'IC-AL,  a.    Living  in  solitude,  or  in  seclu- 
sion from  tlie  world. 

ER'E-iMlT-IS.M,  71.    State  of  a  hermit ;  a  living  in  se- 
clusion from  social  life.  Murdoch. 
E-RE1'-Ta'TION,  71.    [from  L.  crcpta.]    A  creeping 
E-REP'TION,  71.    [L.  ereptio.]  [forth. 

A  taking  or  snatching  away  by  force. 
ER'E-THIS.M,  71.    [Gr.  tjjtO^opL^i.] 

A  morbid  degree  of  energy  and  perfection  in  the 
performance  of  any  function. 
ER-E-THIS'Tie,  a.    Relating  to  an  erethism. 
EIJ'GAT,  V.  i.    [h.  ergo.] 

To  infer ;  to  draw  conclusions.  [JVot  used.]  Jlemyt. 
ER'GO,  adv.    [L.]  Therefore. 

ER'GOT,  71.  [Tr.,  a  spur.]  In /uttictt/,  a  stub,  like  a 
piece  of  soft  horn,  about  the  bigness  of  a  chestnut, 
situated  behind  and  below  the  pastern  joint,  and 
commonly  hid  under  the  tuft  of  the  fetlock. 

2.  A  parasitic  fungus  growing  within  the  glumes  of 
various  grasses,  as  wheat,  rye,  herd's-grass,  &.c.  It 
is  the  SpermtEdia  Clavusof  tlie  botanists. 

ER'GO-TIS.M,  71.    [L.  ergo.] 

A  logical  inference  ;  a  conclusion.  Broipn. 

ER'GOT-IS.M,  71.  [from  cro-o(.]  The  morbid  effects 
(d'  ergot,  or  Spenmedia  Clavus. 

ER'I-.\G1I,  71.    [Irish.]    A  pecuniary  fine.  Spenser. 

E-RII)'A-NUS,  71.  [L.,  the  River  I'o.]  A  winding 
southern  constellation,  containing  the  bright  star 
Acheiuar.  P.  Cyc 

ER'I-Gl-BEE,  a.  That  may  be  erected.  [Ill formed, 
and  nut  iised.]  Shaw's  Zvol. 

C'RI.N',  11.  IreLind. 

E-RI.V'GO.    See  Erv>go. 

ER'I.X  ITE,  71.  A  native  arseniate  of  copper,  of  an 
emerald-green  cidor.  Ure. 

B;-RI.N'WS,  71.  [(ir.]  A  fury,  or  goddess  of  discord  ; 
aud.,hence,  among  the  poets,  discord  in  general. 

Sliak. 

E-RI-OM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  cnr,i>  and  pcrnof.] 

An  optical  iiisiniment  for  measuring  the  diameters 
of  minute  particles  and  fibers. 
E-UIST'ie,       la.    [Gr.  £01$,  contention  ;  epts-iKof, 
E-RIST'IG-AL,  i  contentious.] 

Pertaining  to  disputes ;  controversial.  [JVut  in 
vse.] 

ERKE,7i,    [Gt.  ntpyof.] 

Idle  ;  slothful.    [.Vut  in  use.]  Chaucer. 
ER'.ME-M.\.    See  Ermix. 

Ell'.MI.N'E,  /  71.     [Fr.  hrrmine ;  It.  amellino;  Sp.  ar- 
Ell'.MI.V,    j     77ii7ii>;   Port,  arminho ;  Ann.  erminicq; 
D.  kermrlyn ;  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  AcnnciiTi.] 

1.  .\n  animal  of  the  genus  Mustela,  or  Putorius,  an 
inhabitant  of  northern  climates,  in  Europe  and 
.America.  It  nearly  resembles  the  weasel  in  shape, 
fiKid,  and  manners.  In  winter,  the  fur  is  of  a  snowy 
white ;  in  summer,  the  upper  part  of  the  bodv  is 
generally  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  and  the  under 
part  of  a  sulphur-yellow.  It  is  then  called  a  stoat. 
The  tip  of  the  Uiil  is  of  the  most  intense  black, 
throughout  the  year.   The  fur  is  much  valued. 

Partington. 

2.  The  fur  of  the  ermine,  which,  when  used  for 
ornamental  puriKises,  ha.s  the  black  in  small  spots 
scattered  through  the  white. 


3.  Figuratively,  the  dignity  of  judges  arid  magis- 
trates, whose  slate  rtibes,  lined  with  enniiie,  were 
eiiibleinatical  of  purity.  Chatliaoi. 

ER'.MI.N'-£D,  a.  C'liillied  with  ermine  ;  adorned  with 
the  fur  of  the  ermine  ;  as,  crmined  pride  ;  ermined 
pmnp.  Pope. 

ER.V,  71.    [Dan.  Sw.  <n-n.] 

The  sea-eagle  or  osprey,  so  called  in  Scotland  ;  al- 
so applied  to  other  eagles,  jiarticulaily  the  common 
golden  eagle. 

ERNE,  or  /ERNE,  a  Saxon  word,  signifying  a  place  or 
receptacle,  Ibriiis  the  termination  of  some  Kiiglisli 
words,  as  well  as  Latin  ;  as,  in  barn,  lantern,  tavern, 
Uiberna. 

E-RODE',  r.  t.    [L.  erodo  ;  e  and  roda,  to  gnaw,  Sp. 

roer.  It.  rodcre.  .\r.  iyS,\  crat.ia,  to  gnaw.  Class 
Rd,  No.  35.] 

'I'o  eat  in  or  away  ;  to  corrode ;  as,  canker  erodet 
the  flesh. 

The  blood,  bein»  too  sharp  or  diin,  erodes  die  vcasels. 

Wiseman. 

H^RoD'ED,  pp.    Eaten  ;  gnawed  ;  corroded. 

2.  a.  U\  natural  history,  having  the  edge  irregularly 
jagg(;d,  as  if  gnawed  or  eaten.     Brande.  Loudon. 
E-ROD'ING,  ppr.     Ealing  into;  eating  away;  cor- 
ER'O-GaTE,  I'.  (.    [L.  erogo.]  [roding. 
To  lay  out ;  to  give  ;  to  bestow  upon.    [Aot  used.] 

Klyot. 

ER-O-Ga'TION,  71.  The  act  of  conferring.  [A"u(  «.<«/.] 
E-RoSE',  a.    [L.  erosus.]  [Elyot. 
In  botany,  an  erose  leaf  has  small  sinuses  in  the 
margin,  as  if  gnawed.  Martyn. 
E-Ro'SION,  (e-ro'zhun,)  71.    [L.  crosio.]  . 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  eating  away. 

2.  The  state  of  being  eaten  away;  corrosion; 
canker. 

E^RO'SIVE,  a.    Having  the  property  of  eating  away, 

or  corroding;  corrosive.  Humble. 
E-ROT'ie,        )       rr^  ,  T 

E-ROT'I€-AL,  i  '"'''■•l 

Pertaining  to  love  ;  treating  of  love.  Encyc. 
E-ROT'ie,  1!^  An  amorous  composition  ar  poem.  Encye. 
ER-0-TO-iMa'NI-A,  /  71.    [Gr.  totoj,  love,  and  uui/i.i, 
E-RO-TOM'A-NY,    j  mania.] 

Melancholy,  which  is  the  etiect  of  love. 
ER-PE-T0L'0-6IST,  «.    [Gr.  cpntras,  reptile,  and 
Aoyof,  discourse.] 

One  who  writes  on  the  subject  of  reptiles,  or  is 
versed  in  the  natural  history  of  reptiles.  [See  IIeb- 
PETOLo<;i3T.]  Ch.  Observer. 

ER-PE-TOL'O-CY,  71.  [Supra.]    That  part  of  natural 
history  which  treats  of  reptiles.  [Si-e  IIerpetologt.] 
Vict.  ofJVaL  HisL 
ERR,  r.  i.    [Ij.  erro  ;  Fr.  errer  ;  Sp.  errar ;  It.  errare  ; 
G.  irren ;  Hw.irra;  Dan.  ti-rrr.] 

1.  To  wander  from  the  right  way  ;  to  deviate  from 
the  true  course  or  purpose. 


But  errs  not  nature  from  tliis  pncio:is  end, 
from  burning  suns  when  livid  <leaUls  descend  ? 


Pope. 


2.  To  miss  the  right  way,  in  morals  or  religion  ;  to 
deviate  from  the  path  or  line  of  duty ;  to  stray  by 
design  or  mistake. 

We  have  erred  and  strayed  like  lost  sheep.        Com.  Prayer. 

3.  To  mistake  ;  to  commit  error  ;  to  do  wrong  from 
ignorance  or  inattention.  iMen  err  in  judgment  from 
ignorance,  from  want  of  attention  to  facts,  or  from 
previous  bias  of  mind. 

4.  To  wander  ;  to  ramble. 

A  storm  ofslrxjkes,  well  meant,  with  fury  flies, 

And  errs  about  their  lempl<;s,  ears,  and  eyes.  Dryden. 

ER'RA-BLE,  a.    Liable  to  mistake  ;  fallible.  [Little 

used.] 

ER'R.A.-BLEl-NESS,  n.  Liableness  to  mistake  or  error. 

We  may  infer  from  the  errdblenets  of  our  natures  tli--  n'nsona- 
bleness  of  compassion  to  die  setiucod.        Decay  of  Piety. 

ER'RAND,  71.  [Sax.  lerend,  a  message,  mandate,  le- 
gation, business,  narration  ;  arendlan,  to  tell,  or  re- 
late ;  Sw.  drfTirfe;  Dan.  irrinrfc.] 

1.  A  verbal  message  ;  a  mandate  or  order ;  some- 
thing to  be  told  or  done ;  a  communication  to  be 
made  to  some  person  at  £  distance.  The  servant  was 
sent  on  an  errand  ;  he  told  his  errand  ;  he  h.is  done 
the  errand.  These  are  the  most  common  modes  of 
using  this  word. 

I  have  a  secret  errand  to  thee,  0  king.  —  Judges  tV 

2.  Any  special  business  to  be  transacted  by  a  mes- 
senger. 

ER'R.VNT,  a.  [Fr.  o-roTit;  L.  errans,  from  erro,  to 
err.] 

1.  Wandering;  roving;  rambling;  applied  partic- 
ularly to  knights,  who,  in  the  middle  ages,  wandered 
about  to  seek  adventures,  and  display  their  heroisBi 
and  generosity,  called  knights  errant 

2.  Devi.-iting  from  a  certain  course.  Shak. 

3.  Deviating  from  the  regular  course,  and  hence 
wild,  extravagant,  notorious  ;  as,  an  errant  fool,  [now 
spelt  .\krant.]  B.  Jonson. 

4.  Itinerant  [Obs.] 

ER'R.\NT,  for  Abr-ist,  an  old  orthography.  [See 
.Arrant.] 


TONE,  BU'LL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

—  _- 


ERU 


ESC 


ESC 


ER'KAN'T-RY,  n.   A  wandering ;  a  roving  or  rambling 
about.  Addisun. 
9._T!ie  employment  of  a  knight  errant. 
ER-Ra'TA,  h,  pL    See  Krrati'm, 
ER-RAT'ie,        I  a.    [L.  erruticus,  from  erro,  to  wan- 
ER-KAT'ie-AL,  j  der.] 

1.  VVamicving  ;  liaving  no  certain  course ;  roving 
about  without  a  fixed  destination.  Pope. 

2.  Moving;  not  fixed  or  stationary  ;  applied  to  the 
planets^  as  disttn^ishcd  from  the  JLced  stars, 

3.  Irregular  ;  mutable.  Harvey. 

4.  In  ireolo^y,  a  term  applied  to  transported  mate- 
rials on  the  earth's  surface  ;  as,  erratic  blocks,  gravel, 
&c.  Erratics  ai'e  masses  of  stone  thus  transported. 
Erratic  phenomena,  are  the  phenomena  whicli  relate 
to  tnm-^ported  materials  on  the  earth's  surface. 

ER-KAT'lf,  n.    A  rogue.  Cockeram. 

ER-RAT'ie-AL-LY,  adu.  Without  rule,  order,  or 
establishi  d  URihod  ;  irregularly.  Brown. 

ER-RA'TIUN,  n.    A  wandering.    [JVoi  used.] 

ER-Ra'TU.M,  71. ;  pi.  Err.vta.  [See  Err.]  An  error 
or  mistake  in  writing  or  printing.  A  list  of  the  errata 
of  a  book  is  usually  printed  at  the  beginning  or  end, 
with  references  to  the  pages  and  lines  in  which  they 
occur. 

ERR'£p,  prct.  of  Err. 

ER'RHl.N'E,  (er'rine,)  a.  [Gr.  ijipmov;  tv  and  fjtv, 
the  nose.] 

Affecting  the  nose,  or  to  be  snuffed  into  the  nose  ; 
occasioning  discharges  from  the  nose. 
ER'RHIXE,  (er'rinej «.    A  medicine  to  be  snuffed  up 
the  nose,  to  promote  discharges  of  mucus. 

Coxe.  Encyc. 

ERR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Wandering  from  tiie  truth  or  the 

right  way  ;  mistaking;  irregular. 
ER-RO'NE-OUS,  a.    [L.  erronrus,  from  crro,  to  err.] 
1.  Wandering ;  roving ;  unsettled. 


They  roam 
Erroneous  and  disconsol;vte. 


Phitipe. 


9.  Deviating;  devious;  irregular;  wandering  from 
the  right  course. 

Erroneous  circulalion  of  blood.  ArbuUinot. 

\_The  foregoing  applications  of  the  -word  are  less 
common.'] 

3.  -Mistaking;  misled;  deviating,  by  mistake,  from 
the  truth.  Destroy  not  the  erroneous  with  the  ma- 
licious. 

4.  Wrong  ;  false  ;  mistaken  ;  not  conformable  to 
truth  ;  erring  from  truth  or  justice  ;  as,  an  erroneous 
opinion  or  judgment. 

ER-RO'XE-OUH-LY,  adv.  Ey  mistake;  not  rightly; 
falsely. 

ER-Ro'iVK-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  erro- 
neous, wrong,  or  fidse  ;  deviation  from  right ;  incon- 
foniiity  to  truth  ;  as,  the  en-oncousiiess  of  a  judgment 
or  proposition. 

ER'RUK,  n.    [li.  error,  from  erro,  to  wander.] 

1.  In  a  general  sen.ic,  a  wandering  or  deviation 
from  the  truth. 

2.  A  mistake  in  juifgrnent,  by  wliicli  men  assent 
to  or  believe  what  is  not  true.  Error  may  be  volun- 
tary or  involuntary  ;  voluntary,  when  men  neglect  or 
pervert  the  proper  means  to  inform  the  mind  ;  invol- 
untjiry,  when  the  means  of  judging  correctly  are  not 
in  their  power.  An  error  committed  through  care- 
lessness or  haste  is  a  blander. 


3.  .\  mistake  made  in  writing  or  other  perform- 
ance. It  is  no  easy  la.sk  to  correct  the  errors  of  the 
press  ;  authors  sometimes  charge  their  own  errors  to 
the  printer. 

4.  A  wandering;  excursion;  irregular  course. 
Driven  by  the  winds  ajid  errors  of  the  sea.  Dryden, 

\  This  sense  ig  unusual,  and  hardly  legitimate.] 

5.  Deviation  from  law,  justice,  or  right ;  oversight; 
mistake  in  conduct. 

Say  not,  it  Vioa  an  error.  —  Eccles.  v. 

fi.  In  Scripture  and  theology,  sin ;  iniquity ;  trans- 
gression. 

Who  can  unjTstind  his  trrors7  cleanse  thou  me  from  secret 
faultji,  —  Pa.  xix. 

7.  In  law,  a  mistake  in  pleading  or  in  judgment. 
A  writ  of  error,  is  a  writ  founded  on  an  alleged  error 
in  judgment,  which  carries  the  suit  to  another  tribu- 
nal for  redress.    Hence  the  following  verb:  — 

ER'ROR,  V.  t.  To  determine  a  judgment  of  court  to 
he  erroneous.    [JVoi  well  authorized.] 

ER'ROR-I.ST,  n.  One  who  errs,  or  who  encourages 
and  proimgaies  error. 

ERSE,  M.  'I'hc  language  of  the  descendants  of  the 
Gaels  or  OUh,  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

ERSII  or  EAR.-^H,  n.    Stubble  of  grain. 

ER.ST,  nJn.    (Sax.  <rrcj(,  Huporlalive  of  <tr.    Sec  Ere.] 

1.  Kirst  ;  at  first  ;  at  (he  beginning. 

2.  Once  ;  formerly  ;  long  ago. 

3.  Ilefore  ;  till  then  or  noiv  ;  hitherto. 
[77iw  word  is  obsolete,  fieept  in  poetry.] 

ERfrr'WIIII,!',,  mtv.  then  or  now;  formerly. 

ER-U  liES'<;i;.\CK,  71.  [L.  erubescent,  erubeseo,  from 
rubeo,  to  be  red.] 


J\.  becoming  red  ;  redness  of  the  skin  or  surface 

of  aiiv  tiling  ;  a  blushing. 
ER-U-liES'L'E.NT,  a.    Red,  or  redilish  ;  blushing. 
E-RUeT',         )  V.  t.    [L.  eruclo,  ructor,  coinciding  in 
E-RUe'TATfi,  i    elements  with  Ch.  pii,  Heb.  to 

spit.    Qu.  yerk.] 
To  belch  ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach,  as  wind. 

[Little  used.]  HoweU. 
E-RUe'TA-TED,yp.    Belched;  ejected. 
E-RL'e'TA-Tl.NG,  ppr.  Belching. 
ER-Ue-TA'TIO.\,  71.    [L.  eructaiio.] 

1.  The  act  of  belching  wind  from  the  stomach ;  a 
belch. 

2.  A  violent  bursting  forth  or  ejection  of  wind  or 
other  matter  from  the  earth.  Woodward. 

ER'U-Dl  J'E,  a.  [L.  eruditus,  from  erudio,  to  instruct, 
liu.  e  and  rudis,  rude.  Rather  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  mi 
retlah,  to  teach.    Class  Ril,  No.  2.] 

Instructed;  t.auglit;  learned.  Chesterfield. 

ER'U-DlTE-LY,  adv.    With  erudition  or  learning. 

ER-U-Dl"TIO.\,  (er-u-dish'un,)  ?i.  Learning  ;  knowl- 
edge gained  by  study,  or  from  books  and  instruction  ; 
particularly,  learning  in  literature,  as  distinct  from 
the  sciences,  as  in  history,  antiquity,  and  languages. 
The  Scaligers  were  men  of  deep  erudition. 

Tlie  most  useful  eradilion  for  republicans  is  that  which  exposes 
the  causes  of  discoixlj.  J.  Adams. 

E-RU'GIN-OUS,  a.  [L.  aruo-inosus,  from  mrugo,  rust.] 
Partaking  of  the  substance  or  nature  of  copper  or 
the  rust  of  copper  ;  resembling  ntst. 

E-RUPT',  V.  i.    To  burst  forth.    [J^'ot  used.] 

E-RUPT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Forcibly  thrown  up  by  erup- 
tion ;  as,  erupted  igneous  rocks. 

E-RUP'TIOX,  71.  [L.  eruptio,  from  erumpo,  erupi;  e 
and  rumpo,  for  rupo  ;  Sp.  romper ;  Fr.  rovipre.  See 
Class  Rb,  No.  26,  27,  29.] 

1.  The  act  of  breaking  or  bursting  forth  from  in- 
closure  or  confinement ;  a  violent  emission  of  any 
thing,  particularly  of  flames  and  lava  from  a  volcano. 
The  eruptions  of  Hecla,  in  1783,  were  extraordinary 
for  the  quantity  of  lava  discharged. 

2.  A  sudden  or  violent  rushing  forth  of  men  or 
troops  for  invasion  ;  sudden  excursion. 

lucensed  at  sudi  eruption  bold.  I^IUton. 

3.  A  burst  of  voice ;  violent  exclamation.  [Little 
used.]  SoutJt. 

4.  In  medical  science,  a  breaking  out  of  humors,  a 
copious  excretion  of  humors  on  the  skin,  in  pustules  ; 
also,  an  efflorescence  or  redness  on  the  skin,  as  in 
scarlatina  ;  exanthemata ;  petechiie  ;  vibices ;  as  in 
small-pox,  measles,  and  fevers. 

E-RUP'TIVE,  a.    Bursting  forth. 

Tlie  suiUlen  glance 
Appears  far  south  eruptive  Uiruugii  the  cloud.  Thomson. 

2.  Attended  with  eruption  or  efflorescence,  or  pro- 
ducing it;  as,  an  eruptive  fever. 

3.  In  geoloiry,  produced  by  eruption  ;  as,  eruptive 
rocks,  such  as  the  igneous  or  volcanic. 

E-JlYN"GO,  71.    [Gr.  n'mY'""-] 

The  popular  name  of  the  sea-holly ;  Eryngium,  a 
genus  of  plants  of  several  species.  The  flowers  are 
collected  in  a  round  head  ;  the  receptacle  is  palea- 
ceous or  ciiaffv.    The  young  shoots  are  esculent. 

ER-Y-SIP'E-L.-\S,  71.  [Gr.  tpi'triiriA.is.]  [Kncyc. 
A  disease  called  St.  .Anthony's  fire  ;  a  diffused  in- 
fl;imniation,  with  fever  of  two  or  three  days,  gener- 
ally with  coma  or  delirium  ;  an  eruption  of  a  fiery 
acrid  humor,  on  some  part  of  the  body,  but  chiefly 
on  the  face.  One  species  of  er>'sipclas  is  culled  5/1111- 
gles,  or  eruption  with  small  vesicles. 

Coxe.    Encyc.  Quincy. 

ER-Y-SI-PEL'A-TOUS,  a.  Eruptive;  resembling  ery- 
sipelas, or  p.'irtaking  of  its  nature, 

ER-Y-SIP'E-LOUS.    See  Ervsipelatous. 

ER-Y-THEi'.M A,  n.  [Gr.]  A  specific  inflammation, 
characterized  by  a  red,  glabrous,  tumid  fullness?)f  the 
integuments,  attended  by  burning  pain,  and  termi- 
nating in  cuticular  scales  or  vesicles.    J.  Jil.  Good. 

ER-Y-TlIE-MAT'ie,  a.  Denoting  a  morbid  redness 
of  skin  ;  relating  to  erj'theiiKi. 

ES-GA-LaDE',  «.  [I'"r.  id.;  Sp.  escalada;  It.  sealata; 
from  Sp.  escala.  It.  scaln,  L.  scala,  a  ladder,  Fr.  cchclle. 
Sec  Scale.] 

In  the  military  art,  a  furious  attack  made  by  troops 
on  a  fortified  place,  in  w  hich  ladders  are  used  to  pass 
a  ditch  or  mount  a  rampart. 


E.S-eA-I.SDE',  V.  t.   To  scale  ;  to  mount  and  pass  or 
enter  by  means  of  ladders  ;  as,  to  escalade  a  wall. 

Life  of  fVellinjrton. 
ES-e.\-I>.AD'ED,  pp.    Scaled,  as  a  wall  or  rampart. 
ES  C.\-I..\l)'l.\(;,  ppr.    Sctiling,  as  troops. 
ESCAI.'OP,  (skol'iip,)  71.    [D.  schulp,  a  shell.] 

1.  A  bivalve  shell,  of  the  genus  Pecten.  The  sur- 
face is  neatly  marked  with  ribs  radiating  from  the 
liingc  outward.  Dana. 

2.  A  regular  curving  indenture  in  the  margin  of 
nnv  thiag.    (See  Si-allop  and  Scollop.] 

ES-CA-PADE%  71.    (Kr.    .See  Escape.]    The  fling  of 
a  horse,  or  ordinary  kicking  back  of  his  heels. 
2.  In  Spanish,  flight  j  escape.    Hence,  an  impropri- 


ety of  speech  or  behavior  of  which  an  individual  is 
uncimscious.  brandr 
ES-CaPE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  echapper;  Norm,  cchever :  Arm. 
achap  ;  It.  scappare ;  Sp.  and  Port,  escapar ;  probablj- 
from  L.  capio,  with  a  negative  prefix,  or  from  a  word 
of  the  same  family.] 

1.  To  flee  from  and  avoid  ;  to  get  out  of  the  way  ; 
to  shun  ;  to  obtain  security  from;  to  pass  without 
harm ;  as,  to  escape  danger. 

A  small  numlier  that  escape  the  sword  shall  return.  — Jea  xVir. 
Having  escaped  Ibe  corruption  that  is  in  the  world  through  lust. 
—  2  Pel.  i. 

2.  To  pass  unobserved  ;  to  evade  ;  as,  the  fact  es- 
caped my  notice  or  observation. 

3.  To  avoid  the  danger  of ;  as,  to  escape  the  sea. 
xxviii. 

JVote.  —  This  verb  is  properly  intransitive,  and  in 
strictness  should  be  followed  by  from ;  but  usage 
sanctions  the  omission  of  it. 
ES-CaPE',  v.  i.   To  flee,  shun,  and  be  secure  from 
danger ;  to  avoid  an  evil. 

Escape  for  tJiy  life  to  tlie  mountain.  — Gen.  xix. 
2.  To  be  passed  without  harm.  The  balls  whistled 
by  me;  my  comrades  fell,  but  I  escaped. 
ES-CaPE',  71.  Flight  to  shun  danger  or  injury  ;  the  act 
of  fleeing  from  danger. 

1  would  hasten  my  escape  from  tlie  windy  storm. — Ps.  Iv. 

2.  A  being  passed  without  receiving  injury,  as 
when  danger  comes  near  a  person,  but  passes  by,  and 
the  person  is  passive.  Every  soldier  who  survives  1 
battle  has  had  such  an  escape. 

3.  Excuse  ;  subterfuge  ;  evasion.  Ralegh. 

4.  In  law,  an  evasion  of  legal  restraint  or  the  cus- 
tody of  the  sheriff  without  due  course  of  law.  Es- 
capes are  voluntary  or  involuntary  ;  voluntary,  when 
an  officer  permits  an  offender  or  debtor  to  quit  bis 
custody  without  warrant ;  and  involuntary,  or  negli- 
gent, when  an  arrested  person  quits  the  custody  of 
the  officer  against  his  will,  and  is  not  pursued  forth- 
with, and  retaken,  before  the  pursuer  liatli  lost  sight 
of  him. 

5.  Sally  ;  flight ;  irregularity.  [Little  used  ]  Sliak. 

6.  Oversight  ;  mistake.  [Little  used,  or  improper.] 
ES-CaPE'ME.VT,  71.   That  part  of  a  clock  or  watch 

which  regulates  its  movements,  and  prevents  their 
acceleration.  Ed.  Encyc. 

ES-CaP'IN'G,  ppr.  Freeing  from  and  avoiding  danger 
or  evil ;  being  passed  unobserved  or  unhurt ;  shun- 
ning ;  evading  ;  securing  safety  ;  quitting  the  custody 
of  the  law  without  warrant. 

ES-GaP'ING,  71.    .Avoidance  of  danger.    £:ra  ix. 

ES-eS.R'GA-TOIRE,  (  twor,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  escargot,  a 
snail.] 

A  nursery  of  snails.  .Addison. 

ES-CaRP',  71.  In  fortification,  any  thing  high  and  pre- 
cipitous ;  sometimes  the  side  of  the  ditch  next  the 
rampart.  Brande. 

ES-CaRP',  v.  t.  [Fr.  escarper,  to  cut  to  a  slope;  It 
Scarpa,  a  slope.    See  Cabve.] 

To  slope  suddenly  ;  to  form  a  sudden  slope  ;  a  mil- 
itani  term.  Carleton. 

ES-eXRP'£D,  (es  kJrpt',)  pp.  Cut  or  formed  to  a  sud- 
den slope. 

ES-e.\  RP'I.N'G,  pirr.    Forming  to  a  sudden  slope. 

ES-CARP'.MENT,  n.  A  steep  descent  or  declivity  ;  a 
precipitous  side  of  any  hill  or  rock.  P.  Cyc. 

ES-CHA-LOT',  (esh-a-iot',)  n.    [Fr.  echalote.] 

A  species  of  small  onion  or  garlic,  the  Allium  asca- 
lonicum.  Encyc. 

ES'eilAR,  (es'kUr,)  n.    [Gr.  eirxaoa.] 

In  surgrnj,  the  crust  or  scab  occasioned  by  burns 
or  caustic  applications.  Encyc. 

ES'eilA-R.V,  71.  A  species  of  coral,  resembling  a  net 
or  woven  cloth. 

ES-eHA-ROT'ie,  a.  Caustic  ;  having  the  power  of 
searing  or  destroying  the  flesh.  Coze.  Encyc. 

ES-€UA  ROT'I€,  71.  A  caustic  application  ;  a  medi- 
cine which  sears  or  destroys  flesh.  Coxe. 

ES-€HA-T()L'0-CY,  71.    [Gr.  tirxaruf  and  X")  05.] 
The  doctrine  of  the  last  or  final  things,  as  death, 
judgment,  &c. 

ES-CHEA'P',  71.  [Fr.  ccheoir,  echoir,  clmr:  Norm,  es- 
chier,  eschire,  eschever,  to  fall,  to  happen  to,  to  escheat. 
The  Fr.  cc/toir  seems  to  be  the  Sp.coer,  which  is  con- 
tracted from  tin;  L.  cada,  cadere.) 

1.  Any  land  or  tenements  which  casually  fall  or 
revert  to  the  lord  within  his  manor,  through  failure 
of  heirs.  It  is  the  determination  of  the  tenure,  or 
dissolution  of  the  mutual  bond  between  the  lord  and 
tenant,  from  the  extinction  of  the  blood  of  the  ten- 
ant, by  dt'ath  or  natural  means,  or  by  civil  means,  as 
forfeiture  or  corruption  of  blood.  Blackslone. 

2.  In  the  Vniird  Slate.<:,  the  falling  or  ptissing  of 
lands  and  tenements  to  the  State,  through  failure  of 
heirs  or  forfeiture,  or  in  cases  where  no  owner  is 
ftninj.  Stxit.  of  MiLis.  and  Conn. 

3.  The  place  or  circuit  within  which  the  king  or 
lord  is  entitled  to  escheats.  England. 

4.  A  writ  to  recover  escheats  from  the  person  in 
possession.  Blackstone.    Cowel.  Kncyc. 

.').  The  lands  which  fiiU  to  the  lord  or  state  by  escheat. 
6.  In  ScoU  law,  the  forfeiture  incurred  by  a  man's 
being  denounced  a  rebel. 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^Lh,  WHAT.  — MKTE,  PREY.  — FINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


408 


ESC 


ESP 


ESS 


r,s:-(;ilEAT',  V.  i.  In  KnglanH,  lo  revert,  as  land,  to 
tltc  lurcl  ur  ii  inniuir,  by  iiiean:^  of  tliu  extinctiuii  of 
tlic  blood  of  tiio  tenant. 

In  Jlinerica,  to  full  or  conic,  as  land,  to  the  state, 
tbron^li  failure  of  heirs  or  owners,  or  by  forfeiture 
for  treason.  In  the  feudal  sense,  no  escheat  can  e.xist 
in  the  United  States;  but  the  word  i!j  used  in  stat- 
utes conliscating  the  estates  of  tliose  who  abandoned 
their  counjry  duriuj;  the  revolution,  and  in  statuti  s 
{giving  to  the  state  the  lands  for  wliu  h  no  owner  can 
be  found. 

E.S-CIIEAT',  V.  (.    To  forfeit.    [JVot  usc<l.]    Bp.  IlaU. 

E.<-CHr;.\T'A-l!LE,  a.    Liable  to  escluat. 

KS-CIIEAT'AOK,  k.  The  right  of  succeeding  to  nn 
escheat.  Shrrwuud. 

ES-CHE.AT'KI),  pp.  Having  fallen  to  the  lord  through 
want  of  heirs,  or  to  the  state  for  want  of  an  owner, 
or  by  forfi  iture. 

ES-CllE.\T'Ii\G,  ppr.  Reverting  to  the  lord  through 
failure  of  heirs,  or  to  the  state  for  want  of  an  owner, 
<ir  by  forfeiture. 

ES-CIIEAT'OK,  n.  An  officer  who  observes  the  cs- 
clicats  of  the  king  in  tlie  county  whereof  he  is  es- 
cheator,  and  ccrtilirs  them  into  the  trea.surv.  Can)dcn. 

ES-CHEVV",  V.  t  [Norm,  rschcver ;  Old  Fr.  f,«c/irair  ; 
G.  scheucn  j  It.  sc?upare  ;  Ft.  est/uiurr  ,•  Dan.  skyrr  ;  to 
shun.  Tile  G.  sckeu,  Dim.  sky.  It.  schifu,  is  the  Eng. 
shtj.  In  Sw.  the  corresponding  words  are  skijirir  and 
skijircria,  which  leads  to  the  opinion  that  the  radical 
letters  are  Kg  or  Skg;  and  if  so,  these  words  corre- 
S|)ond  with  the  G.  sclieuchtn,  to  IViiihten,  to  drive 
away,  which  we  retain  in  tiie  word  sliuo,  used  to 
scare  away  fowls.] 
To  llee  from  ;  to  shun  ;  to  avoid. 

lie  who  ob^yi,  (Icslrucuun  itliiUI  eaeheto.  Saiulys. 

ES-CIIEW'CT),  (es-cliude',)pp.    Shunned;  avoided. 
ES-C1IEWI.N(J,  ppr.    Shunning;  avoi  ing. 
ES-eOCH'EON,  «.    [Fr.]    The  shield  of  the  family. 

Wttrtun. 

\  ES'CORT,  71.  [Fr.  escorte ;  It.  scorta,  a  gu.ird  or  guide, 
scorgcrc,  to  discern,  lead,  conduct.  Sp.  and  Port,  cj- 
colta,  r  changed  into  /.  'l"he  Italian  has  ncortn,  seen, 
perceived,  prudent,  and  as  a  noun,  abridgment ;  and 
seortare,  to  abridge,  shorten,  conduct,  i:scort.  The 
sense  of  short,  shorten,  is  ctinnected  with  L.  curtits, 
and  the  sense  of  prudent  occurs  in  I,,  curdatus.  But 
whether  there  is  a  connection  between  these  words, 
let  the  reader  judge.] 

1.  .\  guard  ;  a  body  of  armed  men  which  attends  an 
■   officer,  or  baggage,  provisions,  or  munitions,  conveyed 

by  land  from  place  to  pbice,  to  protect  them  from  an 
enemy,  or,  in  general,  for  security. 

[This  word  is  rarely,  and  never  properly,  used  for 
naval  protection  or  protectors ;  the  latter  we  call  a 
convoy.  I  have  found  it  applied  to  naval  protection, 
but  it  is  unusual.] 

2.  In  a  more  general  sense,  protection  or  safeguard 
on  a  journey  or  excursion  ;  as,  to  travel  under  the  ej- 
curt  of  a  friend. 

ES-eOKT',  V.  t.  To  attend  and  guard  on  a  journey 
or  excursion  by  land  ;  to  attend  and  guard  any  thing 
conveyed  by  land.  General  Washington  arriveil  at 
Boston,  escorted  by  a  detachment  of  dragoons.  The 
guards  escorted  Lord  Wellington  to  London. 

ES-COllT'El),  pp.  Attended  and  guarded  on  a  jour- 
ney or  excursion  by  land. 

ES-eoUT'l.\(},  ppr.  Attending  and  guarding  on  a 
journev  or  excursion  by  land. 

ES-eOT'.    See  Scot. 

ES-eOT',  V.  L    To  pay  the  reckoning  for ;  to  su|>- 

port.  ShaJi. 
ES-tOU-ADE'.   See  SqUAD. 
ES-eOUT'.    SCO  Scout. 

ES-eUI-TOIR',  (es-kre-twor',)  n.  [Sp.  escritorio  ;  It, 
scritturio  ;  Fr.  ccritoire,  friuii  eerire,  ecrit,  to  write, 
from  the  root  of  L.  scribo.  Eng.  to  serupe.] 

A  box  with  instruments  and  conveniences  for  wri- 
ting, sometimes  a  desk  or  chest  of  drawers,  with  an 
apartment  for  the  instruments  of  writing.  It  is  often 
pronounced  scrutoir. 

ES-CRl-TCKI-AL,  o.    Pertaining  to  an  escritoir. 

ES'CKOW,  71.  [Fr.  ecrou,  Norm,  escrover,  cscrouje,  a 
scroll.] 

In  law,  a  deed  of  lands  or  tenements  delivered  lo 
a  third  (icrson,  to  hold  till  some  condition  is  performed 
by  the  grantee,  and  which  is  not  to  lake  eflect  till 
the  condition  is  perforiiied.  It  is  then  to  be  delivered 
lo  the  grantee.  Blacksbmr. 
;  ES'CU-.AGE,  71,  [from  Fr.  ecu,  for  escu,  L.  scutum,  a 
shield.] 

In  feudal  law,  service  of  the  shield,  called  also 
'       scutage  ;  a  species  of  tenure  by  kiiiglit  service,  by 
which  a  tenant  was  bound  to  follow  his  lord  to  war ; 
afterward  exchanged  for  a  (lecuniar)'  satisfaction. 

I  Blaekstone. 

j  EfS-eU-LA'PI-AN,  a,    [from  .Msculapw,  the  physi- 

II  cian.] 

; ;    ^    .Medical :  pertaining  to  the  healing  art,  Yoiin^. 

ES'GIJ-LENT,  0-    [L.  escnlentus,  from  esca,  food.] 
I         Eatable  ;  that  is  or  may  be  used  by  man  for  food  ; 
I      as,  eaeulrnt  plants  ;  esculent  fish. 

ES'Cl'-LEXT,  n.  Something  that  is  eatable;  tliat 
I      which  is  or  may  be  safely  eaten  by  man. 


ES-CO'R[-AL,  n.  The  palace  or  residence  of  the  king 
of  Spain,  about  i!2  miles  north-west  ol  Madrid,  'i'liis 
is  the  largest  and  most  superb  structure  in  the  king- 
dom, and  one  of  the  most  splendid  in  Europe.  It 
is  built  in  a  dry,  barren  spot,  and  the  name  itself  is 
said  to  signify  a  place  fall  of  rucks.  Rnajc. 

The  Escurial  was  built  by  Philip  II.,  in  the  shape 
of  a  griduon,  in  honor  of  St.  Laurence.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  village  near  Madrid.  It  contains  the 
king's  palace,  St.  Laurence's  church,  the  monastery 
of  Jerenoniites,  and  the  free  schools,  also  the  place 
of  sepulture  for  the  royal  family  of  Spain.  Port.  JJict. 

ES-€UTCirEOi\,  (es-kuch'un,)  H.  [Fr.  ecii,«o;i,  for 
esciui.son,  from  L.  scutum,  a  shield,  It.  scudo,  Sp. 
escudo,  Ann.  scoeda.  ] 

1.  The  shield  on  which  a  co.il  of  arms  is  represent- 
ed ;  the  shield  of  a  family  ;  tli<;  picture  of  ensigns 
armorial.  Lncye.  Johnson. 

•2.  That  part  of  a  vessel's  stern  on  which  her  name 
is  written.  R.  II.  Unnu,  Jr. 

ES-eUTCH'EON-KI),  (es-kiicli'uiid,)  a.  Having  a 
coat  of  arms  or  ensign.  Young. 

ES-LOIN',  11.  t.    [Fr.  cioi>7icr.] 
To  remove.  in  use.\ 

E-SOPH-A-GOT'O-MY,  7i.  [Gr.  uiao^ayoj  and  ro^iri, 
a  cutting.] 

In  surgery,  the  operation  of  making  an  incision 
Into  the  esophagus,  for  the  purpose  of  removing  any 
foreign  substance  that  obstructs  the  passage. 

Journ,  of  Science. 
E-SOPII'A-GUS,  71.    [Gr.  oiff«^5,i> 05.] 

'I'lio  gullet ;  the  canal  through  which  food  and 
drink  pass  to  the  stomach. 
E-SO'PI-A\,  a.    [from  vi,'.<iip.]    Pertaining  lo  yEsop ; 

conijiosed  by  him  or  in  his  manlier.  fVarton. 
ES-O-T.ER'ie,  a.    [Gr.  tirwrcjjuv,  interior,  from  cao), 
within.] 

Private  ;  interior  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  the  private 
instnictions  and  doctrines  of  philosophers  ;  opposed 
to  esoteric,  or  {)Ublic.  Enfield. 
E3-0-'l'Ell'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  an  esoteric  manner. 

Rich.  out. 

ES'O-TER-Y,  71.    Mystery  ;  secrecy.    [Little  used.] 
ES-PAL'IER,  (es-pal'ycr,)  n.    [Fr.  espalier  ;  Sp.  e.tpa- 
Icra ;  It.  spalliera  ;  from  L.  pains,  a  stake  or  pole.] 

1.  A  row  of  trees  planted  about  a  garden  or  in 
hedges,  so  as  to  inclose  quarters  or  .separate  |)arts,and 
trained  up  to  a  lattice  of  wooil-work,  or  fastened  to 
stakes,  forming  a  close  hedge  or  shelter  to  protect 
plants  against  injuries  from  wind  or  weather. 

Eneyc. 

2.  A  lattice-work  of  wood,  on  which  to  train  frail- 
trees  and  ornamental  shrubs.  Brande. 

ES-PAL'IEU,  (es-pal'yer,)  b.  L  To  form  an  espalier, 
or  to  protect  by  an  espalier. 

ES-P.\L'1EU-£D,  pp.    Protected  by  an  espalier. 

ES-PAL'IER-ING,  ppr.    Protecting  by  an  espalier. 

ES-PXR'CET,  71.    .\  kind  of  sainfoin.  Mortimer. 

KS-PAR'TO,  71.  A  kind  of  rush  in  Spain,  of  which 
cordage,  shoes,  baskets,  &c.,  are  made.  McCulloch. 

ES-PE"CIAL,  (es-pesh'al,)  a.  [Vr.  sj)eciiil :  h.  specia- 
lis.from  specio,  lo  see,  .species,  kind.] 

Principal ;  chief;  particular ;  as,  in  an  especial  man- 
ner or  degree. 

ES-PE"CI  AL-LY,  aJi'.    Principally  ; -chiefly  ;  particu- 
larly ;  in  an  uncommon  degree  ;  in  reference  to  one 
person  or  thing  in  particular. 
F.S-I'F"."CI.\L-NESS,  71.    The  slate  of  being  especial. 
ES'PE-RANCE,  71,    [Fr.,  from  L.  spcro,  to  ho|)c.] 

Hope.    [A'ut  English.]  Sllak. 
ES-PI'AL,  71.    [See  Spv.J   A  spy  ;  the  act  of  espying. 

ElyoL 

ES-Prra,  (es-pide',)  pp.    Seen;  discovered. 
ES-PI'ER,  11.    One  who  espies,  or  watches  like  a  spy. 

Harmar. 

ES'PI-XEL,  71.    A  kind  of  ruby.    [See  Spineu] 
ES'PI-0\-AGE,  (es'pc-on-aje or  es'iie-on-ii/.h,)  lu  [Fr., 
from  espionner,  to  spy,  espion,  a  spy.] 

The  practice  or  employment  of  spies  ;  the  practice 
of  watching  the  words  and  conduct  of  others,  and 
attempting  to  make  discoveries,  as  spies  or  secret  em- 
issaries ;  the  practice  of  watching  otiiers  without  be- 
ing suspected,  and  giving  intelligence  of  discoveries 
made. 

ES-PL.\-NSnE',  n.  [Fr.  id.;  Sp.  esplanada;  lU  spiO' 
nata;  from  L.  planus,  plain.] 

1.  In  fortijicalion,  tlie  glacis  of  the  counterscarp,  or 
the  sloping  of  the  paripi  l  of  the  covered  way  toward 
the  country  ;  or  the  void  space  between  the  glacis  of 
a  citadel  and  the  first  houses  of  the  town. 

Brande.  Campbell. 

2.  In  gardening,  a  grass-plat. 

ES-POI'S' AL,  (es-pouz'al,)  a.  [See  Espouse.]  Used 
in  or  relating  lo  the  act  of  espousing  or  betrothing. 

Bacon. 

ES  POL'S'AL,  71.    The  act  of  espousing  or  betrothing. 

2.  Adoption  ;  protection.  Lil.  Orford. 

ES-POtJS'ALS,  n.  pL   The  act  of  contracting  or  a(ii- 

ancing  a  man  and  woman  lo  each  other ;  a  contract 

or  mutual  promise  of  marriage. 

I  rcnwiiiljrr  thcc,  tli^  kiniiiiou  of  ihjr  jouUi,  the  lova  of  thiiio 
tspoutaU.  —  Jcr.  U. 

ES-POU8E',  (cs-pouz',)  r.  L    [Ft.  epouser;  IL  sposare  ; 


Port,  de^posar ;  Sp.  detrposar,  to  marry,  dctposarse,  lo  be 
betrothed.  If  this  word  is  the  same  radically  as  the 
L.  spondco,  sponsu.f,  the  letter  71  in  the  latter  iiitist  bo 
casual,  or  the  iiiiuli  rn  languages  have  lost  the  letter. 
The  former  is  most  probable;  in  which  case,  spondco 
was  primarily  spodco,  sjiosus.] 

1.  To  betroth. 

When  nj  liii  iiioUirr  Mary  veam  ttpoused  to  Joirpb.  —  MuU.  L 

2.  To  betroth  ;  to  promise  or  engage  in  marriage  by 
contract  in  writing,  or  by  some  pledge  ;  as,  the  king 
espoused  his  daughter  to  a  foreign  prince.  Usually 
and  pro|)erly  followed  by  to,  rather  than  with. 

3.  To  marry  ;  to  wed.  Shah.  M'dton. 

4.  To  unite  intimately  or  indissolubly. 

1  luivi;  etfjoutttt  yon  to  one  )tiuUiii<l,  ihnl  I  nui/  pi«t«nl  joix  u 
u  cliiiAlu  vir^ii  to  Cliruit.  —  'i  Cor.  xi, 

5.  To  embrace  ;  to  take  to  one's  self,  with  a  view 
to  maintain  ;  as,  to  e-fpouse  the  quarrel  of  another  ;  to 
espouse  a  cause.  JJryden. 

ES-l'OVS'Kl),  pp.  or  a.  Betrothed  ;  affianced  ;  prom- 
ised in  mariiage  by  contract;  married  ;  united  inti- 
inatelv  ;  embraced. 

ES-POIJSE'.ME.NT,  ;i.    Act  of  espousing. 

ES-POUS'ER,  n.  One  ^vho  espouses  ;  one  who  de- 
fends the  cause  of  anolher. 

ES-POUS'L\(;,  ppr.  Iletrotliing  ;  promising  in  mar- 
riage by  covenant ;  marrying;  uniting  indissolubly; 
taking  p.irt  in. 

ES-PRh"  DE  CClRPS,  (es-pr«'de-k6r',)  [Fr.]  The 
spirit  of  the  body  or  society  ;  the  common  spirit  or 
disposition  formed  by  men  in  association. 

ES-PY',  V.  t.  [Fr.  cpiir,  e.-'pier ;  e.-tpiar ;  It.  spiare; 
D.  bc<piedcn,  from  .v/iicrfc,  a  spy  ;  G.  spdJien,  to  spy  ; 
Sw.  .fpeia  ;  lian.  speidcr ;  W.  yspiatc,  and  yspciihww, 
from  yspaitli,  paith.  (See  Spy.)  Tlie  radical  letters 
seem  to  be  I'd  ;  if  not,  the  word  is  a  contraction  from 
the  root  of  L.  specio.] 

1.  To  see  at  a  distance  ;  to  have  the  first  sight  of 
a  thing  remote.  Seamen  espy  land,  as  they  ap- 
proach it. 

2.  To  see  or  discover  something  intended  to  be 
hid,  or  in  a  degree  concealed,  and  not  very  visible  ; 
as,  to  espy  a  man  in  a  crowd,  or  a  thief  in  a  wood. 

3.  To  discover  unexpectedly. 

As  one  of  lliem  opuncd  his  sack,  be  espied  liU  moncj.  —  Gen. 
xiii, 

4.  To  inspect  narrowly  ;  to  examine  and  make  dis- 
coveries. 

Moses  sent  me  lo  espy  out  tlio  land,  nnd  1  brooglit  iiim  word 
a^din.  —  Josh.  xiv. 

ES-PV,  V.  i.  To  look  narrowly ;  to  look  about ;  to 
watch. 

Stind  by  tlie  way  nnti  esjyy.  —  Jcr.  xlviii. 
[T'Ai*  word  is  often  pronounced  Spy  ;  which  see.] 
ES-FV,  71.    A  spy  ;  a  scout. 
ES-l'V'Ii\G,  p/)r.    Discovering;  seeing  first. 
ES'UUI-.M.AUX,  (es'ke-nio,)  >i.    A  natiim  of  Indians 
inhabiting  the  north-western  parts  of  North  America. 

Eneyc.  Am. 

ES-QUIRE',  n.  [Fr.  ecuytr ;  It.  scutliere  ;  Sp.  escudero ; 
Port,  escudciro  i  from  L.  scutum,  a  shield,  from  Gr. 
<7<ti;r.,!,a  hide,  of  wliit  li  shields  were  anciently  made 
or  from  the  root  of  that  word.  Sax.  sceadan.  See 
Shade.] 

Properly,  a  shield-bearer  or  armor-bearer,  scntifer  ; 
an  attendtint  on  a  knight.  Hence,  in  modern  times, 
a  title  of  dignity  next  in  degree  below  a  knight.  In 
England,  this  title  is  given  to  the  younger  sons  of 
noblemen,  to  officers  of  the  king's  courts  and  of  the 
household,  to  counselors  at  law,  justices  of  the  peace 
while  in  commission,  sheriffs,  and  other  gentlemen. 
In  tlie  United  Stales,  the  title  is  given  to  public  offi- 
cers of  all  degrees,  from  governors  down  to  justices 
and  attorneys.  Intleed,  the  title,  in  addressing  let- 
ters, is  bestowed  on  any  person  at  pleasure,  and  con- 
tains no  definite  description.  It  is  merely  an  expres- 
sion of  respect. 

ES-UUIRE',  V.  L    To  attend  ;  to  wait  on. 

ES-aUIR'™,;)p.    Attended;  wailed  on. 

ES-UUIR'ING,  ppr.    Attending,  as  an  esquire. 

£S-QC/7.SSA',  (es-kCs' )  71.  [Fr.]  The  first  nketch  of 
a  picture  or  model  ol^  a  statue. 

ES-SaY',  f.  (.  [Fr.  cssayer:  Norm,  essoycr;  Arm.  ae- 
zaca ;  0.  zorken,  lo  seek  ;  beiockcn,  vcrzoekcn,  to  es- 
say ;  G.  suchen,  to  seek  ;  rcrsuchcn,  lo  essay  ;  Dan. 
fursSger;  Sw.  fUrsSkia  !  S'p.  ensayar  ;  Port,  ciuaiar  ; 
It.  saggiare,  assaggiare.  The  primary  word  is  seek, 
the  same  as  L.  scfuor.  (See  Seek.)  The  radical  sense 
is,  to  press,  drive,  urge,  strain,  strive.  Ch.  pZH.  Class 
Sg,  No.  40.] 

1.  To  try ;  to  attempt ;  to  endeavor ;  to  exert  one's 
power  or  faculties,  or  to  make  an  effort  to  perform 
any  thing. 

Wliilo  I  Uiis  uncXAmplcd  Uisk  ets(m.  Blacknwrt. 

2.  To  make  experiment  of. 

3.  To  try  the  value  and  purity  of  metals.  In  this 
application,  the  word  is  now  more  generally  written 
AssAT  ;  which  see. 

ES'SAY,  n.  A  trial ;  attempt ;  endeavor  ;  an  effort 
m.ade,  or  exertion  of  body  or  mind,  for  the  perform- 
ance of  any  thins.   We  say,  to  make  an  essay. 

Fruitless  our  luipM,  though  puus  our  «s«ay«.  SmUk. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


II 


409 


ESS 


EST 


EST 


In  literature^  a  composition  intended  to  prove  or 
illustrate  a  particular  subject ;  usually  shorter  and 
less  methodical  and  tinished  than  a  system;  as,  an 
essay  on  the  life  and  writings  of  Homer  ;  an  essay  on 
fossils  ;  an  essay  on  commerce. 

3.  A  trial  or  experiment ;  as,  this  is  the  first  essay. 

4.  Trial  or  experiment  to  prove  the  qualities  of  a 
metal.    [In  this  sense,  see  ."Vssay.] 

5.  First  taste  of  any  thing.  Dryden. 
ES-SaY' ED,  (es-sade',)  pp.    Attempted  ;  tried. 
ES-SaY'ER,  n.    One  who  writes  essays.  .Addison. 
ES-SAY'ING,  ppr.    Trying;  making  an  effort;  at- 
tempting. 

ES-SaY'1ST,  71.    A  writer  of  an  essay,  or  of  essays. 

Butler. 

ES'SENCE,  n.  [L.  essentia ;  Ft.  essence  ;  It.  essenia  ; 
Sp.  esencia ;  from  L.  esse,  to  be  ;  Sw.  cdsendc  ;  Goth. 
iBisantls,  from  wisan.  Sax.  icesan,  to  be,  whence  was. 
The  sense  of  tlie  verb  is,  to  set,  to  fix,  to  be  perma- 
nent.] 

1.  That  which  constitutes  the  particular  nature  of 
a  being  or  substance,  or  of  a  genus,  and  which  dis- 
tinguishes it  from  all  others.  Mr.  Locke  makes  a 
distinction  between  nominal  essence  and  reaf  essence. 
The  nmninal  essence,  for  example,  of  gold,  is  that 
complex  idea  expressed  by  gold  f  the  real  essence  is 
the  constitution  of  its  insensible  parts,  on  which  its 
properties  depend,  which  is  unknown  to  us. 

The  essence  of  God  bears  no  relation  to  place.    E.  D.  Griffin. 

2.  Formal  existence;  th.at  which  makes  any  thing 
to  be  what  it  is  ;  or  rather,  the  peculiar  nature  of  a 
thing;  the  very  .substance  ;  as,  the  essence  of  Chris- 

3.  Existence  ;  the  quality  of  being.  [lianity. 

I  toulil  liave  resigned  my  very  essence.  Sittitey. 

4.  A  being ;  an  existent  person  ;  as,  heavenly  es- 
sences. Milton. 

5.  Species  of  being.  Bacon. 

6.  Constituent  substance  ;  as,  the  pure  essence  of  a 
spirit.  Mdton. 

[Locke's  real  essence,  supra.] 

7.  The  predominant  (iiialities  or  virtues  of  any  plant 
or  drug,  extracted,  refined,  or  rectified  from  grosser 
matter  ;  or,  more  strictly,  a  volatile  or  essential  oil ; 
as,  the  essence  of  mint. 

8.  Perfume  ;  odor ;  scent ;  or  the  volatile  matter 
constituting  perfume. 

Nor  let  the  imprisoned  essences  exhale.  Pope. 
ES'SENCE,  t'.  t.    To  perfume  ;  to  scent. 
ES'SENC-£D,  (es'senst,)  pp.    Perfumed  ;  as,  essenccd 
fops. 

ES-.'seNES',  n.pl.  [Or.  EfToTji/oi.]   Among  i/ic  Jejo^,  a 

sect  remarkable  for  their  strictness  ami  abstinence. 
ES-SEN'TIAL,  a.    [L.  essentialis.] 

1 .  Necessary  to  the  constitution  or  existence  of  a 
thing.  Piety  and  good  works  are  essential  to  the 
Christian  character.  Figure  and  extension  ;ire  essen^ 
tial  properties  of  bodies. 

And  if  each  system  in  gradation  roll, 

Alike  essential  to  tlie  amazing  whole.  Pope. 

2.  Important  in  the  highest  degree. 

Judginenl  is  more  essential  to  a  general  tJian  courage.  Denkam. 
•3.  Pure;  highly  rectified. 

Essential  oils,  are  such  as  are  obtained  from  plants 
chiefly  by  distillation  with  water.  They  dissolve  in 
alcohol,  are  inHaminable,  and  much  used  in  perfu- 
mery. Brande. 

Essential  character:  in  natural  history,  that  single 
quality  or  property  which  serves  to  distinguish  one 
genus,  species,  &c.,  from  another. 
ES  SEN'TIAL,  (es-sen'shal,)  n.     Existence;  being. 
[Little  used.]  Milton. 

2.  First  or  constituent  principles  ;  as,  the  essentials 
of  religicn. 

3.  The  chief  point ;  that  which  is  mo.st  important. 
ES-SRN-TLAL'I-TY,  (  n.  The  quality  of  being  es- 
ES-SE.\'TIAL-i\ESS,  (    sential ;  first  or  constituent 

principles.  Sioift. 
ES  SEN'TIAL-LY,  ado.    fly  the  constitution  of  na- 
turi:  ;  in  essence  ;  as,  minerals  and  plants  arc  essen- 
tially different. 

2.  In  an  important  degree;  in  effect.    The  two 
Klateinents  differ,  but  not  e.i.ientialty. 
ES-SEN'TIATE,  v.i.  To  become  of  the  same  essence. 

B.  .loii.inn. 

ES  SEN'TIATE,  v.  L  To  form  or  constitute  the  cs- 
Bence  or  being  of  Boyle. 

ES  SK.S'TIA  TIM),  pp.  Formed  into  the  samcessence. 

ES  .Si;.\'Tl  A 'I'lNf;,  ;);<r.  Forming  into  or  becoming 
«if  the  same  essence. 

E.S-SUI.N',  n.  [Norm,  eron,  excuse;  Law  L.  eronia, 
sonturn  ;  f>ld  Fr.  cronirr,  essonier,  to  excuse.  Spelman 
deduces  the  word  fnmi  <■/  and  soing,  cure,  lint  qu. 
This  word  ia  Honii  tinii's  sprit  EisnitJiv.] 

1.  An  excuse  ;  the  alli-giiig  of  an  excuse  for  him 
who  iri  flummoned  to  app(;ar  in  court  and  anHvvtrr, 
and  who  m  glertH  to  appear  at  thir  day.  In  I'.mrland, 
the  three  first  days  of  ii  tiTin  are  called  r.^soin-dai/s, 
as  three  dayH  are  allowed  for  the  npjiearance  of  suit- 
OfH.  HlacA^toae.    Cotoct.  Sprhnnn. 

2.  KxcniW! ;  (ixemption.  Hpniarr. 

3.  He  that  iH  exciiHeil  for  non-uppenrnnre  in  court 
at  the  day  np|ioinlud.  Johnson. 


ES-SOIN',  V.  L  To  allow  an  excuse  for  non-appear- 
ance in  court ;  to  excuse  for  absence  Cutoel. 

ES-SOIN'EIl,  n.  An  attorney  who  sufiiciently  excuses 
the  absence  of  another. 

ES'SCV-ITE,  n.    Cinnamon-Stone  ,  which  see. 

ES-TAB'LISH,  b.  t.  [Fr.  ctabttr  i  Sp.  establrcer ;  Port. 
estabelecer ;  It.  siaJiilire  ;  L.  stabilia;  Heb.  asi  or 


Oh.  and  Syr.  id. ;  Ar.  <_ a  *  tasaba,  to  set,  fix,  estab- 
lish.   Class  Sb,  No.  37,  and  see  No.  35.    See  also  Ar. 

wataba,  Ch.  3ni,  to  settle,  to  place,  to  dwell. 

Class  Db,  No.  53,  54.] 

1.  To  set  and  fix  firmly  or  unalterably ;  to  settle 
permanently. 

1  will  establish  my  covenant  with  him  for  an  everlasting  cove- 
nant. —  Gen.  xvii. 

2.  To  found  permanently  ;  to  erect  and  fix  or  set- 
tle ;  as,  to  establish  a  colony  or  an  empire. 

3.  To  enact  or  decree  by  authority  and  for  per- 
manence ;  to  tirdain  ;  to  appoint ;  as,  to  establish  laws, 
regulations,  institutions,  rules,  ordinances,  &c. 

4.  To  settle  or  fix  pftmanently  ;  as,  to  establish 
one's  self  ill  hiisiucss  ;  the  enemy  establUhed  them- 
selves in  the  citadel. 

5.  To  make  tiim  ;  to  confirm;  to  ratify  what  has 
been  previously  set  or  made. 

Do  we  then  make  vuid  Uie  taw  through  faith  ?    By  no  means  ; 
yea,  we  establish  Uie  l;t\v.  —  Rom.  iii. 

6.  To  settle  or  fix  what  is  wavering,  doubtful,  or 
weak  ;  to  confirm. 

So  were  the  cliui  ches  eslnblisheil  in  the  faith.  —  Acts  xvi. 
To  ttie  en.t  he  m.iy  estohttsh  yimr  licaru  luiblamaljle  in  holiness. 
—  1  Thess.  iii. 

7.  To  ctmfirm  ;  to  fulfill ;  to  make  good. 

Kstahiish  lliy  worU  to  thy  servanu  —  Ps.  cxix. 

8.  To  set  up  in  the  place  of  another,  and  confirm. 

Wiio  go  aljout  to  eslablish  their  own  righteousness.  —  Uoin.  X. 

ES-TAB'LISH- AT),  pp.  or  a.  Set ;  fixed  firmly  ;  found- 
ed ;  ordaineil  ;  enacted  ;  ratifietl  ;  confirmed  ;  set  up 
ami  supported  by  the  state ;  as,  an  established  re- 
ligion. 

ES-TAU'LISII-ER,  n.  He  who  establishes,  ordains, 
or  confirms, 

ES-TAB'L1SH-I.\G,  ppr.  Fixing  ;  settling  perma- 
nently; founding;  ratifying ;  confirming ;  ordain- 
ing. 

ES-TAB'LISII-MENT,  n.    [Fr.  etnblisscmcnt.] 

1.  The  act  of  establishing,  founding,  ratifying,  or 
ordaining. 

2.  Settlement ;  fixed  state.  Spniser^ 

3.  Confirmation  ;  ratification  of  what  has  been  s'et- 
tled  or  made.  Bacon. 

4.  Settled  regidation  ;  form  ;  ordinance  ;  system  of 
laws;  constitution  of  government. 

Bring  in  that  establishment  by  which  all  men  should  be  contained 
in  duty.  Spenser. 

5.  Fixed  or  stated  allowance  for  subsistence ;  in- 
come ;  salary. 

His  excellency —  might  gratlually  lessen  your  eatabtishrMnt. 

Scsi/t. 

C.  That  which  is  fixed  or  established  ;  as  a  perma- 
nent military  force,  a  fixed  garrison,  a  local  govern- 
ment, an  agency,  a  factory,  &c.  The  king  has  estab- 
lishments to  support  in  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe. 

Great  Britain. 

7.  A  place  of  residence  or  of  transacting  business. 

8.  That  form  of  religions  worship  which  is  estab- 
lished ami  supported  by  the  st:tte. 

9.  Settlement  or  final  rest. 

We  set  up  our  hopes  and  establishment  here.  Wake. 

ES-TA-CADE' ,  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  estacada,  from  the  root  of 
stake.] 

A  dike  constructed  of  piles  in  the  sea,  a  river, 
or  a  morass,  to  check  the  approticli  of  an  enemy. 

Ts-l^'-EETTK',  \  "•    t*^''-  '■  ^^^^"-1 

A  courier ;  an  exprttss  of  any  kind. 

ES-TATi;',  n.  [Fr.  rial,  for  cstat :  1).  sfriat ;  G.  stnat ; 
Arm.  .-lad  ;  It.  stato  ;  Sp.  estado  ;  L.  .■ilatns,  from  .f:'!), 
to  stanil.  The  roots  sth,  .-dd,  and  sif,',  have  nc!arly 
the  same  signification,  to  set,  to  fix.  It  is  probable 
thiit  the  L.  sti;  is  contracted  from  sla/l,  as  it  foms 

strti.    See  Ar.  iX*c^  Cl.ass  Sil,  No.  4(),  and  Class 

Dd,  No.  22,  23,  24.] 

1.  In  a  urnrral  sense,  fixedness ;  a  fixed  condition  ; 
now  gem  r;dly  written  and  primoiinced  Statk. 

Shc^  ca«l  n«  h.-u<lli)ni;  from  our  liigh  es'Mle.  nnjden. 

2.  Ctmditiiui  or  circumstances  of  any  persim  or 
thing,  whether  high  or  low.  Lake  i. 

3.  Itank  ;  ipi.ali'.y. 

Who  h.nh  not  heard  of  the  grcatnemi  of  your  eslale  1  Sidney. 

4.  In  lair,  the  inti  rest,  or  quantity  of  interest,  n 
man  has  in  lands,  li  ni  inents,  or  other  i  (IVctH.  Ef 
tales  are  real  or  personal.    Heat  estate  consists  in 


lands  or  freeholds,  which  descend  to  heirs ;  personal 
estate  consists  in  chattels  or  movables,  which  go  to 
executors  and  administrators.  7'here-are  also  estates 
for  life,  for  years,  at  will.  Sec. 

5.  Fortune  ;  [jossessions  ;  property  in  general.  He 
is  a  man  of  a  great  estate.  He  left  his  estate  unencum- 
bered. 

6.  The  general  business  or  interest  of  government ; 
hence,  a  political  body  ;  a  commonwealth  ;  a  repub- 
lic.   But  in  this  sense,  we  now  use  .State. 

7.  A  branch  of  the  body  politic  In  Orcat  Britain, 
the  estates  of  the  realm  are  the  king,  lords,  and  com- 
mons ;  or  rather  the  lords  and  commons. 

Ettates;  in  the  plural,  dominions ;  possessions  of  a 
prince. 

2.  Orders  or  classes  of  men  in  society  or  govern- 
ment. Herod  made  a  supper  for  his  chief  estates. 
Mark  vi. 

ES-TaTE',  v.  t.    To  settle  as  a  fortune.    [Little  used.] 

2.  To  establish.  [Little  used.]  [Skak. 
ES-TAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Possessing  an  estate.  Swift. 
ES-TEEM',  J).  «.    [Fr.estimer;   ll.  estimare  ;   Sp.  and 

Port,  estimar  ;  Arm.  istimout,  istimcin;  L.  astinio  i  Gr. 

eiaTipaoaai  ;  £tgand  rt/xaw,  to  honor  or  esteem.  See 

Class  Dm.  No.  28.] 

1.  To  set  a  value  on,  whether  high  or  low ;  to 
estimate ;  to  value. 

Then  he  forsook  (Jod,  who  made  him,  and  lightly  esl£4infd  tlie 

rock  of  his  salv.ition.  —  Dent,  xxxii. 
They  that  itespise  me  shali  be  lightly  esteemed.  —  1  Sam.  ii. 

2.  To  prize  ;  to  set  a  high  value  on  ;  to  regard  with 
reverence,  respect,  or  friendship.  When  our  minds 
are  not  biased,  we  always  esteem  the  industrious,  the 
generous,  the  brave,  the  virtuous,  and  the  learned. 

Will  he  esteem  thy  riches?  —  Job  xxxvi. 

3.  To  hold  in  opinion  ;  to  repute  ;  to  think. 

One  man  esteemeOi  one  day  above  another  ;  anoUier  est£ein4A 
every  day  alike.  —  Uoin.  xiv. 

4.  To  compare  in  value  ;  to  estimate  by  proportion. 
[Little  lued.]  Davies. 

ES-TEKM',  B.  i.    To  consider  as  to  value.  Spenser. 
ES-TEE.M',  n.    Estimation;  opiniim  or  judgment  of 

merit  or  demerit.    This  man  is  of  no  wortli  in  my 

e.steent. 

2.  High  value  or  estimation  ;  great  regard  ;  favora- 
ble opinion,  founded  on  supposed  worth. 

BoUi  those  poets  lived  in  much  esteem  with  good  luid  holv  men 
in  oiders.  Dryden. 

ES-TEEM'A-BLE,  a.  Worthy  of  esteem  ;  estimable. 
ES-TEEM'i;I),       or  o.    Valued  ;  estimated  ;  highly 

v.alued  or  prized  on  account  of  worth  ;  thought; 

held  in  opinion. 
ES-TEE.M'Ell,  71.    One  who  esteems  ;  one  who  sets  a 

high  value  on  any  thing. 

A  proud  esteemer  of  his  own  parts.  Locke. 
ES-TEEJI'ING,  ppr.    Valuing;  estimating;  valuing 

highly  4  prizing;  thinkipg  ;  deeming. 
E.S-THET'ie,  a.    Pertaiiiing  to  the  science  of  taste. 
ES-THET'ieS,  n.    [Gr.  ataOnrtKOi.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  beautiful,  or  of  the 

theory  of  tnste.    [See  ^Esthetics.] 
ES-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  testus  and  fero.] 

Producing  heat. 
ES'TI-MA-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  ;  It.  estimrvole.] 

1.  That  is  capable  of  being  estimated  or  valued  ; 
as,  estimable  damage.  Paley. 

2.  Valuable  ;  worth  a  great  price. 

A  poimd  of  mati's  flesh,  Uiken  from  a  man, 

la  not  so  estimable  or  profitable.  Shak. 

3.  Worthy  of  esteem  or  respect;  deserving  our 
good  opinion  or  regard. 

A  lady  said  of  her  two  companions,  that  one  was  more  amiable, 
Uie  oUier  more  estimable.  Temple. 

ES'TI-M.\-BLE,  71.    That  which  is  worthy  of  regard. 

Broirn. 

ES'TI-I\IA-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  deserving 

esteem  or  regarti.  R.  .J^riclon. 

ES'TI-IMA-I!LY,  adv.  In  an  estimable  manner. 
ES'TI-MATE,  V.  I.    [L.  astimo.    See  Esteem.] 

1.  To  judge  and  form  an  opinion  of  the  value  of; 
to  rate  by  judgment  or  opinion,  without  weighing  or 
measuring  eitlntr  value,  degree,  extent,  or  (piantity. 
We  estimate  the  value  of  cloth  by  inspection,  or  the 
extent  of  a  piece  of  land,  or  the  distance  of  a  moun- 
ttiiu.  Wt!  estimate  the  wortli  of  a  friend  by  his 
known  qualities.  We  estimate  the  merits  or  talents 
of  two  dill'irent  men  by  judgment.  We  estimate 
profits,  loss,  and  damage.  Hence, 

2.  To  compute;  to  calculate  ;  to  reckon. 
ES'Tl-M.VTK,  7r.    A  vabiing  or  rating  in  the  mind  ;  a 

judgment  or  opinion  of  the  value,  degrc'C,  extent,  or 
quantity  of  any  thing,  without  ascertaining  it.  We 
I'lirm  e.'iliinales  of  the  expenses  of  a  war  ;  of  the  prob- 
able outfits  of  a  voyages ;  of  the  comparative  strength 
or  merits  id' two  nu  n  ;  of  the  extent  of  a  kingilomor 
its  population.  Hence,  e.-^limale  may  be  equivalent 
to  c.alctila'.ion,  computation,  without  measuring  or 
wtdghing. 

2.  Value.  Shak 
ES'TI-M  A-Ti;n,  pp.  or  a.    Valued;  rated  in  tipiniim 
or  iudgment. 

ES'Tl-MA-TING,  ppr.    Valuing;  rating;  forming  an 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MaTE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


4ifr 


EST 


ETE 


ETH 


opinion  or  judgniont  of  the  vitliic,  extent,  quantity, 
or  (tepree  of  «'ortIi  of  any  objcrt  ;  calculating  ;  coni- 
KS-'I'i-.MA'TIOiN,  n.    [\..  ,r.<li,mtiu.]  [puting. 

1.  Tlic  act  of  o.'^tiinatiiij;. 

'J.  (Jnlculation  ;  computation  ;  nn  opinion  or  Juit;- 
nu'iitof  the  wortli,  extent,  or  quantity  of  any  lliinR, 
formed  witliout  usiuR  precise  data.  We  may  diH'er 
in  our  estimations  of  distance,  maenitude,  or  amount, 
and  no  lesii  in  our  eMmalion  of  mond  i|ualities. 
3.  Ksteein  j  regard  j  favorable  opinion ;  honor. 

ng  tlie  laultitutle,  and  Imnnr  witli 

E. 'i'TI-M.X-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  comparing 
anil  adjusting  the  wortli  or  preference.    [Little  u.<al.] 

2.  Imaginative.  '  [ffalc.  Boyle. 
KS'TI-.Ma-TOR,  n.  One  who  estimates  or  values. 
KS'TI-V.AL,  a.    [L.  <titiett.',  from  <js(<u>',  summer.  Sec 

IlElT.] 

Pertaining  to  summer,  or  continuing  for  the  sum- 
ES'TI-VaTIJ,  0.  i.   To  pass  the  summer.  [mer. 
ES-TI-VA'TION,  n.    [L.  arstioatio,  from  iBstas,  sum- 
niei,  if.vdrii,  to  pass  the  summer.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  the  summer.  Bacon. 

2.  In  botanij,  the  disposition  of  the  petals  within 
the  floral  gem  or  bud:  1,  cenuo/iite,  when  the  pet- 
als are  rolled  together  like  a  scroll  ;  2,  imbricate, 
when  they  lie  over  each  other  like  tdes  on  a  roof; 
3,  cotiduplicate,  when  they  are  doubled  together  at 
the  midrib  4,  vuloate,  when,  as  they  are  about  to 
expand,  they  are  placed  like  the  glumes  in  grasses. 

Martijn. 

ES-TOP',  p.  t    [Ft.  clouper,  to  stop.    See  Stop.] 
In  laa,  to  ini|iede  or  bar,  by  one's  own  act. 

A  man  sh.^ll  alwiiys  Iw  estopptd  bjf  hid  own  liccd,  or  not  per- 
iitiili-J  10  avi-ror  |in>vtr  wiiy  liiln*  ia  cunlr.utictinii  to  what 
)ic       onct:  soliMnnly  tivowe*!.  Biackittone. 

KS'TO  PKR-PKT' U-UM,\[h.]    May  it  be  perpet- 

F.  S'TO  PF.R  PETq-^,     j  nal. 
ES-TOP'P£l),(es-topt',)  jip.    Hindered  j  barred;  pre- 

cludi  d  by  one's  own  act. 
ES-TOP'PEL,  n.     In  lato,  a  stop;  a  plea  in  bar, 
grounded  on  a  man's  own  act  i>r  deed,  which  estops 
or  precludes  him  from  averring  any  thing  to  the  con- 
tra rj'. 

If  a  tenant  for  yratw  Icvio  a  fine  to  another  person,  it  shall  work 
a2  nn  c^loppet  to  the  co^iizor.  lilackstone. 

ES-TOP'PING,  ppr.  Impeding ;  barring  by  one's  own 
act. 

ES-TO'VERS,  II.  pi.    [Norm,  cstoffrr,  to  store,  stock, 
.  furnish  ;  e^tuffeurcSf  stores  ;  Fr.  ctoffer^  to  stuff.  See 
Stuff.] 

In  /ttw,  necessaries  or  supplies  ;  a  reasonable  al- 
lowance out  of  lands  or  goods  for  the  use  of  a  ten- 
ant ;  such  as  sustenance  of  a  felon  in  prison,  and  for 
his  family  during  his  imprisonment;  alimony  for  a 
woman  divorced,  out  of  her  husband's  estate.  Com 
moil  uf  estovers,  is  the  liberty  of  taking  the  neces.<''jy 
wood  for  the  use  or  furniture  of  a  house  or  farm  from 
another's  estate.  In  Saxon,  it  is  expressed  by  bote, 
which  signifies  irt(/r*,  or  supply,  ;is,  hoasr-botc,  plutc- 
botf,  fire-bote,cart'bote,  &LC.  Blackstone. 

ES-TRaDE',  n.  [Fr.]  An  even  or  level  space ;  a 
level  and  slightlv  raised  place  in  a  room.  SmarL 

ES-TR.\.\I'A-COiV,  (  son,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  sort  of  two- 
edgeil  sword  formerly  used. 

ES-TRA.\CiE',  e.  t    [Ft.  etrangcr.    See  Stbamge.] 

1.  To  keep  at  a  distance  ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  cease 
to  freiiuent  and  be  familiar  with. 

llail  we  ealrangtd  onncWcs  from  tliein  in  tilings  inditTTrnt. 

Hooker. 

1  thus  e*lron^e  my  [w-nion  frunj  her  lied.  Dryden. 

2.  To  alienate  ;  tti  divert  from  its  original  use  or 
possessor ;  to  apply  to  a  pur|K)se  foreign  from  its 
original  or  customary  one. 

They  have  eftranfred  this  place  oiiU  tnlmt  Incense  tn  it  to  other 
^>ls.  —  Jrr.  xix. 

3.  To  alienate,  as  the  affections  ;  to  turn  from 
kindness  to  indilference  or  malevolence. 

1  do  not  know,  to  tiiis  hour,  wluil  it  u  that  luu  ettrangeti  hiio 
from  me.  Pope. 

4.  To  withdraw  ;  to  withhold. 

We  musi  estrange  our  belief  from  what  is  not  clearly  erwlenced. 

OlanMli. 

ES-TRaXC'/CI), pp.  Withdrawn  ;  withheld  ;  alienated. 
ES-TRaXG'ED-NESS,  II.     The  state  of  being  es- 

transed.  Prynne, 
ES-TR.aNGE'MENT,  n.    Alienation;  a  kee|)iiig  at  a 
distance  ;  removal ;  voluntary  abstraction  ;  as,  an 
e^trangnnent  of  affection. 

An  tatmnxerntnt  uf  desires  from  tjett^r  things.  South. 
ES  TRANC'l.NG,  ppr.     Alienating  ;  withdrawing  ; 

keeping  at  or  removing  to  a  distance. 
E.-<- rRA  PADE',  >i.    [Fr.  strappado.] 

The  action  of  a  horse,  who,  to  gi:t  rid  of  his  rider, 
rises  before  and  at  the  same  time  kicks  furiouslv  with 
his  hind  legs.  farrier's  Did. 


F-^^  irRAV",  r.  i.   To  stray.    [See  Strat.] 
ES-TRAY',  n.    [Norm.  eMrayer,  probablv  allied  to 
strax'irle.  and  perhaps  from  the  root  of  W.  trag, 
beyond.] 

.\  tame  beast,  as  a  horse,  ox,  or  sheep,  which  is 
found  wandering  or  without  an  owner;  a  beast  sup- 


posed to  have  slrayi^d  from  the  power  or  inclostire  of 
its  owner.    It  is  usually  written  .Stiiav.  lilackstone. 

ES-'i'Rl'c A'l'',  II.  [Norm,  cstruitc  or  cstrcile,  from  L. 
extraclum,  eztra/w,  to  draw  out.] 

In  lain,  a  true  copy  or  duplicate  of  nn  original 
writing,  especially  of  amercements  or  (H'Malties  set 
down  in  the  rolls  of  court  to  be  levied  by  the  baililf, 
or  otiii  r  officer,  on  every  olfi  nder.    Onret.  F.ncyc. 

ES-TKKAT',  J).  i.    To  extract ;  to  copv.  Blackstone. 

ES-T1U":AT'EI),  pp.    Extracted;  copit'd. 

ES-TRi5AT'IN(J,  ppr.    Extracting  ;  copying. 

EH-TRif,l'E'i\IENT,  «.  [Norm,  estrepcr,  estripper,  to 
waste  ;  Eng.  to  strip.] 

In  law,  S])oil ;  waste  ;  a  stripping  of  land  by  a  ten- 
ant, to  the  prejudice  of  the  owner.  Blackstone.  CviceL 

Es'tr'idG'f  j  "•    The  ostrich  ;  which  see.  [04s.] 
2.  In  commerce,  the  fine  down  of  the  ostrich,  lying 
immediatelv  beneath  the  feathers.  McCallock, 
ES'TU-ANCE,  II.    [h.  aslus.] 

Heat.    [ JViit  ill  use. ]  Brown. 
ES'TU-.\-RY,  n.    [L..  <r.s-(uari'«m,  from  iestuo,\.o  boil 
or  foam,  ir.'jdi.*,  heat,  fury,  storm.] 

1.  An  arm  of  the  sea ;  a  frith  ;  a  narrow  passage, 
or  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  lake,  where  the  tide  meets 
the  current,  or  flows  and  ebbs. 

2.  A  vapor  bath. 

ES'TU-A-RY,  a.  liclonging  to  or  formed  in  an  estua- 
ry ;  as,  estuary  strata.  Lyell. 

ES''J'U-aT1;,  v.  i.    [I,,  irstuo,  to  boil.] 

To  boil ;  to  swell  and  rase  ;  to  be  agitated. 

ES-TL'-a'TION,  71,  A  boiling  ;  agitation;  commotion 
of  a  lUiid.  Broion.  JVorrui. 

EST-URE',  n.  [L.wstuo.] 

Violence  ;  commotion.    [A'of  used.]  Chapman. 

E-SO'RI  ENT,  a.    [L.  esunens,  e^nrio.] 

Inclined  to  eat ;  hungry.  Diet. 

ES'U-RINE,  (czh'yu-rin,)  a.  Eating  ;  corroding. 
[Little  used.]  fVi.teman, 

E-TA'f  MA'.fOR,  (a-tu'mil'zhor.)  Officers  and  sub- 
ollicers,  as  distinguished  from  their  troops;  also,  the 
superior  officers.  /)ir(.  de  l'.^cad. 

ET  C.3:T'K-R.9,  [L.]  and  the  contraction  Etc.,  or 
&c.,  denote  the  rest,  or  others  of  the  kind  ;  and  so  on  ; 
and  so  forth. 

ETCH  or  EU'niSH,  n.    Ground  from  which  a  crop 

has  been  taken.  Mortimer. 
ETCH,  V.  I.    [G.  ef.en,  D.  etscn,  to  eat.    See  Eat.] 

1.  To  protittce  figures  or  designs  on  copper  tir  other 
metallic  plates,  by  means  of  lines  or  strokes  first 
drawn,  and  then  eaten  or  corroded  by  aquafortis. 
The  plate  is  first  covered  with  a  proper  vnrnisli  or 
ground,  which  is  capable  of  resisting  the  acid,  and 
the  ground  is  then  scored  or  scratched  by  a  needle  or 
similar  instrument,  in  the  places  where  the  lines  com- 
posing the  figure  or  design  are  intended  to  be  ;  the 
plate  is  then  covered  with  nitric  acid,  which  corrodes 
or  eats  the  metal  in  the  tines  thus  laiil  bare.  Ilebert, 

2.  To  sketch  ;  to  delineate.  [Aot  in  use.]  Locke. 
ETCH,  V.  L    To  practice  etching. 

ETCH'£D,  (etcht,)  pp.  or  a.  Marked  and  corroded  by 
nitric  acid. 

ETCH'INfJ,  ppr.    Marking  or  producing  a  design  on  a 

metallic  plate  with  aquafortis. 
ETCH'ING,  11.    The  act  or  art  of  etching  ;  a  mode  of 

engraving. 

2.  'i  he  impression  taken  from  an  etched  plate. 

ETCH'INf^-NEE'DLE,  n.  An  instniment  of  steel 
with  a  fine  point,  used  in  etching  for  tracing  out- 
lines, &c.,  on  the  plate.  Brandc 

ET-E-OS'Tie,  n,  [Gr.  trcos,  true,  and  arixof,  a 
verse.] 

A  chronograminatical  composition.     B.  Jonson. 

E-TER.N',  a.  Eternal  ;  perpetual  ;  endless.  [J\'ot 
used.  ]  Shall. 

E-TER'.N'AL,  a,  [Fr.  etemcl ;  L.  atemus,  composed 
of  itFHin  and  temus,  teeitentus.  Varro.  The  origin 
of  the  last  comptment  part  of  the  word  is  not  ob- 
vious. It  occurs  in  diutumus,  and  seems  to  de- 
note continuance.] 

1.  Witliout  beginning  or  end  of  existence. 

The  eler-fin^  Goil  is  tliy  refuge.  —  Deut.  xxxiii. 

2.  Without  beginning  of  existence. 

To  know  wh'-thrr  there  is  any  real  being,  whose  duration  has 
b»-.'ii  eurnai.  Locke. 

3.  Without  end  of  e.xistcnco  or  duration ;  ever- 
lasting; endless  ;  immortal. 

Tlial  they  may  also  obttin  the  salration  which  U  in  Chlist  Jesus, 

with  elenxal  jjlury. — 2  Tim.  ii, 
\Vh;\t  shall  I  vlo,  th.it  I  may  b.ere  eterval  life  i  —  Malt.  xix. 
Sulfering  Uie  Tengi-aiice  ofelerniW  lire.  —  Jude  7. 

4.  Perjictual ;  ceaseless;  continued  witliout  inter- 
mission. 

And  fires  slsrm/ in  thy  temple  shine.  Dryden, 

5.  Unchangeable ;  existing  at  all  times  without 
change  ;  as,  eternal  truth. 

E-TER'N.\L,  n.    An  appellation  of  God. 

Hooker.  Milton. 
E-TER'NAUIST,  n.    One  who  holds  the  past  ex- 

islenre  of  the  »vorld  to  be  inlinite.  Burnet. 
E-TER'NAI--IZE,  r.  u    To  make  etenial ;  to  give 
[We  now  use  Etiri^iie.]       [endless  duration  to. 
E-TER'NAI^IZ-^:i),  pp.    Made  eternal. 


E-TER'NAI^TZ  ING,  ;>pr.    Rendering  eternal. 
E-TER'NAL  I<Y,"a(/i!.    Willi.Hit  beginning  or  end  o( 
duration,  or  wiiliuiit  end  only. 

2.  Unchangeably  ;  invariably  ;  at  all  times. 

That  wliich  is  morally  good  must  be  eternaily  and  unrbanrea- 
bly  BO,  .VuulA. 

3.  Perpetually;  without  Intermission  ;  at  all  times 

W  hdtc  western  guiles  eternatty  reside,  A<Uluon. 

E-TER'NI-FI-i-'U,  pp.    Made  famous  ;  immortali/cd. 
E-TER'NI-E9,  V.  I.   To  make  famous,  or  to  immor- 
talize.   [JV"f  in  use.] 
E-'l'ER'Nf  FV-I.NG,  ppr.     Makifig  famous;  iminor- 
E-TER'NI-TY,  n.    [Ii.  irffriiifa.*.]  [talizing. 

1.  Duration  or  continuance  without  beginning  or 
end. 

By  repeating  the  idea  of  any  lenjjth  of  durdion.  with  the  endlea 
addition  ol'iiunili'-r,  wr  Ciiiiie  by  III'-  id'-a  of  rurrtily.  Locke. 
The  hi^b  and  lolly  One,  wliu  inhabilelh  «ler,iilj(,  —  Is.  Ivii. 

2.  7'he  state  or  time  which  begins  at  death. 

At  dntitb  we  enter  on  ettrnity.  Dieight. 

We  speak  of  t;teriial  duration  preceding  the  present 
time,  (iiid  has  existed  from  rfmii/y.  We  al.sos|i<;ak 
of  endless  or  everlasting  duration  in  future,  and 
dating  from  present  timeor  the  present  stati- of  things. 
Some  men  lioubt  the  etcrnitij  of  future  punishment, 
though  they  have  le.ss  difficulty  in  admitting  the 
eternity  of  future  rewarils. 
E-TEK'NlZE,  r.  f,  [Fr.  etcrniscr  i  Sj).  etcrnizar;  LL 
etcrnare  ;  Low  L,  trterno.] 

1.  To  make  entlless. 

2.  To  coiiliiiiK^  the  existence  or  duration  of  indefi- 
nitely ;  to  perpetuate  ;  as,  to  eternize  woe.  Miltvn. 

So  we  say,  to  eternize  fame  or  glory. 

3.  To  make  forever  famous  ;  to  imniortali/.e  ;  as,  to 
eternize  a  iiamtr ;  to  cfmiiie  exploits. 

E-'i'ER'NIZ-f;i),  pp.    .Made  i  iidless  ;  immortalized. 
E-'l'ER'NIZ-ING,  ppr.    Giving  endless  duration  to;- 

imniortali/.ing. 
E-TE'SIAN,  (e-te'zhan,)  a.    [L.  etesias  ;  Gr.  trijoiof, 

from  CTof,  a  year.  tin.  r.tli.  ,  owed,  or  awed, 

a  circuit  or  circle,  and  the  vi  ili,  to  go  round,] 

Stated  ;  blowing  at  staled  times  of  the  year  ;  pe- 
riodical. F.tesiun  wimls  are  yearly  or  anniversary 
winds,  answering  to  the  monsoons  of  the  East  In- 
dies. The  word  is  applieil,  in  Greek  and  Roman 
writers,  to  the  periodical  winds  in  the  Mediterranean, 

_  from  whatever  iiuartcr  tin  y  blow.  Encye. 

E'THAL,  II.  [from  the  first  syllables  of  ft/icr  and  alcohol.] 
A  peculiar  oily  substance,  obtained  from  sperma- 

_  ceti.  Prout. 

KTHE,  a.    Easy.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

K'THEL,  a.    Noble.  [Obs.] 

E'THEK,  n.  [\j.  irtjicr :  Gr.  aiftrjp,  ai8o>,U)  burn,  to 
shine  ;  Eng.  weather  ;  Sax.  ttioter,  the  air;  D.  weder  ; 
G,  wetter;  Sw.  cader.] 

1.  A  thin,  subtile  matter,  much  finer  and  rarer  than 
air,  which,  some  phiUisopliers  suppose,  begins  from 
the  limits  of  the  atmosphere,  and  occupies  the  heav- 
enly simce.  JfewUm. 

There  fields  of  light  and  liquid  elAer  flow,  Dryden. 

2.  In  chemL-itry,  a  very  light,  volatile,  and  inflain- 
m.ible  fliiitl,  proiluced  by  the  distillatitm  of  alcohol, 
or  rectified  spirit  of  wine,  with  an  acid,  especially 
with  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  lighter  than  alcohol,  of  a 
strong,  sweet  smell,  susce|>tible  of  great  expansion, 
and  of  a  pungent  taste.  It  is  so  volatile,  that  when 
shaken  it  is  dissipated  in  an  instant. 

Encyc.  Fourcroy. 
E-THe'RE-AI,,  a.    Formed  of  ether;  containing  or 
filled  with  ether  ;  as,  ctAercal  space ;  ethereal  regions. 

2.  Heavenly  ;  celestial ;  as,  ethereal  messenger. 

3.  Consisting  of  ether  or  spirit. 

Vast  chain  of  being,  which  frtim  God  liegan, 

N^^ires  tUieretd.  Iiumau,  angt-l,*  in.an.  Pope. 

E-THE-RE-AI,'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  ethereal. 

E-TH|";'RE-AI,.-IZE,  r.  U    To  convert  into  ether,  or 
into  a  very  siibtilt;  fluid.  Good. 
2.  Fiirurntivehi,  to  render  elhere.il  or  spiritual. 

E-TllF.'RE-AIi-IZ-KI),  pp.  or  a.    Converud  into  ether 
or  a  very  subtile  tlu  d  ;  as,  an  elherealizcd  and  incor- 
poreal siibstntt!.  Oood. 
2.  Made  ethi-reai  or  spiritual. 

E-THE'RE  AL-LY,  ailo.  In  a  celestial  or  heavenly 
manner. 

E-THe'RE-OUS,  a.    Formed  of  ether ;  heavenly. 

Milton, 

p.'THER-l-FORM,  a.  [ether  and  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  ether.  Prout, 

E'THER-I.VE,  II.  Carbureted  hydrogen, so  called  from 
being  supposed  to  e  xist  in  ether.  P.  Cyc 

f:'THER-IZE,  r.  L   Jlo  convert  into  ether. 

Med.  Rrpos, 

K'THER-IZ-Kl),  pp.    Converted  Into  ether. 

i:'THER-IZ  I.\G,  ppr.    Converting  into  ether. 

r.TH'ie,        (a,    [Ij.  ethieus;  Gr.  qOiitos,  from  rfios, 

ETII'IC  AI,,  i  manners.] 

Relating  to  manners  or  morals  ;  treating  of  moral- 
ity ;  deliverini;  precepts  of  morality  ;  as,  ethic  dis- 
courses or  epistles. 


TONE,  BULL,  qXITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU9 — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CII  as  SH  ;  TH  a-s  in  THIS. 


I 


ETY 


EUL 


EUR 


ETH'ie-AL-LY,  ade.  According  to  the  doctrines  of 
morality. 

ETH'ieS,  n.  Tlie  doctrines  of  morality  or  social 
manners;  the  science  of  moral  philosophy,  which 
teaches  men  their  duty,  and  the  reasons  of  it. 

Palcy.  Eiicyc. 
2.  A  system  of  moral  principles  ;  a  system  of  rules 
for  regulating  the  actions  and  manners  of  men  in 
society. 
F'THT  OP  ) 

E-THI-O'FI-AN  (       ^  native  of  Ethiopia. 

E'THI-OPS  MAR'  TIAL :  black  oxyd  of  u-on  ;  iron  in 
the  form  of  a  very  fine  powder. 

E'THI-OPS  MLVER-AL;  a  combination  of  mercury 
and  sulphur,  of  a  black  color  ;  black  sulphuret  of 
mercury.  Thomson.  J^tcknUon. 

ETH'MOID,       )  a.    [Gr.  jjO/^us,  a  sieve,  and  ci6o(, 

ETH-MOID'AL,  \  form.] 
Resembling  a  sieve. 

Ethmoid  bone ;  a  bone  at  the  top  of  the  root  of  the 
nose. 

ETH'NAReH,  71.    [Gr.  cBvo^  and  apxr,.] 
The  governor  of  a  province  or  people. 
ETH'Nie,        (  a.     [L.  cthnicus  ;  Gr.  fOi-ixof,  from 
ETH'Nie-AL,  i     cBvo^,  nation,  from  the  root  of  G. 
keide,  heath,  woods,  wlience  heathen.  See  Heathen.] 
Heathen ;   pagan  ;  pertaining  to  the  Gentiles  or 
nations  not  converted  to  Christianity  ;  opposed  to 
Jctcish  and  Christian. 
ETH'Nie,  71.    A  heathen  ;  a  pagan. 
ETH'NI  CIS.M,  71.    Heathenism  ;  paganism  ;  idolatry. 

B.  Jonson. 

ETH-NOG'RA-PHER,  )  n.  One  who  cultivates  etli- 
ETH-NOL'O-GIST,     j     nography  ;  one  who  treats 

of  the  different  natural  races  and  families  of  men. 
ETH-NO-GRAPH'ie,       (  a.    [See  the  noun.]  Per- 
ETH-NO-GR.IPH'ie-AL,  j     taming  to  ethnography. 
ETH-NOG'RA-PHY,  )  n.     [Gr.   tWi/of,   ypa^n,  and 
ETH-NOL'O-GY,      j  \<,y„i.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  different  natural 
races  and  families  of  men,  or  a  treatise  on  that  sci- 
ence. 

ETH-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    [See  ETHoi.oay.]  Treating 

of  ethics  or  morality. 
E-THOL'O-GIST,  n.    One  who  writes  on  the  subject 

of  manners  and  morality. 
E-TH0L'0-6Y,  71.    [Gr.  eSos,  or  r/Bus,  manners,  mor- 
als, and  Xo}o;,  discourse.] 
A  treatise  on  morality,  or  the  science  of  ethics. 

Owen,  Lunier. 
E'THYL,  71.    [Or.  aiBnn  and  iXn.]    A  hypothetical 
radical  or  base,  e.xisting  in  ether  and  its  compounds. 
E'T1-0-LaTE,  v.  i.    [Gr.  aiOio,  to  shine.]  [Oraham. 
To  become  white  or  whiter;  to  be  whitened  by 
excluding  the  light  of  the  sun,  as  plants. 
E'TI-O-LATE,  7).  t.    To  blanch  ;  to  whiten  by  ex- 
cluding the  sun's  rays. 
£'TI-0-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Blanched  ;  whitened  by 

excluding  the  sun's  rays. 
E'TI-O-La-TING,  ppr.     Blanching  ;  whitening  by 

excluding  the  sun's  rays. 
E-TI-O-La'TION,  71.    The  operation  of  being  blanch- 
ed, as  plants,  by  excluding  the  light  of  the  sun. 

Ftiurcroy.  Darwin. 
In  gardening,  the  rendering  plants  white,  crisp, 
and  tender,  by  excluding  the  action  of  light  from 
them.  Cyc. 
E-TI-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  etiology. 

.Arbuthnot. 

E-TI-OL'O-CiY,  71.  [Gr.  airia,  cause,  and  Xoyoi,  dis- 
course.] 

In  medicine,  that  branch  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  the  causes  of  disease.  Quincy. 
ET-I-aUETTE',  (et-e-kct',)  ti.  [Fr.  etiquette,  a  ticket ; 
W.  tocyn,  a  little  piece  or  slip,  from  tuciaw,  to  cut  off, 
Eng.  to  doek.  Originally,  a  little  [liece  of  paper,  or  a 
mark  or  title,  affixed  to  a  bag  or  bundle,  expressing 
its  contents.]  « 

Primarily,  an  account  of  ceremonies.  Ilence,  in 
present  uaatre,  forms  of  ceremony  or  decorum  ;  the 
forms  which  are  observed  toward  particular  persons, 
or  in  particular  places,  especially  in  courts,  levees, 
and  on  public  occasions.  From  the  original  sense  of 
the  word,  it  mny  be  inferred  that  it  was  formerly  the 
custom  to  deliver  cards  containing  orders  for  regu- 
latin_^  ceremonies  on  public  occasions. 
ET-NK'A.\,  a.    [from^Vno.]    Pertaining  to  Etna,  a 

volcanic  mountain  in  Sicily. 
ET'TIN  71.    A  giant.    [Obs.]  Reaum. 
ET'TLE,  V.  t.    To  cam.    [JVot  in  use.]  Boucher. 


a  ca.^c.] 


ET-Ut',  (i  t-we',)  > 
ET-WEE',  }  71.    [Fr.  etui, 

ET-WEE'-CASE,  ) 

A  case  for  pocket  instruments. 
ET-Y-M0L'0-6ER,  n.  An  etymologist    [Not  in  tuet] 

Griffith. 

ET-Y-MO  LOG'IC-AL,  a.  [See  Etvmoi.ogt.I  Per- 
taining to  etymology  or  the  derivation  of  words  ;  ac- 
cording to,  or  by  means  of,  etymology.  Locke. 

ET-Y-.MO-I.OO'iC-AL  LY,  adii.  According  to  ety- 
mology. 

ET-Y-MQ-LOC'IC  ON,  n.  A  treatise  in  which  Ihc 
etymologicii  of  wordH  are  traced,  an  Whiter's  Ety- 
mologicnn. 


ET-Y-MOL'O-GIST,  7i.  One  versed  in  etymology  or 
the  deduction  of  words  from  their  originals  ;  one 
who  searches  into  the  original  of  words. 

ET-Y-MOL'O-GrZE,  v.  i.  To  search  into  the  origin 
of  words ;  tt)  deduce  words  from  their  simple  roots. 

,  Encyc. 

ET-Y-M0L'0-6Y,  n.  [Gr.  tru/juf,  true,  and  Aujos, 
discourse.] 

1.  That  part  of  philology  which  explains  the  origin 
and  derivation  of  words,  with  a  view  to  ascertain 
their  radical  or  primary  signification. 

In  grammar,  etymology  comprehends  the  various 
inflections  and  modifications  of  words,  and  shows 
how  they  are  formed  from  their  simple  roots. 

2.  The  deduction  of  words  from  their  originals ; 
the  analysis  of  compound  words  into  their  primi- 
tives. 

ET'Y-JION,  71.    [Gr.  crvijov,  from  cm/ioj,  true.] 

.\n  original  root  or  primitive  word. 
Eu'eil.VRIST,  (yu'ka-rist,)  n.   [Gr.  cuxa/iiria,  a  giv- 
ing of  thanks  ;  cv,  well,  and  X'ipi?,  favor.] 

1.  The  sacrament  of  tlie  Lord's  supper  ;  the  solemn 
act  or  ceremony  of  commemorating  the  death  of  our 
Redeemer,  in  the  use  of  bread  and  wine,  as  emblems 
of  his  flesh  and  blood,  accompanied  with  appropriate 
prayers  and  hymns. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  thanks. 
Ell-€HA-RIST'ie,       )  a.  Containing  expressions  of 
EU-€HA-RIST'ie-AL,  j    thanks.  Brown. 

Pertaining  to  the  Lord's  supper. 
Eu'CHLORE,  a.    [Gr.  ev,  well,  and  x^wpof,  green.] 

In  vtineralogy,  having  a  distinct  green  color.  Jllohs. 
EU-€HLo'Rie,  (yu-kl6'rik,)  a.    Of  a  distinct  green 
color. 

Euchloric  gas ;  the  same  as  Euchlobise.  Davy. 
Eu'CHLO-RINE,  71.    [See  Chlorine.]    In  chemistry, 

protoxyd  of  chlorine.  Davy.  Vre. 

EU-CHOL'O-GY,  (yu-kol'o-je,)  7i.  [Gr.  tvxoXoywv; 
CXI,  prayer  or  vow,  and  \oyui,  discourse.] 

A  fonnulaiy  of  prayers  ;  the  Greek  ritual,  in 
which  are  prescribed  the  order  of  ceremonies,  sacra- 
ments, and  ordinances.  Encyc. 
Eu'eilRO-ITE,  71.    [Gr.  evxpoia,  beautiful  color."] 
A  mineral  of  a  light,  emerald-green  color,  trans- 
parent and  brittle. 
ECeilY-MY,  (yu'ke-me,)  7i.    [Gr.  ttixf^"".] 

A  good  state  of  the  blood  and  other  fluids  of  the 
body. 

EU-€HY-SID'ER-ITE,  71.  A  mineral,  considered  as  a 
variety  of  augite.  Phillips. 

Eu'CLaSE,  71.  [Gr.  cv  and  K\aa,  to  break  ;  easily 
broken.] 

A  brittle  gem  of  the  beryl  family,  consisting  of 
silica,  alumina,  and  glucina.  It  occurs  in  light, 
green,  transparent  crj-stals,  affording  a  brilliant  diag- 
onal cleavage.  It  comes  from  the  topaz  localities  in 
Brazil.  Dana. 
EO'CRA-SY,  71.  [Gr.  £11,  well,  and  Kpaai;,  tempera- 
ment.] 

In  medicine,  such  a  due  or  well-proportioned  mix- 
ture of  qualities  in  bodies,  as  to  constitute  health  or 
soundness.  Quincy.  Encyc. 

EOe'TIC-AL,  a.    Containing  acta  of  thanksgiving. 

Mede. 

E0'DI-AL-'5TE,  n.  [Gr  fti,  easily,  and  iiaXvw,  to 
dissolve.] 

A  rose-red  or  brownish-red  mineral,  occurring  in 
nearly  opaque  crystals.  It  consists  of  the  earth  zir- 
conia,  united  with  silica,  lime,  and  soda.  It  fuses 
easily  before  the  blowpipe.  Dana. 
EU-DI-OM'E-TER,  71.  [Gr.  £D(5i of,  serene,  £«  and  iiof, 
Jove,  air,  and  perpnii,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  asceruining  the  purity  of  the 
atmosphere,  or  rather  the  quantity  of  oxygen  con- 
tained in  any  given  bulk  of  elastic  fluid. 

Encyc.  Ure. 

EU-DI  O-MET'Rie,       )  a.     Pertaining  to  a  cudi- 
EU-DI-O-MET'RIC-AL,  (    ometer  ;  performed  or  as- 
certained by  a  eudiometer  ;  as,  eudiomclrical  exper- 
iments or  results. 
EU-DI-OM'E-TRY,  71.    The  art  or  practice  of  ascer- 
taining the  purity  of  the  air  by  the  eudiometer. 

P.  Cyc. 

EO'CJE,  71.    Applause.    [JVot  used.]  Hammond. 
EU'GEN-Y,  71.    [Gr.  cv  and  j  tmj.J 

Nobleness  of  birth. 
EOGII,  (vu,)  71.    A  tree.    [See  Yew.] 
EU-HAR-i\ION'ie,  a.    [Gr.  tt.,  well,  and  harmonic] 
Producing  harmony  or  concordant  sounds  ;  as,  the 
cuhirmonic  organ.  I.iston. 
EO'KAI-RITE,  7t.    [Gr.  cVKaipn^,  opportune.] 

Cupreous  seleniurct  of  silver,  a  minenil  of  a  shin- 
ing lead-gray  color,  and  granular  structure. 

Cleaveland. 

EU-LOG'ie,       j  a.     [See  Eulooy.I  Containing 
EU-LOG'IC-AL,  \     praise  ;  commendatory. 
EU-LOG'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  convey 
praise. 

EO'LO-GIST,  (yu'lo-Jist,)  7t.  [Sec  Eui.oot.]  One 
who  prai.n^s  and  commends  another  ;  one  who 
writes  or  speaks  in  commendation  of  another,  on 
account  of  his  excellent  qualities,  exploits,  or  per- 
formances. 

EU-LO-GItiT'ie,  a.    Commendatory  ;  full  of  praise. 


IJU-LO-GlST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  With  commendation. 
EU-Lo'Gl-UM,  71.    A  eulogy 

Eu'LO-GlZE,  (yu'lo-jize,)  t'.  (.  [See  EuLoor.]  To 
praise  j  to  speak  or  write  in  commendation  of  an- 
other; to  extol  in  speech  or  writing. 

EC'LO-GIZ-£D,  pp.    Praised  ;  commended. 

EU'LO-GlZ-ING,  ppr.  Commending  ;  writing  or 
speaking  in  praise  of. 

Eu'LO-GY,  71.    [Gr.  cvXuyin;  cv  and  Aojo;.] 

Praise;  encomium;  panegyric;  a  speech  or  writ- 
ing in  commendation  of  a  person,  on  account  of  his 
valuable  qualities  or  services. 

Eu'NO-MY,  H.    [Gr.  £i>i'uHia  ;  £ti  and  vopoi,  law.] 
Equal  law,  or  a  well-adjusted  constitution  of  gov- 
ernment. Jrlitford, 

EO'NUeil,  (yu'nuk,)  71.    [Gr.  fvi/oDxuf ;  £u»"l,  a  bed, 
and  txw,  to  keep.] 
A  male  of  the  human  species  castrated. 

Eu'NUCH-aTE,  v.  t.  To  make  a  eunuch  j.to  castrate. 

Eu'NUCH-A-TED,  pp.    Made  a  eunuch. 

EO'NU€H-a-TING,  ppr.    Making  a  eunuch. 

Eu'NUCH-ISM,  71.    The  state  of  being  a  eunuch. 

EU-OT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  £ii,  well,  and  Ttpvoi,  to 
cleave.] 

In  mineralogy,  easily  cleavable.  Shcpard. 
Eu'PA-THY,  (yu'pa-the,)  71.    [Gr.  cv-naOcia.] 

Right  feeling.  Harris. 
EU-PA-TOR'I-NA,  71.  A  supposed  alkaloid  obtained 
from  Eupatorium  Cannabinum,  or  hemp  agrimony. 
It  is  a  white  powder  having  a  peculiar  sharp,  bitter 
taste,  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  ether  and  al- 
cohol. It  combines  with  sulphuric  acid,  and  the  salt 
cr\'stallizes  in  silky  needles. 
Eu'PA-TO-RY,  71.    [L.  eupatorium;  Gr.  cvnaropiov.]  , 

The  plant  hemp  agrimony. 
EU-PEP'SY,  (yu-pep'se,)  71.    [Gr.  cvircifjia  ;  ev  and 
nciptg,  concoction.] 
Good  concoction  in  the  stomach  ;  good  digestion. 
EIJ-PEP'Tie,  a.    Having  good  digestion. 
Eu'PHE-JlISM,  (yu'fe->:nizm,)  n.  [Gr.  cv(Pnpiop«i ;  cv, 
well,  and  <pripi,  to  speak.] 

A  representation  of  good  qualities  ;  particularly  in 
rhetoric,  a  figure  in  which  a  harsh  or  indelicate  word 
or  expression  is  softened,  or  rather  by  which  a  deli- 
cate word  or  expression  is  substituted  for  one  which 
is  offensive  to  good  manners  or  to  delicate  ears. 

jish.  Campbell. 
EU-PHE-MIS'Tie,  a.    Containing  euphemism  ;  ren- 
dering more  decent  or  delicate  in  expression. 
EU-PHON'ie,        j  a.     [See  Euphont.]  Agreeable 
EU-PHON'ie-AL,  i     in  sound;  pleasing  to  the  ear; 
as,  euphonical  orthography.  Colebrooke. 
The  Greeks  adonlfd  many  chaiio^s  in  the  comtrination  of  sylla- 
bles, to  rcimer  Uicir  ian^ua^e  euphonic,  by  avoiding  sucb 
collisions.  K.  Porter. 

EU-PHo'NI-OUS,  a.    Agreeable  in  sound. 
EU-PHo'NI-OUS-LY,  ado.   With  euphony;  harmo- 
niously. 

EO'PIIO-NISM,  »i.  An  agreeable  combination  of 
sounds. 

EO'PHO-NIZE,  V.  t.    To  make  asreeable  in  sound. 
Eu'PHO-NY,  (yu'fo-ne,)  71.     [Gr.  tu^ui/io  ;  £ii  and 
(povrj,  voice. J 

An  agreeaole  sound  ;  an  easy,  smooth  enunciation 
of  sounds  ;  a  pronunciation  of  letters  and  syllables 
which  is  pleasing  to  the  ear. 
EU-PHOR'lil-A,  (yu-for'be-a,)  n.  [Gr.  cv<l>op0ia,  with 
a  different  signification.] 

In  botany,  spurge,  or  bastard  spurge,  a  genus  of 
plants  of  many  species,  mostly  shrubby,  herbaceous 
succulents,  some  of  them  armed  with  thorns.  Encyc. 
EU-PHOR'BI-UM,  (yu-for'be-um,)  71.    [L.,  from  Gr. 
S  JU3 
cv<popPi(n',  At.  ^y^^y^  forbion.] 

In  the  materia  mrdica,  an  inspissated  sap,  exuding 
from  an  African  plant.  It  lias  a  sharp,  biting  taste, 
and  is  vehemently  acrimonious,  inflaming  and  ulcer- 
ating the  fauces  F.nryc. 

E0'PIlO-TiI)E,  71.  A  name  given,  by  the  French,  to 
the  aggregate  of  diallage  and  saussurite.  Cleacclund. 

EO'PIIKA-SY,  (yii'fra-se,)  71.    [Gr.  £i.0,)a(7ia.] 

Eyebright,  the  popular  name  of  the  genus  of  plants 
Euphrasia,  called,  in  French,  ca.isc-luneltr. 

EO'PllU-ISM,  71.    [(;r.  evil>vri{,  elegant.] 

An  afl'ectation  of  excessive  elcKance  and  refine- 
ment of  limguagc  ;  high-flown  diction. 

EO'PIIU-IST,  71.    [(Jr.  iv<t>vtii.] 

One  who  affects  excessive  refinement  and  elegance 
of  language  ;  ajiplieil  particularly  to  a  cl;u<s  of  writ- 
ers, in  the  age  of  ICli/.abcth,  whoso  unnatural  and 
high-flown  diction  is  ridiculed  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
Monastery,  in  the  character  of  Sir  Percie  Shafton. 

EU-PllU-IST'ie,  a.  Belonging  to  the  eupliuists,  or  to 
euphuism. 

EU-R.^'Sl.AN,  n.  or  a.  [A  contraction  o{  European  and 
.^sian.] 

A  term  applied,  in  India,  to  children  born  of  Euro- 
pean jiarents  on  the  one  side,  and  Asiatics  on  the 
other. 

EU-UI'PnS,  71.    [Gr.  Ei.piirot;  L.  Euripu.'!.] 

A  strait  ;  a  narrow  tract  of  water,  where  the  tide, 
or  a  current,  flows  and  reflows,  a.s  that  in  Greece, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — MSTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


412 


EVA  

lu-tween  KuImpu  and  Atlica,  or  i;iil)(Ba  and  lUeotia. 

It  is  soniiaiiiius  used  for  a  strait  or  fritli  mm  li  auiia- 

tcd.  Burke, 
EO'KITE,  71.    The  French  name  i.f  fclspathic  (iranilo, 

of  which  felspar  is  the  principal  ingredient ;  the 

while  stone  [wrij^  siciiij  of  Werner. 
EU-ROtJ'LY-DON,  n.    [Gr.  cvpof,  wind,  and  kAvJwi', 

a  wave.] 

A  tenipestnous  wind,  ."inch  a.i  drove  ashore,  on 
Malta,  the  ship  in  which  Taul  was  sailinR  to  Italy. 
It  is  supposed  to  have  blown  from  an  easterly  point. 
.9cts  xwii.  Knajc. 

EO'KOI'K,  n.  [Rocliart  supposes  this  word  to  be  com- 
posed of  NBN  "im,  while  flier,  the  land  of  white  peo- 
ple, as  distinpnished  from  the  Ethiopians,  black-faced 
people,  or  tawny  inhabitants  of  Asia  and  Africa.] 

The  great  quarter  of  the  earth  that  lii-s  between 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Asia,  and  between  the  .Med- 
iterranean Sea  and  the  North  Sea. 

El'-RO-Pfi'AN,  o.   Pertaining  to  Europe. 

ICIJ-liO-l'ii'AN,  n.    A  native  of  Europe. 

Eu'RUS,  II,    fL.]    The  east  wind. 

Eu'llYTlI-MY,  (yu'rith-niy,)  «.  [Or.  cv  and  (iiiO;/o$, 
ryUimus,  number  or  proportion.] 

In  archiucturt,  painting,  and  scnlpture,  ease,  majes- 
ty, and  elegance  of  the  parts  of  a  body,  arising  from 
jiistjiroiHirtions  in  the  composition.  F.neye, 

EU-Si;'BI-A.\,  n.  A  term  applied  to  the  foMowers  of 
Eusebius,  of  Niconieriia,  who  was  a  friend  and  pro- 
tector of  Arius. 

EU-STA'eiII-.\X,  a.  The  oi^tachian  lithe,  is  a  slender 
pipe  affordinj:  a  passage  for  the  air  from  a  cavity  in 
the  ear  to  the  back  part  of  the  mouth,  and  the  exter- 
nal air.  Palcij, 

EO'STtl.E,  n.    [Gr.  cti  and  rnXof,  a  column.] 

In  archilrcUire,  a  term  denoting  a  building  in  which 
the  columns  arc  placed  at  the  most  convenient  dis- 
tances from  each  other,  the  interc.olnmniations  being 
just  two  diameters  and  a  quarter  of  the  column. 

OicUt. 

EC'TAX-Y,  71.    [Gr.  £i)r«fia.] 

Established  order.    [ATiJ  used.']  JValerhouse, 

EU-TER'PE,  (yu-ter'pe,)  n.  In  mythology,  the  muse 
who  jiresiiles  over  wind-instruments. 

EU-TER'I'E-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Euterpe ;  a  term  of- 
ten given  to  mrisic  clubs. 

EO'TIIA-NA-SY  or  EU-TII AX'A-SY,  ii.  [Gr.  ivOa- 
vauia  ;  iv  and  Oavaroi,  death.] 

An  e.asy  death.  ,Qrbuthnot, 

EtJ-TYeH'I-AN,  n.  A  term  applied  to  the  followers 
of  F.utychiu-',  who  held  that  tlie  divine  and  human 
natures  of  Christ,  after  their  union,  became  so  blend- 
ed together,  as  to  constitute  but  one  nature.  They 
>vere  also  called  Mor^opuvsiTES.         J,  JilurdocU. 

Ei;-TYeiri-AN-ISM,  (yu-tik'e-an-izm,)  n.  The  doc- 
trine of  Eutychius. 

EO.\'I.\E,  71.    The  sea  on  the  east  of  Europe  ;  the 

E-V.\'e.\TE,  V,  U    [L.  caco.]  [Black  Sea. 

To  empty.    [JVot  in  use]  Ilarveij. 

E-VAe'i;-.\NT,  o.    [L.  evttcuans,] 
Emptying ;  freeing  from. 

E-VAe'lI-.\NT,  71.  A  medicine  which  procures  evac- 
uations, or  promotes  the  natural  secretions  and  ex- 
cretions. 

E-VAG'lI-STE,  V,  t,  fL.  eriwriio ;  e  and  racuus,  from 
vaco,  to  empty.    See  Vacant.] 

1.  To  make  empty ;  to  free  from  any  thing  con- 
tained ;  as,  to  evacuate  the  church  /looker, 

2.  To  throw  out  ;  to  eject ;  to  void  ;  to  discharge  ; 
as,  to  ecacuale  dark-colored  matter  from  the  bowels. 
Hence, 

3.  To  empty  ;  to  free  from  contents,  or  to  diminish 
the  quantity  contained  ;  as,  to  evacuate  the  bowels  ; 
to  evacuate  the  vessels  by  bleeding. 

4.  To  quit ;  to  withdraw  from  a  place.  The  Brit- 
ish army  evacuated  the  city  of  New  York,  Nov.  25, 
1783. 

5.  To  make  void  j  to  nullify  ;  as,  to  evacuate  a 
marriage,  or  any  contract. 

[In  this  sense,  Vacate  is  now  generally  used.] 
E-VACIJ-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Emptied  ;  cleared  ;  freed 
from  the  contents  ;  quitted,  as  by  an  army  or  garri 
son  ;  ejected  ;  discliargcd  ;  vacated. 
E-V.\e'li-A-TING,  ppr.    Emptying  ;  making  void  or 

vacant ;  withdrawing  from. 
E-VAe-U-.\'TION,  71.    The  act  of  emptying  or  clear- 
ing of  tiie  contents  ;  the  act  of  witlidrawing  from,  as 
an  anny  or  garrison. 

2.  Discharges  by  stool  or  other  natural  moans  ;  a 
diminution  of  the  iluids  of  an  animal  body  by  cathar- 
tics, venesection,  or  other  ineaiis.  Quincy. 

3.  Abolition  ;  nullification. 
E-V.\e'U-A-TIVE,  a.    That  evacuates. 
E-VAC'li-A-TOR,  n.    One  that  makes  void. 

Hammond. 

l^  y -^Ttf.' ,  V.  L  [L.  evado;  e  and  vado,  to  go;  Sp. 
eradir ;  Fr.  evader.] 

1.  To  avoid  by  dexterity.  The  man  evadeil  the 
blow  aimed  at  his  head. 

2.  To  avoid  or  escape  by  artifice  or  stratagem  ;  to 
slip  away ;  to  elude.    The  thief  evaded  his  pursuers. 

3.  lo  elude  by  subterfuge,  soplii.str\-,  adilress,  or 
ingenuity.  The  advocate  ccadej  an  argument  or  the 
force  of  an  argument. 


EVA 

4.  To  escape  as  inipiTceptible,  or  not  to  be  reached 
or  seized.  Suath. 
E-VaUE',  v.  i.    To  escape;  to  slip  away;  foriiiirlv 
and  properly  with  from  ;  as,  to  evade  from  penis. 
iiut from  is  now  seldom  used. 

2.  To  attempt  to  escape  ;  to  practice  artifice  or 
sophistry,  for  the  purpose  of  eluding. 

The  miniKtcrs  of  God  nru  not  to  evtide  and  take  Fcfugo  in  on; 
vuch  wiiye.  it'outh. 

E-Va1)'ED, 71/7.    Avoided;  eluded. 

E-VA1)'I.\G,  ppr.     Escaping;  avoiding;  eluding; 

slipping  away  from  danger,  pursuit,  or  attack. 
EV-A-G.\'TION,  71.   [L.  cvagutio,  evador ;  c  and  vagor, 

to  wander.] 

The  act  of  wandering;  excursion;  a  roving  or 
rambling.  Jiaij, 
E-VA(5-IN-a'T10N,  71.    [c  and  ra^-iiirt.]    The  act  of 

unsheathing. 
ii'V.'VL,  a.    [L.  (ri'Hin.] 

Relating  to  time  or  duration.    [JVot  in  use.] 
V,\L-U-A'TloN,  11.  [Fr.]   Valuation  ;  apprizement. 


ra^Y/cw.] 

EV-A-NES 


ES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  evanesecns,  from  evane.^co ; 
e  and  vanesco,  to  vanish,  from  vanuji,  vain,  empty. 
See  Vain.] 

1.  A  vanishing;  a  gradual  departure  from  sight  or 
possession,  either  by  removal  to  a  distance  or  by 
dissip.ttion,  as  vapor. 

2.  The  state  of  being  liable  to  vanish  and  escape 
possession. 

EV-A-NES'CENT,  (I.    Vanishing;  subject  to  vanish- 
ing; fleeting;  passing  away;  liable  to  dissipation, 
like  vapor,  or  to  bectime  imperceptible.    The  jileas- 
ures  and  joys  of  life  are  eranrsceut. 
EV-A.\-ES'CENT-I,Y,  adv.    In  a  vanishing  manner. 
E-VA.\'GE1,,  n.    [L.  cruii^f/iiim.] 

The  e<2spcl.  [jVot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 
EV-AN-Gli'LI-AN,  a.    Rendering  thanks  for  favors. 

Mitfonl. 

E-VAN-l5EL'rC,        (  a.    [Low  L.  erangeliciui,  from 
E-VAN-OEL'ie-.\L,  i     croni^eliuin,  the  gospel  ;  Gr. 
cufij  }  I  Ai<f'j$,  from  fn/ij  j  tAi"i' :  ei>,  well,  good,  and 
ay}  tAAw,  lo  announce,  Ir.  agalla,  to  tell,  to  speak,  Ar. 

jLs  Uaula,  to  tell,  Class  01,  No.  49,  or  Ch.  •>'?3N, 
to  call.  No.  3(1.] 

1.  .According  to  the  gospel ;  consonant  to  the  doc- 
trines and  precepts  of  the  gospel,  published  by  Christ 
and  his  apostles  ;  as,  evangelical  righteousness,  obe- 
dience, or  piety. 

2.  Contained  in  the  gospel ;  as,  an  evangelical 
doctrine. 

3.  Sound  in  the  iloctrines  of  the  gospel;  orthodox  ; 
as,  an  ecan<relicnl  preacher. 

E-VAN-OEL'ie-.\Iv-IS.M,  n.  Adherence  to  evangel- 
ical doctrines. 

E-V.A.\  GEL.'ie-AI>-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  according 
to  the  gospel. 

E-VAN'OEL-IS.M,  n.  The  promulgation  of  the  gosiiel 

Bacaju 

E-VAN'(5EL-IST,  71.  A  writer  of  the  history  or  doc- 
trines, precepts,  actions,  life,  and  death,  of  our 
blessed  Savior,  Jesus  Christ ;  as,  the  four  evangelists, 
Matthew,  .Mark,  Luke,  and  John. 

2.  A  preacher  or  publisher  of  the  gospel  of  Jesus 
Christ,  licensed  to  preach,  but  not  having  chiirge  of 
n  particular  church. 

E-VAN'GEL-IST-.\-RY,  71.  A  selection  of  passages 
from  the  Gospels,  as  a  lesson  in  divine  service. 

Gregory. 

F^VAN-GEUI-Z.\'TION,  n.  The  act  of  evangelizing. 

E-V.A.N'OEI^IZK,  r.  L    [Imw  L.  evangeliio.] 

To  instruct  in  the  gospel  ;  lo  preach  the  gospel  to, 
and  convert  to  a  belief  of  the  gospel ;  as,  to  evangel- 
i:e  heathen  nations  ;  to  evangelize  the  world. 

Miliier,  Buchanan, 

E-VA.V'GEL-IZE,  v.  i.   To  pre.ich  the  gospel. 

E-V.\.N'GEIj-I7.-f.'I),  ;ip.  or  o.  Instruc  ted  in  the  gos- 
pel ;  converted  to  a  belief  of  the  gospd,  or  to  Chris- 
tianity. 

E-V.\.N''GEL-I7,-I\G,;i/7r.  Instructing  in  the  doctrines 
and  precepts  of  the  gospel ;  converting  to  Chris- 
tianitv. 

E-V.\N'GEL-V,  7u   Good  tidings;  lha  gospel.  [.Vut 

III  lute.]  Spenser. 
E-VAN'ID,  a.    [L.  croiiiJiM.    Sec  Vain.) 

Faint ;  weak  ;  evanescent ;  liable  to  vanish  or  dis- 
apiK'ar  ;  as,  an  cranid  colortir  smell.   Bacon.  Kneyc. 
E-V.A.N'ISIl,  c.  i.    [\..  rranesco.    See  Vain.] 

To  vanish;  to  ui.sappear;  to  escape  from  sight  or 
perception. 

[^Vanish  is  more  generally  used.] 
E-VAN'ISII-.ME.N'T,  71.    A  vanishing;  disappearance. 

i^firMii. 

E-VAP'O  RA-BLE,  0,  [See  Evaporate.]  That  may 
be  converted  into  va|Mir,  and  pass  oil'  in  fumes  ;  that 
may  be  ilissipated  by  evaporation.  Oreit. 

E-V.AP't)-R  ATE,  r.  i.  [L.  cvaporo  ;  e  and  vaporo,  from 
vapor,  which  see.] 

1.  i'o  pass  oir  in  va|>or,  as  a  fluid  ;  lo  escape  and 
be  dissipated,  cither  m  visible  vapor,  or  in  particles 
too  minute  to  be  visible.    Fluids,  when  heated,  ollen 


EVE 

evaporate  in  visible  steam  ;  but  water,  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  generally  evajwratcs  in  an  imperceptible 
manner. 

2.  To  escape  or  pass  olT  without  eflect ;  to  be  diH- 
Ripated  ;  to  be  wasted.  Arguments  evaporate  in 
Words  ;  tlio  spirit  of  a  writer  often  evaporates  m 
transl.ating. 

E-V,'\P'()-RATE,  r.  t.  To  convert  or  resolve  a  fluid 
into  vapor,  which  is  specifically  lighter  than  the  air  ; 
to  dissipate  in  fumes,  steam,  or  minute  particles. 
Ileal  evaporates  water  at  every  point  of  temperature, 
from  32'  to  212',  the  boiling  jioint  of  Fahrenheit ;  a 
north-west  wind,  in  New  lOimlaiid,  evaporates  water, 
and  dries  the  earth,  more  rapidly  than  the  heat  alone 
of  a  summer's  day. 
2.  To  give  vent  to  ;  to  |iour  out  in  words  or  sound. 

tyotlon, 

E-VAP'O-RATE,  a.    Dis|)ersed  in  vaimra. 

E-VAP'O  RA-TEH,  pp.  or  a.  Converted  into  vapor  or 
steam,  and  dissipated ;  dissipated  in  insensible  par- 
ticles, as  n.  fluid. 

E-VAP'O-Ra-TING,  ppr,  Uesolving  into  vapor;  dis- 
sipating, as  a  Huid. 

E-VAP-O-RA'TIO.V,  71.  The  conversion  of  a  fluid 
into  vapor  specifically  lighter  than  the  atincvspheric 
air.  Evaporation  is  increased  by  heat,  and  is  followed 
by  cold.  It  is  now  generally  considered  as  a  solution 
in  the  atmosphere. 

2.  The  act  of  Hying  ofl' in  fumes  ;  vent;  discharge. 

3.  In  pharmarii,  the  operation  of  drawing  off  a 
portiiMi  of  a  lliiid  in  steam,  that  tlie  reinaincler  m.iy 
be  of  a  greater  consistence,  or  more  concentrated. 

F^VAP'()-R.\-TIVE,  a.  Peitaining  to  or  producing 
evaporaliim. 

E-VAP-O-ROM'E-TER,  n.  [L.  cvaporo,  and  Or.  ptr- 
pov,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  a 
fluid  evaporated  in  a  given  time;  an  almometer. 

Journ,  of  Science, 
E-VA'SIO.\',  (c-vi'zhun,)  n.    [L.  eva.-,io,  from  evado, 
eciisi.   See  Lvade.] 

The  act  of  eluiiing  or  avoiding,  or  of  escaping, 
particularly  from  the  pressure  of  an  argument,  from 
an  accusation  or  charge,  from  an  interrogatory  and 
the  like;  excuse;  subterfuge;  equivocation;  artifice 
to  elude  ;  shift.  iJra.-ami  of  a  direct  answer  weakens 
the  testimony  of  a  witness. 

Thun  hy  evasions  Ihy  crime  uncovcrcst  more.  Milton, 

E-V.^'SIVE,  o.  Using  evasion  or  artifice  to  avoid; 
elusive;  sliuliling;  equivocating. 

lie  —  answen-d  eoative  of  the  sly  request.  Pope. 
2.  Containing  evasion  ;  artfully  contrived  to  elude 
a  question,  charge,  or  argument ;  as,  an  evasive  an- 
swer ;  an  evasive  argument  or  reasoning. 
E-V.^'SI VE-LY,  ai/i).  By  evasion  or  subterfuge  ;  clu- 
sively  ;  in  a  manner  to  avoid  a  direct  reply  or  a 
charge. 

E-VA'SIVE-NESS,  Tt.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
_  evasive. 

EVE,  71.  The  consort  of  Adam,  and  mother  of  the 
human  race ;  so  called  by  Adam,  because  she  was 
the  mother  of  all  living.  In  this  case,  the  word 
would  properly  belong  to  the  Ileli.  n'n.  Hut  the 
Hebrew  name  is  nin,  havah  or  chavah,  coinciding 
with  the  verb  to  shorn,  to  discover,  and  Parkhurst 
hence  denominates  Eve  the  maitifester.  In  the  Srp- 
tuagint,  Kve,  ill  Oen.  iii.  20,  is  rendered  'Lwn,  life  ; 
but,  in  Gen.  iv.  1,  it  is  rendered  F.i<av,  Kuan  or  AVaii. 
The  re:ison  of  this  variation  is  not  obvious,  as  the 
Hebrew  is  the  same  in  both  p.assages.  In  Russ.  Eve 
is  Evva.  In  the  Chickasaw  language  of  Ai^rica, 
a  wife  is  called  aieah,  says  Adair.  ^ 

E-VEG'TION,  71.    [L.  eveho,  to  carry  away.] 

1.  A  carrying  out  or  away  ;  also,  a  lifting  or  extol- 
ling; exaltation.  Pearsoiu 

2.  I ifka'troiiomi/,  a  change  of  form  in  the  lunar 
orbit,  by  which  its  eccentricity  is  sometimes  increa.sed, 
and  someliiiies  diminislied.  Olmsted, 

i?.VE,  j  71.    [Sax.  trfcn,  efen:  D.  arond ;  G. 

iC'VKN,  (e'vii,)  j  abend;  ^w.afion;  Dnn.  often  :  Ice. 
afftan.  Uu.  Cli.  K'>;s,  f^roin  n:B,  faiiah,  to  turn,  to 
decline.  The  evening  is  the  decline  of  the  day,  or 
fiUI  of  the  sun.] 

1.  The  decline  of  the  sun  ;  the  latter  part  or  close 
of  the  day,  and  beginning  of  the  night.  Eve  is  used 
chiefly  in  |Kietry.    In  prose,  we  generally  use  evening 

W'nliT,  oft,  nl  ep#  miiincs  Uie  bre«e.  ThomMon. 

I'hev,  like  iM  nmnr  Alel.inden, 
H-ivc  in  UiCBC  )urta  I'ruin  mum  till  even  luuglit.  Shak. 

2.  Eve  is  used,  also,  for  the  evening  before  a  holi- 
day ;  as,  Christinas  eve.  Johnson. 

3.  Figuratively,  the  (x  riud  just  preceding  some  im- 
portant event ;  as,  the  eve  of  an  engagenisnt. 

K' VA'.\-SO.\'G,  (C'vn-,)  71.    A  song  for  th«  evening;  a 
form  of  worship  for  the  evening.  Mdton. 
2.  The  evening,  or  close  of  the  dav.  I>rydn. 
K'VKN-TIDE,  71.    [ceni  lod  Sax.  tt'd,  lime.]  LiUr- 
ally,  the  time  of  evening ;  N'wt  is,  evening. 

IsAac  went  out  lo  nicdilatc  in  Ui«  field  al  the  tMn-tidt, — Oen. 
xxiv, 

[This  word  is  nearly  obsolete  ;  tide  being  a  useless 
addition  to  rreit.] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  XJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — e  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


52' 


ir 


413 


0 


EVE 


EVE 


EVE 


E'V£N,  (G'vn,)  a.    [Sax.  cfcn  ;  JJ.  even  ;  G.  eien ;  Sw. 

efcen ;  Vers.  ^^£>  hovan.    The  sense  is,  laid  or 

pressed  down,  level.] 

1.  Level ;  smooth  ;  of  an  equal  surface  ;  flat ;  not 
rough  or  waving;  as,  an  even  tract  of  land  j  an  even 
country  ;  an  even  surface. 

2.  Uniform  ;  equal  ;  calm  ;  not  ejusily  ruffled  or 
disturbed,  elevated  or  depressed;  as,  an  even  temper. 

3.  Level  with  ;  parallel  to. 

Aod  shall  lay  Uiee  even  with  the  ground.  — Luke  xix, 

4.  Not  leaning. 

He  could  not  carry  his  honors  even.  Shctk. 

5.  Equally  favorable  ;  on  a  level  in  advantage  ; 
Ciir.  He  met  the  enemy  on  even  ground  ;  the  advo- 
cates met  on  even  ground  in  argument. 

fi.  Owing  nothing  on  either  side  ;  having  accounts 
balanced.  We  have  settled  accounts,  and  now  are 
even, 

7.  Settled  ;  balanced  ;  as,  our  accounts  are  even. 

8.  Etpial  ;  as,  even  numbers. 

9.  Capable  of  being  divided  into  two  equal  parts, 
without  a  remainder  ;  opposed  to  odd.  4,  6,  8,  10, 
are  even  numbers. 

Let  him  tell  me  wlietJier  the  number  of  the  sLars  is  even  or  odd. 

Taylor. 

E'VITX,  (E'vn,)  V.  t.  To  make  even  or  level ;  to  level ; 
to  lay  smooth. 

This  will  even  all  inequalities.  Evelyn. 
This  temple  Xerxes  evened  with  the  soil.  Halegh. 

2.  To  place  in  an  equal  state,  as  to  obligation,  or 
in  a  state  in  which  nothing  is  due  on  either  side;  to 
balance  accounts.  Sliak. 

K'V/TN,  V.  i.    To  be  equal  to.    [JVof  used."]  Cavew. 

E'V£X,  (e'vn,)  aih\  Noting  a  level  or  equality,  or, 
emphatically,  a  like  manner  or  degree.  As  it  has 
been  dime  to  you,  even  so  shall  it  be  dime  to  others. 
Thoii  art  a  soldier  even  to  Gate's  wishes  ;  that  is, 
your  qualities,  as  a  soldier,  are  equal  to  his  wishes. 

2.  Noting  etiuality  or  sameness  of  time  ;  hence, 
emiihatically,  the  very  time.  I  knew  the  facts  even 
when  I  wrote  to  you. 

3.  Noting,  emphatically,  identity  of  person. 

And  beholii  I,  even  I,  do  bring  a  flood  of  wateni  on  the  earth.  — 
Ueu.  vi. 

4.  Likewise  ;  in  like  manner. 

Here  all  their  ra  ji?  and  even  their  murmurs  cease.  Pope. 

5.  So  much  as.  We  are  not  even  sensible  of  the 
change. 

G.  Noting  the  application  of  .something  to  that 
which  is  less  probably  included  in  the  phrase;  or 
bringing  something  within  a  description  which  is 
unexpected.  The  common  people  are  addicted  to 
this  vice,  and  even  the  great  are  not  free  from  it.  He 
made  several  discoveries  which  are  new  even  to  the 
learned. 

Here  also  we  see  the  sense  of  equality,  or  bringing 
to  a  level.  So  in  these  phrases,  I  sli,all  even  let  it  pass, 
I  shall  even  ilo  more,  we  observe  the  sense  of  bring- 
ing the  mind  or  will  to  a  level  with  what  is  to  be 
E-VeNE',  v.  i.    [L.  evmio.]  [done. 

To  happen.    [JVu(  in  use.]  Ileywt. 
K'V£.\-f;i),  (C'viid,)  pp.    Made  even  or  level. 
E'V£.\-EK,  (e'vn-er,)  n.    One  that  makes  even. 
K'VKN-HA.M),  n.    Equality.  Baenn. 
E'V£N-H.\ND-ED,  a.    Impartial;  equitable;  just. 

S/iali. 

E'VEN-KEEL.  a  ship  is  jiroperly  .said  to  be  on 
evW^kccl  when  she  draws  the  same  water  abaft  and 
forward.  The  term  is  somi^tiines  used,  though  inac- 
curately, to  denote  that  she  is  not  inclined  to  either 
side,  but  is  upright.  Bramlr. 

f:'V£N-LNG,  (e'vn-ing,)  n.  [See  Eve,  Ev^.]  The 
latter  part  and  close  of  the  day,  and  the  beginning  of 
darkness  or  night ;  properly,  the  decline  or  fall  of  the 
day,  or  of  the  sun. 

The  evening  and  the  moniin  j  were  the  first  day.  —  Gen.  i. 

The  precise  time  when  evcmn/r  begins,  or  when  it 
ends,  is  not  ascertained  by  usage.  The  word  often 
includes  a  part  at  least  of  the  afternoon,  and  indeed 
the  whole  afternoon  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  "  The  morn- 
ing and  evening  service  of  the  Sabbath."  In  strict- 
ness, rvrninff  commenc^rs  at  the  setting  of  the  sun, 
and  continues  during  twilight ;  and  nij/hl  commences 
with  total  darkness.  Hut,  in  customary  language, 
the  evcninjr  e.\lends  to  bedtime,  wliatever  that  time 
may  be.  Hence  we  s.iy,  to  spend  an  evening  with  a 
friend  ;  an  evening  visit. 

2.  The  decline  or  lalli  r  part  of  life.  We  say,  the 
tvr.ntnfT  <»f  life,  <ir  of  one's  ilnys. 

3.  The  dixlino  of  any  thing;  as,  the  evening  of 
Blory. 

E'VK.V-ING,  (d'vn-lng,)  a.  Being  at  the  close  of  day  ; 
as,  the  r.vming  sarrilici.'. 

E'V£.\-I.\G-IIYM.\,  (  {Cvn-ing  )  n.  A  hymn  or  song 

P,'V£.\-ING-SONG,  (     to  be  sung  at  evening. 

E'V£N-I.V'J-KTAK,  (e'vn  iiig  )  n.  Hesperus  or  Ves- 
per ;  Veiiw  when  visible  in  the  evening. 

E'V£.V-MINU'ED,  a.    Having  equanimity. 


E'V£N-LY,  (5'vn-le,)  adv.  With  an  even,  level,  or 
smooth  surface;  without  roughness,  elevations,  and 
depressions  ;  as,  things  evenly  spreatl. 

2.  Equally  •,  uniformly  ;  in  an  equipoise ;  as,  evenly 
balanced. 

3.  In  a  level  position ;  horizontally. 

The  surface  of  Uie  sea  is  evetiUj  distant  from  Uie  centre  of  the 
eanh.  Brerewood. 

4.  Impartially  ;  without  bias  from  favor  or  enmitj'. 

Bacon. 

E'V£N-NESS,  (e'vn-ness,)  n.  The  state  of  being  even, 
level,  or  smooth  ;  equality  of  surface. 

2.  Uniformity  ;  regularity  ;  is,  evenness  of  motion. 

3.  Freedom  from  inclination  to  either  side  ;  eipial 
distance  from  either  extreme.  Ilale. 

4.  Horizontal  position  ;  levelness  of  surface ;  as, 
the  evenness  of  a  fluid  at  rest. 

5.  luip.artiality  between  parties ;  equal  respect. 

6.  Calmness  ;  equality  of  temper ;  freedom  from 
perturbation  ;  a  stale  of  mind  not  subject  to  elevation 
or  depression  ;  equanimity.  Atterbury. 

E-VENT',  n.  [L.  evcntiLs,  evenio  ;  e  and  venio,  to  come  ; 

Ft.  evenejnent ;  It.  and  Sp.  evento ;  Ar.  j^Ls  faina. 
Class  Bii,  No.  -n.] 

1.  That  which  comes,  arrives,  or  happens  ;  that 
which  falls  out ;  any  incident,  good  or  bad. 

There  is  one  ei;en(  to  the  righteous  and  to  the  wicked. — Ec- 
cles.  ix. 

2.  The  consequence  of  any  thing  ;  the  issue  ;  con- 
clusion ;  end  ;  that  in  which  an  action,  operation,  or 
series  of  operations  terminates.  The  event  of  the 
campaign  was  to  bring  about  a  negotiation  for 
peace. 

E-VENT',  V.  i.    To  break  forth.    [JTot  iwcrf.] 
E-VENT'ER-aTE,  v.  t.    [Ft.  evenirer,  from  the  L.  e 
and  venter,  the  belly.] 
To  open  tlie  bowels ;  to  rip  open  ;  to  disembowel. 

Broion. 

E-VENT'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Having  the  bowels  opened. 

E-VENT'ER-A-TING,  ppr.    Opening  the  bowels. 

E-VENT'FJJL,  a.  [from  event.]  Full  of  events  or 
incidents ;  producing  numerous  or  great  changes, 
either  in  public  or  private  affairs  ;  as,  an  eventful 
period  of  liistorv  ;  an  eventful  period  of  life. 

H^VEN'TI-LaTE,  v.  t.  To  winnow  ;  to  fan  ;  to  dis- 
cuss.   [See  Ventilate.] 

E-VE.\-TI-La'TION,  «.    A  fanning  ;  discussion. 

E-VENT'IJ-.-\L|  a.  [from  event.]  Coming  or  happen- 
ing as  a  consequence  or  result  of  any  thing  ;  conse- 
quential. 

2.  Final ;  terminating  ;  ultimate.  Burke. 
Eventual  provision  for  the  payment  of  Uie  public  eecuriiii-s. 

Hamilton. 

E-VEXT-TT-AL'I-TY,  )i.  Among  phrenologists,  that 
organ  which  takes  cognizance  of  occurrences  or 
events.  Brande. 

E-VENT'lJ-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  event ;  in  the  final 
result  or  issue. 

E-VENT'tJ-ATE,  v.  i.  To  issue  ;  to  come  to  an  end  ; 
to  close  ;  to  terminate.    [Rare  in  Eng.]    ./.  Lloyd. 

E-VENT'IT-A-TING,  ppr.    Issuing;  terminating. 

EVER,  adv.    [Sax.  afrc,  efre.] 

1.  At  any  time ;  at  any  period  or  point  of  time, 
past  or  future.  Have  you  ever  seen  tlie  city  of  Paris, 
or  shall  you  ever  see  it  ? 

No  man  ever  yet  hated  his  own  flesh.  —  Kph.  v. 

2.  At  all  times  ;  always  ;  continually. 

He  shall  ever  love,  and  always  be 

The  subject  of  my  scorn  and  cruelty.  Dryden. 
He  will  ever  be  mindful  of  his  covenant.  —  Ps.  cxi. 
Ever  learninir,  and  never  able  to  come  to  die  know  ledge  of  the 
truth.  — 2  Tim.  iii. 

3.  Forever ;  eternally ;  to  perpetuity  ;  during  ever- 
lasting continuance. 

This  is  my  name/orcoer.  —  Ex.  iii. 
In  a  more  lax  .tense,  this  word  signifies  continually, 
for  an  indefinite  period. 

ili6  m.aster  shall  Ijore  his  ear  through  widi  an  awl,  and  lie  shall 
serve  him  forever. — Kx.  xxi. 

These  worils  are  sumetimes  repeated,  for  the  sake 
of  eini>hasis  ;  forever  and  ever,  or  forever  and  forever. 

Pope.  67ia/f. 

4.  Ever  and  anon ;  at  one  time  and  another  ;  now 
anil  then.  Dryden. 

,').  In  any  degree.  No  man  is  ever  the  richer  or 
happier  for  injusllce. 

Let  no  iriau  fi-ar  (hat  crwaliire  ever  the  leas,  l>ecause  he  sees  the 
apostle  safe  from  his  poison.  Hall. 

In  modern  usage,  this  wt)rd  is  used  for  never,  but 
very  improperly. 

And  all  the  rjiiestion,  wmngle  e'er  so  long, 

Is  only  this,  if  liotl  li.i«  placed  hiin  wrong.  Pope. 

This  ought  to  be,  neVr  so  long,  as  the  phrase  is  al- 
ways used  in  the  Anglo-.Saxon,  and  in  our  version  of 
the  Scriptures,  that  is,  so  long  as  never,  so  long  as 
never  before,  to  any  length  of  time  inilcliniti  ly.  Ask 
me  iifufrso  much  dowry.  Charmers,  rharmiuK  iicrrr 
HO  wisrly.  'I'hese  are  the  genuine  English  phrases. 
Let  them  charm  so  wisi  ly  as  iirivr  before. 


6.  A  word  of  enforcement  or  emphasis  ;  thus,  as 
soon  as  ever  he  had  done  it ;  as  like  him  as  ever  he 
can  look. 


Tbey  brake  all  their  bones  in  pieces 
bolloni  of  the  den.  —  Dau.  vi. 


ever  they  came  to  the 


[Or  is  a  misprint.  It  should  be  ere,  that  is,  before. 
See  EitE.] 

7.  In  poetry,  and  sometimes  in  prose,  ever  is  con- 
tracted into  e'er. 

Ever,  in  composition,  .signifies  always  or  contin- 
uallv,  without  intermission,  or  to  eternity. 

EV-ER-ACT'IVE,  a.    Active  at  all  times. 

EV-ER-BUB'BLING,  a.  [ever  and  bubblin-r.]  Cim- 
tinually  boiling  or  bubbling.  Cra.^haw. 

EV-ER-BURX'ING,  a.  [cDcr  and  Jitrreino-.]  Burning 
continually,  or  without  intermission  ;  never  e.xlinct ; 
as,  an  ever-burning  lamp  ;  ever-burning  sulphur. 

Mllt07l. 

EV-ER-CHaNG'ING,  a.    Very  changeable. 

EV-ER-DE-CA  V'ING,  a.    Always  decaying. 

EV-ER-DOR'ING,  a.  [ever  and'  daring.]  Enduring 
forever  ;  continuing  without  end  ;  as,  evcr-during 
glon'.  Ralegh. 

EV-ER-D?'ING,  a.    Always  dying. 

EV-ER-EX  PAND'ING,  a.    Always  expanding. 

EV'ER-GLaDE,  ji.  A  tract  of  land  covered  with 
water  and  grass. 

EV'ER-GREEN,  a.  [ever  ani  green.]  Always  greeny 
verdant  throughout  the  year.  The  pine  is  an  ever- 
green tree. 

EV'Ell  GREEN,  n.  A  plant  that  retains  its  verdure 
through  all  the  seiisons  ;  as,  a  garden  furnished  with 

everirreens. 

EV-ER-GHoW'ING,  a.    Always  growing. 

EV-E1{-HaST'[\G,  a.    Always  hasting. 

EV-ER-HON'OR-£D,  (-on'urd,)  a.  [ever  and  honored.] 
Always  honored  ;  ever  held  in  esteem;  as,  an  ever- 
honored  name.  Pope. 

EV-ER-LAST'ING,  a.  [ever  3.n A  lasting.]  Lasting  or 
enduring  forever  ;  eternal ;  existing  or  continuing 
without  end  ;  immortal. 

The  everltisling  God,  or  Jehovah.  — Gen.  xxi. 

Everlasting  file  ;  everlasting  punishment. —  Matt,  xviii.  xxv, 

2.  Perpetual  ;  continuing  indefinitely,  or  during 
the  present  state  of  things. 

1  will  give  thee,  and  thy  seed  after  thee,  the  land  of  Canaan,  for 

an  everlasting  possession. —  Gen.  xvii. 
The  everlasting  liills  or  mountains.        Oenesis.  Habakkuk. 

3.  In  popular  usage,  endless  ;  continual ;  uninter- 
mitted  ;  as,  the  family  is  disturbed  with  everlasting 
disputes. 

EV-ER-LSST'ING,  7u  Eternity;  eternal  duration, 
past  and  future. 

From  everlasting  to  everlasting  thou  art  God.  —  Ps.  xc. 
2.  A  popular  name  of  certain  plants,  from  the  per- 
manence of  the  color  and  form  of  their  diy  llowurs, 
as  the  American  cudweed,  of  the  genus  Qnaphaliuin. 

Loudon.  Fann.  Eiicye. 
EV-ER-LAST'ING-LY,at;t).   Eternally;  perpetually; 

continually.  Sieift. 
EV-ER-L.\ST'ING-NESS,  n.    Eternity;  endless  du- 
ration ;  indefinite  duration.    [Little  used.]  Donne. 
EV-ER-LaST'IN(;-PeA,  ».    a  plant  of  the  vetch 

kind,  a  species  of  Lathyrus. 
EV-ER-UV'ING,  a.    [ever  and  living.]   Living  with- 
out end  ;  eternal ;  immortal  ;  having  eternal  exist- 
ence ;  as,  the  ever-living  God. 

2.  Continual ;  incessant  ;  unintermitted. 
EV-ER-.ME.M'O-R.^-BLE,  a.    Worthy  to  be  always 
remembered. 

E\ -ER-MoRE',  adv.  [ever  and  more.]  Always  ; 
eternally. 

Religion  pn-fera  the  pleasures  wliich  flow  from  the  presenc!  of 
God  lor  everjtiore.  Tillotsun. 

2.  Always ;  at  all  times  ;  as,  evermore  guided  by 
truth. 

EV-ER- c)'P£N,  (-o'pn,)  0.  [ever  and  open.]  Always 
o|)en  ;  never  closed.  Taylor. 

EV-ER-PLl";.VS'L\G,a.  [ever  and  pleasing.]  Always 
pleasing;  ever  giving  delight. 

The  cver-plcasing  Pamela.  Sidney. 

EV-ER-RE-€UR'RING,  a.    Always  recurring. 

EV-ER  -REST'LESS,  a.    Always  restless. 

EV-ER-KE-Vr;R'/;l),  a.    Always  revised. 

E-VEttSE',  (e-vers',)  r.  f.    [L.  erersus.] 

'I'o  oveitlirow  <ir  subvert.    [J\'ut  lued.]  Olanvitte. 

E-VER'SION,  «.    [L.  fi'rr.<i<i.] 

An  overthrowing  ;  destruction.  Taylor. 
Kversion  of  the  eijrlids  ;  ectriipium,  a  disease  in 
which  the  eyelids  are  turned  outward,  so  as  to 
expose  the  red  internal  tunic.  Oood. 

EV-i;it-SMil/lNG,  a.    .Mways  smiling. 

E-VERT',  t'.  I.    [L.  rvrrlo  ;  e  and  vrrto,  to  turn.] 

'I'o  overturn  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  destroy.  [Little 
used.]  Jitjt'tjfc. 

E-VERT'ED,  pp.  Overturned. 

E-VERT'li\<;,  ppr.  Overthrowing. 

EV  ER-VER'DANT,  a.    Always  green.  Ferplanck. 

EV-ER-W.\K'1.\G,  a.     [ever  and  waking.]  Always 

EV-ER-WAST'ING,  a.    Always  wasting.  [awake. 

EV-ER-WATCII'FIJL,  a.  [fi-rr  and  tealchful.]  Al- 
ways watching  or  vigilant ;  as,  ever-ieiatchful  eyes. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METK,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLK,  BQQK.— 


414 


EVI 


EV'EP  Y,  a.  [Old  Eng.  eimch.  Chaucer.  It  is 
riirini  j  frum  eorr.  Tlie  Scots  write  eoerieh  niul 
eoertlk  ;  tlie  latter  is  tlie  Sax.  wfre  and  tr/c,  each. 
The  fiirmcr  iii:iy  be  mc,  enca,  additiuii,  or  tlie  coiii- 
inon  lt'riiiin:itiiiii  it-A,  u',  like.] 

i;:ii  li  iiiiliviilu.'tl  (if  ii  wluile  collection  or  a(rsvo};ate 
niiiiihcr  'I'lie  word  includes  the  whole  number,  but 
cac'li  .separately  stated  or  considered. 

Eoery  tuaii  nt  bi«  txriit  stale  U  altu^Ulcr  ¥.101(7.  —  P**  xxxix. 

EV'ER-Y-DAY,  a.  [every  and  daij.]  Used  or  being 
every  <lay  ;  common  ;  usual  j  as,  every-day  wit ;  an 
everit-ihiy  suit  of  clothes. 

EV'Eil-Y-WllEUE,  ado.    [See  Where,  which  signi- 
fies place.] 
In  every  place;  in  all  places. 

EV-ER-VOUNt;',  a.  [ecer  and  ■young.']  Always 
young  or  fresh  ;  not  subject  to  old  ago  or  decay  ; 
undecaying. 

Joy*  «oer-younf ,  unmixed  with  pniii  or  fear.  Pope, 

P.VES'DRnP.     See  E.vve8DI<op,  the  usu.al  spelling. 

KVES'DKOP-PER,  n.  One  who  stands  under  the 
eaves,  or  at  a  window,  or  dimr,  to  listen  privately  to 
what  is  said  in  the  house.    [See  Eavesdroppeh.J 

E-VES'TI-G.\TE,  I).  (.    [-Vu«  in  use.]    See  I.vvesti- 

C\TE. 

E-VMIRATE.    [M-utinuse.]    See  VinnATE. 
E-VieT',  11.  (.    [L.  evinco,  eoictum;  «  and  vinco,  to 
con(pier.] 

1.  To  ilispossess  by  a  judicial  process,  or  course  of 
legal  proceedings  ;  to  recover  lands  or  tencnieaits  hy 
law. 

If  either  party  be  emcled  fur  defect  of  the  other's  title. 

Btackttone. 

2.  To  take  away  by  sentence  of  law. 

Killer  Charles. 

X  To  evince;  to  prove.    [jVoJ  «,st</.]  Clinjne. 

E-VIGT'EI),  pi>.  Dispossessed  by  sentience  of  law  ; 
applii'd  to  persons.  Recovered  by  legal  process  ;  ap- 
plied to  thmirs, 

E-VI£;T'I.\13,  ppr.    Dispossessing  hy  course  of  law. 

E-Vie'TIO.V,  n.    Diipossessiim  by  judicial  sentence; 
the  recovery  of  lands  or  tenements  from  another's 
possession,  by  due  coursti  of  law. 
2.  Proof  ;  conclusive  evidence.  VKstrange. 

EV'I-DE.N'CE,  (1.  [Fr.,  from  L.  evidcntia,  from  video, 
to  sec.    Class  lid.] 

1.  That  which  eluci«lales  and  enables  the  mind  to 
see  truth  ;  protif  arising  from  our  own  perceptions 
hy  the  senses,  or  from  the  testimony  of  others,  or 
from  inductions  of  rea.son.  Our  senses  furnish  eci- 
dence  of  the  existence  of  matter,  of  solidity,  of  color, 
of  heat  and  cold,  of  a  ditference  in  the  finalities  of 
bodies,  of  figure,  ice.  The  ileclarations  of  a  witne.ss 
furnish  evidence  of  facts  to  a  court  and  jury  ;  and 
reiisoning,  or  the  deductions  of  the  mind  from  facts 
or  arguments,  furnish  evidenee  of  truth  or  falsehood. 

2.  Any  instrument  of  writing  which  contains  proof. 

1  tleliven'd  the  eciilenre  of  tlie  purvluuse  Ui  1110*11011.  — Jer.  xxxii. 
I  iiilwcriljeil  the  tv'uletice  iiiul  lealeii  it.  —  Jer.  xxxii. 

3.  A  witness  ;  one  who  testifies  to  a  fact.  This 
sense  is  improper  and  inelegant,  though  common,  and 
found  even  in  Johnson's  writings. 

EVI  DENCE,  V.  t.  To  elucidate  ;  to  prove  ;  to  make 
clear  to  the  minil ;  to  show  in  such  a  manner  that 
the  mind  can  apprehend  the  truth,  or  in  a  manner  to 
convince  it.  The  testiimtny  of  twt)  witnesses  is 
usually  sutficienl  to  emdrnce  the  guilt  of  an  olfender. 
The  works  of  creation  clearly  evidence  the  existence 
of  an  infinite  first  cause.  JIdlon. 

E\"[-DE.\'C-/;D,  (ev'e-denst,)  pp.  Made  clear  to  the 
mind  ;  proved. 

EV'I  DE.NC-ING,  ppr.    Proving  clearly  ;  iiianifesling. 

EV'I-1)E.\T,  a.  Plain  ;  open  to  bo  seen  ;  clear  to  the 
mental  eye  ;  apparent ;  manifest.  'I'he  figures  and 
colors  of  bodies  are  trident  to  the  senses  ;  their  quali- 
ties may  be  made  ecidrnL  The  guilt  of  an  olfender 
can  not  always  be  made  trident. 

EV-I-DE.\'T1.\L,  o.  Artbrding  evidence;  clearly 
proving.  Scott. 

EV'I-DE.\T-LY,  arfr.  Clearly;  obviously;  plainly; 
in  a  manner  to  be  seen  and  understood  ;  in  a  man- 
ner to  convince  the  mind  :  certainly  ;  manifestly. 
The  evil  of  sin  may  be  evi^leutly  proved  by  its  mis- 
chievous effects. 

E-VlG-l-I.S'TION,  n.    [I-.  eriiriV/i/io.] 
A  waking  or  watching.    [Littlt  used.] 

E'V/I.,  fC'vl,)  o.  [Sax.  efel,  ijjel,  or  hiifd  ;  D.  ruoW  ; 
(5.  Mbel :  Ann.  fall,  goall.  Uu.  VV.  irwael,  vih? ;  Ir. 
fral.  The  Irish  word  is  connected  with  feaUaim,  to 
fail,  which  may  be  allied  to  fall.  Perhaps  this  is 
from  a  ditferent  root.    tiu.  lleb.  Cli.  and  Syr.  S^y,  to 

be  unjust  or  injurious,  to  defraud,  Ar.  ^Vs.  to  de- 
cline, and  iJlx  to  fall  on  or  invade  suddenly. 

1.  Having  had  qualities  of  a  natural  kind  ;  mis- 
chievous ;  h.aving  ipi.-Uities  which  lend  to  injury,  or 
to  produce  mischirf. 

Some  mil  briut  hiitli  dcvourrj  liim.  —  Gen.  iixvii. 

2.  Having  bad  qutUities  of  a  moral  kind  ;  wicked  ; 


EVI 


corrupt  ;  perverse  ;  wrong  ;  as,  evil  thoughts ;  evil 
deeds;  frt/ speaking  ;  an  re// generation.  Scripture. 

3.  Unfortunate  :  unhaiipy  ;  producing  sorrow,  dis- 
tress, injury,  or  calamity;  as,  evil  tidings;  evil  ar- 
rows ;  trd  days.  Scripture. 
K' V/E,  (e'vl,)  n.  Kvil  is  natural  or  moral.  J^'aturat 
evil  is  any  thing  which  produces  pain,  distress,  loss, 
or  calamity,  or  which  in  any  way  disturbs  the  peace, 
impairs  the  happiness,  or  destroys  the  (lerfection  of 
natural  beings. 

Moral  evil  is  any  deviation  of  a  moral  agent  from 
the  rules  of  conduct  prescribed  to  him  by  God,  or  hy 
legitimate  human  autliority  ;  or  it  is  any  violation  of 
the  plain  principles  of  justice  and  rectitude. 

Tliere  are  also  eviLi  called  civd,  which  alii  ct  inju- 
riously the  peace  or  prosperity  of  a  city  or  state  ;  and 
political  evils,  which  injure  a  nation  in  its  public  ca- 
pacity. 

All  wickedness,  all  crimes,  all  violations  of  law 
and  right,  are  moral  evils.  Diseases  jire  natural  evils, 
but  lliey  tiften  proceed  from  moral  evils. 

2.  Misfortune;  mischief;  injury. 
Tliere  «luUI  no  evil  befnll  thee.  —  P«.  xci. 

A  iinltleiit  man  roresccUt  tlie  etii/,  aiul  hiiteth  himBeir.  —  Prov. 

3.  Depravity ;  corruption  of  heart,  or  disposition  to 
comiuit  wickedness;  malignity. 

Tlie  lieim  of  the  sdiih  of  men  is  full  of  euil.  —  Ecclel.  II. 

4.  Malady  ;  as,  llie  hin>r^s  evil  or  scrofula. 
K'V/I,.  (C'vl,)  adr.    [(Jelierally  contracted  to  III.] 

1.  Not  well ;  not  with  justice  or  propriety  ;  unsuit- 
ably. 

Evil  it  iK-seema  llice.  Hhak. 

2.  Not  virtuously  ;  not  innocently. 

3.  Not  happily  ;  unfortunately. 

It  went  eui^  witli  bin  houjM.  Deal. 

4.  Injuriously  ;  not  kindly. 

Tlie  KifvptiAiis  evil  ciiln-aleii  iia,  nml  afllicteil  us.  Deal. 
fn  composition.  Evil,  denoting  something  bad  or 
wrong,  is  oftt'ii  contracted  to  III. 
K'V/I,-AK-FEeT'EI),  a.  Not  well  disposed ;  unkind  ; 

now  lLI--AFFKeTEU. 

1";' V/  E-iioD'ING,  a.    Presaging  evil. 

E'V/L-D<VEll,  (e'vl-doo'er,)  11.  [erit  and  rfofr,  from 
tto,]  One  who  does  evil  ;  one  who  comiiiits  siii, 
crime,  or  any  moral  wrong. 

They  spealt  evil  ii^.iiiist  you  as  evil-doere.  —  1  Pel.  ii. 

E'V/Ij-E?E,  (e'vl-I,)  n.  A  supposed  power  of  fasci- 
nating, of  buwili  liiiig,  or  otherwise  injuring,  by  the 
eyes  or  looks.  'I'he  belief  in  the  evil  eye  has  been  a 
lircvalent  superstition  in  most  ages  and  countries. 

F.iiaic.  .^m. 

F.'V/I^EV-ro,  (i;'vl-ide,)  a.  [rril  -ATii  eye'.]  Look- 
ing with  an  evil  eye,  or  with  envy,  jealousy,  or  bad 
di'sian. 

£'V/I^P.A'VOR-f:D,  a.  [d-iVand/nror.]  Having  a 
bad  countenance  or  external  appearance  ;  ill-favored. 

Baron. 

r.'V/I--F.\'VOR-ED-NESS,  n.    Deformity.  Dcut. 

V.'VnA.\,ndv.    Not  well.   [Utde  used.]    Bp.  Taylor. 

K'V/ I^Ml.ND'KD,  a.  [crii  and  mind.]  Having  evil 
dispositions  or  intentunis;  disposed  to  mischief  or 
sill  ;  malicious;  iiialigiiaiit ;  wicked.  Slanderous  re- 
ports are  propagated  by  ev'U-mindcd  persons.  [T/iis 
word  is  in  common  use.] 

E'V/Ij-NESS,  n.  Badness ;  viciousness  ;  malignity; 
as,  evdness  of  heart  ;  the  evilness  of  sin. 

K'V/I^O'.ME.N'-Z'JU,  a.  Attended  with  unfavorable 
omens. 

K'V/l^ON'E,  (C'vl-wun,)  n.  The  great  enemy  of 
souls  ;  Satan. 

E'V/ 1,-SPkAK'ING,  (C'vl-speek'ing,)  71.    [m7  and 

speak.]    Slander ;  defamation  ;  calumny  ;  censorious- 

ness.    1  Pel.  ii. 
iC'V/l.^\VlSll'ING,  a.     [evil  and  unsh.]  Wishing 

harm  to;  as,  an  rvil-wishing  mind.  Sidney. 
E'V/I^\VORK'ER,(C'vl-wurk'er,)n.  [ecil  and  tcark.] 

One  who  does  wickedness.    Plitl.  iii. 
E-VINCE',  fc-vins',)  r.  (.    [L.  ewinirii,  to  v.anquish,  to 

prove,  or  sliow  ;  e  and  vinco,  to  conquer.] 

1.  'I'o  show  in  a  clear  manner;  to  prove  beyond 
any  reasonable  iloiiht ;  to  manifest ;  to  make  evident. 
Nothing  evinces  the  depravity  of  man  more  fully  than 
his  unwillingness  to  believe  hini.self  depraved. 

2.  To  compter.    [jVol  in  «.<(?.] 
E-VI.\C'f;i>,  (e  vinst',) ;//).    Made  evident ;  proved. 
E-VINCE'.MENT,  n.    Act  of  evincing. 
E-VIN'CI-BLE,  a.    CajKible  of  proof;  demonstrable. 

Hale. 

li-VIN'CI-BI.Y,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  demonstrate,  or 

force  conviction. 
E-VI.\'CI  VE,  a.  Tending  to  prove ;  having  the  power 

to  demonstrate. 
E'VI-RATE  or  EV'I-R.\TE,  v.  t.    [L.  vir,  eviratus.] 
To  emasculate.    [jVot  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

EV-I-Ra'TIO.V,  n.    Ca.slnttion.  Cockeram. 
E-VIS'CER-ATE,  c.  t    [L.  eviseero ;  e  and  viscera,  the 

bowels.] 

To  embowel  or  disembowel ;  to  Uike  out  the  en- 
trails ;  to  search  the  bowels.       Johnson.  Orifdh, 
E-VIS'CER-A-TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  the  bowels. 
E-VIS'CER-A-TING,  j/pr.    Disemboweling.  I 


EXA 


EV'I-TA-BLE,  a.    [h.  cvitabd'is.    See  Etitate.] 
Tliat  may  be  shunned  ;  avoidable.    [Little  used.] 

Hooker. 

EV'I-TATE,  V.  t.  [L.  euitu;  e  and  vita,  from  the  root 
of  void,  wide.] 

To  shun;  to  avoid  ;  to  escape.  [Little  used.]  Shuk 
EV-I-TA'TION,  >i.    An  avoiding  ;  a  shunning.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Bacon. 
E-VITE',  r.  t.  \\..evito.] 

To  shun.    [JVot  useil.]  Drayton. 
EV-I-TEU'NAL,  a.    [from  I,.]    Of  duration  indefi- 
iiitelv  long. 

EV-l-'i'EI!'.NI-TY,  n.    Duration  indefinitely  long. 
EV'O  CATE,  r.  (.    Sec  Evoke. 

Neplune  it  a  deity  who  evoeatet  Uilugv  Into  proCTettion. 

Paae.  Trans, 

EV-O-eA'TICV,  Ji.  A  calling  or  bringing  from  coii- 
cealiiii'iit ;  a  calling  fiirlli.  Bromi. 

2.  A  calling  t'ruiii  one  tribunal  to  another. 

3.  Among  t/ie  Romans,  a  calling  on  the  goils  uf  a 
besieged  city  to  forsake  it  and  come  over  to  the  be 
siegers;  a  religious  ceremmiy  of  besieging  armitts. 

Kncyc. 

EV'O-eA-TOK,  71.    [E.]    One  who  calls  forth. 

M  JI.  Rrv. 

E-V6KE',  1'.  (.    [E.  evoco  :  c  and  voeo,  to  call.] 

1.  To  call  fiiilli. 

2.  To  call  from  one  tribunal  to  another ;  to  remove. 

The  cause  was  euoktd  tu  lluine.  Hurne, 

E-VoK'KD,  (e-vSkt',)  pp.    Called  forth. 

E-VoK'I.NG,  ppr.    Calling  forth. 

EV-O  EAT'lC,  a.    Apt  to  fiy  aw.ay. 

EV-0-I,.\"ri()N,  n.    [L.  erolo  ;  e  and  volo,  to  fly.J 
The  act  of  Hying  away.  Bp.  Hall. 

EV'O-El.'TE,  71.  In  ^reumelry,  a  curve  from  which  an- 
other cur"e,  called  Ilio  involute  or  erolrent,  is  described 
by  '.le  end  of  a  thread  gradually  wound  upon  the 
former,  or  iiinvoiiiul  froiii  it.         Hutlon.    P.  Cyc 

EV-0-I,C"'l'll  ).\,  n,     1 1,,  cvoliilio.] 

1.  'J'he  net  of  tiiifoliling  or  unrolling.  Boyle. 

2.  .\  series  of  things  unrolled  or  unfolded  ;  as,  the 
evolution  of  ages.  Moore. 

3.  In  ^reoinrtrii,  Ihe.  unf<j|(liiig  or  opening  of  a  curve, 
and  making  it  describe  uii  evolvent  or  involute. 

ILitton, 

4.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  evolution  is  the  extrac- 
tion of  roots  ;  the  reverse  of  Ir*voLi'TioN.  Barlow, 

5.  In  military  tactics,  the  doubling  of  ranks  or  files, 
wheeling,  coiinteriiiarcbing,  or  other  motion  by  which 
the  disposition  of  troops  is  changed,  in  order  to  attack 
or  defend  with  more  advaiitiige,  or  to  occupy  a  difler- 
ellt  post.  Kneye. 

EV-O-I.O'TION-A-UY,  a.    Pertaining  to  evolution. 
E-VOIA' K',  (e-volv',)  e.  £.    [h,  evoloo  ;  e  and  t'ufiia,  to 
roll.  Eng.  to  wallow.] 
1.  To  unfold  ;  to  open  and  expand. 
The  aiiinml  soul  fioiiner  tgoloet  itself  to  iu  full  orb  and  extent 
than  the  huninii  soul.  Hale, 

9.  To  throw  out ;  to  emit.  Prior. 
E-VOLVE',  J).  1.    To  open  itself;  to  disclose  itself. 

Prior. 

E-VOLV'j:D,;ip.  Unfolded  ;  opened  ;  expanded  ;  emit- 
ted. 

E- VOLV'ENT,  n.  In  geometry,  a  term  sometimes  used 
to  denote  the  involute  or  curve  resulting  from  the  ev- 
olution of  another  curve  called  the  ccolutr,  Hutton. 
E-VOEV'ING,  ppr.  ■  Unfolding  ;  expanding  ;  emitting. 
E-VOEVE'MENT,  71.    The  act  of  evolving  ;  the  state 

of  being  evolved. 
EV-0-MI"TION,  (-mish'un,)  71.    A  vomiting.  Sieifl, 
E-VUE'GATE,  J'.  (.    To  piibli>h.  j 
E-VUL'GA-TED,  pp.    Published.  ^ 
E-VUE'GA-TI.\'(:,  ppr.    Making  public.  ~ 
EV-UL  (;a'TIO.\,  11.    A  diviilning.    [J<,'i,t  m  use.] 
E-VUIi'SIOi\,  71.    [E.  cvulsio,  from  evello  ;  e  and  vello, 
to  pli(fk.] 

The  act  of  plucking  or  pulling  out  by  force. 

Broirn. 

EWE,  (yU;)  71.  [Sax.  rnira,  eowe;  D.  ooi;  Ir.  ai,  or  oi ; 
Sp.  obeja.    It  seems  to  be  the  L.  ovis.] 

A  female  sheep ;  the  female  of  the  ovine  race  of 
animals. 

EWER,  (yure,)  71.    [Sax.  hutr,  or  Aieer.J 

A  kind  of  pitcher  w  ith  a  wide  spout,  u.sed  to  bring 
water  for  wjLshiiig  the  hands.  Shak.  Pope. 

EW'RY,  (yu'ry,)  n.  [from  circr.]  In  f.'ni'Jaiid,  an  of- 
fice in  the  king's  household,  where  they  take  care  of 
the  linen  for  the  king's  table,  lay  the  cloth,  and  serve 
up  water  in  ewers  alter  dinner.  Dict^ 

EX  ;  a  Latin  preposition  or  prefix,  Gr.  rf  or  t«,  signi- 
f3'ing  out  of,  out,  proceeding  from.  Hence,  in  coin^TO- 
sition,  it  signifies  sometimes  out  of,  as  in  cihale,  ex- 
clude ;  sometimes  off,  from,  or  out,  as  in  \..eiscindo,{o 
cut  olF  or  out  ;  sometimes  beyond,  as  in  excess,  ex- 
ceed, ezccL  In  some  words  it  is  merely  emphatical ; 
in  others,  it  has  little  effect  on  the  signification.  Ex, 
prefixed  to  names  of  office,  denotes  that  a  person  has 
held  that  office,  but  liiui  resigned  it,  or  been  left  out, 
or  dismissed  ;  as,  ex-minister. 

E.\-A-CER'BaTE,  V   I.    [L.  exnerrbo,  to  irritate  ;  ex 
and  acerbo,  from  acerbus,  severe,  bitter,  harsh,  sour,  ' 
G.  herbe.    See  Harvest.] 

1.  To  irritate  ;  to  exasperate  ;  to  inflame  angry  . 

|i 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  M  in  THIS. 


413 


EXA 


EXA 


EXA 


passions;  to  imbitter ;  to  increase  malignant  quali- 
ties. 

2.  To  increase  the  violence  of  a  disease. 

EX-A-CER'BA-TED,  pp.  Exasperated. 

EX-A-CER'Ba-TIXG,  ppr.  Exasper.atin?. 

EX-AC-EK-B.\'TIOX,  ;i.  The  act  of  exasperating; 
the  irritation  of  angr^'  or  malignant  passions  or  quali- 
ties ;  increase  of  malignity. 

2.  Among  phtjsiciuns,  a' periodical  increase  of  vio- 
lence in  a  disease. 

This  term  is  restricted  to  the  jjeriodical  increase  of 
remittent  and  continuous  fi.vurs,  where  there  is  no 
absolute  cessation  of  the  fever.  Cyc. 

3.  Increased  severity  ;  as,  violent  exacerbations  of 
punishment.    [Unit.<uul.]  Paley. 

EX-AC-EK-BES'CEXCE,  H.    [L.  ei.acerbefco.'] 

Increase  of  irritation  or  violence,  particularly  the 

increase  of  a  fever  or  disease.  Darwin. 
EX-AC-ER-V.\'TION,  n.    [L.  acervus.]    The  act  of 

heaping  up.  Vict. 
EX-ACT',  (egz-akt',)  a.    [L.  ezactiis,  from  ciigo,  to 

drive  ;  ez  and  ago,  Gr.  u)  o),  to  drive,  urge,  or  press.] 

1.  Closely  correct  or  regular;  nice;  accurate  ;  con- 
formed to  rule  ;  as,  a  man  ezact  in  his  dealings. 

All  Uiis,  exact  to  rule,  wi-ve  liroiiglu  about.  Pojte. 

2.  Precise  ;  not  dilTerent  in  the  h  ast.  This  is  the 
ezact  sum  or  amount,  or  the  ezact  time.  We  h.ave  an 
exact  model  for  imitation. 

3.  Methodical;  careful;  not  negligent;  correct; 
observing  strict  method,  rule,  or  order.  This  man  is 
very  ezact  in  keeping  his  accounts. 

4.  Punctual.  Every  man  should  be  ezact  in  pay- 
ing his  debts  when  due  ;  he  should  be  ezact  in  attend- 
ance on  appointments. 

5.  Strict.  We  should  be  exact  in  the  performance 
of  duties. 

The  exactest  vigilance  can  not  mainuln  a  Eiug.e  any  of  unmiii- 
glcil  innoc*inc€.  Rambler, 

EX-ACT',  (egz-akt',)  v.  t.  [L.  ezigo,  exaclum  Sp.  ezi- 
gir;  It,  esigcrei  Fr.  eziger.    i^cti  the  adjective.] 

1.  To  force  or  coiupi'l  to  pay  or  yield  ;  to  demand 
or  require  authoritatively  ;  to  extort  by  means  of  au- 
thority or  without  jiity  or  justice.  It  is  an  olfense  for 
an  officer  to  exact  illegal  or  unreasonable  fees.  It  is 
custouiarj"  for  conquerors  to  ezact  tribute  or  contribu- 
tions from  conquered  countries. 

2.  To  demand  of  right.  Princes  exact  obedience  of 
their  subjetts.  The  laws  of  God  ezact  obedience 
from  all  men. 

3.  To  demand  of  necessity  ;  to  enforce  a  yield- 
ing or  compliance ;  or  to  enjoin  with  pressing  ur- 
gency. 

Duly, 

And  Justice  to  my  tiiUier's  soul,  exact 

This  cruel  piety.  Deitham. 

EX-ACT',  r.  t.    To  practice  extortion. 

The  enemy  shall  not  exact  upon  him.  —  Ps.  Ixxiir. 
EX-ACT'ED,  pp.  Demanded  or  required  by  authority ; 
extorted. 

EX-.\CT'ER,  n.    One  who  exacts  ;  an  extortioner. 

EX-.4CT'ING,  ppr.  Demanding  and  compelling  to 
pay  or  yield  under  color  of  authority;  requiring  au- 
thoritatively ;  demanding  without  pity  or  justice  ; 
extorting;  compelling  by  necessity. 

EX-.'VC'TION,  (egz-ak'shun,)  n.  The  act  of  demand- 
ing with  authority,  and  compelling  to  pay  or  yield  ; 
authoritative  demand  ;  a  levying  or  drawing  from 
by  force ;  a  driving  to  compliance  ;  as,  the  ezaciton  of 
tribute  or  of  obedience. 

2.  Extortion  ;  a  wresting  from  one  unjustly  ;  the 
taking  advantage  of  one's  necessities,  to  compel 
hiuL  to  pay  illegal  or  exorbitant  tribute,  fees,  or 
rei^tds. 

Tjikc  away  your  eranion*  from  my  people.  —  Ezek.  xW. 

3.  That  which  is  exacted  ;  tribute  ;  fees,  rewards, 
or  contributitms  demanded  or  levied  with  severity  or 
injustice.  Kings  may  be  enriched  by  czaeliovs,  but 
their  power  is  weakc  ned  by  the  consequiaU  disalfec- 
tion  of  their  subjects. 

EX-ACT'I-TUUE,  ;i.    Exactness.    [Little  used.] 
EX-ACT'LY,  ailr.     Precisely  according  to  rule  or 

measure  ;  nicely  ;  accurately.    A  tenon  should  bo 

ezactlij  fitted  to  the  mortise. 

2.  Precisely  according  to  fact.  The  story  exactly 
accords  with  the  fact  or  event. 

3.  I'recisely  according  to  principle,  justice,  or  right. 
EX-.\GT'Ni;s.S,  n.    Accunicy  ;  nicety;  precision  ;  as, 

to  ni;ike  experiments  with  rzactnes.t. 

2.  Regularity;  careful  conforinily  to  law  or  rules 
of  priiprii  ty  ;  iv,  ezactnr.^s  of  di'portment. 

3.  Careful  observani  e  of  method  and  conformity  to 
Inilli  ;  ail,  rzartnr^.s  in  acrnuiit''  or  business. 

EX  ACT'OR,  (eg/.-ak'lor,)  n.  One  who  exacts;  an 
officer  who  collects  tribute,  taxes,  or  customs. 

1  wlU  inAke  tJiine  oUkcra  peiw«,  and  thine  tgactort  righlcou*. 

UAU.  —  ilJl.  Iz. 

2.  An  extortioner ;  one  who  comju'ls  another  to 
pay  more  than  is  legal  or  reasonable  ;  tme  who  de- 
mandH  something  without  pity  or  ri  g.ird  to  jii'itlce. 

3.  lie  that  demands  by  authority  ;  ns,  an  exactor  of 
onthff.  Bacon. 

4.  One.  who  is  unreasonably  aeverc  in  his  injunc- 
lions  or  demand).  TiUolnon. 


EX-.\CT'RESS,  n.    A  female  who  exacts,  or  is  severe 
in  her  injunctions.  B.  Jonson. 

EX-AC  U-aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  exactto.] 

To  wliet  or  sharpen.    [JVot  in  use.]      B.  Jonson. 

EX-AC-IJ-A'TION,  II.    Whetting  or  sharpening. 

EX-.-VG'GER-aTE,  v.  t.  [Ij.  exaggcro  ;  ex  and  aggero, 
to  heap,  from  agger,  a  heap.] 

1.  To  heap  oil ;  to  accuiimlate.  In  this  literal  sense, 
it  ii  seldom  used  :  perhaps  never. 

2.  To  highten  ;  to  enlarge  beyond  the  truth;  to 
amplify  ;  to  represent  as  greater  than  strict  truth  will 
warrant.  A  friend  ezag'jerates  a  man's  virtues  ;  an 
enemy  exaggerates  his  vices  or  faults. 

3.  In  painting,  to  liigliten  in  coloring  or  design. 
EX-AG'GEII-a-TED,  pii.  or  a.    Enlarged  beyond  the 

truth. 

EX-.\G'GER-A-TIXG,  ppr.    Enlarging  or  amplifying 

beyond  the  triilli. 
EX-AG-GER-a'TION,  ?i.    a  heaping  together  ;  heap  ; 

accumulation.    [Little  used.]  Hale. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  amplification  ;  a  representation  of 
things  beyond  the  tnitli  ;  hyperbolical  representa- 
tion, whether  of  good  or  evil. 

3.  In  painting,  a  method  of  giving  a  representation 
of  things  too  strong  for  the  life. 

EX-.'\G'GER-A-T0-RY,  a.  Containing  exaggeration. 
EX-AG'I-TATE,  e.  t.    [L.  ezagito.] 

To  shake  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  reproach.    [Little  used,  or 

obsolete.']  Jirbuthnut. 
EX-AG'I-Ta-TED,  pp.  Agitated. 
E.X-AG-I-Ta'TIOX,  h.  Agitation. 
EX-AL'i"',  (egz-awlt',)  v.  t.    [Ft.  exaltcr  ;  Sp.  ezaltar  ; 

It.  esaltare  i  Low  L.  ezalto  :  ezand  altits,  high.] 

1.  To  raise  high  ;  to  elevate. 

2.  To  elevate  in  jiower,  wealth,  rank,  or  dignity  ; 
as,  to  exalt  one  to  a  throne,  to  the  chief  magistracy, 
to  a  bishopric. 

3.  To  elevate  with  joy  or  confidence ;  as,  to  be 
ezalted  with  success  or  victory.  [We  now  use 
Elate.] 

4.  To  raise  with  pride  ;  to  make  undue  pretensions 
to  power,  rank,  or  estimation  ;  to  elevate  too  high,  or 
above  others. 

He  ttiat  exalt£lh  hiinselt  shiJI  be  abased.  —  Luke  xiv.  Matt, 
xxiii. 

5.  To  elevate  in  estimation  and  praise  ;  to  magni- 
fy ;  to  praise  ;  to  extol. 

He  is  my  fjther's  God,  and  I  will  exalt  him. —  Ex.  X7. 

6.  To  raise,  as  the  voice  ;  to  raise  in  opposition. 
2  Kings  xix. 

7.  To  elevate  in  diction  or  sentiment ;  to  make 
sublime  ;  as,  exalted  strains. 

8.  In  physics,  to  elevate  ;  to  purify  ;  to  subtilize  ; 
to  refine  ;  as,  to  ezalt  the  juices  or  the  qualities  of 
bodies.  \ 

EX-ALT-A'TION,  n.    The  act  ot  raising  high. 

2.  Elevation  to  power,  office,  rank,  dignity,  or  e.x- 
cellence. 

3.  Elevated  state  ;  state  of  greatness  or  dignity. 


I  wondered  at  my  flight,  and  change 
To  tliis  hi^h  exaiUUion. 


MUlon. 


4.  In  phannanj,  the  refinement  or  subtilization  of 
bodies,  or  their  qualities  and  virtues,  or  the  increase 
of  their  strength. 

5.  In  astrology,  the  dignity  of  a  planet,  in  which  its 
powers  are  increased.  .Johnson. 

EX-ALT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Raised  to  a  lofly  liight ;  ele- 
vated ;  honored  with  office  or  rank  ;  extolled  ^-mag- 
nified ;  refined  ;  dignified  ;  sublime. 

Time  never  fails  to  \x\i\g  every  exatled  repululiou  to  a  strict 
scrutiny.  Atitet. 

EX-ALT'ED-NESf,  n.   The  state  of  being  elevated. 

2.  Conceited  dignity  or  greatness. 
E.X-ALT'ER,  «.    One  who  exalts  or  raises  to  dignity. 
EX-ALT'I.\G,  7<;>r.    Elevating;  raising  to  an  eminent 
station;  praising;  extolling;  magnifying;  refining. 
EX-a'ME.V,  (egz-a'men,)  n.    [L.  cj-amrn,  the  tongue, 
needle,  or  beam  of  a  balance.    It  sigiiitii'S,  also,  a 
swarm  of  bees.    Sp.  enzamhre,  a  swarm  of  bees,  a 
crowd  ;  Port,  enxaine  ;  It.  sriamo ;  Fr.  essatm.  From 
its  use  in  a  balance,  it  came  to  signify  czaniination.] 
Examination;  disquisititm  ;  inquiry.   [Little  useiL] 

Brown. 

EX-AM'I.\-A-I!LE,  a.  [See  Examine.]  That  may  be 
examined  ;  propiif  for  judicial  c.xaniin.ation  or  in- 
quiry. Court,  United  States. 

EX-A.M'IN-AN'T,  n.  One  who  is  to  be  examined. 
[JVoi  legitimate..]  Prideaiu.. 

EX-.\M'IN-ATE,  n.   The  person  examined.  Bacon. 

EX-A.\1-IN-a'TXON,  n.     [L.  examinalio.     See  Exa- 

MEM.l 

1.  "I'lie  act  of  examining ;  a  careful  search  or  in- 
quiry, with  a  view  to  discover  truth  or  the  real  slate 
of  things;  careful  and  accurate  iiispntioii  of  a  thing 
and  its  parts  ;  as,  an  examination  of  a  hoiisi'  or  a  ship. 

2.  Mental  imiiiiry  ;  tli.stpiisition  ;  careful  considera- 
tion of'  the  cirninistances  or  fact.<i  which  relate  to  a 
subject  or  tpiestimi  ;  a  vii'W  of  qualities  and  rela- 
tions, and  an  estimate  of  their  nature  and  imjior- 
tancc. 

3.  Trial  by  a  rule  or  law. 

1.  In  judicial  proceedings,  a  careful   intpiiiy  into 


facts  by  testimony  ;  an  attempt  to  ascertain  truth  oy 
inquiries  and  interrogatories  ;  as,  the  examination  ol 
a  witness,  or  the  merits  of  a  cause 

5.  In  semiuanes  of  learning,  an  inquiry  into  the 
acquisitions  of  the  students,  by  questioning  them  in 
literature  and  the  sciences,  and  by  hearing  their  re- 
citals. 

6.  In  chemistry  and  other  sciences,  a  searching  for 
the  nature  and  qualities  tjf  substances,  by  experi- 
ments ;  the  practice  or  application  of  the  docimastic 
art. 

EX-AM'IN-5-TOR,  71.    An  examiner.    [JVot  used.] 

Brown. 

EX-A.M'INE,  (egz-ara'in,)  v.  t.  [L.  ezamiuo,  fromexa- 
inen.] 

1.  To  inspect  carefully,  with  a  view  to  discover 
truth  or  the  real  state  of  a  tiling;  as,  to  examine  a  ship 
to  know  whether  she  is  seaworthy,  or  a  house  to 
know  whether  repairs  are  wanted. 

2.  'I'o  search  or  inquire  into  facts  and  circum- 
stances by  interrogating;  as,  to  examines  witness. 

3.  To  look  into  the  state  of  a  subject;  to  view  in 
all  its  aspects  ;  to  weigh  arguments  and  compare  facts, 
with  a  view  to  form  a  correct  opinion  or  judgment. 
Let  us  examine  this  proposition  ;  let  us  examine  this 
subject  in  all  its  relations  and  hearings  ;  let  us  exxim- 
ine  into  the  state  of  this  question. 

4.  To  inquire  into  the  improvements  orqualifications 
of  students,  by  interrogatories,  proposing  problems,  or 
by  hearing  their  recitals  ;  as,  to  examine  the  classes  in 
college  ;  to  ezamine  the  candidates  for  a  degree,  or  for 
a  license  to  preach  or  to  practice  in  a  profession. 

5.  To  try  or  assay  by  experiments  ;  as,  to  ezamine 
C.  To  try  by  a  rule  or  law.  [minerals. 
Examine  youreelves  whether  ye  be  in  the  faith.  — 2  Cor.  xiii. 

7.  In  general,  to  search  ;  to  scrutinize  ;  to  e.x- 
plore,  with  a  view  to  discover  truth  ;  as,  to  examine 
ourselves;  to  examine  the  extent  of  human  knowl- 
edge. 

EX-AiM'IN-£D,  (egz-am'ind,)  pp.  Inquired  into ; 
searched  ;  inspected ;  interrogated  ;  tried  by  experi- 
ment. 

EX-.\M'IX-ER,  n.  One  who  examines,  tries,  or  in- 
spects ;  one  who  interrogates  a  witness  or  an  of- 
fender. 

2.  In  chancery,  in  Great  Britain,  the  ezaminers  are 
two  officers  of  that  court,  who  examine,  on  oath,  the 
witnesses  for  the  parties.  Encyc. 

EX-.\.M'IN  L\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Inspecting  carefully  ; 
searching  or  inquiring  into  ;  interrogating  ;  trying  or 
assaying  by  experiment. 

EX-AAl'IN-iXG,  a.  Having  power  to  examine ;  ap- 
pointed to  examine  ;  as,  an  ezamining  committee. 

EX'.\M-PLA-KY,  (eks-)a.  [[turn  example.]  Serving  for 
example  or  pattern  ;  proposed  for  imitation.  Hooker. 
[It  is  now  written  Exemplary.] 

EX-A.M'PLE,  (egz-am'pl,)  n.  [L.  exemplum  ;  Fr.  ex- 
emple ;  It.  esempio  ;  Sji.  ezempto.  Qu.  from  ex  and 
the  root  of  simitis,  Gr.  ojiuXoj.] 

1.  A  pattern  ;  a  copy  ;  a  model ;  that  which  is  pro- 
posed to  be  imitatetl.  This  wortl,  when  applied  to 
material  things,  is  now  generally  written  Sample  ; 
as,  a  sample  of  cloth ;  but  example  is  sometimes  used. 

Ralegh. 

2.  A  pattern,  in  morals  or  manners ;  a  copy,  or 
model ;  that  which  is  proposed  or  is  properto  be  imi- 
tated. 

1  have  ^vcn  you  an  example,  that  you  should  do  as  T  have  done 

to  you.  —  John  xiii. 
Examjile  is  our  pa-ceptor  before  we  can  reason.  KoUock, 

3.  Precedent ;  a  former  instance.  Bonaparte  fur- 
nished many  examples  of  successful  bravery. 

4.  Precedent  or  former  instance,  in  a  bad  sense, 
intended  for  caution. 

Lest  any  man  fall  after  tlie  same  example  of  unbelief.  —  Heb.  iv. 
Sudoin  and  tiomorrah  — are  set  forth  for  an  exampU,  Butlci  iug 
the  ven^-ance  ofeterual  firv.  — Jude  7. 

5.  A  person  fit  to  he  proposed  for  a  pattern  ;  one 
whose  conduct  is  worthy  of  imitation. 

Be  thou  an  examjile  of  the  UHicvere.  —  1  Tim.  iv. 

6.  Precedent  which  disposes  to  imitation.  Exam- 
ple has  more  effect  than  precept. 

7.  Instance  serving  for  illustration  of  a  rule  or  pre- 
cept ;  or  a  particular  case  or  proposition  ilhisirating 
a  general  rule,  position,  or  truth.  The  principles  of 
trigonometry,  and  the  rules  of  grammar,  are  illus- 
trated by  examples. 

8.  In  logic,  or  rhetoric,  the  conclusion  of  one  sin- 
gular point  from  another;  an  induction  of  wltal  may 
hapju  n  fmm  what  has  happeiied.  If  civil  war  has 
produced  calamities  of  a  particular  kind  in  one  in- 
stance, it  is  inferred  that  it  will  produce  like  conse- 
quences in  other  cases!.   This  is  an  ezample. 

Bailey.  Kneyc. 
EX-.\M'PLE,  ».      To  exemplify;  to  set  an  example. 

[A-.i(  used.]  Shall. 
EX-AM'PLE-NESS,  a.    Having  no  example.  [JV'ut 

used.]  B.  Joitson. 

E.X-AM'PLER,  n.    A  iiattern  ;  now  Sample  or  Sah- 

PLER. 

EX-AN"GUI-Oirs,  a.    Having  no  blood.    [JVuI  used.] 

[See  Exs»N<;i:ioL's.] 
EX-AN"GtI-LOlJS,  o.    Having  no  corners 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WIIA'P  METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  DQQK.— 


41fl 


EXC 

EX-AN'I-MATK,  (egz  an'c-inate,)  a.  [L.  cianimatus, 
exanimo;  ez  and  animay  life.] 

1  lifeless  ;  s|iiritlcss  ;  disheartened ;  depressed  in 
spirits,  Thomson. 

EX-AN'I-MATE,  II.  J.    To  dishearten  ;  to  discourage. 

i:X-AN'l-MA-Ti;D,^p.    Disheartened.  [Coles. 

liX-AN'l-MA-TINc;,  ppr.  DiscouraginR. 

EX-AN-I-Ma'TION,  n.  Deprivation  of  life  or  of  spir- 
its.   [Little  used.] 

EX  JiJ^I-MO.  [L.]  Literally,  from  the  mind  :  sin- 
cerely ;  heartily. 

EX-AS"I-M0US,  o.   [\j.  tianimis  ;  «  and  onimo,  life.] 
IjilVless  ;  dead.    [Little  u.-ied.] 

EX-AN-THic'MA,  «.  ,  Exa.nthem'ata.  [Or.,  from 
£{in  5i  w,  to  blossom  ;  t(  and  ani'ii,  a  flower  ] 

Among  phrjsiciiiiis,  eruption  ;  a  lireaking  out  ;  pus- 
tules, petechia;,  or  vibices  ;  any  efflorescence  on  the 
skin,  as  in  measles,  suuill  pox,  scarlatina,  &c. 

This  term  is  now  limited,  hy  systematic  nosolo- 
pists,  to  such  eruptions  as  are  accompanied  witli  fe- 
ver. Good. 

EX-AX-THE-MAT'ie,    \  a.  Eruptive  ;  efflorescent  : 

EX-AN-TIIE.M'A-TOUS,  (  noting  morliid  redness  of 
the  skin.  The  measles  is  an  fMHt/icmaloi/.'.- disease. 
[Tooke  uses  Exanthematic.] 

EX-AN'T'LATE,  v.  t.    [L.  ezanUo.'] 

To  draw  out ;  to  exhaust.    [Aut  used.]  Boiile. 

EX-ANT-LA'TION,  «.  The  act  of  drawmg  out";  ex- 
haustion.   [jVoI  used.]  lirown. 

EX-A-RA'TIOX,  ;i.    [L.  ezaro  ;  ez  and  aro.] 

The  act  of  writing.    [JVu(  used.]  Diet. 

EX'ARCII,  (eks'Urk,)  n.    [(Jr.,  from  'i/)\-of,  a  chief.] 
1.  A  title  borne  liy  the  viceroys  of  the  Ryzantine  em- 
perors in  the  provinces  of  luily  and  Africa  ;  as,  the 
ezarch  of  Ravenna. 

y.  .\  title  assumed  for  a  time  by  the  bishops  of 
Constantinople,  Antioch,  Ephesus,  and  ("Ksarea,  as 
superiors  over  the  surrounding  metropolitans. 

:J.  More  recently^  a  title  given  to  inspectors  of  the 
clergy  in  certain  districts,  commissioned  by  the  East- 
ern patriarchs.  J.  Murdock. 

EX-AlteH'ATE,  n.  The  oflice,  dignity,  or  adminis- 
tration of  an  exarch.  'J'aijlor. 

EX-.\R-Tie-(!-LA'TIO\,  Ji.  [ex and  articulation.]  Lux- 
ati(m  ;  the  dislucatiun  of  a  joint.  (iuiiicy. 

E.\-.\f 'PER-aTE,  (egz-)  v.  I.  [L.  ezaspero,  to  irritate, 
ez  and  as/iero,  from  asper,  rougli,  harsli.] 

1.  To  anger;  to  irritate  to  a  high  degree  ;  to  pro- 
voke to  rage  ;  to  enrage  ;  to  excite  anger,  or  to  in- 
flame it  to  an  extreme  degree.  We  say,  to  exasperate 
a  person,  or  to  ezaspcrate  the  passion  of  anger  or  re- 
sentment. 

2.  To  aggravate ;  to  imbitter  ;  as,  to  exasperate  en- 
mity. 

;ti  To  augment  violence  ;  to  increase  malignity  ;  to 
exacerbate  ;  as,  to  czasperatc  pain  or  a  part  iiillamed. 

Bacon. 

EX-AS'PER-ATE,  a.  Provoked  ;  imbittcred  ;  in- 
flamed. Skak. 

EX-.\S'PER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Highly  angered  or  irri- 
tated ;  provoked  ;  enraged  ;  imbiltered  ;  Increased 
in  violence. 

EX-AS'PER-A-TER,  71.  One  who  exasperates  or  in- 
flames anger,  enmity,  or  violence. 

EX-AS'PER-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Exciting  keen  re- 
sentment;  inflaming  anger;  irritating;  increasing 
violence. 

EX-AS-PER-A'TIOX,  n.  Irritation  ;  the  act  of  ex- 
citing violent  anger;  provocation. 

2.  Extreme  degree  of  anger  ;  violent  p.tsslon. 

3.  Increase  of  violence  or  maligiiitv  ;  exacerbation. 
EX-AUe'TOR-ATE,  j  v.  U  [L.  eiauctoro ;  ez  and 
EX-AU'TIIOR-ATE,  (    aucCoro, to  hire  or  bind,  from 

auctor,  author.] 
To  dismiss  from  service  ;  to  deprive  of  a  benefice. 

JlijUffc. 

EX-AUe  TOU-A'TIOX,  )  n.     Dismission  from  ser- 
EX-AU-THOR-A'TlO.\,  i     vice;  deprivation;  deg- 
radation ;  the  removal  of  a  person  from  an  ollice  or 
dignity  in  the  church.  Jiijliffc, 
EX-AU'THOK-iZE,  i-.  t.    To  deprive  of  authority. 

HeUen. 

EX-AU'THOR-TZ-ED,  pp.    Deprived  of  authority. 
EX-AU'THOR-IZ-liNCJ,  ppr.    Depriving  of  authority. 
EX-tiAL'CE-A-TED,  a.    [L.  ezcalceo,  to  pull  off  the 

shoes  ;  ez  and  calceus,  a  slioe.] 

Deprived  of  shoes ;  unshod  ;  harefonted. 
EX-CA\-DES'CE.\CE,  «.    [L.  excandeseeiUia,  ercan- 

dtsco  ;  ez  and  caiulcsco,  candeo,  to  glow  or  be  hot, 

from  eaneo,  to  be  white,  to  shine.] 

1.  .\  growing  hot ;  or  a  white  heat ;  glowing  heat. 

2.  Heat  of  passion  ;  violent  anger ;  or  a  growing 
nngr}-. 

EX-€A\-DES'CENT,  a.    White  with  heat. 
EX-CAN-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  excanto,  but  with  an  op- 
posite signification.) 
Disenchantment  by  a  countercharm.    [Little  it-eii] 

Bailey. 

EX-€.\R'NATE,  v.  t.    [L.  ez  and  caro,  flesh.] 

To  deprive  or  clear  of  flesh.  Grew. 
EX-e\R'.\  A-TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  flesh. 
KX-fAR'XA-TIXG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  tlesh. 
EX-€AR'XI  FI-CaTE,  r.  U    To  cut  off  flesh. 
EX-ex  R'NI  FI-C A-TING,  ppr.    Cutting  otf  flesh. 


EXC 

E-X-CXR-NI-KI-CA'TIOnT^I  [L.  excamifico,  to  cut 
in  pieces,  from  caro,  flesh.] 

The  act  of  cutting  olf  flesh,  or  of  depriving  of 
flesh.  Johnson. 

EX  CJi-THE' Dlta,  [L.]  Literally,  from  the  chair,  ns 
of  authority  or  instruction.  Henri;,  with  authority 
or  dogmatism,  ['i'lie  Latin  will  allow  of  caih'e-dra 
or  c.a-the'dra,  but  the  latter  is  most  common  in  Eng- 
lish.] 

EX'e.\-VATE,  V.  t.  [L.  exeavo  ;  ex  and  cava,  to  hol- 
low, cavns,  hollow.    See  Cave.] 

To  hollow  ;  to  cut,  scoop,  dig,  or  wear  out  the 
inner  part  of  any  thing,  anil  make  it  hollow  ;  as,  to 
excavate  a  ball ;  to  ezcavnte  the  earth  ;  to  czcavate  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  and  fonn  a  canoe. 
EX'CA-VA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Hollowed  ;  made  liollow. 
EX'CA-VA-TING,  ppr.  or  n.    Making  hollow  ;  mak- 
ing or  capable  of  making  an  excavation  ;  as,  an  ez- 
eavatintr  machine. 
EX-CA-VA'TI()i\,  71.    The  act  of  niakinj-  hollow,  by 
cutting,  wearing,  or  scooping  out  the  interior  sub- 
stance or  part  of  a  thing. 

2.  A  hollow  or  a  cavity  formed  by  rcmortng  the 
interior  substance.    Many  animals  burrow  in  excava- 
tions of  their  own  forming. 
EX'CA-VA-TOK,  Ti.    One  who  excavates. 

2.  A  machine  for  excavating. 
EX-Cli'eATE,  V.  t.    fL.  ezca:co.] 
To  make  blind.    [J^ut  u.ml.] 
EX-CE-CA'TION,  n.   The  act  of  making  blind. 

Hichardson. 

EX-Cf.'DENT,  71.    Excess.    [JVut  auUwrizrd.] 
EX-CEED',  (eks-seed',)  v.  t,    [L.  ezcedo ;  ez  and  cedo, 
to  pass.] 

1.  To  pass  or  go  beyond  ;  to  proceed  beyond  any 
given  or  supposed  limit,  measure,  or  quantity,  or  be- 
yond any  thing  else ;  used  equally  in  a  physical  or 
moral  sense.  One  piece  of  cloth  exceeds  the  custom- 
ary length  or  breadth  ;  one  man  exceeds  another  in 
bulk,  stature,  or  weight  ;  one  offender  exceeds  an- 
other in  villainy. 

2.  To  surpass  ;  to  excel.  Homer  exceeded  all  men 
in  epic  poetry.  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  exceeded 
their  cotemporaries  in  oratory. 

Kinj  Solomon  exceeded  all  the  kings  of  Ihc  earth  for  riches  and 
for  wisilotu.  —  1  Kings  x. 

EX-CEED',  V.  i.  To  go  too  far;  to  pass  the  proper 
bounds ;  to  go  over  any  given  limit,  number,  or 
measure. 

Forty  stripes  may  he  give  him,  and  not  exceed.  —  DeuU  xxv, 
2.  To  bear  the  greater  proportion ;  to  be  more  or 
larger.  Dryden. 
\  Tins  verb  is  intransitive  only  by  ellipsi.^.] 
EX-CEED'A-BLE,  o.   That  may  surmount  or  exceed. 

[///.]  Shcncood. 
E.K-CEED'ED,  pp.  Excelled;  surpassed;  outdone. 
EX-CEED'ER,  71.    One  who  exceeds  or  p.-isses  the 

hoiimls  of  Titness.  Monntatru. 
E.V-CEED'r\G,  Pin-.   Going  beyond  ;  surpassing  ;  ex- 
celling ;  outdoing. 

2.  a.  Great  in  extent,  quantity,  or  duration ;  very 
extensive. 

Cities  were  built  an  exceeding  space  of  time  before  the  flood. 
[Tttit  tenit  it  unutual.]  Ralegh. 

3.  ado.  In  a  very  great  degree ;  unusually  ;  as,  ex- 
ceeding  rich. 

Tlie  CJeiioese  were  exceeding  powprful  by  s^a.  Ralegh, 
I  am  Uiy  shield,  and  thy  exceeding  gn>at  reward. —Gen.  xv. 

EX-CEED'I.VG,  71.    Excess  ;  superfluity.  SniollcU. 
EX-CEED'ING-LY,  ailc.   To  a  very  great  degree  ;  in 
a  degree  beyond  what  is  usual ;  greatly ;  very  much. 
Isaac  trcmMed  exceedingly. — Geo.  xxTii. 

EX-CEED'ING-.XESS,  71.    Greatness  in  quantity,  ex- 
tent, or  duration.    [Jt'ut  used.] 
EX-CEL',  (ek-sel',)  v.  t.     [L.  acclto,  the  root  of 

which,  cello,  is  not  in  use.  In  Ar.  jLs  iai7a,  sig- 
nifies to  lift,  raise,  excel ;  also,  to  s|)eak,  to  strike,  to 
beat.  So  we  use  brat  in  the  sense  of  surpa.ts.  See 
Class  Gl,  No.  31  and  49.] 

1.  To  go  beyond  ;  to  exceed ;  to  surpass  in  good 
qualities  or  laudable  deeds  ;  to  outdo. 

Excelling  olh-^rs,  these  were  *Tent  ; 
Tliou  frvatrr  still,  miut  tlirao  cxce/.  Prior. 
Many  daue-ht  n  h-^ve  done  viituously,  but  tlioil  excelteet  Uiem 
alt.  —  Pro*,  xxxi. 

2.  To  exceed  or  go  beyond  in  bad  qualities  or 
deeds  ;  as,  to  excel  envy  itself  in  mischief.  Spenser. 

3.  To  exceed  ;  to  surikass. 

EX-CEL',  u.  i.  To  liavo  good  qualities,  or  to  perform 
meritorious  actions,  in  an  unusual  degree;  to  be  em- 
inent, illustrious,  or  distinguished. 

Bless  the  I^ord,  ye  iiis  angeU,  lliat  excel  in  strengtli.  —  Ps.  ciii. 
We  .say,  to  excel  in  mathematics ;  to  excel  in  paint- 
ing; to  excel  in  heroic  achievements. 
EX-CEL'LED,  (ek-si  ld',)  pp.    Surpassed  ;  outdone  ; 
exceeded  in  good  qualities  or  lauilable  achievements. 

EX'CRL-LEXCK,   |        ri:.      r         r  „  , 

EX'CEL-LEN  CY,  (  ''•  "C'"'"""-] 

1.  The  st.ite  of  possessing  good  qualities  in  an  un- 


EXC 

usual  or  eminent  degree ;  the  state  of  excelling  in 
any  thing. 

2.  Any  valuable  quality;  any  thing  highly  lauda- 
ble, meritorious,  or  virtuous,  in  pe  rsons,  or  valuable 
anil  esteemed,  in  things.  Purity  of  heart,  upright- 
ness of  mind,  sincerity,  virtue,  piety,  are  rrcrllcnciet 
of  character  ;  syimm;try  of  parts,  strength,  and 
beauty  are  excellencies  of  boily  ;  an  accurati:  knowl- 
edge of  an  art  is  an  excellence  in  the  artisan  ;  sound- 
ness and  durability  are  exerlleneics  in  timber ;  fertil- 
ity, in  lahd  ;  cleg.ance,  in  writing.  In  short,  what- 
ever contributes  to  exalt  man,  or  to  render  him 
esteemeil  and  litippy,  or  to  bless  society,  is  in  him  an 
excellence. 

3.  Dignity  ;  high  rank  in  the  scale  of  beings.  An- 
gels are  hemes  of  more  ercrllencc  than  men;  men  are 
beings  of  more  erccllrnce  than  brtilcs. 

4.  A  title  of  honor  formerly  givim  to  kings  and 
emperors,  now  given  to  eniba-ssailors,  governors,  and 
other  persons,  below  the  rank  of  kings,  but  elevated 
above  the  common  classes  of  men. 

EX'CEL-LENT,  (ek'sel  lent,)  a.  Being  of  great  vir- 
tue or  worth  ;  eminent  or  distinguished  for  what  is 
amiable,  valuable,  or  htudabic  ;  as,  an  excellent  man 
or  citizen  ;  an  excellent  judge  or  magistrate. 

2.  Being  of  great  value  or  use,  applied  to  things; 
remarkable  for  good  properties  ;  as,  excellent  timber; 
an  excellent  farm  ;  tin  excellent  horse  ;  excellent  fruit. 

3.  Distinguished  for  superior  attainments ;  as,  an 
excellent  artist. 

4.  Consummate  ;  complete  ;  in  an  ill  sense. 

EIi7„it)eth  was  an  excellent  liypocrif.  Hume. 
EX'CEL-LENT-LY,  adv.    In  an  excellent  manner; 
well  in  a  high  degree;  in  an  eminent  degree;  in  a 
manner  to  please  or  command  esteem,  or  to  be 
useful. 

EX-CEL'LIXG,  ppr  Surpassing;  outdoing;  going 
beyond. 

EX-CKL'sr-OR,a.  [L.]  More  lofty  ;  more  elevated ; 
higher  ;  the  motto  of  the  State  of  Aew  York. 

Lanirfclhw, 

EX-CEN'TRie.    See  Eccentric. 

EX-CEPT',  (ek-sepl',)  i;.  t.   [Vr.  cxceptcr ;  It.  ecceltare; 

from  L.  excipio;  ex  and  capiu,  to  take.   See  CiPTict, 

Capture.] 

1.  To  take  or  leave  out  of  any  number  specified  ; 
to  exclude ;  as,  of  the  tliirty  persons  present  and 
concerned  in  a  riot,  we  must  except  two. 

2.  To  take  or  leave  out  any  particular  or  particu- 
lars from  a  general  description. 

VVlieu  he  saith,  All  thinss  :tre  put  under  him,  it  is  manifest  that 
he  is  excepted  who  did  put  ail  Uiiiigs  under  him.  —  1  Cor. 

XV. 

EX-CEPT',  V.  i.  To  object ;  to  make  an  objection  or 
objections;  usually  followed  by  to;  sometimes  by 
af,'ainst.  I  except  to  a  witness,  or  to  his  testimony, 
on  account  of  his  interest  or  partiality. 

EX-CEPT',  pp.  [Contracted  from  excepted.]  Taken 
out  ;  not  included.  All  were  involved  in  this  affair, 
except  one  ;  that  is,  one  excepted,  the  case  absolute  or 
independent  clause.  Except  ye  repent,  ve  shall  all 
likewise  perish  ;  th.at  is,  except  this  fact',  that  ye  re- 
pent, or  this  fact  being  excepted,  removed,  taken 
away,  ye  shall  .all  likewise  perish.  Or  except  may 
be  considered  as  the  imperative  mode.  Except  thou, 
or  ye,  this  fact,  ye  shall  all  likewise  perish.  Hence, 
except  is  equivalent  to  toithout,  unless,  and  denotes 

E.X-CEPT'i;i),  pp.    See  Except.  [e.xclusion. 

EX-CEPT'I.\G,  ppr.  Taking  or  leaving  out ;  ex- 
cluding. 

2.  This  word  is  also  used  in  the  sense  of  excent,  as 
above  explained.  The  prisoners  were  all  conileiiined, 
exccptintf  three.  This  is  an  anomalous  iisoM'  the 
word,  unless,  in  some  cases,  it  m.iy  be  refer^p  to  a 
pronoun.  Excepted  would  be  better ;  three  excepted  ; 
three  being  exceptetl. 
EX-CEP'T1().\,  (ek-sep'shiin,)  71.  The  act  of  except- 
ing, or  excluding  from  a  number  designated,  or  from 
a  description  ;  exclusion.  All  the  represenfitives 
voted  for  the  bill,  with  the  exception  of  five  ;  all  the 
land  is  in  tillage,  with  an  exception  of  two  acres. 

2.  Exclusimi  from  what  is  comprehended  in  a  gen- 
eral rule  or  prtiposition. 

3.  Tliat  which  is  excepted,  excluded,  or  separated, 
from  others  in  a  general  description  ;  the  person  or 
tiling  specified  as  distinct  or  not  included.  Almost 
every  general  rule  has  its  cxcejttions, 

4.  An  objection  ;  tliat  which  is  or  may  be  offered 
in  opposition  to  a  rule,  proposition,  statement,  or 
allegation  ;  with  to ;  .sometimes  with  against.  He 
made  stmie  exceptloiu  to  the  argument. 

5.  Objection,  with  dislike  ;  offense  ;  slight  anger 
or  resentment ;  with  at,  Ui,  or  against,  and  commonly 
used  with  take ;  as,  to  take  exception  at  a  severe  re- 
mark ;  to  take  exception  to  what  was  s;iid. 

Rodcri^o,  iJiuu  hast  Uvken  axnintt  nie  an  exception.  Shale. 
But  it  is  more  generally  followed  by  at. 

6.  In  laa,  the  denial  of  what  is  alleged  and  con- 
sidered as  v.alid  by  the  other  party,  either  in  point  of 
law  or  in  pleading;  or  an  allegation  against  the  suf- 
ficiency of  an  answer.  In  law,  it  is  a  stop  or  stay 
to  an  action,  and  it  is  either  dilatory  or  prrrmviory. 

Blacjsstone. 


TO.NE,  BULL,  UNITE — AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  CJ  as  J  ;  S  os  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


53 


417 


EXC 

I    A  savin*;  clause  in  a  writing. 
BiH  of  cicrjitttms,  in  law,  is  a  statement  of  excep- 
tions to  eviilcmce,  filed  by  the  party,  and  which  the 
jiidfie  nuist  sign  or  seal. 
EX-C£I"TIOi\-A-IiLE,  a.    Liable  to  objection. 

Tliis  p.iss:ige  I  look  upon  to  be  the  most  exceptionable  in  the 
wliole  poem.  Addison. 

EX-CEP'TION-AL,  a.  Forming  or  making  an  excep- 
tion. Lyell. 

E. X-CEP'TION-ER,  n.    One  who  objects.  Jililton. 
EX-CEP'TiOUS,  (ek-sep'shiis,)a.  Peevish;  disposed 

or  apt  to  cavil,  or  take  e.xceptions.    [Little  used.] 

Soutk.  Burke. 
EX-CEP'TIOUS-NESS,  n.    Disposition  to  cavil. 

Barrow. 

EX-CEPT'IVE,  a.    Including  an  exception  ;  as,  an 
exceptive  preposition.  Watts. 
2.  iVIaking  or  being  an  exception.  Jtliltoii. 

EX-CEP'I''L£SS,  a.  Omitting  all  exception.  [JVut  in 
itse.  ]  Sfiak. 

EX-CEPT'OR,  n.  One  who  objects  or  makes  excep- 
tions. Biiniet. 

EX-CER'E-BRoSE,  a.    Having  no  brains. 

EX-CEKN',  [).  (.  [L.  excerno ;  ex  and  cerno,  Gr.  Kpifu, 
to  separate.] 

To  separate  and  emit  through  the  pores,  or  through 
small  passages  of  the  body  ;  to  strain  out ;  to  ex- 
crete ;  as,  fluids  are  excerned  in  perspiration.  Bacon. 
EX-CERN'£D,  (ek-sernd',)  pp.    Separated  ;  excreted  ; 

emitted  through  the  capillary  vessels  oi  the  body. 
EX-CEllN'ING,  jrpr.    Emitting  through  the  small  pas- 
sages ;  excreting. 
EX-CERP',  ti.  t.    [L.  ezarpo.'] 

To  pick  out.    [Little  usedt]  Hales. 
EX-CEKPT',  V.  t.    [L.  ezcerpo  ;  ex  and  cargo,  to  take.] 
To  select.    [Not  \Lsed.\  Barnard. 

F.  X-CERpiTA,n.pl.  [L.]    Passages  extracted. 
EX-CERP'TIO.\,  H.    [L.  eictrptio.\ 

1.  A  picking  out ;  a  gleaning ;  selection.  [Little 
itsed.! 

2.  That  which  is  selected  or  gleaned.    [Little  used.] 

Ralegh. 

EX-CERP'TOR,  71.    A  picker  ;  a  culler.  Barnard. 
EX-CERPTS',  Ti.iji.    Extracts  from  authors.    [A  bad 
word.] 

EX-CESS',  (ek-ses',)  n.  [L.  excessus,  from  ezcedo. 
See  Exceed.] 

1.  Literally,  that  which  exceeds  any  measure  or 
limit,  or  which  exceeds  something  else,  or  a  going  be- 
yond a  just  line  or  point.  Hence,  superfluity ;  that 
which  is  beyond  necessity  or  wants  ;  as,  an  excess  of 
pn)visions  ;  excess  of  light. 

2.  That  which  is  beyond  the  common  measure, 
proportion,  or  due  quantity  ;  as,  the  excess  of  a  limb  ; 
the  excess  of  bile  in  the  system. 

3.  Superabundance  of  any  thing.  J^ewton. 

4.  Any  transgression  of  due  limits.  .^tterbury. 

5.  In  morals,  any  indulgence  of  appetite,  pa-ssion, 
or  exertion,  beyond  the  rules  of  God's  word,  or  be- 
yond any  rule  of  propriety ;  intemperance  in  gratifi- 
cations; as,  excess  in  eating  or  drinking;  excess  of 
joy  ;  excess  of  grief ;  excess  of  love,  or  of  anger  ;  ex- 
cess of  labor. 

6.  In  arithmetic  and  geometry,  that  by  which  one 
number  or  quantity  exceeds  another  ;  that  which 
remains  when  the  lesser  number  or  quantity  is  taken 
from  the  greater. 

EX-CESS'lVE,  a.  Beyond  any  given  degree,  meas- 
ure, or  limit,  or  beyond  the  common  measure  or  pro- 
portion; as,  the  excessive  bulk  of  a  man;  excessive 
labor  ;  excessive  wages. 

^.Beyond  the  established  laws  of  morality  and 
r^Blon,  or  beyond  the  bounds  of  justice,  fitness, 
pmpriety,  expedience,  or  utility;  as,  excessive  indul- 
gence of  any  kind. 

Exceseive  b:iil  sliull  not  he  rcfiuircd.  BUI  of  liighu. 

3.  Extravagant ;  unreasonable.  His  expenditures 
of  money  were  excessive. 

4.  Vehement  ;  violent ;  as,  excessive  passion. 
EX-CESS'l VE-LY,  adv.    In  an  extreme  degree;  be- 
yond measure;  exceedingly;  as,  excessively  impa- 
tient; excessively  grieved, 

2.  Vehemently  ;  violently  ;  as,  the  wind  blew  ex- 
cessively. 

EX-(;ESS'IVE-NES.'?,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 

exrewsive  ;  excess. 
EX-CllAN'CEI,-LOR,  h.    One  who  has  been  clian- 

cellor,  but  has  left  the  olfice. 
EX-C:ilA.NGE',  (ekH-thunj',)  v.  t.     [Ft.  echanger; 

Arm.  ecnnch;  from  changer,  crinch,  to  change.] 

1.  In  commrrre,  to  give  one  thing  or  commotlity  for 
anotlicr  ;  to  alienate  or  transfer  the  property  of  a 
thing,  and  receive,  in  compensation  for  it,  something 
of  Hiipposed  eipial  value;  to  bailer:  and,  in  vulgar 
language,  to  swap;  to  truck.  It  dillers  from  sell 
only  in  the  kind  of  comjicnsation.  To  sell  is  to 
alienate  for  money  ;  to  exchange  is  to  alienate  one 
commodity  for  aiiotlii.r ;  m,  to  exchange  horxes ;  to 
exchange  oxen  for  corn. 

2.  To  lay  aiiide,  quit,  or  resign,  one  thing,  state,  or 
condiIi(»ri,  and  take  tuKJther  in  tile  place  of  it ;  as  to 
cjcliange  u  crown  for  a  cowl;  to  f/rAa/ij;rc  a  throne 


EXC 

for  a  cell  or  a  hermitage  ;  to  exchange  a  life  of  ease 
for  a  life  of  toil. 

3.  To  give  and  receive  reciprocally ;  to  give  and 
receive  in  conlpensation  the  same  thing. 

Exchange  forgiveness  with  me,  noble  Hamlet.  Sliak. 

4.  To  give  and  receive  the  like  thing ;  as,  to  ex- 
change tlioughts ;  to  exchange  work ;  to  exchange 
blows  ;  to  exchange  prisoners. 

It  has  with  before  the  person  receiving  the  thing 
given,  and  for  before  the  equivalent.  Will  you  ex- 
diange  horses  with  me?  Will  you  excltange  your 
horse  for  mine?. 
EX-CHaNGE',  71.  In  commerce,  the  act  of  giving  one 
thing  or  commodity  for  another;  barter;  traflic  by 
pernmtation,  in  which  the  thing  received  is  supposed 
to  be  equivalent  to  the  thing  given. 

Josepli  g.ive  them  bread  in  exdiange  for  horses.  — Gen.  xlv'i. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  up  or  resigning  one  thing  or 
state  for  another,  without  contract. 

3.  The  act  of  giving  and  receiving  reciprocally  ; 
as,  an  exchange  of  thoughts  ;  an  exchange  of  civilities. 

4.  The  contract  by  which  one  commodity  is  trans- 
ferred to  another  for  an  equivalent  commodity. 

5.  The  thing  given  in  return  for  something  re- 
ceived ;  or  the  thing  received  in  return  for  wliat  is 
given. 

There's  my  exchange.  Sltak. 

In  ordinary  business,  tliis  is  called  Change. 

6.  The  form  of  exchanging  one  debt  or  credit  for 
another;  or  the  receiving  or  paying  of  money  in  one 
place,  for  an  equal  sum  in  another,  by  order,  draft, 
or  bill  of  exchange.  A  in  London  is  creditor  to  B 
in  New  York,  and  C  in  London  owes  D  in  New 
York  a  like  sum.  A  in  London  draws  a  bill  of  ex- 
change on  B  in  New  York  ;  C  in  London  purchases 
the  bill,  by  which  A  receives  his  debt  due  from  B  in 
New  York.  C  transmits  the  bill  to  D  in  New  York, 
who  receives  the  amount  from  B. 

Bills  of  exchange,  drawn  on  persons  in  a  foreign 
country,  are  called  foreign  bilLi  of  exchange  ;  the  like 
bills,  drawn  on  persons  in  different  parts  or  cities  of 
the  same  country,  are  called  inland  bilU  of  exchange. 

A  bill  of  exchange  is  a  mercantile  contract,  in 
which  four  persons  are  primarily  concerned. 

7.  In  mercantile  language,'^  bill  drawn  for  money 
■is  called  exchange,  instead  of  a  bill  of  exchange. 

8.  The  course  of  exchange,  is  the  current  price  be- 
tween two  places,  which  is  above  or  below  par,  or  at 
par.  Exchange  is  at  par,  when  a  bill  in  New  York, 
for  the  payment  of  one  hundred  pounds  sterling  in 
London,  can  be  purchased  for  one  hundred  pounds. 
If  it  can  be  purchased  for  less,  exchange  is  under  par. 
If  the  purchaser  is  obliged  to  give  more,  exchange  is 
above  par. 

9.  In  law,  a  mutual  grant  of  equal  interests,  the  jone 
in  consideration  of  tlie  other.  Estates  exchanged 
must  be  equal  in  quantity,  as  fee-simple  for  fee-sim- 
ple. Blackstone. 

10.  The  place  where  the  merchants,  brokers,  and 
bankers  of  a  city  meet  to  transact  business,  at  cer- 
tain hours  ;  often  contracted  into  Change, 

EX-CI1aN6E-A-B1L'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  exchangeable. 

Though  tlie  law  ought  not  to  be  contravened  by  an  express 
aiticle  admitting  the  exchangeainlity  oCsuch  persons. 

Washington. 

EX-CHaNGE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  exchanged  ; 
capable  of  being  exchanged  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  ex- 
changed. 

The  officere  captured  with  BuTgoyne  were  exchangeable  within 

Uie  powers  of  lien.  liowe.  UlarshaU. 
Bank  bills  exchangeable  for  gold  and  silver,  Ramsay. 

EX-CHANG'^;D,(eks-chanjd',)pp.  Given  or  received 
for  something  else;  bartered, 

EX-CHaN6'ER,  71.  One  who  exchanges ;  one  who 
practices  exchange,   MatL  xxv, 

EX-CllAN0!'ING,7»;)r.  Givingand  receiving  one  com- 
modity for  another  ;  giving  and  receiving  mutually  ; 
laying  aside  or  relinquishing  one  thing  or  state  for 
another, 

EX-CIIEQ'UER,(eks-chek'er,)7i,  [Fr.  echiquier,  check- 
er-work, a  chess-board.  See  Chess  and  Checkeii.I 
In  Knglaiul,  an  ancient  court  of  record,  intended 
principally  to  collect  and  superintend  the  king's 
debts  and  duties  or  revenues,  and  so  called  from 
seaccharium,  or  from  the  same  root,  denoting  a  check- 
ered cloth,  which  covers  the  table.  It  consists  of 
two  divisions  ;  the  receipt  of  the  exchequer,  (now 
transferred  to  the  Bank  of  England,)  which  manages 
the  royal  revenue  ;  and  the  judicial  part,  which  is 
divided  into  a  court  of  law  and  n  court  of  equity. 
'J'he  court  of  equity  is  held  in  the  exchequer  cham- 
ber, before  th(!  lord  treasurer,  the  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  the  chief  baron,  and  three  inferior  barons. 
The  common  law  court  is  held  before  the  barons,  with- 
out the  IreiLsuri  r  or  chancellor.  Blackstme. 

Kxchequer  bills ;  in  England,  bills  for  money,  or 
promissory  bills,  issued  from  the  exclH^quer  ;  a  spe- 
cies of  paper  currency  emitted  under  the  authority 
of  the  govcrninent,  and  bearing  interest. 

EX-CIIE(l'UEIt,  r.  f.  To  institute  a  process  against  a 
person  in  the  Court  of  Exchetpier.  I'cgge. 


EXC 

EX-CHEa'UER-SD,  p;).  Proceeded  against  m  chan- 
cerj-. 

EX-CHEQ'UER-ING,  ppr.   Instituting  process  against 

EX-CIP'I-EN'l',  71.   One  who  excepts.      [in  ^nancery. 

EX-CIS'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  or  subject  to  excise  ;  as, 
coffee  is  an  excisable  commodity. 

EX-CrsE',  71.  [L.  excistim,  cut  off,  from  excido ;  D. 
accys ,-  G.  accise.] 

An  inland  duty  or  impost,  laid  on  articles  produced 
and  consumed  in  a  country,  and  also  on  licenses  to 
deal  in  certain  commodities.  Formerly,  in  England, 
the  excise  embraced  some  imported  articles, as  wine, 
&c.  ;  but  these  are  now  transferred  to  the  ;ustoms. 
Many  articles  are  excised  at  the  manuf'  ^;tories,  as 
spirit  at  the  distillery,  printed  silks  and  linens  at  the 
priiiter's,  &c.  Encyc. 

EX-ClSE',7!.  t.  To  lay  or  impose  a  duty  on  articles 
produced  and  consumed  in  a  country,  or  on  .icenses; 
to  levy  an  excise  on. 

EX  CIS'i'D,  pp.    Charged  with  the  duty  of  excise, 

EX-CTSE'.M  AiV,  71.  An  officer  who  inspect.,  commodi- 
ties and  rates  the  excise  duty  on  them.  Johnson. 

EX-CIS'ING,  ppr.    Imposing  the  duty  of  excise. 

EX-CIS'ION,  (ek-sizh'un,)  n.    [L.  excisio.] 

1.  In  surgery,  a  cutting  out  or  cutting  olT  any  part 
of  the  body  ;  extirpation  ;  amputation. 

2.  The  cutting  off  of  a  person,  or  nation,  ?j  a  judg- 
ment ;  extirpation  ;  destruction. 

3.  A  cuttingoff'from  the  church  ;  excommunication. 
The  rabbins  reckon  Uirce  kinds  of  excision.  Encye, 

EX-Cr-TA-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [from  excite.]  Ihe  quality 
of  being  capable  of  excitement. 

2.  In  medicine  (1.)  A  healthful  vital  suscepti- 
bility to  the  influence  of  natural,  met'  einal,  and 
mechanical  agents,  and  the  power  of  resjionding 
in  a  normal  manner,  by  actions  merely,  in  contra- 
distinction from  sensations.  (2.)  This  term  is  also 
used  with  such  an  extension  of  its  signification,  as 
to  comprehend  the  power  of  responding  to  influences, 
botli  by  actions  and  sensations.  In  tliis  acceptation 
it  is  exactly  equivalent  to  irritability  in  the  first  of  its 
medical  senses,  which  see.  Tally. 

EX  CIT'A-BLE,  a    Having  the  quality  of  being  sus- 
ceptible of  excitement,  which  see. 
2.  Capable  of  being  excited,  or  roused  into  action. 

EX-CIT'ANT,  71.  In  medicine,  an  agent,  which,  by 
its  influence  upon  the  living  solid,  produces  a  new 
condition  and  action  in  such  solid.  1'his  is  the  widest 
acceptation,  wider  indeed  than  that  of  medicine 

2.  An  agent,  which  produces  a  quickly  diffused 
and  transient  increase  of  vital  energy  and  strength 
of  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries.  This  is  its  most 
limited  acceptation  ;  and  in  this  sense  it  is  exactly 
equivalent  to  stimulate. 

By  different  authors,  this  word  is  used  in  very 
various  grades  of  extension  and  limitation  between 
these  two.  Tully. 

EX-ClT'ATE,t).  «.   To  excite.   [JVot  171  7isc.]  Bucoii. 

EX-CI-Ta'TION,  71.  The  act  of  exciting  or  putting 
in  motion  ;  the  act  of  rousing  or  awakening. 

Bacon.  Watts. 
2.  In  medicine,  the  act  of  producing  excitement ; 
the  excitement  produced. 

EX-CIT'A-TIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  excite,  which 
see.  Barrow. 

EX-CIT'A-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  excite  ;  containing 
excitement.  Miller. 

EX-CITE',  (ek-site',)  v.  t.  [L,  cxcito ,  ez  and  cito,  to 
cite,  to  call  or  provoke,] 

1.  To  rouse ;  to  call  into  action  ;  to  animate  ;  to 
stir  up;  to  cause  to  act  that  which  is  dormant, 
stupid,  or  inactive  ;  as,  to  excite  the  spirits  or  courage. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  create  ;  to  put  in  motion ;  as,  to 
excite  a  mutiny  or  insurrection. 

3.  To  rouse  ;  to  inflame  ;  as,  to  excite  the  passions. 

4.  hi  medicine.  (1.)  To  produce  a  new  condition  or 
action  in  the  living  solid.  This  is  the  most  e-xtensive 
signification  of  this  term.  (2.)  To  produce  a  quick- 
ly dilVused  and  transient  iiwrease  of  vit:il  energy 
and  strength  of  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 
This  is  the  most  limited  acceptation  of  this  term  ; 
and  in  this  sense,  it  is  equivalent  to  stimulate. 
(3.)  To  produce  a  vitiated  and  abnormal  state  of 
the  actions,  or  sensations,  or  of  both  in  conjunction, 
either  upon  an  unhealthy  state  of  the  vital  suscepti- 
bilities, or  by  an  excessive  or  otherwise  improper  use 
or  application  of  some  agent.  In  this  acceptation, 
it  is  equivalent  to  irritate.  Tnlly. 

EX-CIT'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Roused  ;  awakened  ;  animated  ; 

put  in  motion  :  stimulated  ;  inflamed. 
EX-CITE'MENT,  71.    'I'lie  act  of  exciting. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  roused  into  action,  or  of  hav- 
ing increa-scd  action. 

3.  Agitation  ;  a  state  of  being  roused  into  action  ; 
as,  an  excitement  of  the  people. 

4.  That  which  excites  or  rouses ;  that  which  moves, 
stirs,  or  induces  action  ;  a  imHive.  Shak. 

Ci.  Ill  medicine.  (1.)  Any  new  condition  or  action 
produced  by  the  influence  of  any  natural,  medicinal, 
or  mechanical  agent,  in  the  living  solid.  This  is 
the  most  extensive  signification.  (2.)  A  preternatu- 
ral increase  of  vital  energy  and  strength  i>f  action 
in  the  heart  and  arteries.    This  is  the  most  limited 


PATE,  FXH,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  — 


418 


EXC 

sense.  In  tliis  acceptation,  it  is  equivalent  to  stimu- 
lation ir  one  of  its  senses.  (3.)  A  vitiated  and  ab- 
normal stale  of  the  actions  or  sensations,  or  butli  in 
conjunction,  produced  by  natural,  medicinal,  or  me- 
clianica'  agents,  eitlicr  ii|x)n  a  healthy  stale  of  the 
vital  .usceplibilities,  or  by  an  excessive,  or  otherwise 
improper  use  or  application  of  natural,  medicinal, 
or  mec>  anical  agents.  In  this  sense,  it  is  equivalent 
to  irr  ailioif.  Tullij. 

EX-CIT'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  excites ;  he  that 
puts  in  motion,  or  the  cause  which  awakens  and 
'J.  Ill  mrJieine,  a  stimulant.  [moves. 

EX-CIT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Calling  or  rousing  into  action  ; 
producing  excitement. 

Rrcilim;  causes,  in  medicine,  are  those  which  im- 
mediately produce  disease,  or  those  which  exeiie  the 
action  of  predisponcnt  causes.  Parr. 

EX-CIT'ING,  M.    Excitation.  UcrticrU 

EX-("IT'I\G-LY,  ai/e.    So  as  to  excite. 

EX-CTTTVE,  n.   That  which  excites. 

E.X-Crr'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  excite. 

EX-CLSI.M',  n.    Outcry  ;  clamor.  Sliak. 

EX-CL.^l.M',  e.  i.  [L.  ezclumo  ;  ex  and  c/amo,  to  cry 
out.    See  Claim,  Clamor.] 

1.  To  utter  the  voice  with  vehemence  ;  to  cry  out ; 
to  make  a  loud  outcry  in  words ;  as,  to  exclaim 
against  oppression  ;  to  exclaim  with  wonder  or  as- 
tonishment ;  to  exclaim  with  joy. 

2.  To  declare  with  loud  vociferation. 

Thai  thus  you  do  txclaim  you'll  go  wiih  hiin.  ShaJc. 

EX-CLAIM'ER,  n.  One  who  cries  out  with  vehe- 
mence; one  who  speaks  with  heat,  passion,  or  much 
noise;  as, an  ere/aimer  against  tyr.mny.  .Itterbury. 

EX-eiiAl'.l'l.\G,  ppr.  Crying  out;  vociferating; 
speak  iig  with  heat  or  passion. 

EX  eLA-.MA'TlO.N, n.  Outcry  ;  noisy  talk;  clamor; 
as,  exclamations  against  abuses  in  goveriiineuL 

3.  Vehement  vociferation. 

Thus  will  1  drown  your  exclamadont.  Stiak. 

3.  Eniphatical  utterance  ;  a  vehement  extension 
or  elevation  of  voice;  ecphonesis  ;  as,  O  dismal 
night '. 

4.  .\  note  by  which  emphatical  utterance  or  outcry 
is  marked  ;  thus  ! 

5.  Ill  irrammar,  a  word  expressing  outcry  ;  an  in- 
terjection ;  a  word  expressing  some  passion,  as  won- 
der, fear,  or  grief. 

EX-eL.\.M'.\-TIVE,  (1.    Containing  exclamation. 
•  EX-eL.\M'A-TO-UY,  a.    Using  exclamation;  as,  an 
exciamatory  speaker. 

3.  Containing  or  expressing  exclamation  ;  as,  an 
exclamatory  phrase. 
EX-CLODE',  r.  L    [L.  ezcludo  ;  ex  and  claudo,lo  shut; 
Gr.  \\ciioio,  xAtiu.] 

Properly,  to  thrust  out  or  eject ;  but  used  as  sy  nony- 
nious  with  preclude. 

1.  To  thrust  out ;  to  eject  ;  as,  to  exclude  young 
animals  from  the  womb  or  from  eggs. 

2.  To  binder  from  entering  or  admission  ;  to  shut 
out ;  a-s,  one  body  excludes  another  from  occupying 
the  same  space.  The  church  ought  to  exclude  im- 
moral men  from  the  communion. 

3.  To  debar  ;  to  hinder  from  participation  or  en- 
joyment. Eurojiean  nations,  in  time  of  peace,  exclude 
our  merchants  from  the  commerce  of  their  colonies. 
In  some  of  the  States,  no  man  who  pays  t.axes  is 
excluded  from  the  privilege  of  voting  for  represent- 
atives. 

4.  To  accept ;  not  to  comprehend  or  include  in  a 
privilege,  grant,  proposition,  argument,  <lescriplion, 
order,  species,  genus,  6cc.,  in  a  general  sense. 

E.V-CI.OD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Thrust  out ;  shut  out ;  hin- 
dered or  prohibited  from  entrance  or  admission  ;  de- 
barred ;  not  incluiled  or  comprehended. 

EX-ei<OD'I.\G,  ppr.  Ejecting;  hindering  from  en- 
tering ;  debarring  ;  not  comprehending 


EX-ei.O'SIO.V,  feks-klQ'zhun,)  n.    The  act  of  ex- 
of  Ihnistinj 
cZu.«ion  of  a  fetus. 


eluding,  or  < 


ng  out ;  ejection  ;  as,  the  ez- 


2.  The  act  of  denying  entrance  or  admission ;  a 
shutting  out. 

3.  The  act  of  debarring  from  participation  in  a 
privilege,  benefit,  use,  or  enjoyment.  Buritet. 

4.  Rejection ;  nou-rcception  or  admission,  in  a  gen 
eral  sense.  Mdison. 

5.  Exception.  Bacon. 
C.  Ejection  ;  that  which  is  emitted  or  thrown  out. 

EX-€I.C'S10N-IST,  (ek»-klu'zhun-ist,)  n.  One  who 
would  preclude  another  from  some  privilege.  Fox. 

EX-CLO  SIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  preventing 
entrance  ;  as,  exclusive  bars.  Milton. 

2.  Debarring  from  participation  ;  possessed  and  en- 
joyed to  tlie  exclusion  of  others ;  as,  an  exclusive  priv 
ilege. 

3.  .Not  taking  into  the  account ;  not  including  or 
comprehending  ;  as,  the  general  had  five  thou.saiid 
trooiM,  exclusive  of  artillery  and  cavalry.  lie  sent  me 
nil  the  niiirbers  from  78  to  94  exclusive;  that  is,  all 
the  numbers  between  78  and  94,  but  these  numbers, 
the  first  and  last,  are  excepted,  or  not  included. 

E-X-CLO'SIVE,  n.  One  of  a  coterie  who  exclude 
otlnrs. 


KXC 

EX-CLP'SIVE-LY,  adv.  Without  admission  of  others 
to  participation  ;  with  the  exclusion  of  all  others;  as, 
to  enjoy  a  privilege  exclusicely. 

2.  Without  comprehension  in  an  account  or  num- 
ber ;  not  iiiclusivelv. 
EX-eiX''SIVE-.\ES'S,  n.    State  of  being  exclusive. 
EX-CLO'SI V'-ISjM,  n.    Act  or  practice  of  excluding. 
EX-CLU'SO-RY,  a.    Exclusive  ;  excluding  ;  able  to 

exclude.    [Liule  u.<ed.]  Walsh. 
EX-COCT',  V.  I.    [L.  cxcoctus.] 

To  boil.    [JVot  in  use]  Bacon. 
EX-eoG'I-T-XTE,  (cks-koj'e-titc,)  v.  U    [L.  excogilo; 
ex  and  co^ilo,  to  think.] 
To  invent;  to  strike  out  by  thinking;  to  contrive. 

Jfurc.  Hale. 

EX-eO(S'I-TA-TED,  pp.  Contrived  ;  struck  out  in 
thought. 

EX-eoOi'I-T.\-TI.NG,  ppr.  Contriving. 

EX  eOG-I-T.A'TIO.V,  H.   Invention  ;  contrivance  ;  the 

act  of  devising  in  the  thoiiglit.<. 
E.\-eO.M'MlS-SA-RY,  n.    [fx  and  commissary.]  A 

commissary  dismissed  from  office  ;  one  formerly  a 

coiiimissarv. 

EX-eO.M-.Mt'.NE',  u.  f.   To  exclude.    [Obs.]  Oayton. 

EX-eO.M-.MCl'M-eA-I!I,E,a.  [See  Excommunicatk.] 
Liable  or  deserving  to  be  e.xcoiiiinunicated.  Hooker. 

EX-eO.M-.M0'.\'I-e.^TE,  p.  t.  [L.  ex  and  communico.] 
To  expel  from  comnuiiiion  ;  to  eject  from  the  com- 
munion of  the  church  by  an  ecclesiastical  sentence, 
and  deprive  of  spiritual  advantages  ;  as,  to  excommu- 
nicate notorious  otfeiiders. 

EX-eO.M-M0'.M-C.\TE,  n.  One  who  is  excommuni- 
cated. Careir. 

EX-eoiM-.MO'.NI-C.A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Expelled  or  sep- 
ar;ited  from  cominiin'on  with  a  church,  and  a  partici- 
pation of  i'.s  ordinances,  rights,  and  privileges. 

EX-CO.M-M0'NI-e.\-TI.\'G, />/<r.  Expelling  from  the 
communion  of  a  church,  and  depriving  of  spiritual 
advantages,  bv  an  ecclesiastical  sentence  or  decree. 

EX-eO.M-.MU-.\l-e.S'TIO\,  71.  The  act  of  ejecting 
from  a  church  ;  expulsion  from  the  communion  of  a 
church,  and  deprivation  of  its  rights,  privileges,  and 
advantages;  an  ecclesiastical  penalty  or  punishment 
indicted  on  offenders.  Excommunication  is  an  eccle- 
siastical interdict,  of  two  kinds,  the  lesser  and  the 
greater;  the  /es-ser  excommunication  is  a  separatitui 
or  susjiension  of  the  offender  from  partaking  of  the 
eucharist ;  the  irreatcr  is  an  absolute  separation  and 
exclusion  of  the  offender  from  the  church  and  all  its 
rights  and  advantages.  Enci/c. 

BX  COJV-CES'SO,  [L.]  From  that  which  is  con- 
ceded. 

EX-eC'RI-STE,  V.  L  [Low  L.  excorio ;  ex  and  corium, 
skin,  hide.] 

To  flay  ;  to  strip  or  wear  off  the  skin  ;  to  abrade  ; 
to  gall ;  to  break  and  remove  the  cuticle  in  any  man- 
ner, as  by  rubbing,  beating,  or  by  the  action  of  acrid 
substances, 

EX-eO'Rl  A-TED,  pp.  Flayed;  galled;  stripped  of 
skin  or  the  cuticle  ;  abraded. 

EX-eo'Rl-A-TING, ppr.  Flaying;  galling;  stripping 
of  the  ciiticli'. 

EX-eO-RI-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  flaying,  or  the  op- 
eration of  wearing  off  the  skin  or  cuticle  ;  a  galling  ; 
abrasion  ;  the  state  of  being  galled  or  stripped  of 
skin. 

2.  Plunder;  the  act  of  stripping  of  possessions. 
[JViit  useM.]  Howell. 
EX-eOR-Tl-C.A'TION,  n.    [L.  ex  and  cortex,  bark.] 
The  act  of  stripping  off  bark.  Coxe. 
E.X'CRE-A-liLE,  a.    That  may  be  discharged  by  spit- 
ting.   [Little  used.] 
E.X'CRE-ATE,  v.  U    [L.  ezereo,  ezsereo,  to  liawk  and 
spit.] 

To  hawk  and  spit ;  to  discharge  from  the  throat  by 
hawkins;  and  spitting. 

EX'CRE-A-TED,  pp.  Discharged  from  the  throat  by 
hawking  and  spitting. 

EX'CRE-A-TI.NG,  ppr.  Discharging  from  the  throat 
by  hawking  and  spitting. 

EX-CRIVA'TION,  n.    A  spitting  out. 

EX'CRE-.MENT,  >i.  [L.  excrementum,  from  exceme, 
excretus:  ex  and  cerno,  to  .separate,  Gr.  xniyu.] 

.Matter  excreted  and  ejected  ;  that  which  is  dis- 
charged from  the  animal  body  after  digestion  ;  alvine 
discharges. 

EX-eRl->.ME.\T'AL,  o.  E.xcrcted  or  ejected  by  the 
natural  passages  of  the  body. 

EX-eREME.\-TI"TIAL,  (eks-kre-mcn-tish'al,)  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  excrement,  Fourcroy. 

EX-eRE-.ME.\-TI"TIOL'S,  (eks-kre-inen-tish'us,)  a. 
Pertaining  to  excrement ;  containing  excrement ;  con- 
sisting in  matter  evacuated  or  proper  to  be  evacuated 
from  the  animal  body.  Bacon.  Harvey. 

EX-CRES'CE.N'CE,  ii.  [L,  ezcrescens,  from  excrcsco; 
ex  and  cresco,  to  grow.] 

J.  In  surgery,  a  preternatural  protuberance  grow- 
ing on  any  jKirt  of  the  body,  as  a  wart  or  a  tubercle ; 
a  superfluous  part.  F.ncyc 

2,  Any  preternatural  enlargement  of  a  plant,  like 
a  wart  or  tumor ;  or  something  growing  out  from  a 
plaiiL  Beiitlry. 

3.  A  preternatural  production.  Taller. 
EX-€RES'CE.\T,  a.    Growing  out  of  something  else, 


EXC 

in  a  preternatural  manner;  superfluous;  as  a  wail 
or  tumor. 

Kxpuiigp  liie  witole  or  lop  Uie  excretceni  paru.  Pop*. 
EX-CRiJTE',  V.  t.    [L.  excretus,  infra.l 

To  separate  and  llirow  olf;  to  discharge ;  as,  to  ex- 
crete urine. 

EX-CRET'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Tassed  from  the  body  by  ex- 
cretion. 

EX-CRkT'ING,  ppr.  Discharging  ;  separating  by  the 
natural  ducts. 

EX-CRE'TION,  »i,  [L,  ezeretio,  from  ezcenio,  to  sepa- 
rate.] 

1.  The  throwing  off  of  effete  or  no  longer  useful 
matter  from  the  anim.al  system,  Tully. 

2.  'I'lial  which  is  excreted  ;  fluids  separated  from 
the  body  by  the  glands,  and  called  excrement. 

Bacon.  Quincv. 
EX'CRE-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  separating 
and  ejecting  fluid  matter  from  the  body. 

Excretive  f.icnlty.  Uantey. 

EX'CRE-TO-RY,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  excreting 
or  throwing  iffexcrcmentitious  m.atter  by  the  glands. 
EX'CRE-TO-RY,  n.    .A  little  duct  or  vessel,  destined 
to  receive  secreted  fluids,  and  to  excrete  them  ;  also, 
a  secretory  vessel. 

Tlie  excretoriet  are  nolhin?  bat  slfmlT  slini  of  the  arUrict, 
deriving  an  appro;>ri^U--n  juice  from  the  blood.  Clieyne. 

EX-CRO'CLA-ULE,  a.    [Infra.]    Liable  to  torment. 

[Little  used.] 

EX-eRu'CI.A  PE,  V.  U  [L.  excrucio ;  ex  and  crucio,  to 
torment,  from  crux,  a  cross.] 

To  torture  ;  to  torment ;  to  inflict  most  severe  pain 
on  ;  as,  tti  excruciate  the  heart  or  the  body.  Chapman. 
EX-CRC'CIA-TED,  pp.  Tortured  ;  racked  ;  tormented. 
E-XeUO'ClA-TLVt;,  ppr.     Torturing;  tormenting; 
pulling  to  most  severe  p-iin. 

2.  a.  Extremely  painful ;  distressing  ;  as,  eicrucia- 
tin^  fears. 

EX-eRU-CI-A'TIO.\,  n.  Torture  ;  extreme  pain  ;  vex- 
ation. Feltham. 

E.X-eU-l!A'TIO\,  n.  The  act  of  watching  all  night. 
[L'-tOe  used. ]  Diet. 

E.X-CUL'P.A  IILE,  a.    That  may  be  exculp.ated 

EX-CUL'PaTE,  r.  U  [It.  scolpare ;  L.  ex  and  culpa,  to 
blame,  culpa,  fault.] 

To  clear  by  worils  from  a  charge  or  imputation  of 
fault  or  guilt ;  to  excuse.  How  naliirally  arc  we  in- 
clined to  exculpate  ourselves,  and  throw  the  blame  on 
others  1  Eve  endeavored  to  exculpate  herself  for  eat- 
ing the  forbidden  fruit,  and  throw  the  blame  on  the 
serpent  ;  Adam  attempted  to  exculpate  himself,  and 

t  throw  the  blame  on  Eve. 

EX  eUL'PA-TED,  pp.  Cleared  by  words  from  the  im- 

piitalitui  of  fault  or  guilt. 
E.X-eUL'PA-TING,  ppr.    Clearing  by  words  from  the 

cliarue  of  f:iult  or  crime. 
EX-CUI^Pa'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  vindicating  from  a 

charge  of  fault  or  crime  ;  excuse. 
E.X-eiJ  L'PA-TO-RY,  a.  Able  to  clear  from  the  charge 

of  fault  or  guilt;  excusing;  containing  excuse. 

Johnson. 

EX-eUR'RE.\T,  a.  In  botany,  a  term  used  in  describ- 
ing the  ramification  of  a  body  whose  axis  remains 
always  in  ihe  center,  the  other  parts  being  regularly 
disposed  round  it.  Linilley. 

EX-eUR'SlON,  (eks-kur'shun,)  n.  [L.  ezcursio,  ex- 
curso,  frtiin  cursus,  from  citrro,  to  run.] 

1.  A  rambling  ;  a  deviating  from  a  slated  or  settled 
path. 

She  in  low  numben  iliort  excursionM  tries.  Pop€. 

2.  Progressirm  beyond  fixed  limits  ;  as,  the  excur- 
sions of  the  seasons  into  the  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold.  Jlrbutltnot. 

3.  Digression  ;  a  wandering  from  a  subject  or  main 
design.  Jittrrhury. 

4.  .\n  expedition  or  jouniey  into  a  distant  |>art  ; 
any  rambling  from  a  point  or  place,  and  return  to  the 
same  point  or  place. 

EX-CUR'SIVE,  a.     Rambling;  wandering;  devi- 
ating ;  as,  an  excursive  fancy  or  imagination. 
EX  eCU'SI VE-LY,  adv.    In  a  wandering  nianner. 

Bo.^celL 

EX-€UR'SIVE  .\ESg,  n.  The  act  of  wanderin-^  or 
passing  usual  limits, 

EX-CUJt'SUS,  71.  [L.]  Literally,  digression.  A  dis- 
sertation containing  a  more  foil  exposition  of  some 
important  point  or  topic  ap[>ended  to  a  work. 

E.X-CCS'A-llLE,  (eks-ku/.'a  111,)  a.  [See  Excvss,] 
That  may  be  excused ;  pardonable  ;  as,  the  man  is 
excusable, 

2,  Admitting  of  excuse  or  justification  ;  as,  an  ez- 
ctuahle  actiim, 
EX-eC'S'.-V-ItLE-.\ESS,  n.     The  st.ite  of  being  ex- 
cusable ;  pardonablene.ss ;  the  quality  of  admitting 
of  excuse.  Boyle. 
EX-eCS'A-BLV,  adv.  Pardonably. 
EX-eU-SA'TION,  71.   Excuse  ;  apology.   [LUUe  used.] 

Bacon. 

EX-CU-SA'TOR,  7u  One  who  makes,  or  is  authorized 
to  make,  an  excuse  or  nirrv  an  apology.  Hume. 

EX-COS'A-TO-RY,  o.  M.aking  excuse;  conutining 
excuse  or  ajwlogy  ;  apologetical ;  as,  an  excusatory 
plea. 


TONE,  B^LL,  UNITE.  —  A-VGER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


419 


EXE 

EVeCSK',  (oks-kuze',)  v.  t.  [L.  cxcuso ;  cz  and  can- 
sor,  lo  blame.    See  Cause.] 

!  To  pardon  ;  to  free  from  the  imputation  of  fault 
or  blame  ;  to  acquit  of  guilt.  We  excuse  a  person, 
in  our  own  minds,  when  we  acquit  him  of  guilt  or 
blame  ;  or  we  ezcuse  him  by  a  aeciaration  of  that 
actiuittal. 

2.  To  pardon,  as  a  fault ;  to  forgive  entirely,  or  to 
admit  to  he  little  censurable,  and  to  overlook.  We 
e«u.se  a  fault  which  admits  of  apology  or  extenu- 
ation ;  and  we  excuse  irregular  conduct,  when  extra- 
ordinary circumstances  apjjear  to  justify  it. 

3.  To  free  from  an  obligation  or  duty. 

1  pray  Uiee  have  me  excused.  —  Luke  xiv. 

4.  To  remit ;  not  to  exact ;  as,  to  excuse  a  for- 
feiture. Johnson. 

5.  To  pardon  ;  to  admit  an  apology  for. 

Excuse  some  courtly  straiiis.  Pope. 

6.  To  throw  off  an  imputation  by  apology. 
Tliink  you  tli.'\t  we  excuse  ourselves  to  you  ?  — 2  Cor.  xii. 

7.  To  justify  ;  to  vindicate. 

Their  Uiouglits  .iccusiuj  or  else  excusing  one  another.  — Rom.  ii. 
EX-CuSE',  71.     A  plea  offered  in  extenuation  of  a 
fault  or  irregular  deportment;  apology.  Everyman 
lias  an  erruse  to  offer  for  his  neglect  of  duty ;  the 
debtor  makes  excuses  for  delay  of  payment. 

2.  The  act  of  excusing  or  apologizing. 

3.  That  which  excuses  ;  that  which  extenuates  or 
justifies  a  fault.  His  inability  to  comply  with  the  re- 
quest, must  be  his  excuse. 

EX-eOS' EU,  (eks-ku7.d',)  pp.    Actiuitted  of  guilt  or 

fault ;  forgiven  ;  overlooked. 
EX-eOSE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  excuse  ;  that  for 

which  no  excuse  or  apology  can  be  offered. 
EX-eOS'ER,  71.    One  who  offers  excuses  or  pleads 
for  another. 
2.  One  who  excuses  or  forgives  another. 
'  EX-€US'ING,  piir.    Acquitting  of  guilt  or  fault ;  for- 
giving ;  overlooking. 
EX-eUSS',  V.  t.    [L.  eicussus.'] 

To  shake  off;  also,  to  seize  and  detain  by  law. 
rjVi)£  used.'] 

EX-eUS'SION,  (eks-kush'un,)  n.  A  seizing  by  law. 
[JVof  used.]  Jlyliffe. 

EX-DI-RECT'OR,  n.  One  who  has  been,  but  is  no 
longer,  a  director. 

EX't^T,  [L.]  Litcmlhj,  let  liim  depart;  leave  of 
absence  given  to  a  student  in  the  Englisii  universi- 
ties. Huok. 

EX'E-eUA-BLE,  a.  [L.  ezccrabiUs.  See  Execrate.] 
Deserving  to  be  cursed  ;  very  hateful ;  detestable  ; 
abominable  ;  as,  an  execrable  wretcii. 

EX'E-eKA-Iil.Y,  at/u.    Cursedly;  detestably. 

EX'E-eRATE,  V.  t.  [L.  cxecror,  from  ex  and  sacer,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is  to  separate.  See  Sacreu.] 
Literally,  to  curse  ;  to  denounce  evil  against,  CT  to 
imprecate  evil  on  ;  hence,  to  detest  utterly  ;  to  ab- 
hor;  to  abtnninale.  Temple. 

EX'E-eRA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Cursed  ;  denounced  ;  im- 
l)recated. 

EX'E-CR.A-TING,  ;ipr.  Cursing;  denouncing;  im- 
precating. 

EX-E-eR.\'TION,  71.  The  act  of  cursing  ;  a  curse 
pronounced  ;  imprecation  of  evil ;  utter  detestation 
expressed.  JHUton. 

Cease,  gentle  queen,  tliese  execrations.  Shale. 

EX'E-CRA-TO-RV,  n.    A  formulary  of  execration. 
EX-ECT',  V.  I.    [L.  execo,  for  cxseco.]     [L.  Mdisnn. 
To  cut  off  or  out ;  to  cut  away.    {Little  used.] 

IJarceij. 

EX-Eie'TION,  71.  A  cutting  off  or  out.  [Little  used.] 
EX'E-CUTE,  c.  U    [Fr.  cxecuter :  It.  esc/ruire  ;  Sp.  ez- 

ecutar ;  L.  exequor,  for  exjequor;  cz  and  scquor,  to 

follow.    See  Seek.] 

1.  Literally,  lo  follow  out  or  through.  Hence,  to 
perform ;  to  do  ;  to  effect ;  to  carry  into  complete 
effect ;  to  comjjlete  ;  to  linisli.  We  execute  a  pur- 
pose, a  plan,  design,  or  scheme  ;  we  execute  a  work 
undertaken,  that  is,  we  pursue  it  to  the  end. 

2.  To  perform ;  to  inflict ;  as,  to  execute  judgment 
c  vengeance.  Scripture. 

J.  To  carry  into  effect ;  as,  to  execute  law  or  justice 
4.  To  carry  into  effect  the  law,  or  the  judgment  or 
seulence  on  a  person  ;  to  inflict  capital  punishment 
on  ;  to  put  to  death  ;  as,  to  execute  a  traitor. 

."i.  To  kill.  Shak. 
Ii.  To  coinplete,  as  a  legal  instrument ;  to  perform 
wh.it  is  ri  quired  to  give  validity  to  a  writing,  as  by 
diguing  and  sealing;  as,  to  rxecutc  a  AarA  or  lease. 
EX'E-COTE,  V.  i.    To  perform  the  proper  oflicc  ;  to 

produce  an  effect. 
EX'E  €C-TEI>,  pp.  Done  ;  performed  ;  accomplished  ; 

carrii  d  inio  effi  cl ;  put  to  death. 
EX'E  CO 'I'ER,  71.    One  who  performs  or  carries  into 

effect.    [Seir  ExEcuTon.] 
EX'E-Cr  rii\(;,  j>/>r.    Doing;  performing  ;  finishing ; 

acromplixhing  ;  inflicting;  carrying  into  effect. 
EX-E-CO''I'ION,  71.    rerformance  ;  tho  act  of  com- 
pleting or  Qcconipliahing. 

Tfic  rxiyllenc/!  of  Ihe  tuLject  contribulrd  much  tu  ttie  hapnliirM 
of  Ihc  sxtcution.  Dryilen. 


EXE 

2.  In  iaio,  the  carrying  into  effect  a  sentence  or 
judgment  of  court ;  the  last  act  of  the  law  in  com- 
pleting the  process  by  which  justice  is  to  be  done,  by 
which  the  possession  of  land  or  debt,  damages  or 
costs,  is  obtained,  or  by  which  judicial  punishment 
is  inflicted. 

3.  The  instrument,  warrant,  or  official  order,  by 
which  an  officer  is  empowered  to  carry  a  judgment 
into  effect.  An  execution  issues  from  the  clerk  of  a 
court,  and  is  levied  by  a  sheriff,  his  deputy,  or  a  con- 
stable, on  the  estate,  goods,  or  body  of  the  debtor. 

4.  The  act  of  signing  and  sealing  a  legal  instru- 
ment, or  giving  it  the  forms  required  to  lender  it  a 
valid  act ;  as,  the  execution  of  a  deed. 

5.  The  last  act  of  the  law  in  the  punishment  of 
criminals;  capital  punishment;  deatli  inflicted  ac- 
cording to  the  forms  of  law. 

t).  Effect  ;  something  done  or  accomplished.  Ev- 
ery shut  did  execution. 

7.  Destrurtion  ;  slaughter.  Shak. 

It  is  used  after  do,  to  do  execution ;  never  after 
make. 

8.  In  the  fine  arts,  the  mode  of  performing  a  work 
of  art,  and  the  dexterity  with  which  it  is  accom- 
plished. Brande. 

EX-E-CU'TION-ER,  7i.   One  who  executes  ;  one  who 
'  carries  into  effect  a  judgment  of  death  ;  one  who  in- 
flicts a  capital  punishment  in  pursuance  of  a  legal 
warrant.    /(  is  chujly  used  in  this  setise. 

2.  He  that  kills  ;  he  that  murders.  Shak. 

3.  The  instrument  by  which  any  thing  is  per- 
formed. Crashaw. 

EX-ECU-TIVE,  (egz-ek'u-tiv,)  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  executing  or  performing  ;  as,  executive  power  or 
authority  ;  an  executive  officer.  Hence,  in  govern- 
ment, executive  is  used  in  distinction  from  leo-islative 
and  judicial.  The  body  that  deliberates  and  enacts 
laws,  is  legislative;  the  body  that  judges,  or  applies 
the  laws  to  particular  cases,  is  judicial ;  the  body  or 
person  who  carries  the  laws  into  effect,  or  superin- 
tends the  enforcement  of  them,  is  executive. 

It  is  of  the  nature  of  war  to  increase  the  executive  at  the  expense 
of  Uie  legiiilative  authority.  Feiteralisl,  Hamillon. 

EX-EC'IJ-TIVE,  7!.  The  officer,  whether  king,  presi- 
dent, or  other  chief  magistrate,  who  superintends 
the  execution  of  the  laws;  the  person  who  adminis- 
ters the  government ;  executive  power  or  authority 
in  government. 

Men  most  desirous  of  places  in  the  executive  ^ifl,  will  not  expect 
to  be  g^ratified,  except  by  their  support  of  the  executive. 

J.  Quincy. 

EX-Ee't[-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  the  way  of  executing,  or 
performing. 

EX-EC  IJ -TOR,  71.  The  person  appointed  by  a  testa- 
tor to  execute  his  v^ill,  or  to  see  it  carried  into  ef- 
fect. 

Executor  in  his  own  wr&na,  is  one,  who,  without 
authority,  intermeddles  with  the  goods  of  a  deceased 
person,  by  which  he  subjects  himself  to  the  trouble 
of  executorship,  without  the  profits  or  advantages. 

Blaekstone. 

EX-EC-TI-To'RI-AL,  a.   Pertaining  to  an  executor; 

executive.  Blaekstone. 
EX  EC'U-TOR-SHIP,  7i.  The  office  of  an  executor. 
EX-EC  U-TO-RY,  a.    Performing  official  duties. 

Burke. 

2.  i,-;  law,  to  be  executed  or  carried  into  efiect  in 
future  ;  to  take  effect  on  a  future  contingency  ;  as, 
an  exeeutorti  devise  or  remainder.  Blaekstone. 
EX-ECU-TRESS,  j  71.    A  female  executor ;  a  woman 
EX-EC'lJ-TRIX,    i     appointed  by  a  testator  to  exe- 
cute his  will.    [The  latter  word  is  generally  used.] 
EX'E-DRA  or  EX-E'DRA,  71.    [Gr.  e!  and  frlp<i.]  A 
portico  or  vestibule  ;  also,  a  recess  of  a  building. 
Among  the  ancients,  a  small  room  for  conversation. 

Oloss,  of  Arch. 
EX-E-6e'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  ffr/yr)(Ti{,  from  c^rj^Lopai,  lo 
explain,  from     and  Styenitat,  to  lead.] 

1.  Exposition  ;  explanatiim  ;  the  science  of  inter- 
pretation ;  particularly,  interpretation  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures. 

EX'E-UETE,  (eks'e-jele,)  71.  One  skilled  in  exe- 
gesis. 

EX-E-GET'ie-AL,  a.  pertaining  to  exegesis;  ex- 
planatory ;  tending  to  unfold  or  illustrate ;  exposi- 
tory. Walker, 

E.X-E-6ET'IC-AI^-LY,  adv.     By  way  of  explanation. 

EX-Ei\l'PLAR,  (egz-ein'plar,)  71.    [L.     Bee  Exam- 

I'LE.] 

1.  A  model,  original,  or  pattern,  to  be  copied  or  im- 
itated. 

2.  The  ide;i  or  image  of  a  thing,  formed  in  the 
mind  of  an  artist,  by  which  he  conducts  his  work  ; 
the  ideal  model  v/liich  he  attempts  to  imitate. 

Encyc. 

EX'EM-PLA-RM,Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  deserve  imi- 
tation ;  in  a  worthy  or  excellent  manner. 

She  is  exemplarity  loyal.  J/owetl. 
2.  In  n  manner  that  may  warn  others,  by  way  of 
terror ;  in  such  a  manner  that  others  may  be  cau- 
tioned lo  avoid  an  evil ;  or  in  a  manner  intended  to 
warn  others. 

Some  he  punUtietl  exemplariti/  In  this  world.  JlakmeUl. 


EXE 

EX'EM-PE A-RI  NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing  a  pattern  for  imitation. 

EX-E.M-PLAR'I-TY,  71.  A  pattern  worthy  of  imita- 
tion. 

EX'E.M-PIiA-RY,  (egz'em-pler-ry,  a.  [from  exemplar.] 
Serving  for  a  pattern  or  model  for  imitation  ;  worthy 
of  imitation.  The  Christian  should  be  exemplary  in 
his  life.,  as  well  as  correct  in  his  doctrines. 

2.  Such  as  may  serve  for  a  warning  to  others  ;  such 
as  may  deter  from  crimes  or  vices ;  as,  exemplary  jus- 
tice ;  exemplary  punishment. 

3.  Such  as  may  attract  notice  and  imitation. 

Wh^u  any  duly  h:is  fallen  into  jeneial  neglect,  the  most  visible 
and  cTejnplary  performance  is  required.  Hogers. 

4.  Illustrating.  Fuller. 
EX-E.M-PLI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.    [from  exemplify.] 

1.  The  act  of  exemplifying ;  a  showing  or  illus- 
trating by  example. 

2.  A  copy  ;  a  transcript ;  an  attested  copy ;  as,  an 
exemplification  of  a  deed,  or  iif  letters  patent. 

EX-E.M'FM-FI-KD,  p/7.  Illustrated  bv  example  or  copy. 

EX-E.M'PLI-FI-ER,  n.  One  that  exemplifies  by  fol- 
lowing a  pattern. 

EX-EM'PLI-FS,  (egz-em'ple-fi,)  v.  t.  [from  exem- 
plar ;  Low  L.  ezemplo  ;  It.  esemplijicare ;  Sp.  ezeinpli- 
fear.] 

1.  To  show  or  illustrate  by  example.  The  life  and 
conversation  of  our  Savior  ezemplified  his  doctrines 
and  precepts. 

2.  To  copy ;  to  transcribe  ;  to  take  an  attested  copy. 

3.  To  prove  or  show  by  an  attested  copy. 
EX-EM'PU-FY-ING,  ppr.    Illustrating  by  example  ; 

transcribing;  taking  an  attested  copy;  proving  by 
an  attested  copv. 

EX-FM'PLI  GRA'TI-A,  (-gra'she-a,)  [L.]  For  an 
example,  or  for  the  sake  of  an  examjile. 

EX-EMPT',  (egz-emt',)  v.t.  [Fr.  ezempter ;  Sp.  ex- 
entar;  It.  esentare ;  from  L.  eximo,  ezemptus;  ez  and 
emo,  to  take.] 

Literally,  to  take  out  or  from  ;  hence,  to  free,  or 
permit  to  be  free,  from  any  charge,  burden,  re- 
straint, dutj',  evil,  or  requisition,  to  which  others  are 
subject;  to  privilege  ;  to  grant  immunity  from.  Of- 
ficers and  students  of  colleges  are  exempted!  fnuu  mili- 
tary duty.  No  man  is  exempted  from  pain  and  sufi'er- 
ing.  The  laws  of  God  e«7np£  no  man  from  the  obli- 
gation to  obedience. 

Certain  abbeys  claimed  to  be  exempted  from  the  ]uri."«lict'on  of 
llieir  bishops.  Henry,  Hist.  Bril. 

EX-EMPT',  a.  Free  from  any  service,  charge,  burden, 
tax,  duly,  evil,  or  requisition,  lo  which  others  are  sub- 
ject ;  not  subject ;  not  liable  to  ;  as,  to  be  exempt  from 
military  duty,  or  from  a  poll  tax  ;  to  be  exempt  from 
pain  or  fear.  Peers  in  Great  Britain  are  ci««jj£  from 
serving  on  inquests. 

2.  Free  by  privilege  ;  as,  exempt  ftom  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  lord  or  of  a  court. 

3.  Free  ;  Hear  ;  not  included. 

4.  Cut  off  from.    [JVof  its«/.]  Shak. 
EX-EMPT',  71.    One  who  is  exempted  or  freed  from 

duty  ;  one  not  subject. 
EX-EMPT'ED,  pp.    Freed  from  charge,  duty,  tax,  or 
evils,  lo  which  others  are  subject ;  privileged  ;  not 
subjected. 

EX-EMPT'I-BLE,  a.  Free  ;  privileged.  [JVot  in  use.] 
EX-EMPT'ING,  ppr.    Freeing  from  charge,  duty,  tax, 

or  evil ;  granting  immunity  to. 
EX-EJIP'TION,  (egz-em'shun,)  71.   The  act  of  ex- 
empting; the  state  of  being  exempt. 

2.  Freedom  from  any  service,  charge,  burden,  tax, 
evil  or  requisition,  to  which  others  are  subject ;  im- 
munity ;  privilege.  Many  cities  of  Europe  pur- 
ch;ise(l  or  obtained  exemptions  from  feudal  servitude. 
No  man  can  claim  an  exemption  from  pain,  sorrow, 
or  death. 

EX-EMP-TI"TIOUS,  (egz-em-lish'us,)  a.  Separable ; 

that  may  be  taken  from.    [JVot  used.]  Mire. 
EX-EN'TER-aTE,  v.  U    [L.  exentero;  ez  and  Gr. 
ctiTeijnii,  entrails.] 
To  take  out  the  bowels  or  entrails ;  to  embowel. 

Broim. 

EX-EN-TER-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  taking  out  the 
bowels. 

EX-R-QUA'TUR,n.  [L.]  A  written  recognition  of 
a  person  in  the  character  of  consul  or  commercial 
agent,  issued  by  the  government,  and  authorizing 
hmi  to  exercise  liis  powers  in  thi^  country. 

EX-CaUI-AE,  a.    [L.  czequiahs.] 

Pertaining  to  funerals.  Pope. 

EX'E-UUIES,  (eks'e-quiz,)  71.  pi.  [E.  cxeipiixB,  from 
exequor,  that  is,  cxsequor,  to  follow.] 

Funeral  rites  ;  the  ceremonies  of  burial ;  funeral 
procession.  Dnjden, 

EX-ER'CENT,  a.    [L.  rxercrn.i.    Pee  Exehcise.] 
Using;  practicing;  following;  as,  a  calling  or  pro- 
fession.   [Little  used.]  Ayliffe. 

EX'ER-CIS- A-HEE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  excrci.sed,  used, 
employed,  or  exiMlcd.  Z.  Swift. 

EX'ER-CISE,  (eks'cr-sl7.e,)  71.  [L.  ezercitium,  from 
exereeo;  ex  and  the  root  of  Gr.  iit)or.  Eng.  work;  Fr. 
exercicr ;  Sp.  exercirio;  It.  escreizio.]  In  a  general 
s^nsc,  any  kind  of  work,  labor,  or  exertion  of  body. 
Hence, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


420 


EXE 


EXH 


EXH 


1  Use  ;  practice  ;  the  exertions  nnil  movements 
customary  in  the  perforniaiice  of  business  ;  as,  the 
eiercise  of  an  art,  traile,  otrupation,  or  profi^ssion. 

2.  Practice  ;  performance  j  as,  the  exercise  of  re- 
ligion. 

3.  Use ;  employment ;  exertion  ;  as,  the  exercise  of 
the  eyes,  or  of  llie  senses,  or  of  any  power  of  body 
or  mind. 

4.  Exertion  of  tlie  liody,  as  conducive  to  liealth  ; 
action  ;  motion,  by  labor,  walking,  riding,  or  other 
exertion. 

The  wUc  for  cure  on  exereitt  dopcnd,  Dryden, 

5.  Kxcrtion  of  the  body  for  amusement,  or  for  in- 
struction ;  the  habitual  use  of  the  limbs  for  acquiring 
an  art,  dexterity,  or  gmcc,  as  in  fencing,  dancing, 
riding;  or  the  exertion  of  the  muscles  for  invigora- 
ting the  body. 

ti.  Kxerlion  of  the  body  and  mind,  or  faculties  for 
improvement,  a-s  in  oratory,  in  painting,  or  statuary. 

7.  Use  or  practice  to  acipiire  skill ;  preparatory 
practice.  Military  eiercisc.i  consist  in  using  arms, 
in  motions,  marches,  and  i  volutions.  .\aval  crcrcise 
consists  in  (he  use  or  management  of  artillery,  and 
in  the  evolutions  of  tlei  ts. 

8.  Exertion  of  the  nnnd  J  application  of  the  mental 
powers. 

9.  Task  ;  that  which  is  ap|)ointed  for  one  to  per- 
form. Mdlon. 

10.  Arl  of  divine  worship.  Shak. 

11.  A  lfs,-ion  or  example  for  practice. 
EX'Kli-ClSE,  r.  (,    [l-  exireco  ;  Vt.  eiercer ;  U.  uer- 

cerc;  Sp.  exercrr.    Seethe  noun.] 

1.  In  a  generul  sense,  to  nu>ve  ;  to  exert ;  to  cause  to 
act,  in  any  manner  ;  as,  to  eiercL-:e  the  body  or  the 
hands  i  lo  eirrcife  the  niuid,  the  powers  of  the  mind, 
the  reason  or  judgment. 

2.  'I'o  use  ;  to  exert ;  as,  to  eiercis^authority  or 
power.  ~ 

a.  To  use  for  improvement  and  skill ;  as,  to  eier- 
cL<e  aruLS. 

4.  To  exert  one's  powers  or  strength  ;  to  practice 
habitually  ;  as,  to  exercise  one's  self  in  speaking  or 
music. 

5.  To  practice  ;  to  perform  the  duties  of;  as,  to  ex- 
erci^e  an  oflice. 

6.  To  tniiii  to  use  ;  to  discipline  ;  to  cause  to  per- 
form certain  acts,  as  preparatory  to  service  ;  as,  to 
exercise  troops. 

7.  To  task  ;  to  keep  employed ;  to  use  efforts. 
Ilerein  <lo  1  eiereUe  mvself,  lo  Imvc  Blw.iyi  a  conscience  Toid 

of  olleiiBc  toward  GoU  and  towoitt  men.  —  AcU  xsiv. 

8.  To  use  ;  to  employ. 

9.  To  bnsy  ;  to  keep  busy  in  action,  exertion,  or 
einplovmont. 

11).  To  pain  or  afflict ;  to  give  anxiety  to ;  to  moke 
uneasv. 

EX'EK  CISE,  V.  i.  To  use  action  or  exertion  :  as,  to 
eirreise  for  health  or  annisement.  [Elliptical.] 

EX'E!t-CI5-£l),  fp.  Exerted  ;  used  ;  trained  ;  disci- 
plined ;  accustomed;  made  skillful  by  use;  em- 
|>li)yed  ;  practiced  ;  pained  ;  afflirled  ;  rendered  un- 

EX'KR-CTS-EK,  n.    One  who  exercises.  [easy. 

E.X'KIl  (  IS-I.NG,  ppr.  Exerting;  using ;  employing ; 
traiinng  ;  practising. 

EX-EK  CI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  ezcrcitatio,  from  ezercco. 
See  Exercise.] 

Exercise  ;  practice  ;  \ise.  Broron.  Felton. 

EX-ERGUE',  (egz-erg',)  ii.  [Gr.  c?  and  covov,  work.] 
In  numismaticji,  the  place  on  a   medal  or  coin 
around  and  without  the  type  or  figure,  which  has 
generally  the  date  or  other  particular  inscription. 

FJmes. 

EX-ERT',  (egz-ert',)  r.  L  [Ij.  eiero,  for  exsrro  :  ex  and 
seri),  to  throw,  to  thrust,  lor  this  13  the  radical  sense 
of  sero.] 

1.  LiUralty,  to  thrust  forth  ;  to  emit ;  to  push  out. 

Dryden. 

Beforr  the  gvina  tsert 
Their  fwtte  head«.  Philip4. 

[An  unusual  application,] 

2.  To  bring  out ;  lo  cause  to  come  forth ;  to  pro- 
duce.   But  more  generally, 

3.  To  put  or  thnist  forth,  as  strength,  force,  or 
ability  ;  to  strain  ;  to  put  in  action  ;  to  bring  into 
active  operation  ;  as,  to  exert  the  strength  of  the 
body  or  limbs  ;  to  exert  etlbrts  ;  to  exert  powers  or 
faculties  ;  to  exert  tlie  mind. 

4.  To  put  forth ;  to  do  or  perform. 

VrVn  the  will  luu  estrted  on  act  of  command  on  any  EtcnItT  of 

die  soul.  i»JUth. 

To  rxrrt  one's  self,  is  to  use  efforts  ;  to  strive. 
EX-ERT' ED,  pp.    Thrust  or  pushed  forth  ;  put  in 
action. 

EX-ERT'TNR,  ppr.    Putting  forth;  putting  in  action. 

EX-ER'TIO.N,  ».  The  act  of  exerting  or  straining ; 
the  act  of  putting  into  motion  or  action  ;  effort  ;  a 
striving  or  struggling  ;  as,  an  exertion  of  strength  or 
power  ;  an  exertion  of  the  limbs,  of  the  miml,  or  fac- 
ulties. The  ship  was  saved  by  great  exertions  of  the 
crew.  No  erertionj  will  suppress  a  vice  which  great 
men  countenance. 

EX-ERT  IVR,  a.    Exerting  ;  having  power  to  exert. 

EX-ERT'.ME.\'T,  n.    Exertion  ;  act  of  exerting. 


EX-K'SIO.N,  (eg?.-e'/.hun,)  n.    [L.  ezesus,  exedo;  ex 
and  eiio,  to  eat.) 
The  act  of  eating  out  or  through.    [Little  iMfrf.] 

Brawn. 

E. V-ES'TU-aTE,  tJ.  i.    To  boil ;  to  be  agitated. 
EX-ES-TU-a'TION,  ji.    [L.  exttstuatio  ;  ex  and  xstuo, 

to  boil.] 

A  boiling ;  ebullition  ;  agitation  caused  by  heat ; 
effervescence.  Boyle. 

F.  X'f>UjVT  OjVJ^ES,  fL.]    All  go  out. 
E.X-Eo'LI-aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  ex/olio  I  ex  and  folium,  a 

leaf.] 

In  surirery,  to  separate  and  come  off  in  scalps,  as 
pieces  of  carious  bono.  In  mineralogy,  to  scale  off,  as 
the  lamina;  of  a  mineral. 
EX-Fo'LI-S-TED,  pp.    Separated  in  thin  scales,  .is  a 
carious  bone. 

EX-I'"o'L.I-A-TING,  p;)r.  Separating  and  coming  off 
in  scales. 

EX-FO-LI-a'TION,  71.  The  scaling  off  of  a  bone  ;  the 
process  of  separating,  as  pieces  of  unsound  bone 
from  the  soiiml  part ;  desquamation.  Coxe. 

EX-I'o'M-A-TI  VE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  causing 
exfuliatiiui  or  the  desquainatinn  of  a  bone. 

EX-Fo'I-I-.\-T1  VR,  11.  That  which  has  the  power  or 
quality  of  procuring  exfoliation.  fViscutan. 

EX-IIa'L'A-BI,E,  a.  [See  Exhale.]  That  may  be 
exhaled  or  evaporated.  Boyle. 

EX-IIa'LAi\T,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  exhaling  or 
evaporating. 

EX-HA-La'TION,  n.    [L.  exhalatio.    See  Exhale.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  exhaling,  or  sending  forth 
fluids  in  the'  form  of  steam  or  vajwr ;  evaporation. 

2.  That  which  is  exhaled  ;  that  which  is  emitted, 
or  which  rises  in  the  form  of  vapor ;  fume  or  steam  ; 
effluvia.  Kxhalations  are  visible  or  invisible.  The 
earth  is  often  dried  by  evaiuiration,  w  ithoiit  visible 
exhalations.  The  smell  of  fragrant  plants  is  caused 
by  invisible  exhalations. 

EX-IIaLR',  (egz-hale',)  v.  U  [L.  ezhalo ;  ex  and  halo, 
to  breaiiis,  to  send  forth  vapor;  Ir.  gal,  gail,  vapor  ; 
gailim,  EC  evaporate.] 

1.  To  send  out ;  to  emit ;  as  vapor,  or  minute  par- 
ticles of  a  fluid  or  oilier  substance.  Tlie  rose  exhales 
a  fragrant  odor.  The  earth  exhales  vapor.  Marshes 
exhale  noxious  effluvia. 

2.  To  draw  out ;  to  cause  to  be  emitted  in  vapor 
or  minute  particles  ;  to  evaporate.  The  sun  exhales 
the  moisture  of  the  earth. 

EX-HaL'EI),  pp.  Sent  out;  emitted,  as  vapor; 
evaporated. 

EX-IIALE'MENT,n,    Matter  cxh.iled  ;  x-apor.  Broron. 
EX-Ha'LENCE,  71.   The  act  of  cxh;iling  ;  matter  ex- 
haled. 

EX-IIaL'ING,  ppr.  Sending  or  drawing  out  in  vapor 
or  effluvia. 

EX-IIaL'ING,  a.  Serving  to  exhale,  promoting  exha- 
lation ;  as,  exhaling  vessels  ;  an  exhaling  surface. 

EX-IIAUST',  (egz-hawst',)  b.  t.  [1..  eihaurio,  exhaus- 
tunt ;  ex  and  haurio,  to  draw,  Gr.  uovtj.] 

1.  To  draw  out  or  drain  off  tlie  whole  of  any 
thing;  to  draw  out,  till  nothing  of  the  matter  drawn 
is  lelt  We  exhaust  the  water  in  a  well,  by  drawing 
or  pumping ;  the  water  of  a  marsh  is  exhausted  by 
draining  ;  the  moisture  of  the  earth  is  exJiausted  by 
evaptiration. 

2.  To  empty  by  drawing  out  the  contents.  Vene- 
section may  exhaust  the  veins  and  arteries. 

3.  To  draw  out  or  to  use  and  expend  the  whole  ; 
to  consume.  The  treasures  of  the  prince  were  ex- 
haustfU;  his  means  or  his  resources  were  exhausted. 
The  strength  or  fertility  of  land  may  be  exhausted, 

4.  To  use  or  expend  the  whole  by  exertion  ;  as,  to 
exhaust  the  strength  or  spirits  ;  to  exhaust  one's  pa- 
tience. Hence,  this  phrase  is  equivalent  to  tire, 
irearu,  fatigue. 

EX-IlAUST',  a.   Drained  ;  exhausted.    [Little  used,] 

Burton, 

EX-HAUST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Drawn  out ;  drained  off; 

emptied  by  drawing,  draining, or  evaporation ;  wliol- 

Iv  iis<'d  or  exp«'nded  ;  consumed. 
EX-HAUST'ER,  ri.    He  or  that  which  exhausts  or 

draws  out. 

EX-HAUST'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  exliausted  or 
drained  off. 

EX-HAUST'I.NG,  ppr.  Drawing  out  ;  draining  off; 
emptying  ;  using  or  expending  the  whole  ;  consum- 
ing. 

2.  a.   Tending  to  exhaust ;  as,  exhausting  labor. 
EX-HAUS'TIO.\,  (egr.-haw.st'yun,)  71.    The  act  of 
drawing  out  or  draining  off ;  the  act  of  emptying 
completely  of  the  contents. 

2.  The  state  of  being  exhausted  or  emptied ;  the 
stale  of  being  deprived  of  strength  or  spirits. 

3.  In  mathemaXtes,  a  method  of  proving  the  equal- 
ity of  two  magnitudes  by  a  reductio  ad  absurdum,  or 
showing  that  if  one  is  supposed  either  greater  or 
less  than  the  other,  there  will  arise  a  contradiction. 

Barlovo, 

EX-HAUST'IVE,  a.    That  exhausts. 
EX-H.\UST'LESS,  a.   Not  to  be  exhausted;  not  to 

be  wiiolly  dra»vn  off  or  emptied ;  inexhaustible  ;  as, 

an  exhau'stlfss  fund  or  store. 
EX-HAUST'.ME.NT,  n.    Eihau-stion  ;  drain. 


EX  IIAUST'I;KE,  n.  Exhaustion. 
EX'HH-DRA  or  EX-Hk'DKA.    See  Exedba.  OwUU 
EX-HER'E-I)ATE,  e.  (.    [Infra.]    To  disinherit. 
EX-HER-lvl)A'TH).\,  n.    [L.  exha-redatw,  exJutredoi 
ex  ami  ha:res,  an  heir. 

In  Oir  ciril  law,  a  disinheriting  ;  a  father's  exclud- 
ing a  child  from  inheriting  any  part  of  liis  estiite. 

Encyc. 

EX-IIIB'IT,  (egz-hib'it,)  r.  t.  [L.  exhibro :  ex  and 
hubeo,  lo  have  or  hold,  as  we  say,  to  hold  out  t^x  forth.] 

1.  To  offer  or  present  to  view  ;  to  present  for  in- 
spection ;  to  show  ;  as,  to  exhibit  paintings  or  other 
specimens  of  art ;  to  exiubit  pajiers  or  documents  in 
court. 

2.  To  show  ;  to  display  ;  to  manifest  publicly  ;  as, 
to  exhibit  a  noble  example  of  bravery  or  generosity. 

.1.  To  presi  nt ;  to  offer  publicly  or  officially  ;  as,  to 
exhibit  a  charge  of  high  treason. 

4.  To  administer,  as  medicines. 
EX-llIB'IT,  71.    Any  paper  produced  or  presented  to  a 
court  or  to  auditors,  referees,  or  arbitrators,  as  a 
voucher,  or  in  proof  of  facts ;  a,  voucher  or  document 
produced. 

2.  In  chanrrry,  a  deed  or  writing  produced  in 
court,  sworn  to  by  a  witness,  and  a  ccrlilicate  of 
the  oath  iiidursou  on  it  by  the  examiner  i>r  coin- 
niissirmer.  Knnic. 

EX-IIIB'IT-ED,  pp.  Offi-red  lo  view;  pr-s-eLtecl  for 
inspection  ;  sliiiwn  ;  displayed. 

EX  IIIB'IT-ER,  71.  One  who  exhibits  ;  one  who  pre- 
sents a  petition  or  charge.  Siiak. 

EX-HIB'IT-IiNG,  ppr.  Offering  to  view  ;  presenting  ; 
showing;  displaying. 

EX-III-Bl"TION,  (eks-he-bish'un,)  n.    [L.  exhihitio.] 

1.  The  act  of  exhibiting  for  inspection  ;  a  showing 
or  presenting  to  view  ;  display. 

2.  The  offering,  producing,  or  showing  of  titles, 
authorities,  or  papers  of  any  kinil,  before  a  tribunal, 
in  proof  of  facts. 

3.  Public  show  ;  represent,iti(>n  of  feats  or  actions 
in  public  ;  display  of  oratory  in  public  ;  any  public 
show. 

4.  Allowance  of  meat  and  drink  ;  pension  ;  bene- 
faction settled  for  the  maintenance  of  scholars  in  the 
English  universities,  not  depending  on  the  futinda- 
tioll.  Swift.     Bacon.  Knryc. 

5.  Hence,  gift  or  recompense,  as  to  servants,  iiltak, 
G.  In  medicine,  the  act  of  administering  a  remedy. 

EX-HI-BI"TIO.\-EU,  71.  In  English  unircrsities,  one 
who  has  a  pension  or  allowance,  granted  for  the  en- 
coiiranement  of  learning. 

EX-HIB'IT-IVE,  (egz-)  a.  Serving  for  exhibition; 
representative.  .Vtirri;?. 

EX-IIIB'IT-IVE-LY,  arfr.    By  representiition. 

H'atfrland. 

EX-IIIB'IT-O-RY,  a.  Exhibiting;  ^.wing  ;  display- 
ing. 

EX-HII.'A-RAXT,  a.  Exciting  jov,  mirth,  or  pleasure. 
EX-IIIL'A-RA.\T,  71.    That  which  exhilarates. 
EX-HIL'A-RATE,  (egz-bil'a-rate,)  v.  t.  [L.ezhilaro; 

ex  and  htlaro,  to  make  merry,  hilaris,  merry,  jovial, 

Gr.  ISaoof.] 

To  make  cheerful  or  merry  ;  to  enliven  ;  to  make 
glad  or  joj  ous  ;  to  gladden  ;  lo  cheer.    Good  news  ! 
exhilarates  the  mind,  as  good  wine  exhilarates  the  an- 
imal spirits. 

EX-H1L'.\-RATE,  v.  i.  To  become  cheerful  or  joyous. 

Bacon, 

EX-IIIL'A-RA-TED,    pp.     Enlivened  ;  animated  ; 

cheered  ;  gladdened  ;  made  joyous  or  jovial. 
EX-IIIL'A  IlA-TIXG,  p/7r.  or  a.     Enlivening;  giving 

life  and  visor  to  the  spirits  ;  cheering  ;  gladdening. 
EX-HII/A-RA-T1.\G-LY,  adc.     In  an  exhilarating 

manner. 

EX-HIL-A-RA'TIO.V,  71.  The  act  of  enlivening  the 
spirits  ;  the  act  of  making  glad  or  cheerful. 

2.  The  state  of  being  enlivened  or  cheerful.  Ex- 
hilaration usually  expresses  less  than  jay  or  mirth,  but 
it  inav  be  used  to  express  both. 

EX-IIORT',  (egz-hort',)  ti.  (.  [L.  ezhortm- ;  ez  and  hor- 
tor,  to  encourage,  to  enibolilen,  to  cheer,  to  advise  ; 
It.  esortarc  ;  Fr.  cxhorter :  Sp.  exhortar.  The  primary 
sense  seems  lo  be,  to  excite,  or  to  give  strength,  spir- 
it, or  courage.] 

1.  To  incite  by  words  or  advice  ;  to  animate  or 
urge  by  argiiments  to  a  good  deed  or  to  any  laudable 
conduct  or  course  of  action. 

1  exhort  you  to  be  of  powl  chrer.  —  AcU  xxvii, 
Y0UI17  nirii  aI)o  exhort  rv  be  ■ober-niindetl.    Exhort  Krvanto 
to  be  oUtlient  to  Uieir  niuten.  —  Tit.  ii. 

2.  To  advise  ;  to  warn  ;  to  caution. 

3.  To  incite  or  stimulate  to  exertion.  Ooldsmith 
EX-IIORT',  r.  i.  To  deliver  exhortation  ;  to  use  wordi 

or  arguments  lo  incite  to  good  deeds. 

And  witii  man/  olh'T  wonU  did  be  trsilify  and  exhort.  —  .\ct«  iL 

EX-HORT-A'TION,  (eks-)  11.  The  act  or  practice  of 
exhorting  ;  the  act  of  inciting  to  laudable  deeds  ;  in- 
ciu-ment  to  that  which  is  grnid  or  commendable. 

2.  The  form  i^f  words  intended  to  incite  and  en- 

3.  Advice  ;  counsel.  [courage. 
EX-IIORT'A-TI  VE,  (egz-)  a.  ContainineexhorUalion. 
EX-HORT'.'V-TO  RV,  a.    Tending  to  exhort  ;  serving 

for  exhortation. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  a«K;  OasJ;  SasZ;  CHasSH;  THaain  THIS. 


53 


JJ 


421 


EXI 


EXO 


EXO 


EX-HORT'ED,  pp.    Incited  by  words  to  good  deeds  ; 

aniin.ited  to  a  laudable  course  of  conduct  ;  advised. 
EX-HORT'ER,  n.    One  who  exhorts  or  encourages. 
EX-HORT'ING,  ppr.  Inciting  to  good  deeds  by  words 

or  arguments  ;  encouraging;  counseling. 
EX-HO'M.\-TED,  a.  Disinterred. 
EX-IIU-iMa'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  cclmmer,  to  dig  out 

of  the  ground  ;  Sp.  exhumar  ;   L.  ei  and  liumus, 

ground.] 

1.  Tlie  digging  up  of  a  dead  body  interred;  the 
disinterring  of  a  corpse, 
a.  The  digging  up  of  any  thing  buried.  Ooldsmith. 
EX-HOME',  V.  t.    [L.  ez  and  humus.] 

To  dig  out  of  the  earth  wliat  has  been  buried  ;  to 
disinter.  Mantcll. 
EX-HO.M'BD,  (e.t-humd',)  pp.  Disinterred. 
EX-Hu.M'ING,  ppr.  Disinterring. 
EX-ICe.^TE,  EX-ie-€A'TIOM.    Pee  Exsiccate. 
EX'1-0E.\CE,  j  71.    [L.  MiVen.?,  from  frin-o,  to  exact ; 
EX'I-GEN-CY,  \     ez  and  ag-o,  to  drive.] 

1.  Demand;  urgency;  urgent  need  or  want.  We 
speak  of  the  eritrence  of  the  case ;  the  exigence  of  the 
times,  or  of  business. 

2.  Pressing  necessity ;  distress ;  any  case  which 
demands  immediate  action,*  supply,  or  remedy.  A 
wise  man  adapts  his  measures  to  his  exigences.  In 
the  present  exigency^  no  time  is  to  be  lost. 

EX'I-GEN'T,  I!.  Pressing  business;  occasion  that 
calls  for  immediate  help.  [JVoi  used.]  [See  Exi- 
gence.] Hooker. 

2.  In  law.,  a  writ  which  lies  where  the  defentlant  is 
not  to  be  tbund,  or,  after  a  return  of  non  est  inventus, 
on  former  writs,  the  exigent  or  cxigi  facioa  then  issues, 
whicli  requires  the  sheriff  to  cause  the  defendant  to 
be  proclaiineu  or  exacted,  in  live  county  courts  suc- 
cessively, to  render  iiimself ;  and  if  he  does  not,  he 
is  outlawed.  Blachstone. 

3.  End  ;  extremity.    [Mot  used.]  Sliak. 
EX'1-GENT,  a.    Pressing ;  requiring  unmediate  aid  or 

action.  Burke. 

EX'I-OENT-ER,  ji.  An  officer  in  the  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas  in  England,  who  makes  out  exigents  and 
proclamations,  in  cases  of  outlawry.  Encyc. 

EX'I-GI-BLE,  a.  [See  Exigence.]  That  may  be  ex- 
acted ;  demandable  ;  requirable. 

EX-l-GU'l-TY,  )i.    I  L.  eiigmlus.] 

Small  ness  ;  slennerness.    [LttUc  used.]  Boyle. 

EX-IG'LI-OUS,  (egz-ig'yu-us,)  a.    [L.  exiguus  J 

Small  ;  slender  ;  minute  ;  diminutive.  [Little 
used.]  Harvey. 

EX'ILE,  (eks'ile,)  n.  [L.  eiilium,  exul :  Ft:  exil;  It. 
esilio.  The  word  is  probably  compounded  of  ez  and 
a  root  in  SI,  signifying  to  depart,  or  to  cut  off,  to  sep- 
arate, or  to  thrust  away,  perhaps  L.  salio.] 

1.  Banishment;  the  state  of  being  expelled  from 
one's  native  country  or  place  of  residence  by  author- 
ity, and  forbidden  to  return,  either  for  a  limited  lime 
or  for  perpetuity. 

2.  An  abandonment  of  one's  country,  or  removal 
to  a  foreign  country  for  residence,  through  fear,  dis- 
gust, or  resentment,  or  for  any  cause  distinct  from 
business,  is  called  a  voluntary  exile,  as  is  also  a  sepa- 
ration from  one's  countrj'  and  friends  by  distress  or 
necessity. 

3.  The  person  banished,  or  expelled  from  his  coun- 
try by  authority  ;  also,  one  who  abandons  his  coun- 
try and  resides  in  another ;  or  one  who  is  separated 
from  his  cimntry  and  friends  by  necessity. 

EX'lLf;,  (eks'ile,)  II.  (.  To  banish,  as  a  person  from  his 
country  or  from  a  particular  jurisdiction,  by  author- 
ity, with  a  prohibition  of  return  ;  to  drive  away,  ex- 
pel, or  transport  from  one's  country. 

2.  To  drive  from  one's  country  by  misfortune,  ne- 
cessity, or  distress. 

To  exile  one's  self,  is  to  quit  one's  country  «  ith  a 
view  not  to  return. 
EX'IM:,  (eks'ile,)  a.  exilis.] 

Slender ;  thin  ;  fine.  Bacon. 
EX'IL-i;!),  (eks'ild,)  pp.  or  a.    Banished  ;  expelled 

fnun  one's  country  by  authority. 
EX'ILE-.MENT,  n.  Banislimeiil, 

E.X'IL-I.NG,  ppr.     Banishing;  expelling  from  one's 
country  by  law,  edict,  or  sentence  ;  voluntarily  de- 
parting from  one's  country,  and  residing  in  another. 
EX-l-LI"TION,  (cks-e  lish'un,)  n.    [L.  cxilio,  for  ez- 
saiio,  to  leap  out.] 

A  sudden  springing  or  leaping  out.    [Little  iwrii.] 

Brown. 

EX-IL'I-TY,  (eg/.-ire-ty,)  n.    [I-.  czUilas.] 

.'^lendcrni  sH  ;  fineness  ;  thinness. 
EX-IM'I-OUS,  «.    [I,,  ezimius.] 

Excellent.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 
EX-I 
To 

Pearson. 

EX-IN-A  .M"TIO.\,  n.  [L.  ezinanilio,  from  erinanio, 
to  empty  fir  r-vacuate  ;  ez  and  inanio,  to'empty,  inanis, 
empty,  void.] 

An  emptying  or  evacuation  ;  hence,  privation  ; 
losn  ;  dextiliilion.    [Little  u^ed.] 
EX-I.ST',  (eg/.-isl',)      '•    [I->.  eristo  ;  «  and  sistn,ot 
more  directly  from  Gr.  iVw,  iV'i/ii,  to  set,  iilac(>,  or 
fix,  or  Ta'o,  L.  sto,  to  slaiid,  i^p.  Port,  estar.  It.  stare, 
stehrn,  I),  ttaan,  Kubh.  stoyu.    The  primary  sense 


IN'A-NITE,  V.  t.    [L.  exinanio.] 

To  make  empty  ;  to  weaken.    [A*o£  ji«rf.] 


is  to  set,  fix,  or  be  fixed,  whence  the  sense  of  perma- 
nence, continuance.] 

1.  To  be  ;  to  have  an  essence  or  real  being  ;  appli- 
cable to  matter  or  body,  and  to  spiritual  substances.  A 
Supreme  Being  and  first  cause  of  all  other  beings 
must  have  existed  from  eternity,  for  no  being  can 
have  created  himself. 

2.  To  live  ;  to  have  life  or  animation.  Men  can 
not  exist  in  water,  nor  fishes  on  land. 

3.  To  remain  ;  to  endure  ;  to  continue  in  being. 
How  long  shall  national  enmities  exist? 

EX-IST'ENCE,  n.  The  state  of  being  or  having  es- 
sence ;  as,  the  existence  of  body  and  of  soul  in  union  ; 
the  separate  existence  of  the  soul;  immortal  existence; 
temporal  existence. 

2.  Life  ;  animation. 

3.  Continued  being ;  duration;  continuation.  We 
speak  of  the  existence  of  troubles,  or  calamities,  or  of 
happiness.  During  the  existence  of  national  calami- 
ties, our  pious  ancestors  always  had  recourse  to 
prayer  for  divine  aid. 

EX-IST'ENT,  o.  Being;  having  being,  essence,  or 
existence. 

The  eyes  and  mind  are  fastened  on  objects  wtiich  have  no  real 
beinj,  as  if  Uiey  were  truly  existent.  Dryden. 

EX-IS-TEN'TIAL,  (egz-is-ten'shal,)  a.  Having  exist- 
ence.   [JVot  used.]  Bp.  Barlow. 

EX-IST'IiVG,  ppr.  or  a.  Having  existence,  being,  or 
life. 

EX-IS-TI-Ma'TION,  n.    Esteem.    [JVoJ  used.] 
EX'IT,  ;i.    [L.,  the  tliird  person  of  ezeo,  to  go  out.] 
Literally,  he  goes  out  or  departs.  Hence, 

1.  The  departure  of  a  player  from  the  stage,  when 
he  has  performed  his  part.  This  is  also  a  term  set  in 
a  play,  to  mark  the  time  of  an  actor's  quitting  the 
stage. 

2.  Any  departure  ;  the  act  of  quitting  the  stage  of 
action  or  of  life  ;  death  ;  decease.  Swift. 

3.  A  way  of  dei)arture  ;  passage  out  of  a  place. 

Woodicard. 

4.  A  going  out ;  departure.  Olanville. 
EX-I"TIAL,  (egz-ish'al,)     )       „  ;•  t 
EX-F'TIOU'S,  (egz-ish'us,)  [ 

Destructive  to  life.  Homilies. 

EX-LEG'IS-La-TOR,  n.  One  who  has  been  a  legis- 
lator, but  is  not  at  present. 

EX-.MaY'OR,  II.  One  who  has  been  mayor,  but  is  no 
longer  in  office. 

EX-.MIN'IS-TER,  n.  One  who  has  been  minister,  but 
is  not  in  office. 

EX  ME'RO  MO'TU,  [L.]  Of  mere  good  pleasure,  a 
phrase  occurring  in  charters,  grants,  &,c. 

EX  .^TE-CES-SI-rA'TE,  [L.]    Of  necessity. 

EX'ODE,  n.    [Gr.  t^o6ioi>.    See  Exodus.] 

In  die  Oreck  drama,  the  concluding  part  of  a  play, 
or  the  part  which  comprehends  all  that  is  said  after 
the  last  interiude.  .^nacharsis. 

EX'O  DUS  I 

EX'O-DY  '  (  "■  '^"^"5  '  hiof,  way.] 

1.  Departure  from  a  place ;  particularly,  the  depart- 
ure of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt  under  the  conduct 
of  Moses. 

2.  The  second  book  of  the  Old  Testament,  which 
gives  a  fiistory  of  the  departure  of  the  Israelites  from 
Egypt. 

EX-UF-FI"CIAE,  (eks-of-fish'al,)  a.  Proceeding  from 
office  or  authority. 

EX  OF-FI"CI-0,  (eks-of-fish'e-o,)  [L.]  By  virtue  of 
otTice,  and  without  special  authority.  A  justice  of 
the  peace  may,  ex  o(lieio,  take  sureties  of  the  peace. 

EX'O-GEN,  7i.    [Gr.  £(  and 

In  botany,  a  plant  whose  stem  is  formed  by  succes- 
sive additions  to  the  outside  of  the  wood.  Lindley. 

EX-OG'EN-OUS,  a.  Growing  by  successive  additions 
to  the  outside  of  the  wood.  Lindley. 

EX'O-GLUSS,  n.    [Gr.  £(<j  and  y'Sioaua,  tongue.] 
The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  fishes  found  in  the 
American  seas,  whose  lower  jaw  is  trilobed,  and  the 
middle  lobe  protruded   perforins  the   office  of  a 
tongue. 

EX-O-LkTE',  a.    [L.  rxolelus.] 

Worn  ;  faded  ;  obsolete.    [Little  used.] 
EX-O-LO'TION,  n.    Laxation  of  the  nerves.    [JVbt  in 

use.]  Brown. 
EX-OI.VE',  t>.  f.    To  loose.    [J^ot  in  use.] 
EX-O.M'PIIA-LOS,  71.    [Gr.  £(  and  opijiakos.] 

A  navel  rupture. 
EX'ON,  n.    In  England,  \\\e  commander  of  the  royal 

body-guard  ;  called  exon  of  tlic  household.  Cull. 
EX-ON'EU-aTE,  (cgz-on'er-ate,)  v.  U     [L.  ezonero; 
ez  and  oncro,  to  load,  onus,  a  load.] 
1.  To  unload  ;  to  disburden. 


The  vciwIb  exonerate  themselves  into  a  common  ducL  Ray. 
But  more  generally,  in  a  fguraiive  sense, 

2.  To  ca.st  olf,  as  a  charge,  or  as  blnmo  resting  on 
one  ;  to  clear  of  something  that  lies  upon  the  charac- 
ter as  an  imputation  ;  as,  to  exonerate  one's  self  from 
blame,  or  from  the  charge  of  avarice. 

3.  To  cast  olf,  as  an  obligation,  debt,  or  duty  ;  to 
discharge  of  respimsibility  or  liability  ;  as,  a  surety  ex- 
onerutrs  himself  by  producing  a  man  in  court. 

EX ON'EK  A TICI),  pp.  Unloaded  ;  disburdened;  freed 
from  a  charge,  imputation,  or  responsibility. 


EX-ON'ER-A-TING,  ppr.    Unloading  ;  disburdening  ; 

freeing  from  any  charge  or  imputation. 
EX-ON-ER-a'TION,  71.    'J'he  act  of  disburdening  or 

discharging ;  the  act  of  freeing  from  a  charge  or  im- 

piitatiim. 

EX-ON'ER-A-TIVE,  a.   Freeing  from  a  burden  or  ob- 
ligation. 

EX-OPH'YL-LOUS,  a.    [Gr.  cf  and  0«AX..i/,  a  leaf.] 
Being  naked  or  not  sheathed  in  another  leaf. 

EX-OP-l  A'TION,  ji.    Earnest  desire  or  wish. 

EX'O-RA-BLE,  (eks'o-r.a-bl,)  a.    [L.  exorabilis,  from 
ezoro  ,•  ez  and  oro,  to  pray.] 
That  may  be  moved  or  persuaded  by  entreaty. 

EX'O-RA'i'E,  V.  t.    To  obtain  by  request. 

EX-OR'Bl-TAi\CE,  (egz-or'be-tans,)      I  n.   [L.  eror- 

EX-OR'BI-TAN-CY,  (egz-or'be-tan-sy,)  j   i.i(a<is,  from 
ez  and  orbita,  the  track  of  a  wheel,  orbii,  an  orb.] 

Literally,  a  going  beyond  or  without  the  track  or 
usual  limit.  Hence,  enormity  ,  extravagance;  a  de- 
viation from  rule  or  the  ordinary  limits  of  right  or 
propriety  ;  as,  the  eiorbitancies  of  the  tongue,  or  of 
deportment. 

Tiie  reverence  of  my  presence  m.ay  be  a  curb  to  your  exorbitan- 
cies.  Dryden. 

EX-OR'BI-TANT,  o.    [L.  ezorbitans.] 

1.  Literally,  departing  from  an  orbit  or  usual  track. 
Hence,  deviating  from  the  usual  course  ;  going  be- 
yond the  appointed  rules  or  established  limits  of  right 
or  pro|)riety  ;  hence,  excessive  ;  extravagant ;  enor- 
mous. We  speak  of  exorbitant  appetites  and  passions  ; 
exorbitant  demands  or  claims;  exorbitant  taxes. 

2.  Anomalous ;  not  comprehended  in  a  settled  rule 
or  method. 


The  Jo 


s  were  inured  with  causes  exorbitant. 


Hooker. 


EX-OR'BI-TANT-LY,  arfi'.  Enormously  ;  excessively. 

EX-OR'BI-TaTE,  v.  i.  To  go  beyond  the  usual  track 
or  orbit ;  to  deviate  from  the  usual  limit.  Bcntley. 

EX'OR-CISE,  (eks'or-size,)  t>.  (.  [Gr.  [(i)pKi^io,  to  ad- 
jure, from  6/jiti(u,  to  bind  by  oath,  from  6pK0{,  an 
oath.l 

1.  To  adjure  by  some  holy  name;  but  chiefly,  to 
expel  evil  spirits  by  conjurations,  prayers,  and  cere- 
monies. To  exorcise  a  person,  is  to  expel  from  him 
the  evil  spirit  supposed  to  possess  him.  To  exorcu^e 
a  demon  or  evil  spirit,  is  to  cast  him  out  or  drive  him 
from  a  person  by  prayers  or  other  ceremonies.  Encyc. 

2.  To  purify  from  unclean  spirits  by  adjur.itioiis 
and  ceremonies  ;  to  deliver  from  the  inrttience  of  ma- 
lignant spirits  or  demons  ;  as,  to  exorcise  a  bed  or  a 
house. 

EX'OR-CIS-iSD,  pp.  Expelled  from  a  person  or  place 
by  conjurations  and  prayers;  freed  fron>  demons  in 
like  manner. 

EX'OR-CIS-ER,  n.    One  who  pretends  to  cast  out  evil 

spirits  by  adjurations  and  conjuration. 
EX'OR-CiS-ING,  ppr.  Expelling  eviljspirits  by  prayers 

and  ceremonies. 
EX'OR-CISM,  77.    [L.  ezorcUmus ;  Gr.  cfo/jKiij/iOf.] 
The  expulsion  of  evil  spirits  from  persons  or  places 
by  certain  adjurations  anil  ceremonies.  Exorcism  was 
common  among  the  Jews,  and  still  makes  a  part  of 
the  superstitions  of  some  churches.  Encyc. 
EX'OR-CIST,  71.  One  who  pretends  to  expel  evil  spir- 
its by  conjuration,  prayers,  and  ceremonies.  Acts  xix. 
EX-OR'DI-AL,  (egz-)  a.    [Infia.l    Pertaining  to  tlie 

exordium  of  a  discourse  ;  intioiliictory.  Brown. 
EX-OR'DI-UM,  71. ;  pi.  ExonoiUMs.    [L.,  from  ezordi- 
or;  ez  and  ordior,  to  begin.    See  Order.] 

In  oratory,  the  beginning  ;  the  introductory  part  of 
a  discourse,  which  prepares  the  auoience  for  the  main 
subject ;  the  preface  or  proemial  part  of  a  composition. 
The  exordium  maybe  formal  and  deliberate,  or  abrupt 
and  vehement,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  subject 
and  occasion. 
EX-O-RIH'Z^,  «.  pi.    [Gr.     and  ^?a.] 

In  botany,  plants  whose  radicle  elongates  down- 
ward, direcUy  from  the  base  of  the  embryo.  Lindley. 
EX-O-RIII'ZOtJS,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  exorrhizie. 
EX-OR-Na'TION,  77.    [L.  exo7-«uti(i,  from  exorno ;  ez 
and  orno,  to  adorn.] 
Ornament;  decoration;  embellishment. 

Hate.  Hooker. 
EX-ORT'I  VE,  a.  [L.  eiortivus  :  r.x  and  ortus,  a  rising.] 

Rising  ;  relating  to  the  east. 
EX'OS-MOSE,  71.    [Gr.     and  wo^^/oj,  impulsion.] 
The  passage  of  gases,  vapors,  or  liipiids,  through 
porous  ini'dia  from  within.  Brandc. 
EX-OS'Sa-TED,  a.    [Infra.]    Deprived  of  bones. 
EX-OS'SE-OUS,  a.    [L.  ex  and  ossa,  hones.] 

Without  bones  ;  destitute  of  bones  ;  as,  czosseous 
animals.  Brown. 
EX'OS-'J"6ME,  71.    [Gr.  r and  trropa.] 

The  small  aperture  or  foramen  of  the  ovule  of  a 
plant.    _  Beck. 
EX-OS-TO'SIS,  ji.    [Gr.  t(  and  oartov,  a  bone.] 

Any  protuberance  of  a  bone  which  is  not  natural ; 
an  excrescence,  or  morbid  enlargement  of  a  bone. 

Coze. 

Also,  in  botany,  a  disease  in  which  knots  are  formed 
upon  or  111  the  wood. 

ex:8:ter'1c:ai„  i   [«■■•  <""«"»^-] 

ExtcrnnI ;  public  ;  opposed  to  esoteric  or  secret.  The 


PATH,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PUfiY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 
42a 


EXP 

exoteric  doctrines  of  the  ancient  pliilosopliers  were 
those  which  were  openly  professed  and  taught.  The 
esoteric  were  secret,  or  taught  only  to  a  few  chosen 
disciples.  Knfidil.  Kncyc. 

EX'O-TliK-Y,  n.    What  is  obvious  or  common. 

Search, 

EX-OT'ie,  (egz-ot'ik,)  a.  [Gr.  f{<jri<toj,  from  c^u>, 
without.] 

Foreign    introduced  from  a  foreign  country  ;  not 
native ;  extraneous ;  as,  an  exotic  plant;  an  exotic 
term  or  word. 
E.V-OT'ie,  n.    A  plant,  shrub,  or  true,  not  native  ;  h 
plant  introduced  from  a  foreign  country.  Addison. 

2.  A  word  of  foreign  origin  introduced  into  a  lan- 
guage. 

EX-OT'I-CIS.M,  n.    The  state  of  being  exotic. 

E.\-1'.\\I)',  I'.  (.  (L.  crpando  :  ex  and  panda,  to  open, 
or  spread  ;  lU  spandcre,  to  pour  out ;  coinciding  with 
Eng.  span,  D.  span,  spannen,  Sw.  spdnna,  Dan.  spien- 

itr.    See  Kt.  ^Lj  haina.  Class  Dn,  No.  3.  The  pri- 

mar>'  sense  is,  to  strain  or  stretch  ;  and  this  seems  to 
be  the  sense  of  bend,  L.  pandas.^ 

1.  To  open  ;  to  spread ;  as,  a  flower  expands  its 
leaves. 

y.  To  spread  ;  to  enlarge  a  surface ;  to  diffuse  ;  as, 
a  stream  expands  its  waters  over  a  plain. 

3.  To  dilate  ;  to  enlarge  in  bulk  ;  to  distend  ;  as,  to 
expand  the  chest  by  inspiration  ;  heat  expands  all  bod- 
ies ;  air  is  expanded  \ty  rarefaction. 

•1.  Til  enlarge  ;  to  extend  ;  as,  to  e-xpand  the  sphere 
of  benevcdence  ;  to  expand  the  heart  or  aHections. 
EX-PA.M)',  V.  i.   To  open  ;  to  spread.  Flowers  expand 
in  spnng. 

9.  To  dilate  ;  to  extend  in  bulk  or  surface.  IVIetals 
expand  by  heat ;  a  lake  expands,  when  swelled  by 
rain<i. 

3.  To  enlarge  ;  as,  the  heart  expands  with  joy. 
EX-PA.N'D'ED,  pp.  or  a.    0|)ened  ;  spread  ;  extended  ; 

dilated;  enlarged;  diffused. 
EX-I*A.ND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Opening;  spreading;  e.x- 

lending;  dilating;  ditfusing. 
EX-PA\SE',  (eks-pans',)  n.    [L.  expansum.] 

A  spreading;  extent;  a  wide  extent  of  space  or 
body ;  as,  the  expanse  of  heaven. 

The  uiioolh  fx;«in«  of  cr)«Lil  Uikoj.  Popt. 
EX-PAN'S-I-1UL'[-TY,  n.     [from  expansible.]  The 
capacity  of  being  expanded  ;  capacity  of  extension 
■  ill  surface  or  bulk  ;  as,  the  expansibilitij  of  air. 
EX-l'A.NS'l-HLE,  a.    [Ft.,  from  expaniL.}    Capable  of 
being  expanded  or  spread  ;  capable  of  being  extend- 
ed, dilated,  or  dill'iis^-d. 

BoilW  )vre  uot  tspantible  in  proportioa  to  their  wcighL  Oreie. 

EX  PA.N'.-^'T-nLE-NESS,  n.  Expansibility. 
EX  PA.NS'I-ULy,  adr.    In  an  expansible  manner. 
EX-PA.\S'ILE.  a.    Capable  of  expanding,  or  of  being 
dilatpd.    -  ^ 

EX-PAN'SIO\,  (cks-pan'shun,)  n.    [L.  eipansio.] 

1.  The  act  <it  expanding  or  spreading  ouL 

2.  The  state  of  being  ex|iaiided  ;  the  enlargement 
of  surface  or  bulK  ;  dilataiioii.  We  apply  rxpaiLsioa 
to  surface,  as  the  ex/mnsion  of  a  sheet  or  of  a  lake, 
and  «o  bulk,  as  the  expansion  of  fluids  or  metals  by 
heat ;  but  nut  to  a  line  or  length  w  ithout  breadth. 

3.  Extent ;  space  to  which  any  tiling  is  enlarged  ; 
also,  pure  space  or  distance  between  remote  bodies. 

4.  Enlargement;  a^,  the  expansion  of  the  heart  or 
affections. 

5.  In  commerce,  an  increase  of  issues  of  bank 
notes. 

EX-PA.\'SIO\-CL'RB,  n.  .V  contrivance  to  counter- 
act expansion  and  contraction  by  heat,  as  in  chrcK 
nometrrs. 

EX-PAN'S'IVE,  a.  [Ft.]  Having  the  power  to  ex- 
pand, to  spread,  or  to  dilate  ;  as,  the  expansice  force 
of  heal  or  fire.  Oregnnj. 

2.  Having  the  capacity  of  being  expanded  ;  as,  the 
expansive  quality  of  air;  the  expansive  atmosphere. 

Thomsoiu 

3.  Widely  extended  ;  as,  expansire  benevolence 
EX-PA.\S'1VE-XESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  ex- 
pansive. 

E.\  P.ili'TE,  [L.]  On  one  part;  as,  rx  parte  evi- 
dence, that  which  is  brought  forward  by  one  side 
only;  an  ex  parte  council,  one  which  assembles  at 
the  request  of  only  one  of  the  parties  in  dispute. 

E.\-P.\'TIaTE,  (eks  pi'shite,)  v.  i.  [I.,  expatior  ;  ex 
and  spalior,  to  wander,  to  enlarge  in  discourse,  spa- 
tium,  s|>ace,  probably  allied  to  pateo,  to  open.  Class 
Bd.] 

1.  To  move  at  large  ;  to  rove  without  prescribed 
limits ;  to  wander  in  space  without  restraint 

Pop*. 
Pope. 

2,  To  enlarge  in  discourse  or  writing;  to  be  copi- 
ous in  argument  or  discussion.  On  im^tortant  topics, 
the  orauir  thinks  himself  at  liberty  to  expatiate. 

EX  PS'TIS-TIXG,  jrpr.  Roving  at  large  ;  moving  in 
space  without  certain  limits  or  restraint;  enlarging 
in  di>ciiurse  or  writing. 

EX-PA-TI-A'TIOX,  n.    Act  of  expatiating. 


bills  hi*  wut  expatiate  in  the  (kirs. 
Erpaaate  free  o'er  M  tliU  iccM  of  nian. 


EXP 

EX-PA 'TIA-TOR,  n.    One  who  enlarges  or  amplifies 

in  language. 
EX-PS'TlA-TO-RV,  n.  Expatiating. 
EX-PA'TR1-.\TE  or  EX-PAT'Ul-ATE,  r.  (.    [Fr.  ex- 

patriert  It.  spatriare  ;  friiiii  \j.  ri  and  patria,  country.] 
In  a  ffenerai  sense,  to  banish. 

To  expatriate  one^s  .-telf,  is  to  quit  one's  countrj*,  re- 
nouncing citizenship  and  nltegiance  in  that  country, 
to  take  residence  and  become  a  riti/.en  in  another 
country,  'i'lie  right  to  eiptitnatc  one^s  self,  is  denied 
in  feudal  countries,  and  much  controverted  in  the 
United  Stales. 

EX-PA'TUI-A-TED  or  EX  PAT'RI-A-TED,pp.  Ran- 
islied  ;  removed  from  one's  native  country,  with  re- 
nunciation of  citizenship  and  allegiance. 

EX-PA'TRl-A  TING  or  EX-PAT'RI-A-TI\G,  ppr 
Danishiiig ;  abandoning  one's  country,  with  renun- 
ciation of  allegiance. 

EX-PA-TKI-A'TIO.\orEX-PAT-RI-A'T[OX,n.  Ban- 
ishment. More  ffcneralltj,  the  forsaking  one's  own 
country,  with  a  renunciation  of  allegiance,  and  with 
the  view  of  becoming  a  permanent  resident  and  citi- 
zen in  another  country. 

EX-PEfIT',  I'.  (.  [L.  erpecto ;  ex  and  specto,  to  look, 
that  is,  to  reach  lorward,  or  to  fix  the  eyes.] 

1.  To  wait  for. 

The  »u!inl», 
By  me  encamped  on  yonder  nill,  expect 
Th-'ir  moiioii.  Milton. 

[This  sense,  though  often  used  by  Gibbon,  seems 
to  ue  obsolescent.] 

2.  To  look  for ;  to  have  a  previous  apprehension 
of  something  future,  whether  g<Kid  or  evil ;  to  enter- 
tain at  least  a  slight  belief  that  an  event  will  happen. 
We  expect  a  visit  that  has  been  promised  ;  we  expect 
money  will  be  paid  at  the  time  it  is  due,  though  we 
are  often  disappointed. 

Expect,  in  its  legitim.ite  sense,  always  refers  to  a 
future  event,  [The  common  phrase,  /  expect  it  tdos, 
is  as  vulgar  as  it  is  improper.] 

3.  To  require  or  demand  ;  as,  payment  will  be  ex- 
pectrd  when  the  note  falls  due.  fV/tatcleij. 

EX-PECT',  f.  1.    To  wait ;  to  stay.  Saiultjs. 
E.V-PECT'A-BLE,  a.    To*bo  expected;  that  may  be 
expected. 

EX-PECT'ANCE,  )  n.  The  act  or  state  of  expecting ; 
EX-PEeT'.\.\-CY,  i     expectation.    Millotu  Sluik. 

2.  Something  expected.  Shak. 

3.  Hope  ;  a  looking  for  with  ple.isure.  Sliak. 
EX-PECT' AN-CY,  n.    In  lain,  a  state  of  waiting  or 

suspension.  An  estate  in  exprctancij,  is  one  which 
is  to  take  effect  or  commence  after  the  determination 
of  another  estate.  Estates  t>f  this  kind  ute  remainders 
and  reversions.  A  remainder,  or  estate  in  remain- 
der, is  one  which  is  limited  to  take  effect  anil  be 
enjoyed  after  another  estate  is  determined.  Thus, 
wiien  a  grant  of  land  is  made  to  .\  for  twenty  years, 
and,  after  the  determination  of  that  term,  to  it  and 
his  heirs  forever,  .\  is  tenant  for  years,  remainder  to 
B  in  fee.  In  this  case,  the  est.ate  of  11  is  in  cxpec- 
tancij,  that  is,  waiting  for  the  determination  of  the 
est.ate  fur  years.  .\  reversion  is  the  residue  of  an 
estate  left  in  the  grantor,  to  commence  in  possession 
after  the  determination  of  a  |>articular  estate  granted 
out  by  him.  As,  when  A  leases  an  estate  to  B  for 
twenty  years,  after  the  deteriiiiiiatioii  of  that  period, 
the  esuite  reverts  to  the  lessor ;  but,  during  the  term, 
the  estate  of  the  lessor  is  in  exputancij.  Blackstone. 

EX-PECT'A.NT,  a.    Waiting  ;  hmking  for.  Swift. 
2.  Expectant  estate,  one  which  is  suspended  till  the 
detcniiiiiation  of  a  particular  estate.  Utackstone. 

EX-l'ECT'ANT,  n.  One  who  expects  ;  one  who 
wails  in  expectation  ;  one  held  in  dependence  by  his 
belief  or  hope  of  receiving  some  good.  Those  who 
have  the  gift  of  offices  are  usuidly  surrounded  by  ex- 
pectants. 

EX-PEC T-A'TIO\,  n.    [L.  expertatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  expecting  or  looking  forxvard  to  a 
future  cent  with  at  least  some  reasi.n  to  believe  the 
event  will  happen.  Expectation  differs  from  hope. 
Hope  origin.ates  in  desire,  and  may  exist  with  little 
or  no  ground  of  belief  that  the  desired  event  will 
arrive.  Expectation  is  founded  on  some  reasons 
which  render  the  event  probable.  Hope  is  directed 
to  some  good  ;  expectation  is  directed  to  good  or  evil. 

The  Mme  wcakne««  of  niinil  which  iiitlul^  atsunl  expectattoru, 
produce!  petuUnce  in  disappoiiiuneut.  Irving. 

2.  The  state  of  expecting,  either  with  hope  or  fear. 

3.  Prospect  of  good  to  come. 

My  lonl,  wnil  Ulou  only  OD  God,  for  my  erpecEntton  ]»  from 
Kim.  ~  Pb.  Ixit. 

4.  The  object  of  expectation  ;  the  expected  Mes- 
siah. MUttin. 

5.  A  state  or  qualities  in  a  person  which  excite 
expectations  in  others  of  some  future  excellence  ;  as, 
a  youth  of  expectation.  Sidney.  Otway. 

VVe  now  more  generally  say,  a  yquth  of  promise. 

6.  In  cbance.i,  the  value  of  any  prospect  of  prize  or 
property  depending  upon  the  happening  of  some  un- 
certain event.  ,\  sum  of  money,  to  be  paid  when 
an  event  happens,  has  a  delerminate  value  before 
thai  event  happens.  If  the  chances  of  receiving  or 
not  receiving  a  hundred  dollars,  when  an  event  or- 


EXP 

rives,  are  equal,  then,  before  the  arrival  of  the  event, 
the  expectation  is  worth  half  the  iimin  y. 

Harlow.  Eitcye. 
Expectation  of  life  ;  in  annuities,  a  term  applied  to 
the  mi  an  or  average  duration  of  the  life  of  imlivid- 
iials,  after  any  specified  age.  Ci/c. 
EX-PECT'A-TIVE,  H.   That  which  is  expected.  [.Vof 
used.] 

EX-PECT'ER,  n.  One  who  expects  ;  one  who  waiu 
for  something,  or  for  another  person.  Swift.  Shak, 

EX-PECT'ING,  ppr.  Waiting  or  looking  for  the  ar- 
rival of. 

EX-PECT'I.VG-LY.  adv.    In  a  state  of  expectation. 

EX-PEC'TO  RANT,  a,  [See  Expectorate.]  Hav- 
ing the  quality  of  promoting  discharges  from  the  lungs. 

EX-i'EC'TO-KAiNT,  n.  A  medicine  which  promotes 
discharges  from  the  lungs. 

EX-PEC'TO-KATE,  v.  t.  [L.  expectoro  ;  Sp.  expecto- 
rar  ;  Fr.  exprctorcr :  from  L.  ex  and  pectus,  the  breast.] 
To  eject  from  the  trachea  or  lungs  ;  to  discharge 
phlegm  or  other  matter,  by  coughing,  hawking,  a  id 
spitting.  Cixe, 

EX-PEC'TO-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Discharged  from  the 
lungs. 

E.X-PEe'TO-RA-TI.\G,  ppr.  Throwing  from  the 
lungs  by  hawking  and  spitting. 

EX-PEC-TO-RA'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  discharging 
phlegm  or  mucus  from  the  lungs,  by  coughing,  hawk- 
ing, and  spitting  ;  also,  the  matter  thus  discliarged. 

Encyc. 

EX-PEe'TO-RA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of" pro- 
moting expectoration. 

JEX  PE'DE  ilER'CU-LEM,  [L.]  From  the  remain- 
ing foot  of  Hercules'  statue,  learn  the  size  of  his  en- 
tire person  ;  from  a  partial  .exhibition,  lefirn  the  full 
extent  of  a  man's  powers  or  characteristic  excellences. 

EX-PP.'I)I-ATE,  i\  U    To  expedite.    [A'ot  in  u.ie.] 

E.X-Pl-.'Dl-E.N'CE,  (  71.   [Sec  Speed,  Expediext,  and 

EX  PE'DI-EN-CY,  i  Expedite.] 

1.  Fitness  or  suitableness  to  effect  some  good  end 
or  the  purpose  intended  ;  propriety  under  the  particu- 
lar circuinstanres  of  the  case.  The  pniclirability  of 
a  measure  is  often  obvious,  when  the  expedience  of  it 
is  questionable. 

2.  Expedition;  adventure.    [J^Tot  now  used.]  Shak. 

3.  Expedition  ;  haste  ;  dispatch.    [.Vol  now  used,] 

Shak. 

EX-Pe'DI-EN'T,  (eks-pG'de-ent,)  a.  [L.  expcdicns; 
expedio,  to  hasten  ;  Eng.  .speed;  Gr,  c-ntvd(>).] 

1.  Literally,  hiLstening  ;  urging  forward.  Hence, 
tending  to  promote  the  object  proposed  ;  fit  or  suita- 
ble for  the  purpose  ;  propi  r  under  the  circumstances. 
Jlanv  tilings  niav  be  lawful,  which  are  not  cxpedicnL 

2.  'Useful ;  profitable. 

3.  _(iiiick  ;  expeditious.    [JVof  used.]  Shak, 
EX-Pli'DI-ENT,  H.    That  which  serves  to  promote  or 

advance  ;  any  means  which  may  be  employed  to  ac- 
complish an  end.  Let  every  expedient  be  employed 
to  effect  an  important  object,  nor  let  exertions  cease 
till  all  expedients  fail  of  producing  the  effect. 

2.  Shift ;  means  devised  or  employed  in  an  exi- 
gcncv.  Dryden. 
EX-Pe'DI-EXT-LY,  adr.   FiUy  ;  suitably  ;  conven- 
iently. 

2.  H.istily  ;  quickly.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
EX-PED'I-TATE,  v.t,    [L.  ex  and  pes,  foot.] 

In  the  forest  laws  of  England,  to  cut  out  the  balls  or 
claws  of  a  dog's  fore  feet,  for  the  preservation  of  the 
king's  game. 

EX  PED-I-TA'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  cutting  out  the 

balls  or  claws  of  a  dog's  fore  feel.  Encyc. 
EX'PE-UITE,  t).  t.    [L.  expedio ;  Sp.  expedir ;  Fr.  cc- 

-  t 

pedier;  It.  spcdire  ;  Ar.  Osjl  afado,  to  hasten,  or 

wafada,  to  send,  to  move  hastily,  to  be  suitable ; 

Ic.ng.  speed,  frprdio  is  compound.  We  see  the  same 
root  in  impedio,  to  hinder,  to  send  against,  to  move  in 
opposition.] 

1.  To  hasten  ;  to  quicken  ;  to  accelerate  motion  or 
progress.  The  general  sent  orders  to  expedite  the 
m.irch  of  the  army.  Artificial  heat  may  erp«iit«  the 
growth  of  plants. 

2.  To  dispatch  ;  to  send  from. 

Such  chArten  are  expediud  of  course  Bacon. 

3.  To  hasten  bv  rendering  easy.  See  No.  1. 
EX'PE-DITE,  a.  '[L.  expedUus.]  ' 

1.  Quick;  speedy;  expeditious;  as,  expedite  exe- 
cution.   [Little  used.]  Sandys, 

2.  Easy  :  clear  of  impediments  ;  unencumbered  ; 
as,  to  make  a  way  plain  and  expedite.  [Unusual.] 

3.  Active  ;  nimble  ;  ready ;  prompt.  [Hooker. 

The  more  esptditt  will  be  the  aouJ  io  iu  openuioni.  [Unu- 
tual.]  TiUotMn. 

4.  Light-armed.    [.Vof  used,]  Baccm, 
EX'PE-DIT-ED, /.p.    Facilitated;  freed  from  impedi- 
ment. 

EX'PE-DITE-LY,  adc.    Readily;  hastily;  speedily; 

promptlv.  Oreic, 
EX' PE-DlrT-I.\G,  ppr.    Facilitating;  hastening. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


EXP 


EXP 


EXP 


EX-PE-DI"TION,  (eks-pe  disli'un,)  n.    [L.  expeditio.] 

1.  Haste  ;  speed  ;  quickness  ;  dispatch.  The  mail 
is  conveyed  with  expedition. 

2.  The  march  of  an  army,  or  the  voyage  of  a  fleet, 
to  a  distant  place,  for  hostile  purposes  ;  as,  the  eipe- 
dition  of  the  French  to  Egypt ;  the  expedition  of 
Xerxes  into  Greece, 

3.  Any  enterprise,  undertaking,  or  attempt  by  a 
number  of  persons  ;  or  the  collective  body  which 
undertakes.  We  say,  our  government  sent  an  expe- 
dition to  the  Pacific  ;  the  expedition  has  arrived. 

E.\-PE-DI"TIOX-.1-RY,  a.  Consisting  in  an  expedi- 
tion. 

EX-PE-DI"TIOUSi, (eks-pe -dish'us,) a.  Quick;  hasty; 

speedy  ;  as,  an  expeditious  march. 
2.  Nimble;  active;  swift;  acting  with  celerity; 

as,  an  expeditious  messenger  or  runner. 
EX-I'E-DI"T10L'S-LY,  ado.  Speedily;  hastily,  with 

celerity  or  dispatch. 
E.X-PEU'I  TIVE  a.    Performing  with  speed.  Bacon. 
EX-PEL',  r.  t.    [L.  expello;  cx  and  pello^  to  drive,  Gr. 

^aX^io;  It.  espcllare ;  W.yspetiaw;  and  from  the  L. 

participle,  Fr.  expulser.    Class  Bl.] 

1.  To  drive  or  force  out  from  any  inclosed  place ; 
as,  to  expel  wind  from  the  stomach,  or  air  from  a  bel- 
lows. [  The  word  is  applicable  to  any  force,  physical  or 
moral.] 

2.  1  o  drive  out ;  to  force  to  leave  ;  as,  to  expel  the 
inhabitants  of  a  countr}' ;  to  expel  wild  beasts  from  a 
forest. 

3.  To  eject ;  to  throw  out.  Dnjden. 

4.  To  banisli ;  to  exile.  Pope. 

5.  To  reject ;  to  refuse.    [Little  used.] 

Ami  would  you  not  poor  fellowaliip  erpel  7         Hub.  Tale. 

6.  To  exclude  ;  to  keep  out  or  otf.  Shak. 

7.  In  college  government,  to  coiiunand  to  leave  ;  to 
dissolve  the  connection  of  a  student  ;  to  interdict 
him  from  further  connection. 

EX-PEL'LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  expelled  or  driven 
out. 

AciJ  expellable  hy  heat,  Kirisan. 
EX-PEL'L£D,  (eks-peld',)  pp.  or  a.    Driven  out  or 

away  ;  forced  to  leave  ;  banished  ;  exiled  ;  excluded. 
EX-PEL'LEK,  n.    He  or  that  which  drives  out  or 

away. 

EX-PEL'LING,  ppr.     Driving  out;  forcing  away; 

compelling  to  quit  or  depart ;  banishing;  excluding. 
EX-PE\D',  V.  t.    [L.  expendo ;  ex  and  priido,  to  weigh  ; 

Sp.  expender ;   Fr.  drpeuser,  from  L.  digpcndo  ;  It. 

spendcre  ;  properly,  to  weigh  off ;   hence,  to  lay  out.] 

1.  To  lay  out ;  to  disburse  ;  to  spend  ;  to  deliver 
or  distribute,  either  in  payment  or  in  donations.  We 
expend  money  for  food,  drink,  and  clothing.  We  ex- 
pend a  little  in  charity,  and  a  great  deal  in  idle  amuse- 
ments. 

2.  To  layout;  to  use;  to  employ  ;  to  consume; 
as,  to  expend  time  and  labor.  I  hope  the  time,  labor, 
and  money  expended  on  this  book  will  not  be  wholly 
misemployed. 

3.  To  use  and  consume  ;  as,  to  expend  hay  in  feed- 
ing cattle. 

4.  To  consume;  to  dissipate;  to  waste  ;  as,  the 
oil  of  a  lamp  \i  expended  in  burning;  water  is  ex- 
pended in  mechanical  operations. 

EX  PEND',  r.  i.    To  be  laid  out, used,  or  consumed. 
EX-PEND'ED,  pp.  Laid  out ;  sjjent ;  disbursed  ;  used  ; 
consumed. 

EX-PEND'ING,  ppr.  Spending;  using  ;  employing  ; 
wasting. 

EX-PEND'I-TURE,  n.  The  act  of  expending  ;  a  lay- 
ing out,  as  of  money  ;  disbursement.  A  corrujit  ad- 
ministrition  is  known  by  extravagant  expenditures 
of  public  money. 

Nalioiial  inoomc  iind  expenditure.  Price. 

2.  Money  expended  ;  expense. 

The  receipts  and  ezpeixdituret  of  tltifl  extensive  counlrv, 

Hamilton. 

EX-PENSE',  (ex-pens',)  n.    [L.  eipensum.] 

1.  A  laying  out  or  expending;  the  disbursing  of 
money,  or  the  employment  ami  consumplion,  as  of 
time  or  labor.  Great  enterprises  are  accomplished 
only  by  a  great  expense  of  mi>ney,  time,  and  labor. 

2.  Money  expended  ;  cost ;  charge  ;  that  which  is 
disbursed  in  payment  or  in  charity.  A  prudent  man 
limits  his  expetwes  by  his  income.  The  erpcnsen  of 
war  are  rarely  or  never  reimbursed  by  the  acquisi- 
tion either  of  goods  or  territory. 

3.  That  which  is  useil,  employed,  laid  out,  or  con- 
sumed ;  as,  the  expeiue  of  time  or  labor. 

EX-PENSE'FIJL.o.    Costly;  expensive.  ILitllcvsed.] 

tViitton. 

EX  P1;N.'<E'F!JI,^LY,  adv.    Ina  costly  manner ;  with 

tri  al  expense.  fVccrcr. 
EX-PENSE'LES.S,  a.    Without  cost  or  cxpen.se. 

Milton. 

EX-PEN8'IVE,  o.  Costly;  requiring  much  expense; 
aj<,  an  expensive  dresH  or  ctpiiimge  ;  an  expensive 
family.  Vice«  are  UHually  more  expensive  than  vir- 
tues. 

2.  Given  toexpemie;  free  in  the  use  of  money  ; 
extravngnnt  ;  lnvi«b  ;  applied  to  persons.  Of  men, 
iioriie  are  frugal  and  indusIrioUH  ;  others,  iille  and 
erpenwive.  'I'cmple. 


3.  Liberal ;  generous  in  the  distribution  of  prop- 
erty. 

This  requirea  an  active,  expensive,  iiidefitigable  goodness. 

SpraU. 

EX-PENS'IVE-LY,  adv.     With  great  expense;  at 

great  cost  or  charge.  Sicifl. 
EX-PENS'IVE-NESS,  n.    Costliness;  the  quality  of 

incurring  or  requiring  great  expenditures  of  money. 

The  exppnsiveness  of  war  is  not  its  greatest  evil. 
2.  Addictedness  to  expense  ;  extravagance ;  applied 

to  persons. 

EX-PE'Rl-ENCE,  n.  [L.  ezperientia,  from  experior,  to 
try;  ez  and  ant.  pcrior;  Gr.  Tietp'no,  to  attempt, 
whence  pirate:  G.  erfahren,  from  fahren,  to  move,  to 
go,  to  drive,  io  ferry;  D.  ervaaren,(roin  vaaren,  to  go, 
to  move,  to  sail ;  Sw.  fiirfara,  fara  ;  Dan.  forfarcr, 
farcr:  Sax.  faran  ;  Goth,  faran;  Eng.  to  fare.  The 
L.  periculum.  Eng.  peril,  are  from  the  same  root.  We 
see  the  root  of  these  words  is,  to  go,  to  fare,  to  drive, 
urge,  or  press,  to  strain  or  stretch  forward.  See 
Class  Br,  No.  3,  Ar,  No.  4,  19,  23.] 

1.  Trial,  or  a  series  of  trials  or  experiments  ;  ac- 
tive etiort  or  attempt  to  do  or  to  prove  something,  or 
repeated  efforts.  A  man  attempts  to  raise  whe.it  on 
moist  or  clayey  ground  ;  his  attempt  fails  of  success  ; 
experience  proves  that  wheat  will  not  flourish  on  such 
a  soil.  He  repeats  the  trial,  and  his  experience  proves 
the  same  fact.  .\  single  trial  is  usually  denominated 
an  experiment ;  experience  may  be  a  series  of  trials,  or 
the  result  of  such  trials. 

2.  Observatitm  of  a  fact,  or  of  the  same  facts  or 
events  happening  under  like  circumstances. 

3.  Trial  from  suftering  or  enjoyment  ;  suffering 
itself;  tile  use  of  the  senses  ;  as,  the  experience  we 
have  of  pain  or  sickness.  We  know  the  elfect  of 
light,  of  smell,  or  of  taste,  by  experience.  We  learn 
the  instability  of  human  affairs  by  observ.ition  or  by 
experience.  We  learn  the  value  of  integrity  by  expe- 
rience. Hence, 

4.  Knowledge  derived  from  trials,  use,  practice,  or 
froin  a  series  of  observations. 

EX-Pe'RI-ENCE,  v.  t.  To  try  by  use,  bj- suffering,  or 
by  enjoyment.  Thus  we  all  experience  pain,  sorrow, 
and  pleasure  ;  we  experience  good  and  evil  ;  we  often 
experience  a  change  of  sentiments  and  views. 

2.  To  know  by  practice  or  trial ;  to  gain  knowl- 
edge or  skill  by  practice,  or  by  a  series  of  observa- 
tions. 

EX-Pii'RI-EN-C£D,  (eks-pe're-enst,)  pp.  Tried  ; 
used  ;  practiced. 

2.  a.  Taught  by  practice  or  by  repeated  observa- 
tions ;  skillful  or  wise  by  means  of  trials,  use,  or  ob- 
servation ;  as,  an  experienced  artist ;  an  experienced 
physician. 

EX-PE'Rl-EN-CER,  ».  One  who  makes  trials  or 
experiments. 

EX-PiE'Rl-EN-CING,  ppr.  Making  trial ;  suffering  or 
enjoying. 

EX-PER'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  experimentum,  from  experior, 
as  in  Experience,  which  see.] 

A  trial;  an  act  or  operation  designed  to  discover 
some  unknown  truth,  principle,  or  efi'ect,  or  to  es- 
tablish it  when  discovered.  It  differs  from  observa- 
tion,wXnch  is  merely  the  attentive  consideration  of 
tilings,  as  they  exist  in  nature.  Experiments  in  chem- 
istry disclose  "the  qualities  of  natural  bodies.  A  series 
of  experiments  proves  the  uniformity  of  the  laws  of 
matter.  It  is  not  always  safe  to  trust  to  a  single  ex- 
periment. It  is  not  expedient  to  try  many  experiments 
in  legislation. 


A  political  erptriment  can  not  be  made 
tleteriiiined  in  a  few  hours. 


laboratory,  no 
J.  Adams. 


EX-PER'I-MENT,  v.  i.  To  make  trial  ;  to  make  an 
exiieriment ;  to  operate  on  a  body  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  discover  some  unknown  fact,  or  to  e.stablish  it 
wintn  knt)wn.  Philosophers  experiment  on  natural 
bodies  for  the  discovery  of  their  qualities  and  combi- 
nations. 

2.  To  trj' ;  to  search  by  trial. 

3.  To  experience.    [JVot  used.]  Locke. 
EX-PER'I-MENT,  v.  t.    To  tr)' ;  to  know  by  tri.il. 

[Little  used.]  Herbert. 
EX-PKIM-MENT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  experiment. 

2.  Known  by  experiment  or  trial ;  derived  from  ex- 
periment. 

Experimental  knowledge  is  the  most  valuable,  be- 
cause it  is  most  certain,  and  most  safely  to  be 
tru.sted. 

3.  Built  on  experiments  ;  founded  on  trial  and  ob- 
servations, or  on  a  series  of  results,  the  effects  of 
operations  ;  as,  experimental  philosophy. 

4.  'I'aught  by  experience;  having  personal  expe- 
rience. 


Admit  to  the  holy  communion  Knch  only  »b  profeiDt  and  appear 
to  be  rej^eiiemtcd,  oiid  cxptrimenlai  Chnstiium. 

//.  Itumplireyt. 

5.  Known  by  experience ;  derived  from  experience  ; 
OS,  experimental  religion. 
EX-PEK-I-MENT'AL-IST,  ii.    One  who  makes  er- 

periments.  Jiuri^rss. 
EX-PEH-I  MENT'AL  T.Y,  adv.    Ry  experiment ;  by 
trial  ;  by  opernlion  and  obsi  rvation  of  resiilu. 
2.  By  experience  ;  by  sufl'ering  or  enjoyment.  Wo 


are  all  experimentally  acquainted  with  pain  and 
pleasure. 

EX-PER-r-MENT'A-TIVE,  a.  Experimentil. 
EX-PER'l-JlENT-ED,  pp.    Tried  ;  searched  out  by 
trial. 

EX-PER'I-MENT-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  experi- 
ments ;  one  skilled  in  experiments. 

EX-PER'I-MENT-ING,  ppr.  Making  experiments  or 
trials. 

EX-PER'I-MENT-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  experi- 
ments. [This  is  more  analogical  than  Experiment- 
alist.] i  Good. 

EX-PER-I-MEJV'TtJJir  CRVCIS.  [L.]  Experiment 
of  the  cross  ;  a  test  of  the  severest  and  most  search- 
ing nature  ;  a  decisive  experiment. 

EX-PERT',  a.  [L.  cxpertus,  from  experior,  to  try. 
See  Experience.] 

1.  Properly,  experienced  ;  taught  by  use,  practice, 
or  experience  ;  hence,  skillful  ;  well  instructed  ;  hav- 
ingfamiliar  knowledge  of;  as,an  expert  philosopher. 

2.  Dextrous  ;  adroit ;  ready  ;  prompt  ;  having  a 
facility  of  operation  or  performance  from  pr.ictice  ; 
as,  an  expert  operator  in  surgery.  It  is  usually  fol- 
lowed by  in  :  as,  expert  in  surgery  ;  expert  in  perform- 
ance on  a  musical  instrument.  Pope  uses  expert  of 
arms,  but  improperly. 

EX-PERT',  c.  t.    To  experience.  Spenser. 

EX-PERT',  71.    An  expert  person.  £i^.  Rev. 

EX-PERT'LY,  adv.  Ina  skillful  or  dextrous  manner ; 
adroitly  ;  w  ilh  readiness  and  accuracy. 

EX-PERT'NESS,  n.  Skill  derived  "from  practice  ; 
readiness;  dexterity;  adroitness;  as,  expertness  in 
musical  performance  ;  expertness  in  war  or  in  sea- 
manship ;  expertness  in  reasoning. 

EX-PET'I-BLE,  a.    [L.  expetibilis.] 

That  may  be  wished  for;  desirable.     [JVof  used.] 

EX'PI-A  BLE,  a.    [L.  explabUis.    See  Expiate.] 

That  may  be  expiated  ;  that  mav  be  atoned  for 
and  done  away ;  as,  an  cxpiable  offense  ;  expiable 
guilt.  _ 

EX'PI-aTE,  I',  f.  [L.  expio;  ez  and  pio,  to  worship, 
to  atone  ;  pius,  pious,  mild.  The  primary  sense  is 
probably  to  appease,  to  pacify,  to  allay  resentment, 
which  is  tlie  usual  sense  of  atone  in  most  languages 
which  I  have  examined.  Pio  is  prtibably  contracted 
from  ;)i<-(j,  and  from  the  root  of  puro,  the  radical  sense 
of  which  is  to  lay,  set,  or  fix  ;  the  primary  sense  of 
peace,  piu.  Hence  the  sense  of  mdd  in  pius.  But 
this  opinion  is  olTered  only  as  probable.] 

1.  Tf>  atone  for  ;  to  make  satisfaction  for  ;  to  ex- 
tinguish the  guilt  of  a  crime  by  subsequent  acts  of 
piety  or  worship,  by  which  the  obligation  to  punish 
the  crime  is  canceled.  To  expiate  guilt  or  a  crime,  is 
to  perform  some  act  which  is  supposed  to  purify  the 
person  guilty  ;  or  some  act  which  is  accepted  liy  the 
offended  party  as  satisfaction  for  the  injury  ;  that  is, 
some  act  by  which  his  wrath  is  appeased,  and  his 
forgiveness  procured. 

2.  To  make  reparation  for ;  as,  to  expiate  an  injury. 

Clarendon. 

3.  To  avert  the  threats  of  prodigies.  Johnson. 
EX'PI-a-TED,  pp.    .Atoned  for ;  done  away  by  satis- 
faction offereil  and  accepted. 

EX'Pl-A-TING,  ppr.  Making  atonement  or  satisfac- 
tion for;  destroying  or  removing  guilt, and  canceling 
the  obligation  to  punish. 

EX-PI-A'TION,  11.    [L.  expiatio.] 

1.  The  .let  of  atoning  for  a  crime  ;  the  act  of  mak- 
ing satisfaction  for  an  offense,  by  which  the  guilt  is 
done  away,  and  the  obligation  of  the  offended  per- 
son to  punish  the  crime  is  canceled  ;  atonement; 
satisf;iclif>n.  Among  pagans  anti  Jews,  expiation  was 
made  chiefly  by  sacrifices,  or  washings,  and  purifi- 
cation. Among  Christians,  expiation  for  the  sins  of 
men  is  usually  considered  as  made  only  by  the  obedi- 
ence and  sufferings  of  (.Mirisl. 

2.  'i'he  means  by  which  atonement  for  crimes  is 
made  ;  atonement  ;  as  sacrifices  and  purification 
among  heathens,  and  the  obedience  and  death  of 
Christ  among  Christians. 

3.  Among  ancient  heathens,  an  act  by  which  the 
threats  of  prodigies  were  averted.  Iluyjcard. 

EX'PI  A-TO-RY,  o.     Having  the  ptmer  to  make 

atonement  or  expiation  ;  as,  an  expiatory  sacrifice. 
EX-PI-La'TION,  n.    [L.  expilatio,  from  expilo,  to  strip; 
cxand  pilo,  to  peel.] 

A  stripping  ;  the  act  of  committing  waste  on  land, 
to  the  injury  of  an  heir ;  waste.    [Little  used.] 

Fuller. 

EX-PIR'.\-BLE,  n.    [from  frpirr.]    That  may  expire  ; 

that  m.iy  come  to  an  entl. 
EX-PIR'A\T,  n.    One  expiring. 

E.\-PI-Ra'TION,  n.  [L.  expiratio,  from  expire.  See 
Expinr,.] 

1.  The  act  of  breathing  out,  or  forcing  the  air  from 
the  lungs.  Respiration  consists  of  expiration  and  in- 
spiration. 

2.  The  last  emission  of  breath  ;  death.  Rambler. 

3.  The  emission  of  volalili^  matter  from  any  sub- 
stance ;  evaporation  ;  exhalation;  as,  the  expiration 
of  warm  air  from  the  earlli. 

4.  Matter  expired  ;  exhalation  ;  vopor;  fume. 

Baron. 

5.  Cessation  ;  close  ;  end  ;  conclusion  ;  termina- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK — 


EXP 


EXP 


EXP 


tion  of  a  limited  time  j  as,  the  expiration  of  a  montli 
or  year  ;  tiie  cTpirulii'it  of  a  term  of  years  ;  the  <  x- 
piration  of  a  lease  ;  the  czpiralion  of  a  contract  or 
asrccment. 

EX  rl'KA-TO-UY,  fl.  IVrtaininR  to  the  emission  or 
expiraliiin  of  breiUli  from  the  hiiiRS.  Hall. 

EX-l'TlH;',  r.  t.  [li.  riiiiro,  for  czsjiiro;  «  and  rpiro, 
to  brealhi'.] 

1.  To  bivatlie  out;  to  throw  out  tlio  breath  from 
(lie  hings ;  opposed  to  inspire.  We  expire  air  at  every 
brcatli. 

U.  To  exhale  j  to  emit  in  minute  particles,  as  a 
fluid  or  volatile  matter.  Tiie  earth  fj-piVw  (t  damp 
or  w  arm  va|x)r  ;  the  boily  fipiren  fluid  matter  from 
the  pores  ;  plants  expire  odors. 

a.  To  conclude.  [Olis.] 
E.\-I'IIIE',  V.  i.   To  emit  the  last  breath,  as  an  animal ; 
to  die  ;  to  breathe  the  last. 

2.  To  perisli ;  to  cud  ;  to  fail  or  be  destroyed  ;  to 
come  to  nothing  ;  to  be  frustrated.  With  the  loss  of 
battle  all  his  hopes  of  empire  crpirril. 

y.  To  fly  out;  to  be  thrown  out  with  force.  [Rare.] 

Tlie  poiidcruuii  twll  expires.  Drylen. 
4.  To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  ceasir ;  to  terminate  ;  to 
close  or  conclude,  as  a  given  period.  A  lease  will 
expire  on  the  first  of  May.  The  year  expires  on 
Monday.  The  contract  w  ill  expire  at  Michaelmas. 
The  days  had  not  erpireil. 

When  forty  yciirn       expired.  —  .\i:u  vil. 

EX-PIU'ED,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Ex  pi  nr. 
EX-l'Ill'ING,  ppr.    Hreathina  out  air  from  the  lunffs; 
emitting  fluid  or  volatile  matl<  r;  exlialing  ;  breath- 
ing the  last  breath  ;  dyinj  ;  ending  ;  terniinatinj;. 

a.    Dying;  pertaining  to  or  uttered  at  the  time 
of  dying ;  as,  expiring  words  ;  exi>irin;/  groans. 

J.  Laihrop. 

EX-PlS-eS'TION,  n.    A  fishing.  Chapman. 
E.\-l'liAl.N',  r.  (.         explano;  ct  and  ;>/«n«i-,  plain, 

open,  smooth;    !?p.   ezplanar;    It.  spianare,  See 

Plain.] 

To  make  plain,  manifest,  or  intelligible  ;  to  clear 
of  obscurity  ;  to  expound;  to  illustrate  by  discourse, 
or  by  notes.  The  first  business  of  a  preaclier  is  to 
explain  his  text.  Notes  and  comments  are  intended 
to  explain  the  Scriptures. 

EX-PLAIN',  !).  i.    To  give  explanations. 

EX-PL.^IN'A-BLE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  cleared  of  ob- 
scurity ;  capable  of  being  made  plain  to  the  under- 
standing ;  capable  of  being  interpreti  d.  Bmren. 

£X-PL.^IN'£D,  feks-plSnd',)  pp.  Made  clear  or  obvi- 
ous to  the  understanding ;  cleared  of  doubt,  ambi- 
guity, or  obscurity  ;  expounded  ;  illustrated. 

EX-PL.\IN'ER,  n.  One  who  explains ;  an  expositor ; 
a  commentator ;  an  interpreter.  Harris. 

EX-PLAIN'ING, ;)pr.  or  a.  Expounding  ;  iflustrating  ; 
interpreting ;  opening  tQ.  the  understanding ;  clear- 
ing of  obscuritv. 

EX-PLA-XA'Tlb.V,  n.    [L.  eiplanatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  explaining,  expounding,  or  inter- 
preting ;  exposition;  illustration  ;  interpretation  ;  the 
act  of  clearing  from  obscurity  and  making  intelligi- 
ble ;  as,  the  explanation  of  a  passage  in  Scripture,  or 
of  a  contract  or  treaty. 

2.  The  sense  given  by  an  expounder  or  interpreter. 

3.  A  mutii.al  exposition  of  terms,  meaning,  or  mo- 
tives, with  a  view  to  adjust  a  misunderstanding,  and 
reconcile  differences.  Hence,  reconciliation,  agree- 
ment, or  good  understanding  of  parties  who  have 
been  at  variance.  The  parties  have  come  to  an  ex- 
planation. 

EX-PLAN'A-TO-RI-NEPP,  n.    A  being  expl.inatory. 
EX-PLA.\'A-TO-UV,a.  Serving  to  explain  ;  contain- 
ing explanation  ;  as,  explanatory  notes. 
EX-PLK'TION,  (eks  pl,r<liun,)  n.  expUtio.] 
Accomplishment ;  I'ultillment.    [Little  used.] 

Killintrbeck. 

EX'PLE-TIVE,  0.  [Fr.  expUtif,  from  L.  eiplco,  to 
fill.] 

Filling  ;  added  for  supply  or  ornament. 

EX'PLE-TIVE,  II.  In  lan/ruane,  a  word  or  syllable 
not  necessary  to  the  sense,  but  inserted  to  fill  a  va-- 
cancy,  or  for  ornament.  The  Greek  language  abounds 
with  expletives. 

EX'PLE-TO-RY,  a.    Serving  to  fill. 

E.\'PLI-eA-BLE,  a.  [L.  cxplicabilis.  See  Expli- 
cate.] 

1.  Explainable  ;  that  may  be  unfolded  to  the  mind  ; 
th.at  may  be  made  intelligible.  Many  ditficulties  in 
old  authors  are  not  explicahh. 

2.  That  may  be  accounted  for.  The  conduct  and 
measures  of  the  administration  arc  not  explicable  by 
the  usual  rules  of  judging. 

EX'PLI  CATE,  r.  (.  [L.  erplico,  to  unfold;  ex  and 
p/ift),  to  fold  ;  Fr.  expliqucr ;  Sp.  expticar  f  It.  spie- 
fare.] 

1.  To  unfold;  tocxpand  ;  to  open.  "  They  explicate 
the  leaves."  Blackmore. 

[In  this  sense  the  icord  is  not  common,  and  hardly  ad- 
missible.] 

2.  'I'o  unfold  the  meaning  or  sense  ;  to  explain  ;  to 
clear  of  diflicullies  or  obscurity  ;  to  interpret. 

TUo  lut  rent  of  hia  \ut  lalyr  U  not  jcl  lulUcicntly  expHmlrtI . 

Oryrirti. 


EX'PLI-CA-TKD,  pp.    Unfolded  ;  explained. 
EX'PI.I-eA-TING,;7>i-.    Unfolding  ;  explaining  ;  in- 
terpreting. 

EX-PH-eA'TION,  II.  The  act  of  opening  or  unfold- 
ing. 

2.  The  act  of  explaining  ;  explanation  ;  exposi- 
tion ;  interpretation  ;  as,  the  explication  of  the  para- 
bles of  our  Savior. 

3.  The  sense  given  by  an  expositor  or  interpreter. 

Johnsi'n. 

EX'PLl-CA-TIVE,    j  a.     Serving  to  unfold  or  ex- 

EX'PLi  eA-TO-RV,  i  plain  ;  tending  to  l.iy  open  to 
the  understanding.  Walts. 

EX'PLI-CA-TOK,  n.  One  who  unfolds  or  explains; 
an  expounder. 

EX-I'LIC'IT,  feks-plis'it,)  a.  [L.  explicitus,  part,  of 
erplico,  to  unfold.] 

Literally,  unfolded.  Hence,  plain  in  Innguage  ; 
open  to  the  understanding;  clear;  not  obscure  or  am- 
biguous ;  express,  not  merely  iniplii  il.  An  erpliiit 
proposition  or  declaration  is  that  in  which  the  words, 
in  tlieir  coniiiion  acceiitaliim,  ex  press  tlie  true  meaning 
of  the  person  who  utters  tliem,  and  in  which  there 
is  no  ambiguity  or  disguise. 

2.  Plain;  open;  clear;  unreserved;  having  no 
disguised  meaning  or  reservation  ;  applied  to  persons. 
He  was  explicit  ill  his  terms. 

F.X' t'LIC-IT,  (eks'ple-sit.)  [L.]  A  word  formerly 
usi  d  at  the  conclusion  of  books,  aafinU  is  now  used. 

EX-PLIC'IT-LY,  adv.  Plainly  ;  expressly  ;  without 
duplicity  ;  without  disguise  or  reservaticm  of  mean- 
ing; not  by  inference  or  implication.  He  explicitly 
avows  his  intention. 

EX-PLIC'IT-NESS,  n.  Plainness  of  Language  or  ex- 
pression ;  clearness ;  direct  expression  of  ideas  or 
inteiitii>n,  without  reserve  or  ambiguity. 

EX-l'Lf)l)E',  «.  i.  [Ij.erplodo;  cj:  and  /i/ni/r/o,  to  ut- 
ter a  burst  of  sound  ;  from  tiie  root  of  load.] 

Properly,  to  burst  forth,  as  sound  ;  to  utter  a  report 
with  sudden  violence.  Hence,  to  burst  and  expand 
witli  force  and  a  violent  report,  .as  an  elastic  tluid. 
We  say,  gunpowder  explodes  on  the  application  of 
fire  ;  a  v<dcano  explodes ;  a  meteor  explodes. 

EX-PL6I)E',  V.  t.  To  decry  or  reject  with  noi.^e  ;  to 
express  disapprobatiiui  of,  with  noise  or  marks  of 
contempt ;  jus,  to  explode  a  play  on  the  stage.  Hence, 

2.  To  reject  with  any  marks  of  ilisapprobation  or 
disdain  ;  to  treat  with  contempt,  Mini  drive  from  no- 
tice ;  to  drive  into  disrepute  ;  or,  iii  sr'neral,  to  con- 
demn ;  to  reject ;  to  cry  down.  ./Vstrology  is  now 
exploded. 

3.  To  drive  out  with  violence  and  noise.  [Little 
used.] 

The  Ifinilled  powder  exploded  the  bAll.  Blackmore. 

EX-PL6D'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Burst  with  violence  ;  driven' 
away  by  hisses  or  noise  ;  ri^ected  with  disapproba- 
tion or  contempt ;  condemned  ;  cried  down. 

EX-PLoD'ER,  It.  One  who  explodes;  a  hisser;  one 
who  rejects. 

EX-PLC)l)'ING,  ppr.  Bursting  and  expanding  with 
force  and  a  violent  report;  rejecting  with  marks  of 
disapprobation  or  contempt ;  rejecting;  condemning. 

EX-PLOIT',  n.  [Fr.  exploit;  Norm,  exploit,  esploit, 
dispatch;  expleiter,  to  bo  dispatched,  exercised,  or 
employed  ;  ploU,  dispatch ;  Arm.  espied,  esplcdi,  ez- 
pleL] 

1.  A  deed  or  act ;  more  espeeialhj,  a  heroic  act ;  a 
deed  of  renown  ;  a  pri'at  or  noble  achievement ;  as, 
the  exploits  of  Alexander,  of  Cesar,  of  Washington. 
[ExpLoiTunE,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  in  use.] 

2.  In  a  ludicrous  sense,  a  great  act  of  wickedness. 
EX-PLOIT',  c.t.  To  achieve.   [A'ut  in  «.«.]  Camden. 
EX-PL6'RATE,r.«,   To  explore,    [^rutx^sed^  [See 

Explore.] 

EX-PLO-RA'TION,  u.  [See  Explore.]  The  act  of 
exploring  ;  close  search  ;  strict  or  careful  examina- 
tion. Boyle. 

EX'PLO-RA-TOR,  n.  One  who  explores;  one  who 
searches  or  examines  closely. 

EX-PL0R'.\-T0-RY,  o.  Serving  to  explore ;  search- 
ing ;  examining. 

E.\-PLORE',f.  (.  [\i.  er)>loro  ;  <i  and  p/oro,  to  cr)' out, 
to  wail,  to  bawl.  The  compound  appears  to  con- 
vey a  very  dilferent  sense  from  the  simple  verb  ploro  ; 
but  the  primary  sense  is,  to  stretch,  strain,  drive  ;  ap- 
plied to  the  Toiee,  it  is  to  strain  or  press  out  sounds  or 
words  ;  applied  to  the  eyes,  it  is  to  stretch  or  reach, 
as  in  prying  curiosity.] 

1.  To  search  for  making  discovery  ;  to  view  with 
care ;  to  examine  closely  by  the  eye.  Moses  sent 
spies  to  explore  the  land  of  (janaan. 

2.  To  search  by  any  means  ;  to  try ;  as,  to  explore 
the  deep  by  a  pliimniet  or  lead. 

3.  To  search  or  pry  into  ;  to  scrutinize  ;  to  inquire 
with  care  ;  to  examine  closely  with  a  view  to  dis- 
cover truth  ;  as,  to  explore  the  depths  of  science. 

EX-PLf)R'i.'D,  pp.  ora.  Searched  ;  viewed  ;  examined 
claselv. 

EX-PLt)RE'ME.\T,n    Search  ;  trial.    [Little  used.] 

Brown. 

EX  PLfiR'ER,  n.    One  who  explores. 
EX-PLOR'I.NG,  ppr.  or  o.     Searchini:  ;  viewing  ;  ex- 
amining with  care.  ' 


E.X-PLO'SION,  (eks-pWzhun,)  II.  [itnm  explode..]  A 
bursting  with  noise  ;  a  bursting  or  sudden  expansion 
of  any  elastic  fluid,  with  force  and  a  loud  report ;  as, 
the  explosion  of  powder. 

2.  The  discharge  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  with  a 
loud  report. 

3.  The  sudden  burst  of  sound  in  a  volcano,  ic. 
EX-I'LO'.SI VE,  a.    Driving  or  bursting  out  with  vio- 
lence and  noise  ;  causing  explosion  ;  us,  the  explosive 
force  of  gunpowder.  IVondward. 

EX-PLfi'SIVF.  LY,  ado.    In  an  explosive  manner. 
E.\-P0-LI-A'T10N,  n.    [L.  eipalmtiu.] 

A  spoiling  ;  a  wasting.    [See  Spoliation.] 
EX-POL'ISH,  for  Polish  ;  a  useless -word. 
E.X-Po'.NI^.N'T,  n.    [L.  ex]}oncns ;  expono,  to  expose  or 
set  lorlli  ;  ex  and  pono,  to  place.] 

1.  In  al'jibra,  tile  exjtonent  or  index  of  a  power  is 
the  iiuiiibi  r  or  letter  which,  placi  d  above  a  (piantity 
at  the  right  hand,  denotes  how  often  that  quantity 
is  repeated  as  a  factor,  to  produce  the  power.  Tlrus 

denotes  the  second  pou'er  of  a :  a*  denotes  the 
fourth  power  of  a  .-  a'  denotes  the  xlli  power  of  o,  or 
o  repeated  as  a  factor  i  linii  s.  A  fractional  exponent 
or  index  is  used  to  denote  the  root  of  a  quantity. 
Thus  al  denotes  the  third  or  cube  root  of  a. 

Daifs  .^l;Tibra.  Barlow. 
9.  F.xponcnt  of  a  ratio  ;  a  term  or  phrase  sometimes 
used  to  denote  the  quotient  arising  when  the  antece- 
dent is  divided  by  the  consequent,  'i'hus  six  is  the 
exponent  of  the  ratio  of  tJiirty  to  Jiee.  But  some  math- 
ematicians, as  Kepler,  Halley,  &c.,  consider  loga- 
rithms as  the  er]wneuts  uf  ratios.    Barlote.  Brande. 

3.  Fiiriirativcly,  one  that  stands  as  an  index  or 
representative  ;  as  the  leader  ol  a  party  is  the  expo- 
ncnt  of  its  principles, 
EX-PO-NEN'TIAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  exponents. 

Exponential  ifuontily  ;  in  algebra,  a  quantity  whose 
exponent  is  unknown  or  variable.  HuUon. 

Exponential  equation  ;  an  equation  which  contains 
an  exponential  quantity.  Ilutton. 

Exponential  curve ;  a  curve  whose  nature  is  defined 
by  means  of  an  exponential  eipiation.  Hutton. 
EX-Pf)PE',  II.    A  pope  deposed,  or  dismissed  from 

oflice.  McGarin, 
EX-PoRT',  V.  t.  [L.  exporto  ;  ex  and  porta,  to  carry. 
Purto  seems  allied  to  fcro,  and  Eng.  ftfar.  Class  Br.] 
To  carry  out ;  but  appropriately,  and  [lerhaps  ez- 
clasicely,  to  convey  or  transport,  in  traffic,  produce, 
and  goods  from  one  country  to  another,  or  from  one 
state  or  jurisdiction  to  another,  either  by  water  or 
land.  We  export  wares  and  merchandise  from  the 
United  States  to  Europe.  The  Northern  .States  ex- 
port manufactures  to  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
Goods  are  exported  from  Persia  to  Sy  ria  and  Egypt 
on  camels. 

EX'PoRT,  It.  A  commodity  actually  conveyed  from 
one  country  or  state  to  another  in  traflic,  or  a  com- 
modity which  m,\v  be  exported  ;  used  chiefly  in  the 
plural,  erporu.  We  ap[ily  the  word  to  goods  or  prod- 
uce actually  carried  abroad,  or  to  such  a3  are  usu- 
allv  exported  in  commerce. 

EX-PORT' A-BLK,  a.    That  may  be  exported. 

EX-POR-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exporting  ;  the  act 
of  conveying  goods  and  productions  from  one  coun- 
try or  state  to  another  in  the  course  of  commerce. 
A  country  is  benefited  or  enriched  by  tlie  exportation 
of  its  surjiliis  productions. 

2.  'I'lie  act  of  carrying  out. 

EX-PoRT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Carried  out  of  a  country  or 
state  in  traffic. 

EX-PoRT'ER,  n.  The  person  who  exports ;  the  per- 
son who  ships  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  of  any 
kind  to  a  foreign  country,  or  who  sends  them  to 
market  in  a  distant  country  or  state ;  opijpsed  to  im- 
porter. 

EX-PoRT'I.\G,  ppr.  Conveying  to  a  foreign  country, 
or  to  another  state,  as  goods,  produce,  or  manufac- 
tures. 

EX'PoRT-TRADE,  n.   The  trade  which  consists  in 

the  exportation  of  commodities. 
EX-PoS'AL,  n.  Exposure.  [jVot  in  use.]  SuiifL 
EX-PoSE',  (('ks-po7.e',)  r.  t.  [Fr.  exposer;  L.  exposi- 
tum,  from  expono  ;  ex  and  pono,  to  place  ;  It.  esporre, 
for  exponere.  The  radical  sense  of  pono  is  to  set  or 
place,  or  rather  to  llirow  or  thrust  down.  To  expose 
is  to  set  or  throw  open,  or  to  thrust  forth.] 

1.  To  lay  open  ;  to  set  to  public  view  ;  to  disclose  ; 
to  uncover  or  draw  from  concealment ;  as,  to  expose 
the  secret  artifices  of  a  court;  to  expose  a  plan  or  de- 
sign. 

2.  To  make  bare  ;  to  uncover  ;  to  remove  from  any  ■ 
thing  that  which  guards  or  protects  ;  as,  to  expose  the  | 
head  or  the  breiL'^t  to  the  air. 

3.  To  remove  from  shelter ;  to  place  in  a  situation 
to  be  affected  or  acted  on ;  tas,  to  expose  one's  self  to 
violent  heat. 

4.  To  lay  open  to  attack,  by  any  means ;  as,  to  ex- 
pose an  army  or  garrison.  j 

5.  To  make  liable ;  to  subject ;  as,  to  expose  one's 
self  to  pain,  grief,  or  tod  ;  to  expose  one's  self  to  in- 
sult. 

C.  To  put  in  the  power  of;  as,  to  expose  one's  sell 
to  (he  seas. 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS.   |j 


EXP 


EXP 


Exa 


7.  To  lay  open  to  censure,  ridicule,  or  contempt, 

A  foo!  mi^lit  onc€  himself  alone  expoBe.  Pope. 

8.  To  lay  open,  in  almost  any  manner  j  as,  tu  er- 
yost  one's  self  to  examination  or  scrutiny. 

9.  To  put  in  danger.  The  good  soldier  never 
shrinks  from  exposing  himself,  when  duty  re- 
quires it. 

10.  To  cast  out  to  chance  ;  to  place  abroad,  or  in  a 
situation  unprotected.  Some  nations  expose  their 
children. 

11.  To  lay  open  ;  to  make  public.  Be  careful  not 
unnecessarily  to  expose  the  faults  of  a  neighbor. 

12.  To  offer  ;  to  place  in  a  situation  to  invite  pur- 
chasers ;  as,  to  expose  goods  to  sale. 

13.  To  offer  to  inspection  ;  as,  to  expose  paintings 
in  a  gallerv. 

EX-PO  SE'',  (eks-po-za',)  re.  [Fr.]  A  laying  open  ;  a 
formal  statement,  recital,  or  exposition  ;  a  useless 
ttord. 

EX-PoS'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Laid  open  ;  laid  bare  ;  uncov- 
ered ;  unprotected  ;  made  liable  to  attack  ;  offered 
for  sale  ;  disclosed  ;  made  public  ;  offered  to  view. 

EX-PoS'ED-.\ESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  ex|)r)sed, 
open  to  attack,  or  unprotected  ;  as,  an  ezposedness  to 
sin  or  temptation.  Edmards. 

EX-POS'ER,  n.    One  who  exposes. 

EX-PoS'lNG,  ppr.  I,ying  or  laying  open  ;  making 
bare;  putting  in  danger  ;  disclosing;  placing  in  any 
situation  without  protection ;  offering  to  inspection 
or  to  sale. 

EX-PO-SI"TIO.V,  (eks-po-zish'un,)  n.  A  laying  open  ; 
a  setting  to  public  view. 

2.  A  situation  in  which  a  thing  is  exposed  or  laid 
open,  or  in  which  it  has  an  unobstructed  view,  or  in 
which  a  free  passage  to  it  is  open  ;  as,  a  house  has 
an  easterly  exposition,  an  exposition  to  the  soutti,  or  to 
a  southern  prospect.  The  exposition  gives  a  free  ac- 
cess to  the  air  or  to  the  sun's  rays.  ArbuiUnot. 

3.  Explanation  ;  interpretation  ;  a  laying  open  the 
sense  or  meaning  of  au  author,  or  of  any  passage  in 
a  writing.  '  Dnjden. 

4.  A  work  containing  explanations  or  interpreta- 
tions. 

EX-POS'I-TIVE,  a.    Explanatory  ;  laying  open. 

Pearson. 

EX-POS'I-TOR,  n.    [L.]    One  who  expounds  or  ex- 
plains ;  an  interpreter.  SouUu 
2.  A  book  which  expounds  and  explains. 

EX  POS'I-TO-RY,  a.  Serving  to  explain  ;  tending  to 
illustrate.  Johnson. 

EX  POST  FACTO,  [L.]  In  law,  done  after  an- 
other tiling.  An  estate  granted  may  be  made  good 
by  matter  ex  post  facto,  which  was  not  good  at  first. 

An  ex  post  facto  law,  in  criminal  cd^es,  consists  in 
declaring  an  act  penal  or  criminal,  which  was  inno- 
cent when  done  ;  or  in  raising  the  grade  of  an  of- 
fense, making  it  greater  than  it  was  when  com- 
mitted, or  increasing  the  punishment  after  the  com- 
mission of  the  offense  ;  or  in  altering  the  rules  of 
evidence,  so  as  to  allow  different  or  less  evidence  to 
convict  the  offender,  than  was  required  wlien  the 
offense  was  committed.  Sergeant. 

An  ex  post  facto  law,  is  one  that  renders  an  act  pun- 
ishable in  a  manner  in  which  it  was  no'  piinisbuble 
at  the  time  it  was  committed.         Crancli,  Reports. 

This  definition  Ls  distinguished  fur  its  comprehen- 
sive brevity  and  precision.      Kent's  Commentaries. 

In  a  free  government,  no  person  can  be  subjected 
to  punishment  by  an  ez  post  facto  law. 

EX  POS'TU-LaTE,  ».  i.  [L.  expostulo ;  ex  and  pos- 
tulo,  to  require,  probably  from  the  root  of  posco.] 

To  reason  earnestly  with  a  person,  on  some  impro- 
priety of  his  conduct,  representing  tlie  wrong  he  has 
done  or  intends,  and  urging  him  to  desist,  or  to  make 
redress  ^  followed  by  icitlt. 

Tlie  emjy^ror'8  emUwsador  expostulaled  with  the  king,  tliat  be 
bad  tm>keD  the  lc:i^ue  wiili  the  emperor.  HaA/icard, 

EX-POS'TU-LaTE,  v.  L  To  discuss;  to  examine. 
[A'l.f  used.] 

EX  POS'TU-L.^  T1.\G,  ppr.     Reasoning  or  urging 

arguments  against  any  improper  conduct. 
EX-POS-TU-La'TIO.V,  n.  Reasoning  with  a  person 
in  opposition  to  his  conduct ;  the  act  of  pressing  on 
a  person  reasons  or  arguments  against  the  impropri- 
ety of  his  conduct,  and  in  some  cases  demanding  re- 
dress or  urging  refiinnation. 
2.  In  rhetoric,  an  address  containing  expostulation. 

F.ncyc. 

EX-POS'TtJ-LX  TOR,  n.    One  who  expostulates. 
EX-POH'TI;-I,A-TO-RV,ii.  Containing  expostulation  ; 

an,  an  erpastalolnry  address  or  debate. 
EX-PO'SIIRE,  (eks-po'zhiir,)  ,u    [from  expose.]  The 

act  of  exposing  or  laying  open. 

2.  The  Hlite  of  being  laid  open  to  view,  to  danger, 
or  to  any  inctmvcnience ;  as,  exposure  to  observa- 
tion ;  exposure  to  cold,  or  to  the  air  j  exposure  to  cen- 
sure. 

3.  The  dituation  of  a  plar*  in  regard  to  iM>int9  of 
<->..r.p".^!(,  or  to  a  free  access  of  air  iir  light.  W'e  say, 
a  building,  or  a  garden,  or  a  wall,  Iiils  a  nortlierii  or 
a  soiithi'rn  exposure.  \Vc  speak  of  its  exposure  or 
expoiition  to  a  free  current  of  air,  or  to  the  access  u( 
light. 


EX-POUND',  V.  t    [L.  expono  ;  ex  and  pono,  to  set.] 

1.  To  explain  ;  to  lay  open  the  meaning ;  to  clear 
of  obscurity  ;  to  interpret  ;  as,  to  expound  a  text  of 
Scripture  ;  to  expound  a  law. 

2.  To  lay  open  ;  to  examine ;  as,  to  expound  the 
pocket.    [Ji'iit  used.]  Iludibra.-'. 

EX-POUNU'ED,  pp.  Explained;  laid  open;  inter- 
preted. 

BX-POUND'ER,  71.  An  explainer;  one  who  inter- 
prets or  explains  the  meaning. 

EX-POU.XD'ING,  ppr.  Explaining;  laying  open; 
makiiig  clear  to  the  understanding  ;  interpreting. 

EX-PR  E'FECT,  n.  A  prefect  out  of  office  ;  one  who 
has  been  a  prefect,  and  is  so  no  longer. 

EX-PRES'1-DENT,  n.  One  who  has  been  a  presi- 
dent, but  is  no  longer  in  the  office. 

EX-PRESS',  V.  U  [.Sp.  expresar;  Port,  expressar;  L. 
expressum,  exprimo  ;  ez  and  premo,  to  press.  See 
Press.] 

1.  To  press  or  squeeze  out ;  to  force  out  by  press- 
ure ;  as,  to  express  the  juice  of  grapes  or  of  apples. 

2.  To  utter ;  to  declare  in  words ;  to  speak.  lie 
expressed  his  ideas  or  his  meaning  with  precision ; 
his  views  were  expressed  in  very  intelligible  terms. 

3.  To  write  or  engrave;  to  represent  in  written 
words  or  language.  The  covenants  in  the  deed  are 
well  expressed. 

4.  To  represent;  to  exhibit  by  copy  or  resemblance. 
So  ki'ls  ajid  whelps  llieir  sires  and  dams  expreea,  Dryden. 

5.  To  represent  or  show  by  imitation  or  the  imita- 
tive arts  ;  to  form  a  likeness ;  as  in  painting  or  sculp- 
ture. 

Each  skillfitl  artist  shajl  exprecB  thy  forrn.  Smith. 
(1.  To  show  or  make  kniM  n  ;  to  indicate.  A  down- 
cast eye  or  look  may  express  humility,  shame,  or 
guilt. 

7.  To  denote  ;  to  designate. 

Moses  and  Aaron  took  these  men,  who  are  erprested  by  their 
names. —Num.  i. 

8.  To  extort ;  to  elicit.    [Little  used.]  B.  Jonson. 
EX-PRESS',  a.    Plain  ;  clear  ;  expressed  ;  direct ;  not 

ambiguous.  We  are  informed  in  exjtress  terms  or 
words  ;  the  terms  of  (he  contract  are  express. 

2.  Given  in  direct  tenns  ;  not  implied  or  left  to  in- 
ference. This  is  the  express  covenant  or  agreement ; 
we  have  his  express  consent ;  we  liave  an  express  law 
on  the  subject ;  express  warranty  ;  express  m;ilice. 

3.  Copied ;  resembling ;  bearing  an  exact  repre- 
sentation. 

His  Cice  erpresa,  AfUton. 

4.  Intended  or  sent  for  a  particular  purpose,  or  on 
a  particular  errand  ;  as,  to  send  a  messenger  express. 

EX-PRESS',  n.  A  messenger  or  vehicle  sent  on  a 
particular  errand  or  occasion  ;  usually,  a  courier 
sent  to  ctmimunicale  information  of  an  important 
event,  or  to  deliver  impcjrtant  disp-itcbes.  It  is  ap- 
plied, also,  to  boats  or  vessels  sent  to  convey  impor- 
tant information.  Clarendon.  Dnjden, 

2.  .\  message  sent.  J^'"^  Charles. 

3.  A  declaration  in  plain  terms.    [JVot  in  use.] 

4.  A  regular  conveyance  for  packages,  &c. 
EX-PRESS'£D,  (eks-prest',)  pp.  or  a.    Squeezed  or 

forced  out,  as  juice  or  liquor;  uttered  in  words  ;  st^t 
down  in  writing  or  letters ;  declared  ;  represented  ; 
shown. 

EX-PR  KSS'I-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  expressed  ;  that 
may  be  uttered,  declarcil,  shown,  or  represented. 
2.  That  may  be  squeezed  out.  , 

EX-PRESS'ING,  ppr.  Forcing  out  by  pressure ;  utter- 
ing; declaring;  showing;  representing. 

EX-PRES'SION,  (eks-presh'un,) «.  The  act  of  express- 
ing r  the  act  of^ forcing  out  by  pressure,  as  juices  and 
oils  from  [ilants. 

2.  The  act  of  uttering,  declaring,  or  representing; 
utterance  ;  declaration  ;  rejiresentatiou  ;  as,  an  ex- 
pression of  the  public  will. 

3.  A  phrase,  or  mode  of  speech  ;  as,  an  old  expres- 
sion ;  an  odd  exjtression. 

4.  In  rhetoric,  elocution  ;  diction  ;  the  peculiar 
manner  of  utterance  suited  to  tlie  subject  and  sen- 
timent. 

No  adtvjitatfl  descriptjon  can  be  ffiven  of  the  nameless  and  ever- 
v.irymg  sludi-s  uf  txjtreetioH  wlticli  l\*al  p;Uhos  ^v«'s  to  tlie 
voic<j.  Porter't  .\ruuytia. 

5.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  a  natural  and  lively 
representation  of  the  subject ;  as,  the  expressum  of 
the  eye,  of  the  countenance,  or  of  a  particular  action 
or  passion. 

6.  In  music,  the  tone,  grace,  or  modulation,  of  voice 
or  sound  suited  to  any  particular  subji  cl  ;  that  man- 
ner wtiicli  gives  life  and  reality  to  ideas  and  senti- 
ments. 

7.  Theatrical  exjircssion,  is  a  distinct,  sonorous,  and 
pleasing  pronunciation,  accompanied  with  action 
united  to  the  subji-ct. 

8.  In  algebra,  the  representation  of  any  quantity 
by  its  appropriate  characters  or  signs. 

EX-PKES'SIO.N-LESS,  n.    Destitute  of  expression. 

E.\-PRE."^S'I VK,  a.  Serving  to  express;  serving  to 
utter  or  represent ;  followed  by  of.  He  .sent  a  letter 
couched  in  terms  expressive  nflns  gratitude. 

K  idi  vi_-nc  BO  swrtu  tijireunot  o/Av:t  wiiet.  Ticktl. 


a.  Representing  with  force ;  emphatical.   These  | 
words  are  very  expressive.  \ 
3.  Showing;  representing;  as,  an  expressive  si<:n.  j 
EX-PRESS'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  an  expressive  manner  ; 

clearly  ;  fully  ;  with  a  clear  representation. 
EX-PRESS' I VE-N ESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  ex-  ' 
pressive  ;  the  power  of  expression  or  representation  I 
by  words.  [ 
2.  The  power  or  force  of  representation  :  the  qual-  ] 
ify  of  presenting  a  subject  strongly  to  the  senses  or 
to  the  mind  ;  as,  the  expressiveness  of  the  eye,  or  of 
the  features,  or  of  sounds. 
EX-PJiES-Sl'FO,  (eks-pres-sS'vo,)  [It.]    With  ex- 
pression. 

EX-PRESS'LY,  adv.    In  direct  terms  ;  plainly. 
EX-PRESS'i\ESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  express. 
EX-PRESS' QRE,  71.    Expression;  utterance;  repre- 
sentation ;  mark  ;  impression.   [Little  used.]  Shah. 
EX'PRO-liRATE,  v.  t.    [L.  exprobro ;  ex  and  probrum, 
deformity,  a  shameful  act.] 

To  upbraid ;  to  censure  as  reproachful ;  to  blame  ; 
to  condemn.  Brown. 
EX-PRO-BRa'TION,  7!.    The  act  of  charging  or  cen- 
suring reproachfully  ;  reproachful  accusation  ;  the 
act  of  upbraiding. 

No  need  such  boasts,  or  exprobrations  false 

Of  cowardice.  Philips, 

EX-PRo'BR.4-TIVE,  a.  Upbraiding  ;  expressing  re- 
proach. Sir  jj.  Sherley. 

KX  PRO-FES'SO,  [L.]    Professedly  ;  by  profession. 

EX-PRO'PRI-aTE,  r.  /.    [L.  ex  and  proprius,  own.] 
To  disengage  from  appropriation  ;  to  liold  no  longer 
as  one's  own  ;  to  give  up  a  claim  to  exclusive  prop- 
erty.        '  Boyle. 

EX-PRO-PRI-a'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  discarding  ap- 
propriation, or  declining  to  hold  as  one's  own  ;  the 
surrender  of  a  claim  to  exclusive  property.  H'alsh. 

EX-PuGN',  (eks  punu',)  v.  L  [L.  cxpugno;  ex  and 
pugno,  to  fight.] 

To  conipier ;  to  take  by  assault.  Johnson. 

EX-PIfG'i\A-BI.E,  a.    That  may  he  forced. 

EX-PUG-NA'TIOi\,  71.  Conquest;  the  act  of  taking 
bv  assault.  Sandys. 

EX-PuG.\'ER,  (eks-pQn'er,)  7i.    One  who  subdues. 

Sherwood. 

EX-PULSE',  (eks-puls',)  v.  t  [Fr.  expnlser,  from  L. 
expnlsiis,  expetlo  ;  ex  and  pcllo,  to  drive.] 

To  drive  out ;  to  expel.    [Rare.]    Shak.  Bacon. 

EX-PULS'ER,  Ji.    An  expeller.  Cotgrare. 

EX-PUL'SIO.N,  n.  The  act  of  driving  out  or  expel- 
ling ;  a  driving  away  by  violence  ;  as,  the  expulsion 
of  the  thirty  tyrants  from  Athens,  or  of  Adam  from 
paradise. 

2.  The  state  of  being  driven  out  or  away. 
EX-PUL'SIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  driving  out 

or  awav  ;  serving  to  expel.  JViseman. 
EX-PUN'e'TlO.N,  n.     [See  Expunoe.]    The  act  of 

expunging;  the  act  of  blotting  out  or  erasing.  Jlilton, 
EX-PUr\'GE',  (eks-|)unj',)  u.  t.    [L.  expungo  ;  ex  and 

pungo,  to  thrust,  to  prick.] 

1.  To  blot  out,  as  with  a  pen  ;  to  nib  out ;  to  etFace, 
a-s  «'ords  ;  to  obliterate.  We  expunge  single  words 
or  whole  lines  or  sentences. 

2.  'I'o  efface  ;  tti  strike  out :  to  wipe  out  or  destrt>y  ; 
to  annihilate  ;  as,  to  expunge  an  offense.  Sandys. 

Eijiunge  the  whole,  or  lop  the  excrescent  p^irts.  Pope. 
EX-PU.\G'i'D,  pp.     Blotted  out ;  obliterated  ;  de- 
stroyed. 

EX-PUN(5'I.VG,  ppr.  or  a.  Blotting  out ;  erasing;  ef- 
facing ;  destroying. 

E.X-PU.NG'I.VG,  71.  The  act  of  blotting  out  or  de- 
stroying. 

EX-Pi'R'G.^TE  or  EX'PUR-GaTE,  r.  L  [L.  expurgo; 
ex  anil  purgo,  to  cleanse.] 

To  purge  ;  to  cleanse  ;  to  purify  from  any  thing 
noxious,  olFensive,  or  errimeous.  Fahrr 

EX-PUR'GA-TED  or  EX'PUR-GA-TED,  pp  or  a. 
Purged  ;  cleansed  ;  purified. 

EX-PUR'G.\-T1NG  or  EX'PUR-GA-TING,  ppr.  Purg- 
ing ;  cleansing;  purifying. 

EX-PUR-Ga'TIO.\',  71.  The  act  of  purging  or  cleans- 
ing ;  Evacuation.  Wiseman. 

2.  A  cleansing  ;  purification  from  any  thing  nox- 
ious, offensive,  sinful,  or  erroneous.  Brown. 

EX'PUR-GA-TOR,  n.   One  wlm  i  xpurgates  or  purifies. 

EX-PUK-GA-TO'RI-OUS,  o.  That  ex|iui gates  or  ex- 
punges. Mtlton. 

EX-PUR'GA-TO-RY,  0.  Cleansing;  purifying  ;  .serv- 
ing to  purify  IVoiii  any  thing  noxious  or  einmeoiis ; 
as,  the  ripurgaltirij  index  of  the  Roman  Catholics, 
which  directs  the  expunetitJii  of  passages  of  authors 
contrary  to  their  cre  ed  or  principles. 

KTpuTgatory  Eiiiiuuulventiuiut.  Broian. 

EX-PUROE',  (eks-puri',)  v.  U    [L.  expurgo.] 

To  purge  aw:iy.    [ji'ut  in  use.]  Mdton. 
EX-UUIRiy,  V.  I.    [L.  fj-yiiir,).) 

To  searcli  into  or  out.    [A'ot  in  use.]  Sandys. 
EX'aUI-SlTK,  feks'kwe-zil,)  o.    [L.  (•j-(/utyit.i.s  from 
eiqniro  :  ex  alitl  iptirro,  to  seek.] 

Literally,  sought  out  or  searched  for  with  care; 
wheiire,  choice  ;  select.  Hence, 

1.  Nice  ;  exact  ;  very  excellent  ;  complete  ;  Of,  a  i 
vase  of  cx<iuLite  workmanship. 


'I 


PATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PREY.  — PLNE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


EXT 

2.  Nice;  nccnrate  ;  capable  of  nice  perception;  as, 
ert/itUitc  sensibility. 

S.  Nice;  accurate;  capalile  of  nice  discrimiiiation  ; 
as,  (?jy»(.v//r  jmlyuient,  taste,  or  discernment. 

k.  Ueinj:  in  tile  liighest  degree  ;  extreme  ;  a;<,  to 
relisli  pleasure  in  an  ei^uisiu  degree.  So  wc  say, 
eiiinisitr.  pleasnre  or  pain. 

The  iimal  extiuuile  of  liuiiiuii  Batj«fuctions  (lows  from  an  approv- 
ing coli»ciciicc.  J  At.  Mason. 

.").  Very  sensibly  fi'lt ;  as,  a  painful  and  exquisite 
impression  on  the  nerves.  Citcijur. 
KX 'III '[-SITE,  (eks'kwe-zit,)  n.    One  dressed  with 

extreme  care  ;  a  fop.  Smart. 
E.X'til.'l  SITE-LY,  adv.     Nicely;  accurately;  witli 
great  perfection ;  as,  a  work  eiquisitely  finished  ;  ez- 
t/ui.'iilrhi  written. 

a.  With  keen  sensation  or  with  nice  perception. 
We  feel  pain  more  eiqaisitdij  when  nothing  diverts 
our  attention  from  it. 

^Ve  ifx  niort-  ej^uifitely  with  one  eye  shut.  Bacon. 
EX'aUl-SITE-NESS,  n.    Nicety  ;  exactness  ;  accura- 
cy ,  completeness  ;  perfection  ;  as,  the  cj<jiii^iteness 
of  workmanship. 

2.  Keenness  ;  sharpness  ;  extremity  ;  as,  tlie  eiqui- 
.<titntF.s.-t  ol"  pain  or  grief. 
EX-CiinS'I-'I'l V'E,  a.    Curious;  eager  to  discover. 

f  JVoi  ill  H>T.] 

EX-aUIS'l-Tl 


IVE-LY,  ode.     Curiously  ;  minutely. 

Suhteij, 

IIE  'SENT'A-TIVE,  «.    One  who  h;ia  been 


E.X-REI' 

formerly  a  representative,  but  is  no  longer  one. 
EX-S.\N  'GUl-OUS,  a.  [L.  cxrfa;i«Tits ;  ez  and  san^iis, 
blood.] 

Destitute  of  blood,  or  rather  of  red  blood,  as  an 
animal.  Kncijc. 

[ExsAPtoL'isocs  and  ExsANGiriNEOua  are  aUu  sume- 
tiinrs  itseif,] 
EX-SCI.ND',  (eks-sind',)  r.  t.    [L.  eiscindo.] 

Til  c  lit  i'ff. 
EX--SI  I.\I)'E1),  pp.    Cut  off. 
EX  SCIND'ING,  ppr.    Cutting  off. 
EX-!^eiUI!E',  V.  t.    [L.  ezxnbo.] 

To  copy  ;  to  transcribe.  [JVot  in  u.ie.']  B.  Jonson. 
E.X-f>eKll'T',  n.  A  copy  ;  a  transcript.  [J^'ut  used.] 
E.X-t>Ee'KE-TA-KY,  n.  One  wlio  has  been  secretary, 

but  is  no  longer  in  otlice. 
EX-S EC ' T I O N ,  n.    [I..  ezMctio.] 

A  cutting  otf,  or  a  cutting  out.  Darwin. 
EX-SEN' A-TOll,  71.  One  who  has  been  a  senator,  but 
•  is  no  longer  one. 

EX-SEKl",  jo.  [li.  exsero  ;  ex  and  sero.  See  Ex- 
EX-PEKT'ED,  I  iiiT.] 

Standing  out;  projecting  beyond  something  else; 

as,  st;in)ens  eznert.  Katoju 
A  umidl  portion  of  tile  basit  e4l^  of  tli«  slioll  exserud.  Bartiet. 
EX-SEKT'lLE,  a.    That  i,nay  be  thrust  out  or  protru- 
ded. ■  Fleminir. 
EX-SIC'CANT,  a.    [See  Exsiccate.]    Drying  ;  cvap- 

oratini:  moisture  ;  having  the  ipiality  of  drying. 
EX-Sie  C.\TE  or  EX'SIC-CaTE,  ».  t.    [L.  ezsicco ; 

ex  and  .ficcw,  to  tiry.] 
To  dry ;  to  e.vliaust  or  evaporate  moisture. 

Brown.  Jilortimer, 
EX-Sie'CA-TED  or  EX'SIC-Ca-TED,;)?.  or  a.  Dried. 
EX-Sie'e.\-TING  or  EX'SIC-C.^-TING,  ppr.  or  a. 

Drying  ;  evaporating  moisture. 
EX-Sie  CA'TION,  «.  The  act  or  operation  of  drj  ing; 

evaporation  of  moisture  ;  dryness.  Bruwn. 
EX-SIC'C A  TI  V E,  a.    Tending  to  make  dry. 
EX-8rU-I"T10N,  (eks-pu-ish'un,)  n.    [L.  expuo,  for 

ezspua.] 

A  discbarge  of  saliva  by  spitting.  Darwin. 
EX-STIP'U-LATE,  a.    [I.,  ex  and  stipula,  straw.] 

In  botany,  having  no  stipules.  Marttjn, 
EX-SUCCOUS,  a.     [L.  ezsuceus ;  ex  and  suecus, 
juice.] 

Destitute  of  juice  j  dry.  Brown. 
EX-SUe'TION,  n.    [L.  ezugo,  cisugo,  to  suck  out; 
^go,  to  suck.] 
The  act  of  sucking  out.  Boyle. 
EX-SU-Da'TION,  II.    [I,,  ervda,  for  ersjido.] 

[This  orthography  would  be  prtfcralilc,  but  ExuDA- 
ttoy  is  most  common.] 

1.  A  sweating  ;  a  discharge  of  humors  or  nioistu.s 
from  animal  bodies  by  sweat  or  e.\tillation  'hrough 
the  pores. 

2.  The  discharge  of  the  juices  of  »  plant,  moisture 
from  the  earth,  &c. 

EX-SUF-FL.\'TION,  n     [L.  ex  and  .s-ii^o,  to  blow.] 
1.  A  blowing  or  blast  Irom  beneath.    [LiUU  «.<<•</.] 
a.  A  kind  of  exorcism.  f'ulke. 

EX-SI;F'F(J-LATE,  a.    Contemptible.    [A'ot  in  lup.] 

EX-tiUS'CI-TATE,  r.  L    [I,.  exsuscUo.]  [ShaJi. 
To  rouse  ;  to  excite.    [JVof  useil.] 

EX-SUS-CI-T.\'T10N,  lu   A  stirring  up ;  a  rousing. 
fJVil  lused.)  JIallywcll. 

EX'TA.\CE^,«.  [h.eztans.] 

Outward  existence.    [Mt  used.] 

EK'TAN-CY.  B.  [I^  tistans.  riUns,  stii 
tzslo  :  ex  and  slo,  to  stanil  , 

1.  The  slate  of  rising  abiive  others. 

2.  Parts  rising  above  the  rest :  opposed  to  drnres- 
non.    [Little  used.]  Boyle. 


Brown, 
s^  standing  out,  from 


EXT 

EX'T.'\NT,  a.    [L.  exstans,  cxtans,  supra.] 

1.  Standing  out  or  above  any  surface  ;  protruded. 

TllAt  pan  of  the  tcelh  wliich  is  enara  al>ove  the  jriuna.  liny, 
A  body  partly  iinuicrscd  in  a  llniil  luij  partly  extant.  BcnllBy. 

2.  In  being;  now  subsisting  ;  not  suppressed,  de- 
stroyi  il,  or  lost.  A  part  only  of  the  history  of  I. ivy, 
and  of  the  writings  of  Cicero,  is  now  extant.  Socra- 
tes wrote  much,  but  none  of  his  writings  are  extant. 
The  extant  works  of  tirators  and  pliilosopiiers. 

Mitford. 

EX'TA  SY,  EX-TAT'ie.    See  Ecstasy,  Ecstatic. 
E-X-TE.M'PO-UAL,  a,  [L.  eztcniporalis ;  ez  and  tcjnpus^ 
time.l 

1.  Made  or  uttered  at  the  moment,  without  pre- 
meilitatitni  ;  as,  nn  extrmporal  discourse.  IVottnn. 

2.  Speaking  witliout  premeditation.     B.  .fonson. 
[Instead  afthit  tcvrd,  ExTEMroRANEOus  and  Extem- 

PORAHY  are  now  u.-.ti1.] 
EX-TE.M'l'O-KAL-LV,  adv.    Without  premeditation. 

S/i,tk. 

EX-TEM-I'O-RA'NE-AN,  a.  [JVu(  iwaA]  See  Exte.m- 

POIIANEOUS, 

EX-TE.M-l'O-IlA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  extcmporaneus ;  ez 
and  teinpus,  tiine.l 

Composed,  performed,  or  uttered,  at  the  time  the 
subject  occurs,  without  previous  study;  unpreineili- 
tati'd  ;  as,  an  extemporaneous  adtiress  ;  an  extempora- 
neous production  ;  an  eneniporanrous  prescription. 

EX-TEM-I'0-UA'NE-OL'S-LY,a(;e.  Without  previous 
stiiclv. 

EX-TE.M-PO-RA'NE  OUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of 

being  unpremeditaiVd. 
EX-TEM'I'O-KA-IU-EY.a^/r.  Without  previous  study. 
E.X-TE.M'P(-)-K,\-UY,  a.   [L.  ex  and  temporarius^  from 

tenipns,  time.] 
Composed,  pc-rformeJ,  or  uttered,  without  previous 

study  or  preparation.    [.See  Extemporaneols.] 
EX-TFJ\V PO  RE,  ade.  [I,,  ex,  and  alil.  oftempus,  time.] 

1.  Without  previous  study  or  meditation  ;  without 
preparation  ;  suddenly  ;  as,  to  write  or  s]>eak  extem- 
pore. 

2.  It  is  used  as  an  adjective,  improperly,  at  least 
without  necessity,  for  Extemi'oramcous  ;  as,  an  ez- 
tnnpore  dissertation.  Addison. 

EX-'I'EM'PU-Ill-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  unpre- 
meditated ;  the  state  of  being  composed,  performed, 
or  littered,  witluml  previous  study.  Johnson. 

EX-TE.M'PO-RIZE,  v.  i.  'J'o  speak  extempore;  to 
speak  without  previous  study  or  preparation.  'I'o  ex- 
temporiic  well  requires  a  ready  mind,  well  furiiislietl 
with  knowledge. 

2.  To  discourse  without  notes  or  written  composi- 
tion. 

EX-TEM'PO-RIZ-ER,  n.    One  who  speaks  without 

previous  study,  or  without  written  composition. 
EX-TEM'PO-KIZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Speaking  without 
previous  study  or  preparation  by  writing. 

The  extemporizing  faculty  is  never  more  out  of  its  element  than 
iu  the  pulpiL  Soutti. 

EX-TEND',  V.  t  fL.  extendo  ;  ex  and  tendo,  from  Gr. 
r£ti'(j,  L,  teneo  •  Fr.  etendre;  Ix.  stenttcre  ;  i^^i.  exten- 
der; Arm.  astenna:  W.  estyn,  from  lynu,  to  pull,  or 
tyn,  a  pull,  a  .stretch.] 

1.  To  stretch  in  any  direction  ;  to  carry  forward,  or 
continue  in  length,  as  a  line  ;  tt>  spread  in  breailth  ; 
to  expantl  or  dilate  in  size.  The  word  is  particularly 
applied  to  length  and  breadth.  We  extend  lines  iii 
siirvej  ing  ;  we  extend  roatis,  limits,  bounds;  we  ex- 
tend metal  plates  by  hammering. 

2.  To  stretch ;  to  reach  forth  ;  as,  to  extend  the  arm 
or  hand. 

3.  To  spread  ;  to  expand  ;  to  enlarge  ;  to  widen  ; 
as,  to  extend  the  capacities  or  intellectual  powers  ;  to 
extend  the  sphere  of  usefulness  ;  to  extend  commerce. 

4.  To  continue  ;  to  prolong  ;  as,  to  extend  the  time 
of  payment;  to  extend  the  seastin  of  IriN. 

5.  i'o  communicate  ;  to  bestow  oL  ;  to  use  or  exer- 
cise toward. 

He  hath  txt£7uUd  mercy  to  me  before  the  king^.  —  Ezm  vii. 

6.  To  impart ;  to  yield  or  give. 

1  wUJ  extend  peace  to  her  like  n  river.  —  li.  livl. 

7.  In  law,  to  value  lands  taken  by  a  writ  of  extent 
in  satisfaction  of  a  debt ;  or  to  levy  on  lands,  as  an 
execution. 

The  execution  va»  Jellvenxl  to  the  ihcrilT,  who  ertendetl  the 
lame  on  certLini  rc.il  esLnle.  litp. 

EX-TEND',  p.  i.  To  stretch  ;  to  reach  ;  to  be  contin- 
ued in  length  or  breadth.  The  State  of  Massacliu- 
sett.s  extends  west  to  the  border  of  the  State  of  New 
York.  Connecticut  River  extenils  from  Canada  to  the 
Stnind.  How  far  will  your  argument  or  proposition 
extend  ?    Let  our  charities  extend  to  the  heathen. 

EX-TE.\D'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Stretched  ;  spread  ;  expand- 
ed ;  enlarged  ;  bestowed  on  ;  communicated  ;  valued 
under  a  writ  of  extent,  or  extendi  facias;  levied. 

EX-TE.N'D'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  extends  or 
stretches. 

EX-TENI)'I-ni,E,  a.  Capable  of  being  extended  ; 
that  may  be  stretched,  extended,  enlarged,  wid- 
ened, or  expanded. 

2.  That  may  be  taken  by  a  writ  of  extent  and  val- 
ued. 


EXT 

EX-TEND'ING,  ppr.     Stretching;  reaching;  contin- 
uing in  length  ;  spreading;  enlarging;  valuing. 
E.X-TEND'I,ESS-NErfS,    ii.      Unlimited  extension. 

JJVef  used.]  Hale. 
E.X-TENS-l-IilL'I-TY,  n.    [from  ericnsihie.]    '1  he  ca- 
pacity of  being  extended,  or  of  sull'i  riiig  extension  ; 
as,  llie  extensibility  of  a  liber  ;  or  of  a  plate  of  met- 
al. Orcw. 
EX-TENS'I  RLE,  a.    [from  T,.  extensies.] 

That  may  be  evtendeil  ;  ca|ial)le  of  being  stretched 
in  length  or  breadth  ;  susceptible  of  enlargement. 

Holder. 

EX-TE.\S'I-ni,E-NESS,  n.    Extensibility,  which  see. 
EX-TE.\S'I  EE,  a.    (^apable  of  being  extended. 
EX-TE.\'SI()N,  II.    [I,.  extcn.-<io.] 

1.  The  act  of  extending;  a  slretciiing. 

2.  'J'lie  state  of  being  extended  ;  enlargement  in 
hreadlli,  or  roiiliiiiialion  of  length. 

3.  In  phdosophij,  that  |j|opeity  of  a  body  by  which 
it  occupies  a  [lorliiin  of  space. 

4.  Ill  mrrcdiiiilr  lantruage,  an  extension  is  a  written 
encngriiii  iii  mi  ihe  part  of  a  creditor,  allowing  a  debt- 
or finilii  r  time  to  pay  a  debt. 

EX-TEN'SION-.\l,,  a.    Having  great  extent.  [JYot 

used.]  More. 
EX-TEi\S'IVE,  a.    Wide;  large;  Iiaving  great  en- 
largement or  extent  ;  as,  an  extensive  farm  ;  an  exten- 
sive field  ;  an  extensive  l.tke  ;  an  extensive  sphere  of 
operations  ;  extensive  benevolence. 
2.  That  may  be  exteinled.    [.Vu(  used.]  Boyle. 
EX-TENS'IVE-I,Y,  adv.    Widely  ;  largely  ;  to  a  great 

extent ;  as,  a  story  is  eztcnsirrly  circulated. 
EX-TE,\S'I VE-NESS,  n.    Wideness;  largeness;  ex- 
tent ;  as,  the  exten.^ivene.'is  of  the  ocean. 

2.  Extent;  diffusiveness;  as,  Ihii  eztensiveness  of  a 
mall's  charities  or  benevolence. 

Capacity  of  being  extended.    [Little  vsed.]  Ray. 
EX-TEi\S'OIt,  n.   [I,.]    In  anatomy,  a  muscle  which 
serves  to  extend  or  straighten  any  part  of  the  body, 
as  an  arm  or  a  linger  :  opposeil  to  Jlczor.  Coze.  Cue. 
EX-TENT',  a.    Kxteiuicd.  Spenser. 
EX-TENT',  II.    [L.  ertctUus.    It  is  frequently  accent- 
ed on  the  tirst  syllable.] 

1.  Space  or  degree  to  which  a  thing  is  extended  ; 
hence,  compass  ;  bulk  ;  size  ;  as,  a  great  extent  of 
country,  or  of  boily. 

2.  Length  ;  as,  an  extent  of  line. 

3.  Comiiiiinieatiou  ;  distribution. 

ifie  extent  of  Cijiial  justice.  ShaJi. 

A.  In  law,  a  writ  of  execution,  or  extendi  focia.t, 
which  is  directed  to  the  sheriff  against  the  body, 
lands,  and  goods,  or  the  lands  only,  of  a  debtor  ; 
also,  the  act  of  the  slierilf  or  officer  upon  the  writ 
itself.        _  p.  Ctjc. 

EX-TEN'IJ-aTE,  r.  t  [L.  extenuo ;  ci  and  (ciiioi,  to 
make  thin  ;  Sp.  eztcnuar  ;  It.  stenunre.    See  This.] 

1.  To  make  thin,  lean,  or  slender.  Sickness  exten- 
uates the  body.  Encyc 

2.  To  lessen  ;  to  diminish,  as  a  crime  or  guilt. 

But  fortune  there  eltejiuates  the  crime.  Drydeii, 

3.  To  lessen  in  representation  ;  to  palliate  ;  opposed 
to  aggravate. 

4.  To  lessen  or  diminish  in  honor.    [Little  inci/, 

MUton. 

5.  To  make  thin  or  rare  ;  opposed  to  conden.'.e.  [Lit- 
tle ii.s-frf.l  Bacotu 

EX-TEN'U-ATE,  a.    Thin  ;  slender.    [J'Tot  u.-<r.d .] 
EX-TEN' U-A-TED,  pp.    Made  thin,  lean,  or  slender; 
made  smaller;  lessened  ;  diminished  ;  palliated  ; 
made  rare. 

EX-TEN'lJ-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Jinking  thin  or  slen- 
der ;  lessening;  diminishing;  palliating;  making 
rare. 

EX-'l  EN-U-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  thin  ; 
the  process  of  growing  thin  or  lean  ;  the  losing  of 
flesh. 

2.  The  act  of  representing  any  thing  as  less  wrong, 
faulty,  or  criminal,  than  it  is  in  fact ;  palliation  ;  op- 
posed to  aggravation ;  as,  the  extenuation  of  faults, 
injuries,  or  crimes. 

3.  Mitigation  ;  alleviation;  as,  the  extenuation  of 
punishment.    [.Vot  coiiiiiiti/i.]  .^tterbury. 

EX-TEN'i;-A-TOR,  ii.    One  who  extenuates. 
EX-Te'RI-OR,  a.    [L.,  from  extcTUi,  foreign  ;  Fr.  o> 
tcricur;  It.  estcriore.] 

1.  External ;  outward  ;  applied  to  the  outside  or 
outer  surface  of  a  hotly,  and  opposed  to  interior. 
We  sjieak  of  the  exterior  and  interior  surfaces  of  a 
concavti-convex  lens. 

2.  Extt^rnal ;  on  the  outside,  with  reference  to  a 
person  ;  extrinsic.  We  speak  of  an  object  exterior 
to  a  man,  as  opposed  to  that  which  is  within,  or  in 
his  mind. 

3.  Foreign  ;  relating  to  foreign  nations  ;  as,  the  ex- 
terior relations  of  a  state  or  kingdom. 

EX-Tf.'RI-OR,  II.  The  outward  surface  ;  that  wliich 
is  external. 

2.  Outward  or  visible  deportment ;  appearance. 
EX-TE-RI-OR'I  TY,  ii.    Surface  ;  superficies. 
EX-TE'RI-OR  LY,  arfc.    Outwardly  ;  externally.  [Jin 

ill-fonned  word.]  SAak. 
EX-Tic'Rl-ORS,  11.  pi.    The  outward  parts  of  a  thing. 

Shak. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  —  Ai\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — 


e  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


EXT 


EXT 


EXT 


2  Outward  or  external  depdrtment,  or  forms  and 
eeremonies  ;  visible  acts  ;  as,  the  exteriors  of  religion. 
EX-TERM'IN-ATE,  v.  t.  [L.  cxtcrmiiw ;  cx  and  tcr- 
tniniis,  limit.] 

LUeralbj,  to  drive  from  within  the  limits  or  borders. 
Hence, 

1.  To  destroy  utterly ;  to  drive  away  ;  to  extirpate  ; 
as,  to  exterminate  a  colony,  a  trihe,  or  a  nation  j  to 
extermijiate  inhabitants,  or  a  race  of  men. 

2.  To  eradicate  ;  to  root  out ;  to  extirpate  ;  as,  to 
exterminate  error,  lieresy,  intidelily,  or  atheism  ;  to 
exterminate  vice. 

3.  To  root  out,  as  plants  ;  to  extirpate ;  as,  to  ex- 
terminate weeds. 

4.  In  altrebra,  to  take  away  ;  to  cause  to  disappear ; 
as,  to  exterminate  surds  or  unknown  quantities  from 
an  equation. 

EX-TEK.M'I.\  A-TED,  jtp.  or  a.  Utterly  driven  away 
or  di'slroved  ;  eradicated  ;  extirpated  ;  taken  awav. 

EX-TEIIM'IN-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Driving  away  or 
totally  destroying;  eradicating;  extirpating;  taking 
awav. 

EX-TERM-IX-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exterminating ; 
total  expulsion  or  destruction  ;  eradication  ;  extirpa- 
tion ;  excision  ;  as,  the  extermination  of  inhabitants 
or  tribes,  of  error  or  vice,  or  of  weeils  from  a  field. 

2.  In  aJtrctrra^  a  taking  away  ;  a  causing  to  disap- 
pear, as  of  unknown  quantities  from  an  eiiuation. 

EX-TERM'IX-A-TOR,  n.  He  or  that  which  exterm- 
inates. 

EX-TERM'IN-A-TO-RY,  a.    Serving  or  tending  to 

exterminate.  Burke. 
EX-TER.M'INE,  v.  t.  To  exterminate.  [JVut  used.] 
EX-TERX',  a.    [L.  cxtmius.]  \_Skak. 

1.  External  ;  outward  ;  visible.  Shak. 

2.  Without  itself ;  not  inherent;  not  Intrinsic.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Digbij. 

EX-TERN',  n.    A  pupil  in  a  seminary  who  lives 
without  its  walls. 
.  EX-TERN'AL,  a.  [L.  eitemns ;  It.  esterno  :  Sp.  externo.] 

1.  Outward  ;  exterior;  as,  the  external  surface  of  a 
body  ;  opposed  to  internal. 

2.  Outward  ;  not  intrinsic  ;  not  being  within ;  as, 
external  objects  ;  external  causes  or  effects. 

3.  Exterior;  visible;  apparent;  as,  external  de- 
portment. 

4.  Foreign;  relating  to  or  connected  with  foreign 
nations  ;  as,  external  trade  or  commerce ;  the  external 
relations  of  a  state  or  kingdom. 

External  taxes,  are  duties  or  imposts  laid  on  goods 
imported  into  a  country.  Federalist. 
EX-TER-NAL'I-TY,n.  External  perception.  Jl.  Smith. 
EX-TER.\'AL-LY,  ado.    Outwardly  ;  on  the  outside 

2.  In  appearance  ;  visibly. 
EX-TER\'ALS,  n.  pi.    The  outward  parts ;  exterior 
form. 

Adam  was  no  less  glorious  in  his  externals  :  he  hatl  .1  beatiliful 
bt»\y,  as  well  as  an  iinmort;J  soul.  South. 

2.  Outward  rites  and  ceremonies;  visible  forms ; 
a.*,  the  externals  of  religion. 
EX-TER-Ra'.XE-OUS,  a.     [L.  ezterraneus;  ex  and 
terra,  a  land.] 
Foreign  ;  belonging  to  or  coming  from  abroad. 
EX-TER'S10i\,  (eks-ter'shun,)  n.    [L.  extersio,  from 
extcrgeo  ;  ex  and  tergeo,  to  wipe.] 
The  act  of  wiping  or  rubbing  out. 
EX-TILL',  V.  i.    [L.  cxtillo  ;  ex  and  stillo,  to  drop.] 

To  drop  or  distill  from. 
EX-TIL-La'TION,  n.    The  act  of  distilling  from,  or 

falling  from  in  drops. 
EX-T1LL'£U,  (eks-tild',)  pp.  Distilled. 
EX-TIM'U-LaTE.    [Xot  in  use.']    See  Stimulate. 
EX-TIM-U-La'TIO.\.    See  Stimulation. 
EX-TINGT',  a.    [L.  extinetus.    See  Extinouish.] 

1.  Extinguished  ;  put  out ;  quenched ;  as,  lire, 
light,  or  a  lamp,  is  extinct. 

2.  Being  at  an  end;  having  no  sur\'ivor;  as,  a 
family  or  race  is  extinct. 

3.  Being  at  an  end  j  having  ceased.  The  enmity 
between  the  families  is  extinct. 

My  clays  arc  exttfict,  —  Job  xvii. 

4.  Being  at  an  end,  by  abolition  or  disuse  ;  having 
no  force ;  as,  the  law  is  extinct.  , 

EX-TINCT',  t'.  t.  To  put  out;  to  destroy.  [Improper.] 
EX-TINC'TIO.N,  n.    [\j.  eztindio.   See  Ex tinhuish.] 

1.  The  act  of  putting  out  or  destroying  light  or 
fire,  by  quenching,  suffocation,  or  otherwise. 

2.  The  Ktate  of  being  extinguished,  quenched,  or 
BUITucatcd  ;  as,  the  extinction  of  fire  or  of  a  candle. 

3.  Destruction ;  excision  ;  as,  the  eztinUion  of  na- 
tions. 

4.  Destruction  ;  suppression  ;  a  putting  an  end  to  ; 
as,  the  extijution  iifWfv,  or  of  a  family  ;  the  extinction 
of  feuds,  jealousies,  or  enmity;  the  extinction  of  a  claim. 

ZX-TlS''(iVlHll,  (eks  tinK'gwish,)  v.  t.  [L.  eitinguo  ; 
tt  and  Htinito,  ntiaguo,  or  the  latter  may  be  a  C(m- 
traction  ;  Ur.  artyio,  fur  (jriyi,),  to  prick,  that  is,  to 
thrii.Ht ;  or  more  directly  from  (in^/u,  to  dip,  to  stain  ; 
both  probably  allied  to  tantru,  lor  tuf^a,  to  touch.  Fr. 
eteindre  ;  \X.  mtingucre  i  i^ii.  cxttntruir.  Sec  Class  I)g, 
No.  19,31,  10.] 

I.  To  put  out ;  to  quench  ;  to  Bufiocatc  ;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  eztinguiah  lire  or  llaino. 


2.  To  destroy  ;  to  put  an  end  to ;  as,  to  extinguish 
love  or  hatred  in  tile  l)reast;  to  extinguish  desire  or 
liope  ;  to  extinguish  a  claim  or  title. 

3.  To  obscpre  by  superior  splendor.  Shak. 

4.  To  put  an  end  to,  by  union  or  consolidation. 
[See  Extinguishment.] 

EX-TIN"GUISII-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  quenched, 
destroved,or  suppressed. 

EX-TIN"GUIS1I-£D,  (eks-ting'gwi.sht,)  pp.  or  a.  Put 
out ;  (|uenchcd  ;  stilled  ;  suppressed  ;  destroyed. 

EX-'I'I\"GUIS1I-ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  extin- 
guishes. 

2.  A  hollow  conical  utensil  to  be  put  on  a  candle 

or  lamp  to  extinguish  it. 
EX-TL\"GUISH-ING,         Putting  out ;  quenching; 

suppressing  ;  destroying. 
E.X-TL\"GUIS1J-.ME.\T,  n.  The  act  of  putting  out  or 

quenching;  extinction;  suppression;   destrnrtion  ; 

as,  the  extinguishment  of  fire  or  flame  ;  of  discord, 

enmity,  or  jealousy  ;  or  of  love  or  affection. 

2.  Abolition  ;  nullification. 

Divine  laws  of  Christiau  church  polity  may  not  be  alt^n-H  by 
eitinguishtnent.  Huoker. 

3.  Extinction  ;  a  putting  an  end  to,  or  a  coining  to 
an  end  ;  termination  ;  as,  the  extinguishment  of  a 
race  or  tribe. 

4.  The  putting  an  end  to  a  right  or  estate,  by  con- 
solidation or  union. 

If  my  tenant  for  life  makes  a  Ie,ase  lo  A  for  life,  remaintler  to  B 
anj  his  heirs,  and  I  rele.ise  lo  A  ;  this  release  operates  as 
an  exlinguishTmnt  of  my  right  to  the  reversion.  Blackstone. 

EX-TIRP',  V.  t.   To  extirpate.    [JVo£  used.]  Spenser. 
EX-TIRP'.A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  eradicated.  Evelyn. 
EX-TIR'PaTE,  (eks-tur'pute,)  v.  U    [L.  extirpo  ;  ex 
and  stirps,  root ;  It.  cstirpare.] 

1.  To  i)ull  or  pluck  up  by  the  roots  ;  to  root  out ; 
to  eradicate ;  to  destroy  totally  ;  as,  to  extirpate  weeds 
or  noxious  plants  from  a  field. 

2.  To  eradicate;  to  root  out;  to  destroy  wholly ; 
as,  to  extirpate  error  or  heresy  ;  to  extirpate  a  sect. 

3.  In  surgery,  to  cut  out ;  to  cut  off;  to  eat  out ;  to 
remove  completely ;  as,  to  extirpate  a  wen. 

EX-TIR'P.\-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Plucked  up  by  the  roots  ; 
rooted  out ;  eradicated  ;  totally  destroyed. 

EX-TTR'Pa-TING,  ppr.  Pulling  up  or  out  by  the  roots ; 
eradicating;  totally  destroying. 

EX-TIR-Pa'TION,  71.  The  act  of  rooting  out ;  eradi- 
cation ;  excision  ;  total  destruction  ;  as,  the  extirpa- 
tion of  weeds  from  land  ;  the  extirpation  of  evil  prin- 
ciples from  the  heart ;  the  extirpation  of  a  race  of 
men  ;  the  extirpation  of  heresy. 

EX'TIU-Pa-TOR,  n.  One  who  roots  out  ;  a  de- 
stroyer. 

EX-TI-SPI"CI0[JS,  (-spish'us,)  a.  Augurial ;  rela- 
ting to  the  inspection  of  entrails  in  order  to  prognos- 
tication. Brown. 
EX-TOL',  V.  t.  [L.  extollo  ;  ex  and  tollo,  to  raise  ;  Ch. 
Sn,  or  Keb.  and  Ch.  ha).  Class  Dl,  No.  3,  18,  28.] 
To  raise  in  words  or  eulogy  ;  to  praise  ;  to  exalt  in 
commendation  ;  to  magnify.  We  extol  virtues,  noble 
exploits,  and  heroism.  Men  are  too  much  disposed 
to  extol  the  rich  and  despise  the  poor. 

EHot  him  that  rideth  upon  the  heavens  by  his  name  Jah.  —  Pi. 
Ixvtii. 

EX-TOL'LED,  feks-told',)  pp.  Exalted  in  commen- 
dation ;  praiseil ;  magnified. 

EX-TOL'LER,  n.  One  who  praises  or  magnifies  ;  a 
praiser  or  magnifier. 

EX-TOL'LING,  ppr.  Praising  ;  exalting  by  praise  or 
commendation  ;  magnifying. 

EX-TORS'IVE,  a.  [See  Extout.]  Serving  to  ex- 
tort ;  tending  to  draw  from  by  compulsion. 

EX-TORS'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  extorsive  manner; 
by  oxtorsion. 

EX-TORT',  V.  t.  [L.  eztortus,  from  eztorqueo,  to  wrest 
from  ;  ex  and  torqueo,  to  twist ;  Fr.  cxtorquer.] 

1.  To  draw  from  by  force  or  compulsion  ;.to  wrest 
or  wring  from  by  physical  force,  by  menace,  duress, 
violence,  authority,  or  by  any  illegal  means.  Cttn- 
querors  extort  contributions  from  the  vanquished  ; 
tyrannical  princes  extort  money  from  their  subjects  ; 
olhcers  often  extort  illegal  fees  ;  confessions  of  guilt 
are  extorted  by  the  rack.  A  promise  extorted  by  du- 
ress is  not  binding. 

2.  To  gain  by  violence  or  oppression.  Spenser. 
EX-TORT',  V.  i.    To  practice  extortion. 

Spenser,  Davies. 

EX-TORT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn  from  by  compulsion ; 
wrested  from. 

EX-TORT'ER,  n.  One  who  extorts,  or  practices  ex- 
tortion. Cnmdcn. 

EX-TORT'ING,  ppr.  Wresting  from  by  force  or  un- 
due excrcisi'  of  power. 

EX-TOR'TI().\,  «.  The  act  of  extorting;  the  act  or 
practice  of  wresting  any  tliingfrom  a  person  by  force, 
duress,  mimaccs,  authority,  or  by  any  undue  exer- 
cise of  power ;  illegal  exaction  ;  illegal  compulsion 
to  Jiay  moni  y,  or  to  do  some  other  act.  Extortion  is 
an  olfrnse  punishable  at  common  law. 

2.  Force  or  illegal  compulsion  by  which  any  thing 
is  taken  frcnii  a  person.  t^^ng  CItarlts. 

EX-TOR'TION-A-RY,  o.  Pertaining  to,  or  inijilying 
extortion. 


EX-TOR'TION-ATE,  (  a.     Oppressive  ;  containing 

EX-TOR'TIO.\-OUS,  j  extortion. 

EX-TOR'TIOX-ER,  n.  One  who  practices  extortion. 
Eilorlioners  shall  not  inherit  the  kingdom  of  God. —  1  Cor.  vi. 

EX-TOR'TIOUS,  a.    Oppressive  ;  violent  ;  unjust. 

EX'TRA  ;  a  Latin  pre|)osition,  denoting  beyond  or 
excess.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective  ;  as, 
extra  work,  extra  pay,  work  or  pay  beyond  what  is 
usual  or  agreed  on.  Sometimes  it  stands  by  itself 
as  a  noun,  through  the  omission  of  the  wonl  con- 
nected witli  it ;  as,  to  dispatch  an  extra,  i.  e.,  an  extra 
stage-coach. 

EX-TR.^eT',  V.  t.  [L.  «frac(«.v,  from  extraho  ;  ex  and 
traho,  to  draw.  (See  Draw  ami  Drag.)  Sp.  extrucr  ; 
It.  estrarre ;  Fr.  estraire.] 

1.  To  draw  out ;  as,  to  extract  a  tooth. 

2.  To  draw  out,  as  the  juices  or  essence  of  a  sub- 
stance, by  distillation,  solution,  or  other  means  ;  as, 
to  extract  spirit  fnmi  the  juice  of  the  cane  ;  to  extract 
salts  from  ashes. 

3.  To  take  out ;  to  take  from. 

Woman  is  her  name,  of  man 
Extracted.  Milton. 

4.  To  take  out  or  select  a  part ;  to  take  a  passage 
or  passages  from  a  book  or  writing. 

I  have  extracted  tirom  the  pamphlet  a  few  notorious  falsehoods. 

,Si»i/l. 

5.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  to  extract  the  root  of  a 
number  or  quantity,  is  to  find  its  root. 

G.  In  a  general  sense,  to  draw  from  by  any  means 
or  operation. 

EX'TRACT,  I!.  That  which  is  extracted  or  drawn 
from  sometliing. 

2.  In  literature,  a  passage  taken  from  a  book  or 
writing.  Camden. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  any  thing  drawn  from  a  substance, 
as  essences,  tinctures,  &c. ;  or  a  solution  of  the  purer 
parts  of  a  mixed  body  inspissated,  by  distillation  or 
evaporation,  nearly  to  the  consistence  of  honey. 

Eneyc.  QtiiNcy. 
Any  substance  obtained  by  digesting  vegetable 
substances  in  water  or  alcohol,  and  evaporating 
them  to  a  solid  consistence.  Brande. 

4.  An  inspissated,  expressed,  or  exuded  juice. 

5.  In  chemistry,  a  peculiar  principle,  once  erroneous- 
ly sui)posed  to  form  the  basis  of  all  vegetable  ex- 
tracts ;  called  also  the  extractiec  principle. 

6.  Extraction  ;  descent.   [JVat  now  used.]  South. 
EX-TRACT'ED, >/).  or  a.    Drawn  or  taken  out. 
EX-TRA€T'L\G,  ppr.    Drawing  or  taking  out. 
EX-TRAC'TIO.\,  71.    [L.  extractio.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing  out ;  as,  the  extraction  of  a 
tooth  ;  the  extraction  of  a  bono  or  an  arrow  from  the 
body  ;  the  extraction  i>{  a  fetus  or  child  in  midwifery. 

2.  Descent ;  lineage  ;  birth  ;  derivation  of  perst)ns 
from  a  stock  or  family.  Hence,  the  stock  or  family 
from  which  one  has  descended.  We  say,  a  man  is 
of  a  noble  extraction. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  the  operation  of  drawing  essences, 
tinctures,  &c.,  from  a  substance.  Encijc. 

4.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  the  extraction  of  roots 
is  the  operation  of  finding  the  root  of  a  given  num- 
ber or  quantity  ;  also,  the  inetliod  or  rule  by  which 
the  operation  is  performed  ;  evolution. 

EX-TRACT'IVE,  a.    That  is  or  may  be  extracted. 

Kincan. 

EX-TRACT'IVE,  n.  The  same  as  Extract.  Purr. 

EX-TRACT'OR,  n.  In  midwifery,  a  forceps  or  instru 
mcnt  for  extracting  children. 

EX-TRA-DIC'TION-A-RY,  a.    [L.  extra  and  dictio.] 
Consisting  not  in  words,  but  in  realities.  [Mt 
used.]  Brown. 

EX-TRA-DI"TION,  (eks-tra-dish'un,)  7i.  [Fr.,  from 
the  L.  ex  and  trailitio,  trado,  to  tieliver.] 

Delivery  from  one  nation  to  another.  It  is  particu- 
larly applied  to  the  delivery,  by  one  natitm  or  state  to 
another,  of  fugitives  from  justice,  in  pursuance  of  a 
treaty.  It  may  be  applieil,  also,  to  other  cases,  in 
pursuance  of  law  or  constitution. 

EX-TRa'I)OS,  71.   The  exterit>r  curve  of  anarch. 

EX-TRA-DO'TAJ^,    a.  Not  belonging  to  dower. 

EX-TRA-FO-LI-a'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a  [L.  extra,  be- 
yond, and  folium,  a  leaf.] 

In  botany,  away  from  the  leaves,  or  inserted  in  a 
different  place  from  them  ;  as,  extri\fuliaceous  prickles. 

Loudon. 

EX-TR  A-G  i^'NE-OUS,  a.    [L.  extra  and  genus,  kind.] 

Belonging  to  another  kind. 
EX-TRA-JU-DI"CIAL,  i-ju-dish'al,)  a.    [extra,  with- 
out, and  judicial.] 

Out  of  the  jiro[)er  court,  or  the  ordinary  course  of 
legal  procedure.  Eneyc. 
EX-TRA-JU-1)I"CIAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  out  of 

the  ordinary  ciuirse  of  legal  jiroceedings.  Aiiliffe. 
EX-TRA-LI.M'IT-A-RY,  n.    [i\rtra  and /imK.]  "  Being 
beyond  tin:  limit  or  bounds  ;  as,  cxtralimitary  land. 

Milford. 

EX'TRA-.MIS'SION,  (  mish'tin,)  71.    [L.   extra  and 

milto,  to  sfiiil.] 

A  sfiiilini;  out  ;  emission.  Brown. 
EX-'i'RA-.MIl.\'DANE,  a.    [L.  extra  and  7«u«i/«s,  the 

world.] 

Beyond  the  limit  of  the  material  world.  Olunville. 


FATE,  FAB,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 

— 


EXT 


EXT 


EXU 


KX-'I'lU'NE-OUS,  ,1.  MtraHMs.] 

F.,r.  i"ii  ;  lu.t  licUmj:in|i  to  a  tliiii!;;  existing  willi- 
out  i  not  intrinsic  ;  a.<,  to  sepurato  g.ild  tr.im  cztrane- 
oa.1  inattor. 

llclali.ii.  in  not  conwin-il  In  the  real  cxi«lclico  of  Ihinp,  li'il  u 

F.rtrancatia  /usWis ;  oraaiiic  remains;  exiivltc  of 
oraanizod  beings,  imbedded  in  tlic  strata  of  the 
earth.  - 

KX-TllA'NE-OUS-LV,  ailv.    In  an  extraneous  iiian- 

KX-TRA-OF-n"CI.\L,  (K)f-fisli'al,)  a.  Not  within 
the  limits  of  ofHcial  duty.  •    ^  i 

EX-TK  \OU'l)I-N.\-RlES,  (cks-tror'de-na-ri/.,)  71.  pi. 
Things  which  exceed  the  n.siial  order,  kind,  or 
mi'liiod.    i«nrr;-/ «.«"/'«  (Ac. •.iHj-u'ar.]        .,    ,  . 

liX-'I'K  \()Iin)l-.NA-RI-LY,  (eks-tror'de-na-ri-ly,)  ado. 

[See  ExTRAORDINAllY.]  ,         .,  1 

III  a  manner  out  of  the  ordinary  or  usual  method  ; 
lii'vciiid  tlie  common  course,  limits,  or  order ;  in  an 
uncomiiK.n  degree ;  remarkably  ;  particularly  ;  emi- 
iiontlj'. 

■Vbe  temple  of  Solomon  waj  eltraordiiiarity 

EX-TR.\OR'DI-NA-UI-NESS,  (eks-tror'-)  n.  Un- 
i-ommminess  ;  remarkableness. 

EXTKAOR'I)l-XA-RY,  (eks-lror'de-na-ry,)  a.  |L. 
eiinurilmarius  ;  titra  and  ordinariiti,  usual,  from 
orda,  order.l  ,  , 

1  Beyond  or  out  of  the  common  order  or  method  ; 
not  in  the  usual,  customary,  or  regular  course  ;  not 
ordinary.  Kxtraordinanj  cvUs  require  czlraordinary 
remedies. 

•i.  Exreedins  the  common  degree  or  measure 
heTice,  remarkable  ;  uncoininoii  ;  rare  ;  wonderful ; 
as  the  eitriwrdiiiarii  talents  of  Sliakspeare  ;  the  cx- 
traordinanj  powers  o'f  Ncwtoii  ;  an  edifice  of  cxtraor- 
dinani  erandctir.  . 

;)  tipecial ;  particular ;  sent  for  a  special  purpose 
or  on  a  particular  occasion ;  as,  an  eTtmardiuary 
courier  or  inesscns.-er  ;  an  embassador  cxlraordiiiary 
a  ea/.etle  eilraordinary. 
EX  TR  \-r\-RO'fcHI-AL,  a.    {ertra  and  r^rochial.] 
Not  within  the  limits  of  any  parish.  Blaclcstune. 
E.X  TR  \-PlIYS'l€-Al-,  c.    Metaphysical.  Lmcrcnce. 
E.X-TRA-PRO-FES'SION-AL,  (-fesh'un-al,)  a.  [ex- 
tra and  professional.] 

Foreign  to  a  profession ;  not  within  the  ordinary 
limits  of  professional  duty  or  business. 

Moliiin  was  an  cKloiiaslic,  and  Ulcsc  studio  were  tilm-7)ro/e«- 

EX-TR\-PRO-VIX'CIAT,,  (  pro-vin'shal,)  a.  [extra 
and  procmcial.]  Not  within  the  same  province  ;  not 
witliin  the  jurisdiction  of  the  same  arciibishop. 

JlijUffe. 

EX-TRA-REG'i;-LAR,  a.    [extra  and  regular.]  Not 
comprehended  W'tliin  a  rule  or  rules.  Taijlur. 
X-TRA-TER-Rl-TO'RI-AL,  a.    Being  beyond 
without  the  limits  of  a  territory  or  particular  jurisdic- 
,l,i„  Jluntrr.    WhciUoit's  Rep. 

EX-TRA-TROP'TC-AL,  a.  [er/ra  and  fro;iica/.]  Be- 
yond the  tropics  :  without  the  tropics,  north  — 
Jouth. 

EX-TR AUGHT' ;  old  pp.  of  Extract.  [OIis.] 
EX-TRAV'.\-GANUE    I  n.     [L.  extra  and  vagans 
EX-TRAV'A-GAN-CY,  j     vajfor,  to  wander.  See 
Vagie.]  . 

1.  Lilcralhi,a  wandering  beyond  a  limit;  an  ex 
cursion  or  siilly  from  the  usual  way,  course,  or  limit. 

Ifammond. 

2.  In  writiniTOT discourse,  a  going  beyond  the  limits 
of  strict  truth  or  probability  ;  as,  extravagance  of  ex 
nression  or  description. 

3.  Excess  of  allection,  passion,  or  appetite 
trafn^ance  of  love,  anger,  hatred,  or  hunger. 

4.  Excess  in  expenditures  of  pro[)erty ;  the  ex- 
pending of  inon°y  without  riecessity,  or  beyond 
what  is  reasonable  or  proper ;  dissipation 

The  incom'*  of  Uirce  dukes 
Iravagaitct. 

5.  In  general,  any  excess  or  wandering  from  pre 
scribed  limits;  irregularity;  wildness;  a.1,  the  ex- 
traragance  of  imagination  ;  extravagance  of  claims  or 
demands.  ,    .      ^  j 

EX-TRAV'A-GANT,  a.    Literally,  wandering  beyond 
limits.  ,  SA-iA- 

2.  Excessive  ;  exceeding  due  bounds  ;  iinrea.sona 
hie.  The  wishes,  demands,  desires,  and  passions  • 
men  are  ollen  extravagant. 

3.  Irregular ;  wild  ;  not  within  ordinary  limitji 
truth  or  probability,  or  other  usual  bounds  ;  as,  i 
travagant  tliglils  of  fancy. 

Then-  is  sonieUiin'   nolly  wild  md   tltramfaitl   In  sival 
irrniu^B.  Aflditon. 

A.  Exceeding  necessity  or  propriety ;  wasteful 
prodigal ;  as,  extravagant  expenses  ;  an  extravagant 
mode  of  living. 

5.  Prodigal ;  profuse  in  expenses ;  as,  an  eztrmor 
gant  man. 

He  lh»l  is  exfrumiranl  will  quieldr  breome  jvwr,  and  poTerty 
will  cnfiirte  dt-pemlciice,  iind  inviu-  comipuon.  Itatnbter 
EX-TRAV'A-GANT,  b.   One  who  is  confined  to 
general  rule.  L' Estrange. 


EX-TRAV'A-GANT-LY,  «</i'.  In  an  cxtmvagant 
manner;  wildly;  not  within  the  limits  of  truth  or 
probability.    Men  often  write  and  talk  ntrai  ui'iiiiUij. 

2.  lJnren.sonal)ly  ;  excessive  ly.  It  is  prudeiil  not 
to  praise  or  censure  cxtranugdnilij. 

3.  In  a  manner  to  use  property  without  nece».sity 
or  propriety,  or  to  no  good  purpose  ;  expensively,  or 
profusely  to  an  uiijiistifiahio  degree;  as,  to  live,  eat, 
drink,  or  dress  rxtrarammtlij. 

EX-TRAV'A-GANT-NESS, u.  Excess ;  extravagance. 
[Little  used.] 


EX- 


To  wander  bey<uid  the 

H'arburtun, 
Excess ;  a  wandering  be- 
SmolUtL 
To  let  out  of  the  proper 

[L.  extra  and  I'o.'ja, 


i-TRAV'A-GANTS,  n.  pi.  In  church  history,  cer- 
tain decretal  epistles,  or  cimstitutiiins  of  the  popes, 
which  were  published  after  tlie  Clementines,  and 
not  at  first  arranged  and  digested  with  the  other 
lapal  constitutions.  They  were  afterward  inserted 
n  the  bodv  of  the  cantui  law.  t'.ncijc. 
EX-TRAV-A-OAN'7.A,  n.  [It.]  A  musical  composi- 
tion, designed  to  produce  ell'ect  by  its  wild  irregiilar- 
jj..  Smart. 
EX-TRAV'A-G.^TE,  v.  i. 

limits.    [JVut  used.] 
EX-TRAV-A-GA'TION,  n 

yimd  limits. 
EX-TRAV'A-SATE,  v.  U 

vessels,  as  blood. 
EX-TRAV'A-SA-TED,  pp.  or  a. 
vessels.] 

Forced  or  let  out  of  its  proper  vessels ;  as,  crfrnea- 
saled  blood.  .^rbnthnot. 
EX-TR.\V'A-SA-TING,  ppr.     Escajiing   from  the 

proper  vessels.  .  .  . 

EX-TRAV-.\-SA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forcing  or  let- 
ting out  of  its  proper  vessels  or  ducts,  as  a  liuid  ;  the 
state  of  being  forced  or  let  out  of  its  containing  ves- 
sels ;  effusion  ;  as,  an  extravasation  of  blood  after  a 
rupture  of  the  vessels. 
EX-TRA-VAS'eU-LAR,  0,    Being  out  of  the  proper 

vessels.  Lawrence. 
EX-TR.VV'E-N.'iTE,  a.    [L.  fifra  and  vena,  vein.] 

Let  out  of  the  veins,    f  JVtit  in  use.]  Glanville. 
EX-TRA-VEK'SION,  n.    [L.  extra  and  vcrsio,  a  turn- 
ing-] „,  .  J 
Tlie  act  of  throwing  out ;  the  state  of  being  turned 
or  thrown  out.    [Little  used.]  Boyle. 
EX-TRK.AT',  71.    Extraction.    [OSx.]  Spenser. 
EX-TRr;ME',  a.    [L.  extremus,  last.] 

1.  Outeniiost;  utmost;  furt'iost ;  at  the  utmost 
point,  edge,  or  border  ;  as,  the  extreme  verge  or  point 
of  a  thing. 

2.  Greatest ;  most  violent ;  utmost ;  as,  extreme 
pain,  grief,  or  sutl'ering  ;  cjr(rci7ie  joy  or  pleasure. 

3.  Last ;  beyond  wiiich  there  is  none  ;  as,  an  ex- 
treme remedy. 

4.  Utmost ;  worst  or  best  that  can  exist  or  be  sup- 
posed ;  as,  an  extreme  case. 

5.  Most  pressing  ;  !is,  extreme  necessity. 
Extreme  unctian,  among  tlie  Raman  Catholics,  is  the 

anointing  of  a  sick  person  with  oil,  when  atTccled 
with  some  mortal  disease,  and  usually  just  before 
death.  It  is  applied  to  the  eyes,  ears,  nostrils,  mouth, 
liands,  feet,  and  reins  of  penitents,  and  is  supposed 
to  represent  the  grace  of  God  poured  into  the  .soul. 

Encyc. 

Extreme  and  mean  proportion,  in  geometry,  is  when 
a  line  is  so  divided,  that  the  whole  line  is  to  the 
greater  segment  as  that  segment  is  to  the  less ;  or 
when  a  line  is  so  divided,  that  the  rectangle  under 
the  whole  line  and  the  lesser  segment  is  equal  to  the 
square  of  the  greater  segment.  Euclid. 
EX-TRk.ME',  71.  The  utmost  point  or  verge  of  a 
thing ;  that  part  which  terminates  a  body  ;  extremity. 

2.  Utmost  point ;  furthest  degree  ;  as,  the  extremes 
of  heM  and  cold  ;  the  extremes  of  virtue  and  vice. 
Avoid  extremes.  Extremes  naturally  beget  each  other. 

There  is  ft  natural  proyression  from  the  extreme  of  an.irctiy  to 
the  ertrerne  of  lyraniiy.  Washiugtun. 

3.  In  logic,  the  extremes,  or  extreme  terms  of  a  syl- 
logism, are  the  predicate  and  subject  of  the  conclu- 
sion. Thus,  "  Man  is  an  animal ;  Peter  is  a  man, 
therefore  Peter  is  an  animal;"  the  word  07iimni  is 
the  greater  extreme,  Peter  the  less  extreme,  and  man 
the  middle  term.  Encyc. 

4.  In  mathematics,  the  extremes  are  the  first  and 
last  terms  of  a  proportion ;  as,  when  three  magni- 
tudes are  proportional,  the  rectangle  contained  by  the 
extremes  is  equal  to  the  square  of  the  mean.  Euclid. 

EX-TRi~;.ME'LESS,  a.  Having  no  extremes  or  extrem- 
ities ;  infinite. 
EX-TRK.ME'LY,  arfr.   In  the  utmost  degree  ;  to  the 
utmost  point.    It  is  extremely  hot  or  cold ;  it  is  cz- 
tremrly  painful. 
2.  In  /aiTii/iar  (an^injf,  verv  much ;  greatly. 
EX-TRE.M'I-TY,  7i.    [L.  extrcmitas.] 

1.  The  utmost  point  or  side  ;  the  verge  ;  the  point 
or  border  that  terminates  a  thing  ;  as,  the  «trcmi(if.s 
of  a  country. 

2.  A  teriii  applied  to  the  utmost  pans.  The  eitrnn 
ities  of  the  body,  in  painting  and  sculpture,  are  the 
he.ad,  hands,  and  feet  ;  but,  in  anatomy,  the  term  is 
applieil  to  the  limbs  only.  Brande. 

3.  The  utmost  point;  the  highest  or  furthest  de- 
gree ;  as,  the  nfremify  of  piun  or  sulTering ;  the 


ertremity  of  cruelty.  Even  charity  and  forbearance 
niav  be  carried  to  extremilii. 

i.  Extreme  or  utmost  distress,  straits,  or  ditlicul- 
ties;  as,  a  city  besiegi  d  and  reduced  to  rxtrrmitii. 

.5.  '1  he  utmost  rigor  or  violence.  The  Greeks  have 
endured  oppressitui  in  its  iiiiiiost  extremity. 

0.  'I'lic  must  aggravated  state. 

The  world  i»  ruiiniii"  atler  firci-,  the  eztrtmity  sf  Ixid  po'lrj. 

IJrytltn. 

EX'TRI-CA-BLE,  a.  [Infra.]  That  can  be  extrica- 
ted. 

EX'TRI-CATE,  r.  t.  [L.  extrico.  The  primary  verb 
triro  is  not  in  the  Latin.  We  probably  see  Us  atliiii- 
ties  in  the  Gri'ek  tifnt,  rorx".,  hair,  or  a  bu>li  of 
hair,  from  interweaving,  entangling.  1  siispr  cl  lliat 
T.,(n  and  three  are  contracted  from  this  root;  three 
for  thi-rir,  folded,  or  a  plexus.  The  same  word  occurs 
in  iiilricnte  and  intrigue:  Fr.  fnfAfr,to  cheat :  tricutrr, 
to  weave  ;  ICng.  trick ;  It.  treccia,  a  lock  of  hair.  Cliiss 
Kg,  No.  2.1.]  , 

1.  Properly,  to  disentangle  ;  hence,  to  free  from 
dilliciilties  or  perplexities  ;  to  di.sembarrass  ;  as,  to  rx- 
Iriente  one  from  complicated  biisine.ss,  from  trouble- 
some alliances,  or  other  connections;  to  extricate 
one's  self  from  debt. 

2.  To  send  out ;  to  cause  to  he  emitted  or  evolved. 
EX'TRl-e.\  TEI),  pp.    Disentangled  ;  freed  from  dif- 
ficulties and  pirplexities;  disembarrassed;  evolved. 

E.X'TRI-eA-TlNG,  ppr.     Disentangling;  disembar- 
rassing ;  evolving. 
EX-TRl-eA'TIO.N,  «.    The  act  of  disentangling;  a 
freeing  from  perplexities  ;  di.sentangleiuent. 

2.  The  act  of  sending  out  or  evolviiu; ;  a.s,  the  ex- 
Iriratinn  of  heat  or  moisture  from  a  subsUince. 

S^:Tlll^;^l^iAL,i-  [>-—.] 

External ;  outward  ;  not  contained  in  or  belonging 
to  a  body.  Mere  matter  can  not  move  without  the 
imiHilse  of  an  extrinsic  agent.  It  is  opposed  to  iit- 
trinsie. 

EX-TRIN'Sie-AL-LY,  adv.    From  without;  exter- 
nally. 

EX-TROR'S.\L,  a.    [L.  extrorsum.] 

In  botany,  turned  from  the  axis  to  which  it  apper- 
tains, as  anthers  whose  line  of  dehiscence  is  toward 
the  petals. 

EX-TRUCT',  r.  t.    [L.  ertruo,  rxtructus.]^ 
To  build  ;  to  construct.    [JVot  in  use.] 
EX-TRUe'TIO\,  71.    A  building.    [JVo(  «.<«/.] 
EX-TRUeT'IVE,  a.  Forming  into  a  structure.  Fullse. 
EX-TRUCT'OR,  71.    A  builder;  a  fabricator ;  a  con- 
triver.   [JVut  used.] 
EX-TRODE',  I'.  I.  [L.  eztrudo  ;  ex  and  trudo,  to  thnist.] 

1.  To  thrust  out ;  to  urge,  force,  or  press  out  ;  to 
expel ;  as,  to  extrude  a  fetus. 

2.  To  drive  away  ;  to  drive  off.  Woodward. 
EX-TKOD'ED,  pp.   Thrust  out ;  driven  out  or  away  ; 

expelled. 

EX-TRC'D'ING,  ppr.    Thnisting  out ;  expelling. 
EX-TRO'SION,  (eks-tru'zhun,)  n.   The  act  of  thrust- 
ing or  throwing  out ;  a  driving  out ;  expulsion. 
EX-TC'HER-ANCE,  In.     [L.  eituberans,   eitubcro ; 
EX-TO'BER-AN-CY,  (     ex  and  Ii<6fr,  a  puff.] 

1.  In  medicine,  a  swelling  or  rising  of  the  llesh  ;  a 
protuberant  part.  Encyc. 

2.  A  knob  or  swelling  part  of  a  body.  Moion. 
EX-Tu'BER-ANT,  a.    Swelled  ;  standing  out. 
EX-TO'BER-ATE,  v.  i.    [L.  extubero.] 

To  swell.    [A'u!  ill  use.] 
EX-TU-MES'CENCE,  n.    [L.  exlumescens,  eztumesco ; 
ex  and  Immcsco,  tumco,  to  swell.] 
A  swelling  or  rising.    [Little  used.] 
EX-U'BER-ANCE,  (eg/.-yu'ber-ans,)     )  it.      |L  eni- 
EX  lJ'BER-A.\-CY,(egz-yu'ber-an-sy,)  (     Jcran*,  exu- 
brro  ;  ex  and  Micro,  to  fatten  ;  uber,  a  pap  or  breast, 
that  is,  a  swelling  or  mass.] 

1.  An  abundance  ;  an  overflowing  quantity  ;  rich- 
ness ;  as,  an  exuberance  of  fertility  or  fancy. 

2.  Superfluous  abundance  ;  luxuriance. 

3.  Overgrowth  ;  superfluous  shoots,  as  of  trees. 
EX-IJ'BER-.A.N'T,    (eg/.-yu'ber  ant,)  a.     Abundant  ; 

plenteous ;  rich ;  as,  exuberant  fertility  ;  exuberant 
goodness. 

2.  Overabundant;  superfluous;  luxuriant. 

3.  Pouring  forth  abundance  ;  producing  in  plenty  ; 
as,  exuberant  spring.  Thomson. 

EX-U'BER-ANT-LY,  adv.    Abundantly  ;  very  copi- 
ously ;  in  great  plenty ;  to  a  superfluous  degree.  The 
eartii  lias  produced  exuberantly. 
EX-U'BER-ATE,  I',  i.    [L.  erubero.] 

To  abound  ;  to  he  in  great  abundance.  [Rare.] 
EX-UCeuUS.    See  Exsuccoi  j. 
EX-U-l)A'TIO.\,  71.    [L.  ezndo.]    A  sweating  ;  a  dis- 
charge of  humors  or  moisture  from  animal  bodies. 

2.  The  discharge  of  the  juices  of  a  plant,  moist- 
ure from  the  earth,  &c. 
EX-I^I)E',  r.  t.    [Supra.l    To  discharge  the  moisture 
or  j'liices  of  a  living  boiiv  through  the  jiores ;  also,  to 
discharge  the  liquid  matter  of  a  plant  by  incisions. 
Our  f.ircits  exiule  tuqienliiie  in  Ui'  gn  «lcst  al  uiidance.  Dmfhl. 

fETf'DATE  i.<  Tiof  niHO  U.'Crf.] 

E.X-UDE',  r.  i.    To  flow  from  a  living  body  througn 
the^pores,  or  by  a  natural  discharge,  as  juice.  


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  asK;ClasJ;Sa3Z;CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


54' 


429 


EX-TTD'ED,  pp.    Emitted,  as  juice. 
EX-UI)'I.\G,  ppr.    DiscliargiiiL',  as  jiiii  p. 
EX-UL'CER-aTE,  v.  U    {1^.  ezalcero ;  fx  unci  uhero, 
to  ulcenite,  ulcus^  an  ulcer.] 

1.  To  cause  or  produce  an  ulcer  or  ulcers.  F.naic 

2.  To  atHicI ;  to  corrode  ;  to  fret  or  aiifrcr.  .Mdton. 
EX-UL'CEK-ATE,  v.  L    To  become  an  ulcer  or  ulcer- 
ous. Bacon. 

EX-UL'CER-A-TED,  pp.  Affected  with  ulcers;  hav- 
ing become  ulcerous. 

EX-LrL'CEK-A-TING,  ppr.  Producing  ulcers  on ;  fret- 
ting ;  becoming  ulcerous. 

EX-UL-CEK-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  causing  ulcers 
on  a  body,  or  the  process  of  becoming  ulcerous  ;  the 
beginning  erosion  which  wears  away  the  substance, 
and  forms  an  ulcer.  Eiicyc.  Qiiinr.ij. 

2.  A  frettini; ;  exacerbation  ;  corrosion.  Jlmker. 

EX-UL'CER-A-TO-KY,  a.  Having  a  tendency  to  form 
ulcers. 

EX-^T',  (egz-ult',)  V.  i.  [L.  cxulto;  ez  and  salto,  sa- 
lio^o  leap  ;  It.  fsultare.] 

Properly,  to  leap  for  joy  ;  hence,  to  rejoice  in  tri- 
umph i  to  rejoice  exceedingly  at  success  or  victory- ; 
to  he  glad  above  measure  ;  to  triumph.  It  is  natural 
to  man  to  emit  at  the  success  of  his  schemes,  and  to 
mill  over  a  fallen  adversarv. 

EX-ri,'l"A.\('E,  (n.    Exultation.    [A''ot  usnl.] 

EX-L  l.T'A.N  CV,  )  Ilamwoni. 

EX-ri.T'A.\'T,  n.    Rejoicing  t-i\impliant]v.  More. 

EX-ULT-A'TIO.X,  n.  'J  he  act  of  exulting  ;  lively  joy 
at  success  or  victory,  or  at  nny  advantage  gained  ; 
great  gladness  ;  rapturous  delight ;  triumph.  Exult- 
ation usually  springs  fron^  Ihe  gratification  of  nur  de- 
sire of  some  good  ;  particularly,  of  distinction  or  su- 
periority, or  of  that  which  confers  distinction.  It 
often  springs  from  the  gratification  of  pride  or  am- 
bition. But  ejrultatiou  may  be  a  lively  joy  springing 
from  latidable  causes. 

EX-ULT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rejoicing  greatly  or  in  tri- 
um|>h. 

EX-ULT'IXG-LY,  adv.    In  a  triumphant  manner. 
EX-UN'DATE,  r.  i.    To  overllow.    [JVot  used.] 
EX-Ui\-Da'T10X,  II.    [L.  cxundatio,  from  ezuiido,  to 

overflow  j  ex  and  undo,  to  rise  in  waves,  unda,  a 

wave.] 

An  overflowing  abundance.    [Little  used.]  Ray. 

EX-nX"GU-LATE,  r.  t.    [L.  ex  and  iinguld.] 
To  pare  off  sup"rfluous  parts  or  nails. 

EX-UX"GU-LA-'rED,  pp'.  Deprived  of  nails  or  su- 
perfluous parts. 

EX-UN  'GU-La-TIXG,  ppr.    Paring  off,  as  nails,  &c. 

EX-U'PER-A-BLE,  (  yQ'per-.a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be 
overcome  or  surpassed. 

EX-r'I'i;R-.\X(;E,  «.  Overbalance. 

EX-r'PF.Il-ANT,  a.  Overcoming. 

EX-I''1'I:R-.\TE,  r.  <.    To  excel  ;  to  surmount.  [04s.] 

EX-tJ'PER  A-'l'EI),  pp.    Conquered  ;  excelled. 

E.X-i;'PEI{-.A-TI.\G,  ppr.  Excelling. 

E.X-U-PER-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  excelling. 

EX-UR'GENT,  a.  [For  Exslbgent.]  Arising.  [JVot 
■used.] 

EX-IJS'CI-TaTE,  d.  f,    [L.  exuscilo.]    To  rouse. 
EX-US'TION,  (eks-ust'yun,)  n.    [U  ciustus.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  burning  up. 
EX  tl'VI  A-BLli,  a.    Capable  of  being  cast  or  thrown 

in  the  form  of  exuvia;. 
EX-i;'VI-/E,  n.  pi.    [L.]    Cast  skins,  shells,  or  cover- 
ings, of  animals  ;  any  parts  of  animals  which  are 
shed  or  cast  olf,  as  Ilie  skins  of  serpents  and  cater- 
pillars, the  shells  of  lobsters,  &c.  Encyc, 

2.  In  ireoloinj,  the  fossil  sliells  and  other  remains 
which  animals  have  left  in  the  strata  of  the  earth. 

Lyell. 

EX  yO'TO,  In  consequence  of  a  vow  ;  applied 

to  votive  offerings,  as  of  a  picture  for  a  chapel,  4ic. ; 
common  in  Koman  Catholic  countries. 

E?,  in  uUl  writers,  [Sax.  i^-,]  signifies  an  isle. 

ES'A.S,  (I'as,)  n.    [I"r.  mau,  silly.] 

A  young  hawk  just  taken  from  the  nest,  not  able 
to  prey  for  itself.  Hanmer.  Shuk. 

E?'AS,  a.    Unfledged.    [JVi;(  used.]  Spenser. 


EY'AS-MUS-KET,  n.  A  young  unfledged  male  hawk, 
of  the  musket  kind,  or  sparrow  hawk.  Sliak. 

EYE,  (I,)  It.  [!?ax.  ea^r,  cmJi ;  Goth,  aajra  ;  D.  oo^  ;  G. 
aa^e  ;  Sw.  bV/i ;  Dan.  Uye;  Russ.  oko  ;  Sans,  akshi ; 
L.  ociUns,  a  dimiimtive,  whence  Fr.  tril,  Sp.  ojo,  It. 
occhio,  Port.  olho.  The  original  word  must  have  been 
a?,  ea,  or  /ia<r  or  heg,  coinciding  with  egg,  Tlie  old 
English  plural  was  ryen,  or  eyne.] 

1.  The  organ  of  sight  or  vision  ;  properly,  the  globe 
or  ball  movable  in  the  orbit.  The  eye  is  nearly  of  a 
spherical  figure,  and  composed  of  coats  or  tunics. 
But  in  the  term  eye  we  often  or  usually  include  the 
ball  and  the  parts  adjacent. 

2.  Sight;  view;  ocular  knowledge;  as,  I  have  a 
man  now  in  my  eye.  In  this  sense,  the  plural  is 
more  generally  used. 


Bfforp  whose  eyes  Jc; 
cnicilied  ainoiij  y 


!  Clirist  li^tii  been  evitk-iuly  set  forth, 
.  —  LiaJ.  iii. 


3.  Look  ;  countenance. 

I'll  say  yon  gray  is  not  the  morning's  eye.  Shak. 

4.  Front ;  face. 

Her  shall  you  hear  disproved  to  vonr  eyee.  Shak. 

5.  Direct  opposition  ;  as,  to  sail  in  the  wind's  eye. 

6.  Aspect ;  regard  ;  respect ;  view. 

Boukselleri  meiitinii  with  rtfspect  the  anihorc  they  Iiave  printed, 
and  consequcnlty  have  an  eye  to  Iheir  own  a'dvantu<rt-. 

Addison, 

7.  Notice;  observation  ;  vigilance  ;  watch. 

After  tills  jealoiiiy,  he  Ifept  a  strict  eye  iip«n  him.  L' Estrange. 

8.  View  of  the  mind  ;  opinion  formed  by  observa- 
tion or  contemplation. 

It  hath,  in  tlieir  eye,  no  great  affinity  with  the  form  of  111"  church 
of  Rome.  Hooker. 

9.  Sight  ;  view  ;  either  in  a  literal  or  figurative  sense. 

10.  Something  resembling  the  eye  in  form  ;  as,  the 
eye  of  a  peacock's  feather.  JVcwton. 

11.  A  small  hole  or  aperture ;  a  perforation ;  as,  the 
eye  of  a  needle. 

12.  A  small  catch  for  a  hook  ;  as  we  say,  hooks 
and  eyes.  In  nearly  the  same  sense,  the  word  is  ai>- 
plied  to  certain  loops  or  rings  w  hich  serve  as  fasten- 
ings for  the  rigging  of  sliips. 

13.  The  bud  of  a  plant ;  a  shoot.  Encyc. 

14.  A  small  shade  of  color.    [Little  used.] 

Red,  with  an  eye  of  blue,  makes  a  purple.  Boyle. 

15.  The  power  of  perception. 

The  eyes  of  your  nndersiaudiu^  being  eiiligUteneiL  —  Eph.  i. 

16.  Oversight ;  inspection. 

The  eye  of  the  master  will  do  more  work  tlian  both  his  hands. 

Fraiiklin. 

The  eyes  of  a  ship,  are  the  parts  which  lie  near  the 
hawse-holes,  particularly  in  the  lower  apartments. 

Mar.  Diet. 

To  set  the  eyes  on,  is  to  see  ;  to  have  a  sight  of. 
To  Jind  favor  in  the  eyes,  is  to  be  graciously  received 
and  treated. 
EVE,  n.    A  brood  ;  as,  an  eye  of  pheasants. 
EVE,  r.  (.    To  fix  the  eye  on  ;  to  look  on  ;  to  view  ;  to 
observe  ;  particularly,  to  observe  or  watch  narrowly, 
or  with  fixed  attention. 

Eye  nature's  walks,  shoot  folly  as  it  flies.  Pope. 

EVE,  r.  t.    To  appear  ;  to  have  an  appearance.  SliaJi. 

EVE'-AT-TRACT'ING,  a.    Attracting  the  eyes. 

EVE'BALL,  n.    The  ball,  globe,  or  apple  of  the  eye. 

EVE'-lilcAM,  71.    A  glance  of  the  eye.  Sliak, 

EVE'-lioLT,  n.  In  .ships,  a  bar  of  iron,  or  bolt,  with 
an  eye  at  one  end,  formed  to  be  driven  into  the  deck 
or  sides,  for  the  purpose  of  hooking  tackles  or  fasten- 
ing ropes  to  it.  Tottcn. 

EVK'BRIOIIT,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  species  of 
Euphrasia.  It  was  formerly  much  used  as  a  remedy 
for  diseases  of  the  eve. 

EVE'-BRIGHT-£N-rNG,  n.  A  clearing  of  the  sight. 

Milton, 

EVE'BROVV,  n.  The  brow  or  hairy  arch  above  the 
eve. 

EV'£D,  (ide,)  pp.   Viewed  ;  observed  ;  watched. 


FAB 

2.  a.    Having  eyes  ;  used  in  composition  ;  as,  a 
dull-fvf//  man  ;  ox-eyed  Juno. 
EVE'-DROP,  rt.    A  tear.  Shak. 
EVE'-FIjAP,  n.    A  bhnder  tin  a  horse's  bridle. 
EVE'-GL.jiNUE,  n.    A  glance  of  the  eye;  a  rapid 

look.  Spenser. 
EV  E'-GL.KSS,  7t.    A  ghiss  to  assist  the  sight ;  specta- 
cles. Shak. 
In  trlesropeji,  the  same  as  Eyepiece,  which  see. 
EVE'-GLUT-TliNG,  n.    A  feasting  of  the  eyes. 

Spenser. 

EVE'LASII,  7!.  The  line  of  hair  that  edges  the  eyelid. 

Johnson. 

EVE'LESS,  (I'Icss,)  a.  Wanting  eyes;  destitute  of 
sight.  Milton.  Jlddison. 

EVE'EF.T,  )  7!.    [Fr.  aillct,  a  little  eye,  from 

EVE'LET-HoLE,  i     all,  eye.] 

A  small  hole  tir  perftiraticm,  to  receive  a  lace  or 
small  rope  or  cord.    We  usually  say,  eyelet-hole. 

ESE'LI-AD,  71.    [i'l.  a-illade.] 

A  glance  of  the  eye.  Shak. 

EVE'LID,  7(.  The  cover  of  the  eye;  that  portitm  t>f 
movable  skin  with  which  an  animal  covers  the  eye- 
ball, or  uncovers  it,  at  pleastire. 

EVE'-OF-FEND'ING,  a.    That  hurts  the  eyes.  Shak. 

EVE'-PIeCE,  7!.  In  a  telescope,  the  lens,  or  combi- 
nation of  lenses,  with  which  the  image  is  viewed, 
by  which  it  is  magnified.  D.  Olmsted. 

EVE'-PLEAS-INii,  a.    Pleasing  the  eye.  Danes. 

EVER,  (I'er,)  71.    One  who  eyes  another.  Oaytun. 

EV E'-SALVE,  (i'siv,)  71.    Ointment  for  the  eye. 

Rcrclatton. 

EVE'-SER-VANT,  n.    A  servant  who  .attends  to  his 
duty  only  wlien  watched,  or  under  the  eye  of  his 
master  or  employer. 
EVE'-.SER-VICE,  71.    Service  performed  only  under 
inspection  or  the  eye  of  an  employer. 

Not  with  eye-service,  as  men-pleasers  ;  but  in  singleness  of 
Iieart,  ti-aring  tiod.  —  Col.  iu. 

EVE'-SHOT,  71.    Sight ;  view  ;  glance  of  the  eye. 

Dryden. 

EVE'SIGHT,  77.  The  sight  of  the  eye;  view;  obser- 
vation.   Ps.  xviii. 

Jospphus  sets  this  down  from  his  own  eyesight.  Wilkine. 

2.  The  sense  of  seeing.    His  eyesight  fails. 
EVE'SoRE,  71.    Sonietliing  oftensive  to  the  eye  or 
sight. 

Mordecai  was  an  eyesore  to  Ilaman.  L*Estratige. 
EVE'-SPLI(;E,  71.    In  sramfn's  langitnge,  a  sort  of  eye 
or  circle  formed  by  splicing  the  end  of  a  rope  into  it- 
self. Totten. 
EV  E'-SPOT-TED,  a.    Marked  with  spots  like  eyes. 

Spe}uer. 

EVE'-SToNE,  77.  A  small,  calcareous  stone,  used  for 
taking  substances  from  between  the  lid  and  ball  of 
the  eve. 

EVE'-STRING,  71.  The  tendon  by  which  the  eye  is 
moved.  Shak. 

EVE'-TOOTII,  71.  A  tooth  under  the  eye  ;  a  pointed 
tooth  in  the  upper  jaw  next  to  the  grinders,  called 
also  a  canine  tooth ;  a  fang.  Ray. 

EVE'-WA-TER,  71.    A  medicated  water  for  the  eyes. 

EvE'-WiNK,  71.  A  wink  or  motion  of  the  eyelid  ;  a 
hint  or  token.  Shak. 

EVE'-WIT-NESS,  71,  One  who  sees  a  thing  done; 
one  who  has  ocular  view  of  any  thing. 

We  were  eye-  witnesses  of  his  majesty.  —  2  Pet.  i. 

EV'ING, p;77-.    Viewing;  watching;  observing. 
EV'OT,  (i'ot,)  77.    A  little  isle.  Blackstone. 
EYRE,  (are,)  7i.    [Old  Fr.,  from  L.  iter.] 

1.  Literally,  a  journey  or  circuit.  In  England,  the 
justices  in  eyre  were  itinerant  judges,  who  rode  the 
circuit  to  hold  courts  in  the  different  counties. 

2.  A  cotirt  of  itinerant  justices.  Blackstone. 
EY'RY,  (a're,)  71.    'I'he  place  where  birds  of  prey  con- 
struct theirnests  and  hatch.  It  is  written  also  Evrie. 
[See  .'Veiii  e.] 

The  easfle  nml  the  stork 
On  cliffs  and  ced.ir  lujjs  tlieir  eyries  build.  Miltan, 


F. 


rthe  sixth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is  a  labial 
J  articulatitm,  formed  by  placing  Ihe  upper  teeth 
on  the  under  lip,  anil  arronipanied  with  an  emission 
of  breath.  F  in  English  has  one  uniform  sound,  as  in 
father, after.  Its  kindred  letter  is  r,  which  is  cliiofly 
distinguished  from  /  by  being  more  vocal,  or  accom- 
panied with  more  miiind,  as  may  be  perceived  by 
prononncing /■/,  fr.  'I'his  letter  may  be  derived  from 
the  Oriental  1  rau,  or  from  pr  or  phe  ;  most  proba- 
bly Ihe  formi  r.  '1  he  Latins  received  the  letter  from 
the  Eiiliuns  in  Greece,  who  wrote  it  in  the  fcirm  of  n 
double  gamma,  F ;  whence  it  liaJi  been  culled  n  di- 


gamma.   It  corresponds  in  power  to  the  Greek  0,  ;7/ii, 
and  its  proper  name  is  ef. 
As  a  Latin  iiiiincral,  it  signifies  40,  and  with  a  dash 

over  the  top,  F,  forty  thousand. 

In  the  civil  law,  two  of  these  letters  together,  ff,  sig- 
nify the  pandects. 

In  English  criminal  law,  this  letter  is  branded  on 
felons,  when  admitted  to  the  benefit  of  clergy  ;  by 
Btnt.  4  II.  VII.  c.  13. 

In  medical  prescriptions,  F.  stands  for  fat,  let  it  be 
madi!  ;  F.  S.  A.  fat  secundum  artem. 


r  stands  also  for  fellow;  F.  R.  S.  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society. 

F,  or  fd,  in  77iu.*ic,  is  the  fourth  note  rising  in  this 
order  in  the  gamut,  do,  [or  ut,J  re,  mi,  fa.  It  denotes, 
also,  one  of  tin:  Greek  keys  in  music,  destined  fur 
the  base. 

FA-BA'CEOUS,  (fa-lu'shus,)  a.    [Low  L.  fadaceus, 
from  film,  a  bi'an.] 

Having  the  nature  of  a  bean  ;  like  n  bean.  [Little 

used.  ] 

FA'lll  A.\,o.    Delaying;  dilatory;  avoiding  battle,  in 
imitation  of  Uiiiiitus  Fabius  Maximus,  a  Roman 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLP,  BQQK — 


430 


FAB 


FAC 


F/iC 


peiK^r.iI  who  comluclod  iiiilitury  optTatidiis  against 
Ilaiiiiibal,  by  (tri-liiiiii^  to  risk  a  battle  in  the  tipcn 
tii  lil,  but  harassing;  the  tMu  iiiy  by  iiiarclies,  comitur- 
niarchtrs,  and  nnibiiscades. 
Fa'UUI;,  n.  [L.fabiila:  Ft.  fiMr ;  h.fiirola;  Ir. 
fablidl :  tip.  Jubiila,  fnirn  Iliu  1-alin,  but  llio  native 
Spanisli  wiird  i»  hnblii,  speech,  lin.  \V.  /if!>u,  ti) 
Rpeak  ;  (Ir.  £ti.i.  'J'liu  radical  nense  is  that  which  is 
s|>(ikeii  iii'told.] 

1.  A  feijjni  il  story  or  tale,  intended  to  instriiet  or 
anitise  \  a  tietitioiis  imrraliuii  intended  to  enforce 
some  useful  trtitli  or  precept. 

JoUiaiii'a  J'ahle  of  [li?  Irve*  a  the  olilMt  cxt.tiit,  fliul  ns  I>'>iuiufu( 
lis  au>'  iiidilv  iiiiice.  Adduon. 

3.  Fiction  ;  in  a  general  sense ;  as,  the  story  is  all 
ft  fublc. 

3.  An  idle  story  ;  vicious  or  vulgar  fictions. 

Bvil  rt- fuac  prufuiic  ami  olil  wWc**  J'attles,  —  1  Tin),  iv. 

4.  The  plot,  or  connected  scries  of  events,  in  on 
epic  or  dniinatic  poem. 

TUc  iiiiiml  is  llii-  fii^l  liiiKiiii'ipi  of  Itif  p(yt ;  tliis  hcinj;  foriii'*!!,  he 


ii.iy  bu  I 


thi  siiii-ililt.-  to 
Ihij.Un. 

Addition. 


[L.  fabrico,  to  frame,  from  fabcr. 


!).  Falsehood  ;  a  softer  term  for  a  lie. 
FA'liLE,  e.  i.   To  feign  ;  to  write  fiction. 

Vrtin  now       Uilcs  wliicli  J'ahlin^  pouu  li-ll.  Prior. 

2.  To  tell  falsehoods  ;  as,  \te  fiiblfs  not.  .S'Au/.-. 
FA'ltLE,  K.  I.    To  fcipin  j  to  invent;  to  devise  and 

speak  of,  as  true  or  real. 

Tlie  lu'll  Uioo MUlon. 
FA'BLKl),  pp.    Feigned  i  invented,  ns  stories. 

3.  a.    'I'uld  or  celebrated  in  fables. 

Uiui./nbled  ^lono.  T^ket. 

FJ'BLER,  n.  A  writer  of  fablis  or  fictions  ;  a  de.aU'r 
in  f,'i;;uiMl  stories.  Juhn.sun. 

FA'ULI.N't;,  n.    The  act  of  niakinc  fables.  Storij. 

F.v'Bl.LN't;,  />/»r.  tir  a.  Feigning  ;  devising,  ns  stories  ; 
wrilini;  or  utti--ring  false  stories 

F.MI'UIC,  II.  [lj.fuirica,  a  frame,  from  fabcr,  a  work- 
m.m  ;  Fr.  fabriiiiic] 

1.  The  structure  of  any  thing;  the  manner  in 
which  the  parts  of  a  thing  are  united  by  art  and  la- 
bor ;  workmanship ;  te.vtuie.  This  is  cloth  of  a  beau- 
tiful fabric. 

2.  'I'he  frame  or  structure  of  a  building  ;  construc- 
tion. jMurc  ^rnrra!Uj,U\f  buihiiiig  itself';  anedilice  ; 
a  house  ;  a  temple  ;  a  church,  a  bridiie,  &lc.  'i'he 

•    Word  is  usually  applied  to  a  large  building. 

:i.  Any  system  composed  of  connected  jiaits  ;  as, 
the  fabric  of  the  universe. 

4.  Clolli  manufactured. 

Silkj  aiiij  ulhcr  flue /n/rric*  of  the  C:ut.  Henry. 
F.\Il'Rie,  i>.  t.   To  frame;  to  build  ;  to  construcl. 

[I.illlc  ii.ieil.]  ..  I'liilips. 

F.VU'Rie  ATE,  r. «. 

supra.] 

1.  '1  o  frame  ;  to  build  ;  to  construct ;  to  form  a 
whole  by  connecting  its  parts;  us,  to  fabricate  a 
bridge  or  a  ship. 

•i.  To  form  by  art  and  labor;  to  manufacture;  as, 
to  fabricate  Wooli'ns. 

3.  To  invent  and  form  ;  to  forge  ;  to  devise  false- 
ly ;  as,  li»  fiibrtcatc  a  lie  or  story. 

Oitr  IXMiIti  wf-re  not  fabricauil  wiih  an  accommodation  to  pre- 
vailing iu.i^rs.  Paley. 

4.  To  Colli ;       lofabricat.e  iiKmcy.     [  l/itusaaL'\ 

Ili  iirij,  I/i.it. 

FAB'RIC-A-TED,  pp.  Framed;  constructed  ;  liiiill ; 
inaniifactiired  ;  invented  ;  devised  falsely  ;  forged. 

F.\B'K1C-A-TIX(J,  ppr.  Fleming  ;  constructing  ;  nian- 
ufactiiriiig  ;  deVising  falselv  ;  forging. 

FAlt-lllC  A'TIO.V,  II.     The  act  of  fruning  or  con- 
structing ;  Construction  ;  as,  the  fabrication  of  u 
bridge  or  of  o  church. 
'J.  The  act  of  inaiiufactitring.  % 

3.  The  act  of  devising  falsely  ;  forgery. 

4.  That  which  is  f  ibricated ;  a  falsehood.  The 
story  is  doubtless  a  fahrication. 

FAirilie-A  TOK,  n.    One  that  constructs  or  makes. 

FAI!'1MI,E,  (fab'ril,)  <i.    II..  /a*r./i.y.] 
Perlaiiiiiig  to  hamli  ralls.    [Ji,';ii  iLird.] 

F.AU'I  l-I.IST,  II.  [from  y«We.]  'i'he  inventor  or  wri- 
ter of  fables.  Garrick. 

FAK'i;-LI/i;,  c.  t.  To  invent,  com|>oso,  or  relate  fa- 
bles. Fabcr. 

FAIt'i;-l,IZ.f:p,  pp.    Related  in  fable. 

FAB'IM.IZ-I.N't;,  ppr.  Coiii{Hisiiig  or  relating  in  fable. 

FAB-I-U)?!'|.TY,  n.  Fabulousness;  fullness  of  fa- 
bles.   [iMle  uacd.}  MboL 

F.yil'U-LOUS,  o.  Feigned,  .as  a  story  ;  devised;  fic- 
titious ;  as,  a  fab:ilvits  story  ;  a  fabulous  descriptitui. 

•i  Il'.'l.ited  111  fible  ;  described  or  celebrated  in  fa- 
bl.:s;  invented;  not  real ;  as,  a  fabaloas  \\eta ;  the 
/ii*«/<iii.«  exploits  of  Hercules. 

3.  Tlic  fabatouj  age  of  (Jrcoce  and  Rome,  was  the 
early  age  of  Ihoso  countries,  the  accounts  of  which 
are  mostly /jftitfaiu,  or  lu  which  the  fabuloiii  achieve- 
ments of  their  heroes  were  performed  ;  called,  also, 
the  hrruic  age. 

F.\lt'i;-I.Ol.'S-LY,  a./r.  In  fable  or  fiction  ;  in  a  fabu- 
lous manner.  Brown. 


FAB'lI-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  ipiality  of  being  fabu- 
lous or  fiMgned. 

FAB'UR-l)IO.\,  n.  [I't.fauj  bourdon.]  In  miuic, sim- 
ple counterpoint. 

FA-CADE',  (fa-sado',)  n.  [Fr.]  Front;  front  view 
or  elevation  of  an  edifice.  Wurttm. 

FACE,  «.  fFr. /(ice;  U.faccia;  Sp. /nj  or /kij  ;  Ann. 
faci ;  I<. /ucic.v,  from  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  Ill  n  i;encral  sense,  the  surface  of  a  thing,  or  the 
side  which  presents  itself  to  the  view  of  a  spectator ; 
as,  the  face  of  the  earth  ;  the  face  of  the  waters. 

2.  A  surface  of  a  thing;  a  term  applied  to  the 
bounding  planes  or  plane  surfaces  of  a  solid.  Thus,  a 
cube  or  die  has  six  faces;  an  octahedron  has  eigiil 
faces. 

'  3.  The  surface  of  the  fore  part  of  an  animal's  head, 
particularly  of  the  huiiian  head  ;  the  visage. 

In  til''  BWcnl  of  thy  face  ahnll  thou  cnl  tm'nd..—  Goo.  ill. 
Juii''pli  ljuwei)  liiiiiuc-lf  Willi  liitt  face  to  the  cArth.  — lifii,  xlviii. 

4.  Countenance  ;  cist  of  features  ;  look;  air  of  the 
face. 

VVc  let  thp  1)081  /ace  on  it  we  could.  Dnj'len. 

5,  The  frimt  of  a  thing ;  the  fore  part  ;  the  flat  sur- 
face that  presents  itself  first  to  view  ;  a-S,  Ihe/uct  of 
a  house.    F.iek.  \\\. 

11.  Visible  state  ;  appearance. 

Tliia  would  produce  u  wv.- /ace  of  thiu^ii  in  Europe.  AddUon. 

7.  Appearance ;  look. 

Nor  lit'«v»'n,  nor  «ea,  Uicir  former  face  retained.  Waller. 
\\m  di.ilojuc  h:ia  lhe/ac#  of  pruLuUlity.  liaker. 

8.  State  of  confrontation.  The  witnesses  were 
presented  face  to  face. 

U.  Confidence  ;  boldness ;  impudence  ;  a  bold  front, 
lie  It-u  the /ace  to  cliur^  otlicni  with  false  ciLitioim.  Tillotson. 
10.  Presence  ;   sight ;  as  in  the  phrases,  before  the 
face,  in  the  face,  to  tlie  face,  from  tite  face. 
U.  The  person. 

1  hnil  not  thought  to  see  Uiy/nce.  —  Gen.  xKiii. 

12.  In  Scripture,  face  is  used  for  anger  or  favor. 

Hide  \it  from  l\v;/rxe  ot  him  that  silleth  on  tlie  tlironc.  — '  Uev.  vj. 

M.'kc  lliy  face  to  Bliine  on  thy  a'-rvunl,  — I's.  xxxi. 

llow  iuiij^  will  Uiou  hide  thy  /ace  from  nie  I  —  Pa.  xiii. 

Hence,  to  secli  tlie  face,  that  is,  to  pray  to,  to  seek 
tlie  favor  of. 

7'u  sit  Oieface  airainst,  is  to  oppose. 

7'u  accept  one^s  face,  is  to  show  him  favor  or  grant 
his  renuest.  So,  to  entreat  the  face,  is  to  ask  favor  ; 
but  tliese  phrases  are  nearly  obsolete. 

13.  .\  distorted  form  of  the  face  ;  as  in  the  phrase, 
to  make  faces,  or  to  make  wry  faces. 

Face  to  face  i  when  both  p;irtit'S  are  present ;  as,  to 
have  accusers  face  to  face,    .^cts  x.w. 

2.  Nakedly;  without  the  interposition  of  any  other 
body. 


FACE,  t>.  f.  To  meet  in  front;  to  oppose  with  firm- 
ness ;  to  resist,  or  to  meet  f«ir  tlie  purpose  of  stopping 
or  opposing  ;  as,  Ui  face  an  enemy  in  the  field  of  battli-. 

I'll  /act 

This  temp^t,  and  desen'e  the  name  of  king.  Vrylen. 

2.  To  stand  opposite  to  ;  to  stand  with  the  face  or 
front  toward.  Tlie  colleges  in  New  Haven  face  the 
public  sipiare. 

3.  To  cover  with  additional  superficies  ;  to  cover 
in  front;  as,  a  fortification  faced  with  marble;  to 
face  a  garment  with  silk. 

To  face  down  :  to  o|i|Kise  biddly,  or  impudently. 
FACE,  e.  i.   To  carry  a  false  appearance  ;  to  play  the 
hypocrite. 

'I'o  lie,  to  /ace,  to  forge.  flubberd't  7H/e. 

2.  To  turn  the  face  ;  as,  to  face  to  the  right  or  left. 
FACE'-CI-OTH,  n.     [,rtice  and  cloOi.]    A  cloth  laid 

liver  the  face  of  a  corpse.  Braiide. 
FAC'fil),  (Dste,)  pp.    Covered  in  front. 

2.  a.    In  composition,  denoting  the  kind  of  face  ; 
as,  full-faced.  Bailni. 
FACE'-(JI;aRI),  n.    A  kind  of  mask  to  def.-nd'tlie 
face  and  eyes  from  acciih  iits,  as  in  v.irious  chemical 
and  mechanical  [troresses.  JItbcrL 
FACE'I.ESS,  a.    Without  a  face. 

FACE'-PAI.\'T-ER,  n.  .\  painter  of  portraits;  one 
who  draws  the  likeness  of  the  face. 

FACE'-PAI.\T-1.\G,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  painting 
IKirtniits.  Dniden. 

F.-VC'ET,  n.    [FT.facrtte,  from  face  ;  Sp.faceta.] 

A  little  face  ;  a  small  surface  ;  as,  the  facets  of  a 

FA-CeTE',  a.    [I.. w.]  [diamond. 
Gay  ;  cheerful.    [.Vol  i«  itse.]  Burton. 

FAC'ET-F:I),  a.    Having  facets;  formed  into  facets. 

F.\-C»i'rE'Ly,  adc.  Sportively  ;  with  good  humor. 
[Aof  ii.«e(/.l  Burton. 

FA-CETE'.NESS,  n.  Wit;  pleasant  representation. 
r.\1.f  used.]  llulcs. 

FA-CE'ri-jF:,({:K-»Z'she-i,)n.pt.  [I,.]  Witty  or  hu- 
morous writings  or  sayings  ;  wittici-tms. 

FA-CE'TIOUS,  (fa-sc'shus,)  a.  [Fr.  faretituz  :  Sp. 
facecioso  ;  It.  faceta ;  L.  facetits  ;  or  facctiw,  pl.  (ill. 


I  to  be  merry.] 


1.  Merry  ;  sportive ;  j'lcular  ;  uprightly  with  wit 
and  good  hiiiiinr ;  as,  a /liretiiiuji  coiupanion. 

2.  Witly  ;  full  cf  p'easanlty  ;  pla)  fill  ;  exciting 
laughter  ;  ns,  a  fucrtiom  story  ;  afacrtiuus  reply. 

FA-Ci";'TIOL'S-l..Y,  uJo.  Merrily  ;  gayly  ;  wittily  ; 
with  pleasantry. 

FA-CK"riOUS-.\i:ft.S,  n.  Sportive  humor  ;  pleasant- 
ry ;  Iho  qiialitv  of  evening  laughter  or  giHjtl  humor. 

FA'CIAL,  (fa'slial,.  a.    [L.facies,  face.] 

Pertaining  to  the  face;  as,  the/ucm/ artery,  vein, 
or  nerve. 

Facial  anirle,  in  anatimij,  is  the  angle  contained  by 
a  line  drawn  hoi  /.oiitally  from  the  middle  of  the  ex- 
ternal enlianre  of  the  ear  to  the  edge  of  the  nostrils, 
and  aiiollier  from  this  latter  point  to  the  superciliary 
riilge  of  the  frontal  bone,  serving  to  measure  the 
elevation  of  the  forehead.  Encijc. 

FA'CI.-\Ij-hY,  ade.    In  a  facial  manner. 

FA'CIENT,  (-sluiit,)  H.  .'V  doer;  one  who  docs  any 
tiling,  good  or  bad.  ^ 

FAC'U-G,  (fas'il,)  0.  [Vr.  facile  ;  S\i.  facil;  l..facilis, 
from  facio,  to  make.] 

4.  Hroprrhj,  easy  to  be  done  or  performed  ;  easy  ; 
not  difficult;  performablc  or  attainable  with  little 
labor. 

Order  —  will  rt!nder  the  work/nciJc  and  delightful.  Evefyn. 

2.  Easy  to  bo  surmounted  or  reinoveti ;  easily  con- 
querable. 

The /nci/e  gates  of  hell  too  slightly  barred.  Milton. 

3.  Easy  of  access  or  converse;  mild;  courteous; 
not  h.aiighty,  austere,  or  distant. 

I  ineun  she  should  be  courteous,  yacije,  s'A'ceL        B.  Janton, 

4.  Pliant ;  flexible ;  easily  persuaded  to  good  or 
bad  ;  yielding  ;  ductile  to  a  fault. 

Sine  Adam,  aii'i  his  /ante  consort  Kve, 

l.oal  I'arrtdia,',  deei-ived  by  me.  Milton.  ' 

FAC'M.E-LY,  o</i).    Easily.    [Little  u.ied.]  Herbert. 

F.AC'llJi-.NESS',  Ji.    Easiness  to  be  persuaded. 

FA-CII.'I-TATE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  facilitrr,  from  faciliti,  L. 
facdiliis,  from  facil'is,  ea.sy.l 

To  make  easy  or  less  ilifliciilt;  to  free  from  diffi- 
culty or  iiiipediiiient,  or  to  diminish  it  ;  to  lessen  the 
labor  of.  .Machinery  facilitates  iiianiial  hiliur  and  oi>- 
eratioiis.  Pioneers  may  facilitate  the  march  of  an 
army. 

FA-Cl  L'l-TA-TED,  pp.    Made  easy  or  easier. 

F.'\-CIL'I-T.A-TI.N(;,  ppr.    Rentleriiig  easy  or  easier. 

FA-CI  I--I-Ta'TIO.\,  ».    The  act  of  making  ea^v. 

FA-CII/l-TIES,  II.  pl.  The  means  by  which  the 
performance  of  any  tiling  is  rendered  easy  ;  conve- 
nient opportunities  or  atlvaiitagcs. 

FA-CI I/l-'ry,n.  [Fr.  faciliti: ;  U.facilitxts,  from  faeilis, 
easy.] 

I.  Easiness  to  be  performed ;  freedom  from  diffi- 
culty;  ease.  He  performed  the  work  or  operation 
with  great /uciVi/i;. 


Tlioujfh  /acilily  and  hope  of  succss  i 
cboic:. 


light  invite 


2.  Ease  of  perfomiance ;  rcailiness  proceeding  from 
skill  or  use  ;  de.vterily.  Practice  gives  a  wonderful 
facililij  in  executing  works  of  art. 

3.  Pliancy;  ductility;  easiness  to  be  persuaded; 
readiiit^ss  of  compliance,  usually  in  a  bail  sense,  im- 
plying a  disposition  to  yield  to  solicitations  to  evil. 

it  is  a  ST^^'at  error  to  tike  /acilily  for  g'uxl  nature  :  teiideni'  ks, 
wiUiout  Uiacretion,  is  iiu  belter  tlian  a  more  panloii  ible  tolly. 

L,'  tlalrange, 

4.  Easiness  of  access  ;  complaisance  ;  condescen- 
sion ;  atlability. 

He  offer,  hiins'.'lf  to  tin'  visits  of  a  friend  with/ocifiry.  South. 
FA'CI.XG,  p/ir.    [from  face.]    Fronting;  having  the 
face  to\vard  ;  opposite. 

2.  Covering  the  fur.r  part. 

3.  Turning  the  face. 

F.^'CI.\(i,  ».  .\  covering  in  front  for  ornament  or  de- 
fense ;  as,  the  facing  of  a  f'ortificalioii  «>r  ot  a  gar- 
ment. 

FA'CI.N'G-IiY,  ndc.    In  a  fronting  position. 
FA-CI.\'()-ROt;S,  a.    [\..  facinus.] 

.AtriwiousU  wicketl.    [Little  wseM.]  SAul*. 
F.\-(,'I.\'0  ROL'S-NESS,  n.     Extreme  or  atrocious 
wickedness. 

FAG— Sl.M'l-I.E,  71.  [I,,  facio,  to  make,  and  similis, 
like.    See  Simile.] 

.•\n  exact  copy  or  likeness,  as  of  lianil writing. 
F.\eT,  n.    [I.,  factum,  from  facio,  to  make  or  do  ;  Fr. 
fait:  \t.  fatfo  ;  Sp. /orAn.] 

1.  .■\ny  tiling  iloiie,  or  that  comes  to  pa.ss  ;  an  act ; 
a  tleed  ;  an  elfect  produced  or  achievetl  ;  an  evenL 
Witnesses  are  introdticetl  into  court  to  prove  a  fact. 
Facts  arc  stubborn  tilings.  To  deny  a  fact  know- 
ingly is  to  lie. 
■J.  Re.'ihty  ;  truth  ;  as,  in  fact.  Po  we  say,  indeed. 
FAC'TIO.N,  II.  [Fr.,  from  L. /actio,  (rum  facio,  to  make 
or  do.] 

I.  A  [Ktrty,  in  political  society,  combined  or  acting 
in  union,  in  opposition  to  the  prince,  government, 
or  state  ;  usual  y  applieil  to  a  minority,  but  it  inav  lie 
applied  to  a  majority.  Sometimes  a  state  is  divided 
into  factions  luarlv  etpial.  Rome  was  nlniost  niwav « 
disturbed  by  factions.    Republics  are  proverbial  for 


TONE,  BULL,  li'NlTE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIUUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


431 


FAC 

factions,  and  factions  in  riumarcliies  have  often  effected 
revulutions. 

A  fei-ble  govemmenl  produces  more  factions  Ihan  an  o^r^ssive 

By  a  factum,  1  unilcrslaiid  a  niinibor  of  citiy/'iis,  wlicUier 
aiiiuiiiuiii^  to  a  ni.-\joriiy  or  miuoniy  of  the  whole,  wtio  are 
uiiit'*d  rtiiH  acluateii  hy  some  coiimion  ijiipulse  of  passion,  or 
ot  iiitr-D'st,  adveree  to'  the  rights  of  other  citizens,  or  to  tlic 
peniiauciu  aiid  aa^gregate  interesu  of  the  commuiiiiy. 

y  Federalist,  Marlison. 

2.  Tiimnlt ;  discord  ;  dissension.  Claremlon. 

3.  In  ancient  liisturij,  an  appell.ition  given  to  the 
different  troops  or  companies  of  combatants  in  the 
prunes  of  tlie  circus.  Brandc. 

FAC'TION-A-RY,  n.    A  party  roan;  one  of  a  faction. 

[Little  used.}  Sliak. 
FAC'TION-ER,  n.    One  of  a  faction.    [M,t  in  itsc.\ 

Bancroft, 

FAe'TION-IST,  ;i.    One  wljo  promotes  faction. 

JMountairii. 

FvVaTIOUS,  (fak'slHis,)  a.  [Vr.factienz  ;  la.  f actio. -in 

1.  Given  to  faction  ;  addicted  to  form  partits  and 
raise  dissensions,  in  opposition  to  eoverninent  ; 
turbulent ;  prone  to  clamor  against  pulilic  measures 
or  men.  -.No  state  is  free  from  factious  citizens. 

2.  Pertaining  to  faction  ;  proceeding  from  faction  ; 
as,  factious  tumults  ;  factious  i\mrxc\f.  Driidcn. 

FAC'TIOUS-LV,  adi:  In  a  f.i  li.ius  manner  ;  by 
mi-ans  of  faction  ;  in  a  turbulent  or  disorderly 
manner. 

FAe'T10US-NE?S,  n.  Inclination  to  form  parties  in 
oppositijn  to  the  government,  or  to  the  public  in- 
terest ;  disposition  to  clamor  and  raise  opposition  ; 
clamorousness  for  a  party. 

FAe-TI"TIOUS,  (fak-tish'us,)  a.  [L.  factitius,  from 
facia.] 

Made  by  art,  in  distinction  from  what  is  produced 
by  nature  ;  artificial  ;  as,  factitious  cinnabar  ;  facti- 
tious stones  ;  factitious  air 

FAe-TI"TIOUS-LY,  adv.    In  an  artificial  manner. 

FAG'TIVE,  a.  JMaking ;  having  power  to  make. 
[All!  used.]  Bacon. 

F.\e'TOR,  n.  [h.  factor;  Tt.factcur;  U.faitore;  from 
L.  facio.] 

1.  In  commerce,  an  agent  employed  by  merchants, 
residing  in  other  places,  to  buy  and  sell,  and  to  ne- 
gotiate bills  of  exchange,  or  to  transact  other  busi- 
ness on  their  account. 

2.  An  agent  ;  a  substitute. 

Factor,  in  Scotland,  is  synonymous  with  steirard 
in  England.  '  Brandc. 

3.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  a  term  applied  to  the 
multiplier  and  multiplicand,  from  the  multiplication 
of  which  proceeds  the  proiliict. 

FAG'TOR-AOE,  «.  The  allowance  given  to  a  factor 
by  his  employer,  as  a  coni|)ensation  for  his  services  ; 
called  also  a  comaiission.  This  is  sometimes  a  certain 
sum  or  rate  by  the  cask  or  package  ;  more  generally 
it  is  a  certain  rate  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  goods 
purchased  or  sold. 

FAe-To'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  factory  ;  consist- 
ing in  a  factory.  Buchanan. 

FAe'TOR-SHlP,  n.  A  factory,  or  the  business  of  a 
factor.  Sherwood. 

FAG'TO-RY,  71.  A  house  or  place  where  factors  re- 
side, to  transact  business  for  their  employers.  The 
English  merchants  have  factories  in  the  East  Indies, 
Turkey,  Portugal,  Hamburg,  .Sec. 

•2.  The  body  of  factors  in  any  place ;  as,  a  chaplain 
to  a  British  factory.  Outhric. 

3.  Contracted  from  manufactory,  a  building,  or  i-ol- 
lection  of  buildings,  appropriated  to  the  manufacture 
of  goods;  the  place  where  workmen  are  employed 
in  fabricating  goods,  wares,  or  utensils. 

FAe-To'TU.M,  n.  [I,.,  ilo  every  thing.]  A  person 
employed  to  do  all  kinils  of  work.  B.  Jonson. 

F.\0"X'lIRE,  11.    [Fr.]    Tlie  art  or  manner  of  making. 

Bacon. 

FAe'IJI,-TY,  II.  [Fr.  facultc;  V..  fatullas,  from  facio, 
to  make.] 

1.  That  power  of  the  mind  or  intellect  which  cna- 
bl.-s  it  to  receive,  levive,  or  modify  perceptions;  as, 
the  facult.fi  of  seeing,  of  hearing,  of  imagining,  of 
remembering,  &c.  ;  or,  in  treneral,  the  faculties  may 
be  calb'd  tin:  powers  or  capacities  of  tile  mind.  Fuc- 
uhii  is  pripjii  rly  a  power  belonging  to  a  living  or  ani- 
mal body. 

2.  The  power  of  doing  any  thing  ;  ability.  There 
is  no  facultij  or  power  in  creatures,  which  can  rightlv 
pi  rform  its  functions,  without  the  perpetual  aid  ijf 
the  .'^iipri me  Being.  Hooker. 

'I'he  powi-r  of  perfoiming  any  action,  natiir.al, 
vital,  or  animal. 

The  vil.l  /aculKj  Is  Hint  by  which  lif-  li  pro«erTed.  (iaitiey. 
^.  Facility  of  performance ;  the  pecwliar  skill  de- 
rived from  practice,  or  practice  aided  bv  nature ; 
habitual  Kkill  or  ability  ;  dexterity  ;  adroilm  ss  ; 
knack.  One  man  has  a  remarkable /ui  ii^fv  of  telling 
n  story  ;  another,  of  Inventing  exi uses  for  miscon- 
duct ;  n  tliird,  of  reaHoning  ;  a  fourth,  of  preaching. 
5.  Personal  ipiality  ;  disposition  or  habit,  good  or  ill. 
0.  Power;  authority.  [HImk. 


FAF 


FAI 


llnth  l».rne  |,U  fac 

[Hardly  Uffitimale.] 


ThU  Duncan 


SlLok. 


7.  IMechanical  power;  as,  the  faculty  of  the  wedge. 
[jVot  used,  nor  legitimate.]  fVilkins. 

8.  Natural  virtue ;  efficacy ;  as,  the  faculti/  of  sim- 
P'es.  •  'Jililton. 

[JVbt  used,  nor  leiritimate.] 

9.  Privilege  ;  a  right  or  power  granted  to  a  person 
by  favor  or  indulgence,  to  do  what  by  law  he  may 
not  do  ;  as,  tW  faculty  of  marrying  wiihout  the  bans 
being  first  jiuhlislied,  or  of  ordaining  a  deacon  under 
age.  The  archbishop  of  Canterbury  has  a  court  of 
faculties,  for  granting  such  privileges  or  dispensations. 

Encyc. 

10.  The  individuals  constituting  a  scientific  pro- 
fession, or  a  branch  of  one,  taken  collectively;  par- 
ticularly, the  medical  profession.  Smart. 

11.  In  colleires,  tl\e  masters  and  professors  of  the 
several  sciences.  Johnson. 

One  of  the  members  or  departments  of  a  univer- 
sity. In  most  universities,  th:'re  aie  four /acu/tics  ; 
of  arts,  including  humanity  and  philosophy  ;  of  the- 
ology ;  of  medicine  ;  and  (jf  law.  Encyc. 

Ill  America,  the  faculty  of  a  college  or  university 
consists  of  tlie  president,  professors,  and  tutors. 

The  faculty  of  adcocates,  in  Scotland,  is  a  respecta- 
ble body  of  lawyers,  who  ])lead  in  all  causes  before 
the  courts  of  session,  justiciary,  and  excherpier. 
Tlieir  president  is  styled  dean  of  the  facultij.  Encyc. 
FACUND,  a.  [la.facundus,  supposed  to  be  from  the 
root  of  for,  fari,  to  speak  ] 

Eloquent. 

FA-eiI\n'I-OUS,  a.    Eloquent ;  full  of  words. 
FA-€UND'I-TY,  71.    [L  facunditas.] 
Eloquence;  readiness  of  speech. 
FAD'DLE,  V.  i.    To  trifle;  to  toy;  to  play.    [.^  toio 
word.] 

Fade,  a.    [Fr.]    Weak  ;  slight ;  faint.    [JVu«  i;t  use.] 

Berkeley. 

FADE,  t!. !.    [Fr./a(/c,  insipid,  tasteless.  Q,u.h.vado, 

or  Ar.  4XS.J  nafecJa,  to  vanish,  Syr.  to  fail,  to  err. 

See  Class  Bd,  No.  48,  39,  44.] 

1.  To  lose  color ;  to  tend  from  a  stronger  or  brighter 
color  to  a  more  faint  shade  of  the  same  color,  or  to 
lose  a  color  entirely.  A  green  leaf  fades,  and  becomes 
less  green  or  3'ellow  ;  those  colors  are  deemed  the 
best  which  are  least  apt  to  fade. 

2.  To  wither,  as  a  plant ;  to  decay. 

Ye  shall  be  as  an  oak,  whose  leaf  fadeth.  — Is.  I. 

3.  To  lose  strength  gradually  ;  to  vanish. 
When  the  memory  b  weak,  ideas  ui  Uie  mind  quickly  ftole. 

Locke. 

4.  To  lose  luster ;  to  grow  dim. 

Tlie  stars  shall  /(ute  away.  Addison. 

5.  To  decay  ;  to  perish  gradually. 

We  all  do  fade  as  a  leaf.  —  Is.  Ix  [v. 

An  iiiheriuvnce  IhH/atieth  not  away.  —  1  Pet.  i. 

6.  To  decay  ;  to  decline ;  to  become  poor  and  mis- 
erable. 

The  rich  man  shall  /rule  away  in  his  ways.  — James  i. 

7.  To  lose  strength,  liealth,  or  vigor;  to  decline; 
to  grow  weaker  South. 

8.  To  disappear  gradually  ;  to  vanish. 

FADE,  r.  t.  To  cause  to  wither;  to  wear  away;  to 
deprive  of  freshness  or  vigor. 

No  winter  could  his  laurels /a.7e.  Dryden. 
This  Is  a  man,  old,  wrinkleil,  faded,  withered.  iihak. 

FaD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Become  less  vivid,  as  color;  with- 
ered ;  decayed  ;  vanished. 

FADE'LES.^,  a.    Unfading.  Coleridge. 

FADOjE,  (faj,)  w  i.  [Sax.  fa:nen,  sefegen,  to  unite,  to 
fit  together;  G.  fi'tiren;  D.  voetren  ;  ii^w.foa-a;  Dan. 
fuirc,  a  seam  or  joint ;  \V.  fag,  a  meeting  in  a  point. 
It  coincides  with  L.  pano-o,  pegi,  prpitri,  Gr.  irn^  '->, 
T:Ti)vi'io,\a.  fu'o.  See  p31.  Class  Bg,  No.  33.  See, 
also.  No.  34,  35.    Of  this  word  fay  is  a  contraction.] 

1.  To  suit ;  to  fit ;  to  come  close,  as  the  parts  of 
things  united.  Hence,  to  have  one  part  consistent 
with  another.  Shale. 

2.  To  agree  ;  to  live  in  amity.  [Ludicrous.] 

JIudibras 

3.  To  succeed  ;  to  hit.  L'Eitrano-e. 
[77iM  word  is  note  vulgar,  and  improper  in  elegant 

writing.] 

FaD'I.N'G,  ppr.  [See  Fade.]  Losing  color;  becom- 
ing less  viviil ;  (lecaying  ;  declining  ;  withering. 

2.  a.  Subject  to  decay  ;  liablt!  to  lose  freshness  and 
vigor;  liable  to  perish;  not  durable;  transient;  as, 
a  fading  llower. 
FAD'ING,  71.  Decay;  loss  of  color,  freshness,  or  vigor. 

Sherwood. 

FAD'ING-I,Y,  adv.    In  a  fading  manner. 
FAD'l.N'G-NESS,  71.    Decay;  liableness  to  decay. 

J\Ionnlagu. 

FAD'Y,  a.    Wearing  away  ;  losing  color  or  stioiiglh. 

Shenstonc. 

FyE'CAL.n.    See  Fccal. 

VA'j'CP.^,  71.  /)(.    1 1,.]     Excrcnii'iit ;  also,  settlings; 

Reiliment  after  infusion  or  di.stlllation.  Quincy. 
FA'F.K  Y,  o.  or  71.    Fairy,  which  see. 
FAF'FEL,  V.  i.   To  stammer.   [JVut  iii  use.]  Barret. 


FAG,  7J.  (.   To  beat ;  to  compel  to  drudge.  [Colloi/uial.] 

Smart. 

FAG,  7!.  A  laborious  drudge  ;  a  drudge  for  another. 
In  the  English  schools,  this  term  is  applied  to  a  boy 
who  does  menial  services  for  another  boy  of  a  higher 
form  or  class.  [Culloiiuial.]  Orose.  Edireworth. 
FAG,  B.  i.  [Scot./tiiA.  au.  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Jii3,  to  fail, 
to  languish.    See  Class  Bg,  No.  44,  GO,  76.] 

To  drudge ;  to  labor  to  weariness ;  to  become 
weary.  Rich.  Diet. 

The  Italians  began  to  fag.  Mackenzie. 
[  Colloquial.] 

F.-VG,  71.  A  knot  or  coarse  part  in  cloth.  [J^otinuse.] 
FAG'-END',  77.    [fag  and  f7if/.    See  Fa(5,  v.  i.  supra.] 

1.  The  end  of  a  web  of  cloth,  generally  of  coarser 
materials.  Johnson. 

2.  The  refuse  or  meaner  part  of  any  thing.  Collier. 

3.  Among  seamen,  the  untwisted  end  of  a  rope  ; 
hence,  to  be  fagged,  or  fagged  out,  is  to  become  un- 
twisted and  loose.  Tottcn. 

We  observe  that  tlie  use  of  this  word  among  sea- 
men leads  to  the  true  sense  of  the  verb,  as  well  as 
the  noun.  The  sense  is,  to  open  by  receding,  or  to 
yield  and  become  lax,  and  hence  weak. 

FAG'GING,  71.  Laborious  drudgery ;  the  acting  as  a 
drudge  for  another  at  an  English  school. 

FAG'OT,  71.  [W.fagod;  Gr.  (/lOKt-XAoj ;  connected 
with  W.  fag,  th.at  which  unites  or  meets;  fagiad, 
a  gathering  round  a  point  ;  Scot,  faik,  to  fold,  to 
grasp ;  yiiA.-e,  in  seanien^s  language,  a  coil;  allietl  to 
Sax.  fiegan,  gefcgan,  to  unite.  (See  Fadge.)  The 
sense  is,  a  bundle  or  collection,  like  pack.] 

1.  A  bundle  of  sticks,  twigs,  or  small  branches  of 
trees,  used  for  fuel,  or  for  raising  batteries,  filling 
ditches,  and  other  purposes  in  fortification.  The 
French  use  fascine,  from  the  L.  fascis,  a  bundle  ;  a 
term  now  adopted  in  English. 

2.  A  bundle  of  pieces  of  iron  for  re-manufacture. 

3.  A  person  hired  to  appear  at  musters  in  a  com- 
panv  not  full,  and  hide  tlia^eficiency.  Enci/c. 

FAG'OT,  V.  t.  To  tie  together;  to  bind  in  a  bundle; 
to  collect  promiscuously.  Dryden. 

F.\G'OT-EU,  pp.    Bound  together;  tied  in  bundles. 

FAG'OT-ING,  ppr.    Binding  together. 

FAH'LEKZ,  7!.  Gray  copper,  or  gr.ay  copper  ore, 
called  by  Jameson  trtrahedral  copper  pyrites.  It  con- 
tains copper,  antimony,  arsenic,  and  sulphur.  This 
mineral  is  easily  broken,  and  its  fracture  usually  un- 
even, but  sometimes  a  little  coiichoidal.  It  is  ibund 
amorphous  and  in  regular  crystals. 

FaH'LUN-ITE,  n.    [from  Fahlan,  in  Sweden.] 

A  mineral  occurring  in  opaque,  brownish-green, 
six-sided  prisms,  transversely  foliated.  It  has  nearly 
the  composition  of  iolite,  except  the  addition  of  13 
per  cent,  of  water,  and  is  supposed  to  proceed  from 
the  alteration  of  iolite.  The  chlorophyllile  is  a  similar 
mineral,  containing  about  4  per  cent,  of  water. 

Dana. 

FAT-EJVCE',  (fi-yiins',)  71.  [from  Facnza,  the  origin.al 
place  of  manufacture.]  In  the  fine  arts,  imitation 
porcelain  ;  a  kind  of  fine  pottery,  embellished  with 
painted  liesigns.  Brande.    Encyc.  Jim. 

FAIL,  71.  i.  [Fr.faillir;  W.faelu,  or  pallu  and  aballu ; 
Scot,  fadye;  ll.fallire;  Bp.  falir,f altar  !  I'urt.  falhar ; 
L.  fallo ;  Ir.  feallam  ;  Gr.  (/ir/Aff.i,  0r;.\oot,  whence 
c4a\\(o;  V.  feiten,faalcn  ;  G.fehten ;  Sw.fcla;  Dan. 
frjler;  Arm.  fallaat,  fcllcl,  whence  falloni,  wicked- 
ness. Eng. /c/ony.  it  seems  to  be  allied  to  fall,  fal- 
low, pale,  and  many  other  words.  See  Class  Bl,  K'o. 
6,  7,  8,  13,  18,21,28.] 

1.  To  become  deficient ;  to  be  insutlicient ;  to 
cease  to  be  abundant  for  supply  ;  or  to  be  entirely 
wanting.  We  say,  in  a  dry  season,  the  s[)rings  and 
streams  fail,  or  are  fading,  before  they  arc  entirely 
exhausted, ,  We  say,  also,  the  springs  failed,  when 
they  entirely  ceased  to  flow.  Crops  fail  wholly  or 
partially. 

2.  To  decay  ;  to  decline  ;  to  sink;  to  b*  dimin- 
ished. We  say  of  a  sick  person,  his  strength /uiij' 
daily. 

3.  To  decline  ;  to  decay ;  to  sink  ;  to  become 
weaker ;  as,  the  patient  fails  every  hour. 

4.  To  be  extinct ;  to  cease  ;  to  be  entirely  want- 
ing ;  to  be  no  longer  jiroduccd. 

Help,  Lord,  for  the  ffoilly  man  censeih  ;  for  the  raitliful  fail  from 
ainun^  the  children  of  men.  —  Pi,  xH. 

5.  To  be  entirely  exhausted ;  to  be  wanting  ;  to 
cease  from  supply. 

Money  failed  ill  Uie  land  of  K^'pt.  — Gen.  jflvii, 

6.  To  cease  ;  to  perish  ;  to  he  lost. 

Lest  the  rcineinbrince  of  lib  grief  should  fail,  AtUison, 

7.  To  die. 

They  «hall  all/oU  together.  —  la.  ixxi. 

8.  To  decay  ;  to  decline  ;  as,  the  sight  fails  in  old 
ago. 

9.  To  become  deficient  or  wanting ;  as,  the  heart 
or  the  courage  fails, 

10.  To  miss;  not  to  produce  the  effect.  The  cx- 
periiiiciit  was  made  w  ith  care,  but  failed,  or /ai/cd  to 
jiroduce  the  rlli  rt,  or  failed  of  th<!  eflect. 

11.  To  be  dtlicient  in  duty;   to  omit  or  neglect. 
Tht:  debtor  failrd  to  fulfill  his  promi.se. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METK,  PRE Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


432 


FAI 


FAl 


FAI 


12.  To  miss;  to  miscarry  ;  to  bf  frustmted  or  dis- 
appointed. Tlic  Piu'iny  attacked  tlie  fort,  but  faded 
ill  liis  desipn,  or  fuilril  u(  siicct  ss. 

IJ.  To  be  lu-plecli  d  ;  lo  full  sliort ;  not  to  be  exe- 
cuted. 'I'lie  promises  of  a  mall  of  probity  selil<iin 
fait.  The  soul  or  the  spirit /ui/i,  when  a  jX-r.^on  is 
discouraged.  The  eyes  fail,  when  the  draires  and 
expectations  are  long  delayed,  and  the  jierson  is  dis- 
appointed, * 

14.  To  become  insolvent  or  bankrupt.  When  mer- 
chants and  traders  fail,  tlicy  arc  said  lo  become  bank- 
rupt. When  other  iiieii/aiZ,  tliey  arc  said  to  become 
insolvent. 

FAIL,  V.  L  To  desert ;  to  disappoint  j  to  cense  or  to 
neglect  or  omit  to  allbrd  Bid,  supply,  or  strength.  It 
is  said,  fortune  never /uiii  the  brave.  Our  friends 
Eoiiielimes  fad  us,  when  we  most  need  them.  The 
aged  attcmpi  to  walk,  when  their  limbs  fad  Ihein. 
In  bold  eiilt^rprise.s,  courage  should  never  fiU  the 
liero. 

2.  To  omit ;  not  to  perforin. 

The  invenuva  Ijod,  who  oevee/aiU  hi*  part.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  wanting  to. 

Th-re  iliall  nerer  /ail  Ihee  a  mrui  on  the  throne.  —  1  Kiitgi  ii. 
[In  the  transitive  use  of  this  verb,  there  is  really 
an  ellipsis  of  from  or  to,  or  other  word.  In  strictness, 
the  verb  is  not  transitive,  and  the  jiassivc  participle 
is,  I  believe,  never  used.] 
FAIL,?!.    Omission;  non-performance. 

He  u-iU  wiUiout/ott  driTe  out  from  bcfure  you  the  CiinAanilet.  — 
Jo«h.  ill. 

2.  Miscarriage;  failure;  deficience;  want;  death. 

[In  this  sen,if.  Utile  luetl,'^ 
FAlL'ANCE,ii.    Fault  ;"faiUire.  [Obs.] 
FAIL'£U,  prcL  and  yp.  of  Fail.    Become  deficient; 

ceased. 

FAIL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Becoming  deficient  or  insuffi- 
cient; becoming  weaker;  decaying;  declining; 
omitting;  not  executing  or  performing ;  miscarrying; 
neglecting  ;  wanting  ;  becoming  bankrupt  or  insol- 
vent. 

FAIL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  failing  ;  deficiency;  imper- 
fection ;  lapse  ;  fault.  Failings,  in  a  moral  sense,  are 
minor  faults,  proceeding  rather  from  weakness  of  in- 
tellect, or  from  carelessness,  than  frcun  bad  motives. 
But  the  word  is  often  abusively  applied  to  vices  of 
the  grosser  kind. 
2.  The  act  of  failing  or  becoming  insolvent. 

FAIL'ING-LY,  o.ic.    By  failing. 

FAIL'liRE,  (fail'yur,)  H.  A  failing  ;  deficience;  ces- 
sation of  supply,  or  total  defect;  as,  the  failure  of 
springs  or  streams  ;  fhilure  of  rain  ;  failure  of  crops. 

2.  Omission  ;  non-performance  ;  as,  the  failure  of 
a  promise ;  a  man's  failure  in  the  e.\ccution  of  a 
trust. 

3.  Decay,  or  defect  from  decay  ;  as,  the  failure  of 
memory  or  of  sight. 

4.  A  breaking,  or  becoming  insolvent.  At  the  close 
of  a  war,  the  prices  of  commodities  fall,  and  innu- 
merable failurrji  succeed. 

5.  A  failing  ;  a  slight  fault.    [Little  used.'j 
FAIN,  a.     [Sax.  fagen,  fitgan,  glad  ;  fagnmn,  Goth. 

famnon,  lo  rejoice ;  Sw.  fdgcn.  Class  Bg,  No.  3, 
43,  77.1 

Glaii;  pleased;  rejoiced.  But  the  appropriate  sense 
of  the  word  is  glad,  or  pleased  to  do  something  under 
siuiie  kind  of  necessity  ;  that  is,  glad  to  evade  evil  or 
secure  goi>d.  Thus,  says  Locke,  "  The  learned  Cas- 
Lalio  was  fain  to  make  trendies  at  B.asil,  lo  keep  him- 
self from  starving."  This  appropriation  of  the  word, 
which  is  modern,  led  Ur.  Johnson  into  a  mistake  in 
defining  the  word.  The  proper  signification  is  glad, 
joyful. 

FAIN,  atfr.   Gladly  ;  with  joy  or  pleasure. 

He  woiil.l/njn  fl..e  out  r/  liU  h.-\ntl.  —  Job  Ixvii. 

He  woitjil /(un  tuvc  fillet!  his  beU;  wiUi  htuks.  —  I.uke  XT. 

FAIN,  r.  i.   To  wish  or  desire.    [JVot  useiL] 
FAIN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Wishing  ;  desiring  fondly. 

In  hij  /(uninf  eye.  Sptiuer. 

FAINT,  a.  [It.  faine,  a  weakening  ;  fann,  weak  ; 
fannUxis,  weakness,  inclination  to  faint ;  anbhfaine, 
fainting;  Fr. /ainrant,  idle,  sluggish.  This  word  is 
perhajis  allied  to  Fr.  finer,  to  fade,  wither,  decay,  to 
make  bay,  foin,  L.  fwnum ;  and  to  rain,  L.  rojiiu, 

whence  to  xanish,  Ar.  ^^xi  fani,  to  vanish,  to  fail. 

Eng.  to  loaiw,  Sax.fmiig,  musty.    Class  Bn,  No.  25.] 

1.  Weak  ;  languid  ;  inclined  to  swoon  ;  as,  to  be 
rendered  faint  by  excessive  evacuations. 

2.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  languid  ;  exhausted  ;  as,  faint 
with  fatigue,  hunger,  or  thirst. 

3.  Weak,  as  color ;  not  bright  or  vivid ;  not 
strong  ;  as,  a  faint  color  ;  a  faint  red  or  blue  ;  a  faint 
light. 

4.  Feeble  ;  weak,  as  sound  ;  not  loud  ;  as,  a  faint 
sound  ;  a  faint  voice. 

5.  Imperfect;  feeble;  not  striking;  as,  a /uin(  re- 
semblance or  image. 

6.  Cowardly;  tiinoroci.  A /ain«  heart  never  wins 
a  fair  lady. 


7.  Feeble ;  not  vigorous  ;  not  active ;  as,  a  faint 
resistance  ;  a  faint  exertion. 

8,  Dejected  ;  depressed  ;  dispirited. 

My  heart  U/aint,  —  L  ti.  1. 
FAINT,  B.  i.   To  lose  the  aniinai    mclions;  to  lose 
strength  and  color,  and  become  senseless  and  mo- 
tionless ;  to  swoon  ;  sometimes  with  away.  He  faint- 
ed for  loss  of  blood. 

On  hearing  the  honor  intended  her,  the  fainted  auay. 

Ouardian. 

2.  To  become  feeble  ;  to  decline  or  fail  in  strength 
and  vigor ;  to  be  weak. 

If  1  Beiiit  them  aw.iy  tiutln^  to  their  own  houjcs,  they  will  faint 
hy  Uie  way.  —  Mark  viii. 

3.  To  sink  into  dejection  ;  to  lose  courage  or  spirit. 

t.et  nut  your  heart*  faint.  —  Dcut.  XK. 

If  thou  faint  in  the  dny  of  advenily,  thy  strcnrth  Is  smuli.  — 
Pro«. 

4.  To  decay  ;  to  disappear ;  to  vanish. 

Gilded  clouds,  wlule  we  ^nzo  on  \hem,  faint  before  the  eye. 

Pope. 

FAINT,  r.  t.  To  deject ;  to  depress ;  to  weaken.  [  Un- 
usual.] S/iak. 

FAINT-IIE.\RT'ED,  o.  Cowardly;  timorous;  de- 
jected ;  cosily  depressed,  or  yielding  to  fear. 

^ear  not,  neither  he  fainlhearltd. —  U.  Tii. 

FAINT-IIEART'ED-LY,  ado.  In  a  cowardly  man- 
f\er. 

FAINT-IIEXRT'ED-NESS,  n.  Cowardice  ;  timo- 
roiisness ;  want  of  courage. 

FAINT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Falling  into  a  swoon  ;  fail- 
ing ;  losing  strength  or  courage  ;  becoming  feeble  or 
timid. 

F.\I.\T'ING,  11.  A  tempororj'  loss  of  strength,  color, 
and  respiration  ;  syncope  ;  deliquiuiu  ;  lei|>othyiiiy  ; 
a  swoon.  n'iseman. 

FAINT'ISII,  a.    Slightly  faint. 

FAINT'ISH-NESS,  n.    A  slight  degree  of  faintncss. 

.^rbuthnot, 

FAINT'LING,  o.  Timorous;  feeble-minded.  [A'oe 
used.]  .drbuUinot. 

FAIN'l  'LY,  adn.  In  a  feeble,  languid  manner  ;  with- 
out vigor  or  activity  ;  as,  to  att.tck  or  defend  faintly. 

2.  With  a  feeble  flame  ;  as,  a  torch  burns  faintly. 

3.  With  a  feeble  light ;  as,  the  candle  burns  faintly. 

4.  With  little  force  ;  as,  to  breathe  faintly. 

5.  Without  force  of  representation  ;  imperfectly  ; 
as,  to  describe  faintly  what  we  have  seen. 

6.  In  a  low  tone  ;  with  a  feeble  voice ;  as,  to  speak 
faintly. 

7.  Without  spirit  or  courage ;  timorously. 

lie  faintly  now  decUnes  the  fatal  strife.  Denham. 

FAINT'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  faint ;  loss  of 
strength,  color,  and  respiration. 

2.  Feebleness  ;  languor ;  want  of  strength. 

*  Hooker, 

3.  Inactivity  ;  want  of  vigor.  Spenser, 

4.  Feebleness,  as  of  color  or  light 

5.  Feebleness  of  representation  ;  as,  faintness  of 
description. 

6.  Feebleness  of  mind ;  timorousness  ;  dejection  ; 
irresolution. 

1  will  icnd  a  fhintneet  Into  their  hearts.  —  Lev.  xxvi. 

FAINTS,  71.  pi.  The  gr(*s  fetid  oil  remaining  after 
distillation,  or  a  weak  spirituous  liquor  that  runs 
from  the  still  in  rectifying  the  low  wines  after  the 
proof  spirit  is  drawn  off;  also,  the  last  runnings  of 
all  spirits  distilled  by  the  alembic. 

Kncyc.    Edirards,  W,  Ind. 
FA  I  NT' Y,  a.    Weak  ;  feeble  ;  languid.  Dryden, 
FAIR,  0.    [Sax,  fagcr  ;  Sw,  fager  ;   Dan. /ucrr.  If 
the  sense  is  primarily  to  opiMi,  to  clear,  to  separate, 
this  word  may  belong  to  the  root  of  Sw.  fdja,  Dan. 
fejer,  D.  cregrn,  G.  frgen,  to  sweep,  scour,  furbish.] 

1.  Clear  ;  free  from  s|Kits  ;  free  from  a  dark  hue  ; 
white;  as,  a  fltir  akin  ;  a  /air  complexion.  Hence, 

2.  Beautiful ;  handsome ;  properly,  having  a  hand- 
some face. 

Thou  art  ^  fair  woman  to  look  upon.  —  Gen.  xii. 
Hence, 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  handsome  or  beautiful  in 
general. 


4.  Clear ;  pure  ;  free  from  feculence  or  extraneous 
matter  ;  as,  jfair  water'. 

5.  Cleiir ;  not  cloudy  or  overcast ;  as,  fair  weather ; 
a  fair  sky. 

G.  Favorable  ;  prosperous  ;  blowing  in  a  direction 
toward  llio  place  of  ilestination  ;  as,  a  fair  wind  at 
■ea. 

7.  Open  ;  direct,  as  a  way  or  passage.  You  are  in 
a  fair  way  to  promotion.  Hence,  likely  to  succeed. 
He  stands  as  fair  to  succeed  as  any  man. 

8.  0|K'n  tti  attack  or  access ;  unobstructed  ;  as,  a 
fair  mark  ;  a  fair  butt ;  fair  in  sight ;  in  fair  sight ; 
a  fair  view. 

9.  Open  ;  frank  ;  honest ;  hence,  equal ;  just ; 
equitable.  My  friend  is  a  fair  man  ;  his  offer  is /uir; 
his  propositions  are  fair  and  honorable. 


10.  Not  effected  by  insidious  or  unlawful  mctliods  ; 
not  foul. 

He  died  a  fair  and  natural  death.  Temple. 

11.  Fnink  ;  candid;  not  sophistical  or  insidious; 
as,  a  fair  disputant. 

12.  Honest ;  honorable  ;  mild  ;  opposed  to  insidi- 
ous and  compulsory  ;  as,  to  accomplish  a  thing  by 
fair  means. 

13.  Frank  ;  civil ;  pleasing  ;  not  harsh. 

When  fair  wonis  and  ^oo<t  counsel  will  not  prernil  on  as,  we 
must  tje  frighted  into  our  duty.  L,'Eitrange. 

14.  Equitable ;  just ;  merited. 

His  doom  Is  fair, 
That  dust  I  am,  and  sluUI  to  dust  return.  Milton. 

15.  Liberal ;  not  narrow ;  as,  a  /air  livelihood.  Carea. 

16.  Plain  ;  legible ;  as,  the  letter  is  written  in  a 
fair  hand. 

17.  Free  from  stain  or  blemish  ;  unspotted  ;  un- 
tarnished ;  as,  a  /air  character  or  fame.  _ 

18.  In  mercantile  use,  middling ;  medium  ;  %s,  a 
fair  demand  ;  of  a  fair  quality. 

FAIR,  a<ft'.    Openly;  frankly;  civilly ;  coniplaisantly. 
One  of  die  company  spoke  him  fair.  L'  Ettrange. 

2.  Candidly  ;  honestly  ;  equitably.    He  promised 

3.  Happily;  successfully.  [fair 

Now /air  befall  thee.  Shak. 

4.  On  good  terms  ;  as,  to  keep  fair  with  the  world  ; 
to  stand  fair  with  one's  companions. 

To  bid  fair,  is  to  be  likely,  or  to  have  a  fair  pros- 
Fair  and  sifuare  ;  just  dealing  ;  honesty.  [pcct. 
FAIR,  n,   Elliptically,  a  fair  woman  ;  a  handsome  fe- 
The  fair ;  the  female  sex.  [male. 
2.  FaiTllcss  ;  applied  to  things  or  persons.  [JiTut  in  use,] 
FAIR,  71.     [Fr./oire;  W./air;  .Vrm. /oar, /oer, /eur, 
or  for;  li,  forum,  or  fcrite.    The  \l.  ficra,  and  Sp. 
fcria,  a  fair,  are  the  L. /eri<E,  a  holiday,  a  day  exempt- 
from  labor;  G. /dcr,  whence  feiern,  to  rest  from  la- 
bor.   If  fair  \s  from  forum,  it  may  coincide  in  ori- 
gin with  Gr.  TTuptuo),  iinropcvofiai,  to  trade,  whence 
epTTopiov,  emporium,  tfie  primary  sense  of  which  is 
to  pass.    In  Norman  French  we  find  fair  and  feire. 
It  fair  \s  {rum  fcria,  it  is  so  called  from  being  held 
in  places  where  the  wakes  or  feasts  at  the  dedication 
of  churches  were  held,  or  from  the  feasts  them- 
selves.   It  is  a  fact  that  Sundays  were  formerly  mar- 
ket days.] 

A  staled  market  in  a  particular  town  or  city ;  a 
stated  meeting  of  buyers  and  sellers  for  trade.  ,\ 
fair  is  annual  or  more  frequent.  Tlio  privilege  of 
holding  fairs  is  granted  by  the  king  or  supreme 
power.  Among  the  most  celebrated  fairs  in  Europe 
are  those  of  Francfort  and  Leipsic  in  Ui  rmany  ;  of 
Novi  in  the  Milanese  ;  of  Riga  and  Archangel  in 
Russia;  of  Lyons  and  St.  Germain  in  France.  In 
Great  Britain  many  towns  enjoy  this  privilege. 

Kncye. 

In  the  United  Stales,  there  are  no  fairs  similiir  to 
those  in  England  ;  at  least  I  know  of  none.  The 
ladies  sometimes  hold  fairs  for  llie  sale  of  their  work 
for  charit.iblir  purposes.  These  are  c.llled,  in  Eng- 
land, Fancv-Faibs. 

FA1R'-HA1R-£D,  a.    Having  fair  hair. 

F.^IR'-II  A.ND,  a.    Having  a  lair  ap|)earance.  Shak. 

FAlR'UpOD,  n.    Fairness  ;  beauty.  Foz. 

FAIR'I.Vg,  «.    A  present  given  at  a  fair.  Oay, 

FAIR'LV,  ado.  Beautifully ;  handsomely.  [Little 
used,] 

2.  Commodiously  ;  conveniently;  as,  a  town /air/i/ 
situated  for  foreign  trade. 

3.  Frankly  ;  honestly  ;  justly  ;  equitably  ;  without 
disguise,  fraud,  or  prevarication.  1'lie  question  was 
fairly  stated  and  argued.  Let  us  deal  fairly  w  ith  all 
men. 

4.  0|R'nly  ;  ingenuously  ,  plainly.  Let  us  deal 
fairly  Willi  ourselves,  or  our  own  hearts. 

6.  Candidly. 

1  interpret /oir/y  your  design.  Oryden. 

6.  Without  perversion  or  violence  ;  as,  an  infer- 
ence may  be  fairly  deduced  from  the  premises. 

7.  Without  blots  ;  in  plain  letters  ;  plainly  ;  legi- 
bly ;  as,  an  instrument  or  record  fairly  written. 

8.  Completely  ;  withuiit  deficience.  His  antag- 
onist fought  till  he  was  fairly  defeated. 

_  9.  Softly;  gently.  MUton, 
Fa  I R' NESS,  ii.    Clearness;  freedom  from  spots  or 
blemishes;  whiteness;  as,  the  fairness  of  skin  or 
complexion. 

2.  Clearness  ;  purify  ;  as,  the  fairness  of  water. 

3.  Freedom  from  stain  or  blemish  ;  as,  the  famust 
of  character  or  reputation. 

4.  Beauty  ;  elegance  ;  as,  the  fairness  of  form. 

5.  Frankness  ;  candor ;  hence,  honesty  ;  ingenu- 
ousness ;  as,  fairness  in  trade. 

(j.  Openness;  candor;  freedom  from  disguise,  in- 
sidioiisness,  or  prevarication  ;  as,  the  fairness  of  an 
argument. 

7.  Equality  of  terms ;  equity;  as,  Xite  fairness  of 
a  contract. 

8.  Distinctness  ;  freedom  from  blots  or  obscurity  j 
as,  the  fairness  of  hand-writing ;  Ihe  fairness  of  a 
copy. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUR  — e  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


55 


TCK" 


4:J3 


FAI 

^'AIR -SEEM'ING,  a.    Appearing  fair.  Hemans. 
FA rR'-SI'oK'£N,  (-spok'n,)  o.    Using  fair  speech; 
bland  :  civil ;  courteous  ;  plausible. 

Anus,  a  fair-spoken  nian.  Hooker, 
FaIR'Y,  n.  I^G.  fee  :  Fr.  fee,  wlience  f6er,  to  enchant, 
feerie,  a  fainj  land ;  It.  fata.  The  origin  of  this 
word  is  not  obvious,  and  the  radical  letters  are  un- 
certain. Tlie  conjectures  of  Baxter,  Jamieson,  and 
others,  throw  no  satisfactory  light  on  the  subject.] 

1.  A  fay  t  an  imaginary  being  or  spirit,  supposed 
to  assume  a  human  form,  dance  in  meadows,  steal 
infants,  and  play  a  variety  of  pranks.  [See  Elf  and 
Demon.]  Locke.  Pope. 

2.  An  enchantress.  Sliak. 
Fairy  of  tlie  mine  :  an  imaginary  being  supposed  to 

inhabit  mines,  wandering  about  in  the  drifts  and 
chambers,  always  employed  in  cutting  ore,  turning 
the  windlass,  &c.,  yet  etiecting  nothing.  The  Ger- 
mans believe  in  two  species  ;  one  fierce  and  malevo- 
leu|^  tlie  other  gentle.    [See  Cobalt.]  Encyc. 

FaIITY,  a.    Belonging  to  fairies  ;  as,  fairy  land.  Shak, 
2.  Given  by  fairies  ;  as,  faiyy  money  or  favors. 

jyryden.  Locke. 
Fairy  ring  or  circle ;  a  phenomenon  observed  in 
fields,  vulgarly  supposed  to  be  caused  by  fairies  in 
their  dances.  This  circle  is  of  two  kinds  ;  one  about 
seven  yards  in  diameter,  containing  a  round,  bare 
path,  a  foot  broad,  with  green  grass  in  the  middle  ; 
the  other  of  different  size,  encompassed  with  grass 
greener  than  that  in  the  middle.  Encyc. 

FaIR'Y-LAJV'D,  n.    The  imaginary  land  or  abode  of 
fairies. 

FaIR'Y-LiKE,  a.    Imitating  the  manner  of  fairies. 

Sltak. 

FaIR'Y-SToNE,  n.    A  stone  found  in  gravel  pits. 

Johnson. 

The  fossil  echinite,  abundant  in  chalk  pits.  Cyc. 
FaITH,  71.  [VV.  /;/:;  Arm.  feiz  :  L.  fides;  It.  fede; 
Port,  and  Sp./e ;  Fr.  foi ;  Or.  -ir'5  >'  L-  fido,  to  trust ; 
Gr.  TTfitfu,  to  persuade,  to  draw  toward  any  thing,  to 
conciliate  ;  rutioiiai,  to  believe,  to  obey.  In  the 
Greek  Le-xicon  of  Hederic,  it  is  said,  the  primitive 
signification  of  the  verb  is  to  bind  and  draw  or  lead, 
as  TTiina  signifies  a  rope  or  cable,  as  does  Trctujja. 
But  this  remark  is  a  little  incorrect.  The  sense  of 
the  verb,  from  which  that  of  rope  and  binding  is  de- 
rived, is  to  strain,  to  draw, and  thus  to  bind  or  make 
fast.  A  rope  or  cable  is  that  which  makes  fast.  (iu. 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  na3.    Class  Bd,  No.  16.] 

1.  Belief ;  the  assent  of  the  mind  to  the  truth  of 
what  is  declared  by  another,  resting  on  his  authority 
and  veracity,  without  other  evidence  ;  the  judgment 
that  what  another  states  or  testifies  is  the  truth.  I 
have  strong  faiOi,  or  no  faith,  in  the  testimony  of  a 
witness,  or  in  what  a  historian  narrates. 

2.  The  assent  of  the  mind  to  the  truth  of  a  propo- 
sition advanced  by  another  j  belief,  on  probable  evi- 
dence of  any  kind. 

3.  In  theology,  the  assent  of  the  mind  or  under- 
standing to  the  truth  of  what  God  has  revealed.  Sim- 
ple belief  of  the  Scriptures,  of  the  being  and  perfec- 
tions of  God,  and  of  the  existence,  character,  and 
doctrines  of  Christ,  founded  on  the  testimony  of  the 
sacred  writers,  is  called  historical  or  speculative  faith  ; 
a  faith  little  distingui.'^hed  from  the  belief  of  the  ex- 
istence and  achievements  of  Alexander  or  of  Cesar. 

4.  Evangelical,  justifyintr,  or  sacing  faith,  is  the  as- 
sent of  the  mind  to  the  truth  of  divine  revelation, 
on  the  authority  of  God's  testimony,  accompanied 
with  a  cordial  assent  of  the  will  or  approbaticju  of 
the  heart;  an  entire  confidence  or  trust  in  God's 
character  and  declarations,  and  in  the  character 
and  doctrines  of  Christ,  with  an  unreserved  sur- 
render of  the  will  to  his  guidance,  and  dependence 
on  his  merits  for  salvation.  In  other  words,  that 
firm  belief  of  God's  testimony  and  of  the  truth  of 
the  gospel,  which  influences  the  will,  and  leads  to 
an  entire  reliance  on  Christ  for  salvation. 

E«-ing  justified  by  faith. —  Rom.  v. 

VVilhuuiyatlA  it  is  impossible  to  please  God.  —  Hcb.  xi. 

For  wc  walk  by  failh.  ami  not  by  si^hL  — 2  Cor.  v. 

With  ihp  htart  man  bf-lifvclh  to  rigtiteousness.  —  Rom.  x. 

The  faxUi  of  Uie  gospol  is  tliat  eiiiotiou  of  the  miud,  which  Is 
called  trust  or  confidence,  exercised  toward  the  morul  char- 
acter of  God,  and  particularly  of  the  Savior.  Durinht. 

Paith  is  an  ail'octionalc  practical  confidence  in  Uie  testimony  of 
God.  J.  Ilavft. 

f^aith  is  a  firm,  cordi.-d  belief  bi  the  veracity  of  Gwl,  iji  all  llic 
declarations  of  his  word  j  or  a  full  and  alTrclionnte  C4mfi. 
dencc  iu  the  certainty  ol  tlioie  Uiinffs  which  God  has  de- 
clared, and  because  he  Ins  declared  tjieni.      L.  WoodB. 

5.  The  object  of  belief;  a  doctrine  or  system  of 
doctrinei  believed  ;  a  system  of  revealed  truths  re- 
ceived by  ChristianH. 

Tlicy  heard  oidy,  thai  he  who  persecuted  lU  in  times  past,  now 
rreachelh  Uie/nijA  which  oiia-  he  destroyed.  —  Gal.  i. 

0.  The  promises  of  God,  or  his  truth  and  faithful- 
ness. 


7.  An  open  profession  of  gospel  truth. 

Vour/ouA  Uspi.lien  of  lhroui;hout  Uk  whole  world.  — Rom,  1. 

8.  A  pcmiiuion  or  belief  of  the  lawfulness  of  things 
Indifferent, 

Ilast  Uiou/oiA?  Hive  K  u>  Uiyaelfbrfare  God.— Rom.  xlv. 


FAK 

9.  Faithfulness ;  fidelity  ;  a  strict  adherence  to  du- 
ty and  fulfillment  of  promises. 

Her  failing,  while  her/aitA  to  me  remains, 

I  would  conceal.  Milton. 

CliiMrea  in  whom    no  faith.  - —  Deul.  xxxii. 

10.  Word  or  honor  pledged  ;  promise  given  ;  fidel- 
ity.   He  violated  his  plighted  failh. 

For  you  alone 

I  broke  my  faith  with  injured  Palainon.  Dryden. 
H.  Sincerity  ;  honesty  ;  veracity  ;  faithfulness. 
We  ought,  in  good  faitli,  to  fulfill  all  our  engage- 
ments. 

12.  Credibility  or  truth.  [Unusual.] 

The  failh  of  the  foregoing  narrative.  IrTilford. 

FaITH,  ezclam.    A  colloquial  expression,  meaning  on 

my  faitli ;  in  truth  ;  verily. 
FaITII'-BRkACH,  71.    Breach  of  fidelity  ;  disloyalty ; 

perfidy.  Shak. 
FaITH'£:D,  (fatht,)  a.    Honest ;  sincere.  [JVo(  used.] 

Shal:. 

FaITH'FUL,  o.  Finn  in  adherence  to  the  truth  and 
to  the  duties  of  religion. 

Be  Uiou  faithful  to  death,  and  1  will  give  thee  a  crown  of  life. 
—  Rev.  ii. 

9.  Firmly  adhering  to  duty  ;  of  true  fidelity  ;  loy- 
al ;  true  to  allegiance  ;  as,  a  faithful  subject. 

3.  Constant  in  the  performance  of  duties  or  ser- 
vices ;  exact  in  attending  to  commands ;  as,  a  faith- 
ful servant. 

4.  Observant  of  compact,  treaties,  contracts,  vows, 
or  other  engagements  ;  true  to  one's  word.  A  gov- 
ernment should  be  faithful  to  its  treaties ;  individuals, 
to  their  word. 

5.  True  ;  exact ;  in  conformity  to  the  letter  and 
spirit ;  as,  a  faithful  execution  of  a  will. 

6.  True  to  the  marriage  covenant ;  as,  a  faithful 
wife  or  husband. 

7.  Conformable  to  truth  ;  as,  afaitliful  narrative  or 
representation. 

8.  Constant ;  not  fickle ;  as,  a  faithful  lover  or 
friend. 

9.  Tnie  ;  worthy  of  belief.   2  Tim.  ii. 
FaITH'FUL-LY,  adv.    In  a  faithful  manner;  with 

good  faith. 

2.  With  strict  adherence  to  allegiance  and  duty  ; 
applied  to  subjects. 

3.  With  strict  observance  of  promises,  vows,  cov- 
enants, or  duties ;  without  failure  of  performance  ; 
honestly  ;  exactly.  The  treaty  or  contract  was  faith- 
fully executed. 

4.  Sincerely  ;  with  strong  assurances.  He  faithfully 
promised. 

5.  Honestly  ;  truly ;  without  defect,  fraud,  trick,  or 
ambiguity.  The  battle  was  faitlifully  described  or 
represented. 

They  suppose  the  nature  of  things  to  be  /aitfi/uZ/y  signified  by 
their  names.  South. 

6.  Confidently  ;  steadily.  Shak. 
FAlTH'FyL-NESS,  n.    Fidelity  ;  loyalty  ;  firm  adhe- 
rence to  allegiance  and  duty;  as,  the  faithfulness  of  a 
subject. 

2.  Truth  ;  veracity  ;  as,  the  faithfulness  of  God. 

3.  Strict  adherence  to  injunctions,  and  to  the  du- 
ties of  a  station ;  as,  the  faithfulness  of  servants  or 
ministers. 

4.  Strict  perfonnance  of  promises,  vows,  or  cove- 
nants ;  constancy  in  affection  ;  as,  the  faitlifulness  of 
a  husband  or  wife. 

FaITII'LESS,  a.  Without  belief  in  the  revealed  truths 
of  religion  ;  unbelieving. 

O  faithless  generation.  —  Mall.  xvii. 

2.  Not  believing  ;  not  giving  credit  to. 

3.  Not  adhering  to  allegiance  or  duty  ;  disloyal  ; 
perfidious  ;  treacherous  ;  as,  a  faitlilcss  subject. 

4.  Not  true  to  a  master  or  employer ;  neglectful ; 
as,  a  faithless  servant. 

5.  Not  true  to  the  marriage  covenant ;  false  ;  as,  a 
faitJdess  husband  or  wife. 

fi.  Not  observant  of  promises. 

7.  Deceptive. 

Yonder /(liliifess  phantom.  Goldsmith. 
FAITH'LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a'faithless  manner. 
FaITH'LESS-NESS,  n.    Unbelief  as  to  revealed  re- 
ligion. 

2.  Perfidy  ;  treachery;  disloyalty,  as  in  subjects. 

3.  ViiJation  of  i>romiscs  or  covenants ;  inconstan- 
cy, as  of^  hiishanil  or  wife. 

FAI'TOUR,  (fi'toor,)  n.    [Norm.,  from  L.  factor.] 
An  evil-doer;  a  scounilrel ;  a  mean  fellow.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

FAKE,  n.  [Scot.  /ui7(,  to  fold,  a  fold,  a  layer  or  stra- 
tum ;  perhaps  Sw.  vika,  vickla,  to  fold  or  involve 
The  sense  ti(  fold  may  be  to  lay,  to  fall,  or  to  set  or 
throw  logctlier,  and  this  word  may  belong  to  Sax. 
f<egan,fefran,  to  unite,  to  suit,  to  fadgo,  that  is,  to  set 
or  l:iy  togi  ther.] 

One  of  the  circles  or  windings  of  n  cable  or  haw- 
ser, as  it  lies  in  a  coil ;  a  single  turn  or  coil. 

Mar.  DicU 

FA'KIR,  (fa'ker,)       )  n.    [This  word  signifies,  in 
FA-UUYIl',  (PA-kepr',)  j     Arabic,  a  poor  man  ;  in 
Ethiopic,  an  interpreter.] 


PAL 

A  Mohammedan  monk  or  hermit  in  India ;  the 
same  as  dcrcL-ie  in  Turkey  and  Persia.  The  fakirs 
subject  themselves  to  severe  austerities  and  mortifi- 
cations. Some  of  them  condemn  themselves  to  a 
standing  posture  all  their  lives,  supported  only  by  a 
stick  or  rope  under  their  armpits.  Some  mangle  their 
bodies  with  scourges  or  knives.  Others  wander  about 
in  companies,  telling  fortunes ;  and  these  are  said  to 
be  arrant  villains.  Encyc. 

FAL-CADE',  n.    [L.falz,  a  sickle  or  scythe.] 

A  horse  is  said  to  malce  a  falcade,  when  he  throws 
himself  on  his  haunches  two  or  three  times,  as  in 
very  quick  curvets ;  that  is,  a  falcade  is  a  bending 
very  low.  Harris. 

FAL'CATE,     )  a.    [L.  falcatus,  from  falz,  a  sickle, 

FAL'€a-TED,  (     scythe,  or  reaping-hook.] 

Hooked;  bent  like  a  sickle  or  scythe;  an  epithet 
applied  to  the  new  moon.  Bailey. 

FAL-CA'TION,  Ii.  Crookedness;  a  bending  in  the 
form  of  a  sickle.  Brown. 

FAL'CHION,  (fawl'chun,)  n.  [Fr.  fauchon,  from  L. 
falx,  a  reaping-hook.] 

A  short,  crooked  sword  ;  a  cimiter.  Dryden. 

FAL'CI-FORM,  a.  [L.  falx,  a  reaping-hook,  and 
form.] 

In  the  shape  of  a  sickle ;  resembling  a  reaping- 
hook. 

FAL'eON,  (fawk'n  or  fal'kon,)  n.  [Fr.  faucon;  It. 
falcone  ,•  L.  falco,  a  hawk  ;  W.  gwalg,  a  crested  one, 
a  heron,  a  hawk,  that  which  rises  or  towers.  The 
falcon  is  probably  so  named  from  its  curving  beak 
or  talons.] 

1.  A  hawk  ;  but  appropriately,  a  hawk  trained  to 
sport,  as  in  falconry,  which  see.  It  is  said  that  this 
name  is,  by  sportsmen,  given  to  the  female  alone; 
for  the  male  is  smaller,  weaker,  and  less  courageous, 
and  is  therefore  called  tercel,  or  tersel.  Encyc. 

This  term,  in  ornithology,  is  applied  to  a  division  of 
the  genus  Falco,  with  a  siiort,  hooked  beak,  and  very 
long  wings,  the  strongest  .irmed  and  most  courageous 
species,  and  therefore  used  in  falconry. 

Cuvicr.    Ed,  Encyc. 

2.  A  sort  of  cannon,  w1io.se  diameter  at  the  bore  is 
five  inches  and  a  quarter,  and  carrying  shot  of  two 
pounds  and  a  half.  Harris. 

FAL'CON-GEN'TIL,  n.  A  falcon  when  full  feath- 
ered and  completely  bred.  Booth. 

FAL'eON-ER,  (fawk'n-er  or  fal'kon-er,)  n.  [Fr.  fau- 
cotinier.] 

A  person  who  breeds  and  trains  hawks  for  taking 
wild  fowls ;  one  who  follows  the  sport  of  fowling 
with  hawks.  Johnson. 
FAL'€0-NET,  n.    [Fr.  falronctte.] 

A  small  cannon  or  piece  of  ordnance,  whose  diam- 
eter at  the  bore  is  four  inches  and  a  quarter,  and 
carr}'ing  shot  of  one  pound  and  a  quarter.  Harris. 
FAI/eON-RY,  (fawk'n-ry  or  fal'kon-ry,)  ji.  [Fr. 
fauconnerie,  from  Ij.  falco,  a  hawk.] 

1.  The  art  of  training  hawks  to  the  exercise  of 
hawking. 

2.  The  practice  of  taking  wild  fowls  by  means  of 
hawks. 

FALD'ACE,  (fawld'aj,)  7i.  [W.  fahl,  a  fold  ;  Goth. 
faldan;  Sax.  fealdan,  to  fold  ;  Law  L.  fuUlagium.] 

In  England,  a  privilege  which  anciently  several 
lords  reserved  to  themselves  of  setting  up  folds  for 
sheep,  in  any  fields  within  their  manors,  the  better 
to  manure  them.  Harris. 

FALD'FEE,  71.  A  fee  or  composition  paid  anciently 
by  tenants  for  the  privilege  of  faldage.  Diet, 

FALD'ING,  71.  Akindof  coarse  cloth.  [Obs,]  Chaucer, 

FALD'IS-DO-RY,  7i.    [Sax.  fald  and  stuic.  jlsh,] 
The  throne  or  seat  of  a  bishop.    [JVo£  in  use.] 

FALD'STOOL,  ti.  [faU,  or  fold,  and  stool.]  A  fold- 
ing-stool, or  portable  seat,  made  to  fold  up  in  the 
manner  of  a  camp-stool.  Formerly,  a  faldstool  w.is 
jilaced  in  the  choir  for  a  bishop,  when  he  otfici.ited  in 
any  but  his  own  cathednil  church.  Oloss.  of  ..Architect. 

FA-LER'NI-A.N,  a.  Pertaining  to  Falernus,  in  Italy. 
.As  a  noun,  the  wine  made  in  that  territory. 

FALL, ».  i.  ;  prrt  Fell  ;  pp.  Faule.v.  [Sax.  frallan  :  G. 
fallen;  D.  vallen  ;  Sw  fulla  ;  Dan. /aWcr  ;  allied  prob- 
ably to  L.  fallo,  to  fail,  to  deceive,  Gr.  aiinXSoi;  Sp. 
hallar,  to  find,  to  fall  on  ;  Fr.  nffaler,  to  lower.  See 
Class  Bl,  No.  18,  28,  43,  49,  52.  Fall  coincides  ex- 
actly with  the  Shemitic  7B:,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam. 
\o  fall.  Fail  agrees  better  with  the  lli  b.  '^2:,  and 
Sin ;  but  these  words  may  have  li.id  one  primitive 
root,  the  sense  of  which  was  to  move,  to  recede,  to 
pass.  As  these  words  are  unquestionably  the  same 
in  the  Shemitic  and  Japhetic  languages,  they  afford 
decisive  evidence  that  the  J,  or  first  letter  of  the 
Shemitic  words,  is  a  prefix.  The  Chaldee  sense  of 
^33  is  to  defile,  to  make /uuf.  (See  Foul.)  The  same 

verb  in  Ar,  ^j^i  nabala,  signifies  to  shoot,  to  drive, 

or  throw  an  arrow,  Gr.  ^aAXf,>.] 

I.  To  drop  from  a  higher  place  ;  to  descend  by  the 
power  of  gravity  alone.  Rain  falls  from  the  clouds  ; 
n  man /a/fa  from  his  horse  ;  ripe  fruits  fall  from  trees  ; 
nn  ux  falls  into  n  pit. 

I  beheld  Satan  as  tifrtitning  fait  from  heaven.  —  Luke  x. 


FATE,  FAR,  F(\LL,  WHAT — METE,  PRgY — PrNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


FAL 


FAL 


FAL 


2.  To  drop  from  an  erect  posture. 

I  fell  111  l\i>  f'oel  lo  woniliip  him.  — Rev.  xii. 
'  3.  To  (liseiiihogue ;  to  pass  at  tlic  outlet ;  to  flow 
out  of  its  clianiiel  into  a  poud,  Inko,  or  sea,  as  a 
river.  'I'lie  Rhone  falU  into  tlie  Mediterranean  Sea. 
The  Danulio  falls  into  tlie  Euxine.  Tlie  Mississippi 
falb  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

4.  To  depart  from  tlio  faith,  or  from  rectitude ;  to 
apostatize.    Adam  fell  by  eating  the  forbidden  fruit. 

Labor  to  enter  into  th;\l  tvst,  teat  any  man  fall  alter  Uio  •;uno 
example  of  unljelier.  —  Het>.  tv, 

5.  To  die,  particularly  by  violence. 

Ye  ihall  cluue  your  eneiiiios,  and  they  Bhall  fall  Ijcfore  you  by 

tlie  Bwonl.  —  I.<'V.  xxvi. 
A  thouB^tiid  ahall  /all  al  thy  siile.  —  Vs.  xci. 

6.  To  come  to  an  end  suddenly ;  to  vanish  ;  to 
perish. 

The  ^rcatneu  of  these  Irish  lonU  suddenly /eU  and  vanUh<'d. 

7.  To  be  defjr.aded  ;  to  sink  into  disreptite  or  dis- 
grace ;  to  be  plunged  into  misery  ;  as,  to/<jii  from  an 
elevated  sttttion,  tir  l*rom  a  prtisperous  stale. 

8.  'i'o  decline  in  [wwer,  wealth,  or  glory  ;  to  sink 
into  weakness;  to  be  given  up,  oveitliniwn,  or 
ruined.  This  is  the  renowned  Tyre  ;  but  oh,  how 
faUcn ! 

Heaven  and  enrlh  will  witn.*s«, 
If  Rome  mii.it  /n/V,  that  we  are  iiinoceiil.  AMUon, 

9.  To  pass  into  a  worse  state  than  the  former  j  to 
come  ;  as,  to  fall  into  ditficulties  ;  to  fall  untler  cen- 
sure or  impiit^ition  ;  to  fall  into  error  or  absurdity  ;  to 
fall  into  a  siu'.re.  In  these  and  similar  phrase.s,  the 
sense  of  sudilenness,  accident,  or  ignorance  is  often 
implied,  but  not  always. 

10.  To  sink  ;  lo  be  lowered.  The  mercury  in  a 
thermometer  rises  and  falU  with  the  incre.'i.-^e  and 
diminution  of  heat.  The  water  of  a  river  rises  and 
falls.    The  tide  falls. 

11.  To  decrease;  to  be  diminished  in  weight  or 
value.  The  price  of  goods  falh  with  pleniy  and 
rises  witli  scarcity.  Fhny  tells  us,  tlie  as  fell  from  a 
pound  to  two  ounces  in  the  first  Punic  war. 

^rbuthnot. 
IS.  To  sink  ;  not  to  amount  to  the  full. 
The  inreatiiesa  of  finances  and  revenue  doLh  fad  under  computa- 
lion.  Bacon. 

13.  To  be  rejected ;  to  sink  into  disrepi^te. 

This  book  must  stand  or  /all  with  thee.  Locke. 

14.  To  decline  from  violence  to  calmness,  from 
Intensity  to  remission.  The  wind  falls,  and  a  calm 
succeeds. 

At  len  jlh  her  fury  /ell.  DryiUn. 

15.  To  pass  into  a  new  state  of  body  or  mind  ;  to 
become  ;  as,  to  fall  asleep  ;  to  fall  distracted  ;  to  fall 
sick  ;  to  fall  into  rage  pr  passioti ;  to  fall  in  love  ;  to 
full  into  tempt.ition.     "  • 

16.  To  sink  into  an  air  of  dejection,  discontent, 
anger,  sorrow,  or  shame ;  applied  to  the  countenance 
or  look. 

Cain  W.1S  very  wroth,  and  his  countenance  /ell.  —  Gen.  iv. 
I  have  ot;served  of  late  Uiy  looks  are  fallen.  Addison. 

17.  To  happen  ;  to  befall ;  to  come. 

Since  this  Ibrtune  /all*  to  you.  ShaJc. 
IS.  To  light  on  ;  to  come  by  chance. 

The  Romans /efi  ou  lliis  motlel  by  chance.  Sur\/U 

19.  To  come  ;  to  rush  on  ;  to  assail. 

Fear  and  dread  stmlt  /atl  on  them.  —  Ex.  xv. 
And  (eat /ell  on  tliein  all.  —  Acts  xix. 

20.  To  come ;  to  arrive. 

T!ie  vernal  equinox,  which  at  the  Nicene  counsel  /ell  on  the  2lst 
of  MiKii,f(UlM  now  about  ten  days  sooner.  Holdtr. 

21.  To  come  unexpectedly. 

It  happened  tliis  evening  tlLit  we  fell  into  a  pleasing  walk. 

Addtton. 

29.  To  begin  with  haste,  ardor,  or  vehemence ;  to 
rush  or  hurry  to.    They  fell  to  blows. 

The  mixed  multitude /eff  to  lusting.  —  Num.  xi. 

23.  To  p,nss  or  be  transferred  by  chance,  lot,  dis- 
tribution, inheritance,  or  otherwise,  as  possession  or 
property.  The  estate  or  the  province  fell  to  his 
brother.  The  kingdom  fell  into  the  hands  of  bis 
rival.    A  large  estate  fell  to  his  heirs. 

24.  To  become  the  property  of;  to  belong  or  apper- 
tain to. 

If  to  her  share  some  female  frronfall, 

I*ook  ill  her  face,  and  you'll  lur^n  lli'-m  all.  Pope. 

25.  To  be  dropped  or  uttered  carelessly.  Some 
expressions /f7/  from  him.  An  unguarded  expression 
fell  from  his  lips.  Not  a  word  fell  from  him  on  the 
subject. 

2t).  To  sink;  to  languish;  to  become  feeble  or 
faint.  Our  hopes  and  fears  rise  and  fall  witli  good 
or  ill  stircess. 

27.  To  be  brought  forth.  Take  care  of  lambs 
when  tliejr  first  fall.  JHortimrr. 

28.  To  issne ;  to  terminate. 

Sil  still,  my  .laujrhter,  Ull  thou  knowest  how  the  nutter  will 
/oi;.  — RuUi  iii. 

To  fall  aboard  of;  in  teamen's  language,  to  strike 


against ;  applied  to  one  vessel  coming  into  collision 
with  another. 

Tu  fall  wstern  ;  in  seamen's  language,  to  move  or  be 
driven  backward  ;  to  recede.  A  sliip  falU  aslern  by 
the  force  of  a  current,  or  when  outsailed  by  another. 

7^0  full  away  ,■  to  lose  flesh ;  to  become  lean  or 
emaci.ited  ;  to  pine. 

2.  To  renounce  or  desert  allegiance ;  to  revolt  or 
rebel. 

3.  To  renounce  or  desert  the  faith  ;  to  ap  etatize  ; 
to  sink  into  wickedness. 

These  for  a  while  tielieve,  and  in  lime  of  lempLalioii  J^/t  away.  — 
Luke  viii. 

4.  To  perish  ;  to  be  ruined  ;  to  be  lost. 

How  can  the  soul  —  fall  ateay  into  notiiing  ?  AddUon. 

5.  To  decline  gradually ;  to  fade ;  to  languish,  or 
become  faint. 

One  color yaffs  atsay  by  Just  degrees,  and  anQtl:er  rises  inscnsi. 
bly.  Addiaon. 

To  full  hnek  ;  to  recede  ;  to  give  way. 
2.  'I'o  fail  of  performing  a  promise  or  purpose  ;  not 
to  fulfill. 

Tu  fall  calm  ;  to  cease  to  blow  ;  to  become  calm. 
To  fall  down  ;  to  prostrate  one's  self  in  v/orship. 
All  nations  shall /nfi  domi  before  Mm.  — Ps.  Ixxii. 

2.  To  sink  ;  to  come  to  the  ground. 

Diiipn  fell  the  beauteous  youth.  Dryden. 

3.  To  bend  or  bow,  as  ,a  stippliant.    Isaiah  xlv. 

4.  To  sail  or  pass  toward  tlie  mouth  of  a  river  or 
other  outlet. 

To  full  fiiul !  to  attack  ;  to  make  an  assault. 

To  fall  from  ;  to  recede  front ;  to  ilepart ;  not  to  ad- 
here ;  as,  to  fall  from  an  agreement  or  engugement. 

2.  To  ilepart  from  allegiance  or  duty  ;  to  revolt. 

To  fall  in  ;  to  concur  ;  to  agree  with.  Tlie  measure 
falh  in  with  popular  opinion. 

2.  To  comply  ;  to  yield  to. 

You  will  find  it  ditticult  to  persuade  learned  men  lo  /all  in  with 
your  priij-jcts.  Addison. 

3.  To  come  in  ;  to  join  ;  to  enter.  Fall  into  the 
ranks  ;  full  in  on  the  right. 

To  full  in  wiUi to  meet,  as  a  ship  ;  also,  to  discover 
or  come  near,  as  land. 

To  full  off;  to  withdraw;  to  separate;  to  be 
broken  or  detached.  Friends  fall  off  in  adversity. 
Love  cools,  friendship  /alls  off,  brothers  divide,  Shak. 

2.  To  perish  ;  to  die  away.  Words  fall  off  by 
disuse. 

3.  To  apostatize  ;  to  forsake;  to  withdraw  from  the 
faith,  or  from  allegiance  or  duty. 

Tliosc  captive  Iribes  fell  qff 
From  Goil  lo  worship  calves.  A/iiton. 

4.  To  forsake  ;  to  abanilon.  His  subscribers  fell  off. 

5.  To  drop.    Fruits /uf/ oJT  when  ripe. 

6.  To  depreciate  ;  to  depart  from  former  excel- 
lence ;  to  become  less  valuable  or  interesting.  The 
magazine  or  the  review  falls  off;  it  Iiils  fallen  off. 

7.  In  seamen's  Uinguage,  to  deviate  or  trend  to  the 
leeward  of  the  point  to  which  the  head  of  the  ship 
was  before  directed  ;  to  fall  to  leeward.  Talten. 

To  fall  on ;  to  begin  suddenly  and  eagerly. 

Fall  on,  and  try  the  appetite  to  eat.  Dryden. 

2.  To  begin  an  attack  ;  to  assault ;  to  assail. 

f\ill  on,  fall  on,  and  hear  him  nol.  Dryden, 

3.  To  drop  on  ;  to  descend  on. 

To  fall  out ;  to  quarrel  ;  to  begin  to  contend. 
A  soul  exospeniled  in  ills  /alia  out 
Widi  every  Uiiiijj,  its  friend,  itself.  Addison. 

2.  To  happen  ;  to  befall  ;  to  chance. 

There  /ellout  a  bloody  quarrel  betwixt  the  frogs  and  the  mice. 

L'Eetrange, 

To  fall  over;  to  revolt;  to  desert  from  one  side  to 
another. 

2.  To  fall  beyond.  Shak. 
To  fall  short ;  to  he  deficient.    The  com  falls  short 
We  all  fall  short  in  duty. 

To  full  to  ;  to  begin  hastily  and  eagerly. 

Fall  to,  with  eager  Joy,  on  homely  fowl.  Dryden. 

2.  To  apply  one's  self  to.  He  will  never  after  fall 
to  labor. 

They  /ell  lo  raising  money,  under  pietense  of  the  relief  of 
Ireland.  Clarenrfon. 

To  fall  tinder  ;  to  come  under,  or  within  the  limits 
of ;  to  be  subjected  to.  They  fell  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  emperor. 

2.  To  come  under ;  to  become  the  subject  of. 
This  point  did  not  fall  under  the  cognizance  or  de- 
liberations of  the  court.  These  things  do  not  fall 
under  human  sight  or  observation. 

3.  To  come  within  ;  to  be  ranged  or  reckoned 
with.  These  substances  fall  under  a  different  class 
or  order. 

To  fall  upon ;  to  attack.    [See  To  fall  ok.] 

2.  To  attempt. 

1  do  not  intend  lo/o;(  upon  nice  d'iKiuisilions.  Holder. 

3.  To  nish  against. 

Fall  primarily  denotes  descending  motion,  either 
in  a  jierpendicular  or  inclined  direction,  and  in  most 


of  its  applications,  implies,  literally  or  figuratively, 
velocity,  liaKtc,  sudilenness,  or  violence.  Its  use  is  so 
various,  and  so  much  diversifietl  by  iiiodif>'iiig  wonls, 
that  it  is  not  easy  to  entiineratu  its  senses  in  all  its 
applications. 

FALL,  V.  I.    To  let  fall  ;  to  drop.    And  fall  thy  edge- 
less  sword.    I  am  willing  la  fall  this  argument. 
[This  application  is  obsolete.]        [Shak.  Dryden. 

2.  To  sink ;  to  depress ;  as,  to  raise  or  fall  the 
voice. 

3.  To  diminish  ;  to  lessen  or  lower;  as,  to  full  the 
price  of  commodities.    [Lillle  used.] 

4.  To  bring  forth-;  as,  to /u/ilambs.  [Rare.]  Shak. 

5.  To  fell  ;  to  cut  down  ;  as,  to  fall  a  tree. 

[This  use  is  provincial  in  England,  and  occasion- 
ally occurs  in  .America  ;  fell  and  fall  being  probably 
from  a  common  root.] 
FALL,  ji.  The  net  of  tlropjiing  or  descending  from  a 
higher  to  a  lower  place  by  gravity  ;  descent ;  as,  a 
fall  from  a  horse  or  from  the  yard  of  a  ship. 

2.  The  act  of  dropjiing  or  tumbling  from  an  erect 
posture.  He  was  walking  on  ice,  and  had  a  fall. 

3.  Death  ;  destruction  ;  ovcrtlirow. 

Our  fathers  had  a  grcat/a/f  before  our  enemies.  Judith. 

4.  Ruin  ;  destruction. 

They  conspire  thy  fall.  Denham. 

.S.  Downfall ;  degradation ;  loss  of  greatness  or 
office  ;  as,  the  full  of  Cardinal  Wolsey. 

Behold  thee  glorious  only  in  thy  fall.  Pope. 

6.  Declension  of  greatness,  power,  or  dominion  ; 
ruin  ;  as,  the  fall  of  the  Roman  emjiire. 

7.  Diminution  ;  decrea.se  of  price  or  value  ;  depre- 
ciation ;  as,  tUe  fall  of  prices  ;  the  fall  of  rents  ;  the 
fall  of  interest. 

8.  Declination  of  sounil ;  a  sinking  of  tone  ;  ca- 
dence ;  as,  lltc  fall  of  the  voice  at  the  close  of  a  sen- 
tence. 

9.  Declivity ;  the  descent  of  land  or  a  hill ;  a 
slope.  Bacon, 

10.  Descent  of  water ;  a  cascade  ;  a  cataract ;  a 
rush  of  water  down  a  steep  place  ;  usually  in  the 
plural ;  sometimes  in  the  singular  ;  !is,  the  falls  of 
Niagara,  or  the  iMohtiwk  ;  the /a// of  the  llotisatonic 
at  Canaan.  Full  is  applied  to  a  perjiendicular  de- 
scent, or  to  one  that  is  very  steep.  When  the  de- 
scent is  moderate,  we  name  it  rapid.'!.  Custom,  how- 
ever, sometimes  deviates  from  this  rule,  and  the 
rapids  of  rivers  are  called  fulls. 

11.  The  outlet  or  discliarge  of  a  river  or  current  of 
water  into  the  ocetin,  or  into  a  lake  or  pond  ;  as,  the 
fall  of  the  Po  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice.  jlddLion. 

12.  Extent  of  descent  ;  the  distance  which  any 
thing  falls  ;  as,  the  water  of  a  pond  lias  a  fall  of 
five  feet. 

13.  The  fall  of  the  leaf;  the  season  when  leaves 
full  from  trees  ;  autitinii.  [Hants  and  Sussex.  Still 
used  in  Jlmeric.n.] 

14.  That  whicli  falls  ;  a  falling  ;  as,  a  fall  of  rain 
or  snow. 

Vi.  Tlie  act  of  felling  or  cutting  down  ;  as,  tlie/a22 
of  timber. 

16.  Fall,  or  the  full;  by  way  of  distinction,  the 
apostasy  ;  the  act  of  our  first  ptireiils  in  eatini!  the 
forbidden  fruit ;  also,  the  apostasy  of  the  rebellious 
angels. 

17.  Formerly,  a  kind  of  vail.  B.  Jonson. 

15.  In  seumcn's  language,  that  part  of  a  tackle  to 
which  the  power  is  applied  in  hoisting. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 
19.  In  Orcat  Britain,  a  term  applied  to  several 
measures,  linear,  superficial,  and  solid.  Cyc. 
FAL-LA'CIOU.S,  a.    [Fr.  fallacieuz;       faUaz,  from 
fallo,  to  deceive.    Pee  Fail.] 

1.  Deceptive  ;  deceiving  ;  deceitful  ;  wearing  a 
false  appearance;  misleading;  producing  error  or 
mistake  ;  sophistical  ;  applied  to  things  only  ;  as,  a 
fallacious  argument  or  proposition  ;  a  fallacious  ap- 
pearance. 

2.  Deceitful ;  false ;  not  well  founded  ;  producing 
disapjiointment ;  mocking  expectation;  as,  a  falla- 
eiou.-i  hope. 

FAL-La'CIOIJS-LY,  a*.  In  a  fallacious  manner; 
deceitfully;  sophistically ;  with  purpose  or  in  a  man- 
ner to  deceive. 

We  have  seen  how  falLacioualy  the  author  has  slated  the  cause. 

Addison. 

FAL-LA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Tendency  to  deceive  or 
mislead;  inconcliisiveness  ;  as,  the  fallaciousness  of 
an  argument,  or  of  apjiearances. 

F.\L'LA-CY,  n.  [h.falhciu.] 

1.  Deceptive  or  false  appearance  ;  deceitfulness  ; 
that  which  misleads  the  eye  or  the  mind.  Detect 
the  fallacy  of  the  argument. 

2.  Deception  ;  mistake.  This  appearance  may  be 
all  a  fallacy. 

I'll  eDtertsUn  the  fisvored  fallacy.  Shak, 

3.  In  logic,  an  argument,  or  apparent  argument, 
which  professes  to  be  decisive  of  the  matter  at  issue, 
while  in  reality  it  is  not.  Brande. 

FAL'LAX,n.    [L.]    Cavillation.       Mp.  Cranmrr. 
FAIX'f;.\,  (fawl'n,)  pp.  or  a.    Dropped  ;  descended  ; 
degraded;  decreased;  ruined 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SB  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


FAL 

FAL'LEX-CY,  n.    Mistake.  [Obs.] 
FA I,L'ER,  n.    One  that  falls. 

FAL-Lr-B[L'[-TY,  n.    [It.  fidlibilitd.   See  Fallible.] 

1.  Liableness  to  deceive  ;  the  quality  of  being  fal- 
lible ;  unceriiiinty  ;  possibility  of  being  erroneous,  or 
of  leading  to  mistake  ;  as,  the  fallibility  of  an  argu- 
ment, of  reasoning,  or  of  testimony. 

2.  Liableness  to  err,  or  to  be  deceived  in  one's  own 
judgment  ;  as,  the  fullibiUty  of  men. 

FAL'LI-BLE,  a.  [it.  fallibiU;  Sp.  falUile!  from  L. 
/alio,  to  deceive.] 

1.  Liable  to  fail  or  mistake  ;  that  may  err  or  be  de- 
ceived in  judgment.    All  men  are  fallible. 

2.  Liable  to  error ;  that  may  deceive.  Our  judg- 
ments, our  faculties,  our  opinions,  are  faUible;  our 
hopes  are  fallible. 

FAL'LI-RLY,  u(/i>.    In  a  fallible  manner. 
FALL'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Descendmg  ;  dropping  ;  dis- 
emboguing ;  apostatizing  ;  declining  ;  decreasing  ; 
sinking  ;  coming. 
FALLING,       j  n.    An  indenting  or  hollow  j  op- 
FALL'ING  IN,  )      posed  to  rising  or  prominence. 
Falling  away;  apostasy.  [.iddison. 
Falling  off;  departure  from  the  line  or  course  ; 
declension. 

FALL'ING-SICK'NESS,  n.  The  epilepsy  ;  a  disease 
in  which  the  patient  suddenly  loses  liis  senses  and 
falls. 

FALL'ING-STXR,  ?!.  The  same  as  Shootino-Star, 
which  see. 

FALL'IN(i-SToNE,  n.  A  stone  falling  from  the  at- 
mosphere ;  a  meteorite;  an  aerolite.  Cyc. 

FAL-Lo'PI-AN,  a.  [(mm  Fallupius.]  A  term  applied 
to  two  ducts,  arising  from  the  womb,  usually  called 

tubes. 

FAL'LoW,  a.  [Sax.fhlare,  falv,  or  fealo  ;  D.vaal;  G. 
falb,fu)d;  VT.fauve,  (or  falve  ;  h.falvus;  qu.  AfZoiis, 
for/f/ous.  This  word  may  be  from  the  root  of  fail, 
fallo  ;  so  called  from  the  fading  color  of  autumnal 
leaves,  or  from  failure,  withering.  Hence,  also,  the 
sense  of  unoccupied,  applied  to  land,  which  in  Span- 
ish is  balilio.] 

1.  Pale  red,  or  pale  yellow  ;  as,  a  fallow  deer. 

2.  Unsowed  ;  not  tilled  ;  left  to  rest  after  a  year  or 
more  of  tillage  ;  iis,  fallow  ground  ;  a  fallow  field. 

Break  up  your  fallow  p-ound.  — Jer.  iv. 

3.  Left  unsowed  after  plowing.  The  word  is  ap- 
plied to  the  land  after  plowing. 

4.  Unplowed ;  uncultivated.         Tooke.  Shak. 

5.  Unoccupied  ;  neglected.    [JV'ot  in  iise.] 

hcl  the  cause  lie  fallow.  Hadibrat. 
FAL'I-oW,  71.    Land  that  has  lain  a  year  or  more  un- 
tilled  or  unseeded.    It  is  also  called  fallow,  when 
plowed  without  being  sowed. 

The  plotting:  oifatlouis  is  a  benefit  to  land.  MorUjTur. 
2.  The  plowing  or  tilling  of  land,  without  sowing 
it,  for  a  season.    Summer /ai/uif,  properly  conducted, 
lias  ever  been  found  a  sure  method  of  destroying 
weeds. 

By  a  complete  summer  fallow,  land  is  rendered  tender  and 
mellow.  The  fallow  ^ves  it  a- better  tilth  than  can  be  ^ven 
by  71.  fallow  crop.  Sinclair. 

A  green  fallow,  in  England,  is  that  where  land  is 
rendered  mellow  and  clean  from  weeds,  by  means  of 
some  green  crop,  as  turnips,  potatoes,  &c.  Cyc. 

FAL'LoW,  r.i.    To  fade  ;  to  become  yellow.  [Ois.l 

FAL'LoVV,  V.  U  To  plow,  harrow,  and  break  land 
without  seeding  it,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying 
weeds  and  insects,  and  rendering  it  mellow.  It  is 
found  for  the  interest  of  the  farmer  to  fallow  cold, 
stroiij'  clayey  land. 

FAL'LoVV-eilOP,  n.  The  crop  taken  from  fallowed 
ground.  Sinclair. 

FAL'LOW-DEER,  71.  [Sax. /ajpipc,  pale  yellow.]  The 
Cfrrii.9  Daina,  or  Dama  vidgaru,  a  species  smaller 
than  the  stag,  and  must  common  in  England,  where 
it  is  almost  domesticated  in  the  parks.  Partington. 

F\L'l,OW-Kl),  (fal'lode,)  pp.  Plowed  and  harrowed 
for  a  season,  withovit  being  sown. 

FAL'LoVV-FlA'UII,  7i.  A  small  bird,  the  oenanthe  or 
wheat-ear. 

FAL'LOW-ING,  ppr.  Plowing  and  harrowing  land 
without  sowing  it. 

FAL'LOVV-iNG,  n.  The  operation  of  plowing  and 
harrowing  land  without  sowing  it.  Fallowing  is 
found  to  contribute  to  the  destruction  of  snails  and 
other  vermin.  Sinclair. 

FAL'LOVV-IST,  71.  One  who  favors  the  practice  of 
fallowing  land. 

On  IhU  «iilj]fct  a  controversy  has  arisen  between  two  seets^  the 
fattotouu  snd  tltq  u.n\x-failowi4ta.  \UntiinLal.\  Sinclair. 

FAL'LOW-NE.SH,  n.    A  fallow  state;  barrenness; 

exemption  from  bearing  fruit.  Donne. 
FALS'A-Ry,  71.  [See  False.]  A  falsifier  of  evidence. 

[Ai/I  m  Sheldon. 
F  A  LS  E,  a.   [  L.  faUun,  from  fallo,  to  deceive  ;  Sp./ubo  ; 

It.  id. ;  Ft.  fauT,  faunae  ;  Sax.  faUe ;  1).  val.ich ;  G. 

faheh  ;  Sw.  and  ban.  falak;  W.  faU  ;  Ir.  faha.  Sec 

Fall  and  Fail.] 

1.  Not  true  ;  not  conformable  to  fact ;  expressing 

what  is  contrary  to  that  which  exists,  is  done,  said, 

or  thought.    A  falte  report  communicates  what  is 


FAL 

not  done  or  said  ;  a  false  accusation  imputes  to  a 
person  what  he  has  not  done  or  said  ;  a  false  wit- 
ness testifies  what  is  not  true  ;  a  false  opinion  is  not 
according  ,to  truth  or  fact.  The  word  is  applicable 
to  any  subject,  physical  or  moral. 

2.  Not  well  founded  ;  as,  a  false  claim. 

3.  Not  true  ;  not  according  to  the  lawful  standard  ; 
as,  a  false  weight  or  measure. 

4.  Substituted  for  another ;  succedaneous  ;  suppos- 
ititious ;  as,  a  false  bottom. 

5.  Counterfeit  ;  forged  ;  not  genuine ;  as,  false 
coin  ;  a.  false  bill  or  note. 

n.  Not  solid  or  sound  ;  deceiving  expectations ;  as, 
a  false  foundation. 

F^ilse  and  slipper)'  ^ound.  Dryden. 

7.  Not  agreeable  to  rule  or  propriety  ;  as,  false  con- 
struction in  language. 

8.  Not  honest  or  just;  not  fair  ;  ns,  false  play. 

9.  Not  faithful  or  loyal ;  treaclierous  ;  perfidious  ; 
deceitful.  The  king's  subjects  may  prove  false  to 
him.    So  we  say,  a  false  heart. 

10.  Unfaithful  ;  inconstant ;  as,  a  false  friend  ;  a 
faL-e  lover ;  false  to  promises  and  vows ;  the  husband 
and  wife  proved  false  to  each  other. 

11.  Deceitful;  treacherous;  betraying  secrets. 

12.  Counterfeit ;  not  genuine  or  real ;  as,  a  false 
diamond. 

13.  Hypocritical ;  feigned  ;  made  or  assumed  for 
the  purpose  of  deception  ;  an,  false  tears  ;  false  mod- 
esty ;  tlie  man  appears  in  false  colors  ;  the  advocate 
gave  the  subject  a  false  coloring. 

False  fire ;  composition  of  combustibles,  used  in 
vessels  of  war  to  make  signals  during  the  night. 

Totten. 

False  imprisonment;  the  arrest  and  imprisonment 
of  a  person  without  warrant  or  cause,  or  contrary  to 
law  ;  or  the  unlawful  detainingof  a  person  in  custody. 
FALSE,  adv.    Not  truly  ;  not  honestly  ;  falsely.  Shak. 
FALSE,  V.  U   To  violate  by  failure  of  veracity  ;  to 
deceive.    [Obs.l  Spenser. 
2.  To  defeat ;  to  balk  ;  to  evade.   [OJs.]  Spenser. 
FALSE'-FaC-£D,  (-taste,)  a.  Hypocritical. 
FALSE'-HEXRT,        fa.   Hollow  ;  treacherous  ;  de- 
FALSE'-HEXRT'ED,  i     ceitful ;  perfidious.  Bacon. 

[  Xhe  former  is  not  used.^ 
FALSE'-HEXRT'ED-NESS,7i.  Perfidiousness ;  treach- 

er\',  Stillingfieet, 
FALSE'HOOD,  71.    [fidse  ani  hood.'] 

1.  Contrariety  or  inconformity  to  fact  or  truth  ;  as, 
the  falsehood  of  a  report. 

2.  Want  of  truth  or  veracity ;  a  lie  ;  an  untrue 
assertion. 

3.  Want  of  honesty;  treachery;  deceitfiilness ; 
perfidy.  Milton. 

But  falsehood  is  properly  applied  to  things  only. 
[See  Falseness.] 

4.  Counterfeit ;  false  appearance  ;  imposture. 

Milton. 

FALSE'-KEEL,  7L  The  timber  used  below  the  main 
keel,  to  serve  both  as  a  defense  and  an  aid  in  holding 
a  better  wind.  Brande. 

FALSE'LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  contrary  to  truth  and 
fact ;  not  truly ;  as,  to  speak  or  swear  falsely ;  to  tes- 
tify falsely. 

2.  Treacherously ;  perfidiously. 

Swear  tx)  rae  —  that  thou  wilt  not  deal  falsely  widi  me.  —  Geo. 

3.  Erroneously ;  by  mistake.  Smallridge. 
FALSE'NESS,  ti.    Want  of  integrity  and  veracity, 

either  in  principle  or  in  act ;  as,  the  falseness  of  a 
man's  heart,  or  his  falsmcss  to  his  word. 

2.  Duplicity;  deceit;  double  dealing.  Hammond. 

3.  Unfaitlifulness ;  treachery  ;  perfidy  ;  traitorous- 
ness. 

The  prince  is  in  no  don^r  of  bein?  betrayed  by  tJie  falsenest, 
or  clicated  by  the  avarice  of  such  a  servant.  Rogers, 
FXLS'ER,  71.    A  deceiver.  Spenser. 
FALSE'-ROOF,  7t.    In  architecture,  that  part  between 

the  ceiling  of  the  upper  floor  and  the  covering  of  the 

roof.  Owilt, 
FAL-SETTE',  j  71.    [It.]  ii/craHy,  a  false  or  artificial 
FAI^SET'TO,  i     voice.  That  part  of  a  person's  voice 

which  lies  above  its  natural  compass. 
FJil.'St  CRl'MF.J\r,  [L.]    The  crime  of  forgery. 
FALS'I-FI-A-ltLE,  a.    [{torn  falsify.]    That  may  be 

f*alsified,  counterfeited,  or  corrupted.  Johnson. 
FALS-I-FI-€a'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  falsifier.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  false;  a  counterfeiting;  the 
giving  to  a  thing  an  appearance  of  something  which 
it  is  not ;  as,  the  falsification  of  words.  Hooker. 

2.  Confutation.  Broome. 
FALS'I-FI-Ca-TOR,  71.  A  falsifier.  Bp.  Morton. 
FALS'1-FI-/;d,  pp.  Counterfeited. 

FALS'I-FI  ER,  71.  One  who  counterfeits,  or  gives  to 
a  thing  a  deceptive  appearance ;  or  one  who  makes 
false  coin.  Boylr- 

2.  One  who  invents  falsehood  ;  a  liar.  L'Estrangc. 

3.  One  who  proves  a  thing  to  bo  false. 
FiVLS'I-I|-Y,  V.  f.    [Vt.faLsifitT,  from  fahe.] 

1.  To  Counterfeit ;  to  forgo  ;  to  make  something 
false,  or  in  imitation  of  that  which  is  true ;  as,  tu 
faXaify  coin. 

The  Irisli  bards  use  to  fitlmfy  cvfry  Mng.  Spsnttr. 


FAM 

2.  To  disprove ;  to  prove  to  be  false ;  as,  to  falsify 
a  record. 

3.  To  violate ;  to  break  by  falsehood  ;  as,  to  falsify 
one's  faith  or  word.  Sidney. 

4.  To  show  to  be  unsound,  insufficient,  or  not 
proof.    [JS'oe  ill  use.] 

His  am]p>-  shieM  isfaUtfied.  Dryden. 
FALS'I-F5,  V.  i.    To  tell  lies  ;  to  violate  the  truth. 

It  is  universally  unlawful  to  lie  and  falsify.  South. 
FALS'I-FV-ING,  ppr.  Counterfeiting ;  forging ;  lying ; 

proving  to  be  false  ;  violating. 
FALS'1-TY,  71.  [L.falsilas.] 

1.  Contrariety  or  inconformity  to  truth ;  the  qual- 
ity of  being  false. 

Probability  does  not  maite  any  alteration,  either  in  the  truth  or 
falsity  of  tilings.  South. 

2.  Falsehood  ;  a  lie  ;  a  false  assertion.  OlanviUe. 
[  This  sense  is  less  proper.] 

FAL'TEll,  V.  i.  [Sp.faltar,  to  be  deficient,  from  falta, 
fault,  defect,  failing,  from  falir,  to{M\,  folia,  fault,  de- 
fect ;  Pott.  faJtar,  to  want,  to  miss  ;  from  L.  fallo,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is  to  fall  short,  or  to  err,  to 
miss,  to  deviate.] 

1.  To  hesitate,  fail,  or  break,  in  the  utterance  of 
words;  to  speak  with  a  broken  or  trembling  utter- 
ance ;  to  stammer.  His  tongue  falters.  He  speaks 
with  a  faltering  tongue.    He  falters  at  the  question 

2.  To  fail,  tremble,  or  yield  in  exertion  ;  not  to  be 
firm  and  steady.    His  legs /a/fcr.  tViseman. 

3.  To  fail  in  the  regular  exercise  of  the  understand 
ing.    We  observe  idittts  to  falter.  Locke. 

FAL'TER,  V.  t.    To  sift.    [JVot  in  use.]  Mortimer. 
FAL'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Hesitating  ;  speaking  with 

a  feeble,  broken,  trembling  utterance;  failing. 
FAL'TER-ING,  7i.    Feebleness ;  deficiency. 

Killingbcck. 

FAL'TER-ING-LY,  adv.  With  hesitation;  with  a 
trembling,  broken  voice ;  with  difticulty  or  feeble- 
ness. 

FA'LUJV,n.  [Fr.]  A  French  prorincial  name  for  cer- 
tain tertiary  strata  abounding  in  shells,  corresponding 
to  the  Norfolk  crag.  Lyell. 

Fame,  71.  [L.  fama  ;  Fr.  fame ;  Sp.  and  It.  fama  ;  Gr 
ititilia,  0Cftri,  from  (iacj,  to  speak.  I  suspect  this  root 
to  be  contracted  from  ^nyto  or  tpaxoi,  Class  Bg.  See 
No.  48,  62,  and  Facund.] 

1.  Public  report  or  rumor. 
The  famt  thereof  was  heard  in  Pharaoh's  house,  saying,  Jo- 
seph's brethren  are  come.  —  Gen.  xlv. 

2.  Favorable  report ;  report  of  good  or  great  ac- 
tions ;  report  that  exalts  the  character  ;  celebrity  ;  re- 
nown ;  as,  the  fame  of  Howard  or  of  Washington  ; 
the  fame  of  Solomon. 

And  the  fame  of  Jesus  went  throughout  all  Syria.  —  Malt.  iv. 

FaME,  v.  U   To  make  famous.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  report.  Buck. 
FaM'£D,  a.    Much  talked  of;  renowned  ;  celebrated  , 
distinguished  and  exalted  by  favorable  reports.  Aris- 
tides  was  famed  for  learning  and  wisdom,  and  Cicero 
for  eloquence. 

He  is  famed  for  mildness,  peace,  and  prayer.  Shak. 

FAME'-GIV-ING,  a.    Bestowing  fame. 

FAME'LESS,  a.    Without  renown.  Beaum. 

FaME'LESS-LY,  ado.    In  a  fameless  manner. 

FA-MIL'IAR,  (fa-miryar,)  a.  [L.  familiaris;  Fr.  fit- 
miller ;  Sp.  familiar;  from  li.  familia,  family,  which 
see.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  family  ;  domestic.  Pope. 

2.  Accustomed  by  frequent  converse  ;  well  ac- 
quainted with ;  intimate  ;  close ;  as,  a  familiar  friend 
or  companion. 

3.  Alfable ;  not  formal  or  distant ;  easy  in  conver- 
sation. 

Be  thou  familiar,  but  by  no  means  vulvar.  SliaJc. 
A.  Well  acquainted  with  ;  knowing  by  frequent 
use.    Be  familiar  with  the  Scriptures. 

5.  Well  known  ;  learnt  or  well  understood  by  fre- 
quent use.    Let  the  Scriptures  be  familiar  to  us. 

6.  Unceremonious  ;  free  ;  unconstrained  ;  easy. 
The  emperor  conversed  with  the  gentleman  in  the 
most  familiar  manner. 

7.  Common  ;  frequent  and  intimate.  By  familiar 
intercourse  strong  attachments  arc  soon  formed. 

8.  Eiisy  ;  unconstrained  ;  not  formal.  His  letters 
are  written  in  a  familiar  style. 

He  sports  in  loose,  familiar  stmins.  Addison. 

9.  Intimate  in  an  unlawful  degree. 

A  poor  man  found  a  priest  familiar  with  hii  wife.  Qimden. 
Familiar  sjtirit ;  a  demon  or  evil  spirit  supposed  to 
attend  at  a  call. 
FA-MIL'IAK,  71.    An  intimate;  a  close  companion; 
one  long  acquainted  ;  one  accustomed  to  another  by 
free,  unreserved  conversi^. 

At!  niy  familiars  watch'-d  fur  my  hatting.  —  Jer.  r<. 

2.  A  demon  or  evil  spirit  supposed  to  attend  at  a 
call.    But  in  general  we  say,  a  familiar  spirit.  Shak. 

3.  In  (Ac  C'liurt  of  /ii>/inVi(iiiii,  a  person  who  assists 
in  appreheniling  and  imprisoning  the  accused. 

Encye. 


FATE,  PAR,  PALL,  WH^T.  — ftlttTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BOQK.— 


4:^6 


FAM 


FAN 


FAN 


FA-MIL-IAR'I-TY,  (fa-niil-ynr'e-te,)  n.  Intimate  and 
frequent  converse,  or  Bssocialiori  in  company.  The 
gentlemen  lived  in  remarkiible  familianlii.  Hence, 

2.  Easiness  of  conversation  ;  uH'abiliiy  ;  freedom 
from  ceremony. 

3.  Intimacy;  intimate  acquaintance  j  unconstrained 
intercourse. 

FA-MIL'IAK-IZE,  r.  U  To  make  familiar  or  intimate ; 
to  habituate  ;  to  accustom  ;  to  make  well  known  by 
practice  or  converse  ;  as,  to  familiariie  one's  self  to 
scenes  of  distress. 

0.  To  make  easy  by  practice  or  customary  use,  or 
by  intercourse. 

3.  To  bring  down  from  a  state  of  distant  superior- 
ity. 

Tho  ^nlus  imiM  on  n»  with  a  look  of  compnnion  and  aRabil- 
ity  thnl  /amiliariztd  him  to  my  inui^innuon.  AddUon, 

F.\-MIL'I  AR-TZ-i,'D,  tip.  Accustomed  ;  habituated  ; 
made  familiar ;  made  easy  by  practice,  custom,  or 
use. 

FA-MIL'IAR  T7.-ING,  ppr.  Accustoming ;  making  fa- 
miliar; rendering  easy  by  practice,  custom,  or  use. 

F.^-MIIi'I  AR-LY,  o</e.  In  a  familiar  manner  ;  uncer- 
emoniously; without  constraint  ;  without  formality. 

a.  Commonly  ;  frequently  ;  with  the  ease  and  un- 
concern that  arise  from  long  custom  or  acquaintance. 

FA.M'I-LIS.M,  II.    The  tenets  of  the  Faniilisls. 

FA.M'I-LIST,  n.  [from  fnmilij.]  One  belonging  to  the 
Family  nf  Lore,  a  short-lived  sect  in  the  reign  of  Uueen 
I'.li/.abelh,  much  resemblmg  the  Quietists  in  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  church.  .Muriiock. 

FA.M-l-I.I.-^T'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  familists.  Baxter. 

FA-Ml/.LE',  (lU-meel',)  n.    [ Fr.  en  famiUe.] 

In  a  family  state;  domestically.  Swift 
{This  icurd  is  never  used  without  en  before  iL] 

FA.M'I-LY,  n.  [I,,  and  ^p.  familia ;  Vt.famille;  It. 
faniif^'lia.  Tlii-*  word  is  said  to  have  originally  signi- 
fied servants,  from  the  Celtic  famul ;  but  qu.] 

1.  'J'he  Collective  binly  of  persons  who  live  in  one 
house, -and  under  one  head  or  manager  ;  a  household, 
including  parents,  children, and  servants,  and,  as  the 
case  may  be,  lodger?}  or  boarders. 

2.  TliiHC  who  descend  from  one  common  progeni- 
tor; a  tribe  or  race ;  kindred;  lineage.  Thus  the  Is- 
raelites were  a  branch  of  the/umi/i/  of  .Abraham  ;  and 
the  descendants  of  Reuben,  of  Manasseh,  &c.,  were 
called  their  f  nnUies.  The  whole  human  race  are  the 
family  of  .\dam,  the  human  famihi. 

3.  Course  of  descent ;  genealogy  ;  line  of  ances- 
tors. 

Go  and  complain  Ihy  /amily  ii  young.  PcjM, 

4.  Honorable  descent ;  noble  or  respectable  stock, 
lie  is  a  man  of  familtf. 

5.  A  collection  or  union  of  nations  or  states. 

Tlie  tti^tes  of  Europe  wtre,  by  the  pn:vailing  maxima  of  111 

policy,  closely  united  in  one/ainily.  E,  Ev€reU, 

6.  In  popular  lan^ua^'e,  an  order,  class,  or  genus  of 
animals,  or  of  other  natural  productions,  having 
something  in  common,  by  which  they  are  distin- 
guished from  others  ;  as,  quadrupeds  constitute  a 

family  of  animals  ;  and  wc  s[)cak  of  the  family  or 

familtej  of  plants. 

FA.M'l.NE,  n.  [ Fr. /amine,  from /aim  ;  1m.  fames ;  lU 
fame;       fame  vr  hambre  :  Port,  fome.] 

1.  Scarcity  of  food  ;  dearth  ;  a  general  want  of  pro- 
visions sutficient  for  the  inhabitants  of  a  countrj-  or 
besieged  place.  Famines  are  less  frequent  than  for- 
merly. A  due  attention  to  agriculture  tends  to  pre- 
vent famine,  and  commerce  secures  a  country  from 
its  destructive  effects. 

Then:  waj  a/nmin*  in  thf  land.  —  Gen.  xxtI. 

S.  Want ;  destitution  ;  as,  a  famine  of  the  word  of 
life. 

FAM'ISII,  r.  I.  [Fr.  affamer,  from  faim,  hunger,  L. 
fames;  lU  affimire,  nffumarr  ;  i^\t,  hambrear.] 

1.  To  starve ;  to  kill  or  destroy  with  hunger.  Shak, 
Q.  To  exhaust  the  strength  of,  by  hunger  or  thirst ; 

to  distress  with  hunger. 

The  paini  ol/amithtd  Tantalua  he'll  feel.  Drydtn. 
3.  To  kill  by  deprivation  or  denial  of  anv  thing 
necessary  for  life.  Miltnn, 
FAM'ISH,  r.  i.    To  die  of  hunger.    More  generally, 

2.  To  suffer  eiln  me  hunger  or  thirst ;  to  be  ex- 
hausted in  strcncth,  or  to  come  near  to  perish  for 
want  of  food  or  drink. 

Youare  all  reaolrnl  rtthfr  to  die  than  to/amt«^.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  distressed  with  want ;  to  come  near  to 
perish  by  destitution. 

The  Ixitd  win  not  lulfer  the  ri; hteoua  to  /omuh.  —  Ptot,  x. 
FAM'ISII-ED,  ffam'isht,)  pp.  or  o.   Starved  ;  e.xhaust- 

ed  by  want  of  sustenance. 
FAM'l8II-I.NG,  ppr.  or  o.   Starring;  killing;  perish- 

mc  by  want  of  food. 
PA.M'ISII-MENT,  n.   The  pain  of  extreme  hunger  or 

thint ;  extreme  want  of  sustenance.  llakewiU. 
FA-MOfS'I-TY,  n.    Renown.  DuU 
FA'.MOUS,  «.         famosus  ;  Tt.  fameuj.    See  Fami.] 
I.  Celebrated  in  fame  or  public  report  ;  renowned  ; 
much  talked  of  and  praised  ;  distinguished  in  story. 
Two  hundred  and  My  prinaea  of  Uie  aaemhlT,  /anwua  in  Ui« 
eotpegaiion.  —  Num.  z»L 


It  is  followed  by  for.  One  man  is  famous  for  eru- 
dition ;  another  for  eloquence ;  and  another  for  mil- 
itary skill. 

2.  Sometimes  in  a  bad  sense  ;  as,  a  famous  coun- 
terfeiter ;  a  famous  pirate. 
FA'MOUS-A'U,  a.   Renowned.    [An  ill-formed  word.] 

Sliak. 

FA' JIOUS-LY,  adv.  With  great  renown  or  celebration. 
Then  thia  land  waa /amouBly  enriched 
With  politic  grave  counsel.  Shak. 

FA'MOUS-NESS,n.  Renown  ;  great  fame;  celebrity. 

FAJI'q-LATE,  V.  I.    [L.  famula.]  [Boyle. 
To  servo.    [JVbf  used.] 

FAN,  71.  [Sax. /unii;  Sw.  coiino;  D.  wan  ;  G.  wanne  ; 
L.  vannus;  Fr.  van;  Sp.  and  Port,  abaiio.  The 
word,  in  German  and  Swedish,  signitics  a  fan  and  a 
tub,  as  if  from  opening  or  spreailing  ;  if  so,  it  seems 
to  be  allied  to  pane,  panncl.    Class  Hn.] 

1.  An  instrument  used  by  ladies  to  agitate  the 
air  and  cool  the  face  in  warm  we.ather.  It  is  made 
of  feathers,  or  of  thin  skin,  paper,  or  taffeta,  mounted 
on  sticks,  &c. 

2.  Something  in  the  form  of  a  woman's  fan  when 
spread,  as  a  peacock's  tail,  a  window,  &c. 

3.  An  instrument  for  winnowing  grain,  by  moving 
which  the  grain  is  thrown  up  and  agitated,  and  the 
chaff  is  separated  and  blown  away. 

4.  A  small  vane  or  sail,  used  to  keep  tlie  large 
sails  of  a  smock  windmill  always  in  the  direction  of 
the  wintl.  Hcbert. 

5.  Something  by  which  the  air  is  moved  ;  a  wing. 

Dnjden. 

C.  An  instniment  to  raise  the  fire  or  flame ;  as,  a 
fan  to  intlaine  love.  JIuoker. 
FAN,r.  t.    To  cool  and  refresh,  by  moving  the  air 
with  a  fan  ;  to  blow  the  air  on  the  fare  with  a  fan. 

2.  To  ventilate  ;  to  blow  on  ;  to  alfect  by  air  put 
in  motion. 

The  fanning  wind  upon  her  bosom  blowi ; 

To  meet  the  fanning  wind  the  boson*  rose.  Dryden. 

C^tlm  aa  tile  breath  wliicb  /ana  our  eaateru  grorea.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  move  as  with  a  fan. 

The  air  — fanned  with  plamea.  Milton. 

4.  To  winnow  ;  to  ventilate  ;  to  separate  chaff 
from  grain  and  drive  it  away  by  a  current  ol  air;  as, 
to  fan  wheat. 

F.\-NAT'ie,        )  a.    [L.  fanatictis,  phanaticus,  from 
FA-NAT'ie-AL,  j     Gr.  (paipunat,  to  appear;  literal- 
ly, seeing  visions.] 

VV^ild  and  extravagant  in  opinions,  particularly  in 
religious  opinions  ;  excessively  enthusiastic  ;  pos- 
sessed by  a  kind  of  frenzy.  Hence  we  say,  fanatic 
zeal ;  fanatic  notions  or  opinions. 
FA-NAT'ie,  n.  A  person  affected  by  excessive  en- 
thusiasm, particularly  on  religious  subjects ;  one 
who  indulges  wild  and  extravagant  notions  of  reli- 
gion, and  sometimes  exhibits  strange  motions  and 
postures,  and  vehement  vociferation  in  religious 
worship.  Fanatics  sometimes  affect  to  be  inspired, 
or  to  have  intercourse  with  superior  beings. 

flana^  are  goyemed  rather  by  imagination  than  by  Judgment. 

StoiM. 

FA-NAT'I€^AL-LY,  adv.   With  wild  enthusiasm. 

FA-NAT'ie-AI^NESS,  n.  Fanaticism. 

FA-NAT'I-CISM,  n.  Excessive  cnthiisi.ism  ;  wild 
and  extravagant  notions  of  religion  ;  religious  frenzy. 

FA-NAT'I-CI/,E,  V.  L    To  make  fanatic.  [Rogers. 

FA-NAT'I-CIZ-KI),  pp.    Rendered  fanatic. 

FA-NAT'I-CIZ-I.N'G,  ppr.    Rendering  fanatic. 

FAN'CI-/;D,  (fan'sitl,)  pp.  or  a.  [See  Fancy.]  Im- 
agined ;  conceived  ;  liked.  Stephens. 

F.\.\'CI-ER,  n.  One  who  fancies.  This  word  often 
occurs  in  composition,  as  bird-fancier,  dog-fancier, 
Tose-fancier,  kc,  denoting  one  who  has  a  taste  for 
the  tliinea  s|>cciflcd,  and  who  keeps  them  for  sale. 

FA.N'CI-FUL,  a.  [See  FaNcr.]  Guided  by  the  im- 
agination, rather  than  by  reason  and  exi>ericnce ; 
subject  to  the  influence  of  fancy  ;  whimsical ;  ap- 
plied  to  persons.  A  fanciful  man  forms  visionary 
projects. 

2.  Dictated  by  the  imagination  ;  full  of  wild  im- 
ages ;  chimerical  ;  whimsical  ;  ideal ;  visionary  ; 
applied  to  things;  as,  n  fanciful  scheme;  a  fanciful 
theory. 

FA.\'CI-FIJL-LY,  ode.    In  a  fanciful  manner ;  wild- 
ly ;  whimsically. 
2.  According  to  fancy. 

FA\'CI-F!JL,-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fanci- 
ful, or  influenced  by  the  imagination,  rather  than  by 
reo-son  and  experience ;  the  habit  of  following  fancy  ; 
applied  to  persons. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  dictated  by  imagination ; 
applied  to  things. 

T\S'CY,  n,  [Contracted  from  fantasy.  L.  phantasia, 
Gr.  0<if  ra<Tia,  from  iparra^^w,  to  cau.se  to  appear,  to 
seem,  to  imagine,  from  0riiK,i,  to  show,  to  appear,  to 
shine.  The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  open,  or  to 

shoot  forth.   Ar.  ^Lj  Joiao,  to  open,  to  appear;  or 

j^jXi  faana,  to  open  or  expand.  Class  Bn,  No.  3, 28.] 


1.  The  faculty  by  which  the  mind  forms  images  or 
rcpresentatitinN  of  things  at  pleasure.  It  is  often 
used  as  synonymotis  with  imagination  ;  b  it  imagina- 
tion is  rather  the  power  of  combining  and  modifying 
our  conceptitiiis.  Stewarts 

2.  An  opinion  or  notion. 

1  have  nlwaya  had  a  fancy,  that  learning  might  be  made  a  play 
and  recreation  to  chilureu,  Locke. 

3.  Ta.ste ;  conception. 

The  tittle  chapel  called  the  Salutation  ia  Teiy  neat,  and  built 
with  a  pretty  fancy.  Addison. 

4.  Image ;  conception  ;  thought. 

How  now,  my  lord  I  why  do  you  lieep  alone, 

Of  aorrirat/aneiea  your  eompaniona  irmking  I  Shak. 

5.  Inclination  ;  liking.  Take  that  which  suit* 
your  fancy.    How  does  this  strike  your  fancy  ? 

Ilia  fancy  lay  to  traveling.  L'  Eatrangt. 

6.  Love. 

Tell  me  where  \t  fancy  bred.  57iaJfe. 

7.  Caprice ;  humor ;  whim  ;  as,  an  odd  or  strange 
fancy. 

True  worth  ahall  gain  me,  that  it  may  be  laid, 

Dewrt,  nol/aney,  once  a  woman  led.  Drydtn. 

8.  False  notion.  Bacon. 

9.  Something  that  pleases  or  entertains  without 
real  use  or  value. 

London-pride  b  a  pretty  fancy  for  bortlen.  Mortimer. 
FAN'CY,t;.  i.    To  imagine  ;  to  figure  to  one's  self ;  to 
believe  or  suppose  without  proof.    .Ml  may  not  be 
our  enemies  whom  we  fancy  to  be  so. 

Ifouraearrh  li;ia  reached  no  fartlier  thiUi  siinite  and  metaphor, 
we  rutlicr  fancy  th-tn  know.  Locke. 

FAN'CY,  V.  u    To  form  a  conception  of;  to  portray  in 
the  mind  ;  to  imagine. 

He  whom  I  fancy,  but  can  ne'er  exprena.  ttryden. 

2.  To  like  ;  tti  be  plea.sed  with,  particularly  on  ac- 
count of  external  npjiearancc  or  manners.  \Ve  fnnaj 
a  person  for  beauty  and  accomplishinent.  We  some- 
times fancy  a  lady  at  first  sight,  whom,  on  acquaint- 
ance, we  cannot  esteem. 

Fancy-stocks  ;  among  brokers,  stocks  which,  having 
no  delerininatc  value  from  any  fixed  probable  income, 
fluctuate  in  price  according  to  the  fancy  of  specula- 
tors. 

The  fancy;  a  cant  name  for  sporting  characters. 
FAN'CY-BALL,  n.    A  ball  in  which  persons  appear 
in  fancy  tlresses,  imitations  of  antique  costumes,  &,c. 
FAi\'CY-FRaM-£D,  a.    Created  by  the  fancy. 

Crrt-s'Aai*. 

FAN'CY-FREE,  a.    Free  from  the  power  of  love. 

Shak. 

FAN'CY-ING,  ppr.    Imagining;  conceiving;  liking. 

FAN'CY-.MON"GER,  n.    One  vvho  deals  in  tricks  of 
imagination.  Shak. 

FAN'CY-SICK,  a.    One  whose  imagination   is  un- 
sound, or  whose  distemper  is  in  his  own  mind. 

L^Kstrange. 

PAND,  old  prff.  of  Find.  [Obs.]  Spenser. 
rAN-DAiN"GO,  n.  [Sp.]  A  lively  dance.  Sp.  DicL 
fANE,  n.    [1.. /an«m.] 

.\  temple ;  a  place  consecrated  to  religion ;  a 
church  ;  used  in  poetry. 

From  men  their  citii-a,  and  from  iroda  their  fanes.  Pope. 
FAN'FARE,  n.    [Fr.]    A  flourish  of  trumpets,  as 

in  coming  into  the  lists,  d-e, 
FAN'FA-RON,   n.     [Fr.  fanfaron;  Sp.  fanfarrm; 
Port,  fanfarram.] 

A  bully  ;  a  hector ;  a  swaggerer  ;  an  empty  boast- 
er ;  a  vain  pretender.  Dryden. 
FA.\-F.\R-ON-aDE',  n.    .\  swaggering;  vain  boast- 

ine  ;  ostentation  ;  a  bluster.  Siri/i. 
FA.\G,  V.  L    [Sax.  fcngan,  to  catch,  seize,  or  take,  to 
begin  ;  D.  vangen ;  G.  fangcn ;  Dan.  fangcr  ;  Sw. 
fan^a.    See  Finger.] 

To  catch  ;  to  seize ;  to  lay  hold  ;  lo  gripe ;  to 
clutch.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
FANG,  n.    [Sax.  fang  ;  D.  rang  ;  G.  fang,  a  seizing.] 

1.  The  tusk  of  a  bo.ar  or  otht^r  animal  by  which 
the  prey  is  seized  anil  held  ;  a  |x)inted  tooth.'  Bacon. 

2.  .\  claw  or  talon. 

3.  Any  shoot  or  other  thing  by  which  hold  is  taken. 

The  protuberant  /on**  of  the  Tuca.  Evelyn. 
F.\'SG'ED,  a.    Furnished  with  fangs,  tusks,  or  some- 
thing long  and  pointed  ;  as,  a  fangcd  adder.  Shak. 

CharioU/anyf.f  with  icyitiea.  Philips. 
F.\N"GLE,  (fanit'gl,)  n.  [from  Sax.  /tnaron,  toTbegin.] 

A  new  attempt  ;  a  Irining  scheme.    [.Vof  used.] 
FAN"GL£D,  a.  Propcr/i/, begun  ;  new  made;  hence, 
gaudy  ;  showy ;  vainly  decorated.    [Seldom  used, 
except  with  neto.l    [St;e  NEMr-F»NGLSD.]  Shak. 
FANG' LESS,  a.  Having  no  fangs  or  tusks  ;  toothless; 

as,  a  fnn^less  lion. 
FA.\"GOT,  n.  .\  quantity  of  wari^s,  as  raw  silk,  &.C., 
from  one  to  two  hundred  weight  and  three  quarters. 

Diet. 

F.\.V'ION,  (fan'yon,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  Goth,  fana,  L. 
panniu,  G.fahne,  a  cloth,  a  flag  a  banner.] 

he  bagir:! 


In  armies,  a  small  flag  carried  with  the  I 


trace. 
Kncyc 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


66  < 


KK' 


4^7 


FAR 


FAR 


FAR 


FAN'-LIttHT,  fi.    A  \vin<low  in  form  of  an  ojien  fan. 
FA.\'-LIKE,  a.    Resemblin?  a  fan.  Kirby. 
FAy'NED.pp.   Blown  with  a  fun  j  winnowed;  ven- 
tilated. 

A  sort  of  ornament  like  a  scarf,  worn  about  the 
left  arm  of  a  Roman  Catholic  priest,  when  lie  offici- 
ates. Diet. 

FAM'NER,  n.    One  who  fans.  Jeremiah. 
2.  A  contrivance  for  producing  a  current  of  air,  as 
in  a  window,  &c.  Buclianan. 

FAN'NING,  p^r.    Blowing;  ventilatinz. 

FA.\'NI.N"G-.\1A-CH1NE', )  n.    A  machine  for  clean- 

FAN'NING-MILL.  j     ing  seeds  from  chaft", 

husks,  dirt,  &c.  Brande. 

FAN-TA'Sl-A,  (fan-ta'ze-a,)  n.    [U.,  fancy.] 

A  fanciful  air  in  music,  not  restricted  to  the  severe 
laws  of  composition. 

FAi\'TA-S[/;D,  a.  [from /anfasv,  fancy.]  Filled  with 
fancies  or  imaginations  ;  whimsical.  [jVuJiiserf.]  Shak. 

FA.\'TASM,  n.  [Gr.  ipavraajja,  from  tptiwui,  to  appear. 
Usually  written  Phantasm.] 

That  which  appears  to  the  imagination ;  a  phan- 
tom ;  something  not  real. 

FA.N-TAS'Tie,       (a.     [Tx.  fantastiqut ;  U.  faiitas- 

FAi\-TAS'Tie-AL,  i  tico;  from  Gr.  ^airocri  a,  vis- 
ion, fancy,  from  '^aiK.',  to  appear.] 

1.  Fanciful  ;  produced  or  existing  only  in  imagina- 
tion ;  imaginary  ;  not  real ;  chimerical.  South. 

2.  Having  the  nature  of  a  phantom;  apparent 
only.  SluJc. 

3.  Unsteady  ;  irregular.  Prior. 

4.  Whimsical  ;  capricious  ;  fanciful  ;  indulging 
the  vagaries  of  imagination  ;  as,  fantastic  minds  ;  a 

5.  Whimsical;  odd.  [/«n((isiic  mistress. 
FAN-TAS'TI€,  n.    A  whimsical  person.  Jackson. 
FAN-TAS'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.    By  the  power  of  imagi- 
nation. 

2.  In  a  fantastic  manner ;  capriciously ;  unsteadily. 

Her  scepter  30  fantaaliccdly  borne.  SttaJc. 

3.  Whimsically;  in  compliance  with  fancv.  Orcw. 
FAN-TAS'Tie-ALr-NESS,  ?i.  Compliance  with  fancy  ; 

humorousness  ;  whimsicalness ;  unreasonableness ; 
caprice.  Johnson.  ' 

FAN-TAS'Tie-NESS,  n.    The  same  as  Fantastic- 

ALNE5S. 

FAK'TA-SY,  71.   Now  written  Fanct,  which  see. 

It  not  this  something  more  than  /cr.Htfy  ?  Shak. 
F.aJ^-TOC-CPm,    (fan-to-che'ne,)    [It.]  Dramatic 

representations  in  which  puppets  are  substituted  in 

the  scene  for  human  performers.  Brande. 
FAN'TO.M,  n.    [Fr.faiitOme,  probably  contracted  from 

L.  phanta-fma,  from  the  Greek.    See  Fancy.] 
Something  that  appears  to  the  imagination  ;  also, 

a  specter ;  a  ghost ;  an  apparition.    It  is  generally 

written  Phantom,  which  see. 
FA.\'TO.M-eORN,  n.    Lank  or  light  corn.  Grose, 
FAP,  a.    Fuddled.    [J^Tot  in  use.]  Sliak. 
FX-CIUIR'.    See  Fakir. 

Fa  R,  a.  [Sax.  feor,  for,  or  fijr  ;  D.  ver,  vcrre ;  G. 
fern,  and  in  composition,  ver:  Sw.  fierran ;  Dan. 
Jiern;  h.porro!  Gr.  ir.ip/ju;  connected  with  wopni,  a 
way,  a  passing,  Tropfut.),  nootMonai,  to  pass  or  go. 
Sax.  faran,  Goth,  farnn,  G.  fahren,  D.  raarcn,  Dan. 
farcr,  Sw.  fara,  Eng.  to  fare.    See  Fare.] 

1.  Distant,  in  any  direction  ;  separated  by  a  wide 
space  from  the  place  where  one  is,  or  from  any  given 
place  remote. 

They  B:iid,  VVe  are  come  from  a/ar  country.  — Josh.  ix. 
The  l(in?tlom  of  heiiveii  is  iia  a  man  travehng  into  a/ar  country. 
—  Malt.  XXV. 

The  natioDB  far  and  near  contend  in  choice.  DryrUn. 

2.  Figuratively,  remote  from  purpose ;  contrary  to  de- 
sign or  wishes  ;  as,/arl)e  it  from  me  to  justify  cruelty. 

n.  Remote  in  affection  or  obedience;  at  enmity 
with  ;  alienated  ;  in  a  spiritual  sense. 

They  that  are  far  from  tJiee  shall  perish.  —  Ps.  Ixxiii. 

4.  More  or  most  distant  of  the  two  ;  as,  the  far 
side  of  a  horse,  lint  the  drivers  of  teams  in  New 
England  generally  use  off;  as,  the  off  side,  or  off 
horse  or  ox. 

PAR,  aitn.  To  a  great  extent  or  distance  of  space  ;  as, 
the  far  extended  ocean  ;  we  are  separated  far  from 
each  other. 

Only  ye  shall  not  go  very  /or  away.  —  Ex.  viil. 

2.  Fifuratinclij,  distantly  in  time  from  any  point ; 
remoti  ly.  lie  pushed  his  researches  very  far  into 
antiipiity. 

3.  In  intrrrogalnrirj,  to  what  distance  or  extent. 
How  far  will  siirli  re.asoning  lead  us.' 

4.  In  great  fnirt  ;  as,  the  day  is  far  spent. 

5.  In  a  great  proportion  ;  by  many  degrees ;  very 
much. 

Who  e«n  find  a  vimioui  woman  ?  for  her  price  Is  far  obove 

nihirs,  —  Prov,  xxxl. 
For  I  am  In  a  ■Inirt  betwixt  Iwo,  havln)^  a  desire  to  depart,  and 

In  Uj  whh  Christ,  which  la /or  beiur.  —  I'lJl.  I. 

n.  To  n  certain  point,  degree,  ur  distance.  This 
argument  Is  sound  and  logical,  as  far  as  it  goes. 

A  nswer  them 

How  far  forth  jou  du  lil<c  llieir  articles.  Sfiak. 


By  far;  in  a  great  degree  ;  very  much. 
From  far ;  from  a  great  distance ;  from  a  remote 
place. 

Far  fron}  ;  at  a  great  distance  ;  as,  far  from  home  ; 
Far  off;  at  a  great  distance.  [far  from  hope. 

They  tarried  m  a  place  that  was  far  off.  —  2  Sam.  xv. 

2.  To  a  great  distance. 

Lo,  then  would  I  wander  far  of^,  and  remain  in  the  wilderness. 
—  Ps.  Iv. 

3.  In  a  spiritual  sense,  alienated  ;  at  enmity  ;  in  a 
state  of  ignorance  and  alienation. 

Ye,  who  were  sometimes  far  o^,  are  made  nigh  by  the  blood  of 
Christ.  —  Kph.  ii. 

J"ar  o«/iCT- ;  very  different.  Pope. 
FAR,  71.    [Sax.  fierh,fcarli.    See  Farrow.] 

The  young  of  swine  ;  or  a  litter  of  pigs.  [Local.] 

Tiisser. 

FAR'-A-BOUT',  71.  A  going  out  of  the  way.  [JVot 
in  use.]_  Fuller. 

FAR'-BkAM'ING,  a.    Sending  beams  to  a  distance. 

FAR'-BROUGHT,  (-brawt,)  a.    Brought  from  afar. 

FAR'-CAST.  a.    Cast  to  a  great  distance.  More. 

FAR'-E.X-TE.\D'ED,  a.  Extended  to  a  great  distance. 

FAR'-FaM'£D,  a.    Widely  celebrated.  Pope. 

FAR'-FETCH,  7i.  A  deep-laid  stratagem.  [Liule 
used.]  Hadibras. 

FAR'-FETCH'JED,  (-fetcht,)  a.  Brought  from  a  re- 
mote place. 

Whose  pahis  have  eanied  the  far-fetched  spoil.  I^rtlton. 
2.  Studiously  sought ;  not  easily  or  naturally  de- 
duced or  introtluced  ;  forced  ;  strained. 

York  with  all  his  far-fetched  policy.  Shak. 
So  we   say,  far-fetched  arguments  ;  far-fetched 
rhymes  ;  far-fetched  analogy.    [Far-fet,  the  same,  is 
not  used.] 

FAR'-GL.5S.N'C'ING,  a.    Glancing  to  a  great  distance. 

FAR'-LOOK'ING,  a.  Looking  to  a  great  distance.  jJ/Zra. 

FAR'-PI'e'RC'ING,  a.  Striking  or  penetrating  a  great 
way  ;  as,  a  far-piercing  eye.  Pope. 

FAR'-RE-SOUND'ING,  a.  Resounding  to  a  great  dis- 
tance. 

FAR'-ROL'ING,  a.  Ruling  to  a  great  extent  of  country. 
FAR'-SEE'ING,  a.    Seeing  to  a  great  distance. 
FAR'-SHOOT'ING,  a.    Shooting  to  a  great  distance. 

Ureal  Jove,  he  said,  and  the  far-shooting  god.  Dryd£n, 
FAR'-SlGHT'ED,  a.    Seeing  to  a  great  distance. 
FXR'-SIGHT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  seeing  far. 
FAR'-STRETCH-t'D,  a.    Stretched  far. 
FAR'ANT-LY,  a.    Orderly  ;  decent. 

2.  Comely  ;  handsome.    [JVof  tesed.]  Ran. 
FARCE, (firs,)  u.t.  [L./arcio,  Fr./urcir,to  stuff,  Arm. 
farsa.] 

1.  To  stuff ;  to  fill  with  mingled  ingredients  or 
forced  meat.    [Little  used.] 

The  first  principles  of  religion  should  not  be  farced  with  school 
pointa  and  private  tenets.  Sanderson. 

2.  To  extend  ;  to  swell  ont ;  as,  the  farced  title. 
[Little  used.]  Shak. 

FARCE,  (firs,)  n.  [Fr.  farce  ;  ll.  farsa  ;  Sp.  id. ;  from 
fareio,  to  stuff.  Literally,  seasoning,  stuffing,  or  mix- 
ture, like  the  stuffing  of  a  roasted  fowl ;  force-meat.] 
A  dramatic  composition,  originally  exhibited  by 
charlatans  or  buffoons,  in  the  open  street,  for  the 
amusement  of  the  crowd,  but  now  introduced  upon 
the  stage.  It  is  written  without  regularity,  and 
filled  with  ludicrous  conceits.  The  dialogue  is  usu- 
ally low,  the  persons  of  inferior  rank,  and  the  fable 
or  action  trivial  or  ridiculous.  Encyc. 

Farce  is  that  in  poetry  which  grotesque  is  in  a  picture :  the 
persons  and  actions  of  a  farce  are  all  unnatund,  and  Uie 
manners  false.  Dryd^n, 

FAR'CI-eAL,  0.  Belonging  to  a  farce ;  appropriated 
to  farce. 

They  deny  the  characters  to  \)C  farcical,  because  they  are  actual- 
ly in  nature.  Cay. 

2.  Droll ;  ludicrons  ;  ridiculous. 

3.  Illusory  ;  deceptive. 

FAR'CI-CAL-LY,  a(Zo.  In  a  manner  suited  to  farce; 
hence,  ludicrously. 

FAR'CI-CAL-NESS,  71.    anality  of  being  ludicrous. 

FA  R'Cl-LITE,  71.  [itom  farce.]  rudding-stoni?.  The 
calcareous  farcilite,  called  amenia,  is  formed  of 
rounded  calcareous  pebbles,  agglutinated  by  a  calca- 
reous cement.    [Ods.]  Kirican,  Geul. 

FAR'(;1N,  j  71.    In  farriery,  a  di.se.ise  of  the  absorb- 

FAR'CY,  (  ents,  affecting  the  skin  and  its  bltKid- 
vessels  ;  allied  to  the  glanders.  Farm.  Ennjc. 

A  disease  of  horses,  sometimes  of  oxen,  of  the 
nature  of  a  scabies  or  mange.  Fncyc. 

FAR'CING,  71.  Stuffing  composed  of  forced  meat. 

Carew. 

FARC'TATE,  a.    [L./nredw,  stuffed,  from  fareio.] 
In  botami,  stiitfed  ;  crammed,  or  full;  wililout 

vacMitii^s  ;  in  opposition  to  tubular  or  huUaw ;  as,  a 

fnrctate  leaf,  stem,  or  pericarp.  Martyn. 
FARI),  71.  (.    [Fr.l    To  paint.   [Mused.]  Shen.-itone. 
FAR'OEL,  11.    [ft.  fardello;  Fr.  fardeau;  Sp.  fardel, 

fiirdo ;  Arm.  ffirdell ;  probably  from  the  root  of  L. 

fcro,  lo  bear,  or  of  farcin,  to  stuff.] 

A  bundle  or  little  pai  k.  Shak, 
FAR'OEL,  TL  t.    To  make  up  in  bundles.  Falter. 


FAR'DING-BAG,  77.  The  first  stomach  of  a  cow,  or 
other  ruminant  animal,  where  green  food  lies  until 
it  is  chewed  over  again.  Qard. 

FARE,  71.  i.  [Sax.  faran,  Goth,  faran,  to  go  ;  D. 
vaarcn  ;  G.  faliren  ;  Sw.  fara  ;  Dan.  farer.  This 
word  may  be  connected  in  origin  with  the  Heb.  Ch. 

Syr.  Sam.         Ar.^^x£  aJara,  to  go,  topass ;  or  with 

ji\  afara,  to  pass,  or  pass  over,  which  seems  to  be 

radically  the  same  word  as  jXJ  nafara,  to  flee. 

This  coincides  with  the  Eth.  wafar,  to  go, 

to  pass,  Gr.  Trnpeuui,  It.  bara.  Class  Br,  No.  23,  37, 41.] 

1.  To  go ;  to  pass ;  to  move  forward  ;  to  travel. 

So  on  he  fares,  and  to  the  border  comes 

or  Eden.  Afillon. 

[In  this  literal  sense  the  loord  is  not  in  common  use.] 

2.  To  be  in  any  state,  good  or  bad  ;  to  be  attended 
with  any  circumstances  or  train  of  events,  fortunate 
or  unfortunate. 

So  fares  the  stag  among  the  enraged  hounds.  Denham. 
So  fared  the  knight  between  two  lues.  HudibrOM. 

He  fared  very  well ;  he  fared  very  ill.  Go  further 
and  fare  worse.  The  sense  is  taken  from  going, 
having  a  certain  course  ;  hence,  being  subjected  to  a 
certnin  train  of  incidents.  The  rich  man  fared 
sumirtuously  every  day.  He  enjoyed  all  the  pleasure 
which  wealth  and  luxury  could  afford.    Luke  xvi. 

3.  To  feed  ;  lo  be  entertained.  VVe  fared  well; 
we  had  a  good  table,  and  courteous  treatment. 

4.  To  proceed  in  a  train  of  consequences,  good 
or  bad. 

So  fares  it  when  wilh  truth  falsehood  contends.  Milton. 

5.  To  happen  well  or  ill ;  with  if  impersonally.  We 
shall  see  how  it  will  fare  with  him. 

FARE,)!.  The  price  of  passage  or  going;  the  sum 
paid  or  due  for  conveying  a  person  by  land  or  wa- 
ter ;  as,  the  fare  for  crossing  a  river,  called,  also,  fer- 
riage ;  the  fare  for  conveyance  in  a  coach  ;  stage- 
fare.  'I'he  price  of  conveyance  over  the  ocean  is 
now  usually  called  the  passage,  or  passage-money. 
Fare  is  never  used  for  the  price  of  conveying  goods  ; 
this  is  called  freight  or  transpurtutitm 

2.  Food  ;  provisions  of  the  table.  We  lived  on 
coarse  fare;  or,  we  had  delicious  fari. 

3.  The  person  conveyed  in  a  vehicle.  [JVot  in  use 
in  the  United  States.]  Drummond. 

FARE-WELL';  a  compound  offare,  in  the  imperative, 
and  welt.  Go  well ;  originally  applied  to  a  person  de- 
parting, but  by  custom  now  applied  both  to  those  who 
depart  and  those  who  remain.  It  expresses  a  kind 
wish,  a  wish  of  happiness  to.  those  who  leave,  or 
those  who  are  left. 

The  verb  and  adverb  are  often  separated  by  the 
pronoun  ;  fare  you  well ;  I  wi.sii  you  a  happy  depart- 
ure ;  may  you  be  well  in  your  absence. 

It  is  sometimes  an  expression  of  separation  only. 
Farewell  the  year  ;  farewdl,  ye  sweet  groves  ;  that  is, 
I  take  my  leave  of  you. 

FARE-WELL',  71.    A  wish  of  happiness  or  welfare  at 
parting  ;  the  parting  compliment ;  adieu. 
2.  Leave  ;  act  of  departure. 


And  takes  her  farewell  of  die  glorious  sun. 
Before  1  uke  my  fareioetl  of  tlie  subject. 


Shak. 
Addison. 


FA-Rt'NA,  71.    [L.  farina,  meal.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  pollen,  fine  dust,  or  powder,  con- 
tained in  the  anthers  of  plants,  and  which  is  sup- 
posed to  fall  on  the  stigma,  and  fructify  the  plant. 

2.  The  flour  of  any  species  of  corn,  or  starchy  root, 
such  as  the  potato,  &r.  Urc. 

3.  In  chemistry,  starch  or  fecula,  one  of  the  jiroxi- 
mate  principles  of  vegetables. 

FAR-I-N  A'CEOUS,  a.    [from  L.  farina,  meal.] 

1.  Consisting  or  made  of  meal  or  (lour  ;  as,  a  fari- 
naceous diet,  which  consists  of  the  meal  or  Hour  of 
the  various  species  of  corn  or  grain. 

2.  Yielding  farina  or  flour  ;  as. /aroiacfnu.'.- seeds. 

3.  Like  meal ;  me.-dy  ;  pertaining  to  meal ;  as,  a 
farinaceous  taste  or  smell. 

FAR'l-NoSE,  a.  In  iiafiira/  Aisfi<r;(,  mealy  ;  covered 
wilh  a  sort  of  \\;liite,  scurfy  subslanre,  as  the  leaves 
of  some  poplars.  l.indley.  Humble. 

FAR'LIES,  71.  pf.    Unusual,  unoxpi  rted  things. 
[J\~ot  in  tise.]  Cumbcrlaml  dialect. 

FAR.M,  71.  [Sax. /arma, /farm,  or  feorm,  food,  pro- 
visions, board,  a  meal,  a  dinner  or  supper,  hospitali- 
ty, substance^  goods,  use,  fruit.  Hence,  feorniian,  10 
supply  provisions,  to  entertain  ;  also,  to  purge,  or  pu- 
rify, to  expiate,  to  avail,  lo  profit.  Arm.  fertn,  or 
feurm  ;  in  ancient  laws,  frma  ;  Fr.  frrme,  a  farm,  or 
letting  lo  farm,  whence  affermrr,  to  hire  or  lease. 
The  sense  of  feurm  seems  to  be  corn  or  provisions,  in 
which  formerly  rents  were  paid.  'I'he  radical  sense 
of /form,  provisions,  is  probably  produce,  issues,  from 
one  of  the  verbs  in  Br;  produce  and  purification  both 
implying  srparnlion,  n  Ihrtttt  ing  off  tir  tnit.j 

1.  A  tract  of  laiiil  liasi'd  on  rent  reserved;  ground 
let  lo  a  timunt  on  condition  of  his  paying  a  certain 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 

__ 


FAR 


FAS 


FAS 


sum  annually,  or  otherwise,  for  the  use  of  it.  A  farm 
is  usually  such  a  portion  of  lanil  as  is  cultivalud  by  one 
man,  and  includes  the  buildinRs  and  fences.  Rents 
were  formerly  paid  in  provisions,  or  llie  produce  of 
lanil  J  but  now  tliey  are  generally  paid  in  money. 

This  is  the  siRnification  of /urm  in  Great  Britain, 
where  most  of  the  land  is  leased  to  cultivators. 

'J.  In  the  United  States,  a  portion  or  tract  of  land, 
consisting  usually  of  jirass  land,  meadow,  |>asture, 
tillage,  and  woodland,  cultivated  by  one  man,  and 
usually  owned  by  him  in  fee.  A  like  tract  of  land 
under  lease  is  called  a  farm  ;  but  most  cultivators  are 
proprietors  of  the  land,  and  called  farmers. 

A  tract  of  new  land,  covered  with  forest,  if  in- 
tended to  be  cultivated  by  one  man  as  owner,  is  also 
called  a  farm.  A  man  goes  into  the  new  States,  or  into 
the  unsettled  country,  to  buy  a  farm,  that  is,  land  for 
a  farm. 

3.  The  state  of  land  leased  on  rent  reserved  ;  a 
lease. 

ll  U  great  wiurulacis  bi  linillonli  10  moke  any  longer/arm«  to 
Uieir  leiiantf.  Sjttnter. 

FARM,  r.  «.  To  lease,  as  land,  on  rent  reserved  ;  to 
let  to  a  tenant  on  condition  of  paying  rent. 

We  arc  cnfotc«l  to /arm  our  royii]  realm.  ShaJc, 
[In  this  tense,  I  believe,  the  word  is  not  used  in 
.America.] 

3.  To  take  at  a  certain  rent  or  rate.  [JVat  used  in 
Jlinerica.] 

3.  To  lease  or  let,  as  taxes  impost,  or  other  duties,  at 
a  certain  sum  or  rate  per  cent.  It  is  customary,  in 
many  countries,  for  the  prince  or  government  to  farm 
the  revenues,  the  taxes  or  rents,  the  imposts  and  excise, 
to  individuals,  who  are  to  collect  and  pay  them  to  the 
government  at  a  certain  per  ccntage  or  rate  per  cent. 

4.  To  take  or  hire  for  a  certain  rate  per  cent. 

5.  To  cultiv.ite  land. 

To  farm  let,  or  let  to  farm,  is  to  lease  on  rent. 

F-i^RM'-IiOUSE,  n.  A  house  attached  to  a  farm,  and 
for  the  residence  of  a  farmer. 

FAR.M'-OF-FICE,  7t.  farm-offices  are  the  out  build- 
ings |>ertaining  to  a  farm. 

FXRM'-YXUO,  «.  The  yard  or  inclosure  attached  toa 
barn  j  or  tho  inclosure  surrounded  by  the  farm  build- 
ings. 

FXR.M'A-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  farmed.  Sherwood. 
FARM'EO,  pp.     Leased  on  rent ;  let  out  at  a  certain 
rate  or  price. 

FXR.M'ER,  n.  In  Great  Britain,  a  tenant ;  a  lessee  ; 
°   one  who  hires  and  cultivates  a  farm ;  a  cultivator  of 

leased  ground. 
The  word  is  also  now  applied  to  one  who  cultivates 

his  own  land.  Smart. 

2.  One  who  takes  taxes,  customs,  excise,  or  other 
duties,  to  collect  for  a  certain  rate  per  cent. ;  as,  a 
farmer  of  the  revenues. 

3.  One  who  cultivatts  a  farm  ;  a  husbandman ; 
whether  a  tenant  or  the  proprietor.    United  Slates. 

4.  In  minim;,  the  lord  of  tlie  field,  or  one  who  farms 
the  lot  and  cope  of  the  king.  Eiuyc. 

FAR.M'ER-OE.N'ER-AL,  h.  One  to  whom  the  right 
of  levying  certain  taxes,  in  a  particular  district,  was 
farmed  out,  iimler  the  former  French  monarchy,  for  a 
given  sum  paid  down.  Encijc.  Am. 

FXR.M'ER-Y,  n.  The  buildings  and  yards  necessary 
for  the  business  of  a  farm.  England. 

FXR.M'l.NG.ppr.  or  a.  Letting  or  leasing  land  on  rent 
reserved,  or  duties  and  imposts  at  a  certain  rate  per 

2.  Taking  on  lease.  [cent, 

3.  Cultivating  land  ;  cann  ing  on  the  business  of 
agriculture. 

FXR.M'I.NG,B.   Tho  business  of  cultivating  land. 

FXIl'.MOST,  a.  [/ar  and  most.]  Most  distant  or  re- 
mote. Dryden. 

FXR'NESS,  ju    [from /ar.]    Distance  ;  remoteness. 

FAR'O,  n.  A  sjiecies  of  game  at  cards,  in  which  a 
person  plays  against  the  ban/c,  kept  by  the  proprietor 
of  the  table.    Origin;Uly  written  Pharaoh,  lloijle. 

FAR'O-U.XNK,  n.  A  bank  or  establishment  against 
which  pefrons  play  at  the  game  of  faro.  Iloyle. 

FAR-R.\G'IN-OUS,  a.  [L.  farrago,  a  mixture,  from 
far,  meal.] 

Formed  of  various  materials  ;  mixed  ;  as,  n  far- 
rajrirttfu..;  mountain.  Kirwan. 
FAR-RA'GO,  n.    [L.,  from  far,  meal.] 

A  mass  composed  of  various  materials  confusedly 
mixed  ;  a  medley. 
FAR'R  AND,  J  n.    Manner ;  custom  ;  humor.  [Local.] 
FA'RA.NI),    (  Orose. 
FAR-KE-A'TIO.V.   See  Confarbeatioh. 
FAR'Rl-ER,  n.    [Fr.  ferranl ;   It.  ferraio  ;  Sp.  herrn- 
dor ;  L.  ferrarius,  from  ferram^  iron.    Fr.  frrrcr ;  It. 
ferrare,  to  bind  with  iron  ;  "  lerrare  un  cav.allo,"to 
•hoc  a  horse.    Frrram  is  prol>ably  from  hardness  j 
W.  /fr,  dense,  solid  ;  feru,  to  harden  or  congeal: 
feris,  steel.    A  farrier  is  literally  a  worker  in  iron.] 
I.  .\  shoer  of  horses  ;  a  smith  who  shoes  horses. 
0.  One  who  professes  to  cure  the  diseases  of 
FAR'Rl-ER,  V.  i.   To  practice  as  a  farrier.  [horses. 
F.AR'RI-EU-Y,  n.    The  art  of  preventing,  curing,  or 
mitigating  the  diseases  of  horses  and  cattle. 

Farm,  Encyc, 
[This  ia  now  called  the  veterinary  an.] 


tion.    [A'ut  !/.<(•(/.] 
PAR'TIIER-.MORE,  ado.    Besides ; 


FAR'ROW,  n.  [Sax.  fearh,  fcnrh;  D.  varken;  G. 
ferkcl.] 

A  litter  of  pigs.  Shak. 

FAIl'UOVV,  V.  t.  or  L  To  bring  forth  pigs.  [  U^nt  of 
swine  iiiilij.]  Tnsser. 

FAIt'ROW,  a.  [D.  coare;  "ccn  vaare  koe,"  a  dry 
cow  ;  Scot,  crry  cow.  Qu.  the  root  of  bare,  bai-rcn,] 
Not  producing  young  in  a  particular  season  or 
year  ;  applied  to  cows  only.  If  a  cow  has  had  a  calf, 
but  fails  in  a  subseijuent  year,  she  is  said  to  be  far- 
row, or  to  go  farrow.  Such  a  cow  may  give  milk 
through  Ihe  year.  Forby.    J^ew  England. 

FAR'TIIER,  a.  comp.  [Sax.  further,  from  forth,  from 
the  root  of  faran,  to  go  ;  I),  venter.  Fabther  is  cor- 
rupt orthography.    The  genuine  word  is  Further.] 

1.  More  remote  ;  more  distant  than  something  else. 

Let  nic  nUil  «  fariher  trulll.  Dryden. 

2.  Longer  ;  tending  to  a  greater  distance. 

Eefun-  our  JarOitr  way  Ihc  falc*  allow.  Dryden. 
FAR'TIIER,  adr.   At  or  to  a  greater  distance  ;  more  re- 
motely ;  beyond.    Let  us  rest  with  what  we  have, 
without  looking/art/ier. 

2.  Moreover ;  by  way  of  progression  in  a  subject. 
FarOier,  let  us  consider  the  probable  event. 
FAR'TIIER,  V.  u    To  promote ;  to  advance;  to  help 

forward.    [Little  used.] 
FAR'T IIER-ANCE,  ii.   A  helping  forward;  promo- 

moreovcr.  [Little 

used.  ] 

[Instead  of  tho  last  three  words,  we  now  use 
Further,  Furtherance,  Furthermore,  which 
see.) 

FAR'THEST,  o.  JKperl.  [Sax.  feorrest ;  B.  versU  See 
Furthest.] 

.Most  tlistant  or  remote  ;  as,  thp/«r(Acs{  degree. 
FAR'TIIEST,  ado.    At  or  to  the  greatest  distance. 

[See  Furthest.] 
FAR'TIIING,  n.    [Sa.\.  fcoHhung,  from  fcorth,  fourth, 

from  feowcr,  four.] 

1.  The  fourtli  01  a  penny;  a  small  copper  coin  of 
Great  Britain,  being  the  fourth  of  a  penny  in  value. 
In  America,  we  have  no  coin  of  this  kind.  We, 
however,  use  the  word  to  denote  the  fourth  part  of  a 
penny  in  value  ;  but  the  penny  is  of  different  value 
f>om  the  English  penny,  and  different  in  different 
states.  It  is  becoming  obsolete  with  the  old  denom- 
inations of  money. 

2.  Fartliing.i,  in  the  plural  ;  copper  coin.  Oay. 

3.  Very  small  price  or  value.  It  is  not  worth  a 
farthing;  that  is,  it  is  of  very  little  worth,  or  worth 

4.  A  division  of  land.  [J\iut  now  used.]  [notliing. 
Tliirty  acres  niHlie  a /arlAin^-land  ;  nine /(irl/iin»«  a  Coniisti 

acre  ;  ami  four  Coruisli  acres  a  liuighl'*  Ice.  CareiD. 

FXU'Tin.\"GALE,  n.  [This  is  a  compound  word, 
but  it  is  not  easy  to  analy/.e  it.  The  French  li;is 
vertagadin ;  the  Sp.  verdugado ;  Port,  vcrdiifrada ; 
which  do  not  well  correspond  with  the  English 
word.  The  Italian  h.is  guardinfantc,  infant-guard  ; 
and  it  has  been  said  that  the  hoop  petticoat  was  first 
worn  by  pregnant  women.] 

A  hoop  petticoat ;  or  circles  of  hoops,  formed  of 
whalebone,  used  to  extend  the  petticoat. 

FXR'TIIINGS-WORTII,  (-wurth,)  71.  As  much  as  is 
sold  for  a  farthing  ArbulhnoL 

FAS'CES,  (fiis'sS/,,)  n.  pL  [\j.fasr,is,  W.  fasg,  a  bun- 
dle ;  fascia,  a  band.    See  Class  Bz,  No.  24,  35,  CO.] 

In  Roman  antiquity,  an  ax  tied  up  with  a  bundle  of 
rods,  and  borne  before  the  Roman  magistrates  as  a 
badge  of  their  authority.  Dryden. 

FAS'CI-A,  (fash'e-i,)  ti,  ;  pi.  Fascu.  [L.,  a  band  or 
sash.] 

1.  A  band,  sash,  or  fiflet.  In  architecture,  any  flat 
member  with  n  small  projecture,  as  the  band  of  an 
architrave.  Also,  in  brick  buildings,  the  jutting  of 
the  bricks  beyond  the  windows  in  the  several  stories 
except  the  highest.  Encyc. 

2.  In  (Utroniini!/,  the  belt  of  a  planet. 

3.  In  surgery,  a  bandage,  roller,  or  ligature.  Parr. 

4.  In  anatomy,  a  tendinous  expansion  or  aponeu- 
rosis ;  a  thin,  tendinous  covering  which  surrounds 
the  muscles  of  the  hmbs,  and  binds  them  in  Iheir 
places.  Parr.  Cyc. 

F.\S'CI-AL,  (fash'e-al,)  a.    Belonging  to  the  fasces. 

FAS'CI-A-'fED,  (fash'e-i-ted,)  a.  Bound  with  a  fillet, 
sash,  or  bandage. 

FAS-Cl-A'TIO.N,  (f:ush-e-5'shun,)  n.  The  act  or  man- 
ner of  binding  up  diseased  |ians ;  bandage.  IVisemaiu 

F.\S'Cl-eLE,  n.   [L. /asci<:ii/«.»,  from  fascis,  a  bundle.] 
In  botany,  an  aggregate  of  fustigiate  flowers,  whose 
fooUtalks  or  peduncles  spring  irregularly  from  the 
top  of  the  main  stem,  not  from  one  point,  but  from 
several.  D.  C.  IVdUL 

FAS-Cie'IJ-LAR,  a.    [l^  faacicularis.] 

United  in  a  bundle ;  as,  a  fascicular  root,  a  root 
of  the  tuberous  kind,  with  the  knobs  collected  in 
bundles,  as  in  P;eonia.  Marfirn. 

FAS-Cie'li-LAR-LY,  ado.   In  the  form  of  bundles. 

Kirwan. 

FAS-Cie'U-LATE,  )  a.  [from  L./oseica/iis,  supra.] 
FAS  Cie'U-LA-TED,  >  Growing  in  bundles  or 
F.VS'Cl-eL>."l),  )    bunches    from    the  same 

point,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Larii  or  larch.  Martyn. 


FAS-Cie'l'-LITE  II.  [Supra.]  A  variety  of  fibrous 
hornblende,  of  a  fascicular  structure.  I/itchcork. 

FAS-Cie'li-Ll'S,  ".  [1..]  A  little  bundle;  a  fascicle; 
a  division  of  a  book  ;  a  nosegay. 

F.\S'CI-.\ATE,  V.  t.    [l..fu.icino  1  Gr.  ftaoKnino.] 

1.  To  liewitcli ;  to  enchant ;  to  operate  on  by  some 
powerful  or  irresistible  influence  ;  to  influence  the 
jKuisions  or  affections  in  an  incontrollable  manner. 

None  of  tlie  ntlrctiont  have  tx:cn  noted  to  /tucinau  aiKi  Ifwiteh, 
but  love  and  viivy.  Bacon. 

2.  To  charm  ;  to  captivate  ;  to  excite  and  allure 
irresistibly  or  imwerfully.  The  young  are  fascinated 
by  love ;  female  beauty  fascinates  the  unguarded 
youth  ;  gaming  is  a  fascinating  vice. 

FAS'CI-NA-'J'EU,  pp.  or  o.  Bewitched ;  enchanted  ; 
charmed. 

FAS'CI-NA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Bewitching  ;  enchant- 
ing; charming;  captiv;iting. 

FAS-CI-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  bewitching  or  en- 
chanting; enchantment;  witchcraft;  a  powerful  or 
irresistible  influence  on  the  affections  or  passions  ; 
unseen,  inexplicable  influence.  The  ancients  speak 
of  two  kinds  of  fascination ;  one  by  the  look  or  eye, 
the  other  by  words. 

The  Tnrl(s  lian^  old  rags  on  their  fairest  horses,  to  secure  them 
ag;tin.<t/a*ciriOiion.  M'alter. 

FAS-CINE',  n.    [Fr.,  from  h.  fascis,  a  bundle.] 

In  fortifcation,  a  fagot,  a  bundle  of  rods  or  small 
sticks  of  wood,  bound  at  both  ends  and  in  the  mid- 
dle ;  used  in  raising  batteries,  in  filling  ditches,  in 
strengthening  ramparts,  and  making  parapets.  Some- 
times, being  dipped  in  melted  pitch  or  tar,  they  are 
used  to  set  fire  to  tlie  enemy's  lodgments  or  other 
works.  Encyc. 

FAS'CTN-OUS,  a.    Caused  or  acting  by  witchcraft. 

Jlaroey 

FASH,  V.  t.    [Old  Fr.  fascher.]    To  vex  ;  to  tease. 

IValter  Scott 

F.\SiriO.\,  (fash'un,)  n.    [Fr.  fafoa  ;  Arm.  facfioun ; 
Norm./acio/t ;  from  fuire,  to  make  ;  L.  facto,  facics.] 
1.  The  ni.tke  or  form  of  any  thing  ;  the  st:ite  of 
any  thing  with  regard  to  its  external  appearance  ; 
shape  ;  as,  Ihe/iisAioii  of  the  ark,  or  of  the  tabernacle 

Or  let  me  lose  the  fojihion  of  n  man.  ShaJc. 
The  fashion  of  his  countenance  was  altered.  —  Luke  ix. 

S.  Form  ;  model  to  be  imitated  ;  pattern. 

King  Ahaz  si'iil  to  Urijah  lite  priest  Uie  faehion  of  the  alUr. — 
'J  Kings  xvi. 

3.  The  form  of  a  garment ;  the  cut  or  shape  of 
clothes  ;  as,  the  fashion,  of  a  coat  or  of  a  bonnet. 
Hence, 

4.  The  prevailing  mode  of  dress  or  ornament. 
We  import  fashions  from  England,  us  the  English 
often  import  them  from  France.  What  so  change- 
able as  fashion  ! 

5.  .Manner;  sort;  way;  mode;  applied  to  actions 
or  behavior. 

Pluck  Casca  by  the  sleeve, 
And  he  will,  after  his  sour  ffuhion,  u.  \\  you 
WluU  h.tlh  proceeded.  ShaJk. 

6.  Custom  ;  prevailing  mode  or  practice.  Fashion 
is  an  inexorable  tyrant,  and  im  et  of  the  world  its 
w  illing  slaves. 

It  was  tim /ajliion  oftiie  age  to  call  every  thing  in  question. 

7V/ol»on. 

Few  enterprises  arc  so  hopeless  as  a  contest  with /osAton. 

Rainbter. 

7.  Genteel  life  or  good  breeding  ;  as,  men  of 
fashion. 

8.  .\ny  tiling  worn.    [JVot  used.]  Skak. 

9.  Genteel  company. 

II).  Workmanship.  Overbunj. 
FASIl'ION,  (fash'un,)  v.  (.    [ Fr. /of oniier.] 

1.  'i'u  form  ;  to  give  shape  or  figure  to;  to  mold. 
Here  the  loud  hammer  fathion*  feniale  toys.  Cay. 
Anron/asAio/i*(f  Uie  axlfwiih  a  griving  tool.  —  Rxod.  xxsii. 
StuiU  etc  cl.ty  say  to  him  tiiat  /a*hionelh  it,  What  niakest  Uiou  i 

—  Is.  xlv. 

2.  To  fit ;  to  adapt ;  to  accommodate  ;  with  to. 

Laws  ou^bt  to  be  fashioned  to  the  manners  and  conditions  of 
the  i»  ople,  ipenser. 

3.  To  make  according  to  the  rule  prescribed  by 
custom. 

f\tshioned  plate  sells  fur  more  Oian  its  weight.  Locks. 

4.  To  forge  or  counterfeit.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
F.\SiriON-.\-BLE,  a.    .M.ade  according  to  the  prevail- 
ing form  or  mode  ;  as,  a  fashionable  dress. 

2.  Established  by  custom  or  use  ;  current ;  prevail- 
ing at  a  particular  time  ;  as,  the  fashionable  philoso- 
phy ;  fashionable  opillKul^. 

3.  Observant  of  the  fashion  or  customary  mode  ; 
dressing  or  behaving  according  to  the  prevailing 
fashion  ;  as,  a  fa-ihionable  man.  Hence, 

4.  Genteel ;  well  bred  ;  as,  fashionable  company  or 
societv. 

FASH'10.\-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
fashionable  ;  mttdisli  elegance  ;  such  appearance  as 
is  according  to  the  prevailing  custom.  Locke. 

FASH'ION-A-BLY,  ado.  In  a  manner  according  to 
fashion,  custom,  or  prevailing  practice  ;  with  modish 
elegance  ;  as,  to  dress  fashion  .biy. 

FASll'lON-JKU,  pp.  Made;  f  rmed  ;  shaped  ;  fitted  ; 
adapted. 


TONE,  BULL.  tJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THia 

7  ^,9" 


FAS 

FASH'IOX-ER,  n.  One  wlio  forms  or  gives  shape  to. 
FASH  ION  ING,  ppr.     Forming;  giving  shape  to; 

fitiins  ;  adapting. 
FASH'ION-IST,  n.    An  obsequious  follower  of  the 

modes  and  fashions.  Diet. 
F.\SH'ION-LESS,  a.    Having  no  fashion. 
FASH'ION-.M0-\"GER,  (fash'un  mung'ger,)  n.  One 

who  studies  the  fashion  ;  a  fop. 
FASH'IO.\-M0.\"GER-ING,  o.     Behaving  like  a 

fashion-monger.  Sliak. 
Faskion-pieces ;  in  ships,  the  hindmost  timbers 

which  terminate  the  breadth,  and  form  the  shape 

of  the  stern.  Mar.  Diet. 

FAS'SA-ITE,  n.    A  mineral,  a  variety  of  pyro.\ene, 

found  in  the  valley  of  Fassa,  in  the  Tyrol. 
FAST,  a.    [Sax.  fast,  fest;  G.fest ;  D.  'vast;  Sw.  and 

Dun.  fast!  from  pressing, binding.  Qa.  Pers.  ^"imj 

bastartyto  bind,  to  make  close  or  fast,  to  shut,  to  stop  ; 
Ir.  fosatlA,  or  fos,  a  stop.  See  Class  Bz,  No.  24,  35, 
41,  GO,  66,  86.] 

1.  Literally,  set,  stopped,  fixed,  or  pressed  close. 
Hence,  close ;  tight  ;  as,  make  /a.«t  tlie  door  ;  take 
fast  hold. 

2.  Firm ;  immovable. 

Who,  by  his  slren^h,  seueth  fast  the  mountains.  —  Ps.  Ixv. 

3.  Close ;  strong. 

Robbers  and  outUws  —  lurldo^  in  woods  niidjast  places. 

Spenser, 

4.  Firmly  fixed  ;  closely  adhering ;  as,  to  stick/osf 
in  mire  ;  to  make  fast  a  rope. 

5.  Close,  as  sleep ;  deep ;  sound  ;  as,  a  fast  sleep. 

Skak. 

6.  Firm  in  adlierence  ;  as,  a  fast  friend. 

Fast  and  loose ;  variable  ;  inconstant ;  as,  to  play 
fast  and  loose. 
FAST,  adu.    Firmly  ;  immovably. 

We  will  bind  Uiee  fast,  and  deliver  thee  into  their  hand.  — 
Judges  XV. 

Fast  by,  or  fast  beside;  close  or  near  to. 

fiist  by  the  throne  obsequious  fame  resides.  Pope. 
FAST,  a,  [W.  Jest,  fast,  quick  ;  festit,  to  hasten  ;  L. 
festino.  If  /  is  not  written  for  A,  as  in  liaste,  (see 
Class  Bz,  No.  44,  45,  46,)  the  sense  is,  to  press,  drive, 
urge,  and  it  may  be  from  the  same  root  as  the  pre- 
ceding word,  with  a  dilTLrent  application.] 

Swifl ;  moving  rapidly;  quick  in  motion;  as,  a 
fast  horse. 

FAST,  oi/r.  Swiftly;  rapidly;  with  quick  steps  or 
progression  ;  as,  to  run  fast ;  to  move  fast  through 
the  water,  as  a  ship  ;  the  »vork  goes  on/o-s-?. 

FAST,  c.  i.  [Sax.  fusUm,  Goth,  fastan,  to  fast,  to  keep, 
to  observe,  to  hold  ;  ii.  fasten  :  D.  vast,  firm  ;  vasten, 
to  fast ;  Sw.  fasta :  from  the  same  root  as  fast,  firm. 
The  sense  is,  to  hold  or  stop.] 

1.  To  abstain  from  food  beyond  the  usual  time  ; 
to  omit  to  take  the  usual  meals  for  a  time ;  as,  to 
fast  a  day  or  a  week. 

2.  To  abstain  fiom  food  voluntarily,  for  the  morti- 
fication of  the  body  or  appetites,  or  as  a  token  of 
grief,  sorrow,  ami  affliction. 

Thou  didst  fatl  and  weep  fur  the  chiKI.  — 2  Sam.  xii. 
When  ye  /ewl,  be  not,  as  the  hypocrites,  of  a  sad  countenance. 
—  .M  ilt.  vi. 

3.  To  abstain  from  food  partially,  or  from  particu- 
lar kinds  of  food  ;  as,  ttie  Uoman  Catholics  fast  in 
Lent. 

FAST,  n.  Abstinence  from  food ;  properly,  a  total 
abstinence,  but  it  is  used  also  for  an  abstinence 
from  particular  kinds  of  food  for  a  certain  time. 

Happy  were  our  forefatlitrs,  who  broke  Uicir  fasts  with  herbs. 

Taylor. 

2.  Voluntary  abstinence  from  food,  as  a  religious 
mortificatiiin  or  humiliation  ;  either  tt)tal  or  parti.il 
abbtinenctt  from  customary  food,  with  a  view  to  mor- 
tify the  appetites,  or  to  express  grief  and  affliction  on 
acccunt  of  some  calamity,  or  to  deprecate  an  ex- 
pected evil. 

3.  The  time  of  fasting,  whether  a  day,  week,  or 
longer  time.  An  annual  fast  is  kept  in  New  Eng- 
land, usually  one  day  in  the  spring. 

The  fast  was  now  alr-ady  pAst.  —  Acts  xxrii. 

FA.ST,  n.  That  which  fastens  or  holds  ;  the  rope 
which  fastens  a  vessel  to  a  wharf,  &.C. 

FAST'-DAY,  n.  The  day  on  which  fasting  Is  ob- 
pcrved. 

FAST'A:.\,  (fls'n,)  V.  t.  [Sax.  fxstnian  :  Sw.  faslna; 
D.  vrilrn  ;  IhiU.  faster ;  It.  foslugadh,  fostughim.] 

1.  To  fix  firmly  ;  to  ni^tkc  fast  or  close  ;  as,  to 
faHea  a  chain  to  the  feet,  or  to  fasten  the  feet 
with  ft'tterH. 

y.  'I'o  lock,  bolt,  or  bar  ;  to  secure  ;  as,  to  fasten  a 
dfMfr  or  window. 

3.  To  hold  loecther  ;  to  cement  or  to  link  ;  to  unite 
clorM-ly  in  any  manner  and  by  any  means,  ud  by 
cement,  htxtkii,  pinn,  naiU,  cortiti,  &.c. 

4.  'I'o  alHx  or  conji>iii. 

The  words  Whif  snd  Tory  ha»e  been  prrtaed  to  tiie  lervlce  of 
Riaiiy  succ-aaions  of  pnrliea,  wiUi  dilK-rcnt  Idiras  /asUnsft  t 
the  in,    [NQlcammon.\  .S'uji/t. 


FAT 

5.  To  fix ;  to  impress. 

Thinking,  by  this  tice, 
To  fasten  in  our  thoughts  that  they  liave  courage.  Shak. 

6.  To  lay  on  with  strength. 

Could  he  fasten  a  blow,  or  m.alie  a  tlmist,  when  not  suffered  to 
approach  t  Dryden. 

FAST'£N,  V.  i.    To  fasten  on,  is  to  fix  one's  self ;  to 

seize  anil  hold  on  ;  to  clinch. 

The  leech  will  hardly  fasten  on  a  fish.  Brown. 
FAS'T£N-£D,  (fis'nd,)  pp.    Made  firm  or  fast;  fixed 

firmly ;  impressed. 
FAS'T£N-ER,  n.    One  that  makes  fast  or  firm. 
FAS'T£:.N'.ING,  ppr.    Making  fast. 
F.\S'T£.\-ING,  It.    Any  thing  that  binds  and  m.-ikes 

fast ;  or  that  which  is  intended  for  that  purpose. 
FAST'ER,  n.    One  who  abstains  from  food. 
FAST'ER,  a.    Wore  rapid  ;  swifter. 

2.  adv.    More  rapidly. 
FAST'EST,  a.    Most  swifl  or  rapid. 
FAST'EST,  ar/p.    Most  swiftly. 

FAST'-HAND-ED,<!.  Close-handed;  covetous  ;  close- 
fisted  ;  avaricious.  Bacon. 
FAS'TI,  [L.]    The  Roman  calendar,  which  gave  the 
days  for  festivals,  courts,  &c.,  corresponding  to  a 
modern  almanac. 

2.  The  fasti  annates,  were  records,  or  registers,  of 
important  events.  Smithes  Diet. 

FAS-TID-I-OS'I-TY,  )i.    Fastidiousness.    [JVot  used.] 

Stcift. 

F.^S-TID'I-OUS,  a.  [L.  fastidiosns,  from  fastidio,  to 
disdain,  from  fastus,  haughtiness.  See  Heb.  1^3. 
Class  Bz,  No.  2,  3,  10,  30.] 

1.  Disdainful  ;  squeamish  ;  delicate  to  a  fault  ; 
over  nice  ;  difficult  to  please  ;  as,  a  fastidious  mind 
or  taste. 

2.  Squeamish ;  rejecting  what  is  common  or  not 
very  nice  ;  suited  with  difficulty  ;  as,  a  fastidious 
appetite. 

FAS-TID'I-OUS-LY,  adv.  Disdainfully;  squeamish- 
ly ;  contemptuously.  They  look  fastidiously  and 
speak  disdainfully. 

FAS-TID'I  OUS-NESS,  n.  Disdainfulness  ;  con- 
temptuousness  ;  squeamishness  of  mind,  taste,  or 
appetite. 

FAS-TIG'I-ATE,     j  a.    [L./ojtiVjaiu*,  pointed,  from 
F.'iS-TlG'I-A-TED,  )     fastigio,  to  point,  fastigimn,  a 
top  or  peak.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  fastigiate  stem  is  one  whose  branches 
are  of  an  eqiial  hight.  Peduncles  are .fcdViate  when 
they  elevate  the  fructifications  in  a  bunch,  so  as  to 
be  equally  high,  or  when  they  form  an  even  surface 
at  the  top.  Martijn. 

2.  Roofed  ;  narrowed  to  the  top. 
FAS-TIG'I-U.M,  II.   [L.]    The  summit,  apex,  or  ridge 

of  a  house  or  pediment.  Elmcs. 
YAST'ISG,  ppr.    Abstaining  from  food. 
FAST'I.XG,  n.    The  act  of  abstaining  from  food. 
FAST'I.\G-DaY,  n.    A  day  of  fasting  ;  a  fast-day;  a 

dav  of  religious  mortification  and  humiliation. 
FAST'LY,  adv.    Firmly  ;  surely. 
FAST'NESS,  n.    [»a.\.  fceslenesse ;  from/a.«<.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  fast  and  firm ;  firm  adherence. 

2.  Strength ;  security. 

The  places  of  fastness  are  laid  open.  Davits. 

3.  A  stronghold  ;  a  fortress,  or  fort ;  a  place  for- 
tified ;  a  castle.  Tlie  enemy  retired  to  their  fast- 
nesses, 

4.  Closeness  ;  conciseness  of  style.    [JVot  '.tseil,] 

.^scliam. 

FAST'-RE-CED'ING,  a.    Receding  rapidly. 

fVortlsworth. 

FAST'-SINK'ING,  a.   Rapidly  sinking. 
FAS'TU-OUS,  0.    [L.  fastuosus,  from  fastus,  haughti- 
ness.] 

Proud  ;  haughty  ;  disdainful.  Barrotc. 
FAT,  a.   [Sax./<f(,/c«;  G./<,«;  D.vet;  Sw.fH;  Dan. 
feed;  Ilttsque,  bctca,] 

1.  Fleshy;  plump;  corpulent;  abounding  with  an 
oily  concrete  siibst;ince,  as  an  animal  body  ;  the  con- 
trary to  lean  ;  as,  a  fat  man  ;  a  fat  ox. 

2.  Coarse  ;  gross. 

Nay,  addeii  fat  pollutions  of  our  own.  Dryden, 

3.  Dull  ;  heavy  ;  stupid  ;  unteachable. 

Make  the  heart  of  this  people  fat,  —  la.  vi. 

4.  Rich  ;  wealthy  ;  affluent. 

These  are  terrible  alarms  to  penuns  grown  fat  and  wealthy. 

South, 

5.  Rich  ;  producing  a  large  income  ;  as,  a  fat 
benefice. 

6.  Rich;  fertile;  as,  a  fat  soil;  or  rich;  nourish- 
ing ;  as,  fat  pasture. 

7.  Abuniiding  in  spiritual  grace  and  comfort. 

They  (the  riphU;ou8)  shall  be  fat  and  flourishing.  —  Ps.  xcii. 

8.  Among  printers,  a  page  having  many  blank 
spaces  or  lini's  is  called  fat. 

FA'I',  Ti.  An  oily,  concrete  substance,  deposited  in  the 
cells  of  the  adipose  or  ct^llular  membrane,  under  the 
fkin,  antl  in  various  other  parts  of  animiil  bodies.  In 
nio'.t  parts  of  the  body,  fat  lies  immediately  under 
the  skin.  Fat  is  of  various  degrees  of  consistence, 
an  in  tallow,  lard,  and  oil.    It  has  bi^en  recently  as- 


FAT 

certained  to  consist  of  two  substances,  stearin  and 
elain,  the  former  of  which  is  solid,  the  latter  liquid, 
at  common  temperatures,  and  on  the  diflerent  pro- 
portions of  which  its  degree  of  consistence  depends. 

Encyc.  Brande. 
2.  Figuratively,  the  best  or  richest  productions  ;  as, 
to  live  on  the  fat  of  the  land. 

A  bel  Drought  of  tlie  fat  of  his  (lock.  —  Gen.  It. 
FAT,  r.  U    To  make  fat ;  to  fatten  ;  to  make  plump 
and  fleshy  with  abundant  food  ;  as,  to  fat  fowls  or 
sheep.  Locke.  Skak. 

FAT,  V.  i.    To  grow  fat,  plump,  and  fleshy. 

An  old  oxyofs  as  well,  and  is  as  good,  as  a  young  one. 

Mortimtr, 

FAT,  )  n.    [Sax.  fxl,  fat,  fet ;  D.  rat ;  G.  fass  ;  Sw. 

VAT,  S  fat ;  Dan.  fad.  It  seems  to  be  connected 
with  D.  ratten,  G.  fassen,  Sw.  fatta,  Dan.  fatter,  to 
hold.    Uu.  Gr.  riHoj.] 

A  large  tub,  cistern,  or  vessel,  used  for  various  pur- 
poses, as  by  brewers  to  mn  their  wort  in,  by  tanners 
for  holding  their  bark  and  hides,  &c.  It  is  also  a 
wooden  vessel  containing  a  quarter  or  eight  bushels 
of  grain,  and  a  pan  for  containing  water  in  salt- 
works, a  vessel  for  wine,  &c. 

The  fats  sh.a]l  overflow  with  wine  and  oil.  —  Joel  ii. 

FAT,  n,  A  measure  of  capacity,  differing  in  different 
commodities.  Hebert. 

FA'TAL,  a.    [L.  fatalis.    See  Fate.] 

1.  Proceeding  from  fate  or  destiny ;  necessary ;  in- 
evitable. 

These  tilings  are  fatai  and  necessary.  TiUotson. 

2.  Appointed  by  fate  or  destiny. 

It  was  fatal  to  the  king  to  fight  for  his  money.  Baton, 
[/rt  the  foregoing  senses  the  word  is  now  little  used.} 

3.  Causing  death  or  destruction  ;  deadly;  mortal; 
as,  a  fatal  wound  ;  a  fatal  disease. 

4.  Destructive ;  calamitous  ;  as,  a  fatal  day ;  a  fa- 
tal event. 

Fa'T.\L-ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  that  all  things  are  sub- 
ject to  fate,  or  that  they  take  place  by  inevitable  ne- 
cessity. Rush. 

Fa'T.\L-IST,  n.  One  who  maintains  that  all  things 
happen  by  inevitable  necessity.  IVatts 

FA-TAL'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  fataliti,  from  fate,] 

1.  A  fixed,  unalterable  course  of  things,  independ- 
ent of  God  or  any  controlling  cause ;  an  invincible 
necessity  existing  in  things  themselves ;  a  doctrine 
of  the  Stoics.  SoutJi. 

2.  Decree  of  fate.  ^ng  Charles. 

3.  Tendency  to  danger,  or  to  some  great  or  hazard- 
ous event.  Brown, 

4.  Mortality.  Med.  Rcpos. 
Fa'TAL-LY,  adv.   By  a  decree  of  fate  or  destiny  ;  by 

inevitable  necessity  or  determination.  Bentley. 

2.  Mortally  ;  destructively  ;  in  death  or  ruin.  This 
encounter  ended  fatally.    The  prince  was  fatally  de- 

Fa'T.\L-NESS,  n.    Invincible  necessity.  [ceived. 

FA'TA  JIOR-OA'A'.^,  n,  [It.]  A  remarkable  phe- 
nomenon, at  Reggio,  on  the  ."^traits  of  .Messina,  in 
Ital) ,  in  which,  by  an  extraordinary  atmospheric  re- 
fractitm,  multiplied  images  of  the  objects  on  the  sur- 
rounding coasts  appear  in  the  air  over  the  surface  of 
the  sea.  Brande. 

F.^T'-BRaIN-SD,  a.    Dull  of  apprehension.  Shak. 

FATE,  71.  [L.  fatum,  from  for,  fari,  to  speak,  whence 
fatus.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  decree  or  word  pronounced  by  God, 
or  a  fixed  sentence  by  which  the  order  of  things  is 
prescribed.  Hence,  inevit.able  necessity  ;  destiny 
depending  on  a  superior  cause,  and  uncontrollable. 
According  to  the  Stoics,  every  event  is  determined 
by  fate. 

Necessity  or  chance 
Approach  not  me  ;  and  wh.it  I  will  is/nle.  Affilon. 

2.  Event  predetermined  ;  lot ;  destiny.  It  is  our 
fate  to  meet  with  disappointments.  It  is  the  fate  of 
mortals. 

Tell  me  what  fates  attend  the  duke  of  Suffulk.  SltaJc. 

3.  Final  event ;  death  ;  destruction. 

Yet  still  he  chose  the  longest  way  to  faU.  Dryden. 

The  whiuiiig  arrow  sings, 
And  bears  Uiy  faU,  Anliuous,  on  iu  wings.  Pope. 

4.  Cause  of  death.  Dryden  calls  an  arrow  a  feath-  I 
ered  fate. 

Divine  fate;  the  order  or  (letermiiiation  of  God  ; 
providence.  Encyc. 
FAT'El),  a.    Decreed  by  fate  ;  doomeil ;  destined.  He 
was  /<i(rri  to  rule  over  a  factious  peojile. 

2.  Modeled  or  regulated  by  fate. 

Her  awkwiinl  love  inde<-d  was  mblly  fated.  Prior, 

3.  Endued  with  any  quality  by  fate.  Dryden. 

4.  Invested  with  the  |iuwcr  of  fatal  determination. 

Ttx  fatal  sky 

Gives  us  fn-e  soiK*.  Shak, 
\Thr  ttro  last  senses  are  hardhi  legitimate] 
FXTFJVllL,  a.    Bearing  fatal  power  ;  producing  fatal 
events. 

The  fnlefal  steel.  J.  Barloa. 

FATE'FIJL-LV,  adv.    In  a  fateful  manner. 
FATE'FJJl.-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  fateful. 


FATE,  FAE,  PALL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY  PINE.  MARKNE.  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


440 


FAT 


FAT 


FAU 


Kates,  «.  pt.  in  ii(iitliolo!,'ij,  tlio  Uestinius,  or  Parcaa 
goddesses  supposed  to  pii  sido  over  llie  birlli  and  life 
of  men.  Tliey  were  lliree  ill  number,  C'lotlio,  Liicli- 
esis,  and  Alropos.  Lcmprii  re. 

FX'TUKIl,  II.  fuller,  ff iter  ;  G.  vuter ;  1).  va4cr  , 

Ice.  Sw.  and  l)an. /k/.t  ;  Cr.  <rarn'>l  I-  pater;  Sp. 
padre:  It.paiire;  Tort.  ;iai,  or  paij ;  Tr.  yaVc,  by  coii- 

traction  ;  Pcrs. ^  Jy  paJur ;  Uuss.  batia ;  Sans,  and 

Bali,  pita;  Zeni.fedre;  Syr.  iafoi-a.  This 

word  signifies  the  begetter,  from  the  verb,  Sw.  fdila, 
Uaii.  fddcr,  to  beget,  to  feed :  Gotli.  fodijaii ;  Sax.  /e- 
daa;  D.  uofJni,  to  feed;  whence  yWi/iT,  G.  fuller, 
fvUern.  The  primary  sense  is  obvious.  Sec  Cla-ss 
Hd,  No.  51,  53.  'I'lio  Gotli.  atla,  Ir.  aitttir,  or  atliair, 
l!xs(|iie  flitu,  may  be  from  tlie  same  root  by  loss  of  tlic 
first  letter.] 

1.  He  who  begets  a  child  ;  in  L.  genilor,  or  gcnera- 
tOr. 

The /atiicr  ofa  fool  halh  no  )oT.  —  Prov.  xvii. 
A  wuo  .on  niuki  Ui  a  gl,nl/alA«r.  —  I'rov.  x. 

2.  The  first  ancestor;  the  progenitor  of  a  race  or 
family.  Adam  was  the  falJicr  of  the  human  race. 
Abraham  was  the  faUirr  of  the  Israelites. 

3.  The  appellation  of  an  old  man,  and  a  term  of 
respect. 

The  kin»  of  line!  uiH  to  Miihi,  Mj  father,  uluill  I  «inilc 
Uiem  t  —  *i  Kings  vi. 

The  servants  of  Naanian  call  hiin/nJApr.  Q  Kings  v. 
Elderly  men  are  called  futlier.i :  as,  the  falliers  of  a 
town  or  city.  In  Ute  diurcli,  men  venerable  for  ago, 
learning,  and  piety,  arc  called  fatliers,  or  recercnd 
fatlterin. 

4.  The  grandfather,  or  more  remote  ancestor.  Neb- 
uchadnezzar IS  called  the  fattier  of  Bclshaz/.ar, 
tlioiigli  lie  was  Ills  grandfather.    Dan.  v. 

5.  1)110  who  feeds  and  supports,  or  exercises  pater- 
nal care  over  another.  God  is  called  the  Fatlicr  of  the 
fatherless.    7*^.  Ixviii. 

6.  He  who  creates,  invents,  makes,  or  composes, 
any  thing ;  the  author,  former,  or  contriver ;  a  found- 
er, director,  or  instructor.  God,  as  creator,  is  the  Fa- 
ther of  all  men.  Mm  viii.  Jabal  was  the  fallier  of 
such  as  dwell  in  tents  ;  and  Jnbal  of  musicians.  Ocn. 
iv.  God  is  the  FaUirr  of  spirits  and  of  lights.  Ho- 
mer is  considered  as  the  /<i(/icr  of  epic  poetry.  Wash- 
ington, as  a  defender  and  an  affectionate  and  wise 
■counselor,  is  called  the  fattier  of  his  country.  And 
see  1  Ctiron.  ii.  51 ;  iv.  14  ;  ix.  35.  Satan  is  called 
the  fatJier  of  lies  ;  lie  introduced  sin,  and  instigates 
men  to  sin.  Ju/i«  viii.  Abraham  is  called  the /ijtAo- 
of  believers ;  he  was  an  early  believer,  and  a  pattern 
of  faith  and  obedience.    Horn.  iv. 

7.  A  father-in-law.  So  Heli  is  called  the  father  of 
Joseph.    Luke  iii. 

8.  'J"he  appellation  of  the  first  person  in  the  adora- 
ble Trinity. 

Go  yc,  Ihrrrforr,  and  Icacli  all  n.itions,  bnptizin;  th^m  in  the 
name  of  ihe  FiUtier,  and  of  llio  Son,  aiid  of  Uio  lloly  Spirit. 
—  Sl.ut.  xxviii. 

9.  The  title  given  to  dignitaries  of  the  church,  su- 
periors of  convents,  and  tu  confessors  in  the  Uuman 
Catholic  church 

10.  Fathers,  in  the  plural ;  ancestors. 

David  »lepl  wie>  hh/aOiert.  —  1  Kings  ii. 

11.  The  appellation  of  the  ecclesiastical  writers  of 
the  first  centuries,  as  Polycarp,  Jerome,  &c. 

12.  The  title  of  the  senators  in  ancient  Uomc  ;  as, 
conscript  fathers. 

Moplice  father :  he  who  .ndopts  the  children  of  an- 
other, and  ackiiow  ledges  them  as  his  own. 

Muural  fattier :  the  father  of  illegitimate  children. 

Patatire  fattier:  one  who  is  only  reputed  to  be  the 
father;  the  supposed  father. 
FX'TIIER-I.N-LAW,  ii.  The  father  of  one's  husband 
or  wife  ;  and  a  man  who  marries  a  woman  who  has 
children  by  a  former  husband  is  called  the  father-in- 
law,  or  ste|>-fathcr  of  those  chililren. 
FA'THER,  E.  t.  To  adopt ;  to  take  the  chUd  of  anoth- 
er as  one's  own.  Shak, 

2.  To  adopt  any  thing  as  one's  own  ;  to  profess  to 
be  the  author. 

M.-n  ofwU 

Oft«n /athtrtd  wli-U  Iio  wnt,  Si*\/t 

3.  To  ascribe  or  charge  to  one  as  his  oflspring  or 
'      production  ;  with  on. 

name  was  made  xw  of  by  scTenil  persons,  one  of  whom 
was  pleased  U)  father  on  nic  s  new  set  of  pr>xluctions. 

SmfU 

FX'THER-ED,  pp.    Adopted;  taken  as  one's  own; 
ascribed  to  one  as  the  author. 
2.  Having  had  a  father  of  particular  qualities. 
I  am  no  stronp*f  than  my  srx, 
Bein;  m  fathfrtd  and  so  hiuijanded.    [UnMuat.]  Sliak. 

F.H'TIIER-IipQD,  n.   The  slate  of  being  a  father,  or 
tho  character  or  aiiiliority  of  a  father. 

W  e  might  h.\»e  had  an  entire  notion  of  Uiis  fathcrlilyvi.  or 
fatherly  auUiorily.  Lucie. 

F.\'THER-ING,  ppr.   Adopting;  taking  or  acknowl 


edging  as  one's  own;  ascribing  to  the  father  or  au- 
thor. 

FA'TIIEU-LAND,  ».  The  native  land  of  one's  fatliers 
or  ancestors.  England  is  the  fatlter-land  of  the  pei>- 
plc  of  New  England,  and  Persia  the  fatlicr-laiul  of 
the  Teutonic  nations. 

F.\''f  HER-LASll-KR,  ii.  A  salt-water  fish,  Cuttiis 
bnlialis,  allit-d  to  tile  river  bull-heail.  The  hi-ail  is 
large,  and  its  spines  formidable.  It  is  found  on  llie 
rocky  coasts  of  Britain,  and  near  Newfoundland  and 
Greenland.  In  the  latter  country  it  is  a  great  article 
of  food.  Pennant.    Jardinc^s  J\''at.  Lib. 

FX'TIIER-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  living  father ;  as, 
a  fuUterless  child. 
2.  Without  a  known  author. 

FX'T HEll-LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  with- 
out a  father. 

FA'T HEU-LI-NF,SS,  n.  [Pee  Fatherlv.]  The  tpial- 
ities  of  a  father ;  parental  kindness,  care,  and  leii- 
dirness. 

FA'T IIER-LY,  a.    [/«(Aer  and /lAc]    Like  a  father  in 
alfeclion  and  care  ;  tender  ;  paternal ;  protecting  ; 
careful ;  as,  fallicrlij  care  or  aU'et  tioii. 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  father. 

FX'TIIER-LY,  «//(•.    In  the  manner  of  a  father. 

Tluis  Ad.ini,  fiUtirrli/  ilisple.tsod.      {Sot  Jtrojicr .\  M.lton. 

F.\ 'Til ER  SHIP,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  father. 

F.Vfiro.M,  71.  [Sax. /.cf/icm  ;  U.feud;  (i.  fadcn  :  11. 
vadem.  (ill.  Dan.  favn.  The  German  word  signilii  s 
a  thread,  a  fathom,  and  probably  thread  or  line  is  the 
real  signification.] 

J.  A  measure  of  length,  containing  six  feet,  the 
space  to  which  a  man  may  extend  his  arms  ;  used 
chiefly  at  sea  for  measuring  cables,  cordage,  and  the 
depth  of  the  sea  in  sounding  by  a  line  and  lead. 

2.  Reach  ;  penetration ;  depth  of  thought  or  con- 
trivance. Sliak. 

FAT H'OM,r.  U  To  encompass  with  the  arms  extend- 
ed or  encircling. 

2.  To  reach  ;  to  master;  to  comprehend. 

Leave  to  fathom  sucli  high  points  as  these.  DryUn, 

3.  To  reach  in  depth  ;  to  sound  ;  to  try  the  lU  plli. 

Our  deptlia  who /oMomj.  Pope. 
A.  To  penetrate  ;  to  find  the  bottom  or  extent.  I 
can  not  fathom  his  design. 
FATH'0.Vl-A-15LE,  a.    Capable  of  being  fathomed. 

P.ick.  Diet. 

FATH'OM-£D,  pp.     Encompassed  with  the  arms  ; 

reached  ;  comprehended. 
F.\TH'O.M-ER,  n.    One  who  fathoms. 
FA'f  II'O.M-ING,  ppr.  Encoinp.assing  with  the  arms  ; 

reaching  ;  comprehending  ;  sounding  ;  penetrating. 
FATH'OM-LESS,  n.   That  of  which  no  bottom  can  be 

found  ;  bottomless. 

2.  That  can  not  be  embraced  or  encompassed  with 
the  arms.  Shak. 

3.  Not  to  be  penetrated  or  comprehended. 
FA-TlD'ie-AL,  a.    [L.  fatidieus ;  fatum  and  dico.] 

Having  power  to  foretell  future  events  ;  prophet- 
ic. Uoxccll. 
FA-TIF'ER-OITS,  a.    [L.  /u(i/fr ;  falam  and  fero.] 

Deadly ;  mortal ;  destructive.  Diet. 
FAT'1-GA-BLE,  a.    \Sea  Fatigue.]    That  may  be 

wearied  ;  easily  tiretl. 
FAT'I-GATE,  v.  U  [L./«(iVo.] 

To  weary  ;  to  tire.    [Little  iisfJ.] 
F.\T'I-GATE,  a.    Weaned  ;  tired.    [Litllc  useA.'[ 

FJyoU 

F.AT-I-G.\'TION,  n.    Weariness.       W.  Mountagu. 

FA-TIGIJE',  (fa-teeg',)  n,  [Fr.  lA  ;  Arm.  fatiei/;  It. 
fatiea :  Sp.  fatiga ;  from  ij.faligo.  It  seems  to  be  al- 
lied to  L.  fatisco  I  if  so,  the  sense  is,  a  yielding  or  re- 
laxiig.j 

1.  VVeariness  with  bodily  l.ibor  or  mental  exertion  ; 
lassitude  or  exhaustion  of  strength.  Wo  suffer  fa- 
tigue of  the  mind  as  well  as  of  the  body. 

°2.  The  cause  of  weariness  ;  labor ;  toil ;  as,  the  fa- 
iiguej  of  war. 

3.  The  labors  of  mililarj'  men,  distinct  from  the  use 
of  arms  ;  as,  a  parly  of  men  on  fatigue. 
FA-TIG  UE',  (fa-teeg',)  r.  t    [L.fatigo;  IL  faticarc  ; 
Sjt.  fatigar.] 

1.  To  tire  ;  to  weary  with  labor  or  any  bodily  or 
mental  exertion  ;  to  hamss  with  toil ;  to  exhaust  the 
strength  by  severe  or  long-continued  exertion. 

2.  To  weary  by  iin[iortunity  ;  to  harass. 
FA-T1GU'£D,  (fa-teegd',)  pp.  or  a.  Wearied  ;  tired  ; 

hamssed. 

P.\-T(GU'IXG,  (fa-teeg'ing,) ppr.  Tiring ;  wearying ; 
harassing. 

2.  a.    Inducing  weariness  or  lassitude  ;  as,  fa- 
tiiruing  services  or  labors. 
FA-TIL'O-aUIST,  n.    [L./iitum  and  tojiior.] 

A  fortune-teller. 
FA-TIS'CENCE,  tu    [I,,  fatiseo,  to  open,  to  gape.] 
A  gaping  or  opening  ;  a  stale  of  being  cliiiiky. 

Diet  Kiricnn. 
F.\T'-KID-NEY-ED,  a.  [fat  and  kidney.]  Fat ;  gross  ; 

a  leord  used  im  eonlempt,  Shak. 
F.VT'LI.NG,  n.     [from /at.]    A  lamb,  kid,  r.  other 
young  animal,  fattened  for  slaughter ;  a  fat  animal ; 
applied  to  qua  trupeiU  lehose  JUsh  is  used  for  food, 
David  s.Lcriticetl  oxen  and  faltingt. 'i  Saui.  vi. 


FAT'LY,  add.    Grossly  ;  greasily. 

FAT'NER,  n.    That  which  faltims;  that  which  gives 

fatness  or  richness  and  fertility.  Arbathnot. 
FAT'iNESS,  n.    [from  fat.]    The  (piality  of  being  fat, 

plump,  or  full  led  ;  corpulency  ;  fullness  of  flesh, 
'riicir  c)cs  stand  out  witli/fit'ie**.  —  Ps.  Ixxili. 

2.  Unctuous  or  greasy  matter.  Bacon. 

3.  Uncluoiisness  ;  sliininess  ;  appliedlo  earth ;  hence, 
richness;  fertility;  fruitfuliiess. 

Uoil  give  t)i''e  of  the  dew  ofhcaven,  and  the  fatnett  of  the  earth, 
and  plenty  ol  com  and  wine.  — Uvn.  xxvii. 

4.  That  which  gives  fertility. 

Thv  pilhi  dr.ip/alji«M.  — P«. 

The  cloitkis  drop  falrieMt.  Pttitlpi. 

.').  The  privileges  and  pleasures  of  religion  ;  abun- 
dant blessings. 

lyrt  your  soul  dp  light  itjell  in  falnei$.  —  la.  Iv. 
FAT'TED,  pp.  or  a.    Made  fat. 

FAT'T£N,  (fat'n,)  v.  t.  To  make  fat;  to  feed  for 
slaughter  ;  to  make  fleshy  or  pliinip  with  fat. 

2.  To  make  fertile  and  fniilful ;  to  enrich  ;  as,  to 
fatten  lanil  ;  to  fatten  fii  lils  with  blood.  Dnjden. 

3.  1'o  fe<  il  grossly  ;  to  fill.  Dryden. 
F.XT'TA'N,  (fat'n,)  r.  t.    To  grow  fat  or  corpulent;  to 

grow  plump,  tliick,  or  fieshy  ;  to  be  panii)ered. 

And  villains  fatten  with  the  brave  man's  labor.  Otway, 

Tigers  and  wolv.-s  shall  in  die  ocean  breed, 

The  whale  an<l  dolphin  fallen  on  Uie  m.  ad.  ClanvUte. 

FAT'TKN-KD,  (fat'nrt,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  fat,  plump,  or 

FAT'TKN-ER,  ji.    See  Fatner.  [fleshy. 

FAT'TKN-ING,  (fat'n-iiig,)  ppr.  .M.-iking  fat;  grow- 
ing fat ;  making  or  growing  rich  and  fruitful. 

FAT'TI-NESS,  n.  [from  fatty.]  The  state  of  being 
fat ;  grossness  ;  greasiiiess.  Slicrwood. 

FAT'TlNfJ,  ppr.    Making  fat. 

FAT'TISH,  a.    Somewhat  fat.  Shencood. 

FAT'TY,  a.  Having  the  (pialities  of  fat ;  greasy;  as, 
a  fultti  substance.  ArbuUmoL 

FA-TO'I-TY,  JI.    [Fr.  fatuiti  ;  L.  futnilas.] 

Weakness  or  imbecility  of  mind  ;  feebli:ness  of  in- 
tellect ;  foolishness.  JlrbuthnoL 

FAT'U-OUS,  a.    [I.,  fatuns.    Class  Dd,  No.  2,  G,  63.] 

1.  Feeble  in  mind  ;  weak  ;  silly  ;  stupid  ;  foolish. 

Qtaneitle. 

2.  Imp  tent;  without  force  or  fire ;  illusory  ;  allud- 
ing to  the  ignis  fatiuLS. 

Thence  fatuous  tires  and  meteors  take  their  birth.  Denham. 

FAT'-WIT-TED,  a.  [fat  and  a>if.]  Heavy  ;  dull ; 
stupid.  Shak. 

FjIU'BOURO,  (fo'boorg,)  n.  A  suburb  in  French  cit- 
ies; the  name  is  also  given  to  districts  now  within 
the  city,  but  which  were  formerly  suburbs  without  it, 
when  the  walls  were  less  extensive. 

Diet,  de  V.3eail. 

FAU'CeS,  71.  pJ.  [L.]  The  posterior  part  of  the  mouth, 
terminated  by  the  pfiarynz  and  larynz.  Brandr. 

FAU'CET,  H.  [Fr.  faussct,  probably  contracted  from 
foLiet.] 

A  pipe  to  be  inserted  in  a  cask  for  drawing  liquor, 
and  stopped  with  a  peg  or  spigot.   Tliese  are  called 
tezp  and  fnuccL 
FAU'CIIIO.\.    See  Falchiox. 

FAU'FEL,  11.  [Said  to  be  Sanscrit.]  The  fruit  of  a 
species  of  the  palm-tree. 

FAUGH,  (faw.)  Exclamation  of  contempt  or  abhor- 
rence. 

FAULT,  n.  [Fr.  faute,  fcirfanlte ;  Sp.  falta;  Port.  id. ; 
it.fallo;  from  /ui7.    See  Faiu] 

1.  Properly,  an  erring  or  missing  ;  a  failing  ;  hence, 
an  eiTor  or  mistake  ;  a  blunder ;  a  tlefect ;  a  blemish ; 
whatever  impairs  excellence  ;  applied  to  thinirs. 

2.  In  morals  or  deportment,  any  error  or  defect ;  an 
imperfection  ;  any  deviation  from  propriety  ;  a  slight 
offense  ;  a  neglect  of  duty  or  propriety,  resulting  from 
inattention  or  want  of  "prudence,  rather  than  from 
design  to  injure  or  offend,  but  liable  to  censure  or  ob- 
jection. 

I  do  remember  my  faults  this  day. — Gen.  xli. 
If  a  niLvn  be  overu^cn  in  a  fault,  ye,  who  are  spiritual,  restore 
such  a  one  in  the  spirit  of  meekness.  —  Gal.  vi. 

Fault  implies  wrong,  and  oRen  soma  degree  of 
criminality. 

3.  Defect ;  want ;  absence.  [JVvt  now  used,]  [See 
Dekavlt.] 

I  could  ti-11  to  the>»,  as  to  one  it  ple.ises  me,  for  fauU  of  a  belter, 
to  call  iny  fri 'ud,  Stiak. 

4.  Y'\i7.7.\e  ;  difficulty. 

Among  sportsmen,  when  dogs  lose  the  scent,  they 
arc  said  to  be  at  faulL  Hence  the  phrase,  the  inquirer 
is  at  fault. 

5.  In  mining,  a  disturbance  of  the  strata  which  in- 
terrupts the  miner's  operations,  and  puts  him  at  fault 
to  discover  where  the  vein  of  ore,  or  bed  of  coa',  .-td 
been  thrown  by  the  ctmvulsions  of  nature.  Ure. 

To  find  fault ;  to  express  blame  ;  to  complain. 

Thou  will  say  then,  Why  doth  he  yet  flndfauU  J  —  Rom.  ix. 

To  find  fault  irith ;  to  blame  ;  to  censure  ;  as,  to 
find  fault  with  Ihe  times,  or  with  a  neighbor's  con- 
duct. 

FAULT,  r.  i.    To  fail ;  to  be  WTong.    [JV'ot  used.] 

Spenser, 


TtNE,  BJJLL,  qMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  M  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


441 


FAV 


FA  V 


FEA 


FAULT,  V.  t.   To  chaige  with  a  fault ;  to  accuse. 

For  tnit  I  will  not/ttu/l  thee.  Old  Song. 

FAULT'ED,  pp.    Cli:ir?ed  witli  a  fault ;  accused. 

FAULT'ER,  n.  An  offender  ;  one  wlio  commits  a 
fault.  Fairfax. 

FAULT'-FTND'ER,  n.    One  who  censures  or  objects. 

FAIJLT'FIJL,  a.    Full  of  faults  or  sins.  Shale. 

FAULT'l-LY,  adi).  [Uom  faulty.]  Defectively  ;  er- 
rnneously  ;  imperfectly;  improperly  ;•  wrongly. 

FAULT' I-NESS,  n.  [from  faulty.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing faulty,  defective,  or  erroneous  ;  defect. 

2.  Badness  ;  vitiousness ;  evil  disposition  ;  as,  the 
faultiyirxs  of  a  person. 

3.  Delinquency  ;  actual  offenses.  Hooker. 
FAULT'ING,  ppr.  Accusing. 

FAULT'LESS,  a.  Without  fault ;  not  defective  or 
imperfect  j  free  from  blemish  ;  free  from  incorrect- 
ness ;  perfect ;  as,  a  faultless  (jocin  or  picture. 

2.  Free  from  vice  or  imperfection  j  as,  a  faultless 
man. 

FAULT'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  being  guilty  of  a 
'fault. 

FAULT'LESS-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  faults  or  de- 
fects. 

FAULT'Y,  a.  Containing  faults,  blemishes,  or  de- 
fects ;  defective;  imperfect;  as,  a /im/*!/ composi- 
tion or  book  ;  a  faulty  plan  or  design  ;  a  faulty  pic- 
ture. 

2.  Guilty  of  a  fault,  or  of  faults ;  hence,  blamable  ; 
worthy  of  censure. 

The  Iniig  doUi  speak  Ihii  thing  as  one  wl»  ia  foully.  — 2  Sam. 
xiv. 

3.  Wrong  ;  erroneous  ;  as,  a  faulty  polity.  Hooker. 

4.  Defective ;  imperfect ;  bad  ;  as,  a  faulty  hel- 
met. Bacon. 

FAUN,  n.    ["L.  faunas.] 

Among  Vie  Romans,  a  kind  of  demigod,  or  rural 
deity,  called  also  sylvan,  and  diifeiiug  lillle  from 
satyr,  'i'he  fauns  are  represented  as  half  goat  and 
half  man.  Encyc. 

FAU'NA,  n.  [from  the  L.  fauni,  or  rural  deities 
among  the  Romans.]  The  various  animals  belong- 
ing to  a  country  constitute  its  fauna.  Lyell. 

FAUN'IST,  7!.  One  who  attends  to  rural  distpiisi- 
tions  ,.a  naturalist.  JVIttte. 

FAU'SEN,  71.  _A  large  eel.  Chapman. 

FjiUSSE'-BRAyE,(ios'bri.,)  -n.  [Fr.]  A  small  mound 
of  earth  thrown  up  about  a  rampart. 

FjlU-TKUlL',(Uy-teiiL',)  a.  [Fr.j  An  arm  chair ;  an 
easy  chair. 

FAU'TOR,  71.  [L.  See  Favor.]  A  favorer  ;  a  pat- 
ron ;  one  who  gives  countenance  or  supjxirt.  [Little 
used.]  B.  Jonsoil. 

FAU'TRESS,  n.    A  ftmale  favorer  ;  a  patroness. 

Chapman. 

FjlUX  PAS,  {fo'pA',)  [Fr.]    A  false  step;  a  mistake, 

or  wrong  me;isure. 
FA-VIL'LOUS,  a.    [L.  favilla,  ashes.] 

L  Ccuisisting  of  or  pertaining  to  ashes.  Brown. 
2.  Resembling  ashes. 
Fa'VOR,  71.    [L.faiJor;  Fr.  favour ;  Arm.  faver  ;  Sp. 
favor;  ll.  fariire  ;  from  L. /auco ;  Ir.  fabhar  ;  favor; 
fabhraim,  to  favor.] 

L  Kind  regard  ;  kindness  ;  countenance  ;  propi- 
tious aspect ;  friendly  disposition. 
Ilia  dreadful  navy,  and  iiis  lovely  mind, 

(Jave  him  the  fi  ar  and  favor  of  mankind.  M'alllT. 
The  kiiig'a /auor  is  us  <iew  on  llie  gr-iss.  —  Prov.  xix. 
God  gave  Joseph  favor  and  wisdom  iu  Uie  siglit  of  Pharaoh.  — 
Acts  vii. 

Favor  is  deceitful,  and  Ijeauty  is  vain.  —  Prov.  xxxi. 

2.  Support ;  defense  ;  vindication  ;  or  disposition 
to  aid,  befriend,  support,  promote,  or  justify.  To  be 
in  favor  of  a  measure,  is  to  have  a  disposition  or  in- 
clination to  support  it  or  carry  it  into  effect.  To  be 
in  favor  of  a  party,  is  to  be  disposed  or  inclined  to 
support  it,  to  justify  its  proceedings,  and  to  i>roniote 
its  interests. 

3.  A  kind  act  or  office  ;  kindness  done  or  granted  ; 
benevolence  shown  by  word  or  deed  ;  any  act  of  grace 
or  good  will,  as  distinguished  frt)m  acts  of  justice  or 
remuneration.  To  pardon  the  guilty  is  a /ueur ;  to 
punish  them  is  an  act  of  Justice. 

4.  Lenity  ;  mildness  or  mitigation  of  punishment. 
1  could  not  discover  the  lenity  and  /aoor  of  tliis  sentence.  Swift. 

5.  Leave  ;  good  will ;  a  yielding  or  concession  to 
another ;  pariton. 

Uut,  with  your/nuor,  1  will  treat  it  here.  D-y'lttx. 
0.  The  object  of  kind  rcg.ird  ;  the  person  or  thing 
favored. 

All  these  his  woiidrons  works,  but  chiefly  man, 

His  Cltiel  tlelighl  Bud  favor.  Milton. 

7.  A  gift  or  prCKent ;  something  bestowed  as  an 
evidence  of  good  will  ;  a  token  of  love  ;  a  knot  of 
ribbimii  ;  Homctliirig  worn  as  a  token  of  affection.  A 
marriairt  favor,  is  a  bunch  or  knot  of  white  ribbons  or 
white  lloweru  worn  at  weddings. 

Jlacan.    Sprrtatnr.  Shak. 

8.  A  feature  ;  counlenaiii  e.    [JV.if  iivcrf.]  Shak. 

9.  Advantage  ;  rtinvi'iijeiice  afforded  for  Bucetrss. 
The  cni^my  approached  under  favor' (if  the  night. 

10.  Partiality  ;  biiu.    A  cliatUnne  tu  the  favor,  in 


law,  is  the  challenge  of  a  juror  i5n  account  of  some 
supposed  partiality,  by  reason  of  favor,  or  malice, 
interest,  or  connection. 
F-A'VOR,  To  regard  with  kindness;  to  support; 
to  aid,  or  have  the  disposition  to  aid,  or  to  wish  suc- 
cess to  ;  to  be  propitious  to  ;  to  countenance  ;  to  be- 
friend ;  to  encourage.  To  favor  the  cause  of  a  party, 
may  be  merely  to  wish  success  to  it,  or  it  may  signify 
to  give  it  aid  by  counsol,  or  by  active  e.\ertions. 
Sometimes  men  professedly  favor  one  party,  and  se- 
cretly favor  another. 

Tlie  lortls /auor  thee  not.  —  1  Sam.  xxix. 

Thou  slialt  arise,  and  have  mercy  on  Zton  ;  for  the  time  to  ftivor 
her,  yea,  tlie  set  time,  is  come.  —  Ps.  cii. 

O  happy  youth  !  and  favored  of  the  skies.  Pope. 

2.  To  afford  advantages  for  success  ;  to  facilitate. 
A  weak  place  in  the  fort  favored  the  entrance  of  the 
enemy  ;  the  darkness  of  the  night  favored  his  ap- 
proach.   A  fair  wind  .favors  a  voyage. 

3.  To  resemble  in  features.  The  child  favors  his 
father. 

4.  To  ease  ;  to  spare.  A  man  in  walking /auers 
a  lame  leg. 

FA'VOR-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  favorabiUs ;  Ft.  favorable  ; 
Sp.  id.  ,•  It.  favarabile,  or  favorevole.] 

1.  Kind  ;  propitious  ;  friendly  ;  affectionate. 

L-  nd  favorable  ear  to  our  request.  Sliak. 
Lord,  thou  hiist  been  favorable  to  tlty  land. —  Ps.  Ixxxv. 

2.  Palliative  ;  tender  ;  averse  ts  censure. 

None  can  have  the  favorable  thou^lit 

Tluit  to  obey  a  tyrant's  will  tliey  fought.  Dryden. 

3.  Conducive  to;  contributing  to  ;  tending  to  pro- 
mote. A  salubrious  climate  and  plenty  of  food  are 
favorable  to  population. 

4.  Convenient;  advantageous  ;  affording  means  to 
facilitate,  or  affording  facilities.  The  low  pritte  of  la- 
bor and  provisions  is  favorable  to  the  success  of  mtin- 
ufactures.  The  army  was  drawn  up  on  favorable 
ground.  The  ship  took  a  station  favorable  for  at- 
tack. 

The  place  was  favorable  for  making  levies  of  men.  Clarejidon. 

5.  Beautiful;  well-favored.    [OJs.]  Spenser. 
Fa'VOR-A-BLE-NESS,  71.     Kindness  ;  kind  dispo- 
sition or  regard. 

2.  Convenience ;  suitableness ;  that  state  which 
affi>rds  advantages  for  success  ;  cimduciveness  ;  as, 
the  favorableness  of  a  season  for  crops  ;  the  favora- 
bleness  of  the  times  for  the  cultivation  of  the  sci- 
ences. 

Fa'VOR-A-BLY,  a(7».  Kindly;  with  friendly  dispo- 
sitions ;  with  regard  or  affection  ;  with  an  inclina- 
tion to  favor  ;  as,  to  judge  or  think  favorably  of  a 
measure  ;  to  think  favorably  of  those  we  love. 

Fa'VOR-JID,  pp.  Countenanced;  supported;  aided; 
supplied  with  advantages;  eased  ;  spared. 

2.  a.  Regarded  with  kindness;  as,  a  favored 
friend. 

3.  With  well  or  ill  prefixed,  featured. 
Well-favored  is  well-looking,  having  a  good  coun- 
tenance or  appearance  ;  fleshy;  plump;  handsome. 

Ill-favored  is  ill-looking,  having  an  ugly  appear- 
ance ;  le.an.    See  Oen.  .\xxi,\.  \li.  &c. 

fVell-favoredly ;  with  a  good  appt 'trance.  [Little 
used.] 

Ill-favoredhj ;  with  a  bad  appearance.  [Little  jwcd] 
FA'VOR-iCD-NESS,  71.    Appearance.  Deut. 
Fa'VOR-ER,  71.    One  who  favors;  one  who  regards 
with  kindness  or  friendship  ;  a  well-wisher  ;  one 
who  assists  or  promotes  success  or  prosperity. 

Hooker.  Sllak. 
Fa'VOR-ESS,  71.  A  female  who  favors  or  gives  coun- 
tenance. 

Fa'VOR-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Regarding  with  friendly  dis- 
positions ;  countenancing;  wishing  well  to;  con- 
tributing to  success  ;  facilitating. 

FA'VOR-ING-LY,  ado.    By  favoring. 

FA''VOR-ITE,(-it,)  n.  [Fr.  favori,  favorite ;  It.  favorito.] 
A  per.son  or  thing  regarded  willi  peculiar  favor, 
preference,  and  affection  ;  one  gri^ally  beloved. 
Select  favorites  from  among  the  discreet  anil  virtu- 
ous ;  princes  are  often  misled,  and  sometimes  ru- 
ined, by  favorites  ;  Gavcston  and  the  Spensers,  the 
favorites  of  Edward  IL,  fell  a  sacrifice  to  public  in- 
dignation. 

FA'VOll-ITE,  (I.  Regarded  with  particular  kindness, 
affection,  esteem,  or  preference  ;  as,  n  favorite  walk  ; 
n  favorite  author  ;  a  favorite  chihi. 

FA'VOK  IT-ISM,  71.  The  act  or  practice  of  favoring, 
or  giving  a  preference  to  one  over  another. 

2.  'I'he  disposition  to  favor,  aid,  and  promote,  the 
interest  of  a  favorite,  or  of  one  person  or  family,  or 
of  one  class  of  men,  to  the  neglect  of  others  having 
t-tpial  claims. 

It  lias  Ijeen  iu^geitcd  that  the  pruceeils  of  the  foreign  hills  — 
wrre  cidciilated  merely  to  nulul|;c  a  spint  of  favoritiitin  to 
tlie  Bank  of  the  Unitiul  Suites.  Ilimilum. 

Which  coiisidenilion  hnposes  such  ft  necessity  on  the  crown,  as 
hath,  ill  A  great  measure,  Kutxlued  the  iiiHueiice  nl /auont' 
ism.  Patty. 

3.  Exercise  of  power  by  favorites.  Burke. 
FA'VOi",  l,l'..<S,  a.     Unfavored  ;  ncit  regarded  with 

favtir  ,  having  no  ptitronage  or  countenance. 

2.  Not  favurmg  ;  unpropitious.  Spenser. 


FA-VoSE',  a.  Honey-combed  ;  like  the  section  of  a 
honey-comb.  Lindley. 

FAV'O-SITE,  71.    [h.favus,  a  honey-comb.] 

A  name  given  to  certain  fossil  corals,  having  a 
minute  prismatic  structure.  Dana. 

FAWN,  n.  [Fx.  faon,  fawn.  Qu.  W.  fynu,  to  pro- 
duce.] 

A  young  deer ;  a  buck  or  doe  of  the  first  year. 

Bacon.  Pope. 

FAWN,  T.  i.    [Fr.  faonner.  ] 

To  bring  forth  a  fawn. 
FAWN,  «.  1.    [&\.\.fij!frenian.    See  Fain.] 

1.  'To  coint  favor,  or  show  attachment  to,  by  frisk- 
ing about  one  ;  as,  a  dog  fawns  on  his  master. 

2.  To  soothe  ;  to  flatter  meanly  ;  to  blandish  ;  to 
court  servilely  ;  to  cringe  and  bow  to  gain  favor ;  as, 
a  fawning  favorite  or  minion. 

My  love,  forbear  to  fawn  upon  their  frowns.  Shak. 
It  is  followed  by  on  or  upon. 
FAWN,  7!.   A  servile  cringe  or  bow  ;  mean  flattery. 
FAWN'ER,  7!.    One  who  fawns ;  one  who  cringes 

and  flatters  meanly. 
FAWN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Courting  servilely  ;  flattering 

lly  cringing  and  meanness  ;  bringing  forth  a  fawn. 
FAWN'INt;,  7!.  Gross  flattery.  Shall. 
FAWN'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  cringing,  servile  way; 

with  mean  flattery. 
FAX'£D,  (faxt,)  a.    [Sax. /eo.^,  hair.] 

Hairy.    [JVyt  in  use.]  Camden 
FAY,  71.  [Fr.fee.] 

A  fairy  ;  an  elf.  Milton.  Pope 

FAY,  71.    Faith  ;  as,  by  my /uy.  Shak. 
FaY,  v.  t.    [Csa.x,  fxgaw,  Sw.  foga;  D.  voegen.  See 
Fadge.] 

To  fit ;  to  suit ;  to  unite  closely  with. 

[This  is  a  contraction  of  the  Teutonic  woiJ,  and 
the  same  as  Fadge,  which  see.  It  is  not  an  elegant 
word.] 

FAZ-ZO-LEV,{{at^o-\et',)n.  [It.]   A  handkeicnief. 

Percival. 

FeA'BER-RY,  7!.    A  gooseberry. 
FEAGirE,  (feeg,)  t'.  f.  [G.fegcn.] 

To  beat  or  whip.    [JWit  171  use.]  Buckingham. 
Fe'AL,  a.    Faithful.  [lnfr.i.J 

Fe'AL-TY,  71.  IFr.  fral,  trusty,  contracted  from  L. 
ftdelis;  It.fedcltd;  Fr. JideUti;  Sp. /c,  faith,  contracted 
from  fides;  hence,  fiel,  faithful;  .Hcldad,  fiilelity.] 

Fidelity  to  a  lord  ;  faithful  adherence  of  a  tenant 
or  vassal  to  the  superior  of  whom  he  holds  his  lands  ; 
loyalty.  Umler  the  feudal  system  of  tenures,  every 
vassal  or  tenant  was  bound  to  be  true  and  faithful  to 
his  lord,  and  to  defend  him  against  all  his  enemies. 
This  obligation  was  called  his  fidelity,  or  fealty,  and 
an  oath  of  fealty  was  retjuired  to  be  taken  by  all  ten- 
ants to  their  landlords.  The  tenant  was  called  a 
liege  man  ;  the  land,  a  liege  fee;  and  the  superior, 
liege  lord.    [See  Lieue.] 

FEAR,  7!.  [See  the  verb.]  A  painful  emotion  or 
passion  excited  by  an  expectation  of  evil,  or  the  ap- 
j)rehension  of  impending  danger.  Fear  expresses 
less  apprehension  tlian  dread,  and  dread  less  than 
tei-ror  and  fright.  'J'he  force  of  this  passion,  begin- 
ning with  the  most  moderate  degree,  may  be  thus 
expressed — f  ar,  dread,  terror,  fright.  Feor  is  ac- 
companied with  a  desire  to  avoid  or  ward  off  the 
expected  evil.  Frar  is  an  uneasiness  of  mind,  upon 
the  thought  of  future  evil  likely  to  befall  us.  IVatls. 
Fear  is  liie  passion  of  our  nature  which  excites  us  to  provide  for 
our  security,  on  tlic  approach  of  evil.  Jiogers. 

2.  Anxiety ;  solicitude. 

The  principal /tor  was  for  the  holy  teinplo.  ^feccahete. 

3.  The  cause  of  fear. 

Thy  angel  becomes  a  fear.  Slialt. 

4.  The  object  of  fear. 

Exci'pt  the  God  of  Ahraliam,  and  the  fear  of  Isaac,  had  U-cn 
with  me.  —  Gen.  xxxi. 

5.  Something  set  or  hung  up  to  terrify  wild  ani- 
mals, by  its  color  or  noise.    /.«.  xxiv.    .ler.  xlviii. 

ti.  In  Scripture,  fear  is  used  to  express  a  filial  or  a 
slavish  passion.  In  good  men,  thi:  frar  ii(  iiuiX  is  a 
holy  awe  or  reverence  of  God  and  bis  laws,  which 
springs  from  a  just  view  and  real  love  of  the  divine 
characler,  leading  the  subjects  of  it  to  hale  and  shun 
every  thing  that  can  offend  stu  b  a  holy  being,  and 
inclining  them  to  aim  at  perfect  obedience.  This  is 
filial  fear. 

I  w  ill  put  my  feai-  in  their  hearts.  — Jer.  xxxii. 

SMriN'/i  fear  is  the  effect  or  eonsetiuence  of  guilt; 
it  is  the  painful  apprehension  of  merited  punishment. 
Uoin.  viii. 

Tlie  love  of  find  casli'th  nut  fear.  —  I  John  iv. 

7.  The  worship  of  God. 

I  will  l.M.  h  ynu  llie /«U-  of  Ihe  I,or.l.  —  l'«.  XJlxiv. 

8.  The  law  and  word  of  (;od. 

'I'lie  fear  of  the  I-ord  is  clean,  ciuluriiig  forever.  —  Ps.  xix. 

9.  Reverence  ;  respect ;  due  regard. 

Iteiider  to  all  their  dues ;  fear  to  whom  fear.  —  Horn.  xiii.  -~ 

FRAR,  ».  t.    [Sax.  .firran,  nfrran,  to  impress  fear,  10 
tirrrify  ;  1).  vaaren,  to  put  in  fear,  to  disorder,  to  do- 


FATE,  FAR,  KAI,L,  WII/kT.  —  MRTE,  I'RBY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 
1A2 


FEA 

ranse  ;  L.  vcrror.  In  Sax.  niul  Dutch,  tlic  verb  coiii- 
cidi'S  in  eliMncnts  willi  fare,  to  RO  (ir  (lf|).iit,  and  tlie 
sense  seems  to  bo,  to  scare  or  drive  away.    Uu.  .Syr. 

•iiid  Ar.^^j  nafarn,  to  llcc  or  be  fearfni.  See  Class 
l!r,  -Ki, 

1  To  feel  a  painful  approlii^nslim  of  some  Imprnd- 
ins;  evil  j  to  lie  afraid  of;  to  consider  or  expect  with 
cnnitions  of  alarm  or  solicimde.  We  fear  tlio  a\>- 
proadi  of  an  enemy  or  of  a  storm  ;  wo  liavo  reason 
to  fear  the  puni.sliment  of  uur  sins. 

1  kM /ear  no  c»il,  fur  tliou  nrl  wUh  mo.  —  Pi.  ixiii. 

2.  To  reverence ;  to  have  a  reverential  awe ;  tu 
venerate. 

Ths  ilci,  null  live,  for  I  /ear  Goil.  —  Gpii.  xlil. 

3.  To  affright ;  to  terrify  ;  to  ilrivc  away  or  prevent 
apiiroach  bv  fear,  or  by  a  scarecrow. 

[This  seems  to  be  the  primary  meaning,  bnt  now 
obsolete.] 

\Vf  mn»l  not  mak<>  a  sc\n-crow  (if  the  law, 
SL'lting  it  U|i  to  /ear  llio  UnU  gf  pn-y.  Shak. 
PkAII,  v.  i.   To  be  in  apprehension  of  evil ;  to  be 

afriiitl ;  to  feel  anxiety  on  account  of  some  expected 

evil. 

Bill  I  /ear,  iMt  by  any  mrnni,  ni  t\\f  tcipiTnt  brgxiilol  Kvc 
tliniii^lt  tiu  iiulitiUy,  BO  ^nnr  iiiiiiils  uliould  bu  corrviptcil 
frtjin  llic  liinpliciiy  th.il  is  in  Clirul.  — 'i  Cor.  xi. 

f\ar  niit,  AliTiiu :  1  am  thy  aliicW  luul  tliy  CKCcfding  grvM 
rewimi.  —  ticn.  XT. 

FicAIl,  n.    [Sax. /i:ra,  ;r(/frn.] 

A  iiimpanion.  [JVut  in  u.ii:]  [Sec  PEr.n.l  Spni.irr. 
FRAK'KI),  PI).    .Apprehended  or  expected  with  painful 

soliritnde;  revereneetl. 
FeAII'FIJL,  a.    .Mfected  by  fe.ir ;  feolin?  pain  in  ex- 

pecttuiiiii   of  evil  ;  apprehensive  with  solicitude  j 

afrtiiil.    I  am  frurfut  of  the  consequences  of  rash 

conduct.  Hence, 

2.  Timid  ;  timorous  ;  wanting  courage. 

What  man  is  there  Ih.'it  ij  /ear/ut  and  faiut-hcartcd  t  —  Dent. 

XX. 

3.  Terrible;  impressing  fear ;  frightful;  dreadful. 

It  U  n  /ear/ul  tiling  to  foil  into  the  lu-uids  of  Uie  living  Uod.  — 
Hob.  X. 

4.  Awftil ;  to  be  reverenced. 

O  Lord,  who  ii  lille  thee,  glorious  in  holiness,  /ear/ul  in  pndses  ? 
—  Kx.  XT. 

Thai  thou  nidyest  fonr  this  glorious  and  /ear/ul  name,  jLhuvati, 
thy  Gotl.  —  Ueut.  xxviii. 

FEAR'FI;L-I.Y,  ot/u.   Timorously;  in  fear. 


In  such  a  nijhl 
Did  Thisle  /htr/ully  o'ertrip  the  de*-. 


StiOk. 


2.  Terribly  ;  dreadfully ;  in  a  manner  to  impress 
terror. 

There  U  n  clilT,  whose  h\g\i  and  bending  head 

iMokt  /ear/itlly  on  tlie  confnied  deep.  Shak. 

3.  In  a  manner  to  impress  admiration  and  aston- 
ishment. 

1  am  /ear/uU)f  and  irondeifiilly  made.  —  Ps.  cxxxix. 
FeAR'KJJL-NESS,  n.   Timorousness ;  timidity. 

2.  State  of  being  afraid  ;  awe ;  dread. 

A  Uiirl  \\\'mf^  that  makes  a  government  despised,  is  fear/ulnett 
of,  and  mcAn  compliances  Willi,  bold  popular  ollenders. 

Soulk. 

3.  Terror ;  alann  ;  apprehension  of  evil. 

Fear/ulnelt  liath  surprised  tlie  hypocrites.  —  Is.  xxxtit. 

FEAR'I-ESS,  o.    Free  from  fear ;  as,  fearless  of  death  ; 

fcarlrAt  of  consequences. 

3.  Bold  ;  courageous  ;  intrepid  ;  undaunted  ;  as,  a 

fearless  hero  ;  a  fearless  foe. 
FfeAll'LESS-LY,  ailr.    Wiihoiit  fear;  in  a  bold  or 

coHraieoiis  ni:>nner  ;  intrcpiilly.    Brave  men  frar- 

les.ily  expose  themselves  to  the  most  formidable 

dangers. 

Fi!.\R'L.ES.S-NESS,».  Freedom  from  fear ;  courage; 
boldness ;  intrepidity, 

Ue  gave  instances  of  un  invincible  courage  and  /tarleitnett  In 
daiij^r.  Ctaren/lon, 

FEAR'.NAUGIIT,  ffeer'nawt,)  n.  A  woolen  clolli  of 
great  tliickness  ;  tIreadnaiiElit. 

FEAS-I-BIL'I-TY,  H.  [See  Fkajible.]  The  quality 
of  being  capable  of  execution  ;  practicability.  Be- 
fore we  adopt  a  plan,  Icta  us  consiili  r  its  fr<L.ibilil)i. 

FeAS'I-BLE,  (feez'e-bl,)  a.  [Fr.  faUablr,  from  faire, 
to  make  ;  V-facere:  ll.fattihilr;  Sp./acfiAk] 

1.  That  may  be  done,  p*-rformed,  executed,  or  ef- 
fected ;  pranirablc.  We  s,iy  a  thing  is  feasible,  when 
it  can  be  etferted  by  human  means  or  agency.  A 
thing  may  be  possible,  but  not  feasible. 

2.  That  may  be  used  or  tilled,  as  land.  B.  Trumbull. 
FEAS  I  BLE,  II.    That  which  is  practicable  ;  that 

which  can  be  pcrftirmed  by  human  means. 
Fk AS'i  nLE-.NESS,  n.    Feasibility;  practicability. 
FEAS'I-BLY  adv.    Practicably.  [Bp.  Hall. 

FEAST,  It.    [l,.festum  ;  Ft.  f  tie;  Sp.  fiesta  ;  ll.  fesla  ; 

Ir./ea.vda;  D.fcest;  G./«(.] 

1.  A  sumptuous  rep.ist  or  entertainment,  of  which 

a  number  of  guests  partake ;  particularly,  a  rich  or 

splendid  public  entertainment. 

On  Pharaoh's  luthday,  ha  made  a  /aatt  lo  all  his  aerranCs.  — 

Gen.  xl. 


FEA 

2.  A  rich  or  delicious  repast  or  meal ;  something 
delicious  to  the  jialate. 

3.  A  ceremony  of  feasting  ;  joy  and  thanksgiving 
on  stated  days,  in  ccmineinoraiion  of  sonie  great 
event,  or  in  honor  of  some  distingiiisht;d  personage  ; 
an  anniversary,  periodical,  or  stated  celehratioii  of 
some  event ;  n  festival ;  as  on  occasion  of  the  games 
in  Greece,  and  the  fca.it  of  the  passovi  r,  the /cuat  tif 
Pentecost,  and  the  feast  of  tabernacles  among  the 
Jews. 

4.  Something  delicious  and  entertaining  to  the 
mind  or  smil ;  as,  the  dispensation  of  the  gospel  is 
called  a /«!.>(  offal  things.    I-:  xxv. 

5.  That  which  delights  and  entertains. 

He  that  is  of  a  merry  li'-arl  hath  a  continual  /east.  —  Prov.  xv. 

In  the  F.iifrlisk  Church,  feasts  are  immovable  or  mnra- 
ble  ;  immorahlr,  when  they  always  occur  on  the 
same  day  of  the  yeai-,  as  t-'hristin.ts  day,  &c. ;  and 
mncable,  whi  n  they  are  not  confined  to  the  same 
day  of  the  year,  us  Easter,  which  regulates  many 
others 

Fe.AST,  v.  i.  To  eat  sumptuously ;  to  dine  or  sup  on 
rich  provisitMis  ;  particularly  in  large  companies,  and 
on  public  festivals. 

And  his  sons  went  and/ea««'/  In  their  hoiis-'s.  — Job  1. 
2.  To  be  highly  gratified  or  delighted. 
FE.\ST,  1'.  (.    To  enterlain  witli  sumptuous  provis- 
ions ;  to  treat  at  the  table  magnificently  ;  as,  he  was 
feasted  by  tln^  king.  I/ayirard. 

2.  To  delight  ;  to  pamper;  to  gratify  luxuriously  ; 
a.s,  to  fra.H  the  soul. 

Whose  taste  or  smell  can  bless  die  feasted  sense.  Dry<hn. 

FEAST'ED,  pp.  ox  a.  Entertained  sumptuouslj' ;  dc- 
hghted. 

FliAST'ER,  n.    One  who  fares  deliciously.  Taylor. 

2.  One  who  entertains  magnificently.  Johnson. 
FEAST'l'JJL,  a.   Festive  ;  joyful ;  as,  a  fcastful  day 
or  friend.  MUlon. 
2.  Sumptuous  ;  luxurious ;  as,  fcastful  rites. 

Pope. 

FEAST'FtJL-LY,  mlv.    Festively  ;  luxuriously. 
FliAST'ING,  ppr.    Eating  luxuriously  ;  luring  sump- 

2.  Delighting  ;  gratifying.  [tuously. 

3.  Entertaining  with  a  sumptuous  table. 
FEAST'ING,  II.    The  act  of  eating  luxuriously;  an 

entertainment. 

FeAST'-IIITE,  n.  Custom  observed  in  entertain- 
ments. Philips. 

FEAT,  n.  [Fr.  fait ;  It.  fallo ;  L.  factum,  from  facio,  to 
perform.] 

1.  An  act ,  a  deed  ;  an  exploit;  as,  a  bold  feat ;  a 
noble  feat ;  feats  of  prowess. 

2.  In  a  subordinate  sense,  any  extraordinary  act  of 
strength,  skill,  or  cunning  ;  as,  /tats  of  horseman- 
ship, or  of  dexterity  ;  a  trick. 

FeAT,  a.    Ready  ;  skillful ;  ingenious. 

Never  master  had  a  page  —  so /eoL    [06».l  Shak. 

FEAT,  c.  (.   To  form  ;  to  fashion.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
FeAT'E-OUS,  o.    Neat;  dextrous. 
F£AT'E-OUS-LY,  at/o.   Neatly  ;  dcxtrously.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

FE.ATU'ER,  (feth'er,)  n.  [Snx.fell,er;G.feder;  D. 
veder;  Dan.  Jia^ ;  Sw.  Jteder ;  allied  probably  to 
TTTCoov,  and  ircriiX'ii',  from  rcTa(>f,  to  open  or  ex- 
pand. Fether,  according  to  the  etymology,  would 
be  the  better  spelling.] 

1.  A  plume ;  a  general  name  of  the  covering  of 
birds.  The  smaller  feathers  are  iiseil  for  the  filling 
of  bells  ;  the  larger  ones,  called  quills,  are  used  for 
ornaments  of  the  head,  for  writing  pens,  &c.  The 
feather  consists  of  a  shaft  or  stem,  corneous,  round, 
strong,  and  hollow  at  the  lower  part,  ami  at  the 
upper  part  filled  with  pith.  On  each  side  of  the 
shaft  are  the  vanes,  broad  on  one  side,  and  nar- 
row on  the  other,  consisting  of  thin  lamina;.  The 
feathers  which  cover  the  body  arc  called  the  plumairc  ; 
the  featJiers  of  the  wings  are  ad.ipted  to  flight. 

2.  Kind ;  nature ;  species ;  from  the  proverbial 
phra.sc,  "  Birds  of  a  feather,"  that  is,  of  the  same 
species.  [UnasuaU] 

I  am  not  of  that /ealher  lo  shake  off 

My  irieiid,  when  he  most  nueiU  me.  Shak. 

3.  An  ornament ;  nn  empty  title. 

4.  On  a  horse,  a  sort  of  natural  frizzling  of  the 
hair,  which,  in  some  places,  rises  above  the  lying 
hair,  and  there  makes  a  figure  resembling  the  tip  of 
an  ear  of  wheat.  far.  Did. 

.1  feather  in  the  cap.  Is  an  honor,  or  mark  of  dis- 
tinc^on. 

7 o  be  in  AiVA  feather;  to  apiKar  in  high  spirits  and 
health,  like  birils  when  their  plumage  is  full,  after 
molting. 

To  shorn  Uie  white  featXer  ;  to  give  indications  of 
cowardice  ;  a  phrase  borrowed  from  the  cockpit, 
where  a  white  feather  in  the  tail  of  a  cock  is  con- 
sidered a  token  that  he  is  not  of  the  true  game- 
breed.  Orose. 
FEATII'ER,  r.  f.  To  dress  in  feathers;  to  fit  with 
feathers,  or  to  cover  with  feathers. 

2.  f ij'Mra/icc/y,  to  cover  with  foliage  in  a  feathery 
manner.  Sir  If.  ScotL 


FEB 

3.  To  tread,  aa  a  cock.  Dryden. 

4.  To  enrich  ;  to  adorn  ;  lo  exalt. 

The  king  cared  not  to  plumo  his  nobility  and  people,  to  /eaitier 
hiiiiBi-'ll.  Ilacon. 

To  feather  one's  nest;  to  collect  wealth,  particularly 
from  emoluniriits  derived  from  agencies  lor  otlii  rs  ; 
a  proverb  taken  from  birds  which  collect  feathers  for 
their  nests. 

FEATIl'Ell-BED,  n.  A  beil  filled  w  ith  fi  alhers  ;  a 
Hoa  beil. 

FEATII'Ell-BOARD-ING,  n.  A  covering  of  boards 
in  u  liirli  the  edge  of  one  board  overlaim  aiiollier, 
like  Ihe  f(;alhers  of  a  bird.  Loudon. 

FEATU'ER-DRIV-ER,  n.  One  who  beats  and  other- 
wise prepares  feathers  to  make  them  light  or  loose. 

FE ATH'EK  a;!),  (feth'erd,)  pp.  Covered  with  feath- 
ers ;  enriched. 

2.  a.  Clothed  or  covered  with  leathers.  A  fowl 
or  bird  is  a  feathered  animal. 

Rise  from  the  ground  like  /eathereil  .Mercury.  Shak. 

3.  Fitted  or  furnished  with  feathers ;  as,  a  feath- 
ered arrow. 

4.  Smoothed,  like  down  or  fe.ithers.  Scott. 
!j.  Covered  with  tilings  grrwing  from  the  sub- 
stance ;  as,  land  feathered  with  tribes.  Coic. 

FE.ATH'ER-EDGE,  ii.    An  edge  like  a  feather. 

A  board  that  has  one  edge  tliiiincr  tlian  Uic  oUier,  is  c--ill<-d  /ealli. 
er-edge  slulf.  Moi'jn. 

FEATU'ER-EDC  /CD,  a.  Having  one  edge  thinner 
than  the  other.  Owill. 

FEA  FII'ER-KEW,  n.    A  rorriiptitm  of  Fever  few. 

FEATH'ER-GRXSS,  n.  A  species  of  grass,  distin- 
guished by  its  feathered  beard.  Loudon. 

FEATU'EU-ING,  ppr.    Covering  with  feathers. 

FEATH'EU-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  feathers  ;  un- 
lle.lgitl.  //»Kir7. 

FE.VfU'ER-LY,  a.  Resembling  feathers.  [JVot  u.ied.] 

Brown, 

FEATII'ER-SELL'ER,  n.  One  who  sells  feathers 
for  beds. 

FEATH'ER-Y,  (feth'er-e,)  a.     Clothed  or  covered 

with  feathers.  Milton. 
2.  Having  the  appearance  of  feathers ;  [leruiining 

to  or  resembling  feathers.  ^ 
Fii.\T'LY,  ado.    [from  feat.]    Neatly  ;  iSxtronsly  ; 

adroitly.    [Little  used.]  Shak.  Jh-ijden. 

FicAT'NESS,  n.    [from/f«f.]    Dexterity  ^  adroitness ; 

skillfulness.    [Little  used.] 
FEAT'miE,  71.    [Norm,  failure;  \..factura,a  making, 

from  facio,  to  make  ;  It. /u«uru.] 

1.  The  make,  form,  or  cast  of  any  part  of  the  face  ; 
any  single  lineament.  We  speak  of  large  features 
or  small /radircs'.  We  see  a  resemblance  in  t\\t:  feat- 
ures of  a  parent  and  of  a  child. 

2.  The  make  or  ca-st  of  the  face. 

Report  the  /eature  of  Octavia,  her  years.  Shak. 

3.  The  fashion  ;  the  make  ;  the  whole  turn  or  cast 
of  the  body. 

4.  The  make  or  form  of  any  part  of  the  surface  of 
a  thing,  as  of  a  country  or  landscape. 

5.  Lineament;  outline;  prominent  parts;  as,  the 
frnturejs  of  a  treaty. 

Fe.\T'UR-AT),  a.    Having  features  or  good  features  ; 

resemblinz  in  features.  Sliak. 
Fe.\T'|tkE-LESS,  a.    Having  no  distinct  features. 
FE.\ZE,  r.  t.    To  untwist  the  end  of  a  rope. 
FkAZ'£I),  (feezd,)  pp.    Untwisted  [.^insitorth. 
Fl-.AZ'L\G,  ppr.  Untwisting. 
FE-BRIC'll-LA,  n.    [L.]    A  slight  fever. 
FE-BKie'Ii-LOSE,  a.    AlTectcd  w  ith  slight  fever. 
FE-l!Rie-U-LOS'I-TY,  n.  Feverishness. 
FEB'RI-Fa-CIENT,  (-fa-shent,)  a.  [L./tAm,  a  fever, 

and  facia,  to  make.] 

Causing  fever.  Beddoes. 
FEB'RI-FA-ClENT,  tu    That  which  produces  fever. 

Beddoes. 

FE-BRIF'IC,  a.  [L..febris,  fever,  ani  facio,  to  make.] 
Producing  fever;  feverish. 

FEB-RI-FO'GAL,  a.  flnfra.]  Having  the  quality  of 
mitigating  or  curing  fever.  [Not  in  use  among  phy- 
sicians, but  only  among  uninedic.il  men.]  LindJeij. 

FEB'Ul-FUOE,  11.  [L.fcbris,  fever,  and  fugo,  to  drive 
away.] 

Any  medicine  that  mitigates  or  removes  fever. 

Kncyc. 

FEB'RI-FL'GE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  mitigating 
or  sulMliiiiig  fever  ;  antifi  brile.  ..^rbuthnot. 

Fk'BRILE  or  FEB'RILE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  febrUis, 
from  fthris,  fever.] 

Pertaining  to  fever;  indicating  fever,  or  derived 
from  it ;  a^,  febrile  symptoms  ;  fibrile  action. 

FEI!'RU-A-RY,  n.  [L.  Frhruariiu ;  Fr.  Ferrier;  It. 
Febhraio  ;  Sp.  Febrero  :  Arm.  Ferrer  ;  Port.  Frvereiro ; 
Ir.  Feabhra  ;  Russ.  Phebral.  The  Latin  word  is  said 
to  be  named  from  frbruo,  to  purify  by  sacrifice,  and 
thus  to  signify  the  month  of  purification,  as  the  peo- 
ple were,  in  this  month,  purified  by  sacrifices  and 
oblations.  The  word  frbruo  is  said  to  be  a  .Sabine 
word,  connected  with  fero(o,ferbco,  to  boil,  as  boiling 
w.as  used  in  purifications.  Farm.  Orid. 

This  practice  bears  a  rtjsomblance  to  that  of  mak- 
ing atonement  among  the  Jews  ;  but  the  connection 


TONE,  B5JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FED 


FEE 


FEE 


1 


between  ffrveo  nnd  February  is  doubtful.  The  W. 
(wi^rat,  Febriiarj',  Arm.  htuvrcr,  Corn,  hcuvral,  is 
from  \V.  fwevijr,  violence  ;  tlie  severe  month.] 

The  name  of  the  second  month  in  the  year,  intro- 
duced into  the  Roman  calendar  by  Numal    In  com- 
mon years,  this  month  contains  23  days  ;  in  the  bis- 
sextile or  leap  vear,  129  d.ivs. 
FEB-RU-A'TION,  n.    Purification.    [See  February.] 

Spenser, 

Fk'G.^L,  a,    [See  F.i:ce3.]    Containing  or  consisting 

of  dregs,  lees,  sediment,  or  excrement. 
FE'Ce?,  ji.  pi.  [L./frf,--.] 

1.  Dregs ;  lees  ;  sediment ;  the  matter  which  sub- 
sides in  casks  of  liquor. 

9.  Excrement.  A-buthnot. 
FE'CIAL,  (ie'shal,)  a.    {L.  fedaUs.] 

Pertaining  to  heralds  and  the  denunciation  of  war 

to  an  enemy  ;  as,  fecial  law.  Kent. 
FE'CIT,  71.    [L.,  he  made.]    A  word  inscribed  by 

artists  after  their  names  on  a  work,  to  denote  the 

designer ;  as,  Guido  fecit. 
FECK'LESS,  a.    Spiritless ;  feeble  ;  weak ;  perhaps  a 

corruption  of  Effectless.  [Scottish.'] 
FECIJ-LA,  71.    The  green  matter  of  plants;  chloro- 

phyl.  Ure. 

2.  Starch  or  farina  ;  called,  also,  amylaceous  fecula. 

This  term  is  applied  to  any  pulverulent  matter  ob- 
tained from  plants  by  simply  breaking  down  the  tex- 
ture, w.ashing  with  water,  and  subsidence.  Hence 
its  application  to  starch  and  the  green  fecula,  though 
entirely  different  in  chemical  properties.  Cyc. 

FEC'U-LENCE,  )  n.  [L.  ficcitlrntia,  from  fj-cala, 
FEe'U'-LEN-CY,  \    ftrca,  fcez,  dregs.] 

1.  Muddiness  ;  foulness;  the  quality  of  being  foul 
with  extraneous  matter  or  lees. 

2.  Lees ;  sediment  ;  dregs  ;  or  rather  the  sub- 
stances mixed  with  liquor,  or  floating  in  it,  which, 
when  separated  and  lying  at  the  bottom,  are  called 
lees^  dre^s,  or  sediment.  The  refining  or  fining  of 
liquor  is  the  separation  of  it  from  its  feculencies. 

FEC'CJ-LENT,  a.  Foul  with  extraneous  or  impure 
substances  ;  muddy  ;  thick  ;  turbid  ;  abounding  with 
sediment  or  excrementitious  matter. 

Fe'CUXD,  a.    [L.  fa?cundus,  from  the  root  of  fa-tus  ] 
Fruitful  in  children  ;  i)roIific.  Or,-iunt. 

Fe'CUX-D.^TE,  I-.  (.    To  make  fruitful  or  prolific. 
2.  To  impregnate  ;  as,  the  pollen  of  llowers  fe- 
cundates the  stigma.  ..^nacliarsis,  Trans. 

FE'eU.V-DA-TEb,  pp.  Rendered  prolific  or  fruitful ; 
impregnated. 

FE'e[J.\-D.\-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Rendering  fruitful ; 
impregnating. 

Fe-CU.VDA'TION',  71.   The  act  of  making  fniitful  or 

prolific  ;  impregnation. 
FE-€UND'I-FS',  v.  L  To  make  fruitful ;  to  fecundate. 

[Little  iLsed.] 
FE-€UND'I-TY,  71.    [L.  faicunditas.] 

1.  Fniitfuhiess  ;  the  quality  of  producing  fniit ; 
particularly  the  quality  in  female  aniuials  of  produc- 
ing young  in  great  numbers. 

2.  The  power  of  producing  or  bringing  forth.  It 
is  said  that  the  seeds  of  some  plants  retain  their 
fecundity  forty  years.  Raij. 

3.  Fertility  ;  the  power  of  bringing  forth  in  abun- 
dance ;  richness  of  invention. 

FED,  pret.  and  /);;.  of  Feed,  which  see. 

FED'ER-AL,  a.  [from  L.  fwdiui,  a  league,  allied,  per- 
haps, to  Eng.  wedj  Sax.  weddian^  L.  vas^  vadis,  vador, 
vailimonium.  See  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  82J;,  to  pledge.  Class 
Bd,  No.  25.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  league  or  contract ;  derived  from 
an  agreement  or  covenant  between  parties,  particu- 
larly between  nations. 

The  Romans,  contrary  to  federal  right,  compelleii  them  to  part 
with  SAnlinia.  Grew. 

2.  Consisting  in  a  compact  between  parties,  partic- 
ularly and  chietly  between  states  or  nations  ;  fountl- 
ed  on  alliance  by  contract  or  mutual  agreement ;  as, 
a  federal  government,  such  as  that  of  the  United 
States. 

3.  Friendly  to  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.    [Sec  the  noun.] 

FEIJ'ER-.\[,,        )  71.    An  appellation  in  America, 
FED'ER-AL-IST,  (     given  to  the  friends  of  the  con- 
stitution of  the  Uniteil  Stales  at  its  formation  and 
•adoption,  and  to  the  political  party  which  favored 
the  administration  of  President  Washington. 
FEI)  ER-AE-IS.\I,  n.  The  principles  of  the  Federalists. 

Morris. 

FED'ER-AE-IZE,  c.  f.  ori.  To  unite  in  compact,  as 
diflerent  states  ;  to  confederate  for  political  purposes. 

Barlow. 

FED'F.ll-AI,  TZ-KI),  pp.    United  in  compact. 
Fi:i)'KR-AI,  I7,-!.\(;,/,pr.  Confederating. 
FEI)'ER-.\.RY, )  71.    A  partner;  a  confederate;  an 
FED'A-RY,       (     accomplice.    [JVut  iijci/.l  Shall. 
FED'EK  A  i'E,  o.    {I.,  fr^eralus.] 

Leagued  ;  united  by  compart,  ns  sovereignties, 

■tales,  or  nations  ;  Joined  in  confederacy  ;  w,  federate 

nations  or  |Kjwers, 
FEU-ER-A'TION,  n.    The  net  of  uniting  in  n  league. 

9.  A  league  ;  a  confederacy.  Ilurke 
FED'ER-A-TIVE  a.    Uniting ;  Joining  in  a  league  ; 

fonning  a  confeacracy. 


FED'I-TY,  71.  [Ufceditas.] 

Turpitude ;  vileness.    [J^ot  in  use.']  Hall. 

FEE,  71.  [Sax.  feo,  fcoh  ;  D.  vee  ;  G.  rich  ;  Sw.  fa  ; 
Dan./cre  ,•  Scot,  fee,  fey.  or  fte,  cattle  ;  L.  pecuj  pecus. 
From  the  use  of  cattle  in  transferring  property,  or 
from  barter  and  payments  in  cattle,  the  word  came 
to  signify  money;  it  signified,  also,  goods,  substance 
in  general.  The  word  belongs  to  Class  Bg,  but  the 
primary  sense  is  not  obvious.] 

A  reward  or  compensation  for  services  ;  recom- 
pense, either  gratuitous,  or  established  by  law,  and 
claimed  of  right.  It  is  applied  particularly  to  the 
reward  of  professional  services  ;  as,  the  fees  of  law- 
yers and  physicians ;  the  fees  of  otSce ;  clerk's  fees ; 
sheriff 's /ces ;  marriage /ce5,  &c.  INIany  of  these  are 
fixed  by  law  ;  but  gratuities  to  professional  men  are 
also  called /fcs. 

FEE,  71.  [Tills  word  is  usually  deduced  from  Sax. 
feohj  cattle,  property,  and  /ec,  a  reward.  This  is  a 
mistake.  Fee,  in  land,  is  a  contraction  of  feud  or 
Jief,  or  from  the  same  source  ;  It.  fede,  Sp.  fe,  faith, 
trust.  Fee,  a  reward,  from  fcoh,  is  a  Teutonic  word  ; 
but  fee,  feud,  fief,  are  words  wholly  unknown  to  the 
Teutonic  nations,  who  use,  as  synonymous  with 
them,  the  word  which  in  English  is  loan.  This 
word  fee,  in  land  or  an  estate  in  trust,  was  first  used 
among  the  descendants  of  the  northern  conquerors 
of  Italy,  but  it  originated  in  the  south  of  Europe. 
See  Feud.] 

Primarily,  a  loan  of  land,  an  estate  in  trust,  granted 
by  a  prince  cr  lord,  to  be  lield  by  the  grantee  on  con- 
dition of  personal  service,  or  other  condition  ;  and, 
if  the  grantee  or  tenant  frilled  to  perform  the  condi- 
tions, the  land  reverted  to  the  lord  or  donor,  called 
the  landlord,  or  lend  lord,  the  lord  of  the  loan.  A  fee, 
then.  Is  any  land  or  tenement  held  of  a  superior  on 
certain  conditions.  It  ia  siynonymous  with  fief  and 
feurL  All  the  \Kr.-±  in  England,  except  the  crown 
land,  is  of  this  kind.  Fees  are  absolute  or  limited. 
An  alsolute  fie,  or  fee-simile,  is  land  which  a  man 
iiolds  to  hirasslf  and  his  heirs  forever,  who  are  called 
Imants  in  fee-simple.  Hence,  in  modern  times,  the 
Izemfee  or  fee-simple  denotes  an  estate  of  inheritance  ; 
and,  in  America,  where  lands  are  not  generally  held 
of  a  superior,  a  fee,  or  fee-simple,  is  an  estate  in  which 
the  owner  has  tiie  whole  property,  without  any  con- 
dition annexed  to  the  tenure.  A  limited  fee,  is  an 
estate  limited  or  clogged  with  certain  conditions  ;  as, 
a  qualified  or  base  fee,  which  ceases  with  the  exist- 
ence of  certain  conditions;  and  a  condilional  fee, 
which  is  limited  to  particular  heirs. 

Blackstor-e*  Encyc. 
In  tlie  United  States,  an  estate  in  fee,  or  fee-simple, 
is  what  is  called  in  English  law  an  allodial  estate,  an 
estate  held  by  a  person  in  his  own  right,  and  de- 
scendible to  the  heirs  in  general. 

FEE'-FARM,  71.  [fee  and  fartn.]  A  kind  of  tenure 
of  estates  without  homage,  fealty,  or  other  service, 
except  that  mentioned  in  the  feoffment,  which  is 
usually  the  full  rent.  The  nature  of  this  tenure  is, 
that  if  the  rent  is  in  arrear  or  unpaid  for  two  years, 
the  feoffor  and  his  heirs  may  have  an  action  for  the 
recovery  of  the  lands.  Encyc. 

FEE'-SIM'PLE.    See  Fee. 

FEE'-TaIL,  71.  An  estate  entailed  ;  a  conditional  fee. 
FEE,  r.  t.    To  pay  a  fee  to ;  to  reward.  Hence, 

2.  To  engage  in  one's  service  by  advancing  a  fee 
or  sum  of  money  to  ;  as,  to  fee  a  lawyer. 

3.  To  hire  ;  to  bribe.  Shak. 

4.  To  keep  in  hire.  Shale. 
FEE'BLE,  a.     [Fx.  foible:  Pp.  feble  ;  Norm,  id.;  It. 

ftevole.    I  know  not  the  origin  of  the  first  syllable.] 

1.  Weak  ;  destitute  of  much  physical  strength;  as, 
infants  are  feeble  at  their  birth. 

2.  Infirm  ;  sickly  ;  debilitated  by  disease. 

3.  Debilitated  by  age  or  decline  of  life. 

4.  Not  full  or  loud  ;  as,  a  feeble  voice  or  sound. 

5.  Wanting  force  or  vigor ;  as,  feeble  efforts. 

C.  Not  bright  or  strong  ;  faint ;  imperfect ;  as,  fee- 
ble light ;  feeble  colors. 

7.  Not  strong  or  vigorous ;  as,  feeble  powers  of 
mind. 

8.  Not  vehement  or  rapid  ;  slow  ;  an,  feeble  motion. 
FEE'BLE,  V.  L    To  weaken.    [JVot  used.]    [See  E.-<- 

FKEItLF..] 

FEE'BLE-.MIND'ED,  a.  Weak  in  mind  ;  wanting 
firmness  or  constancy  ;  irresolute. 

Comfort  the  /eeble-minds'I.  —  1  Tlica.  t. 

FEE'nLE-]\II\D'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  having  a 
fiM  bl(>  mind. 

FEE'BLE-.NESS,  71.  Weakness  of  body  or  mind,  from 
any  cause  ;  imbecility  ;  infirmity  ;  want  of  strength, 
physical  or  intellectual  ;  as,  feebleness  of  the  body  or 
limbs  ;  feebleness  of  the  mind  or  understanding. 

2.  \Vant  of  fullness  or  loudness  ;  as,  feebleness  of 
voice. 

3.  Want  of  vigor  or  force  ;  as,  feebleness  of  exer- 
tion or  of  opcraticwi. 

4.  Defect  of  brightness  ;  as,  fcebleneat  of  light  or 
color. 

FEE'BLY,  ada.  Weakly  ;  without  strength  ;  as,  to 
move  feebly. 

Thy  grntlr  wmhrn  fetKy  crwp.  Drj/ikn. 


FEED,  II.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Fed.  [Sax./crfaii ;  Dan.fi}- 
der,S\v.f(ida,  to  feed  and  to  beget;  Goth,  fodyan  ;  I). 
roeden,  to  feed  ;  G.  fuller,  fodder  ;  /"((cm,  to  feed  ; 
Norm./oi/er,  to  feed  and  to  dig,  uniting  with  feed  the 

L.  fodio  ;  Ar.  fata,  to  feed,  and  congressus  fuit 
cum  focmina,  so^pius  concubuit.  Class  Bd,  No.  14. 
(See  Father.)  In  Russ.  petayu  is  to  nourish  ;  and  in 
\V.  buyd  is  food,  and  bicyta  to  eat;  Arm.  boeta;  Ir. 
fiadh,  food  ;  G.  weid,  pasture.] 

1.  To  give  food  to;  as,  to  feed  an  infant ;  to  feed 
horses  and  oxen. 

2.  To  supply  with  provisions.  We  have  flour  and 
meat  enough  to  feed  the  army  a  month. 

3.  To  supply  ;  to  furnish  with  any  thing  of  which 
there  is  constant  consumption,  waste,  or  use.  Springs 
feed  ponds,  lakes,  and  rivers  ;  jionds  and  streams /ced 
canals.    Slills  are  fed  from  hoppers. 

4.  To  graze  ;  to  cause  to  be  cropped  by  feeding,  as 
herbage  by  cattle.  If  grain  is  too  forwiu'd  in  autumn, 
feed  it  with  sheep. 

Once  in  three  years  feed  yonr  mow-in^  lands.  Mortimer. 

5.  To  nourish  ;  to  cherish  ;  to  supply  with  nutri- 
ment;  as,  to /cerf  hope  or  expectation  ;  to /ecrf  vanity. 

6.  To  keep  m  hope  or  expectation ;  as,  to  feed  one 
with  hope. 

7.  To  supply  fuel ;  as,  to  feed  a  fire. 

8.  To  delight ;  to  supply  with  sometliing  desirable ; 
to  entertain  ;  as,  to  feed  the  eye  with  the  beauties  of 
a  landscape. 

9.  To  give  food  or  fodder  for  fattening  ;  to  fatten. 
The  old  cotinty  of  Hampshire,  in  Massachusetts, 
feeds  a  great  number  of  cattle  for  slaughter. 

10.  To  supply  with  food,  and  to  lead,  guard,  and 
protect ;  a  scriptural  setisc. 

Ho  sliall  feed  his  flock  like  a  shepherd.  —  Isa.  x\. 
FEED,  V.  i.    To  take  food  ;  to  eat.  Shak. 

2.  To  subsist  by  eating  ;  to  prey.  Some  birds  feed 
on  seeds  and  berries,  others  on  flesh. 

3.  To  pasture ;  to  graze ;  to  place  cattle  to  feed. 
Ex.  xxii. 

4.  To  grow  fat.  Johnson. 
FEED,  71.    That  which  is  eaten;  provender;  fodder; 

pasture  ;  applied  to  that  ichich  is  eaten  by  beasts,  not  to 
the  food  of  men.  The  hills  of  our  •uunlry  furnish  the 
best  feed  for  sheep. 

2.  A  certain  portion  or  oUowance  of  provender 
given  to  a  horse,  cow,  &c. ;  as,  a  feed  of  corn  or 

3.  Meal,  or  act  of  eating.  [oats 

For  sucli  pleasure  till  that  hour 
At  feed  or  lounlain  never  had  i  foand.  Milton. 

FEED,  pp.  or  a.    Retained  by  a  fee. 

FEED'-PIPE,  71.  A  pipe  which  feeds  or  supplies  the 
boiler  of  a  steam-engine,  &c.,  with  water.  Ilebert. 

FEED'ER,  71.  One  that  gives  food  or  supplies  nourish- 
ment. 

2.  One  who  furnishes  incentives  ;  an  encourager. 

The  feeder  of  my  riots.  SltaJ:. 

3.  One  that  eats  or  subsists ;  as,  small  birds  are 
feeders  on  grain  or  seeds. 

4.  One  that  fattens  cattle  for  slaughter.  [United 
States.] 

5.  A  fountain,  stream,  or  channel  that  supplies  a 
main  canal  \v\lh  water. 

Feeder  of  a  vein  ;  in  mining,  a  short  cross  vein. 

Cye. 

FEED'ING,  ppr.  Giving  food  or  nutriment ;  furnish- 
ing provisions  ;  eating  ;  taking  food  or  nourishment ; 
grazing  ;  supplying  water  or  that  which  is  constantly 
consumed  ;  nourishing ;  supplying  fuel  or  incentives. 

FEED'ING,  71.    The  act  of  eating. 

2.  That  which  is  eaten  ;  pasture.  Drayton. 

FEE'ING,  ppr.    Retaining  by  a  fee. 

FEEL,  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  Felt.  [Sax.  felan,  firlan, 
gefclan;  G.  frihlen  ;  D.  voelen  ;  allied  probably  to  L. 
palpo.  Qu.  W.  pwyf(ai/),  to  impel.  The  primary  sense 
is,  to  touch,  to  pat,  to  strike  gently,  or  to  press,  as  is 
evident  from  the  L.  palpito,  and  otiier  derivatives  of 
palpo.  If  so,  the  word  seems  to  bo  allied  to  L.  pclla. 
See  Class  Bl,  No.  8.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  touch  :  to  have  sensation  ex- 
'cited  by  contact  of  a  thing  with  the  body  or  limbs. 

SnITerme  tliat  1  maj/rcl  the  pillars.  —  Jinlf.'S  xvi. 
Come  near,  1  pray  Uiee,  tlial  1  may  /fe(  thee,  iiiy  aon.  — Gm. 
xxvii. 

2.  To  have  the  sense  of;  to  suffer  or  enjoy  ;  as,  to 
feel  pain  ;  to  feel  pleasure.  ' 

3.  To  experience  ;  to  suffer. 

Whoso  keepelh  the  tomniamhnenu  iliall /ee/ no  cril  thing. — 
Jkclei.  viii. 

4.  To  be  affected  by  ;  to  perceive  mentally  ;  «s,  to 
feel  grief  or  woe. 

Wonhl  I  had  never  trod  lliis  English  earth, 
Or  Jelt  llie  flaiu-iiii  lhat  grow  ujion  it.  ShaJc. 
.').  To  know  ;  to  be  acquainted  with ;  to  have  a  real 
and  just  view  of. 

Kor  th''n,  ind  not  till  then,  lie/tU  liimiK-lf.  Shale. 
f).  To  touch  ;  to  handle  ;  with  or  without  of.  Feel 
this  piece  of  silk,  or  feel  of  it. 

To  feel,  or  to  feel  out,  is  to  try  ;  to  sound  ;  to  search 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WH/IT  METE,  PKBY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


444 


FEl 

for ;  to  explore  ;  as,  to  pd  or  fed  out  one's  opinions 
or  designs. 

Tu  frd  iiflcr !  to  search  for ;  to  seek  to  find  ;  to  seek 
as  a  person  groping  in  tlie  d:irk. 

If  luiplj  Uifj  nii^jtit  /eel  a/ler  liiiii,  ami  fmj  him.  —  Acls  xvii. 

FKKL,  0.  i.   To  liavc  perception  by  tlie  toiicli,  or  by 
tlie  contact  of  any  substance  with  the  body. 

2.  To  have  the  sensibility  or  the  passions  moved  or 
excited.   Tlie  (jood  man  feds  for  the  woes  of  others. 

Maii  who  fHla  for  all  maiikiiul.  Pope. 

3.  To  give  perception  ;  to  excite;  sensation. 

Blind  men  tmy  bltidl/ec/*  luilgli,  ftiKl  while  /eeU  *in(i<>th. 

JJryden. 

So  we  say,  a  thing  feds  soft  or  hard,  or  \lfcds  hot 
or  cold. 

4.  To  have  perception  menially  ;  as,  to  fed  hurt ; 
to  fed  grieved  ;  to  fed  unwilling. 

FEKL,  >i.   The  sense  of  feelini;. 

2.  The  perception  caused  by  the  touch.  The  dif- 
ference of  tumors  may  be  ascertained  by  the  feci. 
Argillaceous  stones  may  sometimes  he  known  by  the 
feel.    Mineralogists  speak  of  a  greasy /ff/. 

[  This  word  is  chiejlij  used  by  men  of  science  in  dc- 
scribinj;  material  obje-ctsA 
FEEL'ER,  n.    One  who  feels. 

2.  One  of  the  palpi  of  insects.  The  feelers  of  in- 
sects are  usually  four  or  six,  and  situated  near  the 
mouth.  They  are  filiform,  and  resemble  articulated, 
movable  antennx.  Tbev  .ire  distinguished  front  an- 
tennie,  or  horns,  by  uemg  short,  naked,  and  placed 
near  the  uioutli.  They  are  used  in  searching  for 
fo<Hl.  Kncyc. 

TiM  term  is  also  applied  to  the  antenna!  of  insects 
and  mollusks.  Paley. 

3.  Figaralirelii,  an  observation,  remark,  &c.,  put 
forth  or  thrown  out,  as  if  casually,  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain the  views  of  others. 

FEEIj'ING,  ppr.    I'ercciviAg  by  the  touch;  having 
perception. 

2.  o.  Expressive  of  gre.it  sensibility;  artecting; 
tending  to  excite  the  passions.  He  made  a  feelinsr 
representation  of  his  wrongs.  lie  spoke  w  ilUfeding 
eloquence. 

3.  Possessing  great  sensibility  ;  easily  affected  or 
moved  ;  as,  a  feeling  man  ;  a  feeling  heart. 

4.  Sensibly  or  deeply  affected  ;  as,  I  had  a  feeling 
sense  of  his  favors.  [This  use  is  not  analogical^  but 
common,] 

FEELi'ING,  n.  The  sense  of  touch  ;  the  sense  by 
which  we  perceive  external  objects  which  come  in 
contact  with  the  body,  and  obtain  ideas  of  their  tan- 
gible qualities  ;  one  of  the  five  senses.  It  is  by  feel- 
ing we  know  that  a  body  is  hard  or  soft,  hot  or  cold, 
wet  or  dry,  rough  or  smooth. 
3.  Sensation  ;  the  etfecl  of  pcrcpiAion. 

Th«  rtpprthpnsion  of  Ihe  gtjod 
Girn  but  the  gKAlcr  feeling  to  the  worse  Shak. 

3.  Faculty  or  power  of  perception  ;  sensibility, 
'fheir  kinf ,  out  of  a  princely  feeling,  wu  sparing  and  coiTip«- 

lioniite  towanl  hu  BuUjecu.  ijocon. 

4.  Nice  sensibility;  as,  a  man  of  feeling. 
.'>.  Excitement;  emotion. 

FEEL'ING-LY,  adv.    With  expression  of  great  sensi- 
bility ;  tenderly  ;  as,  to  speak  feelingly. 
2.  So  as  to  be  sensibly  felL 


ThPse  app  couns^lora, 
TbRt  feelingly  penuode  me  what  1  am. 


Shall. 
Barret. 


FEESE,  n.    A  race.    [Kot  in  use.] 
FEET,  n.fjL  of  Foot.    [See  Foot.] 
FEET'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  feet ;  as,  feellrss  birds. 

Camden. 

FEIGN,  (Hine,)  p.  t.  [Ft.  feindre;  Sp.  fingir;  It.  fin- 
gere,  or  fignerr  i  L.  Jingo  ;  D.  veinzen  ;  Arm.  feinta^ 
fincha.  The  Uitin  forms  fctum,  fetus,  whence  fi- 
guTa,figurc.  Hence  it  agrees  with  W.fagiatc,  to  feign 
or  dissemble  ;  fug,  feint,  disguise  ;  also,  L. /ucits.] 

1.  To  invent  or  imagine;  to  form  an  idea  or  con- 
ception of  something  not  real. 

There  are  no  nich  things  done  u  Ihon  KLjnt,  but  thou  fcigntit 
them  out  of  thj  own  heart.  —  Nrh.  ti. 

S.  To  make  a  show  of ;  In  pretend ;  to  assume  a 
false  appearance  ;  to  counterfeit. 

I  pny  thee,  feign  thvielf  to  bo  a  moumef .  — 2  Sam.  xir. 
Slie/eifiM  Uugh.  Pope. 

3.  To  represent  falsely ;  to  pretend ;  to  form  and 
relate  a  fictitious  tale. 

The  poet 

feign  thai  Orpheus  iliew  Irrei,  stones,  anil  fltKxls.  S}ta\. 

4.  To  dissemble  ;  to  conceal.    [06s.]  Spmser. 
FBIGN'KD,  (find,)  pp.  or  a.    Invented;  devised; 

iniaaim  d  ;  xssumed. 

FBIGX'ED-LY, odr.   In  fiction;  in  pretense  ;  not  re- 
!»"}■•  Bacon. 

FBIGX'ED-NESS,  n.   Fiction  ;  pretense  ;  deceit, 
,  T  Ilarmar. 

I  t.IGN"ER,  (fan'cr.)  n.     One  who  feigns ;  an  in- 

.  ■ "•"■V"'*"  "f  fiction.  B.  Jonsnn. 

I  B'G.N'I.N'G,  ppr.    Ini::;ining;  inventing;  pretend- 
ing  making  a  false  show. 

FBIG.N'I.NG,  71.    A  false  appearance;   artful  con- 
trivar.ce  ;  deception  B.  Jonson. 


FEL 

FEIGN'ING-l.Y,  adv.    Willi  false  appearance. 
Ffil.NT,  (fante,)  »i.    [Fr.  friiite,  from  fcindrr.] 

1.  An  iissiiiiu'd  or  false  appearance  ;  n  pretense  of 
doing  something  not  intended  to  be  done. 

Counlcy's  letter  is  but  a  feint  to  if^'l  oir.  Spectator. 

2.  A  mock  attack;  an  appearance  of  aiming  at 
one  part,  when  another  is  inteiidi  d  to  be  struck.  In 
fencing,  a  show  of  making  a  thrust  at  one  part,  to 
deceive  an  aiflagonist,  when  the  intention  is  to 
strike  another  part.  Prior.  Encyc. 

FEINT,  pp.  or  a.    Feigned;  counterfeit;  seeming. 

L/Vot  used.]  Locke. 
FEL'AND-F.RS.  See  Filanders.  JUnsworth. 
FI'.I.D'SI'AU,  ■)  Ji.  [G.  /./(/,  field,  and  spar.  It  is 
FKI/SPAU,  1  written  by  some  authors  felspar, 
l''EI.l)'PP.\TII,  (  which  is  rockspar,m  fd  is  a  con- 
FEL'SPATII,  J  traction  oi  field.  Spatk,  in  Ger- 
man, signifies  spar.] 

A  mineral  occurring  in  crystals  and  crystalline 
masses,  st)mewhat  vitreous  in  luster,  anil  breaking 
rather  easily  in  two  directions,  Willi  snioolh  sur- 
faces. The  colors  are  usually  white  or  fiesh-red,  oc- 
casionally bluish  or  greenisli.  It  consists  of  silica, 
alumina,  and  potash.  Feldspar  is  one  of  the  essen- 
tial constituents  of  granite,  gneiss,  mica-slate,  and 
porphyry,  and  enters  into  the  constitution  of  nearly 
all  volcanic  rocks. 

The  term  feldspar  family  is  applied  to  a  group  of 
allied  minerals,  including,  l)esili^^s  coininon  feldspar, 
the  species  Albite,  Anorthite,  Labradorile,  ami  Uyac- 
olile.  Dana. 
FELD-SPATH'ie,    )  a.    Pertaining  to  feldspar,  or 
FELD-SP.VTH'OSE,  j    consisting  of  it. 

Journ,  of  Science. 
FE-UC'I-TaTE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  fdicitcr;  Sp.  fdiciUr ;  It. 
felicilarc  ;  L.  felicito,  from  fiiix,  happy.] 

1.  To  make  very  happy. 

Wh^t  a  ^lorioitf  entert;iiiunent  and  pleasure  would  fill  and 
felidlale  his  spirit,  if  he  couid  grasp  all  in  a  single  survey  1 

UalU. 

More  generally, 

2.  To  congratulate  ;  to  express  joy  or  pleasure  to. 
^Ve  felicitate  our  frientis  on  the  acipiisition  of  good, 
or  an  escape  from  evil. 

FE-I.IC'I-'PATE,  a.    Made  very  happy.  Shale. 
FE-LIC'I-TA-TED,  /ip.    Made  very  happy ;  congrat- 
ulated. 

FE-LIC'I-T.\-TING,  p;ir.  Making  very  happy;  con- 
gratulating. 

FE-LIC-I-Ta'TION,  n.    Congratulation.  Diet. 

FE-LIC'I-TOUS,  a.  Very  happy;  prosperous;  de- 
lightful. Diet. 

FE-LIC'I-TOUS-LY,  adu.    Happily.  DicL 

FE-LIC'I-TOUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  very 
happy. 

FE-LIC'I-TY,  71.    [L.  fdicitas,  from  fdiz,  happy.] 

1.  Happiness,  or  rather  great  happiness  ;  blessed- 
ness ;  blissfulness  ;  appropriatidy,  the  joys  of  heaven. 

2.  Prosperity  ;  blessing  ;  enjoyment  of  good. 

The /e/icilie*  of  her  wondfirfid  reign  may  bo  complete. 

*  AlUrbury. 
Females  —  who  confer  on  life  its  finest  felicitiee.  Raurle. 
Fic'LINE,  0.    [L.  fdinus,  from  fdis,  a  cat.    Qu.  fell, 
fierce.] 

Pertaining  to  cats,  or  to  their  species;  like  a  cat ; 

noting  the  cit  kind  or  the  genus  Felis.    We  say,  the 

feline  race  ;  feline  rapacity. 
FELL,  prct.  of  Fall, 
FELL,  a.    [Sax.  frU ;  D.  fel.] 

1.  Cruel  ;  barbarous ;  inhuman. 

It  seemed  fury,  discord,  madness  fell.  Ftirfix. 

2.  Fierce  ;  savage  ;  ravenous  ;  bloody. 

More  fell  than  tigers  on  the  Libyan  plain.  Pope. 
FELL,  n.    [Sax. G.  fell;  D.  vel;  L.  peUis;  Fr. 
peau  ;  probably  from  peeling.] 

A  skin  or  hide  of  a  beast;  used  chiefly  in  compo- 
FELL,  n.    [G.  fds.]  [silion,  as  tmot-fell. 

1.  A  barren  or  stony  hill.    [Local,]  Oray. 

2.  A  fielil.  Drayton. 
FELL,  71.    [Sax.  felte.]    Anger  ;  melancholy.  Spenser. 
FELL,  r.  £.    [D.  rellen  :  G.  fallen:  Sw.  fdlla;  Dan. 

fitlder  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  fall.] 

To  cause  to  fall  ;  to  prostrate ;  to  bring  to  the 

ground,  either  by  cutting,  as  to  fell  trees,  or  by 

striking,  as  to  fell  an  ox. 
FELL'KI),  (feld,)  pp.    Knocked  or  cut  down. 
FELL'ER,n.  One  who  hews  or  knocks  down.   /?.  xiv. 
FEI^LIF'I<U-OIJS,  n,    [L./c/.gall,  and  Jiuo,  to  flow.] 

Flowing  with  gall.  DieL 
FELL'lNfJ,  ppr.    Cutting  or  beating  to  the  grtmnd. 
FELL'Mn\"GER,  (-miing'ger,)  n.   A  dealer  in  hides. 
FELL'NESS,  n.    [Sec  Fsll,  cruel.]    Cruelty  ;  fierce 

baibarily  ;  rage.  Spenser. 
FEL'LoE.    See  Fellt. 

FEL'Lf^W,  n.    [Sax.  felaw;  Scot.  faloK,  from  folloie. 
In  an  old  author,  fdlowship  is  written  fulottship.] 
1.  A  companion  ;  an  associate. 

In  youth  I  had  iwrWe /e/foies,  like  myself.  Aach»m. 
Kaeh  on  his /rUois  for  assisunoc  calls.  Dryden, 
Q.  One  of  the  same  kind. 

A  shepheni  had  one  hsorite  dof ;  he  ftxl  him  with  his  o»-n 
b.ind,  and  took  more  &-uc  of  him  Ib-tu  of  his  feltowe. 

L'Ketmn^e. 


FEL 

3.  An  equal. 

Awake,  t)  swunt,  ngiiitutt  iny  shepheni,  end  affalnst  Ihe  niaik 
that  Is  my  felloa,  sauh  J.  liovah  ofliusl..  —  Zech.  ilU. 

4.  One  of  a  pair,  or  of  two  things  used  together, 
ami  suited  to  each  other.  Of  a  pair  of  gloves,  we 
call  one  Ihe  frlluic  of  the  other. 

5.  One  equ.il  or  like  aiiuthi  r.  Of  an  artist  «  e  say, 
this  man  has  not  his  fellow,  that  is,  one  of  like  skill. 

0.  An  aii|iellation  of  contempt  ;  a  man  williout 
good  breeiling  or  worth;  an  ignoble  man;  as,  a 
mean  fdlout. 

Worth  makes  the  man,  and  want  of  il  the  felUna,  Pop*. 

7.  A  member  of  a  college  that  shares  its  revenues  ; 
or  a  nii  inbcr  of  any  incorporated  society.  Johnson. 

8.  A  member  of  a  corporation  ;  a  trustee. 

United  Sillies. 

FEL'LoW,  V.  t.    To  suit  with ;  to  pair  with ;  to 

match.    [Little  used.]  Sliuli. 
2.  In  composition,  fellow  denotes  community  of 

nature,  station,  or  employment. 
FEL'Lf)\V-Cn"I-ZKN,  (-sit'e-/.n,)  n.    A  citizen  of 

Ihe  same  slate  or  nation.    Eph.  ii. 
FEL'LoW-CO.M'.MON-ER, «.  One  who  lias  the  same 

right  of  common. 
2.  In  Cambriilge,  England,  a  student  who  commoiu 

or  dines  with  the  fellows. 
FEL'LoW-COUN'CIL-Oll,  n.  An  associate  in  roiin- 

cil.  Shak. 
FEL'LoW-eOUN'TilY-JIAN,  n.    One  of  the  same 

counlry. 

[This  word  seems  unnecessary,  but  is  sometimes 
useil  in  England,  and  often  in  Aiiierici.  Ed.] 

FEL'LoW-CRliAT'liKE,  n.  One  of  the  same  race 
or  kind.  Thus  nu  n  are  all  called  felhw  creatures. 
Walls  uses  the  word  for  one  made  by  the  same  cre.i- 
tor.  "  Ki  ason,  by  which  we  are  raised  above  our 
ftlluw-crcaturcs,  the  brutes."  But  Uic  word  is  not  now 
used  in  this  sense. 

FEL'LCW-FEEL'ING,  n.  Sympathy  ;  a  like  feeling. 
2.  .loint  interest.    [jVut  in  use.] 

FEL'LOVV-HBIR,  (-ir,)  7i.    A  co-heir,  or  joint-heir  ; 
one  entitled  to  a  share  of  the  same  inheritance. 
That  the  Geutilfg  should  be  fellouf-heire.  —  Eph.  iii. 

FEL'I.oW-HKLP'ER,  71.  A  coadjutor  ;  one  who  con- 
curs or  aids  in  the  same  business.   3  John  viii. 

FEL'LoW-L.\'HOIl-ER,  71.  One  who  labors  in  the 
same  business  or  design. 

FEL'LoW-LiKE, )  a.    Like  a  companion  ;  compan- 

KEL'LoW-LY,     j     ionable  ;  on  equal  terms.  Carrw. 

FEL'LoW-.MAiD'£N,  71.  A  maiden  who  is  an  asso- 
ciate. Shak. 

FEL'LoW-.'ilE.M'BER,  71.  A  member  of  the  same 
body. 

FEL'LoW-MIN'IS-TER,  7i.  One  who  officiates  in 
the  s;iine  ministry  or  calling.  ShaJc, 

FEL'Lt')W-PEER,  71.  One  who  has  the  like  privileges 
of  nobility.  Shak. 

FEL'LoW-PRIS'0.\-ER,  (-priz'zn-er,)  n.  One  im- 
prisoned in  the  same  place.    Rom.  xvi. 

FEL'LoW-llAKE,  n.  An  associate  in  vice  and  prof- 
ligacy, jlnnstrong. 

FEL'L6W-SeH0L'.\U,  n.    An  associate  in  studies. 

Shak. 

FEL'LoW-SERV'ANT,  n.    One  who  has  the  same 

master.  Millon. 
FEL'LoW-SIIIP,  77.    Companionship;  society  ;  con- 
sort ;  mutual  association  of  |>ersons  on  equal  and 
friendly  terms ;  familiar  intercourse. 

Have  no  feltoiBihip  v:\t.h  llie  unfruitful  works  of  darkness. — 
Eph.  V. 

Men  arc  made  for  society  and  mutual/sUoissAip.  Calamy. 

2.  Association  ;  confederacy  ;  combination. 

Moit  of  the  other  Christian  princes  were  drawn  into  the  felloio- 
sAt;j  of  that  w.ar,    \UnutiMi.]  KnoUee. 

3.  Partnersliip  ;  joint  interest ;  as,  fdlowship  in 
pain.  Milton. 

4.  Company  ;  a  state  of  being  together. 

The  gp'al  contention  of  tile  sea  and  skies 

P.irUHl  our  felloiethip.  Shak. 

5.  Frequency  of  intercourse. 

In  a  trr^at  town,  friends  are  scattered,  so  thai  there  is  not  that 
fetloiselnp  which  is  in  less  ueigtiburhoods.  Bacon. 

6.  Fitness  ami  fondness  for  festive  entertain- 
ments ;  with  good  prefixed. 

He  had  by  hi*  ^-kW  felloirehip  — ii)ad«  himself  popular  with  all 
the  olfia  rs  of  the  army.  Clartnion. 

7.  Coinniiininn ;  intimate  familiarity.    I  John  i. 

8.  In  arithmetic,  the  rule  by  which  profit  or  loss  is 
divided  among  those  who  are  to  bear  it,  in  proiKir- 
tion  to  their  investments  or  interests  in  the  transac- 
tion. P.  Cye. 

9.  An  cstahlisliment  in  colleges,  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  fellow. 

FEL'LOW-SoL'DlER,  (-sol'jcr,)  n.  One  who  fights 
tinder  the  same  coinin.inder,  or  is  engaged  in  the 
same  service.  Officers  often  address  their  coiniian- 
ions  in  arms  by  this  appellation. 

FEL'LOW-STREAM,  7t.    A  stream  in  the  vicinity. 

Shrnstone. 

FEL'LOW-STC'DENT,  71.  One  who  studies  in  the 
same  company  or  chiss  with  another,  or  who  belongs 
to  the  same  school. 


TONE,  niJLL,  IJNITE.  — AWGER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  fi  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FEL 


FEN 


FEO 


FEL'LoVV-SUB'JEGT,  n.  One  wlio  is  subject  to  the 
same  aovernnient  with  another.  Swi/l. 

FEL'LoVV-SUF'FER-ER,  n.  One  who  shares  in  the 
same  evil,  or  partaljes  of  tlie  same  suftorings  with 
aniitliei 

FEL'LoW-TRAV'EL-ER,  n.    One  who  travels  in 

company  u  ith  ant)ther. 
FEL'LoW-WORK'ER,  (-wurk'erj  7i.  One  employed 

in  the  san)e  occiipatittn. 
FEL'L.OVV-WKIT'ER,  n.  One  who  writes  at  the  same 

time.  jiddisan. 
FEL'LY,  adv.    [See  Fell,  cruel.]   Cruelly  ;  fiercely  ; 

barbarously.  Speii.ser. 
FEL'LY,  n.    [Sax.  fielge;  Dan.  fal^re ;  D.  velge;  G. 

The  exterior  part  or  rim  of  a  wheel,  supported  by 
the  spokes. 

FE'LO  DE  Si.',  [L.]  In /aw,  one  who  commits  felony 
bv  suicide,  or  deliberately  destroys  his  own  life, 

FEL'OX,  n.  [Vi.  felon;  Low  h.  fdo ;  hrm.  fdlon  ; 
It.  /e//o,  or  fillone,  a  thief.  I  accord  witli  ?pehnan 
in  deducing  tliis  word  from  the  root  of  fail,  the  origi- 
nal signilication  being,  a  vassal  wlio  faded  in  his 
fidelity  or  allegiance  to  his  lord,  and  committed  an 
offense  by  whicli  he  forfeited  his  feuii.  Hence,  in 
French,  felon  is  traitorous,  rebellious.  So  the  word 
is  explained  and  deduced  in  Gregoire's  Aniioric  Dic- 
tionary. The  derivation  from  fee  and  Inn,  in  Spel- 
man,  copied  by  Dlackstone,  is  unnatural  ] 

1.  In  law,  a  person  wlio  has  committed  felony. 
[See  Felony.] 

2.  A  whitlow  ;  a  painful  swelling  formed  in  the 
periosteum  at  the  end  of  the  finger.  H'ifeman. 

FEL'O.V,  a.  Malignant ;  fierce  ;  malicious  ;  proceed- 
ing from  a  depraved  heart. 

Vain  shows  of  love  to  vail  his  felon  hate.  Pope. 
2.  Traitorous  ;  disloyal. 
FE-LO'N'I-OUS,  0.  Malignant;  malicious;  indicating 
or  proceeding  from  a  depraved  heart  or  evil  purpose  ; 
villainous  ;   traitorous  ;  perfidious  ;  as,  a  fclumuiLs 
deed. 

2.  In  taw,  proceeding  from  an  evil  heart  or  purpose  ; 
done  with  the  deliberate  purpose  to  commit  a  crime ; 
as,  felonious  homicide. 

FE-Lo'NI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  felonious  manner; 
with  the  deliberate  intention  to  commit  a  crime. 
Indictments  for  capital  oft'enses  must  state  the  fact 
to  be  done  feloniouslij. 

FEL'ON-OUS,  a.    Wicked  ;  felonious.  Spenser. 

FEL'OA'-VVOKT,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Solauuin. 

Pam.  of  Plants. 

FEL'ON-Y,  n.  [See  Felox.]  In  common  law,  any 
crime  which  incurs  Ihe  forfeiture  of  lauds  or  goods. 
Treason  was  formerly  comprised  under  the  name  of 
felony,  but  is  now  distinguished  from  crimes  thus 
denominated,  although  it  is  really  a  felony.  All  of- 
fenses punishable  with  death  are  felonies  ;  and  so 
are  some  crimes  not  thus  punished,  as  suicide,  hom- 
icide by  chance-medley,  or  in  self-defense,  and  petty 
larceny.  Capital  punishment,  therefore,  does  not 
necessarily  enter  into  the  true  idea  or  definition  of 
felony  ;  the  true  criterion  of  felony  being  forfeiture  of 
lands  or  goods.  But  the  idea  of  felony  has  been  so 
generally  connected  with  that  of  capital  punisliment, 
th;it  law  and  usage  now  confirm  that  connection. 
Thus,  if  a  statute  makes  any  new  ofl'ense  a  felony, 
it  is  understood  to  mean  a  crime  punishable  with 
death.  Blackstone. 

FEL'.sri'E,  n.  [See  Feldspar.]  A  species  of  com- 
pact feldspar,  of  an  azure-blue  or  green  color,  found 
amorphous,  associated  with  quartz  and  mica. 

FEL'Sl'AR,  71.    See  Feldspar.  [Kirwan. 

FEL-SPATH'ie,  o.  I'ertaining  to  or  composed  of  fel- 
spar. 

FELT,  prff.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Feel. 

FELT,  n.  [Sax.  fcUf  G.fli;  D.  vilt ;  Fr.feutre,  for 
feullre;  Anu.  fetlr,  or  fcultr  ;  li.frllru.  'I'his  may  be 
derived  naturally  from  the  root  nf  fll,  or  full,  to  stufl" 
and  make  thick,  or  from  tiie  loot  of  L.  pc/fo.  Eng. 
/r//,  a  skin,  from  plucking  or  Elrip|)ing,  L.vello,vcl- 
lus,  Eng.  Kool.    In  Ir.  full,  W.  gwallt,  is  hair.] 

1.  A  cloth  or  stuff  made  of  wool,  or  wool  and  fur, 
fiilled  or  wrought  into  a  compact  substance  by  roll- 
ing and  [)ressure,  with  lees  or  size.  Kncyc. 

2.  .\  hat  made  of  wool. 

3.  Skin. 


wh'-tlicr  sheep  arc  Bound  or  not, 


that  the  fr!t  be 
AJorttincr. 


FELT,  r.  r.  To  make  cloth  or  stuff  of  wool,  or  wool 
and  fur,  by  foiling.  Jfalc. 

FELT'-IIAT,  n.    A  hat  made  of  wool. 

FELT'EI),  pp.  or  a.    Worked  into  felt. 

FEI.T'ER,  V.  I.    To  clot  or  meet  together  like  felt. 

FKLT'I.N't;,  /»/<r.    Working  into  felt.  [Fairfax. 

FELT'l.Sf;,  71.    The  process  of  making  fell. 

FKLT'-.MAK-EIl,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
felt. 

FE  l-i;C'CA,  n.  [It. /<-i«ca;  Tt.fdonqnr;  S\\  faUie.a.\ 
A  boat  or  vessel,  with  oars  and  l.iti  i  ii  sails,  used 
in  the  .Meditr^rranean.  It  has  thi'<  pet  itlianry,  (hat 
the  III  Ini  may  be  applied  to  the  hi:ad  or  stern,  as  oc- 
ranioii  ri-ipiireH.  Mar.  Diet,  f'.ncyc. 

FEL'WORT,  71.    A  plant,  n  iipecies  of  Ueiitian. 


Fk'MALE,  n.  [Ft.  femclle  ;  L.  femella  ;  Ann.  femell ; 
Fr.  femme,  woman  ;  Sans  vama,  vamani,  a  woman. 
See  Feminine.] 

1.  Among  animals,  one  of  that  sex  which  conceives 
and  brings  forth  j'oung. 

■2.  Among  planu,  that  which  produces  fruit ;  that 
which  bears  the  pistil  and  receives  the  pollen  of  the 
male  flowers. 

Fe'.\1.4LE,  a.  Noting  the  sex  which  produces  young  ; 
not  male  ;  as,  a  female  bee. 

2.  Pertaining  to  females ;  as,  a  female  hand  or 
heart ;  female  tenderness. 

To  the  generous  decision  of  a  female  mind  we  owe  the  discov- 
er/ of  America.  Belknap. 

3.  Feminine;  soft;  delicate;  weak. 

Female  rhymes  ;  double  rhymes,  so  called  from  the 
French,  in  which  language  tliey  end  in  e  feminine. 
FE'.MALE-FLOW-ER,  71.    In  botany,  a  flower  which 
is  furnished  with  the  pistil,  pointal,  or  female  or- 
gans. 

FE'.MALE-FLANT,  n.  A  plant  which  produces  fe- 
niale  flowers. 

Fe'MALE-SCREW,  71.  The  spiral-threaded  cavity 
into  which  another  screw  turns.  JS'Vc/io/.s-im. 

FEMF^COV'F.RT,     I  .Cpm  kuv'ert  ^  S  "•     ^^'''■]  ^ 

FEjMMEr-COy'ERT,\^^''"^^'^^  ^"■'>  \  married  wo- 
man, who  is  under  covert  of  her  baron  or  husband. 

FE.MF^SnLE',     I  ,f  ,  ,  j  71.    [Fr.]  An  unmar- 

FE.M.ME-tiOLE',  \  t"-'"--""^  ^>  \    ri^d  woman. 

Femme-sole  merchant,  or  trader  ;  a  woman  who  uses 
a  trade  alone,  or  without  her  husband. 

FE.M-I-NAL'I-TY,  n.    The  female  nature.  Brawn. 

FE.M'l-NATE,  o.    Feminine.    [Mot  inase.]  Ford. 

FEM'I-NINE,  a.  [Vt.  feminin;  h.  femininus,  from 
femina,  woman.  Tlie  first  syllable  may  be,  and 
probably  is,  from  wemb,  or  womb,  by  the  use  of  / 
for  w ;  the  b  not  being  radical.  The  last  part  of  the 
word  is  probably  from  man,  quasi  feminan,  womb- 
inan.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  woman,  or  to  women,  or  to  fe- 
males ;  as,  the  feminine  sex, 

2.  Soft ;  tender ;  delicate. 

Her  heavenly  form 
Angelic,  but  more  soft  and  feminine.  MUtori. 

3.  Effeminate  ;  destitute  of  manly  qualities. 

Halegh. 

4.  In  ;,iTa777  77iar,  denoting  the  gender  or  words  which 
signify  females,  or  the  terminations  of  such  words. 
Words  are  said  to  be  of  the  feminine  gender,  when 
they  denote  females,  or  have  the  terniinations  proper 
to  express  females  in  any  given  language.  Thus,  in 
Latin,  dominus,  a  lord,  is  ir.a.ocuIine ;  but  domina  is 
mi.^tress,  a  fiinale. 

iMiltdii  u-os  feminine,  as  a  noun,  for  female. 
FE^ri-.\l\!^LY,'arf!).  In  a  feminine  manner, 
FE.M'!-Nl.\-ISiM,  71.  The  qualities  of  females. 
FE-.MIN'I-TY,  71,  The  quality  of  the  female  sex.  [JVot 

iised.]  Spenser. 
FE.\I'I-NIZE,  V.  t.    To  make  womanish,  [JVot  v.sed.] 

More. 

FE^I'0-R.\L,  a,  [L.  femoralis,  from  femur,  the 
thigh.] 

IJelonging  to  the  thigh  ;  as,  the  femoral  artery. 
FEN,  77.    [Sax.  fen,  or  fenn  ;   D.  veen  ;  Arm,  fcnna,  to 
overflow  ;  W,  fynu,  to  abound,  to  produce  ;  hence, 
L.  fons.  Eng.  /(7«77£u7'/i.] 

Low  land  overflowed,  or  covered  wholly  or  par- 
tially with  water,  but  producing  sedge,  coarse  grass- 
es, or  other  aquatic  plants ;  boggy  land ;  a  moor  or 
marsh. 

A  long  c-vnal  the  muddy  fen  divides.  Addison. 

FEN'-BER-RY,  Tt.  A  kind  of  blackberry.  Skinner. 
FEiN'-HURN,  a.  Born  or  produced  in  a  fen.  Milton. 
FEN'-CRESS,  71.    [Sax.  fen-cersc] 

Cress  growing  in  fens. 
FEN'-€R1CK-ET,  71.    [Gryllotalpa.]    An  insect  that 

digs  for  itself  a  little  hole  in  the  ground.  Johnson. 
FEN'-BUCK,  71,    A  species  of  wild  duck. 
FEN'-FOWL,  71.    Any  fowl  that  fretiuents  fens, 
FEN'-LANIJ,  71.    Marshy  land. 

FEN'-SUCK-£D,  (-sukt,)  a.  Sucked  out  of  marshes  ; 
as,  fen-sucked  fogs.  Shale. 

FENCE,  (fens,)  77.  [.See  Fend.]  A  wall,  hedge,  ditch, 
bank,  or  line  of  posts  and  rails,  or  of  boards  or  pick- 
ets, intended  lo  confine  beasts  from  straying,  and  to 
guard  a  field  from  being  entered  by  cattle,  or  from 
other  em  roacliiiients.  A  good  farmer  has  good  fences 
about  his  farm  ;  an  insiilficient  fence  is  evidence  of 
bad  inanagi'iiient.  Broken  windows  and  poor  fences 
arc  evidences  of  idleness  or  poverty,  or  of  both. 

2.  A  guard  ;  any  thing  lo  restrain  entrance  ;  that 
which  deli  nds  from  attack,  approach,  or  injury  ;  se- 
curity ;  defi^nse. 

A  fence  betwixt  us  and  the  victor's  wrath.  AdJieon. 

3.  Fencing,  or  the  art  of  fencing ;  defense.  Shale. 

4.  Skill  in  fencing,  or  defense.  Shale.  ' 
King-fence  ;  u  fence  which  encircles  a  wliolc  es- 
tate. 

FENCE,  ffens,)  v.  1.  To  inclose  with  a  hedge,  wall, 
or  any  tiling  lliat  prevents  the  escape  or  entrance  of 
rnttle  ;  to  secure  by  an  inrlosure.  In  jVrw  England, 
farmers,  for  the  most  \);\xl,  fence  their  lands  with 


posts  and  rails,  or  with  stone  walls.    In  England, 
lands  are  usually /mcfii  with  hedges  and  ditches. 
He  lialh  fenced  my  way,  that  I  can  not  pass.  — Job  xlx. 
2.  To  guard  ;  to  fortify. 

So  nuich  of  adder's  wisdom  I  have  learnt, 

To  fence  my  ear  against  Uiy  sorceries.  MUlon, 

FENCE, i.  To  practice  the  art  of  fencing ;  to  use  a 
sword  or  foil,  for  the  purpose  of  learning  the  art  of 
attack  and  defense.  To  fence  well,  is  deemed  a  use- 
ful accomplishment  for  military  gentlemen. 

2.  To  fight  and  defend  by  giving  and  avoiding 
blows  or  thrusts. 

They  fence  and  push,  and,  pushing,  loudly  roar; 

Their  dewtaps  and  llicir  sides  are  bathed  in  gore.  Dryden. 

3.  To  raise  a  fence ;  to  guard.    It  is  difficult  to 

fence  against  unruly  cattle. 
FENC'/;i),  (fenst,)  pp.  or  a.     Inclosed  with  a  fence  ; 

guarded  ;  fortified. 
FENCE'FyL,  (fens'ful,)  a.   Affording  defense. 

Congrcvc. 

FENCE'LESS,  (fens'less,)  a.    Without  a  fence ;  un- 
inclosed  ;  unguarded. 
2.  Open  ;  not  uiclosed  ;  as,  the  fenceless  ocean. 

Rowe. 

FENCE'-MONTH,  (  munth,)  77.  The  month  in  which 
bunting  in  any  forest  is  prohibited.  Bullokur. 

FENCER,  71.  One  who  fences  ;  one  who  teaches  or 
practices  the  art  of  fencing  with  sword  or  foil. 

Digby. 

FEN'CI-BLE,  a.   Capable  of  defense. 

Spenser.  .Addison. 
FEN'CI-BLES,  (-biz,)  71.  pi.  Soldiers  enlisted  for  the 

defence  of  the  country,  and  not  liable  to  be  sent 

abroad. 

FENCING,  y;ir.  Inclosing  with  fence;  guarding; 
fortifying. 

FENC'ING,  71.    The  art  of  using  skillfully  a  sword  or 
foil  in  attack  or  defense  ;  an  art  taught  in  schools. 
2.  The  materials  of  fences  for  farms, 

JSTew  England. 
FENC'ING-MAS-TER,  71.     One  who  teaches  the  art 

of  attack  and  defi-nsc  with  sword  or  foil. 
FENCING-SCHOOL,  77.    A  .'^chool  in  which  the  art 

of  fencing  is  taught. 
FEND,  V.  t.    [The  root  of  defend  and  offend.    The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  fall  on,  or  to  strike,  to  repel.] 

To  keep  oft';  to  prevent  from  entering  ;  to  h  ard 
off ;  to  shut  out. 

Willi  fern  benealti     fend  the  bitter  cold.  Dryden. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  off  ;">is,  to  fend  off  blows. 
7'iJ  /c7i</  off  a  boat  or  vessel,  is  to  prevent  its  running 
against  aiiiillier,  or  against  a  wharf,  &c.,  with  too 
much  violence, 

FEND,  71.  i.  To  act  in  opposition  ;  to  resist ;  to  parry ; 
to  sliift  off",       •  Locke. 

FENU'ED,p;7.    Keptoff";  warded  off";  shut  out. 

FEND'ER,  71.  That  which  defends  ;  a  utensil  em- 
ployed to  hinder  coals  of  fire  from  rolling  forward  to 
the  floor. 

2.  A  piece  of  timber,  old  rope  made  up  into  a  mass, 
or  other  thing  hung  over  the  side  of  a  vessel  to  pre- 
vent it  from  striking  or  rubbing  against  awliarf; 
also,  to  preserve  a  small  vessel  from  being  injured  by 
a  large  one. 

FEND'ING,  ppr.    Keeping  or  warding  ofl". 

FE.N'ER-aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  fnncro.] 

To  put  to  use  ;  to  lend  on  interest.    [JVot  used.] 

FEN-ER-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  lending  on  use  ;  or 
the  interest  or  gain  of  that  which  is  lent, 

FE-NES'TR.VL,  a.  [L.  fcnestralis,  (rum  fenestra,  a 
window.] 

Pertaining  to  a  window.  J^Tichalson. 
FE-NES'TRaTE,  a.    An  epithet  applied  to  transpa- 
rent spots  on  the  wings  of  some  insects, 
FEN'NEL,  71,     [&i\.  fenol:  G.  fenchel ;  V.  venkel ; 

Sw.fenkal;  D-an.  fennikel ;  W.fcnigyl;  Fr.  fcnouil ; 

S\>.  hiniijo  ;   ll.  fnocchio  !  Ir.  fcncul ;  L.  faniculum, 

from  fonum,  hay.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  FtEniculum,  cultiv.ited  in 

gardens,  for  the  agreeable  aromatic  flavor  of  its  seeds 

and  finely  divided  leaves. 
FEN'NEL-FLOW-ER,  11.   A  plant  of  the  genus  Ni- 

gella. 

FEN'NY,  a.    [from  fen.]    Boggy  ;  in.arshy  ;  moorish, 

Mozon. 

2.  Growing  in  fens;  as, /rniiT/ brake.  Prior. 
.').  Inbabiiing  marsliy  ground ;  as,  a /ciiiiy  snake, 
FEN'NY-STONES,  71.  'a  plant.  .  [SluUe. 

I'EN'OW-fJl),  a.  Corrupted  ;  decayed.  [A"ut  ta  itsc] 
FENMJ-tiREKK,  II.    [L./iiniim  grircum.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Trigonella,  allied  to  clover, 
and  soiiietiiues  cultivated  fiir  its  seeds,  which  are 
used  by  furriers  in  cataplasms  and  fomentations, 

/,,1«./071, 

FEOD,  ffude,)  71.    A  feud.    So  written  by  lilac kstonc 

and  other  authors  ;  but  more  generally  Feud,  which 
FEO'DAL,  (fu'dal,)  a.  Feudal,  which  see.  [see. 
FEO-DAL'I-TV,  (fu-dal'e-ty,)  n.    Feudal  tenures  ;  the 

feudal  system.  Burke. 
FEO'DA-ilV,  (fii'da-r)',)  71.    One  who  holds  landsof  a 

superior,  on  condition  of  suit  and  service,  [Little 

vsed.]    [See  Fel'uatohv.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi^T  METE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W(?LF,  BOQK.- 


446 


FER 


FER 


FER 


FEO'DA-TO-RY.   Sec  PEUDATonr. 

FKUFK,  (ft  iV,)  i>.  (.    [Norm,  frffre;   Fr.  .//Vjfir,  from 

Jiif.    Tlir  lirsl  syllalilo  is  tlic  U.  fair,        /<■,  con- 

tracteil  from  Jide's,  fuilli ;  llie  last  sj  llablu  1  uiii  not 

iililf  liilraci'.] 
To  invest  with  n  fi-e  or  feud  ;  lo  give  or  grant  to 

one  any  corporeal  lu  reditaincut.   Tlic  compound  in- 

t'eiiff  is  more  geni  rally  used. 
FF.liFF,  ».    Afi.  f.    [See  Fief.] 

FEOF-FHIV,  (f<  f-foo',)  H.  :\  person  wlio  is  ififeoftl-d  ; 
that  IS,  invented  wiUi  a  fee  or  corporeal  h(-reili[a- 
nient. 

FUOF'FOR, )  .r  N  (  n.  One  wiio  infeofls  or  grants 
Fi:OF'Fi:i{,  a  fee. 

FKCJFF'.ME.NT,  (feir'nicnt,)  n.  [Law  h.  feoffaincn- 
tuiii.] 

Tlie  gift  or  grant  of  a  fee  or  corporeal  lieredita- 
nii'iit,  as  land,  castles,  honors,  or  other  iinniovalile 
thing  ;  a  grant  in  tee  simple  to  a  man  and  his  heirs 
forever.  When  in  writing,  it  is  called  a  ilml  of/ruff- 
vient.  The  |)rimary  sense  is,  the  grant  of  a  fond  or 
an  estate  in  trust.  [.-Jet:  Fceo.] 
FE-KA'CIOUS,  (le-ri'shus,)  a.  [h.  fcrax,  imm  fcro, 
to  hear.) 

Fruitful ;  producing  almndantly.  Thomson. 
FE-KAC'I-'I'Y,  (fe-ras'e  tv,) /I.   [L,.  feracUius.] 

Fruitfniness.    [I.itllr  u.vf,/.] 
FE'tLX  jV.i-  TO'UJE,  [L.]    VVild ;  not  tamed,  or  not 
FE'RAL,  a.    [U.fimlu.)  [tamable. 

Funereal;  pertaining  to  funerals ;  mourulul. 

Burton. 

FKRE,  71.    [Sax.  frrii,  or  acfera,  with  a  prefix.] 

A  mate  or  companion  ;  sometuncs,  n  Imsband  or 
wife.    lOA.t.]  CItauccr. 
FKR'E  TO  RY,  n.    [1..  frretnim,  a  bier.] 

A  place  in  a  church  lor  a  bier. 
FER'GU  SON-ITE,  n.    An  ore,  of  a  brownisli-black 
color,  consisting  of  colundiic  acid  and  yltria,  with 
some  oxyd  of  cerium  and  zireoniu.    It  was  brought 
from  Cape  Farewi  ll,  Greenland.  Dana. 
FE'RI-.\L,  a.  [L./<riu/i.s.] 

Pcrtan)ing  to  holidays.       Oregory.    Kith.  Diet. 
FEl-RI-A'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  frriatio,  from  /tn>,  vacant 
days,  holidays  ;  G.  fcier,  whence  fcicrn,  to  rest  frtun 
labor,  lo  ki  ep  holiday,  I),  vimn.] 
The  act  of  keeping  holiday ;  cessation  from  work. 
Fk'RIE,  (fC-'re,)  n.    A  holiday.    [  Oh.-:]  [Broion. 
FK'RI.NE,  It.    [L.  frriniis,  fnun  /criis,  wild,  probably 
from  the  root  of  i^ax.  /uran,  to  go,  to  wander,  or  a 
verb  of  the  same  family.] 

Wild  ;  untamed  ;  savage.    Lions,  tigers,  wolves, 
and  bears,  are  ferine  beasts.  JIalc. 
FK'KI.NE-r.Y,  orfp.    In  the  manner  of  wild  beasts. 
FP:'RI.\'E-N'EriS,  II.    Wildness  ;  savageness.  Hale. 
FElt'l-TY,  71.    [L.  fcritas,  from  fiTus,  wild.] 

\Yildness  ;  savageness  ;  cruelty.  Woodward. 
FERM,  n.    .A  farm  or_j-ent ;  a  lodging-house.  [OAi.] 
[See  Farm.] 

FLR'.ME.NT,  n.  [Ij.  fcrmentam,  from /crrto,  to  boil. 
See  FtBVENr.l 

1.  A  gentle  boiling;  or  the  internal  motion  of  the 
constituent  parts  of  a  lluid. 

[In  this  sense  it  is  rarchj  used.  See  Fermentation.] 

2.  Intestine  motion  ;  lieat ;  tuuuilt ;  agitation  ;  as, 
to  put  the  passions  in  a  ferment ;  the  state  or  people 
are  in  a  fermenU 

yuUlup  and  cool  Ihe/rrrnenr  ordi-sire.  Rogtrt. 

3.  1'hat  which  causes  fermentation,  as  yeast,  barm, 
or  fermenting  beer. 

FER-.ME.\T',  D.  (.  [\^.  fermenlo ;  Fr.  fcrmenter ;  Sp. 
fermentar ;  lu  frrmentjire.] 

To  set  in  nu>tion  ;  to  e.xcite  internal  emotion  ;  to 
beat ;  to  niise  by  intestine  motion. 

Wluli'  youth  frrtntnt*  the  Itlood.  Pope, 

FER-ME.NT',  r.  i.  To  work  ;  to  etfervescp ;  to  be  in 
motion,  or  to  be  e.xciti  d  into  sensible  internal  motion, 
as  Ihe  constituent  particles  of  an  animal  or  vegetable 
Hiiid.  To  the  vinous  fermentation  we  apply  the  term 
vork.  We  say  that  new  ci<ler,  beer,  or  wine,  frr- 
menls,  or  works,  lint  work  is  not  applied  to  the  other 
kinds  of  fermentation. 

FER-ME.NT-A-BlL'l-TY,  n.  Capability  of  being  fer 
nii'Uted. 

FER-ME.\T' A-ni.E,  a.  Capable  of  fermentation  ;  thus, 
cider,  beer  of  all  kinds,  wine,  and  other  vegetable 
liipiors,  are  fermcntuhtr. 

FER-ME\T'AL,  a.  Having  power  to  cause  fermenta- 
tion. Brown. 

FER  MENT  S'TtOX,  n.    [L.  fcrmrntnlln.] 

Thesensdile  internal  motion  of  the  cimstituent  par- 
ticles of  annual  and  vegetable  subsMnces,  occasioned 
by  a_,certani  degree  of  heat  and  moi^tnre,  and  accimi 
P'liued  by  an  extrication  of  gas  and  heat.  Fermrnla 
(lopi  IS  followed  by  a  cliange  of  properties  in  the  sub 
sl.incos  fermented,  arising  from  new  combinations  of 
their  principles.  It  may  bo  defined,  in  its  most  gen 
enl  sense,  any  spontaneous  change  which  takes  place 
in  animal  or  vegetable  substances  after  life  has  ceased. 
It  is  of  three  princip;il  kinds  ;  vinous,  aertons,  and  pu- 
trrfiicUer.  The  term  is  also  applied  toother  processes, 
as  the  paiiary  fermentation,  or  the  raising  of  bread  ; 
hill  it  IS  limited  by  some  authors  lo  the  vinous  and 
a.elous  fermentations,  which  terminate  in  the  pro- 


duction of  alcohol  or  vinegar.  Fermentation  differs 
from  eflVrvescence.  The  former  is  conliiied  lo  ani- 
mal ami  vegetable  substances  ;  the  latter  is  applicable 
to  mini  ral  .substances.  The  former  is  spontaneous; 
the  latter  imiduced  by  the  mixture  of  bodies. 

Knci/c.    Purr.  Thomson. 
FER-.MENT'A-TIVE,  a.    Cau.siiig,  or  having  power 
to  cause,  fermentation  ;  as,  fermentative  heat. 

'J..  Consisting  in  ferineiitalion ;  as, /iTwiejitaticc  pro- 
cess. 

Fi;il-.ME.\T'A-TIVE-KESS,  71.  The  slate  of  being 
fermentative. 

FER-.MENT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Worked;  having  under- 
gone the  process  of  fermentation. 
FEU-.M  ENT'I.VG,  ppr.  or  o.    Working;  cilervescing. 
FEK'.\1IL-LET,  7t.    A  bnckle  or  clasp. 
FEK.V,  H.    [Sax. /m/vi ;  d.  furn-krant ;  U.  vnurcn.] 
The  popular  name  of  the  order  of  plants  called  Fil- 
ices,  which  have  their  fructification  on  the  back  of 
the  fronils  or  leaves.    The  ferns  constitute  the  lirst 
order  of  the  class  erijptoiramia,  in  the  sexual  system. 
They  delight  in  a  humid  soil,  and  often  grow  para- 
silically  on  trees.  Loudon.  TarUnirUtn. 

FERN'-OWl,,  71.  The  European  goatsucker,  or  night- 
jar, a  bird  of  Ihe  genus  Capriiiiulgus.  Cifc. 
FERN'Ti  ei.ES,  (-kl/.,)  ii.  pi.    Freckles  on  the  skin, 

resembling  the  seeds  of  fern.  [A'lt  much  used.] 
FEK.N'Y,  a.    Abounding  or  overgrown  with  fern. 

Barret. 

FE-RO'CIOUS,  (fe-ro'shus,)  a.  [Tr.feroee  ;  Sp./mr.  ; 
It.  feroee  ;  h.  fcrox  ;  allied  to  fcras,  wild, /era,  a  wild 
animal.] 

1.  Fierce  ;  savage  ;  wild  ;  indicating  cruelty  ;  as,  a 
ferocious  look,  countenance,  or  features. 

2.  Ravenous  ;  rapacious  ;  as,  a  ferocious  lion. 

3.  Fierce  ;  barbarous  ;  cruel ;  ns,  ferocious  savages. 
FE-RO'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    Fiercely  ;  with  savage  cru- 
elty. 

FE- lio'CIOirS-NES.S,  71.    Savage  fierceness ;  cruelty ; 
FE  ROC'I-TY,  II.    [i..  ferocilus.]  [ferocity. 
1.  Savage  wildness  or  fierceness ;  fury  ;  cruelty  ; 
as,  the  ferocity  of  barbarians. 

9.  Fierceness  indicating  a  savage  heart;  as,/cr£>ci- 
tij  of  coiiuteraiice. 
FER'UE-OUS,  (7.    [h.  fcrreus,  from  ferrum,  iron,  Fr. 
fer,  Sp.  Iiierro,  from  the  Celtic ;  W.  fcr,  solid  ;  fcru, 
to  concrete.] 

Partaking  of  iron ;  pertaining  to  iron;  like  iron; 
made  of  iron.  Brown. 
FER'RET,  71.   [p.vrct:  Fr.  furrt;  G.  frcU,  or frcttchcn, 
or  frcttwiesel  ;\V.  fared  ;  Ir.Jiread;  Sp. /lureii  U.fu- 
rctto.    Fur  in  W.  is  subtile,  penetrating,  cunning.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  Weasel  kind,  about  11  inches 
in  length,  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  with  red  eyes.  It 
is  a  native  of  Africa,  but  h.ts  been  introduced  into 
Europe.  It  can  not,  liowever,  bear  cold,  and  can  not 
subsist  even  in  France,  except  in  a  partially  domesti- 
cated state.  Ferrets  are  used  in  catching  rabbits,  to 
drive  them  out  of  their  holes.    Kncijc.  Parltngton. 

2.  A  kind  of  narrow  tape,  made  of  woolen,  some- 
limes  of  cotloii  or  silk.  Eiictjc.  of  Dont.  Econ. 

3.  Among  irlass-niakcrs,  the  iron  used  to  try  the 
melted  matter,  to  see  if  it  is  fit  to  work,  and  to  make 
the  rings  at  the  mouths  of  bottles.  Encyc. 

FER'RET,  f.  t.  To  drive  out  of  a  lurUing-place,  as  a 
ferret  does  the  cony,  Johnson.  Ileijlin. 

FER'RET-EL),  pp.  Driven  from  a  burrow  or  lurking- 
place. 

FER'RET-ER,  7i.  One  that  hunts  another  in  his  pri- 
x'aie  retreat. 

FER'KET-l.NG,  ppr.    Driving  from  a  lurking  place. 

FEIi-RET'TO,  II.  Copper  calcined  with  brimstone  or 
white  vitriid,  used  to  eidor  glass.  llibert. 

FER'RI-A(5E,  71.  [See  FEnav.]  The  price  or  fare  to 
be  giaid  at  a  ferry  ;  the  compensation  estiiblishcd  or 
pjiid  for  conveyance  over  a  river  or  lake  in  a  boat. 

FER'Rie,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  extracted  from  iron. 

Lavoisier. 

FER-RI-CAL'CrrE,  n.  [L.  femim,  iron,  and  calz, 
lime.] 

A  species  of  calcareous  earth  or  limestone  combined 
with  a  large  portion  of  iron,  from  7  to  14  per  cent. 

Kincan. 

FER'RI-frn,  (fer'rid,)  pp.    Carried  over  in  a  boat. 
FEU  KIF'ER-OL'S,  a.    [L. /crrum  and  fero.] 

Producing  or  yielding  iron.  Phillip-: 
FER'Rl-LITE,  71.    [L. /errum,  iron,  aid  Gr.  Ail/js.  a 
stone.] 

Rowley  ragg  ;  a  variety  of  tmp,  containing  iron  in 

the  state  of  oxyd.  Kirwan. 
FER-R(J-C?'A\-ATE,  n.    A  compound  of  the  ferro- 

cvanic  acid  with  a  base. 
FER-RO-C?-AN'ie,  a.    [U  ferrum,  iron,  and  cyoTiic, 

xvliich  see.] 

Ferro-cvanie  acid ;  prolo-cyanid  of  iron. 
FER-R()-Ct'A.\-in,  n.    A  compound  of  the  prolo- 

cvaiiiil  of  iron  with  some  other  cyanid.  Urc. 
FER-RCei-.NA-TED,  a.    llnfra.]    Having  the  color 

or  prop<'rtie!i  of  the  nist  of  iron. 
FER-RO'GI-.NOUS,  a.    [Uferrago,  rust  of  iron,  from 

ferrum,  imn.] 

1.  Partaking  of  iron  ;  coiitaining  jKirticles  of  iron. 

2.  Of  the  Color  of  the  rust  or  oxyd  of  iron. 
[FERRt'ciNEui's  is  less  uscd.] 


FER'RIILE,  (fer'ril  or  fer'rule,)  n.  [Sp.  hirola,  a  ring 
or  cap  for  a  cane.] 

A  ring  of  metal  put  round  a  cam^  or  other  thing  to 
strcmilhen  it. 

FER  KU-.\ll.\-A'TION,  n.     [L.]    The  soldering  or 

uniting  of  metals. 
FElt'RV,  V.  t.     [Sax.  fcran,  f&rian ;  (i.  f"hren  ;  Gr. 

ipeino  ;  L.fcro  ;  allied  to  bear,  and  more  nearly  to  Sax. 

faran,  to  pass.    See  Hear  and  Faiie,  and  Hiioa  Ur, 

No.  33,  3.1.] 

To  carry  or  transport  over  a  river,  strait,  or  other 
water,  in  a  boat.  We  ferry  men,  horses,  carriages, 
over  rivers,  for  a  moderate  fee  or  price,  called  fare  or 

fer  nit  Iff. 

FICR'RY,  V.  i.  To  p.is3  over  water  in  a  boat.  Milton, 
FER'RY,  II.  A  boat  or  small  vessel  in  which  passen- 
gers and  goods  are  conveyed  over  rivers  or  other  nar- 
row waters  ;  sometimes  called  a  wherry.  [  This  appli- 
cation of  the  word  is,  J  believe,  entirely  obsolete,  at  least 
in  .America.] 

2.  The  place  or  passage  where  boats  pass  over 
water  to  convi  y  passengers. 

3.  The  right  of  traiisiKirting  pa.ssengers  over  a  lake 
or  stieam.  A  H  owns  the /crry  at  Windsor.  [In 
A'Vifl  Enirlnnd,  this  word  is  use-d  in  tlu  two  lattf  r  senses.] 

FER'RY-IiO.V'I',  II.  A  boat  for  conveying  passengers 
over  streams  and  other  narrow  xvaters. 

FEU'RY-l.NG,  ppr.    Carrying  over  in  a  boat. 

FER'RY-.\I  A.\,  II.  One  who  keeps  a  ferry,  and  trans- 
ports passengers  over  a  river. 

FKR'TIEE,  (^.lil,)a.  [Fr.fertilei  Sp.  fertil i  It.fertile; 
L.  fertdts,  from  fero,  to  bear.] 

1.  Friiitl'ul  ;  rich;  producing  fruit  in  abundance; 
as,  firiile  land,  ground,  soil,  fields,  or  meailows. 
This  word.  In  America,  is  rarely  applied  lo  trees,  or 
to  uniiiials,  but  to  land.  It  formerly  had  of  before 
the  thing  produced  ;  as,  fertile  of  all  kinds  of  grain  ; 
but  III  is  now  used  ;  firtile  in  grain. 

2.  Rich  ;  having  abundant  resources  ;  prolific  ; 
productive  ;  inventive  ;  able  to  produce  abundantly  ; 
as,  nfertde  genius,  mind,  or  imagiiiulion. 

FEK'  l'lLE-LY,  adv.  Fruitfully. 
FER'TIEE-.\ESS.    ."ee  Fektilitv. 
FER-Tl L'l-TY,  71.    [ L.fcrtililas.] 

1.  Friiitfulness  ;  the  ipiality  of  producing  fruit  in 
abundance  ;  as,  the  feridily  of  laud,  ground,  soil, 
fields,  and  meadows. 

2.  Richness  ;  abundant  resourci^s  ;  fertile  inven- 
tion ;  as,  the  fertility  of  genius,  of  fancy,  or  imagina- 
tion. 

FEK'TII.IZE,  V.  t.  To  enrich;  to  supply  xvith  the 
pabulum  of  jilants  ;  lo  make  fruitful  or  productive  ; 
as,  lo  fertilize  land,  .soil,  ground,  and  meadows. 
[Feutii.itate  is  not  Uhcd.] 

FER'riLTZ-/;i),7)/i.    Enriched;  rendered  fruitful. 

FER''l'll,-IZ-I.\(;,  ;i;ir.  Enriching;  making  friiitlul 
or  productive.  The  Connecticut  overflows  the  adja- 
cent meadows,  /erdViiiii;^  them  by  depositing  tine 
particles  of  earth  or  vegeUible  substances. 

2.  a.  Enriching  ;  furnishing  the  nutriment  of 
plants. 

FER-i;-I..^'CEOUS,  a.    [J.,  ferula.] 

Pertaining  to  reeds  or  caiies  ;  having  a  st.ilk  like 

a  reed  ;  or  resembling  the  Ferula  ;  as,  feralaecous 

))lants.  Fonrcroy. 
FER'UEE,  (fer'ril  or  fer'rule,)  n.    [L.  ferula,  from 

ferio,  to  strike,  or  from  the  use  of  stalks  of  the 

Ferula.] 

1.  .\  litlle  wooden  pallet  or  slice,  U!<ed  to  punish 
children  in  school,  by  striking  them  on  the  palm  of 
the  h.'iiid.    [Fekl'lar  is  not  used.] 

2.  Under  the  Eastern  empire,  the  ferula  was  the 
einppror's  scepter.  It  was  a  long  stem  or  shank, 
Willi  a  flat,  sipiare  head.  Kncijc. 

FKR'iri.E,  (fer'ril  or  fer'rule,)  v.  t.    To  punish  with  a 

FEli'l'L-/;i),/<;>.    Punished  with  a  frriile.  [ferule. 

FER'I'I.-I.N'G,  ;i/ir.    Punishing  with  a  ferule. 

FER'VE.N-CY,  11.  [See  Fervent.]  Heat  of  mind  ; 
arilor  ;  eagerness.  Shak. 

2.  Pious  ardor ;  animated  zeal ;  warmth  of  de- 
votion. 

When  yo\i  pmy,  iH  it  lie  villi  stlentwn,  wilh/«n««ry,  »nd  wiUi 
]3enM:VLT.Ince.  Hoi*. 

FER'VENT,  a.    [E.  ferrnis,  from  frrvco,  to  be  hot,  to 

boil,  lo  gloxv  ;  Ar.^Ls  faura,  to  boil,  to  swell  with 

heat,  to  ferment.  Class  Hr,  No.  30.  Ferreo  gives  the 
Spanish  hercir,  to  boil,  lo  swarm  as  b<  e»,  whose  mo- 
tions resemble  the  boiling  of  water.] 

1.  Hot;  boiling;  as,  a  fervent  snnimer  ;  firvent 
blood.  Spenser.  WoUon. 

2.  Hoi  In  temper ;  vehement. 

Tlicy  air  /tretnl  to  diaputa.  Hooker. 

3.  Ardent ;  very  xvarm  ;  earnest ;  excited  ;  ani- 
mated ;  glowing  ;  as,  fervent  zeal ;  ferveoL  piety. 

FtrttM  in  spiril.  —  Rom.  xii. 

FER'VENT-LY,n'/r.  Earnestly;  eagerly;  vehement- 
ly ;  Willi  great  warmth. 
2.  With  pious  ardor;  with  earnest  zea. ;  ardently 
Ep»|>lir.u  — »lolnh  yon,  U^riiig /«rr«nliy  fur  you  10  prmycrm. 

—  Col.  if. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


447 


FET 

FER'VENT-NESS,  n.    Fervency;  ardor;  zeal. 
FER-VES'CENT,  a.    Growing  liut. 
FER'VIU,  a.  [L.fervidus.] 

1.  Very  hot  ;  burning;  hoiliiig;  a?,  fervid  heat. 

2.  Very  warm  in  zeal ;  vehement ;  eager  ;  earnest ; 
ns,ferpid  zeal. 

f  ER'VlD-LY,«dt).  Ven-  hotly  ;  with  glowing  warmth. 
FER'VID-NESS,  n.    Glowing  heat ;  ardor  of  mind  ; 

warm  zeal.  Bcnttctj. 
FER'VOK,  Ji.  [L.f<-rvor.] 

1.  Heat  or  warmth  ;  as,  the  fervor  of  a  summer's 
day. 

2.  Heat  of  mind  ;  ardor  ;  warm  or  animated  zeal 
and  earnestness  in  tlie  duties  of  religion,  particu- 
larly in  prayer. 

FES'CEN-Nf .\E,  a.    Pertaining  to  Fcscennium,  in 

Italy  ;  licentious.  Kennet. 
FES'CEN-NlNE,  n.    A  nuptial  song,  or  a  licentious 

song.  Cartwritrht. 
FES'COE,  ji.    [Fr. /<;(«,  for/f.«f«,  a  straw  ;  L.  festuca, 

a  shoot  or  stalk  of  a  tree,  a  rod.] 

A  small  wire  used  to  point  out  letters  to  children 

when  learning  to  read.  Drijdcn.  Holder. 

FEi'eOE,  V.  t.    To  assist  in  reading  by  a  fescue. 

Smart. 

FES'euE-GR.5i.S.S,  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  Fes- 
tuca,  a  genus  of  grasses  containing  several  species 
of  importance  in  agriculture.  P.  Cyc.  Lee. 

FES'ELS,  n.    A  kind  of  base  grain.  May. 
FESSE,  (fes,)  H.    [h.  fascia,  a  band.] 

In  heraldry,  a  band  or  girdle,  possessing  the  third 
part  of  the  escutcheon ;  one  of  the  nine  honorable 
ordinaries.  Peaclunn.  Eiicyc. 

FESSE'-POINT,  n.    The  e.\act  center  of  the  escutch- 
eon. Eiicyc. 
FES'SI-TUDE,  J!.    [L.]  Weariness. 
FES'TAL,  a.    [L./es?iis,  festive.    See  Feast.] 
Pertaining  to  a  feast ;  joyous  ;  gay  ;  mirtluul. 

ChesUrJield. 
FES'TAL-LY,  adv.    Joyously  =  mirthfully. 
FES'TER,  B.  i.    [Q,u.  L.  pcstujjius,  or  psLstiila.'] 

To  ninkle  ;  to  corrupt ;  to  grow  virulent.  We  say 
of  a  sore  or  wountl,  it  festers. 

Passion  and  uiikimliipss  may  give  a  woiinil  tlial  shall  bl^e.l  and 
Bin.irt ;  but  il  is  ir^iaclierjr  lliat  niaki:-s  it/csf£r.  Sautli. 

FES'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rankling;  growing  viru- 
lent. 

FES'TER-MEN'T,  n.    A  festering.  Chalmers. 
FES'TI-NATE,  a.    [U  fettino,festinatus.] 

Hasty  ;  hurried.    [Mt  in  use.]  Shah. 
FES'TI-NATE-I.V,  adv.    Hastily.  Shal:. 
FES-TI-NA'TIO.V,  n.    Haste.    [.Vot  uMd.] 
FES'TI-VAL,  a.    [L.  festivus,  from  feslus,  or  fcstum, 
or  fasti.    See  Fe  vst.] 

Pertaining  to  a  feast ;  joyous  ;  mirtliful ;  as,  a  fes- 
tiviU  entertainment,  .^Iterbury. 
FES'TI-V.Mj,  71.    Tlie  lime  of  feasting;  an  anniver- 
sary day  of  joy,  civil  or  religious. 

Tlie  morning  Irunipels  festival  proclaimed.  Millan. 
FES'TIVE,  a.  festivus.] 

Pertaining  to  or  becoming  a  feast ;  joyous  ;  gay ; 
mirthful. 

The^Iad  circle  round  them  yield  their  souls 

To  fislioe  niirlli  and  wit  Uiat  knows  no  Thomson. 

FES'TIVE-LY,  ado.    In  a  festive  manner. 
FE.S-TIV'I-TY,  71.    [L.  fcMieitas.] 

1.  Primari';;/,  the  mirth  of  a  feast;  hence,  joyful- 
ncss ;  gayety  ;  social  joy  or  exhilaration  of  spirits  at 
an  entertainment.  Taijlor. 

2.  A  festival.    [JVbJ  in  use.]  Brown. 
FES'TIV-OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  feast ;  joyous. 
FES-TOON',  n.   [Vv.  festuii :  Sf.id.;  h.festane;  prob- 
ably a  tie,  from  the  root  of  fust,  W.fcst,.] 

.'Something  in  iuiitation  of  a  garland  or  wreath.  In 
architecture  and  sculpture,  an  ornament  of  carved 
work,  in  the  form  of  a  wreath  of  (lowers,  fruits,  and 
heaves,  intermixed  or  twisted  together.  It  is  in  the 
form  of  a  string  or  collar,  somewhat  largest  in  the 
middle,  where  it  falls  down  in  an  arch,  being  sus- 
pi  ndcd  by  the  ends,  the  extremities  of  which  often 
ii.ing  down  perpendicularly. 

Harris.    Kncyc.  Brande. 
FES-TOO.\',  V.  t.    To  form  in  festoons,  or  to  adorn 
with  festoons. 

FES-TOO.V'KD,  pp.  or  a.    Made  into  festoons,  or 

adorned  with  them. 
FE.S-TOO.N'I.N(;,   ppr.     Making  into  fcstoon.a,  or 

adorning  with  them. 
FE.S'TU-CINE,  (  sin,)  a.    [L.  fcstuca.] 

Itciiig  of  a  straw  ccjl.ir.  Brown. 
FES''J'U-e(JL.'S,  a.    Formed  of  straw.  Brown. 
FET,  71.    [Fr. /ui(.]    Apiece.    [JV'»(  ii,«<;.] 
FET,  V.  U  or  i.    'i'o  fetch  ;  to  como  to.    [JVu(  used.] 

Tiisscr.  Sachrillc. 
FP/TAL,  a.    [from  fctu<.]    Pertaining  to  a  fetus. 
FETCH,  V.  t.    [Sax.  frrr.an,  or  fmrati.    I  have  not 
found  tliix  word  in  any  oihc  r  language.    Fet,  fettan, 
iniiKt  be  a  diffi-rent  word  or  a  cnrriiplion.] 

1.  To  go  and  bring,  or  simiily  to  bring,  th.il  is,  to 
bear  a  thing  toward  or  to  a  persttn. 

Wc  wll!  Oikr  rn'-n  \o  feUh  viclnnit  for  Ihn  people.  — Jntl^fe*  xx. 
iin  to  the  riuck,  nild  Jtlch  In*  tmm  tbunce  two  kltix  of  liio  (foal«, 
—  (jen.  llvU. 


FET 

In  the  latter  passage,  fetch  signifies  only  to  bring. 

2.  To  derive  ;  to  draw,  as  from  a  source. 

On,  you  noblest  Kiiglish, 
Whose  blood  is  fetdied  from  fathers  of  wai^proof.  Shak. 

[In  this  sense,  the  use  is  neither  camman  nor  elegant.] 

3.  To  strike  at  a  distance.    [JVV«  used.] 

The  conditions  and  improvements  of  weapons  are  ih^  fetching 
afar  oft".  Baron. 

4.  To  bring  back  ;  to  recall ;  to  bring  to  any  state. 
[J^ot  used,  or  vulgar.] 

In  smells  we  see  tlieir  great  and  sudden  effott  in  /etching  men 
agitin,  when  they  stt'oou.  Bacon. 

5.  To  bring  or  draw  ;  as,  to  fetch  a  thing  within  a 
certain  compass. 

C.  To  make  ;  to  perform ;  as,  to  fetch  a  turn  ;  to 
fetch  a  leap  or  bound.  Shah. 
Felch  a  eoriipass  behind  them.  —  2  Sam.  v. 

7.  To  draw  ;  to  heave  ;  as,  to  fetch  a  sigh. 

Jiddison. 

8.  To  reach  ;  to  attain  or  come  to ;  to  arrive  at. 

We  /e£c/ied  the  syren's  isle.  Chapman. 

9.  To  bring  ;  to  obtain  as  its  price.  Wheat  fetches 
only  75  cents  the  bushel.  A  commodity  is  worth 
what  it  will  fetch. 

To  fetch  out ;  to  bring  or  draw  out ;  to  cause  to  ap- 
pear. , 

To  fetch  to  ;  to  restore ;  to  revive,  as  from  a  swoon. 

To  fetch  up ;  to  bring  up ;  to  cause  to  come  up  or 
forth. 

To  fetch  a  pump ;  to  pour  water  into  it  to  make  it 
draw  water.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

FETCH,  V.  i.   To  move  or  turn  ;  as,  to  fetch  about. 

Shak. 

2.  Among  seamen,  to  reach  or  attain  ;  as,  to  fetch 
to  windward.  Totten. 
FETCH,  7!.  A  stratagem,  by  which  a  thing  is  indi- 
rec^y  brought  to  pass,  or  by  which  one  thing  seems 
intended  and  another  is  done  ;  a  trick  ;  an  artifice  ; 
as,  a  fetch  of  wit.  S/uilc. 
Straight  cast  about  to  overreach 

The  unwary  conepieror  with  ^  fetch.  Hudibrat. 

FETCH'ER,  71.    One  that  brings. 

FETCH'ING,  ppr.     Bringing;  going  and  bringing; 

deriving ;  drawing ;  making ;  reaching ;  obtaining 

as  price. 

FETE,  (fite,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  festival  holiday,  or  cele- 
brution  of  some  day. 

FETE-CHAM-PETRE',  (fTit-sham-patr',)  n.  A  fes- 
tival or  entertainment  in  the  open  air. 

Fii'TlClI,  (fee'tish,)  n.  An  object  selected  tempora- 
rily for  worship,  as  a  tree,  stone,  &c.    [See  Feti- 

CHISM.] 

FE  T'I-CHtS.M,  )  71.    The  worship  of  idols  among  the 
FET'I-CIS-M,    i     negroes  of  Africa,  among  whom 
fetich  is  an  idol,  any  tree,  stone,  or  other  thing  wor- 
shiped. 

A  stupid  kind  of  idolatry,  such  as  that  of  the  Afri- 
can negroes,  which  consists  in  giving  temporary 
worship  to  any  material  object  which  the  fancy  may 
happen  to  select,  as  a  tree,  a  stone,  a  post,  an  animal, 
&c.  J.  Murdoch. 

FET'ID,  a.  [L.  fwtidus,  from  fwteo,  to  have  an  ill 
scent.] 

Having  an  oflvUisive  smell;  having  a  strong  or 
rancid  scent. 

Most  pntrefictions  smell  either  fetid  or  moldy.  Baron. 
FET'ID-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  smelling  offen- 
sively ;  a  fetid  (luality. 
FE-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  fa:tifer ;  /atits  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

Producing  young,  as  animals. 
FET'LOCK,  71.    [foot,  or  feel,  and  lock.]    The  part  of 
the  leg  where  the  tuft  of  hair  grows  behind  the  pas- 
tern joint  in  horses.  Farm.  Encyc. 
Fk'TOR,  n.    [L.  fator.] 

Any  strong,  offensive  smell ;  stench.  .Srbutlmot. 
FET'TER,  71.    [Sax.  fetor,  (torn  foot,  feel ,  as  in  L.  peil- 
ica;  G.  fessel.    Chielly  used  in  the  plural,  fetters.] 

1.  A  chain  for  the  feet ;  a  chain  by  which  an  ani- 
mal is  contined  by  the  foot,  cither  made  fast  or  fixeil, 
as  a  prisoner,  or  impeded  in  inotiiui  and  hindered 
friun  lenping,  as  a  horse  whose  fore  and  hind  feet 
are  contined  by  a  chain. 

The  PliilihliiiLS  bound  Samson  with  fclUre  of  brass.  —  Judges 

2.  Any  thing  that  confines  or  restrains  from  mo- 
tion. 

Passions  too  fierce  to  be  lu  fetttrt  bound.  Viyden. 

FET'TER,  V.  t.  To  put  on  fetters  ;  to  shackle  or  con- 
fine the  fi'et  with  a  chain. 

2.  'I'o  bind  ;  to  enchain  ;  to  confine  ;  to  restrain 
motion  ;  to  impose  restraints  on. 

J-\lter  strong  madness  in  a  silken  thrend.  Sliak, 

FET'TER-/;i),  pp.  or  a.  Btmnd  or  confined  by  fet- 
tt'rs  ;  i  nrbained.  Marston. 

In  looloiry,  a|iplied  to  the  feet  of  animals,  when 
they  are  strelcheil  backward,  and  appear  unlit  for 
walking. 

FET'TER  ING,  ppr.  liiniling  or  fastening  by  the 
feet  with  n  chain  ;  confining  ;  restraining  motion. 


FEU 

FET'TER-LESS,  a.    Free  from  fetters  or  restraint. 

Marston. 

FET'TLE,  V.  U    To  repair.  Chcsh.  Olossary. 

2.  To  do  trifling  business.  Bp.  Hall. 

FETT'STEIN,  7i.  [Ger.,  fat  .  tone.]  A  mineral  of  a 
greenish  or  bluish-gray  color,  or  tiesli-red,  called  also 
elaolite.  Jiikin.  Jatncson. 

Fe'TCJS,  7!. ;  pi.  Fetuses.    [L.  fatus.] 

The  young  of  viviparous  animals  in  the  womb, 
and  of  oviparous  animals  in  the  egg,  after  it  is  per- 
fectly formed,  before  which  time  it  is  called  embryo. 
A  young  animal  then  is  called  a  fetus,  from  the  time 
its  parts  are  distinctly  formed,  till  its  birth.  Encyc. 

FEuD,  (fude,)«.  [Sax  fwhth,  or  /an-f/i,  from  Jigan,feon, 
to  liate.  Hence  also  fah,  a  foe,  anil  from  the  participle 
frond,  a  fiend  •,  D.  vyand,  G.  feind,  an  enemy  ;  G. 
fehd,  war,  quarrel  ;  Sw.  fegd ;  Dan.  fejde.  In  Irish, 
fuath  is  hatred,  abhorrence.    Class  Bg.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  deadly  quarrel ;  hatred  and  conten- 
tion that  were  to  be  terminated  only  by  death. 
Among  our  rude  ancestors,  these  quarrels,  though 
originating  in  the  murder  of  an  individual,  involved 
the  whole  tribe  or  family  of  the  injured  and  of  the 
aggressing  parties.    Hence,  in  modem  usage, 

2.  A  ctintention  or  quarrel  ;  particularly,  an  invet- 
erate quarrel  between  families  or  parties  in  a  state  ; 
the  discord  and  animosities  which  prevail  among  the 
citizens  of  a  state  or  city,  sometimes  accompanied 
with  civil  war.  In  the  north  of  Great  Britain,  the 
word  is  still  used  in  its  original  sense ;  denoting  a 
combination  of  kindred  to  revenge  the  tleath  of  any 
of  their  blood,  on  the  offender  and  all  his  race,  or 
any  other  great  enemy.  We  say,  it  is  the  policy  of 
our  enemies  to  raise  and  cherish  intestine  feuds. 

The  word  is  not  strictly  applicable  to  wars  between 
different  nations,  but  to  intestine  wars,  and  to  quar- 
rels and  animosities  between  families  or  small  tribes, 
FEuD,  7!,  Usually  supposed  to  be  composed  of  the 
'J'eutonic  fee,  goods,  reward,  and  ead  or  odh,  W, 
eiiaw,  possession,  property.  Rut  if  feuds  had  been 
given  as  rewards  for  services,  that  consideration 
would  have  vested  the  title  to  the  land  in  the  donee. 
Yet  feud  is  not  a  Teutonic  or  Gothic  word,  being 
found  among  none  of  the  northern  nations  of  Eu- 
rope. This  word  originated  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
wliether  in  France,  Si)ain,  or  Italy,  may  perhaps  be 
ascertained  by  writings  of  the  middle  ages,  which  I 
do  not  possess.  It  probably  originated  among  the 
Franks,  or  in  Lombardy  or  Italy,  ami  certainly  timong 
men  who  studied  the  civil  law.  In  Italian,  a  feiiftee 
is  called  feilc'cojnmessario,  a  trust-comuiissary  ;  fede- 
commesso  is  a  feoffment,  a  trust-estate  ;  .Sp.  fdeicomi- 
so,  a  feoffment.  These  words  are  the  fdei-commt-isa- 
rius,  fidei-commissum,  of  the  Digest  and  Codex.  In 
Spanish,  fiado  signifies  security  given  for  anotlier,  or 
b;iil ;  al  fiado,  on  trust ;  fiador,  one  who  trusts  ;  feudo, 
a  fief,  fee,  or  feud  ;  Port.  id.  In  JV;)r7;ia7i,  fidz  de 
chevalers  signifies  knight's  fees.  Feud,  then,  with 
fee,  which  is  a  contraction  of  it,  is  a  word  formed 
from  the  L.  fides.  It.  fcdc,  Sp.  fe.  Norm,  fci,  faith, 
trust,  with  had,  state,  or  ead  or  odh,  estate  ;  and  a 
feud  is  an  estate  in  trust,  or  on  condition,  which  co- 
incides nearly  in  sense  with  the  northern  word,  G. 
WiC7i,  D.  leen:  Sw.  Idn,  Dan.  lehn.  Eng.  loa».  From 
the  origin  of  this  word,  we  see  the  peculiar  propriety 
of  calling  the  donee  fidclis,  and  his  obligation  to  his 
lord  Jidelitas,  whence  fealty.] 

A  fief ;  a  fee  ;  a  right  to  lands  or  hereditaments 
lield  in  trust,  or  on  the  terms  of  performing  certain 
conditions  ;  the  right  which  a  vassal  or  tenant  has  to 
the  lands  or  other  immovable  thing  of  his  lord,  to  use 
the  same  and  take  the  profits  thereof  hereditarily, 
rendering  to  his  superior  such  duties  and  services  as 
belong  to  military  tenure,  &c.,  the  projjerty  of  the 
soil  always  remaining  in  tlie  lord  or  superior. 

From  the  foregoing  explanation  of  the  origin  of  the 
word,  result  very  natur.illy  the  definition  of  the  term, 
and  the  doctrine  of  fiu-feiture,  upon  non-performance 
of  the  conditions  of  the  trust  or  loan. 
FEOD'AL,  (fud'al,)  a.    [Sii.  feudal.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  feuds,  fiefs,  or  fees;  as,  feudal 
rights  or  services  ;  feudal  tenures. 

2.  Cimsisting  of  feuds  or  fiefs  ;  embracing  tenures 
by  military  services  ;  as,  the  feudal  system. 

FEOD'.'M/,  71.    .Something  held  by  tenure. 

FEOD'AL-IS.M,  a.  The  feudal  system  ;  the  principles 
and  constitution  of  feuds,  or  lands  held  by  military 
services.  Wtitahcr. 

FEOD-AL'I-TY,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
feudal  ;  fi'iidal  form  or  constitution.  Burke. 

FE0I)-Al>-I-'/.v''I'lON,  7i.  The  act  of  reducing  to 
feudal  tenure. 

FEOI)'AI,-I/.E,  J',  t.    To  reduce  to  a  feudal  tenure. 

FK01)'Alj-I/.-f;i),  pp.    Reduced  tii  feudal  tenure. 

FEOD'AI.-IZ  I.NG,  ppr.    Reducing  to  a  feudal  form. 

FE01)'A-RY, «,    Holding  land  of  a  superior. 

FEfiD'A-TA-RV,  71.    A  feudatory,  which  see. 

FEOI)'A-T(J-RV,  II.  [Sp.  feutlatitrio;  Vort.  fcudntario.] 
A  tenant  or  vassal  who  holds  his  lands  of  a  supe- 
rior, on  condition  of  military  service  ;  the  tenant  of 
a  feud  or  lief.  Btackslone,  Eneiic. 

FEU  /;/■;  ./O/A',  (fii'dezhw'.l',)  [liri^  of  joy.]  A  French 
phrase  for  u  bonfire,  or  a  firing  of  guns  in  token  of 
joy. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T — METE,  PRgV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


448 


FIB 


FIE 


1 


FECI  "'1ST,  II.    A  writer  on  funds.  S/x/ukih. 
FKUU/L.ivGF., (fill  ) U/.li,) «.    [Fr.,  foliJigc]    A  liiiiich 

or  row  of  Iraves.  Jrrva.t, 
FKO'lLLK-AIORT,  (fu'il-mort,)  «.    [Fr.,  dead  iL-af.] 

The  color  of  a  faded  li'af. 
FEu'TEIl,  B.  t.   To  make  ready.    [JV'ut  i«  use.] 

Sprnsrr, 

FEO'TER-ER,  n.    A  dog  kcpper.    [J\ot  used.] 

Fk.'VEU,  ti.  [Fr.,  >frc;  Sp.Ai.rc;  U.  fMre ;  h. 
fcbris,  supiMsed  to  be  so  written  liy  transposition  for 
fcrbis  or  fcrvLt,  from  /erbco,  feroeo,  to  be  hot,  At. 

j\j  faura  OT  faira.    Class  Br,  No.  30.] 

1.  .\  disease  characli'rized  by  an  accelerated  pnlsp, 
with  increase  of  heat,  impaired  functions,  diniinishi  ii 
strength,  and  often  with  preternatural  thirst.  'I'liis 
order  ol  diseases  is  called  by  Ciillen  ]>ijrii\i,  (Jr. 
7rii.)«fia.  Fevers  arc  often  or  generally  preceded  by 
chills  or  rigors,  called  (/«■  cold  stase  of  the  Jiseasr. 
Fevers  arc  of  various  kmds ;  but  the  principal  di- 
vision of  fevers  is  into  remittiu!r  fevers,  which  sut>- 
slde  or  abate  at  intervals  ;  inUrmittinir  fevers,  which 
intermit  or  entirely  cease  at  Intervals  ;  and  con- 
tinued or  coiUUual  fevers,  which  neither  remit  nor 
intermit. 

i2.  Meat;  agitation  ;  excitement  by  any  thing  that 
strongly  atl'ects  the  passions.  This  news  has  given 
me  a  fever.  This  quarrel  has  set  my  blood  in  a 
fever. 

FF;'VKR,r.  (.    To  put  in  a  fever.  Dniden 
FE'VER-eoOL-INU,  a.    Allaying  febrile  heat. 

TUtimson. 

FP.'VF.R-ET,  »i.    A  slight  f.'ver.    [Obs.\  .^ijliffe. 
FP.'VEll-FEVV,  n.     [Sax.  feferfagt;  L.  jebrU  and 

fa<ro,\ 

A  plant  allied  to  Chamomile,  and  so  named  from 
sup|M>seil  febrifuge  ipialilies.  'i  he  connnon  feverfew 
grows  to  the  liight  of  two  or  tliree  feet,  with  coni- 
jiound,  radiated,  while  llowen!,  with  a  yellow  disc. 
FE'VER-ISH,a.  Having  a  slight  fever ;  as,  the  patient 
is  feverUlt. 

2.  Diseased  »vilh  fever  or  heat ;  as,  feverish  nature. 

Creech. 

3.  Uncertain ;  inconstant ;  fickle  ;  now  hot,  now 
cold. 

Wc  toM  nnil  turn  tUiout  oat  feverish  will.  Xyryden. 

4.  Hot ;  sultry  ;  burning ;  as,  the  feverish  north. 

Dryden, 

Fk'VER-ISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  feverish  manner. 
Fe'VER-ISH-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  feverish  ; 

a  slight  febrile  atfection. 
FP.'VEIM.Y,  a.    Like  a  fever. 
FK'VER-OUS,  a.     Allected  with  fever  or  amic. 
3.  Having  the  nature  gf  fever.  [SAaJI^ 
All  Jeveroiu  kindi.  MVton. 
3.  Having  the  tendency  to  produce  fever  ;  as,  a 
feverous  disposition  of  the  year,    [y/its  word  is  Utile 
used.]  Bacon. 
.  Fe'VER-OUS-LY,  ado.    In  a  feverish  manner.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Donne. 
Fi?.'VEIl-ROOT,  II.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Triosteuni. 
FE'VER-SICK,  a.    [Sax.  f.fer-scoc.] 

Diseased  with  fever.  Pecle. 
FE'VER-SORE,  n.    The  popular  name  of  a  carious 

nicer  or  necrosis.  ^  jViiicr. 

Fe  VER-WEAK'iN-ED,  (-wek'nd,)  o.  Debilitated 
by  fever. 

Fk'VER-WEED,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Eryngium. 

Fi?.'VER-\VOK T.    Sec  Fever-Root. 

FIC-VER-Y,  a,    Arlecled  with  fever.        B.  .Jonson. 

FEW,  (fii,)  n.  [Sax.  fca,  or  pawa  ;  Dan. /oy«  ;  Fr. 
pea;  Sp.  and  It.  puco  ;  L.  paueL  The  senses  of /fu> 
and  small  are  ot^en  united.    Class  Rg.] 

Not  many  ;  small  in  number.  Party  is  the  mad- 
ness of  many  for  tin;  gain  of  a  fra ;  but  fea  men,  in 
times  of  iKirly,  regard  the  inavim. 

FEVV'EIi,  n.    Combustible  matter.    [Sec  FfEL.] 

FEWNESS,  n.    Smallness  of  number ;  paucity. 

Ih-ijden. 

9.  Paucity  of  words  ;  brevity.  [.Vol  used.]  Shak. 
FEY,  (ni,)r.  t    [n.  terpen.] 

To  cleanse  a  ditch  from  mild.  Tusser. 
FfJY'EDipp.    Cle.ansed  from  mud  :  applied  to  a  ditch. 
FBY'I.N'O,  ppr.    Cleansing  a  ditch  from  mud. 
Ff-A'CRF.,  (fc-i'kr,)  ii.    .\  French  hackney  coach. 
FT'ANCE,  r.  r.    To  betroth.    [See  AKt  iANCi:.] 
FT.\RS,  (fS'arz,)  n.  pi.    The  price  of  gniins,  as  fixed, 
in  the  counties  of  Scotland,  by  the  respective  sherilfs 
and  a  jury.  Jamieson, 
FI'.VT,       [U,  from  fo.] 
;        Let  it  be  done  ;  a  decree  ;  a  command  to  do  some- 
FIB,  71.    [See  FiBLE.    It.  meabhra.]  [thing. 
A  lie  or  falsehood  ;  a  word  used  among  children 
and  the  vulgar,  as  a  softer  expression  than  lie. 
FIH,  r.  1.    To  lie  ;  to  speak  falsely. 
FIB'RF.R,  ri.    One  who  tells  lies  or  fibs. 
Fin  ill.NG,  ppr.   Telling  fibs  :  as  a  noun,  the  telling 
of  fib». 

FT'ltlW,  )  n.  [Ft.  fbre  ;  Ufbra;  Bp.  hrbra,  libra  I  It. 
n  URE,  i  fbra.] 

1  A  thread  ;  a  fine,  slender  body  which  consti- 


tutes a  part  of  the  frame  of  aniin:ils.  Of  fibers, 
some  arc  soft  and  llexible,  others  mure  hard  and 
clastic.  Those  that  arc  soft  are  hollow,  or  spongy, 
and  full  of  little  cells,  as  the  nervous  ami  (Icshy. 
Some  are  so  small  as  scarcely  tt>  be  visibh- ;  others 
are  larger,  and  appear  to  be  ci>iiiposcd  of  Ktill  smaller 
fibres.  These  fibers  constitute  the  substance  of  the 
bones,  cartilages,  ligaments,  membranes,  nerves, 
veins,  arteries,  and  muscles.  Quinri/. 

2.  A  filament  or  slender  thread  in  plants  or  iiiin- 
ends  ;  the  small,  slender  root  of  a  plant. 

3.  Any  fine,  slender  thread. 

Fr"R?;".f'i        Having  fibers. 

Fl'liRE-LESs'  I       ""'"'S  fi'^''"- 
FI'IlRlL,  71.    [Vt.  fbrille.] 

A  small  fiber;  tlie  branch  of  a  filicT;  a  vty  slen- 
der thread.  Chr>iiie. 
FI-DRIL'LOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  fibers. 

Or.  Kinnier. 

FI'ltRL\,  71.  [See  FiiiER.j  A  peculiar  organic  coin- 
pound  substance  found  in  aiuin.ils  and  vegetables. 
It  is  contained  in  the  clot  of  coagulated  blood,  and 
constitutes  muscular  fiber.  Pure  fibrin  is  of  a  whitish 
color,  inodorous,  and  insoluble  in  cold  water  ;  it  is 
a  solid  substance,  tough,  elastic,  and  composed  of 
tlireaily  fibers.  P.  Cijc.  Graham. 

Fl'lUll.N-Ol.'S,  (I.    Having  or  partaking  of  fibrin. 

FIB'RO-LITE,  n.    [from  l..fibra,  and  (Jr.  Ai^  j.] 

A  fibrous  mineral  from  the  Carnatic,  siipiiosed  to 
be  identical  with  Uuehol/.ite.  An  American  mineral 
so  called  is  nothing  but  Kyanite.  Dana. 

FI'BROU.S,  a.  Coin|Hised  or  consisting  of  fibers  ;  as, 
a  Jibrous  body  or  subst.ance. 

2,  Containing  fibers.  In  77ii?irrrt/(iff-j/,  a. /?ftroH5  fnic- 
ture  is  that  which  presents  fine  threads  or  slender 
lines,  cither  straight  or  curved,  parallel,  diverging, 
or  stellated,  like  the  rays  of  a  star.  Kirwnn. 

FIB'lJ-LA,  H.    [L.]    The  outer  and  lesser  bone  of  the 
leg,  much  smaller  than  the  tibia.  (iuincy. 
2.  .\  cUisp  or  buckle. 

FICK'LE,  a.  [Sax. /to/;  but  it  seems  to  be  connected 
with  wicelian,  Sw.  vackia,  to  waver,  from  the  root  of 
wair ;  L.  vacillo ;  (it.  nxniAos;  Heb.  Cli.  Syr.  J>D, 
to  fail,  or  rather  Heb.  piD,  to  stagger.  Class  IJg,  No. 
44,  60.1 

1.  Wavering;  inconstant  ;  unstable  ;  ofacliange- 
able  mind  ;  irresolute ;  not  firm  in  opinion  or  pur- 
pose ;  capricious. 

Thpy  know  how Jickle  common  lovere  nre,  Dryden. 

2.  Not  fixed  or  firm  ;  liable  to  change  or  vicissitude  j 
as,  n  Jichle  state.  j\Iitttm. 

FICK'LE-NESS,  71,  A  wavering  ;  wavering  disposi- 
tion ;  inconstancy;  inst.ability  :  unsteadiness  in  opin- 
ion or  purpi»se  ;  as,  the  fickleness  of  lovers. 

2.  Instability  ;  changeablencss  ;  as,  the  fickleness 
of  fortune. 

FICK'LY,  adv.    Without  firmness  or  steadiness. 

Southern. 

Fl'eO,  (fC'ko,)  71.  [It.,  a  fit;.]  An  act  of  contempt 
by  placing  the  thumb  between  two  of  the  fingers, 
expressing  a  fi<r  for  you.  Carrie. 

FICTILE,  o.  [U  fictilis,  from  fetus,  fin^o,  to  feign.] 
.Molded  into  form  by  art ;  manufactured  by  tlic 
potter. 

^Vli/<  e.irth  is  more  fragile  than  crude  eivrth.  Bacon, 
Fie'TION,  71.    lL.fictio,  ftomfngo,  to  f»ign.] 

1.  The  act  of  feigning,  inventing,  or  imagining  ;  aa, 
by  the  mere  ./icJioii  of  the  mind.  SlilliniTficet, 

2.  That  which  is  feigned,  invented,  or  imagined. 
The  story  is  a  fiction. 

So  aUo  wu  OtP  fiction  of  lhou^  coldon  AppVs  kept  by  a  dm^on, 
ukcn  frvm  (ht  terjicnt  wliich  tempted  Evo.  Halegn. 

3.  Fiction ;  in  law,  an  assumption  made  of  what  is 
not  literally  true,  for  the  purpose  of  passing  more  rapid- 
ly over  those  parts  of  the  subject  which  are  not  dis- 
puted, and  arriving  at  the  points  really  at  issue.  Brande. 

FIC'TION-IST,  71.    A  writer  of  fiction.    IVesU  Rev. 
FIC'TIOUS,  for  Fictitioi  s.    [^'ot  ii.ird.] 
Fie-TI"TIOLIS,  (fik-tish'us,)  a.    [L.  fcUtius,  from 
yiTi^o,  to  feign.] 

1.  Feigned  ;  imaginary  ;  not  real. 

The  hunun  penons  arc  aj  ficlt&out  ns  the  airy  onci.  Pojte. 

2.  Counterfeit ;  false ;  not  genuine  ;  as,  fictitious 
fame.  Dryden. 

FIC-TI"TIOUS-LY,  adv.  By  fiction  ;  falsely  ;  coun- 
terfeitlv. 

Fie-TI"TIOUS-NESS,  n.    Feigned  representation. 

Browtu 

Fie'TIVE,  a.    Feigned.    [JVot  used.] 

FIC'TOR,  n.    [\,.\  An  nriist  who  models  or  forms 

sLatues  and  reliefs  in  clay.  Elmes. 
FID,  II.    A  square  bar  of  wood  or  iron,  with  a  shoulder 
at  one  end,  used  to  support  the  topmast,  when 
erected  at  the  !:ead  of  the  lower  mast.    Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  pin  of  hard  wtnid  or  iron,  tapering  to  a  point, 
u.sed  to  open  the  strands  of  a  rope  in  splicing. 

Mar.  Dirt. 

FID'DI.E.  (fid'dl,)  71.  [G.  fiedel;  D.  vedel ;  L.  fides, 
fidicula.] 

A  stringed  instrument  of  music ;  a  violin. 


FID'DLE,  V  i.   To  jibiy  on  a  fiddle  or  violin. 

Thenil«lucles  latd  he  ciiuld  not  fiddle,  Injt  he  cuiilil  ma^o  4 

•nmtl  town  B  ^-nt  city.  Bacon. 
It  Is  taid  that  Nrro  fitl/iud  witi-n  Rome  w.-u  in  ftainea,  Hulory. 

2.  To  tritle  ;  to  shift  the  hands  often  and  do  noth- 
ing, like  a  fellow  that  plays  on  a  fiddle. 

(juo«l  cuuki  call  not  abide  wh.it  tli'-y  c  ill  fi'/iIUng  work.  S-Ji/L 

FID'DLE,  V.  t.    To  play  a  tune  on  a  fiddle. 
FID'ULE-FAD'ULE,  71.    A  trifie ;  trilling  talk.  [Jl 

lore,  cant  word.]  Spectator. 
FIU'DLE-FAD'DLE,  o.    Trirting ;  making  a  bustle 

about  nothing,  [fu/i'ar.l 
FID'DLER,  n.    One  who  plays  on  a  fiddle  or  violin. 
ITD'DLE-S'i'ICK,  ».    The  bow  and  string  with  which 

a  fiililliT  plavs  (ui  a  violin, 
FII)'ULE-S  TRlNd,  71.   The  string  of  a  fiddle,  fa.st- 

eiii'd  at  the  ends,  and  elevated  in  the  middle  by  a 

bridge. 

FID'ULE-WQOD,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Citharex- 
ylon. 

FIU'DLlNfi,  ;i;jr.  or  a.  Playing  on  a  fiddle  ;  trifling. 
FID'ULI.N'G,  71.    The  act  of  playing  on  a  fiddle. 

Bacon. 

FI-DE-JUS'SIOX,  (  jush'un,)  71.    Surctiship;  the  act 

of  being  bound  xs  surety  for  another. 
FM)E-JUS'SOK,  71.    [L.]    A  surety  ;  one  bound  for 

another.  Blackstone. 
FI-DEL'I-TY,  71.    [L.  fidelUas,  from  fides,  faith,  fido, 

to  trust.    See  Faith.] 

1.  Faithfulness;  careful  and  exact  observance  of 
duty,  or  perforinancc  of  obligations.  We  expect 
fidelity  in  a  public  niini.ster,  in  an  agent  or  trustee,  in 
a  domestic  servant,  in  n  friend. 

The  br»t  r-curity  for  xiwfiUltly  of  mm,  in  to  m^k'-  InlTr^t  coin- 
cide Willi  duty.  J'\<lrraiisl.  Hamilton. 

2.  Firm  adherence  to  a  person  or  party  with  which 
one  is  united,  or  to  which  one  is  bound  ;  loyalty  ;  as, 
the  ,;?f/Wi/i/ of  subjects  to  their  king  or  government ; 
the  fidelity  of  a  tenant  or  liege  to  Ins  lord 

3.  Observance  of  the  marriage  covenant;  as,  the 
fidelity  of  a  husband  or  wife. 

4.  Honesty  ;  veracity  ;  adherence  to  truth  ;  as,  the 
fidclily  of  a  witness. 

FinClE,     Iv.i.    [Allied  probably  to JIcA/c]   To  move 
FIDG'ET,  j     one  way  and  the  other  ;  to  move  irregu- 
larly, or  in  fits  and  starts.    [,/J  low  word.]  Swift. 
FIDG'KT,  71.    Irregular  motion  j  restlessness.  [Fal- 
Sar.] 

FIDC^ET-Y,  a.    Restless  ;  uneasy,  [fufo-ar.] 
FI-DO'CI.\L,  (fe-du'shal,)  a.    [from  L.  fiducia,  from 
fido,  to  trust.) 

1.  Confident ;  undouhting  ;  firm  ;  as,  a  fiducial  re- 
liance on  the  proinis(!s  of  tite  gospel. 

2.  Having  the  nature  of  a  tnist ;  as,  fiducial  power. 

Spelnian. 

FI-DC'CIAL-LY,  adv.    With  confidence.  South. 
FI-D0'C1.\-RY,  a.   [Ij.  fiduciarius,  from  fido,  to  trust.] 

1.  Confident ;  steady  ;  undoubting  ;  unwavering  ; 
firm.  fVake. 

2.  Not  to  be  doubted  ;  as,  fiduciary  obedience. 

Howell. 

3.  Held  in  trust.  Sprlman, 
FI-DO'CIA-KY,  71.    One  who  holds  a  thing  in  trust; 

a  trustee. 

2.  One  who  depends  on  faith  for  salvation,  without 
works  ;  an  Antiiioinian.  Hammond. 

FIE,  (f  I ;)  an  exclamation  denoting  contempt  or  dis- 
like. [This  may  be  from  the  Saxon  verb  fian,  to 
liate,  the  root  of  fiend.] 

FIEF,  (feef,)  71.  [Fr.  fief,  probably  a  compound  woid, 
consisting  of  fe,  faith,  and  a  word  I  do  not  under- 
stand.   Sec  Fee,  Feoff,  and  Fel  d,] 

A  fee  ;  a  feud  ;  an  estate  held  of  a  superior  on  con- 
dition of  military  ser\'ice. 

FIELD,  (feeld,)  11.  [Sax.  feU  ;  G.  feld  ;  D.  veld  ;  Sw. 
and  Dan.  frit ;  probably  level  land,  a  plain,  from  D. 
vcllen,  to  fell,  to  lay  or  throw  down.] 

1.  A  piece  of  land  inclosed  for  tillage  or  pasture  ; 
any  part  of  a  farm,  except  the  garden  and  appurte- 
nances of  the  mansion  ;  properly,  land  nt>t  covered 
with  wood,  and  more  strictly  applicable  to  tillage 
land  than  to  mowing  land,  which  is  often  called 
meadow.  But  we  say,  the  master  of  the  house  is  in 
tite  field  with  his  laborers,  when  he  is  at  a  distance 
from  his  house  on  his  farm.  He  is  in  the  field,  plow- 
ing, sowing,  reaping,  or  making  hay. 

2.  Ground  not  inclosed.  Mortimer. 

3.  The  groiinil  where  a  battle  is  fought.  We  say, 
the  ficlit  of  battle ;  these  veterans  are  excellent  sol- 
ditrs  ill  the  field. 

4.  A  battle  ;  action  in  the  field. 

What  tbou^  itKfi*Ui  he  \oA.  Mitton. 

5.  To  keep  the  field,  is  to  keep  the  campaign  open  ; 
to  live  in  tents,  or  to  be  in  a  sttite  of  active  opera- 
tions. ,\t  the  approach  of  cold  weather,  the  troops, 
unable  to  keep  (Ar/Wrf,  were  ordered  into  winter  quar- 

C.  A  wide  expanse.  [tcrs. 

Atk  of  yonder  ar^-nl  fietilt  aljoTe.  Pope. 

7.  Open  space  fiir  action  or  operation  ;  compass ; 
extent.    This  siibji'Ct  o|K  ns  a  wide  field  for  contem- 

8.  A  piece  or  tract  of  land.  (plation. 

The  field  1  p»e  Uiee,  an,I  the  care  that  li  therein.  —  Gen.  ixiiL 


TONE,  BULL,  IJ.MTE..  .A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  -  €  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  a«  Z  ;  CR  u  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


57 


I, 


44n 


FIE 


FIG 


FIG 


9  The  eround  or  blank  space  on  wliicli  figures  are 
drawn  :  as.  the  Jifld  or  frround  tif  a  picture.  Dntden, 

lU.  Ill  lu-raldrij,  lha  wliulc  surface  of  tlie  hliielU,  or 
the  continent.  Encijc. 

11.  In  Scripture,  field  often  signifies  the  open  coun- 
try, ground  not  uiclosed,  as  it  may  in  some  countries 
in  modern  times. 

13.  A  field  of  ice ;  a  large  body  of  floating  ice. 

13.  Field  of  view,  in  a  telescope  or  microscope,  is  the 
space  within  which  objects  are  visible  wiien  the  in- 
strument is  adjusted  to  its  focus.  Brande. 
FIEL1)'-I5AS-IL,  11.    A  plant.     [.Applied  to  various 
plants.'^ 

Fli5LD'-BED,  n.  Abed  contrived  for  carrj  ing  into  the 
fteld. 

FIkLD'-BOOK,  n.  A  book  used  in  surveying,  in 
which  are  set  down  the  angles,  stations,  distances, 
&c.  Barlow. 

FlisLD'-eOL-ORS,  (-kul'lurz,)  v.  pi.  In  ?tar,  small 
flags  of  about  a  foot  and  a  half  square,  carried  along 
with  the  quartermaster-geiu-ral,  for  marking  out  the 
ground  for  the  squadrons  and  battalions.  Kncyc. 

FliiLD'-DAY,  71.  A  day  v\  hen  troops  are  drawn  out 
for  instruction  in  field  exercises  and  evolutions. 

FliiLD'-DUCK,  71.  A  species  of  bustard,  nearly  as 
large  as  a  pheasant ;  found  chiefly  in  France. 

Dirt,  of  JVat.  Hist. 

FIeLD'ED,  a.    Being  in  the  field  of  butl'b^ ;  encamiied. 

Sliuk. 

FlisLD'FARE,  Ji.  [field  and  fare,  wandering  in  the 
field.    Sax.  faran,  to  go.] 

A  bird,  of  the  genus  Tardus,  or  thrush,  about  ten 
inches  iti  lenglli,  the  head  a^h-ct)Iored,  the  back  and 
greater  coverts  of  the  wings  of  a  fine,  deep  chestnut, 
and  the  tail  black.  These  birds  pass  the  summer  in 
the  northern  parts  of  Europe,  but  visit  Great  Britain 
in  winter,  Kncyc.  Partington. 

FIeLD'-MXR'SH.VL,  t>.  The  commander  of  an  army, 
a  military  otRcer  of  liigh  rank  in  France  and  Germa- 
ny, and  the  highest  military  officer  in  England  except 
the  captain-general. 

FIELD'- .MOUSE,  n.  A  name  given  to  several  species 
of  mice  that  live  in  the  field,  burrowing  in  banks,  &.c. 

Morttmer, 

FIeLD'-OF'FI-CER,  71.    A  military  officer  above  the 

rank  of  captain,  and  below  that  of  general,  as  a 

major,  lieutenant-colonel,  or  colonel. 
FIELU'-PIeUE,  71.    A  small  cannon  which  is  carried 

along  witli_artnies,  and  used  in  llie  fiebl  of  battle. 
FlELD'-PRE.'iCH'ER,  n.    One  who  preaches  in  the 

opi;n  air.  Lavinirton. 
FIELD'-PREACII'ING,  n.    A  preaching  in  the  field 

or  open  air.  fVarburton. 
FIELD'-UOOM,  71.    Open  space.    [JVot  in  jise.] 

Dravton. 

FIELD'-SPoRTS,  71.  pi.  Diversions  of  the  field,  as 
shooting  and  hunting.  Chesterfield. 

Fliil.D'-STAFF,  71.  A  weapon  carried  by  gunners, 
about  the  length  of  a  halberd,  with  a  spear  at  the 
end,  having  on  each  side  ears  screwed  on,  like  the 
cock  of  a  matchlock,  where  the  gunners  screw  in 
lighted  matches,  when  they  are  on  command. 

Kncyc. 

FIeLD'-VoLE,  7!.    The  short-tailed  field-mouse. 

Brande. 

FIELD'- WORKS,  (-wurks,)  71..  pi.  In  tie  military 
art,  works  thrown  up  by  an  army,  in  besieging  a 
fortress,  or  by  the  besieged,  to  defend  the  place. 

Kncyc. 

FIeLD'Y,  a.    Open,  like  a  field.    Wot  in  vse.] 

IVicUiffe. 

FIEND,  (feend,)  71.  [Snx.  feond,  Goth,  fiands,  from 
fian,fccn,figan,  to  hate  ;  G.feind-,  D.  vyaiid;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  fiende.    See  Feld,  contention.] 

An  enemy,  in  the  worst  sense ;  an  implacable  or 
malicious  foe  ;  the  devil ;  an  infernal  being. 

O  woman  I  woriuin  !  wifii  lo  i1!  tliy  mind 

III  bent,  III]  hfll  contains  no  Ibiilrr fietul.  Pope. 

FIeND'-FRAY'ING,  a.  Terrifying  fiends.  More. 
FlE.N'D'FlJL,  a.    Full  of  evil  or  malignant  practices. 

Jllurlowc. 

FlK.\D'FtII--LY.  ailv.    In  a  fienil  like  manner. 
FlK.ND'-llKAKT-El),  a.    Having  the  heart  of  a  fiend. 
FIKND'ISII,  n.    Like  a  fiend;  malicious. 
FIkM)'I.SI1-NE.'<S,  71.  .MahciousiKws. 
F1P;M)'-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  fiend;  maliciously 

wicked  i  diabolical. 
FIERCE,  (feers,)  n.    [Fr.firr;  U.  fiero,  frroce ;  Sip.  fie- 

TO,  fcroi ;  from  L.  frrus,  feroi,  the  primary  sense  of 

which  iM,  wild,  rnnning,  rushing.) 

1.  Vehement ;  violent ;  furious;  rushing;  impetu- 
ous ;  as,  a  fierce  wind.  Walts. 

2.  Savage ;  ravenous  ;  easily  enraged  ;  as,  a  ficrct 
lion. 

:).  Vehement  in  rage  ;  eager  of  mischief;  as,  a  fierce 
tyrant  ;  a  nionnter  fierce  for  blood. 

4.  Violent ;  outrageous  ;  not  to  be  restrained. 

Ciif»^"l      llfir  an(;<T,  for  it  wiu Jltree.  —  (j.-n.  xlix. 

5.  Passionate  j  niigry  ;  furious. 

8.  Wild  ;  staring  ;  ferocious  ;  as,  a  fierce  counte- 
nance. 

7.  Very  eager ;  nrdcnt ;  vebomont  j  an,  a  man  fierce 
till  Ilia  party. 


FIeRCE'LY,  adv.    Violently;  furiously;  with  rage; 
as,  both  sitles  fiercely  fought. 
2.  With  a  wild  iispect ;  as,  to  look  fiercely. 

Bacon. 

FIERCE'-MIND'ED,  a.  Vehement ;  of  a  furious  tem- 
per. Bp.  fVil-son. 
FIERCE'NESS,  71.    Ferocity;  savageness ;  excessive 
violence  of  spirit. 

Tlie  defect  of  heat,  which  gives  fierceness  to  our  natures.  Su^ifl. 
2.  Eagerness  for  blood  ;  fury  ;  as,  the  fierceness  of 
a  lion  or  bear. 

X  Uuickness  to  attack ;  keenness  in  anger  and  re- 
sentment. 

Tlie  (Jreeks  are  strong,  and  skillful  to  their  stren^h, 

FlLTCc  to  their  skill,  and  to  their  fierceness  vsiliaill.  Sfmk. 

4.  Violence ;  outrageous  passion. 

Ilia  pride  and  hrntal  fierceness  I  abhor.  Dryrlen. 

5.  Vehemence  ;  fury  ;  impetuosity  ;  as,  the  fierce- 
ness of  a  tempest. 

FI'K-RI  FA'CJ-.flS,  (fi'e-rl-fa'she-as.)  71.  [L.]  In 
law,  a  judicial  writ  that  lies  for  him  who  has  recov- 
eretl  in  debt  or  damages,  commanding  the  sheriff  to 
levy  the  same  on  the  goods  of  him  against  whom  the 
recoverv  was  had.  Cowcl. 

FI'ER-I-NESS,  71.  [See  Fiery,  Fire.]  The  quality 
of  being  fiery;  heat;  acrimtmy  ;  tlie  quality  of  a 
substance  that  excites  a  sensation  of  heat.  Boyle. 

2.  Heat  of  temper  ;  irritability  ;  as,  a  ficriness  of 
temper.  .^ddi^on. 

FI'Kli-Y,  a.  [from  .^i-e.]  Consisting  of  fire  ;  as,  the 
fiery  gulf  of  Etna. 

Anil  fiery  billows  roll  Iielow.  Waifs. 

2.  Hot,  like  fire  ;  as,  a  jlcri/ heart.  Sliak. 

3.  Vehement;  ardent;  very  active  ;  impetuous; 
as,  a  fiery  spirit. 

4.  Passionate ;  easily  provoked  ;  irritable. 

You  know  the  fiery  quality  of  the  dnite.  Sliak. 

5.  Unrestrained;  fierce;  as,  a  Jjfri/ steed. 
G.  Heated  by  fire. 

Tlie  sword  wliiclj  is  made  fiery.  Hooker. 
7.  Like  fire  ;  bright ;  glaring ;  as,  a  fiery  appear- 
ance. 

FIFE,  71.  [Tr.fifre;  G.  pfeife.  It  is  radically  the  same 
as  pipe,  W.  pib,  Ir.  pib,  or  pip,  D.  pyp,  Dan.  pibe,  Sw. 
pipa,  coincitling  with  L.  pipio,  to  pip,  or  peep,  as  a 
chicken.  The  word  may  have  received  its  name 
from  a  hollow  stalk,  or  from  its  sound.] 

A  small  pipe  used  as  a  wind-instrument,  chiefly  in 
martial  music  with  drums. 

FIFE,  V.  i.    To  play  on  a  fife. 

FIFE'-Ma-JOR,  71.    The  chief  or  superintendent  of 

the  fifers  of  a  regiment.  Booth. 
FIF'EU,  71.    One  who  plays  on  a  fife. 
FIF'TEEN,  a.    [Sax.  fiftyn.] 

Five  and  ten. 
FIF'TEENTH,  a.    [Snx.  fiftyntha.] 

1.  The  ordinal  of  fifteen  ;  the  fifth  after  the  tenth. 
9.  Containing  one  part  in  fifteen. 

FIF'TEENTH,  71.    A  fifteenth  part. 

2.  An  ancient  tax  laid  on  towns,  boroughs,  &c., 
in  England,  being  one  fifteenth  part  of  what  each 
town,  &.C.,  liad  been  valued  at;  or  it  was  a  fifteenth 
of  each  man's  personal  estate.  Bucluinan. 

3.  In  music,  the  double  octave. 
FIFTH,  a.    [Sax.  ^/fa.    See  Five.] 

1.  The  ordinal  of  five  ;  the  next  to  the  fourth. 

2.  EUiptically,  a  fifth  part ;  or  the  word  may  be 
considered  as  a  noun ;  as,  to  give  a  fiftlt  or  two 
fifths. 

FIFTH,  71.  In  music,  an  interval  consisting  of  three 
tones  and  a  semitone.  Kncyc. 

FIFTH'LY,  ado.    In  the  fifth  place. 

FIFTH-.MON'ARCH-Y-MEN,  71.  pi.  A  fanatical  sect 
in  England,  who  considered  Cromwell  as  cnninienc- 
ing  the  fifth  great  monarchy  of  the  world,  during 
which  Christ  should  reign  on  earth  a  thousand  years. 

Brande. 

FIF'TI-ETII,  a.  [Sax.  fifteogetha ;  fif,  five,  and  teo- 
getha,  tenth.] 

'I'lie  ordinal  of  fifty  ;  as,  the  fiftieth  part  of  a  foot. 
This  may  be  used  elliplically  ;  as^  a  fiftieth  of  his 
goods,  part  being  understood  ;  or,  in  this  ctise,  the 
word  may  be  treated  in  grammar  as  a  noun,  admit- 
ting a  plural ;  as,  two  fiflietlis. 

FIF'TV,  a.     [.Sax.  fiftig ;  fif,  five,  and  Goth,  tig,  ten.] 
Five  tens  ;  five  times  ten  ;  as,  fifty  men.    It  may 
be  used  .is  a  noun  in  the  plural. 

And  they  sat  down  hy  fi/liee.  —  Mark  vi, 

FIG,  71.  [\..  ficus ;  figo,  or  higo  ;  \l.  fico  ;  Fr.figue; 
G.  frige;  b.  vyg ;  Ileh.  ■'JD  ;  Cli.  n>B.] 

1.  'I'he  fruit  of  the  fig  tree,  which  is  of  a  round 
or  oblong  shape,  and  a  tlark-purplisli  color,  with  the 
pulp  of  a  sweet  taste.  Hut  the  varieties  are  nunicr- 
OUH  ;  some  being  blue,  others  red,  anil  others  tif  a 
dark-brown  color.  Kncyc. 

2.  'I'he  lig-tree.  Pope. 
FIG,  r.  I.    To  insult  wilh  ficoes,  or  cuntemptiious  mo- 
tions of  the  fingers,    [/.illte  used.]  ShnI;. 

2.  To  put  Hoiiii'lliing  useless  into  one's  lieiiil.  [.iW/f 
used.]  L*  Kitronge. 

FI(J'-AP-PLE,  7».    A  species  of  apple.  Johnson. 


FIG'-GNAT,  (-nat,)  71.    An  insect  of  the  lly  kind. 

Johnson. 

FIG'-LeAF,  71.  The  leaf  of  a  fig-tree;  also,  a  thin 
covering,  in  allusion  to  the  first  covering  of  .\dam 
and  Eve. 

FIG-MAR'I-GoLD,  71.  The  Mesembrj'anthemum,  a 
succuleut  plant,  resembling  houseleek. 

Fam.  of  Plants.  MiUer. 
FIG'-PECK-ER,  71.  [L.  ficednla.] 
A  bird. 

FIG'-TREE,  71.  A  tree  of  the  g»»us  Ficus,  growing 
in  warm  climates,  and  valued  for  its  tVuit.  'J'he  re- 
ceptacle is  common,  turbinated,  carnoiis,  and  conni- 
vent,  inclosing  the  florets.  The  male  calyx  is  tri- 
partite ;  no  Corel  ;  three  stamens.  The  female  calyx 
is  quinquepartite ;  no  corol ;  one  pistil ;  one  seed. 

Kncyc. 

To  dwell  under  mr  vme  and  fig-tree,  is  to  live  in 
peace  and  safety.    1  Kings  iv. 
FIG'-WORT,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Scrophularia. 
FIG'A-RY,  71.    A  frolic. 
FIG'A-RY,  for  Vagarv,  is  not  English. 
FIGHT,  (fite,)  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Fought,  (favvt.) 

} Sax.  feahtan,  fcuhtan  ;  G.  fechten;  D.  vegten  ;  Sw. 
acktu  ;  Dan.  fegter ;  Ir.  fichini.] 

1.  To  strive  or  contend  for  victory,  in  battle  or  in 
single  combat ;  to  attempt  to  defeat,  subdue,  or  de- 
stroy an  enemy,  either  by  blows  or  weapons  ;  to  con- 
tend in  arms. 

Come  and  be  our  captain,  thai  we  may  fight  with  the  children  of 
Amnion.  —  Judges  xi. 

When  two  persons  or  parties  contend  in  person, 
fight  is  usually  followed  by  with.  But  when  we  speak 
of  carrying  on  war  in  any  other  form,  we  may  say, 
•o  fight  against. 

Saul  took  the  kingdom  over  Israel,  and  fought  against  all  his 

enemies  on  every  side.  —  1  Sam.  xiv, 
Hazael  king  of  Syria  went  up,  and  fought  against  G.ath.  —  2 
Kings  xii. 

It  is  treason  for  a  man  to  join  an  enemy  to  figU 
against  his  country.  Hence, 

T'o  fight  again.st,  is  to  act  in  opposition  ;  to  oppose  ; 
to  strive  to  conquer  or  resist. 

The  stars  in  their  courses  /ought  against  Sisem.  —  Judges  v. 

2.  To  contend ;  to  strive ;  to  struggle  to  resist  or 
check. 

3.  To  act  as  a  soldier.  Shak. 
FIGHT,  (fIte,)  1!.  t.    To  carry  on  contention  ;  to  main- 
tain a  struggle  for  victory  over  enemies. 

1  have  fought  a  good  figl,l.  —  '2  'I'iin.  iv. 

2.  To  contend  with  in  battle ,  to  war  against. 
They  fought  the  enemy  in  two  pitched  battles.  The 
captain  fought  I  lie  frigate  seven  glasses.  [Elliptical ; 
tci(/i  being  understood.] 

3.  To  cause  to  fight ;  as,  to  fight  cocks  ;  to  fight 
one's  shin. 

FIGHT,  (fite,)  n.  A  battle  ;  an  engagement ;  a  contest 
inarms;  a  struggle  for  victory,  either  between  indi- 
viduals, or  between  armies,  ships,  or  navies.  A  duel 
is  called  a  single  .fight,  or  combat. 
2.  Something  to  screen  the  combatants  in  ships. 

Up  with  your  fights  and  your  nettings  prepare.  Di-yden. 

FIG  HT'ER,  7!.  One  that  fights  ;  a  combatant ;  a  war- 
rior. 

FIGHT'LNG,  (fit'ing,)  ppr.  Contending  in  battle; 
striving  fur  victorv  or  conquest. 

2.  a.  Uuahfiedfor  war;  fit  for  battle. 

A  host  of  fighting  ini-n.  —  2  Chrm.  xxvi. 

3.  Occupied  in  war;  being  the  scene  of  war;  as, 
a  fighting  field.  Pope. 

FIGHT'ING,  71.    Contention;  strife;  qu.arrel. 

Without  were  fighdngs,  wtlliiu  wen'  li'ars.  — 2  Cor.  vii. 

FIG'.MENT,  77.     [L.  figmentum,  from  fingo,  to  feign.] 
An  invention  ;  a  fiction  ;  something  feigned  or  im- 
agined.   These  assertions  are  the  figments  of  idle 
brains.  Bp.  l.loijd. 

FIG'U-LATE,  a.     [L.  ./i^-ii/o,  to  fashion,  Iroiii  ,/iiin-n 
or  rather  A'"",  which  appears  to  be  the  root  \t(  fingo.] 
iMade  of"pi'«er's  clay  ;  molded  ;  shaped.  [Litdc 
used.  ] 

FIG-IJ-R  A-BIL'I-TY,  71.    The  quality  of  being  capable 

of  a  ci-itoin  fixeil  or  stable  form. 
FIG'lI-RA-liLi:,  11.    [from  figure.]    Capable  of  being 

brought  Id  a  crrlaiii  li  vid  form  or  shape.    Thus,  lead 

is  ligttroblr,  but  water  is  not.  Bacon. 
FIG'IJRAL,  a.    Riprisciited  by  figure  or  delineation  ; 

as,  figural  resemblances.  Broion. 
Fi!riirat  numbers.    See  Figurate  Numreiis. 
Frn' lI-KAJ^T,  11.  III.    /  [Fr  ]    One  who  dances  at  the 
F/n' U-KA.'V'I'l'.,  n.  f.  \      opera,  not  singly,  but  in 

groups  or  figures. 
2.  An  accessory  character  on  the  stage,  who  yiif- 

iirr.y  in  its  scenes,  but  has  nothing  to  say.  Hence, 

applied  to  those  who  figure  in  any  scene,  without 

taking  a  proiiiiiieiit  part. 
FKi'U-RATE,  n.    [L.  .fiViirarii.<.] 

1.  Of  a  certain  deti  rminate  form. 

riauls  an*  all       urfife  and  deUTininal--,  whii  h  inaniluat''  hoiliei 
im-  not.   '  Jlacon. 

2.  Ilesembling  any  thing  of  a  determinate  form  ;  as, 
figurate  stones  ;  stones  or  fiissils  resembling  shells. 


FATE,  FAR,  FA^L,  WII/kT  MRTE,  PREY  PIN'E,  MARINE,  HIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 

^SjT  _  -  -- -  - 


FIL 


 r 

3.  Fijiiinitivp.    [JVot  u.<nl.] 

Figuratc  cimiifrriwiiit ;  u\  him.s-/>,  that  wluTein  llitTC 
is  a  mixtiin'  ol"  ilisconU  H  illi  coiicurds.  Branite. 

Fi'jurnlr  i/r.<cu/i( ,  that  in  wliali  iliscurds  are  con- 
crrneJ,  Ilioii^li  nut  sii  iiuich  as  conoiirils.  It  may  be 
callKil  the  iiniaiiitMit  or  rliLtnrical  part  of  music,  con- 
tainins  all  llu  varirlio  ol"  puiiils,  figures,  syncopes, 
anil  diversities  of  measure.  jtarri-i. 

Fi'^urute  nuiiibrrSj  in  mnOtcmaticii^  are  numbers 
formed  accurdint;  to  certain  laws,  and  liavinj:  pecu- 
liar relations  to  dilferent  geometrical  fijjnrcs,  as,  tri- 
angles, squares,  pentagons,  &c.  In  the  following  cx- 
omple,  Ihi!  two  lower  lines  are  cumposcd  u{  figuratc 
numbers :  — 

1,   S,   3,   4,  ice. 
1,   3,   G,  10,  &c. 
I,    4,  10,  90,  &c. 
FIG'IJ-Ka-TEI),  a.    Having  a  determinate  form. 

Potter. 

FKJ'II  R  ATE-I.Y,  ailr.    In  a  figuratc  manner. 
KI(M|-liA''riO.\,  n.   The  act  of  giving  figure  or  de- 
termin.'ile  form.  Bacon. 
:  9.  Uelerminalion  to  a  certain  form.  Baron. 

3.  Mi.vture  of  concords  and  discords  in  music. 

Orei^onj. 

FIG'lJ-KA-TIVE,  a.    [Fr../in-«r<7(//,  from  yij-'fc] 

1.  Ueprcsepting  something  else;  rcpreseiiliiig  by 
resemblance ;  I)  pical. 

Thb,  they  will  ».»y,  wa*  Jtguratipe,  ftild  8"TVcmI  by  Gu.rd  np- 
I  puiiitiitfiii,  bui  tiir  &  uiiK*,  lo  »l).uluw  out  tlie  Uiiu  £l'iry  (>r  a 

!  limn;  iliviiic  diicuty.  tlooker. 

2.  Representing  by  resemblance  ;  not  literal  or 
direct.  .\  ji^iirative  expression  is  one  in  which  the 
words  are  used  in  a  sense  diircreiil  from  that  in 

I      which  they  are  ordinarily  used  ;  as, 
Sl.inilpr, 

Who*;        b  iliLirpf  r  lhaii  liii;     onj.  Shak. 

3.  .Mioiinding  with  figures  of  speech;  as,  a  de- 
scription Iiiiilily  fi'/aralire. 

FI(J'IJ-UA-Tl  VE-hV,  (w/e.  By  a  figure  ;  in  a  manner 
to  exhibit  ideas  by  resemblance  ;  in  a  sense  ditli  rent 
from  that  which  words  originally  imply.  Words  arc 
used /i;«r(if/cr/;/,  when  I  hey  express  something  dif- 
ferent from  their  usual  meaning. 

FI(;'i  ;-RA-'ri  VE-.\ESS,  n.    i^tate  of  being  figurative. 

FIG'ljUE,  (fig'yiir,)  n.  [TcT.  figure;  h.  finura,  from 
figo,  to  fix  or  set ;  W.  Jug-yr,  from  fugiaw,  to  feign. 
See  Feuin.] 

1.  The  form  of  any  thing,  as  expressed  by  the  out- 
■  line  or  terminating  extremities.    Flowers  have  ex- 
quisite figures.    A  triangle  is  a  figure  of  three  sides. 
A  square  is  a  figure  of  four  eijual  sides  and  equal 
angles. 

•2.  Shape  ;  form  ;  person ;  as,  a  lady  of  elegant 
figure. 

1  A  f      Jl^ure,  or  ]i»*reon,  in  man  or  woman,  cmlit  at 

liml  si^ttt.to  Ihc  etioic^'  6?fillier.  Ittchardton. 

3.  Distinguished  appearance  ;  eminence  j  distinc- 
tion ;  remarkable  character.  Ames  made  a  figure  in 
congress;  Hamilton,  in  thecabinet. 

4.  Appeaniiice  of  any  kind  ;  as,  an  ill  figure ;  a 
mean  figure, 

ti.  .Magnificence  ;  splendor  ;  as,  to  live  in  figure 
and  indulgence.  Lam. 

6.  .\  st,atiie  ;  an  image  ;  that  which  is  formed  in 
re.semlilance  of  something  else  ;  as,  the  figure  of  a 
man  in  plaster. 

7.  RepresenLition  in  iv-iinling  ;  the  lines  and  colors 
which  represent  an  aiiiiuni,  parliriilarly  a  persim  ; 
as,  the  pfincipal  figures  of  a  picture  ;  a  subordinate 
figure. 

8.  In  manufactures,  a  design  or  representation 
wrought  on  damask,  velvet,  and  other  stufis. 

9.  In  logic,  the  form  of  a  sylloi;ism  with  respect  to 
the  order  or  dis|)osition  of  the  middle  term.  H'atLs. 

10.  In  <iritA»ir;ic,  a  character  denoting  a  number; 
a  digit  ;  as,  2,  7,  9. 

11.  In  geometry,  a  diagram. 

12.  In  a.<lrotogyy\\\K  horoscope;  the  diagram  of  the 
aspects  of  llie  astrological  houses.  Skak. 

13.  In  theology,  type  ;  representative. 

Who  was  thi'_^^ur<  ol  liiin  lhal  wa*  to  coinc.  —  Rom.  T. 

14.  In  rhetoric,  a  mode  of  speaking  or  writing  in 
which  words  are  dertected  from  their  ordinary  signifi- 
cation, or  a  mode  more  be.iutifiil  and  emphatical  than 
the  ordinary  way  of  expressing  the  sense  ;  the  lan- 
guage of  the  imagination  and  |>assiiins ;  as,  know  I- 
edge  is  the  light  of  the  mind  ;  the  soul  mounts  on  the 
wings  of  faith  ;  youth  is  the  morning  of  life.  In 
strictness,  the  change  of  a  word  is  a  trope,  and  any 
afljction  of  a  sentence  a/io-ure ;  but  these  terms  are 
often  confounded.  LorJie. 

15.  In  grammar,  any  deviation  from  the  rules  of 
analogy  or  syntax. 

Ifi.  In  (lancing,  the  5<"veral  steps  which  the  dancer 
makes  in  order  and  cadence,  considered  as  they 
form  certain  figures  on  the  floor. 
FIG'1;kE,  (rtg'yiir,)  r.  t.   To  form  or  mold  into  any 
dcteriniiiate  shape. 

Ac«p«  Ills  f<jt>lcl,  rough  Willi  fisurtd  gold.  Drylen. 

2.  To  show  by  corporeal  resemblance,  as  in  picture 
or  statuary. 


3.  To  make  a  drawing  of;  as,  to  figure  a  plant,  a 
shell,  &c.    [Used  clitrfiy  in  the  natural  sciences.^ 

4.  To  cover  or  adorn  with  figures  or  images;  to 
mark  with  figures  ;  to  loriii  figures  in  by  art ;  as,  to 
figure  velvet  or  muslin. 

5.  To  diversify;  to  variegate  with  adventitious 
forms  of  iii;itler. 

0.  To  represent  by  a  typical  or  figurative  resem- 
blance. 

Tlic  inatirr  of  tin;  flacrami'nU  Jtgnretli  ihfir  fiul.  Hooker. 

7.  To  imagine  ;  to  image  in  the  mind.  Temple. 

8.  To  pri  figure  ;  to  foreshow.  Sliak. 

9.  'I'o  ftiriii  lignratively  ;  to  use  in  a  sense  not 
literal  ;  as,  figured  expressions.    \_LiUU  used.] 

10.  To  note  by  characters.  [Locke. 
As  thrill:;!!  a  crynul  glass      figtireil  hoiin  are  Been.  JJrylen. 

11.  In  Mii.-iCito  pass  several  notes  for  one  ;  loform 
runnings  or  variations.  F.nc.ijc. 

FIG'lJRE,  f.  i.    Til  make  a  figure  ;  to  be  distinguis'hcd. 

The  eiivov  liirurcd  at  the  court  of  t^t.  Cloud. 
FIG'1;rE-C.\ST'ER,   j  «.    a  pretender  to  astrologv. 

fi(;'uue-fi,[.\(;'i:r,  (  [ohs.] 

FIG'IJrE-STo.NK,  )i.  a  name  of  the  agalmatolile, 
or  bililsteiii. 

FlG'IJR-f.'l),  (fig'yurd,)  pp.    Represented  by  resem- 
blance; adorned  with  figures;  formed  into  a  de- 
terminate figure. 
2.  Ill  music,  free  and  florid. 

FIG'UR-Kl),  n.    Adorned  w  ith  figures. 

F1(;'IIRE-IIEAI),  n.  The  figure,  stalue,  or  bust,  on 
the  projecting  part  of  the  head  of  a  ship.  Brande. 

FH;'IIR-[\(;,  a.    AcI  jf  making  figures. 

FIG'UR-I.\(«, /i//r.  Foriiiiiig  into  determinate  shape; 
representing  by  types  or  resemblances  ;  adorning 
with  figures  ;  making  a  distinguished  appearance. 

FI-La'CEUUS,  (fe-li'shus,)  a.  [U.  filu'm,  a  thread  ; 
Fr.  file;  Sp.  kilo.] 

Composed  or  consisting  of  threads.  Bacon. 

FII.'A-CER,  71.  [.Norm.  fiUccr,  from  file,  a  thread  or 
file,  L.filum,  Sp.  lido.] 

An  orticer  in  the  English  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
so  called  from  filing  the  writs  on  whicji  he  makes 
process.  There  are  fourteen  of  them  in  their  several 
divisions  and  counties.  They  make  out  al!  original 
processes,  real,  personal  and  mixed.  Harris. 

FI  L'.\-.M  ENT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.filanicnta,  threads,  from 
filum.] 

A  thread  ;  a  fiber.  In  anatomy  and  natural  history, 
a  fine  thread,  of  which  flesh,  nerves,  skin,  plants, 
roots,  &c.,  and  also  some  minerals,  are  composed. 
So  the  spider's  web  is  composed  of  filaments.  The 
threadlike  part  of  the  stamens  of  plants  is  called 
the  filament. 

FlUA-ME.\T'OUS,  o.   Like  a  thread  ;  consisting  of 

fine  filaments. 
FIL'-A-N-DERS,  It.  pL     [Fr.  filandres,  from  filum,  a 

thread.] 

A  disease  in  hawks,  consisting  of  filaments  of 
congu'ated  blood  ;  also,  small  worms  wrapt  in  a  thin 
skill  or  net,  near  the  reins  of  a  hawk.  Encyc. 
FIL'A-TO-RV,  n.    ffrrim  L.Jt/iim,  a  thread.] 
A  machine  wliicli  forms  or  spins  threads. 
Thi«  manufactory  h.i«  Uiitm;  JUnlorief,  each  of  640  recli,  which 
are  nutvcil  by  a  watcr-whccI,  and,  Lesidca,  a  uiial\jUntoTy 
lunifil  by  men.  TooJte. 

FIL'A-TURE,  71.  Literally,  a  drawing  out  into  threads  ; 
hence,  the  reeling  of  silk  from  cocoons. 

2.  A  reel  for  drawing  olf  silk  from  cocoons,  or  an 
establishment  for  reeling. 
FlL'llERT,  71.    [\..  arellana  with  which  the  first  syl- 
lable corresponds  ;  fil,  vel.] 

The  fruit  of  the  cultivated  Cnrylus  or  Imzcl  ;  an 
egg-shaped  nut,  containing  a  kernel,  that  has  a  mild, 
farin.aceoiis,  oily  t;iste,  which  is  agreeable  to  the 
palate.  The  oil  is  said  to  be  little  inferior  to  the  oil 
of  almonds.  Eneiic. 
FILCH,  r.  U  [This  word,  like  pilfer,  is  probably 
from  the  rtwit  of ./)/<•  or  peel,  to  strip  or  rub  ofl".  But  I 
know  nut  from  « li.it  source  we  have  received  it. 
In  Sp.  pelliicar  is  to  pilfer,  as  filouler,  in  French,  is  to 
pick  the  pocket.] 

To  steal  something  of  lillle  value  ;  to  pilfer  ;  to 
steal ;  to  pillage  ;  to  take  wrongfully  from  anotlier. 

Kttin  would  ther  fileti  that  litlle  fiHKl  away.  Dryden. 

B  it  lie  lUwfilehet  Iroin  me  niy  fft«j,l  naiite, 

Rola  i)i<.  o(  thai  which  ni^t  eiinchcs  him, 

And  makes  me  poor  indeeil.  Stiok. 

FII.ril'Kn,  (filcht,)  pp.    Stolen  ;  taken  wrongfully 

from  another;  pillaced  ;  pilfered. 
FII.CH'ER,  11.    A  tliief ;  one  who  is  guilty  of  petty 

then. 

FII.CH'INO,  ppr.    Stealing,  taking  from  another 

wronnfiilly  ;  pilfering. 
FII.(.'iri.\G-LY,  ado.   By  pilfering;  in  a  thievish 

manner. 

FILE,  n.  [Fr.  file,  a  row  ;  filet,  a  thread  ;  L.  filum  ; 
Sp.  hilo  ;  Port,  film  It.  fila,  fih  :  Riiss.  biel,  a  thread 
of  flax.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  draw  out 
or  extend,  or  to  tw  ist.    W.filliaa,  to  twist.) 

1.  .\  thread,  string,  or  line  ;  particularly,  a  line  or 
wire  on  which  paiH-rs  are  strung  in  due  order  for 
preservation,  and  for  conveniently  finding  Iheiii  when 
wanted.    Documents  are  kept  on  file. 


2.  The  whole  number  of  papers  strung  on  a  line 
or  wire ;  as,  a  file  of  writs.  A  file  is  a  record  of 
court. 

3.  A  bundle  of  papers  tied  together,  with  the  title 
of  each  intlorsed  ;  the  mode  of  arranging  and  keeping 
papers  being  changed,  wiUiout  a  change  of  names, 

4.  A  roll,  li>t,  or  catalogue.  Shuk.  Burke. 

5.  A  row  of  soldiers  ranged  one  behind  another, 
from  front  to  rear  ;  the  number  of  men  constituting 
the  depth  of  the  battalion  or  s(|uadron. 

FILE,  V.  t.  To  string  ;  to  fasten,  as  papers,  on  a  line 
or  wire  for  preservation.  Declarations  and  afliilavils 
must  be  fdcd.  An  original  writ  may  be  filed  after 
judgment. 

2.  To  arrange  or  insert  in  a  bundle,  as  papers,  in- 
dorsing the  title  on  each  pa(ier.  This  is  now  the 
more  common  mode  of  filing  papers  in  private  and  public 
ojjices. 

3.  To  present  or  exhibit  oflicially,  or  for  trial ;  as, 
to  file  a  bill  ill  chancery. 

FILE,  r.  i.    To  march  in  a  file  or  line,  as  soldiers,  not 

abreast,  but  oiitr  after  another. 
FILE,  n.    [f:i\.  feol :  D.  vijh  G.  /ci7c  ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 

fit,  a  file  ;  Russ,  pda,  a  saw  ;  jicrliaps  connected  in 

origin  with  poli.fh,  which  see.    Cla.-'s  Bl,  .No.  30,  32, 

33,  4.->.] 

All  instrument  uset!  in  smoothing  and  polishing 
metals,  formed  of  iron  or  steel,  and  cut  in  little 
furrows. 

FILE,  c.  t.    [Riis.;.  opilevayu,  and  spilivayu,  to  file.] 

1.  To  rub  anil  smooth  with  a  file  ;  to  polish. 

2.  To  cut  as  with  a  file ;  to  wear  off  or  away  by 
friction  ;  as,  to  file  off  a  tooth 

3.  [from  defile.]    'I'o  foul  or  defile.    [JVot  vsed.] 

Shak. 

FTLE'-eUT'TER,  n,    A  maker  of  files.  Moton. 
FIL'/'.'I),  (fild,)  pp.    Placed  on  a  line  or  wire  ;  placed 

in  a  bundle  and  indorsed  ;  smoothed  or  polished 

with  a  file. 

FILE'-FISII,  n.  A  name  given  to  certain  fishes  from 
their  skin  being  granulated  like  a  file.  They  ar^  in- 
termetliate  between  the  boiij-  ami  cartilaginous  fish- 
es, and  coiistiiiite  the  genus  Batistes.  Partington. 

FILE'-LEAU'KR,  h.  The  soldier  placed  in  the  front 
of  a  file.  Cyc. 

FIL'E-.MOT,  71.    [Fr.  feuilte-morte,  a  dead  leaf.] 

A  yellowish  brown  color ;  the  color  of  a  faded 
leaf.  Swift. 

FIL'ER,n.  One  wlio  uses  a  file  in  smootliiiig  and 
polishing. 

FIL'IAL,  (fil'yal,)  a.  [Fr.  filial ;  \t.  filiate  ;  Sp.  filial; 
from  L.  JlliiU't,  a  son,  }i7irt,  a  daughter,  Sp.  kijo,  Cop- 
tic fnln.  Sans,  bala  or  bali.  It  agrees  in  elements 
with  foul  and  pnllus.  The  \Vel>li  has  hiliaw  and  cjj- 
piliaw,  to  bring  lortli  ;  hit  and  eppil,  progtuiy.] 

1.  Pert.'iiiiiiig  to  a  son  or  daughter;  becoming  a 
child  in  relation  to  his  pari'Uts.  Fdial.lnve  is  such 
an  affection  as  a  child  naturally  bears  to  his  parents. 
Fdial  duty  or  obedience  is  such  duty  or  obedience  as 
the  child  owes  to  his  parenLs. 

2.  Bearing  the  relation  of  a  son. 

Spri^  oiliku  leaf  CFLXl  Iheir  Jiliai  Ir  ads.  Prior, 

FII/I.\I.-I.y,  adn.    In  a  filial  manner. 
FIL-I-A'TIO.N,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  filius,  a  son.] 

1.  The  relation  of  a  son  or  child  to  a  father  ;  cor- 
relative to  paternity.  Jlale, 

2.  Adoption. 

3.  The  fixing  of  a  bastard  child  on  some  one  as 
its  father;  affiliation.  Smart. 

FIL-IC'I-FOR.M,  (  is'e-form,)  a.    Fern-shaped.  Smart. 

FlL'1-eOID,  a.    [filiees  and  juloj.] 

In  botany,  fern-like  ;  having  the  form  of  ferns. 

FIL'i  etJll),  71.    A  plant  reseiiibliiig  ferns.  Lindley. 

FIL'I-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  filum,  a  Ihre.itl,  and  /orm.l 

Having  the  form  of  a  thread  or  filament ;  slender 
and  of  equal  thickness  from  top  to  bottom  ;  a«,  a  fill- 
form  style  or  peduncle.  Martyn. 

FIL'l-GR.ANE,  n.  [L.filum,  a  thread,  and  granutn, 
a  grain.] 

i'he  original  word  for  Filiorff.,  which  see. 

FIL'1-GREE,  11.  A  kind  of  enricliinent  on  gold  and 
silver,  wrouL'ht  delicately  in  the  manner  of  little 
tlireails  or  srains,  or  of  both  intermixed.  Hebert. 

FIL'I-GREEI),  a.  Ornamented  with  filigree.  For- 
merly spelt  FlLloRANED.  Tatler. 

FIL'I.VG,  ppr.  Placing  on  a  string  or  wire,  or  in  a 
bundle  of  papers  ;  presenting  for  trial  ;  marching  in 
a  file  ;  sinootliing  with  a  file. 

FIL'I.VG.*,  n.  pi.  Fragments  or  particles  rubbed  off 
bv  the  act  of  filing  ;  as,  filinos  of  iron. 

FILL.r.  f.  [Sax. /i/Waii,  ycAV/nii ;  D,cullen  ;  G.fvllen; 
Sw.  fijlla  :  Dan.  fylder,  to  fill ;  Fr.  fouler,  to  full,  to 
tread,  thtit  is,  to  press,  to  crowd  ;  foule,  a  ("roH  d  ;  Cr. 
iT'iAii,-,  77  XA.ii ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  fold  and  felt:  Ir. 
fiUim  ;  Gr.  zi><»s;  riX'io,  to  stuff;  L.  piliui,  pdeus. 
U'e  are  told  that  the  Gr.  nXai  i,  to  approach,  signi- 
fied originally  to  thrust  or  drive,  L.  pello,  and  con- 
tracted into  tAu'  i,  it  is  rendered  to  fill,  and  nArej  is 
full.  If  a  V  'Wel  was  originally  used  between  t  and 
>,  in  these  words,  they  coincide  with /U;  and  the 
1..  plea,  {for  peleo,)  in  all  its  com(K>iinds,  is  the  same 
word.  In  Russ.  polnei  is  full  ;  polnini,  lo  fill.  See 
Class  Bl,  No.  9,  11,  12,  15,  22,  30,  4.'i,"47.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


4'.! 


FIL 


FIN 


FIN 


!.  Properly,  to  press  ;  ti>  crowd  ;  to  stulT.  Hence, 
to  put  or  pour  in,  till  the  thing  will  hold  no  more  ; 
as,  to  Jill  a  basket,  a  buttle,  a  vessel. 

FUl  the  water-pols  wilh  w;iter ;  and  lliey  ^Ued  tliem  to  the 
brjii.  — Jolin  u. 

2.  To  store;  to  supply  with  abundance. 

Be  fruitful,  and  multiply,  and  Jiii  the  waters  in  the  Beaa.  — 
Gen.  L 

3.  To  cause  to  abound  ;  to  make  universally  prev- 
alent. 

The  earth  was  JilUd  with  violence. — Gen.  vi, 

4.  To  satisfy ;  to  content. 

Whence  should  we  have  so  much  bread  in  the  wUdeniesa  as  to 
Jill  80  great  a  mullilude  f  —  Matt.  XV. 

5.  To  glut ;  to  suifeit. 

Things  that  are  sweet  and  fat  are  more  Jtlltng.  Bacon, 

6.  To  make  plump ;  as,  in  a  <!ood  season  the  grain 
is  well  filled.  In  the  summer  of  18Ili,  the  drie.^t  and 
coldest  which  the  oldest  man  remembered,  the  rye 
was  so  well  Jillcd,  that  the  grain  prntntded  heyotid 
the  husk,  and  a  shuck  yielded  a  peck  more  than  in 
common  years. 

7.  To  press  and  dilate  on  all  sides,  or  to  the  ex- 
tremities ;  as,  the  sails  were  Jilled. 

8.  To  supply  witli  liquor;  to  pour  into  ;  as,  to  Jill 
a  glass  fur  a  guest. 

9.  To  supply  with  an  incumbent ;  as,  to  fill  an 
office  or  vacancy.  Hamilton 

10.  To  hold  ;  to  possess  and  perform  the  duties  of; 
to  officiate  in,  as  an  incumbent;  as,  a  king^iZo-  a 
throne  ;  the  president  fills  the  office  of  chief  magis- 
trate ;  the  speaker  of  the  house  fills  the  chair. 

11.  In  seamanship,  to  brace  the  yards,  so  that  the 
wind  will  act  upon  the  afler  surface  of  the  sails. 

Tutten. 

To  fill  out ;  to  extend  or  enlarge  to  the  desired 
To  Jill  up  !  to  make  full.  [limit. 

It  poors  the  bliss  that  Jills  up  all  the  mind.  Pope. 
But  in  this  and  many  other  cases,  the  use  of  Jip 
weakens  the  force  of  the  phrase. 

2.  To  occupy  ;  to  fill.  Seek  to  fill  up  life  with 
useful  employments. 

3.  To  fill ;  to  occupy  the  whole  extent ;  as,  to  fill 
up  a  given  space. 

4.  To  engage  or  employ  ;  as,  to  fill  vp  time. 

5.  To  complete  ;  as,  to  fill  up  the  measure  of  sin. 

6.  To  complete  ;  to  accomplish.  [jMatt.  xxiii. 
And  Jill  up  what  is  t)eliiiKl  of  the  afflictions  of  Christ.  —  Col.  j. 

FILL,  V.  i.    To  fill  a  cup  or  glass  for  drinking ;  to 
give  to  drink. 

In  the  cup  which  she  hath  filled,  Jill  to  her  douMe.  —  Rev.  xviii. 

2.  To  prow  or  become  full.  Corn  fills  well  in  a 
warm  season.    A  mill  pund  fdls  during  the  night. 

3.  To'glut  ;  to  satiate. 

To  Jill  up  :  to  grow  or  become  full.    The  channel 
of  the  river        up  with  sand  every  spring. 
FILI,,  71.    Fullness;  as  much  as  supplies  want;  as 
much  as  gives  complete  satisfaction.    Eat  and  drink 
to  the  Jill.    Take  your  fill  of  joy. 

The  land  shall  yield  her  fruit,  and  ye  shall  eat  your  Jill,  and 
dwell  tlicrein  in  safely.  —  Lev.  xxv. 

FIL'LA-OREE.    See  Filiorane. 
FILLE  DE  CHAM'BRE,  (-shiin'br,)  [Fr.]  A  cham- 
ber-maid. 

FILL'f;D,  pp.    Made  full  ;  supplied  with  abundance. 
FlLL'EIl,  n.    One  who  fills;  one  whose  employment 
is  to  fill  vessels. 

They  have  six  diggers  to  four  fillers,  so  as  to  keep  the  Jillers 
alw<ay9  at  work.  hlortinier. 

2.  That  which  fills  any  space.  Di-yden. 

3.  One  that  supplies  abundantly. 

FIL' LET,  n.    [Fr.  filrt,  a  thread,  from  file,  L.  //itm.] 
1  A  little  band  to  tie  abuut  the  hair  of  the  head. 
A  bell  her  waist,  a  Jillel  hinds  her  hair.  Pope. 

2.  The  fleshy  part  of  the  thigh ;  applied  to  veal ; 
as,  a  fillet  of  vt;al. 

3.  ileal  rolled  together  and  tied  round.  Swift. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  little  square  member  or  orna- 
ment used  in  divers  places,  but  generally  as  a  corona 
over  a  greater  molding  ;  called  also  fctc?.  Also,  the 
broad,  longitudinal  ridge  between  the  flutings  of  a 
Grecian  column,  except  the  Doric. 

5.  In  heraldry,  a  kind  of  orle  or  bordure,  contain- 
ing only  the  third  or  fourth  part  of  the  breadth  of 
the  common  bordure.  It  runs  quite  round  near  the 
edge,  as  a  lace  over  a  cloak.  Encyc. 

(i.  Among  painters  aritl  ffililers,  a  little  rule  or  reg- 
let  of  leaf-gold,  drawn  over  certain  molilings,  or  on 
the  edges  <if  frames,  panels,  &c.,  especially  when 
painted  white,  by  way  of  enrichment.  Eneye. 

7.  In  tlic  maneifc,  the  loins  of  a  horse,  beginning  at 
the  place  where  the  liinder  part  of  the  saddle  rests. 

Knci/c. 

FIL'LET,  r.  (.    To  binri  with  a  fillet  or  little  baiiil. 

2.  To  adorn  with  an  astragal.    Er.  xxxviii. 
FIL'I,I;T-EI),  pp.    Hound  with  a  lilile  band. 
FII/LET-I.NC;,  ppr.    Iliiiding  wilh   a  little  band  or 
FIL'LI-HE*;,  n.    (<;ael.  7;;/ru<//t-i>r;r.] 

^  little  jilaid  ;  a  kilt  ur  dress  reacliiiig  nearly  to  the 
kneea,  worn  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 


FILL'INO,  ppr.    Making  full;  supplying  abundantly  ; 

growing  full. 
FILL'ING,  71.    A  making  full;  supply. 

2.  The  wbof  in  weaving. 
FIL'LIP,  V.  U  [Probably  from  the  root  of  L.  pello,  like 

pelt,  W.Jil.    See  Fillv.] 

To  strike  with  the  nail  of  the  finger,  first  placed 

against  the  ball  of  the  thumb,  and  forced  from  that 

position  with  a  sudden  spring. 
FIL'LIP,  71.    A  jerk  of  the  finger  forced  suddenly 

from  the  thumb. 
FIL'LIP-ING,  ppr.    Striking  with  the  nail  or  end  of 

the  finger. 

FIL'LY,  )i.  [W.  filawir,  from  Jil,  a  scud  ;  a  dart ;  co- 
inciding wilh  Fr.  Jillc,  L.  filia,  Eng.  foal,  a  shoot, 
issue.] 

1.  A  female  or  mare  colt ;  a  young  mare. 

2.  .\  wanton  girl.  Bennm. 
FILM,  71.     [Sax.  <X\\.W.  fylliam,  to  shade  or 

grow  over,  or  It.  velame,  a  vail,  a  film,  L.  velameii, 
or  from  L.  jtcllis.] 

A  thin  skin  ;  a  pellicle,  as  on  the  eye.  In  plants, 
it  denotes  the  thin  skin  which  separates  the  seeds  in 
puds. 

FIL-M,  V.  t.   To  cover  with  a  thin  skm  or  pellicle 

Shak. 

FILM'I-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  filmy. 
FIL.M'V,  a.    Composed  of  tliin  membranes  or  pelli- 
cles. 

Whose  filmy  cord  should  bind  the  strug^lin*  fly.  Lhyden. 

FI'LoSE,  a.  In  zoology,  that  ends  in  a  thread-like 
process.  Brande 

FIL'TER,  71.  [Fr.  filtre,  feutre  I  S'i  filtro  ;  It.  feltro ; 
properly,  felt,  fulled  wool,  lana  coacta,  this  being 
used  for  straining  liquors.] 

A  strainer  ;  a  piece  of  woolen  cloth,  paper,  or  other 
substance,  through  which  liquors  are  passed  fordefe- 
catiun,  A  filler  may  be  made  in  the  form  of  a  hol- 
low inverted  cone,  or  by  a  twist  of  thread  or  yarn, 
being  wetted,  and  one  end  put  in  the  liquor,  and  the 
other  suffered  to  hang  out  below  the  surface  of  the 
liquor.    Porous  stone  is  often  used  as  a  filter. 

FIL'TER,  ».  t.  To  purify  or  defecate  liquor,  by  pass- 
ing it  through  a  filter,  or  causing  it  to  pass  through 
a  porous  substance  that  retains  any  feculent  matter. 

FIL'TER,  v.i.    To  percolate;  to  pass  through  a  filter. 

FI  L'TER,  71.    See  Philter. 

FIL''1'ER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Strained ;  defecated  by  a  fil- 
ter. 

FIL'TER-ING,  ppr.    Straining;  defecating. 
FIL'TER-ING,  7i.    The  act  of  passing  through  a  filter. 
FILTH,  71.     fSax.  .fyltli,  from  ful,  fula,  foul;  D. 
vuille.    See  Foul  and  Defile.] 

1.  Dirt ;  any  foul  matter ;  any  thing  that  soils  or 
defiles  ;  waste  matter  ;  nastiness. 

2.  Corruption  ;  pullution  ;  any  thing  that  sullies  or 
defiles  the  moral  character. 

To  ptuify  tlie  soul  from  the  dross  and  filth  of  sensual  delis^hts. 

Tillolson. 

FILTH'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  filthy  manner  ;  foully ; 
grossly. 

FILTII'I-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  filthy. 

2.  Foulness  ;  dirtiness  ;  filth  ;  nastiness. 

Carry  forth  the  Jilthiness  out  of  Uie  holy  place. — 2  Chron.  xxix. 

3.  Corruption;  pollution;  defilement  by  sin ;  im- 
purity. 

Let  us  cleanse  ourselves  from  all  ftlOiinese  of  the  flesh  and  spirit, 
perfecting  holiness  in  the  fear  of  God.  —  2  Cor.  vii. 

FILTH'Y,  a.    Dirty  ;  foul  ;  unclean  ;  nasty. 

2.  Polluted ;  defiled  by  sinful  practices  ;  morally 
impure, 

lie  that  is  filUty,  let  him  be  filthy  still.  —Rev.  xxii. 

3.  Obtained  by  base  and  dishonest  means ;  as, filthy 
lucre.    Tit.  i. 

FIL'TRaTE,  v.  t.  [Sp.  filtrar;  It.  filtrare;  Fr.  filtrer. 
See  Filter.] 

To  filter  ;  to  defecate,  as  liquor,  by  straining  or  per- 
colation. 

FIL'TRaTE,  71.  The  liquid  which  has  been  passed 
through  a  filter. 

FIL-TRa'TIUN,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  filtering; 
the  nierhanical  separation  of  a  litpiid  from  the  undis- 
solved panicles  fioatiiig  in  it.  The  filtering  substance 
may  ct)nsist  of  any  porous  matter,  as  porous  earthen- 
ware, unsized  paper,  sand,  &.c.  Ure. 

FIM'liLIJ-IIEMP,  71.  Ifrmale-hemp.']  Light  summer 
hemp,  that  bears  no  seed.  jMartinier. 

Fl.\l'liKI-ATE,  o.    [L.  fimbria,  a  border  or  fringe.  I 
In  botany,  fringed  ;  having  the  margin  bordereil  by 
filiform  processes  thicker  than  hairs.  Lindley. 

FLM'I!KI-ATE,  t).  f.    To  hem  ;  to  fringe.  Fuller. 

FI.M'I)RI-A-TI;D,  pp.    Hemined;  fringed. 

FLM'HRI-A-Ti;i),  a.  In  Am/Wn/,  ornamented  as  an 
ordinary,  with  a  narrow  border  or  hem  of  another 
tincture.  Encyc. 

FI.M'Ultl-A-TING,  ppr.    Ilemming;  fringing. 

FIN,  n.  [i^tix.  Jinn  )  li.vin;  Hw.  fc.na;  Uwn.  finue  ; 
L.  pinna,  or  penna.  The  sen.se  is  probably  u  shoot, 
or  it  is  from  diminishing.    See  Fine.    Class  I!u.] 

The  fin  of  tt  fish  consists  of  a  membrane  siii>- 
ported  by  rays,  or  little  biuiy  or  cartilaginous  ossi- 
cli^s.    The  fins  of  fisli  serve  to  keep  their  bodies  up- 


right, and  to  prevent  wavering  or  vacillation.  The 
fins,  e.xcept  the  caudal,  do  not  assist  in  progressive 
motion,  the  tail  being  the  instrument  of  swimming. 
FL\,  7)  t.    To  carve  or  cut  up  a  chub 
FIN'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Fine.]    That  admits  a  fine. 
2.  Subject  to  a  fine  or  penalty  ;  as,  a  finable  person 
or  offense. 

Fl'NAL,  a.     [Fr.  and  Sp. /7ioi  ;  l,.finalis;  ll.  finale. 
See  Fine.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  end  or  conclusion  ;  last;  ul- 
timate ;  as,  the  final  issue  or  event  of  things  ;  final 
hope  ;  final  salvation. 

2.  Conclusive  ;  decisive  ;  ultimate  ;  as,  a^Tiai  judg- 
ment. The  battle  of  Waterloo  was  final  to  the 
power  of  Bonaparte ;  it  brought  the  contest  to  a 

■  final  issue. 

3.  Respecting  the  end  or  object  to  be  gained;  re- 
specting the  purpose  or  ultimate  end  in  view.  'J'he 
eiRcient  cause  is  that  which  produces  the  event  or  ef- 
fect ;  the  final  cause  is  that  for  the  sake  of  which 
any  thing  is  done. 

FI-J^A'LE,  (fe-na'li,)  n.  [It.]    The  last  note  or  end  of 
a  piece  of  music. 

2.  The  last  performance  in  any  act  of  an  opera,  or 
that  which  closes  a  concert ;  close  ;  termination. 
FI-N.'VL'I-TY,  71.    Final  state.  Baxter. 
Fi'NAL-LY,  adv.    At  the  end  or  conclusion ;  ulti- 
mately ;  lastly.     The  cause  is  expensive,  but  we 
shall  finally  recover.    The  contest  was  long,  but  the 
Romans  finally  conquered. 
2.  Completely  ;  beyond  recovery. 

The  enemy  w-as  finally  exterminated.  Dames, 
FI-NANCE',  (fe-naiis',)  71.    [Fr.  and  Norm. /nance  ; 
Arm.  financi,  fine,  subsidy.    Finance  is  from  fine,  in 
the  sense  of  a  sum  of  money  paid  by  the  subject  to 
the  king  for  the  enjoyment  of  a  privilege  ;  a  feudal 
sense,   Ilence,  finance  was  originally  revenue  arising 
from /«p-s.    See  Fi>e.] 
Revenue;  income  of  a  king  or  state.  Bacon. 
The  United  States,  near  the  close  of  the  revolu- 
tion, appointed  a  superintendent  of  finance. 
\It  in  more  generally  used  in  the  plural.] 
FI-NAN'CES,  71.  pi.    Revenue;  funds  in  the  public 
treasury,  or  accruing  to  it ;  public  resources  of  mon- 
ey.   Tiie  finances  of  the  king  or  government  .were  in 
a  low  condition.    The  /iidiiccs  were  exhausted. 
2.  The  income  or  resources  of  individuals. 
[But  the  word  is  vtost  properly  applicable  to  public 
revenue.] 

FI-NAN'CIAL,  ffe-nan'shal,)  a.    Pertaining  to  public 
revenue  ;  as,  financial  concerns  or  operations. 

.Anderson. 

FI-NAN'CIAL-LY,  adv.  In  relation  to  finances  or  pub- 
lic revenue  ;  in  a  manner  to  produce  revenue. 

We  should  U-  c;ireful  not  to  consider  as  financially  efleclivc 
exports  all  the  goods  and  produce  which  have  been  sent 
abroad.  Walsh. 

FIN-AN-CIeR',  (fin-an-seer',)  n.    [In  France,  a  re- 
ceiver or  farmer  of  the  public  revenues.] 

1.  An  officer  who  receives  and  manages  the  pub- 
lic revenues  ;  a  treasurer. 

2.  One  who  is  skilled  in  the  principles  or  system  of 
public  revenue  ;  one  who  understands  the  niotle  of 
raising  money  by  imposts,  excise,  or  taxes,  ami  the 
economical  management  and  application  of  public 
money. 

3.  One  who  is  intrusted  with  the  collection  and 
management  of  the  revenues  of  a  corporation. 

4.  One  skilletl  in  banking  operations. 
FI'NA-RV.    SeeFiNERv.  •  Diet. 
FLN'CH,  71.    [Sax.  fine  :  G.  fink  ;  D.  vink ;  It.  pincione  ; 

W.  pine,  fine,  gay,  a  Jinch.] 

A  small  singing  bird.  But  /7ic/i  is  used  chiefly  in 
composition  ;  tin,  chajjinch,  goldfinch.  These  belong  to 
the  genus  Fringilla,  (Linn.)  or  family  Fringillidte. 
FIND,  V.  t,  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Found.  [Sax.  findan  ;  G. 
finden  ;  D.  vindcn,  or  vynen  ;  Sw.  finna  ;  Dan.  finder. 
This  word  coincides  in  origin  with  the  L.  venio  ;  but 
in  sense  with  intioiio.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  come 
to,  to  rush,  to  fall  on,  to  meet,  to  set  on  ;  and  iheSw. 
finna  is  rtrndered  not  only  by  invenire,  but  by  offrn- 
dcre.  So  in  Sp.  venir,  to  come,  and  to  assault.  It  is 
probable,  therefore,  that  find  and  fend  are  from  one 

root.    At.  •  Li  fauna,  to  come.    Class  Bn,  No.  21. 
(_) 

See,  also.  No.  7. J 

1.  LileraHn,  to  come  to  ;  to  meet ;  hence,  to  dis- 
cover by  the" eye  ;  to  gain  first  sight  or  knowleilge  of 
something  lost;  to  recover  either  by  searching  fur  it 
or  by  accident. 

Doth  she  not  light  a  caudle,  and  sweep  the  house,  and  seek 
dilln-eiuly,  till  she /mi  it?  utul  when  she  hath /ouni  it. — 

Luke  XV. 

2.  To  meet ;  to  discover  something  not  before  seen 
or  known. 

1  le  saith  to  him,  We  liave  Joawl  the  Messiah.  —  John  I. 

3.  To  obtain  by  stacking. 

Ask,  Hud  It  shall  Ije  gi^on  you ;  sock,  and  yo  shall  Jitid.  —  Matt, 
vii. 

4.  To  meet  with. 

Ill  woods  and  forests  thou  art  Joiind.  Coioley. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PIIBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NOJ  E,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.—  v 


453 


FIN 


5.  To  discover  or  know  by  experience. 

The  lotTiJ  tone  U  now  /outui  hiiliitihle.  Cuu>ley. 
C.  To  reach  j  to  attain  to  ;  to  arrive  at. 

Siruit  a  tlf  ^.itf,  ami  narruw  ii  Ih.-  w-»y,  wliich  Icrtjetb  10  lifs, 
and  lew  -hftv  U-  tluil  Jiiiti  il.  —  M.ttl.  vii. 

7.  To  discover  by  study,  experiment,  or  trial.  Air 
and  water  are  found  to  be  conipnund  substances. 
Alchemists, Ions  attempted  lo  JiiiU  the  pliilosoplicr's 
stone,  but  it  is  not  ye  t  found. 

8.  To  gain  ;  to  liave  ;  as,  to  find  leisure  for  a  visit. 

9.  To  perceive  ;  lo  observe  ;  to  learn.  I  found  his 
opinions  to  accord  with  my  own. 

10.  To  catch  ;  to  detect. 

Whon  firel  found  in  a  lie,  talk  to  him  of  it  ns  a  ■tmnff'',  mon- 

•irons  thins.  Locke. 
In  this  sensc,/iu2  is  usually  followed  by  ouL 

11.  To  meet. 

Ill  ills  th«ir  biwinca*  and  their  glory .^/id.  Cotoley. 

12.  To  have ;  to  experience  ;  to  enjoy. 

Bi  holcl,  in  the  iliy  of  your  tut  ye>uf  pleasure.  —  Is.  IvUi. 

13.  To  select ;  to  choose  ;  to  desigtiute. 

1  have /otind  D.tviJ  my  servant.  —  Pa.  Ixxxix. 

H.  To  discover  and  declare  the  truth  of  disputed 
facts  ;  to  come  to  a  conclusion,  and  deciile  lielween 
parties,  as  a  jury  The  jury  find  a  verdict  for  the 
plaintiir  or  defendant ;  they  find  the  accused  to  be 
guilty. 

I. l.  To  determine  and  declare  by  verdict.  The 
jury  have  found  a  largo  sum  in  damages  for  the  plaiii- 
tiir. 

16.  To  establish  or  pronounce  charges  alleged  to 
be  true.  The  grand  jury  have  found  a  bill  ag.iinst 
the  acciiSed,  or  they/nJ  a  true  bill. 

17.  To  supply  ;  to  furnish.  Who  will  find  the 
money  or  provisions  for  this  expedition.'  We  will 
find  ourselves  with  provisions  and  clothing.  Hence, 

18.  To  supply  with  provisions.  He  pays  the  la- 
borer a  dollar  a  d.iy,  and  finds  hiin. 

13.  To  discover  or  gain  knowledge  of  by  touching 
or  by  sounding.  We  first  sounded,  and  found  bot- 
tom at  the  depth  of  ninety-live  fathoms  on  the  Sole 
bank.  jV.  1^- 

To  find  one's  self;  to  be  ;  to  fiirc  in  regard  to  case 
or  pain,  health  or  sickness.  I'ray,  sir,  how  do  you 
find  yourse// this  morning  .' 

To  find  in ;  to  stip|)ly  ;  to  furnish  ;  to  provide.  He 
find<  his  nephew  in  money,  victuals,  anxl  cluthes. 

To  find  out ;  to  invent ;  to  (|iscover  something  be- 
fore unknown. 

A  mjtn  of  Tyi^,  skillAil  to  work  in  goM  —  onj  to  Jind  oat  every 
device.  — '.2  Chroii.  ii. 

Q.  To  unriddle  ;  to  solve  ;  as,  to  find  out  the  mean- 
ing of  a  parable  or  an  enigma. 

3.  To  discover ;  to  obtain  knowledge  of  what  is 
hidden  ;  as,  to  find  out  a'secreL 

4.  To  understand  ;  to  comprehend. 

Canst  thou  by  seiVrlling  find  out  God  t  —  Job  xl. 

5.  To  detect ;  to  discover  j  to  bring  to  light ;  as,  to 
1     find  nut  a  thief  or  a  theft  ;  to^iu2  oii£  a  trick. 

To  find  fault  with  ;  to  blame  ;  to  censure. 
FIND'Ell,  n.   One  who  meets  or  fails  on  any  thing; 
one  that  discovers  what  is  lost  or  is  unknown  ;  one 
whii  discovers  by  searching,  or  by  accident. 

*J.  In  a.s£roriomi/,  a  smaller  telescope,  attached  to  a 
larger  telescope,  for  the  purpose  of  finding  an  object 
more  readily. 

FT\I)'-FAULT,  n.  A  ccnsnrcr  j  a  caviler.  Shak. 
FI.ND-FAULT'ING,  a.    Apt  to  censure  ;  captious. 

IVIiUtock. 

FT\D'IXG,  ppr.  Discovering. 

FIND'l.N'G,  >i.    Discovery  ;  the  act  of  discovering. 
2.  In  lain,  the  return  of  a  jtir)'  lo  a  bill  ;  a  verdict. 

FI.VD'I.NGS,  n.  pi.  The  tools,  together  with  thread 
and  wax,  which  a  journeyman  shoemaker  is  to  fur- 
nish in  his  employment.  SmitJi. 

FI.N'DY,  0.    [Sax. .ftnJn',  hea>"y  ;  grfindig,  ca|)acious  ; 
Dan.  fyndig,  strong,  emphatical,  nervous,  weighty, 
from /ynrf,  force,  energy^  emphasis,  strength;  prob- 
ably from  crowding,  tensitm,  stretching,  from  find.] 
Fulk;  heavy  ;  or  firm,  solid,  substantial.  [Oftj.] 

A  cold  May  and  a  windy, 

Makes  die  U\ni  Ul  and  jfnt/y.  Old  Prov.  Junius. 

FINE,  o.    (^Fr.^B,  whence  finrtnc ;  Sp.  and  Port,  fino, 
whence  fincia  :  It.  fino,  whence  finczia  ;  Dan.  fiin  ; 
Sw.fin;  G./fin;  D.  fyit ;  hence  to  rrfine.    The  Ir. 
bos /on  ;  and  Ihe  W.  fain,  feined,  signify  rising  to  a 
- 

!|     point,  as  a  cone.     Ar.    j|  ufana,  to  diminish. 
CI.1S9  nn.  No.  29.]  ^ 
I.  Small,  thin;  slender;  minute;  of  very  small 
I      diamftrr  ,  as,  a  fine  thread  ;  finr  silk  ;  a  fine  hair. 
I      We  stiy,  also,  yine  sand,  fine  particles. 
I  2.  Subtile;  thin  ;  Uuuoiis  ;  as,  fine  spirits  evapo- 

I      rate  ;  a/ncr  medium  op|)osed  lo  a  ^ro.svcr.  Bacon. 

X  Thin  ;  keen  ;  smoothly  sharp  ;  as,  the edge 
uf  a  razor. 

4.  .Made  of  fine  threads  ;  not  cuarsc  ;  as,  fine  linen 
or  cambric 

5.  Clear ;  pure  ;  free  from  feculence  or  foreign 


FIN 


matter;  as,  fine  gold  or  silver;  wine  is  not  good  till 
fine. 

6.  Refined. 

Those  thiiiijs  wepj  too  fine  to  be  fortunate,  and  sncc*'<-d  in  all 
p.iru.  Bacon. 

7.  Nice;  delicate;  perceiving  or  discerning  miiiute 
beauties  or  delVirmities  ;  as,  a  fine  ta.ste  ;  nfine  sense. 

8.  Subtle;  artful;  de.\trous.    [See  Fi.nesse.) 

Huron. 

9.  Subtle  ;  sly  ;  fraudulent.         Ilubbcrd^n  Talc. 

10.  Klegant ;  beautiful  in  tlitrngliL 

To  call  tlie  ininiprl  by  the  name  of  the  metal  vfnafine.  Dryfttn. 

11.  Very  handsome  ;  beautiful  with  dignity.  Tlie 
laily  has  a  fine  pi  rsoii,  or  a  fine  face. 

12.  AccomplishiMl ;  elegant  in  manners.  He  was 
one  of  the  fiur.st  gHUtlemen  of  his  age. 

13.  Accomplished  ill  learning;  excellent;  as,  a 
fine  scholar. 

14.  Excellent;  superior;  brilliant  or  acute;  as,  a 
m:tn  oi  fine  genius. 

IX  Amiable;  noble;  ingenuous;  excellent;  as,  a 
man  of  u  fine  iniiid. 

1(>.  Showy  ;  splendid  ;  elegant ;  as,  a  range  ot  fine 
buildings  ;  a  fine  house  or  g;irdin  ;  a  fine  view. 

17.  Ironically,  worthy  of  contemptuous  notico  ; 
eminent  for  bad  qualities. 

That  s.ime  knave,  Kor\l,  her  liuslmnd,  Um  the  Jinett  mad  devil 
of  Jealousy  in  lliin,  .Nl-uter  Urooh,  tiiat  ever  governed  In-iiiy. 

Sliok. 

Fine  arts,  or  polite  arts,  are  the  arts  which  depend 
cliielly  on  the  labors  of  the  mind  or  imagination,  aiitl 
whose  object  is  pleasure;  as  poetry,  music,  painting, 
and  sculpture. 

The  uses  of  this  word  are  so  numerous  and  indef- 
inite, as  to  preclude  a  particular  definition  of  each. 
In  general,  jS*ic,  in  popular  languatjc,  expresses  what- 
ever is  excellent,  showy,  or  magiiilicent. 
FI.VE,  n.  [This  word  is  the  basis  of  finance,  but  I 
have  not  lound  it,  in  its  simple  form,  in  any  modern 
language,  except  the  English.  Junius  s.ays  that  ffin, 
in  Cimbric,  is  a  mulct,  nuA  ffinio,  to  fine.  The  word 
seems  to  be  the  L.  finis,  ami  the  application  of  it  to 
pecuniary  ctunpensation  seems  to  have  proceeded 
from  its  feudal  use,  in  Ilic  transfer  of  lantis,  in  wliii  h 
a  final  agreement  or  ctuicord  was  made  between  the 
lord  and  his  vassal.  Sec  njiJ  fanali.  Class  Bn,  No. 
23.] 

1.  In  a  feudal  sense,  a  final  agreement  between  per- 
sons concerning  lands  or  rents,  or  between  llie  lord 
and  his  vassal,  prescribing  the  conditions  on  which 
the  latter  shoiiltl  hold  his  lantis.  Spclman. 

2.  A  sum  of  money  paid  to  the  lord  by  his  tenant, 
for  permission  to  alienate  or  transfer  his  lands  to 
anbtlier.  This,  in  England,  was  exacted  only  from 
the  king's  tenants  in  cupite.  Blaekstmne. 

3.  A  sum  of  money  paid  by  way  of  penalty  for  an 
offense  ;  a  mulct  ;  a  pecuniary  punisliiiieiit.  Fines 
are  usually  prescribed  by  sUitiile,  for  the  several  vii>- 
lations  of  law  ;  or  the  limit  is  prescribed,  beyond 
which  the  judge  cannot  impose  a  fine  fora  particular 
ortense. 

/«  fine.    [Ft.  enfin:  L.  in  and  finis.]    In  the  end 
or  conclusion  ;  to  conclutle  ;  to  sum  up  all. 
FI.NE,  r.  ^    [See  Fine,  the  adjective/]    To  clarify; 
to  refine  ;  to  purify  ;  to  defecate  ;  lo  free  from  fecu- 
lence or  foreign  matter;  as,  to  fine  wine. 
This  is  the  most  irencral  use  of  Otis  word.] 
.  To  purify,  as  a  metal ;  ns,  to  fine  gold  or  silver. 
In  this  sense,  we  now  generally  use  rcjine;  fine 
is  proper.    Job  xxviii.    Proc.  xvii. 

3.  'I'o  make  less  coarse ;  as,  to  fine  grass.  [JVot 
vscd.]  Mo  rt  inter, 

4.  To  decorate  ;  to  adorn.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
FI.N'E,  r.  L    [See  Fixe,  the  noun.]    To  impose  on 

one  a  pecuniary  penalty,  fur  an  otfense  or  breach  of 
law  ;  lo  set  a  fine  on  by  judgment  of  a  court ;  to  pun- 
ish by  fine.    The  trespassers  were  fined  ten  dollars, 
and  imprisoned  a  month. 
2.  p.  t.  To  pay  a  fine.    [JVot  used,]  Oldham, 

FI.\'/:D,  (find,)  pp.    Kcfined  ;  purified  ;  defecated. 
2-  Subjected  to  a  pecuniary  penalty. 

FI.N'E'DllAW,  r.  I.    [fine  and  draw.]    To  sew  up  a 
rent  witii  so  much  nicety  that  it  is  not  jierceivi^d. 

FINE'UKAW-Ell,  n.    One  who  finedraws.  [Johnson. 

FI.VE'UllAW-l.N'G,   n.     Ueiiteriiig  ;  n  dextrous  or 
nice  sewing  up  the  rents  of  i  lotli  or  stuffs.  Eucye. 

FI.\E'FI.\"GEK-KI),  a.    Nice  in  workmanship ;  dex- 
trous at  fine  work.  Johnson, 

FINE'-<;R.\I.N->;I),  a.    Having  a  fine  grain. 

FINE'LESS,  a.    Endless  ;  boundless.    [jVu(  tun/.] 

Shak. 

FT.NE'LY,  adv.    In  minute  parts;  as,  a  substance 
finely  pulverized. 

2.  To  a  thin  or  sharp  edge ;  as,  an  instrument 
finely  sharpened. 

3.  Gnyly  ,  handsomely  ;  beautifully  ;  with  elegance 
anil  laste.    She  svas  finely  attired. 

4.  With  elegance  or  beauty. 

PluLirch  says,  very  finely,  thiu  a  man  should  not  allow  himself 
to  luite  eV'-il  Ills  enennes  ;  for  tl  you  indnl;^  Uus  p.usiun  on 
soul.-  occisions,  it  will  nse  ol  it»--lf  in  others.  Addieon. 

.S.  With  ailvantoge  ;  very  favorably  ;  as,  a  house 
or  garden  finely  situated. 


FIN 


6.  Nicely;  delicately  ;  as,  a.        fiiuty  wrougliL 

7.  Puri  ly;  cmiipltli  ly.  Clarendon. 

8.  Hii  iruy  of  iromi,  wretchedly  ;  in  a  iiiaiiiier  de- 
serving of  conteiiipluuus  notice.  He  \»  finely  caught 
in  liiM  own  snare. 

FINE'M'.SS,  ;i.    [Vt.  finesse  ;  M.  fine-.ia.] 

1.  Thinness;  siiialliiess  ;  sleiideiiiess  ;  as,  the /n^- 
ness  of  a  tlireatl  or  silk.  Hence, 

2.  Consisting  of  fine  threads  ;.  as,  fine  linen. 

3.  Smallni^ss  ;  ininiitenes.s  ;  as,  the /incntus  uf  sand 
or  particles  ;  the  fineness  of  soil  or  iiitdil. 

4.  Clearness ;  purily  :  freedom  from  foreign  mat- 
ter ;  as,  the  fineness  of  wine  or  other  litpior  ;  tliey;«6- 
ness  of  gold. 

5.  Niceiiess;  delicacy  ;  as,  the  fineness  of  taste. 

C.  Keenness;  sharpness  ;  thinness  ;  as,  tlieyi»C'uui« 
of  an  edge. 

7.  Elegance  ;  beauty  ;  as,  fineness  of  person. 

8.  Capacity  fur  delicate  or  refined  conceptions;  as, 
the  fineness  of  genius. 

9.  Show  ;  splciiilor ;  gayety  of  apjicarance ;  ele- 
gance ;  as,  the  fineness  of  clolhes  or  dress. 

10.  (yieariitrss  ;  as,  the  fineness  of  complexion. 

11.  Sublilly;  artfulness;  ingenuity;  as,  the 
n«.<s  of  wit. 

12.  Smoutlincss.  Drayton. 
FI.\'EK,  n.    One  who  refines  or  purifies.  Pros.  x\v.  4. 

2.  a.  Coiiiparati\'e  of  Fine. 
FIN'ER-V,  n.    Show  ;  splendor:  gayety  of  colors  or 
appearttnce  ;  as,  the  finery  of  a  dress. 

2.  Showy  articles  of  dress  ;  gay  clothes,  jewels, 
trinkets,  i.c. 

3.  In  iron  works,  a  furnace  where  cast  iron  is  con- 
verted into  malleable  iron.  Hucliunan. 

FINE'-SI'oK'i'N,  (-spOk'n,)  a.    Using  fine  phrases. 

Chesterfield. 

FINE'SPU.V,  a.    Drawn  to  a  fine  thread;  minute; 
subtile. 

FI  J^'KSSiy,  (fe-ncss',)  n.     [Fr.  finesse;   It.  finriia: 

Sp.  fineza;  properly, /hcmcm.] 
Artifice ;  stratagem ;  subtilty  of  contrivance  to 

gain  a  point. 
FI-.\ESSE',  r.  i.    To  use  artifice  or  stratagem. 
FI-.\ESS'1NG,  ppr.   Practicing  artifice  to  accomplish  a 

purpose. 

FI-\ESS'I.\G,  71.    The  practice  of  artifice. 
FI.N'E'STILL.,  V.  t.    To  distill  spirit  from  molasses, 
treacle,  or  some  preparation  of  saccharine  matter. 

Kncitc 

FI.\E'STILL-ER,  n.    One  who  distills  spirit  from 

treacle  or  molasses.  Encne. 
FINE'STII.,L-1\G,  n.    The  operation  of  dislilling 

spirit  from  molasses  or  treacle.  Eneyc. 
F1.\"-F1SII,  n.    A  species  of  slender  whale. 
FlN'-FQQl'-ED,  a.    Having  palui.ated  feet,  or  feet 

with  toes  ctuinectetl  by  a  membrane.  Brown. 
FI.N"GER,  (fiiig'giir,)  n.    [.^ax.jfn^cr,  from  fen^an,  to 

take  or  seize  ;  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  fin:rer ;  D.  vinger. 

But  n  is  not  radical,  fur  the  Goth,  is  figirrs.] 

1.  One  of  the  extreme  parts  uf  the  hand,  a  small 
member  shtioting  lo  a  point.  The  fingers  have  joints 
which  peculiarly  fit  Ilieiii  to  be  instriiincuts  of  catch- 
ing, seizing,  niid  holding.  When  we  speak  of  the 
fingers  generally,  we  include  the  thumb  ;  as,  the  fioe 
fingers.  Rut  we  often  make  a  distinction.  The  fin- 
gers anil  thumb  consist  of  fifteen  bones  ;  three  to 
each.  The  wtinl  is  applietl  to  some  other  animals 
as  well  as  to  man. 

2.  .\  certain  measure.  We  say,  a/n^cr'«  breadth, 
or  the  breadth  of  the  four  fingers,  or  of  the  three 
fin  irers. 

3.  The  hand.  fTallcr. 

Who  leachcUi  my  finger*  to  fight.  —  Ps.  ciliv. 

4.  The  finger  or  fingers  of  Qod,  in  Scripture,  sig- 
nify his  power,  strength,  or  operation. 

The  magicians  said  lo  Pharaoh,  This  is  tlic  finger  of  God.  — 
tjtoU.  viii. 

5.  In  miutic,  ability  ;  skill  in  playing  on  a  keyed 
instriimout.    She  litis  a  good  finger.  Busby.  . 

FI.N"GER,  r.  (.    To  hanille  with  the  fingers  ;  to  touch  I 
lightly  ;  to  toy.    The  covetous  man  delights  to  fin- 
ger money. 

2.  To  touch  or  take  thievishly  ;  to  pilfer.  South. 

3.  To  touch  an  instrument  of  music  ;  to  play  on 
an  inslrunienl.  Shak. 

4.  To  perforin  work  with  the  fingers ;  to  execute 
delicate  work. 

5.  To  handle  without  violence.  Bp.  Hall. 
FI.V'GEIl,  r.  I.    To  dis|iose  the  fingers  aptly  in  pl.ty- 

ing  on  an  instrtinient.  Busby, 
FIN"GEK-lioARl),  «i.    The  board  at  the  neck  of  a  ' 

violin,  guiuir,  or  the  like,  where  the  fingers  .act  on 

the  strings.  IVood.  \ 

FI.\"GER-KD,  (fing'gurd,)  pp.    Played  on  ;  handled  ; 

touched.  ' 
2.  a.  Having  fingers.    In  botany,  digitate;  having 

leaflets  like  fingers. 
FI.N"GER-FER.\,  n.    A  plant,  asplenium.  Johnson. 
FI.V'GER-GLXSS,  n.    .\  glass  containing  water  for 

dipping  the  fingers  in  at  the  dinner-table. 
FI.\"GER-I.NG, /)/»r.    Handling;  touching  lightlv. 
F1.\'"GER-1.\G,  n.    The  act  of  touching  ligbily  or  , 

handling.  Orew.  1 


TONi;  BJJLL,  UNITE  AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS  e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  ns  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


57 


453 


FIN 


FIR 


FIR 


2.  Tlie  manner  of  touching  an  instriiniont  of  mu- 
sic. Sliak. 

3.  Delicate  work  made  with  the  fiimcrs.  Spenser. 
FlN''OUll-l'oST,  ji.    A  post  with  a  linger  pointing, 

for  (Iirectins  passengers  to  tile  road. 
FIi\"GKK-SHELL,  ;t.    A  marine  shell  resembling  a 

fin;:er.  Diet,  vf  jVul.  Hi.-it. 

FL\"GEU-SToXE,  n.    A  fossil  resembling  an  arrow. 

Juhusotu 

FIN"GLE-FAN"GLE,7i.    A  trifle,  [rulmir.] 

lIiLttibra^. 

FIN"GRI-GO,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pisoriia.  The 
fruit  is  a  kind  of  berry  or  plum.    Lee.    Ed.  Encyc. 

FIN'I-.'VL,  71.    [L.  Jinio,  to  finisli.] 

'i'he  knot  or  bunch  of  foliage,  or  flower,  that  forms 
the  upper  extremities  of  pinnacles  in  Gothic  archi- 
tecture ;  sometimes,  the  pinnacle  Itself,  Ehiir.w 

FL\'I-€AL,  a.    [from  fine.]    Nice;  spruce;  foppish; 
pretending  to  gre<it  nicety  or  superfluous  elegance  ; 
as,  a  finical  fellow, 
2.  Affectedly  nice  or  showy  ;  as,  a  finical  dress. 

FI.\'l-e.\L-LY,  adv.  With  great  nicety  or  spruce- 
ness  ;  foppislily, 

FIN't-eAL-NESS,  n.  Extreme  nicety  in  dress  or 
manners  ;  foppishness.  Wiirbnrlim. 

FI\'r-K[.\,  a.    I'recise  in  trifles  ;  idly  busy.  Smart. 

FI.\'L\G,  pjtr.  [See  Fine,  the  verb.]  Clarifying; 
refining;  purifying;  defecating;  separating  from 
e.xlraneous  matter. 

2.  [See  FiiNE,  the  noun.]  Imposing  a  fine  or  pe- 
ciiuiary  penalty. 

FIN''I.\'G,  71.  'I'he  process  of  refining  or  purifying; 
applied  especially  to  the  clarifying  of  wines,  malt 
liquors,  &c. 

2.  Finings;  a  solution  of  gelatin,  used  for  clari- 
fying. 

FI.\'ING-POT,  n.  A  vessel  in  which  metals  are  re- 
fined. 

FI'NIS,  71,    [L.]    An  end  ;  conclusion. 
FIN'ISH,  r.  t.    [Arm.  finicza  :  Fr.  fair  ;  "L.finio,  from 
finis,  an  end,  Ir.  fain,  W.  fin     Class  l!n,  .\f).  'J;i.] 

1.  To  arrive  at  the  end  of,  in  pfrrorjiiiince  ;  to 
comjilete  ;  as,  to  finish  a  house  ;  to  finish  a  journey. 

Tlius  Uie  lieavens  aiul  the  cartli  were  Jinished.  —  Ul-ii.  ii. 

2.  To  make  perfect. 

Episodes,  uikcii  BepAratpIj",^«wA  iiotliin^.  Broonn. 

3.  To  bring  to  an  end  ;  to  end  ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

Stfveiily  w(>eks  are  tielcrinincd  on  tti>  people,  ami  pn  tliy  holy 
citv,  lo  finish  the  tr.iiis^ressioii,  ami  m.ike  an  end  of  sins.  — 
U.in.  ix. 

4.  To  perfect ;  to  accomplish  ;  to  polish  to  the  de- 
gree of  excellence  intended.  In  tliis  sense  it  is  fre- 
queiilly  used  in  the  participle  of  the  perfect  tense  as 
an  adjective.  It  is  a  finished  performance  ;  he  is  a 
finished  scholar. 

FIN'ISH,  71.    'I'he  completion  of  a  work  of  art;  that 
which  gives  it  perfection. 
2.  The  last  hard,  smooth  coat  of  plaster  on  a  wall. 
FIN'1S11-£D,  (fiu'isht,)  pp.     Completed  ;    ended  ; 
done  ;  perfected. 

2.  a.  Complete;  perfect;  polished  to  the  highest 
di'gree  of  excellence  ;  as,  a  finished  poem  ;  a  finished 
education 

FIN'ISll-ER,  71.  One  who  finiines;  one  who  com- 
pletely performs.  Shak. 

2.  One  who  puts  an  end  to.  Jlouker. 

3.  One  who  completes  or  perfects, 

Ji  siis,  the  author  ami  Jfni«/icr  of  onr  faith.  —  Ilcb.  xii. 

FIN'ISH-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Completing;  perfecting; 
brincini;  to  an  end, 

Fh\'ISIl-Ii\'G,  71,  Completion;  completeness;  per- 
fection ;  last  iKilisli  ;  finish,  IVarburtnn. 

FI'NITE,  a.  [L,  finilus,  from  finio,  to  finish,  from 
finii,  limit,] 

lltiving  a  limit ;  limited  ;  bt)undcd  ;  opposed  to 
finite;  as,  finite  nnm\tt:r  ;  finite  existence;  applied  to 
this  life,  we  say,  a  finite  being,  finite  duratitm, 

FI'NI'l'E-L  Y,  ado.  Within  limits  ;  to  a  certain  degree 
only.  Slillinirflert. 

FI'NITE-NES.S,  n.  Limitation  ;  confinement  within 
certtiin  boundaries ;  as,  the  fuiitcness  of  our  natural 
powers. 

FI.V'I-'I'UDE,  n.    Limitation.    [JVat  tued.]  Chnjne. 
FIN'LESS,  a.    [from  j!«.]    Destitute  of  bus ;  as,  ^ji- 

te-ss  fish.  Shak. 
FIN'-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  fin  ;  as,  a  fin-tike  oar. 

Vrijdcn. 

FINN,  71.    A  native  of  Finland,  in  Europe. 
FIN'NA;D,  a.    Having  broad  edges  on  either  side  ;  ap- 
plied lAi  a  plim.  Murlimer. 
FIN'.M-KI.'V,  n.    A  Hort  of  pigeon,  with  a  crest  some- 
what resembling  the  mane  of  a  horse. 

Diet,  of  JVu«.  irist. 
FI.X'.W,  a.    Furnished  with  fins;  as,  finny  fish  ; 

711/  tribi  B  ;  finny  prey.  JJrijdcn.  I'one. 

Fl  NO'CIII  O,  7..    [U.  finocchio.] 

A  variety  of  fennel. 
n'iNT)»,  (f.Vno/.,)  71,    [Hp,]     Herond  best  wool  from 

Merino  Hhei-p,  (lardncr. 
FLN'HCALE,  ti,    A  river  fmh,  ralb  d  the  ruild. 

Chanihers. 

FIN'-TO  ^:D,  a,   [finanAUir.]    I'aliiiipeil  ;  p.ilmuie.l  ; 


having  toes  connected  by  a  membrane,  as  aquatic 

fowl.s. 

Fl-UIID',  71.    [Sw.]    An  inlet  from  the  sea  ;  a  bay. 

Dr.  Baird. 

FI'O-RIN,  71,  A  species  of  creeping  bent-grass,  once 
supposed  to  be  of  great  value  for  green  winter-fod- 
der, Partington. 

FII"PLE,  (fip'pl,)  71,    [L.  fibula.] 

A  stopper,  as  in  a  wind-instrument  of  music.  [JVo£ 
in  luie.]  Bacon. 

Fill,  (fur,)  71.  [W.  pyr,  what  shoots  to  a  point,  a  fir-tree  ; 
furk-wudn,  fir-wood  ;  G.fohre;  iSw .  furn-trd  ; 
Dan.  fyrre-triee.  The  Dutch  call  it  sparre-boum,  spar- 
tree.] 

I'he  name  of  several  species  of  the  genns  Abies, 
allied  to  the  pines,  antl  valued  for  their  timber,  as 
the  Scotch  fir,  the  silver  fir,  spruce  fir,  hemlock  fir, 

FIll'-TREE.    See  Fin.  [antl  Oriental  fir. 

FIRE,  n.  [Sax. /(/r;  G.  fcuer ;  D.  vuur ;  Dan.  and 
Sw. /i/r;  Gr. -I'l'.  Ciii.  Coptic,  pira,  the  sun  ;  Nev/ 
Guinea,  for.  The  radical  sense  of  fire  is  usually,  to 
rush,  to  rage,  to  be  violently  agitated  ;  and  if  this  is 
the  sense  of  j'lre,  it  coincides  with  \j.  faro.  It  may 
be  from  shining  or  consuming.  See  Class  Br,  i\'o,  2, 
6,  9,  30,] 

1.  Heat  and  light  emanating  visibly,  perceptilily, 
and  siinultanetiusly,  from  any  body  ;  caloric  ;  the  un- 
kntiwn  cause  of  the  scnsatitm  of  heat,  and  of  the  re- 
trocession of  the  homogeneous  particles  of  bodies 
from  tme  another,  proiliicing  expansion,  and  thus 
enlarging  all  their  dimensions  ;  one  of  the  causes 
of  magnetism,  as  evinced  by  Dr.  Hare's  calorimotor. 

Sdliman. 

In  the  popular  acceptation  of  the  word,  fire  is  the  ef- 
fect of  combiistitm,  'I'he  combustible  botly  ignited, 
or  heated  to  redness,  we  call. //re  ;  antl  when  ascend- 
ing in  a  stream  or  body,  we  call  it  flame.  A  piece  of 
charcoal,  in  ctunbustion,  is  tif  a  red  color,  and  very 
hot.  In  this  state  it  is  said  to  be  on  fire,  or  to  con- 
tain fire.  When  combustion  ceases,  it  loses  its  red- 
ness and  extreme  heat,  and  we  say,  the  fire  is  ex- 
tinct, 

2.  The  burning  of  fuel  on  a  hearth,  or  in  any  oth- 
er place.  We  kintUe  a  fire  in  the  morning,  antl  at 
night  we  rake  up  the  fire.  Anthracite  will  maintain 
fire  iliiriiig  the  night. 

3.  The  burning  of  a  house  or  town  ;  a  conflagra- 
tion. Newburypiut  and  Savannnh  have  suil'ered  im- 
mense losses  by  fire.  Tiie  great  fire  in  Boston,  in 
1711,  consuineil  a  large  part  of  the  tovi-n. 

4.  Light ;  luster :  sp'endoi-. 

Stars,  hiile  yoiirjirej  /  S!-ak. 

5.  Torture  by  burning.  Prior. 
fj.  I'he  instruinenl  of  punishment,  or  the  iiunish- 

ment  of  the  impenitent  in  antither  slate. 

Who  amon^  ns  shall  tlwell  with  the  iievoiiring./ire  ?  —  Is.  xxxiii. 

7.  That  which  inflames  or  irritates  the  passions. 

What  /ire  IS  in  my  ears  ?  Sliak. 

8.  Ardor  of  temper;  violence  of  passion. 

He  hati  fire  in  his  temper.  Atterbtiry. 

9.  Liveliness  of  imagination  ;  vigor  of  fancy  ;  in- 
tellectual activity  ;  animation  ;  force  of  seiitiment  or 
expression. 

An'l  warm  the  critic  with  a  poet's  fire.  Pope. 

10.  The  passion  of  love  ;  ardent  aflection. 

The  ^il  ol  love  retires  ; 
Dim  are  his  torches,  and  extijict  his firet.  Pope. 

1 1.  Ardor ;  heat ;  as,  the  fire  of  zeal  or  of  love. 

12.  Combustion;  tumult;  rage;  contention. 

13.  Trouble;  aflliction. 

When  thon  walkest  Uirough  Uie  fire,  thoii  slialt  not  be  burnt.  — 
Is.  xliu. 

To  set  on  fire ;  to  kindle  ;  to  inflame ;  to  excite  vi- 
olent action. 

St.  Jinthony\i  fire ;  a  disease,  marked  by  an  erup- 
tion on  the  skin,  or  a  difl'used  inflammation,  with  fe- 
ver ;  the  erysipelas. 

tVild  fire  ;  an  artificial  or  factitious  fire,  which 
burns  even  tinder  water.  It  is  made  by  a  couiposi- 
tioi\  of  sulphur,  naphtha,  pitch,  gum,  and  bitumen. 
It  is  called  also  Greek  fire.  Encye. 
FIRE,  r.  t.  To  set  on  fire;  to  kindle;  as,  Ui  fire  a 
house  or  chimney  ;  to  fire  a  pile.  Dryden. 

2.  To  inflame  ;  to  irritate  tlie  passions  ;  as,  to  fire 
with  anger  or  revtmge. 

3.  To  animate  ;  to  give  life  or  spirit ;  as,  to  fire  the 
geuiiis. 

4.  To  drive  by  fire.    [Little  luieil.]  Shak. 
.").  To  cause  to  explode  ;  to  discharge  ;  as,  to  fire  a 

muskt^t  or  cannon, 
(i.  To  cauterize  ;  a  term  in  farrieni. 
FIRE,  7'.  i.    To  take  fire  ;  to  be  kiiiiHed. 

2.  To  be  irritated  or  inflameil  with  passion. 

3.  To  discharge  artillery  or  fire-arms.  'I'huy  fired 
on  the  town. 

FIRE'-A RMS,  71.  pi.  Arms  or  weapons  which  expel 
their  charge  by  the  coinbiistion  of  powder,  as  pistoLs, 
mtiskels,  A.c. 

FIltE'  AR  ROW,  71.  A  small  inm  dart,  furnisheil  with 
a  match  impregntiteil  with  powder  and  sulphur,  nst^d 
111  fire  the  sails  of  ships.  Encye. 


FIRE'-BALL,  7i.  A  grenade  ;  a  ball  filled  with  powder 

or  other  combustibles,  intended  to  be  thrown  among 

enemies,  and  to  injure  by  explosiim. 
2.  A  meteor  which  passes  rapidly  through  the  air 

and  displodes. 
FIRE'-BaRE,  n.    In  oW  irrtYcrs,  a  beacon.  Cijc. 
FIRG'-BAIMIEL,  7i.    A  hollow  cyliiidt  r,  filled  with 

various  kintls  tif  comlmstihles,  used  in  fire-ships,  to 

convey  the  fire  to  the  shrouds.  Enrijc. 
FIRE'-BAV-L\,  71.    A  bundle  of  brush-wood,  used  in 

fireships.  Kncyc. 
FlIlE'-liL.KST,  71.    A  disease  of  plants  and  trees,  in 

Wliich  they  appear  as  if  burnt  by  fire.  Cyc. 
FlUE'-BoARD,  n.    A  chimney-board,  used  to  close  a 

fireplace  in  summer, 
FlRE'-lioTE,  71.    An  allowance  of  fuel,  to  which  a 

tenant  is  entillcd.  England. 
FIRE'BRAN'D,  n.   A  pmce  of  wood  kindled  or  on  fire. 
2.  An  int^eiidiary  ;  one  who  inflames  faetituis,  or 

_causes  contention  ami  iiiiscliief.  Boron. 
FlRE'-BRlCK,  H.    A  brick  that  will  sustain  intense 

Jieat  without  fusion. 
FlRE'-BRUSH,  n.  A  brush  used  to  sweep  the  hearth. 

.SVi/(. 

FIRE'-BUCK-ET,  n.  A  bucket  to  convey  water  to 
eiigint^s  for  extinguishing  fire. 

FIRE'-CLAD,  a.    Clail  with  fire.  IVordsworth. 

I'lilE'-CLAY,  n.  A  kind  of  clay  that  will  sustain  in- 
tense heat,  nsi!d  in  making  fire-bricks.  Cyr. 

FIRE'-COCK,  n.  A  cock  or  spout  to  let  out  water  fur 
extinguishing  fin;. 

FlRE'-CO.M'l'.-\-NY,  (  kum'pa-ny,)  h.  A  comiiany  of 
jnen  for  luanaging  an  engine  to  extinguish  fires. 

FillE'-CRO.SS,  71,  Stimething  used  in  Sct-lland  as  a 
signal  to  take  arms ;  the  enils  being  burnt  black,  and 
jii  some  parts  sniearetl  with  blootl.  .Johnson. 

FlR'A'D,  pp.  Set  on  fire;  inflamed;  kindled  ;  aiiima- 
J.  il  ;  irrilati'il. 

Fllliy~l>.\.\n',  H.  The  explosive  carbureted  hydrogen 
of  coal'iiiiiifs.    [See  D.i.Mc]  Ure. 

FIKE'-DRaKE,  71.    A  fiery  serpent. 

2.  All  ignis  fatiius,  Bcauin. 

FiRE'-li.VT'ER,  «,  One  who  pretends  to  eat  fire. 
Ueiice, 

2.  A  cant  term  for  a  fighting  character,  or  diu;list. 
FIRE'-EN'OIJi  E,  71.    An  engine  for  throwing  water 

tt>  extinguish  fire  and  save  buildings. 
FIRE'-ES-CAPE',  H.    A  machine  for  escaping  from 

the  upper  part  of  a  buililing  when  on  fire.  Cyc. 
FIKE'-EV-f;D,  (-Ide,)  a.    Having  a  fiery  eve. 
FIKE'  FLaIR,  11.    A  species  of  ray-fish  or  Raia. 
FIRE'-FL^,  11.       name  commoiily  given  to  wiiigetl, 

luminous  insects  ;  particularly  tti  the  Elatpr  noctitu- 

cus,  of  South  America,  wliicli  emits  a  brillitiitt  light 

from  a  rtinutl,  glossy,  yellow  spttt  on  each  side  tif  the 

thorax,  and  from  otlier  parts  of  the  body.  Partini;ton. 
FIRE'-GUARD,  n.    A  flame  work  of  iron  wire,  to  be 

placed  in  front  of  a  fireplace. 
FIRE'-IIOOK,  71.    A  large  hook  for  pulling  down 

btiiltlings  in  conflagrations. 
FIUE'-I'KO.N'S,  (  I'tirn/.,)  ii.  pi.    The  irtuis  belonging 

to  a  fireplace,  as  the  shovel,  ttmgs,  poker,  &c. 
FIRE'LOCK,  ».  A  musket,  or  other  gun,  with  a  lock, 

which  is  discharged  by  striking  fire  with  flint  and 

steel. 

FIRE'iMAN,  71.  A  man  whose  business  is  to  extinguish 
fires  in  ttiwns,  tiScc. 
2.  A  mail  who  tends  the  fires  of  a  steam-engine,  &c. 
FIRH'-.MaS'TER,  n.    An  otficer  of  artillery,  who  su- 

perinti'iiils  the  cumposititin  of  fireworks. 
FIRE'-i\E\V,  (-nu,)  a.    Fresh  from  the  forge  ;  bright, 

Jitldison. 

FIRE'-OF'FICE,  (-of  fis,)  ii.  An  oflicc  for  making  in- 
surance against  fire, 

FrilE'-OR'DE-AL,    See  OnoEAL, 

FIRE'-PAN,  71.  A  pan  for  holding  or  conveying  fire. 
Eiod.  xxvii. 

FIRE'PLACE,  71.  The  part  of  a  chimney  appropriated 
to  the  fire  ;  a  hearth. 

FIllE'-PLUG,  71.  A  plug  for  drawing  water  from  a 
pipe  to  extinguish  firt;. 

FIRE'-POT,  11.  A  small  itarthcn  pot  filled  with  com- 
bustibles, iiseil  in  iiiililary  operations. 

FIliE'-l'ltOOl',  II.    Proof  against  fire;  incombustible. 

l'IRH'-liUE.\'Cll-I.N'(;,  II.    Exiiiigiiishing  fire.  Kirby. 

FIR'ER,  «.  One  w  ho  sets  fire  to  any  thing  ;  an  incen- 
diary. 

FIRE'-SHIP,  71.    A  vessel  filled  with  combustibles, 

antl  fiiriiislifd  with  grappling-irons,  to  hook  antl  set 

firr  lo  ail  eiiriii\ 's  ships.  Encye. 
FTKi;'-Sllu\''/;i,,  (  sliiiv'l,)  71,     A  shovel  or  instru- 

iiit'iil  for  taking  tip  or  n  iiioviiig  coals  of  fire, 
FIRIC'SIDi;,  n.  A  place  m  ar  the  fire  or  hearth  ;  home  ; 

doiiu'slic  life  or  reliri'iiifiit. 
FIRE'SIDE,  II,    lielouglng  to  the  fireside  or  domestic 

ciicle,  Coirprr. 
FIKE'-STiCK,  II,  A  lighted  stick  or  brand,  Digby. 
FIRE'-STf).\E,  11.    Iron  pyriti's.  [Obs.] 

2.  A  kiml  tif  freestone  which  bears  a  high  degree 

of  heat.  Cyc. 
FIRI'.'WARD,        )   71,    An  officer  who  has  authority 
FIRE'\VXRI)'/:X,  (      to  direct  others  in  the  extin- 

guisliiiig  of  lircH. 
FIRi;' W'l'.EI),  II.   An  American  plant,  Senecio  hieraci- 


FATE,  FAU,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQEF,  BQQK,— 


FIR 


FIS 


FIS 


fiiliuj,  oflen  fimr  or  live  fi  ct  liipli,  very  troublesome 
in  and  aiuiiiid  spuU  wlivrc  liriii^liwuoil  lias  been 
burned.  Farm.  Kncyc, 

FIKiy-WIMJ-KD,  n.    Havini  fiery- wings.  Carlisle. 

KIlUO'-VVOOl),  71.    Wood  for  fiii  l. 

FiltlV-WiSllK,  (-wurk,)  fi.     Usually  in  the  plural, 

I'luE-WOUKH. 

I'reiiaralions  of  puniHiwder,  sulphur,  and  other  in- 
flauiinalde  materials,  used  for  making  explosions  in 
tile  atr,  on  ttccasioiis  «if  public  rejoiciuK  ;  pyroteclmi- 
cal  i  xlnbitions.  'I'liis  word  is  applied  also  to  various 
rttniltiolihlc  prcparatiims  used  in  war. 

I'IKU'-U'OltK-liK,  n.  An  ollieer  of  artillery  subordi- 
nate to  the  fire-niaster. 

FlKK'-VVOll  Sllir,  II.  The  worship  of  fire,  which 
prevailed  chietly  in  Persia,  uinon^'  those  called  Glie- 
brr.t,  or  Gitcber.'i.  Kncijc.  .^m, 

FIllK'-WOK-SlllP-F.R,  M.   One  who  worships  fire. 

FlK'INU,  |if/r.  Setting  fire  to  ;  kindlingj  animating^ 
exciting  ;  inllaniing  ;  discharging  fire-arms. 

FIK'INt;,  «.    The  act  of  discharging  fire-arms. 

2.  The  application  of  fire,  or  of  a  cautery. 

3.  Fuel  ;  fire-wood  or  coal.  Mortimfr. 
FIK'I.NG-I'RON,  (  I'lirn,)  K.    An  instrument  used  in 

farriery  to  discuss  swellings  and  knots.  Eiinjc. 

FIKK,  (fork,)  v.  t.  To  beat;  to  whip;  to  chastise. 
[jYttl  tiseil.]  tladibras. 

FIli'KIN,  (liir'kin,)  n.  [The  first  syllabic  is  probably 
the  Dan.  Jirc,  U.  tier,  four,  and  the  latter  as  in  Kil- 
derkin.] 

A  measure  of  capacity,  being  the  fourth  part  of  a 
barrel.  It  is  nine  gallons  of  beer,  or  eight  gallons  of 
ale,  soap,  or  herrings.  In  Jimerua,  the  Jirktn  is  rare- 
ly used,  except  for  butter  or  lard,  and  signifies  a  small 
vessel  or  cask,  of  indeterminate  size,  or  of  diir.  rent 
sizes,  regulated  by  the  statutes  of  the  ililfereiit  Slates. 

FIU'l.OT,  n.  A  dry  measure  used  in  Scotland.  The 
Ijitlithzow  wheat  firlot  is  to  the  imperial  bushel  as 
GlIJ"  to  IIIUD  ;  the  Linlilligow  barley  firlot  is  to  the  im- 
perial bushel  as  1-)5U  to  lOUl).  JMcCnIlmch. 

FIK  .M,  (fiir'ii,)  a.  [I,,  yirraiw ;  Ft.  ferine  :  Jinnr ;  It. 
frrnnt ;  \V.  J'tjrv.  'I'bis  V\*elsli  word  may  be  from  the 
l«itin.  The  riMit  of  the  word  is  probably  Celtic  ;  W. 
/fr,  hard,  solid  ;///r,  a  solid  i/cru,  to  concrete  or  con- 
geal, to  fix,  to  freeze.  This  is  the  root  of  L.  fcrrum, 
iron.] 

1.  Probably,  fixed  ;  hence,  applie  I  to  the  matter  of 
bfiilies,  it  signifies  closely  compressed  ;  compact  ; 
hard  ;  solid  ;  as.  Jinn  llesh  ;  Jinn  muscles  ;  some  spe- 
cies of  wood  are  more  Jinn  than  others ;  a  clotli  of 
Jinn  texture. 

2.  Fixed  ;  steady  ;  constant ;  stable  ;  unshaken  ; 
not  easily  moved  ;  as,  a  Jinn  believer;  a  ,^ri/i  friend  ; 
n  Jinn  adherent  or  supporter  ;  a  Jirm  man,  or  a  man 
of  Jirm  resolution. 

3.  Solid;  not  giving  way;  opposed  to  Jlaid;  as, 
Jirm  land. 

FIK.M,  (fiirm,)  n.  .\  partnership  or  house  ;  or  the  name 
or  title  under  whicli  a  company  transact  business ;  as, 
lltf  Jirm  of  Mope  Sl  Vo. 

FIK.M,  (I'lirin,)  e.  I.  [I,..ffnnn.] 

To  fix  ;  to  settle  ;  to  confirm  ;  to  establish. 

Ami  iovf  iiii*/rm*d  il  with  an  uwfiil  nod.  Dryitn. 

[  T/iis  wortl  is  rarely  used,  ezcept  in  poetry.    In  prose 
ve  use  CoNriRM.] 
FlK.M'.\-.Mi;.\"r,  (fiirm'a-mcnl,)  n.    [L.  firmamenlum, 
friiin  JirmiiSy  Jirmu.^ 

The  region  of  the  air;  llie  sky  or  heavens.  In 
Scripture,  the  word  denotes  an  exiKinse,  a  wide  ex- 
tent ;  for  such  is  the  signification  of  the  Hebrew 
Wold,  coinciding  with  re^ui,  reiriun,  and  reach.  The 
original,  therefore,  does  not  convey  the  sense  of  so- 
lidity, but  of  stretching,  extension  ;  the  great  arch  or 
expanse  over  our  heads,  in  which  are  placed  the  at- 
mosphere and  the  clouds,  and  in  which  the  stars  ap- 
pear to  be  placed,  and  are  really  seen. 

And  tiod  sahI,  t^fl  llirrp  be  a  Jfrmnment  in  Ihe  irl'lst  of  Ihc 

w:itrre,  and  let  il  divide  U»e  watcr»  fft^tn  Uic  w.-itrn  lien. 

I.  6. 

An<l  Ijoil  did,  Itcl  llicrc  be  lijiiuiii  the  Jtrtnamenl.  — Gru.  i.  11. 

F1R.M-A-MF,.\T'.M,,  a.  Pertaining  Ui  the  firmament ; 
celestial  ;  being  of  the  upper  regions.  Drijdrn. 

FIK'.\I.^.\,  PI.    .\n  -Asiatic  word,  denoting  a  decree  or 
gmnl  of  privileges.    ,\  Jinnnn  given  to  a  traveler  is  a 
kind  of  pxss|Hiri  insuring  to  limi  protection  and  as- 
sistance, p.  Cyc. 
[Often  pronounced  fir-maun'.] 

FIRM'fM)  (fiirmd,);ip.    Kslablished  ;  confirmed. 

FIKM'-FQQT-UU,  a.  Having  firm  feet;  standing 
firmly. 

FIK.M'I.NG,  (fnrm'ing,)  ppr.  Settling;  making  firm 
and  stable. 

FIKM'I-TUDE,  (furin'i-tiide,)  n    Strength;  solidity. 

m  use.\  Bp.  H,Jl. 

FlK.M'l-TY,(furm'l-ly,)  n.   Strength;  firmnes.s.  [.Vol 

u-ied.]  ChillimneorOi. 
FlIl.M'LESS,  (rurm'less,)o.  Detached  from  substance. 

Do-i  pMoon  lull  Uj^  Jtrmlti,  niiud  Mulrol  f  Pope. 

FIRM'I.I-ER,  arfp.    More  firmlv.  ^^lltun. 
FIR.M'LY,  (fiirni'ly,)  adr.    Solidly  :  com  jaclly  ;  close- 
ly ,  as,  iKirtielua  of  in.ilti  r  Jirmlij  cohering. 
2.  Steadily  ;  with  constancy  or  fixedness;  immov- 


ably; steadfastly.  He  firmly  believes  in  Ihe  divine 
origin  of  the  Scriptures.  His  resolution  \a  firmly  fixed. 
He  finiili)  adheres  to  bis  parly. 
FIIl.\i'NESS,  (fiirm'ness,)  ;i.  Closeness  or  densencss 
of  texture  or  slriictiire  ;  coinjiaclness  ;  hardness;  sor 
lidily  ;  as,  H\c  firmness  of  wood,  stone,  cloth,  or  other 
subslancu. 

2.  Stability;  strength;  as,  the  Jlrmnc-'s  of  a  union, 
or  of  a  confederacy. 

3.  Steadfa^llless  ;  constancy  ;  fixedness  ;  as,  the 
firmness  of  a  purpose  or  resolution  ;  the  firvinr.-i.-i  of  a 
man,  or  of  his  courage  ;  finitnes.-i  of  mind  or  soul. 

4.  Certainty  ;  soiimlness  ;  as,  the  Jirinnc^s  of  no- 
tions or  opinions. 

FIRST,  (furst,)  a.  [Sax.  ./fr.<«,  or  /yr.tf,  Sw.  for.-tte, 
Dan.  for.ite,  first  ;  G.  fiirst,  I),  norst,  Dan.  fyrstr,  a 
prince,  that     first  man.   It  is  the  superlative  of /ire, 

firr,  before,  advanced,  that  is,/urf,-(,/i/rcst,  from  ."^ax. 

fariin,  to  go,  or  a  root  of  the  same  family.  See  Fake 
and  FoK.] 

1.  Advanced  before  or  further  than  any  other  in 
progression  ;  foremost  in  place  ;  as,  the  first  man  in 
a  marching  com  [laiiy  or  troop  is  the  man  that  precedes 
all  the  rest.  Hence, 

2.  Preceding  all  others  in  the  order  of  time.  Adam 
was  the  first  man.  Cain  was  the  first  murderer. 
Monday  was  the  fir-:t  day  of  January. 

3.  Preceding  all  others  in  numbers  <ir  a  progressive 
series  ;  the  ordinal  of  one;  as,  1  is  the  first  number. 

4.  Preceding  all  others  in  rank,  dignity,  or  excel- 
lence. Demosthenes  was  the  first  orator  of  Greece. 
Burke  was  one  of  the  fir.it  geniuses  of  his  age.  Give 
God  the  fir.it  place  in  your  alfections. 

FIKST,  (furst,)  ado.  Before  any  thing  else  in  the  order 
of  lime. 

Ailiiin  W(i» Jlr$t  formed,  then  Eve.  —  1  Tim.  ii. 

9.  Refiire  all  others  in  place  or  progression.  Let 
the  officers  enter  the  gate  fir.it. 

3t  Uefiire  any  thing  else  in  order  of  proceeding  or 
consideration.  First,  let  us  atleiid  to  the  exaniiiia- 
tion  of  Ihe  witnesses. 

4.  Kefiire  all  others  in  rank.  He  stands  or  ranks 
fir.it  ill  public  estimation. 

./Il  fir.ll:  at  iJic  fir.it;  at  the  beginning  or  origin. 

First  or  lust ;  at  one  time  or  another ;  at  the  begin- 
ning or  end. 

And  all  aiY!  fools  and  lovers  first  or  last.  Dryilen. 

FIRST-Bi;-GOT',         i  a.    First  produced  ;  llie  eld- 
FIKST-HF.-(;()T'TJ:.\,  (     est  of  children.  .Villon. 
FIKST'-BOK.\,  a.    First  brought  forth  ;  first  in  the 

order  of  nativity  ;  eldest  ;  as,  the  fir.it-born  son. 
2.  Most  excellent;  most  disiiiigiiislied  or  exalted. 

Christ  is  called  the  tir.^t-hnni  of  every  creature.  Cul.  i. 
FTRS  T'-BDItN,  11.    The  eldest  child  ,  the  first  in  the 

order  of  birih. 
The  first-burn  of  the  poor  are  the  most  wretched. 

Is.  xiv. 

The  first-burn  of  death  is  the  most  terrible  death. 
.fob  xviii. 

FIRST-eKF,-AT'ED,  a.    Created  before  any  other. 
FIRST'-Fl.OUR,  n.    In  /■.'/iV/uiii/,  the  floor  or  tier  of 

apartments  next  above  the  ground-floor,  called,  in 

.^mrricu,  the  second  stonj. 
FIRST'-FKf'IT,ii.  s.     (The  fruit  or  produce  first 
FIKST'-FKOITS,  n.  pi.  \     matured  and  collected  in 

any  season.    Of  these  the  .lews  made  an  oblalion  to 

God,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his  sovereign  do- 

iiiiiiion. 

2.  The  first  profits  of  any  thing.  In  tJie  church  of 
F.nalaiid,  the  profits  of  every  spiritual  benefice  for  the 
first  year.  F.ucijc. 

3.  The  first  or  earliest  eflect  of  any  thing,  in  a 
good  or  bad  sense  ;  as,  the  fir.it-fruits  of  grace  in  the 
heart,  or  the  first-fruits  of  vice. 

FIKST'LING,  a.    First  produced;  tis,  firstling  males. 

Deut.  XV. 

FIRST'LIXG,  n.  The  first  produce  or  offspring  ;  ap- 
plied to  beasts ;  as,  the  firstlinirs  of  cattle. 

2.  Thti  thing  first  thought  or  done.    [Aet  used.] 
Til'*  very  JtrstHngs  of  nty  iKMrt  timll  tie 
'YliefirtUini*  ol  my  li.nid.  Shak. 

FTRST-I,Y,  adr.    Improperly  used  instead  of  first. 

FIKST-.MOV'ER,  ii.  The  original  propelling  power, 
whether  natural  or  artificial. 

FIRST'-KATE,  a.    Of  the  highest  excellence;  pre- 
eminent ;  as,  a  first-rate  scholar  or  painter. 
2.  Being  of  the  largest  size  ;  .xs,  a  first-rate  ship. 

FIRTH,  (forth,)  lu  A  narrow  passage  of  the  sea. 
[See  Fhith.] 

FISe,  n.  f  L.  fi.icua ;  Fr.  fisc ;  Sp.  fi.ieo :  It.  id.  Fi.icii.^, 
liitnc  f,  signifies  a  basket  or  banaper,  probably  from 
the  twigs  which  comjHised  the  fipiit  baskets.  Eng. 
vhisk.  The  word  coiiiciiU's  in  elements  with  l)a.iket, 
and  I,.  fa.icia,  twigs  being  Ihe  primitive  bands.] 

The  treasury  of  a  prince  or  stale  ;  hence,  to  confis- 
eate  is  to  take  the  gmids  of  a  criminal  and  approiiriate 
them  to  the  public  treasury. 

FIse'.AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  public  trcasnr)'  or  rev- 
enue. 


Til'*  Jiseal  nmiigT'inentl  of  povenmient. 


Hamilton. 


FISe'.AL,  n.   Revenue;  the  income  of  a  prince  or  state. 
2.  A  treasurer.  SicoidMrnf. 


3.  Ill  Spain  and  Portugal,  the  king's  solicitor  ;  an- 
swering to  an  altoriiey-gi  neral. 

4.  Ill  Spain,  an  iiifiirmer. 

FISH,  11.    (Sax  fisc;  D.  vtsch;  G.fisch;  Dan.  and  Sw. 

Ji.ik  ;  Sp.  pel ;  It.  pesce ;  Fr.  poiisnn  ;  verb,  picjier,  peg- 
cfier  ;  .\nu.  pesk  ;  W .  pijsir ;  Is.  piicis ;  \t.  iaso.  This 
niiiinal  may  be  named  from  its  rapid  motion.    In  VV. 

fys^r  is  liasly,  impetuous.] 

1.  All  animal  that  lives  in  water.  Fish  isa  general 
name  for  aclxss  of  animals  subsisting  in  water,  which 
wi  re  dislriliiiled  by  idnnmiis  into  six  orders.  They 
breallie  by  means  of  gills,  swim  by  the  aid  of  tlieir  tail 
and  caudal  fins,  and  are  oviparous.  Some  of  tliem 
have  the  skeleton  bony,  and  others  carlilagiiioiis. 
Most  of  the  fiirmer  have  the  opening  of  the  gills  closed 
by  a  peculiar  coviTing,  called  the  ifiU-lid ;  many  of  the 
l.itter  have  no  gilMid,and  are  hence  said  to  breathe 
through  iipi-riiire-s.  Cetaceous  animals,  as  the  whale 
and  (lolpliiii,  are,  in  popular  language,  called  fishes, 
and  ha\'e  been  so  classed  by  some  naturalists;  but 
tliey  brealiie  by  lungs,  and  arc  viviparous,  like  qiiad- 
riipeils.  The  ti  riii  n'.v/i  has  been  al.so  extended  to  other 
aqiialic  animals,  such  as  shell.ftvA,  lobsters, &c.  We 
use  fish,  in  the  singular,  for  fishes  in  general,  or  the 
whole  race. 

2.  The  flesh  offish,  ii.sed  as  food.  But  we  usually 
apply  firs/i  to  land  annuals. 

.3.  A  coiiiiti-r,  used  in  various  games. 
FISH,  V.  i    To  alleiiipt  to  ratcli  fi>li ;  to  be  employed 
in  taking  fish,  by  any  means,  as  by  angling  or  draw- 
ing nets. 

2.  To  attempt  or  seek  to  obtain  by  artifice,  or  in- 
directly to  seek  to  draw  forth  ;  as,  to  Jish  for  compli- 
ments. 

FISH,  r.  I.  To  soarch  by  raking  or  sweeping;  as,  to 
fish  the  jakes  for  papers.  Sieift. 

a.  In  .icamiinsllip,  to  strengthen,  as  a  mast  or  yard, 
with  a  piece  of  limbi.T.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  To  catch  ;  to  draw  out  or  up  ;  as,  to  fish  up  a 
hiiiiiaii  body  when  sunk  ;  to  Jish  an  anchor. 

FI.SIl,  H.  In  ships,  a  machine  to  hoist  and  draw  up 
tin;  lliikes  of  an  anchor,  upon  the  giiiiwiUe.  '/'often. 

2.  A  long  piece  of  limber,  which  bellies  out  in  the 
form  of  a  fish,  and  is  used  to  sirengtlien  a  lower  mast 
or  a  yard  when  sprung  or  damaged.  Hence,  the 
terms  fi.ih-bcani,  fi.i/i-buck,  fif.h-bellti-d  mil,  are  applied 
to  a  beam  or  rail  which  bellies  out  on  the  under  side. 

Francis. 

FISII'-BXSK-ET,  n.    A  b;usket  fur  carrying  fish. 
FISH'Ell,  11.    One  who  is  employed  in  catching  fish 
2.  A  carnivorous  iiuadruped  of  the  weasel  fiimily  , 

the  pekaii._  Kncyc.  .^m. 

FISH'EIl-Uo.VT,  n.    A  boat  employed  in  catcliins 

fish. 

FIS11'ER-J1.\.V,  II.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  catch 
fish. 

2.  .A  ship  or  vessel  employed  in  the  business  of 
taking  fi,-ii,  as  in  llic  coil  ami  whale  fishery. 
FISH'EK-TOWN,  ii.  A  town  inhabited  by  fishermen. 

Carcic. 

FISII'ER-Y,  n.    The  business  of  catching  fish. 

Jiddison. 

2.  A  place  for  catching  fish  with  nets  or  hooks,  as 
the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  the  coast  ol  England  or 
Seoilanil,  or  on  llie  banks  of  rivers. 
FISH'FIJI,,  a.    .\bouiiding  with  fish  ;  as,  a  fishful 

IHUnl.  Carrie. 
FISH'GIG,  )  II.    An  instrument  used  ftir  striking  fish 
FIZ'(!1G,    i     at  sea,  consisting  of  a  st;ifr  with  barbed 
prongs,  and  a  line  fastened  Just  above  the  prongs. 

Mar.  Diet. 

FISH'-GLOE,  71.  A  nai^  sometimes  given  to  isin- 
glass. Booth. 

FlSll'HOOK,  11.    A  hook  for  catching  fish. 

FlSH'l-F^,  V.  I.    To  change  to  fish.    [Luxe.']  Shak. 

FISH'I.N'G, /1/17-.  .Alleinpling  lo  catch  fish;  searching; 
seeking  to  draw  forth  by  artifice  or  indirectly  ;  add- 
ing a  piece  of  timber  to  a  mast  or  spar  to  strength- 
en il. 

2.  a.  I'seil  or  employed  in  fisher)  ,  or  by  fisher- 
men; as,  Jishiu^  boat  ;  Jlshmg  tackle;  fisluntr  vil- 
lairc. 

FISH'I.N'G,  II.   The  art  or  practice  of  catching  fish. 
2.  A  fishery.  S/(«i..cr. 

FISH'ING-FKOG,  n.  A  voracious,  spinons-finned 
sea-fish,  having  a  very  large  head  ;  also  called  the 
anirlcr,  or  frog  fish.  It  belongs  to  the  genus  Lo- 
pliiiis.  P.  Cyc. 

FISH'IXG-PI.JCE,  n.  A  place  where  fishes'  are 
raiiglit  Willi  seines;  a  Convenient  place  for  fishing ; 
a  fisiierv 

FISH'-KE  P'TLE,  n.  A  kettle  made  long  for  boding 
fish  whole. 

FISH'-I,IKE.«.    Resembling  fi.»h.  Shak. 
FISH'-.M.KK'KET,  ii.  A  place  where  fish  arc  cxjioscd 
for  sale. 

FISH'-.Ml'lAL,  n.  A  meal  of  fish  ;  diet  on  fish  ;  ab- 
stemious diet. 

FISII'-.MO.V'GER,  n.  A  seller  of  fish;  a  dealer  in 
fish. 

FISH'-POND,  n.  A  pond  in  which  fishes  are  bred 
and  kept. 

FISII'-K(j()M,  II.  .An  apartment  in  a  ship,  between 
the  after-hold  and  Hie  spirit-rooin.  -War.  Dul. 


TONE,  BI'LL,  IJNITR  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  a«  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  09  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THia 

-  —  — 


FIT 


FIV 


FIX 


I'tSH'-SPEAR,  ji.    A  spear  for  taking  fish  by  stabbing  , 
thein. 

FISH'-TROVV-EL,  n.    A  broad  knife,  commonly  of 

silver,  for  cutting  up  fisli  at  tal)lj. 
FISH'-.VVIFE,  K.    A  woman  that  cries  fish  for  sale. 

Bcaunu 

FISH'-W05l-AN,  n.    A  woman  who  sells  fish. 
FlSll'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  fisii. 

2.  Inhabited  by  fish  ;  as.  the  fi.shy  flood.  Pope. 

3.  Having  the  qualities  of  fish  ;  like  fish  ;  as,  a 
fsky  form  ;  a  Jisky  taste  or  smell. 

FISK,  V.  i,    [Su.  To  run  about.  Cotrrrave. 

FIS'SILE,  {-sil,)  'a.  [L. /osi/is,  from  ^jrsits,  divided, 
from  findo,  to  split.] 

That  may  be  split,  cleft,  or  divided,  in  the  direction 
of  the  grain,  or  of  natural  joints. 

This  crj'stal  is  a  pellucid  fissile  stone.  Newton. 

FIS-SIL'l-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  being  cleavable. 

FIS'SION,  (fish'un,)  n.    [L.  Ji^sio.] 
A  breaking  up  into  parts. 

FIS-SIP'AR-IS.M,  n.  A  mode  of  reproduction,  in  cer- 
tain animals  and  vegetables,  which  break  spojitane- 
ously  into  minute  portions,  each  having  a  separate 
existence  and  growth.  Rtiiret.  Dana. 

FIS-SIP'A-ROLTS,  a.  [h.  JLssus,  horn  Jindo,  to  cut, 
and  pario,  to  produce.] 

Reproducing  by  spontaneous  subdivision  ;  an  epi- 
thet applied  to  certain  animals  and  vci^clMbles,  of  the 
lower  orders,  which  spontaneously  divide  into  small 
porticms,  each  of  which  has  a  separate  e.\istence  and 
growth.  Rogcl. 

FIS'SI-PED,  a.    [L.  /.ssa.?,  divided,  and  pes,  foot.] 
Having  separate  toes. 

FIS'SI-PED,  n.  An  anim.al  whose  toes  are  separate, 
or  not  connected  by  a  membrane.  Brawn. 

FIS-SI-ROS'TR.\L,  a.  [L.  jUsus,  cleft,  and  rostrum, 
beak.] 

In  ornitholotry,  having  a  bill  with  a  very  wide 
gape  ;  a  term  applied  to  swallows,  goatsuckers,  &c. 

Stcainson. 

FIS'SI;RE,  (fish'yur,)  n.  [Ft.,  from  L.  fissura,  from 
Jindo,  to  spilt.] 

1.  A  cleft ;  a  narrow  chasm  made  by  the  parting 
of  any  substance  ;  a  longitudinal  opening ;  as,  the 
fissure  of  a  rock. 

2.  In  sursfcrij,  a  crack  or  slit  in  a  bone,  either  trans- 
versely or  longitudinally,  by  meatis  of  external 
force. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  deep,  narrow  sulcus,  or  depression, 
dividing  the  anterior  and  middle  lobes  of  the  cere- 
brum on  each  side.  Core. 

FIS'SIJRE,  V.  t.  To  cleave;  to  divide;  to  crack  or 
fracture.  Wiseman. 

FIS't>IIR-£D,  (fish'yurd,)  pp.  Cleft  ;  divided  ; 
cracked. 

FIST,  n.    [Sax.  fyst{  D.  !)««£,•  G.  fausl;  Russ.  piast; 

Hohem.  bust.    Uu.  is  it  from  the  root  of  fast  ?] 
The  hand  closed  ;  the  hand  with  the  fingers 

doubled  into  the  palm. 
FIST,  V.  t.    To  strike  with  the  fist.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  gripe  with  the  fist.    [Little  used.)  S/iaJc. 
FIST'ie,  a.  A  word  used  colloquially,  in  England,  for 

pwilistic  ;  as,  fi.itic  exploits  ;  Jistic  heroes. 
FIST'I-CUFF.-i,  n.  pi.    [>«  and  cujf.]    Blows  or  a 

combat  with  the  fist ;  a  boxing.  Swift 
FIS'TI-NUT,  71.    A  pistachio  nut. 
FIS'TU-LA,  n.    [L. ;  Eng.  KhLMc] 

1.  Properly,  a  pipe  ;  a  v.  iud-instrument  of  music  ; 
oriirinatly,  a  reed. 

2.  In  surirery,  a  deep,  narrow,  sinuous  nicer. 
Fistula  lachrymalLi ;  a  fistula  of  the  lachrymal  sac, 

a  disorder  accompunied  \*ith  the  tlowing  of  tears. 

Coxe.  Sharp. 
FIS'TU-LAR,  a.    Hollow,  like  a  pipe  or  reed. 
FIS'TU-L.\TE,  V.  i.    To  become  a  pipe  or  fistula. 
FIS'TU-LATE,  v.  t.    To  make  hollow  like  a  pipe. 

[Little  used.] 
FIS-TU-LI'UAN.«,  71.  j:l.    [L.  fu^tula,  a  pipe.] 

A  tribe  of  cchinodennatous  animals,  having  an 

elongated,  cylindrical,  tiibe-hke  bodv.  Bronde. 
FIS'  I  U-LI-F6R.\1,  a.    [fistula  and  form.]    Ileing  in 

round,  hollow  columns,  a^  a  mineral. 

SuiacuUf  utu-u  tMcwTi fistulifurm.  Ph'iUipa. 

FIS'TU-LOU.'^,  a.    Having  the  form  or  nature  of  a  fis- 
tula ;  as,  a  Jistuluus  ulcer.  Ifisenian. 
2.  Hollow,  like  a  pipe  or  reed.  I.indlcy. 
FIT,  n.    [tiu.  VV.  fttli,  a  gilding  or  darling  motion, 
'i'lie  French  express  the  sense  tif  this  word  by  bnu- 
tiide.,  from  bout,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to 
•V  uliiHjt  or  push  out.    It  seems  to  be  alli('d  to  L.  pc- 
lo,  impeto,  to  assault ;  or  to  Eng.  prt,  and  primarily 
to  denoU:  u  rushing  on  or  attack,  or  a  start.  See  Fit, 
Huitahlc] 

1.  The  invasion,  exacerbation,  or  paroxysm  of  a 
dineasc.  Wo  apply  the  word  to  the  return  of  an 
aj;>ie,  after  interminsiun  :  as,  a  cohl  fit.  We  apply 
it  t4ithe  fimt  attack,  or  to  the  return  of  other  diseases  ; 
OM,  a  fit  of  the  gout  or  hIoik!  ;  and,  in  general,  to  a 
diKC'iHe  however  continued  ;  as,  a  Jit  of  sickni  ss. 

2.  A  Hiidilen  and  viiileiit  att;ick  of  disorder,  in 
which  the  iKMly  is  often  convulsc-d,  and  Homeijnies 
HenKcleHH ;  ux,  afitu{  apoplexy,  or  epilepsy  ;  hyster- 
ic filj. 


3.  Any  short  return  after  intermission;  a  turn  ;  a 
period  or  interval.    He  moves  by  fits  and  starts. 

By  Jls  my  swelling  ^rieP  appL\\ra.  Addison. 

4.  A  temporary  affection  or  attack  ;  as,  a/£  of  mel- 
ancholy, or  of  grief ;  a  ^t  of  pleasure. 

5.  Disorder  ;  distemperature.  Skak. 

6.  [Sa.x.  fitt,  a  song.]  Jlncicntly,  a  song,  or  part  of 
a  song  ;  a  strain  ;  a  canto.  Lye.  Johnson, 

7.  The  close  and  e.isy  setting  of  an  article  of  dress; 
as,  the  coat  has  an  excellent. 

FIT,  a.  [Flemish,  rittcn  ;  G.  pass,  fit,  and  a  pace ; 
passen,  to  be  fit,  suitable,  right.  This  is  from  the 
root  of  Eng.  pass;  D.  pas,  time,  season;  van  pas, 
fitting,  fit,  convenient ;  Eng.  pat ;  Dan.  passer,  to 
be  fit.  In  L.  competo,  whence  compatible,  signifies, 
properly,  to  meet  or  to  fall  on  ;  hence,  to  suit,  or 
be  fit,  from  pcto.  This  is  probably  the  same  word. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  come  to,  to  fall  on  ;  hence, 
to  meet,  to  extend  to,  to  be  close,  to  suit.  To  come, 
or  fall,  is  the  primary  sense  of  time  or  season,  as  in 
tlie  Dutch.  See  Class  Ud,  No.  45,  C4,  and  Class  Bz, 
No.  52,  53,  70.J 

1.  Suitable  ;  convenient ;  meet ;  becoming. 
Is  it  Jit  to  say  to  a  Vin^,  Thou  art  wicked  ?  —  Joh  xxjtiv. 
Wives,  submit  yourselves  to  your  husLtiuds,  as  it  is  Jit,  ill  tlie 

Lord. —Col.  iii. 

2.  Qualified  ;  as,  men  of  valor /(  for  war. 

No  mail  liavin  J  put  hi5  Iiaiid  to  llie  plow,  and  looldu?  back,  is 
Jit  ior  IJie  wiigdoin  oiUod.  —  Luite  ix. 

FIT,  V.  t.    To  adapt ;  to  suit ;  to  make  suitable. 

The  carpenter — markeUi  it  out  with  a  line;  he  fitteth  it  with 
planes.  —  Is.  xliv. 

2.  To  accommodate  a  person  with  any  thing ;  as, 
the  tailor  Jits  his  customer  with  a  coat.  The  original 
phrase  is,  he  fits  a  coat  to  his  customer.  But  the 
phrase  implies  also  furnishing,  providing  a  thing 
suitable  for  another. 

3.  To  prepare ;  to  put  in  order  for ;  to  furnish  with 
things  proper  or  necessary  ;  as,  to  Jit  a  ship  for  a  long 
voyage.    Fit  yourself  fur  action  or  defense. 

4.  To  qualify  ;  to  prepare  ;  as,  to  fit  a  student  for 
college. 

To  fit  out ;  to  furnish  ;  to  equip  ;  to  supply  with 
necessaries  or  means  ;  as,  to  fit  out  a  privateer. 

To  fit  up;  to  prepare  ;  to  furnish  with  things  suit- 
able ;  to  make  proper  for  the  reception  or  use  of  any 
person  ;  as,  to  Jit  up  a  house  for  a  guest. 
FIT,  V.  i.    To  be  pro|)er  or  becoming. 

Nor  fiu  it  to  prolong  llie  feast.  Pops. 
2.  To  suit  or  be  suitable  ;  to  be  adapted.    His  coat 
fits  verv  well.    But  this  is  an  elliptical  phrase. 
FITCH,  ■«.    A  chick-pea. 

FITCII'ET,  )  n.  A  polecat ;  a  foumart.  [W.  ffwicyll 
FITCH'EW,  i      or  irmicyn.] 

FIT'FUL,  a.    Varied  liy  sudden  impulses.  Shak. 

FIT'L,i'-ER,  a.  or  ado.    More  fit  or  filly. 

FIT'LI-EST,  a.    Most  fit.  Coleridge. 

FIT'LY,  adv.     Suitably  ;   properly ;  with  propriety. 
A  maxim  fitly  applied. 
2.  Commodiously  ;  conveniently. 

FIT'iMENT,  71.  Something  adapted  to  a  purpose. 
[.¥«£  used.]  Shak. 

FIT'NE.SS,  H.  Suitableness  ;  adaptedness  ;  adapta- 
tion ;  as,  the  fitness  of  things  to  their  use. 

2.  Propriety  ;  meekness  ;  justness;  reasonableness; 
as,  the  fitness  of  measures  or  laws. 

3.  Preparation  ;  qualification  ;  as,  a  student's  fit- 
ness for  college. 

4.  Convenience  ;  the  state  of  being  fit. 
FIT'TA-BLE,  a.    Suitable.    [Obs.]  Sherwood. 
FIT'TED,  pp.    Made  suitable;  adapted;  prepared; 

qualified. 

FIT'TER,  71.    One  who  makes  fit  or  suitable ;  one 

who  adapts  ;  one  who  prepares. 
FIT'TING, /I/))-.    Making  siiitalile  ;  adapting;  prepar- 
ing ;  qualifying  ;  proviiling  with. 
2.  a.    Fit  or  appropriate. 
FIT'Th\G-EY,  ado.    Suitably.  Jlfore. 
FIT7.  [Norm. yi£c.>', ./?«!,  or  fit,  a  son]  is  used  in  names, 

as  in  Fitzherbcrt,  Fitzroy,  Carlovitz. 
FIVE,  a.    [Sax.  Jif;  I),  rif;  O.  finif;  Sw.  and  Dan. 

fern;  W .  puoi,  pump  ;  Ann.  pemp.] 

Four  and  one  added  ;  the  half  of  ten  ;   as,  fire 

men  ;  five  loaves.   Like  other  adjectives,  it  is  often 

used  as  a  noun. 

^'itip  of  them  were  wise,  and  five  were  foolish.  —  Matt.  xxv. 
FIVE'liXIl,         )  a.    Having  five  bars;  as,  a  five- 
FIVE'HaK-RKD,  \      barred  gtite. 
I'lVE'-CLEFT,  a.    Utiinqucfid  ;  divided  into  five  scg- 

mi'iits. 

FIVE'-FIN"GER,  n.    A  species  of  cinquefoil. 

Mass.  Rep. 

FIVE'-FI.\"(iER-/-;D,  a.  Having  five  fingers,  or  parts 

resembling  lingers. 
FIVE'F(")1,I),  a.    In  fives;  consisting  of  five  in  one; 

five  doidde  ;  five  times  repeated. 
FIVE'-I,K AF,  K.    t'liiquefoil.  Drayton. 
FIVE'-I.F:AF-/;i),  (-leeft,)a.    Having  five  leaves;  as, 

five-leafed  clover. 
FtVE'-I,<^H-f.'I),  a.    Consisting  of  five  lobes. 
FIVE'-PAUT-KI),  n.    Divided  into  five  parts. 
FIVES,  II.    A  kinil  of  play  Willi  a  ball  against  the  side 


of  a  building,  resembling  tennis  ;  so  named  because 
three  fives  or  fifteen  are  counted  to  the^'ame.  Smart. 

FIVES,  I  71.    A  disease  of  horses,  resembling  the 

VIVES,  i      strangles.  Kiie.yc. 

Fl  VE'-TOOTH-KD,  (  tootlit,)  a.    Having  five  teeth. 

FIVE'-VALV-£D,  a.    Having  five  x-alves.  Botany. 

FIX,  i>.  (.  [Fr.  fizer;  Sp.fizar;  U.  fissure  ;  L.  fiziis, 
figo.    Class  Bg.] 

1.  To  make  stable  ;  to  set  or  establish  immovably. 
The  universe  is  governed  by  fixed  laws. 

2.  To  set  or  place  permanently  ;  to  establish.  The 
prince  fized  his  residence  at  York.  The  seat  of  our 
government  is  fixed  at  Wttshington,  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.    Some  men  have  no  fixed  opinions. 

3.  To  make  fast ;  to  fasten  ;  to  attach  firmly  ;  as 
to  fix  a  cord  or  line  to  a  hook. 

4.  To  set  or  place  steadily  ;  to  direct,  as  the  eye, 
without  moving  it ;  to  fasten.  The  gentleman  fized 
his  eyes  on  the  speaker,  and  addressed  him  with 
firmness. 

5.  To  set  or  direct  steadily,  without  wandering; 
as,  to  fix  the  attention.  The  preacher  fixes  the  atten- 
tion of  his  audience,  or  the  hearers yiz  their  attention 
on  the  preacher. 

6.  To  set  or  make  firm,  so  as  to  bear  a  high  degree 
of  heat  without  evaporating;  to  deprive  of  volatility. 
Gold,  diamonds,  silver,  platina,  are  among  the  most 
fixed  bodies. 

7.  To  transfix  ;  to  pierce.    [Littleused.]  Sandys. 

8.  To  withhold  from  motion. 

9.  In  .America,  to  put  in  order  ;  to  prepare  ;  to  ad- 
just ;  to  set  or  place  in  the  manner  desired  or  most 
suitable  ;  as,  to  fix  clothes  or  dress  ;  to  fix  the  furni- 
ture of  a  room.  This  use  is  analogous  to  that  of  set, 
in  the  phrase  to  set  a  razor. 

[This  very  ctimmon  Americanism  has  no  sanction 
in  English  usage.  There  is  a  use  of  the  word  fix  as 
a  noun  for  "  predicament,"  as,  "  to  be  in  a  bad  fix," 
which  should  be  avoided  as  a  gross  vulgarism. — £1^.] 
FIX,  ».  i.  To  rest ;  to  settle  or  remain  permanently ; 
to  cease  from  wandering. 

Your  kindness  kinishes  your  fear, 

Resolved  to Jiz  forever  here.  Waller. 

2.  To  become  firm,  so  as  to  resist  volatilization. 

3.  To  cease  to  flow  or  be  fluid  ;  to  congeal ;  to  be- 
come hard  and  malleable,  as  a  metallic  substance. 

Bacon. 

To  fix  on  ;  to  settle  the  opinion  or  resolution  on 
any  thing  ;  to  determine  on.  'J'he  cotitracting  par- 
ties have  fixed  on  certain  leading  points.  The  legis- 
lature fixed  on  WethersfieUl  as  the  place  for  a  state 
prison. 

FIX'A-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  fi.xed,  established,  or 

rendered  firm. 
FIX-A'TIO.N,  n.   The  act  of  fixing. 

2.  Stability  ;  firmness  ;  steadiness  ;  a  state  of  be- 
ing established  ;  as,  fixation  in  matters  of  religion. 

King  Charles. 

3.  Residence  in  a  certain  place  ;  or  a  place  of  resi- 
dence.   [Little  used.] 

To  light,  created  in  tlie  first  day,  God  gave  no  certain  place  or 
Jiiaiton.  Halegh. 

4.  That  firm  state  of  a  body  which  resists  evap- 
oration or  volatilization  by  heat ;  as,  the  fixation  of 
gold  or  other  metals.  Bacon.  F.ncyc. 

5.  The  act  or  process  of  ce.asing  to  be  fluid  and 
becoming  firm  ;  sttite  of  being  fixed.  Olanville. 

FIX'£D,  (fikst,)  pp.  or  a.  Settled  ;  established  ;  firm  ; 
fast  ;  stable. 

Fixed  air:  an  invisible  and  pennanently  elastic 
fluid,  heavier  than  common  air,  and  fatal  to  animal 
life,  produced  from  the  combustion  of  carbonaceous 
bodies,  as  wood  or  charcoal,  and  by  artificial  pro- 
cesses ;  called  also  aerial  acid,  cretaceous  acid,  and  j 
more  generally  carbonic  acid. 

Fixed  bodies,  lire  those  which  can  not  be  volrililized 
or  separated  by  a  common  nu  nstriitim,  wilhoiil  great 
dilliciilty,  as  gold,  platinum,  lime,  Slc.  Frunci-<. 

Fixed'oils,  or  alkalies,  such  as  remain  in  a  permanent 
state,  and  .are  not  readily  volatilized,  so  called  in  dis- 
tinction from  volatile  oils,  or  alkalies. 

Fixed  stars,  are  such  stars  as  nlwajs  retain  the 
same  apparent  position  and  distance  with  respect  to 
each  other,  and  are  thus  distinguished  from  iilantts 
anil  comets,  which  are  revolving  bodies. 
FIX'ED-EY,  ai/e.    Firmly;  in  a  seltb  d  or  cslablisl.ed 

manner  steadfastly. 
FIX'ED-NESS,  71.    A  state  of  being  fixed;  slaliility  ; 
firmness;  steadfastness;  as,  n  fized nesi:  In  religion, 
or  politics  ;  fixedne.is  of  opinion  on  any  subject.  [ 

2.  The  state  of  a  boily  which  resists  evaporation  ; 
or  volatilization  by  hi'iit  ;  as,  the/jrr/iifjis  of  golil.  ; 

3.  Firm  coherence  of  parts  ;  solidity.       Bentley.  j 
FIX-II)'1-TV,  n.    Fixedness.    [A^ot  used.]  Boyle. 
F1.\'ING,  ;i;ir.    Sellling;  establishing. 

FI.X'I-TV,  11.  Fixedness;  coherence  of  parts;  that 
property  of  bodies  by  which  they  resist  di.ssipation 
by  iieiit.  J\'cieton.  \ 

FIX'TIJKE,  (fiksfynr,)  71.    That  which  is  fixed  or  iit- 
lached  to  something  as  a  permanent  nppendage  ;  iif,  | 
the  fixtures  of  a  pump  ;  l\u- Jixtiires  of  a  farm  ;  the 
fixtures  of  a  tlwelling,  i.  e.,  the  articles  which  the 
teii.iiit  cannot  legally  take  away,  when  he  removes 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WII.^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


466 


FLA 


to  aiiotlier  house.  This  ia  a  mndern  word,  though 
fii  qiicntly  substituted  for  Fixure  in  new  editions  of 
old  w'orlts.  •Smart. 

FIXMJllE,  II.  Position;  stable  pressure;  firmness. 
[  Little  u.ieil.]  S/mlc. 

I'IZ'CUJ,  «.    A  fishgis; ;  wliicli  sec. 

2.  A  ),'nildiii),',  llirlini;  girl. 

3.  A  tireivurii,  niado  of  powder  rolled  up  in  a 
paper. 

Fl/'/I  F  {  To  make  a  hissing  sound. 

F1jA1!'I!I-1,V,  ada.    In  a  flabby  manner. 
FLAIi'ltl-NE.sS,  „.    [See  Fl*hiii.J    A  soft,  flexible 

state  of  a  snb^ance,  which  renders  it  easily  movable, 

and  \  lelding  to  pressure. 
FI.AU'UY,  u.    [W  Utb,  a  soft,  lank,  limber  state  ; 

Uifniij  tlaccid,  lank  ;  tlifta,  flaccid,  lank,  Jluppin>r  ; 

lU/idii^lo  become  flabby,  to  drot>p ;  Uipuiin^  to  make 

gtib  or  smooth.    Fiabby^  fitipt  and  ^''</',  appear  to  be 

from  the  same  root.] 
Soli ;  yielding  to  the  touch,  and  easily  moved  or 

shaken ;  easily  bent  ;   hanging  loose  by  its  own 

Weight ;  Bs,  ttiibbij  flesh.  Sieift. 
F1,.\'1)EI-,  n.         fttibellum.]    A  fan. 
FLA-liEL'LA'FE,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  fan. 
FLA-UEl.'LI-FOR.M,ii.   [L.^iuiWiu/n,  a  little  fan, and 

form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  fan  ;  fan-shaped.  IFitchcock. 
FLACCIU,  iflak'sid,)  n.  [L.  Jlaccidus,  from  fialcco,  to 
hang  down,  to  flun  <  tip.  Jloio  i  PotUfrozoi  Ir.yiocA; 
\V.  UaCy  and  tUiir^  slack,  sluggish,  lax  ;  Uaciaio,  to 
slacken, to  relax,  to  droop;  Uaca, slop,  mud  ;  Itciifiato^ 
to  flag,  to  lag,  to  skulk  ;  Uci^ius,  flagging,  drimpnig, 
sluggish,  slow.  We  sec  that  ftacciil.fimr,  slark, 

£i<li,  .ilow,  and  /a^,  are  all  of  this  family.  See  Class 
g,  .No.  -10,41,  43,  4.3.] 

Soft  and  weak  ;  limber ;  lax  ;  drooping ;  hanging 
down  by  its  own  weight ;  yielding  to  pressure  for 
want  of  lirniness  and  stiffness ;  as,  a  flaccid  muscle  ; 
flaccid  flesh. 
FI,AC'C"I1)-LY,  adv.    tn  a  flaccid  manner. 
FI.A€'(;iD-\ESS,  (  n.     Laxity;    limberness ;  want 
FLAC-CIU'l-TY,  j     of  firmness  or  stiflness. 

•  H'l.'ipman. 
FLACK'ER,  r.  t.   To  flutter  as  a  bird.  [Local.] 

Ornse, 

FLAG,  r.  i.  [W.  llactlUy  or  Ilaciair^  to  relax,  to  droop  ; 
//fiTi/,  to  flag  ;  h.  flaccco  i  Sp  fla</ttear  ;  Vvrl.fra(jHfar, 
to  flag;  I r. /an-,  weak.  [See  Flaccid.1  The  sense 
is,  priinardy,  to  bend,  or  rather  to  rececie,  to  lair  ] 

1.  To  hang  loose  without  stiffness  ;  to  bend  down, 
as  flexible  bodies  ;  to  be  loose  and  yielding  ;  as,  the 
flagaina  sails.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  grow  spiritless  or  dejected  ;  to  droop ;  to 
grow  languid  ;  as,  the  spirits  flair. 

3.  To  grow  weak;  to  lose  vigor;  as,  the  strength 
flags. 

4.  To  become  dull  or  languid. 
Tim  pl( 


s  of  Uie  town  to  flag.  Suti/l. 

FLAG,  V.  L  To  let  fall  into  feebleness  ;  to  snfliir  to 
droop;  as,  to  flagllie  wings.  Prior, 

FLAtJ,  n.  [W.  Ilec  ;  Ir.  liag,  a  broad,  flat  stone  ;  allied, 
perhaps,  to  lay,] 

A  flat  stone  used  for  paving,  or  a  pavement  of  flat 
stones. 

FLAG,  r.  t.   To  lay  with  flat  stones. 

The  tides  nnil  floor  were  all  flagged  willi  ejcccllent  mnrtte. 

Saiulyt, 

FLAG,  Ji.    [VV.  Haf,  a  blade.] 

An  aquatic  plant,  with  a  bladed  leaf,  probably  so 
called  from  its  bendmg  or  yielding  to  the  wind. 

FLAG,  n.  [G.  flagge. ;  I),  vlag^  rlagtre ;  Dan.  flag ; 
S\v,fla<rfri  allied,  probably,  to  the  preceding  word, 
in  the  sense  of  beiuhng  or  spreading.] 

An  ensign  or  colors  ;  a  cloth  on  which  arc  usually 
painted  or  wrought  certain  figures,  and  borne  on  a 
staff.  In  Uir  army,  a  banner  by  which  one  regiment 
is  distinguished  from  another.  In  t/ir  niarinr,  a  ban- 
ner or  standard  by  which  the  ships  of  one  nation  are 
distinguished  from  those  of  another,  or  by  which  an 
admiral  is  distinguished  from  other  ships  of  his  squad- 
ron. In  the  British  navy,  an  admiral's  flag  is  dis- 
played at  the  niain-top-gallant-mast-hcad,  a  vice- 
admiral's  at  the  fore-to|>-gallant-mast-head,  and  a 
rear  admiral's  at  the  mi/./.cn-top-gallant-mast-hcad. 

To  MrJic  or  lotcer  the  flag,  is  to  pull  it  down  upon 
the  cap,  in  token  of  respect  or  snbmissicm.  To 
itrikr.  the  flag,  in  an  engagement,  is  the  sign  of  sur- 
rendering. 

To  hang  out  the  white  flag,  is  to  ask  quarter  ;  or,  in 
some  cases,  to  manifest  a  friendly  design.  The  red 
flag,  is  a  sign  of  deflance  or  battle. 

To  hang  the  flag  half  mast  high,  is  a  token  or  signal 
of  niuurning. 

Ftag-vflicrr  ;  the  commander  of  a  squadron. 

Flag  ship  :  the  ship  which  bears  the  commanding 
oflicer  of  a  squadron,  and  in  which  his  flag  is  dis- 
played. 

Flag  staff ;  the  stafl"  that  elevates  the  flag. 
I-I  Kr^innr,  Encyc     .Mar,  Dict. 

i  L.\G  BROOM,  n.    A  broom  for  sleeping  flags. 

n  Ar'^oTj^vTT!!  Johnson, 
tL.Atj  hlOi\E,  H.   A  flat  stone  for  pavement. 


FLAG'VVORM,  (-wnrni,)  71.     A  worm  or  grub  found 
among  flags  and  sedge.  IValton, 
A  little  llute  ;  a  small  wind-instrument  of  music. 

Mure, 

FLAlVEI^LANT,  n.  [L,  flagdlans,  from  flagello,  to 
flog.] 

One  who  whips  himself  in  religions  discifiline. 
The  Flagellants  were  a  fanatical  sect  w  hich  arose  in 
Itidy  A.  I).  12(iU,  who  maintained  that  flagellation 
was  of  equal  virtue  with  baptism  and  the  sacrament. 
They  walked  in  processiiui,  with  shoulders  bare, and 
whipped  tluiiiselves  till  the  blood  ran  down  their 
bodies,  to  obtain  tile  mercy  of  God,  and  appease  his 
wralli  .against  the  vices  of  the  age.  Encyc, 

FLAOi'Elj-LATE, ».  (.    To  whip  ;  to  scourge. 

FLAC;-EL,-LA''i'ION,  n,  [L.  flagello,  to  beat  or  whip, 
to  flog,  from  fiagclliim,  a  whip,  scourge,  or  flail,  U. 
vlegcl,  Cflcgel,  Fr.  flraii.    See  Flail  and  Floo.I 

A  beating  or  whipping;  a  Hogging  ;  the  discipline 
of  the  scourge.  Oarlh, 

FLAC'EO-LET,  (flaj'o  let,)  n.  [Fr.  flageolet,  from 
L.jflutHi,  by  corruption,  or  Gr.  irXaj-iouAof,  nXaytoi, 
oblique,  and  auA      a  flute.  Luiiirr.] 

A  small  wind-instruineiit  of  music,  with  a  mouth- 
piece at  oneeiiil,  and  stops  like  the  old  English  flute, 
sometiiiH's  spelltrd  flagclcL  P,  Cyc. 

FI.AG'GKI),  (flagd,)  pp    Laid  with  fl.it  stones. 

FLAG'GI-NESS,  71.  Laxity;  limberness;  want  of 
tension. 

FLAG'GIXG,  ppr,  or  a.   Growing  weak  ;  drooping; 

laying  with  flat  stones. 
FLAG'GIN'G,  n.    The  act  of  laying  with  flagstones, 

2.  A  pavement  or  sidewalk  of  flagstones. 
FL.VG'UY,  a.    Weak;  flexible;  limber;  not  stifl". 

Drydcn. 

2.  AVe.ik  in  taste  ;  insipid  ;  as,  a  flaggy  a\^\i\c, 

3.  Abounding  wilh  flags,  the  plant.  [Bacon, 
FLA-GI"T10U.S,  (fla-Jish'us,)   a.      [L.  fiagUium,  a 

scandalous  crime,  probably  from  Uic  root,  of  yia- 
grant.] 

1.  Deeply  criminal ;  grossly  wicked  ;  villainous  ; 
atrocious;  scandalous;  as,  a  ^uu-itiuiu  action  or 
crime.  South. 

2.  Guilty  of  enormous  crimes ;  corrupt;  wicked; 
as,  a  flagitious  persiui.  Pope. 

3.  Alarkeil  or  infected  with  scandalous  crimes  or 
vices  ;  as,  flagitious  times.  Pope. 

FLA-GI"T10US-LY,  adv.  With  extreme  wicked- 
ni^ss. 

FLA-0I"TIOUS-NESS,  7t.  Extreme  wickedness ;  vil- 
lainy. 

FLAG'ON,  71.  [L.  lagena;  Gr.  Xayrjtfoi ;  Ir.  clagun  t 
Fr.  ;iaco)i ;  Sam.  Castel.  col.  .3013.] 

A  vessel  with  a  narrow  mouth,  used  for  holding 
and  conveying  liipiors. 


Suiy 


ne  with  Jiagottt,  comfort  mo  wttli  apples ;  Tor  1  am  sick 
ith  love.  —  CntiU  U. 


;  per- 


FLa'GRANCE,  71.    Notoriousness ;  glaring  ofTense. 

lip.  Hall. 

FLa'GRAN-CY,  71.    [See  Fl.aorakt.]     A  burning; 
great  heat ;  inflammation.  [Obs,] 

Liisl  caiuetli  a  Jtagrancy  in  Uie  eyet.  Bacon. 
3.  Excess ;   enormity ;   as,  the  fiagrancy  of  a 
crime. 

FLa'GRANT,  a.     [L.  flagrans,  from  flagro,  to  bum, 
Gr.  tpXtyw,  tpXcyoto.    In  D.  flakkcren  is  to  bla^ce.] 
L  Burning;  ardent;  eager;  as,  Jla^raiU  desires. 

llooker. 

2.  Glowing  ;  red  ;  flushed. 

S'-e  S;ipphfi  at  tier  toilet'i  (frpasy  task, 

Then  Usiiiit^  Jtagrant  10  aa  eveuiiig  iDosk.  Pope. 

3.  Red  ;  inflamed. 

The  l«.ullc's  laxh  atill/Ofranl  on  tliclr  back.  Prior. 
[The  foregoing  senses  are  unusual.] 
i.  Flaming  in  notice;  glaring;  notorious ;  enor- 
mous ;  as,  a  flagrant  crime. 
FUi  GR.IjSrTF.  BKI.'LO,  [L.]    The  war  raging. 
F/,^.n/ijijVTE  DK-UarO,  [L.]    During  the 

petralion  of  the  crime. 
FLA'GRANT-LY,  ado.    Ardently  ;  notoriouslv. 

ly'arton. 

FLA'GRaTE,  p.  L    To  burn.    [LUde  used,] 

OrernJiill, 

FLA-GRi'TION,  71.   A  burning.    [£iW<!  W.] 
FLAIL,  n._   [D,vlegel;  G.  flcgcl;   L,flagellum;  Fr. 

flcau.    We  retain  the  original  verb  in  flog,  to  strike, 

to  lay  on,  I-  yli^'o,  whence  aflligo,  to  afflict;  Gr. 

ir.Xi))  /),  L.  plaga,  a  stroke,  or  perhaps  from  the  same 

root  .as  lick  and  lay.    See  Lick.] 
A  wooden   instrument  for  thrashing  or  beating 

grain  from  the  ear  by  hand. 
FLAKE,  II.    [S.-ft.  fiace ;  D.  rlaak,  a  hurdle  for  wool ; 

r.lok,  a  flock,  a  flake,  a  tuft  ;  G.  flvcke,  fluge,  id. ; 

Dan.  flak,  a  herd,  and  lok,  a  (ucior  flock  of  wool ;  L. 

flticcus ;  Gr.  r\<>Kii,  Tt\'iKoi;   It.  flocco ;   Ir.  flocas. 

Flake  anti  flock  arc  doubtless  the  same  woril,  varied 

in  orthography,  and  connected,  perhaps,  with  L. 

plica,  Gr,  irAxu.   The  sense  is  a  complication,  a 

crowd,  or  n  lay,] 

1.  A  small  collecthm  of  snow,  as  it  falls  from  the 

clouds  or  fniin  the  air  ;  a  little  bunch  or  duster  of 

snowy  crysuils,  such  as  fall  in  still,  moderate  weather. 

This  is  a  flake,  locJi,  or  flack  of  snow. 


r  as  a  p<-rpeliial  aijiiHe  and 
Sutilh, 


2.  A  platform  of  hurdles,  or  small  sticks  made  fan! 
or  iiiti  rwtiven,  sii|iported  by  Htaiicliions,  on  which 
codfish  is  dried.  Massachusetts, 

3.  A  layer  or  stratum  ;  as,  aflulie  of  flesh  or  tallow. 
Job  xli. 

4.  A  collection  or  little  particle  of  lire,  or  of  com- 
bustible matter  on  Are,  separated  and  flying  off. 

5.  Any  scaly  matter  ill  layers ;  any  mass  cleaving 
otf  in  scales. 

LltUoylaJbes  of  acurf.  Adflunn 

6.  A  sort  of  carnations  of  two  colors  only,  having 
large  stripes  going  through  the  leaves.  Encyc, 

fVhite-flake,  in  painting.    Sec  Flake-Whit e. 

FLAKE,  B.(.    To  form  into  flakes.  Pope, 

FLAKE,  V,  i.    To  break  or  separate  in  layers  ;  to  peel 
or  scale  off.    We  more  usually  say,  to  fluke  off, 

FLAK'^I),  (rtakt,)  pp.    Foriiietl  into  Bakes. 

FLAKE-WHITE,  n.   A    name  often  given  to  the 
purest  white  lead.  Brande.  Ure. 

FLAK'l-NKSS,  7L    The  state  of  being  flaky. 

FLAK'ING,  j)/jr.    Forming  into  flakes. 

FLAK  Y,  a.    Consisting  of  flakes  or  locks;  consist- 
ing of  small,  loose  masses. 

2.  Lying  in  flaktss  ;  consisting  of  layers,  or  cleav- 
ing ofl*  in  layers. 

FLAM,  71.    [Ice.  flim  ;  W.  Ham,  a  leap.l 

A  freak  or  whim ;  also,  a  falsehood  ;  a  lie  ;  an  il- 
lusory pretext ;  deception  ;  delusion. 

Lies  immortalized  and  consigned 
Jlam  upon  powcrity. 

FLAM,  V.  U   To  deceive  with  falsehood  ;  to  delude. 

South. 

FLAM'BEAU,  (flam'bo,)  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  flamma, 
flame.] 

A  light  or  luminary  made  of  thick  wicks  covered 
with  wax,  and  used  in  the  .strci  ls  at  night,  at  illuiiii- 
n.'itions,  and  in  processions.  Flambeaus  are  made 
stpiare,  and  usually  cmisist  of  four  wicks  or  branches, 
near  an  incli  thick,  and  about  three  feet  long,  com- 
posed of  coarse  hempen  yarn,  half  twistetl.  Encyc, 
FLA. ME,  71.  [i'l,  fiammc  :  1^,  flamma;  ll,  flamma;  Sp. 
llama  ;  D.  vlam  ;  G,  flammr,] 

1.  A  blaze  ;  burning  vajinr ;  vapor  in  combustion  ; 
or,  according  to  modem  chemistry,  hydrogen,  or  any 
inflammable  gas,  in  a  state  of  coiiiliiisfion,  and  natu- 
rally ascending  in  a  stream  from  burning  bodies, 
being  speciflcally  lighter  tli.in  coniinim  air. 

A  luminous  fluid  proceeding  from  burning  biidies, 
and  from  the  combustion  of  their  volatile  particles. 

DicL  jVat,  Hist. 

2.  Fire  in  general.  Cotrlnj, 

3.  He.at  of  pa.ssion  ;  tumult;  combu.<tion  ;  blaze  ; 
violent  contention.  One  jealous,  tattling  misi  liief- 
maker  will  set  a  whole  village  in  a  flame, 

4.  Ardor  of  temper  or  imagination  ;  briglitness  of 
fancy  ;  vigor  of  thought. 

Great  are  their  faiilu,  and  glorious  is  tiielr^am*.  Waiter, 

5.  Ardor  of  inclination  ;  warmth  of  ofl^cction. 
Smit  with  the  love  of  kindred  arts  we  cime, 

And  met  congenial,  ininglin  j/a/ne  w  it.'i Jtame,  Pope, 

6.  The  passion  of  love  ;  ardent  love. 

My  bean's  on  flame,  Cotstey, 

7.  Rage  ;  violence ;  as,  the  flames  of  war. 

8.  One  beloved  ;  as,  she  was  iny  first  flame, 
FLA.ME,  ».  (.    To  inflame  ;  to  excite.  Spenser. 
FLA.ME,  t>.  1.    To  blaze  ;  to  burn  in  vapor,  or  in  a  cur- 
rent ;  to  burn  as  gas  emitted  from  bodies  in  coinbus- 

2.  To  shine  like  burning  gas.  .  [turn. 

In  Jlaniiiig  yellow  bright.  Prior, 

3.  To  break  out  in  violence  of  passion.  Bcaum, 
FLA.ME'COL-OR,  (-kul-lur,)  n.    Bright  color,  as  that 

of  flame.  B,  Jonson, 

FLA.ME'eOL-OR-ED,  (  kul-lurd,)  a.    Of  the  color  of 

flame  ;  of  a  bright  yellow  color.  Shak, 
FLA.ME'E?-f;D,  (  ide,)  a.    Having  eyes  like  a  flame. 
FLA.ME'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  flame;  witliout  in- 
cense. 

FLA'MEN,  71.  [L.]  In  ancient  Rome,  a  priest  de- 
voted to  a  particular  god.  Originally  there  were 
three  priests  so  called  ;  the  Flamrn  Oialui,  conse- 
crated to  Jupiter ;  Flamen  Martuilis,  sacreil  to  .Mars; 
and  Flamen  Qnirinalis,  who  superintended  the  riles  of 
Ctuirinus  or  Uoiiiulus. 
2.  .\  priest.  Pope, 

FLA.M'l.NG,  ppr.    Burning  in  flame. 

2.  a.  Bright  red.  ,\lso,  violent ;  vehement ;  as,  a 
flaming  harangue. 

FL.AM'l.VG,  n.    A  bursting  out  in  n  flame. 

FLA.M'ING-LY,  ado.  Most  brightly  ;  with  great  show 
or  vehemence. 

FLA-MI.N"GO,  71.  [Sp.  and  Port,  flamenco,  from  L. 
flamma,  flame.] 

One  of  a  very  peculiar  genus  of  birds  called  by  natii- 
rali-ts  PiKEnicopterus.  The  beak  is  nakeil,  toollii  d, 
and  bent  as  if  broken  ;  the  neck  and  legs  are  very 
long  ;  the  feet  have  the  three  front  toes  pahnated  to 
the  end,  and  the  hind  one  extremely  short.  When 
in  full  plumage,  they  are  almost  entirely  retl,  except 
the  quill  feathers.  They  are,  generally  speaking, 
birds  of  warm  climates  and  rich  places.  Partington. 

PLA-.MI.\'ie-.VL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  Roman  ibmicn. 

Mdion. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  IGNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  B  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


M  M 


45r 


FLA. 


FLA 


FLA 


FLAM-irA-BLLT-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  admitting  to 
be  set  iin  fire,  or  enkindled  into  a  flame  or  blaze  ;  in- 
flaminiibilitv.  Brown. 

FLA.M'.MA-B'LE,  a.  Capable  of  being  enkindled  into 
dame. 

FLAM-Ma'TION,  n.    The  act  of  setting  on  flame 

Bi-own, 

[The  three  last  words  are  little  used.  Instead  of 
them  are  used  the  compounds  Inflammable,  I.n- 

FLAMMABILITV,  INFLAMMATION.] 

FLAM'ME-OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  flame  ;  like  flame. 

Broion. 

FLAM-MIF'ER-OUS,a.  [L.^ammaand/cro,  to  bring.] 

Producing  flame. 
FL.\.M-.M1V'0-M0US,  a.     [L.  flamma  and  vomo,  to 
vomit.] 

Vomiting  flames,  as  a  volcano. 
FLaM'V,  a.    [from  flamf.]    Blazing;  burning;  as, 
flamy  breath.  Sidney. 

2.  Having  the  nattn'e  of  flame ;  as,  flamy  matter. 

Bacon. 

3.  Having  the  color  of  flame.  Herbe-rt. 
FLSNCH,  n.     In  rnechanism,  the  part  of  a  piece 

screwed  to  something  else. 
FLANGE,  71.    [Uu.  flank,  or  Fr.  /range,  fringe,  or  Gr. 
ipnXa)  <.] 

A  raised  or  projecting  edge  or  rib  on  the  rim  of  a 
wheel,  and  also  on  the  rails  uf  a  certain  kind  of  rail- 
way ;  used  in  Machinery,  to  keep  the  band  from  slip- 
ping off,  and  to  prevent  cars  from  running  off  the 
rails. 

FLAN'K,  »!.  [Fr./anc;  Sp.  and  Fort. ^aaco  ;  It. ^anco  ; 
G.flanke  ;  Sw.  and  V)3n. flank;  Gr.  A«)  oiv  ;  probably 
connected  with  lank,  W.  llac,  Eng.^ao",  Gr.  Xayaoui, 
and  so  called  from  its  laxity,  or  from  breadth.] 

1.  The  fleshy  or  muscular  part  of  the  side  of  an 
animal,  between  the  ribs  and  the  hip.  Hence, 

2.  The  side  of  an  army,  or  of  any  division  of  an 
army,  as  of  a  brigade,  regiment,  or  battalion  ;  the 
extreme  right  or  left.  To  attack  an  enemy  in  flank, 
is  to  attack  them  on  the  side. 

3.  In  furtification,  that  part  of  a  bastion  which 
reaches  from  the  curtain  to  the  face,  and  defends 
the  opposite  face,  the  flank,  and  the  curtain  ;  or  it  is 
a  line  drawn  from  the  e.xtreuiity  of  the  face  toward 
the  uiside  of  the  work.  Brande. 

4.  In  architecture,  the  side  of  any  building.  Brande. 
FLANK,  V.  t.    [Fr.  flamiucr ;  Sp.  flamiuear.] 

1.  To  attack  the  side  or  flank  of  an  army  or  body 
of  troops  ;  or  to  place  troops  so  as  to  command  or  at- 
tack the  flank. 

2.  To  post  so  as  to  overlook  or  command  on  the 
side  ;  as,  to  flank  a  passage.  Drydcu. 

3.  To  secure  or  guard  on  the  side  ;  as, ^aw/iti/ with 
rock.1.  Dnjden. 

4.  To  turn  the  flank  ^  to  pass  round  the  side. 
FLANK,  V.  i.    To  border  ;  to  touch.  Butler. 

2.  To  be  posted  on  the  side. 
FLANK'£D,  (flankt,)  pp.    Attacked  on  tl>e  side  ;  cov- 
ered or  commanded  on  the  flank. 
FL.XNK'ER,  71.    A  fortification  projecting  so  as  to 
command  the  side  of  an  assailing  body. 

KnoUes.  Fairfax. 

FLANK'ER,  v.  t.    To  defend  by  lateral  fortifications. 

Herbert. 

2.  To  attack  sideways.  Evelyn. 
FLANK'EIl-£D,  ;7p.    Attacked  on  the  side  ;  defended 

by  lateral  works. 
FLA.\K'ER-1.\G,  ppr.    Defending  by  lateral  works; 

attacking  sideways. 
FLA.NK'ING,  ppr.    Turning  the  flank;  attacking  on 

the  side,  or  comimuding  on  the  flank. 
FLAN'NEL,  n.    [I'r.  flanclle :  D.  and  Dan.  ^a?irf;  G. 

flaiicll ;  W.  gtnlanrn,  from  "■u);a;i,  wool,  L.  lana,Yi. 

luine,  Ir.  ulunii,  Ann.  irtuan^ 
A  soft,  nappy,  woolen  cloth,  of  loose  texture. 
FLA.N'NEL-i'D,  a.    Covered  or  wrapped  in  flannel. 
FL.'\I',  71.    [(;.  lappcH  and  klappe  ;  I),  lap  or  klup  ;  Sw. 

kJiipp  or  lupp;  Dan.  klap  or  lap;  Sax.  lappa,  a  lap; 

VV.  llab,  a  stroke,  a  whipping;  llubiaw,  lu  slap  ;  I,. 

alapa,  a  .slap,    'i'here  is  a  numerous  family  of  words 

In  Lb,  which  spring  from  striking  with  something 

broad,  or  from  a  noun  denoting  Bomethiiig  flat  and 

broad.    It  seems  dithcult  to  sejiaratc  fljip  from  clap, 

slap,  flabby,  lap,  &.r..] 

1.  Any  thing  broad  and  limber  that  hangs  loose,  or 
is  easily  moved. 

A  cmiliigiiioiiBy/a;j  on  tlie  0[«_-niiig  of  Uic  hirynx.  Drown. 

We  (<.iy,  the  flap  of  a  garment,  the  flap  of  the  car, 
the  fliiji  of  a  hat. 

2.  'I  he  motion  of  any  thing  broad  and  loose,  or  a 
Ktrokit  \viih  it. 

3.  'I'liat  part  of  the  coat  behind  from  the  hips 
downward. 

4.  The  flap.i :  a  diHeaHe  in  the  lips  of  horses. 
FLAI*,  V.  t.    'I'd  beat  with  n  flap.      [J'ii7Ticr'«  Diet. 

Yrt  t<-t  mc  Jlap  Uiii  iMfr  willi  gildt^tl  winf^i.  Popt. 

2.  To  move  something  broad ;  as,  to  flap  the 
wing". 

3.  To  li  t  fall,  an  the  brim  of  a  hat.  n'his  sense 
iieemti  to  iiidicntr  a  ri>iinei-tion  with  lnp\ 

PLAf,  r.  i.  To  move  as  wings,  or  oti  something  broad 
or  looac. 


2.  To  full,  as  the  brim  of  a  hat,  or  other  broad 
thing. 

FL.'VP'DRAG-ON,  71.    A  play  in  which  they  catch  rai- 
sins out  of  burning  brandy,  and,  e.\tinguishing  them 
by  closing  the  mouth,  eat  them. 
2.  The  thing  thus  caught  and  eaten.  Johnson. 

FLAP'DRAG-ON,  v.  t.    To  swallow  or  devour.  Shak. 

FLAP'eAR-£D,  a.    Having  broad,  loose  ears.  Shak. 

FLAP'JACK,  71.  A  sort  of  broad  pancake.  Also,  an 
ajjple-puff.  Slialc.  Smart. 

FLAP'M0UTH-£D,  a.    Having  loose,  hanging  lips. 

Shak. 

FLAP'PED,  (flapt,)  pp.  or  a.  Struck  with  something 
broad  ;  let  down  ;  having  the  brim  fallen,  as  a  flapped 

FLAP'PER,  77.    He  or  that  which  flaps.  [hat. 

FLAP'PING,  ppr.  or  a.  Striking;  beating;  moving 
something  broad  ;  a.s,  flapping  wings  ;  the  ducks  run 
flapping  and  fluttering.  L'Estrange. 

FLARE,  V.  i.  [If  this  word  is  not  contracted,  it  may 
be  allied  to  clear,  glare,  glory,  L.  floreo.  Eng.  floor, 
the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  open,  to  spread, 
from  parting,  departing,  or  driving  apart,  liut  in 
Norm,  flair  is  to  blow,  and  possibly  it  may  be  from 
h.flo,  or  it  may  be  contracted  from  G.  flackern.] 

1.  To  waver ;  to  flutter;  to  burn  with  an  unsteady 
light ;  as,  the  candle^ares,  that  is,  the  light  wanders 
from  its  natural  course. 

2.  To  flutter  with  splendid  show  ;  to  be  loose  and 
waving,  as  a  showy  thing. 

With  ribbons  pendant  Jlaring  'bout  her  head.  Shak. 

3.  To  glitter  with  transient  luster. 

But  speech  alone 
Doth  vanish  like  a Jlaring  tiling.  Herbert. 

4.  To  glitter  with  painful  splendor. 

When  the  suu  tjegins  to  fling 
ilis  flaring  bea.ws.  Milton. 

5.  To  be  exposed  to  too  much  light. 

I  can  not  suty 

Flaring  in  sunslline  all  tlie  day.    [Ciu.]  ,  Prior. 

6.  To  open  or  spread  outward. 

FLARE,  7!.    An  unsteady,  broad,  offensive  light. 

Smart. 

FLaR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Burning  with  a  wavering  light ; 
fluttering;  glittering;  showy. 

2.  Opening  ;  widening  outward  ;  as,  a  flaring 
fireplace. 

FLAR'ING-LY,  arf«.    Flutteringly  ;  showily. 

FLASH,  71.  [Ir.  lasair,  lasrach,  a  flame,  a  flash  ;  lasadh, 
lasaim,  to  burn,  to  kindle  ;  leos,  light ;  leosam,  to  give 
light ;  also,  loisgim,  losgadh,  to  burn  ;  loisi,  flame  ; 
Dan.  hjs,  Wghl;  tyser,tii  shine,  to  glisten  or  glister; 
Sw.  lius,  lysa,  id.  Qu.  G.  blitz,  a  glance  ;  blttien,  to 
lighten,  lo flash;  Russ.  blesk,  bleschu,  id.  There  is  a 
numerous  class  of  words  in  Ls,  with  different  pre- 
fixes, that  denote  to  shine,  to  throw  light,  as  gloss, 
glass,  glisten,  blush,  flush,  flash,  luster,  &LC.  ;  but  per- 
haps they  are  not  all  of  one  family.  The  VVelsh  has 
llathru,  to  make  smooth  and  glossy,  to  polish,  to 
glitter  ;  llethrid,  a  gleam,  a  flash.    See  Class  Ld,  No. 

5,  and  Ls,  No.  25,  and  see  Flush.] 

1.  A  sudden  burst  of  light ;  a  flood  of  light  instan- 
taneously appearing  and  disappearing ;  as,  a  flMsh  of 
lightning. 

2.  A  sudden  burst  of  flame  and  light ;  an  instan- 
taneous blaze  ;  as,  the  flash  of  a  gun. 

3.  A  sudden  burst,  as  of  wit  or  merriment ;  as,  a 
fl.ash  of  wit ;  a  flash  of  joy  or  mirth. 

His  companions  recollect  no  instance  of  premature  wit,  no 
striking  sentiment,  no  Jlaih  of  fancy.  Wirt. 

4.  A  short,  transient  state. 

Tlie  Pereiaiis  and  Macedonians  had  it  for  a  flash.  Bacon. 

5.  A  body  of  water  driven  by  violence.  [Local.] 

Pegge. 

6.  A  little  pool.    Ciu.  plash.  [Local.'] 

FLASH,  71.    The  slang  language  of  thieves,  robbers, 

6.  C.  Orose. 
FLASH'-HOUSE,  7t.    A  place  where  thieves  and 

robbers,  &c.,  resort  and  deposit  their  plunder.  Orose. 
FLASH,  V.  !.  To  break  forth,  as  a  sudden  flood  of 
light ;  to  burst  or  o|>en  instantly  on  the  sight,  as 
splendor.  It  differs  from  glitter,  glisten,  and  gleam, 
ill  denoting  a  flood  or  wide  extent  of  light.  The 
latter  words  may  express  the  issuing  of  light  from  a 
small  object,  or  from  a  pencil  of  rays.  A  diamond 
may  glitter  or  glisten,  but  it  does  not  flash.  Flash 
dill'ers  from  other  words,  also,  in  denoting  suddenness 
of  appearance  and  disappearance. 

2.  To  burst  or  break  forth  with  a  flood  of  flame 
and  light ;  as,  the  powder  flushed  in  the  pan.  Flash- 
ing dillers  from  exploding  or  displuding,  in  not  being 
acrojiipanied  with  a  loud  report. 

3.  To  burst  out  into  any  kind  of  violence. 

Every  hour 

He  Jlaahe$  into  one  grons  crime  or  other.  .S7inJt. 

4.  To  break  out,  as  a  sudden  expression  of  wit, 
merriment,  or  brigiit  thought.  Fcllun. 

FLASH,  V.  t.  To  strike  up  a  body  of  water  from  the 
surface.  Carcw.  . 

He  rudely  flaahed  tlio  waves.  Sptnter. 
[In  this  tense  I  believe  this  word  u  not  used  in 
.America.  | 


2.  To  strike  or  to  tlirow  like  a  burst  of  light;  as, 
lo  flash  conviction  on  the  mind. 

FLASH'ER,  71.    A  man  of  more  appearance  of  wit 
than  reality.  Diet. 
2.  A  rower.    [JVot  in  use.] 

FLASH'I-LY,  ado.  With  empty  show  ;  with  a  sud- 
den glare  ;  without  solidity  of  wit  or  thought. 

FLASH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Bursting  forth  as  a  flood  of 
light,  or  of  flame  and  light,  or  as  wit,  mirth,  or  joy. 

FLASH'ING,  71.    [Probably  from  Fr.  plague  or  flague.] 
In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  pieces  of  lead,  or 
other  metal,  let  into  the  joints  of  a  wall,  so  as  to  lap 
over  the  gutters  and  prevent  the  plashing  of  rain  on 
the  interior  works.  Owilt. 

FLASH'Y,  a.  Showy,  but  empty ;  dazzling  for  a  mo- 
ment, but  not  solid  ;  as,  flashy  wit. 

2.  Showy  ;  gay  ;  as,  a  flashy  dress. 

3.  Insipid ;  vapid  ;  without  taste  or  spirit ;  as,  food 
or  drink. 

4.  Washy;  plashy.    [See  Plash.] 

FLASK,  71.  [G.  flasche;  Sw.  flaska ;  Dan.  flaske;  D. 
fles,flesch;  Sax.flaia;  Sp.  and  Port. /riisco ;  It.flasco, 
or  fiasco  ;  W.flasg,  a  basket.] 

1.  A  kind  of  bottle  ;  as,  a  flask  of  wine  or  oil. 

2.  A  vessel  for  powder. 

3.  A  bed  in  a  gun-carriage.  Bailey. 
FLXSK'ET,  71.   A  vessel  in  which  viands  are  served 

up."  Pope.  Ray. 

2.  A  long,  shallow  basket.  Spenser. 
FLAT,  a.    [D.  plat;  G.  plait;  Dan.  ^ai2;  Sw.  flat; 
Fr.  plat ;  Arm.  blad,  or  pladt ;  It.  piatto ;  from  extend- 
ing or  laying.    Allied,  probably,  to  W.  Ilez,  llcd,  llyd; 
L.  latus,  broad  ;  Gr.  TrArtrns  ,  Eng.  blade.] 

1.  Having  an  even  surface,  without  risings  or  in- 
dentures, hills  or  valleys  ;  as,  flat  land. 

2.  Horizontal;  level  without  inclination;  as,  aflat 
roof ;  or  with  a  moderate  inclination  or  slope  ;  for  we 
often  apply  the  word  to  the  roof  of  a  house  that  is 
not  steep,  though  inclined. 

3.  Prostrate;  lying  the  whole  length  on  the  ground. 
He  fell  or  lay  JUit  on  the  ground. 

4.  Not  elevated  or  erect ;  fallen. 

Cease  to  admire,  and  beauty's  plumes 
Pall  flat.  mton. 

5.  Level  with  the  ground  ;  totally  fallen. 

What  ruins  kingtloms,  and  lays  cities  flat  ?  Milton. 

6.  In  painting,  wanting  relief  or  prominence  of 
the  figures. 

7.  Tasteless  ;  stale ;  vapid  ;  insipid ;  dead  ;  as, 
fruit  flat  to  the  taste.  Philips. 

8.  Dull ;  unanimated  ;  frigid  ;  without  point  or 
spirit ;  applied  to  discourses  and  compositions.  The 
sermon  was  very  flat. 

9.  Depressed ;  spiritless  ;  dejected. 

I  feel  —  my  hopfs  all  flat.  Milton. 

10.  Unpleasing  ;  not  affording  gratification.  How 
flat  and  insipid  are  all  the  pleasures  of  this  life  ! 

11.  Peremptory;  absolute;  positive;  downright. 
He  gave  the  petitioner  a  flat  denial. 

Thus  repulsed,  our  lin.al  fiope 
Is  flat  despair.  MtUon. 

12.  Not  sharp  or  shrill ;  not  acute;  as,  a^(  sound. 

Bacon. 

13.  Low,  as  the  prices  of  goods  ;  or  dull,  as  stiles. 
FLAT,  71.    A  level  or  extended  plain.    In  Jimerica,  it 

is  applied  particularly  to  low  ground  or  meadow  that 
is  level ;  but  it  denotes  any  land  of  even  surface  and 
of  some  extent. 

2.  A  level  ground  lying  at  a  small  depth  under  the 
surface  of  water ;  a  shoal ;  a  shallow  ;  a  strand  ;  a 
sand  hank  under  water. 

3.  The  broad  side  of  a  blade.  Drydcn, 

4.  Depression  of  thought  or  language.  Dryden. 

5.  A  surface  without  relief  or  prominences. 

Bentley. 

6.  In  music,  a  mark  of  depression  in  sound  ;  thus, 
[[,.]  A  flat  denotes  a  fall  or  depressiim  of  half  a 
tone. 

7.  A  boat,  broad  and  flat-bottomed.  A  flat-bottomed 
boat  is  constructed  for  conveying  passengers  or 
troops,  horses,  carriages,  anil  baggage. 

8.  A  hat  made  of  straw  braitl,  with  a  low  crown 
and  broad  brim. 

9.  A  story  or  loft  in  a  building.  [SeoHish.] 

10.  One  who  is  easily  duped  ;  opposed  to  one  who 
\s  sharp,    [yulgar.]  Rich.  Diet. 

FLAT,  7'.  (.    [Fr.  flatir,  npplatir.] 

1.  To  level ;  to  depress  ;  to  lay  smooth  or  even  ;  to 
make  broad  and  smooth  ;  to  flatten.  Bacon. 

9.  To  make  vapid  or  tasteless.  Bacon. 
3.  To  make  dull  or  unanimated. 
FLAT,  V.  i    'I'o  grow  flat ;  to  fall  to  an  even  surface. 

Temple. 

2.  To  become  insipid,  or  dull  and  unanimated. 

ATiii,^  Charles. 

3.  In  vinsic,  to  depress  the  voice  ;  to  render  a  sound 
less  sharp. 

FLAT'-li()T-TOM-f.;i),  a.  Having  a  flat  bottom,  as  a 
bt)at,  or  a  moarin  fortificatitin. 

FLAT'-IM.^II,  71.  A  name  sometimes  applied  in  com- 
mon to  those  fishes  which  have  the  body  of  a  fliilteniid 
form,  swim  on  the  side,  and  have  both  eyes  on  one 


FATE,  PAR,  PALL.  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


45R 


FLA 

side,  eiiit>r:icing  such  as  the  tloiinttcr,  tiirhot,  hali- 
hnt,  and  snh'.  Il  is  paiticiilarly  appliod,  in  and  near 
New  York,  to  a  small,  salt-watiT  ti^h  of  the  tloundcr 
kind,  the  Platex.ta  plana  of  Mitchell,  which  is  es- 
teemed excellent  food. 

Partington.    Storcr's  Mass.  Rep. 
FLAT'-I-RON,  (-I-urn,)  71.    An  iron  for  smoothing 
cloth. 

FLa'TIVE,  a.    [L.j!a«ifi,  from  Jlo,  to  blow.] 
Producing  wind  ;  tlatulcnt.    [JVot  in  use] 

Breaer. 

FLAT'LO.NG,  adv.    With  the  flat  side  downward  ; 

not  odsewisc.  Sliak. 
TLAT'LV,  ailc.     Horizontally  ;  without  inclination. 
-'.  IC\'<'nly  ;  without  elevations  and  depressions. 
;t.  Witlio'ul  spirit ;  dully;  frigidly. 
•1.  I'cremptordy  ;'p<isitively  ;  downright. 

Uejffii/y  rcrusdl  hi»  niil.  Siilney. 

I'LAT'NESS,  71.  Evenness  of  surface;  levelness ; 
e(juality  of  surface. 

2.  Want  of  relief  or  prominence ;  as,  the  jintncss 

of  a  figure  in  sculpture.  Addison. 

;t,  Deadness;  vapidness  ;  insipidity;  as,  the  ^«t- 

npss  of  cider  or  beer.  Mortimer. 

4.  Dejection  of  fortune;  low  state. 

Thcjiatneitt  of  my  misery.  ShaJc. 

5.  Dejection  of  mind  ;  a  low  state  of  the  spirits; 
de|)ression  ;  want  of  life.  Collier. 

a.  Dullness  ;  want  of  point ;  insipidity  ;  frigidity. 
Sume  of  lIoin--r*t  innslilura  liiive  BwuUctl  into  fuMiixit,  and 
oUien  •niilc  into  Jtatiiet*.  Pope. 

7.  Gravity  of  sound,  as  opposed  to  shar|)ness, 
at'uteiiess,  or  shrillness. 

f'ialTtesg  of  sound  — Joincil  with  a  IcxrsliiifM.  JSo^on. 

FL.AT'-N6S-£D,  (-nozd,)  a.    Having  a  flat  nose. 

Barton. 

FLAT'-ROOF-ED,  f-rooft,)  a.    Having  a  flat  roof. 
FL.\T'TEI),  pp.     Made  Hat ;   rendered  even  on  the 

stirface;  also,  rendered  vapid  or  insipid. 
FLAT'TSN,  (tiat'n,)  ».  (.    [Fr.  flatir,  from  flat.] 

1.  To  make  flat ;  to  reduce  to  an  ciiual  or  even  sur- 
face ;  to  level. 

2.  To  beat  down  to  the  ground  ;  to  lay  flat. 

Mortimer. 

3.  To  make  vapid  or  insipid  ;  to  render  stale. 

4.  To  depress ;  to  deject,  as  the  spirits  ;  to  dispirit. 

5.  In  music,  to  depress,  as  the  voice ;  to  render 
less  aciite  01  sh.irp, 

■    To  flatten  a  sail,  in  marine  tansrnatrc,  to  extend  a 
sail  lengthwise  of  the  vessel,  so  that  its  cflecl  is  only 
lateral  Brandc. 
FLAT'T£N,  (flat'n,)  v.  1.    To  grow  or  become  even 
on  the  stirface. 

2.  To  become  dead,  stale,  vapid,  or  tasteless. 

3.  To  become  dull  or  spiritless. 

4.  In  music,  to  depress  (he  voice ;  to  render  a  sound 
less  sharp. 

FLAT'Tf;.\-£n,  (flat'nd,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  flat 

FLAT'T/C.S'-ING,  ppr     .Making  Hat. 

FL.\'I''TER,  11.  'I'he  person  or  thing  by  which  any 
thing  is  flattened. 

FLAT'TER,  v.  I.  [Fr.  flaUtr;  D.  vleijen ;  Tcut. 
flrtsem  Ice.  fiadra;  Dun.  fliUtcrcr.  In  Ir.  bladaire, 
is  a  flatterer ;  bUid,  a  wheedling  ;  blailh  is  plain, 
sinotith  ;  and  btath  is  praise.  Flutter  may  be  from  the 
root  of  flat,  that  is,  to  make  smooth,  to  a|>po:ute,  to 
soothe  ;  but  the  Ir.  blatli  would  seem  to  be  connected 
with  L.  plaudo.  Perhaps  flat  and  plauilo  are  from 
one  root,  the  radical  sense  of  which  must  be,  to  ex- 
tend, strain,  stretch.] 

1.  To  soothe  by  praise;  to  gratify  self-love  by 
praise  or  obsetpiiotisness  ;  to  please  a  person  by  ap- 
plause or  favorable  notice,  by  respectful  attention,  or 
by  any  thing  that  exalts  him  in  his  own  estimation, 
or  confirms  his  good  opinion  of  himself.  We  flatter 
a  woman  when  we  praise  her  children. 


2.  To  please ;  to  gratify  ;  as,  to  flatter  one's  vanity 
or  pride. 

3.  To  praise  falsely  ;  to  encourage  by  favorable 
notice  ;  as,  to  flatter  vices  or  1  rimes. 

4.  To  encourage  by  faviinible  representations  or  in- 
dications ;  as,  to  flatter  hopes.  We  arc  flatUred  with 
the  prospect  of  peace. 

ft.  To  raise  false  hopes  by  representations  not  well 
founded ;  as,  to  flatter  one  with  a  prospect  of  stic- 
te>i3  ;  \.oflaUer  a  |>atient  with  the  expectation  of  re- 
covery, when  his  case  is  des|)eratc. 

6.  To  please  ;  to  soothe. 

A  conceit  of  Toice«  —  maJtes  a  harmony  that  flaUert  ihf  rnn. 

DryUn. 

7.  To  wheedle  ;  to  coax ;  to  attempt  to  »vin  by 
blandishments,  praise,  or  enticements.  How  many 
\oung  and  credulous  persons  are  flattered  out  of 
their  iiinocence  and  their  property, by  seducing  arts  ! 

FLAT'TER-/;D,  pp.  Soothed  by  praise  ;  pleast^d  by 
rommenilation  ;  gnitified  with  hopes,  false  or  well 
fiiunded  ;  wheedled. 

FhAT'TER-ER,  n.  One  who  flatters  ;  a  fawner  ;  a 
wheedler;  one  who  praises  another  with  a  view  to 


FLA 

please  him,  to  gain  his  favor,  or  to  accomplish  soiro 
purpose. 

Wlion  I  tell  him  he  hnli'«/nHtrer«, 
He  layi  he  d.»-«  ;  Wmg  tlu-n  iin>«l  ll..ltore.l.  Shale. 
'i'lie  inoat  iibject Jtatttrert  degeiienite  into  tlie  ^rcatcat  tvr.inia. 

A'htidon. 

FLAT'TER-tNG,  ppr.  Gratifying  with  praise;  pleas- 
ing by  applause  ;  wheedling  ;  coaxing. 

2.  a.  Pleasing  to  pride  or  vanity  ;  gratifying  to 
self-love;  as,  a  fiatterinir  eulogy.  The  minister 
gives  a  flatterinir  account  of  his  reception  at  court. 

3.  Pleasing;  favtinilile  ;  encouraging  hope.  We 
have  a  flatlcrini;  prospect  of  an  aliundant  liarvesl. 
'i'he  symptoms  of  the  disease  are  fiatterinir. 

4.  Practicing  adulation  ;  uttering  false  praise  ;  as, 
a  flattrrini;  tongue. 

FLAT'TEIMNG-LY,  adv.    In  a  flattering  manner; 
in  a  manner  to  flatter. 
2.  In  a  manner  to  favor;  with  partiality. 

Cumberland. 

FLAT'TER-Y,  71.    [Fr.  ;!<i((fric.] 

1.  Fiilse  praise ;  commenilalum  bestowed  for  the 
piirpo.se  of  gaining  favor  and  inrtuencc,  or  to  accom- 
plish some  ptirjiosir.  Direct  flattery  ctmsists  in  prais- 
ing a  person  himself;  imiirect  fluttenj  consists  in 
praising  a  person  tlirough  his  works  or  liis  connec- 
tions. 

Simple  pride  for  Jtnuery  malies  demands.  Pope. 
Just  jiniiae  is  only  a  debt,  hut  fiatlery  n  a  present.  linrnbter. 

2.  Adulation;  oliseqtiiousness  ;  wheedling.  Rome. 

3.  Just  coinmentlatioii  which  gratifies  self-love. 
FLAT'TI.NG,  71.    A  mode  of  painting,  in  which  the 

paint,  being  mixed  with  turpentine,  leaves  the  work 
flat,  or  without  gloss.  Brande. 

2.  A  method  of  preserving  gilding  unburnislieil,  by 
toiichinir  it  with  si/.ir.  K/iowlcs. 

FI..\T''I'ISII,  ff.  [fiiim  fiat.]  Somewhat  flat;  ap- 
proaching to  flatness.  Woodward. 

FI,AT'U-I,E.\CE,  j  71.    [See   Flatulent.]  Wiiidi- 

FL.\T'lj-LEN-CV  ,  (     ncss  in  the  stomach  ;  air  gen- 
erated in  a  weak  stomach  and  intestines  by  imperfect 
digestion,  occasioning  distention,  uneasiness,  pain, 
and  often  belchin^s.  Kncyc. 
•2.  Airness  ;  emptiness  ;  vanity.  Glanvillc. 

FLAT'lJ-LENT,  0.  [L.  flatuloitus,  fiatus,  from  flo, 
to  blow.] 

1.  Windy ;  aflected  with  air  generated  in  the 
stomach  and  intestines. 

2.  Turgid  with  air  ;  windy  ;  as,  a  flatulent  tumor. 

Quincij. 

3.  Generating,  or  apt  to  generate  wind  in  the  stom- 
ach.   Peas  arc  a  flatulent  vegetable.  JirbuthnoU 

4.  Empty;  vain;  big  witliout  substance  or  reality  ; 
piiiry  ;  as,  a  flatulent  writer;  fiatnlent  vanity. 

Drijden.  Qtanville. 
FT.AT'II-LENT-LY,  adv.    In  a  windy  manner ;  emp- 
tily. 

FL.\T-lI-OS'I-TY,  71.   Windiness ;  fullness  of  air ; 

flatulence.    [JVo£  iwci/.]  Bacon, 
FLAT'lJ-OUS,  a.    [L.  fiatuosus.] 

Windy  ;  generating  wind.    [J^'ot  used.]  Bacon. 
FLA'TUS,  71.    [I..,  from  flo,  to  blow.] 

1.  A  breath  ;  a  ptitf  of  wind.  Clarke. 

2.  Wind  generated  in  the  stomach  or  other  cavi- 
ties of  the  body  ;  flatulence.  Quincy. 

FI-AT'WISE,  a.  or  aitc.  [from  fljit.]  With  the  flat 
side  downward,  or  next  to  another  object ;  not  edge- 
wise. fVoodward. 

FLAUNT,  V.  i.  [I  know  not  whence  we  have  this 
word.  It  is  doubtless  of  Celtic  origin,  from  the  root 
I.n,  be.Tring  the  sense  of  throwing  out,  or  spreading. 
Qu.  Scot,  flanter,  to  waver.    See  Flounce.] 

1.  To  throw  or  spread  out ;  to  flutter;  to  display 
ostentatiously  ;  as,  a  flaunting  show. 

You  flaunt  ulvul  tlie  slrceu  in  your  new  gill  chariot. 

ATbuthtiol. 

One  Jtaanu  in  mjs,  one  flutters  in  brocade.  Pope. 
[This  correctly  expresses  the  author's  meaning, 
which  is.  that  the  proutl  often  attempt  to  make  a 
show  anil  parade  of  their  importance,  even  in  pover- 
ty. Johnson's  remark  on  the  use  of  the  word  seems, 
therefore,  to  be  unfounded.] 

2.  To  carry  a  perl  or  saucy  appearance.  Boyle. 
FI>\U.'<T,  71.  Any  thing  dispKiyed  for  show.  Shak. 
Fl.AUNT'ING,  ;7;ir.  or  a.    Alaking  an  ostentatious 

display. 

FL.XUNT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  flaunting  way. 

FLA-Vie'0-.MOUS,  a.    [h.flavus  and  coma.] 
Having  yellow  hair. 

FLA'VOR,  71.  [(in.  Fr.  flairer,  to  smell ;  W.fleiriaio.] 
The  Quality  of  a  substance  which  affects  the  taste 
or  smell  in  any  manner.  We  say,  the  wine  has  a 
fine /ioeor,  or  a  di.sagreeable  flavor;  the  fruit  has  a 
bad  flavor;  a  rose  has  a  sweet  flavor.  The  worti, 
then,  signifies  the  quality  which  is  tasted  or  smelt; 
taste,  odor,  fragrance,  or  smell. 

FI..\'VOR,  r. /.  To  communicate  some  quality  to  a 
thinz,  that  may  affect  the  t.aste  or  smell. 

FI.A'VOR-Kl),  pp.  or  a.  Having  a  quality  that  affecU 
the  sense  of  t.isting  or  smelling ;  as,  high-flavored  wine, 
having  the  quality  in  a  high  degree. 

FI.A'VOR-I.Nt;,  ppr.   Giving  a  flavor  to. 

FLA'VOR-LESS,  a.  Willioiit  flavor  ;  tasteless  ;  hav- 
ing no  smell  or  t,aste.  Kncyc. 


FLE 

FLA'VOR-OUS,  a.    Pleasant  to  the  taste  or  smell. 

Dryden. 

FLA'VOUS,  a.    [L.  ;!aoi«.]    Yellow.    [JVol  u-ied.] 

SmttJl. 

FLAW,  71.  [W.  flam,  a  piece  rent,  a  splinter,  a  ray,  a 
dart,  a  flaw  ;  fiau,  a  spreading  out,  a  r.idiation  ;  fla,  a 
p.arting  from;  also^fen,a  splinter;  /of,  a  flying 
about ;  floci,  to  dart  suddenly  ;  flygiavo,  to  break  out 
abruptly.  The  Gr.  tjiXaoi  seems  to  be  contracted  from 
(p\a6o3  or  i/»AaOu.] 

1.  A  breach  ;  a  crack  ;  a  defect  made  by  breaking 
or  splitting  ;  a  gap  or  fissure  ;  as,  a  flaw  in  a  scythe, 
knifo,  or  ra/.or  ;  a  flaw  in  a  china  dish,  or  in  a  ghuss ; 
a  flaw  in  a  wall. 

2.  A  defect ;  a  fault ;  any  defect  made  by  violence, 
or  occasioned  by  neglect ;  as,  a  flaw  in  reputation  ;  a 
flaw  in  a  will,  or  in  a  deed,  or  in  a  statute. 

3.  A  suddt'U  burst  of  wind  ;  a  sudden  gust  or 
blast  of  short  iliiratitm  ;  a  word  of  common  use  among 
seamen.  [T/iis  proves  Uic  primary  sense  to  be,  to  burst, 
or  rush.] 

4.  A  sudden  burst  of  noise  and  disorder ;  a  tumult ; 
uproar. 

And  deluges  of  nrmi'-a  from  the  town 

Came  pouring  in  ;  1  liuanl  ihe  niiffhty  Jlato,  Dryden. 

[In  litis  sense,  not  itsed  in  titc  United  St/ites.] 

5.  A  sudden  commotion  of  mind.    [JVot  used.] 

SliaJc. 

FLAW,  V.  t    To  break  ;  to  crack. 

Tlie  bmzen  caldrons  with  tlie  frosts  are Jtateed.  Dnj'Un. 
2.  To  break  ;  to  violate  ;  as,  to  flaw  a  leasiuc. 
[Little  used.]  Shak. 
FL.\W'/':i),  (flawd,)  pp.    Broken  ;  cnicked. 
FL.\U''ING,  p;ir.    Hreaking;  cracking. 
FLAWLESS,  a.    Williout  cracks;  without  defect. 

Boyle. 

FLAWN',  71.    [Sax.  yioia;  Fr.  yian.] 

A  sort  of  flat  custard  or  pie.    i  Obs.]  Tasser. 
FLAW'TEIl,  V.  t.    To  scrape  or  pare  a  skin.  [.Vo£ 

used.]  Ainswortlt. 
FLAVV'Y,  a.    Full  of  flaws  or  cracks ;  broken ;  de- 
fective ;  faulty. 
2.  Subject  to  suddi^n  gusts  of  wind. 
FLAX,  71.    [Sax.  ;lcaj-,  flex  ;  G.  flaclu  ;  D.  vlas.  The 
elements  are  the  same  as  in  flaccid.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Liiiiini,  consisting  of  a 
single  slender  stalk,  the  skin  or  harl  of  which  is  used 
for  making  thread  and  cloth,  called  linen,  cambric, 
lawn,  lace,  &c.  The  skin  consists  of  hue  fibers, 
which  may  be  so  separated  as  to  be  spun  into  threads 
as  fine  as  silk. 

a.  The  skin  or  fibrous  part  of  the  plant,  when 
broken  and  cleaned  by  hatcheliiig  or  conibini;. 

FL.\X'-€O.MH,  (-koiii,)  71.  All  instrument  Willi  tei  tli, 
through  which  flax  is  drawn  for  separating  from  it 
the  tow  or  coarser  part  and  the  shives.  In  America, 
we  call  it  a  holchrl. 

FL.A.X'-DRESS-ER,  n.  One  who  breaks  and  swingles 
flax. 

FLAX'-DRES.S-I.XG,  71.    The  process  of  breakingand 

swingling  llax. 
FL.\X'-PLA.\T,  71.    The  Phormium,  a  plant  in  New 

/ealand  that  serves  the  inh.abitants  for  flax. 
FLA.\'-RAIS-ER,  n.    One  who  raises  flax. 
FLAX'-SEED,  71.    The  seed  of  flax. 
FLA.X'-WEEI),  71.    A  plant. 

FLA.X'£N,  (-flaks'n,)  a.  M.ade  of  flax  ;  as,  flaxen 
thread. 

2.  Resembling  flax  ;  of  the  color  of  flax  ;  fair, 
lonj:,  and  flowing  ;  as,  flaxen  hair. 

FLAX'/;.\-IIaIK-/;|),  )  a.  Having  hair  of  flaxen  col- 
FLAX'£N-HEAD'EI),  j     or.  Irvinir. 
FLAX'Y,  a.    Like  flax  ;  being  of  a  light  color ;  fair. 

Saniliis. 

FI- A V,  V.  t.  [Sax.  flean  ;  Dan.  ftaaer ;  Rw.fld ;  (;.  fijhen  ; 
Gr.  (pXouo,  0\ot^ij,  whence  ii,\nioi,  bark,  rind ; 
probably  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  To  skin  ;  to  strip  off  the  skin  of  an  animal;  as, 
to  flay  an  ox. 

2.  To  take  off  the  skin  or  surface  of  any  thing. 
[JViit  used.]  SwifL 

FhXY' K\),  pp.    Skinned  ;  stripped  of  the  skin. 
FLAY'ER,  H.    One  who  strips  off  the  skin. 
FLaY'IXG,  7>;ir.    Stripping  ofl"  the  skin. 
FLr;.\,  71.    [Sax.  Jica;  G.  floh  ;  D.  vloo;  Scot,  flcch; 

Ice.  floci  from  ^ax.  fleogan,  to  fly.    See  Flee  and 

Fly.] 

An  Insect  of  the  genus  Pulcx.    It  has  two  eyes 
and  six  feet ;  the  feelers  are  like  threads  ;  the  ros- 
trum is  inflected,  setaceous,  and  armed  with  a  sting. 
The  flea  is  remarkable  for  its  agility,  leaping  to  a 
surprising  distance,  and  its  bite  is  very  troublesome. 
FLfi.\'UANE,  71.    A  name  given  to  v.arir.us  plants, 
from  their  supposed  efficacy  in  driving  away  fleas. 
They  belong  to  the  genera  Cony.a,  Krigcron,  and 
Puliearia.  Loudon, 
FLK.V'IilTE,       j  71.    The  bite  of  a  flea,  or  the  red 
FLe.A'BIT-I.N'G,  i     spot  caused  by  the  bite. 

2.  A  trifling  wound  or  pain,  like  tliat  of  the  bile  of 
a  flea.  Harvey. 
FL£A'-BIT-T£.\,  a.    Bitten  or  stung  by  a  flea. 
2.  Mean  ;  wortlilcss  ;  of  low  birth  or  station. 

Cleaveland, 


TONE,  BJjLL,  IGNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SU  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FLE 

FLf,A'W6RT,  (fiS'wiirt,)  n.     An  herb  of  tlie  plan- 
fciin  kind,  bearing  nauseous  mucilaginous  seeds. 

FursijOi. 

FI.F.AK,  n.    A  lock.    [See  Fhke.] 

FLKA.M,  71.    [n.  vlym  ;  W.flaim  ;  Ann.  flmm  ox  flcm, 

the  sting  of  a  bee,  a  sharp  point.    In  Welsh,  Hem  and 

Ibjm  signify  sharp,  penetrating.] 
'  In  farrieni,  a  sliarp  instrument,  used  for  opening 

veins  for  letting  blood. 
FLECK,       )v.t.    [G.  fleck,  a  spot;  fleckm,  to  spot; 
FLECK'ER,  i      D.  vlek,   vlak,  vlakkm  ;  Sw.  flack, 

fidcka  ;  Dan.  flek,  flekker.] 

To  spot ;  to  streak  or  stripe  ;  to  variegate ;  to 

dapple. 

Holh  Jlecked  with  wiiile,  the  true  Arcadian  strain.  Dryden. 
[These  words  are  obsolete,  or  used  only  in  poetry.] 
FLECK'£D,  (Hekt,)  pp.  or  a.    Spotted  ;  variegated 

with  (livers  colors.  Skak. 
FLECTION,  71.    [1,.  flectio.] 

The  act  of  bending,  or  state  of  being  bent.  [See 
Inflection.] 
FL  ECTOR,  71.    A  flexor,  which  see. 
FLED,  prel.  and  pp.  of  Flee  ;  as,  truth  has  fled. 
FLEDOE,  (flej,)  a.     [G.  fl^'s<;e;   D.  vUig,  fledged, 
(piick,  niinble  ;  connected  witli  G.flicgejt,  D.  vliegen, 
tinx.  firi) trail,  to  fly.] 

Feathered ;  furnished  with  featliers  or  wings  j  able 
to  fly. 

His  loclts  behind, 
Illustrious  on  his  &)iou\(leT8,Jle(lge  with  wings, 
Lay  w.iviti^  round.  Rftlton. 

FLEDOJE,  77. «.    To  furnish  with  feathers;  to  supply 
with  the  feathers  necessary  for  flight. 


The  birds  were  not  yet  Jledged  e 


gh  10  shift  for  themselves. 

L'Eslrangs. 


FLEDG'fTD,  (flejd,)  pp.    Furnished  with  feathers  for 

fliffhl  ;  covered  with  feathers. 
FLEDi5E'Ll.\G,  77.    A  young  bird  iust  fledged. 
FLEDG'ING,  ppr.   Furtiishing  with  feathers  for  flight. 
FLEDG'ING,  71.    A  covering  of  feathers. 
FLE  R,  i:.  i.  ,• /jr€f.  Fled.    [&^x.flean,fleoti,fleogan;  G. 

^lC/lf71.] 

1.  To  run  with  rapidity,  as  from  danger;  to  at- 
tempt to  escape  ;  to  hasten  from  danger  or  expected 
evil.    The  enamy  fled  at  the  first  fire. 

Arise,  lake  Uie  voung  ciiild  and  his  mother,  and_/?ee  into  Egypt. 
—  iM.ill.  ii.' 

2.  To  depart ;  to  leave  ;  to  liasten  away. 
Resist  llie  dev  il,  and  he  will  Jlee  from  you.  —  James  iv. 

3.  To  avoid  ;  to  keep  at  a  distance  from.  Flee 
fornication  ;  flee  from  idolatry.    I  Cor.  vi.  10. 

To  flee  Vie  tiuestion,  or  /ro77i  the  (/ue^tion,  in  legisla- 
tion, is  said  of  a  legislator  who,  when  a  question  is 
to  be  put  to  the  lioiise,  leaves  his  seat,  to  avoiil  the 
dilemma  of  voting  against  his  conscience,  or  giving 
an  unpopular  vote.  In  the  phrases  in  which  this 
verb  appears  to  be  transitive,  there  is  really  an 
ellipsis. 

FLEECE,  n.  [Sax.  fleas,  flys,flese;  D.  vlies  ;  G.fliess; 
most  probably  from  shearing  or  stripping,  as  in  Dutch 
the  word  signifies  a  film  or  membrane,  as  well  as  a 
fleece.  The  verb  to  fleece  seems  to  favor  the  sense  of 
stripjiing.  See  Class  Ls,  No.  25,  28,  30.  But  Qii. 
L.  vcllas,  from  vello,  to  pluck  or  tear  oflT.  Varro. 
See  Class  Bl.  In  Russ.,  vulos  is  hair  or  wool,  writ- 
ten, also,  rliis.  It  was  probably  the  practice  to  pluck 
otf  wool,  before  it  was  the  practice  to  shear  it.] 
T      coat  of  wool  shorn  from  a  sht^ep  at  one  time. 

FLEEvyJ:;,  v.  I.  To  shear  off  a  covering  or  growth  of 
wool. 

2.  To  strip  of  money  or  property  ;  to  take  from, 
by  severe  exactions,  under  color  of  law  or  justice,  or 
pretext  of  necessity,  or  by  virtue  of  authority.  Ar- 
bitrary princes /ecc<  their  subjects ;  and  clients  com- 
plain that  tliey  are  sometimes  fleeced  by  their  law- 
yers. 

This  word  is  rarely  or  never  used  for  plundering 
in  war  by  a  licentious  soldiery,  but  is  properly  used 
to  express  a  stripping  by  contributions  levied  on  a 
conquered  people. 

3.  To  spread  over  as  with  vioo\;  to  make  white. 

77ii7m.so7i. 

FLEE'C£D,  (fleest,)  pp.  Stripped  by  severe  exac- 
tions. 

FLEE'CiCD,  0.     Furnished  with  a  fleece  or  with 

fleeces  ;  as,  a  sheep  is  well  fli  eeciL 
FLKECE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  fleece. 
FLEE'CER,  n.    One  who  strips  or  Mkes  by  severe 

exacliiuia. 

FLEE'CING,  77;»r.  Stripjiing  of  money  or  property  by 
severe  demands  of  fees,  taxes,  or  contributions. 

FLEE'(;Y,  a.  Covered  with  wool;  woolly;  as,  a 
fleecy  flock.  Prior. 

2.  Resembling  wofil  or  a  fleece  ;  ftofl ;  complicated  ; 
M,flernj  wnow  ;  fleecri  locks  ;  fleecy  hosiery. 

FLI'WOll,  7'.  i.  \^cul.  fiyrr,  or  fleyr,  to  make  wry  faces, 
to  leer,  to  look  surly  ;  Ice.  flijra.  In  I).,  irluun-n  sig- 
nifii's  to  leer,  to  peep;  .Sw,  pltrti;  Dan.  pltrende, 
oeiing,  lei  rins.  Tliis  word  sei'ms  to  be  leer,  with  a 
pn.ftx,  and  leer  presvntii,  probably,  the  primary 
scnscj 

1,  To  deride;  toineer;  to  mock;  to  gibe;  to  make 


FLE 

a  wry  face  in  contempt,  or  to  grin  in  scorn ;  as,  to 
fleer  and  flout. 

Covered  with  an  antic  face, 
To  Jleer  and  scorn  at  our  solenuiity.  Shak. 

2.  To  leer;  to  grin  with  an  air  of  civility.  Burton. 
FLEER,  V.  t.    To  mock  ;  to  flout  at.  Beaum. 
FLEER,  71.    Derision  or  mockery,  expressed  by  words 
or  looks. 

And  mark  the  fleers,  the  gibes,  and  notable  scorns.  Shak. 
2.  A  grin  of  civility. 

A  treacherous  ylcer  on  the  face  of  deceivers.  South, 

FLEER'ER,  77.    A  mocker ;  a  fawner. 

FLEER'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Deriding;  mocking;  coun- 
terfeiting an  air  of  civility. 

FLEER'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  fleering  manner. 

FLEET,  in  English  names,  [Sax.  fl.eut,]  denotes  a  flood, 
a  creek  or  inlet,  a  bay  or  estuary,  or  a  river ;  as 
in  Fleet  Street,  JSTorth-flcle,  Fleet  prison. 

FLEET,  71.  [Sax.  flota,  flict ;  G.  flotte  ;  D.  vloot ;  Sw. 
flo^te  ;  D.flode  ;  Fr.fliiUe.  Fleet  and  float  seem  to  be 
allied  ;  but  whether  they  are  formed  from  the  root  of 
fl^w,  or  v.'hether  the  last  consonant  is  radical,  is  not 
obvious.    See  Float.] 

A  navy  or  squadron  of  ships  ;  a  number  of  ships 
in  company,  whether  ships  of  war  or  of  commerce. 
It  more  generally  signifies  ships  of  war. 

FLEET,  a.  [Ice.  fliotr  :  Ir.  luath,  swift  ;  Russ.  letayu, 
to  fly  ;  Eng.  to  flit.  If  the  last  consonant  is  radical, 
this  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  D.  vlieden,  to  flee,  to 
fly,  and  possibly  to  the  Sheniitic  oSa  ;  but  from  the 
Ethiopic  it  would  appear  that  the  latter  word  is  our 
split,  the  sense  being  to  divide  or  separate.] 

1.  Swift  of  pace  ;  moving  or  able  to  move  with 
rapidity  ;  nimble  ;  light  and  quick  in  motion,  or 
moving  with  lightness  and  celerity  ;  as,  a  fleet  horse 
or  dog. 

2.  Moving  with  velocity  ;  as,  fleet  winds. 

3.  Light;  superficially  fruitful ;  or  thin  ;  not  pene- 
trating deep  ;  as  soil.  Mortimer. 

4.  Skimming  the  surface.  Mortimer. 
FLEET,  V.  i.    To  fly  swiftly  ;  to  ha.sten  ;  to  flit  as  a 

light  substance.    To  fleet  away,  is  to  vanish. 

How  all  the  other  passions Jleet  to  air  I  Shak. 

2.  To  be  in  a  transient  state. 

3.  To  float. 

FLEET,  V.  U  To  skim  the  surface  ;  to  pass  over 
rapidly  ;  as,  a  ship  that  fleets  the  gulf.  Spenser. 

2.  To  pass  lightly,  or  in  mirth  and  joy ;  as,  to  fl^et 
away  time.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

3.  To  skim  milk.    [Local  in  England.'] 

The  verb  in  the  transitive  form  is  rarely  or  never 
used  in  America. 

FLEET'-FOOT,  a.  Swift  of  foot ;  running  or  able  to 
run  with  rapidity.  Shak. 

FLEET'ING,  ppr.  Passing  rapidly,  flying  with  ve- 
locity. 

2.  a.    Transient ;  not  durable ;  as,  the  fleeting 

hours  or  moments. 
FLEET'ING-DISH,  7i.    A  skimming  bowl.  [Local.] 
FLEET'ING-LY,  ado.    In  a  fleeting  manner. 
FLEET'LY,  adv.     Kapidly  ;  hghtly  and  nimbly  ; 

swiftly. 

FLEET'NESS,  n.  Swiftness  ;  rapidity  ;  velocity  ; 
celerity  ;  speed  ;  as,  the  fleetness  of  a  horse  or  deer. 

FLEM'ING,  n.  A  native  of  Flanders,  or  the  Low 
Countries  in  Europe. 

FLEM'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  Flanders. 

FLENSE,  V.  L  To  cut  up  a  whale  and  obtain  the  blub- 
ber. 

FLENS'ING,  71.   The  act  of  cutting  up  a  whale  and 

obtaining  its  blubber. 
FLESH,  71.    [Sax.  fl(cc,  flee,  or  flu.'sc;  G.  fleisch  ;  D. 

vleesch;  Dan.  flesk.    In  Danish,  the  word  signifies 

the  flesh  of  swine.    I  know  not  the  primary  sense ; 

it  may  be  so/L] 

1.  A  compound  substance  forming  a  large  part  of 
an  animal,  consisting  of  the  softer  solids,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  bones  and  the  fluids.  Under  the 
general  appellation  of  flesh,  we  include  the  muscles, 
fat,  glands,  &.C.,  which  invest  the  bones  and  are 
covered  with  the  skin.  It  is  sometimes  restricted  to 
the  muscles. 

2.  Animal  food,  in  distinction  from  vegetable. 
Fleah  witliout  U'ing  qualified  with  acids,  is  too  alkiilescent  a 

diet.  Arbatlimt. 

3.  The  body  of  beasts  and  birds  used  .as  food,  dis- 
tinct from./u/i.  In  Lent,  the  Uonian  Catholics  ab- 
stain from  flesh,  but  eat  fish. 

4.  The  body,  as  distinguished  from  the  soul. 
An  if  Dm/leth,  which  walls  about  our  life. 

Were  bnuu  iiiipn  giiublc.  Sliak. 

5.  Animal  nature  ;  animals  of  all  kinds. 

The  end  of  all  Jteth  li  come  before  me.  —  Gen.  t1. 
C.  Men  in  general ;  mankind. 

My  snlrit  shall  not  always  strive  with  man,  for  that  he  also  is 
/es/i.  —  Oen.  vl. 

7.  Human  nature. 

'I'tie  Word  wiui  iniulo  fleth,  and  dwelt  among  us. —  John  I. 

8.  TenderncHs ;  hiimnn  feeling;  as,  there  is  no 
ftuh  in  man's  obdurate  heart. 

Cowper.    Eiek.  xxxvl.  26. 


FLE 

9.  Carnality  ;  corporeal  appetites. 

Pasiiiig  serves  to  mortify  the  flesh.  Smalridge. 
Thtjlesh  Iiist^Th  against  the  spirit.  — Gal.  v. 

10.  A  carnal  slate ;  a  state  of  unrenewed  nature. 
They  that  are  in  the  flesh  can  not  please  God.  —  Rom.  viii. 

11.  The  corruptible  body  of  man,  or  corrupt  nature. 

Flesh  and  blood  can  nut  inherit  the  kingdom  of  God.  —  1  Cor. 

12.  The  present  life ;  the  state  of  e-Tistence  in  tliis 
world. 

To  abide  in  the  flesh  is  more  needful  for  you.  —  Phil.  i. 

13.  Legal  righteousness,  and  ceremonial  services. 
What  shall  we  then  say  that  Abraham,  our  father  as  pertaining 

to  the  fesh,  h.aU  found  ?  —  Rom.  iv.    G»l.  iii. 

14.  Kindred  ;  stock  ;  family 

He  is  our  brotlier,  and  ourjlesh.  —  Gen.  xxxvii. 

15.  In  hiiiany,  the  soft,  pulpy  substance  of  fruit ; 
also,  that  part  of  a  root,  fruit,  &c.,  which  is  fit  to 
be  eaten. 

One  flesh,  denotes  intimate  relation.  To  be  one 
flesh,  is  to  be  closely  united,  as  in  marriage.  Oen. 
ii.    Eph.  V. 

jf(/(fr  the  flesh. ;  according  to  outward  appearances 
John  viii.  :  — 

Or  according  to  the  common  powers  of  nature 
Oal.  iv. :  — 

Or  according  to  sinful  lusts  and  inclinations 
Rom.  viii. 

An  arm  of  flesh  :   human  strength  or  aid. 
FLESH,  ti.  t.    To  initiate  ;  a  sportman's  use  of  the 
word,  from  the  practice  of  training  hawks  and  dogs 
by  feeding  them  with  the  first  game  they  take,  or 
other  flesh. 

2.  To  harden ;  to  accustom  ;  to  establish  in  any 
practice,  as  dogs  by  often  feeding  on  any  thing. 
Men  fleshed  in  cruelty  ;  women  fleshed  in  malice. 

3.  To  glut  ;  to  satiate.  [Sidney. 

The  wild  dog 

Shall  Jiesh  his  tooth  on  every  innocent.  Sliak. 
FLESH'-BROTH,  7i.    Broth  made  by  boiling  flesh  in 
water. 

FLESH'-BRUSH,  n.    A  brush  for  exciting  action  in 

the  skin  by  friction. 
FLESH'-€L0G-GJ=;D,  a.    Encumbered  with  flesh. 
FLESH'-eOL-OR,  (-kul-lur,)  n.   The  color  of  flesh; 

carnation. 

FLESH'-eOL-OR-£D,  a.    Being  of  the  color  of  flesh. 

FLESH'-DI-ET,  ii.    Food  consisting  of  flesh. 

FLESH'£D,p;i. ora.  Initiated;  accustomed;  glutted. 
2.  a.  Fat ;  fleshy. 

FLESH'-FLY,  71.  A  fly  that  feeds  on  flesh,  and  de- 
posits her  eggs  in  it.  Ray. 

FLESH'-HOOK,  n.  A  hook  to  draw  flesh  from  a  pot 
or  caldron.    1  Sam.  ii. 

FLESH'I-.NESS,  n.  [from  fleshy.]  Abundance  of 
flesh  or  fat  in  animals  ;  plumpness  ;  corpulence  ; 
grossness. 

FLESiriNG,  ppr.  Initiating  ;  making  familiar  ; 
glutting. 

FLESH'LESS,  (7.    Destitute  of  flesh;  lean. 
FLESH'LI-NESS,  71.    Carnal  passions  and  appetites. 

Spenser. 

FLESH'LING,  71.  A  person  devoted  to  carnal  things. 
FLESII'LY,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  flesh  ;  corporeal. 

jbenhajn. 

2.  Carnal  ;  worldly  ;  lascivious. 

Abstain  from  fleshly  lusts.  —  1  Pet.  ii. 

3.  Animal  ;  not  vegetable.  Dryden. 

4.  Human  ;  not  celestial  ;  not  spiritual  or  divine. 

Vain  of fleshly  arm.  Milton. 
Fleshly  wisdom.  —2  Cor.  I. 

FLESH'-MEAT,  Ji.  Animal  food  ;  the  flesh  of  ani- 
mals prepared  or  used  for  food.  Strift. 

FLESH'MENT,  7t.  Eagerness  gained  by  a  successful 
initiation.  Sliak. 

FLESH'-MON"GER,(-mung'g''r,)n.  One  who  de.tls 
in  flesh  ;  a  procurer;  a  pimp.   iLitlle  xised.]  Shak. 

FLESH'-POT,  71.  A  vessel  in  wliich  fl(>sh  is  cooked  ; 
hence,  plenty  of  provisions.    Kxod.  xvi. 

FLESII'liUAKE,  71.  A  trembling  of  the  flesh,  [^tot 
used.]  B.  Jonson. 

FLESH' Y,  a.    Full  of  flesh  ;  plump;  musculous. 

The  Bole  of  his  foot  is Jlfshy.  Ray, 

2.  Fat ;  gross  ;  corpulent ;  as,  a  fleshy  man. 

3.  (Corporeal.  Eccles. 

4.  Full  of  pulp  ;  pulpoiis  ;  plump  ;  as  fruit. 

Bacon. 

FLET,  pp.  of  Fleet.   Skimmed.    [J^ot  used.] 

Mortimer. 

FLETCM,  r.  t.  [Fr.fleche,] 

To  feathiTiin  arrow.  tVarbiirton. 
FLETCII'T-.I),  (lletrhl,)  ;);i.    Feathered,  as  an  arrow 
FLETCH'ER,  71.    [Fr.fleche,  U.  freceia,  an  arrow.] 
An  arrow-maker  \  n  manufacturer  of  bows  and 
arrows.    Hence  the  iianie  of  Fletcheil 

But  the  use  of  the  word  as  an  appellative  has 
ceased  wilh  the  practice  of  archery. 
FLETt'H'ING,  ;/iir.  Feathering. 
FLE-TIF'Ell-oa.s,  o.    [L..flcli«and  fero.] 
Producing  tears. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MttTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


460 


FLl 


FLI 


FLI 


FLE'I'Z,  a.    [G./ufj,  a  Inyer.] 

In  ircologij,  a  term  npplicd  to  tlic  secondary  stratn, 
because  lliey  gcnenlly  occur  in  Ihil  or  licirizontal 
beds.  Brunde. 

FLF.UR  DF.  Us,  (llur'de-IC',)  [Fr.,  flower  of  the 
lily  ;  corrupteil,  in  English,  to  Jlower  dc  luce.] 

1.  A  buiiring  in  hcraldnj,  representing  a  lily,  em- 
9.  In  botaini,  tlie  iris.  [blematic  of  royalty. 

FLEW,  (Hi,)  prH.  of  Flv. 

The  jx'oiile Jleut  upon  the  spoil —  1  Snm.  xlv. 
FLEW,  71.   Tlie  large  chaps  of  a  dccp-niouthed  hound. 

Ha  inner. 

FLEW'JED,  a.  Chapped  ;  mouthed  ;  deep  mouthed. 
FLEX,  K.  r.    [L.flecto,flrius.]  [SJiak. 

To  bend  ;  as,  a  inrscle  Jlrzes  the  arm. 
FLEX-AN'I-MOUS,  o.    [from  L.]    Having  power  to 

cliiin[;e  the  mind.    [JVbt  u^cd.]  JlowelU 
FLEX'i.'U,  (rtekst,)  pp.  or  a.   Bent;  as,  a  limb  in  a 

fined  position.  Jlosnck. 
FLEX-I-HIL'I-TY,  n.    [See  Flexible.]    The  quality 

of  admitting  to  be  bent;  pliancy;  fle.\iblenes3  ;  as, 

the  flrzibUity  of  rays  of  liglil.  JVcwton. 

2.  Easiness  to  be  persuaded;  the  qu.ility  of  yield- 
ing to  arguments,  persuasion,  or  circumstances  ;  duc- 
tility of  mind  ;  readiness  to  comply  ;  facility  ;  as, 
fleriliiUtii  of  temper. 

FLE.X'l-llLE,  a.  [L.  flezibilLi,  from  flecto,  fleii,  to 
bend,  Fr.  Jlrcfiir,  coinciding  with  G.  fiecfitetifto  braid  ; 
D.  vlevtcH.  These  words  have  tlic  same  elements  as 
L.  ptico.] 

1.  Tliat  may  be  bent ;  capable  of  being  turned  or 
forced  from  a  straight  line  or  form  without  breaking  ; 
pliant;  yiebling-to  pressure;  nutstilf;  as,  a  flexible 
rod  ;  a  flcriblc  plant. 

2.  Capable  of  yielding  to  entreaties,  arguments,  or 
other  moral  force  ;  that  may  be  persuaded  to  compli- 
ance ;  not  invtncinly  rigid  or  obstinate ;  not  inexo- 
rable. 

Phocion  w(ia  n  man  of  j^*at  scverily,  aud  no  ways  Jterib!e  to 
tlie  will  of  the  people.  Bacon. 

It  often  denotes,  easy,  or  too  easy  to  yield  or  com- 
ply ;  wavering  ;  inconstant ;  not  (irm. 

3.  Ductile  ;  manageable  ;  tractable  ;  as,  the  tender 
and  flexible  minds  of  youtli.  Flexible  years,  or  time 
of  life  ;  the  time  when  the  mind  is  tractable. 

4.  That  may  be  turned  or  accommodated. 

Tliis  w;is  i\  principle  more  Jlexible  to  their  purpose.  BoserM, 
FLEX'I-l!LE-NESS,n.  Possibility  to  be  bent  orturned 
•from  a  stniight  line  or  form  without  breaking;  easi- 
ness to  be  bent;  pliantness;  pliancy;  flexibility. 

Bmjle. 

2.  Facility  of  mind  ;  readiness  to  comply  or  yield ; 
obsequiousness  ;  as,  the  fleziblciuss  of  a  courtier. 

3.  Ductility  ;  manageableness  ;  tractableness  ;  as, 
the  flei.iblene-^s  of  youth. 

FLEX'I-HLV,  n'/o.    In  a  (K^xible  manner. 
FLEX'ILE,  (tleks'il,)  a.    [h. flcxiUi.] 

Pliant ;  pliable  ;  easily  bent ;  yielding  to  power,  im- 
pulse, or  moral  force.  Thomson. 
FLEX'IN'G, /)/"•.  Bending. 
FLEX'IO.N,  (rteks'yun,)  «.    [L.  flezio.1 

1.  'i'he  act  of  bending. 

2.  A  bending  ;  a  part  bent ;  a  fold.  Bacon. 

3.  A  turn  ;  a  cast ;  as,  a  flexioit  of  the  eye.  [See 
Inflection.]  Bacon. 

FLEX'OR,  It.    In  anatomy,  a  muscle  whose  othce  is  to 
bend  tlie  part  to  which  it  belongs,  in  opposition  to 
the  eztenitvTS. 
FLEX'U-OUS,  (flck'shu-us,)  I       rr    «  i 
FLEX'U  OSE,  (flek'shu-ase,)  \       t^"  .A"""-'"*-] 

\.  VVinding  ;  having  turns  or  windings  ;  as,  a^cr- 
uoiii  rivulet.  Digbij. 

2.  Rending;  winding;  wavering;  not  steaily  ;  as, 
n  fleziious  llame.  Bacnn. 

3.  In  botany,  bending  or  bent ;  changing  its  direc- 
tion in  a  curve,  from  joint  to  joint,  from  bud  to  bud, 
or  from  flower  to  flower.  Martun. 

FLEX'qUE,  (■fleks'yiir,)  n.    [L.  Jlciiira.] 

1.  A  winding  or  bending;  the  form  of  bending; 
incurvation  ;  as,  the  flexure  of  a  joint. 

2.  The  act  of  bending.  Shak. 

3.  The  part  bent ;  a  joinU  Sandys. 

4.  The  bending  of  the  body ;  obsequious  or  servile 
crince.  Shak. 

FLICK' ER,  V.  u  [Sax.  fliccerian  ;  Scot,  flecker,  to 
quiver  ;  D.  fiikheren,  to  twinkle  ;  probably  a  diminu- 
tive from  the  root  of  fly.  ] 

1.  To  flutter ;  to  flap  tlie  wings  without  flying ;  to 
strike  rapidly  with  the  wings. 

Xwijliektring  on  her  neat  matle  short  essays  U>  ting.  Dryden, 

2.  To  waver,  fluctuate,  or  twinkle;  as,  the  light 
fiiekrra  at  a  distance.  Burton, 

FL1CK'ER-I,NG  ppr.  Fluttering;  flapping  the  wines 
without  flight.  =.     i-i-   *.  K 

2.  a.   Wavering;  fluctuating;  having  a  fluttering 
motion  ;  with  amorous  motions  of  the  eye. 
The  6iir  Ijiyina  —  locks  a  litUc/idcerinj  after  Tumus. 

DryfUn, 

FLICK'ER-ING,  n.  A  fluttering  ;  short,  irregular 
movements. 

EHH.'^IE'*"''*''^"^^'         I"    flickering  manner. 
FLICK'ER-.MOUSE,  71.    The  bat.  B.  Jonson. 


FLI'ER,  71.    [See  Fly.    It  ought  to  bo  Flyer.] 

1.  One  that  flies  or  flees. 

2.  A  runaway  ;  a  fugitive.  Shak. 

3.  A  part  of  a  iiiacliine  which,  by  moving  rapidly, 
equalizes  and  regulates  the  motion  of  the  whole  ;  its, 
the  flier  of  a  jack. 

FLIGHT,  (flite,)  7i.  [Sax.  fliht ;  G.  flag  fluclU;  D. 
vlugt;  ihin.  fliiirt ;  Sw.  flyr.ht.    See  Fly.] 

1.  The  act  of  fleeing  ;  the  act  of  ninning  away,  to 
escape  danger  or  expected  evil ;  hasty  departure. 

Prvy  ye  that  yotsr Jlight  be  not  in  the  winter.  —  MatL  xxW. 
To  put  to  flight,  to  turn  to  flight,  is  to  compel  to  run 
away  ;  to  force  to  escape. 

2.  The  act  of  flying  ;  a  passing  through  the  air  by 
the  help  of  wings  ;  volitatioii ;  as,  the  flight  of  birds 
and  insects. 

3.  The  manner  of  flying.  Every  fowl  has  its  par- 
ticular flight :  the  flight  of  the  eagle  is  high  ;  Ihiajight 
of  the  swallow  is  rapid,  with  sudden  turns. 

4.  Removal  from  place  to  place  by  flying. 

5.  A  flock  of  birds  flying  in  company ;  as,  a  flight 
of  pigeons  or  wild  geese. 

C.  A  number  of  beings  flying  or  moving  through 
the  air  together  ;  as,  a  flight  of  angels.  Miltoiu 

7.  A  niiiiiber  of  things  passing  through  the  air  to- 
gether ;  a  volley  ;  as,  a  flight  of  arrows. 

8.  A  periodical  flying  of  birds  in  flocks;  as,  the 
spring  flight,  or  autumnal  flight,  of  ducks  or  pigeons. 

9.  In  England,  the  birds  produced  in  the  same 
season. 

10.  The  space  passed  by  flying. 

11.  A  mounting;  a  soaring;  lofty  elev.ation  and 
excursion  ;  as,  a  fliglu  of  imagination  or  fancy  ;  a 
flight  of  ambition. 

12.  Evcursion  ;  wandering ;  extravagant  sally ;  as, 
a  flight  of  folly.  TilluLion. 

13.  The  power  of  flying.  Shak. 

14.  In  certain  lead  works,  a  substance  that  flies  ofl" 
in  smoke.  Encyc. 

1.5.  Flights  are  the  husk  or  glume  of  oats. 
Flight  of  stairs ;  the  series  of  stairs  from  tlie  floor, 
or  from  one  platform  to  another. 
FLIGIIT'ED,  n.    Taking  fliglit  ;  flying. 
FLTtJIIT'I-LV ,  ar/B.  In  a  wild  or  imagiu.ative  manner. 
FLIGIIT'I-NESS,  (llit'e-iiess,)  n.    The  state  of  being 

flighty  ;  wildness  ;  slight  delirium. 
FLIGHT'-SIIOT,  n.    The  distance  which  an  arrow 
FLIGIIT'Y,  (flit'e,)  a.    Fleeting ;  swift.  [flies. 

The  flighty  purpose  never  is  o'ertook.  Shak. 

2.  Wild  ;  indulging  the  sallies  of  imagination. 

3.  Disordered  in  mind  ;  somewhat  delirious. 
FLI.M'FLA.M,  71.    ( Ice.  ^im.] 

A  freak  ;  a  tricK.  Beaum. 
FLII\I'SI-LY,  ado.    In  a  flimsy  manner. 
FLI.M'SI-NESS,  71.    State  or  quality  of  being  flimsy  ; 

thin,  weak  texture  ;  weakness  ;  want  of  substance 

or  solidity. 

FLIM'SY,  a.  [W.  llymsi,  having  a  fickle  motion  ; 
Uijmu,  to  make  sharp,  quick,  pungent.  Owen.  liut 
Lluyd  renders  llymsi  vain,  weak.  The  word  is  re- 
tained by  the  couimon  peo|)le  in  New  England  in 
liinsy,  weak,  limber,  easily  bending.  See  Class  Lm, 
No.  2,  .">,  li.] 

1.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  slight  ;  vain  ;  without  strength 
or  solid  substance  ;  as,  a  flimsy  pretext ;  a  flimsy  ex- 
cuse ;  fliius-y  objections.  Milner. 

2.  VVithout  strength  or  force  ;  spiritless. 

Proud  of  a  vast  extent  of  Jlimty  lines.  Porpe. 

3.  Thin  ;  of  loose  texture  ;  as,  flimsy  cloth  or  stufi". 
[Liltie  used.] 

FLINCH,  V.  i,  [I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any 
other  language  ;  but  the  sense  of  it  occurs  in  blench; 
anil  not  improbably  it  is  from  the  same  root,  with  a 
ditferent  prefix.] 

1.  To  shrink  ;  to  withdraw  from  any  suflcring  or 
undertaking,  from  pain  or  danger;  to  fail  of  proceed- 
ing, or  of  performing  any  thing.  Never  ^iiicA  fnmi 
duty.    One  of  the  parties  flinched  from  the  combat. 

A  chilli,  ly  a  coiutnnt  course  of  kiiulness,  may  be  accustomed  to 
bear  very  ivugh  usage  without  Jlinching  or  compLuuiii^. 

Lod:e. 

2.  To  fail.  Shak. 
FLINCII'ER,  71    One  who  flinches  or  fails. 
FLI.N'CH'ING,  ppr.    Failing  to  undertake,  perform,  or 

proceed;  shrinking;  withdrawing. 
FLI.NCH'iiNG,  71.    A  shrinking  or  drawing  under  pain 

or  difliculty. 
FLI.\CH'1.\G-LY,  adi>.    In  a  flinching  manner. 
FLIN'DERS,  71.  pi.    [D.  flenter,  a  splinter,  a  tatter.] 
Small  pieces  or  splinters  ;  fragments.    [Local  in 

England;  sometimes  used  in  .America.] 

[This  seems  to  be  Splihter,  without  the  preHz.] 
FLI.N'G,  V.  L;  pret  and  pp.  Flung.     [Ir.  lingim,  to 

fling,  to  dart,  to  fly  ofl",  to  skip.    If  71  is  not  radicil, 

as  I  suppose,  this  m.ay  be  the  W.  lluciaw,  to  fling,  to 

llirow,  to  dart,  and  L.  lego,  legare.] 

1.  To  cist,  send,  or  throw  from  the  hand  ;  to  hurl ; 
as,  to  fling  a  stone  at  a  bird. 

*Tis  fate  thAt/inf  s  the  ilicc ;  and  as  she  ftinga. 

Of  kings  makes  peasants,  and  of  pcisanls,  knigi.  Dryden. 

2.  To  dart ;  to  cast  with  violence  ;  to  send  forth. 

He  —  like  Jove,  his  li^tniu^ /uny.  DryrUn. 


3.  To  send  forth  ;  to  emit ;  to  scatter. 

Kvery  ht:am  new  Iransirnt  tf*\on  Jliiigt.  Popt. 

4.  To  throw  ;  to  drive  by  violr  iice. 

5.  To  throw  to  the  ground  ;  to  prostrate.  The 
wrestler  flung  his  antagonist. 

6.  To  baflle  ;  to  defeat ;  as,  to  fling  a  party  in  lit- 
igation. 

To  fling  away  ;  to  reject ;  to  discard. 

Cromwell,  I  chargfe  lhee,ylin^  away  anibilion,  Sliak. 
To  fling  dirwn  ;  to  demolish  ;  to  ruin. 
2.  To  throw  to  the  ground. 

To  fling  off;  to  baflle  in  the  chase  ;  to  defeat  of 
prey.  Mdison. 

To  fling  out ;  to  utter  ;  to  speak  ,  as,  to  fling  out 
hard  words  against  another. 

'To  fling  in  ;  to  throw  in  ;  to  make  an  allowance  or 
deduction,  or  not  to  charge  in  an  account.  In  set- 
tling accounts,  one  party }li;ii'.s  m  a  small  sum,  or  a 
few  days'  work. 

To  fling  open  ;  to  throw  open  ;  to  open  suddenly 
or  with  violence  ;  as,  to  fling  open  a  door. 

Toflinir  up ;  to  relinquish  ;  to  abandon  ;  as,  to  Jti7i^ 
vp  a  design. 

M,I.\G,  B.  i.  To  flounce;  to  wince  ;  to  fly  into  vio- 
lent and  irregular  motions.  The  horse  began  to  kick 
and  fling. 

2.  'i'o  cast  in  the  teeth  ;  to  litter  harsh  language  ; 
to  sneer;  to  upbraid.  The  scold  began  to  llout  and 
fling. 

To  fling  out ;  to  grow  unruly  or  outrageous.  Shak, 
FLING,  71.    A  throw;  a  flounce;  a  cast  from  the 
hand. 

2.  A  gibe  ;  a  sneer ;  a  sarcasm ;  a  severe  or  con- 
temptuous remark. 

I,  who  love  to  have  a flin^ 

Both  at  senate  house  and  king.  Si^l, 

FUNG'ER,  71  One  who  flings  ;  one  who  jeers. 
FLING'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  ;  casting  ;  jeering. 
FLI.NT,  71.    [Sax.  flint :  Sw.  fliiitn.    In  Uan.  flint  is  a 

light  gun,  and  flint  is  called  flintilcen,  flint-stone. 

So,  also,  in  German.     The  Dutrli  and  Germans 

call  it  also  flrcstone.     It  may  bo  from  the  root  of 

splendor.] 

1.  In  natural  history,  a  sub-species  of  quartz,  of  a 
yellowish  or  bluish  gray,  or  grayish-black  color.  It 
is  amorphous,  intersper.sed  in  other  stones,  or  in  nod- 
ules or  rounded  lumps.  Its  surface  is  generally  un- 
even, and  covered  with  a  rind  or  crust,  either  calca- 
reous or  argillaceous.  It  is  very  hard,  strikes  fire 
with  steel,  and  is  an  ingredient  in  gla.ss. 

Kirwan.  F.ncyc. 

2.  A  piece  of  the  above-described  stone  used  in 
firearms  to  strike  fire. 

3.  Any  thing  proverbially  hard  ;  as,  a  heart  of  flint. 

Spenser. 

FLINT'-GLASS,  71.  The  purest  and  most  beautiful 
kind  of  glass,  distinguished  by  its  containing  oxyd 
of  lead,  to  which  it  owes  some  of  its  most  valuable 
qualities.  It  was  originally  made  of  pulverized  flints, 
whence  the  name.  Brunde, 

FLINT'-IIEaRT,       )a.    H.iving  a  hard,  unfechng 

FLINT'-IIEaIIT-ED,  i  heart. 

FLI.N'T'  Y,  a.    Consisting  of  flint ;  as,  a  flinty  rock. 

2.  Like  flint ;  very  hard  ;  not  impressible  ;  as,  a 
flinty  heart. 

3.  Cruel;  unmerciful;  inexorable.  Shak. 

4.  Full  of  flint-stones  ;  as,  flinty  ground.  Bacnn. 
FLINT' Y-SLaTE,  ».  A  rock,  of  two  kinds,  the  com- 

imm  and  the  Lydian  stone.  The  former  has  a  some- 
what slaty  structure,  and  contains  about  75  per  cent, 
of  silica.  The  latter  is  less  hard,  and  is  sometimes 
used  as  a  touchstone  for  gold  and  silver. 

P.  Cyc.  Ure. 

FLIP,  71.  A  mixed  liquor  consisting  of  beer  and  spirit 
sweetened,  and  also  warmed  by  a  hot  iron. 

FLIP'-DOG,  71.  An  iron  used,  when  heated,  to  warm 
fli|>. 

FLII"-FLAP,  adv.  or  a.  Noting  the  repeated  stroke 
and  noise  of  something  broad  and  Itjose.  AA. 

FLIP'PAN-CY,  71.  [See  Flippant.]  Smoothness  and 
rapidity  of  speech  ;  volubility  of  tongue  ;  fluency  of 
speech. 

FLtP'PAXT,  a.  [W.  Uipann,  to  make  smooth  or  glib, 
from  HiA,  Wipa,  flaccid,  sort,  limber  ;  allied  to  flabby, 
and  to  glib,  and  probably  to  L.  Uibor,  to  slide  or  slip, 
and  to  liber,  free.    Class  Lb.] 

1.  Of  smooth,  fluent,  and  rapid  speech  ;  speaking 
with  ease  and  nipidily;  having  a  voluble  Uuigue  ; 

2.  Pert;  petulant;  waggish.  [talk.ative. 

Away  with  flippant  epilogues.  Thornton, 

FLIP'PANT-LY,  adv.  Fluently  ;  with  ease  and  vol- 
ubility of  speech. 

FLIP'PANT-NESS,  71.  Fluency  of  speech  ;  volubility 
of  tongue  ;  fli[)pancy. 

[This  is  not  a  low,  vulgar  word,  but  well  autiior- 
ized  and  peculiarly  expressive.] 

FLIP'PER,  71.  The  paddle  of  a  sea-turtle  ;  the  broad 
(in  of  a  fish. 

FLIRT,  (flun,)  V.  t.  [This  word  evidently  belongs  to 
the  root  of  L.  floreo,  or  ploro,  signifyisg  to  throw, 
and  coinciding  with  blurt.  Qu.  Saz  fleardian,  to 
trifle.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IJMTE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

68*    '  MM*  JeT 


FLO 

1.  To  throw  with  a  jerk  or  siiddon  effurt  or  exer- 
tion. 'J'lie  boys  flirt  water  in  each  other's  faces.  He 
flirted  a  glove,  or  a  handkerdiief. 

a.  To  toss  or  throw  ;  to  move  suddenly  ;  as,  to^iirt 
a  fan. 

FLIRT,  r.  i.  To  jeer  or  gibe  ;  to  throw  bantering  or 
sarcastic  words  ;  to  utter  contemptuous  language, 
with  an  air  of  disdain. 

2.  To  run  and  dart  about;  to  act  with  giddiness, 
or  from  a  desire  to  attract  notice ;  to  play  at  court- 
ship ;  to  coquet ;  to  be  unstt^ady  or  fluttering.  The 
girls  flirt  about  the  room  or  the  street. 

FLIRT,  n.  A  sudden  jerk ;  a  quick  throw  or  cast ;  a 
.    darting  motion. 

In  unfurling  the  fan  are  several  little yJir(*  and  vibmtiona. 

Addison. 

2.  A  young  girl  who  acts  with  giddiness,  or  plays 
at  courtsliip;  a  pert  girl ;  a  coquette. 

Severil  young  fiirlB  about  town  had  a  design  to  cast  us  out  of 
the  f.ishion.'djle  world.  Addison, 

FLIRT,  a.    Pert  ;  wanton.  SImk. 
FLIRT-A'TION,  n.  A  flirting ;  a  quick,  sprightly  mo- 
tion. 

2.  Playing  at  courtship  ;  coquetry.  .Addison. 

FLIRT'ED,  pp.    Thrown  with  a  sudden  jerk. 

FLIRT'1-GIG,  71.    A  wanton,  pert  girl.  Orose. 

FLIRT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Thnnving;  jerking;  tossing; 
darting  about ;  giddy  ;  coquettish. 

I  LlRT'I\G-LY,  ado.    In  a  tlirting  manner. 

1  LIT,  v.  i.  [D.  vliedni,  to  fly  or  flee ;  Ihin.flijder,  Pw. 
flyta,  to  flow,  to  glide  away  ;  Dan.  flyttcr,  "^w.flyttia, 
to  remove  ;  Ice.  flintur,  swift.  This  word  coincides 
in  elements  with  Heb.  Ch.  S^yr.  lo'jfl.  Class  Ld,  No. 
43.  It  is  undoubtedly  from  the  same  root  as  fleet, 
which  see.] 

1.  To  fly  away  with  a  rapid  motion  ;  to  dart  along; 
to  move  with  celerity  through  the  air.  We  say,  a 
bird  flits  away,  or  flits  in  air  ;  a  cloud  flits  along. 

2.  To  flutter;  to  rove  on  the  wing.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  remove  ;  to  migrate  ;  to  pass  rapidly,  as  a 
light  substance,  from  one  place  to  another. 

It  tjccime  a  received  opinion,  that  the  souls  of  men,  departing 
this  liie,  did  jlil  out  of  one  tjody  into  some  other.  Hooker. 

4.  In  Scotlaiul,  to  remove  from  one  habitation  to 
another. 

5.  To  be  unstable;  to  be  easily  or  often  moved. 
And  the  free  soul  to  JUtdng  air  resigned.  Dryden. 

FLIT,  a.  Nimble  ;  quick  ;  swift.  [Obs.'\  [See 
Fleet.] 

FLITCH,  n.  [Sax.  Jjiccc ;  Yr.fieche,  an  arrow,  a  coach- 
beam,  a  flitch  of  bacon.] 

The  side  of  a  hog  salted  and  cured.  Drydcn.  Swift. 
FLITE,  V.  i.    [Sax.  flitan.] 

To  scold  ;  to  quarrel.    [Local.]  Orose. 
FLIT'TED,  pp.    Remt)ved  ;  flown  swiftly  ;  migrated. 
FLIT'TER,  v.  i.    To  flutter,  which  see.  Chaucer. 
FLIT'TER,  n.    A  rag  ;  a  tatter.    [See  Fbittek.] 
FLIT'TER-MOUSE,  71.    [flit,  flitter,  and  mouse;  G. 
flcdennaiLS.  ] 

.\  bat ;  an  animal  that  has  the  fur  of  a  mouse, 
and  membranes  which  answer  the  purpose  of 
wings,  and  enable  the  animal  to  sustain  itself  in 
a  fluttering  flight, 

FL[T''lT-iVESS,  71.  [from  ^it.]  Unsteadiness ;  levity ; 
lightness.  Bp.  Hopkins. 

FLIT'TING,  Tppr.  or  a.  Flying  rapidly  ;  fluttering  ; 
moving  by  starts. 

FLIT'TING,  n.  A  flying  with  lightness  and  celerity  ; 
a  fluttering. 

2.  A  removal  from  one  habitation  to  another.  [Scot- 
tish.] 

FLIT'TING-LY,  adv.    In  a  flitting  manner. 
FLIT'TY,  a.    Unstable  ;  fluttering.  More. 
FLI.X,  71.    [(iu.  from /az.]    Down  ;  fur.    [JVot  used.] 

Dryden. 

FLIX'WEED,  71.  The  Si--ymbrium  sophia,  a  species  of 
water-cresses,  growing  on  walls  antl  waste  grounds. 

FL6,  n.    An  arrow.    [jVo(  in  use.]  Chancrr. 

FLO  AT,  (rtote,)  71.  [i^an.  flola  :  (i.  floss  ;  I),  vlot,  rloot ; 
D-.m.flodc;  Sw.  flotte  ;  Pt.fiotlc;  Sp./o£a;  U.flotla; 
Riiss.  pint.] 

1.  That  which  swims  or  is  borne  on  water  ;  as,  a 
fiont  of  weeds  and  rushes.    Hut  particularly,  a  body 
or  collection  of  timber,  boards,  or  planks,  fastened 
gether  and  conveyed  down  a  stretim  ;  a  raft. 

[  The  loiter  word  is  more  generally  used  in  tlie  United 
States.] 

2.  The  cork  or  quill  used  on  an  angling  line,  tt) 
aupiKjrt  it,  and  dmeovi^r  the  bite  of  a  fish. 

Enr.yc.  Walton. 

3.  The  act  of  flowing  ;  flux  ;  flood  ;  llie  primary 
tense,  but  obsoletr.  Hooker. 

4.  'J'he  fliKil  board  of  a  wheel,  which  flee. 

5.  A  quantity  of  earth,  eighteen  feel  s<iunre  and 
one  deep.  Mortimer. 

a.  (Fr. /ot;  I^  fiiuttu.]    A  wave. 

7.  A  broad,  wofiden  inHtriimcnt,  shaped  like  a  trow- 
el, Willi  which  immune  float  over  and  vmooth  the  plas- 
tering on  walls.  Biichmian. 
FLOAT,  V.  I.  [i*a.\.  fltolan,  flutan  ;  (i.  pSsaen  1  D. 
tiliiolen,  vli/ILen :  Kr.  flMllcr ;  Dan.  flUdcr.  Either 
from  Ihu  noun,  or  from  the  root  of  ttie  L.  ftuo,  tu 
flow.] 


FLO 

1.  To  be  borne  or  sustained  on  the  surface  of  a 
fluid  ;  to  swim  ;  to  be  buoyed  up ;  not  to  sink  ;  not 
to  be  aground.  We  say,  the  water  is  so  shallow,  the 
ship  will  not  ftoaL 

2.  To  move  or  be  conveyed  on  water ;  to  swim. 
The  raft  floats  down  the  river. 

Three  blustering  niglits,  borne  by  the  aoutheni  blast, 

I  Jloated.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  be  buoyed  up  and  moved  or  conveyed  in  a 
fluid,  as  in  air. 

They  stretch  tlieir  plumes  and  Jloat  upon  the  wind.  Pove. 

4.  To  move  with  a  light,  irregular  course.  Qu. 

Locke. 

FLOAT,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  pass  by  swimming  ;  to 
cause  to  be  conveyed  on  water.  The  tide  floated 
the  ship  into  the  liarbor. 

2.  'I'o  flood  ;  to  inundate ;  to  overflow ;  to  cover 
with  water. 

Proud  Pactolus  floats  the  fruitful  lands.  Dryden. 

3.  In  plastering,  to  pass  over  and  level  the  surface 
of  a  wall  with  a  float  dipped  frequently  in  water. 

FLoAT'AGE,  7!,   Any  thing  that  floats  on  the  water. 

Encyc. 

FLoAT'-BoARD,  n.  A  board  on  the  rim  of  an  un- 
dershot water-wheel,  which  receives  the  impulse  of 
tlie  stream  by  which  the  wheel  is  driven. 

FLo.\T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Flooded ;  overflowed  ;  leveled 
2.  Borne  on  water.  [with  a  float. 

FLo.^T'ER,  71.    One  that  floats  or  swims.  Eusden. 

FLOAT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Swimming;  ctmveying  on 
water  ;  overflowing  ;  leveling  with  a  float. 

2.  Lying  flat  on  the  surface  of  the  water ;  as,  a 
floating  leaf.  Martyii. 

3.  Circulating  ;  passing  ;  not  fixed  ;  as,  a  floating 
capital. 

FLoAT'ING-BRlDGE,  71.  A  bridge  consisting  of  logs 
or  timber  with  a  floor  of  plank,  supported  wholly  by 
the  water. 

2.  In  war,  a  kind  of  double  bridge,  the  upper  one 
projecting  beyond  the  lower  one,  and  capable  of  be- 
ing moved  forward  by  pulleys,  used  for  carrying 
troops  over  narrow  moats  in  attacking  the  outworks 
of  a  fort. 

3.  A  large  steam  ferry-boat.    [Eng.]  Francis. 
FLoAT'ING-lSL'AND,  (flo'ting-i'land,)  7!.   A  sort  of 

food  made  of  milk,  white  wine,  sugar,  and  eggs,  with 
raspberry  or  strawberry  marmalade,  jam,  &.c. 

FLO.\T'ING-LIGHT,  ji.  A  substitute  for  a  light- 
house, being  the  hull  of  a  ship  moored  on  sunken 
rocks,  shoals,  &c.,  with  a  light  displayed  aloft,  to 
warn  mariners  of  their  danger. 

FLOAT'ING-LY,  adv.    By  floating. 

FLoAT'-SToNE,  71.  Spongiform  quartz,  a  mineral 
of  a  spongy  texture,  of  a  whitish-gray  color,  often 
with  a  tinge  of  yellow.  It  frequently  contains  a  nu- 
cleus of  common  flint.  Clcaveland. 

FLOAT' Y,  a.  Buoyant;  swimming  on  the  surface; 
light.  Ralegh. 

FLOe-CIL-LA'TION,  71.  A  picking  of  bed-clothes  by 
a  sick  person  —  an  alarming  syuiptom  in  acute  dis- 
eases. Brande. 

FLOe'€U-LENCE,7i.  ll..flocculus,f.occus.  See  Flock.] 
The  state  of  being  in  locks  or  flocks  ;  adhesion  in 
small  flakes.  Higgins,  Med.  Rep. 

FLOe'€U-LENT,  a.  Coalescing  and  adhering  in  locks 
or  flakes. 

1  sar  the  liquor  is  broken  to  fiocculence,  when  the  particles  of 
herbaceous  matter,  aeiz'-d  by  tlioss  of  the  lime,  and  coales- 
cing, appear  large  and  Jiocculent.     Higgins,  Med.  Hep. 

FLOCK,  71.  [Sax.  ^oce;  h.floccus;  G.flocke;  D.vlok; 
Dan.  Jlok  ;  Sw.  flock,  a  crowd  ;  ullc-lock,  wool-lock  ; 
Gr.  nXoKf),  nXoKoi;  ;  Russ.  klok.  It  is  the  srtme  ratii- 
cally  as  flake,  anil,  applied  to  wool  or  hair,  we  write 
it  lock.    See  Flake.] 

1.  A  company  or  collection  ;  applied  to  sheep  and 
other  small  animals.  A  flock  of  slieep  answers  to  a 
hrrit  of  larger  cattle.  But  the  \vord  may  sometimes, 
perhaps,  be  applied  to  larger  beasts  ;  and,  in  the  plu- 
ral, flocks  may  include  all  kinds  of  domesticated  ani- 
mals. 

2.  A  company  or  collection  of  birds  of  any  kind, 
and,  when  applied  to  birtls  on  the  wing,  a  flight ;  as, 
a  flock  of  wild  geese  ;  a  flock  of  ducks  ;  a  flock  of 
blackbirds.  In  the  United  States,  floclis  of  wild 
pig(U)ns  sometimes  darken  the  air. 

;t.  A  body  or  crowd  of  people.  [fJttlc  used.]  [Qu. 
Gr.  \o\ii^,  a  troop.] 

4.  A  lock  of  wool  or  hair.  Also,  pieces  of  cloth 
cut  up  vt-ry  line. 

FLOCK,  0.  i.  To  gather  in  companies  or  crowds  ;  ap- 
plied to  men  or  other  animals.  People  flock  together. 
They  flock  to  the  i>layhouse. 

FricniU  iljiily  Jlock.  Dryden. 

FLOCK'-BED,  71.    A  bed  filled  with  locks  of  coarse 

wo(i|,  or  pieces  of  cloth  nit  up  lint?. 
FLO(,'K'IN(;, /i/w.    Colli  ctiiig  or  running  together  in 
FLOCK'LY,  adr.    In  a  body  or  llocks.  [a  crowd. 

FIjOt'K'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  flocks  or  hicks. 
FLtJCK'-I'A'PER,  71,    A  kind  of  wall-paper  having 

raised  figures  ri^sembling  cloth,  made  of  flock,  or 

cloth  cut  up  very  fine,  and  attached  to  the  paper  by 

Hize  or  varnish. 


FLO 

FLoE,  71.    Among  seamen,  a  large  mass  of  floating  ice 

FLfETZ.    See  Fletz.  [in  the  ocean. 

FLOG,  V.  t.  [L.  fligo,  to  strike,  that  is,  to  lay  on  ;  L. 
flfigrum,  flagellum  ;  Eng.  flail  ;  Goth,  bliggican,  to 
strike;  Gr.  jrA.ij  1,1,  tX/j;  r,,  L.  plaga,  a  stroke,  Eng. 
plague.  We  have  lick,  which  is  i)rohably  of  the  same 
family  ;  as  is  D.  slag,  G.  schlag.  Eng.  slay.] 

To  beat  or  strike  with  a  rod  or  whip  ;  to  whip ;  to 
lash  ;  to  chastise  with  repeated  blows  ;  o  colloquial 
word,  applied  to  whipping  or  beating  for  punishment ; 
as,  to  flog  a  schoolboy  or  a  sailor. 

FLOG'GKD,  (flogd,)  pp.  Whipped  or  scourged  for 
punishment ;  chastised. 

FLOG'GING,  ppr.  Whipping  for  punishment ;  chas- 
tising. 

FLOG'GING,  71.    A  whipping  for  punishment. 
FLOOD,  (Hud,)  n.    [Sax.  flod  ;  G./ii£/i ;  D.  vlocd :  Sw. 
flod;  Dan.  floU :  from  flow.] 

1.  A  great  flow  of  water  ;  a  body  of  moving  wa- 
ter ;  particularly,  a  body  of  water,  rising,  swelling, 
and  overflowing  land  not  usually  covered  with  wa- 
ter. Thus  there  is  a  flood,  every  spring,  in  the  Con- 
necticut, which  inundates  the  adjacent  meadows. 
There  is  an  annual  flood  in  the  Nile  and  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

2.  The  flood,  by  way  of  eminence  ;  the  deluge;  the 
great  body  of  water  which  inundated  the  earth  in 
the  days  of  Noah.  Before  the  flood,  men  lived  to  a 
great  age. 

3.  A  river ;  a  sense  chiefly  poetical. 

4.  'J'lie  flowing  of  the  tide  ;  the  semi-diurnal  swell 
or  rise  of  water  in  the  ocean  ;  opposed  io  Ehb.  The 
ship  entered  the  harbor  on  the  flood.  Hence  flood- 
tide  ;  young  flood;  flood. 

5.  A  great  quantity  ;  an  inundation  ;  an  overflow- 
ing ;  abundance  ;  superabundance  ;  as,  a  flood  of 
bank  notes  ;  a  flood  of  paper  currency. 

6.  A  great  body  or  stream  of  any  fluid  substance  ; 
as,  a  flood  of  light ;  a  flood  of  lava.  Hence,  figura- 
tively, a  flood  of  vice. 

7.  Menstrual  discharge  Harvey. 
FLOOD,  (flud,)  V.  t.    To  overflow;  to  inund.ate';  to 

deluge  ;  as,  to  flood  a  meadow.  Mortimer. 

FLOOD'ED,  rflud'ed,)  pp.    Overflowed  ;  inundated. 

FLOOD'GaTE,  n.  A  gate  to  he  opened  for  letting  wa- 
ter flow  through,  or  to  be  shut  to  prevent  it. 

2.  An  opening  or  passage ;  an  avenue  for  a  flood 
or  great  body. 

FLOOD  ING,  ;);)r.    Overflowing;  inundating. 

FLOOD' ING,  71.  Any  preternatural  discharge  of  blood 
from  the  uterus.  Cijc. 

FLOOD'-MARK,  n.  The  mark  or  line  to  which  the 
tide  rises;  high -water-mark. 

FLOOK,  71.  The  arm  of  an  anchor.  [See  Fluke,  the 
usual  orthography.] 

FLOOK'ING,  71.  Ill  mining,  an  interruption  or  shift- 
ing of  a  lode  of  ore  hv  a  cross  vein  or  fissure.  Encyc 

FLOOK'Y,  a.    Furnished  with  flooks  or  flukes. 

FLOOR,  (flore,)  71.  [Sax.  ^ur,  flore  ;  D.  vloer ;  W. 
llawr,  and  clawr,  the  earth  or  ground  an  area,  or 
ground-plot,  a  floor;  Ir.  lar,  and  urlnr ;  Basque  or 
Cantabrian,  lurra;  Arm.  Icur,  flat  land,  or  floor:  G. 
flur,  a  field,  level  ground  or  floor.  In  early  ages,  the 
inhabitants  of  Europe  had  no  floor  in  their  huts  but 
the  ground.  The  sense  of  the  word  is,  probably,  that 
which  is  laid  or  spread.] 

J.  That  part  of  a  building  or  room  on  which  we 
walk  ;  the  bottom  or  lower  part,  consisting,  in  mod- 
ern houses,  of  boards,  jilanks,  or  pavement ;  as,  the 
^oiir  of  a  house,  room,  barn,  stable,  or  outhouse. 

2.  A  platform  of  boards  or  planks  laid  on  timbers, 
as  in  a  bridge  ;  any  similar  platform. 

3.  A  story  in  a  building;  as,  the  first  floor!  which, 
in  England,  is  the  one  next  above  the  ground-floor, 
called  in  America  the  second  story. 

4.  A  floor,  or  earthen  floor,  is  still  used  in  some 
kinds  of  business,  made  of  loam,  or  of  limp,  sand, 
and  iron  dust,  as  in  malting.  Encyc. 

5.  The  htittoni  of  a  vessel  on  each  side  of  the  keel- 
son. Tvltrn. 

FLOOR,  7).  (.  To  lay  a  floor;  to  cover  timbers  with  a 
floor;  to  furnish  with  a  floor;  as,  lo  floor  a  Iiotise 
with  pine  hoards. 

2.  'I'o  strike  down,  or  lay  level  with  the  floor  ;  as, 
to  floor  an  antagonist.  Orose. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  put  to  silence  by  some  decisive 
argument,  ri  ttirt,  &c.  Coleridge. 

FLt'^OR'-CLO'l'lI,  71.  Oil-cloth,  or  painted  cloth,  for 
covering  floors. 

FLOOK'KD,  pp.  Covered  Willi  lioarils,  plank,  or  pave- 
ment ;  furnished  with  n  floor  ;  struck  down. 

FLOOR'ING,  ppr.  Laying  a  floor;  furnishing  with  a 
floor  ;  striking  down. 

FLOOR'ING,  71.    A  platform;  the  bottom  of  a  room 
or  building;  pavement. 
2.  Materials  for  floors. 

FLOOR'LESS,  n.    Having  no  floor. 

FI.OOR'-TIM-UEUS,  71.  pl.  The  timbers  on  which  a 
floor  is  laid. 

FLOP,  7j.  t.    [A  diflrrent  spelling  of  FL\r.] 

1.  'I'o  clap  or  strike  the  wings. 

2.  To  let  down  the  brim  of  a  lint. 
FLO'RA,n.    [L.  See  Floral.]    Ill  atitifiiift/,  the  god- 
dess of  flowers. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  MftTE,  PttfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


462 


FLO 

2.  In  modern  usage,  a  catalogue  or  accoiiiil  of  flow- 
ers or  plains. 

3.  The  trees  and  plants,  or  botany,  of  a  particular 
country. 

FLO'KAL,  o.  \li.floralis,  from  flos,  a  flower  ;  wliich 
see.] 

1.  Containing  the  flower ;  as,  a  floral  bud  ;  imme- 
diately attending  the  Mower;  as,  a  floral  leaf. 

Martifn. 

2.  Pertaining  to  Flora,  or  to  flowers  ;  a.s,  floral 
games  ;  floral  play.  Prior. 

FLOK'E.N,      )  «.    An  ancient  gold  coin,  of  Edward 
FLOR'ENCE,  (    III.,  of  six  shillings  sterling  value. 
FLOR'ENCE,  71.    A  kind  of  doth.  [Camden. 

2.  A  kind  of  wine  from  Florence,  in  Italy. 
FLOR'EN-TINE,  <i.    A  native  of  Florence. 

2.  A  kind  of  silk  cloth,  so  called. 
FliO  RES'CENCE,  n.    [L.  florcscens,  fioresco.  See 
Flower.] 

In  botany,  the  season  when  plants  expand  their 
flowers.  JMartijn. 
FLO'RET,  n.    [Ft.fleurclte;  U.  floretto.] 

A  little  flower;  the  partial  or  separate  little  flower 
of  an  aggregate  (lower.  JVartijiu 
FL0'RI-.\(5E,  n.    [Fr.  flori]    Bloom  ;  blossom. 

/.  ScoU. 

FLOR'ID,  a.-  [L.  floridus.  from  ftoreo,  to  flower.] 

1.  Literally,  flowery  ;  covered  or  abounding  with 
flowers  ;  but  in  this  sense  little  used. 

2.  Bright  in  color  ;  flushed  with  red  ;  of  a  lively 
red  color  ;  as,  a  florid  countenance  ;  a  florid  cheek. 

3.  Embellished  with  flowers  of  rhetoric  ;  enriched 
to  excess  with  flgures  ;  splendid;  brilliant;  as,  a 
florid  stvle  ;  florid  eloquence. 

FI-O-RID'I-TY,  n.    Freshness  or  brightness  of  color  ; 

florid  ness.  Floi/cr. 
FI,OR'II)-I,Y,  arfi'.    In  a  florid  manner. 
FLOR'ID-NESS,  n.    Brightness  or  freshness  of  color 

or  ccunplexion. 

2.  Vigor;  spirit.    [Uauxual.]  FcWiam. 

3.  Embellishment ;  brilliunt  ornaments  ;  ambitious 
elegance  ;  applied  to  style.  Boyle. 

FLO-RIF'ER-OUS,  a,    [L.florifer,  from  flos,  a  flower, 
and  feroylo  bear.] 
Producing  flowers. 
FLOR-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.    The  act,  process,  or  time  of 

flowering.  fVilliains.    Journ.  of  Science. 

FLa'RI-FORM,  a.    In  the  form  of  a  flower. 
FLOR'IN,  II.    [Fr.  florin  ,•  It.  Torino.] 

A  coin,  originally  made  at  Florence.  The  name 
is  given  to  ditferent  coins  of  gold  or  silver,  and  of 
different  values  in  different  countries,  the  silver  flor- 
ins varying  from  1*'.  to  2s.  4//.  sterling,  or  from  23  to 
54  cents :  and  the  gold  flocin  of  Hanover  being  val- 
ued at  6s.  Ill/,  sterling.  It  is  also  used  as  a  monuy 
of  account.  Kelly. 
FLO'RIST,  71.    [Ft.  fleurisie.] 

1.  A  cultivator  of  flowers  ;  one  skilled  in  flowers. 

7Vio7nso7i. 

3.  One  who  writes  a  flora,  or  an  account  of  plants. 

Eneyc. 

FLOR'U-LENT,  a.  Flowery  ;  blossoming.  [JVut  tTt 
use.] 

FLOS^eU-LAR,    )  a.    [Infra.]    In  botany,  a  floscu- 

FLOri'eU-LOUS,  \  lous  flower  is  a  compound  flow- 
er, composed  entirely  of  florets  with  funnel-slia|>ed 
petals,  as  in  burdock,  thistle,  and  artichoke.  This  is 
the  term  used  by  Tournefort.  For  this  Linnxus 
used  tubulouj.  MUne.  Jilartyn, 

FLOS'eULE,  71.    [h.  flosculus.] 

In  botany,  a  partial  or  lesser  floret  of  an  aggregate 
flower.  JMUne. 

FLOS  FER'RI  71.  [L.,  flower  of  Iron.]  A  mineral,  a 
variety  of  arragonite,  called  by  Jameson,  after  Ilaiiy, 
conilloid:U  arnigonite.  It  occurs  in  little  cylinders, 
sometimes  diverging  and  ending  in  a  point,  and 
sometimes  branched,  like  coral.  Its  structure  is  fi- 
brous, and  the  surface,  which  is  smooth,  or  giirnished 
with  little  crystalline  points,  is  often  very  white, 
with  a  silken  luster.  It  takes  this  name  from  its 
being  often  found  in  cavities  in  veins  of  sp.arry  iron. 

FLOSS,™.    [L.  flos.]  [CIrucclanJ. 

1.  .'V  downy  or  silken  substance  in  tlie  husks  of  cer- 
tain plants.  Tooke. 

2.  A  fluid  glass  flo.ating  on  iron  in  the  furnace, 
produced  by  tlie  vitrification  of  oxyds  and  earths. 

Ure. 

3.  Untwisted  filaments  of  the  finest  silk,  used  in 
embroidering  on  satin,  &c. 

FLOS-f!I.Fl-e.\'TIO.\,  n.  A  flowering ;  exp.insion 
of  tlowers.    [Aoce/.]  Jlcd.  Rrpos. 

FLOSS'-SILK,  11.  The  name  given  to  the  portions  of 
raveled  silk  broken  off  in  the  filature  of  cocoons.  It 
is  carded  and  spun  like  cotton  or  wool.  Ure. 

FLO'T.\,  n.  [Sp.  See  Fleet.j  A  fleet;  but  appro- 
priately, a  fleet  of  Spanish  ships  wliich  formerly 
sailed  every  year  from  Cadi/,  to  Vera  Cruz,  in  Mex- 
ico, to  transport  to  Spain  the  productions  of  Spanish 
.\merica. 

FLOT'AGE,  n.    {Ft.  flattaae.] 

That  which  floats  on  the  sea,  or  on  rivers.  [Little 
«-"''J  Chambers. 

FLO-TX'TION,  n.   The  act  of  floating. 

FLOTE,  r.  £.    To  skim.    [Mt  used  or  local.]  Tusaer. 


FLO 

FLO-TIL'LA,  71.    [dim.  of  flota.]    A  little  fleet,  or 

fleet  of  small  vessels. 
FLOT'SA.M,  )  71.    (from  float]     Goods  lost  by  ship- 
FLOT'SON,  )     wreck,  and   floating  on   the  sea. 
When  such  goods  are  cast  on  shore  or  found,  the 
owner  being  unknown,  they  belong  to  the  king. 

Enf;lisk  Laic.  Blackstone. 
FLOT'TKN,  pp.    Skimmed.    [JVuJ  171  wse.] 
FLOUNCE,  (rtouns,)  v.  i.    [D.  plonsscn.    See  Floun- 
der.] 

1.  To  throw  the  limbs  and  body  one  way  and  the 
other  ;  to  spring,  turn,  or  twist  with  sudden  effort  or 
violence  ;  to  struggle  as  a  horse  in  mire. 

You  neither  fume,  nor  fret,  noT flounce.  Swi/t. 

2.  To  move  with  jerks  or  agitation. 
FLOUNCE,  V.  t.    To  deck  with  a  flounce ;  as,  to 

flounce  a  p)etticoat  or  frock.  Pope. 
FLOUNCE,  71.    A  sudden  jerking  motion  of  the  body. 
2.  A  narrow  piece  of  cloth  sewed  to  a  petticoat, 
frock,  or  gown,  with  the  lower  border  loose  and 
spreading. 

FLOUN'CKD,  (flounst,)  pp.    Decked  with  a  flounce. 
FLOUN'CI.N'C,  ;i;i7-.    Decking  with  a  flounce. 
FLOUN'DER,  71.    [Sw.  ftnndra;  G.  ;!.77i(;fr.] 

A  flat  fish  of  the  genus  Plutessa,  allied  to  the  hali- 
but, and  generally  found  in  rivers  near  the  sea. 

Partin<rton. 

FLOUN'DER,  v.  i.  This  seems  to  be  allied  to  flaunt 
anil  flounce.] 

To  fling  the  limbs  and  body,  as  in  making  efforts 
to  move  ;  to  struggle  as  a  horse  in  the  mire  ;  to  roll, 
toss,  and  tumble.  Pope. 
FLOU.V'DER-ING,  ppr.    Making  irregular  motions; 

struggling  with  violence. 
FLOUR,  71.    [originally,  flotoer  ;  Ft.  flcur  ;  Bp.  flor  ; 
It.  flore  ;  L.  fljis,  flori-t,  from  flareo,  to  flourish.] 
The  edible  part  of  ground  corn  or  grain  ;  meal. 

.7(7/7  7ison. 

In  the  United  States,  the  modern  practice  is  to  make 
a  distinction  between  floii.r  and  meal;  the  word  fltjur 
being  more  usually  applied  to  the  finer  part  of  meal, 
separated  from  the  bran,  as  wheat  yiuiir,  rj  e  flour. 
This  is  a  just  and  useful  distinction. 
FLOUR,  1).  £.    [_Sp.  florcar.] 

1.  To  grind  and  bolt  ;  to  convert  into  flour. 
W^heat  used  formerly  to  be  sent  to  market ;  but  now 
great  quantities  of  it  are  floured  in  the  interior  coun- 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  flour.  [try. 
FLOUR'£D,  pp.     Converted  into  flour;  sprinkled 

with  flour. 

FLOUR'IN'G,  ppr.  Converting  into  flour ;  sprinkling 
with  flour. 

FLOUR'ING,  n.  The  business  of  converting  grain 
into  flour. 

FLOUR'ISH,  (flur'ish,)  r.  i.  [L.  floreseo,  from  floreo ; 
Fr.  fleurir,  fleuriisant ;  Sp.  florcar  f  It.  florire.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  open,  expand,  enlarge,  or  to  shoot 
out,  as  in  trtory,  L.  ploro,  or  in  other  words  in  Lr.] 

1.  To  thrive  ;  to  grow  luxuriantly  ;  to  increase 
and  enlarge,  as  a  healthy  growing  plant.  The  beech 
and  the  maple  flourish  best  in  a  deep,  rich,  and  moist 
loam. 

2.  To  be  prosperous ;  to  increase  in  wealth  or 
honor. 

B,wJ  men  ns  fret^uentlv  nroaper  and  flourish,  nnd  tlint  by  the 

meiiiia  of  tlu-ir  wickeuiie&A.  l\'eUon. 
When  all  tlie  workera  of  iniquity  do  flourish.  —  Ps.  xcii. 

3.  To  grow  in  grace  and  in  good  works  ;  to  abound 
in  the  consolations  of  religion. 

The  rightt'oui  sh.ijl  flourish  hke  the  palm-tree.  —  Pi.  xcii. 

4.  To  be  in  a  prosperous  state  ;  to  grow  or  be  aug- 
mented. We  say  agriculture  fluurishcsi  commerce 
flourishes  !  m.inufactures  flourish. 

5.  To  use  florid  language;  to  make  a  display  of 
figures  and  lofty  expressions ;  to  be  copious  and 
flower>'. 

They  tlil.ite  tind  flourish  long  on  litdc  incideoti.  Waits. 

6.  To  make  bold  strokes  in  writing  ;  to  make 
large  and  irregular  lines  ;  as,  to  flourish  with  the  pen. 

7.  To  move  or  play  in  boltl  and  irregular  figures. 


1  ninelnous  »pread 
The  Etream,  and  tmoVing,  flourished  o'er  liis  head,  Popt 

8.  In  music,  to  play  with  bold  and  irregular  notes, 
or  without  settled  form  ;  as,  to  flourish  on  an  organ 

9.  To  boast ;  to  vaunt  ;  to  brag.  [or  violin. 
FLOUR'ISII,  (flur'ish,)  r.  t.    To  adorn  with  flowers 

or  beautiful  figures,  either  natural  or  artificial ;  to 
ornament  with  any  thing  showy. 

2.  To  spread  out  ;  to  enlarge  into  figures.  Bacon. 

3.  To  move  in  bold  or  irregular  figures  ;  to  move 
in  circles  or  vibrations  by  way  of  show  or  triumph  ; 
to  brandish  ;  as,  to  flourish  a  sword. 

4.  To  embellish  with  the  flowers  of  diction  ;  to 
adorn  with  rhetorical  flgures  ;  to  grace  with  ostenta- 
tious eloquence  ;  to  set  off  with  a  parade  of  words. 

Ciiiiier. 

5.  To  adorn  ;  to  embellish.  Sltak. 

6.  To  mark  with  a  flourish  or  irregular  stroke. 
The  day  book  and  uiTtntory  book  ihall  be  flourished. 

fytnch  Com.  Code.  Walsh. 
FLOUR'ISH,  (flur'ish,)  n.   Beauty ;  showy  splendor. 

The  flourish  of  tm  sober  youth.  Cmshaie. 


FLO 

2.  Ostentatious  embellishment  ;  andiitious  ro))l(iU9- 
ness,  or  aiiiplilit ation  ;  paraile  of  words  and  figures  ; 
show  ;  as,  a  flourish  of  rhetoric  ;  a  flourish  of  wit. 

He  l;mU  with  flourishes  his  Ictii^  b;irnn{»ne.  Vryilen. 

3.  .Figures  formed  by  bold,  irreguhtr  lines,  or  fan- 
ciful strokes  of  the  pen  or  graver;  as,  the  flourishes 
about  a  gri;at  letter.  -More. 

4.  A  brandishing  ;  the  waving  of  a  weapon  or 
other  thing  ;  as,  the  flourish  of  a  sword. 

FLOUR'ISII  AD,  (flur'isht,)  pp.  Embellished  ; 
adorned  with  bold  and  irregular  figures  or  lines; 
brandished. 

FLOUR'lSll-ER,  (flur'ish-er,)7i.  One  who  flourishen ; 
one  who  thrives  tir  prospers. 

2.  One  w  ho  brandishes. 

3.  One  who  adorns  with  fanciful  figures. 
FLOUR'ISII-ING,  (flur'ish-ing,)  ppr.  or  a.    Thriving  ; 

prosperous  ;  incre.'usiiig  ;  making  a  show. 
FLOUR'ISII-ING-LY,    (fliir'isli-ing-ly,)  adv.  With 

fluiiri.^hes  ;  ostentatiously. 
FLOUT,  V.  t.    [Scot,  ftyte,  to  scold  or  brawl;  Sax. 

_^i/a77.] 

To  mock  or  insult ;  to  treat  with  contempt. 

Pliilli.lii flouts  me.  Walton. 
11-  flouuii  us  downrixht.  llhaJc. 

FLOUT,  t'.  i.  To  practice  mocking;  to  sneer;  to  be- 
have with  contempL 

Fleer  and  gibe,  and  lau^h  and  flout.  ShaJ:. 

FLOUT,  ji.    A  mock  ;  an  insult. 

FLOUT' ED,  pp.    Mocked  ;  treated  with  contempt. 

f'LOUT'ER,  71.  One  who  flouts  and  flings  ;  a  mocker. 

FLOUT'ING,  ppr.    Mocking;  insulting;  fleering. 

FLOUT'ING-LY.arfe.    With  flouting  ;  insultingly. 

FLOW,  (flo,)  V.  i.  [Sax.  floiran  :  D.  riorijcn.  If  the 
last  radical  was  originally  a  dental,  this  word  coin- 
cides with  the  D.  rtirten,  G.  fliessen,  Sw.  flyta,  Dan. 
flydcr,  to  flow.  If  v  was  the  last  radical,  flow  coin- 
cides with  the  L.  fl.io,  contracted  from  fluiro,  for  it 
forms  Tiliri,  ^u(-fii77t.  In  one  case,  the  word  would 
agree  with  the  root  of  i/ou),  L.  flo  ;  in  the  other,  with 
the  root  of  fly.] 

1.  To  move  along  an  inclined  plane,  oron  descend- 
ing ground,  by  the  operation  of  gravity,  and  with  a 
continual  change  of  place  among  the  particles  or 
parts,  as  a  fluid.  A  solid  body  descends  or  moves  in 
mass,  as  a  ball  or  a  wheel ;  but  in  the  flowing  of  li- 
quid substances,  and  others  consisting  of  very  fine 
particles,  there  is  a  constant  change  of  the  relative 
position  of  some  parts  of  the  substance,  as  is  the 
case  v/ith  a  stream  of  water,  of  quicksilver,  and  of 
sand.  Particles  at  the  bottiun  and  sides  of  the  stream, 
being  somewhat  checked  by  friction,  move  slower 
than  those  in  the  middle  and  near  the  surface  of  the 
current.  KiveTS  flow  from  springs  and  lakes;  tears 
flow  from  the  eyes. 

2.  To  melt ;  to  become  liquid. 

Th.it  the  mountain*  might  floio  down  at  thy  preeence.  —  U. 

3.  To  proceed  ;  to  issue.  Evils  flow  from  different 
sources.  Wealth  flows  from  industry  and  economy. 
All  our  blessings  flow  from  divine  bounty. 

4.  To  abound  ;  to  have  in  abundance. 

lnUi.it  tlay  tlie  mounuins  shall  drop  down  new  wine,  and  the 
hills  sludl floiJi  with  milk.  —Joel  lii. 

5.  To  be  full ;  to  be  copious  ;  as,  flowing  cups  or 
goblets. 

6.  To  glide  along  smoothly,  without  harshness  or 
asperity  ;  as,  a  flowing  period  ;  flowing  numbers. 

7.  To  be  smooth,  as  composition  or  utterance.  The 
orator  has  a  flowing  tongue. 

Virgit  is  sweet  and  flouting  in  bis  hexamelen.  Dryden. 

8.  To  hang  loose  and  waving  ;  as,  a  flowing  man- 
tle ;  flowing  locks. 

The  imperial  purple  Jtoieing  in  his  train.   Pedtraiial,  Hamilton. 

9.  To  rise,  as  the  tide  ;  opposed  to  ebb.  The  tide 
flows  twice  in  twenty-four  hours. 

10.  To  move  in  the  arteries  and  veins  of  the  body; 
to  circulate,  as  blood. 

11.  To  issue,  as  rays  or  beams  of  light.  Light 
flows  from  the  sun. 

12.  To  move  in  a  stream,  as  air. 

FLOW,  1!.  L  To  cover  with  water  ;  to  overflow  ;  to 
inundate.  The  low  grounds  along  the  river  are  an- 
nually flowed. 

FLOW,  71.  A  stream  of  water  or  other  fluid  ;  a  cur- 
rent ;  as,  a  ^7ui  of  water  ;  a  flow  of  blood. 

2.  A  current  of  water  with  a  swell  or  rise  ;  as,  the 
^0717  and  ebb  of  tides. 

3.  A  stream  of  any  thing ;  as,  a  flow  of  wealth  into 
the  country. 

4.  Abundance  ;  copiousness  with  action  ;  as,  a 
flow  of  spirits. 

5.  A  stream  of  diction,  denoting  abundance  of 
Words  at  command  and  facility  of  speaking  ;  volu- 
bility. 

6.  Free  expression  or  communication  of  generous 
feelings  and  sentiments. 

The  feast  of  reason,  .and  the  fou  of  soul. 

FL?)W'/:D,  (flode,)  pp.    Overflowed  :  inundated. 
FLOWER,  71.    [Fr.  Jlcur  ;  Sp.flor;  luflorei  Basque, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.     €  as  K ;  O  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


463 


FLO 

lura  c  W.  ftiir,  bloom  ;  fluraw,  to  bloom,  to  be  briglit ; 
L.  Jtos,  Jloris,  a  flower ;  florco,  to  blossom.  See 
Flovbish.] 

1.  In  botami,  that  part  of  a  plant  which  contains 
the  organs  of  "fructification,  with  their  coverings.  A 
flower,  when  complete,  consists  of  a  calyx,  corol, 
stamen,  and  pistil  ;  but  the  essential  parts  are  the 
stamen  anil  pistil,  which  are  sufficient  to  constitute 
a  flower,  either  together  in  hermaphrodite  flowers,  or 
separate  in  male  and  female  flowers. 

Martyn.  Milne. 

2.  In  papular  lang-nag-e,  a  blossom  or  flower  is  the 
flower-bud  of  a  plant,  when  the  petals  are  expand- 
ed ;  open  petals  being  considered  as  the  principal 
thing  in  constituting  a  flower.  But  in  botany,  the 
petals  are  now  considered  as  a  finer  sort  of  cover- 
ing, and  not  at  all  necessary  to  constitute  a  flower. 

-  Milne. 

3.  The  early  part  of  life,  or  rather  of  manhood  ; 
the  prime;  youthful  vigor;  youth;  as,  the  flower  of 
age  or  of  life. 

4.  The  best  or  finest  part  of  a  thing  ;  the  most  val- 
uable part.  The  must  active  and  vigorous  part  of  an 
army  are  called  the  flower  of  the  troops.  Voung, 
vigorous,  and  brave  men  are  called  the  flower  of  a 
nation.  Addison. 

5.  The  finest  part ;  the  essence. 

The  choice  and  fiQicer  of  all  Uiings  profitable  Ihe  Psalms  do  more 
hrit-rly  coiit-iiii.  Hooker, 

6.  He  or  that  which  is  most  distinguished  for  any 
thing  valuable.  We  say,  the  youth  are  the  flower  of 
the  country. 

7.  The  finest  part  of  grain  pulverized.  In  this 
sense,  it  is  now  always  written  flour;  which  see. 

Flowers,  pi.  :  in  old  chemistry,  fine  particles  of  bod- 
ies, especially  when  raised  by  fire  in  sublimatiim, 
and  adhering  to  the  heads  of  vessels  in  the  form  of  a 
powder  or  mealy  substance  ;  a  term  equivalent  to 
sublimate',  as,  the  yiowtrjf  of  sulphur.  Ure. 

A  substance,  somewhat  similar,  formed  spontane- 
ously, is  called  ejjlorescence. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  figures  and  ornaments  of  discourse 
or  composition. 

3.  Menstrual  discharges. 

FLOWER,  r.  i.  [from  the  noun.  The  correspond- 
ing woril  in  L.  is  flureo,  Tx.fleurir,  It.  fiorire,  Sp.  and 
Yait.  floreccr,  W.  fluraw.] 

1.  To  blossom  ;  to  bloom  ;  to  expand  the  petals,  as 
a  plant.  In  New  England,  peach-trees  usually  ^owcr 
in  April,  and  apple-trees  in  May. 

2.  To  be  in  the  prime  and  spring  of  life  ;  to  flour- 
ish ;  to  be  youthful,  fresh,  and  vigorous. 

When  flowered  luy  yoiilhriil  spring.  Spenser, 

3.  To  froth  ;  to  ferment  gently  ;  to  mantle,  as  new 
beer. 

The  heer  did Jlowcr  a  little.  Bacon. 

4.  To  come  as  cream  from  the  surface.  Milton. 
FLOWER,  V.  I.    To  embellish  with  figures  of  flow- 
ers ;  to  adorn  with  imitated  flowers. 

FLOWEIl-AGE,  71.  State  of  flowers ;  flowers  in  gen- 
eral. 

FLOWF.R-nEAR'ING,  a.   Producing  flowers. 
FLOWER-BUD,  n.     The  bud  which  produces  a 
flower. 

FLOWER-CROWN'M),  a.    Crowned  with  flowers. 
FLOWER-UE-LOCE,  n.    [Fr.  fleur  de  lis,  flower  of 
the  lily.] 

In  biitnny,  the  Iris,  a  genus  of  herbaceous  peren- 
nial plants;  calleil,  also,  flua-flower,  and  sometimes 
written  flowcr-dc-lis.     The  species  are  numerous. 
FLO WER-KI),  pp.  or  a.  Expanded  into  flowers ;  em- 

bi  llished  with  figures  of  flowers. 
FLOWER-ET,  n.    [Fr.  fleurcltc.] 

A  small  flowi^r  ;  a  floret.  .S7ia/£.  Milton.  Dryden. 
[In  biitanv  Flobet  is  solely  used.] 
FLOWER-FENCE,  n.  Tlie  name  of  certain  plants. 
The  flower-fence  of  Barbados  is  of  the  genus  I'oin- 
ciana.  It  is  a  tropical  leguminous  bush,  with  prickly 
branches,  and  showy  yellow  or  red  flowers,  and  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  plants.  Its 
name  is  derived  from  its  having  been  sometimes  used 
for  hedges  in  the  West  Indies.  P.  Cyc. 

The  biLitard  flower-fence  is  the  Adcnanthera. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
FLOWER-FUL,  a.    Abounding  with  flowers. 
FLOWER-(;'aR'I)K.V,  n.    A  garden  in  which  flow- 
ers arc  chielly  cultivated. 
FLOWER  CiEN'TLE,  71.    A  plant,  the  amaranth. 
FLOWER-I  .NES.S,  71.    [from  flowrnj.]    The  state  of 
being  flowery,  or  of  aboiiniling  wilii  flowers. 
2.  Floridness  of  speech  ;  abundance  of  figures. 
FI<0  WER-LN'G,  /ipr.  or  a.     Blossoming;  blooming; 
expanding  the  petals,  as  plants. 

ii.  Adorning  with  artificial  flowers,  or  figures  of 
blossoms. 

p'LOWER-I.N'fJ,  71.    The  ncason  when  plants  blos- 

KOIII. 

y.  The  art  of  adiirning  with  flowers. 
FLf)W-ER-I.V-WOV'/;.\,  o.    Adorned  with  nowers. 

Milton. 

FLOWER-KIR'TL/vI),  (-kurt'ld,)  a.  Dressed  with 
iiarlands  of  flowerri. 

Millon. 


FLU 

FLOWER-LESS,  a.    Having  no  Powers.  Chaucer. 
2.  In  botany,  having  no  flowers  or  organs  of  fructi- 
fication. Lindley. 

FLOVV'ER-LESS-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being 
without  fltiwers. 

FLOWER-STALK,  (-stawk,)  71.  In  botany,  the  pe- 
duncle of  a  plant,  or  the  stem  that  supports  the  flower 
or  fructification. 

FLOWER- Y,  a.  Full  offlo%vers;  abounding  with 
blossoms  ;  as,  a  flowery  field.  Milton. 

2.  Adorned  with  artificial  flowers,  or  the  figures  of 
blossoms. 

3.  Highly  embellished  with  figurative  language; 
florid  ;  as,  a  flowery  style. 

FLOWING,  ppr.  Moving  as  a  fluid  ;  issuing;  pro- 
ceeding; abounding;  smooth,  as  style  ;  inundating. 
2.  a.  Fluent  ;  smooth,  as  style. 

FLOWING,  71.  The  act  of  running  or  moving  as  a 
fluid  ;  an  issuing;  an  overflowing;  rise  of  water. 

FLOWING-LY,  adv.  With  volubility  ;  with  abun- 
dtince. 

FLO  WING-NESS,  7t.    Smoothness  of  diction  ;  stream 

of  diction.  JV/cAu/s. 
FLOWK,  )  n.    [Sax.  floe]    A  flat  fish,  much  like  the 
FLuKE,  \     common  flounder.  Carew. 
FLoWN,  {had fled,)  in  the  following  phrases,  is  not 
good  English. 

Was  reason  Jloif^n.  Prior. 
Sons  of  Bella,   ftatsn  with  insolence  and  wine.  Milton. 

In  the  former  passage,  flown  is  used  as  the  partici- 
ple of  fly  or  flee,  both  intransitive  verbs,  and  *he 
phrase  should  have  been,  had  reason  flown  or  fled. 
In  the  latter  passage, ^(y7P7i  is  used  iorblojon,  inflated, 
but  most  improperly.    Flown  is  the  participle  of  the 
perfect  or  past  tense  of  fly,  but  can  not  regularly  be 
used  in  a  passive  sense 
FLU'.\TE,  71.    [from  flnor,  which  see.]    In  chemistry, 
a  salt  once  supposed  to  be  formed  by  the  fluoric  acid 
combined  with  a  base  ;  as,  flnate  of  alumina  or  of 
soda.    These  are  properiv^iii)7-ii/.~',  which  see. 
FLUe'TU-ANT,  a.    [L.  ftuctuans.    See  Fluctuate.] 
Moving  like  a  wave  ;  wavering ;  unsteady. 

L^Estrano-e. 

FLUC'TU-aTE,  v.  i.  [l,.fluctuo,  from  fluctus,  a  wave, 
from  fiuo,  to  flow.] 

1.  To  move  as  a  wave  ;  to  roll  hither  and  thither ; 
to  wave  ;  as,  a  fluctuating  fiehl  of  air.  Blackmore. 

2.  To  float  backward  and  forward,  as  on  waves. 

3.  To  move  now  in  one  direction  and  now  in 
another  ;  to  be  wavering  or  unsteady.  Public  opin- 
ion often  fluctuates  ;  men  often  fluctuate  between 
different  parties  and  opinions.  Hence, 

4.  To  be  irresolute  or  undetermined. 

5.  To  rise  and  fall ;  to  be  in  an  unsettled  state  ;  to 
experience  sudden  vicissitudes.  The  funds  or  the 
prices  of  stocks  fluctuate  with  the  events  of  the  day. 

FLUe'TU-A-TING,  ppr.  Wavering;  rolling  as  a 
wave  ;  moving  in  this  and  that  direction  ;  rising  and 
falling. 

2.  a.  Unsteady;  wavering  ;  changeable.  We  have 
little  confidence  in  fluctuatinir  opinions. 
FLUe-TU-A'TION,  n.  [L.;!«c(iia<io.] 

1.  A  motion  like  that  of  waves  ;  a  moving  in  this 
and  that  direction  ;  as,  the  fluctuations  of  the  sea. 

2.  A  wavering ;  unsteadiness  ;  as,  fluctuations  of 
opinion. 

3.  A  rising  .and  falling  suddenly;  as,  fluctuations 
of  prices  or  of  the  funds. 

FLUD'ER,  )  71.  An  aquatic  fowl  of  the  diver  kind, 
FLUD'DER,  (    nearly  as  large  as  a  goose. 

Diet.  ofJVat.  fTist. 
FLOE,  71.    [Probably  contracted  (mm  flume,  h.flumen, 
from  flun.] 

A  passage  for  smoke  in  a  chimney,  leading  from 
the  fireplace  to  the  top  of  the  rhimney,  or  into  anoth- 
er passage  ;  as,  a  cliiuiney  with  four^lu&s. 
FLOE,  71.    [G./a!i7n;  Ij.  plurna.] 

Light  down,  such  as  rises  from  beds,  cotton,  &c. ; 
soft  down  ;  fur  or  hair.  Tooke. 
FLU-EL'LEN,  71.    The  speedwell,  a  plant. 
FLO'E.N'CE,  for  Fluency,  is  not  used. 
FLO'EN-CY,  71.    [l,.flucns,  from  ftuo,  to  flow.] 

1.  'J'he  quality  of  tlowing,  applied  to  speech  or  lan- 
guage ;  smoothness  ;  freedom  from  harshness  ;  as, 
fluency  of  numbers. 

2.  Readiness  of  utterance ;  facility  of  word.!! ; 
vtjliibility  ;  as,  fluency  of  speech  ;  a  speaker  of  re- 
markable fluency. 

3.  Alflueuce  ;  abundance.    [06^.]  Sandys. 
FLu'E.^T,  (I.    [See  Fi.DENov.]    Liquid  ;  flowing. 

2.  Flowing  ;  passing.  [Bacon. 

Motion  being  a  Jluenl  thin*.  Hay. 

3.  Heady  in  the  use  of  words  ;  voluble  ;  copious ; 
having  words  at  command,  and  uttering  them  with 
facility  and  smoothness  ;  as,  a  fluent  speaker. 

4.  Flowing  ;  voluble  ;  smooth  ;  as,  fluent  speech. 
FLO'ENT,  71.    A  stream;  a  current  of  water.  [Lit- 
tle u.iid.]  Philip.-'. 

2.  In  analysis,  a  variable  quantity,  considered  as 
increasing  or  diminishing.  The  term  denotes  the 
fiame  tiling  as  inteirral,  which  is  now  used  in  its 
steail,  the  differential  anil  integral  calculus  having  su- 
perseded the  mi  llioils  ot  fluxions  and  fluents.  lirandc. 


FLU 

FLu'E.\T-LY,o(/u.  With  ready  flow  ;  volubly;  with 
out  hesitation  or  obstruction  ;  as,  to  speak  fluently. 

FLO'G£L-MAN,  (flu'gl-man,)  n.  [G.,  from  flugel,  a 
wing.] 

In  German,  the  leader  of  a  file ;  but,  with  us,  one 
who  stands  in  front  of  a  body  of  soldiers,  and  whose 
motions  in  the  manual  exercise  they  all  simultane- 
ously follow. 
FLU'ID,  a.    [h.fluidus,  from  fluo,  to  flow.] 

Having  particles  which  easily  move  and  change 
their  relative  position  without  a  separation  of  the 
mass,  and  which  easily  yield  to  pressure  :  tli.at  may 
flow  ;  liquid  or  gaseous.  Water,  spirit,  air,  are  fluid 
substances  ;  all  bodies  may  be  rendered  fluid  by  heat 
or  caloric. 

FLO'ID,  77.  A  body  whose  particles  move  easily 
among  themselves,  and  yield  to  the  least  force  im- 
pressed, and  which,  when  that  force  is  removed, 
recovers  its  previous  slate.  Fluid  is  a  generic  term, 
comprehending  liquids  and  gases.  Water,  wind,  and 
steam,  are  fluids.  Olm.stcd. 

FLU-ID'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being  capable  of 
flowing  ;  that  quality  of  bodies  which  renders  Ihem 
impressible  to  the  slightest  force,  and  by  which  the 
particles  easily  move  or  change  their  relative  position 
without  a  separation  of  the  mass  ;  a  liquid  or  gaseous 
state  ;  opposed  to  solidity.  Fluidity  is  the  effect  of 
heiit. 

FLC'ID-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  fluid  ;  fluidity, 
wjiich  see. 

FLUKE,  71.  [Supposed  to  be  D.  plneg,  G.  pflug,  a  p.ow.l 
The  part  of  an  anchor  which  fastens  in  the  grounu. 
FLOKE,   j  71.     A  species  of  flat-fish,  of  the  genus 
FLOWK,  )     Platessa,  much  like  the  common  floun- 
der. Partington. 
FLuKE'-WORM,  71.    A  small,  flat  worm,  often  found 
in  the  intestines  of  sheep  ;  called,  also,  gourd-worm, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  seed  of  a  goiird. 

Farm.  Encye. 

FLOME,  71.  [Sax.  flum,  a  stream  ;  L.  fiumen,  from 
fluo,  to  flow.] 

Literally,  a  flowing ;  hence,  the  passage  or  channel 
for  the  water  tlnit  drives  a  mill-wheel. 

FLUM'MER-Y,  71.  [W.  llymry,  from  llymyr,  harsh, 
raw,  crude,  from  Ilym,  sharp,  severe.  In  Welsh,  a 
kind  of  food  made  of  oatmeal  steeped  in  water, 
until  it  has  turned  sour.    See  Lumber.] 

1.  A  sort  of  jelly  made  of  flour  or  meal ;  pap. 
Milk  and  Jlummery  are  very  fit  for  children.  Locke. 

2.  In  vulgar  use,  any  thing  insipid  or  nothing  to 
the  purpose  ;  flattery. 

FLUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Flino. 

Several  statues  the  Romans  Ihemselves^un^  into  the  river. 

Addison. 

FLUNK'Y,  n.  A  term  of  contempt  for  one  who  is 
mean  and  base-spirited  ;  perhaps  from  the  Scottish 
flunkie,  a  livery  servant,  [i-'iiif.]  From  this,  the 
term  flunkyi-t-m  has  been  formed. 

FLU-O-Bo'K.'VTE,  71.  A  compound  of  fluoboric  acid 
with  a  base. 

FLU-O-Bo'Rie,  a.  The  fluoboric  acid  or  gas  is  a 
compound  of  fluorine  and  boron;  also  called  fluorid 
of  boron.  Davy. 

FLO'OR,  71.    [Low  L.,  from  ^110,  to  flow.] 

1.  A  fluid  state.  JVewton. 

2.  Menstrual  flux.    [Little  used  in  eiVier  sense.] 

3.  In  mineralogy,  fluorid  of  calcium,  usually  called 
fluor-spar.  Il  commonly  occurs  massive,  but  crystal- 
lizes in  octahedrons,  which  are  frequently  changed 
into  cubes.  It  is  a  mineral  of  beautiful  colors,  and 
much  used  for  ornamental  vessels.  This  is  the  mate- 
rial of  which  the  original  myrrhine  vessels  of  the  an- 
cients were  made.  Dana. 

FLU  OR'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  fluor ;  obtained  from 
fluor. 

FLO'OR-ID,  71.  A  compound  of  fluorine  with  a 
metallic  or  combustible  base. 

FLO'OR-INE,  71.  An  element  in  the  form  of  a  yellow- 
ish-brown gas,  with  the  odor  of  chlorine  and  burnt 
sugar;  one  of  the  acidifying  and  basifyiug  |irin- 
ciples. 

FLU-O-SIL'I-CATE,  71.    [fluor  and  silri  or  silica.] 
In  chemistry,  a  compound  of  fluosilicic  .acid  with 
some  base. 

FLU-0-SI-L[C'ie  ACID,  71.  An  arid  composed  of 
silicon  and  lltioriue  ;  also  called  fluorid  of  silicon. 

FLIJR'IM-Z'.'D,  (dur'rid,)  /71.    Put  in  agitation. 

FLUR'RY,  71.  A  sudden  blast  or  gust,  or  a  light,  tem- 
liorary  breeze;  as,  a  flurry  of  winil.  His  never, with 
us,  applied  to  a  storm  of  duration. 

2.  A  sudden  shower  of  short  duration  ;  as,  a  flurry 
of  snow. 

3.  Violent  agitation  ;  commotion  ;  bustle  ;  hurry. 
FLUR'RY,  V.  t.    To  put  in  agitation  ;  to  excite  or 

alarm.  Swinburne. 

FLIJR'RY-ING,  ppr.    Pulling  in  agitation. 

FLUSH,  7'.  i.  |(!.  fliisxrn,  impi  rf.  floss,  to  flow;  D. 
vlleten,  in  a  ililli  reiil  ilialirl.  It  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  blush,  bia-.r,  and  flash.] 

1.  To  lliiw  and  spread  suddenly  ;  to  rush  ;  as, 
blood  flushes  into  the  face. 

2.  'I'd  come  in  haste  ;  to  start.  B.  Jonson. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


464 


F  L  U 


FLY 


FLY 


'J  To  appear  suilJeiily,  as  redness  or  a  blush. 
A  l>lii»li  rotf  on  (Heir  chrrki, 
Ftu$hing  ami  r;tiliu?  like  tiie  ctiangfl'>il  \>Uy 
Ufculuna  uil  i>  <lul|ilini.  Ptrdvat. 

4.  To  become  suddenly  red  ;  to  glow ;  as,  the 
cheeks  flush. 

5.  'I'o  be  gay,  splendid,  or  beautiful. 

4.  nmyed 
In  a!l  IHt  colorv  of  itie  Jtuthing  year, 
Tlie  garden  glo«l.  Thomion. 

FLUSH,  r.  t.  To  redden  suddenly  ;  to  cause  the  blood 
to  rush  suddenly  into  the  Tuce. 

Nor  JftuK  wilU  shame  the  passing  virgin's  cticck.  Cay. 

2.  To  elate ;  to  elevate ;  to  excite  the  spirits  j  to 
animate  with  joy  j  as,  to  flush  with  victorj-. 

FLUSH,  o.    Fresh  ;  full  of  vigor ;  glowing  ;  bright. 

Flush  as  May.  Shai. 

3.  Affluent ;  abounding  ;  well  furnished. 

Lorxl  Strut  wiu  not  Tcry/usA  in  really.  Arbulhnot. 

3.  Free  to  8i>end  ;  liberal ;  prodigal.  He  is  very 
flush  with  his  money.  [7'/iu  is  a  fopular  use  of  the 
word  in  ..America.] 

4.  In  ttrchitectttre,even  or  level  in  respect  to  sur- 
face. OicilL 

A  flush  deck,  in  seamen^s  lan/Tuaijc,  is  a  deck  with 
a  continued  Moor  unbroken  from  stem  to  stern.  [Ciu. 
Russ.  ploskei,  flat.  'I'lie  sense  of  spreading  naturally 
results  from  that  of  flowins.J 
FLUSH,  71.  A  sudden  flow  ol  blood  to  the  face  ;  or, 
more  generally,  the  redness  of  face  which  proceeds 
from  such  an  atllux  of  blood.  Hectic  constitutions 
are  often  known  by  a  fretiiient  flush  in  the  cheeks. 

3.  Sudden  impulse  or  cxciteineni;  sudden  glow; 
as,  a  flu.ih  of  joy. 

3.  Bloom  ;  growth  ;  abundance.  QvlJ.imitA. 

4.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  flux.]  A  run  of  cards  of  the  same 
suit. 

5.  .\  term  for  a  number  of  ducks.  Spniser. 
FLUSir^.D,  (flusbt,)  ;>/).  or  n.    Overspread  or  tinged 

w  illi  a  red  color,  from  the  flowing  of  blood  to  the  face. 
We  say,  the  skin,  face,  or  cheek  is  flushed. 

2.  Elated  ;  excited  ;  anim.ited  ;  as,  flushed  with  joy 
or  success.    He.tted  or  excited  with  strong  drink. 

Sir  IV.  Temple. 

FLUPH'F.R,  n.    The  lesser  butcher-bird.  Chambers. 

FLUSH'I.Nti,  ppr.    Overspreading  with  red  ;  glowing. 

FIjUSH'ING,  ;i.    .a  glow  of  red  in  the  face. 

FLUSiri.N'G-LV,  adc.    In  a  flushing  manner. 

FLUSH'NESS,  n.   Freshness.  Oaudcn. 

FLUS'TEIl,  r.  I.  To  make  hot  and  rosy,  as  with 
drinkini! ;  to  heat ;  to  hurr>' ;  to  agitate  ;  to  confuse. 

FLL'S'Tl'.ll,  r.  L  To  be  in  a  heat  or  bustle  ;  to  be  agi- 
tated. 

FLUS'TI'.It,  n.  Heat ;  glow  ;  agitation  ;  confusion  ; 
disoriler. 

FLUS'TER-£D,  pp.  Heated  with  liquor ;  agitated  ; 
confused. 

FLCTE,  II.  [Fr.  flfile ;  Arm.  j!<-u( ;  D.  fluit ;  G.  fliiU  ; 
DjLti.  jiajte  ;  ^p.flauta;  Von./rauta:  IL  flauto  ;  L. 
flo,  flutus,  to  blow,  or  L.  ftuta,  a  lamprey,  with  the 
same  number  of  holes.] 

1.  A  small  wind-instrument;  a  pipe  with  lateral 
holes  and  keys,  playetl  by  blowing  with  the  mouth, 
anil  by  stopping  ami  opening  the  holes  with  the  fin- 
gers. 

2.  A  cli.annel  in  a  column  or  piflar  ;  a  perpendicu- 
lar furrow  or  cavity,  cut  along  Uie  shaft  of  a  column 
or  pilaster  ;  so  called  friiin  its  resemblance  to  a  flute. 
It  is  used  chiefly  in  the  Ionic  order;  sometimes  in 
Uie  Com|)ositc  and  Corinthian  ;  rarely  in  the  Doric 
and  Tuscan.    It  is  called  also  a  reeiL  Kneyc. 

3.  A  similar  channel  in  theniu.slln  of  a  lady's  niflle 
is  called  a  flute. 

4.  A  long  Vessel  or  boat,  with  fl.it  ribs  or  fltxir  tim- 
bers, round  behind,  and  swelled  in  the  middle.  [.^ 
different  orllioirraphtj  of  Float,  Flota.1  Encyc. 

.^rmed  en  flute:  an  armed  ship,  with  her  guns  in 
part  taken  out,  as  when  used  as  a  Iransimrt,  is  said 
to  be  armed  en  fluie  Lunicr, 

FLOTE,  r.  i.    To  play  on  a  flute.  Chaucer. 

FLOTE,  r.  U  To  form  flutes  or  channels  in  a  column  ; 
to  form  corrcs|>onding  channels  in  the  muslin  of  a 
laily's  ruffle. 

FLOT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Channeled ;  furrowed  ;  as  a  col- 
umn. 

2.  In  music,  thin ;  fine  ;  flutelike  ;  as,  fluted  notes. 

Busby. 

FI.CT-ER,  n.    One  who  plays  on  the  flute. 
FLPTE'-STOP,  n.    A  ninge  of  wooden  pipes  in  an 

orcan,  designed  to  imil.ile  the  flute.  P.  Cyc. 

FI.OT'ING,  ppr.    Channeling  ;  forming  furrows  ;  as 

in  a  column. 

FLPT'ING,  B.  A  channel  or  furrow  in  a  column,  or 

in  the  muslin  of  a  lady's  ruffle  ;  fluted  work. 
FLCT'IST,  n.    A  performer  on  the  flute.  Busby. 
FLUT'TKR,  r.  i.   [Sajc.  flatfran  ;  D.flndJeren  ;  G.  'flat- 
tern.    Ciu.  ft.  flutter,  lo  waver,  from  flat,  a  wave.  It 
is  [Kissible  that  Ihe  woni  is  contracted.] 

1.  Vo  move  or  flap  the  wings  rapidly,  without  fly- 
ing, or  with  short  flights  ;  to  hover. 

Aj  an  emg\r  stirTrth  up  ber  ocu,  Jttittfrtth  OTcr  ber  young, 
sprraj.-lh  al>road  bet  wings.  —  Drul.  xxxii. 


2.  To  move  about  briskly,  irregularly,  or  with  great 
bustle  and  show,  without  conscipience. 

No  riir,  no  scrip  of  all  the  beau  or  wit, 

Tliut  biit:e  so  Jtutlered,  ajiJ  lluit  oiicii  so  writ.  Pops. 

3.  To  move  with  quick  vibrations  or  undulations; 
as,  a  fluttering  fan  ;  a  fiuttcrintr  sail.  Pope. 

4.  To  be  in  agitation  ;  to  move  irregularly  ;  to  fluc- 
tuate ;  to  be  in  uncertainty. 

How  long  we fiultered  on  the  wings  of  dpubtfYlI  succett.  Hoietl. 
His  tliouglita  are  Vi:ryJtalUring  ami  wanderuif.  WuUi, 

FLUT'TER,  V.  L    To  drive  in  disorder.    [Little  used.] 

2.  To  hurry  the  mind  ;  to  agitate.  [Shak. 

3.  To  disorder ;  to  throw  into  confusion. 
FLUT'TEIl,  »i.    ciuick  and  irregular  motion  ;  vibra- 
tion ;  undulation  ;  as,  the  flutter  of  a  fun.  JIddison. 

2.  Hurry  ;  tuiniilt ;  agitation  of  the  mind. 

3.  Confusion  ;  disorder  ;  irregularity  in  position. 

FLUT'TER-f;i),  pp.    Agitated  ;  confused  ;  disordered. 

FI.UT'TEIl-LN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Flapping  the  wings  with- 
out flight,  or  witli  short  flights;  hovering;  fluctua- 
ting :  agitating  ;  throwing  into  confusion. 

FLUT'TER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  hovering,  or  flapping 

the  wings  without  flight;  a  wavering;  agit.ation. 
FLUT'TER- ING-LY,  a</e.    In  a  fluttering  manner. 
FLPT'Y,  a.    Soft  and  clear  in  tone,  like  a  llute. 
FI.C'VI-AL-IST,  ti.    One  who  explains  phenomena 

by  existing  streams.  .^m.  QuarL 

FLU-VI  AT'ie,  (  a.  [L.  flaviaticus,  from  ftui'ius,  a 
FLO'VI-AL,      j     river  ;/iiio,  to  flow.] 

Hclonging  to  rivers  ;  growing  or  living  in  streams 

or  ponds  ;  .as,  a  flueiatic  plant. 
FLO'VI-A  TILE,  o.  [L.;Iuriat.7;s.] 

Belonging  to  rivers ;  existing  in  rivers  ;  as,  fluvia- 

tilc  strata.  Lyell. 
FLU-V,  n.    [L.  fluius;  Sp.  fluzo ;  Ft.  flux;  It.  flusso  ; 

from  L.  fluo,  fluii.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  ;  the  motion  or  passing  of  a 
fluid. 

2.  The  moving  or  passing  of  any  thing  in  contin- 
ued succession.  Tilings  in  this  life  are  in  a  contin- 
ual fluz. 

3.  Any  flow  or  issue  of  matter.  In  medicine,  an 
extraordinary  issue  or  evacuation  from  the  bowels  or 
other  part ;  as,  the  bloody  flux  or  dysentery,  hepatic 
flux,  kc. 

4.  Ill  hijdroirraphy,  the  flow  of  the  tide.  The  ebb 
is  called  reflux. 

5.  In  chemistry  and  metallur^j,  any  substance  or 
mixture  used  to  promote  the  fusion  of  metals  or  min- 
erals, as  alkalies,  borax,  tartar,  and  other  saline  mat- 
ter ;  or,  in  large  operations,  limestone  or  fluor.  Al- 
kaline fluxes  are  either  the  crude,  the  white,  or  the 
black  fluz.  J\richolson. 

6.  Fusion ;  a  liquid  state  from  the  operation  of 
heat.  Encyc 

7.  That  which  flows  or  is  discharged. 

8.  Concourse  ;  continence.    [Little  used,]  Shak. 
FLUX,  a.    Flowing  ;  moving  ;  maintained  by  a  con- 
stant succession  of  parts  ;  inconstant ;  variable.  [JVut 
veil  autJioriied.] 

FLUX,  V.  u    To  melt ;  to  fuse  ;  to  make  fluid. 

Ouc  part  of  mineral  alkali  will  Jtux  two  of  lilicious  earth  with 
ellcrvcsceiice,  Kirtean. 

2.  To  salivate.  [Litde  used.]  South. 
FLUX-J'TION,  n.    A  flowing  or  passing  away,  and 

giving  place  to  others.  Leslie. 
FLUX'KU,  (flukst,)  pp.   Melted ;  fused  ;  reduced  to  a 

flowing  state. 

FLUX-I-BIL'I-TY,  lu  The  quality  of  admitting  fu- 
sion. 

FLUX'I-BLE,  a.    [from  Low  L.]    Capable  of  being 

melted  or  fu.scd,  as  a  mineral. 
FLUX-IL'I-TY,  n.    (Low  L.  /iixi7«.] 

The  quality  of  ailmitting  fusion  ;  possibility  of  be- 


ne fused  or  liquefied. 
UX'ION,  (fluk'shun,)  n. 


Boyle. 

[L.  fluxio,  from  fluo,  to 


Wiseman. 


In 
FLU 
flow.l 

1.  The  act  of  flowing. 

2.  The  matter  that  flow 

3.  In  mathematics,  an  infinitely  small  quantity  ;  an 
increment ;  the  infinitely  small  increase  of  the  fluent 
or  flowing  quantity ;  the  same  as  DirrcBENTiAi- 

Bailey.  Brande. 
A.  Fluxions;  a  department  of  analysis.    It  is  the 
same  with  the  Diffebcntial  and  Inteural  Calcu- 
li's.   [See  Calculus.] 
FLUX'ION-AL,     j  o.    Tertaining  to  matliematical 
FLUX'ION-A-RY,  (  fluxions. 

FLUX'ION-IST,  jL  One  skilled  in  fluxions.  Berkeley. 
FLUX'IVE,  0.     Flowing;  wanting  solidity.  [J\*u£ 

used.]  B.  Jonson. 

FLUX'ITRE,  (fluks'jTir,)  n.  A  flowing  or  fluid  matter. 

[A'ot  in«i.J  Drayton. 
FLV,  V.  L ;  preU  Flew  ;  part  Flowx.    [Sax.  fleogan ; 

G.  fliegen  ;  I),  vlief^en  ;  Sw.  flyga  ;  Dan.  flyver.  In 

Saxon,  the  same  verb  signifies  to  fly  and  to  flee;  in 

German,  different  words  are  used.] 

1.  To  move  through  air  by  the  aid  of  wings,  as 
fowls. 

2.  To  pass  or  move  In  air  by  the  force  of  wind  or 
other  impulse  ;  as,  clouds  and  vapors  fly  before  the 
wind.  A  ball  flies  from  a  cannon  ;  an  arrow  from  a 
bow. 


3.  To  rise  in  air,  as  tight  substances,  by  means  of  a 
current  of  air,  or  by  having  less  specific  gravity  tiuui 
air,  as  smoke. 

Man  b  born  to  trouble,  as  the  sparks  fly  upwart].  —  Job  v. 

4.  To  move  or  pa-sa  with  velocity  or  celerity,  either 
on  land  or  water.  He  flew  to  the  relief  of  his  dis- 
tressed friend.    The  ship  flies  upon  the  main. 

5.  To  move  rapidly,  in  any  manner  ;  as,  a  top flia 
about. 

6.  To  pxss  away  ;  to  depart ;  with  the  idea  of  taste, 
swiftness,  or  escajie.    'I'lii-  bird  has  flown. 

7.  To  pa-ss  rapidly,  as  time.  Swift  yiy  the  fleeting 
hours. 

8.  To  part  suddenly,  or  with  violence  ;  to  burst,  as 
a  bottle.  \  SioifL 

y.  To  spring  by  an  elastic  force. 

10.  To  pass  swiftly,  as  rumor  or  report. 

11.  To  llee  ;  to  run  away  ;  to  attempt  to  escape  ;  to 
escape. 

I'll  fiy  fnjm  sliephordj,  flocks,  and  flowery  plains.  Pope, 

12.  To  flutter ;  to  vibrate  or  play ;  as  a  flag  in  the 
wind. 

To  fly  at ;  to  spring  toward  ;  to  rush  on  ;  to  fall  on 
suddenly. 

A  hen  flie^  at  a  dog  or  cat ;  a  dog  JtiM  at  a  man. 
To  fly  in  the  face:  to  insult. 

2.  To  assail  ;  to  resist ;  to  set  at  defiance  ;  to  op- 
pose with  violence  ;  to  act  in  direct  opposition. 
To  fly  off;  to  separate,  or  depart  suddenly. 
2.  To  revolt. 

To  fly  open  ;  to  open  suddenly,  or  with  violence  ; 
as,  the  doors  fleic  open. 

To  fly  out ;  to  rush  out ;  also,  to  burst  into  a  pas- 
sion. 

2.  To  break  out  into  license. 

3.  To  start  or  issue  with  violence  from  any  direc- 
tion. 

To  let  fly;  to  discharge  ;  to  throw  or  drive  with 
violence  ;  as,  to  /(/  fly  a  shower  of  d.arts. 

2.  In  seamauship,  to  let  go  suddenly  and  entirely. 
Let  fly  the  sheets.  Tottrn. 
FLV,  tJ.  (.     [This  is  used  for  flee,  and  from  is  under- 
stood after  y,  so  that  it  can  hardly  be  called  a  trans- 
itive verb.] 

1.  To  shun;  to  avoid;  to  decline  ;  as,  to  /fi/ the 
sight  of  one  we  hate  ;  that  is,  primarily,  to  flee 
from. 

Sleep  fiUt  the  wpelch.  Dryden. 

2.  To  quit  by  flight. 

3.  To  attack  by  a  bird  of  prey.  [A'af  used.]  Bacon, 

4.  To  cause  to  float  in  the  air. 

FL'?,  n.  [Sax.  fleoge :  Sw.  flu<;a  :  Dan.  flue ;  G.  fliege ; 
U.vlicg;  from  the  verb  fliogan,  to  fly.] 

1.  In  zodtotry,  a  winged  insect  of  various  species, 
whose  distinguishing  cli.aracteristic  is  that  the  wings 
are  transparent.  By  this,  flirs  are  distiiiiiuished  from 
beetles,  butterflies,  gracslioppers,  4ic.  Of  flies,  some 
have  two  wings,  and  t>thers  four.  F.neye. 

In  common  lan^tuige,  fly  is  the  house-fly,  of  the  ge- 
nus Miisca. 

2.  In  meclianics,  a  cross  with  leaden  weights  at  the 
ends,  or  a  heavy  wiieel  at  right  angles  with  the  axis 
of  a  windl.iss,  jack,  or  other  machine,  'J'he  use  of 
this  is,  lo  regulate  and  equalize  the  motion  in  all 
parts  of  the  revolution  of  the  machine,  and  some- 
times lo  collect  force  in  order  to  produce  a  very  great 
instantaneous  impression,  a.s  in  a  coining  press. 

Brande. 

3.  That  part  of  a  vane  which  iKiints  and  shows 
which  way  the  wind  blows. 

4.  The  extent  of  an  ensign,  flag,  or  pendant  from 
the  staff  to  the  end  that  flutters  loose  in  the  wind. 

Mar.  Diet. 

5.  A  light  carriage  formed  for  rapid  motion. 

6.  In  printing,  one  who  takes  the  sheets  from  tlie 
pre.ts  in  cases  demanding  ex})edition. 

FLY'B.^NE,  n.    A  herbaceous  plant  called  Catch-fly, 

of  the  genus  Silene. 
FL?'-B1T-T£.\,  a.    Marked  by  the  bite  of  flies. 

Shak. 

FLVBLoW,  V.  t.  To  deposit  an  ezg  in  any  thing, 
as  a  fly ;  to  taint  with  the  eggs  which  produce  mag- 
gots. 

Like  a /y-6/oif  n  cdie  of  ullow.  Sm/l. 

FL^'BL^W,  n.    The  egg  of  a  fly. 

FLY'BLoW.N', ;);).  or  a.    Tainted  with  maggots. 

FLY'lloAT,  IL    A  light,  swift  kind  of  boat,  used  on 
canals.  BucJianan. 
2.  .\  large,  flat-bottomed  "Dutch  vessel.  Encyc. 

FLY'e.VrcH-ER,  n.    One  that  hunts  flies. 

2.  In  toUlofy,  a  name  common  to  very  numerous 
species  of  birds,  forming  the  Linna'an  genus  Miuci- 
enpa,  and  having  a  bill  flatted  at  tht>  base,  almost  tri- 
angular, notched  or  hooked  at  the  upper  mandible, 
anti  beset  with  bristles.  These  birds  are  so  nanieti 
because  they  feed  entirely  on  flies  and  other  winged 
insects,  which  they  catch  as  they  fly.         P.  Cyc. 

FLY'ER,  TL  One  that  flics  or  flees;  usually  writteu 
flier. 

2.  One  that  uses  wings. 

3.  The  fly  of  a  jack. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  the  steps  In  I 


TONE,  B^LL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


.SO 


46fi 


FOA 


FOE 


FOl 


flight  of  s'.airs  which  are  parallel  to  each  other. 
These  are  the  ordinary  stairs,  as  distinguished  from 
winding  stairs.  'J'he  second  of  these  filers  stands 
parallel  behind  Uie  first,  the  third  behind  the  second, 
and  so  are  said  to  fly  off  from  one  auotlier. 

Muxon. 

5.  A  performer  in  Me.\ico,  who  flies  round  an  ele- 
vated post. 

6.  Flyers;  that  part  of  a  spinning-machine,  or 
wheel,  which,  with  a  rapid  motion,  spins  the  thread. 

FL'C'-FISH,  V.  i.    To  anf;le  with  flies  for  bait. 

FL'5'-FISH-ING,  n.  Angling  ;  the  art  or  practice  of 
angling  for  fish  with  flies,  natural  or  artificial,  for 
bait.  Walton. 

FL'j'-FLAP,  n.    Something  to  drive  away  flies. 

FL^'-HON'EY-SUCK-LE,  (-hun'ne-suk-1,)  n.  A 
plant,  the  Lonicera.  The  African  flij-honmjsuckle  is 
the  Halleria.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

FL^'-SPECK,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  excrementi- 
tious  stains  of  insects,  chiefly  of  the  common  fly. 

FL^'ING,  ppr.  Moving  in  air  by  means  of  wings ; 
passing  rapidly  ;  springing;  bursting;  avoiding. 

2.  a.  Floating;  waving;  as,  colors. 

3.  a.  INloving;  light,  and  suited  for  prompt  motion ; 
as,  a  flying  camp. 

Flying  colors ;  a  phrase  expressing  triumph. 

FLfING,  n.  The  act  of  moving  in  the  air  with 
wings ;  flight. 

FL?'ING-AR-TIL'LE-RY,  n.  Artillery  trained  to 
very  rapid  evolutions.  In  passing  from  one  part  of 
the  field  to  another,  the  men  spring  on  to  the  guns, 
which  are  drawn  by  horses  at  full  gallop. 

FL^'lNG-JiKIUGE,  71.  A  means  used  by  armies  for 
crossing  rivers  in  rapid  movements.  It  is  sometimes 
a  bridge  supported  by  pontoons  or  light  boats,  and 
sometimes  a  large,  flat-bottomed  boat,  anchored  up 
stream,  which  is  made  to  pass  like  a  ferry-boat  from 
one  side  of  a  river  to  the  other,  by  the  force  of  the 
current. 

FL5'ING-BUT'TRESS,n.  A  contrivance  for  strength- 
ening the  nave  or  central  part  of  a  Gothic  building, 
when  it  rises  considerably  above  the  side  aisles  or 
wings  It  consists  of  a  kind  of  brace,  in  a  curved 
fonn,  or  half  arch,  thrown  across  from  the  tops  of  the 
side  aisle  buttresses  to  tlie  wall  of  the  nave,  prop- 
ping it  up,  and  preventing  it  from  spreading  out- 
ward under  the  pressure  of  tlie  roof.  From  its  tlius 
passing  through  the  air,  over  the  roof  of  the  side 
aisles,  it  has  its  name  of  flying-buttress.       P.  Cyc. 

FLVIA'G-eAMP,  n.  A  camp  or  body  of  troops  formed 
for  rapid  motion  from  one  place  to  another. 

FL?'ING-FISH,  ;i.  A  name  common  to  tho.se  fishes 
which  have  the  power  of  sustaining  themselves  in 
tlie  air,  for  a  certain  length  of  time,  by  means  of 
tlieir  long,  pectoral  fins. 

FL5'ING-PAR'TY,  n.  In  military  affairs,  a  detach- 
ment of  men  employed  to  hover  about  an  enemy. 

FL?'ING-PIN'ION,  «.  The  part  of  a  clock  having  a 
fly  or  fan,  by  which  it  gathers  air,  and  checks  the 
rapidity  of  the  clock's  motion,  when  the  weight  de- 
scends in  the  striking  part.  Encyc. 

FL^'ING-SaUIR'REI.,,  n.  A  species  of  squirrel  hav- 
ing an  expansive  skin  on  each  side,  reaching  from 
the  fore  to  the  hind  legs,  by  which  it  is  borne  up  in 
leaping. 

FLY'-LeAF,  71.  A  blank  leaf  at  the  beginning  or 
end  of  a  book. 

FL'S'-l'OVV-DER,  n.  An  imperfect  oxyd  of  arsenic, 
which,  mi.ved  with  sugar  and  water,  is  used  to  kill 
flies.  lirande. 

FLif'-RAIL,  n.  That  part  of  a  table  which  turns  out 
to  support  tlie  leaf. 

FLV-.SUOOT-ER,  71.    One  that  shoots  flies. 

FLV-TRAP,  71.  In  botany,  a  species  of  sensitive 
plant,  called  yenus^s  Fly-trap,  the  Diona:a  Mnscipula  ; 
a  plant  that  has  the  power  of  seizing  insects,  that 
light  on  it.  Partington. 

FL^'-WIIEEL,  71.  A  wheel  in  machinery  that  equal- 
izes its  movements,  or  accumulates  power  for  a  very 
great  instantaneous  impression. 

FoAL,  71.  [Sax./u/o./uic  ;  (i.fuUen;  U.vciden;  Dan. 
fSl;  Sw.Jala;  Fr.  jioulain  ;  Arm.  ponll,  pull,  or  htu- 
benli  VV.  ebawl ;  Corn,  ebol;  L.  pullus ;  Gr.  nujXas  ; 

Ch.  nSio;  Ar.  Jjuia  M/ufa,  to  rise  or  toselad  thesun, 

e  J 

to  bear  young,  and  JJtla  lofllon,  pullus.  The  pri- 
mary gensc  of  the  verb  is,  to  shoot,  to  cast  or  throw 
to  fait.  The  same  verb,  in  lleh.  and  Ch.,  signifies 
to  unit«,  to  faslrii ;  in  ."^yr.,  to  foul,  to  drfUc :  both 
HcnseH  from  that  of  putting  or  throwing  on.  The 
verb  belongH,  probably,  to  the  rofit  of  Eng.  fall  and 
font,  that  is,  So:  with  a  ilifl'i  reiit  prefix.  Foal  is  lit- 
er.'illy  a  shoot,  issue,  or  that  which  is  cast,  or  which 
falls.) 

The  young  of  the  cipiine  genus  of  quadrupeds, 
and  of  either  Hex  ;  a  coll  or  filly. 
FCjAIj,  r.  (.    To  bring  forth  a  colt  or  filly;  to  bring 
forth  young,  an  a  mare  or  a  she-ass. 


FoAL,  V.  i.    To  bring  forth  young,  as  a  mare  and  cer- 
tain other  beasts. 
FoAL'BIT,  71.    A  plant. 

FoAL'£D,  pp. '  Disburdened  of  a  foal,  as  a  mare. 
FoAL'FOOT,  71.    The  colt's-font,  Tussilago. 
FoAL'IN'G,  ppr.    Bringing  forth  a  colt. 
FoAL'ING,  n.    The  act  of  bringing  forth  a  colt. 
FoAM,  71.    [Sax.  ftem,  fam  i  G.fauni,  foam;  L.  fumo, 

to  smoke,  to  foam.] 
Froth  ;  spume  ;  the  substance  which  is  formed  on 

the  surface  of  liquors  by  fermentation  or  Violent 

agitation,  consisting  of  bubbles. 
Foam,  v.  i.    To  froth  ;  to  gather  foam.    The  billows 

foam ;  a  horse  foams  at  the  month  when  violently 

heated. 

2.  To  be  in  a  rage  ;  to  be  violently  agitated. 
Uefoameth  ami  gnaslietli  wilh  liia  teeth.  —  Mark  \x. 
FoAM,  v.  t.    To  throw  out  with  rage  or  violence ; 
with  out 

Foaming  out  tlieir  own  shame. — Jude  13. 
FoAiM'-eREST-ED,  a.    Crested  with  foam. 
FoA.M'J;D,  pp.    Tlirown  out  with  rage  or  violence. 
FoAM'I.VG,  ppr.  or  a.    Frothing;  fuming. 
FoAM'ING-LY,  ado.  Frothily. 
FoAM'LESS,  a.    Having  no  foain. 
FoAM'Y,  a.    Covered  with  foam ;  frothy. 

Behold  liow  hi^h  the  foamy  billows  ride.  Dryilen. 

FOB,  71.    [Q,\i.  C.  fuppe.    I  have  not  found  the  word.] 

A  little  pocket  for  a  v/atch. 
FOB,  V.  t.  [O.fuppen.] 

To  cheat ;  to  trick  ;  to  impose  on. 
To  fob  off;  to  shift  off' by  an  artifice;  to  put  aside  ; 
to  delude  with  a  trick.    {Jl  low  word.]  Sliak. 
FOB'n^;D,  (fobd,)  pp.    Cheated  ;  imposed  on. 
FOB'BING,  jj/ir.    Cheating;  imposing  on. 
Fo'CAL,  a.    [from  L. /ocus.] 

Belonging  to  a  focus  ;  as,  a  focal  point. 
Focal  distance ;  in  optics,  the  distance  between  the 
center  of  a  convex  lens  or  concave  mirror  and  its 
focus,  or  the  point  into  which  the  rays  of  light  are 
collected.  Brande. 
FO'CILE,  71.  [Ft.focile.] 

The  greater  focile  is  the  ulna  or  tibia,  tlie  greater 
bone  of  the  fore  arm  or  leg.  The  lesser  focile  is  the 
radius  or  fibula,  the  lesser  bone  of  the  fore  arm  or 
leg.  Coze.  Wiseman. 

FOC-IL-La'TION,  71.    [L.  focillo.'] 

Comfort ;  support. 
FO'CUS,  71. ;  pi.  Focuses  or  Foci.    [L.  focxLS,  a  fire, 
the  hearth  ;  Sp.  faego  ;  Port,  fogo  ;  It.  faoco  ;  Fr. 
feu. ;  Arin./t).] 

1.  In  optics,  a  point  in  which  any  number  of  rays 
of  light  meet,  after  being  reflecteil  or  refracted  ;  as, 
the  focns  of  a  lens.  Barlow.  Mewton. 

2.  In  geometry  and  conic  sections,  a  term  applied  to 
certain  points  in  the  parabola,  ellipse,  and  hyperbola, 
where  rays  reflected  from  all  parts  of  these  curves 
concur  or  meet;  i.  e.,  rays  issuing  from  a  luminous 
point  in  the  one  focus,  and  falling  upon  all  points  of 
the  curves,  are  reflected  into  the  otlier  focus,  or  into 
the  line  directed  to  the  other  focus,  viz.,  into  the 
other  focus  in  the  ellipse  and  parabola,  and  directly 
from  it  in  the  hyperbola.  Hutlon. 

3.  A  central  point ;  ptiint  of  concentration. 
FOD'DER,  71.    [Sax.  fuddor,  m  father  ;  G.  fiMcr  ;  D. 

voeder;  \)i\n.  foedvr ;  Sw.  fodcr  ;  from  the  wot  of  feed, 
the  sense  of  which  is,  to  thrust  in,  to  stuff.  Hence, 
in  German,  fatter  is  a  lining,  as  well  as  fodder.] 

1.  Food  or  dry  food  for  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep, 
as  hay,  straw,  and  other  kinds  of  vegetables.  The 
word  is  never  applied  to  pasture. 

2.  In  mining,  a  weight  by  which  lead  and  some 
otlier  metals  are  sold.  It  is  of  various  magnitudes, 
but  commonly  about  2400  lbs.  It  is  also  written 
FoTHEU.  Brande.  Ure. 

FOD'DEIl,  1).  (.  To  feed  with  dry  food,  or  cut  grass, 
&c. ;  to  furnish  with  hay,  straw,  oats,  &c.  Farmers 
fodder  their  cattle  twice  or  thrice  in  a  day. 

FOD'DER-/;!),;);).  Fed  with  dry  food,  or  cut  grass, 
straw,  &,c. 

FOD'l)i;K-r,R,  71.    He  who  fodders  cattle. 
FOD'DER-ING,  ppr.    Feeding  with  dry  food,  &,c. 
Fo'DI-ENT,  a.    [ I.,  fodio,  to  dig.] 

Digging;  throwing  up  with  a  spade.  [Little  xLsed.] 
FolC,(fo,)  71.    [Sax./«/ij  from/c«)i,/n)n,  ^o-un,to  hate  ; 

the  participle  is  used  m  the  other  Teutonic  dialects. 

See  FiKND.] 

1.  An  enemy ;  one  who  entertains  personal  en- 
mity, l^atrod,  grudge,  or  malice,  against  another. 

A  niun'B  Joea  sludl  U;  lliey  of  his  own  housrliold. —  Matt.  I. 

0.  An  enemy  in  war  ;  one  of  a  nation  at  war  with 
another,  whetlier  he  entertains  enmity  against  the 
ojiposing  nation  or  not;  an  adversary. 

I'^itlir-r  llirf^f?  yeard'  (limine,  or  three  mouthi  to  be  destroyed  before 
lliy  foea.  —  I  Chron.  xxi. 

3.  Foe,  like  enemy,  in  the  singular,  is  used  to  de- 
note an  opposing  army,  or  n.ation  at  war. 

4.  An  opptuicnt ;  an  (Ujemy  ;  one  who  tipposes 
any  thing  in  jiriiuiplo  ;  an  ill-wisher ;  as,  a  foe  to  re- 
ligion ;  a  foe  to  virtue ;  a  foe  to  the  measures  of  the 
nilininistratiim. 

FOE,  «.  (.    To  treat  as  an  enemy.    [Obs.]  Spenner. 


FoE'-HOOD,  71.    Enmity.    [JVot  in  use.]  Bedell. 
FoE'-LTKE,  a.    Like  an  enemy.  Sandys. 
FoE'-MAN,  71.  An  enemy  in  vvar.   [Obs.]  Spenser. 
FCET'I-CIDE,  (fet'e-side,)  71.    [L.  fatas  and  caido,  to 
kill.] 

In  medical  jurisprudence,  the  act  by  which  criminal 
abortion  is  produced.    [Recent.''  Beck. 
FCE'TUS.    See  Fetus. 

FOG,  71.  [In  Sp.  valio,  is  steam ,  vahar,  to  exhale. 
In  Italian,  sfogo  is  exhalation  ;  sfogare,  to  exhale. 
In  Scot. /un-  is  moss.  In  Italian,  affogare  is  to  suffo- 
cate, Sp.  ahocar.  The  sense  probably  is  thick,  or 
that  which  is  exhaled.] 

1.  A  dense  watery  vapor,  exhaled  from  the  earth, 
or  from  rivers,  lakes,  and  other  collections  of  water, 
or  generated  in  the  atmosphere  near  the  earth.  It 
differs  from  mist,  which  is  rain  in  very  small  drops. 

2.  A  cloud  of  dust  or  smoke. 

FOG,  )  71.  [W.  fwg,  long  dry  grass.  Johnson 
FOGGE,  \     quotes  a  forest  law  of  Scotland,  which 

mentions  fogagimn.    It  may  be  allied  to  Scot,  fog, 

moss.] 

After-grass  ;  a  second  growth  of  grass  ;  but  it  sig- 
nifies also  long  grass  that  remains  in  pastures  till 
winter.  Ji"ar»i.  Encyc. 

Dead  grass,  remaining  on  land  during  winter,  is 
called,  in  JVew  England,  the  old  tore. 

FOG,  V.  t.    To  overcast ;  to  darken. 

FOG,  V.  i.    [Fr.  vogue.] 

To  have  power.  Milton. 

FOG'^BANK,  71.  At  sea,  an  appearance  in  hazy  weath- 
er sometimes  resembling  land  at  a  distance,  but  which 
vanishes  as  it  is  approached.  Mar.  Diet. 

FOG'GAGE,  71.  Rank  or  coarse  grass  not  mowed  or 
eaten  down  in  summer  or  autumn     Farm.  Encyc. 

FOG'GI-LY,  orfi).    With  fog ;  darkly 

FOG'GI-NESS,  71.  [from  foggy.]  The  state  of  being 
foggy  ;  a  state  of  the  air  filled  with  watery  exhalations. 

FOG'GY,  a.  [from  fog.]  Filled  or  abounding  with 
fog  or  watery  exhalations  ;  as,  a  foggy  atmosphere ; 
a  foggy  morning. 

2.  Cloudy  ;  misty  ;  damp  with  humid  vapors. 

3.  Producing  frequent  fogs  ;  as,  a  foggy  climate. 

4.  Dull;  stupid;  clouded  in  understanding. 
FoH,  an  exclamation  of  abhorrence  or  contempt,  the 

same  as  poh  nnA  fy. 

FOI'liLE,  a.    Weak.    [JVot  used.]  Herbert. 

FOI'BLE,  71.    [Fr.  foible,  weak.    See  Feeble.] 

A  i)articular  moral  weakness  ;  a  failing.  When 
we  speak  of  a  man's  foible,  in  the  singular,  which  is 
also  called  his  weak  side,  we  refer  to  a  predominant 
failing.  We  use  also  the  plural,  foibles,  to  denote 
moral  failings  or  defects.  It  is  wise  in  every  man  to 
know  his  own  foibles. 

FOIL,  V.  t.  [In  Norm,  afolee  is  rendered  crippled  ; 
and  afoula,  tiamaged,  wasted.  If  the  primary  or  true 
literal  sense  is  to  blunt,  this  word  may  be  from  the 
same  root  as  fool ;  if  to  render  vain,  it  would  natu- 
rally be  allied  to  fail.] 

1.  To  frustrate  ;  to  defeat ;  to  render  vain  or  nuga- 
tory, as  an  effort  or  attempt.  The  enemy  attempted  to 
pass  the  river,  but  was  foiled.  He  foiled  his  adversaries. 

And  by  a  mortal  man  at  length  am  foiled.  Dryden, 

2.  To  blunt ;  to  dull. 

When  light-winded  toys 
Of  feathered  Cupid  fail.  Shak. 

3.  To  defeat ;  to  interrupt,  or  to  render  impercepti- 
ble ;  as,  to  foil  the  scent  in  a  chase.  Jlddison. 

FOIL,  71.    Defeat;  frustration;  the  failure  of  success 
when  on  the  point  of  being  secured  ;  miscarriage. 
Deatli  never  woi\^a  stake  with  greater  toil, 
Nor  cVr  was  late  so  near  a  foU.  Dryden. 

FOIL,  71.  [VV.  fwyl,  a  driving,  impulsion,  a  stroke,  a 
foU.] 

A  blunt  sword,  or  one  that  has  a  button  at  the  end 
covered  with  leather ;  used  in  fencing. 

Isocrates  contended  wilh  a  foil  ngainst  Demosthenes  with  a 
bworI.  MitJ'ord. 

FOIL, 71.  [Fr.fmille:  M.foglia;  Tort.folha;  Sp.lwja; 
h.  folium;  Gr.  (/o'XAoi'.J 

1.  A  leaf  or  thin  plate  of  metal  ;  as,  tin /<))'/,  &c. 

2.  Among  jewelers,  a  thin  leaf  of  metal  placed  un- 
der precious  stones,  to  increase  their  brilliancy,  or  to 
give  them  a  particular  color,  as  the  stone  appears  to 
be  of  the  color  of  the  foil.  Hence, 

3.  Anything  of  another  color,  or  of  difl"erent  quali- 
ties, which  serves  to  adorn,  or  set  off"  another  thing 
to  advantage. 

Hector  has  a  foil  to  sot  him  off.  Broome. 

4.  A  thin  coat  of  tin,  with  quicksilver,  laid  on  the 
back  of  a  looking-glass,  to  cause  reflection.  Kncye. 

R.  The  track  or  trail  of  game  when  pursued. 

FOIL'A-BLK,  a.    Thtit  may  be  foiled.  Cotgrave. 

FOIL'f.'D,  (foild,)  ;>/).    Frustrated;  defeated. 

FOIL'EH,  71.  One  who  frustrates  antither,  and  gains 
an  advantage  himself. 

FOIL'ING,  ppr.  Defeating;  frustrating;  disappoint- 
ing of  success. 

FOIL'ING,  71.  Among  hunters,  the  slight  mark  of  a 
passing  tleer  on  the  grass.  Ckahners. 

FOIN,  1).  (.  [Fr.  poindrr,  to  sting,  to  dawn  ;  L.  pungo. 
The  sense  is,  to  push,  tlirust,  shoot.] 


FATE,  rXtt,  F/VLL,  WHAT  METE,  PllBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

__  ~ 


J 


FOL 


FOL 


FOM 


1.  To  thrust  with  a  sword  a^spear.  Spenser. 

2.  To  pricK  ;  to  sting.    [JVot  in  use.] 

FOIN,  II.    A  pusli ;  a  thrust  witli  a  sword  or  spear. 

Robinaoiu 

FOIiX'ING,  p;)r.    Pushinj;  thrustinp. 
F()IN'IN(;-LY,  adtt.    In  a  pushing  manner. 
FOIS'ON,  (loiz'n,)  n.    [L  fusio.] 

Plenty  ;  abundance.    [J\T»(  Mte</.]  Tusser. 
FOIST,  K.  t.    [  Usually  supposed  to  be  from  Fr.  faus.^er, 

to  violate,  literally,  to  falsify  ;  Norm,  fauacr.  This 

is  doubtful.] 

To  insert  surreptitiously,  wrongfully,  or  without 
warrant. 

Lc»t  iif^Iigpncc  or  partiality  miglit  admit  or  /oi»i  in  ftbiisci  luid 
cumt^uon.  OircLp. 
FOIST,  n.    A  light  and  fast-sailing  ship.  [Ofc.] 
FOIST'KD,  ;>p.    Inserted  wrongftilly.  [Bfimm. 
FOIST'KK,  n.    One  who  inserts  without  aiitlitirity. 
FOIST'I-A'U,  (foist'id,)  a.    Musty.  [SeeFusrv.] 
FOIST'I-NESS,  n.    Fustiness,  wiiicli  see. 
FOIST'I.XG,  ppr.    Inserting  surreptitiously  or  without 
FOIST'Y,  a.    Fustv,  which  see.  [authority. 
FOLI),  n.    [Snx.fulil,  faille;  W.fnld  ;  U./id,  a  fold,  a 
wall  or  hedge  ;  Dnn.fold.    See  the  verb  to  Fold.] 

1.  A  pell  or  inclosine  for  sheep  ;  a  place  where  a 
flock  of  sheep  is  kept,  whether  in  the  held  or  under 
shelter. 

2.  A  flock  of  sheep.  Hence,  in  a  scriptural  sense, 
the  church,  the  llock  of  the  Shepherd  of  Israel. 

OUior  sheep  1  hftTC,  whicli  ftjre  iiol  of  Uiis  /old,  — Joliu  x. 

3.  A  limit.    [JVut  in  use.]  , 

FOLD,  II.  [Snx.  feald;  iSw.  full;  G.  falte;  Russ. 
phalila  ;  but  the  same  word  as  the  preceding.] 

1.  Tile  doubling  of  any  flexible  substance,  as  cloth  ; 
complication;  a  plait  j  one  part  turned  or  bent  and 
laid  on  another  ;  as,  a  foM  of  linen. 

2.  In  composition,  the  same  quantity  added  ;  as, 
tiro  fold,  four  fold,  ten  fold,  Ultit  is,  twice  as  much, 
four  limes  as  mucii,  ten  times  as  niiirh. 

FoLU,  t'.  L  [Sax.  fealdtin;  GotU.  faldan ;  G.  fallen; 
Dan.  fidder  ;  Sw.  falla  ;  Qu.  Ileb.  '7S3,  Ch.  hap,  to 
double.  Class  III,  No.  47,  51.  See  also  No.  2i.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  fall,  or  to  lay,  to  set,  throw,  or 
press  together.] 

1.  To  double  ;  to  lap  or  lay  in  plaits ;  as,  to  foUl  a 
piece  of  cloth. 

Q.  To  double  and  insert  one  part  in  another ;  as,  to 
fold  a  letter. 

3.  To  double  or  lay  together,  as  the  arms.  He 
folds  his  arms  in  despair. 

4.  To  confine  sheep  in  a  fold. 

FOLI',  V.  I.   To  close  over  another  of  the  same  kind  ; 

as,  the  leaves  of  the  door  fold. 
FoLD'.\(5E,  lu   The  right  of  folding  sheep. 
FOLD' El),  pp.    Doubled  ;  laid  in  plaits ;  complicated  ; 

kept  in  a  fold. 
FOLD'ER,  II.    An  instrument  used  in  folding  paper. 

2.  One  that  folds. 

FOLD'ING,  ppr.  Doubling;  laying  in  plaits;  keep- 
ing in  a  foUi. 

■2.  a.    Doubling ;  that  may  close  over  another,  or 

that  consists  of  leaves  which  may  close  one  over 

another  ;  as,  a  folding  door. 
FOLD'I.VG,  lu    A  fold  ;  a  doubling. 

2.  Among  farmers,  the  keeping  of  sheep  in  inclo- 

sures  on  aralde  land,  &c. 
FOLD'ING-DOORS,  (-dorz,)  n.  pi.  Two  doors  which 

meet  in  the  middle,  and  either  slide  back  or  turn 

back  nn  hinges,  leaving  a  communication  between 

the  two  apartments,  6lc. 
FoLD'LESS,  (I.    Having  no  fold.  Milman. 
FO-LI-A'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  foliaceus,  from  folium,  a 

leaf.    See  Foiu] 

1.  Leafy  ;  having  leaves  intermixed  with  flowers  ; 
as,  a  foliaceoas  spike.  Foliaceous  glands  are  those 
situated  on  leaves. 

2.  Consisting  of  leaves  or  thin  laminx ;  having 
the  form  of  a  leaf  or  plate  ;  as,  foUaccous  spar. 

H'oodtcard, 

FO'LI-AGE,  71.  [Fr.  feuillarre,  from  feudlc,  L.  folium, 
a  leaf ;  It.  foirliame  :  Sp.  foliage.    See  Foil.] 

1.  Leaves  in  general ;  as,  a  tree  of  beautiful  foli- 
age. 

2.  A  cluster  of  leaves,  flowers,  and  branches ; 
particutartv,  the  representation  of  leaves,  flowers, 
and  branches,  in  architecture,  intended  to  ornaiuent 
and  enrich  capitals,  friezes,  pediments,  &c. 

FO'LI-.\GE,  r.  I.  To  work  or  to  form  into  the  repre- 
sentation of  leaves.  Drummond. 

FO'LI-A-GKD,  a.    Furnished  with  foliage.  Shenstvne. 

Fo'LI-aTE,  b.  t.  [L.  foliatus,  from  folium,  a  leaf, 
Gr.  #i.XXo.'.] 

1.  To  beat  into  a  leaf,  or  thin  plate  or  lamina 

Bacon. 

2.  To  spread  over  with  a  thin  coat  of  tin  and 
quicksilver,  ic. ;  as,  to  foliate  a  looking-glass. 

F0'LI-.\TE,  a.  In  botany,  leafy ;  furnished  with 
leaves  ;  as,  a  foliau  stalk.  Marlyn.  Ue. 

FO'LI-.VTE,  n.  In  geometry,  the  name  given  to  a 
curve  of  the  third  order,  defined  by  the  equation 
-f-  V-'"  =  ary.  Brande. 

FO'Ll-X-TED,  pp.  or  o.  Spread  or  covered  with  a 
thin  plate  or  foil. 


9.  In  mineralogy,  consisting  of  plates  or  thin  lay- 
ers; resembling  or  in  the  form  of  a  plate  ;  lamellar; 
as,  a  foliated  fracture. 

Mineniln  that  roiisist  of  grains,  and  are  at  Uic  same  time  /olinUd, 
are  adletl  (fraiuil.irly  /oliaud.  Kiruran. 

FO'LI-A-TING,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  leaf  or  foil. 

FO-LI-A'TION,  n  [L.  foUatio.]  In  botany,  the  leaf- 
ing of  plants ;  vernation  ;  the  disposition  of  the 
na.iccnt  leaves  within  the  bud.  Martyn. 

3.  The  act  of  beating  a  metal  into  a  thin  plate, 
leaf,  or  foil. 

3.  The  act  or  operation  of  spreading  foil  over  the 
back  side  of  a  mirror  or  lookiiig-gl.ass. 
Fo'LI-A-TlJllF.,  71.    The  state  of  being  beaten  into 
FO'Lt-ER,  11.    (Joldsiiiith's  foil.  [foil. 
FO-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  folium,  leaf,  and  fcro,  to 
bear.] 
Prothicing  leaves. 
Fo'LI-O,  (to'le-o  or  ful'yo,)  n.    [L.  /ulium,  a  leaf,  in 
folio.] 

1.  A  book  of  the  largest  size,  formed  by  once 
doubling  a  shi^'t  of  jiaper. 

2.  AiiKUig  7ncrcliants,  a  page,  or  rather  both  the 
right  and  li  ft  hand  pages  of  an  account-hook,  ex- 
pressed by  the  same  figure.  Kncyc. 

FO'LI-O,  n.    Pertaining  to  paper  folded  but  once, or  to 

a  vohiiiie  of  the  largest  size. 
FO'LI-Ol.r,,  II.    [from  L.  folium,  a  leaf.] 

A  1(  alkt ;  one  of  the  single  leaves,  which  together 
constitute  a  compound  leaf.  Lee, 
FO'Ll-O-MORT,  a.    [L.  folium  tnnrlaum.] 

Of  a  dark  yellow  color,  or  that  of  a  faded  leaf; 
fillemot.  fVoodtcard. 
FC'LI-OUS,  n.    XiCafy  ;  thin  ;  unsubstantial.  Brown. 
2.  lu  botany,  having  leaves  internii.ved  with  the 
flowers. 

FOLK,  (foke,)  n.  [Sa-T.  folc;  D.  volk ;  G.  volk;  Sw. 
falck ;  ban.  folk  ;  L.  vul^^us.  The  sense  is  a  crowd, 
from  collecting  or  pressing,  not  from  following,  but 
from  the  same  root,  as  to  fallow  is  to  press  toward. 
It  may  be  allied  to  Sax.  fela,  G.  vicl,  1).  vcrl.  Or. 
irxAi'j  and  roWoi.  Originally  and  properly  it  had 
no  plural,  being  a  collective  noun  ;  but  in  modern 
use,  in  America,  it  has  lost  its  singular  number,  and 
we  hear  it  only  in  the  plural.  It  is  a  collotjuial 
word,  not  ailuiissible  into  elegant  style.] 

1.  People  in  general,  or  any  part  of  lliem  without 
distinction.  Wliat  do  folks  say  respecting  the  war? 
Men  love  to  talk  about  the  affairs  of  other  folks. 

2.  Certain  people,  discriminated  from  others;  as, 
old  foll^  and  young  folks.  Children  sometimes  call 
their  parents  the  old  follcs.  So  we  say,  sick  follis ; 
poor  folks  ;  proud  folks. 

3.  In  Scripture,  the  singular  number  is  used  ;  a.s,  a 
few  sick  folk;  impotent  folk.  Mark  vi.  Jokn  v. 
[Old  version.] 

FoLK'LAND,  (foke'land,)  n.    [Sax.  folrland.] 

In  English  law,  copyliold  land  ;  land  held  by  the 
common  people,  at  the  will  of  the  lord.  Blackstone. 

FOLK'AloTE,  (loke'mote,)  n.  [Sax.  folcmole,  folk- 
meeting.] 

An  assembly  of  the  people,  or  of  bishops,  thanes, 
aldermen,  and  freemen,  to  consult  respecting  public 
aflairs;  an  annual  convention  of  the  people,  an- 
swering, in  some  measure,  to  a  modern  parliament; 
a  word  used  in  England  before  the  Norman  con- 
quest, after  which  the  national  council  was  called  a 
parliament.  Somnrr.  Spclman. 

But  some  authors  allege  tiiat  the  folkmote  was  an 
inferior  meeting  or  court.    Spenser  uses  the  word 
for  a  mere  assemblage  of  people. 
FOL'LI-CLE,  (fol'le-kl,)  n.    [L.  folliculus,  from  follis, 
a  bag  or  bellows.] 

1.  In  botany,  an  univalviilar  pericarp ;  a  seed-ves- 
sel opening  on  one  side  longitudinally,  and  having 
the  seeds  loose  in  it.  Martyn. 

A  carpel  dehiscing  by  the  ventral  suture,  and 
having  no  dorsal  suture.  Lindlcy. 

2.  An  air  bag;  a  vessel  distended  with  air;  as  at 
the  root  in  Utricularia,  and  on  the  leaves  in  Al- 
drovanda.  Martyn. 

3.  A  little  bag  in  animal  bodies;  a  gland  ;  a  fold- 
ing ;  a  cavity.  Cote. 

FOL-Lie'li-LA-TED,  a.  Having  follicular  seed- 
vessels. 

FOL-Lie'U-LOUS,  a.    Having  or  producing  follicles. 

FOL'LI-FJ/L.o.   Full  of  folly.   [M  used.]  ShensUme. 

FOL'LOVV,  V.  U  [Sa.t.  foUian,  fiUan,  fylgan;  D. 
volgcn  ;  G.  folgen  ;  Dan.  fdlger ;  Sw.  folia  ;  Ir.  foil- 
cjinam.  The  sense  is,  to  urge  forward,  drive,  press. 
Class  Rl,  No.  14,  46.1 

1.  To  go  after  or  behind  ;  to  walk,  ride,  or  move 
behind,  but  in  the  same  direction.  Soldiers  will 
usually  follme  a  brave  oflicer. 

2.  To  pursue  ;  to  chase  ;  as  an  enemy,  or  as  game. 

3.  To  accompany  ;  to  attend  in  a  journey. 

And  R'"bcJ(ah  nrosr,  and  her  damsels,  and  ihry  rode  on  tlic 
cankcls,  Mild  /olloteed  Uie  num. — Oeu.  xxir. 

4.  To  accompany ;  to  be  of  the  same  company  ;  to 
attend  for  any  pur|iose.    Luke  v. 

5.  To  succeed  in  order  of  time  ;  to  come  after ; 
as,  a  storm  is  followed  by  a  calm. 

S\gn%  /*iUoaing  sifns  le,id  oil  the  mighly  year.  Popt. 


6.  To  be  consequential  ;  to  result  from,  as  eflcct 
from  a  cause.  Iiiteniperancc  is  often  followed  by 
disease  or  poverty,  or  by  both. 

7.  To  result  from,  as  an  inference  or  deduction. 
It  follows  from  these  facts  that  the  accused  is  guilty. 

8.  To  pursue  with  the  eye  ;  to  keep  the  eyes  fixed 
on  a  moving  body.  Ha  followed,  or  his  eyes  followed, 
the  ship,  till  it  wxs  beyond  sight. 

He  follawttl  with  his  eyes  tlie  fleeting  shade.  Drydin. 

9.  To  imitate  ;  to  copy  ;  as,  to  follow  a  pattern  or 
mtidel ;  to  follow  fiushion. 

10.  To  embrace  ;  to  adopt  and  maintain  ;  to  have 
or  eiitert;iin  like  o])inions;  to  think  or  birlieve  like 
another ;  as,  to  follow  the  opinions  and  tenets  of  a 
philosophic  sect ;  to  follow  Plato. 

11.  To  obey;  to  observe;  to  practice;  to  act  in 
conformity  to.  It  is  our  duty  to  follow  the  commands 
of  Christ.  (Jood  soldiers  follow  the  orders  of  their 
general ;  good  servants  follow  the  directions  of  their 
master. 

12.  To  pursue  as  an  object  of  desire  ;  to  endeavor 
to  obtain. 

FoIIoie  peaa;  wiUi  all  men.  —  Ileh.  xii. 

13.  To  use  ;  to  practice  ;  to  make  the  chief  busi- 
ness ;  as,  to  follow  the  traile  of  a  carpenter  ;  to  fol- 
low the  profession  of  liiw.  Forby. 

14.  To  adhere  to ;  to  side  with. 

The  house  of  Judah  foUoioed  David.  — 2  Sain.  ii. 

15.  To  adhere  to  ;  to  honor ;  to  worship  ;  to  serve. 

If  the  Lord  Ijc  God,  follow  him.  —  1  Kings  xviii. 
IG.  To  be  led  or  guided  by. 

Woe  to  ttic  foolish  proph'-ts,  who  fu'doia  their  own  spirit,  and 
have  seen  iiotliiiig.  —  E^-k.  xiiL 

17.  To  move  on  in  the  same  course  or  direction  ; 
to  be  guided  by  ;  as,  to  follow  a  track  or  course. 
FOL'LOVV,  ti.  1.    To  come  after  another. 

The  fuiiinc  —  sliall  folloto  dose  after  you.  —  Jcr  xlii. 

2.  To  attend  ;  to  accompany.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  posterior  in  time  ;  as,  following  ages. 

4.  To  be  consequential,  as  effect  to  cause.  From 
such  measures  great  mischiefs  must  follow. 

5.  To  result,  as  an  inference.  The  facts  may  be 
admitted,  but  the  inference  drawn  from  them  does 

Hut  follow. 

To  follow  on;  to  continue  pursuit  or  endeavor ;  to 
persevere. 

Then  shall  we  know,  if  we  follow  on  lo  know  die  Lortl. — 
lliisea  vi. 

FOL'LoVV-/CD,  (fol'loile,)  pp.  Pursued  ;  succeeded  ; 
accompanied  ;  attendetl  ;  imitated  ;  obeyed  ;  ob- 
served ;  practiced  ;  adhered  to. 

FOL'L0\V-ER,  71.  One  who  comes,  goes,  or  moves 
after  another,  in  the  same  course. 

2.  One  that  takes  another  as  his  guide  in  do-  (rines, 
opinions,  or  example  ;  one  who  receives  the  opinions, 
and  imitates  the  example,  of  another  ;  an  adherent ; 
an  imitator. 

That  ye  be  not  slothful,  bnt/o//ou<r«  of  lliem  who,  lUioiigli  failh 
and  patiena',  inherit  the  promues.  —  ileb.  vi. 

3.  One  who  obeys,  worships,  and  honors 

Be  yc /oitotetrt  ofUoil,  as  dear  children. —  Eph.  v. 

4.  An  adherent;  a  disciple;  one  who  embraces  the 
same  system  ;  as,  a  follower  of  Plato. 

5.  An  cattcndant ;  a  companion  ;  an  associate  or  a 
dependent.  The  Warrior  distributed  the  plunder 
among  his  followers. 

No  follower,  but  a  friend.  Pope. 

6.  One  under  the  command  of  another. 

Spenser.  Dryden. 

7.  One  of  the  same  faction  or  party. 
FOL'LoW-LNG,  ppr.  Coining  or  going  after  or  be- 
hind ;  pursuing^  attending;  iiiiitutiiig  ;  succeeding 
in  time  ;  resulfing  from  as  an  elfect  or  an  inference  ; 
adiiering  to;  obeying,  observing ;  using,  practicing ; 
proceeding  in  the  same  course. 

FOL'LoW'-LNG,  a.    Being  next  after ;  succeeding. 
FOL'LY,  II.    [Ft.  folic,  from  fol,fou  ;  Axm.  folic:;  It. 
follia.    See  I'oou] 

1.  Weakness  of  intellect ;  imbecility  of  mind  ; 
want  of  understanding. 

A  fool  l.iyctli  open  his  folly.  —  Prov.  xtii. 

2.  A  weak  or  absurd  act  not  highly  criminal ;  an 
act  which  is  inconsistent  with  the  dictates  of  reason, 
or  with  the  ordinary  rules  of  prudence.  In  this 
sense  it  may  be  used  in  the  singular,  but  is  generally 
in  the  plural.    Hence  we  speak  of  the  follies  of  youth. 

Whom  folhj  plcasi-s,  or  whose  foUiet  please.  •  Pope. 

3.  An  absurd  act  which  is  highly  sinful  ;  any 
conduct  contrary  to  the  laws  of  God  or  man  ;  sin  ; 
scandalous  crimes ;  that  which  violates  moral  pre- 
cepts and  dishonors  the  offender.  Sbechem  wrought 
/o(/y  in  Israel.  Achan  wrought /oUy  in  Israel.  Oen. 
xxxiv.   Josh.  vii. 

4.  Criminal  weakness  ;  depravity  of  mind. 

Johnson, 

FO'MAL-HAUT,  n.  A  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  ia 
the  consteiiation  Piscis  Aastralis,  or  Southern  Fish. 
It  is  much  used  in  astronomical  measurements. 

Olmsted. 


TONE,  BULL,  yNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  aaK;GaaJ;8asZ;CHas  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


467 


FON 

FO-MENT',  V.  t.  [L.  fmnenlo,  from  fuvco,  tu  warm  ; 
fT.fomenter  ;  Sp.fomentar  ;  It.  fomeiUare.] 

1.  To  apply  warm  lotions  to  ;  to  bathe  with  warm 
medicated  liquors,  or  with  flannel  dipped  in  warm 
water. 

2.  To  cherish  with  heat;  to  encourage  growth. 
[JVot  used.]  Milton. 

3.  To  encourage  ;  to  abet ;  to  cherish  and  promote 
by  excitements ;  in  a  bad  sense ;  as,  to  foment  ill 
humors.  Locke. 

So  we  say,  to  foment  troubles  or  disturbances  ;  to 
foment  intestine  broils. 
FO-MEXT-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  applying  warm 
liquors  to  a  part  of  the  body,  by  means  of  ti<annels 
dipped  in  hot  water  or  medicated  decoctions,  for  the 
purpose  of  casing  pani,  by  relaxing  the  skin,  or  of 
discussing  tumors.  Encijc.  Quincij. 

2.  The  lotion  applied,  or  to  be  applied,  to  a  diseased 
part.  .^rbutlinot. 

3.  Excitation  ;  instigation  ;  encouragement. 
FO-MENT'ED,  fp.    Bathed  with  warm  lotions ;  en- 
couraged. 

FO-MENT'ER,  n.    One  who  foments ;  one  who  en- 

counices  or  instigates  ;  as,  a  fomenter  of  sedition. 
FO-.MENT'ING,  ppr.    Applying  warm  lotions. 

2.  Encouraging  ;  abetting  ;  promoting. 
FON,  71.    [Chaucer, /ojinc,  a  fool ;  Ice. /uanc] 

A  fool ;  an  idiot.    [OAs.]  Spenser. 
FOND,  a.    [Chaucer,  fonne,  a  fool  ;  Scot. /on,  to  play 
the  fool ;  fone,  to  fondle,  to  toy ;  li.  fonii,  delight,  de- 

sire,  a  longing.  Qu.  Ar.  afana,  which  signifies 
to  diminish,  to  impair  mental  powers,  to  make  fool- 
ish, to  be  destitute  of  reason ;  and  fani,  is  to 

fail.  These  are  the  most  probable  atSnities  I  have 
been  able  to  find.] 

1.  Foolish  ;  silly  ;  weak  ;  indiscreet ;  imprudent. 

Grant  I  may  never  prove  so  /ond 

To  trust  nrian  on  his  o^lh  or  bond.  ShaJe, 
Fond  thoughts  may  fall  into  some  idle  brain.  Davies. 

2.  Foolishly  tender  and  loving;  doting;  weakly 
indulgent  ;  as,  a  fond  mother  or  wife.  .Addison. 

3.  Much  pleased;  loving  ardently  ;  delighted  with. 
A  child  is  fond  of  play  ;  a  gentleman  is  fond  of  his 
sports,  or  of  his  country-seat.  In  present  usage, /und 
does  not  always  imply  weakness  or  folly. 

4.  Relishing  highly.  The  epicure  is  fond  of  high- 
seasoned  food.  Multitudes  of  men  are  too  fond  of 
strong  drink. 

5.  Trifling  ;  valued  by  folly.  [Little  used.]  Shak. 
FOND,  V.  t.    To  treat  with  great  indulgence  or  tender- 
ness ;  to  caress ;  to  cocker. 

The  Tyrian  hugs  and/ow£*  thee  on  her  breast.  Dryden. 

Fond  is  thus  used  by  the  poets  only.  We  now  use 
fondle. 

FOND,  V.  i.  To  be  fond  of;  to  be  in  love  with ;  to 
dote  on.    [Little  used.]  Skak. 

FOND'LE,  (fond'l,)  v.  t.  To  treat  with  tenderness  ; 
to  caress  ;  as,  a  nurse /tJK(//&s  a  child. 

FOND'LfTD,  pp.    Treated  with  affection ;  caressed. 

FO.N'D'LER,  n.    One  who  fondles. 

FOND'LING,  ppr.  Caressing;  treating  with  tender- 
ness. 

FOND'LING,  71.  A  person  or  thing  fondled  or  caressed. 

L^Kstran^e. 

FOND'LY,  adv.  Foolishly  ;  weakly  ;  imprudently  ; 
with  indiscreet  aflection. 

Fon/lly  we  think  we  merit  iionor  then, 

When  we  but  praise  ourselves  in  other  men.  Pope. 

2.  With  great  or  extreme  affection.    We  fondly 
embrace  those  who  are  dear  to  us. 
FO.N'D'NESS,  71.    Foolishness;  weakness;  want  of 
sense  or  judgment.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  p'oolisli  tenderness. 

3.  Tender  passion  ;  warm  aflTection. 

Her /ondrUBB  for  a  cert.ain  earl 

Begsui  when  I  was  but  a  Birl.  Swi/t. 

4.  Strong  inclination  or  propensity;  as,  a  fondness 
for  vice  or  sin.  Hammond. 

5.  .Strong appetite  or  relish  ;  as, /o7irfK<ws for  ardent 
spirit,  or  for  a  particular  kind  of  food. 

[ft  is  now  used  chiejly  in  ike  three  loiter  senses.] 
FOJV'OUS,  (fon'du,)  n.    [Ft.]    A  name  given  by  the 
French  to  a  particular  style  of  printing  calico,  i)aper- 
liangings,  &c.,  in  which  the  colors,  like  those  of  the 
rainbow,  arc  nieltud  or  graduated  into  each  other. 

Ure. 

FONE.    PI.  of  Foe.  Spenser. 
FONT,  n.    [I'r.fontei  .Sp.  furnic  ;  It.  /ontc ;  L.fons; 

W.  fi/nnon^  a  foiinU'iin,  and  ftjniaWy  to  produce,  to 

abound  ;  allied  to  ij.fundo,  to  pour  out.] 

A  large  basin  or  stone  vessel  in  which  water  Is 

c^intaincd  for  baptizing  children  or  other  persons  in 

the  church. 

FONT,  71.  [Fr.fontr,  from  fondre,  to  melt  or  cast ;  L. 
/un<fo,  to  |Kjur  out ;  ti\>.  fundir  ;  ll.fondcrei  properly, 
a  casting.] 

A  complete  assortment  of  printing  types  of  one 


FOO 

size,  including  a  due  proportion  of  all  the  letters  in 
the  alphabet,  large  and  small,  points,  accents,  and 
whatever  else  is  necessary  for  printing  with  that 
letter. 

FONT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  fount,  fountain,  source, 
or  origin.  Trans,  of  Pausanias. 

FONT'A-NEL,  71.  [from  the  Fr.]  An  issue  for  the 
discharge  of  humors  from  the  body.  Hall. 

2.  A  vacancy  in  the  infant  cranium,  between  the 
frontal  and  parietal  bones,  and  also  between  the 
parietal  and  occipital,  at  the  two  extremities  of  the 
sagittal  suture.  Cijc.  Parr. 

FON-TaNGE',  (fon-tinj',)  71.  [Fr.,  from  the  name  of 
the  first  wearer.]  A  knot  of  ribbons  on  the  top  of  a 
head-dress.  .Addison. 

FOOD, 71.  [Sax./r)<f,/()da;  G.futter;  D.voedzel;  Dan. 
foeder;  Sw.foda,  fro\ti  feeding.    See  Feed.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  whatever  is  eaten  by  animals 
for  nourishment,  and  whatever  supplies  nutriment  to 
plants. 

2.  Meat ;  aliment ;  flesh  or  vegetables  eaten  for 
sustaining  human  life;  victuals;  provisions;  what- 
ever is  or  may  be  eaten  for  nourishment. 

Feed  me  with  food  convenient  for  me.  —  Prov.  xxi. 

3.  Whatever  supplies  nourishment  and  growth  to 
plants,  as  water,  carbonic  acid  gas,  &c.  Manuring 
substances  furnish  plants  with  food. 

4.  Something  that  sustains,  nourishes,  and  aug- 
ments.   Flattery  is  the  food  of  vanity. 

FOOD,  V.  t.    To  feed.    [JVot  in  jise.]  Barret. 
FOOD'FUL,  a.    Supplying  food  ;  full  of  food.  Dryden. 
FOOD'LiiSS,  a.    Without  food ;  destitute  of  provis- 
ions ;  barren.  Sandys. 
FOOD'Y,  a.    Eatable  ;  fit  for  food.    [JVot  used.] 

Chapman. 

FOOL,  77.  [Fr. /<)?,  fnu;  It. /uJie,  mad,  foolish;  Ice. 
fol;  Arm.  foil;  W.  fol,  round,  blunt,  foolish,  vain  ; 
fwl,  a  fool,  a  blunt  one,  a  stupid  one  ;  Russ.  phalia. 
It  would  seem,  from  the  Welsh,  that  the  primary 
sense  of  the  adjective  is,  thick,  blunt,  lumpish.  Heb. 
'?sn.] 

1.  One  who  is  destitute  of  reason,  or  the  common 
powers  of  understanding ;  an  idiot.  Soine  persons 
are  born  fools,  and  are  called  natural  fools ;  others 
may  become  fools  by  some  injury  done  to  the 
brain. 

2.  In  eommo7t  language,  a  person  who  is  somewhat 
deficient  in  intellect,  but  not  an  idiot ;  or,  a  person 
who  acts  absurdly ;  one  who  does  not  exercise  his 
reason ;  one  who  pursues  a  course  contrary  to  the 
dictates  of  wisdom. 

Experience  keeps  a  dear  school,  but  fooU  will  learn  in  no  other. 

Pranlctin. 

3.  In  Scripture,  fool  is  often  used  for  a  wicked  or 
depraved  person  ;  one  who  acts  contrary  to  sound 
wisdom  in  his  moral  deportment;  one  who  follows 
his  own  inclinations,  who  prefers  trifling  and  tem- 
porary pleasures  to  the  service  of  God  and  eternal 
happiness. 

The  /ool  hath  said  in  his  heart,  Ther«  is  no  God.  —  Ps.  jeiv. 

4.  A  weak  Christian  ;  a  godly  person  who  has 
much  remaining  sin  and  unbelief. 

0  /oott,  and  slow  of  heart  to  believe  all  the  prophets  have  writ- 

ten. —  Luke  ixiv. 

Also,  one  who  is  accounted  or  called  a  fool  by  un- 
godly men.    1  Cor.  iv.  10. 

5.  A  term  of  indignity  and  reproach. 

To  be  thought  knowing,  you  must  first  put  the  foot  upon  all 
mankind.  Dryden. 

6.  A  buffoon  ;  one  formerly  kept  by  kings,  and 
other  persons  of  rank,  as  a  jester  and  butt  of  ridi- 
cule. He  was  dressed  fantastically  with  a  cap  hav- 
i!ig  a  red  stripe  on  the  toj),  called  a  coxcomb ;  and  car- 
ried a  bawble,  (marottc,)  which  was  a  short  stick  with 
a  head  carvea  on  the  end,  sometimes  surmounted 
with  a  small  bladder  filled  partly  with  pease,  gravel, 
&c.,  which  he  used  as  a  weapon  of  offensive  sjiort. 

Kncyc.  Jim. 

1  scorn,  although  their  drudge,  to  be  their /oof  or  Jester.  Mi'ton, 
To  play  the  fool;  to  act  the  buflbon  ;  to  jest;  to 

make  sport. 

2.  To  act  like  one  void  of  understanding. 

To  put  tlu  fool  on  ;  to  impose  on  ;  to  delude. 

To  make  a  fool  nf ;  to  frustrate  ;  to  defeat ;  to  ilis- 
appoint. 

FOOL,  V.  i.  To  trifle  ;  to  toy  ;  to  spend  time  in  idle- 
ness, sport,  or  mirth. 

Is  this  a  lime  (or  fooling?  Dryrlen. 
FOOL,  V.  U    To  treat  with  contempt ;  to  disappoint ; 
to  defeat ;  to  frustrate ;  to  deceive  ;  to  impose  on. 
When  I  consider  life,  'lis  all  a  clieat ; 
VoT,/ooUd  with  hope,  men  favor  the  deceit.  Dryilen. 

2.  To  infatuate  ;  to  make  foolish.  Skali. 

3.  To  clii^al ;  as,  to  fool  one  otit  of  his  money. 

To  fool  away  ;  to  spend  in  trifles,  idleness,  folly,  or 
without  advantage  ;  as,  to  fool  away  time. 

2.  To  spend  for  things  of  no  value  or  use  ;  to  ex- 
pend imjirovidenlly  ;  as,  to  fool  away  money 
FOOL,  n.    A  coin[K)Uiid  of  gooseberries  scalded  and 
crushed,  (fuiiiis,)  with  cream  ;  commiinly  called 
gooseberry  foul.  GoUlsmith. 


FOO 


F00L-BEG-G£D,%.    Idiotical ;  absurd.  Shak. 

FOOL'-BOLD,  a.    Foolishly  bold.  Bale. 

FOOL'-BORN,  a.    Foolish  from  the  birth.  Shak. 

FOOL'JCD,  (foold,)  pp.  Disappointed  ;  defeated  ;  de- 
ceived ;  imposed  on. 

FOOL'ER-Y,  71.  The  practice  of  folly ;  habitual  folly  ; 
attention  to  trifles.  Shak. 

2.  An  act  of  folly  or  weakness.  Watts. 

3.  Object  of  folly.      "  Ralegh. 
FOOL'-HAP'Py,  a.  Lucky  without  judgment  or  con- 
trivance. Spenser. 

FOOL'-HSRD'I-LY,  adv.    With  fool-hardiness. 
FOOL'-IIaKD'I-NESS,  71.    Courage  without  sense  or 

judgment ;  mad  rashness.  Dryden. 
FOOL'-HARU'ISE,  7i.    Fool-hardiness.  [JVuf  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

FOOL'HARD-Y,  o.  [fool  and  liardu.]  Daring  with- 
out judgment ;  madly  rash  and  adventurous  ;  fool- 
ishly bold.  Howell. 

FOOL'ING,  ppr.  Defeating ;  disappointing ;  deceiving. 
2.  a.    Acting  like  a  fool. 

FOOL'ISH,  a.  Void  of  understanding  or  sound  judg- 
ment ;  weak  in  intellect ;  applied  to  general  character. 

2.  Unwise  ;  imprudent ;  acting  without  judgment 
or  discretion  in  particular  things. 

3.  Proceeding  from  folly,  or  marked  with  folly ; 
silly  ;  vain  ;  trifling. 

But  foolish  qui'stions  avoid.  —  2  Tim.  n. 

4.  Ridiculous  ;  despicable. 

A  foolish  figure  he  must  make.  Prior. 

5.  In  Scripture,  wicked  ;  sinful  ;  acting  without 
regard  to  the  divine  law  and  glory,  or  to  one's  own 
eternal  happiness. 

O  foolish  Galntians. — Gal.  iii. 

6.  Proceeding  from  depravity  ;  sinful ;  as,  foolish 
lusts.    1  Tim.  vi. 

FOOL'ISII-LY,  adv.    Weakly  ;  without  understand- 
ing or  judgment;  unwisely;  indiscreetly. 
2.  Wickedly  ;  sinfully. 

1  have  done  very  foolishly. — 2  Sam.  xxiv. 
FOOL'ISH-NESS,  n.    Folly  ;  want  of  understanding. 

2.  Foolish  practice  ;  want  of  wisdom  or  good  judg- 
ment. 

3.  in  a  scriptural  sense,  absurdity;  folly. 


FOOLS'CAP,  71.  [au.  yVfZ  and  L.  scapus,  or  folio  and 
shape.] 

A  kind  of  paper,  of  small  size,  usually  about  17 
inches  by  14. 

FOOL'S'-ER'RAND,  71.  The  pursuit  of  what  can  not 
be  found.  Bootli. 

FOOL'S'-PARS'LEY,  71.  A  poisonous,  umbelliferous 
plant,  somewhat  resembling  parsley,  but  having  a 
disagreeable,  nauseous  smell.  It  is  the  .Mthusa  cy- 
napium  of  botanists.  P.  Cyc. 

FOOL'SToNES,  7J.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Orchis. 

FOOL'TRAP,  71.    A  trap  to  catch  fools,  as  a  fly-trap. 

Dryden. 

FOOT,  71. ;  pi.  Feet.  [Sax.  fot,  fct ;  D.  voet;  G. /11.1s; 
Sw. /iiC,*  Dan. /(iii;  Gr.  jtoi's,  tti^^os  ;  L.  pes,  pedis; 
Sans,  pad ;  Siam.  bat :  Fr.  pied,  pie  ;  Sp.  pic ;  Port. 
pe ;  It.  piede,  pid ;  Copt,  bat,  fat.  Probably  this  word 
is  allied  to  the  Gr.  irareoi,  to  w.alk,  to  tread  ;  as  the 
W.  trocd,  foot,  is  to  the  Eng.  verb  to  tread.] 

1.  In  animal  bodies,  the  lower  extremity  of  the  leg  ; 
the  part  of  the  leg  which  treads  the  earth  in  standing 
or  walking,  and  by  which  the  animal  is  sustained 
anil  enabled  to  step. 

2.  That  which  bears  some  resemblance  to  an  ani- 
mal's foot  in  shape  or  office  ;  the  lower  end  of  any 
thing  that  supports  a  body  ;  as,  the  /<io(  of  a  table. 

3.  The  lower  part ;  the  base  ;  as,  the  foot  of  a  col- 
umn, or  of  a  mountain. 

4.  'i'he  lower  "jiart  ;  the  bottom  ;  as,  the  foot  of  an 
account ;  the  foot  of  a  sail. 

5.  Foundation  ;  condition  ;  state.  We  arc  not  on 
the  same  foot  with  our  fellow-citizens.  In  this  sense, 
it  is  more  common,  in  America,  to  use  footing ;  and 
in  this  sense  the  plural  is  not  used. 

6.  Plan  of  establishment ;  fundamental  principles. 
Our  constitution  may  hereafter  be  placed  on  a  better 
foot.    [In  tliis  .^cnse  the  plural  is  not  used.] 

7.  In  military  language,  soldiers  who  march  and 
fight  on  foot ;  infantry,  as  distinguished  from  cavalry. 
[In  this  sense  tJic plural  is  not  u.icd.] 

8.  A  measure  consisting  of  twelve  inches  ;  sup- 
posed to  be  taken  from  the  length  of  a  man's  foot.  A 
square  foot  contains  111  stpiare  inches;  &  cubic  foot 
contains  1728  cubic  inches. 

9.  In  poetry,  a  certain  number  of  syllables,  consti- 
tuting part  of  a  verse,  as  the  iambus,  the  dactyl,  and 
the  sjiondee. 

10.  Step  ;  pace.  L' Estrange. 

11.  Level ;  par.    [Obs.]  Bacon. 

12.  The  part  of  a  stocking  or  boot  which  receives 
the  foot. 

By  foot,  or  rather,  on  foot,  by  walking  ;  as,  to  go  or 
pass  on  foot ;  or  by  fording  ;  as,  to  pass  a  stream  ok 
foot.    [See  the  next  definition.] 

To  set  on  foot;  to  originate;  to  begin;  to  put  in 
motiim  ;  as,  to  set  on  foot  a  stib.scriptiun.    Hence,  to 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.— METE,  PKBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQ(?K. 


468 


FOO 


FOR 


FOR 


be  on  foot,  is  lo  be  in  motion,  action,  or  proct-ss  of 
execution. 

FQQT,  V.  i.  To  dance ;  to  tread  to  measure  or  music ; 
to  sliip.  Dryden. 

2.  To  walk  ;  opposed  to  rule  or  fly.    In  this  sense, 
the  word  is  coinnionly  lollowcd  by  if. 

If  you  *re  for  a  merry  Jaunt,  I'll  try,  for  onw,  who  can  /aot  it 
rurtliot.  Orydtn. 

FOO'I",  u.  U  To  kick  ;  to  strike  with  the  foot ;  to  spurn. 

Shali. 

9.  To  settle  ;  to  begin  to  fix.    [lAUh  used.]  Shak. 
:i.  To  tread  ;  as,  to  foot  the  green.  Tickdt. 
A.  To  add  the  numbers  in  a  column,  and  sot  the 
sum  at  the  foot ;  lus,  to  font  an  account. 

5.  To  seize  and  hold  with  the  foot.    [JVot  used.] 

Herbert. 

6.  To  add  or  make  a  foot ;  as,  to  foot  a  stocking  or 
boot. 

FQQT'KALL,  n.  A  ball  consisting  of  an  inflated 
bladder,  cased  in  leather,  to  be  driven  by  the  foot. 

mMcr. 

2.  The  sport  or  practice  of  kicking  tlie  football. 

.^rbuiJinot. 

rnOT'-BAND,  n.    A  band  of  infantry. 
FOOT'-BOY,  n.    A  menial ;  an  attendant  in  livcrv. 

Swift. 

FQQT'-nUEAOTH,  (-bredth,)  «.  The  breadth  of  the 
foot.    Deut.  ii. 

FQQT'-BUIDGE,  n.  A  narrow  bridge  for  foot  passen- 
gers. Sidney. 

FQQT'-eLOTH,  n.  A  sumpter  cloth,  or  housings  of 
ahorse,  used  by  the  gentry,  which  usually  covered 
his  whole  body  and  reached  down  to  his  heels. 

Shak. 

FOOT'-eySH-ION,  It.    A  cushion  for  the  feet. 

Frt^T'ED,  ;>/>.  Kicked  ;  trod  ;  slimmed  up  ;  furnished 
with  a  foot,  as  a  stocking. 

FQOT'ED,  a.  Shaped  in  the  foot ;  as,  footed  like  a 
glial.  Qreio. 

FQQ  T'FALL,  n.   .\  footstep. 

2.  A  trip  or  stumble.  Shak. 

FOO  1"-FIGHT,  (-file,)  n.  A  conflict  by  persons  on 
i'oiit,  ill  opposition  to  a  tight  on  horseback.  Sidney. 

FOOT'OUXRDS,  (-gUrdz,)  ?i.  pi.    Guards  of  infantry. 

FQO'r'H  ALT,  (-liawlt,)  h.  A  disease  incident  to  sheep, 
and  said  to  proceed  from  a  worm  which  enters  be- 
tween the  claws.  Encyc. 

FOOT'lloLD,  n.  That  which  sustains  the  feet  tirmly, 
aiid  prevents  them  from  slipping  or  moving  ;  that  on 
which  one  may  tread  or  rest  securely.  L'Kitrange. 

FOOT'IIOT,  adv.  Immediately  ;  award  borrowed  from 
lii'inting.  Goioer. 

F90T'li\G,  ppr.  Dancing;  treading;  settling;  add- 
ing a  new  foot. 

FQtJT'I.VG,  n.  Ground  for  the  fool ;  that  which  sus- 
tains ;  firm  foundation  to  stand  on. 

Ill  njccnu,  every  itcp  ^dined  is  a  footing  aoil  help  to  the  next. 

Holdtr. 

2.  Support ;  rix)t.  Dryden. 

3.  Rasis ;  foundation.  Locke. 

4.  Place ;  stable  position.  Ihyden. 

5.  Permanent  settlement.    Let  not  these  evils  gain 
/ootinjr. 

6.  Tread  ;  step  ;  walk.  Milton, 

7.  Dance;  treatl  to  measure.  Shak, 

8.  Steps  ;  road  ;  track.    [LitlU  used.}  Bacon, 

9.  State  ;  condition  ;  settlement.    Place  both  p."ur- 
ties  on  an  equal  foolin<r. 

10.  .\  plain,  cotton  lace,  without  figures. 

11.  In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  the  broad 
foundations  of  a  wall.  Brande. 

FOO  r'I.ES.'!,  n.    Having  no  feet. 
FOO'I"'-l''t;K-ER,  n.    A  mean  tlatterer ;  a  sycophai.t ; 
,  a  fawner.  Shak, 
FQQT'.MAX,  r«.  A  soldier  who  marches  and  fights  on 
foot. 

2.  A  menial  servant ;  a  runner ;  a  servant  in  liv- 

FQ^T'MAX-SHIP,  n.   The  art  or  faculty  of  a  runner. 

Iluytcard. 

FQQT'-MAN-TLE,  ii.    A  garment  to  keep  the  gown 

clean,  in  riding. 
FQQT'-.M.^RK,  n.    A  track  ;  mark  of  a  foot. 

.  Coleridge. 

FQQT'-.ML'FF,  n.  A  receptacle  for  the  feet,  lined  with 

fur,  &c.,  for  keeping  them  w.irm  in  winter. 
FQQT'-P.\CE,  n.    A  slow  step,  .-us  in  walking. 

Johnson. 

2.  In  a  flight  of  stairs,  a  stair  broader  than  the  rest. 

OwilL 

FQQT'PAD,  R.    A  highwayman  or  robber  on  foot, 
l  OQT'-PAS-SE.V-CER,  n.    One  who  passes  on  foot, 

as  over  a  bridge,  tec. 
r(X)T'-PATH,  n.  A  nanow  path  or  way  for  foot-pas- 

srngerM  onlv. 

1  (V)  P'-PLOUGII,  (       ^        °f  swing-plow. 
h  (V  )  T'-l'OST,  n.  A  post  or  messenger  that  travels  on 

Carea. 

rqi)  r'PRINT,  n.   The  impression  of  the  foot. 
crtr^i^'  nr.  ^t'ving.  Moore. 

FQOT'-ROPE,  n.   The  rope  stretching  along  a  yard, 
u|>on  which  men  stand  when  reefing  or  furling ;  for- 


merly called  a  horse.  Also,  that  part  of  the  bolt-rope 
to  wliicli  the  lower  edge  of  a  sail  is  sewed. 

R.  Jf.  Dana,  Jr.  Totten. 

FQOT'ROT,  n.    An  nicer  in  the  feet  of  sheep. 

FyyT'-KOLE,  ?i.  A  rule  or  measure  twelve  inches 
long. 

FOOT'-SHACK-LE$,  (-Iz,)  n.  pi.  Shackles  for  the 
ieet. 

FOOT'-Soli-DIER,  (-sol-jer,)  n.  A  soldier  that  serves 
on  foot. 

FQOT'STAI.K,  (-stawk,)  n.  [fwt  and  stalk.]  In 
botany,  .1  pi  liolo;  a  partial  sti'iii  supporting  the  leaf, 
or  connecting  it  with  the  stem  lu'  branch.  Sonic- 
tinies,  but  rarely,  the  same  footstalk  supports  both 
the  leaf  and  friiclificttion,  as  in  Turnera  and  Hibis- 
cus. Martyn. 

FQQT'STALL,  (-stavvl,)  ii.    A  woman's  stirrup. 

Johnson. 

FQOT'STEP,  71.  A  track  ;  the  mark  or  impression  of 
the  foot.  Locke. 

2.  Token ;  mark  ;  visible  sign  of  a  course  pursued  ; 
as,  the  footsteps  of  divine  Wisdom.  Beiitlcy. 

yaotstcps,  pi. ;  example ;  as,  follow  the  footsteps  of 
good  men. 
2.  Way  ;  course.    Ps.  Ixxvii. 
FQQT'STOOL,  h.    A  stool  for  the  feet;  that  which 
supports  the  feet  of  one  when  sitting. 

To  make  enemies  a  footstool,  is  to  reduce  them  to 
entire  subjection.    Ps.  ex. 
FQQT'WA-LING,  n.    The  inside  planks  or  lining  of 

a  vessel,  over  the  floor-timbers.  Totten. 
F<^OT'-\VAR.M-ER,  n.  A  box  containing  a  tin  vessel, 
into  which  hot  water  is  put  for  warming  the  feet. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 
FOP,  n.  [Sp.  and  Port,  guapo,  spruce,  gay,  affected, 
foppish,  nllectedly  nice  ;  also  in  Sp.,  stout,  bold,  from 
the  root  of  vapor,  rapid  ;  Sp.  guapcar,  to  brag.  The 
Latin  rappa,  a  senseless  fellow,  is  evidently  from  the 
same  root,  with  the  sense  of  emptiness  or  iiglitiiess.] 
A  vain  man,  of  weak  understanding  and  niiicli  os- 
tentation ;  one  whose  ambition  is  to  gain  admiration 
by  showy  dress  and  pertness  ;  a  gay,  trilling  man  ;  a 
coxcomb. 

FOP'DOO-DLE,  n.  An  insignificant  fellow.  [Vulgar, 
and  not  iLsed.]  Hudibras. 

FOP'LI.NG,  n.    A  petty  fop.  Tickell. 

FOP'PKR-Y,  n.  Aflcctation  of  show  or  importance; 
showy  folly  ;  as,  the  foppery  of  dress  or  of  manners. 

2.  Folly ;  impertinence. 

lyet  not  the  sound  of  aliallow  foppery  enter 

My  sober  house.  Sliak. 

3.  Foolery  ;  vain  or  idle  practice  ;  idle  aflectalion. 

SwfL 

FOP'PISH,  a.  Vain  of  dress  ;  making  an  ostentatious 
display  of  gay  clothing;  dressing  in  the  extreme  of 
fasiiion. 

2.  Vain  ;  trifling;  affected  in  manners. 

FOP'PISII-LV,  adr.  With  vain  ostentation  of  dress  ; 
in  a  trifling  or  affected  manner. 

FOP'PISH-i\ESS,  n.  Vanity  and  extravagance  in 
dress  ;  showy  vanity. 

FOP.,  prep.  [Sax.  fur  or  fore  ;  D.  roor,  for,  and  be- 
fore ;  G.  /iir  and  lor  ;  Sw.  fiJr  ;  Dan.  fur,  for  ;  Ir. 
far;  Fr.  pour  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  por,  para  ;  It.  per,  which 
unites  for  and  L.  per,  and,  if  this  is  the  same  word, 
so  is  the  Fr.  par.  Indeed,  far  seems  to  be  radically 
the  same  word  ;  for  the  Gennans  and  Dutch  use  ver, 
far,  in  composition,  in  the  same  manner,  and  in  the 
same  words,  as  the  English,  Danes,  and  Swedes,  use 
for.  Thus  Ger.  verbirtrn,  D.  verbieden,  Dnii.  forbyder, 
Sw.  f  iirbiuda,  are  all  the  same  word.  Eng.  to  forbid. 
The  French  use  par  as  we  use  for,  in  pardonner,  to 
pardon,  to  forgive.  It.  pcrdonare.  Aitn.  par  and  pour. 


in  composition;  Hindoo,  para;  Pers.jj  bar  or  ber, 

and         behr.    For  corresponds  in  sense  with  the 

L.  pro,  as  fore  does  with  prts;  but  pro  and  pr<t  are 
probably  contracted  from  prod,  prtrd.  The  L.  por, 
in  composition,  as  in  porrigo,  is  probably  contracteti 
from  porro,  Gr.  vn^ipot,  which  is  the  Eng.  far.  The 
Gr.  r.ann,  and  probably  ^r.i>a,  irtonj',  are  from  the 
same  root.  The  radical  sense  of  for  is,  to  go,  to  pass, 
to  advance,  to  reach  or  stretch  ;  and  it  is  probably  al- 
lied to  the  Sax.  faran,  to  fare,  W.for,  a  pass, /urinip, 
to  travel.  Class  Br,  .No.  23,  37,  41.  To  go  toward,  to 
meet,  or  turn  to,  is  the  primary  sense  of  fur,  in  two 
of  its  most  common  uses ;  one  implying  opposition, 
against ;  the  other,  a  favor  or  benefit ;  or  for  may  be 
from  fore,  hence  opposite.  To  sell  or  exchange  a  hat 
/or  a  guinea,  is  to  set  or  pass  one  against  tlic  other  ; 
this  is  the  primary  sense  of  all  prepositions  which 
are  placed  before  equivalents  in  sale  and  barter.  Ben- 
efit or  fltvor  is  expressed  by  moving  toieard  a  person, 
or  by  advancing  him.  This  present  is  for  my  friend  ; 
this  advice  for  his  instniction.  And  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, the  face  or  front  is  taken  for  favor.  For, 
in  some  phrases,  signifies  during,  that  is,  passing, 
continuing  in  time.  I  will  lend  a  book  for  a  day  or 
a  month.  In  coin|Kisition,  for  is  used  to  give  a  neg- 
I     ative  sense,  as  in  forbid,  which  is  forebid,  to  com- 


mand before,  that  is,  against ;  and  in  forgive,  to  give 
back  or  away,  to  remit,  to  send  back  or  to  send 
away.] 

1.  Against;  in  the  pl.iceof;  as  a  nubstitutc  or 
equivalent,  noting  equal  value,  or  satisfactory  com- 
pensation, cither  in  barter  .'iiid  sale,  in  ronlract,  or 
in  punishment.  "  And  Joseph  gave  them  bread  in 
exchange  for  horses,  and  for  flocks,  and  for  the  cat- 
tle of  the  herds  ;"  that  is,  according  lo  the  origiii.il, 
he  gave  them  bread  against  horses,  \iliv  the  Gr.  uxri, 
and  Fr.  contrc.    Ocn.  xlvii.  17. 

Iluy  us  and  our  land/or  breail.  — Gen.  iWii.  19. 

Aiitl  if  any  mischief  lollow,  Ih-'n  thou  sliiilt  give  lif'i  /or  life,  eye 

/or  eye,  tooth  for  loolli,  hand  /or  liand,  foot  /or  fool.  — 

Kiod.  xxi. 

As  tlie  Son  of  man  ciinc  not  to  he  ministerrd  unU,  hut  to  minister, 
and  lo  icive  liis  life  u  ruisom  for  many. —  MaU.  XX.  Sec 
also  Marit  viil.  37.    Watt.  xvi.  26. 

2.  In  the  place  of;  instead  of;  noting  substitution 
of  persons,  or  agency  of  one  in  the  place  of  another, 
with  equivalent  aiilhorily.  An  attorney  is  empow- 
ered to  act  fur  his  i>rincipal.  Will  you  take  a  letter, 
and  deliver  it  for  nie  at  the  post-ollice that  is,  in 
my  place,  or  for  my  bi  ni  fit. 

3.  In  exchange  of ;  noting  one  thing  taken  or  given 
in  place  of  another  ;  as,  to  ipiit  the  profession  of  law 
for  that  of  a  clergyman. 

4.  In  the  jilace  of;  instead  of;  as,  to  translate  a 
poem  line  for  line. 

5.  In  the  character  of ;  noting  resemblance ;  a  ^ctisc 
derived  from  substitution,  or  standing  in  tlic  place  of, 
lUie  atiriUtos,  in  Greek. 

IT  a  man  c^in  be  fully  assured  of  any  things  for  a  tnith,  without 
having  examined,  wluit  is  Ulcre  llhil  he  may  not  embrace 
for  tnith  ?  Locke. 

But  let  her  gu /or  an  iingnb'fnl  woman.  Pftilipt. 

I  hear  for  ccrutin,  and  do  sp*'al<  tjje  truth.  Stiak. 
He  quivered  with  his  fuel,  and  lay /or  dead.  Dryden. 

6.  Toward  ;  with  the  intention  of  going  to. 

We  sailed  fnun  Feni  for  China  and  Jiipan.  Daeon. 
Wc  sailed  tlireclly  for  (ii  iioa,  and  had  a  lair  wind.  Addiion. 
So  we  say,  a  ship  is  bound  for  or  to  France. 

7.  In  advantage  of;  for  the  sake  of;  on  account 
of ;  that  is,  toward,  noting  use,  benefit,  or  pur|)ose. 

An  Qnl  is  a  wise  creature  /or  itself.  Bacon, 

Shall  1  Ihiiik  the  world  was  made /or  one. 
And  men  are  born  /or  kiii^,  us  l>ensts  for  men, 
Not  for  protection,  but  to  b.-  devoured?  Dryden. 

8.  Conducive  to ;  beneficial  to ;  in  favor  of. 

It  bi  for  th"  general  good  of  human  society,  and  consequently 
of  particidar  iiersoni,  to  be  true  and  jusi ;  and  it  is  for 
men's  healdi  to  be  temp-rate.  IHUotson. 

9.  Leading  or  inducing  to,  as  a  motive. 

There  is  a  natural,  immulaljle,  and  eternal  reason  for  thai 
which  wc  coll  virtue,  and  ag;diisl  llial  wluch  we  ciU  vice. 

7'iftolson. 

10.  Noting  arrival,  meeting,  coming,  or  possession. 
Wait  patiently  fur  an  expected  good.  So  in  the 
phrases  looking  for,  staying  for. 

-11.  Toward  the  obtaining  of;  in  order  to  the  ar- 
rival at  or  possession  of.  After  all  our  exertions,  we 
depend  on  divine  aid  for  success. 

J9.  Against ;  in  opposition  to;  with  a  tendency  to 
resist  and  destroy  ;  as,  a  remedy  for  the  headache  or 
toothache.  Alkalies  are  good  fur  the  heartburn. 
So  we  say,  to  provide  clothes  or  stores  for  winter,  or 
against  winter. 

13.  Against  or  on  account  of ;  in  prevention  of. 
She  wrapjvd  him  close /or  caicliing  cold.  Itichardton, 
AiM,  for  the  lime  8h.-ill  not  S'-em  tedious.  Shok. 

This  use  is  nearly  obsolete.  The  sense,  however, 
is  derived  from  meeting,  opposing,  as  in  !Vo.  12. 

14.  Because;  on  aicoiint  of;  by  reason  of.  He 
cried  out/ur  anguish.  1  can  not  go /or  want  of  time. 
For  this  cause,  I  can  not  believe  the  report. 

That  which  we,  for  our  unworthiness,  are  afrdd  lo  crave,  oar 
prayer  is,  that  God,  for  lite  wortliinrss  ol  his  Son,  would, 
notw  illislanding,  vouchsafe  to  cmnl.  Hooktr. 
Edwarl  and  Iliehairl, 

With  fiery  eyes  sp,arkling /or  very  wrath, 

Are  at  our  b.icl<s.  Shok. 
How  lo  choose  dogs  for  scent  or  speed.  Wailer. 
For  as  much  ns  it  is  a  fundamcittal  law.  Bacon. 

15.  With  respect  or  regard  to  ;  on  the  part  of. 

II  was  young  cotmsel  for  the  persons,  luxl  violent  counsel  /or 

the  nuitlera.  Bacon. 
Thus  much /or  tlie  beginning  and  progress  of  the  delu*e. 

Burnet. 

So  we  say,/>r  me,  fur  myself,  or  as  fur  me,  I  have 
no  anxiety,  but /«r  you  I  have  apprehensions;  all 
implying  totrard  or  on  the  side  of. 

1().  Through  a  certain  space  ;  during  a  certain 
time  ;  as,  to  travel  for  three  days  ;  to  sail /or  seven 
weeks ;  he  holds  his  oirirc  for  life  ;  he  traveled  on 
sand  for  ten  miles  together.  The.se  senses  seem  to 
imply  passing,  the  proper  sense  of  for, 

17.  In  quest  of ;  in  order  to  obuiin  ;  as,  to  search 
for  arguments  ;  to  recur  to  antiquity  for  e.xamples. 
See  No.  11. 

18.  According  to ;  as  far  as. 

Chemists  have  not  been  able,  fyr  aught  is  vulgarly  known,  by 
fire  alone  to  separate  lr>ie  sulphur  from  antimony.  Boytt. 

19.  Noting  meeting,  coming  together,  or  reception. 
I  am  ready  for  you  ;  that  is,  I  am  ready  to  meet  or 
receive  you. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  liNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


59' 


NN 


469 


FOR 


FOR 


FOR 


20.  Toward  ;  of  tendency  to  ;  as,  an  inclination 
for  drink. 

21.  In  favor  of;  on  the  part  or  side  of ;  that  is, 
toward  or  inclined  to.  One  is /«ra  free  government ; 
another  is /or  a  limited  monarchy. 

AriitoUe  is  for  poetical  Justice.  Dennis. 

22.  AVith  a  view  to  obtain  ;  in  order  to  possess. 
He  writes  for  money,  or  for  fame  ;  that  is,  toward 
meetins,  or  to  have  in  return,  a.s  a  reward. 

23.  Toward  ;  with  tendency  to,  or  in  favor  of.  It 
is  for  his  Jionor  to  retire  from  office.  It  is  for  our 
quiet  to  have  few  intimate  connections. 

24.  Notwithstanding ;  against  ;  in  opposition  to. 
The  fact  may  he  so,  for  any  thing  that  iias  yet  ap- 
peared. Tlie  task  is  great,  but /ur  all  that,  !  shall 
not  be  deterred  from  undertaking  it.  This  is  a  dif- 
ferent application  of  the  sense  of  No.  1,  2,  3,  4. 
\Hoc  non  obstante.] 

The  writer  will  do  what  she  pleases  for  all  me.    Sped.  No.  79. 

25.  For  the  use  of;  to  be  used  in ;  that  is,  toward, 
noting  advantage. 

The  oak /or  nothing  ill, 
The  osier  good /or  twigs,  the  poplar /or  the  mill.  Spenstr. 

26.  In  recompense  of;  in  return  of. 

Now, /or  so  inaiiy  glon'ous  .actions  done, 

For  peace  at  home,  and  for  the  public  wealth, 

I  mean  to  crown  a  bowl  /or  Ces.ix's  healUi.  Dryden. 

[See  No.  1.] 

27.  In  proportion  to;  or  rather,  looking  toward, 
regarding.    He  is  tall /or  one  of  his  years,  or  tall  for 

28.  By  means  of.  [his  age. 
Moral  consideration  can  no  way  move  the  sensible  appetite, 

were  it  not  for  llie  wiU.  Hcite. 

29.  By  the  want  of. 

The  inhabitants  stiffered  severely  both  for  provisions  and  fuel. , 

Marshall. 

30.  For  my  life  or  heart.,  though  niy  life  were  to  be 
given  in  exchange,  or  as  the  price  of  purchase.  I 
can  not, /ur  my  life,  understand  the  man.    [No.  1.] 

31.  For  to,  denoting  purpose.  For  was  anciently 
placed  before  the  infinitives  of  verbs,  and  the  use  is 
correct,  but  now  obsolete,  except  in  vulgar  language. 
I  came  for  to  see  you  ;  pour  vans  voir, 

FOR,  con.  The  word  by  which  a  reason  is  introduced 
of  something  before  advanced.  "  Tliat  ye  may  be 
the  children  of  your  Father  who  is  in  heaven  ;  for  he 
niaketh  his  sun  to  rise  on  the  evil  and  on  the  good." 
In  such  sentences,  for  has  the  sense  of  because,  by 
reason  that,  as  in  No.  14  ;  with  this  difference,  that 
in  No.  14,  the  word  precedes  a  single  noun,  and  here 
it  precedes  a  sentence  or  clause  ;  but  the  phrase 
seems  to  be  elliptical  — for  t]iis  cause  or  reason,  which 
foliates,  he  maketh  his  sun  to  rise,  &c.  In  Romans 
xiii.  G,  we  find  the  word  in  both  its  applications  — 
"  For,  for  this  cause  ye  pay  tribute  also  ;  "  the  first 
/or  referring  to  the  sentence  following ;  the  latter  to 
the  noun  caiLse. 

2.  Because ;  on  this  account  that ;  properly,  for 
thai. 

For  03  mucft,  compounded, /oroo-frtKcA,  is  equivalent 
to,  in  regard  to  that,  in  consideration  of.  Forasmuch 
as  the  thirst  is  intolerable,  the  patient  may  be  in- 
dulged in  a  little  drink. 

For  why,  Fr.,  pour  quoi,  [per  quod,  pro  quo,"]  be- 
cause ;  for  this  reason. 
FOR,  as  a  prefix  to  verbs,  has  usually  the  force  of  a 
neg.ative  or  primitive,  denoting  against,  that  is,  before, 
or  away,  aside 
FOR'ACE,  n.  [Fr.  fourrage  ;  Arm.  fouraich  ;  It. 
foratrsrio;  Sp.forraire;  VorX..  ftrragein  ;  1).  vorraodirr. 
If  this  word  signifies  primarily  food  or  foddi:r,  it  is 
connected  with  VV.  pori,  to  feed,  and  L.  voro.  But 
I  take  it  to  be  from  the  root  of  Sax.faran,  to  go,  and 
primarily  to  signify  that  which  is  collected  in  wan- 
dering, roving,  excursion.  In  Port,  fnmirido  is  a 
vagabond,  and  forrejar  is  to  waste,  to  ravage.] 

1.  Food  of  any  kind  for  horses  and  cattle,  as  gross, 
pasture,  hay,  corn,  and  oats. 

2.  The  act  of  providing  forage. 

Col.  Mawhoo<\  completed  his  forage  unmolrited.  Marshall. 
If  the /oraje  is  to  be  made  at  a  distance  from  the  camp.  Encye. 

3.  Search  for  provisions  ;  the  act  of  feeding  abroad. 

Millan. 

FOR' AGE,  ».  i.  To  collect  food  for  horses  and  cattle, 
by  wandering  about  and  feeding  or  titripping  the 
country.  MarshalL 

2.  To  wander  far  ;  to  rove.   [06«.]  ShaJi. 

3.  To  ravage  ;  to  feed  on  spoil.  Shak. 
FOR'AGE,  u.  L   To  strip  of  provisions  for  horses,  tc. 

Ettcyc. 

FOR'A-GER,  B.  One  that  goes  in  search  of  food  for 
hnmeH  or  cattle. 

FOR'A-GI.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Collecting  provisions  for 
horncs  and  cattle,  or  wandering  in  search  of  food  ; 
ravaging;  Htri|)ping.  The  general  sent  out  a/orayin^ 
|Kirty,  Willi  a  guard. 

FOR'A  Gl.St;,  71.  An  inroad  or  incursion  for  forage 
or  plunder.  Bp.  Hall. 

FO-RA'.ME.V,  n.  pi.  Fo-bam'i-ha,  [L.]  A  little  open- 
ing; a  perforation. 

FU-RAM'IN-A-TEL),  a.    Having  little  holes. 

Buekland. 


FO-RAM-IN'I-FER,  7!.    One  of  the  foraminifera. 

F0-RA.M-IN-1F'ER-A,  7!.  pi.  A  family  of  very  mi- 
nute shells,  consisting  of  one  or  more  series  of 
chambers  united  by  a  small  perforation  or  foramen. 

Lvell. 

FO-RA.M-IN-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  foram- 
inifera. 

FO-RAM'IN-OUS,  a.  [L.  foramen,  a  hole,  from  foro, 
to  bore.] 

Full  of  holes  ;  perforated  in  many  places ;  porous. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 
FOIt-AS-MUCII'.   In  consideration  of;  because  that. 
JSee  For.] 

Fo'RAY,  ji.    A  sudden  or  irregular  excursion  in  a 

border  war. 
FOR-BADE',(for-bad',)pret.  of  Forbid. 
FOR-BATHE',  v.  t.    To  bathe.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Sackville. 

F0R-BE.\R',  (for-biire',)  v.  i. ;  preU  Forbore  ;  -pp. 
FoRBoRXE.    [Sax.  forbaran  ;  for  and  bear.] 

1.  To  stop ;  to  cease  ;  to  hold  from  proceeding  ; 
as,  forbear  to  repeal  these  reproachful  words. 

2.  To  pause  ;  to  delay  ;  as,  forbear  a  while. 

3.  To  abstain  ;  to  omit  ;  to  hold  one's  self  from 
motion  or  entering  on  an  affair. 

Shall  I  go  against  Ramoth  Gilcad  to  battle,  or  shall  I  forbear  ? 
1  Jungs  xxii. 

4.  To  refuse  ;  to  decline. 

Whellier  they  will  hear,  or  whether  they  will /or6ear.  —  Ezek.  ii. 

5.  To  be  patient ;  to  restrain  from  action  or  vio- 
lence.   Prov.  XXV.  15. 

FOR-BEaR',  i\  u   To  avoid  voluntarily ;  to  decline. 

i^orbcar  his  presence.  Shak, 

2.  To  abstain  from  ;  to  omit  ;  to  avoid  doing. 
Learn  from  the  Scriptures  what  you  ought  to  do  and 
what  to  forbear. 

Have  we  not  power  to  forbear  working?  —  1  Cor.  ii. 

3.  To  spare  ;  to  treat  with  indulgence  and  pa- 
tience. 

Fortiearing  one  another  in  love.  —  Eph.  iv. 

4.  To  withhold. 

Forbear  thee  from  meddling  with  God,  who  is  with  me,  that  be 
destroy  thee  not.  —  2  CUron.  ixxv. 

FOR-BEaR'ANCE,  71.  The  act  of  avoiding,  shun- 
ning, or  omitting ;  either  the  cessation  or  intermission 
of  an  act  commenced,  or  a  witiiholding  from  begin- 
ning an  act.  Liberty  is  the  power  of  doing  or  for- 
bearing an  action,  according  as  the  doing  or  forbear- 
ance has  a  preference  in  the  mind.  The  forbearance 
of  sin  is  followed  with  satisfaction  of  mind. 

2.  Command  of  temper ;  restraint  of  passions. 
Have  a  continent  forbearance,  till  the  speed  of  his  rage  goes 

slower.  Sliak, 

3.  The  exercise  of  patience;  long  suffering;  in- 
dulgence toward  those  who  injure  us  ;  lenity ;  delay 
of  resentment  or  punishment. 

Or  desplsest  thou  the  riches  of  his  goodness,  and  forbearance, 
and  long-sulTering  f  —  Rom.  li. 

FOR-BEaR'ER,  71.    One  tliat  intermits  or  intercepts. 

Tusser, 

FOR-BEaR'ING,  ppr.  Ceasing  ;  pausing  ;  withhold- 
ing from  action  ;  exercising  patience  and  indulgence. 
2.  a.  Patient ;  long-suffering. 

FOR-BEaR'ING,  11.  A  ceasing  or  restraining  from 
action  ;  patience  ;  long-suffering. 

F0R-BE.\R'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  forbearing,  patient 
manner. 

FOR-BID',  V,  t, ;  pret.  Forbade  ;  pp.  Forbid,  Forbid- 
den,   [ijax.  forbeodan  ;  D.  verbieden;  G.  verbieten ; 
Dan.  forbyder  ;  Sw.  f  orhiuda  ;  for  anti  bid.] 
Literally,  to  bid  or  command  against.  Hence, 

1.  To  prohibit ;  to  interdict ;  to  command  to  for- 
bear or  not  to  do.  The  laws  of  God  forbid  us  to 
ssvear.  Good  manners  also  forbid  us  to  use  profane 
language.  All  servile  labor  and  idle  amusements  on 
the  Sabbath  are  forbidden. 

2.  To  command  not  to  enter  ;  as,  I  have  forbid 
him  my  house  or  presence.  This  phrase  seems  to  be 
elliptical ;  to  forbid  from  entering  or  approaching. 

3.  To  oppose;  to  hinder;  to  obstruct.  An  im- 
passable river  forbids  the  apjiroach  of  the  army. 

A  blaze  of  glory  tliat/or6ul*  the  sight.  Dryden, 

4.  To  accurse  ;  to  blast.    [Oft.<.]  Shak, 
FOR  BID',  V,  i.    To  utter  a  prohibition  ;  hut  in  the  in- 
transitive form,  tliere  is  always  an  ellipsis.    1  would 
go,  but  my  state  of  health  forbids,  that  is,  forbids  me 
to  go,  or  my  going. 

FOR-ltID',  {pp,oia.  Prohibited  ;  as,  the /oriii/- 
FOR-lilirUKX,  j    iZcii  fruit. 

2.  IliiKhTerl  ;  obstructed. 
FOR-BIU'DANCE,  iu    Prohibition  ;  command  or  cdit,t 

against  a  thing.  [Little  u,ied.]  Shak, 
FOR-BID'D/JN-LY,  ado.    In  an  unlawful  manner. 

Shak, 

FOR.BID'DKN-NESS,  71.  A  slate  of  being  prohib- 
ited.   [.Vi.f  used,]  Boi/le, 

FOR-IIIiVdeR,  II.  He  or  that  which  forbids  or  enacts 
a  pnihibilion. 

FOIMll I)' 1)1  NO,  ppr.    Prohibiting;  hindering. 

2.  a.  Repelling  approach;  repulsive;  raising  ab- 
horrence, aversion,  or  dislike  ;  disagreeable  ;  as,  a 


forbidding  aspect ;  a  forbidding  formality  ;  a  forbid- 
ding air. 

FOR-BID'DING,  n.    Hinderance ;  opposition.  Shak. 
FOR-BID'DING-LY,  adv.   In  a  forbidding  manner. 
FOR-Bf)RE',  pret,  of  Forbear. 
FOK-BoRNE',  pp,  of  Forbear. 

Few  ever  repented  of  having  forborne  to  speak.  RantbUr, 

Force,  n,  [Fr.  force  It.  forza;  Sp. /«o-:a ;  Port. 
forga;  from  L.  fortis.  All  words  denoting  force, 
power,  strength,  are  from  verbs  which  express  strain- 
ing, or  driving,  rushing,  and  this  word  has  the  ele- 
ments of  Sax.  faran,  and  L.  tJirco.] 

1.  Strength;  active  power;  vigor;  might;  energy 
that  may  be  exerted  ;  that  physical  property  in  a 
body  which  may  produce  action  or  motion  in  an- 
other body,  or  may  counteract  such  action.  By  the 
force  of  the  muscles  we  raise  a  weiglit,  or  resist  an 
assault. 

2.  Momentum ;  the  quantity  of  power  produced 
by  motion  or  the  action  of  one  body  on  another  ;  as, 
the  force  of  a  cannon  ball. 

3.  That  which  causes  an  operation  or  moral  effect ; 
strength  ;  energy  ;  as,  the  force  of  the  mind,  will,  or 
understanding. 

4.  Violence  ;  power  exerted  against  will  or  con- 
sent ;  compulsory  power.  Let  conquerors  consider 
that  force  alone  can  keep  what  force  has  obtained. 

5.  Strength  ;  moral  power  to  convince  the  mind. 
There  is  great  force  in  an  argument. 

6.  Virtue  ;  efficacy.  No  presumption  or  hypotlie- 
sis  can  be  ot  force  enough  to  overthrow  constant  ex- 
perience. 

7.  Vahdity  ;  power  to  bind  or  hold.  If  the  condi- 
tions of  a  covenant  are  not  fulfilled,  the  contract  is 
of  no  force,  A  test.iraent  is  of  force  after  the  testator 
is  dead.   Heb.  ix.  17. 

8.  Strength  or  power  for  war  ;  armament ;  troops  ; 
an  army  or  navy  ;  as,  a  military  or  naval  force  ; 
sometimes  in  the  plural ;  as,  military  forces, 

9.  Destiny  ;  necessity  ;  compulsion  ;  any  extrane- 
ous power  to  which  men  are  subject ;  as,  the  force  of 
fate  or  of  divine  decrees. 

10.  Internal  power ;  as,  the  force  of  habit. 

11.  In  law,  any  unlawful  violence  to  person  or 
property.  This  is  simple,  when  no  other  crhne  at- 
tends it,  as  the  entering  into  another's  possession, 
without  committing  any  other  unlawful  act.  It  is 
compound,  when  some  other  violence  or  unlaw- 
ful act  is  committed.  The  law  also  implies  force, 
as  when  a  person  enters  a  house  or  inclosure  law- 
fully, but  afterward  does  an  unlawful  act.  In  this 
case,  the  law  supposes  the  first  entrance  to  be  for 
that  purpose,  and  therefore  by  force. 

Physicai  force,  is  the  force  of  material  bodies 
Moral  force,  is  the  power  of  acting  on  the  reason  in 
judging  and  determining. 

Force,  in  mechanics,  is  any  thing  which  moves  or 
tends  to  move  a  body.  The  pressure  of  bodies  at 
rest  is  called  a  force,  because  it  tends  to  produce  mo- 
tion. There  is  also  the /orfc  of  gravity  or  attraction, 
centrifugal  and  centripctal/orces,  expansive /orce,  &c. 

Olmsted, 

Force,  n,  a  water-fall,  so  called  from  its  violence  or 
power.    [Cumberland,]  HoUoway, 

Force,  r.  U  To  compel ;  to  constrain  to  do  or  to  for- 
bear, by  the  exertion  of  a  power  not  resistible.  Men 
axe  forced  to  submit  to  conquerors ;  masters /orce  their 
slaves  to  labor. 

2.  To  overpower  by  strength. 

I  should  have  forced  thee  soon  with  other  arms.  MiUon, 

3.  To  impel ;  to  press  ;  to  drive  ;  to  draw  or  push 
by  main  strength  ;  a  sense  of  very  extensive  use  ;  as, 
to  force  along  a  wagon  or  a  ship  ;  to  force  away  a 
man's  arms  ;  water  forces  its  way  through  a  narrow 
channel ;  a  man  may  be/orccrfout  of  his  possessions. 

4.  To  enforce  ;  to  urge ;  to  press. 

F\jrcing  my  strength,  and  g:Hhering  to  Uie  shore.  Dryden, 

5.  To  compel  by  strength  of  evidence  ;  as,  to  force 
conviction  01,  ne  mind  ;  to/oic«one  to  acknowledge 
the  truth  of  a  proposition. 

f>.  To  obtain  by  force  ;  to  take  by  violence  ;  to  as- 
sault and  take  ;  to  storm ;  as,  to  force  a  passage  ;  to 
force  a  towii  or  ftirt. 

7.  To  ravish  ;  to  violate  by  force,  as  a  female. 

8.  To  overstrain  ;  to  distort ;  as,  a  forced  conceit. 

9.  To  cause  to  produce  ripe  fruit  prematurely,  as  a 
tree;  or  to  cause  10  ripen  prematurely,  iis  fruit. 

10.  To  man ;  to  strengthen  by  soliliers  ;  to  garri- 
son.   \Obs,]  Shak.  Ralegh. 

To  force  from  ;  to  wrest  from  ;  to  extort. 

To  force  out;  to  drive  out ;  to  compel  to  issue  out 
or  to  leave  ;  also,  to  extort. 

To  force  wine,  is  to  fine  it  by  a  short  process,  or  in 
a  short  time. 

To  force  pliints,  is  to  urge  the  growth  of  plants  by 
artificial  heat. 

To. force  meat,  [Pr.fnrcir,  to  stuff,]  Is  to  stuff  it. 
FORCE,  11.  I.    To  lay  stress  on.    [OJs.]  Camilen. 

2.  To  strive.    [6bs,]  Spenser. 

3.  To  use  violence.  Spenser, 
FCR'CKD,  (forst,)  pp.    Compelled;  impelled;  driven 

by  violence  ;  urged  ;  stormed  ;  ravished. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


470 


FOR 

2  a.  Affectoil ;  ovcrsiraiiieil  ;  unnatural  j  as,  a 
forcrd  style. 

FOIi'CUU-LY,  adv.  Violently;  constrainedly;  un- 
naturally.   [LiuU  used.] 

F0K'(;KU-NL>S,  II.  The  state  of  being  forced  ;  dis- 
tortion. 

FOKCK'FUL,  a.  Imi)<>llpd  by  violence ;  driven  with 
force  ;  acting  with  power. 

A  praiiiBl  Ihc  8te«d  ho  Uirew 
Il»  forctfal  .i).  ar.  Dn/den. 
2.  Violent ;  ini|)etuous. 
FOIICF.'FL'L-LV,  m/e.    Violently;  impetuously. 
FORCE'LKSS,  «.    Having  little  or  no  force  ;  feeble  ; 


Miipntent.  _ 


Shak. 


FOKCE'-MEAT,  n.   [Fr. /urnV,  to  stuff.]  Incookenj, 
meat  chopped  fine  and  liijihly  seasoned,  either  served 
up  alone,  or  used  as  a  stulhni;. 
FOll'CEl'S,  II.    [L.]    LiUralljj,  a  pair  of  pincers  or 
tonga. 

In  surircrt),  an  instrninent  for  extracting  any  thing 
froiii  a  wound,  and  for  like  purposes.  QiaHcy. 

A  pair  of  scissors  for  cutting  oft"  or  dividing  the 
fleshy,  nienibranous  parts  of  the  body.  Encijc. 
F0R'C;EU,  It.    lie  or  that  which  forces,  drives,  or  con- 
strains. 

2.  The  solid  piston  of  a  pump ;  the  instrument  by 
which  water  is  driven  up  a  punif).  IVdkiiia. 
FOR'CI-ULE,  o.    Powerful ;  strong  ;  mighty  ;  as,  a 
punishiuent  furcibU  to  bridle  sm.  hooker. 

2.  Violent  ;  inipetnous  ;  driving  forward  with 
force  ;  as,  a  forcible  stream. 

3.  EtGcacious  ;  active  ;  puwcrful. 

Swc«t  ametU  nro  mo&t  fordhU  ia  dry  •ubat-uicci,  when  broken. 

Bacon, 

4.  Powerful ;  acting  with  force  ;  impressive ;  as, 
forcible  worils  or  arguments. 

5.  Containing  force  ;  acting  by  violence  ;  as,/om- 
ble  means. 

C.  Done  by  force  ;  suffered  by  force.  The  abdica- 
tion of  James  his  advocates  hold  to  have  been 
forcible.  Swift. 

7.  Valid;  binding;  obligatory.  [JVot 

Johnson. 

8.  In  laid,  fbrcible  entry,  is  an  actual,  violent  entry 
into  houses  or  lands. 

Forcible  detainer,  is  a  violent  withholding  of  the 
lands,  &c.,  of  another  from  his  ixissession. 

Forcible  abduction,  is  the  act  of  taking  away  wrong- 
fully, as  a  child  without  the  consent  of  the  father,  a 
ward  without  the  consent  of  the  guardian,  or  any 
person  c(mtrar^'  to  his  or  her  will.  Blackstoiie. 
FoR'CI-ltLE-.NESS,  n.    Force;  violence. 
FOR'CI-llI.Y,  adp.    tty  violence  or  force. 

2.  t^ironsily  ;  powerfully  ;  with  power  or  energy  ; 
impressively. 

Tlie  /^'•J*''  ofTfrt  inch  eonsideijilion*  as  are  Hi  to  work  very 
Jorably  uii  uur  bupe«  ouil  *A-art.  Tillotson. 

3.  Impetuously  ;  violently  ;  with  great  strength  ; 
as,  a  stream  rushing  forcibly  down  a  precipice. 

FOR'CINtJ,  ppr.  or  a.  C<mipclling ;  impelling  ;  driv- 
ing ;  storming  ;  ravishing. 

2.  Causing  to  ripen  before  the  natural  season,  as 
fniit ;  or  causing  to  produce  ripe  fruit  prematurely, 
as  a  tree. 

3.  Filling  wine  by  a  speedy  process. 
FOR'CING,  ;i.    In  gartlrninn,  the  art  of  raising  plants, 

flowers,  and  fruits,  at  an  earlier  season  than  the  nat- 
uml  one,  by  artificial  heat.  Cye. 

2.  The  o|>eration  of  fining  wines  by  a  speedy 
process. 

FOR'CING-PIT,  71.  A  pit  of  wood  or  masonrj'  sunk 
in  the  earth,  for  containing  (he  fermenting  materials 
to  produce  iHjttoiii-heat  in  forcing  plants.  Gardner. 

FOR'CIMI-PU.MP,  n.  A  kind  of  pump  used  to  throw 
water  to  a  ilistance.  It  h.xs  a  solid  piston,  and  also  a 
side  tube,  through  which  the  water  is  forced  by  the 
action  of  the  piston.  Buchanan. 

FOB'CI-P.\-TEI),  o.  [from  forceps.]  Formed  like  n 
pair  of  pincers,  to  open  and  inclo.se  ;  a.s,  a  forcipated 
mouth.  Derham. 

FOR-CI-PS'TIOX,  71.    A  pinching  with  pincers. 

FORD,  71.  [Sa\.  ford,  fyrdi  C.  furt  ;  from  the  verb 
faran,  to  go  or  p:vs.-*,  t)r  its  root.] 

1.  A  place  in  a  river  nr  other  water,  where  it  may 
be  passed  by  man  or  beast  on  foot,  or  by  wading. 

2.  A  stream ;  a  current. 

Pemiit  my  glKWt  tc  (nu  the  Slycpan  ford,  Dryden, 

FORI),  r.  t   To  jmss  or  cross  a  river  or  other  water  by 

treading  or  walking  on  the  bottom  ;  to  |Kiss  through 

water  by  wading  ;  to  wade  through. 
FORI)'.-\-ni,E,  a.    That  may  be  waded  or  passed 

thniuch  on  fix)l,  as  water. 
KoKD'El),        Passed  through  on  foot;  w.aded. 
FORICINti,  ppr.   Wading;  parsing  through  on  foot, 

as  water. 

FOR-nO',  r.  I.    [Sax.  fordon  ;  fur  and  do,] 

To  destroy  ;  to  undo  ;  to  ruin  ;  to  weary.    [A'ot  in 

u-w.J  Chaucer. 
FORE,  a.  fore,  foran;  G.  tor;  D.  roor  ;  Sw. 

for:  Dan.  for:  Hindoo,  para;  Ir.  for.    This  \i  the 

same  word  in  origin  as  for,  from  the  root  of  Sai. 

faran,  to  go,  to  advance.] 


FOR 

1.  Properly,  advanced,  or  being  in  advance  of  some- 
thing; in  motion  or  progression  ;  as,  the  fore  end  of 
a  chain  carried  in  ineasurmg  land  ;  the  fore  o.xen  or 
horses  in  a  team. 

2.  Advanced  in  time  ;  coming  in  advance  of  some- 
thing ;  coming  first ;  anterittr  ;  preceding;  |irior  ;  as, 
the  fore  iiiirt  of  the  last  century  ;  the  fore  part  of  the 
day,  week,  or  year. 

3.  Advanced  in  order  or  scries ;  antecedent ;  as, 
the  fore  part  of  a  writing  or  bill. 

4.  Being  in  front  or  toward  the  face ;  op()oscd  to 
back  or  behind  ;  as,  the  fore  part  of  a  garment. 

5.  Going  first;  usually  preceding  the  other  part; 
as,  the  fore  part  of  a  ship,  or  of  a  coach. 

FORE,  ado.    In  the  part  that  precedes  or  goes  first. 
In  seamen's  lanouaae,  fore  and  aft  signifies  from 
one  end  of  the  vessel  to  the  other;  lengthwise  of  the 
vessel.  TottcH.    R.  If.  Dana,  Jr. 

Fure,  in  composition,  denotes,  for  the  most  part, 
priority  of  time  ;  sunietiines,  advance  in  place. 

[For  the  etymologies  of  the  compounds  of  fore, 
see  the  principal  word.] 

FoRF^AU-iMON'iail,  v,  t.  To  admonish  beforehand, 
or  before  the  act  or  event. 

FoRE-AD-VISE',  v.  U  To  advise  or  counsel  before 
the  time  of  action,  or  before  the  event;  to  pre-ad- 
monish.  Shak. 

FOUE-AL-LEfiE',  (fore-al-lej',)  v.  t.  To  allege  or  cite 
before.  Folhcrby. 

FoRE-AI-  LEG'/vD,  pp.    Previously  alleged. 

FORt^-AE-LEO'I.NG./i/ir.    Alleging  before. 

FOKE-AP-POINT',  c.  (.  To  set,  order,  or  appoint, 
befiireliand.  Sherwood. 

FOllE-AI'-l'OINT'iMENT,  n.  Previous  appointment ; 
pre-ord  i  n  at  i  on .  iibencood. 

FoRE-AK.M',  I),  t.  To  arm  or  prepare  for  attack  or 
resistance  before  the  time  of  need.  South. 

FoRE'AK.M,  II.  In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  arm  be- 
tween the  elbow  and  the  wrist, 

FoUIi-XR.M'i;D,  a.  Armed  beforehand;  as,  fore- 
warned, fore-armed. 

FoRE-BE-LIiiF',  ii.    Previous  belief. 

FoRE-IiODE',  V.  t.    To  foretell ;  to  prognosticate. 
2.  To  foreknow ;  to  be  prescient  of;  to  feel  a  se- 
cret sense  of  something  future  ;  as,  iny  heart  fore- 
bodes a  sad  reverse. 

FoRE-IioDE'.MENT,  71.    A  presaging;  presagcment. 

FoRE-I!oU'ER,  n.    One  wlio  forebodes  ;  a  prognosti- 
cator  ;  a  soothsayer.  VEslranfre. 
2.  A  foreknower. 

FoRE-lioU'ING,  j)/)r.  Prognosticating;  foretelling; 
foreknowing. 

FoRE-Ho»'ING,  71.  Prognostication. 

FORE-BoI>'lNG-LY,  ado.  In  a  prognosticating  man- 
ner. 

FORE' BRACE,  71,  A  rope  applied  to  the  fore  yard-arm, 
to  change  tJie  position  of  the  foresail.     Mar.  Diet. 

FORE-B^',  prep,  [fore  and  by.]  Near  ;  hani  by  ;  fast 
by.    [Obs.  ]  Spenser. 

FORE-€XST',  V.  t    To  foresee  ;  to  provide  against. 

It  it  u  isdom  to  /oreeaat  coixeqiienccs.  UEsbrangt. 

2.  To  scheme ;  to  plan  before  execution. 

lie  bIwU  forecast  hit  ilcvicca  agtiimt  the  etron^hoMa.  —  Dan.  xi. 

3.  To  adjust,  contrive,  or  appoint,  beforehand. 

The  tiine  so  well/oreoMt.  Dryden, 

FORE-CAST',  r.  i.  To  form  a  scheme  previously ;  to 
contrive  beforehand. 

Fhrtcoiting  how  his  foe  he  might  annoy.  Spenttr, 

FORE'exST,  71.  Previous  contrivance  ;  foresight,  or 
the  antecedent  determination  proceeiling  from  it ; 
as,  a  man  of  little  forecast. 

FORE-CAST'ER,  ii.  One  who  foresees  or  contrives 
beforehand. 

FORE-exST'ING,  ppr.    Contriving  previously. 

FORE'CAS-TLE,  (-kas'sl,)  ti.  That  part  of  the  up- 
per deck  of  a  vessel  forward  of  the  foremast,  or  for- 
ward of  the  after  part  of  the  fore  channels  ;  also,  in 
mercliant  vesscU,  the  forward  part  of  the  vessel,  un- 
der the  deck,  where  the  sailors  live. 

R.  11,  Dana,  Jr, 

F0RE-CII08'£N,  (fore-chuz'n,)  a.  Preiilected  ;  chosen 
beforehand. 

FORE-CIT'ED,  a.    Cited  or  quoted  before  or  above. 

JirbutlinoL 

FORE-CLOSE',  r.  L  To  shut  up;  to  preclude;  to 
stop ;  to  prevent. 

The  embargo  with  Spain /or<c/o*«t  this  trade.  Cartu). 
To  foreclose  a  mortgager,  in  law,  is  to  cut  him  off 
from  his  equity  of  redemption,  or  the  power  of  re 
deeming  the  mortgaged  premises,  by  a  judgment  of 
court.  Blackjslone. 

[To  foreclose  a  mortgage,  is  not  technically  correct, 
but  is  often  used.] 
FoRE  ei.OS'/CD,  pp.    Prevented  ;  precluded  ;  cut  off 

from  the  right  of  redemption. 
FORE-eLO#'I.\'G,  ppr.    Precluding;  cutting  off  from 

the  right  of  redemption. 
FORE-CEOS'I.'RE,  ii.  Prevention. 

2.  The  act  of  foreclosing,  or  depriving  a  mort- 
gager of  the  right  of  redeeming  a  mortgaged  estate. 

Black^tone, 


FOR 

FORE-CON-CKlVE',  r.  t.    To  preconceive.  Bacon, 
Ko RE-DATE',  v,  U    To  dale  before  the  true  time 
FOItE-l)A'l''ED,  pp.    Dated  before  the  true  tiint;. 
FoRE'UECK,  11.    The  fore  part  of  a  deck,  or  of  a 
ship. 

FOliE-DE-SIGN',  fslne,)  r.  t.    To  plan  beforehand; 

til  inttmd  previtiusly.  Chcync 
FoRE-l)E-StGN'£D,  pp.    Planned  beforehand. 
F0RI;-1)IvSI(;N'ING,  ppr.     Planning  or  intending 

previously. 

FoKi:-I)E-TERM'LNE,  v.  t.   To  decree  beforehand. 

Hopkins, 

FORE-DE-TERM'IiV-£D,  pp.  Previously  determined. 
FORE-UE-TER.M'lN-ING,  pitr.    Previously  determ- 
ining. 

FoRE-DOO.M',  V.  t.  To  doom  beforehand ;  to  predes- 
tinate. 

Tliou  art /oredoonwd  to  view  the  Stygian  stale.  Dryden, 

FoRE'DOOM,  71.    Previous  doom  or  sentence. 

FoRE'-nO'  )R,  71.    The  door  in  the  front  of  a  house. 

FORE-ELD'Ell,  n.    An  ancestor. 

FoRE'-EXD,  71.  The  end  which  precedes  ;  the  ante- 
rior part.  Bacon. 

FoRE'FA-TIIER,  71.  An  ancestor;  one  who  precedes 
another  in  the  line  of  genealogy  in  any  degree,  usu- 
ally in  a  remote  degree. 

FoRE-FEEI,'ING,  71.    Presentiment.  Blackwood. 

FoRE-FEND',  r.  t.  To  hinder ;  to  fend  off;  to  avert ; 
to  prevent  ajiproach  ;  to  forbid  or  prohibit.  Dryden, 
2.  To  defenil ;  to  guard  ;  to  secure.  Shali, 
This  word,  like  the  L.  urcco,  is  applied  to  the  thing 
assailing,  and  to  the  thing  assailed.  To  drive  back 
or  resist  that  which  assails,  is  to  hinder  its  approach, 
to  forbid  or  avert ;  and  this  act  defends  the  thing 
threatened  or  assailed. 

FOItE-l'E.ND'EI),  pp.    Hindered;  prevented. 

FoRE-FE.\l)'l.\'<;, ppr.    Hindering;  preventing. 

FORI-:-FIX"GER,  Ming'ger,)  71.  The  finger  next  to 
the  thiinil^,  the  index  ;  called  by  our  Saxon  ancestors 
the  shoot-fmger,  from  its  use  in  archery. 

FORE-FLOW,  V,  U   To  flow  before.  Dryden. 

F(")UE'-FQOT,  71.  One  of  the  anterior  feet  of  a  quad- 
ruiied  or  nitiltiped. 

2.  A  hand,  in  contempt  Slutlc. 

3.  In  a  ship,  a  piece  of  timber  which  terminates  the 
keel  at  the  fore-end,  connecting  it  with  the  lower  end 
of  the  stein.  Tottcn. 

FORE'FKO.N'T,  (  front,)  71.  The  foremost  part ;  as, 
the  forefront  of  a  building ;  the  forefront  of  the  bat- 
tle.   2  Sam.  xi.  15. 

FoRE'-Ga.ME,  71.    A  first  game;  first  plan.  Whitlock. 

FORE-GO',  V.  t.  [See  Go.]  To  forbear  to  possess  or 
enjoy  ;  voluntarily  to  avoid  the  enjoyment  of  good. 
Let  us  forego  the  pleasures  of  sense,  to  secure  im- 
mortal bliss. 

2.  To  give  up ;  to  renounce  ;  to  resign.  But  tJiis 
word  is  usually  applied  to  tilings  not  possessed  or  en- 
joyed, and  which  can  not  be  resigned. 

3.  To  lose. 

4.  To  go  before  ;  to  precede.    [  Obs.]  Shak. 
FORE-GO'ER,  11.    An  ancestor;  a  progenitor.  [JVoi 

used.]  Shak. 

2.  One  who  goes  before  another.  Davies. 

3.  One  who  forbears  to  enjoy. 
FORE-GO'IiN'G,  ppr.    Forbearing  to  have,  possess,  or 

enjoy. 

2.  a.   Preceding  ;  going  before,  in  time  or  pl.ace  ; 
antecedent ;  as,  a  foregoing  period  of  time  ;  a  fore- 
going clause  in  a  writing. 
FoRE-GONE',  (-gawn',)pp.  Forborne  to  be  possessed 
or  enjoyed.  Spenser. 

2.  Predetermined ;  made  up  beforehand  ;  aa,  a  fore- 
gone conclusion.  Shak. 
FORE'GROUND,  71.    The  part  of  the  field  or  expanse 
of  a  picture  which  seems  to  lie  before  the  figures. 

Dryden.  Johnson. 
FORE-GUESS',  t).  <.   To  conjecture.  [Bad.] 

Sherwood. 

FoRE'H.VND,  71.  The  part  of  a  horse  which  is  before 
the  rider. 

2.  The  chief  part.  Shak. 
FORE'H.VND,  0.    Done  sooner  than  is  regular. 

And  so  extenuate  Ute  forehanl  sin.  Shak. 

FORE'HAND-ED,  a.  Early ;  timely ;  seasonable  ;  as, 
a  forehanded  care.  Taylor. 

2.  In  .America,  in  good  circumstances  as  to  proper- 
ty ;  free  from  debt  and  possessed  of  property  ;  as,  a 
forehanded  fanner. 

3.  Formed  in  the  fore  parts. 

A  siiUuuitial,  tnie-brcd  ixait,  biuvcly  forthandtd,  Drydtn, 

FORE' HEAD,  (for'hed,  or  rather  for'ed,)  n.  The  part 
of  the  face  which  extends  from  the  hair  on  the  top  of 
the  head  to  the  eyes. 

2.  Impudence  ;  confidence ;  assurance  ;  audacious- 
ness. Bp,  Hall.  Sirift. 

FORE'HEAD-BALD,  a.  Bald  above  the  forehead. 
Lerit.  xiii.  41. 

FoRE-HicAR',  r.  i.   To  be  informed  before. 

FoRE-IIE.\D',  r.  t.    To  seize.  [J^ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

FoRE-HEVV,  V,  t.   To  hew  or  cut  in  front.  SacktUU. 

FORE-IIEW'KD,  (-hude',)  pp.    Cut  in  front. 

FORE-HEW'lNG,  ppr.    llcwing  in  fronL 


TONE.  BJJLL,  liNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


471 


FOR 

FoKE-HoLIJ'l.\(;,  II.  Predictions  ;  oniinous  forebod- 
ings ;  superstitious  prognostications.    [JVut  usal.] 

L^Estrange. 

FoRE'-HOOK,  n.  In  ships,  a  breast-lioiili  ;  a  piece  of 
timber  placet!  across  tlie  stem,  to  unite  tile  bows  and 
strengtlien  the  fore  part  of  tlie  ship.       Mar.  Diet. 

FoRE'-HORSE,  n.  The  horse  in  a  team  which  goes 
foremost. 

FOR'EIGN,  (for'in,)  a.    [Fr.  forain  ;  Norm,  forein; 
^  Sp.  foraneo  f  from  tlie  root  of  Sax.  faran,  to  go  or  de- 
part; L.  foris,  foras,  Fr.  hurs,  abroad.] 

1.  Belonging  to  another  nation  or  countiy  ;  alien  ; 
not  of  the  country  in  which  one  resides  ;  extraneous. 
^Ve  call  every  country  foreign  which  is  not  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  our  own  government.  In  this 
sense,  Scotland,  before  the  union,  was  foreign  to 
En'feland  ;  and  Uanaila  is  now  foreign  to  the  United 
States.  More  generally,  foreign  is  applied  to  countries 
more  remote  than  an  adjacent  territory  ;  as,  vl  foreign 
market ;  a  foreign  prince.  In  the  United  States,  all 
transatlantic  countries  are  foreign. 

2.  Produced  in  a  distant  country  or  jurisdiction ; 
coming  from  another  country  ;  as,  foreign  goods  ; 
goois  of  foreign  manufacture;  a  foreign  minister. 

3.  Remote;  not  belonging;  not  connected;  with  to 
or  from.  You  dissemble  ;  the  sentiments  you  express 
are  foreign  to  your  heart.  This  design  is  foreign  from 
my  thoughts.  IThe  use  of  from  is  preferable,  and  best 
authorized.] 

4.  Impertinent;  not  pertaining;  not  to  the  pur- 
pose. The  observation  is  foreign  to  the  subject 
under  consideration. 

5.  Excluded  ;  not  admitted;  held  at  a  distance. 

Shak. 

6.  E.xtraneous ;  adventitious ;  not  native  or  natu- 
ral. 

7.  In  law,  a  foreign  attachment  is  an  attachment  of 
the  goods  of  a  foreigner  within  a  city  or  liberty,  for 
the  satisfaction  of  a  debt  due  from  the  fi^eigner  to  a 
citizen  ;  or  an  attachment  of  the  money  or  goods  of 
a  debtor,  in  the  hands  of  another  pi  rsnn. 

A  foreign  bill  of  exchange,  is  a  bill  drawn  by  a  per- 
son in  one  country  on  his  corresjiondent  or  agent  in 
another,  as  distinguished  from  an  inland  bill,  which 
is  drawn  by  one  person  on  another  in  the  same  juris- 
diction or  country. 

Foreign  plea  ;  a  plea  or  objection  to  a  judge  as  in- 
competent to  try  the  question,  on  the  ground  that  it 
is  not  within  his  jurisdictiori.  Encijc. 

FOR'EIGN-BUILT,  (-bilt)  a.  Built  in  a  foreign  coun- 
try. Jefferson. 

FOR'EIGN-ER,  (for'in-er,)  n.  A  person  born  in  a  for- 
eign country,  or  whhout  the  country  or  jurisdiction 
of  which  one  speaks.  A  Spaniard  is  ^  foreigner  \n 
France  and  England.  All  men  not  born  in  the  Uni- 
ted States  arc  to  them  foreigners,  and  they  are  aliens 
till  naturalized.  A  naturalized  person  is  a  citizen  ; 
but  we  still  call  him  a  foreigner  bij  birth. 

FOR'EIGN-NESS,  (for'in-ness,)  n.  Remoteness  ;  want 
of  relation  ;  as,  the  forcignness  of  a  subject  from  the 
main  business. 

FoRE-IM-AG'IXE,  v.  t.  To  conceive  or  fancy  before 
proof,  or  beforehand. 

FoRE-IM-AG'I.\'-/;D,p;).    Conceived  before. 

FoRE-IM-AG'h\-L\G,  ppr.    Imagining  beforehand. 

FoRE-JUDGE',  (fore-jiij',)  r.  £.  To  prejudge  ;  to  judge 
beforehand,  or  before  hearing  the  facts  and  proof. 

2.  In  law,  to  expel  from  a  court,  for  mal-practice  or 
non-appearance.  When  an  attorney  is  sued,  and 
called  to  appear  in  court,  if  he  declines,  he  \s  fore- 
jud'red,  and  his  name  is  struck  from  the  rolls. 

FoRE-JUnG'/,!),  pp.  Prejudged. 

FoRE-JUl)G'IiVG,  ppr.  Prejudging. 

FoRE-JUDG'.MEiVT,  )i.  Judgment  previously  formed. 

Spenser. 

FoRE-KNoW,  (-nC,)  v  t  [See  K.now.]  To  have 
previous  knowledge  ot ;  to  foresee. 

Who  would  the  mia'-iicii  of  mitii  /oreknow  7  Dryden. 
I'or  wliom  he  ilid  fortkneu,  )v-  ;tlso  tiid  predrsUiinte  lo  be  cuii- 
formed  io  the  image  o(  hU  Son.  —  Horn.  viii. 

FORE-KNoW'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  foreknown. 
FORE  K.NoWER,  n     One  that  foreknows.  [More. 
FoRE  K.NoWIN.'J,  ppr.    Knowing  beforehand. 
FORE  KNUW  l.'KUiE,  (f irc-nol'ij,)  n.  Knowledge 
of  a  thing  before  it  happens  ;  prescience. 

U  \  foreknew, 

Foreknowls  I  ft  hnd  no  indiiencc  on  llieir  fault.  Milton. 

FORE  KNOWN',  pp.    Known  beforehand. 
FOR' EL,  n.    A  Kind  of  parchment  for  the  cover  of 
bookK 

FORE'LA.VI),  n  A  promontory  or  cape  ;  a  point  of 
land  exti  n-Jing  into  the  m-a  some  distance  from  the 
tine  of  the  shun-  ;  a  head-land  ;  as,  the  North  and 
South  Firtilar.d  in  Kent,  in  England. 

y.  In  fiiT:ifir.alwn ,  a  pieci-  uf  ground  between  the 
wall  of  >•  place  an<l  tin-  moat. 

FfiKI^LAY',  V.  L    To  lay  wait  for  ;  to  entrap  by  am- 
bu«h  Drydcn. 
a.  T<  contrive  antecedently.  Johnjion. 

FORE  I.KAD'ER,  r..  One  who  leads  others  by  his  ex- 
amtilf- 

FORE  LFNI)',  V.  t.    To  lend  or  give  beforehand. 

Spenser. 


FOR 

FoRE-I;IFT',  ti.  (.  To  raise  aloft  any  anterior  part. 
[Obs.]  Spenser. 

FoRE'LOCK,  71.  The  lock  of  hair  that  grows  from  the 
forepart  of  the  head.  "  Take  time  by  the  forelock," 
i.  e.,  seize  an  opportunity  when  presented.  Swift. 

2.  In  sea  language,  a  tiat  piece  of  iron  driven 
through  the  end  of  a  bolt,  to  retain  it  firndy  in  its 
place.  I'otten. 

FoRE-LOOK',  V.  t.    To  look  beforehand  or  forward. 

Spenser. 

FoRE'MAN,  Ji.  The  first  or  chief  man  ;  particularly, 
the  chief  man  of  a  jury,  who  acts  as  their  speaker. 

2.  The  superintendent  in  a  printing-office  or  other 
establishment,  who  conducts  the  whole  work. 

FoRE'MaST,  71.  The  mast  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel 
which  is  placed  in  the  fore  part  or  forecastle,  and  car- 
ries the  foresail  and  fore-tonsad  yards.  Encyc. 

FoRE-MEANT',  (fore-ment',)  a.  Intended  before- 
hand. Spenser. 

FoRE-MEN'TION-JSD,  (7.  Mentioned  before ;  reci- 
ted or  written  in  a  former  part  of  the  same  writing 
or  discourse. 

FoRE'MoST,  a.  First  in  place;  most  advanced; 
as,  the  foremost  troops  of  an  army. 

2.  First  in  dignity.  In  honor  lie  held  the  foremost 
ran  k. 

FoRE'.MOTII-ER,  7!.    A  female  ancestor.  Prideaux. 

FoRE'NaME,  7!.  The  first  name  that  precedes 
another,  as  Imperator  Cajsar  Augustus.  Selden. 

FoRE'NaM-AT),  a.    Named  or  nominated  before. 
2.  iMentionetl  before  in  the  same  writing  or  dis- 
course. 

FoRE'NOON,  71.  The  former  part  of  the  day,  from 
the  morning  to  meridian,  or  noon.  We  usually  call 
the  first  part  of  the  day,  from  the  dawn  to  the  time 
of  breakfast,  or  the  hour  of  business,  the  morning, 
and  from  this  period  to  noon,  the  forenoon.  But  the 
limits  are  not  precisely  defined  by  custom. 

FoRE'-No'TICE,  71.  Notice  or  information  of  an 
event  before  it  happens.  Rymer. 

FO-REN'SAL,  a.  Forensic. 

FO-REN'Sie,  a.  [from  L.  forensis,  from  forum,  a 
court.] 

Belonging  to  courts  of  judicature  ;  used  in  courts 
or  legal  proceedings  ;  as,  a  forensic  term ;  forensic 
eloquence  or  disputes.  Locke.  iVatts. 

FoRE-OR-DaIN',  v.  t.  To  ordain  or  appoint  before- 
hand ;  to  preordain  ;  to  predestinate ;  to  predeter- 
mine. Hooker. 

FoRE-OR-DAIN'iJD,  pp.    Previously  ordained. 

FoRE-OR-DaIN'ING,  ppr.  Preordaining. 

FoRE-OR-DI-Na'TION,  71.  Previous  ordination  or 
appointment  ;  predetermination  ;  predestination. 

Jackson, 

FoRE'PART,  71.  The  part  first  in  time  ;  as,  the  fore- 
part of  the  day  or  week. 

2.  The  part  most  advanced  in  place  ;  the  anterior 
part  ;  as,  the  forepart  of  any  moving  body. 

3.  The  beginning  ;  as,  the  forepart  of  a  series. 
FoRE'PaSS-A'U,  )  a.    Piist  before  a  certain  time  ;  as, 
FoRE'PaST,       J    forepast  sins.    [Z,i(tZc  used.] 

Hammond. 

FoRE'-PLaNE,  71.  In  carjientry  and  joinery,  the  first 
plane  used  after  the  saw  and  axe.  Owilt, 

FoRE-POS-SESS'£D,  (-pos-sest',)  a.  Holding  for- 
merly in  possession ;  also,  preoccupied  ;  jirepos- 
sessed  ;  prcengaged.  Sanderson. 

FoRE-PRIZE',  v.  t.   To  prize  or  rate  beforehand. 

Hooker. 

FORE-PKTZ'f;n,  pp.    Prized  beforehand. 

FoRE-PRIZ'INt;,  ppr.    Prizing  beforehand. 

FoRE'-PROM'IS-£D,  (-prom'ist,)  a.  Promised  before- 
hand ;  preengaged. 

FoRE-aUOT'ED,  a.  Cited  before  ;  quoted  in  a  fore- 
going part  of  the  work; 

FoRE-RAN',  prct.  of  Fokerun. 

FoRE'RANK,  n.    The  first  rank  ;  the  front.  Shak. 

FoRE-RKACIl'upoii,  v.  t.  In  ituvigalion,  to  gain  or 
advance  upon  in  progression  or  motion.  Mar.  Diet. 

FoRE-ReAU',  v.  t.    To  signify  by  tokens.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

FoRE-RRAD'ING,  71.    Previous  perusal.  Hales. 
FoRE-RE-CIT'EI),  a.  Named  or  recited  before.  Shak. 
F0RE-RE-JIE.M'BEK-£U,  o.    Called  to  mind  previ- 
ously. Mountwu. 
FORE' RIGHT,  (-rite,)  a.    Ready  ;  forward  ;  quick. 

Massinger. 

FoRE'RIGHT,  arfi;.    Right  forward  ;  onward.  iJcuiim. 
FORE-RUN',  V.  t.    To  advance  before  ;  to  come  be- 
fore as  an  earnest  of  something  to  follow  ;  to  intro- 
duce as  a  harbinger. 

lleaviiiras  Jbreruni  the  good  event.  Shak. 
2.  To  iirecede  ;  to  have  the  start  of.  Orannt. 
FORE-RUN'NER,  71,    A  mi^ssengcr  sent   before  to 
give  notice  of  the  appro.acli  of  others;  a  harbinger. 
My  elder  brotliere,  niy  /orcrunttcrt  came.  Dryden. 

2.  An  ancestor  or  predecessor.  [OAs.] 

3.  A  prognostic  ;  a  sign  foreshowing  something  to 
follow.  Certain  pains  in  the  head,  back,  and  limbs, 
arc  the  forerunners  of  a  fever. 

FORE  RUN'NINfJ,  ppr.    Running  before  ;  preceding. 
FORE'.SAII),  (-sed,)  jjp.  or  a.    Spoken  before.  [Soo 
Aforesaid.] 


FOR 

FORE'SaIL,  71.    A  sail  extended  on  iho  fure-yard, 

which  H  supported  by  the  foremast. 
FoRE-SaY',  v.  t.    To  predict ;  to  foretell.  Shak. 
FoRE-SaY'ING,  71.    A  prediction.  Sherwood. 
FoRE-SEE',  v.  t.    To  see  beforehand  ;  to  see  or  know 

an  event  before  it  happens ;  to  have  prescience  of; 

to  foreknow. 

-  Pro». 

FoRE-SEE'ING,  ppr    Seeing  before  the  event. 

FORE-SEEN',  pp.    Seen  beforeliand. 

FoRE-SEER',  77.    One  who  foresees  or  foreknows. 

FORE-SicIZE',  V.  U    To  seize  beforehand. 

FoRE-Sk1Z'£D,  pp.    Seized  beforehand. 

FoRE-Sif.IZ'ING,  ppr.    Seizing  beforehand. 

FoRE-SHAD'oW,  v.  t.  To  shadow  or  typify  before- 
hand. Dryden. 

FoRE-SHAD'oW-£D,  pp.    Typified  before. 

FoRE-SIIAD'OW-ING,  ppr.    Shadowing  beforehand. 

FoRE-SHAD'oW-ING,  71.  The  act  of  shadowing 
beforehand  ;  anticipation. 

FoRE-SUaME',  v.  t.  To  shame  ;  to  bring  reproach 
on.  Shak. 

FoRE-SHaM'£D,  pp.    Shamed  before. 

FoRE-SHaM'ING,  ppr.    Shaming  before. 

FORE-SHEW',  (-sho.)    See  Foreshow. 

FoRE'SHIP,  71.    The  fore  part  of  a  ship.   Acts  xxvii. 

FoRE-SHORT'£N,  v.  t.  In  painting,  to  represent 
figures  as  they  appear  to  the  eye  when  seen  obliquely. 
Thus,  a  carriage-wheel,  when  viewed  obliquely,  ap- 
pears like  an  ellipse.  Human  figures  painted  on  a 
ceiling  are  sometimes  so  foreshortened,  that  the  toes 
appear  almost  to  touch  the  chin.  So,  also,  in  stanil- 
ing  near  a  lofty  building,  the  parts  above  are  fore- 
shortened, or  appear  shorter  to  the  eye  than  they 
really  are,  because  seen  obliquely  from  below. 

Encyc.  Am, 

F0RE-SHORT'£N-ING,  n.  The  representation  or 
appearance  of  objects  when  viewed  obliquely.  [See 
FoRESHojiTEN.]  Dryden, 

FoRE-SHoW',  V,  t.  To  show  beforehand  ;  to  prog- 
nosticate. 

Next,  like  Aurora,  Spenser  rose. 

Whose  purple  blush  die  day  foresJwws.  Dcnham. 

2.  To  predict ;  to  foretell. 

3.  To  represent  beforehand,  or  before  it  comes. 
FoRE-SHoW'ER,  71.    One  who  predicts.  [Honker. 
FORE-SHoW'ING,  ppr.  Showing  before  ;  predicting. 
FoRE-SHoWN',  pp.    Shown  beforehand  ;  predicted. 
FORE'-SHROUDS,  71.  pi.    The  shrouds  of  a  ship  at- 
tached to  the  foremast. 

FoRE'SIDE,  71.    The  front  side ;  also,  a  specious 

outside.  Spenser. 
FoRE'SIGHT,  71.    Prescience;  foieknowledge ;  prog- 
nostication ;  the  act  of  foreseeing,  Milton. 

2.  Provident  care  of  futurity ;  foreknowledge  ac- 
companied with  prudence  in  guarding  against  evil. 

Spenser. 

FoRE-SIGHT'ED,  a.    Prudent  in  guarding  against 

evil ;  provident  for  the  future. 
FoRE-SIGHT'FlJL,  a.    Prescient;  provident.  [Lit- 
tle iLsed.]  Sidney. 
FORE-SIG'NI-F?,  V.  t.   To  signify  beforehand;  to 

betoken  previously  ;  to  foreshow  ;  to  typify.  Hooker. 
FoRE'SKIN,  71.    The  skin  that  covers  the  glans 

penis  ;  the  prepuce. 
FoRE'SKIRT,  71.    The  loose  and  pendulous  part  of  a 

coat  before.  Sliuk. 
FORE-SLACK',  V.  t.    To  neglect  by  idleness.  [jVot 

used.]  Spenser. 
FORE  SLOW',  71.  (.   To  delay  ;  to  hinder ;  to  impede  ; 

to  obstruct.    [JV(7(  used,] 

No  stream,  no  wood,  110  mountain  cotUd/orcs/oi* 

Their  hasty  pa(».  Fhir/aj. 

2.  To  neglect ;  to  omit.  [JViit  used.]  Bacon. 
FORE-SLOW',  V,  i.   To  be  ililatory  ;  to  loiter.  [JVot 

used.]  Shak, 
FORE-SPEAK',  V,  t.     To  foresay;  to  foreshow;  to 

foretell  or  predict.  Camden. 

2.  To  forbid.    [JVut  used.]  Shak. 

3.  To  bewitch.    [JVot  used.]  Drayton. 
FoRE-SPEAK'ING,  71.    A  pretliction  ;  also,  a  preface. 

[Mit  used.] 

FoRE'SPEECH,  71.   A  preface.   [JVot  used.]  Sherwood. 

FoRE-SPENT',  a.    Wasted  in  strength  ;  tired  ;  ei- 
hausted.  Shak. 
2.  Past ;  as,  life  forespent.    [Little  used.]  Spenser. 

FORE-SPoK'f-'N,  a.    Previously  spoken. 

FORE-SPUR'RER,  71.  One  that  rides  before.  [JVot 
used.  I  Shak. 

FOR'EST,  71.  fit.  foresta;  Fr.  forSt;  Arm.  forest; 
G.  first;  It.  foraois,  foraighis  ;  Norm,  fores;  from 
the  Siime  root  as  I>.  forts,  Fr.  hors,  and  the  Sax. 
faran,  to  go,  to  depart.  Hence,  the  It.  foresticrc,  Sp. 
forastero,  signifies  strangi;,  foreign  ;  It.  foresto,  wild, 
savage ;  Port,  forastciro,  a  stranger.  This  enables 
us  to  understand  the  radical  meaning  of  other  words 
which  signify  strange,  wild,  barbarous,  &c.  'I'liey 
all  express  distance  from  cities  and  civilization,  and 
are  from  roots  expressing  departure  or  wandering.] 

2.  An  extensive  wood,  or  a  large  tract  of  land  cov- 
ered with  trees.  In  America,  the  word  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  a  wood  of  native  growth,  or  a  tract  of  vvooil- 


FiTE,  FAE,  FALL,  WH^lT — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BtllD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


47t 


FOR 

land  which  has  never  been  cullivatfil.  It  differs 
fniin  wood  or  woods  clili'lly  in  c.\l>  ill.  VVo  rrad  or 
tlio  Ilorcynian  forest,  in  (iirmany,  and  the  furest  of 
Aiidenucs,  in  Franco  or  (iaul. 

2.  In  Itiici,  in  Ormt  Brilmn,  a  certain  territory  of 
woody  pruiinds  and  |insttires,  privileged  for  wild 
beasla  aiul  fowls  of  forest,  chase,  and  warren,  to 
rest  and  abide  in,  under  the  protection  of  the  kinR, 
for  his  pli'rusiire.  [/«  Utis  sense,  Vie  word  has  no  aypU- 
cttlian  in  America.] 

Forest  laws ;  laws  for  Rovcrning  and  regulating 
forests,  and  preserving  game.  Kn^'land. 

FOU'KST,  p.  (.   To  cover  with  trees  or  wood. 

FoRC'S'l'.\I'"l'",  H.  An  instrument  formerly  used  at 
sea,  for  taking  the  altitudes  of  heavenly  bodies.  It  ia 
now  superseded  by  the  sextant.  Bramle. 

FOll'EST-AGi;,  n.  An  am-ieiit  service  paid  by  forest- 
ers to  the  king;  also,  the  right  of  foresters. 

Kngland. 

FORE-PTAIil/,  V.  t,  [Sec  Stall.]  To  anticipate; 
to  take  beforehand, 

Wlijf  iiml  n  lORii  fortttall  his  ilaw  of  grir-f, 

And  mil  lo  mei't  what  Uc  would  must  uvuid  }  Milton. 

2.  To  hinder  by  preoccupation  or  prevention. 

I  w  ill  not  forestail  your  Juilstinrnt  of  llie  ival.  Pop«. 

3.  In  law,  to  buy  or  bargain  for  corn,  or  provisions 
of  any  kind,  before  lluy  arrive  at  the  market  or  fair, 
with  iiilent  to  sell  ihcni  ut  higher  prices.  This  is  a 
penal  olVense.  Encyc. 

4.  To  deprive  by  something  prior.    [Au£  in  use.'] 

Shak. 

FORE-STALL'KD,  pp.  Anticipated  ;  hindered  ;  pur- 
chased bi'fore  arrival  in  market. 

FOKE-STAI.L'ER,  ii.  One  who  forr.«talls  ;  a  person 
who  purchases  provisions  bi  fore  they  come  to  the 
fair  or  market,  with  a  view  to  raise  the  price.  Locke. 

FOUE-STALl.'IXG,  ;>/;r.  Anticipating  j  hindering  ; 
buying  provisions  belore  they  arrive  in  market,  with 
intent  to  sell  them  at  higher  prices. 

FOKE-STAl-L'hNG,  >i.  Anticipation  ;  preventiim  ;  the 
act  of  biiying  provisions  before  they  are  ollered  in 
market,  with  intent  to  sell  them  at  higher  prices. 

FOKE'STAY,  n.  In  a  ship's  rifrginn,  a  large,  strong 
rope,  reaching  from  the  foremast  head  tow  ard  the 
bowsprit  end,  to  support  the  mast.         Stlar.  DicL 

FORE'-STICK,  n.   The  front  stick  of  a  wood  fire. 

FOR'EST-IJORN,  a.    Born  in  a  forest  or  wilderness. 

Shak. 

FOR'EST-ED,  pp.   Covered  with  trees ;  wooded. 

Tooke. 

i2.  a.    Overspread  with  a  forest.     S.  E.  Duiight. 

FOR'ES!T-ER,  II.    Ill  England,  an  officer  appointed  to 
watch  a  forest,  preserve  the  game,  and  institute  suits 
for  trespasses.  Encyc. 
Q.  An  inhabitant  of  a  forest.  Shak. 
3.  A  forest-tree.  Evelyn. 

FOR'F.ST-l.\f;,  ppr.    Covering  with  trees. 

FORE'SW.VRT,  i  a.    [Sec  Sweat.]    Exhausted  by 

F0IIE'!?\VAT,    j     heat.    [Obs.]  Sidnci. 

FORE'-TACK-LE,  n.   'I'lie  tackle  on  the  foremast. 

FORE'TASTE,  n.  A  taste  beforehand  ;  anticipation. 
The  pleasures  of  piety  are  a  /ori7n.<(f  of  heaven. 

FORE-TAt>TE',  ».  t.   To  taste  before  possession;  to 
have  previous  enjoyment  or  experience  of  some- 
tliing  ;  to  anticipati^ 
2.  To  taste  before  another. 

FORE-TAST'ED,  pp.  Tasted  beforehand,  or  before 
another.  Milton. 

FCRE-TAST'ER,  n.  One  tlial  tastes  beforehand,  of 
before  another. 

FORE-TAST'I.NG,  ppr.    T.asting  before. 

FORE-TAUGHT',  (  tawt',)  /,/).    Taught  beforehand. 

FORE-TKAfir,  i:  i.    To  teach  beforehand.  Sprnscr. 

FORE-TELL',  r.  t. ;  prrt.  and  pp.  Forktold.  To  pre- 
dict ;  to  tell  before  an  event  happens  ;  to  prophesy. 

JilUton.  Pujte, 

2.  To  foretoken  ;  to  foreshow.  IVarton. 
FORE-TELL',  V.  i.   To  utter  prediction  or  prophecy. 

All  the  pn>ph-'ts  fn^iii  S.Amu>>l,  ami  tlu»*  thai  follow  nA(*r,  lu 
many  ns  have  sf^ltcii,  have  hkevw:  /ortlotd  of  Uicse  days. 
—  AcU  iii. 

FORE-TELL'ER,  ti.  One  who  predicts  or  prophesies ; 
n  foresliowcr.  Boyie, 

FORE  TIJI.L'ING,  ppr.  Predicting. 

FORE-TKI.I.'IXG,  n.  Prediction. 

FORE-TIIIXK',  r.  L  To  think  beforehand ;  to  antici- 
pate in  the  mind. 

The  soul  of  every  m.an 
Perpetually  do«/orri;<inlr  Uiy  fall.  Shak. 

2.  To  contrive  beforehand.  Bp.  Hall. 

FORE-TIII.NK',  r.  i.    To  contrive  beforehand.  SmitA. 
FORE-TlinUGHT',(fiirc-thawl',)prct.of  FoKETHiNK. 
FORE'TIIDUGIIT,  ^forc'Ihawt,)  ».     A  thinking  be- 
forehand ;  antici|K\tion  ;  prescience  ;  prenieditatioii. 

2.  Provi(l<  ni  care.  Blackslone. 
^','!;^^^::'}'iy}y'GUTiFyj.,  «.    Having  forethought. 
t      r,  TO'KEX,  B.  t.   To  foreshow  ;  lo  prcsignify ;  to 
prognosticate. 

Whilst  ttnnp-  pnx%ious  ligiis  forttaicn  Wood.  DamtL 
rORF.-TO'KKN,  n.    Prognostic  ;  previous  sign. 
irii;ivTO'Kf;\-£D,pp.    Foreshown.  [Sidney. 
I'oiiF.- 1  0'K/.-X-ING,  ppr.  Presignifying. 
!■      i:-TOLD',  pp.   Predicted ;  told  before. 


FOR 

FORE'-TOOTIl,  ji. ;  p/.  FonE-'l'EETH.     One  of  the 

tirlli  in  the  fore  part  of  the  mouth;  an  incisor. 
FORE'TOl',  »i.    The  liair  on  the  fore  part  of  the  head. 

2.  That  i>arl  of  a  woman's  head-dress  that  is  for- 
ward, or  the  top  of  a  periwig. 

3.  In  ships,  the  platform  erected  at  the  head  of  the 
foreinasl.  [/n  this  seiue,  tJtc  accent  on  the  two  syllables 
is  ncarhf  enual.] 

FORE-TOP'MaST,  n.  The  mast  erected  at  the  head 
of  the  foremast,  and  at  the  head  of  which  stands  the 
fore  top-gallant-mast. 

FOR-EV'ER,  adv.    At  all  times. 

2.  To  eternity  ;  through  endless  ages. 

FoRE-VOUCiI'£;D,  (-voucht',)  pp.  Alfirmcd  before  ; 
formerly  told.  Shak. 

FoRE'VVARl),  II.    The  van  ;  the  front.    1  Marmbcrs. 

FoRE-WAl'X',  (fore-waurii',)  v.  t.  To  admonish  be- 
forehand'. 

1  will  forewarn  you  whom  ye  sliall  fear.  —  Luke  xii. 

2.  To  inform  previously  ;  to  give  previous  notice. 

Milton. 

3.  To  caution  beforehand.  Dnjdrn. 
FonE-AVAUN'/;n,  pp.     Admonished,  cautioned,  or 

iiil'iirini'il  III  forehand. 
FOKE-WARiN'ING, H"-.    Previously  admonishing  or 
informing. 

FoRE-WARN'ING,  n.  Previous  admonition,  caution, 
or  notice. 

FoltlVWENI)',  B.  e.    To  go  before.  [Obs.]  Spcnsrr. 

FoltlO'Wl.M)  n.    A  favorable  wind.  Shale. 

FoKlvWlSH',  I'.  L    To  wish  bcforeh.ind.  Knvlles. 

FoRE'\\0,\l-AN,  n.  A  woman  who  is  chief;  the 
head  woman.  TaUer. 

FoRE-\VORi\',  pp.  [PceWEAn.]  Worn  out ;  wast- 
ed or  obliterated  by  time  or  use.  Sidney. 

FOR'FEIT,  (for'fit,)  r.  (.  [Fr.  forfaire,  forfait ;  Low 
h.  fori.ifacerr,  from  L.  foris,  out  or  abroad,  and  facia, 
lo  make  ;  Norm,  forfacc,  forfeit,  and  forfist,  for- 
feited.] 

To  lose  or  render  confiscable,  by  some  fault,  of- 
fense, or  crime  ;  to  lose  the  right  to  some  species  of 
projierly,  or  that  which  belongs  to  one ;  lo  alienate 
the  right  to  possess  by  some  neglect  or  crime  ;  as,  to 
forfeit  an  estate  by  a  breach  of  the  condition  of  ten- 
ure, or  by  treason.  Hy  the  ancient  laws  of  England, 
a  matt  forfeited  his  estate  by  neglecting  or  refusing 
to  fiillill  the  conditions  on  which  it  was  granted  to 
him,  or  by  a  breach  of  fealty.  A  man  now  forfeits 
his  estate  by  committing  treason.  A  man  forfeits  his 
honor  or  reputation  by  a  breach  of  promise,  and  by 
any  criminal  or  disgraceful  act.  Statutes  declare 
that  by  certain  acts  a  man  shall  forfeit  a  certain  sum 
of  money.  Under  the  feudal  system,  the  right  to  the 
land /ur/eitcd  vested  in  the  lord  or  superior.  In  mod- 
ern times,  the  riglit  to  things  forfeited  is  generally 
regulated  by  statutes  ;  it  is  vested  in  the  state,  in  cor- 
porations, or  in  prosecutors  or  informers,  or  partly  in 
the  state  or  a  corporation  and  partly  in  an  individ- 
ual. The  duelist,  to  secure  the  reputation  of  bravery, 
forfeits  the  esteem  of  good  men  and  the  favor  of 
Heaven. 

FOU'FEIT,  (for'fit,)  n.  (Fr.  forfait;  W.  forfed  ;  Low 
L.  fori^actitra.  Originally,  and  still  in  French,  a 
trespass,  transgression,  or  crime.  liut  wilh  us,  the 
effect  of  some  transgression  or  offense.] 

1.  That  which  is  forfeited  or  lost,  or  the  righl  to 
which  is  alienated  by  a  crime,  offense,  neglect  of 
duty,  or  breach  of  contract ;  hence,  a  fine  ;  a  mulct ; 
a  penalty.  He  that  murders  pays  the  forfeit  of  his 
life.  When  a  statute  creates  a  penalty  for  a  trans- 
gression, either  in  money  or  in  corporal  punishment, 
the  offender,  who,  on  conviction,  pays  the  money  or 
sutlers  the  punishment,  pays  the  forfeit. 

2.  Sometliing  deposited  and  redeemable  by  a  joc- 
ular fine  ;  whence  the  game  of  forfeits. 

«      QoUlsiniUi.  Smart. 

3.  One  whose  life  is  fiirfeited.  [JVut  tt-ied.]  Shak. 
FOR'FEIT,  parL  a.    [Used  for  Forfkited.]    Lost  or 

alienated  for  an  ollensc  or  crime ;  liable  to  penal 
seizure. 

And  Ills  long  toils  wi  re  for/eit  for  a  look.  Drytlen. 
FOR'FEIT-A-BLE,  (forTit-ii-bl,)  a.    Liable  to  be  for- 
feited ;  subject  to  forleilurc. 

For  the  future,  uses  shall  b«?  suhject  to  die  statutes  of  mortmain, 
toid/or/etlaJtle  like  tlic  lands  themselves.  BtadCBlone. 

FOR'FEIT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Lost  or  alienated  by  an  of- 
fi'nse,  crime,  or  breach  of  condition. 

FOR'FEIT-ER,  n.  One  who  incurs  punishment  by 
fiirfi  iting  his  bond.  Shak. 

FOK'FEIT-I.NG,  ppr.  Alienating  or  losing,  as  a  right, 
by  an  olU  nse,  crime,  or  breach  of  conditiim. 

FOIl'FElT-l'RE,  (for'fit-yQre,)  n.  The  act  of  forfeit- 
ing ;  the  losing  of  some  righl,  privilege,  estate,  hon- 
or, office,  or  effects,  by  an  offense,  crime,  breach  of 
condition,  or  other  act.  In  regard  to  property,  for- 
fiilure  is  a  loss  of  the  right  to  possess,  but  not  gener- 
ally the  actual  posiession,  which  is  to  be  transferred 
by  some  subseqiieiil  process.  In  the  feudal  system, 
a  forfeiture  of  lands  g-.ivc  him  in  reversion  or  remain- 
der a  righl  to  enli  r. 

2.  That  which  is  forfeited  ;  an  estate  forfeited  ;  a 
fine  or  mulct.  Tlie  prince  enriched  his  treasury  by 
fines  and  forfeitures. 


F  ()  R 

FOR'FE.X,  M.    [L.]    A  pair  of  scissors.  Pope. 

FOR  GAVE',  pret.  of  FoiiiiivE,  which  see. 

FORGE,  n.    [I'r.  forge:  Sp,  I'litl.  forja  i  probably  from 

L, //.Tcum,  iron  ;  It, /crriera,  a  forge  ;  Port, /crra;»rm, 

iron-work,] 

1.  A  furnace  in  which  iron  or  other  metal  Is  heated 
and  hammered  into  form,  A  larger  forge  is  called 
with  us  iron<Dorks.  Smaller  forges,  cousisting  of  a 
bellows  so  placed  as  to  cast  a  stream  of  3ir  upon  ig- 
nited coals,  are  of  various  forms  and  uses.  Armies 
have  t ravel ing/orirM  for  repairing  gun-carriages,  &.C. 

2.  Any  place  where  any  thing  is  made  or  shaped. 

Hooker. 

3.  The  act  of  beating  or  working  iron  or  steel ;  the 
manufacture  of  metalline  bodi"s. 

Ill  the  /greater  bodies  die  fori;e  was  easy.  Bacon. 

FoltfiE,  V.  t.   To  form  by  heating  and  hammering  ;  to 
liiMl  into  any  particular  shape,  as  a  metal. 
2.  To  make  by  any  nie.ins. 


Nam(«  that  Uie  schoob  forged, 
scholars. 


iid  put  into  the  moiittis  of 
Loekt. 


3.  To  make  falsely;  to  falsify  ;  to  counterfeit;  lo 
make  in  the  likeness  of  soiin'thing  else  ;  as,  to  furgt 
coin  ;  to  forge  a  bill  of  exchange,  or  a  receipt 
FoRG'A'l),  (torjd,)  pp.  ut  n.    Hammered;  beaten  into 

siiape  ;  made  ;  counterfeited. 
FCRG'ER,  n.    One  thai  makes  or  forms. 

2.  One  who  counterfeits  ;  a  falsifier. 
FOUCEll-V',  n    The  act  of  forging  or  working  metal 
into  shape.    [In  tnis  sense,  rarely  or  never  now  nsed.] 

2.  Tlie  act  of  falsifying  ;  tlie  crime  of  counterfeit- 
ing ;  as,  till!  forgery  of  coin,  or  of  bank  notes,  or  of 
a  bond.  Forgery  may  consist  in  counlerfi'iting  a 
writing,  or  in  setting  a  false  name  to  it,  to  the  preju- 
dice of  another  person. 

3.  That  H  hicli  is  forged  or  counterfeited.  Certain 
letters,  purporting  to  be  written  by  Genenil  Washing- 
ton, during  the  revolution,  were  forgeries. 

FOR-OET',  17.  t. ;  pret,  Fob<;ot,  [Foroat,  obs. ;]  pp. 
Forgot,  Forcoti  en.  [Sax.  forgelMn,  forgitan,  for- 
gytan  ;  G.  vergessen ;  D.  vergeetcn ;  S  w.  forgala  ;  Dan. 
forgietter  ;  for  and  get.] 

r.  I'o  lose  the  remembrance  of;  to  let  go  from  the 
memory. 

Blcsa  the  Lonl,  O  my  soul,  and  forget  not  all  his  benefits. — 
Ps.  cill. 

2.  To  slight ;  to  neglect. 

Can  a  woman  forget  her  sucking  cliilil  ?  Yea,  they  may  forget, 
yet  will  I  not  forget  thee.  —  Is.  xlix. 

FOR-GET'FUL,  a.  Apt  to  forget ;  easily  losing  the 
remembrance  of.  A  forgetful  man  should  use  helps 
to  strengthen  his  memory. 

2.  Heedless  ;  careless  ;  neglectful ;  inattentive. 

Be  not  forgetful  to  entertain  strangers.  —  Ileb.  xiil. 

3.  Causing  to  forget ;  inducing  oblivion  ;  oblivious ; 
as,  forgetful  draughts.  Drydcn. 

FOU  GIor'FIIL-LY,  ado.    In  a  forgetful  manner. 

FOR-(;ET'Fi)L-\ESS,  «.  The  quality  of  losing  the 
remembrance  or  recollection  of  a  thing  ;  or  rather, 
the  quality  of  being  apt  lo  let  any  thing  slip  from  Uie 
mind. 

2.  Loss  of  remembrance  or  recollection  ;  a  ceasing 
to  remember ;  oblivion. 


A  vNixl  forgetfulnett  of  human  care. 


Popt. 


3.  Neglect ;  negligence  ;  careless  omission  ;  inat- 
tention ;  as,  forgclfiilness  of  duty.  Hooker. 
FoRG'E-TIVE,  u.    [(torn  forge.]    That  may  forge  or 

produce  ;  inventive.    [J^ot  used.]  Shak. 
FOU-GET'-ME-NOT',  n.   A  small  herb,  of  the  genus 
Myosolis,  bearing  a  beautiful  blue  (lower,  and  exten- 
sively considered  the  emblem  of  fidelity. 

Encijc.  jjm 

FOR-GET'TER,  n.  One  that  forgets ;  a  heedless  per- 
son. 

FOR-GET'TING,  ppr.    Losing  the  remembrance  of. 

FOR-GET'TING,  n.  The  act  of  forgetting  ;  forgelful- 
ness ;  inattention. 

FOR-GET'TLNG-LY,  adv  By  forgetting  or  forgelful- 
ness.  B.  Jonson. 

FORG'ING,  ppr.  Hammering;  beating  into  shape; 
counterfeiting. 

FORCING,  n.  The  act  of  beating  into  shape;  the 
act  of  counterfeiting. 

FOR-GIV'A-IiLE,  a,  [See  Forgive.]  That  may  be 
partloned.  Sherwood. 

FOR-GIVE',  (for-giv',)  v.  t. ;  pret.  Forgave  ;  pp  For- 
given, [for  and  give;  Sax.  forgifan ;  Golh.  fragi- 
ban  :  G.  vergrben  ;  f).  vrrgecven  ;  uim.  forgiver ;  Sw. 
tdgifca.  The  sense  is,  to  give  from,  that  is,  away,  as 
wo  see  by  the  Gothic  fra,  from.  The  English  for, 
and  G.  and  D.  ver,  are  the  same  w  ord,  or  from  the 
same  root  ;  ver  is  the  Eng.  far.  The  Swedish  til  sig- 
nifies Co,  and  in  this  compound  it  signifies  toward  or 
back  ;  so  in  L.  remitto.    Sec  Give.] 

I.  To  pardon;  to  remit,  as  an  offense  or  debt ;  lo 
overlook  an  offense,  and  treat  the  offender  as  not 
guilty.  The  original  and  proper  phrase  is  to  forgive 
Uie  offense,  lo  send  it  away,  to  rcjccl  it,  that  is,  not  to 
impute  it,  [put  it  to,]  the  offender.    But,  by  an  easy 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.-6  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  a  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  B3  in  THIS. 


FOR 

transition,  we  also  use  the  plirase,  to  forgive  the  per- 
sun  uflending. 

fhrgive  us  oiir  debts.  Lord's  Prayer. 

If  ye  /orgitx  men  iheir  trespasses,  yo\ir  heavenly  Father  will 

also  forgiae  yon.  —  Matl.  vi. 
As  savages  never  forget  a  I.ivor,  so  tliey  never  forgive  an  in- 
jury. N.  CIdpman. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  pardon,  lilte  forsrive,  may  be 
followed  by  the  name  or  person,  and  by  the  offen.se  ; 
but  remit  can  be  followed  by  the  offense  only.  We 
forgive  or  pardon  tlie  man,  but  we  do  not  remit  him. 
2.  To  remit,  as  a  deljt,  fine,  or  penalty. 

FOR-GlV'£N,  pp.    Pardoned  ;  remitted. 

FOR-GIVE'NESS,  (for-giv'ness,)  ji.  The  act  of  for- 
giving ;  the  pardon  of  an  offender,  by  which  he  is 
considered  and  treated  as  not  guilty.  The  forgive- 
ness  of  enemies  is  a  Christian  duty. 

2.  The  pardon  or  remission  of  an  offense  or  crime  ; 
as,  the  forgiveness  of  sin  or  of  injuries. 

3.  Disposition  to  pardon  ;  willingness  to  forgive. 

And  mild  Jorgiceness  iuteiicede 

To  stop  Uie  coming  blow.  Dryden. 

4.  Remission  of  a  debt,  fine,  or  penalty. 
FOR-GIV'ER,  71.    One  who  p;irdons  or  remits. 
FOR-GlV'l.\G,  ppr.    Pardoning  ;  remitting. 

9.  a.  Disposed  to  forgive  ;  inclined  to  overlook  of- 
fenses ;  mild  ;  merciful ;  compassionate  ;  as,  a  for- 
giving temper. 
FOR  POT'  ) 

F0R-G0T'T^:N,  S  PP-  °^  "•  Forget. 
FOR-HaIL',  v.  u    To  draw  or  distress.    [JVo(  used.'] 

Spenser. 

FO-RIN'SE-CAL,  o.    [L.  forinsecus.'] 
Foreign  ;  alien.    [Little  used.] 

FO-RIS-FA-MIL'L\TE,  v.  i.  [L /orii,  without,  and 
familia,  family.] 

To  renounce  a  legal  title  to  a  further  share  of  pa- 
ternal inheritance.  Litcralttj,  to  put  one's  self  out  of 
the  family.  El.  of  Criticism. 

FO-RIS-FA-MIL-I-A'TION,  n.  When  a  child  has  re- 
ceived a  portion  of  his  father's  estate,  and  renounces 
all  title  to  a  further  share,  his  act  is  called  forisfamil- 
iation,  and  he  is  said  to  be  forisfamiliated.  Kncyc. 

FORK,  n.  [Sax./orc;  D.  vork ;  W.forc;  Fr.fourche; 
Arm.  fork;  Sp.  horca;  Port,  and  It.  fbrca;  li.  f ur- 
ea.] 

1.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  handle,  and  a 
blatle  of  metal,  divided  into  two  or  more  points  or 
prongs,  used  for  lifting  or  pitching  anything;  as,  a 
tablefork  for  feeding;  a  pitchfork;  a  dungfork,  &c. 
Forks  are  also  matle  of  ivory,  wood,  or  other  ma- 
terial. 

2.  A  point ;  as,  a  thunderbolt  with  three  forlis. 
Sliakspeare  uses  it  for  the  point  of  an  arrow. 

3.  Forks;  in  the  plural,  the  point  where  a  road 
parts  into  two  ;  and  the  point  where  a  river  di- 
vides, or  rather,  where  two  rivers  meet  and  unite 
in  one  stream.    Each  branch  is  called  a.  fork. 

FORK,  V.  i.    To  shoot  into  blades,  as  corn.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  divide  into  two ;  as,  a  road  forks. 
FORK,  V.  t.    To  raise  or  pitch  with  a  fork,  as  hay. 

2.  To  dig  and  break  ground  with  a  fork. 

3.  To  make  sharp  ;  to  point. 

FORK'ED,  (forkt,)  pp.  Raised,  pitched,  or  dug,  with 
a  fork. 

2.  a.  Opening  into  two  or  more  parts,  points,  or 
shoots  ;  as,  a  foi'ked  tongue;  the  forked  liglitning. 

3.  Having  two  or  more  meanings.    [JVot  in  use.] 

B,  Jonson, 

FORK'ED-LV,  adv.    In  a  forked  form. 
FOKK'ED-NESS,  n.   The  quality  of  opening  into  two 

or  more  parts. 
FORK'IIE.XD,  n.    The  point  of  an  arrow.  Spenser. 
FORK'I.ESS,  a.    Having  no  fork. 
FORK'TAIL,  n.  A  salmon  in  his  fourth  year's  growth. 

[  Loco!.] 

FORK'V,  a.  Forked;  furcated;  opening  into  two  or 
more  parts,  shoots,  or  points  ;  as,  a  forkij  tongue. 

Pope. 

FOR-LXY',  V.  t.  To  lie  in  wait  for ;  to  ambush;  as, 
a  thief  forlays  a  traveler.  Dryden. 

FOR  LIE',  V.  i.;  prrt.  Foulav.  To  lie  before  or  in 
front  of    [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

FOR-l,oRE',  a.    Forlorn.    [JVot  in  use.] 

FOR  LORN',  a.  [>i;ix.forloren,  from  forlroran,  to  send 
away,  to  relinqinsh,  to  dest:rt,  to  lose  ;  leoran,  to  pass, 
to  migrate  ;  D.  verlooren  ;  Dan.  forloren,  from  forlu- 
rer,  t>w.  fOrlorn,  to  lose.    Class  Lr.] 

1.  Deserttui ;  destitute  ;  stripped  or  deprived  ;  for- 
saken.   Hence,  lost ;  helpless  ;  wretched  ;  solitary. 

Of  fortune  Kn.l  of  bopr  at  ouiv-  forlorn.  }lidM<i. 
To  livf  ttK-un  in  tti--*-  wild  wuodii  fortoni.  MUton, 
For  Xv.n  forlorn  and  lo»l  I  tn.-iul.  Colde/nUh. 

2.  Taken  away.  [Obs.] 

Wben  a«  nl|[lil  liilli  u<  ol  Uubl/orlorn.  Spenser. 

3.  Small  ;  despicable  ;  in  a  ludicrous  sense.  Shak. 
FOR  LORN',  71.    A  lost,  forsaken,  solitarv  i)er!ion. 

Shak. 

FOR  LORN'-linPE,  n.  IJtrrnthj,  n  desperate  case  ; 
bftif-v,  in  mtUtary  aJTaim,  n  drt:ichinent  (»f  men  U[t- 
pomtiuj  lo  lead  in  an  iHsault,  toHtorm  a  connlerNcarp, 
cnt«r  a  breub,  or  perforin  other  Hervice  atteiiiled  Willi 
uncoiDioon  fierii. 


FOR 

FOR-LORN'LY,  adv.    In  a  forlorn  manner.  Pollok. 
FOR-LORN'NESS,  n.    Destitution  ;  misery  ;  a  forsak- 
en or  wretched  condition.  Boyle. 
FOR-L^E'.    feee  Forlie. 

FORM,  71.  [h.  forma;  Fr.  forme;  Sp.  forma,  horma; 
It.  forma;  Ir.foirm;  D.  vorm;  G.  form;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  form.  The  root  of  this  word  is  not  certainly 
known.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  set,  to  fi.\, 
to  fit.  The  D.  vormea  is  rendered,  to  form,  to 
shape,  to  mold,  to  coiifirm ;  and  form  may  be  allied 
to  firm.] 

1.  'I'he  shape  or  external  appearance  of  a  body ; 
the  figure,  as  defined  by  lines  and  angles  ;  that  man- 
ner of  being  peculiar  to  each  body,  which  e.vhibits  it 
to  the  eye  as  distinct  from  every  other  body.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the/ui-m  of  a  circle,  the  form  of  a  square 
or  triangle,  a  circular  form,  the  form  of  the  head,  or 
of  the  human  body,  a  handsome  fortn,  an  ugly  form, 
a  frightful  form. 

Matter  is  the  basis  or  substratum  of  bodies  ;  form 
is  the  i>articular  disposition  of  matter  in  each  body, 
which  distinguishes  its  appearance  from  that  of  every 
other  body. 

The  form  of  his  visage  was  changed. —  Dan.  iii. 
After  th;il  he  api^eared  in  anollier  form  to  two  of  them,  as  they 
walked.  —  M.trk  xvi. 

2.  Manner  of  arranging  particulars  ;  disposition  of 
particular  things  ;  as,  a  form  t»f  words  or  expressions. 

3.  Model ;  draught ;  pattern. 

Holil  fast  the  form  of  sound  worils,  which  tliou  hast  lieani  of 
me.  —2  Tim.  i. 

4.  Beauty  ;  elegance ;  splendor  ;  dignity. 

He  hath  no  form  nor  comeliness.  —  Is.  liii. 

5.  Regularity  ;  method  ;  erder  This  is  a  rough 
draught  to  be  reduced  to  form. 

C.  E.Yternal  appearance  without  the  essential  qual- 
ities ;  empty  show. 


7.  Stated  method  ;  established  practice  ;  ritu.il  or 
prescribed  mode  ;  as,  the  forms  of  public  worshij) ; 
the  forms  of  judicial  proceeding  ;  forms  of  civility. 

8.  Ceremony  ;  as,  it  is  a  mere  matter  of  form. 

9.  Determinate  shape. 

The  earth  w.as  without  form,  and  void.  — (ien.  i. 

10.  Likeness ;  image. 

Who,  Uiiig  in  Ihe/orm  of  God.  —  Phil.  ii. 

He  took  on  him  the  form  of  a  servant.  —  Phil.  ii. 

11.  Manner;  system;  as,  n  form  of  government; 
a  monarchical  or  republican  form. 

12.  JIanner  of  arrangement ;  disposition  of  compo- 
nent parts  ;  as,  the  interior  form  or  structure  of  the 
flesh  or  bones,  or  of  other  bodies. 

13.  A  long  seat ;  a  bench  without  a  back.  Watts. 
[In  this  and  the  two  following  senses,  the  English 

pronunciation  is  form.] 

14.  In  schools,  a  class ;  a  rank  of  students. 

I>rydnt. 

15.  The  seat  or  bed  of  a  hare.  Prior. 
IG.  A  mold  ;  something  to  give  shape,  or  on  which 

things  are  fashioned.  Encyc. 

17.  In  printing,  an  assemblage  of  types,  composed 
and  arranged  in  order,  disposed  into  pages  or  col- 
umns, and  inclosed  and  locked  in  a  chase,  to  re- 
ceive an  impression.  The  t»iifcr  form  always  con- 
tains the  first  and  last  pages,  the  inner  form  contains 
the  second  page. 

18.  Essential  form,  is  that  mode  of  existence  which 
constitutes  a  thing  what  it  is,  and  without  which  it 
could  not  exist.  Thus  water  and  light  have  each  its 
particular  form  of  existence,  and  the  parts  of  water 
being  decomposed,  it  ceases  to  be  water.  .Accidental 
form  is  not  necessary  to  the  existence  t»f  a  body. 
Earth  is  earth  still,  whatever  may  be  its  color. 

FORM,  V.  t.    [L.  formo.] 

1.  To  make  or  cause  to  exist  in  a  particular  man- 
ner. 

And  the  I.ord  God  formed  man  of  the  dust  of  the  ground.  — 
Uen.  ii. 

2.  To  shape ;  to  mold  or  fashion  into  a  particular 
shape  or  state  ;  as,  Inform  an  image  of  stone  or  clay. 

3.  To  plan  ;  to  scheme  ;  to  modify.  Dryden. 

4.  To  arrange;  to  combine  in  a  particular  manner ; 
as,  to  form  a  line  or  square  of  troops. 

5.  To  adjust ;  to  settle. 

Our  <lill<TenccH  witli  llie  Romanists  are  tluii  formed  into  nn  in- 
U-rest.  Decay  of  P'cty. 

fi.  Tti  contrive ;  to  invent ;  as,  to  form  a  design  or 
scheme. 

7.  To  mak(!  up  ;  to  frame  ;  to  settle  by  deductions 
of  retison  ;  as,  to  form  an  opinion  or  judgment  ;  to 
form  an  estimat(\ 

8.  To  mold  ;  to  model  by  instrurtlcm  and  discipline  ; 
as,  to  form  Ihe  mind  to  virtuous  habits  by  education. 

'.).  To  combine  ;  to  unite  individuals  into  a  col- 
lective body  ;  as,  to  form  a  society  for  missions. 

Ih.  To  make  ;  to  establish.  The  subscribers  ari^ 
formed  by  law  into  a  corporation.  Tliey  \mve  formed 
regiil.ilioiis  for  tlii  ir  gi>vernmi  nt. 

11.  To  ccMopile  ;  u-s,  to /orm  a  body  of  laws  or 
cUHtoliiH  ;  to  form  H  dige.'tt. 


FOR 

12.  To  constitute  ;  to  make.  Duplicity  forms  no 
part  of  his  character.  These  (acts  form  a  safe  foun- 
dation for  our  conclusions.  The  senate  and  house 
of  representatives  form  the  legislative  body. 

13.  In  grammar,  to  make  by  derivation,  or  by 
affixes  or  prefixes.  L.  do,  in  the  preterit,  forms 
dedi. 

14.  To  enact ;  to  make  ;  to  ordain  ;  as,  to  form  a 
law  or  an  edict. 

FORM,  V.  i.    To  take  a  form. 

FOR.M'AL,  a.    According  to  form  ;  agreeable  to  es- 
tablished mode  ;  regular ;  methodical. 

2.  Strictly  ceremonious  ;  precise ;  exact  to  affecta- 
tion ;  as,  a  man  formal  in  his  dress,  his  gait,  or  de- 
portment. 

3.  Done  in  due  form,  or  with  solemnity  ;  express ; 
according  to  regular  method  ;  not  incidental,  sud- 
den, or  irregular  He  gave  his  formal  consent  to  the 
treaty. 

4.  Regular  ;  methodical ;  as,  the  formal  stars. 

Waller. 

5.  Having  the  form  or  appearance  without  the  sub- 
stance or  essence  ;  external ;  as,  formal  duty  ;  formal 
worship. 

C.  Depending  on  customary  forms. 

Still  in  conslniint  your  suflering  sex  remains, 

Or  bound  in  formal  or  iii  re;d  chains.  Pope. 

7.  Having  the  power  of  making  a  thing  wh.at  it  is ; 
constituent  ;  essential. 


Of  letters  the  niateri;i 
constituted  by  the 


part  is  breath  and  voice ;  the  formal  it 
motions  and  figure  of  the  organs  ol  s)»eecli. 

Holder. 


8.  Retaining  its  proper  and  essential  characteristic ; 
regular ;  proi)er. 

To  make  of  iiim  3.  formal  man  again.  Shak. 
FORM'.^L-ISM,  71.    A  resting  in  mere  e.vtemal  forms 
of  religion. 

FOR.M'AL-IST,  7i.  One  who  observes  forms,  or  prac- 
tices external  ceremonies.    More  generally, 

2.  One  who  rests  in  external  religious  forms,  or 
observes  tlie  forms  of  worship,  without  possessing 
the  life  and  spirit  of  religion.  A  grave  face  and  the 
regular  practice  of  ceremonies  have  often  gained  to 
n  formalist  the  reputation  of  iiiety. 

F(JR-iM.\L'I-TY,  71.  'i'he  practice  or  observance  of 
forms. 

Fortnalilies  at  exlraortlinary  zeal  and  piety  ar«  never  more 
studied  and  elaborate  than  in  desperate  designs. 

K.  Charles. 

2.  Ceremony  ;  mere  conformity  to  customary  modes. 
Nor  was  his  attendance  on  divine  ollices  a  matter  of  formality 

and  custom,  but  of  conscience.  Aturliury. 

3.  Established  order ;  rule  of  proceeding ;  mode  ; 
method  ;  as,  the  /ormaiities  of  judicial  process  ; /ur- 
malities  of  law. 

4.  Order  ;  decorum  to  be  observed  ;  customary 
mode  of  behavior.  L'Estrange. 

5.  Customary  mode  of  dress  ;  habit;  robe.  Saifl. 

6.  External  appearance.  Olanville. 

7.  Essence;  the  quality  which  constitutes  a  thing 
what  it  is. 

The  formality  of  Uie  vow  lies  in  the  promise  made  to  God. 

SUllineifieel. 

8.  In  the  schools,  the  manner  in  which  a  thing  is 
conceived  ;  or  a  manner  in  an  object,  im|H>rting  a 
relation  to  the  understanding,  by  which  it  may  be 
distinguished  from  another  object.  Thus  animality 
antl  rationality  are  formalities.  Encyc. 

FORM'AL-IZE,  V.  t.    To  model.    [JVot  used.] 

Hooker. 

FORM'AL-IZE,  v.  i.  To  affect  formality.  [Liule 
K.s-crf.]  Hates. 

FORM^\L-IZ-JCD,  pp.  Modeled. 

FOR.M'AL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Modeling. 

FOR.M'AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  established  form, 
rule,  order,  rile,  or  ceremony.  A  treaty  was  ciui- 
chidetl  and  formally  ratified  by  both  parties. 

2.  Ceremoniously  ;  stillly  ;  precisely  ;  as,  to  be  stiff 
and  formally  reserved. 

3.  In  open  appearance  ;  in  a  visible  and  apparent 
state. 

You  and  your  followeni  do  stand  formally  divided  against  the 
authorized  guides  of  the  church,  and  llie  rest  of  lhi,^ieo^le. 

4.  Essentially ;  characteristically. 

That  which  formally  makes  this  [charity]  a  Clirislian  gr.ace,  is 
the  spring  from  which  it  Hows.  Hinalridge. 

FOR'JUA  P.SU' PF.R-IS,  [L.]  To  sue  in  forma  ;iiiii- 
peris,  is  to  sue  as  a  poor  man,  which  relieves  Irum 
cosLs.  ISouvier. 

FOR'M  .ATE,  n.  [A  more  correct  term  than  FtniMiATE  ; 
but  both  are  used.]  A  salt  composed  of  formic  acid 
-ombini  d  with  any  base. 

FOR-MA'TION,  «.   [Yt.,  from  L./«ivnafjo.] 

1.  The  act  of  lormiiig  or  making  ;  the  act  of  cre- 
ating or  causing  to  exist  ;  or,  more  generally,  the  op- 
eration of  bringing  things  togi'llier,  or  of  shaping 
and  giving  fonn  ;  as,  the  formntion  of  the  earth;  the 
ftirmotion  of  a  slate  or  constitution. 

2.  Generatitm  ;  prodiit'tion  ;  as,  the  formation  of 
ideas. 

3.  The  manner  in  which  a  thing  is  formed.  Ex- 
amine the  i^fciiliar  formation  of  the  heart. 


FATB,  FAU,  FAIA.,  WII^T — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MABJNE,  IlIKD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  UQQK.— 


474 


FOR 

4.  In  >rraniiniir,  the  act  or  manner  of  forming  onfi 
wi>rd  frotn  uiiother,  as  controller  from  control, 

5.  In  trroloirii,  fiirination  may  signify  a  single  mass 
of  oiii!  kinti  ol'  fork,  mure  or  less  extensive,  or  a  col- 
leclicm  of  mineral  substanres,  fornieil  by  tlic  same 
agent,  under  the  same  ur  similar  circumstances  ;  or 
it  may  convey  the  iih'a,  licit  certain  masses  or  col- 
lections of  minerals  were  fornieil  not  only  by  the 
same  agent,  but  aUo  during  the  same  gc^ohigical 
epoch.  In  this  latter  sense  the  term  is  almost  al- 
ways employed.  Cleavelanil. 

Kormation  is  that  collection  or  assemblage  of  beds 
or  layers,  strata,  or  portions  of  earth,  or  minerals, 
which  seem  to  have  been  formed  at  the  same  epoch, 
and  to  have  the  same  general  characters  of  compo- 
sition and  lodgment.  VicL  JVat.  IlUt. 
FOllM'ATI  VK,  a.  Giving  form;  having  the  power 
of  giving  form  ;  plastic ;  as,  the  formatiee  arts. 

The  o«'anr»t  plant  ctm  iiol  li."  nu«<'<l  willioiit  ict'd«,  by  uny/orm- 
a!iv€  jKiWLT  rcithling  in  tlie  auil.  BenUey. 

2.  In  grammar,  serving  to  form  ;  derivative  ;  not 
radical  ;  as,  a  termination  merely /imnatirc 

FOR.M'A-TIVE,  n.  In  fframmar,  that  which  serves 
merely  to  give  form,  and  is  no  [Kirt  of  the  radical. 

FOR.'NI'i.'I),  pp.  Made;  shaped;  molded;  planned; 
arninged  ;  combined  ;  en:icted  ;  constituted. 

FOK'MK-nO.N,  n.  [forma  iloni.]  In  Emrlisk  law,  a 
writ  of  right  for  a  tenant  in  tail.  This  writ  has  now 
been  abolished.  P.  Cijc. 

FDR.M'F.R, K.    He  that  forms;  a  maker;  an  author. 

FOK'.MER,  a.  comp.  [Sax.  form,  forma,  but  it  is  ren- 
di'red  pnmtcf,  first.  The  Saxon  word  seems  to  be 
coin|«)sed  of  fore  and  ma,  more  j  bill  of  this  I  am  not 
ctinfident.] 

1.  Hefore  in  time  ;  preceding  .inother  or  something 
else  in  order  of  time  ;  op|iosed  to  latter. 

Iter  former  hiiiUiml,  who  (cut  hiT  awnv,  mfiy  not  tn\t<e  her 
atCM»  to  be  hi<  Vk  lte,  lifter  Dial  she  ia  dcfited.  —  Deut.  xxW. 
The  former  aiut  tlie  latter  rain.  — Jer.  v. 

2.  Past,  and  frequently  ancient,  long  past. 

For  inijuiiv,  I  pn\y  tjiee,  of  tlie /ormer  agr.  —  Job  viii. 

3.  Near  the  beginning  ;  preceding  ;  as,  the  former 
part  of  a  discourse  or  argument. 

4.  Mentioned  before  another. 

A  biul  nuthor  ileservo  belter  iwiigi:  thnn  a  trad  critic ;  a  man 
may  l>e  the  fonnxr  nvrcly  tliroiio^h  tlie  niislurtnne  of  want 
of  Jod^inent ;  but  he  can  not  be  the  latter  witjioul  twlh  th.u 
and  an  ill  lumper.  Pope. 

FOR'MER-LY,  add.  In  time  past,  either  in  time  im- 
niiMlialely  preceding,  or  at  any  indefinite  distance; 
of  old  ;  heretofore.  We  formerly  im|Mirted  slaves 
from  .Africa.  Nations  formerly  made  slaves  of  pris- 
oners taken  in  war. 

FOR.M'FIJL,  u.  Ready  to  form  ;  creative  ;  imagina- 
liv.«.  7'Aomo-t)«. 

FOR'.MI-.\TE,  n.    [from     /ormica,  an  aiit.l 

.\  salt  composed  of  the  formic  acid  ami  a  base. 

[See  FoRMATK. ) 

FOR'.Mie,  a.    [ U/on«if«,  an  ant.J 

I'ertaining  to  ants;  as,  the  formic  acid,  an  acid 
obtained  originally  from  red  ant^,  but  now  formed 
by  artificial  distillation. 
FOR- .M I  e  .\ ' T I O N ,  II.    [ L.  formicatio,  from  formieo,  or 
formica,  an  ant.] 

A  sensation  of  the  body  resembling  that  made  by 
the  crtreping  of  ants  on  the  skin. 
FOR'.MI-D.V-UI.E,  a.    \U.  fonnidabilis,  from  formido, 
fear.] 

Exciting  fear  or  apprehensitm  ;  impressing  dre.ad  ; 
adapted  to  excite  fear  ami  deter  from  npprc>.icli,  en- 
counter, or  undertaking.  It  cxprt^ses  h^ss  th.'iii  ter- 
rible, terr\fic,  tremendous,  horrible,  anti  frightful, 

Tliey  ieoine,!  to  fear  the  J'ormidafit  Uj^lit.  Drylen. 

1  twell  niy  pref^tce  into  a  Tol'  ine,  and  majte  it  /orjiwtnbtt, 
when  you  tec  to  many  ft£es  tn^liind.  Drylen. 

FOR'MI-DA-BLE  NESS,  n    The  quality  of  being  for- 

mid.'ible,  or  ailapted  to  excite  tiread. 
FOR'.MI-DA-ULY,  a(/c.    In  a  manner  to  impress  fear. 
FOR'.MILL,  c.  (.    To  order.    [Crarrn  dialecL] 
FORM'LESS,  a.    (from  form.]    Sha|M  less ;  without 

a  determinate  form ;  wanting  regularity  of  shape. 

Shak. 

FORM'U-I,A,  n.    [L.]    A  prescribed  form  ;  a  rule  or 

2.  In  medtcine,  a  prescription.  [model. 

3.  In  cAiirfA  (/YTair.s,  a  confession  of  faith.  Kneyc. 

4.  In  malArmiitiCi,  a  general  expression  for  resolv- 
ing certain  cases  or  problems.  Cyc, 

5.  In  chemL'tnf,  a  term  applied  to  the  symbols  rep- 
rcsenling  the  diil'erent  substances.  Ure, 

FORM'l[-I,A-RY,n.  (Fr./«nni./airf,from  formula.] 

1.  A  hook  containing  slated  and  prescribed  forms, 
as  of  oaths,  declarations,  prayers,  and  Uie  like;  a 
book  of  precedents.  £ncye. 

2,  Prescribed  form  ;  fonnulo. 

FORM'I'  LA-RV,  a.    Staled;  prescribed:  ritual. 
FOR.M'PLE,  B.    [Fr.]    A  set  or  prescribed  model; 
^  formula.  Johnson, 
I- ( )R.\'l-e.lTE,     1  o.    [L. /«mi«a/us,  from/tn-BLT,  an 
FOR.N'I  C.^-TED,  i  arch.] 

Arched  ;  vaulted  like  an  oven  or  furnace.  EncT/c, 
FOR.N'I  eATE,  c.  i.     [L.  fornicor,  from  fomu,  a 
brothel.] 

To  commit  lewdness,  as  an  unmarried  man  or 


FOR 

woman,  or  as  a  married  man  with  an  unmarried 
woman. 

If  a  Brahmin  /ornicnte  with  a  Nayr  woman,  he  shall  not  llien-by 
Ittse  Ills  c;\ste.  Ae,  Reeearcliet. 

FORN-I-CA'TION,  n.    [h.  fomicatio.] 

1.  The  incontinence  or  lewilni^ss  of  unmarried 
persons,  male  or  female;  also,  tin;  criminal  con- 
versation of  a  married  man  with  an  uniiinrried 
woman.  Laws  of  ConnccticuL 

2.  Atlultery.    Mult.  v. 

3.  Incest.    1  Cor,  v. 

4.  Idolatry  ;  a  forsaking  of  the  true  God,  and  wor- 
shiping of  idols.    2  Citron,  xxi.    licit,  xix. 

5.  An  arching  ;  the  forming  of  a  vaiilL 
FOUN'I-€.A-TOR,  n.    An  unmarried  person,  male  or 

female,  who  has  criminal  conversation  with  the 
other  sex  ;  also,  a  married  man  who  has  sexual  coiii- 
merce  with  an  unmarried  woman.  [See  Auilterv.] 

2.  A  lewd  person. 

3.  An  idolater. 

FORN'i  e.A-TKESS,  n.  An  unmarried  female  guilty 
of  lewdness.  Shak, 

FOR-PXSS',  V.  i.  To  go  by  ;  to  pass  unnoticed. 
[  Obs.]  Spenser. 

FOR-I'INE',  t).  1.   To  pine  or  waste  away.  [Ob.i.] 

Spenser. 

FOR-RAY',  r.  L   To  ravage.    [04*.]    [Qu.  forage.] 

Speiuer. 

FOR-RAY',  n.    The  act  of  ravaging.    [See  Fo«.»v.] 
FOR-SAKE',  V.  t, ;   preL  Foksook  ;  pp.  Forsaken. 
forsaean,for$tFcan  :  for,  a  negative,  and  srcan, 
to  seek.    (See  Seek.)    Sw.  forsaka,  Dan.  forsatrer, 
G.  versagen,  1).  vcrzaaken,  to  deny,  to  renounce. 
See  .'^EEK  anil  Say.] 

1.  To  tjuit  or  leave  entirely  ;  to  ilesert ;  to  aban- 
don ;  to  depart  from.  Friemls  and  flatterers  forsaSic 
us  in  adversity. 

Forsake  the  foolish,  and  live.  —  Pro*,  ix. 

2.  To  abandon  ;  to  renounce  ;  to  reject. 

If  Ilia  children  forgake  tny  law,  and  walk  not  in  my  Jnd^enta. 

—  Hs.  Ixxxin. 
Cease  frwm  anger,  and  forsake  wrath. —  Ps.  xxxvii. 

3.  To  leave;  to  withdraw  from;  to  fail.  In  anger, 
the  color  forsakes  the  cheeks.  In  severe  trials,  let 
iU)t  fortitude  fornakt  you. 

4.  In  Scripture,  God  forsakes  his  people,  when  ht? 
withdraws  his  aid,  or  the  light  of  his  cuuntenance. 

Brown, 

FOR-SAK'ER,  n.    One  that  forsakes  or  deserts. 
FOR-SAK'KN,  p;>.  or  a.    Deserted;  left;  abandoned. 
FOK-.S.\K'l.\G,  ;>;<r.    Leaving  or  deserting. 
FOR-SAK'KNG,  ;i.    The  act  of  deserting;  dereliction. 
FOR-S.\Y',  r.  £.    To  forbid  ;  to  renounce.  [Obs,] 

Spenser. 

FOR-SI,ACK',  r.  ^    To  delay.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
FOR-SOOTII',  ado.     [Sax.  forsothe ;  for  and  jjotA, 
true.] 

In  truth  ;  in  facj  ;  certainly  ;  very  w  ell. 

A  fit  Plan,  forsooth,  to  govern  a  nralin  I  IlaytMrd. 

[ft  is  generally  used  in  an  ironical  or  contemptuous 
sense.] 

FORS'TER,  71.    A  forester.    [04*.]  Chaucer. 
FOR-SVVE.AR',  r.  L  ;  prcU  Forswore;  pp.  Forsworn. 

[Sax./t/r.,-wii/Trtaa  ;  Dan. /or-^rtfrcr  ,*  S\v,fUrsvdra;  G. 

verschteiiren,  abscUwifren  i  D.  nfzteceren.    See  Sweab 

and  Answer.] 

1.  To  reject  or  renounce  upon  oath.  Sliak. 

2.  To  deny  upon  oath. 

Like  innocence,  and  as  serenely  bold 

As  trutli,  how  loudly  he/orsu«ars  thy  ^Id  1  Dryden. 

To  fitrswear  one's  self,  is  to  swear  falsely  ;  to  per- 
jure one's  self. 

Thou  shall  not  fortwenr  thyself.  —  Matt.  t. 
FOR-S\VEAR',».  i.  To  swear  falsely  ;  to  commit  per- 
jury. Shak. 
Fl)R-S\VEAR'ER,  n.    One  who  rejects  on  oalh  ;  one 

who  is  perjured  ;  one  that  swears  a  false  oath. 
FOR-SW'EAR'ING,  ppr.    Denying  on  oath  ;  swearing 
falsely. 

FOR-SVVONK',  a.    [Sax.  awincan,  to  labor.] 

Overlabored.    [06.«.)  Spenser, 
FOR-S\V0RE',  prrt.  of  Forswear. 
FOR-S\VoR.\'',pp.  of  Forswear.  Renounced  on  oath ; 
perjured. 

FOR-SWoRN'NESS,  n.   The  state  of  being  forsworn. 

Mitining. 

FORT,  It.  [Fr.  fort:  It.  and  Vori.  forte:  Sp.  fuerU; 
fuer-.a;  I.. /urfw,  strong.] 

1.  A  fortified  place  ;  usually,  a  small  fortified  |)l,tce  ; 
a  place  surrounded  with  a  ditch,  rimpart,  and  para- 
pel,  or  with  palisades,  stockades,  or  other  means  of 
defenne  ;  also,  any  building  or  place  fortified  for  se- 
curity against  an  enemy  ;  a  castle. 

2.  A  strong  side  ;  opposed  to  weak  side  or  foible. 
FoRT'.M^ICE,  n.    A  small  outwork  of  o  fortification. 

The  same  as  Fortelaoe. 

FOR'TE,  (for'ti,)  adv.  [It.]  A  direction  to  sing  or 
play  with  loudness  or  force. 

FORTE,  n.  [Fr.]  The  strong  point ;  that  art  or  de- 
partment in  which  one  excels. 

FoRT'ED,  a.    Furnished  with  forts ;  guarded  by  forts. 

Shak, 


FOR 

FORTH,  nrfr.  [.Sax.  forth;  G.  fort;  D.  voort;  tVoin 
forr,fnr,furait,  to  go,  to  advance.) 

1.  Forward  ;  i>iiwar(l  in  timt; ;  in  advance  ;  vu*, 
from  timt  tiny  forth;  from  that  time  forth, 

2.  Forwarti  in  place  or  order  ;  a-s,  tme,  two,  three, 
and  so  forth. 

3.  Out ;  abroad ;  noting  progression  or  advance 
from  a  slate  of  confineiuent ;  as,  the  plants  in  spring 
put  forth  leaves. 

When  winter  past,  and  siimnier  scircc  begun, 

Invites  them  forth  to  ialjor  in  the  sun.  Dryflen. 

4.  Out  ;  away  ;  beyond  the  boundary  of  a  place  ; 
as,  senil  him  forth  of  France.    [lAltle  tised.] 

a.  Out  into  public  view,  or  public  character.  Your 
country  calls  you  forth  into  its  service. 

fi.  Thoroughly;  from  beginning  to  end.  [04«.] 
7.  On  to  the  end.    [Obs.]  [Shak. 
FORTH,  ^rrp.    Out  of. 

Kroin/orrt  the  streets  of  Poinfret.  Shak. 
Sonif  forth  their  cabins  peep.  Donne. 

FoKTII,  71.    [Pu.  Goth,  fort.]    A  way. 

FoRTII'COM'ING,  a.  [See  Come.]  Ready  to  ap- 
pear ;  making  appearance.  Let  the  prisoner  Ucfurlh- 
eoming, 

FoRTH'GO'ING,  ji.    A  going  forth,  or  utterance;  a 

proceeding  from.  Chalmers. 
FORTH'GO'ING,  a.    Going  forth. 
FOR-THINK',  r.  t    To  repent  of.    [JVtft  m  u.«f.] 

Spen.-ier. 

FORTIl-lS'SIJ-ING,  (-ish'shu-ing,)  a.  [See  Issue.] 
Issuing  ;  coining  out  ;  coining  forwarti  as  from  a 
covert.  Pope. 

FORTH  RIGHT',  arfti.  [Sec  Rir.iiT.]  Straight  for- 
ward ;  in  a  straight  tlireclion.    [Obs.]  Sulnry. 

FoR  l'lI  RIGHT',  H.    A  straight  iiath.  [Obs.]  Shak. 

FoKTirWARD,  nrfe.    Forward.  Bp.  Ftshrr. 

FORTH-WITII',  a//e.  [fortli  and  with.]  Immediate- 
ly ;  without  delay  ;  directly. 

IiiiiiiediiUely  tlierv  fell  fr-Mii  liis  eyes  as  it  lud  U?en  scales ;  and 
he  n-ce'ivcd  bis  si;jln  fmtliwiUi  Acu*  ix. 

FoR'THY,  adi,,    [Sax.  forthi,] 

Therefore.    [X^ot  used.]  Spenser, 

FOR'TI-ETH,  a.  [See  Fortv.]  The  fourth  tenth; 
noting  the  niiiiiher  next  after  tlie  thirty-ninth. 

FOR'TI-FI-A-ULE,  a.  That  may  be  fortified.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

FOR-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [See  Fortify.]  The  act 
of  fortifying. 

2.  The  art  or  science  of  fortifying  places  to  defend 
them  against  an  enemy,  by  means  of  moats,  ramparts, 
parapets,  and  other  bulwarks.  Enryc. 

3.  The  works  erected  to  defend  a  place  against  at- 
tack. 

4.  A  fortified  place  ;  a  fort  ;  a  castle. 
.").  Adilitional  strength. 

FOR'TI-FI-f.'l),  pp.  or  fl.    Made  strong  against  .Utacks. 
FOR'TI-FI-ER,  11.    One  who  erects  works  for  defense. 
2.  One  who  streiiglhens,  supports,  and  ii|)holds  ; 

that  which  strengthens.  Sidney. 
FOR'Tl-F?,  o.  t    [t'r.  fortifier ;  S\>.  fortificar ;  ll,  for- 

t{/icare.] 

1.  Ill  a  general  srn.ie,  to  add  to  the  strength  of;  as, 
to  fortify  wine  by  the  addition  of  brandy.  [Recent,] 

2.  To  surround  with  a  wall,  ditch,  palisades,  or 
other  works,  with  a  view  to  defend  against  the  at- 
tacks of  an  enemy  ;  to  strengthen  and  secure  by 
forts,  batteries,  and  other  works  of  art;  as,  to  fortify 
a  city,  town,  or  harbor. 

3.  To  strengthen  against  any  attack  ;  as,  to  fortify 
the  mind  against  any  sutlden  calamity. 

4.  'i'o  confirm  ;  to  add  strength  and  finiiness  to; 
as,  to  fortify  an  opinion  or  resolution  ;  to  fortify  hope 
or  desire. 

.5.  To  furnish  with  .strength  or  means  of  resisting 
force,  violence,  or  a.ssaiilt. 

FOR'TI-FY,  r.  i.    To  raise  strong  pl.icca.  Milton, 

F(JR''I'1-FV-I.\G,  ppr.  Making  strong  against  attacks. 

FOR'TI-L.VGE,  >i.  A  little  fort;  a  blockhouse.  [JVot 
i/.s-rr/.l  Spenser. 

FORT'^I.N,  71.  [Fr.]  A  little  fort ;  a  field  fort  ;  a 
sconce.  Shak. 

FOH-TtS'Sr  MO,  [It.]  In  music,  a  direction  to  sing 
with  the  utiiinsi  strength  or  loudness. 

FOR'Tl-TEU  LY  RE,  [U]  Firmly  in  action  or  exe- 
cution. 

FOR'TI-TI'DE,  71.  [L.  fortitudo,  from  firrti.',  strong.] 
That  strength  or  firiiinttss  of  mind  or  soul  which 
enables  a  |ier.son  to  encounter  danger  with  coolness 
antI  courage,  or  to  bear  pain  or  atlversity  without 
niurmiiriiig,  depression,  or  des|iontleiicy.  Fortitude 
is  the  b.isis  or  source  of  genuine  courage  or  intrepid- 
ity in  danger,  of  patience  in  suffering,  of  forbearance 
under  injuries,  and  of  magnanimity  in  all  conditions 
of  life.  We  sometimes  ctmfoiind  the  elfict  with  the 
cause,  and  use  fortitiuie  as  synonymous  with  courage 
or  (Kitience  ;  but  courage  is  an  active  virtue  or  vice, 
ami  patience  is  the  effect  it(  fortitude, 

Portitude  IS  the  guanl  and  sup|H>rt  ol  the  other  viitucs.  Locke. 

FORT'LET,  71.    A  little  fort. 

FORT'NIGHT,  (fort'nite,)  n.  [Contracted  fl^m  four- 
teen nights,  our  ancestors  reckoning  lime  by  nights 
and  winters;  so,  also,  smenniglus,  sennight,  a  week. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  ti  as  J  :  S  as  Z ;  CM  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FOR 


FOR 


FOS 


■  I  Non  dierum  numerum,  ut  nos,  sed  noctiuin  compu- 
1 1      lanL  Tacitus.] 

I '        The  space  of  fourteen  days ;  two  weeks. 

FOKT'MGHT-LY,  adv.    Once  in  a  fortnight ;  at  in- 
tervals of  a  fortnight.  England. 
FOR'TRESS,  n.   [Yi.foHeressc;  It.  fortezza,  (wm  fort, 
forte,  strong.] 

1.  Any  fortified  place ;  a  fort  ;  a  castle ;  a  strong- 
hold; a'place  of  defense  or  security.  The  English 
have  a  strong  fortress  on  tlie  roclt  of  Gibraltar,  or 
that  rock  is  a  fortress. 

2.  Defense  j  safety  ;  security. 

The  Lord  is  my  rock  and  my  fortress.  —  P».  xt'uL 
FOR'TRESS,  V.  U    To  furnish  with  fortresses;  to 

guard  ;  to  fortify.  Skak. 
FOR'TRESS-£D,  (for'trest,)  a.  Defended  by  a  for- 
tress ;  protected  ;  secured.  Spenser. 
FOR-TO'I-TOUS,  a.  [L.  fortuitus,  from  the  root  of 
fors,  forte,  fortuna  :  Fr.  fortitit ;  It.  and  Sp.  fortuito. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  come,  to  fall,  to  happen. 
See  Fake.] 

Accidental ;  casual ;  happening  by  chance  ;  coming 
or  occurring  unexpectedly,  or  wiiliout  any  known 
cause.  We  speak  of  fortuitous  events,  when  tliey 
occur  without  our  foreseeing  or  e-ispecting  them ;  and 
o(  a  fortuitous  concourse  of  atoms,  when  we  suppose 
the  concourse  not  to  result  from  the  design  and  power 
of  a  controlling  agent.  But  an  event  can  not  be  in 
fact  fortuitous.  [See  Accidental  and  Casual.] 
FOR-TO'I-TOUS-LY,  ado.  Accidentally;  casually; 
by  chance. 

FOR-TO'I-TOUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  ac- 
cidental ;  accident ;  cliance. 
FOR-TC'I-TY,  n.  Accident. 

FOR'TU-NATE,  (fort'yu-nate,)  a.  [h.  fartunatus.  See 
Fortune.] 

1.  Coming  by  good  luck  or  favorable  chance  ;  bring- 
ing some  unexpected  good  ;  as,  a  fortunate  event ;  a 
fortunate  concurrence  of  circumstances  ;  a  fortunate 
ticket  in  a  lottery. 

2.  Lucky  ;  successful ;  receiving  some  unforeseen 
or  unexpected  good,  or  some  good  wliich  was  not  de- 
pendent on  one's  own  skill  or  efforts  ;  as,  a  fortunate 
adventurer  in  a  lottery.  I  was  most  fortunate  thus 
unexpectedly  to  meet  my  friend. 

3.  Successful ;  happy ;  prosperous ;  receiving  or  en- 
joying some  good  in  consequence  of  efforts,  but  where 
the  event  was  uncertain,  and  not  absolutely  in  one's 
power.  The  brave  man  is  usually  fortunate.  We 
say,  a  fortunate  competitor  for  a  fair  lady,  or  for  a 
crown. 

FOR'TU-NATE-LV,  adv.  Luckily ;  successfully  ;  hap- 
pily ;  by  good  fortune,  or  favorable  chance  or  issue. 

FOR'TlJ-N.VrE-NESS,  n.  Good  luck ;  success  ;  hap- 
pi'.jess,  Sidney, 

FOR'Tl^NE,  (fort'yun,)  ju  [Fr.,  from  L.  fortuna;  Sp. 
and  It.  fortuna ;  Arm.  fortun ;  from  the  root  of  Sax. 
faran,  to  go,  or  L.  fero  or  porta.  So  in  D.  gebeuren, 
to  liappen,  to  fall,  from  tlie  root  of  bear ;  gebeurtenis, 
an  event.  We  find  the  same  word  in  opportunus, 
(oit-po*  fuHiLs,)  seasonable.  The  primary  sense  is  an 
event,  that  whicli  comes  or  befalls.  So  Fr.  heureux, 
from  heure,  hour,  that  is,  time,  season,  and  L.  tem- 
pestivus.  (See  Hour  and  Time.)  The  Russ.  pora, 
time,  season,  is  of  this  family,  and  fortune  is  closely 
allied  to  it] 

1.  Properly,  chance  ;  accident ;  luck  ;  the  arrival 
of  something  in  a  sudden  or  unexpected  manner. 
Hence  the  lie.atliens  deified  chance,  and  consecrated 
temples  and  altars  to  the  goddess.  Hence  the  mod- 
ern use  of  the  word,  for  a  power  supposed  to  distrib- 
ute the  lots  of  life  according  to  her  own  humor. 

Though  fortune's  malice  overthrow  my  state.  iihak. 

2.  The  good  or  ill  that  befalls  man. 

lo  you  tifi  fortune  of  Great  Britain  lies.  Dnjden. 

3.  Success,  good  or  bad  ;  event. 

Our  equal  crimes  bhall  equal /ortun^  give.  Dryden. 

4.  The  chance  of  life ;  means  of  living ;  wealth. 
Bis  fattier  dying,  lie  WTUt  driven  to  London  to  seek  liisybrrune. 

Siri/l. 

5.  Estate ;  possessions ;  as,  a  gentleman  of  small 
fortune. 

0.  A  large  estate  ;  great  wealth.  This  is  often  the 
sense  of  the  word  stjinding  alone  or  un*|ualified  ;  as, 
a  gentleman  or  lady  of  fortune.  To  the  ladies  we 
Bay,  Ucwarc  of /oitunc-hunters. 

7.  The  portion  of  a  man  or  woman  ;  generally,  of 
a  woman. 

8.  Futurity  ;  future  state  or  events  ;  destiny.  The 
young  arc  anxious  lo  have  their  fortunes  told. 

Tuu,  who  men's /ortunct  in  Ihelr  fiices  teail.  COteley. 
POR'Tt^iNE,  o.  t    To  make  fortunate.    [JVot  ttscd.] 

Chaucer. 

2.  To  dispose,  fortunately  or  not ;  also,  to  presage. 
[0*».l  Dryden. 
FOtt'TyNE,  V.  L    To  befall ;  to  fall  out ;  to  happen  ; 
to  come  casually  to  pass. 

It  fortuned  Ihr  sarne  nl^ht  that  a  Chrlalhiii,  serving  a  Turk  In 
Um  OBlnp,  secretly  gave  Uic  wa[£)ini'-n  warning.  Knoties. 

FOR'TUNE-BQQK,  n.  A  book  lo  be  consulted  to 
discover  future  events.  Crashaw. 


FOR'TUN-ED,  n.    Supplied  by  fortune.  Sliali. 

FOR'TIINE-HUNT'EK,  ii.  A  man  who  seeks  to 
marry  a  woman  with  a  large  portion,  with  a  view  to 
enrich  himself.  Addison. 

FOR'TIJNE-HUNT'ING,  n.  The  seeking  of  a  for- 
tune by  marriage. 

FOR'TqiN'E-LESS,  a.  Luckless;  also,  destitute  of  a 
fortune  or  portion. 

FOR'Tl|NE-TELL,  v.  t.  To  tell,  or  pretend  to  tell, 
the  future  events  of  one's  life ;  to  reveal  futurity. 

Sliak. 

FOR'T^NE-TELL'ER,  n.  One  who  tells,  or  pretends 
to  foretell,  the  events  of  one's  life  ;  an  impostor  who 
deceives  people,  by  pretending  to  a  knowledge  of  fu- 
ture events. 

FOR'TUNE-TELL'ING,  ppr.     Telling  the  future 

events  of  one's  life. 
FOR'TUXE-TELL'ING,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of 

foretelling  the  future  fortune  or  events  of  one's  life, 

\\'hich  is  a  punishable  crime. 
FOR'TliN-IZE,  V.  U  To  regulate  the  fortune  of.  [JVo£ 

in  itse.\  Spenser. 
FOR'TY,  a.    [Sax.  feowertig ;  feower,  four,  and  tig, 

ten.    See  Four.] 

1.  Four  times  ten. 

2.  An  indefinite  number;  a  colloquial  use.  A,  B, 
and  C,  and  forty  more.  SiDift. 

Fo'RUM,  n.  [L.  See  Fair.]  In  Rome,  a  public 
place,  where  causes  were  judicially  tried,  and  ora- 
tions delivered  to  the  people ;  also,  a  market-place. 
Hence, 

2.  A  tribunal ;  a  court ;  any  assembly  empowered 
to  hear  and  decide  causes  ;  also,  jurisdiction. 
FOR-WAN'DER,  v.  i.    To  wander  away;  to  rove 

wildlv     [JVot  tised.]  Spenser. 
FOR'WARD,  adv.     [Sax.  fonceard  ;  for,  fore,  and 
weard,  turned,  L.  versus ;  directed  to  the  fore  part.] 

Toward  a  part  or  place  before  or  in  front ,  onward  ; 
progressively;  opposed  to  Backward.  Go  forward; 
move  forward.  He  raft  backward  and  forward. 
In  a  skip,  forward  denotes  toward  the  fore  part. 
FOR'WARD,  a.  Near  or  at  the  fore  part  ;  in  advance 
of  something  else ;  as,  the  forward  gun  in  a  ship, 
or  the  forward  ship  in  a  fleet ;  tlie  forward  horse  in 
a  team. 

2.  Ready ;  prompt ;  strongly  inclined. 

Only  they  would  tliat  we  should  remember  the  poor ;  the  same 
which  1  also  was  forward  to  do.  — Gal.  ii. 

3.  Ardent ;  eager ;  earnest ;  violent. 

Or  lead  ti\Q  forward  youth  to  noble  war.  Prior, 

4.  Bold  ;  confident ;  less  reserved  or  modest  than 
is  proper ;  in  an  ill  sense ;  as,  the  boy  is  too  forward 
for  liis  years. 

5.  Advanced  beyond  the  usual  degree ;  advanced 
for  tile  season.  The  grass  or  the  grain  is  forward,  or 
forward  for  the  season  ;  we  have  a  forward  spring. 

C.  (iuick  ;  hasty ;  too  ready.  Be  not  forward  to 
speak  in  public.  Prudence  directs  that  we  be  not 
too  forward  to  believe  current  reports. 

7.  Anterior  ;  fore. 

Let  UB  take  Uie  instant  by  the ybnrartf  top.  Shak. 

8.  Advanced  ;  not  behindhand.  Shak, 
FOR'WARD,  V.  t    To  advance  ;  to  help  onward ;  to 

promote  ;  as,  lo  forward  a  good  design. 

2.  To  accelerate ;  to  quicken  ;  to  hasten ;  as,  to 
forward  the  growth  of  a  plant ;  to  forward  one  in 
improvement. 

3.  To  send  forward  ;  to  send  toward  the  place  of 
destination  ;  to  transmit ;  !is,  to  forward  a  letter  or 
dispatches. 

FOR'WARD-ED,  pp.  Advanced  ;  promoted  ;  aided 
in  progress  ;  quickened  ;  sent  onward  ;  transmitted. 

FOR'WARD-ER,  n.  He  that  promotes,  or  advances 
in  progress. 

2.  One  who  sends  forward  or  transmits  goods;  a 
forwarding  merchant.  America, 

FOR'WARD-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Advancing  ;  promoting  ; 
aiding  in  progress  ;  accelerating  in  growth  ;.  sending 
onward;  transmitting. 

FOR'WARD-IiVG,  n.  The  act  or  employment  of  trans- 
mitting or  sending  forward  merchandise  and  other 
property  for  others. 

FUR'WARD-LY,  adv.    Eagerly  ;  hastily  ;  quickly. 

Alterbnry. 

FOR'WARD-NESS,  71.  Cheerful  readiness ;  prompt- 
ness. It  expresses  more  than  willinirness.  V\'e  ad- 
mire the  forwardness  of  Christians  in  propagating  the 
gospel. 

2.  Eagerness ;  ardor.  It  is  sometimes  difficult  to 
restrain  the  forwardness  of  youth. 

3.  Boldness  :  confidence  ;  assurance;  want  of  due 
reserve  or  moilesty. 

In  Krance  it  is  usual  lo  bring  children  into  company,  and  cher- 
isli  in  tlicin,  from  their  mtWicy,  a  kind  of  forwardness  and 
assurance.  Addison. 

4.  A  state  of  advance  beyond  the  usual  degree;  as, 
the  forwardness  of  spring  or  of  corn. 

FOR-WaSTE',  v.  t.   'I'o  waste ;  to  desolate.    [JVot  in 

Spenser. 

FOR-U'EA'RY,  V,  t.   To  dispirit    [JVot  in 

Spenser, 

FOR-WEEP',  v.  I.    To  weep  much.  Chaucer. 


FOR'WORD,  (wuid,)  n.  [fore  and  toord.]  A  promise. 

L\o(  in  use.]  Spetiscr. 
FOR-ZAJV'DO,  (fort-san'do,)  [It.]    in  miwic,  directs 

that  notes  are  to  be  boldly  struck  and  continued. 
FOSSE,  n.    [Fr./osse  ;  Sp./usa;  L.  and  It./u«a;  from  j 

fossus,fodio,  to  dig.    Class  Bd.] 

1.  A  ditch  or  moat ;  a  word  used  in  fortification. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  kind  of  cavity  in  a  bone,  with  a 
large  aperture.  Encyc. 

FOS'SIL,  a.  [Fr.  fissile;  Sp.fosil;  ll.  fissile;  L.  fos- 
silis;  from  fodio,fossus,  to  tlig.J 

Dug  out  of  the  earth  ;  as,  fossil  coal  ;  fossil  salt. 
The  term  fossil  is  now  appropriated  to  those  organic 
substances  which  have  become  penetrated  by  earthy 
or  metallic  particles,  and  are  found  in  rocks  or  the 
earth.  Tlius  we  say,  fossil  shells,  fossil  bones,  fossil 
wood.  Cleaveland. 

FOS'SIL,  71.   A  substance  dug  from  the  earth. 

Fossil,  among  mineralogists  and  geologists,  is  now 
used  to  designate  the  petrified  forms  of  plants  and 
animals,  which  occur  in  the  strata  composing  the 
surface  of  our  globe.  It  is  also  sometimes  used  to 
denote  simple  and  compound  mineral  bodies,  such  as 
earths,  salts,  bitumens,  and  metals.  P.  Cyc. 

FOS'SIL-Co'PAL,  n.  Highgate  resin  ;  a  resinous 
substance  found  in  perforating  the  bed  of  blue  clay 
at  Highgate,  near  London.  It  appears  lo  be  a  true 
vegetable  gum  or  resin,  partly  changed  by  remaining 
in  the  earth.  Cyc.  JliUin, 

FOS-SIL-IF'ER-OUS,  a,    [L.  fossilis  and  fero.] 

Containing  fossil  or  organic  remains  ;  vls,  fossilifer- 
cus  rocks. 

FOS'SIL-IST,  71.  One  who  studies  the  nature  and 
properties  of  fossils ;  one  who  is  versed  in  the  sci- 
ence of  fossils.  Black. 

FOS-SIL-I-Za'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  con- 
verting into  a  fossU  or  petrifoction.     Journ.  of  Sci. 

FOS'SIL-IZE,  V,  L  To  convert  into  a  fossil  or  petri- 
faction ;  as,  to  fissilizc  bones  or  wood.    Journ.  of  Sci. 

FOS'SIL-IZE,  V.  i.  To  become  or  be  changed  into  a 
fossil  or  petrifaction. 

FOS'SIL-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Converted  into  a  fossil  or 
petrifactmn. 

FOS'SIL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Changing  into  a  fossil  or  pet- 
rifaction. 

F05-SIL'0-6Y,  n.    [fossil,  and  Gr.  Uyoi,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  fossils  ;  also,  the  science 
of  fossils^ 

FOS-So'ReS,  71.  ;>;.  [L.,  diggers.]  In  zooVonrj;,  a  group 
of  insects  which  are  organized  for  excavating  cells 
in  earth  or  wood,  where  they  deposit  their  eggs,  with 
the  bodies  of  otlier  insects,  for  the  support  of  the 
young  when  hatched. 

FOS-So'RI-AL,  a.  Digging. 

FOS-So'RI-AL,  71.  An  animal  which  digs  into  the 
earth  for  a  retreat  or  lodge,  and  wliose  locomotive 
extremities  are  adapted  for  that  purpose. 

FO.SS'RoAD, )  7!.  A  Roman  military  wav  in  England, 

FOSS'WaY,  j  leading  from  Totnes,  through  Exe- 
ter, lo  Barton  on  the  Humber;  so  called  from  the 
ditches  on  each  side.  Encyc. 

FOS'SU-LATE,  a.    [L.  fossa.] 

Having  trenches,  or  depressions  like  trenches. 

FOS'TER,  V.  t  [Sax.  fostrian,  from  foster,  a  nurse,  or 
food  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  foster,  a  child,  one  fed  ;  Dan. 
fostrcr,  to  nurse.  I  suspect  this  word  to  be  from  food, 
quasi  foodster,  for  this  is  the  D.  word  voedstcr,  a 
nurse,  from  voeden,  to  feed  ;  D.  voedsterheer,  a  foster- 
father.] 

1.  To  feed  ;  to  nourish ;  to  support  ;  to  bring  up. 


Some  say  tliat  ravens  foster  forlorn  diildren. 


Sliak. 


2.  To  cherish  ;  to  forward  ;  lo  promote  growth. 
The  genial  warmth  of  spring  fosters  the  plants. 

3.  To  cherish  ;  to  encourage ;  to  sustain  and  pro- 
mote ;  as,  to  foster  passion  or  genius. 

FOS'TER,  V.  i.  To  be  nourished  or  trained  up  to- 
gether. Spenser. 

FOS'TER,  !i.    A  forester.  Spenser. 

FOS'TER-AO;E,  II.    The  charge  of  nursing.  Ralrgli, 

FOS'TER-BROTII'ER,  (-briith'er,)  11.  A  male  nursed 
at  the  same  breast,  or  fed  by  the  same  nurse,  bul  not 
the  offspring  iif  the  same  parents. 

FOS'Tl",R-CllILD,  71.  A  child  nursed  by  a  woman 
not  the  mother,  or  bred  by  u  man  not  the  father. 

Addison. 

FOS'TER-DAM,  »i.  A  nurse  ;  one  that  performs  the 
office  of  a  mother  by  giving  food  to  a  child.  Dryden, 

FOS''i'ER-E.\RTH,  (-erth,)  H.  Earth  by  which  a  plant 
is  nourished,  tliougli  not  its  native  soil.  Philips. 

FOS''I'ER-/CI),  ;);>.    Nourished  ;  cherished;  promoted. 

FOS'TER-ER,  71.  A  nurse  ;  one  that  feeds  and  nour- 
ishes ill  the  place  of  parents.  Davics. 

FOS'TER-I'A'THER,  n.  One  who  takes  the  place  of 
a  father  in  feeding  and  educating  n  child.  Bacon. 

FOS'TER-ING,  ppr.  Nursing  ;  cherishing ;  bringing 
lip. 

FOS'TER-TNG,  a.   That  oherishcs  and  encourages. 
FOS'THR-ING,  ji.    The  act  of  nursing,  nourishing, 
and  cherishing. 
2.  Nourishment.  Chaucer. 
FOS'TER-LI.NG,  n.    A  foster-child.         B.  Jonson, 
FOS'TER-ME.NT,  n.  Food  ;  nourlshmcTll.  [Jfot  used.] 
FOS'TER-MOTll'ER,  (  inulh'er,)  ti.    A  nurse. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT — METE,  PIIBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  


476 


r 


FOU 


FOS'TKK-NI'KSK,  n.    A  iinrsc.  [Tautoloirical.] 
K(>S''l'Klt-lSlP!'Ti;il,  n.  A  IViiiale  nursed  by  the  same 

person.  Swift. 
FOS'TEIl-SON,  (  sun,)  n.    One  feJ  and  educated  like 

a  son,  tluiti;:li  nut  a  son  by  birlll.  Dnjilrn. 
FOS'TKUSS,  II.    A  fenialo  wlio  feeds  and  cherishes; 

a  nurse.  B.  Jonson. 

FOTH'KR,  n.    [G.  fuller,  a  tun  or  load:  U.  vucilcr ; 
fiit/icr,  food,  fodder,  and  a  mass  of  lead,  from 

the  sense  of  stutiin<:,  crowding.    See  Food.] 
-V  fodder ;  a  weifjht  for  leail,  &c.,  of  various  niag- 

niludes,  but  usually  about  -2400  lbs.  [See  Fodder.] 
FO'f  II'ER,  V.  t.    [From  stutnng.   See  the  preceding 

word.] 

To  endeavor  to  stop  a  leak  in  the  bottom  of  a  sliip, 
while  afloat,  by  letting  down  a  sail  under  her  bollom 
by  Its  corners,  and  putting  chopped  yarn,  oakuui, 
wool,  cotton,  Sec,  between  it  and  the  ship's  sides. 
These  substances  are  sometimes  sucked  into  the 
cracks,  and  the  leak  stopped.  TulUn. 
FOTH'KR-KD,  pp.  Stopped,  as  a  leak  in  the  bottom 
of  a  ship. 

FOTII'KU-ING,  ppr.    Stopping  leaks,  as  above. 

FOTU'EU-ING,  n.    The  operation  of  stop|)ing  leaks 
in  a  ship,  as  above. 

F0i;-G.KOE',  j  n.    [i'T.  fougade ;  Sp.  fogada;  from  L. 

FOU-GASS',  j  focus.} 

In  the  art  of  war,  a  little  mine,  charged  with  pow- 
der, and  covered  with  stones  or  earth  ;  sometimes  dug 
outside  of  the  works,  to  defend  them,  and  sometimes 
Iienenth,  to  destroy  them  by  explosion.       P.  Ciie. 

FOUGHT,  (fawt,)  prcL  and  pp.  of  Fight.  [See 

FloHT.I 

FOUGIlT'£N,  (fawt'n.)    For  Fought.  [Obs.] 
FOUL,  a.    [Sax.  fiil,fuul ;  U.  vuU;  G.faul;  Dan.  ficl. 

In  Cli.  with  a  prefix,       nabail,  to  delile.   The  Syr. 

with  a  different  prefi.t,  tafcl,  to  dtjilf..    It  cc>- 

incidcs  in  element.')  with  full,  and  probably  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  both  is,  to  put  or  throw  on,  or  to  stulT, 
to  crowd.  See  the  signitication  of  the  word  in  sea- 
men's language.] 

1.  Covered  with  or  containing  extraneous  matter 
which  is  injurious,  noxious,  or  offensive ;  lillliy ; 
dirty  ;  not  clean  ;  as,  a  foal  cloth  ;  foul  handsj  a/uui 
chimney. 

My  f»c«  is  foul  witli  weeping.  — Job  xvi. 

2.  Turbid  ;  thick  ;  muddy ;  as,  foul  water ;  a  foul 
stream. 

3.  Impure  ;  polluted  ;  as,  a  fovl  mouth.  Shak. 

4.  Impure  ;  scurrilous ;  obscene  or  profane  ;  as,/uui 
words  ^  foul  language. 

5.  Cloudy  and  stormy  ;  rainy  or  tempestuous  ;  as, 
foul  weather.  ' 

6.  Impure  ;  defiling  ;  as,  a  foul  disease. 

7.  Wicked  ;  detestable  abominable ;  as,  a  foal 
deed  ;  a  foul  spirit. 

Babylon  —  Ulc  hold  of  every  /ouZ  epirit. — Rev.  xviii. 

8.  Unfair;  not  honest;  not  lawful  or  according  to 
established  rules  or  customs  ;  as,  foul  play. 

9.  Hateful ;  ugly  ;  loathsome. 

lh\3L  (hoii  for^t 
The  foul  witch  Syconix  ?  Shak. 

10.  Disgraceful ;  shameful ;  as,  a  foul  defeat. 
Who  finl  Kduccd  them  to  that  foul  revolt  f  AfUton. 

11.  Coarse ;  gross. 

Thvy  are  all  for  roiilt  and  /out  fecdin*.  f^ll»n. 

12.  Full  of  gross  humors  or  impurities. 

You  pi'rceive  the  body  of  our  kin^om. 
How  foul  it  iji.  ShaJc. 

13.  Full  of  weeds  ;  as,  the  garden  is  very  font. 

14.  Among  scamrn,  entangled  ;  hindered  from  mo- 
tion ;  opposed  to  clear ;  as,  a  rope  is  foul. 

15.  Covered  with  weeds  or  barnacles  ;  as,  tlie  ship 
bas  a  foul  bottom. 

Ifi.  Not  fitir  ;  contrary ;  as,  n  foul  wind. 

17.  Not  favorable  or  safe  for  anchorage ;  danger- 
ous ;  as,  a  foul  road  or  bay. 

To  fall  foul,  is  to  rush  on  with  haste,  rough  force, 
and  tinseasonablo  violence. 

2.  To  run  against ;  as,  the  ship  fell  foul  of  her 
consort. 

[These  latter  phrases  show  that  this  word  is  allied 
to  the  Fr.  fouler,  Eng.  fall,  tlie  sense  of  whicli  is  to 
press.] 

FOUL,  V.  t.    [Sax.fulian,  irrfi,lan.] 

To  make  filthy;  to  defile;  to  daub;  to  dirty;  to 
heinire  ;  to  soil ;  as,  to  foul  tlio  clothes  ;  to  foui  the 
face  or  hands.   Ezek.  xxxiv.  IS. 
l-'OUL'UEK,  V.  i.   To  emit  great  heat.    [JVot  u.ird.] 

SpciiiiCr. 

FOUL'OT,  (fowld,)  pp.   Defiled  ;  dirtied. 
1"<  )Ij  L'F.\C-£D,  (-Ciste,)  a.    Having  an  ugly  or  hate- 
ful visase.  siiak. 
FUUL-FEKD'ING,  a.   Gross;  feeding  grossly.  Jlall. 
rOUL'I.NG,  ppr.    Making  foul;  defiling. 
KOL'L'LY,  arfc.    Filthilv ;  nastilv  ;  hatefully;  scan- 
dalously ;  disgracefully ;  shamefully. 

I/ou'ly  y(nmgc<l  him  ;  do,  forgive  me,  do.  Cay. 
2,  Unfairly;  not  honestly. 

Thou  play'du  mou  /ouUy  for  11.  ShaJt. 


FOU 

FOUL'MOUTIl  /'.'l),  a.  Using  language  scurrilous, 
0|)probrious,  oltscene,  or  profane  ;  nlteritig  abuse,  or 
profane  or  obscene  words  j  accustomed  to  use  bad 
language. 

So  foulinouQied  a  witness  never  appeared  In  any  cause. 

Atiiliaon. 

FOUL'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  foul  or  filthy ; 
lilthiness  ;  defilement. 

^.  The  quality  or  state  of  containing  or  being  cov- 
ered with  any  thing  extraneous,  which  is  noxious  or 
offensive  ;  .^s,  the  foulness  of  a  cellar,  or  ttf  a  well  ; 
the  foulness  of  a  musket;  the  foulness  of  a  ship's 
bottom. 

3.  Pollution ;  impurity. 

There  in  not  so  cluuilc  a  nation  as  tliis,  nor  so  free  from  nil  pol- 
lution or  foulness.  Baton. 

4.  Ilatefulness  ;  atrociousncss  ;  as,  the  foulness  of 
a  deed. 

5.  Ugliness ;  deformity. 

The  foulneat  ii(  the  infernal  form  to  hide.  Dnjilen. 
C.  Unfairness ;  dislionesty  ;  want  of  candor. 
Piety  in  opposed  to  hypocrisy  and  iiuiucchty,  and  all  faW'tii-Mt  or 

/outness  of  intentions.  Hammond. 

FOUL'-SPOK'EN,  o.    Slanderous.  Sliitk. 

2.  Using  profane,  scurrilous,  or  obscene  language. 
FOU'MAIIT,  «.    [Scot./ouHiortc.    Q.U.  foulimtrthi.] 

The  jiolecat. 
FOUND,  prcl.  and  pp.  of  Find. 

I  am  found  by  tliem  that  sought  mc  not.  — Is.  Ixv. 

2.  Supplied  with  food  or  board,  in  addition  to 
wages  ;  as,  a  laborer  is  hired  at  so  much  a  day,  iind 
is  found. 

FOUND,  r.«.  [L.  fiindo,  funilare  ;  Ft.  fonder  :  U.fon- 
dare;  Sp.  fundar ;  Ir.  bun,  stump,  bottom,  stock,  ori- 
gin;  bunadim,  bunait,  foundation.    If  ii  is  radical  in 

found,  as  I  suppose,  it  seems  to  be' the  Ar.  Uo  baiia, 

Heb.  Ch.  nj3  to  build,  that  is,  to  set,  found,  erect. 
Class  lin.  No.  7.] 

1.  To  lay  the  liasis  of  any  thing;  to  set,  or  place, 
as  on  something  solid  for  support. 

It  fell  not,  lor  it  was /oundctl  on  a  rock.  —  Matt.  vii. 

2.  To  begin  and  build  ;  to  lay  the  foundation,  and 
raise  a  superstructure  ;  as,  to  found  a  city. 

3.  To  set  or  place  ;  to  estaldisii,  as  on  something 
solid  or  durable  ;  as,  to  found  a  government  on  prin- 
ciples of  liberty. 

4.  To  begin  to  form  or  lay  the  basis  ;  as,  to  found 
a  college  or  a  library.  Stjinetimes,  to  endow  is  equiv- 
alent to  found.] 

[).  To  give  birth  to;  to  originate;  as,  to  found  an 
art  or  a  family. 

6.  Tosi;t;  to  place  ;  to  establish  on  a  basis.  Chris- 
tianity is  founded  on  the  rock  of  ages  ;  dominion  is 
sonietinies  founded  on  conquest,  sonielimes  on  choice 
or  voluntary  consent. 

Power,  /ourule'l  on  contnct,  can  descend  only  to  him  who  h.is 
h;^lit  by  tlial  coiitr.vcl.  Locke. 

7.  To  fix  firmly. 

1  had  else  been  perf-'Ct, 
Whole  as  the  nvxMi , /oundsd  aa  tlic  rock.  Shak. 

FOUND,  V.  U  [h.fnndo,  fudi,fusum  :  Fr.  fondrc :  Sp. 
fundir,  or  fiundir ;  It.  fondere.  The  elements  are 
probably  Fd;  n.  being  adventitious.] 

To  cist ;  to  form  by  melting  a  metal,  and  pouring 
it  into  a  mold.  Milton. 

[This  verb  is  seldom  used,  but  the  derivative 
foundcni  is  in  common  use.    For  found  we  use  cast.] 
FOUN-DA'TION,/!.   [I,,  fumlatio  i  Ft.  fondalion ;  from 
Lufundo.] 

1.  The  basis  of  an  edifice  ;  that  part  of  a  building 
or  stnicture  which  rests  on  the  ground  ;  usually  a 
wall  of  sttjue  which  supports  the  edifice. 

2.  The  act  of  fixing  the  basis.  Ticket. 

3.  The  basis  or  groundwork  of  any  thing ;  that 
on  which  any  thing  stands,  and  by  which  it  is  sup- 
ported. A  free  government  has  its  foundation  in  the 
choice  and  consent  of  the  people  to  be  governed  ; 
Christ  is  the  fbundation  of  the  church. 

Uchold,  I  lay,  In  Zion,  fora/ouru2ali«n,  a  stone  —  a  pivciouscor- 

iicr-ston*'.  —  Is.  xxviii. 
OUier  /oundalioit  can  no  man  lay  than  tliat  which  is  laid, 

which  is  Jnsus  Christ.  —  1  Cor.  iji. 

4.  Original ;  rise  ;  as,  the  foundation  of  the  world. 

5.  Endowment ;  a  donation  or  leg.icy  appropriated 
to  supiHirt  an  institution,  and  constituting  a  perma- 
nent fund,  usually  for  a  charitable  purpose. 

(>.  Esiablishment ;  settlement. 
F0U.\-l<.\'T10.\-Ell,  n.    One  who  derives  support 
from  the  funds  or  foundation  of  a  college  or  great 
school.  Jackson.  [/■;n».i 

FOUN-DA'TION-LESS,  o.    Having  no  foundation. 

IlammuniL 

FOU.N'D'ED,  pp.    Set;  fi.Ted  ;  established  on  a  basis; 

begun  and  built. 
FOUND'EIl,  M.    One  that  founds,  establishes,  and 

erects  ;  one  that  lays  a  foundation  ;  as,  the  founder 

of  a  temple  or  city. 
2,  One  who  begins ;  an  author ;  one  from  whom 


FOU 

any  thing  originates  ;  as,  the  founder  of  a  sect  of 
philosophers  ;  the  founder  of  a  family  or  race. 

3.  One  who  endows;  one  who  furnishi:s  a  perma- 
nent fund  for  the  support  of  an  institution  ;  as,  the 
founder  of  a  college  or  hospital. 

4.  [Ft.  fundeiir.]  A  caster  ;  one  who  casts  metals 
in  various  forms;  as,  a  founder  of  cannon,  bells, 
hardware,  printing  types,  &c. 

A  lameness  occasioned  by  inflammation  within 
tlie  hoof  of  a  horse.  Buchanan. 
FOUND'ER,  V.  I.    \Fr.  fondre,  to  melt,  to  fall.] 

1.  Ill  seamen's  lana-uage,  to  fill  Of  be  filled  with 
water,  and  sink,  as  a  ship. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  miscarry.  Shak. 

3.  To  trip  ;  to  fall.  Cliaurrr. 
FOUND'EIl,  V.  L    To  cause  internal  inflammation 

and  great  soreness  in  the  feet  of  a  horse,  so  as  to  dis- 
able or  lame  him.  Knei/e. 

FOUND'ER-KI),  pp.  or  a.    Made  lame  in  the  feet  by 
inflammation  ami  extreme  tenderness,  as  a  horse. 
2.  Sunk  ill  the  sea,  as  a  ship. 

FOUND'ER-OUS,  a.  Failing  ;  liable  to  sink  from  be- 
neath ;  ruinous;  as,  a founilcrous  road.  Burke. 

FOUND'ER-Y,  h.    [Fr.  fonderie.] 

1.  The  art  of  casting  metals  into  various  forms  for 
use  ;  the  casting  of  statues. 

2.  The  house  and  works  occupied  in  casting  met- 
als ;  as,  a  foundcrij  of  bells,  of  hollow  ware,  of  can- 
mm,  of  types,  &c. 

FOUND'ING,  n.  The  art  of  casting  or  forming  of 
inclled  metal  any  article,  according  to  a  given  design 
or  pattern. 

FOUND'LING,  n.  [from  found,  find.]  A  deserted  or 
exposed  infant;  a  child  found  without  a  parent  or 
owner.  A  hospital  fur  sucli  children  is  called  a 
fonnilliniT  ho.fpital. 

FOUND'RE.'^S,  n.  A  female  founder;  a  woman  who 
founds  or  establishes,  or  who  endows  with  a  fund. 

FOUND'RY,  II.  A  building  occupied  for  casting  met- 
als.   [See  FoUNDEKV.] 

FOIJ.VT,         ;  H.    [L./uns;  Fr. /(nfainc-  Sp. /urate; 

FOUNT'.MN,  i  It.  /o;i(c,  fontaiia  ;  \V.  fijnnon,  a 
fountain  or  source  ;  fijnia'w,fijnu,  to  produce,  to  gen- 
erate, to  abound  ; /icn,  a  source,  breath,  puff;/ion(, 
produce.] 

1.  A  spring,  or  .source  of  water ;  propertij,  a  spring 
or  issuing  of  water  from  the  cartli.  Tliis  word  ac- 
cords in  sense  with  well,  in  our  mother  tongue  ;  but 
we  now  distinguish  them,  applying  fountain  to  a 
natural  spring  of  water,  and  irrll  to  an  artificial  pit 
of  water,  issuing  from  the  interior  of  the  earth. 

2.  A  small  basin  of  springing  water.  Taylor. 

3.  A  jet ;  a  spouting  of  water ;  an  artificial  spring. 

4.  The  head  or  source  of  a  river.  Dnjdrn. 

5.  Original ;  first  principle  or  cause  ;  the  source  of 
any  thing. 

Almighty  God,  tlie /ounfoin  of  all  goodness.  Common  Prayer. 
Fount  of  tijjifis.    See  Font. 
FOUNT'AIN-IIEAD,   (fount'in  lied,)   n.  Primary 

source  ;  original  ;  first  principle.  Vounrr. 
FOUNT'AIN-LESS,  a.  Having  no  fountain  ;  wanting 
a  spring. 

A  barren  desert, /ounfainiess  and  <lry.  Milton. 

FOUNT'AIN-TREE,  n.  In  tJie  Canary  Isles,  a  tree 
which  distils  w.nter  from  its  leaves  in  sulficieiit  abun- 
dance for  the  iniiabitants  near  it.  F.nciic. 

FOUNT'FJJL,  a.    Full  of  springs  ;  as,  founlful  l.la. 

FoUR,  a.  [Sax.  feower  ;  (J.  virr ;  D.  ricr  ;  Sw.  fyra  ; 
lUin.fre.  I  suspect  this  word  to  be  contracted  from 
Gittli.  Jitlwor,  W.  pedwar.  Arm.  pcrar,  pcdcr,  or  pelor, 
peoar,  from  wiiich  L.  petoritum,  pclorrituni,  a  carriage 
with  four  H  heels,  jielorrota.] 
Twice  two  i  denoting  the  sum  of  two  and  two. 

FOURBE,  (foorb,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  tricking  fellow  ;  a 
cheat.    [JV"o(  F.nglisli.]  Dcnliam. 

FoUR'-El)G-/:U,  a.    Having  four  edges.  Smith. 

FoUR'FoLD,  n.  Four  double;  quadruple;  four  times 
told  ;  as,  a  fourfold  division. 

He  3h:UI  rchlorc  Uie  lamb  /our/old.  —  *2  Sam.  xii. 

FoUR'FoLD,  n.    Four  times  as  much. 

FoUR'FoLD,  V.  t.  To  assess  in  a  fourfold  ratio.  [JVot 
authorized.] 

FoUR'FoLD-ING,  n.  Alaking  four  double  ;  quad- 
rupling. Dmiaht. 

FoUR'l"OOT-ED,  o.  auadnqied  ;  having  four  feet ; 
as  the  horse  and  the  ox. 

F0UR'l-ER-Ii5.M,  H.  The  system  of  Charles  Fourier, 
a  Fn-nchman,  who  recommends  the  reiirgani/.ation 
of  society  into  small  communities,  living  in  com- 
mon. 

FOUR'I-ER-ITE,  n.    One  wlio  favors  Fourierism. 
FOUR'RIER,  «.    [Fr.]    A  harbinger.    [Jtot  Fnolish,] 

Buck. 

FoUR'SCoRE,  a.    [Sec  Score.]    Four  times  twenty  ; 

eighty.     It  is  used  clliptically  for  fourscore  years  ; 

as,  a  man  of  fourscore.  Temple. 
FOUR'SUUAliE,  a.     Having  four  sides  and  four 

angles  equal  ;  quadningular.  Rale"k. 
FoUR'TEE.V,  n.    [/our  and  (en  ;  Sax./e«<irr(y«.J 

Four  and  ten  ;  twice  seven. 
FoUR'TEE.N'TH,  a.    The  crdinal  of  fourteen;  the 

fourth  after  the  tenth. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIO0S._e  as  K  ;  C  as  J  :  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FOY  f 


FRA 


FRA 


Fourteenth,  n.  in  musk,  tlie  octave  of  the 
seventh. 

FOURTH,  a.  The  ordinal  of  four  ;  the  next  after  tlie 
third. 

FOURTH,  Ti.  In  mtusic,  an  interval  composed  of  two 
tones  and  a  semitone.  Tliis  is  called  the  perfect 
fuurtli.  Two  whole  tones  and  a  semitone  compose 
the  diminished  fourth.  Three  full  tones  compose  a 
triton,  or  fourth  redundant.  P.  Cijc. 

FoURTH'LY,  adv.    In  the  fourth  place. 

FoUR'\VHEEL-E0,  a.  Having  or  running  on  four 
wheels. 

FOU'TER,  (foo'ter,)  n.   A  despicable  fellow.  Brocket. 

FOU'TRA,  n.    [Ft.  foutrc.]    A  fiir ;  a  scoff.  [Obs.] 

FOU'TY,  ri.    [Fr.  foutu.\    Despicable.  [Shal:. 

Fo'VE-O-La-TED,  a.    [Low  L.  fooeola.] 

Having  little  depressions  or  pits.  Smith. 

FO-VIL'LA,  n.    [L.  fovea.] 

A  line  substance,  imperceptible  to  the  naked  eye, 
emitted  from  the  pollen  of  Howers.  Marti/n. 

FOWL,  H.  [Sa.^.  fugel,  fugl;  G.  and  D.  roircl ;  Dan. 
fugl ;  Sw.  fogel ;  from  the  root  of  the  L.  fu^io,fugo, 
Gr.  tpcv)  w,  and  signifying  the  fifiing  animal!] 

A  flying  or  winged  animal  ;  the  generic  name  of 
certain  animals  that  move  through  the  air  by  the  aid 
of  wings.  Fowls  have  two  feet,  are  covered  with 
feathers,  and  iiave  wings  for  flight.  Bird  is,  etymo- 
logic.illy,  a  joung  fowl  or  chicken,  and  may  well  be 
applied  to  the  smaller  species  of  fowls.  But  it  has 
usurped  the  place  of  fowl,  and  is  now  commonly 
used  as  the  generic  term,  though  this  is  not  in  ac- 
cordance with  its  etymology. 

Fowl  is  used  as  a  collective  noun.  We  dined  on 
fish  and  fowl. 

Lei  them  have  dominion  over  Ihe  fisii  of  the  sea,  and  over  tlie 
fowl  of  the  ;ur.  —  tjen.  i. 

But  this  use  in  America  is  not  frequent.  We  gen- 
erally use  the  plural, /uw/i.  The  word  is  colloquially 
used  for  poultry,  or  rather,  in  a  more  limited  sense, 
fur  barndoor  fowls. 
FOWL,  V.  i.  To  catch  or  kill  wild  fowls  for  game  or 
food,  as  by  means  of  bird-lime,  decoys,  nets,  and 
snares,  or  by  pursuing  them  with  liavvks,  or  by 
shooting. 

FOWL'ER,  n.  A  sportsman  who  pursues  wild  fowls, 
or  takes  or  kills  them  for  food. 

FOWL'ING,  ppr.    Pursuing  or  taking  wild  fowls. 

FOWL'l.NG,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  catching  or 
shooting  fowls  or  birds  j  also,  falconn'. 

FOWL'I.N'G-PIEC'E,  n.  A  light  gun  for  shooting 
fowls  or  birds. 

FOX,  71.    [Sax. /or;  Cfaclus;  D.  ros.] 

I  An  animal  of  the  genus  Vulpis,  (Canis  of  Lin- 
ntcus,)  with  a  stniight  tail,  yellowish  or  straw-col- 
ored hair,  and  erect  ears.  This  animal  burrows  in 
the  earth,  is  remarkable  for  his  cunning,  and  preys 
on  lambs,  geese,  hens,  or  other  small  animals. 

2.  A  sly,  cunning  fellow. 

3.  In  seamen's  languaire,  a  small  strand  of  rope, 
made  by  twisting  several  rope-yarns  together ;  iisetl 
for  seizings  or  mats  ToUen. 

4.  Formerly,  a  cant  expression  for  a  sword.  Shak. 
FOX,  «.  t.   To  intoxicate ;  to  stupefy.    [Alt  liso/.] 

Boijlc. 

2.  To  cover  the  feet  of  boots  with  new  leather  and 
new  soles.  Ammca. 
FOX,  V.  i.    To  turn  sour;  applied  to  beer  when  it 

stmrs  in  fermenting.  Smart. 
FOX'CASE,  n.    The  skin  of  a  fox.    [JVot  used.] 

L'  Estrange. 

FOX'-CHa.SE,  n.    The  pursuit  of  a  fox  with  hounds. 

FOX'ED,  (foxt,)  pp.  or  a.  Turned  sour  in  fermenting, 
as  beer.  Booth. 

FOX'ER-Y,  71.  Behavior  like  that  of  a  fox.  [JVot  in 
use]  Chaucer. 

FOX'-E-V/L,  71.  A  kind  of  disease  in  which  the  hair 
falls  off".  f'ct. 

FOX'-GLOVE,  7t.  A  handsome  biennial  plant,  Digitalis 
Purpurea,  whose  leaves  are  used  as  a  powerful  medi- 
cine, both  a.s  a  sedative  and  diuretic.  Dunglison. 

FOX'IIOU.M),  71.    A  hound  for  chasing  foxes. 

FOX'-IIU.N'T,  71.    The  chti.se  or  hunting  of  a  fox. 

FO.\'-HUNT-ER,  7i.  One  who  hunt-s  or  pursues  foxes 
with  hounds. 

FOX'-HUNT-LN'G,  n.  The  employment  of  hunting 
foxt^s. 

FO.\'-HI'.\T-ING,  a.    TerUining  to  or  engaged  in 

the  bunting  of  foxes.  Hill. 
FOX'ISIl,    (a.    Resembling  a  fox  in  qualities  i  cun- 
FOX'LIKE,  t  ning. 

FO.V'.SIIIP,  7u   The  character  or  qualities  of  a  fox; 

cunning.  Shak, 
FOX'TAIL,  7t.  A  i-iMjcies  of  grass,  the  Alopccurus. 
FOX'-TRAI',  71    A  trap,  or  a  gin  or  snare,  to  catch 

foxe". 

FOX'Y,  o.    Pertaining  to  fDien  ;  wily.    [J^Tot  used.] 
2.  An  epithet  applied  in  paintings,  when  the  shad- 
own  and  lower  tones  have  too  much  of  a  yellowish, 
reddish-brown  color.  Jocclyn. 
FOY,  71.  [l-t.foi.] 

Faith.    [JYot  used.]  Spenser. 
FOY,  71.    ['I  eiit.  >ey.J    A  fcn«t  given  by  one  who  la 
about  to  leave  a  plaix-.  Kngland's  Jrjilii. 


FOY'SOX.   See  Fo  I  SON. 

FRa'CA-S,  71.  [Fr.]  An  uproar;  a  noisy  quarrel ;  a 
disturbance. 

FRACT  v.  t.    To  break.    [JVot  %uicd.]  Shak. 
FRACTION,  71.    [L.  fractio  ;  Fr.  fraction;  from  L. 
frango,  fractus,  to  break.    [See  Break.] 

1.  The  act  of  breaking  or  state  of  being  broken, 
especially  by  violence.  Burnet. 

2.  In  ariUimetic  and  algebra,  a  broken  part  of  an 
integral  or  integer ;  any  division  of  a  whole  number 
or  unit,  as  2.  two  fifths,  i,  one  fourm,  which  are 
called  vulgar  fractions.  In  these,  the  figure  above  the 
line  is  called  the  numerator,  and  the  figure  below  the 
line  the  denominator.  In  decimal  fractions, the  denom- 
inator is  a  unit,  or  1,  with  as  many  ciphers  annexed 
as  the  numerator  has  places.  They  are  commonly 
expressed  by  writing  the  numerator  only  with  a  point 
before  it,  by  which  it  is  separated  from  whole  num- 
bers ,  thus  .5,  which  denotes  five  tenths,  or 
half  of  a  unit ;  .25,  that  isj-j^g^g,  or  a  fourth  part  of  a 
unit. 

FRAG'TION-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  a  broken  number  ; 
comprising  a  part  or  the  p.irts  of  a  unit ;  as,/ro<:(io«aZ 
numbers. 

FRAG'TfOUS,  (frak'shus,)  a.  Apt  to  break  out  into 
a  passion  ;  apt  to  quarrel ;  cross  ;  snappish  ;  as,  a 
fractious  man. 

FRAG'TIOU.S-LY,  arft).    Passion.itely  ;  snappishly. 

FRAG'TIOUS-NESS,  71.    A  cross  or  snappish  temper. 

FRAG'TURE,  (frakt'yur,)  n.  [L.  fractura.  See 
Break.] 

I.  A  breach  in  any  body,  especially  a  breach 
caused  by  violence  ;  a  rupture  of  a  solid  boily. 

9.  In  surgery,  the  rupture  or  disruption  of  a  bone. 
A  fracture  is  simple  or  eampuund ;  simple,  when  the 
bone  only  is  divided  ;  compound,  when  the  bone  is 
broken,  with  a  laceration  of  the  integuments. 

3.  In  mineralogy,  the  manner  in  which  a  mineral 
breaks,  and  by  wliich  its  texture  is  displayed  ;  as,  a 
compact  fracture  ;  a  fibrous  fracture  :  foliated,  striated, 
or  conchoidal  fracture,  &c.  Kincan. 

FRAG'TliRE,  v.  I.  To  break;  to  burst  asunder;  to 
crack  ;  to  separate  continuous  parts  ;  as,  to  fracture  a 
bone;  to /r«ct«re  the  skull.  iVisrman. 

FRAe'TlTR-£D,  (frakt'yuid,)  pp.  or  o.  Broken  ; 
cracked. 

FRAG'TIJR-ING,  ppr.  Breaking  ;  bursting  asunder  ; 
cracking. 

FRAG'ILE,  (fraj'il,)  a.  [L.  fragiUs,  from  frango,  to 
break.] 

1.  Brittle  ;  easily  broken. 

The  Bt.alk  of  ivy  is  tough,  and  not /mgile.  Bacon. 

2.  Weak  ;  liable  to  fail ;  easily  destroyed  ;  as, 
fragile,  arms.  Milton. 

FR.\G'ILE-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  easily  broken. 
FR.V-GIL'I-TY,  n.    Brittleiiess;  easiness  to  be  broken. 

Bacon. 

2.  Weakness  ;  liableness  to  fail.  KnoUes. 

3.  Frailty  ;  liableness  to  fault.  IVottim. 
FRAG'MENT,  71.     [L.  fragmentum,  from  frango,  to 

break.] 

1.  A  pail  broken  off;  a  piece  separated  from  any 
thing  by  breaking. 

GaUirr  up  tin;  /ragments  lliat  remain,  that  nothing  tje  lost. — 
John  vi. 

2.  A  part  separated  from  the  rest ;  an  imperfect 
part;  as,  fragments  n{  ancient  writings. 

3.  A  small,  det.iched  portion  ;  as,  fragments  of 
lime.  Franklin. 

FRAG'MENT-.'V-RY,  a.    Composed  of  fragments. 

Donne. 

FR  AG'MEXT-EI),  a.    Broken  into  fragments. 
FRa'GOR,  71.    [L.    See  Biieak.]    A  loud  and  sudden 

sound;  the  report  of  any  thing  bursting;  a  luud, 

harsh  sound  ;  a  crash. 
2.  A  strong  or  sweet  scent.  [Obs.] 
FRa'GRAISCE,  (71.    [L. /ra"Tan/ia,  {torn  fragro,  to 
FR.\'GRAN-CY,  (    ^  ^ 

smell  strong.  Ar.  '"''S<'t emit  or  diffuse  odor. 

The  Arabic  is  without  a  prefix,  mid  the  word  belongs 
probably  to  the  great  family  of  reach,  stnirh.] 

Sweetness  of  smell;  that  quality  of  bodies  which 
affects  the  olfactory  nerves  with  an  agreeable  sensa- 
tion ;  pleasing  scent ;  grateful  odor. 

Kve  semrate  he  spiri, 
Vttilctl  in  a  clouu  of  fragrance,  Milton. 

'I'he  gobU't,  crowned, 
Breathed  aromatic  /ragranciti  around.  Po}ie. 

FRA'GRANT,  a.    Sweet  of  smell ;  odorous. 

FYngrant  Uic  fertile  earth 
Aflfr  •olt  iliowera.  Milton. 

FRA'GRAiNT-LY,  adv.    With  sweet  scent.  Mortimer. 
FRAIL,  u.    (Supposed  to  be  from  Fr. /7i7r,  It. /ra/f. 
Uii.  L.  fragilis,  or  from  a  difl'erenl  root.] 

1.  Weak  ;  infirm  ;  liable  t»  fail  and  ilixay  ;  subject 
to  casualties  ;  ea.sily  destroyed  ;  jierishable  ;  nut  firm 
or  durable. 

Thnl  I  may  know  how /rot/  I  am.  —  Fi.  zxxtx. 


2.  Weak  in  mind  or  resolution  ;  liable  to  error  or 

deception. 

Man  is /r'aii  and  prone  to  evil.  Taylor. 

3.  Weak  ;  easily  broken  or  overset ;  as,  a  frail 
FRAIL,  71.    [Norm,  fradc]  [bark. 

1.  A  basket  made  of  rushes,  used  chiefly  for  con- 
taining figs  and  raisins. 

2.  A  nish  for  weaving  baskets.  Johnson. 

3.  A  certain  quantity  of  raisins,  about  75  pounds. 
FR.\IL'LY,  ai/i'.  Weakly  ;  infirmly.  [Enciic 
f  RaIL'NESS,  71.    Weakness  ;  infirmity  ;  as,  the  frail- 

ne^ss  of  the  body. 
FRAIL'TY,  71.     Weakness  of  resolution  ;  infirmity; 
liableness  to  be  deceived  or  seduced. 

Ood  knows  our  frailly,  and  pities  our  weakness.  Lodte. 

2.  Frailness;  infirmity  of  body. 

3.  Fault  proceeding  from  weakness  ;  foible;  sin  of 
infirmity.    [In  this  sense,  it  has  a  plural.] 

FRAIS'C'HEUR,(fri'shur,)n.  [Fr.]  Freshness ;  cool- 
ness.   [A'ot  Engli.<h.]  Dryderu 
FUAISE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  It.  fregio,  ornament,  frieze.] 

1.  In  fortif  cation,  a  defense  consisting  of  pointed 
stakes  driven  into  the  ramparts,  in  a  horizontal  or  in- 
cline'' position.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  pancake  with  bacon  in  iL  [Obs.]  Johnson. 
FRaIS'£:D,  a.    Fortified  with  fraise. 
FR.^M'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  framed. 

FR.A.ME,  V.  t.  [Snx.  fremman,  to  frame,  to  effect  or 
perforin;  Arm.  framma,  to  join;  D.  raam,  a  frame, 
G.  rahm,  a  frame  and  cream  ;  Dan.  rarac ;  Sw.  ram  ; 
Russ.  ra<7ia.  Qu.  Class  Rm,  No.  6.  In  Russ.  rnma 
is  a  frame,  and  ramo,  the  shoulder,  L.  armus.  Eng. 
arm.] 

1.  To  fit  or  prepare  and  unite  several  parts  in  a 
regular  structure  or  entire  thing  ;  to  fabricate  by  or- 
derly construction  and  union  of  various  parts  ;  as,  to 
framt  a  house  or  other  building. 

2.  To  fit  one  thing  to  another ;  to  adjust ;  to  make 
suitable.  Abbot. 

3.  To  make  ;  to  compose  ;  as,  to  frame  a  law. 
For  Uiou  art/rawd  of  the  firm  truth  of  valor.  Shale. 

4.  To  regulate  ;  to  adjust ;  to  shape  ;  to  conform  ; 
as,  to  frame  our  lives  according  to  the  rules  of  the 
gospel. 

5.  To  form  and  digest  by  thought ;  as,  to  frame 
ideas  in  the  mind. 

How  many  exwilent  reasonings  are  framed  in  the  mind  of  a 
man  of  wisdom  and  study  in  a  length  of  years  I  Watts. 

6.  To  contrive  ;  to  plan  ;  to  devise  ;  as,  to  frame  a 
project  or  design. 

7.  To  invent ;  to  fabricate  ;  in  a  bad  sense ;  as,  to 
frame  a  story  or  lie. 

FSAiME,  I).  1.    To  contrive.    Judges  6. 

FRA.ME,  71.  The  timbers  of  an  edifice  fitted  and 
joined  in  the  fonn  proposed,  for  the  purpose  of  sup- 
porting the  covering  ;  as,  the  frame  of  a  house,  barn, 
bridge,  or  ship. 

2.  Any  fabric  or  structure  composed  of  parts  uni- 
ted ;  as,  the  frame  of  an  ox  or  horse.  So  we  say,  the 
frame  of  the  heavenly  arch  ;  the  frame  of  the  world. 

Hooker.    Td  lotion. 

3.  Any  kind  of  case  or  structure  made  for  admit- 
ting, inclosing,  or  snpiiorling  things;  as,  the  frame 
of  a  window,  tloor,  picture,  or  looking-glass. 

4.  Ainoii!!  printers,  a  stand  to  support  the  cases  in 
which  llie  types  are  distributed. 

5.  .\iiiong  founders,  a  kind  of  ledge,  inclosing  a 
board,  which,  being  filled  with  wet  sand,  serves  as 
a  mold  for  castings.  Eucyc. 

li.  A  sort  of  loom  on  which  linen,  silk,  &c.,  is 
stretched,  for  quilting  and  embroidering.  Encyc. 

7.  Order;  regularity;  adjusletl  series  or  coiiqK>si- 
tion  of  parts.  We  say,  a  person  is  out  of  frame ;  the 
mind  is  not  in  a  good  frame. 

Your  steady  soul  preserves  her  frame.  Swift. 

8.  Form  ;  scheme  ;  structure  ;  constitution  ;  sys- 
tem ;  as,  a  frame  of  government. 

9.  Contrivance ;  projection. 

John  the  bajtartl, 
Whose  spirila  toil  In  frame  of  villainies.  Shak. 

10.  Particular  state,  nsof  the  mind. 

11.  Shape;  fiirm  ;  proportion.  Iludibrtis. 
iMce-framc  ;  a  fniine  or  machine  for  making  lace. 
Stocking-frame;  a  Unnn  or  machine  fiir  making 

stockings,  with  silk,  woolen,  or  collon  thread. 

FRa.M'/:,'I), or  n.  Fitted  and  united  in  due  form; 
made  ;  composed  ;  devised  ;  .adjusti^d. 

FRaM'ER,  11.  One  who  frames;  a  maker;  a  con- 
triver. 

FRaME'-WORK,  (  wurk,)  77.    The  .same  as  Frame; 

that  which  supports  or  incloses  any  thing  else. 
FK.^M'1NG,  p;/r.    Filling  and  joining  in  due  construc- 
tion ;  making;  fabricating;  cuuipusing  ;  adjusting; 

inventing  ;  contriving. 
FRAM'ING,  71.    The  act  of  constructing  a  ftrame  ;  the 

frame  Ihus  ctuisiriicted. 
FR.^M'POLI),  a.    Peevish;  cross;  vexatious.  [Loif, 

and  not  in  use.]  Sliak. 
FR.A.NC,  71.    A  silver  coin,  of  France,  of  the  value  of 

eighteen  cents  and  .six  mills,  as  established  by  a  law 

of  Congress  in  184U. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T — tlETE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 

_ 


li 


FRA 


ruA 


FIIE 


rUAN'CHlSE,  (fnin'cliiz,)  ii.    [Fr.,  from  frane,  free: 
U.fraitclieiia  ;  S^i).  uiid  I'ltrl.  frannur-.a.    See  Fuank.J 

I'nipcrlij,  lil«;rty  ;  freedom.  Ileiice, 

1.  A  |);ii  ticMil;ir  privilejie  or  right  Rraiited  by  a  prince 
or  siivereigTi  to  an  individual,  or  to  a  nuinlier  of  per- 
sons ;  as,  tlie  rijilit  to  lie  a  body  corporate  with  per- 
petual succesHioii ;  the  right  to  hold  it  court  leet,  or 
other  court ;  to  have  waifs,  wreclss,  treasuri  -trovi  , 
or  foifeiturV's.  So  the  right  to  vote  for  governors, 
senators,  and  representatives,  is  n  franchise  bi  long- 
ing to  citizens,  and  not  enjoyed  by  aliens.  The  right 
to  establish  a  bank  is  a  franchise. 

'J.  Kvemptioii  from  a  burden  or  duty  to  which 
others  are  subject. 

3.  The  district  or  jurisdiction  to  which  a  jiarticular 
privilege  extends;  the  limits  of  an  immunity. 

Spenser. 

1.  An  asyhitn  or  sanctuary,  wliere  persons  arc  se- 
cure from  arrest. 


Cliiuches  and  moniutcrlri  lu  Spnin  i 


V /ranchiset  fur  criminals. 


FRAN'CinSE,  r.  t.  To  make  free;  6u«  Enfranchise 
is  more  trenerally  used,  Shuk. 

F11A.V'i;IIIS-A;1),  (fran'chi/.d,)  pp.    Made  free. 

FKAN'CHI.SE-MENT,  (l"ran'chi/-nient,)  n.  Release 
from  burden  or  restriction  ;  freedom.  Spenser. 

FRA\'CIIIS-1.\(5,  ppr.    .Making  free. 

PRA.N'Cie,  a.    I'ertaiiiing  to  the  Franks  or  French. 

FKAN-CIS'e.\N,  «.  Belonging  to  the  order  of  St. 
Francis. 

FRAN-CIS'GAN,  n.  A  monk  of  the  order  of  Pt.  Fran- 
cis, founded  in  130!).  They  are  calli  il  also  Oray  Fri- 
ars and  Friars  Jfinor. 

FRAN't'O-LI.V,  n.  A  species  of  partridge,  European 
anil  Asiatic  ;  the  Perdi.v  franenlinus. 

FRA.\-6l-BII/l-TY,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
fransible. 

FKAN'GI-RLE,  a.    [from  L.  franco,  to  break.] 

That  may  be  broken  ;  brittle  ;  fragile ;  easily  bro- 
ken. Boyle. 

FKJi.X' (iI-P.^jVF.,  n.  [Fr.l  A  species  of  [lastry,  con- 
taining cream  and  aliiionils  ;  also,  a  perfume.  Smart. 

FKA.N'ION,  (fran'yiin,)  ii.  A  paramour,  or  a  boon 
companion.    [jV<>(  used.]  Spenser. 

FR.\NK,  a.    [Fr.  frane  ;  It.  and  Sp.  franco  ;  G.  fraiik ; 

D.  vrank.    Qu.  Ar.  ^       faraga,  to  free.  Class  Br, 

No.  36,  or  Class  Brg,  No.  5,  6,  7,  8.  Free  and  frank 
may  be  from  the  same  root  or  family  ;  for  free  in 
Saxon  is  friiran^  coinciding  in  elements  with  break, 
and  the  nasal  sound  of  g  would  give  frank.  The 
French  franchir  gives  the  sense  of  brealcing  out  or 
over  limits. 

1.  Open  ;  ingenuous  ;  candid  ;  free  in  uttering  real 
sentiments  ;  not  reserveij.;  using  no  disguise.  Young 
persons  are  usujilly  frank ;  old  persons  are  more  re- 
served. 

3.  Open  ;  ingenuous  ;  as,  a  frank  disposition  or 
heart. 

3.  Liberal  ;  generous  ;  not  niggardly.  Bacon, 
[This  sense  is  now  rare] 

4.  Free;  without  conditions  or  compensation ;  as, 
a  frank  gift. 

5.  Licentious;  unrestrained.  [A"i(  usfd.]  S/;cn.vpr. 
FR.V.N'K,  n.    An  ancient  coin  of  France.    The  value 

of  tile  golil  franc  wa.s  something  more  than  that  of 
the  gold  crown.  The  silver  frinc  was  in  value  a 
third  of  the  gold  one.  The  gold  coin  is  no  longer  in 
circulation.  The  prestMit  frank  (commonly  written 
franc)  is  a  silver  coin  of  the  value  nearly  of  nineteen 
cents,  or  ten  |ience  sterling. 

2.  .\  letter  which  is  exempted  from  postage;  or  the 
writing  wliicli  renders  it  free. 

3.  .\  sty  for  swine.    [J\'i>t  usefL]  Shak, 
FRA.VK,  II.  A  name  given  by  the  Turks,  Greeks,  and 

.Arabs,  to  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  western  parts 
'   of  Europe,  Knglisli,  French,  lt:ilians,  See. 

2.  An  individual  bebinging  to  a  powerful  German 

tribe,  called  the  Franks,  who  comiiiered  France. 
FR.A.NK,  V.  L    To  exempt,  as  a  letter  from  the  charge 

of-  postage. 

2.  To  shut  up  in  a  sty  or  frank.  [.Vu(  used.]  Shak. 

3.  To  feed  hiiili ;  to  cram  ;  to  fatten.  [jVut  used.] 
FRAi\K-AU.M01G.\E',  (frank-al-moiii',)  n.  [frank, 

and  Norm,  almoignes,  alms.J 

Free  alms  ;  in  F-nglish  lair,  a  tenure  by  which  a 
religious  cor|ionition  holds  lands  to  them  and  their 
succes.sors  forever,  on  condition  of  praying  for  the 
soul  of  the  donor.  Blackstone. 

FRAXKMJIISSE,  n.  A  liberty  of  free  chase,  whereby 
persons  having  lands  within  the  compass  of  the  same 
arc  prohibited  to  cut  down  any  wood,  tec,  out  of  the 
view  of  the  forester.  Coterl. 

Free-chase,  if  the  liberty  of  keeping  beasts  of  chase 
or  royiU  game  therein,  protected  even  from  the  owner 
of  the  land  himself,  with  a  power  of  bunting  them 
thereon.  Blackstone. 

FR.\NK'£D,  (frankt,)  pp.  or  a.  Exempted  from  post- 
age. 

FRA.\K'-FEE,      Freehold  ;  a  holding  of  lands  in  fee- 

«""P'e.  Kncnc 
FRANK'-HEART'ED,  o.  !Ia\ing  a  frank  disposition. 


FRANK'  IIEXRT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  having 
a  frank  heart. 

FltANK-lN'(;i:\SEor  FRANK'IN-CENSE.n.  [frank 
and  incense.]  A  (lr\',  resinous  substance,  in  pieces  or 
drtips,  of  a  pale  yellowish  white  color,  of  a  bitterish, 
acrid  ta.ste,  and  very  inllaniinalile,  u.sed  as  a  pi  rfunie. 

IIill.  F.neije. 

FU\NK'\  IC, ppr.  Ota.    Kvenipting  from  postage. 
I'K  A.N'lv'l.N'ti,  H.    The  ai  t  of  rxi  iiiptirig  from  postage. 
I'RA.VK'l.SU,  a.    Relating  to  the  Franks.  Vcrstegan. 
FRANK'-I.AVV,  ;i.   Free,  or  coiniiioii  law,  or  the  ben- 
efit a  person  has  by  it.  F.ncyc. 
FRANK'LIN,  n.    An  English  freeholder.  [Ohs.] 

Spenser. 

FRANK'LIN-ITE,  n.  A  mineral  compound  of  iron, 
zinc,  and  manganese,  found  in  New  Jersey,  and 
named  from  Dr.  Franklin.  CIrarctand. 

FRANK'LY,  adr.  Openly  ;  freely  ;  ingenuously  ;  with- 
out reserve,  constraint,  or  disguise  ;  as,  to  confess 
one's  faults  frankly. 
2.  Libenillv  ;  freely  ;  readily.   LiJie  vii. 

FR.\NK'-MAK'RI.\0'E,  n.  A  tenure  in  tail  special  ; 
or  an  estate  of  inheritance  given  to  a  person,  together 
with  a  wife,  and  descendible  to  the  heirs  of  tlieir  two 
bodies  begotten.  Blaclcstone. 

FRANK'NESS,  ii.  Plainness  of  speech  ;  candor;  free- 
dom in  coiiiiiiuniration  ;  openness  ;  ingenuousness, 
lie  told  me  his  opinion  with  frankness. 

2.  Fairni'ss  ;  freedom  from  art  or  craft  ;  as,  frank- 
ness of  dealing. 

3.  Libemlitv  ;  bountoousness.    [f.ittle  used.] 
FRA.\K'P1,E1)GE,  (-plej,)  >i.    A  pledge  or  surety  for 

the  good  behavior  of  I'reemen.  .Anciently,  in  Kngland, 
a  number  of  neighbors  who  were  bound  for  each 
other's  good  behavior.  F.neiic. 

FRANK'-TE.V'E-.MENT,  n.  An  estate  of  freeliold  ; 
tlie  possession  of  the  soil  by  a  freeman.  BlacLitonc. 

FR/VN'Tie,  a.  [I.,  phreneli'cus ;  Gr.  ^Ktujrix  s,  from 
i/xjKiTii,  delirium  or  raving,  from  i/i/")"',  mind,  the 
radical  sense  of  which  is,  to  rush,  to  drive  forward. 
So  animus  signifies  mind,  soul,  courage,  spirit ;  and 
aniwa  signifies  soul,  wind,  breath.] 

1.  Mad  ;  raving  ;  furious  ;  outrageous  ;  wild  and 
disorderly;  distracted;  as,  a/;a«(ic  person  ;  frantic 
with  fear  or  grief. 

2.  Chanicterized  by  violence,  fury,  and  disorder; 
noisy  ;  mad  ;  wild  ;  irregular ;  as,  the  frantic  rites  of 
Bacehiis. 

FRAN'Tie-I.Y,       )adv.    Madly  ;  distractedly  ;  out- 
FRAN'Tie-AI,-LY,  (  rageously. 
FR.\.\'TIONESS,  n.    Madness;  fury  of  passion ;  dis- 
traction. 

FR.M".  ».  t.  In  seamen's  language,  io  draw  together, 
by  ropes  crossing  each  other,  with  a  view  to  secure 
and  strengthen  ;  as,  to  frap  a  tackle  or  vessel. 

Tnttrn. 

FUAP'PKn,  (frapt,)  pp.    Crossed  and  drawn  together. 

FUAP'l'l.Nti,  ppr.    Crossing  and  drawing  together. 

FK.\-TEIl'NAL,  a.  [Fr.  fralernel;  I,,  fratcrnus,  from 
frater,  brother.] 

Brotherly  ;  pertaining  to  brethren  ;  becoming  broth- 
ers ;  as,  fraternal  love  or  atfection  ;  a  fraternal  em- 
brace. 

FRA-TER'.\AL-LY,  a//o.   In  a  brotherly  manner. 
FRA-TER'NI-TY,  n,    [L.  fraternila.t.] 

1.  The  sLite  or  quality  of  a  brother;  brotherhood. 

3.  A  body  of  men  associated  for  their  common  in- 
terest, business,  or  pleasure  ;  a  company  ;  a  brother- 
hood ;  a  society  ;  as,  the  fraternity  of  monks. 

3.  .Men  of  the  same  class,  profession,  occupation, 
or  clianicter. 

With  what  tcnn»  of  rrapccl  knavei  and  lou  will  gpoaV  of  ttir-ir 
owii/mttrnily,  SouOi. 

FR.\T-ER-NI-7.a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  associating 
anil  holdin<;  fellowship  as  brethren.  Burke. 

FR  A-TER'NI/.E,  p.  L  To  associate  or  hold  fellowship 
as  brothers,  or  :is  men  of  like  occu|i.ation  or  charac- 
ter. 

FRAT'ERMZ-ER,  n.    One  who  fr.iternizes.  Burke. 
FR.\T'R1-CM)AI,,  a.    Pertaining  to  fratricide. 
FRAT'RI-CIDE,  ii.    [I,,  fratricidium  ;  fraUr,  brother, 
and  cirdo,  to  kill.] 

1.  The  crime  of  murdering  a  brother. 

2.  One  who  murders  or  kills  a  brother.  /,.  .Addison. 
FR.\U1),  II.    [\..fraas:  Fr.  Sp.  It.  and  VurU  fraude, 

I'liis  agrees  ui  elements  with  Sax.  lined,  bred,  fraud, 
which  is  cimlncted  from  brirgdea,  fraud,  guile,  dis- 
guise ;  and  britg  coincides  with  brigue.  Ilut  I  know 
not  that  these  words  are  connected  with  the  Latin 
frans.] 

Deceit ;  deception  ;  trick ;  artifice  by  which  the 
right  or  interest  of  another  is  injured  ;  a  stratagem 
intended  to  obtain  some  undue  advantage  ;  an  at- 
teinp".  to  gain,  or  the  obtaining  of,  an  advantage  over 
another  by  im|Kisition  or  immoral  means,  particularly 
deception  in  contracts,  or  bargain  and  sale,  either  by 
staling  falsehoods  or  suppressing  truth. 

If  tuccm  n  lovcr'i  toil  stlciKli, 
Who  lukl  if  furco  or  fraud  oUaiilnl  hi>  t;nd«  ?  Pope. 

FRAUD'F}JL,  a.  Deceitful  in  making  b,argains  ;  trick- 
ish  ;  treacherous;  applied  to  persons.  Shak, 
2.  Containing  fraud  or  deceit ;  applied  to  things. 

Orijden. 


FRAUD'FJJL-LY,  adu.  Deceitfully;  with  Intention 
Iti'deceive  and  gain  an  undue  advantage  ;  trickislily  ; 
tieaclieroiisly  ;  by  stratagem. 

FRAUD' LESS,  a.    Free  from  fraud. 

KRAUD'LESS-LY,  adu.    In  a  fraiidless  manner. 

FRArD'LESS-.VESS,  n.    Stale  of  being  fraiidless. 

I'K  AUD'lJ-LENCE,  In.    Deceitfuliiitss  ;  Irickisliness 

FRAI'D'tJ-LE.\-CY,  \  ill  making  bargains,  or  in  so- 
cial etuicerns.  Iluukrr. 

FRAL'D'tJ-LENT,  a.  I)i-ceitful  In  making  ciuitracls  ; 
trirkish  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  ('onlaiiiiiig  fraud  ;  founiled  on  fraud  ;  proceed- 
ing from  fraud  ;  as,  a  friiudiilent  bargain. 

3.  Deceitl'ul  ;  treacherous ;  obtained  or  jierformed 
bv  artifice.  Miltun. 

FUAUD'I^-LENT-LY,  ode.    By  fraud  ;  by  deceit ;  by 

ftir.liee  or  imposition. 
FRAUGir  r,  (fiawt,)  a.    [D.  7tra»^ ;  G.  fraehl  ;  Dan. 
fraat  ;   Sw.   fracht.     A  different  orlliognipliy  of 

FiiKionT,  wliirli  sec^] 

1.  Laiirii  ;  liiailed  ;  charged  ;  as,  a  vessel  richly 
fraught  Willi  goiMls  from  India.  [  This  sense  is  used 
in  poetry;  but  in  common  business  Fheiohted  only  is 
used.  I 

2.  Filled  ;  stored  ;  full ;  as,  a  scheme  fraught  with 
mischii*';  the  Scriptures  are /ran >,'/if  with  excellent 
prece|)ts.  Hooker, 

FRAUGHT,  71.    A  freight ;  a  cargo.    [J^ot  now  used.] 

Dryden. 

FRAUGHT,  V.  t.    To  load  ;  to  fill  ;  to  crowd.    [  Obs.] 

Shuk, 

FRAUGIIT'ACE,  M.    Loading  ;  c.irgo.  [JVutused.] 

Shak, 

FR.^Y,  n.  [Fr. /raca.«,  It./y-aca.i.vo,  a  great  crash,  havoc, 
ruin  ;  Fr.  fracnsscr.  It.  fraca^sare,  to  break  ;  coiiici- 
tliiig  with  ij.  fractnra,  from  frango.  Under  Afkhay, 
this  is  referri  d  to  Fr.  effrayer,  to  fright,  but  incorrect- 
ly, unless  Fhioht  is  from  the  same  root.  In  the 
sense  of  riililiiii!;,  fretting,  this  is  fnini  llie  I,,  frico, 
Sp.  fregtir.  But  breali,  fright,  and  frico,  :i]I  /lave  the 
same  radicals.] 

1.  A  broil,  ipiarrel,  or  violent  riot,  that  puts  men  in 
fear.  [This  is  the  vulgar  word  for  \yyu\\ ,  and  the 
sense  seems  to  refer  tin;  word  to  Fr.  effrayer.] 

2.  .\coinb:it;  a  battle;  also,  a  single  combat  or 
duel.  Pope. 

3.  A  contest ;  contention.  Millon. 

4.  A  rub  ;  a  fret  or  chafe  in  cloth  ;  a  place  injured 
by  riibliing.  Taller. 

FRAY,  e.  (.    To  fright ;  to  terrify.  [Ohs,] 

Spenser.  Bacon. 
FRAY,  71.  (.  [Fr.  frayer,  L.  frico,  to  rub.] 

1.  'I'll  rub  ;  to  fret,  as  cloth  by  wearing. 

2.  To  rub  ;  as,  a  deer  frays  his  head. 
FRaY'A'1),  pp.    Frightened;  rubbeil ;  W(?rn. 

FRa  Y'l.Nt;,  ppr.  Frightening;  terrifying;  rulibing. 
FRAY'l.VtJ,  II.  Peel  of  a  deer's  horn.  B.  Jonson, 
FRicAK,  n,    [Ice. /rcAu.    Uu.  (i.  freeh,  bold,  saucy, 

pi-tiilant  ;  I):m.  frrk,  id.  ;  Scot,  frark,  active.  The 

English  word  does  not  accord  perfectly  with  the  Ger. 

Dan.  and  Scot.    But  it  is  probably  from  the  root  of 

brealt,  denoting  a  sudden  start.] 

1.  Literally,  a  sudden  starting  or  change  of  place. 
Hence, 

2.  A  sudden  causeless  change  or  turn  of  the  mind  ; 
a  whim  or  tancy  ;  a  capricious  prank. 

She  is  n^llfiw  aii<t  prpvisli,  and  suinctiinct  in  a  /reik  will  in- 
su\iiUy  change  luT  haljieition.  Spectator. 

FRf.AK,  v.  t.    [from  the  same  root  as  the  preceding, 
to  break  ;  \V.  briic,  Ir.  breac.  spirckled,  parti-colored  ; 
like  pard,  from  Iht^  Heb.  Tii3,  to  divide.] 
To  variegiite  ;  to  checker. 

Fi-enkcd  with  iii  viiy  a  iiiiiiglnl  hue.  TVtomson. 

FRkAK'^.'I),  (freekt,)  pp.    Variegated  ;  chi'Ckered. 
Fill".  AK'ISII,  a.    .Apt  to  change  the  mind  suddenly; 
whimsical  ;  capricious. 

It  may  l«'  a  iiii.-slion,  whfthrr  llic  wifc  or  th«?  woman  w-u  the 
m'on* /rfnkish  of  Uk*  two.  L'Kttrange. 

FRP.AK'ISIl-LY,  adv.     Capriciously;  with  sudden 

chani^e  of  mind,  without  cause. 
FRkAK'ISII  NESS,  ?i.    Capriciousness  ;  whimsical- 

ness. 

FRECK'LE,  (frek'l,)  n.  [from  the  same  root  as  freak: 
W.  bryc,  Ir.  breac,  s|Kitti  d,  freckled  ;  \V.  brijeu,  to 
freckle  ;  from  brenhihg,  unless  by  a  change  of  lettt'rs 
it  has  been  corrupted  from  G.  fleck,  D.  vlak,  or  rick, 
Sw.  flack,  Dan.  flrk,  a  spot  ;  which  is  not  probable.] 

1.  .A  s|Kil,  of  a  yellowish  color,  in  the  skin,  partic- 
ularly on  the  f:ice,  neck,  and  hands.  Freckles  may 
be  natural,  or  produced  by  the  action  of  the  sun  on 
the  .skin,  or  from  the  jaundice. 

2.  .Any  small  spot  or  discolonition.  F.relyn, 
FRECK'LE,  r.  L  or  r.  i.   To  give  or  acquire  freckles. 

SinarL 

FRECK'LED,  (frek'ld,)  a.    Spotted;  having  small, 

yellowish  spots  on  the  skin  or  surface  ;  as,  a  freckled 

face  or  neck. 
2.  S|)otted  ;  as,  a  freeJJed  cowslip.  Shak. 
FRECK'LKD  NESS,  n.    The  suite  of  being  freckled. 
FRECK'LK:-FAC'i';D,  (frek'l-fXste,)  a.    Having  a  face 

full  of  freckles.  Hraam. 
FRECK'LY,  a.     Full  of  freckles  ;  sprinkled  with 

spots. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.     AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FRE 


FRE 


FRE 


FRED  ;  Sax.  frith,  Dan.  /m/,  S\v.  frid,  G.  frictk,  D. 
vreede,  peace  ;  as  in  Frederic,  duniiniuii  of  jA'ace,  or 
rich  in  peace  ;  fViiifred,  victorious  peace.  Our  an- 
cestors called  a  sanctuary  fredsLolc,  a  seat  of  peace. 

FREE,  a.  [Sax.  frig,  freuh,  free  ;  frii^an,  freor;an,  to 
free  ;  G.  frei ;  D.  vry  ;  Dan.  fri ;  Sw.  fri ;  all  con- 
tracted from  frig,  uiiich  corresponds  with  Heb.  and 

Ch.  p-\fl,  Syr.  Sam.  lpS3>  Ar.  faraka, 

to  brcaJ:,  to  separate,  to  divide,  to  free,  to  redeem,  &c. 
See  Frank.] 

1.  Being  at  liberty ;  not  being  under  necessity  or 
restraint,  physical  or  m;)ral ;  a  word  of  general  ap- 
plication to  the  body,  tlie  will  or  mind,  and  to  corpo- 
rations. 

2.  In  government,  not  enslaved  ;  not  in  a  state  of 
vassalage  or  dependence  ;  subject  only  to  fixed  laws, 
made  by  consetit,  and  to  a  regular  administration  of 
such  laws  ;  not  subject  to  the  arbitrary  will  of  a  sov- 
ereign or  lord ;  as,  a  free  state,  nation,  or  people. 

3.  Instituted  by  a  free  people,  or  by  consent  or 
choice  of  those  who  are  to  be  subjects,  and  secur- 
ing private  rights  and  privileges  by  fixed  laws  and 
principles ;  not  arbitrary  or  despotic  ;  as,  a  free  con- 
stitution or  government.  • 

There  can  t)e  no  free  ^evernniLMit  wilhoul  a  (lemocmtic.lI  bnvnch 
ill  the  coiijiLilulion.  J.  Adams, 

4.  Not  imprisoned,  confined,  or  under  arrest;  as, 
the  prisoner  is  set  free. 

5.  Unconstrained;  unrestrained;  not  under  com- 
pulsion or  control.  A  man  is  free  to  pursue  his  own 
choice  ;  he  enjoys  free  will. 

6.  Not  chemically  combined  with  any  other  body  ; 
at  liberty  to  escape  ;  as,  free  carbonic  acid  gas. 

7.  Permitted  ;  allowed  ;  open  ;  not  ajjpropriated  ; 
as,  places  of  honor  and  confidence  are  free  to  all ; 
we  seldom  hear  of  a  commerce  perfectly /rer. 

8.  Not  obstructed  ;  as,  the  water  has  a  free  pas- 
sage or  channel ;  the  house  is  open  to  a  free  current 
of  air. 

9.  Licentious ;  unrestrained.  The  reviewer  is  very 
free  in  his  censures. 

10.  Open  ;  candid  ;  frank  ;  ingenuous  ;  unreserved ; 
as,  we  had  a  free  conversation  together. 

Will  you  be  free  and  Ciindid  to  your  friend  f  Olioay. 

11.  Liberal  in  expenses  ;  not  parsimonious  ;  as,  a 
free  purse  ;  a  man  is  free  to  give  to  all  useful  institu- 
tions. 

12.  Gratuitous  ;  not  gained  by  importunity  or  pur- 
chase, lie  made  him  a  free  ofier  of  his  services. 
It  is  a  free  gift.  The  salvation  of  men  is  of  free 
grace. 

13.  Clear  of  crime  or  offense  ;  guiltless ;  innocent. 
My  hands  are  guilty,  but  my  heart  is /rcc.  Dryden. 

14.  Not  having  feeling  or  suffering ;  clear  ;  exempt ; 
with  from  ;  as,  free  from  paiu  or  disease  ;  free  from 
remorse. 

15.  Not  encumbered  with  ;  as,/ree  from  a  burden. 
IG.  Open  to  all,  without  restriction  or  without  ex- 
pense ;  as,  a  free  school. 

17.  Invested  with  franchises ;  enjoying  certain 
imnninities  ;  with  of;  as,  a  man  free  of  the  city  of 
Limdon. 

18.  Possessing  without  vassalage  or  slavish  condi- 
tions ;  as,  free  of  his  farm.  Drijden. 

lU.  Liberated  from  the  government  or  control  of 
parents,  or  of  a  guardian  or  master.  A  son,  or  an 
apprentice,  when  of  age,  is  free. 

20.  Ready  ;  eager ;  not  dull ;  acting  without  spur- 
ring or  whipping  ;  as,  a  free  horse. 

2L  Genteel  ;  charming.  [JVuf  in  iwe.]  Chaucer. 
FREE,  ti.  t.  To  remove  from  a  thing  any  encum- 
brance or  obstruction  ;  to  disengage  from  ;  to  rid  ; 
to  strip  ;  to  clear  ;  as,  to  free  the  body  from  clothes  ; 
to  free  llie  feet  from  fetters  ;  to  free  a  channel  from 
sand. 

2.  To  set  at  liberty  ;  to  rescue  or  release  from  slav- 
ery, captivity,  or  confinement ;  to  loose  ;  the  prisoner 

freed  from  arrest. 

3.  To  disentangle ;  to  disengage. 

4.  To  exempt. 

He  tliat  ia  dead  xm  freed  froin  sin.  —  Rom.  vl. 

5.  To  manumit ;  to  release  from  bondage  ;  as,  to 
free  a  slave. 

().  To  clear  from  water,  as  a  ship,  by  pumping. 
7.  To  release  from  obligation  or  (luty. 
To  free  frmn,  or  free  of,  is  to  rid  of,  by  removing  in 
anv  manner. 

FKEE-AViEN-CY,  n.    The  sl.-ite  of  acting  freely,  or 

without  necessity  or  constraint  of  the  will. 
FHEE-UE.\C"1I',  71.    A  widow's  dower  in  a  copyhold. 

Blark.ttone. 

FREE'nOOT-ER,  II.  [M.  vrybuiter  ;  G.frciljcntt-r.  See 
BooTr.] 

One  who  wanders  about  for  pliiniler ;  a  robber  ;  a 
pillager  ;  a  pIimder*T.  Bacon. 
FltEE'HOOT  l.\(;,  n.   Robbery  ;  plunder  ;  a  pillaging. 

S/ienjtrr. 

FREK'Rf)R.V,  II.  Born  free  ;  not  in  Vtisaalage  ;  inher- 
iting libirrty. 


FREE-CH.'VP'EL,  n.  In  England,  a  chapel  founded 
by  the  king,  and  nt>t  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
ordinarj-.  The  king  may  also  grant  license  to  a  sub- 
ject to  iburnVsiich  a  chapel.  Coirrl. 

FREE'-UIT'V,  j  71.    A"  name  given  to  certain  cities, 

FREE'-TOWN,  (  principally  of  Germany,  which 
were  really  small  republics,  directly  connected  with 
the  German  empire  ;  and  hence  often  called  imperial 
cities.  They  were  once  numerous,  but  arc  now  re- 
duced to  four,  viz.,  Frankf.irt,  Ha.mliurgh,  Lubeck, 
anil  firemen  ;  to  « liich  was  also  added  Cracow  in 
Poland.  Encijc.  Jim. 

FREE'-COST,  71.  Without  expense ;  freedom  from 
cliarges.  South. 

FREED,  pp.  or  a.  3et  at  liberty  ;  loosed ;  delivered 
from  restraint ;  cleared  of  liinderancu  or  obstruc- 
titm. 

FREE-DEX'I-ZEN,  71.  A  citizen.  .Taeh.-on. 
FREE-DEN'1-Z£;.\,  (-den'i-zn,)  v.  t.    To  make  free. 

Bp.  Hall. 

FREED'JIAN,  77.  A  man  who  has  been  a  slave  and 
is  manumitted. 

FREE'DO.M,  7i.  A  state  of  exemption  from  the  power 
or  control  of  another  ;  liberty  ;  exemption  from  slav- 
ery, servitiuie,  or  confinement.  Freedom  is  personal, 
ciril,  political,  and  religioiu.    [See  Lihertv.] 

2.  Particular  privileges ;  franchise  ;  immunity;  as, 
the  freedom  of  a  city. 

3.  Power  of  enjoying  franchises.  Sirift. 

4.  Exemption  from  fate,  necessity,  or  any  constraint 
in  consequence  of  predetermination  or  otiierwise ; 
as,  the  yrcedoin  of  the  will; 

5.  Any  excmiition  from  constraint  or  control. 

C.  Ease  or  tacility  of  doing  any  thing.  He  speaks 
or  acts  with  freedom. 

7.  Frankness  ;  boldness.  He  addressed  his  audi- 
ence with  freedom. 

8.  License  ;  improper  familiarity;  violation  of  the 
rules  of  decorum  ;  witli  a  plural.  Beware  of  what 
are  called  innocent  freedoms. 

FREE-FISH'ER-Y,  71.    A  royal  franchise  or  exclusive 

privileg:'  of  fishing  in  a  public  river.  Encyc. 
FREE'-FOOT-ED,  a.    Not  restrained  in  marching. 

[Alif  used."]  Skak. 
FREE'-IIEART'ED,  (-hirt'ed,)  a.  [See  Heart.]  Open  ; 

frank ;  unreserved. 

2.  Liberal ;  charitable  :  generous. 
FREE'-]1E.X.RT'ED-LY    adc.     Unreservedly;  liber- 

allv. 

FREE'-IIEaRT'ED-NESS,  «.  Frankness  ;  openness 
of  heart;  liberality.  Burnet, 

FREE'HoLD,  71.  That  land  or  tenement  which  is 
held  in  fee-simple,  fee-tail,  or  for  term  of  life.  It  is 
of  two  kinds  ;  in  deed,  and  in  law.  The  first  is  the 
real  possession  of  such  land  or  tenement  ;  the  last  is 
the  right  a  man  has  to  such  land  or  tenement,  before 
liis  entry  or  seizure.  Eng.  Law. 

Freehold  is  also  extended  to  such  offices  as  a  man 
holds  in  fee  or  for  life.  It  is  also  taken  in  opposition 
to  viUenage.  Encyc. 

In  the  United  States,  a  freehold  is  an  estate  which  a 
man  holds  in  his  own  right,  subject  to  no  superior, 
nor  to  cjjnditions. 

FREE'HoLD-ER,  71.  One  who  owns  an  estate  in  fee- 
simple,  fee-tail,  or  for  life ;  the  possessor  of  a  free- 
hold. 

FREE'ING,  ppr.  Delivering  from  restraint ;  releasing 
from  confinement ;  removing  encumbr.ances  or  hin- 
derances  from  any  thing  ;  clearing. 

FREE'L^',  uJo.  At  liberty  ;  without  vassalage,  slav- 
ery, or  dependence. 

2.  Without  restraint,  constraint,  or  compulsion  ; 
voluntarily.  To  render  a  moral  agent  accountable, 
he  must  act  freely. 

3.  Plentifully  ;  in  abundance  ;  as,  to  eat  or  drink 
freely. 

4.  Without  scruple  or  reserve  ;  as,  to  censure  freely. 

5.  Without  impediment  or  liinderance. 

Of  every  tree  of  the  ganlen  Uiou  inayest  freely  eat.  —  Geo.  ii. 
C.  Without  necessity,  or  compulsion  from  divine 
predetermination. 

Kreely  they  stood  wlio  stood,  and  fell  who  fell.  I^fdton. 

7.  Without  obstruction  ;  largely  ;  copiously.  The 
patient  bled  freely. 

8.  Siiontaneously  ;  without  constraint  or  persua- 
sion. 

9.  Liberally  ;  generously  ;  as,  to  give  freely  to  the 
jioor. 

HI.  Gratuitously  ;  of  free  will  or  grace,  w  ithout 
purchase  or  consideration. 

J'^rely  yc  have  received,  yVef/y  ^ivc. — IVlatt.  x. 

FREIV-LI V-ER,  n.  One  who  eats  and  drinks  abiin- 
fllantly. 

FREE'-LIV-ING,  n.  Full  gratification  of  the  appe- 
tite. 

FREE'.MAN,  n.    [free  and  man.]    One  who  enjoys 

liberty,  or  who  is  not  subject  to  the  will  of  another; 

one  not  a  slave  or  vassal. 
2.  One  who  enjoys  or  is  entitled  to  a  franchise  or 

peculiar  privileiic  ;  as  the  freemen  of  a  city  or  slate. 
FREE'-.MXlt-TI.N,  71.    iVheii  a  cow  proiliices  twins, 

one  of  them  a  male,  and  the  other  apparently  a  fe- 


male, the  latter  is  most  generally  (but  not  invariably) 
barren  ;  and,  on  dissection,  will  be  found  to  liave 
some  of  the  organs  of  each  sex,  but  neither  perfect. 
Such  an  animal  is  called,  by  the  English,  a  free-mar- 
tin, and  was  called,  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
r/ti'oa,  taura. 

FREE'Ma-SON,  7!.  One  of  an  ancient  and  secret  as- 
sociation or  fraternity,  said  to  have  been  at  first  com- 
posed of  masons  or  builders  in  stone,  but  now  con- 
sisting of  persons  who  are  united  for  social  enjoy- 
ment and  mutual  assistance. 

FREE'Ma-SON-RY,  (-ina-sn-ry,)  n.  That  which  be- 
longs to  the  fraternity  of  freemasons. 

FREE'-.MIND-ED,  a.    Not  perplexed ;  free  from  care. 

Bacon. 

FREE'NESS,  71.  The  6tate  or  quality  of  being  free, 
unconstrained,  unconfined,  unincumbered,  or  unob- 
structed. 

2.  Openness  ;  unreservedncss  ;  frankness  ;  ingen- 
uousness ;  candor  ;  as,  the  freeness  of  a  confession.  ! 

3.  Liberality;  generosity;  as, /rcencis  in  giving. 

Spratt. 

4.  Grnjuitousness  ;  as,  the  freeness  of  divine  grace. 
FREE'-PoKT,  71.    A  name  given  to  certain  ports  on 

the  ct«itinent  of  Europe,  as  Genoa,  Leghorn,  &c., 
where  ships  of  all  nations  may  load  and  unloatl 
free  of  duty  ;  but  if  the  articles  imported  are  car- 
ried into  the  atljoining  country,  they  pay  the  ordinary 
duties  at  the  gates  or  barriers.         Dirt,  de  I'Acad. 

In  the  fVest  Indies,  a  free-port  is  one  where  goods 
of  all  kinds  may  be  landed  from  foreign  ships,  on  , 
payment  of  the  ordinary  duties.  ' 
FRE"E'-S€H00L,  71.   A  school  supported  by  funds, 
&.O.,  in  which  pupds  are  taught  without  paying  for 
tuition. 

2.  A  school  open  to  admit  pupils  without  restric- 
tion. 

FREE'-SPoK-£:N,  a.    Accustomed  to  speak  without 

reserve.  Bacon. 
FREE'-STaTES,  71.  pi.   Those  states  of  the  Union  in 

which  slavery  has  been  abolished  by  law. 
FREE'SToNE,  71.    Any  species  of  stoL:e  composed 

of  sand  or  grit,  so  called  because  it  is  easily  cut  or 

wrought. 

FREE'THINK-ER,  71.  A  softer  name  for  a  deist ;  an 
unbeliever  ;  one  who  discards  revelation. 

FREE'TllINK-ING,  n.  Undue  boldness  of  specula- 
tion ;  unbelief.  Berkeln/. 

FREE'TllI.NK-lNG,  a.  Noting  undue  boldness"  of 
speculation  ;  skeptical. 

FREE'-TONGUEU,  (-tungd,)  a.  Speaking  without 
reserve.  Bp.  Halt. 

FREE-WAR'REN,  71.  A  royal  franchise  or  exclusive 
right  of  killing  beasts  and  fowls  of  warren  within 
certain  limits.  Encyc. 

FREE-WILL',  71.  The  power  of  directing  our  own 
actions  without  restraint  by  necessity  or  fate.  Locke. 
2.  Voluntariness  ;  spontaneousness. 

FREEMVILL,  a.  Spontaneous  ;  as,  a  free-will  offer- 
ing. 

FREE'WILL-BAP'TIST,  71.  One,  belonging  to  a 
branch  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  who  holds  to 
the  freeiloin  of  the  will  in  opposition  to  necessity. 
FREE'-WO.M-AN,  71.  A  woman  not  a  slave. 
FREEZE,  V.  i, ;  pret.  Froze  ;  pp.  Frozen  or  Froze. 
Sax.  frysan  ;  U.  rriezen  ;  Dan.  fryser  ;  Sw.  frysa. 
t  coincides  in  elements  with  D.  rreezen,  to  fear, 
that  is,  to  shrink,  contract,  tremble,  shiver,  Fr. 
f riser,  to  curl,  whence  frissoner,  to  shiver,  Sp.  fri- 
sar.  These  are  of  one  family,  unless  there  has 
been  a  change  of  letters.  The  Italian  has  frcjin, 
for  frieze,  and  the  Gr.  (A/jitrnoi,  had  for  its  radical 
letters  0,oi{.  These  may  be  of  a  difierent  family. 
To  freeze  is  to  contract.  See  CLass  Rd,  Rs,  No.  14, 
19,  25.    Uu.  Russ.  mroz,  frost.] 

1.  To  be  congealed  by  cold  ;  to  be  changed  from  a 
liquid  to  a  solid  .state  by  the  abstraction  of  heat;  to 
be  hardened  into  ice  or  a  like  solid  body.  W.iter 
freezes  at  the  temperature  of  32°  above  zero  by  Fahr- 
enheit's thermometer.  Mercury  freezes  at  40'  below  I 
zero.  , 

2.  To  be  of  that  degree  of  cold  at  which  w.iter  1 
congeals.  Shnk. 

3.  To  chill ;  to  stagnate,  or  to  retire  from  the  ex- 
treme vessels;  as,  the  blood /jrric.  in  the  veins. 

4.  To  be  chilled  ;  to  .shiver  with  cold. 

5.  To  llie  by  means  of  cold.  We  say  a  man  freezes 
to  death. 

FKEE/E,  V.  I,  To  congeal;  to  harden  into  ico  ;  to 
change  from  a  lluid  to  a  solid  form  by  cold  or  abstrac- 
tion of  heat.  This  weather  will/i-iT:?  the  rivers  and 
lakes. 

2.  To  kill  by  cold  ;  but  wc  often  add  the  words  to 
death.    This  air  «  ill  freeze  you,  or  freeze  you  to  death. 

3.  'I'o  chill  ;  to  give  the  sensation  of  cold  and  shiv- 
eriiii.    This  horrid  title  freezes  iny  blood. 

FRF.E/.E.  in  architecture.    See  Frieze. 

FKEEZ'I.N(J,  p;ir.    (^tmgealing  ;  hardening  into  ice. 

Fin'.E/.'IN(J,  II.    The  process  or  state  of  congelation. 

FlfEI'.Z'L\<;-MLX'TI]RE,  (  niikst'yiir,)  71.  A  niixturc 
of  two  or  more  snbslanres,  as  of  salt  and  snow,  but 
Usually  of  a  solid  and  a  fiuid,  which,  in  melting  ab- 
sorb heat  from  contiguous  bodies,  and  thus  produce 
intense  cold. 


FATE,  FAR,  FfiUh,  VVII^T — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


4S0 


FRE 


FRE 


FRE 


FIIEEZ'ING-POKNT,  n.  That  |i<)int  of  a  tliermoine- 
tiT  at  which  thiitls  bcRin  to  (rvc/.e  ;  upplied  particu- 
larly to  water,  whose  freeiin^oinl  is  at  3i'  of  I'ahr- 
enlieit's  thermometer. 

FUEIOHT,  (frate,)  ii.  [D.  vrast;  G.  fracht;  Sw. 
frurht ;  Dan.  fra;;t :  Fr.  fret ;  I'ort.  frete  ;  Sp.  fiete  : 
Arm.  frcL  (Hec  F'bauoht.)  Uu.  from  the  root  of 
Ij.  feru !  formed,  like  brifrht,  from  tlie  Ethiopic  ba- 
rah.] 

1.  The  carpo,  or  any  part  of  the  carjo,  of  a  ship  ; 
lading  ;  that  which  is  carried  by  water.  The/rciV/it 
of  a  ship  consists  of  cotton  ;  the  ship  li.is  not  a  full 
freight ;  the  owners  have  advertised  for  freight  ; 
freight  will  be  paid  for  liy  the  ton. 

2.  Transportation  of  goods.  VVe  paid  four  dollars 
a  ton  for  the  freight  from  London  to  Barcelona. 

;i.  The  hire  of  a  ship,  or  money  charged  or  paid  for 
the  tmnsportation  of  goods.  After  paying/rdV/i(  and 
charges,  the  profit  is  trilling.  Fri:i(;utage  is  now 
but  little  used. 
FRB"JH'''.  (frite,)  f.  t.  To  load  with  goods,  as  a  ship 
or  vessel  of  any  kind,  for  transporting  tllem  fnmi 
one  place  to  another.  We  freighted  the  ship  for 
Amsterdam  ;  the  ship  was  freighted  with  Hour  for 
llavanna. 

2.  To  load  as  the  burden.  Shak. 
FUBKlHT'F.n,  ]>i>.    Loaded,  .as  a  ship  or  vessel. 
FRglCHT'EU,  (frat'er,)  n.    One  who  loads  a  ship,  or 

one  who  rhnrtcrs  and  loads  a  ship. 
FREUJUT'ING, /lyir.  or  a.    Loading  or  carrying,  as  a 

ship  or  vessel. 
FRBIGIIT'LKSS,  a.    Destitute  of  freight. 
FREIt;'LE-BE.\,  n.    A  mineral,  of  a  bine  or  bluish- 

cniy  color,  brittle,  and  soft  to  the  touch.  Cleaveliind. 
FKE.V,  tt.    A  stranger.    [j\'ut  uset/.]  i^pensrr. 
FRE.N'CII,  a.    Pertaining  to  France  or  its  inhabitants. 
FRE.NCII,  n.    'I'he  language  spoken  by  the  people  of 

France. 

FRENCII-BER'RY,  n.  The  same  as  Avionch-Behrv. 

Ure. 

FRE.\CH-CIL\LK,  (-chawk,)  n.  Scaly  talc,  a  variety 
of  indurated  talc,  in  masses  composed  of  small 
scales ;  its  color  is  pearly-white  or  grayish.  It  is 
much  used  for  drawing  lines  on  cloth, &c.  Ctrtiveland. 

FRE.N'fli-llolt.N',  ;i.  A  wind-instrument  of  music, 
made  of  metal. 

FRE.\Cri'I-FI-£U,  (-fide,)  pp.  or  a.  Made  like  the 
French.  Burke. 

FRE.\(;il't-F?,  r.  L  To  make  French  ;  to  infect  with 
\\)f  manner  of  the  French.  Ciimdcii. 

FRENCH'-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  the  French. 

By.  Hall. 

FRENCH'MAN,  n.    A  man  of  the  French  nation. 

FKE-NET'lC.    See  Frantic  and  Phrenetic. 

FRE\'/.I-eAL,  a.    Partaking  of  frenzy. 

FREN'ZIEI),  pari.  a.    Alfected  with  madnes3. 

FRE.V'Zr-KD-LY,  m/o.    Majlly  ;  distractedly. 

FREN'ZY,  u.  [Vr.  frenesie  ;  U.freiie^sia  ;  from  L.  phre- 
intis,  Gr.  0oti  irif,  from  0.o>)i',  mind,  which  is  from 
moving,  rushing.    See  Frantiu.] 

Madness ;  distraction  ;  rage  ;  or  any  violent  agita- 
tion of  the  mind,  approaching  to  distraction. 

All  else  U  towering  frenzy  and  Uiitnicliou.  Adtlison. 

FRR'aUBNCE,  ii.    [Fr.,  from  I..  frequeiOia.] 

A  crowd  ;  a  throng ;  a  concourse ;  an  assembly. 
[Utile  luitd.]  Shak.  Milton. 

FRe'UUE.\-UY,  Ti,  A  return  or  occurrence  of  a  thing 
often  repented  at  short  intervals.  The  frequenaj  of 
crimes  abates  our  horror  at  the  commission  ;  the  fre- 
quency of  capital  punishments  tends  to  destroy  their 
proper  elfecl. 
2.  A  crowd;  a  throng.    [Aot  lufd.]    B.  Jonson. 

FRE'aUENT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  freiiuens.\ 

1.  Often  seen  or  done;  often  happening  at  short 
intervals ;  often  repeated  or  occurring.  We  made 
frequent  visits  to  the  hospital. 

2.  Used  often  to  practice  any  thing.  He  was  fre- 
quent and  loud  in  his  declamations  against  the  revo- 
lution. 

n.  Full;  crowded;  thronged.  [J\1)(  iisrf.]  Milton. 
PRE-aUENT',  v.L    [U.  frequento  :  Fr.  frequenter.] 

To  visit  often  ;  to  resort  to  often  or  habitually. 
The  man  who  frequents  a  dram-shop,  an  ale-house, 
or  a  gaming-table,  is  in  the  road  to  jioverty,  disgrace, 
and  ruin. 

H«/rc7U«n(«(/ the  court  of  Aii^mtis.  Drytten. 
FRE-aUENT'A-BLE,  o.    Accessible.    [M<t  used.] 

Sidney. 

FRE-aUENT'AGE,  n.   The  practice  of  frequenting. 

SuHtJinj. 

FRE-aUENT-A'TION,  n.   The  act  of  frequenting. 

a.  The  habit  of  visiting  often.  {Chesterfield. 
FRI-^aL'E.NT'A-TIVE,  a.    [It.  frequeatatico  ;  Fr./re- 
quentalif.] 

In  grammar,  denoting  the  frequent  repetition  of  an 
action  ;  as  a  frequentative  verb. 
rRE-aiJE.NT'A-TIVE,  n.    A  verb  which  denotes  the 
iri  quent  occurrence  or  repetition  of  an  action. 

PP-  Of       O"""  visited. 
t  KK  UL  E.NT'ER,  n.   One  who  often  visits  or  resorts 

to  customarily. 
FliE -UL'ENT'I.NG,  ppr     Often  visiting  or  resort- 
ing to. 


FRi5'aUENT-LY,  adv.    Often  ;  many  times;  at  short 

intervals ;  commonly. 
FRK'UUENT-NEtj.S,  ii.  Thequality  of  being  frequent 

or  often  repeated. 
FRF.RF.,  ffrare,)  n.    [Fr.]    A  brother. 
FRHS'eAUES,  n.  pi.    Cool  walks  ;  shady  places. 
FRES'CO,  >i.    [It.  fresco,  fresh.] 

1.  Coolness;  shade;  a  cool,  refreshing  state  of  the 
air;  duskiness.  Prior. 

2.  A  picture  not  drawn  in  glaring  light,  but  in 
dusk.  Pupe. 

3.  A  method  of  painting  on  walls,  performed  with 
water-colors  on  fresli  plaster,  or  on  a  wall  laid  with 
mortar  not  yet  dry.  The  colors,  incorporating  with 
the  mortar,  and  drying  with  it,  become  very  durable. 
It  is  called  fresco,  either  because  it  is  done  on  fre-ih 
plaster,  or  because  it  is  used  on  walls  and  buildings 
in  the  open  air.  Kncyc. 

4.  A  cool  refreshing  liquor. 

FRESH,  a.  [Sax.  frrsc;  D.  verseh ;  G.  frisch;  Dan. 
fersk  anil  frisk  ;  f^w.  frisk;  It.  fresco  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
id.;  Fr.  fruis,  fraUlie ;  Arm.  fresg ;  W,  fres,  fresq. 
This  is  radically  the  same  word  as  fri.^k,  and  it  coin- 
cides also  in  elements  with  brisk,  W.  brysg,  which 
is  from  rhy.i,  a  rushing,  e.vtreine  ardency,  Eng.  rush, 
which  gives  the  radical  sense,  though  it  may  not  be 
the  same  word.] 

1.  Moving  with  celerity;  brisk;  strong;  some- 
what velieiiient ;  as,  a  fresh  breeze  ;  fresh  wind  ;  the 
primary  sense. 

2.  Having  the  color  and  appearance  of  yoimg,  thrifty 
plants  ;  lively  ;  not  impaired  or  faded  ;  as  when  we 
say,  the  fields  look  fresh  and  green. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  a  healthy  youth  ; 
florid  ;  ruddy  ;  as,  a /rf,>A -colored  young  man. 

•1.  New  ;  recently  grown;  as, /rwA  vegetables. 

5.  New  ;  recently  made  or  olilaincd.  VVe  have  a 
fresh  supply  of  goods  from  the  manufactory,  or  from 
India  ;  fresh  tea  ;  fresh  raisins. 

(i.  Not  impaired  by  time  ;  not  forgotten  or  oblit- 
erated. The  story  is  fresh  in  my  mind ;  the  ideas 
arc  fresh  iii  my  recollection. 

7.  Not  salt ;  as,/rc.vA  water  ;  fresh  meat. 

8.  Recently  from  the  well  or  spring ;  pure  and 
co(d  ;  not  warm  or  vapid.  Bring  a  glass  of  fresh 
water. 

9.  In  a  st.ate  like  that  of  recent  growth  or  recent- 
ness ;  as,  to  preserve  flowers  and  fruit  fresh. 

Preih  &3  April,  swcel  as  May.  Carew. 

10.  Repaired  from  loss  or  diminution ;  having  new 
vigor.    He  rose  fresh  for  the  combat. 

1 1.  New  ;  that  has  lately  como  or  arrived  ;  as,  fresh 
news ;  fresh  dispatches. 

12.  Sweet ;  in  a  good  state  ;  not  st.ale. 

13.  Unpr.icticed  ;  unused  ;  not  before  employed  ; 
as,  a  fresh  hand  on  board  of  a  ship. 

fresh  way;  the  increased  velocity  of  a  vessel. 

Tottm, 

FRESH,  n.    A  f^eshet.  Beverly,  HisL  Virginia. 

FRESirnLOWN,  a.    Newly  blown. 

FRESH'fiN,  (fresh'n,)  v.  U  To  make  fresh  ;  to  dulci- 
fy ;  to  separate,  as  water  from  saline  particles  ;  to 
take  saltness  from  any  thing;  as,  to  freshen  water, 
fish,  or  flesh. 

2.  To  refresh  ;  to  revive.    [JVbt  used.]  Spenser. 

3.  In  seamen's  language,  to  apply  new  service  to  a 
cable  ;  as,  to  freshen  hawse. 

FRESH'EN,  V.  i.  To  grow  fresh  ;  to  lose  salt  or 
saltness. 

2.  To  grow  brisk  or  strong  ;  as,  the  wind  freshens. 

FRESH'f:.\-ED,p)>.  Deprived  of  saltness  ;  sweetened. 

FRESH'K.\-L\G,  ppr.  or  o.  Making  or  growing  fresh  ; 
depriving  of  s.altness  ;  sweetening. 

FRESH'ES,  n.  pi.  The  mingling  of  fresh  w.iter  with 
salt  water  in  rivers  or  bays,  or  the  increased  current 
of  an  ebb  tide  by  means  of  a  flood  of  fresh  water 
flowing  toward  or  into  the  sea,  and  discoloring  the 
water.  Beverly.  Kncye. 

2.  A  flood ;  an  overflowing ;  an  inundation ;  a 
freshet. 

FRESH'ET,  ?i.  A  flood  or  overflowing  of  a  river,  by 
means  of  heavy  rains,  or  melted  snow ;  an  inunda- 
tion. JV<io  England. 

2.  .\  stream  of  fresh  ivater.  Browne. 
FRESH'FfiKCE,  n.    In  law,  force  done  within  forty 
FRESH'-LQQK'I.N'G,  a.    Ajipearing  fresh.  [days. 
FRESII'LY,n//e.  Newly  ;  in  the  former  state  renewed  ; 

in  a  new  or  fresh  state. 
9.  With  a  healthy  look  ;  ruddily.  Shak. 

3.  Briskly  ;  strongly. 

4.  Coolly. 

FRESII'M.W,  n, ;  pi.  Freshmen.  A  novice  ;  one  in 
the  riiiliinents  of  knowledge. 

2.  In  Knglanii,  a  student  during  his  first  year's  resi- 
dence at  the  university.  In  .America,  one  who  be- 
longs to  the  youngest  of  the  four  classes  in  college, 
called  the  freshman  c/o-t.s*. 

FRESII'.MA.X,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  freshman,  or  to  the 
rl.iss  called  frejshmen. 

FRESIl'MA.N'-SHIP,  n.    The  state  of  a  freshman. 

FRESH'.NESS,  n.  Newness;  vigor;  spirit;  the  con- 
tniry  to  vapidness ;  as,  the  freshness  of  liquors  or 
oilors. 


2.  Vigor;  liveliness;  the  contrary  to  n  faded  ata-e ; 
as,  the  freshness  of  plants  or  of  green  fields. 

3.  Newness  of  strength;  renewed  vigor ;  opjiosed 
to  weariness  or  fatigue. 

The  Scot*  had  Ui«  advaiiUi^  both  for  number  aiul  frithnttt  of 
men.  llayiMTii. 

4.  Coolness  ;  invigorating  quality  or  state. 

Ami  bnintlie  the  frethneit  of  ih'--  ojx-u  fiir.  Dryden. 

5.  Color  of  youth  and  health  j  ruddiness. 

IUt  clieeki  their/re#Ane*#  lose  and  wonted  grace.  OranvUt*. 
fi.  Freedom  from  saltness ;  as,  the  freshness  of 
water  or  fli:sh. 

7.  A  new  or  recent  state  or  quality  ;  rawness. 

8.  Briskness,  as  of  winil. 
FRESH'-NEVV,  a.    Unpracticed.   [JW>(  «.<«;.]  Shak. 
FRESH'-VV  A-TER,  a.    Accustomed  to  sail  on  frt  sh- 

water  only,  or  in  the  coasting  trade  ;  as,  a  fresh-water 
sailor. 

2.  Raw  ;  unskilled.  Knolles. 
FRESH'-WA-TEK-KD,  a.    Newly  watered  ;  supplied 

with  fresh  water. 
FRET,  V.  t.    [Sw. /rd/a,  to  fret,  to  corrode  ;  Ft.frotter, 

to  rub  ;  Arm. /ro(a.    This  seems  to  be  allied  to  Goth. 

fretan  and  Sax.  fretan,  to  eat,  to  gnaw,  G.  fressen,  U. 

vrecten,  which  may  be  formed  from  the  root  of  L. 

rodo,  rosi,  Sp.  rotiir,  or  of  L.  rado,  to  scrape.    To  fret 

or  gnaw  gives  the  sense  of  unevenness,  roughness, 

in  substances  ;  the  like  appearance  is  given  to  fluids 

by  agitation.] 

1.  To  rub ;  to  wear  away  a  substance  by  friction  ; 
as,  to  fret  cloth  ;  to  fret  a  piece  of  gold  or  other 
metal.  JVewtun. 

2.  To  corrode  ;  to  gnaw  ;  to  eat  away  ;  as,  a  worm 
frets  the  planks  of  a  ship. 

3.  To  impair ;  to  wear  away. 

By  starts, 

IDa/retted  rortintcs  give  him  hojie  mid  fear.  Shak. 

4.  To  form  Into  raised  work.  Milton. 

5.  To  variegtite  ;  to  diversify. 

Von  grmy  linm, 
Thal/rer  the  clomls,  are  messengers  of  day,  Shak. 

6.  To  agitate  violently.  Shak. 

7.  Toagitatc;  to  disturb;  to  make  rough  ;  to  cause 
to  rip|)Ie  ;  as,  lafret  the  surface  of  water. 

8.  To  tease  ;  to  irritate;  to  vex  ;  to  make  angry. 

Fret  not  thyself  because  of  evil-doers.  — Ps.  xxxvii. 

9.  To  wear  away  ;  to  chafe  ;  to  gall.  Let  not  a 
saddle  or  harness /rce  the  skin  of  your  horse. 

FRET,  V.  i.  To  be  worn  away  ;  to  he  corroded,  .^ny 
substance  will  in  time /ret  away  by  friction. 

2.  To  eat  or  wear  in  ;  to  make  way  by  attrition  or 
corrosion. 

Many  wheals  arose,  and  fretted  one  hilo  another  with  ^re.at 
excoriaUon.  WiaenMn. 

3.  To  be  agitated  ;  to  he  in  violent  commotion  ;  as, 
the  rancor  that  frcU  in  the  maliiinant  breast. 

4.  To  be  vexed  ;  to  he  chafed  or  irritated  ;  to  be 
angry  ;  to  utter  i)cevish  expressions. 

He  frele,  he  fumes,  he  stan-s,  he  suiniw  the  ^runnds.  Dryden. 
FRET,  n.    The  agitation  of  the  surface  of  a  fluid  by 
fermentation  or  other  cause;  a  rippling  on  the  sur- 
face of  water  ;  small  undulations  continually  re- 
peated. Mdison. 

2.  Agitation  of  mind  ;  commotion  of  temper  ;  irri- 
tation ;  as,  he  keeps  his  mind  in  a  continual  fret. 

Yet  then  did  Dennis  rave  in  furious  fret.  Pope. 

3.  A  short  piece  of  wire  fixed  on  the  finger-board 
of  a  gtiitar,  4oc.,  which,  being  pressed  against  the 
strings,  varies  the  tone.  Bushy. 

4.  In  archileeture,  an  ornament  consisting  of  srn.ill 
fillets  intersecting  each  other  at  right  anglt^s. 

O/osy.  ofAreh. 

5.  In  heraldry,  a  bearing  composed  of  bars  crossed 
and  interlaced. 

FRET,  r.  (.  To  furnish  with  frets,  as  an  instrument 
of  music.  As.  Res. 

FRET,  n.    [i,.fretnm.]    A  frith,  which  see. 

FRET'FLJL,  a.  Dis|>osed  to  fret ;  ill-humored  ;  peevish  ; 
ansrr}' ;  in  a  state  of  vexation  ;  as,  a  fretful  tem|ier. 

FRET'FIJL-LY,  adv.    Peevishly  ;  angrily. 

FRET'FIJL-NESS,  n.  Peevishness;  ill-humor;  dis- 
position to  fret  and  complain. 

FRETT,  n.  With  miners,  the  worn  side  of  the  bank 
of  a  river.  Kncjc. 

FUET'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Eaten  ;  corroded  ;  rubbed  or 
worn  away  ;  agitated  ;  vexetl  ;  made  rough  on  the 
surface  ;  variegated  ;  ornamented  with  fretwork  ; 
fiirnisht>d  with  frets. 

FRET'Tf'.V,  a.  Rubbed  ;  marked  ;  as,  pock-freuen, 
marked  with  the  small  pox. 

FRET'TER,  n.    That  which  frets. 

FRET'TIXG,  ppr.  or  a,  C<irrodtng  ;  wearing  away  ; 
agitating;  vexing;  making  rough  on  the  surface; 
variegating. 

FRET'TIXtJ,  n.     A  state  of  chafing ;  vexation  ; 

peevishness. 
FRET'TY,  a.    Adorned  with  fretwork. 
FRii'TUJI.n.  [L.]  A  strait,  or  arm  of  the  sea.  Ray. 
FRET'WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.   Work  adorned  with  frets. 


TONE,  BULL,  yNlTE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3.-e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


61 


oo 


481 


Fill 

FRI-A-BIL'I-TY.  )  71.  FSee  Friable.]  Tiie  qual- 
Fra'A-BLE-iNESS,  j      ily  of  being  easily  broken, 

crumbled,  and  reduced  to  powder.  Locke. 
FRI'.\-IiLE,  a.    [Ft.  friable ;  L.  frialiilis,  from  frio,  to 

break  or  crumble.    Fj-io  is  probably  a  contracted 

word.    Cli.        or  Ch.  Ileb.  piD,  to  break.] 

Easily  crumbled  or  pulverized  ;  easily  reduced  to 

powder.     Pumice  and  calcined  stones  are  very 

jfriable. 

FKI'AR,  71.  [Fr.  frire,  a  brother,  contracted  from  L. 
frater.    See  Brother.] 

1.  A  brother  or  member  of  any  religious  order,  but 
especially  of  one  of  the  four  mcnilicant  orders,  viz. 
(1.)  .Minors,  Gray  Friars,  or  Fruiciscans  ;  (3.)  Augus- 
tines  ;  (3.)  Dominicans,  or  Black  Friars  j  (4.)  White 
Fri.irs  or  Carmelites. 

2.  In  a  restricted  sense,  a  monk  who  is  not  a 
priest  ;  those  friars  who  are  in  orders  being  called 
fathers. 

3.  In  printin<r,  any  part  of  tile  page  which  has  not 
received  the  ink. 

FRl'.\R-LIKE,  a.  Like  a  friar;  monastic;  unskilled 
in  the  world.  JCiwllc.f. 

FRl'.\R-LY,  a.  Like  a  friar ;  untaught  in  the  atfairs 
of  lite.  Bacon. 

FRI'AR'S-€OWL,  7t.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Arum, 
witli  a  flower  resembling  a  cowl. 

Joftnson.    Fam.  of  Plants. 

FRI'AR'S-L.\N'TERN,  71.  The  ignis  fatuus.  Milton. 

FRi'AR-y,  71.    A  monastery ;  a  convent  of  friars. 

Dii^dale. 

FRI'AR-Y,  o.    Like  a  friar;  pertaining  to  friars. 

FRi-A'TION,  7!.    The  act  of  crumbling.  [Onnden. 

FRIB'BLE,  a.  [L.  frivolus,  Fr.  frivole,  from  rubbing  ; 
from  rub,  if  b  is  radical,  or  from  frico,  if  the  b  repre- 
sents a  palatal  letter.  If  b  is  radical,  the  word  ao- 
cords  with  Dan.  rips,  trifles,  frivolousness.] 

Frivolous  ;  trifling  ;  silly.  Brit.  CriU 

FRIB'BLE,  7!.  A  frivolous,  trifling,  contemptible 
fellow. 

FRIB'BLE,  I'.  I.    To  trifle ;  also,  to  totter.  Tatler. 

FRIB'BLER,  71.    A  trifler.  Spectator. 

FRi'BORG,       )  7!.    [  free  and  burg.}    The  same  as 

FRID'BURGH,  (      Frank-fledge.  Cowel. 

FRie'AUE,  71.  [See  Fricassee.]  Meat  sliced  and 
dressed  with  strong  sauce  ;  also,  an  unguent  pre- 
pared by  frying  things  together.  [Ofo.]  B.Jonson. 

FRIC^.V-DFJiU,  (frik'an-do,)  71.  [Fr.]  A  ragout  or 
fricassee  vf  veal.  The  term  is  sometimes  improperly 
a|iplie<l  to  stewed  beef  highly  seasoned.  Cooley. 

FRl€-.\.-^-SEE',  II.  [Fr. ;  IX..  frigasea  ;  Sp.  frieasea  ; 
Purt.  fracasse  ;  from  Vr.  fricasser,  to  fry.  It.  friggere, 
Vuri.  frigir,  Sp.  frcir,  L. /rio-o.] 

A  stew  or  dish  of  food  made  by  cutting  cliickens, 
rabliits,  or  other  small  animals,  into  pieces,  an(t  dress- 
iuL'  tlit  ni  in  a  frying-pan,  or  a  like  utensil.  King. 

FIUC-A.'^-SEE',  i\  t.    To  dress  in  fricassee. 

FRI€-.\.^-SHEl)', /jp.  or  a.    Dressed  in  fricassee. 

FRie-AS-SEE'ING,  ppr.    Dressing  in  frictissee. 

FRI-eA'TlOX,  «.    [L.fricatio,  from  frico,  to  rub.] 
The  act  of  nibbing  ;  friction.  ILittle  used.]  Bacon. 

FRie'TION,/i.  [L./ric(iii ;  Fr. /riction  ;  from  L. /Wco, 
to  rub.  It.  fregare,  Sp  fricar.] 

1.  The  act  of  rulibing  the  surface  of  one  body 
against  that  of  another  ;  attrition.  Many  bodies  by 
friction  emit  light,  and  friction  generates  or  evolves 
heat. 

2.  In  mechanics,  the  effect  of  rubbing,  or  the  re- 
sistance which  a  moving  body  meets  with  from  the 
surface  on  which  it  moves.  Encijc. 

3.  In  medicine,  the  rubbing  of  the  body  with  the 
hand,  or  with  a  brush,  flannel,  &c. ;  or  the  rubbing 
of  a  diseased  part  with  oil,  unguent,  or  other  medica- 
ment. Knctjc. 

FRie'TION-LESS,  a.    Having  no  friction. 
FRie'TIO.N'-WllEEES,  n.  pi.    In  mechanics,  wheels 

so  arranged  as  to  diminish  the  friction  of  machinery. 
FRI'DAY,  11.    [Sax.  frig-dag  :  G.  freitag ;  D.  vnjdag  ; 

from  Frigga,  the  Venus  of  the  north  ;  D.  vrouw,  G. 

frau,  Ir,  frag,  a  woman.] 

The  si.\th  day  of  the  week,  formerly  consecrated 
FRIDtiE,  u.  t.    [Sax. /ncian.]  [to  Frigga. 

To  move  ha.stily.    [JVVii  171  use]  JlaitijwcU. 
FRID'-STOLE.    See  Fred. 

Fitl'KI),  (fride,)  />;;.  or  a.  Dressed  in  a  frying-pan; 
hcati'd  ;  agitated. 

FRII'^.N'l),  (trend,)  71.  [Sax.  freonil,  the  participle  of 
freun,  to  free,  to  love,  contracted  from  frignn,  to  free  ; 
(i.freimU:  T>.rrir.nd ;  l)an./rcii(/c ;  Hw.frlindc.  We 
gee  the  rail  ical  sense  is  to  free ;  hence,  to  be  ri^ady, 
willing,  or  cheerful,  joyous,  and  allied  perhaps  to 
frolic.] 

1.  One  who  is  altarlied  to  another  by  affi'ction  ; 
one  who  cntcrlaiiiH  for  another  senliments  of  esteem, 
respect,  and  air.  (  lion,  wliirli  lead  him  to  desire  his 
comp  uiy,  and  to  Heck  lo  proiiintc  his  happiness  and 
pruHperity  ;  oppoxcd  to  fue  or  enemy. 

A  /rUmt  lijvDi  nt  nil  Umf^.  —  Prov.  xvU. 

Thcf  l»  a  friend  Uinl  mickeUi  ciowr  tltrvn  a  hrotlii^r.  —  Prov. 
zviiJ. 

2.  One  not  hostile  ;  opposed  to  an  enemy  in  ifar, 

Shalt. 

3.  One  reconciled  after  enmity.  Lot  ua  bo  friends 
again. 


FRI 

4.  An  attendant ;  a  companion.  Dri;ilrn.  1 

5.  A  favorer  ;  one  who  is  jiropitioiis  ,  as,  a  friend 
to  commerce  ;  'H  friend  to  poetry  ;  a  friend  to  charita- 
ble institiiticms. 

li.  A  favorite.    Ilushai  was  David's  friend. 

7.  A  term  of  salutation  ;  a  familiar  compelKation. 

i^Vwnd,  Iiow  earnest  diou  in  liitlier  f  —  Matt.  xxii. 

So  Christ  calls  Judas  liis  friend,  though  a  traitor. 
Matt.  .\xvi. 

8.  Formerly  a  paramour. 

9.  One  of  the  religious  sect  frequently  called 
Quakers. 

10.  jj  friend  at  court ;  one  who  has  sufficient  in- 
terest to  serve  another.  Chaucer. 

FRIEND,  (frend,)  jj.  t.   To  favor;  to  countenance; 

to  befriend  ;  to  support  or  aid.    [But  we  now  use 

Befriend.]  Shak. 
FRIEND'ED,  (frend'ed,)  pp.    Favored  ;  befriended. 

2.  a.    Inclined  to  love  ;  well-disposed.  Slialc. 
FRIEND'ING,  (frend'ing,)  ppr.  Favoring. 
FRIE.N'D'LESS,  (frend'less,)  a.    Destitute  of  friends  ; 

wanting  coiiuteiiance  or  support  ;  forlorn.  Pope. 
FRIE.ND'LiKE,  (freiid'like,)  a.    Having  the  disposi- 

tituis  (d'a  friend. 
FRIE.\L)'LI-NESS,  (frend'le-ness,)  n.    A  disposition 

to  friendship  ;  friendly  dispositions.  Sidney. 
2.  Exertion  of  benevolence  or  kindness.  Taylor. 
FRIEND'LY,  (fiend'ly,)  u.    Having  the  temper  and 

disposition  of  a  friend  ;  kinil  ;  favorable  ;  disjKJSed 

to  promote  the  good  of  another. 

'Vhw  to  inunkind 
Be  good  and  frienfUy  still,  and  uft  return.  Milton. 

2.  Disposed  to  peace.  Pope. 

3.  Amicable.    We  are  on  friendly  terms. 

4.  Not  hostile  ;  as,  Ti  friendly  power  or  state. 

5.  Favorable  ;  propitious ;  salutary  ;  promoting  the 
good  of ;  as,  a  friendly  breeze  or  gale.  Excessive 
rains  are  not  friendhj  to  tlie  ripening  fruits.  'I'eniper- 
anre  is  frieniUy  to  longevity. 

FRIEND'LY,  (frend'ly,)  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
frientis  ;  amicably.    [JViit  much  used.]  Shak. 

FRIEND'SHIP,  (frend'ship,)  ji.  An  attachment  to  a 
person,  proceeding  from  intimate  actpiaintance,  and 
a  reciprocation  of  kind  offices,  or  from  a  favorabli; 
opinion  of  the  amiable  and  res])ectable  qualitit«  of 
his  mind.  Friendship  differs  from  benevolence,  which 
is  good-will  to  mankind  in  general,  and  from  that 
love  which  springs  from  animal  appetite.  7Viir  friend- 
ship is  a  noble  and  virtuous  attachment,  sjiringing 
from  a  pure  source,  a  respect  for  worth  or  amiable 
qutilities.  Fal^ie  friendship  may  subsist  between  bad 
men,  as  between  thieves  and  pirates.  This  is  a  tem- 
ptirary  attachment,  springing  from  interest,  and  may 
change  in  a  moment  to  enmity  and  rancor. 

Tiiere  can  be  no  friendship  witliout  conlidence,  anti  no  confi- 

lience  without  integrity.  Rambler. 
Tliere  is  little  friendship  in  the  world.  Bacon. 
The  finil  law  ol  /rieiulshi])  is  sincerity.  ^miTt. 

2.  Mutual  attachment ;  intimacy. 

If  not  in  friendship,  live  at  least  in  peace.  Dryden. 

3.  Favor  ;  personal  kindness. 

His  friemlships,  still  to  few  confined, 

Were  always  of  the  iniiUUing  Jdnd.  Swift. 

4.  Friendly  aid  ;  help;  assistance.  Shak. 

5.  Conformity  ;  atiiuity ;  correspondence  ;  aptness 
to  unite. 

We  know  those  colore  which  have  a  friendship  for  each  other. 

Dryden. 

[JVef.  commtm,  and  hardly  legitimate.] 
FRII.-.ZE,  )  (freez,)7i.  [Sp.  /W.wi,  freeze;  frisar,  to 
FRIZE,  i  raise  a  iiapoiiclotli,to/ri2zifi;  Fr. /n'.vcr, 
to  curl  or  crisp,  to  shiver,  to  rtitfle  ;  Port./Wirer ;  Arm. 
frisa.  (iu.  Sp.  riiar,  to  crisp  or  curl,  to  frizzle  ;  Gr. 
ijiniaau,  to  shiver  or  tremble  with  fear,  whose  ele- 
ments are  Frg  or  Frk,  as  appears  by  0p((6),  ippiKTo^, 
0n(^.  If  frieze,  in  architecture,  is  tlie  same  word, 
w  liich  seems  to  be  the  fact,  we  have  evidence  that 
llie  elements  are  Frg,  for  in  Italian, /ri'eze  is  fregio. 
The  primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  draw  or  coiitnict.] 

1.  Prujierly,  the  nap  on  woolen  cloth  ;  hence,  a 
kind  of  coarse  woolen  cloth  or  stuff",  with  a  nap  on 
one  sitle. 

2.  In  architecture,  that  part  of  the  entablature  of  a 
column  which  is  between  the  architrave  and  cornice. 
It  is  a  fltit  member  or  face,  often  I'nriched  with 
figures  of  animals,  ur  other  ornaments  of  sculpture, 
whence  its  name. 


r  frieze  withhodsy  iculptnres  graven 


Milton. 


FiU  l";7,'/:n,  a.    Napped  ;  shaggy  with  ntip  or  frieze. 

FltlKZIO'LIKE,  o.    Resembling  frieze.  MdL-^on. 

FKI(;'A  rE,  71.  [Ft.  fregate:  It.  fregata;  Sp.  and 
Vt)rt.fragntai  'l\iTkisli,  forgnta  ;  perhaps  Gr.  itiJtpaK- 
Ttif,  \t.  uptiraclum,  an  open  ship  or  vessel,  for  in 
PtirtUiiiiestt  it  signifies  a  boat  as  well  an  a  frigate. 
The  Greek  word  11 /j  initToj  signifies  not  fortified  ;  a 
and  (/)i/ii(7iT>.i.  It  was  originally  a  ves.sel  without 
decks,  used  by  the  Rhoditiiis.  The  frigate  w.as  origi- 
nally ti  kind  of  vessel  used  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  propi  ll.  il  boili  by  sails  antI  by  oars.  Aiiiiirr.] 

1.  A  ship  of  war,  of  a  size  larger  than  a  corvette 
or  Hloiip  of  wtir,  and  loss  than  a  ship  of  the  line  ; 


Fill 

usually  it  has  batteries  on  two  decks,  viz.,  the  spar 
deck,  and  the  one  below  it,  or  main  deck,  on  which 
is  the  principal  force.    It  rates  usually  from  twenty- 
eight  guns  up  10  forty-four. 
2.  Any  small  vessel  on  the  water.    [J^ot  used.] 

Spenser, 

FRIG'ATE-BIRD,  71.  A  large  and  rapacious  tropical 
sea-fowl,  with  very  long  wings,  allied  to  the  pelican. 
Its  general  color  is  black,  but  the  belly  of  the  female 
is  white.  It  belongs  to  the  genus  Tachypctes  of  Vi- 
eillot.  P.  Cije. 

FRIG'ATE-BUILT,  (-bilt,)  a.  Built  like  a  frigate,  in 
having  a  spar-deck  over  tile  gun-deck. 

FRIG-A-TOON',  71.  A  Venetian  vessel,  with  a  square 
stern,  without  a  foremast,  having  only  a  mainmast 
and  mizzeiimast.  Encyc. 

FKICl-E-FAe'TION,  n.  [L.  frigus,  cold,  and  facio, 
to  make.] 

The  act  of  making  cold.  [Little  used.]  Diet. 
FRIGHT,  (frite,)  11.  [Dan.  frygt :  ftw.fruchtan;  Sax. 
fijrhlo,  fyrhtu,  fyrhtnis,  fright,  and  firhted,  frighted, 
frihtan,  to  frighten  ;  G.  fnrcht,  fi'rchten  ;  D.  vrugten, 
to  fear  ;  Fr.  effraycr.  Clu.  Gr.  i/>pi<r.7(j,  •Itri^u,  to  fear, 
that  is,  to  shrink  or  shiver.    But  fright,  or  the  Sax. 

fyrhto,  is  precisely  the  Ethiopic  participle 

ferht,  from  ferah,  to  fear,  which  seems  to  be 

allied  to  L.  vercor.    Class  Br,  No.  33.] 

Sudden  and  violent  fear ;  terror ;  a  passion  excited 
by  the  sudden  appearance  of  danger.  It  expresses 
more  than  fear,  and  is  distinguished  from  fear  and 
dread  by  its  sudden  invasion  anil  temporary  exist- 
ence ;  fright  being  usutilly  of  short  duration,  whereas 
fear  and  dread  may  be  long  continued. 
FRIGHT,  j  t).  t.  To  terrify;  to  scare;  to  alarm 
FRIGHT'£N,  j  suddenly  with  danger;  to  shock  sud- 
denly with  the  approach  of  evil ;  to  daunt;  to  dis- 
m.iy. 


Nor  exile  or  danger  can  fright  a  bruve  spiiit. 


Dryden. 


FRIGHT'ED,        )  pp.  or  a.    Terrified;  suddenly 

FRIGHT'£.\-f;D,  j      alarmed  with  dansrer. 

FRlGHT'£.\  ING,  (fi  ite'n-ing,)  ppr.  Terrifying  ,  sud- 
denly alarming  with  danger. 

FRIGHT'FIJL,  a.  Terrible  ;  dreadful  ;  exciting  alarm  ; 
impressing  terror  ;  as,  a  frightful  chasm  or  precipice  ; 
a  /rio-Az/ii^  tempest. 

FRIGHT'FUL-LY,  adi\  Terribly  ;  dreadfully  ;  in  a 
manner  to  impress  terror  aiui  alarm  ;  horribly. 

2.  Very  disagreeably  ;  shockingly.  She  looks  fright- 
fully to-dav. 

FRIGHT'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  impressing 
terror. 

FRIGHT'LESS,  a.    Free  from  fright. 

FIUO'ID,  (frij'iil,)  a.  [L.  frigidiis,  from  frigeo,  to  be 
or  to  grow  cold  ;  rigeo,  to  be  stilf  or  frozen  ;  Gr.  (5i- 
j-£t<>.  If  the  radical  sense  is,  tti  be  stiff',  the  root  ctiin- 
cides  nearly  with  that  of  right,  rectus,  or  with  that  of 
reach,  region,  which  is,  to  stretch,  that  is,  to  draw  or 
contract.] 

1.  Colli;  wanting  heat  or  warmth  ;  as,  a  frigid 
climate. 

2.  Wanting  warmth  of  affection  ;  unfeeling  ;  as,  a 
frigid  temper  or  constitution. 

3.  Wanting  natural  heat  or  vigor  sufficient  to  ex- 
cite the  generative  power ;  impotent. 

4.  Dull ;  jejune  ;  unanimated  ;  w  anting  thi:  fire  of 
genius  or  fancy  ;  as,  a  frigid  style  ;  frig'd  rliymi^s. 

5.  Stiff;  formal;  forbidtiing ;  as,  a  frigid  look  or 
manner. 

().  Wanting  zeal ;  dull ;  formal ;  lifeless ;  as,  frigid 
services. 

FRIC'ID  Zone  ;  that  part  of  the  earth  which  lies 
between  the  polar  circle  anil  the  pole.  It  extends 
about  2;)'  28'  Iroiii  each  pole. 

FRI-CID'I-TY,  71.  Coldness  ;  want  of  warmth.  But 
not  applied  to  the  air  or  icrather. 

2.  Want  of  natural  heat,  life,  and  vigor  of  body  ; 
inipotency  ;  imbecility  ;  as,  the  frigidity  of  old  age. 

3.  Coldness  of  afli^ction. 

4.  Dullness  ;  want  of  animation  or  intellectual  fire ; 
as,  the  frigidity  of  sentiments  or  stj  le. 

FRIG'ID-LY,  i7i/i>.  Colilly  ;  dully  :  without  affection. 
FRIC'ID-NESS,  71.    Coldness  ;  dullness  ;  want  of  heat 

or  vigor;  want  of  alfection.    [See  Friijiuity.] 
FRIG-O-RIF'ie,  a.    [Ft.  frigiirilique  ;  L.  frigor\ficu3 ; 
frig-US,  cidd,  and  facto,  to  make.) 

Causing  cold  ;  producing  or  generating  cold. 

F.ncyc.  Quiney. 
FRILL,  71.    [Infra.]    An  edging  of  fine  linen  on  the 
bo.soni  of  a  shirt  or  other  similar  thing  ;  a  rullle. 

Mason. 

FRILL,  7'.  i.  [Fr.  frilenr,  chilly.  We  have  Iho  word 
in  trill,  I),  tritiru,  lo  shake,  (!.  'tritlern ;  all  with  a  dif- 
ferent prefix.    Class  HI.) 

To  shake  ;  lo  ipiake  ;  to  shiver  as  with  cold  ;  as, 
the  hawk  frills.  Encyc. 
FRI.M,<i.    [Sax. /i-win.] 

I'liiurishing.    [A'e*  in  u.<r.]  Drayton. 
FRINGE,  (frinj,)  11.    [  Fr.  frange  :  It.  frangia  :  .'ip.  and 
Port,  frini'/it ;  Ann. /ivii'ii/i,  or  fluinch;  G  franse  :  I>. 
fraiijr  ;  Dan.  frynse.    It  seems  to  be  from  L.  frango, 
to  break,  Sp.  frangir.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FiVLL,  WH4,T.  —  MCTE,  PttfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


482 


1.  An  ornamoiilal  a|ipcn(lai;i;  to  tliB  bordurs  of  gar- 
ments or  furnitiiru,  consi^iting  of  loose  threads. 

The  gt'Iitpn  /ringe  cVn  s-'t  the  g;ruuiul  on  fl:\ine.  DnjfUn, 

2.  Something  resembling  fringe  ;  an  open,  broken 
border.  MoitnUt^u. 

FlUNtiK,  V.  U  To  adorn  or  border  with  fringe  or  a 
loos(?  edging. 

FlllXti'f.'l),  ^rinjd,)  pp.  era.    Bordered  with  fringe. 

FKlNOl^'l-KSS,  a.    Ilavin!!  no  fringe. 

FKl.NGK'-l.IKB,  a.    Kesenibling  fringe. 

FIUNGIO'-.M.aK-KK,  71.    One  who  makes  fringe. 

FUINOK'-TUEE,  «.  A  small  tree,  Chioiumtlius  llr- 
ginica,  growing  in  the  Southern  United  States,  and 
having  snow-white  Itowers,  which  liang  down  like 
fringe.  Fitrin,  Kncyc. 

FKI.\-c;iI--L.5'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  fring-illa.] 
Pertaining  to  the  linclies,  or  friniriUaildi. 

FRING'I.VG,  ppr.    Bordering  with  fringe. 

FUINC'Y,  a.    Adorned  with  fringes.  ShaU. 

FIUl"l'F,ll,       ( II.   [See  Fbii>i'erv.]   One  who  deals 

FUU"n;il-En,  (     in  old  clothes. 

FllIP'rKK-Y,  n.  [Kr.  friprrie,  from  friprr,  to  fumble, 
to  ruiHe,  to  wear  out,  to  waste  ;  Arm./<  i/j«  ut  fttppd  ; 
Sp.  rtipcritij  ropavrjcriUj  from  re/w,  cloth,  stulV,  appar- 
el, which  seems  to  be  the  Eng.  robe  ,•  Port,  roupa^ 
clothes,  furniture  ;  farrapo,  a  rag  ;  perhaps  from  the 
root  of  Eng.  rub,  that  is,  to  wear,  to  use,  as  we  say, 
wearing  apparel,  for  to  locar  is  to  rub.  See  Robe.] 

1.  Old  clothes  ;  cast  dresses  ;  clotlies  thrown  aside, 
after  wearing,  llence,  waste  matter ;  useless  things  ; 
trilles  ;  as,  the  frippery  of  wit.  Junsoii. 

2.  The  place  where  old  clothes  are  sold.  SImk. 

3.  The  trade  or  tratiic  in  old  clothes.  JCncijc. 
FRIP'PEK-Y,  a.  Trilling  ;  contemptible.  Orui/. 
FRI-SKUH',  (fre-zur',)  ;i.    [Fr.,  from  friser,  to  curl.] 

.\  liair-dresscr.  tVarton. 
FRISK,  K.  i.  [Dan.  frisk,  fresh,  new,  green,  brisk, 
lively,  gay,  vigorous ; /rwArr,  to  freshen,  to  renew  ; 
frisklted,  f  ooliiess,  freshness,  briskness  ;  Sw.  frisk  ;  G. 
frisch,  fresh,  brisk.  This  is  the  same  word  as  fresh, 
but  from  the  Gothic.  If  it  is  radically  the  same  as 
brisk,  it  is  W.  brysir,  speedy,  nimble,  from  rhys,  a 
rushiiij;.  But  this  is  doubtful.  In  some  languages, 
fresh  IS  written  fcrsc,  vcrscli,  as  if  from  tiie  root 
Br.  But  I  think  it  can  not  be  the  Cii.  DZ-^s,  to  be 
moved,  to  tremble.] 

1.  To  leap;  to  skip;  to  spring  suddenly  one  way 
and  the  other. 

Tho  flsli  fell  a/rutinj  In  Ihc  uct.  L'Etlrange. 
3.  To  dance,  skip,  and  gambol,  in  frolic  and  gay- 
ety. 

The  fruleing  tntyn  OD  (he  lumiiiiu  danced.  Addison. 
In  Ti&iii  Xo  /risk  or  climb  he  trit-s.  Stri/l. 

FRISK,  a.    Lively ;  brisk  ;  blithe.  Hall. 
FRISK,  n.    A  frolic  ;  a  fit  of  wanton  gaycty.  Jolnison. 
FRISK' AL,  n.    A  leap  or  oapcr.    [jYot  in  use.} 

B.  Jvnson. 

FRISK'ER,  n.  One  who  leaps  or  dances  in  gayety  ; 
a  wanton  j  an  inconstant  or  unsettled  jjerson. 

Camden. 

FRISK' ET,  n.  [Ft.  frUipiette.  So  named  from  the 
velocity  or  frequency  of  its  motion.    See  Frisk.] 

In  printing,  the  light  fnune  in  which  a  sheet  of 
paper  is  confined,  to  be  laid  on  the  form  for  impres- 
sion. 

FRISK'FJJL,  a.   Brisk  ;  livelv.  Thomson. 

FRISK'I  LV,  arfr.    Gayly  ;  briskly. 

FUlSK'l-.N ESS,  71.  Briskness  and  frequency  of  mo- 
tion ;  gayety  ;  liveliness ;  a  dancing  or  leaping  in 
frolic. 

FRISK'IXO,  ppr.  Leaping;  skipping;  dancing  about; 

moving  with  life  anil  gmrety. 
FRISK' V,  a.    Jumping  with  gaycty  ;  frolicsome ;  gay ; 

livelv. 

FRIT,'  71.  [Fr.  frilte  :  Sp.  frita  ;  It.  /ri«<i,  fried,  from 
L.  frictus,fri^o.  Eng.  to/ry.] 

In  Ute  manafaeture  of  ^lass,  the  matter  of  which 
glass  is  inaile,  after  it  has  been  cjilcined  or  baked  in 
a  furnace,  but  before  fusion.  It  is  a  composition  of 
■ilex  and  metallic  alkali,  occasionally  with  other  in- 
gredients. 

FRITH,  It.  [L.  f return  ;  Gr.  irooOpif,  from  irtipf.),  to 
pass  over,  or  TT'tqevio,  no'-evp  tt,  to  i>ass  ;  projTerly, 
a  pas.-iage,  a  narrow  channel  that  is  passable  or 
passed.] 

1.  A  narrow  passtige  of  the  sea  ;  a  strait.  It  is 
used  for  the  opening  of  a  river  into  the  sea ;  as,  tlie 
frith  of  Forth,  or  of  Clyde. 

2,  -\  kind  of  weir  for  catching  fish.  Carew. 
FRITH,  B.    [VV.  frilh,  or  fni.] 

1.  A  forest ;  a  woody  place.  Drayton. 

2.  .\  small  field  taken  out  of  a  common.  IVynnc. 
j'A'fil  used  in  .^mrrira.] 

KRITH'V  o.    Woodv.    [.Vot  iTiu.tf.]  Skelton. 
FRIT'IUi,A-RY,  n.  '  [frit,ll,u>,  a  dice-bo.<.] 

The  popul.ar  name  of  the  Crown  Imperial,  a  bul- 
bous dowering  plant,  called  in  the  Spanish  Diction- 
ar>-  cJuekrrrd  lily.  Oe  Theu. 

KRIT  I-.NAN-CY,  ,..    [}..  fritinni^.] 

A  chir|>ing,  or  creaking,  as  of  a  cricket.  [JVo(  used.] 

Brown. 

FRIT'TER,^.  [U.fritteUa:  Sp.fritiUas,  plural ;  from 
L.  frietus,  fried  ;  Maa.fritU.] 


r  R  () 

1.  A  small  pancake  of  fried  hatter ;  also,  a  small 
piece  of  meat  fried. 

2.  A  fragment ;  a  shred  ;  a  small  piece. 

AihI  cut  whole  giiuiui  iiito/rtu«r«.  Iludibnu. 

FRIT'TER,  V.  L  To  cut  meat  into  small  pieces,  to  be 
fried. 

2.  To  break  into  small  pieces  or  fragments. 
Breiik  nil  their  iiervcn,  and  fritter  all  their  beiise.  Pope. 
Tu  fritter  away,  is  to  diminish  ;  to  pare  off ;  to  re- 
duce to  nolliiiig  by  taking  away  a  little  at  a  time. 
FKIT'Ti;U-/;i),  pp.    Cut  or  broken  to  pieces. 
FRIT'TER-INU,^)^^-.   Cutting  or  breaking  into  small 
I>ieres. 

FUl-VOL'I-TY,  71.    Acta  or  Jiabits  of  trifling.  [See 

FlllVOLOfSNKSS.] 

FRIVO  LOUS,  a.  [\..  friroliLS,  from  the  root  of /ri«, 
to  break  into  sm.tll  pieces,  to  criiinlde ;  t'r.  frirnlc  ; 
Sp.  anil  It.  frinilo.  We  observe  the  .same  radical 
letters,  Rli,  Rv,  in  tririal,  trifle,  L.  Icro,  Irici,  to  rub  or 
wear  out.    Class  Rli.] 

Slight;  trilling;  trivial  ;  of  little  weight,  worth,  or 
importance  ;  not  wt»rth  notice  ;  as,  a  frivulous  argu- 
ment ;  a  frivolous  objection  or  pretext.  StcifL 

FKIV'O-LOUS-LY,  «(/e.    In  a  trilling  manner. 

FRIV'O-LOUS-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  tri- 
lling, or  of  very  little  worth  or  inipoitaiice  ;  want  of 
consequence. 

FRIZ,  u.  «.    [Sp. /r/sar  ;  Fr. /ri.tcr.    See  Frieze.] 

1.  Tu  curl  ;  tu  crisp;  tu  form  into  small  curls  with 
a  crisjiing-pin. 

2.  'i'o  fiirm  the  nap  of  cloth  into  little  hard  burs, 
prominences,  or  knobs. 

FRIZ'Z/CI),  i>p.  ut  a.  Curled;  fomuul  into  little  burs 
on  cloth. 

FRIZ'ZING,  ppr.  Curling ;  forming  little  hard  burs 
on  clolli. 

FRIZ'ZLE,  V.  (.    To  curl ;  to  crisp,  as  hair.  Oay. 

FRIZ'ZLA;I),  (friz'/.ld,)  pp.  or  a.    Curled  ;  crisped. 

FRIZ'ZLER,  11.    One  who  makes  short  curls. 

FlUZ'Zl.I.NG, /';<r.    Curling;  crisping. 

Flto,  adv.  [Sax.  fra  ;  Scot,  fra,  frae ;  Dan.  fi-a.  It 
denotes  departure  and  distance,  like  from,  of  which 
it  may  be  a  contraction.  In  some  languages,  it  is  a 
prefix,  having  the  force  of  a  negative.  Thus  in  Da- 
nish frabriuj^cr,  to  bring  from,  is  to  avert,  to  dispel  ; 
frtikaldcr,  to  recall.  In  Goth,  buirynn  is  to  buy  ;  fra- 
buifyan  is  to  sell,  that  is,  in  literal  English,  fronibuy.] 
From  ;  away  ;  back  or  backward  ;  as  in  the|ilirase, 
to  and  fro,  that  is,  to  and  from,  forward  or  towaril 
and  backward,  hither  and  thither. 

FROCK,  71.  [Fr.  froc ;  Arm.  frocq ;  G.  frack  ;  Scot. 
froi'.] 

An  upper  coat,  or  an  outer  garment.  The  word  is 
now  used  for  a  loose  garment  tir  shirt  worn  by  men 
over  their  other  clothes,  and  for  a  kind  of  gown,  open 
behind,  worn  by  females.  The  frock  was  formerly  a 
garment  worn  by  monks.       tngutphus.  Spelman. 

FROCK'-eOAT,  n.  A  kind  of  straight-bodied  coat, 
having  the  same  length  before  and  behind,  like  a 
surtuut,  but  shorter. 

FROCK'fID,  (frokt,)  a.    Clotlied  in  a  frock. 

FKOCK'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  frock. 

FKOG,  71,  [Sax. /ro^a,/ro^'^a;  Dan. /rSe.  Ciu.  from 
the  root  of  break,  as  L.  ranu,  from  the  root  of  rend, 
from  its  broken  shap<?,  or  from  leaping,  or  its  fragor, 
or  hoarse  voice.] 

1.  An  an>.phibious  animal  of  the  genus  Rana,  with 
four  feet,  a  naked  body,  and  without  a  tail.  It  is  re- 
markable for  swimming  with  rapidity,  and  for  taking 
large  le.ajw  on  land.    Frogs  lie  torpid  during  winter. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  fcrrirru,  a  sort  of  tender  horn  that  grows  in 
the  middle  of  the  sole  of  a  horse,  at  some  distance 
from  the  toe,  dividing  into  two  branches,  and  run- 
ning toward  the  heel  in  the  form  of  a  fork. 

Farricr^s  Diet. 

3.  A  cloak-button,  swelled  in  the  middle. 
FROG'BI  T,  n.    A  jilaiil,  the  Ilvdrocharis. 
FROG'-FISII,  71.    The  fishing-frog,  which  see. 
FROG'-GRaSS,  71.    A  plant. 

FRlXI'tJY,  a.    Il.iving  Irogs.  Sheneood. 

FROG'-IIOP-PER,  71.  .\  small  insect,  living  on  plants, 
aj)d  remarkable  for  its  powers  of  leaping.  Its  larv.-e 
arc  found  on  leaves,  inclosed  in  a  frothy  liquid,  and 
hence  calhrd  cuckoo-sjnttle,  or  frotr-spitUe,  'I'he  frotr- 
hopper  belongs  to  the  Liniia>an  genus  Cicada.  P.  Cyc. 

FROISE,  71.    [Fr.  froUser,  to  bruise.] 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  frying  bacon  inclosed  in  a 
pancake.  Chalmers. 

FROL'ie,    (0.    [G.  fr^Mich  ;  froh,  glad,  and  lich, 

FROL'ICK,!  like;  D.  BroJi/i ;  Dan. /ru,  glad  ;  Sw. 
frUtrdtlig,  (torn  fTiigd,i<!iy,friSgda,  to  exhilarate  ;  Ar. 

^yifararJia,  to  be  glad,  to  rejoice.   Class  Brg,  No. 

6.    Probably  allied  to  free.\ 

G.ay  ;  merry;  full  of  levity;  dancing,  playing,  or 
frisking  about;  full  of  pranks. 


Th" /rofi*  wind  ihAl  hre.Mlip»  th-  npriiip. 
The  ^.\J,  Hw/rolie,  anil  the  louU. 


J>/i«on. 
WaiUr. 


I  ThLt  adjective  is  seUom  n.ied,  ttmil  in  poetry.  Jls 
tt  noun  and  a  verb,  its  use  is  common.] 


FRO 

FROL'ie,  j  71.  A  wild  |inink  ;  a  flight  of  levity,  or 
FllOL'ICK,  j     gayety  and  mirlli. 

ilo  wuulil  be  at  ha/rolic  uiice  ai^tiii.  Rotcommon. 

2.  A  scene  of  gayety  and  mirth,  as  in  dancing  or 
play.    [This  is  a  popular  use  if  the  irord  1/1  Jimrnra.] 
FROl.'IC,    /  V.  i.   Po  play  wild  pranks  ;  to  pl.iy  tricks 
FROL'ICK,  j    of  levity,  mirth,  and  gaycty. 

The  bti^-ung  lna<;clji frolic  in  the  air.  Atu3o. 

FROL'IC-FJJL,  a  Fridicsome. 
FROL'ICK  /'JI),  (frid'ikt,)  prcL  of  Frolic. 
FROL'IClv-lNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Playing  jiranks ;  frolic- 
some. 

FROL'ie-LY,  ufio.    With  mirth  and  gayety.  [Obs.] 

Bcaum.  Fl. 

FROL'IC-SO.ME,  a.  Full  of  gayety  and  mirth  ;  given 
to  pranks. 

FROL'ie-S0.\IF.-LY,  ado.    With  wild  gavety. 

FROl/ieSO.ME-NESS,  71.    Gayety;  wild  pranks. 

FUO.M,  prep.  [Sax.  from,  from  ;  Goth.  fram.  In  .Swe- 
dish, it  signilies  before  or  forward,  hut  its  sense  is^ 
past  or  gone,  for  frdmling  is  a  stranger,  and  framga 
IS,  to  go  out,  to  depart.  Dan./rci//,  w hence /r/v/i/Tier, 
to  forwaril,  to  promote, /rcmmr*/,  strange, /rc77(/.-(;;n7«rr, 
to  come  forth  or  out ;  G.  frcmd,  strange,  foreign  ;  D 
i^reemd,  id.  If  m  is  radical,  this  word  is  probably 
from  the  root  of  roam,  ramble,  primarily  to  pa->s,  to 
go.] 

The  sense  of  from  may  be  expressed  by  the  noun 
distance,  or  by  the  adjective  distant,  or  by  the  partici- 
ples, departimj,  removing  to  a  distance.  'J'htis,  it  is 
one  hundred  miles/r»7n  Boston  to  Hartford.  He  took 
his  sword  from  his  side.  Light  proceeds /ru/7i  the 
sun.  Water  issues  from  the  earth  111  springs.  Sepa- 
nite  the  coarse  wool  from  the  line.  .Men  have  all 
sprung /n)77i  Ailam.  Men  often  ^ofrom  good  to  had, 
and  from  bad  to  worse.  The  merit  of  an  action  de- 
pends on  the  principle  from  which  it  proceeds.  Men 
judge  of  facts  from  personal  knowledge,  or  from  tes- 
timony. We  should  aim  to  judge  from  undeniable 
premises. 

The  sense  of  from  is  literal  or  figurative;  but  it  is 
uniformly  the  same. 

In  certain  phrases,  generally  or  always  elliptical, 
from  is  followed  by  certain  aiiverbs,  deiiotiiii,'  place, 
region,  or  jusition,  inilennitely,  no  precise  point  being 
expressed  ;  as, 

From  above  ;  from  the  upper  regions. 

J1V0171  afar;  from  a  distance. 

From  beneath  :  from  a  place  or  region  below. 

From  below  ;  from  a  lower  place. 

From  behind  ;  frtmi  a  place  or  position  in  tiie  rear. 

From  far;  from  a  distant  place. 

From  high  ;  from  on  high  ;  from  a  high  place,  from 
an  up[ier  region,  or  from  heaven. 

From  hence;  from  this  place.  But  from  is  super- 
fluous before  hciue ;  the  phrase,  however,  is  common. 

From  thence;  from  that  place  ; /ruia  being  super- 
fluous. 

From  whence ;  from  which  place  ;  /ro77i  being  super- 
fluous. 

From  where;  from  which  ])Iace. 

From  witliin  ;  from  the  interior  or  inside. 

From  witltout ;  from  the  outside  ;  from  abroad. 

From  preceiles  another  preposition,  followed  by  its 
proper  object  or  case. 

From  amidst ;  as,  /ra77i  amidst  the  waves. 

i*'ra77i  among ;  as,  from  anumg  the  trees. 

From  bcnetUJt ;  Tis,from  beneath  my  head. 

From  beijond  ;  as,  from  beyond  the  river. 

J^rt7//i  forth  ;  as,  from  forth  his  brid;d  bower. 

But  this  is  an  inverted  order  of  the  worils ; /it(A 
from  his  bower. 

From  off;  as,  from  off  the  mercy-scat,  that  is,  from 
the  top  or  surface. 

From  out ;  as,  /rft77i  out  a  window,  that  is,  through 
an  opening,  or  from  the  inside. 

Fri'jn  out  of,  is  an  ill  combination  of  words,  and 
not  to  be  used. 

FVom  under;  as, /ram  under  the  hei\,frow  under  the 
ashes,  that  is,  from  beneath  or  the  lower  side. 

From  within ;  as,  /ru7«  witJiin  tile  liouse,  that  is, 
from  the  inni  r  jnrt  or  interior. 
FRO.M'WARI),  adr.    [.Sax. /ram  and  weard.] 

.'\way  from  ;  the  coiitr.iry  of  Toward. 
FRO.NI),  71.    [Ij.  frons,froiidis.    'Plic  sense  is,  a  shoot, 
or  shooting  forward,  as  in./rnii,«,/riiiiti.<.] 

In  botany,  a  term  which  Liniueus  applies  to  the 
stem  of  certain  plants,  as  the  ferns,  whose  st.alk  antl 
leaves  are  so  intimately  connected,  that  it  is  dillicult 
to  say  where  the  one  ends  and  the  other  begins. 

Milne. 

FRON-D.^'TIO.X,  71.    A  lopping  of  trees.  F.relyn. 
FRO.N-DESCE',  (fron-dcss',)  v.  i.    To  unfold  leaves, 

as  plants.  Slaughton. 
FRO.VDES'CENCE,  71.    [L.  fronde.no,  from  frons.] 
In  botany,  the  precise  time  of  the  year  and  month 
in  which  each  species  of  plants  unfolds  its  l(*aves. 

yVilne.  Martiin. 
FRO.N'-DIF'ER  OUS,  a.    (L.  frons  and  fero,  tu  bear.] 

Producing  fronds. 
FROXD'OU^i,  a.     A  Jrondous  fiowrr  is  one  which  is 
leafy,  one  which  produces  branches  charged  with 


TONE,  B5JLL,  Ii\ITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a.s  in  THIS. 


483 


FRO 

both  leave-i  anil  riimers.  Instances  of  this  luxuri- 
ance sometimes  occur  in  the  rose  and  anemone. 

Milne. 

FltOXT,  (frunt,)  n.  [L.  frtms,  frontis ;  Fr.  front;  Sp. 
/rente,  frante  ;  It.  fronte ;  from  a  root  sisnifying,  to 
shoot  forward,  to  project,  as  in  Gr.  pii',  the  nose,  W. 
trwyn  and  rhOn,  a  pike.    Class  Rn.] 

1.  Properly,  the  forehead,  or  part  of  the  face  above 
the  eyes  ;  hence,  the  whole  face. 

His  front  yet  Uirealens,  and  hia  frowns  command.  Prior. 

2.  The  forehead  or  face,  as  expressive  of  the  tem- 
per or  disposition  ;  as,  a  bold  front,  equivalent  to 
boldness  or  impudence.  So  a  hardened  front  is 
sjiamelessness. 

3.  The  fore  part  of  any  thing  ;  as,  ti\e  front  of  a 
house,  the  principal  face  or  side. 

4.  The  fore  part  or  van  of  an  army  or  a  body  of 
troops. 

5.  The  part  or  place  before  the  face,  or  opposed  to 
it,  or  to  the  fore  part  of  a  thing.  He  stood  in  front  of 
his  troops.    The  road  passes  in  front  of  his  house. 

6.  The  most  conspicuous  part  or  particular. 

7.  Impudence ;  as,  men  of  front.  Tatter. 
FRONT,  (frunt,)  v.  t.    To  oppose  face  to  face  ;  to  op- 
pose directly. 

I  shall  front  thee,  like  some  staring  gliost, 

With  all  my  wrongs  about  me.  Dn^den. 

2.  To  stand  opposed  or  opposite,  or  over  against 
any  thing  ;  as,  his  house  fronts  the  church. 
FRONT,  (frunt,)  v.  i.    To  stand  foremost.  Shak. 

•2.  To  have  the  face  or  front  toward  any  point  of 
compass. 

FRO.\T'.\GE,  n.    The  front  part  of  an  edifice,  or  lot. 
FRONT'AL,  0.    Belonging  to  the  forehead. 
FRO.\T'AL,  «.    [L.  frontale;  Fr.  frontal;  from  L. 
frous.] 

1.  In  medicine,  a  medicament  or  preparation  to  be 
applied  to  the  forehead.  Qnincy. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  little  pediment  or  frontpiece, 
over  a  small  door  or  window.  Encyc. 

3.  In  Jewish  ceremonies,  a  frontlet  or  browband, 
consisting  of  four  pieces  of  vellum,  laid  on  leather, 
and  tied  round  the  forehead  in  the  synagogue  ;  each 
piece  containing  some  text  of  Scripture.  Encyc. 

FRO.\T'A-TED,  a.  Growing  broader  and  broader,  as 
a  leaf. 

FRONT'-BOX,  (frunt'boks,)  n.    The  box  in  a  play- 
house before  the  rest.  Pope. 
FRONT'ED,  (frunt'ed,)  a.    Formed  with  a  front. 

Milton. 

FRONT  IER',  (front-eer',)  n.  fronticre ;  iLfron- 

tiera  ;  Sp.  frontcra.] 

The  marches ;  the  border,  confine,  or  extreme  part 
of  a  countr)*,  bordering  on  another  country  ;  that  is, 
the  part  furthest  advanced,  or  the  part  that  fronts  an 
enemy,  or  which  an  invading  enemy  meets  in  front, 
or  which_fronts  another  country. 

FRONT-IkR',  a.  Lying  on  the  exterior  part  ;  border- 
ing :  conterminous  ;  as,  a  frontier  town. 

FRONT-IeR'£D,  a.    Guarded  on  the  frontiers. 

FRO.NT'ING,  ppr.    Opposing  face  to  face.  [Spenser. 
2.  a.    Standing  with  the  front  tov/ard,  front  to 
front,  or  opposite. 

FR0.\T'1NG-LY,  adv.  In  a  facing  position ;  oppos- 
inglv. 

FRO.\-TIN-I.Ae',  )  (-tin-yak',)  Ji.  A  species  of  French 
FRO.\-TIG-N.\e',  i     wine,  named  from  Fninti/rnac, 

the  place  in  Languedoc  where  it  is  produced. 
FRO.NT'I.S-PIeCE,  n.    [L.  frontispicium ;  frons  and 

specio,  to  view.] 

1.  In  arcAifcctiire,  the  principal  face  of  a  building ; 
the  face  that  directly  presents  itself  to  the  eye. 

2.  An  ornamental  figure  or  engraving  fronting  the 
first  page  of  a  book,  or  at  the  beginning. 

FRO.VT'LESS,  ffrinit'less,)  a.  Wanting  shame  or 
modesty  ;  not  difiident ;  as,  frontless  vice  ;  fnintlcss 
flattery.  Dryden.  Pope. 

FRO.NT'LET,  n.  [from  front.]  A  frontal  or  brow- 
baud  ;  a  fillet  or  band  svorn  on  the  forehead.  Dent. 
vi.  Hence,  Shakspeare  uses  it  to  denote  a  frowning 
brow. 

2.  In  ornithology,  the  margin  jf  the  head,  behind 
the  bill,  of  birds,  generally  clothed  with  rigid  bris- 
tles, Branile. 
FRONT'-ROO.M,  n.    A  room  or  apartment  in  the  fore 

part  of  a  house.  Moron. 
FROP'PIsn,  o.    Peevish  ;  frovvard.    [M,t  in  use.] 

Clarentlon. 

FRORE,  a.    [G.  fror,  grfroren ;  D.  vroor^  bcvroorcn.] 
Frozen  ;  frosty.    [JVot  in  use.]  Milton. 
FRORNE,  a.    Frozen.  Spenser. 
FRO'RY,  a.    Frozen.  Spenser. 
2.  Covered  with  a  froth  resembling  hoar-frost.  [JVot 
in  une.]  Fairfax.. 
FROHT,  (frost  or  fraust,)  n.    [.Sax.  /ro.<t ;  G.  Sw.  and 
Dan. /ro»( ;  D.  voral;  from  freeie,  froze.    Uu.  Slav. 
meat,  mroi,  id.] 

1.  Frozen  dew  ;  also  called  IIoAn-rnutT,  or  VViiite- 
FnotT. 

ile  •CAtlerrth  the  htr\r.fron  lilce  ajhei.  —  p..  cxlvli. 

2.  The  act  of  freezing  ■,  applied  chiefly  to  the  con- 
gelation uf  water  ;  congelation  of  Muida. 

The  Uiinl  d.i)r  comn  • /roti,  a  klllln(/ra>l.  iTudc. 


FRO 

3.  That  slate  or  temperature  of  the  air  which  oc- 
casions freezing  or  the  congelation  of  water.  Encyc. 

4.  The  appearance  of  plants  sparkling  with  icy 
crystals.  Pope. 

Black  frost,  which  is  much  more  destructive  to 
vegetables  than  white  frost,  occurs  when  the  tem- 
perature of  the  air  itself  is  below  that  of  the  vege- 
tables, and  below  the  freezing  point,  in  which  case 
plants  are  frozen  without  any  deposition  of  moisture 
upon  them.  Strictly  speaking,  no  frost  is  then  formed. 

Olinstcd. 

FROST,  (frost  or  fraust,)       t.    In  cookery,  to  cover  or 
sprinkle  with  a  composition  of  sugar,  resembling 
hoar-frost  ;  as,  to  frost  cake. 
2.  To  cover  with  any  thing  resembling  hoar-frost. 

FROST'-BlT-T£X,  (-tn,)  a.  Nipped,  withered,  or  af- 
fected by  frost. 

FROST'-BOUND,  a.    Bound  or  confined  by  frost. 

FROST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  a  composition 
like  white-frost ;  covered  with  any  thing  resembling 
hoar-frost  in  color  or  form. 

FROST'I-LY,  ado.    With  frost  or  excessive  cold. 
2.  Without  warmth  of  aflfection  ;  coldly. 

FROST'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
frosty  ;  freezing  cold. 

FROST'ING,  piir.  Covering  with  something  resem- 
bling hoar-frost. 

FROST'ING,  n.  The  composition,  resembling  hoar- 
frost, used  to  cover  cake,  &c. 

FROST'LESS,  a.  Free  from  frost ;  as,  a  frostiess  win 
ter.  _  Swift. 

FROST'-NaIL,  7t.  A  nail  driven  into  a  horse-shoe, 
to  prevent  the  horse  from  slipping  on  ice.  In  some 
of  the  United  States,  the  ends  of  the  shoe  are  point- 
ed for  this  purpose,  and  these  points  are  called 
Calks. 

FROST'-NIP-PiJD,  (  nipt,)  a.    Nipped  by  frost. 

FKOST'NU.MB-£D,  a.    Made  numb  by  frost. 

FROST'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  Work  resembling  hoar- 
frost on  shrubs.  Blackmore. 

FROST'Y,  a.  Producing  frost  ;  having  power  to  con- 
geal water  ;  as,  a  frosty  niglit ;  frosty  weather. 

2.  Containing  frost ;  as,  the  gra.ss  is  frosty. 

3.  Chill  in  alfection  ;  without  warmth  of  affection 
or  courage.  John.ion. 

4.  Resembling  hoar-frost;  white  ;  gray-haired;  as, 
a  frosty  head.  Sltak. 

FROTH,  (froth  or  frauth,)  71.  [Gr.  a0,ooj  ;  Sw. /rad- 
n-a.  It  is  allieJ  pe.-hajjs  to  G.  brausen,  to  roar,  fret, 
froth  ;  Ir.  bruiAi^.,  lo  bo;! ;  W  brydiaw,  to  heat.] 

1.  Sp;ane ;  foa:r.  ;  the  bubbles  caused  in  liquors  by 
fermentation  or  agitation.  Bacon.  Milton. 

2.  Any  empty,  sensuleos  show  of  wit  or  eloquence. 

Johnson. 

3.  Light,  unsubstantial  matter.  Tasser. 
FROTH,  ».  t.  To  cause  to  foam.  Beaum.  I(  Fl. 
FROTH,  J),  i.   To  foam  ;  to  throw  up  spume  ;  to  throw 

out  foam  or  bubbles.  Beer  frot/is  in  fermentation. 
The  sea  frotlis  when  violently  agitated.  A  horse 
froths  at  tile  mouth  when  heated. 

FROTH'I-LY,  adv.    With  foam  or  spume. 
2.  In  an  eniiitj',  trilling  manner. 

FROTH'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  frothy ;  emp- 
tiness ;  senseless  matter. 

FROTiriNG,  ppr.  Foaming. 

FROTH'LESS,  a.    Free  from  froth. 

FROTH'-SPIT,  n.  A  kind  of  white  froth  on  the  leaves 
of  plants ;  cuckoo-spit. 

FROTH'Y,  a.  Full  of  foam  or  froth,  or  consisting  of 
froth  or  light  bubbles. 

2.  Soft  1  not  firm  or  solid.  Bacon. 

3.  Vain  ;  light ;  empty  ;  unsubstantial ;  as,  a  vain, 
frothy  speaker  ;  a  frothy  harangue. 

FROUNCE,  n.    A  mass  of  pimples  in  the  palate  of  a 

h()rse  ;  also,  a  similar  disease  in  hawks.  Booth. 
FROUNCE,  V.  t.    [Sp.  fruncir,  to  plait,  or  gather  the 

edge  of  cloth  into  plaits,  to  frizzle,  to  wrinkle  ;  Fr. 

froneer,  to  gather,  to  knit,  to  contract;  Arm./roHj:a. 

See  Frowm,] 
To  gather  into  plaits  ;  to  form  wrinkles ;  to  curl  or 

frizzle  the  hair  about  the  face. 


Not  tricked  and  froitnctd  as  she  was  wont. 


hrMon. 


FROUNCE,  n.  A  wrinkle,  plait,  or  curl ;  an  ornament 

of  dress.  Beaum.  If  Fl. 

FROUN'CKD,  (frounst,)  pp.    Curled  ;  frizzled. 
FROUNCE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  plait  or  wrinkle. 

Chaucer. 

FROUN'CING,  ppr.    Curling  ;  crisping. 
FROU'ZY,  a.    Fetid  ;  musty  ;  rank  ;  dim  ;  cloudy. 

Swift. 

FROW,  n.    [G.  /ran  ;  D.  vrouw  :  Dan.  fnir.] 

A  Dutrh  or  Germ:m  woman.  [JVn(  used.]  Beaum. 
FRO'W  AIM),  a.    [Sax.  framwenrd  ;  fram,  or  fra,  and 
weard,  L.  vcr.tiL^,  turned  or  looking  from.] 

Perverse  ;  that  is,  turning  from  with  aversion  or 
reluctance  ;  not  willing  to  yi<  Id  or  comply  with  what 
is  reipiired  ;  unyielding  ;  ungovernable  ;  refractory  ; 
disobedient ;  peevish  ;  as,  a  frotcard  child. 

They  «re  n  very  frounrd  generation,  children  In  whom  Is  no 
liulb.  —  Deut.  Iiili. 

FRO'WARD-LY,  adv.  Perversely  ;  in  a  peevish  man- 
ner. 


FRIT 

FItO'WARD-NESS,  n.    Perverseness  ;  reluctance  to 

yield  or  comply  ;  disobedience ;  peevishness.  South. 
FROW'ER,  n.   A  sharp-edged  tool  to  cleave  laths. 

Tusser. 

FROW^N,  V.  i.  [Fr.  refrogner,  properly,  to  knit  the 
brows.  Frogner,  the  primitive  word,  is  not  used.  It 
is  allied,  perhaps,  to  frounce,  from  the  root  Rn.] 

1.  To  express  displeasure  by  contracting  the  brow, 
and  looking  grim  or  surly ;  to  look  stern ;  followed 
by  on  or  at ;  as,  to  frown  on  a  profligate  man,  or  to 
frown  at  his  vices. 

Heroes  in  animated  marble  frown.  Pope, 

2.  To  manifest  displeasure  in  any  manner.  WMien 
Providence  frowns  on  our  labors,  let  us  be  humble 
and  submissive. 

3.  To  lower ;  to  look  threatening. 

FROWN,  V.  t.    To  repel  by  expressing  displeasure ; 

to  rebuke.  Frown  the  impudent  fellow  into  silence. 
FROWN, .n.  A  wrinkled  look,  particularly  expressing 

dislike;  a  sour,  severe,  or  stern  look,  expressive  of 

displeasure 

His  front  yet  threatens  and  his  frotons  command.  Prior. 
2.  Any  expression  of  displeasure  ;  as,  the  frowns 
of  Providence  ;  the  frowns  of  fortune. 
FROWN'I.XG,  ppr.  or  a.    Knitting  the  brow  in  anger 
or  displeasure  ;  expressing  displeasure  by  a  surly, 
stern,  or  angry  look  ;  lowering  ;  threatening. 
FROWN'ING-LY,  adv.    Sternly  ;  with  a  look  of  dis- 
pleasure. 

FROW'Y,  a.  [The  same  as  Fbouzt  ;  perhaps  a  con- 
tracted word.] 

Musty  ;  rancid  ;  rank  ;  as,  frowy  butter.  Forby. 
FROWZY.    See  Froi'zv. 

FItoZ'£.\,  pp.  or  a.  from  Freeze.  Congealed  by  cold. 

2.  Cold ;  frosty  ;  chill ;  as,  the  frozen  climates  of 
the  north. 

3.  Chill  or  colli  in  affection.  Sidney. 
_4.  Void  of  natural  heat  or  vigor.  Pope. 

FRoZ'£N,  a.  Subject  to  frost,  or  to  long  and  severe 
frost. 

FRoZ'£N-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  frozen. 
F.  R.  S.  ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  [Oauden. 
FRUB'ISH,  for  Furbish,  is  not  used. 
FRUCT'ED,  a.    [L.  frnctus,  fruit.] 

In  heraldrif,  bearing  fruit. 
FRUe-TES'CENCE,  vi.    [from  L.  fructas,  fruit.  See 
Fri-it.] 

In  botany,  the  precise  time  when  the  fruit  of  a 
plant  arrives  at  maturity,  and  its  seeds  are  dis- 
persed ;  the  fruiting  season. 

Milne.    Martyn.  Encyc. 
FRUe-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  fructus,  friiit,  and  fero, 
to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  producing  fruit. 
FRUe-TI-FI-e.\'TION,  n.    [See  FRycTiFT.] 

1.  The  act  of  fructifying,  or  rendering  productive 
of  fruit;  fecundation. 

2.  In  botany,  the  temporary  part  of  a  plant  appro- 
priated to  generation,  terminating  the  old  vegetable 
and  beginning  the  new.  It  consists  of  seven  parts, 
the  calyx  or  empalemcnt,  the  corol  or  petals,  the  sta- 
mens, and  the  pistil,  which  belong  to  the  flower,  the 
pericarp  and  seed,  which  pertain  to  the  fruit,  and 
the  receptacle  or  base,  on  which  the  other  pans  are 
seated.  The  receptacle  belongs  both  to  the  flower 
and  I'riiit.  Linnieus.  Milne. 

FRUe'Tl-Fl-£D,  (fruk'te-flde,)  pp.    Rendered  fruit- 
ful or  productive. 
FRUCTI  FY,  V.  t.    [Low  L.  fructijico;  Fr.  fructijier ; 
fritetns,  fruit,  and  ficio,  to  make.] 

To  make  fruitful;  to  render  productive;  to  fertil- 
ize ;  as,  to  fructify  the  earth.  HowelL 
FRUC'Tl-FY,  t).  i.    To  bear  fruit.  [Unusual.] 

Hooker. 

FRUe'TI-FV-LNG,  ppr.  or  a.   Rendering  fruitful  or 

productive ;  fertilizing. 
FRUe-TU-A'TION,  n.   Produce ;  fruit.  [Mused.] 

Pownall. 

FRUe'TU-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  fructueux.] 

Fruitful;  fertile;  aisc,  impregnating  with  fertility. 

PhUips. 

FRUe'TU-OUS-LY,  adv.    Fruitfully  ;  fertilely. 

FRUe'TU-OUS-NESS,  n.    Fruitfuliiess  ;  fertility. 

FRUC'TIJRE,  (frukt'yur,)  71.  Use  ;  fruition  ;  enjoy- 
ment.   [JVo£  used.] 

FRU'GAL,  a.  [L. /nij-nfc  ;  Fr.  and  Sp. /riiiyai,-  said 
to  be  from  fruges,  corn,  grain  of  any  kind.  Most 
probably  it  is  from  the  root  of /ruur,  for /ru^or,  to 
use,  to  take  the  profit  of,  which  coinciiles  in  ele- 
ments and  sense  with  G.  braucKcn,  Sax.  brucan.  See 
Fruit.] 

Economical  in  the  use  or  appropriation  of  money, 
goods,  or  provisions,  of  any  kimi ;  saving  unnecessary 
expense,  either  of  money  or  of  any  thing  else  which 
is  to  be  used  or  consumed  ;  sparing ;  not  profuse, 
protligal,  or  lavish.  We  ought  to  \w.  frugal,  not  only 
in  the  expenditure  of  money  and  of  goods,  but  in 
the  employment  of  time.  It  is  followed  by  of  be- 
fore the  thing  saved  ;  as,  frugal  of  lime.  It  is  not 
synonymous  with  parstnwnious,  nor  with  Uirijhj,  as 
now  used. 

FllU-G AL'I-TY,  71.  Prudent  economy  ;  good  husband- 
ry or  housewifery  ;  a  sparing  use  or  appropriation  of 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH.^T.  —  MltTE,  PRgY.  — PrNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  


484 


FRU 


FUG 


money  or  coinmodilics ;  a  jiuUcious  use  of  any  thing 
to  be  expended  or  employed  ;  timt  c.-irefid  niuiiase- 
mcnt  of  money  or  kihmIs  which  expemls  nutliina  un- 
necessarily, and  applies  what  is  used  to  a  protitahle 
purpose  ;  that  use  in  which  nothinR  is  wasted.  It  is 
not  eipiivalcnt  to  ])ar.-imonij,  the  latter  being  an  ex- 
cess of  frugality,  and  a  fault.  *Viii'n//ft/  is  always  a 
virtue.  Nor  is  it  synonymous  with  (Arj/i,  in  its  prop- 
er sense  ;  (oi'thr{ft  is  the  effect  of  frugality. 

Without  frugality  none  cm  Ijcconie  rich,  iind  wilh  it  few  would 
hy  pour.  Johmon. 

2.  A  prudent  and  sparing  use  or  appropriation  of 
anv  thing;  as,  frugalitii  of  pniise.  Dnjilen. 

l''RO'G.\L-LY,  ailv.    With  economy  ;  with  good  nian- 

ageiuent  ;  ill  a  saving  manner.    Uo  seldom  lives /ru- 

iriilhi  that  lives  by  cliimce. 
I"IIU(;'CJI.N',  n.    [Fr.  foiirirou.]    An  oven  fork  ;  the 

[Kile  with  which  the  ashes  in  the  oven  are  stirred. 
I'KU-GlF'EIl-OUtf,  o.  [L.frugifer  ;  fnigcs,  corn,  and 

ferp,  to  bear.] 

I'roilucing  fruit  or  corn. 
FRU-(5lV'0-R0Lrs,  a.    [U  frugcs,  corn,  and  voro,  to 

eat.  ] 

Feeding  on  fruits,  seeds,  or  corn,  as  birds  and  oth- 
er animals.  Mtt.  Hist. 
FKOrr,  (frute,)  n.  [Fr. /rui(;  U.  frutto  ;  Sp.  frulo  ; 
from  t...  /ructus ;  Arm.  frouc-.en,  or  frochen  ;  I). 
vrughl ;  (i.  frucht ;  Dan.  frairt :  Sw.  frucht.  The 
I,atin  word  is  the  jiarticiple  of  fruor,  contracted 
from  frugor,  or  frucor,  to  use,  to  lake  tlio  profit  of; 
allieil,  perhaps,  to  Sax.  briuan,  brycean^  G.  brauctien^ 
to  use,  to  enjoy.    Cl.'tss  Urg,  No.  6,  7.] 

1.  In  a  ircneral  sense,  whatever  the  earth  produces 
fur  the  nourishment  of  animals,  or  for  clothing  or 
profit.  Among  the  /riii/--  of  the  earth  are  included 
not  only  corn  of  all  kinds,  but  gniss,  cotton,  flax, 
grapes,  and  all  cultivated  plants.  In  this  comprc- 
licnsive  sense,  the  word  is  generally  used  in  the 
plunil. 

i.  In  a  more  limited  sense,  the  produce  of  a  tree,  or 
other  plant ;  the  last  production  for  the  propagation 
or  multiplication  of  its  kind  :  the  seed  of  plants,  or 
the  part  that  contains  the  seeds,  as  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
apples,  (piinces,  pears,  cherries,  acorns,  melons,  &c. 

3.  In  botany,  the  seetl  of  a  plant,  or  llie  seed  with 
tlie  pericarp. 

4.  Production  ;  that  which  is  produced. 

The  fruit  of  the  Spirit  U  in  all  goodues*,  and  rightcoitmess,  antl 
Irutli.  — Kph.  V. 

5.  The  produce  of  animals  ;  offspring  ;  young  ; 
as,  the  fruit  of  the  womb,  of  the  loins,  of  the 
body.  Scrijiturc. 

6.  Effect  or  consequence. 

Tliejf  ■li.all  cat  tiic  fruit  of  Ihelr  doinffs.  —  Is.  iil, 

7.  Advantage  ;  profit ;  good  derived. 

Wh-\t  fruit  had  ve  ttien  in  those  thiugn  whereof  ye  are  now 
ashtuiietl  t  —  llom.  vi. 

8.  Production,  effect,  or  consequence  ;  in  an  ill 
sense;  as,  the  fruits  of  sin  ;  tlie  fruiLs  of  intemper- 
ance 

FRO 
FROIT 

various  fruits.  i  Milton. 

FROIT'-IJE.\K-ER,  n.   That  which  produces  fruiL 
FROIT'-BEAR-l.\G,  n.    Producing  fruit;  having  the 

qiialitv  of  bearing  fruit.  .Mortimer. 
PROlT'-ltL'l),  n.    The  bud  that  pioduces  fruit. 
FROIT'ER'ER,  ii.    One  who  deals  in  fruit;  a  seller 

of  fruit-s. 
FROIT'ER-Y,  n.    [Fr.  fniitrrie.] 

1.  Fruit  colli-ctively  taken.  Philips. 

2.  Afniit-loft;  a  re(H)Silnry  for  fniit.  Johnson. 
FRCIT'Fyii,  a.    Very  proiluclive  ;  producing  fruit  in 

abundance  ;  as,  fruitful  sod  ,  a  fruitful  tree  ;  a  fruit- 
ful season. 

3.  Prolific  ;  bearing  children ;  not  barren. 

Be  fruitfui,  «nd  multiply. — Geo.  i. 

3.  Plenteous  ;  abounding  in  any  thing.  Pope. 

4.  Proiluctivc  of  any  thing  ;  fertile  ;  as,  fruitful  in 
expedients. 

5.  Producing  in  abundance  ;  generating;  as,/ruil- 
ful  in  crimis. 

FRDIT'Fl.'L-LY,  otic.  In  such  a  manner  .as  to  be  pro- 
lific Roscommon, 
a.  Plenteously  ;  abundantly.  Shak. 

FRCIT'FlJb-NESS,  n.  The  q'u.ility  of  producing  fniit 
in  abundance  ;  proiliictiveness  ;  fertility  ;  as,  the 
fruitfulness  of  land. 

2.  Fecundity  ;  the  quality  of  being  prolific,  or  pro- 
ducing many  young  ;  applied  to  animals. 

3.  Productiveness  of  the  intellect ;  as,  the  fruitful- 
ness of  the  lyain. 

4.  Exiiberfint  abundance.  B.  Jonson. 
FRCIT'-GROVE,  n.    A  grove  or  close  plantation  of 

friiit-tre*'s. 

FROIT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rearing  fruit  ;  pertaining  to 
fruit. 

FRCIT'I.NG,       The  bearing  of  fruit. 
FRU-r'TlON,  (fru-Uh'un,)  n.    [from  L.  /mor,  to  use 
or  enjoy.) 

Use,  accompanied  with  pleasure,  corporeal  or  in- 


MT,  (frule,)  b.  i.    To  produce  fruit.  Chesterfield. 
JIT'AGE,  (frul'aje,)  n.    [Fr.J    Fruit  collectively  ; 


tcUectual ;  eiijoynient ;  the  pleasure  derived  from 
use  or  possession. 

If  the  affliction  is  on  his  btidy,  his  appetites  arc  wralcencd,  and 
capacity  of  fruition  destroyed.  Jiugert. 

FRO'l-TlVE,  a.    Enjoying.  Boyle. 
FROIT'LESS,  a.   Not  bearing  fruit ;  barren  ;  desiiliile 
of  fruit ;  as,  a  fruitless  plant.  Riile<_'k. 

2.  Productive  of  no  advantage  or  good  efft  cl ;  vain  ; 
idle;  useless;  unprofitable;  as,  a  fruitless  attempt; 
a  fruitless  cimtroversy. 

3.  Having  no  offspring.  Sliak. 
FRf'IT'LES.-'-LY,  adt\     [frimi  fruitless.]  \Vitliout 

any  valuable  clfect;  idly;  vtiiiily  ;  unprolitalily. 

J)n/dcn. 

FROIT'LE.SS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  vain  or 
unprofitable. 

FRCIT'-LOFT,  ;i.  A  place  for  the  preservation  of 
fruit. 

FRC'IT'-TTME,  ii.    The  time  for  gathering  fruit. 

FROIT'-TREE,  ii.  A  tree  cultivated  for  its  fruit,  or  a 
tree  whose  principal  value  ctmsists  in  the  fruit  it  pro- 
duces, as  the  cherry-tree,  apple-tree,  pear-tree.  The 
oak  and  beech  produce  valuable  fruit,  but  the  fruit  is 
not  their  principal  value. 

FROIT'Y,  a.    Keseiubliiig  fruit.  Dieiens. 

FRU-.MEN-TA'CEOUS,  (fru-men-ta'shus,)  a.  [L. 
frumentneeus.] 

1.  Made  of  wheat,  or  like  grain. 

2.  Ueseuibling  wheat,  in  respect  to  leaves,  ears, 
fruit,  and  the  like.  Encyc. 

FRU-ME.N-TA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  fnimentarius,  from 
frumentnm,  corn.] 

Pertaining  to  wheat  or  grain. 
FRU-.MEN-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  frumentatio.} 

Among  the  Romans,  a  largess  of  gram  bestowed 
on  the  peopli.',  to  quiet  them  when  uneasy  or  turbu- 
lent. F.^cyc. 
FUO'.MEN-TY,  n.    [L.  fntmentum,  wheat  or  grain.] 

Food  made  of  wlieat  boiled  in  milk. 
FRU.MP,  7t.    A  joke,  jeer,  or  iiouL    [jVo£  used.] 

Bp.  IlalU 

2.  In  modern  eo/ZoyuioZ  usa^i,  a  cr03.s-tenipered,  old- 
fashioned  female.  Smart. 

FItU.MP,  ti.  <.    To  insult.    [JV"i!  in  itsc]    Beaunu  ^- Fl. 

FRU.MP'ER,  n.    A  mocker.    [A'ot  lua/.] 

FKOJIP'ISH,  a.  Old-fa-shioned  ;  ill-natured.  [Collo- 
quial.'] Smart. 

FRirsiI,  V.  t.    [Tr.  froisser.] 

To  bruise  ;  to  crush.    [Obs.]  Shalt. 

FRUSII,  )i.    [G.^oscA,  a  frog.] 

In  farriery,  a  sort  of  tender  horn  that  grows  in  the 
middle  of  the  sole  of  a  horse,  at  some  distance  from 
the  toe,  dividing  into  two  brandies,  and  running 
toward  the  heel  in  the  form  of  a  fork  ;  the  same  as 
frog.  Farrier^ s  Diet. 

2.  A  discharge  of  a  fetid  or  ichorous  matter  from 
the  frog  of  a  horse's  foot ;  also  called  Oirush.  Smart. 

FRUS'TRA-BLE,  a.  [See  Fkustrate.]  That  may 
be  frustrated  or  defeated. 

FRUS-TRa'NE-OUS,  a.  [See  Fbusthate.]  Vain  ; 
useless  ;  unprofitable.    [Little  used.]  More.  Soutli. 

FRUS'TRATE,  v.  ^  [\..frustro:  Fr.frustrer;  Sp. 
frustrar;  allieil,  probably,  to  Fr,  froisser,  briser,  Arm. 
brou-ita,  freu-.a,  to  break.    Class  Rd  or  Rs.] 

1.  /,i7craW;/,  to  break  or  interrupt ;  hence,  to  defeat ; 
to  disapiMiiiit  ;  to  balk  ;  to  bring  to  nothing;  as,  to 
frustrate  a  plan,  design,  or  attempt  j  \iy  frustrate  the 
will  or  pur|)ose. 

2.  To  disappoint  ;  applied  tc  persons. 

3.  To  make  null ;  to  nullify  ;  to  render  of  no  ef- 
fect ;  as,  to  friLitrate  a  conveyance  or  deed. 

FRL'S'TR.\TE,  part.  a.  Vain;  ineffectual  j  useless; 
unprofitable;  null;  void;  of  no  elfict. 

Hooker.  Drifden, 

FRUS'TRA-TEf),  pp.  Defeated  ;  disappointed  ;  ren- 
dered vain  or  null. 

FRIIS'TRA-TI.NG,  ppr.  Defeating;  disappointing; 
making  vain  or  of  no  effect. 

FRUS-TRA'TIO.N,  >i.  The  act  of  frustrating  ;  disap- 
pointment ;  defeat ;  as,  the  frustration  of  one's  at- 
tempt or  design.  South. 

FRUS'TRA-TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  defeat ;  fallacious. 

Diet. 

FRUS'TRA-TO-RY,  a.  That  makes  void;  that  va- 
cates or  renders  null  ;  as,  nfrustratory  appeal. 

.^yliffe. 

FRUS'TUM,  n.  [I,.]  In  f  eomr^ry,  the  part  of  a  solid 
next  the  base,  formed  by  cutting  off  the  top  ;  or,  the 
part  of  any  soliil,  a.s  of  a  cone,  pyramid,  &c.,  between 
two  planes,  which  may  be  either  parallel  or  inclined 
to  each  other.  Brande. 

FRU-TES'GE.NT,  a.    [h.frutez,  a  slinib.] 

In  botany,  from  herbaceous  becoming  shrubby;  as, 
a  /rii(f,-rmt  stem.  Morlyn. 

FRO'TEX,  n.  TL.]  In  botany,  a  shrub  ;  a  plant  hav- 
ing a  woody,  uurablo  stem,  but  less  than  a  tree. 

Mtlne. 

FRP'TI-CANT,  o.    Full  of  shoots.  Evelyn. 
FRC'TI-eO.-<E,  \  .     t,    f   .  , 
FRO'TI-eOUS,  j  ly-fruticosus.] 

Shrub-like  ;  branching  like  a  shrub ;  as,  a  fruti- 
cous  stem. 

FRU-Tie'U-LOSE,  a.    Ilrancliing  like  a  small  shrub. 


FR?,  II.  L    [L.  friiro  ;  Gr.  ;  Sp.  freir;  IL  frig- 

gere  ;  Port,  frigtr :  Fr.  frire  ;  Ir.  friochtalaim.  The 
sense  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  boil,  or  broil,  to  agitate, 
U)  frel.] 

To  ilress  with  fat  by  heating  or  roasting  in  a  pan 
over  a  fire  ;  to  conk  and  prepare  for  eating  in  a  fry- 
ing-pan ;  as,  to  fry  meat  or  vegetables. 
FR?,  t>.  I.  To  be  heated  and  agitated,  as  meat  in  a 
frving-pan  ;  to  suffer  the  action  of  fire  or  extreme 
heat. 

2.  To  ferment,  as  in  the  stomach.  Bacon. 

3.  To  be  ngilateil  ;  to  boil.  Dryden. 
FRV,  71.    [Fr.frai,  from  the  verb.] 

1.  A  swa'rm  or  crowd  of  little  fish  ;  so  called  from 
their  crowding,  ttinibling,  and  agitation.  So  Sp. 
hrrvir,  to  swarm  or  be  crowded,  from  L.  ferreo,  and 
vulgarly,  boiling  is  used  for  a  crowd.  Milton. 

2.  A  dish  of  any  thing  fried. 

3.  A  kind  of  sieve.    [jYot  used  in  .Imeriea.] 

Mortimer. 

FR?'ING,  ppr.    Dressing  in  a  frying-pan;  heating; 
agitating. 

FR?'ING-PAN,  n.    A  pan  with  a  long  handle,  used 

for  frying  meat  and  vegetables. 
FUR,  n.    A  plump  young  person.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Smart. 

FV1i,v.U    To  put  off;  to  delay  ;  to  cheat.    [See  Fob.] 

ShaJt. 

FUB'BY,  a.    Plump  ;  chubby.  JVichols. 
FO'G  \TE  i 

FO'GA-TI'D  i       [^••f'teaiiLi,  from  fuco,  to  slain. 
Painted  ;  disguised  wilh  iiaint ;  also,  disguised 
with  false  sliow.  Johtisoit. 
FO'COID,  n.    [Sen  Fl-cus.] 

Fossil  Sea-weeil.  Hitclicock. 
FCeolD,  n.    Resembling  sea-weed. 
FU-COID'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  fucoids. 
FCeUS,!!.    [I,.   SeeFtioN.]    A  paint ;  a  dye  ;  also, 
false  sliow.  B.  Jonson.  Sandys. 

2.  pi.  Fuel.    In  botany,  a  genus  of  .^Igie,  or  sea- 
weeds ;  the  sea-wrack,  <te.  Encyc. 
FUD'DER  of  lead.    Sc.!  F.iTHF.n  and  Fodder. 
FUU'ULE,  V.  I.    To  make  drunk  :  to  intoxicate. 

Thomson, 

FUD'DLE,  r.  i.    To  drink  to  excess.  L'Estrange. 
FVIVDLKD,  pp.    Drunk  ;  iiiloxicated. 
FUD'DLER,  n.    A  iliiiiikard.  Baiter. 
FUD'DIil.VG,  ;>/ir.    Intoxicating;  drinking  to  excess. 
FUDGE,  71.    .A  iiinde-up  story;  stuff;  nonsense;  an 

exriauialion  of  coiileiiipt.  Goldsmith. 
FO'EL,  71.    [from  Fr.  feu,  fire,  contracted  from  Sp. 

fuego,  \t.fuoco,  lu  focus.] 

1.  Any  matter  which  serves  as  .aliment  to  fire  ;  that 
which  feeds  fire  ;  combustible  matter,  as  wood,  coal, 
peat,  &c. 

2.  Any  thing  that  serves  to  feed  or  increase  flame, 
heat,  or  exciliuiient, 

FO'EL,  V.  t.    To  feed  with  combustible  matter. 

Nov.T,  nl..s  I  the  .Ire  uir.il  nanie, 

That  fitfle  the  infernal  Iliiine.  Cowley. 

2.  To  store  with  fuel  or  firing.  JVottoiu 
FO'EI.^iCD,  (fu'eld.)  pp.    Fed  with  combustible  mat- 
ter; stored  wilh  liriii!:. 
FO'EL-ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  stipplies  fuel.  Donne. 
FO'EL-INli,  ppr.    Feeding  with  fuel ;  supplying  with 
FO'E  RO,  11.    [Sp.,  from  the  root  of /urce.]  [fuel. 

1.  A  statute;  jurisdiction. 

2.  A  charier  of  privilegi  s. 

FIJFF,  V.  i.    To  puff,    [/.oeal.]  BrocketL 
FUF'FY,  a.    Light ;  pufTv.  [/.oeal.] 
FU-GA'CIOUS,  (fu-g.i'sirus,)«.    [U./Mtr«J-,  from /iio-o, 

to  chase,  or /«i'in,  to  Hoe.] 

Flying  or  tleeiii!;  away  ;  volatile. 
FU-GA'CIOUS-NESS,  ii.    The  quality  of  flying  away  ; 

volatility. 

FU-GAC'I-TY,  (fu-gas'e-te,)  71.    |'I,./i/^ar,  supra.] 

1.  Volatility  ;  the  quality  of  flying  away  ;  as,  the 
fngaeily  of  spirits.    ^  Boyle, 

2.  ITncertainly  ;  instability.  Johnson. 
FOGH  or  Foil,  an  exclamation  expressing  .abhor- 
rence. Dryden. 

FO'GI-TIVE,a.  [Fr.fugitif  ;  l..fagitivus,{iotnfugio, 
to  fiec,  Gr.  c/icijj  6).] 

1.  Volatile;  apt  to  flee  away;  readily  waited  by 
the  wind. 

The  nture  tender  and  fitgitio*  parts.  Woodirard. 

2.  Not  tenable  ;  not  to  be  held  or  detained  ;  readily 
escaping  ;  as,  a  fugitice  idea.  J^ncke. 

3.  Unstable  ;  unsteady  ;  fleeting  ;  not  fixed  or 
durable.  Johnson. 

4.  Fleeing;  running  from  danger  or  pursuit. 

•  MUUm, 
!>.  Fleeing  from  duty ;  eloping;  escaping. 
Can  a  fuintiee  dau;;liter  enjoy  hers-'If,  while  her  par*nt*  are  in 
tearef  Q«rijsa. 

6.  Wandering ;  vagabond  ;  as,  a/u^izicf  physician. 

H'otton. 

7.  In  literature,  fugitive  com|>ositions  are  such  as 
are  short  and  occasional,  written  in  haste  or  at  in- 
tervals, and  considered  to  be  fleeting  and  temiwrary. 

FO'GI-TIVE,  71.    One  who  llees  from  his  station  or 
duly  ;  a  deserter  ;  one  who  flees  from  danger. 

Bacon.  Milton, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  aa  K ;  6  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


61 


0O« 


488 


FUL 


FUL 


FUL 


2.  One  vvlio  has  Hed  or  deserted,  and  taken  refuge 
under  another  power,  or  one  who  lias  tied  from  pun- 
ishment. Dryden. 

3.  One  hard  to  be  caught  or  detained. 

Or  c;ilch  Uiat  airy /ugilice,  c-illed  wil.  Harle. 
Fu'6l-TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  fugitive  manner. 
Fu'CM'IVE-NESS,  n.    Volatility;  fugacity;  an  apt- 
ness to  fly  away.  Boijlc. 
2.  Instability  ;  unsteadiness.  Johnson. 
FO'GLK-MAN,    I  n.     [G.  flinrdmann,  a  file-leader, 
FLU'GjBL-MAN,  j     from  Jlu^rd,  a  wing.] 

One  who  takes  his  place  in  front  of  a  military 
band,  as  a  guide  to  the  soldiers  in  the  movements  of 
the  drill. 

Fugue,  (fug,)  «.    [Fr./no'ae  ;  L.  Sp.  and  It.  fiiga.] 
In  musk,  a  composition  in  which  the  diflerent  parts 
follow  each  other,  each  repeating  the  subject  at  a  cer- 
tain interval  above  or  below  the  preceding  part. 

Braiulc. 

Fu'GUIST,  (fu'gist,)  71.  A  musician  who  composes 
fugues,  or  performs  them  extemporaneously.  Busbii. 

FUL'CI-ULE,  71.  [L.  fuUUiilis.]  Which  may  be 
propped  up.    [JWi  in  «se.] 

FUL'CI-MENT,  «.  [L.  fulcimcntum,  {mm  falcio,  to 
prop.] 

A  prop ;  a  fulcnim ;  that  on  which  a  balance  or 
lever  rests.    [Little  used.]  IVdluns. 
FUL'CRATE,  a.    [from  h.  fulcrum,  a  prop.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  fulcrate  stem  is  one  whose  branches 
descend  to  the  earth,  as  in  Ficus.  Lee. 

2.  Furnished  with  fulcrunjs. 

FUL'eitUM,  71.  j  pi.  Fulcra  or  FuLcnuMs.  [L.]  A 
prop  or  support. 

2.  In  mcclianics,  that  by  which  a  lever  is  sustained, 
or  the  point  about  which  it  moves. 

3.  In  botany,  a  term  applied,  in  the  plural,  to  all 
the  appendages  of  the  axis  of  a  plant,  e.\cept  the 
leaves  and  flowers ;  as  the  stipules,  bracts,  tendrils, 
&c.  {DistLsed.'] 

FUL-FILL',  V.  t.  [A  tautological  compound  of  full 
and  Jill.] 

1.  To  accomplish  ;  to  perform  ;  to  complete  ;  to  an- 
swer, in  execution  or  event,  what  has  been  foretold 
or  promised  ;  as,  to  fulfill  a  prophecy  or  prediction  ; 
to  fulfill  a  promise. 

2.  To  accomplish  what  was  intended  ;  to  answer 
a  design  by  execution. 

Here  Nature  secins  /ulfilled  in  all  her  enJa.  Miilon. 

3.  To  accomplish  or  perform  what  was  desired  ;  to 
answer  any  desire  by  compliance  or  gratification. 

He  will  fulfill  llie  desire  of  Uiem  thai  fear  hira.  — Ps.  cxl». 

4.  To  perform  what  is  required  ;  to  answer  a  law 
by  obedience. 

If  ye  fulfill  the  royal  law  aMorrling  to  the  Scripture,  Thou  shaJt 
love  thy  neighbor  as  Uiyself,  ye  do  well.  —  James  ii. 

5.  To  complete  in  time. 

I'^lfill  her  week.  —  Gen.  xxix. 

6.  In  general,  to  accomplish  ;  to  complete  ;  to 
carry  into  effect. 

F}JL-FILL'£L),  pp.    Accomplished ;  perfoniied  ;  com- 

'      '  "'"''uted. 
FUL.-J''I1jij  tn,  «.    One  that  fulfills  or  accomplishes. 
FpL-FlLL'LNG,  ppr.     Accomplishing  ;   performing  ; 
comi»leting. 

FUL-FtLL'ME.\T,  )  n.      Accomplishment  ;  complc- 
FjjL-FILL'ING,      (     tion  ;    as,  the  fulfillment  of 
prophecy. 

2.  Execution;  performance;  as,  the  fulfillment  of 
a  promise. 

FUL'FKAUGIIT,  (-frawt,)  a.     [full  and  fraught.] 

FuU-stured.    [See  Full-fraught.]  Shuk. 
FUL'GEN-CY,  71.    [L.  fallens,  from  fulgea,  to  shine. 
See  Ekfulgesce.] 
Brightness ;  splendor;  glitter.  Diet. 
FUL'QENT,a.  Shining ;  dazzling ;  exquisitely  Iiriclit. 

Mdtoii. 

FIIL'6ENT-LY,  arfii.    Dazzlingly;  glitteringly. 
FUL'GID,  o.    IL.  fulgidus,  from  fuhrco,  to  shine.] 

Shining;  glittering;  dazzling.    [JVut  in  luse.] 
FtlL-Gm'l-TY,  71.  Splendor. 

FUL'GOK,  71.    [L.]    Splendor;  dazzling  brightness. 

\/.iUlr.  used.]  Brown.  More. 

FI;E'(;U-KANT,  a.    Lightening.    [JV«(  used.] 
FUI.'(;iJ-KATE,  V.  i.    To  flash  as  lightning.  [jVot 

used.]  Chambers. 
FIJL-GU  RS'TIO.N,  71.    [L.  fulguratio,  from  fulgur, 

lightning.] 

1.  Lightning;  the  act  of  liglitttilng.  [LiUlc  used, 
or  not  at  all.] 

2.  The  Huddcn  brightening  of  a  fused  globule  of 
gold  or  silver,  when  the  last  lilm  of  the  oxyd  of  lead 
or  copjier  leaven  its  surface.  Brandc. 

FUL'GIJ-RITE,  n.  [L.  fulcra.]  A  rnnie  given  to 
vitrified  sand  tubes,  which  are  supposed  to  have 
been  produced  by  the  striking  of  li^'h'.niiig  on  sand. 

/'.  Cye. 

FUL'GU-RY,  71.    Lightning.    [Obs.]  Cockeram. 
KIJL'IIA.M,  71.    A  cant  word  for  fiilno  dice.  Shale. 
FU-LIG-I-.NOH'l-'l'V,  71.     [L.  faUgo,  soot,  probably 
from  the  root  of  foul  \ 
Houtincss  ;  inalt<;r  deposited  by  smoke. 

Ktrwan,  Geol. 


FU-LIC'I-NOUS,  (fu-lij'in-us,)  a.  [L.  fuUgineus, 
fuliginosus,  from  fuUgo,  soot.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  soot ;  sooty;  dark;  dusky. 

2.  Pertaining  to  smoke  ;  resembling  smoke ;  dusky. 

SUenstone. 

FU-LIG'I-NOUS-LY,  adv.   In  a  smoky  state ;  by  be- 
ing sooty. 
Fu'LI-ilART.    See  Foumart. 

FULL,  a.  [Sax./iiH:  Sw.fuU;  G.  mil;  D.  vol;  Goth. 
fulds ;  Dan.  fuld  ;  W.  gwala,  fullness.  Qu.  It.  vole, 
in  composition.    See  Fill  and  to  Full.] 

1.  Replete  ;  having  within  its  limits  all  that  it  can 
contain  ;  as,  a  vessel  full  of  liquor. 

2.  Abounding  with  ;  having  a  large  quantity  or 
abundance ;  as,  a  house  full  of  furniture  ;  life  is  full 
of  cares  and  perplexities. 

3.  Sujiiilied  ;  not  vacant. 

Had  the  throne  been  full,  their  meeting  would  not  have  been 
rej^ul.ir.  BUicIcslone, 

4.  Plump;  fat;  as,  a /uH  body. 

5.  Saturated ;  sated. 

I  am  full  of  the  burnt-offering  of  rams.  —  Is.  i. 

6.  Crowded,  with  regard  to  the  imagination  or 
memory. 

Every  one  is  full  of  the  miracles  done  by  cold  baths  on  decayed 
and  weaif  constitutions.  Locke. 

7.  Large ;  entire ;  not  partial ;  that  fills  ;  as,  a  full 
meal. 

8.  Complete  ;  entire  ;  not  defective  or  partial ;  as, 
the  full  accomplishment  of  a  prophecy. 

9.  Complete ;  entire ;  without  abatement. 

It  came  to  pass,  at  tlie  end  of  two  full  years,  that  Pharaoh 
dreamed.  —  Gen.  xli. 

10.  Containing  the  whole  matter ;  expressing  the 
whole  ;  as,  a  full  narration  or  description. 

11.  Strong;  not  faint  or  attenuated ;  loud;  clear; 
distinct ;  as,  a  full  voice  or  sound. 

12.  Mature;  perfect;  as,  a  person  of  full  age. 

13.  Entire;  complete;  denoting  the  completion  of 
a  sentence  ;  as,  a  full  stop  or  point. 

14.  Spread  to  view  in  all  dimensions ;  as,  a  head 
drawn  with  a  full  face.  .Sddison. 

15.  Exhibiting  the  whole  disk  or  surface  illumi- 
nated ;  as,  the  full  moon. 

IG.  .Abundant ;  plenteous  ;  sufficient.  We  have  a 
full  supply  of  provisions  for  the  year. 

17.  Adequate  ;  equal ;  as,  a  full  compensation  or 
reward  for  labor. 

18.  We",  fed. 

19.  Well  supplied  or  furnished  ;  abounding. 

20.  Copious ;  ample.  The  speaker  or  the  writer 
was  full  upon  that  point.  Miiford. 

A  full  band,  in  viiLiic,  is  when  all  the  voices  and 
instruments  are  employed. 

A  full  organ,  is  when  all  or  most  of  the  stops  are 
out. 

FULL,  71.  Complete  measure  ;  utmost  extent.  This 
instrument  answers  to  the  fall. 

2.  The  highest  state  or  degree. 

The  swan's  down  featlier, 
That  stands  upon  the  swell  i^lfull  of  tide.  Shak. 

3.  The  whole  ;  the  total ;  in  the  phrase  at  full. 

Shak. 

4.  The  state  of  satiety  ;  as,  fed  to  the  full. 

The  full  of  the  moon,  is  the  time  when  it  presents 
to  the  spectator  its  whole  face  illuminated,  as  it 
always  does  when  in  opposition  to  the  sun. 
FIJLL,  ado.    Ciuite ;  to  the  same  degree  ;  without 
abatement  or  diminution. 

The  pawn  i  proll'er  shall  be  full  as  good.  Dryden. 

2.  With  the  whole  eflect. 

The  diap;ison  clusin;^/uH  in  matu  Dryden. 

3.  Exactly. 

F^U  in  the  center  of  the  sacred  wood.  Addieon. 

4.  Directly  ;  an,  he  looked  him  full  in  the  face. 

It  is  placetl  before  adjectives  and  adverbs  to  liight- 
en  or  strengthen  their  signification  ;  as,/«;/  sad. 

Milton. 

FuU  well  ye  reject  the  coinmandnient  of  God,  that  ye  may  keep 
your  own  tr.idilion.  — Mark  vii. 

Full  is  prefixed  to  other  words,  chiefly  participles, 
to  express  utmost  extent  or  degree. 
FIJLL,  B.  (.  [Sax.  /«/;/« 11 ;  L.  fullo  :  D.  vollen,  vullen; 
Pi.  fouler;  to  treail,  to  jiress,  to  full ;  foiile,  a  crowd  ; 
It.  folln,  and  /«/(«,  a  crowd  ;  folio,  dense  ;  allied  to 
Va\\:,.  fill,  filter.  It.  fellro,  from  being  thick  or  fulled 
Sax.  feula,  many,  Gr.  ttoXX  h,  that  is,  n  crowd,  a 
throng.  Foul  anil  defile  are  proliaWy  of  tlio  same 
family.  As  the  French  fouler  signifies  to  tread  and 
to  full  cloth,  .so  walker,  a  fuller,  is  from  the  root  of 
walk.] 

To  thicken  cloth  in  a  mill.    This'  is  the  primary 
sense  ;  hut,  in  practice,  to  fall  is  to  mill ;  to  make 
compact ;  or  to  scour,  cleanse,  and  thicken,  in  a  mill. 
F!^LL'-A't;oUN-£D,  a.    Fed  to  the  full  with  acorns. 

Shak. 

FJJL'LAM,  71.    An  old  cant  word  for  false  dice,  named 

from  Fulharu,  whert^  Ihi'V  were  made.  Smart. 
FJJl-L'-lll.tJO.M'/'.J),  a.    Jiaving  iierfoct  bloom. 

Craahaio. 


FIJLL'-BLoWN,  a.    Fully  expanded,  as  a  blossom. 

X>ni/m77i. 

2.  Fullv  distended  with  wind.  Dryden. 
FJJLL'-IiO'T'TOM,  71.    A  wig  with  a  large  bottom. 
F'ULL'-B0T'T0M-£D,  o.    Having  a  large  bottom,  as 
a  wig. 

FyLL'-BUTT',  ado.    Meeting  directly  and  with  vio- 
lence.   [Vulgar.]  L'Estranire. 
F!JLL'-CHXRG'J:D,  a.    Charged  to  fullness.  Shak. 
FHLL'-CRAM'.M£D,  a.    Crammed  to  fullness. 

Marston. 

FHLL'-DRESS'£D,  (-drest,)  a.  Dressed  in  form  or 
costume.  _ 

FIJLL'-DRlVE',a.  Driving  with  full  speed.  Chaucer. 
FjjLL'-KAR'AD,  a.    Having  the  ears  or  heads  full  of 

grain.  Denham. 
FlJLL'-E5'jED,  (-Ide,)  a.    Having  large,  prominent 

eyes. 

FULL'-FaC'£D,  (-faste,)  a.  Having  a  broad  face. 
FULL'-FED',  a.  Fed  to  fullness  ;  plump  with  fat. 
FULL'-FLESH'JED,  (-flesbt,)  u.    Having  full  flesh  ; 

corpulent.  Lamb. 
FULL'-FORM'/SD,  a.  Having  full  form.  Coleridire. 
FjjLL'-FRAUGHT',  (-frawt,)  a.    Laden  or  stored  to 

fullness.  Shak. 
FULL'-GORG'£D,  a.    Over  fed  ;  o  term  ofhawkiniT. 

Shak. 

FULL'-GRoWN',  a.    Grown  to  full  size.  Milton. 
FULL'-HEaRT'ED,  (-hirt'ed,)  a.    Full  of  courage  or 

confidence.  Shak. 
FIJLL'-UOT',  a.    Heated  to  the  utmost.  S/iak. 

2.  Ciuite  as  hot  as  it  ought  to  be. 
FULL'-La'D/:N,  a.    Laden  to  the  full. 
FULL'-MAN'N£D,  a.    Completely  furnished  with 

men. 

FULL'-M0UTH'£D,  a.  Having  a  full  or  strong  voice. 

FULL'-ORli'£D,  a.  Having  the  orb  complete  or  fully 
illuminated,  as  the  moon ;  like  the  full  moon. 

Addison.  Mason. 

FIJLL'-SPREAD',  (-spred,)  a.  Extended  to  the  ut- 
most. Dryden. 

FULL'-STOM'AeiI-£D,  (-stum'akt,)  a.  Having  the 
stomach  craminetl. 

FyLL'-STUFF'£D,  (-stufX,)  a.  Filled  to  the  utmost 
extent.  Drayton. 

FULL'-SUiM'MfD,  a.    Complete  in  all  its  parts. 

Howell. 

FyLL'-WING'£D,  a.    Having  complete  wings,  or 
large,  strong  wings.  Shak. 
2.  Ready  for  flight ;  eager.  Beaum. 

FULL'.\GE,  11.    Money  paid  for  fulling  cloth. 

FULL'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Cleansed ;  thickened  ;  made 
dense  and  firm  in  a  mill. 

FULL'EK,  71.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  full  cloth. 

FCLL'EK'S-EARTII,  (-erth,)  ji.  A  variety  of  clay, 
compact,  but  friable,  unctuous  to  the  touch,  and  of 
various  colors,  usually  with  a  shade  of  green.  It  is 
useful  in  scouring  and  cleansing  cloth,  as  it  imbibes 
the  grease  and  oil  used  in  preparing  wool. 

Cleaveland.  Encyc. 

FULL'ER'S-THIS'TLE,  (-1,)  ( 71.    Teasel,  a  plant  of 

FULL'ER'S-WEED,  i    the  genus  Dipsacus. 

The  burs  are  used  in  dressing  cloth. 

FIJLL'ER-Y,  71.  'I'he  place  or  the  works  where  the 
fulling  of  cloth  is  carried  on. 

FULL'ING,  ;)7>r.  Thickening  cloth  in  a  mill ;  making 
compact. 

FljLL'ING,  71.  The  art  or  practice  of  thickening 
cloth  and  making  it  compact  and  firm  in  a  mill,  at 
the  same  time  the  cloth  is  cleansed  of  oily  matter. 

FULL'LN'G-MILL,  71.  A  mill  for  fulling  cloth  by 
means  of  pestles  or  stampers,  which  beat  and  press  it 
to  a  close  or  compact  state  and  cleanse  it. 

FULL'NESS,  n.  [from  full.]  The  state  of  being 
filled,  so  as  to  leave  no  part  vacant. 

2.  The  state  of  abounding  or  being  in  great  plenty ; 
abundance. 

3.  Completeness  ;  the  state  of  a  thing  in  which 
nothing  is  wanted  ;  perfection. 

In  thv  rresence  is  fuUnegt  of  joy.  —  Ps.  xvi. 

4.  Repletioti ;  satiety  ;  as  from  intemperance. 

'/'aijlor. 

5.  Repletion  of  vessels  ;  as,  fullness  of  blootl. 

0.  Plenty  ;  wealth  ;  aflluence.  Shak. 

7.  Struggling  perturbation  ;  swelling  ;  as,  the  fuU- 

8.  Largeness  ;  extent.  [ness  of  the  heart 
*  tre  wanted  the  fullitett  of  a  plot,  and  variety  of  chanicl'-ni,  to 

form  it  as  it  ought.  Uryilen. 

9.  Loudness  ;  force  of  sound,  such  as  fills  the  ear. 

Pope. 

FIJL'LY,  a</ii.  Completely;  entirely;  without  lack 
or  defect ;  in  a  manner  to  give  satisfaction  ;  to  llio 
extent  desired  ;  as,  to  he  fully  persuaded  of  the  truth 
of  a  proposition. 

2.  Completely;  perfictly.  Things  partially  known 
in  this  life  will  be  hereafter  /"ii%  di.sclosed. 

Fully  committed ;  in  law,  committiHl  to  prison  for 
trial,  in  dislinrtion  from  being  previously  detained 
for  exauiination. 

FUI/MAU,  o.  A  sea  fowl,  the  Proceltaria  fflar  ra/i»  of 
LinnieuH,  \\  liirh,  like  the  other  petrels,  possesses  th« 
singular  fanilly  of  spouting  from  its  bill  a  quantity 
of  pure  oil  against  its  adversary.    It  is  an  inhabitant 


FilE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi>T.  — METE,  PttBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQyiC  — 

—  ■ 


FUM 


FUN 


FUN 


of  northern,  ospecially  polar  n^fiiona,  anil  feeds  on 
the  (lesh  and  blubbi^r  of  di;ad  wiialos  and  suals,  or 
other  otfal.  U  is  vahicd  for  its  dinvn,  feathers,  and 
oil.  P.  Ci/c.  Partintrton 

2.  The  foiilcniart  or  fiilimart.    [See  Foumaht.] 
FUL'MI-NAiN'l",  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  fulminans.] 

TImndering. 

FUI/.MI-NaTKjIi.  i.  [L.  fiilmiiw,  from  /H/mcn,  thun- 
der, from  a  root  in  III,  which  signifies  to  tlirow  or  to 
bnrst  forth.] 

1.  To  liuindcr.  navies. 

2.  To  make  a  loud,  sudden  noise,  or  a  sudden, 
sharp  crack  ;  to  detonate ;  us,fulmiiiiUiii!r  gold  Bmjle. 

\i.  To  issue  forth  ecclesiastical  censures,  as  if  with 
the  force  of  a  thunderbolt.  Herbert. 

FUL'.MI-\.\TE,  I). «.   To  utter  or  send  out,  as  a  de- 
nunciation or  censure  ;  to  send  out,  as  a  menace  or 
censure  by  ecclesiastical  authority.  fVurlnirton. 
2.  To  cause  to  e-Xplode.  SpnU. 

FUL'MI-NATE,  «.  A  compound  of  fuhninic  acid 
witii  a  base  ;  as,  fulminate  of  mercury  ;  fulminate  of 
silver  ;  often  called  fulminating;  mercury  and  silver. 
These  compounds  detonate  or  explode  by  ptTcussion, 
friction,  or  heat.  Fulminate  of  mercury  is  much  used 
in  percussion  raps. 

FUl/MI-NA-TIMJ,  ppr.  or  a.  Thundering;  crack- 
linf<;  explodint: ;  delonatin;;. 

2.  Hurling  papal  denunciations,  menaces,  or  cen- 
sures. 

Fulminating  potnlcr  ;  a  detonating  compound  of  sul- 
phur, carbonate  of  potash,  and  niter.  [See  the  noun 

Fl'LMlNATE.J 

FU1.-MI  NA'TION,  n.    A  thundering. 

2.  Denunciation  of  censure  or  threats,  as  by  papal 
authority. 

Tlie  fulmtruUions  TriHii  the  Vatican  were  ttiriirU  Into  riilicnle. 

Aylije. 

2.  The  explosion  of  certain  chemical  |irepurations  ; 
dettuiatitm.  Encyc. 
Fl'I/.MI-NA-TO-RY,  a.   Thundering;  striking  terror. 
Fin. 'MINE,  I-.  I.    Tothuniler.       Sprnner.  Milton. 
FUL'.MI.N'E,  r.  t.   To  shoot ;  to  dart  like  lightning. 
FUI.-.Ml\'ie,  rt.    Fuhninic  acid,  in  chemistry,  is  an 
exjilosive  aciti  composed  of  cyanogen  anil  o.xygen. 


[t^ee  Ft.'LMI.VATE,  H.l 

FUL'-^OME,  a.    [Sax. /«/,  I 


foul,  or  full.] 
Rank  ;  gross ;  disgusting  ;  nauseous.  Formerly, 
the  word  was  applied  to  things  which  disgust  tlie 
senses  ;  as,  a  fulsome  cotfin,  a  fulsome  smell,  and 
hence  to  things  lustful  or  obscene  ;  i\s,  fuUiome  ewes, 
a  fuLtome  epigram.  In  present  usaire,  the  term  is  usual- 
ly conlineit  to  that  which  disgii.sts  by  excess  orgross- 
ness  ;  as,  fulsome  tiattery,  a  fulsome  complinuint,  a 
fuhume  artifice.  Coirprr. 

It  seems,  then,  that  full  and  foul-are  radictilly  the 
same  word,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  stulfed, 
crowtleil,  from  the  sense  Of  putting  on,  or  in.  In 
present  usurre,  tilt;  ciunpotiud  fulsome  takes  its  signifi- 
cation from  /(^/,  in  the  .sense  of  cloying  or  satiating  ; 
anil  in  former  usa^e,  fulsome  takes  iLs  jiredominant 
sense  frtuu  foulness. 
FUL'SO.ME-IA',  at/ii.  Kankly  ;  nauseously. 
FUL'SO.ME-NESS,  ju  Nauseousness ;  ollensive  gross- 

ness.  Kngland. 
FUL'VID,  a.   See  Fulvous,  which  is  generally  used. 
FUL'VOUS,  a.    [L.  fulvus.] 

Tawny ;  dull  yellow,  with  a  mixture  of  gray  and 
brown.  Lindley. 
FU-.M.A'DO,  71.    ri..  famus,  smoke.] 

A  smoked  fish.  Came. 
F0'.M.\GE,  n.    [L.  fumas.]    Ilcarth-monev.  Diet. 
FO'.M.\-TO-11Y,  n.   [L.  fumaria  herba ;  i't.  fumetcrre ; 
iVom  fumusy  smoke.]  [xttRT. 
A  plant  of  the  genus  fumaria  ;  also  written  Fi'sii- 
FU.M'BI.E,  r.  i.     [U.  fommtlen  ;  \hin.  famler ;  Sw. 
famla,  properly,  to  slop,  slammer,  falter,  hesitate,  lo 
feel  aloiis,  to  gri>|H-.] 

1.  T6  feel  or  grope  about;  to  attempt  awkwardly. 

Cutlaorlh. 

2.  To  grope  about  in  perplexity  ;  to  seek  awkward- 
ly; as,  to  fumble  lor  an  excuse.  Uryilen. 

3.  To  handle  iiiwch  ;  to  play  childishly  ;  to  turn 
over  and  over. 

I  Kiw  hiin/u/n6/c  Willi  tli.*  stiectj,  and  play  witli  flowers.  StuJt. 

FUM'BLE,  r.  (.  To  manage  awkwardly ;  to  crowd  or 
tumble  together.  SAait. 

FUM'BLEK,  n.  One  who  gropes  or  manages  awk- 
wardly. 

FUM'HLIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Groping;  managing  awk- 
wardly. 

FI'M'ULlNG-LY,  a</p.    In  an  awkward  manner. 
FCME,  n.    [L.  fumus,  Fr.  fumie,  smoke.] 

1.  Smoke  ;  vapor  from  combustion,  as  from  burn- 
ing wood  or  tobacco.  Bacon. 

2.  Vapor;  volatile  matter  ascending  in  a  dense 
°°^y-  Woodicard. 

3.  Exhalation  from  the  stomach ;  as,  the  fumes  of 
"'"<■•  Dniden. 

4.  Rage  ;  heat ;  as,  the  fumes  of  passion.  South. 

5.  .^ny  thine  unsubstantial  or  fleeting.  Shak. 
T-is.^V,''""  =  "ain  imagination.  Bacon. 
FCMF,  r.  1.    [L./m«o,  Fr. /uiiwr,  Sp. /wnar,  \l.  fit- 
mare,  to  smoke.] 


1.  To  smoke  ;  to  throw  off  Viipor,  as  in  coiiihiis- 
tiun. 

Where  the  f^ohlen  altar /umfi.  Alillon. 

2.  To  yield  vapor  or  visible  exhalations. 

Sili'iiiin  Uv, 

Whose  conatant  ciipi  lay  fuming  tu  liis  bnun.  lioteommon. 

3.  To  pass  off  in  vapors. 

'I'lK'ir  piirta  ure  Itf'pl  intiti  faming  away  l»y  tlicir  fixity.  Chryne. 

4.  To  be  in  a  rtige ;  to  he  hot  with  anger. 

He  firta,  he  /timet,  \w  Btareii,  he  stampa  the  frr^uiid.  Dryden. 
FuME,  V.  t.   To  smoke  ;  to  dry  in  smoke  Carew. 

2.  To  perfume. 

She  fumtfl  tlic  temple  with  an  odoroua  flame.  Dryden. 

3.  To  disperse  or  drive  away  in  vapors. 

The  lieat  will  fume  away  most  of  the  scent.  Mortimer. 

FOM'ED,  pp.    Smoked  ;  dried  in  smoke. 
FU.ME'LESS,  a.    Free  from  fumes. 
FO'MET,  II.    The  dung  of  deer.  B.  Jonson. 

FIJ-METTE',  «.  [Kr.]  Tt*  stench  of  tainted  meat. 
FU'iMID,  a.    [I,,  fumidus.]  \Swifl. 

Smoky  ;  vaporous.  Brown. 
FIJ-MII)'I-TY,  n.  Smokiness. 
FU-.MIF'ER-()I,'S,  a.    Producing  smoke. 
l'U-.MIF'i;-(5lST,  >i.    [L.  fumus  and  furro.] 

lie  or  that  which  drives  away  smoke  or  fumes. 
FO'MI-GAN  I',  a.  Fuming. 

FO'.MI-G.^TE,  c.  t.  \h.fumigo;  Ft.  fumiger ;  Uom 
futniLs,  smoke.] 

1.  To  smoke  ;  to  perfume.  Dryden. 

2.  To  a|)ply  smoke  to  ;  to  expose  to  smoke  or  gas  ; 
as,  in  chemistry,  or  in  niediciiie,  by  inhaling  it,  or  in 
cU  ansin!;  iiifecteif  apartments,  clothing,  &c. 

FO'.MI-C;.\-TEI), /);).    Smoked;  exposed  to  smoke. 
Ft)'iMI-G.^-TI.\(;,  p/ir.    Smoking;  aiiplying smoke  to. 
F0-.M1-GA'TIO.\,  «.    [I,,  fumigatio.] 

1.  The  .act  of  smoking  or  applying  .smoke  or  gas, 
as  in  chemistry  for  softening  a  metal,  or  in  the  heal- 
ing art  by  inhaling  the  smoke  of  certain  substances. 
Expectoration  is  often  assisted,  and  sometimes  ulcers 
of  the  lungs  healetl,  by /uwiio-afion.  Fumigation  is 
al.soused  in  cleansing  infecteil  rooms,  clothing,  &c. 

2.  Vapors  J  scent  raiseil  by  fire. 
Fu'MI-G.\-TO-RY,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  cleans- 
Fr.M'I-LY,  adv.    Sniokily.  [ing  by  smoke. 
FO.M'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Smoking;  emitting  vapors; 

raging  ;  fretting. 
FU.M'IXG-LY,  a(/o.    Angrily  ;  in  a  rage.  Hooker. 
FO.M'ISH,  a.    Smoky  ;  liot ;  choleric.    [Uttlc  used.] 
re'MI-TER,  n.    A  plant.    [See  FuMiTonv.] 
FO'MI-TO-RY,  71.    A  genus  of  plants,  Fumaria.  The 
leaves  of  the  Fremaria  officinalis,  or  common  fumito- 
ry, are  of  a  bitter  taste,  and  are  sometimes  used  in 
disorders  of  the  skin.  Forsyth. 

FOM'v'^^'  i     ''«>'^"<='"e  f"n>« ;     of  v»pof- 

From  ilice  and  wine  the  youth  retired  to  rest, 

And  pulled  the /umy  gotl  from  out  bis  breoJU  DryrUn. 

FUX,  n.    [G.  MKiTie.] 

Sport ;  vulgar  merriment.   A  low  word.    [ftu.  Eth. 

(J)^P  Irani,  to  play.] 

FU-.NA.M'BU-I-aTE,  r.  t.    To  wa.Tt  on  a  rope. 

FU-NA.M'IiU-LA-Tl.NG.  ppr.    \Valking  on  a  rope. 

FU-N.VM'Bl'-LA-TO-RV,  a.  Performing  like  a  rope- 
dancer  ;  narrow,  like  the  walk  of  a  roiie-dancer. 

Brown,  Chambers. 

FU-NAM'BU-LIST,  n.  [L.  funis,  rope,  and  ambulo,  to 
walk.] 

.\  rope-walker  or  dancer. 

FU-NA.M'BIJ-I,0,     (ii.    [U  funambulua]     A  ropc- 

FU-NA.M'BU-LUS    (     d.ancer.  Bacon. 

FUNCTION,  II.  [ L./iinctio,  from  /u«?or,  to  perform.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  iloiiig,  executing,  or  per- 
forming of  any  thing  ;  discharge;  performance;  as, 
the  function  of  a  calling  or  otlice.    .More  generally, 

2.  Office  or  employment,  or  any  duty  or  business 
belonging  to  a  particular  station  or  character,  or  re- 
quired of  a  person  in  that  station  or  character.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the  functions  of  a  chancellor,  judge,  or 
bishop ;  the  functions  tif  a  parent  or  guardian. 

3.  Trade  ;  occupation.    [Less  proper.] 

4.  The  office  of  any  particular  part  of  animal  bod- 
ies ;  the  peculiar  or  appropriate  action  of  a  member 
or  part  of  the  hotly,  by  which  the  animal  economv  is 
carried  on.  Thus  we  speak  of  the /uiictioiis  of  the 
brain  and  nerves,  of  the  heart,  of  the  liver,  of  the 
muscles,  &c. 

5.  Power;  faculty,  animal  or  intellectual. 

At  the  miiHl  opens,  and  iu/unen'ons  apread.  Pope. 

6.  Thcaiu'inai  pt  vegrtnhle functions  nrc,  the  motionn, 
operations,  or  acts,  which  the  organs,  or  system  of 
organs,  are  fitted  by  nature  to  perform  ;  the  proper 
action  of  the  mechanism.  Diet,  ofj^'at.  HLH. 

7.  In  mathematics,  the  function  of  a  vaHable  quan- 
tity, is  any  .-ilgi  braic  expression  into  which  that  quan- 
tity enters.  A  quantity  is  said  to  be  a  function  of  two 
or  more  variable  qii.antities,  when  its  value  depends 
on  them,  and  on  other  quantities  having  invariable 
values.  Cyc.  Bariaw. 

FU.NCTION-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  functions ;  per- 


formed by  the  functions  ;  as,  n  functional  irregulari- 
tv.    (.*ee  FfNCTiiiN.] 

FUNC'TION-AL-LV,  adv  By  means  of  the  func- 
tions, hnorence,  LrcU 

FUNC'TION-A-RY,  n.  One  who  hidds  an  office  or 
trust;  as,  a  public  functionary;  secular  functionaries. 

Wahh. 

FUA'C'TUS  O/i'-F/" CAO,  (-of-fish'c-o,)  [I,.]  Hav- 
ing gone  through  with  an  office  or  duly  ;  out  of  of- 
fice. 

FUND,  n.  [Fr. /«ni/,'  f^p.  fondo,  funda  ;  Ij.  fundus, 
ground,  bottom,  foiind.ition  ;  connected  with  L.  f un- 
do, to  found,  the  sense  of  which  is  to  throw  down,  to 
set,  to  lay  ;  Ir.  ban,  or  bun,  bottom  ;   Ileb.  C'ii.  Syr. 

7133,  Ar.  IJL»  bona,  to  build.  Class  Bn,  No.  7.  The 
L.  funda,  a  sling,  a  casting^ct  or  purse.  It.  fonda,  is 
from  the  same  sourri!.] 

1.  A  stock  or  capital ;  a  sum  of  money  appropria- 
ted .as  the  fouiiilation  of  some  commercial  or  other 
operation,  undertaken  with  a  view  to  profit,  and  by 
means  of  which  expenses  and  credit  are  supported. 
Thus  the  capital  stock  of  a  banking  institution  is 
called  its  fund;  the  joint  stock  of  a  commercial  or 
maniifiicturing  house  constitutes  its  fund  or  funds  ; 
and  hence  the  word  is  applied  to  the  money  which 
an  individual  may  possess,  or  the  means  he  can  em- 
ploy for  carrying  on  any  enterprise  or  operation.  No 
prudent  man  undertakes  an  expensive  business 
without  funds. 

2.  Money  lent  to  government,  constituting  a  na- 
tional debt  ;  or  the  stock  of  a  national  debt.  Thus 
we  say,  a  man  is  interested  in  the  funds,  or  public 
funds,  when  he  owns  the  stock,  or  the  evidences  of 
the  public  debt ;  and  the  funds  are  said  to  rise  or 
fitll,  when  a  given  amount  of  that  debt  sells  for  more 
or  less  in  the  market. 

3.  Money  or  income  destined  to  the  payment  of 
the  interest  of  a  debt. 

4.  A  sinking  fund  is  a  sum  of  money  appropriated 
to  the  purch.i.se  of  the  public  slocks,  or  the  payment 
of  the  public  ilebt. 

5.  Money  whose  income  is  set  apart  for  the  support 
of  some  perinaneiit  object. 

C.  A  stock  or  capital  to  afford  supplies  of  any 
kind  ;  as,  a  fund  of  wisdom  or  good  sense  ;  a  fund 
of  wit.  Hence, 

7.  Abundance  ;  ample  stock  or  store. 
FUND,  V.  t.  To  provide  and  appropriate  a  fund  or 
permanent  revenue  for  Ihe  payment  of  the  interest 
of  ;  to  make  permanent  provision  of  resources  for 
discharging  the  annual  interest  of;  as,  to  fund  ex- 
chequer bills  or  government  notes  ;  to  fund  a  na- 
tional debt.  Bolingbroke.  Hamilton. 

2.  To  place  money  in  a  fund. 
FUND'-HoLD-ER,  n.    One  who  has  property  in  the 
funds. 

FUN'D.V-MENT,  n.  [L.  fundamcntmn,  from  fundo, 
to  set.] 

1.  1  he  seat ;  the  lower  part  of  the  body,  or  of  the 
inte.-itinum  rectum.  Hume. 

2.  Foundation.    [JV'oi  ?ii  use.]  Chaucer. 
FUN-D.VME.N'T'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  foundation 

or  basis;  serving  for  the  fiiuud.ation.  Hence,  es- 
sential ;  important ;  as,  Ji  fundamental  truth  or  prin- 
ciple ;  ,1  fundamental  law  ;  a  fundamental  sound  or 
chord  in  music. 

Fundamental  base ;  that  part,  in  musical  harmony, 
which  sustains  the  chord  ;  in  the  natural  position  of 
the  chord,  the  lowest  part. 

FlIN-DA  MENT'.M.,  n.  A  leading  or  primary  princi- 
ple, rule,  law,  or  article,  which  serves  as  the  ground- 
work of  a  system  ;  essential  part ;  as,  the  fundamen- 
taU  of  the  OhrLstian  faith. 

FUN-DA-MENT'AL-LY,  adi:  Primarily  ;  originally  ; 
essentially  ;  at  the  foundation.  All  jiower  is  funda- 
mrntallu  in  the  citizens  of  a  state. 

FUND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  funds  for  regu- 
lar payment  of  the  interest  of;  as,  funded  debt. 

FU.VD'ING,  ppr.  Providing  funds  for  the  payment  of 
Hie  interest  of. 

Funding  system  :  a  scheme  of  finance  or  revenue 
by  which  provision  is  made  for  paying  annual  inter- 
est on  a  public  debt. 

Fr.N  D'LESS,  a.   Destitute  of  funds. 

?[J:i;!l![{:;^{^s,i-  i^-f^cons.] 

Pertaining  to  funerals.  Brown. 
FO'NER-AI,,  11.    [It.  funerale  ;  Fr.  funrraillcs  ;  from 
L.  funus,  from  funale,  a  cord,  a  torch,  from  funis,  a 
ro[io  or  chord,  as  torches  were  matle  of  cords,  and 
were  used  in  burials  among  the  Romans.] 

1.  Burial ;  the  ceremony  of  burying  a  dead  human 
boily  ;  the  solemnization  of  interment ;  obsequies. 

2.  The  procession  of  petwns  attending  the  burial 
of  the  dead.  Pope. 

3.  Burial ;  interment.  Denham. 
FO'NER-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  burial ;  used  at  the  in- 
terment of  the  dead  ;  as,  funeral  rites,  honors,  or 
ceremonies  ;  a  funeral  torch  ;  funeral  fea-sl  or  games  ; 
funeral  Oration.  F.neye.  Dryden. 

FU-NER-A'TION,  n.  Solemnization  of  a  funeral. 
[.Vof  U3e4.]  I 


TOPTE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  ns  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


4ir 


FUR 


FUR 


FUR 


FU-N'E'IIE-AL,  a.    Suiting  a  funeral;  pertaining  to 
burial.  SItalc. 
2.  Dark  ;  dismal ;  mournful.  Taylor. 

FU-Nk'KE-AL-LY,  a(/i-.    Uismallv  ;  mournfully. 

FU-NEST',  a.    Lamentable.  used.] 

FUN"G.\TE,  71.  [from  fungus.]  A  compound  of 
funpic  acid  and  a  base.  Coze. 

FUNGE,  n.  [h.  faiigtis.]  A  blockhead;  a  dolt;  a 
fool.  Burton. 

FUi\'l51-A,  n.  A  genus  of  corals.  The  species  of 
coral  have  much  resemblance  in  form  to  a  mushroom. 
They  are  circular  or  elliptical,  and  some  of  them 
eighteen  inches  in  diameter.  Dana, 

FUN'Gie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  mush- 
rooms ;  as,  fiiniric  acid. 

FUN^GI-FORM,  a.  [fungus  and  form.]  In  viincralo- 
^y,  having  a  termination  similar  to  the  head  of  a 
tungus.  •  Philips. 

FUN'GIN,  71.  The  fleshy  part  of  mushrooms,  now 
considered  as  a  peculiar  vegetable  principle.  Cuie. 

FUN'GITE,  71.  [from  funa-ui:.]  A  kind  of  fossil  coral. 

FUN-GIV'OR-OUS,  a.    [L.  fungus  and  voru.] 

Feeding  on  mushrooms.  Kirhj. 

FUN"GOID,  a.  Having  the  appearance  of  a  mush- 
room. 

FUN"GOS'I-TY,  n.    Soft  excrescence. 

FUN"GOUS,  a.  [See  Fungus.]  Like  fungus  or  a 
mushroom  ;  excrescent ;  spongy  ;  soft. 

2.  Growing  suddenly  ;  but  not  substantial  or  dura- 
ble. Harris. 

FUN"GUS,  71. ;  pi.  Firn'o!  or  Fun"gus-e9.  [L.]  A  term 
applied  by  botanists  to  a  large  natural  order  of  plants 
of  a  peculiar  organization  and  manner  of  growth, 
comprehending  mushrooms,  to:idstools,  the  micro- 
scopic plants  which  form  mold,  mildew,  smut,  &.c. 
The  Fungi  constitute  one  division  of  the  Linneean 
class  Crijptogamia.  The  word  is  also  applied  to  ex- 
crescences on  plants.  P.  Cyc.  Encyc. 

2.  A  spongy  excrescence  in  animal  bodies,  as  proud 
flesh  formed  in  wounds.  Coxe. 

The  term  is  particularly  applied  to  any  morbid  ex- 
crescence, whether  in  wounds  or  arising  spontane- 
ously. Cyc.  Cooper. 

FU'XI-eLE,  71.    [X..  funirulus,  dim.  of  funis,  a  cord.] 
A  small  cord  ;  a  small  liiature  ;  a  fiber,  juhnson. 

FU-Nie'U-L.\R,  o.  Consisting  of  a  small  cord  or 
fiber. 

FUNK,  71.  [(iu.  Ann.  fancq,  Ft.  fangc,  mud,  mire, 
matter.] 

An  olfensive  smell.  [Vulgar.] 
FUNK,  V.  t.    To  envelop  with  an  offensive  smell. 

King. 

FUNK,  ».  i.    To  stink  through  fear.  [Vulgar.] 

Epigram  on  J.  Burton. 

FUN'NEL,  n.  [W.fyncl,  an  air-hole,  funnel,  or  chim- 
ney, from  fmi,  breath,  source,  connected  with  fount, 
which  see. 

1.  A  passage  or  avenue  for  a  fluid  or  flowing  sub- 
stance, particularly  the  shad  or  hollow  channel  of  a 
chimney,  thrcugh  which  smoke  ascends. 

9.  A  vessel  for  conveying  fluids  into  close  vessels; 
a  kind  of  inverted  hollow  cone  with  a  i)ipe ;  a  tun- 
nel. Jiay. 
FUN'NEL-FORM,       )a.    Having  the  form  of  a  fun- 
FUN'NEL-SHAP-iJD,  (    nel,  or  inverted  hollow  cone. 

Farn.  of  Plants. 
FUN'NY,  a.    [from  fuii.]    Droll ;  comical. 
FUN'NY,  )i.    A  light  boat. 

FUR,  71.  [Fr.  fjurrurr,  from  fourrtr,  to  put  on,  to 
thrust  in,  to  stulf ;  fc^p.  oforrar  ;  Arm.  feura.  'I'he 
sense  seems  to  be,  to  stuff",  to  make  thick,  or  to 
put  on  and  thus  make  thick.  In  Welsh,  fer  is 
dense,  solid.] 

\.  The  short,  fine,  soft  hair  of  certain  animals, 
growing  thick  on  the  skin,  and  distinguished  from 
the  hair,  which  is  longer  and  coarser.  Fur  is  one  of 
the  most  perfect  non-conductors  of  heat,  and  serves 
to  keep  animals  warm  in  cold  climates. 

2.  The  skins  of  certain  wild  animals  with  the  fur  ; 
peltry ;  as,  a  cargo  of  furs. 

3.  Strips  of  skins  with  fur,  used  on  garments  for 
lining  or  for  ornament.  Garments  are  lined  or  faced 
with  fur. 

4.  ilair  in  general  ;  a  loose  application  of  the  word. 

5.  A  coat  of  morbid  matter  collected  on  the  tongue 
in  persons  aflected  with  fever. 

fi.  A  coat  or  crui-t  formed  on  the  interior  of  vessels 

by  matter  deposited  by  hard  water. 
FUR,  a.    I'ertaining  to  or  made  of  fur. 
FUR,  B.  (.    To  line,  face,  or  cover  with  fur  ;  as,  a  furred 

robe. 

2.  To  cover  with  morbid  matter,  as  the  tongue. 

3.  In  archilccturr,  to  nail  small  strips  of  board  on 
joiHt.-*,  rafters,  &c.,  in  order  to  make  a  level  surface 
for  lathing,  boanling,  Alc.  (Iwill. 

FUR'-VVR(jU(;11T,  (fur'rawl,)  a.    M.ade  of  fur.  (lay. 
Fi;-RA'(JIOi;s,  o.    [L.  /i/7-«/,  from  furor,  to  steal.] 
Given  to  theft ;  inclined  to  steal ;  thievish.  [Little 
uitrd.] 

FU-RAC'I-TV,  71.    ThieviKhni  ss.    [LilUe  used.] 
FUR'lll>I.nVV,  71.    [  Fr.  It.  and  tip.  fulbala.] 

A  piece  of  utiiff  plaited  and  puckered,  on  n  gown 
or  petticoat ;  a  flounce  ;  the  plaited  border  of  a  petti- 
coat or  gown. 


FUR'BE-LoW,  V.  t.    To  put  a  furbelow  on  ;  to  fur- 
nish with  an  ornamental  appendage  of  dress.  Prior, 
FUR'RE-LoVV-£D,  pp.    Furnished  with  a  furbelow. 
FUR'BE-LoW-ING,  ppr.    Adorning  with  a  furbelow. 
FUR'BISH,  V.  t.    [It.  forbire  ;  Fr.  fourbir.] 

To  rub  or  scour  to  brightness  ;  to  polish  ;  to  bur- 
nish ;  as,  to  furbish  a  sword  or  spear  ;  to  furbish  arms. 
FUR'BISH-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  furbished. 

Sherwood. 

FUR'BISH-£D,  (fur'hisht,)       Scoured  to  brightness  ; 

polished  ;  burnished. 
FUR'BI.SII-ER,  71.    One  who  polishes  or  makes  bright 

by  rubbing;  one  who  cleans. 
FUR'BISH-ING,  p/jr.    Rubbing  to  brightness  ;  polish- 
FUR'CATE,     )         rr  „  c  i,  i  [""g- 

FUR'€A-TED,i  "■    [L-/'"-">afork.]  L 

Forked  ;  branching  like  the  prongs  of  a  fork. 

Lee,  Botany. 

FUR-€.5'TION,  71.   A  forking;  a  branching  like  the 

lines  of  a  fork.  Brown. 
FUR'DLE,  f.  (.    [Tr.fardeau,  a  bundle.] 

To  draw  up  into  a  bundle.    [A'ot  used.]  Brown. 
FUR'FUR,H.  [L.]    Dandruff;  scurf;  scales  like  bran. 
FUR-FU-Ra'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  furfuraceus.] 

Scaly  :  branny  ;  scurfy;  like  bran. 
Fu'RI-OUS,  a.    \li.furiosus  ;  It.  furioso  ;  Fr.  furieui. 
See  Fury.] 

1.  Rushing  with  impetuosity  ;  moving  with  vio- 
lence ;  as,  a  furious  stream  ;  a  furious  wind  or  storm. 

2.  Raging;  violent;  transported  with  passion  ;  as, 
a  furious  animal. 

3.  .Mad  ;  phrenetic  ;  frantic. 
Fu'RI-OUS-LY,  adi:     With   impetuous  motion  or 

agitation  ;  violently  ;  vehemently  ;  as,  to  run  furi- 
ously ;  to  attack  one  furiuushj, 
Fu'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.    Impetuous  motion  or  rushing  ; 

2.  Madness  ;  phrensy  ;  rage.       [violent  agitation. 
FURL,  V.  t.    [Fr.  fi-rler;  Arm.  farlea  :  Sp.  aferrar,  to 
grapple,  to  seize,  to  furl ;  Port. /crrar.] 

To  draw  up;  to  wrap  or  roll  a  sail  close  to  the 
yard,  stay,  or  mast,  and  fasten  it  by  a  gasket  or  cord. 

Jllar.  Dirt. 

FURL'JoD,  pp.  or  a.  Wrapped  and  fastened  to  a 
yard,  &c. 

FUKL'ING,  jrpr.  Wrapping  or  rolling  and  fastening 
to  a  yard,  &c. 

FUR'LONG,  H.  [Sax.  furlang ;  far  or  fur,  and  long, 
or  furh,  a  furrow,  the  length  of  a  furrow.] 

A  measure  of  length  ;  the  eighth  part  of  a  mile; 
fortv  roils,  poles,  or  perches. 

FUR'LoUGH,  (fur'lo,)  71.  [D.  verlof;  G.  urlaub  :  Dan. 
Dun.  forlov  or  orlov  i  Sw.  orlof ;  compounded  of  the 
root  of  fare,  to  go,  and  leave,  permission.  (See  Fare 
and  Leave.)  The  common  orthography, /iir/oiin'/i,  is 
corrupt,  as  the  last  syllable  exhibits  false  radical  con- 
sonants.   The  true  orthography  would  be  furloic] 

Leave  of  absence  ;  a  word  used  only  in  military 
affairs.  Leave  or  license  given  by  a  commanding 
officer  to  an  officer  or  soldier  to  be  absent  from  ser- 
vice fiir  a  certain  time. 

FUR'LoUGII,  V.  t.  To  furnish  witli-a  furlough;  to 
grant  leave  of  absence  to  an  officer  or  soldier. 

FUR'LoUGII-£D,  /);;.    Having  a  furlough. 

FUR'.MEN-TY.    See  Frumenty. 

FUR'NACE,  71.  [Fr.fournaise,  fourneau  ;  Jt.foniace; 
Sp.  homo  ;  from  L.  fitrnaj,  furnus,  either  from  burti- 
ing,  or  the  sense  is  an  arch.] 

1.  A  place  where  a  vehement  fire  and  heat  may  be 
made  and  maintained,  for  melting  ores  or  metals, 
&c.  A  furnace  for  casting  cannon  and  other  large 
operations  is  inclosed  with  walls,  through  which  a 
current  of  air  is  blown  from  a  large  bellows. 

2.  A  smaller  ajiparatus,  in  which  fuel  is  burned  for 
culinary  purposes. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  place  of  cruel  bondage  and  afflic- 
tion.   Deut.  iv. 

4.  Grievous  afflictions  by  which  men  arc  tried. 
Ezck.  xxii. 

."j.  A  iilace  of  temporal  torment.    Dan.  iii. 
6.  Hell  ;  the  place  of  endless  torment.    Mitt.  xiii. 
FUR'NACE,  V.  t.    To  throw  out  sparks  as  a  furnace. 
FUR'NI-MENT,  71.    [Fr. /ui/rnimeiK.]  [Shale. 

Furniture.  [JVot  m  li-vc]  Spenser. 
FUR'NISH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  fuurnir ;  Arm.  fourni^-.a;  It. 
fornirc.  There  is  a  close  affinity,  in  sense  and  ele- 
ments, between  furnish,  garnish,  and  the  L.  orno, 
which  may  have  been  foruo  or  homo.  We  sec  in 
/mWdi/u^A,  above,  the/is  lost  in  three  of  the  languages, 
and  it  may  be  so  in  omo.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
put  on,  or  to  set  on.] 

1.  To  supply  with  any  thing  wanted  or  necessary  ; 
as,  to  furnish  a  family  with  provisions  ;  to  furnish 
arms  f'or  defense;  to  furnish  a  table;  to  furnish  a 
library  ;  to  furnish  one  with  money  or  implements. 

2.  'i'o  supply  ;  to  store  ;  as,  to  furnish  the  mind 
with  ideas  ;  to  furnish  one  with  knowledge  or 
principles. 

3.  To  fit  up;  to  supply  with  the  proper  goods, 
vessels,  or  ornamental  appendages  ;  as,  to  furnish  a 
house  or  a  room. 

4.  To  crpiip  ;  to  fit  for  an  expedition  ;  to  supply. 
FUR'NISII-f.'!),  (furnisht,)  pp.  or  a.    Supplied;  gar- 
nished ;  fitted  with  necessaries. 

FUR'NISH-ER,  71.    One  who  supplies  or  fits  out. 


FUR'NISH-ING,  p/TT.  Supplying;  fitting;  garnishing. 
FUR'NISH-MENT,  71.    A  supply  of  furniture  or  things 
necessary. 

FUR'NI-TURE,  7t.  [Fr.  foumiture  ;  It.  fomimento  ; 
Arm.  fournimand.] 

1.  Goods,  vessels,  utensils,  and  other  appendages 
necessary  or  convenient  for  house-keeping  ;  what- 
ever is  added  to  the  interior  of  a  house  or  apartment, 
for  use  or  convenience  ;  chattels  ;  movables  ;  effects. 

2.  The  necessary  appendages  in  various  employ- 
ments or  arts  ;  as,  the/urviidircof  a  printing  press,  &c. 

3.  Appendages ;  that  which  is  added  for  use  or  or- 
nament ;  as,  the  earth  with  all  its  furniture. 

4.  Equipage;  ornaments;  decorations;  in  a  very 
general  sense. 

5.  In  music,  an  organ  with  mixed  notes,  some- 
times called  mixture. 

FC'ROR,  71.    [L.]    Fuiy  ;  rage. 

FUR'RED,  p;).  or  a.  [See  Fur.]  Lined  or  ornamented 
with  fur;  thickened  by  the  addition  of  strips  of 
board  ;  covered  with  fur. 

FUR'Rl-ER,  71.  A  dealer  in  furs  ;  one  who  makes  or 
sells  muffs,  tippets,  &.c. 

FUR'RI-ER-Y,  71.    Furs  in  general.  Tooke. 

FUR'RING,  ppr.  Lining  or  ornamenting  with  fur  ; 
nailing  on  thin  strips  of  board  to  prepare  for  lath- 
ing, &c. 

FUR'RING,  77.  The  nailing  of  thin  strips  of  board  in 
order  to  level  a  surface  for  lathing,  boarding,  &.c. ; 
the  strips  thus  laid  on. 

FUR'ROW,  71.  [Sax.  fur  or  furh  ;  G.  /i(7-c/ic ;  Dan. 
furre  ;  Sw.fora.    Uu.  Gr.  ciia/jot.),  to  plow.] 

1.  A  trench  in  the  earth  made  by  a  plow. 

2.  A  long,  narrow  trench  or  channel  in  wood  or 
metal ;  a  groove. 

3.  A  hollow  made  by  wrinkles  in  the  face. 
FUR'RoW,  «.  «.    [Sax.  fyrian.] 

1.  To  cut  a  furrow  ;  to  make  furrows  in  ;  to  plow. 

2.  To  make  long,  narrow  channels  or  grooves  in. 

3.  To  cut ;  to  make  channels  in  ;  to  plow ;  as,  to 
furrow  the  deep. 

4.  To  make  hollows  in  by  wrinkles.  Sorrow  fur- 
rows the  brow. 

FUR'RoW-£D,  (fur'rode,)  pp.  or  a.  Marked  with 
furrows. 

FUR'RoW-FaC-£D,  (fur'ro-f aste,)  a.  Having  a 
wrinkled  or  fumiweil  face.  B.  Jonson. 

FUR'RoW-I.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Marking  with  furrows. 

FUR'RoW-WEED,  71.  A  weed  growing  on  plowed 
land.  Shok. 

FUR'RY,  a.  [from /nr.]  Covered  with  fur  ;  dressed 
in  fur. 

2.  Consisting  of  fur  or  skins  ;  as,  furry  spoils. 

Dn/deii. 

FUR'THER,  a.  [Sax.  further,  comparative  of  forth, 
from /cor,  far;  furan, to  go,  to  advance.] 

1.  More  or  most  distant ;  as,  the  /ur(Acr  end  of  the 
field. 

2.  Additional.  We  have  a  further  reason  for  this 
opinion.    We  have  nothing/«r£/ier  to  suggest. 

Wlint /urlher  need  liave  we  of  witnesses  ?  —  MnU.  xxvi, 
FUR'THER,  ado.   To  a  greater  distance.    He  went 
further. 

FUR'THER,  i\  t.  [Sax.  fyrthrian  ;  G.  fordcm  ;  D. 
vorderen  ;  Sw.  hrfordra;  \)ax\.  befnrdrer,] 

To  hel|)  forward  ;  to  promote  ;  to  advance  onward ; 
to  forward  ;  hence,  to  help  or  assist. 

Tliis  I)ind3  tlieo  llien  lo  J'urther  my  design.  Dryden. 
FUR'THER-ANCE,  71.   A  helping  forward;  promo- 
tion ;  advancement. 

I  know  th;\t  1  shall  ahiffe  and  continue  wiUi  you  all,  for  your 
furdiirance  and  joy  of  tiilli.  —  Pliil.  i. 

FUR'TMER-£.'D,  pp.    Promoted;  advanced. 
FUR'THER-ER,  11.    One  who  helps  to  advance  ;  a 
pr()moter. 

FUR'TIIEIM.VG,  ;jpr.    Promoting;  advancipg. 

FUR'THER-MoRE,  adiK  Moreover;  besides;  in  ad- 
dition to  what  has  been  .said. 

FUR'TIIER-.MoST,  a.    Most  remote. 

FUR'TIIEST,  a.  sup.  Most  distant,  either  in  time  or 
place. 

FUR'TIIEST,  adn.    At  the  greatest  distance. 

FUR'Tl  VE,  a.  [L.  furtivus  ;  Fr.  furtif;  from  fur,  a 
thief. /iiror,  to  steal'.] 

Stolen  ;  obtained  by  theft.  Prior. 

FUR'TIVE  LY,  arfii.    Stealthily.  Lover. 

FO'RUN-CLE,  (fii'runk-I,)  71.  [1j.  fumnculus  !  Fr. 
furuncle  ;  Sp.  hum  ;  from  L./imVi,  funi.] 

A  superficial,  inflammatory  tumtir,  di>ep  red,  hard, 
circumscribed,  acutely  tender  to  the  touch,  suppura- 
ting with  a  central  core,  commonly  called  a  boil. 

FO'RY,  7t.  [L.  furor,  furia  :  Fr.  furrur,  furie;  Sp. 
furia:  from  L.  furo,  to  rage  ;  W.  fwyraw,  to  drive. 
Class  Br.J 

1.  A  violent  rushing ;  impetuous  motion ;  as,  the 
fury  of  the  winils. 

2.  Rage  ;  a  storm  of  anger  ;  madness  ;  turbulence. 

1  do  oppojie  !ny  imlience  lo  his  fury.  Shak, 

3.  Enthusiasm  ;  hi  lit  of  the  mind.  dryden. 

4.  In  mythology,  a  deity,  a  goddess  of  vofigeiinco; 
hence,  a  siormy,  turbulent,  violent  woman.  Mdison. 

FO'RY-LIKE,  a.    Raging ;  furious  ;  violent.  Thomsm. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — MffiTE,  PRBY.  — PtNE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


488 


G 


GAB 


GAB 


FIJKZE,  II.    [S.ix.  fijrs  :  pioliably  VV./cr:,  tliii  k.] 
Gorse  ;  wliiii  ;  ii  tlioriiy  tverfirreii  sliriib  witli 
beiiiilit'iil  yellow  tlnwers.    It  is  a  cunimuii  inhabit- 
ant of  the  plains  and  hills  of  Great  liritain.    It  is  tlie 
Ulex  KiiropuMis  of  botanists.  P.  Cije. 

FUUZ'Y,  a.    Overgrown  with  furze  ;  full  of  gorse. 

Oay. 

FO'S.A-ROLR,  71.  [II.]  In  architecliire,  a  moldinj 
j-encrally  plaCed  under  the  ccliinus  or  qnarter  round 
of  cuhinins  in  the  Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian 
orders. 

FIJS  e.\'TIOX,  H.    .\darkeninj)!;  obscurity. 
FUS'CITK,  II.    \  iiiinemi  of  a  grayish  or  preenish- 

blark  color,  found  in  .\orway.  l'kitip.i. 
FUrf'COI'S,  a.  [L./iucii.v.] 

Urown  ;  of  a  dark  color.  Raij. 
FCSH,  (fu/.c,)  t\  I.    [Ii./ii/i</<i,  /h.-uiii,  to  pour  out.] 
To  melt  i  to  liquefy  by  heat ;  to  rondi  r  lluid  j  to 
dissolve.  ChrmUtnj. 
FOsr.,  f.  i.    To  be  melted  ;   to  be  reduced  from  o 

siiFId  to  n  fluid  state  by  heat. 
FOSK,  (lu/.e,)  n.    .\  tube  tilled  with  combustible  mat- 
ter used  in  blasting,  or  in  dischargins  a  shell,  (tc. 
PCS'f.'Il,  (fu/.d,)  ;i;i.*)r  11.    :»Ielted  ;  liquefied. 
FlJ-SKK',(fu-/.ce',)n.  [Pr.  fusee,  fn.-iiuii :  It./«.w  ;  Pp. 
huso !  Vort.fiiso  ;  from  L./«s«s,  a  spindle,  CwmfuiuJo, 
fudi^fiuuiiu] 

The  cone  or  conical  part  of  a  watch  or  clock,  round 
which  is  wound  tlie  chain  or  curd. 

Kncyc.  Juhnson. 
FU-S5EE',  H.    [I'r.,  a  scpiib.]    .\  small,  neat  musket  or 
firelock.    Itut  wc  now  use  I'csn.. 

Q.  fWer,  or/iij'r,  of  a  bomb  or  pranade  ;  a  small  pi[)e 
filled  with  combustible  matter  by  which  fire  is  com- 
municati'd  to  the  powder  in  the  bomb  ;  but  as  the 
matter  burns  slowly,  time  is  piven,  before  the  charge 
takes  fire,  for  the  bomb  to  reach  its  destinaliou.  A 
similar  fuse  is  used  in  blasting  rocks,  tS^c. 
X  The  track  of  a  buck. 
FU-SMllL'l-TV,  II.    [Sec  FusinLE.]    The  quality  of 
being  fusible,  or  of  being  convertible  from  a  solid  to  a 
lluid  state  by  heat. 
FO'SI  IiLK,  n.    [I'r.,  from  Ij.fiisiis,  from  fitiiiln.] 

That  may  bo  melted  or  liijueAcd.    Tlic  ciuths  are 
found  to  be  fusible. 

Fusible  melal:  an  alloy  of  eight  parts  of  bismuth, 
five  of  lead,  and  three  of  tin,  which  melts  at  the 
heat  of  boiling  water.  Ure. 
FO'SI-FORM,  u.    [L./i«i«,  a  spindle,  and /«nn.] 
.  Shaped  like  a  spindle  ;  thick,  tapering  at  each  end. 

Lindlpii, 

FO'SIL,  (I.    yPt.fusile  ;  L.  fusitis,  from  fusus,  fin'ilo.] 
1.  Capable  of  being  melted  or  rendered  lluid  by 
heat. 

S.  Running ;  flowing,  as  a  liquid. 

Miltiin.  Philips. 
FO'SIL,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L./iuii.«,/uin/o.] 
1.  A  light  musket  or  firelock. 
12.  A  bearing  in  heraldry  of  a  rhomboidnl  figure, 
named  from  its  shape,  which  resembles  that  of  a 
sinndle.  F.nctie. 
FU-$IL-EER',  n.    ffrom  fusil.\    Properly,  a  soldier 


G 


the  seventh  letter,  and  the  fifth  articulation,  of  the 
J  English  alphabet,  is  derived  to  us,  through  the 
Latin  and  Greek,  from  the  .Assyrian  languages  ;  it 
being  found  in  the  Clmldee,  Syriac,  Hebrew,  Samar- 
itan, Phenicinn,  Kihlopic,  and  Arabic.  In  the  latter 
language,  it  is  called  crtim  or  jim  :  but  in  the  others, 
ffimel,  tromat,  or  ijamnl,  that  is,  cainei,  from  its  shape, 
which  resembles  the  neck  of  that  animal,  at  least  in 
the  Ch.aldee  and  Hebrew.  It  is  the  lliird  letter  in  the 
Chaldee,  Syriac,  Hebrew,  Samaritan,  antK^reek  ;  the 
filth  in  the  .\rabir,  and  the  twentieth  in  the  Ethiop- 
ic.  The  Greek  I",  ifamma,  is  the  Chaldaic  i  inverted. 
The  early  Latins  used  C  for  the  Greek  ^amma,  and 
hence  C  came  to  hold  the  third  place  in  the  order  of 
the  alphabet ;  the  place  which  irimrl  holds  in  the  Ori- 
ental languages.  The  two  letters  are  primarily  p.ala- 
tals,  and  so  nearly  allied  in  sound  that  they  are  easily 
I  convertible  ;  and  they  have  been  reciprocally  ii.sed, 
i  the  one  for  the  other.  liiit  in  the  Assyrian  languages, 
irimtl  had  two  sounds;  one  close,  as  we  pronounce 
the  letter  in  fare,  ^ooil ;  the  other  com|xiund,  as  the 
English  j,  or  as  cA  in  cWr.  In  llie  Arabic,  this  letter 
has  the  sound  of  the  English  j  or  dzh,  and  this  sound 
it  has  in  many  English  words,  as  in  i^enius,  gem, 
!Tm<;er.  It  retains  its  close  sound  in  all  cases  before 
o,  u,  and  u;  but  before  e,  i,  and  i/,  its  sound  is  close 
or  compound,  as  custom  baa  dic't.itcd,  and  its  dilTer- 
ent  sounds  are  not  reducible  to  rules.  It  is  silent  in 
some  words  before  it,  as  in  denial,  ctmdi^r-n,  maliirit, 
campaign  ;  but  it  resumes  iu  sound  in  benignity  and 
malignity.    G  is  mute  b<!fore  n  in  ffnash,  gnate ;  it  is 


armed  with  a  fusil ;  but  in  modern  times,  a  soldier 
armed  like  others  of  the  infantry,  and  di.-'tiiiguislied 
by  wearing  a  cap  like  a  grenadier,  but  somew  hat 

FOS'I.VG,  ;i;ir.  or  a.    Slelting.  [shorter. 

FO'SION,  (lu'zhuii,)  II.  [L.  fusio;  Fr.  fusion;  from 
L. /itni/ii,/(is«iH.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting  or  rendering 
fluid  by  heat,  without  the  aid  of  a  solvent;  ns,  tlie 
fusion  of  ice  or  of  metals. 

2.  The  state  of  being  melted  or  dissolved  by  heat  ; 
a  state  of  fluidity  or  flowing  in  consequence  of  heat ; 
as  metals  in  fusion. 

H'atery  fusion  ;  the  melting  of  certain  crystals  by 
heat  in  their  own  water  of  crystalli/ation.  Chemistni. 
FO'SO.ME,  fl.    Handsome;  neat;  notable.  [Locul.] 

Grose. 

KtlSS,  II.  [Allied,  perhaps,  to  Gr.  iji<ma'o,  to  blow  or 
puir.] 

A  tumult ;  a  bustle  ;  but  the  word  is  eollot]uittl. 
FUS'SOCK,  II.    A  largo,  gross  woman.  [Loenl.] 

Grose. 

FUSS'Y,  a.    Making  a  fuss.  [Calhijuiul.] 
FUST,  II.    [I"r./fi(;  lt./iis(a  ;  L./i«li>,  a  stafl".] 

The  shall  of  a  cidunin,  or  trunk  of  a  pilaster. 
FUST,  II.    [I'r../Ti(.]  [Gicik. 

A  strong,  miistv  smell. 
FUST,  r.  i.    To  bi'Ciune  inoldv  ;  to  smell  ill.  .S/i,i/.-. 
FUST'KI),  a.    Moldv  ;  ill  smelling. 
FUS'TET,  II.    [I'r.  ;'  Sp.  and  I'orl.  fustetr.j 

The  wood  of  the  Rhus  cotimvi  or  yenice  sumach,  i\ 
shrub  of  Southern  Europe,  which  yields  a  line  orange 
color,  but  not  durable  without  a  mordant.   P.  C'ic. 
FUS'TIAN,  (I'ust'yan,)  ii.   [I'r.  futaine;  Arm./itstcim  ; 
Sp./iuMii,  the  name  of  a  place.] 

1.  A  kind  of  coarse  twilled  cotton  sliilf.  liesides 
the  cominim  sort,  called  jiiHuw,  it  embraces  coriluroy, 
velveteen,  &c.  C/rc.    F.ncijc.  of  JJom.  F.con. 

2.  An  inflated  style  of  writing  ;  a  kind  of  writing 
in  which  high-souniliiig  words  are  used,  above  the 
dignity  of  the  thoughts  or  subject ;  a  swelling  style  ; 
bombast. 


Fu$lian  is  thoughts  ami  wortls  HI  8orlc>I. 


Dryden. 


FUS'TIAN,  (fust'yan,)  a.    Made  of  fustian. 

2.  In  style,  swelling  above  the   dignity  of  llie 
thoughts  or  subject ;  too  pompous  ;  ridiculously 
tumid  ;  bombastic.  Dryden, 
FUS'TI.\N-IST,  n.    One  who  writes  bombast. 

Mdtoiu 

FUS'TIC,  n.  [Pp. /iwff,  wood,  timber;  \..fiuslis.] 
The  wood  of  the  Maclara  iinctoria  of  Don,  or  Morus 
tinctoria,  a  tree  growing  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
used  in  dyeing  yellow.  This  is  the  old  fustic  of  the 
English  dyers ;  their  young  fustic  is  fustct,  wliicli 
see.  P.  Cue. 

FUS-TI-Ga'TION,  It.    [L.  fustigatio,  from  fasligo,  to 
beat  with  a  cudgel,  from  fustis,  a  stick  or  club.  J 

Among  t/ic  ancient  Romans,  u.  punishment  by  beat- 
ing with  a  stick  or  club,  inflicted  on  freemi.n. 

F.naie, 

FUST-I-I-A'UI-AN,  n.    A  low  fellow;  a  stlB.i.ard  ;  a 
scoundrel  S.'iak, 


G. 


sdent  als^  in  many  words  when  united  with  A,  as  tn 
bright,  might,  night,  nigh,  high.  The  Saxon  g  lias  in 
many  words  been  softened  or  liquefied  into  y  or  ou> ; 
as  Sax.  dag,  gear,  Eng.  day,  year  i  Sax.  bugan,  Eng. 
to  bote. 

The  Celtic  nations  had  a  peculiar  manner  of  be- 
ginning the  sound  of  u  or  le  with  the  articulation  g, 
or  rather  prefixini;  this  articulation  to  that  vowel. 
Thus,  guar. I  for  trord,  gaaio  for  main,  guerre  for  war, 
giccll  for  well.  Whether  this  g  has  been  added  by 
Ihc  Celtic  nices,  or  whether  the  Teutonic  nations 
have  lost  it,  is  a  question  I  have  not  examined  with 
particular  attention. 

As  a  numeral,  G  was  anciently  used  to  denote  40  1, 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  O,  40,000.  As  <iii  abbrevia- 
tion, it  st.tiids  for  Gaitut,  Geltiiis,  Ace.  In  music,  it  is 
the  mark  of  the  treble  clef;  and,  from  its  being  placed 
at  the  he,ad,  or  marking  the  lirsl  sound  in  Guido's 
scale,  the  whole  scale  took  the  name  Gamut,  from 
the  Greek  name  of  the  letter. 

G.\,  in  Gothic,  is  a  prefix,  answering  to  ge  in  Saxon 
and  other  Teutonic  languages.  It  sometimes  has  the 
force  of  the  Latin  cum  or  con,  as  in  gamthan,  to  con- 
join. But  in  most  words  it  appears  to  have  no  use, 
and  in  inn<tern  P^nglish  it  is  entirely  lost.  Y-cleped,  in 
which  ge  is  changed  into  y,  is  the  iast  word  in  which 
the  English  ret.iiiied  this  prefix. 

G.\B,  n.  [Scot,  gab,  Dan.  gab,  the  mouth,  and  a  gap 
or  caping  ;  Sw.  jrap  ;  Russ.  guba,  a  lip,  a  bay  or 
gulf,  the  mouth  of  a  river  ;  Ir.  cab,  the  mouth  ;  con- 
nected probably  with  gabble,  gibberish.  Sax.  "abban, 


FUST'I-LUG,    (  H.    A  gross,  fat,  unwieldy  person. 
FI-'ST'I-LUG*,  1  Janiun. 
FUST'I-.NESS,  n.    A  fusty  state  or  quality;  an  ill 

smell  from  moldiness,  or  moldiiiess  itself. 
FUST'Y,  a.    [Sec  Fust.]    Moldy;  musty;  ill-smcll- 

iiig  ;  rank  ;  rancid.  Sliak. 
FO'SIJIIE,  (  zhur,)  71.    A  smelting.    [See  Fuse.] 
FO'TILE,  a.    [Fr. ;  L./ii(i7iv,  from /ii(i<i,  to  pour  out ; 

effulio,  to  prate  or  babble  ;  Hcb.  and  Cli.  N02,  to  utter 

rashly  or  foolishly.    Class  Ud,  No.  2,  6,  15.] 

1.  Talkative;  loquacious;  tattling.  [Obs.]  Baetm. 

2.  Trifling ;  id'  no  weight  or  importance  ;  answer- 
ing no  valuable  purjiosc  ;  worthless. 

;i.  Of  no  I'll'ect. 
FO'TILE-I.Yj  adr.    In  a  futile  manner. 
I''U-TI  1,'I-TV ,  II.     'i'alkativeness  ;  loquaciousness; 
loquacity.    [In  this  sense,  not  now  used.] 

2.  Trillingni  ss  ;  iiiiiniportaiire  ;  want  of  weight 
or  ell'ect  ;  as,  to  expose  tlie  fnlilitjj  of  arguments. 

The  quality  of  iiroduciiig  no  valuable  efl"ect,  or 
of  coming  to  nothing  ;  .ts,  the  futility  of  measures  or 
scli<*iiies. 

FO'TIL-OUS,  a.    Worthless;  trifling.    [JVut  «.«</.] 
FUT'TOCK,  11.    ^Uii.  fool-hook.    It  is  more  probably 
cornqited  from  JoolAock.] 

in  n  ship,  l\u'  fulldcks  are  the  middle  timbers,  be- 
tween the  floor  and  the  upper  timbers,  or  the  timbers 
raised  over  the  keel,  which  form  the  breadth  of  the 
ship. 

F0'T1|UE,  (lut'yiir,)  0.    [L./«(iiri<.i ;  Fr./udir.l 

1.  That  is  to  be  or  conn;  hereafter  ;  tluit  will  exist 
at  any  time  al'ler  the  present,  indefinitely.  The  next 
moment  is  future  to  the  present. 

2.  The  future  tense,  in  grammar,  is  the  mollifica- 
tion of  a  verb  which  expresses  a  future  act  or  event. 

FO'Tl.'RE,  K.  Time  to  came  ;  a  tini^  subsequent  to 
the  present ;  as,  the/«(iir«  shall  be  as  the  present ;  in 
future ;  for  the  future.  In  such  phrases,  time  or  sea- 
son is  implied. 

FO'TUKE-LY,  adv.    In  time  to  come.    [A"ot  used.] 

FU-'n,l-RI"TIO.\,  (fut-yu-risli'un,)  n.  The  state  of  bo- 
iiiu'  to  come  or  exist  hereafter.  South.  Stilen. 

FU-TO'RI-TY,  71.    Future  time  ;  time  to  come. 

2.  Event  to  come. 

AW /iiUtrities  arc  naked  before  the  idl-scelng  eye.  South. 

3.  The  state  of  being  yet  to  come,  or  to  come  here- 
after. 

Fuze,  n.    A  tube,  filled  with  combustible  matter,  for 

discharging  a  shell,  &c.    [See  Fuse.] 
FUZZ,  r.  i.    To  fly  ofl"  in  minute  particles. 
FUZZ,  71.    Fine,  light  particles;  loose,  volatile  matter. 
FUZZ'BALL,  71.     A  kind  of  fungus  or  mushroom, 

which,  when  pressed,  bursts  and  scatters  a  fine  dust. 
2.  A  pull'. 

FUZ'ZLE,  I'.  (.    To  intoxicate.  Burton. 
FU/'ZLA'D,  pp.  Intoxic.tted. 

I'UZ'ZY,  a.     Light  and  spongy.      [Crac™  dialect 

Written  also  foty  by  lirocketl.] 
F?,  rzclatn.    .\  word  which  cxjiresses  blame,  dislike, 

disapprobation,  abhorrence,  or  contempt. 

my  lorxl , /y  /  a  solilter,  and  ,-ilr.iiU?  ShaJc. 


to  mock,  perhaps  to  make  mouths.  See  Gaiible  and 
Gace.] 

The  mouth  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  the  gift  of  the  gab, 
that  is,  loipiaciousness.    But  the  tcord  is  so  vulgar  as 
rarely  to  be  used. 
GAB,  V.  i.    [Sax.  gabban.) 

1.  Tot.alkidly;  to  prate.  Chaucer. 

2.  'I'o  impose  upon  ;  to  lie. 
GAB-.\R-D1NE',  (gab-ar-decn',)  n.    [Sp.  gabardina; 

gaban,  a  great  coat  with  a  hood  and  close  sleeves  ; 
gabacha,  a  loose  garment ;  Port,  gabam,  a  frock  ;  It. 
gavardina  ;  Fr.  gabatn.] 

A  coarse  frock  or  loose  upper  garment;  a  mean 
dress.  Shak. 
G.AB'BLE,  r.  i.  [D.  gabbrren,  to  prate;  Sax.  gabban, 
to  jeer  or  deride  ;  Fr.  gabrr,  id. ;  Eng.  to  gibe ;  Sw. 
^abberi,  derision  ;  It.  gabbare,  to  deceive  ;  gabbo,  a 
jeering.  These  may  all  be  from  one  root.  Sec  Class 
Gb,  No.  7.] 

\.  To  prate ;  to  talk  fast,  or  to  talk  without  meaning. 


Such  a  rout,  and  luch  a  nilil)I'\ 
Kuii  to  he.ir  Jack  Pudding  gabble. 


S-jnfU 


S.  To  utter  inarticulate  sounds  with  rapidity  ;  as, 
gabbling  fowls.  DrydeTU 
GAB'BLE,  It.    Loud  or  rapid  talk  without  meaning. 

Milton. 

2.  Inarticulate  sounds  rapidly  uttered,  as  of  fowls. 

Shak. 

GAB'BLER,  n.    A  prater;  a  noisy  talker;  one  that 
utters  inarticulate  sounds. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — G  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 

63    —  — = 


489 


GAF 


GAI 


GAT 


GAB'bLING,  jipr.    Prating  ;  chattering  ;  uttering  un- 

ineanins;  or  inarticulate  scmmls. 
GAB'BLING, »!.    Tlie  making  of  a  confused  noise; 

rapid,  indistinct  utterance.  Spectator. 
GAR'BKO,  K.    In  rdiHcra/oj^!/,  the  name  given  by  the 

Italians  to  tlie  aggregate  of  diallage  and  saussurite. 

It  is  the  euphiitide  of  the  Frencli,  and  the  verUe  di 

Corsica  dv.ro  of  artists.  Clcaveland. 
GA'UEL,  n.    [Ft.  gabelle  :  It.  gabella ;  Sp.  gabda  ;  Sax. 

gafel,  or  gafuL'\ 

A  tax,  niipost,  or  duty  ;  usually,  an  excise. 

Addison. 

Ga'BEL-ER,  71.    A  collector  of  the  gabel  or  of  taxes. 

OA-BELLE' ,  n.  [Fr.]  In  France,  a  tax,  particularly 
on  salt.  Brandt. 

GA'BI-ON,  71.  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  gabbione,  a  large  cage  ;  gub- 
bia,  a  cage  ;  Sp.  gavion,  gabion,  a  kisket.  In  Ir.  gab- 
ham  signifies  to  take  or  hold  ;  \V.  garaeht,  id.] 

In  fortification,  a  hollow  cylinder,  of  wicker-work, 
resembling  a  basket,  but  having  no  bottom,  filled 
with  earth,  and  serving  to  shelter  men  from  an  ene- 
mv's  fire.  P.  Cue. 

GA-BI-ON-NADE',  71.  A  parapet  hastily  formed  by 
aabions.  P.  Cijc. 

G.\'BIiE,  n.  [W.  gavacl,  a  hold  or  grasp,  the  gable  of 
a  house  ;  gacailu,  to  grasp,  hold,  arrest,  Ir.  gabkam. 
Ciu.  G.  gabel,  Ir.  gabhian,  a  fork.] 

The  triangular  end  of  a  house  or  other  building, 
from  the  cornice  or  eaves  to  the  top.  In  America,  it 
is  usually  called  the  gable-end. 

GA'BLET,  n.  A  small  ornamented  gable,  or  canopy, 
formed  over  a  tabernacle,  niche,  Sac.  Glosx.  of  Arch. 

GA'BKI-EL-ITES,  n.  pi.  In  ecclesiastical  historii,a  sect 
of  Anabaptists  in  Pomerania,  so  called  from  one  Ga- 
briel Sclierling. 

GA'BRO-NITi;,  7!.  A  variety  of  nepheline,  occurring 
in  masses  whose  structure  is  more  or  less  foliated,  or 
sometimes  compact.  Its  colors  are  gray,  bluish,  or 
greenish-gray,  and  sometimes  red.  Cleaoeland, 

GA'BY,  71.    A  silly,  foolish  person.    [See  Gawdy.] 

GAD,  71.  [Sax.  gad,  a  goad  and  a  wedge  ;  Ir.  gadh,  a 
dart.] 

1.  A  sharp-pointed  rod,  or  pricking  instrument;  a 
goad.  Hence, 

2.  The  point  of  a  spear  or  arrow-head.  Shak. 

3.  A  wedge  or  ingot  of  steel  or  iron.  Moxon. 

4.  A  punch  of  iron,  with  a  wooden  handle,  used 
by  miners.  Encyc. 

Upon  the  gad ;  upon  the  spur  or  impulse  of  the  mo- 
ment. Slmk. 
G.'il),  V.  i.  [Ir.  gad,  a  stealing ;  properly,  a  roving,  as 
rub  is  connected  with  rove  ;  gadaim,  to  steal.  It  co- 
incides with  the  Russ.  chod,  a  going  or  passing  ;  choju, 
to  go,  to  pass,  to  inarch.  See  Class  Gd,  No.  17,  Eth. 
and  No.  38.] 

1.  To  walk  about ;  to  rove  or  ramble  idly,  or  with- 
out any  Iixed  purpose. 

Give  the  waler  no  passage,  neilher  a  wicked  woman  liberty  to 
gad  atjroad.  Ecclua, 

2.  To  ramble  in  growth ;  as,  the  gadding  vine. 

Jl/i7(07l. 

GAD'A-BOUT,  71.    One  who  walks  about  without 

business.  [Colloquial.] 
G.VU'DER,  71.    A  rambler ;  one  that  roves  about 

idly. 

GAD'DI.N'G,  ppr.    Rambling;  roving;  walking  about. 

GAD'DING-LY,  ailv.    In  a  roving,  idle  manner. 

GAI)'FL9,  71.    [Sax.  gad,  a  goad,  and  fiij.] 

An  insect  of  the  genus  CEstrus,  which  stings  cat- 
tle, and  deposits  its  eggs  in  their  skin  ;  called  also 
the  breeze. 

Ga'DOID,  a.  or  71.    [I.,  gadns,  cod.] 

A  term  denoting  a  family  of  soft-finned  fishes,  of 
the  order  of  Subbrachians,  or  those  having  the  ven- 
tral fins  below  or  in  advance  of  the  perioral,  of 
which  family  the  cctd  is  the  type.  Bramle. 

GAD'O-LIN-I  TE,  71.  A  mineral,  so  called  from  Pro- 
fessor Gadolin,  usually  in  amorphous  masses  of  a 
blackish  color,  and  having  the  appearance  of  vitreous 
lava.    It  conUiins  the  earth  called  yttria.  Dana. 

GAIV  WAIjL,  71.  A  migratory  aipiatic  bird,  of  the  duck 
kind,  whose  flesh  is  excellent  food.  It  is  t!ie  Anim 
strepera  of  Linn:ens.  P.  Cyc. 

GAE'Me,  (gi'lik,)  a.    [from  Oael,  Oaut,  Oallia.] 

An  epithet  denoting  what  belongs  to  the  Gads, 
tribes  of  Celtic  origin  inhabiting  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland  ;  as,  the  (larlic  language. 

GAE'LIG,  71.  The  language  of  the  Highlanders  of 
Scotland. 

GAFF,  71.  [Ir.  gnf,  a  hcJok  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  gafa;  Shc- 
mitic  nos,  nD3,  to  bend.] 

1.  A' light  iipcar  used  by  fishermen. 

2.  A  Bortof  boom  or  yard,  extending  tlu^  upix  r  edge 
of  a  fore-and-aft  sajl.    [(in.  .Sat.  geujlr,  a  jjole.] 

firande. 

GAF'FER,  71.  (flu.  Chal.  and  ll.  b.  ->2J  gebar,  n  man, 
i7ir ;  or  Hax.  gefcre,  n  companion,  a  peer ;  or  Sw.  ^ab- 
be, an  old  man.] 

A  word  of  reiipect  which  Heems  to  have  degenera- 
ted into  a  U^rin  of  fainilinrity  or  contempt,  when  sul- 
drenHed  to  an  ngod  man  or  an  old  runtio,  [Little  used.] 

Cay. 

GAF'FLE,  71.    [Sax.  geajlas,  chops,  Hpur«  on  cocks.] 


1.  An  artificial  spur  put  on  cocks  when  they  are  set 
to  figiit. 

2.  A  steel  lever  to  bend  crossbows.  Ainsicorth. 
GAG,  17.  t.    [VV.  cegiaiD,  lo  choke,  to  strangle,  from 

cig,  a  chokmg.  Ceg  signifies  the  mouth,  an  open- 
i"g.] 

1.  To  stop  the  mouth  by  thrusting  something  into 
the  throat,  so  as  to  hinder  speaking.  Johnson. 

2.  To  keck;  to  lie.ive  with  nausea.  [In  Welsh, 
gag  is  an  opening  or  cleft ;  gagenu,  to  open,  chap,  or 
gape.] 

GAG,  71.  Something  thrust  into  the  mouth  and  throat 
to  hinder  speaking. 

GAGE,  71.  [Fr.  gage,  a  pledge,  whence  gager,  to 
pledge  ;  engager,  to  engage ;  G.  wagen,  to  wage,  to 
hazard  or  risk  ;  wage,  a  balance  ;  1).  waagcn,  to  ven- 
ture, Sw.  vaga.  Eng.  to  7win-f.  It  seems  to  be  allied 
to  wag,  weigh.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  liirow,  to 
lay,  or  deposit.  If  the  elements  are  Bg,  \Vg,  the 
original  French  orthography  was  gnage.] 

1.  A  pledge  or  jiawn ;  sometiiing  laid  down  or 
given  as  a  security  for  the  perforinaiice  of  some  act, 
to  be  done  by  the  person  depositing  the  tiling,  and 
which  is  to  be  forfeited  by  non-pi  rlorniance.  It  is 
used  of  a  movable  thing,  not  of  land  or  other  im- 
movable. 

There  1  throw  my  gage.  Sliak. 

2.  A  challenge  to  combat;  that  is,  a  glove,  a  cap,  a 
gauntlet,  or  the  like,  cast  on  the  ground  by  the  chal- 
lenger, and  taken  up  by  the  accepter  of  the  chal- 
lenge. Encyc. 

3.  A  measure,  or  rule  of  measuring;  a  stanilard. 
[See  Gauge.]  Young. 

4.  Tlie  number  of  feet  which  a  ship  sinks  in  the 
water. 

5.  Among  letter-founders,  a  piece  of  hard  wood, 
variously  notched,  used  to  aiijust  the  dimensions, 
slopes,  &.C.,  of  the  various  sorts  of  letters.  Encyc. 

6.  An  instrument  in  joinery  made  to  strike  a  line 
parallel  to  the  straight  side  of  a  board.  Encyc. 

7.  The  position  of  one  vessel  with  respect  to  an- 
other. The  weather-gage  denotes  a  position  to  the 
windward ;  and  the  lee-gage  a  position  to  the  lee- 
ward. Tottcn. 

A  sliding-gage ;  a  tool  used  by  mathematical  in- 
strument makers,  for  measuring  and  setting  otf  dis- 
tances. Encyc. 

Rain-gage;  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  quan- 
tity of  water  which  faiis  from  the  clouds  at  a  given 
place.  Brande. 

Sea-gage;  ail  ir.strjir.ant  for  finding  the  depth  of 
the  sea.  Encyc. 

Tide-gage  ;  an  instrument  for  determining  the 
hight  of  the  tides.  Encyc. 

IVind-gage;  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  force 
of  the  wind  on  any  given  surface.  Encyc. 
GAGE,  V.  u    To  pledge  ;  to  pawn  ;  to  give  or  deposit 
as  a  pledge  or  security  for  some  other  act ;  to  wage  or 
wager.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

9.  To  bind  by  pledge,  caution,  or  security ;  to  en- 
gage. Shak. 

3.  To  measure  ;  to  take  or  ascertain  the  contents 
of  a  vessel,  ca-sk,  or  ship  ;  written  also  Gauge. 
GAd' ED,  pp.    Pledged;  measured. 
GAG'ER,  71.  One  who  gages  or  measures  the  contents. 
GAG'GER,  71.    One  that  gags. 

GAG'GLE,  (gag'gl,)  V.  i.  [D.  gaggcUn  ;  G.  gackem; 
coinciding  with  cackle.] 

To  make  a  noise  like  a  goose.  Bacon. 
GAG'GLING,  71.    The  noise  of  geese. 
G.\0'lNC,,  ppr.    Pledging;  measuring  the  contents. 
GSIIN'ITE,  K.    See  Automolite,  with  which  it  is 
GAI'E-TV,  71.    SeeGAYETT.  [identical. 
OAIL-LIARDE',  (gal-yird',)  71.    [Fr.]    A  sprightly 

Italian  dance.  Brande. 
GAI'IiY,  ado.    [from  gay,  and  better  written  Gayly.] 
1.  Splendidly  ;  with  finery  orsliowiness. 
Q  Joyfully ;  merrily. 
GAIN,  V.  i.    [Fr.  gagner;  Arm.  gounil;  Sw.  gagna; 
Sax.  gynan  ;  Sp.  ganar ;  Port,  ganhar  ;  Heb.  Ch.  and 

Syr.  njp,  Ar.  L*3  4«7m,  to  gain,  to  possess.  Class  Gn, 
No.  49,  50,  51.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  take,  or 
rather  to  extend  to,  to  reach.] 

1.  To  obtain  by  industry  or  the  cmploymimt  of 
capital  ;  lo  get,  as  profit  or  advantage  ;  lo  acquire. 
Any  industrious  pt;rson  may  ^.'fliii  u  good  living  in 
America;  but  it  is  less  dilficult  lo  gain  property  than 
it  is  to  use  it  with  prudence.  Money  at  interest  may 
gain  five,  six,  or  seven  \H'r  cent. 

Wlii.l  ia  a  in.iii  pronir-.!,  i(  h-  thnll  gain  Hie  wliolc  worW,  and 
lose  liin  own  Howl  I  —  MiiU.  xvi. 

2.  To  win  ;  to  obtain  by  superiority  or  success;  as, 
to  cain  a  balile  or  a  victory  ;  to  gain  a  prize  ;  lo  gain 
a  cause  in  law. 

3.  To  obtain  ;  to  acquire  ;  to  procure  ;  to  receive  ; 
as,  lo  gain  favor  ;  to  gain  reputation. 

For  l.iinc  with  toil  we  gain,  1ml  lone  with  ea»e.  Pope. 

4.  To  obtain  an  increa.se  of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  gain 
time. 

5.  To  obtain  or  receive  any  thing,  good  or  bad  ;  as, 
tu  gain  harm  and  loss.    Acts  xxvii. 


G.  To  draw  into  any  interest  or  party ;  to  win  to 
one's  side  ;  lo  conciliate. 

'I'o  gT.ilify  ilie  qiv'en  and  gain  die  court.  Drydtn. 
If  he  shiiil  hear  tliee,  thoo  hasi  gained  lliy  brother. —  Malt,  xviii. 

7.  To  obtain,  as  a  suitor.  Milton. 

8.  To  reach  ;  to  attain  to ;  to  arrive  at ;  as,  to  0-0171 
the  top  of  a  mountain  ;  to  gain  a  good  harbor. 

To  gain  into ;  lo  draw  or  persuade  to  join  in. 

He  gained  I.ppidns  inio  his  measures.  Middlelon. 
To  gain  over ;  to  draw  to  another  parly  or  interest ; 
to  win  over. 

To  gain  ground;  to  advance  in  any  undertaking  ; 
to  prevail  ;  to  acquire  strength  or  extent ;  to  in- 
crease. 

To  gain  the  wind,  in  sea  language,  is  to  arrive  on 
the  windward  side  of  another  ship. 
GAIN,  V.  i.    To  have  advantage  or  profit;  lo  grow 
rich  ;  lo  advance  in  interest  or  happiness. 

Thoo  hast  greedily  gained  of  thy  neighbors  by  pxlorlion. — 
Kiek.  xxii. 

2.  To  encroach  ;  lo  advance  on  ;  to  come  forward 
by  degrees  ;  with  on ;  as,  the  ocean  or  river  gains  on 
tlie  land. 

3.  To  advance  nearer;  lo  gain  ground  on;  with 
on  ;  as,  a  fleet  horse  gains  on  his  competitor. 

4.  To  get  ground ;  lo  prevail  against,  or  have  the 
advantage. 

Tlie  English  have  not  only  gained  upon  the  Venetians  iti  the 
Levant,  but  have  their  dolli  in  Venice  itself.  Ailttiaon. 

5.  To  obtain  influence  with. 

My  good  b^'liavior  had  so  far  gained  on  Uie  emperor,  that  I  l-egan 
to  conceive  hoi)es  of  liU-rly.  Swift. 

GAIN,  71.    [Fr.  ^-oiii.] 

1.  Profit ;  interest ;  something  obtained  as  an  ad- 
vantage. 

But  wh?-.  things  were  gain  to  me,  those  I  counted  loss  for  Christ. 
—  Phil.  iii. 

9.  Unlawful  advantage.   2  Cor.  xii. 

3.  Overplus  in  computation  ;  any  thing  opposed  to 
loss. 

GaIN,  71.    [W.  gdn,  a  mortise  ;  ^aiiti,  to  contain.] 

In  architecture,  a  beveling  shoulder  ;  a  lapping  of 
limbers,  or  the  cut  that  is  made  for  receiving  a  tim- 
ber. Encyc, 
GAIN,  ff.    Handy ;  dextrous.  [Obs.] 
G.AIN'A-BiiE,  a.    Thai  may  be  obtained  or  reached. 

Sherwood. 

GAIN'AGE,  71.  In  old  laws,  the  same  as  VVainage, 
that  is,  guainagc;  the  horses,  oxen,  and  furniture,  of 
the  wain,  or  the  instruments  for  carrying  on  tillage, 
which,  when  a  villain  was  amerced,  were  left  free, 
that  cultivation  might  not  be  interrupted.  The  word 
signifies  also  the  land  itself,  or  the  profit  made  by 
cultivation.  Encyc. 

GAIN'KU,  pp.  Obtained,  as  profit  or  advantage  ;  won  ; 
drawn  over  to  a  party  ;  reached. 

GAIN'ER,  71.  One  that  gains  or  obtains  profit,  inter- 
est, or  advantage. 

GAIN'FUL,  o.  Producing  profit  or  advantage  ;  profit- 
able ;  advantageous  ;  advancing  interest  or  ,iappi- 
ness. 

2.  Lucrative;  productive  of  money ;  adding  to  the 
wealth  or  estate. 

G-AIN'FUL-LY,  ai/o.  With  increase  of  wealth  ;  prof- 
itably ;  .idvantageouslv. 

GaLN'TUL-NESS,  71.    Profit;  advantage. 

GAIN'GI V-ING,  71.  [from  the  root  of  again,  against, 
and  gice.    See  Gainsay.] 

A  misgiving ;  a  giving  against  or  away.  [JVo( 
used.]  Shale, 

GAIN'ING,  ppr.  Obtaining  by  industry  or  activity; 
reaching ;  winning. 

GAIN'INGS,  71. Acquisitions  made  by  abor  or  suc- 
cessful oiiteriirise. 

GAIN'LES.-^,  11.  Not  producing  gain;  unprofitable; 
not  hriuginff  advantage.  Hammond. 

GAIN'LESS-NESS,  (1.  Unprofitableness;  w.ant  of  ad- 
vantage. Decay  of  Piety. 

GAIN'LY,  arfiJ.  Handily  ;  readily  ;  dextrously.  [Ubs.\ 

GAIN-SAY'  or  GAIN'SAY,  ?;.  L  [Sax.  ^r"'",  ur  »«• 
^Tcoii,  and  say;  Eng.  against;  Sw.  igen;  Dan.  gien 
iirirn.    See  Again,  Against.] 

"To  contradict;  to  oppose  in  words;  to  deny  01 
declare  not  to  be  true  what  another  says  ;  to  contro- 
vert;  to  dispute;  applied  to  persons,  or  lo  proposi- 
tions, declarations,  or  fads. 

I  will  s'wp  you  a  mouth  and  wisdom,  which  all  yoilr  Hdvemariei 
shall  not  l«  able  to  gainsay  nor  resist.  —  I^uko  xxi. 

G  AIN-SA  Y'KI),  p/i.    Contradicted;  denied. 
GAIN-SAY'F.R,  n.    One  who  contradicts  or  denies 

what  is  alleged  ;  an  opposer.    Til.  i. 
GAIN-SSY'ING,  ji^ir.  or  a.    Contradicting;  denying; 

opposing. 

GAIN-SAY'ING,  71.    Contradiction;  opposition. 
'GAINST,  (u'ensl.)    See  Against. 
GAIN'STANI),  II.  /.    [Sax.  genu,  against,  and  stand.] 
To  withstand  ;  to  opjiose  ;  lo  resist.  [Obs.] 

Sidney. 

GAIN'STRIVE,  1).  i.    [Sax.  gran,  and  sfWi'C.l 

To  make  resistance.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
GAIN'STRIVE,  1'.  (.    To  withstand.  [Obs.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH.^T.  — MBTE,  PafiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


GAL 


GAL 


GAL 


GaIR'ISII,  a.  [Ciu.  from  llie  root  of  gear.  Sax.  gear- 
wian,  to  prepare  or  dress  ;  or  Scot,  "-mr,  a  stripe, 
whence  I'ainv/,  gairie,  striped,  streaked.  In  Gr., 
>iiup"{  is  proud,  boasting.] 

1.  Gaudy;  showy;  fine;  affectedly  fine;  tawdry. 

MunstruiiM  luttB  aiul  gairiiift  colon.  Atcham. 

2.  Extravagantly  gay ;  fliglity. 

Fume  niui  glury  trannjiort  a  jni\n  out  of  hunsclf ;  it  mnJccs  Ihc 
niiiul  louM  iinj  gairith.  South. 


In  a  paiidy,  showy  manner. 
Gaudiness  ;  finery  ;  alfected  or 


r.AIK'ISII-I.Y,  adi: 
GAlll'l.'^II  NF.S.-J,  n 
ostentatious  show. 
i2.  Flighty  or  extravagant  joy,  or  ostentation. 

Tuiilur. 

G.^IT,  ji.  [This  word  is  probably  connected  with  go 
or  g<ul.] 

1.  A  going;  a  walk  ;  a  march  ;  a  way.  Spenser. 
Q.  iManner  of  walking  or  stepping.    Every  man 

has  his  peculiar  ^ait. 
G.AlT'ED,  a.    In  compoundu,  having  a  particular  gait. 
GaI'TEU,  n.    A  covering  of  cloth  for  the  li'g. 

2.  A  kind  of  shoe,  consisting  chielly  of  cloth,  and 
covering  the  ankles. 

GAI'TEll,  ti.  I.    To  dress  with  gaiters. 

Ga'L.\,  h.  [Sp.  gala,  a  court  dress;  It.  gala,  finery  ; 
Fr.  gala,  show,  pom|).] 

A  gala  day  is  a  day  of  pomp,  show,  or  festivity, 
when  persons  appear  in  their  best  apparel. 

G.A  LACTIN,  )i.  A  vegetable  substance,  obtained 
from  the  sap  of  the  Galactotlaulron  utile,  or  cow-tree, 
of  South  America. 

GAL-AC-TOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  vaXaitroj,  gen.  of 
ya\  i,  milk,  and  ncr. >oi',  measure.] 

An  instnimcnt  for  ascertaining  the  quality  of  milk  ; 
n  laclouiet  r.  Urc. 

GAI,-Ae-TOPII'A-GIST,  ji.     [Gr.  )-uXa«7of,  milk, 
and  >t)ay'-',  to  eat.] 
One  who  eats  or  subsists  on  milk. 

GAL-AC-TOPH'A-GOII.-*,  a.    Feeding  on  milk. 

GAL.  Ae-TOPH'OR-0(r.s,  a.    Producing  milk. 

GA-LAC-TO-POI-ET'ie,  a.  or  7i.  [Gr.  ya\a,  milk, 
and  ir/jit'.),  to  produce.]  A  term  applied  to  sub- 
stances which  increase  the  11()W  of  milk.  JBrandc. 

GA-I..^GE',  n.    [Sp.  gnlochn.    See  Galoche.] 

A  wooden  shoo.    [Ofc.]  Spenser. 

G.\-LAN"(;A,  II.  A  plant ;  the  specific  name  of  a 
species  of  Kmnipferia,  and  also  of  a  species  of  Alpi- 
nia,  commonly  called,  in  English,  Galangal. 

GA-hA\"GAL,  H.  .\  plant;  the  Eniilish  name  both 
of  KiKinpferia  Galanga,  and  Alpinia  Galanga,  whose 
roots  have  a  hot,  spicy  taste. 

GAL'ANT-I.\E,  ii.  A  dish  of  veal,  chickens,  or  other 
white  meat,  freed  from  bones,  tied  up,  boiled,  and 
served  cold.  SmmrL 

G.\-L.\'TI  ANS,  JI.  p/.  Inhabitants  of  Galatia,  in  the 
Lesser  Asia,  said  to  bo-  descendants  of  the  Guuls. 
(See  Paul's  epistle  to  them.] 

GAl'.\X-Y,  h.  [Gr.  juA  .(la?,  from  )  <iAa,m!lk;  Ir. 
gral,  white  ;  \V.  gal,  clear,  fair,  whence  galactli,  the 
milky  way  ;  Gr.  koX  h,  fair.] 

1.  The  milky  way  ;  that  long,  white,  luminous 
track,  which  seems  to  encompass  the  heavens  like  a 
girdle.  This  luminous  appearance  is  found  by  the 
telescope  to  be  occasioned  by  a  multitude  of  stars,  so 
sin.-ill  as  not  to  be  distinguished  by  the  naked  eye. 

Knajc. 

3.  An  assemblage  of  splendid  persons  or  things. 

Bp.  Hall. 

GAL'RA  NUM,  j  n.  [Heb.  nja'^n,  and  in  Cli.  ami  Syr. 
G.\L'I!  \.\,        )    varied  in  orthography,  from  i^n, 
to  milk.] 

The  inspissated  sap  of  Galbanuin  ollicin.ale,  an 
uinhellif^rous  plant.  It  comes  in  palc-coloreil,  semi 
.  tninsparent,  soft,  tenacious  masses,  of  different 
shades,  from  white  to  brown.  It  has  a  strong,  un 
pleasant  smell,  with  a  bitterish,  warm  taste.  It  is 
unctuous  to  the  touch,  and  softens  between  the  fin 
gers.  When  distilled  with  water  or  spirit,  it  yields 
an  essential  oil ;  and,  by  distillation  in  a  retort  with- 
out mixture,  it  yields  an  einpyreuiiiatic  oil  of  a  fine 
blue  color ;  but  this  is  changed,  in  the  air,  to  a  purple 

Parr. 

G.^IiE,  n.  [In  Dan.,  gal  is  furious,  and  kuler  is  to 
blow  strong,  killing,  a  gentle  gale,  from  the  root  of 
coal  and  coil.  In  Ir.,  ml  is  u  pulf,  a  blast,  and  steam 
The  sense  is  obvious.] 

A  current  of  air;  a  strong  wind.  The  sonse  of 
this  word  is  very  indefinite.  The  poets  use  it  in  the 
sense  of  a  moderate  breeze  or  current  of  air ;  .t-s,  s 
gentle  galr,    A  stronger  wind  is  called  a  fresh  gale. 

In  the  language  of  seamen,  the  word  gale,  unac 
conipanied  by  an  epithet,  signifies  a  vehement  wind, 
a  storm,  or  tempest.  They  s.iy,  the  ship  carried 
away  her  topmast  in  a  gale,  or  gale  of  wind  ;  the 
ship  rode  out  the  gale.  Hut  the  word  is  often  quali- 
fied ;  as,  a  hard  or  strong  gale,  a  violent  gale.  A  cur- 
rent of  wind,  somewhat  less  violent,  is  denominated 
a  stiff  gale.  A  less  vehement  wind  is  called  afresh 
gale,  which  is  a  wind  not  too  strong  for  a  ship  to 
carry  single-reefed  top-sails,  when  close-hauled. 
When  the  wind  is  not  so  violent  but  lhat  a  ship  will 
carry  her  top-sails  a-trip,  or  full  spread,  it  is  called  a 
loom-gale.  jtfar.  Diet.  Encyc. 


GSIjE,  )!.    A  plant  growing  in  bogs.  Smart. 
CiWjV.,  v.  i.    Ill  seamen's  languatre,  to  sail,  i>r  sail  fiusl. 
Ga'LE-A,  n.    [L.  galea,  a  helmet.] 

A  genus  of  sea  hi'dgehogs. 
GAL'E-.\S,  n.    A   Venetian  galley,  large,  but  low 
built,  and  moved  both  by.  oars  and  s.tils.  See  Gai^- 

LIASS. 

GA'I.E  ATE.  I  a.  [L.  galcatu.^,  from  galea,  a  hel- 
Ga'LE  A-TEO,  j  met.] 

I.  Covered  as  with  a  helmet.  Woodward. 
3.  In  botany,  having  a  tluwer  like  a  helmet,  as  the 
monk's-hood. 

GA-IJCE'TO,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  nienniiis,  of  a 
greenish  color,  soinetimcs  variegated  with  blue 
transverse  lines,  and,  like  the  eel,  living  many  hours 
after  being  taken  frimi  the  water. 

G.\-L£'N.'\,  ?i.  [<;r.  ia\r]vTi,  tranquillity,  so  named 
from  its  supposed  effects  in  mitigating  the  violence 
of  disease.] 

1.  Originally,  the  name  of  the  theriaca.  Parr. 
3.  Sulpliuret  of  lead  ;  its  common  color  is  that 
shining,  bluish  gray,  usually  called  lead  gray  ;  some- 
times it  is  nearly  steel  gray.  Its  streak  has  a  metal- 
lic luster,  but  its  fine  powder  is  nearly  black.  Its 
structure  is  commonly  foliated,  sometimes  granular 
or  compact,  and  sometimes  striated  or  fibrous.  It 
occurs  in  regular  crystals,  or  more  frequently  mas- 
sive. Cleareland. 

GA-U'.N'ie,       I  a.    Pertaining  to  or  containing  ga- 

GA-LEN'ie-AI.,,  !  lena.  F.ncyc. 
3.  [from  Galen,  the  physician.]  Relating  to  (Jalen 
or  his  principles  and  method  of  treating  disi::uses. 
The  galenic  remedies  consist  of  preparations  of  herbs 
and  roots,  by  infusion,  decoction,  &c.  The  chemical 
remedies  consLst  of  preparations  by  means  of  calcin- 
ation, dige.stion,  fermentation,  &c. 

Ga'I,Ei\'-ISM,  n.    The  doctrines  of  Galen. 

Ga'LI;N-IST,  n.  A  follower  of  (Jalen  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  medicine  and  modes  of  treating  diseases  ; 
opposed  to  the  chemisLs. 

GAL-E-IUe'll-LATE,  a.    Covered  as  with  a  hat. 

Smart. 

GAL'KR-ITE,  n.    [L.  galerus,  a  hat  or  cap.] 

A  genus  of  fossil  shells. 
GA-LIU'l-.'W,  (-ish'e-an,)  a.    Pertaining  to  Galicia. 
GAL-I-Ln'AN,  n.    A  native  or  iiihaliilant  of  Galilee, 

in  Judea.    Also,  one  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  who 

opposed  the  pa>'iiu'nt  of  tribute  to  the  Romans. 
GAI.-I-LR'AN-TEI.'E-SeOPE.    See  Tklescope. 
GAL'I  I.EE,  ;i.   A  porch  or  chapel,  usually  at  the  west 

end  of  a  cliurch.  Gmilt. 
G.\L,-I-JI A'TIAS,  (-mS'sha,)  n    [Fr.  galimatias.] 

Nonsense.    [See  Gallimatia.]  .Addison. 
GAL'I-OT,  (gal'e-ot,)  «.    [Ft.  galtote:  Sp.  galcola  ;  It. 

galeotta ;  L.  galep..] 

1.  A  small  galley,  or  sort  of  bri.o;an!ine,  built  for 
chase.  It  is  moved  both  by  sails  and  oars,  having 
one  mast,  and  sixteen  or  twenty  seats  for  rowers. 

Diet. 

2.  OaUot,  or  galVwtt ;  a  Dulcli  vessel,  carrying  a 
main-mast  and  a  inizr.en-n:a.st,  and  a  large  gaff  main- 
sail. Mnr.  Did. 

G.-\l,'[-POT,  n.  [Sp.]  A  white  resin  or  resinous  juice, 
which  fiov.'s,  by  ir.cision,  from  the  pine-tree,  espe- 
cially the  liiari'.inie  pine. 

S;).  DU-U    Fourcroy.    Diet.  JVaL  IlisL 
Galipot  iiiciusts  the  wounds  of  fir-trees  during 
winter.    It  consists  of  resin  and  oil.  *  Coie. 

GAI.L,  n.  gealla  ;  G.  gallc  ;  U.gal  ;  Vnn.  galde ; 

iiw.  galle:  Gr.  x"^l>  probably  from  its  color;  Sax. 
gealcie,  yellow.    See  Yellow  and  Gold.] 

I.  In  tJie  animal  economy,  a  bitter,  bottle-green 
fluid,  secreted  by  the  gall-bl.adder  on  the  under  siile 
of  the  liver.  It  is  glutinous,  or  imperfectly  fluid,  like 
oil.  Encyc.  J^^tcholson. 

3.  Any  thing  extremely  bitter.  Drydrn. 

3.  Rancor  ;  malignity.  SpeiL.<er. 

4.  .Anger;  bitti-rness  of  mind.  Prior. 
GAI.L'-BI.AD-OER,  n.    A  small,  membninous  sack, 

shaped  like  a  pear,  seated  on  the  under  side  of  the 
liver,  which  .secretes  a  thickish  and  very  bitter  fluid, 
of  a  dark,  bottle-green  color,  called  gall.  Tully. 

GALL'-SfCK-NESS,  n.  A  remitting  bilious  fever  in 
the  iNetherlands.  Parr. 

G.\I,Ii'-STONE,  71.  A  concretion  formed  in  the  gall- 
liladdir. 

GALL,  n.  [L.  <ra/Ia ;  Sax.  gealla  ;  Sp.  oo-o//a ;  It.  galla.] 
A  hard,  round  excrescence,  on  a  kind  of  oak-tree, 
(the  Uuerciis  infectoria,)  in  certain  warm  climates, 
said  to  be  the  nest  of  an  insect  called  cynips.  It  is 
formed  from  the  tear  issuing  from  a  puncture  ni.ade 
by  the  insect,  ami  gradually  increased  by  acre.ssions 
of  fresh  matter,  till  it  forms  a  covering  to  the  eggs 
and  succeeding  insects.  Galls  are  used  in  making 
ink  ;  the  best  are  from  Aleppo.  Parr. 

3.  Oall  of  glass,  also  called  sandiver ;  the  neutral 
salt  skimmed  off  from  the  surface  of  melted  glass. 

Ure. 

GALL,  r.  I.    [Fr.  galer,  to  scratch  or  nib  ;  gale,  scab.] 
I.  To  fret  and  wear  away  by  friction  ;  to  excoriate  ; 
to  hurt  or  break  the  skin  by  rubbing  ;  as,  a  saddle 
galls  the  back  of  a  horse,  or  a  collar  his  breast. 


Tyranl,  I  well  JcfcTre  thy  galling  chain 


Pope. 


3.  To  impair ;  to  wear  away ;  as,  a  stream  gallt 
the  ground.  Hay. 

3.  To  tease  ;  to  fret ;  to  vex  ;  to  chagrin ;  on,  to  be 
galleil  by  sarcasm. 

4.  To  wound  ;  to  break  the  surface  of  any  thing 
by  rubbing  ;  as,  to  gall  a  iniust  or  a  cable. 

5.  To  injure ;  to  harass ;  to  annoy.  The  troops 
were  galled  by  the  shot  of  the  enemy. 

In  our  vfnn  nfpilnst  ihi^  French  of  olil.  we  uiej  to  gatt  them 
vviU)  our  lun?  liowt,  at  n  ^-utcr  ULsUince  Uuin  t'lev  could 
shoot  Uieir  urruWB.  AdtUson. 


6.  In  dyeing,  to  impregnate  with  a  decoction  of 
gall  nuts.  Ure. 

GALL,  r.  i.    To  fret  ;  to  bo  teased.  Shak. 

GALL,  71.    A  wound  in  the  skin  by  rubbing. 

GAL'LA.XT,  a.  [Fr.  ira/«<i( ;  Sp.  ^ra/ante ;  It.  irf.  This 
word  is  from  the  root  of  the  W.  gallu,  to  be  able,  to 
have  power;  Eng.  could;  L.  gallus,  a  cock.  See 
Coui.D,  Call,  and  Gala.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
stretch,  strain,  or  reach  forward.] 

1.  Gay ;  well-dressed  ;  showy ;  splendid  ;  magnif- 
icent. 

Neither  shall  gnllant  shipn  pjuw  thereby.  — Is.  uxiii. 
The  ^.ly,  the  wist-,  the  gallant,  and  the  giuve.  Walltr, 

[This  sense  is  obsolete.] 

2.  Brave ;  high-spirited  ;  courageous  ;  heroic  ;  mag- 
nanimous ;  as,  a  gallant  youth  ;  a  gallant  oflicer. 

3.  Fine;  noble.  Skak. 

4.  Courtly;  civil;  polite  and  attentive  to  ladies; 
coiirtetms.  Clarendon. 

G.Mj-LAiNT',  71.  A  g!iy,  sprightly  man ;  a  courtly  or 
fa-shionable  man.  ShtJc 

3.  A  man  who  is  polite  and  attentive  to  ladies  ; 
one  who  attends  upon  lailies  at  parties,  or  to  places 
of  amusement. 

3.  A  wooer ;  a  lover ;  a  suitor. 

4.  In  an  ill  sense,  one  who  caresses  a  woman  for 
lewd  purposes. 

G.\L-LAi\"l'',  V.  I.  To  attend  or  wait  on,  as  a  lady. 
2.  To  handle  with  grace  or  in  a  modish  manner; 

as,  to  irallant  a  fan.  Connoisseur, 
G AL-LA.\T'EI),  ;>;>.    Attended  or  waited  on,  as  a 

la.ly. 

GAL-L.\NT'Ii\G,  ppr.    Waited  on  hv  a  gi'ntleinan. 
GAL'LA.NT-LY,  a./e.    Gayly  ;  splendidly. 

2.  Hravcly  ;  nobly  ;  lieroicajly  ;  geniTously  ;  as,  to 
fight  galhinfly ;  to  defend  a  pl;icc  gallantly. 

G.\L'L.\i\"l'-rVESS,  71.    Elegance  or  completeness  of 

an  acquireil  (pialificatiim.  Ifowrll. 
G.-\L'LANT-RY,  71.    [Hit.  galantcria;  Yr.  galantcrie.] 
I.  Splendor  of  appearance  ;  show  ;  magnificence  ; 
ostentatious  finery.    \  Obsolete  or  obsolescent.] 

Waller. 

9.  Braverj' ;  courageousness  ;  heroism  ;  intrepidi- 
ty.   The  troops  entered  the  fort  with  great  gallantry. 

3.  Nobleni'ss  ;  generosity.  OlanvUle. 

4.  Civility  or  polite  attention  to  ladies. 

5.  Vicious  love  or  pretensions  to  love  ;  civilities 
paid  to  femali*  for  the  purpose  of  winning  favors  ; 
hence,  lewdness;  debauchery. 

GAL'L.-\TE,  n.    [from  gall.]    A  salt  formed  by  the 

gallic  acitl  combined  with  a  ba.se.  Lavoisier. 
GAL'LE-ASS.    See  Galliass. 

GALL'i'D,  pp.  [See  Gall,  the  verb.J  Having  the 
skin  or  surface  worn  or  torn  by  wearing  or  rubbing  ; 
fretted;  te.ased  ;  injured;  vexed. 

G.AL'LE-Oi\,  71.  [Sp.  galcon ;  Port,  galeam;  It.  gale- 
one.     See  (iALLEV.] 

A  large  ship,  with  three  or  four  decks,  formerly 
used  by  the  Spaniards  to  transport  to  S[Ktin  the  gold 
and  silver  bullion  from  the  mines  of  Mexico  and 
Peru.  P.  Ci/c. 

GAL'LER-Y,  17.  [Tt.  galerie  :  Sp.  and  Port,  galrria  ; 
It.  ^allrrlii  ;  Dan.  gallerle  ;  G.  td. :  D.  galdery ;  Sw. 
gatlrr-verck,  and  gall-rad.  Liinier  supposes  this 
word  to  be  from  the  root  of  G.  irallen,  to  walk.  But 
is  it  not  a  projection?    See  (Ialla-vt.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  covered  part  of  a  building, 
commonly  in  the  wings,  used  a.s  an  ambulatory  or  a 
place  for  walking.  Eucyc 

3.  An  ornamental  walk  or  apartment  in  gartlens, 
formed  by  trees.  Encyc 

3.  In  chnrrhcs,  a  floor  elevated  on  columns,  and 
furnished  with  pews  or  seats,  usually  ranged  on  thri:e 
sides  of  the  edifice.  A  similar  structure  in  a  play- 
house. 

4.  In /i>r(iS<-a<i«ii,  a  covered  walk  across  the  ditch 
of  a  town,  made  of  beams  covered  with  planks  and 
loaded  with  earth.  Encyc. 

ry.  Ill  a  77(1711',  a  narrow  p.assage  or  branch  of  the 
mine  carried  under  ground  to  a  work  designed  to  be 
blown  up.  Encyc. 

(>.  In  a  ship,  a  frame,  like  a  balcony,  projecting 
from  the  stern  or  quarter  of  a  ship  of  war  or  of  a 
large  mcrchanlman.  That  part  at  the  stern  is  called 
the  strrn-gallery  ;  that  at  the  quarters,  the  quarter- 
gallery.  Totten. 

7.  In  the  fine  arts,  a  term  applied  to  a  collection  of 
works  in  painting  or  sculpture.  Brandt. 

GAL'LE-T?LE,  n.    GallipoU  Bacon. 

GAL'LEV,  71.;  pi.  Galleys.  [Sp.  galera;  It.  fo/fro 
or  galea  ;  Fr.  ffalcre  ;  Port,  gale ;  L.  galea.  The  Lat- 
in word  signifies  a  helmet,  the  top  of  a  mast,  and  a 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS 


491 


GAL 


GAL 


GAM 


galley ;  and  the  name  of  this  vessel  seems  to  have 
been  derived  from  the  head-piece,  or  kind  of  basket- 
work,  at  mast-head.] 

1.  A  low,  flat-built  vessel,  with  one  deck,  and  nav- 
igated with  sails  and  oars ;  formerly  used  in  tlie 
Jfediterranean.  It  was  long  and  narrow,  and  car- 
ried two  masts  with  lateen  sails.  The  largest  sort  of 
galleys,  employed  by  the  Venetians,  were  166  feet  in 
length,  with  52  oars,  each  oar  managsd  by  six  or 
seven  slaves.  Jl/ar.  Diet,    P.  Cijc. 

2.  A  place  of  toil  and  misery.  South. 

3.  A  light,  open  boat,  used  on  the  River  Thames 
by  custom-house  officers,  press-gangs,  and  for  pleas- 
ure, Jilar.  Diet. 

4.  The  cook-room  or  kitchen  of  a  ship  of  war,  an- 
swering to  the  caboose  of  a  merchantman. 

Mar.  Diet. 

5.  An  oblong,  reverberatory  furnace,  with  a  row  of 
retorts  whose  necks  protrude  through  lateral  open- 
ings J^icholson. 

GAL'LEY,  j  n.  In  printing,  a  frame  which  receives 
GAL'LY,    S    the  types  from  the  composing-stick. 

GAL'LEY-FOIST,  n.    A  barge  of  state.  HakewcU. 

GAL'LEY-SLaVE,  n.  A  person  condemned  for  a 
crime  to  work  at  the  oar  on  board  of  a  galley. 

GALL'FL'5,  Ti.  An  insect  that  punctures  plants,  and 
occasions  galls  ;  the  cynips.  Encyc. 

GAL'LIARD,  (-yard,)  a.  [Fr.  gaillard,  from  ffai,  gay.] 
Gay;  brisk;  active.    [Ois.]  Chaueer. 

GAL'LI.\RD,  71.  A  brisk,  gay  man  ;  also,  a  lively 
dance.    [See  Gailliarde.]  Bacon. 

GAL'LIARD-ISE,  n.  Merriment ;  excessive  gayety. 
[  Obs.]  Brown. 

GAL'LIARD-NESS,  n.    Gayety.    [Obs.]  Oaylon. 

GAL'LI-ASS,  71.  A  lieavy,  lovv-built  vessel,  witli  two 
masts,  and  having  both  sails  and  oars.  Shak. 

GAL'LI€,  a.  [from  Oallia,  Gaul,  now  France.]  Per- 
taining to  Gaul  or  France. 

GAL' Lie,  a.  [from  era//.]  Belonging  to  galls  or  oak- 
apples  ;  derived  from  galls  ;  as,  the  gallie  acid. 

GAL'Lie-AN,  0.    [L.  OaUieus,  from  Oallia,  Gaul.] 
Pertaining  to  Gaul  or  France ;  as,  tlie  Qallican 
church  or  clergy. 

GAL'LI-CISll,  n.    [Fr.  gallicisme,  from  Oallia,  Gaul.] 
A  mode  of  speech  peculiar  to  the  French  nation  ; 
an  idiomatic  manner  of  using  words  in  the  Frencli 
language. 

GAL'LI-CIZE,  V.  t.    To  render  conformable  to  the 

French  idiom  or  language. 
GAL-LI-GAS'KINS,  7i.  pi.     [Q,u.  CaligiB  Vasconum, 
Gascon-hose.] 
Large,  open  hose  ;  used  only  in  ludicrous  lan^ttage. 

Philips. 

GAL-LI-Ma'TIA,  7!.    Talk  without  meaning. 
'^.\L,-LI-MAU'FRY,  jt.    [Fr.  galimafree.] 

1.  A  haish ;  a  medley ;  a  liodge-podge.  [Little  nscd.] 

Spenser, 

2.  Any  inconsistent  or  ridiculous  medley.  Dryden, 

3.  A  woman.    [JVui  in  use.]  Shak. 
["  Oalimaufrey,  a  hodge-podge  made  up  of  the  rem- 
nants and  scraps  of  the  larder." 

Grose^s  Classical  Dietionary  of  the  Vulgar  Tongue. 
"  Clear  and  easy  words  in  unintelligible  things  are 
mere  words  without  sense  ;  and  things  which  are 
unintelligible,  though  expressed  with  plain  and  easy 
words,  are  called  a  galemaitfrey." 
An  Impartial  Account  of  the  fVord  Mystery,  as  it  is 
taken  in  the  Holy  Scripture.  Lond.  1691,  4to.  p.  19. 
E.  H.  B.l^ 

';.\L-LI-Na'CEOUS,  fgal-Ie-na'shus,)  a.  [L.  gallina- 
ceus,  from  gallina,  a  hen,  gallus,  a  cock,  whose  name 
is  from  crowing,  VV.  galw.  Eng.  to  call.] 

Designating  that  order  of  birds  called  OallincE,  in- 
cluding the  domestic  fowls  or  those  of  the  pheasant 
kind. 

Oallinaceus  Lapis ;  a  glossy  substance  produced  by 
volcanic  fires  ;  the  Uipis  obsidianus  of  the  ancients. 
A  kind  of  it,  brought  from  Peru,  is  of  a  beautiful 
black,  or  crow-color,  like  the  gallina^o.  Encyc. 

GAL-LI'NiE,  71. /(/.    [L.]    Si'c  Gallinaceous. 

GALL'ING,  71.    Act  of  galling  or  fretting  the  skin. 

GALL'ING,  ppr.    [See  Gall,  the  verb.]    Fretting  the 
skin  ;  excoriating. 
2.  a.   Adapted  to  fret  or  chagrin  ;  vexing. 

GAL'LI-NIP-PEll,  n.    A  large  musquito. 

GALL'-IN'.SF.er,  71.  A  name  common  to  a  family  of 
insertti,  inrluding  the  cochineal  insect.  Brande. 

GAL'H-NULK,  71.  [L.  gallinula,  dim.  of  gallina,  a 
hen.] 

The  watcr-hcn,  a  bird  allied  to  the  coot  and  rail, 
and  included  under  the  Linnican  genus  Fulica. 
GAL'LI-OT,  (  „  „ 
GAL-LF^OT*  (  Galiot. 

GAI^LIP'O-IJ  oil,  71.  An  Inferior  kind  of  olive  oil, 
brought  from  GallijKili,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 

Buchanan. 

GAL'LI  POT,  n.    [D.  gtrye,  potter's  clay,  and  pot.] 
A  urnali  pot  or  vrssel,  painted  and  glazed,  UHed  by 
dniggi'tH  and  niuithccaricH  for  containing  medicines. 
GAI^LIT'ZIN-I'J'E,  n.    Itutile,  an  ore  of  titanium. 

Ure. 

GAL'LI- VAT,  71.  A  imall  vessel  used  on  the  M.ila- 
bar  coast.  Chalmers. 


GALL'LESS,  a.  [from  gall,]  Free  from  gall  or  bit- 
terness. 

GALL'-NUT,  71.  An  excrescence  on  a  species  of  oak, 
lised  in  dyeing,  making  ink,  &c.    [See  GallJ 

GAL'LON,  71.  [t!|].  galon;  Law  L.  galona.  In  French, 
galon  is  a  grocer's  box.    Old  Fr.  julon,  a  gallon.] 

A  measure  of  capacity  for  dry  or  liquid  things,  but 
usually  for  liquids,  containing  four  quarts.  But  the 
gallon  is  not,  in  all  cases,  of  uniform  contents  or  di- 
mensions. In  England,  the  old  wine  gallon  con- 
tains 231  cubic  inches  ;  the  old  corn  gallon  contains 
268yS^  cubic  inches  ;  the  old  ale  gallon  contains  282 
cubic  inches  ;  the  new  imperial  gallon,  as  settled  by 
the  act  of  George  IV.,  contains  10  pounds  avoirdu- 
pois of  distilled  water,  or  cubic  inches. 

P.  Cyc, 

GAL-LOON',  71.  [Fr.  galon;  Sp.  galon;  It.  galione; 
Port,  gnlam.] 

\  kind  of  close  lace,  made  of  gold  or  silver,  or  of 
silk  onlv.  Tatler. 
GAL-LOON'ED,  a.    Furnished  or  adorned  with  gal- 
loon. 

GAL'LOP,  V.  i,  [Fr.  galoper  ;  Sp.  galopear  ;  Port.  id. ; 
It.  galoppare  ;  Arm.  galoupat,  or  galompat :  G.  galnp- 
pircn.  If  this  word  is  from  the  elements  GI,  I  Know 
not  the  origin  or  meaning  of  the  last  constituent  part 
of  the  word.  I  suppose  it  to  be  formed  with  the  pre- 
fix ga  on  leap,  G.  laufen,  D.  loopen,  geloopen.  See 
LeapJ 

1.  To  move  or  run  with  leaps  or  bounds,  as  a  horse ; 
to  run  or  move  witli  speed. 

But  gallop  lively  down  the  western  hill.  Donne. 

2.  To  ride  with  a  galloping  pace.  We  galloped  to- 
ward the  enemy. 

3.  To  move  very  fast ;  to  run  over. 

Such  superficial  ideas  he  m.iy  collect  in  galloping  over  it.  Locke, 
GAL'LOP,  71.  The  movement  or  pace  of  a  quadruped, 
particularly  of  a  horse,  by  springs,  reaches,  or  leaps. 
The  animal  lifts  his  fore  feet  nearly  at  the  same  time, 
and  as  these  descend  and  are  just  ready  to  touch  the 
ground,  the  hind  feet  are  lifted  at  once.  The  gallop 
is  the  swiftest  pace  of  a  horse,  but  it  is  also  a  moder- 
ate pace,  at  the  pleasure  of  a  rider. 
GAL-LOP-,\DE',  n.    A  kind  of  dance,  and  also  a  kind 

of  music  appropriate  to  the  dance. 
GAL'LOP-Eli,  71.    A  horse  that  gallops ;  also,  a  man 
that  gallops  or  makes  haste. 

2.  In  artillery,  a  carriage  on  which  very  small  guns 
are  conveyed.  It  has  shafts,  so  as  to  be  drawn  with- 
out a  limbon,  and  it  may  serve  for  light  three  and  six 
pounders. 

GAL'LO-PIN,  71.    [Fr.]    A  servant  for  the  kitchen. 

[Obs.] 

GAL'LOP-ING,  ppr,  or  a.  Riding  or  moving  with  a 
GAL'LoW,  7).  t    [Sax.  aga-lwan,]  [gallop. 

To  fright  or  terrify.    [  OAs.]  Shak, 
G.AL'LO-VVAY,  71.    .\  horse  or  species  of  horses,  of  a 
small  size,  first  bred  in  Galloway,  in  Scotland. 

Hawkcsjoorth, 

GAL'LoW-GLXSS,  71.    An  ancient  Irish  foot  soldier. 

Spenser, 

GAL'LO^VS,  71.  sing, ;  pi.  Gallowses.  [Sax.  galg,  ge~ 
alga  ;  Goth,  galga ;  G.  galgen  ;  D.  galg  ;  Sw.  galge  ; 
Dan.  id.  Qallows  is  in  tlie  singuliu"  number,  and 
should  be  preceded  by  a,  a  gallows.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  punishment  on  vihich  crimi- 
nals are  executed  by  iianging.  It  consists  of  two 
jiosts  and  a  cross-beam  on  the  top,  to  which  the 
criminal  is  suspended  by  a  rope  fastened  round  his 
neck. 

2.  A  wretch  that  deserves  the  gallows.  [JVot  used.] 

Shali. 

3.  pi.  A  pair  of  pantaloon  suspenders.  [Collo<iuial.] 
GAL'LOWS-FREE,  a.    Free  from  danger  of  the  gal- 
lows. Dryden. 

GAL'LOWS-TREE,  71.    The  tree  of  execution. 

Spenser. 

GALIyS,  71.  pi.  Wounds  or  excoriations  produced  by 
the  frirtion  of  harness.  Giirdnrr. 

GAIjL'Y,  a.    Like  gall ;  bitter  as  gall.  Cranmer, 

GAL'LY,  71.  [Port,  gale,  a  galley,  and  a  printer's 
frame  ;  Fr.  gal  e,] 

A  printer's  frame,  on  which  types  from  the  com- 
posing  stirk  are  placed.    [See  Galley.]  Ash, 

GAL'LY-WORM,  n.  An  insect  of  the  centiped  kind, 
of  several  species. 

GA-LOCIIE',  /g,a-15sh,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  Sp.  galoclia,  a 
clog,  or  wooden  shoe.] 

A  patten,  clog,  or  wooden  shoe,  or  a  shoe  to  be 
worn  over  another  shoe  to  keep  the  foot  dry.  It  is 
written  also  Galosh e. 

GA-LORE',  71.    [U.  gleire.] 

In  old  irri/cr.i,  plenty ;  abundance.  Still  used  by 
seamen.  Smart. 

GAL'SO.ME,  (gawl'sum,)  a.  [(torn  gall,]  Angry;  ma- 
lignant.   [Obs.]  Morion. 

G^LT,  71.    A  stiir,  bluo  marl,  of  the  chalk  formation. 

Mantrll. 

GAL-VAN'IC,  a.  Peitaiiiiiig  to  galvanism;  contain- 
ing or  cvhibiiing  it. 

GAL'VAN-IS.M,  71.  [from  Galoani,  of  Bologna,  Ihc 
discoverer.  ] 


Electrical  jihenomena  in  which  the  electricity  is 
developed  without  the  aid  of  friction,  and  in  which 
a  chemical  action  takes  place  between  certain  bodies. 

Edin.  Encyc. 

Galvanism  is  heat,  light,  electricity,  and  magnetism, 
united  in  combination  or  in  simultaneous  action  ; 
sometimes  one,  and  sometimes  another  of  them  pre- 
dominating, and  thus  producing,  more  or  less,  all  the 
effects  of  each  —  usual  means  of  excitement,  contact 
of  dissimilar  bodies,  especially  of  metals  and  fluids. 

*  Hare.  SUliman. 

GAL'VAN-IST,  71.    One  versed  in  galvanism. 

GAL'VAN-IZE,  v.  t.    To  affect  with  galvanism. 

GAL'VAN-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Affected  with  galvanism. 
Galvanized  iron ;  a  name  given  to  sheets  of  iron 
which  are  first  dipped  into  melted  zinc,  and  then 
into  melted  tin,  and  are  thus  prepared,  by  the  su[v 
posed  galvanic  action  of  these  metals,  to  resist  oxy- 
dation.  Francis. 

GAL'VAN-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Aflecting  with  galvanism. 

GAL-VAN-OL'O-GIST,  71.  One  who  describes  the 
phenomena  of  galvanism. 

GAL-VAN-OL'O-GY,  7i.  [galvanism,  and  Gr.  Xoyos, 
discourse.] 

A  treatise  on  galvanism,  or  a  description  of  its 
phenomena. 

GAL-VAN-OM'E-TER,  )  71.    [galvanism,  and  Gr.  pe- 

GAL-VAN'O-SeOPE,    \     rp,.^,  measure.] 

An  instrument  or  apparatus  for  measuring  the 
force,  or  detecting  the  presence,  of  minute  tpianti- 
ties  of  galvanic  electricity.  Ure. 

Ga'JIA  grass,  71.  A  tall,  stout,  and  exceedingly  pro- 
ductive grass,  said  to  admit  of  being  cut  six  times  in 
a  season.  Farm.  Enryc. 

GA-M.\SH'ES,  71.  pi.  Short  spatterdashes  similar  to 
gaiters.  Shelton, 

GAiM-Ba'DoES,  71.  pi,    [It.  gamba,  the  leg.] 

Cases  of  leather,  formerly  useil  to  defend  the  leg 
from  mud,  and  in  riding  on  horseback.  Hulloicay. 

G.liM'BET,  71.  A  bird,  of  the  size  of  the  greeiishaiik, 
found  in  the  Arctic  Sea,  and  in  Scandinavia  and  Ice- 
land. Pennant. 

GA.M'BI-SON,  71.  [Fr.]  A  stuffed  doublet  worn  un- 
der armor.  Toone. 

G.V.M'BIT,  a.  In  chess,  a.  term  applied  to  a  game  which 
is  begun  by  moving  the  king's  or  queen's  pawn  two 
squares,  with  the  intention  of  moving  the  adjoining 
bishop's  pawn  two  squares  also,  thus  leaving  the 
first-moved,  or  gambit  pawn,  undefended.  Smart. 

GAM'BLE,  V.  i.  [from  game,]  To  play  or  game  for 
money  or  other  stake. 

GAJl'BLE,  V,  t.  To  gamble  away,  is  to  squander  by 
gaming. 

4I;tnkrupts  or  sots  who  have  gambled  or  slept  aictty  tlicir  estates. 

.4  me*. 

GAM'BLKD,  prct.  of  Gamdle. 

GA.M'BLER,  71.  One  who  games  or  plays  for  money  j 
or  other  stake.    Gamblers  often  or  usually  become 
clietits  and  knaves. 

G.\i\l'BLING,  ppr.    Gaming  for  money. 

GAM'BLING,  71.  The  act  or  practice  of  gaming  for 
money. 

GAM-BoGE',  71.  A  concrete  vegetable  juice,  or  in- 
spissated sap,  produced  by  the  Hebradentlron  Cam- 
bogioides.  It  is  brought  in  orbicular  masses,  or  cy- 
lindrical rolls,  from  Cambodia,  Cambudja,  or  Cambogia, 
in  the  East  Indies,  whence  its  name.  It  is  of  a 
dense,  compact  texture,  and  of  a  beautiful  reddish- 
yellow.  It  is  used  chiefly  as  a  pigment.  Taken  in- 
ternally, it  is  a  strong  and  harsh  cathartic  and  emet- 
ic. JVtcholson, 

GAM-Bo'Gl-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  gamboge. 

GAiM'BOL,  V,  1.  [Fr.  gambiller,  to  wag  the  leg  or  kick, 
from  It.  gamba,  the  leg,  Vt,jambe,  Sp.  gamba,] 

1.  To  dance  and  skip  about  in  sport ;  to  frisk ;  to 
leap  :  to  jilay  in  frolic,  like  boys  anil  lambs. 

Milton.  Dryden. 
Q.  To  leap  ;  to  start.  Shak. 

G.\M'BOL,  11.  A  skipping  or  leaping  about  in  frolic ;  a 
skip  ;  a  hop ;  a  leap ;  a  sportive  prank.  Dryden. 

GAM'BOL-ING,  ppr.  Leaping  ;  frisking  ;  playing 
pninks. 

G.IM'BKEL,  71.    [from  It.  gamba,  the  leg.] 

1.  The  hind  leg  of  a  horse.  Hence, 

2.  A  stick  crooked  like  a  horse's  leg,  used  by  butch- 
ers. Smart. 

A  ciirb-roiif  is  called  a  gambrel-roof. 
GAM'BREL.ti.  (.  To  tie  by  the  leg.  Beaum,  S[  Fl, 
G.^ME,  «.  [Ice.  gaman  :  Sax.  gumen,  a  jest,  sport ;  ga- 
mian,  to  jest ;  to  sport ;  It.  giambare,  to  jest  or  jeer ; 
VV.  camp,  a  feat,  a  game  ;  eamjiiair,  to  contend  in 
*'ames.  The  latter  seems  to  unite  game  with  camp, 
which  in  Saxon  and  other  northern  dialects  signifies 
a  combat.] 

1.  Sport  of  any  kind.  Shak, 

2.  Jest ;  opposed  to  earnest ;  as,  betwixt  earnest 
and  game.    [A'ut  ii,«crf.]  Spenser. 

3.  An  exercise  or  play  for  amusement  or  winning 
a  stjike  ;  as^  a  game  of  cricket  ;  a  game  of  chess  ;  a 
game  of  whist.  Some  games  (lei)ciid  on  skill,  others 
on  hazard. 

4.  A  single  match  at  play.  Addison 
AdvaulacB  in  jilay  ;  as,  to  play  the  game  into 

another's  hand. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — MflTE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK. 

_  -  — _ 


GAN 

n.  Sclienic  pursiiiMl  ;  measures  planned. 

Tliit  weint  lo  Ui  Uv  pmsrnl  gnuu  of  tli.u  cruvvii.  Templt. 

7.  l^ield  spurts  ;  the  chase  \  falconry,  &c. 

Shak.  IViiUn. 

8.  Animals  pursued  or  taken  in  tlie  chase,  or  in  tlie 
sports  of  tin'  tield  ;  animals  appropriated  in  England 
to  lepal  sportsmen,  us  deer,  hares,  &c. 

9.  In  onti'iuity,  games  were  public  diversions  or 
contests  exhibited  as  spectacles  for  the  gratilicntion  of 
the  people.  These  games  consisted  of  running,  leap- 
ing, vvrestlinp,  riding,  &c.  Siicli  wiTe  the  Olympic 
g-amrs,  the  Pythian,  the  Isthmian,  the  Nemean,  &c., 
among  the  Greeks  ;  and  among  the  Komans,  the  Apol- 
linarian,  the  Circensian,  the  Capitoline,  itc.  F.ncijc. 

10.  .Mockery;  sport;  derision;  as,  to  make  game 
of  a  person. 

Ua.ME,  v.  i.    [Sax.  gamian.] 

1.  'I'll  play  at  any  sport  or  diversion. 

2.  'I'o  play  for  a  stake  or  prize  ;  to  iite  cards,  dice, 
billiards,  or  other  instruments,  according  lo  certain 
rules,  with  a  view  to  win  money  or  other  thing  waged 
upon  the  issue  of  the  contest. 

;t.  To  practice  gaming. 
G.X.MK'-COCK,  71.    Acock  bred  or  used  to  figlit ;  a 

cock  kept  for  barbarous  sport.  Locke. 
G.aAIU'-EGG,  n.    An  egg  from  which  a  fighting  cock 

is  bred.  Qartli, 
Ga.MK'FIJL,  a.    Full  of  game  or  games. 
GAiME'KEEI'-EU,  n.    One  who  has  the  care  of  game  ; 

one  who  is  .authori/.cd  to  preserve  beasts  of  the  chase, 

or  animals  kept  for  sport.  Blackstone. 
Ga.ME'-I.EG,  h.    a  lame  leg. 
Ga.ME'I.ESS,  a.    Destitute  of  game. 
G.l.ME'SO.ME,  a.    Gay  ;  sportive  ;  playful ;  frolicsome. 

Tlus  gamesoriit  liuiiior  of  clul<li\-ii.  Locke. 
GSME  POME-LY,  adv.    Merrily  :  pl.iyfully. 
GaME's-OME-.\ESS,  n.    Sportivencss  ;  merriment. 
GA.ME'STEll,  n.    [game,  and  Sa\.  stcora,  a  director.] 

1.  A  person  addicted  to  gaming  ;  one  who  is  ac- 
customed lo  play  for  monej'  or  other  stake  at  cards, 
dice,  Inlliards,  and  the  like ;  a  gambler;  one  skdled 
in  games.  Mdison. 

It  it  as  e;\sy  to  be  a  kcholar  lu  a  gametter.  Harris. 

2.  One  engaged  at  play.  Bacon. 

3.  .\  mcrrj',  frolicsome  person.   [JVut  used.]  Shak. 

4.  A  prostitute.    [Auf  in  v-se.]  Shak. 
GAiM'I.Vt;, y)/ir.   riaying;  sporting;  pl.iying  for  money. 
Ga.M'ING,  ».    The  act  or  art  of  pl.aying  any  game,  in 

a  contest  for  a  victory,  or  for  a  prize  or  slake. 

2.  The  pmctice  of  using  cards,  dice,  billiards,  and 
the  like,  according  to  certain  rules,  for  winning 
money,  &c. 

GA.M'INtJ-HOUSE,  71.  A  house  where  gaming  is  prac- 
liceil.  Blackstone. 

Ga.M'I.XG  Ta-BLE,  71.  A  table  appropriated  lo  gam- 
ing. 

GA.M-.M AR'O-LITE,  n.    A  petrified  crawfish,  or  other 

crustaceous  animal. 
G.\.M'MEK,  71.    [Sw.  gammal,  Dan.  gammel,  old  ;  Sw. 

gummoy  an  old  woman.]" 

The  compellation  of  an  old  woman,  answering  to 

gaffer,  applied  to  an  old  man. 
GA.M'.MO.\,  11.    [ It.  irar7i4a  ;  Fr.jambe,  a  leg  ;  jamAi»7i, 

a  leg  of  bacon,  janfre  Ao;ic] 

1.  The  buttock  or  tliign  of  a  hog,  pickled  and 
smoked  or  dried  ;  a  smoked  liam. 

2.  A  game,  called  usually  liAeKOAMMO.v,  which 

3.  .An  imposition  or  hoax.  [see. 
GAM'.MO.N,  I',  t.   To  make  bacon;  to  pickle  and  dry 

in  smoke. 

2.  To  fasten  a  bowsprit  to  the  stem  of  a  ship  by 
several  turns  of  a  rope.  Mar.  Diet 

GAM'.MON,  V.  L  In  the  game  of  backgammon,  the  par- 
ly that,  by  fortunate  throws  of  the  dice,  or  by  supe- 
rior skill  in  moving,  withdraws  all  his  men  from  the 
board,  before  his  antagonist  has  been  able  to  get  his 
men  home  and  withdrawany  of  them  from  his  table, 
gammon.^  his  antagonist. 

2.  To  impose  on  a  person  by  making  him  believe 
improbable  stories  ;  to  humbug.  Dickens. 

GAM'.M0.\'-A;I),         See  the  verb. 

GAM'JIO.\-I.\G,  ppr.    See  the  verb. 

G.\M'M0N-1.\G,  II.  The  lashing  by  which  the  bow- 
sprit of  a  vessel  is  secured  to  the  stem. 

«.  I{.  Dana,  Jr. 

GAM-0-PET'AI.-OUS,  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  oorol 
of  a  llowcr,  when  the  petals  cohere  li)  their  contiii- 
tious  margins,  so  as  to  form  a  lube.  LimUeij. 

GAM-O-SEP'AL-OUS,  a.  .\  term  applied  to  the  calyx 
of  a  flower,  when  the  sepals  cohere,  by  their  contin- 
uous edges,  into  a  kind  of  tube  or  cup.  Lindlrtj. 

G.AM'UT,  71.  [Sp.  gamma :  Port.  id. ;  Kr.  gamme  ;  from 
the  Greek  letter  so  named.] 

1.  A  scale  im  which  notes  in  music  are  written  or 
printed,  consisting  of  lines  and  spaces,  which  sire 
nametl  after  the  first  seven  letters  of  the  alphabet. 

2.  The  first  or  gravest  note  in  Guido's  scale  of  mu- 
sic^ Ihe  modern  scale. 

GA.N  ;  a  contraction  of  Beoak,  or  rather  the  original 

simple  word.  Sax.  gynnaa,  lo  begin. 
GA.NCII,  r.  1.    [It.  gancio,  a  hook.) 

To  drop  from  a  high  place  on  sharp  suikes  or  hooks, 

03  the  Turks  do  malefactors,  by  way  of  punishment. 


GAN 

GANt^'lI'l.N'G,  II.  The  act  of  letting  one  fall  on  sharp 
stakes  or  liooks;  a  Turkish  piinislinient  of  criminals. 

G.VN'DEK,  11.  [f^ax.  gundra,  ganra  :  It.  ganra.  In  Ger. 
ami  D.  gans  is  a  goose  ;  D.  gan.irrtrk,  a  gandirr  ;  (Jr. 
X7)i',  and  probably  L.  anser.  Pliny  says  llial,  in  Ger- 
many, the  small,  white  geese  were  called  ganza. 
Lib.  10,  22.] 
The  male  of  the  goose. 

GANG,  I',  i.    [Sax.  gangan  ;  Goth,  gaggan.] 

Togo;  to  walk.    [Scoltuili.']  „ 

GANG,  ».  [!^:ix.  gang :  D.  Dan.  G.  gang;  Sw.  gang, 
a  going,  .a  pace  t>r  gait,  a  way,  a  passage,  an  alU^y, 
an  avenue,  a  porch,  portico,  or  gallery  ;  G.  erzreickcr 
gang,  and  Dan.  mincrulisk  gang,  a  metallic  vein,  a 
streali  in  a  mine  ;  (Joth.  gagg,  a  way  or  street ;  gag- 
gan, to  go,  to  walk.] 

1.  Prupcrhj,  a  going  ;  hence,  a  number  going  in 
company  ;  hence,  n  company  or  a  number  of  persons 
associated  for  a  particular  purpose;  as,  a  gang  of 
thieves. 

2.  In  ,«fnmc«'.5 'n»^i/n;,'P,  a  select  number  of  a  ship's 
crew  appointed  on  a  particular  service,  under  a  suit- 
able ollicer.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  In  mining,  literalhi,  a  course  or  vein  ;  but  appro- 
prialclij,  tile  earthy,  stony,  saline,  or  combustible  sub- 
stance, which  contains  the  ore  of  iiii  tals,  or  is  only 
mingled  with  it,  without  being  chemically  combined. 
This  is  called  the  gang  or  matrix  of  tile  onr.  It  dif- 
fers from  a  77iiiii-ra/iicr,  ill  not  being  combined  with 
the  metal.  Clearclanil. 

[  This  tctirit,  in  the  latter  sense,  is  communtij,  but  in  vi- 
olatiim  of  etifmologij,  written  Ganove.] 
GANG'HOAIU),  «.    A  board  or  plank,  with  cleats  for 
steps,  used  for  walking  into  or  out  of  a  boat. 

Falconer. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  planks  pl.iced  within  or  with- 
out the  bulwarks  of  a  vessel's  waist,  for  the  si:nlinel 
to  walk  or  stand  on.  Totlcn. 

GANG'-1)A  Vs,  11.  pi.    Days  of  perambulation. 

GA.NG'IIOKN,  71.    A  (lower.  jiinsaorth. 

GAN"GL1-At;,  a.    Itelatiiig  to  a  gangliim. 

GAN"GI,l-ON,  (gang'gle-on,)  k.    [Gr.  }a}y^iof.] 

1.  In  anatumij,  a  he.'ilthy  and  naliinil  enlargement 
occurring  somewhere  in  tlie  course  of  a  nerve.  There 
are  two  systems  of  nerves  which  have  ganglions  upon 
them.  First,  those  of  common  sensation,  whose  gan- 
glions are  near  to  the  origin  of  the  nerve  in  the  spinal 
cord.  Secoiitlly,  the  great  sympathetic  nerve,  which 
has  v.arioiis  ganglions  on  various  parts  of  it. 

2.  In  surgrrtj,  ail  encysted  tumor  situated  some- 
where on  a  tendon,  formed  by  the  elevation  of  the 
sheath  of  the  tendon,  and  the  elfusiiui  of  a  viscid 
fluid  into  it.  Tulltj. 

GAN"GI,l-ON-A-RY,  a.    Composed  of  ganglions. 

G.\N"(Jl,l-0.\'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  ganglion;  as, 
the  ganglionic  nerves  of  the  digestive  organs  ;  or  the 
ganglionic  nerves  of  common  sensation.  Prout, 

G.\N'  GI1E-N.\TE,  r.  t.    To  produce  a  gangrene. 

GAN"GHE-.N'A-Ti;i), /<;).    .Mortified.  IBroten. 

GAN"GKE  Na-TING,  ppr.  .Mortifying. 

GAN"'.jKE.\E,  (gang'green,)  ti.  [Fr.,  from  L.  gan- 
gi-^ta;  Gr.  y     y  i.an  -i  ;  Syr.  gangar.] 

.k  mortificaiioii  of  living  llesh,  or  of  some  part  of  a 
living  animal  body. 

GAN'  olli;."."!;,  r.  t.    To  mortify. 

G  A.\'"(;RI"..\K,  t>.  i.    To  bi  come  mortified. 

GAN"GI{F;N-f;D,  pp.  .Mortified. 

G.AN"GKE-.VKS'CE.\T,  a.    Tending  to  mortification. 

GAi\"GRF;.\-ING,  ppr.  .Mortifying. 

G,\.\"GRE-.NOl.'S,  a.  Mortified;  indicating  mortifi- 
cation of  living  llesh. 

GANGUE,  (gang,)  ii.    [G.  gang,  a  vein.] 

The  mineral  substance  which  incloses  any  inetallic 
ore  in  the  vein.  Ure. 

[  The  proper  spelling  leould,  etymologicaUy,  be  Gang, 
which  see,] 

GANG'\V.\Y,  ti.  a  passage,  way,  or  avenue,  into  or 
out  of  any  inclosed  place. 

2.  'J'lie  pari  of  a  vessel  on  the  spar-deck,  forming  a 
p.as.sagp  along  each  siile,  from  the  quarter-deck  to  the 
forecastle  ;  more  properly  termed  the  icaijtf.  Totten. 

To  bring  ti}  Uie  gangicatj,  in  Uie  discipUne  of  ships, 
is  lo  punish  a  seaman  by  tying  him  up  and  flogging 
him,  in  the  waist  or  at  liic  gangway,  iJie  usual  place 
of  ptiiiishment.  Totlcn. 

GA.NG'WEEK,  n.  Uognlion  week,  when  processions 
are  made  lo  luslratc  or  survey  the  bounds  of  parish- 
es. Diet. 

G.\.\'IL,  71.    .'V  kind  of  brittle  limestone.  Kirican. 

G.A.N'.NET,  71.    [^-.w.  ganot.    See  Gandeh.] 

Till-  Solan  GiHise,  a  sea-fowl  allied  to  the  pelican, 
and  belonging,  wiih  the  booby,  lo  the  genus  Siila, 
about  seven  |Kiunds  in  weight,  with  a  straight  bill, 
six  inches  long,  and  palmaled  feet.  These  gaunets 
fretpieiit  the  norlheiu  regions  of  both  continents  in 
siimmi  r,  and  feed  on  herrings  and  other  fish. 

Partingtxin, 

Ga'.VOID,  (  o.    Pertaining  to  the  order  of  fishes 

GA-NOIl)'l-AN,  !     called  Ganoidians. 
GA-.\OID'l-.\.\S,  n.  ;)/.    [Gr.  >uiuj,  brightness,  and 
£i<!.i5,  form.] 

.An  order  of  fishes,  having  angular  scales,  covered 
with  bright  enamel.  The  bony  pike  and  sturgeon 
belting  to  this  order.  Atrassiu 


GAR 

GA.\T'I,ET,    (71.   [The  Lxsl  syllable  is  from  the  Teu- 

GANT'LOl'E,  j  tonic,  1).  lonpen,  lo  run.  The  first 
is  probably  from  gang,  a  passage.  Tile  German  has 
gassenUtuf'er,  streift-riiuner.] 

A  military  piinislinient  inflicted  on  criminals  for 
some  heinous  offense.  It  is  executed  in  this  manner: 
Siddiers  are  arranged  in  two  rows,  face  to  face,  each 
armed  with  a  switch  or  instrument  of  punishiiieiil ; 
between  these  rows,  the  olfender,  stripped  to  his 
waist,  is  compirlled  to  p.'iss  a  certain  nunitier  of  times, 
antl  each  man  gives  liiiii  a  stroke.  A  similar  piinisli- 
nient is  usetl  on  boartl  of  ships.  lltMice  this  word  is 
chiefly  used  in  the  phrase  lo  run  lite  gantlet,  or  gant- 
lope. Dnjden.    Mar.  DicU 

GAN'Z.A,  77.    [Sp.  gan.io,  a  goose.    See  Gander.] 
A  kind  of  wild  goose,  by  a  flock  of  which  a  virtu- 
oso was  fabled  to  bo  carried  to  the  lunar  world. 

Johnson,  lludibras. 

GAOL,  71.  [Fr.  gcOlc  ;  Arm.  grol  or  jol :  VV.  ^rol ;  Norm. 
geaule  ;  geole ;  Sp.  jtuila,  a  cage,  a  cell ;  Port,  gaiola. 
Ou.  Class  Gl,  No.  U,  3li,  Ar.  As  the  pronuncialion 
gole  accords  with  that  of  goal,  a  ditfrreiil  word,  it 
would  be  convenient  to  write  this  word  uniformly 
Jail.] 

A  prison  ;  a  place  for  the  confinement  of  debtors 
and  crimin.'ils. 
Gaol,  e.  l.    To  imprison  ;  to  confine  in  prison.  Bacon, 
GAOL'-DE-LI  V'EU-Y,  ii.  A  judicial  process  for  clear- 
ing jails  of  criminals,  by  trial  and  condemnation  or 
aci|iiittal. 

GAOL'ER,  n.  The  keeper  of  a  gaol  or  prisoner;  a 
jailer. 

G.AP,  71.  [See  Gape  and  Gab.  Gipsy,  gcb,  Hindoo, 
gibah,  a  hole.] 

1.  An  o|iciiing  in  any  thing  made  by  breaking  or 
parting  ;  as,  a  gap  in  a  fence  or  wall. 

2.  A  breach. 

Manifold  niis/Tira  f-nsin-tl  by  Uie  opening  •!  dial  gap  to  nil  that 
8i>)e  of  Climlotidoti),  Knallet. 

3.  Any  avenue  or  passage  ;  way  of  entrance  or  de- 
parture. Dnjden. 

4.  A  breach ;  a  defect ;  a  flaw  ;  as,  a  ^a;i  in  honor 
or  reputation.  Shak.  More. 

5.  Any  opening,  interstice,  or  vacuity. 

A  third  foiii  fill  the  gap  xwilh  laughing.  Sto^t. 

6.  A  liiatus  ;  a  chasm  ;  as,  a  ^a;i  between  words. 

Pope. 

To  stop  a  gap  ;  to  secure  a  weak  point ;  to  repair  a 
defect. 

To  stand  in  Vie  gap ;  to  expose  one's  self  for  the 
protection  of  something ;  to  make  defense  against 
any  assailing  danger.    Ezek.  xxii. 
GXPE,  (pronounced  .rape  to  a  limited  extent  in  Eng- 
land,) V.  i     [Sax.  gcapan;  Sw.  gapa;  D.  gaapen;  G. 

gaffen;  Dan.gabcr;  Ar.  i_»Ls»  jauba,  to  split,  tear, 
or  cut  open.] 

1.  To  o|>en  the  mouth  wide,  from  sleepiness,  drow- 
siness, or  diilliii^ss  ;  to  yawn.  SwifL 

2.  To  open  the  mouth  for  food,  as  young  birds. 

Dnjden. 

3.  To  gape  for,  or  after :  to  desire  earnestly  ;  to 
crave ;  to  look  and  long  for ;  as,  men  often  gape  af- 
ter court  favor. 

The  hungry  grave  for  her  due  tribute  gapet.  Denham. 
To  gape  at,  in  a  like  sense,  is  hardly  correct. 

4.  To  open  in  fissures  or  crevices ;  as,  a  gaping 
rock. 

May  lh:it  ground  gape  and  swallow  me  alive.  Shak. 

5.  To  have  a  hiatus ;  as,  one  vowel  gaping  on  an- 
other. Dryden. 

6.  To  open  the  mouth  in  wonder  or  surprise ;  as, 
the  gaping  fool ;  the  gaping  crowd. 

7.  To  utter  sound  with  open  throat.  Roscommon. 

8.  To  open  the  mouth  with  ho|ie  or  cxp<'Clation. 

Hudibras. 

0.  To  open  the  mouth  with  a  desire  to  injure  or 
devour. 

They  have  gaped  upon  me  with  Uieir  mouUi.  —  Job  xvl. 
GAPE,  71.    A  gaping.  .Sddisan. 
2.  In  loiilogn,  the  width  of  the  mouth  when  opened, 
as  of  birds,  fishes,  &c. 

7'Af  gapes;  a  disease  of  young  poultry,  attended 
with  much  gaping. 
GXP'EK,  II.    One  who  gapes  ;  a  yawncr. 

2.  One  who  opens  his  mouth  for  wonderand  stares 
foolishly. 

3.  One  who  longs  or  craves.  Corcai. 

4.  A  fish  with  SIX  or  seven  bands  and  tail  undivid- 
ed. PennanL 

GAP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Opening  the  mouth  wide  from 
sleepiness,  dullness,  wonder,  or  admiration ;  yawn- 
ing ;  opening  in  fissures  ;  craving. 

G.AP'-TOOTH-/;i),  (-tootht,)  a.  Having  interstices 
between  Ihe  teeth.  Dryden. 

GAK,  in  Saxon,  a  dart,  a  weapon;  as  in  tjlgar,  oi 
Eadgar,  a  liap|i)  weapon  ;  Ethdgar,  noble  weapon. 

Qibson. 

This  may  be  the  Ch.  Niu  or  Kiu,  an  arrow,  a  dart ; 
Sam.  an  arrow.] 
2.  Several  kinds  of  fish  are  known  by  this  name. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  III  as  in  THIS. 


62* 


pp 


493 


GAR 


GAR 


GAR 


GAR,  r. '10  cause  ;  to  make.  Speiisn-. 
GAR'A-GaY,  n.    A  rapacious  bird  of  Mexico,  of  the 

size  of  tile  kite.  Diet. 
GAR'AN-CINE,  n.    An  extract  of  madder  by  means 

of  sulpliuric  acid,  prepared  in  France.  Ure. 
GXRR,  n.    [Ft.  garbe,  looks,  countenance;  It.  and  i?p. 

ffiirbo  ;  Norm,  garbs,  clotlies,  dress  ;  Russ.  gerb,  arms  j 

from  the  root  of  gear.] 

1.  Dress  ;  clotlies  ;  habit ;  as,  the  garb  of  a  clergy- 
man or  judge. 

2.  Fashion,  or  mode  of  dress.  DenUam. 

3.  Exterior  appearance  ;  looks.  Sliok. 

4.  In  heraldry,  a  sheaf  of  grain.  [Fr.  gcrbe ;  Sp. 
garba.] 

GaR'BAGE,  n.  [I  know  not  the  component  parts  of 
this  word.] 

The  bowels  of  an  animal  j  refuse  parts  of  (iesh  ; 

offal.  ShaU.  Dnjdcn. 

GaR'B.\G-ED,  a.    Stripped  of  the  bowels.  Sherwood. 
GaRB'ED,  o.    Dressed  ;  habited. 
GAR'BEL,  71.  The  plank  next  the  keel  of  a  ship.  [See 

Garboard-Streak.] 
GjvR'BLE,  v.  t.    [Sp.  garhillar ;  It.  cribrare,  crivellare  ; 

Fr.  cribler ;  L.  cribo,  cribcllo.    Qu.  At.  garba- 

la,  or  Ch.  to  sift,  to  bolt.    Class  Kb,  No.  30, 

34,  4C.] 

1.  Priyperbj,  to  sift  or  bolt  ;  to  separate  the  fine  or 
valuable  parts  of  a  substance  from  the  coarse  and 
useless  parts,  or  from  dross  or  dirt  ;  as,  to  garble 
spices. 

2.  In  presetU  usage,  to  pick  out  or  separate  such 
parts  from  a  whole  as  may  serve  a  purpuse  ;  as,  to 
garble  a  quotation.  Dnidcii.  Lnckr. 

GaR'BL£D,  pp.  or  a.  Sifted  ;  bolted  ;  separated  ;  culled 
out,  to  serve  a  purpose  ;  as,  a  garbled  quotiitiiui. 

GXR'BLER,  n.  One  who  garbles,  sifts,  or  separates. 
A  garbier  of  spices  is  an  officer  of  great  antiquity  in 
London. 

2.  One  who  picks  out,  culls,  or  selects,  to  serve  a 
purpose,  as  in  making  quotations. 

G.iiR'BLES,  (-biz,)  71.  pi.  The  dust,  soil,  or  filth,  sev- 
ered from  good  spices,  drugs,  &.C.  Cyc. 

GaR'BLING,  ;)pr.  Silliug  j  separating ;  sorting ;  cull- 
ing. 

GXR'BdARD,  71.  The  garboard  plank,  in  a  ship,  is  the 
fir.'it  plank  fastened  on  the  keel  on  the  outside. 

Bailey. 

Qarboard-streak,  in  a  skip,  is  the  first  range  or 
streak  of  planks  laid  oil  a  ship's  bottom  next  the 
keel.  Totten. 
GXR'BOIL,  71.    [Old  Fr.  garhouil ;  It.  garbuglio.] 

Tumult ;  uproar.    [JVnt  used.]  Siiak. 
GaRD.    See  Guard  and  Ward. 

GXR'D£.\,  n.  [G.  garten:  VV.  garlh;  It.  giardino;  Pp. 
jardin  ;  Fr.  id. ;  Port,  jardim ;  Arm.  jurdd,  jardin,  or 
gardd.  The  first  syllable  is  the  Sax.  geard,  Goth, 
^ards.  Eng.  yaj-i/,  an  inclosed  idace.  The  Saxon  is 
ortgeard,  Dan.  vrtegaard,  Sw.  brtegard,  woxiy^xA,  an 
inclosure  for  herbs.  The  Irish  is  gairdin,  m  garriUta  ; 
Hungarian,  korlh  ;  L.  hortus.  In  Slavonic,  gard,  Russ. 
gvrod,  signifies  a  town  or  city,  and  the  derivative  verb 
gortja,  to  inclose  with  a  hcilge.  Hence  StuUgard, 
J^ovogrod,  or  JVovogardia.  The  primary  sense  of  gar- 
den is  an  inclosed  place,  and  inclosures  were  origi- 
nally made  with  hedges,  stakes,  or  palisades.  It  is 
probable  that,  in  the  East,  and  in  the  pastoral  state, 
men  had  little  or  no  inclosed  land,  except  such  as 
was  fenced  for  the  protection  of  herbs  and  fruits,  and 
for  villages.    See  Coxe's  Russ.  I).  4.] 

1.  A  piece  of  ground  appropriated  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  herbs  or  plants,  fruits  and  flowers,  usually 
near  a  mansion-house.  Land  appro[>riated  !o  the 
raising  of  culinary  herbs  and  roots  for  domestic 
use,  is  called  a  kitchen-garden  ;  that  appropriate<l  to 
flowers  and  shrubs  is  called  a  fiowrr-garden;  and  that 
to  fruits  is  called  a  fruit-garden.  But  these  uses  are 
sometimes  blended. 

2.  A  rich,  well-cultivated  spot  or  tract  of  country  ; 
a  delightful  spot.  The  intervals  on  the  River  Con- 
necticut are  all  a  garden.  Lombardy  is  the  garden 
of  Italy. 

GAIl'DK.V,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  produced  in  a  garden. 

GAR'D/';N,  r.  i.  To  lay  out  or  to  cultivate  a  garden; 
to  prepare  (.'round,  to  plant  and  till  it,  for  the  purpose 
of  producing  planls,  shiiihs,  flowers,  and  fruits. 

0\ll'l)J-:\-Kl),  pp.  Dressed  and  cultivated  as  a  g.ar- 
din. 

GA  ll'Df.W-ER,  71.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make, 
lend,  :ind  dress  a  garden. 

GA K'D/,'.N'-I.\(;,  ppr.    (^illivating  or  tilling  a  garden. 

GAR'DAN  IN<;,  n.  The  act  of  laying  out  and  culti- 
vating gardens  ;  hortjcullun^  Encifc. 

GAR'D/'.N-LE.S.'S,  a.    Destitute  of  a  garden.  Shcltni. 

GAR'DA.W-MoLD,  71.  Mold,  or  rich,  mellow  earth, 
Huitablc  for  a  garden  Mortimer. 

GAK'DA;.\-1'L0T,  7.  I'he  plot  or  plantation  of  a  gar- 
den. 

GAR'DKN-STUKF,  71.    I'lant.s  growing  in  a  garden  ; 

ve;[etabli  s  for  the  table.    [Jl  word  in  popular  u.ie.] 
GAR'DA;.N'-TIL'LAGE,  n.    The  tillage  or  cultivation 

of  a  garden. 


GAR'D£N-WaRE,  71.  The  produce  of  gardens. 

in  use.]  Mortimer. 
GAR'DON,  71.   A  fish  of  the  roach  kind. 
GARE,  71.    Coarse  wool  growing  on  the  legs  of  sheep. 

met. 

GAR'FISH,  )  71.  A  marine  fish.  In  America,  the  name 
GAR,  \     of  several  fishes  with  long,  pointed, 

bony  snouts,  belonginj  to  the  genera  Lepisosleus  and 

Belone.  Haldeman, 
GAR'GA-RIS^I,  71.    ['L.  gargarisjiius  ;  Gx.  )  apyaoi^M, 

to  wasli  the  mouth  ;  allied  probably  to  gorge,  the 

throat.] 

A  gargle  ;  any  liquid  preparation  used  to  wash  the 
mouth  and  throat,  to  cure  inllainmations  or  ulcers, 
&c.         _  Encyc. 

G.X^R'GA-RiZE,  t'.  i.  \Fi.  gargariser;  1,.  gargariio  ; 
Gr.  >  uu)  o/n^w.] 

To  wash  or  rinse  the  mouth  with  any  medicated 
li<luor.  Bacon. 

GAR'GET,  71.  A  disease  in  the  udders  of  cows  ;  also 
in  hogs.  Farm.  Encyc. 

GAK'GIL,  !i.  A  distemper  in  geese,  which  stops  the 
head,  and  often  proves  fatal.  Enci/c. 

GAR'GLE,  1-.  t.  [Fr.  gargouiller,  to  paddle  or  dabble ; 
It.  gargogliare,  to  murmur  ;  Eng.  to  gurgle ;  D.  gar- 
gcien  ;  G.  gurgrln;  allied  to  gorge,  gttrges.] 

1.  To  wiish  the  throat  and  mouth  with  a  liquid 
preparation,  which  is  kept  from  descending  into  the 
stomach  by  .a  gentle  expiration  of  air. 

2.  'I'o  warble  ;  to  play  in  the  throat.  [Unusual.] 

y/ullcr. 

GAR'GLE,  71.  Any  liquid  preparation  forwa.'^hing  the 
mouth  and  throat.  'iViseman. 

GAR'GLED,  pp.    Washed,  as  the  throat. 

GAR'GLING,  ppr.    W.ashing,  as  the  throat. 

GAlt'GLING,  71.  The  act  of  washing  the  throat  with 
a  gargle  or  liquid,  preparation. 

GAR'GOL,  71.    A  distemper  in  swine.  Mortimer. 

GAR'GOYLE,  71.    [Fr.  gargouiUe.] 

The  spout  of  a  gutter,  in  ancient  buihlings,  frequent- 
ly lepreseiiling  part  of  the  human  figure,  or  some  an- 
imal, with  the  water  issuing  from  the  mouth.  [OZi^".] 
It  is  also  spelt  Gargle,  Gargvle,  Gurooyle. 

GaR'ISII.    See  Gairism.  [Qloss,  of  Jirch. 

GAR'L.WU,  n.  [Fr.  guirlande  ;  It.  ghirlanda  ;  Sp. 
guiriialda  ;  Fort,  grinalda  ;  Arm.  garlanti'i.  This  word 
has  been  referred  to  the  L.  gyrus,  and  it  may  be  from 
the  same  root.  It  seems  to  denote  soiuetlimg  round 
or  twisted,  for  in  Spanish  it  is  used  for  a  wreath  of 
cordage  or  puddening.] 

1.  A  wreath  or  chaplet  made  of  branches,  flowers, 
feathers,  and  sometimes  of  precious  stones,  to  be 
worn  on  the  head  like  a  crown.     Pope.  Encyc. 

2.  An  ornament  of  flowers,  fruits,  and  leaves,  in- 
termixed, anciently  used  at  the  gates  of  temples, 
where  feasts  and  solemn  rejoicings  were  held. 

Owilt. 

3.  The  top  ;  the  principal  thing,  or  thing  most 
prized.  Sfuzk. 

4.  A  collection  of  little  printed  pieces.  Percy. 

5.  In  ships,  a  sort  of  bag,  of  network,  having  the 
mouth  extended  by  a  hoop,  used  by  sailors  to  keep 
j)r()Visions  in.  'J'otten. 

GA  R'LAN  D,  71.  t.    To  deck  with  a  garland.  B.  Jonsoii. 

GA  K'LAND-El),         Adorned  with  a  garland. 

GaR'LAND-INC,  ;</ir.    Decking  with  a  garland. 

GAR'LAND-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  garland. 

GAR'LIC,  71.  [Sax.  garlec,  or  gurleac;  gar,  a  dart  or 
lance,  in  Welsh  a  shank,  and  leac,  a  leek  ;  Ir.  gairli- 
og ;  W.  gnrlleg.  The  Germans  call  it  knobiauch, 
knobleek  ;  D.  knojlook  ;  Gr.  cr*o/)ij^r)i'.] 

A  plant,  of  the  genus  Allium,  having  a  bulbous 
root,  a  Very  strong  smell,  and  an  acrid,  pungent  taste. 
Eacli  root  is  composed  of  several  lesser  bulbs,  called 
cloves  of  garlic,  inclosed  in  a  common  membranous 
coat,  and  t^asily  separable.  Encyc. 

GAR'Lie-F.A'I'''El{,  11.    A  low  fellow.  Shak. 

(JaR'LICK  \',  (1.    Like  or  containing  garlic. 

GAIl'LlC-l'EAR-TKEE,  n.  A  tree  in  Jamaica,  the 
Crateva,  bearing  a  fruit  which  has  a  strong  scent  of 
garlic.  Miller. 

GAR'MENT,  n.  [Norm,  gamament;  Old  Ft.  guarni- 
ment;  It.  guarnimenlo,  furniture,  ornament;  from  the 
root  of  garnish,  and  denoting  what  is  put  on  or  fur- 
nished.] 

Any  article  of  clothing,  as  a  coat,  a  gown,  &c. 
Garments,  in  tlte  plural,  denotes  clotliing  in  general ; 
dress. 

No  nmii  piiUetU  a  piece  of  new  clolh  to  an  old  garment.  — 
MjK.  ix. 

GAR'NER,  71.  [Fr.  grmier;  Ir.  geimeal;  Norm,  guer- 
nirr,  gamier.    See  Grain.] 

.A  granary  ;  a  building  or  place  where  grain  is  stored 
for  preservation. 

<;a  It'MOR,  I'.  (.    To  store  in  a  granary.  Shale. 

(JAK'NHR-Kl), />/>.    Deposited  in  a  garner 

(JA  H'N  l".ll-L\(;, /i/ir.    Storing  in  a  garner. 

GAR'Niyr,  11.  [It.  grniiato  ;  Ft.  grenat ;  ^\^,granatei 
L.  granutus,  from  granum,  or  graiiatum,  the  pome- 
granate. ] 

1.  A  mineral,  usually  occurring  in  symmetrical, 
twelve  sided  crystals,  (dodecahedrons,)  of  a  deep-red 
color.  There  are  also  green,  yellow,  brown,  and  black 


varieties.  It  consi.sts  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime, 
with  more  or  less  oxyd  of  iron  or  niangane.se.  When 
transparent,  it  is  called  precious  garnet,  and  is  used 
as  a  gem.  Other  varieties  are,  melanitc,  grossular, 
allochroit,  colophonite.  The  last-mentioned  has  an 
emerald-green  color.  Garnet  is  a  very  common  min- 
eral in  gneiss  and  mica-slate.  It  is  the  carbuncle  of 
the  ancients.  Dana. 

2.  In  ships,  a  sort  of  tackle  fixed  to  the  main-stay, 
and  used  to  hoist  in  and  out  the  cargo.  Totten. 
GAR'NISH,  71.  (.  [Fr.  garnir ;  Arm.  goarni^a;  Sp. 
guarnecer ;  It.  guarnirc,  gucrnire  ;  Norm,  garner, 
garnisher,  to  ^\'arn,  to  summon.  The  latter  sense  is 
still  used  in  law  language  ;  and  it  would  seem  that 
Tcarii  and  garnish  are  from  the  same  root,  for  warn, 
written  in  the  Celtic  manner,  would  be  n-iiani.] 

1.  To  adorn  ;  to  decorate  with  appendages  :  to  set 

otr. 

All  wiLliin  Willi  flowers  was  garnished.  Spenser. 

2.  In  cookery,  to  embellish  with  something  laid 
round  a  dish.  Smart, 

3.  To  fit  with  fetters  ;  a  cant  term. 

4.  To  furnish  ;  to  supply  ;  as,  a  fort  garnished  with 
troops. 

5.  In  law,  to  warn  ;  to  give  notice.     [See  Gab- 

MSHEE.] 

GAR'NISH,  71.    Ornament;  something  added  for  em- 
bellishment ;  decoration. 


M.Atler  and  figure  they  produce ; 
Tor  garnish  lliU,  Htid  Uiat  fur  use. 


Prior. 


2.  In  cookery,  something  round  a  dish  as  an  embel- 
lislinieiit.  Smart. 

3.  In  jails,  fetters  ;  a  cant  term. 

4.  Pensiuncula  carceraria ;  an  entrance-fee  demand- 
ed by  the  old  prisoners  of  one  just  committed  to  jail. 

Grose. 

GAR'NIsri-i^D,  (gilr'nisht,)  H).  Adorned;  decora- 
ted ;  embellislied. 

2.  Furnished. 

3.  Warned  ;  notified. 

G.!4R-N1SH-EE',  11.  In  law,  one  in  whose  hands  the 
property  of  an  absconding  or  absent  debtor  is  at- 
tached, who  is  warned  or  notified  of  the  demand  or 
suit,  and  who  may  .appear  and  defend  in  the  suit,  in 
the  place  of  the  principal.   Bouvier.    Stat,  of  Conn. 

GAR'NISH  ING,  it.  That  which  garnishes;  orna- 
ment. 

G.\R'NISII-ING,  ppr.  Adorning;  decorating;  warn 
ill!!. 

GAll'NISII-MENT,  n.    Ornament;  embellishment. 

f*'oI(lill. 

2.  Warning;  legal  notice  to  the  agent  or  attorney 
of  an  absconding  debtor,  to  appear  and  give  infor- 
mation to  the  court. 

3.  A  fee. 

GAR'NI-TIJRE,  71.  Ornamental  appendages;  embel- 
lishment;  furniture  ;  dress.  Addison.  Beattie.  Gray. 

GA'lKiUS,  n.    [L.  garum,  pickle.] 

Pertainuig  to  garum;  resembling  pickle  made  of 
fish.  Brown. 

GAK'RAN,  /  71.    [Ir.  garran  f  Scot,  garron;  G.  gur- 

GAK'RO.V,  i  re.] 

A  small  horse  ;  a  highland  horse  ;  a  hack  ;  a  jade  ; 
a  galloway.    [JV'o^  used  in  America.]  Temple. 

GAK'RET,  11.  [.Scot,  garret,  a  watch-tower,  the  top 
of  a  hill ;  garritour,  a  w.atcliiiian  on  the  battlements 
of  a  castle  ;  Fr.  gueritc,  a  sentinel-box  ;  Sp.  guardil- 
la  ;  .■\rm.  garid;  from  the  root  of  ward,  guard,  which 
see.] 

1.  That  part  of  a  house  which  is  on  the  upper 
floor,  immediately  under  the  roof. 

2.  Rotten  wood  [./Vet  in  use.]  Bacon. 
GAR'RET-KD,  a.  Trolccied  by  turrets.  Carcw. 
G.Ml-UET-EliR',  71.  An  inhabitant  of  a  garret ;  a  poor 

author. 

GAR'Rl-SON,  n.  [Fr  garnison  ;  Arm.  goarnison;  Sp. 
guarnicon,  a  garri.-oii,  a  flounce,  furbelow,  or  trim- 
ming, the  setting  of  any  tiling  in  gold  or  silver,  Ihe 
guard  of  a  sword,  garniture,  ornament ;  It.  gnemigi- 
one ;  Port,  guarni^am;  D.  waarison.  The  French, 
English,  Annoric,  Spanish,  and  Italian  words  are 
from  garnish  ;  the  Dutch  is  from  waaren,  to  keep,  to 
guard.  Eng.  warren,  and  from  this  root  we  have  loar- 
raiK  and  guaranty,  as  well  as  guard  and  regard,  all 
from  one  source.    See  Warheh.] 

1.  A  body  of  troops  stationed  in  a  fort  or  fortified 
town,  to  defend  it  against  an  enemy,  or  to  keep  the 
inhabitants  in  subjection. 

2.  A  fort,  castle,  or  fortified  town,  furnished  with 
troops  to  defend  it.  Waller. 

3.  Tile  state  of  being  placed  in  a  fortification  for 
its  defense  ;  as,  troops  laid  in  garrison.  Spenser. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  synonymous  with  winter  ijuar- 
ters.  Brande. 

GAR'RI-SON,  V.  t.    To  pl.tce  troops  in  a  fortress  for 

its  defense  ;  to  furnish  with  soldiers;  as,  to  garrison 

a  fort  or  town. 
2.  To  secure  or  defend  by  fortresses  manned  with 

troiips  ;  as,  lo  garrison  a  conquered  territory. 
GAR'RI-SON-/;l),  ;>;>.    Furnished  with  troops  in  a  fort 

for  defense. 

GAR'RI-SON-ING, /i/ir  Furnishing  with  troops  in  a 
fortress  for  defense. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^^T  METE,  PllBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


494 


GAS 


GAT 


GAU 


O^R-ROTE',  n.  [Sp.]  A  mode  of  [mniahmeiil  in 
^^|Klin,  by  simiigiilutioii,  the  vicliiii  lieiiiR  phiced 
uii  a  stool  with  :i  post  beljiiid,  to  wliirh  is  nlli.xrd 
an  iron  collar  willi  a  screw;  this  collar  is  made  to 
clasp  the  neck  of  the  criminal,  and  drawn  tighter 
by  means  of  the  screw,  unld  life  becomes  extnict. 

liorrotD. 

GAR-UO'l-I-TY,  71.     [L.  garrutitiui,  from  jiarrio,  to 

prate;  (ir.  i  aot-fo,  j^/wrw;  Ir.  eairim;  \V.  guir,  a 

Word.    Class  Gr,  No.  2,  9,  1.5,  49.] 
Talkativeness;  lo(piacity  ;  the  practice  or  habit  of 

Lalking  nnich  ;  a  babbling  or  lattlmg.  Rati. 
GAIl'ltU-LOUS,  11.    Talkative  ;  prating  ;  as,  rrarralous 

old  age.  'rhomiioH, 
GAK'Kf-LOUS-LY,  ailv.    In  a  t.ilk.ativc  manner. 
GAK'TKIl,  n.   [Fr.  jarrelirre,  from  W.  gar.  Arm.  garr, 

the  leg,  ham,  or  shank.] 

1.  A  string  or  band  used  to  lie  a  stocking  to  the 
leg. 

a.  The  badge  of  the  highest  order  of  knighthood, 
in  Great  Itritani,  railed  Ihe  order  of  Uie  garter,  insti- 
tuted by  Edward  III.  This  order  is  a  college  or  cor- 
porition.    llence,  also,  the  order  itself. 

3.  'i'he  princi[>al  king  :it  arms.  Johnson. 

4.  A  term  in  heraldry,  signifying  the  lialf  of  a 
bend.  £ncyc. 

G.iiR'TER,  ».  t.   To  bind  with  a  garter. 

2.  To  invest  with  the  order  of  the  garter.  IVarton. 
GXR'TKR-KD,  pp.    Hound  with  a  garter. 
GAR'TKR-FI^II,  n.    A  fish  having  a  long,  depressed 

body,  like  the  blade  of  a  sword  ;  the  Lepidopus. 

VicL  of  -Vttt,  IfisU 
G.\R'TER-ING,  ppr.   Tying  with  a  garter. 
G.\  R'TICU-SNaKE,  II.    The  striped  snake,  a  common 
American  .serpent,  the  Coluber  Sirtalis,  not  poisonous. 

Encijc.  Am. 

GXRTII,  n.    [\V.  gar:.    See  Garden.] 

1.  .\  dam  or  wear  for  catching  fish. 

2.  .\  close  ;  a  little  backside  ;  a  yard  ;  a  croft ;  a 
gardi:n.    f  A'uf  it-vrr/.] 

G.\'RU.\1,  n.  .\  sauce,  much  prized  by  the  ancients, 
made  of  the  pickled  gdls,  or  other  jirefKirations,  of 
fishes. 

G.^S,  71.  [Sax.  gast,  G.  geht,  D.  geest,  spirit,  ghosL 
The  primary  sense  of  air,  wind,  spirit,  is,  to  flow,  to 
rush.  Hence,  this  word  may  be  allied  to  ir.  gaisim, 
to  flow  ;  gasaim,  to  shoot  forth,  to  gaah ;  ga.si,  a  blast 
of  wind.  It  may  also  he  allied  to  yeiist,  which  see.] 
In  chemLitrij,  a  permanently  el.istic,  aeriform  tluiu, 
or  a  substance  reduced  to  tile  st.ate  of  an  aeriform 
tluid  by  its  permanent  combination  with  caloric. 

Gases  are  invisible  excejit  when  colored,  which 
happens  in  a  f.'W  instances. 

(J.VS'CC ).\',  II.    .\  native  of  G;uscony,  in  France. 

G.\.<-€i).\-.^DE',  II.  [Fr.,  from  Ga.<cun,  an  inhabitant 
of  <iasconv,  the  people  of  which  arc  noted  for  bo;ist- 
ing  ] 

.A  boast  or  boasting ;  a  vaunt ;  a  bravado  ;  a  hnig- 
ging  Swifu 
GAS-eO.\-.\DE',  V.  i.    To  boast ;  to  brag  ;  to  vaunt ; 
to  bluster. 

GA.<-eo.\-AD'ER,  n.    A  gre.at  boaster. 
GAS'E-OUS,  a.    In  the  form  of  gjis  or  an  aeriform 
tluid. 

GASH,  71.  [I  know  not  through  what  channel  we 
have  received  this  word.  It  may  be  allied  lo  cliiseL 
See  Cl.ass  Gs,  No.  5,  li,  12,  28.] 

A  deep  and  long  cut ;  an  incision  of  considerable 
length,  particularly  in  flesh.  Milton. 

G.\SII,  r.  L  To  make  a  gash,  or  long,  deep  incision; 
applied  chiefly  to  incisions  in  flesh. 

G  ASII'A.'I),  (g-asht,)  pp.  Cut  with  a  long,  deep  incision. 

G ASII'FIJL,  a.    Full  of  gashes  ;  hideous. 

(lASH'I.NG,  ppr.    Cutting  long,  deep  incisions. 

G.VS'-IIOLD  ER,  71.  A  vessel  for  containing  and  pre- 
serving gas  ;  a  gasometer.  Ure. 

G.\S-l-FI-e.\'TI()N,  n.  [See  Gasift.]  The  act  or 
process  of  converting  into  gas. 

GAS'l-l  I-/;D,  pp.    Convi  rted  into  an  aeriform  fluid. 

G.\S'I-FY,  v.  t,    [ga.1  and  h.  facio,  to  make.] 

To  convert  into  gx-s  or  an  aeriform  fluid,  by  combi- 
nation with  caloric. 

GAS'I-FV-I.NG,  ppr.    Converting  into  gas. 

GAS'KET,  71.    [^p.  atieta.  SeeCiSE.) 

.\  flat,  plaited  coril  listened  to  the  sail-yard  of  a 
ship,  and  used  to  furl  or  tie  the  sail  to  the  yard  ;  .also, 
the  p  atted  hemp  used  for  packing  the  piston  of  the 
steanwngine  and  its  pumps.  Bramle-. 

G.VS'KI.NS,  n.  p/.  Gallig.tskins  ;  wide,  open  hose.  [Sec 
GAi.Lin\sKiN9.]  Shak, 

G.\S'-LIGHT,  (-lite,)  n.  Light  produced  by  the  com- 
bustion of  carbureted-hydrogen  g.as.  Gas-lights  are 
now  substituted  for  oil-lights,  in  illuminating  stn^ets 
and  a|nrtments  in  houses. 

G.VS'.ME  TER,  n.  [gas  and  mrter.]  A  machine  at- 
tached to  gas-works  and  to  gas-pipes,  to  show  the  ex- 
act quantitv  used.  Jfaldeman. 

GAS-O.M'E-TER,  n.    [gas  and  Gr.  perpoi:] 

In  chemistry,  an  instrument  or  apparatus,  intended 
lo  measure,  collect,  preserve,  or  mix,  ditierent  gases. 

Core. 

.\n  instnmient  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  pas 
employed  in  an  experiment ;  also,  the  pl.aco  where 
gas  IS  prepared  for  lighting  streets.    R.  S.  Jameson. 


GAS-O.M'E-TRY,  «.  The  science,  art,  or  practice,  tif 
measuring  gases.  It  leaches,  also,  the  nature  and 
properties  of  these  elastic  fluids.  Core, 

GXi^V,  r.  L  [Sw.  gispa,  Dan.  gisper,  to  gape,  lo 
yawn. ) 

1.  To  open  the  mouth  wide  in  catching  the  breath, 
or  in  laborious  respiration,  particularly  in  dying. 

Jitldison, 

•2.  To  long  for.    [JVul  in  use.] 
GXSP,  t>.  L    To  emit  breath  by  opening  wide  the 
mouth. 

Ami  Willi  slujrt  sola  he  ^tp»  away  tiU  breath.  Dryden. 

G.tSP,  71.  The  act  of  opening  the  mouth  to  catch  the 
breath. 

2.  The  short  catch  of  the  breath  in  the  agonies  of 
death.  Addison. 

GXSI"/;n,  (g.lspt,)  pp.  of  Gasp. 

GXSP'I.Vti,  ppr.  or  a.    Opening  the  mouth  wide  for 

catching  the  breath. 
GXSI"I.\(;,  71.    Tlie  opening  of  the  mouth  to  catch 

breath. 

2.  Figuratirrhi,  strong  aspiration  or  desire. 
GAS'SV,  a.   Full  of  gas  ;  lience,  inflated  ;  exhilarated. 
[Colloi/uial.] 

GXST,       tv.t.   To  make  aghiisl ;  to  frighten.  [JS'ot 
GXST'ER,  i     used.]  S/iak. 
GXST'NESS,  71.    .Amazement ;  fright.    [Auf  u^m/.] 

Shall. 

G.\S'TRie,  a.  [from  Gr.  yarnf,  Ihe  belly  or  stom- 
ach.] 

Ilelonging  lo  the  belly,  or  rather  lo  the  stomach. 
The  gastric  juice,  or  liquor,  is  a  thin,  pellucid  fluid, 
produced  by  a  peculiar  set  of  secretories  in  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the  stomach.  It  is  one  of  the 
.agents  in  digestion.  Tutly. 

G.\S-TRIL'U-UUIST,  71.  [Gr.  yaTno,  belly,  and  L. 
toquor,  to  speak.] 

Literally,  one  who  speaks  from  his  belly  or  stom- 
ach; hence,  one  who  so  modifies  his  voice  that  it 
seems  to  come  from  another  person  or  place.  Rrid, 

G.\S-TRIL'0-tiI/'Y',  71.  A  speaking  that  appears  lo 
proceed  from  the  belly. 

G.\S-TIII'TIS,  It,  Chrunic  inflammation  of  the  stom- 
ach. _ 

G.\S'TRO-Ci:LE,  71,    [Gr.  )ari.'J,  the  stomach,  and 

)c7)Ai),  a  tumor.] 

A  hernia  of  the  stomtich. 
G.\S-TROL'O-0iY,  71.    A  treatise  on  the  stomach. 
GAS'TRO-.MAN-CY,  n.    [Gr.  )  arw,  belly,  and  ;iai- 

Tctii,  divination.] 

1.  A  kind  of  divination,  among  the  ancients,  by 
means  of  words  seeming  to  be  uttered  from  the 
belly.  Brande, 

2.  Also,  a  species  of  divination  by  means  of  glasses 
or  other  round,  transparent  vessels,  in  the  center  of 
which  figures  appear  by  magic  art.  Brande. 

GAS'TRO-NoME,     In.  One  who  loves  good  living ; 
G.\S-TRON'OMER,  (     an  epicure. 
GAS-TRO-NO.M'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  gastronomy. 
GAS-TRO.\'0-.MISr,  it.    One  who  likes  good  living. 
G.\S-TRO\'0-MY,  lU    [Gr.  v<ir«"'-] 
The  art  or  science  of  good  eating. 
G.\S'TRO-POD,  71.    [Gr.  yar'ip,  ihe  stomach,  and 
T..<',i,  feet.] 

An  animal  which  moves  by  a  fleshy  apparatus  un- 
der the  belly,  or  that  h<is  the  belly  and  foot  joined, 
as  in  the  slugs  I.ini.tx  or  naked  snails.  Bcil. 
GAS-TROP'OD-OUS,  a.    Having  the  belly  and  fool 
joined. 

GAS-TROR'A-PIIY,  7u  [Gr.  j  arnp,  belly,  and  ^aifiia, 
a  sewing  or  suture.] 

I'he  operation  of  sewing  up  wounds  of  the  abdo- 
men. QuiMCl/. 

GAS-TROT'O-MY,  n.  (Gr.  )(is-7(.o,  belly,  and  r£,iKo, 
lo  cut.] 

The  operation  of  culling  into  or  opening  the  abdo- 
men. F.ncyc. 
G.\S'-\VORKS,  71.  pi.   A  place  where  gas  is  generated 
GAT,  pre/,  of  Get.  [for  lighting  cities, 

G.\TE,  II.  [Sax.  gate,  gent;  Ir.  geata :  Scot.  gait.  The 
Goth,  gatico,  Dan.  gade,  Sw.  gata,  G.  gasse.  Sans. 
gaut,  is  a  way  or  street.  In  D.  gat  is  a  gap  or 
channel.  If  the  radical  letters  are  Gd,  or  Gt,  it 
m.ay  be  connected  with  gad,  lo  go,  as  it  signifies 
a  passage.] 

1.  A  barge  door  which  gives  entrance  into  a  walled 
city,  a  c.xslle,  a  temple,  palace,  or  other  large  edifice. 
It  differs  from  door  chiefly  in  being  larger.  Gate  sig- 
nifies both  the  opening  or  p,assagc,  and  the  frame  of 
boards,  planks,  or  limber,  which  closes  the  [Kissage. 

2.  A  frame  of  limber,  iron,  Ace,  which  opens  or 
closes  a  pttssage  into  any  court,  garden,  or  otJier  in- 
closed ground  ;  also,  the  p.assagt!. 

3.  The  frame  which  shuts  or  stops  the  passage  of 
water  Ihroiigh  a  dam,  lock,  &c. 

4.  An  avenue ;  an  opening  ;  a  way.  KnoUes. 
In  Scripfure,^^uraJirf7y,  power,  dominion.  "Thy 

seed  shiUI  possess  Ihe  gale  of  his  enemies  ; "  that  is, 
towns  and  fortresses.    Oen,  xxii. 

The  giUes  of  hrll,  are  the  jxiwer  and  dominion  of 
the  devil  and  his  instruments.    MaiL  xvi. 

The  gates  of  death,  are  the  brink  of  the  grave. 
I     Ps.  ix. 


GXT'ED,  a.    Having  gates.  roiinir. 

GaTE'I.ESS,  a.    Having  no  gate. 

(;ATE'-VBI.V,  (-vine,)  ii.  The  vena  purltr,  a  large 
vein  which  conveys  the  blood  from  the  abdiuiiinal 
viscera  into  the  livrr.  Bacon.  Haoper. 

G.aTE'WAY,  n.  A  way  through  the  gate  of  some  in- 
closure.  Mortimer. 

2.  A  striirturo  lo  be  passed  at  the  entrance  of  the 
area  before  a  mansion.  Chalmers. 

G.ATH'Elt,  r.  t.  [Siw.  gadcrian,  or  gatherian  :  D.  ga- 
deren.  I  know  not  whether  the  first  syllable  is  a 
prefix  or  not.  The  (,'h.  nj  signifies,  to  inclose,  and 
to  guthiT  dales.  If  the  elements  are  primarily  Gd, 
the  word  coincides  with  G.  gattern,  Ch.  liK,  lo 
gather,  to  bind.] 

1.  To  bring  together  ;  to  collect  a  number  of  sepa- 
rate things  into  one  place  or  into  one  aggregate  body. 

Gather  Kloiirs  ;  and  Uiry  loolt  itoiics,  and  nuulc  a  lieap.  —  Grn. 

2.  To  get  in  harvest ;  to  reap  or  cut  and  bring  into 
barns  or  stores.    J^cvd.  xxv.  20. 

3.  To  jiick  lip  ;  to  glean  ;  to  get  in  small  parcels 
and  bring  together. 

Gather  out  the  stone*.  —  la.  Ixii. 

lie  iniut  gfUlter  up  money  by  ilcgne*.  Locke. 

4.  To  pluck  ;  to  collect  by  cropping,  picking,  or 
plucking. 

Do  men  gather  grapes  from  thorns,  or  Uga  from  thistlea  ?  —  Malt, 

5.  To  assemble ;  to  congregate  ;  lo  bring  persons 
into  one  place.    Eiek.  xxii.  1!). 

li.  To  collect  in  abundance ;  to  accumulate ;  to 
amass. 

1  gaUiered  me  olso  silver  and  goV\,  and  the  peculiar  treasure  of 
kinif«.  —  Bccle..  U. 

7.  To  select  and  take ;  lo  separate  from  others  and 
bring  together. 

Save  lis,  O  L^orrt  our  God,  and  gather  us  from  among  the 
he.itlieil.  —  iV  cvi. 

8.  To  sweep  together. 

The  kiiif^tom  of  heaven  is  like  a  net  that  was  cxst  into  the  sea, 
and  galliered  uf  every  kind.  —  Matt.  xtU. 

9.  To  bring  into  one  body  or  interesL 

Yet  will  I  gather  otliers  to  him.  —  Is.  IvL 

10.  To  draw  together  from  a  state  of  expansion  or 
difl'usion ;  to  contract. 

Gathering  his  flowing  robe,  he  seemed  to  stand 

In  act  to  kpe.-dc,  and  graceful  stretched  his  hand.  Pope. 

11.  To  gain. 

He  gathers  irround  upon  her  in  the  chase.  Dryden. 

12.  To  pucker  ;  to  plait. 

13.  To  deduce  by  inference  ;  to  collect  or  leam  by 
reasoning.  From  what  X  hear  I  gather  thai  he  was 
present. 

After  he  had  seen  the  vision,  immediately  we  endeavored  to  ^ 
into  Mjiceiioiiia,  assiir*;d]y  gathering  that  the  Lord  had 
cillcd  lu  to  preach  ths  ^pel  to  tJiem.  — Acts  xvi, 

14.  To  coil,  as  a  serpent. 

To  gather  breath  :  to  have  respite.   [  Obs.  ]  Spenser. 
G.\TII'1;R,  v.  i.    To  collect ;  to  unite  ;  to  increase  ; 
lo  be  condensed.    The  clouds  gather  in  the  west. 

2.  To  increase  ;  to  grow  larger  by  accretion  of  like 
matter. 

Tlicir  snow.ball  did  not  gather  as  it  went.  Bacon. 

3.  To  assemble.    The  people  gather  fast, 

4.  To  generate  pus  or  matter.    [See  Gathering.] 
G.VTII'ER,  n.    A  plait  or  fold  in  cloth,  made  by  draw- 
ing. 

G.\TirER-.*-BLE,  a.  Thai  may  be  collected  ;  that 
mav  be  deduced.    [Unusual.]  Qodicin. 

G.AT'H'ER-i.D,  pp.  or  a.  Collected  ;  assembled;  con- 
tracted ;  plaited  ;  drawn  by  inference. 

GATII'F.R-ER,  n.  One  who  gathers  or  collects ;  one 
who  gets  in  a  crop. 

G.ATII'ER-I.VG,  ppr.  or  o.  Collecting;  assembling; 
drawing  together  ;  plaiting  ;  wrinkling. 

G.\TirER-l.\G,  71.  The  act  of  collecting  or  assem- 
bling. 

2.  Collection  ;  a  crowd  ;  an  assembly. 

3.  Cliarit.ible  contribution.    I  Cor.  xvi. 

4.  A  tumor  suppurated  or  maturated  ;  a  collection 
of  pus  ;  an  abscess. 

G.\T'TER-TREE,  n.    A  species  of  Comus  or  Corne- 
lian cherrv.  Fain,  of  Plants. 
G.\T'-TOOTH-£D,  (-tootht,)  a.    GoaMoothed  ;  hav- 
ing a  lickirish  tooth  ;  lustful.    [04s.]  Chaucer. 
GAl.'D,  c.  i.    [L.  ,!rai«/e<i,  lo  rejoice.] 

To  exult ;  lo  rejoice.    [OJi.]  Shak. 
GAUD,  71.    [U  gaudium.] 

At\  ornament :  something  worn  for  adorning  the 
person  ;  a  fine  thing.    [06s.]  Shak. 
G.^UD'ED,  a.  Adorned  with  trinkets  ;  colored.  [Obs.] 

Chaucer.  Shak. 
GAUD'ER-Y,  n.    Finery  ;  fine  things  ;  orname..-" 
Bacon,  Z>rydetu 

GAUD'FJJL,  a.   Joyful ;  showy. 

GAUD'I-LY,  adv.   Showily  ;  with  oslenlation  of  fine 

dress.  OuUirie. 
GAUD'I-NESS,  71,    Showiness  ;  tinsel  appearance  ; 

(islentntious  finer)'.  irhitloek. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 

435 


GAV  GAZ  GEL 


GAUD'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  ornament. 
GAUD'Y,  a.    Showy;  splendid;  gay. 

A  ^Ulfiiich  thfre  I  saw,  with  gaudy  pride 

Of  piiiueti  plumes.  Dry'Ien. 

2.  Ostentatiously  fine  ;  gay  beyond  the  simplicity 
of  nature  or  good  taste. 


Cosllj  ihy  habit  as  thy  ptirve  can  buy, 

But  not  expressed  in  fancy  ;  ncii,  nut  gaudy. 


Slini. 


GAUD'Y,  n.  A  feast  or  festival ;  a  word  in  the  univer- 
sitii  of  bifori.  ClitJine. 

GAUF'FER-IXG,  n.  A  mode  of  plaiting  or  thiting 
frills,  &c.,  in  which  the  plaits  are  wider  tlian  usual. 

Kiinic,  of  J)om.  Ecoiu 

GAUGE,  (gaje,)  v.  I.  [Fr.  jaut;er,  to  gage  ;  jaua-e,  a 
measiirin-'-rod  ;  Ann.  J,iiij(ij  or  jnuchi,  to  gage ;  j/i«c/i, 
a  rod.  It  is  supposeil  liy  J.  Thomson,  that  tliis  is 
contracted  from  jaulgc,  from  gaule,  a  rod  or  pole. 
But  qii.] 

1.  To  measure  or  to  ascertain  the  contents  of  a 
cask  or  vessel,  as  a  pipe,  puncheon,  Ifogshead,  bar- 
rel, tierce,  or  keg. 

2.  To  measure  in  respect  to  proportion. 

TJie  veins  nicely  gauged  on  eacli  side.  DerV.am. 
GaU6E,  (gaje,)  )i.    A  measure ;  a  standard  of  meas- 
ure. JMorutt. 

2.  Measure  ;  dimensions.  Burke. 

3.  The  number  of  feet  which  a  ship  sinks  in  the 
water. 

4.  .\mong  Irtter-founderSj  a  piece  of  liard  wood  va- 
riously notched,  used  to  adjust  the  dimensions,  slopes, 
&c.,  i»f  the  various  sorts  of  letters. 

5.  An  instrument,  in  Joinenj^  made  to  strike  a  line 
parallel  to  the  straight  side  of  a  board. 

Rain-gauge :  an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
quantity  of  water  which  falls  from  the  clouds  at 
any  given  place. 

Sea-gauge;  an  instrument  for  finding  the  depth  of 
the  sea. 

Sliding-gauge  :  a  tool  used  by  mathematical  instru- 
ment makers,  for  measuring  and  setting  otT distances. 

Tide-gauge ;  an  instrument  for  determining  the 
hight  of  the  tides. 

IVind-gnuge  ;  an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
force  of  the  wind  on  any  given  surface. 
[See  also  Gage.] 
G.^UGE'.-\-BLE,  a.  That  mav  be  gauged  or  measured. 
G.\UG'£D,  (gijd,)  jip.  .Measured. 
GaUG'ER,  71.     One  who  gauges;  an  oflicer  whose 

business  is  to  ascertain  the  contents  of  casks. 
GaUCIXG,  ppr.    Measuring  a  cask  ;  ascertaining  di- 
mensions or  proportions  of  quantity. 
GaUCING,  ji.    Tlie  art  of  measuring  the  contents  or 

capacities  of  vessels  of  any  form.         Ed.  Kucyc. 
GaUG'ING-ROD,  n.    An  inslrunient  to  be  used  in 

measuring  the  contents  of  casks  or  vessels. 
GAUL,  n.    [L.  Oallta.] 

A  name  of  ancient  France  ;  also,  an  inhabitant  of 
G  <iI. 

GAViL'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  ancient  France  or  Gaul. 

GAULT,  ;!.  .\  provincial  name,  in  the  east  of  Eng- 
land, for  a  series  of  beds  of  clay  and  mail,  the  geo- 
logiciil  position  of  which  is  between  the  upper  and 
lower  green-sand.  LijcU. 

GAUNT,  (gint,)  a.  [The  origin  is  uncertain.  Ciu. 
Sax.  gewanien,  icanian,  to  wane.  In  \V.  gican  is 
weak,  poor.] 

Vacant ;  hollow  ;  empty,  as  an  animal  after  long 
fasting  ;  hence,  lean  ;  meager  ;  thin  ;  slender.  SImk. 

GAUNT'LET,  n.  [Fr.  gautelct,  (turn  gant,  a  glove; 
It.  piianto  ;  D.  want ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  nuntc,  a  glove.] 

A  large,  iron  glove,  with  fingers  covered  with  small 
plates,  formerly  worn  by  cavaliers,  armed  at  all 
points. 

To  tlirow  the  gaunllel,  is  to  challenge ;  and 

To  lake  up  the  gauntlil,  is  to  accept  the  challenge. 

GAU.VT'EET  EI),  a.    Wearing  a  gauntlet. 

GAUiNT'LY,  (g.int'ly,)  ui/f.    Leaiily  ;  iiieagerly. 

GAUZE,  )i.  [f'\>.  ga-ia  :  Fr.  gaze  i  Arm.  gazen.  Clu. 
L.  gaasapc^  or  gu.i.^ipiunt.] 

A  very  thin,  slight,  transparent  stufi",  of  silk  or 
limn.  Kncijc. 

GAIJ/K'-LOOM,  It.  A  loom  in  which  gauze  is  wove. 

GAIJZ'Y,  a.    Like  gauze  ,  thin  as  gau2c. 

GAVE,  pret.  of  Givt. 

GAVEL,  n.    In  law,  tribute  ;  toll ;  custom.   [See  Ga- 

BEL.] 

GAVEL,  n.  {Vr.  janclle ;  Port,  gavela,  a  sheaf ;  W. 
gavael,  a  hold  or  grasp.] 

1.  A  small  parcel  of  wheat,  rye,  or  other  grain, 
laid  logclhrr  by  reapers,  consisting  of  two,  tlin  e,  or 
more  handfiils.  A'c/o  England. 

2.  In  England,  a  provincial  word  for  ground. 

Eng.  Dirt. 

GAVEL,  for  Gaule,  or  Cablk-Exd.    [See  Gable.] 
GAVEL-E'l",  n.    An  aiirieiii  and  sprcial  ce.i.iaril,  in 
in  Englaiiil,  where  the  i  ustoiii  of  gavelkind 
continueH,  by  which  tin:  tenant,  if  lie  willidrawK  his 
rent  nnd  services  due  to  his  lord,  forfeits  Ins  lands 
and  tenciniMilH.  Encyc. 

2.  In  lAimton,  a  writ  used  in  the  hustings,  given  to 
lords  of  rents  in  the  city.  Encyc. 
GAVEI^KIM),  n.    [This  word  fdiW  is  Ilritish.  In 
VV.  gatofl  lignincs  n  hold,  a  grasp,  tenure  ;  gavarl- 


ccnedyl,  the  hold  or  tenure  of  a  family,  (not  the  kind 
of  tenure  ;)  gavaelu,lo  hold,  grasj),  arrest.  Ir.  gab- 
lw.il,  gabkam,  to  take  ;  gabhaiicine,  gavelkind.  In  Ir. 
gabhal  is  a  fork,  (G.  gubel,)  and  the  groin,  and  it  ex- 
presses the  collateral  branches  of  a  family  ;  but  the 
Welsh  application  is  most  probably  the  true  one.] 

A  tenure,  in  England,  by  which  land  descended 
from  the  father  to  all  his  sons  in  equal  portions,  and 
the  land  of  a  brother,  dying  without  issue,  dtsceud- 
■cd  equally  to  his  brothers.  This  species  of  tenure 
prevailed  in  England  before  the  Norman  eonquest, 
in  many  parts  of  the  kingdom,  perhaps  in  the  whole 
realm  ;  but  particularly  in  Kent,  where  it  .still  exists. 

Sclden.    Cotccl.    Blackstone.  Cije. 

G.4V'E-L0CK,  n.    [Sax.]    An  irtm  crow. 

Ga'VI  AL,  h.  A  species  of  crocodile,  having  a  long, 
slemier  muzzle.  Jilantell. 

GAV'I-LA.V,  n.  .A  species  of  hawk  in  the  Philippine 
Isles  ;  the  back  and  wings  yellow  ;  the  belly  white. 

GAV'OT,  71.    [Fr.  gacotte:  It.  gurottit.] 

A  kind  of  dance,  or  tune,  the  air  of  which  lias 
two  brisk  and  lively  strains  in  eoninion  time,  each 
of  which  is  played  twice  over.  The  first  has  usually 
four  or  eight  bars,  and  the  second  contains  eight, 
twelve,  or  more.  ,  Encyc. 

GAVV'BY,  71.    A  dunce.    [JVot  in  use.] 

GAWK,  H.  [Sax.  g^c,  gcac,  a  cuckoo  ;  G.  gaueh,  a 
cuckoo,  and  a  fool,  an  uiifiedged  fop,  a  chough  ;  Scot. 
gaukie,  gauky,  a  fool  ;  D.  gek;  &\v.  gack,  a  fool,  a 
biitiooii ;  Dan.  giek,  a  jest,  a  joke.  It  seems  that  this 
word  is  radically  one  with  joke,  juggle,  which  see.] 

1.  A  cuckoo. 

2.  A  fool  ;  a  simpleton.  [In  both  senses,  it  is  re- 
tained in  Scotland.] 

GAVVK'Y,  a.  Foolish;  awkward;  clumsy;  clown- 
ish. [In  this  sense  it  is  retained  in  vulgar  use  in 
America.] 

[Is  not  this  allied  to  the  Fr.  gauche,  left,  untoward, 
unhandy.  Eng.  umk,  awkward  ;  gauchir,  to  shrink 
back  or  turn  aside,  to  use  sliills,  to  double,  to 
dodge.'  This  verb  well  expresses  the  actions  of  a 
jester  or  bufiboii.] 
GAWK'Y,  n.  A  tall,  awkward,  ungainly,  or  stupid 
fellow. 

GAWN.  [Corrujited  for  gallon.]  A  small  tub  or 
lading  vessel. 

GAWN'TKEE,  h.  A  wooden  frame  on  which  beer- 
casks  are  set. 

GAY,  a.  [Fr.  <ro!;  Ann.  gac;  It.  gaio,  gay.  In  Sp. 
gaya  is  a  stripe  of  difierent  colors  on  stiilis  ;  gaytero 
IS  gaudy  ;  and  gayo  is  a  jay.  The  W.  has  gtry^, 
gay,  gaudy,  lirave.  This  is  a  contracted  word,  but 
whether  from  the  root  of  gaudy,  or  not,  is  not  ob- 
vious. In  some  of  its  applications,  it  seems  allied 
to  joy.] 

1.  Merry  ;  airy  ;  jovial  ;  sportive  ;  frolicsome.  It 
denotes  more  life  and  animation  than  cheerful. 

Belinda  smiled,  and  all  the  world  was  gay.  Pope. 

2.  F  r        'lowy  ;  as,  a  gay  dress. 

3.  Iiii  or  merry  with  liquor;  intoxicated  ;  a 
vulgar  u.         "•  word  in  Jiinerica. 

GAY,  71.    All   iu  imcnt.    {J^ot  used.]  L'Estrange. 
GAY'E-TY,  71.    [Fr.  gaiete  :  Fr.  gaiezza.] 

1.  Merriment ;  mirth  ;  airiness  ;  as,  a  company  full 
of  gayety. 

2.  Act  of  juvenile  pleasure  ;  the  gaycties  of  youth. 

3.  Finery  ;  show  ;  as,  the  gayety  ot  dress. 
G.\Y'LY,  arfo.    Merrily;  with  nilrtli  and  frolic. 

2.  Finely  ;  sjileiididly  ;  ptnupously  ;  as,  ladies  gay- 
hi  dressed  ;  a  tlovver  gaylti  blooming.  Pope. 
GA'Y'LY-GILD'ED,  a.    Gilded  with  showy  finery. 
GaY'NESS,  71.    Gavetv  ;  liiiery.  \Gray. 
GAY'SO.ME,  o.    Full  of  gayety.    [Little  nsed^ 
GAZE,  V.  i.    [Clu.  Gr.  n)  acf  i/i  ii,  to  be  astonished,  and 
Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  nin  cliazah,  to  see  or  look  ;  that 
is,  to  fix  the  eye  or  to  reach  with  the  eye.] 

To  fix  the  iTes  and  look  steadily  and  earnestly  ; 
to  look  with  eagerness  or  curiosity  ;  as  in  admiration, 
astonishment,  or  in  study. 

A  lover's  eyes  will  gaze  an  eagle  blind.  Shak. 
Ye  men  of  UiUilce,  wliy  st;ind  ye  gazing  up  into  heaven  i  — 
Acts  i. 

GAZE,  V.  t.    To  view  with  fixed  attention. 

And  gazed  awhile  the  ample  sky.  Miltnn. 

•  [It  is  little  used  as  a  transitive  verb.] 
GAZE,  II.    A  fixed  look  ;  a  look  of  eagerness,  wonder, 
or  adiiiiratiou  ;  a  continued  look  of  attention. 

With  secret  gaze, 
Or  open  ndiniratioii,  him  bchuUI.  ^ttllon. 

2.  The  object  gazed  on  ;  that  which  causes  one  to 
gaze. 

Made  of  my  enemies  the  scorn  and  gaze.  Milton. 

GAZE'FIJL,  n.  Looking  with  a  gaze;  looking  in- 
tently. Spenser. 

GAZE' HOUND,  71.  A  hound  that  pursues  by  the  sight 
rather  than  by  the  scent.  Encye.  Johnson. 

GA-ZEI.'.      I  n.     [Fr.  gazelle;   Sp.  gaiela  ;  Port. 

GA-ZELLE',  i     iraicHa;  from  the  .Arabic.    The  verb 

under  which  this  word  is  placed,  ^'^^  gazata,  is 
rendered  to  remove,  withdraw,  retire,  or  be  separate.] 


A  small,  swift,  elegantly-formed  species  of  ante- 
lope, celebrated  for  the  luster  and  soft  expression  of 
its  eyes.  Brande. 
GAZE'.MENT,  7L    View.    [Ji%t  in  use.]  Spenser. 
G.^Z'EK,  71.    One  who  gazes  ;  one  who  looks  steadily 
and  intently,  from  delight,  admiration,  or  study. 

Pope. 

GA-ZET',  7!.    [It.  gaiietta.]    A  Venetian  halfpenny. 

Jifassinger. 

GA-ZETTE',  (ga-zet',)  n.  [It.  o-azzetta  ;  Fr.  gazette. 
Oaizetta  is  said  to  have  been  a  Venetian  coin,  which 
was  the  price  of  the  first  newspaper ;  and  hence  the 
name.] 

A  newspaper;  a  sheet  or  half  sheet  of  paper  pub- 
lished periodically,  and  containing  an  account  of 
transactions  and  events  of  public  or  private  concern, 
which  are  deemed  important  and  interesting.  'I'lie 
first  g:izette  in  England  was  published  at  Oxford,  in 
Kiflo.  On  the  removal  of  the  court  to  London,  the 
title  was  changed  to  the  London  Gazette.  It  is  now 
the  official  newspaper,  and  jiublished  on  Tuesdays 
and  Satiirdavs.  Encye. 

GA  ZETTE',  (ga-zet',)  e.  t.  To  insert  in  a  gazitte  ; 
to  announce  or  publish  in  a  gazette. 

GA-ZETT'ED,;;;).    Published  in  a  gazette. 

GAZ-ET-TEEll',  71.    A  writer  of  news,  or  an  officer 
appointeil  to  publish  news  by  authority.  Johnson. 
a.  The  title  of  a  newspaper. 

3.  .'\  book  containing  a  brief  description  of  empires, 
kini^doiiis,  also  of  cities,  towns,  and  rivers,  in  a 
country,  or  in  the  whole  world,  alphabetically  ar- 
raiigi  d  ;  a  book  of  topographical  descriptions. 
GAZ'l.NG,  p/jr.  or  n.  [See  Gaze.]  Looking  with  fixed 
attention. 

GAZ'l.NG-STOf.'K,  n.  A  person  gazed  at  with  scorn 
or  abhorrence  ;  an  object  of  curiosity  or  contempt. 

Bp.  tlall. 

G.\-Z6'S',  (ga-zooii',)  n.    [Fr.,  turf.]    In  fortijicutwn, 

pieces  of  turf  used  to  line  parapets  and  the  faces  of 

works  raised  of  earth.  Brande. 
GE.    [Sax.]    A  particle  often  prefixed  to  Saxon  verbs. 
GliAL,  7).  1.    [ Fr.  n-f/cr, •  L.  o-c/o.]  [&.c. 

_  To  congeal.  [Obs.] 
Gv..\\i,  n.    [Sax.  gearwian,  gyrian,  to  prepare  ;  geartc, 

prepared,  prompt  ;  ffearir(i,liabit,  clothing,  apparatus  ; 

G.  gar,  D.  guar,  dressed,  done,  ready  ;  perhaps  Sw. 

garfva,  to  tall.] 

1.  Apparatus;  whatever  is  prepared  ;  hence,  habit ; 

dress  ;  ornaments. 


Array  tliyself  in  her  most  gorf^ons  gear. 


Spenser. 


2.  The  harness  or  furniture  of  beasts  of  draught; 
tackle. 

3.  The  same  as  Gearing,  which  see. 

4.  In  Scotland,  warlike  accouterments ;  also,  goods, 
riches.  Janiieson. 

5.  Business;  matters.    [O&s.]  Spenser. 
G.  B}"  seamen  pronounced  jears,  which  see. 

Gk.\R,  I',  t.    To  dress  ;  to  put  on  gear;  to  harness. 

GkAIV  ED,  pp.    Dressed;  harnessed. 

Gi;.\R'lS(l,  ppr.    Dressing;  harnessing. 

GliAR'ING,  II.  Harness. 

2.  A  train  of  toothed  wheels  for  transmitting  mo- 
tion in  machinery.  Hcbcrl. 

GK.\'S0.\,  fge'zn,)  71.  Rare;  uncommon;  wonder- 
ful.   [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

Gv.AT,  n.    [D.  gat     Sec  Gate.] 

Tiie  hole  through  which  metal  runs  into  a  mold  in 
castings.  Moion. 

GECK,  11.    [G.  gecli ;  Sw.  gUck  ;  Dan.  giek.] 

A  dupe.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

GECK,  V.  t.    To  che.it,  trick,  or  gull.  [Obs.] 

GECK'0, 71.  A  name  common  to  a  family  of  saurian 
reptiles  ;  a  nocturnal  li/.ard.  Partington. 

GKE, )  A  wonl  used  by  teamsters,  directing  their 

JEE,  (  teams  to  pass  further  to  the  right,  or  from 
the  driver,  when  on  the  near  side  ;  opposed  to  hoi  or 

GKESE,  n.  ;  pi.  of  Goose.  [haw. 

GEEST,  71.  Alluvial  matter  on  the  surface  of  land, 
not  of  recent  origin.  Jameson. 

GE-HE.\'NA,  71.  [Gr.  yccvra,  from  the  Ileb.  gc-hin- 
nom,  the  vallev  of  Iliiiiiom,  in  which  was  Tophet, 
where  the  Israelites  sacrificed  tin  ir  children  to  .Mo- 
loch, ami  which  was  afterward  regarded  as  a  jilace 
of  abiiiuination.    2  Kings  xxiii.  10. 

This  word  has  been  used  by  the  Jews  as  equiva- 
lent to  hell,  place  of  fire  or  torment  after  death, 
and  the  (;reek  word  is  rendered  by  our  translators 
bv  hell  and  hrll-Jire.    Mat.  xviii.  9  ;  xxiii.  IS. 

GkII'LE.N-ITE,  (ge'lcn-Ile,)  ».  [from  Gchten,  (he 
chemist. J 

.\  mineral  of  a  gravish  color  and  resinous  luster, 
found  cliielly  at  .Mt.  .Munzimi.  Its  primary  form  is  a 
riglit  square  prism. 

Ok'I.V,  n.  [Gr. )  y,  earth.]  In  chcmi.itry,  the  same  as 
llvMi's,  which  see. 

OEL'A-ULE,  a.  [from  L.  gtlu,  frost,  or  gelo,  to  con- 
geal.] 

That  may  or  can  be  congealed  ;  capable  of  being 
convi  rted  into  jellv. 
GEL'.\-TI  N,  n.    [  It."  and  Sp.  gelatina,  from  L.  gelo,  to 
congeal,  lo  freeze.] 

A  concrete  animal  substance,  transparent,  and 
soluble  slowly  in  cold  water,  but  rapidly  in  warm 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  —  MliTE,  PREY  —  PINE,  MAR<NE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


406 


GEM 


GEN 


GEN 


water.  U'itli  t.itiiiiii,  »  yellowisli-u  liile  prccipitati' 
is  tlirown  (Imvti  from  n  solntmn  ol'  f'l-latiii,  wlilcli 
fiiriiis  an  clastic,  ailhesive  mass,  not  niiliki'  vcgi'ta- 
l)J>'  (;liiti'n,  anil  is  a  coinpuiind  ul' tannin  and  ui  latin. 
<5i:i,'A  'J'li\.  See  Gelatinous.  [Parr. 
GK-LAT'1-NATE,  v.  i.  To  1)8  converteil  into  gelatin, 
or  into  n  substance  like  jelly. 

Lnpis  l!\iuli,  if  calcined,  doM  not  efl'crveicc,  liit  gttntinntet  with 
Uie  uifnenil  ucid«.  Kirwatt. 

C!E-LAT'I-NaTE,  v.  I.    To  convert  into  gelatin,  or 

into  a  substance  resembling  jelly. 
GIC-LAT-I-NA'TION,  II.    The  act  or  process  of  con- 
vertin";  or  being  turned  into  gelatin,  or  into  a  sub- 
stance like  jelly.  Kirwan. 
6E-L,.Vr'I-NI-l''6RM,  II.    Having  the  form  of  gelatin. 

.Med.  and  Sarir.  Juurii. 
6E-LAT'IN-IZE,  V.  i.    The  same  as  Gelati  n.vte. 

Fleming. 

GE-LAT-I-NO'SA,  n.  pi.    An  ordei:  of  gelatinous  ani- 

nuils.  Cuvirr. 
CE-LAT'I-NOUS,  a.    Of  the  nature  and  consistence 

of  gelatin  ;  resembling  jelly  ;  viscous  j  moderately 

stiff  and  cohesive. 
GELD,  II.    [Sax.  gild;  Sw.  gdld;  Dan.  gield;  G.  and 

U.  sM-] 

Sloney  ;  tribute ;  compensation.  This  word  is 
obsolete  in  English,  but  it  occurs  in  old  laws  and 
law  books  in  composition  ;  as  in  Danri'eld,  or  Danc- 
grtt,  a  tax  imposed  by  the  Danes  ;  IVcregcld,  com- 
pensation for  the  life  of  a  man,  &c. 
GELD,ii.  (. :  prct.  Gelded  or  Gelt  ;  pp.  Gelded  or 
Gelt.  [G.  gciten,  gdten  :  Sw.  galla ;  Dan.  gilder, 
to  geld,  and  to  cut  olf  the  gills  of  herrings  ;  Ir. 
caiUim,  to  geld,  to  lose,  to  destroy.    Uu.  \V.  co/(i,  to 


lose,  or  Eth.  'JAP  gatiy  to  cut  off.] 

1.  To  castrate  ;  to  emasculate. 

2.  To  deprive  of  any  essential  part.  Shak. 

3.  To  deprive  of  any  thing  immodest  or  exception- 
able. Dnjdeii. 

PKI  D'FD  ) 

GELT        i         C^*"^""'  >  emasculated. 

GELD'ER,  n.    One  who  castrates. 

GELD'ER-KO.«E,  ?i.  fUu.  from  Guddcrland.]  A 
plant,  a  species  of  Viburnum,  bearing  large,  white 
balls  of  flowers ;  also  called  the  snowball-tree. 

GELD'ING, /)()r.    Castrating.  [P.  Cyc. 

GELD'ING,  M.    The  act  of  castrating. 

2.  A  castrated  animal,  but  chiefly  a  horse. 

GEL' ID,  a.  [L.  ^efu<iu, from  gclo,  to  freeze,  Fr.  geler. 
See  Cool,  Cold.] 

Cold  ;  very  cold.  Thomson. 

GE-LID'I-TY,  n.    Extreme  cold. 

0I:L'ID-LY,  adi'.  Coldly. 

GEL'ID-NESS,  n.  Coldness. 

GEL'LY,  n.    [Kr.  ^e(ee    ' Poft.'  gelca;  Sp.  jalea;  L. 

feJo,  gelatu^:  It  is  now  more  generally  written 
ELLV.] 

1.  The  inspissated  juice  of  fruit  boiled  with  sugar. 

2.  A  viscous  or  glutinous  substance  ;  a  gluey  sub- 
stance, soft,  but  cohesive.    [Sec  Jelly.] 

GELT,  pp.  of  Geld. 
GELT,  n. ,A  castrated  animal;  a  gelding.  [JV'ot 

H.lfl/.] 

GELT,  for  Gilt.  Tinsel,  or  gilt  surface.  [JVot  used.] 
OEM,  II.    [L.  gemma;  It.  id.;  Sp.  yema;  Port,  gomo  ; 

It.  geam;  G.keim;  D.  kirm.    The  sense  is  probably 

a  slioot.    See  C^lass  Gin,  No.  5,  Ar.] 

1.  A  hud.  In  butanif,  the  bud  or  compendium  of  a 
plant,  covered  with  scales  to  protect  the  rudiments 
from  the  cold  of  winter  and  other  injuries;  called 
the  hybemacle  or  winter  quarters  of  a  plant.  Encyc. 

2.  A  precious  stone  of  any  kiml,  as  the  ruby, 
tO|iaz,  emerald,  &c. 

GE.M,  e.  U  To  adorn  with  gems,  jewels,  or  precious 
stones. 

2.  To  bespangle  ;  as,  foliage  gemmed  with  dew- 

3.  To  embellish  with  detached  beauties.  [drops. 

Engtatid  is  iluddcd  and  gemnud  %'ilh  cosUn  and  pidncrs. 

Jroing. 

OEM,  V.  I.   To  bud  ;  to  germinate.  Mdum, 
GE-MX'RA,  n.    [Ch.  ">0J,  to  finish.] 

The  second  part  of  the  Talmud,  or  the  commen- 
tary on  the  Mishna. 
GE  MAR'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Gemara.  F.neyc 
OEM'-BOSS-fJD,  a.    Mossed  with  gems,  .atkerstone. 
OE.M'EL,  n.    [U.  gemellus.] 

A  pair  ;  a  term  in  heraldrv.  Drayton. 
OEM-El^LIP'A-ROUS,  a.    [L.  gemellus  and  p<iri».] 
Producing  twins.  Diet. 
OEM'EL-RING,  n.    A  term  applied  to  rings  with  two 

or  more  links,  now  gimbal,  which  see. 
OE.\ri-N.\TE,  r.  t.    [L.  ^cniiw.] 

To  double.    [LilUe  used.] 
OEM-I-NA'TIOjf, n.    A  doubling;  duplication;  repe- 
tition. Boyle. 
GE.M'I-NI,  n.  pt.    [L,]   Twins.    In  euttronomy,  a  con- 
strll.Ttion  or  sign  of  the  zodiac,  containing  the  two 
bnslit  stars  Cantor  and  PoUujc.  Eneyc 
OEM'I-.NOUS.o.    [L.  geminus.] 

Double  ;  in  pairs.  Broten. 
GEM'I-N'Y,  n.    [Supra.]    Twins  ;  a  pair ;  a  couple. 

Shak. 


OEiM'SIA-RY,  a.  [from  gem.]  Pertaining  to  gems  or 
jewels. 

GE.M'.M  ATE,  a.    Having  buds  ;  reproducing  by  buds. 
GE.>L.MA''i'ION,  71.    f  L.  gemmalio,  from  ^ciiiiim.] 

1.  In  botany,  budding  ;  the  slate,  form,  or  construc- 
tion of  the  bud  of  plants,  of  the  leaves,  stipules, 
petioles,  or  scales.  Martyn. 

2.  The  process  of  reproduction  by  buds. 
OE.M'M/CD,  pp.    Adorned  with  jewels  or  buds. 
GEM'ME-OUS,  a.    [L.  grmmeus.] 

Pertaining  to  gems ;  of  the  nature  of  gems  ;  re- 
sembling gems. 

CE.M-.MII"KIC-OUS,  a.    Producing  buds. 

i;i;.\l'.MI-.\ESS,  71.    Spruccness  ;  smartness. 

li  I'.M'.M  I  Nt;,  ppr.    Adorning  with  jewels  or  buds. 

Gli.M-MII"A-UOUS,  tt.  [L.  gemma,  a  bud,  and  pario, 
to  bear.] 

Producing  buds  ;  reproducing  by  buds  on  the  body 
which  mature  and  fall  off  into  independent  animals, 
assome  pol>"p-^.  Vana. 
GE,M-M0S'I-TY,  71.   The  quality  of  being  a  gem  or 
jewel. 

GE.M'MIJLE,  71.    A  little  hud  or  gem.  £u(o7i. 
GEM-MU-LIE'ER-OL'S,  a.    Hearing  gemmules. 
OEM'AIY,  a.    liright  ;  glittering;  fuUof  gems. 

2.  Neat ;  spruce  ;  smart. 
GE-MOTE',  «.     [Sa.\.]     A  meeting.    [Obs.]  [See 
Meet.] 

GEMS'UOK,  n.  The  name  given  to  a  species  of  the 
antelope.  J.  Barrow. 

GEN-UAKME',  (zhUn-d;lrm',)  n.  In  France,  one  of 
the  gensd'armes,  a  select  body  of  troops,  destined  to 
watch  over  the  interior  public  safety. 

GE.\-I)AR'.MER-Y,  71.  [Supra.]  The  body  of  gen- 
d'arnies.  JIume. 

GEN'DER,  71.  [Fr.  genre;  Sp.  genera;  It.  gcnerc; 
from  L.  genus,  from  geno,gigno,  Gr.  yervaut,  yivopat, 
to  beget,  or  to  be  born  ;  Ir.  grinim;  \V.  geni,  to  be 
born;  gan,  a  birth;  ccnaw,  oflspring ;  Gr.  ytvo^, 
)  orof  (•  Eng.  kind.  From  the  same  root,  Gr.  yvvrj,  a 
woman,  a  ^Vlfe  ;  Sans,  gena,  a  wife,  jani,  ,i  woman, 
and  genaga,  a  father.  \\*e  have  begin  from  the  same 
root.    See  Hegin  and  Can.] 

1.  Properly,  kind  ;  sort.    [OAs.]  Shak. 

2.  A  sex,  male  or  female.  Hence, 

3.  In  grammar,  a  dillerence  in  words  to  express 
distinction  of  sex  ;  usually,  a  dilfcrencc  of  termina- 
tion in  nouns,  adjectives,  and  participles,  to  express 
the  distinction  of  male  and  female.  But  although 
this  was  the  original  design  of  different  terminations, 
yet,  in  the  progress  of  language,  other  words,  having 
no  relation  to  one  sex  or  the  other,  came  to  have 
genders  assigned  them  by  custom.  Words  express- 
ing males  are  said  to  be  of  the  masculine  gender  ; 
those  expressing  females,  of  the  feminine  gender; 
and  in  some  languages,  words  expressing  things 
having  no  sex  are  of  tlie  neuter  or  neither  gender. 

OEN'DER,  v.  U    To  beget.    But  Enge.^der  is  more 

generally  used. 
OE.N'DER,  T.  i.    To  copulate  ;  to  breed,    ire.  xi.x. 
GEN-E-A-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    [from  genealogy.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  descent  of  persons  or  families; 
exhibiting  the  succession  of  families  from  a  pro- 
genitor ;  as,  a  genealogical  table. 

2.  According  to  the  descent  of  a  person  or  family 
from  an  ancestor  ;  as,  genealogical  order. 

GEN  E-A-LOO'IC-AL-LY,  ai/ti.    By  genealogy. 

GE.\'-E-AL'0-GIST,  II.  He  who  traces  descents  of 
persons  or  families. 

GEN-E-AL'O-OIZE,  v.  i.  To  relate  the  history  of  de- 
scents. Trans,  of  Paumnias. 

GEN-E-AL'O-GV,  71.  [It.  ^enealogia  ;  Gr.  ycveaXoy  ia  ; 
vtmf,  race,  and  Auyoj,  discourse  ;  Sax.  cyn,  gecynd; 
Eng.  kind.] 

1.  An  account  or  history  of  the  descent  of  a  per- 
son or  family  from  an  ancestor  ;  enumeration  of 
ancestors  and  their  children  in  the  natural  order 
of  succession. 

2.  Pedigree  ;  lineage ;  regular  descent  of  a  person 
or  family  from  a  progenitor. 

GEN'E-R.V.    See  Gem  s. 

GE.V'ER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  engendered,  be- 
gotten,or  produced.  Bcnttey. 

GE.\'ER-;\L,  o.  [Fr.,  from  L.  generalis,  (tan\  genus, 
a  kind.] 

1.  Properly,  relating  to  a  whole  genus  or  kind  ; 
and  hence,  relating  to  a  whole  class  or  order.  Thus 
we  speak  of  a  general  law  of  the  animal  or  vegeta- 
ble economy.  This  word,  though  from  genus,  kind, 
is  used  to  express  whatever  is  common  to  an  order, 
class,  kind,  sort,  or  species,  or  to  any  company  or 
association  of  individuals. 

2.  Comprehending  many  species  or  individuals; 
not  special  or  particular;  a-s,  it  is  not  logical  to  draw 
a  general  inference  or  conclusion  from  a  particular 
fact. 

3.  Lax  in  signific.ition  ;  not  restrained  or  limited 
to  a  parlicuL-ir  import ;  not  specific  ;  as,  a  loose  and 
general  expression. 

4.  Public;  common;  relating  to  or  comprehending 
the  whole  community  ;  as,  the  general  interest  or 
safety  of  a  nation. 

To  lU  ftntnl  purpoKS,  wo  hm  unifaiml^  bem  one  p'ople. 

ndrndtl.  Jay. 


5.  ('omiilun  to  many  or  the  greatest  nuniher;  uj», 
a  general  opinion  ;  a  general  custom, 
ti.  Not  directed  to  a  single  object. 

If  Ihe  iiinic  tiling  lie  pecnliarly  evil,  tli;it  gentral  afenion  will  tie 
turned  iiilu  a  particular  lialred  Rg.uiiiit  it.  Spratu 

7.  Having  a  relation  to  all ;  common  to  the  whole. 
Adam,  our  general  sire.  Milton. 

8.  In  law,  to  plead  the  general  itsue,  is  to  deny  at 
once  the  whole  indictment  or  declaration,  without 
offering  any  special  matter  to  evade  it.  Boueier. 

9.  Extensive,  though  not  universal  ;  common  ; 
usual. 

This  word  is  prefixed  or  annexed  to  words  to  ex- 
press the  extent  Of  their  application.  Thus  a  general 
assembly  is  ail  assembly  of  a  whole  body,  in  fact  or 
by  representation.  In  Scotland,  it  is  the  whole  church 
convened  by  its  representatives.  In  America,  a.  legis- 
lature is  sometimes  called  a  general  assembly  or  gen- 
eral court. 

In  logic,  a  general  term  is  a  term  which  is  the  sign 
of  a  general  idea. 

An  attorney-general,  and  a  solicitor-general,  is  an 
officer  who  conducts  suits  and  prosecutions  I'or  the 
king,  or  for  a  nation  or  state,  and  whose  authority  is 
general  in  the  state  or  kingdom. 

A  vicar-general  has  authority  as  vicar  or  substitute 
over  a  whole  territory  or  jurisdiction. 

An  ailjutant-gcneral  assists  the  general  of  an  army, 
distributes  orders,  receive  returns,  &c. 

The  word  general,  thus  annexed  to  a  name  of  oflice, 
denotes  chief  or  superior  ;  as,  a  commissary-general, 
quartermaster-general. 

In  the  line,  a  general  officer  is  one  who  commands 
an  army,  a  division,  or  a  brigade. 
OEN'ER-AL,  71.    The  whole  ;  the  total ;  that  which 
comprehends  all  or  the  chief  part ;  opposed  to  par- 
ticular. 

In  particulars  our  knowledge  begioi,  and  so  spreads  its  -If  hj  de- 

fi^ret's  to  gentralt.  l4)cke. 
A  liidtory  p.unic*r  puiiitM  imui  in  general,  Heynoldt. 

2.  In  general ;  in  the  main  ;  for  the  mtist  part ;  not 
always  or  iiniversall\'. 

ci.'ls,  in  general,  uii 

3.  The  chief  commander  of  an  army.  But,  to  dis- 
tinguish this  officer  from  other  generals,  he  is  often 
called  general-in-cliief.  The  officer  second  in  rank  is 
called  lieutenant-general. 

4.  The  commanih'r  of  a  division  of  an  army  or 
militia,  usually  called  a  major-general. 

5.  'J'lie  conimander  of  a  brigade,  called  a  brigadier- 
general. 

C.  A  particular  beat  of  drum  or  march,  br  ing  that 
which,  in  the  morning,  gives  notice  for  the  infantry 
to  be  ill  readiness  to  march.  F.neyc. 

7.  The  chief  of  an  order  of  monks,  or  of  all  the 
houses  or  congregations  established  under  the  same 
rule.  F.ncye. 

8.  The  public  ;  the  interest  of  the  whole  ;  the  vul- 
gar.   [JVo«  ill  use.]  SItak. 

OEN-ER  AL-IS'SI-MO,  71.  [It.]  The  chief  comni.ind- 
er  of  an  army  or  military  force. 

2.  The  supreme  coinmandpr  ;  sometimes  a  title  of 
honor  ;  as,  Alexander,  generalissimo  of  Greece. 

Brown. 

GEN-ER-AL'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  gcneralitc  ;  It.  generalUd.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  general;  the  quality  of  in- 
cluding species  or  particulars.  Hooker. 

2.  The  main  body;  the  bulk;  the  greatest  part; 
as,  the  generality  of  a  nation,  or  of  mankind. 

Addison. 

GEN-ER-AL  I-Za'TIO.\,  71.  The  act  of  making  gen- 
eral ;  the  act  of  reducing  particulars  to  generals  or  to 
their  genera. 

GEN'EK-.AL-tZE,  v.  t.  To  extend  from  particul.-irs  or 
species  to  genera,  or  to  whole  kinds  or  classes  j  to 
make  general,  or  common  to  a  number;  as, to  gener. 
alize  a  remark. 

2.  To  reduce  particulars  to  generals,  or  tti  their  ge- 
nus. Reid. 
Copernicus  generalized  tiie  crWlial  motions,  hy  nierrlv  ref  rrinj 
Uiem  to  tt^>  niuoirs  motion.    Newton  generalized  tliem  sull 
ntore^  by  a-fcniiig  tikis  la*t  to  the  niotion  of  a  sfon.-  throo^h 
llic  lur.  A'icAo/son. 


Extended  to  generals ;  re- 
Extending  to  generals : 


GE\'ER-AL-IZ-KD,  pp. 
dured  to  a  genus. 

GEN'ER-AL  IZ-ING,  ppr, 
retliicing  to  genera, 

OE.\'ER-AI^LY,  adr.  In  general ;  commonly  ;  ex- 
tensively, though  not  universally  ;  most  fri  quently, 
but  not  without  exceptions.  A  hot  suninii  r  generally 
follows  a  coldwiiiter.  Men  are  generally  more  dis- 
posed to  censiirt?  than  to  praisr,  as  they  generally 
Buppose  it  easier  to  depress  cxcclltmce  in  olliers 
than  to  ecpial  or  surpass  it  by  elevating  themselves. 

2.  In  the  main  ;  without  detail ;  in  the  whole  tak- 
en together. 

G*nerftltif  speaking,  they  live  irry  quietly.  Additon. 

GEN'ER-AL-NESS,  n.  Wide  extent,  though  short  of 
universality  ;  freqtiencv  ;  commt'iness.       Sidm  n. 

OEN'ER-AL-SHIP,  n.  'The  skill  and  conduct  of  a 
general  olTicer;  military  skill  in  a  commander,  ex- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  6  aa  J ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


63 


pp. 


4ft7 


GEN 


GEN 


GEN 


Iiibited  in  the  judicious  arrangements  of  troops,  or 

the  operations  of  war. 
ftKN'ER  AL-TY,  n.    Tlie  whole  ;  the  totality.  Hale. 
GEN'ER-ANT,  ;!.    [L.  ffencrans.] 

1.  The  power  that  generates  ;  the  power  or  princi- 
ple that  produces.  QlanviUe.  Ray, 

2.  In  geametry,  a  line,  surface,  or  solid,  generated, 
or  supi)osed  to  be  generated,  by  the  motion  of  a  point, 
line,  or  surface.  Barlow. 

6E.\'ER-aTE,  II.  U    [L.  genera.    See  Gender.] 

1.  To  beget ;  to  procreate  ;  to  propagate ;  to  pro- 
duce a  being  similar  to  the  parent.  Every  animal 
generates  his  own  species. 

2.  To  produce  ;  to  cause  to  be ;  to  bring  into  life ; 
as,  great  whales  which  the  waters  generated.  Milton. 

3.  To  cause  ;  to  produce  ;  to  form. 

Soiuiils  are  generated  ivhere  there  is  no  .lir  .^t  all.  Bacon. 
Whatever  gerterates  a  quaiility  of  ^od  chyle  must  likewise  ven- 
erate ntilk.  Arbuthnot. 

In  viusic,  any  given  sound  generates  With  itself  its 
octave  and  two  other  sounds  extremely  sharp,  viz., 
its  twelfth  above  or  the  octave  of  its  fifth,  and  the 
seventeenth  above.  Encyc. 

CE.X'ER-A-TED,  pp.  Begotten  ;  engendered  ;  pro- 
created ;  produced  ;  formed. 

GE.VER-A-TING,  or  a.  Begetting;  procreating; 
producing;  forming. 

6EN-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  begetting ;  procrea- 
tion, as  of  animals. 

2.  Production  ;  formation  ;  as,  the  generation  of 
sounds,  or  of  curves  or  equations. 

3.  A  single  succession  in  natural  descent,  as  the 
children  of  the  same  parents  ;  hence,  an  age.  Thus 
we  say,  the  third,  the  fourth,  or  the  tenth  gentrration. 
Gen.  XV.  16. 

4.  Tlie  people  of  the  same  period,  or  living  at  the 
same  time. 

O  faithless  .ind  perverse  generation  I  —  Luke  ix. 

5.  Genealogy  ;  a  series  of  children  or  descendants 
from  tlie  same  stock. 

TJiis  is  Uie  book  of  the  generations  of  Adam.  —  Gen.  v. 
G.  .\  family;  a  race.  Shak. 
7.  Progeny  ;  offspring.  Shak. 
GEN"ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  generating 
or  propagating  its  own  species.  Ralegh. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  producing.  Bentley. 

3.  Prolific.  Bentley. 
GEN'ER-a-TOR,  n.    He  or  that  which  begets,  causes, 

or  produces. 

2.  In  jHitsi'c,  the  principal  sound  or  sounds  by  which 
others  are  produced.  Thus  the  lowest  C  for  the  treble 
of  the  harpsichord,  besides  its  octave,  will  strike  an 
attentive  ear  with  its  twelfth  above,  or  G  in  alt.,  and 
with  its  seventeenth  above,  or  E  in  alt.  Hence  C  is 
called  their  generator,  the  G  and  E  its  products  or 
harmonics.  Encye. 

3.  A  vessel  in  which  steam  is  generated.  Perkins. 
GE-NER'ie,  )  a.  [It.  and  Sp.  gencrico  ;  Fr.  gene- 
GE-NER'ie-.\L,  j     rique;  from  L.  genus.] 

Pertaining  to  a  genus  or  kind  ;  comprehending  the 
genus,  as  distinct  from  species,  or  from  another  ge- 
nus. A  generic  description  is  a  description  of  a  ge- 
nus ;  a  generic  difference  is  a  difference  in  genus ;  a 
generic  name  is  the  denomination  which  compre- 
hends all  the  species,  as  of  animals,  plants,  or  fos- 
sils, which  have  certain  essential  and  peculiar  char- 
acters in  common.  Thus  Canis  is  the  generic  name 
of  animals  of  the  dog  kind ;  Felis,  of  the  cat  kmd  ; 
Ccrrus,  of  the  deer  kind 

GE-NER'ie-AL-LY,  ailv.  With  regard  to  genus ;  as, 
an  animal  gmrrically  distinct  from  another,  or  two 
aniinala  genrricitlhf  allied.  Woodward. 

GE-i\ER'I€-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ge- 
neric. 

GE.N-ER-OS'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  generositi;  L.  generositas, 
from  genus,  race,  kind,  with  reference  to  birth,  blood, 
family.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  generous;  liberality  in 
princi|)le  ;  a  disposition  to  give  liberally  or  to  ce- 
■stow  favors  ;  a  quality  of  the  heart  or  mind  opposed 
to  meanness  or  parsimony. 

2.  liberality  in  act ;  bounty. 

3.  Nobleness  of  soul ;  magnanimity.  [77its  is  the 
jiriinary  sense,  but  is  now  little  used.] 

GE.N'ER-OUH,  a.  [L.  gencrosiis  ;  i'r.  genereuz,  (lom 
genus,  birth,  extractitm,  family.    See  Gender.] 

1.  Primarily,  being  of  honorable  birth  or  origin  ; 
hence,  noble  ;  honorable  ;  magnanimous  ;  applied  to 
persons  ;  an,  n  generous  foe  ;  a  generous  critic. 

2.  Noble  ;  honorable  ;  applied  to  things ;  as,  a  gen- 
erous virtue;  generous  bolunesH.  It  is  used,  also,  to 
denote  like  qualities  in  irrational  animals  ;  as,  a  gen- 
erous pack  of  hounds.  MdLion. 

3.  Liberal;  bountiful;  munificent;  free  to  give; 
afl,  VL  generous  friend  ;  a  generous  father. 

4.  Slfong  ;  full  of  spirit ;  as,  generous  wino. 

Boyle.  Smifl. 

5.  Full ;  overflowing  ;  abundant ;  an,  a  generous 
cup  ;  a  generous  table. 

ti.  .'ipriglilly  ;  ci-irageoim  ;  a>i,  n  generous  Btocd. 
6BN'ER  ()UH-LY,  aJiJ.    Honorably;  not  niiimly. 

2.  Nobly  ;  luagnaniniouHly.  Dnjilcn. 

3.  Liberally  ;  munificently. 


GEN'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.   The  quality  of  being  gener- 
ous ;  magnanimity  ;  nobleness  of  mind. 
2.  Liberality  ;  munificence  ;  generosity. 

GEN'E-SIS,' n.  \Gx.  ycveais,  from  -jcvvaoi,  yivoixai. 
See  Gender.] 

1.  The  act  of  producing. 

2.  The  first  book  of  the  sacred  Scriptures  of  the 
Old  Testament,  containing  the  history  of  the  crea- 
tion, of  the  apostasy  of  man,  of  the  deluge,  and  of 
the  first  patriarchs,  to  the  death  of  Joseph.  In  the 
original  Hebrew,  this  book  has  no  title  ;  the  present 
title  was  prefixed  to  it  by  those  who  translated  it  in- 

-  to  Greek. 

3.  In  geometry,  the  formation  of  a  line,  plane,  or 
solid,  by  the  motion  of  a  point,  line,  or  surface. 

Barlow. 

GEN'ET,  n.  [Fr.]  A  small-sized,  well-proportioned, 
Spanish  horse.  Johnson. 

2.  An  animal  allied  to  the  civet,  and  resembling 
the  polecat  in  appearance. 

GE-NET',      I  n.   A  name  given  to  cat-skins,  when 

GE-NETTE',  i  made  into  muffs  and  tippets,  as  if 
they  were  skins  of  the  genet.  Bootli. 

GE-NETH'LI-AG,  7i.    A  birthday  poem.  Brande. 

GEN-ETH-LI'Ae-AL,  (  a.     [Gr.  ycptdXtaKOi,  from 

GE-NETH'LI-AC,        \      ytvijiiat,  to  be  born.] 

Pertaining  to  nativities,  as  calculated  by  astrologers ; 
showing  the  positions  of  the  stars  at  the  birth  of  any 
person.    [Little  used.]  Hoiccll. 

GE-NETH'LI-A€S,  71.  The  science  of  calculating 
nativities,  or  predicting  the  future  events  of  life 
from  the  stars  which  preside  at  the  birth  of  per- 
sons.   [Little  used.]  Johnson. 

GE-NETH-LI-AT'ie,  n.  He  who  calculates  nativi- 
ties.   [Little  used.]  Drummond. 

6E-NET'ie,  o.  [Gr. 

Pertaining  to  the  origin  of  a  thing,  or  its  mode  of 
prod^iction.  T.  D.  fVoolsey. 

GE-Nli'VA,  n.  [Fr.  genevre,  or  genievre,a  juniper- 
berry  ;  It.  ginepra ;  Arm.  genevra.  The  Spanish 
word  is  nebrina,  and  the  tree  is  called  enebro,  Port. 
limbro.] 

A  spirit  distilled  from  grain  or  malt,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  juniper-berries.  But  instead  of  these  ber- 
ries, the  spirit  is  often  flavored  with  the  oil  of  turpen- 
tine. The  word  is  usually  contracted,  and  pronounced 
gin.  Encyc. 

GE-Ne'VA  BI'BLE,  n.  A  copy  of  the  Bible  in  Eng- 
lish, printed  at  Geneva,  first  in  15B0.  This  copy  was 
in  common  use  in  England  till  the  version  made  by 
order  of  King  James  was  introduced,  and  it  was  laid 
aside  by  the  Calvinists  with  reluctance. 

GE-Ne'VAN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Geneva. 
2.  n.    An  inhabitant  of  Geneva. 

GE-Ne'VAN-ISM,  n.  [from  Geneva,  where  Calvin 
resided.] 

Calvinism.  Mountagu. 

GEN-E-VeSE',  n.  sing,  and  pZ.    People  of  Geneva. 

GEN-E-VOIS',  (zlien-e-vwi',)  n.  pi.  People  of  Gene- 
va. .Addison. 

Ge'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  genialis,  from  geno,  gigno,  Gr.  yev- 
va(o,  }  tvofjai.y 

1.  Contributing  to  propagation  or  production  ;  that 
causes  to  produce. 

Creator,  Venvis,  genial  power  of  love.  Dryden. 

2.  Gay  ;  merry.  Warion. 

3.  Enlivening;  contributing  to  life  and  cheerful- 
ness ;  supporting  life. 

So  much  I  feel  my  genial  spirits  droop.  ^Tillon. 

4..  Native  ;  natural.    [JYof  usual.]  Brown. 

The  genial  gods,  in  pagan  antiquity,  were  sujiposed 
to  preside  over  generation,  as  earth,  air,  fire,  and 
water. 

GE  NI-AL'I-TY,  71.    Gayety;  cheerfulness. 
Ge'NI-AL-LY,  adv.    By  genius  or  nature ;  naturally. 
[Little  uscrf.]  Olanville. 
2.  Gayly  ;  cheerfully.  Johnson. 
Ge'NI-AL-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  genial. 
GE-NI€'  II-LATE,  v.  U    To  form  joints  or  knots. 

Cockeram. 

GE-NIC'IJ-IiATE,     j  a.    [L.  geniculatus,  from  genic- 
G&Nie'LJ-L.^-TED,  j     ulum,  a  knot  or  joint,  from 
the  root  of  genu,  the  knee.    See  Knee.] 

Kneed  ;  knee-jointed  ;  having  joints  like  the  knee 
a  little  bent ;  as,  a  gcniculated  stem  or  peduncle. 

J\Iartyn. 

GE-NIC'U-LA-TING,  ppr.    Knotting;  jointing. 

Gh^NlC-lj-LA'TION,  71.  Knottiness;  the  state  of 
having  knots  or  joints  like  a  kiii^c.  Johnson. 

Gk'NIE,  (je'ne,)  n.  [Old  Fr.]  Disposition ;  inclina- 
tion ;  turn  of  mind.  [Obsolete..] 

Gk'NI-I,  71.  pi.  [L.]  A  sort  of  imaginary,  intermedi- 
ate beings  between  men  and  angels ;  some  good  and 
dome  bad.  Encyc. 

Gk'NI-O,  71.    [It.,  fsom  L.  genius.] 

A  man  of  a  particular  turn  of  mind.  Tiitlrr. 

GEN'I-TAL,  a.  [L.  gcnit^is,  (torn  llic  root  o(  gigno, 
Gr.  ytpvaf'i,  to  beget.] 

Pertaining  to  giuieration  or  the  act  of  begetting. 

GEN'I-TALS,  71.  pi.  The  parts  of  an  animal  which 
are  the  iniiiicdiati^  instruments  uf  generation. 

GEN'l-TING,  71.    1  Fr.  ianrton.] 

.\  species  of  apple  that  ripens  very  early. 


GEN'I-TIVE,  a.  or  n.    [L.  gaiitivus,  from  the  root  of 

gender.] 

In  grammar,  a.  term  applied  to  a  case  in  the  declen- 
sion of  nouns,  expressing  primarily  the  thing  from 
which  something  else  proceeds;  as,  fdius  patris,  the 
st)n  of  a  father  ;  agua  /otitis,  the  water  of  a  fountain. 
But,  by  custom,  this  case  expresses  other  relatituis, 
particularly  possession  or  ownership ;  as,  animi  mag- 
nitiido,  greatness  of  mind,  greatness  possessed  by  or 
inherent  in  the  mind.  This  case  otVn  expresses, 
also,  that  which  proceeds  from  something  else;  as, 
pater  septem  filioriiin,  the  father  of  seven  sons. 
GEN'I-TOR,  71.  One  who  procreates ;  a  sire  ;  a  father. 

Sheldon. 

GEN'I-TyRE,  71.   Generation  ;  procreation ;  birth. 

Burton. 

GEN'IUS,  7!.;  pi.  Geniuses.  [L.,  from  the  root  of 
gigno,  Gr.  -jcvvaoy,  to  beget.] 

1.  The  peculiar  structure  of  mind  which  is  given 
by  nature  to  an  individual,  or  that  disposition  or  bent 
of  mind  which  is  peculiar  to  every  man,  and  which 
qualifies  him  for  a  particular  employment ;  a  partic- 
ular natural  talent  or  aptitude  of  mind  for  a  particu- 
lar study  or  course  of  life ;  as,  a  genius  for  history, 
for  poetry,  or  painting. 

2.  Strength  of  mind  ;  uncommon  powers  of  intel- 
lect ;  particularly,  the  power  of  invention.  In  this 
sense  we  say,  Homer  was  a  man  of  genius.  Hence, 

3.  A  man  endowed  with  uncommon  vigor  of  mind  ; 
a  man  of  superior  intellectual  faculties.  Shakspeare 
was  a  rare  genius.  Addison. 

4.  Mental  powers  or  faculties.    [See  No.  2.] 

5.  Nature  ;  disposition ;  peculiar  character  ;  as,  the 
genius  of  the  times. 

Gi''JV'/-f7S,  7!.  ;  p?.  Genii.  [L.]  Among  (/le  anciCTits, 
a  good  or  evil  spirit,  or  demon,  supposed  to  preside 
over  a  man's  destiny  in  life ;  that  is,  to  direct  his 
birth  and  actions,  ami  be  his  guard  and  guide ;  a  tu- 
telary deity  ;  the  ruling  and  protecting  power  of  men, 
places,  or  things.  This  seems  to  be  merely  a  person- 
ification or  deification  of  the  particular  structure  or 
bent  of  mind  which  a  man  receives  from  nature, 
which  is  the  prunary  signification  of  the  word. 

GE'JVl-US  LO'CI,  [L.]  The  presiding  divinity  of  a 
place  ;  and  hence,  the  pervading  spirit  of  a  place  or 
institution,  as  of  a  college,  &,c. 

GEN-O-eSE',  71.  An  inhabitant,  or  the  people  of  Ge- 
noa, in  Italy. 

GENT,  a.   Elegant ;  pretty  ;  gentle.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

GEN-TEEL',  a.  [Fr.  gentil;  It.  gentile;  Sp.  gentil ; 
L.  gentilis,  from  gens,  race,  stock,  family,  and  with 
the  sense  of  noble  or  at  least  respectable  birth,  as  we 
use  birth  and  family.] 

1.  Polite  ;  well-bred  ;  easy  and  graceful  in  man- 
ners or  behavior ;  having  the  manners  of  well-bred 
people  ;  as,  genteel  company  ;  genteel  guests. 

2.  Polite  ;  easy  and  graceful  ;  becoming  well-bred 
persons;  as,  o-e/itceZ  manners  or  behavior;  a  genteel 
address. 

3.  Graceful  in  mien  or  form  ;  elegant ;  as,  the  lady  ' 
has  a  genteel  perstm. 

4.  Elegantly  dressed.  Law. 

5.  Decorous  ;  refined  ;  free  from  any  thing  low  or 
vulgar  ;  as,  genteel  comedy.  Addison. 

GEr<-TEEL'LY,  adv.  Politely  ;  gracefully  ;  elegant- 
ly ;  in  the  manner  of  well-bred  people. 

GEN-TEEL'NESS,  ji.    Gracefulness  of  manners  or 
person ;  elegance ;  politeness.    We  speak  of  the 
gattteelness  of  a  person,  or  of  his  deportment. 
2.  Citialities  befitting  a  person  of  rank.  Johnson. 

GEN'TIAN,  (jen'shan,)  11.  [L.  gentiana;  Fr.  geiUiane, 

Ar.  I Uil ^— >  kanta.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  of  many 
species.  The  officinal  gentian  is  a  native  of  the 
mountainous  parts  of  Germany.  The  root,  the  on- 
ly part  used,  has  a  yellowish-brown  color,  and  a  very 
bitter  taste,  and  is  used  as  an  ingredient  in  stomachic 
bitters.    It  is  sometimes  called  Pelwort.  Encyc. 

GE.N-TIAN-EL'LA,  7t.    A  kind  of  blue  color. 

GKN'TIL,  71.    A  species  of  falcon  or  hawk. 

GEN'TILE,  71.  [L.  gentilis;  Fr.  gentil;  Sp.  gentU; 
from  L.  gens,  nation,  race  ;  applied  to  pagans.] 

In  tlie  Scriptures,  a  pagan  ;  a  worshiper  of  false 
gods ;  any  person  not  a  Jew  or  a  Christian  ;  a  hea- 
then. The  Hebrews  included  in  the  term  or«mi,  or  na- 
tions, all  the  tribes  of  men  who  had  not  received  the 
true  faith,  and  wi  re  not  circuincised.  The  ('hristians 
translated  gaim  by  the  L.  gentcs,  and  imitated  the 
Jews  in  giving  the  name  gentiles  to  all  nations  who 
were  not  Jews  or  Christians.  In  civil  affairs,  the  de- 
nomination was  given  to  all  nations  who  were  not 
Romans.  Encye. 

GEN'TILE,  a.    Pertaining  to  pagans  or  heathens. 
2.  In  grammar,  denoting  one's  race  or  country  ;  as, 
a  gentile  noun. 

GEN-TI-LESSE',  71.    Complaisance.    [ATot  in  u.te.] 

Hudtlrras. 

GEN'TIL-ISII,  a.    Heathenish  ;  pagan.  Milton. 
GEN'TIL  I«M,  71.    Heathenism;  pagtjiism  ;  the  wor- 
ship of  false  gods.  Stillin gJlecL 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WU^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  nQQK.— 


GEN 

<5F.X-TI-I,1"TIAI..  (jen-te-lisli'al,)  j  o.  [L.  grnli- 
OliXTI  l.I"TIOL'S,  (jeu-te-lisli'us,)  i     'ifi",  from 

geiiM.] 

1.  Peculiar  to  a  people  ;  nationnl.  Brown. 

2.  Ilercililnry  ;  entailed  on  a  family.  /IrbiiOinot. 
GF.N-TIIi'l-TY,  n.    [Fr.  «rni(i'iiW,  lieatlienisni.    So  in 

Sp.  anil  It.,  from  the  Latin  ;  but  we  take  tlic  sense 
from  smtcflj] 

1.  I'olileness  of  manners ;  easy,  graceful  behavior ; 
the  manners  of  well-bred  people  ;  Renteelness. 

2.  (Joud  extraction;  dignity  of  birth.  Edmard. 

3.  Cracefulness  of  mien.  Shak. 

4.  Gentry.    [JVo(  in  use.]  Duvics. 

5.  Paganism  ;  heathenism.  [J\"ii(  in  u.«.]  Honker. 
0K.\'T1I,-IZE,  V.  i.  To  live  like  a  heathen.  Millun. 
CE.\'T1,E,  a.  [See  GtNTEEL.]   Well -horn  ;  of  a  good 

family  or  respectable  birth,  though  uot  noble  ;  as,  the 
studies  of  noble  and  gentle  youth  ;  gemle  blood.  [  Ubs.] 
Milton.  Pope. 
9.  Mild  ;  meek  ;  soft  ;  bland  ;  not  rough,  harsh,  or 
severe  ;  as,  a  gentle  nature,  temper,  or  disposition  ;  a 
gentle  manner;  a  gentle  address;  a  ^cniic  voice.  1 
Thejis.  ii.   2  TVm.  ii. 

3.  Tame ;  peaceable ;  not  wild,  turbulent,  or  refrac- 
tory ;  as,  a  gnitle  horse  or  beast. 

4.  Soothing  ;  pacific.  Davies. 

5.  Treating  with  mildness ;  not  violent. 

A  gtnCe  haiiil  may  lead  Ur  clf  ptiatit  Willi  a  hnif. 

Periian  Itosary. 

GEN'TI.E,  ?i.    A  gentleman.    [Oft.?.]  STiaJc. 
2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  maggots  or 
larvie  of  the  flesh-lly,  and  of  some  other  Hies. 

Brande. 

6EN''T!,K,  r.  f.  To  make  genteel ;  to  raise  from  the 
vulgrir.    [OAs.]  Slink. 

GE.\'TLE-Vf)LK,  (-tl-foke,)  ».  [gentle  nnii  folk.]  Per- 
sons of  good  breeding  and  family.  It  is  now  used 
only  in  the  plural,  grntlefulks,  and  this  use  is  vulgar. 

0E.\'TLE-1IE.\RT'EI),  a.  Having  a  kind  or  gentle 
dis[Hi^ition. 

GEN'TLE-.MAN,  n.  [gentle,  that  is,  genteel,  and  man. 
So  in  Fr.  gentilhomme.  It.  gentiluomo,  Sp.  gcntilhombre. 
See  Gemteei..] 

1.  In  its  most  ezten.iiv  sense,  in  Great  Britain, 
every  man  above  the  rank  of  yeoman,  comprehend- 
ing noblemen.  In  a  more  limited  sense,  a  man  wlio, 
without  a  title,  bears  a  coat  of  arms,  or  whose  ances- 
tors have  been  freemen.  In  this  sense,  gentlemen 
hold  a  middle  rank  between  the  nobility  and  yeo- 
manry. 

2.  In  Oie  United  States,  where  titles  and  distinc- 
tions of  rank  do  not  exist,  the  term  is  applied  to  men 
of  education  and  of  good  breeding,  of  every  occupa- 
tion. Indeed,  this  is  also  the  popular  practice  in 
Great  Dritnin.  Hence, 

3.  A  m;in  of  good  brpeding,  politeness,  and  civil 
manners,  as  distinguished  from  the  vulgar  and 
clown  isli. 


A  plo 


vninn  on  his  le^  b  ht^ticr  than  a  gentleman  on  hii  knees. 

Franklin. 


4.  A  term  of  complaisance.  In  the  plural,  the  ap- 
pellation by  which  men  are  addressed  in  [lopular 
assemblies,  whatever  may  be  their  condition  or 
character. 

5.  In  Oreat  Britain,  the  ser%'ant  of  a  roan  of  rank, 
who  attends  his  |K-rson.  Also,  a  prefix  to  his  othcial 
title  ;  as,  gentleman  usher,  one  who  walks  before  his 
masterand  introduces  slrangersinlo  his  presence;  gen- 
tleman srrrer,  one  Who  serves  up  the  fc.ast.  Camden. 

GEX'TLE-MAN-eO.M'.MO.N'-ER,  n.  The  highest 
class  of  commoners  at  Oxford  University. 

GEN'TLE-MA.N-PEN'SION-ERS,  n.  pi.  In  England, 
a  band  of  forty  gentlemen,  whose  othce  it  is  to  attend 
the  kins  to  and  from  the  royal  chapel.  Buchanan. 

GEX'TLE-.MA.V-LIKE,  j  a.    Pertaining  to  or  becum- 

GEN'TLE-M  AN-LY,  j  ing  a  gentleman,  or  a  man 
of  good  family  and  breeding  ;  polite  ;  complaisant ; 
as,  gentlemanly  manners. 

2.  Like  a  man  of  birth  and  good  breeding ;  as,  a 
gentlemaulti  officer. 

GEN'TLE-.M.\N-LI-NESS,  n.  Behavior  of  a  well-bred 
man.  Shencood, 

GEN'TLE-MAN-SHIP,  ti.    Quality  of  a  gentleman. 

GEN'TLE-NESS.iu  [See  Ge.mle.]  Dignity  of  birth 
[LiUlr  u.<f(/.] 

Genteel  behavior.  [Obs.] 

3.  Softness  of  manners  ;  mildness  of  temper  ; 
sweetness  of  disposition  ;  meekness. 

The  fruit  of  the  Spirit  is  Iu»e,  Joy,  peace,  lon^uffering,  gentlt~ 
nest,  KOoOness.  f.uth.  —  Ual.  T. 

4.  Kindness  ;  benevolence.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
Tenderness  ;  mild  treatment. 

GEX'TLB-SIIIP,  lu  The  deportment  of  a  gentleman 
[Ob'.]  Jlseham. 

GEX'TLE-WOM-AN,  n.  [gentle  and  woman.]  A 
woman  of  good  family  or  of  good  breeding  ;  a 
woman  above  the  vulgar. 

2.  A  woman  who  waits  about  the  person  of  one  of 
high  rank. 

3.  A  term  of  civility  to  a  female,  sometimes  ironi 
^  <■"'•  Dnjdrn. 
GEX'TLE-WOM-A.N-LTKE,  o.    Becoming  a  gentle 

woman. 


GKO 

GE.X'TLY,  adv.  Softly  ;  meekly  ;  mildly ;  with  ten- 
derness. 

My  iniiitreBii  gently  cliiiles  Itie  fault  1  made.  DryUn. 
2.  Without  violence,  roughness,  or  asperity.  Shak. 
GEX-TOO',  n.    [Port,  gentio,  a  gentile.] 

A  native  of  India  or  Ilindoostan  ;  one  who  follows 
the  religion  of  the  Bramins.    [JVot  used  in  India.] 

Ennjc. 

GEN'TRY,  n.    Birth  ;  condition  ;  rank  by  birth. 

Shak. 

2.  People  of  education  and  good  breeding.  In 
Oreat  Britain,  the  classes  of  people  between  the 
nobility  and  the  vulgar. 

3.  A  term  of  civility  ;  civility  ;  complaisance. 
[Obs.] 

GE-.NU-FLEe'TION,  Ji,  [l..  genu,  the  knee,  and 
ficctio,  a  bending.] 

Tlie  act  of  bending  the  knee,  particularly  in  wor- 
ship. Stillingfleet. 

GEX'lJ-INE,  a.  [L.  gcnuinus,  from  genus,  or  its  root. 
See  Gender.] 

Native  ;  belonging  to  the  original  stock  ;  hence, 
real  ;  natural ;  tnie  ;  pure  ;  not  spurious,  false,  or 
adulterated.  The  Gaels  are  supposed  to  be  genuine 
descendants  of  the  Celts.  Vices  and  crimes  are  the 
genuine  eflects  of  depravity,  as  virtue  and  piety  arc 
the  genuine  fruits  of  holiness.  It  is  supposed  we 
have  the  irenuine  text  of  Homer. 

GE.\'IJ-IXE-LY, arfii.  \Vithout  adulteration  orforcign 
admixture  ;  naturally.  Boi/le. 

GEN"U-I.NE-NESS,  II.  The  state  of  being  native,  or 
of  the.  true  tiriginal ;  hence,  freedom  from  adultera- 
tion or  foreign  adiui.xture  ;  freedom  from  any  thing 
false  or  ccmntrrfeit ;  purity  ;  reality  ;  as,  the  gcnu- 
inciif.ss  of  Livy's  History  ;  the  genuineness  of  faith  or 
repentance. 

[Bishop  Watson,  in  his  Apology  for  the  Bible,  con- 
sitlers  authentteittj  and  genuineness  to  be  tpitte  dis- 
tinct, the  former  referring  to  the  correctness  of  the 
facts  detailed,  and  the  latter  to  the  authorship  of  the 
book  cimtaining  them  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  they 
are  used  by  Bisliop  .Marsh  as  synonymous. — E.  H.  B.] 
Gk'NUS,  n. ;  pi.  Gen'ek.*.  (It  would  be  desirable  to 
anglicize  the  plural  into  genuses.)  [L.  genus,  Gr. 
)£!"<;,  Ir.  gein,  otTspring,  race,  or  family,  Sans,  jana; 
hence,  kind,  sort.    See  Ge.vder.] 

1.  In  logw,  that  which  has  several  species  under 
it ;  a  class  of  a  greater  extent  than  species  ;  a  uni- 
versal which  is  prcdicable  of  several  things  of  dif- 
ferent species.  Cijc. 

2.  In  natural  history,  an  assemblage  of  species  jtos- 
sessing  certain  characters  in  common,  by  which  they 
are  distinguished  from  all  others.  It  is  subordinate 
to  class  and  order,  and  in  some  arrangements,  to 
tribe  an<l  family.  A  single  species,  possessing  cer- 
tain peculiar  characters,  which  belong  to  mi  other 
species,  may  also  constitute  a  genus  i  as  the  camel- 
opard  and  the  ttamingo. 

3.  \n  botany,  a  genus  consists  of  such  a  group  or 
as.semblage  of  species  a-S  agree  both  structurally  and 
physiologically,  as  n^spects  the  organs  of  fructification, 
reproduction,  or  perpetuation,  and  at  the  same  time 
have  a  general  resemblance  in  habit 

GE-O-CE.V'TRie,       j  a.    [Gr.  yy,  earth,  and  Ktv- 

GE-O-CEX'TRie-AL,  (      rnov,  center.] 

A  term  denoting  the  position  of  a  celestial  object  as 
seen  from  the  earth,  in  contradistinction  to  heliocen- 
tric, as  seen  from  the  sun.  Olmsted. 

GE-Oe'RO-XITE,  n.  [Gr.  yr,,  earth,  and  Kiooi-of, 
Saturn,  the  alcliemistic  name  of  lead.] 

A  lead-gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead.  ZJana. 

Gii'ODE,  n.  [Gr.  yatiof^yf,  earthy,  from  yata  or  yii, 
earth.    Plin.  gxodcs,  lib.  31),  19.] 

In  mineralugy,  a  rounded  nodule  of  stone,  contain- 
ing a  small  cavity,  usually  lined  with  crystals,  though 
sometimes  with  other  matter.  The  cavity  is  also 
called  a  geodc.  Oeodcs  frequently  consist  of  agate, 
chalcedony,  and  various  zeolites.  Dana, 

GE  O-OES'ie, 

GE  O-DES'ie-AL,  . 

GE-OI)'E-^5Y,  n.  [Gr.  ycuSaiaia  ;  yii,  the  earth,  and 
^iii'.i,  to  divide.] 

That  part  of  practical  geometrj'  which  has  for  its 
object  the  dcteriniiiation  of  the  magnitude  and  figure 
cither  of  the  whole  earth  or  of  any  given  portion  of 
its  surface.  Brande. 

GE-0-l)ET'ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  geodesy  or  its 

GE-O-DET'ie-AL,  (  measurements. 

GE-O-DIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [^'fode  and  L./cro.]  Produc- 
ing geodes. 

Gl';'OG-.\OST,  n.    [See  GtoonosT.]    One  versed  in 

gctHtnosy  ;  a  geologist, 
GE-OG-XOST'If,       j  0.     Pertaining  to  a  knowl- 
GE-OG-NOST'ie-.AL,  |     edge  of  the  structure  of  the 

earth  ;  geological. 
GE-OG'NO-SY,  II.    [Gr.  yy,  the  earth,  and  jvutrif, 

knowledge.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  the 
stnirtiire  of  the  earth.  It  is  the  science  of  the  sub- 
stances which  compose  the  earth  or  its  crust,  their 
structure,  position,  relative  situation,  and  properties. 

Cleaveland. 

[This  word  originated  among  the  German  mineral- 
ogists, and  is  syncuiymoiis  with  Geoloov.] 


Geodetic 


Sedgwick. 


GEO 

GE-O-GON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  geogony,  or  the  for- 
mation of  the  earth.  Humboldt. 

GE-UG'0-.\Y,  n.  [Gr.  yti,  the  earth,  and  jokj,  gen- 
eration.J 

The  (loctrine  of  the  formation  of  the  earth. 

GE-OG'KA-PHER,  II.  IHen  Gi;o<iii*rHy.]  One  who 
describes  that  part  of  this  globe  or  earth,  which  is 
exhibited  upon  the  surface,  as  the  continents,  isles, 
oceans,  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  mountains,  countries,  &c. 
One  who  is  versed  in  geography,  or  one  wlio  com- 
piles a  treatise  on  the  subject. 

GE  O  GRAPH'ie,       (  a.    Relating  to  or  containing 

GE-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  t  a  de.scription  of  the  terra- 
queous globe  ;  pertaining  to  geography. 

GE-O-GRAPirie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  geographical 
manner;  according  to  the  usual  practice  of  describ- 
ing the  surface  of  the  earth. 

GE-OG'RA-PIIY,  H.  [Gr.  the  earth,  and  Ypaifiy, 
descripticm.] 

1.  Properly,  a  descripliim  of  the  earth  or  terrestrial 
globe,  particularly  of  the  divisions  of  its  surface, 
natural  and  artificial,  and  of  the  position  of  the  sev- 
eral couiilritrs,  kingilonis,  statt^s,  cities,  &c.  As  a 
science,  geography  includes  the  doctrine  or  knowl- 
edge of  the  astronomical  circles  or  divisions  of  the 
sphere,  by  which  the  relative  [losition  of  places  on  the 
globe  may  be  ascertained  ;  and  usually  treatises  of 
geography  contain  some  account  of  the  inhabitints 
of  the  earth,  of  their  government,  manners,  &c., 
and  an  account  of  the  principal  aninutls,  plants,  and 
minerals. 

2.  A  book  containing  a  description  of  the  earth. 
GE-O-LOG'ie-AL.  o.     [Sec  Geology.]  Pertaining 

to  geology  ;  relating  to  the  science  of  the  earth  or 

terraqueous  globe. 
GE-OI.'O-Ol."*'!',  j  n.    One  versed  in  the  science  of 
GE-O-Lo'Gl-AX,  i  geology. 

GE-OL'O-GT/.E,  V.  i.  To  study  giMilogy  ;  to  make  ge- 
ological investigations. 

GE-OL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  )  i;,  the  earth,  and  Xojoj,  dis- 
course.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  structure  and 
mineral  constitution  of  the  globe,  and  the  causes  of 
its  physical  features.  Dana, 

The  science  of  the  compound  minerals  or  aggre- 
gate substances  which  compose  the  earth,  the  re- 
lations vvliich  the  .several  constituent  m.Tsses  bear  to 
each  other,  their  forniatitm,  structure,  position,  and 
direction.  Cleaveland. 

Gi;'0-.MA.\-CER,  71.  [See  Geomancv.]  One  who 
foretells  or  divines,  by  means  of  lines,  figures,  or 
points,  on  the  ground  or  on  paper.  Encyc. 

Gk'O-.MA.V-CY,  71.  [Gr.  J  I),  the  earth,  and /iai/r£(u, 
divinatiim.] 

A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of  figures  or  lines, 
formed  by  little  dots  or  points,  originally  on  the 
earth,  and  afterwards  on  paper.  Encyc, 

GE-O-.M A.X'Tie,  a.    Pertaining  to  geomancy. 

GE-O.M'K-TER,  II.  [Gt.  )  itoptTpnf.  See  Geometht.] 
One  skilled  in  geometry.  [See  Geometricia:<, 
which  is  generally  used.]  Watts. 

GE-OM'E-TR.AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  geometry. 

GE-O-.M FIT'Rie,       i  „     rn,  i 

GE-O-MET'Rie-AL,  i        [Gr.  ,£ai;i£-oi«j.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  geometry. 

2.  According  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  geometry  ; 
done  by  geometry. 

3.  Disposed  according  to  geometry. 

Oeometrical  ratio,  is  that  relation  between  quanti- 
ties which  is  expressed  by  the  quotient  of  the  one 
divided  by  the  other. 

Geometrical  proportion,  is  an  equality  of  geometri- 
cal ratios. 

Quantities  arc  in  geometrical  progression,  when 
they  increase  by  a  common  multiplier,  or  decrease 
by  a  common  divisor.  J.  Day. 

GE-O-.MET'Rie-AI^LY,  ado.  According  to  the  rules 
or  laws  of  geometry. 

GE-O.M-E-TRI"CTAN,  (-trish'an,)  n.  One  skilled  in 
geometry  ;  a  geometer.  IVatts. 

GE-O.M'E-TRI'/E,  r.  L  To  act  according  to  the  laws 
of  geonietrv  ;  to  perforin  geometrically.  Boyle, 

GE-O.M'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  jcoipcroia;  yy,  the  earth, 
and  firro  11 ,  measure.] 

Originally  and  properly,  the  art  of  measuring  the 
earth,  or  any  distances  or  dimensions  on  it  But 
geometry  now  denotes  the  science  of  magnitude  in 
general,  the  mensuration  of  lines,  surfaces,  solids, 
with  their  various  relations.  Bailey,  Kneyc, 

GE-O-I'OX'ie,       (a.    [Gr.  jrj.the  eartli,and  irorat, 

GE-O-POX'IC-AL,  t  labor.] 

Pertaining  to  tillage  of  the  earth,  or  agriculture. 

GE  O  PO.X'ICS,  n.  The  art  or  science  of  ciiltiv.ating 
the  earth.  Erelyn, 

GE-(3-RX'.M.\,  7u  [Gr.  yy,  the  earth,  and  hi>apa, 
view.] 

An  instniment  or  machine  which  exhibits  a  very 
complete  view  of  the  earth,  invented  in  Paris.  It  is 
a  hollow  sphere  of  forty  feet  diameter,  formed  by 
thirty-six  bars  of  iron  leprescnting  the  parallels  and 
meridians,  and  covered  with  a  bluish  cloth,  intended 
to  represent  seas  and  lakes.  The  land,  mountains,  and 
rivers,  are  painted  on  paper  and  pasted  on  this  cover. 

Journ.  of  Science. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z :  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


409 


GES 


GET 


Gf;0!IGE,  ( jorje,)  n.    A  figure  of  St.  George  on  horse- 
back, worn  hy  knights  of  the  garter.  Shak. 
2.  A  brown  loaf.  Dnjden. 

(SLORC; E-,\0'15LE,  21.  A  gold  coin  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.,  of  tlie  value  of  (w.  8r/.  sterling. 

0EOI£'(5ie,  71.  [Gr.  j  twu)  iKOi,  rnstic  ;  ;  n  and  cpyov, 
labor.] 

A  rnral  poem  ;  a  poetical  composition  on  the  sub- 
ject of  husbandry,  containing  rules  for  cultiv.iting 
lands,  in  a  poetical  dress  ;  as,  the  Ororffics  of  Virgil. 
GEOR'OIf.;,       )a.    Relating  to  the  doctrine  of  agri- 
6E0R'Gie-AL,  i     culture  and  rural  aflairs. 
GEOR'GI-U.M  SI'nUS,  [L.]  The  name  first  given,  in 
honor  of  George  III.,  to  tlie'planet  Uranus,  which  see. 

^  Olnistcd, 
GE-OS'eO-PY,  n.    [Gr.  y  n  and  o-kottcm.] 

Know  ledge  of  the  eartli,  ground,  or  soil,  obtained 
by  insppction.  Chambers. 
6E-OT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  earth.] 

Relongin*:  to  earth  ;  terrestrial. 
Ge'RAH;  the  twentieth  part  of  a  shekel,  or  nearly 
three  cents. 

GE  Ri\'NI-U.M,  n.    [L.,  from  Gr.  ycpamon,  from  ycpa- 
a  crane.] 

Crane's-bill,  a  genus  of  plants,  of  numerous  spe- 
cies, some  of  which  are  cultivated  for  their  fragrance 
or  the  beauty  of  their  flowers. 
Ge'REXT,  a.    [L.  gf.rens.] 

Hearing  ;  used  in  Vicegerent. 
GER'FAL-eON,  (jer'faw-kn.)    See  Gyrfalcon. 
C;ERM,"n.    [L.  g-mnen.] 

1.  In  hutany,  the  ovary  or  seed-bnd  of  a  plant,  the 
rudiment  of  fruit  yet  in  embryo.  It  is  the  base  or  lower 
part  of  the  pistil,  which  in  tiie  progress  of  vegetation 
swells  and  becomes  the  seed-vessel.  JiTarttjn.  Milne, 

9.  Origin  ;  first  principle  ;  that  from  which  any 
thing  springs  ;  as,  the  germ  of  civil  liberty,  or  of 
prosperity. 

GER'M.\N,  ffl.    [L.  fCT-maniM,  a  brother ;  Fr.  gennain.'] 
J.  Cousins  german  are  the  sons  or  daughters  of 
brotJiers  or  sisters  ;  first  cousins. 

2.  Related.    [04s.]  ShcJi. 
GER'MAN,  a.    Belonging  to  Germany. 
GER'MAN,  n.    A  native  of  Germany  ;  and  by  ellip- 
sis, the  German  language. 

fiER'.MAN-SIL'VER,  »i.  An  alloy  or  mixture  of  100 
parts  of  copper,  60  of  zinc,  and  40  of  nickel.  Graham. 

GERMAN'UER,  71.  The  popular  name  of  several 
plants,  as  the  rock  germander^  of  the  genus  Veronica, 
and  the  common  and  water  germander,  of  the  genus 
Tencrium. 

GER-.MAN'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  Germany;  as,  the 

Oennaiiic  body  or  confederacy. 
GER'MAN-ISAI,  n.    An  idiom  of  the  German  language. 

Chesterfield. 

GERM'EiV,  71.  ;  pt.  Germens.  Now  contracted  to 
Germ,  which  sec.  [The  spelling  Germins  is  less  ac- 
curate.] 

GER1I'L\-AL,  a.    [from  germen.    See  Germ.]  Per- 
taining to  a  germ  or  seed  bud.  Med.  Repos. 
GER.M'1.\-AN"T,  a.  Sprouting. 
GER.M'IN-aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  gcrmino,  from  germen.] 
To  sprout ;  to  bud  ;  to  shoot ;  to  begin  to  vegetate, 
as  a  plant  or  its  seed.  Bacon. 
GER.M'IN-aTE,  r.  t.    To  cause  to  sprout.  [Unusual.] 

Price. 

GERM'IX-A-TING,  ppr.  Sprouting ;  beginning  to 
vpiz'-tate. 

GEK.M-l.V-A'TION,  7!.  The  act  of  sprouting;  the  first 
beginning  of  vegetation  in  a  seed  or  plant. 

2.  The  time  in  which  seeds  vegetate,  after  being 
planted  or  sown.  Murtijn. 
GE-RO-eo.M'IC-AL,  a.      Pertaining  to  gerocomy. 

{Little  used.]  Smith. 
GE-ROe'O-.MY,  7t.    [Gr.  ycpwi'  and  koium.] 

'J'hat  part  of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  proper 
regimen  for  old  people. 
GER'IJ.VD,  71.    [I>.  gcrundium,  from  gero,  to  bear.] 

Ill  the  Latin  grammar,  a  kind  of  verbal  noun,  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  a  iiarticiple.  Enojc. 
6E-RU.\U'I-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a 
gerund. 

GES'MNG,  for  GosLiNo.  .VurfA  of  England. 

GE.ST,  n.    [L.  gcstum,  from  gero,  to  carry,  to  do.] 

1.  A  deed,  action,  or  achievement.  {Obs.] 

2.  Show;  representation.    [Obs.]  [Spenser. 

3.  ( I'r.  gUc,  for  giste.  from  grsir,  to  lie.]  A  stage 
in  traveling;  so  much  of  a  journey  as  is  made  with- 
out resting  ;  or,  properly,  a  rest ;  a  stop.  [Obs.] 

Brown. 

4.  A  rnll  or  journal  of  the  sevifral  days  and  stages 
prefixed  in  the  joiirni  ys  of  the  English  kings,  many 
of  which  an;  extant  in  the  herald's  ollfce.  JIanmer. 

GES-Ta'TIO.\,  71.    [\,.  gestatin,  (mm  gero,  to  carry.] 

1.  'I'he  act  of  carrying  young  in  the  womb  from 
conception  to  delivery  ;  pregnancy.  Coxe. 

2.  The  act  of  wearing,  as  clothes  or  ornaments. 

Brown. 

3.  ExcrcUe  in  which  one  is  bnmc  or  carried,  as  on 
homeback,  or  in  a  carriage,  without  the  exertion  of 
hin  own  powers  ;  passive  exercise.       Med.  Repas. 

GES'TA-TO-liy,  o.  Pertaining  lo  gestation  or  prcg 
nancy. 

2.  That  may  be  carried  or  worn.  Brown. 


GES'Tie,  a.    Pertaining  to  deeds  ;  legendarj^ 

Ooldsjnitfi. 

2.  Relating, to  bodily  motion,  as  in  the  dance. 

Sir  IV.  Scot!.. 

GES-TIC'IJ-LaTE,  7!.  i.    [L.  gesticulor,  from  gestum, 

gero,  to  bear  or  carry,  or  gestio.] 

To  make  gestures  or  motions,  as  in  speaking ;  to 

use  postures.  Herbert. 
GES-TIC'U-LATE,  v.  t.    To  represent  by  gesture  ;  to 

act.  B.  Jonson, 

GES-Tie'lI-LX-TING,  ppr.    Making  gestures,  as  in 

speaking. 

GES-TIC-U-La'TION,  71.    [L.  gestieulatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  gestures  to  express  passion 
or  enforce  sentiments. 

2.  Gesture;  a  motion  of  the  body  or  limbs  in  speak- 
ing, or  in  representing  action  or  passion,  and  enforc- 
ing arguments  and  sentiments. 

.1.  Antic  tricks  or  motions. 
GES-Tie'U-LA-TOR,  re.    One  that  shows  postures,  or 

makes  gestures. 
GES-Tie'U-LA-TO-RY, «.   Bepresenting  in  gestures. 

H'arton. 

GES'TOR,  71.  One  who  relates  the  gestes  or  achieve- 
ments of  distinguished  personages.  [  Obs.]  Chancer. 

GES'TQR-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  gesture. 

GES'TIJRE,  (jest'yur,)  71.  [L.  gestus,  from  gero,  to 
bear,  to  do  ;  Fr.  gcste.] 

1.  A  motion  of  the  body  or  limbs  expressive  of 
sentiment  or  passion  ;  any  action  or  posture  intended 
to  express  an  idea  or  a  passion,  or  to  enforce  an  argu- 
ment or  opinion.  It  consists  chiefly  in  tlie  actions  or 
movements  of  the  hands  and  face,  and  should  be 
suited  to  the  subject.  Encijc. 

2.  Jlovement  of  the  body  or  limbs 
Grace  was  in  all  lier  steps,  heaven  in  her  eye, 

111  every  gesture  di^ily  and  love.  AlUton. 

GES'TIJRE,  V.  t.  To  accompany  with  gesture  or  ac- 
tion. Hooker.  Wotton. 

GES'TIJR-£D,  pp.  Accompanied  with  gesture  or 
action. 

GES'TI;RE-LESS,  a.    Free  from  gestures. 
GES'TIJRE-MENT,  7t.    Act  of  making  gestures. 
GES'Tt|R-ING,  ppr.    Accompanying  with  gesture  or 
action. 

GET,  1;.  t. ;  prct.  Got,  [Gat,  obs. ;]  pp.  Got,  Gotten. 
[Sax.  getan,  gtjtan,  or  geatan,  to  get ;  agijtan,  to  know 
or  understand  ;  angitan,  andgitan,  to  find,  to  under- 
stand. The  Danish  has  forgictter,  to  forget,  but  giet- 
ter  signifies  to  guess,  or  to  suppose,  to  think  ;  the 
Swedish  also  has  fUrgdta,  to  forget,  to  give  to  obliv- 
ion, ez  animo  cjicere.  The  simple  verb  gictter,  gdta, 
coincides  with  the  D.  gieten,  G.  gicssen,  to  ceist,  to 
pour  out,  to  found,  as  vessels  of  metal.  Sax.  geotan. 
To  get,  then,  is,  primarily,  to  throw,  and  with  re- 
spect to  acquisition,  it  is  to  rush  on  and  seize.  The 
Italian  has  caftarc,  to  get;  raccaitare,  to  regain,  to 
acquire,  (iu.  Sp.  rescatar.  Port,  resgatar,  to  redeem, 
to  ransom.    See  Rescue.] 

1.  To  procure  ;  to  obtain  ;  to  pain  possession  of, 
by  almost  any  means.  We  get  favor  by  kindness  ; 
we  gel  wealth  by  industry  and  economy  ;  we  get 
land  by  purchase  ;  we  get  praise  by  good  conduct ; 
and  we  get  blame  by  doing  injustice.  The  merchant 
should  get  a  profit  on  his  goods ;  the  laborer  should 
get  a  due  reward  for  his  labor;  most  men  get  what 
they  can  for  their  goods  or  for  their  services.  Oct 
ditfers  from  aa/uire,  as  it  does  not  always  express 
permanence  of  possession,  which  is  the  appropriate 
sense  of  acquire.  We  get  a  book  or  a  loaf  of  bread 
by  borrowing,  we  do  not  acquire  it ;  but  we  get  or 

2.  To  have.  [acquire  an  estate. 

Tliou  hajit  got  the  face  of  a  man.  Herbert, 
This  is  a  most  common,  but  gross  abuse  of  this 
word.  We  constantly  hear  it  said,  I  have  got  no 
corn,  I  have  got  no  money,  she  has  got  a  fair  com- 
plexion, when  the  person  means  only,  I  have  no 
corn,  I  have  no  money,  she  has  a  fair  complexion. 

3.  To  beget ;  to  procreate  ;  to  generate.  Locke. 

4.  To  learn  ;  as,  to  get  a  lesson. 

5.  To  jircvail  on  ;  to  induce  ;  to  persuade. 

Tlioiif^li  the  king  could  not  gt:t  liim  to  engage  in  a  life  of  bnsi- 
ntiis.  Sjicctator, 

[This  is  not  elegant,] 

I).  To  procure  to  be.  We  could  not  get  the  work 
done.    [Aut  elegant.] 

To  get  off;  to  put  off ;  to  take  or  pull  off;  as,  to 
get  off  a  garment ;  also,  to  remove  ;  as,  to  get  off  a 
ship  ironi  shoals. 

2.  To  sell  ;  to  dispose  of ;  as,  to  get  off  goods. 

To  get  on;  to  put  on  ;  to  draw  or  pull  on  ;  as,  to 
get  on  a  coat ;  to  get  on  boots. 

To  get  in;  to  collect  and  shelter;  to  bring  under 
cov(;r  ;  as,  to  get  tn  corn. 

To  gel  out ;  to  dniw  forth  ;  as,  to  get  out  a  .secret. 

2.  To  draw  out  ;  to  disengage. 

To  get  the  day;  to  win  ;  to  conquer;  to  gain  the 
victory. 

To  get  together  ;  to  collect  ;  to  amass. 

To  get  over;  lo  surmount;  lo  compier  ;  to  pass 
without  being  obstructed  ;  as,  to  gel  orri' dilliculties  ; 
also,  to  recover  ;  as,  to  get  over  sickness. 

To  get  above  ;  to  surmount ;  to  surpass. 


To  get  up  :  to  prepare  for  coming  before  tile  puh.ic ; 
to  bring  forward. 

With  a  pronoun  following,  it  signifies  to  betake  ; 
to  remove  ;  to  go  ;  as,  get  you  to  bed ;  get  thee  out 
of  the  land.  But  this  mode  of  expression  can  hardly 
be  deemed  elegant. 
GET,  V.  i.  To  arrive  at  any  place  or  state  ;  followed 
by  some  modifying  word,  and  sometimes  implying 
difficulty  or  labor  ;  as. 

To  get  away,  or  away  from  ;  to  depart  ;  to  quit  ;  to 
leave  ;  or  to  disengage  one's  self  from. 

To  get  among ;  to  arrive  in  the  midst  of ;  to  be- 
come one  of  a  number. 

To  get  before  ;  to  arrive  in  front,  or  more  forward. 

To  get  behind ;  to  fall  in  the  rear  ;  to  lag. 

To  get  back ;  to  arrive  at  the  place  from  which  one 
departed  ;  to  return. 

To  get  clear ;  to  disengage  one's  self ;  to  be  released, 
as  from  confinement,  oliligation,  or  burden  ;  also,  to 
be  freed  from  danger  or  embarrassment. 

To  get  down ;  to  descend  ;  to  come  from  an  eleva- 
tion. 

To  get  home ;  to  arrive  at  one's  dwelling. 

To  get  in  or  into;  to  arrive  within  an  inclosnre,  or 
a  mixed  body  ;  to  pass  in  ;  to  insinuate  one's  self. 

To  get  loose  or  free  ;  to  disengage  one's  self;  to  be 
released  from  confinement. 

To  get  off;  to  escape  ;  to  depart;  to  get  clear;  also, 
to  alight ;  to  descend  from. 

To  get  out ;  to  depart  from  an  inclosed  place,  or 
from  confinement;  to  escape  ;  to  free  one's  self  from 
embarrassment. 

To  get  along  ;  to  proceed  ;  to  advance. 

To  get  rid  of;  to  disengage  one's  self  from  ;  also, 
to  shift  life ;  to  remove. 

To  get  together;  to  meet ;  to  assemble  ;  to  convene. 

To  get  up  ;  to  arise  ;  to  rise  from  a  bed  or  a  seat ; 
also,  to  ascend  ;  to  climb. 

To  get  through;  to  pass  through  and  reach  a  point 
bej-ond  any  thing  ;  also,  to  finish  ;  to  accomplish. 

Tu  get  quit  of;  to  get  rid  of;  to  shift  ofi",  or  to  dis- 
engage one's  self  from. 

To  get  forward;  to  proceed;  to  advance;  also,  to 
prosper;  to  advance  in  wealth. 

To  get  near  ;  to  approach  within  a  small  distance. 

To  get  ahead  ;  to  advance  ;  to  prosper. 

To  get  on  ;  to  proceed  ;  to  advance. 

To  get  a  mile  or  other  distance ;  lo  pass  over  it  in 
traveling. 

To  get  at ;  to  reach  :  to  make  way  to. 

To  get  asleep  ;  to  fall  asleep. 

To  get  drunk ;  to  become  intoxicated. 

To  get  between  ;  to  arrive  between. 

To  get  to  ;  to  reach  :  to  arrive. 
GET'TER,  71.    One  who  gets,  gains,  obtains,  or  ac- 

2.  One  who  begets  or  procreates.  [quires. 
GET'TING,  ppr.     Obtaining;  procuring;  gaining; 

winning  ;  begetting. 
GET'TING,  71.    The  act  of  obtaining,  gaining,  or  ac- 
quiring ;  acquisition. 

Get  wisdom ;  and  with  all  thy  gcuirtg,  get  understanding.  — 
Prov.  jv. 

2.  Gain  ;  profit.  Swifl. 
GEW'GAW,  71.  [Qii.  Sax.  ge-gaf,  a  trifle,  or  Fr.  joiijou, 
a  plaything,  or  from  the  root  of  gaud  joy,  jewel.] 

A  showy  trifle  ;  a  pretty  thing  of  little  worth  ;  a 
toy  ;  a  bauble  ;  a  sjiendid  plaything. 

A  heavy  gejcgaw,  called  a  crown.  Dryden. 

GEW'GAW,  a.    Showy  without  value.  Law. 

GEY'SER,  71.  [Icelandic,  raging  or  roaring.]  The 
name  of  certain  fountains  in  Iceland,  which  spout 
forth  boiling  water.  Mantcll. 

GHAST'FUL,  o.  [See  Ghastly.]  Dreary  ;  dismal ; 
fit  for  walking  ghosts.    [Obs.]  Spen.scr. 

GIIAST'|-III>-LY,  o</r.    Frightlullv.  Pope. 

GllAST'Li-NESS,  71.  [from  ghastly.]  Horror  of 
countenance  ;  a  deathlike  look  ;  resemblance  of  a 
ghost ;  paleness. 

GllAST'LY,  a.  [Sax.  gastlic,  from  gast,  spirit,  G. 
geist,  I),  geest.  Ill  Sax.  gast  is  both  a  ghost  and  a 
guest,  both  from  the  same  radical  sense,  to  move,  to 
rush  ;  Ir.  gai.-iim,  to  flow  ;  Eng.  gush,  gust.] 

1.  Like  a  ghost  in  appearance;  deathlike;  pale; 
dismal  ;  as,  a  ghastly  face  ;  ghastly  smiles.  Milton. 

2.  Horrible;  shocking;  dreadful. 

Mangled  wiUi  ghiully  wounds.  Milton. 

GUXST'NESS,  71.    Ghastliness.    [J^Tot  used.]  Shak, 

GHAUT,  71.    [Q.\\,  gate,]    In  the  Kust  Indies,  literally, 
a  pass  through  a  mountain  ;  hence,  also,  a  range  or 
chain  of  motintains. 
2.  Stairs  descending  to  a  river.  Malcom, 

GHl"c'nER,  and  GIlK'HRE,  71.    Sec  GuEnER. 

GHEE,  71.  In  the  East  /;i</i>.«,  bulter  clarified  by  boil- 
ing, and  thus  converted  into  a  kind  of  oil.  Malcom. 

GHER'KIN,  (Kiir'kin,)  n,    [(J.  gurkr,  a  cucumber.] 
A  small  pit  kleil  enriimber.  '  Skinner. 

GIIIOSS,  for  (it  ESS.    [Mot  tuied,] 

GIIIH'KI.MNE,  (gita  lin,)  71.  One  of  a  faction  in 
Italy,  in  tho  Kith  century,  which  favored  the  Ger- 
inaii  emperors,  and  opposed  the  Guclfs,  or  adhi^reiils 
of  the  popi«.  Erande 

GHOLE,  (gole,)  71.     An  imaginary  demon  among 


FATE,  FAR,  FyVLL,  Wll^T  MiSTE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

_ 


GIB 


GID 


GIG 


Ei.Hturn  imtiiiiis,  wIid  \va:«  siipposril  to  prey  on  Im- 
iii;m  bodies.    The  word  is  inure  properly  Ghol'L. 
GHOST,  (gost,)  71.    [S:ix.  i'Ojit ;  G.  gcut ;  D.  gccsi ;  Ir. 
triisdtu    rfee  Ghastly.] 
1.  S|)irlt;  the  l^ulll  of  man.  Shak. 
In  this  scnar  seldom  luctL    But  lienco, 
•2,  Tlie  soul  nl'a  dcceiued  person  ;  the  soul  or  spirit 
Eepnr:itu  from  the  body  ;  iui  npparition. 

Tlic  inijiity  ghost*  ol  our  ffevA  Harry's  row.  Drydan, 
To  gioe  up  the  ghost,  is  to  die;  to  yield  up  the 
bre:Uh  or  spirit ;  to  expire.  Sci  iiiture. 

The  Holy  Ghost,  is  tile  third  person  in  the  adora- 
ble Trinity.  Scripture. 
GlIoST,  1'.  i.    To  die  ;  to  expire.    [Ofts.]  Sidney. 
GHOST,  V.  U    To  haunt  with  an  apparition.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

GHoST'LESS,  a.    Without  life  or  spirit.    [.Vot  used.] 

Sherwood. 

GHoST'LIKE,  a.    Withered;  having  sunliin  eyes; 

chaslly.  Sherwood. 
GIlOST'Ll-NESS,  n.    Spiritual    tendency.  [LitUe 

«,%■('(/.  1  John.-ion. 
GMOST'l^Y,  a.    Spiritu.-\1 ;  relating  to  the  suul ;  not 
carnal  or  secular. 

Sav?  ami  ilfjoiid  us  frum  our  ghosCy  enemies.  Coninujn  Prayer. 
3.  Spiritual ;  having  a  chantctcr  from  religion  ;  a.s, 
a  gho.itly  father.  SJiak. 
I*4n'ainini|:  to  apparitions.  -^A*CH.W(/e. 
GHOUIj,  (cool,)  H.    All  iiiiaginarv  evil  lieins  among 
Eastern  nations,  which  preyed  on  human  bodies. 

T.  Moore. 

GI.\L-I.0-L1'.\'0,  n.    [It.  gioiU)  ;  Eng.  yettoic.] 

A  fine  yellow  pigment,  much  used  under  the  name 
of  j^'aplfs  yetlow.  Kiicyc. 
ClA.M'ltElI.X,  (zham'lio,)  ii.  pi.  [Tr.jambe,  the  leg.] 
Greaves  ;  armor  for  the  legs.    [OAj;.]  Spenser. 
GI'A.V  r,  n.    [Fr.  grunt:  Sp.  gitrantc,  It.      ;  L.  gi- 
gits :  Gr.  >i)us,  probably  from  y/?,  the  earth,  and 
yu'o  or    J  (i">/im.     The    word  originally  signified 
eartli-born,  ttrrigenn.     The  ancients  believed  the 
first  inhabitants  of  the  earth  to  be  produced  from 
the  ground,  and  to  be  of  enormous  si/.e.] 
1.  A  man  of  extraordinary  bulk  and  stature. 
CianU  of  niijlity  txnie  and  Ik»U1  em  irisc.  Milton. 
9.  A  person  of  extraordinary  strength  or  powers, 
bodily  or  intellectual.    The  judge  is  a  giant  in  his 
profession. 

Giant's  Otusrroay  :  a  vast  collertion  of  basaltic  pil- 
lars in  the  county  of  Antrim,  in  Ireland.  Encyc, 
Gr.\.NT,  a.    Like  a  giant ;  extraordinary  ih  size  or 
strength  ;  as,  giant  brothers  ;  a  giant  son. 

Drydrn.  Pope. 
GI'ANT-ES.S,  n.    A  female  giant ;  a  female  of  extraor- 

din-irv  si/.e  and  stature.  Shal:. 
CI'A.Nt-FE.N'NEL,  n.    A  large,  coarse  looking  herb, 
of  the  genus  Ferula.  '  The  stalk  of  the  common 
species  was  formerly  used  as  a  rod  to  punish  chil- 
dren. London, 
GI'A.\T-IZn,  p.  I.    To  play  the  giant.  Sherwood. 
<5I'A.\'1'-KILL-1NG,  a.    Killing  or  destroying  giants. 

Cotcper. 

GI'.\NT-LTKE,  j  a.  Of  unusual  size  ;  resembling  a 
CI'ANT-LY,     I     giant  in  bulk  or  stature ;  gigantic ; 

huge.  South. 
[Gi4»TLT  is  not  much  used.] 
GT'A.\T-RY,  n.   The  race  of  giant.s.    [LUlte  used.] 
GrA.N'T-SHIP,  n.   The  state,  quality,  or  character  of 

n  giant. 

tlb  jrianuhip  is  gone  somewhat  cic«tf.illcn.  filUton, 
OI.iOUR,  (^Infidel.]    A  name  given,  by 

Turks,  to  unbelievers  in  Alohammedanism,  and  es- 
pecially to  Christians. 
GIB,  n.    A  cat.    [JVut  in  »sc]  Skellon. 
GIB,  ■>.  t.   To  act  like  a  cat  ;  to  cater^vaul. 

Beanm.  FU 

GIBBE,  n.    An  old,  worn-out  animal.    [■N'ot  used.] 

S/uk 

GIB'BJED,  a.    Having  been  caterwauling.  r04.<.] 

J.  Balwer. 

GIB'BER,  r.  i.    [Sec  Gabble.    It  is  probably  allied  to 
gabble,  and  to  jabber.] 
To  speak  rapidly  and  inarticulately.    [A'ut  used.] 

Shak. 

GIB'BER-ISH,  It.  [from  iribber.]  Rapid  and  inartic- 
ul.ate  talk ;  iinintelhgiblc  language ;  unmeaning 
words. 

Gin'BER-ISII,  o.    L'nnieaning,  as  words.  Saifl, 
Glll  liET,  B.    [Fr.  »-iAct;  Arm.  gibel.] 

1.  A  gallows  ;  a  post  or  machine  in  form  of  a  gal- 
lows, on  which  notorious  malefactors  are  hanged  in 
chains,  and  on  which  their  bodies  are  suffered  to  re- 
main^ as  spectacles  in  Icrrorcm.  SaifU 

2.  The  projecting  beam  of  a  crane,  on  which  the 
_^  pulley  is  fixed.  Brandt. 
(jlB'BET,  c.  (.  To  hang  and  expose  on  a  gibbet  or 

gallows. 

2.  To  hang  or  expose  on  any  thing  going  traverse, 
^  as  the  N-ain  of  a  gibbet.  Shak. 
^\n,nc^'f''^A  exposed  on  a  gibbeL 

!!,;?-..  "!>"Eing  and  exposing  on  agibbet. 

Oin'HlKll.n.  [Fr.l  Wild  fowl ;  game.  IJ^ot  used.] 
GiB'-BOO.M.    ^ee  i.B-BooM.      '  ^  tjlddi^t^ 


GIB-Bo.SE',  a.  [L.  ^ibba.]  Humped  ;  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  surface  which  presents  one  or  inure  large 
elevations.  Brande. 

GIB-BOS'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  gibbositi,  from  L.  gibbosws. 
See  GiuHous.J 

Protuberance  ;  a  round  or  swelling  prominence  ; 
convexity.  Rny. 

GIB'BOLTS,  0.  [L.  gibbus  ;  Fr.  gibbeuz;  It.  gibboso  ; 
!?p.  giboso  ;  Gr.  Kvih'K,  from  Korrru,  to  bend.  Class 
Gb,  No.  1,2,  3,  4,  5.] 

1.  Swelling  ;  protuberant ;  convex.  The  moon  is 
gibbon.^  between  the  ipiarters  and  the  full  nitHiii,  the 
enlightened  |>.'irt  being  then  convex. 

Tlie  bones  wilt  rise,  and  make  a  gUjijottB  member.  Wiseman. 

2.  Hunched  ;  hump-backed  ;  crook-backed. 

Broien. 

GIB'BOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  gibbous  or  protiilieraiit 
form.  Knion. 

GIB'BOUS-NESS,  ii.  Protuberance;  n  round  prom- 
inence ;  convexity.     [This  word  is  preferable  to 

G  I  BHOSITV.j 

GIHUS'TTE,  n.  A  mineral  found  at  Richmond,  in 
Massachusetts,  and  named  in  honor  of  (leorge  Gibbs, 
Esq.,  president  of  the  American  Geological  !?ociety. 
It  occurs  in  irri'giilar  stalaetical  masses,  wliich  pre- 
sent all  aggregation  of  elongated,  tuberous  branches, 
liarallel  and  united.  Its  structure  is  fibrous,  the 
fibers  radiating  from  an  axis.  Its  cidors  are  a  dirty 
white,  greenish  white,  and  grayish.  It  is  a  hydrate 
of  alumina. 

Gllt'CAT,  II.    A  he-cat,  or  an  old  worn-out  cat.  Sliak. 

OIBE,  II.  i.  [^'.\\.  gabban;  Fr.  gaber  ;  It.  gabbarc.  (See 
Gabble.)  'I'he  sense  is  probably  to  throw  or 
cast  at,  or  make  mouths.    But  See  Class  Gb,  No.  1)7, 

To  cast  reproaches  and  sneering  expressions ;  to 
rail  at ;  to  utter  taunting,  sarcastic  words ;  to  flout  ; 
to  fleer  ;  to  scoff. 

Fleer  and  gibe,  and  langh  and  flout.  Siri/t. 
GTBE,  ti.  (.    To  reproach  with  contemptuous  words  ; 
to  deride  ;  to  scoff  at;  to  treat  with  sarcastic  reflec- 
tions ;  to  taunL 


Draw  the  Leasts  as  I  describe  them, 
Krom  their  I'eaturvs,  while  I  gibe  Uiem. 


Sun/t. 


GIBE,  n.  An  expression  of  censure  mingled  with 
contempt ;  a  scoff ;  a  railing  ;  an  expression  of  sar- 
castic scorn. 

Mark  the  fleers,  the  gibee,  and  the  notable  scorns, 

Tluit  dwell  in  every  repun  ol"  liis  Lice.  Sltak. 

GIB'ER,  n.  One  who  utters  reproachful,  censorious, 
and  contemptuous  expressions,  or  who  casts  cutting, 
sarcastic  reflections ;  one  who  derides  ;  a  scoHer. 

B.  Jonson. 

GIB'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  reproachful,  contemptuous, 
and  censorious  words  ;  scoffing. 

GIB'ING-LY,  ado.  With  censorious,  sarcastic,  and 
contemptuous  expressions ;  scornfullv.  SJiak. 

GIB'LET,  a.    Made  of  giblets  ;  as,  a  giblet  pie. 

GIB'LETS,  n.  j/i.  [Uu.  Fr.  gibicr,  game,  or  Goth. 
gibla,  a  wing.    See  Gip.] 

Those  parts  of  a  goose,  or  other  fowl,  which  arc 
cut  off  or  taken  out  before  rtKistiiig,  as  the  heail, 
feet,  pinionSj  the  heart,  liver,  gizzard,  &c. ;  a  con- 
siderable article  in  cookery  ;  as,  to  boil  or  stew  gib- 
lets. It  is  used  only  in  the  plural,  except  in  compo- 
sition ;  as,  a  giblrt-pir. 

GIB'STAFF,  n.  A  siatf  to  gauge  water  or  to  push  a 
boat ;  formerly,  a  staff  used  in  fighting  beasts  on  the 
stage.  Diet. 

GII)'I)I-ED,  (gid'did,)  pp.    Made  to  reel. 

GII>'L)1-LY,  odn.  [See  Giddy.]  With  the  head  seem- 
ins;  to  turn  or  reef. 

2.  Inconstantly  ;  unsteadily  ;  witli  various  turn- 
ings ;  as,  to  ro.am  about  giddily.  Donnr. 
J.  Carelessly  ;  heedlessly  ;  negligently.  Shak. 

GID'DI-NF.SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  giddy  or  vertig- 
inous ;  vertigo;  a  sensation  of  reeling  or  whirling, 
when  the  body  loses  the  power  of  preser\'ing  its 
balance  or  a  steady  attitude,  or  when  objects  at  rest 
apiiear  to  reel,  tremble,  or  whirl ;  a  swimming  of 
the  head. 

2.  Inconstancy;  unsteadiness;  mutability.  Baeon. 

3.  Frolic  ;  wantonness  ;  levity.    Donne.  South. 
GID'DY,  o.    [Sax.  gidig.    Class  Gd.J 

1.  Vertiginous;  reeling;  whirling;  having  in  the 
head  a  sensation  of  a  circular  motion  or  swimming  ; 
or  h.aviiig  lost  the  |)ower  of  preser\'ing  the  balance 
of  the  body,  and  therefore  wavering  ami  inclined  to 
fall,  as  in  the  case  of  some  diseases,  and  of  drunk- 
enness. In  walking  on  timber  aloft,  or  looking 
down  a  precipice,  we  are  apt  to  be  giddy. 

2.  That  renders  gidily  ;  that  incfuces  giddiness  ; 
as,  a  gidily  liiglit  ;  a  giddy  precipice.  Prior. 

3.  Rotary;  whirling;  running  round  with  celerity. 
The  giddy  motion  of  the  whirling  mill.  Pope. 

4.  Inconstant ;  unstable  ;  changeable. 

You  are  m  gidily  and  volatile  as  erer.  Sun/t. 

5.  Heedless  ;  thoughllcss  ;  wild  ;  roving.  Roice. 

6.  Tottering ;  unfixed. 

As  we  hare  paced  along 
Upon  the  giddy  luoiing  ol  Uie  hatches.  SHa*. 


7.  Intoxicated  ;  elated  to  thoughtlessness  ;  ren 
dered  wild  by  excitement  or  joy. 

Art  diou  nut  jri^y  Willi  the  rasltion  too  ?  S/uJt. 

GID'DY,  e.  i.    To  turn  quick.  Chapman. 
GIU'DY,  r.  t.    To  make  reeling  or  unsteady. 

Farindon. 

GID'DY-BRAIN-i'D,  a.  Careless;  thoughtless;  UD 
steaily.  Olway. 

GIO'DY-IIEAD,  (-bed,)  n.  A  person  without  thought 
or  judgment. 

GIIVDY-IIEAD-ED,  a.    Heedless;  un.steady;  vola- 
tile ;  incaiilious.  Dimne. 
GIO'DY-PaC->;D,  (-past,)  a.    Moving  irregularly. 

Shak. 

GIE  ;  a  contraction  of  Gi'idr.    [.Vut  in  use,]  Chaucer. 
GIER'-icA-GLE,  (jer'-)  n.    [Qu.  IJ.  ^irr,  a  vulture.] 
A  bird  of  the  eagle  kind,  mentioned  in  Leviticus 
xi.  18. 

GliS'SECK  ITE,  n.  [from  Sir  C.  OiMfrArr.]  A  min- 
eral occurring  in  six-sided  prisms,  having  a  greasy 
luster.  It  has  been  considered  identical  witii 
tlnolitr.  Dana. 

GIF,  r.  t.    [from  Sax.  _n/,  from  gifan,  to  give.] 
The  "Id  but  true  spelling  of  If. 

GIFT,  H.  [from  give.]  A  jiresent ;  any  thing  eivcn 
or  bestoived  ;  any  thinir,  tlie  projierty  of  wliieli  is 
voluntarily  traiisl'erretl  by  one  person  to  aiiolher 
without  compensation  ;  a  donation.  It  is  applicable 
to  any  thing  movable  or  iininovable. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  or  conferring.  Milton. 

3.  The  right  or  power  of  giving  or  bestowing. 
The  prince  has  the        of  many  lucrative  offices. 

4.  An  offering  or  oblation. 

If  thou  bring  thy  gi/l  to  the  altar.  —  Matt.  t. 

5.  A  reward. 

1  x-t  tJiy  gi/lt  be  to  thyself.  —  Dan.  t. 
C.  A  bribe ;  any  thing  given  to  corrupt  the  judg- 
ment. 

NcilhT  take  a  gi/t,  for  a  gift  doth  blind  llie  eyes  of  the  wise.  — 
Deut.  xvi. 

7.  Power;  faculty;  some  quality  or  endowment 
conferred  by  the  .Author  of  our  nature ;  as,  the  gi/l  of 
wit  ;  the  gift  of  ridicule.  jlddison, 

GIFT,  II.  (.    To  endow  with  any  power  or  faculty. 

GIFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Endoweil  by  n.ature  with  any 
power  or  faculty  ;  furnished  with  any  |Kirticular  t;U- 
ent. 

GIFT'ED-NESS,  ji.  The  st.ate  of  being  gifted.  Kchard. 
GIFT'ING,  ppr.  Endowing  with  any  power  or  faculty. 

GIG,  V.  I.    [Ii.  gigno.] 

1.  To  engender.    [.Xot  in  use.]  Drijden. 

2.  To  fish  with  a  gig  or  fishgig. 

GIG,  ?i.  [It.  giga,  a  jig  ;  Fr.  gignr,  a  jig,  a  romp  ;  Sw. 
giga,  a  jewslKtrp  ;  Ice.  gigia,  a  fiddle.] 

The  radic.'tl  iilca  seems  to  be  that  of  lively  motion. 
Hence, 

1.  A  top  or  whirligig  ;  any  little  thing  that  Is 
whirled  round  in  play.  Locke. 

2.  A  light  carriage,  with  one  pair  of  wheels,  drawn 
by  one  horse  ;  a  chair  or  chaise. 

3.  A  fiddle. 

4.  .\  dart  or  harpoon.    [See  Fishou;.] 

5.  ,\  small  sliip's-boat,  tiesigned  for  rapid  motion. 

6.  An  active,  playful,  or  wanton  person. 

7.  Gigs,  or  gig-machines,  are  rotatory  cylinders,  cov- 
ered with  wire  teeth  for  teazling  woolen  cloth. 

Brande. 

GI-GA\-TE'AN,  a.    [h.  giganUus.    Sec  Giant.] 

Like  a  slant ;  iniglitv.  Mare. 
GI-GAN'TIf,  a.    [\^.  giganlicus.] 

1.  Of  extraordinary  size  ;  very  large  ;  huge  ;  like  a 
gianL    A  man  of  gigantic  stature. 

2.  Eiiorinous  ;  very  great  or  mighty ;  as,  gigaiUU 
deeds  ;  gigantic  wicketlness. 

[GiOANTicAL  and  Gic.ANTiNE,/t/rGiOA?/Tic,  rarely 
or  nrrer  used,] 
GI-GAN-TOL,'0-GY,  n.    [Gr.  >■)-■£,  a  gi.tiit,  and  A.- 
yot,  discourse.] 
An  account  or  description  of  giants. 
GI  G AN-TO.M'.A-eH Y,  it.  [Gr.  i  ij  .if,  giant,  and  uavi, 
fight.] 

The  fabulous  war  of  the  giants  against  heaven. 
GIG'GLE,  n.    [Sax.  geagl:  Scot,  grck.] 

A  kind  of  laugh,  with  short  catches  of  the  voice  oi 
bre.ath. 

GIG'GLE,  p.  i.  [D.  gichgelen  :  Sax.  geagl;  a  laugh  or 
sneer,  and  gagol,  sportive,  wanton  ;  It.  ghigiiare,  to 
simper,  ghignazzare,  to  laugh  or  grin.  In  Ir.  gigl.m 
is  to  tickle  ;  Gr.  )  <}  )^Xiffiiu,-.] 

To  laugh  with  short  catches  of  the  breath  or  voice; 
to  laush  III  a  silly,  puerile  manner  ;  to  titter  ;  to  grin 
with  childish  levity  or  mirth.  Oarruk. 

GIG'GI.ER,  n.    One  that  giggles  or  titters. 

GIG'GI.I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Idughing  with  short  catches; 
tittcrins. 

GIG'GM.N'G,  n.  The  act  of  laughing  with  shoB  catch- 
es ;  tittering. 

GIG'LET,  i  x.  [Sax.  geagl,  wanton  ;  Fr.  giguer,  to  I 
GIG'LOT,  (     romp,  to  frisk.    See  Gia.]  ' 

.K  wanton  ;  a  lascivious  girl.  Shnk. 
GIG'LOT,  a.    Giddy;  light;  inconstant;  wanton. 

Shak.  I 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  os  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


GTL 


GIN 


GIR 


6lG'oT,  (jig'6,)  n.    [Fr.]    In  cookery,  a  term  applied 

to  a  leg  of  iDutton. 
GIL'BERT-INE,  n.  One  of  a  religious  order,  so  named 

from  Gilbert,  lord  of  Semjiringliaiii,  in  Lincolnsbire, 

England. 

GIL'BERT-IN'E,  a.  Belonging  to  the  monastic  order 
mentioned  above.  JVeever, 

GILD,  V.  t.  ;  preL  and  pp.  Gilded  or  Gilt.  [Sax.  gi'i- 
daji,  ^Idan,  gelduii,  to  pay  a  debt,  to  srild,  and  g^ild, 
tribute,  tax,  toll ;  D.  and  G.  geld,  money  ;  Dan.  gield, 
a  debt ;  Sw.  gold.  To  g^ld  is  to  cover  with  gold  ;  G. 
vergoldcn  ;  D.  vergulden  ;  Dan.  fitrgylder  ;  S\v.  for- 
gylia ;  from  gold,  or  its  root,  Dan.  guul,  Sw.  gul.  Sax. 
gealew,  yellow,  connected  with  Ir.  geal,  VV.  golau, 
light,  bright.    Class  Gl,  No.  6,  7.] 

1.  To  overlay  with  gold,  either  in  leaf  or  powder, 
or  in  amalgam  with  quicksilver  ;  to  overspread  with 
a  thin  covering  of  gold  ;  as,  the  gilt  frame  of  a  mir- 
ror. Cyc. 
Her  joy  in  gilded  chariots  when  alive, 
Ami  love  of  otnbre,  alter  death  survive.  Pope. 

9.  To  cover  with  any  yellow  matter.  Shak. 

3.  To  adorn  with  luster  ;  to  render  bright. 

No  more  the  rising  sun  shall  gild  the  mom.  Pope. 

4.  To  illuminate  ;  to  brighten.  South. 


Let  oft  goo<l  humor,  mild  and  gay, 
cud  the  calm  evening  of  your  day. 


TrunibM. 


5.  To  give  a  fair  and  agreeable  external  appear- 
ance ;  to  recommend  to  favor  and  reception  by  super- 
ficial decoration  ;  as,  to  gild  flattery  or  falsehood. 

GILD' ED,  pp.  or  a.  Overlaid  with  gold  leaf,  or  a  thin 
coating  of  gold;  illuminated. 

GILD'ER,  n.  One  who  gilds;  one  whose  occupation 
is  to  overlay  things  with  gold. 

2.  A  Dutch  coin,  of  the  value  of  twenty  stivers, 
about  38  cents,  or  one  shilling  and  ninepence  ster- 
ling.   It  is  usually  written  Guilder. 

GILD'ING,  ppr.  Overlaying  with  gold  ;  giving  a  fair 
external  appearance. 

GILD'ING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  overlaying  things 
with  gold  leaf,  or  a  thin  coating  of  gold. 
2.  That  which  is  laid  on  in  overlaying  with  gold. 

GILL,  7!.  [Sw.  gel !  Sp.  agalla,  a  gland  in  the  throat ; 
a  gall-nut,  a  wind-gall  on  a  horse,  the  beak  of  a  shut- 
tle, and  the  gill  of  a  fi~h  ;  Port,  guelra,  or  guerra. 
Hence  it  would  seem  that  gill  is  a  shoot  or  promi- 
nence, the  fringe-like  substance,  not  the  aperture. 
In  Danish,  gildrr  signifies  to  geld,  and  to  cut  ofl'  the 
pills  of  herrings,  and  in  Scot,  gil  or  gul  is  a  crack  or 
fissure.] 

1.  The  organ  of  respiration  in  fishes,  consisting  of 
a  cartilaginous  or  bony  arch,  attached  to  the  hones  of 
the  head,  and  furnished  on  the  exterior  convex  side 
with  a  multitude  of  fleshy  leaves,  or  fringed  vascu- 
lar fibrils,  resembling  plumes,  and  of  a  red  color  in  a 
healthy  state.  The  water  is  admitted  by  the  gill-open- 
ing, and  acts  upon  the  blood  as  it  circulates  in  the 
fibrils.  Other  animals  also  breathe  by  gills,  as  frogs 
in  their  tadpole  state,  lobsters,  &c.        Ed.  Encyc. 

Fis\  es  perform  respiration  under  water  by  the  gUl*.  Hay. 

2.  The  flap  that  hangs  below  the  beak  of  a  fowl  or 
bir  i.  Bacon, 

S.  The  flesh  on  the  lower  part  of  the  checks,  or 
I  nder  the  chin.  Bacon.  Swift. 

4.  In  England,  a  pair  of  wheels  and  a  frame  on 
which  tunber  is  conveyed.  [Local.] 

5.  A  woody  glen;  a  place  between  steep  banks, 
and  a  rivulet  flowing  through  it;  a  brook.  [Local.] 

GILL'-FLAP,  n.  A  nieinbraiie  attached  to  the  poste- 
rior edge  of  the  gill-lid,  immediately  closing  the  gill- 
opening. 

GILL'-FLIRT,  n.  A  sportive  or  wanton  girl ;  the  same 

as  Jill-Flirt. 
GII.L'-LID,  n.   The  covering  of  the  gills. 
GILl/-6-P£N-ING,  n.  The  aperture  of  a  fish,  or  other 

animal,  by  which  water  is  admitted  to  the  gills. 

Kd.  Encye. 

Gill,  n.  [Low  L.  gilla,  gilln,  or  geUo,  a  drinking- 
glass,  a  gill.  This  word  has  the  s;ime  elementary 
letters  as  Gr.  j  ni  a  pail  or  bucket,  and  Eng.  gal- 
lon, probably  from  one  of  the  roots  ill  Gl,  which  sig- 
nify to  bold  or  contain.] 

A  measure  of  capacity  containing  the  fourth  part 
of  a  pint.  Encyc. 

6ILL,  n.    A  plant,  ground-ivy,  of  the  genus  Glechoma. 
2.  .Malt  liipior  medicated  with  ground-ivy. 

6ILL,  n.    [In  Sw.  gilja  signifies  to  woo.] 

Ill  ludicrous  language,  a  female  ;  a  sportive  or  wan- 
to.i  girl,  from  GiHian,  a  wonian'a  name.  Grose. 

t:<ch  J:ick  Willi  hl>  GiU.  B.  Jomon. 

GFLL'-BEAR  ING,  a.    Producing  gills. 

CILL'-IIOUSE,  n.  A  place  where  the  liquor  gill  is 
wild.  Pope. 

CIL'LI-AN,  n.    A  girl.  [Obn.]  Beaum.  tc  Fl. 

GII.'LIE,  n.    A  boy  ;  a  page  or  mi-nial.      W.  Scott. 

GIL'I  V  FLOW  ER,  n.  [Fr.  girojlee,  giritfiier.  The 
corresponding  word  in  Anuoricaii  in  genofie4i  or  geno- 
JUn.] 

'I'lie  name  of  certain  plant*.  The  elove  gillyflower 
is  of  the  genim  DianthiiH,  or  rarnatioii-piiik  ;  the 
ttock  mUyftoierr  In  of  the  genus  .Mathiola  ;  the  ifuern^s 
gilhjjtutcer  i»  tlie  llc"ix  riB.  Mam.  of  I'lnuU. 


GILSE,  7!.    A  young  salmon. 

GILT,  pp.  or  a.    [Uom  gild.]    Overlaid  with  gold  leaf 

or  a  thin  coating  of  gold  ;  illiiiiiiiiated  ;  adorned. 
GILT,  n.    Gofd  liiid  on  the  surface  of  a  thing  ;  gilding. 

Shak. 

2.  In  England,  a  young  female  pig.  Cyc. 
GILT'-EDG-£D,  a.    Having  the  edge  covered  with 
gold  leaf. 

GILT'-HEAD,  n.    [gilt  and  head.]    In  ichthyologii,  a 
spinous-finned  fish,  of  the  genus  Chnjsophrus,  aliied 
to  the  sea-bream ;  so  named  from  a  golden-yellow 
space  over  the  eyes.  Partington. 
2.  A  bird.  Hakacill. 

GILT'-TAIL,  n.  A  worm  so  called  from  its  yellow 
tail.  John-son. 

GUI,  a.  [Contracted  from  gemmy.]  Neat;  spruce; 
well  dressed. 

GI.M'BAL,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  two  brass  rings  by 
which  a  sea-compass  is  suspended  in  its  box,  and  by 
means  of  which  the  card  is  kept  in  a  horizontal  posi- 
tion, notwithstanding  the  rolling  of  the  ship.  Ilebcrt. 

GI.M'CR.^CK,  71.  A  trivial  mechanism ;  a  device ;  a 
toy  ;  a  pretty  thing.  Prior,  .^rbulhnot. 

GlM'LET,  7!.  [Fr.  gibelet;  Arm.  guymeled.  Gimlet 
seems  to  be  the  same  word  as  vyimUe,  with  the  Celtic 
pronunciation,  guimble  ;  and  if  771  is  casual,  and  the 
primary  word  is  gibelet,  or  guibelet,  the  elements  of 
the  word  coincide  with  wabble,  quibble,  and  with  the 
W.  gicid,  a  serpentine  motion,  gwibiaw,  to  wander, 
to  move  in  a  circular  direction,  gteibrr,  a  serpent,  a 
viper,  and  the  primary  sense  is,  to  turn.] 

A  borer;  a  small  instrument  with  a  pointed  screw 
at  the  end,  for  boring  holes  in  wood  by  turning.  It 
is  applied  only  to  small  instruments  ;  a  large  instru- 
ment of  the  like  kind  is  called  an  auger. 

GI.M'LET,  V.  t.  In  seamen's  language,  to  turn  round 
an  anchor  by  the  stock  ;  a  motion  resembling  that  of 
the  turning  of  a  gimlet.  JMar.  Diet. 

GIiM'LET-ING,ypr.  Turning  as  an  anchor  round  the 
stock. 

GIM'LET-ING,  Ti.    Act  of  turning  an  anchor  round 

by  the  stock. 
GIJl'.MAL,  71.    [L.  gemellus.] 

Joined  work  n  hose  parts  move  within  each  other, 
as  a  bridle  bit  or  interlocked  rings ;  a  quamt  piece  of 
machinery.  Toone. 
GI.M'MAL,  a.    [L.  gemellus,  twins.] 

Consisting  of  links.  Shak. 
GI.M'JIER,  71.    Movement  or  machinery.  [Obs.] 

More. 

GUI?,  71.  [Fr.  guiper,  to  cover  or  whip  about  with 
silk  ;  Eng.  to  vjliip.] 

A  kind  of  silk  twist  or  edging. 
GIMP,  a.    [W.  ^jmp.] 

Smart ;  spruce  ;  trim  ;  nice.    [Aot  tn  use.] 
GIN,  71.    A  contraction  of  Geneva,  a  distilled  spirit  fla- 
vored with  oil  of  juniper,  or  oil  of  turpentine.  [See 
Geneva.] 

GIN,  Ti.  [.\  contraction  of  engine.]  A  machine  or  in- 
strument by  which  the  mechanical  powers  are  em- 
ployed in  aid  of  human  strength.  The  word  is 
applied  to  various  engines,  as  a  machine  for  driving 
piles,  another  for  raising  weights,  &c. ;  and  a  ma- 
chine for  separating  the  seeds  from  cotton,  invented 
by  E.  Whitney,  is  called  a  cotton-gin.  It  is  also  the 
name  given  to  an  engine  of  torture,  and  to  a  pump 
moved  by  rotary  sails. 
2.  A  trap  ;  a  snare.  Mittan.  Shak. 

GIN,  V.  L  To  clear  cotton  of  its  seeds  by  a  machine 
which  separates  them  with  expedition. 

Trans,  of  Society  of  J^rts. 

2.  To  catch  in  a  trap. 
GIN,  V.  i.    [Sax.  gynnan.] 
To  begin. 

GIN'-HOL'SE,  n.    A  building  where  cotton  is  ginned. 
GIN'-SHOP,  71.    A  house  for  the  retail  of  gin. 
GING,  71.    The  same  as  Ga."<g,  or  body  of  persons  act- 
ing together.  [Obs.] 

There  is  a  knot,  a  ging,  a  pack,  a  conspiracy  against  me.  Shak. 

GIN'GER,  71.  [It.  gengioro  ;  Sp.  gengibrc  ;  Port,  gtn- 
givre  ;  Fr.  gingembre  ;  G.  ingbcr  ;  D.  gember  ;  Sw, 
ingefara:  Dan.  ingefcr;  L.  :i7i;i6rr  ;  Gr.  ^i  >  >  (/?coif  ,• 
Arm.  lindibet,  or  singehel :  Ar.  Pers.  and  Turk,  zingi- 
bil  or  zinjibil :  Syr.  and  Cli.  nearly  the  same.] 

A  piniitj  or  the  root  of  Zingiber  orticinale,  a  native 
of  Giugi  in  China.  The  roots  arc  jointed,  and  the 
stalks  rise  two  or  three  feet,  with  narrow  leaves. 
The  flower  stems  arise  by  the  side  of  these,  imme- 
diately from  the  root,  naked,  and  ending  in  an  ob- 
long, scaly  spike.  The  dried  riMjts  are  used  for  various 
purposes,  in  the  kitchen  and  in  medicine.  Kncyc. 

Gl.N'  GER-BEER,  /  71.     Beer  impregnated  with  gin- 

GIN'GER-Pf)P,    i  ger. 

GIN'GER-HRE.\D,  71.  [ginger  an  A  bread.]  A  kind  of 
cake,  composed  of  flour,  with  an  admixture  of  but- 
ter, pearlash,  and  ginger,  sweetened. 

GIN'GEK-IIREAD-WORK,  71.  Work  cut  or  carved  in 
various  fanciful  shapes,  as  an  ornament  to  buildings, 
tec.  Grose. 

GIN'GER-WTNE,  71.    Wine  impregnated  with  ginger. 

OIN'GER-LY,  ar/e.    Nicely  ;  cautiously.    [Jfot  uted.] 

Skelton. 

GIN'GER-NESS,  71.  Nicenc.is  ;  lendcrncfl.".  [JVotusrd  ] 


GING'HAM,  71    A  kind  of  striped  cotton  cloth. 

GlN'GlNG,  71.  In  mining,  the  lining  of  a  inine-shafl 
with  stones  or  bricks  for  its  support,  called  steiuing, 
or  staining,  which  I  suppose  is  from  Sax.  stan,  stone. 

GIN'GI-VAL,  a.    [L.  ^i/i^ca,  the  gum.]  [Cyc. 
Pertaining  to  the  gums.  Hutder. 

GIN"GLE,  i  V.  i.    [In  Pers.  zangl  is  a  little  bell.  In 

JIN"GLE,  ]  Ch.  and  Syr.  NJi  is  the  same.  Qu.  its 
alliance  to  chink  and  jangle.] 

1.  To  make  a  sharp,  clattering  sound  ;  to  ring,  sis 
a  little  be!l,  or  as  small  pieces  of  sonorous  metal ;  as, 
gingling  halfpence.  Gay. 

2.  To  utter  affected  or  chiming  sounds  in  periods 
or  cadence.  John.?on. 

GIN"GLE,  V.  t.  To  shake  so  as  to  m.ake  clattering 
sounds  in  quick  succession  ;  to  ring,  as  a  little  bell, 
or  as  small  coins. 

The  bells  she  gingled,  and  Ihe  whistle  blew.  Pope. 

GIN"GLE,  71.  A  shrill,  clattering  sound,  or  a  succes- 
sion of  sharp  sounds,  as  those  made  by  a  little  bell 
or  by  small  coins. 

2.  Affectation  in  the  sounds  of  periods,  in  reading 
or  speaking,  or  rather  chiming  sounds. 

GIN"GLJED,  pp.  Shaken  so  as  to  ring  or  make  a  clat- 
tering sound. 

GIN"GLING,  71.   Act  of  gingling,  as  bells. 

GIN"GLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Sh;iking  so  as  to  make  a 
clattering  sound. 

GIN"GLY-MOID,  a.  [Gr.  ytyyXvpos,  a  hinge,  and  ct- 
C'lf,  form.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  ginglymus. 

GI.\"GLY-MtS,  71.    [Gr.  )  ij>A..,,os.] 

In  anatomy,  a  species  of  articulation  resembling  a 
hinge.  That  species  of  articulation  in  which  each 
bone  partly  receives,  and  is  partly  received  by,  the 
other,  so  as  to  admit  only  of  flexion  and  e.xtension,  is 
called  ginglymiLS.  Parr. 

GIN'N£D,  pp.  Caught  in  a  trap ;  cleared  of  its  seeds, 
as  cotton. 

GIN'NET,  71.    A  nag.    [See  JenVet.] 
GI.\'NING,  ppr.    Catching  in  a  trap;  clearing  cotton 
of  its  seeds. 

GIN'NING,  71.  The  act  liy  which  cotton  is  separated 
from  its  seeds.  Ure. 

GIN'SENG,  n.  [T.iisword  is  probably  Chinese,  and 
it  is  said  by  Grosier  to  signify  the  resemblance  of  a 
man,  or  man's  thigh.  He  observes,  also,  that  the 
root,  in  the  language  of  the  Iroquois,  is  called  garen- 
tvquen,  which  signifies  legs  and  Oiighs separated.  Gro- 
sicr's  Gfiina,  i.  534.] 

A  plant,  of  the  genus  Panax,  the  root  of  which  is 
in  great  demand  among  the  Chinese.  It  is  found  in 
the  northern  parts  of  Asia  and  America,  and  is  an 
article  of  export  from  America  to  China.  It  has  a 
jointed,  fleshy,  taper  root,  as  large  as  a  man's  finger, 
which,  when  dry,  is  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  with 
a  mucilaginous  sweetness  in  the  ta-ste,  somewhat  re- 
sembling that  of  licorice,  accompanied  with  a  slight 
bitterness.  »  Encyc. 

GIP,  V.  t.    To  take  out  the  entrails  of  herrings.  Bailey. 

GIP'SIRE,  71.  A  kind  of  pouch  formerly  worn  at  the 
girdle.  Bulirer. 

GIP'SY,  71.  The  Gipsies  are  a  race  of  vagabonds 
which  infest  Europe,  Africa,  and  .Asia,  strolling 
about,  and  subsisting  mostly  by  theft,  robbery,  and 
fortune-telling.  The  name  is  supposed  to  be  cor- 
rupted from  Egyptian,  as  they  were  thought  to  have 
come  from  Egypt.  But  their  language  indicates  that 
they  originated  in  Hindoostan.  Grellman. 

2.  A  re]iroachful  name  for  a  dark  complexion. 

Shak. 

3.  A  name  of  slight  reproach  to  a  woman,  some- 
times implying  artifice  or  cunning. 

A  slave  I  .am  lo  Clara's  eyes : 

The  gipsy  knows  her  powvi  and  fliea.  Prior. 

4.  The  language  of  the  gipsies. 

GIP'SY,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  gipsies. 
GIP'SY-IS.M,  71.    The  arts  and  practices  of  gipsies  ;  de- 
ception ;  cheating  ;  flattery.  Grellman. 
2.  The  slau.  of  a  gipsy.  ....... 

GI-RAFFE',  71.    [^p.girafa;  It.  giraffa  ;  Ar.  Ailjj. 

so  called  from  leaping,  or  the  extreme  length  of  its 

neck,  from  ^'rafa,  to  leap  on,  to  hasten.] 

The  camelopard,  an  African  qiiadniped,  \vhose  fore 
legs  are  much  longer  than  the  hinder  ones.  It  is  Ihfl 
tallest  of  animals,  being  sometimes  twenty  feet  from 
the  hoofs  to  the  top  of  the  head.  [Sec  Camelopard.] 

Partington. 

GIR'AN-DOLE,  71.  [It.  girandola,  from  ^iro,  a  turn, 
jind  andare,  to  go.] 

A  chandelier ;  a  large  kind  of  branched  candle- 
stick. 

GIR'A-SOLE,  j  71.    [Fr.  and  Sp.  ;  It.  girasote;  giro, 
GlR'A  SOL,    j     L.  ;j-ifi-n.<,  a  turn.  It.  f irarc,  to  turn, 
and  .lole,  L.  sol,  the  sun.] 

1.  The  turnsole,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Ileliotro- 
piiiin. 

2.  A  mineral,  usually  milk-white,  bluish-white,  or 
sky  bliie,  but  when  turned  toward  the  sun,  or  any 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQpK.— 


M2 


GIR 


GI  V 


GIZ 


brijilit  light,  it  coiistanlly  rcMecta  a  reddish  color  : 
hence  its  name.  It  sontctinies  strongly  rescmhles  a 
trnnslucid  jelly.  Cleaceland. 
GIRL),  (giird,)  ?t.  [Sax.  rrrard,  or  iryril,  or  gijrda,  a 
twig,  lirancli,  rod,  pole,  Eng.  a  yard ;  U.  gurt,  a  girth, 
a  girdle ;  Dan.  iricrdc,  a  hedge,  a  rail.  This  word 
signifies,  primarily,  n  twig,  shoot,  or  branch  ;  hence, 
a  pole  or  stick  used  in  measuring.  In  measuring 
•  land,  among  our  Saxon  ancestors,  tlie  ffijrd  seems  to 
have  hecn  a  certain  measure  like  our  rod,  perch,  or 
p(de,  all  uf  which  signiTy  the  same  thing,  a  branch 
or  shoot,  a  little  pole.  We  now  apply  the  word  yard 
to  a  measure  or  three  feet  in  length.  In  rude  ages, 
fPjrds,  slumts  of  trees,  were  used  for  binding  things 
together,  whence  the  verb  to  gird.  (See  Withe.) 
Oyrdu  were  also  used  for  driving,  or  for  punishment, 
as  we  now  use  whips  ;  an<l  orir  comm.  ['.  people  use 
gird  for  a  severe  stroke  of  a  stick  or  whip.  See  Lve, 
under  (*vrd  and  We.vl-stvlling.] 

1.  A  iwilcli  or  pang  ;  a  sudden  spasm  which  re- 
sembles the  stroke  of  a  rod,  or  the  pressure  of  a 
b-ind. 

S.  In  popular  language,  a  severe  stroke  of  a  stick 
or  whip. 

GIUD,  (gurd,)  V.  L:  pret  and  pp.  Girded  or  Girt. 
[Sax.  gyrdan  ;  G.  giirttn  ;  I),  gorden  ;  Sw.  giorda,  to 
gird  or  surround  ;  T)an.  gierdrr,  to  heilgc,  to  inclose. 
(Sec  the  noun.)  It  is  probable  that  gardai,  Ir.  gort, 
is  from  the  same  root ;  originally,  an  inclosed  Held, 
a  piece  of  ground  surrounded  with  poles,  stakes,  and 
branches  ot  trees.  If  the  noun  is  the  primary  word, 
the  sense  of  the  root  is  to  shoot,  as  a  branch  ;  if  the 
verb  is  the  root,  the  sense  is  to  surround,  or  rather,  to 
bind  or  make  fast.  The  former  is  the  most  proba- 
ble.] 

1  To  bind  by  surrounding  with  any  flexible  sub- 
stance, as  with  a  twig,  a  cord,  bandage,  or  cloth  ;  as, 
to  gird  the  loins  with  sackcloth. 

2.  To  make  fast  by  binding;  to  put  on;  usually 
with  on ;  as,  to  gird  on  a  harness  ;  to  gird  on  a 

3.  To  invest ;  to  surround.  [sword. 

Tlio  Soil  nppcared, 
Girt  with  oiiiiitputeiicc.  Milton. 

4.  To  clothe ;  to  dress ;  to  habit. 

I  girded  tlifc  about  with  tine  linen.  —  Exek.  xri. 

5.  To  furnish  ;  to  equip. 

I  Girded  wiUi  snaky  wiles.  Milton. 

6.  To  surround ;  to  encircle ;  to  inclose ;  to  en- 
'  compass. 

The  Nyseiiin  inle, 
Girt  wiUi  liic  River  Triton.  Milton. 

7.  To  gibe  ;  to  reproach  severely  ;  to  lash.  Shak. 
GIKD,  e.  i.    To  gibe  ;  to  sneer ;  to  break  a  scornful 

jest ;  to  utter  severe  sarcasms. 

Mi'ii  of  nil  sons  ukc  a  priJc  to  gird  at  me.  Shak. 

GTRD'ED,  pp.  Itoiind  ;  surrounded  ;  invested  ;  put  on. 

GIRO'EK,  K.  In  architecture^  the  principal  piece  of 
timber  in  a  floor.  Its  end  is  usually  fastened  into 
the  summers  or  breast  summers,  and  the  joists  are 
framed  into  it  at  one  end.  In  buildings  entirely  of 
timber,  the  giracr  is  fastened  by  tenons  into  tlie 
posts. 

2.  .\  satirist.  LiUxj. 
GIRD'I.N'G,  ppr.    llinding  ;  surrounding;  investing. 
GIRD'I.N'G,  n.    A  covering,    /s.  iii. 
GIRU'LE,  (gurd'l,)  n.    [Sax.  gyrdle,  gyrdl ;  Sw.  gijr- 
del ;  ii.g^irtrl:  D.  gordel.] 

1.  .\  band  or  Iwll  ;  something  drawn  round  the 
waist  of  a  person,  and  tied  or  buckled  ;  as,  a  girdle 
of  fine  linen  ;  a  leathern  girdle, 

2.  Inclosiire  ;  circumference. 

Within  llic  girdle  of  IJiese  wallj.  Shot. 

3.  The  ziMliac.  Bacon. 

4.  .\  round  iron  plafe  for  baking.    [Qu.  griddle.] 

Peggc. 

5.  Among  jrwelrrs,  the  line  which  encomp.-isse9 
the  stone,  parallel  lo  the  liorizon.  Cyc 

GIRD'LE,  V.  fc    To  bind  with  a  belt  or  sash  ;  to  gird. 

Shak. 

2.  To  inclose ;  to  environ  ;  to  shut  in.  SA/it. 

3.  In  .America,  to  make  a  circular  incision,  like  a 
belt,  through  the  bark  and  alburnum  of  a  tree,  to 
kill  iU  JVru.  England.    Belknap.  DwighU 

GIRD'LE-BELT,  n.    A  belt  that  encircles  the  waist. 

Dryden. 

GIRD'LED,  pp.    Round  with  a  belt  or  sash. 
GIKD'LER,  7u    One  who  girdles  ;  a  maker  of  girdles. 

Beanm. 

GIRO'LE-STEAD,  (  sted,)  n.    The  part  of  the  body 
[       where  (he  girdle  is  worn.  Ma.son. 
GIltD'LlNG,  ppr.    Binding  with  a  belt ;  surrounding. 
tilRE,  n.  gyrus.] 

A  circle,  or  circular  motion.    [See  Gvre.] 
CTRL,  (gurl,)  n.    [The  origin  of  this  word  is  not  ob- 
vious.   It  is  most  probably  the  Low  L.  gcruta,  a 
yoiing  woman  rmployed  to  tend  children;  a  word 
left  in  Engl.ind  by  the  Romans.    It  is  said  that  the 
word  was  formerly  used  for  both  sexes  ;  be  it  so  ; 
I      gerulu.1  was  also  used  for  a  chairman.] 
j         '•      female  child,  or  yoiinc  woman.    In  familiar 
ii;ijT<ajrr,  any  young,  unmarried  woman.  Dryden. 
2.  .\mong  tporlsmen,  a  roebuck  of  two  years  old. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE  


GIRI/llQQI),  n.    The  st.itc  of  a  girl.    [Little  u.ird.} 

^Mi-m  St'ward. 

GIllL'ISII,  a.  Like  a  young  woman  or  child  ;  befit- 
ting a  girl. 

2.  IV'ftaiiiiiig  to  the  youth  of  a  fiMiiale.  Carets. 
GIRI/ISII-LY,  ado.    Ill  the  manner  of  a  girl. 
GIRL'ISil-NESS,  »i.    Levity  ;  the  manners  of  a  girl. 
GIRN,  p.  1.    A  corruption  of  Ghin.  Suulk. 
(5l-RO.\D'IS'l',  11.    One  of  a  celebrated  political  party 

during  the  French  revolution. 
GIR'KOCK,  «.    A  species  of  gar-fish,  the  lacertus. 

Cyc. 

GIRT,  (gurt,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Giud. 
GIRT,  1'.  (.    To  gird  ;  lo  surround.  Thomson.  Tooke. 
[This  verb,  if  derived  from  the  noun  girt,  may  be 
proper.] 

GIRT,    j  71.   The  band  or  strap  by  which  a  s.addle  or 
GIRTII,  \     any  burden  on  a  horse's  back  is  made  fast, 
by  passing  iiniler  his  belly. 

2.  A  ciiciihir  bandage.  IViseman. 

3.  The  coinp.X'^s  nn^asured  by  a  girth  or  inclosing 
bandage. 

He's  a  lusty,  Jolly  fellow,  that  lives  well,  at  least  Uiree  yania  in 
tile  girth.  Addison. 

GtRT'ED,  pp.    Girded;  surrounded. 
GIRTII,  V.  I.    To  hind  with  a  girth. 
GIRT'ING,  ppr.  Girding. 

OISE,  (jl/.e,)  V.  t.    To  feed  or  pasture.    [See  Agist.] 

GIS'LE,  (jiz'l,)  ;t.    A  pledge.    [Mil  in  ttse.] 

GIST,  (jist  or  jit  ;  Smart  and  Kmiwles  give  jist,  Jame- 
son jit.)  >i.    [Fr.  gcsir,  to  lie  ;  gite,  a Todging  place.] 
In  taw,  the  main  point  of  a  question  ;  the  point  on 
which  an  action  rests. 

GITIl,  n.    Guinea  pepper. 

GIT'TER.N,  n.    [L.  cithara.] 
A  guitar.    [Sec  Guitar.] 

GIT'TERN,  r.  i.    To  play  on  a  gittem.  Mlt/m. 

O/US'TO,  (jus'to,)  [It.]  In  miuic,  in  just,  ecpial,  or 
steatly  time. 

GI  VE,  (giv,)  p.  f.  ;  pre^  Gave  ;  pp.  Given.  [Sax.  ^i/an, 
giifan  ;  Goth,  giban;  G.  gehen  ;  V).  gerveti ;  Sw.  gifi-a  ; 
liaii.  n-iecr.  Ilcncc,  Sax.  gif,  Onth.  iabai  or  yabai, 
now  contracted  into  if.  Chancer  wrote  yeoc,  yave. 
(111.  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.  arf,  to  give.  See  Class 
Gb,  No.  3,  2lj,  4,t.  The  sense  of  give  is  generally  to 
pass,  or  to  transfer,  that  is,  to  send  or  throw.] 

1.  To  bestow  ;  to  confer;  to  pass  or  transfer  the 
title  or  property  of  a  thing  to  another  person,  without 
an  equivalent  or  compensation. 

For  generous  lonls  h;ul  rallier  gioe  than  pay.  Voun^. 

2.  To  transmit  from  himself  to  another  by  hand, 
speech,  or  writing ;  to  deliver. 

The  woman  whom  thou  gavest  to  lie  witli  ine,  she  gave  me  of 
Uie  tree,  and  I  did  cat.  —  t-ieii.  iii. 

3.  To  imps'*  ••  to  bestow. 

Cite  119  o*         «*  for  our  lamps  are  gone  out.  —  Matt.  xxv. 

4.  To  co.i-n '111 'ate  ;  as,  to  give  an  opinion;  to 
give  counsel  i1  uSvice  ;  to  give  notice. 

5.  To  p.ass  ui  deliver  the  property  of  a  thing  to 
another  for  an  equivalent ;  to  pay.  We  give  the  full 
value  {if  all  we  purchase.  A  dollar  is  given  for  a 
day's  labor. 

Whil  shall  a  man  give  in  excliange  for  his  soul  i  — Matt.  xvi. 

6.  To  yield  ;  to  lend  ;  in  the  phrase  to  give  ear, 
which  signifies  to  listen  ;  lo  hear. 

7.  To  quit ;  in  the  phntse  to  give  place,  which  sii- 
nifies   to  withdraw,  or  retire   lo  make   room  for 

8.  To  confer ;  to  grant.  [another. 
What  wilt  thou  give  me,  seeing  I  go  cliildless? — Gen.  xv. 

9.  To  expose ;  lo  yield  to  the  power  of. 

Give  10  the  wanton  winds  Ui>-ir  flowing  liJr.  Dryden. 

10.  To  grant ;  to  allow ;  to  permit. 

It  is  given  mc  onc«  a^ain  to  liehuld  my  friend.  Jtowe. 

11.  To  nfTord ;  to  supply ;  to  furnish. 

Thou  must  gioe  \u  also  sacrifices  and  Uinit'otTerings.  —  Ex.  x. 

12.  To  empower ;  to  license  ;  lo  commission. 
Th-'n  give  thy  friend  to  shell  the  s.acred  wine.  Pope. 
But  this  and  similar  phrases  arc  probably  elliptical ; 

give,  for  give  power  or  license.  So  in  the  phrases 
give  me  lo  understand,  give  me  to  know,  girc  the 
flowers  to  blow  ;  that  is,  to  give  power,  lo  enable. 

13.  To  pay  or  render;  as,  to  give  pmise,  applause, 
or  approbation. 

14.  To  render;  to  pronounce  ;  n-s,  to /^ire  sentence 
or  judgment  ;  lo  give  the  word  of  command. 

lij.  To  utter;  lo  vent ;  as,  to  give  a  shout. 

Hi.  To  produce  ;  to  show  ;  lo  exhibit  as  a  product 
or  result ;  as,  the  number  of  men  divided  by  the 
number  of  ships,  givrj  four  hundred  to  each  ship. 

17.  To  cause  to  exist ;  to  excite  in  another ;  .is,  to 
give  offense  or  umbrage  ;  lo  give  pleasure. 

18.  To  send  forth ;  to  emit ;  as,  a  stone  gives  sparks 
with  steel. 

19.  To  addict ;  lo  apply ;  to  devote  one's  self,  fol- 
lowed by  the  reciprocal  pronoun.  The  soldiers  give 
themselves  to  plunder.  The  p.assive  participle  is 
much  used  in  this  sense  ;  as,  the  jieople  are  given  to 
luxury  and  pleasure  ;  the  youth  is  given  lo  study.  j 

Oiv  thyvclf  wholly  lo  Ihem.  —  I  Tira.  ir. 


2U.  To  resign  ;  to  yield  up;  often  ftdlowed  liy  up 

Who  say,  I  ciirr  not,  tlius"  I  ^iue  f-ir  losL  Hrrtjert. 

21.  To  pledgt! ;  .is,  I  give  my  word  that  llie  debt 
shall  be  paid. 

'I'll  present  for  taking  or  acceptance  ;  as,  I  give 
yoti  my  hand. 

y;i.  To  allow  or  admit  by  way  of  supposition. 

To  give  uivay  ;  to  alienate  the  title  or  properly  of  a 
thing  ;  to  make  over  to  another  ;  to  transfer. 

WliatsoeviT  we  employ  in  chariuible  uses  during  our  lives,  b 
given  avMxy  fruiii  uunielves.     '  Atterbury. 

To  give  back  ;  to  return  ;  to  restore.  Attrrbury. 

To  give  chase  ;  lo  pursue.  Tutten. 

To  give  forth;  to  publish;  to  tell;  lo  report  pub- 
licly. Ilaymird. 

To  give  the  hand;  to  yield  preeminence,  !us  being 
subordinate  or  inferior.  Hooker. 

To  give  in  ;  to  allow  by  way  of  ahalemcnt  or  de- 
duction from  a  claim  ;  to  yield  what  may  be  justly 
demanded. 

To  give  over ;  to  leave ;  lo  quit ;  lo  ce.ase ;  to  aban- 
don ;  as,  to  give  over  a  pursuit. 

2.  To  addict;  lo  attach  lo;  to  abandon. 

When  the  B.ibyluiiiLiiis  had  given  themselves  oper  lo  all  manner 
of  vice.  Grew. 

3.  To  despair  of  recovery  ;  to  believe  to  be  lost  or 
past  recovery.  The  physician  had  given  over  the 
patient,  or  given  the  patient  over.  Addison, 

4.  To  abandon.  Mdlon, 
To  give  out ;  to  utter  publicly ;  to  report ;  fo  pro- 
claim ;  lo  publish.    Ii  was  given  out  that  parliament 
would  assemble  in  November. 

2.  To  issue ;  to  send  forth  ;  to  publish. 

The  night  was  distinguished  hy  the  onlen  which  he  gnve  out  to 
hid  .iriiiy.  Addieon, 

3.  To  show  ;  lo  exhibit  in  false  appearance.  Sliak. 

4.  To  send  out ;  to  emit ;  as,  a  substance  gives  om^ 
steam  tir  odors. 

To  give  up  ;  lo  resign  ;  to  quit ;  to  yield  as  hope- 
less ;  as,  lo  give  up  a  cause  ;  lo  give  up  the  argument. 

2.  To  surrender  ;  as,  to  n^ire  up  a  fortress  lo  an 
enemy. 

3.  To  relinquish  ;  to  cede.  In  this  treaty,  the 
Spaniards  gave  up  Louisiana. 

4.  To  abandon ;  as,  lo  give  up  all  hope ;  they  are 
given  up  to  believe  a  lie. 

5.  To  deliver. 

And  Juab  gave  up  the  sum  of  the  number  of  the  people  lo  Uie 
king. —2  Sain.  xxiv. 

To  give  one^s  self  up  ;  to  despair  of  one's  recovery  ; 
lo  conclutle  to  be  lost, 
2.  To  resign  or  devote. 

1.  el  iw  gire  oureelvee  wholly  up  to  Christ  in  heart  and  desire. 

Taijlor. 

X  To  addict;  lo  abandon.  lie  gave  himself  up  to 
intemperance. 

To  give  way:  lo  yield  ;  lo  withdraw  lo  make  room 
for.    Inferiors  should  gire  way  to  superiors. 

2.  To  fail  ;  to  yield  lo  force  ;  to  break  or  fall.  The 
ice  gave  way,  and  the  horses  were  drowned  ;  the 
scaffolding  gave  nay;  the  wheels  or  axletree  gave 
way. 

3.  To  recede  ;  to  make  room  for. 

4.  In  srameii^s  language^  gire  way  is  an  order  to  a 
boat's  crew  to  row  after  ceasing,  or  to  incrco-se  their 
exertions.  Tutten. 

GIVE,  (giv,)  r.  i.  To  yield  to  pressure.  The  earth 
gives  under  the  feet. 

2.  'I'll  begin  to  melt ;  to  thaw ;  to  grow  soft,  so  as 
to  yield  to  pressure.  Bacon, 

3.  To  move  ;  to  recede. 

Now  back  he  givet^  Uieu  nuhca  on  amain. 

DanieVt  CivU  War. 

To  give  in  ;  to  go  back  ;  to  give  way.  [Ai/t  in  use,] 
To  give  in  to  ;  lo  yield  assent ;  til  adopt. 

This  consideratinn  may  induce  a  translator  to  give  in  to  thoae 
general  phra^s.  Pope. 

To  give  off;  to  cease ;  to  forbear.    [Utile  used,] 

Lode, 

To  give  on  ;  to  rush  ;  to  fall  on.    [JVof  in  use.] 
To  irice  out ;  to  publish  ;  lo  proclaim. 
2.  To  eeiise  from  exertion  ;  to  yield  ;  applied  to 
persons,    lie  labored  hard,  but  gave  out  at  last. 
To  give  over ;  to  cease  ;  lo  act  no  more  ;  to  desert. 

It  would  lie  w.  ll  fur  all  aullniri,  if  tl«-»  knew  ivlvn  lo  give  uver, 
and  lu  tl<^«ist  from  any  furUier  piirvuils  nftiT  laiii.*.  .Ailduon. 

GIV'£.\,  (giv'n,)  pp.  or  a.  Bestowed  ;  granted  ;  con- 
ferred i  imparled  ;  admitted  or  supposed. 

GIVER,  n.  One  who  gives  ;  a  donor;  a  bestower;  a 
grantor ;  one  who  imparls  or  dislribiiles. 

It  is  tSe  giver,  and  not  llic  gifl,  llial  eiigrvssf's  Uic  Iwnn  of  the 
Chriklun.  Kotlotk. 

GIVES,  n.  pi.  [Ir.  geibhion,  from  geibhim,  to  get  or 
hold.] 

Fellers  or  shackles  for  the  fei  t.    [Sec  Gvves.] 
GI\''I\G,  ppr.    Bestowing;  conferring;  imparting* 

granting;  delivering. 
GIVING,  n.    The  act  of  conferring.  Pope 
2.  An  allegine  of  what  is  not  real.  Shak 
GIZ'ZARU,  n.    [Fr.  j-r.-irr.] 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — G  aa  K ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


503 


GLA 


GLA 


GLA 


The  strong,  musculous  stomach  of  a  fowl. 

Jiaij.  Dryden. 
To  fret  Vie  gizzard ;  to  harass ;  to  vex  one's  self, 
or  to  he  vexed.  lladihras. 
GLA'BKI-ATE,  v.  t.    [L.  glabro.] 
To  make  smooth.    [JVoi  used,] 
GLAB'R[-TY,  n.    Smootliness.    [JV'ot  itserf.] 
GLa'HROUS,  o.   [L.  Wuicr,  allied  to  Eng.  Class 
Lb,  No.  10,  24,  27,  34,  37.1 

Smooth  ;  having  a  surface  without  hairs  or  any 
unevenness. 

GLa'CTAL,  (gli'shal,)  a.    [Fr.  glacial;  L.  glacialis, 
from  glacies,  ice.] 
Icy;  consisting  of  ice;  frozen. 
Olacial  pkenomeiia ;  the  phenomena  which  accom- 
pany glaciers. 

GLa'CIaTE,  v.  i.    To  turn  to  ice.  Diet. 

GLA-Ci-A'TION,  (gia-she-il'shun,)  n.  [Supra.]  The 
act  of  freezing  ;  ice  formed.  Brown. 

GTjA'CIER,  (gla'seer,)  n.  [Fr.  glaciere,  an  ice-house, 
from  glacCy  It.  ghiaccio^  ice.    See  Glacial.] 

A  field  or  immense  mass  of  ice,  formed  in  deep 
but  elevated  valleys,  or  on  the  sides  of  the  Alps  or 
other  mountains.  These  masses  of  ice  extend  many 
miles  in  length  and  breadth,  and  remain  undissolved 
by  the  heat  of  summer.  Coze. 

Olticier  theory ;  the  theory  that  the  frigid  and  tem- 
perate Z(!nes  were  covered  with  ice  during  the  ice  pe- 
riod, and  that,  by  the  agency  of  this  ice,  during  its 
formation  and  dissolution,  the  loose  materials  on  the 
earth's  surface,  (known  as  dilavium,)  were  transport- 
ed and  acrumulated. 

GLa'CIOUS,  (glJ'shus,)  a.    Like  ice  ;  icy.  Broxov. 

GLa'CTS,  n.  [Fr.]  In  building,  or  gardening,  an 
easy,  insensible  slope.  This,  also,  is  the  sense  in 
geology.  Encyc. 

2.  In  fortification,  a  sloping  hank  ;  that  mass  of 
earth  which  serves  as  a  parapet  to  the  covered  way, 
having  an  easy  slope  or  declivity  toward  the  cham- 
paign or  field.  Encyc. 

GLAI),  a.  [Sax.  glicd  or  glad;  Sw.  glad  ;  Dan.  glad  ; 
perhaps  L.  Ixtius,  without  a  prefix.  See  Class  Ld, 
No.  a,  Ar.] 

1.  Pleased  ;  affected  with  pleasure  or  moderate  joy  ; 
moderately  happy. 

A  wise  soil  inaketh  a  glad  fuller.  —  Prov.  X. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  of.    I  am  glad  of  an  op- 
portunity to  oblige  my  friend. 
It  is  sometimes  followed  by  at. 

He  Uiat  is  gUul  nt  calamities  shall  not  be  unpunislicd.  —  Prov. 
xvii. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  with. 

The  Trojan,  glfut  witK  sight  of  hostile  blood.  Dryden. 

}Vilh,  after  glad,  is  unusual,  and,  in  this  passage, 
at  would  have  been  preferable. 

2.  Cheerful ;  joyous. 

They  bli'ss'-d  the  Itin:?,  anil  went  to  their  tents,  joyful  aiid  glad 
of  hi-aru  —  1  Kings  viii. 

3.  Cheerful ;  wearing  the  appearance  of  joy ;  as, 
a  glad  countenance. 

4.  Wearing  a  gay  appearance ;  showy ;  bright. 
The  \\  ililerne&s  .iiui  the  soliLary  place  shall  be  glrul  for  Utein.  — 
Clful  evening  and  gl(ui  morn  crowned  the  fourth  day.  Milton. 

5.  Pleasing ;  exhilarating. 

Her  converEation 
More  glad  to  me  than  to  a  irHser  money  is.  Sidney. 
C.  Expressing  gladness  or  joy;  exciting  joy. 

Hark  I  a  gliul  voice  the  lonely  desert  cheers.  Pope. 
GL.\t),  V.  t.    [The  pret.  and  pp.  Gladded  is  not  used. 
See  Gladden.] 

To  make  gltid  ;  to  affect  with  pleasure  ;  to  cheer  ; 
to  gladden  ;  to  exhilarate. 

Kach  drinks  the  juice  that  glfuU  the  heart  of  man.  Pope. 
GLAIJ'I)i;N,  (glad'n,)  v.  L    [Sa.x.  gladian;  Dan.  glie- 
der ;  Sw.  gladia.] 

To  make  glad  ;  to  cheer ;  to  please  ;  to  exhilarate. 
The  news  of  peace  gladdens  our  hearts. 

Churches  will  every  where  gladden  his  eye,  and  hymns  of  praise 
vibrate  upon  his  ear.  Dwight. 

GLAD'DEN,  (glad'n,)  v.  i.  To  become  glad ;  to  re- 
joico. 

So  iliall  your  country  ever  glad/Un  nt  the  sound  of  your  Tolce. 

Adamt'$  Inaugural  Oration. 

GLAD'DEN  KI),  pp.    Made  glad  ;  cheered. 
GLAI)'D/C.V-I.N(;, /i;ir.  or  a.    Cheering;  exhilarating. 
GLAI^'DEK,  11.    One  that  makes  glad,  or  gives  joy. 

Dryden. 

GLAR'DI.VG,  ;i/jr.  Making  glad  ;  cheering  ;  giving 
joy. 

GLA  OF.,  n.    [let:  Mad.  Uu.] 

1.  An  op'-ning  or  pasHat'e  made  through  a  wood  by 
lopping  off  the  branchcH  of  the  trees.  Locallij,  in  Uie 
United  Stateii,  a  natural  opening  or  open  pliicc  in  a 
forvat. 

Th«re  Intenprned  In  Uwni  and  opening  glttdet.  Pope. 

2.  In  A>w  England,  nn  opening  in  the  Ico  of  rivers 
or  InkeH,  or  a  place  left  unfrozen. 

GLADE,  n     [D.  glad,  G.  glatt,  Hmouth.] 

Hmooth  ic«.  ji'ew  England^ 


GLA'DEN,  ;  rr  7  ,1 
GLA'DER  i  glidiits,  a  sword.] 

Sword-gr^ss  ;  the  general  name  of  plants  that  rise 
with  a  broad  blade,  like  sedge.  Junius. 
GLAD'FUL,  a.    Full  of  gladness.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
GLAD'FIJL-NESS,  n.    Joy  ;  gladness.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

GLAD'I-ATE,  a.    [L.  gladius,  a  sword.] 

Sword-shaped  ;  resembling  the  form  of  a  sword  ; 
as  the  legume  of  a  plant.  Martyn. 
GLAD'I-A-TOR,  71.    [L.,  from  gladius,  a  sword.] 

A  sword-player ;  a  prize-fighter.    The  gladiators, 
in  Rome,  were  men  who  fought  in  the  arena,  for  the 
entertainment  of  the  people. 
GLAD-[-A-To'RI-AL,  I  a.    Pertaining  to  gladiators, 
GLAD-I-A-To'RI-AN,  j     or  to  combats  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  the  Roman  people.         Bp.  Bcynolds. 
GLAD'l-A-TO-RY,  a.    Kelating  to  gladiators. 

Bp.  Porteus. 

GLAD'I  A-TqUE,  71.  Sword-play;  fencing.  [M,t  in 
use.]  Oayton. 

GLAU'I-OLE,  71.    [L.  gladiolus,  a  dagger.] 

A  plant,  the  sword-lily,  of  the  genus  Gladiolus. 
The  water  gladiole  is  of  the  genus  Butomus,  or  flow- 
ering rush,  and  also  of  the  genus  Lobelia,  or  cardinal 
flower.  Ctjc.    Earn,  of  Plants. 

GLAD'LY,  adv.  [See  Glad.]  With  pleasure  ;  joyful- 
ly ;  cheerfully. 

Tlie  common  people  heard  him  gladly.  —  Mark  xii. 

GLAD'NESS,  7t.  [See  Glad.]  Joy,  or  a  moderate  de- 
gree of  joy  and  exhilaration ;  pleasure  of  inind ;  cheer- 
fulness. 

They  did  eat  their  meixt  widi  gladness  and  singleness  of  heart.  — 
Acts  ii. 

[Glatlness  is  rarely  or  never  equivalent  to  mirth, 
merriment,  gayety,  and  triumph,  and  it  usually  ex- 
presses less  than  delight.     It  sometimes  expresses 
great  joy.    Esther  viii.  ix.] 
GLAD'SHIP,  71.    State  of  gladness.    [JVo(  used.] 

Oower. 

GLAD'SOME,  (-sum,)  a.    Pleased  ;  joyful ;  cheerful. 

Spenser. 

2.  Causing  joy,  pleasure,  or  cheerfulness  ;  having 
the  appearance  of  gayety  ;  pletusing. 

Of  opening  heaven  they  sung,  and  gladsome  day.  Prior. 

GLAD'SOiME-LY,  ada  With  joy ;  with  pleasure  of 
mind. 

GLAD'SOME-NESS,  n.   Joy,  or  moderate  joy  ;  pleas- 
ure of  mind. 
2.  Sliowiness.  Johnson. 

GLAD'WIN,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Iris. 

Earn,  of  Plants. 

GLAIR,  7!.  [Fr.  glaire.  In  Sax.  glipre  is  amber,  or 
any  thing  transparent.  This  coincides  with  W.  eg- 
lur.  Eng.  clear,  L.  clarus,  and  with  Eng.  glare,  and 
L.  gloria  ;  perhaps  with  L.  glarea,  gravel,  or  pieces  of 
quartz.] 

1.  The  white  of  an  egg.  It  is  used  as  a  varnish 
for  preserving  paintings.  Encyc. 

2.  Any  viscous,  transparent  substance,  resembling 
the  white  of  an  egg. 

3.  A  kind  of  lialberd.  Diet. 
GLaIR,  1).  (.    To  smear  with  the  white  of  an  egg;  to 

varnish. 

GLaIR'£D,  pp.    Smeared  with  the  white  of  an  egg. 
GLAIR'Y,  a.    Like  glair,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

Eleining. 

GLAIVE.  SeeGLAVE. 

GLA'iMOUR,  71.  Witchery,  or  a  charm  on  the  eyes, 
making  them  see  things  iliflerenlly  from  what  they 
really  are.  [ScottUh.] 

It  had  much  of  glamour  might 
To  make  a  lady  seem  n  kni^lit. 

ScotCs  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel, 

GLANCE,  71.  [G.  glanz,  a  ray,  a  beam,  or  shoot,  of 
light,  splendor;  D.  gUins;  Dan.  glands;  Sw.  glans. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  shtiot,  tf>  throw,  to  dart.] 

1.  A  sudden  shoot  of  light  or  splendtir.  Milton, 

2.  A  shoot  or  darting  of  sight ;  a  rapid  or  moment- 
ary view  or  cast;  a  snatch  of  sight;  as,  a  sudden 
glance  ;  a  glance  of  th(;  eye.  Dryden,  IVatts, 

GL.\NCE,  V,  i.  To  shoot  or  dart  a  ray  of  light  or  sjilen- 
dor. 

When  through  the  plooni  die  glanring  lightnings  fly.  Jlowe, 

2.  To  fly  olf  in  an  oblique  direction  ;  to  dart  aside. 
The  arrow  struck  the  shield  and  glanced.  So  we  say, 
a  glancing  ball  or  shot. 

3.  'I'o  look  with  a  sudden,  rapid  cast  of  the  eye  ; 
to  sn.itch  a  momentary  or  hasty  view. 

Then  sit  atrain,  and  sigh  and  glance.  Suckling. 

4.  To  hint  ;  to  cast  a  word  or  reflection  ;  as,  to 
glance  at  a  difrcrent  subject. 

."i.  To  ri  iisnre  by  obliipic  hints.  .<f/ia/i. 
GL.\N('E,  V.  I.    To  shoot  or  dart  suddenly  or  obliiiue- 
ly  ;  to  cast  for  a  moment ;  as,  to  glance  the  eye. 

GLA  NCE,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  darker-colored,  me- 
tallic sulplnirets.  Dana. 

GLANCE'-COAL,  71.  Anthracite  ;  a  mineral  composed 
cl'iedy  of  carbon.    [See  ANTiiRAriTE.]  Cije. 

GLAN'CED,  (glsnst,)  p;7.    Shot  or  darted  suddenly.  I 


I  GLAN'CING,  ppr.  Shooting  ;  darting  ;  casting  sud- 
denly ;  flying  off  obliquely. 

GI.AN'CING-LY,  adv.  By  glancing  ;  in  a  glancing 
manner;  transiently.  Hakewill. 

GLAND,  71.  [L.  glans,  a  nut;  glandiila,  a  gland  ;  Fr. 
glande.    Qu.  Gr.  fiuXiivoi,  with  a  dilTerent  prefix.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  soft,  fleshy  organ,  in  some  cases 
extremely  minute,  and  in  others  large  like  the  liver 
There  are  two  classes  of  glands,  one  for  the  modifi- 
cation of  the  fluids  which  pass  through  them,  as  the 
mesenteric  and  lymphatic  glands  ;  and  the  other  for 
the  secretion  of  fluitls  whicli  are  either  useful  in  the 
animal  economy,  or  require  to  be  rejected  from  the 
body.  Tally. 

2.  In  botany,  a  gland,  or  glandule,  is  an  excretory 
or  secretcrv  duct  or  vessel  in  a  plant.  Glands  are 
found  on  itie  leaves,  petioles,  peduncles,  and  stipules. 

J\lartiin. 

GLAND'ER-ED,  a.   Affected  with  glanders.  Berkeley. 

GLAND'ERS,  7i.  [from  gland.]  In  furriery,  a  conta- 
gious and  very  destructive  disease  of  the  mucous 
membrane  in  horses,  characterized  by  a  constant 
discharge  of  sticky  matter  from  the  nose,  and  an 
enlargement  and  induration  of  the  glands  beneath 
and  within  the  lower  jaw.  Gardner. 

GLAN-DIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.glandifer ;  glans,  an  acorn, 
and  fcro,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  acorns,  or  other  nuts;  producing  nuts  or 
mast.  The  beech  and  the  oak  are  glandiferous 
trees. 

GLAND'I-FORM,  a.    [L.  glans  and  fojma,  form.] 
In  the  shape  of  a  gland,  or  nut;  resembling  a 
gland. 

GLAND'l{-LAR,  a.    Containing  glands  ;  consisting  of 

glands  ;  pertaining  to  glands. 
2.  In  botany,  covered  with  hairs  bearing  glands  on 

their  tips.  Lindley. 
GLAND-U-LA'TION,  7i.    In  botany,  the  situation  and 

structure  of  the  secretory  vessels  in  plants.  Martyn. 

Glxindulation  respects  the  secretory  vessels,  which  are  either 
glandules,  follicles,  or  utricles.  Lee. 

GLAND'IJLE,  *.    [L.  glandula.] 

A  small  gland  or  secreting  vessel. 
GLAND-li-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  glandula  and/cro,  to 
bear.] 

Bearing  glands.  Lee. 

GLAND-U-LOS'I-TY,  71.  A  collection  of  glands.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Brown. 

GL A  N  I)'  U-LOUS,  a.    [L.  glandulosus.] 

Containing  glands;  consisting  of  glands;  pertain- 
ing to  glands  ;  resembling  glantls. 

GLANS,  71.  [See  Gland.]  The  nut  of  the  penis ;  an 
acorn;  a  pessary  ;  a  strumous  swelling.  Core. 

GLARE,  71.  [Dan.  o-/«r,  Ice.  nrJer,  glass.  It  coincides 
with  clear,  glory,  glair,  which  see.] 

1.  A  bright,  dazzling  light;  clear,  brilliant  luster 
or  splendor,  that  dazzles  the  eyes. 

The  frame  of  burnished  steel  that  cast  a  glare.  Dnjden. 

2.  A  fierce,  piercing  look. 

About  them  round, 
A  lion  now  he  suilks  wiUi  fiery  glare.  Milton. 

3.  A  viscous,  transparent  substance.  [See  Glaik.] 
GLARE,  V.  i.   To  shine  with  a  clear,  bright,  dazzling 

light ;  as,  glaring  light. 

The  cavern  glares  with  new  admitted  light.  Dryden. 

2.  To  look  with  fierce,  piercing  eyes. 

They  glared,  like  angry  lions.  Dryden. 

3.  To  shine  with  excessive  luster ;  to  be  ostenta- 
tiously splendid  ;  as,  a  glaring  dress.  Milton. 

She  glares  ui  halls,  front  boxes,  and  the  ring.  P,:pe. 

GLARE,  r.  t.    To  shoot  a  dazzling  light. 
(;LAR'EI),  pp.    Shot  with  a  fierce  or  dazzling  light. 
GLAR'E-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  n-iairfiii.    See  Glaib.] 

Resembling  the  white  of  an  egg  ;  viscous  and 
transparent  or  white. 
GLAR'I-NESS,      )  7i.    A  dazzling  luster  or  brillian- 
GLAR'lNG-NEt^S,  i  cv. 

GLAR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Emitting  a  clear  and  brilliant 
light ;  shining  with  dazzling  luster. 

2.  a.  Clear ;  notorious  ;  open  and  bold  ;  barefaced ; 
as,  a  glaring  crime. 

GLAR'ING-LY,  ai/i'.   Openly  ;  clearly  ;  notoriously. 

GLAR'Y,  a.    Of  a  brilliant,  dazzling  luster. 

GLASS,  71.  [Sax.  gUs ;  Sw.  Dan.  G.  ami  I),  glas;  so 
named  from  its  color  ;  W.  gills,  I'nim  Md-s  blue,  azure,  | 
green,  fresh,  pale  ;  glasu,  to  make  blue,  to  become  i 
green  or  verdant,  to  grow  pale,  to  tlawn  ;  glaslys, 
woad,  L.  glaslum  ;  glrsid,  blueness.  Tacitus,  de 
Mor.  Ger.  4.'),  mentions  glesum,  amber  collected  in 
the  Baltic,  probably  tht^  same  word,  and  so  named 
from  its  clearness.  Greenness  is  usually  named 
from  vegetation  or  growing,  as  L.  viridis,  from  i)i- 
reo.] 

1.  A  hard,  brittle,  transparent,  factitious  substance, 
formeil  by  fusing  sami  with  fixed  alkalies.  Encyc. 

A  deliriiti'  rompunntl  of  silicic  ni  id  anil  potassa  or 
Bodii.  The  pure  silicates  of  potassa  and  soda  lire 
soluble  in  water  ;  but  by  the  ciinjunction  of  a  siliciito 
of  lime,  niagni  sin,  aluiniiia,  or  any  other  earth,  it 
becomes  insoluble  in  water. 

In  c/i™ii.«r!/,  a  substance  or  mixture,  earthy,  saline, 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


R04 


GLA 


GLE 


GLI 


or  metallic,  brought  by  fusion  to  the  state  of  a  hard, 
brittle,  trans|);uviit  ma-is,  w  hose  fracture  is  conchuid- 
a .  ^Uiia. 

2.  A  small  driiiking-vessel  of  glass. 

3.  A  mirror ;  a  lookinj-glaJs. 

4.  A  vessel  to  be  filliMl  with  sand  for  measuring 
time;  as,  an  hoiir-i'/a.-«-,-{. 

5.  i'liu  destined  time  of  man's  life.  Ilis  glass  is 
run. 

li.  Tlio  quantity  of  liquor  that  a  glass  vessel  con- 
tains.   Drink  a  i'/a-s  of  wine  with  me. 
7.  A  vessel  that  shows  the  weight  of  the  air. 

Taller. 

S.  ,\  lens  or  optical  instrument  through  which  an 
object  is  viewed  ;  as,  an  o|)tic-i,'/<!.w.  Mltun. 

9.  The  time  which  a  gla.-:s  runs,  or  in  which  it  is 
exhausted  of  sand.  The  seamrn's  icatcli-ijlass  is  half 
an  hour.    We  say,  a  ship  fought  three  glasses. 

Id.  Gtusses,  in  the  plural ;  spectacles. 
GI.XS3,  a.    Made  of  glass ;  vitreous ;  as,  a  5'/a.ts  bot- 
tle. 

GL.KSS,  c.  t.   To  sec,  as  in  a  glass.    [JVot  useJ.] 

Siilneij. 

2.  To  case  in  glass.    [Little  rt-iej.]  Sluik. 

3.  To  cover  with  glass  ;  to  glaze.  Bmjie. 
[In  the  latter  sense.  Glaze  is  generally  used.] 

GLXSS'-ltLoW-Ell,  n.  One  whose  business  is  to 
blow  and  fashion  glass. 

GL.X.SS'-eO.\CII,  n.  In  England,  a  coarh  superior  to 
a  hackney-coach,  hired  for  the  day,  or  any  short  pe- 
riod, as  a  private  carriage,  so  calltnl  heiause  original- 
ly private  carriages  alone  had  glass  windows. 

Smart. 

GL.^SS'-FAC-ED,  (-fast,)  a.  By  a  glass-faced  flatterer, 
in  Sliakspe.are,  is  meant,  one  who  gives  back,  in  his 
looks,  the  looks  of  his  patron.  JuknsDn. 

GLXSS'FIJL,  n.    As  much  as  a  glass  holds. 

GLXS.S'-FL'K-N'ACE,  n.  A  furnace  in  which  the  ma- 
terials of  glass  are  melted.  Cije. 

GL.Kt^SVGA/C-I.N'G,  a.  .Addicted  to  viewing  one's  self 
in  a  glass  tjr  mirror  ;  finical.  S/tak. 

GL.tSS'-GRIXU-EIl,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
grind  and  polish  glass.  Boyle. 

GLXSS'-HOUtSE,  «.   A  house  where  glass  is  made. 

.Addison. 

GLXSS'I-LY,  ado.    So  as  to  resemble  gl.ass. 
GLXSS'I-.NEff ,  n.    The  quality  of  being  glassy  or 

smooth  ;  a  vitreous  appearance. 
GL.^SS'-LtKE,  a.    Resembling  gl.-\ss. 
GLXSS'-MA.\,  11.    Olio  who  sells  glass.  Stoijl. 
"GLXSa  MET-^L,  (-met-1,)  n.    Glass  in  fusion. 

Batde. 

GL.KSS'-POT,  71.  A  vessel  used  for  melting  glass  in 
manufactories.  Cyc. 

GI.XSS'-WfiRK,  (-wurk,)  n.    Manufacture  of  glass. 

GL.\SS'-VVORKS,  n.  pL  The  place  or  buildings  where 
gla.ss  is  made. 

gCxSS'WORT,  n.  A  plant,  the  popular  name  of 
some  species  of  Salicarnia,  yielding  a  large  quantity 
of  soda,  which  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass. 
The  jointed  glasswort,  Salicornia  herbacca,  is  often 
eaten  as  a  salad,  or  pickle,  under  the  name  of  marsli- 
sainphirc.  P.  Cyc. 

GLXSS'Y,  a.  Made  of  glass  ;  vitreous  ;  as,  a  glassy 
substance.  Bacon. 

2.  Resembling  glass  in  its  properties,  as  in  smooth- 
ness, briltleness,  or  transparency  ;  as,  a  glassy 
stream  ;  a  glassy  surface ;  the  glassy  deep. 

Sfuik.  Drydcn. 

GLAS'T0\-nU-RY-THORN,  (gl.as'n-ber-r)-)  n.  A 
variety  of  the  common  hawthorn.  Loudon. 

GLAUU'ER  t TE,  n.  A  slightly  soluble  mineral  con- 
sisting of  sulphate  of  soda  and  sulphate  of  lime.  It 
occurs  in  flattened,  obliipie  crystals,  somewhat  gLi-ssy 
ill  appt-arance,  and  of  a  yellowish  or  grayish  culur. 
This  mineral  has  been  met  with  only  in  salt-mines. 

Dana. 

GLAITB'ER'S-SALT,  n.   [from  Glauber,  a  German 
chemist,  who  discovered  it.] 
Sulphate  of  soda,  a  well-known  cathartic. 
GLAU-eO'.MA,  n.    [Gr.1    A  disease  in  the  eye,  in 
which  the  cr}'stalline  nuinor  becomes  of  a  bluish 
or  greenish  color,  and  its  transparency  is  dimin- 
ished. Encyc. 
.\n  opacity  of  the  vitreous  humor.  Hooper. 
According  to  Sh.arp,  the  glaucoma  of  the  Greeks  is 
the  same  as  the  cataract:  and  according  to  St.  Yves 
and  others,  it  is  a  cataract  with  amaurosis.  Parr. 

Dimness  or  abolition  of  sight  from  opacity  of  the 
liuiiiors.  ./.  J\[.  Oood. 

"  Glaucoma  consists  in  a  change  of  structure  in  the 
vitreous  humor." 

"  .\rthritic  inflammation  of  the  internal  tunics  of 
Hie  eye  (an  inflainm.ition  coiuinencing  in  pans  most 
essential  to  the  function  of  visiion,  in  the  retina,  in 
the  vitreous  humor,  and  prob.ably  involving  the  cho- 
roid coat)  has  sometimes  been  called  acute  glaucoma, 
this  term  being  derived  from  the  greeni«h  appearance 
of  the  eye.  It  has  been  called  glaucoma  from  another 
pyiiiptoui,  which  takes  place  where,  without  any  en- 
l.ir.'eiiieiit  of  the  vessels,  wiihout  anv  very  severe 
pain  or  absolute  evtinclioii  of  vision  in  the  first  place, 
the  pupil  exhibits  the  same  greenish  discidoraiion,  a 
dLs.uiloration  which  obviously  does  not  depend  on  a 


change  in  the  crystalline  lens  ;  for  it  is  more  deeply 
seated  ;  it  occupies  the  fundus  of  the  eye  and  you 
can  only  see  it  by  looking  at  it  when  you  .^re  stand- 
ing direotly  before  the  patient,  not  by  looking  at  tne 
eye  sidew.ay.s.  This  is  called  glaucoma  simply  ;  and 
it  appears  to  nie  to  be  a  chronic  form  of  the  same  af- 
fecticui  as  that  to  which  the  term  acute  glaucoma  is 
given.  This  chronic  form  of  glaucoma  is  important 
to  be  observed ;  for  it  is  liable  to  be  confounded  with 
cataract."  Lawrence,  Lectures  on  Sur^feri/. 

GLAU-eO'.MA-TOUS,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  giau- 
coina.  P.  Cyc. 

GLAU'eON-ITE,  n.  An  argillaceous  marl,  sometimes 
containing  a  mi.xture  of  green  sand.  Mantetl. 

GLAU'eOUS,  a.    [L.  glaucus.] 

1.  Of  a  sea-green  color;  of  a  dull-green  passing  into 
grayish-blue.  Lindlcy. 

2.  In  botany,  covered  with  a  fine  bloom  of  the  color 
of  a  cabbage-leaf.  Lindhy. 

GL.A  VE,  ».  [Fr.  glaive;  W.  glair,  a  billliook,  a  crook- 
ed sword,  a  cimeter ;  .\rm.  glai/.] 

A  broadsword  ;  a  falchion.    [.Yut  u^-rd.] 

Fairfax.  Hadibras. 
GLAV'EU,  V.  i.    [W.glarru,  to  flatter  ;  glao,  siuiie- 
thing  smooth  or  shining;  L.  glaber,  Uirvis,  or  lubri- 
cus  :  Eng.  glib.] 

'I'o  flatter  ;  to  wheedle.    [LitUc  used  and  vulgar.] 

Estrange. 

GT,\V'ER-ER,  II.    A  flatterer.  [Supra.] 
GLAY'.MORE,  n.    [(;,ael.  claidhamh  and  more] 

A  large,  two-handed  sword,  formerly  used  by  the 

Highlanders.  Johnson. 
GLA^^E,  V.  t.  [from  glass.]  To  furnish  with  windows 

of  glass  ;  as,  to  glaze  a  house. 

2.  To  incrust  with  a  vitreous  substance,  the  basis 
of  which  is  lead,  but  combined  with  sile.T,  pearlashes, 
and  common  salt ;  as,  to  glaze  earthenware. 

3.  To  cover  with  anything  smooth  and  shining; 
or  to  render  the  exterior  of  a  thing  smooth,  bright, 
and  showy. 

Tiioujh  wilh  olhcr  oniamculB  he  may  glaze  and  bramlish  the 
weapons.  Crew. 

4.  To  give  a  smooth  or  glassy  surface  ;  as,  to  glaze 
gunpowder ;  to  make  glossy  ;  as,  to  glaze  cloth. 

GLAZE,  n.  The  vitreous  coating  or  glazing  of  pot- 
tej's  ware.  Ure. 

GLAZ'iSD,  jtp.  or  a.  Fimiished  with  gl.ass  windows  ; 
incrusted  with  a  substance  resembling  glass;  ren- 
dered smooth  and  shining. 

GLA'ZK.X,  a.    Resembling  glass.  Wiclif. 

GL.yZKN-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Glazed. 

GLa'ZIER,  (gli'zhur,)  n.  [from  glaze  or  glass.]  One 
whose  business  is  to  set  window-glass,  or  to  fi  x  panes 
of  glass  to  the  sashes  of  windows,  to  pictures,  &.c. 

Mozon. 

GL.^Z'IXG,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  window-glass. 

2.  Crusting  with  a  vitreous  substance,  as  potter's 
ware. 

3.  Giving  a  smootli,  glossy,  shining  surface,  as  to 
cloth. 

GLAZ'ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  .setting  glass  ;  the  art 
of  crusting  with  a  vitreous  substance. 

2.  The  vitreous  substance  with  which  potter's 
ware  is  incrusted. 

3.  Any  factitious,  shining  exterior. 

4.  In  painting,  transparent,  or  semi-transparent, 
colors  passed  thinly  over  other  colors,  to  modify 
the  eflTect.  Jocclyn. 

GLk.VM,  n.  [Sax.  gleam,  or  glam,  properly  a  shoot  of 
light,  coinciding  with  glimmer,  glimpse,  Ir.  laom,  (per- 
haps L.  jlamma.)  The  radical  sense  is,  to  throw,  to 
shoot,  or  dart ;  and  it  may  be  of  the  same  family  as 
clamo,  clamor,  a  shoot  of  the  voice,  and  W.  Uum,  It. 

learn,  a  leap,  Ar.  ^*^>  Class  Lra,  No.  8.] 

1.  A  shoot  of  light ;  a  be.am  ;  a  ray ;  a  sm.ill  stream 
of  light.  A  gleam  of  dawning  light;  metaphorically, 
a  gleam  of  hope. 

2.  Brightness  ;  splendor. 

In  the  clear  aiure  gtcam  the  floda  are  KCn.  Pope. 

GLK.VM,  V.  L  To  shoot,  or  dart,  as  ray3  of  light  At 
the  dawn,  light  gleams  in  the  east. 

2.  To  shine  ;  to  cast  light.  Thomson. 

3.  To  flash  ;  to  spread  a  flood  of  light.  [Less  com- 
mon.] 

4.  Among  falconers,  to  disgorge  filth,  as  a  hawk. 

Encve. 

GLEAM'ING,  ppr.    Shooting,  as  rays  of  light;  sliin- 
GLCAM'l.NG,  n.    A  shoi>t  or  shooting  of  light,  [iiig. 
GLk.A.M'Y,  a.   Darting  beams  of  light;  casting  light 
in  rays. 

In  brurn  arms,  th.at  cajt  .1  gleamy  nr, 

Swill  ihiouj^li  the  town  thovworrior  beudt  his  vrAj.  Pope. 

GLk.\N,  r.  t.  [Fr.  glaner,  to  glean  ;  gtanc,  a  handful 
or  cluster.    In  VV.  gl&n  is  clean.] 

1.  To  gathi  r  the  stalks  and  ears  of  grain  which 
rea|)crs  leave  behind  them. 

Let  me  no*  jju  to  tin  fioM,  and  glean  e.\™  of  crn.  —  ItuJi  ii. 

2.  To  collect  tilings  thinly  scattered  ;  to  gather 
what  is  loft  in  small  parcels  or  numbers,  or  what 


U  found  in  detached  [larcels  ;  ok,  to  glean  a  few  luu 
sages  from  an  author. 

'i'he/  gletintd  of  them  in  the  bighwayi  five  thousind  ineo.  — 
Judg<?»  XX. 

GLicAX,  r.  L  To  gatlicr  stalks  or  cars  of  grttin  left  by 
reapers.  — 
And  ihe  went,  nnd  r.une  and  gleaned  in  the  field  after  Uie 
r;A]v;rd.  —  Itulii  ii. 

GLk.\N,  n.    A  collection  made  by  gleaning,  or  by 

gathering  here  and  there  a  little. 

Tlic  gleant  of  yellow  tliyme  di»leiul  \m  tliij;h«.  Vrydtn. 
GLkA.N'KI),         Gathered  after  reapers;  collected 

from  small,  detached  parcels ;  as,  grain  gleaned  from 

the  fi.1,1. 

2.  ("leared  of  what  is  left  ;  as,  the  field  is  gleaned. 

3.  Having  sulTered  a  gleaning.  The  public  prints 
h.^vr  been  gleaned. 

GLi;.\.\'ER,  «.    One  who  gathers  after  reapers. 

2.  Oin'  who  collects  detached  parts  or  numbers,  or 

w^io  gathers  slowly  with  labor.  Locke. 
GLkA\'I.\G,  p/ir.    G.atlK'riiig  what  reapers  leave; 

collecting  in  small,  detached  parcels. 
GLii.\N'l.\'G,  n.    'J'he  art  of  gathering  after  reapers. 

2.  That  which  is  collected  by  gleaning. 
GLEBE,  71.         glcha,  3.  clod  or  lump  of  earth  ;  Fr. 

glebe,  land,  ground  ;  probably  from  collecting,  as  in 

globe,  club.] 

1.  Turf;  soil ;  ground. 

Till  the  glad  aummons  of  a  genbl  ray 

Unlanda  the  glebe.  Gar'Jt. 

2.  The  land  belonging  to  a  parish  church  or  eccle- 
siastical benefice.  Spelman,  Encyc. 

3.  A  crystal.    [Obs.]  .^rbuthnoL 

4.  .Among  Tniiier.*,  a  piece  of  earth  in  which  is  con- 
tained some  ininenil  ore.  Encye. 

GLkBE'LESS,  n.    Without  a  glebe. 

GLi-.li'OUS,  a.    Gleby  ;  turfy.  Diet 

GI,Ij;.n'Y,  «.    Turfy;  cloddy. 

GLlcUE,  71.    [Sa.x.  glida,  from  glidan,  to  glide  ;  Sw. 

glada.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  rnpacious  kind,  the  kite,  a  species 
of  Falco.  The  word  is  used  in  Deut.  xiv.  13 ;  but 
the  same  Hebrew  word,  Lev.  ^i.  14,  is  rendered  a 

vulture. 

2.  A  glowing  co.al.    [Obs.']  Toone. 
GLEE,  H.    [Sax.  glie,  from  glig,  gl'gS,  sport,  music] 

1.  Joy;  merriiii;  nt  ;  mirth;  gayety  ;  p.articularly, 
the  mirth  enjoyed  at  a  feast.  Spenser. 

2.  In  music,  a  com(msition  for  voices  in  three  or 
more  parts.  Brande. 

^.  jincicK/Zv,  music  or  minstrelsy  generally.  [Ofts.] 
GLEED,  71.    [Sax.  i'/«/.]  [Toone. 

A  glowing  coal.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
GLEE'FIJL,  <i.    .Merry  ;  gay  ;  joyous.  Shak. 
GLEEK,  71.     [See  Glee.]     Music,  or  a  musician. 
[Obs.\  Shak. 
2.  A  scotT;  a  game  at  cards.  [OSi.] 
GLEEK,  V.  i.    To  make  sport  of;  to  gibe  ;  to  sneer  ;  to 

spend  time  idly.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
GLEE'.M.AN,  n.    Among  the  Saxons,  an  itinerant  min- 
strel or  musici.an.    [Obs.]  Brande. 
GLEEN,  r.  i.    [W.  glan,  clean,  pure,  holy,  bright, 
glciniair,  to  purify,  to  brighten  ;  Ir.  "/an.] 

'I'o  shine  ;  to  glisten.    [JVot  used.]  Prior. 
GLEE'SO.ME  (glee'sum,)  a.    .Merry  ;  joyous.  [Obs.] 
GLEET,  71.    [From  Sax.  glidan,  to  glide,  or  hlyltrian, 
to  melt ;  Ice.  glut.] 

The  flux  of  a  thin  humor  from  the  urethra  :  a  thin 
ichor  running  from  a  sore.  Encyc.  IViseman. 

GLEET,  V.  u    To  How  in  a  thin,  limpid  humor ;  to 
ooze.  JViseman. 
2.  To  flow  slowly,  as  water.  Chcyne. 
GLEET' Y,  o.    Ichorous;  thin  ;  limpid. 
GLEN,  71.    [W.  glyn,  a  valley  in  which  a  river  flows, 
as  if  from  i/»h,  liipior,  w.ater  ;  Sax.  ^'(cti  ;  Ir.  glean.] 
A  valley  ;  a  dale  ;  a  depression  or  space  between 
GLe'NE,  71.    [Gr.  >^X7,if,.]  [hills. 
In  anatomy,  the  cavity  or  socket  of  the  eye,  and 
the  pupil ;  any  slight  depression  or  cavity  receiving 
a  hone  in  articulation.  Parr.  Cyc. 

GLE'iVOID,  a.  A  term  applied  to  some  articulate  r.av- 

ities  of  bones.  Forsyth. 
GLEW.    See  Glue 

GLI'.\-DI.\  E,  (gli'n-din,)  ii.    [Gr.  yXin,  Eliie.J 

A  peculiar  substance  obtained  from  gluten,  a  slight- 
ly transparent,  brittle  substance,  of  a  straw  yellow 
color,  having  a  slight  smell  similar  to  that  ol  jioney- 
coiub.  Ure. 

Berzelius  has  decided  that  gliadine  is  nothing  but 
pure  gluten. 

GLin,  a.  [D.  glibberen,  glippen,  to  slide;  glibberig, 
glib,  slipiK'ry  ;  W.  llipyr ;  L.  glaber,  smooth  :  labor, 
to  slide.  This  word  cont.ains  the  elements  of  <li;7. 
Qu.  L.  »'/ii*o,  Gr.  iXi<4o).    Class  Lb,  No.  27,  37.] 

1.  Smooth ;  slippery  ;  admitting  a  body  to  slide 
easily  on  the  surface  ;  as,  ice  is  glib. 

2.  Smooth  ;  voluble  ;  easdy  moving ;  as,  a  ^li't 
tongue. 

GLIB,  n.  A  thick,  curled  bush  of  hair,  hanging  down 
over  the  eyes.    [.Vut  in  use.]  Spenser 

GLIB,  r.  ^    To  castrate,  [(^u.  to  make  smooth,  f-'uio, 
yXvil><o.]  Snak. 
2.  To  moke  smooth.  Bp.  Halt. 


TONE,  BliLL,  tJNITE.— AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.— C  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


64 


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GLO 


GLO 


(JLIB'LY,  adv.  Smoothly  ;  volubly  ;  as,  to  slide  glib- 
ly ;  to  speak  glibly. 

GLIC'NKSS,  n.    l^niootUiicss ;  slippcriness  ;  as,  a  pol 
islieil.  ice-like  glibucss.  Chapman. 
U.  Volubility  of  the  tcngiic.    Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

GLIUKES,  n.  p/.    Ogling  or  leering  looks.    B.  Joiuim. 

GLIDE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  gUilan  ;  G.  {rintcn  ;  D.  gbjdcn  ;  Dan. 
glider.  Qn.  Fr.  irlis.'cr,  m  a  iljfl'erent  dialect.  It  has 
the  elemfiits  of  shdr,  as  glib  has  of 

1.  To  flow  gently;  to  move  without  noise  or  vio- 
lence ;  as  a  river. 

By  east,  amon^  the  diisly  valleys  g^ide 

Tlie  silver  slreaiiis  of  Jortlau's  cryslal  flood.  Fair/ax. 
y.  To  move  silently  and  smoothly ;  to  pass  along 
without  apparent  eflbrt ;  as,  a  hawk  or  an  eagle  glid- 
ing through  the  air. 

3.  To  move  or  pass  rapidly,  and  with  apparent 
ease  ;  as,  a  ship  glide:;  through  the  water. 

4.  In  a  general  .se/iic,  to  move  or  slip  along  with 
ease,  as  on  a  smooth  surface;  or  to  pass  along  ra[>- 
iJly,  without  api)arent  etlbrt,  and  without  obstruc- 
tion. 

GLIDE,  n.  The  act  or  manner  of  moving  smoothly, 
swiftlv,  and  without  labor  or  obstruction.  Sliak. 

GLiD'EK,  71.    He  or  that  which  glides.  S/iniser. 

GLlD'IXG,  ppr.  Passing  .along  gently  and  smoothly; 
moving  rapidly,  or  with  ease. 

GLID'l.\G-LY,"aii(i.  In  a  smooth,  flowing,  rapid  man- 
ner. 

GLIFF,  n.    A  transient  glance. 

2.  A  sudden  fright.  [Scottish.] 
GLIKE,  n.    [Sax.  gUg.] 

A  sneer  ;  a  scolf ;  a  fl.iut.  Shak. 
GLIM,  n.    [glimmer.]    A  liglit  or  candle.  Tliompson. 
[Still  used  among  sailors  i  (Ui,  douse  the  glims,  i.  c, 
put  out  the  lights.] 
GLIM'iMEll, r.  i.    [G.  glimmen,  glimmern,  to  gleam,  to 
glimmer;  D.  glimmen;  Sw.  glimma;  Dan.  glimrer ; 
Ir.  laom^  tlame.] 

1.  To  shoot  feeble  or  scattered  rays  of  light ;  as, 
the  glimmering  dawn  ;  a  glimmering  lamp. 

When  rosy  inoriiitig  glimmered  o'er  tiie  dales.  Pope. 
Tlie  vvesl  yet  glX'nmers  Willi  some  strealis  of  day.  Uliak. 

2.  To  shine  faintly ;  to  give  a  feeble  light. 

Mild  evening  gli?nmered  on  Uie  lawn.  TrwnbuU. 

GLI.M'MER,  7!.    A  faint  light;  feehle,  scattered  rays 
of  light. 
9.  See  Mica. 

GLIM'MEU-I.VG,  ppr.  cm.    Shining  faintly  ;  shooting 

feeble,  scattered  rays  of  light. 
GLl.M'.MEll-lNG,  n.    A  faint  beaming  of  light.  . 

2.  ,\  faint  view. 
GLIMPSE,  ^gli]ns,)  n.    [D.  glimp,  fwm  glimmen.] 

1.  A  weak,  faint  light. 

Such  vast  room  in  nature, 
Only  to  shine,  yet  s&irce  lo  contribute 

L;u;li  orb  a  glimpse  of  lif  lit.  MUton. 

2.  .\  flash  of  light ;  as,  the  lightning's  glimpse. 

MUton, 

3.  Transient  luster. 

One  glimpse  of  glory  to  rny  issue  give.  Dnjden. 

4.  A  short,  transitory  view.  lie  saw  at  a  glimpse 
the  design  of  the  enemy. 

5.  Short,  fleeting  enjoj  incnt ;  as,  a  glimpse  of  de- 
light. Prior. 

iS.  Exhibition  of  a  faint  resemblance.  Sliak. 
GLtMl'."^E,  J),  i.  To  appear  by  glimpses.  Drayton. 
GL1S'S.\,  n.  A  fish  of  the  tunny  kind,  without  scales. 

Diet.  JVat.  llisU 
GLIST,  71.  [f rota  glisten.]  Glimmer ;  mica.  [See  Glim- 
mer.] 

GL!S'T£N,  (glls'n,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  gllsnian  ;  G.  gleissen. 
This  word  and  glitter  are  probably  dialectical  forms 
of  the  same  word.  In  Irish,  lasadh,  lasaim,  is  to 
burn,  to  light;  Dan.  hjser,  Sw.  lijsa,  to  shine  ;  Uiiss. 
ubhstaya.  In  VV.  llalJiru  is  to  make  smooth  and  glos- 
sy, to  polish,  to  glitter.  Uu.  Ueb.  tf  Sj,  to  shine,  L. 
glLtcOf  Eng.  gloss.] 

To  shine  ;  to  sparkle  with  light ;  as,  the  glistening 
sUita. 

The  ladles*  eyes  gliulened  with  pl.*asiire.  Richardson. 

GLIS'TK.\-/sD,  pp.    Shone;  sparkled. 

GLIS'T/;\-ING,  jipr. ora.  Shining;  sparkling ;  emit- 
ting ravs  of  light. 

GI.IS' TfcU,  r.  i.  [See  Glisten.]  To  shine  ;  to  be 
bright ;  to  sparkle  ;  to  be  brilli:int. 

All  tliiit  gliturt  is  not  gold.  SlMk. 

GLIS'TER,  n.    Glitter  ;  luster. 

3,  Bee  ('i./stkr. 
GLIS'TEll-INc;,  ppr.  or  a.    Shining;  sparkling  with 
light. 

GLIS'TF.R-ING-LY,  «</».    With  shining  luster. 
GMT'TER,  I).  I,     [6ux.  glitcnan;  Kw.  gliUra.  See 
Gi.I9Ti::h,  j 

1.  To  (diinc  ;  lo  oparkle  with  light;  lo  gleam;  to 
be  Hph:ndid  ;  as,  a  glittering  sword, 

'I'he  Held  yet  y/i((«r«  wilh  tlie  iwn.p  of  war.  Dryiltn. 

9.  To  be  Hliowy,  Hperious,  or  ulriking,  and  henco 
attractive  ;  oji,  tin:  ghiirring  KcfncM  of  a  court. 
GLIT'TEU,  71.    IlrightncHH  ;  brilliancy  ;  splendor  ;  hm- 


ter ;  as,  the  glitter  of  arms ;  the  glitter  of  royal  equi- 
page ;  the  glitter  of  dress. 
GLIT'TEU-.VAD,  ppr.  om.    Spa'kling.  [JVotinuse.] 

Chaucer. 

GLIT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Shining;  splendid;  bril- 
liant. 

GLIT'TER-IXG-LY,  adv.  With  sparkling  luster. 
GLoAM,      f.    To  be  sullen.    [See  Glum.] 
GLOAM'IXG,  71.    Twilight.  [Scottish.] 
2.  Sullenness  ;  melancholy.    [  Obs.} 
GLOAR,  V.  i.    [D.  gluaren,  to  leer.] 

To  squint ;  to  stare.    [  Obs.] 
GLoAT,  n.  i.    [Sw.  glutta,  to  peep.] 

To  look  steadfiistly ;  to  gaze  earnestly,  or  with  ea- 
gerness. Howe. 
GLoAT'ED,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Gloat. 
GLo.^T'ING,  pjir.  or  a.    Gazing  with  earnestness  ; 

looking  steadfastly. 
GLn'IS.MU),  71.    A  £low-worm. 
GLO'BATE,     )      'r,      ,  ^  ,  ^ 
GLo'IiA-TED,  i  i''"'"'"*-] 

Having  the  form  of  a  globe  ;  spherical ;  spheroidal. 
GLOBE,  71.    [L.  globus';  Fr.  globe:  Sp.  and  It.  i,r/u;iii  ; 
Sax.  cleow,  cUwc^  or  cliaw  ;  Eng.  clew.    (See  Clew.) 
Russ.  Idub,  a  ball.] 

1.  A  round  or  sjilierical  solid  body;  a  ball;  a 
sjihere  ;  a  body  whose  surface  is  in  every  part  equi- 
distant from  the  center. 

2.  The  earth  ;  the  terraqueous  ball ;  so  called, 
though  not  porfectly  spherical.     ,  Locke. 

3.  An  artificial  sphere  of  metal,  paper,  or  other 
matter,  on  whose  convex  surface  is  drawn  a  map,  or 
representation  of  the  earth  or  of  the  heavens.  That 
on  which  the  several  oceans,  seas,  continents,  isles, 
and  countries  of  the  earth,  are  represented,  is  called 
a  terrestrial  globe.  That  which  exhibits  a  delineation 
of  the  constellations  in  the  heavens,  is  called  a  celes- 
tial globe. 

4.  A  body  of  soldiers  formed  into  a  circle.  Milton. 
GLoBE,  71.  t.  To  gather  round  or  into  a  circle.  Mdton. 
GLOBE'-AM'A-RAN'TH,  7i.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Gomphrena,  bearing  beautiful  heads  of  red  flowers. 

GLoBE'-AN'I-MAL,  7i.  A  species  of  animalcule,  of 
a  globular  form.  Eneyc. 

GLoBE'-DaI-SY,  n.  A  plant  or  flower  of  the  genus 
Globularia.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

GLoBE'-FISH,  71.  A  fish  of  a  globular  shape,  belong- 
ing lo  the  genus  Diodon.       .Johnson.  Partington. 

GLoBE'-FLbW-ER,  7i.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Trol- 
lius,  bearing  handsome  globular  flowers,     P.  Cyc. 

GLoBE'-RA-NUN'eU-LUS,  7i.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
hellebore  ;  Hellcborus  ranunculinus  ;  assigned  by  some 
botanists  lo  the  genus  Trollius.  Booth. 

GLoBE'-THlS'TLE,  (-this'sl,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Echinops.  Eam.  of  Plants. 

GLO-HoSE',  a.    [L.  globosus,  from  globe.] 

Round  ;  spherical  ;  globular.  Milton. 

GLO-HOS'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being  round  ;  sphe- 
ricity. Ray. 

GLo'BOUS,  a.    ['L.  ghbosus.] 

Round  ;  spherical.  Milton. 

GLOB'q-LAR,  a.    \Uom  globe.]    Round  ;  spherical ; 
having  the  form  ot  a  ball  or  sphere ;  as,  globular  at- 
oms. Grew. 
Globular  chart.    See  Chart. 
Globular  projection.    See  Projection. 

GLOB-Ii-LA'Rl-A,  7i.  The  natural-history  name  of  a 
genus  of  plants,  the  species  of  which  grow  in  the 
temperate  and  warm  parts  of  Europe. 

GLOB'Ii-LAU-LY,  ado.  In  a  spherical  form ;  spheri- 
cally. 

GLOB'U-LAR-NESS,7i.  The  quality  of  being  globular. 
GLOB'ULE,  71.    [Fr.  globule ;  L.  globulus,  dun.  of  glo- 
bus.] 

A  little  globe ;  a  small  particle  of  matter,  of  a  spher- 
ical form  ;  a  word  particularly  applied  to  the  red  iiar- 
licles  of  blood  which  swim  in  a  transparent  serum, 
and  may  be  discovered  by  the  microscope. 

i^uincy.    .^rbulhnot.  Eneyc. 

Hailstones  have  opaque  gloljulet  of  snow  iu  their  center. 

Newton, 

GLOB'TJ-LIN,  71.  A  substance  closely  allied  to  albu- 
men, and  forming  the  principal  constituent  of  the 
globules  of  blood.  Graham. 

2.  This  name  has  been  given  also  to  the  green 
globiih  s  lying  among  the  cells  of  cellular  tissue,  and 
io  minute  vesicular  grauulea.  Brande. 

GLOHMI-LOUS,  a.  Round;  globuljir ;  having  the 
form  of  a  small  sphere.  Boyle. 

GLrili'Y,  a.    Round  ;  orbicular.  Sherwood. 

GLoDK,  old  pret.  of  (Jlioe.    (  Obs.] 

(;L0.ME,  n.    [L.  glomus,  a  b.all ;  lleb.  and  Ch.  ohi,  Ar, 

^1  Inmma,  to  wind,  convolve,  or  collect  into  n  mass. 

Class  I,m,  No.  5,  II.  Ou.  its  alliance  to  lump,  clump, 
pluoibum.] 

In  botimu,  a  roundish  head  of  flowers.  Martyn, 
GLOM'KR-A  I  E,  1).  t    [I.,  glomcro,  from  glomus,  su- 
pra.] 

I  o  gather  or  wind  Into  a  ball  ;  to  collect  into  a 
Bphurical  form  or  mass,  as  threads. 


GLOM'ER-ATE,  a.    Growing  in  massive  forms 

.4  glomerate  gland,  is  one  which,  without  luaving 

any  cavity,  discharges  at  once  into  a  duct. 
GLOM'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Gathered  into  a  ball  or  round 

mass. 

GLOM'ER-A-TING,  ;7ir.    Collecting  or  winding  into 

a  ball  or  round  mass. 
GLOM-ER-A'TION,  71.    [L.  glomeratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  g.ithering,  winding,  or  forming  into 
a  ball  or  spherical  body. 

2.  A  body  formed  into  a  ball.  Bacon. 
GLOM'ER-OUS,  n.    [L.  glomero.^.] 

Gathered  or  formed  into  a  ball  or  round  mass.  [Qu. 
the  use.] 

GLOOM,  n.  [Scot,  gloum,  gloom,  a  frown.  In  D. 
lommer  is  a  shade,  and  loom  is  slow,  heavy,  dull.  In 
Sax.  glomung  is  twilight.] 

1.  Obscurity  ;  partial  or  total  darkness  ;  thick 
shade  ;  as,  the  gloom  of  a  forest,  or  the  gloom  of  mid- 
night. 

2.  Cloudiness  or  heaviness  of  mind  ;  melancholy ; 
aspect  of  sorrow.  We  say,  the  mind  is  sunk  into 
gloom  ;  a  gloom  overspreads  the  mind. 

3.  Darkness  of  prospect  or  aspect. 

4.  SuUenness. 

GLOOM,  7).  i.    To  shine  obscurely  or  imperfectly. 

2.  To  be  cloudy,  dark,  or  obscure.  [Spenser. 

3.  To  be  melancnoly  or  dejected.  Goldsmith. 
GLOOM,  V.  t.    To  obscure;  to  till  with  gloom;  to 

darken  ;  to  make  dismal.  Young. 

GLOOM'ED,  pp.    Filled  with  gloom. 

GLOO.M'I-LY,  adv.  [from  gloomy.]  Obscurely  ;  dim- 
ly ;  darkly  ;  dismally. 

2.  With  melancholy  aspect ;  sullenly  ;  not  cheer- 
fully. Dryden.  Thomson. 

GLOO.M'I-NESS,  71.  Want  of  light ;  obscurity ;  dark- 
ness ;  dismalness. 

2.  Want  of  cheerfulness  ;  cloudiness  of  look  ;  heav- 
iness of  mind ;  melancholy ;  as,  to  involve  the  mind 
in  gloominess.  JidJison. 

GLOOiM'Y,  a.  [from  gloom.]  Obscure ;  imperfectly 
illuminated  ;  or  dark  ;  dismal ;  as,  the  gloomy  cells  of 
a  convent ;  the  gloomy  shades  of  night. 

2.  Wearing  the  aspect  of  sorrow  ;  melancholy  ; 
clouded  ;  dejected  ;  depressed  ;  heavy  of  heart  ;  as, 
a  gloomy  countenance  or  state  of  mind  ;  a  gloomy 
temper. 

3.  Of  a  dark  complexion.    [Little  7i.«(/.]  Milton. 
GLOP'PEN,  V.  t.    To  surprise  or  astonish. 
GLORE,  71.    Fat.  [A^'orth  of  England. 
GLO'RI-A  m  EX-CEL'SIS,  [L.]    Glory  in  the  high- 
est. 

GLO'RI-.a  PA'TRT.  [L.]  In  the  Episcopal  service, 
praise  to  God  the  Father. 

GLO-RI-A'TION,  71.    [L.  gloriutio.] 

Boast;  a  ti*iumphing.    [A''ot  used.]  Richardson. 

GLo'RI-f:D,  (glo'nd,)  a.  [See  Globy.]  Illustrious; 
honorable.    [JVu(  itvci/.]  Milton. 

GLO-RI-FI-Ca'TION,  77.  [See  Glorift.]  The  act 
of  giving  glory,  or  of  ascribing  honors  to.  Taylor. 

2.  Exaltation  to  honor  and  dignity  ;  elevation  to 
glory  ;  as,  the  glorification  of  Christ  after  his  resur- 
rection 

GLo'RI-FI-iD,  pp.  or  a.  Honored  ;  dignified  ;  exalted 
to  glory. 

GLO'Rl-F?,  V.  t.  [7r.  glorijicr;  Ij.  gloria  ani  facio, 
to  inake.J 

1.  To  praise  ;  lo  magnify  and  honor  in  worship ; 
to  ascribe  honor  to,  in  thought  or  words.  Psalm 
Ixxxvi.  9. 

God  is  glorijied,  when  such  his  excellency,  above  all  tilings,  is 
w  idi  due  admiration  acknowledged.  Hooker. 

2.  To  make  glorious  ;  to  exalt  lo  glory,  or  to  celes- 
tial happiness. 

Whom  he  justified,  them  he  also  glorified.  — Rom.  viii. 

The  CJod  of  our  fathers  hatli  glorified  his  Son  Jesus.  —  Acts  iii. 

3.  To  praise  ;  to  honor ;  lo  extol. 

Whomsoever  thev  find  to  be  most  licentious  of  life,  him  Oiry  set 
•up  and  glori/y.  Spenser. 

4.  To  procure  honor  or  praise  to.  Shalt. 
GLo'Rl  F?-li\'(;,  ppr.  Praising;  honoring  in  worship; 

exalting  to  glory  ;  lioiuiring  ;  extolling. 
GLO'Kl-OL'S,  a.    [Fr.  glorieujc ;  L.  gloriosus.  See 
Glory.] 

1.  Illustrious  :  of  exalted  excellence  and  splendor; 
resplendent  in  majesty  and  divine  attributes;  applied 
lo  God.    Ex.  XV.  II. 

2.  Noble  ;  excellent ;  renowned;  relehiated  ;  illus- 
trious ;  very  honorable  ;  applied  to  men,  llirir  achteve- 
vicnts,  titles,  &c. 

I.<'1  IIS  nMnenilier  we  are  Calo's  friends. 

And  lu't  tike  men  who  claim  lliat  glorious  title.  Addison. 

3.  Boastful ;  self-exulting  ;  haughty  ;  ostentatious. 
[Obs.]  Bacon. 

GLO'lU  OIIS-LY,  ndr.  Splendidly  ;  illiislrioiisly  ;  with 
great  renown  or  dignity. 

Sing  yo  to  die  I.onl,  for  he  liatl.  triumphed  gloriously.     Kx.  XV, 

GLO'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
glorious. 

GLo'RV,  71.  [L.  ginria  ;  Fr.  gloire  :  Sp.  and  It.  gloria  ; 
Ir.  gluir,  glory,  and  glor,  cle;ir ;  \V.  eglur,  clear, 
bright;  Arm.  gloar,  glory.    It  coiiiciiles  with  clear. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  I'HBlT.^riSIE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 


GLO 

ami  the  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  open,  to  ex- 
pand, to  enh\ri;e.  So  .-plcnilor  is  from  the  (Jellic 
plan,  (ip<'n,  ch'ar,  plain,  L.  planus;  hi'nre,  bri^'iit, 
sliininf;.  Olory,  llitn,  is  bri;;htness,  splenilor.  Tlic 
L.  fiurro,  to  blossom,  to  flower,  to  fluurisk,  is  probably 
of       same  family.] 

I.  llrightness  j  luster  ;  splendor. 

Tin*  moun,  sreiip  In  flory,  moiitils  th''  tAty.  Pope, 
I'oT  lie  n  ci-ivtil  lri>iii  lio.1       Rilli.  r  liniinr  nnil  »lnrv,  " 

tli'-n;  C4unu  iucli  u  vuicc  ui  him  from  Uie  exci'Ik-iil  glory.  —  2 

I'l  l.  i. 

In  this  passacp  of  Peter,  the  latter  word  glory  re- 
fers to  the  visible  splendor  or  brifilit  cloud  that  over- 
shadowed I'hrist  at  his  transrii;uration.  The  former 
word  •florij,  thouKh  the  same  in  the  original,  is  to  be 
understood  in  a  fiRunitive  sense. 

•2.  Splendor ;  niagniticence. 

Salomon,  ill  [lit  liii  ;/ory,  wiis  nol  arniyoil  like  oiif  of  tln-jte. — 
M.ai.  vi. 

3.  Praise  ascribed  in  adoration  ;  honor. 

Gtory  to  GotI  in  Uie  liiglicnt.  —  Liik'-  ii. 

4.  Honor  ;  praise  ;  fame  ;  n^nown  ;  celebrity.  The 
hero  pants  for  fflonj  in  the  tield.  It  was  tlie  fflory  of 
Howard  to  relieve  the  wretched. 

5.  The  felicity  of  heaven  prepared  for  the  chddren 
of  Uod  ;  celestial  bliss. 

Tliou  sh.ill  ^uiile  me  Willi  thy  counflol,  nnd  aftcnvanl  r'Cci%'C  rut? 
to  glory.  —  Ps.  Ixxiii. 

6.  In  Scripture,  the  divine  presence  ;  or  the  ark, 
the  manifestation  of  it. 

Tho  glory  iit  ticiiivrtcd  from  Israel.  —  1  S:iin.  iv. 

7.  The  divine  perfections  or -excellence. 

Ttie  lica»f  n«  (leclan;  tho  glory  of  Uod.  —  !*».  xix. 

8.  Honorable  representation  of  Gtid.    1  Cor.  xi.8. 

9.  Distinguished  hontir  or  ornament  ;  that  which 
lionors  or  makes  renowned  ;  that  of  which  one  may 
boast. 

Baliylon,  the  gtory  of  kingitoms.  —  U.  xiti. 

10.  Pride;  boastfiilness ;  arrogance  ;  as,  vain  j^/ori/. 

II.  Generous  pritle.  Siflney. 
IQ.  In  painting,  a  circle  of  rays,  surroundinj!  the 

lieails  of  saints,  &.C.,  anil  especially  of  the  Savior. 
GLo'HV,  e.  i.    [L.  fl-/t;r/or,  from  i'/t»ria.]  [Brande. 

1.  To  exult  with  joy  ;  to  rejoice. 

Glory  ye  in  his  holy  name,  —  Ps.  cv.    I  Cliron,  xvi. 

2.  To  boast ;  to  be  proud  of. 

No  one  »hoiiI<L  glory  In  his  prosperily.  liicliardgon. 

GI.O'RY-I.NG,  ppr.    Exulting  with  Jov  ;  boasting. 

GLo'llY-I.NG,  II.  The  act  of  exiUliiig  j  e.xullation  ; 
boasting ;  display  of  pride. 

Your  glorying  is  not  gno<\.  —  1  Cor.  v. 

GI,r)'RY-S.MIT'T£.\,  a.    Smitten  with  glory. 

GLOSK,  GLOS'EK.    St'cGi-ozE.  [Coleridge. 

GLOSS,  f(.  [G.  jT//wsf ,  a  gloss  or  comment;  gtolzen, 
to  gle;im,  to  gliniiiier.  In  Sax.  ^toon  signifies  to 
explain,  to  Hatter,  to  gloze.  From  the  Gr.  ^Aiouira, 
the  tongue,  and  a  strap,  the  L.  lias  glo.^.ia  a  tongue, 
and  intcrpri;tation.  In  lleb.  Vl^i  signifies  to  shine, 
but  from  the  sense  of  smootliness  j  Syr.  .  j»  \  ^ 

galosh,  to  peel,  to  shave,  to  make  bald.  Whether 
these  wiirils  are  all  of  one  faindy,  let  the  reader 
judgt^.  The  radical  sense  apjiears  to  be,  to  open,  to 
make  clear,  anil  the  sense  of  tongue  is  prolKibly  to 
cxteml.  If  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix,  the  other  let- 
ters, Li,  are  the  elements  of  Ir.  li^ht,  I...  fu,s(rii. 
Eng.  luster  ;  and  it  is  reni.irkalile  that  in  Kiiss.  losk 
is  luster,  |mlish,  anil  laskayu  is  to  flatter.  The  Gr. 
jAturni,  in  the  Attic  diaKct,  is  a  tongue,  and  in 
Swedish  and  Gorman,  glatt,  Dan.  glat,  I),  glad,  is 
smooth.J 

1.  Brightness  or  luster  of  a  body  proceeding  from 
a  smooth  surface  ;  as,  the  glass  of  sdk  ;  cloth  is 
calendered  to  give  it  a  gloss. 

2.  .\  specious  appearance  or  representation.;  exter- 
oal  show  that  may  mislead  opinion. 

U  is  no  part  of  niy  secpl  meaning  to  set  on  the  face  of  this  cause 
ftiiy  fairer  gtott  tlkui  the  n.iiieil  troth  doth  alfonl.  Hooker. 

3.  .'\n  interpretation  artfully  specious.  Sidney. 

4.  Interpretation;  cominint;  explanation;  remark 
intended  to  illustrate  a  subject. 

All  tilts,  without  a  gloet  or  comment. 

He  w.iiil.1  unriddle  in  a  mo  lit.  IMilrmt. 

Expliuiiin^  the  text  in  short  gtoftt.  Baker, 
Gl.OSS,  r.  L    To  pivo  a  superficial  luster  to  ;  to  make 
smooth  and  shining  ;  as,  to  gloss  cloth  by  the  calen- 
der ;  til  gloss  mahogany. 

a.  To  explain  ;  to  render  clear  and  evident  by 
cominenLs  ;  to  illustrate. 

3.  To  give  a  specious  appearance  to ;  to  render 
specious  and  plausible  ;  to  palliate  by  specious  repre- 
sentation. 

Too  hate  the  an  to  gloti  Uw  foules*  Muse.  PhUipt, 
GI.O.--S,  p.  i.   Tocomment;  to  write  or  make  explana- 
tory remarks.  Dmden. 
■J.  To  make  sly  remarks.  Prior, 
v*''"'^^'''  *•   tJontaining  explanation. 
GLOSS'.\-RIST,  M.   A  writer  of  glosses  or  comments. 
  TyrwhiU. 


GLO 

GLOSS'.'\-UV',7i.    [Fr.  glos.iairc;  Low  L.  glossarium.] 
A  dictitmary  or  vocabulary,  explaining  words  which 
arc  obscure,  antiipiated,  local,  Ice;   such  as  l)u 
Cange's  (llo.i.ianj  ;  Spelinan's  Glossary. 
GLOS-Sa'TOK,  h.    (Fr.  glo.isaUur.] 

A  writer  of  comments  ;  a  coiiinient.ttor.  [A'et 
used.]  Jiijliffe. 
GLOSS'KD,  (glost,)  pp.    Matle  smooth  and  shining; 
explaini'tl. 

GLOSS'Ell,  71.    A  writer  of  glosses;  a  scholiast  ;  a 
commentator. 
2.  A  polisher  ;  tine  who  gives  a  luster. 

GLOSS'l-l,Y,  ado.    In  a  glos.sy  nianni  r. 

GLOSS' I -.NESS,  ji.    [from  glossy,]    The  luster  or 
briglilness  of  a  sinoiith  siirliice.  lloyle. 

GLfJSS'lNG,  ppr.    (iiving  lustiir  to;  piilishing  ;  ex- 
plaining liy  coniiiients  ;  giving  a  specious  appearance. 

GLOSS'lST,  n.    A  writer  of  comments.    [JVi)(  in  use.] 

mi  Ion. 

GLOPS'LY,  ni/r.    Like  gloss.  Cowley. 
GLOSS-fJG'K.A.  PIIEK,  ii.    [gloss  and  Gr.  }/)u0u,  to 
write.] 

A  writer  of  a  glossary  ;  a  coinnientator ;  a  scho- 
liast, llayicard. 
GL(JSS-0-GU.\PII'ie-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  glossog- 
npliv. 

GLOSS-OO'RA-PHY,  n.    The  writingof  glossaries, or 

of  comments  fiir  illustrating  an  author. 
GLOSS-0-LOC;'lt;-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  glossology. 
GLOSS-OL'O  GIST,  «.    \gloss  and  Gr.  Ao)  ii5.] 

One  whtt  defines  and  explains  terms. 
GLOSS-()L'0-GY,ii.    [jr/o.-aand  Gr.  Ao>  05, discourse.] 

The  definition  and  explanation  of  terms. 
GLOSS'Y,  a.    Smooth  and  shining  ;  reflecting  luster 
from  a  smooth  surface;  highly  polished;  as,  glossy 
silk  ;  a  glossy  raven  ;  a  glassy  plum.  Drydau 
GLOT'TAL,  0.    Pertaining  to  the  glottis. 
GLOT'TIS,  n.    [Gr.  jAoirr.i,  the  U>ngu<>.] 

The  narrow  opening  at  the  upper  part  of  the  trachea 
or  windpi[ie,  which,  by  its  dilatation  and  contraction, 
contributes  to  tlie  modulation  of  the  voice. 

Encye.  Parr. 

GLOUT,  77. 1.   [Scot.]  To  pout ;  to  look  sullen.  [JV«f 

used.]  Oarlh. 
GLOUT,  tj.  t.    To  view  attentively  ;  to  gloat.  [JVu« 
use.] 


GLOVE,  fgluv^  71^    [.''ax.  glof._^    Uu.  VV.  golov,  a 
cover.    T,"  —  .. 

shoe.] 


I'he  G.,  D.,  Svv.,  and  Dan.,  call  it  u  liand- 


A  cover  for  the  hand,  or  for  the  hand  and  arm, 
with  a  separate  sheath  for  each  linger.  The  latter 
circumstance  distinguishes  the  glove  from  the  mitten. 

To  throvo  tlie  gluvc,  with  our  ancestors,  was  to 
challenge  to  single  combat. 
GLOVE,  7).  f.    To  cover  with  a  gliwe.  Shak. 
(!LOV'a;D,  (gluvd,)  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  a  glove. 
GLOV'EK,  71.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  and 
sell  gloves. 

GLOW,  7).  i.  [Sa.x.  glowan,  G.  glilhen  ;  D.  gloeljen, 
Dan.  irtSdcr,  to  glow,  to  be  red  with  heat ;  Dan. 
glSd,  gloe.  Sax.  gled,  D.  glaed,  G.  gluth,  Sw.  glad,  \V. 
glo,  Corn,  glou,  Ann.  glaouen,  a  live  coal ;  W.  gla  or 
glau!,  a  shining  ;  gloyio,  bright ;  gloywi,  to  brighten, 
or  make  clear.] 

1.  To  shine  with  intense  heat ;  or  perhaps  more 
correctly,  to  shine  with  a  white  heat  ;  to  exhibit 
incandescence.  Hence,  in  a  more  general  sense,  to 
shine  with  a  bright  luster. 

Gtowe  in  the  stars  and  blossoms  In  tiie  trees.  Pope. 

2.  To  burn  with  vehement  heat. 

The  scorchiiij^  Are  that  in  their  enti:uts  gtoire,  Addison, 

3.  To  feel  great  heat  of  body  ;  to  be  Iiot. 

Did  not  his  temples  glow 
In  the  same  sultry  wimU  and  scorching  heals  t  Additon, 

4.  To  exhibit  a  strong,  bright  color;  to  be  red. 
Clad  in  a  gown  that  gloiet  with  Tynan  rtys.  J^rydtn, 

Kair  Ideas  flow, 
Strilte  in  the  sketch,  or  in  the  picture  gtoto.  Pope. 

5.  To  be  bright  or  red  with  heat  or  animation,  or 
with  blushes  ;  as,  gloving  cheeks. 

t).  To  feel  the  heat  of  passion  ;  to  be  ardent ;  to  be 
animated,  as  by  intense  love,  ze.-U,  anger,  &.c.  We 
say,  the  heart  glows  with  love  or  zeal ;  tlic  glowing 
breast. 

Wh'*n  real  »irtiie  ftp-s  the  glowing  bnrit.  Lewis. 
If  you  hare  neTer  glowetl  with  frtiitude  to  the  Author  of  the 
(Jhrutioii  fCTclaiion,  you  know  nothing  of  Chri<lianily. 

Butknutuler. 

7.  To  burn  with  intense  heat ;  to  rage,  as  pas- 
sion. 

W'lh  pride  it  mounts,  and  with  reteiige  it  glotet.  Dry/ten. 

GLOW,  c.  U  To  make  hot  so  as  to  shine.  [Aot 
u.ted.}  shak. 

GLOU  ,  71.    Shining  he.at,  or  while  heat 

2.  Drightiiess  of  color;  redness;  as,  the  glow  o{ 
health  in  the  cheeks. 


A  wartnif  glov  his  Unomy  beds  display, 
Biusliin;  in  bright  tlivcrsitiea  of  day. 


Pope, 


3.  Vehemence  of  passion. 
GLOW'I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.   Shining  with  intense  heat; 
white  with  lieaL 
2.  Burning  with  vehement  heat. 


Eiicyc. 
that  is,  to 


Mitton. 
Soulti, 


Shale. 


GL(/ 

3.  Exhibiting  a  bright  color;  red;  as,  a  glouiing 
color ;  glowing  cheeks. 

4.  Ardent ;  vehement ;  animated  ;  as,  glowing 
zeal. 

5.  Inflamed  ;  as,  a  glmring  breast. 
(;LoIV'1.\(;-LY,  adc.    With  gre;it  brightnes.') ;  with 

ardent  heat  or  passion. 

GLoW'-WOR.M,  (-wurm,)  71.  The  female  nl  tlm 
iMuipyri-i  uoctituea,  insect  of  the  tinier  of  tloleop. 
tera.  It  is  without  wings,  and  reseinbles  a  cuterpij- 
l.'ir.  It  emits  a  shining  green  light  from  the  ertiein- 
ity  of  the  abdomen.  'J'he  male  is  winged,  and  flii^s 
about  in  the  evening,  when  it  is  attracted  by  the  light 
of  the  fi  niale. 

GLo'/.E,  !•.  I.    [S:\x.  glesan.    Sec  Gloss.] 
'I'o  Hatter ;  to  wlieetllc  ;  to  fawn  ; 
smooth,  or  to  talk  siniHitlily. 

So  glozett  thi'  ti*mpt'-r,  and  his  proem  tuned. 
A  fal«',  gloziug  p.ir.u.iie. 

GL5ZE,  71.    Flattery;  adulation. 

2.  Specious  show  ;  gloss.  [.Yot  used.]  [.'^ce  Gloss.] 

Sidn  nj, 

GLoZ'EU,  71.    A  (latti  ri  T.  Oifford. 

GLo'/.E  nrcr,  r.  (.    To  [Killiate  by  specious  ex|Kjsitiun. 

GLoZ'LNG,  p/jr.    Flattering;  wheedling. 

GLOZ'INfJ,  71.    Specious  represent.ation. 

GLO'eOSE,  71.  [(Jr.  )Au««5,  sweet.]  A  sugar  ob- 
tained from  grapes,  honey,  and  most  acid  fruits, 
which  is  less  sweet  than  that  of  the  sugar-cane. 

Oraham. 

GLUCI'NA,  71.    [Gr.  )AD«,-t)s.]    More  properly  Glv- 

CVNA. 

The  only  oxyd  of  the  metal  gliicinum.    It  is  a 
white  powder,  without  taste  or  odor,  and  insoluble 
in  water.    The  salts  of  gluciiia  have  a  sweet  t.-iite, 
and  hence  its  name. 
GLU-CI'NUM,  71.    [Gr.  ^-Avittif.]    More  projicrly  Glv- 

CYM'M. 

The  name  of  a  inirtal,  which  appeals  in  the  form 
of  a  grayish  black  piiwiler,  and  acipiiies  a  dark 
metallic  luster  by  biiriiishing.  It  may  be  exposed 
to  air  and  moisture,  or  be  boiled  in  water  without 
oxydation. 

GLOE,  (glu,)7i.  [Fr.  glu;  W.  gtyd;  Ami.  glnd ;  fr. 
gbjdh,  gliu,  alrten;  L.  gluten;  Gr.  ;  Aia ;  Russ.  klei. 
See  Class  Ltf,  No.  8,  9,  lU.] 

A  tenacious,  viscid  matter,  wliirh  serves  as  a  cem- 
ent to  unite  other  substances.  It  is  extracted  from 
the  skins,  parings,  &c.,  of  animals,  as  of  oxen, 
calves,  or  sheep,  hv  boiling  them  to  a  jelly. 

GLOE,  r.  (.    [Vr.  gluer.]  [Encye.  Parr. 

1.  To  join  with  glue  or  a  viscous  substance.  Cab- 
inet-makers glue  together  some  jwrts  of  furniture. 

2.  To  unite  ;  to  liolil  together.  AViffon. 
[This  word  is  now  seldom  used  in  a  figurative 

sense.  The  phrases,  to  glue  friends  together,  vices 
glue  us  to  low  pursuits  or  pleasures,  found  in  writers 
of  the  last  century,  are  not  now  used,  or  arc  deemed 
inelegant.]  ^ 

GLCE'-ltOfL  ER,  71.  [glue  and  boU.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  make  glue. 

GLf'Kl),  (glude,)  pp.    United  or  cemented  with  glue. 

GLO'ER,  71.    One  who  cements  with  glue. 

GLfi'EY,  a.    Viscous;  glutinous. 

GLC'EV-NESS,  n.    The  (piality  of  being  gluey. 

GLO'I.N'G,  ppr.    Cementing  with  glue. 

GLO'ISH,a.    Having  the  nature  of  glue.  Sherwood. 

GLUM,  a.    [Scot,  glaum,  a  frown.] 
Frowning;  sullen.  [Colloquial.] 

GLU.M,  71.  Sullenness ;  and,  as  a  verb,  to  look  sullen, 
f  A'of  t7i  use.] 

GLUM,  V.  i.    [from  gloom,]    To  look  sourly;  to  bo 

sour  of  countenance.  [Obs,] 
GLU-Ma'CEOUS,  o.    Having  glumes  ;  consisting  of 

glumes.  Barton. 
GLO.ME,  71.    [L.  gluma,  from  glubo,  to  bark  or  peel,  or 

Gr.  )'Aui4<o.) 

In  botany,  the  calyx  or  corol  of  grain  and  grasses, 
formed  of  valves,  embracing  the  seed,  often  termi- 
nated by  the  arisfa  or  beard,  the  husk  or  chaff  of 
grain.  Mdnc  Martyn. 

GLU.M'MY,  a.    Dark  ;  gloomy  ;  dismal. 

GLO'MOUS,  a.  A  glumous  flower  is  a  kind  of  ag- 
gregate flower,  having  a  filiform  receptacle,  with  a 
common  glume  at  the  base.  Martyn. 

GLUT,  7\  I.  [Ij.  glutio  ;  Vr.  engloutir  ;  Russ.  glotayu, 
to  swallow  ;  W.  glwth,  a  glutton  ;  glythu,  to  gorman- 
dize ;  from  llirth,  a  swallow,  greetiiness  ;  IL  ghioUo, 
Ia>w  L.  gluic,  a  glutton ;  lleb.  Ch.  I9p'>.    (Sec  Ar. 

kJli.)  Class  Ld,  No.  17.  The  sense  is  to  crowd, 
to  stuff.] 

1.  To  swallow,  or  to  swallow  greedily  ;  to  gorge. 

Mdtjm. 

2.  To  cloy  ;  to  fill  beyond  sufficiency  ;  to  sate  ;  to 
disgust ;  as,  to  glut  the  appetites.  Dcnham. 

3.  To  feast  or  delight  even  to  satiety. 

His  faithful  iiean,  a  Notxly  sacrifice, 

Tom  from  bis  bn-ast,  to  glut  the  tyrant's  eyes.  Orydtn. 

4.  To  fill  or  furnish  beyond  sufficiency  ;  as,  to  glul 
the  markeL 

5.  To  saltimte.  Boyle. 


TONE,  B«LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — e  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  «  a.  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


i-)07 


GLY 

SLUT,  71.    That  wliicli  is  swallowed.  Jililtoa 

2.  Plenty  even  to  loathing. 

He  shM!  find  liiniself  miseraUe,  even  in  the  very  ir/uf  of  liis  de- 
lights. VEstrnrtge. 
A  g]ut  of  study  and  retirement.  Pojfe. 

3.  More  than  enough  ;  superabundance. 

B.  Jonsoiu 

4.  Any  thing  that  fills  or  obstructs  the  passage. 

Woodward. 

5.  A  large  wooden  wedge.  J^ew  England. 
GLC'TE-AL,  a.    [Gr.  j  ,\utr„f,  nates.] 

The  g-liiteal  arterij,  is  a  branch  of  the  liypogastric 
or  internal  iliac  artery,  which  supplies  the  gluteal 
muscles.  Coxe.  Hooper. 

The  irluteal  muscles,  are  three  large  muscles  on 
each  side,  which  make  up  the  fleshy  part  of  tiie  but- 
tocks. Parr. 

GLtJ'TE.V,  n.  [L.  See  Glue.]  A  tough,  elastic  sub- 
stance, of  a  grayish  color,  which  becomes  brown  and 
brittle  by  drying  ;  found  in  the  tlmir  of  wlieat  and 
other  grain.  It  contributes  much  to  the  nutritive 
quality  of  flour,  and  gives  tenacity  to  its  paste.  A 
similar  substance  is  found  in  the  juices  of  cer'ain 
plants.  Brande. 

GLU'TE-US,  TU  The  large,  thick  nmscle  on  which 
we  sit. 

GLu'TIN-aTE,  t!.  t.    To  unite  with  ghie  ;  to  cement. 

Badey. 

GLtj'TIN-A-TED,  pp.    United  with  glue. 
GLO'TIN-a-TING,  ppr.    Uniting  with  clue. 
GLU-TIN-A'TION,  71.    The  act  of  uniting  with  glue. 

Badnj. 

GLu'TIN-A-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  cement- 
ing ;  tenacious. 

GLU-TIN-OS'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  glutin 
ous ;  viscousness, 

GLU'TIN-OUS,  a.    [L.  ghUinosiis.'] 

1.  Viscous;  viscid;  tenacious;  having  the  quality 
of  glue  ;  resembling  glue.    Starcli  is  frlutinuus. 

2.  In  botany,  besmeared  with  a  slippery  moisture  ; 
as,  a  ir^ntiuous  leaf.  JSIartijn. 

GLu'TIX-OUS-NESS,  n.  Viscosity;  viscidity;  the 
quality  of  glue ;  tenacitj'.  C/ietine. 

GLUT'TED,  pp.    Cloyed  ;  filled  beyond  sufnciencv. 

GLUT'TON,  (glul'n,)  71.  [Low  L.  gluto ;  Fr.  glouton. 
See  Glut.] 

1.  One  who  indulges  to  excess  in  eating. 

2.  One  eager  of  any  thing  to  excess. 

Gluttons  in  mnrder,  wanton  to  destroy.  GranoiUe. 

3.  In  zoolo^,  the  Gulo  vulgaris,  found  in  the  north 
of  Europe  and  Siberia.  It  grows  to  the  length  of 
three  feet,  but  has  short  legs  and  moves  slowly.  It 
is  a  carnivorous  animal,  and,  in  order  to  catch  its 
prey,  it  climbs  a  tree,  and  from  that  darts  down  upon 
a  deer  or  other  animal.  It  is  named  from  its  vora- 
cious appetite.  Diet.  J^Tat.  Hist. 

Its  voracity  has  been  ridiculously  exaggerated. 

Cuvier. 

GLUT'TON-IZE,  v.  i.  To  eat  to  excess  ;  to  eat  vora- 
ciously ;  to  indulge  the  appetite  to  excess  ;  to  be  lux- 
urious. Trans,  of  Orellman. 

GLUT'TON-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  glutton  ;  greedy. 

GLUT'TOX-OUS,  (  a.    Given  to  excessive  eating; 

GLUT'TOM-ISH,  (  indulging  the  appetite  for  food 
to  excess  ;  as,  a  glutionons  age.  Ralegh. 

2.  Consisting  in  excessive  eating  ;  as,  gluttonous 
delight.  Milton. 

GLUT'TOX-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  the  voracity  of  a 
glutton  ;  with  excessive  eating. 

GLU'I  'i'ON-Y,  71.  Excess  in  eating;  extravagant  in- 
dulgence of  ttie  appetite  for  food. 

2.  Luxury  of  the  table. 

Their  Bumptnous  gluttomet  and  gorgeoua  fe.Mtj.  Milton. 

3.  Voracity  of  appetite.  Eneijc. 
GLYC'E-RIN,  71.    [(Jr.  j  >DKi.f,  sweet.] 

A  sweet  substance  that  forms  the  basis  of  fatty 
matter ;  a  transparent  liquid,  without  color  or  smell, 
of  a  fiimpy  consistence.  Ure. 

GLl-eoN'ieV"*'  i     f^^"'  ^'  e'y""'^'"^'^ 

Denoting  a  kind  of  verse  in  Greek  arid  Latin 
poetry,  consisting  of  three  feet,  a  sjTondce,  a  cho- 
riamb, and  a  pyrrhic  ;  as,  gUjconit  measure. 

Johmton. 

GLY-CYR'RIir-ZIN,  71.    [Gr.  }  >n«i.5,  sweet,  and 
a  root.]    A  peculiar  saccharine  matter  obtained  from 
the   root  of  the    Glijcijrrhiia  glabra,  or  common 
liquorice.  Brande. 

GLYN.    .See  Gles. 

GLYPH,  (glif,)  71.    [Gr.  >  Xm/.r;,  from  j  X"0'.i,  to  carve.] 
In  iculptiire  and  archilrctiirc,  a  notch,  canal,  chan- 
nel, or  cavity,  intended  an  an  ornament,  and  usually 
perpenilicular.  Chambers. 

GLYPH'ie,  71.  A  picture  or  figiirii  by  which  a  word 
18  implii'd.    [.See  IIiF.RooLvriiii-.] 

GLYP'Tie,  a.    In  mineralogii,  figured. 

GLYP'TIC.H,  71.  [«upra.]  'I'lie  art  of  engraving  fig- 
ures on  precious  Htoncs. 

GLYP'TO-DO.N,  71.  [Gr.  )  Xuirrot,  engraved,  and 
<><!oii«,  tooth.) 

An  cilinct  quadruped  of  the  Armadillo  family,  of 
the  Hize  of  an  ox,  covered  with  KcaIeK,  and  liiiving 
fluted  Icetb.  ManUll.  Brande. 


GNO 

GLYP-TO-GRAPH'ie,  a.    [Gr. )  X«-rot  and  j.pa./>w.] 
Describing  the  methods  of  engraving  on  precious 
stones. 

GLYP-TOG'RA-PIIY,  ti.  [Supra.]  A  description  of 
the  art  of  engraving  on  precious  stones. 

British  Critie. 

GLYP-TO-THk'CA,  71.    [Gr.  )Xti0tj  and  dnxri.]  A 
building  or  room  for  the  preservation  of  works  of 
sculpture.  Brande. 
GNAR,  (nar,)     )  v.i.    [S^ix.  gnyrran, gnomian i  Dan. 
GNXKL,  (nirl,)  )      knurrcr ;  Sw.  knarra  j  H.  gnorren, 
knorren  ;  G,  gnurren,  knarren.] 
To  growl ;  to  murmur  ;  to  snarl. 
And  wolves  are  gnarling  wliich  shall  ^law  thee  first.  Shale. 
[Gnar  is  nearly  obsolete.] 
GNaRL'£D,  (narld,)  0.    Knotty;  full  of  knots;  as, 

the  gnarled  oak.  Shak. 
GNXRL'Y,  a.    Knotty  ;  full  of  knots  ;  J»s,  the  gnarly 

oak.  Rich.  Diet. 

GXASII,  (nash,)  ».  t.  [Dan.  knasker  ;  Sw.  gnissla  and 
knastra.  Ou.  D.  knarzen,  G.  knirrschen,  to  gnash, 
and  It.  ganascia,  the  jaw.] 

To  strike  the  teeth  together,  as  in  anger  or  pa4n; 
as,  to  gnash  the  teeth  in  rage.  Dryden. 
GX.VSII,  (nash,)  v.  i.    To  grind  the  teeth. 

lie  ebnll  gnash  with  his  teeth  and  melt  aw.\y.  — Ps.  cxii. 

2.  To  rage  even  to  collision  with  the  teeth ;  to 
growl. 

They  gnashed  on  me  witli  their  teeth.  — Ps.  xxxv. 
GX.\?II'I\G,  fnash'inz,)  ppr.    Striking  the  teeth  to- 

sro;!i<  r,  .1^  in  anger,  ra^o,  or  pain.  . 
GX.VSil'lAG,  (I  ash'ing,)  71.    A  giinding  or  striking  of 

tlK'  toetli  in  rage  or  anguish. 

Tli.r?  tihtll  l>e  weeping  .uid  gnashing  of  teeth.  —  Matt.  viii. 

r;X ASH'IXG-LY,  adv.    With  gnashing. 
GN.-^'i',  (nat.)  n.    [Sax.  gmct.    tin.  Gr.  Kiovt,)xp.'] 

1.  A  name  apphud  to  several  insects,  of  the  genus 
Ciilex.  Their  nioutlr  is  formed  by  a  flexible  sheath, 
inclosing  bristles  pointed  like  stings.  The  sting  is  a 
tube  containing  five  or  six  spicule  of  exquisite  fine- 
ness, dentated  or  edged.  The  most  troublesome  of 
this  genus  is  the  musqueto.  Encyc.  Cyc. 

2.  Any  thing  proverbially  small. 

ye  Hind  guides,  who  strain  at  a  gnat,  and  swallow  a  camel. — 
Matt,  xjtiii. 

GXAT'-FLOW-ER,  n.   A  flower,  called  also  Bee- 
Flower.  Johnson. 
GXA-THON'ie,  (na-)       )  a.    [L.  gTiaOio,  a  flatter- 
GNA-THON'ie-AL,  (na-)  \  cr.] 

Flattering  ;  deceitful.    [JVot  in  use.'] 
GNAT'-SNAP-PER,  71.    A  bird  that  catches  gnats. 

Hakewill. 

GXAT'-WORM,  (nat'wurm,)  71.  A  small  water  insect, 
produced  by  a  gnat,  and  which,  after  its  several 
changes,  is  transformed  into  a  gnat ;  the  larva  of  a 
gnat.  Cyc. 

GXAW,  (naw,)  c.  t.  [Sax.  gnagan;  G.  nagen ;  D. 
knaagen  ;  Sw.  gnaga ;  W.  cnoi ;  Gr.  kpi'u,  to  scrape  ; 
Ir.  cnagh,  cnaoi,  consumption ;  cnuigh,  a  maggot ; 
cnaoidhim,  to  gnaw,  to  consimie.] 

1.  To  bite  ofl"  by  little  and  little  ;  to  bite  or  scrape 
ofl'  with  the  fore  teeth  ;  to  wear  away  by  biting. 
The  rats  gnaw  a  board  or  plank  ;  a  worm  gnaws  the 
wood  of  a  tree  or  the  plank  of  a  ship. 

2.  To  eat  by  biting  olf  small  portions  of  food  with 

3.  To  bite  in  agony  or  rage.  [the  fore  teeth. 

They  gnatoed  their  tongues  for  pain.  —  Rev.  xvi. 

4.  To  waste  ;  to  fret ;  to  corrode. 

5.  To  pick  with  the  teeth. 

His  bones  clean  picked  ;  his  very  bones  they  gnaw,  Dryden. 
GXAW,  (naw,)  v.  i.   To  use  the  teeth  in  biting. 

1  might  well,  like  the  spaniel,  gnaw  upon  the  chain  that  ties  me. 

Sul/tey. 

GXAW'£;n,  (nawd,)  pp.  or  a.    Bit ;  corroded. 
GXAW'ER,  (naw'er,)  71.    He  or  that  which  gnaws  or 
corrodes. 

GNAW'IXG,  (naw'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.  Biting  off  by  little 
and  little  ;  corroding  ;  eating  by  slow  difgrees. 

GXEISS,  (nice,)  n.  [Ciu.  Dan.  gnister,  Sw.  gnistas,  to 
sparkle.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  species  of  aggregated  rock,  com- 
posed of  quartV.,  feldspar,  and  mica,  of  a  structure 
more  or  less  distinctly  slaty.  The  layers,  whetiier 
straight  or  curved,  are  freiiiiently  thick,  but  often 
vary  considerably  in  the  same  specimen.  It  passes 
on  one  side  into  granite,  from  which  it  diflers  in  its 
slaty  structure,  and  tm  the  other  into  mica-slatc.  It 
is  rich  in  metallic  ores.  Kirinan.  Cleaveland. 

Onei.ts  otten  contains  hornblende.  The  onl/  dif- 
ference between  this  and  granite  consists  in  the 
stratified  and  slaty  disposicitm  of  gni'iss.  llitehcuck. 
G.XEIS'SOII),  a.  Having  some  of  the  rhaiuoti  ris- 
tics  of  gneiss  ;  appliird  to  rocks  of  .an  intermediate 
character  between  granite  and  gneiss,  or  mica-slate 
and  gneiss. 

GXEIS'.SOSE,  a.    Having  the  general  structure  of 

gneiss.  Lyrll. 
(JNOI'F,  (nof,)  71.  A  miser.  [J^ul  in  use.]  Chancer. 
GXO.ME,  (noiii.-,)  71.    [Gr.  >  vm,.-/.] 

1.  An  imaginary  being,  supposed  by  the  cabnlisls 


GO 

to  inhabit  the  inner  parts  of  the  earth,  and  to  be  the 
guardian  of  mines,  quarries,  &c.  Encyc. 
2.  .A  brief  reflection  or  maxim.    [J^Tot  used.] 
GXO.'M'ie,  (nom'ik,)  )       .r^  , 

GNO.\I'ie-AL,  (nom'ik-al,)  i  > ""f"-] 

Sententious;  uttering  or  containing  maxims,  o- 
striking  detached  thoughts;  as,  raornic  poetry,  lik; 
the  book  of  Proverbs.    [Little  used.] 
GXO-MO-LOG'ie,       )      B  _  •  ■     .  1 
GXO-MO-LOG'ie-AL,  \      Pertaming  to  gnomology. 
GXO-MOL'O-GY,  (no-mol'o-jy,)  ti.     [Gr.  yvi.'^r,,  a 
maxim  or  sentence,  and  Xoj  o<,  discourse.] 

A  collection  of  maxims,  grave  sentences,  or  reflec- 
tions.   [Little  Jtscd.]  Milton. 
GXo'MOX,  (no'mon,)  71.    [Gr.  yvoipuv,  an  index, 
from  the  root  of  j  if(o(7Kr<',  to  know.] 

1.  In  diidiii'j,  the  styl.'  or  pin,  which  by  its  shadow 
shows  the  hour  of  the  day.  The  line  wiiose  shadow 
shows  the  time  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  llie  earth. 

Brande. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  style  or  column  erected  perpen- 
dicular to  the  horiztm,  for  making  astronomical  ob- 
servations. Its  principal  use  was  to  find  the  alti- 
tude of  the  sun  by  measuring  the  length  of  its 
shadow.  Brande. 

3.  The  gnomon  of  a  globe,  is  the  index  of  the  hour- 
circle.  Encyc. 

4.  In  geometry,  the  part  of  a  parallelogram  wliich 
remains  when  one  of  the  parallelcgiams  about  its 
diaaonal  is  removed.  Brande. 

GXO-.MOX'ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  the  art  of  dial- 

GXO-MOX'ie-AL,  I     ing.  Cliambers. 
Qnomonic  projection.    See  Projection. 

GXO-.MOX'I€-.'\L-LV,  adr.  According  to  the  princi- 
ples of  the  gnoinonir,  projection.  P.  Cyc. 

GXO-MOX'ieS,  71.  The  art  or  science  of  dialing,  or 
of  constructing  dials  to  show  the  hour  of  the  day  by 
the  shadow  of  a  gnomon. 

GXO-.MOX-OL'O-GY,  71.    .\  treatise  on  dialing. 

GNOS'Tie,  (nos'tik,)  71.  [Jj.  gnosticus ;  Gr.  ytoi-iKOi, 
from  }  ivoi^Koi,  to  know.] 

The  Gnostics  were  a  sect  of  philosophers  that 
arose  in  the  first  ages  of  Christianity,  who  pretended 
they  were  the  only  men  who  had  a  true  knowledge 
of  the  Christian  religitm.  They  formed  for  them- 
selves a  system  of  theology,  agreeable  to  the  philos- 
ophy of  Pythagoras  and  Plato,  to  which  they  ac- 
commod.ated  their  interpretations  of  Scripture.  They 
held  that  all  natures,  intelligible,  intellectual,  and 
material,  are  derived  by  successive  emanations  from 
the  infinite  fountain  of  Deity.  'J'hese  emanations 
they  called  sons,  atoive^.  These  doctrines  were  de- 
rived from  the  Oriental  philosophy.   Encyc.  Enfield. 

GNOS'Tie,  (nos'tik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Gnostics 
or  their  doctrines. 

GXOS'TI-CISJI,  (nos'te-sizm.)  71.  The  doctrines, 
principles,  or  system  of  philosophy  taught  by  the 
Gnostics.  Enfield. 

GNu,  (nu,)n.  The  Catoblepas  Gnu,  a  ruminant  mam- 
mal of  the  tiibe  Bovida;,  inhabiting  Southern  Africa, 
whose  form  partakes  of  that  of  the  horse,  the  ox, 
and  the  deer. 

2.  The  draft  iron  attached  to  the  end  of  a  plow 
beam,  (clevis,  clevy.)  [Local.] 

Go,  V.  i. ;  pret.  Went  ;  pp.  Gone.  Went  bcltmgs  to 
the  root  Sax.  wendan,  a  difterent  word.  [Sax.  ^-aii ; 
G.  orfAc7i ;  Dan.  ^-nacr ;  Sw.  ;  D.  gaan  :  Basque, 
gan.  This  is  iirobably  a  contracted  word,  but  the 
original  is  obscure,  in  Goth  gaggan,  to  go,  seems 
to  he  the  Eng.  gang ;  and  gad  may  belong  to  a  ditier- 
ent  family.  Tlie  primary  sense  is  to  pass,  and  either 
to  go  or  come.  Sax.  ga  forth,  go  forth  ;  ga  hither, 
come  hither  ;  her  g<cth,  he  comes.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  move  ;  to  pass  ;  to  proceed 
from  one  place,  state,  or  station,  to  another;  opposed 
to  resting.  A  mill  goes  by  water  or  by  steam  ;  a  ship 
foM  at  the  rate  of  five  knots  an  hour;  a  clock  i'urs 
fast  or  slow  ;  a  horse  goes  lame  ;  a  fowl  or  a  ball 
goes  with  velocity  through  the  air. 

The  inournera  go  about  Uie  streets.  —  Ecclcs.  xii. 

2.  To  walk  ;  to  move  on  the  feet,  or  step  by  step. 
The  child  begins  to  go  alone  at  a  year  old. 

Vou  know  that  love 
Will  cn-cp  in  service  where  it  cannot  go.  SliaJc. 

3.  To  walk  leisurely ;  not  to  run. 

Thou  mtiBt  run  to  hini;  for  thou  hast  staid  so  long  Uiat  yoin^ 
will  scarce  serve  die  turn.  Shak. 

4.  To  travel ;  to  journey  by  land  or  water.  I  must 
go  to  Boston  ;  he  has  gone  to  Philadelphia  ;  the  min- 
ister is  going  to  France. 

5.  'J'o  defiart ;  to  move  from  n  place  ;  opposed  to 
ctmif.  The  mail  goes  and  comes  overj'  day,  or  twice 
a  week. 

1  will  let  you  go,  that  ye  may  sacriflce.  —  Kx.  viii. 
C.  To  proceed ;  to  pass. 

And  so  die  Jest  goes  round.  liryden. 

7.  To  move  ;  to  pass  in  any  manner  or  to  any  end ; 
as,  to  go  to  bed  ;  to  go  to  dinner;  to  go  to  war. 

8.  To  move  or  pass  customarily  from  |>lace  to  place, 
denoting  custcun  or  jmctire.  Tlie  child  goes  to 
school ;  a  ship  goes  regularly  to  London  ;  wo  go  to 
church. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PIlfiY  PINE,  MAULNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


508 


GO 


GOA 


GOD 


9.  To  proci;i'(l  from  one  state  oropiiiion  to  iimitlicr; 
to  clmngc.  He  goes  from  one  opinion  to  another; 
his  estate  is  goinir  to  ruin. 

10.  To  proceed  in  mental  operations  ;  to  advance  ; 
to  penetrate.  We  can  i'o  liut  a  very  little  way  in 
developing  the  causes  of  Ihings. 

11.  To  proceed  or  advance  in  accomplishing  an 
end.  This  sum  will  not  go  far  toward  full  payment 
of  the  debt. 

12.  To  apply  ;  to  be  aiipllcahle.  The  arRument 
jfofi  to  this  point  only  ;  il  goen  to  prove  too  much. 

13.  To  apply  one's  self. 

Soriii;;  liiiii8''lf  coiifroiileJ  by  *o  many,  like  n  rftsclut«  orxtor,  he 
went  not  lo  iteniiil,  but  to  Jualify  liil  cruel  fal*elioo*i.  Sldttty. 

H.  To  have  recourse  to ;  as,  to  go  to  law. 

15.  To  be  about  to  do ;  as,  I  was  ^nin  j  to  say  ;  I 
am  gom^  to  begin  harvest.  [This  use  is  chietly  con- 
fined lo  the  participle.] 

l(i.  To  pass  ;  to  be  accounted  in  value.  All  tliis 
goes  for  nothinK  .  this  coin  goes  for  a  crown. 

17.  To  circulate ;  to  pass  iu  report.  The  story 
goe.-t. 

18.  To  pass  ;  to  be  received  ;  to  be  accounted  or 
understood  to  be. 

ng  men  for  an  olj  man  in  the  tliiys  of 


19.  To  move,  or  be  in  motion,  as  a  machine.  [See 
No.  1.1 

20.  To 


And  tlie  mnn  went  i 
S.iul.  —  1  S.iui.  > 


)  move,  as  a  fluid  ;  to  flow. 
The  go*l  I  ftin,  wlwsc  yellow  wnter  flows 
Around  Uiese  helds,  and  fallens  as  il  ^oe«, 
Tilwr  my  name.  Dryden, 

Ql.  To  have  a  tendency. 

A^nst  right  muon  all  your  counsels  go.  Dryden. 

2i  To  be  in  compact  or  partnership. 

They  were  to  go  equal  slmres  in  llie  booly.  L'Estrange. 

23.  To  be  guided  or  regulated  ;  to  proceed  by  some 
princi|>le  or  rule.  VV'e  are  to  to  by  the  rules  of  law, 
or  according  to  the  precepts  of  Scripture. 

We  arc  to  go  by  another  measure.  S^trfU. 

Ql.  To  be  pregnant.  The  females  of  diflerent  ani- 
mals go  some  a  longer,  some  a  shorter  time. 

25.  To  pass ;  to  be  alienated  in  p.iymeiit  or  ex- 
change. If  our  e.vports  are  of  less  value  than  our 
imports,  our  money  must  go  to  pay  the  balance. 

2(i.  To  be  loosed  or  released  ;  to  be  freed  from  re- 
straint.   Let  me  go ;  let  go  the  hand. 

27.  To  be  expended.  His  estate  goes  or  has  gone 
for  spirituous  liquors.    [See  No.  24.] 

28.  To  extend  ;  to  reach.  The  line  goes  from  one 
end  to  the  other.  His  land  goes  to  the  bank  of  the 
Hudson. 

29.  To  extend  or  lead  in  any  direction.  This  road 
goes  to  .Mbany. 

30.  To  proceed  ;  to  extend.  This  arg^imcnt  goes 
far  toward  proving  the  point ;  it  goes  a  great  way 
toward  estiiblishing  the  innocence  of  the  accused. 

31.  To  have  eflect ;  to  extend  in  effect ;  to  avail  j 
to  be  of  force  or  value.  Money  goes  further  now 
than  it  did  during  the  war. 

32.  To  extend  in  meaning  or  purport. 

His  amorous  expressions  go  no  further  than  virtue  may  allow. 

Drydtn. 

[In  the  three  last  examples,  the  sense  of  go  depends 
on  ftir^fortJur^  further.] 

33.  To  have  a  currency  or  use,  as  custom,  opinion, 
or  manners. 

1  tliinli,  OS  the  world  f ocs,  he  was  a  good  sort  of  man  enoujrh. 

ArbutJiriot. 

34.  To  contribute ;  to  conduce ;  to  concur ;  to  be 
an  ingredient ;  with  to  or  itiio.  The  substances 
which  go  into  this  composition  ;  many  qualifications 
go  to  make  up  the  well-bred  man. 

35.  To  proceed  ;  to  be  carried  on.  The  business 
goes  on  well. 

36.  To  proceed  to  final  issue ;  to  terminate ;  to 
succeed. 

Whether  the  cause  goet  for  me  or  against  tne,  you  must  pay  me 
tlic  f>Mvai\l.  Watts. 

37.  To  proceed  in  a  train,  or  in  consequences. 

How  got$  the  night,  boy  i  Shak. 

38.  To  fare  ;  to  bo  in  a  good  or  ill  state.  How 
goe^  it,  conimde  ? 

39.  To  have  a  tendency  or  etTect ;  lo  operate. 
These  cases  go  to  show  that  the  court  will  varv  ih'-  conflnictlon 

of  inslTumeuts.  A/os*.  Hcportt. 

To  go  about ;  to  set  one's  self  to  a  business  ;  to  at- 
tempt J  to  endeavor. 

They  qctct  go  ahoni  lo  hide  or  palliate  their  rices.  SuifU 

2.  In  leamen^s  language,  to  tack  ;  to  turn  the  lieati 
of  a  ship. 

T'S"  abroad ;  to  walk  out  of  a  house. 
2.  To  be  uttered,  disclosed,  or  published. 
To  go  against :  to  invade  ;  to  march  to  attack. 
2.  To  be  in  opposition  ;  to  be  disagreenble. 
To  go  aside  ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  retire  into  a  private 
situation. 

2.  To  err  ;  to  deviate  from  the  right  wav. 

To  go  astray  i  to  wander  ;  lo  break  froiii  an  inclo- 


sure  J  also,  to  h  ave  the  right  course  ;  lo  di  part  from 
law  or  rule  ;  to  sin  ;  to  transgre.ss. 

To  go  away  ;  to  ilepnrl  ;  to  go  to  a  distance. 

Togo  icticrrn  ;  to  interpose;  to  mediate;  to  at- 
tempt to  reconcile  or  to  adjust  dilVerences. 

To  go  by:  to  p.ass  near  and  liiyond. 

2.  To  pass  away  unnoticed  ;  to  omit. 

3.  To  find  or  get  in  the  conclusion. 

In  ar^iiinnnt  wiUi  men,  a  woman  ever 

Uoee  by  the  worse,  whatever  be  her  cause.  Mitton. 

[A  phrase  now  little  used.] 

I'o  go  down ;  to  descend  in  any  manner. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  come  to  nothing. 

3.  To  be  swallowed  or  received,  not  rejected.  The 
doctrine  of  the  divine  right  of  kings  will  not  go  down 
in  this  period  of  the  world. 

'To  go  for  noUiuig ;  to  have  no  meaning  or  eflicacy. 
'To  go  forth ;  to  issue  or  depart  out  of  a  place. 
To  go  forward :  to  advance. 

To  go  hard  with  ;  to  be  in  danger  of  a  fatal  issue  ; 
to  have  dilliculty  lo  escape. 
7*0  go  in ;  to  eflter. 

To  go  in  to !  to  have  sexual  commerce  with. 

Scripture. 

To  go  in  and  out ;  to  do  the  business  of  life. 
2.  To  go  freely;  to  he  at  liberty.    John  X. 
To  go  off;  lo  depart  to  a  distance  ;  to  leave  a  place 
or  station. 

2.  To  die  ;  to  decease. 

3.  To  be  discharged,  as  firc-arma  ;  to  explode. 
To  go  on  !  to  proceed  ;  to  advance  forward. 

2.  To  be  put  on,  as  a  garment.  The  coat  will  not 
go  on. 

To  go  out ;  to  issue  forth  ;  to  depart  from. 

2.  To  go  on  an  e.xpedition.  Shale 

3.  To  become  extinct,  as  light  or  life ;  to  expire. 
A  candle  goes  out ;  fire  goes  ouL 

And  life  itaelf  goet  ont  at  Uiy  displeasure.  Addison. 

4.  To  become  public.  This  story  goes  out  to  the 
world. 

To  go  over ;  lo  read  ;  lo  peruse ;  to  study. 

2.  To  examine  ;  to  view  or  review  ;  as,  to  go  over 
an  account. 

If  we  go  over  the  laws  of  Christianity.  Titlotson. 

3.  To  think  over;  to  proceed  or  pass  in  mental 
operation. 

4.  To  change  sides ;  to  pass  from  one  parly  to 
another. 

5.  To  revolt. 

6.  To  pass  from  one  side  to  the  other,  as  of  a  river. 
To  go  through ;  to  pass  in  a  substance ;  as,  to  go 

through  water. 

2.  To  execute  ;  to  .accomplish  ;  to  perform  thor- 
oughly ;  to  finish  ;  as,  to  go  Utrough  an  operation. 

3.  i'o  sulTer ;  to  bear ;  to  undergo ;  lo  sustain  lo 
the  end  ;  as,  to  go  through  a  long  sickness ;  to  go 
through  an  tijwralion. 

To  go  through  with ;  to  execute  effectually. 

To  go  under ;  lo  be  talked  of  or  known,  as  by  a 
title  or  name  ;  as,  lo  go  under  the  name  of  reformers. 

To  go  up  ;  lo  ascend  ;  lo  rise. 

To  go  upon  ;  lo  prt)ceed  as  on  a  foundation  ;  to  take 
a-i  a  principle  supposed  or  settled ;  as,  to  go  upon  a 
supposition. 

To  go  tcith ;  to  accompany ;  to  pass  with  others. 

2.  To  side  with  ;  lo  be  in  party  or  design  with. 

To  go  ill  with  1  lo  have  ill  foitune  ;  not  to  prosper. 

To  go  well  with ;  to  have  good  fortune  ;  lo  prosper. 

'J'o  go  without;  to  be  or  remain  destitute. 

Go  to;  come,  move,  begin  ;  aphra.te  of  exhortation; 
alsti  a  phrase  of  scornful  exliort.'ition. 
GO'-IiK-TWEKN,  n.    [r'o  and  between.]    An  inter- 
poser  ;  one  who  transacts  business  between  parlies. 

Sliak. 

Go'-B?,  n.  {go  and  by.]  Evasion  ;  escape  by  arti- 
fice. Collier. 

2.  A  passing  without  notice ;  a  thrusting  away  ;  a 
shifting  off;  as,  to  give  a  proposal  the  go-by. 

Go'-CART,  n.  [go  and  cart.]  A  machine  with 
wheels,  in  which  children  learn  to  walk  without 
danger  of  falling. 

Go  AO,  11.  (Sax.  gad,  a  goad  ;  Pw.  gadd,  a  sting ;  Scot. 
gad,  a  goad,  a  rod,  the  point  of  a  spe.ir ;  Ir.  gath, 
golh,  a  giKid  ;  W.goth,  a  push.  The  sense  is,  a  shoot, 
a  point.] 

A  iHiinted  instrument  used  to  stimulate  a  beast  to 
move  faster. 
GO.M),  r.  t.    To  prick  ;  to  drive  with  a  goad. 

2.  To  incite;  lo  stimulate;  to  instigate;  to  urge 
forward,  or  to  rouse  by  any  thing  pungent,  severe, 
irriuiting,  or  inflaming.  He  was  goaded  by  sarcastic 
remarks  or  by  abuse  ;  goaded  by  desire  or  other 
pa.ssion. 

GoAD'ED,  pp.  Pricked  ;  pushed  on  by  a  goad  ;  insti- 
gated. 

GoAD'I.N'G,  ppr.    Pricking  ;  driving  with  a  goad  ;  in- 
citing ;  urging  on  ;  rousing. 
GO.M-,  n.    [Fr.  gaule,  a  long  pole;  VV.  gwyal.  Arm. 
goalrnn,  a  slatT.] 

I.  The  point  set  to  bound  a  race,  and  to  which 
they  run  ;  llic  mark. 

Pan  ctirt*  their  fiery  steeds,  or  shun  the  goal 

Wilh  rapiil  wheels.  A/i/lon. 


2.  Any  .starting  post.  Milton. 

3.  The  end  or  final  purpose  ;  the  end  to  w  hich  a 
di!sign  tends,  or  which  a  person  aims  to  reach  or  ac- 
coiiiplish. 

K>ch  individual  seeks  a  sevenil  goat.  Pope. 
GrtAR.  n.    More  usually  Gore,  which  see. 
GOAR'iSH,  o.    Patched  ;  mean.  [Oftj.l 

Branm.  ^  Ft. 

GflAT,  n.  [Sax.  gtrt ;  D.  geit ;  C.  geiss ;  Sw.  get; 
Dan.  gedrbuh,  a  he-goat ;  Russ.  koia.] 

An  animal  orquadrui>ed  of  the  genus  Capra.  I'ho 
horns  are  hollow,  turned  upward,  erect,  and  scabrous. 
(Joats  are  nearly  of  the  size  of  sheep,  but  stronger, 
less  timid,  and  more  agile.  They  delight  to  frequent 
rocks  and  mountains,  and  subsist  on  scanty,  coarse 
food.  The  milk  of  the  goal  is  sweet,  nourishing, 
and  medicin.al,  and  the  flesh  fumi.shes  provisions  to 
the  inhabitants  of  countries  where  they  abound. 

GOAT'-CHAF'ER,  n.    An  insect,  a  kind  of  beetle. 

Bailry. 

GoAT'FlSH,  n,  A  fish  of  the  Jlediterranean,  Balisla 
capriseus.  Bootll. 

GoAT'llERD,  n.  One  whose  occup.ation  is  to  lend 
goats.  Spenser. 

G6.4T'ISII,  a.    Resembling  a  goat  in  any  quality  ;  of 
a  rank  smell.  More. 
2.  Lustful.  Shok. 

G<"j.\T'ISH-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  goat ;  lust- 
fully. 

GO.VTTSn-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  goatish  ; 

lustfulness. 
GoAT-MAR'JO-RA.M,  n.  Goat-beard. 
GOAT'-.MILK-EU,  n.    A  kind  of  bird,  so  called  from 

being  supposed  to  suck  goats  ;  the  goal-sucker. 

Bailey. 

GOAT'S'BkARD,  n.  In  botany,  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Tragopogon. 

GOAT'.^KIN,  n.   The  skin  of  a  goal.  Pope. 

(JOAT'S'-ROE,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Galega. 

GO.Vr'S'-STO.NKS,  ;i.  Tlie  greater  goal's-slones  is 
the  S.-ityriuin  ;  the  le:isrr,  the  Orchis. 

GO.AT'S'-THORN,  m.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Astrag- 
alus. 

G6AT'-SIJCK-ER,  n.  In  ornithology,  a  bird  of  the 
genus  Capriniulgiis,  so  called  frolii  the  opinion  tluat 
it  would  suck  goats.  It  is  called,  also,  the  fern-owl. 
In  liailey,  it  is  called  a  goat-milker. 
GOB,  »i.  [Fr.  gobe  ;  \V.  gob,  a  heap.  Qu.  Ueb.  3J,  a 
hill,  a  boss  ;  C'h.  NDJ  geba,  to  rai.se.] 

A  little  mass  or  collection  ;  a  mouthful.    [.4  lote 
word.]  L^Estrange. 
GOB'BET,  n.    [Fr.  gobe,  supra.] 

A  small  piece  ;  a  inoutht'ul ;  a  lump. 

Shak.  .Addison. 
GOB'BET,  V.  t.    To  swallow  in  masses  or  moutlifuls 

[J3  low  word.]  VEstranire. 
GOB'BET-LY,  arfr.    In  pieces.  Huloel. 
GOB'IUNG,  71.    In  mining,  the  refuse  thrown  back 
into  the  excavations  remaining  after  the  removal  of 
the  coal.  Brandt. 
GOIl'BLE,  r.  t.    [Fr.  gober,  to  swallow.] 

To  swallow  ill  large  pieces ;  to  swallow  hastily. 

Prior.  Swift, 

GOB'BLE,  V.  i.   To  make  a  noise  in  the  throat,  as  a 

turkey.  Prior. 
GUll'liLKO,  pp.   Swallowed  hastdy. 
GOB'BLER,  n.    One  who  swallows  in  haste ;  a  greedy 
eater;  a  gormandizer. 
2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  turkey-cock. 
GOB'BLING,  ppr.    Swallowing  hastily. 

2.  Making  a  noise  like  a  turkey. 
GOB'E-LI.N,  n.    A  term  applied  to  a  species  of  rich 
tapestry  in  Franc.e.    The  term  is  derived  from  Gilles 
Gobelins,  a  celebrated  dyer  in  tlie  reign  of  Francis  I. 

Diet,  de  rjicad. 
GOB'LET,  71.    [Fr.  gobelet;  Arm.  gob  or  gobeled; 
lleb.  POJ.] 

A  kind  of  cup  or  drinking  vessel  without  a  handle. 

We  love  nut  lo.ided  bo;ints  and  goblets  crowned.  Dtnhan. 
GOIl'LIN,  71.  [Fr.  gobelin;  G.  kobold,  a  goblin;  D. 
kabouter,  a  boy,  an  elf;  kaboutcr-mannetje,  a  goblin  ; 
Arm.  gobylin:  VV.  eobhjn,  a  knocker,  a  thum|>er,  a 
pecker,  a  fiend ;  cobiaw,  lo  knock ;  from  cob,  a  top,  a 
thump.] 

1.  .\n  evil  spirit;  a  walking  spirit;  a  frightful 
phantom. 

'!'•>  wh'nn  the  goblin,  full  of  wroth,  replied.  MVton, 

2.  A  fairy  ;  an  elf.  Shah. 
G^^'1!Y,  n.    .\  name  given  to  certain  spinoiis-finiied 

fishes,  allied  to  the  hieniiy,  and  forming  the  genus 
Gobius.  I'hey  arc  mc»stly  small  sea-fishes,  and  can 
live  for  some  time  out  of  the  water. 

Jardine^s  Aaf.  Lib. 
GOD,  71.    [Sax.  god;  G.  gott;  D.  god;  Sw.  and  Dan. 

,  J 

gud;  Goth,  goth  or  guth ;  Pers.  liX^  goda  or  choda  ; 
Hindoo,  khoda,  codam.  As  this  word  and  good  are 
written  exactly  alike  in  Saxon,  it  has  been  inferred 
that  God  was  named  from  his  goodness.  Ihil  the 
corresponding  words  in  most  the  other  Inngiinpca 
are  not  the  same,  and  I  believe  no  inst.ince  can  be 


TONE,  B^LL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SIl  ;  TH      in  THIS. 


GOD 


GOI 


GOL 


fiiund  of  a  name  given  to  the  Supreme  Beins  from 
tlie  attribute  of  goodness.  It  is  probably  an  idea  too 
remote  from  tlie  rude  conceptions  of  men  in  early 
ages.  Excei)t  the  word  Jehova/i,  I  liave  found  the 
name  of  the  Supreme  Being  to  be  usually  taken  from 
his  supremacy  or  power,  and  to  be  eiptivalent  to  lord 
or  ruler,  from  some  root  signifying  to  press  or  exert 
force.  Now,  in  the  present  case,  we  have  evidence 
that  this  is  the  sense  of  this  word ;  for,  in  Persic, 
^uda  is  rendered  dominus,  possessor,  princeps,  as  is  a 
derivative  of  the  same  word.  See  Cast.  Lex.  col. 
231.] 

1.  The  Supreme  Being ;  Jehovah  ;  the  eternal  and 
infinite  Spirit,  the  Creator,  and  the  Sovereign  of  the 
Universe. 

Goft  is  a  spirit ;  and  they  that  woiship  him  mtist  worehip  him  in 
spirit  and  in  truth.  — John  iv. 

2.  A  false  god  ;  a  heathen  deity  ;  an  idol. 

Fear  not  the  gods  of  tlie  Aiaorites.  —  Judjjes  vi. 

3.  A  prince ;  a  ruler  ;  a  magistrate  or  judge ;  an 
angel.  Thou  shalt  not  revile  the  "■otis,  nor  curse  the 
ruler  of  thy  people.    Ezod.  xxii.    Ps.  xcvii. 

[Oods  here  is  a  bad  translntion.] 

4.  Any  person  or  thing  exalted  too  much  in  estima- 
tion, or  deified  and  honored  as  the  chief  good. 

Whose  god  is  tlieir  belly.  —  Pliil.  iii. 

GOD,  tJ.  f.    To  deify.    [JVot  used.]  Shik. 
GOD'CHiLD,  n.    [god  and  c/iiW.]    One  for  whom  a 
person  becomes  sponsor  at  baptism,  and  promises  to 
see  educated  as  a  Christian. 
GOD'DAUGH-TER,  (-daw-ter,)  n.    [<rod  and  daugh- 
ter.']   A  female  for  whom  one  becomes  sponsor  at 
baptism.    [See  Godfather.] 
GOD'DESS,  n.    A  female  deity  ;  a  beatlien  deity  of 
the  female  sex. 

When  the  (iaii^liter  of  Jupiter  presented  herself  amon?  a  crowd 
of  goddesses,  slie  w;ls  distni^oi^hed  by  her  gr.icel  iil  stature 
and  superior  Ijciuty.  Adtlison. 

2.  In  the  language  of  love,  a  woman  of  superior 
charms  or  excellence. 
GOU'UESS-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  goddess. 

Pope. 

GOD'Fa-THER,  n.    [Sax.  god  iind  f,tdcr.    The  Sax- 
ons used,  also,  godsibb,  good  relation.] 

A  man  who  becomes  sponsor  for  a  child  at  baptism, 
in  the  English  and  Roman  Catholic  churches;  who 
makes  himself  a  surety  for  the  child,  that  he  will 
"  forsake  the  devil  and  all  his  works,  and  constantly 
believe  God's  holy  word,  and  obediently  keep  his 
coinnianilments." 

[Bingham  maintains  that,  during  the  four  first  cen- 
turies, there  was  but  one  spimsiir  for  a  child,  and 
that  one  the  parent,  or  some  ju  rsim  who  had  the 
charge  of  it.  Afterward,  the  number  of  sponsors 
was  increased,  and  the  parents  excluded  from  the 
oltice.  jMurdock.] 

GOD'FA-THER,  r.  t.   To  act  as  godfather;  to  take 
under  one's  fostering  care.  Burke. 

GOD'IIEAD,  (god'hed,)  n.    [god  and   Sax.  liade, 
state.] 

1.  Godship  ;  deity;  divinity;  divine  nature  or  es- 
sence ;  applied  to  the  true  God,  and  to  hcaVtcn  deities. 

Mdton.  Prior. 

2.  A  deity  in  person  ;  a  god  or  goddess.  Drxjdrn. 
GOD'LESS,  a.    ilaving  no  reverence  for  God  ;  impi- 
ous ;  ungodly;  irreligious;  wicked.  Hooker. 

2.  Atheistical ;  having  no  belief  in  the  existence 
of  (Jod.  Milton. 
GOI)'LESS-LY,  adv.    Irreverently  ;  atlieistically. 
GOD'LESS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  impious  or 

irreligious.  Bp.  Hall. 

GOD'LiKE,  a.    Resembling  God  ;  divine. 

2.  Reseiniding  a  deity,  or  heathen  divinity. 
;t.  Of  superior  excellence ;  as,  godlUie  virtue ;  a 
podlike  prince. 
GDD'LIKlv.NESS,  v.    The  state  of  being  godlike. 
GOD'H-LY,  adv.     Piously;  righteously. 

JI.  Wharton. 

GOD'LI-NESS,  n.    [from  godly.]     Piety  ;   belief  in 
God,  and  reverence  for  his  character  and  laws. 

2.  A  religious  life  ;  a  careful  observance  of  the 
laws  of  God,  and  performance  of  religious  duties, 
proceeding  from  love  and  reverence  for  the  divine 
character  and  commands  ;  Christian  obedience. 

OodJintMi  in  profiuble  unto  all  thin;pt.  —  1  Tim.  iv. 

3.  Revelation  ;  the  system  of  Christianity. 


Without  controverey,  great  i*  the  myiitery  of  godlin 
wiijt  inani/c»t  m  ilie  Acsh.  —  1  Tiini  iii. 


;  Uod 


GOI)'I>l.\G,  n.    A  little  deity;  a  diminutive  god  ;  a.s, 
a  puny  godling.  IJnjden. 

GfJlJ'I.V,  a.    [undlikr.]    Pious  ;  reverencing  God,  and 
hill  character  and  lawn. 

2.  Living  in  obedience  to  God's  commands,  from 
a  principle  of  love  to  him  and  reverence  of  his  char- 
acter find  precepts  ;  religiuub  ;  righteous  ;  as,  a  godly 
person. 

:t.  Pious  ;  Cfinformcd  to  God's  law  ;  as,  a  podlu 
life. 

GtJD'I-Y,  adv.    Piously  ;  righteously. 

All  th-M  will  live  godly  in  Chrut  Jrau*  ■hall  lufTer  penecuUon.  — 
•i  Tlni.  ill. 


GOD'LY-IIEAD,  (  hed,)  n.  [Sax.  god,  good,  and 
head.] 

Goodness.    [OAs.]  Spenser. 

GOD'.MOT»-ER,  (-mutt)'er,)  n.  [god and  mothn:]  A 
woman  who  becomes  sponsor  for  a  child  in  baptism. 
[.See  Godfather.] 

GO-DO\VN',  71.  In  the  Ea.it  Indies,  a  corruption  of  the 
Malay  word  godong,  a  warehouse.  Smart. 

GO-DROO.V,  ji.    [Fr.  godron,  a  ruffle  or  pjifl'.] 

In  architecture,  a  kind  of  inverted  tluting  or  bead- 
ing for  ornament.  Elmes. 

GOD'SEND,  71.  Something  sent  by  God  ;  an  unexpect- 
ed acquisition  or  piece  of  good  fortune. 

GOD'SHIP,  n.  Deity;  divinity;  the  rank  or  character 
of  a  god. 

O'er  hills  and  dales  thf^ir  godships  came.  Prior. 

GOD'SMITII,  n.    A  maker  of  idols.  Dnjdm. 
GOD'SON,  (-sun,)  n.    [Sax.  godsumu] 

One  for  whom  another  has  been  sponsor  at  the 
font. 

GOD'SPEED,  n.  Good  speed,  that  is,  success.  2 
John  10. 

GOU'S'-PEN-NY,  n.    An  earnest-penny. 

Beaum,  8,  Fl. 

GOD'WARD,  adv.   Toward  God.  [.^n  ill-formed  word.] 

GOD'WIT,  71.    [Ice.  god  and  veide.] 

A  name  common  to  a  genus  of  birds,  the  Limosa, 
having  long  legs  and  long,  flexible  bills.  The  Black- 
tailed  Godvvit,  in  its  summer  plumage,  has  the  feath- 
ers on  the  head,  neck,  and  back,  of  a  light  reddish- 
brown,  those  on  the  belly  white,  and  the  tail  is 
regularly  barred  with  black  and  white.  This  bird 
frequents  fens  and  the  banks  of  rivers,  and  its  flesh 
is  esteemed  a  great  delicacy.  Partington. 

GOD'YELD,  \  adv.    [.Supposed  to  be  contracted  from 

GOD'YIELD,  i     good,  or  god,  and  shield.] 

A  term  of  thanks.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

GO'EL,  a.    [Sax.  gralcw.] 

Yellow.    [Obs.]  Tusscr. 

Go'EX,  part.  pret.  of  Go,  formerly  so  written. 

GO'ER,  li.  [from  go.]  One  that  goes  ;  a  runner  or 
walker  ;  one  that  has  a  gait,  good  or  bad.  IVotton. 

2.  One  that  transacts  business  between  parties  ;  in 
an  ill  setise.  Shak. 

3.  A  foot.  Chapman. 

4.  A  term  applied  to  a  horse  ;  as,  a  good  goer;  a 
safe  goer.    [Unusual  in  the  United  Slates.] 

GO'E-TY,  n.    [Gr.  >  ofjrti.i.]  [Bcaum.  Si  Fl. 

Invocation  of  evil  spirits.    [JVot  in  use.]  Ilallowell. 
GOFF,  71.    [Uu.  VV.  goful,  contracted,  a  word  com- 
posed of  go  and  fol,  foolish  ;  or  Fr.  gojfe ;  or  a  con- 
traction of  D.  kidf  a  club.] 

A  foolish  clown;  also,  a  game.  [04s.]  [See 
Golf.] 

GOFF'ISn,  n.    Foolish  ;  stupid.    [Obs.]  Chauerr. 
GOG,  n.    [\V.  gog,  activity,  rapidity  ;  probably  allied 
to  gig.    See  Agog.] 

Haste ;  ardent  desire  to  go.  Beanm.  S(  Fl. 

GOG'GLE,  (gog'l,)  V.  i.    [\V.  gogelu,  to  shun  ;  go,  a 
prefix,  and  geln,  from  eel,  a  shelter,  coinciding  with 
L.  celo  ;  or  from  gug.] 
To  strain  or  roll  the  eves. 


And  wink  and  goggle  lilie  an  owl.  Htukbras. 

GOG'GLE,  a.    Having  full  eyes  ;  staring.    B.  Jonson. 
GOG'GLE,  71.    A  strained  or  affected  rolling  of  the 
eye. 

GOG'GL£D,  0.    Prominent;  staring,  as  the  eye. 

licrbert. 

G0G'GLE-E5E,  7u   A  rolling  or  staring  eye. 

B.  Jonson. 

GOG'GLE-EY-£D,  (gog'I-ide,)  o.  Having  prominent, 
distorted,  or  rolling  eyes.  ,  Mscham. 

GOG'GLES,  (gog'glz,)  n.  pi.  [W.  gogelu,  to  shelter. 
See  Goggle,  tile  verb.] 

1.  In  surgery,  instruments  used  to  cure  squinting, 
or  the  distortion  of  the  eyes  which  occasions  it. 

Encyc. 

2.  Cylindrical  tubes,  in  which  are  fixed  glasses  for 
defending  the  eyes  from  cold,  dust,  &c.,  and  some- 
times with  colored  glasses,  to  abate  the  intensity  of 
light. 

3.  Blinds  for  horses  that  are  apt  to  take  fright. 
Go'INt;,  ;>/ir.    [from  ^ro.]    Moving;  walking;  travel- 
ing; turning;  rolling;  flying;  sailing,  &c. 

GO'I.N<!,  n.    The  act  of  moving  in  any  manner. 

2.  The  act  of  walking.  Shak. 

3.  I)('|iarture.  Miltnn. 

4.  Pregnancy.  Grew. 
.").  Procedure;  way;  course  of  life ;  behavior;  de- 
portment ;  used  chiefly  in  the  plural. 

Ilis  eyei  nrv  on  Uie  ways  of  man,  and  he  iecth  nil  his  guingt.  — 
Job  xxxiv. 

C.  Procedure ;  course  of  providential  agency  or 
government. 

Tlicy  have  Been  thy  goingt,  O  God ;  even  the  goings  of  my  God, 
niy  King,  in  the  naiicluary.  —  Pm.  Ixvili. 

Going  out,  )   in    Scripture,  utmost  extremity  or 
Goings  out,  \      limit ;  the  point  where  an  extentl- 
ed  body  terminates.    JVum.  xxxiv.  .'>,  "J. 
2.  llepartiire  or  journeying.    JVum.  xxxiii. 

GOI'TEK,  y  ... 

GOl'TKE,  i  "•    l^'-  e"""-] 


Affected  with  goiter. 


The  bronchocele ;  a  cellulose  or  cystose  tumor,  tfie 
cells  oval,  currant-sized,  or  grajie-sized,  containing 
a  serous  fluid  ;  sometimes  their  contents  are  c.isenus. 
It  is  seated  in  the  thyroid  gland,  and  appears  on  the 
anterior  part  of  the  neck.  The  same  disease  affects 
the  testes  and  the  female  bre.tsts,  but  in  these  situa- 
tions is  not  called  bronchocele.  Cellular  sarcoma  is 
a  name  applicable  to  the  disease  in  all  locations. 

Tiie  inhabitants  of  this  part  of  tlic  ValajB  are  sulijecl  to  goilrrs, 

Coic,  Xicilz. 

GOI'TER-KD, 

(;or;rR/;D, 

GOl'TROUS,  a.    [Fr.  goitrntx.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  goiter;  partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  bronchocele. 
3.  Affected  with  bronchocele.   Journ.  of  Science. 
Let  me  not  be  nnfierstood  as  insinuating  that  tlie  inhabitants  in 
general  are  eitiier  goitrous  or  iiiiots.  Coze,  6'icitz. 

GO'LA,  71.    [It. ;  L.  gula.] 

In  architecture,  the  same  as  Cymatium  or  Cyma. 

GOLD,  n.  [Sax.  gold;  G.  gold:  D.  goud,  a  contracted 
word  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  ^iiW,  from  giil,  guul,  yellow. 
Hence  the  original  pronunciation  goold,  still  retained 
by  some  people.  The  Dan.  guul  is  in  Sax.  gealeir, 
whence  our  yellow,  that  is,  primarily,  bright,  from 
the  Celtic,  W.  gawl,  galau,  gole,  light,  splendor  ; 

Gaelic  geal,  bright;  Ar.  'NX-^  "^i'"'",  to  be  clear  or 
bright.    Class  Gl,  No.  7.] 

1.  A  precious  metal  of  a  bright  yellow  color,  and 
the  most  ductile  and  malleable  of  all  the  metals,  it 
is  the  heaviest  metal  except  platinum,  and,  being  a 
very  dense,  fixed  substance,  and  not  liable  to  be  in- 
jured by  air,  it  is  well  fitted  to  be  used  as  coin,  or  a 
representative  of  commodities  in  commerce.  Its 
ductility  and  malleability  render  it  the  most  suitable 
metal  for  gilding.  It  is  often  found  native  in  solid 
masses,  as  in  Hungary  and  Peru  ;  though  generally 
in  combination  with  silver,  copper,  or  iron.  Encyc. 

2.  Money. 

For  nie  the  gold  of  France  did  not  seduce.  SliaJe. 

3.  Something  pleasing  or  valuable ;  as,  a  lieai  t  of 
gold.  Shak. 

4.  A  bright  yellow  color ;  as,  a  flower  edged  with 
gold. 

5.  Riche.s  ;  wealth. 

Gold  of  plriu-iurc  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Camelina, 
bearing  ytdlow  flowers,  sometimes  cultivated  for  the 
oil  of  its  seetls. 
GOLD,  a.    Made  of  gold ;  consisting  of  gold  ;  as,  a 
gold  chain. 

GoLD'liP.AT-EN,  (-bet'n,)  a.    Gilded.    [Little  used.] 

GoLD'l!f5.\T-ER,  71.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  beat 
or  foliate  gtiUl  for  gilding.  Boyle. 

Goldbeater^-  skin;  the  intt^stines  of  an  ox,  which 
goldbeaters  lay  between  the  leaves  of  the  nirtal  while 
they  beat  it,  whereby  the  iiienibrane  is  reduceil  very 
thin,  and  made  fit  to  be  ajiplied  to  cuts  and  fresh 
wounds.  Qaincy. 

GoLD'Be.\T-ING,  71.  The  art  or  process  of  redut  ing 
gold  to  extremely  thin  leaves,  by  beating  with  a 
hammer.  Ure, 

GoLD'BOIJND,  a.    Encompassed  with  gold.  Slink. 

GOLD  Coast,  «.  in  geography,  the  coast  of  Africa 
where  gold  is  found  ;  being  a  part  of  the  coast  of 
Giiine.i. 

GOLD'-DUST,  71.   Gold  in  very  fine  particles. 
GoLD'£N,  (gold'n,)  a.    Made  of  gold  ;  consisting  of 
gold. 

2.  Bright;  shining;  splendid;  as,  the  ^oWen  sun. 
Reclining  soft  on  many  a  golden  cloud.  Jtowe. 

3.  Yellow  ;  of  a  gold  color ;  as,  a  golden  harvest ; 
golden  fruit. 

4.  Excellent ;  most  valuable  ;  as,  the  golden  rule. 

IValt.i. 

5.  Happy  ;  pure  ;  as,  the  golden  age,  the  fabulous 
age  of  primeval  simplicity  and  purity  of  manners  in 
rural  employments. 

G.  Preeminently  favorable  or  auispicious ;  as,  golden 
opinions.  Shak. 

L'-t  not  slip  the  got'len  opportunity.  Hamilton. 

Golden  number  ;  in  chronology,  a  number  showing 
the  year  of  the  moon's  cycle. 

Golden  rule;  111  aritliineiic,  the  rule  of  three,  or 
rule  of  proportion. 
GoLI)'/;N-CLUB,  71.   An  aquatic  plant,  bearing  yel- 
low flowers. 

goli)'/;n-cups,  71. 

cuius. 

GuLl)'KN-F,?E,  (gf.ld'n-i,)  n.    A  species  of  duck. 

GOLD'f.'N  FLEECE,  ji.  In  myOiology,  the  fleece  of 
gold  taken  from  the  ram  lhat  bore  I'hryxus  through 
the  air  to  Colchis,  and  in  (piest  of  which  Jason  un- 
dertook the  Argonautic  expedition.        Ed.  Encyc. 

GOLD'/'.'N-LOOK-liN'G,  n.    Appearing  like  gold. 

GOLD'KN-Ll'JNti'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genua 
Ilieracium. 

G0L1)'/;N-LY,  adv.  Splendidly;  delightfully.  [.V.'( 
used.]  Shak. 

G0L1)'^/':N-M.\ID'£N-I1A1R,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Polytrichum. 


A  plant  of  the  genus  Ranun- 


FATE,  FAR,  K^LL,  VVIli^T  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  WOVE,  VVQLF,  IIQQK.— 

5JO  ^  ■  ~~~~ 


JJ 


GON 

G(5LD'£N-MOU?E'EAR,  n.  A  pliiiit  of  the  genua 
llicraciiiin. 

GOI.D'f-'N-KOD,  n.  A  tall,  coarse-looking  herb,  hfar- 
ina  ycUovv  (lowers  j  a  name  common  to  plants  of  the 
p.-nns  Soliilacrt.  Piirtiin'tun- 

GoLl)'A;.\-lllll)'-'rUKE,  n.  A  slirnb  of  the  Canary 
Isirs  of  the  (xi  niis  Rosea.  I.ouilon. 

G0I.I)'/';N-SA.M'1'11IUE,  «.  a  plant,  the  Inula  criOi- 
viiftilia.  ^''■''* 

Gol'.D't'N-SAX'l-KKAGE,  M.  A  plant,  the  Chrysos- 
itleniuin, 

Gol.D'KN'-TIIIS'TT^E,  'Bold'n-Ihis'l,)  n.    A  plant  of 

I  he  genus  Scolvmus,  lieai  iM:;  veliiiw  tlowers. 
GoLl)'>;N-'riii:'sS-/;l),  a.    Ilavinc  tn  ssi's  like  eiilil. 
(i6l,I)'7-;.\-\Vl.\G-f;i),  a.    HavinK  wings  like  gold. 
GOl.D'Kl.N'CII,  n.    [Sax.  uoUlfiiic] 

The  FrinisilU  cariliielis,  u  beautiful  singing-biril,  so 

nanieil  froui^  the  color  of  its  wings. 
Gol.D'-FIN'D-KK,  h.    One  who  fimla  gold  ;  one  who 

empties  jakes.  Swift. 
Gr)l.l)'-KI.-<ll,      In.    A  fish  of  the  genus  Cyininus, 
GOLD't'iN'-KIfill,  i     of  the   size  of  a  pikliard,  so 

named  from  its  bright  color.    These  fishes  are  bred 

by  the  Chinese,  in  small  ponds,  in  basins  or  porcelain 

Vessels,  and  kepi  for  ornament. 
GoI.D'llA.M -Mr.ll,  n.    A  kind  of  bird.  Vict. 
(;ol.l)'-lllt/I'-lil),  a.    llaviiiL'  a  golden  hilt. 
Gfil.D'I.VG,  11.    .V  sort  of  a|iple.  Diet. 
Gt")l.l)'-LACK.,  II.    A  lace  wmnglit  with  gold. 
(;f)I,l)'-L.AC  A.l),  (  lasto,)  «.  Trimmrd  with  gold  lare. 
Gol.D'-LE.-VF,  II.    Gold  foliated  or  bejiten  into  a  thin 

leaf. 

GoM)'I.ES!<,  (I.    neslitiite  of  gold. 

Gol.D'.VEV,  11.    A  fish,  the  gillhead.  75ic(. 

(iol.D'-I'l.EAS  IMlE,  H.  [For  Gouu  of-Pleasubk.J  A 
plani  of  the  genus  Camelina. 

GdLD'-PROOF,  o.  Proof  again.st  bribery  or  tempta- 
tion by  money.  Uraiim.  Jf-  Ft. 

GoM)'-.SIZE,  n.  .\  size  or  glue  for  burnishing  gild- 
jiii;.  Knnjc. 

GoI.D'ii^MITII,  n.  An  artisan  who  manufactures  ves- 
sels and  ornaments  of  gold  and  silver. 

a.  .\  banker;  one  who  manages  the  pecuniary 
concerns  of  others.  OuliLmitlui  were  formerly  bank- 
ers in  England,  but  in  America  the  practice  does  not 
exist,  nor  is  the  word  used  in  this  sense. 

GOI^U'-S'I'ICK,  II.  A  colonel  of  a  regiment  of  Eng- 
lish lifeguards,  w  ho  attends  his  sovereign  on  state 
occasions. 

.G5I.I)'-TIIRE AO,  (  thred,)  ii.  A  thread  formed  of 
fiatted  gold  laid  over  a  thread  of  silk,  by  twisting 
it  with  a  «  heel  and  iron  bobbins.  Urc. 

2.  A  small,  evergreen  plant,  Coptis  trifolia  ;  so 
called  from  its  fibrous,  yi  llow  roots.    United  States. 

Gol.D'-WIKE,  II.  Wire  made  of  golil ;  «.«ii«//;/,  silver 
wire  gilded,  or  wire  made  from  an  ingot  of  silver, 
superficially  covered  with  gold,  and  drawn  through 
small,  round  holes.  Urr.  Ilrhrrt. 

GciI.I>'V-EUCKS,  II.  A  n.aine  given  to  certain  plants 
of  the  genera  Chrysocoiiia  and  (Iiiaphaliiiin. 

GOLK,  II.  [I),  til//,  a  club  or  bat ;  Uaii.  Ati/e,  the  butt 
end  of  a  gun-stock.] 

A  game  with  a  small  ball  and  a  bat  or  club  crooked 
at  the  lower  end,  in  w  hich  he  w  ho  drives  the  ball 
into  a  series  of  small  holes  in  the  ground  with  the 
fewest  strokes  is  the  winner.  StriilL 

GUM.,  n.    [Gr.  j  l  aA.ii.,  a  cavity,  and  the  hollow  of 
the  band.    Uu.  is  this  the  ('eltic  form  of  rnla  ?  1 
Hands  j  puws  ;  claws.    [Avt  in  use,  or  heal.] 

Sidiiry. 

GO-I.OE'-SIlOE,  (go-lo'shoo,)  n.  [Arm.  gnlo,  or  i'uici, 
to  cover.] 

.\  n  over-shoe  ;  a  slioc  worn  ovvT  another  to  keep 
the  foot  dry. 

GO-LORE',  11.     Plenty  ;   abundance.    [Ob.i.]  [See 

(■ALORC.j 

GOI,T'SHUT,  n.  A  small  ingot  of  gold  ;  in  Japan,  of 
silver,  serving  fiir  money.  SuiarL 

GQ.M,  n.    [Sax.  ^um;  Goth,  truma.] 
A  man.  [Ofts.] 

GQ.M'AN,  n.  [Probably  from  ^oorf  man.]  A  husband  ; 
a  master  of  a  family.    [  Obs.] 

GO.M-PIII'A-SIS,  II.    [Gr.  )<iie;">«.  » 

A  disease  of  the  teeth,  when  they  loosen  and  fall 
out  of  their  sockets.  Branile. 

Gl)M-PIIf)'8IS,  n.  [Gr.]  The  immovable  articula- 
tion of  the  teeth  Willi  the  jaw-bone,  like  a  nail  in  a 
board. 

GU-.MC'TI,  n.  A  fibrous  substance,  resembling  horse- 
hair, obtained  from  a  kind  of  palm-tree,  {tiurtts.^us 
^rt/inu/uo',)  of  llie  Indian  islands,  and  used  fiir  making 
1      cordage.  JPCulloch. 

GON'I)0-L.\,  n.  [It.  id.;  Fr.  gondolc;  Ann.  gondo- 
/riiii.] 

I.  .\  flat-lKittoined  pleasure-boat,  very  long  and 
narrow,  used  at  Venice,  in  Italy,  on  the  canals. 
I      It  is  painted  black,  and  has  a  small  cabin  furnished 
!      w  ith  black  curtains.    A  gondida  of  middle  size  is 
about  thirty  feet  long  and  four  broad,  terminating 
at  e.ach  end  in  a  sharp  point  or  |>eak  rising  to  the 
bight  of  a  man.    It  is  usually  rowed  by  two  men, 
called  eondiitiers,  who  pro|iel  the  boat  liy'pushing  the 
!      oars.    The  gondola  i..  also  used  in  otlier  parts  of  Ita- 
ly for  a  passage  boat.  Encyc 


GOO 

2.  A  flat-bottomed  boat  for  carrying  produce,  kc. 

United  Stilt  C.I. 
GO.\-I)0-LlKll',  71.    A  man  who  rows  a  gondola. 
GONE,  (pronounced  nearly  gaton.)  pp.  of  Go.  De- 
parted. ^ 

It  wiu  (nUl  SdIohiuu  (lull  Shimt-I  hnd  gone  from  Ji-rusnlt-m  lo 
(.J.itli.  —  t  Kings  ii. 

Q.  Advanced  ;  forward  in  progress  ,  wfth  far,  far- 
ther,i^t  further;  as,  a  man  far  tjone  in  iiileiiipi'raiice. 

3.  Ruined  ;  undone.    Exert  yourselves  or  we  are 

^OIIC. 

4.  Past  J  as,  these  liappy  days  are  gone  ;  sometimes 
with  litj.    Those  times  are  gunc  by. 

5.  Lost. 

Wlicn  her  m.-ujlcn  f-iw  Ihrit  tho  hope  of  their         wnii  gone.  — 
AclA  xvi, 

6.  Departed  from  life  ;  deceased  ;  dead. 
GON'E.\-I,0.\,  \  n.    [;ron/(iiioH,  Chancer ;  Fr.  i?on/a- 
GON'I".\-NO.\,  j     hm;  Sax.  gathfana,  war-llag,  com- 
posed of  i'li/A,  war,  Ir.  cath  or  cad,  W.  ead,  and  Sax. 
fana,  Goth,  fana,  I,,  pannus,  cloth  ;  in  Sax.  a  fiag.] 

An  ensiLMi  or  standard  (  colors.    [0/<.<.]  Mdlun. 
GO.\-K.\-XON-IEll',    II.     A  chief  standanl-lie;irer. 

[Oh.s.]  Bp.  linn. 

GO.N'G,  11.    [Sax.  gan^.] 

1.  A  privy  or  jaki :s.    [0?«.]  Cliaucer. 

2.  A  Chinese  inslniiiieiil  made  of  an  alloy  of  co))- 
per  and  tin,  of  a  circular  form,  producing,  when 
struck,  a  very  loud  and  li;irsh  sound. 

GO-.MO.M'E-TEll,  n.  [Gr.  j  un.i,  angle,  and  pcrpov, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  solid  angles,  as  the 
angles  of  crystals,  &.C.,  or  the  inclination  of  planes. 

Cyc. 

Rejlieting  goniometer :  an  instrument  for  measuring 
the  angles  of  crystals  by  reflection.  tVoUaston. 

GO-.NI-O-MET'Rie-AE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  goniome- 
ter. Ooniometrieal  lines  are  used  for  measuring  the 
(piantitv  of  angles.  Chamber.-.-. 

GO-.\M)'.\rE-TKY,  n.  The  art  of  measuring  solid 
angles. 

GO.\-OR-RIli:'A,  n.  [Gr.  j  oims,  semen,  and  ptw,  to 
How.] 

A  specific,  contagious  inflammation  of  the  male 
urethra,  or  llii'  female  vagina,  attended,  from  its  ear- 
ly .stages,  w  ilh  a  profuse  secretion  of  much  mucus, 
intermingled  with  a  little  pus.  This  secretion  cim- 
tains  the  contagion  of  the  disease.  The  disease  is 
not  a  real  gonorrhira,  but  a  arelhriti.^,  or  elytritis. 
GOOD,  a.  [Sax.  god,  or  good ;  Goth,  goda,  goih,  goth ; 
G.  guX;  U.  gucd;  Sw.  and  Dan.  god;  Gr.  a)  aJoi  ; 

Pers.  egod.  In  Russ.  godnei,  fit,  suitable,  seems 

to  be  the  same  word.  The  primary  sense  is  strong, 
from  extending,  advancing,  whence  free,  large, 
abundant,  fit,  and  particularly,  strong,  firm,  valid, 
(like  valid,  from  valeo  ;  worUi,  virtue,  from  vtreo  ; 
Sax.  duguOi,  virtue,  from  dugan,  to  be  strong.)  In 
tile  pliiase  a  good  deal,  we  observe  the  sense  of  ex- 
tending ;  in  the  phrases  a  good  title,  a  medicine  good 
for  a  disease,  we  observe  the  sense  of  strong,  eflica- 

cions.  Ar.  il.^  gatula,  to  be  liberal  or  copious,  to 
overflow,  to  be  good,  to  become  better  or  more  firm. 

See  also  ff"'!"} '"^  useful,  profitable,  or  con- 

venient. This  word  good  has  not  the  comparative 
and  siiperl:  'ive  degrees  of  comparison  ;  but  instead 
of  them,  br-rr  and  best,  from  another  root,  are  used. 
Class  (;d,       3,  8.] 

1.  Valid,  n.'gally  firm;  not  weak  or  defective; 
having  .«trt  iglh  adeipiate  to  its  sujipurt ;  as,  a  good 
title  ;  a  gooi  deed  ;  a  good  claim. 

2.  Valid  ;  sound  ;  not  weak,  false,  or  fallacious  ; 
OS,  a  good  ,.rgument. 

3.  Cunip.  'le,  or  siifliciently  perfect,  in  its  kind  ; 
having  the  physical  qualities  be.st  adapted  to  its  de- 
sign and  IIS.* ;  opposed  to  btij,  imperfect,  corrupted, 
impaired.  We  say,  good  timber,  good  clolli,  a  good 
Soil,  a  good  color. 

Ami  fJwl        CTPry  thiny  tll.it  he  had  niadc,  ftiltl  U-hold,  it  waj 
Vfry  iO,jd.  —  lieu,  i, 

4.  Having  monil  qualities  best  adapted  to  its  design 
and  use,  or  the  qualities  w  hich  (Jod's  law  requires  ; 
virtuous  ;  p.ons  ;  religious  ;  applied  to  persons,  and 
opiKised  to  t  id,  vicious,  wicked,  evil. 

Yet  |ynaT>*nturv  lur  a  good  man  •oiiic*  would  eTcii  dure  to  ilie. 
—  Rum.  ». 

5.  Cunfoiiiiablc  to  the  moral  law;  virtuous;  ayi- 
ptieU  to  actions. 

In  nil  Ihingn  «hoU'ing  Oiyirlf  a  piittiTn  of  good  worloi.  —  Til.  ii. 

C.  Proper  ;  fit  ;  cimvenieiit  ;  seasonable  ;  well 
adapted  to  Cie  end.  It  was  a  >raui/  time  to  com- 
mence op^r;  tions.    He  arrived  in  good  time 

7.  Conveoient ;  useful  j  expedient ;  conducive  to 
happiness. 

It  U  not  good  that  the  man  thotilii  be  alone.  —  Gen.  Q. 

8.  Stinnd  ;  perfect  ;  uncornipled  ;  undamaged. 
This  fruit  will  keep  good  the  whole  year. 


GOO 

9.  Suitable  to  the  taste  or  to  health  ;  wholesome  J 
saliilirioiis  ;  palatable;  not  disagreeable  or  noxious; 
as,  fruit  i.food  to  eat  ;  a  tree  good  for  foitd.    Gen.  ii. 

III.  .'Suited  to  produce  a  salutary  etfect ;  adapted  to 
abate  or  cure  ;  medicinal  ;  salutary  ;  beneficial  ;  as, 
fresh  vegetables  are  good  for  scorbutic  diseases 

11.  Suited  to  strengthen  or  assist  the  heallbfiil 
fiiiielions  ;  as,  a  little  wine  is  good  for  a  weak 
stomach. 

13.  Pleasant  to  the  taste ;  as,  a  good  apple. 
My  linn,  eat  thou  honey,  beeauie  it  ii  good,  and  the  honey-comb, 
which  ill  iwcet  to  thy  tiutc.  —  Prov.  xxiv. 

13.  Full ;  complete. 

Tlic  I'rute»tai)l  luhjccu  of  the  abbey  midce  up  a  good  thini  of  iu 
ptrople.  Additon. 

14.  Useful ;  valuable  ;  having  qualities  of  a  ten- 
dency to  produce  a  good  effect. 

All  (jiialily,  that  in  gooil  fur  any  thing,  u  ori^nalty  founded  on 
merit.  Collier. 

15.  Equal ;  adequate  ;  competent.  Ilis  security  is 
good  for  the  amount  of  the  debt ;  np)ilied  to  persons 
able  to  fulfill  contracts. 

Antonio  is  a  good  man.  Sliak. 

16.  Favorable  ;  convenient  for  any  purpose  ;  as,  a 
good  stand  for  business  ;  a  good  station  for  a  camp. 

17.  Convenient;  suitable;  safe;  as,  a  g-ooi/ harbor 
for  ships. 

18.  Well  qualified  ;  able  ;  skillful  ;  or  performing 
duties  Willi  skill  and  fidelity;  as,  a  good  prince;  a 
good  coiiiiiiaiuler ;  a  good  olYicer ;  a.  good  physician. 

19.  Ready  ;  dextrous. 

Those  an.*  generaliy  gooit  at  flattering  who  arc  good  for  nothing 
elw,  Soolh. 

20.  Kind;  benevolent;  affectionate;  vis,  a  good 
father  ;  guod  will. 

'Jl.  Kind  ;  afl'ectionate  ;  faithful ;  as,  a  good  friend.- 
32.  Promotive  of  liappine<is;  plexsant ;  agreeable; 
cheering  ;  gratifying. 

B'-hoM,  how  t;oo-l  and  how  pleaj-int  it  ii  for  brethren  to  dwell 
toirellier  In  uiiily. i'n.  cxxxtii. 

2.3.  Pleasant  or  prosperous;  as,  good  morrow,  sir; 
good  morning. 

21.  Honorable  ;  fair  ;  unblemished  ;  uninipeached  ; 
as,  a  man  of  good  fame  or  report. 

A  goiyl  name  is  tetter  (han  precioiu  ointment.  —  F.cclea.  Tii. 

2. ").  Cheerful ;  favorable  to  happiness.  Be  of  good 
comfort. 

26.  Great  or  considerable  ;  not  small  nor  very  great ; 
as,  a  rrood  while  ago;  he  is  a  good  \\ay  ofl",  or  at  a 
good  distance  ;  he  has  a  good  deal  of  leisure  ;  I  had  a 
good  share  of  the  trouble.  Here  we  see  the  primary 
sense  of  ritendinir,  adrancing. 

27.  Elegant;  polite;  as,  jroorf  breeding. 

28.  Real ;  serious  ;  not  feigned. 

Love  ni>t  ill  gowl  earnest.  Shnk. 

29.  Kind  ;  favorable  ;  benevolent ;  humane. 

Tlie  men  were  very  good  to  u*.  —  t  Saio.  xxv. 

30.  Benevolent ;  merciful ;  gracious. 

Tnilv  t'oil  is  good  to  Israel,  even  ta  such  as  are  of  a  clean  heart. 
—  P..  Ixxiii. 

31.  Seasonable;  commendable  ;  proper, 
utfht  a  goo<l  w*ork 

32.  Pleasant ;  cheerful ;  festive. 

We  coiuc  ill  a  gooil  day.  —  1  Sam.  xxv. 

33.  Companionable ;  social ;  merry. 

It  u  wi-ll  known  that  Sir  llo^T  )ud  been  a  good  Tellow  in  hU 
youth.  Arl>uOnujl. 

31.  Brave  ;  t»  familiar  languatre.  You  are  a  good 
fell.iw. 

3. '>.  In  the  phrases,  the  good  man,  applied  to  the 
master  of  the  house,  and  good  woman,  applied  to  the 
mistress,  <ro(i(/  sometimes  expresses  a  moderate  ditgree 
of  respect,  and  sometimes  slight  contempt.  Among 
the  first  settlers  of  New  England,  it  was  used  as  a 
title  instead  of  Mr.;  as,  Ooodman  Jones;  Goodman 
Wells. 

3li.  The  phrase  good  irill  is  equivalent  to  benevo- 
lence ;  but  it  signifies  also  an  earnest  desirtr,  a  hearty 
wish,  eiilire  willingness  or  fervent  zeal  ;  as,  wt;  en- 
tered into  the  service  with  a  goodwill;  he  laid  on 
stripes  with  a  good  irttl. 

37.  Comely  ;  lianilsomc ;  well-formed  ;  as,  n  guod 
person  or  shape. 

38.  Mild;  pleasant;  expressing  benignity  or  other 
estimable  qualities  ;  as,  a  good  countenance. 

39.  .Mild;  calm;  not  irritable  or  fractious;  as,  a 
good  temper. 

40.  Kind  ;  friendly  ;  humane  ;  as,  a  good  heart  or 
dis|iosilion. 

Good  advice  ;  wise  and  prudent  counsel. 

Good  heed  ;  great  care  ;  due  caiititui. 

In  good  south  :  in  gtiod  truth  ;  in  reality.  [OA.?.] 

7ti  make  good ;  to  perfiirin  ,  to  fulfill  ;  as,  to  make 
good  one's  word  or  promise ;  that  it,  to  make  it  en- 
tire or  unbroken. 

2.  To  confirm  or  establish;  to  prove;  to  verify; 
as,  to  make  good  a  chariie  or  accusation. 

3,  To  supply  deficiency  ;  to  make  ii|]  a  defect  or 
loss,    I  will  make  good  what  is  wanting. 


TONE,  BI.'LL,  tJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  u  K ;  A  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  u  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


611 


GOO 

4.  To  indemnify;  to  give  an  equivalent  for  dam 
ages.    If  you  sufTer  lo-s,  I  will  mul:r  it  guuil  to  you. 

5.  To  maintain  ;  to  carry  into  effect ;  as,  to  make 
good  a  retreat. 

To  stand  good;  to  be  firm  or  valid.    His  word  or 
promise  stands  good. 

To  tkivk  goody  to  see  good^  is  to  be  pleased  or  satis- 
fied ;  to  think  to  be  expedient. 

If  ye  Vdnk  good,  ^ve  me  my  price.  —  Zrch.  xi. 

.^s  good     ;  equally  ;  no  better  llian  ;  the  same  as. 
We  say,  one  is  as  good  as  dead.    Ilfb.  xi. 

Ms  good  as  his  word  ;  equalin;;  in  fullillinent  what 
was  promised  ;  performing  to  the  extent. 
GOOD,  ?i.  That  which  contributes  to  diminish  or  re- 
move pain,  or  to  increase  happiness  or  prosperity  ; 
benefit ;  advantage  ;  opposed  to  ecil  or  misery.  Tlie 
medicine  will  do  neither  good  nor  harm.  It  doe^  my 
heart  good  to  see  you  so  happy. 

There  are  many  thai  s-ay,  Who  will  show  us  any  good?  —  Ps.  iv. 

2.  Welfare  ;  prosperity  ;  advancement  of  interest 
or  happiness.    He  labored  for  the  good  of  the  state. 

T\\e.  gooil  of  thr  whole  commiiiiily  can  be  pruniou-d  only  by  .ail- 
vancin^  the  good  of  each  of  tile  members  cuinposiii^  it.' 

Federalist,  Jay, 

3.  Spiritual  advantage  or  improvement ;  as,  the 
good  of  souls. 

4.  Earnest ;  not  jest. 

The  good  woman  never  died  after  this,  till  she  came  to  die  for 
good  and  all.  V Estrange. 

The  phrase  for  good  and  all,  signifies,  finally  ;  to 
close  the  whole  business  ;  for  tlie  last  time. 

5.  Moral  works ;  actions  which  are  ju^t  and  in 
conformity  to  the  moral  law  or  divine  precepts. 

Dejnrt  from  evil,  and  do  good.  —  Pa.  xxxiv. 

6.  .Moral  qualities;  virtue;  righteousness.  I  find 
no  good  in  this  man. 

7.  The  best  fruits;  richness;  abundance. 

I  will  give  you  the  good  of  the  I  md.  —  Gen.  xlv. 

GOOD,  V.  t.    To  manure.    [JVut  in  use..]  Ball. 

GOOD,  ado.  Ms  good  ;  as  well  ;  with  equal  advantage. 
Hail  you  not  as  good  go  with  me?  In  America,  we 
sometimes  ine  gooils,  the  Gothic  word.  Had  you  not 
as  goodt  go .'' 

In  replies,  good  signifies  well  ;  right ;  it  is  sati-fac- 

tory  ;  I  am  sati.<fied.   I  will  be  with  you  to-morrow  ; 

answer.  Good,  very  good.    So  we  use  well,  from  the 

root  of  L.  valeo,  to  be  strong. 
GOOD'-UREED'I.N'G,  n.    Polite  manners,  formed  by 

a  i!<iod  education  ;  a  polite  education. 
GOOD'-BY' ;  farewell,    .'iee  By. 

GOOO-eON-I)l"TlO.\-£l),  a.  Being  in  a  good  state  ; 
having  good  qualities  or  favorable  symptoms. 

Sharp, 

GOOD-D.\Y',  n.  or  intrrj,  A  term  of  salutation  at 
ni  'utiug  or  parting  ;  farewell. 

GOOD'-FEL'LoW,  n.    A  boon  companion. 

[  This  is  hardly  to  be  admitted  as  a  coiiijiound  7ro?vZ.] 

GOOD'-FEL'LOVV,  v.  i.  To  make  a  boon  companion  ; 
to  besot.    [Little  ii^ed.] 

GOOD'-FEI/LoW-SHfP,  n.    Merry  society. 

GO0')-I''ia'DAV,  n.  A  fist,  in  memory  of  our  Sa- 
vior's sufTerings,  kept  on  tlio  Fridati  of  passion  week. 

GOOD-IIO'MOR,  71.  A  cheerful  temper  or  state  of 
niinil. 

GOOD-IIu'MOR-KD,  a.    Being  of  a  cheerful  temper. 

GOoD-llu'M()R-^;D-Ly,  ado.  With  a  cheerful  tem- 
per ;  in  a  cheerful  way. 

GOOD'LI-ER,  a.    More  excellent. 

GOrtlJ'LI-EST,  a.    Most  good  or  excellent. 

gOO^-A' A'"^'^'KRS>  "•  V^-  Propriety  of  behavior ;  po- 
liti-ness  ;  decorum. 

GOOD-.MOR'RoW,  n.  or  1/1(03.  A  termof  salutation  ; 
good-moriiing. 

GOOD-.\A'TUKE,  n.  Natural  minlness  and  kindness 
of  disiiosititm. 

GOOD-Na'TUR-ED,  a.  Naturally  mild  in  temper; 
iiot  easily  provoked. 

GOflD'-NA'Tqil-£U-LY,  ado.  With  mildness  of  tem- 
pr. 

GOOI)-.\IGHT',  n.  at  inlcrj.  A  form  of  salutation  in 
pMrtiiig  for  the  night. 

GOOD'-NOW.    An  exclamation  of  wonder  or  sur- 
prise. Dryden. 
y.  An  exclamation  of  entreaty.  [JVot  used.]  Shalt. 

GOOD-SENSE,  H.    .Sound  judgment. 

GyyD'-SI'KED,  n.  (;ood  success  ;  an  old  form  of  wish- 
totr  success.    [Sec  SfEEu.] 

GOOD'-WIEE,  a.    The  mistress  of  a  family.  Burton. 

G()9I>-WII.E',  n.  Benevolence. 

2.  In  iuHi,  the  good-mill  u(  m\  establishment  is  its 
fneililies  for  trade  or  bu.-'iness,  and  is  the  subject  of 
bargain  and  sabr.  Braiide. 

GOOD  VVO.M'A.N',  n.  The  inistre.ss  of  a  family  ;  ap- 
plied to  persons  in  the  lower  walks  of  lifi.'. 

GQQD'DEN,  fur  Saxon  good-ilagen,  good-day;  a  kind 
wish  or  salutation.    [  U/m.] 

GQOD'EESS,  fl.    Having  no  goods.  [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

GOOd  EI-.\E.SS,n.  [\tom  guodli).]  Beauty  of  form  ; 
grace  ;  elegance. 

ller  goodiinat*  wnj  full  of  hiirmoojr  to  hU  eyot.  Si/lney, 

GQQD'LY,  adv.    Excellently.  Spenser. 


GOO 

GOOD'LY,  a.  Being  of  a  liand.sonie  form  ;  beautiful ; 
graceful ;  as,  a  goodly  person  ;  goodly  raiment ;  goodly 
houses.       ,  Shak. 

2.  Pleasant ;  agreeable  ;  desirable  ;  as,  goodlti  linys, 

Shak. 

3.  Bulky;  swelling;  afllctedly  turgid.  [Obs.] 

L>ri/den. 

GOOD'LY-HEAD,  n.    Goodness ;  grace.  [Md  'in  use.] 

Spenser. 

GOOD'.MAN,  n.  A  familiar  appellation  of  civility  ; 
sometimes  used  ironically. 

With  you,  goodman  boy,  if  you  please.  SliaJc. 

2.  A  rustic  term  of  compliment ;  as,  old  goodman 
Dobson.  "siDift. 

3.  A  familiar  appellation  of  a  husband  ;  also,  the 
master  of  a  family.    Proo.  vii.    Matt.  xxiv. 

GOOD'XESS,  ;i.  The  state  of  being  good  ;  the  phys- 
ical qualities  which  constitute  value,  excellence,  or 
perfection  ;  as,  the  goodness  of  timber  ;  the  goodness 
of  a  soil. 

2.  The  moral  qualities  which  constitute  Christian 
excellence  ;  moral  virtue  ;  religion. 

The  fruit  of  the  Spirit  is  love,  joy,  peace,  lonj-suRering,  gentle- 
ness, goodness,  fiitli.  —  Gal.  v. 

3.  Kindness  ;  benevolence;  benignity  of  heart; 
but  more  generally,  acts  of  kindness  ;  charity  ;  hu- 
manity exercised.  I  shall  remember  his  goodness  to 
me  with  gratitude. 

4.  Kindness;  benevolence  of  nature ;  mercy. 

The  Lord  God  — abundant  in  goodness  and  truth.  — Ex.  xxxiv. 

5.  Kindness;  favor  shown;  acts  of  benevolence, 
compassion,  or  mercy. 

Jethro  rejoiced  for  all  the  goodness  which  Jehovah  had  done  to 
Israel.  — Ex.  xviii. 

GOODS,  n.  pi.    Movables  ;  household  furniture. 

2.  Personal  or  movable  estate,  as  horses,  cattle, 
utensils,  &c. 

3.  Wares  ;  merchandise  ;  commodities  bought  and 
sold  by  merchants  and  traders. 

GOOD'SIIIP,  «.    Favor;  grace.    [JVot  in  use.] 
G06d'Y,  n.    [Qu.  goodtoife.]    A  low  term  of  civility 

or  sport ;  as,  goodij  Dobson.  Swift.  Gay. 

GOOD'Y-SHIP,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  a  goody. 

[Ludicrous.]  Hudibras. 
GOOG'INGS,  71.  pi.    In  seamen^s  language,  clamps  of 

iron  bolted  on  the  stern-post  of  a  ship'  whereon  to 

hang  the  rudder;  now  written  Gudgeons. 

Mar.  Diet. 

GOOM,  7t.    [Sax.  guma,  Goth,  guma,  a  man.] 

A  man  recently  married,  or  who  is  attending  his 
proposed  spouse  for  the  purpose  of  marriage;  u.sed  in 
composition,  as  in  bridegootn.  It  has  been  corrupted 
into  Groom. 

GOO-ROC,  71.    A  spiritual  guide  among  the  Hindoos. 

Malcom. 

GOOS'AN-DER,  n.  A  migratory  water-fowl,  of  the 
genus  Mergus,  the  dun  diver  or  plunger  ;  called  also 
merganser. 

GOOSE,  (goos,)  71. ;  pi.  Geese.    [Sa.x.  gos;  Sw.  gas; 
Dan.  gaas ;  Ann.  goas  ;  W.  gwyi ;  Kuss.  gas ;  Ir. 
o  ^ 

gedh,  or  geadh;  Pers.jLs  kai.    The  G.  and  D.  is 

gans,  but  whether  the  same  word  or  not,  let  the 
reader  judge.  The  Ch.  l"iN  or  NIIN,  and  the  corre- 
sponding Arabic  and  Syriac  words,  may  possibly  he 
the  same  word,  the  Euroiieans  prefixing  g  in  the 
Celtic  manner.] 

1.  A  well-known  aquatic  fowl,  of  the  genus  Anser, 
but  the  domestic  goose  lives  ciiiefiy  on  land,  and 
feeds  on  grass.  The  soft  feathers  are  used  for  beds, 
and  the  quills  for  pens.  The  wild  goose  is  migra- 
tory. 

A  green  goose,  in  cookery,  is  one  under  four  months 
old. 

2.  A  tailor's  smoothing-iron,  so  called  from  its  han- 
dle, which  resembles  the  neck  of  a  goose. 

3.  A  silly  creature.  Rich.  Diet. 
GOOSE'BER-RY,  (goos'ber-ry,)  71.    [In  Ger.  krduscl- 

beere,  from  kratis,  crisp  ;  D.  kruisbes,  from  kruis,  a 
cross;  L.  grossula ;  W.  grwys,  from  rhroys,  luxuriant. 
The  English  word  is  undoubtedly  corrupted  from 
crossberry,  grossberry,  or  gorsebcrry,  a  name  taken 
from  the  roughness  of  the  shrub.  See  Cuoss  and 
Gross.] 

'I'lie  fruit  of  a  shrub,  and  the  shrub  itself,  the  Ri- 
bes  giossularia.  The  shrub  is  armed  with  spines. 
Of  the  fruit  there  are  several  varieties. 

The  South  American  gooseberry  belongs  to  the  ge- 
nus IMelastoma,  and  the  fVest  Indian  gooseberry  to  the 
genus  (;actus.  /,rr. 
GO()Si;'HER  RY-FOOL,  71.  A  compound  made  of 
gooseberries,  scalded  and  poundid  {fiuUs),  with 
cream.  Golilsinilh. 
GOOSE'CAP,  (goos'kap,)  71.    A  silly  person. 

Bcaum.  ^'  Fl.  Johnson. 
GOOSE'FOQT,  (goos'foot,)  71.    A  plant,  the  Chenouo- 
tliuin. 

GOOSE'GII \SS,  fgoosigrilss,)  71.  A  plant  of  the  go 
nus  Gnliiiin.  Also,  the  name  of  certain  plants  of  the 
genera  Poif-nlilla  and  Asperugo. 

GOOSE'NECK,  (goos'nek,)  11.    In  a  ship,  n  piece  of 


GOR 


iron  bent  like  the  neck  of  a  goose,  and  fitted  on  the 
end  of  a  boom,  yard,  &.c.  'J'ollen. 

GOOSE'-aUILL,  (goos'kwill,)  77.  The  largo  feather 
or  quill  of  a  goose  ;  or  a  pen  made  with  it. 

GOOS'E-KY,  n.    A  place  for  geese. 

GOOSE'TONGUE;  (goos'tung,)  71.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Achillea. 

GOOSE'WING,  (goos'wing,)  71.  In  seamen's  language, 
a  sail  set  on  a  boom  on  the  lee-side  of  a  ship  ;  also,  a 
term  applied  to  the  clews  or  lower  comers  of  a  ship's 
main-sad  or  fore-sail,  when  the  midule  part  is  furled. 

Encyc.    Mar.  Diet. 

Go'PIIER,  71.  The  French  popular  name  (Gaufres)  of 
two  species  of  Diplostoina,  as  is  supposed,  rodent 
quadrupeds,  found  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  on 
the  Missouri,  about  the  size  of  a  squirrel.  They  bur- 
row in  the  earth,  throwing  up  hillocks  twelve  or 
eighteen  inches  higli.  They  are  very  mischievous  in 
cornfields  and  gardens.  Peck's  Gazetteer. 

Go'PHER,  71.  [Heb.]  A  species  of  wood  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  ark,  in  Noah's  day.  But  whether 
cypress,  pine,  or  other  wood,  is  a  point  not  settled. 

G01"P1SII,«.    Proud  ;  pettish.    [ JVot  in  use.]  Ray. 

GOR'-BEL'LI-iiD,  (-bel'lid,)  a.    liig-bellied  Shak. 

GOR'-BEL-LY,  ri.  [In  W.  gor  signifies  swelled,  ex- 
treme, over.] 

A  prominent  belly.    [JVot  in  use.] 

GOnCE,  71.    [Norm.  Fr.  gors.] 

A  pool  of  water  to  keep  fish  in  ;  a  wear.  [.Vot 
used.] 

GOR'-COCK,  71.   The  moor-cock,  red-grouse,  or  red- 
game  ;  a  biid  of  the  gallinaceous  kind.    Ed.  Encyc. 
GOR'-CRoW,  71.    The  carrion-crow.  Johnson. 
GOilD,  71.    An  instrument  of  gaining ;  a  sort  of  dice. 

Smart. 

GOR'DI-AN,  a.   Intricate.    [See  the  next  word.] 

Gordian  knot,  in  antiquity,  a  knot  in  the  leather  or 
harness  of  Gordius,  a  king  of  Phrygia,  so  very  intri- 
cate that  there  was  no  finding  where  it  began  or  end- 
ed. An  oracle  declared  that  he  who  should  untie 
this  knot  should  be  master  of  Asia.  Alexander, 
fearing  that  his  inability  to  untie  it  should  jirove  an 
ill  augury,  cut  it  asunder  with  his  sword.  Hence,  in 
modern  language,  a  Gordian  knot  is  an  inextricable 
difiiciilty  ;  and  to  cii(  the  Gordian  knot,  is  to  remove 
a  difficulty  by  bold  or  unusual  measures. 

Encyc.  Lempriere. 

GoRE,  71.  [Sax.  gor,  gore,  mud;  W.  gor;  Ir.  cear, 
blood,  and  red  ;  Gr.  (xoj.i;  from  issuing.] 

1.  Blood  ;  but  generally,  thick  or  clotled  blood  ; 
blood  that  after  efl'usion  becomes  inspissated.  Milton. 
_  2.  Dirt;  mud.    [Unusual.]  Bp.  Fislicr. 

GoRE,  71.    [Scot,  gore,  or  gair  ;  Ice,  geir  ;  D.  geer.] 

1.  A  wedge-shaped  or  triangular  piece  of  cloth 
sewed  into  a  garment,  to  widen  it  in  any  part. 

Chaucer. 

2.  A  slip  or  triangular  piece  of  land.  Cowel. 

3.  In  heraldry,  an  abatement  denoting  a  coward. 
It  consists  of  two  arch  lines,  meeting  in  an  acute 
angle  in  the  middle  of  the  fess  point.  Encyc. 

GoRB,  V.  t.  JW.  gyru,  to  thrust;  Gipsy,  goro,  a  dag- 
ger. See  Heb.  1N3.  Class  Gr,  No.  30,  35,  3C,  53, 
57,  &c.] 

1.  To  stab  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  with  a  pointed 
instrument,  as  a  spear.  Dryden. 

2.  To  pierce  with  the  point  of  a  horn. 

If  an  ox  gore  a  man  or  a  woman.  —  Ex.  xxi. 


3.  To  cut  in  a  triangular  form ;  to  piece  with  a 
gore. 

GoR'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Stabbed  ;  pierced  with  a  pointed 
instrument;  cut  in  the  form  of  a  gore  ;  pieced  with 
a  gore. 

GORGE,  (gorj,)  71.  [Fr.  gorge;  It.  gorga,  gorgia;  Sp. 
gorja,  the  throat,  and  gorga,  a  whirljiool ;  gorgear, 
to  warble  ;  G.  gurgel,  whence  gargle;  L.  gurgcs,] 

1.  The  throat  ;  the  gulli>t ;  the  canal  of  the  nock 
by  which  food  passes  to  the  stomach. 

2.  A  narrow  passage  between  hills  or  mountains. 

3.  In  archdeeture,  a  concave  molding;  the  same  as 
Cavetto,  which  see.  Gwilt. 

4.  In  fortijicution,  Uie  entrance  into  a  bastion  or 
other  outwork.  Bravde. 

5.  That  which  is  gorged  or  swallowed,  especially 
by  a  hawk  or  oiher  fowl.  SliaJi. 

GORGE,  (gorj,)  1'.  t.  To  swallow  ;  especially,  to  swal- 
low with  greediness,  or  in  large  mouthfuls  or  quan- 
tities. Hence, 

2.  To  glut ;  to  fill  the  throat  or  stomach  ;  to  sa- 
tiate. 

The  ^iant  gorged  with  flesh.  Addison. 

GORGE,  71.  i.    To  feed.  Jl/i/(on. 
GORG'/CI),  (gorjd,)  /i;>.    Swallowed  ;  glutted. 
GORG'A'I),  II.    Having  a  gorge  in- throat.  Shak. 
2.  In  heraldry,  bearing  a  crown  or  the  like  about 

the  neck.  Encyc. 
GOR'OEOUS,  (gor'jus,)  a.    Showy;  fine;  splendid; 

glittering  with  gay  colons. 

With  ^or/^com  wiiii,'i,  the  ninrks  of  sovvreigl)  sway.  Dryden. 
A  gari^eous  robe,— l,ul.e  xxiii. 

GOR'OEOIIS  I,V,  ndi\  With  showy  magnificence; 
splendiilly  ;  finely.  The  [irince  was  gorgeously  at- 
rayed. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT — MtTE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 


512 


GOS 


GOU 


GOV 


GOR'OEOUS-NE^S,  n    Show  of  ilress  or  orniimcnt ; 

s|)lt')i<lur  of  niiiiu-iit. 
GOU'GUT,  (gor'jet,)  n.    [Ft.  •;»''!:''"'<  f™'"  g'"'^'-] 

1.  A  piece  of  armor  fur  ilLft'iuliji".;  the  IhruaC  or 
neck  ;  u  kind  of  hrcastplate  hke  a  Iwlf  moon. 

Kncyc.  Clialmcrs. 

2.  A  pendent  mctalhc  ornament,  worn  by  otiicers 
when  on  duly.    [En it-.]  Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

3.  Furmerlij,  a  ruff  worn  by  females. 

4.  In  sur^rrij,  gorget,  or  gurgcrct,  i«  a  cuttinp  in- 
strument u.sed  in  lilliolomy ;  also,  a  concive  or  can- 
nulated  conductor,  culled  a  blunt  gorgrl. 

CiJC.  F.nnjc. 

GORCING,  PJM-.  Swallowing ;  eating  greedily ;  glut- 
ting. 

GOR'GON,  n.  [Gr.]  A  fabled  nion.sler,  of  terrific  as- 
pect, the  si(;lit  of  which  turned  the  beholder  to  stone. 
■J'he  yuxU  represent  the  Gorgons  as  three  sisters, 
SUiciw,  Kuniatc,  an<l  Medusa  ;  but  authors  are  not 
agreed  in  the  description  of  tliejn. 
a.  Any  thin"  very  ugly  or  horrid.  JHiltem, 

GOIl'GoN,  a.  Like  a  gorgon;  very  ugly  or  terrific; 
as,  a  irnrgon  face.  Driidtn. 

GOR -GO'XE-AN, )  fl.    Like  a  gorgon;  pertaining  to 

GOR-GO'.M-AN,  i     gorgons.  Mlton. 

GOR-GO-Ne'IA,  II.  pi.  In  architectural  sculpture,  masks 
carved  in  imitation  of  the  gorgon's  or  iMedusa's  head  ; 
used  as  key  stones.  tllmci. 

GOR-Gf)'i\I-.\,  n.  A  family  of  flexible  coral-zoophytes, 
growing  in  the  form  of  shrubs,  twigs,  and  reticulate 
fronds.  The  bnmches  consist  of  a  horny  axis,  sur- 
rounded by  a  semi-calcareous  crust.  Tlie  pirlyps,  ag- 
gregated together,  constitute  the  crust,  and  by  secre- 
tiims  from  "their  bases,  which  arc  directed  inward, 
they  form  the  axis.  The  species  are  often  bri;;ht-col- 
ored,  and  among  them  is  tlie  sea-fun  of  the  West  In- 
dies. Dana. 

GOR'-IIEN,  Ji.   The  female  of  the  gor-cock. 

GC>K'\yC;  ppr,    [from  A'urc]    Stabbing  ;  piercing. 

GOR'I.NG,  n.    A  pricking  ;  puncture.  Dryden. 

GOR'.MA.ND,       (  n.    [Fr.  guurmand,  from  W.  gor- 

GOR'  .M  AN  D-ER,  (  mant,  plenitude,  exuberance  ;  gar, 
e.xtreine  ;  gonnoi,  excess.] 

A  greedy  or  ravenous  eater  ;  a  glutton. 

GOR'M.A.N'l),  a.    Gluttonous;  voracious. 

GOR'.MA.VD  ISM,  ii.  Gluttonry. 

GOR'.>lA\D-IZE,  r.  i.  To  eat  greedily;  to  sxvallow 
vor.'iciotislv.  Shak, 

GOU'.MANU-IZ-ER,  n.    A  greedy,  voracious  eater. 

Cleaveland. 

GOR'M.\ND-IZ-I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Eating  greedily  and 
voraciously. 

GOR'.MA.\t)-IZ-IN'G,  n.  The  act  or  habit  of  eating 
greedily  and  voraciously. 

GORSE,  j  ,      -  1  i  "•  L*^"^-  /T'"'''-   ft"'  coarse,  l..cras- 

GORSs*,  i  ^'"'^"'1  j     sus,  or  G.  kraf.en,  to  scratch.] 
I'nrze,  or  whin,  a  thii  fc,  prickly  shrub,  of  the  genus 
Ulex,  bearing  yellow  Howers  in  winter.  Jalmsan. 

COR'Y,  a.    [from  gore.]    Covered  with  congealed  or 
clotted  blood  ;  as,  gory  locks.  Shak, 
2.  liloody  ;  ninrdenius.  Sliak. 

GOS'IIAW  k,  n.    [t*ax.  goshafoc,  goosehawk.] 

A  voracious  bird  of  the  hawk  kiinl,  larger  than  the 
common  buzzard,  but  of  a  more  slender  sha|)e.  The 
genenil  color  of  tlie  plumage  is  a  deep  brown  ;  the 
breast  and  belly  white.  Diet.  J^'uL  Hist. 

GOS'LING,  II.    [Sax.  /ros,  goose,  and  hiii'.] 

1.  A  young  goose  ;  a  goose  not  full  grown. 

2.  A  catkin  on  nut-trees  and  pines. 

Badey.  Johnson, 
GOS'l'EL,  n.  [Sax.  godspell :  god,  good,  and  .-/(tW,  his- 
tory, relation,  narration,  word,  speech,  that  which  is 
uttered,  announced,  sent,  or  communicated  ;  answer- 
ing to  the  Gr.  ct'ii^  ^cAiui',  etangelium,  a  good  or 
Joyful  message.] 

1.  A  revelation  of  the  grace  of  God  to  fallen  man 
through  a  mediator,  including  the  whole  scheme  of 
salvation,  as  revealed  liy  t'lirist  and  his  apostles. 
This  gospel  is  said  to  have  been  preached  to  .\bra- 
bain  by  the  promise,  "  In  thee  shall  all  nations  be 
blessed."    Oal.  iii.  8. 

It  is  called  the  gospel  of  God.    Rom.  i.  1. 
It  is  called  the  gospel  of  Christ.    Roin.  i.  Ifi. 
It  is  called  the  gospel  of  s.alvation.    Ep/t.  i.  13. 

2.  A  historj'  or  narrative  of  the  birth,  life,  actions, 
dentil,  resurrection,  ascension,  and  doctrines,  of  Je- 
sus Clirist ;  as,  the  gospel  according  to  the  evangelist 
Matthew. 

3.  Divinity  ;  theology.  Milton, 

4.  Any  genend  doctrine.  Burke. 
GOS'PEL,  a.    Accordant  with  the  gospel  ;  as,  gospel 

rightiMiusness.  IVarburlon, 
GOS'l'EL,  V.  t.    To  instruct  in  the  gospel  ;  or  to  fill 

wjth  sentiments  of  religion.  Shak. 
GOS'l'El/-i;U,  pf..    Evangelized  ;  instructed  in  the 

Bospel. 

GOS'l'EI^-ER,  n.   An  evangelist;  also,  a  follower  of 
Wiclif,  the  first  Englishman  who  attempted  a  refor- 
mation of  religion.    [.Vut  much  used,]  Rowe, 
2.  lie  who  reads  the  gospel  at  the  alLar. 

GOS'l'Ely-GOS'SIl',  B.  One  who  is  over  ze.alous,  in 
running  about  among  his  ncighboni  to  lecture  on  re- 
hci'iiH  sMhjLCts.  Mdison. 

GOSTEL-liNG,  ppr.    Insinicting  in  the  gospel. 


GOS'PEL-IZE,  e.  U  To  form  according  to  the  gospel. 
[Obs.]  Milton. 

2.  To  instruct  in  the  gospel ;  to  evangelize  ;  as,  to 
^oy/ic/ire  the  savages.    [06;^.]  Boyle, 

GOSS,  H.    A  kind  of  low  fur/.e  or  gorse.  Shak. 

GOS'S.A-MER,  n.    [L.  gossipium,  cotton.] 

A  fine,  filmy  substance,  like  cobwebs,  floating  in 
the  air,  in  calm,  clear  wentlier,  especially  In  autumn. 
It  is  seen  in  stubble-fields,  and  on  furze  or  low  bush- 
es, and  is  probably  formed  by  a  species  of  spider. 

GUS'SA-.MER-Y,  u.  Like  gossamer  ;  flimsy  ;  unsub- 
stantial. PursuiLs  of  Literature. 

GOS'Sll',  n.  [Sax.  godsibb;  god,  good,  and  iii,  or  sibb, 
peace,  adoption,  and  relation  ;  a  Saxon  name  of  a 
sponsor  at  baptism.] 

1.  A  sponsor  ;  one  who  answers  for  a  child  in  bap- 
tism.   [Obs.]  Shali.  Davies. 

2.  A  tippling  companion. 

And  sometimes  lurk  1  in  a  got$ip*»  bowl.  Shak. 

3.  One  who  runs  from  house  to  house,  tattling  and 
telling  news  ;  an  idle  tattler.  Dryden. 

[  This  is  tJte  seiuie  in  ukieh  the  word  is  now  used.] 

4.  A  friend  or  neighbor.  [Obs,] 

5.  Mere  tattle  ;  idle  t.alk. 

GOS'SIl',  r.  i.  To  prate  ;  to  chat;  to  talk  much.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  a  pot-companion.  Sliak. 

3.  To  run  about  and  tattle  ;  to  tell  idle  tales. 
GOS'SII'-lNt;,  ppr.  or  a.    I'-iting  ;  chatting  ;  running 

from  place  to  place  and  tattling  ;  containing  gossip. 

GOS'Sll'-I.NG,  H.  .V  prating  ;  a  running  about  to  col- 
lect tales  and  tattle. 

GOS'SII'-LIKE,  (I.    Resembling  a  gossip. 

GOS'SII'-REI),  H.  Compaternity  ;  spiritual  affinity,  for 
which  a  juror  might  be  challenged.    [.Vu(  used'] 

GOS-SOON',  n.    [Fr.  <^aryu«,  corrupted.]  [Davies. 
A  bov  ;  a  servant.    [JVo(  in  use.] 

GOS'TING,  71.    All  herb.  Jlinsaorth. 

GOT,  iiret,  of  Get.  The  old  preterit  Gat,  {pronounced 
got,)  is  nearlv  obsolete. 

GOT  and  GOT'T/:.\,  pp,  of  Get. 

GoTE,n.  A  w.'iter  passage ;  a  channel  for  water.  Grose, 
GOTIl,  n.  One  of  all  ancient  and  distinguished  tribe  or 
nation  xvliich  inhabited  Scandinavia,  now  Sweden 
and  Norw.iy,  whose  language  is  now  retained  in 
those  countries,  and  a  large  portjon  of  it  is  found  in 
English. 

2.  One  rude  or  uncivilized  ;  a  barbarian.  .Addison. 

3.  A  rude,  ignorant  person.  Chesterfield. 
GO'TlI.\iM-IST,  n.    A  wiseacre  ;  a  person  deficient  in 

wisdom  ;  so  called  from  Gotham,  in  Kottinghains.'dre, 
noted  for  some  pleasant  blunders.        Bp.  Morton, 

Go'THA.M-ITE,  ii.  A  term  sportively  applied  to  the 
inhabitants  of  New  York. 

GOTH'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Goths  ;  as,  Gothic  cus- 
toms ;  Gothic  barbarity. 

2.  Denoting  a  style  of  architecture  with  high  and 
sharply-pointed  arches,  clustered  columns,  Sec. 

3.  Rude  ;  ancienL 

4.  Itarbarous. 

GOTirie,  11.  Tlie  language  of  the  Goths. 
GOTH'I-l^lSM,  ?i.    Rudeness  of  manners  ;  barbarous- 

2.  A  Gotliic  idiom.  [ness. 

3.  Conforniily  to  the  Gothic  style  of  building. 
GOTH'I-CIZE,  c.  t.    To  make  Gothic;  to  bring  back 

to  barbarism.  StrutL 
GOTiri-CIZ-£D,  pp.    Made  Gothic;  brought  back  to 
barbarism. 

GT)  TO,  (go  too.)  A  phrase  of  exhortation  ;  come  ; 
GtXJP,  M.    Woad.    [A'ut  used.]  [come  on. 

GOUGE,  (gowj  ;  in  most  English  autliorities,  gooj  ;)  n. 

[Vx.  gouge:  Xrni,  gouich.] 
A  semicircular  chisel,  used  to  cut  holes,  channels, 

or  grooves,  in  wood  or  stone.  Moton, 
GOUGE,  (gowj,)  F.  ^    To  scoop  out  with  a  gouge. 
2.  To  force  out  the  eye  of  a  person  with  the  thumb 

or  finger  ;  a  barbarous  practice,  .America, 
GOUtj'Kl),  pp.    Scotiped  out,  as  with  a  gouge. 
GOUC'I.N'G,  n.  The  .act  of  scooping  out  with  a  gouge, 

or  forcing  out  the  eye  with  the  thumb  and  finger. 

[See  GoroE.] 
GOU'JEERS,  n.   The  venereal  disease.  Shak. 
GOU'LA.NU,  II.    .A  plant  or  flower.  B.  Jonson. 

GOU-L.«RI)'S'  EX'TRACT,  n.    [So  c.illert  from  the 

inventor.]    A  satunited  solution  of  the  trisacetate  of 

lead,  used  as  a  remedy  for  inflammation.  Ure. 
GOI'RI),  n.    [Ft.  courge  :  O.  kauieoerde.    Clu.  the  root 

of  gherkin.] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Legenari.a.  The 
shell  is  sonieliines  used  for  a  piggin  or  for  a  bottle.  * 

GfiL'RD'l-NESS,  n.  A  swelling  on  a  horse's  leg  alier 
a  joiirnev.  Far.  Diet. 

G6L'RI)'-TREE,  n.  A  tree,  the  Crcsccntia,  or  Cala- 
bash, found  in  the  West  Indies.       Fain,  of  Plants, 

GOURD'Y,  a.    Swelled  in  the  legs. 

GOUR'MA.VD,  (gcHir'mind,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  greedy  or 
ravenous  eater  ;  a  glutton.    [See  Gonu\KD.] 

GOUR'.NET,  n.    A  fish.    Stc  Guhxet. 

GOUT,  n.  [Fr.  gouttr,  n  drop,  the  gout,  the  dise.-usc 
being  considered  as  a  defluxion  ;  It.  gotta  ;  Sp.  goto  ; 


Ir.  guta ;  L.  gutta.  Qu.  Pers. 
firm  in  the  feet.] 


kot,  hot,  in- 


1.  In  medicine,  a  chronic  disease,  occurring  by  par- 
oxysms ;  the  paroxysms  exacerbating  and  remitting. 
It  consists  essentially  in  a  perfectly  specific  and  pe- 
culiar topical  infiammation,  having  its  regular  seat 
in  the  largest  joint  of  the  great  toe;  and  an  eipially 
s[iccific  and  peculiar  constitutional  febrile  affection. 
The  irregular  forms  of  this  disease  are  too  numerous 
and  too  various  for  specification  in  this  place.  Tally. 

2.  A  clot  or  coagulation  ;  as,  "on  the  blade  of  tlie 
dudgeon  gouts  of  blood."    [A'bt  iLted.]  ShaJi. 

GOUT,  (goo,)  II.    [Fr.,  from  L.  gustus,  taste.] 
'I'astc  ;  relish. 

GOUT'I-LY,  adv.    In  a  gouty  manner. 

GOUT'I-NESS,  II.  The  state  of  being  subject  to  the 
gout ;  gouty  affections. 

GOUT'-SWELL-AD,  a.    Swelled  with  the  gout. 

GOUT'WORT,  n.    A  plant,  llie  /T:go|)odinin. 

GOUT'Y,  a,  Diseased  with  the  gout,  or  subject  to  the 
gout ;  as,  a  gouty  person  ;  a  gouty  joint ;  a  gouty  con- 
stitution. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  gout ;  as,  gouty  matter. 

Blackmore, 

3.  Swelled  ;  boggy  ;  as,  gouty  land.  [J^'ot  in  u.<«.] 
Gf^VE,  71.  A  mow.  [ImcuI.]  [Spenser. 
GOVERN,  (giiv'ern,)  v.  t.    [Fr.  pouvemer;  Sp.  gnber- 

nar ;  It.  govcrnare  :  L.  gubcrno.  The  L.  gubcrno  seems 
to  be  a  compound.] 

1.  To  direct  and  control,  n.s  the  .actions  or  con- 
duct of  men,  either  by  established  laws  or  by  arbitra- 
ry will ;  to  regulate  by  authority  ;  to  keep  within  the 
limits  prescribed  by  law  or  sovereign  will.  Thus,  in 
free  states,  men  are  governed  by  Ihe  constitution  and 
laws  ;  in  despotic  states,  men  are  governed  by  the 
edicts  or  commands  of  a  monarch.  Every  man  should 
govern  well  his  own  family. 

2.  To  regulate  ;  to  influence  ;  to  direct.  This  is 
the  chief  point  by  which  lie  is  to  govern  all  his  coun- 
sels and  actions. 

3.  To  control  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  keep  in  due  subjec- 
tion ;  as,  to  govern  the  passions  or  temper. 

4.  To  direct;  to  steer;  to  regulate  the  course  or 
motion  of  a  ship.  The  helm  or  the  helmsman  gov- 
erns the  ship. 

5.  In  grammar,  to  require  to  be  in  a  particular 
case  ;  as,  a  verb  transitive  governs  a  word  in  the 
accusative  case  ;  or  to  reipiire  a  particular  case  ;  as, 
a  verb  governs  the  accusative  case. 

GOVERN',  V.  i.  To  exercise  authority  ;  to  administer 
the  laws.  The  chief  magistrate  should  govern  with 
impartiality. 

2.  To  maintain  the  superiority  ;  to  have  the  con- 
trol. Dryden. 
GOVERN-A-ni,E,  (guv'crn-a-bl,)  a.    That  may  be 
governed,  or  sulijectcd  to  authority;  controllable; 
manageable  ;  obedient ;  submissive  to  law  or  rule. 

I.ocke. 

GOVERN-ANCE,  n.  Government ;  exercise  of  au- 
thority ;  direction  ;  control;  management,  either  of 
a  public  officer  or  of  a  private  guardian  or  tutor. 

Maccabees.  Sfuik. 

GOVERN-ANTE,  Ji.    [Fr.  gouvernante.] 

A  lady  who  has  the  care  mid  management  of 
young  females  ;  a  governess. 

GOVER.N-f:U,;i;).  Directed;  regulated  by  aiilhority  ; 
controlled  ;  managed  ;  inlluenct'd  ;  restrained. 

GOV'ER.N'-ES.S,  71.  A  female  invested  with  authority 
to  control  and  direct ;  a  tutoress  ;  an  instructress  ;  a 
woman  who  has  the  care  of  instructing  and  directing 
young  ladies. 

GO VER.N'-I.NG,  ppr.  Directing;  controlling;  regu- 
lating by  laws  or  edicts;  managing;  iiilluenciiig ; 
resirainiiia. 

2.  a.  Holding  the  superiority  ;  prevalent ;  as,  a 
governing  xviiid  ;  a  governing  party  in  a  state. 

F'cderalist,  Jay. 

3.  Directing;  controlling;  as,  a  ^ormiinj- motive. 
GOV'ERN-ME.VT;  11.    Direcliim  ;  regulation.  These 

precepts  will  serve  for  the  «-offriiHifije  of  our  conduct. 

2.  Contr(d  ;  restraint.  Men  are  apt  to  neglect  tlic 
government  of  their  temper  and  passions. 

3.  The  exercise  of  authority  ;  direction  and  re- 
straint exercised  over  the  actions  of  men  in  comniii- 
nilies,  societies,  or  states  ;  the  administration  of  pub- 
lic affairs,  according  to  est.ablished  constitution,  laws, 
and  usages,  or  by  arbitrary  edicLs.  Prussia  rose  to 
importance  under  the  government  of  Frederic  II. 

•i.  Tlie  exercise  of  aiilhority  by  a  parent  or  house- 
hold. Children  are  olUn  ruined  by  a  neglect  of 
government  in  parents. 

Let  family  fom-nmenl  be  lilte  tliat  of  our  heareiilr  Tather, 
mild,  griitle,  suti  olU'Ctioiuile.  AoUuek. 

5.  The  system  of  polity  in  a  state;  that  form  of 
fundamental  rules  and  principles  by  which  a  natiim 
or  state  is  governeil,  or  by  which  individual  niein- 
bi  rsofa  body  |Kilitic  are  to  regulate  their  social  ac- 
tions ;  a  constitution,  either  written  or  unwritten,  by 
which  the  rights  and  duties  of  citizens  and  public 
orticers  are  prescribed  and  defined  ;  as,  a  monarchical 
government,  or  a  republican  government. 

Ttan'^n  govtrranentM ,  thtu  ruundfHt  on  the  natund  nuthority  ot 
the  pcii.ic  iiiuiM'.  witiioul  itt«  piTtriMo  wl  riiiridr  or  tuy*. 
ten-,  ore  A  emu  point  fniiieU  in  f.iror  of  Uic  ncht»  ol  iiiao- 
liiud.         »       i-     »  J  xrfum. 


TCXE,  BI;LL,  trxiTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  m  K;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  f  H  as  in  THIS. 


GRA 

6.  An  empire,  kinsdom,  or  state  ;  any  territory 
over  wliicli  tlie  riglU  of  sovereignty  is  exteiyled. 

7.  Tlie  riglit  of  governing  or  ailniinistering  the 
laws.  Tlie  i<ing  of  England  vested  the  gtivcrn?ucnt 
of  Ireland  in  the  lord  lieutenant. 

8.  The  persons  or  council  which  administer  the 
laws  of  a  kingdom  or  state  ;  executive  power. 

1  Mana"eab;eness  ;  compliance  ;  obsequiousness. 

SImk. 

10.  Regularity  of  behavior.    [JVot  in  use.]  Sliuk. 

11.  Jlanagement  of  the  limbs  or  body.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

12.  In  grammar,  the  influence  of  a  word  in  regard 
to  construction,  as  w  hen  established  usage  reijuires 
that  one  word  should  cause  another  to  be  in  a  partic- 
ular rase  or  mode. 

GO  V-ERN-.MENT'AI,,  a.  Pertaining  to  government ; 
made  by  government.  Hamdtiin. 

Gf)V'ERN-OR,  (guv'ern-ur,)  n.  He  that  governs, 
rules,  or  directs ;  one  invested  with  supreme  au- 
thority. The  Creator  is  the  rightful  governor  of  all 
his  creatures. 

2.  One  who  is  invested  with  supreme  authority  to 
administer  or  enforce  the  laws  ;  the  supreme  execu- 
tive niagistr.ate  of  a  state,  community,  corporation, 
or  post.  Thus,  in  America,  each  state  has  its  gov- 
ernor.   Canada  has  its  governor. 

3.  A  tutor  ;  one  who  has  the  care  of  a  young  man  ; 
one  who  instructs  him  and  forms  his  manners. 

4.  A  pilot ;  one  who  steers  a  ship.    James  iii. 

5.  One  possessing  delegated  authority.  Joseph  was 
governor  over  the  land  of  Egypt.  Obadiah  was  gov- 
ernor over  Allah's  house.  Damascus  had  a  governor 
under  Aretas  the  king. 

(">.  In  mecluinics,  a  pair  of  heavy  balls  connected 
with  machinery,  designed  to  eijualize  speed. 

GOV'ER.N-OR-SIIIP,  «.    The  office  of  a  governor. 

GOW'AN,  «.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Bellis  or  daisy. 

GOWK,  11.  (.    To  stupefy.    [OAs.]  B.  Jonson. 

GOWK.    See  Gawk.  [Fam.  of  Plants. 

GOWL,  u.  I.    [Ice.  goela.]    To  howl.  mddiffe.. 

GOWN,  n.  [\V.  ffwn  !  U.  gunna  :  ll.  gonna.  This  is 
probably  the  Knvt  aKn  nf  Hesychius,  and  the  guanacum 
of  Varro  ;  a  garment  somewhat  like  the  sagum  or 
sack,  said  to  be  of  Persian  origin,  and  among  rude 
nations  perhaps  made  of  skins,  (W.  cenysgin,)  and 
afterward  of  wool ;  a  kind  of  shag  or  frieze.  Ch. 
N3;iJ,  mentioned  Jmlges  iv.  18,  and  2  Kings  viii.  15. 
See  Varro  de  Ling.  Lot.  lib.  4.  liuchart.  de  Plutn. 
Col.  lib.  1,  cap.  42,  and  Cluv.  Jlnt.  Oerm.  lib.  1.] 

1.  A  Woman's  upper  garment.  Pope. 
a.  A  long,  loose  u[)per  garment  or  robe,  worn  by 

professional  men,  as  divines,  lawyers,  students,  &c., 
who  are  called  mm  of  Uie  goion,  or  gownmen.  It  is 
made  of  any  kind  of  cloth  worn  over  ordinary 
clotlics,  and  hangs  down  to  the  ankles,  or  nearly 
so.  Encijc. 

3.  A  long,  loose  upper  garment,  worn  in  sick- 
ness, &LC. 

4.  The  dress  of  peace,  or  the  civil  magistracy  ; 
cedant  anna  togiB. 

He  M.irs  d'-posed,  and  arms  to  govne  made  yield.  Dryden. 
GOWN'KD,  a.    Dressed  in  a  gown.  Dryden. 
GOWiX'M.'VN,    j  71.    One  whose  professional  habit  is 
GOWNS'MAN,  i     a  gown,  as  a  divine  or  lawyer,and 
particularly  a  member  of  an  English  university. 

Tlie  gownnum  learned.  Popt. 

2.  One  devoted  to  the  arts  of  peace.  Rome. 
GOWr,     (  n.    A  sluice  in  embankments  against  the 
GO-OUT,  i      sea,  for  letting  out  the  land  waters, 

when  the  tide  is  out,  and  preventing  the  ingress  of 

salt-water.  Francis. 
G0/,'ZARD,7i.    [A  corruption  of  g-oosc/icrJ.]  Onewho 

attends  geese.  [Vulgar.] 
GRAli,  7t.    A  sudden  grasp  or  seizure.  [Vulgar.] 
2.  A  vessel  used  on  the  .Malabar  coast,  having  two 

or  three  masts.  Diet. 
GR.Mi,  1).  L    [Dan.  greh,  a  grasp;  griber,  to  gripe 

tfw.  grabba,  to  grasp;  gripa,  lo  gripe;  VV.  grab,  a 

duster.] 

To  seize  ;  to  gripe  suddenly.  [Vulgar.] 
GRAIl'llKD,  (grabd,)  7VI.    Seized  suddenly. 
GRAIi'ltlNG,  ppr.    Seizing  suddenly. 
GRAIt'ULE,  V.  i.    [dim.  of  grub:  D.  grabhelen;  G. 

gnibcln;  allied  to  gropr,  grovel,  7ini\  grapple;  Arm. 

scraba  ;  Eng.  scrabble i  allied  to  rub,  or  L.  rapio,m  to 

both.l 

1.  To  grope  ;  to  feel  with  the  hands,  .^rbut/inot, 

2.  'lo  lie  prostrate  on  the  belly  ;  to  sprawl. 

Jimsworth. 

OR  AII'IILING,  p.-jr.  Groping;  feeling  along  ;  sprawl- 
ing. 

GRACE,  n.  [Fr.  grace;  It.  grazia;  ."Sp.  grncia;  Ir. 
eroMa  ;  from  the  I.,  gratia,  wWw.h  is  formed  on  the 
Ccrltic  ;  W.  r/i<i(/,  grace,  a  blessing,  a  gratuity.  It 
coinciiles  in  origin  with  Fr.  gre  ;  iluf:.  agree,  congru- 
ous, and  ready.  The  primary  sense  of  grains  is  free, 
ready,  quick,  williiii!,  prompt,  from  advancing. 
CliiHM  Kd.    Hee  (JiiAOi:.] 

1.  Favor  ;  ^ood  will  ;  kindness  ;  disposition  to 
oblige  nnotlier  ;  uh,  u  grant  made  iis  an  act  of  grace. 

()f  iiuh,  or  all,  limy  win  n  liMty'i  ffi'a*''.  lirytUn. 

3.  Jiyfroprialelij,UtK  free,  unmerited  love  and  favor 


GRA 

of  God,  the  spring  and  source  of  all  the  benefits  men 
receive  from  him. 

And  if  by  grace,  then  it  b  no  more  of  works.  —  Rom.  xi. 

3.  Favorable  influence  of  God  ;  divine  influence 
or  the  influence  of  the  Spirit,  in  renewing  the  heart 
and  restraining  from  sin. 

My  grace  is  sullicienl  for  Uiee.  —  2  Cor.  xii. 

4.  The  application  of  Christ's  righteousness  to  the 
sinner. 

Where  sin  abounded,  grace  did  much  more  abound.  —  Rom.  v. 

5.  A  state  of  reconciliation  to  God.    Rom.  v.  2. 

6.  Virtuous  or  religious  affection  or  disposition,  as 
a  liberal  disposition,  faith,  meekness,  humility,  pa- 
tience, &c.,  proceeding  from  divine  influence. 

7.  Spiritual  instruction,  improvement,  and  edifica- 
tion.   Eph.  iv.  29. 

8.  Apostleship,  or  the  qualifications  of  an  apostle. 
£/i/i.  iii.  8. 

9.  Eternal  life  ;  final  salvation.    1  Pet.  i.  13. 

10.  The  gos|)el. 

Receive  not  the  grace  of  God  in  vain.  —  2  Cor.  vi. 

11.  Favor ;  mercy  ;  pardon. 

Bow  and  sue  for  grace 

With  suppliant  knee.  Milton. 

12.  Favor  conferred. 

1  should  therefore  esteem  it  a  ^eat  favor  and  grace.  Prior. 

13.  Privilege. 

To  few  jreat  Jupiter  imparts  this  grace.  Dryden. 

14.  That  in  manner,  deportment,  or  language, 
which  renders  it  appropriate  and  agreeable ;  suita- 
bleness ;  elegance  or  ease  with  appropriate  dignity. 
We  say,  a  speaker  delivers  his  address  with  grace; 
a  man  performs  his  part  with  grace. 

Grace  was  in  all  lier  steps.  Milton. 
Her  purple  habit  sits  with  such  a  grace 

On  her  smooth  shoulders.  Dryden. 

15.  Natural  or  acquired  excellence  ;  any  endow- 
ment that  recommends  the  possessor  to  others  ;  as, 
tlie  graces  of  wit  and  learning.  Hooker. 

16.  Beauty;  embellishment;  in  general,  whatever 
adorns  and  recommends  to  favor  ;  sometimes,  a  sin- 
gle beauty. 

I  pass  their  form  and  every  charming  grace.  Dryden, 

17.  Beauty  deified  ;  among  pagans,  a  goddess. 
The  Graces  were  three  in  number,  Aglaia.  Thalia, 
and  Eupkrosijnc,  the  constant  attendants  of  Venus. 

Lempriere. 

The  Loves  delighted,  and  the  Graces  played.  Prior. 

18.  Virtue  physical ;  as,  the  grace  of  plants.  [JVo( 
used.]  Sliak. 

19.  The  title  of  a  duke  or  an  archbishop,  and  for- 
merly of  the  kingof  England,  meaning  your  goodness 
or  clemency.  His  grace  the  duke  of  York.  iTour 
grace  will  please  to  accept  my  thanks. 

20.  A  short  prayer  before  or  after  meat ;  a  blessing 
asked,  or  thanks  rendered. 

"  21.  In  music,  graces  are  ornamental  notes  attached 
to  jirincipal  ones.  Brandc. 

22.  In  English  universities,  an  act,  vote,  or  decree, 
of  the  government  of  the  institution. 

Day  of  grace;  in  (Acoliin-i/,  time  of  probation,  when 
an  offer  is  made  to  sinners. 

Days  of  grace  ;  in  commerce,  the  days  immediately 
following  the  day  when  a  bill  or  note  becomes  due, 
which  days  are  allowed  to  the  debtor  or  payer  to 
make  payment  in.  In  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  the  days  of  grace  are  three,  but  in  other  coun- 
tries more,  the  usages  of  merchants  being  diflerent. 
GRACE,  V.  t.  To  adorn  ;  to  decorate  ;  to  embellish 
and  dignify. 

Great  Jove  and  Phccbus  graced  his  noble  line.  Pope. 

And  hail,  ye  fair,  of  every  charm  possi-ssed, 

Who  grace  this  rising  empire  of  the  wtst.      D.  Humphrey, 

2.  To  dignify  or  raise  by  an  act  of  favor ;  to  honor. 
He  mii^ht,  at  his  pleasure,  grace  or  disgrace  whom  he  would  in 

ctiurt.  KnoUcs. 

3.  To  favor  ;  to  honor.  Dryden. 

4.  To  supply  with  heavenly  grace.        Bp.  llall. 
GRACE'-eUP,  Ji.     The  cup  or  health  drank  after 

grace.  Prior, 
GRAC'KD,  (grast,)  pp.    Adorned;  cnibcllislied  ;  ex- 
alted ;  dignified  ;  honored. 

2.  a.    Beautiful  ;  graceful.  [JVnf  in  use.]  Sidney. 
.'i.  Virtuous ;  regular  ;  chaste.  [J^otinuse.]  Sltak. 
GRA'CES,  71.  ;);.    In  heathen  mythology,  three  beautiful 
sisters,  who  attended  Venus. 

2.  A  play  with  a  hoop  and  rods,  designed  to  pro- 
mote grace  of  motion. 

3.  In  7iiu.sie,  ornamental  notes  attached  to  principal 
ones. 

4.  Good jrracrs  ;  favor,  friendship.  [See  also  Grace.] 
GRA(;E'-SA V-Elt,  II.    One  who  says  grace. 
GRACE'FIJL,  u.    Beautiful  with  dignity;  elegant; 

agreeable  in  appearance,  with  an  expression  of  dig- 
nity or  elevation  of  mind  or  manner  ;  used  particu- 
larly of  motion,  looks,  and  speech  ;  as,  a  graceful 
walk  ;  a  I'raceful  deportment ;  a  graceful  speaker  ;  a 
graceful  air. 

Iliuh  o'er  tho  rrtt  hi  arms  the  graer/ut  Turnuj  rode.  Dryden. 


GRA 

GRACE'FUL-LY,  adv.  With  a  pleasing  dignity  ; 
elegantly  ;  with  a  natural  ease  and  propriety  :  as,  to 
walk  or  speak  gracefully. 

GRACE'FUL-NESS,  7i.  Elegance  of  manner  or  de- 
portment ;  beauty  with  dignity  in  manner,  motion, 
or  countenance.  Gracefulness  consists  in  the  natu- 
ral ease  and  propriety  of  an  action,  accompanied 
with  a  countenance  expressive  of  dignity  or  eleva- 
tion of  mind.  Happy  is  the  man  who  can  add  the 
gracefulness  of  ease  to  the  dignity  of  merit. 

GRaCE'LESS,  a.    Void  of  grace;  unregenerate  ;  un- 
sanctified. 
2.  Corrupt;  depraved;  profligate 

GRaCE'LESS-LV,  adv.    Without  grace. 

GRaCE'LESS-NESS,  71.  Destitution  of  grace ;  profli- 
gacy. Dr.  Favour. 

GRAC'ILE,  (gras'il,)  )        rr         ■,■  t 

GRAC'I-LENT,  (gras'e-lent,)  i  i^' 
Slender.    [JVot  in  use.] 

GRA-CIL'I-TY,  7!.    Slenilerness.    [JVoi  in  mm.] 

GRa'CIOUS,  (gri'shus,)  a.  [Fr.  graeieuz;  L.  gra- 
tiosus.  ] 

1.  Favorable;  kind  ;  friendly;  as,  the  envoy  met 
with  a  gracious  reception. 

2.  Favorable  ;  kind  ;  benevolent ;  merciful ;  dis- 
posed to  forgive  offenses  and  impart  unmerited  bless- 
ings. 

id  merciful.  — 


Thou  art  a  God  ready  to  pardoi 
Neh.  ix. 


gracious 


3.  Favorable ;  expressing  kindness  and  favor. 

All  bore  him  witness,  and  wondered  at  the  gracious  words  which 
proceeded  out  of  his  mouth.  —  Luke  iv. 

4.  Proceeding  from  divine  grace ;  as,  a  person  in 
a  gracious  stale. 

5.  Acceptable ;  favored. 

i  of  Persia.    [LilUe  used.] 

6.  Renewed  or  sanctified  by  grace ;  as,  gracious 
affections. 

7.  Virtuous  ;  good.  Shalt. 

8.  Excellent;  graceful;  becoming.  [OJs.] 

Hooker.  Camden. 
GRa'CIOUS-LY,  nAi.  Kindly;  favorably;  in  a  friend- 
ly manner  ;  with  kind  contiescension. 

His  testimony  he  graciously  conhrmed.  Dryden. 

2.  In  a  pleasing  manner. 
GRa'CIOUS-NESS,  71.    Kind  condescension. 

Clarendon. 

2.  Possession  of  graces  or  good  qualities. 

Bp.  Barlow. 

3.  Pleasing  manner.  Johnson. 

4.  Mercifulness.  Sandys. 
GRACK'LE,  (grak'l,)  7i.    [L.  graculus,  Aim.  of  Goth. 

krage,  a  crow.  (See  Crow.)  Varro's  deduction  of 
this  word  from  grex  is  an  error.] 

One  of  a  genus  of  birds,  the  Gracula,  of  wliich  the 
crow-blackbird  is  a  species. 
GRA-DA'TION,  7i.    [L.  gradatio  ;  Fr.  gradation.  See 
Grade.] 

1.  A  series  of  ascending  steps  or  degrees,  or  a  pro- 
ceeding step  by  step  ;  hence,  progress  from  one 
degree  or  st.tto  to  another ;  a  regular  advance  from 
step  to  step.  We  observe  a  gradation  in  the  progress 
-of  society  from  a  rude  to  a  civilized  life.  Men  may 
arrive  by  several  gradations  to  the  most  horrid  iiii- 
jiiety. 

2.  A  degree  in  any  order  or  series  ;  we  observe  a 
gradation  in  the  scale  of  being,  from  brute  to  man, 
from  man  to  angels. 

3.  Order  ;  series  ;  regular  process  by  degrees  or 
steps  ;  as,  a  gradation  in  argument  or  descriplitin. 

4.  In  painting,  the  gradual  blending  of  one  tint 
with  another.  Brande. 

5.  In  7nusic,  a  diatonic  ascending  or  descending 
succession  of  chords.  Brande. 

GRA-t)A'TIOi\-AE,  a.    According  to  gradation. 

Lairrenec, 

GRA-Da'TIOi\-£D,  a.    Formed  by  gradation. 

JVcw  .4)1.  Reg, 

GRAD'A-TO-RY,  0.    Proceeding  step  by  step.  Semird. 

GR.\D'A-TO-RY,  n.  Steps  from  the  cloisters  into  the 
church.  .^in.-^irorth. 

GRADE,  71.  •  [Fr.  grade;  Sp.  and  It.  grado  ;  I'ort. 
grao  ;  from  L.  gradu.'i.a  step  ;  gradior,  to  step,  to  go  ; 
Cm.  grad  ;  D.  graad;  D.an.  and  Sw.  grad,  a  step  or 
degree  ;  W.  gr&i,  a  step,  degree,  rank,  from  Hi&i,  a 
going  forw.ird  or  advance,  Ann.  radd.  It  may  be 
from  a  common  root  with  W.  rhawd,  way,  eour.ie, 
route  ;  rhodiaw,  to  walk  about  ;  rhod,  a  wheel,  L.  rota. 
We  observe  by  the  Welsh  that  the  first  letter  g  is  a 
prefix,  and  the" root  of  the  word  then  is  Rd.  We  ob- 
serve further,  that  the  L.  gradior  forms  gressus,  by  a 
coinmou  change  of  </  to  s,  or  as  it  is  in  Welsh  i,  [Ih.] 
Now,  if  ^  is  a  prefix,  then  gressus  [ressus]  coincides 
with  the  Sw.  re.m,  Dan.  rejser,  G.  rci-s-eii,  1).  rcizcHjto 
go,  to  travel,  to  journey  ;  I),  rris,  a  journey,  or 
voyage.  In  Sw.  and  IJan.the  verbs  signifV  not  only 
lo  travel,  but  to  raise.  Whether  the  latter  word, 
raise,  is  of  the  same  family,  may  be  doubtful  ;  hut 
the  others  appear  to  belong  to  one  radix,  coinciding 

with  the  Syr.  jn  railah,  to  go,  to  walk;  Ch.  mi,  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VPHAT  


MftTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  HIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


GRA 

open,  expunil,  How,  iiistriicl  ;  lli'li.  to  dcscund.  A 
«(<•;(,  llieii,  is  a  strutcli,  a  reacli  of  tlie  foot.  Class  Kd, 
No.  !,'->, -JO.] 

).  A  degree  or  rank  in  order  or  dignity,  civil,  niili- 
lary,  or  ecclesiastical. 

Sir  fV.  Scott    J.  M.  Mason.  Walsh. 
Wliile  quntioni,  pcriixU,  and  fraddt,  and  privilcffi  are  neter 
once  lotinally  ducuucj.  S.  MiUer. 

2.  A  step  or  degree  in  any  ascending  series ;  aa, 
crimes  of  every  grade. 

When  we  come  lo  examine  the  liilfrmcdialo  gradet. 

S.  S.  Smith. 

3.  A  degree  of  ascent  or  descent  in  a  road. 

U.  Slates. 

GRADE,  r.  t.  To  reduce  Uic  line  of  a  canal  or  road 
to  siicli  levels,  or  degrees  of  inclination,  as  prep.are 
it  for  being  usi  rl.  U.  Slates. 

GUaD'KD,  wp.    Uediiced  to  a  proper  degree  of  ascent. 
(;|{  AI>|;  LY,  0.    Decent ;  orderly.  [Local.] 
CKADK'I.Y,  u</i'.    Decently  ;  orderly.  [Local.] 
(JKA'Dl-ENT,  o.    [L.  grailiens,  gradior.] 

1.  iMoviiig  by  steps  ;  walking  ;  sis,  grailiciit  au- 
tomata. IVilhins. 

2.  Rising  or  descending  by  regular  degrees  of  in- 
clination ;  as,  tlte  !rradicnt  line  of  a  railroad. 

GR.^'DI-li.NT,  n.  The  degree  of  ascent  or  descent  in 
a  railroad.  En/tland. 

GRAD'ING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  a  proper  degree  of 
ascent. 

GR.\1)'1.\G,  «.  The  act  of  reducing  the  line  of  a 
canal  or  road  to  such  levels  or  degrees  of  inclination, 
as  prepare  it  for  being  used.  f.  Stairs. 

GR.M)'IJ-.AL,  (grad'yu-al,)  a.  [Fr.  graduel,  from 
gratU.] 

1.  I'rocceding  by  steps  or  degrees  ;  advancing  step 
by  step  ;  jiassing  iVoin  one  step  to  another ;  regular 
and  slow  ;  as,  a  gradual  increase  of  knowledge  ;  a 
gradual  increase  of  light  in  the  morning  is  favorable 
to  the  eyes. 

2.  Proceeding  by  degrees  in  a  descending  line  or 
pri>gress  ;  as,  a  <rradunl  decline. 

GRAU'IJ-.\L,  n.    An  order  of  steps.  Dnjdcn. 
2.  A  grail ;  an  ancient  book  of  hymns  and  prayers, 
80  called  because  some  of  the  anthems  were  chant- 
ed on  the  steps  (p-adas)  of  the  pulpiL  Hook. 
GRAD-y-AL'I-TY,  n.     Regular  progression.  [JVoL 

used.]  Broicn. 
GRAD'U-AL-LY,  adv.    By  degrees  ;  step  by  step ;  reg- 
ularly ;  slowly.   At  evening,  the  light  vanishes  irrad- 
2.  In  degree.    [jVot  used.]  [ually. 

Human  tr.ison  (lolh  not  only  grwlually,  but  •pecificallj  ilillcr 
from  Uie  t^iiLuttic  n*(\aoii  ot  brulos.  Oreui. 

GRAD'lI-ATE,  (grad'yu-atc,)  v.  t.  [It.  graduarc  ;  Sp. 
graduar  ;  Fr.  graduer ;  from  L.  graduSy  a  degree.] 

1.  To  honor  with  a  degree  or  diploma,  in  a  college 
or  university  ;  to  confer  a  degree  on  ;  as,  to  graduate 
a  master  of  arts.  Careio.  IVotton. 

2.  To  divide  any  space  into  small,  regular  inter- 
vals. Thus  the  limb  of  a  circular  instrument  is  grad- 
uated into  degrees  and  niinuti's  ;  a  barometer  is  grad- 
uated into  inches  and  parts  of  an  inch.  Olmsted. 

a.  To  form  shades  or  nice  ditfcrences. 

4.  To  raise  to  a  higher  place  in  the  scale  of  met- 
als. Boyle. 

5.  To  advance  by  degrees  ;  to  improve. 

D/rn  adv.incc  and  graduate  their  colon  with  Ktlta.  Brown. 

6.  To  temper ;  to  prepare. 


Diaciucs  onjjinatiny  In  the  atinoiphere  act  i 
graduated  to  receive  tlK'ir  iiiipreuiuni. 


Kclukirrlr  on  bodie 
iV/efi.  Hejwt. 


7.  To  mark  degrees  or  dilfercnces  of  any  kind  ;  as, 
to  graduate  ptinishment.  Duponceau. 

8.  In  ehemiitry,  to  bring  fluids  to  a  certain  degree 
of  consistency. 

GRAD'lJ-ATE,  v.  i.  To  receive  a  degree  from  a  col- 
lege or  university. 

2.  To  pass  by  degrees  ;  to  change  gradually.  Sand- 
atone  which  gradunlrs  into  gneiss.  Carnelian  some- 
times graduates  into  tpiartz.  Kirtoan. 

GR.\D'U-ATE,  n.  One  who  has  received  a  degree  in 
a  college  or  tiniversity,  or  from  some  professional  in- 
corp*»raled  sticiety. 

GRAl)'l!-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Honored  with  a  degree  or 
diploma  from  some  h  arned  society  or  college. 

2.  Marked  with  degrees  or  regular  intervals ;  tem- 
pered. 

GRAD'U-ATE-SIUP,  it    The  stale  of  a  graduate. 

.Millon. 

GRAD'tJ-X-TING,  ppr.     Honoring  with  a  degree; 

marking  with  degrees. 
GR AU  II-A'TIO.N,  n.    Regular  progression  by  succes- 

aion  of  degrees. 

2.  improvement;  cialtation  of  qualities.  Brown. 

3.  The  act  of  conferring  or  receiving  acatleinical 
degrees.  Charter  of  Dartmouth  College. 

4.  .\  riivi.Mon  of  any  space  into  small  regular  inter- 
vals ;  as,  the  gradualton  of  a  barometer  or  thermom- 
eter. 

5.  The  process  of  bringing  a  liquid  to  a  certain  con- 
sistence by  evaporation.  Parke. 

GRAD'l{-A-TOR,  «.  An  inslniment  for  dividing  any 
line,  right  or  curve,  into  siuull,  regular  intervals. 

Jourri.  of  Science. 


GRA 

GRA'DUS,  n.    [U.]    A  dictionary  of  prosody. 

GRAFK,  II.    [.See  (iRAVE.]    A  ditch  or  at. 

GKaFF,  for  GiiAKT.    [Ul)s.]  [Clarendon. 
GRAK'FEK,  u.  In  law,  a  notary  or  scriveuur.  Bounirr. 
GRAFT,  n.     [Fr.  grrjc;  Arm.  id.;  Ir.  grafchur ;  I). 

Crijfel;  from  the  root  of  grarc,  engrave,  Gr.  )ita>l}t.t, 
.  scribo,  the  sense  of  which  is  to  scrape  or  to  dig. 
In  Scot,  graif  signifies  to  bury,  to  inter.  The  sense 
of  graft  IS  that  which  is  inserted.    See  Grave.] 

A  small  shoot  or  cion  of  a  tree  inserted  in  another 
tree,  as  the  stock  whicli  is  to  support  and  nourish  it. 
These  unite  and  become  one  tree,  but  the  graft  de- 
termines the  kind  of  fruit. 
GRAFT,  ».r.    [Vr.  greffer.] 

1.  To  insert  a  cioii  or  shoot,  or  a  small  cutting  of 
it,  into  another  tree.  Dnjdeu. 

2.  To  propagate  by  insertion  or  inoculation.  Dryelcn. 

3.  To  insert  in  a  body  lo  which  it  did  not  originally 
belong.    Rom.  xi.  17. 

4.  To  impregnate  with  a  foreign  branch.  S/ia/i. 

5.  To  join  one  thing  lo  another  so  as  to  receive 
support  from  it. 

And  graft  my  love  immort.'il  on  thy  f;tmc.  Pope. 
GRAFT,!),  i.  To  practice  the  insertion  of  foreign  cions 
on  a  stock. 

GRA  FT' El),  pp.  or  a.    Inserted  on  a  foreign  stock. 
GR.\FT'ER,  n.    One  who  inserts  cions  on  foreign 

stocks,  or  propagates  fruit  by  ingrafting. 
GRAFT'ING,  ppr.   Inserting  cions  on  dilFeront  stocks. 
JVo(«.  —  The  true  original  orthography  of  this  word 

is  Ghakk  ;  but  GiiAKT  has  superseded  the  original 

word,  as  it  has  in  the  compountl  1n(;raft. 
GU.XFT'ING,  ;i.    Ttie  act  of  inserting  grafts  or  cions. 
GKAIIi,  H.    [h.  gradualc] 

.\  book  ol  ofticcs  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  ;  a 

gratliial.  IVarlon. 
GRAIL,  n.    [Fr  grile,  hail.] 

Small  parlicl'.'S  of  any  kind.  Spcn.'ier. 
GR.Al.V,  «.    [Fr.  grain;  h.  granum  ;  Sp.  and  It.  ^^ra- 

no  ;  G.  gran ;  D.  graan  ;  Ir.  gran,  corn  ;  W.  grauu, 

gracn,  gronyn,  a  little  pebble  or  gravel-stone,  Ir. 

grean,  Arm.  gruan,  which  seems  tt>  be  the  Eng. 

f round ;  Russ.  gran,  grain,  and  a  corner,  a  boundary. 
11  Scot,  grain  is  the  bnnch  of  a  tree,  the  stem  or 
stalk  of  a  plant,  the  branch  of  a  river,  the  prong  of  a 
fork.  In  Sw.  gryn  is  grain  ;  grann,  hue  ;  gren,  a 
brancli  ;  and  grdns,  boundary.  Daii.  gran,  a  grain, 
a  pine-tree ;  grand,  a  grain,  an  atom  ;  green,  a  branch, 
a  sprig  ;  gri£ndse,  a  bouuilary  ;  G.  gran,  D.  graan, 
grain  ;  G.  granze,  D.  grens,  a  border.] 

1.  Any  small,  hard  mass ;  as,  a  grain  of  sand  or 
gravel.  Hence, 

2.  A  single  seed  or  hard  seed  of  a  plant,  particu- 
larly of  those  kiiiils  whose  seeds  are  used  for  food  of 
man  or  beasU  This  is  usually  inclosed  in  a  proper 
shell,  or  covered  with  a  husk,  and  contains  the  em- 
bryo of  a  new  plant.  Hence, 

3.  Grain,  without  a  definitive,  signifies  corn  in 
general,  or  the  fruit  of  certain  plants  wliich  consti- 
tutes the  chief  food  of  man  and  beast,  as  wheat,  rye, 
barley,  oats,  and  iiiai/.e. 

4.  A  minute  particle. 

5.  A  small  weight,  or  the  smallest  weight  ordina- 
rily used,  being  the  twentieth  part  of  a  scruple,  in 
a|H)thec.aries'  weight,  and  the  twenty-fourth  of  a  pen- 
nyweight troy. 

6.  A  com;K)nent  part  of  stones  and  metnls. 

7.  The  veins  or  libers  of  wood,  or  other  fibrous 
substance  ;  the  direction  of  the  fibers  ;  whence,  cross- 
grained,  and  against  the  grain,  iisetl  figiinilively  to 
denote,  against  the  n.aluml  temper  or  feelings.  [See 
.No.  13.) 

8.  The  body  or  substance  of  wood  as  modified  by 
the  fibers. 

Hard  box,  and  linden  of  a  loder  gmin.  Dryden. 

9.  A  rough  or  fibrous  texture  on  the  outside  of  the 
skin  of  animals^ 

10.  The  boi!y  or  substance  of  a  thing,  considt^red 
with  respect  to  the  size,  form,  or  direction,  of  the 
constituent  particles  ;  its,  stones  of  a  fine  grain. 

Woodward. 

The  tooth  of  a  Ma-hone  conb\ins  a  cimlletl  froin.  Brown. 

11.  Any  thing  proverbially  small  ;  a  very  small 
particle  or  portion  ;  as,  a  grain  of  wit  or  of  common 
sen.se. 

Ncdlecl  not  to  m.tJ(e  uic  of  any  grain  of  grace.  Hammonil. 

12.  Dye  or  tincture. 

Alt  in  a  robe  of  darltest  grain.  Milton. 

13.  The  heart  or  temper;  as,  brothers  not  united 
in  grain.  Hatjward. 

14.  The  form  of  Ihe  surface  of  any  thing,  with  re- 
spect to  sinotdhiiess  or  roughness  ;  state  of  the  grit 
of  any  body  composed  of  grains ;  as,  sandstone  of  a 
fine  grain. 

15.  A  line,  prong,  or  spike.  Ray. 

A  gram  of  atlateance ;  a  small  allowance  or  indul- 
gence ;  a  small  (Kirtion  to  be  reinitled  ;  something 
above  or  below  just  weighL  H  alts. 

To  dye  in  gram,  is  lo  dye  in  the  raw  material,  as 
wool  or  silk  bi  fiire  it  is  manufactured. 
GItAI.N,  r.  I.    To  yiehl  fruit.    [Obs.]  Ooteer. 
(;Ka1.\  or  GRa.N'E,  for  Gkoas.    [A"u(  in  use.] 


GRA 

GR.Al.N',  i;.  (.  To  paint  in  imitation  of  the  grain  of 
\vt»od. 

2.  Tti  form  into  grains,  as  powder. 
GRAIN'/'.'I),  d.    Rough  i  iiiaile  less  smooth.  Sliak. 

2.  Dyed  in  gniiii  ;  ingrained.  Brown, 
GRa1.\'/.'D,  (gr^nd,)  pp.  or  a.    rainled  in  imitation  of 
the  gr.iin  or  fibers  of  wood  ;  formed  into  giaiiis  ; 
roiighenetl. 

GRAIN'ER,  «.  A  lixivium  obtained  by  infusing  pigeon's 
dung  ill  water,  used  by  tanners  lo  give  llexibilily  to 
skins.  Ure. 

2.  One  who  paints  in  imitation  of  the  grain  of 
wood. 

GRAL\'I\G,  n.    Indentation.  Leake. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  dare  kinil.  Diet.  Ji'al.  Hut. 

GRAIN'I.NG,  ppr.    Painting  in  imitation  of  the  grain 

of  wooti  ;  foriuiiig  into  grains. 
GR.AIN'I.NG,  H.    A  kind  of  painting  in  iiniLation  of 

the  grain  or  fibers  of  wood. 
GRAIiN'-iMOTlI,  n.   An  insect  whose  larvcs,  or  grubs, 

devoiii  grain  in  the  storehouse. 
GRAINS,  «.  pi.    The  husks  tir  remains  of  malt  after 

brewing,  or  of  any  grain  after  distillation. 

Grains  of  paradi.^c  ;  a  very  pungent  Indian  spice, 

the  seeds  of  a  species  of  Amomiiiii. 
GRAIN'-STAFF,  n.  A  iiuarter-stair. 
GRAIN'Y,  a.    Full  of  grains  or  corn  ;  full  of  kernels. 

Johnson. 

GRAITH,  V.  t.  To  prepare.  [See  Gheith  and  Kkadv.] 
GRAL'L^E,  n.  pi.    [L.]    Wading  birds.    [See  Gral- 

GRAL'I,A-TO-RY,      I  „  ,  ■, 

GRAL-LA-TO'HI-AL,  j       C^"  fi^o''"'"'-""-] 

A  term  deimliiig  birds  which  are  waders,  having 
long,  naked  legs. 
GRAL'LIC,  a.    [I,.  gralU,  stilts,  crutches.] 

suited  ;  an  ejiilhet  given  to  ail  ordt.'r  of  birds  hav- 
ing long  legs,  naked  above  tlie  knees,  which  lit  them 
for  wading  in  water. 
GR.V.M,  a.    [Sax.  4'ram  ;  Sw.  ^ram  angry  ;  Dan.  ^ram, 
envious,  grudging.] 
Angry.  [04.*.1 
GR<\.M,        \n,  [I*  r.  ^ammc,  from  Gr. )  od^i/j'i,  whence 
ORJl.MMF.,^     ypappupiof  the  twenty-fourtli  part  of 
an  ounce.] 

In  the  new  system  of  Frimch  weightji,  tin-  unity  of 
weights.  It  is  the  weight  of  a  quaiitily  of  distilled 
water  equal  lo  a  cubic  centimetre,  or  16  grains 
TO  rfiff  French,  or  du  poids  dc  marc,  ecpial  to  15.434 
grains  troy,  or  -j-^J^^j^j  dram  avoirdupois.  Lnnier. 

[It  would  be  desirable  to  liave  Uiis  word  Gra.m  angli- 
ciied.] 

GRA.M'A-RYE,  n.    The  art  of  necromancy. 

Wollrr  Scott. 

GRA-MER'CY,  [for  Fr.  grand-mcrci,  great  thanks.] 
An  interjection  formerly  used  to  express  thankful- 
ness, witli  surprise.  Sprn.<cr. 

GRA-.MIN'lC-AIj,    I  a.    [L.  gramineus,  from  gramen, 

GRA-.MIN'E-OL'S,  j  grass.] 

Grassy  ;  like  or  pertaining  to  grass.  Grnmineotui 
plants  are  those  which  have  simple  leaves,  a  Jointed 
stem,  a  husky  calyx,  termed /.'(iirai-,  and  a  single  seed. 
This  descri|>tion,  however,  includes  several  sorts  of 
corn,  as  Well  as  grass.  .\Ulne. 

GRAM-IN-I-Fu'LI-OUS,  a.  Bearing  leaves  like  grass. 

GKA.M-IN-IV'O-ROCS,  a.  [L.  gramen,  grass,  and 
voro,  to  eat.] 

Feeding  or  subsisting  on  grass.  The  ox  and  all 
the  bovine  genus  of  quadrupeds  are  graminivorous 
animals  ;  so  also  the  horse  or  equine  genus. 
GRA.M'.M.AR,  71.  [ Fr.  ^rammaire ;  h.  grammatica  ;  Gr. 
yi/a^iiiariKq,  {com  y  oap/ia,  a  letter,  from  joa'pto, to 
write.    See  Grave.] 

1.  In  practice,  the  art  of  speaking  or  writing  a  lan- 
guage with  projiriety  or  correctness,  .according  lo  es- 
tablished usage. 

As  a  scieneCj  grammar  trt^ats  of  the  natural  connec- 
tion between  ideas  and  words,  and  develo|>s  the  prin- 
ciples which  are  common  lo  all  languages. 

2.  A  system  of  general  principles  ami  of  particular 
rules  for  speaking  or  writing  a  language;  or  a  iligest- 
cd  compilation  of  custtimar)'  forms  of  speech  in  a 
nation  ;  also,  a  book  ctmtaining  such  principles  and 
rules. 

3.  Propriety  of  speech.  To  write  grammar,  we 
must  write  according  to  the  practice  of  good  writers 
and  speakers. 

["  Grammar  is  a  term  borrowed  from  the  Greek, 
anil  used  with  little  variation  by  the  Latins,  French, 
English,  &c.  ;  but  the  Welsh  are  under  no  nece-ssity 
of  borrowing  from  others,  while  they  have  so  signifl- 
canl  a  term  of  their  own  as  llythyrrg." 

The  Red.  John  Waltcrs's  Diss,  on  the  Welsh  Imh- 
guage.  Cowbridgp,  1771,  8vo.  p.  32.  —  E.  II.  H.] 

GR.AM'.MAR,  ».  i.  To  discourse  according  lo  the  rules 
of  grammar.    [  Obs.] 

GR.V.M'.MAR,  a.  Delonging  to  or  contained  in  gram- 
mar ;  as,  a  grammar  rule. 

GRA.M'.M.VR-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  grammar. 

GRAM'.MAR-SCIIOOL,  n.  A  school  in  which  the 
learned  languages  are  tauglll.  By  learned  languages 
we  usually  mean  the  I,atln  and  Greek  ;  but  others 
may  be  included. 


TONE,  BgLL,  yNITE.  — AN"GER,  VC'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  aa  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


515 


GRA 


GllA 


OKA 


GRA.M-MA'RI-AN,  n.    One  versud  in  grammur,  or  the 
cunstruclion  of  languages  ;  a  pliilulogist. 
2.  One  who  teaches  grammar. 
GRA.M-MAT'ie,       (a.    [Fr.]    Belonging  to  gram- 
GRA.M-MAT'ie-AL,  (     mar  ;  as,  a  irrammatical  rule. 
2.  .'Vccording  to  the  rules  of  grammar.    We  say,  a 
sentence  is  not  grammatical !  the  construction  is  not 
frrammaticaU 

GR.VM-.MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  prin- 
ciples and  rules  of  grammar ;  as,  to  write  or  speak 
ff-rammaticaUij, 

GRA-M-MAT'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  auality  of  being  gram- 
matical, or  according  to  tlie  rules  of  grammar. 

GRA.M-MAT'ie-AS-TER,  n.  [L.]  A  low  gramma- 
rian ;  a  pretender  to  a  knowledge  of  grammar  j  a 
pedant.  Petty. 

GR.4.\1-MAT'I-CIZE,  v.  t.    To  render  grammatical. 
»  Jalmsan. 

GRAM-.MAT'I-CIZ-£D,  pp.    Rendered  grammatical. 

GRAM'.MA-TIST,  n.  A  pretender  to  a  knowledge  of 
grammar.  H.  Tuoke. 

GKA.M'.MA-TITE.    See  Tbemolite. 

ORAMME.    See  Gram. 

GllA.M'PLE,  n.    A  crab-fish. 

GRAM'PUS,  n.  [Fr.  grampoisc;  grandpoisson,  con- 
tracted. Si>elman.'\ 

A  fish  of  the  cetaceous  order,  and  genus  Delpliinus. 
This  fish  grows  to  the  length  of  twenty-five  feet,  and 
is  remarkably  tlwck  in  proportion  to  its  length.  The 
nose  is  flat,  and  turns  up  at  the  end.  It  has  thirty 
teeth  in  each  jaw.  The  spout-hole  is  on  tlie  top  of 
the  neck.  The  color  of  the  back  is  black  ;  the  belly 
is  of  a  snowy  wliiteness  ;  and  on  each  shoulder  is  a 
large  white  spot.  This  fish  is  remarkably  vora- 
cious. 

GRA-N-^DE',  GR.\-Na'DO.    See  Grenade. 

GRA.\-A-D1L'LA,  n.  [Sp.]  A  plant ;  the  fruit  of  the 
Pagsifiura  quadranirularis^  which  is  sometitnes  as  large 
as  a  child's  head,  and  is  much  esteemed  in  tropical 
countries  as  a  pleasant  dessert  fruit.  P.  Cijc. 

GRAN'A-RY,  71.  [L.  granariam^  from  granum,  grain  ; 
Fr.  greniei',] 

A  storehouse  or  repository  of  grain  after  it  is 
thrashed  ;  a  corn-ho>ise. 

GR.'VN'ATE,  II.     Usually  written  Garnet,  which  see. 

GliAN'A-TITE.    See  Grenatite. 

GR.WD,  a.  [Fr.  grand  ;  Sp.  and  ft.  grande:  L.  gran- 
dit:  Norm,  grant.  If /t  is  casual,  this  word  coincides 
W'th  great.  But  most  probably  it  belongs  to  the  class 
Rn.  'I'he  sense  is,  to  extend,  to  advance  ;  hence  it 
signifies,  old,  advanced  in  age,  as  well  as  great.] 

1.  Great ;  but  mo^tltj  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  illustri- 
ous ;  high  in  power  or  dignity  ;  as,  a  grand  lord. 

Ralegh. 

2.  Great ;  splendid  ;  magnificent ;  as,  a  grand  de- 
sign ;  a  grand  parade  ;  a  grand  view  or  prospect. 

3.  Great;  principal;  chief;  as,  "  Satan,  our  grand 
foe."  Milton. 

4.  Noble;  sublime;  lofty;  conceived  or  e.xpressed 
with  great  dignity  ;  as,  a  grand  conception. 

In  general,  we  apply  the  epitlwt  grand  to  that 
which  is  great  and  elevated,  or  which  elevates  and 
expands  our  idea.s.  The  ocean,  the  sky,  a  lofty  tow- 
er, are  grand  objects.  But  to  constitute  a  thing  grand, 
it  seems  necessary  that  it  should  be  distingiiislied  by 
some  degree  of  beauty.  Elcm.  of  Critichm. 

5.  Old  ;  more  advanced  ;  as  in  grandfather,  grand- 
moUicr,  that  is,  old-father  ;  and  to  correspond  with 
this  relation  we  use  grand.ion,  granddaughter,  grand- 
child. 

GRAN'DASI,  71.    {grand  and  dame.']  Grandmother. 

Skak. 

9.  An  old  woman.  Dnjden. 

GR.A.NIJ'CHILD,  li.  A  son's  or  daughter's  child  ;  a 
child  in  the  second  degree  of  descent. 

GRANO'DAUGIt-TER,  (-daw-ter,)  n.  Tlie  daughter 
of  a  son  or  daughter. 

GRAN-DEE',  n.    [S|i.  gramle.] 

A  nobleman  ;  a  man  of  elevated  rank  or  station. 
In  Spain,  a  nobleman  of  the  first  rank,  who  has  the 
king's  leave  to  be  covered  in  his  presence.  Kncijc. 

GRA.\.I)EE't5IIIl',  n.  The  rank  or  estate  of  a  gran- 
dee. Sminburnc. 

GRAND'EHT,  a.    Most  grand. 

GRA.N'D'EI^R,  (grand'yur,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  grand.] 

1.  In  a  general  seiue,  greatiies.s  ;  that  quality,  or 
combination  of  qualities,  in  an  object,  which  elevates 
or  expands  the  mind,  and  excites  pleastirnble  emo- 
tioin  in  him  who  views  or  contemplates  it.  'J'hus 
the^  e,\Icnt  and  unilormity  of  surface  in  the  oci'an 
constitute  grandeur;  as  do  the  extent,  tin;  elevation, 
and  the  concave  appearance  or  vault  of  the  sky.  Ho 
wo  Hpeak  of  the  grandeur  of  a  large  and  well-propor- 
tioned edifice,  of  an  extensive  range  of  U>fly  moun- 
tains, of  a  large  cataract,  of  a  pyramid,  &.C. 

2.  Splendor  of  appearance  ;  state  ;  magnificence  ; 
08,  the  grandeur  of  a  court,  of  a  procession,  &c. 

n.  Elevation  of  thought,  sciitiinent,  or  expression. 
We  fipeak  of  the  grandeur  of  conceptions,  and  of 
■tylc,  or  diction. 
4.  Elevation  of  mien,  or  air  and  deportment. 
ORAN-t)EV'l-TY,  n.    f.'reat  age.    [jYut  H.icd.] 
GKA,V-I>P.'VOI;h,  a.    Of  great  ag)!.'    [JVot  uj,rd.} 
UKANU'KA-'f  HER,  n.    A  falher'M  or  iiiother'a  father  ; 


the  next  degree  above  the  father  or  mother  in  lineal 
ascent. 

GRAN-DIF'ie,  a.    Making  great. 
GRAN-DIL'O-aUENCE,  n.     Lofty  speaking  ;  lofty 

expressions.  More. 
GRAN-DlL'O-atJENT,  a.    [h.  grandiloquens.] 

Pompous;  bombastic. 
GRAN-DIL'O-aUOUS,  a.    [L.  grandiloquus  ;  grandis 

and  loquor,  to  speak.] 
Speaking  in  a  lofty  style. 
GRAN'DI-NOUS,  a.    [l,'.  grando.] 

Consisting  of  hail.  Diet. 
GRAND'I-TY,  71.     Greatness ;  magnificence.  [JVci 

li.-icd.]      _  Camden, 
GR.\ND-Ju'ROR,  71.    One  of  a  grand  jury.    In  Con- 

necticut,  an  informing  officer. 
GRAND-JU'RV,  «.   [grand  mid  jurii.]    A  jury  whose 

duty  is  to  examine  into  the  grounds  of  accusation 

against  offenders,  and,  if  they  see  just  cause,  then  to 

find  bills  of  indictment  against  them,  to  be  presented 

to  the  court. 

GRANU'LY,  adv.  ki  a  lofty  manner;  splendidly; 
sublimelv. 

GRAMJ'AiOTH-ER,  (-muth-er,)  7t.    The  mother  of 

one's  father  or  mother. 
GRAND-NEPH'EW,  7t.  The  grandson  of  a  brother  or 

sister. 

GRAND'NESS,  7!.  Grandeur;  greatness  with  beauty  ; 
magnificence.  IVollastnn. 

GRAND'NIECE,  (-nees,)  71.  The  granddaughter  of  a 
brother  or  sister. 

GRA.'>JD-SKlGN'IOR,  (-seen'yur,)  n.  The  sovereign 
or  sultan  of  Turkey. 

GRAND'SIRE,  71.    A  grandfather. 

2.  In  poetry  and  rhetoric,  any  ancestor. 

Dnjden.  Pope. 

GRAND'SON,  (-sun,)  71.  The  son  of  a  son  or  daugh- 
ter. 

GRAND-VIZ'IER,  (-vizh'yer,)  71.  The  chief  minister 
of  the  Turkish  empire  ;  the  same  ;i3  Vizier. 

GRANGE,  (granje,)  71.  [Fr.  grange,  a  barn  ;  grangier, 
a  farmer  ;  Sp.  grangear,  to  cultivate  ;  grangero,  a 
farmer;  Ir.  grainseach,  a  grange;  Scot.  ^rfiH^-fl,  the 
buildings  belonging  to  a  corn-farm,  originally  a  place 
where  the  rents  and  tithes,  paid  in  grain  to  religious 
houses,  were  deposited  ;  from  granum,  grain.] 
A  farm,  with  the  buildings,  stables,  Ulc. 

Milton.  Shak. 

GRA-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  granum,  grain,  and  /c7-o, 
to  bear.] 

Bearing  seeds  like  grains.  Humble. 
GRAN'I-FORM,  a.   Formed  like  grains  of  corn. 

Loudon. 

GRAN'I-LITE,  71.  [See  Granite.]  Indeterminate 
granite ;  granite  that  contains  more  than  three  con- 
stituent parts.    [  Obs.]  Kirwun. 

GRAN'ITE,  (gran'it,)  71.  [Fr.  granit ;  It.  granito, 
grained.] 

In  geology,  an  aggregate  rock,  composed  of  the 
minerals  quartz,  feldspar,  and  mica,  or  at  least  of  two 
of  these  minerals,  confusedly  crystallized  together. 
The  texture  is  more  or  less  finely  granular.  The 
grains  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pin's  head  to  a 
mass  of  two  or  three  feet;  but  usually  the  largest 
size  is  that  of  a  nut.  The  color  of  granite  is  greatly 
diversified  by  the  different  colors  and  proportions  of 
the  component  parts,  and  in  general  these  stones  are 
very  hard.  The  most  common  colors  are  gray,  gray- 
ish-white, and  Hesh-red.    Did.  JVat.  Hist.  Kirwan. 

GRAN'I-TEL,  71.  [dim.  of  granite.]  A  binary  aggre- 
gate of  minerals ;  a  granitic  compound  containing 
two  constituent  parts,  as  quartz  and  feldspar,  or 
quartz  and  shorl  or  hornblend.    [Obs.]  Kirwan. 

Italian  workmen  give  this  name  to  a  variety  of  gray 
granite  consisting  of  small  grains.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

GKA-NIT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  granite  ;  like  granite  ; 
having  the  nature  of  granite  ;  as,  granitic  texture. 

2.  Consisting  of  granite  ;  as,  granitic  mountains. 
GR.\-NlT-I-FI-eA'T10N,  7t.  The  art  or  process  of  be- 
ing formed  into  granite.  Humble. 

GRA-NIT'J-FOR.M,  a.  Resembling  granite  in  struct- 
ure or  shape.  Humble. 

GRAN'I-TIN,  It.  An  aggregate  of  three  species  of 
minerals,  some  of  which  dill'er  from  the  species 
which  compose  granite,  as  quartz,  feldspar,  and 
jade  or  sliorl.    [04.<.]  Kirwan. 

(;RAN'I-T0ID,  a.    Resembling  granite. 

GR.\-.\I  V'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  ^raiiuni,  grain,  and  roro, 
to  eat.] 

Eating  grain  ;  feeding  or  subsisting  on  seeds  ;  as, 
graniroroHs  birds.  Brown. 
GRAN'N.V.M,  j  71.    [For  Grandam.]    A  grandmother. 
GRAN'NV,    i     [yulgar.]  B.  Junson. 

GRANT,  V.  t.  [Norm,  granlcr,  to  grant,  to  promise,  or 
agr(^e.  1  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other  lan- 
guage. I'l  rhaps  K  is  not  radical,  for  in  some  ancient 
charters  it  is  written  grat.  "  Oratamu.t  ct  concedi- 
mus."  Sprlman.] 

1.  To  !idiiiit  as  true  what  is  not  proved  ;  to  allow  ; 
to  yield  ;  to  concede.  We  take  that  for  granted  which 
Is  Bupjiosed  to  be  true. 

OranI  Ihiil  Die  futci  huvo  ftnncd  by  thrir  liocn-c.  Dryrlen. 

3.  To  give  ;  to  bcHtow  or  confer  on  without  com- 


pensation, particularly  in  answer  to  prayer  or  re- 
quest. 

Thou  Iiast  granted  me  life  .ind  favor.  — Job  x. 

GoJ  granted  him  Uiut  which  he  requested.  —  1  Chron.  iv. 

3.  To  transfer  the  title  of  a  thing  to  another,  for  a 
good  or  valuable  consideration  ;  to  convey  by  deed 
or  writing.  The  legislature  have  granted  all  the  new 
land. 

Grar^  me  the  place  of  this  threshing-floor.  —  1  Chron.  xxi. 

GRANT,  71.  The  act  of  granting ;  a  bestowing  or  con- 
ferring. 

2.  The  thing  gr.anted  or  bestowed  ;  a  gift  ;  a  boon. 

3.  In  taw,  a  conveyance,  in  writing,  of  such  things 
as  can  not  pass  or  be  transferred  by  word  only,  as 
land,  rents,  reversions,  tithes,  &.c. 

A  grant  is  an  exeeuteil  contract,  Z.  Siri/t. 

4.  Concession;  admission  of  something  as  true. 

Drtjden 

5.  The  thing  conveyed  by  deed  or  patent. 
GRANT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  granted  or  con- 
veyed 

GRANT'ED,  pp.  Admitted  as  true ;  conceded  ;  yield- 
ed :  bestowed  ;  conveyed. 

GRANT-EE',  7t.  The  person  to  whom  a  conveyance 
is  made. 

GR.ANT'ER,  71.    In  a  general  sense,  one  who  grants. 
GRWT'ING,  ppr.  or  «.    Admitting;  conceding;  be- 

F:,o.vmg;  conveying. 
GRANT'OR,  71.    Ill /am,  the  person  who  grants  ;  one 

who  conveys  land,  rents,  &c. 

GRAN'U-LA-*IIY,  i       C'"™'"  ^''""™' 

1.  Consisting  of  grains  ;  as,  a  granular  substance. 

2.  Resembling  grains  ;  as,  a  stone  of  granular  ap- 
pearance. 

GRAN'U-LAR-LY,  adv.    In  a  granular  form. 
GRAN'li-LATE,  v.  U    [Fr.  granular,  from  L.  gra- 
num.] 

1.  Vo  form  into  grains  or  small  masses  ;  as,  to  gran- 
ulate powder  or  sugar. 

2.  "I'o  raise  in  small  asperities  ;  to  make  rough  on 
the  surface.  Ban. 

GRAN'U-LATE,  t).  i.    To  collect  or  be  formed  into 
grains  ;  as,  cane-juice  granulates  into  sugar ;  melted 
metals  granulate  when  poured  into  water. 
GRAN'II-L.-VTE,  a.    Having  numerous  small  eleva- 
tions, like  shagreen.  Brandc. 
2.  Consisting  of  or  resembling  grains. 
GRAN'I^-LA-TED,  pp.    Formed  into  grains. 

2.  a.  Consisting  of  grains  ;  having  the  form  of 
grains. 

GRA!V'IJ-La-TING,  ppr.    Forming  into  grains. 

GRAN-T|-LA'TI0N,  71.  The  act  of  forming  into  grains ; 
as,  the  granulation  of  powder  and  sugar.  The  gran- 
ulation of  metallic  substances  is  performed  by  pour- 
ing the  melted  substances  slowly  into  water,  usually 
through  a  colander  perforated  with  holes.  lire. 

2.  In  physiology,  granulations  are  small,  grain-like 
protuberances,  which  form  on  the  surface  of  ulcers 
and  in  suppurating  sores,  and  which  serve  to  fill  up 
the  cavity  and  unite  the  sides.  The  process  of  doing 
this  is  called  granulation.  Tally. 

GRAN'ULE,  n.    [Sp.  grauillo,  from  L.  granum.] 
A  little  grain  ;  a  small  particle. 

GRAN'U-LOUS,  a.  Full  of  grains;  abounding  with 
granular  substances. 

GRAPE,  71.  [This  word  is  from  the  root  of  grab,  gripe, 
and  signifies  primarily  a  cluster  or  bunch  ;  Fr.  grappc 
de  raisin,  a  bunch  of  grapes  ;  W.  grab,  a  cluster,  a 
grape;  grahin,  a  clasping;  It.  grappa,  a  grappling; 
grappo,  a  cluster,  a  bunch  of  grapes.] 

1.  Properly,  a  cluster  of  the  fruit  of  the  vine  ;  but 
with  us,  a  single  berry  of  the  vine  ;  the  fruit  from 
which  wine  is  made  by  expression  and  fermentation. 

2.  In  the  manege,  grapes  signifies  mangy  tumors  on 
the  legs  of  a  horse. 

GRAPE'-H?'A-CINTH,  71.  A  plant  or  flower,  a  spe- 
cies of  llyacintlius  or  Muscari. 

GRAPE'LESS,  a.  Wanting  the  strength  and  flavor  of 
the  grape.  ./enyns. 

GRAP'ER-Y,  71.  A  building  or  inclosurc  used  for  the 
rearing  of  grapes. 

GRAPE'-SIIOT,  n.  A  cluster  of  small  shot,  confined 
in  a  canvas  hag,  forming  a  kind  of  cylinder,  whose 
diameter  is  etpial  to  that  of  the  ball  adapted  to  the 
cannon.  Brande. 

GRAPE'-SToNE,  71.    The  .stone  or  seed  of  the  grape. 

GRAPE'-VI.NE,  71.   The  vine  which  yields  the  grape. 

GR.XPII'ie,        la.  [\^- graphicus;  Gx.  )iitt'l>iKOi,(rotn 

GRAPH'IC-AI.,  i     J  (Jiijiw,  to  write.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  writing  or  delineating. 

2.  Widl  delineated.  Bacon. 

3.  Describing  with  accuracy. 

Oraphic  granite  ;  a  Viirii  ty  of  granite,  composed  of 
feldspar  and  quartz  so  arrangt^d  as  to  bear  a  remote 
resemblance  to  orienttil  characters.  Dana. 
GRAPII'ie-AE-LV,  ii<;r.    With  good  delineation  ;  in 

a  picturesque  manner.  Brown.  j 

GRAPiriTi;,  n.    [Cr.  )  ,i(i0f.i,  to  write.]  j 
("arliiiri't  of  iron,  a  substance  used  for  pencils, 
coiitiiioiily  called  Black-lead,  or  Pli;mraoo. 

Clcaveland. 


FATE,  FAR,  FfiLl,,  WH/iT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


GRA 


GRA 


GRA 


GRAPirO-LlTE,  n.  [Supra.]  A  species  of  sinte, 
priipcr  for  writinR  on. 

GKAril-O.M'E-TEIl,  n.  [Gr.  >pa0cj,  to  describe,  and 
licTp'iv,  mcasiire.l 

A  mallicinutical  instrument,  called  also  a  srmicircle, 
whose  use  is  to  observe  any  angle  whose  vertex  is  at 
the  center  of  the  instrument  in  any  plane,  and  to  find 
how  many  degrees  it  contains.  Encijc. 

GRAI'H O-'MUT'Rie-AL,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  ascer- 
tained by  a  graphunieter. 

GUAP-filNE,  i       [fr.frappm.   See  Grappi-i:.] 

A  small  anchor,  fitted  with  four  or  five  flnkes  or 
claws,  used  to  hold  bo-its  or  small  vessels.  Tultcn. 

GUAP'IM.K,  (cnip'pl,)  v.t.  [Golh.  jrreipttii,  lo  gripe  ! 
G.  greij'fn ;  U.  gnjpcn ;  Dan.  gribcr ;  Sw.  grahba, 
grifa;  It.  ffrappare;  VV.  crapeaio.  See  Grape  and 
Gripi:.] 

1.  To  seize  ;  to  lay  fast  hold  on,  either  with  the 
hands  or  with  hooks.  We  say,  a  man  grapples  his 
anta^'onist,  or  a  ship  grapplrs  another  ship. 

2.  To  fasten  ;  to  fix,  as  the  mind  or  lieart.  [JVut 
ill  ii.ie.]  Slink. 

GK.\P'PL.E,  r.  t.  To  seize ;  to  contend  in  close  fight, 
as  wrestlers.  Milton.  Addison. 

'I'o  grapple  with ;  to  contend  with  j  to  struggle 
nptinst  with  boldness.  S/iut. 

GRAP'PLE,  M.  A  seizing;  close  Img  in  contest ;  the 
wrestler's  hold.  Mdton. 

2.  Close  fight.  Shak. 

3.  A  hook  or  iron  instrument  by  which  one  ship 
fastens  on  nnothcr.  Dryden. 

GRAP'Pl.KI),  pp.    Seized  ;  laid  fast  hold  on. 
GRAP'PLE-.MK.NT,  n.    A  grappling;  close  fight  or 
embrace. 

GRAP'PLING,  ppr.    L.iying  fast  hold  on.  ' 
GKAl"PLIiVG-t'ROXS,  n.  pi.    Irons  used  as  instru- 
lui'iits  of  grappling  and  holding  fast  a  vessel  or 
some  othi-r  object. 
GRAP'TO-LITK,  n.    [Gr.  )  <iarrrof  and  Xi9of.] 

.\  fossil  zoiipliyte,  Having  the  appearance  of  writ- 
ing or  sculpture,  found  in  the  Silurian  shales. 

Brande. 

GR.^P'Y,  a.   Like  grapes  ;  full  of  clusters  of  grapes. 

Addison. 

2.  Made  of  grapes.  Oaij. 
GRASP,  V.  t.    [It.  graspare.] 

1.  To  seize  and  hold  by  cl.isping  or  embracing  with 
the  fingers  or  arms.  We  say,  to  grasp  with  tlie  hand, 
or  with  the  arms. 

2.  To  catch  ;  to  seize  ;  to  lay  hold  of ;  to  take  pos- 
session of.  Kings  often  grasp  more  than  they  can 
hold. 

GRASP,  r.  t.   To  catch  or  seize  ;  to  gripe.  Dryden. 

2.  To  stniggle  ;  to  strive.    [JVo£  in  use.] 

3.  To  encroach.  Dryden. 
To  grasp  at ;  to  catch  at ;  to  try  to  seize.  Alexan- 
der grasped  at  universal  empire. 

GRASP,  n.   The  gripe  or  seizure  of  the  hand.  This 
seems  to  be  its  proper  sense  ;  but  it  denotes  also  a 
seizure  by  embrace,  or  infolding  in  the  arms. 
2.  Possession  ;  hold. 

;>.  Reach  of  Die  arms  ;  and  figuralivrhj,  the  power 
of  seizing.  Bonaparte  seemed  to  think  he  had  the 
Russian  empire  within  his  grasp. 

GRASP'A-llLE,  o.    That  can  be  grasped. 

GRASP'i'D,  (grispt,)  pp.  Seized  with  the  hands  or 
arms  ;  embraced  ;  held  ;  possessed. 

GRXSP'ER,  n.  One  who  gnisps  or  seizes;  one  who 
Ciiti-iies  at ;  one  who  holds. 

•JRASP'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Seizing;  embracing;  catch- 
ing ;  holding. 

GR.VSP'ING-LY,  adr.  In  an  eager,  grasping  manner. 
GRASS,  n.    [Sax.  gras,  gttrs^  or  gr<ed  ;  Goth,  gnu ;  G. 

and  I),  gras  ;  Sw.  grds  ;  Dan.  grirs.    In  G.  ra^en  is 

turf,  sod,  and  rcrriwm,  to  overgrow  with  grass ; 

hence,  g  may  be  a  prefix.    Oniss  may  be  allied  to 

Gr.  aj  (xjffTij,  Kotiart^y  j  natrrii.] 

1.  in  cvmmon  usage,  herbage  ;  the  plants  which 
constitute  the  food  of  cattle  and  other  be.asts. 

2.  In  Aofuni/,  a  plant  having  simple  leaves,  a  stem 
generally  jointed  and  tubul.ir,  a  husky  calyx,  called 
glume,  and  the  seed  single.  I'his  definition  includes 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  &.C.,  and  excludes  clover 
and  some  other  plants  which  .are  commonly  called 
by  the  name  of  grass.  The  grasses  form  a  numerous 
family  of  plants.  Kncyc. 

Ora.is  of  Parnassus ;  a  plant  growing  in  wet  ground, 
of  the  genus  Parnassia. 
GRASS,  V.  L   To  cover  with  grass  or  with  turf. 
GRASS,  r.  i.   To  breed  grass  ;  to  be  covered  with 

grass.  Tusser. 
GRAS-SA'TION,  n.    fU  grassatio.] 

A  wandering  abodf.    [Utile  used.] 
GRASS'-BLADR,  n.    A  blade  of  grass. 
GRASS'-GREE.V,  a.    Green  with  grass.  Shenstone. 

2.  Dark-green,  like  the  color  of  gras.s. 
GRASS'-GRoWN,  a.   Overgrown  with  grass. 

T/ioinson. 

GRXSS'HOP-PER,  n.  [grass  and  hop.]  An  insect 
that  hvps  among  grass,  a  species  of  Gnilus. 

GIIASS'I-.VESS,  n.  [from  grassy.]  The  state  of 
alKiundine  with  grass;  a  grassy  state. 

GRASS'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  gr.-iss. 


GRXSS'-PLOT,  n.  A  plat  or  level  spot  covered  with 
grass. 

GRASS'POL-Y,  ji.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Lythrum  or 
willow-wort. 

GRASS'VKTCII,  n.    .\  plant  of  the  genus  I.athvriis. 
GRASS'WRACK,  (  rak,)  k     A  plant,  the  Zostera. 
GRASS'Y,  a.    Covered  with  grass ;  abounding  with 

grass.  Spcitser. 
2.  Resembling  grass  ;  green. 
GRATE,  n.  [It.  grata,      crates,  a  grate,  a  hurdle,  du. 

its  alliance  to  the  verb,  to  grate.] 

1.  A  work  or  frame,  composed  of  parallel  or  cross 
bars,  with  interstices  ;  a  kind  of  lattice-work,  such 
as  is  used  in  the  windows  of  prisons  and  cloisters. 

2.  An  instrument  or  frame  of  iron  bars  for  holding 
coals,  used  as  fuel,  in  houses,  stores,  shops,  &c. 

GRATE,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  grates;  to  make  fast 
with  cross-bars. 

GRATE,  I).  I.  [Fr.  gratter.  It.  graUare,  to  scratch  ; 
Dan.  gryttcr,  to  grate,  to  break  ;  Sp.  grirln,  a  scratch, 
a  crevice;  VV.  rhathu,  to  rub  ofl',  to  strip,  to  clear; 
rhalhclt,  a  rasp.  See  the  Sliemilic  TiJ,  19-iri,  nin, 
and  Tip.  Class  Rd,  No.  38,  58,  62,  81.  If  5-  is  a 
prefix,  this  word  coincides  with  L.  rado.    See  Ciiv.] 

1.  To  rub,  as  a  body  with  a  rough  surface  against 
another  body  ;  to  rub  one  thing  against  another,  so 
as  to  produce  a  harsh  .sound  ;  as  to  grate  the  teeth. 

2.  'i'o  wear  away  in  small  particles,  by  rubbing 
with  any  thing  rough  or  indented  ;  as,  to  grate  a 
nutmeg. 

3.  To  offend  ;  to  fret ;  to  vex  ;  to  irritate  ;  to  mor- 
tify ;  as,  harsh  words  grate  the  liearl ;  they  are  grat- 
ing to  the  feelings  ;  harsh  sounds  grate  the  ear. 

4.  To  make  a  harsh  sound  by  rubbing  or  tlie  fric- 
tion of  rough  bodies.  JUilton. 

GRATE,  r.  i.  To  rub  hard,  so  as  to  offend  ;  to  offend 
by  oppression  or  importunity. 

Tliij  grated  li.inKT  upon  Ihc  hearta  of  men.  South, 
2.  To  make  a  harsh  sound  by  the  friction  of  rough 
bodies.  ^  Hooker. 

GRATE,  a.    [L.  gratus.] 

Agree.'ible.    [A'yt  in  use.] 
pRAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Rubbed  harshly  ;  worn  off  by 
rubbing. 

2.  Furnished  with  a  grate  ;  as,  grated  windows. 
GRATE'FIJL,  a.    [from  L.  graliui.    See  Grace.] 

1.  Having  a  due  sense  of  benefits  ;  kindly  disposed 
toward  one  from  whom  a  favor  has  been  received  ; 
willing  to  acknowledge  and  repay  benefits ;  as,  a 
grateful  heart. 

2.  .Agreeable;  pleasing;  acceptable;  gratifying; 
as,  a  grateful  present;  a  grateful  offering. 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  taste  ;  delicious  ;  affording  pleas- 
ure ;  as,  food  or  drink  grateful  to  the  appetite. 

Now  golden  fniils  on  l>xuli>t!  bnnclira  shine. 

Anil  grateful  cluster*  swell  w  Uh  floods  of  wine.  Pope. 

GRaTE'FJJL-LY,  adv.  With  a  due  sense  of  benefits 
or  favors ;  in  a  manner  that  disposes  to  kindness,  in 
return  for  favors.    'I'he  gift  was  gratefully  received. 

2.  In  a  pleasing  manner.  Study  continually  fur- 
nishes something  new,  which  may  strike  the  imagi- 
nation grattj'nllit. 

GRATE'FlJb-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  grate- 
ful ;  gnititude 

2.  The  quality  of  being  agreeable  or  pleasant  to  the 
mind  or  to  the  taste. 

GRAT'ER,  n.  [See  Grate.]  An  instniment  or  uten- 
sil, with  a  rough,  indented  surface,  for  rubbing  off 
small  particles  of  a  body ;  as,  a  grater  for  nutmegs. 

GRA-Tie-U-LA'TIOX,  71.  The  division  of  a  design 
or  draft  into  squares,  for  the  purpose  of  reducing  it 
to  smaller  dimensions.  Oieilt. 

GRAT-I-FI-CA'TIO.V,  n.  [L.  gratifieatio,  from  grati- 
ficor;  gratus  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  The  act  of  pleasing,  either  the  mind,  the  t.astc, 
or  the  appetite.  We  speak  of  the  gratification  of  the 
taste  or  the  pal.ate,  of  the  appetites,  of  the  senses,  of 
the  desires,  of  the  mind,  soul,  or  heart. 

2.  Th.at  which  affords  pleasure  ;  satisfaction  ;  de- 
light. It  is  not  easy  to  renounce  gratifications  to 
which  we  are  accustomed. 

3.  Reward  ;  recom|>onse.  Morton. 
GRAT'I-FI-£D,  (  fide,)  pp.  or  a.   Pleased;  indulged 

according  to  desire. 
GRAT'I  FI-ER,  n.  .One  who  gratifies  or  ple.a-ses. 
GRAT'l-Ft,  V.  L    [L.  gral{fia)r ;  gratus,  agreeable, 

and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  please  ;  to  give  pleasure  to;  to  indulge;  as, 
to  gratify  the  t.aste,  the  appetite,  the  senses,  the  de- 
sires, the  mind,  &c. 

2.  To  delight ;  to  please ;  to  humor ;  to  sootiie ;  to 
satisfy  ;  to  indulge  to  satisfaction. 

For  who  woul J  die  to  fnm/y  a  (be  f  Drydtn. 

3.  To  requite  ;  to  recompense. 
GB.\T'I-F?-1XG,  ppr.    Pleasing;  indulging  to  satis- 
faction. 

2.  o.   Giving  pleasure;  affording  s.atisfaction. 
GRAT'I.NG,  ppp.    [See  Grati.]    Rubbing;  wearing 
off  in  particles. 

2.  a.    Fretting  j  irritating;  harsh;  as,  grating 
sounds,  or  a  grating  refiection. 
GRAT'ING,  n.    [See  Grati.]    A  harsh  sound  or  rib- 
bing. 


2.  A  partition  of  bars,  or  laltice  work  of  wood  or 
Irtm  ;  a-s,  the  grating  of  a  prison  or  convent. 

3.  An  open  cover  for  the  hatehi-s  of  a  ship,  resem- 
bling lattice-work  ;  eommoiily  used  in  the  plural. 

GRAT'ING-LY,  ado.  Harshly  ;  offensively  ;  in  a  man- 
ner to  irritate. 

GRA'TIS,  ado.  [L.]  For  nothing;  freely;  wilhimt 
recompense;  as,  to  give  a  thing  gratis!  to  perform 
service  gratis. 

GRAT'I-T'L'DE,  n.  [L.  graJifuiio,  from  £to(i«,  pleas- 
ing.   See  Grace.] 

An  emotion  of  the  heart,  excited  by  a  favor  or  ben- 
efit reriMved  ;  a  sentiment  of  kintlness  or  good-will 
towaril  a  benefactor  ;  thankfulness.  Gratitude  is  an 
agreeable  emotion,  consisting  in,  or  accompanied 
with,  good-will  to  a  benefactor,  and  a  disposition 
to  make  a  suitable  return  of  benefits  or  services, 
or,  when  no  return  c:in  be  made,  with  a  desire  to 
see  the  benefactor  prosperous  and  happy.  Grati- 
tude is  a  virtue  of  the  highest  excellence,  as  it  im- 
[ilies  a  filling  and  generous  heart,  and  a  proper 
sense  of  duty. 

The  iovc  of  God  is  the  sublimcst  gratitude.  Paley. 

GRA-TC'I-TOUS,  a.  [U.  graluiliis,  from  gratus;  Fr. 
gratuit;  It.  gratuita.    See  Grace.) 

1.  Free  ;  voluntary  ;  not  required  by  justice  ;  grant- 
ed without  claim  or  merit. 

We  mistake  the  gmjuilout  blessings  of  Heaven  for  the  fruit*  of 
onr  own  indimry.  If'Btlrange. 

2.  Asserted  or  taken  without  proof;  as,  a  ^ratui- 
tnus  argument  or  atfirination. 

GRA-TO'I-TOUS-LY,  ado.  Freely  ;  voluntarily  ; 
without  claim  or  merit ;  witliout  an  equivalent  or 
compensation  ;  as,  labor  or  services  grutititoiisly  be- 
stoweil. 

2.  Without  proof;  as,  a  principle  gratuitously  as- 
sumed. 

GRA-TC'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  gratuiti,  from  gratuit,  from 

gratus.] 

1.  A  free  gift  ;  a  present ;  a  donation  ;  that  which 
is  given  without  a  compensaliiui  or  eipiivalent. 

2.  Something  given  in  return  for  a  favor;  an  ac- 
knowledgment. 

GRAT'l'-LATE,  i'.  t.  [L.  gratiilor,  from  gratus,  plea.s- 
ing,  gniteful  ;  Russ.,  with  the  prefix  na,  nagrada, 
recompense  ;  nagrajdayu,  to  gratify,  to  reward.  See 
Grace.] 

1.  To  express  joy  or  pleasure  to  a  person,  on  ac- 
count of  his  success,  or  the  reception  of  some  good  ; 
to  salute  with  declarations  of  joy  ;  to  congratulate. 
[The  latter  icord  is  mure  generally  u.<ed.] 

To  gratulate  Oie  gfentle  prince*  there,  Shak. 

2.  To  wish  or  exjiress  joy  to,  Sliali. 

3.  To  declare  joy  for  ;  to  mention  with  joy, 

B.  .Jnnson. 

GRAT'IJ-La-TED,  pp.  Addressed  with  expressions 
of  joy. 

GRAT'lJ-LA-TING,  ;>pr.  Addressing  with  expressions 
of  jnv,  on  account  of  some  good  received. 

GRAT-II-LA'TIO.N,  n.    [h.  gratiiliitio.] 

An  adilress  or  expression  of  joy  to  a  person,  on  .ac- 
count of  some  good  received  by  him  ;  congratulation 

I  sl):v]l  turn  my  wishes  into  gratu!aaont.  S'outh, 

GRAT'fl-LA-TO-RY,  n,  [L.  gratiilatio.]  An  .address 
or  expression  of  joy  t<»  a  pcrstm,  on  account  of  some 
good  received  hv  him  ;  congratulation, 

GRAT'q-L,\-TO-RY,  a.  Expressing  gratulation  ;  con- 
gratulatory, 

GRA-VA'ME.\,  n.  [L,]  In  law,  the  grievance  com- 
plained of;  the  substantial  cause  of  the  action.  Bouvier. 

GRAVE,  a  fin.al  syllable,  is  a  grove.  Sax.  grrf ;  or  it  is 
an  officer,  G.  graf. 

GRAVE,  V.  I. :  pret.  Graved  ;  pp.  Gratex  or  Graved, 
[Fr,  graven  Sp.  grabar ;  Sax.  grafan,  G.  grabcn  :  D. 
graaven;  Dan.  graver;  Sw.  grafca;  .\x\\\.  engrafU, 
eilgravi ;  \t.  grafadh,  grafaim  ;  W .  eririaw,fto\nrhiv  ; 
Gr.  ypaijiu),  to  write  ;  originally  all  writing  was  grav- 
ing; Eng.  to  .tcrope;  Ch.  and  Syr.  2^3,  to  plow.  See 
C1.TSS  Rb,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  carve  or  cut  letters  or  figures  on  stone  or 
other  h.ard  substance,  with  a  chisel  or  edged  tool  ;  10  . 
engrave.   [The  latter  icord  is  now  mart  genrratty  used.] 

Thou  slintt  tike  two  onyx-itones,  and  grace  on  them  the  name* 
of  Utc  childivn  of  IsrAel.  — Ex.  xxviii. 

2.  To  carve  ;  to  form  or  shape  by  cutting  with  a 
chisel ;  as,  to  grave  an  image. 

Thou  sh.ilt  not  m.\ke  to  lltee  ftny  graocn  Imaj?.  —  Ex.  n. 

3.  To  clean  a  ship's  bottom  by  burning  off  filth, 
grass,  or  other  foreign  matter,  and  paying  it  over  with 
pitch. 

4.  To  entomb.    [  Unusual.]  Shak, 
GRAVE,  V.  i.   To  carve  ;  to  write  or  delineate  on  bard 

substances;  to  practice  engraving. 
GRAVE,  n.    [!<.ax.  gra:f :  G.  grab  ;  D.  and  Sw.  graf; 
Dan.  grac;  Russ.  grob,  a  ditch,  a  trench,  a  gr.ave  ; 
L.  scrobs.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  The  ditch,  pit,  or  excavated  place,  in  which  a 
dead  human  body  is  deposited  ;  a  [ilace  for  the  corpse 

2.  A  tomb.         [of  a  human  hiring  ;  a  sepulclier 

3.  Any  place  where  the  dead  arc  reposited  ;  a 
place  of  great  slaughter  or  mortality.    Flanders  was 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


Co' 


RR 


il7 


GRA 

formerly  tile  i^rare  of  Enslisli  armies  ;  Russia  proved 
to  be  the  irraoe  of  the  French  army  under  Bonaparte  ; 
tlie  tropical  climates  are  the  grace  of  American  sea- 
men and  of  British  soldiers. 

4,  In  a  figurative  sense^  death  or  destruction. 

5.  Oraves ;  in  the  plural,  sediment  of  melted  tallow. 

Brande. 

GRSVE'-CLOn,  n.    Clod  of  a  grave. 
GRaVE'-CLoT HES,  n.  pi.    The  clothes  or  dress  in 

which  the  dead  are  interred. 
GRaVE'-DIG-GER,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to 

dia  sraves. 

GRaVE'-LOOK-TNG,  a.    Appearing  grave. 

GRAVE'- IM.Xtv-ER,  71.    A  grave-digger.  Shai. 

GRA  VE'-ROB-BER,  ?i.    One  who  rohs  a  grave. 

GRaVE'-KOB  BIN'G,  n.    A  robbing  of  the  grave. 

GRaVE'SToXE,  71.  A  stone  laid  over  a  grave,  or 
erected  near  it,  as  a  monument  to  preserve  the  mem- 
ory of  the  dead. 

GRAVE'YXRD,  7i.  A  yard  or  inclosure  for  the  inter- 
ment of  the  dead. 

GRAVE,  a.  [Fr.  Sp.  and  It.  grave  ;  Arm.  grcvus ;  from 
L.  gravis,  heavy,  whence  L.  gravo,  and  aggravo,  to 

aggravate.    Hence  grief,  which  see.    Ar.  i 

karaba,  to  overload,  to  press,  to  grieve.  Class  Rb, 
No.  yO.]    Propcrhj,  pressing,  heavy.  Hence, 

1.  In  music,  low  ;  depressed  ;  solemn  ;  opposed  to 
shar]>,  acute,  or  high :  as,  a  grave  lone  or  sound. 
Sometimes  grave  denotes  slow. 

2.  Solemn  ;  sober ;  serious  ;  opposed  to  gay,  light, 
or  jovial ;  as,  a  man  of  a  grave  deportment  3  a  grave 
character. 

Youth  on  silent  win^s  is  flown  ; 

Graver  years  come  roiling  on.  Prior. 

3.  Plain  ;  not  gay ;  not  showy  or  tawdry ;  as,  a 
grave  suit  of  clothes. 

4.  Being  of  weight;  of  a  serious  character;  as,  a 
grave  writer. 

5.  Important;  momentous;  having  a  serious  and 
interesting  import.  Lord  Eldan.  Kent. 

GRAVED, pp.    [See  the  verb.]    Carved;  engraved; 

cleaned,  as  a  ship. 
GR.W'EL,  71.    [Fr.  gravelle,  gravicr ;  Arm.  grevell,  or 

maen-gravcU,  stone-gravel ;  G.  grober  sand,  coarse 

sand  ;  D.  graved.    Probably  from  rubbing,  grating. 

See  Grave,  the  verb.] 

1.  Small  stones,  or  fragments  of  stone,  or  very 
small  pebbles,  larger  than  the  particles  of  sand,  but 
often  intermi.\ed  with  them. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  disease  produced  by  small,  calcu- 
lous concretions  in  the  kidne>  s  and  bladder.  Ci/c. 

GRAVEL,  71.  (.  To  cover  with  gravel ;  as,  to  gravel 
a  walk. 

2.  To  stick  in  the  sand.  Camden. 

3.  To  puzzle  ;  to  stop;  to  embarrass.  Prior. 

4.  To  hurt  the  foot  of  a  horse,  by  gravel  lodged 
under  the  shoe. 

GR.\V'EL-£U,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  gravel; 
stopped  ;  embarrassed  ;  injured  by  gravel. 

GRA  VE'LESS,  a.  [from  grave.]  Without  a  grave  or 
tomb  ;  unbiiried.  Shnk. 

GRAV'EL-ING,  ppr.  Covering  with  gravel;  embar- 
rassing ;  hurting  the  feet,  as  of  a  horse. 

GRAV'EL-ING,  ji.    The  act  of  covering  with  gravel. 

GR,\V'EL-LY,  a.  [from  gravel.]  Abounding  with 
gravel ;  consisting  of  gravel ;  as,  a  gravelly  soil  or 
land. 

GRAVEL-WALK,  (-wawk,)  71.  A  walk  or  alley 
covered  with  gravel,  which  makes  a  hard  and  dry 
bottom  ;  used  in  gardens  and  malls. 

GRAVE'LV,  urfc.  [from  grave.]  In  a  grave,  solemn 
manner;  soberly;  seriously. 

The  queen  of  learning  gniocly  smiles.  Sioift. 

2.  Without  gaudiness  or  show;  as,  to  be  Bresscd 
gravrJy. 

GRA-VE-MEN'TE,  [It.]    In  Tniivic,  with  a  depressed 

tone  ;  solijinnly.    [See  Gkavk.] 
GRA VE'NE.SS,  n.    .Seriousness;  solemnity;  sobriety 

of  behavior  ;  gravity  of  manners  or  discourse. 

Denliam. 

GRA'VE-O-LENCE^  71.    [L.  gravis  and  olco.] 

A  Ktrong  and  ofltinsive  smell. 
GRa'VE-O-LENT,  a.    Having  a  strong  odor. 
GRAVER,  71.    [See  GnAVK.]    One  who  carves  or  en- 
graves ;  one  whose  profession  is  to  cut  letters  or 
figures  in  stone,  &c. ;  a  sculptor. 

2.  An  engraving  tool ;  an  instrument  for  graving 
on  hard  substances. 
CR.^  VER,  a.  roTn/j.    More  grave. 
GRAVIES'!',  n.  ituperl.    Most  grave. 
GRAV'IO,  o.    [L.  gravidas,  from  gravis,  heavy.] 

Pregnant;  bi'ing  with  child.  JlerberU 
GRA V'llJ-A-'l'EI),  a.    .Made  pregnant;  big.    [JVot  m 

use.  1  Barrow. 
ORAV-ID-A'TION,  71.    Pregnancy.    [J^at  in  use.] 

Pearson. 

GRA-VID'I-TY,  71.    Pregnancy.  [J^otinusr.] 

J^rbuthnot. 

GRA-VfM'F,  TER,  n.    [L.  gravis,  and  Gr.  /i/rp.i..] 
An  instriHiient  for  anc-ertjiiiiiiig  the  specitic  gravity 
of  bodies,  solid  or  lii|iiid. 


GRA 

GRA  VING,;ipr.  Engraving;  carving;  cutting  ligures 
on  stone,  copper,  or  other  hard  substance. 

GRAVING,  71.  The  act  of  cutting  figures  in  hard 
substances. 

2.  Carved  work. 

3.  The  act  of  cleaning  a  ship's  bottom. 

4.  Figuratively,  impression,  as  on  the  heart. 
GR.WI-TaTE,  v.  i.     [Sp.  gravitar ;  Ft.  graviter ; 

from  L.  gravitas,  from  gravis,  heavy.] 

To  be  attracted  according  to  the  law  of  gravitation. 
A  body  is  said  to  gravitate,  when  it  tends  toward 
another  body  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  grav- 
itation. 

GR,\V'I-Ta-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Being  attracted,  or 
tending  toward  another  body  according  to  the  law 
of  gravitation. 

GRAV-I-TA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  tending  to  the  cen- 
ter, or  of  being  drawn  toward  something. 

2.  In  natural  philosophy,  the  tendency  of  all  matter 
in  the  universe  toward  all  other  matter.  Every  body 
or  portion  of  matter  attracts  and  is  attracted  directly 
as  its  quantity  of  matter,  and  inversely  as  the  square 
of  its  distance  from  the  attracting  body.  Olmsted. 

GRAVI-TY,  71.  [Fr.  gravite  ;  S]).  gravidad  ;  L.  grav- 
itas, from  gravis,  heavy.    See  Grave.] 

1.  Weight;  heaviness. 

2.  In  natural  philosophy,  the  tendency  of  a  mass  of 
matter  toward  it's  central  liody  ;  particularly,  the  ten- 
dency of  a  body  toward  the  center  of  the  earth  ;  ter- 
restrial gravitation.    IVeight  is  the  measure  of  gravity. 

Olmsted. 

The  force  of  gravity  in  a  body  is  in  direct  proportion  to  iis  quan- 
tity of  matter.  Anon. 

3.  Specific  gravity  ;  the  weight  of  a  body  comjiared 
with  another  of  the  same  bulk,  taken  as  a  standard. 
Water  is  the  standard  for  solids  and  liquids,  common 
air  for  gases.  Thus  the  e.\act  weight  of  a  cubic  inch 
of  gold,  compared  with  that  of  a  cubic  inch  of  water, 
is  called  its  specific  gravity.  Olmsted. 

4.  Seriousness  ;  sobriety  of  manners  ;  solemnity  of 
deportment  or  character. 

Great  Cato  there,  for  gravity  renowned.  Dryden. 

5.  Weight ;  enormity  ;  atrociousness  ;  as,  the  ^T-atj- 
ity  of  an  injury.    [JV(/(  used.]  Hooker. 

6.  In  7nui!c,  lowness  of  sound. 

GRA'VY,  71.  The  fat  and  other  liquid  matter  that 
drips  from  flesh  in  rot-isting,  or  when  roasted  or 
baked,  or  a  mi.vture  of  that  juice  with  flour. 
GRAY,  a.  [Sax.  grig,  grwg  ;  G.  grau;  D.  graauw ; 
Dan.  graae;  S\v.  gra  ;  It.  grigio  j  Ir.  gre.  This  is 
probably  Fo'ii/tnt,  Orwcus,  Oreek,  Oraii,  the  name 
given  to  the  Greeks,  on  account  of  their  fair  com- 
plexion compared  with  the  Asiatics  and  Africans. 
(See  Europe.) 

^opKVi  6'  av  KrjTO}  Fpaiaj  tckc  KaX},iirapnovi, 
Ek  yevZTrjs  iroAiaj*  ru?  tjij  Tpaia^  Kn^iovaiif. 

Hesiod.  Theog.  270. 
"  Keto  bore  to  Phorcus  the  Graite  with  fair  cheeks, 
white  from  their  birth,  and  hence  they  were  called 
Orai<r.^'  The  Greek  word  yputa  is  rendered  an  old 
woman,  and,  in  this  passage  of  Hesiod,  is  supposed 
to  mean  certain  deities.  The  probability  is,  that  it 
is  applied  to  an  old  woman,  because  she  is  gray. 
But  the  fable  of  Hesiod  is  easily  explained  by  sup- 
posing the  author  to  have  had  in  his  mind  some  im- 
perfect account  of  the  origin  of  the  Greeks.] 

1.  White,  with  a  mixture  of  black. 

Tlipse  gray  and  dun  colors  may  be  also  produced  by  mixing 
whites  anil  blacks.  Newlojt. 

2.  White;  hoary;  as,  gray  hair.  We  apply  the 
word  to  hair  that  is  partially  or  wholly  white. 

3.  Dark  ;  of  a  mixed  color;  of  the  color  of  ashes  ; 
as,  gray  eyes  ;  the  gray-eyed  morn.      Oay.  Shak. 

4.  Old  ;  mature  ;  as,  gray  experience.  Mmes. 
GRAY,  71.    A  gray  color.  Farnelt. 

2.  An  animal  of  a  gray  color,  as  a  horse,  a  badger, 
and  a  kind  of  salmon.  Smart. 

GRA  Y'-BicARD,  (1.    An  old  man.  Shak. 

GR  A  Y'-EY-KD,  (gru'Idc,)  a.    Having  gray  eyes. 

GRAVELY,  71.    'i'he  truinpet-fly.  Jl/i7(07t. 

GRAY'-IIAlR-iCr),  a.    Having  gray  hair. 

GRAY'-HEAD-EI),  (gri'hed-cd,)  a.  Having  a  gray 
hi  ad  or  gray  hair. 

GRAV'IIOUND,  71.     [Sax.  grighund.     See  Gkey- 

HOI'NI).] 

GRAY'I.SH,  a.  Somewhat  gray;  gray  in  a  moderate 
degree. 

GRAY'LING,  77.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Salmo,  called, 
also,  umber,  a  voracious  fish,  about  sixteen  or  eigh- 
teen inches  in  length,  of  a  more  elegant  figure  than 
the  trout  ;  the  back  and  sides  are  of  a  silvery-gray 
color.  It  is  found  in  clear,  rapid  streams  in  the  north 
of  Europe,  and  is  excellent  food.     Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

GRAY  MARE.  "  The  gray  mare  is  the  belter  horse," 
—  said  of  a  woman  who  rules  her  husband.  Orose. 

GRAY'NES.S,  71.    The  qiudity  of  being  gray. 

Sherwood. 

GRA Y'.*^To.\E,  71.  A  grayish  or  greenish  compact 
rock,  composed  of  feldspar  and  augite,  and  allied  to 
basalt. 

GRAY'VVACKE,  (-wak,)  17.    [G. /rrn«7cac/(r.] 

in  geology,  a  conglomerate  or  grit-rock,  consisting 


GRE 

of  roiinoed  pebbles  and  sand  firmly  united  together. 
The  name  is  applied  only  to  certain  rocks  below  the 
coral  series,  and  deposits  of  shale  are  sometimes  in- 
cluded under  this  designation,  along  with  the  con- 
glomerate. Dana. 
GRAZE,  7j.  U  [Sax.  grasian;  G.  grasen  ;  D.  graazen; 
from  grass,  or  from  the  root  of  L.  rado,  rasi,  or  rodo, 
rosi ;  Sp.  rozar.  Port,  rofar,  to  rub  against,  to  graze. 
In  Russ.,  grizu,  or  grezu,  signifies  to  bite,  to  gnaw.] 

1.  To  rub  or  touch  lightly  in  passing  ;  to  brush 
lightly  the  surface  of  a  thing  in  passing;  as,  the  bul- 
let grazed  the  wall  or  the  earth. 

2.  To  feed  or  supply  cattle  with  grass;  to  furnish 
pasture  for  ;  as,  tlie  farmer  grazes  large  herds  of 
cattle. 

3.  To  feed  on  ;  to  eat  from  the  ground,  as  growing 
herbage. 

The  lambs  with  wolves  sliall  graze  the  verdant  mead.  Pop€. 

4.  To  tend  grazing  cattle  ;  as,  Jacob  grazed  La- 
han's  sheep.  S/iak. 

GRAZE,  V.  i.  To  eat  grass ;  to  feed  on  growing  herb- 
age ;  as  cattle  uraze  on  the  meadows. 

9.  To  supply  grass  ;  as,  the  ground  will  not  graze 
well.  Bacon. 
3.  To  move  on  devouring.  Bacon. 
GRAZ'£D,  pp.    Touched  lightly  by  a  passing  body ; 
brushed. 

2.  Fed  by  glowing  grass  ;  as,  cattle  are  grazed. 

3.  Eaten,  as  growing  herbage  ;  as,  the  fields  were 
rrrazed. 

GRA/'ER,  n.  One  that  grazes  or  feeds  on  growing 
herlingp.  Philips. 

GRA'ZIER,  (gru'zhur,)  n.  One  who  pastures  cattle, 
and  rears  thein  for  market.  Bacon. 

GRAZ'ING,  ppr.    Touching  lightly,  as  a  moving  body. 

2.  Feeding  on  growing  herbage  ;  as,  nroiiiin- cattle. 

3.  a.  Supplying  pasture  ;  as,  a  grazing  farm. 
GRAZ'ING,  71.    A  pasture. 

OR^-ZI-O'SO,  (grat-se-6'so,)  [It.]  In  77!7isic,  grace- 
fuj,  smooth,  and  elegant. 

GRicASE,  71.  [Fr.  graisse;  It.  grasso ;  Sp.  grasa, 
grease ;  Port,  graxa,  grease  for  wheels,  and  a  dis- 
temper in  a  horse  when  liis  fat  is  melted  by  exces- 
sive action.    Part.  Diet.] 

1.  Animal  fat  in  a  soft  state  ;  oily  or  unctuous  mat- 
ter of  any  kind,  as  tallow,  lartl ;  but  particularly  the 
fatty  matter  of  land  animals,  as  distinguished  from 
the  oily  matter  of  marine  animals. 

2.  An  inflammation  of  the  heels  of  a  horse,  which 
suspends  the  ordinary  greasy  secretion  of  the  part, 
and  which  produces  dryness  and  scurfiness,  followed 
bv^  cracks,  ulceration,  and  fungous  excrescences. 

GRkASE,  (greez,)  v.  t.  To  smear,  anoint,  or  daub, 
with  grease  or  fat. 

2.  To  bribe  ;  to  corrupt  with  presents.  [JVot  ele- 
gant.] Dnjdnu 

GRf.AS'ED,  pp.    Smeared  with  oily  matter  ;  bribed. 

GReAS'I-LY,  ado.  With  grease  or  an  appearance  of 
it ;  grossly. 

GRi5AS'I-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  greasy  ;  oiPi- 
ness  ;  unctuousness.  Boyle. 

GReAS'ING, pjjr.  Smearing  with  fat  or  oily  matter; 
brjbing. 

GRicAS'Y,  (greez'y,)  a.    Oily;  fat;  unctuous. 

2.  Smeared  or  defiled  with  grease. 

3.  Like  grease  or  oil ;  smooth  ;  as,  a  fossil  that  has 
a  greasy  feel. 

4.  Fat  of  body  ;  bulky.    [Little  nsed.]  Shak. 

5.  Gross  ;  indelicate  ;  indecent.  Marston. 
GREAT,  a.    [.Sax.  great ;  D.  groot ;  G.  gross :  Norm. 

gres;  It.  grosso  ;  Sp.  grne-so  i  Port,  grosso  ;  Fr.  gros ; 
Ann.  grogz  ;  and  probably  L.  crassus.  Great  and 
gross  are  the  same  word  dialecticallv  varied  in  or- 
thography.   Sec  Class  Rd,  No.  59,  22,'79.] 

1.  Large  in  bulk  or  dimensions ;  a  term  of  com- 
parison, denoting  more  magnitude  or  extension  than 
something  else,  or  beyond  what  is  usual ;  as,  a  great 
body  ;  a  great  house  ;  a  great  farm. 

2.  Being  of  extended  length  or  breadth  ;  as,  a  great 
distance  ;  a  g"at  lake. 

3.  Large  in  number;  as,  a  great  many;  a  great 
multitude. 

4.  Expressing  a  large,  extensive,  or  unusual,  de- 
gree of  any  thing  ;  as,  great  fear  ;  great  love  ;  great 
strength;  great  wealth;  great  power;  great  influ- 
ence ;  great  folly. 

5.  l,ong  continued  ;  as,  a  great  while. 

6.  Important ;  weighty  ;  as,  a  great  argument ;  a 
great  truth  ;  a  great  event ;  a  thing  of  no  ^r-rcat  con- 
sequence ;  it  is  no  great  matter. 

7.  Chief;  principal ;  as,  the  great  seal  of  England. 

8.  Chief;  of  vast  imvver  and  excellence  ;  supreme; 
illustrious  ;  as,  the  great  God'  the  ^rra(  Creator. 

9.  Vast ;  extensive  ;  wonderful  ;  admirable. 
Cf«i(  are  lliy  wttrks,  Jehovah.  Aftlton. 

10.  Possessing  large  or  strong  powers  of  mind ;  as, 
a  great  genius. 

11.  Having  made  extensive  or  unusual  acquisitions 
of  science  or  knowledge  ;  as,  a  great  philosopher  or 
botanist  ;  a  great  scholar. 

19.  Distinguished  by  rank,  oflire,  or  power;  ele- 
vated ;  eminrut ;  as,  a  great  lord  ;  the  great  nu  n  of 
the  nation  ;  the  great  Mogul  ;  AU'xander  the  Great. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


518 


GRE 


GRE 


GRE 


13.  Dipnified  in  aspect,  mien,  or  manner. 
AmitUl  Ui«  crowtl  she  wnlkt  serenely  grent.  Dryden. 

14.  Maunaniiiiuus  ;  generous  ;  ol"  elevated  senti- 
ments ;  liigli-ininilt'd.    lie  lias  n  frrcat  soul. 

15.  Kicli ;  siiinptiiuiis  ;  ina^nincent.  He  disdained 
not  to  appear  at  /jreat  tables  j  a  ^reat  feast  or  eiuer- 
taininont. 

1(1.  Vast ;  sublime  ;  as,  a  great  conception  or  idea. 

17.  Dignified  ;  noble. 

Nothing  can  bo  grtat  wliich  u  not  right.  Bnmbter. 

18.  Swelling  ;  proud ;  as,  lie  was  not  disheartened 
by  irreat  looks. 

19.  Cliief ;  principal ;  niiicli  traveled  ;  as,  a  /rreat 
road.  The  ocean  is  called  the  froai  highway  of 
nations. 

S20.  Pregnant ,  teeming  ;  as,  great  with  young. 

21.  Hard  ;  dldicult.  It  is  no  great  iiialter  to  live  in 
peace  with  meek  people. 

22.  Familiar;  iiiliinate  [FuJu-nr.] 

23.  Distinguished  by  extraordinary  events,  or  unu- 
sual importance.    Jiidc  6. 

24.  Denoting  consanguinity  one  degree  more  re- 
mote, in  the  ascending  or  descending  line  ;  as  great 
grandfather,  the  father  of  a  grandfather;  irreat  great 
grandfather,  the  father  of  a  great  grandfather,  and 
so  on  indeHnitely  ;  and  great  grandson,  great  great 
grandson,  ice. 

25.  Superior ;  preeminent ;  as,  great  chamberlain  ; 
great  marshal. 

The  sense  of  great  is  to  be  understood  by  the  things 
it  is  intended  to  i|ualify.  Oreat  pain  or  wrath  is  vio- 
lent pain  or  wrath  ;  great  love  is  ardent  love  ;  great 
peace  is  entire  peace  ;  a  great  name  is  extensive  re- 
nown ;  a  great  evil  or  sill  is  a  sin  of  deep  malig- 
nity, &c. 

GREAT,  n.    The  whole;  the  gross  ;  the  lump  or  mass  ; 
as,  a  carpenter  contracts  to  build  a  ship  by  the  great. 

2.  People  of  rank  or  distinction.  The  poor  envy 
the  treaty  and  the  great  despise  the  poor. 

GUt;.\T'-HKL,-Ll-£:D,  n.    Pregnant ;  teeming.  Shak. 
(;iu;.^T'-COAT,  H.    An  overcoat. 
G II K.aT'-CO.VT-ED,  a.    Wearing  a  great  coat. 
GREAT' ».  «.    To  enlarge.    [Obs.]  Ralegh. 
GREaT'£.V,  v.  i.    To  increase;  to  become  large. 
[Ob..] 

GREAT'ER,  a.  Larger;  more  extensive  or  wonderful. 
GREAT'EST,  a.  Largest ;  most  extensive  or  important. 
GREAT'-HEART'£D,a.    High-spirited  ;  undi  jected  ; 

noble.  Ctareiidoiu 
GKEAT'LY,  adv.    In  a  gre.it  degree  ;  much. 

1  will  greatly  inuUiply  lliy  sorrow.  —  Gen.  ill. 

3.  Nobly  ;  illustriously. 

By  (i  hi^h  hue,  Uioii  greatly  diclst  expire.  Dryden. 
3.  Magnanimously  ;  generously  ;  bravely.  He 
greatly  scorned  to  turn  his  back  on  his  foe.  He 
greaHij  spurned  the  otiered  boon. 
GKE.AT'NESS,  II.  Largeness  of  bulk,  dimensions, 
number,  or  i|iiantily  ;  as,  the  »Tfa<;irasof  a  mountain, 
of  an  editice,  of  a  multitude,  or  of  a  siiiii  of  money. 
With  reference  to  solid  bodies,  however,  we  more 
generally  use  bulkj  size^  extent^  or  magnitude^  than 
greatness  :  as,  the  bulk  or  .<iie  of  the  body  ;  the  extent 
of  the  ocean  ;  the  magnitude  of  the  sun  or  of  the  earth. 

2.  Large  aniuunl ;  extent ;  as,  the  greatness  of  a 
reward. 

3.  High  degree  ;  a.s,  the  greatness  of  virtue  or  vice. 

4.  High  rank  or  place  ;  elevation;  dignity;  dis- 
tinction ;  eminence  ;  power ;  command. 

Fitrewetl,  a  loii^  rirewcll,  to  nil  niy  greatnett.  Shak. 

5.  Swelling  pride  ;  affected  slate. 

Il  is  not  of  pride  or  ^eaj/itf««  that  be  Cometh  not  Bbotiid  your 
ships.  Uaevn. 

6.  Magnanimity,  elevation  of  sentiment ;  noble- 
ness ;  as,  greatness  of  mind. 

Virtue  Is  the  only  solid  \a»a  of  grtalnetg.  RamhUr. 

7.  Strength  or  extent  of  intellectual  faculties  ;  as, 
the  greatness  of  genius. 

8.  Large  extent  or  variety ;  as,  the  greatness  of  a 
man's  acquisitions. 

9.  Gnindeiir ;  pomp;  magnificence. 
Orentnett  with  1'iinon  dwells  in  such  a  drin^ht. 

As  hrinjs  all  BroUli^nnfT  before  your  tliou^hu  Popt. 

10.  Force  ;  intensity  ;  as,  the  greatness  of  sound, 
of  passion,  heat,  ice. 

GREAT  SEAL,  n.   The  principal  seal  of  a  kingdom, 
slate,  ice. 

GREAVE,  for  Grove  and  GaooTE.    [See  Grove  and 

Groove.]  Spenser. 
GREAVES,  (greevz,)  n.  pi.     [Port,  and  Sp.  grecas. 
In  Fr.  grece  is  the  caJf  of  the  leg.] 

I.  Armor  for  the  lejPi  ;  a  sort  of  boots.  1  Sam.  xvii. 
'         2.  Oreaces,  or  graces  ;  the  sediment  of  melted  tal- 
low. Brande. 
1  GREBE,  ».    .A  name  common  to  numerous  species  of 
web-footed  birds  with  short  wings,  and  very  expert 
at  diving.    They  constitute  the  genus  Podiceps  of 
.      Latham,  or  part  of  the  Linnxan  genus  Colyinbus. 
'        _^        ,  Partington.    P.  Cye. 

GRk'CLW,  (gre'shan,)  a.    Pertaining  to  Greece. 
GRi'.'CIAN,  n.    A  native  of  Greece.   Also,  a  Jew  who 
I     understood  Greek,   .icts  vi. 


2.  One  well  versed  in  the  Greek  language. 
GRE'CIAN-riRE.    See  Gukkk-Fiue. 
GRC'CISM,  II.    [L.  gro'cismiis.] 

An  idiom  of  llie  (Jruek  language.  Jlddison. 
GRE't'I'/E,  D.  (.    To  rondtr  Grecian. 

2.  To  translate  into  Greek. 
GRk'CIZE,        i  V.  i.     To  speak  the  Greek  lan- 
GKE'CIAN-IZE,  i  guage. 
GRIC'CIZ-KD,  (gres'i/.d,)  pp.    Rendered  Greek. 
GRk'CI/,-1NG,  ppr.    Rendering  Greek. 
GREE,  II.    [Kr.  n^re.    See  Agree.] 

).  Good-will.    [Obs.]  SpeiLier. 
2.  Step  or  stair;  rank  ;  degree.    [See  Decree.] 
[OA.%-.]  Spenser. 
GIIEE,  I),  i.    To  agree.    [Obs.]    [See  Aoree.] 
GREECE,  II.    (W.  grUi ;  L.  gressus.    It  is  the  plural 
of  Gree,  a  step,  and  is  sometimes  written  Grice,  or 
Gri»e.] 

A  llight  of  steps.    [04s.]  Bacon. 
GREED,  II.    Greediness.    [Obs.]  Graham. 
GREED'I-LY,  adv.     [See  Greedy.]    With  a  keen 
apjietite  for  food  or  tlriiik  ;  voraciously  ;  ravenous- 
ly;  as,  to  eat  or  swallow  greedily. 
2.  With  keen  or  ardent  desire  ;  eagerly.   Jude  11. 
GREED'I-NESS,  11.    Keenness  of  appetite  for  food  or 
drink  ;  ravenousness  ;  voracity. 

Fox  In  ste.ilth,  wuir  in  greediuesa.  SlioJc. 
9.  Ardent  desire. 
GRV;ED'V,  (I.    [Sax.  gritdig ;  D.  greetig ;  Goth.  gre~ 
dags,  from  gredon,  to  hunger.    It  agrees  in  elements 
with  L.  gradior,  and  probably  signifies  reaching  for- 
ward.] 

1.  Having  a  keen  appetite  for  food  or  drink  ;  rav- 
enous ;  voracious ;  very  liiingrj'  ;  followeil  by  of; 
as,  a  lion  that  is  greedii  o/liis  prey.    Ps.  xvii. 

2.  Having  a  keen  desire  of  any  thing  ;  eager  to 
obtain  ;  as,  greedy  of  gain. 

GREEU'V-(;UT,  n.  A  glutton  ;  a  devourcr  ;  a  bully- 
god.    [  rulgar.]  Todd. 

GREEK,  a.    Pertaining  to  Greece.    [See  Grav.] 

GREEK,  n.    A  native  of  Greece. 
2.  The  language  of  Greece. 

GREEK'ESS,  M.    A  female  Greek.  Taylor. 

GREEK'-FIRE,  ii.  A  eoiiibiistible  composition  which 
burns  under  water,  the  constituents  of  which  are 
supposed  to  be  asphalt,  with  niter  and  sulphur. 

Urc. 

GREEK'ISH,  a.   Peculiar  to  Greece.  MiUun. 
GREEK'LING,  n.    A  little  Greek,  or  one  of  small 

esteem  or  pretensions.  B,  Jonson, 

GREEIC'-IloSE,  Ii.    The  flower  campion. 
GREEN,  a.    [Sax.  grrne ;  G.  griln;  D.  groen  ;  Dan. 

^oii;  Sw.  grbn;  Ileb.  IJpi,  to  grow,  to  flourish. 

Class  Rn,  No.  7.] 

1.  Pru/icWi/,  growing,  flourishing, as  plants  ;  hence, 
of  the  color  of  herbage  and  plants  when  growing,  a 
color  composed  of  blue  and  yellow  mys,  one  of  the 
original  prist. latic  colors  ;  verdant. 

2.  New  ;  Iresh  ;  recent;  as,  a  green  wound. 
The  greenett  usurpation.  Burke. 

3.  Fresh  ;  flourishing  ;  undecayed  ;  as,  green  old 
age. 

4.  Containing  its  natural  juices ;  not  dry;  not  sea- 
soned ;  as,  green  wooti  ;  green  timber. 

5.  Not  roasted  ;  half  rasv. 

We  s-ty  Uie  meat  is  green,  w  hen  b^lf  rtl.'uted.  Wattt. 
[Rarely,  If  ever,  used  in  Americ.i.l 
b.  Unripe  ;  immature ;  not  urrivcil  to  perfection  ; 
as,  green  fruit.  Hence, 

7.  Immature  in  age  ;  young;  inexperienced;  raw; 
as,  green  in  age  or  judgment. 

8.  Pale;  sickly  ;  wan  ;  of  a  greenish  pale  color. 

Shale. 

In  cookery,  a  goose  is  said  to  be  green  until  it  is 
more  than  ftnir  mtmths  old.  Kncyc.  Dom.  Kcon. 
GREE.N,  II.  The  color  of  growing  plants;  a  color 
composed  of  blue  and  yellow  mys,  which,  mixed  in 
different  proportions,  exhibit  a  variety  of  shades  ;  as, 
apple 'n-crn,  meadow  green,  leek  green,  &.C. 

2.  Agra-ssy  plain  orplat;  apieceof  ground  covered 
with  verdant  herbage. 

O'er  Ihv  sinooUi  enameled  green.  A/i/lon. 

3.  Fresh  leaves  or  branches  of  trees  or  other  plants ; 
wreaths  ;  usnalty  in  the  pturaL 

The  fmgr.mt  greena  1  se^'k,  my  brows  to  bind.  Dryden. 

4.  The  leaves  and  stems  of  young  plants  used  in 
cookery  or  dressed  for  food  in  the  spring  ;  in  the 
pluraL 


In  th.it  soft  season,  when  descending  shoti-en 
CjII  forth  lite  green*,  mid  wnkc  the  hsiu'  flower*. 


Pope. 


GREE.\,  r.  ^  To  make  green.  This  is  used  by 
Thonisim  and  by  Barlow,  bnt  is  not  an  elegant 
word,  and  indeed  is  hardly  legitimate,  in  the  sense  in 
which  these  writers  use  it.  "  Spring  greens  the 
year."  "  God  jfrreiu  the  groves."  The  only  legiti- 
nuite  sense  of  this  verb,  if  used,  would  be,  to  dye 
green,  or  to  change  to  a  green  color.  A  plant  grow- 
ing in  a  dark  room  is  yellow  ;  let  this  plant  be  car- 
ried into  the  open  air,  and  the  rays  of  the  sun  will 
green  it.  This  use  would  correspond  with  the  use  of 
whiten,  blacken,  redden. 


GRFEn'u^EF.I)''  I  "•       [''••'"t  of  the  genus  Genista. 

(;REK.\'C1,0  I'll,  n.  A  board  or  court  uf  justice  held 
in  llif  counting-bouse  of  llie  llnlisli  king's  Imuse- 
IkiIiI,  coiiipost-il  of  the  lord  stewaril  ;iiid  the  ofhcers 
under  him.  'i'his  court  has  the  charge  and  cogni- 
zance of  all  matters  of  justice  in  the  king's  house- 
hold, with  power  to  correct  offenders  and  keep  the 
peace  of  the  verge,  or  jiiri.sdictiun  of  the  ciurt-royal, 
which  extends  every  way  two  hundred  yards  from 
the  gale  of  the  palace.  Johnson,  Encyc, 

GREEN'-eOL-OR-^rD,  (  kiil  urd,)  o.    Palo;  sickly. 

GREE.\'-CKOP,  II.  A  crop  of  green  vegetables,  such 
as  artificial  grasses,  turnips,  Sec,  consumed  on  a 
farm  in  their  unripe  stale.  Farm.  Kneye. 

GREEN'-E.VRTH,  ii.  A  spticies  of  earth  or  mineral, 
so  calh'tl ;  the  i/iomtfairi  ^rrecii  of  artists.  Ure. 

GREEN'f;i),  fgrCiid,)  pp.    Made  green. 

GREE.\'ER-V,  11.    Green  plants  ;  verdure. 

GREi;.\'-E?-£l),  (-Ide,)  o.  Having  green  eyes  ;  as, 
grren-eyrd  jealousy.  Shak. 

GIIEEN'FINCH,  n.  A  bird;  also  called  green  gross- 
beak. 

GREEN'FISH,  n.    A  fish  so  called.  .^ins. 
GREEN'GAGE.ii.    A  species  of  plum. 
GREEN'-(;Ro-CER,  «.    a  retailer  of  vegetables  or 

fruits  in  Ilitrir  frt;sh  or  green  state. 
GREEN'HAIK  /'.'D,  a.    Ilaving  grt^en  locks  or  hair. 
GREEN'-H  AND,  ii.    One  raw  and  inexperienced. 
GIU'EN'IIOQD,  II.    A  state  of  greenne-ss.  Chaucer. 
GREEN'HURN,  II.    A  raw  youth.  W.  Irring. 

GREEiN  '-HOUSE,  n.    A  hoii.se  in  which  tender  plants 

are  sheltered  from  the  weather,  and  preserved  green 

during  the  winter  or  cold  we.ather. 
GREE.V'I.VG,  II.    A  well-known  sort  of  apple. 
GREEN'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  green;  having  a  tinge  of 

green  ;  as,  a  greenish  yellow.  J^^wton. 
GREE.N'ISH-NESS,  II.    The  quality  of  being  greenish 
GREEN'LV,  adv.     With  a  green  color  ;  newly 

freshly  ;  iiiiiiiatiirelv.  —  a.  Of  a  green  color. 
GREEN'-.MAN'TLfiD,  a.  Covered  with  green. 
GREEN'NESS,   n.     The  quality  of  being   green  ; 

viridity  ;  as,  the  greenness  of  grass  or  of  a  meadow. 

2.  Immaturity  ;  unripeness  ;  in  a  literal  or  figurative 
sense ;  as,  the  greenness  of  fruit,  or  of  youth. 

3.  Freshness  ;  vigor.  South. 

4.  Newness. 

GREE.\'OCK-lTE,  n.  [from  Lord  (?rccii<ic/i.]  A  na- 
tive sulpliuret  of  cadmium,  presenting  a  honey-yellow 
or  orange-vellow  color. 

GREEN'-ROO.M,  n.  The  name  given  to  the  retiring- 
room  of  play-actors  in  a  theater. 

GREENS,  II.  pi.  The  leaves  of  various  plants,  as 
spinach,  &.C.,  boiled  in  their  green  slate  for  food. 
[See  (Jreex.I  Encyc.  of  Dum.  /Ccnn. 

GREEN'-SAND,  n.  .\  term  applied  to  beds  of  .sand, 
sandstone,  or  limestone,  belonging  to  the  Cretaceous 
Period  ;  so  called  because  green  earth,  or  chlorite, 
is  ordinarily,  though  not  always,  scattered  throughout 
the  sandstone,  limestone,  &c.  Lyell. 

GREEN'-SICK-NESS,  ii.  A  disease  of  females, 
characterized  by  pale,  lurid  complexion,  languor, 
listlessness,  depraved  appt>tite  and  digestion,  and  a 
morbid  condition  of  the  catameiii.il  excretion. 

GREEN'-SlCK-NESS-iD,  (-sik'nesl,)  a.  Having  a 
sickly  taste.  Biship  Bundle. 

GREE.V'-SNAKE,  n.  Two  small  species  of  snakes, 
not  poisonous,  of  the  genus  Coluber,  are  known  by 
this  name  in  the  United  States. 

GREEN'-STALL,  n.  A  stall  on  which  greens  are 
exposeil  to  sale. 

GREE.N'STo.VE,  «.  [So  called  from  a  tinge  of  green 
in  the  color.J 

A  rock  "f  the  trap  formation,  consisting  of  horn- 
blende and  feldspar  in  the  state  of  grains  or  small 
crvstals.  Ure. 

GREEN'-SWARD,  n.    Turf  green  with  gruss. 

GREEN'-VIT'RI-OL,  n.  A  popular  name  for  the 
sulphate  of  iron. 

GREEN'-WEED,  n.    Dyer's  weed. ' 

GREE.\'WOOI),o.  A  wikiiI  when  green, as  in  summer. 

GREE.\'W()6d,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  greenwood  ;  as, 
a  greenwood  shatle.  Dryden. 

GRLET^e.  U  [Sax.  gretan,  grettan,  to  salute,  to  ex- 
claim, To  cry  out,  to  bid  farewell,  to  appro.ich,  to 
touch  ;  G.  gnisscn  ;  D.  groeten,  to  greet ;  Sax.  gree- 
dan,  to  cry  ;  Goth,  greitan,  Sw.  grata,  Dan.  grader, 
to  weep ;  It.  gridare  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  gritar  :  \V.  gry- 
dian,  ^rydiaw,  to  shout,  to  scream, or  shriek,  to  wad, 
to  inaKe  a  vehement,  rough  noise  ;  perhaps  L.  rudo, 
to  bray,  to  roar.  See  Class  Rd,  No.  7,  19,  43,  70, 75.J 
I.  To  address  with  expressions  of  kind  wishes; 
to  salute  in  kindness  and  respect 

My  lord,  the  mayor  of  London  conies  to  great  you.  Sliak. 
3.  To  address  at  meeting ;  to  address  in  any  man- 
ner. Shak. 

3.  To  congratulate. 

4.  To  pay  compliments  at  a  distance  ;  to  send  kind 
wishes  to.    Col.  iv.    2  7'iiit.  iv. 

5.  To  meet  and  address  with  kindness  ;  or  to  ex- 
press kind  wishes  accompanied  with  an  embrace. 
1  Thess.  V. 

e.  To  meet.  Shak. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


GRI 


GRI 


GRI 


GREET,  II.  i.    To  meet  and  salute. 

Th^re  greet  in  silence  aa  the  dead  are  wont, 

And  sleep  in  peace.  Shak. 

2.  To  weep  ;  written  by  Spenser  Greit.  [04s.] 
GRF.ET'ED,  pp.    Addressed  with  kind  wislies  ;  com- 
GREET'Elt,  n.    One  wlio  greets.  [plimented. 
GREET'[NG,  jrpr.    Addressing  with  kind  wislies  or 

expressions  of  joy ;  complimenting  ;  congratulating  ; 

saluting. 

GREET'ING,  n.  Expression  of  kindness  or  joy  ;  sal- 
utation at  meeting;  coni|)linient  addressed  from  one 

GREEZE,  «.    fL.  /rressus.]  [absent. 
A  step,  or  night  of  steps.    [OJs.]    [See  Gbeece.] 

GREF'FI-Ell,  n.  [Fr.]  [See  Graft.]  A  registrar,  or 
recorder.  Bp.  Hall, 

GRk'GAL,  a.    [L.  ffrex.] 

Pertaining  to  a  Bock.  Diet. 

GRE  Ga'IU-AN,  a.  [See  Gregarious.]  Belonging 
to  tlie  herd  or  common  sort.  Jlowell. 

GRE-Ga'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  ffregarius,  from  grcz,  a 
herd.] 

Having  the  habit  of  assembling  or  living  in  a  flock 
or  lierd  ;  not  habitually  solitary  or  living  alone. 
Cattle  and  sheep  are  grcguriuus  animals.  Many 
species  of  birds  are  gregarious.  Rapacious  animals 
are  generall}'  not  gregarious. 
GRE-Ga'RI-OUS-LY,  ado.  In  a  flock  or  herd;  in  a 
company. 

GRE-Ga'R[-OUS-NESS,  7!.    The  state  or  quality  of 

living  in  flocks  or  herds. 
GREG'GoE,  n.    A  short  jacket. 

GRE  Go'RI-AiN^,  a.  Denoting  what  belongs  to  Greg- 
ory. The  Gregorian  calendar  is  the  regulation  of 
the  year  according  to  the  reformation  introduced  by 
Pope  Gregory  XIII.,  in  1582.  The  Orcgorian  year 
is  the  year  as  now  reckoned  according  to  the  f?re«-o- 
r/a/i  calendar.  Thus,  every  year  which  is  divisible 
by  4,  except  those  divisible  by  100  and  not  by  400, 
has  366  days  ;  all  other  years  have  3C5  days. 

Gregorian  chanty  is  choral  music,  according  to  the 
eight  celebrated  church  modes,  as  arranged  by  Pope 
Gregory  I.  Porter. 

Gregorian  telescope!  a  form  of  the  reflecting  teles- 
cope, so  named  from  its  inventor,  Prof.  James  Greg- 
ory, of  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  In  this  telescope 
the  light,  proceeding  from  a  heavenly  body,  is  collected 
by  a  large  concave  mirror,  and  forms  an  image  in 
the  focus  of  a  small  reflector,  which  transmits  the 
light  back  through  an  opening  in  the  center  of  the 
large  mirror,  where  it  forms  a  second  image,  which 
is  niagnifled  by  the  eye-glass.  Oluutcd. 

GRkIT,  v.  i.    [Goth,  greitan.] 

_l'o  lament.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

GRkITH,  v.  t.  [Sax.  gerisdian,  to  prepare  ;  ge  and 
hriede,  ready.] 

To  make  ready.    [Obs."]  Chaucer. 

GRf.ITH,  n.    Goods;  furniture.    [Obs.]  CJiauccr. 

GRlC'.MI-AL,  a.    [h.  gremium.] 

lielonging  to  the  lap  or  bosom.  Diet. 

GRE-NaDE',  n.  [Sp.  granada,  \t.  gra.nata,  Fr.  gre- 
nade^ a  pomegranate,  or  grained  apple<y 

In  tlie  art  of  war,  a  hollow  ball  or  shell  of  iron  or 
other  metal,  about  two  inches  and  a  half  in  diameter, 
to  be  filled  with  powder,  which  is  to  be  fired  by 
means  of  a  fusee,  and  thrown  by  hand  among  en- 
emies. This,  bursting  into  many  pieces,  does  great 
injury,  an  l  is  particularly  useful  in  annoying  an  en- 
emy in  trenches  and  other  lodgments.  Encyc. 

GREN-A-1)IER',  71.  [from  Fr.  grenade,  Sp.  granada, 
a  pomegranate-tree  ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  from  the 
cap  worn,  which  resembled  the  flowers  of  that  tree  ; 
or,  as  others  allege,  so  called  from  carrying  and 
throwing  hand  grenades.  The  latter  the  opinion 
of  Lunier.] 

1.  A  foot-soldier,  wearing  a  high  cap.  Grenadiers 
are  usually  tall,  active  soldiers,  distinguished  from 
others  chiefly  by  their  dress  and  arms ;  a  company 
of  them  is  usually  attached  to  each  battalion. 

2.  A  fowl  found  in  Angola,  in  Africa.  [Kncyc. 
GRE  NAT'I-FOR.VI,  a.    Being  in  the  form  of  grena- 

tite.  GMs. 
GRE.\'A-TITE,  v.   Staurotide  or  staurolite,  a  mineral 
of  a  dark,  reddish  brown.    It  occurs  imbedded  in 
mica  slate,  and  in   talc,  and  is  infusiHs  by  the 
blowpipe.    It  is  also  calliul  prismatic  garnet.  Cijc. 
GRES-So'IU-AE,  o.    \nurnithiilog\i,  having  three  toes 
of  the  feet  forward,  two  of  them  connected,  and  one 
behind. 
GKI'.VV,  pret.  of  Grow. 
GREY.  SeetjRAr. 
GUeVIIOIJiND,  n.    [Sax.  grighund.-] 

A  tall,  fleet  dog,  kept  for  the  chase. 
CRICK,  71.    A  little  pig. 

2.  A  flight  of  steps.    [See  GiiKECK.]    B.  .Jonsnn. 
CKWi'M^,  71.    [W.grcidell,  from  grcdiaw,  to  heat, 
Hinge,  scorch.] 

A  pan,  broad  and  Hhallow,  for  baking  cakes. 
GUIDE,  V.  t.    [ll.gridare;  Sp.  griltir ;  Port.  <(/. ;  Fr. 
crier;  Eng.      cry  i  Sax.  grtrdan  ;  Dan.  grceder ;  Sw. 
grata.    See  Gbket.] 

'I'o  grate,  or  to  cut  with  a  grating  sound;  to  cut ; 
to  pirneliatc  or  pierce  harshly  ;  as,  the  gridimr  sword. 

MUlnn. 

ThAt  through  hli  Ihjj^h  the  morul  sleel  dlil  gridt.  tS'pttuer. 


GKID'E-LIN,  71.    [Fr.  gri.^  de  lin,  flax  gray.] 

A  color  mixed  of  white  and  red,  or  a  gray  violet. 

Dryden. 

GRID'ING,  ppr.  Grating ;  cutting  with  a  grating 
sound. 

GRIDT-RON,  (-I-urn,)  7i.  [W .  gredia^n ;  Ir.  greadam, 
to  heat,  scorch,  roast,  and  iron.    See  Griddle.] 

A  grated  utensil  for  broiling  flesh  and  fish  over 
coals. 

GRII)'i-RO.\-PEND'lI-LUM,  n.    See  Pendulum. 
GRIeF,  (grJf,)  I!.    [D.  grief,  hurt ;  Fr.  grief,  and  gre- 

vcr,  to  oppress  ;  Sp.  agravio  ;  Norm,  grief,  gref,  greve  ; 

L.  gravis.    See  Grave  and  Aggravate.    The  sense 

is,  pressure  or  oppression.] 

1.  The  pain  of  mind  produced  by  loss,  misfortune, 
injury,  or  evils  of  any  kind  ;  sorrow  ;  regret.  We 
experience  grief  when  we  lose  a  friend,  when  we 
incur  loss,  when  we  consider  ourselves  injured,  and 
by  symjiathy,  we  feel  grief  at  the  misfortunes  of  oth- 
ers. 

2.  The  pain  of  mind  occasioned  by  our  own  mis- 
conduct ;  sorrow  or  regret  that  we  have  done  wrong; 
pain  accompanying  repentance.  We  feel  grief  when 
we  have  ofliendi  d  or  injured  a  friend,  and  tile  con- 
sciousness of  having  (tflended  the  Supreme  Being, 
fills  the  penitent  heart  with  the  most  poignant  griif. 

3.  Cause  of  sorrow  ;  that  which  afllicts. 

Wliich  were  a  g-n'c/  of  mind  unto  Isaac  and  to  Rebekait.  —  Gen. 
A  foolish  son  is  a  grief  to  his  taUier.  —  Prov.  xvti.  [  :xvi. 

GRIfr.F'FUL,  a.    Full  of  grief  or  sorrow.  Saclcville. 

GRIf,F'-I.\I-IUT'TER-KD,  a.    Imbittered  by  grief. 

GRiKF'LESS,  n.    Without  grief.  Huloet. 

GRll.-.F'-SHOT,  a.    Pierced  with  grief.  Shak. 

GRIf,V'A-BEE,  a.    Lamentable.    [Obs.]  Oower. 

GRIEVANCE,  71.  [from  grief.]  That  which  causes 
grief  or  uneasiness  ;  that  which  hurtiens,  oppresses, 
or  injures,  implying  a  sense  of  wrong  done,  or  a  con- 
tinued injury,  and  therefore  applied  only  to  the  effects 
of  human  conduct ;  never  to  providential  evils.  The 
oppressed  subject  has  the  right  to  petition  for  a  re- 
dress of  grievances. 

GRIiSVE,  V.  t.  [D.  grieven  ;  Fr.  grevcr,  to  oppress  ; 
Sp.  agravtar,  agravar ;  It.  gravare ;  L.  gravo,  from 
gravis.    See  Grave.] 

1.  To  give  pain  of  mind  to ;  to  afllict ;  to  wound 
the  feelings.  Nothing  grieves  a  parent  like  the  con- 
duct of  a  i)roflig:ite  child. 

2.  To  artlict ;  to  inflict  pain  on. 

For  he  doth  not  afflict  willingly,  nor  grieve  die  children  of  men, 

3.  To  make  sorrowful ;  to  excite  regret  in. 

4.  To  oflend ;  to  displease  ;  to  provoke. 

Crieue  not  the  Holy  Spirit  of  God.  —  Eph.  iv, 

GRIicVE,  B.  i.  To  feel  pain  of  mind  or  heart ;  to  be 
in  pain  on  account  of  an  evil ;  to  sorrow  ;  to  mourn. 
We  grieve  at  the  loss  of  friends  or  property.  We 
grieve  at  the  misfortunes  of  others.  We  grieve  for 
our  own  misfortunes,  follies,  and  vices,  as  well  as 
for  those  of  our  children.  It  is  followed  by  at  or 
for^ 

GRli-.V'ED,'  pp.  or  a.  Pained;  afllicted  ;  suffering 
Sorrow. 

GIURV'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  grieves. 
GRIIOV'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  pain  ;  aftlicting. 

2.  Sorrowing,  exercised  with  grief;  mourning. 
GRiF.V'INtJ-EY,  aiZ/i.    In  sorrow  ;  sorrowfully.  Shak. 
GRh';V'OU.S,  a.    [from  grieve,  or  grief]    Heavy  ;  op- 
pressive ;  burdensome  ;  as,  a  grievous  load  of  taxes. 

2.  Atllictive  ;  painful ;  hard  to  be  borne. 

Correction   is  grievoitt  to  him  that    forsaketh  the  way.  — 
Prov.  x». 

3.  Causing  grief  or  sorrow. 

Tiie  thing  was  very  grieooae  in  Abraham's  sl^ht,  because  of  his 
soil.— Gen.  xxi. 

4.  Distressing. 

The  famine  w.as  very  grievous  in  the  land.  — Gen.  xii. 
.5.  Great ;  atrocious. 

Because  tlieir  sin  is  very  grievous.  — Gen.  xviii. 
fi.  Expressing  great  uneasiness ;  as,  a  grievous  com- 
plaint. 

7.  Provoking;  offensive;  tending  to  irritate;  as, 
grievous  words.    Prov.  xv. 

8.  Iliiitfiir,  destructive;  causing  mischief;  as, 
grievous  wolves,    jjcts  XX. 

GHir;V'()US-EY,  adv.  With  pain;  painfully;  with 
great  pain  or  distress  ;  as,  to  be  grievously  tilllicted. 

2.  With  discontent,  ill-will,  or  grief.  Knolks. 

3.  ('.tlamitously  ;  miserably;  greatly  ;  with  great 
uiu-asiiii-ss,  distress,  or  grief. 

4.  Atrociously  ;  as,  to  sin  or  offend  grievously. 
GIUi;V'()('.-i  .\i;ss,  „.    Opiiressiveness  ;  weight  that 

giv(!s  pain  or  distress  ;  as,  the  gricvousne^'s  of  a  bur- 
den. 

2.  Pain;  affliction;  calamity;  distress;  as,  the 
grierousnrss  of  sickness,  war,  or  famine, 

3.  (Jrcaliiess ,  enormity  ;  alrociuusnesa ;  as,  the 
grievousnrss  of  sin  or  oflVnses. 

GRIF'FIN,  j  71.  [Fr.  griffon  ;  Sp.  grifo :  It.  griff'o,  grif- 
GRIF'F().\,  (    fonc  ;  (i.  grcif;  Dan.  grif:  I),  griffwen  ; 

I,,  griips,  gryphus  ;  Gr.  )  fiurp  i  W.  gru/,  fierce,  bold, 

n  gnfliii.] 


In  the  natural  history  of  the  ancients,  an  imaginary 
animal,  said  to  be  generated  between  the  lion  and 
the  eagle.  It  is  represented  with  four  legs,  wings, 
and  a  beak,  the  upper  part  resembling  an  eagle,  and 
the  lower  part  a  lion.  This  animal  was  supposed  to 
watch  over  mines  of  gold  and  hidden  treasures,  and 
was  consecrated  to  the  sun.  The  figure  of  the  grif- 
fin is  seen  on  ancient  medals,  and  is  still  borne  in 
coat-armor.  It  is  also  an  ornament  of  Greek  archi- 
tecture. Encyc. 

GRIF'FIN-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  grifiin. 

GRIG,  71.    A  small  eel  ;  the  sand-eel. 

2.  A  merry  creature,  from  lively  motions,  like 
those  of  the  cel.  SwifL 

3.  Health.  [Obs.] 
GRILL,  V.  t.    [Fr.  grdler.] 

1.  To  broil. 

2.  To  torment,  as  if  by  broiling 

GRILL,  a.   Causing  terror  or  shaking  with  cold.  [06s.] 

Cltuueer. 

GRIL-LADE',  ti.  [Fr.]  Broiled  meat,  or  something 
broiled. 

GRIL'LAGE,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  sleepers  and 
cross-beams  on  which  some  erections  are  carried  up, 
as  piers  on  marshy  soils,  &c.  Buchanan. 

GRILL'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Broiled  ;  tormented. 

GRILL'ING,  ]i])r.    Broiling;  tormenting. 

GRIL'LY,  1!.  (.    To  harass.  [JVut  ill  itsc]  Hudibras. 

GRIM,  a.  [Sax.  ^rim,  fierce,  rough,  ferocious ;  gram, 
raging,  fury  ;  gremian,  to  provoke  ;  D.  gram,  angry  ; 
grimmen,  to  growl ;  grimmig,  grim  ;  gronimen,  to 
grumble  ;  G.  grimm,  furious,  grim  ;  grimmen,  to  rage  ; 
gram,  grief,  sorrow  ;  Dan.  grim,  stern,  grim,  peevish  ; 
gram,  grutlging,  hating,  peevish  ;  W.  greuiiavf,  to 
gnash,  to  snarl,  from  rkem,  whence  rkemial  to  nuil- 
ter.  Hence  Fr.  grimace.  These  words  belong  prob- 
ably to  the  root  of  L.  fremo,  which  has  a  ditferent 
prefix,  Gr.  lifiipw.  En;-,  grumble,  rumble,  Ir.  grim, 
war.    See  Class  Rm,  No.  II,  13.] 

1.  Fierce  ;  ferocious ;  impressing  terror  ;  frightful; 
hoiTible  ;  as,  a  grim  look  ;  a  grim  fiice  ;  £-7-im  war. 

Milton,  .^ddisoiu 

2.  Ugly  ;  ill-looking.  Slmk. 

3.  Sour;  crabbed;  peevish;  surly. 
GRIM'-FAC-iSD,  (-fiste,)  a.    Having  a  stern  counte- 
nance. 

GRLM'-GRIN-NING,  a.  Grinning  with  a  fierce  coun- 
tenance. Slta/c. 

GRIM'-VIS-AG-£D,  (-viz-ajd,)  a.  Grim-faced. 

GRI-MaCE',  71.  [Fr.,  from  grim,  or  its  root ;  Sp.  gri- 
niazo.] 

1.  A  distortion  of  the  countenance,  from  habit,  af- 
fectation, or  insok^nce.  Sprctatur. 

2.  An  air  of  aflectation.  Granville. 
["  Half  the  French  words  used  aflectedly  by  Me- 

lantha,  in  Dryden's  Marriage  d-la-Mode,  as  iiiiiova- 
tioiis  in  our  language,  are  now  in  common  use:  cAa- 
^171,  double-entendre,  eclaircissenient,  embarras,  etjui- 
vogue,  foible,  grimace,  naivete,  ridicule.  All  these 
words,  which  she  learns  by  heart  to  use  occasion- 
ally, are  now  in  common  use." 

D'Israeli,  Curiosities  of  Literature,  Second  Scries, 
2d  ed.  vol.  i.  p.  305.  — E.  II.  B.] 
GRI-MaC'£D,  (gre-mast',)  a.    Distorted;  having  a 
crabbetl  look. 

GRI-MAL'KIN,  ji.    [Qii.  Fr.  gris,  gray,  and  matkin.] 
The  name  of  an  old  cat.  Philii's. 
GRI.ME,  H.    [Ice.  grnnia,  S:iK.  hrum,  soot;  Rabbinic, 
Dn3,  soot.    Class  Rm,  No.  21.] 

Foul  matter;  dirt;  sullying  bl.ackness,  deeply  in- 
sinuated. Shak.  IVoodtnard. 
GRI.ME,  V.  t.    To  sully  or  soil  deeply  ;  to  dirt.  Shak. 
GRIM'LY,  a.    Having  a  hideous  or  stern  look. 

Bcaum.  ^  Fl. 

GRIM'LY,  adv.    Fiercely  ;  ferociously ;  with  a  look  of 
fury  or  ferocity.  Mdison. 
2.  Sourly  ;  sullenly.  Shak. 

GRI.M'NESS,  71.  Fierceness  of  look;  sternness  ;  crab- 
bedness. 

GRI'MY,  a.    Full  of  grime  ;  foul. 

GRIN,  V.  i.    [Sax.  grinnian  ;  G.  greinen,  grinsen  ;  D. 

grynen,  grinzcn ;  Sw.  grina ;  Dan.  grinrr.    In  W. 

ysgyrnmg  is  a  grin  or  snarl,  and  ysgiirn,  scorn.] 

1.  To  set  the  teeth  together  anil  open  the  lips,  or 
to  open  Ihe  mouth  and  witlulraw  the  lips  from  the 
teeth,  so  as  to  show  them,  as  in  laughter  or  scorn. 

I'oola  grin  on  fools.  Young. 

2.  To  fix  the  teeth,  as  in  anguish. 

GRIN,  71.  The  act  of  closing  the  teeth  tiiid  showing 
them,  or  of  withdrawing  the  lips  and  showing  the 
teeth.  Jiddison.  IVatts. 

GRIN,  71.    A  snare  or  trap.    [Kot  in  use.]  Chaucer 

GRIN,  V.  I.    To  express  by  ginning. 

 grinned  horribly  u  ghastly  smile.  Milton. 

GRIND,  v.t.;prct.  and  pp.  Ground.  [Sax.  ^rinrfan. 
Thin  word,  if  n  is  radical,  may  be  allied  to  rriirf;  if 
not,  it  coincides  with  grate.  Sei^  Class  Rn,  No.  9, 
to  make  smooth,  as  mollis  in  L.  allied  to  mido.] 

I.  To  bri!ak  and  reduce  lo  fine  particles  or  powder 
by  friction  ;  to  conimiiiiite  by  attrition  ;  to  triturate. 

Take  the  milUuin«»  and  grind  meal.  —  Is.  xUii. 

Wc  say,  to  grind  meal;  but  this  is  an  cllipticnl 
phrase.    The  true  phrase  is,  to  grind  corn  lo  mcaL 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


f>30 


GRI 


GRO 


GRO 


2.  To  break  and  reduce  to  small  pieces  hy  the  teeth. 

]}rtjtltlt. 

3.  To  sharpen  liy  rubliinj  or  friction  ;  to  wear  oft" 
the  substance  of  a  uieial'.ic  instrument,  and  reduce 
it  to  a  sliurp  edge  by  the  friction  of  a  etoncj  a^,  to 
grind  an  a.v  or  scythe. 

4.  To  make  sniootli ;  to  polish  by  friction  i  as,  to 
grind  glass. 

5.  To  rtib  one  against  another. 

ll.irah  tounUf,  niul  the  /^ndinf  ot  one  stone  ngriinst  nnottiT, 
make  a  iliivcriiig  or  horror  id  tlio  Uxly  anil  Kt  the  tvrtli  on 
ctlgc.  Bacon. 

6.  To  oppress  by  severe  exactions ;  to  afflict  cruel- 
ly ;  to  harass ;  as,  to  gri'id  the  faces  of  the  poor. 
Is.  iii. 

7.  To  crush  in  pieces  ;  to  ruin.  Jtratt. 

8.  To  crate  ;  as,  griiidinir  pains.  Drydrn, 
GRI.N'I),  V.  i.    To  iierforui  the  operation  of  grinding ; 

lo  move  a  mill.  .button. 

2.  To  be  moved  or  rubbed  tosether,  as  in  tin;  o\y- 
eration  of  grinding;  as,  the  irrinding  y.\\v<.  Ruire. 

3.  To  be  ground  or  pulverized  by  friction.  Corn 
will  not  ^TinJ  well  before  it  is  dry. 

4.  To  be  polished  and  made  smooth  by  friction. 
Glass  aTind,^  sn)ooth. 

5.  To  be  sharpened  by  grinding.  Steel  grinds  to  a 
fine  edge. 

GRI.N'U'ER,  n.    One  th.it  grinds,  or  moves  a  mill. 

2.  The  instrument  of  grinding.  I'hilipa. 

3.  A  tooth  that  grinds  or  chews  food ;  a  double- 
tooth  ;  a  jaw-tooth. 

4.  The  teeth  in  general.  Dryden. 
GRI.XD'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.   Reducing  to  powder  by  fric- 
tion ;  tritumting  ;  levigating  ;  chewing. 

2.  Making  sharp  ;  making  smooth  or  polishing  by 
friction. 

3.  Oppressing. 

GRI.ND'I.VG,  n.  The  act  of  reducing  to  powder;  al- 
so, of  sharpening  or  polishing. 

GRI.N'D'S'I'o.VK,  n.  A  flat,  circular  stone  used  for 
grinding  or  sharpening  tools.  Orindlestone,  used  by 
old  writers,  is  obsolete. 

GRI.\''.\ER,  n.  [.SeeGBiN.l  One  that  grins.  jJiWuon. 

GKl\'.\(i\'G,  ;<;>r.  or  n.  ('losing  the  teetli  and  show- 
ing them,  as  in  laughter  ;  a  slmwing  of  the  teeth. 

GRI.N'M.NC-LV,  ndiy.    With  a  grinning  laugh. 

GRM',  n.    The  griffin.   f.Vut  in  itsr.]  Sliak. 

GRIP,  n.    [Dan.  grcb  ;  G.  griff.    See  GniPE.I 

.\  grasp  ;  a  lioldmg  [Obsukle  or  vulgar.] 

GRIP,  «.    [1).  irrotp  ;  Sax.  gr(i:p.'\ 

A  small  ditch  or  furrow.   [.Vot  xued  in  Jimrrica.'] 

GRIP,  r.  f.  To  trench  ;  to  drain.    [J\rut  used.] 

GKIPG,  r.  t,  [Sax.  gripan  ;  Golli.  grcipan  ;  D.  gnfpen  ; 
G.  greifm  ;  Sw.  gripa;  Dan.  griber;  Ft.  grippcr ; 
Arm.  scraba,  scrapein  ;  \V.  grab^  a  cluster,  a  grape ; 
grabiny  a  clasping  ;  grahiniair,  to  grapple,  to  scram- 
ble, (ill.  Sans,  grcpipan.  These  worils  may  be  al- 
lied in  origin  to  L.  rapio.] 

1.  To  seize ;  to  grasp ;  to  catch  with  the  hand,  and 
to  clasp  closely  with  the  fingers. 

2.  To  hold  fast;  to  hold  with  the  fingers  closely 
prc^si'd. 

3.  To  seize  and  hold  fast  in  the  arms  ;  to  embrace 
closely. 

4.  To  close  the  fingers  ;  to  clutch.  Pope, 

5.  To  pinch  ;  to  press  ;  to  compress. 

6.  To  give  pain  to  the  bowels,  as  if  by  pressure  or 
contraction. 

7.  To  pinch;  to  straiten;  to  distress;  as,  griping 
poverty. 

GRIPE,  r.  i.   To  seize  or  catch  by  pinching;  to  get 
money  by  Hard  bargains  or  mean  exactions;  as,  a 
piping  miser, 
a.  To  feel  the  c  lie.  Locke, 
3.  To  bring  her  head  tco  close  to  the  wind,  as  a 
ship.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 

GRIPE,  n.  Grasp;  seizure;  fast  hold  with  the  hand 
or  paw,  or  with  the  arms.  Sbak.  Dnjden. 

2.  Squeeze  ;  pressure.  Dryden, 

3.  Oppression  ;  cruel  exactions.  Shak. 

4.  AHIiction;  pinching  distress;  as,  the  gripe  of 
poverty. 

5.  In  seamen's  language,  the  fore-foe  t,  or  piece  of 
timber  which  terminates  the  keel  at  the  fore  end 

Tolten. 

6.  Oripes ;  in  the  plural,  pain  in  the  intestines  of 
the  chanu  tcr  of  that  w  hich  .accoinpaiiies  a  lax.  This 
sort  of  |iain  in  the  intestines  is  technically  called  (i/r- 
mt'itu. 

7.  Oripeji ;  in  seamen's  language,  an  assemblage  of 
ropes,  dead-eyes,  and  hooks,  fasU'ned  t,i  ring-holU 
in  the  deck,  to  securtt  the  boats.  TolUn. 

GKIPhVFIjL,  a.    Disposed  to  gripe. 
GIIIP'ER,  R.   One  who  gri|ies;  an  oppressor;  an  ex- 
tortioner. 

GUIP'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  o.    Grasping;  seizing;  holding 
r' ' T*>/  R'""^'"'"' ;  oppressing;  distressing  the  bowels. 
GRIP'I.N'G,  n.    A  pinching  or  grnsp  ;  a  peculiar  pain 
of  the  inti  stines,  as  in  a  lax  or  dlic. 
0.  In  gramrn's  laugitagr,  the  inclination  of  a  ship 
the  windw.vd  of  her  course.    .War.  DieL 
GRII 'l.\G-LY,  odr.   With  a  peculiar  pain  in  the  in- 
testines. 


GRIP'PLE,  a.  [from  gripe.]    Griping  ;  greedy  ;  cove- 
tous ;  unfeeling.   [Oiw.]  Spenser. 
2.  (;  rasping  fist ;  tiii.icions.   [Obs.]  Sprnser. 
GRIP'PI.E  NESS,  n.    Ci.vetoiisness.  [OI>s.\  Bp.  Hall, 
GRIS,  (grCz,)  n.   [Fr.  gris,  gray.] 

A  kind  of  fur.  Chaurer. 
GRIS'AiM-BER ;   used,  by  Milton,  for  Amukri^bis. 
[Obs.] 

GUISE,  n.    A  step,  or  scale  of  steps,  [h.  gressus,  Sw. 

rcsa.    See  Greece.]    [06^.]  SJiak. 
2.  A  swine.   [Obs.]  - 
ORr-tiKTTE',  (gre-zet',)  n.    FFr.]    A  tradesman's 

wife  or  daughter.    [Mit  use/t.^  Sterne. 
GItlS'KIX,  n.  [See  Gbise.]  The  sphie  of  a  hog.  [Au( 

GRIS'L^-XESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  grisly,  or  horri- 
ble. Sidney. 

GKIS'LY,  (griz'Iy,)  a.  [Sax.  gri'ilic  ;  O.  grn.-s,  gru-s- 
licli,  anti  gratis;  W.ecryi,  dire,  .shocking,  Ih.it  (unsis 
to  start,  from  rhijs,  a  rushing  ;  Sa.v.  agrisan,  to  shud- 
der.] 

Frightful  ;  horrible  ;  terrible  ;  as,  grisly  locks  ;  n 
grisly  counten.'tnee  ;  a  grisly  faci; ;  a  grisly  specter. 

Sliuk,    Milton,  Dryden. 
Grisly  bear.    See  GnlzzLY. 
GRT'.'SON,  n.    .\  Stiiitli  American  animal,  of  the  glut- 

liHi  kinil,  a  little  larger  llian  a  weasel.  Partington. 
Glt('S("i.\S,  (grG'ziiiiz,)  ;i.  pi.    Inhabitants  of  the  east- 
ern Swiss  Alps. 

GRIST,  n.  [Sax.  irW.5<;  Eth.  charats,  to  grinil, 

coinciding  with  Ileb.  and  Cli.  j'ln.  Class  Rd,  No. 
CO,  58,  Ulc] 

1.  Properly,  that  which  is  ground ;  hence,  corn 
ground  ;  but  in  common  usage,  it  signifies,  corn  for 
grintliiig,  or  th.tt  which  is  ground  at  one  time  ;  as 
much  grain  .is  is  carried  lo  the  mill  at  one  time,  or 
the  meal  it  produces. 

(irt  gi-ist  lo  the  mill  to  have  plenty  in  store.  Toeser. 

2.  Supply  ;  ]>r<>vision.  Swift. 

3.  Profit  ;  gain  ;  [as  in  Latin  emolumcntnm,  from 
molo,  lo  grintl ;]  in  the  phrase,  it  brings  grist  to  the 
mill. 

GRIS'TLE,  (gris'l,)  71.  [Sax.  nri-rffc ;  perhaps  the  L. 
cartU,  in  carldago  ;  cartil  for  cratil.  tin.  Gr.  im.<Ti- 
po;,  KfiaT£nog,  slrtmg,  tir  Ir.  crisUon,  sinews.] 

A  cartilage  ;  a  smooth,  solid,  clastic  substance,  in 
animal  bodies,  cliieriy  in  those  parts  where  a  small, 
easy  motion  is  reipiireil,  as  in  the  nose,  ears,  larynx, 
trachea,  and  sternum.  U  covers  the  ends  of  all 
bones  which  are  united  by  movable  articulations. 

Quincy. 

GRIST'LY,  ij.  Consisting  of  gristle  ;  like  gristle;  car- 
tilaginous ;  as,  the  gristly  rays  of  fins  connected  by 
membranes.  Ray. 

GRl-ST'-.MIEL,  n.    A  mill  for  grinding  grain. 

GRIT,  n.  [Sax.  grevt,  or  gryt,  grijtta  ;  G.  gric.t,  grit ; 
griitie,  groats;  D.  grut,  gruite,  and  gruis ;  linn,  grus, 
or  griid ;  Sw.  grus,  probably  allied  tt>  grate  ;  Dan. 
grytter,  to  bruise  or  grate  ;  W.  grut,  grud,  the  latter 
from  rkud,  a  cast,  or  driving  forward.] 

1.  The  coarse  part  of  meal. 

2.  Oats  bulled,  or  coarsely  ground  ;  written  also 
Groats. 

3.  Sand  or  gravel ;  rough,  hard  particles. 

4.  A  hard  sandstone ;  stone  comjHised  of  particles 
of  sand  agglutinated. 

GRITH,  n.    Agreement.    [J\o£  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

GRIT' ROCK,   )  o„o  n        v  a 

GRIT'STONE.  ^• 

GRIT'TI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  containing  grit,  or 
consisting  of  grit,  sand,  or  small,  hard,  rough  parti- 
cles of  stone. 

GRIT'TY,  a.    Containing  <and  or  grit ;  consisting  of 

grit ;  full  of  hard  particles  ;  sandv. 
GRIZ'E-I-IN.  SecGniDELiN. 
GRIZ'/.LE,  n.    [Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  gris,  gray.] 

Gray  ;  a  gray  color ;  a  mixture  of  white  ami  black. 

Shak. 

GRIZ'ZLED,  o.   Gray  ;  of  a  mixed  color.    Ocii.  xxxi. 
GRIZ'ZIA',a.    Somewhat  gray.  Bacon. 
Grizzly  bear ;  a  large  and  ferocious  bear  of  Western 

North  America,  the  Ursus  feroz  of  Lewis  and  Clark. 
GRO.VN,  p.  i,    [Sax.  granian,  grunan;  W.  grtcnnn  ; 

It,  grunnio;  Fr,*-ffrondcr  f  Hp,  gruhir  j  It.  gragnire; 


At,        ranna,  Heb.  and  Cli.  121,  (o  cry  out, to  groan  ; 

L.  raiia,  a  frog.   Class  Rn,  No.  4.] 

1.  To  breathe  with  a  deep,  murmuring  sound  ;  to 
utter  a  mournful  voice,  as  in  pain  or  sorrow. 


2.  To  sigh ;  to  be  oppressed  or  afflicted  ;  or  to  com- 
plain of  oppression.  A  nation  groans  under  the 
weight  of  t;ixcs. 

GROA.V,  n.    A  deep,  mournful  sound,  uttered  in  pain, 
sorrow,  or  aiiguisli. 

2.  Any  low,  rumbling  sound ;  as,  the  groans  of 
roaring  wind.  Shak, 

GROA.N'FIJL,  a.   Sad  ;  inducing  groans.  Spenser. 

GROA.N'I.NG,  ppr  or  o.     Uttering  a  low,  mournful 
sound. 


GRO.AN'INO,  n.    T' e  act  of  groaning;  lamentation; 
complaint ;  a  deep  ound  uttered  in  i>ain  or  sorrow. 
I  ItiTC  h'-.ml  the  groo'dng  of  tlie  cliilda-u  of  l»ri''l.  —  Ki.  tL 
2.  In  hunting,  the  cry  or  noise  of  the  buck. 

Chamb. 

GROAT,  (grawt,)  n.  [D.  groot,  G.  grot,  that  is,  great, 
a  great  piece  or  coin;  so  calleil  because  lieliire  tins 
piece  was  coined  by  Edward  III.,  the  English  had  no 
silver  coin  larger  than  a  penny.] 

1.  An  English  nu>n<  y  of  account,  equal  to  four 

2.  A  proverbial  name  for  a  small  sum.  [pence. 
GROATS,  (gruwis,)  ;i.  ;</.  [.<ee  GiiiT.J  Oats  that  have 

the'iiull-i  tak  'ii  oil". 

GROA  TS'-WOUTII,  (grawts'wurth,)  n.  The  value 
of  a  groat.  Slwneood, 

Gl!6'<;i:it,  n,  [This  is  usually  consideri^d  as  formed 
from  gross,  but  in  other  languages,  the  corrcs|>onding 
Word  is  from  tlie  name  of  plants,  herbs,  or  spices  ; 
D.  krnidcnier,  from  kruid,  on  herb,  wort,  spices  ;  unlrr- 
kramer,  a  dealer  in  wtirts,  herbs,  or  spices  ;  Sw.  krydd- 
krdmarr.  The  French,  Spanish,  anci  Portuguese,  use 
words  formed  fnmi  the  name  of  spice,  anil  the  Itil- 
ian  is  frttin  the  same  worti  as  drug.  It  would  seem, 
then,  that  a  grocer,  whatever  may  be  the  origin  of  the 
name,  was  originally  a  selli^r  of  spices  and  other  veg- 
etables.] 

A  tradiT  who  deals  in  ten,  sugar,  spices,  cofTee, 
liquors,  fruits,  tc. 
GRO'CER-Y,  ?i.  The  commodities  sold  by  grocers.  It 
is  used  in  the  singular  in  England,  in  the  plural  in 
the  L'nited  States. 
2.  A  grocer's  store.  United  States. 

GROG,  n.  A  mixture  of  spirit  and  water  not  sweet- 
ened. 

GROG'-UI.OS-SOM,  n.  A  rum-bud  ;  a  redness  on  the 
nose  or  face  of  men  who  ilrink  ardent  spirits  to  ex- 
cess ;  a  deformily  that  marks  the  beastly  vice  of  in- 
temperance. .America, 

GROG'-DRINK-ER,  n.  One  addicted  to  drinking 
grog. 

GROG'GY,  a.    A  groggy  horse,  is  one  that  bears 
wholly  on  his  heels  in  trotting.  Cye, 
2.  \n  vulgar  language,  t\\t:iy  ;  intoxicated. 
GROG'RA.M,  )        ri.  1 
GKOG'lt  W  i  "■         geossagrana,  gross  gram.] 

A  kind  of  stuff  made  of  silk  and  mohair. 
GROG'SHOP,  n.    In -imcrico,  a  shop  where  grog  and 

other  spirituous  liquors  are  retailed.    Grogcery  has 

also  been  used  of  late. 
GROI.N',  n.    [Ice.  and  Golli.  "rein.    Chalmers.    But  I 

do  not  find  this  in  Lye.] 

1.  The  depressed  part  of  the  human  body  between 
the  belly  and  tin;  thigh. 

2.  Among  builders,  the  angular  ciirx'e  made  by  the 
intersection  of  two  semi-cylinders  or  archies.  Kncyc. 

3.  [Fr.  groin ;  Gr.  pir,]  The  snout  or  nose  ol  a 
swine.  Ckauccr, 

GROI.V,  r.  I.    To  groan.    [Obs.]  Chaucer, 
GIl()I.\'f;i),  a.    Having  an  angtil.ir  curx'e  m.ade  by  the 

intersection  of  two  semi-cylinders  or  arches  ;  as,  a 

groined  arcii ;  a  groined  ceiling. 
GUf)M'ET,     \  n,    [.\rm.  gromm,  a  curb,  Fr.  gour- 
GRO.\r.\IET,  i  nifHc.] 

Among  seamen,  a  ring  formed  of  a  strand  of  rope 

laid  roiinil,  used  for  various  purposes.  Tottcn. 
GRO.M'WELL,  j  11.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Lithospcr- 
GRtJ.M'IL,        j     mum.    The  German  Gromwell  is 

the  Stellera.  ,  o  Fam,  of  Plants, 

GROOM,  n.    [Pers.  Lc^.:i  garma,  a  keeper  of  horses. 

Uu.  Flemish  or  old  D.  grom,  a  boy.] 

1.  .\  boy  or  young  man  ;  a  waiter ;  a  ser%'ant. 

2.  .\  man  or  boy  who  has  the  charge  of  horses  ; 
one  who  takes  care  of  horses  or  the  stable. 

3.  In  England,  a  title  of  several  officers  of  the 
royal  household,  chiefly  in  the  lord  chamberlain's 
department ;  as,  the  groom  of  the  chamber  ;  groom  of 
the  stole  or  robes.  Brande. 

GROO.M,  n.  [Sax.  and  Goth,  guma,  a  man.]  A  man 
recently  married,  or  one  who  is  attending  his  pro- 
posed spouse  in  order  to  be  married  ;  used  in  conijio- 
sition,  as  in  bridegroom,  which  sec.  [This  is  a  jial- 
pable  mistake  for  goom.] 

GROO.M,  r.  L    To  lake  care  of  horses. 

GR(30M'IN(i,  71.    The  care  and  feeding  of  iKirses. 

GROO.M'-POR'TER,  n.  .\n  officer  in  the  household 
of  th  ■  king  of  England,  who  succeeded  the  mtister 
of  revels,  and  gave  direction  .as  to  sports.  Fosbroke. 

GROOVE,  (groov,)  n.  [Ice.  groof  ;  Sw.  grop :  but  it 
is  merely  a  variation  of  grace.  See  Grave  and 
Gbip.1 

1.  A  fu  rrow,  channel,  or  Itmg  hollow  cut  by  a  tool. 
Among  joiners,  a  channel  in  the  edge  of  a  molding, 
sty  le,  or  rail. 

2.  Among  miners,  a  shaft  or  pit  sunk  Into  the 
earth. 

GROOVE,  p.  t.    (Sw.  grbpa,] 

To  cut  a  channel  with  an  edged  tool  ;  to  furrow. 
GROOV'KD,  pp.    Channeleil ;  cut  with  grooves, 
GROOVER,  n.    A  miner.    [Loeui.]  Holloway, 
GR(JOV'lNG,  ppr.    Cutting  in  channels. 
GROPE,  V.  i,    [.<ax.  gropian,  grapian  ;  G.  grabbeln, 
greifcn  1  D.  grypcn,  grabbelen  ;  Dan.  griber,  to  gripe. 


TO.NE.  BJ;LL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8,  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


66 


RR" 


GRO 


GRO 


GRO 


to  grope  ;  S\v.  grubla,  Dan.  gruhler,  to  search.  The 
sense  is,  to  feel  or  to  catch  with  the  hand.] 

1.  To  feel  alons;  to  search  or  attempt  to  find  in 
the  (lark,  or  as  a  blind  person,  by  feeling. 

We  grope  for  the  wall  like  tliP  bliiiil.  —  Is.  lix. 

Tlie  cl>  iii5  believer  leaves  tlie  weeping  children  of  mortiility  to 
grope  n  little  longer  among  the  iinseries  and  sensualities  of 
a  worldly  life.  BuckminsUr. 

2.  To  seek  Mindly  in  intellectnal  darkness,  with- 
out a  certain  puide  or  means  of  knowledge. 

GKoPE,  V.  t.  To  search  by  feeling  in  the  dark.  We 
groped  onr  way  at  midnight. 

But  Strephon,  c\utiou3,  never  meant 

The  liottom  of  the  pan  to  grope.  Swi/t. 

GRoP'KD,  (gropt,)  pp.    Felt  in  the  d.irk. 

GKoP'ER,  71.  One  who  gropes  ;  one  who  feels  his 
way  in  tiie  dark,  or  searches  by  feeling. 

GROP'IN'G,  ppr.  Feeling  for  something  in  darkness  ; 
searching  by  feeling. 

GRoP'ING-IJY,  ado.    In  a  groping  manner. 

QHOS,  grd,)  [Fr.]  Thick;  strung;  a  word  used  in 
many  compound  words  for  silk  goods;  as,  gros 
de,  J^ap  or  jiTaplcs,  gros  de  Tours,  &.C.,  all  strong  fab- 
rics. Kiicijc.  Jim. 

GRoS'BEAK,  n.    A  bird.    See  Grossbeak. 

GROSS,  (I.  [  Fr.  gros ;  It.  and  Port,  grosso :  Pp.  grueso, 
grosero;  li.crassus;  a  dialectical  variation  of  irmit.] 

1.  Thick  ;  bulky  ;  particularly  applied  to  animals  ; 
fat ;  corpulent ;  as,  a  gross  man  ;  a  gross  body. 

2.  Coarse  j  rude ;  rough ;  not  delicate ;  as,  gross 
sctilptnre.  IVotton. 

3.  Coarse,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  rough  ;  mean  ; 
particularly,  vulgar  ;  obscene  ;  indelicate  ;  as,  gross 
language ;  gross  jests. 

4.  Thick;  large;  opposed  to  fine;  as,  wood  or 
stone  of  a  gross  grain. 

5.  Impure  ;  unrefined  ;  as,  gross  sensuality. 

6.  Great ;  palpable  ;  as,  a  gross  mistake  ;  gross  in- 
justice. 

7.  Coarse  ;  large  ;  not  delicate  ;  as,  gross  features. 

8.  Thick  ;  dense  ;  not  attenuate'd  ;  not  reSned  or 
pure  ;  as,  a  gross  medium  of  sight ;  gross  air  ;  gross 
elements.  Bacon.  Pope. 

9.  Unseemly  ;  enor.naous  ;  shameful ;  great ;  as, 
gross  corruptions  ;  gross  vices. 

10.  Stupid  ;  dull. 

Tell  her  of  things  th  tt  no  gross  ear  can  hear.  MUton. 

11.  Wliole  ;  entire;  as,  the  gross  sum,  or  gross 
amount,  as  opposed  to  a  sum  consisting  of  separate 
or  specified  parts. 

GROSS,  ji.  The  main  body  ;  the  chief  part ;  the  bulk  ; 
the  mass  ;  as,  the  gross  of  the  people.  [We  now 
use  Bulk.]  .Addison. 

2.  The  number  of  twelve  dozen  ;  twelve  times 
twelve  ;  as,  a  gross  tit  bottles.  It  never  has  the 
plural  form.   We  sjiy,  five  gross  or  ten  gross. 

In  the  gross,  in  gross,  in  he  bulk,  or  the  whole  un- 
divided ;  all  parts  taken  together. 

By  tlie  gro.^-s,  in  a  like  sense. 

Gross  weight,  is  the  weight  of  merchandise  or 
goods,  with  the  dust  and  dross,  the  bag,  cask,  chest, 
&c.,  in  which  tin  y  are  contained,  for  which  an  al- 
low.mce  is  to  be  made  of  tare  and  tret.  This  being 
deducted,  the  remainder,  or  real  weight,  is  den'  mi- 
nated  neat  or  net  weight.  Oross  weiglit  was  ab..lished 
in  (Connecticut  by  statute,  M.ay,  1827. 

In  English  law,  a  villain  in  gross,  wn^i  onewlindid 
not  belong  to  the  land,  but  imiiiediately  t  i  the  per- 
son I  f  the  lurd,  and  was  transf.  rrable  by  deed,  like 
chattf.ds,  from  one  owner  to  another.  Blackstone. 

MroiDson  in  gross  I  an  advnwson  separated  fri^m 
the  property  of  a  manor,  and  anne.ved  to  the  person 
of  its  owner.  Blackstone. 

Common  in  gross,  is  common  anne.\ed  to  a  man's 
person,  and  not  appurtenant  to  land.  Blackstone. 
GRoSS'Br:.\K,  )i.    A  singing  bird  of  several  species, 
i.llied  to  the  finches  and  linnets.    The  bill  is  convex 
above,  and  very  thick  at  the  base,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance it  takes  its  name.  P.  Cijc. 
GRoSS'KST,  a.    Coarsest;  rudest;  most  inilelicate. 
GROSS'-UEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a  thick  skull  ;  stupid. 

Milton. 

GRCSS'I.Y,  adn.  In  bulky  or  large  parts ;  coarsely. 
This  matter  is  grosslii  pulverized. 

2.  Greatly  ;  palpably  ;  enormously  ;  as,  this  affair 
has  been  grossly  misrepresented. 

3.  Greatly  ;  shamefully  ;  as,  grossly  criminal. 

4.  Coarsely;  without  refinement  or  delicacy;  as, 
.*>.  Wilhoiit  art  or  skill,    [language  grosstif  vulgar. 

GRriSS'.N'ESS,  n.  'I'hici-ness  ;  bulkiness;  corpulence; 
fatness  ;  appltrd  to  unimal  bodies. 

2.  'J'liickm-ss ;  spissilude  ;  deuHily  ;  as,  the  gross- 
nesH  of  vapors. 

3.  Coarseness  ;  nidenesH  ;  want  of  refinement  or 
delicacy  ;  vulgarity  ;  as,  the  grossncsa  of  language  ; 
the  grossn'88  of  wit. 

Abhor  Ihe  ■wlitiah  grotttnat  ttuit  dellKhU  to  wound  ihi:  onr  of 
d.licicy.  Dieight. 

4.  Grealnrsgj  enormity;  n"  the  ;fToS)me.«j?  of  vice. 
GUOSS'l.;'l,AR,  a.     I'erlaining  to  i.r  resembling  a 

giinni-h'*rry  ;       grossiilar  garnet. 
GROHH'l)  l,AII,  n.    A  sjiecieii  of  garnet  of  a  green 
color.  I^Buprn.] 


GROT,        j  n.  [Fr.grotte;  It.groUa:  Sp.  and  Port. 
GROT'TO,  i     grata  ;  G.  and  Dan.  grotte ;  D.  grot  ■ 
Sax.  grut.     Orotta  is  not  used.] 

1.  A  large  cave  ;  a  subterraneous  cavern  ;  and, 
primarily,  a  natural  cave  or  rent  in  the  earth,  or  such 
as  is  formed  by  acurrent  of  water,  nr  an  earthquake. 

Prior.  Drydcn. 

2.  An  artificial,  ornamented  cave  for  coolness  and 
refreshment.  Pope. 

GRO-TESUUE',  (gro-tesk',)  a.  [Fr.  grotesque  ;  Sp. 
and  Ptirt.  grotesco  ;  It.  grottesca  ;  frtun  grotto.] 

Wildly  formed;  whimsical;  extravagant;  ef  ir- 
regular forms  and  proportions;  ludicrous;  antic. 
Tlie  term  is  derived  from  th.^  figures  found  in  the 
subterraneous  apartments  (irn>MoCA')  in  the  ancient  ru- 
ins .at  Rome,  and  is  hence  applied  to  pieces  of  sculp- 
ture and  painting,  and  to  natural  scenery  ;  as,  wro- 
tr.>"gMf  painting  ;  grotesfjne  dt'sign.  Drydcn. 

GRO-TESaUE',  (gro-tesk'j)  n.  Whimsical  figures  or 
scenery. 

2.  Artificial  grotto-work.  Brande. 

GRO-TESaUE'LY,  ado.    In  a  fantastical  manner. 

GRO-TESaUE'NESS,  re.    State  of  being  grotestpie. 

GROUiND,  «.  [Sa.x.grund:  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  ^ruud  ; 
D.grond;  Rnss.  grunt.  This  word  maybe  the  Ir. 
^rian,  ground,  bottom  of  a  river  or  lake,  from  grean, 
W.  graean,  gravel.  [See  Grain.]  It  seems,  primari- 
ly, to  denote  the  gravelly  bottom  of  a  river  or  lake, 
or  of  the  sea,  which  slu  ws  the  appropriate  sense  of 
the  verb  to  ground,  as  used  by  seamen.] 

The  surface  of  land  or  upper  part  of  the  earth, 
witliout  reference  to  the  materials  which  compose  it. 
We  apply  ground  to  soil,  sand,  or  gravel,  indifferent- 
ly, but  never  ai  ply  it  to  the  wliole  mass  of  the  earth 
or  globe,  n.ir  to  any  portion  of  it  when  removed.  We 
never  say  a  shovei  full  or  a  load  of  ground.  We  say 
under  ground,  but  ntit  under  earth ;  and  we  speak  of 
the  globe  as  divided  into  land  and  crater,  not  into 
ground  and  water.  Yet  ground,  earth,  ami  lujid,  are 
often  used  synonymously.  We  say,  the  produce  or 
fruits  of  the  ground,  of  the  earth,  or  of  land.  The 
water  overflows  tlie  low  ground,  or  the  low  land. 

There  \v:is  not  a  man  to  till  the  ground.  — Gen.  ii. 
The  grouiut  shall  give  its  increase.  — Zech.  viii. 
The  lire  ran  along  on  the  ground.  —  Exod.  ix. 

2.  Region  ;  territory  ;  as,  Egyptian  ground :  Brit- 
ish ground ;  heavenly  ground.  Milton. 

3.  Land  ;  estate ;  possession 

Thy  next  design  is  on  thy  neighbor's  grounds.  r>njd£n. 

4.  The  surface  of  the  earth,  or  a  floor  or  pavement. 
Dagon  h.ad  fallen  on  his  face  to  the  ground.  —  1  Sam.  v. 

5.  Foundation;  that  which  supports  any  thing. 
This  argument  stands  (m  defensible  I'roMiirf.  Hence, 

6.  Fundamental  cause  ;  primary  reason,  or  origi- 
nal principle.  He  state  I  the  jrru«ii(/i  of  his  complaint. 

M.tking  happiness  the  ground  uf  his  unhappiness.  Sidney. 

7.  First  principles;  as,  tlie  grounds  of  religion. 

Milton. 

8.  In  painting,  that  which  is  first  put  on  ;  the  sur- 
face on  which  a  figure  or  object  is  represented  ;  that 
surface  or  substance  which  retains  the  original  color, 
and  to  which  the  other  colors  are  applied  to  make 
the  representation  ;  as,  crimson  on  a  wliite  ground. 

Kneyc. 

9.  In  manufactures,  the  principal  color,  to  which 
others  are  considered  as  ornamental.  Ilakewill. 

10.  Grounds  ;  plural,  the  bottom  of  liquors  ;  dregs  ; 
lees;  fi-ces ;  as,  coffee  grounds;  the  grounds  of 
strung  beer. 

The  term  grounds  is  also  used  in  architecture,  to  de- 
note pieces  of  woi  d,  flush  with  the  plas'ering,  to 
which  moldings,  &,c.,  are  atta'  lied.  Brande. 

11.  The  plain  song;  the  tune  on  which  descants 
are  raised. 

On  that  ground  I'll  build  a  holy  descanL  Sfiak. 

12.  In  etching,  a  gurnmous  composition  spread  over 
the  surface  i  f  the  metal  to  be  i  tclied,  to  prevent  the 
nitric  acid  from  eating,  except  where  the  ground  is 
opi  ned  with  the  point  of  a  needle.  F.nryc. 

Ki.  Field  or  place  of  action.  He  fought  with  fury, 
and  would  not  quit  the  sToiinrf. 

14.  In  music,  the  name  given  to  a  composition  in 
which  the  base,  consistiiigof  a  f -w  bars  of  independ- 
ent notes,  is  continually  repeated  to  a  continually 
varying  melody.  Busliy. 

1. 'j.  Th(>  fiiil  to  set  a  tiling  off.  [Ob.i.]  Shak. 
Ifi.  iiermcWy,  the  pit  of  a  playhouse.  B.  .Jonson. 
To  gain  ground ;  to  ailvance    to  proceed  fiirwaril 

in  coiillict;  .as,  an  army  in  battle  <rai«j>-  ground. 
Hence,  to  obtain  an  advantage  ;  to  have  some  suc- 
cess ;  as,  the  army  ^ai'iis  ground  on  the  enemy. 
Hence, 

2.  'I'o  gain  credit ;  to  prevail ;  tohecmne  more  gen- 
eral or  extensive  ;  as,  the  opinion  gums  ground. 

To  lose  ground  ;  to  retire  ;  to  relreiit  ;  to  withdraw 
from  the  position  taken.  Ilence,  to  It.se  advantage. 
Hence, 

2.  'I'o  lose  credit ;  to  decline  ;  to  become  less  in 
force  or  extent. 

To  gire  ground  ;  to  recetle  ;  to  yielil  advantage. 

T"  A'C'  ground,  and  to  gather  ground,  are  seldom 
used. 


GROUND,  V.  t.    To  lay  or  set  on  the  ground. 

2  To  found  ;  to  fix  or  set,  .as  on  a  foundation, 
cause,  reason,  or  principle  ;  as,  arguments  grounded 
on  reason  ;  faith  grounded  on  scriptural  evidence. 
3.  To  settle  in  first  principles ;  to  fix  firmly. 
Being  rooted  and  grounded  in  love.  —  Kph.  iii. 

GROUND,  V.  i.  To  run  aground  ;  to  strike  the  bottom 
and  reni:iin  fi.xed ;  as,  the  ship  grounded  in  two  fath- 
oms of  water. 

GROUND,  prcl.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Grind. 

GR0UND',\GE,  n.  A  lax  paid  by  a  ship  for  the 
ground  or  space  it  occupies  while  in  port.  Bouvier. 

GUOUND'-AN"GLING,  n  Fishinjt  without  a  float, 
with  a  weight  placed  a  fev  intliea  from  the  hook. 

GROUND'-ASH,  n.  A  spplii.g  of  ash ;  a  young  shoot 
from  the  stump  of  an  ?isli  Mortimer. 

GROIIND'-BaIT,  ji.  Bait  consisting  of  halls  of  boiled 
barley,  &c.,  dropped  to  the  bottom  of  the  water  to 
collect  together  the  fish.  Walton. 

GR0UN1>-CHER'RY,  n.  An  American  weed  {idnjsea- 
lis  viscosa)  having  an  inflated  calyx,  or  seed-jwd. 

GROUND'ED,  pp.    Laid  in  the  ground  ;  run  aground 

GROUND'ED-LY,  ado.    Upon  firm  principles. 

GROUND'-FLoOR,  n.  The  first  or  lower  floor  of  a 
house.  But  the  English  call  the  second  floor  from 
the  ground  the  first  floor. 

GROUND'-FORM,  re.  In  grammar,  the  basis  of  a 
word,  to  which  the  other  parts  are  added  in  declen- 
sion or  conjugation.  It  is  sometimes,  but  not  always, 
the  same  as  the  root.  Gibhs. 

GROUND'-HOG,  ii.  [ground  and  hog.]  The  popular 
name  of  the  Anierican  Arctoniys,  or  marmot,  usually 
called,  in  New  England,  woodchuck. 

GROUND'-I-VY,  n.  A  well-known  plant,  the  Gle- 
chonia  hedrracea;  called,  also,  alehoof  and  gill. 

GROUND'LESS,  a.  Wanting  ground  or  foundation; 
wanting  cause  or  reason  for  support ;  as,  groundless 
fear. 

2.  Not  authorized  ;  false ;  as,  a  groundless  report 
or  assertion. 

GROUND'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  reason  or  cause  ; 
without  authority  for  support.  Boyle. 

GROUND'LESS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  just  caiisi;,  rea- 
son, or  authority  for  support.  Tillotson. 

GROUND'LING,  n.  A  fish  that  keeps  at  the  bottom 
of  the  water.  Shak. 

2.  Jlnciently,  one  who  stood  in  the  pit  of  the  thea- 
ter, which  was  literally  on  the  ground,  having  neither 
floor  nor  benches.  Toonc. 

GROUND'LY,  arfi!.  Upon  principles ;  solidly,  ^scham. 
[.^  bad  word,  and  not  used,] 

GROUND'-NEST,  71.    A  nest  on  the  ground. 

GROUND'-NUT,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  jlrachis  hypogma, 
called  also  pea-nut,  a  native  of  South  .\meric;u  [See 
also  Earth-Nut.] 

2.  A  leguminous,  twining  plant,  .^pios  tuberosa, 
producing  clusters  of  dark-purple  flowers,  and  having 
a  root  tuberous  and  pleasant  to  the  taste. 

Dewey's  Ma.fs.  Rep, 

GROUND -oAK,  re.    A  sapling  of  oak.  Mortimer, 

GROUND'-PI.\E,  re.  A  plant,  a  species  ofTeiicriuin 
or  germander,  said  to  be  so  called  from  its  resinous 
smell.  Eitciic.  Hill. 

GROUND'-PLaTE,  re.  In  architecture,  the  ground- 
plates  are  the  outermost  pieces  of  timber  lying  on  or 
near  the  ground,  framed  into  one  another  with  mor- 
tises and  tenons.  Harris. 

GROUND'-PLOT,  re.    The  ground  on  which  a  build- 
ing is  placed. 
2.  The  iciinograpliy  of  a  building.  Johnson. 

GROUND'-RENT,  re.  Rent  paid  for  the  privilege  of 
building  on  another  man's  land.  Johnson. 

GROUND  -ROO.M,  re.  A  room  on  the  ground  ;  a  low- 
er room.  Taller. 

GROU.ND'SEL,  n.  A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Senecio,  of 
several  species. 

GUonND'SF.L,  )n.     [Troiiiirf  and  Sax.  .«///,  basis, 

GROUND'SI  l,L,  i  allied  probably  to  L.  sella,  that 
which  is  set.    See  Sill.] 

The  timber  of  a  building  which  lies  next  to  the 
grouml,  coiumouly  calletl  a  sill. 

GROUND'-SWELL,  re.  A  swell  and  heaving  of  the 
sea,  with  great  power  from  beneath,  whili:  the  sur- 
face is  not  agitated  by  any  exi.sting  tempest. 

GROUND'-TACK-LE,  (-tak-1,)  ».  \n  ships,  a  general 
term  for  every  thing  necessary  to  secure  a  vessel  at 
anchor.  Tolten. 

GUt)UNI)'-WeSRK,  re.  The  work  which  Airms  the 
foundation  or  support  of  any  thing  ;  the  basis  ;  the 
fuiidameiitiils. 

2.  The  ground  ;  that  to  which  the  rest  are  addition- 
al. Drydcn. 
X  First  principle  ;  original  reason.  Dryden, 

GROUP,  71.  [It.  groppo,  a  knot,  a  bunch  ;  Fr.  groupe; 
Sp.  gripo.  It  IS  radically  Ihe  same  word  as  croup, 
crupper,  rump  ;  VV.  grab,  a  cluster,  a  grape.] 

1.  A  clustrr,  crowd,  or  throng;  an  assemblage, 
either  of  persons  or  tilings  ;  a  number  collected  wilb- 
oiit  any  regular  form  or  arrangement ;  as,  a  group  of 
iiii'ii  or  of  trees;  a  group  of  ish-s. 

2.  In  pointing  and  sculpture,  an  asseniblagi'  of  two 
or  more  figures  of  men,  beasts,  or  other  things,  wliich 
have  some  relation  to  each  other. 


FATE,  FAR,  F<\LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARTNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MCVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


528 


GRO 


GRU 


GRU 


GKOUP.  11.  (.    [Fr.  jTuitpiT.] 

To  form  a  gniup  ;  to  bniis  or  place  together  ill  a 
cluster  or  knot ;  to  tbrm  an  ii.sseinlilagc. 

Tlif  ililliciiUy       ill  ilrawliis  niicl  ilii>|)osii.s,  or,  in  tho  p.uiit.'ra 
Ccrin  il,  iu  groupuig  audi  a  nuiltiluilc  of  dillortfiit  ol  j-xu. 

GUOl'P'£D,  (groopi,)  ;)p.  or  a.  Formed  or  placed  ill  a 
crowd. 

GKOt;i"lNG,  jipr.  Bringing  together  in  a  cluster  or 
a^senihlage. 

GKOliriNU,  II.  The  art  of  composing  or  combining 
tlie  objects  of  a  picture  or  piece  of  sculpture.  Cijc. 

GROUSE,  (grous,)  n.  [Pera.  ^j^^j^  kliaros,  gros, 
a  cock.] 

A  lirath  cock,  or  cock  of  the  Avood,  a  bird  of  the 
genus  Telrao.  Tlie  name  is  given  to  several  species, 
highly  prized  for  food,  such  as  the  black  game,  the 
red  game,  the  plarmiL'an,  Ihe  rulfed  grouse,  Slc. 

GROUSE,  B.  i.    To  seek  or  shoot  grouse. 

GROUS'ING,  ppr.    Shooting  grouse. 

GROUT,  n.    [Sax.  /rrut.    See  Guoat.] 

1.  Coarse  meal  ;  pollard. 

2.  .A  kind  of  wild  apple.  Johnson. 

3.  A  thin,  co,irsc  mortar,  used  for  pouring  into  the 
joints  of  masonry  and  brick-work.  The  term  is  also 
applied  to  a  finer  material,  used  in  finishing  the  best 
ceilings.  Qicilt.  Bramlc. 

A.  Lees  ;  that  which  purges  off".  Warner. 
f>.  Wort  of  the  last  running.  Jlolhirnij. 
GR01;T'I.N(J,  n.    The  process  of  filling  in  or  finishing 
with  grouu  QwiU. 
9.  The  grout  thus  filled  in. 
CROUT'NOL.    See  Growthead. 
GROVE,  It.  [Sax.  grirf,  graf,  a  trrave,  a  cave,  a  irrove ; 
Goth,  groba ;  frjri  cutting  an  avenue,  or  from  the  rc- 
stmblaiice  of  nr.  avenue  to  a  channel. 1 

1.  In  gatdinmg,  a  small  wood  or  cluster  of  trees 
with  a  sh.i'ied  avenue,  or  a  wood  impervious  to 
the  rays  of  ihe  s'ln.  A  grove  is  either  o[ien  or  close  ; 
open  when  con'.isting  of  large  trees  whose  branches 
shade  the  ground  below  ;  close  when  consisting  of 
trees  and  uuilerwiKul,  which  defend  the  avenues  from 
Uie  rays  of  the  sun  and  from  violent  winds.  Encyc. 

2.  ,k  wood  of  small  extent.  In  America,  the  word 
is  applied  to  a  wood  of  natural  growth  in  the  field,  as 
well  as  to  planted  trees  in  n  garden  ;  but  only  to  a 
wood  of  small  extent,  and  not  to  a  forest. 

3.  Something  resembling  a  wood,  or  trees  in  a 
wood. 

Tall  groott  ol  m:\sla  arose  in  Iwaiitcoiis  pride.  Trumbittt. 
GBOV'f.T.,  (grov'l,)  r.  I.    [Ice.  irritiia ;  Chaucer,  sT"if, 
llat  on  the  ground  or  face ;  Scot,  on  grou/c ;  allied  to 
grtipr,  which  see.] 

1.  To  creep  on  the  eHTtli,  or  with  the  face  to  the 
ground  ;  to  lie  prone,  or  move  with  the  boily  pros- 
trate on  the  earlli ;  to  act  in  a  prostrate  posture. 

Ciate  on  iiiul  f^vel  on  tliy  (:tc«.  Shale, 
To  CIV  -p  aiitl  jroec'  on  Ihe  ^roiniil.  M'Uton, 

2.  To  he  low  or  mean  ;  as,  irrovclinir  sense  ;  grotel- 
intr  thoughts.  Dnjtlcn.  .^ddi:ion. 

GROV'Kl.  ER,  n.  One  who  grovels  ;  an  abject  wretch. 

GROV'KL-I  NG,  p/ir.  Creeping;  moving  on  the  ground. 
2.  a.    .Mean  ;  without  dignity  or  elevation. 

GRTiVY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  grove  ;  frequenting  proves. 

GROVV^,  p.  i. ;  pre/.  Gkew  ;  Grown.  [Siix.  growan  ; 
D.  irritrncn  :  Dan.  gruer;  Sw.  groj  a  coiitnicted  word  ; 
W.  croliair,  crijthu,  to  grow,  to  swell.  This  is  prob- 
ably the  same  word  as  L.  crr^-fco,  Russ.  rajtu^mxtu,  a 
dialectical  variation  of  crotlh  or  grvilh.  The  French 
croitrff  and  Eng.  increase,  retain  the  final  conso- 
nant.] 

1.  To  enlarge  in  bulk  or  stature,  by  a  natural,  im- 
perceptible addition  of  matter,  through  ducts  and  se- 
creting organs,  as  aniin.'il  and  vegetable  bodies  ;  to 
vegetate  a.s  plants,  or  to  be  augmented  by  nalnnil 
process,  as  animals.  Thus,  a  plant  grows  from  a 
seed  to  a  shrub  or  tree,  and  a  human  being  graas 
from  a  fetus  to  a  man. 

lie  c-iuwth  Uie  gnus  to  grots  for  catUe.  —  Ps.  cit. 

2.  To  he  produced  by  vegetation  ;  as,  wheat  grovs 
in  most  (larls  of  tlie  world  ;  rice  grutcs  only  in  warm 
climates. 

3.  To  increase  ,  to  be  auzmented  ;  to  wax  ;  as,  a 
body  fTvir.1  larger  by  indation  or  distention  ;  intem- 
perance is  a  nToiciiii.'  evil. 

4.  To  advance  ;  to  improve  ;  to  make  procress  ;  ns, 
to  grow  in  grace,  in  know  ledge,  in  piety.  The  young 
man  is  grouting  in  reputation. 

5.  To  advance  )  to  extend.  His  reputation  is  grow- 
mg. 

6.  To  come  by  degrees  ;  to  become  ;  to  reach  any 
sUite  ;  as,  he  grotes  more  skilll"iil,  or  more  prudent. 
Let  not  vice  grow  to  a  habit,  or  into  a  habit. 

7.  To  come  forw.-ird  ;  to  advance.  [J^Tol  tnach  \uti.] 

Winu  r  l»f  m  U  frou  fast  on.  KnoUtt. 

8.  To  be  changed  from  one  st.ate  to  another ;  to 
bi  come  ;  as,  to  grovi  pale  ;  to  grow  poor  ;  to  grow 
rich 

9.  To  proceed,  as  from  a  cause  or  reason.  Lax 
morals  may  grow  from  errors  in  opinion. 


10.  To  accrue  ;  to  come. 

Why  shouUl  d.iinu je  groiD  lo  tlio  him  of  the  kinjs  f  -  Ezra  it. 

1 1.  To  swell ;  to  increase  ;  as,  the  wind  ^Tcifl  to  a 
tempest. 

To  grow  out  of;  to  issue  from,  as  plants  from  the 
soil,  or  us  a  branch  from  the  main  stem. 

Tlieso  wars  have  grown  out  of  coniiiierct.il  coiisiilentions. 

h\<leralinl^  UniniHon. 

To  grow  up:  to  arrive  at  manhood,  or  to  advance 
to  full  stature  or  maturity. 

'J'o  grow  lip  :         )  to  close  and  adhere  ;  to  lierome 

To  grow  together  ;  \  united  by  growth,  as  llesh  or 
the  bark  of  a  tree  severed. 

Grow  signifies,  properly,  to  shoot  out,  to  enlarge  ; 
but  it  is  oflen  used  to  denote  a  passing  from  one  stale 
to  another,  and  from  greater  to  less. 

Marruif^cs  grow  leis  frequent.  Paley. 

[To  grow  less,  is  an  abuse  of  this  word  ;  the  phrase 
should  be,  to  become  less.] 

GRoW,  r.  t.  To  cause  to  grow  ;  to  produce  ;  to  raise  ; 
as,  a  farmer  grows  large  quantities  of  wheat.  [This 
is  a  modern,  agricultural  use  of  grow,  but  prevalent 
in  Great  Uritaiii,  and  the  Hritisli  use  begins  to  be 
imitated  in  America.  Until  within  a  few  years,  we 
jiever  heard  grow  used  as  a  transitive  verb  in  New 
Euclaiiil,  and  the  eat  revolts  at  the  practice.] 

GROWER,  II.  One  who  grows  ;  that  which  in- 
creases. 

2.  In  English  itse,  one  who  raises  or  produces. 

GROWING,  ppr.  or  a.  Increasing  ;  advancing  in  size 
or  extent;  biiconiiiig  ;  accruing;  swellina  ;  thriving. 

GROWL,  V.  i.  [(Jr.  yni  XXn,  a  grunting ;  Flemish,  grol- 
Un.  Juniiut.    I).  kroUen,  to  caterwaul.] 

To  murmur  or  snarl,  as  a  dog  ;  to  utter  an  angry, 
grumbling  sound.  Gaij. 

GROWL,  V.  t.    'i'o  express  by  growling.  Tlioiiuon. 

GROWL,  n.    The  murmur  of  a  cross  dog. 

GROWL'ER,  11.    A  snarling  cur  ;  a  gruinliU  r. 

(JROWL'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Griimblin!; ;  snarling. 

GKOWL'LN't;,  >i.    The  act  of  grumbling  or  snarling. 

GROWL'LN'G-LY,  nili:    In  a  gninibling  manner. 

GROWN,  pp.  or  a.  from  Giiow.  Advanced  ;  increased 
in  growth.  , 

2.  Having  arrived'tit  full  size  or  stature ;  as,  a 
grown  woman.  Locke. 
Grown  over  ;  covered  by  the  growth  of  any  thing ; 

GROWSE,  V.  i.    [Si\K.  agrLan.]  [overgrown. 
To  shiver  ;  to  liave  chills.    [JVot  used,]  Ray. 

GROWTH,  n.  The  gradual  increase  of  animal  and 
vegetable  bodies ;  the  process  of  springing  from  a 
germ,  seed,  or  root,  .and  proceeding  to  full  size,  by 
the  addition  of  matter,  through  ducts  and  secretory 
vessels.  In  plants,  vegetation.  We  speak  of  slow 
growth,  and  rapid  growth ;  of  early  growth,  late 
growtJi,  and  full  growth. 

2.  Product ;  produce  ;  that  which  has  grown  ;  as, 
a  fine  growth  of  wood. 

3.  Production  ;  any  thing  produced  ;  as,  a  poem  of 
English  growth.  Dryden, 

4.  Increase  in  number,  bulk,  or  frequency. 

Johnson. 

5.  Increase  in  extent  or  prevalence ;  as,  the  growth 
of  tratle  ;  the  growth  of  vice. 

6.  Advancement;  progress;  improvement;  as, 
growth  in  grace  or  piety. 

GROWT'IIEAD,  (  n.    [Probablv  gToss,x>x  great-head.] 

GROWT'NOL,    (     A  kind  of  fish.  ./Iiiisworth. 
2.  A  lazy  person  ;  a  lubber.    [0&5.]  Tusser. 

GRUH,  r.  i.  [Goth,  ffrtiian.  See  Grave.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  probably  to  rub,  to  mkc,  scrape,  or  scratch, 
as  wild  animals  dig  by  scratching.  Russ.  grcbu,  to 
mke,  to  row  ;  grcbcn,  a  comb  ;  grob,  a  grave ;  grob- 
Ua,  a  ditch.] 
To  dig ;  to  be  occupied  in  digging. 

GRUI1,b.  t.  To  dig  ;  mostly  followed  by  i/p.  To  grub 
up,  is  to  dig  up  by  the  riKits  with  an  instrument ;  to 
riHit  out  by  digging,  or  throwing  out  the  soil ;  as,  to 
grub  up  trees,  riislies,  or  sedge. 

GRUB,  II.  (from  the  verb.]  A  name  given  to  any 
fieshy,  dingy -colored  larva,  whether  proceeding  from 
the  egss  of  a  beetle,  ninth,  or  other  insect.  It  has 
sometimes  been  confined  to  the  larvte  of  beetles  and 
weevils.  Partington. 
2.  A  short,  thick  man  ;  a  dwarf,  in  coatcinpt. 

Carew. 

GRUR'-AX,  n.  A  tool  used  in  grubbing  up  roots,  &c. 
GRUIVHER,  n.    One  who  grubs. 

2.  An  instrument  for  digging  up  the  rootj  of 
trees,  kc. 

GRUIt'MING,  ppr.    Dinging  up  by  the  roots. 
GRI'R'HI.NG,  M.    Operation  of  digging  up  shnibs,  &c., 
Iiy  the  roots. 

GRUB  l)l.\<;-IIOE,  II.  An  instrument  for  digging  up 
trees,  shrubs,  jcc,  by  the  roots;  a  mattock;  called 
also  a  grub-<iz. 

GRUU'BLE,  r.  L  [G.  gr^beltu  See  Grotel  and 
Grariile.] 

To  feel  in  the  dark  ;  to  grovel.    [Rare.]  Dryden. 
GRUR'STREF.T,  n.  or  a.    Originally,  the  name  of  a 
street  near  Miwrfields,  in  I.,ondon,  much  inhabited  by 
mean  writers  ;  hence  applied  to  mean  writings  ;  as, 
a  Grnhstrett  [Weill.  Johnson. 

[The  street  is  now  called  Milton  streeL  Smart.] 


GRUDGE,  V.  t.  [W.  gnrg,  a  broken,  rumbling  noise  ; 
grwga^,  a  murmur,  and,  as  a  verb,  to  ntunnur  ; 
gnega^u,  to  grumble  ;  from  the  root  of  rbirctaw,  lo 
grunt,  or  grunible  ;  rhw^,  ii  grunt,  what  is  rough  ; 
L.  rugio ;  Scot,  gruch,  to  grudge,  to  repine;  Gr. 
)i)i\o).  VV'c  see  the  primary  sense  is,  tt,  grumble, 
and  this  from  the  rout  of  rough.] 

1.  To  he  discontented  at  another's  enjoyments  or 
advanlag<^s  ;  to  envy  one  the  possession  or  iKijipinesa 
w  hicli  we  desire  for  ourselves. 

'Tls  not  In  tlieo 

To  jrru'/'e  my  pleamires,  to  cut  oli"  my  tniin.  flltnle. 
1  havi-  ult'-ii  li''nn(  the  PrLftbyteriails  s.iy,  Uiey  did  not  gru/tft  ua 
our  employments.  Ste^/t. 

It  is  followed  by  two  objects,  but  probably  by  el- 
lipsis ;  as,  grudge  us,  for  grudge  to  us. 

2.  To  give  or  take  unwillingly. 

Kor  grxttlsie  my  coM  emlimcea  in  tlie  prwire.  Drydtn. 
They  luive  grmlgrd  tlioae  eontrihutions,  whlcii  have  set  our 
country  at  Uie  head  of  alt  Uie  goveniniciitj  of  Europe. 

Aaduon. 

GRUDGE,  r.  i.  Tomnrmur;  torepine;  to  complain; 
as,  t  •  grudge  or  comphiin  of  injustice.  Hooker. 

2.  To  lie  unwilling  or  reluctant.  Grudge  not  to 
serve  your  country. 

3.  To  be  envious. 

Grii'lge  not  one  against  another.  — James  v. 

4.  T<i  "  ish  in  secret.    [.Vot  used,  nor  proper.] 

.1.  To  feel  compunction  ;  tti  grieve.    [A'ot  in  u.ie.] 
GRUDGi;,  n.   Sullen  malice, or  iiialevtdence  ;  ill-will; 
secret  enmity  ;  hatred  ;  as,  an  old  grudge. 

B.  JonsoTU 

2.  Unwillingness  to  benefit. 

3.  Remorse  of  coiif  cience.  [Ots.] 
GRUDG'KO.NS,  (grudj'uiiz,)  n.  J./.  Coarse  meal.  [JVwt 

in  use.]  Beaum.  &[  Fl. 

GRUDG'ER,  n.    One  that  grudges  ;  a  miirmiirer. 
GRUDG'LNG,  ;ipr.  or  a.    Kiivying;  being  uneasy  at 

nniillier's  possession  of  something  which  we  have  a 

di^sire  to  jiossess. 
GRUDc'i'I.NG,  II.     Uneasiness  at  the  possession  of 

something  by  another. 

2.  Reluctance  ;  also,  a  secret  wish  or  desire. 

jyryden. 

He  liad  a  grudging  still  to  be  n  knave.    [Ob>.]  Drydtn. 

3.  .\  svmptom  of  disease.  [J^Tot  in  use.]  Jack-ion. 
GRUnG'ING-LY,  ai/i).    Unwillingly;  withreltirtance 

or  discontent  ;  as,  to  give  grudgingly. 
GRO'EL,  H.    [Ft- grtiau  ;  W.grual.] 

A  kind  of  light  food  made  by  boiling  meal  in  wa- 
ter. It  is  usually  made  of  the  meal  of  oats  or  maize. 
GRUFF,  a.    [D.  ^'■e/-"  G.  grob  ;  Vnn.  grov  ;  Sw.grof; 
W.  gruf,  a  grilhn,  one  fierce  and  bold.] 

Of  a  rough  or  stern  manner,  voice,  or  counte- 
nance ;  sour ;  surly  ;  severe  ;  rugged  ;  harsh. 

GRUFF'LY,  adv.  Roughly;  sternly;  ruggedly; 
harshly. 

Anil  grujjty  looked  tlie  god.  DryUn. 
GRUFF'NESS,  n.     Roughness  of  countenance,  of 

manner,  or  voice  ;  sternness. 
GRU.M,  a.    [Dan.  grum,  cruel,  fierce,  peevish;  Sw. 
gnjm,  id.  ;    Dan.  gremmer,  to  mourn  ;   W.  grwm, 
growling,  surly  ;  grymian,  to  grumble.] 
L  Morose;  severe  of  countenance  ;  sour;  surly. 

Jirbutlinot. 

2.  Low  ;  deep  in  the  throat ;  guttural ;  rumbling  ; 
as,  a  grum  voice. 
GRU.M'IiLE,  r.  i.  [D.  grommclen,  grommen ;  Sax. 
gnjmctnn  ;  Vl:\n.  gremmer  ;  Fr.  groinmeter ;  \V.gri/mi- 
al,  lo  grumble  ;  Russ.  grom,  a  loud  noise,  thunder  ; 
grenilyu,  to  make  a  loud  noise,  to  thunder  ;  Arm. 
grommellat ;  Ir.  cruim,  thnntler ;  probably  from  the 
root  of  rumble;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Dy^,  to  ro;ir,  murmur, 
thunder  ;  Sax.  reomian,  rhcniman,  to  scream.  Class 
Rin,  No.  11,  13.] 

1.  To  niurinitr  with  discontent ;  lo  utter  a  low 
voice  by  way  of  complaint. 

L'Avane,  not  imiiiir  h.ilf  his  store, 

Still  gruitib'.et  lh.it  he  has  no  more.  Prior. 

2.  To  growl ;  to  snarl ;  as,  a  lion  grumbling  over 
his  prey. 

3  'l  o  rumble  ;  to  roar ;  to  make  a  harsh  and  heai'y 
sotintl  ;  as,  grumbling  thunder;  a  grumbling  storm. 
[In  this  sense.  Rumble  is  eenerally  used.] 

GRU.M'HLER,  n.  One  who  grtinibles  or  murmurs; 
one  who  roinplain-i ;  a  discontented  man.  Swift. 

GRU.M'BLI.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Murmuring  through  discon- 
tent ;  rumbling;  growling. 

GRU.M'llLI.N't;, II.  A  murinuring  through  discontent; 
a  rtiinbliii:!. 

GRU.M'liLING-LY,  adc.  With  grumbling,  or  com- 
plaint. 

GRf'.ME,  n.    [Fr  grumeau;  L.  grumus;  It.  and  Sp. 

grumo.] 

A  thick,  viscid  consistence  of  a  fluid  ;  a  clot,  as  of 
blood,  &c. 

GRU.M'LY,  adv.  Morosely;  with  a  sullen  counte- 
nance. 

GRO'.MOUS,  a.  Thick  ;  concreted  ;  clotted  ;  as,  gm- 
inous  blood. 

2.  In  botany,  in  the  form  of  little  clustered  grains. 

Ltndley. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  ai  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  a»  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


GUA 


GUA 


GUE 


GRC'MOUS-NESS,  n.  A  slate  if  being  rlntled  or 
concreted.  Wiseman. 

GRUMP'V,  a.  Surly ;  dissatisfied.  [Local  in  Eng- 
land.] Fiirbij. 

GRUND'SEL.    See  Groundsel.  .mitoti. 

GRUNT,  V.  i.  [Dan.  irrynter;  G.  irrunien  ;  Sax.  gru- 
nan;  Fr.  orogner ;  Aim.  gromtal ;  lA.grunnio;  Sp. 
grunir;  It  grugnire.   See  Heb.  Cli.  Sam.  p">,  Ar. 


rannflj  to  cry  out,  to  murmur.  Class  Rn,  No.  4.] 


To  murmur  like  a  hog ;  to  utter  a  short  groan,  or  a 

deep,  guttural  sound.  Swift.  Skak. 

GRUNT,  n.    A  deep,  guttural  so\md,  as  of  a  hog. 
GRUNT'ER,  71.    One  tliat  grunts.  [Dnjilen. 
2.  A  fisli  of  tlie  gurnard  kind,  so  called  from  the 

peculiar  n"ise  u  liich  it  makes.       Diet,  A'ut.  Hist. 
GRUNT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Uttering  the  murmuring  or 

guttural  sound  of  swine  or  other  animals. 
GRUNT'ING,  ji.    The  guttural  sound  of  swine  and 

other  animals. 
GRU.NT'I,\G-LY,  adv.    With  grunting  or  murmurs. 
GRU.XT'LE,  V.  i.    To  grunt.    [JV'u(  muck  itseil.] 
GRUNT'LING,  7i.    A  young  hog. 
GRUTCH,  for  Grudge,  is  now  vulgar,  and  not  to  be 
GRS,  71.    [Gr.  ),oi'.]  [used. 

1.  A  measure  containing  one  tenth  of  a  line.  LocUe. 

2.  Anv  thing  very  small,  or  of  little  value.  [Rare] 
GRYl'H'ITE,  71.    [L.  grijpltitrs ;  Gr.  yov-oi,  ln.oked. 

Crowstone,  an  oblonn  fossil  shell,  narrow  at  the 
head,  and  widertoward  the  e\tremity,  where  it  ends 
in  a  circular  limb  ;  the  head  or  beak  is  very  hooked. 

GUA-€Ha'RO-BIRD,  77.  A  nocturnal  bird  of  South 
America,  of  the  genus  Steatornis.  It  feeds  on  hard 
fruits,  and  is  valued  fur  its  fat.  Humboldt. 

GUi\'IA-€U.M,  (gwa'ya-knm,)  77  The  name  of  a  genus 
of  plants,  and  also  of  the  resin  of  the  species  G.  ofiici- 
nale,  poi)ularly  called  LignumviUryOX  poz  wood;  a  tree 
produced  in  the  warm  climates  of  America.  The 
wood  is  very  hard,  ponderous,  and  resinous.  The 
resin  of  this  tree,  sometimes  called  guicc,  is  of  a 
greenish  cast,  and  much  used  in  medicine.  Encyc. 

GUX'NA,  71.  A  species  of  lizard,  found  in  tlie  warmer 
parts  of  America. 

GUA-NX'eO,  71.  The  Auchenia  Iluanaca,  a  species 
of  the  genus  of  ruminant  mammals  t.i  which  the  la- 
ma belongs.  It  inhabits  the  .Andes,  and  is  domesti- 
cated.   It  is  allied  to  the  camel. 

GU.\-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Yielding  guano.  Vre. 

GUX'NO,  71.  A  substance  found  on  some  parts  of  the 
South  .Vmerican  and  African  coasts,  which  are  fre- 
quented by  sea-fiivvls,  and  composed  chiefly  of  their 
excrement;  used  as  a  manure.  Ure. 

GU.^'RA,  71.  A  bird  of  Brazil,  the  Tantalus  ruber, 
about  the  size  of  a  spoonbill.  When  first  hatched, 
it  is  black  ;  il  afterward  changes  to  gray,  and  then 
to  vivid  red.  Diet,  of  J^at.  Hist. 

GU.-\R-AN-TEE',  (gar  an-tee',)  71.  [Fr.  garant;  Sp. 
garantia;  Arm.  goarand ;  ir.  barrantai  \V.  gwarant.] 

1.  An  undertaking  or  engagement,  by  a  third  per- 
son or  party,  that  the  stipuhuions  of  a  treaty  shall  be 
observed  by  tlie  contracting  parties  or  by  one  of  them  ; 
an  undertaking  that  the  engagement  or  promise  of 
another  shall  be  performed.  We  say,  a  clause  of 
guarantee  in  a  treaty.  Hamilton. 

2.  One  who  binds  himself  to  see  the  stipulations 
of  another  performed.  [Guara-ntee  is  becoming  the 
prevalent  spelling.] 

GUAR-AN-TEE',  (gar-an-tee',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  garantir ; 
It.  guarentire ;  Arm.  goaranti;  W.  gwarantu,  from 
gwar,  secure,  smooth,  or  rather  from  gicara,  to  fend, 
to  fence,  the  root  of  guard,  that  is,  to  drive  off,  to 
hold  off,  to  stop ;  I),  waaren,  to  preserve,  to  indem- 
nify; Sax.  wcrian,  to  defend;  Eng.  to  ward;  allied 
to  warren,  &.C,    See  Warrant.] 

1.  To  warrant ;  to  make  sure  ;  to  undertake  or  en- 
gage that  another  person  shall  perform  what  he  has 
stipulated  ;  to  oblige  one's  self  to  see  that  another's 
engagements  are  performed  ;  to  secure  the  perform- 
ance of;  as,  to  guarantee  the  e.\ecntion  of  a  treaty. 

Madison.  Hamilton. 

2.  To  undertake  to  secure  to  another,  at  all  events, 
as  claims,  rights,  or  possessions.  [Thus,  in  the 
treaty  of  1778,  France  guaranteed  to  the  United 
Slates  their  liberty,  sovereignty,  and  independence, 
and  their  iiossessions  ;  and  the  United  States  guar- 
antied to  France  its  possessions  in  America. 

The  Vmm\  SuU-l  nliult  guarantee  to  rvi-ry  SliUf  in  lIiT  Unior 
rcpuUlkJln  form  of  gi^vcriiincnl.  Contt.  of  United  £>tatct, 

3.  To  indemnify  ;  to  save  harmless.  [Sec  Guar- 

ANTir.] 

GUAR-AN-TEF.D',  )         ,,.        ,  , 

GUAR'A.\-TIf:i),    i         "  •-'"•■"ifd. 

GUAK-AN-TKE'IN*;,  ppr.  Warranting. 

GUAR'AN TOR,  (gar'an  tor,)  71.  A  warrantor;  one 
who  engages  to  »(■!•  that  the  stipul.ations  of  anrthcr 
are  performed  ;  also,  one  ivho  engages  to  '^C' 
another  in  any  right  or  possession. 

OUAK'AN-TV,  (gar'an  ty,)  7>.  l.    [  Fr.  garantir.]  To 
warrant ;  to  make  sure  ;  to  undertake  or  engage  that 
another  pemm  shall  perform  whnt  he  has  slipulalod. 
2.  'I'o  undertake  to  secure  to  anothor,  at  all  events. 
U.  To  indemnify  ;  to  savt  harndeiia. 


GUAR'AN-TY,  (siar'an-ty,)  71.  [Fr.  garant:  Sp.  ga- 
rantia.] An  undertaking  or  engagement  by  a  third 
person  or  party,  that  the  stipulations  of  covenant 
shall  be  observed  by  the  contracting  parties  or  by  one 
of  them. 

2.  One  who  binds  himself  to  see  the  stipulations 
of  another  performed.  [Written  also  Guarantee.] 
GUARD,  (gard,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  garden  Sp.  and  Port,  guar- 
dar;  It,  guardare,  to  keep,  preserve,  defend  ;  also,  to 
look,  to  behold  ;  Rasque,  gordi;  W.  gicara,  to  fend 
or  guard,  to  fence,  to  play.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
strike,  strike  back,  repel,  beat  down,  or  to  turn  back 
or  stop;  hence,  to  keep  or  defend,  as  by  repelling 
assault  or  danger.  The  sense  of  seeing,  looking,  is 
secondary,  from  the  sense  of  guarding,  and  we  re- 
tain a  sinnlar  application  of  the  root  of  this  word  in 
beware;  or  it  is  from  the  sense  of  reaching,  or  cast- 
ing the  eye,  or  from  turning  the  head.  This  is  the 
Eniilisii  to  ward.  In  W.,  gwar  is  secure,  mild,  pla- 
cid, that  is,  set,  fixed,  held.  It  seems  to  be  allied  lo 
G.  wahr,  true,  L.  vcrus :  rcdhren,  to  keep,  to  last,  to 
hold  out ;  bcwahren,  to  keep  or  preserve  ;  bewdhren, 
to  verify,  to  confirm  ;  D.  rcaar,  true  ;  waaren,  to  keep, 
preserve,  indemnify  ;  waarande,  a  warren,  and  guar- 
antee ;  waarison,  a  garrison  ;  Dan.  vaer,  wary,  vigi- 
lant, watching;  Eng.  ware,  aware;  Dan.  va;rgcr.  to 
guard,  defend,  maintain  ;  vare,  a  guard,  or  watch, 
wares,  merchandise  ;  rarer,  to  keep,  last,  endure  ; 
Sw.  vara,  to  watch,  and  to  be,  to  exist ;  Dan.  varer, 
to  be  ;  Sax.  warian,  wcrian,  to  guard,  to  defend,  to  be 
warti.  The  sense  (>f  existing  implies  extension  or 
continuance.    See  Regard  and  Reward.] 

1.  To  secure  against  injur}',  loss,  or  attack  ;  to  pro- 
tect ;  to  defend  ;  to  keep  in  safety.  We  guard  a  city 
by  walls  and  forts  ;  a  harbor  is  guarded  by  ships, 
booms,  or  batteries  ;  innocence  should  be  guarded  by 
prudence  and  piety  ;  let  observation  and  experience 
guard  us  against  temptations  to  vice. 

2.  To  secure  against  objections  or  the  attacks  of 
malevolence. 

Homer  h^s  guarded  every  circumstance  wilh  caution.  Broome. 

3.  To  accompany  and  protect ;  to  accompany  for 
protecti(Ui  ;  as,  to  guard  a  general  on  a  journey  ;  to 
guard  the  baggage  of  an  army. 

4.  To  adorn  with  lists,  laces,  or  ornaments.   [  Obs.] 

Shak. 

5.  To  gird  •  to  fasten  by  binding.        B.  Jonson. 
GUXRD,  V.  i.    To  watch  by  way  of  caution  or  defense ; 

to  be  cautious  ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  defense  or  safety. 
Ouard  against  mistakes,  or  against  temptations. 
GU.^UD,7i.   [Ft.  garde;  Sp.  guarda ;  It.  giiardia  ;  Eng. 
ward.] 

1.  Defense  ;  preservation  or  security  against  in- 
jury, loss,  or  attack. 

2.  That  which  secures  against  attack  or  injury ; 
that  which  defends.  Modesty  is  the  guard  of  inno- 
cence. 

3.  A  man  or  body  of  men  occupied  in  preserving  a 
person  or  place  from  attack  or  injury ;  he  or  they 
whose  business  is  to  defend,  or  to  prevent  attack  or 
surprise.  Kings  have  their  guards  to  secure  their 
persons.  Joseph  was  sold  to  Potiphar,  a  captain  of 
Pharaoh's  guard. 

4.  A  state  of  caution  or  vigilance;  or  the  act  of 
observing  what  passes,  in  order  to  prevent  surprise 
or  attack  ;  care  ;  attention ;  watch  ;  heed.  Be  on 
your  guard;  temerity  puts  a  man  off  his  guard. 

5.  That  which  secures  against  objections  or  cen- 
sure ;  caution  of  expression. 

Ttiey  linve  exprpsaed  themselves  with  aj  few  guards  nnd  re- 
EUictions  iia  1.  Atterburi/. 

6.  Part  of  the  hilt  of  a  sword,  which  protects  the 

7.  In  fencing,  a  posture  of  defense.  [hand 

8.  An  ornamental  lace,  hem,  or  border.  [OAs.] 
.Sdvancxd  guard ;  j  in  military  affairs,  a  body  of 
Ko7i  guard ;        J     troops,  either  horse  or  foot, 

that  march  before  an  army  or  division,  lo  prevent 
surprise,  or  give  notice  of  (langer. 

Rear  guard ;  a  body  of  troops  that  march  in  the 
rear  of  an  army  or  division,  for  its  protection. 

Life  guard  ;  a  boily  of  select  troops,  whose  duty  is 
to  defend  the  person  of  a  prince  or  other  officer. 

The  guards  of  a  steamboat  are  a  widening  of  the 
deck  by  a  framework  of  strong  timbers,  which  curve 
out  on  each  side  to  the  water-wheel,  and  protect  it 
and  the  shaft  against  collision  with  wharfs  and  other 
boats. 

GUaRD'-RoAT,  71.  A  boat  appointed  to  row  the 
rounds  among  ships  of  war  in  a  harbor,  to  observe 
that  their  otHcers  keep  a  good  look-out.  Mar.  Diet. 

GUAI!l)'-('llA.M-BER,  71.  A  guard  room.   1  Kings \\v. 

GUARD'-ROO.M,  71.  A  room  for  the  accommodation 
of  guards. 

GUARD'-SIIIP,  71.  A  vessel  of  war  appointed  to  su- 
periiiteml  tin:  marine  affairs  in  a  harbor  or  river,  and 
also,  in  the  English  service,  lo  receive  impressed 
seamen. 

GUAllD'A-BI.E,  0.    That  may  be  prolcctcd. 
GUXKD'AGi;,  71.    Wardship.    [Obs.]  ShaJi. 
GUARD'ANT,  a.    Acting  as  guardian.  [Obs.] 

2.  In  heraldry,  having  the  face  turned  toward  the 
spectator. 

GUARD'ANT,  71.    A  guardian.  Shak. 


GUARD'ED, /ip.  Defended;  protected;  accompanied 
by  a  guard  ;  provided  with  means  of  defense. 

2.  a.  Cautious  ;  circumspect.  He  was  guarded  in 
his  expressions. 

3.  Framed  or  uttered  with  caution  ;  as,  his  expres- 
sions were  guarded. 

GUARD'ER-LY,  adv.   With  circumspection. 
GUXRD'ED-NESS,  «.    Caution;  circumspection. 
GUaRD'ER,  71.    One  that  guards. 
GUARD'FUL,  a.    War>-  ;  cautious. 
GUARD'I-AN,  H.     [from  guard;  Fr.  gardien;  Sp. 
guurtlian.] 

1.  A  warden  ;  one  who  guards,  preserves,  or  se- 
cures ;  one  to  whom  any  thing  is  committed  for 
preservatitm  from  injury. 

2.  In  law,  one  who  is  chosen  or  appointed  to  take 
charge  of  the  estate  and  education  of  an  orphan  who 
is  a  minor,  or  of  any  person  who  is  not  of  sufficient 
discretion  to  manage  his  own  concerns.  The  person 
committed  to  the  care  of  a  guardian  is  called  his  ward. 

Guardian  of  the  spiritualities  ;  the  jierson  lo  whom 
the  spiritual  jurisdiction  of  a  diocese  is  intrusted, 
during  the  vacaricy  of  the  see. 

GUaRD'I-AN,  a.  Protccling;  performing  the  office 
of  a  protector  ;  as,  a  guardian  angel  ;  guardian  care. 

GUARD'I-AN-ESS,  71.  A  female  guarilian.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Beaum.  4'  -f' • 

GUXRD'I-AN-SHIP,  71.  The  olfice  of  a  guardian  ; 
protection  ;  care  ;  \\-atcli. 

GUARD'ING,  yiyir.  Defending;  protecting;  securing; 
attending  fur  protectitjn. 

GUARD'LESS,  a.    Without  a  guard  or  defense. 

GUARD'SHIP,  w.    Care  ;  protection.    [Little  used.] 

GUa'RISH,  (ga'rish,)  i-.  (.    [Fr.  guerir.]  [SwifL 
To  heal.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

GUA'VA,  (gwi'va,)  71.  An  American  tree,  and  its  fruit, 
of  the  genus  Psiditim.  Two  species  are  well  known, 
the  P.  pyrifcrum,  or  white  guava,  and  P.  pomifernm,  or 
red  guava.  The  fruit  or  berry  is  large  and  oval-shaped, 
like  a  pomegranate,  which  it  resembles  in  its  astrin- 
gent quality.  The  pulp  is  of  an  agreeable  flavor, 
and  of  this  fruit  is  luaile  a  delicious  jelly.  Encyc. 

GU'BER-NaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  guberno.] 
To  govern.    [J\'ot  used.] 

GU-BER-Na'TION,  71.   [L.  gubernatio.  See  Govern.] 
Government;  rule;  direction.    [Rare]  Watts. 

GO'BER-NA-TIVE,  a.    Governing.  Chaucer. 

GU-BER-NA-To'RI-AL,  a.    [L.  gubcrnator.] 
Pertaining  lo  government,  or  lo  a  governor. 
[Sometimes  used  in  .America.] 

GUD'GEON,  (gud'jun,)  71.    [Fr.  gonjon.] 

1.  A  small,  fresh-water  fish,  of  the  genus  Cypri- 
ntis,  a  fish  easily  caught ;  and  hence, 

2.  A  perstm  easily  cheated  or  insnared.  Swift. 

3.  A  bait ;  allurement ;  something  to  be  caught  lo 
a  man's  disadvantage.  Shale 

4.  An  iron  pin  on  which  a  wheel  or  shaft  of  a  ma- 
chine turns.  In  a  ship,  a  clamp  on  which  the  rudder 
turns.  Hebert.  Totten. 

Sea-gudgeon  ;  the  black  goby  or  rock-fish. 

Gui'BRE.i"-  L~,">Mel] 

The  name  given  by  the  Mohammedans  to  the  Per- 
sian fire-worshipers.  The  Guebers  inhabit  the  south- 
ern parts  of  Persia,  are  poor,  and  miserably  oppressed 
by  their  Mohammedan  lords.  In  India,  they  are 
called  Parsee-^.  Murdoch. 

GUEE'DER-RoSR,  (gel'der-)  71.    See  Gelder-Rose. 

GUELF,    j  (gwelf,)  II.    The  fJiic?/s,  so  called  from  the 

GUELPII,  i  name  of  a  family,  composed  a  faction 
formerlyin  Italy, opposed  lothe  Ghibelines.  J.  Adam.'s, 

GUER'DON,  (ger'don,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  the  same  root 
as  reward.  Norm,  regarde.] 

A  reward  ;  retjuital ;  recompense  ;  in  o  good  or  bad 
sense.    [  Obs.]  Spenser.  Milton. 

GUER'DON,  t'.  f.    To  reward.    [Obs.]     B.  Jonson. 

GUER'DON-A-BLE,  a.    Wo'rthy  of  toward.  Buck. 

GUER'DON-A'D,  pp.  Rewarded. 

GUEU'DON-LES.S,  a.    Unrecompensed.  [Obs.] 

GUER-RIL'LA,  (gwer-ril'la,)  11.  or  a.  [Sp.,lutle  war.] 
A  term  applied  lo  an  irregular  mode  of  carrying  on 
war,  by  the  constant  attacks  of  independent  bands. 
It  was  adopted  in  the  north  of  Spain  during  the  Pen- 
insular war.  Tlie  term  is,  for  the  most  part,  used 
adjectivcly. 

GUESS,  (ges,)  V.  U  [D.  gissen  ;  Sw.  gissa  ;  U.  gca- 
sam  ;  Dan.  gieller.  It  coincides  with  east,  like  the 
Ij.  conjicio  ;  for  in  Danish,  gietter  is  to  guess,  and  giet- 
huus,  \*  a  casting-house  or  fouuilery,  n-i/i/cr,  to  pour 
out.  Hence  we  see  Ihat  Ibis  is  tin'  ii.  giessen,  to 
pour,  cast,  or  found.  Eng.  to  gush.    In  lUiss.  gadayu 

is  to  guess,  and  Aii/i/i/K,  to  cast.  Ar.  cftaiai,  to 

divine  or  guess.  Class  Gs,  No.  31.  See  ulso  Class 
Gd.  The  sense  is,  to  oi..',  Ihat  is,  lo  throw  together 
circumslanc't^s,  or  lo  cast  forward  in  miml.] 

1.  'i'o  conjecture  ;  to  form  an  opinion  without  cer- 
tain principles  or  means  of  knowledge;  to  judge  at 
random,  either  of  a  jiresenl  unknown  fact,  or  of  a 
future  fact. 

Kir»t,  If  ttiou  cAnst,  llic  liarder  rcocon  guett.  Pop*. 

2.  To  judge  or  form  an  opinion  from  some  reasons 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi^T.  —  METE,  PREY  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 
5^4  — 


GUI 


GUI 


lli.il  render  a  thine  probiililc,  but  Hill  sliort  of  siif- 
iH  ieiit  rvidencc.  From  tli^-lit  circiiiiistHiiccs  or  oc- 
casioiKil  expressions,  we         an  uullior's  meaning. 

3.  To  hit  upon  by  acriji  iit.  Locke. 

4.  To  suppose  j  to  tliinit ;  to  he  incJined  to  believe. 


Vour  own  people  have  lafurmcil  you,  I  guett,  Iliia 

MvtdLtlan, 

GUESS,  r.  i.  To  conjecture  ;  to  judge  at  random. 
\Vc  do  not  know  which  road  to  take,  but  we  must 
j-Mfti*  at  it. 

GUKSS,  n.  Conjecture ;  judgment  witliout  any  cer- 
tain evidence  or  grounds. 

A  piict  miw(  conll'as 
Hit  (irt'i  like  pl^xsic,  but  a  iMjipy  gucsa.  Dry<?en. 
C.VEfS'F.n,  (gest,)  pp.    Conjectured  ;  divined. 
UUKtfS'KK,  n.    One  who  guesses  ;  a  conjec  tnrer  ;  one 
wlio  judges  or  gives  an  opinion  witliout  certain  inean-i 
of  kiu>wing.  /)„,,f 
GU K^S'INO,  ppr.     Conjecturing;   judging  witliout 

■certain  evidence  or  grminils  ol"  opinion. 
CUESS'I.NG,  n.    The  roriniiig  of  conjectures. 

SH.'i""?'^!'-^  -;''^'  "■•■'>'  <"'  conjecture.  S'lak. 

GUIOS'-nol'K.    Sec  Glest-Koh:. 

GUESS'-\VOHK,n.  Work  perforiiied  at  hazard  or  by 
mere  conjecture. 

GUEST,  (gest,)  n.  r.=!ax.  erst  ,■  G.  and  D.  <ra.>-f  .•  Dan. 
pic^l!  Sw.  ffdst;  U.  ^wc,l,  a  going  out,  a  r..v<f,  an 
inn,  a  lodging  ;  also,  lo  visit,  to  be  a  giie^t  ■  inrr-i  -i 
going;  Russ.  go.1t,  a  guest.  This  is  the  Latin  ij,«L 
Lug.  cu.it,  with  the  Celtic  prcfi.it.  See  Owen's  IfeUli 
Dictivnartj.] 

1.  .\  stranger ;  one  who  comes  from  a  distance 
ami  takes  lodgings  at  a  place,  either  for  a  night  oi^ 
for  a  longer  time.  siUani. 

•_>.  A  visitor;  a  stranger  or  friend  enlertaineil  in 
the  house  or  at  the  table  of  another,  whether  by  in- 
vitation or  otlicrivisc. 

Tlie  wediliiiff  was  furnulicd  with  gnesU.  —  M.iit.  xxiL 
GUEST'-CH.^.M-HER,  n.    An  apartment  apjiropriated 

to  the  entertainment  nf  guests.    .Murk  xiv. 
SHS^I!"" "■  »  Chapman. 

SHfr^i,  .  i'"''  !  '■"1"^     '"^v  "■'"'>  >"•  to  make 

GUESS'-ltoPE,  i     fast  a  boat.  Star.  D,cU 

GUEST'U  ISE,  ailv.    In  the  manner  of  a  guest. 
GUG'GI.E.  SeeGunr.LE. 

GUHR,  (gur,)  II.  A  loose,  e.irthy  deposit  from  water 
found  in  the  cavities  or  clefts  of  rocks,  mostly  white 
but  sometimes  red  or  yellow,  from  a  mixture  of  clay 

,n,'!'„'I^'.'"T;,  „         ^  XichvUun.  Clcavcland. 

GUI!)  A-IILE,  a.  That  may  be  guided  or  governed  bv 
counsel.  SnraU 

GUII)'.\GE,  n.  [.'Sec  Guide.]  The  reward  given  to  a 
guide  for  services.    [UtUe  useti.] 

GUII)'A.\CE,  »i.    [See  Glide.]    The  act  of  "uidiii 
directum  ;  government ;  a  leading.    Submit  to  the 
guidance  of  age  and  wisdom. 

GUIDE,  (gide,)  r.  t.    [Fx.  puider;  It.  tniidare;  Sp. 
euiar,  lo  guide  ;  guia,  a  gui.le,  and,  in  seamen 
language,  a  ffuy ;  PorL  id.   See  Class  Gd,  No.  17, 
53.] 

1.  To  le.id  or  direct  in  n  way;  to  conduct  in  n 
course  or  path  ;  as,  to  /ruide  an  enemy  or  a  traveler 
who  is  not  acipiainted  with  the  road  or  course.  ' 

The  meek  will  he  guide  in  Ju.lgmeiil  P«. 

2.  To  direct;  lo  ordeiv 

He  will  exiidc  liii  nlTnln  Willi  ilisctrtion.  —  P..  c  jii. 

.3.  To  influence;  to  give  direction  to.  Men  are 
guuled  by  their  interest,  or  siip[)oscd  intere^u 

4.  To  instruct  and  direct.  Let  parents  iruide  their 
childn  n  lo  virtue,  dignity,  and  hapiiiness. 

5.  To  direct ;  to  regulate  and  manage  ;  to  superin- 
tend. 

1  will  ih;«  Uie  )oiin"^r  women  mxnj,  tw  chiklren,  luid  ruide 
Uw  liouje.  — !  Tun.  T.  *  «mw 

GUIDE,  n.    [Ft.  g^idt ;  It.  iiiirfo  ;  Sp.  gTiia.] 

1.  A  person  who  leads  or  directs  another  in  his 
way  or  course;  a  conductor.  The  army  followed 
the  iptule.  The  traveler  may  be  deceived  bv  his 
gwdt.  ' 

2.  One  who  directs  another  in  his  conduct  or  course 
of  life. 

He  will  tw  our  git'ult,  e»en  unlo  ilrnth.  —  Pi,  Klrill. 

3.  A  director;  a  regulator;  that  which  leads  or 
rrViv  Experience  is  one  of  our  best  guida. 
i.Ltu  hi),  pf,         ;  conducted  ;  directed  in  the  way  ■ 

iiistnicled  and  directed.  '"-"ay, 
Gl  IDE'LESS,  o.   Destitute  of  a  guide;  wanting  a  ' 

GI|II,E..POST,  ,.    A  post  at  the  forks  of  a  rJa  L  for 

ilirecting  travelers  the  way.  ' 
(.LID'EK,  It.   A  guide  ;  one  who  guides  or  directi. 

''V'".'Hnt?nd'rg.  ^"""""'"Si  dT-I'ng; 

'■'reei'men'i'  iJ'n''""'^  "    ^^'^    "^^e  silk  slandani  of  a 


to  pay  something  toward  the  charge  and  su,,,,„rt  of 
the  Company.]  ii 

111  F.,u:Umd,  a  society,  fraternity,  or  comnanv  as- 
sociated lor  some  purpose,  parliciilarly  for  carrviiiir 
on  coiiimerco.  The  iiieicliaiit-.r«,7,is  of  our  ane,  «i„rs 
answer  to  our  niodiTn  corporations.  They  were  li 
censed  by  the  king,  and  governed  by  laws  and  orders 

Grii:!J'i),^^;^-G^:rEr°"'''^- 

G1UL1)'-IIALL,  (gild'hawl,)  „.  The  hall  where  a 
guild  or  corporation  usually  assemble  ;  the  grc'al 
court  of  judicature  in  Loudon. 
GUILE  (gile,)  „.  [(i„.  i.-,,,|icli  euilU,  or  mUr.  It 
may  be  the  Celtic  form  of  Eng.  wiU.  See  Etiiiopic, 
Cast.  col.  5J3.]  '  ' 

Craft;  cunning;  artifice;  duplicity;  deceit;  usu- 
ally in  a  bad  xciue. 

VVc  rrmy,  wiih  more  nuco-cfnl  hope,  rvs(.l»o 
I  o  \v;.g>.  I,y  lurci-  or  giiiu  l  u  rii  il  war.  fiWlon 
B.  liol.1  mi  Nroelile  in.lrt.l,  In  »l.oin  m  no  juUe.  — J„hii  i.' 

rl'n'r-'i'n','    To  disguise  craftily.  [Ob,.] 
GLILL  IIJL,  „.    Cunning;  crarty  ;  artfuf;  wily  ;  de- 
ceitful ;  insiilions  ;  as,  a  ffmlrfnl  person. 

y.  Treai  lieroiis  •  deceitful.  glialc 
IT?' Iv'.'m  ',"'?' "••C'-'ive  ;  as,  guilrfnl  words. 
ercIiMv'  ^  '^"'■""y  i  insidiously  ;  tn  ach- 

GUILE'Ej;i^.\ESS,  n.    Deceit;  secret  treachery""'' 

GUTLE'LESS,  a.    Free  from  guile  or  deceitTar'tless  ; 

frank  ;  sincere;  hnnesL  ' 
."iS'Ji'r,',''!:"':';  i;^"'  ^rtlessly  ;  honestly. 

guile  '  ;  ff'^cii.im  from 

GUIL'ER,  n.    One  who  betrays  into  danger  by  insid- 

GLILLL-.MOI    (giric-mot,)   n.     [from  the  Welsh 
iwtlawif,  whirling  about.] 

A  water-fowl,  of  the  genus  Uria,  allied  to  the  Pen- 
guins, Auks,  and  Divers.    It  is  found  in  the  northern 

«7//;  //Vi^r'^i'  "•    ^  '"'-■'•""•''ting  liipiors. 

QUII^I.OCIIK,  (g,I-Iosl,',)  „.  [Fr.]  ,^  arclntcctnrr, 
an  ornament  in  the  form  of  two  or  more  bands  or 
strings  twisting  over  each  other  in  a  coiitinucii  se- 
ries. ^  -. 
GUIL'LO-TI.N'E,  (gil'Io-teen,)  „.  [Fr.,  from  tlie  nan.e 
of  the  inventor.] 

An  engine  or  machine  for  beheading  persons  at  a 
stroke. 

GUIL'LO.TI\E,(gil'lo-tecn,)  t,.  u    To  behead  with 

the  guillotine. 
GUIL'LO-TL\-£D,  pp.     Beheaded  at  a  stroke  by  a 
guillotine.  •' 

r^m^i'i""'''''-^'^!^-         "'■'"■"'linR  In  a  guillotine. 

I  A.  '  "•  P''"'t>  tl"^  corn  mangold. 
Gb  I L  I  (g.lt  )  ;i.  [Sax.  gijh,  a  crime,  and  a  debt,  con- 
nected  with  g^ijldan,  to  pay,  or  it  is  from  the  root  of 
D.  and  {j.  sdiuld,  Ihm.  .,ky!J,  a  debt,  fault,  guilt.  f.S-e 
Shall,  Shol  ld.)  If  the  word  is  from  W,/un,  ,n,l,lan 
to  pay.  It  denotes  a  debt  contracted  by  an  otfen-^e  a 
fine,  and  thence  came  the  present  signification.)  ' 

1.  Criminality  ;  tli.it  st.ate  of  a  moral  agent  which 
results  from  Ins  .actual  commission  of  a  criine  or  of- 
fense, knowing  It  to  be  a  crime,  or  violation'of  law 
Po  constitute  guilt,  there  must  be  a  moral  agent  en- 
Joying  freedom  of  will,  and  capable  of  distin-uishi,,., 
between  right  and  wrong,  and  a  wilful  or  intentional 
violation  of  a  known  law  or  rule  of  duty.  The  guilt 
of  a  |«rson  exists  as  soon  .is  the  crime  is  coniniitted 
but  to  evince  it  to  others,  it  must  be  proved  by  con- 
fession, or  conviction  in  due  course  of  law  Guilt 
renders  a  p<-rson  a  debtor  to  the  law,  as  it  binds  him 
to  p.ay  a  penalty  in  money  or  siiflering.  Guilt  there- 
fore, implies  both  criminality  and  liableness  u  „- 

ishmenl  Guilt  may  proceed  either  from  a  positive 
known  duty  "  '  ""'""^'y  ""gl'^ct  of 

a.  Criininality,  in  a  political  or  civil  view  ;  expo- 
sure lo  forfeiture  or  other  penalty.  ' 

A  >l,ir  Incun  e»Ul  l,y  the  vioblion  of  .  blockade.  A-en(. 

3.  Crime  ;  ofi'ense.  o,,„,. 

guIlt'Mv'^"  i^'"'"-"-] 

iilcentlv."""'-        "  '-"^  e"ilt  .  no. 

GUILT'I.NE.SS,  „.   The  state  of  being  guilty    w  "k- 
edness;  criiiiinalitv;  giiiii  av/ 

inmJenL "''"'•''se  ; 


GUL 


to  punishment  ;  not  iiinotenu  It  may  be  followed 
by  of;  as,  to  be  )f,„U,j  of  theft  or  arson. 

N,.r  h.-,  ,„.r  yo,i,  w.-re  gMHy  of  \W-  .irife.  Unftm. 
2.  U  irked  ;  corrupt;  sinful;  as,  a /tui7/»  world. 
3  (,oiis,:,ous.  B.7«,«„„. 
In  itrnptiirf,  to  be  gtultij  of  death,  is  to  have  com 
muted  a  crime  which  deserves  death.    Malt  xxui 

7o  be  guilt,,  of  the  bndij  and  blood  of  CliriM  is  to  be 
chargeable  with  the  crime  of  crucifying  Christ  afresh 
an.l  orfering  iinlignity  to  his  perstm  and  ri"liteous- 
ness,  represented  by  the  symbols  of  the  Liird's  suih 
per.  I  Cor.  xi.  ' 
GIILM'IiARD,  71.  A  musical  iiistriiiiient,  the  jewsharp. 

GUI.N'E  \,  (gln'ny,)  n.  [from  Guinea,  in  Africa.'wMch 
abounds  with  gold.]  ' 

F.innrrhj,  a  gold  coin  of  Great  Britain,  of  the  v.aluc 
01  tweiiiy-oiie  shillings  sterling,  etpial  to  S4.lifiJ 
American  money.  v  j, 

GIJI.N'EA  COR.V,  n.     Tlie  great  or  Indian  millet, 

GUL\  EA-I)KOP-PER,  „.    One  who  cheaU  by  drop- 
ping  guineas.  '  "i"!"- 

r        '!■■■»  iiV- v''^'  '       J"<^  -'deairi'^,  a  fowl 

•  ■       "^  Vr  ,  *.  '•'••'"""'ceoHs  r.rdeV,  a  na- 

ve of  Africa.    It  is  larg.  rllian  the  comnmn  d.unes. 

•fri  "'?i."';'  I  T  "<" '"I'-f'  -l  fleshy  horn  on 

e.  r    si.le  ot  the  irad.    Its  color  is  a  .lark  gJav,  beau- 

l.\  LA-I  hi  I  LK    „.    ,\  ,,|;,„(^  „  species  of  ^mn. 

n.r'pickle"''"'"""' 
GL  I.N'EA-PIG,  n.    In  loUtogij,  a  quadriiiied  of  the  cc- 
nus  tavia  or  Cavy,  a  native  of  lira/.il.    It  is  almul 
seven  inches  in  length,  an.l  of  a  while  color,  varie- 
gate.l  with  spots  of  orange  and  black 
G I  •  I  \ '  l-A  D.    See  G  w  I  >  1 A  D. 


Gi;iSE,  (gize,)  n.  (Fr.  guLse :  It.  eiiwa,  way,  manner, 
: ;  \\  .  ipeei,  order,  sha|>e  ;  Sax.  wise  ; 


Tb  - Unljill^nol^hoU  liiin  ffui/U«,,  that  lakrth  hi.  naine  i 


TONE,  BIJLL,  qMTE.— 


2.  Not  produced  by  the  slaughter  of  animals. 

Dm  frtim  ih-  moiiiiuiiii'i  rruiT  tiJe 
^„„.^     Af-i^-.r-.-tlbrin,.'  •  Go!d.miA. 

GUIKr'v'"/;ui''.°"i  ^'^^^  in  consequence  of'gulu. 
,   ,,  •'■''">•'''■    (Sax.  ^B/(„r.l  rHeaum 
1.  Criminal ;  having  knowingly  iommilt^d  a  mmc 
or  olfense  or  having  violated  a  law  by  an  overt  art 
or  by  neeleci.  and  by  that  act  or  neglect  being  I  . iW,' 


66 


AX»GER.  V.»CIOUS-e  ■»  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  a.  SH ;  TTT^^iTT;^ 


Arm.  »r«„,  ,r,i.   

i-ng.  iB.«;  G.  weuc :  D.  guizen,  to  iM-guiie.l 

1.  External  app.'arance  ,  drpss  ;  garb.  He  appeared 
yiJi^Treligt;:.^"*^"""''- 

'"'•'nl::,:m'£,i!i:^;:''°"'  ri^^f^iz" 

2.  Manner ;  mien  ;  cast  or  behavior. 

Uv  lli.-ir  guUe 
3,M  men  tl,.-y  y-em. 

3.  Custom  ;  mode  ;  practice. 

The  sw.iin  r.-plie<i,  It  never  wns  our  gnite 
1  o.ll^'hl  the  |«jur,  or  aught  humane  >|,-,,„«. 
GflJ'Eft,  (gi'/.er )  n.    A  person  in  disguise  :  a  muni- 

and  P.,rt.  guitnrra:  L.  cit/iara  ;  Gr.  «,«„«.,  1 

A  stringed  instrument  of  music.  In  Enihind  and 
the  L  nited  StUes  used  chiefly  by  ladies,  but  n  Sm"„ 
anil  Italy  much  used  by  men  p' 

go'la:  i  "■  u^'c;^:{z:'''" » ""^^ 

r'X\'  V},\":.  '■"^'■'=''"'"1?  t'>  the  thro.at.  p  Cue 

lick  and  a  goose,  the  breast  and  belly  whi"e  The 

G^L;:',ir;;n'.i:^?;..:y":i^r"''"'^  "'-^^ 

Gri'l'l!'".'","  '  "rdi  vounng.  [J\'„«  ,„^.i 

Gt.Ll.S,  (gulz,)  n.    [Fr.  gueutes,  tv,i.]  ' 

"^'/^/Dii^-d;:^^::;,^ ^'-."^.Ari;.: 

1.  A  recess  in  the  ocean  from  the  general  line  of 
the  shore  into  the  land,  or  a  tract  of  water  exte  Mi  °-. 
from  the  ocean  or  a  sea  into  the  land,  betwee.^ 
points  .,r  promontories  ;  a  large  bay  ;  as,  the  ,nitf  "f 
McMco;  the  g„lf  of  Venice"  Uie  g^uZ/'of  Fhduid 
A  ffnlf  aii.1  a       tlitreronly  i„  extent.  VVe  ajX 
to  a  large  or  small  recess  of  the  sea,  as,  I  he  o^ 

4-of".Avru's."  ^''^'sUi:;.""' 

3.  .\  whirlpool ;  an  absorbing  eddy.  S^cT^iZ' 
A.  Any  thing  insatiable.  <ii.7t 
GULF'-I.\-DE.\T  EI),«.  Indented  with  gulf,  oX^y, 

F"ll  of  whirlpcd.  or  gulfs  -'t^'tgulf, 

"5?;;.'c;,5)„.P"        '''■^'"«-' p-"- 

trick       dr?r.;ud.""''"  • 

The  rulfar,  guIlM  into  rebellion,  .rmetj.  Drydtn 
GUJ.L  ».    A  cheating  or  cheat ;  trick  ;  fraud.  Shak. 

'J.  One  easily  cheated.  g/,^ 
GL  LL,  n.    [W.  incijlmt ;  Corn,  gullan.] 
wi^n  "eb-foi.ted   sea-fowl,  with  lone 

wings,  belonging  to  the  genus  Larus.    There  are  nu- 
merous spixies.  D  , 
GULL'-CATCII-ER,  „.    A  cheat ;  a  ma.f  wh^^r^ls 
or  enlrajM  silly  |>eople.  54^*. 


5i5 


GUM 


GUN 


GUT 


GULL'f;D,  pp.    Cheated;  dectived  ;  defrauded. 
GULL'l^R,  n.   A  clieat  ;  an  impostor. 
GUl.L'ER-Y,  re.    Cheat.    [JVuI  used.]  Burton. 
GUL'LET,  re.   [Fr.  goulet,  goulut,  from  L.  gala  ;  Rass. 
chailo  ;  Sans,  gola.^ 

1.  The  passage  ui  the  neck  of  an  animal  by  which 
food  and  liquor  are  taken  into  the  stomacli ;  the  esoph- 
agus. 

2.  A  stream  or  lake.    [JVot  v.^cd.]  Hei/lin. 
GUL-LI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Unsuspecting  credulity.  low 

wortL]  Jolui  Faster. 

GUL'LI-BLE,  a.    Easily  gulled.  [Lma.] 
GUI/LI-£D,  (gul'lid,)pp.  or  a.    Having  ahollow  worn 

by  water. 

GUIjL'ING,  ppr.    Cheating;  defrauding. 
GULL'I.-^H,  a.    Foolish  ;  stu|iid.    [.,Vi>(  in  use.] 
GL'LL'ISU-NESS,  n.    Foolishness;  stupidity.  [J\'"o( 
in 

GITL'LY,  re.    A  channel  or  hollow  worn  in  the  earth 
by  a  current  of  water.       J\'V'7C  England.  Jlitford. 
2.  A  large  knife.    [Scottish.]  n'liltrr  Scott. 

GUL'LV,  V.  t.  'I'o  wear  a  hollow  channel  in  tlie  earth. 

Jiuierica, 

GUL'LY,  r.  i.    To  run  with  noise.    [A'ot  in  n.ie.] 
GL'L'LY-HoLE,  «.    An  opening  where  gutters  empty 
their  contents  into  the  subterraneous  sewer. 

Johnson. 

GUL'LY-ING,  ppr.  Wearing  a  hollow  channel  in  the 
earth. 

GU-LOS'I-TY,  71.  [L.  gulosus,  from  gvla,  the  gul- 
let.] 

Greediness;  voracity  ;  excessive  appetite  for  food. 
[Utile  used.]  Brown. 
GULP,  V.  t.    [D.  gulphn  ;  Dan.  gulprr.] 

To  swallow  eagerly,  or  in  large  draughts.  Onij. 
To  gulp  up  ;  to  throw  up  from  the  tliroat  or  stom- 
ach ;  to  disgorge. 
GULP,  n.    A  swallow,  or  as  nmch  as  is  swallowed  at 
once. 
2.  A  disgorging. 
GULP'£D,  (gulpt,)  pp.    Swallowed  eagerly. 
GULPH.    See  Gulf. 

GU.M,n.    [Sax.  goma.    See  the  next  word.] 

The  hard,  fleshy  substance  of  the  jjws  which  in- 
vests the  teetli. 
GU.M,  n.    [Sax.  goma  ;  L.  g-ummi ;  D.  gnin  ;  Sp.  goma  ; 
It.  gomnia ;   Fr.  gninmr ;  Gr.  K'^tpn;   Kuss.  kamcd. 
See  Class  Gm,  N'o.  12,  29.] 

L  The  concrete  mucilage  of  vegetables  ;  a  concrete 
juice  which  exudes  through  the  hark  of  trees,  and 
thickens  on  the  surface.  It  is  snhihle  in  water,  lo 
which  it  gives  a  viscous  and  adhesive  ipiality.  Ii  is 
insoluble  in  alcohol,  and  coagulates  in  weak  acids. 
When  dry,  it  is  transparent  and  brittle,  not  easily 
pulverized,  and  of  an  insipid  or  slightly  saccharine 
ta-^te.  Gum  differs  from  resin  in  several  particulars, 
but  custom  has  inaccurately  given  the  name  of  gum 
to  several  resins  and  gum-resins,  as  gum-co|ial,  gum- 
sandaracli,  gum-ammoniac,  and  others.  The  true 
gums  are  gum-arabic,  gum-scnegal,  gum-tragacanth, 
and  the  gums  of  the  peach,  plum,  and  cherry  trees, 
&c.  Mcholson.  Hooper. 

2.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Nyssa,  called,  also,  black 
gum  and  .lour  gum. 

Oum-elastic,  or  Elastic-gum,  [cnovtchouc,]  is  a  wi  11 
known  substance,  obtained  from  a  tree  in  America 
by  incision.  It  is  a  white  juice,  which,  when  dry, 
becomes  very  tough  and  clastic,  and  is  used  for  bot- 
tles, surgical  instruments,  for  overshoes,  &c.  This 
substance  is  also  much  used  for  various  other  pur- 
poses, being  perfectly  impermeable  to  water. 

JSTicholson,  Eucijc. 

GUM,  V.  t.    To  smear  with  gum. 

2.  To  unite  by  a  viscous  substance. 

GUM-AR'A-liie,  re.  A  gum  which  (lows  from  the 
Acacia,  in  Arabia,  Eevpt,  &c. 

GUM'-UOIL,  re.    A  boil  on  the  gum. 

GUM-RES'IN,  re.  [Sec  Kksin.]  A  name  given  to 
certain  inspissated  saps.  A  juice  of  plants,  consist- 
ing of  resin  and  various  other  substances,  which 
have  been  taken  for  a  giimniy  suhstaiice.  Tlie  gum- 
resins  do  not  tlow  naturally  from  plants,  hut  are 
mostly  extracted  by  incision,  in  the  form  of  white, 
yellow,  or  red  emulsive  Huids,  which  dry  and  con- 
solidate. The  most  important  species  are  olibanuin, 
palbaiium,  scanimony,  gamboge,  eu|)horbium,  asafi  t- 
ida,  aloeB.  myrrh,  and  ammoniac.  Fourr.roij. 

GUM-.'!EN'E-(;AL,  n.  A  gum  resembling  gum  arabic, 
brought  from  the  country  of  the  River  Senegal,  in  Af- 
rica. 

GUM-TRAG'A  CANTII,  n.  The  gum  of  n  thorny 
shrub  of  that  name,  in  Crete,  Asia,  and  Greece. 

F.nctjc. 

GUM'-TREK,  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  black  gum, 
of  the  genus  Nyssa,  one  of  (he  largest  trees  of  the 
Houtl'Crn  States.  It  bears  a  small  blue  fruit,  which  is 
the  favorite  food  of  the  opossum.  Most  of  the  large 
trees  become  hollow,  and  hence  gum-tree  is  the  term 
to  denote  a  hollow  tree,  in  many  of  the  Southern 
States.  Bee  hives  arc  extensively  made  from  por- 
tions of  thesi-  hollow  trunks ;  and  hence,  in  many 
places,  bee-gum  has  become  the  term  to  denote  a  bee- 
hive. 

GUM'BO,  n.    A  dish  of  food  made  of  young  capsules 


of  ocra,  with  salt  and  pepper,  stewed  and  served 

with  melted  buiti'r. 
GUM'LAC,  ij.    The  resinous  produce  of  an  insect 

which  deposits  its  eggs  on  the  branches  of  a  tree 

called  (iiAar,  in  Assam,  a  country  borderingon  Thibet, 

and  elsewhere  in  Asia.    [See  Lac]  J\''ichoLiou. 
GU.M-.MIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Producing  gum. 
GUM'MI-NESS,  re.     The  stale  or  quality  of  being 

gummy ;  viscousness. 
2.  Accumulation  of  gum.  Wiseman. 
GUM-MOS'l-TY,  n.    The  nature  of  gum  ;  guiiimi- 

ness  ;  a  viscous  or  adhesive  quality.  Floiier. 
GU.M'MOUS,  a.    Of  the  nature  or  quality  of  guin  ; 

viscous  ;  adhesive.  Il'oodmard. 
GU.M'iMY,  a.    Consisting  of  gum;  of  the  nature  of 

gum  ;  viscous  ;  adliesive.  Ralrgh. 

2.  Produclive  of  gum.  Jlilion. 

3.  Covered  with  gum  or  viscous  matter.  Dnjdrn. 
GU.MP,  n.    [Uan.  and  S\v.  gump,  the  rump  of  a  fowl.] 

A  foolish  person  ;  a  dolt,    [i^ulgar.]  Holloway. 
GU.MP'TION,  (guuip'shiin,)  H.    [Sax.  gymene,  care; 
gyoian,  to  observe,  or  be  careful.] 

Capacity;  shrewdness;  address,  [l^ulgar.] 

Smart.  Forby. 

GUN,  re.    [W.  gwn  ;  Corn,  g^m.] 

An  instrument  consisting  of  a  barrel,  or  tube  of 
iron,  or  other  metal,  fixed  in  a  stock,  from  which 
balls,  siiot,  or  other  deadly  weapons  are  discharged 
by  the  explosion  of  gunpowder.  The  larger  species 
of  guns  ;u'e  railed  cannon  ;  and  the  smaller  sjie- 
cies  are  called  juusketf,  carbines,  fowling-pieces,  &c. 
But  one  species  of  tire-arms,  the  pistol,  is  never 
called  a  gun, 

GUN,  im'.    To  shoot.  [Ob.i.] 

GUN'-BAR-REL,  n.    The  barrel  or  tube  of  a  gun. 

GUN'-BoAT,  71.  A  boat  or  small  vessel  fitted  to  carry 
a  cannon  in  the  bow  or  amidships.  Totten. 

GUN'-CAR-RIAGE,  (  kar-rij,)  re.  A  wheel  carriage 
for  bearing  and  moving  cannon. 

GUN'-CO'I'-TON,  re.  A  highly  explosive  substance 
obtained  by  soaking  cotton,  or  any  vegetable  fiber, 
ill  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  and  then  leaving  it  to 
dry.    It  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  gunpowder. 

Dana. 

GUN'NAGE,  71.  The  number  of  guns  in  a  ship  of 
war. 

GUN'-FIRE,  re.  In  military  affairs,  the  hour  at  which 
tile  morning  or  evening  gun  is  fired. 

CampbcWs  J\til.  Diet. 

GUN'NEL.    See  Gunwale. 

GU.\'i\ER,  re.  One  skilled  in  the  use  of  guns  ;  a  can- 
nonier  ;  an  officer  appointed  to  manage  artillery.  In 
the  nary,  a  warrant  olficer,  having  charge  of  all  the 
ordnance  of  a  vessel.  Totten. 

GUN'iN'ER-Y,  n.  The  science  of  artillery  ;  the  art  of 
managing  cannon.  CumphrWs  Md.  Diet. 

GUN'NING,  n.  The  act  of  hunting  or  shooting  game 
with  a  gun. 

lu  the  earlier  times,  the  art  of  gunning  was  but  liule  practiced. 

OcliUioith. 

GUN'NY,  n.  [Bengal.]  A  coarse  sackcloth  manufac- 
tured in  Bengal,  of  which  bags  are  made  for  con- 
taining salt  and  other  articles.  Brande. 

GUN'P()VV-l)Ell,  71.  A  composition  of  saltpeter,  sul- 
phur, and  charcoal,  mixed  and  reduced  to  a  fine  pow- 
der, then  gianulated  and  dried.  It  is  used  in  artil- 
lery, in  shooting  game,  in  blasting  rocks,  &:c. 

GUN'llOOM,  71.  In  shijis,  an  aiiartment  occupied  as  a 
mess-riHim  by  the  coinitiissioiied  otiicers.  Totten. 

GUN'SIIOT,  11.  The  distance  of  the  point-blank 
range  of  a  cannon  shot.  Totten. 

GUN'.'^IKJT,  u.  Made  by  the  shot  of  a  gun;  as,  a 
gunshot  wound. 

GUN'SMITII,  re.  A  maker  of  small  arms;  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  or  repair  small  fire- 
arms. 

Gll.N  'SMlTII-ER-Y,  re.  The  business  of  a  gunsmith  ; 
llie  art  of  making  small  fire-arms. 

GU.N'.'^TK'K,  71.  A  rammer,  or  ramrod;  a  stick  or 
rod  to  ram  down  the  charge  of  a  musket,  &c. 

GUiN'STOCK,  re.  'I'hc  stock  or  wood  in  which  the 
barrel  of  a  gun  is  fixed. 

GUN'SToNE,  re.  A  stone  used  for  the  shot  of  can- 
non. Before  the  invention  of  iron  balls,  stones  were 
used  for  shot.  Shak. 

GUN'-TACK-LE,  (-tak'l,)  n.  A  gvn-taekle  purchase,  in 
seawcn^s  language,  is  composed  of  two  single  blocks 
and  a  fall.  Totten. 

GUN'TEIl'S  CHAIN,  re.  [from  Edmund  Oiiiifcr,  the 
inventor.]  Thi!  chain  comirioiily  used  for  inea'^urlug 
land.  It  is  four  rods  or  Uli  feet  huig,  anil  is  divided 
into  100  links. 

GUN'TEK'.S  l.r.NE,  re.  A  logarithmic  line  on  Gunter's 
scale,  used  for  performing  the  multiplication  and  di- 
vision of  numbers  mechanically. 

GUN'TEIl'S  SC.\LE,  re.  A  large  plane  scale  having 
various  lines  of  numbers  engraved  on  it,  by  means 
of  whic  h  questions  in  practical  geometry  and  arith- 
metic arc  remdved  with  the  aid  of  a  pair  of  com- 
passes. Brande. 

GUN'WALE,  )  n.    The  upiier  edge  of  a  ship's  side; 

GUN'NEL,  t  the  ii|iperinost  wale  of  n  ship,  or 
that  piece  of  limber  which  reaches  on  either  side 
from  the  quarter-deck  to  the  forecastle,  being  the 


uppermost  bend  which  finishes  the  upper  works  of 
the  hull.  Mir.  Did.  Encyc. 

GURGE,  re.    [Ij.  gurges  ;  It.  gorgo.] 

A  whirlpool;    [Liille  used.]  Milton. 

GURGE,  )i.  t.    To  swallow.    f.Vot  in  use.] 

GUR'GEO.N,  11.  The  coarser  part  of  meal  separated 
from  the  bran.    [JVijt  used.]  HoUinshrd. 

GI'R'GLE,  V.  i.  [It.  gorgogliare,  from  gorga,  the 
throat,  gorgo,  a  wiiirlpool,  L.  gorges.  See  (Jarole, 
which  seems  to  be  of  the  same  family  ;  or  the  same 
word  dilferentl}*  applied.] 

To  run  as  liquor  witli  a  purling  noise  ;  to  run  or 
flow  ill  a  broken,  irregular,  noisy  current,  as  water 
from  a  bottle,  or  a  small  stream  on  a  stony  bottom. 

Ptire  ^urghrte^  rilU  the  loii'^ly  tlescrt  Ir.ice.  Youjtg. 

GIIR'GLING,  p;jr.  Running  or  flowing  with  a  purl- 
ing soiinil. 

GUR'GLING,  re.  A  running  with  a  broken,  noisy 
current.  ' 

GUR'HOF-TTE,  71.  A  subvariety  of  magnesian  car- 
bonate of  lime,  found  nearGiirhof,  in  Lower  Aus- 
tria. It  is  snow-white,  and  has  a  dull,  sliL'htly 
conchoiihil,  or  even  fracture.  Clrarrloml. 

GUR'NARU,  I  n.    [\r.  guirnrad ;  W.  pen-grrmju.  Corn. 

GUR'NET.    \     pcK-ifar/i,  horn  le  ad,  or  irtiii-head.] 
A  se.a-fish  of  several  species,  some  tif  which  are 
highly  esteemed  for  food.    They  belong  to  the  Lin- 
nieaii  genus  Trigla.     The  head  is  loricatcd  with 
rough  lines,  or  bony  plates. 

J3sh.    F.neyc.  of  Dom.  Kcon, 

GUR'NET,  re.  A  kind  of  fish  thiit  abounds  on  the 
south  coast  of  lievoii-^hire,  in  England. 

GUR'R.XIl,  71.  A  kind  of  plain,  coarse  Indian  mus- 
lin. 

GUSri,  V.  i.  [fr.  gaisim  :  G.  giessen  ,•  or  D.  gtidsen,  or 
kisseo.  SeeGi'Kss.] 

1.  To  issue  Willi  violence  and  rapidity,  as  a  fiiiitl  ; 
to  rush  forth  as  a  tliiiil  from  coiifiuemeiit ;  as,  blood 
gushes  from  a  vein  in  venesection. 

Bdioiti,  tie  wtiole  Uie  ruck,  that  the  w.ttcrs  gushed  out.  —  Ps. 
IxxvUi. 

2.  To  flow  copiously.  Tears  gushed  from  her  eyes. 
GUSH,  V.  t.    To  emit  iu  copious  etTiision. 

The  ^-ipiiig  wounil  gushed  out  a  crimson  Hood.  [Umtsunl.] 

Drylen. 

GL^SII,  re.  A  sudden  and  violent  issue  of  a  fluid  from 
an  inclosed  place;  an  emission  of  liquor  in  a  large 
qiiautily  and  with  force  ;  the  fluid  thus  emitted. 

ilurrey. 

GUSiriNG,  7</>r.  or  o.    Rushing  forth  with  violence, 

as  a  fluid  ;  flowing  coiiiously  ;  as,  gushing  waters. 
2.  Emitting  copiously  ;  as,  gtishing  eyes.  Pope. 
GUSH'INt;,  re.    A  rushing  forth  with  violence. 
GUSH'ING-LY,  ado.    In  a  gushing  manner. 
GUS'SET,  re.    [Fr.  gousset,  a  fob,  a  bracket,  a  gusset, 

as  if  from  gousse,  a  cod,  husk,  or  shell.    But  in  W. 

cwysed  is  a  gore  or  gusset,  from  ewys,  a  furrow.] 
A  small  piece  of  cloth  inserted  in  a  garment,  for 

the  purpose  of  strengthening  or  enlarging  some  part. 
GUST,  11.     [L.  gustus.  It.  Sp.  gusto,  Fr.  ''"fK,  taste  ; 

L.  gusto,  G.  kosten,  W.  ^waethu,  to  laste  ;  Gr.  j£ii'.>, 

a  contracted  word,  for  it  has  jcdois,  taste;  W. 

cwaeth,  id.] 

1.  Taste  ;  tasting,  or  the  sen.se  of  tasting.  More 
generally,  the  pleasure  of  tasting  ;  relish.  Tillotson. 

2.  Sensual  enjoyment. 

Wliere  love  ia  duly  oil  the  female  side, 

On  theirs,  mere  sensual  gost,  tuid  sought  with  surly  pride. 

Drydcn. 

3.  Pleasure;  amusement;  gratification. 

r)i'stroy  all  cretilures  for  lliy  sport  or  gost.  Pope. 

4.  Turn  of  fancy  ;  intellectual  taste. 

A  ctioicf  of  it  iniiy  be  made  accorxliiig  lo  Ihe  guat  and  manner  of 
the  ancients.  Drylen. 

[Taste  is  now  generally  used.] 
GUST,  c.  t.    To  taste  ;  to  have  a  relish.    [Little  used.] 
GUST,  re.    [Dan.  gust;  \r.  gaoth,  \\mi\ ;  VV.  cirylh,  a 
puff,  a  blast  of  wind  ;  allied  perhajis  to  rrii.</;.] 

1.  .\  sudden  squall  ;  a  violent  blast  of  wind  ;  a 
sudden  ruslung  or  driving  of  the  wind,  of  short 
duration.  Dnjdrn.  ..Addison. 

2.  A  sudden,  violent  burst  of  passion.  Bacon. 
GUST'A-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  tasted  ;  tastable. 

Ifarvey. 

2.  Pleasant  to  the  laste.    [f.ittle  used.]  Derham. 
GUST-A'TIOiN,  «.    The  act  of  tasting.    [Little  used.] 

Brown. 

GU-'ST' A-Tfl-RY,  n.    Pertaining  to  gust  or  taste. 
(JUST'FIJL,  a.    Tasteful  ;  well  tasted  ;  that  relishes. 
GUST'Fi]L-NESS,  n.     Relish;   pleasantness  to  the 

taste,  '  Barrow. 
GUST'LESS,  «.    Tasteless.  Broion. 
GUST'O,  11.    [It.  and  Sp.    See  Gust.]    Relish  ;  that 
which  excites  pleasant  sensations  in  the  palate  »r 
tongue.  Derham. 
2.  Intellectual  taste.    [^Little  used.]  Dryden. 
GUST'Y,n.    Subject  to  sudden  blasts  uf  wind  ;  stormy; 
tempestuous. 

llnce  upon  a  raw  and  gttsty  day, 
Ttu-  truiiliird  TilxT  cli.ifmt;  with  liis  whont.  Shak. 

GUT,  re.    [G.  kuttrl ;  Ch.  wSnip  tiitfa.] 

I.  The  iiiti'stiiial  canal  of  an  nnimal  ;  n  pipe  or 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  VVHj>T — METE,  rUBY  "NE,  MARINE,  HIKU — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WgLF,  BQQK — 

_ 


II 

lubi!  oxtendinc.  with  iiiiinv  rirriimvolutions,  from 
tlie  pyUirus  Ut  tUv  vent.  'I'his  |upo  is  roiripusoit  ttf 
three  ciinls,  unci  is  ntt:ichi'd  Ki  tliu  body  by  a  iiiein- 
bniiio  cnlluil  the  mesciilertj.  Thisc:iii;il  is  ufdiirrr^nt 
sizes  ill  dilU  rt-iit  [larts,  niid  takes  different  iinines. 
The  thill  and  siiiull  partd  are  railed  tlic  (/iim/cniim,  the 
lYcii'ii,  and  the  jejunum  ;  the  large  and  thick  parts  are 
called  the  ctecum^  the  coUni^  ami  the  rectum,  lly  this 
pipe,  the'iliidiiiested  nnd  iiiiabsnrbed  parts  nf  Tuud 
are  conveyed  frum  the  atiuiiach  anil  discliarged. 
This  word  in  the  plural  is  applied  to  llie  whole  mass 
funned  by  its  natural  cunvnliitions  in  the  ahdumon. 

2.  The  stomach;  the  receptacle  of  food.  [Lmn.] 

Dritden. 

3.  Gluttony  ;  love  of  gormandizing,  [/.ow.] 

//<iAfir;«. 

GUT,  V,  t.    To  take  out  the  bowels  ;  to  eviscerate. 
2.  To  plunder  of  contents  i  as,  tiie  mob  <;uUe.H\\e 

house.  Dnfdni. 
QUr'TA  SF.  RE'MI,  [L.]    In  mcrficiiic,  amaurosis  ; 

blindness  occasioned  by  u  palsied  retina. 
GUT'TA-TED,  a.     [U   gulla.]     Besprinkled  with 

drops. 

GUT'TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  the  bowels ;  eviscerated  ; 

deprived  of  conleiits. 
GUT'TKK,  71.    [Fr.  jfimttnre,  from  gonttr,  a  drop;  Sp. 

and  Port,  i^ffd,  a  drop  ;  Sp.  irutera^  a  iriiUcr  ;  iVmn  L. 

guUa,  a  drop.    A  gutter  is  a  dropper,  that  «  Inch 

catches  drops.] 

1.  A  channel  for  calrliins  anil  convpyinz  off  the 
water  which  collects  on  the  roof  at  the  caves  of  a 
building. 

2.  A  channel  or  passajc  for  water;  a  hollow  in  the 
earth  for  conveyiiii;  water  ;  and,  in  pit/iuhir  ii.N-«;rc,  a 
channel  worn  in  the  earth  by  a  current  of  wat.  r. 

GU'1"'TEU,  r.  (.    To  cut  or  form  into  small  hnlli.ws. 

S/tuk,  JJrijtien, 
GUT'TER,  r.  t.    To  be  hollowed  or  channeled. 

2.  To  run  in  drops  or  hollows,  as  a  candle. 
GUT''ri/K-A.'l),  /</'.    Kormcil  into  small  hollows. 
GL'T'TEIl-I.N'ti,  p/ir.    Funning  into  small  hollows; 

riiniiiii!;  in  hollows. 
GUT'TEll-ING,  «.    A  forinins  into  hollows. 
GUT'TI-FEIl,  ;i.    (L.  gulta  and  /rro.] 

In  boianu^  a  plant  that  exudes  sum  or  resin. 
GUT-TIF'EK-OUS,  a.    Yielding  gum  ur  resinous  sub- 
stances. 

GUT'TLE,  V.  t.   To  swallow.    [A«t  used.] 

h''  FMrantre. 

GIJT'TI.E,  r.  i.    To  swallow  Rreedily.    [A'ut  used.] 
GUT'TI.ER,  71.    A  greedv  eater. 
GUT'TIJ-EOUS,  a.    [from  I..  -Tullula,  a  little  drop.] 
In  the  from  of  a  small  drop,  or  of  small  drops. 

[Lillle  tisril.]  Bniirn. 
GUT'TIR-AL, 

throat.] 

IVrlainini!  to  the  throat ;  formed  in  the  throat ;  as, 
a  iTHrturnl  letter  ur  sound  ;  a  gutturul  voice. 

GL'T'TUR-AI.,  n.  A  letter  pronounced  in  the  throat; 
as  the  Greek  \. 

GUT'TI;R-AL.-LY,  ado.  In  a  guttural  manner;  in 
the  throat. 

GU  T' TUR-AL-XESS,  n.  The  (|ualily  of  being  gnl- 
tiiml. 

GUT'TL'R-l.NE,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  throat.    [.Vof  in 

u.T.]  Rail. 
GUT'TY,  a.    [from  1,.  a  drop.l 

In  heraldrijy  ciiarged  or  sprinkled  with  drops. 

Kitctic. 

GUT'WORT,  II.  A  plant  glohularia  alijpum,  a  violent 
piirg-.itive. 

GU?,  (gl,)  n.    [?p.  and  Port,  guia,  from  guiar,  to 

guide.    See  Gve.J 

In  marine  affairs,  a  rope  attached  to  any  thine  to 

steady  it,  and  bear  it  one  way  and  aiioiher  iii  hoist- 

inc  or  lowering.  K.  II.  Puna,  Jr. 

GU7."/,LE,  (giiz'l,)  r.  i.     [Protably  allii-d  to  Ann. 

gouioucq,  the  throat.    In  Italian,  gozio  is  Uie  crop  of 

a  bird.] 


[Fr.  guttural,  from  li.  guUiir,  the 


H 

To  swallow  liquor  greedily;  to  drink  much;  to 
drink  frequently 

W'lio,  wlitic  ihi;  gusties,  chau  Uic  iloctur'ti  pTniv. 

fioscnmnwn. 

GUZ'ZI.E,  tj.  t.  To  swallow  much  or  often  ;  to  swal- 
low with  immoderate  gust. 

Stiil  guzzling  mukt  of  wiii>^.  IJrytxn. 

GUZ'ZLE,  71.    An  insatiable  thing  or  person. 
GIJZ'ZI.KI),  pp.    Swallowed  often.  IMarslnn. 
GUZ'ZI.EU,  H.    One  who  guzzles;  nn  immoderate 
drinker. 

GIJZ'ZIjl\(;,;)/)r.  Swallowing  with  immoderate  gust. 
GVVIN'IAI),  71.    [W.  giren,  isinjn,  white.]    A  lish  of 

the  salmon  kinil,  shaped  like  the  herring,  and  oHen 

rallril  the  frrsli-tcater  herring. 
(■; VISE,  (jibe,)  II.    .\  sneer.    [See  Giue.I 
GYHE,  r.  /.    In  sramru's  langiwgr,UiriU'm  a  boom  of  a 

fore-aiid  aft  sail  from  one  side  of  a  vu.ssi  l  to  the 

olhir  Totleii. 
OVIS'I.NG,  ;>;ir.    Shifting  a  boom  from  one  side  of  a 

vessel  111  tlie  other. 
(;?l'.,  r.  (.    To  guide.    [Obs.]  Clittucrr. 
GY.M-.\.\'SI  \ItCII,  71.    [Gr.  i  tiiii/iiiTioi'  and  ii')\i.] 
.An  Alli'.nian  oliicer  who  provided  lite  oil  and  nllier 

necessaries  for  the  gymnasia  at  his  own  expense. 

Brands. 

G Y.M-N'.'\'?I-U.M,  n.  [Gr.  )vpiiacior,  from  iv/iios, 
naked.] 

1.  .\  place  where  athletic  exercises  are  performed  ; 
originaUij,  in  Oreree,  by  persons  naked. 

2.  /\  school  for  tile  higher  branches  of  literature 
and  science. 

GY.M'NAST,  (jiin'nasl,)  n.  One  who  teaches  or 
learns  j/ymnaslic  exercises. 

(^Y.M-.\AS'TIG,rt.  [ lj.  ^i/i/i«ff.*(icHji;  Gr.  yvpynariKo^, 
from  y  ■  (II  u^'  to  exercise,  from  j  i'(ii"i{  naked  ;  the 
aiicieiils  beinu'  naked  in  their  exercises.] 

Pertaining  to  ailil<-tic  exercises  of  the  body,  in- 
li  ihli  il  for  health,  defense,  or  diversion,  as  riiiiiiiiig, 
leaping,  \\Tesiliiiir,  throwing  the  discus,  the  javelin, 
or  the  hoop,  playing  Willi  halls,  ,tc.  The  modern 
g}  niiiastic  exercises  are  iiilciuleil  ciuetly  for  the  prcs- 
er\*alit>n  anil  prunintioii  of  health. 

CA  M  .N  AS  'l'lt:,  11.    Allili  lic  exercise. 

GY.M-.\  AS' ri<>-.\L-I.V,«</i).  luagyinnastic  manner  ; 
allllelicallv.  Brinrn. 

GY.M-.S'A.'^'TieS,  71.  The  gymnastic  art;  the  ait  of 
performing  athletic  exercises. 

CY.M'Nltl,  { jini'iiik,)  (I.    [Gr.  >  ivinitoc ;  E.  "•7/mmcii.v.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  athletic  exercises  of  the  body. 

2.  Performinir  athletic  exercises,  Mtlton. 
GYM'Mt",  n.  Alhletic  exercises.  Burton. 
GY.M-.NOS'O-PIIIS  T,  n.     [Gr.  yvpnaf,  naked,  and 

GittptoTn^,  a  philosopher.] 

A  philosopher  ol'  liulia,  so  called  from  bis  going 
with  bare  feet,  or  wiili  litUe  clulliiii^.  The  Cyiii- 
nosophi^ts  in  India  lived  iit  ilie  wood-i  and  mi  inoiiii- 
taiiis,  suhsi^iing  on  wild  prodiicliiiiis  of  the  earth. 
They  never  drank  wine,  nor  marrii  il.  Some  of  them 
traveled  aliou*  and  practiced  physic.  They  be- 
lieved in  the  iiioiiorlality  anil  tiaiiMiiigration  of  the 
soul.  They  placed  Ihe  cliiei  nappitiess  of  man  in  a 
contempt  of  tile  goods  of  forlune,  and  of  the  pleasures 
of  sense.  Knctie. 

GYM-.\<)S'0-PI1Y,  11.  [Supra.]  The  doctrines  of  the 
Gyniiiosopliists.  Oaud. 

GY.M'iNO-SPER.M,  n.  [Gr.  ju/i-uj,  naked, and  awj)^.!, 
seed.] 

In  hiitanii,  a  plant  that  bears  naked  seeds. 

GYM-NO-SPER.M'UUS,  a.  [Supra.]  Ilavins  naked 
seedii,  or  seeds  not  inclosed  in  a  capsule  or  otliiT  ves- 

GY.M'.NOTE,  71.    [froiiiGr.]    A  naked  iiersoii.  [sel. 

GY.M-.\0'TI,'S,  n.  '7"  "<  ''wuf.]  A  genus  of 
South  .American  Iresh-water  fishes,  inclndiii!!  the 
electric  cel.  Cijc. 

GY.\,  p.  £.    To  begin.  [Obs.] 

GY-.\.\.\"nitl-.\,  71.  [Gr.  J  wi'T),  a  female,  and  m  ijfi,  a 
male.] 


IIAA 


III  the  f.inntean  sijstem  of  botany,  a  class  of  plants 
whose  stamens  grow  out  of,  or  arc  united  wii.i,  the 
pistil.  h'Min.  Kncijc. 

GY-N A.V'HRI  A\,  I  a.    Having  stamens  inserted  in 

GY-\A.N'1)I{()I  S,  (     the  pistil. 

GY.N'.VR  €;IIY,  (jin'ar  ke,)  h.  [Gr.  yvvri,  woman, and 
u  j\i/,  rule.] 

Government  bv  a  female.  Chester/itld. 

GY.\-E-euC'R.\-CY,  71.  [Gr.  yv^aiKOKpartu.]  PcU 
licoat  government ;  female  power. 

GY.N-K't;iA.\,  (I.    Relating  to  women. 

G Y.\-E-OCR.\-t,'Y,  71.    [Gr.  j>ii"i  and  itparo?.] 

Government  over  which  a  woman  may  rule  or  pre- 
side. Sclden. 

GY.V'n-riroUE,  71.    [Gr.  j  uirj  and  (/.aotM.] 

The  pedicel  on  which  stands  the  ovary  in  certoin 
flowei-s,  as  in  the  passioii-Ilower.  Lindtey. 

GYP,  n.  [Saul  to  he  a  sportive  up|ilication  of  i  rU/,  a 
vulture.)  A  cant  term  for  a  serv^inl  at  Cambridge, 
EiiglaiKl,  as  .-icout  is  used  at  Oxford.  Smart. 

CYP'SE-Oi:S,  [See  GvniM.]  Of  Ihe  nature  of 
gypsum  ;  partaking  of  the  qualities  of  gy|isuni  ;  re- 
sembling gvpsiini ;  containing  gyp.iuin. 

GYP'S  Y,     i'  ,, 

GYP-SKY,  i^''" 

GYI'-SII' T.R-OIIS,  (I.    Containing  gypsum. 
GYP'SU.M,H.  [L.,  from  Gr.,  /  iii|u, ;  C'h.  D^siJ  and  CDJ, 
B  Ij 

to  overspread  with  plaster ;  Ar.     ,a,amA.=>  gibsi- 

717111.] 

Sulphate  of  lime,  containing  21  per  cent,  of  water. 
It  often  occurs  in  transparent  crj  stals,  or  crystalline 
masses,  easily  splitting  into  plates,  and  is  then  called 
Selenile.  There  are  compact  and  earthy  varieties  of 
various  colors.  W  hen  while,  fine-grained,  and  trans- 
lucent, it  ceiistiliites  ulahastcT.  Gypsum  burnt  to 
drive  off  the  water,  and  ground  up,  forms  Plaster  of 
Paris.  Dana. 
GV'l!AI.,n.  [See  GvRE.]  Whirling ;  moving  in  a  cir- 
cular forni. 

OV'UATE,  a.  In  botany,  winding  or  going  round,  as 
in  a  circle.  i.indtry. 

GY'RATl'i,  r.  L  To  revolve  round  a  central  [loiiil,  as 
a  tornado.  Hedjicld. 

0V-R.A'TIO.\,7i.         gyratio.    See  Gvke.] 

.■\  tiiriiiiii.'  or  whitJiiig  round  ;  a  circular  motion. 

(■;Y'RA-'r()  RY,  u.   Moving  in  a  circle.  [jVewtun. 

0?ltE,  n.    [\..  gyrus:  GT.  ]\'p„f.    Class  Gr.] 

A  circular  motion,  or  a  circle  described  by  a  mov- 
ing body  ;  a  turn. 

ttmcli  ftiul  mure  qiiicll  Ik-  spina  ill  ^ddy  gyret.  Drylen. 

G-VRE,  c.  «.    To  turn  round.  Bishop  Hall. 

GVR'/;i),  o.    Falling  in  rings.  Shall. 

GYR'FAI^eo.N,(jer'faw-kn,)  71.    [Fr.  gcrfault.    'I  his 
is  said  to  he  in  Latin /o/Tii/ii/cii,  from  Gr.  I'o  i;,  sa- 
cred, and  faleo,  and  so  named  from  the  veneration  of 
the  I'^gyptiaiis  for  hawks.  Cuvier.] 
.\  species  (if  Falco,  or  hawk. 

GY  lUIG'O.N  T  I  E,  n.  The  fossil  seed  of  the  chara,  a 
plant  found  in  ponds  and  ditches;  once  sujiposed  to 
be  shells.  I.yell. 

G\  |{  O'.M  A,  71.    [Gr.]    .A  turning  round.  SmOA. 

GYK'0-M.V.\-C\  ,  71.  [(Jr.  ^tf/o;,  a  circuit,  and  pap- 
rti.i,  iliviiiatioii.] 

A  kind  of  divination  performed  by  wnlking  rniind 
in  a  circle  or  ring.  Cye. 

Gv'RoX,/!.  In  heraldnj,  an  ordinary  consisting  of 
two  lines  I'roiii  several  parts  of  the  escutcheon,  meet- 
ini!  ill  Ihe  fesse  |KUnt.  .^sh. 

G^'lioSr,.  (I.    Turned  round  like  a  crook.  Launder. 

GVVE,  (jive,)  71.    [\Y.  «-/-fw7i;  Ir.  gribbeal,  or  getbioti; 
from  holding  or  making  fiist.    See  Gavel.] 
Gyres  are  letters  or  shin  kles  for  the  legs. 

Gyvet        tlic  mill  li  i<t  LtiiiLtl  (hM.  hRiton. 

G?  YE,  r.  t.    To  fetter  ;  to  shackle  ;  to  chain. 
GVV'/;i),  (jtvd,)  pii.  Fettered. 
GV Y'l.N'G,  ;vir.    Putting  on  gyves. 


H. 


nis  the  eighth  letter  of  the  English  .alphabet.  It 
is  proporlv  the  representative  of  the  I'haldee, 
Syriac,  nnd  llebrew  n,  which  is  (he  eighth  letter  in 
tl.iise  alphnbets.  Its  fonii  is  tlicsame  as  the  Greek  H, 
ela.  It  is  not  strictly  a  vowel,  nor  an  artirulatinn, 
but  the  mark  of  a  stronger  breathiiic  than  th.it  which 
precedes  the  utterance  of  any  other  letter.  It  is  pro- 
nounced with  an  expinition  of  breath,  which,  pre- 
ceding a  vowel,  is  perceptible  by  the  ear  at  a  consid- 
erable distance.  Thus  »<irai  and  arm,  htar  and  ear, 
krai  and  ra.',  are  distinsuished  at  .dmost  anv  distance 
at  which  Ihe  voice  ran  be  heard.  II  is  a'  letter  ™i 
generis,  but  a.s  useful  in  forming  and  distinguishing 
words  as  any  other. 


In  our  mother  tongue,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  and  other 
Teutonic  dialects,  A  sometimes  Represents  Ihe  E.  c, 
and  the  (!r.  «  ;  as  in  Aorii,  L.  cornu,  Gr.  Kinof  ;  hide, 
G.  bant,  i^w.  hud,  U.  huid,  Dan.  A u J,  It.  cutis  ;  Sax. 
hlinian,  I.,  c/mo,  Gr.  xA<i".>,  to  lean  ;  E.  cc/n,  to  conceal, 
S.ax.Ariun,  G.  hehlen,  Dan.  Aiiirr.  In  Latin,  A  some- 
times represents  the  Greek  y  ;  as  in  Au/«,  Gr.  \.iA  i.. 
hin,  \,ia)  In  the  modern  European  lajiguages,  it 
represents  oiner  guttural  letters. 

In  Ensfiish,  A  is  stmietimes  mute,  tis  in  honor, 
honest  :  also  when  united  with  ^i-,  as  in  n^'Ar. 
Jight,  brought.  In  vhieh,  irhal.  itho,  tehnm,  ami 
some  otner  words  in  which  it  follows  w,  it  is  pro- 
nounced before  it,  AirtcA,  htrat,  ice.    As  a  numeral 


in  Latin,  II  denotes  200,  and  with  a  d.ish  over  it,  H, 
2(ii),iiau. 

.As  an  abbreviation,  in  Latin,  II.  stands  for  homo, 
h/Trrs,  horn,  &:C. 

Il.\  ;  an  exclamation,  denoting  surprise,  joy,  or  grief. 
With  the  first  or  Iiuie  sound  of  a,  it  is  used  as  a  ques- 
tion, and  is  equivalent  to  "  \Yhat  do  you  say.'" 
When  ri  |ie,ated,  Aa,  ha,  it  is  an  expression  of  laugh- 
ter, or  sometimes  it  is  equivalent  to  "  Well  I  it  is  so." 

IIX.AF,  71.  The  term  used  to  denote  the  fishing  of  cod, 
ling,  and  tusk,  in  the  Shetland  Isles.  Jamiison. 

IIS.AK,  (hike,)  n.    A  lish,  the  hake.  Ash. 

II.A-.HU'KIES,  71.  Capillary  pyrites  in  very  delicate 
acic>ilar  crystals.  Brande. 


TO.NE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — A.V'GER,  VI"ClOi;s — e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  .SII  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


52~ 


IIAB 

HA'BE-JlS  COR' PUS,  [L.,  have  Uie  body.]  A  writ 
for  delivering  a  person  from  fjilst;  imprisonment,  or 
for  removing  a  person  from  one  court  to  another,  &,c. 

Cowd. 

HA-BE^nUM,  n.  [L.]  The  ?econd  part  of  a  deed 
or  conveyance,  (from  its  commencing  with  this 
word,)  llie  first  l)eing  tlie  premises. 
HAIi'Ell-DAt:H-ER,  «.  [I'erliaps  from  G.  habe,  D. 
Iiace,  goods,  and  G.  tausc/ien,  to  barter,  to  truck. 
If  not,  I  can  give  no  account  of  its  origin.] 

A  seller  of  small  wares  ;  confined,  at  present,  to 
ril)bons,  tapes,  pins,  needles,  and  thread.  Smart, 
word  little  ii^e/l,  or  not  at  all,  in  the  United  StatesA 
HAB'EK-DASH-ER-V,  n.    The  goods  and  wares  sold 

by  a  haberdasher. 
IIAB'ER-DliNE,  (liab'er-deen,)  n.   A  dried  salt  cod. 

.^insworth. 

HA-BER'GE-ON,  n.  [Fr.  hauber/reon:  Norm,  liauheri- 
om ;  Arm.  hobrctron.  It  has  been  written,  also,  ha- 
bcrge,  hauberk,  &.C.,  G.  huUber^c  :  hah,  the  neck,  and 
bertren,  to  save  or  defend  ;  It.  tuberiro.] 

A  coat  of  mail  or  armor  to  defeml  the  neck  and 
breast.  It  is  formed  of  little  iron  rings  united,  and 
descending  from  the  neck  to  the  middle  of  the  body. 

Encyc, 

H.^B'ILE,  a.    Fit  ;  proper.    [J^ot  in  tise.]  Spenser. 
HA-BIL'I-.ME.\T,  ji.    [Kr.  hahiUenunt,  from  hubiller, 
to  clothe,  from  L.  haben,  to  iiave.] 

A  garment ;  clothing  ;  usually  in  the  phir.al,  hahdi- 
menu,  denoting  garments,  clothing,  or  dress  in  gen- 
HA-Iill.'I-TATE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  habditcr.]  [eriil. 

To  qualifv.  [.N'ot  used.]  Bacon. 
IIA-IilL'I-TATE,  (J.  aualified  or  entitled.  Bacon. 
HA-I5IL-I-Ta'TION,  n.    Uualilication.    [jVu(  in  use.] 

Bacon. 

n.\-BIL'I-TY.    See  Abilitt. 

HAB'IT,  n.     [Fr.  Iiabil ;   Sp.  habito;   It.  abito ;  L. 
/laiitus,  from /i«6po,  to  have,  to  hold.    See  Have.] 
1.  Garb;  dress;  clothes  or  garments  in  general. 

The  scenps  are  olil,  the  habits  ure  the  eaiiie 

We  wore  Lisl  yenr.  Drylen. 

There  nre,  ttiiioiig  Uie  suluts,  several  of  Venua,  in  Uitiereiit 

habits.  Addman. 

Q.  A  coat  worn  by  ladies  over  other  garments. 

3.  State  of  any  thing,  imply  ing  s^>me  continuance 
or  permanence  temperament,  or  particular  st;ite  of 
a  body,  formed  by  nature  or  induced  by  e.vtraneous 
circumstances  ;  as,  a  costive  or  la.\  luibit  of  body  ; 
a  sanguine  habit. 

4.  A  disposition  or  condition  of  the  mind  or  body, 
a  tendency  or  aptitude  for  Ihe  performance  of  certain 
actions,  acquired  by  custom,  or  a  frequent  re|)etition 
of  the  same  art.  Hahit  is  that  which  is  held  or  re- 
tained, the  effect  of  custom  or  frequent  repetition. 
Hence  we  speak  of  good  habits  and  bad  hubits.  Fre- 
quent drinking  of  spirits  leails  to  a  habit  of  intem- 
perance. We  should  endeavor  to  correct  evil  habtts 
by  a  change  of  practice.  A  great  point  in  the  educa- 
tion of  children,  is  to  prevent  the  formation  of  bad 

Habit  of  plant-i :  the  general  form  or  ap[)earance,  or 
the  conformity  of  plants  of  the  same  kind  in  struc- 
ture and  growth.  Marlyn. 
HAB'IT,  V.  t.    To  dress ;  to  clothe  ;  to  array. 

They  habited  thenisf-Ives  like  runil  il-ities.  Dryden. 

HAB'IT,  t).*«.    To  dwell :  to  inhabit.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

HAB-IT-A-BIL'I-TV,  n.    Habitableness.  BueUand. 

HAB'IT-A-BEE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  habitabiUs,  from 
habito,  to  dwell.J 

That  may  be  inhabited  or  dwelt  in  ;  capable  of  sus- 
taining human  beincs  ;  as,  the  habduble  "world ; 
some  climates  are  scarcely  habitable. 

IIAB'IT-A-BLE-NErfS,  n.  Capacity  of  being  inhab- 
ited. Mure.  Ban. 

H.'VB'IT-A-BLY,  ado.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  be  hab- 
itable. Forsijth. 

ILMt'IT-A  GEE,  n.  A  dwcihng;  also,  a  niche  for  a 
statue.    rjVu(  used.] 

IIAB'IT-A\cE,  n.  Dwelling  ;  abode  ;  residence. 
[JVof  now  used.]  Spenser. 

II.\H'IT-AN-(;Y,  n.  Eegal  settlement  or  inhabitancy. 
[See  I NHARiT.vNcv.)  Belknap. 

HAB'IT-ANT,  n.    [Vr.,  from  E.  hnbitan.i.] 

An  inhaliitant ;  a  dwelliT  ;  a  resident ;  one  who 
has  a  perm.anent  abode  in  a  place.    AtUtan.  Pope. 

HAB'IT-AT,  H.  [I,.]  Habitation;  the  natural  abode 
or  locality  of  an  aiimial,  plant,  &c.  Smart. 

IIAB  IT-A'TIO.V,  «.  [I,,  habitatio,  from  habito,  to 
dwell,  from  habcu,  to  hold,  or,  as  we  .say  in  English, 
to  keep.] 

1.  Act  of  inhabiting  ;  stale  of  dwelling.  Denliani. 
Q.  Place  of  abode  ;  a  setlleil  ihvelliiig  ;  a  niaiision  ; 

a  house  or  other  jilace  in  wbicli  man  or  any  aiiiniiil 
dwells.  The  stars  may  be  the  habitalwiis  of  numer- 
ous races  of  beings. 

The  I.Qfii  Ueiwlh  Ihe  hnhit  tlion  ol  the  Jiiil.  —  Prov,  ili. 

HAB'IT-A-TOR,  71.    [E.]    A  dweller;  an  inhabitant. 

[JViif  «»«/.]  Brown. 
HAB'IT  EI),  pp.  or  a.     Clothed;  dressed.    Ho  was 

habited  like  a  xheplierd. 

2.  Acriiilmned.    [^JVot  u.iual.] 
HA-BIT'lJ-AL,  a.    [Fr.  habilucl,  from  habit.] 


HAC 

1.  Formed  or  acquired  by  habit,  frequent  use,  or 
custom. 

Arl  is  properly  an  hahitani  knowledge  of  cert.iiii  roles  and 
maxiilis.  South. 

2.  Customary;  according  to  habit ;  a9,  the  habitual 
practice  of  sin  ;  the  habitual  exercise  of  holy  affec- 
tions. 

It  is  the  distinoroishin^  mark  of  hnbit>tal  piety  to  I)e  srnit'-ful  for 
the  most  cuinmui)  [>Iei>siii^s.  BuclitniusleT. 

X  Formed  by  repeated  impressions  ;  rendered  per- 
manent by  continued  causes ;  as,  an  habitual  color  of 
the  skin.  S.  S.  Smith. 

HA-BIT'IJ-AL-EY,  adv.  By  habit;  customarily;  by 
frequent  practice  or  use  ;  as,  habitually  profane ;  hu- 
bituallii  kind  and  benevolent. 

HA-BIT'II-AE-NE.SS,  n.    Quality  of  being  habitual. 

H.VBIT'IT-.ITE,  c.  (.    [Fr.  habUucr,  from  habu.] 

1.  To  accii.'toin  ;  to  make  familiar  by  fretiuent  use 
or  practice.  i\len  may  habituate  themselves  to  the 
taste  of  oil  or  tobacco  ;  they  habituate  themselves  to 
vice  ;  let  us  habduale  ourselves  and  our  children  to 
the  e.xei'ci.se  of  charity. 

2.  To  settle  as  an  inhabitant  in  a  place.  Temple. 
H.A.-BIT'II-ATE,  a.    Inveterate  by  custom. 

Hammond. 

2.  Formed  by  habit.  Temple. 
HA-BIT'lJ-A-TED,  pp.    Accustomed  ;  made  familiar 
by  use. 

H.\-BIT'tI-A-TIX<;,;)7)r.  Accustoming;  niakingeasy 
and  familiar  by  practice. 

IIA-BlT-l]-A'TiON,  n.  The  state  of  being  habitu- 
ated. 

HAB'I-TUDE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  habitude,  from  habitus.] 

1.  Relation  ;  respect ;  state  with  regard  tti  some- 
thing eNe.    [Little  used.]  Hale.  South. 

2.  Fietpient  intercourse  ;  familiarity.  [JYot  usual.] 
To  write  well,  one  must  have  frcquent  habitudes  with  ttie  best 

company.  Dryden. 

3.  Customary  manner  or  mode  of  life  ;  repetition 
of  the  same  acts  ;  as,  the  habitudes  of  fowls  or  in- 
sects. Goldsmith. 

4.  Custom  ;  habit.  Dryden.  Prior. 
H.A'liEE,  a.    [L.  hubilis.]    Fit ;  proper.    [See  Able.] 

Spenser. 

HAB'iN'.M!,  adr.    [hap  ne  hap,  let  it  happen  or  not.] 
At  random ;  by  chance  ;  withtiiit  order  or  rule. 

Hudibras. 

HAB'RO-NEME,  a.  [Gr.  li/Jfioj,  delicate,  and  vriua, 
a  thread.] 

In  mineraloirii,  having  the  form  of  fine  threads. 

H./lC-l-KJ\r'DA,'H.  [Hp.]  All  isolated  farm  or  farm- 
lifHise.  Stephens. 

HACK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  harenn  ;  D.  hakkm;  G.  hacken  ; 
Dan.  hahkcr;  Sw.  haeka;  Fx.  lurcher,  from  which  we 
have  hash  and  hatchet,  and,  from  the  same  root, 
hatchel;  Arm.  haicha;  VV.  haciaw,  to  hack;  ha<^,  a 
gash  ;  and  haggle  is  of  the  same  family,  as  are  hew 
and  hoe.    Class  Cg.] 

1.  To  cut  irregularly  and  into  small  pieces  ;  to 
notch ;  to  mangle  by  repeated  strokes  of  a  cutting 
instrument. 

2.  To  sjieak  with  stops  or  catches ;  to  speak  with 
hesititlion.  Shak. 

H.\("K,  n.    \  notch  ;  a  cut.  Sliak. 
ll.VCK,  II.    A  iiorse  kept  for  hire;  a  lior.se  much  used 

in  draught,  or  in  hard  service ;  a  worn-out  Iiorse  ; 

any  tiling  e.xposed  to  hire,  or  used  in  common. 

2.  A  coach  or  other  carriage  kept  for  hire.  [From 
kackneiji  used  in  .America.] 

3.  Hesitating  or  faltering  speech.  More. 

4.  A  writer  emjiloyed  in  tlie  drutlgery  ami  details 
of  book-making. 

A  rack  for  feeding  cattle.  [Loral.] 
H.\CK,  a.    Hired;  much  used  or  worn,  like  a  hired 

Iiorse.  Wnkejield. 
H.VCK,  V.  i.    To  be  exposed  or  offered  to  common  use 
for  hire  ;  to  turn  prostitute.  Hanmer. 

a.  'J'o  cough  ;  to  make  an  effort  to  raise  phlegm. 
[See  Hawk.] 

H.\(;K'I!ER-RY,  n.  An  American  tree,  Cellis  cra.ssifo- 
lia,  with  a  tall,  straight  tnink,  anil  grayish,  unbroken 
back,  covered  with  asperities  unequally  distribuled 
over  the  surface.  Farm.  F.ucyc.    Encyc.  J3m. 

11  ACK'/OD,  (liakt,)  pp.    Chopped  ;  mangled  ;  "coughed. 

HACK'l'MlV,  H.  A  street  cart  in  Bengal,  drawn  by 
o.xen.  Malcam. 

II  Al 'K'lXG,  p;ir.    Chopping  into  small  pieces;  man- 
gling ;  iiiaiiliiig;  coughing  in  a  broken  iiianiier. 
2.  a.  Shorl  ami  interrupteil  ;  as,  a  hachin<r  cough. 

IIACK'I.E,  (hak'I,)  u.  t.  [C  heeheln  ;  L).  hrkelcn. 
This  is  a  dialectical  vtuiation  of  hutehel,  hetchcl.] 

1.  To  si  |iar.ite  the  coarse  part  of  H;ix  or  hemp  from 
the  fine,  by  drawing  it  through  the  teeth  of  a  hackle 
or  liatcliel. 

2.  To  tear  asunder.  Burke. 
IIACK'I.E,  (hak'I,)  n.    An  instrument  with  teeth  lor 

separating  the  coarse  part  of  tlax  or  hemp  from  the 
fine  ;  a  halchel.  [The  latter  word  is  used  in  tlie 
United  States.] 

2.  Kaw  silk  ;  any  fiimsy  sub.stanco  nnspun. 

Johnson.  IValton. 

3.  A  fly  for  angling,  dressi'd  with  feathers  or  silk. 

Chalmers, 


HAG 

H,\CK'I,Y,  a.  [from  hack.j  Rough  ;  oroken,  as  if 
hacked. 

In  mineralogy,  having  fine,  short,  and  sharp  points 
on  the  surface  ,  as,  a  hackly  fracture.  Cleaveland. 

HACK'iM A-TACK,  it.  The  popular  name  of  the 
American  larch,  Laris  .Americana,  a  very  large  tree, 
and  much  prizetl  for  timber.     Bruwne^s  Syl.  Am. 

H.VCK'NEY,  71.  [Fr.  hatfueuee,  a  pacing  horse  ;  Sp, 
hacanea,  a  nag  somewhat  hirger  than  a  pony  ;  haca, 
a  pony  ;  Port,  hacanea  or  acanea,  a  choice  pad,  or 
ambling  nag;  It.  chinca.] 

1.  A  pad  ;  a  nag  ;  a  pony.  Chaucer. 

2.  A  Iiorse  kept  for  hire  ;  a  horse  much  used  ;  also, 
a  lady's  pony. 

3.  A  coach  or  other  carriage  kept  for  hire,  and  often 
exjiosed  in  the  streets  of  cities.  The  wortJ  is  some- 
times contracted  to  haelc 

4.  Any  thing  much  used  or  used  in  common;  a 
hireling ;  a  prostitute. 

H.^CK'NEY,  «.  Let  out  for  hire  ;  devoted  to  common 
use;  as,  a  /f/7f/i/ic_v-coach. 

2.  Proslitiite  ;  vicious  fiir  hire.  Roscommon, 

3.  Much  useil ;  common;  trite;  as,  a  hackney  au- 
thor or  remiirk. 

H.VCK'NEY,  7'.  (.    To  use  ranch;  to  practice  in  one 
thing  ;  to  make  trite. 
2.  To  carr^'  in  a  hackney  coach.  Cowper, 
HACK'NEY-eOACH,  71.    A  coach  for  hire  in  cities, 

coniniiuilv  at  stands  in  the  street. 
HACK'NEV-eoACII'MAN,  7i.    A  man  who  drives  a 

hackney  coach. 
H.\CK'NEY-/,'D,  (liak'nid,)  pp.  or  a.    Used  much  or 
in  common  ;  worn  out. 
2.  Practiced ;  accustomed. 

He  is  lon^  hackneyed  in  llie  ways  of  men.  Sliak. 

HACK'NEY-ING,  ppr.    Using  much  ;  accustoming. 

H.\CK'XEY-M.\i\,  71.  A  man  who  lets  horses  and 
carriages  for  hire.  Barret 

HACK'STER,  71.  A  bully ;  a  ruffian  or  assassin. 
[Obs.]  Bp,  Hall, 

HACatJE-TON,  71.    [Fr.  hoquetmi,] 

A  stuffi'd  jacket  formerly  worn  under  armor,  some- 
times made  of  leather.    [Mjt  used.]  Spc7iser, 

H.\D,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Have  ;  contracted  from  Sax. 
lurfd,  that  is,  hared  ;  as,  I  had;  I  have  had.  In  the 
phrase,  "  I  had  bs  lter  go,"  it  is  siippo.sed  that  had  is 
used  for  would:  "  I'd  better  go."  The  sense  of  the 
phrase  is,  "  it  would  be  better  for  me  to  go." 

HAD-I-WIST',  a  proverbial  expression  —  O  llmt  I  had 
knoirn !  l^odd, 

HAD'DER,  71.    [G.  heidr.] 

Hettth.    [.Yot  in  use.]    [See  Heath.] 

HAD'DOCK,  n.  [Ir.  codog.  The  first  syllable  seems 
to  be  cod  or  gadus,  and  the  last,  the  termination,  as 
in  bullock.] 

A  sea-fish  of  the  genus  Gadus  or  cod.  It  has  a 
long  boily,  the  upper  part  of  a  dusky  brown  color, 
and  the  belly  of  a  silvery  hue  ;  the  lateral  line  is 
black.  This  fish  breeds  in  immense  numbers  in  the 
nlirthern  seas,  and  constitutes  a  considerable  article 
of  ftitid.  Partington. 

HADE,  71.  Among  miners,  the  steep  descent  of  a  shaft; 
also,  the  descent  of  a  hill.  lyrayton. 

2.  \n  mining,  the  inclination  or  deviation  from  the 
vertical  of  any  mineral  vein.  Ure. 

HA'DICS,  71.  [Gr.  aini,  qu.  a  negative,  and  fu)w,  to 
see.] 

The  region  tif  the  dead  ;  the  invisible  world,  or  the 
grave. 

n.'\r)J,7i.  [.\r.]  The  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  and  .Medi- 
na, |)eiforuied  by  Klohammeilans. 

IiyEC-ClO'I-TY,  n.    [from  E.  ha-c,  this.] 

A  worti  used  by  the  schotilmtui  to  denote  the  es- 
sence of  individuality.  Smnrt. 

H.AF'FEE,  I',  i.  To  speak  unintelligibly;  to  prevari- 
cate. 

HAFT,  71.  [Sax.  hcrfl,  a  haft,  and  hirflan,  to  seize  ;  G. 
heji ;  D.  heft :  Dan.  hefte  ;  from  the  root  of  hace,  or  of 
L.  capio,  W.  ha^liaw,  to  snatch.] 

A  lianille  ;  that  part  of  an  instrument  or  vessel 
which  is  taken  into  the  hand,  and  by  which  it  is 
held  and  used.  It  is  used  chiefiy  for  the  part  of  a 
knife,  sword,  or  dagger,  by  which  it  is  held  ;  the 
hilt. 

HAFT,  7'.  t.  To  set  in  a  hafl ;  to  furnish  with  a  han- 
HAFT'ER,  71.    [\V.  hufiiir,  to  Caleb.]  [die. 

A  caviler  ;  a  wrangler.    [JVef  i«  i/.<e.]  Barret. 
HA<3,  71.    [In  Sax.  hwgesse  is  a  witch,  fury,  or  gtililiil, 
answering  10  the  Hecate  of  mylliology.    In  W.  hagyr, 
ugly,  is  from  hag,  a  gash,  from  tin-  rtiot  of  hack.  In 
Riiss.  ega  is  a  foolish  oUI  woman,  a  sorceress.  See 

IlAfJOAltO.] 

1.  An  ugly  old  woman  ;  as,  an  old  hag  of  threty 
Bcore.  Dryden. 

2.  A  wilfh  ;  a  sorceress  ;  an  enchantress.  Shot:, 

3.  A  fury;  n  she-monster.  Crasham. 

4.  A  cartilaginous  fish,  the  Gastrobranchiis,  {Myii- 
ne  glutinosa  of  Einiiiniis,)  «  hicli  enters  other  fishes 
aiitl  devours  tbeiii.  It  is  about  five  or  six  inclios 
long,  anil  roseinbles  u  siiiall  eel.  It  is  allied  to  tlia 
lamprey.  Ctjc 

5.  Appearances  of  light  and  fire  011  horses'  inanca, 
or  men's  hair,  were  formerly  called  hags.  Blount, 


FATE,  PAR.  FALL,  WHAT  MftTE,  PUfiT  PINE,  MARINE,  BTllD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQEF,  BQQK.— 


11 A 1 


11 AI 


HAL 


HA(;,  r.  f.    To  lianiss  ;  to  torment.  Bullcr 

•J.  'i'o  tire  ;  to  weary  with  vexation. 
HAtl'-BOU.N,  a.    Born  of  a  hag  or  witch.  Skali. 
HAG'G.VKl),  a.    [G.  ha<rrr,  h:an ;  \V.  hag,  a  gash; 
hacciaic,  to  hack.    Pee  Hack.] 

1.  LittTiiUii,  having  a  ragged  look,  as  if  liackcd  or 
gashed.  Hence,  lean  j  meager ;  rough  ;  having  eyes 
sunk  in  their  orbits  ;  nglv. 

■J.  Wild  or  intractable  ;  disposed  to  lireak  away 
from  duty,  like  a  haggard  or  refractory  haw  k. 

If  I  lio  prove  h'T  haggard. 
Though  that  h.T JfM.*i  wi-re  my  ileixr  ttwrutrings, 
IM  wtiutlc  licr  off,  ami  kl  licr  down  Uie  wiini, 
To  pn-y  al  fonune.  Shak. 

H.AG'GARD,  n.  [Sec  Hao.  This  and  the  otiier  de- 
rivatives ot'hag  ought  to  he  written  witli  a  single  g.] 

1.  .^n  untramed  or  refractory  hawk,  whicli  often 
broke  away  or  Hew  off.  Partinglun. 

Hence, 

2.  Figvrativehj,  any  thing  wild  and  intractable. 

SItnh. 

3.  A  hag.  Ourih. 
H.\G'G.\KU,  n.    [Sa.t.  haga,  a  little  field,  and  gcanl,  a 

\'ard.] 

H.\G'GARD-LY,  adv.    In  a  haggard  or  ugly  manner; 
with  deformity.  Drydcn. 
A  stack-yard.  JIuicM. 

HAG'GEO,  a.    Lean  ;  uglv  ;  like  a  hag.  Gray. 

HAG'GESS,  i  n.    [from  AocA.]    A  pudding  containing 

H.\G'Gl!5S,  \  the  entrails  of  a  sheep  or  lamb,  chopped 
with  fine  herbs  and  suet,  highly  seasoned  with  leeks 
and  spices,  and  boiled  in  the  maw.  I'errij. 

HAG'GISII,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  hag;  deformed; 
ugly  ;  horrid.  Shak. 

H.\(;'GI.SII-LV,  adr.    \n  the  manner  of  a  hag. 

HAG'GI.E,  r.  t  [\V.  hag,  a  gash  or  cut.  It  is  a  di- 
minutive from  the  rool  of  AuW;.] 

To  cut  into  small  pieces  ;  to  notch  or  cut  in  an  un- 
skillful manner ;  to  make  rough  by  culling  ;  to  man- 
gle ;  as,  a  boy  haggles  a  stick  of  wood.] 

Siiliblk  liral  cliod,  mill  Vork,  .ill  haggled  oVr, 

Cumcs  lo  him  where  in  gore  he  (ay  iiisleeped.  Shale. 

IIAG'GLE,  p.  i.  To  be  difficult  in  bargaining;  to  hes- 
itate and  cavil.    [See  Higgle.] 

H.'VG'GLf.'D,  p/).  Cut  irregularly  into  notches ;  made 
rough  hv  cutting;  mangled. 

IIAG'GI-ER,  n.   One  who  haggles. 

3.  One  who  cavils,  hesitates,  and  makes  difficulty 
in  bargaining. 

H.\G'GLI.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Hacking;  mangling;  cavil- 
ing and  hesitating  in  bargaining. 

HAtJ'GLI.N'G,  71.  The  act  of  hesitating  and  making 
dilficiiltv  in  bargaining. 

HA'<5I-.\R-eHY,  n.    [Gr.  liyiif  and  novi-] 

The  sacred  government ;  government  of  holy  or- 
ders of  men.  SouOiey. 

HA-Oil-OG'RA-PHA,  n.  p/.-  [L.,  from  Gr.  lij  i</s,  holy, 
and  yoabi,  a  writing.] 

LUcrally,  sacred  writings  ;  the  last  of  the  three 
Jewish  divisions  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  Jews 
divide  the  IxMiks  of  the  Scriptures  into  three  parts : 
the  law,  which  is  contained  in  the  first  five  books  of 
the  Old  Testament  ;  the  Prophets,  or  Nevim  ;  and 
the  Cetuvim,  or  leriting.^,  by  way  of  eminence.  The 
latter  class  is  called  by  the  Greeks  Ilagiographa,  com- 
prehending the  books  of  Psalms,  Proverbs,  Job,  Dan- 
iel, Ezra,  Nehemiah,  Ruth,  Esther,  Chronicles,  Can- 
ticles, Lamentations,  and  Ecclesiastes. 

2.  In  tht  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  lives  of  the 
saints.  Brandt. 

Ha-GI-OG'RA-PH.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  liagiogra- 
pha,  whirli  see. 

Ha-CI-OG'RA  PHER,  II.  One  of  the  wriurs  of  the 
hagiograph.x. 

HA-til  OG'RA-PHY,  n.    See  llAGionnAfHA. 

UA-OI-OL'O-lilST,  n.  One  who  writes  or  treats  of 
the  sacred  writings. 

HaGI-OL'OGY,  n.  The  history  or  description  of  the 
sacred  writings.  Qu/irt.  Rev. 

HAG'-RID-U£'.\',  a.    Afflicted  with  the  nightmare. 

Chnjnt. 

HAG'-SEED,  n.  The  descendant  of  a  hag.  Shak. 
HAG'SHIP,  n.   The  state  or  title  of  a  hag  or  witch. 

Middlelon. 

IIAGUE'BUT,  (hag'biit.)   See  .\BijrEBi-9i:. 

HAH  ;  an  exclamation  expressing  surprise  or  effort. 

HA-HX',  II.  .\  fence  or  bank  sunk  between  shipes,  or 
a  ditch  not  seen  till  close  upon  iL  Walpole  derives 
it  from  an  expression  of  surprise  at  fimling  a  sudden 
check  to  progress  in  a  walk  —  ha!  ha! 

IIaIK,  n.  A  large  piece  of  woolen  or  cotton  cloth 
worn  by  .\rabs  over  the  tunic,  but  under  the  bur- 
noose.    [Spelt  also  Hvke.] 

H.^IL,  m.  [Sax.  h,rgcl,  or  hagel ;  G.  D.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
Aai.'(; ;  so  called  from  its  rough,  broken  form,  fruin  the 
root  of  hack,  haggle.] 

Moisture  precipitated  from  the  atmosphere  in  the 
form  of  ice.  The  concretions  of  ice  are  usually  more 
or  less  spherical,  constituting  haiUtonrs,  but'siiine- 
times  consist  of  plates  or  laminx,  or  of  agglomerated 
masses.  Olm.-lrd. 

H.\tL,  v.L  Topoiirdown  masses  ofice  or  frozen  vapors. 

HAIL,  o  t   To  pour  down  in  the  manner  of  hail. 

Shak. 


HAIL,  a.  [Sax.  Iial,  whole,  sound;  htcl,  health;  G. 
hnl,  I),  and  Dan.  heel,  Sw.  hcl,  Gr.  ui'Auj,  whole.  See 
Hkal.] 

Sound  ;  whole  ;  healthy  ;  not  impaired  by  disease  ; 
as,  a  hail  boily  ;  hail  corn,  [/n  Uiis  seitdc  it  ij  usually 
written  Hale.] 

IIAIL,  an  e.\clamation,  or  rather  a  verb  in  the  impera- 
tive mode,  being  the  adjective  hail  used  as  a  verb. 
y/ui7,  be  well ;  be  in  health  ;  health  to  you  ;  a  term 
of  salutation  equivalent  to  L.  salve,  salvete. 

Hail,  hail,  brave  fiieiut.  Shak. 

HAIL,  n.  A  wish  of  health  ;  a  salutation.  This  word 
is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun  ;  as,  "  the  angel  hail  be- 
stowed." Milton. 

HAIL,  V.  t.  [from  the  same  root  as  call,  L.  calo,  Gr. 
KciAciu.    See  Call  and  ILmi-] 

To  call  ;  to  call  to  a  |)erson  at  a  distance,  to  arrest 
his  attention.  It  is  properly  used  in  any  case  where 
the  person  accosted  is  distant,  but  is  appropriately 
used  by  seamen.  Ifiio,  or  hui,  the  ship  alivny,  is  the 
usual  ninniier  of  hailing  a  ship;  to  which  the  answer 
is,  holtua,  or  Iwllo.  Then  follow  the  usual  questions. 
Whence  came  ye?  Where  are  you  bound.'  tc. 

IlAlL'^D,  pp.    Called  to  from  a  distance  ;  accosted. 

HAIL'-KEL-LOW,  n.   An  intimate  companion. 

IIAIL'ING,  ppr.    Saluting  ;  calling  to  from  a  distance. 
2.  Pouring  down  hail. 

HAIL'SHOT,  n.  Small  shot  which  scatter  like  hail- 
stones.   [J\'ot  used.]  liayward. 

HAIL'STO.NE,  n.  A  single  mass  of  ice  falling  from 
a  cloud.  Drydcn. 

HAIL'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  hail ;  as,  haily  showers. 

Fope. 

HAIR,  71.  [Sax.  h<rr;  G.  /ui«r ;  D.  hair;  Sw.  har;  Dan. 
hoar.] 

1.  A  small  filament  issuing  from  the  skin  of  an  an- 
imal, and  from  a  bulbous  root.  Each  filament  con- 
tains a  tube  or  hollow  within,  occupied  by  a  pulp  or 
pith,  which  is  intended  for  its  nutrition,  and  extends 
only  to  that  part  which  is  in  a  slate  of  growth.  Cye. 

When  Auir  means  a  single  filament,  it  has  a  plural, 
hairs. 

2.  Tile  collection  or  mass  of  filaments  growing 
from  till'  skin  of  an  animal,  and  fiirining  an  integu- 
ment or  covering  ;  as,  the  luiir  of  the  head,  //air  is 
the  common  covering  of  many  beasts.  When  the 
filaments  are  very  fine  and  short,  the  collection  of 
them  is  called  fur.  IVool,  also,  is  a  kind  of  hair. 
When  hair  signifies  a  collection  of  these  animal  fil- 
aments, it  has  no  plural. 

3.  Any  thing  very  small  or  fine  ;  or  a  very  small 
distance  ;  the  breadth  of  a  Aair.  He  judges  to  a  hair, 
that  is,  very  exactly.  Drydcn. 

4.  A  trilling  value.    It  is  not  worth  a  Aair. 

5.  Course  ;  order ;  grain  ;  the  hair  falling  in  a  cer- 
tain direction.    [-VoC  used.] 

You  go  &^aiii3l  die  hair  oF  your  prof.-*aioo.  Slta.^. 

6.  Long,  straight,  and  distinct  filamer.ts  on  the 
surface  of  plants ;  a  species  of  down  or  pubescence. 

A'arti/71. 

HaIR'HELIj,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  hyacinth  ;  tlic 
harebell.  Smart. 

lIAIR'-liRAIN'-SD.    See  IIake-brained. 

HAIR'-BREADTH,  (-bredth,)  n.  [See  Breadth.] 
The  diameter  or  breadth  of  a  hair ;  a  very  smull  dis- 
tance ;  sometimes,  definitely,  the  4tith  part  of  an 
inch. 

ScTcn  hunilml  chosen  men  left-lwnded :  CTeiy  one  could  sling 
ituni:*  to  a  haxr.breadlh.  —  Judgva  xx. 

It  is  used  as  an  adjective ;  as,  a  hair-breadth  escape. 
But,  in  .Yew  England,  it  is  generally  Aair's  breadth. 

IIAIR'-BRUSH,  II.    .\  brush  for  smoothing  the  h.air. 

IIAIR'eLOTH,  II.  Stuff  or  cloth  made  of  hair,  or  in 
part  with  h.iir.  In  military  affairs,  pieces  of  this 
cloth  are  used  for  covering  the  powder  in  wagons,  or 
on  batteries,  or  for  covering  charged  bombs,  &c. 

IIAIR'£n,  a.    Having  hair.  [Eneyc. 

HAIR'-HIJ.VC,  a.    Hanging  by  a  hair.  Young. 

II.\IR'I-NESS,  n.  [from  Aain/.]  The  state  of  abound- 
ing or  being  covered  with  hair.  Johnsoti. 

HAIR'L.\CE,  n.  A  fillet  for  tying  up  the  hair  of  the 
head.  Swifl. 

IIAIR'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  hair;  bald  ;  as,  luirtess 
scalps.  Shak. 

HAIR'-LI.VE,  n.    A  line  made  of  hair. 

HAIR'-.\  r.E-DLE,  (  II.    .\  pin  used  in  dressing  the 

HAIR'-P1.\,  i  hair. 

IHIR'-PE.N-CIL,  n.  .\  bnish  or  pencil  made  of  very 
fine  hair  for  painting.  Ure. 

HAIR'-POW-DER,  ii.  A  fine  powder  of  flour  for 
sprinkling  the  hair  of  the  head. 

HAIR'-SALT,  n.    [Aaar-.va/:,  Werner.] 

A  v.ar'iety  of  native  Epsom  salt.  Also,  a  compound 
of  the  sulphates  of  magnesia  and  iron.  Dana. 

HAIIl'-SPLIT-TI.N'G,  a.  Making  very  minute  dis- 
tiiirlioiis  in  reastming.  Robinson. 

II A  IR'-SPLIT-TI.\G,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  mak- 
ing minnle  distinctions  In  reasoning. 

H.AlR'-WORM,  n.  A  genus  of  worms,  (verme.t,)  called 
Gordius,  resembling  a  long  hair;  a  filiform  animal 
found  in  fresh  water  or  in  the  earth.  There  are  sev- 
eral species.  Encyc 


llAlR'Y,a.  [from  Aair.]  Overgrown  with  hair ;  cov- 
ered with  hair;  abounding  with  hair. 

»:tu,  my  brother,  is  a  hairy  man.  — Ijen.  xxvii, 
9.  Consisting  of  hair ;  as,  Aairy  honors.  Dryden. 
3.  Reseiiibliiig  hair  ;  of  the  nature  of  hair. 

HAKE,  n.  A  kind  of  sea-fish  of  the  cod  family,  the 
Merluceius  vulgaris,  in  shape  somewhat  resembling 
the  pike.  It  is  often  salted  and  dried,  but  is  not 
very  much  esteemed  as  fmnl.     Jardine^s  J^''at.  Lib. 

HAKE,  r.  i.    To  sneak ;  to  go  about  idly.  Orose. 

HAK'OT,  II.    A'fish.  Jlimncorth. 

HAL,  in  some  names,  signifies  hall. 

IIAL'BERI),  n.  [Fr.  haUcbardc  ;  G.  htttrbardr  :  D.  Aff- 
lebnard;  It.  alabarda  or  luhardo ;  Sp.  Port,  alabarda  i 
Russ.  bcrdish,  a  halberd  or  battlc-ax,  a  pole  ax.  The 
etymology  is  not  settled.  It  seems  anciently  to  have 
been  a  battle-ax  fixed  to  a  long  pole,  and  in  Gothic, 
AiWc  is  battle.] 

A  military  weapon,  consisting  of  n  pole  or  shaft  of 
wood,  with  a  head  armed  Willi  a  steel  point,  with  a 
cross  piece  of  steel,  flat  and  pointed  at  both  ends,  or 
with  a  cutting  edge  at  one  end,  and  a  bent  point  at 
the  other.  It  is  carried  by  sergeants  of  foot  and  dra- 
goons. Knr.ye. 

HAL-BERD-IkR',  (hol-bcrd-eer',)  n.  One  who  is 
armed  with  a  li;i]berd.  Bacon. 

IIAL'BI;R1)-SHaP-£U,  (-shSpt,)  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  halberd. 

HAL'CY-0.\,  (hal'se-on,)  n.  [L.  halcyon,  Gr.  ayKVUv, 
a  king  fisher,  from  nXt,  the  sea,  and  xi",  to  con- 
ceive, from  breeding  among  reeds  by  the  sea.  JSIorin.] 
The  name  anciently  given  to  the  king-fislier,  oth- 
erwise called  alccdo  ;  a  bird  that  was  said  to  lay  her 
eggs  in  nests,  on  rocks  near  the  sea,  during  the  calm 
weather  about  the  winter  solstice.  Hence, 

HAL'CY-OiV,  a.  Calm  ;  quiet ;  peaceful ;  undisturbed; 
liappy.  llalajon  days  were  seven  days  before  and  as 
many  after  the  winter  solstice,  when  the  weather 
w;is  calm.  Hence,  hy  halcyon  days  are  uow  under- 
stood (lavs  of  peace  and  traiKiuillily, 

HAL-CY-6'.M-A.\,  a.    Halcyon  ;  calm.  Sheldon. 

HALE,  a.  [Sax.  Iial,  sound,  whole.  See  Hail  and 
Heal.] 

Sound;  entire;  healthy;  robust;  not  impaired; 
as,  a  hale  body. 
II.\LE,  n.    Welfare.    \J\''ut  in  use.]  Spenser. 
HALE  or  HALE,  r.  t.    [Sw.  hala ;  Fr.  halcr.] 

To  pull  or  draw  with  force  ;  to  drag.  This  is  now 
more  generally  written  and  pronounced  Aau',  which 
see. 

HALF,  (haf,)  n. ;  pi.  Halves,  (havz.)  [Sax.  half  or 
henlf;  Goth.  Aa/is  ;  D.  A«//;  Sw.half;  Van.  Jialv  ;  G. 
halb.] 

One  part  of  a  thing  which  is  divided  into  two 
equal  parts,  either  in  fact  or  in  contemplation  ;  a  moi- 
ety ;  as,  half  a  pound  ;  Italf  a  tract  of  land  ;  half  an 
orange  ;  An//  the  miseries  or  pleasures  of  life.  It  is 
applied  to  quantity,  number,  length,  and  every  thing 
susceptible  of  division.  In  practice,  of  is  often  or 
usually  omitted  after  half.  We  say,  half  a.  pound  ; 
Aa//a  mile  ;  Aa//the  number. 

Haif  the  misery  of  life.  Adtliton. 
HALF,  (haf,)  r.  U    To  divide  into  halves.  [See 
Halve.] 

HALF,  adv.    In  part,  or  in  an  equal  part  or  degree. 

Haif  loth  iind  haif  ccnsciiting.  Drifitn. 

In  composition,  half  denotes  an  equal  oart ;  or,  in- 
drfinitelv.  a  part,  and  hence,  imperfecL 

HALF'-liLOOD,  (harblud,)  ii.  Relation  between  per- 
sons born  of  the  same  father  or  of  the  same  mother, 
but  not  of  both  ;  as,  a  brother  or  si.ster  of  the  half- 
blood.    The  v.  oril  is  sometimes  used  as  an  ailjeetive. 

HALF'-BLOOU'EU,  a.  Mean ;  degenerate.  [UttU 
used.]  Shak. 

2.  Proceeding  from  a  male  and  female,  each  of  t'lill 
bltiod,  but  of  dillVreiit  breeds  ;  as,  a  half  blooded 

HaLI"-BRE1),  a.    HalMilood.  d.  [sheep. 

IIALK'-BREEI),  a.  Half-blooded. 

HXLF-BROTll'ER,  (hif-,)  ii.  A  brother  by  one  pa- 
rent, but  not  by  bolli. 

nxLF'-e.\P,  II.  A  cap  not  wholly  put  olT,  or  faintly 
moved.  Shak. 

HXLF'-CASTE,  11.  In  India,  one  born  of  a  Hindoo 
parent  on  the  one  side,  and  of  a  European  on  the 
other. 

HXLF'-COCK,  n.  When  the  cock  of  a  gun  is  re- 
tained by  the  first  notch,  the  gun  is  said  to  he  at  luUf- 
cock.  Booth. 

HXLF'-DEAD,  (-ded,)  a.  Almost  dead;  nearly  ci- 
hausted. 

HXLF'£.\',  0.   Wanting  half  iu  due  qualities.  [JVW 

used.]  Spenser. 
HXLF'£.\-D£AL,iuJo.   [TeuX.  halfdeeU]    Nearly  half. 

Spenser 

HXLF'ER,  n.    One  that  possesses  half  only. 

2.  A  male  fallow  deer  gelded. 
IL\LF'-FAC'£D,  (-HLsle,)  a.    Showing  only  part  ol 

the  face.  Shuk. 
HXLF'-IIATCH-ED,     (-hatclit,)     a.  Imperfectly 

hatched  ;  as,  half-hatched  eggs.  Qay. 
IIXLF'-HEARD,  (-herd,)  a.    luiperfecUy  heard;  not 
heard  to  the  end. 

And  leave  ha^J  htard  UiC  melaii£holy  tti!«.  Pop*. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3 — €  as  K  j  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


67 


ss 


52!t 


HAL 


HAL 


HAM 


HALF'-HOL'I-DaY,  n.    A  half  of  a  day  given  to 

children  in  schools  for  recreation. 
IIaLF'-LEARN-£D,  (-lernd,)  a.  Imperfectly  learned. 

Suutlt. 

IIALF'-LOST,  a.    Nearly  last.  Mihm. 

Il.siLF'-.MARK,  n.    A  coin  ;  a  noble,  or  6s.  8rf.  sterling. 

IIALF'-.MOON,  n.  The  moon  at  the  quarters,  when 
lialf  its  disk  appears  illuminated. 

2.  Any  tiling  in  the  shape  of  a  half-moon.  In  for- 
tification, an  outwork  composed  of  two  faces,  forming 
a  salient  angle,  wliose  gorge  is  in  the  form  of  a  cres- 
cent or  half-moon.  Encyc. 

HALF'-NoTE,  71.  In  music,  a  minim,  being  half  a 
semibreve. 

HALF'-PART,  n.    An  equal  part.  Shak. 

IIALF'-PaY,  n.  Half  the  amount  of  wages  or  salary  ; 
as,  an  otficer  retires  on  half-pay,  [It  is  reduced,  but 
seldom  literally  half  tlie  amount.  Smart.] 

IIALF'-PAY,  a.  Receiving  or  entitled  to  hcilf-pay ;  as, 
a  half-pay  oflicer. 

IIALF'-PEN-NY,  (hap'pen-ny  or  ha'pen-ny,)  n.  A 
copper  coin  of  the  value  of  half  a  penny ;  also,  the 
value  of  half  a  penny.    It  is  used  in  the  plural. 

He  cheats  for  half-pence.  Dryden. 

[This  coin  is  not  current  in  America.] 
IIALF'-PEN-NY,  a.    Of  the  price  or  value  of  half  a 

penny  ;  as,  a  half-penny  loaf.  Shak. 
HALF'-PEN-NY^WORTH,  n.   The  value  of  a  half- 
penny. 

JIXLF'-PIKE,  71    A  short  pike  carried  by  officers. 

Taller. 

2  A  short  pike  used  in  boarding  ships.  Mar.  Diet. 
HXLF'-PINT,  n.    The  half  of  a  pint  or  fourth  of  a 

qiiart.  Pope. 
HALF'-READ,  (-red,)  a.    Superficially  informed  by 

reailing.  Dryden. 
HALF'-ROUND,  n.    A  semicircular  molding.  Owilt. 
HALF'-SeHOL  AR,  n.    One  imperfectly  learned. 

Watts. 

IIALF'-SeAS-o'VER  ;  a  low  expression,  denoting 
h.ilf-drunk. 

HA  LF'-SHIFT,  71.  In  playing  the  violin,  a  move  of 
the  hand  a  little  way  upward  on  the  neck  of  the  in- 
strument, to  reach  a  high  note. 

IIALF-STGHT'EU,  (hifsit'ed,)  a.  Seeing  imperfect- 
ly ;  having  weak  discernment.  Bacon. 

HA  LF'-SIS'TER,  71.  A  sister  by  one  parent,  but  not 
by  both. 

HALF-SPHkRE,  7!.    Hemisphere.  B.  Jonson. 

HALF'-STARV-KD,  a.    Almost  starved. 
HALF'-STRaIN-£D,  a.    Half-bred  j  imperfect. 

Dryden. 

HALF'-SWoRD,  (hafsord,)  »!.  Within  half  the 
lenjrth  of  a  sword  ;  close  fight.  Shak. 

IIALF'-WAY,  ailn.  In  the  middle;  at  half  the  dis- 
tance. Granville. 

HALF'-Wa  Y,  a.  Equally  distant  from  the  extremes  ; 
as,  a  haf-way  liouse. 

Ha  LF'-W'IT,  n.  A  foolish  person  ;  a  dolt ;  a  block- 
head. Dryden. 

HALF'-WIT-TED,  a.  Weak  in  intellect;  silly  ;  fool- 
ish.       _  Swift. 

HA LF'-Yf-.i^R-LY,  a.    Two  in  a  year;  semi-annual. 

HaLF'-YkAR-LY,  ado.  Twice  in  a  year;  semi-an- 
nually. 

H.\L'l-I5U'' ,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Hippoglossus, 
and  fan  iiy  Pleuronectida;.  This  fish  has  a  compiessed 
body,  one  side  resembling  the  back,  the  other  the 
belly,  and  both  eyes  on  the  same  side  of  the  head. 
It  grows  to  a  great  size  ;  some  to  the  weight  of  300 
or  400  pounds.  It  forms  an  article  of  food,  and  some 
parts  of  the  body  arc  fat,  lender,  and  delicious.  'J'his 
fish,  like  other  Hat  fish,  swims  on  its  side,  and  hence 
the  name  of  the  family.  Jardine's  JVat.  Lib. 

IIAL'I-DOM,  7!.    [Sax.  hnligdome;  holy  and  dovi.] 
Adjuration  by  what  is  holy.    [04s.]  Spenser. 

IIAL'I-.M  AS.S,  71.    [Sax.  halig,  holy,  and  maas.] 
The  feast  of  All  Souls;  Hallowmas. 

HAL'INr.  or  HAL'liVf;.    See  Hai  lino. 

HA-LIT'li-OM.S,  a.    [L.  halitus,  breath.] 

Like  breath  ;  vaporous.    [04.<.]  Boyle. 

HALL,  71.  [Sax.  heal:  l).  hal  or  zaal ;  G.  sanl ;  Sw. 
and  \htn.  sal ;  Fr.  .v«//e  ;  It.  and  Sp.  .fd^a  ;  L.  aula; 
CmT.  avXrj ;  Sans,  aala  ;  Copt,  uuli ;  Turk,  uwti  {  Ciu. 

-  '  £ 

Heb.  '^nN,  a  tent,  Ar.  to  marry,  and  to  begin 

housekeeping,  or  Heb.  t'h.  and  Syr.  Si^n,  a  palace. 
Qu.  are  these  all  of  one  family.'    Sec  Salt.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  large  room  at  the  entrance  of 
a  house  or  palace.  In  the  houses  of  ministers  of 
nt.-itc,  magistrates,  *i.c.,  it  is  the  place  where  they 
give  audience  and  di-tpali  li  business.  Knryc. 

2.  An  edifice  in  which  courts  of  justice  are  held  ; 
a»,  WeHtniiiistcr  //n/.',  which  was  originally  a  royal 
palace  ;  the  kings  of  England  formerly  h(dding  their 
parliamentii  and  courts  of  Judiealure  in  their  own 
dwellings,  as  is  still  th(^  prarttce  in  .^pain.  Kneyc. 

3.  A  manor-houMe,  so  cilled  because  in  them 
courtH  were  formerly  hi  ld.  Jlddinon. 

4.  A  college,  or  large  edifice,  belonging  to  a  colle- 
giate inatitulion. 


5.  A  room  for  a  corporation  or  public  assembly  ; 
as,  a  town-AaZi;  Faneuil  Hall,  in  lioslon,  &c. 

6.  A  collegiate  body  in  the  universities  of  Oxford 
and  Cambridge.  Prideaui. 

HAL-LE-LU'IAH,  )  (hal-lc-Iu'yil,)  n.    [Heb.  n>  iSSn, 
HAL-LE-Lu'JAH,  j     praise  ye  Jah  or  Jehovah,  from 
bbn,  to  praise,  that  is,  to  throw,  or  raise  the  voice, 

to  utter  a  loud  sound.  Ar.  halla  or  ealla,  to  ap- 
pear ;  to  begin  to  shine,  as  the  new  moon  ;  to  ex- 
claim ;  to  exult;  to  sing;  to  rejoice;  to  praise  or 
worship  God.  Gr.  cXeXev,  a  shout  in  battle.  It  co- 
incides in  elements  with  howl,  L.  ululo.] 

Praise  ye  Jehovah  ;  give  praise  to  God  ;  a  word 
used  in  songs  of  praise,  or  a  term  of  rejoicing  in 
solemn  ascriptions  of  thanksgiving  to  God.  It  is 
used  as  a  noun,  or  as  an  exclamation. 

[This  word  is  improperly  written  with  j,  in  con- 
formity with  the  German  and  other  continental  lan- 
guages, in  which  j  has  the  sound  of  y.  Hut  to  pro- 
nounce the  word  with  the  English  sound  of  j  destroys 
its  beauty.  The  like  mistake  of  the  sound  of  j  in  je- 
hovah,  Jordan,  Joseph,  has  j)erverted  the  true  pronun- 
ciation, which  was  Yehovah,  Yordan,  Yoseph.  This 
perversion  must  now  be  submitted  to,  but  in  Hallelu- 
iah it  ought  not  to  be  tolerated.] 

HAL'LIARD,  (  (hal'yard,)  71.    [from  hale,  haul.]  A 

HAL'YARD,  j  term  applied  to  ropes  or  tackles  for 
hoisting  or  lowering  yards  or  sails.   Brande.  Tottcn. 

HAL'LI-ER,  71.  A  particular  kind  of  net  for  catching 
birds.  Encyc. 

HAL-LOO',  V.  i.  [This  seems  to  belong  to  the  family 
of  call ;  Fr.  haler/\ 

To  cry  out ;  to  exclaim  with  a  loud  voice ;  to  call 
to  by  name,  or  by  the  word  halloo. 

Country  folks  hallooed  and  hooted  after  me.  Sidney. 

HAL-LOO',  V.  t.    To  encourage  with  shouts. 

OM  Jolin  hallooes  his  liounds  again.  Prior. 

2.  To  cliase  with  shouts.  Shak. 

3.  To  call  or  shout  to.  Shak. 
[This  verb  is  regular,  and  pronounced  with  the  ac- 
cent on  the  first  syllable.] 

HAL-LOO' ;  an  e.xclamation,  used  as  a  call  to  Invite 
attention. 

HAL-LOO'ING,  ppr.    Crj  ing  out. 

HAL-LOO'ING,  71.    A  loud  outcry.  Smart. 

HAL'LoW,  !J.  (.  [Sax.  haligan  or  hatgian,  to  conse- 
crate, to  sanctify,  from  halig  or  halg,  holy,  from  hal, 
sound,  safe,  whole  ;  G.  heiligen,  fi'om  heilig,  holy, 
heil,  whole;  heilen,  to  heal  ;  I),  heiligen,  from  hcilig, 
holy,  heil,  safety,  happiness ;  Dan.  helliger,  from 
heilig,  holy ;  keel,  whole,  entire  ;  Sw.  helga,  from 
helig,  holy.  (See  Holy.)  It  coincides  in  origin  with 
hold,  and  L.  calico,  to  he  able.] 

1.  To  make  holy  ;  to  consecrate ;  to  set  apart  for 
holy  or  religious  use.    Ez.  xxviii.  xxix.    1  Kings  viii. 

2.  To  devote  to  holy  or  religious  exercises ;  to  treat 
as  sacred. 

Halloie  the  Sabbath  day,  to  do  no  work  therein.  —  Jer.  xvH. 

3.  To  reverence  ;  to  honor  as  sacred. 

Hallowed  be  thy  name.  Lord's  Prayer. 

HAL'LoW-JCI),  pp.  or  a.  Consecrated  to  a  sacred 
use,  or  to  religious  exercises;  treated  as  sacred; 
reverenced. 

HAL'LoW-EEN,  7t.  The  evening  preceding  All 
Hallows  or  All  Saints'  day.  [ScoUisA.j 

HAL'LoW-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Setting  apart  for  sacred 
purposes  ;  consecrating  ;  devoting  to  religious  exer- 
cises ;  reverencing. 

IlAL'LoW-MAS,  71.  [See  Mass.]  The  feast  of  All 
Souls.  Slmk. 

nAL-Lu'CIN-ATE,7J.  i.    [L.  hatlucinor.] 
To  stumble  or  blunder. 

IIAL-LU-CIN-A'TION,  71.  [L.  hallucinatio,  from  hal- 
lucinur,  to  blunder,] 

1.  Error;  delusion;  mistake,    [Little  used.] 

.Addison. 

2.  In  medicine,  faulty  sense  {dysasthrsia)  or  errone- 
ous imagination.  Jfallucination.i  of  the  sniscs  arise 
from  some  defect  in  the  organs  of  sense,  or  from 
some  unusual  circumstances  attending  the  object,  as 
when  it  is  seen  by  moonlight ;  and  tliey  are  some- 
times symptoms  of  general  disease,  as  in  fevers. 
Maniacal  hallucinations  arise  from  stime  imaginary  or 
misUiken  idea.  Similar  hallucinations  occur  in 
rcveni.  Darwin.  Parr. 

IIAL-LO'CIN-A-TO-RY,  a.  Partaking  of  hallucina- 
titm. 

HALM,  (hawm,)  n.    [Sax,  healm;  h-culmus.] 
Straw.    [See  Haum.] 
S  - 

HA'LO,  11.    [Ar.  ^Ltf)  haulon.    The  verb  signifies  to 

frighten,  and  to  adorn  with  necklaces.] 

A  name  given  to  the  circular  or  elliptical  appear- 
ances Hurroiinding  the  sun,  moon,  ur  other  celestial 
body,  llalos  occur  sometimes  singly,  sometimes  in 
concentric  or  inlersecting  curves,  which  are  usually 
more  or  less  diversified  in  color.  Olmsted. 


HAL'O-GEN,  71.  [Gr.  aAs,  salt,  and  yfn^uu,  to  gen- 
erate.] 

A  substance  which,  by  combination  Vfith  a  metal, 
forms  a  haloid  salt.  Dana. 

HA-LOCt'EN-OUS,  o.    Having  the  nature  of  halogen. 

HA'LOID,  a.    [Gr.  lUf,  salt,  and  ekJos,  form.] 

Resembling  a  salt.  In  chemistry,  the  term  haloid 
salt  is  applied  to  binary  compounds  containing 
chlorine,  iodine,  and  the  allied  elements.  Common 
salt,  which  is  a  chlorid  of  sodium,  is  a  Italoid  salt, 

HALSE,  (hawls,)  71.    [Sax.  hals.]  [Benelius. 
The  neck  or  throat.    [Oi>.«.]  Spenser. 

HALSE,  I'.  1.  To  embrace  about  the  neck  ;  to  adjure  , 
to  greet.  [Obs.] 

HAL'SEN-ING,  a.  Sounding  harshly  in  the  throat  or 
tongue.    [Obs.]  Carew. 

HALS'ER,  (haws'er,)  71.  [Sax.  hals,  G.  D.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  hals,  the  neck ;  and  qu.  Sax.  seel,  a  rope  or 
strap.] 

A  large  rope  of  a  size  between  the  cable  and  the 
tow-line.    [See  Hawser.] 
HALT,  V.  i.    [Sax.  healt,  halt,  lame  ;  healtian,  tn  limp  ; 
G.  halt,  a  hold,  stop,  halt  ;  halten,  to  hold  ;  Sw.  halt, 
halta;  Dan.  halt,  halter;  from  the  root  of  hold.] 

1.  To  stop  in  walking  ;  to  hold.  In  military  affairs, 
the  true  sense  is  retained,  to  stop  in  a  march.  The 
army  halted  at  noon. 

2.  To  limp  ;  that  is,  to  stop  with  lameness. 

3.  To  hesitate  ;  to  stand  in  doubt  whether  to  pro- 
ceed, or  what  to  do 

How  long  halt  ye  tjetween  two  opinions  ?  —  1  Kings  xviii. 

4.  To  fail ;  to  falter  ;  as,  a  halting  sonnet.  Shak. 
HALT,  V.  t.    To  stop  ;  to  cause  to  cease  marching  ;  a 

military  term.    The  general  halted  liis  troops  for  re- 
freshment. fVashington. 
HALT,  a.    [Sax.  healt.] 

Lame ;  that  is,  holding  or  stopping  in  walking. 
Brinj  liither  the  poor,  tlie  maimed,  the /mil,  and  the  blind. — 
Luke  xiv. 

HALT,  7!.    A  stopping;  a  stop  in  marching.  The 
troops  made  a  halt  at  the  bridge. 
2.  The  act  of  limping. 
HALT'ED,  pp.  Stopped. 
HALT'ER,  71.    One  who  halts  or  limps. 
HALT'ER,  71.    [G.  holler,  a  holder.    See  Halt.] 

1.  A  rope  or  strap  and  head-stall  for  leading  or 
confining  a  horse. 

2.  A  rope  for  hanging  malefactors. 

3.  A  strong  cord  or  string. 

HALT'ER,  V.  t.  To  put  a  halter  on  ;  as,  to  hatter  a 
horse. 

2. 1'o  catch  and  hold,  or  to  bind  with  a  rope  or  cord. 
HALT'ER-A'D,  pp.    Caught  or  bound  with  a  rope. 
HALT'ER-ING,  ppr.    Putting  a  halter  on  ;  catching; 
binding. 

HALT'ING,  71.   The  act  of  stopping  or  faltering. 

HALT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Stopping;  limping. 

HALT'ING-LY,  adv.    With  limping  ;  slowly. 

HALVE,  (hlv,)  V.  t.  [from  half]  To  divide  into  two 
equal  parts  ;  as,  to  halve  an  apple. 

HALV'£D,  (hivd,)  a.  In  botany,  hemispherical ; 
covering  one  side  ;  placed  on  one  side. 

HALVING,  ppr.    Dividing  inio  two  equal  parts. 

HALVES,  (havz,)  71.;  pi.  of  Half.  Two  equal  parts 
of  a  thing. 

To  cry  halves,  is  to  claim  an  equal  share. 
To  go  halves,  is  to  have  an  eipial  share. 

HALVING,  (hiiv'ing,)  ppr.     Dividing  into  two  equal 

HAL'YARD.    See  Halliard.  [parts. 

HAM,  [Sax.  ham,]  a  house,  is  our  modern  word  homf,G. 
heini.  It  is  used  in  hamlet,  and  in  the  names  of  pkices, 
as  in  Waltham,  wood  house,  wall,  a  wood,  anil  /ia77i, 
a  house,  [not  Wal-tliam,  as  it  is  often  pronounced,] 
Bucking-ham,  JVotting-lum,  IVrent-ham,  Dur-ham,6LC. 

HAM,  71.    [Sax.  ham.] 

1.  The  inner  or  hind  part  of  the  knee  ;  the  inner  an- 
gle of  the  joint  which  unites  the  thigh  and  the  leg 
of  an  animal.  Hence, 

2.  The  thigh  of  a  beast,  particularly  of  a  hog, 
whether  salted  and  cured  or  not.  l!ut  the  word  is 
more  generally  understood  to  mean  the  thigh  of  a 
hog  salted  and  dried  in  smoke. 

HAM'A-DR5-AD,  71.  [Gr.  a/ia,  together,  and  Spvf,  a 
tree.] 

A  wood-nymph,  feigned  to  live  and  die  with  the 
tree  to  which  it  was  atlacheil.  S/)fct«(or. 
IlA'MATE,  a.    [L.  hamatus.] 

Hooked  ;  entangled.  Berkeley. 
HA'MA-TEl),  a.    [L.  hamatus,  from  hama,  a  hook; 
Celtic  and  Peis.  lam,  crookeil.] 

Hooked  or  set  with  hooks.  Stoift. 
HAM'BLF.,  V.  I.    [.-^av.  Artnif/n7i.] 

To  liani.string.    [JVu*  used.] 
HAMES,  71.  pi.    \Ct.  kummet ;  lluss.  chomvt,  a  collar; 
but  it  seems  to  be  the  Scot,  haims.    In  Sw.  hdmrna  ii 
to  stop,  or  restrain.] 

A  kind  of  collar  for  a  draught  horse,  consisting  of 
two  bentling  pieces  of  wood  or  bows,  and  these 
placed  on  curving  pads  or  siiitle  1  leather,  made  to 
conform  to  I  be  shape  of  the  ni:ck. 
HAME'SUCK-f.'N,  71.  In  Scnltisk  /lie,  the  violent 
seeking  ami  invasion  of  a  person  in  his  own  house. 

Bouvier. 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WUJ^V  MpTJS,  PB5Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 

530  ~~ 


 I 


HAM 


HAN 


HAN 


HA'MITK,  n.    The  fi)ssil  rtiiii»iiii!  uf  a  curved  uluW  ; 

nil  extinct  sitt'Cies  tif  ccphalopuds,  Maiitrll. 
HAAI'mT,  ?i.    [Sax.  ham,  a  house ;  Fr.  hameau ;  Arm. 

haiiieilt  iir  hamm.    Seu  11om£.] 

A  small  village ;  a  little  cluster  of  houses  in  the 

coiinlry. 

This  word  seemii  originally  to  have  sif;^ified  the 
scat  ur  a  freeholder,  cumprclicnding  the  mansion- 
house  and  adjacent  building's.  It  now  denotes  a 
small  collection  of  houses  in  the  country,  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  city,  a  large  town,  or  township. 

Tlie  country  wiulctl  niid  the  hamUU  burned.  Drydfn. 

n.\M'LET-El),  a.  Accustomed  to  a  hamlet,  or  to  a 
rountr\'  life.  FcUham. 

llAM'iMER,  «.  [Sax.  hamer  :  D.  hamer ;  G.  and  Dan. 
liamincr ;  S\v.  hammnrc  ;  probably,  the  beater.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  driving  nails,  beatinj;  metal.'), 
and  the  like.  Itconsistsof  an  iron  head,  (i.vcd  cross- 
wise to  a  handle,  lianimers  are  t>f  varioius  sizes  ;  a 
large  hammer  used  by  smiths  is  called  a  sletlge. 

3.  A  piece  of  steel  covering  the  pan  of  a  musket 
lock.  Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

H.X.M'.Mnil,  r.  (.  To  beat  with  a  hammer;  as,toA«ni- 
nter  iron  t)r  steel. 

2.  'I'o  form  or  forge  with  a  hammer ;  to  shape  by 
beating. 

3.  To  work  in  the  mind  ;  to  contrive  by  intellectu- 
al labor;  usu.ally  with  out;  as,  to  hammer  out  a 
scheme. 

H.X.M'.MER,  t>>  i.    To  work  ;  to  be  busy;  to  labor  in 
contrivance, 
ti.  Ttt  be  working,  or  in  agitation. 

II.\M'.Mr.li-.\-ltLli,  a.  That  may  be  shaped  by  a 
hammer.  Sherwood. 

HA.M'.\IEll-Bif..\.M,  n.  In  Gothic  architecture,  a  beam 
acting  as  a  tie  at  the  feet  of  a  pair  of  principal  rat- 
ters, but  not  extending  so  as  to  connect  the  opposite 
sides.  OicilL 

IIA.M'.MEU-eLOTII  n.  The  cloth  which  covers  a 
co:icli-l)o.it,  so  calletl  from  the  old  practice  of  carrying 
a  hammer,  nails,  &c.,  in  a  little  gwcket  hid  by  this 
cloth.  Peirge. 

II.\.M'.MEU-Kn,  pp.  or  n.    Beaten  with  a  hammer. 

H.AM'UEK-EI!,  n.  One  who  works  with  a  Inunmer. 

H.A.\r.MER-ll.\Kl),  n.  Iron  orsteel  hardened  by  ham- 
mering. Jloion. 

H.^.M'.MER-ING,  ppr.  Beating  with  a  hammer  ;  work- 
ing ;  contriving. 

HA.M'SIER-ING,  lu  The  act  of  beating  with  a  ham- 
mer. 

H.A.M'MER-MAX,  it.  One  who  beatsor  works  witUa 
liiimmrr. 

HA.M'iMER-WORT,  n.    An  herb.  Chalmers. 

H.-\.M'.M<)CK,  n.  [Sj).  hamaca  ;  Port.  maca.  A  word 
of  Indian  origin;  for  Ctilunibiis,  in  the  Narrative  of 
his  first  Voyage,  says,  '.'.A  great  many  Indians  in 
canoes  came  to  the  ship  to-day  for  the  purixise  of 
biuiering  their  cotton,  and  hamacaj,  or  nets,  in  which 
they  sleep."] 

A  kind  of  hanging  bed,  suspended  between  trees 
or  posts,  or  by  hooks.  It  consists  of  a  piece  of  hemp- 
en cloth  about  six  feet  long  and  three  feet  wide,  gath- 
ered at  tlie^ends,  and  suspended  by  cords.  It  forms 
a  bed,  or  a  receptacle  for  a  bed,  on  board  of  ships. 

Kncyc.    Mar.  Diet, 

UAM-MO-eilRY'SO.S,  n.    [Gr.  oM/tos  and  xi'^aui.'] 
.\  stone  with  spangles  of  gold  color. 

Ha'MOUS,  a.  [L.  hamwt,  a  hook;  Celtic,  cam, 
crooked.) 

Hooked  ;  having  the  end  hooked  or  curved  ;  aterm 
of  botany.  Lee.  Marlijn. 

HA.M'I'ER,  n.  [Contracted  from  kmaper,ot  from  hand 
pannier.] 

1.  A  large  basket  for  conveying  things  to  mar- 
ket, &c. 

3.  Fetters,  or  some  instrument  that  shackles. 

H^.  Browne. 

[This  signification,  and  that  of  the  verb  following, 
indicate  that  this  word  is  from  hanaper,  and  that  the 
latter  is  from  the  sense  of  interweaving  twigs.] 
HA.M'PER,  v.l.  [See  the  noun.]  To  shackle  ;  tnen- 
tanele  ;  hence,  to  im|H-de  in  motion  or  progress,  or  to 
render  progress  dilficulu 

A  lion  ttam/Krtd  in  a  net.  L'Ewtrangt. 
TUcj  hamper  •nil  enuing'e  our  wuU,  and  hinder  lh.*ir  di^t 
upwanl.  TilloUon, 

2.  To  insnare  ;  to  inveigle  ;  to  catch  with  allure- 
ments. Shak. 

3.  To  tangle;  to  render  complicated.  Blaekmore. 

4.  To  perplex  ;  to  embarrass. 

Itamprrtii  by  the  lawi.  BulUr. 
II.\M'rER-£D,  pp.   Shackled;  enUingled  ;  insnared  ; 
p«-rple)ted. 

HA.M'PER-ING,  ppr.  Shackling;  entangling;  per- 
plexing. 

IIAM'STER,  «.    [G.  hamsttr;  Russ.  ehomiak.) 

A  S|iecie3  of  rat,  the  .Wiij  cricetus  of  Linnaeus,  or 
German  marmot.  This  rat  is  of  the  size  of  the  wa- 
ter rat,  but  IS  of  a  browner  color,  and  ivs  belly  and 
lez9  of  a  dirty  yellow.  It  is  remarkable  for  two  bags, 
like  those  of  a  baboon,  on  e.-ich  side  of  the  jaw,  un- 
der the  skin,  in  which  it  conveys  grain,  pe.is,  and 
acorns  lo  its  winter  residence.    F.ncyc.  (loldsmiih. 


HAJI'STRING,  B.   The  tendons  of  the  ham. 

tVt.ieman, 

H.AM'STRIXG,  r.  <. ;  pret.  anA  pp.  Hamstri  no,  or 
Uam^tri NcED.  To  cut  the  tendons  of  tlie  ham, and 
thus  to  tame  or  disable.  Dn/den. 

HAM'STKhNG-I.NG,  ppr.  Cutting  the  tcnilons  of  the 
ham,  and  thus  disabling. 

HA.M'STRUNG,  j»p.  Disabled  by  having  the  tendons 
of  the  ham  cut. 

HAN,  for  Have,  in  the  plural.  Spenser. 

HAiN'A-PER,  II.  [Norm,  hanap,  a  cup,  a  hamper; 
Sax.  huiPp,  G.  napj,  D.  nap,  Fr.  hanap.  Arm.  hiiuaff.  It. 
nappo,  a  bowl  or  cup.  Tliese  seem  to  be  all  the  sains 
word,  yet  I  see  not  how  a  cup  and  a  basket  should 
have  the  same  name,  unless  the  vessel  was  originally 
made  of  bark,  and  so  tight  as  to  hold  liquors.] 

The  hanaper  wa.s  used  in  early  days,  by  the  kings 
of  England,  for  liolding  and  carrying  with  them  their 
money,  as  they  journeyed  from  place  to  place.  It 
was  a  kind  of  basket,  like  the  Jiscus,  and  hence  came 
to  be  considered  as  the  king's  treasury.  Hence,  the 
clerk  or  warden  of  the  hanaper,  is  an  officer  who  re- 
ceive the  fees  due  to  the  king  for  seals  of  charters, 
patents,  commissions,  and  writs.  There  is  also  an 
oflicer  who  is  controller  of  the  hanaper.  This  word, 
therefore,  answered  to  the  modern  ucUequer. 

Spe^^an. 

IIXNCE,  II.\UNCE,  for  Enhance.    [Ois.]    feee  E.n- 

HAKCE. 

HAN'CES,  n.  pi.    [h.  ansa.] 

1.  In  archdcclure,  the  ends  of  elliptical  arches, 
which  are  the  arches  of  smaller  circles  than  the 
scheme  or  middle  part  of  the  arch.  Harris. 

2.  In  n  ,</ii/>,  falls  of  the  fife-rails  placed  on  balus- 
ters on  the  poop  and  quarter-deck  down  to  the  gang- 
way. Jlurrii. 

H.A.N'l),  ».  [?:\\.  hand,  hand;  G.  and  D.  Aniirf  ;  Dan. 
haand  ;  Sw.  hand.  This  word  may  be  connected  in 
origin  with  Sax.  hentan,  to  follow,  to  take,  or  seize, 
Gr.  \iii'^avoj,  L.  heiulu,  in  prrhendo  ;  but  from  its  de- 
rivatives, handy,  handsome,  it  would  appear  to  pro- 
ceed from  a  root  signifying  to  be  strong,  right,  straight, 
which  would  give  the  sense  of  fitness  and  of  beauty. 
Chaucer  has  hcnde,  hendtj,  civil,  courteous.] 

1.  In  man,  the  extremity  of  tlic  arm,  consisting  of 
the  palm  and  fingers,  connecteil  with  the  arm  at  the 
wrist ;  the  part  with  which  we  hold  and  use  any  in- 
strument. 

2.  In  falconry,  the  foot  of  a  hawk  ;  and  in  the  ma- 
nege, the  fore  foot  of  a  horse. 

3.  A  measure  of  four  inches ;  a  palm ;  applied 
chiefly  to  horses;  as,  a  horse  14  hands  high. 

4.  Side  ;  part  ;  right  or  left ;  as,  on  the  one  hand 
or  the  other.  This  is  admitted  on  all  hands,  that  is, 
on  all  sides,  or  by  all  parties.  So,  to  be  on  the  mend- 
ing hand,  is  to  be  on  the  side  of  recovery  from  ill- 
ness. 

5.  Act ;  deed  ;  performance  ;  external  action  ;  that 
is,  the  elfect  for  the  cause,  the  hand  being  the  instru- 
ment of  action 

Thou  sawest  Uie  contradiction  between  mj  heart  and  hand. 

King  CharUt. 

6.  Power  of  performance  ;  skill. 

A  friend  of  mine  iins  a  rery  fine  hand  on  the  violtu.  Addixon. 
11c  hod  a  mind  to  try  his  hand  at  a  Spectator.  AdOixun. 

7.  Power  of  making  or  producing. 

An  intelligent  htiing  coming  out  of  the  hands  of  infinite  perfec- 
Uoii.  Cheyite. 

8.  Manner  of  acting  or  performance ;  as,heclianged 
his  hand.  Drydeiu 

9.  Agency  ;  part  in  performing  or  executing.  Pun- 
ish every  man  who  had  a  hand  in  the  mischief.  \Ve 
see  the  hand  of  God  in  this  event. 

10.  Conveyance  ;  agency  in  transmitting. 

11.  Passession  ;  power.  The  estate  is  in  the  hands 
of  the  owner.    The  pajiers  are  in  my  hands. 

12.  The  cards  heltl  at  a  game ;  hence,  a  game. 

13.  An  index,  or  that  which  performs  the  office  of 
the  hand,  or  of  a  finger,  in  pointing  ;  as,  the  luind  of 
a  clock  ;  the  huat-hand,  and  the  ininiite-/ian>J. 

14.  A  iierson  :  an  agent  ;  a  man  employed  in  agen- 
cy or  service.   The  mason  employs  twenty  hands. 

15.  Form  of  writing;  style  of  penmanship;  a.s,  a 
good  hand ;  a  bad  hand a  fine  hand. 

16.  .Agency  ;  service  ;  ministry.  Ez.  iv.  Lev.  viii. 

17.  Rale  ;  price ;  conditions ;  as,  "  bought  at  a  dear 
hand."    [Obs.]  Bacon. 

18.  In  Scripture,  the  hand  of  God,  is  his  eternal  pur- 
pose and  executive  power,   .^cts  iv. 

19.  The  providential  bounty  of  God.    Ps.  civ. 

20.  The  [lower  of  God  exerted  in  judgments  or 
mercies,  in  punishing  or  defending.  Judges  ii.  Ps. 
xxxii. 

21.  The  Spirit  of  God  ;  divine  influence 
xviii. 

iSJ.  The  favor  of  God,  or  his  support.  AVA.  ii. 
Luke  i. 

jJ(  hand  :  near  ;  either  present  and  within  reach,  or 
not  far  distant. 

Your  iiuitnnd  i<  al  hand ;  1  hear  hit  InimpeL  Shai. 
2.  .\enr  in  lime  ;  not  distant. 

Tlic  d.>y  of  Chrix  b  at  hand.  —  2  Then.  ii. 
By  hand:  with  the  hands,  in  distinction  from  the 


1  Kings 


instnimentality  of  tiMils,  engines,  or  anini.als  ;  as,  to 
weed  a  garden  by  hand ;  to  lift,  draw,  or  entry  by 
hand. 

In  hand ;  present  payment ;  in  respect  to  the  re- 
ceiver. 

Receiving  tn  hand  one  ycar'a  trilnite.  KnoUet. 

2.  In  the  state  of  execution.  I  have  a  great  work 
in  hand. 

Jit  my  hand,  al  his  hand,  Sec,  denote  from  the  per- 
son or  being. 

Shall  we  receive  frood  at  the  hand  of  Go<I,  and  shall  we  not 
ccivc  evil  t  — Job  ii. 

On  hand ;  in  present  possession  ;  as,  he  has  a  sup- 
ply tif  goods  on  hand. 
2.  Under  one's  care  or  management. 

Jupiter  had  Ii  fami  on  his  hands.  L'Esiranft. 

Offhand;  without  delay,  hesitation,  or  diinciilty  ; 
immediately  ;  dcxtrously  ;  without  previous  prepara- 
tion. 

Out  of  hand;  ready  payment,  with  regard  to  the 
payer. 

Let  not  tlie  w«*es  of  any  ma«  Urry  with  tlie*l ;  but  give  It  him 
ou(  0/  lianl.  Tobit. 

2.  At  once  ;  directly. 

To  his  hand,  to  my  hand,  Sll.  in  readiness ;  already 
prepared  ;  ready  to  be  received. 

Tlic  work  ia  made  to  hit  hands.  Locke. 

Under  his  hand,  under  her  hand,  fee. ;  witluthe  prop- 
er writing  or  signature  of  the  name.  This  deed  is 
executed  undtr  the  hand  and  seal  of  the  owner. 

Hand  over  hcxd ;  negligently  ;  rashly  ;  without  see- 
ing what  one  does.    [Little  used.]  Baeun. 

Jland  ever  ftand :  bypassing  the  hands  alternately 
one  before  or  above  another  ;  as,  to  climb  hand  over 
hand;  also,  rapidly;  as,  to  come  up  with  a  chase 
hand  arer  hand  ;  wicd  by  seamen.  Mar.  Diet, 

Jland  to  /land;  in  close  union  ;  close  fi:;lil.  Dryden, 

But  from  hand  to  hand,  is,  frtini  one  person  tti  an- 
other. 

Hand  in  hand;  in  union  ;  conjointly  ;  unitedly. 

Swifts 

To  join  liand  in  hand,  is,  to  unite  efforts  and  act  in 
concert. 

Hand  in  hand  :  fit;  pal;  suitable.  Shak. 

Hand  lo  mouth.  To  live  from  hand  to  month,  is  to 
obtain  food  ami  other  necessaries,  as  want  requires, 
without  making  previous  provision,  or  having  an 
abundant  |irevious  su|iply. 

To  bear  in  hand ;  to  keep  in  expectation  ;  to  elude. 
[J^ot  XLsed.]  Shal:. 

To  bear  a  hand ;  to  hasten  ;  a  seaman's  phrase. 

Tolten. 

To  lend  a  hand  :  to  give  assistance.  B.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 
To  be  hand  and  glove  ;  to  be  intimate  and  faiiiiliar, 
as  friends  t»r  associates. 

To  set  tlie  hand  to ;  to  engage  in  ;  to  undertake. 
That  tlie  Lord  tliy  Gml  m^iy  bless  tJiee,  in  all  thou  teuest  Uam 
hatvi  to.  —  Ueut.  zxiii. 

To  take  in  hand;  to  attempt ;  to  undertake.  Luke  i. 
Also,  to  seize  and  deal  with. 

7i>  hare  a  hand  in  ;  lo  be  concerned  in  ;  to  have  a 
part  or  concern  in  doing ;  to  have  an  agency  in. 
f  South. 

To  put  the  last  hand,  or  finishing  hand,  to  :  to  com- 
plete ;  to  perfect;  to  m.ake  the  last  corrections,  or 
give  the  final  polish. 

To  change  hands;  to  change  sitlcs ;  to  shift;  to 
change  owners.  Butler. 

Hand,  in  the  sense  of  rate,  price,  terms,  conditions, 
as  used  by  Bacon,  Taylor,  &c.,  is  ob.solete  ;  as,  "to 
buy  at  a  dear  hand;"  ".accept  the  mystery,  but  at 
no  hand  wrest  it  by  pride  or  ignorance."  So  in  the 
sense  of  advantage,  g;iin,  sii[Hriorily,  as  used  by 
Ilayward  ;  and  in  that  of  coniiietilion,  content,  as 
usetl  by  Shakspeare. 

To  get  htmd,  to  gain  influence,  is  obsolete. 

.4  heary  hand  ;  severity  or  oppression. 

.4  light  hand  ;  gentleness  ;  moderation. 

strict  hand;  severe  discipline;  rigorous  govern- 
ment. 

Hands  off;  a  vulgar  phra.se  for  keep  off,  forbear. 

To  pour  lealrr  on  Uie  hands,  in  the  phmseologj'  of 
the  Scriptures,  is  to  serve  or  minister  to.  2  Kings  iii. 

To  wash  the  hands ;  to  profess  innocence.  MalU 
ixvii. 

T o  kifs  the  hand,  imports  adoration.    Job  xxxi. 

To  lean  on  the  hand,  im|Kirls  familiarity.  2  Kings  V. 

To  strike  hands;  to  make  a  contract,  or  to  become 
surely  for  another's  debt  or  good  behavior.  Prov, 
xvii. 

Putting  the  hand  under  the  thigh,  was  an  ancient 
ceremony  used  in  swearing. 

To  give  the  hand,  is  to  make  a  covenant  with  one, 
or  to  unite  with  him  in  design.    2  Kings  x. 

7'Af  stretching  out  of  the  liand,  denotes  an  exertion 
of  (lower.  But, 

'The  sireuhing  out  of  the  hand  to  God,  imporLi  earn- 
est prayer  or  solemn  dedication  of  one's  self  to  him. 
Ps.  Ixviii.  and  cxliii. 

7Vi<  lifting  of  the  hand,  was  used  in  affirmation  and 
swearing,  and  in  prayer  imported  a  solemn  wishing 
of  blessings  from  Goii.    Gen.  xiv.    Ln.  xix. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


331 


HAN 

To  lift  the  luind  against  a  superior  ;  to  rebel.  2  Sam. 

XX. 

To  put  forth  the  hand  against  one ;  to  kill  him.  1 
Sam.  .\.\iv. 

To  put  one^s  hand  to  a  neighbor's  goods i  to  steal 
tlieni.    Kz.  xxii. 

To  lay  hands  on  in  anger;  to  assault,  or  seize,  or  to 
smite.    Ez.  sxiv.    Is.  xi. 

To  lay  the  Imrnl  on  the  mouth,  imports  silence.  Job  xl. 

The  laying  on  of  hands,  was  also  a  ceremony  used 
in  consecrating  one  to  office.  J\~urn.  xxvii.  1  Tim.  iv. 

It  was  also  used  in  blessing  persons.   Mark  x. 

Hitting  the  liand  in  the  bosom,  denotes  idleness  ;  in- 
activity ;  sluggishness.    Prov.  xix. 

The  clapping  of  hands,  denotes  joy  and  rejoicing. 
But,  in  some  instances,  contempt  or  derision,  or  joy 
at  the  calamities  of  others.    Ps.  xlvii.    Eirk.  x.w. 

A  station  at  the  right  liand  is  Ijonoralile,  and  de- 
notes favor,  approbation,  or  honor.  A  station  on  the 
lift  hand  is  less  iionorable.    Matt.  xx. 

Qod\^  standing  at  the  right  hand  of  men,  imports  his 
regard  for  thcin,  and  his  readiness  to  defend  and  as- 
sist them.    Ps.  xvi. 

Satan's  standing  at  the  riglit  hand  of  men,  imports 
his  readiness  to  accuse  tliem,  or  to  hinder  or  torment 
them.    Zcch.  iii. 

Clean  hands,  denotes  innocence  and  a  blameless 
and  holy  life.    Ps.  xxiv. 

J?  slack  hand,  denotes  idleness  ;  carelessness ;  sloth. 
Prov.  X. 

The  right  hand,  denotes  power  ;  strength.    Ez.  xv. 
HAND,  V.  I.  To  give  or  transmit  with  the  hand.  Hand 
uis  a  book. 

2.  To  lead,  guide,  and  lift  with  the  hand  ;  to  con- 
duct. Locke. 

3.  To  manage  ;  as,  I  hand-my  oar.  Prior. 

4.  To  seize  ;  to  lay  hands  on.  [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

5.  In  seamanship,  to  furl ;  to  wrap  or  roll  a  sail  close 
to  the  yard,  stay,  or  mast,  and  fasten  it  with  giiskets. 

Jilar.  Diet. 

To  hand  down  ;  to  transmit  in  succession,  as  from 
father  to  son,  or  from  predecessor  to  successor.  Fa- 
bles are  handed  down  from  age  to  age. 
1I.\N0,  c.  i.  To  go  hand  in  hand  ;  to  cooperate.  [Ois.] 

Massingcr. 

HAXD'-BALL,  n.    An  ancient  game  with  a  ball. 

Brande. 

HAND'-BAR-RoW,  n.  A  barrow  or  vehicle  borne 
by  the  hands  of  men,  and  without  a  wheel. 

Mortimer. 

H.VND'-BASK-ET,  n.    A  small  or  portable  basket. 

Mortimer. 

HAND'-BELL,  n.    A  small  bell  rung  by  the  hand  ;  a 

ttible-bell.  Bacoiu 
HAND'-Bl.oW,  n.  [hand  ani  blow.]  A  blow  or  stroke 

with  the  hand. 
HAi\l)'-I!OOK,  n.    A  book  for  the  hand  ;  a  manual; 

applie<l  frelpiently  to  a  guide-book  for  travelers. 
H.\i\l)'-BoVV,  11.  A  bow  managed  by  the  hand. 
HA.N'O'BREADTII,  f-bredlh,)  71.  A  space  equal  to  the 

breadth  of  tin-  hand  ;  a  palm.    Ez.  xxv. 
HA.VD'-eLOTII,  71.    A  handkerchief. 
HANU'eUAF'!',  7i.    [Sax.  Iiandcraft.] 

1.  Manual  occupation  ;  work  performed  by  the 
hand.  .Addison.  Harmer. 

2.  A  man  who  obtains  his  living  by  manual  labor  ; 
one  skilled  in  some  mechanical  art.  Dryden. 

[This  word  is  usually  spelt  Handicraft  ;  but  the 
prrfcrable  spelling  would  be  Handcraft,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  Sazon.] 
HAiVD'CRXFTS-.M  AN,  ti.   A  man  skilled  oremployed 
in  manual  occupation  ;  a  manufacturer.  Swift. 

HANU'eUFF,  n.    [.Sax.  handcopsr.]  

A  name  given  to  manacles,  consisting  of  inm  rings 
for  the  wrists,  and  a  connecting  chain  to  confine  the 
hands. 

n,\Nl)'eUFF,  V.  t.  To  manacle ;  to  confine  the  hands 

with  liandcufTs. 
HAND'CUFF  JED,  (-kuft,)  pp.    Manacled  ;  confined 

bv  handcuffs. 

HA.VD'EO,  pjj.    Given  or  transmitted  by  the  hands; 

conducted  ;  furled. 
IIAND'EI),  a.    With  hands  joined.  Milton. 
2.  In  composition;  as,  riglit-//tt;if/c'/,  most  dextrous 
or  strong  with  the  right  hand  ;  liaving  the  riglit  hand 
most  able  and  ready. 

I.ifi-hundcd  ;  liaving  the  left  hand  most  strong  and 
convenient  for  principal  use. 
HA.N'U'ER,  71.    One  who  hands  or  transmits;  a  con- 
veyer in  succession.  Dryden. 
HAND'I'AS  T,  71.    Hold  ;  custody  ;  power  of  confining 

or  kii-ping.    [Obs.]  Sliak. 
HA.NI>'l'AnT,  a.   Faul  by  contract ;  betrothed  by  join- 
ing hands.    [.See  the  verb.] 
HAND'FAS'i',  V.  (.    (.Sax.  handfo'stan.] 

To  pledge;  to  beiroth  by  joining  hands,  in  order 
to  cohabitation,  before  the  celebration  of  marriage. 

Jamieson. 

HAND'FAST-INr,,  71.  A  kind  of  betrothing  by  join- 
ing handft,  in  order  to  cohabitation,  before  inarrjagc. 

H.\N1>'-FET-TKR,  ti.  A  fetter  for  the  hand  ;  a  inan- 
nch".  Sherwood. 

HANO'FIJL,  n.  Ai  much  an  tho  hand  will  grasp  or 
contain.  Jiddison. 


HAN 

2.  .Xs  much  as  the  arms  will  embrace. 

3.  A  palm  ;  four  inches.    [Ois.]  Bacon. 

4.  A  small  quantity  or  nunibur.  A  handful  of  men. 

Clarendon. 

5.  As  much  as  can  be  done  ;  full  employment. 

Ralegh. 

In  JlmeHca,  the  phrase  is,  he  has  his  hands  full. 

HAND'-GAL-LOP,  71.  A  slow  and  easy  gallop,  in 
which  the  hand  presses  tlie  bridle,  to  hinder  increase 
of  speed.  Johnson. 

HANU'GLiASS,  71.  In  gardening,  a  glass  used  for 
placing  over,  protecting,  and  forwarding,  various 
plants  in  winter.  Cyc. 

HAND'-GRE-NaDE',  71.  A  grenade  to  be  thrown  by 
the  hand. 

HAND'GRIPE,  71.    [hand  and  gripe.]    A  gripe  or  seiz- 
ure and  pressure  with  the  hand.  lludibras. 
HA2VD'-GUN,  71.    A  gun  to  be  used  by  the  hand. 

Camden. 

HAND'I-CRAFT,  71.    [Sax.  handcra:ft.] 

1.  Manual  occupation  ;  work  performed  by  the 
hand.  Jiddison.  Harmcr. 

2.  A  man  who  obtains  his  living  by  manual  labor  ; 
one  skilled  in  some  mechanical  art.  Dryden. 

[See  Handcraft. 1 
HANU'I-CRAFTS-MAN,  71.    A  man  skilled  or  em- 
ployed in  manual  occupation  ;  a  manufacturer.  Swift. 
r'See  Handcraft.] 
HANO'I-LY,  a<7ii.    [See  Handy.]    With  dexterity  or 
skill ;  dextrously  ;  adroitly. 
2.  With  ease  or  convenience. 
HAND'I-NESS,  71.    The  ease  of  performance  derived 

from  practice  ;  dexterity  ;  adroitness.  Chesterfield. 
HANU'ING,  ppr.    Giving  with  the  hand. 
HAND'I-WORK,  71,    [A  corruption  of  handwork.] 

Work  done  by  the  hands.  [OAs.] 
HAND'KER-CHIEF,  (hank'er-chif,)  71.  [hand  and  ker- 
chief.   See  Kerchief.] 

1.  A  piece  of  cloth,  usually  silk  or  linen,  carried 
about  the  person  for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  the  face 
or  hands,  as  occasion  requires. 

2.  A  piece  of  cloth  to  be  worn  about  the  neck,  and 
sometimes  called  a  neckerchief. 

HAND'-LAN"GUAGE,  (-lang'gwaje,)  71.  The  art  of 
conversing  by  the  hands.    [JVo(  in  use.] 

HAND'LE,  V.  t,  [G.  liandcln,  D.  handtlen,  Sw.  handla, 
Han.  handler,  to  treat,  to  trade,  to  negotiate.  But  in 
English  it  has  not  the  latter  signification.  The  word 
is  formed  from  hand,  as  manage  from  L.  maTiits.] 

1.  To  touch  ;  to  feel  with  the  hand ;  to  use  or  hold 
with  the  hand. 

The  bodicfl  we  daily  handle  —  liinder  the  approach  of  the  part  of 
our  hands  thai  prc&a  them.  Locke. 

2.  To  manage  ;  to  use  ;  to  wield. 

Thai  fellow  handles  a  bow  like  a  crow-keeper.  Sl\ak. 

3.  To  make  familiar  by  frequent  touching. 

The  breeders  in  Flanders — handle  Uieir  colls  Eix  months  every 

year.  Temple. 
A.  To  treat ;  to  discourse  on  ;  to  discuss ;  to  use  or 
manage  in  writing  or  speaking.    The  author  handled 
the  subject  with  address.    The  speaker  liandlcd  the 
arguments  to  the  best  advantage. 
5.  To  use  ;  to  deal  with  ;  to  practice. 

They  that  handle  the  law  knew  ine  not.  —  Jer.  ii. 
G.  To  treat ;  to  use  well  or  ill. 

How  wen  thou  handled  ?  Shak. 
7.  To  manage  ;  to  practice  on  ;  to  transact  with. 
Yoti  shall  see  how  1  will  handle  her.  Shak. 
HAND'LE,  71.    [Sax.    Qu.  L.  a7isa.  Norm.  AaTi^cr.] 

1.  That  part  of  a  vessel  or  instrument  which  is 
held  in  the  hand  when  used,  as  the  haft  of  a  sword, 
the  bail  of  a  kettle,  &c. 

2.  That  of  which  use  is  made  ;  the  instrument  of 
effecting  a  purpose.  South. 

HAND'LE-A-BLE,  (hand'I-a-bl,)  a.  That  maybe  han- 
dled. Sherwood. 

HAND'-LEAD,  (  led,)  71.    A  small  lead  for  sounding. 

HAND'EKD,         Touched;  treated;  managed. 

HAND'LESS,  a.    Without  a  hand.  Shak. 

HAND'LING,  ppr.  Touciiing  ;  feeling  ;  treating ;  man- 
aging. 

HAND'EING,  71.   A  touching  or  use  by  the  hand  ;  a 

treating  in  discussion. 
HAND'-LOOM,  71.    A  weaver's  loom  worked  by  the 

hand. 

HAND'MaID,  )  71.  A  maid  that  waits  at  hand  ;  a 
HAND'AIAID-JSN,  j    female  servant  or  attendant. 

Script  are. 

HAND'MILL,  n.    A  mill  worked  by  the  hand. 

Dryden, 

HAND'RAIL,  TI.    A  rail  supported  by  balusters,  &c., 

as  in  staircases.  Girilt. 
HAND'SAILS,  71.  pi.    Sails  managed  by  the  hand. 

Temple. 

HAND'SAW,  71.    A  saw  to  be  used  with  the  hand. 
In  the  proverb,  "  not  lo  know  a  hawk  from  a  hand- 
gaw,"  (lt;iiotiiig  great  ignorance,  haniLsnw  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  hcronshuw,  i.  e.,  the  heron,  wliich  sel^ 

Todd's  Shak. 

HAND'SCREW,  (-skrii,)  71.    An  engine  for  raising 

heavy  timbers  or  weights  ;  a  jack. 
IIAND'SEE,  71.    (Dan.  handsel;  Sax.  handselen,  from 


HAN 

haiidsyllan,  to  deliver  into  the  hand.    See  Sale  and 
Sell.] 

1.  The  first  act  of  using  any  thing ;  the  first  sale. 

Elvo(. 

2.  An  earnest;  money  for  the  first  sale.  [Little 
used.]  Hooker. 

IIAND'SEL,  V.  U  To  use  or  do  any  thing  the  first 
time.  Dryden. 

HAND'SEI,-i!D,  pp.    Used  or  done  for  the  first  time. 

HANU'SOME,  (hand'sum,)  a.  [D.  handiaam,  soft,  lim- 
ber, tractable  ;  hand  and  laam,  together.  Zaam,  or 
saaiii,  we  see  in  assemble.  'I'he  sense  of  docility  is 
taken  from  hand,  as  in  G.  behandcln,  D.  bchandelen,  to 
liandle,  to  manage.  The  Dutch  sense  of  soft,  lim- 
ber, is  iirobably  from  the  sense  of  easily  managed  or 
handled.] 

1.  Properly,  iexlrows ;  ready;  convenient. 

For  a  lhi.^f  it  is  so  hcrdsome,  as  it  may  seem  il  was  first  in- 
vemed  for  hiui.  Spenser. 

This  sense  is  either  from  the  original  meaning  of  | 
hand,  or  from  the  use  of  the  hand,  or  rather  of  the  | 
right  hand.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  still  used.  We 
say  of  a  well-fought  combat  and  victory,  it  is  a  hand- 
some affair,  an  affair  well  performed,  done  with  dex- 
terity or  skill.    [See  Handv.] 

2.  Moderately  beautiful,  as  the  person  or  other 
thing;  well  made;  having  symmetrj'  of  parts;  well 
formed.  It  expresses  less  than  beautiful  or  elegant  ; 
as,  a  handsome  woman  or  man  ;  she  has  a  handsome 
person  or  face.  So  we  say,  a  handsome  house  ;  a  hand- 
some type. 

3.  Graceful  in  manner  ;  marked  with  propriety  and 
ease  ;  as,  a  handsome  address. 

4.  Ample  ;  large  ;  as,  a  handsome  fortune. 

5.  Neat ;  correct ;  moderately  elegant ;  as,  a  /ia7i<i- 
some  style  or  composition. 

6.  Liberal ;  generous  ;  as,  a  handsome  present. 
The  applications  of  this  word,  in  popular  language, 

are  various  and  somewhat  indefinite.  In  general, 
when  applied  to  things,  it  imports  that  the  form  is 
agreeable  to  the  eye,  or  to  just  taste  ;  and  when  ap- 
plied to  manner,  it  conveys  the  idea  of  suitableness, 
or  [iropriely  with  grace. 

HAND'SO.ME,  as  a  verb,  to  render  neat  or  beautiful,  is 
not  an  authorized  word.  Donne. 

HAND'SOME-LY,  ado.  Dextrously  ;  cleverly  ;  with 
skill.  Spenser. 

2.  Gracefully  ;  with  propriety  and  ease. 

3.  Neatly  ;  with  due  symmetry  or  proportions ;  as, 
a  thing  is  handsomely  made  or  finished. 

4.  With  a  degree  of  beauty ;  as,  a  room  handsomely 
furnished  or  ornamented. 

5.  Amply  ;  generously  ;  liberally.  She  is  handsome- 
ly endowed. 

IIAND'SOME-NESS,  71.  A  moderate  degree  of  beauty 
or  elegance ;  as,  the  Iiand^ojneness  of  the  person  or  tif 
an  edifice. 

2.  Grace ;  gracefulness ;  ease  and  propriety  in  man- 
ner. 

HAND'SOM-ER,  a.  comp.    More  handsome. 

HAND'SOM-EST,  a.  snperl.    IMost  handsome. 

HAND'SPIKE,  71^.  A  bar,  usually  of  wood,  used  with 
the  hand  as  a  lever,  for  various  purposes,  as  in  rais- 
ing weights,  heaving  about  a  windlass,  &.c. 

HAND'STAFF,  7u  ;  pi.  Handstaffs.  A  javelin.  Ei. 
xxxix. 

HAND'STRoKE,  7i.  [hand  and  stroke.]  A  blow  or 
stroke  given  by  the  hand.  Beaum,  4'  El. 

HAND'VICE,  71.  A  small  vice  used  by  hand,  or  for 
small  work.  Mozon. 

H.\ND'WEAP-ON,  (-wep'n,)  71.  Any  weapon  to  be 
wielded  by  the  hand.    JVutii.  xxxv. 

HAND'-WlNG-ioD,  a.  A  liter.al  translation  into  Eng- 
lish of  the  technical  term  cheiroptcrous,  a  term  in  nat- 
ural history  used  in  application  to  the  family  of  bats. 

Kirbii. 

H AND'WORK,  n.  Work  done  by  the  hands.  [  Obs.] 
HAND'WRlT-ING,  71.    The  cast  or  form  of  writing 

peculiar  to  each  hand  or  person.  Sliak. 
2.  Any  writing. 
HAND'Y,  a.     [U.  handig,  behendig  ;  Dan.  ha:ndig  ; 

from  hand.] 

1.  Performed  by  the  hand. 

Tliey  aune  lo /uinrfy  blows.    [Obt.]  Knotlet. 

2.  Dextrous  ;  ready  ;  adroit ;  skillful  ;  skilled  to 
use  the  hands  with  ease  in  performance  ;  applied  to 
persons.  He  is  handy  with  the  saw  or  the  plane. 
ICnch  IS  handy  in  his  ivay.  Dryden. 

3.  Ingenious;  performing  with  skill  and  readiness. 

4.  Ready  to  the  hand  ;  near.  My  books  are  very 
handy, 

5.  Convenient ;  suited  to  the  use  of  the  hand. 

6.  Near  ;  that  may  be  used  without  didirulty  or  go- 
ing to  a  distance.  VVc  have  a  spring  or  pasture  that  is 
haiidti.  Ilolloway. 

IIA.Mj'V-DAN-DY,  71.  A  play  among  children  in 
which  something  is  shaken  between  two  hands, 
and  then  a  guess  is  made  in  which  hand  it  is  re- 
tained. Todd, 

HAND'Y-GRIPE,  71.    Seizure  by  the  h.and. 

Jfudibras. 

HAN'D'Y-STROKE,  11.  A  blow  inflicted  by  the  hand. 
HANG,  11.  (.;  yjrrt.  and  77).  Hamied  or  Huno.  [Sax. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


532 


HAN 

kaniran  ;  Sw.  hdm^a  :  D.in.  lunnner  :  G.  and  D.  han- 
iren  ;  VV. /io«;Tia;i,  to  li!iiig  ;  Aoin',  a  hangiiis,  or  (liing- 
liiig  ;  AtfHC,  11  sliakc,  a  wagging  ;  honcaWf  to  sinke, 
wag,  stagger,  to  waver.  The  latter  seems  to  be  tlie 
primary  sense.] 

1.  To  suspend  ;  to  fasten  to  some  fixed  object 
above,  in  siich  a  m.inner  as  to  swing  or  move ;  as, 
to  /mil"  a  lliief.  Pliaraoli  hanged  tlie  chief  baker. 
Hence, 

2.  To  put  to  death  by  suspending  by  the  neck. 
Many  iii''n  woiiM  rrix-l  mth'-r  than  bo  ruined  ;  but  tliey  would 

niDuT  not  rebel  than  be  hanged.  Amea. 

3.  To  place  without  any  solid  support  or  founda- 
tion. 

He  hangeth  the  earth  upon  nothiner.  — Job  xxxvi. 

4.  To  fix  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  movable;  as, 
to  /laiin-  a  door  or  grate  on  hooks  or  by  butts. 

5.  To  cover  or  furnish  by  any  thing  suspended  or 
fastened  to  the  walls  ;  as,  to  kaiijr  an  apartment  with 
curtains  or  with  pictures. 

llun'  be  the  he.iveiu  with  lilack.  S}:nk. 
Ami  Aun;  tJiy  holy  rools  wiili  aiwnge  t\K-i\t.  Dryden. 

To  hang  out ;  to  suspend  in  open  view  ;  to  dis|)lay  ; 
to  exhibit  to  notice  ;  as,  to  /mnn-  out  false  colors. 

2.  'I'o  hang  abroad  ;  to  suspend  in  the  open  air. 

To  hang  dmcn  ;  to  let  fall  below  the  proper  situa- 
tion ;  to  nend  down  ;  to  decline  ;  as,  to  hung  down 
the  head,  and  elliptically,  to  hang  the  head. 

To  hang  up  ;  to  suspend  ;  to  place  on  somethir.g 
fixed  on  high. 

2.  To  suspend  ;  to  keep  or  suffer  to  remain  un- 
decided ;  as,  to  hang  up  a  (piestion  in  di^bate. 

To  hang  fire ;  in  the  military  art,  is  to  be  slow  in 
communicating,  us  tire  in  the  pan  of  a  gun  ti)  the 
charge. 

HA.NG,  V.  i.    To  be  suspended  ;  to  be  sustained  by 
someiliing  above,  so  as  to  swing  or  be  movable  below. 

2.  To  danglB  ;  to  be  loose  and  (lowing  below. 

3.  To  bend  forward  or  downward  ;  to  lean  or  in- 
cline. .Addison. 

Ills  neck  obliquely  o'er  hij  tUouldcr  hung.  Pope. 

4.  To  float ;  to  play. 

Antl  fall  thoic  KiyiiigB  from  Ihrit  ^ntle  tongue, 

Where  civil  sjx-ech  antl  tvfl  jx'nsu.ision  hun^.  Prior. 

5.  To  be  supported  by  something  raised  above  the 
ground  ;  as,  a  hanging  garden  on  the  top  of  a  house. 

G.  To  depenil ;  to  rest  on  something  for  support. 
This  question  hangs  on  a  single  point. 

7.  To  rest  on  by  embracing;  to  cling  to;  as,  to 
hang  on  the  neck  of  a  person. 

Two  infanta  hangins  on  her  necjt.  Peacham. 

8.  To  hover;  to -impend  ;  with  over.  View  the 
dangers  that  hang  over  the  country. 

9.  To  be  delayed  ;  to  linger. 

A  noble  iUiAet  he  lifted  hi^h, 
Which  hun»  not.  Milton. 

10.  To  incline ;  to  have  a  steep  declivity ;  as, 
hanging  grounds.  Jilortimer, 

11.  To  be  executed  by  the  halter. 

Sir  B.alaAin  hangs.  Pope. 
To  hang  on,  or  upon ;  to  adhere  to,  often  as  some- 
thing troublesome  and  unwelcome. 

A  clieerful  temper  disaipates  the  appruheniionf  which  hang  on 
U)e  tiinoroiii.  Ad/Ueon. 

2.  To  be  suspended  in  fixed  attention  and  interest. 

Though  wondering  •enatea  hitng  on  all  he  spoke, 

The  club  inUAt  hail  him  master  of  llie  juke.  Pope. 

3.  To  adhere  obstinately  ;  to  be  importunate. 

4.  I'o  rest ;  to  reside ;  to  continue,  as  sleep  on  the 
eyelids.  Sliak. 

5.  To  be  dependent  on. 

How  wrptche<l 

It  that  poor  man  that  hange  on  phncea'  laeors  I  ShaM. 

6.  In  seamen^s  language,  to  hold  fast  without  belay- 
ing ;  to  pull  forcibly. 

To  hang  over:  to  extend  or  project  from  above. 
To  hang  in  doubt ;  to  be  in  suspense,  or  iii  a  state  of 
uncertainty. 

Thy  life  shall  hang  in  doubt  belbrc  thee.  —  Deut,  xxTlii. 
To  hang  together;  to  be  closely  united  ;  to  cling. 
In  the  common  cauie  we  are  all  of  a  piece  ;  we  hang  together. 

DryrUn. 

2.  To  be  just  united,  so  as  barely  to  hold  together. 

Shall. 

To  hang  on,  or  upon  ;  to  drag;  to  be  incommf>- 
diously  joined. 

Life  hange  upon  me,  and  becomes  a  bnnien.  Additon. 
To  hang  to;  to  adhere  closely  ;  to  cling. 
II.\NG,  n.   A  sharp  declivity.  [Colloquial.] 
IIA.N'G'BIRD,  n.    A  name  familiarly  given  in  America 
to  the  Baltimore  oriole,  from  the  peculiar  conslniction 
of  its  nest,  which  is  suspended  from  the  limb  of  a 
tree. 

IlA.VO'nV,  n.    A  dependent,  in  contempt.  Ray. 

il.A.NG'DOG,  n.  A  term  of  reproach  for  0119  of  a  base 
and  degraded  character,  a.s  if  fit  only  to  be  the  hang- 
man of  dogs. 

HA.NG'Kn,  pp.  Susiiended  ;  put  to  death  by  being 
suspended  by  the  neck. 


11 AP 

HANG'Ell,  n.    Tliat  by  which  a  thing  is  suspended. 

2.  A  shiirt,  broad  sword,  incurvated  toward  the 
point.  Smollett. 

3.  One  that  hangs,  or  causes  to  bo  hanged. 

Jlubrey. 

HANG'ER-ON,  71.    One  who  besets  another  imjior- 

tunately  in  soliciting  favors. 
2.  A  dependent ;  one  who  eats  and  drinks  without 

payment.  Sirift. 
IIANG'ING,  ppr.   Suspending  to  something  above. 

2.  Being  siispendeti  ;  dangling  ;  swinging. 

3.  a.    Foreboding  deulh  by  the  halter. 

\N  hat  a  hanging  face  I  Dnjdcn. 

4.  Requiring  punishment  by  the  halter ;  as,  a  hang- 
ing matter.  Johnson. 

IIANG'ING,  71.    A  term  applied  to  linings  for  rooms 
of  arras,  tapestry,  paper,  inc.  Qwill. 
No  purple  hangings  clothe  the  palace  walls.  Dryden. 

2.  Death  by  the  halter  ;  as,  hard  words  or  hanging. 

Pope. 

3.  Display  ;  exhibition.  Mdison. 
IIANG'ING-SIDE,  n.     In  mining,  the  overhanging 

sitle  of  an  inclined  or  hading  vein.  Cifc. 
IIANG'IN'G-SLKEVES,  71.  pi.     Strips  of  the  same 

stiitT  with  the  gown,  hanging  down  the  hark  from 

the  shoulders.    [04s.]  Ilulifai. 
IIANG'.MAN,  71.    One  who  hangs  another  ;  a  public 

executioner  ;  also,  a  term  of  reproach. 
H.\NG'NSIL,  71.  A  small  piece  or  sliver  of  skin  which 

hangs  from  the  root  of  a  tinger-nail.  Holloxrriy. 
II.MS'G'NEST,  71.    The  name  of  certain  specie-i  of 

birds,  which  build  nests  suspended  from  the  branches 

of  trees,  such  as  the  Baltimore  oriole  or  red-bird  ; 

also,  the  nest  so  suspended. 
HANK,  7>.    [Dan.  hank,  a  handle,  a  hook,  a  tack,  a 

clasp  ;  Sw.  hatik,  a  band.] 

1.  A  name  given  to  two  or  more  skeins  of  thread 
or  silk  tied  together.  Brande. 

2.  In  ships,  a  name  given  to  rings  of  \vooil,  &c., 
fi.\ed  on  stays,  to  confine  tlic  sails  when  hoisted. 

T.itltn. 

3.  A  rope  or  withy  for  fastening  a  gate.  [Load.] 
HANK,  r.  (.    To  form  ir.to  hanks. 

HA.NK'EU,  V.  i.  [I),  hunkrren.  The  corresponding 
word  in  Danish  is  higer,  and  probably  71  is  casual.] 

1.  To  long  for  witli  a  keen  appetite  and  une.i-siness  ; 
171  a  literal  sense  ;  as,  to  hanker  for  fruit,  or  uflcr  fruit. 

2.  To  have  a  vehement  desire  of  something,  ac- 
companied with  uneasiness  ;  as,  to  hanker  after  the 
diversions  of  the  town.  Mdison. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  after.    It  is  a  familiar,  but 

not  a  loin  word. 
HANK'ER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Longing  for  with  keen 

appetite  or  ardent  desire. 
HANK'ER-ING,  71.    A  keen  appetite  that  causes  un- 

e,isinesstill  it  is  gratified  ;  vehement  desire  to  possess 
HANK'ER-ING-LY,  ai/o.    Longingly.  for  enjoy. 

IIANK'LE,  (hank'l,)  v.  L    [See  lU.tK.]    To  twist. 

[Aot  in  use.] 

II.\N'SARD,  ju  A  merchant  of  one  of  the  Hanse 
Towns.  McCullocfi, 

H.\.\-SE-AT'ie,  0.  Pertaining  to  the  llanse  Towns, 
tir  to  their  confi  der.icy. 

IIANSE  TOWNS.  Uanse  signifies  a  society;  Goth. 
hansa,  a  multitude.  The  JIunse  Toions,  in  Oennany, 
were  certain  conimerci.al  cities  which  associated  for 
the  protection  of  commerce  as  early  as  the  twelfth 
century.  To  this  confederacy  acceded  certain  com- 
mercial cities  in  Holland,  England,  Fnince,  Spain, 
and  It.ily,  until  they  amounted  to  seventy-two;  and 
for  centuries  this  confederacy  commanded  the  re- 
spect and  defied  the  [Kiwer  of  kings.  It  li.ns  now 
cea.sed  to  exist,  and  its  remnants,  Lubeck,  Hamburg, 
Bremen,  and  Frankfort,  are  called  f)ree  Cities. 

Encyc.  .^m. 

HAN'T;  a  vulgar  contraction  of  Have  not  or  Has 
not;  as,  I  han^t,  he  han^t,  we  Aaii'f. 

H.^P,  71.  [\V.  hap,  or  hab,  luck,  chance,  fortune,  that 
is,  that  which  falls,  or  a  coming  suddenly.  This 
seems  to  be  allied  to  Fr.  /tapper,  to  snap  or  catch  ;  D. 
happen ;  Norm,  happer,  to  seize  ;  \V.  hafiatc,  to 
snatch.  In  Sp.  haber  signifii;s  to  Imve,  to  happen  or 
befall,  to  take.  These  verbs  seem  to  unite  in  one 
radix,  and  all  coincide  with  L.  eapio.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  fall  or  to  rush  ;  hence,  to  rush  on  and 
seize J 

1.  That  which  comes  suddenly  or  unexpectedly ; 
chance  ;  fortune  ;  accident ;  casual  cvenL  [See 
Chaivce  and  Casuai..] 

Wh'ther  an  it  was  or  hfe<Ue«s  hap.  Spenser. 

Cursed  be  pood  hops,  and  cursed  be  they  that  build 

Their  hopes  on  haps.  Sidney, 

2.  Misfortune. 

[But  this  word  is  obsolete,  or  obsolescent,  except  in 

compounds  and  derivatives.] 
H.\P,  r.  i.    To  happen  ;  to  befall ;  to  come  by  chance. 

[  Obs.]  Spensrr,  Bacoru 

n.\P-H.\Z'ARD,  71.    [This  is  tautological.    See  Hai- 

ARO.] 

Chance  ;  accident. 

We  uke  our  principles  at  hap-hasard,  on  trust.  Locke. 
HAP'LESS,  11.     Luckless:  unfortunate;  unlucky; 
unhappy  ;  as,  hapless  youth  ;  hapless  maid.  Dryden. 


HAR 

HAP'LY,  adv.    By  chance  ;  perhaps  ;  it  may  be. 

Lest  liaply  ye  tie  found  to  fl^hl  against  God.  —  Acu  v. 
2.  By  accident ;  casually.  Milton, 
IIAP'PKS,  (hap'n,)  v.  i.    [VV.  hapiaw,  to  happen,  to 
have  luck.  (Sec  IIap.)  faw.  Atipiiu,  to  be  surpriscti  or 
aina/.ed.] 

1.  To  come  by  chance  ;  to  come  without  one's 
previous  expectation  ;  to  fall  out. 

There  sIliH  no  evil  happen  to  llie  Just.  —  ProT.  xll. 

2.  To  come  ;  to  befall. 

They  talkeil  toffelher  of  all  tJiose  tiling  which  had  happened.  — 
Luke  xxiv. 

3.  To  light ;  to  fall  or  come  unexpectedly. 

1  have  lutppened  on  sonic  other  occounta  relutin?  to  mortalities. 

r.munl. 

n.\P'Pf:.V-ING,  ppr.    Coming  or  falling  ;  befalling. 
HAP'Pl-liY,  adn.    [See  llAPpy.]    By  good  fortune; 
fortunately  ;  luckily  ;  with  success. 

Preferreil  by  c*>nquest,  happily  o'erthrown,  Watler. 

2.  In  a  happy  state  ;  in  a  state  of  felicity.  He 
lived  happily  with  his  constirt. 

3.  With  aildress  or  dexterity  ;  gracefully  ;  in  a 
manner  to  insure  success. 


verse,  hapjnhj  to  steer 
,  from  liv.  ly  u>  severe. 


Pop: 


Formed  by  lliy 

From  fp-iive  to 
4.  By  chance.  [See  Haply.] 
HAP'Pl-IMESS,  71.  \Ut>m  happy.]  The  agreeable  sen- 
sations whicli  spring  from  the  enjoyment  of  good  ; 
that  state  of  a  biMiig  in  which  his  desires  are  grati- 
fied by  the  enjoyment  of  pleasure  without  pain  ;  fe- 
licity ;  but  happiness  tisu.ally  expresses  less  than  fe- 
licity, and  felicity  less  than  bltss.  Happiness  is  com- 
parative. To  a  person  tlistrcssed  with  pain,  relief 
from  that  pain  alfords  liappiness  :  in  othi;r  cases,  we 
give  the  name  happiness  to  positive  pleasure  or  an 
excitement  of  agreeable  sensations.  Happiness  there- 
fore admits  of  indefinite  degrees  of  iiirrea.se  in  en- 
joyment, or  gratilication  of  desires.  Perfect  happi- 
ness, or  pleasure  unalloyed  with  jKtin,  is  Hot  attaina- 
ble in  this  life. 

2.  Good  luck  ;  good  fortune.  Johnson. 

3.  Fortuitous  elegance  ;  unstudied  grace. 

For  there's  a  hajijitnets,  as  well  as  care.  Pope. 

HAP'PY,  a.  [from  liap:  \\.  hnpus,  properly  lucky, 
fortunafe,  receiving  g4u»d  from  soiiK'thing  Ilint  falls 
or  comes  to  one  unexpccieilly,  or  by  an  event  that  is 
not  within  control.    Ser  Hol'r.] 

1.  Lucky  ;  fortunate  ;  successful, 
finding  experiments  than 

So  we  say,  a  happy  thought  ;  a  happy  expedient. 

2.  Being  in  the  eiijoyiiient  of  agreeable  sensations 
from  the  possession  of  good  ;  eujtn'ing  pleasure  from 
the  gratification  of  appetites  t)r  desires.  The  pleas- 
urable sensations  derived  from  the  gratification  of 
sensual  appetites  render  a  perstm  tem|K>rarily  happy; 
hut  he  only  can  be  esteemed  reall\'  and  peniianently 
happy,  who  eiij(i>'s  peace  of  inintl  in  the  favor  of 
God.  To  lie  in  any  tiegree  happy,  «'e  must  he  free 
from  pain  htith  of  hotly  and  of  mind  ;  to  be  very 
happy,  we  must  be  in  the  enjojment  of  lively  sensa- 
tions of  pleasure,  either  of  body  or  mind. 

Happy  am  I,  (jr  the  dan^lilers  will  Cidl  me  bleas'-d.  — Gen.  XXX. 
He   louiid    hiiiuelf  luippiest  in  coiiunMiiictiling   liiippiin-u  to 
others.  Wirt. 

3.  Prosperous  ;  having  secure  possession  of  good. 

Happy  is  thit  people  whose  God  ia  Jehovah.  —  Ps.  cxiiv. 

4.  That  supplies  pleasure;  that  furnishes  enjoy- 
ment ;  agreeable  ;  applied  to  things  ;  as,  a  happy  con- 
dition. 

5.  Dextrous  ;  ready  ;  able. 


Chemista  have  been  more  happy 
the  causes  of  them. 


One  gentleman  ia  happy  at  a  reply,  another  cxcela 


rejoinder. 


6.  Blessed  ;  enjoying  the  presence  and  favor  of 
God,  in  a  future  life. 

7.  HarnuMiioiis  ;  living  in  concord  ;  enjoying  the 
pleasures  of  friendship  ;  as,  a  happy  family. 

8  Propitious  ;  favorable.  Shak. 

HAP'PY-MaK-ING,  a.    .Making  happy.  Milton. 

HACiUE'BUT,  (hak'but,)  71.  An  arquebusc  or  hand- 
gun. Brande. 

HA-RANGUE',  (ha  rang',)  71.  [Fr.  harangue  ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  arenga  ;  It.  aringa  ;  ,\rm.  hareneg ;  from  the 
root  of  ring,  to  sound,  Sax.  hringan.] 

J.  .\  speerh  .addressed  to  an  assembly  or  an  army  ; 
a  popular  oration  ;  a  public  aildress.  This  word 
seems  to  imply  loudness  or  declamation,  and  is 
therefore  appropriated  generally  to  an  address  made 
to  a  popular  assembly  or  to  an  army,  and  not  to  a 
sermon,  or  to  an  argument  at  the  bar  of  a  court,  or  to 
a  speech  in  a  deliberative  council,  unless  in  con- 
tempt. 

2.  Declamation  ;  a  noisy,  pompous,  or  irregular 

address. 

HA-RANGUE',  (ha  rang',)  r.  i.  To  make  an  address 
or  speech  to  a  large  assembly  ;  to  make  a  noisy 
speech. 

HA-RA.\GUr/,  (ha-rang',)  r.  f.    To  adilress  by  ora- 
tion ;  as,  the  general  harangued  the  lroo|is. 
HA-R.\.\G'U£,"D,  pp.    Addressed  by  oration. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  9  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


67* 


SS* 


.133 


HAR 


HAR 


HAR 


HA-RAXGUE'FUL,  a.    Full  of  harangue. 
HA-RANG'UER,  (lia-rang'er,)  n.  An  orator  ;  one  who 

addresses  an  asseinlily  or  aruiy  ;  a  noisy  declaimer. 
HA-RA\G'UINO,  ppr.    Declaiming;  addressing  with 

noisy  eloquence. 
HAR' ASS,  V.  t.    [Ft.  harasser.    Qu.  Ir.  creaaam.] 

1.  To  weary  ;  to  fatigue  to  excess  ;  to  tire  with 
bodily  labor ;  as,  to  harass  an  army  by  a  long  march. 

BacoH. 

2.  To  weary  with  importunity,  care,  or  perplexity ; 
to  tease ;  to  perplex. 

Nature  oppressed  and  harassed  out  with  care.  Addison, 

3.  To  waste  or  desolate.    [06s.]  Hammond. 
HAR'ASS,  n.     Waste  ;   disturbance  ;  devastation. 

[Little  tised.]  Milton. 
HAR'.^SS-£I5,  (bar'ast,)  pp.    Wearied  ;  tired  ;  teased. 
HAR'.'\SS-EU,  71.     One  who  harasses  or  teases ;  a 

Fpoiler. 

HAR'.A^S  Ii\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Tiring;  fatiguing  ;  teasing. 

H.XR'BIN-GER,  «.  [See  Harbor.  Harbinrrer  is  prop- 
eriy  a  piTson  who  goes  to  provide  harbor  or  lodgings 
for  those  that  follow.] 

1.  In  England,  an  officer  of  the  king's  household, 
wlio  rides  a  day's  journey  before  the  court  when 
traveling,  to  provide  lodgings  and  otlier  accommoda- 
tions. Encyc. 

•3.  A  foreninner ;  a  precursor  ;  th:it  which  precedes 
and  gives  notice  of  the  expected  arrival  of  something 
else. 

H.\K'BIi\'-CiER-JED,  a.    Preceded  by  a  harbinger. 

HaR'BOR,  n.  [Sax.  here-berga,  the  station  of  an 
army  ;  D.  herberg,  an  inn  ;  Dan.  Sw.  and  G.  kcr- 
hi  rge ;  Fr.  aubergt  i  Sp.  and  Port,  ulbcraue  :  It.  al- 
bcrgo.  The  first  syllable,  in  the  Teutonic  dialects, 
signifies  an  army,  or  a  troop,  a  crowd  ;  the  last  sylla- 
ble is  fterjT,  burg,  a  town,  or  castle,  or  from  bergen, 
to  save.  But  in  the  Celtic  dialects,  the  first  syllable, 
al,  is  probably  different  from  that  of  the  other  dia- 
lects.] 

1.  A  lodging  ;  a  place  of  entertainment  and  rest. 

For  harbor  at  a  thousand  doors  they  knocked.  Lhyden. 

2.  A  port  or  haven  for  ships  ;  a  bay  or  inlet  of  the 
sea,  in  which  ships  can  moor,  and  be  sheltered  from 
the  fury  of  winds  and  a  heavy  sea ;  any  navigable 
water  where  ships  can  ride  in  safety. 

3.  An  asylum;  a  shelter;  a  place  of  saftty  from 
storms  or  danger.  ^ 

HaR'BOR,  v.  t.  To  shelter;  to  secure;  to  secrete; 
as,  to  harbor  a  thief. 

2.  To  entefv'.iin  ;  to  permit  to  lodge,  rest,  or  reside  ; 
as,  to  liarbor  malice  or  revenge.  Harbor  not  a  thought 
of  revenge. 

HaR'BOR,  t).  i.  To  lodge  or  abide  for  a  time  ;  to  re- 
ceive entertainment. 

This  nijht  let's  harbor  here  in  York.  Shnk. 
2.  To  take  shelter. 
HXR'B0R-.\GE,  n.    Shelter;  entertainment.  [JVo( 

^/.s'fi^A]  Shak, 
UklVROK-EX),pp.    Entertained;  sheltered. 
HA  R'BOR-ER,  n.    One  who  entertains  or  shelters  an- 
<ither. 

Ha  R'BOR-ING,  ppr.    Entertaining;  sheltering. 

HXR'BOR-LESS,  a.  Without  a  harbor;  destitute  of 
shelter  or  a  lodging. 

HXR'HOR-.MAS'TER,  n.  An  officer  who  has  charge 
of  the  mooring  of  ships,  and  e.\ecutes  the  regulations 
respectmg  harbors.  J^cw  York. 

HAR'BOR-OUGH,  (h'ir'bur-ro,)  n.  A  harbor  or  lodg- 
ing. 

HAR'BOR-OUS,  a.    Hospitable.    [JVut  in  i/se.] 
HARD,  a.     [Sax.  heard;  Goth,  harda;  D.  hard;  G. 

hart;  Dan.  Iiaard;  Sw.  hard.    The  primary  sense  is, 

pressed.] 

1.  Firm  ;  solid  ;  compact ;  not  easily  penetrated,  or 
separated  into  parts  ;  not  yielding  to  pressure ;  applied 
to  material  bodies,  anil  opposed  to  soft ;  as,  Aarti  wood  ; 
hard  fiesh  ;  a  hard  apple. 

2.  Difficult ;  not  ea.sy  to  the  intellect. 

In  which  arc  some  lhinE>  hard  to  he  understood.  —2  Pet.  iii. 
The  hard  ciujuyi  they  broun:ht  to  Muses.  —  Ex.  xviii. 

3.  Difficult  of  accomplishment  ;  not  easy  to  be 
done  or  executed.  A  Jiard  task ;  a  disease  hard  to 
cure. 

Is  any  thing  too  hard  tor  the  I^rd  i  —  Gen.  XTiii. 

4.  Full  of  difficulties  or  obstacles;  not  easy  to  be 
traveleil ;  as,  a  knrd  way.  JUUton. 

5.  Painful;  diffi(^ult;  distressing. 

Rach'  l  trir-lrd,  and  she  had  hard  labor.  — Oen. 
0.  Laborious;  fatiguing;  attcnilert  with  difficulty 
or  pain,  or  both  ;  as,  liard  work  or  labor  ;  Itard  duty; 
luird  service. 

7.  OpprensiVB  ;  rigorous  ;  severe  ;  cruel  ;  as,  Aarii 
bondagt! ;  a  fuird  master.    Er..  i.  xiv. 

8.  I/nfeelini;  ;  insennihle  ;  not  easily  moved  by  pity  ; 
nut  suiceplible  of  kinilne»8,  mercy,  or  other  tender 
Bfrecliimii ;  an,  a  hiird  heart. 

9.  S<^vere  ;  liaruli  ;  rough  ;  abuHivc. 

Iljive  yon  jfiirn  iuni  any  hard  wonls  of  late  t  .^aJc. 

10.  Onfavoralile  ;  unkind;  implying  blame  of  an- 
other ;  an,  hard  thoughts. 

11.  Severe  ;  rigorom ;  oppressive.  The  enemy  wns 


compelled  to  submit  to  hard  terms.  So  we  say,  a  Aarii 
bargain  ;  hard  conilitions. 

12.  Unreasonable  ;  unjust.  It  is  hard  to  punish  a 
man  for  speculative  opinions.    It  is  a  hard  case. 

13.  Severe ;  pinching  with  cold  ;  rigorous  ;  tem- 
pestuous ;  as,  a  hard  winter  ;  hard  weather. 

14.  Powerful;  forcible;  urghig;  pressing  close  on. 

The  sta^  was  too  hard  fjr  the  horse.  Estrange. 
The  disputant  was  too  liard  for  his  antagonist.  Anon. 

15.  Austere  ;  rough ;  acid ;  sour ;  as  liquors.  The 
cider  is  hard. 

16.  Harsh  ;  stiff ;  forced  ;  constrained  ;  unnatural. 

Others  —  make  the  figures  harder  than  tlie  marble  itself. 

Dryden, 

His  diction  is  hard,  his  figures  too  bold.  Dryden. 

17.  Not  plentiful ;  not  prosperous  ;  pressing  ;  dis- 
tressing ;  as,  hard  times,  when  markets  are  bad,  and 
money  of  course  scarce. 

18.  Avaricious ;  difficult  in  making  bargains ;  close. 
Matt.  XXV. 

19.  Rough  ;  of  coarse  features ;  as,  a  liard  face  or 
countenance. 

20.  Austere  ;  severe  ;  rigorous. 

21.  Rude  ;  unpolished  or  unintelligible. 

A  people  of  hard  language.  —  Ezek.  iii. 

22.  Coarse  ;  unpalatable  or  scanty  ;  as,  hard  fare. 
Hard  water,  is  that  which  contains  some  n)ineral 

substance  that  decomposes  soap,  and  thus  renders  it 
unfit  for  washing. 
HARD,  ai/t'.  Close;  near;  as  in  the  phrase  hard  by. 
In  this  phrase  the  word  retains  its  original  sense  of 
pressed,  or  pressing.  So  in  It.  presso,  Fr.  prcs,  from 
L.  pressiLs. 

2.  With  pressure;  with  urgency;  hence,  diligent- 
ly ;  laboriously  ;  earnestly  ;  vehemently  ;  importu- 
nately ;  as,  to  work  hard  for  a  living. 

And  prayed  so  liard  for  mercy  from  the  prince.  Dryden, 

3.  With  difficulty  ;  as,  the  vehicle  moves  ?iard. 

4.  Uneasily  ;  vexatiously.  Shak. 

5.  Closely ;  so  as  to  raise  difficulties. 

The  question  is  hard  set.  Brown. 

6.  Fast ;  nimbly  ;  rapidly  ;  vehemently  ;  as,  to  run 
hard,  that  is,  with  pressure  or  urgency. 

7.  Violently  ;  with  great  force  ,  tempestuously ;  as, 
the  wind  blows  hard,  or  it  blows  hard. 

8.  With  violence ;  with  a  copious  descent  of  wa- 
ter ;  as,  it  rains  hard. 

9.  With  force  ;  as,  to  press  hard. 

Hard-a-lee;  in  seamen's  language,  an  order  to  put 
the  helm  close  to  the  lee-side  of  the  ship,  to  tack  or 
keep  her  head  to  the  wind ;  also,  that  situation  of  the 
helm.  Mar.  Did. 

Hard-a-weather ;  an  order  to  put  the  helm  close  to 
the  weather  or  windward  side  of  the  ship ;  also,  that 
position  of  the  helm. 

Hard-a-port ;  an  order  to  put  the  helm  close  to  the 
larboard  side  of  a  ship. 

Hard-a-starboard ;  an  order  to  put  the  helm  close  to 
the  starboard  side  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

HaRD'Bf..\M,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genua  Carpinus,  so 
calliMl  from  its  compact,  liorny  texture  ;  hornbeam. 

HARD'-BE-SET'TIMG,  a.  Closely  besetting  or  be- 
sieging. Milton. 

HARD'BOUND,  a.  Costive;  fast  or  tight;  as,  hard- 
bound brains.  Pope. 

HARD'-DRINK'ER,  n.    One  who  drinks  to  excess. 

HARD'-DRI.NK'I.\G,  n.    Drinking  to  excess. 

HARD'-EARN-£D,  (-ernd,)  a.  Earned  with  toil  and 
difficulty.  Burke. 

HARD'iCN,  (bard'n,) B. «.  To  make  hard  or  more  hard  ; 
to  make  firm  or  compact ;  to  indurate  ;  as,  to  harden 
iron  or  steel  ;  to  Itarden  clay 

2.  To  confirm  in  effrontery;  to  make  impudent; 
as,  to  harden  the  face. 

3.  To  make  obstinate,  unyielding,  or  refractory  ; 
as,  to  harden  the  neck.    Jrr.  xix. 

4.  To  confirm  in  wickedness,  opposition,  or  enmi- 
ty ;  to  make  obdurate. 

Why  tlien  do  ye  harden  yonr  hearts,  as  Phamoh  and  the  Egyp- 
tians hardened  their  hearts  /  —  1  Sam.  vi. 

So  God  is  said  to  harden  the  heart,  when  he  with- 
draws the  influences  of  his  Spirit  from  men,  and 
leaves  them  to  pursue  their  own  corrupt  inclinations. 

5.  To  make  insensible  or  unfeeling  ;  as,  to  harden 
one  against  impressions  of  pity  or  tenderness. 

6.  To  make  firm  ;  to  endure  with  constancy. 

I  would  harden  inysi  lf  in  sorrow.  — Job  vi. 

7.  To  inure  ;  to  render  firm,  or  less  liable  to  injury, 
by  exposure  or  use  ;  as,  to  Itarden  to  a  clin)ate  or  to 
lahi^r. 

HARl)'f;N,  (hilrd'n,)  ».  t.  To  become  h.ard  or  more 
hard  ;  to  actpiire  solidity,  or  more  compactness.  Mor- 
tar hardens  by  drying. 

2.  To  become  unfeeling. 

3.  'i'o  become  inured. 

4.  To  iniliiratc,  as  rtesh. 

HARD'K.N-A.'l),  p/i.  or  a.  Made  bard,  or  more  hard 
or  compact;  UKule  unfeeling  ;  made  obstitiiite  ;  ct>n- 
firnii^d  in  error  or  vice. 

IlXRD'KN-iCK,  n.  He  or  that  which  makes  hard,  or 
more  Ann  and  compact. 


HARD'EN-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  hard  or  more  com- 
pact;  making  olulurate  or  unfeeling;  confirming; 
becoming  more  hard. 

HAUU'/:.\-lj\G,  n.  The  giving  a  greater  degree  of 
hardness  to  bodies  than  they  had  before.  Encyc, 

IIARU'ER,  a.    More  hard. 

HARIVEST,  a.    Most  hard. 

H.KRD'-Fa-VOR-£D,  a.  Having  coarse  features ;  harsh 
of  coimtenance.  Dryden. 

HARD'-Fa-VOR-£D-NESS,  n.  Coarseness  of  fea- 
tures. 

HARD'-FeAT-IIR-£D,  a.    Having  coarse  featines. 

SmolleU. 

HSRD'-FIST-ED,  a.  Having  hard  or  strong  hands, 
as  a  laborer. 

2.  Close-fisted  ;  covetous.  Hall. 

HXRD'-FOUGHT,  (  fawt,)  a.  Vigorously  contested  ; 
as,  a  hard-fought  battle. 

HAR1)'-G0T-T£.\,  a.    Obtained  with  difficulty. 

HARD'-HAND-ED,  a.  Having  hard  hands,  as  a  la- 
borer. Sliak. 

HARD'HEAD,  (-hed,)  n.  Clash  or  collision  of  heads 
in  contest.  Dryden. 

HARD'-HEART'ED,  (-hart'ed,)  a.  Cruel;  pitiless; 
mercile.ss  ;  unfeeling  ;  inhuman  ;  inexorable. 

Shak.  Dryden. 

HARD'-HEART'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  hard-hearted  man- 
ner. 

HARD'-HEaRT'ED-NESS,  ji.  Want  of  feeling  or  ten- 
derness ;  cruelty  ;  inlitnnanity.  Sout/t. 
HARD'I-E.ST,  a.    Most  hardy.  Barter. 
HARD'I-HOOD,  71.    [.See  Hardy  and  Hood.]  Bold- 
ness, united  with  firmness  and  constancy  of  mind  ; 
dauntless  bravery  ;  intrepidity.  Milton. 
It  is  the  society  of  numlieis  wtiich  gives  hardViood  to  iniquity. 

Buckmitister, 

Hardihead  and  Hardiment,  in  the  sense  o( hard- 
ihood, are  obstdete.  Spenser.  Fairfax. 
HaRD'I-LY,  ado.    With  great  boldness  ;  stoutly 

Scott. 

2.  With  hardship ;  not  tenderly.  Qoldsmith, 
HXRD'1-NESS,  71.    [Ft.  hardicsse.    See  Hardy.] 

1.  Boldness  ;  firm  courage  ;  intrepidity  ;  stoutness  ; 
bravery  ;  applied  to  the  mind,  it  is  synonymous  with 
ImrdUiood. 

2.  Firmness  of  body  derived  from  laborious  exer- 
cises. 

3.  Hardship;  fatigue.    [Ofo.]  Spenser. 

4.  Excess  of  confidence  ;  assurance  ;  effrontery. 
HARD'-LA'BOR-i'D,  a.    Wrought  with  severe  labor ; 

elaborate  ;  studied  ;  as,  a  hard-labored  poem.  Suiift. 
HARD'LY,  adv.    [See  Hard.]    With  difficulty  ;  with 
great  labor. 

Recovering  hardly  what  he  lost  before.  Drydin. 

2.  Scarcely  ;  barely  ;  almost  not. 

Hardly  shall  you  find  any  one  so  Liad,  but  he  desires  the'cn'dit 
ol  being  ihonglit  good.  Soulh. 

3.  Not  quite,  or  wholly.  The  object  is  so  distant 
we  can  Itardly  see  it.  The  veal  is  luirdly  done.  The 
writing  is  hardly  completed. 

4.  Grudgingly  ;  as  an  injury.  Shak, 

5.  Severely;  unfavorably;  as,  to  think  Aarti/i/  of 
public  measures. 

6.  Rigorously  ;  oppressively.  The  prisoners  were 
hardly  used  or  treated.  Mdison.  SwifL 

7.  Unwelcomely  ;  harshly. 

Such  information  comes  very  hardly  and  hai^ldy  to  a  grown 
man.  Locke. 

8.  Coarsely  ;  roughly  ;  not  softly. 

He.aven  w.as  h^r  canopy,  bare  earth  her  bed  ; 

So  Itardly  lodged,  Dryden. 

HXRD'-MOUTH-£D,  a.  Not  sensible  to  the  bit ;  not 
easily  governed  ;  as,  a  hard-mouthed  horse.  Dryden. 

HARD'NESS,  71.  [See  Hard.]  Firmness;  "close 
union  of  the  component  parts;  compactness;  solid- 
ity ;  the  qu.ality  of  bodies  which  resists  impression  or 
the  separation  of  their  particles  ;  ppposcd  to  softness 
and  fluidity. 

2.  Difficult"  »o  be  understood.  Shak. 

3.  Diiriciilty  to  be  executed  or  accomplished  ;  as, 
the  hardness  of  an  enterprise.  Sidney. 

4.  Scarcity;  penury;  ditficulty  of  obtaining  mon- 
ey ;  as,  the  Itardness  of  the  times.  Swift. 

5.  Obduracy ;  impenitence ;  confirmed  state  of 
wickedness  ;  as,  hardness  of  heart. 

6.  Coarseness  of  features  ;  harshness  of  look  ;  as, 
hardness  of  favor.  Ray. 

7.  Severity  of  cold ;  rigor;  as,  the  hardness  of  win- 
ter. 

8.  Cruelty  of  temper ;  savagencss ;  harshness. 

The  Wame 

May  hang  upon  your  hardness.  Shak. 

9.  Stiffness;  harshness;  roughness;  as,  the  Anri- 
nci.ie.s  of  sculpture.  Dryden. 

10.  Closeness  ;  nigg.ardliness  ;  stinginess. 

Johnson. 

11.  Hiirdship  ;  severe  labor,  trials,  or  sufferings. 

Kmlure  hardmii  as  a  good  soldier  of  Jesus  Christ.  —2  Tim.  II. 

12.  A  qunlily  in  some  kinds  of  water  which  unfits 
It  for  wa-ihiiig.    [See  IIaiiii.] 

IIXRD'MB-B/'.'l),  (  nihil, )  a.  Having  a  hard  nib  or 
point. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI.F,  BQQK — 

_ 


HAR 


IIXU'DOCK,  n.    Probably  Iwardock,  dock  with  whitish 

leaves.  Shak. 
nxRI)  PAN.   Sec  Pan,  No.  4. 

IIXKDS,  n.  pi.    The  refuse  or  co.irse  part  of  fla.x  ; 

t(HV.  ' 

H.XKD'SHIP,  71.   Toil  ;  fatipie j  severe  labororwant; 

whatever  oppresses  the  body, 
ii.  Injur)';  oppression;  injustice.  Swift. 
IIXIU)'-VIS-A<SKI),  a.    Having  coarse  features  ;  of  a 

harsh  countenance.  Burke. 
IIARD'WARE,  71.     A  general  name  for  all  wares 

made  of  iron  or  other  metal,  as  pets,  kettles,  saws, 

knives,  &c. 

HAKU'VVARHI-MAN,  71.  A  maker  or  seller  of  hard- 
wares. Swift. 

I1XRI)'-\V0N,  a.    Won  with  difficulty.  ScoU. 

H.\RI)'-VVORK-ING,  a.    Laboring  hard. 

IIXRD'Y,  a.  [Fr.hardi:  Serin,  harihj ;  Arm.  hardii, 
hardth  :  It.  ardire,  to  dare,  and  boldness,  assurance. 
The  sense  is,  shooting,  or  advancing  forward.] 

1.  Hold  J  brave ;  stout ;  daring  ;  resolute  ;  intrepid. 
Who  is  hard ij  enough  to  encounter  contemi)t.' 
•2.  Strong;  tirm  ;  compact. 

An  uuwhutetome  blnsl  may  thake  in  pieces  hU  hardy  fabric. 

South. 

3.  Confident ;  full  of  assurance ;  impudent ;  stub- 
born to  excess. 

4.  Inured  to  fatigue  ;  rendered  firm  by  exercise,  as 
a  veteran  soldier. 

HARD'Y,  II.    An  iron-smith's  tool. 

HAR,  HARE,  HERE,  in  composition,  signify  an  army. 
Sax.  here,  G.  hter,  I),  heir.  So  Harold  is  a  general  of 
an  army  ;  llrncin,  a  victorious  army.  So  in  Greek, 
Stratoclcs,  from  arparos,  and  Polemarchus,  from 

H.\RE,  71.    [Sax.  Aara;  Dan.  and  Sw.  hare.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Lepus,  with  long 
ears,  a  short  tail,  soft  hair,  and  a  divided  upper  lip. 
It  is  a  timid  animal,  often  hunted  for  sport,  or  for  its 
Hesh,  which  is  excellent  food.  It  moves  swiftly  by 
leaps,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  fixiuidity. 
•2.  A  constellation  situated  directly  under  Orion. 

P.  Cijc. 

IIaRE,  B.  t.  [Norm.  Aarer,  Aarier,  to  stir  up,  or  pro- 
voke.] 

To  fright,  or  to  excite,  tease,  and  harass,  or  worry. 
r.Vef  used.]    [See  Harrv.]  Locke. 
II.ARE'BELL,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Ilyacinthus, 
with  caiiipaniform  or  bcll-sliaped  Howers. 

Fam.  ofTlants. 
H.aRE'-BR.^IN-ED,  a.    [Aar«  and  Jrain.]  Wild  ;  gid- 
dy ;  volatile  ;  heedlesii.  Bacon. 
II ARE' FOOT,  n.    A  bird  ;  a  plant.  .ainsworlh. 
HARE'-IIi-IaRT'ED,  (-hUrt'ed,)  a.  Timorous;  easily 

frightened.  AiLtwortli. 
HARE'-HOUND,  71.    A  hound  for  hunting  hares. 

Chalmers. 

HaRE'-HU.\T-ER,  71.    One  who  hunts,  or  is  used  to 

hunting  hares.  Pope. 
HaRE'-HL'NT-ING,  71.   The  hunting  of  hares. 

Sonterville. 

HARE'LIP,  71.  A  fissure  or  perpendicular  division  of 
one  or  both  lips,  but  more  coinnionly  the  upper  one, 
like  that  of  a  hare.  Wiseman. 

HaKE'1,1P-PKD,  (-lipt,)  a.    Having  a  harelip. 

HARE'.Ml.NT,  11.    A  plant.  .^insworUu 

II.\RE'PIPE,  n.   A  snare  for  catching  hares. 

Stat,  James  I. 

HARE'S'-kAR,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  liupleurum. 

The  Ba.itard  Hare's  Ear  is  of  the  genus  Phyllis. 
HARE'S'-IXT-TUCE,  (  let-Us,)  n.    A  plant  of  the 

genus  Sonchus. 
HARE'WORT,  n.    A  plant. 


HAR'EM,  n.  [Ar. 


karama,  to  prohibit,  drive 


ofl',  or  deny  access.] 

The  division  allotted  to  females  in  the  larger  dwell- 
inc-hoiiscs  of  the  East.  Smart. 
HA-RE.N'(5I-KOR.M,  a.     [See  Hebbino.]  Shaped 

like  a  herrins.  Dict.jVaL  HisL 

HAR'I-COT,  (har'e-ko.)  n.    [Fr.  from  Or.  apaKOf.] 
1.  A  kind  of  ragout  of  meat  and  roots. 

Cktsterfield. 

1.  The  kidney-bean. 

H.\R'I-ER,  71.    [from  hare.)    A  dog  for  hunting  h.ires. 
[This  siK'lling  is  now  disused.   Smart.]    [See  Hak- 
niEB.] 

HAR-I-0-I,A'TION,  ti.    (L.  hariolatio.] 

Prognostication  ;  soothsaying. 
HAR'ISH,a.    Like  a  hare. 

H.\RK,  r.  1.    [Contracted  from  A^arA'ni,  which  see.] 
To  listen  ;  to  lend  the  ear.        SAaJt.  Hudihras. 
[This  word  is  rarely  or  never  used,  except  in  the 
Imperative  mode,  Aart,  th;it  is,  listen,  hear.] 
HXRL,  71.   The  skin  of  flax;  the  filaments  of  flax,  or 
hemp. 

2.  A  filamentous  substance.  Mortimer. 
HAR'LE-UUI.N.  (hir'le-kin,)  n.    [Fr.  AaWr^uin, a  buf- 

fiH>n  ;  It.  arUahino  ;  Sp.  arletfum  :  Arm.  harliijiti, 
/urluijin,  a  juggler.  I  know  not  the  orit'in  of  this 
word.  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  last  com|K>- 
nent  part  of  the  word  is  from  the  Gothic,  Sw.  Itea, 


HAR 

to  play,  and  a  story  is  told  about  a  comedian  who 
freipiented  the  house  of  M.  de  Harley  ;  but  I  place  no 
reliance  on  these  suggestions.] 

A  bulliioii,  dressed  in  party-colored  clothes,  who 
plays  tricks,  like  a  nieiry-andrew,  to  divert  the 
populace.  This  character  w;is  first  introduced  into 
Italian  comedy,  but  is  now  a  standing  character  in 
English  pantomime  cntertainiiiuiits.  ICncyz. 

inoiinillriui  anil  inntl,  ilisonltTril  rhyme  WUA  Been  ; 
>uguiMd  Apullu  clianc^cd  to  Htirletjuin. 

ijoileaiiU  An  of  Poetry  ;  English  Trangtation  of 
hit  Works,  Lonil.  I7lj,  vol.  i.  p.  89.  —E.  II.  B.) 

HXR'LE-aUIN,  ti.  i.  To  play  the  droll;  to  make 
sport  by  playing  ludicrous  tricks. 

HXR'LE-aUlN-AUE',  n.    Exhibitions  of  harlequins. 

HXR'LOCK,  71.    A  |)lant.  Drayton. 

HA II' LOT,  71.  [W.  hcrlawd,  a  stripling;  hcrlodcs,  a 
hoiden  ;  a  word  composed  of  Acr,  a  push,  or  chal- 
lenge, and  llawd,  a  Irnl.  This  word  was  formerly  ap- 
plied to  males,  as  well  as  females. 

A  siurtlie  tiarlot  —  Ui.it  was  liT  litwtci  man.  Chjlucer,  Tales. 
lie  waj  a  ^itlil  liarlot  aiul  a  kind.  Jbm. 

The  word  originally  signified  a  bold  stripling,  or  a 
hoiden.  But  the  W.  llawd  signifies  not  only  a  lad, 
that  is,  a  shoot,  or  growing  youth,  but  as  an  adjec- 
tive, tending  forward,  craving, /cicJ.    See  Lewu.] 

1.  A  woman  who  prostitutes  her  body  for  hire  ;  a 
prostitute  ;  a  common  woman.  Drijdeit. 

2.  In  Scripture,  one  who  forsakes  the  true  God  and 
worships  idols.    Is.  i. 

3.  A  servant ;  a  rogue  ;  a  cheat.    [Ofts.]  Foz. 
HAR' LOT,  a.    Wanton  ;  lewd  ;  low  ;  base.  Shak. 
IIAR'LOT,  r.  I.    To  practice  lewdness.  Milton. 
HAR'LOT-RY,  71.    The  trade  or  practice  of  prostitu- 
tion; habitual  or  customary  lewdness ;  prostitution. 

Dnjden. 

HARM,  77.    [,Sax.  Afa7Tn  or  harm.    In  G.  the  word  sig- 
nifies griel,  sorrow.] 
\.  Injury  ;  hurt ;  damage  ;  detriment ;  misfortune. 
Do  ihvK-lf  no  harm.  —  Acu  xvi. 

He  sli.ill  niakt-  amends  {or  Ihc  harm  he  hath  (lone  in  the  liuly 
thuig.  —  Lrf!v.  V. 

2.  Moral  wrong;  evil;  mischief;  wickedness;  a 
pflj)ular  sense  of  the  word. 
HARM,  7!.  t.    To  hurt ;  to  injure  ;  to  damage  ;  to  im- 
pair soundness  of  body,  either  animal  or  vegetable. 

miller.  Ray. 

HAR-MAT'TAN,  n.    A  hot  dry  wind  from  the  interior 
of  Africa,  w  hich  destroys  vegetation.    It  corresponds 
to  the  sainiel  or  simoom  of  Arabia,  &c.  Encyc.  .Smer. 
HARM'Kl),  ;/;).    Injured;  hurt;  damaged. 
HAR'MEL,  71.    The  wild  African  rue. 
HAR.M'FIJL,  a.    Hurtful;  injurious ;  noxious  ;  detri- 
mental ;  mischievous. 

Tlie  earth  brought  forth  fruit  and  food  for  man,witliout  any  iriix- 
lure  of  harmful  quality.  Ralegh. 

HARM'FJJL-LY,  a<2».  Hurtfully ;  injuriously;  with 
damage.  .^.^cham. 

HAR.M'FJJL-NESS,  71.    Hurtfulness  ;  noxiousness. 

IIAR.M'LNG,  ;>;»r.    Hurting;  injuring. 

HAR.M'LESS,  a.  Not  hurtful  or  injurious  ;  innoxious. 
Ceremonies  are  harmless  in  themselves.  Hooker. 

2.  Unhurt  ;  undamaged  ;  uninjured  ;  as,  to  give 
bond  to  save  another  tuirmlcss. 

3.  Innocent ;  not  guilty. 

Who  b  holy,  h/irmUss,  undcliled,  teparate  from  ainncn.  — 
Heb.  vu. 

HAUM'LESS-LY,  adv.    Innocently  ;  without  fault  or 
crime  :  as,  to  pass  the  time  harmlctsly  in  recreations. 
2.  VVitliout  hurt  or  damage. 

Bullets  fail  harmltssly  into  wood  or  fe.athers.  Decoy  of  Piety, 
HARM'LESS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  inno.x- 
ious  ;  freedom  from  a  tendency  to  injure. 
2.  Innocence. 
HAR-MO.N'ie,        fa.     (_Sce  Harmont.]  Relating 
HAR-.MO.N'ie-AL,  )     to  liarinony  or  music  ;  as,  liar- 
inonical  use.  Bacon. 

2.  Concordant ;  musical ;  consonant ;  as,  AarmoTiic 
sounds. 

Harmonic  twnnir  of  leather,  horn,  and  llrass.  Pope. 
Tlie  basis  of  an  Kanncnic  systL-m.  Encyc. 
The  harmome  elements  are  the  three  smallest  concords. 

Edin.  Eneyc. 

3.  An  epithet  applied  to  the  accessary  sounds 
which  accompany  the  predominant  and  apparently 
simple  tone  of  any  chord  or  string. 

Harmonic  triad :  in  music,  the  common  chord  ;  the 
chord  of  a  note  with  its  third  and  fifth.  Brande. 

Harmonicai  mean  ;  in  arithmetic  and  tdirebra,  a  term 
used  to  express  certain  relations  of  numbers  and 
quantities,  which  bear  an  analogy  to  musical  conso- 
nances. 

Harmonicai  proportion  ;  in  aritJimetic  and  algebra. 
See  Pbopobtion. 

Harmonicai  serie^^  or  prorrression  ;  a  series  of  num- 
bers such  that  any  three  consecutive  terms  are  in 
liarmoiiiral  proportion.  Brande. 

HA R-.MO.N'I-CA,  It.  A  musical  instrument  invented 
by  Dr.  Franklin,  in  which  the  tones  are  produced  by 
frictitm  against  the  edges  of  a  series  of  heuiispherical 
glasses.  HeberL 

HAR  .MOX'IC  AL-LY,  adv.  Musically. 


HAR 

IIAR-MON'ICS,  It.     Harmonious    sounds  ;  conso- 
nances. 

2.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  musical  sounds. 

I>r.  R.  Smith. 

3.  Derivative  sounds,  generated  with  pri  doininant 
sounds,  and  produced  by  subordinate  vibrations  of  a 
cliord  or  string,  when  Its  whole  length  vibrii<" 
'i'liese  shorter  vibrations  produce  more  acute  „^uiiU8 
and  art!  called  acute  harmonics. 

4.  Grave  harmonics,  are  low  soiinils  wliich  accom- 
pany every  perfect  consonance  of  two  sounds. 

Kdin.  Encyc. 

HAR-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  Adapted  to  each  other  ;  having 
the  parts  proportioned  to  each  other  ;  syninietrical. 

God  hatli  made  the  intellectual  world  liarmonious  and  b>-nutiful 
witliuut  us,  Locke. 

2.  Concordant;  consonant;  sjmphonioiis ;  musi- 
cal. Harmonious  sounds  are  such  as  accord,  and  are 
agreeable  to  the  ear. 

3.  Agreeing  ;  living  in  peace  and  friendship;  as,  a 
harmonious  family  or  society. 

HAR-Mo'Nl  OUS-LY,  ado.  With  just  adaptation  and 
proportion  of  parts  to  each  other. 

Disl:ince8,  motions,  and  quantiti'-s  of  matt'*r  Aarmoniouf^y  ad- 
Justed  in  this  ^rt-at  variety  ol  our  system.  ISentley. 

3.  With  accordance  of  sounds ;  musically  ;  in  con- 
cord. 

3.  In  agreement ;  in  peace  and  friendship. 
IIAR-Mo'Nl-OUS-NESS,  n.    I'ro|iortion  and  adapta- 
tion of  parts ;  niusicalness. 
2.  Agreement ;  concord. 
HAR-iMON'I-PllON,  7i.    [Gr.  hppovta  and  0tonj.] 

A  musical  instrument  whose  sound  is  produced 
by  the  vibration  of  thin  mettillic  [ilatcs.  The  air 
which  acts  on  these  vibrating  substances  is  blown 
by  the  mouth  through  an  elastic  tube.  It  is  played 
with  keys  like  a  piano-forte. 
IIAR'MO-NIST,  71.  A  musician;  a  composer  of 
music. 

2.  One  who  brings  together  corresponding  pas- 
sages, as  of  the  four  (Jospels,  to  show  their  agree- 
ment. 

HAR'MO-NIZE,  ».  i.  To  be  in  concord;  to  agree  in 
sounds. 

2.  To  agree ;  to  be  in  peace  and  friendship,  as 
individuals  or  families. 

3.  To  agree  in  sense  or  purport ;  as,  the  arguments 
harmonize ;  the  facts  stated  by  different  witnesses 

harmonize. 

IIAR'.MO-NIZE,  V.  t.  To  adjust  in  fit  proportions  ;  to 
cause  to  agree. 

2.  To  make  musical  ;  to  combine  according  to 
the  laws  of  counterpoint. 

HAR'MO-NIZ-KI),  pp.  or  a.    Made  to  be  accordant 

HAR'MO-NIZ-ER,  ii.     One  that  brings  together  or 
2.  In  music,  a  practical  harmonist.  [reconciles. 

HAR-.MO-NIZ-ING,  ;i;jr.    Causing  to  agree. 

HA R'MO-.NIZ-ING,  a.  Being  in  accordance;  bring- 
ing to  an  agreement. 

IIAR-MO-NO.M'E-TER,  n.   [Gr.  iiocona  and  fitrnov.] 
An  instrument  or  inonochord  for  measuring  the 
harmonic  relations  of  sounds. 

HAR'.MO-NY,  71.  [L.  Aa7Tnimia;  Gr.  inpovia,  a  set- 
ting together,  a  closure  or  seam,  agreement,  concert, 
from  to  fit  or  adapt,  to  stpiare  ;  Sji.  armonia  ;  It. 
ill. ;  Fr.  harmonic.  If  the  Greek  aot«j  is  a  contracted 
word  for  k'wio,  which  is  probable,  it  may  be  the 
French  carrer,  eyuarrir.] 

1.  The  just  adaptatiim  of  parts  to  each  other,  in 
any  sy.steni  or  coniptisition  of  things,  intended  to 
form  a  connected  whole  ;  as,  the  harmony  of  the  uni- 
verse. 

Kquality  and  correspondfnce  arc  the  causrs  of  Aarmony.  Bacon. 
Ail  (li«cunl,  harmony  not  underetoMi,  Pope. 

2.  Just  proportion  of  sound  ;  consonance  ;  musical 
concord  ;  the  accordance  of  two  or  more  intervals  or 
sounds,  or  that  union  of  diftiTcnt  sounds  which 
pleases  the  ear ;  or  a  succession  of  such  sounds, 
called  chords. 

Ten  thousand  h-trps,  that  tuned 
Anglic  hannomes.  fifillon. 

3.  Concord  ;  agreement ;  accordance  in  facts ;  as, 
the  harmony  of  the  Gosjiels. 

4.  Concord  or  agreement  in  views,  sentiments,  or 
manners,  interests,  &c.  ;  qiKtd  correspondence  ; 
peace  and  friendship,    'i'lie  citizens  live  in  harmony. 

Cy.  The  aL'reemeiit  or  consistency  of  different  his- 
tories of  the  same  events ;  as,  the  harmony  of  the 
Gospels. 

6.  A  literary  work  which  brings  together  parallel 
p.assaixes  of  historians  respecting  the  same  events, 
and  shows  their  agreement  or  consistency. 

J\,'atural  liarmony,  in  music,  consists  of  the  har- 
monic triad,  or  common  chord.  .Artificial  harmony,  is 
a  mixture  of  concords  and  discords.  Fi-rured  har- 
mony, is  when  one  or  more  of  the  parts  move,  during 
the  continuance  of  a  chord,  thniugh  certain  notes 
which  do  not  form  any  of  the  constituent  parts  of 
that  chord.  Bu.iby. 

Perfect  harmony,  implies  the  use  of  untempiTed 
Ct-ncords  only.  Tempered  harmony,  is  when  the  notes 
are  varied  by  temperament.    [See  Temi-ebami>t.] 

Harmony  of  the  spheres.    See  Muiic.  [£iicyc. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  B  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

53S 


HAR 

HAR'MOST,  71,  [Gr.  apijiornp,  from  ap/iuaa-o,  to  reg- 
ulate.] 

In  ancient  Oreece,  a  Spartan  governor,  regulator, 
or  prefect.  Mitford. 
IISR'MO-ToME,  n.    [Gr.  ap/ius,  a  joint,  and  Tipiiw, 
to  cut.] 

In  mineralogy,  cross-stone,  or  staurolite,  called 
aist,  ^iramidical  zeolite.  [See  Cross-Stone.] 
HAR'Nt.J'*,  n.  [W.  harnacs,  from  ham,  that  is, 
closely  fitteJ  ;  Ft- luirnoi.i ;  Arm.  harncs  ;  It.  arnesc  ; 
Sp.  arnes :  Port,  arne:  f  D.  liarnas ;  G.  harnisch;  Sw. 
hariiesk  ;  Dan.  hamisk.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  fit, 
prepare,  or  put  on ;  and  in  different  languages,  it 
signifies  not  only  harness,  but  furniture  and  uten- 
sils.] 

1.  Armor ;  the  whole  accouterments  or  equipments 
of  a  knight  or  horseman  ;  originally,  perhaps,  defen- 
sive armor,  hut  in  a  more  modern  and  enlarged 
sense,  the  furniture  of  a  military  man,  defensive  or 
offensive,  as  a  casque,  cuirass,  helmet,  girdle,  sword, 
buckler,  &c. 

2.  The  furniture  of  a  draught  horse,  whether  for 
a  wagon,  coach,  gig,  chaise,  &.c.  ;  called,  in  some  of 
the  American  States,  tackle  or  tackling,  with  which, 
in  its  primary  sense,  it  is  synonymous.  DnjJen. 

HXR'NESS,  r.  (.  To  dress  in  armor;  to  equip  with 
armor  for  war,  as  a  horseman. 

Harnessed  in  ruji^d  steel.  liowe. 
9.  To  put  on  the  furniture  of  a  horse  for  draught. 
Harness  the  horses.  —  Jer.  xlvi. 

3.  To  defend  ;  to  equip,  or  furnish  for  defense.  1 
Mncc.  iv. 

HXR'NESS-£D,  (har'nest,)  pp.  or  a.  Equipped  with 
armor;  furnished  with  the  dress  for  draught;  de- 
fended. 

HaR'NESS-ER,  n.  One  who  puts  on  the  harness  of  a 
Imrse.  Sherwood. 

HXR'i\ESS-lXG,  ppr.  Putting  on  armor  or  furniture 
for  draught. 

H.\  RNS,  li.p/.    Brains.  Orose. 
HaRP,  n.     [Sax.  hearpa;  G.  harfe ;   D.  harp;  Svv. 

luirpa ;  Dan.  Iiarpe ;   Fr.  harpe ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port. 

ar/Jrt.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  music  of  the  .stringed  kind,  of 
a  triangular  figure,  held  upright,  and  commonly 
touched  with  the  fingers.  Kncyc.  Johnson. 

2.  A  constellation,  Lyra,  or  the  Lyre.       P.  Cyc. 
HARP,  I),  i.    To  play  on  the  harp. 

I  hcanl  the  voice  of  harpers,  harping  with  their  liarps.  —  Rev. 

2.  To  dwell  on  tediously  or  vexatiously,  in  speak- 
ing or  writing. 

He  seems 

Proud  Hnd  (iis.l.iiiifiil,  hftrping  on  wlial  lam  — 

Not  wh.it  lie  knew  1  was.  Shak. 

3.  To  touch,  as  a  passion  ;  to  affect.  Shak. 
H.\RP'ER,  n.    A  player  on  the  harp. 
IIaRP'IN'G,  ppr.    Playing  on  a  harp ;  dwelling  on  con- 
tinually. 

HARP'KNG,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  harp;  as,  Iiarjiing 

symphonies.  Milton. 
HXRP'IiVG,  n.    A  continual  dwelling  on. 

Makiiij  infinite  merriment  by  harpings  npon  old  themes. 

Iruing. 

HARP'ING,  n.  ;  pi.  Habpinos.  In  ships,  harpings  are 
the  fore  parts  of  the  wales,  which  encompass  the 
bow  of  the  ship,  and  are  fastened  to  the  stem.  Their 
use  is  to  strengthen  the  ship,  in  the  place  where  she 
sustains  the  greatest  shock  in  plunging  into  the  sea. 

Totten. 

Cat-karpings  are  ropes  which  serve  to  brace  in  the 
rigging,  to  tighten  it,  and  to  give  a  greater  swi'ep  to 
the  yards.  Totten. 
HXRP'ING-I-RON,  (-I-urn,)  n.     A  harpoon,  which 
see. 

HARP'IST,  71.    A  harper.  Bruion. 

HAR-POON',  n.  [l-'r.  hur/ion  ;  Pp.  arpon;  Port,  arpim, 
arpeo  ;  It.  arpione  ;  G.  luirpiinc  ;  I),  harpoen  ;  from  Vr. 
harper,  to  grapple  ;  Sp.  arpar,  to  claw  ;  Gr.  A(/?r  i^(.), 
from  uoTTao),  to  seize  with  the  claws ;  probably  L. 
rapio,  by  transposition  of  letters.    Class  Rb.] 

A  liarping-iron  ;  a  spear  or  javelin,  used  to  strike 
whales  for  killing  them.  It  consistsof  along  shank, 
with  a  broad,  flat,  trittngtilar  heiid,  sharpened  at  both 
ctlges  fur  pi  netrtitjiig  the  whale  with  facility.  It  is 
gimt;rally  thrown  bv  hand. 

IIAR-POOiS',  V.  t.  To  strike,  catch,  or  kill  with  a  har- 
poon. 

The  Mildly  Is  usually  canght  in  nets,  but  is  sometimes  fiar- 
puoiie'i.  Peitiuint. 

HXR-P00.\'^:D,  pp.  Struck,  caught,  or  killed  with  a 
harpoon. 

HAK  l'"().\'ER,  j  Ji.  One  who  uses  a  harpoon;  the 

IIA  It  I'O-.NEKR',  (  man  in  a  whale-boat  who  throws 
Hie  li:irpoon. 

IIAIt  POO.V'I.VG,  ppr.    Striking  with  a  harpoon. 

HAISP'.SI-CIIORD,  n.  [Imrp  uiii]  clmrd.\  An  instru- 
ment of  music  with  strings  of  win:,  pl.iyed  by  the 
fiiiger*t,  by  inf^ans  of  kevs.  The  striking  of  these 
keys  movi  a  cerlain  little  Jacka,  which  move  a  double 
row  of  cords  or  strings,  stretched  over  four  bridges 
on  the  tabic  of  the  instrument.  Encyc. 


HAR 

HAR'Py,  n.  [Fr.  karpic :  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  arpia  ;  L. 
harjiyia ;  Gr.  itp-jrvLa,  from  the  root  of  tipTra^oj,  to 
seize,  or  daw.] 

1.  In  antiquity,  the  harpies  were  fabulous  winged 
monsters,  ravenous  and  filthy,  having  the  face  of  a 
woman,  and  the  body  of  a  vulture,  with  their  feet 
and  fingers  armed  with  sharp  claws.  They  were 
three  in  number,  Aello,  Ocypete,  and  Celeno.  They 
were  sent  by  Juno  to  plunder  the  table  of  Pliineus. 
They  are  represented  as  rapacious  and  filthy  ani- 
mals. Lempriere. 

2.  The  largest  of  the  eagle  tribe  ;  the  Ilarpyia 
destructor,  inhabiting  Mexico  and  Brazil. 

3.  Any  rapacious  or  ravenous  animal ;  an  extor- 
tioner ;  a  plunderer. 

HAR'CiUE-UUSE.    See  Ar<iuebuse. 
IIAR-RA-TEEN',  n.    A  kind  of  stuflT  or  cloth. 

Shenstnne. 

HAR'RI-CO,  n.  A  dish  of  vegetables,  as  beans.  [See 
Haricot.] 

HAR'RI-DAN,  7i.  [Fr.  hariilclte,  a  jade,  or  worn-out 
horse.    See  Hare,  the  verb.] 

A  decayed  stniitipet.  Swift. 

HAR'RI-/^!),  (har'rid)  pp.    Stripped;  harassed. 

IIAR'RI-ER,  «.  A  kind  of  hound  for  hunting  hares, 
having  an  acute  sense  of  smelling.  [The  original 
spinning  Harier  is  disused.  Smart] 

IIAR'RoVV,  n.  [Sw.  harf,  Dan.  harve,  a  harrow,  D. 
hark,  G.  hurke,  a  rake,  is  probably  the  same  word,  al- 
lied to  Sw.  harja,  Dan.  herger.  Sax.  hcrgian,  to  rav- 
age, or  lay  waste.] 

An  instrument  of  agriculture,  formed  of  pieces  of 
timber  sometimes  crossing  each  other,  and  set  with 
iron  or  wooden  teeth.  It  is  drawn  over  plowetl  land 
to  level  it  and  break  the  clods,  and  to  cover  seed 
when  sown. 

HAR'RoVV,  !i.  t.    [Sw.  harfca;  Dan.  harver.] 

1.  'J'o  draw  a  harrow  over,  for  the  purpose  of 
breaking  clods  and  leveling  the  surface,  or  for  cov- 
ering seed  sown  ;  as,  to  hat-row  land  or  ground. 

2.  To  bretik  or  tear  with  a  harrow. 

Wiil  he  harrow  the  valleys  after  thee  t  —  Job  xxxix. 

3.  To  tear ;  to  lacerate  ;  to  torment. 

I  could  a  tale  unfold,  whose  lightest  word 

Would  harrow  up  thy  soul.  Shak. 

4.  To  pillage  ;  to  strip ;  to  lay  waste  by  violence. 
[A^o(  used.] 

.5.  To  disturb  ;  to  agitate.    [Obs.]  Sliak. 

HAR'RoVV,  [Old  Fr.  harau.]  An  exclamation  of  sud- 
den tiislress  ;  help;  halloo.  Spenser. 

HAR'RoVV-£i),  pp.  or  a.  Broken  or  smoothed  by  a 
harrow. 

HAR'KoW-ER,  n.    One  who  harrows. 
2.  .\  hawk. 

IIAR'R6VV-ING,  ppr.    Breaking  or  levelling  with  a 
2.  a.  Tormenting  ;  lacerating.  [harrow. 
IIAR'RoW-ING,  71.    The  act  or  process  of  using  a 
harrow. 

HAR'RY,  V.  t.  [Sax.  hergian,  to  strip  ;  hyrtoian,  to  up- 
braid ;  or  \V.  herwa,  to  rove  for  plunder,  to  scout ; 
her,  a  push.] 

1.  To  strip  ;  to  pillage.    [See  Harrow.] 

2.  To  harass ;  to  agitate  ;  to  tease.  Shak. 
HAR'RY,         To  make  a  predatory  incursion.  [Obs.] 

Bcanin.  4'  ^V. 

HARSH,  a.  [G.harsch;  Scot,  harsk.  In  D:ii\.  harsk, 
Sw.  hctrsk,  is  rank,  rancid.] 

1.  Rough  to  the  touch  ;  rugged  ;  grating  ;  as,  harsh 
sand  ;  harsh  cloth  ;  opposed  to  smooth.  Boyle. 

2.  Sour  ;  rou^li  to  the  taste  ;  as,  harsh  fruit. 

3.  Rough  to  the  ear ;  grating ;  discordant ;  jar- 
ring ;  as,  a  harsh  sound  ;  harsh  notes ;  a  harsh  voice, 

Dryden. 

4.  Austere  ;  crabbed  ;  morose ;  peevish.  Civiliza- 
tion softens  the  harsh  temper  or  nature  of  man. 

5.  Rough;  rude;  abusive;  as,  harsk  words;  a 
harsk  reflection. 

(i.  Rigorous  ;  severe. 

Thou^rji  harsh  tlic  precept,  yet  the  preacher  cliarmed.  Dryden. 
IIARSII'LY,  adv.    Roughly  ;  in  a  harsh  manner. 

2.  Sourly  ;  austerely. 

3.  Severely  ;  morosely  ;  crabbedly  ;  as,  to  speak  or 
answer  liar.ility. 

4.  Roughly  ;  rudely  ;  with  violence  ;  as,  to  treat  a 
person  liarslily.  Mdisitn. 

5.  Roughly  ;  with  a  grating  sound  ;  unpleasantly. 

It  would  sound  harshly  in  her  ei\rs.  tSliak. 
IIXRSII'N'ESS,  71.    Roughness  to  the  touch ;  opposed 
to  softness  anti  smoothness. 

2.  Sourness;  nustereness ;  as,  the  harshness  of 
fruit. 

3.  Roughness  to  the  ear;  as,  the /lars/iiicssof  sound, 
or  of  a  voice,  or  of  verse. 


'Tis  not  enough  no  harshness  pives  DlTense, 
'I'lie  sound  must  seem  an  echo  to  Uic  sense. 


Pops. 


4.  Roughness  of  temper  ;  morosencss  ;  crabbcd- 
ness  ;  peevishness.  Sliak. 

5.  Roughness  in  manner  or  words  ;  severity  ;  as, 
the  harshness  of  reproof. 

"ah'let,''!  "•  [■'•«•'"'■''«•  «»■] 

The  heart,  liver,  lights,  &.C.,  of  a  hog. 


HAR 

HA  RT,  71.  [Sax.  heart ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  hiort ;  G.  kir.<:ck ; 
D.  hert.] 

A  stag,  or  male  deer;  an  animal  of  the  cervine  ge- 
nus. 

HART'BEEST,  7i.  A  species  of  the  antelope,  the 
Caama,  the  most  common  of  the  large  antelopes  in- 
habiting the  plains  of  South  Africa,  P,  Cyc. 

HART-ROY'AL,  n.    A  plant. 

HARTS'HORN,  ti.  The  horn  of  the  hart  or  male 
deer.  Hartshorn  shavings,  originally  taken  from 
the  horns  of  stags,  or  harts,  which  are  a  species  of 
bone,  are  now  obtained  chiefly  by  planing  down  the 
bones  of  calves.  They  afford  a  nutritious  and  speed- 
ily-formed jelly.  Hcbcrt. 

Salt  of  hartihorn,  or  volatile  salts  ;  an  impure  solid 
carbonate  of  ammonia,  obtained  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  hartshorn,  or  any  kind  of  bone. 

Brande. 

Spirit  of  hartshorn  :  an  impure  solution  of  carbonate 
of  ammonia,  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  bones, 
hoofs,  horns,  or  other  refuse  of  the  slaughter-house, 

Ilebert. 

Hartshorn  plantain  ;  an  annual  species  of  ]>lantain, 
Plantago  coronopus  i  cn\\t;d,  aUo,  btickskorn.  Boot/u 

HARTSn'O.VGUE,  (-tung,)  n.  [See  Tongue.]  A 
common  British  fern,  the  Scolopendrium  officinarum  o( 
Smith  i  also,  a  West  Indian  fern,  the  polypodium  phyl- 
litidis  of  Linnxus.  Partington. 

HART'VVORT,  71.  The  name  of  certain  umbelliferous 
plants  of  the  genera  Seseli,  Tordylium,  and  Bupleu- 
riim. 

HaR'UM  SCAR'UM,  a.  Wild;  precipitate;  giddy; 
rash.    [CoUiiquial.]  Smart. 

HA-RLTS'PICE,  n.  [L.  haruspei,  from  sjiecio,  to  view.] 
In  Roman  history,  a  person  who  pretentled  to  for- 
tell  future  events  by  inspecting  the  entrails  of  be.asts 
sacrificed,  or  watching  the  circumstances  attending 
their  slaughter,  or  their  manner  of  burning  and  the 
ascent  of  the  smoke.  F.ncyc.  Mam. 

HA-RUS'PI-CY,  71.  Divination  by  the  inspection  of 
victims. 

HXR'VEST,  71.  [Sax.  httrfest,  harfest,  harvest,  au- 
tumn ;  G.  kerb.ll  i  D.  kerfst.  This  word  signifies 
autumn,  and  primarily  had  no  reference  to  the  col- 
lection of  the  fruits  of  the  earth  ;  but,  in  German, 
herbsticit  is  harvest  time.  It  seems  to  be  foiiiieil 
from  the  G.  herbe,  harsh,  keen,  tart,  acerb,  L.  accrbus, 
and  primarily  it  refers  to  the  cold,  chilly  weather  in 
autumn,  in  the  north  of  Europe.  This  being  the 
time  when  crops  are  collected  in  northern  climates, 
the  word  came  to  signify  harvest.] 

1.  The  season  of  reaping  and  gathering  in  corn  or 
other  crops.  It  especially  refers  to  the  time  of  col- 
lecting corn  or  grain,  which  is  the  chief  food  of  men, 
as  wheat  and  rye.  In  Egypt  and  Syria,  the  U'heat 
harvest  is  in  April  and  May ;  in  the  south  of  Europe 
and  of  the  United  States,  in  June  ;  in  the  Northern 
States  of  America,  in  July  ;  and  in  the  north  of  Eu- 
rope, in  August  and  .September.  In  the  United 
Sttites,  the  harvest  of  maize  is  mostly  in  October. 

2.  The  ripe  corn  or  grain  collected  and  secured  in 
barns  or  stacks.    The  harvest  this  year  is  abundant. 

3.  The  product  of  labor ;  fruit  or  fruits. 

Let  us  tlie  haroest  of  our  labor  eat.  Dryden. 

4.  Fruit  or  fruits  ;  effects  ;  consequences.  lie  that 
sows  iniquity  will  reap  a  harvest  of  woe. 

5.  In  Scripture,  liarvest  signifies,  figuratively,  the 
proper  season  for  business. 

He  that  sleepeth  in  harvest  is  a  son  that  causelh  shame. — 
Prov.  X. 

Also,  a  people  whose  sins  have  ripened  them  for 
judgment.    Joel  iii. 

Also,  the  end  of  the  world.   Jlfn«.  xiii. 
Also,  a  seasonable  time  for  instructing  men  in  the 
gospel.    Jifatt.  ix. 
IIAR'VEST,  V.  t.    To  reap  or  gather  ripe  coin  and 

other  fruits  for  the  use  of  man  and  beast. 
IIAR'VEST-EI),  pp.  or  a.    Reaped  and  collected,  as 

ripe  corn  and  fruits. 
IIAR'VEST-ER,  71.    A  reaper;  a  laborer  in  gathering 
grain. 

IIAll' VEST-FEY,  71.  A  name  applied  to  several  large 
insects  of  the  cicada  group,  popubiily  called  lociuits. 
The  males  of  several  species  are  remarkable  for  their 
loud,  buzzing  noise. 

IIAR'VEST-Ho.ME,  71,   The  time  of  harvest. 

Dryden. 

9.  The  song  sung  by  reapers  at  the  feast  made  at 
the  gathering  of  corn,'  or  Hie  feast  itself.  Dryden. 
3.  The  oppoiliinity  of  gathering  treasure.  Shak. 

IIAR'VEST  IN(i,  H.  Operation  of  reaping  and  col- 
lecting, as  ripe  grain, 

IIAR'VEST-ING,  p/ir.  Reaping  and  collecting,  as  ripe 
corn  and  oilier  fruits. 

HAR'VEST-LOUl),  71.  The  head-ieaiier  at  the  har- 
vest. 'Passer. 

IIAR'VEST-.MAN,  71.    A  laborer  in  harvest. 

IIAR'VEST-MOON,  71.  The  moon  near  the  full, 
about  the  time  of  the  autumnal  equinox,  when,  liy 
reason  tif  the  small  angle  of  the  ecliptic  and  moon^s 
orbit  with  the  horizon,  it  rises  nearly  at  the  same 
hour  for  several  daj'S.  The  name  is  given,  because 
this  is,  in  ICii|;lan<l,  the  period  of  harvest,  Olmsted. 


FATE,  PAR,  PALL,  WHAT  —  METE,  PRgY — PINE,  MARJNE,  DIED.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQIC  — 


53§ 


HAS 

HXR' VEST-MOUSE,  n.  A  very  small  Europt-an 
s|K.'ciLS  of  fii-lil  inmisc,  llie  ,Muj  me/sorias,  n  liicli 
builds  its  nest  on  llie  stems  ut'  wlieut  or  other  plants. 

Parthtirttin. 

HXR'VEST-Cit'EEN,  n.  An  imace  representing  Ce- 
res, fiirinerly  carried  about  on  tbe  last  day  of  harvest. 

IIA.«.    The  third  person  sinsnlar  of  llic  verb  Hate. 

II.V^E,  r.  /.  To  urge,  drive,  harass.  Huutli.  [Still 
used  anioii<:  sailors.    R.  If.  Dana,  Jr.    See  Haze.] 

HASH,  1-.  (.  [Fr.  hachcr  ;  Arm.  haicha;  Eng.  to  hack. 
See  Hack.] 

To  chop  into  small  pieces  ;  to  mince  and  mix  ;  as, 
to  hash  meat.  Oarth, 

II.\SH,  n.  .Minced  me.it,  or  a  dish  of  meat  and  vcge- 
tahles  chopped  into  small  pieces  and  mixed. 

II.\SH'/;D,  (liasht,)  pp.  or  a.  Cut  up  into  small  pieces, 
as  meat. 

H.\SK,  n.  A  case  made  of  rushes  or  flags.   [JVot  useil.] 

Spender. 

HAS'LET.    See  Harslet. 

ItXSP,  n.  [Sax.  lueps  :  <3.  A<i.«;ie,  a  hinge  ;  Dan.  hasp. 
S\v.  kaspe.  We  probably  have  the  word  from  the 
Danes.] 

I.  A  clasp  that  passes  over  a  staple  to  be  fastened 
by  a  padlock.  Jitortimer. 
a.  .\  spindle  to  wind  thread  or  silk  on.  [/.oca/.] 
IIXSP,  r.  (.    To  shut  or  fasten  with  a  hasp.  Oarth. 
H.\S'SOeK,  )i.    [\V.  he^or.    Qu.  from  A«»,  sedue, 
rushes.    It  signifies,  in  Scottish,  a  besom,  any  thing 
bushy,  and  a  turf  of  peat  moss  used  as  a  seat.  'I'he 
sense  is,  therefore,  the  same  as  that  of  mat,  a  collec- 
tion or  mass.] 

.\  thick  mat  or  b.ass  on  wbich  persons  kneel  in 
church.  Addison. 
Ami  kniM'S  and  h<un>rk»  (irf  well  nigh  clivoreed.  Covper. 
FJAST,  the  second  person  singular  of  Have-,  I  have, 
thou  hast,  contracted  from  luivcsU    It  is  used  only 
in  the  solemn  style. 

llxs'T^TED  I""    [L. from  Aa,'(a,  a  spear.] 
In  botany,  spear-shaped  ;  resembling  the  head  of  a 
halberd  ;  triangular,  hollowed  at  tlie  base  anil  on  the 
sides,  with  the  angles  S|>reading ;  as,  a  hastate  leaf. 

Martijn,  Lee. 
HASTE,  n.    [G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  hust;  D.  haast;  Fr. 
hnte,  for  haste;  Arm.  hast;  from  hurrying,  pressing, 
driving.    See  Heat.] 

1.  Celerity  of  motion  ;  speed  ;  swiftness  ;  dis- 
patch ;  ex|)edition  ;  applied  only  to  voluntary  beings, 

'  as  men  and  other  animals;  never  to  oUier  bodies. 
U'e  never  say,  a  ball  flies  with  hasu. 

The  king'*  btuiiifss  rcquinnl  haste.  —  1  Sam.  xx\. 

2.  Sudden  excitement  of  passion  ;  quickness;  pre- 
cipitance ;  vehemence. 

I  ditl  in  my  htutg,  Alt  men  nre  ILm.  —  Ps.  cx%'i. 

3.  The  state  of  being  lirged  or  pressed  by  business ; 
aii,  I  am  in  great  haste. 

HASTE,  (hast,)  j  v.  t.  [G.  hasten  ;  D.  haasten  ;  Sw. 
HAST'BN,  (has'n.)  j  hasta;  Dan.  hastcr;  Fr.  hater.] 
To  press ;  to  drive  or  urge  forward  ;  to  push  on  ; 

to  precipitate ;  to  accelerate  movement ;  to  expedite ; 

to  hurry. 

I  would  hasten  my  cacap*  from  the  wimly  storm.  —  P».  W. 
H.XSTE,     )  r.  i.   To  move  with  celerity  ;  to  be  rapid 
HAST'£.V,  I     in  motion  ;  to  be  speedy  or  quick. 

They  were  ticublcd,  niiU  hasted  awny.  —  Ps.  xlviU. 
HAST'ED,       I  pp.     Moved   rapidly ;  accelerated  ; 
HAST'/:.\-KD,  i     urged  with  speed. 
H.\S  I"^.'N'-EU,  n.    One  that  hastens  or  urges  forward. 
HXST'I.VG,        >  ppr.    t'rgmg  forward  ;  pusliing  on  ; 
HAST'fiX-IXG,  j     proceeding  rapidly. 

That  stAle  b  hasteninr  to  ruin,  ia  which  no  thlTcrtnce  is  made 
between  gmttl  and  bod  men.  Antisthenes.  Enfield, 

HAST'I-LY,  ode.  [See  Hastt.]  In  haste;  with 
speed  or  quickness';  sjieedily  ;  nimbly. 

Half  clothed,  half  naked,  Aiutiyy  retire.  Drydtn. 
3.  Rashly  ;  precipitately ;  without  due  reflection. 

We  Aorri/yeognf^  in  the  war.  Siei/U 
3.  Passionately  ;  under  sudden  excitement  of  pas- 
sion. 

IIAST'I-NESS,  n.  Haste  ;  speed  ;  quickness  or  celer- 
ity in  motion  or  action,  as  of  animals. 

2.  Rasihness  ;  heedless  e.agerness  ;  precipitation. 
Our  hastiness  to  engage  in  the  war  caused  deep 
regret. 

3.  Irritability ;  susceptibility  of  anger,  warmth,  or 
temper. 

H.\ST'1.\G-PEaR,  It.    An  early  pear,  called,  also, 

erern  chisseU  Encyc 
HaST'INGS,  n,  pi.    [from  hasti:]    Teas  that  come 

'arly.  Mortimer. 
HAS  T'lVE,  0.    [Fr.  htitif,  from  haste.] 

Forward  ;  early  ;  as  fruit.    [A"ol  muck  used,] 

Encyc. 

HAST'Y,  a.  Quick  ;  speedy ;  expeditious;  opposed  to 
alow. 

Be  not  hasty  to  ;ro  out  of  his  sighL  —  Ccclcs.  riii. 

2.  Eager  ;  precipitate  ;  rash  ;  op|iosed  to  deliberate. 
Sc«i  thou  •  nun  that  u  *<ury  in  hisw  onUf   There  is  more 
hope  or  «  fool  than  ot  bun.  —  Pror.  xxis. 


HAT 

3.  Irritable  ;  easily  excited  to  wratli ;  passionate. 

He  that  i5  hasty  of  spirit  exitltc-lli  folly.  —  I'rov.  xiv. 

4.  F.arlv  ripe  ;  forward  ;  as,  ha.ity  fniil.  Is.  xxviii. 
HAS T'Y-l't;D'DI.\G,  «.   A  (•dding  maile  of  the  meal 

of  maize  moistened  with  water  and  boiled,  or  of 
niijk  and  flour  boiled. 
H.VT,  II.  [Sax.  hicl;  G.  hut;  D.  hard;  Dan.  hat;  Sw. 
hatt;  VV.  hed  or  heL  'I'lie  word  signifies  a  cover, 
and,  in  (!erman,  fingcr-hut  is  a  thimble.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  probably  to  ward  ofl",  or  defend.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  made  of  various  mate- 
rials, and  worn  by  men  or  women  for  defending  the 
head  from  rain  or  heat,  or  for  ornament.  Hats  for 
men  arc  usually  made  of  fur  or  wool,  and  formed 
with  a  crown  and  brim.  Hals  fur  females  are  made 
of  straw  or  grass  braid,  and  various  other  materials. 
Of  these,  the  ever-varying  forms  admit  of  no  descrip- 
tion that  can  long  be  correct. 

2.  The  dignity  of  a  cardinal. 

HaT'A-BLE,  a.  [from  Imte.]  That  may  he  hated  ; 
odious.  SUcncood. 

II.\T'-B.\MD,  n.    A  band  round  the  crown  of  a  hat. 

H.\T'-HO.X,   )  II.    A  box  for  a  lial.    Hut  a  case  for  a 

IIAT'-t'ASE,  )     lady's  hat  is  called  a  band-buz. 

IIAT'-l!lli;sil,  n.    .\  soft  brush  for  hats. 

II.\TC''II,  r.  t.  [G.  hecken,  aushecken,  Dan.  hekkrr,  to 
hatch.  This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with  G. 
heck,  Dan.  hekhe,  Sw.  heick,  a  hedirc,  Dan.  hek,  a  fence 
of  pales ;  and  tlie  hatches  of  a  ship  arc  doubtless  of 
the  same  family.  The  sense  probably  is,  to  thrust 
out,  to  drive  off,  whence  in  Sw.  hd<rn,  a  hedge,  is  al- 
so protection  ;  hdirna,  to  hedge,  to  guard.  To  hatch 
is  to  exclude.] 

1.  To  produce  young  from  eggs  by  incubation,  or 
by  artificial  heat,  la  Egypt  chickens  are  Itatchcd  by 
artificial  heat. 

Tlie  partridge  sittetJt  on  eggs  and  halchtth  them  not.  —  Jcr.  xvii. 

2.  To  contrive  or  plot ;  to  form  by  meditation,  and 
bring  into  being  ;  to  originate  and  produce  in  silence  ; 
.as,  to /ia<c/i  mischief ;  to /latc/i  heresy.  lloukcr. 

HATCH,  n.  L    [Fr.  hachcr,  to  hack.] 

1.  To  cross  with  lines,  in  drawing  and  engraving, 
in  a  peculiar  manner  called  IIatchim:,  which  see. 

Those  hatching  strokes  of  the  poaoil.  Dryttcn. 

2.  To  steep.    [04s.  J"  Bcaum. 
H.\TCII,  I),  i.    To  produce  young;  to  bring  the  young 

to  maturity.    Eggs  will  not  hatch  without  a  due  dc- 
gri!e  and  continuance  of  heat. 
HATCH,  n.    A  brood  ;  as  m.any  chickens  as  are  pro- 
duced at  once,  or  by  one  incubation. 

2.  The  act  of  exclusion  from  the  egg. 

3.  Disclosure ;  discovery.  Shak. 
HATCH,  n,    [Sax.  haca;  D.  hek,  a  railing,  gate,  &c. 

See  Hedge  and  Hatch,  siiprx] 

1.  The  opening  in  a  ship's  deck,  or  the  passage 
from  one  deck  to  another,  the  name  of  the  grate  it- 
self being  used  for  the  opening ;  this  is  more  properly 
called  the  Hatchway.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  half-door,  or  door  with  an  opening  over  it 
Qu.  JuhnsoTu  Shak. 

3.  Floodgates.  Encyc  .^insworth, 

4.  In  Cornwall,  Eng.,  openings  into  mines,  or  in 
search  of  them.  Encyc. 

5.  Ilaulies,  pi. ;  the  coverings  placed  over  the  hatch- 
ways. TViUfii. 

To  be  under  the  hatches;  to  be  confined  below  ;  to 
be  in  distress,  dejiressioii,  or  slavery.  Locke. 
HATCII'EL,  II.    [G.  hcchet,  D.  hekel,  Dan.  hegle,  Sw. 

hdckla,  whence  the  common  pronunciation  in  Amer- 
,    ica.  hetchcl.    In  Slav,  hakel  is  a  rake.] 

An  instrument  formed  with  long,  iron  teeth  set  in 
a  board,  for  cleansing  flax  or  hemp  from  the  tow, 
hards,  or  coarse  part.  The  hauhel  is  a  large  sjiccies 
of  comb. 

HATCII'EL,  r.  t  To  draw  flax  or  hemp  through  the 
teeth  of  a  hatchet,  for  separating  the  coarse  part  and 
broken  pieces  of  the  stalk  from  the  fine,  fibrous  parts. 

2.  To  tease  or  vex  by  sarcasms  or  reproaches ;  a 
vulgar  use  of  the  word. 

IIATCirEL-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Cleansed  by  a  hatchel ; 
combed. 

H.ATCirEr..-ER,  n.    One  who  uses  a  hatchel. 
II.VTCH'EL-ING,  ppr.    Drawing  through  the  teeth  of 
a  hatchel. 

UATCU'EU,  n.   One  that  hatches, or  contrives  a  plot. 

Smart. 

H.\TCirET,  n.    [G.  hacke ;  Dan.  hakke;  Fr.  haehe; 


from  hack,  which  scc.l 
■   a  sni 

one  hand 


A  small  ax  with  a  short  handle,  to  be  used  with 


To  take  up  the  hatchet,  a  phrase  borrowed  from  the 

nativ.-s  of  America,  is  to  make  war. 
To  bury  the  hatchet,  is  to  make  peace. 
H.^TCH'E T-F.^iCF.,  n.  A  sharp,  prominent  face,  like 

the  edge  of  a  hatchet.  Dryden. 
IIATCH'E-TI.NE,  n.    .\  substance  of  the  hardness  of 

soft  tallow,  of  a  yellowish-white  or  greenish-yellow 

color,  found  in  .'viuth  Wales.  Cleaeelaud. 
nATClI'ET-SIIAr-£D,  (-shapl,)  a.  Having  the  shape 

of  a  hatchet. 

H.ATCH'l.NG,  n.    Act  of  producing  young  by  incuba- 
tion. 


HAU 

II  AT('iri.N'(!,  n.  A  mode  of  execution  in  riigravini, 
drawing,  and  miniature  painting,  in  which  lliu  effect 
is  prtidiiced  by  courses  tif  lines  crossing  each  other  at 
nngli!s  more  or  less  acute.  Jjcelya, 

II  ATCH'I.N'G,  ;i;ir.    Producing  young  from  eggs. 

II  ATCII'.ME.\T,  n.  [(Jorrupted  from  achin>ement.]  An 
armorial  escutcheon  of  a  dead  person,  placed  in  front 
of  the  house,  on  a  hearse  at  funerals,  or  in  a  church. 

Sluik. 

HATCII'WAY,  It.  In  «Aip3,  a  square  or  oblong  open- 
ing in  the  deck,  affording  a  passage  from  one  deck 
to  another,  or  into  the  hold  or  lower  aiKirtments. 

Brande. 

HATE,  r.  t.  [.Sax.  kalian,  to  hate,  and  to  heat ;  Goth. 
hntyaii ;  G.  ha.<scn  :  1).  haaten  ;  Sw.  futta  ;  Dan.  hader; 
L.  vdi,  for  /iO(/i.  In  all  the  langii.ages  except  the  Sax- 
on, hate  and  heat  are  distinguished  in  orthogra[ihy  ; 
but  the  elements  of  the  word  are  the  same,  and  prob- 
ably they  are  radically  one  word,  denoting,  to  stir,  to 
irritate,  to  rouse.] 

1.  To  dislike  greatly  ;  to  have  a  great  aversion  to. 
It  expresses  less  than  abhor,  detect,  niu\  abaminate,  un- 
less pronounced  with  peculiar  emphasis. 

How  long  will /oofs  h.'Ue  knowledge?  — Pn»v.  i. 
Bl'-Rsrtt  an;  ye  wh'-u  men  sh  ill  hale  you.  —  I.uke  vi. 
The  Koinan  tyrant  w.is  contented  to  be  hated,  il*  he  was  but 
feared.  liatni}ier. 

2.  In  Scripture,  it  signifies,  to  love  less. 

If  any  man  come  to  me,  and  Itate  not  fulher  and  moUicr,  tec.  — 
r.uke  liv. 

He  Uiat  spareth  tjie  rod  }LaUlh  bis  son.  —  Pro».  xiii. 

HATE,  n.    Great  dislike  or  aversion  ;  hatred.  Dryden. 

HAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Greatly  disliked. 

HaTE'FJJL,  n.    Odious  ;  exeiliiig  great  dislike,  aver- 
sion, or  disgust.   All  sin  is  liatrful  in  the  sight  of  God 
anil  of  gooil  men. 
2.  That  feels  hatred  ;  malignant ;  malevolent. 

And  worse  tluin  deatll,  to  view  Willi  fuUe/ul  ejca 

Ilia  rival's  coii<|tiest.  Drydsn, 

HATE'F{JI.,-LY,  adn.    Odiously  ;  with  gre.at  dislike. 

2.  .Malignantly  ;  maliciously.    E-.ek,  xxiii. 
HATE'FUL-.\ESS,  n.     Odioiisnc  ss  ;  the  qu.ility  of 

being  hateful,  or  of  exciting  aversion  or  disgust. 
HAT'ER,  11.    One  that  hates. 

An  enemy  to  God,  and  a  hater  of  all  gooii.  Brown. 

HAT'IXG,  ppr.    Disliking  extremely  ;  entertaining  a 

gn  at  aversion  fur. 
H  AT'LESS,  a.    Having  no  hat. 

Ha'TREI),  n.  Great  dislike  or  aversion  ;  hate;  en- 
mity. Hatred  is  an  aversion  to  evil,  and  may  spring 
from  utter  disapprobation,  as  the  hatred  of  vice  or 
meanness  ;  or  it  may  spring  from  offenses  or  injuries 
done  by  fellow-men,  or  from  envy  or  je.alousy,  in 
which  case  it  is  usually  accompanied  with  malevo- 
lence or  malignity.  Extreme  hatred  is  abhorrence  or 
detestation. 

II.\T'TED,  a.  [from  kat.]  Covered  with  a  hat  ;  wear- 
ing a  hat. 

HAT'TER,  V.  t.    To  hariss.    [JVot  in  ii.s'C.]  Dryden. 
HAT'TER,  n.    [from  Ao/.]    A  maker  of  hats. 
HAT'TI-SHERTFF,  ii.    An  irrevocable  order  which 
comes  immediately  from  the  grand  seignior. 

Encyc.  Jim. 

HAT'TLE,  a.    Wild  ;  skittish.  [LocaL] 

H.\T'TOCK,  II.    [Erse,  alloek.] 
A  shock  of  corn.    [.Vol  in  use.] 

HAU'BEKK,  n.  A  co.at  of  mail  without  sleeves, 
formed  of  steel  rings  interwoven.  [OAs.]  (See 
Habebceun.]  (tray. 

IMUD  P.^S'Sr-BVS  JE'QUIS,  [L.]  Not  with  equal 
p.ace  or  rapidity. 

HAUGII,  haw,)  ii.    A  low-lying  meadow.  [ScoffisA.] 

HAUGHT,  (hawt,)  a.  [Uu.  Fr.  Aaii<,  or  the  root  of 
tile  English  Ai!.'A.  If  it  is  from  the  French  luiut,  the 
orthography  is  corrupt,  for  haul  is  from  the  Latin  al- 
ius, that  is,  hallus,  clianged  to  hauL] 

High;  elevated;  hence,  proud  ;  insolent.  [Ol-t.] 
Spenser.  SJuik, 

HAUGII'TI-ER,  a.    More  haughty  or  disdainful. 

HAUGII'TI-EST,  a.    .Must  haughty  Borrow. 

UAUGH'TI-LY,  (haw'te-ly,)  adr.  [See  Haccht  and 
Haughty.]  Proudly  ;  arrogantly  ;  with  contempt  or 
disdain  ;  as,  to  speak  or  behave  haughtily. 

Her  heavenly  form  too  haughtily  she  prized.  Dryden. 

IIAUGH'TI-N'ESS,  (liaw'te-ness,)  n.  The  quality  of 
being  haughty ;  pride  mingled  with  some  degree  of 
contempt  for  others  ;  arrogance. 

1  will  l.iy  tow  the  haughdntss  of  the  lerriMe.  —  la.  xiii. 
HAUGir TY,  (haw'ty,)  a.    [from  haugU,  Fr.  hauL] 
1.  Proud  and  disdainful ;  having  a  high  opinion  of 
one's  self,  with  some  contempt  for  others  ;  lofty  and 
arrogant ;  supercilious. 


A  haughty  spirit  goeUi  before  a  fidl.  —  Pror. 

2.  Proceeding  from  excessive  pride,  or  pride  min- 
gled with  contempt ;  manifesting  pride  and  disdain ; 
as,  a  haughty  air  or  walk. 

3.  Proud  and  imperious  ;  as,  a  haughty  nation. 

4.  I^fty  ;  bold  ;  of  high  hazard  ;  as,  a  haughty  en- 
terprise.   [OAs.]  Spenser. 

H^IJL,  r.  I.    [Fr.  kaler;  Arm.  hala  ;  Sp.  haleo- ;  D. 


TtNE,  BULL.  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3 — e  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


68 


HA  V 


HAV 


HAW 


Kaalen.  It  is  sometimes  written  hale,  but  haul  is 
preferable,  as  au  represents  tlie  broad  sound  of  a.] 

1.  To  pull  or  draw  witli  force  ;  to  drag  ;  as,  to  haid 
a  heavy  body  along  on  tlie  ground  ;  to  haul  a  boat  on 
shore.  Haul  is  equivalent  to  drair,  and  difl'ers  some- 
times from  jiiM  and  rfrnw,  in  expressing  more  force 
and  labor.  It  is  much  used  by  seamen  ;  as,  to  ImuI 
down  the  sails  ;  haul  in  the  boom  ;  haul  aft,  &c. 

2.  To  drag  ;  to  compel  to  go. 

When  applied  to  persons,  luiul  implies  compulsion 
or  rudeness,  or  both. 

To  Itaul  the  wind,  in  fcamaiiship,  is  to  turn  the  head 
of  the  ship  nearer  to  the  point  from  which  the  wind 
blows,  by  arranging  the  sails  more  obliipiely,  bracing 
the  yards  more  forward,  hauling  the  sheets  nu)re 
afl,  &c.  -Wiir.  Diet. 

HALTL,  71.    A  pulling  with  force  ;  a  violent  |iull. 

'J'homson. 

2.  A  draft  of  a  net ;  as,  to  catch  a  hundred  fish  at 
a  haul. 

UAUh'ED,  (hawld,)  pp.  Pulled  with  force  ;  dragged  ; 

com|ie!led  to  move. 
HAUL'ING,  ppr.     Drawing  by   force  or  violence; 

dragging. 

HAULM,  )  (hawm,)  n.    [?ax.  hralm ;  G.D.Sw.  and 
HAUM,    i     Dan.  halm;  Fr.  chainne  ;  L.  cutmiuf,  the 
stalk  of  corn.    'J'he  sense  is  probably  that  which  is 
set,  or  a  shoot.    It  seems  to  be  the  VV'.  colov,  a  stem 
or  stalk,  whence  columna,  a  co/h//ih.] 

1.  The  stem  or  stalk  of  grain,  of  all  kinds,  or  of 
pease,  bea;is,  hops,  i^c. 

2.  Straw  ;  the  dry  stalks  of  corn,  &c.,  in  general. 
IIXLTiN'CH,  n.    [Fr.  hatiche;  Arm.  luiinch ;  Sp.  It.  and 

Port,  atica.] 

1.  The  hip ;  that  part  of  the  body  of  man  and  of 
quadrupeds  which  lies  between  the  last  ribs  and  the 
thigh.  Encijc. 

2.  The  rear  ;  tire  hind  part.    [JV/^f  used.']  Shak. 
IIXUNCH'^:D,  (hincht,)./)/).  or  a.    Having  haunches. 
Il.^LUNT,  r.  (.    [Fr.  hunter  ;  Arm.  hantein  or  henti.] 

1.  To  frequent ;  to  resort  to  much  or  often,  or  to 
be  much  about ;  to  visit  customarily. 

Ccit  sLull  Venus  tiaunts  Iduliu's  groves.  Pope. 

2.  To  come  to  frequently  ;  to  intrude  on  ;  to  trouble 
with  frequent  visits;  to  follow  importunately. 

You  wrong  me,  sir,  thus  stiU  to  haunt  my  liouse.  ShcJc. 
Tliose  ciivs  that  haunl  the  court  .ni.l  town.  Sici/t. 

3.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  specters  or  appari- 
tions, which  are  represented  by  fear  and  credulity  as 
frcquentiug  or  inhabiting  old,  decayed,  and  deserted 
houses. 

Foul  spirits  haunt  my  resting-pl.tce.  Pair/ax. 
HXUNT,  V.  i.    To  be  much  about ;  to  visit  or  be  pres- 
ent often. 

I've  charged  thee  not  lo  haunt  .iboijt  my  iJoor.  S^liak. 

HXUNT,  n.  A  place  to  which  one  frequently  resorts. 
■J'averns  are  often  the  hauyits  of  tipplers.  A  den  is 
the  liamit  of  wild  beasts. 

2.  The  habit  or  custom  of  resorting  to  a  place. 
[JVat  u.<ed.'\  .^I'buthnoL 

3.  Custom ;  practice.    [Ohs.]  Cliaucer. 
HXUNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Freipiently  visited  or  resorted 

to,  especially  by  apparitions. 
2.  i'roubled  by  fretjuent  visits. 
HXUNT' Kit,  K.     One  who  frequents  a  particular 

[place,  or  is  often  about  it. 
HAUNT'ING,  ppr.     Frequenting;    visiting  often; 

troubling  with  frequent  visits. 
HAUS'.MANN-ITE,  n.    [from  M.  Jlmigmann.']  One 

of  the  ores  of  manganese,  having  a  brownish-black 

color.  Dana. 
HAUST,  n.    [Sax.  Awn.s-m.] 

A  dr>' cough.    [O/m.]  Rav. 
HAU.S''I'EL-LATK,  a.    Provided  with  a  hauslellum 

or  sucker,  as  certain  insects. 
HAUT'BOY,  (ho'boy,)  n.    [Fr. //a«f,  high,  and  buli, 

wood,  or  a  shoot.] 

1.  A  wind  instrument,  sonu'what  resembling  a 
flute,  but  widening  toward  the  bottom,  and  sounded 
through  a  reed.  The  treble  is  two  feet  long.  'J'he 
tenor  goes  a  fifth  lower,  when  blown  open.  It  has 
only  eight  holes  ;  but  the  base,  which  is  five  feet 
long,  has  eleven.  Kticijc. 

2.  A  sort  of  strawberry.  [Tlie  name  belongs  to 
the  Htrawberrv.] 

IIAU-Ti;Ull',  (ii,)-ture',  or  ho-taiir',)  n.  [Ft.]  Pride  ; 
haughtiness  ;  liangbty  manner  or  spirit. 

OOf/r,  (ho-goo',)  [Fr.]  High  relish  or  tiLstc. 
2.  High  xeastuiing. 

II.AU'YNE,  (how'in.)  ;i.  A  mineral,  named  from  the 
French  lninl'ralllgi^l  IliiUy.ocdiri mg  in  grainsor  small 
masses,  and  alscj  in  groups  of  niinulc,  shining  crys- 
tals. Its  color  is  blue,  of  various  shades.  It  is 
fiiiind  imbedded  in  volcanic  rocks,  basalt,  cliiik- 
sl<ine,  &c.  CIruritand. 

HAVi;,  (hav,)  ij.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  \\m>.  Indie,  present, 
I  hure,  thou  htut,  he  ha.t ;  yir,  they  tutve.  [Sax. 
huhhnn ;  (*olh,  hahan  ;  (i.  hah  en  ;  I),  hehbrn;  Sw. 
hnfra  ;  Dan.  harrr ;  It.  hahro  ;  Sp.  hahrr ;  Port,  luirer; 
It.  uerre  ;  Fr.  flroir  :  \V.  ha.littir,  to  snatch  or  Heizo 
li'p«lily,  and  hapiaie,  to  happen.  The  Spanish  huhrr 
unit««  kane  with  happen ;  haber,  to  liave  or  iNissesii, 


to  take,  to  happen  or  befall.  The  primary  sense,  then, 
is,  to  fall  on,  or  to  rush  on  and  seize.  See  Happen. 
Class  Gb,  No.  74,  79.] 

1.  To  possess  ;  to  l^d  in  possession  or  power- 
How  many  loaves  have  ye  ?    Matt.  xv. 

He  that  gathered  much  had  nothing  over.  —  Ex.  jivi. 
I  have  a  Levite  lo  my  priest.  —  Juuges  xvii. 

To  have  and  to  hold ;  terms  in  a  deed  of  convey- 
ance. 

2.  To  possess,  as  something  thai  is  connected 
with,  or  belongs  to,  one. 

Have  ye  a  father  ?     Have  ye  anotlier  brother  ?  —  Gen.  xliii. 
and  xliv. 

Sheep  that  have  no  shepherd.  —  1  Kin^  xxii. 

3.  To  marry ;  to  take  for  a  wife  or  husband. 

In  the  resurrection,  whose  wife  shall  she  be  of  the  seven  i  for 
they  all  had  her.  —  Malt.  xxii. 

4.  To  hold  ;  to  regard.  Tlius,  to  have  in  honor, 
is,  to  hold  in  esteem  ;  to  esteem  ;  to  honor. 

To  have  in  derision  or  contempt ;  to  hold  in  derision 
or  contempt ;  to  deride  ;  to  despise. 

5.  To  maintain  ;  to  hold  in  opinion. 

Sometimes  tliey  will  have  Uiem  to  be  the  natumlheat;  sometimes 
they  will  have  them  to  be  the  qualities  of  the  taii^ble  p;trts. 

Bacon. 

6.  To  be  urged  by  necessity  or  obligation  ;  to  be 
under  necessity,  or  impelled  by  duty.  I  have  to  visit 
twenty  patients  every  day.  We  haue  to  strive 
against  temptations.  We  have  to  encounter  strong- 
prejudices.  The  nation  Atw  to  pay  Uie  interest  of  an 
immense  debt. 

7.  To  seize  and  hold ;  to  catch.  The  hound  has 
hiin.  [The  oriirinal,  but  now  a  vulgar  use  of  the 
word.  ] 

8.  To  contain.  The  work  has  many  beauties  and 
many  faults. 

9.  To  gain  ;  to  procure  ;  to  receive  ;  to  obtain  ;  to 
purchase.  I  had  this  cloth  very  cheap.  He  has  a 
guinea  a  month.  He  has  high  wages  for  his  services. 

10.  To  bring  forth,  to  produce,  as  a  child. 
Had  rather,  denotes  wish  or  preference. 

I  liad  rather  be  a  door-keeper  in  the  house  of  my  God,  than  dwell 
in  llie  teuls  of  wicketliiess.  —  Ps.  Ixxxiv. 

Is  not  this  phrase  a  corruption  of  would  rather  7 

To  have  after  j  to  pursue.  [JVoi  much  used,  nor  ele- 
gant.'] a  Shak. 

To  have  away  i  to  remove  ;  to  take  away.  Tusser. 

To  have  at ;  to  encounter  ;  to  assail ;  as,  to  have  at 
him  ;  to  have  at  you.    [Len-itimate,  but  vulgar.] 

To  enter  into  competition  with ;  to  make  trial 
with.  Shak. 

Have  with  you,  is,  have  one  with  you  ;  let  us  go  to- 
gether. Shak. 

To  hai  e  in  ;  to  contain. 

To  have  on ;  to  wear ;  to  carry,  as  raiment  or 
weapons. 

He  saw  a  man  who  had  not  on  a  wedding  garment.  —  M.ttl. 
xxii. 

fo  have  out ;  to  cause  to  depart.   2  Sam.  xiii. 
To  have  a  carej  to  take  cai'e  ;  to  be  on  the  guard, 
or  to  guard. 

To  have  pleasure  ;  to  enjoy. 

To  have  pain  ;  to  sutfer. 

To  have  sorrow  ;  to  be  gi'ieved  or  afflicted. 

With  would  and  should. 

He  would  have  ;  he  desires  to  have,  or  he  reqtlires. 

}le  should  have;  he  ought  to  have. 

liut  the  various  uses  of  have  in  such  phrases,  and 
its  uses  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  are  fully  explained  in 
grammars.  As  an  auxiliary,  it  assists  in  forming 
the  pi  rfect  tense  ;  as,  I  have  formed,  thou  hast  formed, 
he  hath  or  has  formed,  we  lutoe  formed  ;  and  the 
prior-past  tense  ;  as,  I  had  seen,  thou  hadst  seen,  he 
had  seen. 

["  To  have  and  to  he.  The  distinction  is  marked 
in  a  beautiful  sentiment  of  a  German  poet  —  Hast 
thou  anything.'  Share  it  with  me,  and  I  will  pay 
thee  the  worth  of  it.  ./4rt  thou  any  thing .'  0,then, 
let  lis  exchange  souls." 

Dr.  Soulhcy's  Omniana,  i.  237.  —  E.  H.  H.] 

HAVE'LESS,  (hav'less,)  a.  Having  little  or  nothing. 
[JVot  in  tise.]  Gowcr. 

Il.v'VKN,  (ha'vn,)  n.  [Sax.  hjrfan;  D.  haven;  Dan. 
havn;  Fr.  h&vre ;  Arm.  haffn  :  G.  hnfcn;  from  haber, 
a  Gaulish  word,  signifying  the  mouth  of  a  river, 
says  Lunier.  liut  in  Welsh,  /i«i>  is  summer,  and 
liavyn  is  a  flat,  extended,  still  place,  ami  a  haven.] 

1.  .\  harbor  ;  a  port ;  a  bay,  recess,  or  inlet  of  the 
sea,  or  the  mouth  of  a  river  which  allurtls  good  an- 
chorage and  a  safe  station  for  ships  ;  any  place  in 
whii  li  shiiis  can  be  sheltered  by  liie  land  from  the 
force  of  ttunpesls  and  a  violent  sea. 

2.  A  shelter  ;  an  asylum  ;  a  place  of  safety.  Shak. 
II A'V/,'N-i;it,  H.    The  overseer  of  a  jiort;  a  harbor- 

niasler.    [j\'<(  used.]  Carcw. 
ILWEll,  H.    One  wlio  has  or  possesses;  a  possessor  ; 

a  holder,    [l.illlr  usej.]  Shak. 
HAV'l'Mt,  n.    [G.  hnfrr  ;  D.  haver;  perhaps  Ij,  avena.] 
Oats;  a  woril  of  local  use  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land ;  as,  hat^rrbrrud,  oaten  bread.  Johnson. 
IIA  V'EH-SACK,  71.    [  Fr.  havrc-suc] 

A  soldier's  knapsack. 
HAVING,  7i;)r.    [from /inoc]    Possessing  ;  holding  in 


power  or  possession ;  containing ;  gaining  ;  receiv- 
ing ;  taking. 

HAV''ING,  n    Possession  ;  goods  ;  estate.  Shak. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  possessing.  Sidney. 
HaV'IOR,  71.    Conduct ;  manners.  Spenser. 
UAV'Oe,  71.    [W.  havo(r,  a  spreading  about,  waste, 
devastation  ;  hacoiri,  to  commit  waste,  to  devastiite  ; 
supposed  to  be  from  hav,  a  spreading.    But  qu.  Ir. 
arcach,  havoc] 

Waste ;  devastation ;  wide  and  general  destruc- 
tion. 

Ye  gods !  what  havoc  does  ambition  make 

Anion?;  your  works  1  Addison. 

As  lor  Saul,  he  made  havoc  of  the  church.  —  Acts  viii. 

IIAA'^'Oe,  II.  t.   To  waste ;  to  destroy  ;  to  lay  waste 
To  waste  and  havoc  yonder  world.  AfUton. 
HAV'Oe,  CTclam.    [Sax.  hafoc,  a  hawk.] 

Originallij,  a  term  of  excitement  in  hunting,  but 
afterward,  a  war-cry  and  the  signal  for  indiscriminate 
slaughter.  Toonc. 
Do  not  cry  havoc  when  you  should  bul  hunt 
With  modest  warrant.  SJiak. 
Vrj  havoc!  and  k't  slip  the  dogs  of  war.  jS'/ioi. 

HAW,  Ji.  [Sax.  hag,  hag,  G.  heck,  D.  haag,  heg,  Dan. 
iiek,  hrkke,  a  hedge.] 

1.  The  berry  anil  seed  of  the  hawthorn,  that  is, 
hedge-thorn.  Bacon. 

2.  [Sax.  haga.]  A  small  piece  of  ground  adjoining 
a  house ;  a  small  field  ;  property,  an  inclosed  piece  of 
land,  from  hedge,  like  garden,  which  also  signifies  an 
inclosure.    [Dan.  hauge,  a  g.arden.] 

3.  In  farriery,  an  excrescence,  resembling  a  gristle, 
growing  under  the  nether  eyelid  and  eye  of  a  horse. 

Encyc. 

4.  A  dale.    [06s.]  Cliaucer. 
.5.  A  hesitation  or  intermission  of  speech. 

HAW,  V.  i.  [Corrupted  from  hawk,  or  hack.]  To  stop, 
in  speaking,  with  a  haw,  or  to  speak  with  interrup- 
tion and  hesitation  ;  as,  to  hem  and  haw. 

L^Estrange. 

HAWFINCH,  71.  A  bird,  a  European  species  of  gross- 
beak. 

HAW-HAW',  71.  [Duplication  of  haw,  a  hedge.]  A 
fence  or  bank  that  inlerrujits  an  alley  or  walk,  sunk 
between  slopes,  and  not  perceived  till  approached. 
[See  Haha.]  Chalmers. 

HAWING,  ppr.  or  7i.  Speaking  witli  a  haw,  or  with 
hesitation. 

HAWK,  71.  [Sa.^.  hafoc  ;  D.  havilc ;  G.  habicht ;  Sw. 
Itiik ;  Dan.  Iiog,  Itoog ;  W.  hebog,  named  from  hcb, 
utterance.] 

A  name  common  to  numerous  species  of  birds, 
nearly  allied  to  the  falcons,  having  a  crooked  beak 
furnished  with  a  cere  at  the  base,  a  cloven  tongue, 
and  the  head  thick  set  with  feathers.  Most  of  the 
species  are  rapacious,  feeding  on  birds  or  other  small 
animals.  Hawks  were  formerly  trained  for  sport  or 
catching  small  birds. 
HAWK,  1!.  i.  To  catch,  or  .attempt  to  catch,  birds  by 
means  of  hawks  trained  for  the  purpose,  and  let  loose 
on  the  prey  ;  to  practice  falconry. 

He  that  ha'cks  at  larks  and  span-ovvs.  Locke. 
A  fdconer  Henry  is,  when  Kinni'i  hateks.  Prior. 

2.  To  fly  at ;  to  attack  on  the  wing  ;  with  at. 

To  hdicic  at  Hies.  Dryilen. 

HAWK,  V.  i.  [W.  ha(i;  Scot,  hawgh.  Clu.  dial.  n>J, 
and  keck,  and  cough.    See  Class  Gk,  No.  5,  29,  3ii.] 

To  make  an  eflbrl  to  force  up  phlegm  with  noise  ; 
as,  to  hawk  and  spit.  Shuk.  Harveij. 

To  haiok  up,  transitively  ;  as,  to  hairk  vp  phlegm. 
HAWK,  71.    An  effutt  to  force  up  phlegm  from  the 

throat,  accompanied  with  noise. 
HAWK,  r.  (.     [Qu.  G.  Aoc/ifH,  to  take  on  the  bark; 
hiicken,  to  higgle  ;  hocker,  a  huck.ster  ;  or  the  root  of 
L.  auctio,  auction,  a  sale  by  outcry.    The  rout  of  the 
latter  probably  signified,  to  cry  out.] 

To  cry  ;  to  oft'er  for  sale  by  outcry  in  the  strei  t,  or 
to  sell  by  outcry  ;  as,  to  hawk  goods  or  pamphlets. 
II.WVKE,  n.    .Among  phuttercrs,  a  small  board,  with  a 
handle  on  the  under  side,  to  hold  mortar. 

Bnchanan. 

IIAWK'KD,  (hawkt,)  pp.    Ofiered  for  s.ale  by  outcry 
in  the  street. 
2.  a.    Crooked  ;  curving,  like  a  hawk's  bill. 

IIAWK'ER,  n.  One  who  offers  goods  for  sale  by  out- 
cry in  the  street ,  a  pi  diller.  Swijl. 

2.  A  falconer.    [.Siix.  hafcrre.] 
HAWK'-EV-A'D,  (  ide,)  a.    Having  a  keen  eye  ;  dis- 
cerning. 

H.\\VK'  HEAD  El),  (  hed-cd,)  a.  Having  a  head  like 
that  of  a  hawk.  Dr.  Warren. 

HAWK'ING,  ppr.    Catching  wild  birils  by  hawks. 
"  2.  Making  an  elliirt  to  discharge  plileuin. 

3.  OUVring  for  .sale  in  the  street  by  outcry. 
HAW  K'INt;,  n.    The  exercise  of  taking  wild  fowls 

iiy  means  of  hawks. 

2.  Making  an  ell'oit  to  discharge  phlegm. 

3.  Ollering  for  sale  in  the  streets  bv  outcry. 
HAWK'-.MOTIl,  71.    A  very  large  moth,  or  biiMi  rlly, 

which  moves  from  (lower  to  llower  with  great  rapid- 
it>'  and  a  loud,  humniiiig  sound. 
H.VWK'-NOsS-i'.'D,  a.    Having  an  aquiline  nose. 

Furrand. 


FATE,  FAB,  Fftl-L,  WH/IT.  —  AIETB,  PIIBY.  — PINE,  MAKINE,  BIIID.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


538 


IIAZ 


HE  A 


HEA 


IIAVVK'-WKEl),  II.  The  vulgar  name  of  several  spo- 
I  cles  of  (iliints,  (if  ilie  genera  llieraciuni,  Crcpia,  lly- 
I       osffis,  and  .\nilrvala. 

!  IIAWSIC,  (haw7.,)'  n.  [See  IUlser.]  The  situation 
iif  the  (  allies  before  a  vessel's  stem,  when  moored 
with  two  anchors  from  the  bows,  one  on  the  star- 
lioaril,  Ihe  other  on  the  larboard  bow  ;  ns,  the  sliij) 
has  a  cieaf  haicie,  or  a  foul  liiiiosc.  A  ftiul  haic.ir,  is 
when  the  cables  cross  each  other  or  are  twisted  to- 
gether. JIar.  Pict. 

The  word  is  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  lit- 
tle distance  ahead  of  the  vessel ;  as,  to  anchor  in  our 

Il  A\V?E'-lIf)I,I',  71.    A  cylindrical  hole  in  the  bow  of 

a  ship,  Ihrongii  which  n  cable  passes. 
lIA\VSB'-I'If:(;E,  n.    One  of  the  foremost  timbers  of 

a  shi|i,  throu|;h  which  the  hawse-hole  is  cut. 
IIAWS'Iill,  n.    [See  Halser.]    A  small  cable  ■,  or  a 

large  rope,  in  size  between  a  cable  and  a  tow-line. 

Jllar.  Diet.  Encijc. 

ItAWS'ES.    See  IIawse-IIole. 

llXW'I'llORX,  II.  [Sax.  hicg-thorrt.  hedge-thorn  j  Svv. 
hantvrn ;  Dan.  hagetorn  i  G.  hagedorti ;  D.  Iiaage- 
dourn.  ] 

A  shrub  or  tree  which  bears  the  haw,  of  the  genus 
CmtU'gus  ;  the  white-thorn.    'I'he  hawthorn  is  mucli 
used  for  hedges,  and  for  standards  in  gardens.  It 
grows  naturally  in  all  parts  of  Europe.  Kncijc. 
HAVV'THOKN-1'LS,  ii.    An  insect  so  called. 

irattim. 

'  UaX,  n.  [Sa.x.  Ae^,  Ai » ;  G.  Acu ;  D.  Aooi ;  Dan.  Abe  ; 
Sw.  AS.] 

Grass  cut  and  dried  for  fodder ;  grass  prepared  for 
preservation.    iMake  Aai/  while  the  sun  shim  s. 

7(1  daiicr  the  haij  :  to  dance  in  a  ring.  i^uiiiie. 
HaV,  e.  (.    [G.  Aeudi.] 

To  dry  or  cure  gr.iss  for  preservation. 
HAV,  II.  '[.Six.  lurs.} 

1.  .\  hedge.    rOfc.l  Oinucrr. 

2.  A  net  which  incloses  tlie  haunt  of  an  animal. 

Jlannrr. 

HXY,  r.  t.   To  l.ay  snares  for  rabbits.  J/uluct. 

H.W'-BOTE,  71.  Iledge-bote.  In  Bin'/i.-A /aw,  an  al- 
lowance of  wood  to  a  tenant  for  repairing  hedges  or 
fences.  Blacki^tane. 

Ha  VeOCK,  n.  A  conical  pile  or  heap  of  hay,  in  the 
field. 

IIaY'DKX-TTE,  71.  A  mineral  resembling  chabasite, 
and  perha|)s  identical  with  it.    It  occurs  near  Italti- 

.  more,  in  piile,  yellowish-brown  crystals,  where  it  was 
discovered  by  Dr.  Ilayden. 

HaY'ING,  11.    Haymaking  ;  the  getting  in  of  hay. 

Bcanm.  S^'  Fl. 

n.\Y'-K\TFE,  (-nTfe,)  ii.  A  sharp  instrument  used  in 
cutting  hav  out  of  a  stack  or  mow. 

H.A  V'-LOl'T,  71.  A  loft  or  scallold  for  hay,  particular- 
ly in  a  Inrn. 

H.\Y'M AK-EIl,  It.  One  who  cuts  and  dries  grass  for 
fodder. 

Ha  Y'.M.^1\-I^'G,  ti.  The  business  of  cutting  grass  and 

curing  it  for  lodder. 
H.\Y'  .MaK-KET,  II.    A  place  for  the  sale  of  hay. 
IIaV'MOW,  II.    A  mow  or  mass  of  hay  laid  up  in  a 
barn  fur  preservation. 
I    H.aY'IUCK,  71.    A  rick  of  hay;  usually,  a  long  pile 
I       for  preservation  in  the  open  air. 
]|  H.^Y'ST.\t"K,  71.    A  stack  or  large  conical  pile  of  hay 
in  the  open  air,  laid  up  for  preservation. 
llA V'-STAI,K,  n.    A  stalk  of  hay. 
HSY'TIIDIIN,  II.    Hawthorn.  Scoff. 
Ha Y'W.MU),  71.    [Er.  Auic,  hedge,  and  ward,  hedge- 
ward.] 

A  person  formerly  appointed  to  guard  the  hedges, 
and  hence  to  keep  ciltle  from  doing  them  injury.  In 
J^ftB  Kngland,  the  haiprard  is  a  town  officer,  whose 
duty  is  to  iin[H>nnd  cattle,  and  particularly  swine, 
which  are  found  running  at  large  in  the  highways, 
contrary'  to  law. 
HAZ'ARI),  71.  [Fr.  A<i-<(irrf  ;  probably  from  the  root  of 
I  L.  c^vjiN,  a  fill,  and  nn/,  the  common  termination. 
But  qii.  the  word  in  Italian  is  aziardo.] 

1.  Chance  ;  accident ;  casualty  ;  a  fortuitous  event ; 
that  which  falls  or  conies  suddenly  or  unexpectedly, 
the  cause  of  which  is  unknown,  or  whose  operation 
is  unforeseen  or  unexpected. 

1  wilt  iliikI  Uie  hazard  of  the  die.  SHiak. 

2.  Danger ;  peril  ;  risk.  He  encountered  the  enemy 
at  the  kaxard  of  his  reputation  and  life. 

Mi'n  «p.  1«1  on  from  on'  ttijc  of  life  lo  nnollier,  iu  n  condition 
d  Uv  imiKttl  hazard,  Hogert. 

3.  .\  game  at  dice.  Sieift. 
To  run  Ute  hazard:  to  risk  ;  to  take  the  chance  ;  to 

do  or  neglect  to  do  something,  when  the  conse- 
quences arc  not  foreseen,  and  not  within  the  pow- 
ers of  calculation. 
H  A7,'  A  R  D,  r.  f.    ( Fr.  hofardrr.  ] 

1.  To  expose  to  chance  ;  to  put  in  danger  of  loss 
or  injury- ;  to  venture  ;  to  risk  ;  :is,  to  hazard  life  to 
save  a  friend  ;  to  hazard  an  estate  on  the  throw  of  a 
die  ;  Ut  hazard  salvation  fur  temporal  pleasure. 

Men  Aannf  nothing  by  a  coune  of  cTangvtical  obf^lirnf. 

  J.  Clarkt. 

 —  


2.  To  venture  to  incur,  or  bring  on  ;  as,  to  Itaiard 
the  loss  of  reputation. 
H.\/.'AIU),  r.  i.    To  try  the  chance  ;  to  adventure ;  to 
run  the  risk  or  danger. 

Pause  u  d;iy  or  two  before  yeu  hazard.  ShaJc. 

IIAZ'ARD-A-m.E,  a.  That  is  liable  to  hazard  or 
chance.  Brown. 

HA/'ARD-ED,  pp.  I'M  at  risk  or  in  danger;  ven- 
tured. 

IIAZ'ARD  ER,  II.  One  who  ventures  or  puts  at  stake. 
H.\Z'ARI)-I.\(;,  ppr.     Exposing  to  danger  or  jieril ; 

venturing  to  bring  on. 
HAZ'ARD-OCS,  a.    Dangerous;  that  exposes  to  peril 

or  danger  of  loss  or  evil ;  as,  a  haiardaiLs  attempt  or 

experiment. 

HAZ'ARD  OUS-LY,  mh.  With  danger  of  loss  or  evil ; 
with  peril. 

IIAZ'ARD-OUS-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  attended 

with  danger. 
IIAZ'ARD-RV,  71.    Rashness,  temerity.  [OAs.] 

Spptucr. 

9.  Gaming  in  gener.d.    [0/w.]  C/iaurcr. 

H.aZIC,  71.  [The  primary  sense  of  this  word  is  proba- 
bly, to  mix,  or  to  turn,  stir,  and  make  thick.} 

Vapor  which  renders  the  air  thick,  but  not  as 
damp  as  in  foggy  weather. 

II.\ZE,  V.  i.  To  be  hazy,  or  thick  with  haze,  [jf  lo- 
cal word.J  Ray. 

HAZE,  r.  f.  [See  Ha3e.]  To  urge,  drive,  harass,  es- 
pecially with  labor  ;  itsciZ  among  sailors. 

n.  ir.  Dana,  .Jr. 

II.\'Zf;L,  (ha'zl,)  71.  [Sax.  Atf.-r!,  a  hat,  oi  cap  ;  lursl, 
hazel;  ha-M-nittu,  hazel-nut;  G.  ha.'.el ;  1).  hazrlaar ; 
Dan.  Iiasscl,  hiuseln'Od;  Sw.  hasstl.  By  Ihe  Saxoii, 
it  a|ipears  th.at  the  word  signifies  a  cap,  and  the  name 
of  the  nut,  a  cap-niit.] 

A  shrub,  of  the  genus  Corj  liis,  bearing  a  nut  con- 
taining a  kernel  of  a  mild  f.irinaceous  taste.  Knnic. 

Ha'ZKI.,  (hi'zl,)a.  I'erlaining  to  the  hazel,  or  like  it ; 
of  a  light-brown  color,  like  the  ha/.el-nnt. 

U.\'7.ELr-R.\RTIl,  (hi'zl-erth,)  ii.  A  kind  of  red  loam. 

Ha'ZKL-NUT,  n.    The  nut  <ir  fruit  of  tlie  hazel. 

H.A'ZKL-LY,  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  hazel-nut ;  of  a 
light  brown.  Mortimer.  Eneije. 

Ha'ZI  NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  hazy. 

HA'ZY,  a.  [See  Haze.]  'J'hick  with  vapor,  but  not 
as  damp  as  in  foggy  weather  ;  as,  Aaij/  weather ;  the 
hazy  north.  Thomson.  Totten. 

HE,  pronoun  of  the  third  person  ;  noni.  he ;  poss.  Am  ; 
obj.  Aim.  [.Sax.  m;is.  Ac ;  fein.  heo ;  neut.  Ait,  now 
contracted  to  it,  L.  id,  for  hid.  It  seems  to  be  a  con- 
tracted word,  for  the  L.  is  hie,  and  the  Saxon  acciis.a- 
tive  is  sometimes  hig.  In  English  it  has  no  plural, 
but  it  has  in  Sa.xon  Ai,  thnj.] 

1.  A  pronoun,  a  substitute  for  the  third  person, 
masculine  gender,  representing  the  man  or  male  per- 
son named  before. 

TUy  desire  •hull  lie  to  thy  hiubnnd,  and  h«  almll  rule  OTcr  Ihee. 
—  Oen.  iii. 

Thou  slvdt  fear  Jehovah  thy  God ;  him  ihalt  thou  serve.  — 
Dcuu  I. 

2.  It  often  has  reference  to  a  person  th.it  is  named 
in  the  subsecpient  part  of  the  sentence.  He  is  the  man. 

3.  He  is  often  used  without  reference  to  any  par- 
ticular [lerson,  and  may  be  referred  to  any  person  in- 
definitely that  answers  the  description.  It  is  then 
synonymous  with  any  man. 

Ht  thai  u-alkelh  with  wise  men  ihall  be  wije. —  PrOT.  xiii. 

4.  He,  when  a  substitute  for  man,  in  its  general 
sense,  expressing  mankind,  is  of  common  gender,  rep- 
resenting, like  its  antecedent,  the  whole  human  race. 

My  spirit  shall  not  always  stnvc  wilh  iitan,  for  Uial  /le  also  is 
rfcsli.  — ticn.  vi. 

5.  Man  ;  a  male. 

1  stnnil  to  answer  thee,  or  .any  he  the  proudest  of  thy  sort.  ShaJc. 

In  this  use  of  he,  in  the  ludicrous  style,  the  word 
has  no  variation  of  case.  In  the  foregoing  sentence, 
Ae  is  in  the  objective  case,  or  position,  and  the  word 
is  to  be  considered  as  a  noun. 

fi.  He  is  sometimes  prefixed  to  the  names  of  ani- 
mals to  designate  the  male  kind  ;  as,  a  he-goat,  a  Ac- 
bear.  In  such  cases,  Ac  is  to  be  considered  as  an  ad- 
jective, or  the  two  words  as  forming  a  compound. 
H  E  A 1),  (bed,)  n.  [Sax.  heafod,  hrfrd,  hrafd  ;  D.  hoofd ; 
Dan.  hnred  ;  Sw.  hufcud ;  G.  Aniipl.  This  word  is  a 
participle  of  the  Sax.  heafan,  hrfan,  to  heave,  pret.  hof, 
hove  ;  G.  ArArn,  hob,  &c.  Heafod,  heaved,  the  ele- 
vated part,  the  top.    Cl.xss  Gli.] 

1.  The  uppermost  part  of  the  human  body,  or  the 
fori'most  part  of  the  body  of  prone  and  creejiing  an- 
imals. This  part  of  the  human  body  contains  the 
organs  of  hearing,  seeing,  tasting,  and  smelling;  it 
contains  also  the  brain,  which  is  supjioscd  to  be  the 
seat  of  the  intellectual  powers,  and  of  sensation. 
Hence  the  head  is  the  chief  or  most  important  part, 
and  is  used  for  the  whole  person,  in  the  phrase,  Let 
Uie  evil  fall  on  my  head. 

2.  An  anim.al ;  an  individual ;  ai,  the  tax  was 
raised  by  a  certain  rate  per  heaii.  And  we  use  the 
singular  number  to  express  many.  The  herd  con- 
tains twenty  head  of  oxen. 

Tlurty  thousand  head  of  swine.  Adiiiton. 


3.  .\  chief ;  a  principal  person  :  n  leader  ;  a  coin- 
inandrr  ,  one  wIki  has  the  first  rank  or  place,  and  to 
\\'li()iii  olhcrs  are  suliordiiiate  ;  as,  the  head  of  an  ar- 
my ;  lliit  hriid  of  a  sect  or  parly.    F.ph.  v. 

4.  The  first  place  ;  the  place  of  hoiKir,  or  of  coin- 
Iiiaud.  The  lord  mayor  sat  at  the  head  of  the  table. 
Till?  general  marched  at  the  Aruri  of  his  troops. 

.V  Coiiiiti'iiance  ;  presence;  in  the  phrases,  to  hide 
tlK'  hrail,  to  show  the  head. 

(!.  riiderslanding ;  faculties  of  the  mind;  soine- 
titiii'S  iu  a  ludicrous  sense ;  as,  a  inaii  h.is  a  good 
head,  or  a  strong  head.  The.se  men  laid  their  Acuiw 
togi  tlii  r  to  fiiriii  the  scheme.  Never  trouble  your 
head  about  this  afi'air.  So  wc  .»ay,  to  beat  the  Aea..' ; 
to  break  the  head:  that  is,  to  stiiily  hard,  to  exercise 
the  uudcrsttitiding  or  mciit.-il  faculties. 

7.  Face  ;  front ;  fore  part. 

The  mvifthers  lurii  hetvl,  the  fl^lil  n;news.  \Unutaal.\  Dry'len. 

8.  Resistance  ;  successful  opposition  ;  in  the  phrase, 
to  riiuAc  head  against ;  that  is,  to  .advance,  or  resist 
with  success. 

9.  S|Miiitaneoiis  will  or  residntion  ;  in  the  phrases, 
of  his  men  head,  on  their  own  head.  Hut  of  is  more 
usual  than  on. 

ID.  State  of  a  deer's  horns  by  which  his  age  is 
known.  The  buck  is  called,  the  fiftli  year,  a  buck  of 
the  first  head.  Shak. 

11.  'I'lie  top  of  a  tiling,  especially  when  larger 
than  the  rest  of  the  thing  ;  ns,  the  head  of  a  sprar ; 
the  head  of  a  cabbage  ;  the  head  of  a  nail ;  the  head 
of  a  mast. 

12.  The  fore  part  of  a  thing,  ns  the  Ararf  of  a  ship, 
which  incliiiles  the  bows  on  both  sides;  also,  the  or- 
namental figure  or  image  erected  on  or  before  the 
stem  of  a  ship.  Encye. 

13.  The  blade  or  cutting  part  of  an  ax,  distinct 
from  the  lielve. 

I  I.  A  rounded  mass  of  foam  which  rises  on  a  pot 
of  beer,  &.c.  .Mortimer. 
IC).  The  upper  part  of  a  beil  or  bedstead. 
IG.  The  brain. 

They  turn  their  heads  lo  imitate  the  sun.  Poji*. 

17.  The  dress  of  the  head  ;  as,  a  laccil  Aca</.  [  Un- 
usual.] Sinift. 

18.  The  principal  source  of  a  stream  ;  as,  the  head 
of  the  Nile. 

19.  Altitude  of  water  in  ponds,  as  applicable  to 
the  driving  of  inill-wlieels.  The  mill  hits  a  good 
A((/</  of  water. 

20.  Topic  of  discourse  ;  chief  point  or  subject ;  a 
summary  ;  as,  the  Aca</.<  of  a  discourse  or  treatise. 

21.  Crisis  ;  pitch  ;  hight.  The  disease  has  grown 
to  such  a  lieeid  as  to  threaten  life. 

22.  Inrtuence  ;  force;  strength;  pitch.  The  sedi- 
tion got  to  such  a  head  as  not  to  be  easily  qui  lled. 

23.  Body  ;  conrttix.    [Obs.]         Shuk.  Spenser. 

24.  Power ;  armed  force. 

My  lorxl,  my  lord,  the  French  have  gatliered  head.  ShaJ:. 

25.  Liberty  ;  freedom  from  restraint ;  as,  to  give 
a  horse  the  head.  Hence, 

2fi.  License  ;  freedom  from  check,  control,  or  re- 
straint.   Children  should  not  have  their  heads. 
He  hat  too  lon^  given  hia  unruly  pajsions  the  head.  South. 

27.  The  hair  of  the  head  ;  as,  a  head  of  hair. 

28.  The  top  of  com  or  other  plant ;  the  part  on 
which  the  seed  grows. 

29.  The  end,  or  the  boards  that  form  the  end  ;  as, 
the  head  of  a  cask. 

30.  The  part  most  remote  from  the  mouth  or  open 
ing  into  the  sea ;  as,  the  Acoti  of  a  bay,  gulf,  or 
creek. 

31.  The  maturated  part  of  an  ulcer  or  boil ;  hence, 
to  enme  to  a  head,  is  to  suppurate. 

J  lead  ana  ears;  a  phrase  denoting  the  whole  per- 
son, especially  when  referring  to  immersion.  He 
plunged  head  and  ears  into  the  water.  He  w.as  Aea<i 
and  ears  in  debt,  that  is,  completely  overwhelmed. 

Head  and  shoulders ;  by  force  ;  violently  ;  as,  to 
drag  one  head  and  shoulders. 

They  bring  in  evciy  figure  of  apeech,  htad  and  ghouldert. 

Head  err  tail,  or  neither  head  nor  tail ;  a  phrase  de- 
noting uncertainly  ;  not  reducililelo  certainty.  Burke, 

Head,  as  an  adj.  or  in  com|iosition,  chief ;  princi- 
pal ;  as,  a  head  workman. 

By  the  head,  in  seamen^s  language,  denotes  the 
state  of  a  ship  laden  too  deeply  at  the  fore-end. 
HEAD,  (bed,)  r.  f.    To  lead  ;  to  direct ;  to  act  as  lead- 
er to  ;  as,  to  head  an  army  ;  to  head  an  expedition ;  to 
head  a  riot. 

2.  To  behead  ;  to  decapitate.    [Umuiual.]  Shak. 

3.  To  form  a  head  to  ;  to  fit  or  furnish  with  a  I'eail ; 
as,  to  head  a  nail. 

4.  To  cut  off  the  head  ;  to  lop  ;  as,  to  head  trees. 

5.  To  go  in  front  of;  to  get  into  the  front  in  order 
to  stop  ;  as,  to  head  a  drove  of  cattle.  Hi  nee,  figu- 
ralinely,  to  head  a  person,  is  to  check  or  restrain  him. 

(i.  To  si^t  on  the  head  ;  as,  to  head  a  cask. 
7.  To  oppose  ;  to  veer  round,  and  blow  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  course  of  a  ship  ;  ns,  the  wind  heaiU  us. 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE — A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  j  G  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HEA 


HEA 


HEA 


HEAD,  (lied,)  v.  i.  To  originate  ;  to  spring  ;  to  have 
us  source,  as  a  river. 

A  broad  river,  that  heads  in  the  ^reat  Elue  Ridge  of  moiinl-'iinB. 

Admr. 

^,  To  be  directed  ;  as,  how  does  the  ship  head  ? 
3.  To  form  a  head  ;  as,  llie  cabbages  head  early. 
HEAD'ACHE,  (hed'ake,)  n.    Pain  in  tlie  liead. 
HEAD'BAND,  (hed'band,)  n.    A  fillet;  a  band  for 
the  head ;  also,  the  band  at  each  end  of  a  book. 
Is.  iii. 

IIEAD'BOR-OUGH,  (hed'bur  ro,)  n.  In  England,  for- 
merly, the  chief  of  a  frank  ple<lgc,  tithing,  or  decen- 
narj',  consisting  of  ten  families ;  called,  in  some 
counties,  bors-holder,  that  is,  boroutrk^s  eldfr,  and 
sometimes  tithingman.  Blackstone. 

HEAD'-DRESS,  (hed'dress,)  71.  The  dress  of  the 
head  ;  the  covering  or  ornaments  of  a  woman's  head. 

Pu-pe.  Jiddison. 

2.  The  crest  or  tuft  of  feathers  on  a  fowl's  head. 

MddUon. 

HEAD'ED,  (hed'ed,)  pp.  Led  :  directed  ;  furnished 
with  a  head  ;  having  a  top.  This  is  used  in  compo- 
sition as  an  adjective  ;  as,  c\c7ix -headed,  \ong-hcadcd, 
thick-headed,  &c. 

HEAD'ER,  (hed'er,)  n.    One  who  heads  nails  or  pins. 

2.  One  who  leads  a  mob  or  party. 

3.  A  brick  or  stone  laid  with  its  shorter  face  or 
head  in  the  surface  of  the  wall.  Owilt. 

HE.-VD'FASTi,  (hedTi.st',)  n.  A  rope  at  the  head  of  a 
ship  to  fasten  it  to  a  wharf  or  other  fixed  object. 

Totlcn. 

HEAD'-FinST',  (hcd'furst',)  adc.  With  the  head 
foremost. 

HEAD'-GAR-GLE,  (hed'gar-gl,)  n.  A  disease  of  cat- 
tle. Jilurtimer. 

HE.\D'-GeAR,  (hed'geer,)  n.  Covering  or  ornament 
of  the  head.  Burion. 

HEAD'I-LY,  (hed'e-ly,)  adv.    Rashly  ;  hastily. 

HEAD'I-NESS,  (hed'e-ness,)  n.  [See  Heady.]  Rash- 
ness ;  precipitation  ;  a  disposition  to  rush  forward 
without  due  deliberation  or  prudence.  Spenser. 
2.  Stubbornness  ;  obstinacy. 

HEAD'ING,  (hed'ing,)  n.   Tliat  which  stands  at  the 
head  ;  title  ;  as,  the  heading-  of  a  paper. 
2.  .Materials  for  the  heads  of  casks. 

IIE.\n'L.\ND,  (hed'land,)  n.  A  cape  ;  a  promontory ; 
a  point  of  land  [irojecting  from  the  shore  into  the  sea, 
or  other  expanse  of  water. 

2.  A  ridge  or  strip  of  uiiplowed  land  at  the  ends 
of  furrows,  or  near  a  fence. 

IIEAU'LESS,  (hed'less,)  a.  Having  no  head  ;  behead- 
ed ;  as,  a  headless  body,  neck,  or  carcase.  Spenser. 

2.  Destitute  of  a  chief  or  le.ader.  Ralegh. 

3.  Destitute  of  understanding  or  prudence  ;  rash  ; 
obstinate.  Spenser. 

HEAD'LOXG,  (hed'long,)  ailv.  With  the  head  fore- 
most ;  as,  to  fall  headlong.  Vrijden. 

2.  Rashly ;  precipitately  ;  without  deliberation. 

He  hurries  headlong  to  his  fate.  Dryden, 

3.  Hastily  ;  without  delay  or  respite. 
HEAD'LONG,  (hed'long,)  a.    Steep  ;  precipitous. 

Milton. 

2.  Rash  ;  precipitate  ;  as,  headlong  folly. 

nEAD'-I,UG-G£D,  a.    Dragged  by  the  head.  Shale. 

HEAD'-MAIN,  n.  The  main  ditch  by  which  water  is 
drawn  from  a  river,  &c.,  for  irrigation,  to  be  distrib- 
uted through  smaller  channels.  Loudon. 

HEAD'-MAN,  (hed'man,)  n.    A  chief;  a  leader. 

HEAD'MoLD-SnOT,  n.  A  disease  in  children,  in 
which  the  sutures  of  the  skull,  usually  the  coronal, 
ride,  that  is,  when  their  edges  shoot  over  one  anoth- 
er, and  arc  so  close  locked  as  to  compress  the  brain, 
often  occasioning  convulsions  and  death.  Enajc. 

HEAD'-MO^'-EY,  (lied'mun-ny,)  n.  A  capitation-tax. 

Milton. 

UEAD'MoST,  (hed'most,)  a.  Most  advanced  ;  most 
forward  ;  first  in  a  line  or  order  of  progression  ;  as, 
the  headmost  ship  in  a  fleet. 

HEAD'-l'AN,  (hed'pan,)  n.  The  brain-pan.  [^Vot  in 
v.ie.] 

HEAD'-PENCE,  (hed'pens,)  n.    A  poll-tax.  [05.9.] 
HEAD'-PIkCE,  (hed'pCse,)  71.   Armor  for  the  head  ;  a 
helmet ;  a  UKirion.  Si/tnejf.  Dryden. 

2.  Understanding;  force  of  mind.    [J^ot  co7nnion.1 

Pridcaxiz. 

HEAD'-QUART'ERS,  n.  pi.  The  quarters  or  place 
of  residenctf  of  iho  commander-in-cliief  of  an  army. 

2.  Tlie  residence  of  any  chief,  or  place  from  which 
orders  are  issued. 

IIEAD'-UOPE,  fhed'rSpe,)  n.  That  part  of  a  holt-rope 
which  is  sewed  to  the  upper  edge  or  head  of  the  prin- 
cipal sails.  Tutten. 

HEAD'-.SaIL,  (hed'siile,)  71.  The  general  name  for  all 
those  Hails  of  a  vessel  which  are  set  forward  of  the 
foremaxt.  Tallen. 

HI;AI)'-.'!kA,  (lied'Kce,)  71.  Waves  that  meet  the  head 
of  n  ship,  or  roll  againnt  her  course.  ToUen. 

HEAD'-HJIAKE,  (hed'Hhike,)  71.  A  signincant  shake 
iif  the  head.  Shak. 

IIEAU'HIIIP,  (hcd'ship,)  71.    Authority  ;  chief  place. 

llate^. 

ii  EADR'.M  A.N,  (hcdz'man,)  71.  One  that  cuts  off  heads ; 
an  cxvcutiuncr.    [  Unumuil.]  Dryden. 


HEAD'SPRING,  (hed'spring,)  n.  Fountain  ;  source  ; 
origin. 

HEAD'STALL,  (hed'stawl,)  71.   That  part  of  a  bridle 

which  encoii'ipasses  the  head. 
HE.AD'-SToNE,  (hed'stone,)  71.    The  principal  stone 
in  a  foundation  ;  the  chief  or  corner  stone.  Psalms. 
2.  The  stone  at  the  head  of  a  grave. 
HEAD'STRONG,  (hed'strong,)  a.  Violent ;  obstinate  ; 
ungovernable ;  resolute  to  run  his  own  way  ;  bent  on 
pursuing  his  own  will ;  not  easily  restrained. 

Now  let  the  headstrong  boy  ray  will  control.  Dryden. 
2.  Directed  by  ungovernable  will,  or  proceeding 
from  obstinacy  ;  as,  a  hcadstronrr  cotirse.  Dryden. 
HEAD'STRONG-NESS,  71.   Obstinacy.    [JVo«  in  use.] 

Oayton. 

HEAD'-TIRE,  (hed'tire,)  71.  Dress  or  attire  for  the 
head.     1  Esdras  iii. 

HEAD'WAY,  (licd'wa,)  7!.  The  motion  of  an  advanc- 
ing ship.  A  ship  makes  headway,  when  she  ad- 
vances, as  from  a  state  of  rest. 

HEAD'-WIND,  (hed'wind,)  n.  A  wind  th.at  blows  in 
a  direction  opposite  to  the  ship's  course. 

HEAD'-WORK,  7t.    Mental  or  intellectual  labor. 
2.  An  ornament  for  the  key-stone  of  an  arch. 

Gwill. 

HEAD'-WORK'MAN,  71.    The  chief  workman  of  a 

party  ;  a  foreman  in  a  manufactory.  Swift. 
HEAD'Y,  (hed'y,)  a.  [See  Head.]  Ra.sh  ;  hasty  ;  pre- 
cipitate ;  violent ;  disposed  to  rush  forward  in  an  en- 
terprise without  thought  or  deliberation  ;  hurried  on 
by  will  or  passion  ;  ungovernable. 

All  the  talent  required,  is  to  be  heady,  to  be  violent  on  one  aide 
or  the  other.  Temple. 

2.  Apt  to  affect  the  head  ;  inflaming ;  intoxicating  ; 
strong ;  as,  spirituous  liquors.  Champagne  is  a  heady 
wine. 

3.  Violent ;  impetuous ;  as,  a  heady  current.  [JVot 
7f5ifa?.]  Shak. 

HeAL,  v.  t.  [Sax.  halan,  helan,  gehelan,  to  heal,  and 
to  conceal,  L,  celo  ;  Goth,  hailyan,  to  heal  ;  G.  heilen  ; 
D.  heelen ;  Svv.  hela  ;  Dan.  heeler ;  from  hal,  heil,  heel, 
hd,  whole,  sound,  allied  to  hold  and  holy.  Heb.  '73, 
'j'jD,  Ch.  n'73,  to  be  whole  or  entire,  all.  The  prima- 
ry sense  of  the  root  is,  to  press,  strain,  extend  ;  hence, 
to  hold,  to  shut,  inclose,  conceal,  to  embrace  the  whole. 
To  heal  is  to  make  whale,  hale,  sound,  and  to  conceal 
is  to  hold,  or  keep  close.] 

1.  To  cure  of  a  disease  or  wound,  and  restore  to 
soundness,  or  to  that  state  of  body  in  which  the  nat- 
ural functions  are  regularly  performed ;  as,  to  heal 
the  sick. 

Speak,  and  my  servant  shall  be  healed.  —  Matt.  viii. 

2.  To  cure;  to  remove  or  subdue  ;  as,  to  heal  a  dis- 
ease. 

3.  To  cause  to  cicatrize  ;  as,  to  heal  a  sore  or 
wound. 

4.  To  restore  to  soundness ;  as,  to  heal  a  wounded 
limb. 

5.  To  restore  purity  to ;  to  remove  feculence  or  for- 
eign matter. 

Thus  saith  tlie  Lord,  I  have  healed  these  waters.  — 2  Kin^  ii. 

6.  To  remove,  as  differences  or  dissension  ;  to  rec- 
oncile, as  parties  at  variance ;  as,  to  Iteal  a  breach  or 
difference. 

7.  In  Scripture,  to  forgive ;  to  cure  moral  disease, 
and  restore  sountlness. 

I  will  heal  their  backsliding.  — Hoi.  xiv. 

8.  To  purify  from  corruptions,  redress  grievances, 
and  restore  to  prosperity.   Jer,  xiv. 

9.  To  cover,  as  a  roof  with  tiles,  shite,  lead,  &c. 
[^Sax.  helan.]  Eneyc. 

HuAL,  7).  t.  To  grow  sound;  to  return  to  a  sound 
state  ;  as,  the  limb  heals,  or  the  wound  heals  ;  some- 
times with  up  or  over;  it  will  heal  up  or  over. 

HkAIj'A  BLE,  a.    That  may  be  healed.  Sherwood. 

Hf;ALDS,7i.  pi.  The  harness  for  guiding  the  wariv- 
Uireads  in  a  loom.  Ure. 

Hi",AL'^;D,  pp.    Restored  to  a  sound  state. 

HeAL'ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  cures,  or  restores  to 
soundness. 

HliAL'lNG,  ppr.    Curing ;  restoring  to  a  sound  state. 
2.  a.    Tending  to  cure  ;  mild  ;  imdiifying. 

HeAI/ING,  71.    The  act  or  process  by  which  a  cure  is 
effected. 
2.  The  act  of  covering.  [04.?.] 

HkAI/ING-I.Y,  adv.    So  as  to  cure. 

HEAI/ril,  (hflih,)  71.  [from  a™;.]  That  state  of  an 
animal  or  living  body,  in  which  the  parts  are  sound, 
wi  ll  organized  and  disposed,  and  in  which  they  all 
perform  freely  thiiir  natural  functions.  In  this  state, 
tin:  animal  feels  no  pain.  ThiK  word  is  also  adai>teil 
to  plants. 

Tlionf^h  health  may  Iw  en)oyed  without  rratilude,  It  can  not  be 
■jlortcd  with  without  Iobs,  or  regained  by  coiirij^e. 

Biidtfiiimtcr. 

2.  Sound  stale  of  the  mind  ;  natural  vigor  of  fac- 
ulties. Bacon. 

3.  Hound  state  of  the  mind,  in  a  moral  sense  i  puri- 
ty ;  gootliiess. 

Th'-n-  bi  no  health  In  ns.  Common  Prayer. 

4.  Salvation  or  divine  favor,  or  grace  which  cheers 
God's  peojile.    Ps.  xliii. 


5.  Wish  of  health  and  happiness  ;  used  in  drinking. 
"  Come  love  and  health  to  all ;  "  an  elliptical  phrase, 
for,  I  wish  health  to  you. 
HEALTH'FIJL,  (helth'ful,)  a.  Being  in  a  sound  state, 
as  a  living  or  organized  being  ;  having  the  parts  or 
organs  entire,  and  their  functions  in  a  free,  active, 
and  undisturbed  operation ;  free  from  disease.  We 
speak  of  a  healthful  body,  a  healthful  person,  a  health- 
fid  plant. 

2.  Serving  to  promote  health  ;  wholesome  ;  salu- 
brious ;  as,  a  healthful  air  or  climate  ;  a  healthful 
diet. 

3.  Indicating  health  or  soundness  ;  as,  a  healtltful 
condition. 

4.  Salutary ;  promoting  spiritual  health. 

Common  Prayer. 

5.  Well-disposed  ;  favorable. 

A  healthful  ear  to  hear.    \Unusufil.\  Shak. 

HEALTH'FyE-LY,  ade.    In  health  ;  wholesomely. 

HEALTH'fRl-NESS,  71.  A  state  of  being  well ;  a 
state  in  which  the  parts  of  a  living  body  are  sound, 
and  regularly  perform  their  functions. 

2.  Wholcsomeness  ;  salubrity  ;  state  or  qualities 
that  promote  health  ;  as,  the  hcnltlifulness  of  the  air, 
or  of  climate,  or  of  diet,  or  of  exercises. 

HEALTH'I-LY,  arfo.  [See  Health.]  Without  disease. 

HEALTH'I-NESS,  7!.  The  state  of  health;  sound- 
ness ;  freedom  from  disease  ;  as,  the  healthiness  of  an 
animal  or  plant. 

HEALTIIT^ESS,  (heltli-,)  a.    Infinn  ;  sickly. 

2.  Not  conducive  to  health.    [Little  nseil.]  Taylor. 

HEALTH'EESS-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  healthless. 

HEALTH'SO.ME,  (hclth'sum,)  a.    Wholesome.  Shak. 

HEALTH'Y,  a.  Being  in  a  sound  state;  enjoying 
health ;  hale  ;  sound ;  as,  a  healthy  body  or  consti- 
tution. 

2.  Conducive  to  health  ;  wholesome  ;  salubrious  ; 
as,  a  healthy  exercise ;  a  healthy  climate  ;  healthy  rec- 
reations. Locke. 

HeAM,  71.  In  beasts,  the  same  as  after-birth  in 
women.  Johnson. 

Heap,  71.  [Sax.  heap,  heap ;  D.  hoop ;  G.  haufe  ;  Sw. 
hop  ;  Dan.  hob  ;  Riiss.  kupa  ;  W.  cub,  a  heap,  what  is 
put  together,  a  bundle,  a  cube.  See  Class  Uh,  No.  1, 
2,  3,  4,  5.] 

1.  A  pile  or  mass ;  a  collection  of  things  laid  in  a 
body,  so  as  to  form  an  elevation  ;  as,  a  heap  of  earth 
or  stones. 

Huge  heaps  of  slain  around  the  body  rise.  Dryden. 

2.  A  crowd  ;  a  throng ;  a  cluster;  applied  to  living 
persons. 

[Inelegant,  and  not  in  use.]         Bacon.  Dryden. 
J.  A  mass  of  ruins. 

Thou  h;ist  m.ade  of  a  city  a  heap.  —  Is.  xxv. 
Heap,  v.  t.    [Sax.  hcapian;  Sw.  hopa;  G.  hdxifcn;  D. 
hoopen.] 

1.  To  throw  or  lay  in  a  heap ;  to  pile  ;  as,  to  heai) 
stones ;  often  with  up  ;  as,  to  heap  up  earth ;  or  with 
071 ;  as,  to  heap  on  wood  or  coal. 

2.  To  amass  ;  to  accumulate  ;  to  lay  up;  to  collect 
in  great  quantity  ;  with  up ;  as,  to  heap  up  treasures. 

Though  the  wicked  heap  up  silver  as  the  dust.  — Job  xxvii. 

3.  To  add  something  else,  in  large  quantities. 

Shak. 

4.  To  pile  ;  to  add  till  the  mass  takes  a  roundish 
form,  or  till  it  rises  above  the  measure ;  as,  to  heap 
any  thing  in  measuring. 

HeAP'£D,  (heept,)  ji;;.  Piled  ;  amassed  ;  accumu- 
lated. 

HeAP'ER  t.  One  who  heaps,  piles,  or  amasses. 
HicAP'ING,  ppr.  Piling;  collecting  into  a  mass. 
HeAP'Y,  a.    Lying  in  heaps  ;  as,  heapy  rubbish. 

Gay. 

He.\R,  v.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  Heard,  but  more  correctly 
Heared.  [S;\x.  hcoran,  hyran  :  G.hdren;  V.  hooren  ; 
Dan.  luirrr  ;  Sw.  hiira.  It  seems  to  be  from  car,  L. 
aiin's,  or  from  the  same  root.  So  L.  audio  seems  to  be 
connected  with  Gr.  ons.  The  sense  is  probably,  to  lend 
the  ear,  to  turn  or  incline  the  ear,  and  car  is  probably 
a  shoot  or  extremity.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  car ;  to  feel  an  impression  of 
sound  by  the  proper  organs  ;  as,  to  hear  sound  ;  to 
hear  a  voice  ;  to  heur  words. 

2.  To  give  audience  or  allowance  to  speak. 

He  sent  for  Paul  and  heard  him  concerning  the  f;uUi  in  Clirisl.  — 
Acts  xxiv. 

3.  To  attend  ;  to  listen  ;  to  obey. 

To-day,  if  )C  will  Aear  his  voice,  hardiui  imt  your  h'-art.  —  Pa. 
xcv. 

4.  To  attend  favorably  ;  to  regard. 

Thev  think  they  shall  be  heard  for  their  much  six-ukin^. — 
'Mutt.  »i. 

5.  To  grant  an  answer  to  prayer. 

I  love  tlie  I-onl,  U'cause  Ir'  hatll  heard  my  voice.  —  P».  cxvi. 

n.  To  attend  to  the  farts,  evidence,  and  arguments, 
in  a  cause  between  parlies  ;  to  try  in  a  court  of  law 
or  equity.  The  cause  was  heard  and  determined  nl 
the  last  term  ;  or,  it  ivns  heard  at  the  last  term,  and 
will  he  deterinincil  at  the  next.    So  2  Sara.  xv. 

7.  To  acknowledge  a  title  ;  a  Latin  phrase. 

Ilnlr'st  thou  «uliuii«»ive,  but  a  lowly  birth.  Prior. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.- PINE,  MARtNK,  niRD.-NOTK,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


540 


HE  A 

8.  To  be  ft  lioiiror  of ;  lo  sit  under  the  preaching  of ; 
as,  what  minister  do  you  licarl  [Jl  culloquial  use  of 
the  witrtt.] 

9.  To  learn. 

I  snc.ik  to  itie  wurlil  Ihosc  (hiiiga  wliicli  I  have  heard  of  liim.  — 
Joliii  v.a. 

10.  To  api)rove  and  embrace. 

Tliry  diicnk  of  Uio  worM,  niid  Ihe  world  hearelh  them.  —  1 
Joliii  iv. 

To  hear  a  bird  ainff ;  to  receive  private  communica- 
tion. Shak. 
IllcAK,  p.  i.    To  enjoy  the  sense  or  facnlty  of  perceiv- 
ing sonnd.    He  Is  deaf,  he  can  not  Afor. 

2.  To  listen  ;  to  hearken ;  to  attend.  He  hears 
with  solicitude. 

3.  To  be  told  ;  to  receive  by  report. 

1  hear  th'Te  nre  tlivi»!Oii*  among  you,  niid  I  partly  believe  it.  — 
1  Cor.  il. 

IIKARD,  (herd,)  prcL  and  pp.  of  IIkar.  Perceived  by 
llie  ear. 

IIkAR'ER,  n.  One  who  hears;  one  who  attends  to 
what  is  orally  delivered  by  another ;  an  auditor ;  one 
of  an  audience. 

IlE.AK'liNG,  ppr.    Perceiving  by  the  ear,  as  sound. 

2.  Listening  to  ;  attending  lo;  obeying;  observing 
Avhat  is  commanded. 

3.  Attending  to  witnesses  or  advocates  in  a  judi- 
cial trial ;  trying. 

Hk.XK'ING,  «.  The  faculty  or  sense  by  which  sound 
is  perceived. 

2.  Aiulicnce  ;  attention  to  what  is  delivered  ;  op- 
portunity to  be  heard.  1  waited  on  the  minister,  but 
could  not  obtain  a  hearing: 

3.  Judicial  trial ;  attention  to  the  facts,  testimony, 
and  arguments,  in  a  cause  between  parties,  with  a 
view  to  a  just  decision. 

4.  The  act  of  perceiving  sound  ;  sensation  or  per- 
ception of  sound. 

1  hiive  lieivnl  of  ihi'c  by  thr  hearing  of  the  car.  —  Job  xtii. 
And  to  ilK'  otiicni  Iw  wid  in  my  hearing.  —  Kzck.  ix. 

5.  Reach  of  the  ear ;  extent  within  which  sound 
may  be  heard.    He  was  not  within  hcarinir. 

HE.\  ilK'f.W,  (hirk'n,)  v.  i.  [Sa.v.  hcorcnian,  hyrcnian  ; 
G.  horchen.] 

1.  To  listen  ;  to  lend  the  ear ;  to  attend  to  what  is 
uttered,  with  eagerness  or  curiosity. 

The  furies  hearken^  and  their  snakes  uncurl.  Dryden. 

.  2.  To  attend  ;  to  regard ;  to  give  heed  to  what  is 
uttered  ;  to  observe  or  obey. 

Hearken.  O  Urtrl.  lo  the  statutes  and  tlie  Judgments  which  I 
leach  you.  —  Dent,  iv, 

3.  To  listen  ;  to  attend  ;  to  grant  or  comply  with. 
Hearken  thou  lo  the  supplication  of  thy  servant.  —  I  Kings  viii. 

HEXRK'K.V,  (hirk'n,)  v.-u    To  hear  by  listening. 

[hitlte  u.ird.] 

HK.\KK'K.\->:D,  (hurk'nd,)  pp.    Heard  by  listening. 
UEAKK'A'.\'-ER,  (hUrk'n-cr,)  n.  A  listener;  one  who 
hearkens. 

HEX KK'£X-I.\G,  (hirk'n-ing,)  ppr.  Listening;  at- 
tending ;  observing. 

HEAR'S.\L,  for  Reheabsau    [Ant  in  itsc]  Spenser. 

HkAR'SAY,  n.  [hear  and  saij.]  ReiM)rt  ;  rumor; 
fame ;  common  talk.  He  aHinns  without  any  au- 
thority except  hearsay :  the  account  we  have  depends 
on  hearsay.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective ;  as, 
hearsay  evidence. 

HE.\Rf-E,  (herse,)  n.  [See  Herse.]  A  temporary 
monument  set  over  a  grave.    [06«.]  Sluik. 

2.  .\n  ornamented  car  in  which  the  bodies  of  the 
great  were  carried  lo  the  cemetery.    [0A.<.]  Hence, 

3.  A  carriage  for  conveying  the  dead  to  the  grave, 
[See  Herse.] 

4.  A  hind  in  the  second  year  of  her  age.  Enryc 
HEARSE,  (herse,)  v.  L   To  inclose  in  a  hearse;  to 

bury.  Shak, 
HEARSE'-CLOTH,  (herse'kloth,)  n.    A  pall ;  a  cloth 

to  cover  a  hearse.  Sanderson, 
HEARSE'-LIKE,  (hcrsc'like,)  a.  Suitable  to  a  funeral 
HEXRT,fhilrt,)  n.  [Sax.  A«rt ;  G.  Arri ;  U.  hart :  Sw. 
hierta:  Dan.Aierte;  Gr.  xaoSia  :  Sans.  Arrrfa,  I  know 
not  the  primary  sense,  nor  whether  it  is  from  the  root 
of  Kiap,  L.  cor,  cordis,  and  allied  to  Eng.  core,  or 
named  from  motion,  pulsation.] 

1.  A  muscul.ir  viscus,  which  is  the  primary  organ 
of  th'"  bl(K>dN  motion  in  an  animal  body,  situated  in 
the  thorax.  From  this  organ  all  the  arti  ries  arise, 
and  in  it  all  the  veins  terminate,  lly  its  alternate 
dilatation  and  contniction,  the  blood  is  received  from 
the  Veins,  and  returned  through  the  arteries,  by 
whirh  means  the  circulation  is  carried  on,  and  life 
preserved. 

2.  The  inner  part  of  any  thing  ;  the  middle  part  or 
interior  ;  as,  the  heart  of  a  coiintrv,  kingdom,  or  em^ 
pire  ;  the  heart  of  a  town  ;  the  heart  of  a  tree. 

3.  That  which  has  the  shape  or  form  of  a  heart 

4.  The  chief  part ;  the  vital  part ;  the  vigorous  or 
ctlirarious  part.  Bacon. 

5.  The  seat  of  the  aflections  and  passions,  as  of 
love,  joy,  gri€'f,  enmity,  courage,  pleasure,  &c. 

The  heart  is  deceitful  above  all  Ihincs.  Every  im 
agination  of  the  Uioughts  of  the  heart  is  evil  contin 


HEA 

ually.  We  read  of  an  honest  and  good  heart,  and  an 
evil  heart  of  unbelief,  a  willing  heart,  a  In  avy  hmrl, 
sorrow  of  heart,  a  hard  heart,  a  proud  heart,  a  pure 
heart.  The  heart  faints  in  adversity,  or  under  dis- 
couragement, that  is,  courage  fails ;  the  heart  is  de- 
ceived, enlarged,  reproved,  lilted  up,  li.\ed,  estab- 
lished, moved,  Ace.  Scripture. 

G.  lly  a  metonymy,  heart  is  used  for  an  ullection  or 
passion,  and  particularly  for  love. 

The  king's  ftearr  w;m  toward  Absidoin.  — 2  Sam.  xiv. 

7.  The  seat  of  the  understanding  ;  as,  an  under- 
standing heart.  We  read  of  mennvise  in  heart,  and 
slow  of  heart.  Scripture. 

8.  The  seat  of  the  will ;  hence,  secret  purposes,  in- 
tentions, or  designs.  There  are  many  devices  in  a 
man's  Acarf.  The  heart  of  kings  is  unsearclialile. 
The  Lord  tries  and  suarcln  s  the  heart.  David  had  it 
in  his  heart  to  build  a  house  of  rest  for  the  ark. 

Scripture. 

Sometimes  Aeart  is  used  for  the  will,  or  determined 
purpose. 

The  heart  of  the  sons  of  men  is  fully  sot  In  them  lo  do  evil.  — 
Ecclcs,  viii. 

9.  Person;  character;  used  icitli  rcsjiect  to  courage 
or  kindness, 

Chccrly,  my  heart*.  i^ak. 

10.  Courage ;  spirit ;  as,  to  take  heart  ;  to  give 
heart ;  to  recover  heart.    Spenser.    Temple.  Milton. 

11.  Secret  thoughts;  recesses  of  the  mind. 

Michal  saw  king  David  leaping  and  d.-tncing  before  the  Lord, 
niul  slic  despised  him  in  her  hearL  —  2  S.vm.  vi. 

12.  Disposition  of  mind. 

He  had  a  heart  to  do  well.  Sidney. 

13.  Secret  meaning  ;  real  intention. 

And  then  show  you  the  heart  of  my  message.  Sltak. 
11.  Conscience,  or  sense  of  good  or  ill. 
Kvery  man's  fuarl  and  conscience  —  doth  either  like  or  dis.al- 
low  it.  Hooker. 

15.  Strength  ;  power  of  producing;  vigor;  fertility. 
Keep  the  land  in  heart. 

Thai  the  spent  eartli  may  gather  heart  again.  Dryden. 
IG.  The  utmost  degree. 

This  gny  chann  —  liafh  beguiled  me 

To  the  very  heart  of  loss.  Shak. 

To  get  or  learn  by  heart ;  to  commit  to  memory  ;  to 
learn  so  perfectly  as  to  be  able  to  repeat  without  a 
copy. 

To  lalic  to  heart ;  to  be  much  affected  ;  also,  to  be 
ze.alous,  ardent,  or  solicitous,  about  a  thing  ;  to  have 
concern. 

To  lay  to  heart,  is  used  nearly  in  the  sense  of  the 
foregoing. 

To  set  the  heart  on;  to  fix  the  desires  on  ;  to  be 
very  desirous  of  obtaining  or  keeping  ;  to  be  very 
fond  of. 

To  set  the  heart  at  rest ;  to  make  one's  self  quiet ;  to 
be  tranquil  or  easy  in  mind. 

To  find  in  the  heart ;  to  be  willing  or  disposed. 
1  Jind  it  in  my  heart  lo  ask  your  pardon.  Sidney. 

For  my  heart ;  for  tenderness  or  affection.  I  could 
not  for  my  heart  refuse  his  request. 

Ur  this  phrase  may  signify,  for  my  life;  if  my  life 
v.  as  at  stake. 

1  could  nol  get  him  for  my  heart  to  do  it.  Sliak. 

To  speak  to  one's  heart;  in  Scripture,  to  speak  kind- 
ly to  ;  to  comfort  ;  to  encoumge. 

To  hace  in  the  heart ;  lo  purpose  ;  to  have  design  or 
intention. 

A  hard  heart ;  cruelty  ;  want  of  sensibility. 
HEXRT,  c.  i.    To  encourage.    [Aot  much  used.] 

Pride^ux. 

HEXRT'-A€nE,  (hUrt'Ske,)  n.  Sorrow  ;  anguish  of 
mind.  Shak, 

HEART'-AF-FECT'ING,  a.    Affecting  the  heart. 

HEXRT'-AL-LOR'ING,  a.  Suited  to  allure  the  affec- 
tions. Parnell. 

HEXRT'-AP-PALL'ING,  a.    Dism.tying  the  heart. 

HEART'-BREAk,  n.    Overwhelming  sorrow  or  grief. 

Sliak. 

HEXnT'-RREAK-ER,  n.    A  lady's  curl ;  a  love-lock. 

HEXRT'-BREAK-ING,  a.  Breaking  the  heart  ;  over- 
powering wiili  crief  or  sorrow.  Spenser. 

HEXRT'-BREAK-IXG,  n.  Overpowering  grief ;  deep 
alllii'tion.  Jlaketrill. 

IlEXRT'-BRED,  (I.   Bred  in  the  heart.  Crashair. 

IIEXRT'-BROK-fr.V,  a,    D(e|.ly  afflicted  or  grieved. 

11EaRT'-BUR-I-£D,  (-ber'rid,)  a.    Deeply  immersed. 

Yonmr. 

HF,XRT'-nURM,ii.  Cardialg)-;  adisease  or  ain-eliim 
of  Ihe  stom.ich,  attended  with  a  sens,ition  of  heal 
and  iineasines.*!. 

HEXRT'-BURN-£D,  a.    Having  the  heart  inflamed. 

Shak, 

HEXRT'-BURN-ING.a.   Causing  discontent. 

Middleton, 

HEXRT'-RURN-ING,  n.    Heart  burn,  which  see. 

2.  Discontent ;  secret  enmitv.  Sirifl. 
HEXRT'-CHILU£D,  (hirt'cli'ild,)  o.     Having  the 
heart  chilled.  Skenstoue. 


HE  A 

lIEXKT'-eoN-SOM'lNG,  a.  Destroying  peace  of 
mind. 

IIKaH  T'-COR-ROD'IiXG,  n.  Preying  on  the  heart. 
IIKART'-DkAK,  «.  Sincerely  beloved.  Slutk. 
IIKART'-DEEl',  «.  liooteil  in  the  heart.  llrrbenrU 
lli;xilT'-UlS-COUR'Al5-ING,  a.     [Sec   Cot  ihge.] 

Drpressiiig  the  spirits.  Snuth. 
nE.\RT'-KASE,  11.    Uuiet;  tranquillity  of  mind. 

Shak, 

HEXRT'-KAS-IXG,  a.    Giving  quiet  to  the  niiinl. 

Mdtim. 

IIEXRT'-rAT-IN'G,  a.  Preying  on  the  heart.  Burton. 
I1EaKT'-E.\-I,IV'/;i\-I.NG,  a.  Enlivening  tlie  heart. 
IIE.\RT'-E.\-PA.M)'1NU,  a.     Eiilarghig  the  In  art  ; 

opening  the  feelifigs.  Thomson. 
IIE.\in"-FELT,  a.     Deeply  felt;  deeply  affecting, 

eilhcr  as  jov  or  sorrow. 
III'.Alt'r'-tJIUKi',  H.    Affliction  of  the  heart.  Mdton. 
HEaKT'-GRI.N"D-L\G,  o.    Grinding  the  heart. 

Mrs.  Butler. 

HEXRT'-HXRD-£N-£D,  a.  Obdurate;  impenitent; 
iiiifi'cline.  Ilarmcr. 

HEXRT'-IIARD-K.VIXG,  a.  Renilering  cniel  or  ob- 
durate. SAoA. 

HEXRT'-HEAV'I-NESS,  (  hcv'e-nes,)  n.  Depression 
of  spirits.  Shak. 

HEXKT'-IUJM-BLED,  n.    Humblid  in  heart.  Muore. 

IIEaRT'I-KR,  a.    iMore  hearty. 

IIKaRT'I-EST,  a.    Most  ht-arly. 

II1;.\IIT'I,I:T,  n.    a  Imle  heart. 

UEXRT'-OF-FEND'INU,  a.    Wounding  the  heart. 

Shak. 

HEART'-PaLX-IXG,  a.  Giving  pain  to  the  hearU 
HEXRT'-PE.\,  n.    A  plant,  heart-.seed,  which  see. 

Mdler. 

IIE.\RT'-PlK.RC-I.\G,  a.    Piercing  Ihe  heart. 
IIEAKT'-Pf''KI-FV-I.NG,  a.    PurifyiiiK  the  heart. 
HEART'-UUELL-l.NG,  a.    Conquering  the  affection. 

Spenser. 

HEXRT'-REXn-ING,  (J.  P.reaking  the  heart;  over- 
powering with  anguish  ;  deeply  afflictive.  IValler. 

HEART'-RIS-l.NG,  n.  A  rising  of  the  heart;  oppo- 
sition. 

HEXRT'-ROB-BI.NG,  o.    Depriving  of  thought ;  ec- 
static. Spenser, 
2.  Stealing  the  heart ;  winning.  Speniier. 
HEART'S'-BLuOD,  )  ,  ,,   ■  >  i  n.    The  blood  of  the 
IlEART'-BLOOD,      t-""'"!^  (    fieart  ;  life  ;  essence. 

SAoA-. 

HEXRT'S'-icASE,  ?i.    A  plant ;  n  species  of  Viola  or 

violet  ;  also,  a  species  of  Polygonum. 
HEART'-SEARCH-I.NG,  (  sereh-ing,)  a.  Searching 

the  secret  thoughts  and  |iurpt)ses. 
HEART'-SEED,  n.  A  climbing  plant,  of  the  genus  Car- 

diospermiiim.  having  round  seeds  which  are  marked 

with  a  5|)ot  like  a  heart.  Loudon. 
HEART'-SIlAP-i;!),  a.    Having  the  shape  of  a  heart. 
IIEART'-SICK,  a.    Sick  at  heart;  pained  in  mind; 

deeply  afflicted  or  depres.scd. 
HEARt'-SICK'£i\-LNG,  a.    Sickening  the  heart. 

K,  KverfU, 

IIEXUT'SO.ME,  a.   Merry;  cheerful;  lively,  [&o^ 

HEART'-SoRE,  n.    That  which  pains  the  he.irt. 

Spenser. 

HEART'-St'iRE,  o.    Deeply  wounded.  SAaA. 
HEART'-SUK'KoW-LN'G,  a.     Sorrowing  deeply  in 

litrart.  S/iak. 
HEAKT'-STTR-RING,  a.    Moving  the  heart. 
HEXRT'-STRIKE,  v.  L    To  affect  at  heart. 

B.  Jonson, 

HEXRT'-STRLXG,  n.  A  hypothetical  nerve  or  ten- 
don, sup|K)setl  to  brace  and  sustain  the  heart. 

SAaA.  Taylor. 
HEXRT'-STRUCK,  a.    Driven  to  the  heart;  inti.xed 
in  the  mind. 
2.  Shocked  with  fear  ;.  dismayed.  Mdton. 
HEART'-SWELL-LNG,  a.    Rankling  in  the  heart. 

Spenser, 

IIEART'-TIIRILL  I.\G,  a.    Thrilling  the  heart. 

II EA  R  T'-TOi;cil-LNG,  a.    Affecting  the  heart. 

HEX RT'-W  HEEL,  n.  The  name  of  a  well-known 
mechanical  contrivance,  (an  elliptical  wheel  for  con- 
verting a  circular  motion  into  an  alternating  rectilin- 
ear one,)  common  in  rolton-mills.  Brande, 

HEAKT'-WlloLE,  (-hole,)  a.  [See  Whole.]  Not 
affected  with  love ;  not  in  love,  or  nol  deeply  af- 
fected. 

2.  Ilavine  unbroken  .spirits,  or  good  courage. 
HEART  -WOOD,  ;i.    The  hard,  ceiitr.tl  jjart  of  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  differing  in  color  from  the  outer  lay- 
ers. Brande.  Lindlry. 
HEXRT'-WOrND-ED,  a.     Wounded  with  love  or 

grief;  deeply  affectid  with  some  passion.  Pope, 
IlEXRT'-WOUND-ING,  a.  Piercing  w  ith  grief.  Rowe. 
HEXRT'ED,  a.    Taken  lo  heart.    [A'ol  used.]  Shak. 
2.  Composed  of  hearts.    [JVet  used.]  Shak. 
X  Uiid  up  in  the  heart.  SAaA. 
This  word  is  chielly  used  in  composition;  as,hard- 
hrartrd,  faint-Ararff/7,  sl«)Ut -Afttr/**rf,  &c. 
HEA  RT'£N,  (hUrt'n,)  r.  U  To  encourage  ;  to  anini.ile  ; 
to  incite  or  stimulate  courace.  Sidney. 

2.  To  restore  fertility  or  strength  to  ;  as,  lo  hrurtrn 
land.    [Utile  used.]  May. 


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HESRT'£N-ER,  (Irsrt'n-er,)  n.     He  or  tli;it  wliicli 

gives  courage  or  an  ination.  Brown, 
HEARTH,  (Irartli  \  kfrtfi  is  sanctioned  hy  no  recent 

orthoepist ;)  jt.    [Sax.  keortk  ;  G.  herd    Dan.  hoard  ; 

S\v.  hard.     Qu.  its  connection  with  earth,  wliicli 

must  liave  been  the  primitive  hearth.] 

1.  A  pavement  or  floor  of  brick  or  stone  in  a  chim- 
ney, on  which  a  fire  is  made,  and  from  vvliicli  there 
is  a  passage  for  the  smoke  to  ascend. 

2.  Fi ^rurativclij,  the  house  itself,  as  the  abode  of 
comfort  to  its  inmates  and  of  liospituhty  to  strangers. 

Smart. 

HEXRTH'-MO.V-EY,  )  n.    A  tax  on  hearths. 
HE.\RTH'-PE.\-NY,  j  Blacksfone. 
HEAKTH'-SToNE,  tu    Stone  forming  tlie  hearth  ; 
fireside. 

HEXRT'I-LY,  arfc.  [from  hrartij.]  From  the  heart ; 
with  all  the  lieart ;  with  sincerity  ;  really. 

1  heartily  forgive  Ihem.  Sliak. 

2.  With  zeal  ;  actively  ;  vigorously.  He  heartily 
assisted  the  prince. 

3.  With  eagerness  ;  freely  ;  largely ;  as,  to  eat 
hrartihi. 

HEART'I-NE.SS,  n.    Sincerity;  zeal;  ardor;  earn- 
2.  Eagerness  of  appetite.  [cslness. 
HEXRT'LESS,  a.  Without  courage  ;  spiritless ;  faint- 
hearted. 

Heartless  they  foiijht,  and  quitted  soon  their  grouiiil.  Djylen. 

9.  Without  feeling  or  affection. 
HEaRT'LESS-LY,  ar/r.    Without  courage  or  spirit; 
faintly  ;  timidly  ;  feebly. 

2.  Without  feeling  or  affectitm. 
HEaRT'LE.-:S-NESS,  7i.    Want  of  courage  or  spirit ; 
dejection  of  mind  ;  feebleness.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Destitution  of  feeling  or  affection. 
HEART'Y,  a.  Having  the  heart  engaged  in  any  thing  ; 
sincere  ;  warm  ;  zealous  ;  as,  to  be  hearty  in  support 
of  government. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  heart ;  sincere;  warm;  as, 
a  hearty  welcome. 

3.  Being  full  of  health  ;  sound  ;  strong ;  healthy  ; 
as,  a  hearty  man. 

4.  Strong;  durable;  tis,  hearty  timber.  [JVot  used 
in  America.]  iVotton. 

.">.  Having  a  keen  appetite ;  eating  mucli ;  as,  a 
hearty  eater, 
ti.  Strong;  nourishing;  as,  Aefirff/ food. 
HEXRT'Y-HaLE,  o.   Good  for  tht;  heart.  [Obs.] 

Spender. 

HkAT,  71.  [Sax.  heed,  lust;  D.  hitte;  G.  hilzc;  Sw. 
hetta  ;  D.  hcUc  f  L.  {estus,  for  lucstas,  or  ca^Mis.  See 
the  verb.] 

1.  Heat,  as  a  cause  of  sensation,  is  considered  by 
some  to  bs  the  result  of  the  vibration  of  elastic  media, 
by  others  as  a  subtile  fluid,  contained  in  a  greater 
or  less  degree  in  all  bodies.  In  modem  ehcmislry,  it 
is  called  caloric.  It  expands  all  bodies  in  different 
proportions,  and  is  the  cause  of  fluidity  aiul  evapora- 
tion. A  certain  degree  of  it  is  also  essential  to  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  life.  Heat  is  latent,  when  so 
combined  with  other  matter  as  not  to  be  perceptible. 
It  is  sensible,  when  it  is  evolved  and  perceptible. 

Lavoisier.  Rncyc. 

2.  Heat,  as  a  sensation,  is  the  effect  produced  on 
the  sentient  organs  of  animals,  by  the  passage  of 
caloric,  disengaged  from  surronndmg  bodies,  to  the 
organs.  When  we  touch  or  approach  a  hot  body, 
the  caloric  or  heat  passes  from  that  body  to  our  organs 
of  feeling,  and  gives  the  sensaticm  of  heat.  On  the 
contrary,  when  we  touch  a  cold  hotly,  the  caloric 
passes  from  the  hand  to  that  body,  and  Ciiuscs  a  sen- 
sation of  cold.  Lavoisier. 

J^Tote.  —  This  theory  of  heat  seems  not  to  be  fully 
settled. 

3.  Hot  air  ;  hot  weather;  as,  the  heat  of  the  trop- 
ical climates. 

4.  Anyiiiccuniulation  or  concentration  of  the  mat- 
ter of  heat  or  caloric  ;  as,  the  heat  i>f  the  body  ;  the 
heat  of  a  fuffiace  ;  a  red  heat  ;  a.  wliite  heal  i  a  weld- 
ing heat. 

5.  The  greatest  accumulation  of  heat,  or  the  time 
of  such  accumulatitm  ;  as,  in  the  heat  of  the  day. 

0.  The  state  of  being  once  heated  or  hot.  Give 
the  iron  another  hcaL 

7.  A  violent  action  unintcrmitted  ;  a  single  efftirt. 

Many  Ciiuw,'ii  arc  TOlnired  for  refreahinetit  between  the  /lentji. 

IJnjiten. 

8.  A  single  pfTort  in  ninning ;  a  cour.se  at  a  race. 
Hector  won  at  the  first  heat. 

9.  Redness  of  the  face  ;  flush.  Addison. 

10.  Animal  excitemi^nt  ;  vitdcnt  action  or  agita- 
tion of  Ihc  syirtem.    'I'hu  boily  is  all  in  a  heat, 

11.  Utmost  violence;  rage;  veliemencc;  as,  the 
heat  of  battle. 

12.  Violence  ;  ardor  ;  no,  the  heat  of  party. 

13.  Agitatitm  of  mind  ;  inllaniination  or  excite- 
ment ;  exiusperation  ;  as,  the  heat  of  passion. 

14.  Ardor;  fervency;  animation  in  thought  or 
discourne. 

With  nil  till-  ilri-n^fth  an'l  tieat  of  <-loqncnM.  A'1'Iinon. 

15.  Kermentalion. 

HEAT,  t>.  1.    [Sax.  hatan,  to  call,  to  order,  romrnand, 


or  promise  ;  gehatan,  tt>  call,  to  promise,  to  grow 
warm  ;  fuetun,  to  heat,  to  conniiand,  to  call  ;  gehatan, 
to  promise  ;  Ittese,  ordiT,  comiiiaml ;  behies,  a  vow  ; 
beki£tan,  to  vow  ;  onhwtan,  to  hetlt,  to  inlhmie  ;  hatian, 
to  heat,  to  be  hot,  to  boil,  to  hate  ;  Ittet,  heat,  heat ; 
hat,  hot ;  hate,  htitred,  hate  ;  L.  odi,  osus,  for  hodi, 
ftosas  ;  Goth,  hatyan,  to  hate  ;  haitaii,  gahaitan,  tt)  call, 
to  command,  to  vow  or  promise  ;  G.  heiss,  hot ; 
heisscn,  to  call  ;  heitzen,  to  heat ;  hitze,  heat,  ardor, 
veiiemence  ;  ireheiss,  contmand  ;  verhcisscn,  to  prom- 
ise ;  luL'is,  hate  ;  liassen,  to  hate  ;  D.  hect,  hot,  eager, 
liasty  ;  hitte,  he:\t;  hcctcn,  to  heat,  to  name  or  call,  to 
be  called,  to  command  ;  haat,  hate  ;  haaten,  to  hate  ; 
verhitten,  to  inflame  ;  Sw.  het,  hot;  hetta,  heat,  pas- 
sion ;  hetta,  to  be  hot,  to  glow  ;  )tfta,  to  be  called  or 
named  ;  hat,  hate,  hatred;  hata,  to  hate  ;  Dan.  heed, 
hut ;  hede,  heat,  ardor  ;  hedcr,  to  heat,  to  be  called  or 
named  ;  had,  hate ;  lutder,  to  hate.  With  these 
words  coincides  the  L.  a:stas,  for  ha:stns,  heat,  tide, 
Gr.  aiSdi,  to  burn,  and  the  English  Imste  anil  hoist 
are  probably  of  the  same  family.  The  primary  and 
literal  sense  of  all  these  words  is,  to  stir,  to  rotise,  to 
raise,  to  agitate,  from  the  action  of  driving,  urging, 
stimulating,  whence  Sw.  hetsa,  Dan.  hedscr,  to  ex- 
cite, to  set  on  dogs.  See  Class  Gd,  No.  39,  and  oth- 
ers. It  may  be  further  added,  that  in  W.  c&s  is 
hatred,  a  cattle,  from  the  sense  of  separating  ;  casaa, 
to  hate  ;  and  if  this  is  of  the  same  family,  it  unites 
castle  with  the  foregoing  words.  In  these  words  we 
see  the  sense  of  repulsion.] 

1.  To  make  hot ;  to  communicate  heat  to,  or  cause 
to  be  hot ;  as,  to  heat  an  oven  or  a  furnace ;  to  licat 
iron. 

2.  To  make  feverish  ;  as,  to  heat  the  blood. 

3.  To  warm  with  passion  or  desire ;  to  excite ;  to 
rouse  into  action. 

A  noble  emulation  heals  your  breast.  Dryien. 

4.  To  agitate  the  blood  and  spirits  with  action  ;  to 
excite  animal  action.  Dryden. 

HeAT,  1'.  i.  To  grow  warm  or  hot  by  fermentation, 
or  extrication  of  latent  heat.  Green  hay  heals  in  a 
mow,  and  green  corn  in  a  bin. 

2.  To  grow  warm  or  hot.  The  iron  or  the  water 
heats  slowly. 

HEAT,  for  Heated,  used  by  Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jon- 
son,  is  still  sometimes  used,  and  pronounced  heti 
but  it  is  not  elegant. 

HeAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Made  hot;  inflamed  ;  exasper- 

IIEAT'ER,  )t.  He  or  that  which  heats.  [ated. 
2.  A  mass  of  iron  which  is  heated  and  inclosed  in 
a  box  or  case  in  order  to  heat  or  keep  something 
hot ;  as,  a  coffee-Amtrr. 

HkATH,  71.  [Sax.  /Mf/i ;  D.  and  G.  heide  ;  Dan.  hede  ; 
Sw.  hed;  Scot.  Iiaddyr  ;  W.  eiziar,  connected  with 
eiziaw,  to  take  to,  or  possess  ;  the  clinging  plant.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Erica,  of  many  species, 
bearing  beautiful  flowers.  It  is  a  shrub  which  is 
used  in  Great  Britain  for  brooms,  thatch,  beds  for 
the  poor,  and  for  heating  ovens.  Its  leaves  are 
small,  and  continue  green  all  the  year.  It  is  called 
also  LiKG.  Miller,    P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  place  overgrown  with  heath.  Temple. 

3.  A  place  overgrown  with  shrubs  of  any  kind. 

Bacoti. 

HEATH'-eLAD,  a.  Clothed  or  crowned  with  heath. 
llF.ATH'-eOCK,  (71.  A  large  bird  which  frequents 
HeATH'-GaJIE,  )    heaths,  a  species  of  grouse. 

Glrcw, 

IIEATH'-Pii.V,  71.    A  species  of  bitter  vetch,  Oiobus. 

Johnson. 

He.\TH'-POUT,  71.  A  bird,  the  same  as  the  heath-cock. 

Ed.  Encye. 

Hf.ATH'-RoSE,  7!.    A  plant.  Ainsworth. 
UK.VTliEy,  (he'thn,)  h.     [Sax.  lucthen ;  G.  heide, 

lieath,  and  a  heathen  or  pagan;  D.  hciden ;  Dan. 

and  Sw.  hedning ;  Gr.  cOi/oj;  from  heath,  that  is,  one 

who  lives  in  the  country  or  woods,  as  pagan  from 

pagus,  a  village.] 

1.  A  pagan  ;  a  Gentile  ;  one  who  worships  idols, 
or  is  unacquainted  with  the  true  God.  In  the  Scrip- 
tares,  the  word  seems  tt)  comprtdieud  all  nations  ex- 
cept the  Jews  or  Israelites,  as  they  wi;re  all  strangers 
to  the  true  religiim,  and  all  addicted  to  idolatry.  The 
Word  may  now  be  applied,  perhaps,  to  all  nations, 
except  to  Christians  and  Mohammedans. 

Heathen,  without  the  plural  termination.  Is  used 
pluriilly  or  collectively,  for  Gentiles  or  heathen  na- 
tiims. 

A>k  of  me,  and  I  will  jjive  thee  the  heathen  for  thine  iiiberitJinc"'. 
—  P«.  ii. 

Heathen,  however,  has  a  plural,  expressing  two  or 
more  individuals. 

If  men  linve  n-tuton  to  lie  luathens  in  Japan.  Locke. 
1'lie  pn-&'pta  and  examples  of  the  ancient  heatjieni.  Addison. 

2.  A  mde,  illiterate,  barbarous  person. 

IIEA'T  II/';N,a.  Gentile;  pagan;  as,  a/ieaf/ir»  author. 

Addison. 

IlEA'THf.'N-DOM,  71.  Thtit  part  of  the  worlil  where 
heathenism  prevails.  Irving. 

y  eA'THA.N-ISII,  a.  Belonging  to  Gentiles  or  pagans  ; 
as,  heathenish  rites. 

2.  Rude  ;  illiterate  ;  wild  ;  uncivilized. 

3.  llarbarons  ;  savagi^ ;  cruel ;  rapacious.  Spenser. 


HeA'THKN-ISH-LY,  ado.  After  the  mannei  of  hea- 
thens. 

Hr;A'TH7=;X-ISn-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  hea- 
tlien,  or  like  heathens. 

HeA'T HiCN-IS.M,  n.     Gentilism  ;  paganism  ;  igno- 
rance of  llh;  true  God  ;  iiltdalry  ;  the  rites  or  system 
of  religion  of  a  pagan  nation.  Hammond. 
2.  Kudeiu'ss ;  btirbarisiu  ;  ignorance. 

flEA'Tili'.'N-IZE,  V.  I.  To  render  heathen  or  liea- 
Ulenish.  Firmin. 

IlEA'THf-'N-IZ-Jl'D,  pp.  Rendered  heathen  or  hea- 
thenish. 

HEA'TIIA'N-rZ-ING,;7;V.    Rendering  heathenish. 

HEA'TIWO.N'-NE.-iS,  n.    State  of  being  heathens. 

HEATH'Etl,  (heth'er.  This  is  the  only  pronuncia- 
tion in  Scotland.;  Heath. 

HEATII'ER-IJEI-L.'5,  (heth'er-Ucl/.,)  7i.  pi.  The  blos- 
soms of  the  heather.  Burns. 

HEATH'EH-Y,  (heth-,)  a.  Heathy;  abounding  in 
heather.  Mrs.  Hemiins. 

HE.VTH'Y,  a.  [from /ira(/(.]  Full  of  heath  ;  aht.und- 
ing  with  lieath  ;  as,  heathy  land.  Mortimer. 

HeAT'ING,  ppr.  MakingVarm  or  hot;  inflaming; 
rousing  the  passions  ;  exttsperating. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  impart  heiit  to  ;  promoting 
warmth  or  heat;  exciting  action  ;  stimulating;  as, 
heating  metlicines  or  applicatiitns. 

HeAT'1NG-LY,  adv.   So  as  to  impart  heat  to. 

HeAT'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  heat ;  Cold. 

Bcaum,  !,■  Fl. 

HEAVE,  (heev,)  v,  t. ;  pret.  Heaved,  or  Hove;  pp. 
Heaved,  Hove,  ft)frmerly'  Hoven.  [Sax.  heafau, 
hffan,  hcofan  ;  Goth,  hafijan ;  Sw.  hafra  ;  D.  hejj'cn  ; 
G.  hcben ;  Dan.  fuever,  to  heave  ;  Gr.  KUipf  to,  to 
breathe;  Kairvu),  iii.    Cla.ss  Gb.] 

1.  To  lift ;  to  raise;  to  move  upward. 

So  stretched  out  husre  in  length  tlie  arcli  fiend  lay, 

Cliaiiieil  on  the  burning  lake,  nor  ever  h'lice 

Hiu  risen,  or  heaved  his  head.  Milton. 

2.  To  cause  to  swell. 

The  glittering  finny  swarms 
Tluit  heave  our  friths  and  crowd  upon  our  stiures.  T\otii8on. 

3.  To  raise  or  force  from  the  breast ;  as,  to  heare  a 
sigh  or  groan,  which  is  accomjianietl  with  a  swelling 
or  expansion  of  the  thorax. 

4.  To  raise;  to  elevate;  witU  high. 

One  heaved  on  high.  Shak. 

5.  To  pufl';  to  elate.  Ifnijteard. 
C.  To  throw;  to  cast  ;  to  send  ;  as,  to  Aciice  a  stone. 

This  is  a  common  use  of  the  word  in  [mpular  lan- 
guage, and  among  seamen  ;  as,  to  heare  the  lead. 

7.  To  raise  forcibly,  by  turning  a  windlass  ;  with 
up  ;  as,  to  heave  up  the  anchor.  Hence, 

8.  To  turn  a  windlass  or  capstan  with  bars  or 
levers.    Hence  the  order,  to  heave  atvay. 

To  heave  ahead ;  to  force  a  vessel  ahead  by  any 
means,  when  not  under  sail.  Totten. 

To  heave  astern  ;  to  ctmse  to  recede  ;  to  draw  back. 

To  heave  down ;  to  throw  or  lay  down  on  one  side  ; 
to  careen. 

To  heave  ont ;  to  throw  out.  With  seamen,  to  loose 
or  unl'url  a  sail,  particularly  the  stay-sails. 

To  heave  in  staijs  ;  in  tacking,  to  put  a  vessel  on 
the  other  tack.  Totten. 

To  heave  short:  to  draw  so  much  of  a  cable  into 
the  ship,  as  that  she  is  almost  perpendictilarly  above 
the  anchor. 

To  heave  a  strain;  to  work  at  the  wintUass  with 
unusual  exertion. 

To  heave  taught;  to  turn  a  capstan,  &c.,  till  the 
rope  becomes  strained.    [See  Taught  and  Ticuit.] 

To  heave  to  ;  to  bring  the  ship's  head  to  the  wind, 
and  stop  her  motion. 

To  hcjtve  up;  to  relinquish;  [so  to  (/irojo  T/p  ;  ]  as, 
to  heave  up  a  design.    [  yulgar.] 
HF:AVE,  (heev,)  v.  i.    To  swell,  distend,  or  dilate  ;  as, 
a  horse  heaves  in  panting.  Hence, 

2.  To  pant;  to  breathe  with  labor  or  pain  ;  as,  he 
heaves  for  breath.  Drijdcn. 

3.  To  keck  ;  to  make  an  effort  to  vomit. 

4.  To  rise  in  billows,  as  the  sea  ;  to  swell. 
.5.  'I'll  rise  ;  to  be  \ii\r.tX  ;  as,  a  ship  heaves. 

6.  'J'o  rise  or  swell,  as  the  earth  at  the  breaking  up 
of  frost. 

'I'o  heave  in  sight;  to  appear;  to  make  its  first  ap- 
pearance ;  as,  a  ship  at  sea,  or  as  a  distant  object 
approiiching  or  being  approached. 

We  observe  that  this  verb  has  often  the  sense  of 
raising  or  rising  in  an  arrh  or  circular  l'>iim,as  in 
throwing  and  in  distention,  and  from  this  sen.se  is 
deriveti  its  application  to  the  apparent  iirch  over  our 
heads,  heaven. 
HEAVE,  (licev,)  71.  Arising  or  swell ;  an  exertion  or 
effort  upward. 

None  could  guesi  whether  the  next  heave  of  the  earthquake 
would  letUc  or  Hwidlow  tliem.  Vryiun. 

2.  A  rising  swell,  or  distention,  as  of  the  breast. 

These  profound  heaves.  Shak. 

3.  An  efliiit  to  vomit. 

A.  An  ellotl  to  rise.  Hiidihras.' 
IIEAV'/.I),  pp.    i.iltetl  ;  swelled;  panted;  tried  to 
vomit. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 
_ 


HEA 


HEA 


IlEC 


III'.AV'i-W,  (liev'ii,)  n.  [Sax.  heufen,  lufen,  hcofcn, 
I'nmi  liriifan,  to  lieavc,  and  signifying  ekvaleil  or 
arclieil.] 

1.  'I'liK  rcRion  or  expanse  «  liirli  snrmtimls  t!u> 
uarlli,  unil  wliicli  apiH-ars  above  aiiil  around  us,  like 
an  immense  arcli  or  vault,  in  wliicli  arc«uentlie 
sun,  moon,  and  stars. 

2.  Amcnig  Christians,  the  part  of  space  in  wliicli 
the  omnipresent  Jehovah  is  suppos<:d  to  afford  more 
sensible  manifestations  of  his  };Ii>ry.  Hence,  Iliis  is 
called  the  habitation  of  Ciod,  anil  is  represented  as 
the  residence  of  angels  and  blessed  spirits.  Deut. 
xxvi. 

I'li-r  »nctiRt^l  Iwart  loves  heactJt  fiT  its  purity,  and  noil  far  liia 
goutiness.  liuckmiutur. 

3.  .\iiiong  pagans,  the  residence  of  the  celestial 
gods. 

A.  The  sky  or  air  ;  the  region  of  the  atmosphere  ; 
or  an  elevated  place  ;  in  a  lurij  inJitimte  scn.'r.  'I'liiis 
we  speak  of  a  moiintnin  reaching'  to  htnven  ;  llie 
fowls  of  hravcH  ;  the  clouds  of  Acuct« ;  hail  or  ram 
from  heaven.    Jer.  ix.  M_\\xv. 

Their  cilirs  nre  u-.illitl  lo  hefleen.  —  Di-ul.  i. 

5.  The  Hebrews  acknowledged  three  lieiivens  ;  the 
air  or  aiirial  heavens;  the  lirmainenl  in  N\'tiieli  the 
stars  are  supposetl  to  be  plaetul  ;  ami  the  heaven  of 
he.avens,  or  third  heaven,  the  residence  of  Jehovah. 

Brown. 

fi.  Modern  philosophers  divide  the  expanse  above 
and  around  the  earth  into  two  parts,  the  atmosphere 
or  aerial  heaven,  an<l  the  ethereal  heaven  beyond 
the  region  of  the  air,  in  which  there  is  supposed  to 
be  a  thill,  iinri'sisting  medium,  called  rthtr.  Fncyc. 

7.  The  Supreme  Power  ;  the  Sovereign  of  heaven; 
God  ;  as,  prophets  sent  by  Heaven. 

1  havo  BiiinM  ftiru'ist  Ilracen. —  I.iikt?  XT. 

Shim  til"  iinpivus  pruf.iiii*iinfli  wliicti  aculHi  at  the  Ulslitittinns  of 
Ittavtn.  Dmght, 

8.  'J'hc  pagan  deities;  celesti.'ils. 

Anil  slitnv  thi-  hmreiis  more  JtlsC  SliO^. 

9.  Elevation  ;  sublimity. 

O  fur  a  muse  ol  f\r^;  that  wuuM  nscrnil 

The  bri^lili^l  henetn  oriiivi-iitiui).  SitcJc. 

10.  Piipreme  felicity  ;  great  happiness. 

11.  The  angels.   Joh  w.  \5. 

V2.  Distingniihed  iilory.    h.  xiv.  12. 
IlE.VV'tX-.VS-riK'ING,  a.    .\spiring  to  heaven. 

Alirnsiile. 

nEAV'£N-B.\N'ISIl-f:D,  (  ban'isht,)  a.  Itanished 

from  heaven.  MUUtn. 
llE.W'i.N-UE-GOT',  a.   Begot  by  a  celestial  being. 

Drtjden. 

IIE.W'EN-BORN,  a.  Bom  from  lie.avcn  ;  native  of 
heaven,  or  of  the  celestial  regions;  as,  heaien-burn 
sisters.  •"  Pupe, 

IIEA V'f:\-BUEn,  a.  Produced  or  cultivated  in 
he;iven  ;  as  heiii-en-brtd  |Kio>v.  Shak, 

I1I:AV'^:.\"-1!1U(;IIT,  «.    DnglU  as  heaven. 

IIEAV'E.V-llt'll.T,  (  bilt,)  u.  Built  by  the  agency  or 
favor  of  the  gods  ;  as,  a  hrarrn-buHt  wall.  Pnjie. 

IIEAV'KN-DaR-I.VG.ii.  OllVring  defiance  to  Heaven, 
or  to  the  divine  will  and  cominands. 

HEAVf-N-DI-llECT'EI),  a.  Pointing  to  the  sky; 
as,  a  hearrn-itirected  spire.  Pupe. 

*j.  Taught  or  ilirected  by  the  celestial  powers  ;  as, 
henrni-iiirretril  h.ailds.  Pupe. 

IIKA V"A;.\-EX  A1,T'ED,  a.    Exalted  to  heaven. 

1IEAV'K.\"-FAI.I,'K.\,  a.  Fallen  from  heaven  ;  hav- 
ing revolted  frnni  (;od.  .Millmu 

HEAVi-N-GIFT  ED,  a.    Bestowed  by  Heaven. 

Milton. 

HEAV'TN-GIV  KV,  a.  Given  bv  Heaven,  yrrplanck. 
HE  A\"K\-»:i:il)  i:n,  «.    Divim-lv- guided.  Milton. 
IIEAV'£.\-IN-SPIll'/;i),  a.    Inspired  by  Heaven. 

Miltun, 

HEAV'£.\-IN-STRUeT'ED,  0.   Taught  by  Heaven. 

Crashatt. 

HEAV'KN  TZE,  (hev'n-ize,)  v.  L  To  render  like 
Heaven.    [Uimiitliorr.rJ.]  Bp. /rati. 

HEAV'/-;.\-KlSS'l.\G,  a.  Touching,  as  it  were,  the 
sky.  Sliak. 

HEAV'EN-Ll-XESS,  n.  [from  hearenlij.]  Fn|ireine 
excellince.  Dunes. 

HEAV'f;.\-I.OV-/;D,  (-luvd,)a.    Beloved  bv  Heaven. 

■  MiUun. 

HEA V'KX-I.Y,  a.  Pertaining  to  heaven  ;  celestial  ; 
as,  hravenlij  regions;  hearenlif  bliss. 

3.  Keseiiibling  heaven;  siipremely  excellent;  as, 
a  heavenly  lyre  ;  a  heuvenhj  teiii|)er. 

The  lore  of  hcivven  niAk(.s  one  luaeenly.  Sidnty. 
3.  Inhabiting  heaven  ;  as,  a  heavenly  race  ;  the 
hriirenly  throng. 
HEA  V'K.N-LY,  oi/e.    In  a  m,inncr  resembling  that  of 
heaven. 

Wliep*  Ampen^y,  pensive  CuiilrmptaUon  dwells.  Pop*. 
2.  By  the  influence  or  agency  of  Heaven. 

Our  teievnly  pii.|r.|  ,„„!  ,h.^|  chmK  MUlon. 

HEAV'KX-I.Y-MI.ND'ED,  a.  Having  the  afTcctions 
placed  on  heaven,  and  on  spiritual  things. 

Milner. 


HEAV'i-iX-LY-MI.ND'ED-NESS,  n.  The  sUile  of 
having  the  aflectiuns  placed  on  heavenly  things  and 
spiritual  objects.  Milncr. 

HEAV'/:.\'-l'UO-TEeT'ED,  a.  Protected  by  divine 
power. 

IIEAV'i'.X-SA-LOT'I.NG,  a.   Touching  the  sky. 

Cru.-'haw. 

IIEAV'KN-WARD,  orfe.    Toward  heaven.  Prior. 
HE.VV'i.N'-WAR'Kl.N'G,  a.  Warring  against  Heaven. 

Milton. 

IliiAVE'-OF-FER-I.\G,  n.  Among  the  Jnes,  an  of- 
fering or  oblation  made  to  Go<l  ;  so  called  because  it 
was  to  be  heaved  or  elevated.  JYum.  .w.  and  xviii. 
The  same  as  tearc-nffrnnir. 

Hk.W'ER,  n.  One  who  heaves  or  lifts.  Among  ica- 
mcn,  a  start"  for  a  lever. 

IIE.\VES,  (heevz,)  n.  A  disease  of  horses,  cliaractcr- 
ized  by  ditticiilt  and  laboriotis  respiration. 

IlEAV'l-EK,  (liev'e-er,)  a.    More  heavy. 

HEAVI  EST,  (hev'e-<st,)  a.    Most  heavy. 

IIEAV'I-LY,  (hev'e-ly,)  ado.  [from  heavy.]  With 
great  weight  ;  as,  to  bear  heavily  on  a  thing  ;  to  be 
heaviltf  loaded. 

2.  With  great  weight  of  grief;  grievously;  afllict- 
ively.  When  calamities  fall  heavily  on  the  Christian, 
he  linils  consolation  in  Christ, 

3.  Sorrowfully  ;  with  grief. 

t  CTint-  Iiilli'T  lo  trinspiTl  tin*  Uilings, 

Wliicli  1  li.ivi-  heaviiy  l>uni>-'.  SttaJ:. 

4.  With  an  air  of  sorrow  or  dejection. 

\Vhy  luulis  your  grace  so  heavily  lo-day  ?  Shak. 

5.  With  weight ;  oppressively.  Taxes  sometimes 
bear  heavily  on  the  people. 

G.  Slowly  and  laboriously  ;  with  difficulty  ;  as,  to 
move  heavily. 

So  lliey  drove  Uiem  heavily.  —  Ex.  xiv. 
IIEAV'I-NESS,  (hev'e-ness,)  n.    Weight;  ponderons- 
ness  ;  gravity  ;  the  quality  of  being  heavy  ;  as,  the 
heaviness  of  a  body. 

2.  Sadness ;  sorrow  ;  dejection  of  mind  ;  depression 
of  spirits. 

fliravinest  in  the  heart  of  man  maketh  it  stoop.  —  Prov.  xii. 
Ye  gn-atiy  rejoite,  though  now  for  a  se;ison  ye  ani  in  heaviiieta^ 
ihruiigli  iiianil'olil  teniputiuiis,«  t  Pet,  i. 

3.  Sluggishness  ;  toriiidiiess  ;  dullness  of  spirit ; 
languidness  ;  languor;  lassitude. 

What  means  Uiis  heaviness  that  liaii<rs  upon  me  ?  Addison. 

4.  Weight;  burden;  oppression;  as,  ihe  heaviness 
of  taxes. 

5.  That  which  it  requires  great  strength  to  move 
or  overcome  ;  that  which  creates  labor  and  dithculty  ; 
as,  the  heaviness  of  a  draught. 

6.  Thickness  ;  moistness ;  deepness  ;  as,  the  Acac- 
iness  of  ground  or  soil. 

7.  Thickness;  moistness;  as  of  air. 

HkA  V'l.NG,  ;»;)r.  or  a.    Lilting;  swelling;  throwing; 

[■anting  ;  making  an  ertort  to  vomit. 
Hii.W'I.N'G,  M.    A  rising  or  swell ;  a  panting. 

.Addison.  Shak. 
HEAV'I-SO.ME,  (hcv'c-sum,)  a.  Dull ;  dark  ;  drowsy. 

[/.<,r«/.l 

HEAVY,  (hev'y,)  a.  [Pax.  hea.fig,  hejig,  that  is,  I ifl- 
Uke,  lifted  »'itti  l:ilH>r,  from  heafaii,  to  heave.] 

1.  Weighty  ;  iHinderoiis  ;  having  great  weight  ; 
tending  strongly  to  the  center  of  attraction  :  conlrarj' 
to  Uglit ;  applied  to  material  bodies  ;  as,  a  heavy  stone  ; 
a  heavy  loatl. 

2.  Sad  ;  sorrowful ;  dejected  ;  depressed  in  mind. 

A  H»hl"Wile  makes  a  henvy  hitstnnil.  ShaJc. 
So  is  he  tliat  singelh  songs  lo  a  Aeary  heart.  —  Pruv.  xxv, 

3.  Grievous;  afflictive  ;  depressing  to  the  spirits  ; 
OS,  heavy  news  ;  a  heavy  calamity. 

4.  Bnrdeiisuiiie  ;  oppressive  ;  as,  heavy  taxes. 
Make  Uiy  laUier's  Acaey  yoke  —  ligliier.  —  1  Kin*^  xii. 

5.  Wanting  life  and  animation  ;  dull. 

My  Amry  eyes,  you  s.iT,  confess 

A  heart  to  love  and  grief  inclined.  Prior. 

G.  Drowsy  ;  dull. 

Their  eyes  were  Aeary.  —  Matl.  xxvi.    I.uke  ix. 

7.  Wanting  spirit  or  anim.alion  ;  destitute  of  life  or 
rapidity  of  sentiment;  dull;  as,  a  heavy  writer;  a 
heary  style. 

8.  'Wanting  activity  or  vivacity  ;  indolent. 

But  of  a  heavy^  dull,  degenerate  miml,  Pryden. 

9.  Plow  ;  Sluggish.    He  walks  with  n  heavy  galL 

10.  Burdensome  ;  tedious  ;  as,  heavy  hours.  Time 
lies  heavy  on  him  who  has  no  enipliiynient. 

11.  I.iKided  ;  encumbered;  burdened. 

He  fount!  his  men  heavy,  anil  Isilen  with  huoly.  Baeon. 

12.  Eying  with  weight  on  the  stomach  ;  not  easily 
digested  ;  as,  oily  fotKl  is  heavy  to  tile  stomach. 

13.  Moist ;  di-ep  ;  soft  ;  iiiir>'  ;  as,  heary  land  ;  a 
heary  stiil.  We  apply  heavy  lo  soft,  loamv,  or  clayey 
land,  which  makes  the  draught  of  a  plow  or  wagoii 
dillicnH  and  laborious.    So  we  s:iy,  a  hearv  road. 

11.  Difficult;  biborioiis;  .as,  a  AruriMlriiiglit. 
15.  Weary  ;  supported  with  p:iiii  or  dillicully. 

Anil  llw*  harMls  of  .Muses  wen:  heavy.  —  tlx. 


Hi.  Inflicting  severe  evils,  punishments,  or  judg- 
ments. 

The  hanil  of  the  lyjpl  was  Aeacy  on  Uiem  of  Anhiloil.  —  1  S.\in.  ». 

17.  Burdensome  ;  occasioning  great  care. 

This  tiling  is  Uio  Aeapy  for  Ihoe.  —  Kx.  xviii. 

18.  Dull ;  not  hearing  ;  inattentive. 

Neither  liis  ear  heavy,  tJial  be  can  not  hear.  —  Is.  lix. 

19.  Large,  as  billows  ;  swelling  and  rolling  with 
gri-al  force  ;  as,  a  heavy  sea. 

20.  Large  in  amount;  as,  a  heavy  expense  ;  a  heavy 
di'lit. 

21.  Thick  ;  dense;  black  ;  a.i,  a  heavy  cloud. 

22.  ^'iolent ;  temjiestuous  ;  as,  a  heavy  wind  or  gale. 

23.  Large ;  abundant ;  as,  a  heavy  fall  of  snow  or 
rain. 

21.  Great;  violent;  forcible;  as,  a  heavy  fire  of 
cannon  or  small  arms. 

2.).  Not  raised  by  leaven  or  fermentatiun  ;  not 
light  ;  clammy  ;  as,  heavy  bread. 

20.  Keipiiring  much  labor  or  much  expense  ;  as,  a 
heavy  undertaking. 

27.  Loud  i  as,  henry  thunder. 

Heavy  metal,  in  military  iij/iiirs,  .signifies  large  guns, 
carrying  balls  of  a  large  size,  or  it  is  applied  to  large 
balls  themselves. 

With  great  weight;  used  in 


To  make  heavy.    [JVuf  in 

'  IViekliJfc. 
Having  heavy  brows. 
Clumsy  ;  not  active  or  dcx- 


HEAV'Y,  (hev'y,)  adv. 

eomposition. 
HEAVY,  ihcv'y,)  r.  /. 

use.] 

IlEAV'Y-nRilW-Kl),  a, 
HEAVY  IIA.ND-EU,  a. 
trous. 

HEAV  Y-HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a  heavy  or  dull  head. 
I1E.\Y'Y-L.aD'/;.\',  II.    L;iih;n  with  a  heavy  burden. 
1IEAVY-SP.\K,  «.    [Sec  Barvta.]    A  heavy,  sjiarry 
mineral,  but  little  harder  than  culc-.spar  and  sulphu- 
ric acid. 
HiiA'ZY,  a.    [Ice.  hoese.] 

IIoar.se  ;  wheezing.  [Loeal.] 
HEll'DO-.MAD,  n.     [(Jr.  i/y,lo,,uf,  seven  days,  from 
i-ra,  seven  ;  L.  hebdiniiada.] 
A  week  ;  a  iieriod  of  seven  dtiys.    [.iVof  used.] 

Brown. 

HEB-DOM'AD-AL,     )  a.  Weekly  ;  consisting  of  sev- 

HEB-DOM'AD-A-KY,  i  en  days,  or  occurring  every 
seven  days.  Broutn. 

HEB-DO.M'AD-A-UY,  n.  A  member  of  a  chapter  or 
convent,  whose  week  it  is  to  ofliciate  in  the  choir, 
reliearse  the  anthems  and  prayers,  and  lu  rfnrm  other 
services,  which,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  are  per- 
formed by  the  superiors. 

HEB-DO-.MAT'IC  AL,  a.    VYeekly.       Bp.  .Morton. 

HElt'EN,  n.    Ebony.  Spenser. 

11EB'E-T.\TE,  V.  (.'  [L.  Acftc(o,from  Acici, dull,  blunt, 
heavy.] 

To  dull ;  to  blunt ;  to  stupefy  ;  .is,  to  hebetate  the 
intellectual  faculties.  Jlrbuthnot. 

HE1!'E-Ta-TEI),  pp.    .M.ade  blunt,  dull,  or  stupid. 

HEB'E-TA-TING,  p/n-.  Rendering  blunt,  dull,  or  stn- 
piil. 

HEB-E-Ta'TIO.N',  rt.    The  act  of  making  blunt,  dull, 
or  stupid. 
2.  The  st.ate  of  being  dulled. 

HEB'icTE,  a.    Dull  ;  stupid.  [Ois.] 

llEli'E-TL'DE,  «.    [L.  hebetudo.] 

Dullness;  stupidity.  J/arreij. 

HE  BRa'IC,  a.  [from  Ilelrrne.]  Pertaining  to  the 
Hebrews  ;  designating  the  language  of  the  Hebrews. 

HE-BRA'ie-.\I.-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  the 
Hebrew  hinguage  ;  from  right  to  left.  SusifL 

HE'BR.A-IS.M,  n.  A  Hebrew  idiom;  a  jieciiliar  ex- 
pression or  manner  of  speaking  in  the  Ilebrew  lan- 
giiase. 

Hk'HR.\-IST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  Hebrew  language 
and  learning. 

My,  liR.A-IST'lC,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  He- 
brew. 

Hk'HR.V  IZE,  r.  f.  To  convert  into  the  Hebrew  id- 
iiun  ;  to  make  Hebrew.  ./.  P.  Smith. 

lll*;'BR.\  r/E,  r.  1.  To  speak  Ilebrew,  or  lo  conform 
III  the  Hebrews. 

lll";'l!R.\  I7,-/;n,  Converted  into  the  Hebrew  id- 
iom. 

IIE'llREW,  (he'bn!,)  n.  ('Heh.  ilj?  Kbrr,  either  a 
proper  name,  or  a  name  ilentiling  (la.ssage,  pilgrim- 
age, or  Cuming  from  beyond  the  Euphrates.] 

1.  One  of  the  descendants  of  Elier,  or  lleber  ;  hut 
particularly,  a  descendant  of  Jacob,  w  ho  was  a  de- 
scendant of  Eber  ;  an  Israelite  ;  a  Jew. 

2.  The  Ilebrew  language. 

IlK'BREW,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Hebrews;  as,  the 

Ihhreie  language  or  rites. 
Hl":'liREW-ESS,  n.    An  Isrnrlitish  woman. 
hi;  lilir'CIA.N,  tbe-brish'an,)  71.    One  skilled  in  the 

Hebrew  language.  [Less  proper.]  [See  llEnn  tisT.] 
IIE-BRID'I-A.V,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  isles  called  lleb- 

rides,  west  of  Scotland.  Johii.ion. 
HEe'A-Tt"V.MB,  (hek'a  toom,)  n.    [L.  heeatemibe  :  Gr. 

iKtiropiin  ;  tKarvv,  a  hundred,  ana  .io'-^,  an  ox.] 
In  antiquity,  a  sacrifice  of  a  hiinilr-  d  oxen  or 

beasts  of  the  same  kind,  and,  it  is  said,  at  a  hundred 

altars,  and  by  a  hundred  priests.  Eneye. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  lTNITE.-AiN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


.S43 


HED 


HEE 


11  EG 


Hence,  soiiietimcs  indefinilcUj,  ;iny  sacrifice  of  a 
large  number  of  victims.  Brande. 
HECK,  n.    [See  Hatch.]    An  engine  or  instrument 
for  catching  fish  ;  as,  a  sahnon  heck.  Cfiambers. 

2.  A  rack  for  holding  fodder  for  cattle.  ILccal.] 

Ray. 

3.  A  bend  in  a  stream.    [G.  ccke,  a  corner.] 

4.  .\  liatcfl  or  latcli  of  a  dour.    [LucuL]  Orose. 
HECK'LE,  (heli'l,)  v.  t.    A  different  ortliograpliy  of 

Hackle,  or  Hatchel. 
HECTARE,  H.     [Gr.  txarov,  a  Imndred,  and  L. 
area.] 

A  French  measure  containing  a  hundred  ares,  or 
ten  thousand  square  metres,  or  nearly  two  and  a  half 
English  acres.^  Lunicr. 
HEG'Tie,       jo.    [Gr.  i<ri«-05,  from  ijij,  habit  of 
HEC'Tie-AL,  \     body,  from  £xw,  to  have.] 

1.  Habitual;  pertaining  to  hectic. 

2.  Aflected  with  hectic  fevers ;  as,  a  liectic  pa- 
tient. 

No  ti£cdc  sludent  scares  the  ^ntle  inaij.  Taylor. 

IIEG'Tie,  n.  An  exacerbating  and  remitting  fever,  with 
stages  of  chilliness,  heat,  and  sweat,  variously  inter- 
mixed ;  exacerbation,  chielly  in  the  evening  ;  the 
sweats  mostly  in  the  night ;  pulse  weak  ;  urine  with 
a  natant,  furfuraceons  cloud.  Tally. 

HEC'Tie-AL-LY,  (k/c.    Constitutionallv.  Johnson. 

HECTOGRAM,        )  n.  [Gr.  tvarur,  a  hundred,  and 

HEC  rO-ORjiMME,  \     ,  .i-./^^u,  a  grain.] 

In  the  French  system  of  weights  and  measures,  a 
weight  containing  a  hundred  gamines,  or  about  3^ 
ounces  avoirdupois.  Lunier. 

HEe-'I'OL'l-TER,  j  7!.    [Gr.  i/caro>',  a  hundred,  and 

HECTO-Lt-TRE,  \     >iTi,a,  a  pound.] 

A  French  measure  of  capacity  for  liquids,  contain 
ing  a  hundred  litres;  equal  to  a  tenth  of  a  cubic 
metre,  nearly  26^  gallons  of  wine  measure,  or  22  im 
perial  gallons.  As  a  dry  measure,  it  is  called  ascticr, 
and  contains  10  decalitres,  or  about  2^  Winches- 
ter bushels.  Lunier.  JilcCulIoch. 

HEe-TO.M'E-TER,  )  n.    [Gr.  U,itoi>,  a  luindred,  and 

HEC'TO-ME-TRE,  \     iut„u,;  measure.] 

A  French  measure  equal  to  a  hundred  metres ;  the 
metre  being  the  unit  of  lineal  measure.  It  is  equiva- 
lent nearly  to  328  English  feet.  Lunier. 

HEG'TOR,  n.  [from  Ileclvr,  the  son  of  Priam,  a 
brave  Trojan  warrior.] 

1.  A  bully  ;  a  blustering,  turbulent,  noisy  fellow. 
9.  One  who  teases  or  vexe.s. 

HEe'TOR,  V.  t.  To  threaten  ;  to  bully  ;  to  treat  with 
insolence.  Drydeii. 

2.  To  tease  ;  to  vex  ;  to  torment  by  words. 
HEe'TOR,  V.  i.    To  play  the  bully  ;  to  bluster  ;  to  be 

turbulent,  or  insolent.  Swift. 

IIEG'TOR -KI),  pp.    Bullied  ;  teased. 

HEe'TOR-ING, /)/>;-.  Bullying;  blustering;  vexing. 
["  The  epithet  of  a  hectorintr  fellow  is  a  more  fa- 
miliar instance  of  a  participle  similarly  formed, 
though  strangely  distorted  in  its  use  to  express  a 
meaning  .almost  the  opposite  of  its  original.  The 
Hector  of  Homer  unites,  we  know, 


'  TliC  mildi-sl  1 


villi  tlie  Urav.'st  i 


The  sole  bulwark  of  Troy,  he  reveres  the  opinion  of 
lier  citizens  ;  armed,  ninl  hastening  to  the  battle,  he 
stops  to  caress  his  infant,  and  to  soothe  the  aliiic- 
tions  of  its  mother  ;  to  his  brother's  faults  he  is  in- 
dulgent ;  and  Helen  herself  witnesses,  over  his  grave, 
that  she  had  never  heard  from  him  one  accent  of  un- 
kindness,  or  ceased  to  be  protected  from  the  re- 
proach of  others  by  his  mild  speech  and  kindly  dis- 
positions : 

Si";  r*  ayavn'PnotjvvT),  K'n  aoti  ayvaoXi  tirltaai.'*^ 
J^'airii  J^IrtriciP,  an  unpublished  work  by  Lord 
"    Grenvillc,  1824,  p.  Sri.  —  E.  II.  1!.] 
HF.G'TOR-IS.M,  n.    i  he  disposition  or  pr.ictice  of  a 

ht'ctor  ;  a  bullying.  Ch.  Relief.  Jippeul. 

Hi;e'TOR-EY,  a.    lilustering  :  insolent.  Barrow. 
IIED'DLES,  (hed'illz,)  n.  pi    The  harness  for  guiding 

the  warp  threads  in  a  loom.  Buchanan. 
IIED'EN'-IIERG  I'i'E,  n.    [from  Hcdenberg,  who  first 
analyzed  it.] 

A  dark,  or  nearly  black,  cleavable  variety  of  au- 
gite,  semi-m'  tallic  in  appearance,  containing  a  large 
propiirtiun  of  oxyd  of  iron.  JJann. 
HED-E-RA'CEOUti,  (-i'shus.)  a.  [I,,  hederar.en.i,  from 
kedera,  ivy;  VV.  eiiam,  ivy,  from  holding,  clinging; 
eiiiau),  to  possess.    See  Heath.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  ivy. 

2.  Producing  ivy. 

HEU'E-IIAL,  a.    Composed  of  ivy  ;  belonging  to  ivy. 

n,iileij. 

HED  E  RIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [I,,  hedera,  ivy,  and  fero,  to 
bear.) 
Producing  ivy. 
HEDGE,  (hej,)  n.     [Sax.  Acyc,  heafr,  h^^r,  h'lrrre  ;  G. 
her/i  ;    D.  heir,  haair  ;   Dan.  krklie    or  hek  ;   S\v,  hdifn, 
hedge,  protection;   Fr.  haic ;  \V.  cue.    Heuco  Eng. 

S  , 

luiw,  and  Ifa^ue  in  Holland.  Ar.  ^^-^  fiaujron, 
a  H|ipcica  of  thorny  plant,] 


Properly,  a  thicket  of  thorn-bushes,  or  other  shrubs, 
or  small  trees  ;  bii  apprupriatelij,  such  a  thicket  [ilaut- 
ed  round  ^  field  -  o  fence  it,  or  in  rows,  to  separate 
the  parts  of  a  garden. 

Hedtre,  prefixed  to  another  word,  or  in  composi- 
tion, denotes  something  mean,  as,  a  icd^e-priest,  a 
Aei/n-c-press,  a  Aci/n-c-vicar,  that  is,  born  in  or  belonging 
to  the  hedges  or  woods,  low,  outlandish.  [JVi/t  used 
in  Ameriea.l 

HEDGE,  (hej,)  v.  t.  To  inclose  with  a  hedge;  to 
fence  with  a  thicket  of  shrubs  or  small  trees  ;  to 
separate  by  a  hedge  ;  as,  to  hedge  a  field  or  garden. 

2.  To  obstruct  with  a  hedge,  or  to  obstruct  in  any 
maimer. 

1  will  hedge  up  Ihy  way  wilh  thorns.  —  Hos.  ii. 

3.  To  surround  for  defense ;  to  fortify. 

England  hedged  in  w  ith  the  miiin.  Shale. 

4.  To  inclose  for  preventing  escape. 

TliAt  is  a  law  to  hedge  in  tlie  cuckow.  Locke. 

Dryden,  Swift,  and  Shakspeare,  have  written 
Hedge  for  Edge,  to  edge  in,  but  improperly. 

5.  To  guard,  or  protect ;  as,  to  hedge  one's  bets,  that 
is,  after  having  bet  on  one  side,  to  bet  also  on  the 
other  side,  thus  guarding  one's  self  against  great 
loss,  whatever  may  be  the  result.  Smart. 

HEDGE,  (hej,)  v.  i.    To  hide,  as  in  a  hedge  ;  to  hide  ; 
to  skulk.  Shale. 
2.  To  bet  on  both  sides.    [See  No.  5,  above.] 
HEDGE'-IiILL,     )  n.    A  cutting  hook  used  in  dress- 
HEDG'ING-BILL,  (     ing  hedges. 
HEDGE'-BORN,  a.    Of  low  birth,  as  if  bom  in  the 

woods  ;  outlandish  ;  obscure.  Shak. 
HPjDGE'-BoTE,  71.    Wood  for  repairing  hedges. 

Blaekstojie. 

HEDG  E'-CREEP-ER,  n.  One  who  skulks  under  hedges 
for  bad  purposes. 

HEDGE-FO'iMI-TO-RY,  7i.    A  plant.  Jlinsworth. 

HEDGE'HOG,  n.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Erina- 
ceus.  The  common  hedgehog  has  round  ears,  and 
crested  nostrils;  his  body  is  about  nine  inches  long, 
and  the  upper  part  is  covered  with  prickles,  or  spines, 
and  the  under  part  with  hair.  When  attacked,  this 
animal  erects  his  prickles,  and  rolls  himself  into  a 
round  form,  which  presents  the  points  of  the  pric- 
kles, on  all  sides,  to  an  assailant. 

Ediii.  Encyc.  Partington. 

2.  A  term  of  reproach.  Shak. 

3.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Medicago,  or  snail-trefoil. 
The  pods  are  shaped  like  a  snail,  downy,  and  armed 
with  a  few  short  spines.  Loudon. 

4.  The  globe-fish.  jJs/i. 

This  fish  belongs  to  the  genus  Diodon.  It  is  cov- 
ered with  long  spines,  and  has  the  power  of  inflating 
its  body,  whence  the  name  globe-fish.    [Fr.  orbe.] 

Ctivier. 

The  sea-hedgo!iog  is  the  echinus,  a  genus  of 
zoophytes,  generally  of  a  nearly  spheroidal  or  oval 
form,  and  covered  with  movable  spines.  [See  Echi- 
nus.] Cuvicr.  Cijc. 

HEDGE'HOG-THIS'TLE,  (-this'l,)  ?i.  A  plant,  the 
Cactus.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

HEDGE'-IIYS-SOP,  n.  A  bitter  herb  of  the  genus 
Gratiola. 

HEDGE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  hedge. 
HEDGE'-IMUS-TARD,  7i.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Erysi- 
mum. 

HEDGE'-NET-TLE,  71.  An  herb,  or  undershrnb,  of 
the  genus  Stachys,  whose  flowers  grow  in  spikes. 
The  shrubby  hedge-nettle  is  of  the  genus  Prasium. 

IIEDGE'-NoTE,  71.  A  term  of  contempt  for  low  writ- 
ing. Dryden. 

HEDGETIG,  71.    A  young  hedgehog.  Shak. 

HEDGE'-RoW,  71.  A  row  or  series  of  shrubs,  or 
trees,  ])lanted  for  inclosure,  or  separation  of  fields. 

Milton. 

HEDGE'-SPAR-RoW,  ti.  A  European  bird  of  the 
I.iniui'an  genus  Motacilla,  frequenting  hedges  ;  distin- 
guished from  the  sjiarrow  that  builds  in  thatch. 

Encyc.  Johnson. 

HEDGE'-STaKE,  71.    A  stake  to  support  a  hedge. 

HEDGE'-WRIT-ER,  71.  A  Grub-street  writer,  or  low 
author.  Smift. 

HEDG'ER,  77.    One  who  makes  hedges. 

IIEDG'ING,  p;ir.  InclosTiig  with  a  hedge;  obstruct- 
ing ;  confining  ;  betting  on  both  siiles. 

HEDG'ING-BILL,  n.  A  bill  or  hook  like  a  sickle,  for 
pruning  hedges, 

HE  D(>.\'1C,  a.    [Gr.  fifovn,  pleasure,] 

Prrtaiuing  to  pleasure.  The  Jledonic  sect,  in  an- 
tii/uity,  was  one  that  placed  the  highest  happiness  in 
pleasure.    This  was  called  the  Cyrenaic  sect, 

Hk'DY-PHANE,  71.  [Gr.  I'fduj,  sweet,  and  ipaino,  to 
appear  ] 

A  white  or  grayish  mineral,  of  an  adamantine  lus- 
ter, consisting  of  o\yd  of  lead,  and  lime,  combined 
with  the  arsenic  and  phos{ihoric  acids,  and  sonn;  chlo- 
rine, Dana. 
HEED,  V.  t.  [Sax.  hedan  :  G,  MHen  ;  D,  hocdun  ;  Gr, 
»r/flfr,) ;  Sp,  and  Port,  cuidar.] 

To  mind  ;  to  regard  with  care  ;  to  take  notice  of; 
to  attend  to  ;  to  ob.servo, 

Mtilh  plcrumiu  Argiia  the  niuatcian  heedt.  Dryden. 


HEED,  71.    Care  ;  attention. 

Willi  wanlon  heed  snd  gitMy  cuiniing.  Milton. 

2.  Caution  ;  care  ;  watch  for  danger ;  notice ;  cir- 
cumspection ;  usually  preceded  by  take.  Take  heed 
of  evil  coinpanj- ;  take  heed  to  your  ways. 

Amasa  took  no  heed  to  the  swurU  U).it  was  in  Joab's  hand.  — 2 
Sam.  XX. 

3.  Notice  ;  observation  ;  regard  ;  attention  ;  often 
preceded  by  give. 

The  preacher  gave  gooil  heed,  -  -  Kccles.  xii. 

Neither  giue  heed  to  fables.  —  1  Tiui.  i. 

TJiereiore  we  ought  to  give  tlie  more  earnest  lieed,  —  Ileb.  ii. 

4.  Seriousness  ;  a  steady  look. 

A  heed 

Was  in  his  countenance.    [Unusual.]  Sluik. 

HEED,  7'.  ;.    To  mind  ;  to  consider.  Warton. 

HEED'ED,  jtp.    Noticed  ;  observed  ;  regarded. 

HEED'FIJL,  fl.    Attentive;  observing;  giving  heed; 
as,  heedful  of  advice.  Pope. 
2.  Watchful  ;  cautious  ;  circumspect ;  wary. 

HEED'FIJL-LY,  ai/e.    Attentively;  carefully;  cau- 
tiously.   Listen  heedfully  to  good  advice. 
2.  Watchfully. 

HEED'FUL-NESS,  7i.  Attention  ;  caution  ;  vigi- 
lance ;  circumspection  ;  care  to  guard  against  dan- 
ger, or  to  perform  duty. 

HEED'I-LY^  arfc.    Cautiously ;  vigilantly.  Diet. 

HEED'I-NESS,  71.    Attention;  caution. 

HEED'LESS,  a.  Inattentive  ;  careless  ;  negligent  of 
the  means  of  safety  ;  thoughtless  ;  regardless  ;  un- 
observiug.  We  say,  heedless  children  ;  heedless  of 
danger  or  surprise. 

The  heedless  lover  does  not  know 

Whose  eyes  Ihey  are  that  wound  him  so.  Waller. 

HEED'LESS-LY,  aid.  Carelessly;  negligently;  in- 
attentively ;  without  care  or  circumspection.  Broicn. 

HEED'LESS-NE.SS,  n.  Inattention  ;  carelessness  ; 
thoughtlessness  ;  negligence.  Locke. 

HEEL,  71.  [Sax.  hel,  hcla  :  D.  hiel ;  Sw.  hdl :  Dan. 
h/rl;  L.  calx.  (iu.  its  alliance  to  Gr.  KnX'i,  a  tumor.] 
L  The  hind  part  of  the  foot,  particularly  of  man  ; 
but  it  is  apiilied,  also,  to  the  corresponding  part  of  the 
feet  of  quadrupeds. 

2.  The  whole  foot. 

The  stag  recalls  his  strength,  his  speed, 

His  winged /.eei*.  Detthnm. 

3.  The  hind  part  of  a  shoe,  either  for  man  or  beast. 

4.  I'he  part  of  a  stocking  intended  for  the  heel. 
To  be  out  at  the  heels,  is  to  have  on  stockings  that 

are  worn  out ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  be  in  bad  con- 
dition. 

5.  Something  shaped  like  the  human  heel ;  a  pro- 
tuberance or  knob,  Mortimer. 

6.  The  latter  part ;  as,  a  hill  was  introduced  into 
the  legislature  at  the  heel  of  the  session. 

7.  A  spur. 

This  horse  understands  the  heel  well.  Encyc. 

8.  The  after  end  of  a  ship's  keel ;  the  lower  end 
of  the  sternpost  to  which  it  is  connected  ;  also,  the 
lower  end  of  a  mast. 

To  be  at  the  heels  ;  to  pursue  closely  ;  to  follow 
hard  ;  also,  to  attend  closely. 

Hungry  want  is  at  my  Iieels.  Otu>ay. 
To  show  the  hcek  ;  to  flee  ;  to  run  from. 
To  take  to  the  heels;  to  flee  ;  to  betake  to  flight. 
To  lay  by  the  heels ;  to  fetter ;  to  shackle  ;  to  con- 
fine. Jiddison. 
To  have  the  heels  of;  to  outrun. 
JVcck  and  hecLi ;  the  whole  length  of  the  body. 
HEEL,  V.  i.   To  dance.  Shak. 
HEEL,  1!.  t.    To  arm  a  cock.  Johnson. 

2.  To  add  a  heel  to ;  as,  to  heel  a  shoe. 
HEEL,  V.  i.    [Sax.  hyldan,  to  lean  or  incline  ;  D.  /if(- 
ten  ;  Dan.  helder ;  Sw.  halla,  to  tilt.] 

To  incline;  to  lean,  as  a  ship;  as,  the  ship  heels 
a-port,  or  a-starboard.  Encyc. 
HEEL'KD,  pp.    Supplied  with  a  heel. 
HEEL'ER,  71.    A  cock  that  strikes  well  with  his  heels. 
HEEL'ING,  ;>/)r.    Supplying  with  a  heel. 
IIEEL'-PIKCE,  71.    Armor  for  the  heels.  Chesterfield. 

2.  A  piece  of  leather  on  the  heel  of  a  shoe. 
HEEL'-T.\P,  n.    [heel  and  tup.]    A  small  piece  of 

leather  for  the  heel  of  a  shoe. 
HEEL'-TAP,  71.  (.   To  add  a  piece  of  leather  to  the 

heel  of  a  shoe. 
HEFT,  11.    [Sax.  hrfr,  from  hefan,  to  heave,  to  lift.] 
L  Heaving  ;  clfort. 


II.'  t-racks  his  gori;e,  his  sid. 
Wilh  violent  luifU-    \Not  i 


ted.] 


Shak. 


9.  Weight ;  ponderoiisness.  [This  use  is  common 
in  popular  hHignage  in  America.  And  we  .sometiuu^s 
hear  it  used  as  a  verb  as,  to  heft,  to  lift  for  the  pur- 
pose of  feeling  or  judging  of  the  weight.  Provincial 
in  England.    See  llulhiwoy.] 

3.11).  heft.]    A  handle  ;  a  had.    [JVot  used.] 

Waller. 

IIEFT'F.D,  rt.    Heaved  ;  expressing  agitation.  Sluik. 
HE  GE-MO.NMC, 


HE-GE-MON'l€-AL,  \ 

Principal ;  ruling  ;  predominant. 


j  a.    [Gr.  I'jj  ipoviKOf.] 


Fotherby. 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WIl^T  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 

M4 


Ik 


IIEI 


MKCI'KA,  n.  [Ar.,  from to  remove, 
to  ^le^•t■rt.] 

In  chrnnotoirij^an  rpocli  nmong  tliR  Stoliuininedans, 
from  wliiuh  llirv  compute  time.  'I'lii-  event  which 
K'lve  rise  to  it  wns  tlio  tliiiht  of  Mohammed  troiii 
Slecca;  from  which  the  magistrates,  feariiis  liis  im- 
postures m*li!ht  raise  a  sedition,  expelled  liiiii,  July 
Iti,  A.  D.  U'J-2,  under  the  reign  of  the  emperor  llerac- 
lius.  Harris.  Encijc. 

lU'.lK'ER,  (hefcr,)  H.    [Sax.  heiifre,  licalifurc,  hettfbre. 
Uu.  Ileh.  n->D.J 
.\  ^oun^  cow.  Pope. 

IIi;i(;l'r-n6,  (hl'ho;)  an  exclamation  expressing 
some  degree  of  languor  or  uneasiness.  Urj  den  lias 
u-ii  d  it  for  the  voice  of  exultation. 

IIIOKJIIT,  )  ,,  ,,    ,  i  n.    [Sax.  Wit/io,  Iieatko,  lieklhc, 

IlKillT,    j  j     kmil/w,  liet/ie,  hilult,  htjlulic,  con- 

tracted or  changed  from  heagthc,  or  hi^elh,  or  /li  Wi- 
(Ac;  G.  luSlie,  hohtit ;  I),  hoo^te^  S\v.  liUgkrt,  liii^rd; 
Uan.  liSjde,  hojked.  This  word  is  formed  from  heah, 
huh,  hog,  now  high;  and,  as  the  ortlii)!;rapliy  is  un- 
settled, I  should  prefer  to  form  it  regularly  from  the 
present  English  word  Aii.'-A,  and  write  it  hight,  as  was 
formerly  done  by  distinguished  writers.] 

1.  Elevation  above  the  ground  ;  any  mdefinite  dis- 
tance above  the  earth.  The  eagle  tlies  at  a  great 
highl,  or  higluh. 

2.  The  altitude  of  nn  object ;  the  distance  which 
any  thing  rises  above  its  foot,  basis,  or  foundation  ; 
as,  the  hight  or  highUi  of  a  tower  or  steeple. 

3.  Elevation  of  a  star,  or  other  celestial  luminary, 
above  the  hori/.on. 

4.  Degree  of  latituile  cither  north  or  south.  In  this 
application,  the  distance  from  the  eipiator  is  consid- 
ered as  elevation.  Latitudes  are  liiglicr  as  they  ap- 
proach the  pole.  Johnson. 

Guillen  licUi  to  the  uortti  icii,  ia  the  same  htght  as  Porn  to  the 
soalh.  Abbot. 

.5.  Distance  of  one  thing  above  another. 

6.  An  eminence  ;  a  summit ;  an  elevated  part  of 
any  thing. 

7.  .A  hill  or  mountain  ;  any  elevated  ground  ;  as, 
the  hights  of  Dorchester. 

8.  Elevation  of  rank ;  station  of  dignity  or 
office. 

By  him  llint  raised  me  to  this  careful  hight.  Sfuik. 

9.  Elevation  in  excellence  of  any  kind,  as  in  pow- 
er, learning,  arts. 

10.  Elevation  in  fame  or  reputation. 

11.  Utmost  degree  in  extent  or  violence  ;  as,  the 
higluh  or  hight  of  a  fever,  of  passion,  of  madness,  of 
folly,  of  happiness,  of  gooil-breediug.  So  we  say, 
the  Ai^At  of  a  teni|>est. 

1!2.  Utmost  exertion.  ,. 

I  shnll  now  put  you  to  The  hight  of  your  breejin  j.  Shak. 
13.  Advance  ;  degree ;  progress  toward  perfection 
or  elevation  ;  speaking  comparatively. 

Social  iiiili''!i  arc  c.\rricd  to  a  jrc-itcr  Ai*/i(  —  by  tJie  principles  of 
our  n-liijioii.  A'Uliton. 


HEL 


(hu'n,) 


\v.  L  To  raise  higher ;  hut 
\     not  often  used  in  t/tts  literal 


HEtGHT'EN 
HIGIIT'£N, 
seiuie. 

2.  To  advance  in  progress  toward  a  better  stale  ; 
to  improve  ;  to  meliorate  ;  to  increiise  in  excellence 
or  good  qualities  ;  as,  to  highlcn  virtue  ;  to  highten 
the  beauties  of  description,  or  of  poetry. 

3.  To  aggravate  ;  to  advance  toward  a  worse  state ; 
to  augment  in  violence. 

Foreign  it&tca  hare  ciiUcavored  to  highten  our  confusion. 

Addison. 

4.  To  increase  ;  as,  to  highten  our  relish  for  intel- 
lectual ple.xstirc. 

5.  In  painting,  \n  make  prominent  by  touches  of 
light  or  brilliant  colors,  as  cuntra:>ted  with  the  .shad- 
ows. Srandr. 

HEIGIIT'EN-KD,  j  ,,,.,,„,,  ^  (  pp.  or  a.  Raised  higher; 
HIGIlT'KN-frD,    (("""".Jj  elev.ited  ;  exalted ;  ad- 
vanced ;  improved  ;  aggravated  ;  increased. 

milir'r'EN-'ER'^'  \       ^"'^  heightens. 
HF.TGIIT'kX-INC, ;  ,,,.„„  j„„  ^  (  ppr.  or  a.  Raising  : 
IIIGIIT'K.N-IXG,    i        "         I     elevating  ;  cxalt^ 

ing ;  improving;  increasing;  aggravating. 
HEIGIIT'K.N'-I.NG,  ( ,,,.„„  .  „  ,  i  n.   The  act  of  ele- 
IlIGHT'£N-h\G,    i       "         I    vating  ;  increase 
of  excellence  ;  improvement.  Dnjdcn. 
2.  .\ggravation  ;  augment:ition. 
n£IN'OUS,  (h^'nus,)  a.    [Fr.  haineur,  fmm  haine. 
li:arod.  Qu.  Gr.  fiiK..(.  The  spelling  II.M;<ot;9  would 
accord  better  with  the  etymology  of  this  word.] 

PruperUj,  hateful ;  odiou.s.  Ilence,  great ;  enor- 
mous ;  aggravated  ;  as,  a  heinous  sin  or  crime. 

Milford. 

HBIN'OUS-I  \-,  adv.    Hatefully;  abominably;  enor- 
mously. 

HBI.\'ors-XESS,  n.  Odiousness ;  enormity  ;  as,  the 
,      hetnoumess  of  theft,  or  robbery,  or  of  any  crime. 

fl  Johnson. 
IR,  (are,)  n.    [Norm.  Airr,  A^rc  ;  Arm.  Aenr,  hah-; 
w.kertderoi  Port,  krrdeiro  ;  Fr.  hrriticr  ;  It.  erede ; 


h.  hares,  liaredis,  from  the  verb,  Eth. 

Ileb.  CT",  Ar.  warala,  to  become  an  heir,  to 

inherit.  The  primary  sen.se  is,  to  seize,  or  to  rush  on 
and  take,  or  to  expel  and  dispossess  others,  and  take 
their  property,  according  to  the  practice  of  rudo  na- 
tions. VVe  observe,  in  tlio  Hebrew  and  Ethiopic,  the 
lust  consonant  is  a  sibilant,  as  in  the  Latin  nomina- 
tive ;  but  the  obliigue  c;ises  in  the  Latin  correspond 
with  the  Arabic  wonl,  whose  linal  consonant  is  a 
dental.  This  word  may  be  connected  with  the  Gr. 
a!')iw,  to  take.    See  Cl;iss  R(l,  No.  51,  52,  08.] 

1.  The  man  who  succeeds,  or  is  to  succeed,  an- 
otlier  in  the  possession  of  lands,  tenements,  and 
hereditaments,  by  descent ;  the  man  on  wliiim  tlie 
law  casts  an  estate  of  inheritance  by  the  de;Uli  of  the 
ancestor  or  former  possessor ;  or  the  man  in  whom 
the  title  to  an  estate  of  inheritance  is  vested  by  the 
operation  of  law,  on  the  death  of  a  former  owner. 

VVe  give  the  title  to  a  person  who  is  to  inherit 
alter  the  death  of  an  ancestor,  and  during  his  life, 
as  well  as  to  the  person  who  has  actually  come  into 
possession.  A  man's  children  are  his  /ici>.«.  In 
most  monarchies,  the  king's  eldest  son  is  heir  to  the 
throne  ;  and  a  nobleman's  eldest  son  is  heir  to  his 
title. 

IjO,  one  born  in  my  house  is  my  heir.  —  Gen.  xr. 

2.  One  who  inherits  or  takes  from  an  ancestor. 
The  son  is  ollcii  Acirto  the  disease  or  to  the  miseries 
of  the  father. 

3.  One  who  succeeds  to  the  estate  of  a  former  pos- 
sessor.  Jer.  xlix.   J\Iic.  i. 

4.  One  who  is  entitleil  to  possess.  In  Scripture, 
saints  are  called  heirs  of  the  iiromise,  heirs  of  right- 
eousness, Acirs  of  salvation,  lx,c.,  by  virtue  of  the 
death  of  Christ,  or  of  God's  gracious  promises. 

Rom.  viii. 

II£IR,  (ire,)  v.t.  To  inherit;  to  take  possession  of 
an  estate  of  inheritance,  after  the  death  of  the  an- 
ct'slor.  Urydcn. 

HEIU-AP-PAR'ENT,  Ji.  The  man  who,  during  the 
life  of  his  ancestor,  is  entitled  to  succeed  to  his  es- 
tate or  crown. 

IIBIR'DO.M,  (are'dura,)  7i.  Succession  by  inheritance. 

Burke. 

HBIR'ESS,  (ar'ess,)  n.  A  female  heir ;  a  fein;ile  that 
inherits,  or  is  entitled  to  inherit,  an  estate ;  an  in- 
heritrix. 

HElll'LESS,  (are'less,)  n.   Destitute  of  an  heir. 
IlEIR'-LOOM,  (are'looin,)  n.    [heir  and  Sax.  loma, 
geloma,  andloman,  utensils,  vessels.] 

Any  furniture,  niov;tble,  or  personal  chattel,  which 
by  law  descends  to  the  heir  with  the  house  or  free- 
hold, as  tables,  cupboards,  bedsteads,  &c. 

Eng.  Law. 

HEIR'-PRE-SUMP'TIVE,  n.  One  who,  if  the  an- 
cestor should  die  immeiiiately,  would  be  heir,  but 
whose  right  of  inheritance  may  be  defeated  by  any 
contingency,  as  by  tiie  birlli  of  a  nearer  relative. 

Kneyc. 

HBIR'SHIP,  fare'ship,)  >i.  The  state,  character,  or 
privileges  of  an  heir;  right  of  inheriting. 

Johnson. 

2.  Heirship  movables  ;  in  Scotland,  Iho  best  of  cer- 
tain kinds  of  movables  which  the  heir  is  entitleil  to 
take,  besides  the  licrit;ilile  estate.  Kneyc. 
HELD,  ;irf(.  and  pp.  of  IIolo.  A  court  was  held  in 
Westminster  Hall.  At  a  council  held  on  tlic  first  of 
January. 

HliLE,  B.  (.    [L.  cf/o.]    To  hide.    [Ohs.]  Ootoer. 
[Tliis  is  the  m.asonic  Aci7  or  hail,  to  concejil,  which 
is  ignorantly  supposed  to  be  had,  to  salute.] 
Hi:'Ll-Ae,       )  o.    [L.  hcliacils;  Ft.  hcliai/ne;  from 
HE-LI' AC-AL,  j     Gr.  /(.Vi..?,  the  sun  ;  W.  haul.] 

Emerging  from  the  liiiht  of  the  sun,  or  passing 
into  it.    The  heliacal  rising  of  a  star,  is  when,  alter 
being  in  conjunction  with  it  and  invisible,  it  emerges 
from  the  light  so  as  to  be  visible  in  the  morning  be- 
fore sun-rising.    On  the  contr.ary,  the  heliacal  setting 
of  a  star,  is  wlien  the  sun  approaches  so  near  as  to 
render  it  invisible  by  its  superior  splendor.  Kneyc. 
IIE-LI'Ae-AI^LY,  air.    A  star  rises  Ar/iaca%,  when 
it  emerges  from  the  sun's  light,  so  as  to  be  visible. 
[See  the  preceding  word.] 
IIEL'I-C.\L,  a.    [Gr.  tXi{,  a  scroll,  or  spiral  body.] 
Spiral ;  winding ;  coiled  in  a  spiral  form. 

IVUkins. 

HEL'I-CrrE,  n.  [See  Helix.]  Fossil  remains  of  the 
helix,  a  shell. 

HEL'I-eolD,  a.  [Gr.  iAi(,  a  winding,  and  e,io{, 
form.] 

In  geometry,  an  epithet  of  a  curve  which  arises  from 
the  supposition  that  tho  axis  of  the  common  parab- 
ola is  bent  round  into  the  periphery  of  a  circle,  and 
is  a  line  then  passing  through  the  extremities  of  the 
orilinaies,  which  now  converge  toward  the  center  of 
the  said  circle.  This  curve  is  also  called  the  para- 
bolic spiral.  Brande. 
IIEL'l-CO.\,  n.  A  mountain  in  Dceotia,  in  Greece, 
from  which  flowed  a  fountain.  The  Greeks  placed 
here  the  residence  of  tho  Muses. 


HEL 

HEL-I-eO'M-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Helicon. 
HR'LINti,  71.    [from  Ac/c,  obs.  ;  i..  celo.\ 

The  covering  of  tho  roof  of  a  building;  written 
also  lliLLimi.    [JVot  used  in  tJie  United  States.] 
IIE-LI-0-(;E.\'Tltie,        to.    [irr.helioecnlriiiue ;  Gt. 
HE-LI-O-CEN'TIlie-AL,  j     fiXtos,  the  sun,  and  «£v- 
Tfioi',  center.] 

Heliocentric  place !  the  position  of  a  heavenly  body, 
as  seen  from  the  sun. 

Heliocentric  longitude  ;  tho  distance  of  a  heavenly 
body  from  the  vernal  etpiinox,  as  seen  from  the  sun, 
and  measured  on  the  ecliptic. 

Heliocentric  latitude;  the  distance  of  a  heavenly 
body  from  the  ecliptic,  as  seen  from  the  sun,  and 
measured  on  a  secondary  to  the  ecliptic.  Olmsted. 
HE-LI-O-GRAPH'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  hcliography. 
HE-LI-OG'RA-PIIY,  n.    [Gr.  liXtof  and  /.oa'A'/.j 

The  art  of  fixing  images  of  objects  by  the  camera 
obsciira. 

[  This  name  is  preferable  to  that  of  DARt;EiiRco- 
Tvi-E,  which  Sep.] 
IIE-H-OL'A-TEIl,  71.    [Gr.  i;A"Of,  the  sun,  and  >o- 
Tfieooi,  tt)  worship.] 
A  worshiper  of  the  sun.  Drummond. 
IIE-LI-OL'A-TRV,  7i.     [Gr.   i]Xio(,  the  sun,  and 
Xarneta,  service,  worship.] 
The  worship  of  the  sun,  a  brancli  of  Sabianism. 
IIE-LI-OM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  //Xioj,  the  sun,  and 
pCTpetii,  to  measure.] 

A  kind  of  micrometer  for  measuring  with  exact- 
ness the  apparent  diameter  of  the  sun  ;  used  also  to 
measure  any  small  celestial  sp;ice,  as  the  diameter  of 
tile  moon,  planets,  &c.  Brande. 
IlE'LI-O-Seoi'E,  71.  [Gr.  ij.Xioj,  the  sun,  and  okojico}, 
to  view.] 

A  sort  of  telescope  fitted  for  viewing  the  siin  with- 
out pain  or  injury  to  the  eyes,  as  when  m.-ide  with 
colored  glasses,  or  glasses  blackened  with  siiinke. 

Kneyc. 

HE'LI-O-STAT,  71.    [Gr.  i|Xio{,  the  sun,  and  r.iroj.] 
An  instrument  by  which  a  sunbeam  may  be  intro- 
duced into  a  dark  room,  and,  by  means  of  clock- 
work, ke|)t  steadily  in.  Brande. 

Hf.'LI-O-TROPE,  71.  [<;r.  I'jXiof,  the  sun,  and  rpeaoi, 
to  turn  ;  rpo-ii,  a  turning.] 

1.  Among  the  ayicicnis,  an  instniment  or  machine 
for  showing  when  the  sun  arrived  at  the  tropics  and 
the  equinoctial  line.  Kneyc. 

2.  The  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  plants 
belonging  to  the  genus  heliotropium. 

3.  A  mineral,  a  subspecies  of  rliomboidal  quartz, 
of  a  deep-green  color,  peculiarly  pleasant  to  the  eye. 
It  is  usually  variegated  with  blood  red  or  yellowish 
dots,  and  is  more  or  less  translucent.  liefnre  the 
blowpipe,  it  loses  its  color.  It  is  generally  supposed 
to  be  clialcedony,  colored  by  green  earth  or  chlorite. 

Cleareland.  Ure. 
HEL-I-SPHF.R'IC,       )  ,.       ,     ,  , 

IIEL-I-SPIIER'ie-AI,,  i       l'"^'"  "P'""-^ 

Spiral.    The  hrtispfierieal  line  is  the  rhomb  line  in 
navigation,  so  callcil  because,  on  the  gKibe,  it  winds 
round  the  pole  spirally,  coming  nearer  and  nearer 
to  it,  but  never  Icriiiiiialiiig  in  it.  Barlow. 
HE'LIX,  71. ;       IIel'i  cks.    [Gr.  tAif,  a  wiinling.] 

1.  A  spiral  line,  as  of  wire  in  a  coil ;  a  circumvo- 
lution ;  a  winding,  or  something  that  is  spiril ;  as,  a 
winding  staircase  in  architecture,  or  a  c:iuliciile  or 
little  volute  under  the  flowers  of  the  Corinthian  cap- 
ital. In  anatomy,  the  whole  circuit  or  extent  of  the 
auricle,  or  external  border  of  the  ear.  Brande. 

2.  In  zoiilo'f}/,  the  siiail-shell. 

HELL,  71.  [.-^ax.  hrll,  hclle ;  G.  liblle;  D.  hel,  helle; 
Sw.  helvetc  ;  Dan.  hrlvede.  Uii.  hole,  a  ileep  place, 
or  from  Sax.  helan,  to  cover.] 

1.  The  place  or  suite  of  piinishnieiit  for  tile  wicked 
after  death.   JHulL  x.    Luke  xii. 

Sin  is  hetl  begun,  as  religion  is  heaven  anlicipale<I.  J.  Lathrop. 

2.  The  place  of  the  dead,  or  of  souls  after  death  ; 
the  lower  regions,  or  the  grave  ;  called  in  Hebrew 
sheol,  and  by  the  Greeks  hailcs.    Ps.  xvi.    Jim.  ii. 

3.  The  paiiui  of  hell ;  temporal  death,  or  agonies 
that  dying  gicrsons  feel,  or  which  bring  to  the  brink 
of  the'  grave.    Ps.  xviii. 

4.  The  gates  of  hell ;  the  power  and  policy  of  Satan 
and  his  instruments.   JUatt.  xvi. 

5.  Tile  infernal  powers. 

^^'hile  Saul  and  belt  crossed  hij  strong  fate  in  Tain.  Couley. 

6.  The  place  at  a  running  pl.iy  to  which  are  car- 
ried those  who  are  caught.  Sidney. 

7.  A  place  into  which  a  tailor  throws  his  shreds, 
or  a  printer  bis  broken  type.  Hnd'ibras. 

8.  A  dungeon  or  prison.  [04<.] 

9.  A  gambling-house. 
IIELL'-IiEXD-ER,  71.    A  name  given  to  the  large 

Xorth  American  salamander. 

HELL  -BLACK,  a.    Illack  as  hell.  Shak. 

HELL'-llORX,  a.    Horn  in  hell. 

HELL'-BREI),  a.    Produced  in  hell.  Spnser. 

HELL'-HREW-tD,  (-brude,)  a.    Prepared  in  hell. 

HELL'-BROTH,  11.  A  composition  for  infernal  pur- 
poses. Shak. 

HELL'-CAT,  71.    A  witch  ;  a  hag.  Middletan. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


IlEL 


HEL 


HEM 


IIELL'-eON-FOUND'[i\G,a.    Defeating  the  infernal 

powers.  Beaum.  FL 

UELL'-DOO.M-£D,  o.    Doomed  or  consigned  to  liell. 

Miltoti. 

HELL'-GOV-ERN-£D,  a.    Directed  by  hell.  S/toA. 
IIELL'-HAG,  71.    A  hag  of  hell. 
HELL'-IIaT-ED,  a.    Abhorred  as  hell.  Shak. 
IlELL'-IlAUiNT-£D,  a.    Haunted  by  the  devil. 

Drijden. 

HELL'-HOUND,  n.    A  dog  of  hell ;  an  agent  of  hell. 

Dryden.  Milton, 
HELL'-KITE,  n.    A  kite  of  an  infernal  breed. 

Shak. 

HEL-LAN-OD'ie,  n.    [Or.  i\\r,v  and  iiKn.'] 

In  ancient  Q-recce,  a  judge  of  the  games,  e.xercises, 
or  combats,  who  decided  to  wliich  of  the  candidates 
the  prizes  belonged.] 

IIEL'LE-BOUE.  n.  [L.  hellehorus  ;  Or.  tXXeffopos.] 
The  nameot  several  plants  of  different  genera,  the 
most  important  of  which  are  the  black  hellebore, 
Christmas  rose,  or  Christmas  flower,  of  the  genus 
Helleborus,  and  the  white  hellebore,  of  the  genus  Ver- 
atrum.  Both  are  acrid  and  poisonous,  and  are  used 
in  medicine  as  evacuants  and  alteratives.  Cyc, 

HEL'LE-BO-RISM,  ji.  A  medicinal  preparation  of 
hellebore.  Farrand, 

HEL-LEN'ie^'^' I        t^''-  ^>>')'"<^'"'f. '^^'7''"'£-] 
Pertaining  to  the  Hellenes,  or  inhabitants  of 
Greece  so  called  from  Hellas,  in  Greece,  or  from 
Hellen. 

HEL'LEN-ISM,  n.    [Gr.  ax^i-nrjioj.] 

A  phrase  in  the  idiom,  genius,  or  construction  of 
the  Greek  language.  Addison. 
HEL'LEN-IST,  n.    [Gr.  iWr^viTm.] 

1.  A  Grecian  Jew  ;  a  Jew  who  used  the  Greek 
language.  Campbell,  Eiicyc. 

2.  One  skilled  in  the  Greek  language. 
HEL-LEN-IST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Hellenists. 

'I'be  Hellenistic  language  was  the  Greek  spoken  or 
used  by  the  Jews  who  lived  in  Egypt  and  other 
countries,  where  the  Greek  language  prevailed. 

Campbell. 

HEL-LEN-IST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     According  to  the 

Hellenistic  dialect.  Oretrory. 
HEL'LEN-IZE,  v.  i.    To  use  the  Greek  language. 

Haimuond. 

HEL'LES-PONT,  n.  A  narrow  strait  between  Eu- 
rope and  Asia,  now  called  the  Dardanelles ;  a  part 
of  the  passage  between  the  Euxine  and  the  Egean 
Sea- 

HEL-LES-PONT'INE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Helles- 
pont. Jllitford. 

HEL'LI-ER,  n.  A  tiler,  or  slater.  [See  Hele.] 
[JVoi  in  use.] 

HELL'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  hell.  Sidney. 
2.  Like  hell  in  qualities;  infernal;  malignant; 
wicked  ;  detestable.  South. 

HELL'ISH-EY,  ado.  Infernally;  with  extreme  ma- 
lignity ;  wickedly  ;  detestably.  Bp.  Barlow. 

HEEL'ISII-NESS,  n.  The  qualities  of  hell,  or  of  its  in- 
habitants ;  extreme  wickedness,  malignity,  or  im- 
piety. 

IIELL'WARD,  ado.    Toward  hell.  Pope. 

HELL'Y,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  hell.  Anderson. 

HELM,  a  termination,  denotes  defense  ;  as  in  Sigliclm, 
victorious  defense.    [See  Helmet.] 

HEL.M,n.  [Sax.  hclma  ;  G.  helm,  a  helm,  and  n  helve  ; 
U.  and  Dan.  Ae/m  ;  Sw.  hielm  ;  called,  in  some  dia- 
lects, h(im.sl.nck,  which  must  be  the  tiller  only;  prob- 
ably from  the  root  of  hold.] 

1.  'J'hc  instrument  by  which  a  ship  is  steered,  con- 
sisting of  a  rudder,  a  tiller,  and,  in  large  vessels,  a 
wheel.    [See  RroDtn.]  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  Station  of  government;  the  place  of  direction 
or  management ;  as,  to  be  at  the  kdm  in  the  admin- 
istration. 

HELM,  ».  t.    To  steer;  to  guide;  to  direct.  {Little 
used.  1  Shak. 
2.  To  cover  with  a  hemlet.  Milton. 

IIf^m'eT  i       t^'"'"  Helm.] 

1.  Defensive  armor  for  the  head  ;  a  head-piece  ;  a 
morion.  The  helmet  is  worn  by  horsemen  to  defend 
the  head  against  the  broadsword. 

2.  'I'lie  part  of  a  coat  of  arms  that  bears  the  crest. 

Johnson. 

3.  The  upper  part  of  a  retort.  Boyle. 

4.  In  botany,  the  hooded  upper-lip  of  some  tlow- 
erf.  P.  Cyc. 

HELM'AGE,  n.  Guidance. 

IIl'L.M'E'J' EI)  (       I' '"''"shcd  with  a  helmet. 
HEl'mLV'TIIIC,  a.    [Gr.  iX/.i^,  a  worm.] 

Ki'biliiig  lo  worms  ;  expelling  worms. 
IIEL-.MLN''l'Hie,  n.  A  medicine  for  expelling  worms. 

Coze. 

HEI^MIN' TIIO-LOG'IC,  jo.  [See  Helminthol- 
IIEI,  MI.NTHO-LOG'IC-AL,  i     o<;v.]  I'ertainingto 

worms  f»r  vrrmen,  or  to  their  history. 
IIEI--.MIN-TIK)L'(>  OI.S'I",  n.    One  who  U  versed  In 

the  nalnrnl  hiHtory  of  vcrmen  or  wormti. 
nEL-MLN  THOL'O-CY.n.  [Gr.  iA/iii'$,  a  worm,  and 

htyif,  diHCourscj 


The  science  or  knowledge  of  vermes  or  worms ; 
the  description  and  natural  history  of  vermes  or 
worms.]  Ed.  Encyc. 

HELM'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  hemlet.  Barlow. 
2.  Without  a  helm. 

HELMS'MAN,  n.    The  man  at  the  helm. 

HELM'WIND,  n.  A  wind  in  the  mountainous  parts 
of  England,  so  called.  Burn. 

Hk'LOT,  n.    A  slave  in  ancient  Sparta. 

He'LOT-ISM,  n.  Slavery  ;  the  condition  of  the  He- 
lots, slaves  in  Sparta.  Steplimis. 

He'LOT-RY,  n.    The  collective  body  of  the  Helots. 

T.  B.  Macauley. 

HELP,  t'.  t. ;  a  regular  verb ;  the  old  past  tense  and 
p<irticiple,  holp  and  holpen,  being  obsolete.  [W. 
helpu  i  Sax.  helpan,  hylpan;  G.  helfen ;  D.  helpen; 
Sw.  hielpa;  Dan.  Iiielper  ;  Goth,  hilpan.] 

1.  To  aid  ;  to  assist;  to  lend  strength  or  means 
toward  effecting  a  purpose  ;  as,  to  help  a  man  in  his 
work;  to  Ac/p  another  in  raising  a  buiUling  ;  lo  help 
one  to  pay  his  debts  ;  toAeip  the  memory,  or  the  un- 
derstanding. 

2.  To  assist ;  to  succor ;  to  lend  means  of  deliver- 
ance ;  as,  to  help  one  in  distress  ;  to  help  one  out  of 
prison. 

3.  To  relieve ;  to  cure,  or  to  mitigate  pain  or  dis- 
ease. 

Help  and  ease  them,  but  by  no  means  bemoan  Uiem.  Loclte. 
The  true  calamus  helps  a  cough.  Gerard. 

Sometimes  with  of;  as,  to  help  one  of  blindness. 

Sliak. 

4.  To  remedy  ;  to  change  for  the  better. 

Ceaae  to  lament  for  what  thou  canst  not  help,  Shak. 

5.  To  prevent ;  to  hinder.  The  evil  approaches, 
and  who  can  help  it 

6.  To  forbear  ;  to  avoid. 

I  can  not  help  reniarkui^  the  resemblance  between  him  and  our 
author.  Pope, 

To  help  forward ;  to  advance  by  assistance. 
To  help  on  ;  to  forward  ;  to  promote  by  aid. 
To  help  out :  to  aid  in  delivering  from  difficulty,  or 
to  aid  in  completing  a  design. 
Tlie  sod  of  learning  and  of  light 

"Would  want  a  god  himself  lo  Itelp  him  out.  Sm/t. 

To  help  over  ;  to  enable  to  surmount ;  as,  to  help 
one  over  a  difficulty. 

To  help  off;  to  remove  by  help;  as,  tohelp  ojTtime. 
[Unusual.]  Locke. 

To  help  to ;  to  supply  with  ;  to  furnish  with. 
Wliom  they  would  Ittlp  to  a  kingdom.  —  1  Maccabees. 

Also,  to  present  to  at  table ;  as,  to  help  one  to  a 
glass  of  wine. 
HELP,  V,  i.   To  lend  aid ;  to  contribute  strength  or 
means. 

A  generous  present  helpt  to  penuade,  as  well  as  an  ^recable 
person.  GarVi, 

To  help  out ;  to  lend  aid  ;  to  bring  a  supply. 
HELP,  71.    [W.  help,] 

1.  Aid  ;  assistance  ;  strength  or  means  furnished 
toward  promoting  an  object,  or  deliverance  from  dif- 
ficulty or  distress. 

Give  us  help  from  trouble  ;  for  vain  is  the  help  of  man.  —  Ps.  Ir. 

2.  That  which  gives  assistance  ;  he  or  that  which 
contributes  to  advance  a  purpose. 

Virliw  is  a  friend  and  a  help  lo  nature.  South, 
God  is  a  very  present  help  ui  uuie  of  trouble. —  Ps.  xlvi. 

3.  Remedy ;  relief.  The  evil  is  done  ;  there  is  no 
kelp  for  it.  There  is  no  help  for  the  man ;  his  disease 
is  incurable. 

4.  A  hired  man  or  woman ;  a  servant. 

United  States. 

HELP'J^D,  (helpt,)  pp.    Aided  ;  assisted  ;  relieved. 
HELP'ER,  71.    One  that  helps,  aids,  or  assists;  an  as- 
si.'^tant ;  an  auxiliary. 

2.  One  that  furnishes  or  administers  a  remedy. 
Compassion  —  is  oftentimes  a  helper  of  evils.  More. 

3.  One  that  supplies  with  any  thing  wanted ; 
with  to. 

A  helper  lo  a  husband.  jSTio*. 

4.  A  supernumerary  servant.  Swift, 
HELP'FIJL,  a.    That  gives  aid  or  assistance;  that 

furnishes  means  of  promoting  an  object;  useful. 
2.  Wholesome;  salutary;  as,  Ae/;</uI  medicines. 

Halegh. 

HELP'FIJL-NESS,  71.    Assistance;  usefulness. 

Milton. 

HELP'ING,  ;);«-.  or  (1.  Assisting;  aiding;  sujjport- 
iiig. 

HELP'LESS,  a.  Without  help  in  one's  self;  desti- 
tute of  the  power  or  means  to  succor  or  relieve  one's 
self.  A  person  is  rendered  helpless  by  weakness,  or 
want  of  means.    An  infant  is  helpless, 

2.  Destitute  of  support  or  assistance. 

How  >h:dl  I  tlirn  your  helpleai  fame  drfeiul  ?  Pope. 

3.  Admitting  no  help;  irremediable.  [J^otused.] 

4.  Unsupplietl  ;  destitute.  [Spenser. 

J/elplcMi  of  all  lh»t  innnau  wiinU  reiinire.  [Not  used.]  Dryden. 

HELP'LF.SS-LY,  adv.    Without  succor.  Kid. 
HELP'LESS  NESS,  n.    Want  of  strength  or  ability; 


intibility  ;  want  of  means  in  one's  self  to  (iljlain 
relief  in  trouble,  or  to  accomplish  one's  purposes  or 
desires. 

It  is  the  tendency  of  sickness  to  reduce  our  extmvagant  self- 
estimation,  by  exliibitiug  our  soliuiry  helplessness. 

Buckminsler. 

HELP'MaTE,  )  71.  An  assistant;  a  helper;  a  com- 
IIELP'MEET.  i  panion. 

HEL'TER-SKEL'TER;  cant  words  denoting  hurry 
and  confusion.     [  Vulgar.]     (iu.  L.  hilariter  and 

celeriter,  or  Ch.  to  mix. 

HELVE,  (helv,)  71.  [Sax.  helf;  G.  helm,  a  helve  and  a 
helm  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  hold.] 

The  handle  of  an  ax  or  hatchet.  Johnson, 

HELVE,  (helv,)  v,  t.    To  furnish  with  a  helve,  as 

HELV'iCD,  pp.    Fitted  witli  a  helve.  [an  ax. 

HEL-VET'ie,  a,  [Sax.  Heefcldcn,  the  Helvetii.  Qu. 
hill-men,  or  high  hill-men.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Helvetii,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Alps,  now  Switzerland,  or  to  the  modern  states  and 
inhabitants  of  the  Alpine  regions;  as,  the  Helvetic 
confederacy  ;  Helvetic  states. 

HEL'VIN,  71.    [from  Gr.  i,Xi..j,  the  sun  ] 

A  mineral,  of  a  yellowish  color,  occurring  in  regu- 
lartetrahedrons,  with  truncated  angles.  Cleuveland, 

HELVING,  jrpr.    Furnishing  with  a  helve,  as  an  ax. 

HEM  ;  an  exclamation  whose  utterance  is  a  sort  of 
voluntary  half  cough,  loud  or  subdued,  as  the  emo- 
tion may  suggf^t.  Smart, 

HEM,  71.    [Sax.  hem  ;  W.  hem  ;  Russ.  kaima,] 

1.  The  border  of  a  garment,  doubled  and  sewed 
to  strengthen  it  and  prevent  the  raveling  of  the 
threads. 

2.  Edge  ;  border.    Matt,  ix. 

3.  A  particular  sound  of  the  human  voice,  ex- 
pressed by  the  \N'ord  hem, 

HEM,  V.  t.    To  form  a  hem  or  border  ;  to  fold  and  sew 
down  the  edge  of  cloth  to  strengthen  it. 
2.  To  border ;  to  edge. 

All  the  skirt  .tbonl 
Was  hemmed  with  golden  fringe.  Spenser. 

To  hem  in;  to  inclose  and  confine;  to  surround  ; 
to  environ.    The  troops  were  hemmed  in  by  the  ene- 
my.   Sometimes,  perhaps,  to  hem  about  or  round  may 
be  used  in  a  like  sense. 
HE.M,  V.  i.    [D.  hemmen.] 

To  mtike  the  sound  expressed  by  the  word  hem. 
HEM'A-eHATE,  71.    [Gr.  a'lpa,  blood,  and  axams, 
agate.] 

A  species  of  agate,  of  a  blood  color.  Encyc. 
HEM-A-DYN-A-MO.M'E-TER,  71.     [Gr.  a\pa,  blood, 
and  dynamometer,  which  see.] 

A  contrivance  for  ascertaining  the  pressure  of  the 
blood  in  the  arteries. 
HEM-E-STAT'1€-AL,  a.      'Gt.   a\pa,   blood,  and 
CTtlTtKoi;.] 
Relating  to  the  weight  of  the  blood. 
HEM'A-TIN,  71.    [Gr.  uiV-i,  blood.] 

The  coloring  principle  of  logwood,  of  a  red  color 
and  bitterish  taste.  Cherreul. 
HEM'A-TITE,  71.    [Gr.  lu/mrirrif,  from  a!;;.!,  blond.] 
Red  hematite  is  a  variety  of  the  specular  ore  of 
iron.    Brown  hematite,  the  hydrated  oxyd  of  iron. 
The  name  hematite  is  now  mostly  restricted  to  the 
latter  ore.   The  word  alludes  to  the  red  or  brownish- 
red  color  of  the  mineral  when  rubbed  or  powdered. 
Both  of  these  ores  are  used  extensively  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  iron.  Dana. 
IIEM-A-TIT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  hem.itite,  or  resem- 
bling it ;  composed  of  or  containing  hematite. 
HE.M'A-TO-CELE,  71.    [Gr.  aipa,  blood,  and  itijXi;,  a 
tumor.] 

A  tumor  filled  with  blood. 
HEM-A-To'SIN,  71.    One  of  the  proximate  principles 

of  the  blood,  containing  its  red  coloring-matter. 
HEM-A-To'SlS,  71.    A  morbid  (juantity  of  blood. 
HE.M-E-RO-BAP'TIST,  n.     [Gr.  >)it'.pa,  day,  and 
fJarrrw,  to  wash.] 

One  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  who  bathed  every 
dav. 

HEM'I,  in  composition,  from  the  Gr.  fiptavs,  signifies 

half,  like  drmi  and  snni. 
HEM'l-CR.A-NY,  71.    [Gr.  ii/iiffus,  h.alf,  and  Kpaviov, 

the  skull.] 

A  pain  that  affects  only  one  side  of  the  head. 
IIEM'I  C^-CLE,  (-si-kl,)  71.    [Gr.  i')/ii«-n«A"{.] 

A  half  circle  ;  more  generally  called  a  semicircle. 
HEM-I-DI'ToNE,  71.  In  Oreck  7nii4ic,the  lesser  third. 

[See  Demi-Ditone.]  Busbij. 
HEM-I-lliS'DRAL,  u.     [Gr.   'naav,  h.ilf,  and  'idpa, 
face.  ] 

In  minrralosry,  a  term  applied  to  a  crystal  with  half 
of  the  similar  edges  or  angles  similarly  replaced. 

Dana. 

HEM'I-NA,  71.  (_L.]  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  measure 
containing  hall  a  scxiary,  and  accoriling  to  Arbutli- 
not,  about  half  a  pint  English  wine-nieasuie.  Encyc. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  measure  equal   to  about  ten 
ounces.  Quincy. 
IIEM-I-I'LK'l";I-A,  )  71.    'Gr.  I'l/iioiit, half,and  itXnyn, 
IIEM'l-PLK  (;V,    i       a"  stroke,  from   irXiiaaoj,  to 
■••Irike  j 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WH^T  METE,  PafiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


HEN 


HEP 


HER 


A  palsy  tliat  artVrcts  one  half  of  the  Iiody  ;  a  par- 
alytic ariV'Clion  on  one  side  of  the  luiinan  frame. 

Eiicijc, 

HE  M  I-PUIS-M AT'ie,  a.    Half  prisnialic. 
Ili;-.MII""I'EK,  n.  (       [Ur.   t'liiiavf,   half,  and 

HE-MI1"TE11-A,  n.  pl.\   mepw,  a  wing.] 

Terms  applied  to  insects  with  the  upper  wings,  or 
wing-covers,  usually  half  coriaceous  and  lialf  mem- 
branaceous, and  incumbent  on  eucli  other ;  as  the 
Cimex. 

HE-.MIl"TER-AL,  )  a.  Having  the  upper  wings 
HE-MIP'TER-OUS,  (     halfcoriaceous  and  haifniem- 

bninaccous. 
HE.M'I-SPHERE,  ii,    [Gr.  i'i,.ii7(4ai.oioi'.l 

1.  A  half  sphere;  one  half  of  a  sphere  or  globe, 
when  divided  by  a  plane  passing  through  its  center. 
Parlicularlij,  one  half  the  mundane  sphere.  The 
equator  divides  the  sphere  into  two  equal  parts. 
That  on  the  north  is  called  the  northern  liemigphrrf. ; 
the  other,  the  souUirrH,  So  the  horizon  divides  the 
sphere  into  the  upprr  an»l  luieer  kniiLtphcrcjt.  Hemi- 
sphere is  also  used  for  a  map  or  proJecti(Ui  of  half  tlie 
terrestrial  or  celestial  sphere,  and  is  then  often  called 
plani^yihere. 

2.  A  map  or  projection  of  half  the  terrestrial  globe. 
HEM-ISPIIEll'ie,  I  a.  Containing  half  a  sphere 
HEM-I  SPIIEK'ie-AL,  (     or  globe  ;  as,  a  Acmi^p/icric 

figure  or  form  ;  a  hemispherir^l  bodv. 
HEM-I-.><PHEK'ULE,  n.    A  half  spherule. 
HE.M'IS-TieU,  (heni'e-stik,)  ii.    [(Jr.  iiiitariyirtv.] 
Half  a  poetic  verse,  or  a  verse  not  completed. 

Dnjilen,  Enctic 
HE-MIP'Tieil-AI.,  (he-mis'tik-al,)  a.    Pertaining  to 

a  hi'mistirb  ;  denoting  a  division  of  the  verse. 
HE.M'l  I'oXE,  II.    [Cr.  .i/iir.ii  .1.]  [IVarlon. 

\  half  lone  ill  music  ;  now  called  a  Skmito.m:. 
HEM'l  TKOPE,  0.    [Gr.  iiptavi,  half,  and  rpu-/;,  a 
turning.) 

Half  liirncd  ;  a  hemitrope  mjstal  is  one  in  which 
one  segment  is  turned  through  half  the  circumference 
of  a  circle.  The  word  is  used  also  as  a  noun.  Ilaiiy. 
HE.M'LOUK,  n.  [Sax.  hemleac ;  tlie  latter  syllable  is 
the  same  a.s  Irek,  Clii.  is  it  not  a  border-plant,  a  plant 
growing  in  hedges.'  ] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Conium,  whose  leaves  and 
root  are  (Kjisoiious.    [See,  also,  \Vateb-He.mlock  ] 

a  A  North  .American  tree,  of  the  genus  Abies  or 
Fir,  an  evergreen. 

3.  A  poison,  an  infusion  or  decoction  of  the  poi- 
"  sonoiis  plant.    [See  Cici;t.v.] 

Fopul.ir  liberty  inifflit  then  have  rsctpeO  l}f  indelible  reproach 
of  (leerwins:  to  the  snme  citiiens  Uie  hemlock  on  one  ii.»y, 
and  statiiet'oii  the  next.  FetteraJiMl,  Maditori. 

HEM'MKD,  pp.  or  «.  Bordered;  edged;  folded  and 
sewed  down  at  the  edge. 

HE.M'.MEL,  71.    [Dan.  hemmrli^,  close.] 
A  shed  or  hovel  for  entile.  [Ijical.] 

HEM'.Ml.NG,  ppr.  Bordering;  folding  and  sewing 
down  at  the  edge  of  the  cloth. 

HE-.MOP'TY-SIS,  )  n.    [Gr.  ai|/a,  blood,  and  Trrverif, 

HE-.MOP'TO-E,    (     a  spitting.] 
.\  spitting  of  blood 

HEM'OR-RIIACE,  n.  [Gt.  aipofi^ayia;  ai>a,  blood, 
and  ^ij)  I't't*),  to  burst.] 

Any  discharge  of  bltwd  from  vessels  destined  to 
contain  it.  The  ancients  confined  the  word  to  a 
discliarjie  of  blood  from  the  nose  ;  but  in  modrm 
«.«,  it  13  applied  to  a  flux  from  the  nose,  lungs,  in- 
testines, &.C.  F.nciie. 

HE.M-OR-RHAO'te,  (  mj'ik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a" Ilux 
of  blood  ;  consisting  in  hemorrhage. 

HE.M-OR-RHUIU'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  hemor- 
rhoids ;  as,  the  hfmorrhoiilal  vessels, 

•2.  Consisting  in  a  flux  of  blood  from  the  vessels  of 
the  anus. 

HE.M'OR  RHOIDS,  n.  [Gr.  aipoppois  ;  alpa,  blood, 
and  ^ln.,  a  (lowing.] 

A  discharge  of  blood  from  the  vessel.s  of  the  anus  ; 
the  piles  ;  in  Scripturr,  einerods 

The  term  is  also  applied  to  tumors  formed  by  a 
morbid  dilatation  of  the  hemorrhoidal  veins.  When 
they  do  not  discharge  blood,  they  are  called  Wind 
piles ;  when  tliey  occasion.illy  emit  blood,  blteiling  or 
opm  piles.  Cijc.  Parr. 

HEMP,  H.  [Sax.  henrp  ;  G.  hnnf :  D.  kcnnrp  or  krnnip  ; 
Sw.hampa;  Dan.  hamp ;  Fr.  dianvre  ;  Arm.  canab  ; 
If.  uinnaib^  cnaib ;  L.  cannabis;  Gr.  Kaifva'it^ ;  Sp. 
Miiania ;  It.  canapa  ;  Riiss.  konopel.  It  is  found  in  the 
Arabic.    See  Class  Nb,  .No.  20,  ai.] 

1.  .V  fibrous  plant,  of  the  genus  Cann.ibis,  whose 
skin  or  bark  is  used  for  cloth  and  cordage.  Hence, 
cantos,  the  crKirse,  strong  cloth  used  for  sails. 

Z.  The  skin  or  rind  of  the  plant,  prepared  for  spin- 
ning. Large  quantities  of  hemp  are  exported  from 
Russia. 

IIF.MP-AG'RI-MO-NY,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Eu- 
p.ttoriiim. 

HEMP'£.\,  (hemp'n,)  a.  Made  of  hemp  ;  as,  a  hempen 
cord. 

HEMP'-XET-TLE,  «.  An  annual  plant  of  the  genus 
Galcopsis,  n'h(M«  flower  has  a  grotesque  figure. 

"  Loiulon. 
HKMP'\,a.  Like  hemp.  [Dnusual.]  liovelL 
HE.N,  K.    [Sax.         kemte;  G.  krnne :  D.  ken;  Sw. 


hiina  ;  Dan.  hone.  In  Goth,  hana.  Sax.  ban,  hana^  is 
a  cock  ;  <■.  hahn  ;  \i,  hann.  In  Sw.  anil  l);iii.  bane  is 
a  cock,  the  male  of  a  fowl,  and  ban  is  he,  the  per- 
sonal pronoun.] 

The  female  of  any  kind  of  fowl ;  but  it  is  particu- 
larly applied  to  the  female  of  the  ilomestic  fowl  of 
the  gallinaceous  kind,  or,  as  sometimes  called,  the 
barn-door  fowl. 

HEa\'Ha.\E,  n.  [Aen  and  Jan^.]  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Ilyoscyanius,  of  several  species.  The  roots, 
leaves,  anil  seeds,  are  poisonous.  F.najc. 

IIEN'IIIT,  n.  A  name  common  to  several  plants; 
also  called  Dead-mettle,  or  Speedwell,  which  see. 

IIE.\'-e001',  n.    A  coop  or  cage  for  fowls. 

HE.N'-DRIV'ER,  7i.    A  kind  of  hawk.  miton. 

HEN'-II.\R.M,         111.    A  species  of  buzzard,  Falco 

HE.\''-IIAR-KI-ER,  i  ganeiis  of  Linn;eiis.  It  de- 
rives Us  English  name  from  its  persecutions  in  the 
poultry  j  ard.  Edin.  Encyc. 

HEN'-IIEXKT-ED,  a.    Cowardly:  timid  ;  da.stardly. 

HEiN'-IIOi;SE,  n.    A  house  or  shelter  for  fowls. 

II  E.N'-PECK-tD,  (-pekt,)  a.    Governed  by  the  wife. 

IIE.N'-ROOST,  n.  A  place  where  poultry  rest  at 
night.  Jiddison. 

IIE.NS'FEET,  n.    A  plant,  hedge  fumitor}'.  Johnson. 

HE.\'(,'E,  (hens,)  ode.  [Sax.  hcona  ;  Scot,  hyne ;  G. 
bin.] 

1.  From  this  place. 

Arj»e,  let  us  <ro  hencf.  — John  %\r. 

I  will  ieiul  thee  far  hence  to  the  tjentiles.  —  Act«  xxB. 
S.  From  this  time ;  in  the  future ;  as,  a  week 
hence  ;  a  year  hence. 

3.  From  this  cause  or  reason,  noting  a  consequence, 
inference,  or  deduction  from  something  just  before 
suited. 

Hence,  nerh.-ifa,  it  is,  lh;il  Solomon  cn'U  tlie  fear  of  llie  T.ortl  the 
Icg-innin^urwLKluin.  Tillauon. 

It  sometimes  denotes  an  inference,  or  consequence, 
resulting  from  something  that  follows. 

Wlwnc;  come  wars  and  fi^luin^  amon^  you  f    Come  tbey  not 
hence,  even  Ironi  your  liisu  f  —  J.uiics  iv, 

4.  From  this  source,  or  original. 

All  other  faces  borrowctl  hence.  Suckling. 

Hence  signifies  from  this,  and  from,  before  hence,  is 
not  strictly  correct.  But  from  hence  is  so  well  estab- 
lished by  custom,  that  it  may  not  be  practicable  to 
correct  the  use  of  the  phrase. 

Hence  is  used  elliptically  and  imperatively,  for  go 
hence  i  depart  hence;  away;  begone. 

Hence  with  your  little  ones.  Shak. 

Hence,  as  a  verb,  to  send  otT,  as  used  by  Sidney,  is 
improper. 

HE.VCE-FORTH',  (hens  forth',)  adv.  From  this  time 
forward. 

I  never  from  Ihy  side  henceforth  will  stray.  MUton, 
HENCE  FOR'WARD,  (hens-for'ward),  adr.  From 

this  time  forward  ;  henceforth.       S/i«*.  Drydcju 
HE.N'CH'.M.A.N  (  n.    [Sax.  Ainc,  a  servant.! 
HEXCH'BOY,  i     A  page  ;  a  servant.  [Obs.] 

Shak.  Zhydeju 

HEND,  (  P.  t.    [Sax.  hentxin.] 

HENT,  j     To  seize  ;  to  lay  hold  on  ;  tooccupy.  [Obs.] 
The  preterit  of  He.nd  is  also  Hent.  [SAat. 
HEND,  or  IIEXD'Y,  a.    Gentle.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
HEN-DECA-GON,   n.     [Gr.  i»d£«u,   eleven,  and 

yuvta,  an  angle.] 
In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  of  eleven  sides  and  as 

many  angles.  Encyc. 
HE.\-l")Ee-A-SYL-I.AB'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  line 

of  eleven  svllahles. 
HE.\-DEe-A-"SYL'LA-BLE,  n.     [Gr.    l^itKa  and 

A  metrical  line  of  eleven  syllables.  Warton. 
HEN-DI'A-DYS,  h.    [L.,  from  Gr.  iti  iia  ovotf,  one 
by  two.] 

In  grammar,  a  figure  in  which  the  same  idea  is 
presented  by  two  words  or  phrases. 
HE.N'NA,  n.  [.Arabic]  A  deciduous,  tropical  tree,  or 
shrub,  of  the  genus  Lawsonia.  Also,  a  paste  made 
of  its  pounded  leaves,  and  much  used  by  the  Egyp- 
tians and  Asiatics  for  dyeing  their  nails,  &c.,  of 
an  orange  hue.  It  is  also  used  by  the  men  for 
dyeing  their  beards,  the  orange  color  being  after- 
ward changed  to  a  deep  black,  by  the  application  of 
indigo.  I^>udon.    Partington.    P.  Cyc 

HEP,  n.  The  fniit  of  the  wild  dog-rose.  [See  Hi  p.] 
H£'P.\R,  n.    [L.  Af;)ur,  the  liver;  Gr.  ^tho.] 

A  combination  t)f  sulphur  with  an  alkali,  or  rather 
with  the  mcullic  base  of  an  alkali,  was  formerly 
called  by  chemists  hejmr  sulpburi.i,  liver  of  sulphur, 
from  its  brown-red  color.  The  term  has  been 
applied  to  all  combinations  of  alkali,  or  earth,  with 
sulphur,  or  phosphorus.  A'icholson. 

The  hepars  are,  by  modem  chemists,  called  sulphu- 
rets.  Fourcroy. 
HE-PAT'ie,        )  a.     [L.  hepaticus ;  Gr.  ijmtri/toj, 
HE-PAT'lC-AL,  i     from  ijra.,,  the  liver.] 

Pertaining  to  the  liver;  as,  hepatic  gall;  hepatic 
pain  ;  hepatic  artery  ;  hepatic  fliiX.  Quinci/.  JlrbuthnoL 

Hepatic  air,  or  gns,  is  a  fetid  va[x>r,  or  elastic  fluid, 
emitted  from  combinations  of  sulphur  with  alkalies, 
earths,  and  metals.  J^'ichaUon.  F.ncijc. 


This  species  of  air  is  now  called  sutphureted  hy- 
drogen gas.  Fourcroy. 
Hepatic  mercurial  ore,  or  hepatic  cinnabar.  See 

Ci?i:«APAR. 

HEP'.\-TITE,  n.    A  gem,  or  mineral,  that  takes  its 
name  from  the  liver.    Plin.  I.  37,  II. 

Hepatite  is  a  name  given  to  the  fetid  sulphate  of 
baryta.  It  sometimes  occurs  in  globular  masses,  and 
n  either  com{>act,  or  of  a  foliated  structure.  By 
friction,  or  the  apfilication  tif  heat,  it  exhales  a  fet- 
id odor,  like  that  of  sulpliureted  hydrogen. 

Clearrland. 

HEP-A-TI-ZA'TIO.V,  n.     The  act  of  impregnating 
with  sulpliureted  hydrogen  gas. 

2.  Conversion  into  a  substance  resembling  the  liv- 
er. Dun  glison. 
IIEP'A-TIZE,  p.  L    To  impregnate  with  sulpliureted 
hj  drogeii  gas. 
2.  To  fill  with  blood  or  plastic  matter.  Dunglison. 
HEP'.\-TI/-/;D,  pp.  or  a.    Impregnated  or  combined 
with  sulpliureted  hydrogen  gas;  gorged  with  blotxl, 
or  plastic  matter. 

On  tlie  rij^hl  of  the  river  wen:  two  wells  of  hepadied  water. 

BarroiB. 

HEP-A-TOS'eO-PY,  71.     [Gr.  ^nan,  the  liver,  and 
oxorrtw,  to  view.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  divination  by  inspecting  the 
liver  of  animals.  Encyc. 

HEP'PE.X,  a.    [Sax.  lurplic] 

Neat ;  fit  ;  comforlalile.  Grose. 

HEP'TA  CHORD,  (-kord,)  n.    [Gr.  iirra,  seven,  and 
Xopin,  chord.] 

A  system  of  seven  sounds.  In  ancient  poetry, 
verses  sung  or  played  on  seven  chords  or  dilferent 
notes.  In  this  sense  the  word  was  applied  to  the 
lyre,  when  it  had  but  seven  strings.  One  of  the  in- 
tervals is  also  called  a  hrptachnrd,  as  ctmtaiiiing  the- 
same  number  of  degrees  between  the  extremes.  Encyc. 

HEP'TaDE,  n.    The  sum  or  number  of  seven. 

HEP'TA-GLOT,  n,    [Gr,  i^ra,  seven,  and  jXwrra, 
language.] 

A  book  of  seven  languages. 

HEP'TA-GON,  71.    [Gr,  t-ru,  seven,  and  )<.)na,  an 
angle.] 

In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  consisting  of  seven 
sides  and  as  many  angles. 

In  fortification,  a  place  that  lias  seven  ba.»tions-  for 
defense.  Enci/e, 
HEP-TAG'0\-AL,  a.  Having  seven  angles  or  sides. 
Heptagonal  numbers  ;  in  arithmetic,  a  sort  of  polygonal 
numbers,  wherein  the  ditrcreiice  of  the  ti  rms  of  the 
correspoiitling  aritbinelical  progression  is  One  of 
the  properties  of  these  numbers  is,  that  if  they  are 
multiplied  by  40,  and  9  is  added  to  the  product,  the 
sum  will  be  a  square  number,  Brande. 
HEP-TA-GYN'I-A,  7i.  [Gr.  iTra,  seven,  and  j  mi),  a 
female.] 

In  botany,  an  order  of  plants  having  sex'en  styles. 

Linjueus, 

HEP-T.\-GYN'I-AN',  (  a.  In  botany,  having  seven 
HEP-TAG'YN-OrS,  (  styles. 

HEP-TA-He'DRO.V,  71.    A  solid  figure  with  seven 

sides. 

HEP-TA-HEX-A-IlK'DnAL,  a.     [Gr.  iirra,  seven, 
and  hcTahedral-'] 

Presenting  seven  ranges  of  faces  one  above  an- 
other, each  range  containing  six  faces.  Ocaveland. 

IIEP-TA.M'E-REDE,  71.    [Gr.  trru,  seven,  and  /.tpij, 
part.] 

That  which  divides  into  seven  p.irt3.    Jl.  Smith. 
IIEP-TAi\'DUI-A,  71.    [Gr.  iirra,  seven,  and  amp,  a 
male.) 

In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  seven  stamens, 

Linnaus. 

hT:P^ AN'DROrs,'  I       ""'''"8  stamens. 
HEP-TAN"GU-LAR,  a.    [Gr.  i-ro,  seven,  and  angu- 
lar.] 

Having  scx'en  angles, 

HEl'-T.\PH'YL-LOUS,  a.     [Gr.  tirro,  sex-en,  and 
i^i'XA'ji',  a  leaf.] 

Having  seven  leaves. 

HEP-TARCII'ie,  a.    Denoting  a  sevenfold  govern- 
ment. H'arton. 

HEP 'TXRCH-IST, )  71.    A  ruler  of  one  division  of  a 

HEP'T.\RCII,        (     heptarchy.  Warfon. 

IIEP'TXKCH-Y,  71.    [Gr.  trra,  seven,  and  apx'l, 
rule.] 

.A  government  by  seven  persons,  or  the  country 
governed  by  s<'ven  persons.  But  the  word  is  iisuoJly 
applied  to  England,  when  under  the  government  of 
seven  kings,  ordivided  into  seven  kingdoms  ;  as,  the 
Saxon  heptarchy,  which  cttinpreliended  the  whole  of 
England,  when  subject  to  seven  indept  iideiit  princes. 
These  petty  kingdoms  xvere  those  of  Kent,  the  South 
Saxons,  [Sussex,]  West  Saxons,  East  Saxons,  [Es- 
sex,] the  East  Angles,  Mercia,  and  Northumberland, 
Hist  of  England. 

HEP'TA-TEOen,  (  take,)  n.    [Gr.  irru,  seven,  and 
ri  i'\of,  book.] 
The  first  sex'en  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 

IIEP'-TREE,  n.    The  wild  dog-rose,  a  species  of  Ro-  I 
sa,  the  Rosa  ranina.  ' 

HER,  (bur  ;)  an  adjective,  or  pronominal  adjecti»e, 


TONE.  BtJLL,  qXITE.-AX"GER.  V  T'CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SB  ;  TU  as  in  THIS 

547" 


HER 

of  the  third  person.  [Sax.  hire,  sing.,  hcoru,  pi.,  the 
possessive  case  of  he,  heo  ;  but  more  properly,  an  ad- 
jective, like  tlie  L.  .™a.v.] 

J.  Belonging  to  a  female  ;  as,  her  face  ;  her  head 
2.  It  is  used  before  heuter  nouns  in  personifica- 
tion. 

Wisdom's  ways  are  ways  of  pleaaanlneas,  and  all  litr  paths 
peace.  —  Pror.  iii. 

Her  is  also  used  as  a  pronoun,  or  substitute  for  a 
female,  in  the  objective  case,  after  a  verb  or  prepo- 
sition. 

She  ^ave  also  to  her  liusband  with  her,  and  he  did  eat.  —  Gen. 

Hers  is  primarily  the  objective  or  genitive  case,  de- 
noting something  that  belongs  to  a  female.  But  it 
stands  as  a  substitute  in  the  nominative  or  objective 
case. 

And  what  his  fortune  wanted,  tiers  could  mend.  Dryrlen. 

Here  hers  stinds  for  her  fortune ;  but  it  must  be  con  - 
sidered  as  the  nominative  to  could  mend,  I  will  take 
back  my  own  book,  and  give  you  hers.  Here  hers  is 
the  object  after  trtee. 
HER'.'VLD,  n.  [Fr.  heraxit,  for  herauH;  Arm.  herald,  or 
harod ;  i^p.  hcraldo  :  Port,  araato ;  It.  araldo  ;  G.  he- 
rolil ;  \V.  Arr()(/j/r,  embassador  and  herald,  from  he- 
rawd,  a  defiance  or  challenge,  heriaw,  to  brandish,  to 
threaten,  from  hir,  a  push,  a  motion  of  defiance,  a 
challenge.  Tlie  primary  sense  is,  to  send,  thrust,  or 
drive.] 

1.  An  ofiicer  whose  business  was  to  denounce  or 
proclaim  war,  to  challenge  to  battle,  to  proclaim 
peace,  and  to  bear  messages  from  the  conmiander 
of  an  army.  Hence, 

2.  A  proclaimet;  a  publisher;  as,  the  AcraU  of  an- 
other's fame. 

3.  A  forerunner ;  a  precursor  ;  a  liarbinger. 

It  was  the  lark,  the  ftera/d  of  tiie  mom.  Shck, 

4.  An  officer  in  Great  Britain,  whose  business  is  to 
marshal,  order,  and  conduct,  royal  cavalcades,  cer- 
emonies at  coronations,  royal  marriages,  installations, 
creations  of  dukes  and  other  nobles,  embassies,  fu- 
neral processions,  declarations  of  war,  proclamations 
of  peace,  &c. ;  also,  to  record  and  blazon  the  arms 
of  the  nobility  and  gentry  ,  and  to  regulate  abuses 
therein.  Eiicyc. 

5.  Formerly  applied,  by  the  French,  to  a  minstrel. 
HER'ALD,  V.  t.    To  introduce,  as  by  a  herald.  Shak. 
HER'ALD-ED,  pp.    Introduced,  as  "by  a  herald. 
HER-AL'Die,  n.    Pertaining  to  heralds  or  heraldry  ; 

as,  heraldic  delineations.  Warton. 

HER-AL'DI€'-AL-LY,  adr.    In  a  heraldic  manner. 

HER' AIjD-I\G,  ppr.    Introducing,  as  by  a  herald. 

HER'/VLB-RY,  71.  The  art  or  oflice  of  a  herald.  Her- 
aldry  is  the  art,  practice,  or  science,  of  recording  gen- 
ealogies, and  blazoning  arms  or  ensigns  armorial.  It 
also  teaches  whatever  relates  to  the  marshaling  of 
cavalcades,  processions,  and  other  public  ceremonies. 

Encijc. 

HER'ALD-RHIP,  v.    The  oflice  of  a  herald.  Selden. 
HERB,  (erb,)  ?i.    [L.  hcrha  ;  Fr.  herbe  ;  It.  erba  :  Sp. 

yerba:  Port,  eri-a.    Q,u.  Ir.  forba,  glebe,  that  is,  food, 

pasture,  subsistence  ;  Gr.  -Jtrpffu.] 

1.  A  plant  or  vegotalile  with  a  soft  or  succulent 
stalk  or  stem,  which  dies  to  the  root  every  year,  and 
is  thus  distinguished  from  a  tree  and  a  shrub,  which 
have  ligneous,  or  hard,  woody  stems. 

Milne.  Martyn. 

2.  In  Oie  LiniKran  botany,  that  [)art  of  a  vegetable 
which  springs  from  the  root  and  is  terminated  by  the 
fructification,  including  the  stem  or  stalk,  the  leaves, 
tlic  fulcra  or  props,  and  the  liibernacle. 

Mdne.  Martyn. 
The  word  herb  comprehends  all  the  grasses,  and 
numerous  plants  used  for  culinary  purposes. 
HERIi-CliRIST'O  PHEU,  n.    An  herb,  Mira  spicata, 

whose  riiot  is  used  in  nervous  diseases.  Partington. 
HEKB-ROB'EKT,  n.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Gera- 
nium. 

HEK-BS'CEOUS,  (her-bS'shus,)  a.  [L.  herbaceus.] 
Pertaining  to  herbs  ;  having  the  nature  of  an  herb. 
Herbaceous  plants  are  such  as  perish  annually  down 
to  the  root ;  soft,  succulent  vegetables.  Ho,  a  herba- 
ceous stem  is  one  which  is  soft,  not  woody.  Herba- 
ccoiis,  applied  to  animals  by  Derham,  is  not  author- 
izeil.    [See  llERBlvoltofs.] 

HERD' AGE,  (crb'aj  or  lierb'aj,)  ii.    [Fr.,  from  herbc] 

1.  Herbs  collectively ;  grass;  pasture;  green  food 
for  beo-sLs. 

The  hiflii'-nc;  of  true  religion  is  inilrl,  iM>fl,  and  nois-Ws,  and 
constant  as  the  descent  of  tjic  evening  dew  on  tlie  lender 
herbage.  Backminster. 

2.  In  laio,  the  liberty  or  right  of  pasture  in  the  for- 
est or  grounda  of  another  man.  Encye. 

HERH'AG-AI),  a.    Cnvered  with  grass.  Thomson. 

IIEIUl'AL,  (herb'al,)  n.  A  book  that  contains  the 
names  and  descriptions  of  plants,  or  the  classes,  gen- 
era, Bpccie«,  and  cpialilies  of  vegetables.  Baron. 

U.  '\  hnrtUK  Biccus,  or  dry  garden  ;  a  collection  of 
KperimenH  of  plants,  dried  and  preserved.  Encyc. 

HEHIi'AI-,  a.    Pertaining  to  herbs. 

UKKB'AL<-IST,  71.  A  person  skilled  in  plants;  one 
who  make!  collections  of  plants. 


HER 

HERB'AR,  71.    An  herb.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

HERB'AR-IST,  n.   A  herbalist^  [Little  used.] 

Derhnm.  Boyle'. 

HER-Ba'RI-UM,  7!. ;  pi.  IlEnBARiuMs.  A  collection  of 
plants  carefully  dried  and  preserved.   Jiled.  Repos. 
2.  A  book  or  other  contrivance  for  thus  preserving 

HERB'A-RIZE.    See  Herborize.  [plants. 

HERB'A-RY,  7t.    A  garden  of  plants.  tVarion. 

HERB'E-LET,  7!.    A  small  herb.  Shak. 

HERB'ER,  7i.    Formerly,  an  ^r\tor.    [See  IIerbarv.] 

HERB-ES'CE.\T,  a.    [L.  hcrbescens.] 
Growing  into  herbs. 

HERB'ID,  a.    [L.  herbidus.] 

Covered  with  herbs.    [Little  useil.] 

HERB-IF'ER-OUS,  a.    Bearing  herbs. 

HERB'IST,  71.    One  skilled  in  herbs. 

HERB-IV'O-RA,  7i.  pi.  In  science,  animals  subsisting 
on  herbs  or  veiietables. 

HERB-IV'O-ROUS,  a.    [h.  herba  and  voro,  to  eat.] 
Eating  herbs  ;  subsisting  on  herbaceous  plants  ; 
feeding  on  vegetables.    The  ox  and  the  iiorse  are 
herbivormis  animals. 

HERB'LESS,  (erb-)  a.    Destitute  of  herbs.  Wartm. 

HERB'O-RIST.    See  Herbalist.  Ray. 

HERB-O-RI-ZA'TION,  (herb-)  n.  [from  herborize.'] 
The  act  of  seeking  plants  in  the  field  ;  botanical  re- 
search. 

2.  The  figure  of  plants  in  mineral  substances.  [See 
Arrorization.]  Diet.  JV*a£.  Hist. 

HERB'O-RiZE,  v.  t.  To  search  for  plants,  or  to  seek 
new  species  of  plants,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  their 
characters,  and  to  class  them. 

He  herborized  as  he  traveled,  and  enriched  the  Flora  Succiea 
with  new  discoveries.  Toolee. 

HERB'O-RIZE,  v.  t.   To  figure  ;  to  form  the  figures 

of  plants  in  minerals.    [See  Arborize.]  Fourcroy. 
HERB'0-RfZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Figured  ;  containing  the 
figure  of  a  plant ;  as  a  mineral  body. 

Daubenton  has  thou'a  that  herborized  stones  cont-ain  very  fine 
mosses.  Fourcroy. 

HERB'O-RVZ-ING,  jipr.    Searching  for  plants. 

2.  Forming  tlie  figures  of  plants  in  minerals. 
HER'BOR-OUGH,  (her'bur-ro,)  n.    [Ger.  herberg.] 

Place  of  temporary  residence,  especially  for  troops. 

B.  Jonson. 

IIERB'OUS,  a.    [L.  herbosus.] 

Abounding  with  herbs. 
HERB'-WOM-AN,  77.    A  woman  that  sells  herbs. 
HERB'Y,  a.  Having  tlie  nature  of  herbs.  [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

HER-eO'LE-AN,  a.  [from  Hercules.  See  Club  of 
Hercules.] 

1.  Very  great,  difficult,  or  dangerous;  such  as  it 
would  require  the  strength  or  courage  of  Hercules 
to  encounter  or  accomplish;  as,  Herculean  labor  or 
task. 

2.  Having  extraordinary  strength  and  size ;  as,  Her- 
culean limbs. 

3.  Of  extraordinary  strength,  force,  or  power. 
HER'€U-LeS,  n.   A  hero  of  antiquity,  celebrated  for 

his  strength. 

2.  A  constellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  near 
Lvra.  P.  Cyc. 

IIER-CYN'I-AN,  a.  [from  Hercynia  ;  G.  harz,  resin.] 
Denoting  an  extensive  forest  in  Germany,  the  re- 
mains of  which  are  now  in  Swabia. 

HERD,  n.  [Sax.  herd,  heard  ;  G.  herde;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
hiord;  Basque,  arrfi.  Words  of  this  kind  have  for 
their  primary  sense,  collection,  assemblage.  So  in 
Saxon,  here  is  an  army.  It  may  be  from  driving,  W. 
gyr,  or'Acr.] 

1.  A  collection  or  assemblage  ;  applied  to  beasts 
when  feeding  or  driven  together.  We  say,  a  herd  of 
horses,  oxen,  cattle,  camels,  elephants,  bucks,  harts, 
and,  in  Scripture,  a  herd  of  swine.  But  we  say,  a 
flock  of  sheep,  goats,  or  birds.  A  number  of  cattle 
going  to  market  is  called  a  drove. 

2.  A  company  of  men  or  people,  in  contempt  or 
detestation  ;  a  crowd  ;  a  rabble  ;  as,  a  vulgar  herd. 

HERD,  7!.  [Sax.  hyrd  ;  G.  Atrt ;  Sw.  herdc  :  Dan.  hyrdc, 
or  hip-e ;  from  the  same  root  as  the  preceding,  that  is, 
tlie  holder  or  keeper.] 

A  keeper  of  cattle  ;  used  by  Spenser,  and  still  used 
in  Scotland,  but  in  English  now  seldom  or  never  used, 
except  in  composition  ;  as,  a  slicphcrd,  a  goatherd,  a 
steineherd. 

HERD,  ij.  i.  To  unite  or  associate,  as  beasts  ;  to  fi^ed 
or  run  in  collections.  Most  kinds  of  beasts  manifest 
a  disposition  to  herd. 

2.  To  associate ;  to  unite  in  companies  customa- 
rily. 

3.  To  associate  ^  to  become  one  of  a  number  or 
party.  ffalsh. 

IIKRI),  7'.  (.    To  form  or  put  into  a  Jierd.  B.  Jorison. 
IIERD'ER,  71.    A  lierdsnian. 

HER'DER  ITE,  71.    [from  Herder,  who  discovered  it.] 
A  miiii  ral  which  occurs  in  Saxony,  in  crystals  im- 
bedded in  tluor.  Brandc. 
HERD'r.SS,  71.    A  shepherdess.    [Ob.s.]  Chaucer. 
HERD'GROOiM,  71.   A  keeper  of  a  herii.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

HERD'I.NG,  ppr.    Associating  in  companies. 
1IERDS'-(;RASH,  77.  A  name  given  to  various  grasses 


HER 

which  .are  highly  e.^teemed  for  h.ay,  jiarticular!"  Tim- 
othy, (Phlcunt  prat.eu-se,)  Fox  Tail,  {^.dhpecurus  pror 
te7isis,)  and  Red  Top,  {.^grosti^  vulgaris.) 

HERDS'MAN.  n.    A  keeper  of  herds  :  one  employed 
in  tending  herus  01  cattle 

2.  Formerly,  the  owner  of  a  lierd.  [Formerly  spelt 
Hebdman.1  Sidney. 

Hif.RE,  adv.  '[Goth,  her;  Sax.  her:  G.  and  D.  hieri  Sw. 
hdr ;  Dan.  her.    It  denotes,  this  place.] 

1.  In  tiiis  place  ;  ill  the  place  where  the  speaker  is 
present ;  opposed  to  there.  Behold,  here  am  I.  Lodge 
fiere  this  night.    Build  here  seven  altars.  Scripture. 

2.  In  the  present  life  or  state. 

Thus  shall  you  be  happy  here,  and  more  happy  hereafter. 

Bacon. 

3.  It  is  used  in  making  an  offer  or  attempt. 

Then  here's  for  earnest.  Dryden. 

4.  In  drinking  health. 

Here's  to  tliee,  Dick.  Coiolcy. 

It  is  neither  here  nor  there ;  it  is  neither  in  this  place 
nor  in  that ;  neither  in  one  place  nor  in  anotlier. 

Here  and  there ;  in  one  place  and  another;  in  a  dis- 
persed manner  or  condition  ;  thinly  ;  or  irregularly. 
HkRE'A-BOUT,     )  [comp.,  here  and  about.]  About 
Hf.RE'A-BOUTS,   (     this  place.  Md'ison. 
HeRE-AFT'ER,  [comp.  here  and  after.]    In  time  to 
come  ;  in  some  future  time. 
2.  In  a  future  state. 
HeRE-XFT'ER,  71.    .\  future  state. 

'Tis  Heaven  itself  that  points  out  a  hereafter.  Addison. 

HeRE-AT',  [comp.  here  and  at.]    At  this.    He  was 

ofleiided  hercat,  tliat  is,  at  this  saying,  this  fact,  &c. 
HeRE-BY',  [comp.  here  and  by.]    By  this. 

Hereby  we  became  acquainted  with  the  nature  of  thin2;s.  Wattt. 
HiSRE-IN',  [comp.  here  and  in.]    In  this. 

Herein  is  my  Father  glorified,  that  ye  bear  nmch  fruit.  —  John 

XV. 

HeRE-IN'TO,  [comp.  here  and  into.]    Into  this. 

Hooker. 

HeRE-OF',  (heer-ofT,)  [comp.  here  ana  of.]    Of  this; 
from  this. 


Hereof  eomes  it  that  Prince  Harry  is  valiant. 


Shai. 


Hf:RE-ON',  [comp.  here  and  071.]    On  this.  Brown. 
H)jRE-OUT',  [comp.  here  and  ouL]    Out  of  this  place. 

Spenser. 

HP.RE-TO'       j  [comp.  Acre  and  7t«(o  or  to.]    To  this. 

HeRE-UN-TO',(  Hooker. 

HeRE-TO-FoRE',  [comp.  here  and  tofore.]    In  times 
before  the  present ;  formerly.  Sidney. 

HeRE-UP-ON',  [comp.  here  and  7ipo7i.]    On  this. 

HERE-VVITH',  [comp.  here  and  with.]  With  this. 
Most  of  the  compounds,  of  here  and  a  preposition, 
are  obsolete  or  obsolescent,  or  at  least  are  deemed 
inelegant.  But  hereafter  and  heretofore  are  in  elegant 
use.  Herein  ami  hereby  are  frequently  used  in  the 
present  version  of  the  Scriptures,  and  ought  not,  per- 
haps, to  be  discarded.  Indeed,  some  of  tliese  words 
seem  to  be  almost  indispensable  in  teclinical  law 
language. 

HE-RED'IT-A-BLE,a.  [from  the  root  of  Aeir ;  L. /ms- 
reditas.] 

That  may  be  inherited.  [jVo(  miicA  iiscti.]  [See  In 

HERITABLE.]  Lockc. 

HE-RED'IT-A-BLY,  adv.    By  inheritance ;  by  right  ot 
descent. 

The  oue-house-owners  belong  hereditably  to  no  private  persons. 

'Tookc,  JiusB.  ^ncyc. 

IIER-E-DIT'A-MENT,  n.    [h.  hares,  haredium.  See 
Heir.] 

Any  species  of  property  that  may  be  inherited  ; 
lands,  tenements,  any  thing  corporeal  or  incorporeal, 
real,  personal,  or  mixed,  that  may  descend  to  an  heir. 

Blackstone. 

A  corporeal  hereditament  is  visible  anil  tangible; 

an  incorporeal  hereditament  is  an  ideal  right,  existing 

in  contemplation  of  law,  issuing  out  of  substantial 

corporeal  property. 
HERED'IT-A  RI  LY,  adv.   By  inheritance;  by  de- 

sci'iit  from  an  ancestor.  Pope. 
HE-RED'IT-A-RY,  o.    [Fr.  hercditaire ;  It.  eredtlario. 

See  Heir.] 

1.  That  lias  descended  from  an  ancestor.  He  is  in 
possession  of  a  largi!  hereditary  estate. 

2.  That  may  descend  frtmi  an  ancestor  10  an  heir ; 
descfiiiiible  to  an  heir  at  law.  The  crown  of  Great 
Britain  is  hereditary. 

3.  That  is  or  may  be  transmitted  from  a  parent  to 
a  child  ;  as,  hereditary  priile  ;  hereditary  bravery  ;  Ae- 
reditani  d  isease. 

IIER'E-SIIT,  71.    A  hermit.    [OA.--.]  Bp.  Hall. 

HER-E-.MIT'ir-AL,  a.     [See  Hermit.     It  should 
rather  bo  written  Hermitical.]    Solitary  ;  secluded 
from  society.  Pope. 
HER'E-SI-\ReH  or  HE-Re'SI-ARCH,  n.    [Gr.  ai'/it- 
iris,  heresy,  and  iir)\05,  chief.] 
A  leader  in  heresy  ;  the  chief  of  n  sect  of  heretics. 

StUlingflcet. 

HER'E-SI-ARCIl-Y,  71.    Chief  heresy. 
IIER-E-SI-OC'RA-PHER,  n.  [Gr.  aiVttrij  and  ypaijiw.] 
One  who  writes  on  heresies. 


FATE,  FAB,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


548 


IIER 


HER 


IIER 


IIF.R-E-SI-OG'RA-PIIY,  n.    A  tre:Uise  on  heresy. 
IIEIt'E-SY,  n.    [Gr.  utotaij,  from  a'tjjcio,  to  take,  to 
liolil  ;  L.  hwrexi-i ;  Fr.  Iicrenic] 

1.  A  fiimliiineiitiU  error  in  reliRion,  or  an  error  of 
opinion  rosju'ctins  some  fiinilamcntal  doctrine  of  re- 
liliion.  Itul  in  countries  wliere  there  is  an  established 
church,  an  opinion  is  deemed  herfsy  when  it  diders 
from  that  of  the  cliurch.  The  Scriptures  being  tlie 
standard  of  faitli,  any  opinion  that  is  repugnant  to 
its  doctrines  is  keresij  ;  but  as  men  difler  in  the  inter- 
pretation of  Scripture,  an  opinion  deemed  krreMcal  by 
one  body  of  Christians  may  be  decnicd  ortliodo.x  by 
anotlier.  In  Scripture  and  primitive  nsage,  hcre.tij 
meant  merely  sect,  parly,  or  the  doctrines  of  a  sect, 
as  wo  now  use  dcnoinination  or  persuasiojt,  implying 
no  reproach. 

2.  J/rrcsy,  in  (aw,  is  an  otTense  against  Christiani- 
ty, consisting  in  a  denial  of  some  of  its  essential 
doctrines,  publicly  avowed,  and  obstinately  main- 
tained. Blaclislonc. 

.1.  .An  untenable  or  unsound  opinion  or  doctrine  in 
politics.  Sioift. 
IIi;it'E-Tie,  n.    [Gr.  alpcTiKoi ;  It.  eretico  ;  Ft.  here- 


person  under  any  religion,  but  particularly 
the  Christian,  who  holds  and  teaches  opinions  repug- 
nant to  the  established  faith,  or  that  which  is  made 
the  standard  of  orthodoxy.  In  strictness,  among 
Christians,  a  person  who  holds  and  avows  religious 
opinions  contrary  to  the  doctrines  of  Scripture,  the 
only  rule  of  I'aitli  anil  practice. 
2.  Any  one  wlio  maintains  erroneous  opinions. 

Shak. 

IIE-RET'ie-AL,  a.    Containing  heresy  ;  contrary  to 
the  established  faith,  or  to  the  true  faith. 

HE  KET'ie-.AL-LY,  adc.     In  a  heretical  manner; 
with  heresv. 

H E  I! E'r'I€-'.\TE,  V.  t.   To  decide  to  he  heresy. 

II  Kit' E  TOG,    I  n.   [Sax.  Acrrtin'n,  Acre ,  an  army,  and 

llElt'E-  TOCil,  i     troche,  a  le;ider,  from  Icoguii,  Icon, 
to  lead,  I.,  dnco,  tlux,  Eng.  to  tu^.] 

Among  our  Saron  ancestors,  the  leader  or  com- 
mander (»f  an  army,  or  the  commander  of  the  militia 
in  a  county  or  district.  This  ollicer  was  elected  by 
the  people  in  folkmote. 

IIEU'l-OT,  71.    [Sax.  hcrejral:  here,  army,  and  geal, 
tribute,  supply,  from  ^rotan,  to  flow,  to  rentier.] 

In  En^fli^fk  low,  a  tribute  or  fine  payable  to  the  lord 
of  the  fee  on  the  decease  of  the  owner,  landholder,  or 
•va-ssal.  Originally,  this  tribute  consisted  of  military 
furniture,  or  of  horses  and  arms,  as  api>ears  by  the 
laws  of  Canute,  C.  09.  But  as  defineil  by  modern 
writers,  a  fieriot  is  a  customary  tribute  of  goods  and 
chattels,  payable  to  the  lord  of  the  fee  on  the  decease 
of  the  owiier  of  the  land  ;  or  a  render  of  the  best 
beast,  or  other  movables,  to  the  lord,  on  the  death  of 
the  tenant.  Ileriots  were  of  two  sorts  ;  hcriot  ser- 
vice, which  was  due  by  reservation  in  a  grant  or  lease 
of  lands  ;  and  heriot  custom,  which  depended  solely 
on  immemorial  usage.    H'llkius.  Spehnaii,  Blackstonc. 

IIEU'1-OT-A-BLE,  a.    Subject  to  tile  payment  of  a 
Inriot.  Barn. 

IIElt'lS-SON,  n.    [Fr.,  n  hedgehog,  from  herisscr,  to 
bristle,  to  stand  ont  as  hair.] 

In  fortification,  a  beam  or  bar  anned  with  iron 
spikes  pointed  outward,  and  turning  on  a  pivot,  used 
to  block  up  a  p;issage.  Encyc. 

IIER'IT-A-1U,E,  a.    [from  the  root  of  hrir,  L.  lueres.] 
1.  Capable  of  inheriting  or  taking  by  descent. 


2.  That  may  be  inherited.    [  This  is  the  true  sense.] 

3.  .Annexed  to  estates  of  inheritance.  In  Scots  law, 
hcntobic  rights  are  all  rights  th.at  ati'ect  lands  or  other 
immovables.  Encyc.  Blackstone. 

IIER'IT-AGE,  Ti.    [Fr.,  from  the  root  of  heir.] 

1.  Inheritance  ;  an  estate  that  passes  from  an  an- 
cestor to  an  heir  by  descent  or  course  of  law  ;  that 
which  is  inherited.  In  Scots  lair,  it  sometimes  signi- 
fies inmiovabic  estate,  in  distinction  from  mov.iblc. 

2.  In  Scripture,  the  saints  or  people  of  God  are 
called  his  heritage,  as  being  claimed  by  him,  and  the 
objects  of  his  special  care.    1  Pel.  v. 

IlER'lT-OR,  n.    In  Scotland,  a  proprietor  or  landhold- 
er in  a  parish.  Jamieson, 
HER MAPII-RO-DE'I-TY,  n.  Ilcrmaphrodism. 

B.  .Tonson. 

llEU-MAPlI'RO-niSM,  )  n.  [Infra.]  The  union 
lIEll-.MAPIl'RO-DIT-ISM,  (    of  the  two  sexes  in  the 

same  individual.  Diet.  A'ur.  IFist. 

IIEK-.MAPII'RO-DITE,  (-maf 'ro-dlte,)  n.    [Fr.,  from 

Gr.  iftiiaippodiTOi ;  'Ejjpni,  Mercury,  and  Aippoitrri, 

Venus.] 

1.  .An  animal  or  human  being  having  the  parts  of 
generation  both  of  male  and  female.  Kncyc. 

2.  In  botany,  a  flower  that  contains  both  the  sta- 
men and  the  pistil,  or  the  male  and  female  organs  of 
generation,  within  tlie  same  calyx,  or  on  the  same 
receptacle  Martyn.  Encyc. 

3.  A  plant  that  has  only  hermaphrodite  flowers. 

Martyiu 

HER-.MArH'RO-mTE,  o.   Designating  both  sexes  iu 
the  same  onimal,  flower,  or  plant. 


Among  A-t:i//jr.?,  a  hermaphrodite  brig,  is  one  that  is 
.  square-rigged  forward,  and  schooner-rigged  aft. 

Totten. 

IIER-l\IAPII-RO-niT'ie,       )  a.    P.artaking  of  both 

IIER-iMAPII-RO-lJIT'ie-AL,  i     sexes.  Brown. 

IIER-MAPlI-RO-I)IT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  inan- 
ni  r  of  hermaphrodites. 

IIER-!\1E-NE0'TIG,       jo.    [Gr.  IpprivevriKof,  from 

IIER-ME-NEO'Tie-AL,  (  tppn''evs,  an  interpreter, 
from  'K'>nn(,  Mercury.] 

Interpreting;  explaining;  unfolding  the  significa- 
tion ;  as,  hcrmeneutic  theology,  the  art  of  expounding 
the  Scriptures.  BloomfieUl.  Encyc. 

IIEK-ME-NEO'Tie-AI^LY,  adv.  According  to  the 
true  art  of  interpreting  words.  Jlf.  Stuart. 

IIER-ME-NEO'TieS,  ?i.  The  science  of  interpreta- 
tion, or  of  finding  the  meaning  of  an  author's  w  ords 
and  phrases,  and  of  explaining  it  to  others  ;  par- 
ticularly applied  to  the  interpretation  of  the  Scri|>- 
tiires. 

IIER'.MES,  71.    [Gr.  'Eo/ii!?,  Mercury.] 

In  archa-ology,  a  name  given  to  rough,  quadrangu- 
lar stones  or  pillars,  having  a  he.ad  sculptured  on  the 
top,  without  arms  or  body.  Such  stones  were  placed 
by  the  Greeks  in  front  of  buildings,  and  used  by  the 
Romans  as  boundaries  or  landmarks.  As  they  origi- 
nally bore  the  head  of  Hermes  or  .Mercury,  they  have 
been  called  by  his  name,  even  when  surmounted  by 
the  heads  of  other  deities,  &c.  SmiUi^s  Diet. 

IlER-.MET'lC,       I  a.    [Fr.  hermrtique  ;  Sp.  hermetico ; 

HER-MET'ie-AL,  (  from  Gr.  'Ep/ji;,-,  Mercury,  the 
fabled  inventor  of  chemistry.] 

1.  Designating  chemistry;  chemical;  as,  the  her- 
metic  art. 

2.  Designating  that  species  of  philosophy  which 
pretends  to  solve  and  explain  all  the  phenomena  of 
nature  from  the  three  chemical  principles,  salt,  sul- 
phur, and  mercury  ;  as,  the  hermetic  philosojiby. 

3.  Designating  the  system  which  explains  the 
causes  of  diseases  and  the  operations  of  medicine, 
on  the  principles  of  the  lieriiietical  philosophy,  and 
particularly  on  the  system  of  an  alkali  and  acid  ;  as, 
hcrmctical  physic  or  medicine.  Encyc. 

4.  Perfectly  close,  so  that  no  air,  gas,  or  spirit,  can 
escajic  ;  as,  a  hermetic  seal.  The  hermetic  seal  is 
formed  by  heating  the  neck  of  a  vessel  till  it  is  soli, 
and  then  twisting  it,  till  the  aperture  or  passage  is 
accurately  closed.  Encyc. 

Jlcrmclic  books  ;  books  of  the  Egyptians,  which 
treat  of  astrology.  Bryant. 

Hooks  which  treat  of  universal  principles,  of  the 
nature  and  orders  of  celestial  beings,  of  medicine, 
and  other  topics.  Enfield. 

IIER-MET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  hermet- 
ic art ;  chemically  ;  closely  ;  accurately  ;  as,  a  vessel 
hermetically  scaled  or  closed. 

lIER'iMIT,  71.  [Fr.  hermite,  crmite ;  Sp.  crTnifafio  ;  It. 
crcmita  ;  Gr.  cpni'trtf,  from  cpnfiof,  solitary,  desti- 
tute. Perhaps  from  the  Sheinitic  Din,  to  cut  olT  from 
society,  to  expel,  or  to  be  separated.  Class  Rni.  See 
Uarem.] 

1.  A  person  who  retires  from  society  and  lives  in 
solitude  ;  a  recluse  ;  an  anchoret.  The  word  is  usu- 
ally applied  to  a  person  who  lives  in  solitude,  disen- 
gaged from  the  cares  and  interruptions  of  society, 
for  the  purpose  of  religious  contemplation  and  devo- 
tion. 

2.  A  beadsman  ;  one  bound  to  pray  for  another. 

Sliak. 

HER'MIT-A6E,  n.  The  habitation  of  a  hermit  ;  a 
house  or  hut  with  its  appendages,  in  a  solitary  place, 
where  a  hermit  dwells.  Milton. 

2.  A  cell  in  a  recluse  place,  but  annexed  to  an  ab- 
bey. Encyc. 

3.  A  kind  of  wine. 

HER'.MIT-A-RY,  n.  A  cell  for  the  hermits  annexed 
to  some  abbey.  Hoicell. 

IIER'. MIT- ESS,  71.    A  female  hermit.  Drummond. 

llER-.MIT'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  hermit,  or  to  re- 
tired life. 

Q.  Suited  to  a  hermit.  Coventry. 

IlER-MO-DAC'TYE,  n.  [Gr.  'E-i,jij<,  Mercur)-,  and 
iaKTvXof,  a  finger;  Mcrciir)'s  finger.] 

In  the  materia  medica,  a  root  brought  from  Turkey. 
It  is  in  the  shape  of  a  he.irt  flattened,  of  a  white  col- 
or, ccmipact,  but  easy  to  be  cut  or  pulverized,  of  a 
viscous,  sweetish  taste,  with  a  slight  degree  of  acri- 
mony. Some  sufipose  it  to  be  the  root  of  the  Colclii- 
cum  variegatiim ;  others,  the  root  of  the  Iris  tiibero- 
sa.  It  was  anciently  in  great  repute  as  a  cathartic; 
but  that  which  is  now  furnished  has  little  or  no  ca- 
thartic qtialitv.  Enci/c. 

IIER;MO-Gi":'.\I-ANS,  71.  p/.  a  sect  of  ancient  here- 
tics, so  called  from  their  leader,  llermogene.^,  who 
lived  near  the  close  of  the  second  wnturj'.  He 
held  matter  to  be  the  fountain  of  all  evil,  and  that 
souls  are  formed  of  cornipt  matter.  Encyc. 

HERN,  n.    .A  heron,  which  see. 

IIER.N'IIILE,  71.    A  plant. 

IIER'.VI-A,  n.  [Gr.  (.okia.from  ipvo(,s.  shooting  forth, 
a  branch.] 

In  surrrn-y,  a  protrusion  of  some  organ  of  the  ab- 
domen through  an  interstice  in  its  parietcs ;  pro- 
ducing a  soft  and  slightly  clastic  tumor. 


IIER'.\I-.AIj,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  connected  with, 
hernia. 

HEK.V'SIIAW,  71.    A  heronshaw  or  heron.  [Obs.'' 

Spenser 

IlK'RO,  71.  [L.  heros,  Gr.  hpit'i,  a  demizod.  It  coin- 
cides in  eleiiicnis  with  Ir.  earr,  noble,  grind,  n 
champion,  and  with  the  G.  Acrr,  D.  Acer,  lord,  mas- 
ter.] 

1.  A  man  of  distinguished  valor,  intrepidity,  or 
enterprise  ill  danger  ;  as,  a  hero  in  arms.  Cowley. 

2.  A  great,  illustrious,  or  extraordinary  person ; 
as,  a  hero  111  learning.    [[Mile  used.] 

3.  Ill  a  poem,  or  romance,  the  principal  personage, 
or  the  person  who  has  the  principal  shari-  in  the 
transactions  related  ;  ns  Achilles  in  the  Iliad,  Ulys- 
ses in  the  Odyssey,  and  yf:neas  in  the  A'.nc\i\. 

4.  Ill  pagan  mythology,  a  hero  was  an  illustrious 
person,  mort.il  indeed,  but  supi>osed  by  the  populace 
to  partake  of  immortality,  and  after  liis  death  to  bo 
placed  among  the  goils.  Encyc. 

IIE  Uo'Dl  ANS,  71.  pi.  A  sect  among  the  Jews, 
which  took  this  name  from  llcrod  ;  hut  authors  ore 
not  agreed  as  to  their  peculiar  notions. 

IIE-Ro'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  hero  or  heroes  ;  as,  Ae- 
Toic  valor. 

2.  llecoining  a  hero;  bold;  daring;  illustrious; 
as,  heroic  action  ;  heroic  enterprises. 

3.  Brave  ;  intrepid  ;  nuiuMianinioiis  ;  enterprising  ; 
illustrious  for  valor;  as,  Hector,  the  heroic  son  of 
Priam  ;  a  Airoic  race. 

4.  Productive  of  heroes ;  as,  a  Acroie  line  in  pedi- 
gree. 

.').  Reciting  the  achievements  of  heroes ;  as,  a  A«- 
roic  poem. 

C.  Used  in  heroic  poetry  or  hexameter  ;  as,  heroic 
verse  ;  a  heroic  foot. 

Heroic  age  ;  the  age  when  the  heroes,  or  those 
called  the  children  of  the  gods,  are  supposed  to  have 
lived. 

IIE-Ro'ie-AL,  n.   The  same  as  IIekoic.  [Little  used.] 

IIE-Ro'ie-AE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  hero; 
with  valor  ;  bravely  ;  courageously  ;  intrepidly.  The 
wall  was  heroically  defended. 

HE  RO-I-eO.\I'ie,  a.  [.Sec  lleno  and  Comic.]  Con- 
sisting of  the  heroic  and  the  ludicrous  ;  denoting  the 
high  biirlesipie  ;  as,  a  heroi-comic  poem. 

IIER'O-I.NE,  (her'o-in,)  n.    [Fr.  heroine,  from  hero.] 
A  female  hero  ;  a  woman  of  a  brave  spirit.  [IIeko- 
Ess  is  not  in  use.]  Dryden. 

HER'O-IS.M,  71.    [Fr.  heroisme.] 

The  qualities  of  a  hero  ;  bravery  ;  courage  ;  intre- 
pidity ;  particularly  in  war.  Broome. 

IIER'ON,  71.  [Fr.]  A  waterfowl  of  the  genus  Ar- 
dea,  with  long  legs,  wings,  and  neck,  a  great  de- 
voiirer  of  fish. 

IIER'ON-KY,  71.    A  place  where  herons  breed. 

l}erham. 

IIER'ON-SH.AW,  11.    A  heron.  PcunanL 

Iir.-RO-OI,'<)  GIST,  71.    One  who  treats  of  heroes. 

H  i:'KO;SlllP,  71.    The  character  of  a  hero.  Coteper. 

IIEU'PkS,  71.    [Gr.  iprni,  from  ipnio,  to  creep.] 

Tetters  ;  an  eruption  of  the  skin  ;  erysipelas  ; 
ringworm,  &,c.  This  disease  takes  various  names, 
according  to  its  form  or  the  part  alfected. 

Coze.  Encyc, 
A  term  applied  to  several  cutaneous  eruptions,  from 
their  tendency  to  spread  or  creep  from  one  jiart  of 
the  skill  to  another.  Cye. 

An  eruption  of  vesicles  in  small  distinct  clusters, 
accompanied  with  itching  or  tingling  ;  including  the 
shingles,  ringworm,  tec.  Good. 

IIER-PET'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  herpes  or  cutane- 
ous eruptions ;  resembling  the  herpes,  or  partaking 
of  its  nature  ;  as,  herpetic  eruptions.  Dancitu 

HER-PET-O-EOG'IC,       )  a.     Pertaining  to  herpe- 

HER  PET-0-I,OG'IC-AL,  j  tologv. 

HER-PE-TOI/O  GIST,  71.  A  person  versed  in  hcr- 
petology,  or  the  natural  history  of  reptiles. 

HER-PE-TOE'O-GY,  «.  [Gr.  cp^crnf,  a  reptile,  \o- 
yo{,  discourse.] 

A  description  of  reptiles ;  the  natural  history  of 
reptiles,  including  oviparous  quadrupeds,  as  the  cr(»c- 
odile,  frog,  and  tortoise,  and  serpents,  'i'lie  history 
of  the  latter  is  called  ophiology. 

IIER'RI.VG,  71.  [Sax.  lurring  :  Fr.  hareng;  .Arm. 
harincif ;  (J.  hertng  ;  I),  haring  ;  It.  aringa :  Sp. 
ar Clique  ;  Pitrt.  id.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Clii[>ea.  Herrings,  when  they 
migrate,  move  in  vast  shoals,  and  it  is  said  that  the 
name  is  formed  frtmi  the  Teutonic  Acre,  heer,  an 
army  or  multitude.  They  come  from  high  northern 
latitudes  in  the  spring,  and  visit  the  shores  of  Europe 
and  .America,  where  they  arc  taken  and  s.alted  in 
creat  quantities. 

IIER'RI.NG-FISH'ER-Y,  71.  The  fishing  for  her- 
rings, which  cimstitutes  an  important  branch  of  busi- 
ness n  itii  the  English,  Dutch,  and  .Americans. 

IIERR.VHUT  ER,  n.  [Ger.]  One  of  a  sect  est.ab- 
lislied  by  Nicliol.as  Lewis,  count  of  Zinzcndorf; 
called  also  Moravians, 

HERS,  (hur/.,)  pr<77i.  fern,  possessive;  as,  this  house 
is  hers,  that  is,  this  is  the  house  of  her.  But  perhaps 
it  would  be  more  correct  to  consider  hers  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  noun  and  adjective,  111  the  nominative 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  asK  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


69' 


540 


HET 


HET 


HEX 


case.    Of  the  two  houses,  hers  is  the  best ;  that  is, 

hfr  house  is  llie  best. 
HER'SAL,  n.    Rehearsal.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
HER'SCHEL,  (her'shel,)  71.    A  planet  discovered  by 

Dr.  Herschel,  in  1781,  first  called  Gcurgium  Sidus, 

and  now,  Uranus. 
HERSE,  (hers,)  71.    [Fr. /ifrse,  a  harrow,  a  portcullis, 

priibably  from  cross-work  ;  radically  the  same  word 

as  Harrow,  which  see.] 

1.  In  fortification,  a  lattice  or  portcullis  in  tlie  form 
of  a  harrow,  set  with  iron  spikes.  It  is  hung  by  a 
rope  fastened  to  a  nioulinet,  and  when  a  gate  is 
broken,  it  is  let  down  to  obstruct  the  passage.  It  is 
called  also  a  sarrasin  or  cataract,  and  when  it  con- 
sists of  straight  stakes  without  cross-pieces,  it  is 
called  orgae^^. 

Herse  is  also  a  harrow,  used  for  a  chevau.\-dc-frise, 
and  laid  in  the  way  or  in  breaches,  with  the  points 
up,  to  obstruct  or  incommode  the  march  of  an  en- 
emy. Kncyc. 

2.  A  carriage  for  bearing  corpses  to  the  grave; 
now  spelt  Hearse.  It  is  a  frame  onl}',  or  a  box, 
borne  on  wheels. 

3.  A  temporary  monument  set  over  a  grave.  [  Ob- 
solete.'] fVeevcr. 

4.  A  rehearsal ;  "  the  holy  herse,"  rehearsal  of 
prayers.    [04s.]  Spenser. 

HERSE,  (hers,)  v.  t.    To  put  on  or  in  a  herse. 

2.  To  carry  to  the  grave.  [Shale.  Chapman. 
HER  SELF',  pron.  [her  and  self.]  This  denotes  a 
female,  the  subject  of  discourse  before  mentioned, 
and  is  either  in  the  nominative  or  objective  case.  In 
the  nominative,  it  usually  follows  she,  and  is  added 
for  the  sake  of  emphasis,  or  emphatical  distinction  ; 
as,  she  herself  will  bear  the  blame. 

The  daughter  of  Pharaoh  came  down  10  wash   herself.  — 
Exod.  ii. 

2.  H.aving  the  command  of  herself ;  mistress  of 
her  rational  powers,  judgment,  or  temper.  The  wo- 
man was  deranged,  but  she  is  now  herself  again. 
She  has  come  to  herself. 

3.  In  her  true  character;  as,  the  woman  acts  like 
herself. 

HERSE'LIKE,  (hers'like,)  a.  Funereal  ;  suitable  to 
funerals.  Bacon. 

HERS'IL-LON,  71.  [Fr.,  from  herse.]  In  the  military 
art,  a  plank  or  beam,  whose  sides  are  set  with  spikes 
or  nails,  to  incommode  and  retard  the  march  of  an 
enemy  ;  a  herse.  Brande. 

HER'Y,  V.  t.    [Sax.  herian.] 

To  regard  as  holy.    [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

HES'I-TAN-CV,  n.  [See  Hesitate.]  A  doubting; 
literally,  a  stopping  of  the  mind  ;  a  pausing  to  con- 
sider ;  dubiousness  ;  suspense. 

The  reason  of  niy  htsitancy  about  the  air  is —  Boyle. 

HES'I-TANT,  a.  Hesitating  ;  pausing  ;  wanting  vol- 
ubility of  sneech. 

IlES'l-TANT-LY,  adn.    With  hesitancy  or  doubt. 

II ES' IT  ATE,  V.  i.  [L.  htcstto  ;  FT.hesi'ter;  from  hast, 
prrt.  of  L.  hfEreo,  to  hang.] 

1.  To  stop  or  pause  respecting  decision  or  action  ; 
to  be  doubtful  as  to  fact,  principle,  or  determination  ; 
to  be  in  suspense  or  uncertainty  ;  as,  he  hesitated 
whether  to  accept  the  offer  or  not.  We  often  hesitate 
what  judgment  to  form. 

It  is  never  transitive,  unless  by  poetic  license. 

Just  hint  a  fault,  and  hesiinle  dislike.  Popt. 

2.  To  stammer;  to  stop  in  speaking. 
HES'I-Ta-TEI), /jp.    Stopped;  paused;  doubted. 
HES'I-Ta-T1i\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Doubting  ;  pausing  ;  stam- 
mering. 

HES'I-Ta-TIN(;-LY,  ado.    With  hesitation  or  donbt. 

HES-I-TA'TION,  n.  A  pausing  or  delay  in  forming 
an  opinion  or  commencing  action  ;  doubt ;  suspen- 
sion of  opinion  or  decisiim,  from  uncertainty  what 
is  proper  to  be  decided.  When  evidence  is  clear,  we 
may  decide  without  hesitation. 

2.  A  stopping  in  i<i)ecch  ;  intermission  between 
words ;  stammering.  Swift. 

IIE.S-PE'RI-AN,  a.    [L.  hesperius,  western,  from  hes- 
perus,  vesper,  the  evening  star,  Venus,  Gr.  ioittpoi.] 
Western  ,  situated  at  the  west. 

HES-I'ii'RI-AN,  71.  An  inhabitant  of  a  western  coun- 
try. ./.  Barlow. 

HE.S'HIAN,  (hesh'an,)  o.  Relating  to  Hesse,  in  Ger- 
many. 

IIES'SIAN-FLV,  71.  [So  called  from  the  opinitm  that 
it  was  brought  into  America  by  the  Hessian  troops, 
during  the  revolution.] 

A  Huiall,  two-winged  fly  or  midge,  nearly  black, 
very  destructive  to  young  wheat.  It  is  the  Cectdo- 
mijia  de.ilruclin-  of  Say.  E.  C.  Ilrrrick. 

HEH'J',  71.  [Sax.  lutsr ;  O.  geheias,  a  command  ;  heis- 
len,  to  call,  to  bid  ;  I).  Iicrtin.    Sec  Heat.] 

Command  ;  precept  ;  injtinction  ;  order.  Shall. 

[Now  obsolete,  but  it  is  retained  in  the  con>pound, 
bthrMl.] 

HES  TI.KN'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  yesterday.  Smart. 
HE.S'y  CIIA.ST,  71,    [Gr.  l,avxos.] 

A  (piiefKt.  Bib.  Repository. 

HET'E  RAR  CIIY  71.  [Gr.  irc^oj,  another,  and  upx";, 
rule.] 

The  government  of  an  alien.  Bp.  Hall. 


HET  E-RO-CIR'CAL,  a.  [Gr.  £r£o,«,  and  xip/t  s-] 
An  epithet  applied  to  fishes  which  have  the  upper 
fork  of  the  tail  longer  than  the  lower.  .Sirassn. 

HET'E-RO-CLlTE,  n.  [Gr.  i-tpi.K\iTov  ;  irtpus,  an- 
other, or  different,  and  xXiros,  from  kXivoj,  to  in- 
cline, to  lean.] 

1.  In  inammar,  a  word  which  is  irregular  or  anom- 
alous either  in  declension  or  conjugation,  or  which 
deviates  from  ordinary  forms  of  inflection  in  words 
of  a  like  kind.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  nouns 
irregular  in  declension. 

2.  Any  thing  or  person  deviating  from  common 
forms.  Johnson. 

HET'E-RO-€LrTE,  )  a.    Irregular  ;  anomalous  ; 

HET-E-RO-eLIT'I€,  [  deviating  from  ordinary 
HET-E-RO-CLIT'ie-AL,  )  forms  or  rules.  Brown. 
HET-E-ROe'LI-TOUS,  a.  Heteroclitic.  [JVuf  in  lUf.] 
HET'E-RO-DOX,  a.  [Gr.  irtpoi,  another,  different, 
and  6  Ju,  opinion.] 

1.  In  theoloipj,  heretical ;  contrarj'  to  the  faith  and 
doctrines  of  the  true  church  ;  or,  more  precisely,  con- 
trary to  the  real  doctrines  of  the  Scriptures ;  as,  a 
heterodox  opinion  ;  opposed  to  Orthodox. 

2.  Repugnant  to  the  doctrines  or  tenets  of  any  es- 
tablished church. 

3.  Holding  opinions  repugnant  to  the  doctrines  of 
the  Scriptures  ;  aSj  a  hctcrodoz  divine  ;  or  holding 
opinions  contrary  fS  those  of  an  established  church. 

IIET'E-RO-DOX-LY,  adv.    In  a  heterodox  manner. 

HE'l''E-RO-DOX-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  heterodox. 

HET'E-RO-DOX-Y,  71.  Heresy;  an  opinion  or  doc- 
trine contrary  to  the  doctrines  of  the  Scriptures,  or 
contrary  to  those  of  an  established  church. 

HET-E-ROG'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  irtpof,  different,  and 
}ap'if,  marriage.] 

In  botany,  having  different  essential  parts  of  fruc- 
tification. 

HET'E-RO-GeNE,  a.    [Ofo.]    [See  the  next  word.] 
HET-E-RO-Gli'NE-AL,    (a.    [Gr.  irtpof,  other,  and 
HET-E-RO-Gi2'NE-OUS,  )     ycof,  kind.] 

Of  a  different  kind  or  nature  ;  unlike  or  dissimilar 
in  kind  ;  opposed  to  Homoge.neous. 

The  light  whose  rays  are  all  alike  refrangible,  I  call  simple, 
houiogeneal,  and  similar  ;  and  dial  whose  rays  are  some 
more  refrangible  than  others,  1  call  compound,  beterogeneal, 
and  dissimilar.  Newton. 

Heterogeneous  nouns,  are  such  as  are  of  different 
genders  in  the  singular  and  plural  numbers  ;  as,  hie 
locus,  of  the  masculine  gentler  in  the  singular,  and 
hi  loci  and  h4£c  loca,  both  masculine  and  neuter  in  the 
plural.  Hoc  calum,  neuter  in  tiie  singular;  hi  cali, 
masculine  in  the  plural. 

Heterogeneous  quantttie.'i,  in  matliematics,  are  such 
as  are  incapable  of  being  compared  together  in  re- 
spect to  magnitude.  Brande. 

Heterogeneous  surds,  are  such  as  have  different 
radical  signs.  Bartow. 
HET-E-RO-fiE^NE'I-TY,  71.     Opposition  of  nature  ; 
contrariety  or  dissimilitude  of  qualities.  [Ill  formed.] 

2.  Dissimilar  part ;  something  of  a  different  kind. 

HET-E-RO-GE'NE-OUS-NESS,  71.  Difference  of  na- 
ture and  quality ;  dissimditude  or  contrariety  in 
kind,  nature,  or  qu.alities. 

HET-E-RO-PATH'ie,  a.    The  same  as  Allopathic. 

HET-E-ROPH'YL-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ti-cpos,  diverse, 
and  ipv^^op,  leaf.] 

Having  leaves  different  from  the  regular  form.  A 
heterophyllous  violet  is  one  which  has  leaves  not 
analogous  to  the  leaves  of  other  violets. 

HET'E-RO-POD,  71.  One  of  an  order  of  molluscous 
animals,  whose  foot  is  compressed  into  a  vertical, 
muscular  lamina,  serving  for  a  fin. 

HET-E-ROP'Ties,  71.    [See  Optics.]    False  optics. 

Spcctattir. 

IIET-E-ROS'CIAN,  71.  [Gr.  ircpo;,  other,  and  ctmo, 
shadow.] 

Tliose  inhabitants  of  the  earth  are  called  hctero.'s- 
cians,  whose  shadows  fall  one  way  only.  Such  are 
those  who  live  between  the  tropics  and  the  polar  cir- 
cles. The  shadows  of  those  who  live  north  of  the 
tropic  of  Cancer  fall  northward  ;  tliose  of  the  inhab- 
itants south  of  the  tropic  of  Capricorn  fall  south- 
ward ;  whereas  the  shadows  of  those  who  dwi  II  be- 
tween the  tropics  fall  sometimes  to  the  north  and 
sometimes  to  the  south. 

I!ET-E-ROS'CIAN,  a.  Having  the  shadow  fall  one 
way  only.  Oreirory. 

HE'l''E-RO-SITE,  71.  A  mineral,  of  a  greenish-gr.iy 
or  bluish  ctilor,  becoming  violet  on  cxpostire,  anil 
consisting  of  phtisphuric  acid,  and  the  oxyds  of  iron 
anil  manganest;.  Dona. 

HE  T-E  ROT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ircpos,  another,  and 
Ttpfio,  to  cleave.] 

Having  a  different  cleavage;  applied  to  a  species 
of  the  felilspar  family,  because  the  cleavage  differs 
from  that  of  common  feldspar.  Dana. 

HET  E  ROT'RO  I'AI,,    (       r/-    j  1  i 

IIET-E-ROT'RO-POUS,  j  «•    i^"'  ^"''»« 

In  botany,  when  the  inicropyle  is  at  neither  end  of 
the  seed,  the  embryo  will  be  neither  eriict  nor  in- 
verted, but  will  he  in  a  more  or  liws  oblif|ue  direcliim 
with  resperl  to  the  seed,  and  is  then  said  to  be  hctc- 
rotropous,  or  heterotropal,  Lintlley, 


HET'MAN,  71.    A  Cossack  commander-in-chief. 

HEU'LAND-ITE,  71.  [from  M.  Hculand.]  A  mineral 
of  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  in  anu'gdalnid,  in 
pearly,  foliated  masses,  and  also  crystallized  in 
rhomhoidal  prisms,  with  the  basal  plane  pearly.  It 
consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  with  about  15 
per  cent,  of  water.  Dana. 

HEW,  (hii,)  V.  t.  ;  pret.  Hewed  ;  pp.  Hewed  or 
Hewn.  [Sax.  hcawian;  G.  hauen  ;  D.  houwen;  Sw. 
hagrra;  Dan.  hugger.  In  Sw.,  Itugg  is  a  cut,  a 
slash  ;  Dan.  hug,  a  beating,  a  striking;  so  that  the 
I)rimary  sense  is  to  strike,  to  drive  with  the  hand. 
See  Hoe.] 

1.  To  cut  with  an  ax,  or  other  like  instrument,  for 
the  purpose  of  making  an  even  surface  or  side  ;  as, 
to  hew  timber. 

2.  To  chop ;  to  cut ;  to  hack ;  as,  to  here  in  pieces. 

3.  To  cut  with  a  chisel ;  to  make  smooth  ;  as,  to 
heto  stone. 

4.  To  form  or  shape  with  an  edged  instrument; 
with  (lilt ;  as,  to  hew  out  a  sepulcher.    Is.  xxii. 

5.  To  form  laboriously. 

1  now  pass  my  days,  not  studious  nor  idle,  rather  polishing  old 
works  than  heioing  oat  new  ones.    {Unusual.]  Pope. 

To  hew  down  ;  to  cut  down  ;  to  fell  by  cutting. 
To  hew  off;  to  cut  off;  to  separate  by  a  cutting  in- 
strument. 

HEW,  n.    Destruction  by  cutting  down.  Spenser. 

2.  Color.    [See  Hue.] 
HEW'i^D,  pp.  or  a.    Cut  and  made  smooth  or  even  ; 

chopped  ;  hacked  ;  shaped  by  cutting  or  by  a  chisel. 
HEWER,  11.    One  who  hews  wood  or  stone. 
HEW'IN'G,  ppr.    Cutting  and  making  smooth  or  even; 

chopping  ;  hacking  ;  forming  by  the  chisel. 
IIEWfij,  (hune,)  pp.  or  a.    The  same  as  Hewed. 
HEX'A-CHORD,  »i.    [Gr.  £(,  six,  and  V'f^n,  a  chord.] 
In  ancient  mnsic,  an  imperfect  chord  called  a  siitli. 
Also,  un  instrument  of  six  chords  or  strings,  and  a 
scale  or  system  of  six  sounds.  Botisseau. 
HEX-A-DAC'TYL-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  i{  and  tSuKruAos.] 

Having  six  fingers  or  toes. 
HEX'aDE,  71.    [Gr.  £(,  six.] 

A  series  of  six  numbers.  Med.  Repos. 

HEX'A-GON,  n.    [Gr.  li,  six,  and  j-wi/iu,  an  angle.] 
In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  of  six  sides  and  six 
angles.    If  the  sides  and  angles  are  equal,  it  is  a  reg- 
ular hexagon.    The  cells  of  honey-comb  are  hexa- 
gons, and  it  is  remarkable  that  bees  instinctively 
form  their  cells  of  this  figure,  which  fills  any  given 
space  without  any  interstice  or  loss  of  room.  * 
HEX-AG'ON-A  L,  a.    Having  six  sides  and  six  angles. 
HEX-AG'ON-Y,  for  Hexagon,  is  not  useil. 
HEX-A-GYN'I-A,  11.  [Gr.  ((,  six,  and  ywn,  a  female.] 
In  botany,  an  order  of  plants  having  six  styles. 

LinJUEUs. 

HEX-AO'YN-OUs'  i  "■  l">t<""J,  having  six  styles. 
HEX-A-Hr:'DRAL|a.    Of  the  figureofa  hexahedron; 

having  six  equal  sides. 
HEX-A-He'DRON,  71.    [Gr.  tj,  six,  and  i6pa,  a  base 

or  seat.] 

A  regular,  solid  body  of  six  sides  ;  a  cube. 
HEX-A-IIe'ME  RON,  71.  [Gr.  if,  six,  and  Lpcpa,  day.] 

1.  The  term  of  six  days.  Oood. 

2.  The  history  of  the  six  days'  work  of  creation, 
as  contained  in  the  first  chapter  of  Genesis.  Many 
of  the  learned  fathers  wrote  commentaries  on  this 
history,  giving  their  views  of  the  created  universe. 

Murdoch. 

HEX-AM'E-TER,  71.  [Gr.  if,  six,  and  ptrpop,  meas- 
ure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  of  six  feet,  the  first  four 
of  which  may  be  either  dactyls  or  spondees  the  filth 
must  regularly  be  a  dactyl,  and  the  sixth  always  a 
spondee.  lu  this  species  of  verse  are  composed  the 
lliatl  of  Homer  and  the  iEneid  of  Virgil. 

Diva  so  \  lo  fix  \  OS  ocu  \  he  a  \  versa  ten  |  ebat.  Virffil. 

HEX-AM'E-TER,  a.    Having  six  metrical  feet. 
HEX-A  MET'RIC,       )  a.    Consisting  of  six  metrical 
HEX-A-MET'K.e-.'^L,  i     feet.  IVarton. 
HEX-AN'DRI-A,  7i.    [Gr.  if,  si",  ""d  ""iPi  male.] 
In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  six  stamens. 

LiniuBtcs, 

HExiAN'DROUS,'  |  ""'""^ 
IIEX-AN"G(J-LAR,  a.    [Or.  if,  six,  and  angular.] 

Having  six  angles  or  corners. 
IIEX-A-PET'AL  OIJS,  a.    [Gr.  if,  six,  and  irtrtiXoi', 
a  leal",  a  petal.] 

Having  six  pet.ils  or  flower-leaves. 
IIEX-APH' YL-LOUS,  a.    [Gr.  if,  six,  and  i^i'XAoi',  a 
leaf.] 

Having  six  leaves. 
HEX'A-PEA,  71.    [<;r.  if  and  lirrAot.i.]    A  collection  of 
the  Holy  Scriptures  in  six  languages,  applied  partic- 
ularly to  the  collection  published  by  Origen,  in  the 
third  century.  Ennjc.  .4m. 

HEX'A-PI.AR,  a.   [Gr.  if,  six,  and  I'lirAnr..,  to  unfold.] 

Sextuple;  ctmtaining  six  columns  ;  (mm  hriapla. 
IIEX'A-rOI),  a.    [Gr.  tf,  six,  and  novf,  nc6oi,  L.pu, 
pedis,  the  foot.l 
Having  six  feet. 
HEX'A  POD,  71.    [Gr.  if  and  novf.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

550 


HID 


HIE 


HIG 


1.  An  insect  having  six  feet. 
Q.  A  fatliuin.    [JVut  in  itsc] 
IIEX'A-STlfH,  (-stik,)  n.    [Ur.  if,  six,  and  r<X''«.  » 
verse] 

A  poem  consisting  of  six  verses.  Johjuon,  JVeever. 
IIE.\'A-ST5LE,  n.    [Gr.  if,  six,  and  r^Aos,  a  col- 

UIMM.] 

A  liiiilding  witli  six  columns  in  front.  F.neyc. 
UEX-Oe-TA-llK'DKON,  n.    ^Gr.  t(,  six,  oierw, uiglit, 
and  if  pa,  face.] 

A  solid  contained  under  forty-eight  equal,  triangu- 
lar faces.  Dana, 
IIBV,  (ha;)  an  exclamation  of  joy  or  mutual  exhorta- 
tion, the  contrary  to  the  L.  Itei.  Prior. 
HEY'D.XY,  (ha'di,)  rxclam.    [«u.  AiVft-rfai/.]    An  ex- 
pression of  frolic  and  exultation,  and  sometimes  of 
wonder.  Sliak. 
IlEV'DAY,  n.    A  frolic  ;  wildness.  Skak. 
IIEV'l)E-GUV,  n.    [Perhaps  from  heyday  and  g-uise.] 
A  kind  of  dance;  a  country  dance  or  round.  [Oiii.J 

Speri^-er, 

III-X'TIOX,  n.    [L.  Aio,  to  gape.] 

The  act  of  gaping.    [JVut  used.] 
HI-.\''rUS,  n.    fl,.,  from  Aio,  to  open  or  gape,  Gr. 
Xa<j.] 

1.  An  opening;  an  aperture;  a  gap;  a  chasm. 

2.  In  srammar,  the  concurrence  of  two  vowels  in 
two  successive  syllables  or  words,  occasioning  a 
hardness  in  the  pronunciation.  Pupe. 

3.  \  defect ;  a  chasm  in  a  manuscript,  where  some 
part  is  lost  or  effaced.  Encye. 

III-BER'.N A-CLE,  71.  [L.  hihemacula,  winter-quar- 
ters.] 

1.  !n  iofanu,  the  winter-quarters  of  a  plant;  that 
is,  a  bnlb  or  a  bud,  in  which  the  cnibrj'o  of  a  future 
plant  is  inclosed  by  a  scaly  covering,  and  protected 
from  injuries  during  winter.        Barton.  .Martyn. 

'2.  1'he  winter-lodge  of  a  wild  animal. 
HT-IiEK'.XAL,  a.    [L.  hibernus.] 

lirloniiini;  or  relating  to  winter.  Brown. 
III'BEK-NaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  hiberno  ;  It.  vrrnnre.] 

To  winter ;  to  pass  the  season  of  winter  in  close 

quarters  or  in  seclusion,  :is  birds  or  beasts.  Darwin. 
IlI'liEIl-\.\-TI.NG,  ppr.oia.    Passing  the  winter  in 

close  quarters. 
IlMiEU-.N'A'TlOX,  n.   The  passing  of  winter  in  a 

close  lodge,  as  beasts  and  fowls  that  retire  in  cold 

weather.  Darwin. 
IIT-liER'i\I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Hibernia,  now  Ire- 
IIM!Ell'M-A.\,  II.    A  native  of  Ireland.  [land. 
HT  BEK'NI-CIS.M,      )  II.  .\n  idiom  or  mode  of  speech 
IIMIER'.NI-A.N-IS.M,  i     peculiar  to  the  Irish.  Todd. 
Ill-liEK'XO-CEL'Tie,  n.    The  native  language  of 

the  Irish  ;  the  Gaelic. 
Hie'ClUS  noe'TlUS.    [au.  L.  hie  est  doctus.]  A 

cant  word  for  a  juggler.  Iluilibras. 
Hie'eOUGIl,  (hik'up,)  n..  [Dan.  hik  or  hikkea:  Sw. 

AicA'a ;   D.  hik,  hikken ;  Fr.  hoquet ;  W.  i/r,  itrian ; 

Arm.  hie/f.    The  English  is  a  compound  of  hie  and 

cough  ;  and  hie  may  be  allied  to  hiteh,  to  catch.] 
Convulsive  catch  of  the  respiratory  nnisdes,  with 

sonorous  inspiration  ;  repeated  at  short  intervals. 

Oood. 

Hie'COUGlI,  (hik'up,)  v.  i.    To  have  convulsive 

catch  of  some  of  the  respiratory  muscles. 
n/C  JA'CET,  [L.]    Here  lies. 

HICK'O-UY,  II.  fcevenil  American  trees  of  the  genus 
Carya  are  so  called.  They  are  sometimes  called 
walnut,  but  not  very  correctly.  Its  nut  is  called 
hickory-nuL 

HICK'I'P  ;  a  spelling  sometimes  given  to  Hiccough. 
llIcK'W.^Yt'i"-  [a"-A"^W.] 
A  small  species  of  wood|)ecker. 
HID,         )  pp.  of  Hide.    Concealed;  placed  in  se- 
HID'DJC.V,  i  crecy. 

2.  a.  Secret ;  not  seen  or  known. 

3.  Mysterious  ;  dilhcult  to  be  known. 

HID' AGE,  n.  [from  hide,  a  quantily  of  land.]  An 
extraordinary  Lax  formerly  paid  to  the  kings  of  Eng- 
land for  every  hide  of  land. 

Hl-DJIL' ao,  n.  [Sp.j  In  Spain,  a  nobleman  of  the 
lowest  cl.ass.  Brande. 

HID'DKN-LY,  adv.    In  a  hidden  or  secret  manner. 

HIDE,  r.  preL  Hid;  pp.  Hid,  IIidde:*.  [Sax.  Ay- 
da  ii  ;  \V.  cuitaui ;  Arm.  cuia,  or  cuddyo,  or  kytfio  ; 
Corn,  kitha  ;  Russ.  kutayu  ;  Gr.  icti  tfu.  In  Sw., 
hydda,  Dan.  hytte,  is  a  Aiit;  and  the  Sw.  hyda,forhy- 
da,  Dan./orAuer,  to  sheathe  a  ship,  seem  to  be  the 
same  word.  Hood,  as  well  as  Auf,  may  belong  to  this 
root.    See  Class  Gd,  No.  2(),  31,  43,  55.) 

1.  To  conceal  ;  to  witliliold  or  withdmw  from 
sight ;  to  place  in  any  st.ate  or  position  in  which  the 
view  is  intercepted  from  the  object.  The  interven- 
tion of  the  moon  between  the  earth  and  the  sun 
Ai</«  the  latter  from  our  sight.  The  jieople  in  Tur- 
key *ii/e  their  grain  in  the  earth.  No  human  being 
can  hide  bin  crimes  or  his  neglect  of  duty  from  his 
Maker. 

2.  To  conceal  from  knowledge ;  to  keep  secret. 

Depart  to  the  mountAiiu  ;  hidi  jounelres  there  three  dayi.  — 
Ju«h.  ii. 

Tell  me  now  wlut  thou  hut  done— U<1«  it  not  froiD  me. — 
Jo«h.  vii. 


3.  In  Scripture,  not  to  confess  or  disclose ;  or  to  ex- 
cuse and  extenuate. 

I  ftcl<nowl<Nlifc  my  tin  to  iher,  anil  mjr  iiiiquitT  have  I  not  bid.  — 
!>..  xiul. 

4.  To  protect ;  to  keep  in  safety. 

]u  the  time  of  trouUo  be  ihKll  hide  tne  in  bis  pavilion.  —  Pf. 
xxvji. 

To  hide  the  face  from ;  to  overlook  ;  to  pardon. 

Httle  thy /ace  from  my  tint.  —  Pa.  li. 
To  hide  llic  face ;  to  withdraw  spiritual  presence, 
support,  and  consolation. 

Thou  (tiilflt  Airte  thy  /ace,  and  1  w.ia  troubled. —  Fi.  xxx. 
To  hide  one's  self  ;  to  put  one's  self  in  a  condition 
to  be  safe  ;  to  secure  protection. 

The  prudent  man  forcx-'etii  the  evil  and  hidelh  himtel/.  —  Frvv. 
xxii. 

HIDE,  K.  i.  To  lie  concealed  ;  to  keep  one's  self  out 
of  view  ;  to  be  withdrawn  from  sight. 

Bred  10  dla^uise,  in  puMic  'tis  you  hide.  Pope. 
Hidc-and  .teck ;  a  pl.ty  of  children,  in  which  some 
hide  themselves,  and  another  seeks  them.  Oullirer. 
HIDE,  II.  [According  to  Lye,  Sax.  Diet.,  under  tccaZ- 
styllintr,  this  word  signified  originally  a  station,  cov- 
ered place,  or  ])lace  of  refuge  for  besiegers  against 
the  attacks  of  the  besieged.  Ciii.] 

In  the  ancient  taws  of  Knsland,  a  certain  portion  of 
land,  the  quantity  of  which,  however,  is  not  well 
ascertained.  Some  authors  consider  it  as  the  quan- 
tity that  could  be  tilled  with  one  plow ;  titlicrs,  as 
much  as  would  maintain  a  family.  Some  suppose  it 
to  be  GO,  some  80,  and  others  100  acres. 

Spelman.  Kncye. 
HIDE,  n.    [Sax.  hyd,  hyde  ;  G.  haul ;  D.  huid ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  And;  L.  cutis;  Gr.  irus,  it uriioi' ;  either  a  peel, 
frtim  stripping,  separating,  or  a  cover.] 

1.  The  skin  of  an  animal,  either  raw  or  dressed  ; 
more  generally  applied  to  the  undressed  skins  of  the 
larger  domestic  animals,  as  oxen,  horses,  &.c. 

2.  The  human  skin,  in  contempt.  Dryden. 
HIDE'IiOUND,  a.    .An  animal  is  AidfftoMn//,  when  his 

skin  sticks  so  closely  to  his  ribs  and  back  .as  not  to 
be  easily  loosened  or  raised.  Far.  Diet. 

Trees  are  said  to  he  hidebound,  when  the  bark  is  so 
dose  or  firm  that  it  impedes  the  growth.  Bacoiu 

2.  Harsh  ;  iintractablc.    [JVut  used.]  liudtbras. 

3.  Nigpirdly  ;  penurious.  [JVut  used.]  .^insworlh. 
IIID'E-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  hideuz ;  Norm,  hidous,  from  Aide, 

fright,  dread.] 

1.  Frightful  to  the  sight ;  dreadful ;  shocking  to  the 
eye  ;  applied  to  deformity :  .as,  a  hideous  monster  ;  a 
hideous  spectacle  ;  hideous  looks.      Shak.  Dryden. 

2.  Shocking  to  the  ear;  exciting  terror  ;  as,  a  Aid- 
eoiLs  noise.  Woodward. 

3.  Detestable.  Spenser. 
IIID'E-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  frighten  ;  dread- 
fully ;  shockingly.  Shak. 

IIID'E-OUS-NESS,n.  Frightfulncss  to  the  eye ;  dread- 
fulness  ;  horrilileness. 

IIID'KR,  n.    [from  Aide]    One  who  hides  or  conceals. 

Hin'ING,  p;jr.  Concealing;  covering  or  withdrawing 
from  view  ;  keeping  close  or  secret. 

HID'ING,  n.    Concealment.    Hab.  iii. 

2.  Witlidrawment ;  a  withholding  ;  as,  the  hidings 
of  Gotl's  face.  .Milner. 

3.  A  beating,    [yulgar.]  Smart. 

iriD'I.NG-PLACE,  n.    A  place  of  concealment. 

HIE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  Ai^nn  higian,  to  hasten,  to  urge  for- 
ward, to  press,  to  entleavor;  also,  hiegan  and  higgan, 
to  be  urgent,  to  strive.] 

1.  To  hasten  ;  to  move  or  run  with  haste  ;  to  go  in 
haste  ;  a  word  chiefly  uscf  *n  poetry. 

Tlie  youth,  returning  to  hu  tnUuess,  hUe.  Dryden. 

9.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun  ;  as,  hie  thee  home. 
IITE,  n.    Haste ;  diligence.    [Obs.]       »  CAoucer. 
III'E-RARCH,  n.    [Gr.  ico'in\ni,  q.  d.  6  tuiv  fcpui'  ap- 
X'  '!',  a  ruler  in  sacred  things.] 
One  who  rules  or  has  authority  in  sacred  things. 

Suicer. 

HI'E-RXRGII-AL,  o.    Pertaining  to  a  hierarcli. 

Jtitton. 

IIT-F-R.1RCH'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  hierarchy. 
lU'E-R.^ReH-ie-AL  LY,  ade.    After  the  manner  of 
a  hierarchy. 

HI'E  RARCH-IS.M,  n.    Principles  of  a  hierarchy. 
HI'E-RXRCH-Y,  n.    [Gr.  i  paox:"'-! 

1.  Dominion  or  nulhorily  in  sacred  things.  Suieer. 

2.  The  persons  who  have  the  exclusive  direction 
of  things  sacred  ;  used  especially  of  a  body  of  clergy 
of  different  ranks  or  orders  ;  but  applicable  to  all  who 
claim  to  be  a  holy  order  of  men,  witli  an  exclusive 
right  to  minister  in  holy  things.  Murdock. 

3.  The  celestial  hierarchy,  in  the  uritinirs  of  pseudo- 
Dionysius,  embraced  Christ  as  its  head,  and  the  va- 
rious orders  of  angels  as  his  ministering  spirits. 

JMurdoek. 

HI-E-RAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  UpariKH,  sacerdotal,  from  ; 
icpof,  sacred  ]  ' 

1.  Consecrated  to  sacred  uses  ;  sacerdotal ;  pertain- 
ing to  priests.  Russell. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  a  mode  of  ancient  Egyptian 
writing,  chiefly  used  in  papyri,  considered  as  a'  rapid 


mode  of  writing  hieroglyphics,  and  being  the  sacer- 
dotal character,  as  the  demotic  was  that  of  the  people. 

P.  Cyc. 

III-E-ROC'RA-CY,  ji.    [Gr.  iroot  and  Kpari,,,.] 

Goverjimenl  by  ecclesiastics.  ./effrrson. 

IIT'E-RO-GIA  PII,      (  n.  [Gr.  irooj,  sacred,  and  >  Ati- 

III-E-IlO-GLYPH'ie,  i  to  carve.] 

1.  Literally,  a  sacred  character  ;  applied  to  a  sp<!- 
cies  of  writing  first  practiced  by  the  ancient  Egyptian 
priests,  often  called  picture-writing,  which  expressed 
a  series  of  ideas  by  representations  of  visible  objects. 
According  to  <?liam[H>llion,  the  Egyptian  hieri>gl>  ph- 
ics  consist  of  three  different  species  of  characters  : 
I.  The  hieroghjphir.  properly  so  called,  in  which  the 
object  is  represented  by  a  picture,  either  entire  or  in 
an  abridged  form.  2.  Symbolical,  in  which  an  idea 
is  expressed  by  some  visible  object  which  represents 
it  ;  as  adoratiim  by  a  censer  containing  incense.  3. 
Phonetic  characters,  in  which  the  sign  represents  not 
a  visible  object,  but  a  sound.  Brande. 

III-E-RO-GEYPiriC,        (a.    Emblematic ;  express- 

HI-E-RO-GLYPII'ie-AI,,  (  ive  of  some  me.aniiig  by 
characters,  pictures,  or  figures  ;  as,  hieroglyphic  wri- 
ting ;  a  hteruirliiphic  tibelisk. 

HI-E-RO-GI-YPH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  Emblematically; 
by  characters  or  pictures  expressive  of  facts  or  moral 
qualities.  The  .Mexicans  wrote  history  hiero^htphic- 
ally. 

HI-E-RO-GLVPII'IST,  n.  One  versed  in  hieroglyph- 
ics. Oliddun. 

HI'E-RO-GR.\XI,  n.  [Gr.  I'cpof,  sacred,  and  yuappa, 
letter.] 

A  species  of  sacred  writing. 
HI-E-RO-GRAM-.MAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  I'toos,  sacred,  and 
J  nappa,  letter.] 

Demiting  a  kind  of  writing  in  sacred  or  sacerdotal 
characters,  used  only  by  the  priests  in  Egypt. 

H'arburlojt. 

III-E-RO-GRAM'.MA-TIST,  n.  LUeralhj,  a  sacred 
writer;  an  Egyptian  priest  whose  duly  was  to  deci- 
pher hieroglyphics,  and  preside  over  the  religious  ser- 
vices. Brande. 

HT-E-RO-GRAPH'IC,       )  a.     Pertaining  to  sacred 

HT-E-RO-GRAPII'IC-AL,  (  writing. 

HI-E-ROG'RA-PIIY,  «.    [Gr.  iipof,  holy,  and  ypa^ia, 
to  write  ;  )  O'l  :>j),  a  writing.] 
Sacred  writing,    [/.ittle  used.] 

HT-E-RO-LOG'IC,       t  a.    Pertaining  to  hierology. 

HI  E-RO-LOG'ie-AL,  i  0/id./««. 

III-E-ROL'O-GIST,  71.    One  versed  in  hierology. 

HI-E-ROL'O-GY.  71.   [Gr.  iVpoj  and  hoy.s.] 

Literally,  a  discourse  on  sacred  things  ;  particularly, 
the  science  which  tre.its  of  the  ancient  writings  and 
inscriptions  of  the  Egyptians,  or  a  treatise  on  that 
science. 

HI'E-RO-.MAN-CY,  71.  [Gr.  Upas,  sacred,  and  pav- 
TCia,  divination.] 

Divination  by  observing  the  various  things  offered 
in  sacrifice.  £iici/c. 
HI-E-RO.M-Ne'.MON,  n.    [Gr.  Icpos,  sacred,  and  put- 
pf'f,  preserving  memory.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  the  most  honorable  of  the  two 
classes  of  representatives  which  composed  the  Am- 
pliictyonic  council.  The  word  sometimes  occurs, 
also,  as  apulied  to  priests  or  magistrates,  in  some  of 
the  Gri  '  ian  states.  Smith's  Diet. 

HI'E-RO-PHANT  or  HI  ER'O-PHANT,  n.  [Gr.  Uoo- 
•pai  rrif    upof,  sacred,  and  i^  iiiu,  to  show.] 

A  priest ;  one  who  teaches  the  mysteries  and  du- 
ies  of  religion.  //<i/c. 
III-E-RO-PIIANT'ie,  a.     Rel.ating  to  hicrophants  ; 
sacred. 

IIIG'GLE,  r.  i.  [In  Dan.  hykler  signifies  to  flatter, 
fawn,  disguise,  or  play  the  hypocrite  ;  Sw.  hyekla,  id. 
In  Welsh,  hiciaw  is  to  snap,  to  catch  suddenly,  to 
trick,  as  if  allied  to  AitcA.  This  word  may  be  from 
the  same  root  as  L.  cocio.    See  Huckstfr.] 

1.  To  carry  provisions  about  and  offer  them  for 
sale. 

2.  To  chaffer  ;  to  be  tedious  and  nice  in  making  a 
bargain. 

It  nrjur*      i^iorxnt  mind,  where  we  hare  wiongcd,  to  higgtt 
nnd  d(Ml?i>  in  Uie  amends.  Hate. 

HIG'GLF^DY-PIG'GLE-DY,  adr.  In  confusion;  a 
low  word. 

HIG'GLER,  n.  One  who  carries  about  provisions  for 
sale. 

2.  One  who  is  tedious  and  nice  in  bargaining. 
HIG'GI.l.NG,  n.    The  employuieni  of  a  higgler;  the 

act  of  being  tedious  and  nice  in  bargaining. 
HIGH,  (hi,)  a.    [.Sax.  AcaA,  Ai>,  AcA,  or  A/A  ;  G.  AocA  ,- 

D.  hooir;  Stv.  Aa»;  Dan.  hSj ;  San.  uchehah.    The  W. 

tic,  nert,  may  be  the  .same  word,  with  the  loss  of  the 

first  letter  ] 

1.  Extending  to  a  great  distance  above  the  surface 
of  the  earth  ;  elevated  ;  lofty  ;  of  great  altitude  ;  as, 
a  high  mountain  ;  a  Ai;^A  tower. 

2.  Rising,  or  having  risen,  or  being,  far  abox'e  the 
earth  ;  elevated  ;  lofty  ;  as,  a  Ai^A  flight ;  the  clouds 
are  AiyA  in  the  atmosphere. 

3.  Elevated  above  the  horizon  ;  as,  how  Ai^fA  is  the 
sun     It  is  an  hour  AiVA. 

4.  Raised  above  any  object. 

//if  A  o'er  their  heads  a  moldenn;  rock  b  placed.  Drydtn. 


TOJJE,  BULL,  qNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HIG 


IIIG 


HIG 


5.  Exalted  in  nature  or  dignity. 

Tl.e  highest  faculty  of  the  soul.  Baxter. 

G.  Elevated  in  rank,  condition,  or  office.  We  speak 
of  Itigk  and  low  ;  of  a  higk  office  ;  Itigli  rank  ;  high. 
station  ;  a  hijrh  court. 

7.  Possessing  or  governed  hy  honor.ible  pride  ;  no- 
ble ;  exalted  ;  magnanimous  ;  dignified  ;  as,  a  man 

8.  Exalted  in  excellence  or  extent,   [of  Aio-A  mind. 

Solomon  livpil  at  ease,  nor  aimed  beyond 

Higher  design  than  to  enjoy  his  slate.  Milton. 

9.  Difficult ;  abstruse. 

They  meet  to  he.^r,  .and  answer  such  high  things.  Shdk, 

10.  Boastful ;  ostentatious. 

His  furc»-s,  after  all  the  high  iliscourses,  amounted  really  but  to 
eighteen  hundivd  fool.  Clarendon. 

11.  Arrogant;  proud;  lofty;  loud. 

The  governor  made  himself  merry  wilh  hi^  high  and  threatening 
l.uiju.ige.  darendnn. 

12.  Loud  ;  boisterous ;  threatening  or  angry.  The 
parties  had  very  AiVA  words. 

V.}.  Violent ;  severe  ;  oppressive. 

When  there  appeareth  oo  either  side  a  high  hand,  violent  perse- 
cution, &c.  Bacon. 

14.  Public  ;  powerful ;  triumphant ;  glorious  ;  or 
under  divine  protection. 

The  children  of  Israel  w§^t  out  of  Egypt  with  a  high  hand. — 
Ex.  xiv. 

15.  Noble ;  illustrious ;  honorable ;  as,  a  man  of 
high  birth. 

16.  Expressive  of  pride  and  haughtiness ;  as,  high 

17.  Powerful ;  mighty.  [looks.    Is.  x. 

Strong  is  thy  hand,  high  is  thy  right  hand.  — Ps.  Uxxix. 

18.  Possessed  of  supreme  power,  dominion,  or  ex- 
cellence. 

Thou,  Lord,  art  high  above  all  the  earth.  —  Ps.  xcvii. 

19.  Gre^t ;  important ;  solemn ;  held  in  venera- 
tion. 

For  that  Sabbath  day  was  a  high  day.  — John  xix. 

20.  Violent ;  rushing  with  velocity ;  tempestuous  ; 
as,  a  high  wind. 

21.  Tumultuous  ;  turbulent ;  inflamed  ,  violent ; 
as,  high  passittns. 

22.  Full ;  complete.    It  is  high  time  to  retire. 

It  is  high  time  to  awake  from  sleep.  —  Rom.  xiii. 

23.  Raised;  accompanied  by,  or  proceeding  from, 
great  excitement  of  the  feeling3 ;  as,  high  pleasure  of 
body  or  mind. 

24.  Rich  ;  luxurious ;  well-seasoned  ;  as,  high  fare  ; 
high  living  ;  high  sauces.  JlilLon.  Bacon. 

25.  Strong  ;  vivid  ;  deep  ;  as,  a  high  color. 

2G,  Dear;  of  a  great  price,  or  greater  price  than 
usual ;  as,  to  purchase  at  a  high  rate ;  goods  are 
high. 

27.  Remote  from  the  equator  north  or  south ;  as,  a 
high  latitude. 

28.  Remote  in  past  time ;  early  in  former  time ;  as, 
high  antiquity. 

29.  Extreme  ;  intense  ;  as,  a  high  heat. 

30.  Loud  ;  as,  a  high  sound.    But  more  generally, 

31.  In  music,  acute  ;  sharp  ;  as,  a  high  note ;  a  high 
voice  ;  opposed  to  tote  or  grave. 

32.  Much  raised  ;  as,  high  relief,  [alto  relievo.] 

33.  Far  advanced  in  art  or  science ;  as,  high  at- 
tainments. 

34.  Great;  capital;  committed  against  the  king, 
sovereign,  or  .state  ;  as,  high  treason,  distinguisheil 
from  petty  treason,  which  is  connnitted  against  a 
master  or  other  superior. 

35.  Great ;  exalted  ;  as,  a  high  opinion  of  one's 
integrity. 

High  and  dry ;  applied  to  the  situation  of  a  vessel 
when  aground  above  water  mark.  'J'utlcn. 

High  church  and  low  church  ;  in  Great  Britain,  a 
distinction  inlrijduccd  aftt^r  the  revolution.  The  high 
clmrcli  were  supf><>sed  to  favor  the  papists,  or  at  li-ast 
to  support  the  high  claims  to  prerogative  which  were 
maintained  hy  the  Stuarts,  Tlie  low  church  enter- 
tained more  moderate  notions,  manifested  great  en- 
mity to  popery,  and  were  inclined  to  circumscribe 
the  royal  prerogatives.  This  distinction  is  now  less 
marked,  but  not  wholly  obliterated. 

High  day,  high  noon;  the  time  when  the  sun  is  in 
the  meridian. 

High  Dutch,  is  the  German  language,  as  distin- 
guished from  Low  Dutch  or  Helgic,  or  the  cultivated 
German,  as  opposed  to  the  vulgar  dialcct.s. 
HIGH,  n</i;.    Aloll  J  to  a  great  altitude;  as,  towering 

2.  Kmmcntly  ;  greatly.  [high. 

Heavrn  and  earth 
Shall  high  extol  thy  prai*rji.  hfilton. 

3.  With  deep  thought ;  profoundly. 

He  rcMoned  high.  Milton. 

4.  Powerfully.  Milton. 
ilTGII,  n.    An  clevnicd  place  ;  auperior  region  ;  lus,  on 

high  ;  from  on  Aij^A. 

On  AiVA  ;  aloud.    [OA.».l  Spenur. 
2.  Aloft. 

HIGH'-AI.M-/;D,  a.    Having  grand  or  lofty  designs. 

Crashavj. 


1IIGH'-ARCH-£D,  (-drcht,)  a.  Having  elevated 
arches.  Jlay. 

HlGir-AS-PIR'LN'G,  a.  Having  elevated  views; 
aiming  at  elev.ited  objects.  Bp.  Hull. 

HTGH'-BLEST,  a.    Supremely  happy.  jnilun. 

HIGH'-BLoVVN,  a.  Swelled  much  with  wind  ;  in- 
flated, as  with  pride  or  conceit.  Shak. 

HIGH'-BOUN,  a.   Being  of  noble  birth  or  extraction. 

Ruice. 

HiGH'-BRED,  o.    Bred  in  high  life.  Byron. 

HIGII'-BRO\V-£D,  a.    Having  high  brows.  Moore. 

HIGH'-BUILT,  (hl'bilt,)  a.  Of  lofty  .structure.  Mtlton. 
2.  Covered  with  lofty  buildings. 

The  high'buitt  elephant  Ills  castle  re.irs.  Creech. 

HIGH'-CHURCH,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  those  in 
the  episcopal  church,  who  attach  the  highest  impor- 
tance to  episcopacy,  so  as  to  question  fir  deny  the 
validity  of  rites  and  ordinances,  performed  by  those 
who  have  not  been  episcopally  orilained. 

HIGH'-UHURCH'ISiM,  )i.  The  principles  of  the  high- 
church  party. 

HIGH'-CHURCH'MAN,  n.    One  who  holds  high 

church  principles. 
HIGir-eLIMB-ING,(hi'klIra-ing,)  a.    Climbing  to  a 

great  hight. 

2.  Difficult  to  be  ascended  Milton. 
HiGH'-eOL-OR  .ED,(hi'kul-lurd,)3.  Having  a  strong, 
deep,  or  glaring  color.  Ftoyer. 

2.  Viviil ;  strong  or  forcible  in  representation  ;  as, 
a  higlt-colored  description. 
HIGH'-eON'STA-BLE,  n.    A  police  officer  in  some 

cities.  Bouvier. 
HIGH'-eURL-ING,  a.    Rising  high  in  curls. 

M.  Bruce. 

HiGH'-DaV,  0.  Fine  ;  befitting  a  holiday.  Shak. 
HlGH'-DE-SlGN'L\G,  a.    Forming  great  schemes. 

Drydeil. 

HIGH'-E.M-BoW'£D,  a.    Having  lofty  arches. 

Milton. 

HTGH'-EN-GEN'DER-£D,  a.  Engendered  aloft,  or 
in  the  air.  Shak. 

HiGH'-FED,  a.    Pampered  ;  fed  luxuriously.  Milton. 

HrGH'-FL\'lSH-£D,  (-fin'islit,)  a.  Finished  com- 
pletely. 

HIGH'-FLa.M-ING,  a.     Tiirowing  flame  to  a  great 

hiL'ht.  Pope. 
mGH'-FLA-VOR-£D,  a.    Having  a  high  flavor. 
HiGH'-FLI-ER,  II.     One  that  carries  his  opinions  to 

extravagance.  Sicift. 
HIGH'-FLoVVN,  a.    Elevated;  swelled;  proud  ;  as 

high-flown  hopes.  Denkam. 
2.  'i'urgid  ;  swelled  ;  extravagant;  as,  a  high-flown 

hyperbole.  L'K.-itrangc. 
HiGH'-FLUSH-SD,  (hi'flusht,)  a.    Much  elateil. 

Young. 

HIGH'-FL'V-ING,  a.  Extr.avagant  in  claims  or  opin- 
ions ;  as,  AiVA-^i/innf,  arbitral^  kings.  Dniden. 

HlGH'-GAZ-ING,  a.    Looking  upward.  More. 

HIGIi'-Go-J.N'G,  a.    Moving  rapidly.  Massinger. 

HiGH'-GRoWN,  a.  Having  the  crop  considerably 
grown. 

HiGH'-HAND-Ei),  a.  Overbearing;  oppressive ;  vio- 
lent. 

HlGH'-nii:AP-£D,  (hi'heept,)  a.  Covered  with  high 
piles  ;  as,  a  high-heaped  table.  Pope. 
2.  Raised  in  liigh  piles.  Pope. 
HTGIl'-HEART-ED,  a.  Full  of  courage.  Beaum. 
HIGH'-HEEL-£D,  a.  Having  high  heels.  Swift. 
HTGH'-lIU.\G,a.  Hung  aloft ;  elevated.  Dryden. 
HrGH'-LIV-£D,  a.    Pertaining  to  high  life. 

Ooldsmith. 

HlGH'-MSSS,  71.  Among  Roman  Catholics,  that  mass 
which  is  read  before  the  high  altar  on  Sundays, 
feast-days,  and  great  occasions.  Kncyc.  .^m. 

HIG11'-.M'ET-TL£U,  a.  Having  high  spirit ;  ardent ; 
full  of  fire;  as,  a  high-mcttled  steed. 

IIIGIl'-MlND-EO,  a.    Proud  ;  arrogant. 

Be  not  high-miniled,  but  fear.  —  Rom.  xi. 
2.  Having  honorable  pride;  magnanimous;  op- 
posed to  mean. 

HIGII'-MIi\I)-ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  high- 
iiiiiideil. 

HIGH'-PLaCE,  71.  In  Scripture,  an  eminence  or 
mound  on  which  sacrifices  were  offered.  Before 
the  temple  was  built  in  Jerusalem,  sacrifices  were 
offered  to  Jehovah  by  his  worshipers,  on  high 
place.-) ;  but  afterward  such  mounds  were  devoted 
to  idolatrous  sacrifices. 

HIG11'-PLAC-£D,  (-plast,)  o.  Elevated  in  situation 
tir  rank.  Shak. 

Hl(;ir-PRESS'1TRE,  a.    See  Steam-Enoini!. 

lliCll'-l'lili-.ST,  H.    A  chief  priest.  Scripture. 

llI(;ir-l'Hir;.ST'Sl|[P,  «.    office  of  a  high-priest. 

HIGII'-PRI.\'-C1-PL£I),  a.  Extravagant  in  notitms 
of  ptilitirs.  Swift. 

IIKJH'-PROOF,  a.  Highly  rectified;  very  strongly 
alrcili(]|ic  ;  as,  high-proof  spirits. 

IIIG11'-RXIS-£I),  a.  Elevated;  raised  aloft.  Dryden. 
2.  Raised  with  great  expectations  or  conceptions. 

Milton. 

HTGir-RrACII-L\G,  «.    Reaching  to  a  great  hight. 

2.  Rtrarhing  upward.  Milton. 

3.  Ambitious  ;  aspiring.  Shalt. 


HIGH'-REAR-£D,  a.  Raised  high;  of  lofty  struc- 
ture. Shak. 

HiGH'-RED,  a.  Having  a  strong  red  color;  deeply 
red.  Boyle. 

HIGH'-RE-PENT'ED,  a.   Deeply  repented.  [///.] 

Sluik. 

HIGH'-RE-SOLV'£D,  a.    Very  resolute. 

Tit.  .indron. 

HTGH'-Ro.^D,  71.  A  highway  ;  a  much  frequented 
road. 

HlGH'-RoPES,  71.  pi.  A  person  is  said  to  be  on  his 
Ain^A  ropes  when  he  is  greatly  elevated  or  excited,  es- 
pecially by  passion.  Orose. 

IIIGH'-RObF-£D,  (hi'rooft,)  a.  Having  a  lofty  or 
sharp  roof.  Milton. 

HlGH'-Sr:A'SOX-£D,  a.  Enriched  with  spices  or 
other  se.asoning. 

HIGH'-Sf.AT-ED,  a.  Fi.xed  on  high;  seated  in  an 
elevated  place.  Milton. 

HIGH'-SIGHT-ED,  a.    Always  looking  upward. 

Shak. 

HlGH'-SoUL-£D,  a.    I'aving  a  high  spirit.  Everett. 

HIGH'-SOUND-IXG,  a.  Pompous;  noisy;  ostenta- 
tious ;  as,  hii'h^soundini-  words  or  titles. 

HIGH'-SPIK'IT-ED,  a.  Full  of  spirit  or  natural  fire  ; 
easily  irritated;  irascible. 

2.  Full  of  spirit  ;  bold  ;  daring. 

HlGH'-STO.M'AeH-£D,  (  stum'akd,)  a.  Having  a 
lofty  spirit ;  proud  ;  obstinate.  Shak. 

HlGH'-SVVELL-£D,  a.    Swelleit  to  a  gre.at  hight. 

HlGH'-SWELL-IXG,  a.  Swelling  greatly;  inflated; 
boastful. 

HTGH'-SVVoLX,  a.    Greatly  swelled.  Shak. 
HIGH'-Ta-PER,  )i.    a  plant  of  the  genus  Verbascum. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
HIGH'-TaST-ED,  a.  Having  a  strong  relish  ;  piquant. 

Denham. 

HlGH'-TTME,  n.    Quite  time  ;  full  time  for  the  occa- 
sion, or  the  time  when  any  thing  is  to  be  done. 
HlGH'-ToN-£D,  a.    Higli  in  sound. 
HIGH'-T0W-ER-£D,  a.  Having  lofty  towers.  Milton. 
HIGH'-VIU-£U,  (  vlst,)  a.    Enormously  wicked. 

SAai. 

HIGH'-WA'TER,  n.  The  utmost  flow  or  greatest  ele- 
vation of  the  tide  ;  also,  the  time  of  such  elevation.  ' 

HIGH'-VVA'TER-.MARK,  K.  The  line  made  on  the 
shore  by  the  tide  at  its  utmost  hight.       Mar.  Diet. 

HIGH'-WROUGHT,  (rawt,)  a.  Wrought  with  ex- 
quisite art  or  skill  ;  accurately  finished.  Pope. 

9.  Inflamed  to  a  high  degree ;  as,  high-wrought 
passion. 

HTGH'ER,  a.  comp.    More  high. 
HIGU'Es  r,  a.  super!.    Most  high. 
HIGH'G.aTE  RES'IN.    See  Fossil  Copal. 
HIGH'L.\ND,  71.    Elevated  land;  a  mount.iinous  re- 
gion. 

Highlands  of  Scotland  ;  mountainous  regions  inhab- 
ited by  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  Celts,  who 
retain  their  primitive  language. 

Higlilands  on  the  Hudson,  sixty  miles  from  New 
York.  These  aflbrd  most  subiime  and  romantic 
scenery,  and  here  is  West  Point,  a  fortified  post 
during  the  revolution,  and  now  the  seal  of  one  of 
the  best  military  schools  of  the  age. 

HIGH'LAND-ER,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  moun- 
tains ;  as,  the  Highlanders  of  Scotla'W?. 

HIGH'L.\ND-Isn,  a.  Denoting  higl  or  mountainous 
land.  Drummond, 

HIGH'LY,  (hi'ly,)  adv.   With  elevation  in  place. 

2.  In  a  great  degree.  We  are  AiWi/i/ favored.  Ex- 
ercise is  highly  requisite  to  health. 

3.  Proudly  ;  arrogantly  ;  ambitiously.  Shak. 

4.  With  elevation  of  mind  or  opinitm  ;  with  great 
estimation ;  as,  to  think  highly  of  one's  perform- 
ances. 

HtGH'MoST,  a.    Highest.    [JVot  ilwI]  Shale. 
HIGH'NESS,  (hl'ncss,)  n.    Elevation  above  the  sur- 
face ;  loftiness  ;  altitude  ;  hight. 

2.  Dignity  ;  elevation  in  rank,  character,  or  power. 

3.  Excellence  ;  value.  Howell. 

4.  Violence  ;  as,  the  highness  of  wind. 

5.  Great  amount ;  as,  the  highness  of  price. 

G.  Acuteness  ;  as,  the  highness  of  a  note  or  voice. 

7.  Intenscness,  as  of  heat. 

8.  A  title  of  honor  given  to  princes  or  other  men 
of  rank. 

HIG H.T,  (bite,)  71.  [Sec  Height.]  Elevation  ;  alti- 
tude ;  hiltiness. 

[It  is  very  desirable  that  Ibis  noun  should  be  thus 
regularly  formed  from  the  adjective  high,  as  was  for- 
merly dime  by  distinguished  writers. 

Hiirht,  named,  called,  promised,  commanded,  &e., 
(sometimes  written  Hote,)  is  a  rorruption  from  Sax. 
Aatan.  It  is  obsolete.  [See  Hkat.]   Chaucer.  Spenser. 

HIGIIT'£N-ER,  ti.    One  that  bmhtcns. 

IIIGII'VVAV,  n.  A  |>ulilir  road  ;  a  way  open  to  nil 
passengers  ;  so  calletl,  either  lierause  it  is  a  great  or 
public  rtiad,  or  because  llie  eailli  was  r.aised  to  form 
a  dry  path.  Highways  open  a  conimtinication  from 
one  city  or  town  to  anollier. 
2.  Course  ;  road  ;  train  of  action.  CAiW. 

IITGII'WAV-MA.V,  II.  One  who  robs  on  the  public 
road,  or  lurks  in  the  highway  for  the  purpoto  of 
robbing. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PHBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


IIIN 

IlIL'A-RATfi  is  not  ill  U3C.    See  Khmilarate. 

HI-LA'RI-Ol'S,  a.    Mittlifiil;  merry. 

IlI-LAIl'I-TV,  n.  [h.  hiliirilnx;  Gr.  iAnpov,  joyful, 
merry.  If  r  is  radical,  this  ciinnut  be  from  Iajci,  to 
be  propilioiis.] 

A  pleasuralilo  excitement  of  tlie  animni  .spirits  ; 
mirth  ;  merriment ;  gayety.  Jlitaritij  dilfers  from 
joy:  tile  latter,  cxcitnl  liy  giioil  news  or  prosperity, 
is  an  nftVftion  of  the  m'iiiil ;  the  former,  liy  social 
pleasure,  drinking,  Si-c,  which  rouse  the  animal 
.spirits. 

IIII/.\-llY-TERM,  n.    The  term  of  courts,  &c., 

which  begins  about  ihc  time  of  the  festival  of  SI. 

Hilary,  or  near  the  miclille  uf  Jaiiiiarv.  Enalaiid. 
HILl),  [G.  and  D.  held,  Dan.  lulilt.  a  hero,)  is  retained 

in  names ;  as,  Ilildcbcrt,  a  bright  hero  ;  JiliUliUil,  J\Ia- 

tiUla.  a  heroic  lailv. 
IIILII'ING,  71.    [(in.  Pa\.  hijlilau^  to  decline,  or  hylde- 

leii.1,  destitute  of  atfection.] 
A  mean,  sorrj-,  paltry  man  or  woman.  [Ob..-.] 
IITLE.    See  Hilum.  [Shak. 
IllLL,  n.    [Sax.  Iiilt  or  Ay/;  L.  cotlis;  perhaps  Gr. 

«iiAf).    It  cannot  be  the  G.  hu^il,  1).  Ucucel,  unless 

contracted.] 

1.  A  natural  elevation  of  land,  or  a  mass  of  earth 
rising  above  the  coniiiion  level  of  the  surrounding 
land  ;  an  eminence.  A  hill  is  less  than  a  inoniitain, 
but  of  no  definite  magnitude,  and  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  a  mountain.  Jerusalem  is  seated  oil  two 
hills.    Rome  stood  on  sevi'n  hills. 

•2.  A  cluster  of  plants,  and  the  earth  raised  about 
them  ;  as,  a  hill  of  maize  or  potatiie-i.  United  Slates. 
HIMj,  v.  I.  To  raise  eailh  almnt  plants,  to  raise  a 
little  mass  of  e.artli.  farmers  in  .New  England  UU 
their  maize  in  July.  Hdliiij;  is  generally  tho  third 
hoeing. 

2.  To  cover.    [06.«.]    [Sax.  Ae7an  ;  L.  c«/o.] 
HITJj'AT),  jtp.  or  a.    Raised  into  hills  ;  having  hills. 
HlLL'I-NES.'i,  ,1.  The  state  of  being  hdly.  Rich.DicL 
HIMi'l.NG,  ppr.    Raising  into  hills. 

HILL'ING,  n.    A  covering.  [Ob^.] 

9.  Tho  act  of  raising  the  earth  around  plants. 
HII.L'OCK,  M.    A  small  hill.  Mdtun.  Dnidcn. 

HILL'-SIDE,  n.    The  side  or  declivity  of  a  hill. 
IIIIX'-TOl",  n.    The  top  of  a  hill.  [J.  Barlow. 

HILL'V,  0.  Abounding  with  hills ;  as,  a  kilhj 
country. 

HILT,  u.    [Sax.  hilt,  the  hold,  from  hraldnn,  to  hold.] 

Tlie  handle  of  any  thing  ;  but  chieliy  applied  to 
.  the  handle  of  a  sword. 
HILT'EU,  a.    Having  a  hilt. 
HI'LU.M,  II.    [L. :  W.  lul,  a  particle,  issue.] 

The  eye  ot  a  bean  or  other  seed  ;  the  mark  or  scar 
of  the  umbilical  cord,  by  which  the  seed  adheres  to 
the  placenta.  Jilartijn. 
HI.M,  pron.    The  objective  case  of  he,  L,  cum,  an- 
ciently tm  or  im. 

IFim  that  is  wc.-ik  in  tl»c  faitii  n^iTe.  —  Uoin.  xW. 
Ifim  and  his  were  formerly  used  for  nouns  of  tho 
neuter  gender,  but  the  practice  is  obsolete. 
HIM-SELF',  pron.    [him  and  self.]    In  the  nomina- 
tive or  objective  case. 

1.  He;  but  himself  is  more  eniphatical,  or  more 
expressive  of  distinct  personality  than  Ac. 

With  Biiamc  rememljcrs,  while  himsel/wns  ono 

Of  Uie  vimc  licrd,  himtelf  the  ■.inie  IiaJ  done.  DcTOtam, 

2.  When  himself  ia  adde<l  to  A«,  or  to  a  noun,  it 
expresses  discrimination  of  person  with  particular 
emphasis. 

Slit  Ae  himuif  reluniiMl  from  lite  tiiuArrii's.  —  Jud-^  ili. 
But  God  Ainwe^iruith  lU  for  our  capuin,  — 'i  Citron,  xiti. 

3.  When  used  as  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  it  is  not 
usually  emphatical. 

D.ivi.l  ItUI  him*tlf'm  the  fieM.  —  I  &\m.  xx. 

4.  It  was  formerly  used  as  a  substitute  for  neuter 
nouns ;  as,  high  as  heaven  himself.  [TVtts  use  is  now 
improper.] 

5.  It  is  sometimes  separated  from  he  :  as  he  could 
not  go  himself,  for  he  himself  could  not  go. 

6.  Himself  is  used  to  express  the  proper  character 
or  natural  temper  and  disposition  of  a  person,  after 
or  in  opposition  to  wandering  of  mind,  irregularity, 
or  devious  conduct,  from  derangement,  passion,  or 
extraneous  influence.  We  say,  a  man  has  come  to 
himself,  after  delirious  or  extravagant  behavior.  Let 
the  man  alone  ;  let  him  act  him.iclf. 

By  himself;  alone  ;  unaccompanied  ;  sequestered, 
lie  sits  or  studies  by  himself. 

Attdb  went  one  wiiy  by  himself,  and  Ofiadi.tlt  went  another  wny 
fcy  lamtilf.  —  i  King*  xvui. 

HIX,  B.    [Heb.  p.] 

A  Hebrew  measure  of  liquids,  said  by  Joseplius  to 
be  double  the  Greek  \ous,  and  therefore  about  six 
quarts  English  measure.  Oesenius. 
HIND,  n.    [Sax.  hinde ;  G.  and  D.  hinJe :  Sw.  and 
Dan.  Mnd;  allied  perhaps  to  Auii.  Aeii.    See  Hen.] 
The  female  of  the  red  deer  or  stag. 
HI.Nl),  It.    [Sax.  hine :  Scot.  Ai/iic] 

1.  .\  domestic;  a  servant. '  [Oft--.]  Shak. 
'2.  A  peasant  ;  a  rustic  ;  a  countryman  ;  a  swain  ; 
a  boor ;  or  a  husbandman's  servant.  IKiigliih.] 

Encyc. 


IIIN 

HLVl),  rt.  [Sax.  hyndan,  hiitdaa  ;  G.  hinfan  ;  D.  hinder. 
Uerir.  comp.  Hi>o£ii,  suprrl.  Hindmost.] 

Backward;  iiertaiiiing  to  the  part  which  follows  ; 
in  tippiisitiou  to  the  fore  part ;  as,  the  hind  legs  of  a 
(piailriipcd  ;  the  hind  toes  ;  the  Ai/ii/ shoes  of  a  horse; 
the  hind  part  of  an  animal. 

HiND'liER-RY,  ii.  The  wild  fruit  of  a  species  of 
Rubiis,  allied  to  the  raspberry.  Booth. 

HI.ND'ER,  ff. ;  co rap.  of  Hind.  Th.it  is  in  a  position 
contrary  to  that  of  the  head  or  fore  part ;  designating 
the  part  which  follows;  as,  tho  hinder  part  of  a 
wagon  ;  the  hinder  part  of  a  ship,  or  the  stern.  Jlcls 
xxvil. 

HliN'DER,  V.  t.  [Sax,  hrnan,  hynan,  hindrian;  G. 
hindern  ;  V.  hiixderen  ;  Sw.  hindra  ;  Dan.  hindrrr  ; 
from  hind,  hyn.  'i'he  S;txon  verbs  henan,  hynan,  sig- 
nify to  oppress,  as  well  as  to  hinder,  and  hcan  is  low, 
humble,  poor.  tin.  I.,  cunclor,  or  Gr.  oKvao  for  o»£- 
vcio.    See  Cla.ss  Gii,  No.  4,  14,  41.] 

1.  To  stop  ;  to  interrupt  ;  to  obstruct  ;  to  impede 
or  prevent  t^roni  moving  forward  by  any  nujaus.  It 
is  applicable  to  any  subject,  physical,  mural,  or  intel- 
lectual. 

Tliciii  th.a  were  entering  in,  yc  hindtrt'I.  —  Luke  xi. 

2.  To  retard  ;  to  check  in  progression  or  motion  ; 
to  obstruct  for  a  lime,  or  to  render  slow  in  motion. 
Cold  weather  hinder.i  the  growth  of  plants,  or  hinders 
them  from  coming  to  maturity  in  due  sea-son.  Let 
no  obstacle  hinder  tlaily  improvement. 

3.  To  prevent,  in  a  i;cneral  sense  ;  as,  what  hinders 
our  having  that  right.' 

W'liitl  hinderM  yuun^er  brolltcrs,  Ijcing  Ctllicra  of  fatltiliei,  fVom 
haviuj^  tlie  ^tnie  right  i  Locke. 

HIN'DER,  V.  L  To  interpose  obstacles  or  impedi- 
ments. 

This  objection  hindert  not  but  tJiat  (lie  heroic  action  of  some  coni- 
nmiider  may  be  written.  Diyden. 
HIN'DER-ANCE,  )  n.     The  act  of  impeding  or  ro- 
HIN'DRA.VCE,     j     straining  motion. 

3.  Impediment ;  that  wliich  stops  progression  or 
advance ;  obstruction. 

lie  must  remove  all  tlicse  hinderancee  out  of  the  way. 

Aticylury. 

IIIN'DER-£D,  pp.  Stopped ;  impeded  ;  obstructed  ; 
retartled. 

III,\'I)ER-ER,  n.  One  who  stops  or  retards;  th.at 
which  hinders. 

IIIN'DEU-LNG,  p;)r.  Stopping;  impeding;  obstruct- 
ing ;  retarding. 

IIIND'ER-LING,  n.  A  paltry,  worthless,  degenerate 
animal. 

HIND'ER-MriST,  a.   That  which  is  behind  all  others ; 

the  last.   JJIlut  we  now  u.se  Hinumost.I 
HI.ND'.MoST,  a.   The  last;  that  is  in  the  rear  of  all 

otliers. 

He  met  thee  in  the  way,  and  stnoto  Utc  hindmolt  of  tlice.  — 
Dout.  XXV. 

HIX'DOO,  j  n.  An  aboriginal  of  Ilindoostan,  or  Ilin- 
HIN'DU,    (    doslan.  The  language  of  the  Hindoos  is 

called  Ifindoo.ttance. 
HIN'DOO-IS.M,  j  n.    The  doctrines  and  rites  of  the 
IIIN'DU-IS.M,    )     Hindoos  ;  the  system  of  religious 

principles  among  the  Hindoos. 
HIN-DOO-STAN'EE,  a.  or  n.    A  term  applied  to  the 

Hindoos  or  their  Language. 
IIIXGE,  (hinj,)  n.  [This  word  appe.irstobe  connected 

with  ham;,  and  with  ain'/c,  the  verb  ;  G.  ans^el, 

a  hook,  or  hinge ;  D.  hcngzcl,  a  hinge,  a  handle.] 

1.  The  hook  or  joint  on  which  a  iloor,  gate,  &c., 
turns. 

The  (rate  self-opencd  wide, 
On  golden  hinget  turning.  Milton, 

2.  That  on  which  any  thing  depends  or  turns ;  a 
governing  principle,  rule,  or  point.  This  argument 
was  the  Ainj-e  on  which  the  question  turned. 

3.  A  cardinal  point,  as  cast,  west,  north,  or  south. 
[Little  used.]  Creech. 

To  be  off  the  hinges,  is  to  be  in  a  state  of  disorder 
or  irregularity.  TiUotson. 
III.VGE,  r.  t.    To  furnish  with  hinges. 

2.  To  bend  like  a  hinge.    [Lillie  used.]  Shak. 
HINGE,  V.  «.    To  stand,  depend,  or  turn,  as  on  a 

hinge.    The  question  hinses  on  this  single  point. 
HI.VG'KD,  (hinjd,)  pp.    Pl.aced  on  a  hinge. 
HI.N'G'ING.  (Iiinj'ing,)  ppr.    Depending  ;  turning. 
HI.\'NI-.\TE,  j  ».  i.    [L.  Ainiiio.]    To  neich. 
HIN'NY,         i  B.  Jon.wn. 

HIN'NV,  It.   The  produce  of  a  st.allion  and  a  she-ass. 

Booth. 

HINT,  V.  t.  [It.  eenno,  a  nod,  or  hint;  occraiiarc,  to 
nod,  or  becktin.] 

To  bring  to  mind  by  a  slight  mention  or  remote 
allusion  ;  to  allude  to  ;  to  suggest  by  a  slight  intima- 
tion. 

Just  hint  a  ^ult,  and  henlale  dislijie.  Pope. 

HINT,  r.  i.  To  Aint  at,  is  to  allude  to ;  :o  mention 
slishtly. 

III.N'T,  n.    A  dist,ant  allusion  ;  slight  mention  ;  intima- 
tion ;  insinuation  ;  a  word  or  two  intended  to  give 
notice,  or  reininil  one  of  something,  without  a  full 
declaration  or  explanation. 
2.  Suggestion. 


mil  . 

3.  tlccasion  ;  as,  our  hint  of  woe  is  common  ;  it 
was  my  Aint  to  s|H'ak.  \Obs.]  [.May  not  this  word 
be  from  Ach(,  (heiitan,)  to  seize,  or  lay  hold  of,  and 
thus  denote  that  which  is  to  be  laid  hold  uf,  as  an  oc- 
casion, all  intimation,  &c.  ?  EiL] 

Hl.\T'ED,pp.    Alluded  to  ;  mentioned  slightly. 

HINT'lNtJ,  ppr.    Alluding  to;  mentioning  slightly. 

HINT'ING-LY,  ado.  In  u  hinting  manner;  suggest- 
ingly. 

HIl",  ?i.  [Sax.  hipe,  hype,  hypp  ;  G.  hiifte  ;  D.  hrup; 
Sw.liiift!  Dan.  hofle.  It  coincides  with  Aca;),  Sax. 
hy!)e,  and  probably  signifies  a  mass,  or  lunip.l 

The  iirojecting  part  of  an  animal  forniej  by  the 
hriuiu'h  bone  ;  the  haunch,  or  the  flesh  that  covtrrs 
the  bone  and  the  adjacent  parts  ;  the  joint  of  the 
thigh. 

V'o  Aiii'C  on  the  hip ;  to  have  the  advantage  over 
one  ;  a  law  phrase,  borrowed  probably  from  wrest- 
lers. 

To  .-.v/itfc  hip  and  thigh ;  completely  to  overthrow  or 
defeat.    .Judges  XV. 
HIP,  V.  t.    To  sprain  or  dislocate  the  hip. 

IIol'  i  ^^^^^^  dog-rose,  or  wild  brier. 

HII'.'hIP'I'A'D,  mi'TISH.    See  Hyp. 
11I1"HALT,  a.  [Ai^  and  Aa/I.]  Lame;  limping.  [Obs.] 

(loiPir. 

HIP'PKD-ROOF,  (hipt'roof,)  n.  A  roof  whi>sc  ends 
slant  back  at  the  same  angle  with  the  adjacent 
sides  ;  also  called  IIip-itooF.  GwilL 

HIP'PO-€.\llP,  n.  [Gr.  irToxajiiroj ;  [iriruf,  a  horse, 
and  KopTTTM,  to  bend.] 

A  name  given  to  the  sea-horse  Browne. 

IIIP-I'O-CEN'TAUR,  71.  [Gr.  iirir-i/cexTOnoos  ;  i.Tiruf, 
a  horse,  KCtreio,  to  spur,  and  rattpoj,  a  bull.] 

In  ancient  fable,  a  supjiosed  monster,  half  man  and 
half  horse.  The  hippocentaur  differed  from  the  cen- 
taur in  this,  that  the  latter  rode  on  an  ox,  and  the 
former  on  a  horse,  as  the  name  iinptirts.  Encyc, 

HIl"PO-eRAS,  n.  [Fr.,  quasi  winr  if  Hippocrates.] 
A  medicinal  drink,  composed  of  wine  with  an  in- 
fusion of  spices  and  other  ingreilients ;  used  as  a 
cordial.  That  directed  by  the  late  London  Dispensa- 
tory, is  to  be  made  of  cloves,  ginger,  cinnamon,  and 
nutmegs,  beat  and  infused  in  canary  with  sugar;  to 
the  infusion,  milk,  a  lemon,  and  some  slips  of  rose- 
mary are  to  be  added,  and  the  whole  strained  through 
flannel.  F.neiic 

HIl'-POe'RA-Tr:*'  SLEEVE,  7i.  A  kind  of  bag, 
made  by  uniting  tho  opposite  angles  of  a  .square 
piece  of  flannel,  used  for  straining  sirups  anil  de- 
coctions. Quincy. 

IIlP-tO-CR.\T'ie  F.\CE,  71.  [1..  fades  hippocraUca.] 
Pale,  sunken,  and  contracted  features,  considered  as 
a  fatal  svmptom  in  diseases.  Parr. 

HlP-POe'RA-TlSM,  71.  The  philosophy  of  Hippoc- 
rates, as  it  regards  medicine.  Cluimbcrs. 

HIP'PO-DA.ME,  71.    A  sea  horse.  Spen.icr. 

IHP'PO-DRO.ME,  71.  [Gr.  hrr.idpopof  ;  i'tt-.s,  a  horse, 
and  <y'V"i!,  a  course,  from  fptpot,  to  run.] 

Jlnciently,  a  circus,  or  place  in  which  horse-races 
and  chariot-races  were  iwrformed,  and  horses  e.xer- 
cised.    The  lorin  is  still  in  use.  Brande. 

HIP'PO-GUIFF,  n.  [Fr.  hippogriffc,  from  Gr.  i.TTOf,  a 
horse,  and  )  pt  ii/,  n  gritTin.] 

A  fabulous  animal  or  monster,  half  horse  and  half 
griffin  ;  a  winged  horse.  Johnson.  MUton. 

HIP-PO-PA-THOL'O-GY,  ii.  The  science  of  veteri- 
nary medicine;  the  pathology  of  the  horsi;. 

HIP-fOPH'A-GOUS,  a.  Feeiiiiig  on  horses,  as  the 
Tartars. 

HIP-POPH'A  CY,  71.  [Gr.  Ir-TTos,  a  horse,  .and  i^uyoi, 
to  eat.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  feeding  on  horses. 

Quart.  Rev. 

HIP-PO-POT'A-MIJS,  n.  [Gr.  'm-oi,  a  horse,  and 
TTorapof,  a  river.] 

A  pachydermatous  mammal  allied  to  the  elephant, 
having  a  thick  and  square  head,  a  very  hirge  mu/.zle, 
small  eyes  and  ears,  thick  and  heavy  body,  short 
legs  terminated  by  four  t<K.'s,  a  short  tail,  two  ventral 
diigs,  skin  without  hair,  except  .at  the  extremity  of 
the  tail.  It  inhabits  nearly  the  whole  of  Africa. 
There  are  supposed  to  be  two  species.  Ho  has  been 
found  of  the  length  of  seventeen  feet.  He  delights 
in  the  water,  but  feeds  on  hl-rbage  on  land. 

HII'-PU'RIC  ACID,  71.  [(;r.  I'Tirof,  horse,  and  O'-nov, 
urine.]  An  nciil  allied  tt>  benzoic  acid,obtaineft  from 
the  urine  of  horses,  Slc.  Brande. 

HIP'PlMtn'E,  71.  .\n  extinct  bivalve  mnllusk  of  the 
genus  Hippurites,  occurring  in  the  chalk  fomiation. 

Brande, 

HIP'ROOF,  71.  [Ai>  and  roof.]  The  same  with  Hipped- 
Roor,  which  see. 

HIP'SHOT,  a.  [hip  and  shot.]  Having  the  hip  dis- 
located. Vtlstrange. 

HIP'VVORT,  n.    A  plant. 

HIR,  pron.  In  old  English,  Heb;  sometimes  used  for 
the  plural  Their. 

HlR'Cie  /VC'ID,  71.  An  acid  produced  by  the  snponi- 
ficatitin  of  hircin.  Vre. 

lUR'CI.N,  71.  [L.  Aircii.s-,  a  goat.]  A  liquid,  fatty  mat- 
ter, obtained  from  mutton  suet,  and  giving  it  a  pecu- 
liar rank  smell.  Brandt. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  liNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  aa  K  ;  6  as  J  j  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


TO 


Sfi.1 


ills 


HIS 


HIT 


IIiRE,  V.  U    [Sax.  huran  ;  D  huurcn  ;  Sw.  hyra ;  Diin. 

kyrcr  i  W.  kuriaici  C!i.      r.  Saiit.  "^-N,  Ar. 
agar,  to  hire,  Class  Gr,  No.  10.] 

1.  To  procure  from  another  person,  and  for  leinpo- 
rary  use,  at  a  certain  price,  or  for  a  stipulated  or  rca- 
sonal>le  equivalent ;  as,  to  hire  a  farm  for  a  year  ;  to 
kire  a  horse  for  a  day  ;  to  hire  mtmey  at  legal  interest. 

2.  To  engage  in  service  for  a  stipul.ited  reward  ; 
to  contract  with  for  a  compensation  ;  as,  to  hire  a 
servant  for  a  year  j  to  hire  laborers  by  the  day  or 
month. 

3.  To  bribe ;  to  engage  in  immoral  or  illegal  service 
for  a  reward. 

To  hire  nut  o>ic\<  self;  to  let ;  to  engage  one's  ser- 
vice to  another  for  a  reward. 

Th''y  liave  hired  out  themselves  for  bread.  —  1  Sam.  il. 
To  hire,  or  to  hire  out ;  to  let ;  to  lease  ;  to  grant 
the  temporary  use  of  a  thing  for  a  compensation. 
He  has  hired  out  his  house  or  hjs  farm. 
HIRE,  n.    [Sa.x.  hyre.    Uu.  can  the  Gr.  KcpSus  be  of 
this  family  ?  ] 

1.  The  price,  reward,  or  compensation  paid  or 
contracted  to  be  given  for  the  temporary  use  of  any 
thing. 

2.  Wages  ;  the  reward  or  recompense  paid  for  per- 
sonal service. 

The  laborer  is  worLhy  of  his  hire.  —  Luke  x, 

3.  Reward  for  base  or  illegal  service  ;  a  bribe. 
HIR'£;D,  pp.  or  a.    Procured  or  taken  for  use,  at  a  stip- 
ulated or  reasonable  price ;  as,  a  hired  farm. 

2.  Employed  in  service  for  a  compensation  ;  as,  a 
hired  man  ;  a  hired  servant. 
HIRE'LE.>^S,  a.    Without  hire. 

HiRE'LING,  n.  One  who  is  hired,  or  who  serves  for 
wages. 

2.  A  mercenary  ;  a  prostitute.  Pope. 
HIRE'LING,  a.    Serving  for  wages  ;  venal ;  merce- 
nary ;  employed  for  money  or  other  compensation. 

A  twlioils  crew 
Of  hireling  UiOmm-TS.  Dryden. 

Hi'REN,  n.    A  i^truinpet.    [ Obs.]    Todd\i  Shakspeare. 

HIR'ER,  71.  One  that  hires;  one  that  procures  the 
use  of  any  thing  for  a  compensation  ;  one  who  em- 
ploys persons  for  wages,  or  contracts  with  persons 
for  service. 

IIIIl'ING,  ppr.  Procuring  the  use  of  for  a  conipensa- 
IlIR-SC'TE',  a.    [L.  hirsntus.    dii.  hair.]  [lion. 

1.  Hairy ;  rough  with  hair ;  shaggy ;  set  with 
bristles. 

2.  In  botany,  it  i.^  nearly  synonymous  with  hisjiid, 
but  it  denotes  iiaving  more  hairs  or  bristles,  and  less 
stiff.  JIartyn. 

HTR-SuTE'NESS,  n.    Hairiness.  Burton. 
HIS,  (hiz,)  pron.  posscssioe  of  He.   [Sax.  gen.  hys,  and 
hy^e,  male.] 

1.  Of  hiiu.  Thus  in  Alfred's  Orosius,  "  Same  for 
his  eise  ne  dorstan.^^  Some  for  fear  (/  him  durst  not ; 
literally,  for  his  awe,  for  awe  of  him.  liib.  3,  8.  In 
this  instance,  his  does  not  express  what  belongs  to 
the  antecedent  of  his,  (Philip,)  but  the  feiu:  which 
others  entertained  of  him. 

2.  The  present  use  of  his  is  as  a  pronominal  ad- 
jective, in  any  case  inditferently,  corresponding  to 
the  \i.  nuus.  Thus,  tell  John  his  papers  are  ready.  I 
will  deliver  his  papers  to  his  messenger.  He  may 
take  his  son's  books.  When  the  noun  is  omitted. 
Aw  stands  as  its  substitute,  either  in  the  nominative 
or  objective  case.  1'ell  Jtdin  this  book  is  kus.  He 
may  take  mine,  and  I  will  takt;  his. 

3.  /fui  was  formerly  used  for  its,  but  improperly, 
and  the  use  has  ceased. 

4.  It  was  formerly  used  as  a  sign  of  the  posses- 
sive. Tile  man  his  ground,  for  the  viaii^s  ground. 
This  use  has  also  ceased. 

5.  His  is  still  usi;d  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun,  pre- 
ceded by  of;  as,  all  ye  saints  of  his  ;  ye  ministers  of 
hts.  Scripture. 

HisfiELF  is  no  longer  used. 
IIIS'l.\-GER-ri'E,  n.    A  aofl,  black,  iron  ore,  nearly 
earthy,  consisting  of  silica  and  iron, with  20  per  cent. 
<»f  wa'er.  Dana. 
HISK,  o.  I.    To  breathe  with  dilhculty. 
HIS'PID,  a.    [h.  hispidiis.)  [JVorth  of  England. 

1.  Hough  with  liristles  or  minute  spines  ;  bristly. 
9.  In  botany,  having  strong  hairs  or  bristles  ;  beset 
with  stiff  bristles.  Martyn. 
HI.SS,  p.  J.    [.Stix.  hysian,  hiscan,  hispan,  hysjiaii.] 

1.  To  make  a  sound  by  driving  the  breath  between 
the  tongue  and  thi'  u|ipi  r  teeth  ;  to  give  a  strong  as- 
piration, resi  riihlmg  the  noise  made  by  a  serpent  and 
some  olhiT  aniiiiai.-i,  or  that  of  water  thrown  on  hot 
Iron.    Hissing  in  an  expression  of  contempt. 

Tlie  mTttunU  aifi';i>)(  the  people  shall         lU  ihee.  —  Eiek. 
xivii, 

2.  To  express  contempt  or  disapprobation  by  liiss- 
infr 

3.  To  whi/.,  as  an  arrow  or  other  thing  in  rapid 
flight. 

HIHS,  V.  t.  To  condemn  by  hixsing  ;  to  explode.  The 
tpectators  hissed  him  off  the  stage. 


[L.  hisioricus  ;  Fr.  hislorique.] 


2.  To  procure  hisses  or  disgrace. 
That  of  an  hour's  age  doth  kiss  die  speaker.  ShaJe. 
HISS,  71.    Thp  sound  made  by  propelling  the  breath 
between  the  tongue  and  upper  teeth  ;  the  noise  of  a 
serjient,  a  goose,  iStc. 

He  hiss  for  Idss  returned.  Mi/ton. 
9.  An  expression  of  contempt  or  disapprobation, 
used  in  places  of  public  exhibition. 
HIS.S'ED,  (hist,)  pp.    Expressed  contempt  by  hissing. 
HISS'hXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  or  resembling  the  noise 
of  serpents. 

HISS'ING,  71.  A  hissing  sound  ;  an  expression  of 
scorn  or  contempt. 

2.  The  occasion  of  contempt ;  the  object  of  scorn 
and  derision. 

1  will  make  tliis  city  desolate,  and  a  hissittg.  —  Jer.  xii. 
HISS'Ii\G-LY,  adv.   With  a  whistling  sound. 

Shencood, 

HIST,  exclam.  [Dan.  hyst.  In  Welsh,  Aiist  is  a  low, 
buzzing  sound.] 

A  word  commanding  silence;  equivalent  to  hush, 
be  silent. 

IIIS-Tfj'RI-AL,  a.    Historical.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

IHS-To'RI-AN,  71.  [Fr.  historien;  L.  historicus ;  It. 
istorico.    See  History.] 

A  writer  or  compiler  of  history  ;  one  who  collects 
and  relates  facts  and  events  in  writing,  particularly 
respecting  nations.  Hume  is  called  an  elegant  his- 
torian. 

HIS-TOR'ie, 

HIS-TOR'ie-AL, 

1.  Containing  history,  or  the  relation  of  facts;  as, 
a  historical  poem  ;  the  historic  page  ;  historic  brass. 

Pope. 

2.  Pertaining  to  history  ;  as,  historic  care  or  fiilelity. 

3.  Contained  in  history  ;  deduced  from  history  ; 
as,  historical  evidence. 

4.  Representing  history  ;  as,  a  historical  chart. 
Historical  painting:  that  highest  br.incli  of  the  art 

which  can  embody  a  story  in  one  picture,  and  invest 
it  with  the  warmth  of  poetry.  Smart. 

Historical  sense,  is  that  meaning  of  a  passage  which 
is  deduced  from  the  circumstances  of  time,  place, 
&c.,  under  which  it  was  written  ;  the  primary  sense, 
as  opposed  to  any  secondary  or  remoter  one. 
HIS-TOR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  history ; 
according  to  history  ;  by  way  of  narration. 

Tlie  Uosp  ls  ileclare  historically  somelhiug  which  our  Lonl  Jesus 
Clinsl  diil,  spoke,  or  siulercd.  Hooker. 

HIS'TO-RI-KD,  (his'to-rid,)  a.    Recording  in  history. 

HIS-To'RI-ER,  71.    A  historian.  [Obs.] 

HIS-TOR'1-ES,  u.  t.  To  relate;  to  record  in  history. 
fJV(*t  7i.vpf/.  ]  Sidney, 

IlIS-TO-RI-OG'RA-PHER,  71.  [Gr.  laTopia,  history, 
and  jpi<0(o,  to  write.] 

A  historian  ;  a  writer  of  history  ;  particularly,  a 
professed  historian  ,  an  officer  employed  to  write  the 
ilistory  of  a  prince  or  state  ;  as,  the  historiographer  of 
his  Britannic  majesty. 

IIIS-TO-RI-OG'KA-PUY,  n.  The  art  or  employment 
of  a  historian. 

IIIS-TO-RI-OL'O-GY,  71.  A  discourse  on  history,  or 
the  knowledge  of  history.    [Jt'ot  in  use.] 

HIS'TO-R  Y,  n.  [Gr.  iaropia  ;  L.  Sp.  and  Port,  historia ; 
It.  istoria:  Fr.  hisloire  ;  Ir.  sdair,  stair;  Sax.  stair, 
ster,  probably  from  the  Latin  ;  W.  ysduri,  history, 
matter  of  record,  what  is  of  concern  or  ill  mind, 
from  ysdawr,  an  object  of  care  or  concern,  from 
dawr,  to  care,  to  be  concerned,  to  regard.  The 
Greek  ((rroifj  signifies  knowing,  learned,  and  inropiu) 
is  rendered  to  inquire,  to  explore,  to  learn  by  inspec- 
titm  or  intpiiry.  This  would  seem  to  be  connected 
with  W.  ystyriaw,  to  consider,  to  regard  or  take  no- 
tice. IIisToRv  and  Stoiiv  are  the  same  word  dif- 
ferently written.] 

1.  An  account  of  facts,  particularly  of  facts  re- 
specting nations  or  states  ;  a  narration  of  events  in 
the  order  in  which  tliey  happened,  with  their  causes 
and  effects.  History  differs  from  annals.  .Annals  re- 
late simply  the  facts  and  events  of  each  year,  in 
strict  elirouological  order,  without  any  observatitms 
of  the  annalist.  History  regards  less  strictly  the  ar- 
rangement of  events  under  each  year,  and  admits 
the  observations  of  the  writer.  This  distinction, 
howeviT,  is  not  alw;iys  regardt^d  with  strictness. 

Hi.itory  is  of  diffen^nt  kinils,  or  treats  of  diffiTent 
snbji  cts  ,  as,  a  history  of  government,  or  political 
history;  history  of  the  Christian  church,  or  ecclesias- 
tical///.v(orj/ ;  history  lii  war  and  conipii'sts,  or  mili- 
tary history  ;  history  of  law  ;  history  of  coiiinierce  ; 
history  of  the  crusades,  Jfi.c.  In  these  and  similar 
examijles,  history  is  inrittea  narrative  or  relatiiui. 
What  is  the  history  of  natitms,  but  a  narrative  of  the 
follies,  crimes,  and  miseries  of  man 

2.  Narration  ;  verbal  relation  of  facts  or  events ; 
story.  Wc  listen  with  pleasure  to  the  soldier  or  Iho 
seaman,  giving  a  history  of  hi.s  adventures. 

What  hisloriee  of  lull  could  I  decliire  I  Pope. 

3.  Knowledgi^  of  facLs  and  events. 

Jlntory  —  In  ncccMary  to  divines.  M'att*. 

4.  Di'scnplion  ;  an  acciHiiit  of  thinc.s  that  exist ; 


as,  natural  history,  which  comprehends  a  desrriptiim 
of  the  works  of  nature,  particularly  of  anini.'ils, 
plants,  and  minerals  ;  a  history  of  aiiiiiials,  or  zoolo- 
gy ;  a  history  of  plants. 

5.  An  account  of  Ihe  origin,  life,  and  actions  of  an 
individual  person.  We  say,  we  have  a  concise  Itis- 
tory  of  the  prisoner  in  the  testimony  offered  to  the 
court. 

A  formal  written  account  of  an  individual's  life, 
is  called  Hn>r:nAi  hv. 
III.S'TO-RY-PI]"5CE,  71.    A  representation  of  any  real 
event  in  painting,  which  exhibits  the  actor*,  their 
actiims,  and  the  attending  events  to  the  eye,  by  fig- 
ures drawn  to  the  life. 
IIIS'TRl-ON,  71.    Ajilayer.    [Jfotinuse.]  Pope. 
IIIS-TRI-ON'ie,        \a.     [L.  hist rionicus,  from  his- 
HIS-TRI-ON'ie-AL,  j     trio,  a  buIToon,  an  actor,  or 
stage-player.] 

Pertaining  to  a  stage-player ;  belonging  to  stage- 
playing;  befitting  a  theater ;  theatrical ;  pantomimic. 

Johnson. 

HIS-TRI-ON'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
stage-player  ;  theatrically. 

HIS'TRI-O-NIS.M,  ji.  Tiie  acts  or  practice  of  buf- 
foons or  iiantomiines  ;  stage-playing.  Southey. 

HIT,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Hit.  [Sw.  hitta,  Dan.  hitter, 
to  find,  to  meet,  that  is,  to  come  to,  to  come  or  fall 
on.    'J'his  word  illustrates  the  signification  of  Find.] 

1.  To  strike  or  touch, either  with  or  without  force. 
We  hit  a  thing  with  the  tiiiger,  or  with  the  head  ;  a 
cannon  ball  hits  a  in.ast,  or  a  wall. 

2.  To  strike  or  touch  a  mark  with  any  thing  di- 
rected to  that  object ;  not  to  miss. 

The  archers  hit  liiin.  —  1  Sam.  xxxi. 

3.  To  reach  ;  to  attain  to. 

Birds  learning  tunes,  and  their  endeavors  to  hit  tlie  notes  riirht. 

Loelce. 

4.  To  suit;  to  be  conformable. 

Melancholy, 
Whose  saintly  visa*e  is  loo  bright 

To  hit  Uie  sense  of  huinau  st^lit.  Milton, 

5.  To  strike ;  to  touch  properly ;  to  offer  the  right 
bait. 

There  you  hit  him  —  that  argument  never  fails  with  him. 

Dryden. 

To  hit  off;  to  sirike  out ;  to  determine  luckily. 
2.  To  represent  or  describe  exactly.       [  Temple 
To  hit  out ;  to  perform  by  good  luck.    [Little  used.] 

Spenser. 

HIT,  V.  i.  To  strike  ;  to  meet  or  come  in  contact ;  to 
clash  ;  followed  by  against  or  on. 

II  lx)dies  be  mere  extension,  how  can  they  move  and  Air  one 

a^ninst  anothet.  Locke. 
Corpiiscli-s,  meeting  with  or  hitting  on  those  bodies,  Ucoine 
coiijointed  with  ihcin.  Woodward. 

2.  To  meet  or  fall  on  by  good  luck  ;  to  succeed  by 
accident ;  not  to  miss. 

And  oft  it/iifs 

"Where  hope  is  coldest,  and  despair  most  fits.  Shak, 

3.  To  strike  or  reach  the  intentled  point;  to  suc- 
ceed. 

Antl  millions  miss  for  one  that  hits,  Stni/t, 
To  hit  on,  or  upon ;  to  light  on  ;  to  come  to  or  fall 
on  by  chance  ;  to  meet  or  find,  as  by  accident. 

None  of  them  hit  upon  the  art.  Addison, 
HIT,  7!.    A  striking  against;  the  collision  of  one 
body  against  another ;  the  stroke  or  blow  that  touches 
any  thing. 

So  he  the  famed  Cilician  fi-ncer  praisrtl, 

And  at  each  hit  with  wonder  sei  nis  amazed.  Dryden. 

2.  A  chance  ;  a  casual  evtuit ;  as,  a  lucky  hit. 

3.  A  lucky  cliaiice  ;  a  fortunate  event.  Dryden. 

4.  A  term  in  backgammon.  Three  Aits  are  equal 
to  a  gammon. 

5.  A  striking  expression  or  turn  of  thought,  which 
seems  to  be  peculiarly  applicable,  or  to  Ai(  the  point. 

HITCH,  r.  I.  [Ar.  liTli^  hatha,  to  hitch  along  ;  W. 
heeiiin,  to  halt,  hop,  or  limp,  or  hictnw,  to  snap,  to 
catch  suddenly,    liotli  may  be  of  one  famllj .] 

1.  To  move  by  ji'rks,  or  with  stops  ;  as,  in  collo- 
quial language,  to  hitch  along. 

Whoe'er  ollends,  at  some  inibicky  time 

Shd.  a  in  a  verse,  or  hitches  in  a  rhyme.  Pope. 

2.  To  become  entangled  ;  to  be  caught  or  hooked. 

SotUh. 

3.  To  hit  the  legs  together  in  going,  as  horses. 
[jM'ut  used  in  the  United  .'Stales.] 

4.  To  hop  ;  to  spring  on  (UiiHeg.  [Local,]  Grose, 
f).  To  move  or  walk.  Oriise. 

HITCH,  r.  I.    To  hook  ;  to  catch  by  a  hook  ;  a.s,  to 

hiteh  a  lirjdl<\ 
2.  To  fasten  by  hilcliing  ;  ns^  to  hilrh  a  horse  ny  a 

bridle,  or  lo  hdrh  liim  to  a  post.        Acw  England. 
IH  TCII,  n.    A  catch  ;  any  thing  lh:it  holds,  as  a  hook  ; 

an  iinpi'diinent. 

2.  The  art  of  catching,  as  on  a  hook,  &c. 

3.  In  seamrn*s  laniruage,  a  knot  or  noose  in  a  ropo 
for  fastening  it  to  a  ring  or  other  object  ;  ns,  n  clove 
hitch,  a  timber  hitch,  S^r.  Mar.  Diet. 

4.  A  slop  or  sudden  halt  in  walking  or  moving. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII->T.  -  METE,  PHfiV  PfNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  UOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


II  OA 


HOB 


Shale. 


HITCH'Kl),  (hitclit,);V'.  Cnuplit ;  hooked;  fastPiicd. 
HI'i CII'KI,,  V.  t.     To  luitilid.     [JVvt  tuicd.]  [See 

IIatc-mli..] 
Iiri'('ll'IN(;,  ;i;)r.    HookinR;  fu-^toiiiiiK. 
m  rcil'lN(;,  n.   a  fastenini;,  iis  with  a  siring  or  strap 

III  a  l  iii^',  liook,  or  other  lixt'irc. 
IirFllli,  II.    [Sax.  Iiijlli.] 

A  port   or  small  haven  ;  ns  in  Qucenliitlie  and 

f.atiil>ltit/tc,  now  Lambrtk.  [En!rli<h.'\ 
III  ril'Kll,  aili:    [Sa.v.  hitkrr  or  liidcr  ;  Goth,  hidre; 

Dan.  kill;  Sw.  hit.] 

1.  To  this  place  ;  used  with  verb.s  sijnifying  nio- 
tii>n  ;  as,  to  come  hilkcr ;  to  proceed  hither ;  to  bring 
hither. 

y.  Iliihrr  and  thither!  to  this  place  and  that. 
;i.  'J'o  Ihis  point ;  to  this  argument  or  topic  ;  to  tllis 
end.    [Little  u^eil,  and  nut  to  he  encouraged.] 

Jliltier  we  refer  wlmtcvcr  Ix-IunSH  to  tlic  highest  prfxlion  of 
II, nn.  Hooker. 

niTII'EK.a.  Nearest;  toward  the  person  speaking ; 
as,  on  the  hither  side  of  a  liill ;  the  hither  end  of  tlie 
building. 

IIITIl'KR-MOST,  a.    Nearest  on  this  side.  IMe. 
HIT ll'Klt-TO,  [conip.  hither  and  to.]    To  this  time; 
yet. 

The  Lord  Imth  blessed  me  tiitlierto.  —  Josh.  XTii. 

2.  In  any  time,  or  every  lime  till  now  ;  in  time 
preceding  the  present. 

More  ftinple  spirit  th.iii  liiihrrto  was  wnnt.  Spenger. 

3.  To  this  place  ;  to  a  prescribed  limit. 

hilli<-rto  sti.ilt  Uiou  come,  liiil  iiii  furlher.  —  Job  xxxviii. 

niTU'EIl-W.XRI),  [comp.  hitJier  and  ward.]  This 
way  ;  toward  this  place. 

A  piiiss.'tiit  ntid  mighty  pe»er  — 
Is  iiitirchiiig  tiiUiericnrd  in  pruiiU  iiliiiy. 

IIIT'TING,  ppr.  Striking. 

HIVK,  n.    fPax.  h,^e:  Eth.  kaf,:   Cl.iss  Gb,  No. 

88.  In  Vv.  cijf  is  the  stem  or  stock  of  a  tree,  and 
eufnrenrm  is  a  bee-hive.  So  in  G.  tiicncnstock,  Sw. 
Ai,.f«i-A-,  bee-stock.  The  liiveof  wild  bees  is  a  liollow 
tree.] 

1.  A  box,  chest,  or  kind  of  basket  for  the  reception 
nnil  lialiitation-  of  a  swann  of  honey-bees.  It  is 
made  of  boards,  straw,  or  other  materials.  > 

2.  A  swarm  of  bees  ;  or  the  bees  inhabiting  a 
hive.  Shnk. 

.  3.  .\  company  or  society  together,  or  closely  con- 
nected.   [U'inmal.]  Sieift 
HIVE,  1-.  I.    To  collect  into  a  hive;  to  cause  to  enter 
a  hive  ;  as,  to  kive  bees.  Drijdrn,  Jifiirtitner. 

2.  To  contain  ,  to  receive,  as  a  liabitation,  or  place 
of  deposit. 

Where  all  delicious  sweets  are  hived.  Cleavetand, 
HIVE,  V.  i.    To  take  shelttff  or  lodgings  together ;  to 

reside  in  a  collective  body.  Pvpe, 
IITV'KI),  pp.    Lodged  in  a  hive  or  shelter, 
lit  V'ER,  H.    One  that  collrcts  bees  into  a  hive. 
HIV'I.NG,  ;>pr.    Collecting  into  a  hive.  [J\Ii>rtimer. 
HIVES,  w.    [Scot.    Ciu.  hciirr.] 

A  disease,  the  croup,  or  etjnanche  trachealis ;  ral- 
lies. 

2  A  iKipnlar  name  of  an  eruptive  disease,  allied  to 
the  chicken-pox.  Buehanan, 
m/.Z,  r.  i.    To  hiss.  Shak. 
m//'I.\G,  n.    A  hissing  or  hiss.  May. 
IlO,  rjdain.    A  word  tised  by  teamsters,  to  stop  their 
trams.    It  has  been  used  as  a  noun,  for  stop,  moder- 
ation, bounds. 

Thf-re  is  no  ho  with  them,  Dekker.  Green. 

[This  word  is  pronounced  also  leAS,  or  /iteS.j 


A  call  to  excite  attention,  or  to  give  notice  of  ap- 
proacli. 


Wlnt  noise  there,  Ao  ? 
Hoa  I  who's  within  t 


Shak. 
Sliak. 


llt^AR,  a.  [Sax.  Aar;  Htib.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  im, 
white. 1 

1.  White;  as,  Aoar  frost ;  hoar  clifTs.  Thomson. 
2., Gray;  white  with  age;  hoar)';  as,  a  matron 

gnive  and  hoar.  Spen.-ier. 
3.  .Musty;  moldy.    [Ohfolrle.]  Spenser. 
liriAK,  n.    Ilonriness  ;  antiquity.  Burke. 
IlO  Ml,  V.  i.   To  become  moldy  or  musty.  [LiUle 

ll\er/.] 

Iln AK'-FROST,  n.   The  white  particles  formed  by 

the  Congelation  of  dew. 
HO ARIl,  ri.    [Sax.  hard,  from  gathering,  hiding,  or 

depositing.] 

A  store,  stock,  or  large  quantitv  of  any  thing  ac- 
cumulated or  laid  up;  a  hidden  sttick  ;  a  treasure  ; 
as,  a  hoard  of  provisions  for  winter ;  a  hoard  of 
money.  Shak.  IVnodwanl. 

2.  A  fence  inclosing  a  house  and  materials  while 
builders  arc  at  work.    [Eny.]  Smart. 

HOAR!),  r.  t.  To  collect  anil  lay  up  a  Urge  quantity 
of  any  thing  ;  to  amass  and  deposit  in  secret  ;  to 
store  secretly  ;  as,  to  hoard  grain  or  provisitms  ;  to 
hoard  silver  and  gold.  Dryden. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  iip,  but  wiljiout  use  ; 
OS,  to  hoard  up  provisions. 


IIO.MUJ,  V.  i.  To  collect  and  foriu  a  hoard  ;  to  lay 
uj)  store. 

Nor  cared  to  hoard  for  those  whom  he  did  treed.  ifjteuter. 
HoARD'KI), />;).  or  a.    Collected  and  laid  up  in  xlore. 
ll("j.\lU)'EI{,  H.    One  wilo  lays  up  in  store  ;  one  who 

ai  ciMniilates  anil  keeps  in  secret. 
IIO.\Rl)'lNG,  ppr.    Laying  up  in  stt>re. 

2.  a.  liistiiietively  collecting  and  laying  up  pro- 
visions for  winter;  as,  tiie  siguirrcl  is  a  hoarding 
animal. 

Ho.\KI)'h\G,  n.    A  laying  up  in  store. 

HoAR'f.'l),  «.    Moldy  ;  niusly.    [A'tit  in  ii.tr.] 

IloAK'IKJU.M),  H.  'Tlie  name  of  several  plants  of 
differeiit  genera.  The  coinuioii  hoarhoiind  is  the 
JIarrabiuin  rulgarc.  It  has  a  bitter  taste,  and  is 
used  as  a  tonic.  Knryc. 

IIo.\R'I-NESS,  n.  [from  /loan;.]  The  state  of  being 
wliite,  whitish,  or  gray  ;  as,  the  hoarincss  of  the  hair 
or  Iteatl  of  old  men. 

lloAIUSE,  (hois,)o.    [Syr.  liars,  to  be  rough  or 

hoarse.] 

1.  Having  a  harsh,  rough,  grating  voice,  as  when 
aftecled  with  a  cold. 

2.  Rough  ;  grating  ;  discordant ;  as  the  voice,  or 
as  any  sotinil.  We  say,  the  hoarse  raven  ;  the  hoarse 
re.soiinding  shore.  Dn/drn. 

IIoAUSE'-SOUiNU-LNG,  a.  JIaking  a  rough,  grating 
siiuiid.  j*/(eii. 

IloARSE'LY,  adv.  With  a  rough,  harsh,  grating 
voice  or  sound.  Dnjdrn. 

IIO.VRSE'NESS,  n.  Harshness  or  roughness  of  voice 
or  sound  ;  preternatural  asperity  of  voice. 

.^rbuthnot, 

IlOAU'SToN'E,  It.  [Arm.  hari,  a  bound  or  limit. 
"  In  many  parts  of  Great  liritain  are  to  be  seen  cer- 
tain upriglil.  rude  pillars,  or  massive  blocks  of  stone, 
which  in  England  are  called  hoarstones^oT  by  a  name 
of  nearly  tlic  same  sound,  with  all  the  gradations  of 
dialectical  variety.  Their  appellation  in  Scotland  is 
the  hare-atane.^^] 

A  landmark  ;  a  stone  designating  the  bounds  of  an 
estate. 

IIO.AR'Y,  a.  [See  IIoah.]  White  or  whitish  ;  as,  the 
hoary  willows.  .Addison. 

2.  V\liite  or  gray  with  age;  as,  Itoary  hairs;  a 
lioary  head. 

Reverence  the  hoary  head.  Dwight, 

3.  Moldy  ;  mossy.  Knowles. 

4.  In  biilany,  grayish-white,  caused  by  very  short, 
dense  hairs  covering  the  .surface.  Lindlcy. 

lloAX,  71.  [Sax.  AuMt,  or  Akcj;,  contempt,  irony,  de- 
rision ;  or  W.  hvced,  cheat,  deceit,  juggle,  trick.] 

Something  done  for  deception  or  mockery  ;  a  trick 
playpil  otT  in  sport. 

IlOA.X,  V.  t.  To  deceive;  to  play  a  trick  upon  for 
s|H)rt,  or  without  malice.  [-4  colloquial  word,  but  not 
elfirant] 

HOA.X'A;!),  (hokst,)  pp.  Deceived;  played  a  trick 
upon  for  sport. 

HoA.X'ER,  71.  One  who  hoaxes  or  deceives.  [Colto- 
nmat.]  %nart. 

HoAX'lNG,  ppr.  Deceiving ;  tricking,  without  mal- 
ice, m 

lion,  ( 71.    [Dan.  hob,  a  heap;  or  W.  hob,  that  which 

HL'U,  i  swells.] 

The  nave  of  a  wheel ;  a  solid  piece  of  timber  in 
which  the  spokes  are  inserted.  Washington. 

Holt,  71.  The  ll.at  part  of  a  grate  at  the  side,  where 
things  are  placed  to  be  kept  warm.  Smart. 

HOI!,  n.    A  clown  ;  a  fairy. 

IIOI!  OR  N'Oli.    See  I1ob:«ob. 

IIOli'lllS.M,  71.  The  principles  of  the  skeptical  Thomas 
Iliibbes.  Skcllon. 

lIOIi'HlST,  n.    A  follower  of  llohhes,  the  skeptic. 

IIOIl'liLE,(hob'bl,)  i'.  1.  [W.  Auftf;ii,tohop,lo/ioM;c. 
See  llur.] 

1.  To  walk  lamely,  bearing  chiefly  on  one  leg  ;  to 
limp ;  lu  walk  with  a  hitch  or  hop,  or  with  crutches. 


The  friar  was  hobljting  the  same  w.ay  too. 


Dryden. 


2.  To  walk  awkwardly,  ns  when  the  feet  are  cn- 
cnmbered  with  a  clog,  or  with  fetters. 

3.  To  move  roughly  or  irregularly,  as  verse. 


While  von  Piiidarfc  trntlis  rehearse, 
She  hol)b!ee  in  alternate  verse. 


Prior. 


HOB'BLE,  r.  e.    To  perplex.    [A'o<  iti  tijtf.] 
llOli'HI.E,  71.    .An  unequal,  halting  gait;  an  encum- 
bered, awkward  step. 

He  has  a  hobbte  in  his  gait.  Si^i/t. 

2.  Difliculty  ;  perplexity.  Rich.  Did. 

H01t'BI,K.-I)E-II0V,  71.    A  stripling;  a  cant  phtase 

for  a  boy  between  fourteen  and  twenty-one.  Sw{ft. 
HOlt'HI.ER,  n.    One  that  liobble.s. 
liOlI'DLKR,  71.    [from  AoMi/.]    One  who  by  his  tenure 

was  to  maintain  a  hobby  for  military  service  ;  or  one 

who  served  as  a  soldier'on  a  bobby  with  light  armor. 

F.najc.  Danes. 
IIOn'RI.IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.   Walking  with  a  halting  or 

interrupted  step. 
HOU'ULl.N'G-LY,  adv.    With  a  limping  or  interrupted 

step 


HOD 

UfJB'ltV,  71.  [W.  hobrl,  what  slops  or  starts  suddenly ; 
Ann.  hiibrrrU  :  Er  Imbrrrnu.] 

A  species  of  faleon,  Fnlco  subbntrs.  It  is  extremely 
active,  and  was  formerly  trained  lor  hawking. 

Jardine. 

IinH'IiV,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  hobyn,  and  allied  to  the  pre- 
ceding.] 

1.  .\  strong,  active  horse,  of  a  miilille  size,  said  to 
have  been  originally  from  Ireland  ;  a  nag  ;  a  pacing- 
horse  ;  a  garran.  John-ion.  Encyc. 

2.  A  slick,  or  figure  of  a  horse,  on  which  boys 
ride. 

3.  Any  favorite  object ;  that  which  a  person  pur- 
sues with  zeal  or  delight. 

4.  A  stupid  fellow. 

IIOli'BV-IIOR.'^E,  71.  A  hobby  ;  a  wooden  horse  on 
which  boys  ride.    [  7'riu(o/oi'iru/.] 

2.  A  character  in  Hie  old  May  games.  Douce. 

3.  A  stiipitl  or  foolish  person.  Sliak. 

4.  The  fivorite  object  of  pursuit. 

IIOn  nV-IIOKS'ie-AI,,  a.  I-enaiiung  to  or  having  a 
holiby-liorse  ;  eccentric.  Uterne. 

IlOli  liV-HORS'ie-AI.-I,V,  nrff.  Whimsically.  Strrne. 

IIOB'GOB-LIN,  71.  [rrobably  W.  hob,  hop,  and  gob- 
lin.] 

A  fairy  ;  a  frightful  apparition. 
HOB'I  I,EI{,  71.    A  feudal  tenant  bound  to  serve  as  a 
light  liorseman  or  bowman  ;  the  same  as  Huhbler. 

BrantU. 

IIO'BIT,  71.    [Pp.  hobus;  G.  haubil-.r.] 

.\  small  mottar,  or  short  gun  for  throwing  bombs. 
[See  llciwiTZEii,  the  common  orthography.] 
IKJB'MKE,  a.    Clownish  ;  boorish.  Cotgrave. 
llOii'NAIL,  ;i.    [G.  hiifnagcl,  hoof-nail.] 

1.  A  nail  with  a  thick,  strong  head,  such  as  is  used 
for  shoeing  horses.  Shak. 

2.  A  clownish  person,  in  contempt.  Milton. 
lIOU'NAIL-iD,  o.    Set  with  hobnails  ;  rough. 

Dryden. 

IIOn'NOB,  adv.  [Clu.  Sax.  habban,  nitbban,  have,  not 
have.] 

Take  or  not  take  ;  a  familiar  invit.ation  to  recipro- 
cal tirinking.  Shdi. 

IIOH-O-MOK'KO,  71.    Among  American  Indians,  an 

Ilo'liOY.    See  Hautbov.  [evil  spirit. 

HOIi'SON'S  CHOICE  ;  a  vulgar  proverbial  expression 
denoting  a  choice  without  an  alternative  ;  tlie  thing 
offered  or  nothing.  It  is  said  to  have  hail  its  origin 
in  the  name  of  a  person  at  Cambridge,  England, 
named  llobson,  who  let  horses,  and  obliged  every 
customer  to  take  in  his  turn  that  horse  which  stood 
n '  Xt  the  stalile-door.  Encyc.  .^m. 

IIOCK,  71.    [Sax.  hob.    Sec  HoroH.] 

1.  The  joint  of  an  animal  between  the  knee  and 
the  fetlock.  Johnsoti. 

2.  A  part  of  the  thigh. 

HOCK,       j  V.  (.    To  hamstring  ;  to  hough  ;  to  disable 
HOCIv'LE,  i     by  cutting  the  tentlons  of  the  hain.l 
IIOCK,  71.    [from  Ifnrhheiin,  in  Germany.]    A  higlily- 
esteemed  sort  of  Rhenish  wine,  of  a  liglit-yellowish 
color.  Mortimer. 
HOCK'A-MORE,  n.    A  Rhenish  wine.    [Sec  Hock.] 

liiulibras. 

HOCK'DaY,  )  71.    High  day  ;  a  day  of  feasting  and 
IIoKE'DaY,  1     mirth,  formerly  held  in  England  the 
second  Tuesday  after  Easter,  to  commemorate  the 
destruction  of  the  Danes  in  the  time  of  Ethelred. 

Encyc. 

HOCK'KD,  (hokt,)  pp-    Hamstrung  ;  disabled  by  cut- 
ling  the  tendons  of  the  ham. 
IIOCK'EY,  n.    [G.  hoch,  Sax.  heah,  high.  Qu.] 

1.  Harvest-home.    [JVet  used.] 

2.  A  game  at  ball  played  with  a  club  curved  at  the 
bottom.  It  seems  to  be  the  same  with  Hawket,  as 
described  by  Holloway. 

IIOCK'HERB,  (-erb,)  n.   A  plant,  the  mallows. 

.SiiLsworth. 

IIOCK'LE,  (hok'l,)  r.  L    To  hamstring.  JIunmer. 

2.  To  mow.  Mason. 
IlO'CUS-ro'CUS,  It.   [W.  hoerd,  a  cheat  or  trick,  and 

perhajis  birg  or  pwca,  a  hobgoblin.] 
A  juggler ;  a  juggler's  trick  ;  a  cheat  used  by  con- 

jtirers.  Hud'ibras. 
Ho'CUS-PO'CUS,  p.  «.  To  cheat.  L'Estrangc. 
HOD,  71.  \Vt.hutte.] 

A  kintl  of  tray  for  carrying  mortar  and  brick,  used 

in  bricklaying.    It  is  lilted  with  a  handle,  and  borne 

on  the  shoulder. 
II0I)'I)K.\-(;R.\V,  71.    Cloth  made  of  wool  in  its  nat- 
ural slate,  wilhoiit  lieing  dyed.  [ScoKijA.] 
HOD'DY-IJOD'DV,  7i.  An  awkward  or  foolish  person. 

r  Obs.]  B.  Jonson. 

HODOE-PODCE,  )  n.  [flu.  Fr.  hochrr,  to  shake,  or 
IIOTCH'-I'OTCH,  (     hachii,  minced  meal.) 

A  mixed  mass  ;  a  medley  of  ingredients.  [Vulgar.] 

[See  Hotchpot.] 
HO-l)l-ER.\'AL,  o.    [L.  hodiemus,  from  hodie,  hoc  die, 

this  liny.] 

Of  this  dnv  ;  belonging  to  the  present  d.iy. 
HOI)'.M.\i\,  71.    A  man  who  carries  a  hod  ;  a  mason's 
tender. 

HOD'MAN-DOI),  71.     A  shell-fish,  otherwise  called 
dodman.  Baton. 
2.  A  shell-snail. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  u  K;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  a<  in  THIS. 


IIOl 

IIOE,  (ho,)  n.  [G.  haue  ;  S«'.  hacka,  anj  this  is  the 
IJan.  kakkc,  G.  hacke,  a  mattock  ;  Fr.  Iwue.  It  seems 
this  is  from  the  root  of  Jiack  and  hew ;  Sax.  heawian  ; 
D.  houwen  ;  G.  hackcn,  Sw.  hacka,  Dun.  hakkcr,  to 
chop,  to  hack,  to  hew  ;  Fr.  houer.] 

A  farmer's  instriimeiit  for  cutting  np  weeds  and 
loosening  the  earth  in  fields  and  gardens.  It  is  in 
shape  something  like  an  adz,  being  a  plate  of  iron, 
witli  an  ej'e  for  a  handle,  which  is  set  at  an  acute 
angle  with  the  plate. 

HoB,  V.  t.    To  cut,  dig,  scrape,  or  clean  with  a  hoe  ; 
as,  to  hoe  the  earth  in  a  garden  ;  to  hue  the  beds. 
2.  To  clear  from  weeds  ;  as,  to  hoe  maize  ;  to  hoe 

HoE,  V.  i.    To  use  a  hoe.  [cabbages. 

Ho£0,  (hode,) pp.  Cleared  from  weeds,  or  loosened  by 
the  hoe. 

HoE'ING,  ppr.  Cutting,  scraping,  or  digging  with  a 
_  2.  Clearing  of  weeds  with  a  hoe.  [hoe. 

IIoE'ING,  ?i.  The  act  of  scraping  or  digging  with  a 
hoe. 

Ho'FUL,  a.    [Sax.  hohfuU,  ho'rfall;  ho  ra,  care,  and 

full.] 

Careful.    [  Obs.] 
HOG,  71.    [W.  Awf,  a  hog,  a  push  or  thrust;  Arm. 

houch ;  probably  so  named  from  his  snout,  or  from 

rooting  j  Sp.  hocico,  the  snout  of  a  beast ;  hocicar,  to 

root.] 

1.  A  swine  ;  a  general  name  of  that  species  of  an- 
imal. 

2.  In  Eiia-lanJ,  a  castrated  sheep  of  a  year  old. 

3.  A  bullock  of  a  year  old.  ~1sh. 

4.  A  brutal  fellow  ;  one  who  is  mean  and  filthy. 

5.  Among  seamen,  a  sort  of  scrubliing-broom  for 
scraping  a  ship's  bottom  imder  water.  Tottcii. 

HOG,  J!.  U    To  scrape  a  ship's  bottom  under  water. 

2.  [G.  hockcn.]    To  carry  on  tlie  back.  \_Lncal.] 

Orose. 

3.  To  cut  the  hair  short ;  as,  to  hog  the  mane  of  a 
horse.  ■  Smart. 

HOG,  V.  i.  To  bend,  so  as  to  resemble  in  some  degree 
a  hog's  back  ;  as,  a  ship  hoas  in  launching. 

HOG'CoTE,  n.  [hog  and  cote.]  A  shed  or  house  for 
swine  ;  a  sty.  Mortimer. 

HOG'GKD,  (hogd,)  pp.    Scraped  under  water. 

2.  Curving;  having  the  ends  lower  than  the  mid- 
dle. £(011. 

HOG'GER-EL,  n.    A  sheep  of  the  second  year.  Mt. 

HOG'GET,  n.    [Norm,  hog-ct.] 

1.  A  sheep  two  years  old.  Skinner. 

2.  A  colt  of  a  year  old,  called  also  hog-colt.  [Lo- 
cal.] Orosc. 

3.  A  young  boar  of  tlie  second  year.  Cyc. 
HOG'GIXG,  ppr.    Scraping  under  water. 
HOG'GISH,  a.   Having  the  iiualities  of  a  hog;  brutish; 

gluttonous;  filthy;  mean;  .selfisli. 

HOG'GISH-LY,  adv.  In  a  brutish,  gluttonous,  or 
filthy  manner. 

HOG'GISH-NESS,  n.  Prutishness ;  voracious  greedi- 
ness in  eating;  beastly  filthiness ;  mean  selfish- 

HOGH,  (h3,)n.    [See  High.]  A  hill ;  a  cliff.  [Obs.] 

Speiuier. 

HOG'IIERD,  n.    [Aon' and  Aeri/.]    A  keeper  of  swine. 

Browtic. 

Ho'GO,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Aaut  ^-oiit.]  High  flavor; 
strong  scent.    [See  Haut  Gout.] 

HOG'PEN,  n.    [hog  and  pen.]    A  hogsty. 

HOG'-PLUM,  71.  A  troiiical  tree  of  the  genus  Spon- 
dias,  with  fruit  somewhat  resembling  plums,  but 
chiefly  eaten  by  hogs.  Booth.  Loudon. 

HOG'-llIN'G-Elt,  71.  One  whose  business  is  to  put 
rings  in  the  snouts  of  swine. 

HOG'S'-BlcAN,  71.  [A  mere  translation  of  the  Gr. 
'Tor7Kua/jo{.]  A  plant,  Hyoscyainus  niger,  andotlier 
species  of  the  genus  Hyoscyainus  ;  henbane. 

insworttl, 

HOG'S'-FEN-NEL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Peuccd- 
aniim. 

HOG'S'-MUSH-ROOMS,  n.    A  plant.  ./linsworth. 

HOGS'IIEAI),  (hogz'hed,)  71.  [1).  oxhoofd ;  G.  oihoft; 
Dan.  ozchiived  ;  Sw.  oihnfoud ;  that  is,  oxhead.  The 
English  orthography  is  grossly  corrupt.] 

1.  A  measure  t»f  capacity,  containing  03  wine  pal- 
Ions,  or  about  .VJ',  imperial  gallons.  The  old  ale  hogs- 
head contained  54  ale  gallons,  or  nearly  .'j.'j  imperial 
gallons.  McCidloch. 

2.  In  Jlmerica,  this  name  is  often  given  to  a  butt,  a 
cask  containing  from  110  to  120  wine  gallons  ;  as,  a 
hogshead  of  spirit  or  molasses. 

3.  A  large  cask  of  indefinite  contents.  Bacon. 
HOG'-SKIN,  71.    Tanned  leather  made  of  the  skins  of 

Hwine. 

HOfJ'.STEER,  71.  A  wild  boar  of  three  years  old. 
[J^ot  in  twc.j 

"OG'ST?,  n.    [hog  and  sty.]    A  pen  or  inclosuro  for 

hORH. 

HOG' WASH,  n.  [hog  nni  mash.]  Swill  ;  the  refuse 
miittem  of  a  k  Iclieii  or  brewery,  or  like  matter  for 
"wlne-  Arbuthnot. 

HOIII.'.SPATH,  n.  [G.]  The  mineral  otherwise 
cnlli'd  made,  and  chioittolilc. 

HOI'DKN,  71.  [VV.  hacden,  a  flirt,  a  wanton,  a  co- 
quet.] 


HOL 

1.  A  rude,  bold  girl ;  a  romp. 

2.  A  rude,  bold  man.  [JN'oJ  used  in  the  United 
States.]  Milton. 

n01'D£N,  a.    Rude ;  bold  ;  inelegant ;  rustic. 

Young. 

H0I'D£N,  7>.  i.   To  romp  rudely  or  indecently.  Suiift. 
H0I'r)£N-I100D,  71.   State  of  being  a  lioiden. 
H0I'D£N-ISH',  a.    Having  the  manners  of  a  hoiden. 
HOIST,  V.  t.    [Originally  hoise;  but  corrupted  perhaps 

beyond  remedy.    G.hissen;  D.hyssen;  Sw.hissa; 

hun.hisccr!  Fr.  isscr;  Ann.  I'fia;  Sp.  izar;  Port. 

i;ar.    This  appears  by  the  German  to  be  radically 

the  same  word  as  heat ;  which  see.] 
1.  To  raise  ;  to  lift. 

We'll  quickly  hoist  Doke  Humphrey  from  his  scat.  Shak. 
In  popular  language,  it  is  a  word  of  general  appli- 
cation.   But  the  word  has  two  approfiriate  uses,  one 
by  seamen,  and  the  other  by  milkmaids,  viz. 

9.  To  raise,  to  lift  or  bear  upward  by  means  of 
tackle  ;  and  to  draw  up  or  raise,  as  a  sail  along  the 
mast  or  stays,  or  as  a  flag,  though  by  a  single  block 
only;   I/uist  the  main-sail.   Jloist  the  flag. 

Mar.  Diet. 

3.  To  lift  and  move  tlie  leg  backward  ;  a  word  of 
command  used  by  milkmaids  to  cows,  when  they 
wish  them  to  lift  and  set  'ua'^k  the  right  leg. 

HOIST.n.  In  marine  language,  IhB  perpendicular  hight 
of  a  flag  or  sail,  as  opposed  to  the  fiy,  or  breadth  from 
the  stair  to  the  outer  edge.  Encyc. 

HOIST'ED.  pp.    Raised  ;  lifted  ;  drawn  up. 

HOIST'ING,  ppr.    Raising  ;  lifting. 

IIOIT,  V.  I     [Icel.  hauta.]    To  leap ;  to  caper. 

Bcaum.  Sf  Fl. 

IIOI'TY  TOI'TY ;  an  exclamation  denoting  surprise 
or  disapprobation  with  some  degree  of  contempt. 
IloUy  toity  I  what  have  I  to  do  with  dreams  i  Congreve. 
[On.  Ice.  hauty,  to  leap.] 
HOL'CAD,  71.    [Gr.  6A»tici(»i'.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  a  large  ship  of  burden.  Milford. 
Hold,  v.  t.  ,*  prct.  Held  ;  pp.  Held.  Holden  is  obsolete 
in  elegant  writing.  [Sax.  hcaldan ;  G.  halten  ;  D. 
houden,  I  suppressed  ;  Sw.  Italia ;  Dan.  holder  ;  Gr. 
TfoiXud),  to  hold,  or  restrain  ;  Ileb.  to  hold  or  con- 
tain ;  Ch.  and  Syr.  to  measure,  that  is,  to  limit ;  nVj, 
to  confine,  restrain,  or  shut  up;  Cli.  Syr.  id;  Ar. 

"^X*— ■  to  keep,  guard,  or  preserve ;  Ch.  V^N,  to  take, 
also,  to  eat,  to  roar,  to  thunder.  [See  Call.]  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  press,  to  strain.  Class  Gl,  No.  18, 
33,  31;,  40.] 

1.  To  stop  ;  to  confine  ;  to  restrain  from  escape  ; 
to  keep  fast ;  to  retain.  It  rarely  or  never  signifies 
the  first  act  of  seizing  or  falling  on,  but  the  act  of  re- 
taining a  thing  when  seized  or  confined.  To  grasp, 
is  to  seize,  or  to  keep  fast  in  the  hand  ;  hold  coin- 
cides with  grasp  in  the  latter  sense,  but  not  in  the 
former.  We  AoW  a  horse  by  means  of  a  bridle.  An 
anchor  holds  a  ship  in  her  station. 

2.  To  embrace  and  confine,  with  bearing  or  lift- 
ing. We  hold  an  orange  in  the  hand,  or  a  child  in 
the  arms. 

3.  To  connect ;  to  keep  from  separation. 

The  loops  held  one  curtain  t^anoUier.  —  Exod.  xsxvi. 

4.  To  maintain,  as  an  opinion.  He  holds  the  doc- 
trine of  justification  by  free  grace. 

5.  To  consider ;  to  regard  ;  to  think  ;  to  judge, 
that  is,  to  have  in  the  mind. 

I  hold  hhn  hut  a  fool.  Shak. 
'I'lie  Lord  will  nol  hold  him  guiltless,  that  takcth  lu's  name  in 
vain.  —  £xod.  xi. 

fj.  To  contain,  or  to  have  capacity  to  receive  and 
contain.  Here  is  an  empty  basket  that  AoW*  two 
bushels.  This  empty  cask  holds  thirty  gallons.  The 
church  holds  two  thousand  people. 

7.  To  retain  within  itself ;  to  keep  from  running 
or  flowing  out.  A  vessel  with  lioles  in  its  bottom 
will  nol  hold  fluids. 

'I'hey  have  hewed  them  out  broken  cisterns,  Uiat  can  hold  no 
water.  — Jer.  ii. 

8.  To  defend;  to  keep  possession  ;  to  maintain. 

With  what  arma 
We  mean  to  hold  what  ancienlly  wc  claim 
Of  eini>irc.  Millon. 

0.  To  have  ;  as,  to  AoW  a  place,  office,  or  title. 

10.  To  have  or  possess  by  title  ;  as,  he  held  his 
lands  of  the  king.  The  estate  is  held  by  copy  of 
court-roll. 

11.  To  refrain  ;  to  stop;  to  restrain  ;  to  \vtthhold. 
Hold  your  laughter.    Hold  your  tongue. 

Dcalli  I  what  du'st  t    O,  hold  thy  blow.  Crcishaw. 

12.  To  keep  ;  as,  hold  your  pence. 

1:1.  To  fix  ;  to  confine  ;  to  compel  to  observe  or 
fulfil  ;  as,  to  bfild  one  to  his  promise. 

14.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain  from  motion. 


!.'■>.  To  confine  ;  to  bind  ;  in  a  legal  or  moriil  ieiise. 
lie  iH  held  to  |)i  rforni  his  covenants. - 

IG.  To  maiiilain  ;  to  retain  ;  to  continue. 

But  Htill  he  ttrlit  hill  piirjKiBe  to  depart.  Dryden. 


HOL 

17.  To  keep  in  continuance  or  practice. 
And  Niglit  and  Chaos,  ancestors  of  Nature,  hold 

Eternal  anarchy.  Milum. 

18.  To  continue ;  to  keep ;  to  prosecute  or  car- 
ry on. 

Seod-lime  and  harvest,  heat  and  boaiy  frost, 

Shall  ;ioM  Uieir  course.  Mlton. 

19.  To  have  in  session  ;  as,  to  hold  a  court  or  par- 
liament ;  to  hold  a  council. 

20.  'I'o  celebrate ;  to  solemnize ;  as,  to  liold  a 
feast. 

21.  To  maintain  ;  to  sustain  ;  to  have  in  use  or  ex- 
ercise ;  as,  to  hold  an  argument  or  debate. 

22.  To  sustain  ;  to  sujiport. 

Thy  right  hand  shall  hold  me.  —  Ps.  r.iixix 

23.  To  carry  ;  to  wield. 

They  all  hold  swords,  being  expert  in  war.  —  CanL  iii. 

24.  To  maintain  ;  to  observe  in  pr.actice. 

Ye  hold  the  traditions  of  men.  —  Mark  vit. 

2.5.  To  last ;  to  endure.  The  provisions  will  hold 
us,  till  we  arrive  in  port.  So  we  say,  the  provisions 
will  last  us  ;  but  the  phrase  is  clli|)tical  for  will  hold 
or  last /or  us,  the  verb  being  intransitive. 

To  hold  forlli ;  to  offer  ;  to  exhibit ;  to  propose. 

Observe  the  connection  of  ideas  in  the  propositions  wliicli  books 
Itotd/orth  and  pretend  to  teach.  Locke. 

2.  To  reach  forth  ;  to  put  forward  to  view.  Cheyne. 
To  hold  in ;  to  restrain  ;  to  curb  ;  to  govern  by  the 
bridle.  SwifU 
2.  To  restrain  in  general  ;  to  check  ;  to  repress. 

Hooker. 

To  hold  off;  to  keep  at  a  distance.  Pope. 
To  hold  on  ;  to  continue  or  proceed  in  ;  as,  to  hold 
on  a  cotirse. 

To  hold  out ;  to  extend  ;  to  stretch  forth. 

The  king  held  O'M  to  E;>ther  the  golden  fcj  pter.  —  Esther  v, 

2.  To  propose  ;  to  offer. 

Fortune  holtU  out  these  to  yon  .as  rewards.         B.  Sanson. 

3.  To  continue  to  do  or  suffer. 

He  can  not  long  hold  ottt  these  pangs.    [Not  used,]  Shalt. 

To  hold  over ;  to  remain  in  after  one's  term  lias  ex- 
pired. 

To  hold  up  ;  to  raise  ;  as,  hold  up  your  liead. 

2.  To  sustain  ;  to  support. 

He  holds  liinis?lf  »/)  in  virtue.  Sitloey, 

3.  To  retain  ;  to  withhold. 

4.  To  offer :  to  exhibit.  He  held  up  to  view  the 
prospect  of  gain. 

5.  To  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  fidling. 

To  hold  o7ie's  own  ;  to  keep  good  one's  jwesent  con- 
dition ;  not  to  fall  olf,  or  to  lose  ground.  In  .s-cfliHr/i's 
language,  a  ship  holds  her  own,  when  she  sails  as  fasl 
as  another  ship,  or  keeps  her  course. 

To  hold,  is  used  by  the  Irish,  for  to  lay,  as  a  bet,  to 
wager.  I  hold  a  crown,  or  a  dollar ;  but  this  is  a 
vulgar  use  of  the  word. 
Hold,  v.  i.  To  be  true;  not  to  fail ;  to  stand,  as  a 
fact  or  truth.  This  is  a  sound  argument  in  many 
cases,  but  does  not  hold  in  the  case  under  consider- 
ation. 

The  rule  holds  in  lands  aa  well  as  in  other  thingB.  Locke. 

In  this  application,  wc  often  say,  to  hold  true,  to 
hold  good.  The  argument  Ao/<^*  good  in  both  cases. 
This  holds  true  in  most  cases. 

2.  To  continue  unbroken  or  unsubdued. 

Our  force  by  land  hath  nobly  held.    [Liltle  used.]  Shak. 

3.  To  last ;  to  endure.  Bacon. 
We  now  say,  to  hold  out. 

4.  To  continue. 

While  our  olwdience  holds.  Milton. 

.5.  To  be  fast ;  to  be  finn  ;  not  to  give  way,  or  |)art. 
The  rope  is  strong ;  I  believe  it  will  hold.  The  an- 
chor holds  well. 

G.  To  refrain. 

His  dauntless  heturt  would  fain  have  held 

From  weeping.  Dryleu. 

7.  To  stick  or  atlhcre.   The  plaster  will  nol  hold. 

To  hold  forth ;  to  speak  in  public  ;  to  harangue  ;  to 
preach;  to  proclaim.  I,'' l:.strangr. 

To  hold  in ;  to  restrain  one's  self.  He  was  tempted 
to  laugh  ;  he  could  hardly  hold  in. 

2.  To  continue  in  gooii  luck.    [Unusual.]  Swift 

To  hold  off;  to  keep  at  a  distance  ;  to  avoid  con- 
nection. 

7'o  AoM  of;  to  be  depi'iident  <m ;  to  derive  title 
from. 

My  crown  la  absolute,  and  hold*  of  none.  Dnjden. 
To  hold  on ;  to  continue  ;  not  to  be  interrnpled. 

The  trade  held  on  many  year".  Smi/t. 

2.  To  keep  fiist  hiibl  ;  to  cling  to. 

3.  To  proceeil  in  ;i  course,    .lob  xvii. 

To  hold  out:  to  last;  to  endure  ;  to  continue.  A 
consumptive  constitulion  may  hold  out  a  few  years. 
He  will  accomplish  the  work  if  his  strength  holds 
out. 

2.  Not  to  yield  ;  not  to  surrender ;  not  to  be  sub- 
dued.   The  garrison  still  held  out. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII.^T — METE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W(?LF,  BQQK.w- 


566 

4 


HOL 

To  hold  to ;  to  cling  or  cleave  to  ;  to  adhere. 

Else  ho  will  hold  to  tlie  one,  mid  despisu  the  oUicr.  —  Matt.  vl. 

To  hold  under,  or  from ;  to  have  title  from ;  as,  [let- 
ty  barons  holdinir  under  the  greater  barons. 

To  hold  with  ;  to  adhere  to  ;  to  side  with  ;  to  stand 
up  for.  • 

To  hold  plow  ;  to  direct  or  steer  a  plow  by  the  Iiand 
ill  tillagii. 

To  hold  together ;  to  bo  joined  ;  not  to  separate ;  to 
remain  in  union.  Dnjdcn.  Locke. 

To  hold  up;  to  support  one's  self;  as,  to  hold  up 
under  misfortunes. 

To  cease  raining  ;  to  cease,  as  falling  weather  ; 
used  impersonally.    It  holiis  up  ;  it  will  hutil  up. 

3.  To  continue  the  same  speed  ;  to  run  or  nun  c  as 
fast.  CoUtcr. 

Hut  we  now  say,  to  heep  up. 

To  hold  a  wager;  to  lay,  to  stake,  or  to  hazard,  a 
wager.  Sici/t. 

Hold,  used  imperatively,  signifies  stop ;  cease ;  for- 
bear ;  be  still. 
HOLD,  n.  A  grasp  with  the  hand  ;  an  embrace  with 
the  arms  ;  any  act  or  exertion  of  the  strength  or  limbs 
which  keeps  a  thing  fast  and  prevents  escape.  Keep 
your  hold  ;  never  quit  your  hold. 

It  is  much  used  after  the  verbs  to  laUe,  and  to  lay ; 
to  take  hold,  or  to  laij  hold,  is  to  seize.  It  is  used  in  a 
literal  sense  ;  as,  to  take  hold  with  the  hands,  with 
the  arms,  or  with  the  teeth  ;  or  in  a  figurative  sense. 

Sorrow  shall  take  hold  on  Ihc  inliiilnlanis  uf  P.ile8tina.  —  Ex.  xv. 

Take  fasl  hold  of  inbtnictioii.  —  Prov.  iv. 

My  soul  look  hold  on  Ihfe.  A'ldUon. 

2.  Something  which  may  bo  seized  for  support; 
that  which  supports. 

If  a  man  be  upon  a  high  place,  without  a  ffootl  hold,  lie  is  rraily 
to  f;OI.  •  Bacon. 

3.  Power  of  keeping. 

On  vour  viror  now 
My  hold  of  this  new  kinguom  all  depends.  Milton. 

4.  Power  of  seizing. 

The  law  hath  yet  another  hold  on  you.  Shnk. 

5.  A  prison  ;  a  place  of  confinement. 

They  laid  hands  on  them,  and  put  lliem  in  hold  till  the  next  day. 
—  Acts  iv. 

6.  Custody  ;  safe  keeping. 


King  Richard,  he  is  in  the  mighty  hold 
Of  Solingbroke. 


Sliak. 


7.  Power  or  influence  operating  on  the  mind  ;  ad- 
vantage that  may  be  employed  in  directing  or  per- 
suading another,  or  in  governing  his  conduct. 

Fear  —  by  which  God  and  his  laws  take  llie  surest  hold  of  iis. 

Tillolson. 

Gives  fortune  no  more  hold  of  him  than  is  necessary.  Drydcn. 

8.  -Lurking-pl.ace  ;  a  place  of  security  ;  as,  the  hold 
of  a  wild  beast. 

9.  A  fortified  place;  a  fort  ;  a  castle;  often  called 
a  strontT  hold.    Jer.  li. 

10.  The  whole  interior  cavity  of  a  ship,  between 
the  floor  and  the  lower  deck.  In  a  vessel  of  one 
deck,  the  whole  interior  space  from  the  keel  or  floor 
to  the  deck.  That  part  of  the  hold  which  lies  abaft 
the  main-mast,  is  called  the  after-hold ;  that  [)art  im- 
mediately before  the  main-mast,  the  main-hold ;  that 
p;irt  about  the  fore-hatchway,  the  fore-hold.  Mar.  Diet. 

1 1.  In  music,  a  mark  directing  the  performer  to  rest 
on  the  note  over  which  it  is  placed.  It  is  called  also 
a  pause. 

HoLD'UACK,  n.    Check;  hinderance;  restraint. 

Hammond. 

2.  The  iron  in  the  thill  of  a  wheel  carriage,  to 
which  a  part  of  the  harness  is  attached,  in  oriler  to 
enable  the  animal  to  hold  back  the  carriage. 
IIOL.U'HH,  »•    One  who  holds  or  grasps  in  his  hand, 
or  embraces  with  liis  arms. 

2.  A  tenant ;  one  who  holds  land  under  another. 

Carew. 

3.  Something  by  which  a  tiling  is  held. 

4.  One  who  owns  or  possesses  ;  as,  a  holder  of  stock 
or  shares  in  a  joint  concern. 

5.  In  ships,  one  who  is  employed  in  the  hold. 

Mar.  DicU 

HOLD'ER-FoRTH',  n.   A  haranguer;  a  preacher. 

Uudibras. 

IIOIjD'FXST,  71.  A  general  name  of  various  contri- 
vances for  si?curiiig  and  holding  things  in  Iheir  place, 
as  a  long,  tiat-headcd  nail,  a  catch,  a  hook,  &c. 

IlcbcrU 

IIoLD'ING,  ppr.     Stopping;  confining;  restraining 

kei'pini! ;  retaining;  adhering;  maintaining,  &c. 
lIol.U'ING,  n.    A  tenure  ;  a  farm  held  of  a  superior. 

Carew. 

2.  The  burden  or  chonis  of  a  song.  Shak. 

3.  Hold  ;  influence  ;  power  over.  Burke. 
IIoLE,  II.    [Sax.  hoi ;  G.  hSIdc ;  D.  hoi ;  Dan.  hul,  hale  ; 

Sw.hal;  Basque,  eliUoa;  Gr.  /coiAn;,  KoiXos-  Ou. 

Hob.  Sn,  or  Ar.  khala.    Class  Gl,  No.  20,  23.] 

I.  A  hollow  place  or  cavity  in  any  solid  body,  of 
any  shape  or  dimensions,  natural  or  artificial.  It  may 
dirter  from  n  rent  or  fissure  in  beinc  wider.  A  cell ; 
a  den  ;  a  cave  or  cavern  in  the  earth  ;  an  excavation 


HOL 

in  a  rock  or  tree  ;  a  |iit,  &.c.  Is.  xi.  ICtck.  viii.  JVaA. 
ii.    Malt.  viii. 

2.  A  perforation  ;  an  api  rtiiri; ;  an  o|iening  in  or 
through  a  solid  body,  left  in  the  work  or  made  by 
an  instrument. 

Jelioida  took  a  chest,  and  bored  n  holt  In  the  lid  of  it.  —  2 
Kings  lii. 

3.  A  mean  habitation  ;  a  narrow  or  dark  lodiiing. 

Drijdcu. 

4.  An  opening  or  means  of  escape  ;  a  subterfuge  ; 
in  the  vulgar  phrase,  he  has  a  hole  to  creep  out  at. 

Arm-hole  :  the  arm-pit ;  the  cavity  under  the  shoul- 
der of  a  person.  Bacon. 
2.  An  opening  in  a  garment  for  the  arm. 

V.  i.    'I'o  go  into  a  hole.  B.  .lonson. 

IIoLK,  I',  f.    To  cut,  dig,  or  make  a  hole  or  holes  in  ; 
as,  to  hole  a  post  for  the  insertion  of  rails  or  bars. 
2.  To  drive  into  a  bag,  as  in  billiards. 
IIOL'I  HUT.    See  Haliiu  t. 

UOL'I-DA.M,  71.  [Ao/y  and  <ia77t«.]  Blessed  lady,  an 
ancient  oath.  llaumrr. 

IIOL'I-UAY,  n.  A  day  set  apart  for  commemorating 
some  important  event  in  history  ;  a  festival. 

2.  A  day  of  joy  and  giiyety. 

3.  A  day  of  exem()tion  i'rom  labor ;  a  day  of  amuse- 
ment.  JSee  lIoLvoAV.j 

IIOL'I-DaY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  festival ;  gay. 

II0'Ij1-LY,  ado.   [from  holy.]    Piously  ;  with  sanctity. 
2.  Sacredly  ;  inviolably  ;  without  breach.  ILitilc 
used.]  Shak.  Sidney. 

HO'M-NESS,  71.  [from  holy.]  The  state  of  being  ho- 
ly ;  purity  or  integrity  of  moral  charticter ;  freedom 
from  sin  ;  sanctity.  Applied  to  the  Supreme  Bcinjr, 
holiness  denotes  perfect  purity  or  integrity  of  moral 
character,  one  of  his  essential  attributes. 

Who  is  like  Dice,  glorious  in  holincti  7  —  Exod.  iv. 

2.  Applied  to  human  beintrs,  holiness  is  purity  of 
heart  or  dispositions  ;  sanctified  aflections  ;  piety  ; 
moral  goodness,  but  not  perfect. 

We  sec  piety  tuid  holiness  ridiculed  as  morose  singularities. 

Jtogera. 

3.  Sacredness  ;  the  state  of  any  thing  hallowed, 
or  consecrated  to  God  or  to  his  worship ;  applied  to 
churches  or  temples. 

4.  That  which  is  separated  to  the  service  of  God. 

Israel  was  holiness  unto  the  Lord.  —  Jer.  ii. 

5.  A  title  of  the  pope,  and  formerly  of  the  Greek 
emperors.  Encyc, 

IIoL'ING-AX,  71.  A  narrow  ax  for  cutting  holes  in 
ixists. 

IIOL-LoA',)  czclam.  A  word  used  in  calling.  Among 
IIOL-Lo',   !     seamen,  it  is  the  answer  to  one  that 

hails,  equivalent  to,  *'  I  hear,  and  am  ready."    It  is 

also  written  Holla. 
HOL'LO,  j  (hol'lo  or  hol-15',)  v.  u  [Stix.  ahhwan.J  To 
HOL'L.\,  i     call  out  or  exclaim.    [See  Halloo. J 
HOL'LAND,  71.     Fine  linen  first  manufactured  in 

Holland. 

noL'LAiVD-ER,  ti.    A  native  of  Holland. 
I10L'LA.\I)-ISH,  a.    Like  Holland. 
HOL'LANDS,  ti.    Gin  made  ill  Holland. 
HOL'LE.X.    See  Holly. 

HOL'LoW,  a.  [Sax.  hoi;  G.  hold;  D.  Iiol;  Pw. 
halig:  Dan. /lu/ed;  Ann.  gouUo,  or  ftouUii,  emptied. 
See  Hole.] 

1.  Containing  an  empty  space,  n.atiiral  or  artificial, 
within  a  solid  substance  ;  not  solid  ;  as,  a  hollow 
tree ;  a  hollow  rock  ;  a  hollow  sphere. 

H9II0W  with  tioartts  sh,alt  thou  make  it.  —  Exod.  xxvii. 

2.  Sunk  deep  in  the  orbit ;  as,  a  hollow  eye. 

3.  Deep ;  low  ;  resembling  soiintl  reverberated  from 
a  cavity,  or  designating  such  a  sound  ;  as,  a  hollow 
roar.  Drydcn. 

4.  N'ot  sincere  or  faithful  ;  false  ;  deceitful ;  not 
sound ;  as,  a  hollow  heart  ;  a  hollow  friend. 

Milton.  Shak. 
HOL'LoW,  71.    A  cavity,  natural  or  artificial ;  any 
depression  of  surface  in  a  body  ;  concavity ;  as,  the 
hollow  of  the  hand. 

2.  A  place  excavated  ;  as,  the  hnlloie  of  a  tree. 

3.  A  cave  or  cavern ;  a  den ;  a  hole  ;  a  broad,  open 
space  in  any  thing.  S/iak.  Prior. 

4.  A  pit.  Addi.wn. 

5.  Open  space  of  any  thing;  a  groove;  a  channel ; 
a  canal.  Addison. 

HOL'LOW,  r.  L    [Sax.  holian.\ 

To  make  hollow,  as  by  digging,  cutting,  or  en- 
graving ;  to  excavate. 

Trees  rudely  holloired  diil  Ihe  waves  sustain.  Drydrn. 

IinL'LGW  or  HOI^LoW',  v.  i.  To  shout.  [See 
Holla  and  Hollo.]       Dryden.    Addison.  Smart. 

HOL'LOW,  fldr.  He  carried  it  Ao//oie,  or  he  bi'at  0// 
hollow:  that  is,  he  beat  all  bis  competitors  without 
difficulty.    [Colloquial.]  Grose. 

HOL'LOW'-f.'I),  pp.  or  o.    Made  hollow  ;  excavated. 

I10L'L6W-EV-/';i),  (-ide,)  a.    Having  sunken  eyes. 

HOL'LoW-HE.\KT-ED,  a.  Insincere  ;  deceitful  ; 
not  sound  and  true  ;  of  practice  or  sentiment  dilfer- 
ent  from  profession.  Butler. 

HOL'LOW-L\G,  ppr.    Making  hollow  ;  excavating. 


HOL 

HOL'LOW-LY,  arfo.  Insincerely  ;  deceitfully.  Stiak. 
IKlL'LdW-NESH,  71.     'I'he  state  of  being  hollow; 

cavity  ;  depression  of  surface  ;  excavation.  Bacon. 
2.  Insincerity  ;  deceitfulness  ;  treachery.  SoutJt. 
HOI/Lf)W-KOUT,  71.    A  plant,  tuberous  inosi  hntel, 

or  inglorious,  constituting  the  genus  Adoxa  ;  a  low 

jilaiil,  whose  leaves  and  flow<  rs  smell  like  musk  ; 

lieiice  it  is  sometimes  called  viusk-eroirfoot.  Eneyc. 
HOI/I.OW-SPAR,  71.    The  mineral  called,  also,  chiaa- 

tohlr. 

IIUl/I,oW-SaUARK,  71.  A  body  of  foot  soldiers 
drawn  up  to  receive  the  charge  of  cavalry,  having 
ail  empty  space  in  the  middle  to  n  ceive  the  ollici  rs, 
artillery-men,  &c.,  and  protected  on  iUI  sides  by  a  line 
of  bayonets. 

HOL'L'V,  71.  [.«ax.  holefrn;  D.  hulst :  perhaps  L.  i7«, 
for  hilrr.  In  Welsh,  Ihe  corresponding  word  is  cclyu, 
from  the  root  of  eclu,  to  conceal,  L.  cclo.  The  ilei, 
in  ."^w.,  is  called  iro;i  oak.] 

The  holm-tree,  of  the  genus  Ilex,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  common  holly  grows  from  20  to  30  feet 
high  ;  the  stem,  by  age,  becomes  large,  and  is  cov- 
ered with  a  grayish,  smooth  bark,  and  set  wilJi 
branches  which  form  a  sort  of  cone.  The  lt;aves  arc 
oblong  oval,  of  a  lucid  green  on  the  upper  surface, 
but  pale  on  the  under  surface  ;  the  edges  are  indent- 
ed and  waved,  with  sharp  thorns  terminating  ciich  of 
the  points,  'i'he  flowers  grow  in  clusters,  and  are 
succeeded  by  roiinilish  berries,  which  turn  to  a  beau- 
tiful red  itbout  .Micliaelnia-s.  This  tree  is  a  beautiful 
evergri^eii.  Kncyc. 

2.  'I'lie  holm  oak,  Qucrcus  ilex,  an  evergreen  oak  ; 
ofti^n  calleil  hully-onk.  P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

Knee-holly;  a  plant,  the  butcher's  broom,  of  the 
genus  Riiscus. 

Sra-hollii;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Erj  ngium. 

HOL'LV-IIOCK,  71.    [Sax.  holihoe.] 

A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Althira,  bearing  flowers  of 
various  robirs.    It  is  called,  also,  rose-malloir. 

HOL'LY-RoSR,  71.    A  scentless  plant.  Smart. 

IIoL.M,  71.    'i'he  evt'rgreeii  oak  ;  the  ilex. 

2.  An  islet,  or  river  isle. 

3.  A  low,  flat  tract  of  rich  land  on  the  banks  of  a 
river.  Cyc. 

HoI.M'ITE,  77.  A  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime  ;  so 
called  from  Mr.  Holme,  who  analyzed  it.  [Obsolrlc.] 

Cleaveland. 

HOL'O-CAUST,  71.  [Gr.  o\^s,  whole,  and  KooaTos, 
burnt,  from  «oiw,  to  burn.] 

A  burnt  sacrifice  or  ofterinz,  tlie  whole  of  which 
was  consumed  liy  fire  ;  a  species  of  sacrifice  in  use 
among  the  Jews  and  some  pagan  nations. 

Ray.  Encyc, 

IIOL'O-GRAril,  77.  [Or.  oUi,  whole,  and  ypaipoi,  to 
write.] 

A  deed  or  testament  written  wholly  by  the  grantor's 
or  testator's  own  hand.  Enciic. 

ilOL-()-(;RAPiI'lC,  rt.  Written  wholly  by  the  grantor 
or  testator  himself. 

liOL-O-Hli'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  oA'i?,  wliole,  and  iipa, 
face.] 

In  minrraloiry,  a  term  applied  to  a  crystal  witll  ail 
the  similar  edges  or  angles  simil.arly  ri-jilnced. 

/.>a7ia. 

HO-LOM'E-TEK,  ti.  [Gr.  6X0,,  all,  and  ptT,,cio,  to 
measure.] 

An  iiistriiinent  for  taking  all  kinds  of  measures, 
both  on  the  earth  and  in  the  heavens ;  a  pantoineler. 

IlebcrU 

HoLP,  HoLP'i'N,  the  antiquated  pret.  and  pp.  of 
llELr. 

HOL'STER,  71.  [Sax.  heoUtrr,  a  hiding-place  or  re- 
cess ;  Port,  cohlrc ;  from  holding,  or  concealing,  L. 
celo.  Sax.  helan,] 

A  leathern  case  fi>r  a  pistol,  carried  by  a  horseman 
at  the  fore  part  of  his  sadiile. 

IloL'STER-i'D,  a.  Bearing  holsters;  as,  a  hoUtered 
steed.  Bi/ron, 

iioLT,  71.  [Sax.  holt,  Ir.  eoillte,  W.  eetlt,  a  wooti,  from 
the  root  of  Sax.  hrlan,  L.  celo,  W.  cflu,  to  hide,  to 
keep  close  ;  a  word  ret:tined  in  ii.aines.] 

A  Wood      woodland  ;  obsolete,  except  in  poetry. 

Drayton,  Browne. 

IIO'LY,  «.  [Sax.  hahg;  G.  and  I).  h'eiUs  ;  Sw.  hrlig; 
H.iii.  hilli^  :  I'rom  the  root  of  heal,  hold,  whole,  and 
all ;  Sax.  hal,  G.  hnl,  i).  heel,  Sw.  hel,  Dan.  heel, 
whole.  See  Heal  anil  IIolo,  and  Class  Gl,  .\o.  31, 
35,  42.  The  sense  is  whole,  entire,  complete,  sound, 
unimpaired.] 

1.  Properly,  whole,  entire,  or  perfect,  in  a  moral 
sense.  Hence,  pure  in  lie;irt,  trm|N.'^or  dispositions, 
free  from  sin  and  siiit'iil  afl'eclions.  Applied  to  the 
Supreme  Being,  holy  signifies  perfectly  pure,  immac- 
ulate, and  complete,  in  monil  character  ;  and  man  is 
more  or  less  holy,  as  his  heart  is  more  or  le.ss  sancti- 
fied, or  purified  from  evil  dispositiims.  We  call  a 
m:in  holii,  when  his  heart  is  confonned  in  some  de- 
gree to  the  image  of  God,  and  his  life  is  regulated 
by  the  divine  precepts.  Hence,  holy  is  used  as  nearly 
synonymous  with  good,  pious,  godly. 

Be  ye  holy ;  fur  I  am  holy.  —  1  PeL  I. 

2.  Hallowed  ;  consecrated  or  set  apart  to  a  sacred 
use,  or  to  the  ser^'icc  or  worshfp  of  God  j  a  sense 


TONE,  B5JLI.,,  tJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CII  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


To- 


ll U" 


557 


HOM 

frequent  in  Scripture  ;  as,  the  holy  Salitiatli  ;  Imly 
oil  1  hvly  vessels ;  a  holy  nation  ;  tile  holy  temple  ;  a 
/iv/v  priestlujod. 

3.  Proceeding  from  pious  principles,  or  directed  to 
pious  purposes  ;  as,  holy  zeal. 

4.  Perfectly  just  and  good  ;  as,  the  holy  law  of 
God. 

5.  Sacred  ;  as,  a  holy  witness.  Shal:. 

Holy  of  holies  ;  in  Scripture,  the  innermost  apart- 
ment of  the  Jewish  tabernacle  or  temple,  where  the 
ark  was  kept,  and  where  no  person  entered,  except 
the  high  priest  once  a  year. 

Holy  Ohost,  or  Holy  Spirit ;  the  divine  Spirit ;  the 
third  person  in  the  Trinity  ;  the  Sanctifier  of  souls. 

Hilly  war;  a  war  undertaken  to  rescue  the  Holy 
Land,  the  ancient  Judea,  from  the  infidels  ;  a  cru- 
.   sade  ;  an  expedition  carried  on  by  Christians  afrainst 
the  Saracens,  in  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth 
centuries  :  a  war  carried  on  in  a  mostunW;/  manner. 
Hp'LY-eKOSS  DAY,  n.    The  fourteenth  of  i^eptem- 
ber,  observed  as  a  festival,  in  memory  of  the  exalta- 
tiim  of  our  Savior's  cross.  Brande. 
Ho'LY-eRu-EL,  a.    Cruel  from  excess  of  holiness. 

Shale. 

Ho'LY-DaY,  71.  A  religious  festival;  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  a  festival  of  any  kind,  for  which  Uolidav  is 
the  more  appropriate  term. 

Ho'LY-OF'FlCE,  n.    A  name  for  the  Inquisition. 

HO'LY-0.\'E,  (  wun,)  n.  An  appellation  of  the  Su- 
preme Being,  by  way  of  emphasis. 

2.  An  appellation  of  Christ.    Js.  xliii. 

3.  One  separated  to  the  service  of  God.  Deiit. 
xxxiii. 

Ho'LY-ROOD,  n.  The  cross  or  crucifix,  particularly 
one  placed  in  Roman  Catholic  churclies,  over  the  en- 
trance of  the  chancel. 

[As  applied  to  the  palace  in  Edinburgh,  the  word 
is  pronounced  hid' o-rooil.  Swarf.] 

HO'LV-ROOD  DAY,  n.  A  festival  observed  on  the 
fourteenth  of  September,  in  memory  of  the  exalta- 
tion of  our  Savior's  cross.  Brande. 

Ho'LY-STo.N'E,  H.  A  stone  used  by  seamen  for 
cleaning  the  dr'cks  of  ships  ;  so  called  in  derision,  it 
is  said,  frtmi  the  dislike  of  seamen  to  use  it.  Totten. 

Ho'LY-STo.VE,  V.  t.  To  scrub  the  deck  of  a  vessel 
with  a  stone  used  by  seamen  for  this  purpose. 

HO'LY-THIS-TLE,  (-this'l,)  n.    A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Contaurea. 
The  blessed  thistle,  Centaurea  bi.ncdicta.  Cue 

Ho'LY-THURS'DAY,  n.  The  day  on  which  the  as- 
cension of  our  Savior  is  commemorated,  ten  days  be- 
fore Whitsuntide.  John.son. 

Ho'LY-VV_\-TER,)i.  In  the  Greek  and  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  water  which  has  been  consecrated  by  the 
priest  to  sprinkle  the  faithful,  and  things  used  for 
iioly  purposes. 

IIO'LY-WEEK,  n.  The  week  before  Easter,  in  which 
the  passi<iii  of  our  S;ivior  is  commemorated.  Johnson. 

HO'LY-WRIT,  (-rit,)  n.    'I  hc  sacred  Scriptures. 

HO.M'.'VGE,  H.  [Fr.  homma<rc  ;  ^^.homenage;  ll.omag- 
giu  ,■  from  L.,  hnoio,  man.] 

1.  In  feudal  law,  the  submission,  loyalty,  and  ser- 
vice which  a  tenant  promised  to  his  lord  or  superior, 
when  first  admitted  to  the  land  which  he  held  of 
him  in  fee  ;  or  rather  the  act  of  the  tenant  in  making 
this  submission,  or  being  invested  with  the  fee.  The 
ceremony  of  doing  homasre  was  thus  perfiirmed.  The 
tenant,  being  ungirt  and  uncovered,  kneeled  and 
held  up  both  his  hands  between  those  of  the  lord, 
who  sat  before  him,  and  there  professed  that  "  he  did 
become  his  man,  from  that  day  forth,  of  life,  and  limb, 
and  earthly  honor,"  and  then  received  a  kiss  from 
his  lord.  Bluckstone. 

2.  Obeisance  ;  respect  paid  by  external  action. 

00,  go,  with  homage  yon  pruutl  victons  rnrel.  Unjdtn. 

3.  Reverence  directed  to  the  Supreme  Being  ;  rev- 
erential worship;  devout  alTectioii. 

HOiM'ACE,  V.  U  To  pay  respect  to  by  external  action ; 
to  give  reverence  to  ;  to  profess  fealty. 

Hf)M'AGE-A-BI>E,  a.    Subject  to  homage.  Howell. 

IIO.M'A-OEIl,  n.  One  who  does  homage,  or  holds 
land  of  another  bv  homage.  Bacon. 

IIO.M'BERG'S  PY-ROPH'O-RUS.  Ao  inflammalile 
composition  whose  essential  ingredient  is  siilphiiret 
of  pot.'Lssiiiin  in  a  state  of  minute  division.  Turner. 

HfiNlE,  n.  [Sax.  ham;  G.  and  I),  heim ;  Sw.  hem; 
Dan.  hiem  ;  Gr.  Kuifin  >  properly,  a  house,  a  close 
place,  or  place  of  rest.  Hence  hamlet,  Fr.  hameau, 
Arm.  Iiamcll.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  in- 
cIoHe,  to  cover,  or  to  make  fast.  Derivatives  in  G. 
U.  Sw.  and  Dan.  signify  secret,  close  ;  and  we  say, 
to  bring  home  arguments,  that  is,  press  them  close  ; 
tu  drive  home  a  nail,  &.c.  If  the  radical  sense  is  close, 

it  niny  be  from  the  Jame  root  as  Ar.  t?*J'  kamai,  to 

cover.  Sec  Chemmtrt,  and  Class  Gni,  No.  7,9,20, 
23.] 

1.  A  dwrUinp-houRc  ;  tlu-  houHf;  or  place  in  which 
one  rcriidcH.    lie  waH  not  ut  humf.. 

'i'brii  ihe  (Ikclptf*  went  nwujr  ngalu  tu  their  own  home.  —  John 


Horn*  U  the  mcml  mfugt  of  our  life. 


HOM 

2.  One's  own  country.  Let  affairs  at  Aomc  be  well 
managed  by  the  administration. 

3.  The  place  of  constant  residence ;  the  seat. 
Fl•^lll^^ia,  by  plenty,  made  Ihe  home  of  war.  Prior. 

4.  The  grave  ;  death  ;  or  a  future  state. 

Man  gueth  to  his  long  home.  —  Eccles.  xii. 

5.  The  present  state  of  existence. 

Whildt  we  are  at  home  m  the  body,  we  are  absent  from  Uie  Lord. 
—  2  Cor.  V. 

jjf  home ;  at  one's  own  house,  or  lodgings. 
To  be  at  home ;  to  be  conversant  with  what  is  fa- 
miliar. 

IIo.ME,  a.    Pertaining  to  one's  dwelling  or  country  ; 
domestic  ;  as,  home  manufactures. 
2.  Close  ;  severe  ;  poignant ;  as,  a  home  thrust. 

Ho.ME,  adu.  [This  is  merely  elliptical,  to  being  omit- 
ted.] 

1.  To  one's  own  habitation  ;  as  in  the  phrases,  go 
home,  come  home,  bring  home,  carry  home. 

2.  To  one's  own  country.  Home  is  opposed  to 
abroad,  or  in  a  foreign  country.  My  brother  will  re- 
turn home  in  the  first  ship  from  India. 

3.  Close  ;  closely  ;  to  the  point ;  as,  this  consider- 
ation comes  home  to  our  interest,  that  is,  it  nearly  af- 
fects it.    Drive  the  nail  home,  that  is,  drive  it  close. 

To  haul  home  the  top-s;iiI  sheets,  in  seamen^s  lan- 
guage, is  to  draw  the  bottom  of  the  top-sail  close  to 
tlie  yard-arm  by  means  of  the  sheets. 

An  anchor  is  said  to  come  home,  when  it  loosens 
from  the  ground  by  tlie  violence  of  the  wind  or  cur- 
rent, &c. 

IIO.ME'-BORN,  o.    Native  ;  natural.  Dunne. 

2.  Domestic  ;  not  foreign.  Pope. 
HoME'-BOLTND,  a.    See  Homewabd-boi,'nd. 
Ho.ME'-BRED,  a.  Native  ;  natural  ;  as,  home-bred  lusts. 

Hammond. 

2.  Domestic  ;  originating  at  home  ;  not  foreign  ; 
as,  home-bred  evil.  Spenser. 

3.  Plain ;  rude  ;  artless  ;  uncultivated ;  not  polished 
by  travel. 

Only  to  me  two  home-bred  youths  belong.  Dryncn, 
HoME'-BUILT,  (-bilt,)  a.   Built  in  our  own  country. 

Jefferson. 

HolME'-DRIV'SN,  a.  Driven  home,  as  a  blow; 
driven  closely. 

Ho.ME'-OWELL'ING,  a.    Dwelling  at  home. 

HO.ME'-FELT,  a.  Felt  in  one's  own  breast;  inward  ; 
private ;  as,  home-felt  joys  or  delight. 

JMilton.  Pope. 

IIOME'-KEEP-ING,  a.  Staying  at  home  ;  not  gad- 
ding. '  Sliak. 

HoME'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  home. 

IIO.ME'LI-ER,  a.  comp.    More  homely. 

Ho.ME'LI-EST,  a.  supcrt.    Most  homely. 

IlO.ME'LI-LY,  adD.    Rudely  ;  inelegantly. 

II6.ME'LI-i\E.SS,  n.  [from  Aunic/y.]  Plainness  of  fea- 
tures ;  want  of  beauty.  It  expresses  less  than  Ug- 
liness. 

2.  Rudeness  ;  coarseness ;  as,  the  homeliness  of 
dress,  or  of  sentiments.  Mdison. 
IIO.ME'-LOT,  n.    An  inclosiire  on  or  near  which  the 

niansion-house  stands.  [.S/nerica.'j 
IlO.ME'LY,  o.    [from  Aomc.]    Ono-ina%,  belonging  to 
h.ime ;   domestic;  hence,  of  plain   features;  not 
h;indsome  ;  as,  a  homely  face.    It  expresses  less 
than  Uglv. 

Let  time,  which  makes  you  homely,  make  you  wise. 
2.  Plain  ;  like  that  which  is  made  for  common  do- 
mestic use;  rude;  coarse  ;  not  fine,  or  elegant;  as, 
a  homely  garment ;  a  homely  house  ;  homely  fare. 

Now  Stn.'plion  daily  eiilenaiiis 

His  Ctiloe  in  the  homeliest  strains.  Pope. 
IIoME'LY,  adu.  Plainly;  rudely;  coarsely;  as,  Aamo- 

bi  ilresseil.    [Little  used.] 
IIo.M  F,'1,Y.\,  71.    A  species  of  fish. 
IIo.ME'-.MaDE,  o.  Made  at  home  ;  being  of  domestic 

m;tiiiifactiire  ;  made  cither  in  private  families,  or  in 

mil  's  own  country.  Locke. 
IK) mi;  O-PATH'ie,  a.    Pertaining  or  belonging  to 

lliilileop:illlv. 

IIO-ME-O-I'ATH'ie-AL-LY,  orfc.  In  the  method  of 
iKuiH-opalhy. 

H()-.Mi:-()I"A-THIST,  71.  A  believer  in  homeopathy. 
IIO-.ME-OI"A-THY,   71.     [(ir.  b^otunaOcio. ;  Ofiuioj, 

like,  and  vailoi,  affection.) 
Tlie  doctrine  or  theory  of  curing  diseases  with 

very  minute  doses  of  medicine,  by  producing  in  the 

patient  atlectiuns  similar  to  those  of  the  disease. 

Med.  and  Surg.  .7oum. 
IIO'MER,    )  71.    A  Hebrew  measure  containing,  as  a 
eil5'MER,  )     liipiid  measure,  ten  batlus,  and  as  n  dry 

measure,  ten  epiialis.  Oesenius. 
IIO-MER'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  Homer,  Ihe  great  poet 

of  Greece,  or  to  his  poetry  ;  resembling  Homer's 

verse. 

HOME'SICK,  a.    Depressed  in  spirit.'!,  or  grieved  at  a 

Heparntiiin  irimi  home. 
IIO.VIE'SICK-NESS,  11.    In  medicine,  nostalgia,  grii^f, 

or  depression  of  spirits,  occnsionecl  by  a  separation 

from  one's  home  or  country. 
IIOME'-SI'icAK-ING,  71.     Forcible  and  efficacioiiH 

speaking.  Milton. 


HOM 

IIO.ME'SPUN,  a.    Spun  or  wrought  at  home  ;  of  dt/- 
mestic  manufacture.  SwifL 

2.  .\ot  m;ide  in  foreign  countries.  Addison. 

3.  Plain  ;  coarse;  rude  ;  homely  ;  not  elegant ;  as, 
a  homespun  English  proverb  ;  a  homespun  author. 

Dniden.  jirtdisou- 
Iln.ME'SPUN,  71.    Cloth  made  at  home;  as,  he  w.is 
dressed  in  homespun. 

_  2.  .A  coarse,  unpolished,  ru.stic  person.  ShaJc. 

HoME'STALL,  t  n.  The  place  of  a  mansion-liou.se  ; 

Ho.\IE'S'I'E.\D,  i     the  inclosure  or  ground  immedi- 
ately connected  with  the  mansion.  Dryden 

2.  Native  seat;  original  station,  or  place  of  resi- 
dence. 


We  can  trace  Uieni  back  to  a  homestead  c 
Ural. 


I  t)te  Rivers  Volga  and 
7bo*«. 


_  [In  the  United  States,  Ho.MESTE\Disthe  word  used.] 
HO.ME'WARD,  ade.    [Sax.Aam  and  meard.] 

Toward  home  ;  toward  one's  habitation,  or  toward 
one's  native  country.  Sidney.  Milton. 

Ho.ME'WARD-BOUND,  a.  Bound  or  directing  the 
course  homeward,  or  to  one's  native  land  ;  as,  the 
homeward-bound  fleet.  We  spoke  a  brig  homeward- 
bound. 

IIOJI'I-CI-D.\L,  a.    [from  homicide.]    Pertaining  to 

homicide  ;  murderous  ;  bloody. 
HOM'I-CIDE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  homicidium  ;  homo,  man, 

and  ccedo,  to  strike,  to  kill.] 

1.  The  killing  of  one  man  or  human  being  by  an- 
other. Huniiciile  is  of  three  kinds — jusUJiiMc,  ex- 
cusable,  aud  felonious ;  justifiable,  w^heu  it  proceeds 
from  unavoiiiable  necessity,  without  an  intention  to 
kill,  and  without  negligence  ;  excusable,  when  it  hap- 
pens from  misadventure,  or  in  self-defense  \  felonious, 
when  it  proceeds  from  malice,  or  is  done  in  the  pros- 
ecution of  some  unlawful  act,  or  in  a  sudden  pas- 
sion. Homicide  committed  Willi  premedit;ited  mal- 
ice, is  murder.  Suicide,  al.so,  or  self-murder,  is 
feliinious  homicide.  Homicide  comprehends  murder 
and  manslaughter.  Btackstone. 

2.  A  person  who  kills  another ;  a  manslayer. 

/)riiden, 

HOM-I-LET'ie,       jo.  [Gr.  6,;iA>;n'fos,froin 
HO.M  I-LET'IC-AL,  \     to  converse  in  company.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  familiar  intercourse  ;  social ;  con- 
versable ;  coiiipanioiiahle.    [Bart.]  Attcrbury. 

2.  Pertaining  to  homiletics. 
HOM-I-LET'ieS,  71.    The  science  which  teaches  the 

principles  of  ailapting  the  discourses  of  the  pulpit 
to  the  spiritual  benefit  of  the  hearers.  It  is  a  part  of 
practical  theology.  E.  T.  FUeh. 

HO.M'I-LIST,  11.  One  that  preaches  to  a  congregation. 

Beauin.  S(  Fl. 

IIOM'I-LY,  71.    [Fr.  homelie ;  Sp.  homiiia ;  It.  omelia  ; 
Gr.  hniXia,  from  o/jiAew,  to  converse  in  comjiany, 
a  company  or  assembly.] 
A  discourse  or  sermon  read  or  pronounced  to  an 
audience. 

The  Book  of  Homilies,  in  the  English  church,  is  a  col- 
lection of  plain  sermons,  which  u'as  prepared  at  the 
time  of  the  Reformation,  to  be  preachetl  by  those  of 
the  inferior  cleig)'  who  were  not  qualified  to  compose 
discourses  themselves. 

HO.M'I-NY,  71.  [Indian.]  In  .America,  maize  hulled 
and  broken,  but  coarse,  prepared  for  food  by  being 
mixed  with  water  and  boiled.  .^dair. 

HO.M'MOCK,  7u  [I  sujipose  this  to  be  an  Indian 
word.] 

A  hillock,  or  small  eminence  of  a  conical  form, 
sometimes  covereil  with  trees.     Bartram.  Encyc. 
HOM-O-CEN'TRie,  n.    [Gr.  o/ioj  and  otir/Joi.] 

Having  the  same  center. 
IIO-MOG'A-MOUS,  a.    [Gr.  bp  if,  the  same,  and  ja- 
poi,  marri.age.] 

In  botany,  having  the  same  essential  parts  of  fruc- 
tification. 

HO-.MO-Gl3:'NE-.AL,  )  a.  [Fr.  homogene  ;  Gr.  bpoyi- 
HO-MO-Gk'NE  OUS,  S     p,,s  ;  'op  ,(,  the  same,  and 

icvif,  kind.] 
Of  the  same  kind  or  nature  ;  consisting  of  similar 

parts,  or  of  e.i  .neiits  of  the  like  nature.    Thus  we 

say,  homogeneous  particles,  elements,  or  principles  ; 

homogeneous  bodies. 
HO-iMO-Gk'NE-AL  NESS,  )  jeordi  not  to  be  encour- 
HO-MO-GE-i\F:'I-TV  ;         )     aged,  eiiuicalent  to 
HO-.MO-GE'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.   Sameness  of  kind  or 

ntitiire. 

HOM'O-GE-NY,  71.  Joint  nature.  Bacon. 
HOM-OI-OI"  I'0-TON,  71.  [Gr.  opotoi,  like,  and  irrco- 
ro!,  falling.] 

A  figure  in  rhetoric,  in  which  the  several  parts  of 
a  sentence  end  with  the  same  case,  or  a  tense  of  like 
sound. 

HO-iMOI-OU'SI-.AN,  n.  or  a.  [Gr.  o/ioioiiirioj  ;  hpniof, 
similar,  and  ovaiii,  being.] 

In  church  history,  a  term  applied,  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, to  those  Ariaiis,  who  helil  that  the  Son  was  ld:e 
the  I'allier  ill  essence,  but  not  the  some.  Braiute. 

IIO  iMOI/O  GATE,  r.  (.  [It.  omologarc  ;  Fr.  homolo- 
gnrr;  Gr.  6/ioAo;  ttu ;  o/ii^j,  the  same,  and  Xiyoj,  to 
8pt-:tk.  ] 

To  approve  ;  to  allow.      Wheaton's  Rep.  vol.  iv. 
HO-iMO  1.1  iG'IC-AI.,  n.  Pertaining  to  homology  ;  hav- 
ing a  structural  altiiiity.  Dana. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — M£TE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARJNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


553 


HON 


HON 


HON 


HO-MOI/O-GOUS,  u.  [Gr.  o^..s,  llie  same,  and  U- 
j  |)rt)|>(>rtion.] 

Ilitviii::  tho  siiiiir  ralii)  or  propitrtioii.  lii  f^eomrtrtt, 
it  is  u|)|ilii'd  to  lluisc  sides  of  similar  fiiiiires  wliicll, 
being  opposite  to  equal  and  corruspuiiding  ancU's,  are 
proportional  to  each  other.  Brtimie, 

The  hiimiihfroits  terms  of  n  proportion  are  either 
the  two  aiiti-eedenls  or  tlie  two  (-onseqiiem-s.  ./.  Omj. 
no  ,Mt)h'()-GV,  H.  In  iihij.siral  fcinicn,  attinity  dep<  nd- 
inL'  on  structure,  and  not  merely  un  simdarily  of  form 
or  use.  JJuna. 
[lO.M'O-NY,  ri.    See  Homist. 
HO.M'O-.NY.M,  n.    [Gr.  ii/i  {  and  .jko/io.] 

.•\  term  applieil  to  words  \\  liic  h  are  tliP  same  in 
sound,  liut  dill'er  in  signification;  as  tliu  noun  licar 
and  Ihe  verb  (»  brar.  Bramlr, 
HO-.\IO.N"Y-.MOl't<,a.  [Gr.  o/iwi/e/iuf  ;  o/iot,  the  same, 
aiMl  ')i  "i;oi,  name.] 

K<piivocal ;  amliiguous ;  that  has  ditlen  nt  si^nifi- 
catiiuis,  or  niav  he  applied  to  didVrent  things.  IVtitu. 
IIO-.MOi\'Y-iMUUS-LY,  adc.  In  an  equivocal  manner. 

Ilurrti!. 

IIO-MO.N'Y-.MY,  ri.    [Gr.  See  .supra.] 

.Vuihigulty ;  ecpiivocatiun.  S>anuMiess  between 
words  whicii  dill'er  in  signilieation  ;  ambiguity. 

HO-MO  OU'SI-AN,  n.  or  a.  [(Jr.  iii  jovawf ;  o/i.'s,  the 
sauu',  and  oi'iri  i,  being.] 

In  chiircli  hUtonj,  a  leim  applied,  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, to  those  who  maintained  that  the  .Son  had  the 
4'(/Hic essence  with  the  Father  ;  opjiosed  to  lloMoiou- 
siAN.  Hrandf. 

HO.M'O-PIIONE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  Gr.  o/io?  and  „.) 
A  letter  or  character  expressing  a  like  sound  with 
another.  Gluldon. 

IIO-.MOI'irO-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  6f.,-s,  the  same,  and 
(pionit  tone.] 

Iteing  of  the  same  pitch;  in  unison;  expressing 
tile  f.MHf  sound  or  letter. 
IIO-.Mi)riru-.\' V,  II.    [Gr.  bfioi,  the  same,  and  <jtuivii, 
.sound.] 

S.iiiieness  of  sound.  Among  the  Orrek.i,  a  kind  of 
music  performed  in  unison,  in  opposition  tu.\.sTiPH- 

ONV. 

IIO-.MO'r'O-.NOl'S,  a.  [Gr.  o/f/j,  the  same,  and  r^ieuj, 
tone.] 

Kqiiabic  ;  of  the  same  tenor ;  applicti  to  rfi.vrasM 
which  have  a  unifurm  tcitvr  ofrisCy  statCf  or  dfdriijiioii. 

IIO-MOT'K()-P.\L,  a.  [Gr.  ojioj,  the  same,  and  r,u..ffii, 
a  turning.] 

In  Imiaiiij,  a  term  used  in  describing  the  direction 
of  bodies,  to  denote  any  one  having  the  same  direc- 
tion as  the  body  to  winch  it  beloiig.s,  but  not  being 
straight.  Brande. 
IIoM;,  II.  [Sw.  Aen,  a  hone;  Sax.  lucnaii,  to  stone. 
The  n  (U(l  is  found  in  Ihe  Greek  .or  o  n  :  and  in  two 
dialects  of  the  ISurinan  empire,  Aifi,  Aceii,  sigiiities  a 
stone.    Asial.  Rr^earcheSy  5,  228.    We  find  the  word 

also  in  the  Syriac  j  i  oj  oAana,  a  hune,  coticni.i,  La- 
pis I.ydins.    Oi<f.  Hrpt.  213.] 

.\  stone  of  a  fine  grit,  used  for  sharpening  instru- 
ments that  require  a  fine  edge,  and  particularly  for 
setting  ra/.ors. 

[We  never,  I  believe,  call  a  hone  a  whrMonc.  The 
Ijiller  is  a  stone  of  coarse  grit.    See  the  word.] 
IIO.N'F.,  I.  L   To  rub  and  sharpen  on  a  hone;  as,  to 

hour  a  razor. 
HO.N  K,  r.  I.    [(In.  W.  hawn,  eager.] 

To  pine  ;  to  long.  [Oft.-.] 
n^\'KI>,  /»/».    Sliarpeneil  on  a  Inuio. 
IIO.VK'WOIIT,  n.    An  umbelliferous  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Sisiui. 

IIO.X'EST,  (on'esl,)  a.  [Fr.  hnnwUe,  for  honrsle:  Sp. 
and  Port,  honejto  ;  IL  onesto  ;  from  L.  honcstas,  from 
hotipSy  Adiier.  ] 

1.  I'priglit ;  just  ;  fair  in  dealing  with  others  ;  free 
from  trickishness  and  fraud  ;  acting  and  having  the 
disposition  to  act  at  all  times  according  to  justice  or 
correct  nuiral  principles  ;  afiplird  to  persons. 

All  honeitt  in«ii'»  llip  iiol>l.*st  work  ol  f!o.l.  Pope. 
Au  honeti  pliysici.iii  Iciv.'s  liid  patioiil,  when  he  can  contribute 
no  lUrtliLT  to  his  heiltth.  Ttmple. 

a.  Fair  ;  just ;  equitable  ;  free  from  fraud  ;  as,  an 
honest  tninsactiuii ;  an  huiie.st  transfer  of  property. 

3  Frank  ;  sincere  ;  unreserved  ;  according  to  truth  ; 
as,  an  htmrst  ctinfe.ssion. 

4.  Sincere;  proceciling  from  pure  or  just  princi- 
ples, or  directed  to  a  good  object ;  as,  an  /lonc.f  inipii- 
ry  after  truth  ;  an  honcjt  enileavor  ;  honest  vii:ws  or 

5.  Fair  ;  gootl  ;  unimpeaclied.  [motives. 

Sock  levcn  men  ut  honest  p-port.  —  Act*  vi. 

6.  Decent ;  honorable,  or  suitable. 

l-rovi,le  lliingB  honttl  in  the  tight  a!  all  men.  —  Roni.  xiL 

7.  Chaste;  faithful. 

Wir«  may  be  merrjr,  luid  ril  honttl  loo.  Shai. 
With  reference  to  this  last  sense,  a  man  who  mar- 
ries his  concubine  is  still  said  to  make  an  honest 
...Tv',';:'-"..."'^  S.iwr,. 
.  ,  '  •       es'O     «-   To  adorn  ;  to  grace.  [.Vot 
'"'•^•1  Sam/is. 


110N-ES-TA'TI0N,n.  Adorniiient ;  grace.  [JV<i<  u.»frf.] 

.Mountit  'Tit. 

HON"F,.«iT  I,Y,  (on'cst-ly,)  adv.  Uprightly  ,  justly  ; 
with  integrity  and  fairness;  as,  a  contract  huncMy 
nnide. 

2.  With  frank  sincerity  ;  without  fraud  ordisgnise  ; 
according  to  trutli ;  us,  to  confess  hoiieMij  one's  real 
design. 

;).  I!y  upright  means  ;  witli  upright  conduct ;  as,  to 
live  hoHFdtlij. 
A.  (.'hastely  ;  with  conjugal  loyally  and  fidelity. 
1I0.N'ES-TY,  (on'es-ty,)  n.    [Fi.  honiictete ;  L.  honcn- 
ta...] 

1.  In  principle,  an  upright  disposition  ;  moral  recti- 
tude of  heart ;  a  disposition  to  conftirin  to  justice  and 
correct  moral  principles,  in  all  social  transactions. 
In  foct,  upright  conduct ;  an  actual  conformity  to  jus- 
tice and  moral  rectitude. 

J/one.<tij  is  chielly  apjilicable  to  social  transactions, 
or  mutual  dealings  in  the  exchange  of  pro|)erty. 

2.  Fairness :  candor ;  truth ;  as,  the  huiic^tij  of  a 
narrative.  Wardlaio. 

;!.  Frank  sincerity.  Sluik. 

4.  A  llowenng  hi  rb  of  the  genus  Liinarla. 
IIO.N'EY,  (liiin'y,)  n.    [Sax. /luinV  ;  O.  huniff  ;  D.  Ao- 
nii^j  honinir  ;  S\v.  fianintr ;  Dan.  Ai»;i;i//iff.] 

I.  ,\  sweet  juice  collected  by  bees  from  the  flowers 
of  plants,  and  de|Kisited  in  cells  of  the  comb  in  hives. 
Honey,  when  pure,  is  of  a  moderate  consistence,  of  u 
whitish  color,  tinged  with  yellow,  sweet  to  the  taste, 
of  an  agreeable  smell,  soluble  in  water,  and  becom- 
ing vinous  by  fermentation.  In  medicine,  it  is  useful 
as  a  detergent  and  aperient.  It  consists  chielly  of 
sugar,  mucilage,  and  an  .acid.  Encyc.  Ure. 

i.  Sweetness;  lusciousness. 


The  kin^  hath  fonnil, 
M  ilter  airainst  him,  tluit  foivver  man 
T)iv  honey  of  liii*  laiigu.ige. 


Shak. 


3.  A  word  of  tenderness  ;  sweetness ;  sweet  one. 

Drydcn. 

This  word  is  sometimes  used  adjectively  ;  as,  the 
music  of  his  honey  vows. 
Hfi.V'EY,  r.  i.    To  talk  fondly.  [Utile  used.]  Shak. 
HO.V'l'.Y,  e.  f.    To  sweeten. 

IIO.\"'EY-U.\G,  71.  The  receptacle  for  honey  in  a  hon- 

■  ey-liee.  Orew. 

IIO.V'EY-eOJin,  (hun'y-koinc,)  77.  A  substance  of  a 
firm,  close  texture,  formed  by  bees  into  hexagonal 
cells  for  repositories  of  hom  y,  and  for  the  eggs  wliicli 
produce  their  young. 

2.  A  casting  of  iron  or  other  metal  which  has  cells 
like  a  bont^yctunb. 

IIO.\'EY-eo.MU-£D,  (-komd,)  a.  Having  little  flaws 
or  cells.  IVUeman. 

I10.\"EY-nEW,  (  dii,)  71.  A  sweet,  saccharine  sub- 
stance, found  on  the  leaves  of  trees  and  other  plants 
in  sina.l  drops,  like  dew.  Two  substances  have  Iwcn 
called  by  this  name:  one  secreted  from  the  pl.-tiits, 
and  the  other  deposited  by  a  small  insect,  called  the 
aphis,  or  viiie-freiter.  Bees  and  ants  are  saiil  to  be 
ftuitl  of  honey -tlciv.  Eneife. 

IIO.N'EY-f.T),  (hun'nid,)a.  Covered  with  honey.  Mlton 
a.  Sweet  ;  as,  honeyed  wortls.        Milton.  SJiak. 

II0.N"EY-F1.<)W-ER,  n.  All  evergreen  shrub,  of  the 
genus  Melianlhus,  a  native  uf  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Loudon. 

llf)\'EY-G.\AT,  (-nat,)  71.    An  insect,  .^insworth. 

IIO.N'EV-GL'IDE,  H.  A  species  of  Cuckoo,  of  the  ge- 
nus Indicator,  found  in  .Africa,  whicli,  by  its  motions 
and  cries,  conducts  persons  to  hives  of  wild  honey. 

P.  Cue. 

lION'EY-n.XR-VEST,  71.  Honev  collected.  Dnjd'ni. 

IIO.N'EY-LESS,  n.    Destitute  of  honev.  Shak. 

llO.\'EY-I,f)  CirsT,  71.  A  North-American  tree,  the 
Oleditschia  triacantJiiLs, nniu-ti  with  thorns, and  having 
wood  resembling  that  of  the  locust.  It  ha.s  some- 
times, though  erroneously,  been  CiUled  the  tJirce- 
thorned  acacia.  Encije.  Jim. 

IIO.N'EY-.MOO.V,    )  71.   The  first  month  after  mar- 

llfi.\'EY-.MO.\TII,  i     riagc.  MdUon. 

HO.N'EY-.MOU'fll-i'JD,  u.    Soft  or  smooth  in  speech. 

Shak. 

HON'EY-STALK,  (hun'y-stawk,)  71.  Clover-flower. 

llrt.\'EY-.<T6.NE.    See  .Mki.liti.  [Mason. 

I1(5.\'EY-SUCK-LE,  «.  The  popular  name  of  some 
species  of  a  genus  of  plants,  the  l.K)nicera  or  Capri- 
folium,  one  of  wliicll  is  caJled  jcondbine.  They  are 
celebrated  for  the  beauty  and  fragrance  of  their  flow- 
ers. 

IIO.N'EY-StrcK'LED,   (-siik'ld,)  a.     Covered  with 

honevsnckles. 
Hfi.N ' l-iY-SW EET,  a.    Sweet  as  honey.  Chaucer. 
HO.S"'EY-TO.NGU-£D,  (  tungd,)  a.  Using  soft  speech. 

Shak. 

HON'EY-WOIIT,  77.  A  r'mt  of  the  genus  Cerinthe, 
whose  flowers  are  very  attractive  to  bees.  Loudon. 

IlO.Vti,  11.  The  Chinese  name  uf  large  factories  at 
Canton,  where  each  nation  has  a  separate  hon_'. 
Hence,  a  hon;;  mercliaiit  is  a  Chinese  who  is  aiithor- 
Izi-d  to  triile  with  these  hongs.  Buchanan. 

//n'AV  SOir  qui  M.II.  Y  PE^VSE,  [Fr.]  Slmme 
be  to  him  that  evil  thinks. 

HO.\''I-KD,  (hnn'iiid,)    [III.]    See  Ho:<eted. 


HON'OR,  (on'iir,)  71.  [L.  honor,  honoa;  Fr.  hanneur  1 
Sp.  honor  i  Port,  honrai  It.  onore :  Ann.  enor ;  lu 
07ifiir.] 

I.  The  esteem  due  or  paid  to  worth  ;  high  estima- 
tion. 

A  prorityt  Ii  not  williojt  Aonor,  except  In  his  own  country.  -~ 
MM.  liii. 

Q.  .\  testimony  of  esteem  ;  any  expression  of  re- 
spi-ct  or  of  high  estiniatioii  by  words  or  atttitms;  as, 
til honors  uf  war  ;  military  Iwitorn  ;  fuiierul  honors; 
civil  honors. 

3.  Dignity  ;  ex'dted  rank  or  place;  distinction. 

I  have  giy<>n  tliee  rictv*  anil  honor,  —  1  Khisrs  iii. 
Thoii  art  clothi-il  vvilli  honor  unil  In.iji'iity. —  Pi.  civ. 
In  doin{{  a  gouU  tliiii(^,  iIrtv  is  hotli  honor  ami  ple.isnre. 

/VnnJt?in. 

4.  Reverence ;  veneration  ;  or  any  .act  by  whicli 
reverenci:  and  siibniission  are  expressed,  as  worsliip 
paid  to  the  Sii|)reiiie  Being. 

.').  Ueputatiun  ;  good  name  ;  as  his  honor  is  unsul- 
lied. 

6.  True  nobleness  of  mind;  magnanimity;  digni- 
fied respect  for  elianicter,  springing  from  probity, 
principle,  or  moral  rectitude  ;  a  distioguishinir  trait  in 
tlie  character  of  irood  men. 

7.  An  assumed  appearance  of  nobleness  ;  scorn  of 
meanu(!.ss,  springing  fioiii  the  fear  of  reproach,  with- 
out regaril  to  principle  ;  as,  shall  I  violate  my  tru^t.' 
F'lrbitl  it,  honor. 

8.  Any  particular  virtue  much  valued,  as  bravery 
in  ini'n,  and  chastity  in  females.  Shak. 

y.  Dignity  of  mien  ;  noble  appearance. 

Uuillike  en-ct,  w  ilh  native  honor  cl.ul.  Milton. 

10.  Th.at  which  honors ;  he  or  that  which  confers 
dignity  ;  us,  the  chancellor  is  an  honor  to  his  profes- 
sion. 

II.  Privileges  of  rank  or  birth  ;  in  the  plural. 

Restore  me  to  my  Aonorj.  Shale. 

12.  Civilities  paid. 

Thru  hi-re  a  hl.ive,  or,  if  you  will,  a  lunl, 

To  ilo  the  honors,  iiii.l  to  give  il.e  wi»rj.  Popt. 

13.  Th.at  which  adorns ;  ornament;  decoration. 

The  sire  llieii  «hook  llie  honort  oftiia  head.  UryrUn. 

14.  A  noble  kind  of  scignory  or  lordship,  held  of 
the  king  in  capitc.  Encije. 

Honors ;  in  iraines,  the  four  higliest  cards,  the  ace, 
king,  queen,  and  jark. 

Honors  iifirar ;  distinctions  granted  to  a  vanquished 
enemy,  as  of  marching  out  from  a  ramp  or  iiilrench- 
meiils  with  all  the  insignia  of  niilitaiv  etiquette. 
Also,  the  compliments  paid  to  great  pi-r.-^ouages  when 
they  appear  bt  l'ore  an  armed  body  of  men  ;  likewise, 
such  as  are  paid  to  the  remains  of  a  deceased  officer. 

Encyc.  Jim. 

On  or  upon  my  honor  :  words  accompanying  a  dec- 
laration which  [ileilge  one's  honor  or  re|>iitalion  for 
the  truth  of  it.  The  iiu'inbers  of  the  house  of  lords, 
in  Great  Britain,  are  not  under  oath,  but  give  their 
opinions  on  their  honor. 

Laies  of  honor,  among  persons  of  fashion,  signify 
certain  rules  by  which  their  social  intercourse  is  reg- 
ulated, and  which  are  founded  on  a  regard  to  repu- 
tation These  laws  require  a  puiirtilioiis  nttenlion 
to  decoriiiii  in  external  deportment,  but  admit  of  the 
foulest  violations  of  moral  duty  I*aley. 

Court  of  honor  ;  a  court  of  chivalry  ;  a  court  of  civil 
and  criminal  jurisdirlion,  having  iKiwer  to  redress 
injuries  of  honor,  and  to  hold  pleas  respecting  mat- 
ters of  arms  and  deeds  of  war.  Encyc. 
IIO.\'OR,  (on'iir,)  r.  t.  [L.honoTo;  Fr.  honoreri  Sp. 
honrnr  :  It.  onorare.] 

1.  To  revere  ;  to  respect ;  to  treat  with  deference 
and  submission,  and  perform  relative  diitie.-*  to. 

Honor  thy  f.iilivr  lutil  Ihy  niolhor.  —  Kx.  XX. 

2.  To  reverence  ;  to  manifest  the  highest  venera- 
tion for,  in  Words  and  actions  ;  to  entertain  the  most 
exalted  thoughts  of;  to  worship  ;  to  adore. 

Th.it  all  men  ithoiilit  honor  tlie  Sun,  even  oa  tlicy  Aonor  tJie 
h'.itliiT.  —  John  V. 

3.  To  dignify  ;  to  raise  to  distinction  or  notice  ;  to 
elevate  in  rank  or  station  ;  to  exalt.  .Men  are  some- 
times honored  with  titles  and  ulfices  which  they  do 
nut  merit. 

TUiu  shall  it  ii"  (tone  to  the  man  whom  Ihe  king  dcliglib  lli  to 
honor.  —  B»tjKT  vi. 

4.  To  glorify  ;  to  render  illustrious. 

1  will  he  honored  upon  Pluraoh,  and  upon  alt  hi«  Iwvt.  —  F.x. 
xiv. 

5.  To  treat  with  dun  civility  and  respect  in  the  or- 
dinary intercourse  of  lite.  The  troops  honored  the 
governor  wilh  a  s.alute. 

fi.  In  eoinmercr,  to  .accept  and  p;iy  when  due  ;  as,  to 
honor  a  bill  of  exchange. 
1I().\'()R-A  l!EE,  a.    [\..  honorabUis  ;  Ft.  honorable.] 
1.  Holding  a  distinguished  rank  in  society;  illus- 
trious or  noble. 

Sliechetii  waa  more  honorahie  th-an  all  the  houie  of  hia  Callier.  — 
Ij.'ll.  xxxiv. 

Many  of  Owin  If'li.'ve,! ;  al»?  of  Aonora^<  women  who  were 
Greek*  —  not  a  fi-w.  —  Acu  xvti. 

S.  Possessing  a  high  mind  ;  actuated  by  principles 


TO.NE,  BJvLL,  tJNITE.- A.V'GER,  Vl"CIOUS._e  as  K ;  0  i«  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


r>5<i 


IIOO 

of  honor,  or  a  scrupulous  reK'i''il  to  probity,  rectitude, 
or  reputation.    He  is  an  honorable  man. 

3.  Conferring  honor,  or  procured  by  noble  deeds  ; 
as,  honorable  wounds.  Dryden. 

4.  Consistent  with  honor  or  reputation.  It  is  not 
honorable  to  oppress  the  weak,  or  to  insult  the  van- 
quislied. 

5.  Respected ;  worthy  of  respect ;  regarded  with 
esteem. 

Mam'awe  is  honorable  in  all.  —  Heb.  xiii. 

C.  Performed  or  accompanied  with  marks  of  lien- 
or, or  with  testimonies  of  esteen; ;  as,  an  honorable 
burial. 

7.  Proceeding  from  an  upright  and  laudable  cause, 
or  directed  to  a  just  and  proper  end  ;  not  base  ;  not 
reproachful  ;  as,  an  honorable  motive.  A'othing  can 
be  honorable  which  is  immoral. 

8.  Not  to  be  disgraced. 


HOO 


HOP 


Let  her  descend  ;  my  clumbers  are  honorahU. 


Shale. 


9.  Honest ;  without  hypocrisy  or  deceit ;  fair.  His 
intentions  appear  to  be  honorable. 

10.  An  epithet  of  respect  or  distinction;  as,  tlie 
honorable  senate  ;  the  honorable  gentleoiuu. 

11.  Becoming  men  of  rank  and  character,  or  suited 
to  support  men  in  a  station  of  dignity  ;  as,  an  honor- 
able salary.  Constitution  of  Jila^sachusetts. 

HON'OR-A-BLE-NESS,  (on'ur-a-bl-ness,)  n.  The 
state  of  Wing  honorable  ;  eminence  ;  distinction. 

2.  Conformity  to  the  ))rincip]es  of  honor,  probity, 
or  moral  rectitude  j  fairness  j  applied  to  disposition  or 
to  conditct. 

HO\'OR-A-BLY,  adv.  With  tokens  of  honor  or  re- 
spect.   The  man  was  honorably  received  at  court. 

2.  Magnanimously ;  generously  ;  with  a  noble  spirit 
or  purpose.  The  prince  honorably  iriterposed  to  pre- 
vent a  rupture  between  the  nations. 

3.  Reputably  ;  without  reproach. 

Why  did  I  not  more  honorably  st-irve  ?  Dryden, 

HOR-OR-A'RI-U.M,  )  n.    .4  term  applied,  in  Europe,  to 

HON'OR-.VRV,  j  the  rcconipt  nsc!  olK-red  to  pro- 
fessors in  universities,  and  to  medical  or  otiier  pro- 
fessional gentlemen  fur  tiieir  services.  It  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  Fee,  with  the  additional  idea  of  being 
.given  honoris  causa,  as  a  token  of  respect.  Brande. 

HO.\'()R-A-RY,  a.  Conferring  honor,  or  intended 
merely  to  confer  honor;  as,  an  honorary  degree;  an 
honorary  criuvn. 

9.  Possessing  a  title  or  place  without  performing 
services  or  receiving  a  reward  ;  as,  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  a  society. 

HON'OR-£D,  (on'urd,)  pp.  or  a.  Respected  ;  revered  ; 
reverenced  ;  elevateil  to  rank  or  olhce  ;  dignitied  ; 
"exalted  ;  glorified  ;  accepted  and  paid,  as  a  bill  of 
exchange. 

HON'OR-ER,  n.    One  that  honors  ;  one  tliat  reveres, 
reverences,  or  regards  vviili  respect. 
2.  One  who  exalts,  or  who  confers  honors. 

HOX'OR-ING,  n.    The  act  of  giving  honor. 

HON'OR-ING,  p;>r.  Respecting  highly  ;  ruvrencing; 
exalting;  dignifying;  conferring  marks  of  esteem; 
accepting  and  paving,  as  a  bill. 

HO.\'OR-LESS,  (on'ur-lcss,)  a.  Destitute  of  honor  ; 
not  honored.  H'arbnrton. 

noon,  in  composition,  [Sax.  had,  hade,  G.  heit,  D.  heid, 
H\v.  tiH,  Dan.  hcd,  as  in  manhood,  ekildliood,]  denotes 
state  or  fixedness,  hence  quality  or  character,  from 
some  root  signifying  to  set,  .Sax.  hadinn,  to  ordain.  It 
is  equivalent  to  the  termination  hms  in  English,  and 
ta.i  in  Latin  ;  as  goodness,  G.  gutlieit ;  broUierliood,  L. 
fraternitiu. 

HOOD,  n.  [Sax.  hod;  W.  hod.  Qu.  from  the  root  of 
hut  or  hide.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  used  by  females,  and 
deeper  I  ban  a  boniut. 

2.  A  covering  for  the  head  and  shoulders,  used  by 
monks  ;  a  cowl. 

3.  A  covering  for  a  hawk's  head  or  eyes,  used  in 
fali'.onry.  ^ 

4.  Any  tiling  to  ho  drawn  over  the  head  to  cover  it. 
.0.  An  ornamental  fi>ld  that  hangs  down  the  back 

of  a  graduate  to  mark  his  degree  Johnson. 

li.  A  low,  wooden  porch  over  the  ladder  which 
leads  to  the  steerage  of  a  ship  ;  the  upper  part  of  a 
galley  chimney  ;  the  cover  of  a  piiinp.    jV/ur.  Did, 
HOOD,  f.  t.    To  dress  in  u  hood  or  cowl ;  to  put  on  a 
Ji  I. 

The  frijr  boofled,  and  the  nion.ircti  cruwncd.  Pope. 

2.  To  cover  ;  to  blind. 

I'll  hood  my  eye*.  SliaJc. 

3.  'I'o  cover, 

And  hoo/t  die  II  iineg.  Dryden, 

HOOD'EI),p;i.  or  a.    Covernl  with  a  homl  ;  blinded. 

HOOD'I.N'f;,  ppr.    Covering  Willi  a  houd. 

HWD'I.EH.S,  a.    Having  no  hood. 

HOoH'MAN-IIIJND,  v.  a  pluv  in  which  n  pemon 
bliiiili'd  in  to  catch  another,  and  tidl  liiK  name;  blind- 
inilli'x  lillir.  Skak. 

IIQOD'WI.NK,  r.  t.  [hood  and  vaik,]  To  blind  by 
coveriiiK  the  eyi.n. 


Wa  wUI  Uiiid  Mill  hoiKlieinIc  hlin. 


2.  To  cover ;  to  hide. 

For  the  prize  I'll  bnn^  tliee  to,  ' 
Shall  hoodainh  lliis  mischance.  Shak. 

3.  To  deceive  by  external  appearances  or  disguise  ; 
to  impose  on.  Sidneu. 

HOOD'U'IXK  jED,  (-winkt,)  pp.   Blinded  ;  deceived. 

HOOD'U'INK-IXG,  ppr.  Blinding  the  eyes;  cover- 
ing; hiding;  deceiving. 

HOOF,  n.  [Sax.  hof;  G.  liuf;  D.  horf;  Dan.  hov ;  Sw. 
hof,  a  hoof,  and  a  measure.    Class  Gb,  No.  31.] 

1.  The  horny  substance  that  covers -or  terminates 
the  feet  of  certain  animals,  as  horses,  oxen,  sheep, 
goats,  deer,  &c. 

2.  All  animal ;  a  beast. 

He  bad  not  asing^le  /loo/ofany  kind  to  slaughter.  Washinglon. 
HOOF,  V.  i.    To  walk  as  cattle.    [LitUe  used,] 

William  Scott. 

HOOF'-BOUXD,  a.  A  horse  is  said  to  be  hoof-bound 
when  he  has  a  pain  in  the  fore  feet,  occasioned  by 
the  dryness  and  contraction  of  the  horn  of  the  quar- 
ters, wliicli  straitens  the  quarters  of  the  heels,  and 
often  makes  him  lame.  Far.  Diet. 

HOOF'£D,  (hooft,5  a.    Furnished  with  hoofs. 

Of  all  tlie  hoofed  qu-adrnpeds  llie  horse  is  the  most  beautifid. 

Crete. 

HOOF'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  hoofs. 
HOOF'-TREAD,  «.    The  tread  of  a  hoof;  a  track. 
HOOK,  n.    [.Sax.  hoe  ;  1).  haak  ;  G.  hakrn  ;         hake  ; 

Dan.  hage  ;  W.  hwg ;  Heb.  njn ;  Ch.  on.    Class  C", 

No  22,23,24.1 

1.  A  piece  of  iron,  or  other  metal,  bent  into  a  Curve 
for  catcliiiig,  holding,  and  sustaining  any  thing  ;  as, 
a  hook  for  catching  fish ;  a  tenter-Auoi ;  a  chimney- 
Iiook  i  a  pot-hook,  &.c. 

2.  A  snare  ;  a  trap.  Shak. 

3.  [\V.  hoc,  a  scythe.]  A  curving  instrument  for 
cutting  grass  or  g»ain ;  a  sickle;  an  instrument  for 
cutting  or  lopping.  Mortimer.  Pope. 

4.  That  part  of  a  hinge  which  is  fixed  or  inserted 
in  a  post ;  whence  the  phrase,  to  he  off  the  hooks,  to 
be  unhinged,  to  be  disturbed  or  disordered.  Swift. 

5.  A  forked  timber  in  a  ship,  placed  on  the  keel. 

6.  A  catch  ;  an  advantage,  [f^ulgar.] 

7.  In  husbandry,  a  field  sown  two  years  running. 
[Liical.]  Jli}isworth. 

By  hook  and  by  crook ;  one  way  or  other  ;  by  any 
means,  direct  or  indirect.  Dryden. 
HOQK,  V.  t.    To  catch  with  a  hook  ;  as,  to  hook  a  fish. 

2.  To  seize  and  draw,  as  with  a  hook.  Shal;. 

3.  To  fasten  with  a  hook. 

4.  To  entrap  ;  to  insnare. 

5.  To  draw  by  force  or  artifice.  JVurm. 
To  hook  on  :  to  apply  a  hook. 

HOOK,  i\  i.    To  bend  ;  to  be  curving. 

UOOK'.VH,  >i.    A  Turkish  pipe,  in  which  the  smoke 

of  tobacco  is  made  to  pass  through  water  for  the  sake 

of  cooling  it. 

HOOK'£D,  (hook'ed  or  hijnkt,)  a.  Bent  into  the  form 
of  a  hook ;  curvated.  The  claws  of  a  beast  are 
hooked. 

2.  Bent ;  curvated  ;  aquiline  ;  as,  a  hooked  nose.  • 

Brown. 

H00K'/:D,  (hookt,) Caught  with  a  hook ;  fastened 
with  a  hook. 

HOOK'ED-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  bent  like  a 
hook. 

HOOKTNG,  ppr.  Catching  with  a  hook  ;  fastening 
with  a  hook. 

HOOK'-NoS-£D,  a.    Having  a  curvated  or  aquiline 

nose.  S/iu/i. 
HOOK'Y,  a.    Full  of  hooks;  pertaining  to  hooks. 
HOOP,  n.    [D.  hocp,  hoepcl.] 

1.  A  band  of  wood  or  metal  used  to  confine  the 
staves  of  casks,  tubs,  &.C.,  or  for  other  similar  piir- 
|)oses.  Wooden  hoops  are  usually  made  by  splitting 
an  oak  or  hickory  sapling  into  two  parts  ;  but  some- 
times they  are  made  of  thin  splints,  and  of  otlier  spe- 
cies of  wood. 

2.  A  piece  of  whalebone,  in  the  form  of  a  circle  or 
ellipsis,  used  formerly  by  females  to  extend  their  pet- 
tictmls  ;  a  farthingale.  Swift, 

3.  Something  resembling  a  hoop ;  a  ring  ;  anv  thing 
circular.  Jlddison. 

HOOP,  r.  (.  'l"o  bind  or  fasten  with  hoops ;  as,  to  hcop 
a  barrel  or  |>iincheoii. 
2.  To  clasp  ;  to  encircle  ;  to  surround. 

Slink.  Grew. 

HOOP,  x\  i.  [Rax.  hralian,  heofan,  to  howl,  to  lami  nt, 
to  weep;  also,  hwcopan,  to  whip,  to  weep,  to  howl,  to 
■whoop  ;  till'  latti^r  is  written  also  wropun,  wepan,  to 
weep;  Goth,  wopyan,  to  whoop.  The  Sax.  hcajian 
seems  to  be  connected  with  heave,  and  the  sense  is 
probably  to  raise  or  throw  the  voice.  Whether  heofi- 
an  and  hwropan  are  radically  the  same  word,  is  not 
certain  ;  most  probably  they  are,  and  wlump  and  weep 
are  evidently  the  s.inie.  IVceping,  in  rude  ages,  is 
by  howling,  or  loud  outcries.  Sec  Whoop,  the  same 
word  dillV  renlly  written.] 

'I'o  shout ;  to  utter  a  Imul  cry,  or  a  particular  sound 
by  way  of  call  or  pursuit. 

HOOP,  V,  I.    To  drive  with  a  shout  or  outcry.  Shale. 
2.  'I'o  call  by  a  slioiit  or  hoop. 


HOOP,  n.    A  shout ;  also,  [Sw.  hof,]  a  measure,  equal 

to  a  peck. 
2.  The  hoojioe. 
HOOP'i^D,  (lioypt,);^.    Fastened  with  hoops. 
HOOP'ER,  71.     One  who  lioops  casks  or  tubs ;  a 

cooper. 

HQOP'ING,  ppr.    Fastening  with  hoops. 
'2.  Crying  out ;  shouting. 

HOOP'lNG-eoUGH,  71.  A  cough  in  which  the  pa- 
tient hoops,  or  whoops,  with  a  deep  inspiration  of 
breath. 

HOOP'oE,  )  n.  [Fr.  huppe,  the  hoopoe,  and  a  tuft; 
HOOP'OO,  j      huppe,  tufted  ;  or  L.  upupa,  epops;  Gr. 

eJTOKp.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Upupa,  whose  liead  is  adorned 
with  a  beautiful  crest,  wliich  it  can  erect  or  depress 
at  pleasure.  Encyc. 
HOOP'-PoLE,  Ji.  A  small  young  tree  cut  for  making 
hoops. 

HOO'SIER,  (hoo'zher,)  n.  A  term  applied  to  the  citi- 
zens of  the  state  of  Indiana.  United  States. 

HOOT,  V.  i.  [W.  hwd,  or  hwt,  a  taking  oft",  off,  away  ; 
hwtiaw,  to  take  oft",  to  push  away,  to  hoot  ;  and  udaw, 
to  howl  or  yell ;  Fr.  huer,  a  contracted  word  ;  hence, 
hue,  in  hue  and  cry.] 

1.  To  cry  out  or  shout  in  contempt. 

Matrons  and  ^rls  shall  hoot  at  thee  no  mon;.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cry  as  an  owl. 

The  cl.uiiorous  owl,  Uiat  nightly  hools.  Dryden. 

HOOT,  V.  t.  To  drive  with  cries  or  shouts  uttered  in 
contempt. 

Partridge  and  liis  clan  may  hool  me  for  a  cheat.  Sirift. 
HOOT,  71.    A  cry  or  shout  in  contempt.  Glanvillc. 
HOOT'ED,  pp.    Driven  with  shouts  of  contempt. 
HOOT'ING,  ;)/)r.    Shouting  in  ctmtempt. 
HOOT'ING,  7!.    A  shouting  in  contempt. 

2.  The  cry  of  an  owl. 
HOOVE,     j  71.   A  disease  in  cattle  consisting  in  the 
HOOV'£N,  j    excessive  inflation  of  the  stomach  by 
gas,  ordinarily  caused  by  eating  too  much  green  food. 

Oaj'dnrr. 

HOP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hoppan  ;  G.  hvpfen  ;  D.  Imppelen  ;  Sw. 
hoppa;  Dan.  hopper:  W.  hobelu,  to  hop,  to  hobble. 
It  has  the  elements  of  caper.] 

1.  To  leap,  or  spring  on  one  leg  ;  applied  to  prr.'ious. 

2.  To  leap  ;  to  spring  forward  by  leaps  ;  to  skip,  as 
birds. 

Hopping  from  s^tray  to  spray.  Dryden. 

3.  To  walk  lame  ;  to  limp  ;  to  halt. 
[We  generally  use  Hobble.] 

4.  To  move  by  leaps  or  starts,  as  the  blood  in  the 
veins.    [A''ot  used.]  Spender. 

5.  To  spring ;  to  leap ;  to  frisk  about. 

6.  To  dance.  Chaucer. 
HOP,  71.    A  leap  on  one  leg;  a  leap;  a  jump;  a 

spring. 
2.  A  dance.  [Colloquial.] 

HOP-O'-MY-THUJIB,  a.  A  verj'  diminutive  person. 
[  K ulgar.  ]  Orose, 

HOP,  71.  [D.  hop ;  G.  hopfcn ;  probably  hoop,  from  wind- 
ing-] 

A  plant  constituting  the  genus  Humuliis  The 
stalk  or  vine,  which  grows  to  a  great  leiigtli,  is  weak, 
and  requires  to  be  supported.  In  growing,  it  climbs 
or  winds  round  a  pole  or  other  support.  This  plant 
is  of  great  importance  in  brewing,  as  it  tends  to  pre- 
serve malt  liquors,  and  renders  them  more  salubri- 
ous. Encyc. 

HOP,  !'.  t.   To  impregnate  with  hops.  Mortimer. 

HOP'-BI.ND,  7(.  The  stalk  or  vine  on  which  hops 
grow.  Blnckstone. 

HoP'0.\ST,  71.    In  Kent,  a  kiln  for  drying  hops. 

HOP'-PICK-ER,  71.    One  that  picks  hops. 

HOP'-PoLE,  71.  A  pole  used  to  support  hops.  Tusser. 

HOP'- VINE,  H.    The  stalk  of  hops. 

IIOP'-YaRD,       j  71.  A  field  or  inclosiire  where  hops 

HOP'-GaR-DE.V,  i     are  raised. 

Hope,  71.  [Sax.  hopa ;  D.  hoop  ;  Sw.  hopp  ;  Dan.  haab  ; 
G.  hoffnung.  Qu.  I..  cii;)i«.  Class  Gb.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  extend,  to  reach  forwai;d.] 

1.  A  desire  of  some  good,  accompanied  with  nt 
least  a  slight  expectation  of  obtaining  it,  or  a  belief 
that  it  is  obtainable.  Ifope  ditl'ers  from  wish  and  de- 
sire in  this,  that  it  implies  some  expectalum  of  ob- 
taining the  good  desired,  or  the  possibility  of  possess- 
ing it.  Hope,  therefore,  always  gives  pleasure  or 
joy  ;  H'hereas  wish  anil  desire  may  produce,  or  be  ac- 
companied with,  pain  and  anviety. 

The  bvpocrile'*  hope  nhall  periali. —  Job  viii. 

He  wii-lied,  but  not  with  hojte.  A/i/ton, 

Sweet  hope  I  kind  client !  Craslmie. 

He  that  lives  iipim  hope  will  die  f.istini,'.  t'mnklin. 

2.  Confidence  in  a  future  event  ;  the  highest  de- 
gree of  well  foundetl  expectation  of  good  ;  as,  a  hope 
founded  on  (imPs  gracitnis  promises  ;  a  scriptural 
sense.  A  well-founded  scriptural  hope  is,  in  our  re- 
ligion, the  source  of  ineffable  happini  ss. 

3.  That  wliicli  gives  liopi'  ;  he  or  that  which  fur- 
nishes grounil  of  expectation,  or  promises  desired 
good.   'J'lie  h"pe  of  Israel  is  the  Messiah. 

The  Lor^l  will  be  the  hope  of  bU  people.  —  Joel  iii. 

4.  An  opinion  or  belief  not  amounting  to  certainty, 


FATE,  FAR,  FAI,L,  WH^T — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQl.F,  HQOK.— 


SCO 


HOR 


HOR 


HOR 


but  firoumlccl  on  subsliiiitial  evijeiico.    'I'lii!  Chris- 
tiiiii  iiululges  a  ItnpF  that  his  sins  arc  pardoneil. 
IIOl'R,  r.  !.    [Sax.  hiipian;  G.  huj'en ;  D.  hoiipcn,  to 
hops,  and  to  lieap  ;  Dan.  Iiaaber  ;  tiw.  hoppas.] 

1.  To  cherish  a  desire  of  Rood,  witli  some  expecta- 
tion of  obtaining  it,  or  a  belief  that  it  is  obtainable. 

Hope  fur  good  success.  Taylor. 

8oht>r  luul  hope  10  tho  end.  —  I  Pet.  i. 
Hope  liiiinl.ly  then,  wilh  livniWiiig  pinions  soar.  Pope, 

2.  To  place  confidence  in  ;  to  trust  in  with  confi- 
dent expectation  of  good. 

Why  nrt  Uiou  cast  down,  O  my  toul,  and  why  art  thou  disquieted 
within  me  ?   Hope  thou  in  God.  —  Pi.  xlii. 

IloPn,  V.  t.    To  desire  with  expectation  of  pood,  or  a 
beliL-f  tliat  it  may  be  obtained.     Hut  as  a  trunsilive 
verb,  it  is  seldom  nsi!d,  and  the  plirases'in  which  it 
is  so  used  are  elliptical,  for  being  understood. 
So  stiinils  the  Thnician  herdsman  with  Iiis  spear, 
Full  in  the  ^p,  ami  hopes  the  hunted  Ijcar.  DrytUn. 

ilOi  E,  ?i.   A  sloping  plain  between  ridges  of  moun- 

tiiiiis.    [JVo«  in  use.']  Jliiisicurtli. 
IloP' /■;!),  (hopt,) ;)/).    Desired  with  expectation. 
HoPr/-UU-SF.RT'ED,a.  Deserted  by  hope ;  hopeless. 
llOl'K'KIJL,  a.    Having  qualities  which  excite  liope  ; 
promising  or  giving  ground  to  expect  good  or  success  ; 
as,  a  hoprfid  youth  ;  a  hopeful  prospect. 
2.  Full  of  hope  or  desire,  wilh  expectation. 
I  was  hope/ul  the  success  of  your  first  attempts  would  encourage 
you  to  tlic  trial  of  more  nice  and  dilUcult  experiments. 

Boyle. 

IIOPK'FIJL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  raise  hope ;  in 
a  way  promising  good.  He  prosecutes  his  scheme 
hoprftttlij. 

2.  In  a  manner  to  produce  a  favorable  opinion 
respecting  some  good  at  tho  present  time.  The  young 
man  is  hopefully  pious. 

3.  With  hope  ;  with  ground  to  expect. 
H5PE'FIJL-NESS,  n.    Promise  of  good  ;  ground  to 

expect  what  is  desirable.  fVotton. 
HOPE'LEHS,  a.    Destitute  of  hope  ;  having  no  expec- 
tation of  that  which  is  desirable  ;  despairing. 

1  am  a  woman,  friendless,  hopeless.  SJiak. 
2.  Giving  no  ground  of  hope  or  expectation  of 
good;  promising  nothing  desirable ;  desperate;  as,  a 
hopeless  condition. 
Hol'E'I. EPS-LY,  arir.    Without  hope.  Beamn.  Fl. 
IIOPE'LESS-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  desperate,  or 

alt'oriliiig  no  hope. 
IIoP'Ell,  n.    One  that  hopes.  Shak. 
HoP'IN'G,  ppr.    Having  hope;  indulging  desire  of 
good,  with  tile  expectation  of  obtaining  it,  or  a  be- 
2.  Confiding  in.  [lief  that  it  is  obtainable. 

[loP'IXG-LY,  adv.   With  hope  or  desire  of  good,  and 

expcct.ition  of  obtaining  it.  Hammond. 
HOP'LITE,  n.    [Gr.  OT.Virijs,  from  hjT\nv,  a  weapon.] 
In  niicieiit  Greece,  a  heavy-armed  soldier.  MitforcL 
HOP'PiOD,  (hopt,)  pp.    Leaped  on  one  leg ;  danced. 

2.  Impregnated  with  hops. 
HOP'PER,  lu    [See  Hop.]    One  who  hops,  or  leaps 
on  one  leg. 

2.  Properly,  a  wooden  trough  or  shoe  through 
which  grain  passes  into  a  mill ;  so  nameti  from  its 
moving  or  slialting.  But  we  give  the  name  to  a  box 
or  frame  of  boards,  which  receives  the  grain  before 
it  passes  into  the  trough ;  also,  to  a  similar  box  which 
receives  apples  for  conducting  them  into  a  mill,  and 
to  one  which  supplies  fuel  to  a  furnace,  &c. 

3.  A  vessel  in  which  seed-corn  is  carried  for  sow- 
ing. Encijc. 

n01"PER-BOY,  n.  In  mi7/,s,  a  rake  moving  in  a  circle 
to  draw  the  meal  over  an  opening  in  the  floor, 
through  which  it  falls. 

HOi"PERS,  H.  A  pl.ay  in  which  persons  hop  or  leap 
on  one  leg  ;  hopscotch,  which  see.  Johnson. 

HOP'PING,  ppr,    Leaping  on  one  leg  ;  springing  j 
2.  Impregnating  with  hops.      [frisking;  dancing. 

HOP'PING,  71.    A  leaping  on  one  leg;  a  springing, 
frisking,  or  dancing. 
2.  A  gathering  of  hops.  Smart. 

IIOP'PLE,  V.  t.  To  tie  tlie  feet  near  together,  to  pre- 
vent leaping  ;  as,  to  hopple  an  unruly  horse.  Uolloway. 

HOP'PLES,  (-plz,)  >i.  pi.  Fetters  for  horses  or  other 
animals  when  turned  out  to  graze.  Brande. 

HOP'l'O,  n.  In  China,  a  collector;  an  overseer  of 
commerce.  Malcom. 

HOP'seOTCH,  71.  A  play  among  boys.  The  word 
scotch  refers  to  lines  which  are  scotched  or  traced  on 
the  ground,  over  which  the  player  can  pass  only  by 
hopping.  Toone. 

HO'RAI,,  a.    [L.  hora,  an  hour.    See  Hour.] 

Rehitint;  to  an  hour,  or  to  hours.  Prior. 

H6'RAL-I,V,  adc.    Hourly.    [JVi.t  in  use.] 

HCK.\-RY,  a.  [L.  horarius  i  Fr.  horaire ;  from  L. 
hvra,  hour.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  an  hour;  noting  the  hours;  as, 
the  horary  circle.  Encyc. 

2.  Continuing  an  hour.  Brown. 
HORDE,  71.    [D.  horde,  a  rian,  and  a  hurdle  ;  G.  horde, 

A  clan,  and  a  pen  or  fold.  This  seems  to  be  the  Sax. 
hcord,  a  herd.) 

.\  rj)inpany  of  wandering  people,  dwelling  in  tents 
or  wagons,  and  migrating  from  place  to  place,  for  the 


sake  of  pasturage,  plunder,  &c.    Such  are  some 

tribes  of  the  Tartars  in  tlie  north  of  Asia.    A  horde 

usually  consists  of  fifty  or  sixty  tents. 

Encyc.  Mitford. 
HGR'nE-IN,  ?!.    A  substance  analogous  to  starch, 

fotind  in  barley. 
HoKE'HOUND,  71.  [Sax.  Aara-Aunc,  white  hune.]  See 

HOARHOUND.] 

HO-RI'ZON,  77.  [Gr.  bnil^iov,  from  hpi^to,  to  bound, 
bpoi,  a  limit  ;  Fr.  horizon;  Sp.  horizontc;  It.  ortionte. 
This  word  was  formerly  pronounced  hor'iion,  like 
or'ison,  which  is  in  accordance  with  tlie  regular 
analogy  of  Englisli  worils.] 

1.  A  circle  tuucliing  the  earth  at  the  place  of  the 
spectator,  anil  bounded  by  tlie  line  in  which  the  earth 
and  skies  seem  to  meet.  This  is  called  the  sensible 
horizon. 

2.  The  great  circle  which  divides  the  earth  into 
upper  and  lower  hemispheres,  and  separates  the  vis- 
ible heavens  from  the  invisible.  This  is  called  the 
rational  horizon.  The  sensible  horizon  is  parallel  to  the 
rational,  but  is  distant  from  it  by  tlie  semi-diameter  of 
tlie  eartli,  or  nearly  4000  miles.  Olmsted. 

nOR-l-7.(  ).\'T.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  horizon,  or 
relating  to  it. 

2.  I'artillel  to  the  horizon ;  on  a  level ;  as,  a  hori- 
zontal line  or  surface. 

3.  Near  the  horizon  ;  as,  horizontal,  misty  air. 

Milton. 

HOR-I-ZON'TAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  direction  parallel  to 
the  horizon  ;  on  a  level ;  as,  a  ball  carried  hurizon- 
talhi. 

IIOR-I-ZON-TAL'I-TY,  7t.  The  state  of  being  hori- 
zontal. Kirwan. 

HORN,  71.  [Sax.  horn  ;  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  horn  :  Goth. 
tiaurn  ;  D.  hoorn  ;  Sw.  horn,  a  corner;  W.  corn,  a 
horn,  cornel,  a  corner  ;  Ij.  cornu  ;  Sp.  aterno  ;  It.  and 
Port,  corno ;  Fr.  corne;  Heb.  Cll.  Syr.  Etli.  Ar.  pp. 
The  sense  is,  a  shoot,  a  projection.  Class  Iln,  No.  LS.] 

1.  A  hard  substance  growing  on  the  heads  of  cer- 
tain animals,  and  pat  ticulaily  on  cloven-footed  (piad- 
rupcds  ;  usually  projecting  to  some  length,  and  ter- 
minating in  a  point.  Horns  are  generally  bent  or 
curving,  and  those  of  some  animals  are  spiral. 
They  serve  for  weapons  of  offense  and  defense. 
The  substance  of  horns  is  gelatinous,  and  in  Papiu's 
digester  it  may  be  converted  into  jelly.  Encyc. 

Horn  is  an  animal  substance,  chietly  membranous, 
consisting  of  coagulated  albumen,  with  a  little  gelatin 
and  phosphate  of  lime.  Ure. 

The  horns  of  deer  possess  exactly  the  properties  of 
bone,  and  are  composed  of  the  same  constituents, 
only  the  proportion  of  cartilage  is  greater.  Thomson. 

2.  A  wind  instrument  of  music,  made  of  horn ;  a 
trumpet.    Such  were  used  by  the  Israelites. 

3.  In  modern  times,  a  wind  instrument  of  music, 
made  of  metal. 

4.  An  extremity  of  the  moon,  when  it  is  waxing 
or  w.aning,  and  forming  a  crescent.  Drydcn. 

5.  The  feeler  or  antenna  of  on  insect. 

6.  The  feeler  of  a  snail,  which  may  be  withdrawn  ; 
hence,  to  pull  or  draw  in  tlie  /lorns,  is  to  repress  one's 
ardor,  or  to  restrain  pride.  Johnson, 

7.  A  drinking  cup ;  horns  being  used  anciently  for 
Clips.  Hence,  in  vulgar  language,  to  take  a  Iwrn,  to 
drink. 

8.  .\  winding  stream.  Dryden. 

9.  Horns,  in  the  plural,  is  used  to  characterize  a 
cuckold.    He  wears  the  Iwrns. 

10.  In  Scripture,  Iwrn  is  a  symbol  of  strength  or 
power. 

The  horn  of  Moab  is  cut  off.  — Jer.  xlviii. 
Horn  is  also  an  emblem  of  glory,  honor,  dignity. 
My  horn  is  exalted  m  Ihe  Lord.  —  1  Sam.  ii. 

In  Daniel,  /ier«  represents  a  kingdom  or  state. 
HORN,  f.  i.    To  cuckold.  B.  Jonson. 

HORN'HijAK,  n.    A  fish.    [See  Hornfish.] 
HORX'lll'.AM,  7U    [See  Re.vm.]    The  popular  name 
of  one  or  two  species  of  a  genus  of  trees,  the  Car- 
pinus,  having  wood  of  a  horny  toughness  and  hard- 
ness, used  for  various  implements  of  husbandry. 

Farm,  Encyc. 

HORN'IIILL,  71.  A  large,  voracious  biro,  of  the  genus 
Buccros,  which  has  a  flat,  bony  forehead,  with  two 
horns  ;  a  native  of  the  East  Indies.  There  are  many 
species  in  India  and  Africa,  distinguished  in  general 
bv  a  large  bill  with  one  or  two  horns. 

HORN'RLENDE,  7i.  [G,  liorn  and  blende,]  A  com- 
mon mineral,  occurring  massive  or  in  prismatic  crys- 
tals, and  of  various  colors,  from  white,  through  green 
sliade.s,  to  black.  The  crystals  are  sometimes  short, 
but  generally  very  long  and  slender,  blade-like  or 
mere  fibers.  The  black  variety  is  called  Hornblende ; 
the  green,  .^ctinolUe;  the  white,  Tremolile,  or  fVhitc 
Iwmbicnde ;  the  fibrous,  .^.^bestus. 

This  mineral  consists  essentially  of  silica  combined 
wilh  magnesia,  lime,  or  iron. 

HORN'HLENDE-SClIIST,  (-shist,)  n.  A  hornblende 
rork  of  schistose  structure.  Dana, 

HoRN-RLEND'ie,  o.  Composed  chiefly  of  horn- 
blende. PcreiraPs  OeoL 

HORN'HT,0W-ER,  n.    One  that  blows  a  horn. 

HOR-VIJCQK,  H.    The  first  book  of  children,  or  that 


in  which  they  learn  their  letters  and  nidlmentii;  to 
called  from  its  cover  of  horn.    [Auis  little  used.] 

Jjocke, 

HORN'-IlUG,  71.  A  kind  of  beetle  of  a  dark,  mahoga- 
ny color.  Farm,  Encyc, 

HORN'-DIS-TEM'PER,  7i.  A  disease  of  cattle,  af- 
fecting tho  internal  substance  of  the  horn.  Encyc, 

HORN'£D,  a.  Furnished  with  horns ;  horned  cat- 
tle. 

2.  Shaped  like  a  crescent,  or  the  new  moon. 

MiUon. 

HORN'KD  HORSE,  7i.    The  Gnu,  which  see. 
HOIIN'ED-NESS,  7i.    The  appearance  of  horns. 
IIOUN'ER,7i.  One  who  works  or  deals  in  horn.  Grew, 

2.  One  who  winds  or  blows  the  horn.  Shcrjeood. 
IIORN'ET,  71.    [Sax.  hi/met,  hymcle;  G.  homiss;  D. 
horzel.  ] 

An  insect  of  the  genus  Vespa  or  wasp,  the  Ve.fpa 
erabro.  It  is  much  larger  and  strtmger  than  the 
wasp,  and  its  sting  gives  severe  jiain.  This  insect 
constructs  a  nest  of  leaves,  or  other  substances, 
which  resemble  brown  paper  of  a  light  color.  This 
is  attached  to  tho  branches  of  trees,  and  often  of  the 
size  of  a  half  peck  measure. 

HORN'FISH,  71.  The  gar  fish  or  sea-needle,  of  the  old 
genus  Espz,  Encyc. 

HORN'FOOT,  a.    Having  a  hoof ;  hoofed.  Hukrwill. 

HORN'I-Ft,  V.  t.  To  bestow  horns  upon.  [M  used, 
or  vulfjar.]  Beaum.  ^-  Fl. 

HORN'L\G,  71.  Appearance  of  the  moon  when  in- 
creasing, or  in  the  form  of  a  crescent.  Gregory. 

2.  Ill  Scottish  law,  tetters  of  horning  are  a  process 
against  a  debtor  requiring  the  debt  to  be  paiil  with- 
in a  limited  time,  in  default  of  which  the  debtor  in- 
curs a  charge  of  rebellion.         IV.  Scott.  Brande. 

IIORN'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  like  horn  ;  hard.  Sandys. 

HORN'I-TO,  71.    [L.fornarc,  Sp.  /ior;io.] 
An  oven. 

HORN'-LEAD,  (  led,)  7i.    Chloriil  of  lead. 

HOUN'LESS,  a.    Htivini:  no  horns.  Journ.  of  Science. 

IIOK.\''-iMAI),  a.    M.id  from  cuckoldom.  Shah. 

HOKN'-iMAK-ER,  77.    A  maker  of  cuckolds.  Shak. 

HORN'-MER'eU-RY,  71.    Chlorid  of  mercury. 

HORN'OWL,  71.  A  sjH^cies  of  owl,  so  called  from  two 
tufts  of  feathers  on  its  head,  like  horns.  Jlinsirorth. 

HORN'PIPE,  71.  An  instrument  of  music  in  Wales, 
consisting  of  a  wooden  pipe  with  horns  at  the  ends, 
one  to  collcrt  the  wind  blown  from  the  mouth,  the 
other  to  carry  olT  the  sounds  as  modulated  by  the 
performer.    [W .  pib-corn.]  Encyc. 

2.  A  lively  air  or  tune  of  triple  time,  with  six 
crotchets  in  a  bar;  four  to  the  descending  beat,  and 
two  to  the  ascending.  Entyc. 

3.  A  characteristic  British  dance.  Smart. 
IIORN'-SHaV  INGS,  71.  pi.   Scra|)ings  or  raspings  of 

the  horns  of  deer.  B.  Jonson. 

HORN'-SIL-VER,  71.    Chlorid  of  silver. 

HORN'SLaTE,  n.    .A  grav,  silicious  stone.  Kirwan. 

HORN'SPqON,  77.    A  spoon  made  of  horn. 

IIORN'STo.NE,  71.  A  silicious  stone,  a  subspecies  of 
quartz.  It  is  divided  by  Jameson  into  splintery, 
conrboidal,an(l  wood-stone.    [See  Chf.rt.] 

IIOUN'VVORK,  71.  In  fortification,  an  outwork  com- 
posed of  two  demi-bastions  joined  by  a  curtain. 

Brande, 

HORN'WRACK,  (-rak,)  71.    A  species  of  coralline. 

[See  CORALLOID.J 

noRN'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  horn,  or  horns.  .Milton, 

2.  Resembling  horn. 

3.  Hard  ;  callous.  Dnjden. 
HO-ROG'RA-PHY,  71.     [Gr.  w.ia,  hour,  anil  >,«i.>ai, 

to  write,  ypuipn,  a  description.] 

1.  An  account  of  hours. 

2.  The  art  of  constructing  dials.  Cyc. 
HOR'O-LOGE,  71.    \Fr.  horloge;   I,,  horoln^ium  ;  Gr. 

i>o<>\iiyiov  ;  oion,  hour,  and  Acj  (,?,  to  tell.'] 

An  instrument  that  indicates  ihe  hour  of  the  day. 
But  Chronometer  is  now  generally  used. 
HOR-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  liorologe,  or 
to  liorolog;'. 

IIOR-O-LQ-GI-OG'RA-PHER,  71.  A  maker  of  clocks 
or  dials. 

HOR-()-I,0-GI-0-GRAPH'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
art  of  dialiiii:.  Chambers, 

HOR-O-LO-Gr-OG'RA-PHY,  71.  [Gr.  iipa,  hour, \oyH, 
discourse,  and  ypo'^n,  description.] 

An  account  of  instruments  that  show  the  hour  of 
the  day  ;  also,  of  the  art  of  constructing  dials.  Diet. 

HO-ROL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  I'.ij/oA-);  cw ;  uipa,  hour,  and 
Af)'-',  to  indicate.    See  Horologe.] 

That  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats  of  the 
principles  and  construction  of  machines  for  mea.s- 
uring  and  indicating  portions  of  time,  as  clocks, 
watches,  &c.  Edin,  Encyc, 

HOR-O-.MET'Rie-AL,  o.  [from  horometnj,]  Be- 
longing to  borometry,  or  to  the  measurement  of  time 
by  liou.'s  and  subordinate  divisions.      .^sinl.  Res, 

IIO-ROM'E-TRY,  71.  [Gr.  upu,  hour,  and  pirpor, 
measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  measuring  time  by  hours  and 
subordin.ate  divisions. 
HOR'O-SeOPE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  Gr.  Iioockotos  ;  topa, 
hour,  and  itk"-t[o>,  to  view,  or  consider.] 

1.  In  astrology,  a  scheme  or  figure  of  the  twelve 


TONE,  BIJLL,  tJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


71 


5()1 


HOR 


HOS 


houses,  or  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  in  which  is 
marked  the  disposition  of  the  heavens  at  a  given 
time,  and  by  whicli  astrologers  formerly  told  the  for- 
tunes of  persons,  according  to  the  position  of  the 
stars  at  the  time  of  their  birth.  Encyc. 

2.  The  degree  or  point  of  tlie  heavens  arising 
above  the  eastern  point  of  the  horizon  at  any  given 
time  when  a  prediction  is  to  be  made  of  a  future 
event.  Encyc. 
HO-ROS'eO-PY,  71.  The  art  or  practice  of  predicting 
future  events  by  the  disposition  of  the  stars  and 
planets. 

IIOll'IlENT,  a.    [L.  horrens.    See  Horror.] 

Bristled;  standing  erect  as  bristles ;  pointing  out- 
ward. 

With  brijlit  emblaxonry  and  horrent  arms.  ^Tiltan, 
IIOR'RI-BLE,  a.    [L.  Iwrribilis.    See  Horror.] 

Exciting,  or  tending  to  excite,  horror ;  dreadful ; 
terrible  ;  shocking  ;  hideous  ;  as,  a  horrible  figure  or 
sight ;  a  horrible  story. 

A  dungeon  horrible  on  .all  sides  round.  MUton, 
HOR'RI-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  qualities  that 
may  excite  horror  ;  dreadfuluess  ;  terribleness  ;  liid- 
eousness. 

HOR'Rl-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  excite  horror; 
dreadfully;  terribly;  as,  horribly  loud;  horribly 
afraid. 

HOR'RID,  a.    [L.  horridus.    See  Horror.] 

1.  That  does  or  may  excite  horror;  dreadful ;  hid- 
eous; shocking;  as,  a  Aorriii  spectacle  or  siglit ;  hor- 
rid symiiathy.  Milton. 

2.  Rough  ;  rugged.  [  Thhs  is  the  literal  and  primary 
sense.'\ 

Horriil  willl  P*rn,  and  intricate  with  Ihom.  Dryden. 

3.  Shocking;  very  offensive  ;  a  colloquial  smse. 

Pope. 

HOR'RrD-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  excite  horror; 

rirr:iill'ully  ;  shockingly. 
HOK'RII)  NESH,  11.    The  qualities  that  do  or  may  ex- 
cite hurrtn* ;  hitleousness  ;  enormity.  Hammond. 
HOR-HIF'ie,  a.    [L.  Iwrrificus.] 

Causing  horror.  Thomson. 
IlOR'RI-FT-£0,  (hor're-fide,)p/).  ore.    Made  horrible; 

struck  wttli  horror. 
HOU'Rl-F?,  V.  t.    [L.  horror  and  facio.] 
To  make  horrible  ;  to  strike  willl  horror. 

E.  Irving. 

HOR-RIP-I-L.\'TION,  n.  A  bristling  of  the  hair  of 
the  head  or  body,  resuUing  frum  disease  or  terror. 

HOR-RIS'O-NOUS,  a.  [L.  horrisonus ;  horrco,  to 
shake,  anil  sonu.i,  sound.] 

Soiniding  dreadfully  ;  uttering  a  terrible  sound. 

IIOU'IK II!,  [L.,  from  horreo,  to  shake,  orshiver,or 
111  SI  t  up  the  bristles,  to  be  rough.] 

1.  A  shaking,  shivering,  or  siiuddcring,  as  in  the 
cold  fit  v.'liich  pieredrs  a  fever.  This  ague  is  usually 
accompanied  with  a  contraction  of  the  skin  into  small 
wrinkles,  giving  it  a  kind  of  roughness. 

2.  An  excessive  degree  of  fear,  or  a  painful  emo- 
tion which  makes  a  person  tremble  ;  terror  ;  a  shud- 
dering with  fi  ar;  but  appropriately,  terror,  or  a  sen- 
sation approaching  it,  accompanietl  with  hatred  or 
detestation.  Horror  is  often  a  passion  compounded 
of  fear  and  hatred  or  disgust.  The  recital  of  a 
bloody  deed  fills  us  with  horror. 

A  horror  of  ip-eat  d.-irl%n<*ss  fell  on  Aijram.  —  (Jen.  xv. 
IJorror  liatll  tilieiv  hold  on  rae,  brcansc  of  the  wiciicii  dial  forsake 
Uiy  law.  — Ps.  cxix. 

3.  That  which  may  excite  horror  or  dread ;  gloom ; 
dreariness. 

And  breatti'-a  a  brownrr  horror  on  the  woods.  Pope. 

4.  Dreadful  thoughts. 

5.  Distressing  scenes ;  as,  the  horrors  of  war  or 
famine. 

The  horrors;  a  result  of  habits  of  inebriation  ;  a 
state  of  extreme  bodily  and  mental  agitation,  occa- 
sioned by  a  withdrawment  of  the  customary  stim- 
ulus. 

HOR'HOR-STRK.'K'KX,  a.    Struck  with  horror. 
linns  HE  COMBAT',     (hor-de-kom-bJi',)  [Fr.] 

Out  of  the  combat ;  disabled  to  fight. 
HOUSE,  71.    [Sax.  hors  i  G.  ross ;  V.  ros ;  Ft.  rosse ; 

It.  roizo.] 

1.  A  species  of  quadrupeds  of  the  genus  Eqiius, 
having  six  erect  and  parallel  fore-teeth  in  the  upper 
Jaw,  and  six  somewhat  prominent  in  the  under  jaw  ; 
the  dog-teeth  are  solitary,  and  the  feet  consist  of  an 
iindiviiird  hoof.  The  horse  is  a  beautiful  animal, 
and  of  gri-at  use  for  draught,  or  conveyance  on  his 
barjt.  llorae,  in  English,  is  of  common  gender,  and 
may  comprehend  the  male  and  female. 

2.  A  constellation.  Creech. 

3.  Cavalry  ;  a  body  of  troops  serving  on  horse- 
back. In  this  sense,  it  has  no  plural  termination.  Wo 
«ay,  a  thousand  hnr.ie  ;  a  regiment  of  home. 

4.  A  ni.ichine  by  wlilch  something  is  supported  ; 
UHiial'y,  a  wooden  frame  with  lets.  Various  ma- 
chines used  in  Ihe  arts  are  thus  called.  Encyc. 

r>.  A  wooden  machine  on  which  soldiers  ride  by 
way  of  punislirni  nt ;  HometimeK  called  a  timbrr  mure, 

Johnson, 

G,  In  Heamm^B  lanpuifie^  a  font  roi>e  extending 


from  the  middle  of  a  yard  to  its  extremity,  to  sup- 
port the  sailors  while  tlicy  loose,  reef,  or  furl  the 
sails  ;  also,  a  thick  rope  extendetl  near  the  mast  for 
hoisting  a  yard  or  extending  a  sail  on  it.  Totleii, 
To  take  liorse  ;  to  set  out  to  ride  on  liorseback. 
2.  To  be  covered,  as  a  mare.  [Mdison, 
HORSE,  V,  t.    To  mount  on  a  horse. 

2.  To  take  or  carry  on  the  back. 

The  keeper,  horsing  a  deer.  Butler. 

3.  To  ride  or  sit  on  any  thing  astride  ;  as,  ridges 
horsed.  Shah. 

4.  To  cover  a  mare,  as  the  male.  Mortimer. 
HORSE,  V.  i.  To  get  on  horseback.  Shclton. 
HORSE'BACK,  (hors'bak,)  n.    The  state  of  being  on 

a  liorse ;  the  posture  of  riding  on  a  horse. 

I  saw  them  salute  on  horseback.  Slink. 

HORSE'-Be.VN,  n,  A  small  liean  usually  given  to 
horses.  Mortimer, 

HORSE'-BLOCK,  n,  A  block  or  stage  that  assists 
persons  in  mounting  and  dismounting  from  a  horse. 

HOKSE'-Bo.'VT,  71.  A  boat  used  in  conveying  horses 
over  a  river  or  other  water. 

2.  A  boat  moved  by  horses ;  a  species  of  ferry- 
boat. 

HORSE'-BOY,  7!.  A  boy  employed  in  dressing  and 
tending  horses  ;  a  stable-boy.  Knoltes, 

HORSE'-BRE.\K-ER,  ri.  One  whose  employment  is 
to  break  horses,  or  to  teach  them  to  draw  or  carry. 

Creech, 

HORSE'-CHEST'NUT,  r.  A  large  nut,  the  fruit  of 
a  species  of /Esculus  ;  or  the  tree  that  produces  it. 
The  tree  is  much  cultivateti  for  shade. 

HORSE'-CIjOTH,  71.    A  cloth  to  cover  a  horse. 

H0RSE'-eoURS<£R,  n.    One  that  runs  horses,  or 
keeps  horses  for  the  race.  ,Johnson. 
2.  A  dealer  in  horses.  Wiseman. 

HORSE'-CRAB,  7!.    A  crustaceous  fish.  .Sinsworth, 

HORSE'-€C'eUM-BER,  7i.   A  large  green  cucumber. 

Mortimer, 

HORSE'-DeAL-ER,  7!.  One  who  buys  and  sells 
horses. 

HORSE'-DRENCH,  !t.    A  dose  of  physic  for  a  horse. 
HORSE'-DUNG,  71.    The  dung  of  horses.  [Shali, 
HORSE'-EM-MET,  ?i.    A  species  of  large  ant. 
HORSE'-FaC-£D,  (  fdste,)  a.    Having  a  long,  coarse 
face. 

HORSE'-FLESH,  71.    The  fiesh  of  a  horse.  Bacon, 
HORSE'-FLf ,  71.    A  large  fly  that  stings  horses. 
HORSE'-FQOT,  71.    A  plant,  called  also  Colt.sfoot. 

,^insjcorth. 

HORSE'-GUXRDS,  71.  pU  A  body  of  cavalry  for 
guards. 

HORSE'-HaIR,  71.   The  hair  of  horses. 
HORSE'-HoE,  71.    A  hoe  for  cleaning  a  field  by  means 
of  horses. 

HORSE'-JOCK-EY,  71.    A  dealer  in  the  purchase  and 

svle  of  horses. 
HORSE'-KEEP-ER,  n.    One  who  keeps  or  takes  care 

of  horses. 

HORSE'-KNaVE,  (-nave,)  71.    A  groom.  [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

IIORSE'-KNOPS,  (hors'nops,)  n.  pi.    Heads  of  knop- 

weed.  Grose. 
HORSE'-LXUGII,  (  lif,)  71.   A  loud,  boisterous  laugh. 

Pope. 

HORSE'-LEECH,  71.   A  large  leech.    [See  Leech.] 

2.  A  farrier.  .^insworth, 
IIORSE'-LIT-TER,  71.    A  carriage  hung  on  poles 
which  are  borne  by  and  between  two  hoi'ses. 

Milton. 

HORSE' -Load,  ti.    a  load  for  a  horse. 
HORSE'LY,  a.    Applied  to  a  horse,  as  manly  is  to  a 
man. 

HORSE'MAN,  71.    A  rider  on  horseback.  .9ddison, 

2.  A  man  skilled  in  riding.  Dryden, 

3.  A  soldier  who  serves  on  horseback.  Ilayward, 
IIORSE'MAN-SHIP,  71.    The  act  of  riding,  and  of 

training  and  managing  horses.  Pope, 
HORSE'-MAR-TEN,  71.    A  kind  of  large  bee. 

.^in^worth, 

IIORSE'MATCII,  71.    A  bird.  Ainsieorth, 
HORSE'-MEAT,  71.    Food  for  horses  ;  proveniler. 

Bacon. 

HORSE'-MIIil,,  71.    A  mill  turned  by  a  horse. 

HORSE'-.MIL'LI-NER,7i.  [horse -.mi  milliner.]  One 
who  supplies  ribbons  and  other  decorations  for 
horses.  Smart, 

HORSIV-MINT,  71.    A  species  of  large  mint. 

IIORSE'-MUS-CLE,  (-mus'l,)  ?i.  A  largo  muscle  or 
shell-fish.  Bacon. 

IIORSI'.'-PATII,  71.    A  path  for  horses,  as  by  canals, 

IIOi;si;'-l'IiAY,  n.    Rough,  rugged  play.  Dryden. 

1I(J|;SI'/-1'()ND,  11.    A  pond  for  watering  horses. 

HOU.'^K'-l'OW-EI!,  ri.  The  power  of  a  hor.sc  ;  or  its 
equivalent,  which  has  been  estimated,  by  Mr.  Watt 
as  a  power  which  will  raise  32,000  llw.  avoirdupois 
one  foot  high  per  minute.  Vrc. 

IIOltSIO'-PURS'LAiNE,  n,  A  plant  -of  the  genus 
Trianthema. 

IIOR.SE'-KACE,  71.    A  race  by  horses;  a  match  of 

horses  in  running. 
HOUSE'-RAC-liM;,n.    The  practice  or  act  of  running 

Iiorses. 


HORSE-RAD'ISH,7i.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cochlearia, 
a  species  of  scurvy-grass,  having  a  root  of  a  pungent 
taste. 

HORSE'SHOE,  (  shoo,)  71.  A  shoe  for  horses,  consist- 
ing of  a  plate  of  iron  of  a  circular  form. 
2.  Anv  thing  shaped  like  a  horseshoe. 

HORSE'SHOE-HEAD,  (-shoo-hed,)  11.  A  disease  of 
infants,  in  which  the  sutures  of  the  skull  are  too 
open  ;  opposed  to  HEADM0LD-sr40T. 

HORSE'SHOE-ING,  n.  The  act  or  employment  of 
shoeing  horses. 

HORSE'-STkAL-ER,  )         A    .  , 

HORSE'-THIkF,  "•    A  stealer  of  horses. 

HORSE'-STkAL  ING,  71.    The  stealing  of  a  horse  or 

HORSE'-STING-ER,  71.    The  dragon-fly.  [horses. 

HORSE'-TaIL,  n,  A  plant  of  the  genus  Equisetum, 
allied  to  the  ferns.  The  shrubby  horsetail  is  of  the 
genus  Ephedra.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

2.  A  Turkish  standard.  Commanders  are  distin- 
guished by  the  number  of  horse-tails  carried  before 
them,  or  planted  in  front  of  their  tents.  Thus,  the 
sultan  has  seven,  the  grand-vizier  five,  and  the 
pashavvs  three,  two,  or  one.  Encyc.  Am. 

HORSE'-TONGUE,  ( tung,)  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ruscus. 

HORSE'-VETCH,  )  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

IIORSE'SHOE-VETCH,  \  Hippocrepis. 
HORSE'-WaY,  j  71.    A  way  or  road  in  which  horses 
HORSE'-RoAD,  (      may  travel. 

HORSE'WHIP,  71.  A  whip  for  driving  or  striking  horses 
HORSE'WmP,  V.  t.    To  lash  ;  to  strike  with  a  horse- 
whip. 

HORSE'WHIP-P/!D,  pp.    Struck  with  a  horsewhip. 
HORSE'WHIP-PING,  ppr.    Lashing  or  beating  with 
a  horsewhip. 

HORSE'WIIIP-PING,  71.  A  striking  with  a  horsewhip. 
HORSE'WOM-AN,  n,  A  woman  who  rides  on  horse- 
back. 

HORSE'-WORM,  71.  A  worm  that  infests  horses  ;  a 
bott. 

HOR-Ta'TION,  11.  [L.  horlatio,  from  hortor,  to  exhort.] 
The  act  of  exhorting,  or  giving  advice  ;  exhorta- 
tion ;  advice  intended  to  encourage.  [iJiii  Exhorta- 
tion i.>f  generally  nsed,] 

HOR'TA-TIVE,  a.    Giving  exhortation  ;  advisory. 

HOR'TA-TIVE,  71.  Exhortation;  a  precept  given  to 
incite  or  encourage.  Bacon, 

HOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Giving  exhortation  or  advice  ; 
encouraging  ;  inciting  ;  as,  a  hortatory  speech. 

HOR-TEN'SIAL,  (-shal,)  a,    [L.  hortensU;] 

Fit  for  a  garden.    [Jv'ot  used,]  F.rrlyn, 

nOR'TI-eUL-TOR,  71.  [L.  hortus,  a  garden,  and 
citltor,  a  tiller.] 

One  who  cultivates  a  garden. 

IIOR-TI-eUL'TlTR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  culture 
of  gardens. 

HOR'TI-eUL-Tl;RE,  k.  [L.  hortus,  a  garden,  and 
eultura,  Cvilture,  from  colo,  to  till.] 

Tlie  cultiv.ition  of  a  garden  ;  or  the  art  of  culti- 
vating gardens. 
HOR-TI-€UL'TtJR-IST,  71.    One  who  is  skilled  in 

the  art  of  cultivatinz  gardens. 
HOR'TU-LAN,  a.    [h.  hortulanus.] 

Belonging  to  a  garden  ;  as,  a  hortulan  calendar. 

Evelitn. 

HOR'TUS  SICCUS,  71.  [L.]  Literally,  a  dry  garden  ; 
an  appellation  given  to  a  collection  of  specimens  of 
plants,  carefully  dried  and  preserved.  Tlie  old  name 
of  Hfru.vrium.  Encyc. 

HORT'YXRD,  71.    An  orchard  ;  which  see. 

HO-SAN'NA,  71.    [llcb.,  save,  I  beseech  you.] 

An  exclamation  of  praise  to  God,  or  an  invocation 
of  blessings.  In  the  Ilcbreto  ceremonies,  it  was  a 
prayer  rehearsed  on  the  several  days  of  the  feast  of 
tabernacles,  in  which  tliis  word  was  often  repealed. 

HoSE,  71. ;  pi.  Hose,  (hozc,)  formerly  Hosen,  (ho'/.n.) 
[Sax.  ho.-;  a  heel,  a  thorn,  or  twig,  and  hose  ;  G. 
Iiosc ;  D.  kous ;  W.  hos,  hosan,  from  hws,  a  cover- 
ing, a  housinir ;  Fr.  cAau.wc ;  Ir.  asan.  Tlie  \\  rish 
unites  this  word  with  house.  The  hose,  or  hosan,  was 
a  garment  covering  the  legs  and  thighs,  like  the 
modern  long  trowscrs.  Hence,  in  G.  hasen-o-iirl,  a 
hose-irirt,  is  a  waist-band  ;  and  hoscn-trdtrer,  hose- 
sujiporter,  or  shoulder-strap,  indicates  that  the  hose 
was  su.stained,  its  breeches  and  pantaloons  now  are, 
by  suspenders  or  braces.] 

1.  Hreeclliis  or  trow.sers.  Shal;. 

2.  Stockings ;  covering  for  the  legs.  This  word, 
in  mrreantile  use,  is  synonymous  with  stockings, 
though  originally  a  very  diflerent  garment. 

3.  A  flexible  pipe,  generally  made  of  leather,  u.sed 
with  engines,  for  conveying  water  to  extinguish 
fires,  &.C. 

HO'SIER,  (hO'zhur,)  71.    One  who  deals  in  stockings 

and  socks,  &c. 
Ho'SIER-Y,  (ho'zliur-y,)  71.    Stockings  in  general  ; 

socks. 

IflOS'l'ICE,  (hos'pees,)  71.  ( Fr.,  from  L.  hospilimn.] 
A  term  apiilii  d  to  convents  in  some  of  the  jiassos  of 
the  Alps,  fiir  I  lie  entei  lainnu  nt  of  travelers. 

HOS'PI-TA-HLE,  a.  [I,,  hosiiitalis,  from  hospe.i,  a 
guest ;  It.  osinlolr  and  ospilnbilr.  llosprs  is  from  the 
Celtic  ;  W.  osb,  a  stranger  or  wanderer,  a  guest; 
Arm.  osb,  osp,  hospyd.    See  IIost.J 


PATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WHAT.  — MRTi',,  PUBV  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


HOS 


HOT 


IIOU 


1.  Ileccivins  ami  cntertainin;!  strangers  with  kind- 
ness and  williuut  rtnvard  ;  kind  lo  s!ran[;ors  and 
guests  ;  dis|Hisod  lo  treat  guests  with  generous  kind- 
ness ;  as,  a  hospitable  man. 

S2.  Proceeding  from  or  indicating  kindness  to  guests ; 
manifesting  generosity  ;  as,  a  lio.<pUiMc  table  ;  lios- 
pitabie  rites.  Dnjileiu 

3.  Inviting  to  strangers  j  offering  kind  reception  ; 
indicating  hospitality. 

To  where  von  cnjwr  cheers  the  v.\le, 

With  hosjtiuibte  my.  ColiUmiOi. 

II0S'1M-T.V-1!I,Y,  adv.  With  kindness  lo  strangers 
or  guests  ;  with  generous  and  hhcial  entertainment. 

friar.  SwijX. 

HOS'PI-TACE,  n.    Hospitality.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
HOS'PI-T.AL,  n,    [Fr.  liOpital,  for  hospital ;  L.  hospi- 
talis.,  supra.] 

1.  A  building  appropriated  for  the  reception  of 
sick,  intirin,and  helpless  paupers,  who  are  snpimrted 
and  nursed  by  charity ;  also,  a  house  for  the  reci  [)- 
tion  of  insane  persons,  whellier  paupers  or  not,  or 
for  seamen,  soldiers,  foundhni:s,  &.c.,  who  are  sup- 
ported by  the  public,  or  by  private  charity,  or  for  in- 
fected persons,  ice. 

2.  A  place  for  shelter  or  entertainment.  [Oftj.] 

iSpciiscr 

HOS'PI-T,\I.,  n.  Hospitable.  {^Tut  in  use.]  Unwell. 
HOS'PI -TAL-ER,  v.  [from  hospiljil.]  I'roperlij,  one 
residing  in  a  hospital  for  the  purpose  of  receiving 
the  poor  and  strangers.  Thi^  hospitalers  were  an 
order  of  knights  who  built  a  hospital  at  Jernsaleni 
for  pilgrims.  They  were  called  kniahlj  uf  St.  John, 
ami  are  the  same  as  the  kni'^rhts  of  Malta.  Knci/c. 
I10.<-PI-']'AL'1-TV,  n.  [Fr.  hospitalite  ;  L.  hosp'Uali- 
tas;  W.  iisbtjd.    See  M*)31'Itahle.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  receiving  and  entertaining 
strangers  or  guests  without  reward,  or  with  kind 
and  generous  liberality. 

A  hishop  —  must  lie  given  to  ho^ilaUtt/.  —  I  Tim.  iii. 
Haspilatity  I  have  fuund  a«  univenal  as  the  liicc  ot  mim. 

Lc'/yartf. 

HOS'PI-TATE,  II.  i.    [L.  hospitor.1 

To  reside  or  lodge  under  the  roof  of  another. 
[.Yot  used.]  Grcir. 

IlUS'l'l-TATE,  I'.  (.    To  lodge  a  person.    [JVot  used.] 

HOS'PO-D.KR,  n.  A  governor  appointed  by  the  Turk- 
ish porte  over  the  Christian  provinces  of  Moldavia 
and  VVallachia.  Since  18JS),  the  appointment  is  for 
life.  Brandc. 

HCf'T,  n.  [Fr.  hote,  for  hoste  ;  It.  oste  ;  Sp.  Auc.v;<«Z  ; 
Port,  hospede ;  and  L.  hostis,  a  stranger,  an  enemy, 
probably  of  the  same  family.  (See  Hospitable.) 
The  sense  is,  a  stranger  or  foreigner,  that  is,  a  wan- 
Acrci  or  traveler,  from  some  root  signifying  to  wan- 
der, to  go  or  pass,  or  to  visit.  See  Class  Gs,  No.  5, 
14,  !().] 

1.  One  who  entertains  another  at  his  own  house, 
without  reward. 

Homer  never  einert.alnetl  guests  or  hosts  with  long  spcech'-s. 

Sidney. 

2.  One  who  entertains  another  at  his  house  for 
reward  ;  an  innkeeper  ;  a  landlord. 

3.  A  guest ;  one  who  is  entertained  at  the  house 
of  another.  The  innkeeper  says  of  the  traveler,  he 
has  a  good  host,  and  the  traveler  mys  of  his  landlord, 
he  has  a  kind  host.    [See  Guest.]  Encyc. 

HOST,  71.  [L.  hosth,  a  stranger,  an  enemy.  The 
sense  is  probably  transferred  from  a  single  ioe  to  an 
army  of  fi>cs.] 

1.  An  army;  a  number  of  men  embodied  for 
war. 

2.  Any  great  number  or  multitude. 

Host,  n.  [L.  hostia,  a  victim  or  saerifiec,  from  Iwslis, 
an  enemy  ;  Fr.  lioslie ;  applied  to  the  Savior,  who 
was  offered  for  the  sins  of  men.] 

In  the  Roman  CalJiolic  church,  the  sacrifice  of  the 
mass,  or  the  consecrated  wafer,  represenlins  the 
body  of  Christ,  or,  as  the  Koman  Catholics  allege, 
transubstantiated  into  his  own  body  and  blood. 

Brandc, 

HOST,  r.  I.    To  lodge  at  an  inn  ;  to  lake  up  enter- 
tainment.   [Litllc  u.ird.]  Shak. 
HOST,  i>. «.   To  give  entertainment  to.  [A'otiweri] 

Spenser. 

HOS'T.\GE,  n.  [Fr.  dtarre,' for  o-itaire :  Ft.  oslmr^io  ; 
.\nn.  ostaich  ;  G.  geisscl ;  W.  gwystyl,  a  pledge, 
pawn,  surety,  hostage.] 

A  person  delivered  to  an  enemy  or  hostile  power, 
as  a  pledge  to  secure  the  perfi>rmance  of  the  condi- 
tions of  a  treaty  or  stipulations  of  any  kind,  and  on 
the  performance  of  which  the  person  is  to  be  re- 
leased. Bacon.  Mcrbunj. 

HOSTF.L,       1        .     .  , 

HOS'TEL-RY,  (       An  mn.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

HOS'TEL^ErI  71.    An  innkeeper.  Booth. 

HOST'ESS,  11.    .V  female  host ;  a  woman  who  enter- 
tains guests  at  her  house.  Dnjden. 
2.  A  woman  who  keeps  an  inn.  Temple. 

HOST'ESS-SIUP,  n.  The  character  or  business  of  a 
hostess.  Shak. 

HOS'TIE,  (hos'te,)  n.  [L.  hostia.]  The  consecrated 
"■afer.  HurncL 

HO^'^II,E,  (hns'lil.)  a.  [L.  hostilis,  from  hoslis,  an 
enemy,  that  is,  a  foreigner.] 


1.  Belonging  to  a  public  enemy  ;  designating  en- 
mity, ;>(ir((cu/uWi^  public  enmity,  or  a  stale  of  war; 
inimical  ;  as,  a  hostile  band  or  army  ;  a  livalilc  force  ; 
hostile  intentions. 

2.  Possessed  by  a  public  enemy  ;  as,  a  hosUle  coun- 
try. Kent. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  expressing  private  enmity  or 
opposition  ;  as,  hostile  to  sudden  change. 

HOS'TILE-LY,  adv.    In  a  hostile  manner. 
HOS-TIL'I-TY,  ji.    [Fr.  hostiliti  ;  L.  hosliUlas,  from 
hoslis,  an  enemy.] 

1.  The  state  of  wnt  between  nations  or  states ; 
the  actiims  of  an  open  enemy  ;  aggression  ;  attacks 
of  an  enemy.  These  secret  enmities  broke  out  in 
hostilities. 

Hostt'ily  being  thus snspenilcd  with  Pmne«.  Hnytpard. 
We  have  earned  on  even  our  hogtilUies  with  humanity. 

Aturbury. 

2.  Private  enmity  ;  a  sense  less  proper. 
HOS'TIL-IZE,  V.  t.  To  make  an  enemy.  [Little  used.] 
HoST'lNG,  ?i.    [from  Aoat, an  army.]    An  encounter; 

a  battle.    [Little  used.]  Mdlon. 
2.  A  muster  or  review.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
HOS'TLER.  (hos'leror  os'ler,)  71.    [from  Fr.  hOlelier, 
an  innkeeper.    See  Hotkl.] 
Tile  person  who  has  the  care  of  horses  at  an  inn. 
HoST'LESS,  a.    Inhospitable.    [JV'ut  in  use.] 
HoST'RY,  n.    A  stable  for  horses.  hrijden. 

9.  A  lodging-lioust.'.  IIoiccll. 
HOT,  a.    [Sax.  hat ;  G.  heiss ;  V.  hect ;  Sw.  Aet ;  Dan. 
heed.    See  He.it. j 

1.  Having  sensible  heat ;  opposed  to  cold ;  as,  a  hot 
stove  or  tire  ;  a  hot  cloth  ;  hot  liiiuors.  Jlot  expresses 
more  than  warm. 

2.  .\rdent  in  temper  ;  easily  excited  or  exasper- 
ated ;  vehement. 

Achilles  is  impatient,  ftol,  ami  n-ven^'^fiil.  Drylen. 

3.  Violent;  furious;  as,  a  hot  engagement  or  as- 
sault. Dnjden. 

A.  Eager ;  animated  ;  brisk  ;  keen ;  as,  a  hot  pur- 
suit, or  :i  person  hut  ill  a  pursuit. 

5.  Lustful ;  lt;wd.  Shak. 

6.  Acrid;  biting;  stimulating;  pungent;  as,  hot 
as  mustard  or  pepper. 

HOT,  IloTE,  Uo'TE.\,  pp.    Called  ;  named.  [Obs.] 

Oower, 

HOT'HED,  71.  In  gardening,  a  bed  of  earth  and 
horsediing,  or  tanner's  bark,  covered  with  glass  to 
defend  it  from  the  cold  air,  intended  for  raising  early 
plants,  or  for  nourishing  exotic  plants  of  warm  cli- 
mates, which  will  not  thrive  in  cool  or  temperate 
air.  Farm.  Kncije. 

2.  A  place  which  favors  rapid  growth  or  develop- 
ment ;  as,  a  hotbed  of  sedition. 

IIOT'-BLOOD-ED,  a.  Having  hot  blood ;  high  spirit- 
ed ;  irritable. 

HOT'-I5Ra!.N-/;D,  a.     Ardent  in  temper;  violent; 

rash  ;  precipitate  ;  as,  hot-brained  j'oiuli.  Dnjden. 
IIOTCII'POT,  71.    [Fr.  hochepot,  from  hocher,  to  shake, 

and  probably  pot,  a  pot  or  dish.] 

1.  Properhj,  a  mingled  mass;  a  mixture  of  ingre- 
dients. Bacon.  Camden. 

2.  In  laic,  a  mixing  of  lands.  Thus  lands  given 
in  frank-marriage  to  one  daiichter,  shall,  after  the 
death  of  the  ancestor,  be  blended  with  the  lands  de- 
scending to  her  and  to  her  sisters  from  the  same  an- 
cestor, and  then  be  divided  in  equal  portions  to  all 
the  daughters.  Blackstonc. 

HOTCH'POTCII.  See  Hodcepodce  and  Hotchpot, 
No.  1. 

IIOT'-eOCK-LKS,  (-kok'lz,)  n.  pi.  [Clu.  Fr.  hautes 
coquWes,  high  shells.] 

A  play  in  which  one  covers  his  eyes,  nnTl  guesses 
who  strikes  him,  or  his  hand  placed  behind  him. 

Oay. 

HO-TEL',  71.  [Fr.  hdlel,  for  Aos(f.',  a  palace  or  dwell- 
ing-house of  a  prince  or  lord.] 

1.  A  house  for  cntertainini;  strangers  or  travelers. 
It  was  formerly  a  house  for  genteel  strangers  or 
lodgers,  hut  the  name  is  now  given  to  any  inn. 

2.  In  France,  a  palace  or  dwelling  of  persons  of 
rank  or  wealth. 

HO-TEL'  niEW.fo-tcyae-u',)    [Fr.]    A  hospital. 

HOT'-FLCE,  71.  An  apartment  heated  by  stoves  or 
steain-pi|>cs,  in  which  padded  and  printed  calicoes 
arc  dried.  Ure. 

HOT'-HEAD-ED,  a.  Of  ardent  passions  ;  vehement  ; 
violent ;  nuih.  Jirbutlinot. 

HOT'HOUSE,  71,  A  house  kept  wann  to  shelter  ten- 
di  r  plants  anil  shrubs  from  the  cold  air  ;  a  place  in 
which  the  plants  of  wanner  climates  may  be  reared, 
and  fruits  ripened. 

2.  A  bagnio,  or  place  to  sweat  and  cup  in.  Shak. 

3.  A  brtithel.  B.  Jonson. 
HOT'LY,  adv.    [from  hot.]    With  heat. 

2.  Ardently  ;  vehemently  ;  violently  ;  as,  a  stag 
hotly  pursued. 

3.  Lustfully.  Dn/den. 
HOT'-MOU'f  II-ED,  a.    Headstrong  ;  ungovernable. 

Thai  hot-moiithtd  l)e.isl  thai  bears  against  Ihe  curb.  Dryden. 

HOT'.NRS.S,  71.    Sensible  heat  beyond  a  moderate  de- 
gree of  warmth. 
2.  Violence  ;  vehemence  ;  fury. 


HOT'-PRESS-£0,  (-prest,)  a.  Pressed  while  heat  ia 
applied,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a  smooth  and 
glossy  snrface. 

IK)')"'-PKIiSS-ING,  71.  The  application  of  heat  in  con- 
junction with  mechanical  pressure,  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  a  smooth  and  glossy  surface,  us  to  paper, 
linen,  ^c. 

HOT'-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.    Having  a  fiery  spirit.  Irvtng. 

IIOT'SPIJK,  71.    [hot  and  npur.]    A  man  violent,  pas- 
sionate, heady,  rash,  or  precipittite.  Shu/c. 
2.  A  kind  of  pea  of  early  growth. 

IIOT'SPIJK,  a.    Violent  ;  impetuous.  Spenser. 

HOT'SPUR-RKD,  (liot'spurd,)  a.  Vehement ;  rash  ; 
headv  ;  heailstrong.  Peaeham. 

IIOT't£.\-TOT,  71.    One  belonging  to  a  South  Afri- 
can tribe,  formerly  esteemed  the  most  degraded  of 
the  human  race. 
2.  A  savage,  brutal  man. 

HOT'T£N-TOT-CHER'RV,  71.  A  plant.  [SceCnER- 
BT.J  Chambers. 

HOT'TEST,  a.    Most  hot. 

HOT'-WALL,  71.  In  gardening,  a  wall  constructed 
with  dues  for  the  coniliirtiiig  of  heat,  for  securing  or 
hastening  the  growth  of  fruit-treirs.  Brande. 

HOIJ'DAIl,  71.    A  seat  to  be  fixed  on  a  camel's  b.ack. 

HOUGH,  (hok,)  71.  [Sax.  AoA,  the  heel  or  the  hough  ; 
G.  haeke,  D.  hnk,  a  heel,  n  hoe.] 

1.  'J'lie  lower  p;irt  of  the  tnigh  ;  the  ham  ;  the 
joint  of  the  hinci  leg  of  a  beast  that  connects  the 
thigh  with  the  leg.  Eneyc. 

2.  An  adz  ;  a  hoc.    [JVol  in  use.]  StiUim'fiiet. 
HOUGH,  (hok,)  v.  t.    To  hamstring;  to  disable  by 

cutting  the  sinews  of  the  ham. 
2.  To  cut  with  a  hoe.  [Obs.] 
HOUGiriCL),  (hokt,)  pp.     HauKstrung;  disabled  by 

cuttiuE  the  sinews  of  the  ham. 
HOU'I.ET,  71.    All  owl.    [See  Howlet.] 
IloUI/r.    See  Holt. 

HOUM),  71.  llSax.  hand:  G.  Sw.  Dan.  and  Scot. 
hund  ;  D.  hand ;  h.  canis ;  Gr.  kvlO',  Kvi'oi  ;  Fr.  chicit ; 
It.  cane.] 

A  generic  name  of  the  dog ;  hut  in  English  it  is 
confined  to  a  particular  breed  or  variety,  used  in  the 
chase.    It  has  long,  smooth,  pendulous  ears. 

IIOUXD,  f.  f.    To  set  on  the  chase.  Hramhnll. 
2.  To  hunt;  to  chase.  L' Estrange. 

HOUiVD'FISII,  71.  \  name  of  certain  lishes  i  f  the 
shark  family.  The  smooth  houndfish,  or  smooth 
shark,  is  the  Mustelus  Itcvis,  wliifli  grows  to  the 
length  of  three  or  four  feet,  and  is  esteemed  delicate 
food  among  tlio  Hebrides.  Jardi/ie's  jVal.  Lib. 

HOUND.^,  71.  pi.  In  setimcu*s  language,  the  projecting 
part-s  of  the  head  of  a  mast,  serving  as  shoulilers  for 
the  top  or  trestle-trees  to  rest  on.  Toiten. 

HOUND'S'-TO.NGUE,  (-tiing,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Cynoglossum,  so  called  from  the  shape  of  its 
leaves.  Parlim'ton. 

HOUXD'-TREE,  n.    A  kind  of  tree.  AauicorUi. 

HOUP.    See  lloopoo. 

HOUR,  (our,)  ?i.  [L.  and  ."p.  Aorii  ,•  Gr.  o'loa  ;  It.  orii ; 
Fr.  heure  i  Ann.  hear;  W.  awr  ;  Ir.  tiair ;  G.  nhr  ;  I). 
Miir.  The  primary  sense  is,  time  or  season,  occasion, 
from  a  root  which  signifies  to  come,  to  happen,  to 
fall,  to  rush  or  drive.  Hence  the  Fr.  hcur  signifies 
luck,  good  fortune,  and  heurcuz,  lucky,  fortunate, 
liajipy,  that  is,  seasonable.  So  in  L.  tcmpesticus, 
from  tcmpus.  (See  Time.)  But  Aour,  Aora,  afterward 
came  to  signify  a  certain  portion  or  division  of  the 
day.    This  has  been  ditl'crent  in  diirerent  nations.] 

1.  A  space  of  time  equal  lo  one  twenty-fourth  |«rt 
of  the  natural  day.  An  hour  answers  lo  fifteen  de- 
grees of  the  eiiu.ator.  It  consists  of  sixty  niiiiiites, 
each  minute  of  sixty  seconds.  Sec, 

2.  Time  ;  a  particular  time  ;  .as,  the  Aour  of  death. 
Jesus  saith,  Woman,  my  Aoiir  is  not  yet  come.  — Jchn  ii. 

3.  The  time  marked  or  indicated  by  n  chronome- 
ter, clock,  or  watch  ;  -the  particular  time  of  the  day. 
What  is  the  Aour  ?  At  what  Auur  shall  we  meet.'  I 
will  be  Willi  you  at  an  early  hour. 

Good  hour,  signifies  early  or  seasonably.  You 
have  arrived  at  a  good  hour. 

To  keep  good  hfurs ;  to  hi;  at  homo  in  good  se.ison  ; 
not  to  be  abroad  late,  or  at  the  usual  hours  of  retiring 
to  rest. 

Hours !  in  (Ac  plural,  certain  prayers  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  to  be  repeated  at  suited  times  of 
the  day,  as  matins  and  vespers.  Encyc. 

In  mythology,  the  Hours,  (^fhrtr,)  were  divinities, 
regardetl  either  as  the  godtlesses  of  the  seasons  or  of 
the  hours  of  the  day.  Brande. 

HOI'R'-CIR-CLE,  (our'sur-kl,)7i.  In  astronomy,  a  me- 
ridian ;  so  called  because  Ihe  arcs  of  the  equatoi,  in 
tercepted  between  the  meridians,  are  used  ns  meiu. 
ures  of  lime.  Olmsted 

HOUR'-GLXSS,  (our'gUss,)  71.  A  chronomeli  i  1I..11 
measures  intervals  of  time  by  tbo  riinnin!;  of  sand 
from  one  glass  vessel  to  another,  through  a  small  ap- 
erture. The  quantity  of  sand  may  be  so  propor- 
tioned as  to  measure  an  hour,  a  half  hour,  or  a 
quarter. 

2.  Space  of  time.  Bacon. 
HOUR'-IIAND,  71.    The  hand  or  pointed  pin  which 
shows  tlie  hour  on  a  chronometer. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJMTE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

563" 


HOU 

IIOUR'I,  (liour'e,)  71.  Among  the  Mohammedans,  a 
nymph  nf  paradise.  Johnson. 

HOUR'LY,  (uur'ly,)  0.  Happening  or  done  every 
liour  ;  occurring  hour  by  hour ;  frequent ;  often  re- 
peated. 

Obsen-e  the  »-anin^  moon  with  hourly  view.  DryiUn. 

2.  Continual. 

We  must  live  in  hourly  expectation  of  havbig  the  troops  recalled. 

Sai/t. 

HOUR'LY,  (our'ly,)  adv.  Every  hour;  frequently; 
continually. 

Great  was  their  strife,  which  hourly  was  renewed.  Dryden. 
HOUR'-PLaTE,  (oiir'plate,)  n.   The  plate  of  a  clock 

or  otlit  r  timepitce  on  which  the  liours  are  marlced  ; 

the  dial.  Locke. 
H0US'.\t5E,  71.    [from  house.']    A  fee  for  keeiiing 

goods  in  a  house.  [JVui  in  use.]  Chambers. 
HOUSE,  (hous,)  7!.    [Sax.  hus  ;  Goth.  Svv.  and  Scot. 

Alts ;  G.  Iiaus ;  D.  huis ;  Dan.  hiius  ;  L.  casa ;  It.  Sp. 

and  Port,  casa ;  VV.  hws,  a  covering  or  liousing.  If 

the  jjrimory  sense  is  a  covering,  this  word  may  be 

referred  to  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  nD3,  Ar.  I  -y  kasa, 
to  put  on,  to  cover.  Class  Gs,  No.  57.  It  corre- 
sponds to  C'ji,  in  a  ditfercnt  dialect.] 

In  a  gemral  sense,  a  building  or  shed  intended  or 
used  as  a  habitation  or  slielter  for  animals  of  any 
kind  ;  but  appropriately,  a  building  or  edifice  for  the 
habitation  of  man;  a  dwelling-jilace,  mansion,  or 
abode  for  any  of  the  human  species.  It  may  be  of 
any  size,  and  composed  of  any  materials  whatever 
-  wood,  stone,  brick,  ice. 

2.  An  edifice  or  building  appropriated  to  the  wor- 
shiu  of  God;  a  temple;  a  church  ;  as,  the  house  of 
God. 

3.  A  monastery  ;  a  college ;  as,  a  religious  house. 

4.  The  manner  of  living;  the  table.  He  keeps  a 
good  house,  or  a  miserable  house. 

5.  In  astrolo'/ini,  the  station  of  a  planet  in  the  heav- 
ens, or  tliB  twelfth  part  of  the  heavens. 

Johnson.  Kncyc. 
C.  A  family  of  ancestors ;  descendants  and  kin- 
dred ;  a  race  of  persons  from  the  same  stock  ;  a 
tribe.  It  particularly  denotes  a  noble  family  or  an 
illustrious  race;  as,  the  house  of  Austria;  the  house 
of  Hanover.  So,  in  Scripture,  the  house  of  Israel,  or 
of  Judali. 

Two  of  a  house  few  agps  can  afford.  Drydcn. 

7.  One  of  the  estates  of  a  kingdom  assembled  in 
parliament  or  legislature ;  a  body  of  men  united  in 
their  legislative  capacity,  and  holding  their  place  by 
right  or  by  election.  Thus  we  say,  the  house  of 
lords  or  peers  of  Great  Britain  ;  the  hoivse  of  com- 
mons; the  house  of  representatives.  In  most  of  the 
United  States,  the  legislatures  consist  of  two  houses, 
the  senate,  and  the  house  of  representatives  or  dele- 
gates. 

8.  The  quorum  of  a  legislative  body ;  the  number 
of  representatives  assembled  who  are  constitution- 
ally empowered  to  emict  laws.  Hence  we  say,  there 
is  a  sutiicient  nuiubL;r  of  representatives  present  to 
form  a  house. 

9.  In  mereantile  affairs,  a  firm  or  commercial  es- 
tablishment, as  the  house  of  Baring  &.  Brothers. 

10.  In  Scripture,  those  who  ilwell  in  a  house  and 
compose  a  family  ;  a  liousehold. 

Curneliijs  was  a  devout  man,  and  feared  God  witJi  all  his  house. 
—  Acu  X. 

11.  Wealth  ;  estate. 

Ye  devour  widows'  houses.  —  Matt,  xxiil. 

12.  The  grave ;  as,  the  luju.sc  appointed  for  all  liv- 
ing.  Job  XXX. 

J3.  Household  affairs;  domestic  concerns. 
Set  thy  house  in  order.  —  2  Kin^  xx. 

H.  The  body  ;  the  residence  of  the  soul  in  this 
world  ;  a.s,  our  earthly  house.    2  Cor.  v. 

15.  The  church  among  the  Jews. 

Mo«e»  was  faithful  in  all  his  /loute.  —  Jleb.  iil. 

16.  A  iilace  of  residence.  Egypt,  is  called  the 
huuse  of  bondage.    Kr.  xiii. 

17.  A  square,  or  division  on  a  chess-board.  Encyc. 
Woitte  of  correction  ;  a  prison  for  Ihe  punishment  of 

idle  and  disorderly  persons,  vagrants,  tresjiassers,  &.C. 

Brande. 

HOL'SE,  (hou/.,)  V.  t.    [Sw.  hysa.] 

I.  'I'd  cover  from  tin:  incli-mcncies  of  the  weather; 
to  shelter  ;  to  protect  by  covering  ;  as,  lo/wusc  wood  ; 
to  house  fanning  utensils  ;  to  house  cattle. 

2.  To  admit  to  residence  ;  to  harbor. 

Falhuliuj  wUlicl  him  lo  house  ati  llic  Ileluts.  SUlney. 

3.  To  deposit  and  cover,  as  in  the  grave.  Sandys. 

4.  To  drive  to  a  shelter.  Shak. 
HOUSK,  (houz,)  V.  i.   Tu  take  shelter  or  lodgings;  to 

keep  abode  ;  to  reside. 

To  house  with  (lirknrM  and  with  death.  MUton. 
2.  To  have  nn  astrological  station  in  the  heavens. 

Whrrc  Smuni  houses.  Dnjilen. 

HOUHE'-BOAT,  (hoiis'Wiat,)  71.    A  covered  boat. 


HOU 

HOUSE'BoTE,  (hous'bste,)  »i.  [house  and  Sa.t.  hot, 
supply.] 

In  law,  a  sufficient  allowance  of  wood  to  repair 
the  house  and -supply  fuel. 

HOUSE'-BREAK-ER,  (hous'brak-er,)  77.  One  who 
breaks,  opens,  and  enters  a  house  by  day  with  a  fe- 
lonious intent,  or  one  who  breaks  or  opens  a  house, 
and  steals  therefrom  by  daylight.  Blackstone. 

HOUSE'-BREAK-ING,  (hous'brak-ing,)  71.  The 
breaking,  or  opening  and  entering  of  a  house  by 
daylight,  with  the  intent  to  commit  a  felony,  or  to 
steal  or  rob.  The  same  crime  committed  at  night  is 
burrrlary.  Blackstone. 

HOUSE'-DOG,  71.    A  dog  kept  to  guard  the  house. 

Mdi-ion. 

IIOUS'fCD,  (houzd,)  pp.    Put  undercover  ;  sheltered. 

HOUSE'HoLD,  (hous'hold,)  71.  Those  who  dwell  un- 
der the  same  roof  and  compose  a  family  ;  those  who 
belong  to  a  family. 


I  haptized  also  tlie  household  of  Stephai 


- 1  Cor.  L 


2.  Family  life  ;  domestic  management.  Shak. 
HOUSE'HoLD,  a.    Belonging  to  the  house  and  fami- 
ly ;  domestic  ;  as,  household  furniture ;  liousehold  af- 
fairs. 

HOUSE'IIoLD-BREAD,  (-bred,)  71.  Common  bread, 
or  not  of  the  finest  quality. 

HOUSE'IIoLD-ER,  71.  The  masteror  chief  of  a  fami- 
ly ;  one  who  keeps  house  with  his  family.  Matt. 
.\iii. 

HOUSE'HoLD-STUFF,  71.  The  fu.'-niture  of  a  house ; 
the  vessels,  utensils,  and  goods  of  a  family.  Bacon. 

HOUSE'KEEP-ER,  7!.  One  who  occupies  a  house 
with  his  family  ;  a  man  or  woman  who  maintains  a 
family  state  in  a  house;  a  householder;  the  master 
or  mistress  of  a  family.  Locke. 

2.  A  female  servant  who  has  the  chief  care  of  the 
family,  and  superintends  the  other  servants.  SwifL 

3.  One  who  lives  in  plenty.    [JVof  in  use.]  Wotton. 

4.  One  who  keeps  much  at  home.   [JVot  used.] 

Slmk. 

5.  A  house-dog.    [JVof  used.]  Slmk. 
HOUSE'KEEP-ING,  a.    Domestic;  used  in  a  family; 

as,  housckeepinrr  commodities.    [Little  iised.]  Carew. 
HOUSE'KEEP-U\G,  71.   The  family  state  in  a  dwcU- 
ing;  care  of  domestic  concerns. 

2.  Hospitality;  a  plentiful  and  hospitable  table. 
[Obs.]  Shak. 
HOUS'EL,  (houz'el,)  n.    [Sax.  huseL    Lye  supposes 
this  to  be  from  Goth,  hunsa,  a  victim.] 
The  eucharist ;  the  sacred  bread. 
HOUS'EL,  V.  t.    [Sax.  huslian.] 

To  give  or  receive  the  eucharist.    [OS5.]  Chaucer. 
HOUSE'-LAMB,  n.   A  lamb  kept  in  a  house  for  fat- 
ting. 

HOUSE'LEEK,  71.  [See  Leek.]  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Senipervivum,  which  is  found  on  the  tops  of 
houses.  Tlie  lesser  houseleek  is  of  the  genus  Se- 
dum. 

HOUSE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  house  or  habita- 
tion ;  as,  the  houseless  child  of  want.  Qoldsinitli. 
2.  Destitute  of  slielter. 

HOUSE'LINE, )  71.     Among  seamen,  a  small  line 

HOUS'ING,  i  formed  of  three  strands,  smaller 
than  rope-yarn,  used  for  seizings,  &c.  Totlen. 

IIOUSE'-iMAID,  71.  A  female  servant  employed  to  keep 
a  house  clean,  &c. 

HOUSE'-PIG-EON,  71.    A  tame  pigeon.  Gregory. 

UOUSE'-RaIS-ER,  71.    One  who  erects  a  house. 

IVotton. 

HOUSE'-ROOJI,  71.   Room  or  place  in  a  house. 

Dnjden. 

HOUSE"- SNaIL,  71.    A  particular  kind  of  snail. 

Diet. 

HOUSE'-WARM-ING,  (hous'warm-ing,)  71.  A  feast  or 
merry-making  at  the  time  a  family  enters  a  new 
house.  Johnson. 

IIOUSE'WTFE,  71.  [house  and  wife ;  contracted  into 
hu.twife,  hussy.]    The  mistress  of  a  family.  I'ope. 

2.  A  female  economist ;  a  good  manager. 

Drydcn.  Addison. 

3.  One  skilled  in  female  business.  .Addison. 

4.  A  little  case  or  bag  for  articles  of  female  work  ; 
(7iro7i.  huz'zif.)  Sheltan. 

IIOUSE'VVlFE-I 
a  family 

2.  Taken  from  housewifery,  or  domestic  affairs ; 
as,  a  housewifery  mctaiihiir.  Blackstone. 
IIOIISE'VVIFE-H.Y, »!.    The  business  of  the  mistress 
of  a  family  ;  femttle  business  in  the  economy  of  a 
family  ;  female  nuiiiagement  of  domestic  ctmcerns. 

Temple.  Taylor. 
IIOUSE'VVRIGllT,  (hous'rite,)  n.   An  architect  who 

builds  iKHises.  Fotherby. 
HOUS'ING,  ppr.    Depositing  in  a  house;  covering; 
sheltering. 
2.  Warped  ;  crooked,  as  a  brick. 
HOUS'ING,  71.    [I'r.  hou.ise;  W.  hw»,  a  covering.] 

1.  Cover  or  cloth  over  or  under  a  horse's  saddle,  used 
originally  to  keep  olf  dirt,  and  afterwards  its  an  or- 
namental or  mililary  appendage ;  a  saddle-cloth;  a 
horse-cloth. 

2.  Horses,  taken  collectively.  [Obs.] 

3.  [See  lluUHELl^E.] 


?E-LY,  a.   Pertaining  to  the  mistress  of 


HOW 

4.  In  architecture,  the  space  taken  out  of  one  solid, 
to  admit  tll.c  insertion  of  another.  Brande. 
Also,  a  niche  for  a  statue.         Oloss.  of  Mrchit. 
HOUS'LING,  a.    [See  Housel.]    Sacramental ;  as, 
housliug  fire,  used  in  the  ceremony  of  marriage. 
[04s.]  Spenser. 
HOUSS,  71.    A  covering.    [See  Housing.]  Dryden. 
HoVE  ;  pret.  of  Heave. 

HOVEL,  71.    [Sax.  hof,  hofe,  a  house,  a  cave.] 

1.  An  open  shed  for  sheltering  cattle,  protecting 
produce,  k.c.,  from  the  weather.  Brande. 

2.  A  cottage;  a  mean  house. 
HOVEL,  V.  t.    To  put  in  a  hovel ;  to  shelter. 
HO  VEL-£D,  pp.    Put  in  a  hovel ;  sheltered. 
HoV£N, ;//).  of  Heave. 

HOVER,  (huv'cr,)  «.  i.  [W.  hoviaw,  to  hang  over,  to 
fluctuate,  to  hover.] 

1.  To  flap  the  wings,  as  a  fowl  ;  to  hang  over  or 
about,  fiiittering  or  flapping  the  wings,  with  short,  ir- 
regular flights. 

Great  flights  of  UrIs  iirc  hovering  about  tlie  bridge,  and  settling 
on  it.  Addison. 

2.  To  hang  over  or  around,  with  irregular  mo- 
tions. 

A  ?i0Derin^  mist  came  swimming  o'er  his  sight.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  stand  in  suspense  or  expectation.  Spenser. 

4.  To  wander  about  from  place  to  place  in  the  neigh- 
borhood ;  to  move  back  and  forth  ;  as,  an  army  hov- 
ering on  our  borders  ;  a  ship  hovering  on  our  coast. 

Craneli's  Rep. 

H5VER,  77.  A  protection  or  shelter  by  hanging  over. 
[Obs.] 

HOVER-GROUND,  n.    Light  ground.  Ray. 
HOVER-ING,  ppr.    Flapping  the  wings  ;  hanging 
over  or  around  ;  moving  with  short,  irregular  flights. 
HOVER-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  hovering  manner. 
HOW,  adv.    [Sax.  hu ;  D.  hoe.] 

1.  In  what  manner.    I  know  not  liow  to  answer. 
How  Ci\n  a  man  be  born  when  he  Is  old  f   Iloto  caa  these  things 

her— Jolui  iii. 

2.  To  what  degree  or  extent.  How  long  shall  we 
sufler  these  indignities?  How  much  better  is  wis- 
dom than  gold  '. 

O,  holo  love  1  thy  law  !  Houj  sweet  are  thv  words  to  my  taste  I 
Ps.  cxix. 

3.  For  what  reason  ;  from  what  cause. 

i/ouJ  now,  my  love,  why  is  your  dieek  so  pale  ?  Shak. 

4.  By  what  means.  How  can  tliis  effect  be  pro- 
duced } 

5.  In  what  state. 

Hour,  and  with  what  reproach  shall  I  rptum  I  Dryden. 

6.  It  is  used  in  a  sense  marking  proportion;  as, 
how  much  less ;  how  much  more. 

Behokl,  he  putteth  no  trust  in  his  servants  —  how  much  less  iu 
them  that  dwell  in  houses  of  clay  1  —  Job  iv. 

By  how  much  they  would  diminish  Uie  present  extent  of  the  sea, 
so  mucti  they  would  hnpair  the  fertility,  and  founUiins,  anti 
rivers  of  Uie  earth.  BenUey. 

7.  It  is  much  used  in  exclamation. 

How  are  the  mighty  fallen  I  —2  Sam.  i. 

8.  In  some  popular  phrases,  how  is  superfluous  or 
inelegant. 

Thick  clouds  put  us  in  some  hope  of  land  ;  knowing  how  that 
part  of  die  South  Sea  was  utterly  unknown  Bacon. 

HOW'BE,  adv.   Nevertheless.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
HOW-Bk'IT,  at/ii.    [how,  be,  anii  it.]    Be  it  as  it  may; 

nevertheless  ;  notwithstanding ;  yet;  but;  however. 
HOVVDY,  71.    A  midwife.    [Local.]  Orose. 
HOW  D'YE  ;  how  do  you how  is  your  health 
HOW-EVER,  adv.    [how  and  ever.]     In  whatever 

manner  or  degree  ;  as,  however  gootl  or  bad  the  stylo 

2.  At  all  events  ;  at  least.  [may  be. 
Onr  chief  end  is  lo  be  freed  from  all,  if  it  may  be,  however  from 

tile  greatest  evils.  Tillolson. 

3.  Nevertheless ;  notwithstanding;  yet.  I  shall 
not  oppose  your  design  ;  I  can  not,  however,  approve 
of  it. 

You  mijht,  hoicc'er,  have  took  a  Inircr  way.  Drydrn. 

hSw'Itz-ku,  i    [^P-  «• 

A  kind  of  mortar  or  short  gun,  mounted  on  a  licld 
carriage,  and  used  for  throwing  shells.  The  diller- 
ence  between  a  morlar  and  a  howitz  is,  that  the 
trunnions  of  :i  mortar  are  at  the  end,  but  those  of  a 
howitz  are  at  the  miildle.  Kncyc. 

HOW'KER,  71.  A  Dutch  vessel  with  two  masts,  a 
main  and  a  niizzeii-mast ;  also  a  lisliing-boal  with 
one  ma.-l,  used  on  the  coast  of  Ireland.    Mar.  Diet. 

HOWL,  f.  i.  [U.huilcn;  G.  heuUn  ;  Sw'.yla;  Dan. 
hi/ler'  Sp.  auhar;  L.  ii'ii'o  ;  Gr.  vXnoi ;  Corn,  hoatra. 
Ciii.  W.  wylnin;  Ann.  gucla,  or  inia:  Ir.  guilim  :  It. 
iruaiohirc.  The  latter  coiiu'ide  witli  wail  and  ■yell.] 
"  1.  To  crv  as  a  ilogor  widf ;  to  tiller  a  particular  kind 
of  loud,  piiiliacled,  alid  mournful  sound.  We  say, 
the  dog /loif '->■ ;  the  wtdf /loWv.  Hence, 

2.  To  utler  a  loud,  mournful  .sound,  expressive  of 
distress ;  to  wail. 

Howl  ve,  lor  tlie  day  of  Iho  I,or<l  Is  at  liaiu!.  — Is.  xiU. 
Ye  rich  men,  weeji  and  howl.  —  James  v. 

3.  To  roar,  as  a  tempest. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


564 


HUE 


HUL 


HUM 


HOWL,  V.  t.    To  utter  or  speak  with  outcry. 

Go — fioutl  it  oul  ill  cli'serta.  Philipt, 

HOWL,  »i.  The  cry  of  a  dog  or  wolf,  or  otiier  like 
sound. 

2.  The  cry  of  a  human  being  in  horror  or  anguish. 
HOVVL'i-'D,  jip.     Uttered  with  outcry,  as  a  dog  or 
wolf. 

IIOWL'ET,  n.    [Fr.  huloUe;  from  owl.] 
An  owl. 

IIOWL'ING,  ppr.    Uttering  the  cry  of  a  dog  or  wolf ; 

uttering  a  loud  cry  of  distress. 
noWL'ING,  a.  Filled  with  howls,  or  liowling  beasts ; 

dreary. 

Iimuincniblc  artificca  and  stratagems  are  acted  in  the  howling 
wilUern^ss  nnil  in  the  grcAl  deep,  tllat  can  never  comi"  to  our 
knowledge.  ^(Wi«on, 

HOWL'INO,  71.   The  act  of  howling;  a  loud  outcry 

or  mournful  soiinti. 
IlOW'So,  a<io.  [Abbreviation  of  Aow-wewer.]  Alllioiigh. 

UanieL 

IIOW-SO-EV'ER,  a,h\    [kow,  so,  and  ever.] 

1.  In  what  nuinner  soever.  Rnletrlu 

2.  Altliough.  Skali. 
[For  this  word,  However  is  generally  used.] 

HOX,  V.  I.  To  hough ;  to  hamstring.  [J\  u£  used.] 
[See  Hough.]  Sliiik. 

HOY,  71.  .\  small  vessel,  usually  rigged  as  a  sloop, 
and  employed  in.  conveying  passengers  and  gootls 
from  place  to  jilace  on  the  sea-coast,  or  in  transport- 
ing goods  to  and  from  a  ship  in  a  road  or  bay. 

F.ncye.    Mar.  Diet. 

HOY  ;  an  e\cIam:ition,  of  no  definite  meaning. 

H(;H,  n.  [See  Hob.]  The  nave  of  a  wheel.  [See 
Nave.] 

Ui>  to  the  hub  ;  to  a  great  extent ;  deeply  involved  ; 

Rs,  a  man  is  in  debt  up  to  the  hub. 
HUlt'liUH,  n.   A  great  noise  of  many  confused  voices  ; 

a  tumult  ;  uproar;  riot.  Spciuser.  Clarendon. 

HUli-l!i;i!-BOO',  n.    A  howling.  Smart. 
HUCK,  «.  t.    To  haggle  in  trading.    [JVot  in  use.] 
HUCK,  n.    The  name  of  a  German  river  trout.  Diet. 
HUCK'A-BACK,  ii.    A  kind  of  linen  with  raised 

lignres  on  it,  used  for  table-cloths  and  towels. 
HIIC'K'LE,  71.    [Infra.]    The  hiii,  that  is,  a  bunch. 
HUCK'Ll';-HACK-£D,  (huk'I-bakt,)  a.    [G.  JiScker,  a 

bnnch,  and  back.] 

Having  roiiiul  shoulders. 
lIUCK'LE-liEll-RY,  (huk'l-,)  n.    The  berry  called, 

also,  WHonri.EiiEititY. 
HUCK'LE-BoNE,  (huk'l-,)  n.    [G.  liUcher,  a  bunch.] 

The  hip  bone. 
HUCK'STEK,  Ji.    [G.  liiScke,  hiicker;  Van.  liolJicr.  It 

seems  to  be  from  hockrit,  to  take  on  the  back,  and  to 

signify  primarily  a  peddler,  one  that  carries  goods  on 

his  back.] 

1.  A  retailer  of  small  articles,  of  provisions, 
nuts,  &c. 

2.  A  mean,  trickish  fellow.  Hub.  Tale. 
HUCK'STER,  V.  i.   To  deal  in  small  articles,  or  in 

petty  bargains.  Swift. 

HUCK'STER-ACiE,  »i.  The  business  of  a  huckster; 
a  dealing.  Mdtoa. 

HUCK'STRESS,  n.    A  f.-male  peddler. 

HUD,  ji.    The  shell  or  hull  of  a  nut.    [Local.]  Grose. 

HUU'DLE,  J),  i.    [In  Get.,  kudeln  signifies  to  bungle. 

It  may  be  allied  to  kut,  hide,  or  euddle.] 
II    1.  To  crowd  ;  to  press  together  promiscuously, 

'.jiYitbout  order  or  regularity.  We  say  of  a  throng  of 
people,  they  huddle  together. 

2.  To  iiKwe  in  a  promiscuous  throng  without  or- 
der ;  to  press  or  hurry  in  disorder.  The  people  hud- 
dle alons,  or  huddle  into  the  house. 

HUD'DLE,  V.  t.  To  put  on  in  haste  and  disorder;  as, 
she  hudMed  on  her  clothes. 

2.  To  cover  in  haste  or  carelessly.  Edieards. 

3.  To  perform  in  haste  and  disorder.  Dryden. 

4.  To  throw  together  in  confusion  ;  to  crowd  to- 
gether without  regard  to  order ;  as,  to  huddle  propo- 
sitions together.  Locke. 

HUD'DLE,  n.  A  crowd  ;  a  number  of  perstms  or 
things  crowded  together  without  order  or  regularity  ; 
tumult  ;  confusion.  Qlancille.  Locke. 

IU'D'DLKD,  pp.    Crowded  together  without  order. 

IIUD'DLEII,  (I.  One  who  throws  things  into  confu- 
sion ;  a  bungler. 

HUD'DLING,  ppr.  Crowding  or  throwing  together  in 
disorder;  putting  on  carelessly. 

HU-DI-BRAS'Tie,  a.  Similar  in  style  to  Hudibras, 
or  doggerel  poetry. 

HOE,  (Im,)  n.    [Sax.  hiaoe,  hiw,  color,  form,  image, 
beauty;  hiieian,  to  form,  to  feign,  to  simulate.  This 
may  be  contnicted  ;  for  in  Sw.  htjcIJa,  Dan.  hi/klcr,  is 
lo  play  the  hypocrite.   Perhaps  how  is  of  this  family.] 
Color;  tint;  dye. 

Flowers  of  all  hue.  Mtlon. 

HOE,  in  the  phrase  hue  and  cry,  signifies  a  shouting  or 
vociferation.  In  law,  a  hue  and  cry  is  the  pursuit  of 
a  felon  or  olfender,  with  loud  outcries  or  clamor  to 
give  an  alarm.  Hue  is  a  contracted  word,  Norm,  hue, 
Fr.  huer  or  hucher,  Dan.  hut,  or,  more  probably,  it  is 
from  the  same  root  as  hooL 

IWF.D,  (hude,)  o.    Having  a  color. 

HOE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  color. 


HO'ER,  II.  One  whose  business  is  to  cry  out  or  give 
an  alarm.    [JVot  in  use.]  Carcw. 

HUFF,  «.  [Sp.  ehiifa,  an  empty  boast ;  ehufar,  to  hec- 
tor, to  bully  ;  Sw.  yfcas,  yfva  siir.  'J'his  wtird  coin- 
cides in  elements  witli  heave,  hove,  Dan.  hovncr,  to 
swell  ;  but  it  may  be  a  difi'erent  word.  See  Class 
Gb,  No.  4,  31.] 

1.  A  swell  of  sudden  anger  or  arrogance. 

A  Spaniard  was  wonderfully  upon  the  hujj^  about  his  extraction. 

L'Estraitge. 

2.  A  boaster ;  one  swelled  with  a  false  opinion  of 
his  own  value  or  importance. 

Lewd,  shallow-brained  /luJTa  make  atheism  and  contempt  of  re- 
ligion the  badjje  of  wit.  SvulfL, 

HUFF,  V.  t.    To  swell ;  to  enlarge  ;  to  puff  up.  Grew. 
2.  To  hector ;  to  bully  ;  to  treat  with  in.solence  and 

arrogance  ;  to  chide  or  rebuke  with  insolence. 
HUFF,  V.  i.    To  swell ;  to  dilate  or  enlarge  ;  as,  the 

bread  huffs. 

2.  To  bluster  ;  to  swell  with  anger,  pride,  or  arro- 
gance ;  to  storm. 

Tliis  arroo;ant  conceit  made  them  huf  at  Uie  doctrine  of  repent- 
ance. Soiilh. 
A  hiijfmg,  sliining,  flattering,  cringing  coward.  Olucay, 

UTTFF'ED,  (hurt,,  pp.    Swelled  ;  punned  up. 
IIUFF'ER,  JI.    A  bully  ;  a  swa^'gerer  ;  a  blusterer. 
IIUFF'I-NESS,  ji.  i'etulancc;  the  state  of  being  puffed 

up.  Iludtbras. 
IIUFF'ING, ppr.    Swelling;  puffing  up;  blustering. 
HUFF'ING,  71.    Petulance;  liiiffiness. 
HUFF'ISII,  a.    Arrt/gant ;  insolent ;  hectoring. 
IIUFF'ISH-LY,  ado.    With  arrogance  or  blustering. 
HUFF'ISH-NESS,  71.    Arrogance  ;  petulance  j  noisy 

bluster. 

HUFF'Y,  a.    Swelled  or  swelling ;  petulant. 

HUG,  V.  t.  [Dan.  hegrr,  to  hug,  to  cherish,  Sw.  huir- 
na  !  Dan.  huircr,  to  sit  squat  on  the  tail.  The  latter 
seems  to  be  the  G.  hocken,  to  sit  squat,  to  keep  close, 
D.  hukken.  The  sense  is  lo  press,  and  tliis  word  may 
be  allied  to  hedge.] 

1.  To  press  close  in  an  embrace. 

And  hugged  me  in  liis  arms.  Sliak. 

2.  To  embrace  closely ;  to  hold  fast ;  to  treat  with 
fondness. 

We  hug  deformities  if  Uiey  bear  our  names.  Glanville. 

3.  To  congratulate  ;  followed  by  a  reciprocal  pro- 
noun ;  as,  to  hug  one's  self.  Smart. 

4.  To  gripe  in  wrestling  or  scuffling. 

5.  In  seoineii^s  language,  to  keep  close  to ;  as,  to  hug 
the  land  ;  to  hug  the  wind.  ToUen. 

HUG,  ji.    A  close  embrace.  Gay. 
2.  A  particular  gripe  in  wrestling  or  scuffling. 

HOGE,  tt.  [This  word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family 
of  high,  D.  hoog,  G.  hoch.  If  so,  the  primary  sense 
is,  to  swell  or  rise.    If  not,  I  know  not  its  orijin.] 

1.  Very  large  or  great ;  enormous  ;  applied  to  bulk 
or  size  ;  as,  a  huge  mountain  ;  a  huge  ox. 

2.  It  is  improperly  applied  to  space  and  distance, 
in  the  sense  of  great,  va.st,  immense  ;  as,  a  huge 
space  ;  a  huge  diflVrence.  This  is  inelegant,  or 
rather  vulgar. 

3.  In  colloquial  language,  very  great ;  enormous ; 
as,  a  huge  feeder.  S/uik. 

1I0GE'-15EL'LI-£D,  a.    Having  a  verj'  large  belly. 

Mittoti. 

IICGE'-BUILT,  (bilt,)  a.   Built  to  a  huge  size. 
HOGE'LV,  adv.     Very  greatly  ;  enormously  ;  im- 
mensely. 

Doth  it  not  flow  as  hugely  as  the  sea  I  ShaJc. 

HC6E'NESS,  n.  Enormous  bulk  or  largeness ;  as, 
the  hugeness  of  a  mountain  or  of  an  elephant. 

HUG'GKD,  pp.    Closely  einbraeed  ;  held  fast. 

IIUG'GER-.MUG'GER,  71.  [//u^-.rer  contains  the  ele- 
ments of  hug  and  hedge,  and  mugger  those  of  smoke, 
W.  mwg,  ami  of  smuggle.] 

In  hugger-mugger,  denotes  in  privacy  or  secrecy, 
and  the  word,  adverbially  used,  denotes  secretly. 
[It  is  a  low,  cant  word.]  Holloway. 

IIUG'GING,  ppr.  Pressing  or  embracing  closely ; 
ftintlling. 

HC'GUE-NOT,  (hu'ge-not,)  71.  [The  origin  of  this 
word  is  uncertain.  It  is  conjectured  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  G.  eiitgeiwsscn,  confederates  ;  cid,  oath,  and 
genoss,  consort.] 

A  name  formerly  given  to  a  Protestant  in  France. 
IIO'GUE-NOT-IS.M,  71.   Tlie  religion  of  the  Iliigiie- 

nots  in  France.  Sherwood. 
HO'GY,  a.    [from  huge.]    Vast  in  size.    [JVut  used.] 

Dryden. 

HUT'SHER,  (hwe'sher,)  71.    [Fr.  huiasier.] 

An  usher.    [04*.]    [SeeUsHKa.!  B.Jonson. 
HOKE,  71.    [W.  Au^-.j 

A  cloak  ;  n  liyke.  Bacon. 
HULCII,  71.    A  bunch  or  hump.    [JVot  used.] 
HULCH'Y,  n.    Much  swelling  ;  gibbous.    [JVot  used.] 
HULK,  71.    [D.  hulk;  Sax.  hide,  a  cottage  or  lodge,  a 
vessel ;  Dan.  hoik,  a  hoy  ;  Sw.  halk.   Q.\i.  Gr.  oAirjf.] 
1.  The  body  of  a  ship,  or  decked  vessel  of  any 
kind  ;  but  the  word  is  applied  only  to  the  body  of  an 
old  ship  or  vessel  which  is  laid  by  as  unfit  for  ser- 


vice. A  sheer-hulk  is  an  old  ship  fitted  with  an  ap- 
paratus to  fix  or  take  out  the  mast-s  of  a  ship. 

Encyc.    Mur.  Diet. 
2.  Any  thing  bulky  or  unwieldy.  [JVot  used.]  Sluik, 
The  hulks  ;  in  England,  old  or  dismasted  ships,  for- 
merly used  as  prisons. 
HULK,  V.      To  take  out  the  entrails;  as,  lo  hulk  a 

bare.    [Little  used.]  Jiinsworth. 
nULK'Y,  a.    Bulky  ;  unwieldy.    [JVot  used.] 
HULL,  71.    [Sax.  hul,  the  cover  of  a  nut ;  G.  htibe  ;  D. 
Aulsc;  W.  Aft;,  a  cover;  huliaw,  to  cover,  to  deck,  G. 
hiitcn.    See  Hulk.] 

1.  The  outer  covering  of  any  thing,  particularly  of  a 
nut  or  of  grain.  Johnson  says,  the  AuHof  a  nut  cov- 
ers the  shell. 

2.  The  frame  or  body  of  a  vessel,  exclusive  of  her 
masts,  yards,  .sails,  and  rigging.  ToUrn. 

To  lie  a  hull,  ill  seamen's  language,  is  to  lie  as  a  .ship 
without  any  sail  upon  her,  and  her  helm  lashed  a-lce. 

Encyc. 

To  strike  a  hull,  in  a  storm,  is  to  take  in  the  sails, 
and  lash  the  helm  on  Uie  lee-side  of  a  ship. 

Eneye. 

Hull  down,  expresses  that  the  bull  of  the  ship  is 
concealed  by  the  convexity  of  the  sea. 
HULL,  V.  I.    To  strip  off  or  separate  the  hull  or  hulls  ; 
as,  to  hull  grain. 

2.  To  pierce  the  hull  of  a  ship  with  a  cannon 
ball. 

HULL,  r.  1.    To  float  or  drive  on  the  water,  like  the 

hull  of  a  ship,  witlioiit  sails.  Jlilton. 
liUlA,' EI),  pp.  or  a.    Stripped  off,  as  the  hulls  of  seed. 
Hulled  corn  or  grain  ;  corn  or  grain  boiled  in  a 

weak  lye,  so  that  the  hull  or  coat  separates,  or  is 

easily  separated,  from  the  kernel. 
IIULL'ING,  ppr.    Stripping  off  the  hull. 
HULL'Y,  a.    Having  husks  or  pods  ;  siliquous. 
IIUL'VEK,  71.  Hidly,  an  evergreen  shrub,  or  tree.  [D. 

huht.]  Tusser.  ' 

HUM,  1'.  i.    [G.  hummen;  D.  /io7ii77if/c7!.] 

1.  To  utter  the  sound  of  bees  ;  to  buzz. 

2.  To  make  an  inarticulate,  buzzing  .sound. 

Tlie  cloudy  messen^r  turns  me  his  Uick, 

And /tu//itf._  iViat, 

3.  To  pause  in  speaking,  and  mak<:  an  audible 
noise,  like  the  humming  of  bees. 

He  hummed  aud  hawed.  Ilmlibrat. 

4.  To  make  a  dull,  heavy  noise  like  a  drone. 
Still  humming  on  tlieir  drowsy  course  they  took.  Pope. 

5.  To  applaud.    [  Obs.] 

IIUJI,7).  t.    To  sing  in  a  low  voice  ;  as,  to  Aiini  a  tune. 

2.  To  cause  to  lium  ;  to  impose  on.  [Vulgar.] 
HUM,  71.    The  noise  of  bees  or  insects. 

2.  A  low,  confused  noise,  as  of  crowds  ;  as,  the 
busy  hum  of  ini^n.  Jtlillvn. 

3.  Any  low,  dull  noise.  I'opr. 

4.  A  low,  inarticulate  sound,  uttered  by  a  s[«uiker 
in  a  pause  ;  as,  /iiij;i,v  and  haws.      Shak.  Dryden. 

5.  An  expression  of  applause.  Spcc'lalor. 
G.  An  imposititm  in  jest.    [Vulgar.]  Smart 

IIU.M,  cj-clam.  A  .sound  with  a  pause  iin|)lying  doubt 
and  deliberation.  Pope. 

HO'.AIA.N,  (J.  [L. /ii(777anii.'i ;  Fr.  humain  ;  Sp.  Aumnxo  ; 
It.  umano.  I  am  not  certain  which  are  the  radical 
letters  of  this  word,  but  am  inclined  to  believe  tlii  in 
to  be  JIfii ;  that  the  first  syllable  is  a  prefix  ;  that  ho- 
mo in  Latin  is  contracted,  the  71  being  dropped  in  the 
nominative,  and  restored  in  the  oblique  ca.-ies  ;  hence 
homo,  and  tlie  Gotliic  and  Sax.  guma,  a  man,  may  be 
the  same  word  ;  but  this  is  doubtful  If  Mn  arc" the 
elements,  this  word  is  from  the  root  of  77ia;i,  or  rath- 
er is  formed  on  the  Teutonic  word.  Ilcb.  fiirin, 
species.  The  corre^iioiitliiig  word  in  G  is  menschUch, 
(manlUce,)  t>.  inenschehjk.    See  .M  an.] 

1.  Belonging  to  man  or  mankind  ;  pertaining  or 
relating  to  the  race  of  man  ;  as,  a  human  voice  ;  A«- 
Tnaa  shape  ;  human  nature  ;  human  knowledge  ;  Au- 
77ia/t  life. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  man.  SwifL 

3.  Profane  ;  not  sacred  or  divine  ;  as,  a  human  au- 
thor.   [JVot  ill  use.]  Brown. 

HO'.MAN-ATE,  a.    Endued  with  humanity.  [Obs.] 

Cranmer. 

HU-MANE',  a.  [Supra.]  Having  the  feelings  and 
dispositions  proper  to  man  ;  having  tenderness,  com- 
passion, and  a  tiispositiou  to  treat  others  with  kind- 
ness ;  particularly  in  relieving  them  wlien  in  distress, 
or  in  captivity,  when  they  are  helpless  or  defense- 
less ;  kind  ;  benevolent. 

2.  Inclined  to  treat  the  lower  orders  of  animals 
with  tenderness. 
HU-.MA.NE'LY,  adv.    With  kindness,  tenderness,  or 
compassion  ;  as,  the  prisoners  were  treated  humanely. 
2.  In  a  humane  manner  ;  with  kind  feelings. 
IIU-.Ma.\E'.\ESS,  71.    'J'enderness.  Scott, 
HO'.MAN-IST,  71.    One  who  pursues  the  study  of  the 
humanities,  lliteriE  humaniores,)  or  polite  litcnitiire; 
a  tenn  iiseil  in  various  European  universities,  es- 
pecially the  Scottish.  Braude. 
2.  One  versed  in  the  knowledge  of  human  nature 
ShojXc^bury. 

HU-MAN-I-Ta'RI-AN,  71.    [L.  Aii77iaji«.<,  Aiimonila.*.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ,  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HUM 


HUM 


HUM 


One  wiio  denies  tlic  divinity  of  Clirist,  i\nd  believes 
hiui  to  be  a  mere  ni;in. 
UU-MAN-I-Ta'RI-Ai\-IS.M,  lu    The  doctrine  of  the 

human  itariuns. 
HU-.MAN'I-TV,  )!.    [L.  humanitas  ;  Fr.  humanite.] 
1  The  peculiar  nature  of  man,  by  u  hicli  lie  is  dis- 
tinguished from  other  beinjs.    Thus  Clirist,  by  liis 
incarnation,  was  invested  with  hummntij. 

2.  Mankind  collectively  ;  the  human  race. 

If  he  is  able  lo  unlie  Uiuse  knots,  lie  is  able  to  leach  all  humaniti/, 

aianiiiUe. 

It  is  a  debt  we  owe  to  humanity,  S.  S,  Smith, 

3.  The  kind  feelings,  dispositions,  and  sympathies 
of  man,  by  which  he  is  distinguished  from  the  low- 
er orders  of  animals;  kindness;  benevolence ;  es- 
pecially, a  disposition  to  relieve  persons  in  distress, 
and  to  treat  with  tenderness  those  who  are  helpless 
and  defenseless  ;  opposed  to  Cri'elty. 

4.  A  disposition  to  treat  the  lower  orders  of  animals 
with  tenderness,  or  at  least  to  give  them  no  unneces- 
sary pain. 

5.  The  exercise  of  kindness  ;  acts  of  tenderness. 

6.  Philology  ;  grammatical  studies.  Jnhiusan. 

Humaiiifies,  in  the  plural,  signifies  gnimmar,  rheto- 
ric, the  Latin  and  Greek  languages,  and  poetry  ;  for 
teaching  which  there  are  professors  in  the  universities 
of  Scotland.  Encyc. 

HtI-MA.\-I-ZA'TION',  n.   The  act  of  humanizing. 
HC'.MA.\-IZE,  ».  (.    To  soften;  to  render  liumruie  ; 
to  subdue  dispositions  to  cruelty,  and  render  suscepti- 
ble of  kind  feelings. 

Was  it  tlie  business  of  raajic  lo  humauize  our  natures  ? 

AdiUson,  Witlierspoon. 
Hu'.MAN-IZ-iD,  pp.    Softened  in  feeling;  rendered 
humane. 

Hu'.MAN-IZ-I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Softening;  subduing 
cruel  dispositions. 

HO'M.\N-KIND,  n.  The  race  of  man  ;  mankind  ;  the 
human  species.  Pope. 

Hu'M.\N-LY,  atJv.  After  the  manner  of  men;  ac- 
cording to  the  opinions  or  knowledge  of  men.  The 
present  prospects,  humanly  speaking,  promise  a  hap- 
py issue. 

2.  Kindly;  humanely.    [06^.]-  Pope. 
HU-M.^'TION,  n.    Interment.  [JVotused.] 
HaJI'BIRD,  )n.    A  very  small  bird  of  the  ge- 

UU.M'.MIXG-BIRD,  \  nus  Trochiliis,  so  called  from 
the  sound  of  its  wings  in  fliglit.  The  rostrum  is 
subulate,  filiform,  anil  longer  than  the  head  ;  the 
tongue  is  filiform  and  tubulous.  It  never  lights  to 
take  food,  but  feeds  while  on  the  wing. 
HU.M'i3L.E,  a.  [Fr.  kumble  ;  h.  Iiumilis ;  supposed  to 
be  from  Jtmnus,  the  earth,  or  its  root.] 

1.  Low  ;  opposed  to  High  or  Lofty. 

Thy  humble  iicsl  bujit  an  oie  jxrouiicl.  Coiclcy. 

2.  Low  ;  opposed  to  Loftv  or  Great  ;  mean  ;  not 
magnificent ;  as,  a  humble  cottage. 

A  humble  roof,  and  an  ol>scure  retreat,  ^non. 

3.  Lowly  ;  modest ;  meek  ;  submissive  ;  opposei  to 
Proud,  llAuriHTv,  Arrogant,  or  Assuming.  In  an 
cvan •relir.al  sense,  having  a  low  opinion  of  one's  self, 
and  a  deep  sense  of  un  worthiness  in  the  sight  of  God. 

Gotl  rsistelh  the  pruuj,  but  givelh  grace  to  the  hujnble, — 

Without  a  humlite  imitation  of  the  divine  Author  of  our  blessed 
lelijion,  we  can  never  hope  lo  be  a  happy  nation. 

WasUington'e  Circular  Address  or  LeUer,  June  18,  I7l*3. 

HUM'liLE,  V.  t.  To  bring  down  ;  to  reduce  to  a  low 
state.  'I'his  victory  AiiraWcrf  the  pride  of  Rome.  T)ie 
power  of  Rome  was  humbled,  but  not  subdued. 

2.  'J'o  crush  ;  to  break  ;  to  subdue.  Tile  battle  of 
Waterloo  humbled  the  power  of  Bonaparte. 

3.  To  mortify,  or  make  ashamed  ;  as,  one  may  be 
humbled  without  having  true  humility. 

•I.  'i'o  make  humble  or  lowly  in  mind  ;  to  abase  the 
pride  of ;  to  reduce  arrogance  and  self-dependence; 
to  give  a  low  opinion  of  one's  moral  worth  ;  to  make 
meek  and  Eubinicsive  to  the  divine  will ;  tite  cvan 
gcitcal  sense. 

Humble  yourwive*  under  the  inijhty  hand  of  God,  that  he  may 

exalt  yon.  —  1  Pel.  v. 
Hezekiah  nuinbled  himi'-lf  for  the  pride  of  his  heart.  —  2  Chron. 

xxxii. 

5.  To  make  to  condescend.  He  AitmAiM  himself  to 
speak  to  them. 

6.  To  bring  down  j  to  lower;  to  reduce. 

Tlie  hi;^h':sl  mountains  may  be  humbled  into  valleys.  IlakewUt. 

7.  To  deprive  of  chastity.    Deul.  xxi. 

To  humble  one's  self;  to  repent;  to  afflict  one's  self 
for  win  ;  lo  make  contrite. 
HIJ.M'BI.f;-BEK,  n,     [C.  hummel;  T).  hommet :  Dan. 
hummel;  Kw.humU;  friiin  hum.     It  is  often  called 
bumblebee,  L.  bombus,  a  l>u/./,iiig.] 

A  bee  of  n  large  ii|)(;cie>i,  that  draws  its  food  chiefly 
from  rlovi  r  flowers. 
Hlf.M'BLf.lJ,  pp.  or  a.    Made  low;  abased;  rendered 

mi'<  k  and  HubmisHive  ;  penitent. 
HU.M'IILIi-.MOUlTH-KD,  a.    Mild ;  meek  ;  modest. 

Shak. 

m;.M'IU,n-.M«.S,  n.    The  state  of  being  humble  or 

low  ;  humility  ;  metikneHn.  Baeon.  Sidney. 

HUM'BLK-PLANT,  n.    A  •pccieti  of  »enxilive  plant. 

Jilorlimer. 


HUM'BLER,  n.  He  or  that  which  humbles;  he  that 
reduces  pride  or  mortifies. 

U.M'BLES  Entrails  of  a  deer.  Johnson. 

HUM'BLe'sS,  7^    [Old  Fr. /mmWcsse.]  Humbleness; 

humility.  Spenser. 
HU.M'BLIN'G,  ppr.    Abasing;  crushing;  subduing. 

2.  a.  .Adapted  to  abase  jiride  and  self-dependence. 
HU.M'BLING,  ;i.    Humiliation  ;  abatement  of  pride. 
HUM'BLY,  adv.    In  a  humble  manner  ;  with  modest 
submissiveness  ;  with  humility. 

Hope  humbly  then  ;  with  trembling  pinions  soar ; 
W;ut  the  great  teacher,  death,  and  God  adore.  Pope. 
2.  In  a  low  state  or  condition  ;  without  elevation. 
HUM'BoLDT-L\E,  71.    [from  Humboldt.]     A  native 

oxalate  of  iron. 
HU.M'BoLDT-ITE,  n.     [from  Humboldt.]    A  rare 

mineral,  a  variety  of  datholite. 
HUM'BUG,  n.    An  imposition  under  fair  pretenses  ;  a 

person  who  thus  imposes.    [j3  loio  word.] 
HU.M'liUG,  c.  £.   To  deceive;  to  impose  on.    [jj  low 
word.] 

HU.M'BUR-GED,  pp.    Imposed  on  ;  deceived. 
HUM'BUG-GER-Y,  71.    Tlie  practice  of  imposition. 
HU.M'DRUM,  a.    [Qu.  hum  and  drone,  or  VV.  trom, 
heavy.] 

Dull ;  stupid.  .Addison.  Hudibras. 

HUM'DRU.AI,  71.    A  stupid  fellow  ;  a  drone. 
HO-.MEGT',         )  c.  t.    [L.  humcclo,  from  humco,  to 
HU-.MEeT'ATE,  j     be  moist ;  Fr.  hnmeclcr.] 
To  moisten  ;  to  wet ;  to  water.    [Little  used.] 

hrown.  Howell. 
HU-MECT-.A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  moistening,  wet- 
ting, or  watering.    [Litjle  used.]  Bacon. 
HU-MECT'IVE,  a.    Having  the  power  to  moisten. 
Hu'MER-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  humerus,  the  shoulder.] 
Belonging  to  the  shoulder;  as,  the  humeral  artery. 
HUM'HUAI,  7(.    A  kind  of  plain,  coarse  India  cloth, 

made  of  cotton. 
Hu'Mie  ACID,  n.    An  acid  formed  from  humus  by 

the  action  of  an  alkali.  Cuoley. 
HU-.MI-eU-BA'TION,  71.    [L.  humus,  the  ground,  and 
cubo,  to  lie.] 

A  lying  on  the  ground.    [Litllc  used.]  Bramhall. 
Hu'.MIU,  a.    [L.  humidus,  from  humco,  to  be  moist; 
Fr.  humide.] 

1.  Moist ;  damp  ;  containing  sensible  moisture  ; 
as,  a  humid  air  or  atmosphere. 

2.  Somewhat  wet  or  wmtery  ;  as,  humid  earth. 
HU-MID'I-TY,  71.    Moisture  ;  dampness  ;  a  moderate 

degree  of  wetness,  which  is  perceptible  to  the  eye  or 
touch,  occasioned  by  the  absorption  of  a  fluid,  or  its 
adlierence  to  the  surface  of  a  body.  When  a  cloth 
has  imbibed  any  fluid  to  such  a  degree  that  it  can  be 
felt,  we  call  it  humid  ;  but  when  no  humidity  is  per- 
ceptible, we  say  it  is  dry.  Quicksilver  communi- 
cates no  liumidily  to  our  hands  or  clothes,  for  it  does 
not  adhere  to  them  ;  but  it  will  adhere  to  gold,  tin, 
and  lead,  and  render  them  humid  and  sott  to  the 
touch. 

2.  Moisture  in  the  form  of  visible  vapor,  or  per- 
ceptible in  the  air. 
HO'.MID-NESS,  71.  Ilumiditv. 
HU-MIL'I-aTE,  I',  t.    [L.  humUio  ;  Fr.  humiUer.] 

To  humble;  to  lower  in  condition  j  to  depress; 
as,  humiliated  slaves.  Eaton. 
HU-.MIL'I-A-TED,  pp.     Humbled  ;  depressed  ;  de- 
graded. 

HLr-MIL'I--5-TI\G,ppr.    Humbling;  depressing. 
2.  a.   Abating  pride ;  reducing  self-confidence ; 

mortifying.  Boswell. 
HU-MIL-l-A'TION,  71.    The  act  of  humbling;  the 

state  of  being  humbled. 

2.  Descent  from  an  elevated  state  or  rank  to  one 
that  is  low  or  humble. 

The  former  was  a  /iu;/iiiia£ion  of  deity ;  the  latter,  a  humiliation 
of  nianliood.  JJoukcr. 

3.  The  act  of  abasing  pride  ;  or  the  state  of  being 
reduced  to  lowliness  of  mind,  meekness,  penitence, 
and  submission. 

The  (loclrrnc  he  preached  was  humiliation  and  repentance. 

Sivi/U 

H.  Abasement  of  pride  ;  mortification. 
HU-.MIL'I-TY,  7«.     [L.  humUitas ;  Fr.  humiliti.  See 

Hl'MIlI.E.] 

I.  Ill  ethics,  freedom  from  pride  and  arrogance  ; 
hunibli  ness  of  mind  ;  a  modest  estimate  of  one's 
own  worth.  In  t/icvlojry,  humility  consists  in  lowli- 
ness of  mind,  a  deep  sense  of  one's  own  unworthi- 
ncss  in  the  sight  of  God,  self-abasement,  penitence 
for  sin,  and  submission  to  the  divine  will. 

Uf  fort!  honor  is  humility.  —  I*n>v.  xv. 
Serving  the  Lonl  with  all  humility  of  mind.  —  Acta  xx. 
2.  Act  of  submission. 

Willi  Ihew:  humilities  they  satisfied  the  young  king.  Dmiies. 
IIO'.MIX,  7t.   See  Humus. 

IIO'Mr/'E,  71.  A  red  Vesuvinn  mineral,  occurring  in 
minute  complex  crystals.  It  was  named  from  Sir 
David  Hume.  Dana. 

IIIIM'iMER,  71.  [from  Aiim.]  One  that  hums  ;  an  a|)- 
plauiler.  JlinsteorlJi. 

IIUM'MING,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  a  low  buzzing  or 
murmuring. 


HUM'MING,  71.  The  sound  of  bees  ;  a  low,  murmur- 
ins  Stillllll, 

HU.M'.MING-aLE,  71.    Sprightly  ale.  Dnjdcn. 
HU.M'JUiNG-BIIlD,  71.    The  smallest  of  birds,  of  the 

genus  Tiocliilus.    [See  Humbiku.] 
HUM'iMOCK,  71.    A  solid  mass  of  turf  considerably 

elevated  above  the  surrounding  earth.    [See  Hom- 

mock.] 

HUM'iMU.MS,  77.  pi.  [Persian.]  Baths  or  places  for 
sweating. 

HU'iMOR,  II.  [L.,  from  humco,  to  be  moist ;  Sans,  ama, 
moist.  The  pronunciation  yumor  is  odiously  vul- 
gar.] 

1.  .Moisture ;  but  the  word  is  chiefly  used  to  ex 
press  the  moisture  or  fluids  of  animal  bodies  ;  as, 
the  humors  of  tlie  eye.  But  more  generally  the  word 
is  used  to  express  a  fluid  in  its  morbid  or  vitiated 
state.  Hence,  in  popular  speech,  we  often  hear  it 
said,  the  blooil  is  full  of  humors.  But  the  expression 
is  not  technical,  nor  correct. 

.Aqueous  humor  of  the  eye;  a  transparent  fluid,  oc- 
cupying the  space  between  the  crystalline  lens  and 
the  cornea,  both  before  and  behind  the  pupil. 

Crystalline  humoror  lens  ;  a  small, transparent, solid 
body,  of  a  softish  consistence,  occupying  a  middle 
position  in  the  eye,  between  the  aqueous  and  vitre- 
ous humors,  and  diiectly  behind  the  pupil.  It  is  of 
a  lenticular  form,  or  with  double  convex  surfaces, 
and  is  the  principal  instrument  in  refracting  the  rays 
of  light,  so  a.s  to  form  an  image  on  the  retina. 

Vitreous  humor  of  the  eye;  a  fluid  contained  in  the 
minute  cells  of  a  transparent  membrane,  occupying 
the  greater  part  of  the  cavity  of  the  eye,  and  all  the 
space  between  the  crystalline  and  the  retina. 

IVistar 

2.  A  disease  of  the  skin  ;  cutaneous  eruptions. 

Eieldintr. 

3.  Turn  of  mind  ;  temper ;  disposition,  or  rather  a 
peculiarity  of  disposition  often  temporary  ;  so  called 
because  the  temper  of  mind  has  been  supposed  to 
depend  on  the  fluids  of  the  body.  Hence  we  say, 
good  humor  ;  melancholy  humor  ;  peevish  humor. 
Such  humors,  when  temporary,  we  call  freaks, 
whims,  caprice.  Thus  a  person  characterized  by 
good  nature  may  have  a  fit  of  ill  humor ;  and  an  ill 
natured  person  may  have  a  fit  of  good  humor.  So 
we  say,  it  was  the  humor  of  the  man  at  the  time  ;  it 
was  the  humor  of  the  multitude. 

4.  That  quality  of  the  imagination  which  gives  to 
ideas  a  wild  or  fantastic  turn,  and  lends  to  excite 
laughter  or  mirth  by  ludicrous  images  or  representa- 
tions. Humor  is  less  poignant  and  brilliant  than  wit  ; 
lience  it  is  always  agreeable.  Wit,  directed  against 
folly,  often  offends  by  its  severity  ;  humor  makes  a 
man  ashamed  of  his  follies,  without  exciting  his  re- 
sentment. Humor  may  be  employed  solely  to  raise 
mirth  and  render  conversation  pleasant,  or  it  may 
contain  a  delicate  kind  of  satire. 

5.  Petulance ;  peevishness  ;  better  expressed  by  ill 
humor. 

Is  my  friend  all  perfection  1  has  he  not  humors  to  be  endun?d  ? 

South. 

6.  A  trick ;  a  practice  or  habit. 

I  like  not  the  humor  of  lying.  ShaJ:. 
IIO'MOR,  V.  t.  To  gratify  by  yielding  to  particular  in- 
clination, humor,  wish,  or  desire  ;  to  indulge  by  com- 
pliance. We  sometimes  humor  clnldien  to  their  in- 
jury or  ruin.  The  sick,  the  infirm,  and  the  a^ed 
often  require  to  be  humored. 

2.  To  suit ;  to  indulge ;  to  favor  by  imposing  no 
restraint,  and  rather  contributing  to  promote  by  oc- 
casional aids.  We  say,  an  actor  humors  his  part,  or 
the  piece. 

Il  is  my  part  to  invent,  and  that  of  l)»e  musicians  to  humor  lhat 
invention.  Dryden. 

Hu'MOR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  proceeding  from, 
the  humors  ;  as,  a  humoral  fever.  Harvey. 

Itumoral  patholo/ry  ;  that  pathology,  or  doctrine  of 
the  nature  of  diseases,  which  attributes  all  morbid 
phenomena  to  the  disordered  condition  of  the  fluids 
or  humors.  Cijc. 
HO'MOR-AL-IS.M,  7t.    State  of  being  humoral. 

Caldwell. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  diseases  have  their  seat  in 
the  humors. 

HO'AlOlt-AL-I.ST,  n.    One  who  favors  the  humoral 

pathologv. 
Hu'MOR-i;r), ;)/).    Indulged;  favored. 
IIO'MOK-ING,  ppr     Indulging  a  particular  Wish  or 
propensity;  faiwing ;  contributing  to  aid  by  falling 
into  a  design  or  course. 
HO'MOR-ISM,  71.   'i'he  state  of  the  humors. 
HO'MOIt-IST,  71.    One  who  conducts  liimself  by  his 
own  inclination,  or  bent  of  mind  ;  one  who  gratifies 
liis  own  fiuinor. 

The  humorist  is  one  that  is  jrrently  pleased  or  greatly  displeased 
Willi  tiltle  thinps;  his  uctiuiis  seldutn  directed  by  the  n-ason 
and  nature  of  things.  Watts, 

2.  One  that  indulges  humor  in  speaking  or  wri- 
ting ;  one  who  has  a  playful  fancy  or  genius.  [See 
Humor,  No.  4.] 

3.  One  who  lias  odd  conceits ;  also,  a  wag  ;  a 
droll.  Hall.  Bodley. 


PATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WII/IT — METE,  PREY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  ByQK.- 


56e 


1  nm  known  to  be  a  humorous  patrician. 
Roiijrli  OS  a  itonn,  ami  humorout  oi  llic  wind. 


HUN 

HP'MOR-LESS,  a.    Deslinite  of  litiinor. 

HO'-MOK-OUfi,  II.  Coiitniniiij:  huirior  ;  full  of  wilil 
or  fanciful  iniases  ;  adapted  io  excite  laugliter ;  jocu- 
lar; as,  a  humprous  cssny  ;  a  humortfus  stor>'. 

2.  Ilavinj!  the  power  lo  speak  or  write  in  the  style 
of  humor;  fanciful;  playful;  exciting  laughter;  as, 
a  liumorous  man  or  author. 

3.  t'ubject  to  be  governed  by  Immor  or  caprice  ; 
irregular;  capricious;  wliimsical. 

Dryltn. 

4.  Moist ;  humid.    [A*o<  in  use.]  Drayton. 
HC".MOR-OUS-I,Y,  adv.    With  a  wild  or  grotesque 

combination  of  ideas  ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  laugh- 
ter or  mirth  ;  pleasantly  ;  jocosely.  Addison  de- 
scribes humorously  the  manual  exercise  of  ladies' 
fans. 

2.  Capriciously ;  whimsically  ;  in  conformity  with 
one's  humor. 

We  irsolvc  by  halv«,  rashly  and  humorously.  Calamy, 
IIO'MOR-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing humorous ;  oddness  of  conceit ;  jocularity. 

2.  Fickleness  ;  capriciousness. 

3.  Peevishness  ;  petulance.  Goodman. 
HO'.MOR-SO.ME,  (-sum,)  a.    Peevish  ;  petulant;  in- 
fluenced by  the  humor  of  the  moment. 

The  conunons  do  not  abel  humorsomt,  factious  arms.  Burke. 

5.  Odd  ;  humorous  ;  adapted  to  e.xcite  laughter. 

Strift 

HO'MOR-POME-LY,  odr.    Peevishly;  petulantly. 

2.  Oddlv  ;  humorously.  [Johnson. 
HU.MP,  n.    (L.  umbo.] 

The  protuberance  formed  by  a  crooked  back;  as, 
a  camel  with  one  hump,  or  two  Aiiinp". 
HU.MP'BACK,  n.    A  crooked  back  ;  high  shoulders. 

2.  A  humpbacked  person.  [  Tatlrr. 

HirMP'BACK-/:D,  (-bakt,)a.  Having  a  crooked  back. 
HO'.MUS,  n.  [I-.,  ground.]  .\  pulverulent  brown 
substance  formed  by  the  action  of  air  on  solid  ani- 
mal or  vegetable  matter.  It  is  a  valuable  constituent 
<if  soils.  Oraham. 
HUNCH,  71.  [See  the  verb.]  A  hump ;  a  protuber- 
ance :  as,  the  hunrh  of  a  camel. 

2.  A  lump ;  a  thick  piece  ;  as,  a  hunck  of  bread  ; 
a  word  in  common  vulgar  w.N'f  in  AVic  Knirland, 

3.  .A  push  or  jerk  with  the  fist  or  elbow. 
HUNCH,  r. !.    To  push  with  the  elbow ;  to  push  or 

thrust  with  a  sudden  jerk. 

2.  To  push  out  in  a  protuberance ;  lo  crook  the 
back.  DryJen. 

HUNCII'IIACK,  n.    A  humpback. 

HU.\CH'BACK-/;D,  (  bakl,)  o.  Hanng  a  crooked 
back.  Estranfre.  Drydeu. 

Hr.NCH'£D,  (huncht,)  pp.  Pushed  or  thrust  with 
the  tist  or  elbow. 

HLWCiriXG,  pp    Pushing  with  the  fist  or  elbow. 

IIU.N'D'REB,  a.  [Sax.  hund  or  hundred;  Goth,  hund: 
D.honderd:  G.  hundert :  Sw.  Aundrn;  Dan.  hundre, 
hundred  :  L.  eentum  ;  \V.  cant,  a  circle,  the  hoop  of  a 
wheel,  the  rim  of  any  thing,  a  complete  circle  or 
series,  a  hundred  ;  Corn,  ram  ;  Arm.  cant ;  Ir.  ceanlr. 
l.ye,  in  his  t^axon  and  Gothic  Dictionary,  suggests 
that  this  word  hund  is  a  mere  termination  of  the 
(i<itliic  word  for  ten  ;  taihun-taVtund,  ten  times  ten. 
I!ui  this  can  not  be  true,  for  the  word  is  found  in  the 
Celtic  as  well  as  Gothic  dialects,  and  in  the  Arabic 
SO, 

tXjLi^  Aand,  Class  Gn,  Xo.  G3 ;  at  least,  this  is  proba- 
bly the  same  word.  The  Welsh  language  exhibits 
the  true  sense  of  the  word,  which  is  a  circle,  a  com- 
plete scries.  Hence  W.  canlrev,  a  division  of  a 
county,  or  circuit,  a  canton,  a  hundred.  (See  Cast- 
tun.)  The  word  signifii's  a  circuit,  and  the  sense  of 
hundred  is  secondary.  The  centuria  of  the  Romans, 
and  the  hundred,  a  division  of  a  county  in  England, 
might  have  been  merely  a  division,  and  not  an  exact 
hundred  in  number.] 

Denoting  the  product  of  ten  multiplied  by  ten,  or 
the  number  of  ten  times  ten  ;  ."is,  a  hundred  men. 

HU.ND'RED,  n  A  collection,  body,  or  sum, consisting 
often  times  ten  individuals  or  units  ;  the  number  lOU. 

2.  A  division  or  part  of  a  county  in  England,  sup- 
posed to  have  originally  contained  o.  hundred  fauulics, 
or  a  hundred  warriors,  or  a  hundred  manors. 

[But  as  the  word  denotes  primarily  a  circuit  or 
dicision,  it  is  not  certain  that  .Alfred's  divisions  had 
anv  reference  to  that  number.] 

HU.ND'RED-eSURT,  n.  In  fcn^/and,  a  court  held 
for  all  the  inhabitants  of  a  hundred.  Blackstone. 

HL"ND'RED-ER,  n.    In  England,  a  man  who  may  be 
of  a  jury  in  any  controversy  respecting  land  within 
the  hundred  to  which  he  belongs. 
2.  One  having  the  jurisdiction  of  a  hundred. 

HUND'REDTH,  a.   The  ordinal  of  a  hundred. 

HUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  IIaso. 

HUNG'-BEEF,  «.  T<ie  lleshy  part  of  beef  slightly 
salted  and  hung  up  to  dr)' ;  dried  beef. 

HU.N"G.\-RY-WA'TER,  n.  A  distilled  water  pre- 
pared from  the  tops  of  flowers  of  rcjemary ;  so 
called  from  a  queen  of  Hungary,  for  whose  use  it 
was  first  made.  Encyc 


HUN 

I1UN"GER,  n.    [Sax.  hun-;rr,  ('..  Dan.  and  Sw.  Auii- 

fer,  l>.  hunger,  Golll.  huhrus,  hunger  ;  Sax.  hun^rian, 
inirrian,  Goth,  hui'^rijan,  to  hunger.  It  appears 
from  the  Gothic  that  71  is  nut  radical  ;  the  root, 
then,  is  H^'.] 

1.  An  uneasy  sensation  occasioned  by  the  want  of 
food  ;  a  craving  of  food  by  the  stomach  ;  craving 
appetite,  Huntrer  is  not  nu*rely  vanl  of  food,  for  per- 
sons when  sick  may  abstain  long  from  eating  witli- 
out  hun^rrr  or  an  appetite  for  food.  Iluntrer,  there- 
fore, is  the  pain  or  uneasiness  of  the  sttimacli  of  a 
healthy  person,  when  too  long  destitute  of  food. 

2.  Any  strong  or  eager  desire. 

For  hunger  of  my  gol.l  1  dif.  Dryden, 
HUN"GER,  r.  7.    To  feel  the  pain  or  uneasiness 
which  is  occasioned  by  long  abstinence  from  food  ; 
to  crava  food. 
2.  To  desire  with  great  eagerness  ;  to  long  for. 
BIos»ed  are  Uicy  dial  hunger  and  Uiirst  nAer  ri^litcuLisce^s.  — 
Malt.  Y. 

nUN"GF.n,  r.  t.    To  famish.    [Ao«  in  use.] 
HUN"GER-BIT,  j  a.  Pained,  pinched, or weak- 

HC.\"GER-B1T-TEX,  1     eiied  by  hunger.  Milton. 
HU.\"GEK-£D,  pp.  01  a.    Pinched  by  want  of  food  ; 
hungn,'. 

nUN"GER-IN'G,/»pr.  Feeling  the  uneasiness  of  want 
of  food  :  desiring  eagerly  ;  longing  for ;  craving. 

nUN"GER-LY,  a.  Hungry  ;  wanting  food  or  nour- 
ishment. Shak. 

HUN"GER-LY,  adv.  W'ith  keen  appetite.  [LMt 
used.]  Shak. 

IIUX"GER-STXRV-RD,  Ji.  Starved  with  hunger  ; 
pinched  by  want  of  food.  Shak.  Dryden, 

nr.\"GER-STUNG,  a.    Stung  hy  hunger.  Drake. 

HUN"GR£)D,  a.  Hungry;  pinched  by  want  of  food. 
[Obs]  Baron. 

HUN"GRI-LY,  arfp.  [from  hungry.]  With  keen  ap- 
petite ;  voraciously. 

\VIi'.-n  on  harsh  acorns  hungrily  they  fed.  Dryden. 

HUX"GRY,  a.  Having  a  keen  appetite  ;  feeling  pain 
or  uneasiness  from  want  of  food.  Eat  only  w  hen 
you  are  hungry. 

2.  Having  an  eager  desire. 

3.  Lean  ;  emaciated,  as  if  reduced  by  hunger. 

Cassias  lias  a  lean  and  hungry  look.  Shak. 

4.  Not  rich  or  fertile ;  poor ;  barren  ;  requiring 
substances  to  eiuich  itself;  as,  a  hungry  soil;  a 
hungry  gravel;  jVortimer. 

HUXKS,  n.   A  covetous,  sordid  man;  a  miser;  a 

niggartl.  Dryden. 
HUNS,  71.  pi    [L.  Hunni.] 

The  Scythians,  who  conquered  Pannonia,  and  gave 

it  its  present  name,  Hungary. 
HUNT,  r.  t.    [Sax.  huntian.    This  word  does  not  ap- 

pe.-u-  in  the  cognate  languages.    Sec  Class  Gn,  No. 

67.1 

1.  To  chase  wild  animals,  particularly  quadrupeds, 
for  the  purpose  of  catching  them  for  food,  or  for  the 
diversion  of  sportsmen ;  to  pursue  with  hounds  for 
taking,  as  game  ;  as,  to  hunt  a  stag  or  a  hare. 

2.  To  go  in  search  of,  for  the  purpose  of  shooting ; 
as,  to  AuTit  wolves,  bears,  squirrels,  or  partridges. 
This  is  the  common  use  of  the  word  in  America.  It 
includes  fowling  by  shooting. 

3.  To  pursue  ;  to  follow  closely. 

Evil  shall  hunt  tlic  Tiolent  man  lo  oveniirow  him.  — Ps.  cxl. 

4.  To  use,  direct,  or  manage  hounds  in  the  chase. 

He  hunta  a  pack  of  dogs.  Ad[^on. 

To  hunt  out,  up,  or  ttfter ;  to  Eeek  ;  to  search  out 

/Mke. 

To  hunt  from  ;  to  pursue  and  drive  out  or  away. 
To  hunt  daten ;  to  depress ;  to  bear  down  by  perse- 
cution or  violence. 
HUNT,  r.  i.    To  follow  the  ch.ase.    Oen.  ixvii. 

2.  To  seek  wild  animals  for  game,  or  for  killing 
them  by  sluioting  when  noxious;  with  for;  as,  to 
hunt  fur  bears  or  wolves  ;  to  hunt  for  quails,  or  for 
ducks. 

3.  To  seek  by  close  pursuit;  to  search;  with  for. 
The  adullaress  viU  hunt /or  the  precious  life.  —  ProT.  vi. 

To  hunt  counter ;  to  trace  the  scent  backward  in 
hunting;  to  go  back  on  one's  steps.    [Ois.J  Shak. 
To  run  counter  is  still  used. 
HUXT,  R.   A  chase  of  wild  animals  for  catching 
them. 

2.  .\  huntsman.    [-Vot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

3.  A  pack  of  hounds.  Dryden. 

4.  Pursuit ;  chase.  Sheik. 

5.  A  seeking  of  wild  animals  of  any  kind  for 
ga:ne  ;  as,  a  hunt  for  squirrels. 

6.  An  association  of  huntsmen  ;  as,  the  Caledonian 
hunt. 

HUXT-eOUNT'ER,  ti.  A  dog  that  nins  back  on  the 
scent,  and  hence  is  worthless.  Shak. 

HU.NT'KI),  pp.  or  0.    Chased;  pursued;  sought. 

HU.NT'ER,  71.  One  who  pursues  wild  animals  with  a 
view  to  take  them,  either  for  sport  or  for  food. 

2.  A  dog  that  scents  game,  or  is  employed  in  the 
chase. 

3.  .\  horse  used  in  the  chase. 


HUR 

IIUNT'ING,  ppr.  Chasing  for  seizure;  pur.'iuing  , 
SCI  king  ;  Kcarcliing. 

Hl'XT'lXO,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  pursuing  wild 
animals,  for  catching  or  killing  them.  Hunting  w.'m 
originally  practiced  by  men  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
curing food,  as  it  still  is  by  uncivili/.ed  natttuis.  But, 
among  civilized  men,  it  is  practiced  mostly  for  exer- 
cise or  diversion,  or  fur  the  destruction  of  noxious 
animals,  as  in  America. 
2.  A  pursuit ;  a  seeking. 

HU.XT'IXti-HORX,  71.  A  bugle;  a  horn  used  to 
cheer  the  hounds  in  pursuit  of  game. 

IIU.NT'l.N'G-HORSE,  (  71.    A  horse  used  in  hunting. 

IIUNT'lXG-NAG,      (  Butler. 

IIUXT'LNG-SkAT,  71.  A  temporary  residence  for  the 
purpose  of  hunting.  Grav. 

HUNT'KESS,  77.  .\  female  that  hunts,  or  follows  the 
chase.    Diana  is  called  the  huntrtn.i. 

HUXTS'M.'VN,  71.  One  who  hunts,  or  who  practices 
hunting.  Waller. 

2.  The  servant  whose  oflice  it  is  to  manage  the 
chase.  VEstrange. 

HUXTS'.MAX-SHIP,  71.  The  art  or  practice  of  hunt- 
ing, or  tlie  qualifications  of  a  liunter.  Donne. 

HUR'D^:X,  a.    [.Made  o(hurd.-<,  hards,  or  coarse  flax.] 
A  coarse  kind  of  linen,    [fjoeal  or  obs.]  Shenstone. 

HtU'DLE,  71.  [Sax.  hyrdel ;  G.  hiirde,  a  hurdle,  a 
fold  or  pen  ;  D.  horde,  n  hurdle,  a  horde.  The  ele- 
ments of  tliis  word  are  the  same  as  of  the  L.  crates, 
Hrd,  Crd.  It  Coincides,  also,  with  lierd,  denoting 
closeness,  pressure,  lu  Iding.j 

1.  A  texture  of  twigs,  osiers,  or  sticks;  a  crate  of 
various  forms,  according  to  its  destination. 

2.  In  England,  a  sled  or  crate  on  which  criminals 
were  drawn  to  llie  place  of  execution.  In  this  sense, 
it  is  not  used  in  America.  Bacon. 

.1.  Ill  fortification,  a  collection  of  twigs  or  sticks 
interwoven  closely,  and  sustained  by  long  stakes.  It 
is  made  in  the  figure  of  a  long  square,  five  or  six 
feet  by  three  and  a  half.  Hurdles  si-rve  to  render 
works  firm,  or  to  cover  traverses  and  lodgments  for 
the  defense  of  workmen  against  fireworks  or  stones. 

Encyc. 

4.  In  husbandry,  a  movable  frame  of  split  timber  or 
sticks  wattled  together,  serving  lor  gates,  inclosures, 
It  is  sometimes  made  of  iron.    Form.  Encyc. 
HUR'DLE,  r.  (.    To  make  up,  hedge,  cover,  or  close, 

with  hurdles.  Seward. 
IIUKDS,  71.    The  coarse  part  of  flax  or  hemp.  [See 
Hards,] 

HUK'DY-GUR'DY,  n.  .\  stringed  instrument  of  mu- 
sic, whose  sounds  are  produced  hy  the  friction  of  a 
wheel,  and  regulated  hy  the  finsers.  Porter. 

HURL,  r>.  t.  [.\rni.  harlua.  This  may  be  a  different 
spelling  of  vhirl.] 

1.  To  throw  with  violence;  to  drive  with  great 
force  ;  as,  to  hurl  a  stone. 

And  hurl  tliem  headlong  to  Ibeir  fleet  and  main.  Pope. 

9.  To  utter  with  vehemence  ;  as,  to  hurl  out  vows. 
[Avt  m  use.]  Spenser. 

3.  To  play  at  a  kind  of  game.  Carew. 
HURL,  r.  t.    To  move  rapidly  ;  to  whirl.  [Rare.] 

Thojnson. 

HURL,  77.    The  act  of  throwing  with  violence. 

2.  1'timult;  riot;  commotion.  JCnolles. 
UURL'B.'VT,  lu   A  whirl-bat ;  an  old  kind  of  weapon. 

.^insKorlh. 

HURL'Bo.VE,  77.  In  a  Iwrsc,  a  bone  near  tlie  middle 
of  the  buttock.  Encyc. 

IIURL'f:D,  pp.    Thrown  with  violence. 

IIURL'ER,  71.  One  who  hurls,  or  who  plays  at  hurl- 
ing. Carete, 

IIURL'IXG,  ppr.  Throwing  with  force ;  playing  at 
hurling. 

HURL'WIND,  71.    A  whirlwind,  which  see.  Sandys. 
HUK'LY,  (71.    [Russ.  iur/yu,  to  be  noisy  or 

HUR'LY-BUR'LY,  j     turbulent ;  Dan.  hurl  om  burl, 

topsy-turvy  ;  Fr.  hurlu  burlu,  inconsiderately.] 
Ttinuilt ;  bustle  ;  contusion.  Shak. 
Hi;R-K.ii,'    )  ezelam.     [Sw.  Aiirro.    The  ^Velsh  h.is 
lli.R-RXlI',  J     cirara,  play,  S|Kirt ;  but  the  Swedish 

appears  to  be  the  English  word.J 
A  shout  of  joy  or  exultation. 
HUR'RI-CaNE,  71.    [Sp.  Aiiracaa,  for  furacan,  from 

the  Ij.furio,  furo,  to  nige  ;  Port,  fura^am  ;  It.  oraga- 

no ;  Fr.  ouragan  :  I),  orkaan  ;  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  orcan. 

I  know  not  the  origin  nor  the  signification  of  the  last 

syllable.] 

A  violent  stiirm,  distinguished  by  the  vehemence 
of  the  wind  and  its  sudden  changes.  .A  hurricane  pn 
the  water  is  called  a  gale;  on  the  land,  a  tornado. 

Olmsted. 

Hurricane  deck;  a^ame  given  to  the  upper  deck  of 
steambonu,  which,  from  its  higlit,  is  liable  to  be  in- 
jured by  sudden  and  violent  wind-:, 
HUR'RI-'£D,  fhur'rid,)  ;7>.  or  a.  [(tvm  hurry.]  Hast- 
ened ;  urged  or  impelled  to  rapid  motion  or  vigorous 
action. 

HUR'RI-£D-LY,  adv.   In  a  hurried  manner. 

Bovring. 

IIUR'RI-ED-.NESS,  n.    St.ite  of  being  hurried.  SeoO. 
HUR'RI  ER,  n.    One  who  hurries,  urges,  or  impels. 
HUR'RY,  r,  L    [This  word  is  evidently  from  the  root 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


567 


HUS 


HUS 


HUZ 


ofL.  cttrro;  Fr.courir;  Sw.  kora;  \\^  n^i/ru,  lo  drive, 
impel,  thrust,  nm,  ride,  press  forward.    See  Ar. 

tS^^  jarai,  and^L^s  kaura,  to  go  round,  to  hast- 
en.   Class  Gr,  No.  7,  32,  3().] 

1.  To  hasten  ;  to  impel  to  greater  speed  ;  to  drive 
or  press  forward  with  more  rapidity  ;  to  urae  to  act 
or  proceed  with  more  celerity ;  as,  to  hurry  tlie  work- 
men or  the  work.  Our  business  hurries  us.  The 
weather  is  hot  and  the  load  heavy ;  we  can  not  safe- 
ly hurry  the  horses. 

2.  To  drive  or  impel  with  violence. 

ImDetuous  lust  hurries  liiin  od  to  satisfy  tbe  cravings  of  it. 

South. 

3.  To  urge  or  drive  with  precipitation  and  confu- 
sion ;  for  confusion  is  often  caused  by  hurry. 

Anil  wild  .imazement  hurries  up  anil  down 

The  lilUe  number  of  your  doubtful  friends.  ShaJc, 

To  hurry  away ;  to  drive  or  carry  away  in  haste. 

HUR'RY,  V.  i.  To  move  or  act  with  haste  ;  to  proceed 
with  celerity  or  precipitation.  The  business  is  ur- 
gent ;  let  us  hurry. 

HUR'RY,  It.  A  driving  or  pressing  forward  in  motion 
or  business. 

2.  Pressure  ;  urgency  to  haste.  We  can  not  wait 
long ;  we  are  in  a  hurry. 

3.  Precipitation  that  occasions  disorder  or  confu- 
•  sion. 

It  is  necessary  sometimes  to  be  in  liastc,  but  never  in  a  hurry. 

Ajton. 

4.  Tumult ;  bustle  ;  commotion. 

Ambition  rais-*s  a  tumult  in  the  soul,  and  puts  it  into  a  violent 
hurnj  of  tiiougltt.  *  .4-Wison. 

HUR'RY-ING,  ppr.  Driving  or  urging  to  greater 
spend  ;  precipitating. 

HUR'RY-IiXG,  n.  The  urging  to  greater  speed;  ra- 
pidity of  motion. 

HUR'RY-IN'G-LY,  adv.    In  a  hurrj  ing  manner. 

HUR'RY-SKUR'RY,  ade.  Confusedly ;  in  a  bi:stle. 
[A' it  in  use.]  Gray. 

HURST,  71.    [Sax.  hurst  or  hyrst.] 

A  wood  or  grove  ;  a  word  found  in  many  names, 
as  in  Hazlehurst. 

HURT,  V.  t. ;  prcl.  and  pp.  Hurt.  [Sax.  hyrt,  wound- 
ed ;  It.  urtare,  Fr.  hrurtrr,  to  strike  or  dash  against ; 
W.  hyrziaic,  to  piisli,  thrust,  or  drive,  to  assault ;  to 
butt ;  Ann.  hrurda.] 

1.  To  bruise;  to  give  pain  by  a  contusion,  pres- 
sure, or  any  violence  to  the  body.  We  hurt  the  body 
by  a  severe  blow,  or  by  tight  clothes,  and  tbe  feet  by 
fetters.    Ps.  cv. 

2.  To  wound  ;  to  injure  or  impair  the  sound  state 
of  the  bodv,  as  by  incision  or  fracture. 

3.  To  litirm  ;  to  damage  ;  to  injure  by  occasioning 
loss.    We  hurt  a  man  by  destroying  his  property. 

4.  To  injure  by  diminution  ;  to  impair.  A  man 
hurls  his  estate  by  extravagance. 

5.  To  injure  by  reducing  in  quality  ;  to  impair  the 
strength,  purity,  or  beauty  of. 

Nurt  not  the  wine  and  the  oil.  —  Rev.  vi. 
G.  To  harm  ;  to  injure  ;  to  damage,  in  general. 
7.  To  wound  ;  to  injure;  to  give  pain  to;  as,  to 
hurt  the  feelings. 
HURT,  «.    A  wound  ;  a  bruise  ;  any  thing  that  gives 
pain  to  the  body. 

The  jvdns  of  sickness  and  hurts.  Lock 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  whatever  injures  or  harms 
1  Iwve  slain  a  man  to  my  wounding,  and  a  young  man  to  my 

hurL  — tjen.  iv. 

3.  Injury ;  loss. 

Why  should  dama^  ^ow  to  the  hurt  of  the  kin^  ?  —  Eirn  iv. 

HURT'KR,  n.    One  who  hurts  or  does  harm. 

HIJRT'ERS,  n.  pi.  Pieces  of  wood  at  the  lower  end  of 
a  platform,  to  prevent  the  wheels  of  gun-carriages 
from  injuring  the  parapet. 

HURT'FtJL,  a.  Injurious;  mischievous;  occasion 
ing  loss  "or  destruction  ;  tending  to  impair  or  destroy. 
Ne;;ligence  is  hurtful  to  properly  ;  iii«tmpcrancc  is 
hurtful  to  health. 

HURT'FIJL-LY,  o//ti.    Injuriously;  mischievously 

HURT'F'!;L-NKSS,  n.  Injuriousness  ;  tendency  to 
occasion  loss  or  di;struction  ;  mischievousness. 

HUK'TLK,  (hiir'tl,)  r.  i.    [from  hart.]    To  clash  or 
run  against ;  to  jostle  ;  to  skirmish  ;  to  meet  in  shock 
and  encounter ;  to  wheel  suddenly.    [Mil  now  lu-iCtL] 
Spenacr.  ShaJc. 

liUR'TLE,  r.  t    To  move  with  violence  or  impetuos- 
ity,   f  Uh.t.  ]  Speiucr. 
9.  'I'll  piiih  fiirriblv  ;  to  whirl. 

HUR'TI.K-Itini-ltV,  n.    A  wlK>rtleberry,  which  see. 

HX!ll''l'J,F.*,  I  n.  pi.    A  name  of  horses  among  the 

HI;R'TA;I,9!,  (     Iliuhlandcrs  in  Scotland. 

Ht.'KT'I.KS.S,  a.    Marmlesn ;  innocent;  doing  no  in- 
jury ;  innoxioUH  ;  as,  hurllma  blowH.  JJryden. 
'J.  P.en  iviiig  no  injury. 

III'RT'l-ESS  l.V,  O//0.    Wilhoutharm.    [/.ilth  n.ml.] 

.Siflneti. 

HURT'I.EHS-.Nf;SH,  n.    Freedom  from  any  liariiiful 

(piality.    [Little  UMCd.]  Juhntton. 
UCs'BANU,  n,  [Sax.  htubmuta ;  Aiu,  houio,  and  burnd, 


a  farmer  or  cultivator,  or  an  inhabitant,  from  to 
inhabit  or  till,  contracted  from  bugian ;  Ban."  huus- 
honde;  Sw.  husbonde ;  Sw.  bygrria.  Ban.  by^ger^  to 
build  :  B.  boiiicen,  G.  bauen,  to  build,  to  till,  to  plow, 
or  cultivate  ;  G.  bauer,  a  builder,  a  countryman,  a 
clown,  a  rustic,  a  boor ;  B.  buur,  the  last  component 
part  of  neighbor.  Band,  bond,  in  this  word,  is  the  par- 
ticiple of  buan,  byan,  that  is,  buend,  occupying,  tilling, 
and  husband  is  the  farmer  or  inhabitant  of  the  house  ; 
in  Scottish,  s  farmer ;  thence  the  sense  of  husbandry. 
It  had  no  relation,  primarily,  to  marriaije ;  but  among 
tile  common  people,  a  woman  calls  her  consort  viy 
man,  and  the  man  calls  his  wife  my  woman,  as  in 
Hebrew  ;  and  in  this  instance  the  farmer  or  occupier 
of  the  house,  or  the  builder,  was  called  my  farmer  ; 
or  by  some  other  means,  husband  came  to  denote  the 
consort  of  the  female  head  of  the  family.] 

1.  A  man  contracted  or  joined  to  a  woman  by  mar- 
riage. A  man  to  whom  a  woman  is  betrothed,  as 
well  as  one  actually  united  by  marriage,  is  called  a 
husband.    Lev.  xi.v.    Deut.  xxii. 

2.  In  seamen^s  Innguage,  the  owner  of  a  ship  who 
manages  its  concerns  in  person.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  'I'he  male  of  animals  of  a  lower  order.  Dryden. 

4.  An  economist ;  a  good  manager ;  a  man  who 
kntiws  and  practices  the  methods  of  frugiUily  and 
profit.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is  modified  by  an  ep- 
ithet; as,  a  good  husband  ,*  a  bad  hiutband. 

Davies.  Collier. 
[But  in  .America,  this  application  of  Vic  word  is  little 
or  not  at  all  use^.] 

5.  A  farmer;  a  cultivator;  a  tiller  of  the  ground. 

Bacon.  Urydcn. 
[In  tJtis  sense  it  is  not  used  in  America  ^  we  always 
?/.?e  Husbandman.] 
HUS'B.\ND,  V.  t.  To  direct  and  manage  with  frugal- 
ity, in  expending  any  thing  ;  to  use  or  employ  in  the 
manner  best  suited  to  protluce  the  greatest  effect ;  to 
use  with  economy.  We  say,  a  man  husbands  his  es- 
tate, his  me.ans,  or  his  time. 

Ue  is  conscious  how  ill  he  hm  husbanded  the  great  deposit  of  liis 
Creator.  Uamhler. 

2.  To  till ;  to  cultivate  with  good  management. 

BcLcon. 

3.  To  supply  with  a  husband.  [Little  ^istd.]  Shak 
HUS'BANB-A-iJLE,  a.    Manageable  with  economy 

[///.]  Sherwood. 

HUS'BANB-ED,  pp.  Used  or  managed  with  economy ; 
well  managed. 

HUS'B.\ND-IXG,  ppr.  Using  or  managing  with  fru- 
gality. 

HUS'B.\XB-ING,  71.    The  laying  up  or  economizing; 

frugal  management. 
IIUS'BANB-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  husband.  Shak. 
IIUS'BANB-LY,  a.    Frugal  ;  thrifty.    [Little  used.] 

Tusser. 

HUS'B.AND-MAN,  n.  A  farmer ;  a  cultivator  or  tiller 
of  the  ground  ;  one  who  labors  in  tillage.  In  Amer- 
ica, where  men  generally  own  the  land  on  which 
they  labor,  the  proprietor  of  a  farm  is  also  a  laborer 
or  husbandman  ;  but  the  word  includes  the  lessee 
and  the  owner. 

2.  The  master  of  a  family.  [A'ot  in  use  in  .Ameri- 
ca.] Chaucer. 

HUS'B.\ND-RY,'7i.  The  business  of  a  farmer,  com- 
prehending agriculture  or  tillage  of  the  ground,  the 
raising,  managing,  and  fattening  of  cattle  and  other 
domestic  animals,  the  management  of  the  dairy,  and 
whatever  the  lanil  produces. 

2.  Frugality;  domestic  economy;  good  manage- 
ment ;  thrift.  But  in  this  sense,  we  generally  prefix 
good ;  as,  good  husbandry.  Swift. 

3.  Care  of  domestic  affairs,  usually  with  good. 

Shak. 

HUSH,  a.  [G.  /iu,«c7i ;  Dan.  hys,  hysL  In  W.  hcz  is 
peace  ;  hliu,  to  make  peace  ;  cws  is  rest,  sleep  ;  and 
bust  is  a  low,  buzzing  sound  ;  Ileb.  n^n,  to  be  silent. 
Class  Gs,  No.  4C.] 

Silent ;  still ;  quiet ;  as,  they  are  htish  as  death. 
This  adjective  never  precedes  the  noun  which  it 
qualifies,  except  in  the  compound  hush-money. 
HUSH,  I',  t.  To  still  ;  to  silence;  to  calm  ;  to  make 
quiet  ;  to  repress  noise  ;  as,  to  hush  the  noisy  crowd  ; 
the  winds  were  hushed. 

JMy  Umg-ue  shall  hush  a^dn  tliis  storm  of  war.  Shak. 
2.  To  appease;  to  allay  ;  to  calm,  as  commotion  or 
agitation. 

Will  thou,  then, 
Hush  my  ciTve  I  Ouvay. 

HUSH,  V.  i.    To  be  still  ;  to  bo  silent.  Spenser. 
HUSH  ;  inii)i  rative  of  the  verb,  used  as  an  exclama- 
tion ;  be  still ;  he  silent  or  quiet ;  make  no  noise. 
To  hush  up  ;  to  suppress ;  to  keep  concealed. 

Tliia  niiitOT  is  hushrdup.  Pope. 

IIUSII'KI),  (husbt,)  pp.    Stilled  ;  silenced  ;  calmed. 

HIJSI1'I.N'(;,  ppr.    Silencing;  calming. 

HUSlI'-MCji\-i;V,  (  uiiin-y,)  ti.  A  bribe  to  secure  si- 
lence ;  money  paid  to  hinder  information  or  disclo- 
sure of  facts.  SwifX. 

IIU.'^K,  n.  [^^n.  W.  gwLtg,  Corn,  quc.ik,  a  rover  ;  or  It. 
gu-n-in,  biirk  or  shell ;  Sp.  and  Port,  casca,  husks  of 
grapes,  bark.  It  signifies,  probably,  a  cover  or  a 
peel.] 


The  external  covering  of  certain  fruits  or  seeds  of 
plants.  It  is  the  calyx  of  the  flower  or  glume  of  com 
and  grasses,  formed  of  valves  embracing  the  seed. 
The  husks  of  the  sme'l  grains,  when  separated,  are 
called  chaff;  but  in  America  we  apply  the  word 
chiefly  to  the  covering  of  the  ears  or  seeds  of  maize, 
which  is  never  denominated  cliaff.  It  is  sometimes 
used  in  England  for  the  rind,  skin,  or  hull  of  seeds. 
HUSK,  V.  t.  To  strip  off  the  external  integument  or 
covering  of  the  fruits  or  seeds  of  plants  ;  as,  to  husk 
maize. 

HUSK'£D,  (huskt,)  pp.    Stripped  of  its  husks. 

2.  a.    Covered  with  a  husk. 
HUSK'I-LY,  orfc.   Dryly  ;  roughly. 
IIUSK'I-NESS,  7!.  The  state  of  being  dry  and  rough, 
like  a  husk. 

2.  Figuratively,  roughness  of  sound ;  as,  huskiness 
of  voice. 

HUSK'ING,  ppr.    Stripping  off  husks. 

HUSK'ING,  71.  The  act  of  stripping  off  husks.  In 
New  England,  the  practice  of  farmers  is  to  invite 
their  neighbors  to  assist  them  in  stripping  their 
maize,  in  autumnal  evenings,  and  this  is  called  a 
hitsking. 

IIUSK'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  husks ;  consisting  of 
husks.  Dryden. 

2.  Resembling  husks  ;  dry;  rough. 

3.  Rough,  as  sound  ;  harsh  ;  whizzing. 
Hu'SO,  7!.  A  chondropterygious  fish  with  free  branchia?, 

belonging  to  tbe  genus  Acipenser.  It  is  frequently 
found  to  exceed  twelve  and  fifteen  feet  in  length,  and 
to  weigh  more  than  tH'elve  hundred  pounds.  The 
finest  isinglass  is  made  from  its  natatory  bladder.  It 
inhabits  the  Danube  and  the  rivers  of  Russia.  The 
sturgeon  belongs  to  the  same  genus. 

HUS-SaR',  (huz-zir',)  7i.  [Tartar,  uswar,  cavalrj- ; 
Sans,  uswit,  a  horse.  Thomson.] 

A  mounted  soldier  or  horseman  in  German  caval- 
ry.  The  hussars  are  the  national  cavalry  of  Hungary 
and  Croatia.  Their  regimentals  are  a  fur  cap  adorned 
with  a  feather,  a  doublet,  a  pair  of  breeches  to  which 
the  stockings  are  fastened,  and  a  pair  of  red  or  yel- 
low boots.  Their  arms  are  a  saber,  a  carbine,  and 
pistols.  Hussars  now  form  a  part  of  the  French  and 
English  ca\'alry.  Encyc. 

HUSS'ITE,  71.  A  follower  of  John  Huss,  the  Bohe- 
mian reformer,  who  was  burnt  alive  in  1415. 

HUS'SY,  71-    [Contracted  from  huswife,  housewife.] 

1.  A  bad  or  worthless  woman.  It  is  used  also  lu- 
dicrously in'  slight  disapprobation  or  contempt.  Go, 
hussy,  go. 

2.  An  economist;  a  thrifty  woman.  Tusser. 
HllS'TlNGS,  71.  pi.     [Sax.  huslinge;  supposed  to  be 

composed  of  has,  house,  and  tiling,  cause,  suit ;  the 
house  of  trials.] 

1.  A  court  held  in  Guildhall,  in  London,  before  the 
lord  mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  city  ;  the  supreme 
court  or  council  of  the  city.  In  this  court  are  elect- 
ed the  aldermen  and  the  four  members  of  parliament. 

2.  The  place  where  an  election  of  a  member  of 
parliament  is  held.  Burke. 

IIUS'TLE,  (hiis'l,)  V.  U    [D.  hutsclcn,  to  shake;  Sw. 
hutia,  to  shuffle.] 
To  shake  together  in  confusion  ;  to  push  or  crowd. 

IIUS'TLKD,  (hus'ld.)  pp.    Shaken  together. 

HUS'TLI.VG,  ppr.    Shaking  together. 

HUS'WIFE,  (Imz'zif,)  71.  A  worthless  woman  ;  a  bad 
manager.    [.See  IIussv.]  Shale. 
2.  A  female  economist :  a  thrifty  woman.  Shall. 

HUS'WIFE,  (huz'zif,)  tj.  L  To  manage  with  economy 
and  frugality.  Dryden. 

HUS'WIFE-RY,  (hU7.'zif-ry,)  71.  The  business  of  man- 
aging the  concerns  of  a  family  by  a  female  :  female 
management,  good  or  bad.  Tusser. 

H  UT,  71.  [G.  Ai/((c B.  hut :  Ban.  hyttc ;  Fr.  huUe ;  per- 
haps a  dialectical  orthography  of  Sa.x.  has,  house,  and 
cot ;  W.  cwt.] 

A  small  house,  hovel,  or  cabin  ;  a  mean  lodge  or 
dwelling ;  a  cottage.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  log- 
luiuses  erected  for  troops  in  winter. 

IIUT,  V.  t.  To  place  in  huts,  as  troops  encamped  in 
winter  quarters.  Marshall.  Smollett. 

HUT,  V.  i.    To  take  lodgings  in  huts. 

The  troops  huUcd  fur  tlie  winter.  Pickering. 

HUTCH,  71.    [Fr.  huche ;  Sp.  huelia  ;  Sax.  hw.rcen.] 

1.  A  chest  or  box  ;  a  corn  cliest  or  bin  ;  a  case  for 
rabbits.  Mortimer. 

2.  A  rat-trap. 

HUTCH,  J),  t.    To  hoard,  as  in  a  chest.  ^fUton. 
IIUTCH'KI),  (hiitcht,)  pp.    Deposited  in  a  chest. 
HUTCH'INt;,  ppr.    Depositing  in  a  hutch. 
IIUTCII-IN-SO'M-AN,  71.  A  follower  of  the  opinions 

of  John  Hutchin.son,  of  Yorkshire,  England. 
HUT'TEI),  pp.    liodged  in  huts.  Milford. 
IIUT'TING,  ppr.    Placing  in  huts  ;  taking  lodgings  in 

huts. 

HU.X,  I',  f.    To  fish  for  pike  with  hooks  and  lines  fasl  | 
enetl  li>  floating  bladders.  Knct/c. 

HU7.'/.,  r.  i.    To  buzz.    [JVef  in  use.]  Barret. 

Hj;Z-ZX',  71.  A  shout  ot  joy.  The  word  chiefly  used 
is  our  native  \\  ()rd,  llt-RXAii,  which  see. 

I1IJ7,-7.A',  r.  I.  To  niter  a  loiul  shout  of  Joy,  or  an  nc- 
clumalion  in  joy  or  praise. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII-^T  METE,  PRgY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  PIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


SfiH 


HYD 


HYD 


HJJZ-ZX',  V.  t.  To  rccfive  or  utleiul  witli  Kliouts  of 
jov.  jiddUon. 

Ilil7.-ZX'£D,  (hiiz-zAd',)  pp.  Uttered  in  shouts  of  joy. 
•3.  Received  with  slioms  of  joy. 

II!JZ-ZX'lNG,/);»r.  Shouting  with  joy;  receiving  Willi 
shouts  of  joy. 

nyZ-ZA'ING,  n.  A  shouting  witli  joy  ;  a  receiving 
with  siiouts  of  joy. 

HS'A-CINTH,  71.    [L.  hyiidnthus;  Gr.  vii/civJo!.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  popular  name  of  some  species  of 
a  (jenus  of  plants.  Tlie  Oriental  hyacinth  has  a 
large,  purplish,  bulbous  root,  from  wliicli  spring  scv- 
eml  narrow,  erect  leaves  ;  tlic  (lower  stalk  is  upright 
and  succulent,  and  adorned  with  many  bell-shaped 
flowers,  united  in  a  large  pyramidical  spike,  of  dif- 
ferent colors  in  the  varieties.  Knajc. 

2.  In  minn-alo/ry,  a  red  variety  of  zircon,  some- 
times used  as  a  gem.    JSeeZincoN.]  Dana. 

H  Y- A-CINTH'INE,  a.    Alade  of  hyacinth  ;  consisting 

of  hyacinth;  resembling  liyacinlh.  MUlon. 
II?'.'\-I)r;S,  /  n.  pi.  [Gr.  iucSts,  from  iiio,  to  rain ;  vito{, 
1I?'ADS,     i  rain.l 

In  (Lttrouomij,  a  cluster  of  five  stars  in  the  Bull's 
face,  supposed  by  the  ancients  to  bring  rain. 

Brande. 

HV'A-LINE,  a.    [Gr.  iaXivo^,  from  va\o(,  glass.] 
Glassy  ;  resembling  glass  ;  consisting  of  glass. 
H?'A-LITE,  71.    [Gr.  i.iA.yj.]  [MUlon. 
A  pellucid  variety  of  opal,  looking  like  colorless 
e»m  or  resin.    It  is  also  called  Jhitlcr's  ^'lajs.  Vana. 
HS'A-LOID,  a.    [Gr.  i«..,\.<5  and  Ltfo;.] 

A  term  applied  to  transparent  membranes,  es- 
pecially that  which  invests  the  vitreous  humor  of 
the  eye. 
IIY  IJfli'N  '\  GT  E  ^ 

IlV'ltEll  !\\Te'    '    V  II'XEnNACI.E,  HlDERNATE, 

HY-ltEui.N-k'TlbN.  )  "'BERNATION. 

n?'lllUI),  or  HYB'RID,  n.    [Gr.  i/Jpij,  injury,  force, 

rape  ;   L.  hybrida.] 

.\  mongrel ;  an  animal  or  plant  produced  from 

the  mixture  of  two  species.  Ler.  Marlyn. 

IlVltUII),         j  a.     Mongrel;  produced  from  the 
lIVI!'ini)-OUS,  \     mixture  of  two  species. 
Ilt'lilUD-IS.M,  )  71.    State  of  being  the  offspring  of 
IIY-HKIU'I-TY,  S     two  species. 
HY'UAGE,  71.    In  law,  a  ta.v  on  lands,  at  a  cert.iin  rate 

by  the  hide.  Blackstonc 
UYD'A-TID,  n.   An  intestinal  worm  of  the  genus 

llvdatis,  which  see. 
HYD'A-TIS,  71.    [Gr.  Mnrif,  from  ihop,  water.] 

In  natural  kistury,  the  name  of  a  genus  of  Entozo'A. 

or  intestinal  worms,  found  in  various  te.\tures  anu 

cavities  of  the  human  bi>dy  ;  indeed  in  all,  (as  is 

said,)  except  the  cavity  of  the  alimentary  canal. 
HS'DU.A,  n.    [L.  hydra;  Gr.  I'Jjii,  from  Mco/i,  w.atcr.] 

1.  A  water  serpent.  In  /(idu/ous  AislurT/,  a  seipoiit 
or  monster  in  the  lake  or  marsh  of  Lerna,  in  I'el- 
oponnesus,  represented  as  having  many  heads,  one 
of  which,  being  cut  otf,  was  immediately  succeeded 
by  aniithiT,  unless  the  wound  w.is  cauterized.  Her- 
cules killed  this  monster  by  applying  firebrands  to 
the  wounds,  as  he  cutolfthe  heads.  Hence  we  give 
the  name  to  a  multitude  of  evils,  or  to  a  cause  of 
multifarious  evils. 

2.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  minute  fresh-water 
poly  ps.  Vana. 

3.  A  southern  constellation  of  great  length. 

P.  Cyc. 

H?-DRAC'ID,  (-dras'sid,)  n.  [Gr.  Hup,  water,  and 
acuL] 

An  acid  whose  base  is  hydrogen. 
HY'DIIA-GOGL'E,  (h5'dra-gog,)  u.  [i'<!pnj.Myo{  ;  ilioo, 
water,  and  ayio)  i),  a  leading  or  drawing,  from  a>  w,  to 
lead  or  drive.] 

A  medicine  that  occasions  a  discharge  of  watery 
humors. 

In  general,  the  stronger  cathartics  are  hydragogues. 

Qaincy.  Encye, 
H?-DR.\\'GE-.\,  71.    [Gr.  Wwo,  water,  and  #j-)£io>', 
a  vessel.] 

1.  A  plant  which  grows  in  the  water,  and  bears  a 
beautiful  dower.  Its  capsule  has  been  compared  to 
a  cup.  De  Theis,  Oloss.  Botan, 

2.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants. 
HY'UR.VN'T,  71.    [Gr.  v/if.aii/ui,  to  irrigate,  from  iiiiyp, 

water.] 

.■V  pipe  or  machine  with  suitable  valves  and  a  spout 
by  which  water  is  raised  and  discharged  from  the 
main  conduit  of  an  aqueduct. 
HY-DRXR'GIL-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  icJwp,  water,  and 
(i,r>)  iXAof,  clay.] 

A  mineral,  called  also  Wavrlide. 
Ht-DRAR'GO-eHLO'RID,  7i.   A  compound  birhlorid 
of   mercury  (corrosive   sublimate)    with  another 
chlnrid.  Brandc. 
I1?-DRXR'6Y-RU.M,  n.    [Gr.  iiap  and  a/),  v.nov.] 

(luicksilver. 
IIt'I)R.\TE,  71.    [Gr.  t'^cjo,  water.] 

Ill  chemU-lry,  a  compound,  in  definite  proportions, 
of  a  metallic  oxyd  with  water.  Ure. 

A  hydrate  is  a  substance  which  has  formed  so  in- 
timate a  union  with  water  as  to  solidify  it,  and  ren- 
der 11  a  component  part.  Slaked  lime  is  a  hydrate  of 
huie.  Parke. 


H'C'DRa-TED,  a.    Formed  into  a  hydrate. 

HV-DR A UL'ie,        )  a.    [ I'r.  hydraulique  ;  L. ft/rfr<7u- 

H?-I)RAUL'I€-AL,  !  licis:  Gr.  i6;>.,v\,i,'i»  instru- 
ment of  music  played  by  water;  viMp,  water,  and 
av\ii(,  a  pipe.] 
Pertaining  to  hydraulics,  or  to  fluids  in  motion. 
Hydraulic  time;  a  species  of  lime  which,  whin 
formed  into  mortar,  hardens  in  water;  used  for  ce- 
menting under  water.  Journ.  of  Hcicnec. 

IIY-nRAUL'ie  PRESS.    See  IIvdrostatic  Press. 

HY-DRAUL'ie  RAM.    See  Ram. 

HY-DRAUL'I€-ON,  77.  An  ancient  musical  instru- 
ment acted  u|)on  liy  water  ;  a  water  organ. 

HY-l)RAUL'leS,  71.  That  branch  of  the  science  of 
hydrodynamics  which  treats  of  fluids  considered  as 
in  motion.  Kd.  Knaic 

Ht-DREi\-TER'0-CELE,  71.  [Gr.  I'r'wp,  water, 
ii/Tcp  'v,  intestine,  and  icr/Aij,  a  tumor.] 

A  hernial  tumor,  whose  contents  are  intestine,  with 
the  addition  of  water. 

IIY'I)RI-AI),  71.  In  mytholoi;y,  the  name  of  a  kind  of 
water  nymphs. 

HYD'RI-()-D.\TE,  77.  A  supposed  salt  formed  by  the 
hydriodic  acid  with  a  base.  More  correctly,  Iodohv- 
DRATE.  De  Claubry. 

HYL)-IU-OD're,  a.  [hydroa-cn  and  iodine.]  A  term 
denoting  a  peculiar  acid,  produced  by  the  combina- 
tion of  hydrogen  and  iodine.    Better,  Iooohvdric. 

HV-DRO-BRo'Mie,  a.  Composed  of  hydrogen  and 
bromine.    More  correctly  Bromohvuric. 

nY-DR()-eXR'BO.\,  71.  A  term  applied  by  chemists 
to  compounds  of  hydrogen  and  carbon.  Brandc. 

Ht-l)R()-e\R'BOi\-ATE,  71.  [Gr.  txju.o,  water,  or 
rather  hydro<;en,  and  L.  carlo,  a  coal.] 

Carbureted  hydrogen  gas,  or  heavy  inflammable 
air.  Jiikin. 

H?-DRO-exR'BU-UET,  71.    Carbureted  hydrogen. 

Ucnry. 

HY'DRO-CkLE,  7t.  [Gr.  vSpoKriXri ;  {rjcjp,  water,  and 
KrjXn,  a  tumor.] 

A  dropsy  ol  the  vaginal  tunic  of  the  spermatic 
cord. 

H?-DRO-CEPH'A-LUS,  71.     [Gr.  idap,  water,  and 
Kiit>'i^n,  the  head.] 
Dropsy  of  the  head. 

HY-DRO-tellLO'RATE,  »i.  A  supposed  conipouml 
of  hydrochloric  acid  and  a  base  ;  formerly  called  a 
muriate.  More  correctly,  Chlorohvdrate.  The  hy- 
drochloratcs  are  really  cJdurids.       Journ.  of  Science. 

HY-I)RO-eilLo'Rie,  a.    [hydrogen  and  cUoric.] 

Hydrochloric  acid  is  muriatic  acid,  a  compound  of 
chlorin  and  hydrogen  gas.  More  correctly,  Chloro- 
HVDRlc.  Brande. 

II?-DRO-CV'A-NATE,  77.  A  supposed  compound  of 
hydrocyanic  acid  with  a  base.  More  correctly,  Cvan- 

OHVDRVTE. 

HY-DRO-C?-AN'ie,  a.  [Gr.  Wcj.o,  water,  or  rather 
hydrogen,  and  ivi-arus,  blue.] 

A  term  applied  to  an  acid  whose  base  is  hydrogen, 
and  its  acidifying  principle  cyanogen  ;  more  correct- 
ly, CvANOHVDRic.  This  acid  is  one  of  four  or  five 
different  compounds  that  have  been  called  prussic 
acid. 

IIY-DRO-DY-NAM'IC,a.    [liw/),  water,  and  Svvapi;, 
power,  force.] 
Pertaining  to  the  force  or  pressure  of  water. 

IIV-DRO-DY-NA.M'ies,  71.  That  branch  of  natural 
philosophy  which  treats  of  the  properties  and  rela- 
tions of  water  and  other  fluids,  whether  in  motion  or 
at  rest.  It  comprehends  both  hydrostatics  and  hy- 
draulics. Kd.  F.ncm. 

HY-DRO-FLO'ATE,  71.  A  supposed  compound  of  hy- 
drofluoric acid  and  a  base.    Better,  Fluohydrate. 

IIV-DRO-FLU-OR'ie,  a.  [Gr.  iiboip,  water,  and 
fiuor.] 

Consisting  of  fluorin  and  hydrogen.  The  hydro- 
fluoric acid  is  obtained  by  distilling  a  mixture  oi^  one 
part  of  the  purest  fluor  spar  in  fine  powder,  with  two 
of  sulphuric  acid.    Jlore  correctly,  Fluouvdric. 

Brandc. 

HY'DRO-GEX,  71.    [Gr.  water,  and  jt^m,,.,  to 

generate  ;  so  called  as  being  considered  the  generator 
of  water.] 

In  cheir.istry,  a  gas  which  constitutes  one  of  the  el- 
ements of  water,  of  which  it  constitutes  one  ninth 
part,  and  oxygen  eight  ninths.  Hydrogen  gas  is  an 
aeriform  fluid,  the  lightest  body  known,  and,  thoueh 
extremely  inflammable  itself,  it  extinguishes  burning 
bodies,  and  is  fatal  to  animal  life.  Its  specific  gravi- 
ty is  O.OCW,  that  of  air  being  I.OO.  In  consequence 
of  its  extreme  lightness,  it  is  employed  for  filling  air- 
balloons.  Lavoisier.  Brande. 
IIY'DRO-GE.N-ATE,  r.  fc  To  combine  hydrogen  with 
anv  thins. 

HY'DRO-GEX-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  In  combination  with 
hydrogen. 

HY'DRO-GEN-rZE,  r.  U  To  combine  with  hydro- 
gen. 

HV'URO-GE\-TZ-En,  pp.    Combined  with  hvdroscii. 
Ilt'DRO-GEN-IZ-ING,  ppr.   Combining  with  hydro- 
gen. 

HT-DROC'E-NOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  hydrogen. 
Ht-DROG'R.\-PllER,  71.    [See  Hvorooraphv.]  One 
who  draws  maps  of  the  sea,  lakes,  or  other  waters. 


with  the  adjacent  shores  ;  one  wlio  describes  the  sea 

or  other  waters.  Boyle. 
II?-I)KO  GRAPirie,       \a.    Rel.ating  to  or  conlain- 
llV-URO  GRAPH'ie-AL,  \     ing  a  description  of  the 

sea,  sea-coast,  isles,  shoals,  depth  of  water,  &c.,  or  uf 

a  lake. 

IIY-DROG'RA  PHY,  Ji.  [Gr.  iriwn, water,  and  }na'tiM, 
to  describe  ;  ypaijiii,  description.] 

The  art  of  measuring  and  describini  the  sea,  lakes, 
rivers,  and  other  waters  ;  or  the  art  of  forming  charts, 
exhibiting  a  representation  of  the  sen-coast,  gulfs, 
bays,  isles,  promontories,  channels,  stmndings,  &c. 

HY-i)l{0(;'li-Rr,T,  H.  A  compound  of  hydrogen  with 
a  base  ;  a  livdruret.    [Little  tued.] 

HY'DUO  LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Hup,  water,  and  XiOus,  a 
stone.] 

A  mineral  whose  crj  stals  are  described  as  six-sided 
prisms,  terminated  by  low,  six-sided  pyramids,  with 
truncated  siimiTiils.  Cleuvelaml. 

H?-1)RO-I,()0'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  hydrology. 

IIV-I)R<JI,'()-GY,  71.  [Gr.  iiotp,  water,  and  X-jos, 
discourse.] 

The  science  of  water,  its  properties,  phenomena, 
and  laws. 

HY'DRO-MAN-CY,  71.  [Gr.  Mw.o,  water,  and  pnvrita, 
divination.] 

A  method  of  divination  or  prediction  of  events  by 
water,  invented,  according  to  Varro,  by  the  Persians, 
and  practiced  liv  the  Romans.  Encye. 
HY-DRC)-.MAN'Tie,  a.    Pertaining  to  divination  by 
water. 

Ht'DRO-MEI,,  71.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  Hup,  water,  and 
/jcAi,  honey.] 

A  liquor  consisting  of  honey  diluted  in  water.  Be- 
fore fermentation,  it  is  called  simple  hydromel ;  after 
fermentation,  it  is  called  vinous  hydromel,  lyz  mead. 

HY-l)ROM'E-TER,  71.  [See  Hvdromktrv.]  An  in- 
strument for  determining  the  s|)ecific  gravities  of 
liquids,  and  thence  the  strength  of  spirituous  liquors, 
these  being  inversely  as  their  specific  gravities. 

Brantlr. 

IIY-nRO-MF.T'Rie,        )  a.   Pertaining  to  a  hvdrom- 
UY  DRO-.MET'RIC-AL,  j     et.  r,  or  to  the  determina- 
tion of  the  specific  i;ravily  of  fluids. 
2.  Maile  liy  a  hydrumi  ter. 
IIY-DRO.M'E-TRY,  71.    [Gr.  iiU.io,  water,  and  pcrouv, 
measure.) 

'I  he  art  of  determining  the  specific  gravity  of  li- 
quids, and  thence  the  strength  of  spirituous  liquors. 

HY-DRO-PA'J'iriC.  a.    Pertaining  to  ludropathv. 

II-S-DROP'A-TllIST,  jt.  One  who  practices  hydropa- 
thy. 

HS-1)R0P'A-THY,  71.    [Gr.  Ihop  and  raO»f.] 

The  water-cure,  a  mode  of  treating  diseases,  by  the 
copious  and  frequent  use  of  pure  water,  both  inter- 
nally and  externally. 

Ilf'DRO-PII.A^i'E,  71.  [Gr.  Hup,  water,  and  (/.aii-w, 
to  show.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  variety  of  opal  made  transparent 
by  immersicm  in  water.  Kinrau. 

HY-DROPH'A-NOUS,  a.  Made  transparijit  by  im- 
mersion in  water.  Kirtcnn. 

Ht-nROPiri-I)KS,  77.  pi.    [Gr.  H'.m  .and  o./.i..] 

A  term  applied  to  that  section  of  the  Ophidians 
which  includes  the  water-snake.  Brandc. 

HY-DR()-Pllo'l!I-A,  J  71.    [Gr.  iVcn,  water,  and  ^o- 

HS'DRO  PIIO-BY,    i     /?r..,"i<,  to  fear.] 

A  preternatural  dread  of  water ;  a  symptom  of  ca- 
nine m.adness,  or  the  disease  itself,  which  is  thus 
denominated.  This  dre.ad  of  water  sometimes  takes 
place  in  violent  inflammations  of  the  stomach,  and 
in  hysteric  fits.  Kucyc. 

HY-DR()-PlIOB'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  dread  of  water, 
or  canine  madness.  McJ.  Rrpos. 

HS'URO-PHvTE,  71.  [Gr.  ii'w/i,  water,  and  iJivtuv,  a 
plant.] 

.\n  aquatic  plant.  Bell. 
HV-DROP'ie,       )  a.    [L.  A7/(/r<7ps ;  Gr.  WpwtJ/,  drop- 
HY-UROP'ie-AL,  )     sy,  H.,;.,,  water.] 

1.  Dropsical ;  diseased  with  extravas,ated  water. 

2.  Containinz  w.ater  ;  caused  by  cxtravasated  wa- 
ter ;  as,  a  hydropic  swelling. 

3.  RestMnbling  dropsy. 


Kvcrv  liist  i_ 
drink  ih'- 


kiiiil  of  hydropic  ilulcmpcr,  and  the  rtwrt  «• 
we  shall  lliint.  Tillatton, 


Hy-DRO-P.VEU-.MAT'ie,  (  nii-mat'ik,)  a.  [Gr.  Huo, 
water,  and  nvevpartKoi,  intl.ated,  from  rricu;ia,  breath, 
spirit.] 

An  epithet  given  to  a  vessel  of  water  used  to  col- 
lect eises  in  chemical  experiments.  Silliman. 
HY'DUOP-SY.    See  Dropsv. 

H?'l)RO-S.\LT.  n.   A  salt  supposed  to  be  formed  by 

a  hvdracid  and  a  base. 
HY'liRO-seOPE,  71.   [Gr.  Hup,  water,  and  oKontu, 

to  view.] 

A  kind  of  water-clock,  or  instrument  used  .ancient- 
ly for  measuring  time,  consistinc  of  a  cylindrical  tube, 
conical  at  the  bottom,  perforated  at  the  vertex,  and 
the  whole  tube  craduated.  Encye. 
HY  DRO  STAT'ie,  (a.  [Gr.  Huo,  water,  and 
IIY-DRO-STAT'ie-AL,  j  orunitoj,  static,  standing, 
or  settling.] 

Relating  to  the  science  of  weighing  fluids,  or  hy- 
drostatics. 


TO.\E,  BI;LL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HYL 

Utjdrostatic  balunce  ;  a  balance  for  weighing  sub- 
stances in  water,  fur  the  purpose-  of  ascertaining  their 
specific  gravities.  Brandc, 

Hijilrostatic  pre.?s ;  a  machine  for  obtaining  an  enor- 
mous pressure  through  tlie  medium  of  water. 

Brande. 

H?-DRO-STAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  hydro- 
statics, or  to  hydrostatic  principles.  Beiitleif. 

H?-DRO-STAT'ieS,  n.  Il.idrostntics  is  that  branch  of 
the  science  of  hydrodynamics  wliich  treats  of  the 
properties  of  fluids  at  rest.  Ed.  Enojr. 

HV-DRO-SUL'PH.\TE,  n.    The  same  as  Hvdrosul- 

PHl'RET. 

Ht-DRO-gUL'PHU-RET,  n.  [hydro^renandsuliihurct.] 
A  combination  of  sulphuretcd  liydrogen  with  an 

earth,  alkali,  or  metallic  oxyd. 
H5-DRO-SUL'PHU-RET-EU,  a.  Combined  with  sul- 

phureted  hydrogen. 
H?-DRO-SUL-PHu'Rie  acid  is  called  also  htjdruthiun- 

ic  acid.,  or  sulphurcted  hydrotren, 
Hf-DRO-THo'RAX,  n.    [Gr.  idup,  water,  and  Ooi- 

pu|.] 

Dropsy  in  the  chest.  Cuxe. 
H^-DROT'ie,  o.    fGr.  Mo>p,  water.] 

Causing  a  discharge  of  water. 
H?-DROT'ie,  n.    A  medicine  that  purges  off  water 

or  phlegm.  Mrhiithnut. 
IIY-DROX-AN'THATE,  n.     [Gr.  ic'w/.,  water,  and 
{ukOos,  yellow.] 

In  ckemUtnjj  a  compound  of  hydroxanthic  acid  with 
abase.  [Scarce!}/ u^ied.] 
HY-DROX-A.\"rni€,  a.  A  term  used  to  denote  a 
new  acid.  f<>rnieil  by  the  action  of  alkalies  on  the 
deutosul|jhuret  of  carbon.  It  is  called  also  carbo- 
.^uljik  :rir  arid.  [Rarely  used.]  Ilcnni, 
Hy  DROX'VD,  7!.    [Gr.  iVwp,  water,  and  ozyd.] 

A  iiR-talljc  oxyd  combined  with  water  ;  a  metallic 
hydrate.  Parke.  Coze. 

H^'DRU-RET,  ji.   A  compound  of  hydrogen  destitute 

of  acidify. 
HY'DRL'S,  n.    [Gr.  i'loo,  water.] 

A  water-snake  ;  also,  a  new  constellation  of  the 
southern  hemisphere,  near  the  south  pole.  P.  Cyc. 
H5-li;'M.\L,  a.    [L.  AiCHis,  wmter ;  Sans.  Aima,  cold; 
Slav,  zima.] 
Belonging  to  winter ;  done  in  winter. 
HVE-.MaTE,  v.  u    To  winter  at  a  place.    [J\''u£  in 
use.] 

H?-E-Ma'TION,  n.    [L.  Memo,  to  winter.] 

The  passing  or  spending  of  a  winter  in  a  particular 
place. 

H?'E.MS,  re.  [L.]  Winter.  Shak. 

HV-E'i\A,  n.    [L.  hijtena;  Gr.  vaiva.] 

A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Canis,  having  small, 
naked  ears,  four  toes  on  each  foot,  a  straight-jointed 
tail,  nnd  erect  hair  on  the  neck  ;  an  inhabitant  of 
Asi;itic  Turkey,  Syria,  Persia,  and  liarbary.  It  is  a 
solitary  animal,  ami  feeds  on  tlesli ;  it  preys  on  Hocks 
and  herds,  and  will  open  graves  to  obtain  food.  It 
is  a  fierce,  cruel,  and  untamable  animal,  and  is 
sometimes  called  the  tiger-wulf.  Shakspeare  writes 
thi-^  woTil  hyen. 

HV-Ol":'I.\N,  a.  Relating  to  Ilygeia,  the  goddess  of 
health. 

HY-Gl-EI'NA,  ^  71.    Health,  or  the  art  or  science  of 
Ht-GI-El'NE,  S    preserving  health.  'I'hat  department 
Hy-GI-ElVE',  )    of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  pres- 
ervation of  health. 
HY  6I-E.\'ie.  n.    Pertaining  to  health. 
H?-GKOL'0-GY,  Ji.    [Gr.     005  and  A.j,  05.] 

The  doctrine  of  the  fluids  of  the  body. 
HY-GRO.M'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  oy/ius,  moist,  and  iicrpot', 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  tlie  degree  of  moist- 
ure of  the  atmosphere.  F.ncijc. 
H?-GRO-.VlET'Rie,       I  a.    Pertaining  to  hygrome- 
H5-GRO-MET'Rie-AL,  \     try  ;  made  by  or  according 
to  the  hygrometer. 

2.  Readily  absorbing  and  retaining  moisture,  as 
potash.  Brande. 
Iiy  -GROM'E-TRY,7i.  The  art  of  measuring  the  moist- 
ure of  the  air. 

H?'GRO-.«eOPE,  71.  [Gr.  I'j  or.f,  moist,  and  trKOTCw, 
to  view.] 

The  same  as  HrunoMETER.  The  latter  is  now 
chifrfly  used. 

Ht-GRO-seOP'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  hygroscope  ; 
having  the  property  of  readily  imbibing  moisture 
from  the  atrnospli.  re.  .idams. 

nV-GRO-STAT'ie.S,  71.    [Gr.  I'.j  poi,  moist,  and  ara- 

TtKn.] 

The  science  of  comparing  degrees  of  moisture. 

[Oi*.]  Enclyn. 
HyKE,  71.    [Ar.]    A  loose  Arabi.m  g.'irment.  [Sec 

"*>"•]  ParklmrsL 
HY-I.AR'eniC-AE,  a.    [Gr.  v\,„  matter,  and  apx'i, 

rule.] 

PreMiding  over  matter.  IlaUiwcU. 
II?-I,^.  0  SAU'RUH,  71.    [Gr.  Wa<',f,  belonging  to 
wood,  nnd  la'y/'  5,  a  lizard  ] 

An  extinct  animal,  which  blended  the  osteology  of 
the  criicoddc  with  tlitit  of  the  lizard  ;  found  in  the 
wealden  formation,  England.  [Sometimi  s  wriiti  n 
htjUosaur.]  Mnnt.cll. 


HYP 

H^'LO-IST,  71.  One  who  believes  matter  to  be  G04. 
HY'LO-TIIE-IS.M,  n.     [Gr.  v\n,  matter,  and  Otus, 
God.] 

The  doctriije  or  belief  that  matter  is  God,  or  that 
there  is  no  God,  except  matter  and  the  universe. 
H5-IiO-Zo'ie,  71     [Gr.  I'lAr/,  matter,  and  ^w/j,  life.] 
One  vvho  holds  matter  to  be  anim.itcd.  Clarke. 
HV-LO-Zo'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  hylozoism. 
IlY-LO-Zo'lSM,  71.    [Gr.  v\ii,  matter,  and  i^wi},  life.l 
Tlie  doctrine  that  matter  possesses  a  species  of  life. 

Cndwurth. 

H?-LO-Z(i'IST,  7!.  One  who  holds  that  matter  and 
every  particle  of  it  has  a  species  of  life  or  animation. 

HY.M,  71.  A  bloodhound  ;  a  mistake  in  transcription 
for  ;;/l;l.  Slink.  Smart. 

HY'.ME.V,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vpriv,  membrana,  pellic- 
ula, hymen.] 

1.  In  ancient  mythology,  a  fabulous  deity,  the  son 
of  Racchus  and  Venus,  supptised  to  preside  over  mar- 

2.  In  anatomy.,  the  virginal  membrane.  [riages. 

3.  In  botxiny,  the  fine  pellicle  which  incloses  a 
flower  in  the  bud. 

HV-MEX-ff' \n'  j       rcrtaiuing  to  marriage.  Pope. 
HV-MeK'-iI'Al!  I  , 

HY-ME.\-e'A.N  (       A  ni^i"!* song.  Mdton. 
Hy-JIEN-OP'TER,  71.         )  [Gr.  i/iT/i-,  a  membrane, 
UY-.ME.\-Oi"TE-RA,  71.  pi.  \     and  Trrf^oe,  a  wing.] 
In  entomology,  ttirms  applied  to  insects,  having  four 
membranous  wings,  and  the  tail  of  the  female  mostly 
armed  with  a  sting,  of  which  the  bee  is  an  example. 
HY-.MEN-OP'TER-AL,    (a.    Having  four  nifmbra- 
H?-MEN-OP'TER-OUS,  (     nous  wings. 
HYMN,  (him,)  n.    [L.  Iiymmis  ;  Gr.  ti/iKus  ;  Eng.  hum.] 
A  song  or  ode  in  honor  of  God,  and,  among  pagans, 
in  honor  of  some  deity.    A  hymn  among  Christians 
is  a  short  poem,  composed  for  religious  service,  or  a 
song  of  joy  and  praise  to  God.    The  word  primarily 
expresses  the  tune,  but  it  is  used  for  the  ode  or  poem. 
Ami  when  they  liad  sung  a  hymn,  Uiey  went  out  to  the  Mount 

of  Olives.  —  Mult.  xxvi. 
Admonishing  one  another  in  psalms  and  hymns.  —  Col.  iii. 

HYMN,  (him,)  v.  t.  To  praise  in  song ;  to  worship  by 
singing  hymns.  Milton. 

2.  To  sing ;  to  celebrate  in  song.  They /iy77i7i  then- 
Maker's  praise. 
HYMN,  (him,)  v.  i.    To  sing  in  praise  or  adoration. 

Milton. 

HYMN' EX),  pp.    Sung;  praised;  celebrated  in  song. 

HYArNie,  a.    Relating  to  hymns.  Donne. 

H  V.MN'ING,  p;7r.    Praising  in  song  ;  singing. 

IIVMN'ING,  71.    The  singing  of  hymns. 

HY.M-NOL'O-GIST,  71.  A  composer  of  iiymns.  Busby. 

IIYM-NOL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  ^""5  and  Xoyoi.] 

A  collection  of  hymns.  Mcde. 

HV'OID,  a.    A  term  denoting  a  bone  of  the  tongue. 

H?-OS-CY'A-MIN,     )7i.    An  alkaloid  obtained  from 

H?-OS-CY-AM'I-NA,  V    Hvoscyamus  niger,  and  con- 

HY-OS-CY'A-MA,  )  sidered  tobe  newand  pecu- 
li.ir.  Thomson  supposes  that  it  is  identical  with 
Mtropina  or  Daturina  ;  but  the  effects  of  Hyoscya- 
mus  differ  too  nmch  from  Atropa  and  Datura,  to  allow 
any  probability  to  Thomson's  hypothesis. 

HYP,  71.  [A  contraction  of  hypocUuudrias.]  A  disease ; 
depression  of  sjiirits. 

HYP,  17.  t.  To  make  melancholy;  to  depress  the 
spirits.  Spectator. 

Hy-PyE'THRAL,  a.  [Or.  ino,  under,  and  aiUrjp,  the 
air.] 

In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  a  building  or  tem- 
ple without  a  roof.  Qailt. 
HY-PAL'LA-GE,  (hi|)-pal'la-jy,)  71.     [Gr.  ti7r,iAAa>  17, 
change,  from  iinaXXaaaui  ;   viro   and  ciAAuoow,  to 
change.] 

In  grammar,  a  figure  consisting  of  a  mutual  change 
of  cases.  'I'hus,  in  Virgil,  dare  classibus  austros,  Cur 
dare  classes  austris,  llypallage  is  a  species  of  hyper- 
baton. 

HY-PAS'PtST,  fhip-)  71.  [Gr.  vnaattiaTtn ;  viro  and 
aiyTTf;,  a  shield.] 

A  soldier  in  the  armies  of  Greece,  armed  in  a  par- 
ticular manner.  Mitjord. 
HY'PER  [Gr.  vnep,  Eng.  aver]  is  used  in  composition 
to  denote  excess,  or  something  over  or  bi>yonil, 
2.  71.    A  liyi)ercritic.    [Ml  used.]  Prior. 
II?-I'ER-AS'P1ST,  71.    [Gr.  i7:i/)a(j7ria7-77s ,-  incp  and 
aT.Tis,  a  shiclil,] 

A  defenili-r.  Chillingworth.  MUner. 

HV  IT.R-HAT'lC,  a.    Transposed;  invented. 
llV-l'ER'liA-TO.V,  71.    [Gr.  vnp/lirov,  from  VKCp- 
to  transgress,  or  go  beyond.] 
In  grammar,  a  figurative  construction.  Inverting 
the  nalnral  ami  ]inipi  r  order  of  words  and  sentences. 
The  species  ar.-  the  anastrophe,  the  hysteriin  prote- 
ron,  till-  llypallage,  the  symliysis,  the  tmesis,  the 
pari  Mlhesis,  and  the  proper  hyperbiiton,  which  last 
is  a  long  retention  tif  the  verb  which  completes  the 
senleiice.  Encyc. 
II V-I'ER'IiO-EA,  71.     [Gr.  iircp,  over,  beyond,  and 
(inSX,.,,  to  throw.] 

In  grnmriry,  a  curve  formed  by  a  section  of  a  cone, 
when  till- cutting  jilane  makes  a  greater  angle  with 
the  base  than  the  side  of  the  cone  makes.  H'ibber. 
HV-PI;R'1J(J-I,E,  71.     [Er.  hyperbole;  Gr.  irrcplJoXr,, 


HYP 

excess,  from  itreppaWai,  to  throw  beyond,  to  ex- 
ceed.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  figure  of  speech  which  e\pr  sses 
much  more  or  less  than  the  truth,  or  which  repre- 
sents things  much  greater  or  less,  better  or  worse, 
than  they  really  are.  An  object  uncommon  in  size, 
either  great  or  small,  strikes  us  with  surprise,  and 
this  emotion  produces  a  momentary  conviction  that 
the  object  is  greater  or  less  than  it  is  in  reality.  The 
same  eflect  attends  figurative  grandeur  or  littleness  ; 
and  hence  the  use  of  the  hyperbole,  which  expresses 
this  momentary  conviction.  The  following  are  in- 
stances of  the  use  of  this  figure. 

lie  was  owner  of  a  piece  of  ground  not  larger  tlian  a  Tjacede- 

moiiian  letter.  Lotigiiius, 
If  a  man  can  number  the  dust  of  the  earth,  then  shall  thy  seed 
also  be  nuinbcred.  —  Gen.  xiii. 

Ipse  arduus,  alt-aque  pulsat 
SiJera.  Virgil. 
He  was  so  g:aunt,  Uie  case  of  a  Hagelet  w.as  a  mansion  for  hun. 

altak. 

H?-PER-BOL'ie,        }  a.     Belonging  to  the  hyper- 
HY-PER-BOL'ie-AL,  (     bola ;  liaving  the  nature  of 
the  hyperbola. 

2.  Relating  to  or  containing  hyperbole  ;  exaggerat- 
ing or  diminishing  beyond  the  fact ;  exceeding  the 
truth  ;  ,as,  a  hyperbolical  expression. 

Hyperbolic  space :  in  geometry,  the  area  compre- 
hentied  between  the  curve  of  a  hyperbola  and  a 
dtjuble  ordinate. 


In  the  form  of  a  hy- 
a  manner  to  express 


HY-PER-BOL'ie-AL-LY,  ado 
perbola. 

2.  With  exaggeration  ;  in 
more  or  less  than  the  truth. 

Scylla  —  is  hyperbolically  described  by  Homer  as  inaccessible. 

Broome. 

H?-PER-BOL'I-FORM,  a.    [hyperbola  and  form.] 
Having  the  form,  or  nearly  the  form,  of  a  hyper- 
bohi.  Johnson. 
HY-PER'BO-LIS.M,  n.   The  use  of  hyperbole. 

Jefferson. 

H?-PER'BO-LIST,  71.    One  who  uses  hvperboles. 
HY-PER'BO-LIZE,  v.  i.    To  speak  or  write  with  ex- 
aggeration. Mountao-u. 
H5-PER'BO-LrZE,  v.  t.    To  exaggerate  or  extenuate. 

Fotherby. 

IIY-PER'BO-LOID,  71.  [hyperbola,  and  Gr.  iiSof, 
form.] 

A  hyperbolic  conoid  ;  a  solid  formed  by  the  revi  lu- 
tion  of  a  hyperbola  about  its  axis.         Ed.  Encyc. 
HY-PER-Bo'RE-AN,  a.    [L.  hyperboreus :  Gr.  i.rt.o- 
/iopcoi  ;  I'in-E/j,  beyond,  and /:>of>f((v,  the  north.] 

1.  Northern  ;  belonging  to  or  inhabiting  a  region 
very  far  north  ;  most  northern. 

2.  Very  cold  ;  frigid.  ^ 
HY-PER-BcVRE-AN,  71.    An  inhabitant  nf  the  most 

northern  region  of  the  earth,  l^he  ancients  gave 
this  deniiniination  to  the  people  ami  places  to  the 
northward  of  the  Scythians,  people  and  regions  of 
which  they  had  little  or  nti  knowledge.  The  livjier- 
boreans,  then,  are  the  Laplanilers,  the  Sanioiedes, 
ami  the  Russians  near  the  White  Sea. 

H?-PER-eXR'BU-RET-ED,  a.  Siipercarbtireted  ; 
h.aving  the  largest  proportion  of  carbon.  Silliman. 

HY-PER-CAT-A-LEe'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  t.TMkuruA7,«ri- 
kog  ;  vntp  and  Kara\tj<ii,  termination.] 

A  hypercalalectic  verse,  in  Gretrk  and  T.atin  poetry, 
is  a  verse  which  has  a  syllable  or  two  beyond  the 
regular  and  just  measure.  Bailey.  Enciic. 

Il-f-PER-CRIT'ie,  71.  [Fr.  hypercritiiine ;  Gr.  imp, 
beyond,  and  kpitiko^,  critical.    See  Critic.] 

One  who  is  critical  beyond  measure  or  reason  ;  an 
over-rigid  critic ;  a  captious  censor.  Drydrn. 

IIY  PER-CRIT'IC,       ;  a.    Over-critical ;  critical  bc- 

n?-PER-eRIT'ie-AL,  \  yom\  use  or  reason  ;  ani- 
m.idverting  on  faults  with  unjust  severity  ;  as,  a 
hypercritical  reader.  Swift. 

2.  Excessively  nice  or  exact ;  as,  a  hypercritical 
punctilio.  Ecehfn. 

HY-PKR-CRIT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  hypercritical 
manner. 

HY-I'ER-eRIT'I-CISM,  71.  Excessive  rigor  of  criti- 
cism. Med.  Rrpos.  Bailey. 

II?-PER-DU'LI-A,  71.  [Gr.  v-cp,  beyond,  and  i\„v\:ta, 
service.] 

Super-service  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  per- 
formed to  the  Virgin  Mary.  Ihher. 

IlY-l'I'.lt'I  CO.V,  71.    Jidin's  wort.  Stnliety. 

IIY-I'K'RI-ON,  71.  A  name  of  ,\piilln,  the  god  of  clay, 
who  was  distinguished  for  his  beauty. 

Su  exc'lii'iit  a  kipiff ;  that  waa  to  lliis, 

Hypcriun  ti>  a  Batyr.  Shak. 

[Pronounced  IlyperVon  in  the  classics.] 
lit  i'lCU'.'ME-TKR,  n.     [Gr.  uirtp,  beyond,  and  /n 
TjHn ,  measure.] 

Any  thing  greater  than  the  ordinary  stanilard  of 
measure.  Addison. 

A  verse  is  called  a  hypermeter,  when  it  contains  a 
syllable  more  than  Ih"  orilinary  measure.  When 
this  is  the  case,  the  following  line  begins  with  a 
vowel,  and  tin;  redundant  syllable  of  the  former  line 
blenils  with  the  fust  of  the  following,  and  they  are 
read  as  one  svllMble. 
HY  PER  .MET'Rie  AL,  a.  Exceeding  the  common 
nieiisurt! ;  having  a  redundant  syllable.  Rambler 


PATE,  Fill,  FALL.  WIl^T — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


p70 


HYP 


HYP 


HYT 


n?-PER-OR'THO.DOX-Y,  n.  Ortliodoxy  indulged 
to  excess.  Dick. 

H5-PER-OX'yD,  71.    [Gr.  v-rnp  and  oixjd.] 

That  whicli  lias  an  excess  of  oxygun  ;  a  super- 
oxvd. 

II?-i'i:R-OX'Y-GE.\-A-TED,  )  a.  ffir.  ilrt,;,  beyond, 
IIt-PEU-OX'Y-GEN-IZ-£U,  (     and  oiyscmUcd,  or 

oiHireiiiied,] 
Super-saturated  with  cTygcn.  [04s.] 

Dancin,    Med.  Rr/ws. 
HY-rER-OX -Y-MO'RI-ATB,  n.   Tlie  same  as  Urn-o- 

HATK.  [Oi.s.l 
II?-PER-0.\-Y-.MU-Rt-.\T'ie,  a.    The  hypcroiymuri- 

alic  ai  id  is  llie  cliloric  acid.  [Oi.>-.] 
HT-PER-PllVS'ie-.\L,  a.    Supi  rnatiiral. 
HV-PER-SaR-CO'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  i-cp,  beyond,  and 

(ra..f,  tiesli.j 
Proud  or  tunp;oiis  flesh. 
Ht'PER-STEXE,    )  n.    [So  named  from  its  diffiriilt 
U?'PEK-STHE.\E,  ]      fraiigibility.     Gr.   inip  and 

aOci'Oi.] 

A  mmcral,  Labrador  iiornbli  nde,  or  schillerspar. 
Its  coJor  is  between  grayish  and  greenish-blacl<,  but 
nearly  copper-red  on  llie  cleavage.  Kincun.  PUtllips. 

It  is  a  foliated  variety  of  eillicr  augite  or  horne- 
hlende.  Dana. 
lI?-PER-STHEN'ie,  a.    Composed  of  or  containing 
hypersthcno. 

Ilt-PER-TIIYR'I-ON,  n.  [Gr.  incp  and  Ovptov,  a 
door.] 

That  part  of  the  architrave,  in  baildinir,  whicli  is 
ovt'r  a  door  or  window. 

II9-PER-TKOPll'ie,       la.    Producing  or  tending 

ll?-PER-TR()PII'ie-Al.,  (    to  produce  hypertrophy. 

II9-PER'TRO-PlIY,  n.    [Gr.  I'.Tto  and  T,w4,t,.] 

In  medicine,  the  enlargement  of  a  part  of  the  body 
from  excess  of  nourishment.  P.  Cijc. 

Ilf  PIIE.V,  n.    [Gr.  •ri^tj',  under  one,  or  to  one.] 

.\  mark  or  short  line  made  between  two  words  to 
show  ih.at  they  form  a  compound  word,  or  are  to  be 
connected;  as  in  pre-uccujiicd  ;  Jinc-teared ;  ink-^itand. 
In  icriting  and  printing,  the  hyphen  is  used  to  con- 
nect the  syllables  of  a  divided  word,  and  is  placed 
after  the  syllable  that  closes  a  line,  denoting  the  con- 
nection of  that  syllable,  or  part  of  a  word,  with  the 
first  syllable  of  the  next  line. 

IIYP-NOT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  iWf.s,  sleep.] 

Having  the  quality  of  producing  sleep;  tending  to 
produce  sleep  ;  soporific.  Bruirn. 

nVP-NOT'ie,  II.  A  medicine  that  produces  or  tends 
to  produce  sleep  ;  an  o[)iate  ;  a  so[)oriIic. 

II?'P(J ;  a  Greek  prepositiim,  iizi,  nn<ler,  beneath  ; 
used  in  compositiun.  'PIms,  Iniposiilphuric  acid  is  an 
acid  containing  less  oxygen  than  sulphuric  acid. 

IIY-POB'O-LE,  ju  [Gr.  uffo,  under,  and  lSa\\u>,  to 
cast.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  figure'  in  which  several  things  are 
mentiiined  that  seem  to  make  against  the  argument, 
or  ill  favor  of  the  opposite  side,  and  each  of  them  is 
refuted  ill  order.  Kncyc. 
IIYP'O-GAUST,  B.  [Gr.  viroKavaTiv  ;  uiro  and  kuiu, 
to  burn.] 

1.  Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  a  subterra- 
neous pl.ace  where  was  a  furnace  to  heat  baths. 

2.  Among  the  moderns,  the  place  where  a  fire  is 
kept  to  warm  a  stove  or  a  hothouse.  Eiicyc. 

llVP-O-eilON'DRY,  ...  See  HvpocHONDRiA. 

IIYP-0-eao.\'DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.,  from  iiro  and  X"»'- 
6po{,  a  cartilage.] 

1.  In  anatiimy,  the  sides  of  the  belly  under  the  car- 
tilaaes  of  the  spurious  ribs  ;  the  sjiaces  on  each  side 
of  the  epigastric  region,  Coxe.  Kncyc. 

•2.  Hypochondriac  complaints,  being  a  combina- 
tion of  melancholia  and  djspepsia,  consisting  in 
gloomy  ideas  of  life,  dejected  spirits,  and  indisposi- 
tion to  activity.  The  true  name  of  tliis  disease  is 
Hypochondriasis.  Tatlrr. 
IIYP-0-eHON"l)Rl-Ae,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  hypo- 
chondria, or  the  p;irts  of  the  body  so  called  ;  as,  the 
hypochondriac  region. 

2.  Allected  by  a  disease,  attended  with  debility, 
depression  of  spirits,  or  melancholy. 

.'t.  Producing  melancholy,  or  low  spirits. 
HVP  O  eilO.\'DRI-Ae,  n.    A  pi  rs.ui  arfcctcd  with 

debilitv,  low  ness  of  spirits,  or  nielancholv. 
HVP-O  eiIO.\-URI'Ae-AL,  a.   The  same  as  IIvpo- 

CHOXDRIAC. 

IIYP-O-eno.N  DRI'.\e-AL-LY,  <K/r.    In  a  depressed 

or  melaneliolv  manner. 
HYP-0-eilt).\:DRI'.\-nsM,  n.    A  disease  charnctcr- 

izeii  by  languor  or  debility,  depression  of  spirits  or 

nielancholv,  with  dvspepsy.  Dtinein. 
IIYP-0-eilOX-DRl'.\.SIS,  n.  Ilypoclioiidriacism. 
HV  PO-ClST'lti,  n.    [Gr.  urruuionj,  sub  cisto,  under 

the  cistns.] 

An  inspissated  Juice  obtained  from  the  Cylinus 
IlypccisUs.  The  juice  is  expressed  from  the  iinri|)e 
fruit  and  evaporated  to  the  consistence  of  an  extract, 
formed  into  cakes  and  dried  in  the  siin.  It  is  an  as- 
tringent, useful  in  diarrheas  and  hemorrhages. 

£ncyc. 


HV-PO-eRA-TER'I-FORM,  a.  [Gr.  urrj,  under,  a-iu- 
rr/n,  a  cup,  and  form.] 

Tubular  below,  but  suddenly  expanding  into  a  Hat 
border  at  top  ;  applied  to  a  iiionopetalous  enrol. 

Bi:ref(>fr, 

HY-POe'RI-SY,  (hip-pnk're-sy,)  n.  [Fr.  hypocrisic; 
Ii.  hypoerisis ;  Gr.  vno<ptati,  simulation;  vnu^|^t- 
vopai,  to  feign  ;  v-nn  and  Kpivot,  to  separati?.] 

I.  Siuiulatiim  ;  a  feigning  to  be  what  one  is  not ; 
or  dissiiiiulati(m,  a  concealment  of  one's  real  charac- 
ter or  motives.  Jiforc  trencrally,  hypocrisy  is  siiiiiila- 
tion,  or  the  assuming  of  a  false  appearance  of  virtue 
or  religion  ;  a  deceitful  show  of  a  good  character,  in 
morals  or  religion  ;  a  counterfeiting  of  religion. 


2.  SiniulatioR  ;  deceitful  appearance  ;  false  pre- 
tense. 

Hypocrisy  is  thf  ii'-wss^iry  bunlrn  of  villniny.  Rambler, 
HYP'O-CRI'l'E,  n.    (Pr.  hypocrite  :  Gr.  viroKpnr,i.] 

1.  One  who  feigns  to  be  what  he  is  not  ;  one  who 
h.as  the  form  of  godliness  without  the  jMiwer,  or  w  ho 
assumes  an  appearance  i  f  piety  and  virtue,  when  he 
is  destitute  of  true  religion.. 

And  Ihe  hypoerile^s  Ijopc  shnll  perish.  — Job  viii. 

2.  A  dissembler ;  one  wlio  assumes  a  false  ap[>car- 
ance. 

P.iir  hypocritCt  you  seek  to  cheat  in  vain.  Dryden. 

IIYP-OeRIT'ie,       (a.   Simulating;  counterfeiting 
IIYP-O-GRIT'ie-AL,  (     a  religious  character ;  assum- 
ing a  false  and  deceitful  appearance ;  applied  to 
persons. 

2.  Dissembling;  concealing  one's  real  character  or 
motives. 

3.  Proceeding  from  hypocrisy,  or  marking  liypocri- 
sv  ;  as,  a  hupoeritietil  face  or  look. 

HYP  O-€Kri"ie-AL-LY,   adn.     With    simulation  ; 

with  a  false  appearance  of  what  is  good  ;  f;dsely  ; 

without  sincerity. 
Hf-PO-GAS'TRie,  a.    [Gr.  irro,  under,  ;ind  yaarno, 

the  belly.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  hypoirastrium,  or  middle  part  of 
the  lower  region  of  the  belly. 

2.  An  appellation  given  to  the  internal  branch  of 
the  iliac  artery.  Encyc. 

II«-PO-GAS'TRO-CELE,  n.    [Gr.  iiroj  aurpioi/,  and 
Ki;Ar,,  a  tumor.] 
A  hernia  through  the  walls  of  the  lower  belly. 

Coze. 

IIYP'0-6ENE,  a.    [Gr.  vvo  and  yivopat.'] 

A  term  applied  to  rocks  not  formed  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  but  thrust  up  from  below,  as  granite, 
gneiss,  &c.  Lyell. 

IIY-PO-GP;'UM,  n.  [Gr.  iito,  under,  and  yaia  oi  yr\, 
the  earth.] 

A  name  given  by  ancient  architects  to  all  the  parts 
of  a  budding  which  were  under  ground,  us  the  cel- 
lar, &c.  QwiU. 

IIYP'O-GY'N,  71.    A  hypogynous  plant. 

UY-POG'Y-XOUS,  a.  [Gr.  i-u,  under,  and  yvvn,  a 
female.] 

In  botany,  growing  from  below  the  base  of  the 
ovary.  Lindley. 

IlY-PO-NI'TROi;S  ACID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of 
nitrogen  and  oxygen,  but  containing  less  oxygen 
than  nitrous  acid.  It  is  composed  of  three  eipiiva- 
Icnls  of  oxveen  and  one  of  nitrogen.  Silliman. 

HY-PO-PHOS^PHITE,  71.  A  compound  of  hypophos- 
phoroiis  acid  and  a  salifiable  base. 

HY-PO-PHOS'PHOR-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  i.TO  and  phospho- 
rous.] 

The  hypophosphorous  acid  contains  less  oxygen 
than  the  phosphorous,  and  is  obtained  from  the 
phosphuret  of  barytuni.  It  is  a  liquid  which  may 
be  concentrated  by  evaporation,  till  it  becomes  vis- 
cid. It  has  a  very  sour  t,asie,  reddens  vegetable 
blues,  and  does  not  cryst.illize.  Ure. 
IIY-PO'PI-U.M,  71.  [Gr.  iiTo,  under,  and  Ttuoi',  pus, 
because  there  is  pus  under  thi:  cornea.] 

An  effusion  of  pus  into  the  anterior  chamber  of 
the  eye,  or  that  cavity  which  contains  the  iiqiieous 
humor.  It  is  always  a  mere  sequel  of  an  indamma- 
ticm. 

HY-POS'TA-SIS,  71.  [L.  hypostasis;  Fr.  hxjpostase ; 
Gr.  i»T'»(Tr(io-t5,  from  vr,o,  and  htt7//h,  to  slaiul.] 

Prnperbi,  subsistence  or  substance.  Hence  it  Is 
used  to  denote  distinct  substance,  or  subsistence  of 
the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit,  in  the  Godhead, 
callid  by  the  Greek  Christians  three  hypostases. 
The  Latins  more  generally  used  persona  to  express 
the  sense  of  hyp  'St.nsis,  and  this  is  the  modern  prac- 
tice. VVe  say,  the  Gudhead  consists  of  three  per- 
sons. 

HY  PO-ST.VT'ie,       )  a.    Relating  to  hypostasis  ; 

HY  PO  STAT'ie-AL,  j  constitutive. 

I*el  oiir  CAnieatl'^  warn  nvn  not  to  iiibscrihe  to  the  ^rand  Joc- 
trint*  of  Ihf  cheinicu,  tmichin;  their  Uirce  hypotflUcai  pniici- 
plr»,  till  iht-y  ba»c  a  litUe  exajnined  iL  Boyie. 

2.  Personal,  or  distinctly  personal ;  or  constituting 
a  distinct  substance  Pearson. 


HV-PO-STAT'ie-AL-LY,  adc.  Personally. 

II  9-P()-Sl'I, 'I'll  ATE,  71.  A  compound  of  liypiisiilpliu- 
ric  aeiil  anil  a  base. 

IIY  PO  SUL'PIII  TE,  n.  A  compound  of  liyfiosulphur- 
nus  acid  and  a  salilialili;  base. 

Ilt-PO  SCL-PIIC'RIC,  a.  Hyposulphuric  arid  is  an 
acid  combination  of  snlphiir  and  oxygen,  interme- 
diate between  sulphurous  and  sul|ihiiric  acid.  Ure. 

Ht-I'O-SUL'PHUR-OlJS,  a.  Ilvpo-mlphurous  acid  is 
an  acid  containing  less  oxygtrii  than  sulphurous  acid. 
This  acid  is  known  only  in  cuiiibiii.itioii  w  itii  saliliu- 
ble  bases.  Ore.  Henry. 

H Y-I'OT'E-.NC'.'^E,  71.  [Gr.  isxreifuucii,  part,  of  iim- 
Tcifw,  to  subtend.] 

In  ireomrtry,  \\v:  subtense  or  Iimgest  side  of  ?l  right- 
angled  triangles,  or  the  line  that  subtends  the  right 
angb?.  Kncttc 

HY-POTU'E-e.^TE,  r.  L  [L.  hypotheca,  a  |>ledge  ; 
Gr.  i~iOiiKn,  from  izunOripi,  to  put  under,  to  sup- 
pose.] 

1.  To  pledge,  and,  property,  to  pledge  the  keel  of 
a  ship,  that  is,  the  ship  itself,  as  security  for  the  re- 
payment of  money  borrowed  to  carry  on  a  voyage. 
In  this  case,  the  lender  hazards  the  loss  of  his  money 
by  the  loss  of  the  ship  ;  but  if  the  ship  returns  safe, 
he  receives  his  principal,  with  the  premium  or  inter- 
est agreed  on,  though  it  may  exceed  the  legal  rate  of 
interest.  Btackstunc.  Park. 

2.  To  pledge,  in  general,  for  the  security  of  a  cred- 
itor, as  gtiods,  stocks,  &.c.  Park. 

HV-POTirE-eA-TEl),  pp.  Pledged  as  security  for 
nionev  borrou-ed. 

HY-POTH  E  C.\  'riN'G,  ppr.    Pledging  as  security. 

HY-POTII-E-CA'TIU.N',  n.  The  act  of  pledging,  as 
a  security  for  debt,  without  parting  with  the  iiiinie- 
diate  possession,  differing  in  this  last  particular  from 
tile  simple  jiled^e.  Brandt. 

HY-POTil'E  C.\-TOR,  n.  One  who  pledges  a  ship  or 
other  property  as  security  for  the  repayment  of  money 
borrowed.  jml"e  Johnson. 

IIY-POTII'E  NOSE,  71.    Hypotenuse,  which  see. 

11  Y-POTII'E-SIS,  K.  [I..,  from  (ir.  inroOcaif,  a  suppo- 
sition ;  iTToriUniii,  to  suppose  ;  iiro  and  riUrn".] 

1.  A  supposition  ;  a  proposition  or  [irinciple  which 
is  supposed  or  taken  for  granted,  in  order  to  draw  a 
conclusion  or  inference  for  proof  of  the  imiiit  in 
question  ;  something  not  proved,  but  assumed  fur 
tlie  purpose  of  argumriit.  t'.nryc. 

2.  A  system  or  theory  imagined  or  assumed  to  ac- 
count for  what  is  not  understood.  Encyc. 

HY-PO-THET'ie,        j  a.    Ineluiling  a  supposition  ; 

HY-PO-THET'ie-AL,  (  conditional ;  assumed  with- 
out proof  for  the  purpose  of  reasoning  and  deducing 
proof.  Hutu. 

HY-PU-TllET'ie-AL  BAP'TIS.M.    See  Baptism. 

HY-PO-THET'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  supposi- 
tion  ;  conditionally. 

HY-PO-TYP-6'SIS,  11.  [Gr.]  In  rhetoric,  imagery  ;  a 
description  of  things  in  stnmg  or  lively  colors. 

IIYP'P/;i),  (hipt,)  pp.    M.ade  melancholy. 

HYP'PISII,  a.    .Allected  with  hypochondria. 

HYRSE,  (hirs,)  71.    [G.  hirse.] 
Millet. 

HYRST,  71.    A  wood.    [See  Hurst.] 
IIY'SO.X,  n.    A  species  of  green  tea  from  China. 
HYS'SOP,  (lii'/.up  or  his'sup,)  7i.    [L.  hyssvpms  :  Gr. 
iiaatoiroi.    It  would  be  well  to  write  tins  word  Hy- 

SOP.] 

A  pl.ant,  Ilyssopus  officinalis.  The  leaves  have  an 
aromatic  smell,  and  a  warm,  pungent  taste.  Some- 
thing called  hyssop  was  much  used  by  the  Jews  in 
purifications.  Encyc. 

IIYS-TER'IC,        (a.    [Tt.  hysteriqiie ;  Gr.  larcoiKOf, 

IlYS-TER'ie-AL,  (     from  vortia,  the  womb.]  ' 

Disordered  in  the  region  of  the  womb ;  troubled 
with  fits  or  nervous  affections. 

HYS-TER'ies,  1 71.    A  disease  characterized  by  con- 

HYS-Te'RI-.A,  i  vulsive  struggling,  alternately  re- 
mitting and  exacerbating  ;  rumbling  in  the  btiwels  ; 
sense  of  suffocation  ;  drowsiness  ;  urine  copious  and 
limpid  ;  temper  fickle.  Qood. 

HYS-TER'O-CELE,  7i.    [Gr.  vcrcoa,  the  womb,  and 
kiiAt),  a  tumor.] 
A  species  of  hernia  containing  the  womb.  Coze. 

HYS-TER  OL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  icrtn.f  and  Ao,o$.] 
In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which  the  ordinary  course 
of  thought  is  inverted  in  expression,  and  the  last  put 
first  ;  called  also  hiistrron-proteron. 

HYS'TER-O.N-PROT'ER-ON,  7i.  [Gr.  iarepoy,  last, 
and  -puTtp'iv,  first.] 

In  grammar,  a  figure  in  which  the  wi  rd  ih.at  should 
follow  conies  first ;  as,  vnlet  atque  vicit,  '*  he  is  well 
and  lives."  Hence  the  word  is  sometimes  used  to 
denote  an  anachronism,  or  the  putting  uf  a  later  his- 
torical event  before  an  earlier  one.        Enciic.  .Iin 

HYS-TER-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  iiarepa,  the  uterus,  and 
ToiiTi,  a  cutting.] 

In  surgery,  the  Cesarean  section  ;  the  operation  of 
cutting  into  the  uterus,  for  taking  out  a  fetus  which 
can  not  be  excluded  bv  the  usual  inca:js, 

IIYTIIE,  n.    .\port.    [See  Uitiie.] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  j  ;  S  as  Z  ;  Ch  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


IBE 


ICE 


ICl 


I is  tlie  ninth  letter,  anil  the  third  rowel,  of  the  Eng- 
lish alphabet.  \Ve  receive  it,  through  the  Latin 
and  Greek,  from  the  Shemitic  ji'd,je,  or  ye,  in  Greek 
loira,  whence  our  En^'lish  word  jot.  This  vowel  in 
French,  and  in  most  European  languages,  has  the 
long,  fine  sound,  which  we  express  by  e  in  ?np,  or  ec 
in  ser.n,  meek.  This  sound  we  retain  in  some  foreign 
words  which  are  naturalized  in  our  language,  as  in 
viachuie,  mtrisrne.  But  in  most  English  words  this 
long  sound  is  shortened,  as  in  holiness,  pity,  gift  ;  in 
which  words  the  sound  of  i  coincides  with  that  of 
y  in  hypocrite,  and  at  the  end  of  words  in  unaccented 
syllables,  as  in  holy,  glory.  It  is  this  sl.ort  sound  of 
the  French  and  Italian  i  which  we  hear  in  the  pro- 
nunciation of  bten,  which  we  pronounce  bin.  After 
I,  this  letter  has  sometimes  the  liquid  souiid  of  y,  m 
in  million,  pronounced  milyon.  This  sound  corresponds 
with  that  of  the  Hebrews,  as  in  .Inseph,  which  in  Syria 
is  pronounced  Yoseph,  and  with  the  sound  of  tlie  Ger- 
man j,  as  in  ja,  jallr,  that  is,  ya,  yakr. 

The  sound  of  i  long,  as  in.A«f,  kinJ,  arise,  is  diph- 
thongal ;  it  begins  with  a  sound  approaching  to  that 
of  broad  a,  but  it  is  not  exactly  the  same,  as  the  or- 
gans are  not  opened  to  the  same  extent,  and  there- 
fore the  sound  begins  a  little  above  that  of  aw.  The 
sound,  if  continued,  closes  with  one  that  nearly  ap- 
proaches to  that  of  e  long.  This  sound  can  be  learned 
only  by  the  ear. 

This  letter  enters  into  several  digraphs,  as  in  fail, 
field,  seize,  feign,  vain,  friend  ;  and  with  o  in  oil,  join, 
coin,  it  helps  to  form  a  proper  diphthong. 

No  English  word  ends  with  i ;  but  when  the  sound 
of  the  letter  occurs  at  the  end  of  a  word,  it  is  ex- 
pressed by  y  :  alkali,  banditti,  and  a  few  other  words 
of  foreign  origin,  are  tlie  only  excei>tions. 

As  a  numeral,  I  signifies  one,  and  stands  for  as 
many  units  as  it  is  repeated  in  times,  as  II,  two.  III, 
three,  &c.  When  it  stands  before  V  or  X,  it  sub- 
tracts itself,  and  the  numerals  denote  one  less  than 
the  V  nr  the  X.  Thus  IV  expresses  four,  one  less 
than  'V,five ;  IX  stands  for  jtine,  one  less  than  X,ten. 
But  when  it  is  placed  after  V  or  X,  it  denotes  the  ad- 
dition of  a  unit,  or  as  many  units  as  the  letter  is 
repeated  in  limes.  Thus  VI  is  fre  and  one,  or  siz  ; 
and  XI  is  ten  and  one,  or  eleven  ;  VIII  stands  for  Jioe 
and  tJiree,  or  eight,  &.c. 

Among  the  ancient  Romans,  10  stood  for 500  ;  CIO, 
for  1000;  100,  for  5000;  CCIOO,  for  10,000  ;  1000, 
for  50,000  ;  and  CCUIOOO,  for  100,000. 

I,  formerly  prefixed  to  some  English  words,  as  in 
ibuilt,  is  a  contraction  of  the  Saxon  prefix  ge ;  and 
more  generally  this  was  written  y. 
I,  pron.  [Sax.  ic  ;  Goth,  and  I),  ik ;  G.  ich;  Sw.  jag; 
Dan.  jeg  ;  Gr.  cyoj ;  L.  ego ;  Port,  cu  ;  Sp.  yo  ;  It.  io ; 
Fr.je;  Hnns.  agam.  In  Armoric  mc  is  the  nomina- 
tive ;  so  W.  mi,  Fr.  moi,  Hindoo,  me.  Either  ego  is 
contracted  from  mego,  or  /  and  me  are  from  different 
roots.  It  is  certain  that  mc  is  contracted  from  meg  or 
mig.    See  Me.] 

The  pronoun  of  the  first  person  ;  the  word  which 
expresses  one's  self,  or  that  by  which  a  speaker  or 
writer  denotes  himself.  It  is  only  the  nominative 
case  of  the  pronoun  ;  in  the  objective  case  we  use 
me.    I  am  attached  to  study  ;  study  delights  me. 

We  often  hear,  in  popular  language,  the  phrase  it 
is  me,  which  is  now  considered  to  be  ungrammatical, 
for  it  is  I.  But  the  phrase  may  have  come  down  to 
us  from  the  use  of  the  Welsh  mi,  or  from  the  French 
use  of  the  phrase  c'cjf  moi. 

\n  the  plural,  we  use  we  and  us,  which  appear  to 
be  words  radically  distinct  from  /. 

Johnson  observes  that  Sliakspeare  uses  /  for  ay  or 
yes.  In  this  he  is  not  followed,  and  the  use  is  incor- 
rect. 

I-A.M'Bie,  n.    [Fr.  iambijue ;  L.  iambicus ;  Gr.  iaii0t- 
/<«.] 

rcrtammg  to  the  iambus,  a  poetic  foot  consisting 
of  two  syllables  a  short  one  followed  by  a  long  one. 
T-A.M'Hie,  /  ■    ,       „         ,  , 

I-A.M'BUS,  )       L''-  ><"'ili";  Gr.  Ki/j/^fif.] 

In  poetry,  a  foot  consisting  of  two  syllables,  the 
first  short  and  the  last  long,  as  in  delight.    The  fol- 
lowing line  consists  wholly  of  iambic  feet: 
lie  KonM  I  ihe  furt>'  |  lhal  dnrr-»  )  liU  fii  [  ry  iUiy. 
T-AM'Bie-AI^I,Y,  ndr.    After  the  manner  of  iambics. 
I-A.M'Blt/'S,  n.  pi.    Verses  coinposid  of  short  and  long 
syllables  alternately.    .Anciently,  certain  songs  or  sat- 
ires, supposed  to  have  given  birth  to  ancient  com- 
edy. 

I-A-TRO-LKP'TIC,  a.    [Gr.  larooj  and  a\ti<po>.] 

'I'liat  which  cures  by  anointing. 
I'BEX,  n.    [L.]    A  H|H;cies  of  Caprn,  or  goat,  inhabit- 
ing tho  Alps,  Pyrenees,  Apennines,  &c.    The  male 


is  red-brown  in  summer,  and  gray-brown  in  winter. 
The  female  is  earthy-brown  and  ashy.  The  young 
is  gr.ay.  The  horns  of  the  male  are  flat,  and  bent 
backward,  with  two  longitudinal  ridges  at  the  sides, 
crossed  by  numerous  transverse  knots.  The  horns 
of  the  female  are  short,  more  erect,  with  three  or 
four  knots  in  front. 

The  JEgagrus,  or  wild  goat  of  the  mountains  of 
Persia,  appears  >o  be  the  slock  of  the  tame  goat. 
The  Ibez  is  a  distinct  species.  Cuvier. 

IB'II) ;  a  contraction  of  ilndem. 

IB-I'DE.M,  [L.]    In  Ike  same  place. 

i'BIS,  n.  [Gr.  and  L.]  A  genus  of  grallatorj'  birds, 
one  of  whose  most  remarkable  species  is  the  Ibis 
religiosa  of  Cuvier.  Tliisisfound  throughout  Africa. 
It  was  reared  in  the  teinples  of  ancient  Egypt,  with 
a  degree  of  respect  bordering  on  adoration.  Ibis 
rubra,  another  species,  is  found  in  all  the  hot  parts 
of  America. 

I-eA'llI-AN,  a.  [from  Icarus,  the  son  of  Daidalus, 
who  (led  on  wings  to  escape  the  resentment  of  Minos  ; 
but  his  tlight,  being  too  high,  was  fatal  to  him,  as  the 
sun  melted  the  wax  that  cemented  his  wings. j 

Adventurous  in  flight;  soaring  too  high  for  safety, 
like  Icarus. 

ICE,  71.  [Sax.  is,  isa;  G.  eis;  D.  ys  ;  Dan.  its;  Sw. 
and  Ice.  is;  Ir.  cuise.  The  true  orthography  would 
be  ise.  The  primary  sense  is  doubtless  to  set,  to  fix, 
to  congeal,  or  harden.  It  may  be  allied  to  the  G. 
eism,  iron  ;  perhaps  also  to  L.  os,  a  bone.] 

1.  Water  or  other  fluid  congealed,  or  in  a  solid 
state;  a  solid,  transparent,  brittle  substance,  formed 
by  the  congelation  of  a  fluid,  by  means  of  the  ab- 
straction of  the  heat  necessary  to  preserve  its  fluidity, 
or,  to  use  common  language,  congealed  by  cold. 

2.  Concreted  sugar. 

To  break  the  ice,  is  to  make  the  first  opening  to 
any  attempt;  to  remove  the  first  obstructions  or  dif- 
ficulties ;  to  open  the  way.  ShaJi. 
ICE,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  ice ;  to  convert  into  ice. 

Fletcher. 

9.  To  cover  with  concreted  sugar;  to  frost. 

3.  To  chill ;  to  freeze.  [Puller. 
ICE'BERG,  71.    [ice  and  G.  berg,  a  hill.] 

A  hill  or  mountain  of  ice,  or  a  vast  body  of  ice 
floating  on  the  ocean. 

This  term  is  applied  to  such  elevated  masses  as 
exifl  in  the  valleys  of  the  frigid  zones;  to  those 
which  are  found  on  the  surface  of  fixed  ice  ;  and  to 
ice  of  great  thickness  and  hight  in  a  floating  state. 
These  lofty  floating  masses  are  sometimes  detached 
from  the  icebergs  on  shore,  and  sometimes  formed 
at  a  distance  from  any  land.  They  are  found  in 
both  the  frigid  zones,  and  are  sometimes  carried 
toward  the  equator  as  low  as  40°.  Ed.  Encyc. 

ICE'-BIRD,  n.    A  bird  of  Greenland. 

ICE'BLIiS'K,  ?i.  A  name  given  by  seamen  to  a  bright 
appearance  near  the  horizon,  occasioned  by  the  ice, 
and  observed  before  the  ice  itself  is  seen.  Encyc. 

ICE'-B5AT,  h.  A  strong  boat,  commonly  propelled 
by  steam,  used  to  break  a  passage  through  ice. 

2.  A  boat  for  sailing  on  the  surface  of  ice  ;  much 
used  in  Holland.  Hebert, 

ICE'-BOUND,  a.  In  seamcn^s  language,  totally  sur- 
rounded with  ice,  so  as  to  be  incapable  of  advancing. 

Mar.  Diet. 

ICE'-BUILT,  (-bill,)  o.   Composed  of  ice. 

2.  Loaded  with  ice.  Oray. 
ICE'-CRkAM,  71.    Cream  flavored  and  congealed  by  a 
freezing  mixture.    Sometimes,  instead  of  cream,  the 
matrrials  of  a  custard  are  used. 
ICK'-l'ALLS,  71.       Falls  composed  of  ice.  Coleridge. 
ICE'-Fi,OE,  71.    A  large  mass  of  floating  ice. 
ICE'-GLaZ-A-'D,  a.    Glazed  or  incrusted  with  ice. 

Coleridge. 

ICE'-IIOUSE,  77.  [ice  and  house.]  A  repository  for 
the  preservation  of  ice  during  warm  weather;  a  pit 
with  a  drain  for  conveying  olT  the  water  of  the  ice 
whi  n  dissolved,  and  usually  covered  with  a  roof. 

ICE'-TSLE,  (Ise'Ile,)  71.  [ice  and  isic]  A  vast  body 
of  lloating  ice,  such  as  is  often  seen  in  the  Atlantic, 
olfthr-  banks  of  Newfoundland.  J.  Barlow. 

When  flat  and  extending  beyond  the  reach  of 
sight,  it  is  called yifW  ice  ;  whew  smaller,  but  of  very 
large  diuiensious,  it  is  called  a  fine;  when  lofty,  au 
iceberg.  There  are  numerous  other  terms  for  the 
dilfi  iont  app(^arances  of  floating  ice.      KJ.  Kncyc. 

TCE'LAM)-i;it,  «.    A  iialive  of  Iceland. 

ICE-LAN D'lC,  a.  Pi  riaining  to  Iceland  ;  and  as  a 
noun,  the  language  of  Ihi'  Icelanders. 

ICK'LAND-MOSS,  71.  A  kind  of  lichen  common  in 
mouiitaiiiuiiH  districts  of  Europe.  It  is  a  tonic  and 
nutritive. 

ICE'LAND-SPXR,  71.    Calcareous  spar,  in  laminated 


masses,  easily  divisible  into  rhombs,  perfectly  similal 
to  the  primitive  rhomb.  Cleaveland. 

iCE'-PLaIN,  71.    A  plain  of  ice.  Coleridge. 

ICE'-PLANT,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Mesembryan- 
themuin,  sprinkled  with  pellucid,  glittering,  watery 
vesicles.  Encyc. 

ICE'SPaR,  71.  A  variety  of  feldspar,  the  crystals  of 
which  resemble  ice.  Jameson. 

ICE'-TONGS,  7!.  pi.  Large  iron  nippers  for  handling 
ice. 

ICH  DIEN,  (eeh  deen,)  [G.]  Literally,  /  ^CT-ce ;  the 
motto  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  Brande. 

ICH-NEu'JION,  n.  [L.,  from  the  Gr.  ixvtviiw,  from 
ixvtvoj,  to  follow  the  steps,  1x^0%,  a  footstep;  a  fol- 
lower of  the  crocodile.] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  Viverra,  or  Mangusta. 
Its  body  is  dotted  equally  all  over  ;  dirty  yellow  and 
slate  color,  each  hair  being  annulated  alternately 
with  these  tints  ;  paws  and  muzzle  black  ;  tail  long 
and  terminated  by  a  diverging  tuft.  It  inhabits  Egypt 
and  feeds  on  the  eggs  of  the  crocodile,  mice,  and  all 
sorts  of  small  animals.  It  is  domesticated.  Its 
native  name  is  J^ems. 

Ichneumon  fly  ;  a  genus  of  flies,  of  the  order  Hy- 
menoptera,  containing  several  thousand  species. 
The  abdomen  is  generally  petiolated,  or  joined  to 
the  body  by  a  pedicle.  These  animals  are  great  de- 
stroyers of  caterpill.iis,  plant-lice,  and  other  insects, 
as  the  ichneumon  is  of  the  eggs  and  young  of  the 
crocodile.  Encyc. 

ICH-NEU-MON'I-DAN,  a.  Relating  to  the  ichneu- 
monidie,  a  familv  ot^predaceous  insects. 

leil-NO-GUAPH'ie,       j  a.     [See  Ichhocraphy.] 

ICH-NO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  j  Pertaining  to  ichnogra- 
phy  ;  describing  a  ground-plot. 

leH-NOG'RA-PHY,  71.  [Gr.  ixi'of,  a  footstep,  and 
ypa\l)Ui,  to  describe.] 

In  drawing,  a  plan ;  a  horizontal  section  of  a 
building  or  other  object,  showing  its  true  dimensions 
according  to  a  geometric  scale.  IleberU 

reilOR,  77.    [Gr.  ixw/<.] 

1.  A  thin,  watery  humor,  like  senim  or  whey. 

2.  Colorless  matter  flowing  from  an  ulcer. 
I'CHOR-OUS,  (7.    Like  ichor;  thin;  watery;  serous. 
ICH'THY-O-COL,       )  n.    [Gr.  ixO"i,  a  fish,  and 
ICH'THY-O-eOL-LA,  (      KuWa,  glue.] 

Fish-glue  ;  isinglass  ;  a  glue  prepared  from  the 
sounds  of  fish.  Tooke. 
ICH-THY-O-DOR'U-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  ixflus,  a  fish, 
6opv,  a  spear,  and  \t(lo;,  stone.] 

The  fossil  dorsal  spine  of  certain  fishes.  Humble. 
I€H-THY-OG'RA-PHY,  71.    [Gr.  ixSvf  and  >-/)ci0w.] 

A  treatise  on  fishes. 
ICH'THY-OID,  a.    [Gr.  fish,  and  aSo;,  form.] 

A  term  ap|)lied  to  saurians  having  many  of  the 
characters  of  a  fish.  P.  Cyc. 

leil'THY-O-LITE,  It.  [Gr.  ixSvs,  a  fish,  and  XiOos, 
a  stone.] 

Fossil  fish  ;  or  the  figure  or  impression  of  a  fish  in 
rock.  Hitchcock. 
leil-THY-O-LOfi'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  iclithy- 
ologv. 

leil-THY-OL'O-GIST,  71.   [See  Ichthyology.]  One 

versed  in  ichthyology. 
ieiI-THY-0L'0-GY,7!.    [Gr.  ixOuj,  a  fish)  and  \oyas, 

discourse.] 

The  science  of  fishes,  or  that  part  of  zoology  which 
treats  of  fishes,  their  structure,  form,  and  classifica- 
tion, their  habits,  uses,  &.C.    Encyc.    Edin.  Encyc. 
leil'THY-O-MAN-CY,  7i.    Divination  by  the  heads 
of  fishes. 

leH-TilY-OPH'A-GlST,  n.    [Gr.  txOvs,  a  fish,  and 

<fia\  io,  to  eat.] 
6ne  who  eats  or  subsists  on  fish. 
leil-THY-OPIPA-GOUS,  a.    [Gr.  ixSi'S,  fish,  and 
(bay  0),  to  eat.] 

E;iting  or  subsisting  on  flsh.  D'.^nrille. 
ieH-TlIY-OPIl'A-GV,  71.    [Supra.]    The  practice  of 
eating  fish. 

leil-TllV-OPH-TIIAL'MITE,  71.  [Gr.  ix9*{,  a  fish, 
and  mptl.iXn  'f,  an  eye.] 

Fish-eye-stone.    [See  AropiiYLLiTE.] 

leil-TlIY-O-SAn'RUtf,  71.  [Gr  ixUi'S.  a  fisl'i  and 
aiivpof,  a  lizard.] 

The  fish-li/.aid,  an  extinct  marine  animal,  whose 
fossil  remains  are  found  in  Engliind  and  other  coun- 
tries, and  whose  ski  lelon  combines  in  its  structure 
the  chaincteristirs  of  a  fish  with  those  of  a  crocodile. 
[Sometimes  written  It  in iivosaub.]  Bnekland. 

ICIl-TllV-o'SlS,  H.  [Cr.]  A  roughness  of  the  skin, 
which  In  comes  thick,  hard,  and  scaly. 

I'Cl-CLK,  (i'sik  kl,)  71.    [Sax.  iees-ge.cel,  D.  yskegcl, 
ice-cone.    Kegel  is  a  cone  or  ninepin.] 
A  pendent  conical  mass  of  ice,  formed  by  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MfiTE,  PBBY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIllD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


IDE 


IDE 


IDI 


freezing  of  water  or  oilier  lluid  as  it  rtows  down 
an  inclined  plane,  nr  collects  in  drops  and  is  siis- 
penilrd.    In  tlie  nortli  of  Un^lanJ,  it  is  callid  irklr. 

I'CI-NESS,  n.    Tlie  state  of  being  icy,  or  of  being 
very  cold. 
2.  'I'lie  state  of  Rcnerating  ice. 

I'CING,  ppr.    Covering  with  ice.  Byron. 
2.  CoveriiiK  with  concreted  sugar. 

I'CI.NG,  lu    A  covering  of  concreted  sugar. 

I'eo.V,  71.  [Gr.  iiKiiv,  an  image,  from  ilku>,  to  resem- 
ble.] 

An  image  or  representation.   [JVot  in  use.'] 

Brown.  Iluknoill. 
I'CON-ISM,  11.    [Or.]    A  figure  or  representation. 

Mure, 

I-eON'O-CLASM,  n.  The  act  of  breaking  or  destroy- 
ing images,  as  of  idolaters.  ■ 

I-eO-N'O-CLAST,  H.  [Fr.  iconoclnste ;  Gr.  cikwi', 
an  image,  and  nXtitTrnif  a  breaker,  from  xAau,  to 
break.] 

A  breaker  or  destroyer  of  images  ;  a  name  wliich 

Roman  Catholics  give  to  those  who  reject  the  use  of 

images  in  religious  worship.  Encijc. 
I-eo.N-O-eLAyT'It),  a.    Breaking  images. 
I-eoN-OG'R.V-PIlV,  ji.    [Gr.  ukuh,  an  image,  and 

J  pd'Oi.i,  to  describe.] 
'I'he  description  of  images  or  ancient  statues, 

busts,  semi-busts,  paintings  in  fresco,  mosaic  works, 

and  ancient  pieces  of  miniature. 
I-eON-OL'A-TER,  ii.    [Gr.  tuajp,  an  image,  and  \a- 

Tpcv\,  a  servant.] 
One  that  worships  images ;  a  name  given  to  the 

Roman  Catholics. 
I-€0.\-OL'0-CY,  71.  [Gr.  £i<c&ii',  an  image,  and  Ao^os, 

a  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  images  or  emblematical  represent- 
ations. Johiisoju 
I-GO-S.A-His'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  tiKoat,  twenty,  and  tdon, 
seat,  basis.] 

Having  twenty  equal  sides  or  faces. 
I-eO-.>^.A-IIE'DRO.\,  n.    [Supra.]    A  solid  of  twenty 
equal  sides  or  faces. 

In  geometry,  a  regular  solid,  consisting  of  twenty 
equal  and  similar  triangular  pyramids  whose  vertices 
meet  in  the  center  of  a  sphere  supposed  to  circum- 
scribe it.  Encyc.  Enfield. 
I-eO-SAi\'DRI-A,n.p/.[Gr.  cikoci,  twenty,  and  arj/o, 
a  male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  twenty  or  more 
stamens  inserted  in  the  calyx.  Linn<ru3. 

I-eO-SAN'DRI-.\N,  j  a.  Pertaining  to  the  class  of 

I-eO-S.\N'DROUS,  (  plants  Icosandria  ;  having 
twenty  or  more  stamens  inserted  in  the  caly.v. 

le-TER'ie,       i  a.         ictmcus,  from  icterus,  jaun- 

le-TER'ie-AL,  i  dice.] 

1.  .Affected  with  the  jaundice. 

2.  Good  in  the  cur«  of  the  j.aundice. 
le-TER'ie,  n.    A  remedy  for  the  jaundice.  Siciyi, 

iI^ter'S-to  usf '  i     t^-  j^" 

Yellow  ;  having  the  color  of  the  skin  when  it  is 
affected  by  the  jaundice. 
I'CY,  a.    [from  ice.]    Abounding  with  ice  ;  as,  the  icy 
regions  of  the  north. 

2.  Cold  ;  frosty  ;  as,  icy  chains  Shak. 

3.  Made  of  ice. 

•1.  Resembling  ice ;  chilling 

Rcli^iua  Injt  not  on  icy  band  on  the  true  ]ojs  of  lif^. 

5.  Cold ;  frigid  ;  destitute  of  affection  or  passion. 

Shak. 

6.  Indifferent ;  unaffected  ;  backward.  Shak. 
rCY-PEARL-£D,  (-perld,)  a.  Studded  with  spangles 

of  ice.  jVUton. 
I'D  ;  contracted  from  I  would  or  I  had. 
ID.  ;  contracted  from  itlrm. 

1-Dk'.\,  n.  [L.  idea;  Fr.  idee;  Gr.  tica,  from  eiioj,  to 
see,  L.  video.] 

1.  Literally,  that  which  is  seen  ;  hence,  form,  im- 
age, model  of  any  thing  in  the  mind;  that  which  is 
held  or  comprehended  by  the  understanding  or  intel- 
lectual faculties. 

I  have  used  the  word  idea,  to  express  whatever  is 
meant  by  phantasm,  notion,  species,  or  whatever  it 
is  which  tile  mind  can  be  employed  about  in  think- 
ing. Locke. 

Whatever  the  mind  perceives  in  itself,  or  is  the 
immediate  object  of  perception,  thought,  or  under- 
standing, that  I  call  an  idea.  Locke 

The  attention  of  the  underst.inding  to  the  objects 
acting  on  it,  by  which  it  becomes  sensible  of  the  im- 
pressions they  make,  is  called  by  logicians  percep- 
tion ;  and  the  notices  thems.'lves,  as  they  exist  in  the 
mind,  as  the  materials  of  thinking  and  knowledge, 
are  distinguished  by  the  name  of  ideas. 

Encyc,  art.  Lorrie. 

An  idea  is  the  reflex  perception  of  objects,  after  the 
original  perception  or  impression  has  been  felt  by  the 
m"id.  Encyc. 

In  popular  tanirmire,  idea  signifies  the  same  thing 
as  conception,  apprehension,  notion.  To  have  an 
idea  of  any  thing  is  to  conceive  it.  In  philosophical 
use.  It  does  not  signify  that  act  of  the  mind  which 


we  call  thought  or  conception,  but  some  object  of 
thought.  Heid. 

According  to  modern  writers  on  mental  iihilosophy, 
an  idea  is  tlie  object  of  thought,  or  the  notice  which 
the  mind  takes  of  its  perceptions. 

Darwin  uses  idea  for  a  notion  of  external  things 
which  our  organs  bring  us  acquainteil  with  originally  ; 
and  lie  defines  it,  a  contraction,  motion, or  configura- 
tion of  the  fibers  which  constitute  the  immediate  or- 
gan of  sense  ;  synonymous  with  which  he  sometimes 
uses  sensual  motion,  in  contradistinction  to  muscular 
motion.  Z.uiin. 

2.  In  popular  use,  idea  signifies  notion,  conception, 
thought,  opinion,  and  even  purpose  or  intention. 

Burke. 

3.  Image  in  the  mind. 

llcr  BWi'cl  utea  wiirnlcR-d  tliroiigh  liiA  thoiighU.  Fair/ax. 
bad  use  of  the  word.] 

4.  An  opinion  ;  a  proposition.  These  decisions  are 
incompatible  with  the  idea,  that  the  principles  are  de- 
rived from  the  civil  law. 

I-Dli'AL,  a.  Existing  in  idea ;  intellectual;  mental  j 
as,  ideal  knowledge. 

There  will  aiways  be  a  wide  interval  between  pmclical  and  irteal 
exccll>^iicc>.  liambter. 

2.  Visionary  ;  existing  in  fancy  or  imagination  on- 
ly ;  as,  ideal  good. 

3.  That  considers  ideas  as  images,  phantasms,  or 
forms  in  tlie  mind ;  as,  the  ideal  theory  or  iihiloso- 
phy. 

I-Uli'A-LESS,  a.    [irfco  and  fcs«.]    Destitute  of  ideas. 

I-Dk'.\L-IS.M,  n.  The  system  or  theory  that  makes 
every  thing  to  consist  in  ideas,  and  denies  the  cTcist- 
ence  of  material  bodies.  H'alsh. 

I-DF:'AL-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  ide- 
alism. 

I-DE-AI/t-TY,  JI.  A  lively  imagination,  united  to  a 
love  of  the  beautiful,  forming,  in  its  higher  exercises, 
one  of  the  chief  constituents  of  creative  genius  in 
poetry  and  the  fine  arts.  Combe. 

M)E-AL-I-'/-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  forming  in  idea. 

I-Dii'AL-IZE,  V.  i.    To  form  ideas. 

I-DE'AL-LY,  ado.    Intellectually  ;  mentally  ;  in  idea. 

Brown. 

I-DE'aTE,  v.  t.    To  form  in  idea ;  to  fancy.    [Aut  in 

u.'ie.]  Donne. 
I'DE.M,  [L.]    The  same. 

I-DE.\'Tie,  a.  Identical,  which  see.  [Rarely  ttsfrf.] 
I-DEN'TIC-AL,  a.    [Pt.  idcntique  i  Sp.  idcntico ;  twm 

L.  iilcm,  the  same.] 
The  same  ;  not  (lifferent ;  as,  the  identical  person  ; 

the  identical  proposition.    We  found  on  the  thief  the 

identical  gooils  tliat  were  lost. 
I-DE.\"T1C-AH,Y,  ado.    With  sameness. 
I-DE.\'Tie-.'\L,-NESS,  n.  Sameness. 
I-DEN-Tl-FI-GA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  or 

proving  to  be  the  same. 
I-DE\'TI-FI-jED,  pp.   Ascertained  or  made  to  be  the 

same. 

I-DEN'TI-FV,  V.  U  [L.  idem,  the  same,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

1.  To  ascertain  or  prove  to  be  the  same.  The  own- 
er of  the  goods  found  them  in  the  possession  of  the 
thief,  and  identified  them. 

2.  To  make  to  be  the  same;  to  unite  or  combine 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  one  interest,  purpose, 
or  intention  ;  to  treat  as  having  the  same  use  ;  to 
consider  as  the  same  in  effect. 

Paul  has  identi/ied  the  two  onliimnces,  circumcision  and  bapUsni, 
and  Itius,  Ly  <l<-inonsln\tiii<^  tlvit  th'-y  hiive  one  and  the  •ame 
iiM  and  ineaninc:,  he  h:u  exhibited  to  our  vii-w  the  very 
t.imf  aciU  of  tiu<r6  co».'nant.  J.  M.  Mason. 

That  treaty  in  fact  identified  Sjvun  with  the  republican  foveni. 
mrnt  of  Frtnc<,  by  a  virtual  acknowleil^mcut  of  unqualified 
vanalagc,  and  by  ipecific  stipulations  of  unconflitiunal  ile- 
fenie.  Brinefi  Dectaraiion,  Jan.  1805. 

Every  precaution  la  taken  to  identify  the  intcresu  of  the  fvople, 
and  of  the  mien.  Ratntay. 

I-DEN'TI-FV,  r.  i.  To  become  the  same ;  to  coalesce 
in  interest,  purpose,  use,  effect,  &c. 

An  enlightened  ielf-iuteit^st,  wliich,  when  well  understood,  they 
t<  ll  uj  will  identi/y  with  an  intea'st  more  cnlarg'-d  anil 
public.  Burke. 

I-DE\'TI-F?-ING,  ppr.  Ascertaining  or  proving  to 
be  the  same. 

2.  Making  the  same  in  interest,  purpose,  use,  elfi- 
cacv,  &c. 
I-UE.N'TI-TY,  n.    [Fr.  identiti.] 

Sameness,  as  (fislinguisheil  from  similitude  and 
diversity.  We  speak  of  the  identity  of  goods  found, 
the  identity  of  persons,  or  of  personal  identity. 

LaeJce.  South. 

ID-E-O-GRAPII'ie,       I       rM,-„njn,        .  t 

ID-E-0-GRAPiri€-AL,  j       l"'"        ^'^^  )."««".] 
Representing  idoas  independently  of  sounds,  as 
the  digit  9,  which  to  an  Englishman  represents 
nine,  ami  to  a  Frenchman  netif.  Brande. 

ID-E-0-LOC;'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  ideology. 

II)-E-0L'0-f;IST,  n.   One  who  treats  of  ideas. 

ID-E-OL'O-GY,  n.    [idea  and  Gr.  ,V„,„5.] 

1.  A  treatise  on  ideas,  or  the  doctrine  of  ideas,  or 
the  operations  of  the  understanding.  Jefferson,  iv.  297. 

2.  The  science  of  mind.  StewarL 


IDES,  n.  pi.  [l,.  idiis.  Qu.  the  Ilttnirian  iduo,  to  di- 
vitle,  the  root  of  wide,  divide,  individual.  The  ety- 
mology is  not  ascertained.] 

In  Oie  ancient  Roman  calnular,  the  fifteenth  day  of 
March,  May,  July,  and  October,  and  the  thirteenth 
day  of  the  other  months.  Eight  days  in  each  month 
often  pass  by  this  name,  but  only  one  strictly  receives 
it,  the  others  being  called  the  day  before  the  ides, 
the  third  from  the  ides,  and  so  on,  backward,  to  the 
eighth  from  the  ides.  Eneyc.  Brande. 

ID  EST,    [L.]    That  is. 

ID-I-Oe'RA-SY,n.  [Gr.  idioj,  proper,  peculiar  to  one's 

self,  and  Kiianfj  mixture,  temperament,  from  nepaio, 

(tf/)«i>(  ii(ii,  to  mix.] 

Peculiarity  of  constitution  ;  that  temperament,  or 

state  of  constitution,  which  is  peculiar  to  a  person. 
ID-I-f)-eRAI"ie,       )       „     .     •         ,  .  . 
ID-I-O-CRAT'ie-AL,  j  «•    P""'""-  "'  constitution 
ID'I-O-CY,  n.    [Gr.  ,,if..Ti('i.    fee  Idiot.] 

A  defect  of  understanding  ;  properly,  a  natural  ile- 

fect. 

Idiocy  and  lunacy  excuse  from  the  piilt  of  crime.  Eneye. 

ID-I-O-E-LEe'TRie,  n.  [Gr.  k'i.k,  separate  from 
others,  peculiar  to  one's  self,  anil  elrclne.] 

Electric  per  se,or  containing  electricity  in  its  natu- 
ral state.  Gregory. 

ID'I-O.M,  n.  [Fr.  idiomc  ;  L.  idioma,  from  Gr.  idii  ua, 
from  tiirif,  proper,  or  peculiar  to  one's  self.  The 
root  of  ijtu{  is  that  of  divide,  Iletrurian  iduo,  Eng 


wiamr,  wide,  Ar.  iSj  hadda,  to  separate.  Class  Bd, 
No.  I.] 

1.  A  mode  of  expression  peculiar  to  a  language; 
peculiarity  of  expression  or  phraseology.  In  this 
sense  it  is  used  in  the  plural  to  denote  forms  of 
speech  or  phraseology  iieculiar  to  a  nation  or  lan- 
guage. 

And  to  just  idioma  fix  our  doubtful  speech.  Prior. 

2.  The  genius  or  iieculiar  cast  of  a  language. 

lie  fullowrd  tlie  Latin  language,  but  did  not  comply  with  the 
idiom  of  OMn.  Dryden. 

3.  Dialect. 

ID-I-O-MAT'ie,       fa.    Peciiliarto  a  language  ;  per- 

ID-I-0-MAT'IC-.\L.,  !  taining  to  the  particular  gen- 
ius or  modes  of  expression  which  belong  to  a  lan- 
guage ;  as,  an  idiomatic  phrase. 

ID-I-O-M AT'ie- AL-LY,  ado.  According  to  the  idiom 
of  a  language. 

ID-I-O-PATirie,  o.  [See  Idiopathv.]  Pertaining 
to  or  indicating  a  disease  ntit  preceded  and  occasioned 
by  any  other  ilisease  ;  opposed  to  Svmpt(1matic. 

ID-I-O  PATII'IC-AE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an 
idiopathic  disease  ;  not  symptoniatically. 

ID-I-OP'A-TIIY,  n.  [Gr.  iiii-x,  proper,  peculiar,  and 
naOof,  suffering,  disease,  from  iraux  ••,  to  suffer.] 

1.  A  mtirbid  state  or  coiitlition  not  pr«ceded  and 
occasioned  by  any  other  disea.se. 

2.  Peculiar  affectitm.  More. 
ID-I-O-RE-PUL'SIVE,  a.    Repulsive  by  itself;  as,  the 

idiorepuLfive  power  of  heat. 

ID-I-0-SYN'€RA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  i^iot,  proper,  o«i',  with, 
and  Koaoif,  temperament.] 

A  peculiarity  of  constitution  and  susceptibility  oc- 
casioning certain  peculiarities  tif  effect  from  the  im- 
press of  extraneous  influences  or  agencies.  Synon- 
ymous with  Idiocbasv. 

ID-I-0-.'!YN-eRAT'ie,  o.  Of  peculiar  temper  or  dis- 
position. 

ID'I-OT,  n.  [L.  idiota  ;  Gr.  if ibirris,  private,  vulgar, 
unskilled,  from  ir'iot,  peculiar,  that  is,  separate,  sim- 
ple ;  8p.  and  It.  idiota;  Fr.  idiot.    See  Idiom.] 

1.  A  natural  fool,  or  fool  from  his  birth  ;  a  human 
being  in  form,  but  destitute  of  reason,  or  the  ordina- 
ry intellectual  powers  of  man. 

A  per»on  who  ha*  understanding  enough  to  meajure  a  yard  of 
cloth,  nuiiiLt-T  twenty  corrrcUy,  fil  ih:  days  of  the  wcfk, 
dtv-.,  is  nut  an  i^tot  in  tliu  eye  ol  the  law.  £ncyc. 

2.  A  foolish  person  ;  one  unwise. 

["  A  collection  of  picturesque  words,  found  among 
our  ancient  writers,  wonlil  constitute  a  precious  sup- 
plement to  the  histor}'  of  our  lanzuago.  Far  more 
expressive  than  our  term  of  rircutioncr  is  their  sol- 
emn ontiof  the  deatlistnan  :  —  than  our  ranabond  their 
seattfrlmg ;  —  than  tiiir  idiot  or  lunatic  their  moonling  ; 
a  word  which,  .Mr.  Gilford  ob.serves,  should  not  have 
been  suffrretl  to  grow  obsolete." 

Israeli,  Curiosities  of  I^tn-ature,Qd  scries, 

2d  edit.  vol.  i.  p.  407.  —  E.  H.  B.] 
[See  I:ii»o<  EnT.] 
ID'I  OT-CY,  n.    State  of  being  an  idiot. 
ID-I-OT'ie,       )  a.     Like  an  idiot;    foolish;  sot- 
ID-I-OT'IC-AL,  (  tish. 

ID-I-OT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  an 
idiot. 

ID-I-OT'I-eO\,  n.  [Gr.]  A  dictionary  of  a  particu- 
lar dialect,  or  of  the  words  s^iid  phrases  peculiar  to 
one  pjirt  of  a  country.  Brande 

ID'I-OT-ISH,  0.  Like  an  idiot ;  partaking  of  idiocy  ; 
foolish.  Palry. 

ID'I-OT-ISM,  71.  [Fr.il/iofi.vmi!;  It.  and  Sp.  idiotismo  ; 


TONE,  BULL,  i:XITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  M  SII ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


72' 


573 


IDO 


IF 


IGN 


Gr.  i^iMTiffio<t,  a  form  ul'  speech  taken  from  the  vul- 
gar, from  irli"j.] 

1.  An  idiom  ;  a  peculiarity  of  expression  ;  a  mode 
of  expression  peculiar  to  a  lanfruage  ;  a  peculiarity 
in  the  structure  of  words  and  phrases. 

Scliolars  sometimes  g'we  liTiiiiiialions  and  idiotisms,  Biiitable  lo 
tlieir  native  language,  to  WQfils  newly  invented.  Jlale. 

2.  Idiocy.  BetJdoes,  Hy^eia, 
But  it  would  he  w  fll  to  restrain  this  word  to  its 

proper  signification,  and  keep  idiocy  and  idiutism  dis- 
tinct. 

ID'I-OT-iZE,  »  1.    To  hecome  sf,:pid.    Pers.  Letters. 

I'DLE,  (I'dl,)  a.  [Sax.  idrl,  ijdrl,  %  empty  ;  G.  cltd, 
mere,  pure,  idle,  frivoii>ii> ;  I;.  i*,  vain,  empty,  idle  j 
Dan.  and  Sw.  idd,  im  re,  piiri',  unmixed.  See 
Addle.    Class  DI,  No.  il,  Iti,  -J.'i,  29.] 

1.  Not  employed  ;  unoccupied  with  business  ;  in- 
active ;  doing  nothing. 

Why  stand      here  ail  the  day  idle?  —  Matt.  xx. 

Tu  be  idle,  is  to  be  vicious.  Jiambler, 

2.  Slothful ;  given  to  rest  and  case;  averse  to  la- 
bor or  employment ;  lazy  ;  as,  an  idU  man  ;  an  idle 
fellow. 

3.  Affording  leisure;  vacant;  not  occupied ;  as, 
idle  time  ;  idle  hours. 

4.  Remaining  unused  ;  unemployed ;  applied  to 
things ;  as,  my  sword  or  spear  is  idle. 

5.  Useless ;  vain  ;  inefiictual ;  as,  idle  rage. 

Down  tlieir  idle  weapons  dropped.  Milton. 

6.  Unfruitful ;  barren  ;  not  productive  of  good. 

of  antres  vast  and  idle  deserts.  Shale. 
Idle  weeds.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

7.  Trifling;  vain;  of  no  importance;  as,  an  idle 
story  ;  an  idle  reason ;  idle  arguments. 

Jluukcr.    Dryden.  Swift. 

8.  Unprofitable  ;  not  tending  to  edification. 

Every  idle  word  that  men  shall  speak,  tliey  shall  give  an  account 
rtiereof  in  the  day  of  judgment.  —  Malt.  xii. 

Idle  differs  from  laiy  ;  the  latter  implying  constitu- 
tional or  habitual  aversion  or  indisposition  to  labor  or 
action,  sluggishness  ;  whereas  (f//r,  in  its  proper  sense, 
denotes  merely  unemployed.  An  industrious  man 
may  be  idle,  but  lie  can  not  be  lazy. 
I'DLE,  V.  i.  To  lose  or  spend  time  in  inaction,  or 
without  being  employed  in  business. 

To  idle  away;  in  a  transitive  sense,  to  spend  in 
idleness  ;  as,  to  idle  away  time. 
I'DLE-HEAD-ED,  (I'dl-li'ed-ed,)  a.     [idle  and  Acad] 
Foolish  ;  unreason.ihle.  Carew. 
2.  Delirious  ;  infatuated.    {Little  userf.] 

L^  Estrange. 

I'DLE-NESS,  71.  Abstinence  from  labor  or  employ- 
ment ;  the  state  of  a  person  who  is  unemployed  in 
labor,  or  iinocciipii;d  in  business;  the  state  of  doing 
nothing.    Idleness  is  the  parent  of  vice. 

Through  th-*  vlleness  of  the  hands  the  house  droppelh  through. 
— 'J:kcles.  X. 

2.  Aversion  to  labor  ;  reluctance  to  be  employed, 
or  to  exertion  either  of  body  or  mind;  laziness; 
sloth  ;  sluggishness.  This  is  properly  laziness  ;  but 
idleness  is  often  the  effect  of  laziness,  and  sometimes 
this  word  may  be  used  for  it. 

3.  Unimportance  ;  trivialness. 

Apes  of  idleness.  Shak. 

4.  Iiiefficacy  ;  uselessness.    [Little  w.?frf.] 

5.  llarreiiiic-ss  ;  worthlessness.    [f.illle  u.sed.'j 

C.  Eiuptiness  ;  foolishiicss  ;  infatuation  ;  as,  iVWc- 
nrss  of  brain.    [Little  nsrd.]  Baenn. 

I'DLE-l'A-TEl),  a.    Idl>;-heade(l  ;  stupid.  Ocerbury. 

I'DEEIl,  ».  One  who  does  nothing  ;  one  who  s|)ciids 
his  time  in  inaction,  or  without  being  engaged  in 
business. 

2.  A  lazy  person  ;  a  sluggard.  Rale<rh. 
I'DI,ES-I!Y,  (I'dlz-be,)  n.  '  An  idle  or  lazy  person. 

IJVo(  u.i«/.]  WhitXoek. 
I'DM.N'G,  ppr.    Spending  in  idleness  or  inaction. 
I'DLY,  adc.    In  an  idle  manner ;  without  employ- 

m(;iit. 

2.  Eazily  ;  sluggishly. 

3.  Foolishly  ;  usele.ssly  ;  in  a  trifling  way. 


4.  Carelessly  ;  without  attention.  Prior. 

5.  Vainly;  ineffectually;  as,  to  reason  tt//y  against 
truth. 

ID'O-CRASE,  n.     [Gr.  i^cn,  form,  and  /t/jutrif,  mix- 
ture ;  a  niixtrd  figure.] 

A  mineral,  occurring  either  in  massive  or  in  modi- 
fled  «piare  prisms,  prcsunting  a  handsome  brown  or 
brownish-yellow  color.  It  consists  esst^iitially  of  sil- 
ica, alumina,  and  lime.  It  is  the  Vesunian  of  Wer- 
ner.   Cijprinc  ia  the  name  of  a  rose-red  variety. 

Dana. 

rnOI,,  n.    [Fr.  idoU;   It.  and  Sp.  iV/nfo ;  Ij.idolam; 
Gr.  ttf>i'i}\  tvy  from  t((i>s,  form,  or  to'w,  to  see.] 

1.  An  image,  form,  or  representation,  usually  of  n 
mm  or  other  animiil,  consecrated  as  an  object  of 
worship;  n  pagan  deity.  Idols  arc  usually  siatiios  or 
images,  carved  out  of  wood  or  stone,  or  formed  of 
metals,  particularly  silver  or  gold. 

Thr  go*ll  of  the  Millions  are  itMe.  —  P«.  xcvl. 


2.  An  image. 

Nor  ever  iihjl  §eeuied  so  mucli  alive.  Dryden. 

3.  A  person  loved  and  honored  to  adoration.  The 
prince  was  the  idol  of  the  people. 

4.  Any  thing  on  which  we  set  our  affections  ;  that 
to  which  we  indulge  an  e.\cessive  and  sinful  attach- 
ment. 

I.iule  chililren,  keep  yourselves  from  idols.  —  1  John  v. 
An  idol  is  any  thing  which  usurps  the  place  of  Ciod  in  the  hearts 
of  his  rational  creatures.  .S\  Miller. 

5.  A  representation.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
I-DOL'A-TER,  n.     [Fr.  idolatre;  L.  idololatra  ;  Gr. 

£i(5'i)A0'\urp/)?.    See  Idolatry.] 

1.  A  worshiper  of  idols  ;  one  who  pays  divine 
honors  to  images,  statues,  or  representations  of  any 
thing  made  by  hands;  one  who  worships  as  a  de- 
ity that  which  is  not  God  ;  a  pagan. 

2.  An  adorer  ;  a  great  admirer.  Hard. 
I-DOL'A-TRESS,  7i.    A  female  vvoishiper  of  idols, 
i  nO-LAT'Rie-AL,  a.    Tendini;  to  idolatry. 
I-DUL'A-TRIZE,  V.  i.    To  worship  idols. 
I-DOL'A-TRIZE,  v.  t.    To  adore  ;  to  worship. 

.^inswoi-tk. 

I-DOL'A-TKTZ-iCn,  pp.    Worshiped  ;  adored. 

I-D()L'A-TRfZ-L\G,  p/ir.    Adoring;  worshiping. 

I-DOL'A-TROU.S,  a.  Pertaining  to  idolatry  ;  partak- 
ing of  the  nature  of  idolatry,  or  of  the  worsiiip  of 
false  gods ;  consisting  in  the  worship  of  idols ;  as, 
idolatrons  worship. 

2.  Consisting  in  or  partaking  of  an  excessive  at- 
tachment or  reverence  ;  as,  an  idolatrous  veneration 
for  antiipiity. 

I-DOL'A-TROUS-LY,  arfn.  In  an  idolatrous  manner ; 
with  excessive  reverence.  Hooker. 

I-DOL'A-TRY,  n.  [Fr.  idolatrie ;  L.  idololatria  :  Gr. 
ti^<  i\o\aTptia  i  £itfuAcor,  idol,  and  Aarpcyto,  to  wor- 
ship or  serve.] 

1.  The  worship  of  idols,  images,  or  any  thing 
made  by  hands,  or  which  is  not  God. 

Idolatry  is  of  two  kinds  ;  the  worship  of  images, 
statues,  pictures,  &c.,  made  by  hands  ;  and  the  wor- 
ship of  the  heavenly  bodies,  the  sun,  moon,  and 
stars,  or  of  demons,  angels,  men,  and  animals. 

Kncyc. 

2.  Excessive  attachment  or  veneration  for  any 
thing,  or  tliat  which  borders  on  adoration. 

I'DOL-ISH,  a.  Idolatrous.  Milton. 
I'DUL-ISil,  n.    The  worsiiip  of  idols.    [Little  jised.] 

Milton. 

I'DOL-IST,  n.  A  worshiper  of  images ;  a  poitieal 
word._  Mdtan. 

I'DOL-iZE,  V.  t.  To  love  to  excess ;  to  love  or  reve- 
rence to  adoration  ;  as,  to  idolize  gold  or  wealth  ;  to 
idolize  children;  to  idolize  a  virtuous  magistrate  or  a 
hero. 

I'DOL-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Loved  or  reverenced  to  ado- 
ration. 

I'DOL-IZ-ER,  71.  One  who  idolizes  or  loves  to  rever- 
ence. 

I'DOL-lZ-ING,  ppr.    Loving  or  revering  to  an  excess 

bordering  on  adoration. 
T'DOL-OUS,  a.  Idolatrous. 

I-Do'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  idonevs  ;  probably  from  the 

root  of  Gr.  ^wapai,  to  be  strong,  able,  or  sulhcienl.] 
Fit ;  .suitable  ;   proper ;    convenient ;  adequate. 

[Little  used.]  Boyle. 
ID'RI-A-LIN,  71.    A  bituminous  substance  obtained 

from  the  quicksilver  mines  of  Idria.  Brande. 
I'DYL,  21.    [L.  idyllium;  Gr.  ciSvWiov ;  supposed  to 

be  from  eii  is,  form.] 
A  short  poem  ;  properly,  a  short  pastoral  poem  ;  as, 

the  idyLi  of  Theocritus. 
T.  K.  stands  for  L.  id  est,  that  is. 

lE'LANU,  or  rather  I'LAND,  n.  [G.  and  D.  eiland; 
Sax.  ealond,  ietjland;  composed  of  ie,  ea,  water,  Fr. 
eau,  coiitracti'd  from  L.  07KO,  and  land.  This  is  the 
genuine  English  word,  always  used  in  discourse, 
though  in  spelling  it  has  been  changed  into  island, 
an  aiisurd  compound  of  Fr.  isle  and  land,  which  sig- 
nifies land-in-water  land,  ov  raXhet  ieland-land.  Mit- 
ford  writes  lliis  woril  Hand ;  and  in  the  liishops'  Ui- 
ble  it  was  always  written  Hand  or  yland;  but  it  is 
probably  too  late  to  hojic  for  any  general  return  to 
the  true  spelling. 

1.  A  portion  of  land  surrounded  by  water,  as 
Bermuda,  Itarbadocs,  Cuba,  Great  Britain,  Borneo. 

2.  A  large  mass  of  floating  ice. 

IF,  I'.  (.  Imperative,  contracted  from  Sax.  grif,  from 
Hifnn,  Goth,  aihan,  to  give.  It  introduces  a  conili- 
tioiial  sentence.  It  is  a  verb,  without  a  specified 
nominative.  In  like  manner  we  use  trrant,  admit, 
suiijiose.  Ri'Tulorhj,  //should  be  followetl,  as  it  was 
formerly,  by  liie  siihstiliite  or  pronoun  that,  referring 
to  the  succeeding  sentence  or  proposition.  //  that 
John  shall  arrive'  in  season,  I  will  send  him  with  a 
message.  Hut  tlmt  U  now  omitted,  and  the  subse- 
quent sentence,  proposition,  or  aflirmation,  may  bo 
considered  as  the  object  of  the  verb.  Oioe  John 
shall  arrive  ;  isrnnt,  suppose,  admit  tlr.it  he  shall  ar- 
rive, I  will  send  him  with  a  message.  The  sense  of 
if,  or  jgiec,  in  this  use,  is  grant,  admit,  cause  to  be, 
let  the  fad  be,  lei  ihi>  thing  lake  place.  //,  then,  is 
efpuvalellt  til  jrrant,  allow,  admit.     **  If  tilou  wilt. 


thou  canst  make  me  whole,*'  that  is,  tliou  canst 
make  me  whole,  gice  the  fact,  that  thou  wilt. 

//  ihou  art  the  Son  of  Ciod,  command  that  these  stories  he  made 
bread.  —  MaU.  xiv. 

2.  Whether  or  not. 

UncerUiin  if  by  augury  or  chance.  Dryden. 
So  in  French,  soit  que,  let  it  be  that. 
I'FAITII',  arZo.    [Abbreviation  of  (« /ai(/i.]  Indeed; 

truly.  aii'ilc. 
IG-A-Su'Rie  ACID,  rr.    An  acid  found  combined 
with  strychnine  in  nux  vomica  and  St.  Igiiatius's 
bean.  Brande. 
IG-Na'RO,  7!.  [It.]  A  term  formerly  used  for  blockhead. 
IG'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  i<^nrus,  from  ignis,  fire,  Saus. 
afrhiii  or  ao-nis,  or  agnik.    Bengali,  aag,  o<rin,  Slav. 
ogn.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  fire;  as,  iirnrous 
particles  emitted  from  burning  wood. 

2.  Containing  fire  ;  having  the  nature  of  fire. 

3.  Resembling  fire  ;  as,  an  igneous  appearance. 

4.  In  geology,  proceeding  from  the  action  of  fire  ; 
as,  lavas  and  basalt  are  igneoits  rocks.  Dana. 

IG-NES'CENT,  a.  [L.  ignescens,  iguesco,  from  ignis, 
fire.] 

Einittinfi  spnrks  of  fire  when  struck  with  steel  j 
sciulillatint;  ;  as,  ig-nescmt  stoufs.  Foarcroij, 
IG-NES'C'E\T,  H.    A  slunt:  or  mineral  tliat  gives  out 
sparks  when  struck  with  steel  or  iron. 

Many  other  stones,  brsiik-s  this  cl.iss  of  ignescenls,  produce  u 
real  sciiuill.iuuii  when  struck  n^^ainst  swcl.  I^'uurcruy. 

IG-NIF'ER-OUS,  71.    Producing  fire. 

IG  NI-FI  KD,  C-nde,)  pi>.    Formed  into  fire. 

IG-NIF'LU-OUS,  a.    [L.  ignijiuus.] 

Flowing  with  fire.  Coelceraoi. 
IG'Nl-FV,  11.  I.    [L.  ignis  and  facio.] 

To  form  into  fire.  Stukehi. 
IG'NI-Ft-ING,  ;vr.    Forming  into  fire. 
IG-NlG'E-NOUS,  n.    [L.  ignis  and  (ir.  }  evpaio.] 

Produced  by  fire.    It  is  siipjiosed  a  part  of  the 
crust  of  the  earth  is  ignigenous 
IG-.\IP'0-TENT,  a.    [L.  iViiw,  fire,  and  potcns,  pow- 
erful.] 

Presiding  over  fire.  Vulcan  is  called  the  power 
io-niputent.  Pope. 

IG'NIS  FAT-U-US,  71.;  pi.  Tones  Fatui.  [L.]  A 
meteor  or  light  that  appears  in  tlie  night,  over  marshy 
grounds,  supposed  to  be  occasioned  by  the  decoiii|)o- 
sition  of  animal  or  vegetable  substances,  or  by  some 
inflammable  gas;  vulgarly  called  Will-icith-tlte-wisp, 
and  .Jack-wiUL-a-lantern.  Kd.  Kncijc. 

IG  NITE',  r.  (.    [L.  iViiis,  fire.] 

1.  To  kindle  or  si  t  on  fire. 

2.  More  generally,  to  roiiimunicate  fire  to,  or  to 
render  luminous  or  red  by  heat;  as,  to  ig-rtite  char- 
coal or  iron,  .\ntliracite  is  ignited  with  more  difli- 
ciilty  than  bituminous  coal. 

IG  NITE',  V.  i.  To  take'  fire  :  to  become  red  with  heat. 
IG-NIT'EU,  pp.  or  a.    .Set  on'  fire. 

2.  Rendered  red  or  luminous  bv  heat  or  fire. 
IG-NIT'I-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  ignited. 
IG-NlT'lNG,  ppr.     Setting  on  fire  ;  becoming  red 
with  heat. 

2.  Coiiiiniinicating  fire  to  ;  heating  to  redness. 
IG-NI"TIO.\,  (ig-iiish'un,)  71.    The  act  of  kindling, 
or  setting  i  n  fire. 

2.  The  act  or  operation  of  communicating  fire  or 
heat,  till  the  substance  becomc-s  red  or  luminous. 

3.  Tlie  state  of  being  kindled  ;  more  generally,  the 
state  of  being  heated  to  redness  or  luiuiuousness. 

4.  Calcination. 

IG-NI  V'O-.MOI'S,  a.  [L.  ignivomus,  ignis,  fire,  and 
vomo,  to  vomit.] 

Vomiting  fire  ;  as,  an  ignivomous  mountain,  0  vol- 
cano. Verhatn. 
IG-NO-BIL'I-TY,  71.    Ignobleness.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Ball. 

IG-Nt")'BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ignobilis  ;  in  and  nuliilis. 
See  Nohll.] 

1.  Of  low  birth  or  family;  not  noble  -  not  illus- 
trious. 

2.  Mean  ;  worthless  ;  as,  an  ignoble  plant. 

3.  Base;  not  honorable,  elevated,  or  •;inerons ; 
applied  to  feelings  and  nelions  ;  as,  an  ignoble  motive. 

IG-No'BLE-NESS,  H.    Want  of  dignity  ;  mr.iniiess. 

Ainswortli. 

IG-No'l!LY,  u(;».  Of  U)W  family  or  birth;  as,  t^;io- 
bln  born. 

'2.  iMeanly  ;  dishonorably  ;  reproachfully  ;  dispnce- 
fiillv  ;  basely.    The  troops  igoobhi  lly. 
IG-N()-MIN'l-OUS,  o.    [U.  ignominiosns.    See  loMO- 

MINV.] 

1.  Incurring  disgrace;  cowardly;  of  mean  char- 
acter. 

Then  Willi  pale  fear  surprised, 
Fled  ignoinimou*.  Alilton, 

2.  Vi>ry  shameful ;  reproachful ;  dishonorable  ;  in- 
famous. To  be  liangeii  fiir  a  crime  is  ignominious. 
Whipping,  crojipiiig.  and  branding  arc  ignominious 
punislinieiits. 

3.  Despicalili'  ;  worthy  of  contempt  ;  as,  an  ignn- 
ininiiins  priijertnr.  Strip. 

U:  M)-MI\'l ol.  S  LV,  «i/(>.  iMeanly  ;  disgracefully  ; 
sliaiiii'lully. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MF;TE,  PKBV  —PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DOQK.— 


574 


ILL 

IG'NO-MIN-Y,    H.     [L.  iiriiomiiiia  ;  in  and  nomen, 
R<:iiinst  iiaiuc  or  rc|)nl:itiuu  ;  Kr.  iir,tuminii:] 

Piihlic  (lis;;r;if(:  under  IIr'  ini|iiil:iti(iit  cf  tiislionora- 
bte  iiiittivL's  ui  oomluLt  J  siiaiiic  3  repruach  j  dishun- 
or ;  iiifaiiiy, 

.Tlieir  jfonfrat*  have  \>'rn  ira'ivp«l  wltli  honor  aftfr  iheir  (Ipfrrtl ; 

yoiire  W  illi  ignomintf  iifirr  Cuiiqtif*!.  A'tiliaon. 
V'lCf  lA'gins  ill  ii;lAt;ik«-,  itiiil  i-iuls  til  igiwmitiy.  Kambler. 

I<;'^'0-^^Y,  ti.    Ah  aI)Iir('Viiiti(>n  of  ifruomin\f.  Shtik, 
IG-N()-UA'MUS, /i.    [L.,  we  are  igiioraiit  j  IVuin  (,;,'■- 


1.  The  indiirsi'iiicnt  wliii  h  a  "mild  jury  niiikc  on 
a  hill  priwtiiti  d  to  thcMii  for  in  njiry,  when  there  is 
not  evidi  nci'  to  suiiiioit  the  rhar/.'es,  on  which  all  pro- 
cocilincs  are  stoppi  d,  and  the  accused  person  is  dis- 
cliarfied. 

2.  An  ignorant  person  ;  a  vain  pretender  to  knowl- 
edge. Snltth, 

I(;'.\'C)-IIANCE,  n.  [Ft.,  from  L.  igiwrnntin;  ijiinro, 
not  to  know;  i/rnuras,  ignorant;  in  and  gmira..<, 
kno\\'iny.] 

1.  Want,  absence,  or  destitution  of  knowledge; 
tile  negative  state  of  the  mind  which  has  nut  been 
instructed  in  arts,  litevaluie,  or  science,  or  has  not 
been  infi^rim-d  of  facts.  Ignorance  nv.\\  he  {;i  neral, 
or  it  nia_\'  he  limiti'd  to  particular  subjects.  I>riw- 
rance  tif  the  law  dties  nol  excuse  a  man  for  violating 
it.    J^norancf  of  lads  is  idten  venial. 

i^itomfice  in  pe-tcr.ilil'.'  to  error.  Jr^crson. 

5.  Irrintrauces,  in  the  plural,  is  used  soinetinu's  !*or 
oinissi(Uis  or  mistakes  ;  but  the  use  is  uncommon, 
and  not  to  hi-  encouraged. 
IG'NO-UA.NT,  «.  [1,.  lirtioriinf.]  Destitute  of  knowl- 
eilge  ;  uniustructeil  or  uninformed  ;  nMlaui!ht  ;  un- 
enlightenetl.  A  man  may  be  ijpwraiit  ttf  the  law,  or 
of  any  art  or  science,  lie  may  be  i^iwraitt  of  his 
own  rights,  or  of  the  rights  of  others. 

2.  L'nknown  ;  nnili.-.covered  ;  u  puelical  u:ic  ;  as, 
i^imriiiif  concealment.  S/iak. 

'J.  l'uac(|uainled  with. 

/^iiomnt  uf  uuili,  I  Icir  not  shame.  Drydcn. 
4.  Unskillfully  made  or  done.    [JVut  Irrriiimatc] 
Pour  ignorant  iKiiilitn.  iV/rU-. 

IG'NO-R.ANT,  n.  A  person  untaught  or  uninformed  ; 
one  unlettered  or  unskilled. 


IJid  I  lor  tliis  tlkr  pains  lo  U'ach 
Our  xt-'aluitii  igtioratilg  tu  pt^.-acli  ? 


Deiiham. 


IG'XO-R.\NT-LY,  a'/c.  Without  knowledge,  instruc- 
tion, or  information. 

Whom  Ih'-n-fon:  >*c  ignoratuli/  worship,  him  declare  I  to  you.  — 
.\cls  xvii. 

2.  Unskillfully  ;  inexpertly.    A  man  may  mistake 
blunders  for  beauties,  and  i'^iu^rantlij  admire  them, 
IG-NoKE',  c.  t.    To  be  ignorant  of.    [J^ut  in  ii.^e.] 

Bviilc. 

Q.  In  law,  the  grand  jury  arc  said  to  iirnore  a  hill, 
when  they  do  not  tiiol  the  evidence  such  as  to  in- 
duce theiii  to  make  a  presentment.  Bramle. 
IG-\OS'('l-l!I.i:,  a.     [L.   ignuicibilU.]  Pardonable. 
[J^ot  used.] 

IG-.\oTi;',  a.  [L.  iV/iodis.]  Unknown.  [JVul  u--ril.] 
m  VA'S.K,  (  w.i'iia,)  n.  A  genus  of  saurian  re|)'iles. 
2.  The  Iguana  tuberculata,  the  common  Igii.'ina 

of  South  .\inericu,  whose  tiesh  Is  eaten  and  esteemed 

delicious. 

IG-l!A'.N()-DON,  n.  An  extinct  sauri.an  reptile.  The 
fossil  remains  of  this  animal  found  in  Tilgate  fon-st, 
and  at  .Maidstone  in  Kiiglaiid,  indicate  the  animal  to 
be  sixty,  seventy,  or  more  feet  in  leiiglh.  JMaiilclL 

ILE  ;  so  written  by  Pope  for  atlc,  a  walk  or  alley  in  a 
church  or  public  biiildin'_*.  [.\'('(  oi  lisc] 
"2.  All  ear  <if  corn.    [jVut  i/scr/.l  Jiinsirorth. 

IL'E  L'.'^,  n.  [Gr.  i,\iof.]  'J'he  ti  cnnical  sfiecific  name 
of  common  colic,  both  in  ancient  and  modern 
times. 

2.  Intestinal  intiissu.sception,  from  the  hypothesis 
that  this  state  always  exists  in  common  colic. 
I'l.K.X,  II.    [L.1    In  biitamj,  the  generic  name  of  the 
Holly  tree.    AI.SO,  the  Ciuercus  ilex,  or  great  scarlet 
oak. 

IL'(-.\€,  a.  [Ti.  iliacui,  from  ilia,  the  Hank,  or  small 
intestines  ;  Gr.  nXioi,  to  wind.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lower  how  els,  or  to  the  ileum. 
Tile  Uiac  p:i-sion  is  a  bad  form  of  ileus  or  common 
colic,  in  which  there  is  inversion  of  the  peristaltic 
action  of  the  upper  part  of  the  small  intestines. 

It.  [from  Ilium,  lliaii,  'I'loy.J  An  epic  po- 
em, coiiijHised  hy  Homer,  in  twenty  lour  books.  I'he 
subject  of  this  |Hi<  m  is  the  wrath  of  .Acliilli's  ;  in 
describing  which,  the  |M>et  exhibits  the  misenible  ef- 
fects of  disunion  and  public  dissensions.  Hence  the 
phrase  Ilian  malurum,  an  lliail  of  woes  or  calamities, 
a  Wiirld  of  disasters.  Cicera. 

ILK,  a.    [Sax.  f/c,  each.]    The  same  ;  each.  Spcnsrr. 
Ill  Sci.«wA,  the  phrase  uf  that  iVt  denotes  that  a  per- 
son's surname  and  title  are  the  same;  as,  Grant  of 
lhal  ilk,  i.  e.,  Oraiif  uf  (trant.  Jamieson. 

ILL,  a.  [Siippiiscd  to  be  contr.icted  from  rn(.  Sax. 
vfel;  bill  this  is  doubtful.  It  is  in  Swedish  i«a,  and 
l)an.  iliU.] 

I.  Pad  or  evil,  in  a  trrnrral  stnst :  contrary  to  good, 


ILL 

physical  or  moral ;  applied  to  things ;  evil ;  wicked  ; 
wrong  ;  iniipiitous  ;  as,  his  ways  are  ill ;  he  sets  an 
iU  example. 

■2.  Producing  evil  or  mi.;fortiiiie ;  as,  an  i/Z  star  or 
planet. 

3.  Pad;  evil;  unfortunate;  as,  an  ill  end;  an  ill 
fate. 

-1.  Unhealthy  ;  insalubrious ;  as,  an  ill  air  or  cli- 
mate. 

5.  Cross;  crabbed;  surly;  peevish;  as,  iZ/ nature  ; 
ill  temper. 

().  Diseased  ;  disordered  ;  sick  or  indisposed  ;  ap- 
plied to  persons  ;  iis,  the  man  is  illi  he  has  been  ill  a 
long  time  ;  he  is  ill  of  a  fever. 

7.  Diseased  ;  inip:iired  ;  as,  an  i7/  state  of  health. 

8.  Discordant;  harsh;  disagreeable;  as,  an  ill 
sound. 

9.  Homely;  ngly  ;  as,  iZi  looks,  or  an  i7Z  counte- 
nance. 

10.  Uufavorahle ;  suspicious;  as  when  we  say, 
this  all'air  bears  an  ill  look  or  aspect. 

11.  lliide  ;  unpolished  ;  as,  ill  breeding;  ill  man- 
ners. 

I'J.  Not  proper  ;  not  regular  or  legitimate ;  as,  an 
ill  exjiression  in  grammar. 
ILL,  «.    Wickedness  ;  depravity  ;  evil. 

Slronij  virtu**,  lilor  struu^  unturr,  stroffwlcs  still, 

Kxcru  ilii'  ir,  aiKl  Uii-it  lliroWA  olt  Uii-  ill.  Drydcn. 

2.  .Misfortune;  calamity;  evil;  disease;  pain; 
whatever  aiiuuys  or  impairs  happiness,  or  prevents 
success. 


Wlio  can  itll  sense  of  otliors'  Hit  escape 
Is  but  a  brute  at  ival  iu  liuinaii  slia|H;. 


TaU. 


ILL,  adi:  Not  well ;  not  rightly  or  perfectly.  He  is 
ill  at  ease. 

2.  N'ot  easily  ;  with  pain  or  difliculty.    He  is  ill 
able  to  sustain  the  burden. 

///  lieiir*  the  »-x  Itie  youllilul  torero*  fate, 

Wlicii  jusi  npproadiin;  to  tite  iiiiplial  sute.  Drydfn. 

Illij  is  sometimes  hut  erroneously  used  for  ill. 

ILL,  prefixeil  to  participles  of  the  present  tense,  and 
denoting  evil  or  w  rung,  may  be  considered  as  a  noun 
governed  hy  the  participle,  or  as  making  a  part  of  a 
coinpoiind  word  ;  as,  an  ill-mcaninir  man,  an  itl-dc- 
siisnttitr  man,  an  ill-boilinir  litmr ;  that  is,  a  man 
metining  ill,  an  hour  boiling  ill.  It  is  more  conso- 
nant, however,  to  the  genius  of  our  language,  to 
treat  these  and  similar  words  as  compounds.  In 
some  cases,  as  before  the  participles  of  intransitive 
verbs,  ill  must  be  considered  as  a  part  of  the  com- 
poiiiui,  as  in  ill-loukintr.  When  used  before  the  per- 
fect participle,  iVZ  is  to  be  ctuisidered  as  an  adverb, 
or  mollifying  w'ord,  or  to  he  treated  as  a  part  of  the 
compound  ;  as  in  ill-bred,  iti-rroveriied,  ill-fated,  itl- 
fivured,  dt-fiirmcd,  ill-minded.  In  these,  and  all  simi- 
lar connections,  it  might  be  well  to  unite  the  two 
words  in  a  coiiipotiiid  hy  a  hyphen.  As  ill  may  be 
prerixeil  to  almost  any  participle,  it  is  needless  to  at- 
tempt to  collect  a  list  of  such  wortls  for  insertion. 

//,  prefixed  to  words  beginning  with  /,  stands  for 
in,  as  used  in  the  Latin  langinigc,  and  usually  de- 
notes a  negation  tif  the  sense  of  the  simple  word  ;  as, 
ille:Snl,  not  legal  ;  or  it  denotes  to  or  on,  and  merely 
augments  or  enforces  the  sense,  as  in  illuminate. 

IL-LAlt'lLK,  a.  [Sec  Labile.]  Not  liable  to  fall  or 
err;  infallible.    [JVut  ii.vc(/.]  Chn/ne. 

IL-LA-PIL'I-TY,  n.  7'he  quality  of  not  being  liable 
to  err,  fall,  or  apostatize.    [JVut  tiscd.]  Cheijne. 

IL-LAC'EIl-A-liLE,  a.  [See  Lacebate.]  That  can 
not  be  torn  or  rent. 

11.,-LAe'UV-MA-llLE,  a.  [U  iUacnpnabilis.]  Inca- 
pable of  weeping. 

IL-LAPSE',  (illaps',)  n.  [.=ec  Lapse.]  A  sliding  in; 
an  inimissioii  or  entrance  of  one  thing  into  another. 

JVurn.<. 

2.  .^  falling  on  ;  a  sudden  attack.  Thomson. 
IL-LAU'UE-aTE,  lil-lak'wir-f.le,)  p.  f.    [U  illaijuco; 
in  and  laijneo,  to  insnare  ;  laqnens,  a  snart;.] 

To  insnare;  to  entrap;   to  entangle;  to  catch. 
[Liule  i(.«crZ.]  More. 
II^LAU'UE-A-TED,  pp.  Iiisnared. 
IL-LA<i-L'E-A'TI().\,  71.    The  act  of  insnarii>g ;  a 
catching  or  entrapping.    [Lilllc  tused.]  Broan. 
2.  A  snare. 

ILL'-AU-UA.N(;'/;D,  a.    Not  well  arranged. 

ILL'-AS-SOIIT'EO,  a.    Not  well  assorted. 

IL-L.^'TION,  n.  [LuiUatio;  in  and  Za<iu,  a  bearing; 
Uuns,  from  fern.] 

An  inference  from  premises;  a  conclusion;  div 
duction.    [Little  u.^rd.]  Locke. 

IL'LA-'I  I  VE,  a.  [See  Ii.latioh.)  Relating  lo  illa- 
tion ;  thai  may  be  inferred  ;  as,  an  illaiice  conse- 
quence. 

2.  That  denotes  an  inference;  as,  an  illatire  word 
or  panicle,  as  then  and  tlierefure.  Watts. 
IL'L.\-TIVE,  n.   That  which  denotes  illation  or  in- 
ference. Bp.  IlalL 
IL'LA-TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  inference. 

Bp.  Richardson. 
IL-LAUD'.VBLE,  a.    [.=!cc  Lai-daiile.]    .Not  lauda- 
ble ;  not  worthy  of  approbation  or  coniniendation ; 
as,  an  illaudnble  motive  or  act. 
2.  Worthy  of  censure  or  dispraise 


ILL 

IL-LAUD'A-PLY,  oiZb.  In  a  manner  unworthy  of 
pni'se  :  without  deserving  pniise.  Broome. 

ILL'-PAL'ANC-/vI),  (-bal'anst,)a.  Not  well  balanced. 

ILL'-HLOUD,  n.    Iteseiitiiient ;  enmity. 

Quart.  Rep. 

ILL'-HRED,  a.    Not  well  bred  :  nnpolite. 

ILL'-llltEEU'lNG,  n.  Want  of  good  breeding;  un- 
piditeness. 

IlIaCo^:™?^'';??;  I  «•    ^ot  wen  contrived. 
lLI^t;t)N-l)l"TI<).\  /ri),  (-kon-dish'und,)   a.  [.Sec 

CoNoiTioN.]    lieing  in  bad  ordiT  or  >tate. 
ILL'-CON  Dl'CT'Ell,  a.    liadly  coiiiluetcd. 
ILL'-OO.N  SID'Ell-Kl),  n.    .Not  well  ctuisidered. 
ILL'-I)E  FIN'KI),  a.    Nol  well  ilefineil. 
ILL'-l)E-»EltV'/;i),  a.    Not  well  disserved 
ILL'-DE-VIS'^.I),  a.    Not  well  devised. 
ILL'-DI  ItECT'El),  a.    Not  well  directed. 
ILL'-DIS  I'nS'/;!),  a.    Not  well  disposed. 
IL-Li;'CE-l!UOrs,n.    [L.  illeerbrosus.] 

Alluring  ;  full  of  allurement.  Klvot. 
IL-LE'G.M,,  a.    [See  Lkijal.]    Not  legal ;  unlawful ; 

contrary  to  law;  illicit;  as,  an  illegal  act;  illegal 

tratle. 

I1^LE-G.\L'I-TY,  71.  Contrariety  to  law  ;  unlawful- 
ness ;  as,  the  illcgalihj  of  trespass,  or  of  false  impris- 
onment. 

IL-LK'(;AL  r/.E,  r.  l.    To  render  unlawful. 
IL-Lk'OAL-I/-KO,  pp.    Retideretl  unlawful. 
IL»-Lk'GAI.-LY,  a</e.    lii  a  manner  contrary  to  law  ; 
unlawfully  ;  as,  a  man  ilkgalhj  imprisoned. 

Blaek.^tone. 

IT^LK'OAL-NESS,  71.  Illegality. 

IL-LEG-l-UlL'I-TY,  71.  The  (juality  of  being  illegi- 
ble. 

IL-LEG'I-IILE,  a.  [Pec  Lecjiile.]  Tli.at  can  not  be 
reati  ;  obscure  or  di-facetl  sti  that  the  wt)rtls  can  not 
be  know  n.  It  is  a  tlisgrace  to  a  gentleman  to  write 
an  ille^rible  hand.  The  manuscripts  found  in  the  ru- 
ins of  Ilereulaneuni  are  mostly  ille'rihle. 

II.-LElV|.HLlvNESS,  11.    State  of  being  illegible. 

IL-LEG'l-HLV,  adr.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  read; 
as,  a  letter  written  illeniblii. 

IL-LE  OIT'I-.MA  CY,  71.  ^See  Legitimate.]  The 
state  of  being  born  out  of  wctllock  ;  the  stale  of  bas- 
tardy. Blaekstone. 

2.  The  state  of  being  not  genuine,  or  of  legiti- 
mate origin. 

IL-LE-GlT'I-.M.\TE,a.  [Pee  Leoitimate.]  Unlaw- 
fully begotten  ;  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  spurious  ;  as, 
an  illetrifirniitc  sou  or  tiaughter. 

2.  Unlawful  ;  contrary  to  law. 

3.  Not  legitimately  deduced;  illogical;  as,  an  i77«- 
gitimnte  inference. 

<t.  Not  authorized  by  good  usage ;  as,  an  iUegiti- 
vtatr  word. 

II^LE-GIT'I-M.aTE,  r.  t.  To  render  illegitimate  ,  to 
prove  to  be  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  lo  bastarili/.e. 

IVotlon. 

IL-LE-l":IT'I-:M.\-TEn,  pp.  Rendtred  illegitimate; 
proved  lo  htne  been  horn  out  of  wedlock. 

IL-LE  tilT'I-.MA  I  E  LY,  adv.  Not  inwedlock  ;  with- 
out nnthoritv. 

IL-LE-GIT  I-"Ma'TIO.\,  71.    The  state  of  one  not  bom 
in  wetllock.  Bacon. 
2.  Waul  of  genuineness.  Martin. 

ILL'-E-(ll  IP'P/-:I),  (-kwipt',)  a.    Not  well  equipped. 

IL-LEV'I-A-ULE,  a.  [in,  not,  and  I'r.  leier,  to  raise 
or  levy.] 

Th.it  can  not  be  levied  or  collected.  Ifalc. 
lLL'-FAC-i."D,  (-fastc,)  a.     Having  an  ugly  face. 

Ilatt. 

ILL'-F.^-TED,  a.  Unfortunate. 

ILI/-F.^'VOR-/;I),  a.  [ill  and  favored.]  Ugly;  ill- 
looking;  wanting  beauty;  deformed. 

Ill/noQred  ami  lean-Reslietl.  —Gen.  xli. 

ILL'-F.:^'VOR-/;n-LY,B<Zr.    With  deformity. 

2.  Roughlv  ;  riiih  lv.  ILneelL 
ILL'-FA'VUU-f;U-NESS,  71.    L'gliiiess  ;  deformity. 
ILL'-FIT-'i  ni),  a.    Not  well  nited. 
ILL'-FDR.M-KD,  a.    Not  well  formed. 
I  LL'-FI!.\.M-f;I),  a.    Not  w  ell  fmiiied. 
ILL'-Fl  U'N1SH-/;I),  (-fur'uisht,)  a.    Not  well  fur- 
nish.il. 

II.L'-IIAIi'lT-En,  a.    Not  well  habited 
IL-LI1I'EI!-.\L,  a.    [.See  Liberal.]    Not  liberal ;  not 
free  or  generous. 

2.  .Vol  noble  ;  not  ingenuous ;  not  catholic  ;  of  a 
contracted  mind.    Cold  in  charity  ;  in  n  ligioii,  illib- 
eral. K.  Charles, 
'i.  .Not  candid  ;  iincharilahle  in  judging. 

4.  Not  generous  ;  not  iiiuniticeiil ;  Sfitiring  of  giflj. 

ii'oodtrard. 

.">.  .Not  becoming  a  well-hred  man.  Harris. 
(1.  Not  pure;  not  well  aiithoriT^eil  or  elegant  ;  as, 
illihrral  wurilsin  Latin.    [ t/aitiua/.j  Chestrrjield. 
II.-LIIi-ER-AL'1-TV,  n.    Narrowness  of  mind;  con- 
tnictedness  ;  meanness  ;  want  of  catholic  opinions. 
2.  Parsinionv  ;  want  of  munificence.  Bacon. 
IL-LIB'ER-AL-tZE,  r.  (.    To  make  illiberal. 

.\'i-ir  Jinn.  Rig. 
II^LIR'ER-  \L-IZ  KD,  pp.    Made  illiberil. 
IL-LIH'ER-AL-I/  ING,  ;.pr.    .Making  illiberal. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  «8  K  j  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


575 


ILL 

IL-LIB'ER-AL-LY,  arfi!.  Ungenerously;  uncanilidly  ; 

uncharitably  ;  disingenuously. 
2.  Parsimoniously. 
IL-LIC'IT,  (il-lis'sit,)  a.    [L.  illiciuts ;  in  ani  licit  us, 

from  liceo,  to  permit.] 

Not  permitted  or  allowed  ;  prohibited  ;  unlawful  ; 

as,  an  illicit  trade  ;  illicit  intercourse  or  connection. 
IL-LIC'IT-LY,  aUv.  Unlawfullv. 
IL-LIC'IT-NESS,  «.  Unlawfjlness. 
IL-LIC'IT-OU8,  a.  Unlawful. 

IL-LI(;HT'£.V,  v.  t.  [See  Licht,  Lighten.!  To 
enliiTliten.    [JVu«  in  use]  Ralegh. 

ILL'-IiM-AG'IN-£D,  a.   Not  well  imagined. 

IL-LI.M'IT-A-BLE,  a.  [in,  not,  and  limit,  or  L. 
limes.] 

That  can  not  be  limited  or  bounded  ;  as,  the  illim- 
itable void.  I'liomson. 
IL-Ll.M'IT-A-BLY,  adv.    Witliout  possibility  of  be- 
ing bounded. 
2.  Without  limits. 
rL-LIM-IT-A'TION,  n.    The  state  of  being  illimit- 
able. 

IL-LI.\I'IT-ED,  a.  [Fr.  iUimite  ;  in  and  L.  limes,  a 
limit.] 

Unbounded  ;  not  limited  ;  interminable.  Bp.  Hall. 
IL-LIM'IT-EL)-NESS, n.    Boundlessness;  thestateof 
being  without  limits  or  restriction. 

The  .ib«olut(?ness  and  iltimiudnese  of  his  commission  was  much 
spoken  of.  Clarendon. 

ILL'-IN-FORM'fH),  a.    Not  well  informed. 
IL-LI-NI"TIOi\,(il-Ie-nish'un,)  n.  [h.  illinitus,  illinio, 

to  anoint;  in  and  lino,  t(»  besmear.] 
A  thin  crust  of  some  extraneous  substance  formed 

on  minerals. 

It  is  sometimes  disafuiscd  by  a  tliin  cnist  or  iltinition  of  Hack 
maitgaiieso,  KiriDan, 

2.  A  rubbing  in  of  an  ointment  or  liniment. 

IL-LIT'ER-A-CY,  n.  [from  illiterate.]  The  state  of 
being  untaught  or  unlearned  ;  want  of  a  knowledge 
of  letters ;  ignorance.  Encijc. 

IL-LIT'ER-AL,  a.    Not  literal. 

IL-LIT'ER-.\TE,  a,  [L.  illitcratus  ;  in  and  litcratus ; 
from  litera,  a  letter.] 

Unlettered  ;  ignorant  of  letters  or  books  ;  un- 
taught ;  unlearned  ;  uninstriicted  in  science  ;  as,  an 
illiterate  man,  nation,  or  tribe.  fVultun. 

IL-L1T'ER-.\TE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  learning  ;  igno- 
rance of  letters,  hooks,  or  licicnce.  Boyle. 

IL-LlT'ER-A-TLiRB,  iu  Want  of  learning.  [IMtle 
vsed.]  Jlijliffe. 

ILL'-JUDG-KD,  o.    Not  well  judged. 

ILL'-LtV-£U,  a.  Leading  a  wicked  life.  [Little 
used.]  Bp.  I/all. 

ILL'-LOOK-IXC,  n.    H.iving  a  bad  look. 

ILL'-.MANN-f:D,  a.    Not  well  furnished  with  men 

ILL'-.MEAN'K\G,  a.    .Meaning  ill  or  evil. 

ILL'-MOD'EL-KD,  a.    Badly  modeled. 

ILL'-Na'TLJRE,  n.  [ill  and  nature.]  Crossness ; 
crabbcdness  ;  habitual  bad  temper,  or  want  of  kind- 
ness ;  fractiousncss.  Soutlt. 

ILL'-Na'TIIR-KD,  a.    Cross;  crabbed;  surly;  in- 
tractable; of  habitual  bad  lemi)er  ;  peevish;  frac- 
tious.  An  ill-natured  person  may  disturb  the  liarmo- 
ny  of  a  whole  parish. 
2.  That  indicates  ill-nature. 


The  ilt-tuitured  task  fuse. 


Addison. 


3.  Intractable;  not  yielding  to  culture;  as,  ill- 

vatared  land.    [J*J'ot  letritimate.]  Ptiiliits. 
ILL'-NA'TUR-£I)-LY,  o//i'.    In  a  peevish  or  froward 

manner ;  crossly  ;  unkindly. 
ILL'-Na'TUR-^;U-NESS,  ;i.    Crossness  ;  want  of  a 

kind  dispositi(Ui. 
ILL'NESS,  n.  [from  iV(.]  Badness  ;  unfavorablcness  ; 

as,  the  illness  of  the  weather.    [JVot  used.]  Locke. 

2.  Disease  ;  indisposition  ;  malady  ;  tlisordcr  of 
health  ;  sickness.  He  has  recovered  from  his  ill- 
ness. 

3.  Wickedness ;  iniquity  ;  wrong  moral  conduct. 

SImli. 

IL-L06'ie-AL,o.  [Pee  LofiicAL.]  Ignorant  or  neg- 
ligent of  the  rules  of  logic  or  correct  rc-jsuning ;  as, 
un  ilhirirM  tlisputaut. 

2.  Contrary  to  the  rub  s  of  logic  or  sound  reason- 
ing ;  as,  an  ilto:;ical  inference. 

IL-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  contrary  to  the 
rules  of  correct  reasoning. 

IL-L()Cie-AL-.N'ESS,  n.  Contrariety  to  sound  reason- 
ing. Hammond. 

ILI.'-n'.ME.V  f;D,  a.    Having  unlucky  nini  ns.  JVrele. 

ILL'-I'IKC-KI),  f-poest,)  n.    Not  well  pieced.  Burke. 

ILL'-PHO  I'^^K'-i'lON  /.;!),«.    Not  well  proportioned. 

II,I,'-PKO-VII)'EI),  a.    Not  well  provided. 

ir,l/-RE-UI'IT'EI),  n.    Not  well  ri'iiuited. 

II.I.'-SORT'KI),  a.    Not  wcdl  sorted. 

ILL'-HOKT'lNr;,  a.    Not  well  sorting. 

ILL'-STAR-RA-U,  a.  [ill  niiil  star.]  Fated  to  be  unfor- 
tunate. Beddaes. 

ILL'-H'I'OR-KD,  a.    Not  well  stored. 

ILL'-.Si;P-PHE.SH'KI),  (  prest',)  a.  Not  fully  sup- 
preHKed. 

ILL'-TK.M"PER-f;D,  a.  Of  bad  temper;  morose; 
crabbed;  sour;  pcevUh ;  fretful. 


ILL 

ILL'-TIME',  V.  t.  To  do  or  attempt  at  an  unsuitable 
time. 

ILL'-TIM-£D,  a.  Done  or  said  at  an  unsuit.-ible  time. 
ILL'-TKaIN-£D,  a.   Not  well  trained  or  disciplined. 

Mitford. 

ILL'-TURN,  n.    An  unkind  or  injurious  act. 

2.  A  slight  attack  of  illness.  [Familiar.]  .America. 
IL-LODE',  V.  t.    [L.  illudo;  in  and  ludo,  to  play.  [See 

Lt  DICBUUS.] 

To  play  uiron  by  artifice  ;  to  deceive  ;  to  mock ;  to 

excite  hope  and  disappoint  it. 
IL-LUD'EI),         Deceived;  mocked. 
IL-LOD'ING,  ;)/)r.    Playing  on  by  artifice  ;  deceiving. 
IL-LC.ME',     )v.t.    [Fr.  illuminrr ;   L.  illuinino ;  ia 
IL-Lu'MINE,  j     and  /u??iino,  to  enlighten,  from  iumnt, 

light.    See  Luminous.] 

1.  To  illuminate  ;  to  enlighten  ;  to  throw  or  spread 
light  on  ;  to  make  light  or  bright.  Milton. 

[These  words  are  used  chiejltj  in  poetmf.] 

2.  To  enlighten,  as  the  mind  ;  to  cause  to  under- 
stand. 

3.  To  brighten  ;  to  adorn. 

The  mountain's  brow. 
Illumed  wiUi  fluid  gold.  Tliomson. 

IL-Lu'MIN-ANT,  n.  That  which  illuminates  or  af- 
fords light.  Boyle. 

IL-LO'MINwiTE,)). «.  [See  Illume.]  To  enlighten; 
to  throw  light  on  ;  to  supply  with  light.  [Tkis  word 
is  used  in  poetry  or  prose.] 

2.  To  adorn  with  festal  lamps  or  bonfires. 

3.  To  enlighten  intellectually  with  knowledge  or 
grace.    Heb.  x. 

4.  To  adorn  with  ornamented  letters,  or  with  pic- 
tures, portraits,  and  other  paintings;  s.s,lo  illuminate 
manuscripts  or  books,  according  to  ancient  prac- 
tice. Kncye. 

5.  To  illustrate;  to  throw  light  on,  as  on  obscure 
subjects.  Wufts. 

IL-LO'INIIN-ATE,  a.    Enlightened.  Bp.  Hall. 

IL-Lu'MIN-ATE,  71.  One  of  a  sect  of  heretics,  pre 
tending  to  possess  extraordinary  light  and  knowl- 
edge. 

IL-Lu'MIN-A-TED,  pj>.  or  a.  Enlightened  ;  rendered 
light  or  Inniiiiotis  ;  illustrated  ;  adorned  with  orna- 
nieiited  li  tters  and  pic  tures,  as  books. 
IL-LU-iMIN-A'Ti,  7i.  J)/,  j  A  church  term,  anciently 
IL-Lu-.MIN-EE',  71.  j  applied  to  persons  who 
had  received  baptism  ;  in  wliich  ceremony  they  re- 
ceived a  lighted  taper,  as  a  symbol  of  the  iaith  and 
grace  they  had  received  by  that  sacrament.  Encyc. 

2.  The  name  of  a  sect  of  heretics,  who  sprung  up 
in  Spain  about  the  year  1575,  and  who  afterward  ap- 
peared in  France.  Their  principal  doctrine  was, 
that,  by  means  of  a  sublime  manner  of  prayer,  they 
had  attained  to  so  perfect  a  state  as  to  have  no  need 
of  ordinances,  sacraments,  and  good  works. 

Kncye. 

3.  The  name  given  to  certain  associations  of  men 
in  modern  Europe,  who  were  said  to  have  combined 
to  overthrow  the  existing  religious  institutions,  and 
substitute  reason,  by  which  they  expected  to  raise 
men  and  society  to  perfection.  It  has  been  denied, 
however,  that  this  was  their  object.  Bobison. 

IL-Lu'MIN-A-TING,  ppr.  Enlightening  ;  rendering 
liiniiiuMis  or  bright ;  illustrating ;  adorning  with  or- 
namented letters  and  pictures. 

IL-Lu'iMI.\-A-TING,  n.  The  act,  practice,  or  art,  of 
adorning  manuscripts  and  books  with  ornamented 
letters  and  paintings. 

IL-LU-MIN-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  illuminating  or 
rendering  luminous ;  the  act  of  supplying  with 
light. 

2.  The  act  of  rendering  a  house  or  a  town  light, 
by  placing  lights  at  the  windows,  or  in  elevated  sit- 
uations, as  a  manifestation  of  joy ;  or  the  state  of 
being  thus  rendered  light. 

3.  That  which  gives  light. 

Tlie  sun  —  is  an  illumination  created.  Halesh. 

4.  Brightness  ;  splendor. 

r>.  Infusion  of  intellectual  light;  an  enlightening 
of  the  umli^rstanding  by  knowledge,  or  the  mind  by 
spiritual  light. 

0.  The  act,  art,  or  practice,  of  adorning  manu- 
scripts and  books  with  ornamented  letters  and  pic- 
tures. Encyc. 

7.  A  manuscript  or  book  thus  adorned.  Fosbroke. 

8.  Inspiration  ;  the  special  communication  of 
knowledge  to  the  mind  by  the  Supreme  Being. 

Ilynjns  and  jisalmi  —  are  fraineil  by  meililiition  Ix^fureiiand,  or 
liy  proph'  tica!  t/tu77iiunfion  arc  iu^pired.  /yoy.'.er. 

IL-LO'MIN-A-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  ilhminatif.] 

Having  thi>  power  of  giving  light.  Dlfrby. 
IL  LO'.MIN  ATOK,  )i.    lie  or  that  which  illuminates 
or  gives  light. 

2.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  decorate  manii- 
Bcripts  and  books  with  ornamented  letters,  or  with 
pictures,  portraits,  and  drawings  of  any  kind.  This 
practice  began  aiiiong  the  Romans,  and  was  contin- 
ued during  the  iiiiddle  ages.  The  manuscripts  con- 
taining portraits,  pictuies,  and  emblematic  figures, 
form  a  valuable  part  of  the  riches  preserved  in  the 
principal  libiurii  s  m  Europe.  Hrberl.  Encyc. 

From  this  word,  by  contraction,  is  formed  Limukb. 


IMA 

IL-LO'.MI.\-/:i), /ip.    liluniiiiated  ;  made  lislit. 
IL-Lf''MIN-IN(;,;j/)r.    Rendering  light ;  ilhiminating. 
IL-LP'JIi.\-ISM,  71.    The  principles  of  the  llluminati. 
IL-Ll'MIN-iZE,  II.  t.    To  initiate  into  the  doctrines 

or  principles  of  the  llluminati.  jjm.  Review. 

IL-LU'.MI.N'-IZ-ED,  ;)/).    Initiated  .into  the  doctrines, 

&c.,  of  the  llluminati. 
IL-LU'.MlN-lZ  ING,  ppr.  Initiating  into  the  doctrines, 

&.C.,  of  the  (lluminati. 
IL-Lu'SION,  (il-lu'z.hun,)  n.   [Fr.  Ulusion ;  L.  illusio ; 

from  illudo,  to  illude.] 
Deceptive  appearance  ;  false  show,  by  which  .1 

person  is  or  may  be  deceived,  or  his  expectations  dis- 
appointed ;  mockery. 

Ye  son  illusions,  dear  deceits,  arise  !  Pope. 
IL-LCi'SION-IST,  n.    One  given  to  illusion. 
IL-Lu'SIVE,  a.    Deceiving  by  false  show  ;  deceitful ; 

false. 

Wliile  the  fonil  soul. 
Wrapt  in  ^y  visions  of  unreal  I'iiss, 
Still  p.aints  Ih'  illusive  form.  Thomson. 

IL-Lu'SIVE-LY,  adv.    By  means  of  a  false  show. 
IL-Lu'SIVE-NESS,  71.    Deception  ;  false  show.  .3sh. 
IL-Lu'SO-RY,  a.      [Fr.   illusoere,   from  L.  Ulusus, 
illudo.] 

Deceiving  or  intending  to  deceive  by  false  appear- 
ances ;  fallacious.    His  offers  were  illusory. 
IL-LUS'TRaTE,  71.  t.    [Fr.  illustrer ;  L.  Ulustro ;  in 
and  lustra,  to  illuminate.    See  Luster.] 

1.  To  make  clear,  bright,  or  luminous. 

2.  To  brighten  with  honor;  to  make  distinguished. 
Matter  to  me  of  glory  I  whom  llieir  hate 

lllustratis.  Anion. 

3.  To  brighten  ;  to  make  glorious,  or  to  display  the 
glory  of;  as,  to  illustrate  the  perfections  of  God. 

4.  To  explain  or  elucidate  ;  to  make  clear,  intelli- 
gible, or  obvious,  what  is  dark  or  obscure  ;  as,  to 
illustrate  a  passage  of  Scripture  by  comments,  or  of  a 
profane  author  by  a  gloss. 

5.  To  explain  and  adorn  by  means  of  pictures, 
drawings,  &c. 

IL-LUS'TRa-TED,  2'P.  or  a.  Made  bright  or  glo- 
rious. 

2.  Explained  ;  elucidated  ;  made  clear  to  the  un- 
derstanding. 

3.  Explained  bv  pictures,  &c. 
IL-LUS'TRa-TINU,  ppr.    Making  bright  or  glorious  ; 

rendering  distinguished  ;  elucidating  ;  explaining  by 
pictures,  &.c. 

IL-LUS-TRa'TION,  71.  The  act  of  rendering  bright 
or  glorious. 

2.  Explanation  ;  elucidation  ;  a  rendering  clear 
what  is  obscure  or  abstruse.  Locke. 

3.  An  engraving  or  picture  designed  to  illustrate. 
IL-LUS'TRA-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  eluci- 
dating and  making  clear  what  is  obscure ;  as,  an 
argument  or  simile  illustrative  of  the  subject. 

Brown. 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  rendering  glorious,  or  of 

displaving  glorv. 
IL-LUS'TRA-TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  illustration 

or  elucidation.  Brown. 
IL'LUS-TIlA-TOR,  71.    One  who  illustrates  or  makes 

clear. 

IL-LUS'TRA-TO-RY,  a.   Serving  to  illustrate. 
IL-LUS'TRI-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  itlustre  ;  L.  illustris.] 

1.  Conspicuous  ;  distinguished  by  the  reputation 
of  greatness  or  renown  ;  eminent ;  as,  an  illustrious 
general  or  magistrate  ;  an  illustrious  prince. 

2.  Conspicuous  ;  renowned  ;  conferring  honor ; 
as,  illustrious  actions. 

3.  Glorious;  as,  an  illustrious  display  of  the  divine 
perfections. 

4.  A  title  of  honor. 
IL-LUS'TR[-OUS-LY,  adv.    Conspicuously;  nobly; 

eminently  ;  with  dignity  or  distinction. 
2.  Gloriously  ;  in  a  way  to  manifest  glory.  The 

redemption  of  man  disphiys  illustriously  the  justice 

as  well  as  the  bcuievoleiice  of  God. 
IL-LUS'TRI-OUS-Ni;.-<S,  71.    Eminence  of  character  ; 

greatness;  grandeur;  glory. 
IL-LUX-Ij'Rl-OUS,  a.    Not  luxurious.  Drury 
ILL'-WILL',  H.    Enmity;  malevolence. 
ILL'-WII.I.'EK,  n.    One  who  wishes  ill  to  another. 
ILL'-W5UN,  a.    Not  well  worn. 

IL'LY,  adv.  A  word  sometimes  used,  though  improp- 
erly, for  III. 

IL'MEN-ITp;,  n.  A  black,  metallic  mineral,  consisting 

of  titanic  acid  and  oxyd  of  iron.  Dana. 
I'M,  contracted  from  1  am. 

IM,  in  composition,  is  usually  the  representative  of  the 
Latin  in  ;  n  being  changed  to  m,  for  the  sake  of  ea.sy 
Utterance,  before  a  labial,  as  in  imbibe,  immense,  im- 
partial. Wc  use  the  same  prefix  in  compounds  not 
of  Latin  origin,  as  in  imhank,  imbitfer.  For  tm,  the 
French  write  cm,  which  we  also  use  in  words  bor- 
rowed from  their  languagi'. 

IM'A<5H,  n,  [Fr.  imaire ;  L.  Imago;  Sp.  imagen  ;  It. 
imaise,  immairine  ;  !r.  iomaigli.] 

1.  A  represtintation  or  similitude  of  tiny  person  or 
thing  formed  of  a  material  substance  ;  as,  an  image 
wrought  out  of  stone,  wood,  or  wax. 

W'lioBe  in  iIiIn  ima!;e  and  BuixTBCriplion  t —  Matt.  xxll. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

fire  ~~~~~ 


IMA 

9.  A  statue. 

3.  An  iiliil  ;  the  rcprcsentnlion  of  any  person  or 
tliiiic  tiial  IS  ail  object  of  worship.  'I'lie  second  com- 
niandnuiit  fnrbids  the  worship  of  iiMsre.s. 

4.  Tlie  likeness  of  any  thing  on  canvas  ;  a  pic- 
ture ;  n  resemblance  painted. 

.5.  Any  copy,  representation,  or  likeness.  The 
child  is  the  ima're  of  it.s  mother. 
().  Semblance  ;  show  ;  appearance. 

Tlie  fiicii  of  Ihiiigs  a  frighlfiil  imoye  benri.  Drydtn. 

7.  An  idea  ;  a  representation  of  any  thine;  to  the 
mind  ;  a  conception  ;  a  picture  drawn  by  fancy. 

Can  we  eonc  ivc 
Ivuigt  of  might  <]cli>rhifiil,  lotl,  or  gn-iU  f  Prior. 

8.  In  rhcturic,  a  lively  description  of  any  thins  in 
discourse,  which  prese'nts  a  kind  of  picture  to  the 
ntind.  F.ncijc. 

W.  In  oplic.<,  tlic  fijiire  of  any  object,  made  by  rays 
of  litfht  proceeding  from  tlie  several  points  of  it. 
Thus  a  mirriir  reflects  tlie  imaije  of  a  person  staudins 
before  it,  as  does  water  in  a  vessel  or  stream,  wiien 
undisturbed. 

I.M'ACiK,  B.  (.    To  represent  or  form  an  image  of;  as, 
mountains  imasred  in  the  peaceful  lake. 

2.  To  form  a  likeness  in  the  mind  by  the  fancy  or 
recollection. 

Aiul  iiiM^e  ch.irms  he  must  behold  no  more.  Pope. 

I.M'AGE-A-IJLK,  a.   That  may  be  ima-jcd. 
I.M'.'\C-KI),  pp.    Formed  into  an  image  ;  copied  by  the 
imagination. 

IM'AfilC-LlCSS,  fl.    Having  no  image.  Shelleii. 
IM'ACK  KY,  (im'aj-ry,)  n.    Sensible  representations, 
pictures,  statues. 

Hich  cirviiigii,  portniturei,  and  iiiutgcry.  Dryden. 

2.  Show ;  appearance. 

Wiiat  c;ui  thy  ifnn^cry  and  sorrow  mertii  ?  Prior. 

3.  Forms  of  the  fancy  ;  false  ideas ;  imaginary 
phantasms. 

The  imagery  of  a  mel.iiicholtc  fancy.  Atterbary. 

4.  Representations  in  writing  or  speakitig  :  lively 
descriptions,  which  impress  the  images  of  things  on 
the  mind  ;  figures  in  discourse. 

1  wisli  there  may  he  in  thLs  poem  any  insuince  of  gooti  imagery. 

Dryden. 

5.  Form  ;  make. 

IM'At;F.-U'OirsilIP,  n.    The  worship  of  images; 
idolatrv. 

IM-A(5'I.\-A-I1LE,  n.    TFr.    See  Imagine.]  That 

ni.iy  or  can  be  imagineil  or  conceived.    This  point  is 

proved  with  all  imairhuiblc  clearness. 
I.M-ACi'l.N-A-lil.Y,  adv.    In  an  imaginable  manner. 
I.>I-A(j'l.N-ANT,  a.     Imagining;  conceiving.  [jVot 

H,vC'/.]  Bacon. 
IM  AO'IN-A-RY,  a.    Existing  only  in  imagination  or 

fancy  ;  visiiniary  ;  fancietl  ;  not  real. 

Imagituiry  ills  and  fancied  lortnrcs.  AddUon. 

Imairinarij  quantity;  a.  name  given  to  certain  ex- 
pressions that  arise  in  various  algebraical  and  trigo- 
nimielrical  operations,  to  which  no  value,  cither  ra- 
tional or  irrational,  can  be  assigned.  Barlow. 
IM-.\G-1.N-A'T10N,  II.  [L.  imaginalio;  Fr.  imagina- 
tion.] 

1.  The  power  or  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it 
conceives  and  forms  ideas  of  things  communicated 
to  It  by  the  organs  of  sense.  Encyc. 

Imal'inatiun  I  understand  to  be  the  representation 
of  an  individual  thought.  Baron. 

Our  simple  apprehension  of  cor|)oreaI  objects,  if 
present,  is  sense  ;  if  absent,  is  imaginalion^  [concep- 
tion.] Glanoille. 

/mn^rination,  in  its  proper  .wise,  signifies  a  lively 
conception  of  objects  of  sight.  It  is  distinguished 
from  conception  as  a  part  from  a  whole.  RriJ. 

The  business  of  conception  is  to  present  us  with  an 
e.tact  transcript  of  what  we  have  frit  or  perceived. 
Bui  we  have  also  a  power  of  modifying  our  concep- 
tions, by  combining  the  parts  of  ditlVrent  ones  so  as 
to  form  new  wholes  of  our  own  creation.  I  shall 
employ  the  word  imairinntion  to  express  this  power. 
I  apprehend  Ibis  to  be  the  proper  sense  of  the  word, 
if  imagination  be  the  power  which  fives  birth  to  the 
productions  of  the  poet  and  the  paii  t(T.  Stnenrt. 

We  woulil  define  imagination  to  oe  the  will  w  ork- 
ing on  the  materials  of  menuiry  ;  not  satisfied  with 
following  the  order  prescribed  by  nature,  or  suggest- 
ed hy  accident,  it  selects  the  parts  of  dilferent  con- 
ceptions, or  objects  of  memory,  to  form  a  whole, 
more  pleasing,  more  terrible,  or  more  awful,  than 
has  ever  been  presented  in  the  ordinary  course  of  na- 
ture. Kd.  Kncyc. 

The  two  latter  definitions  give  the  true  sense  of 
the  word,  as  now  understood. 

2.  Conception  ;  image  in  the  mind  ;  idea. 

Someiimes  Despair  darkeiii  all  her  imoginolion*.  Sidney. 
llui  imafinadong  were  often  as  Jnal  a«  Ila-y  were  twIil  and 
strung.  Dennit. 

3.  Contrivance  ;  scheme  formed  in  the  mind  ;  de- 
vice. 

Thou  bast  swn  nil  their  Tengtnncr,  and  all  their  imaginadonM 
afaiiiM  me.  —  Lam.  Ui. 


1MB 

4.  Conceit ;  an  nnsoiid  or  fanciful  opinion. 

We  are  apt  to  think  that  space,  in  Itself,  is  netnally  lionnrlleu ;  to 
which  imagitia&on  tlie  idea  of  space  of  itselt  leads  us. 

Lceke. 

5.  First  motion  or  purpose  of  the  mind.    Oeju  vi. 
IM-AG'IN-A-TIVE,  a.    [Kr.  imajrinatif.] 

1.  Th.tt  forms  imaginations.  Taylor. 

2.  Full  of  iinagiiiations  ;  fantastic.  Bacon. 
Milton  had  a  highly  imairinatirr,  Cowley  a  very 

fanciful  mind."    S.  J'.  Coleridge,  Biog.  Lit.  i.  88. — 

E.  II.  n.] 

[S^ee  Imaoination.] 
IM-AC'IN-A-TIVE-NESS,  n.    Stale  of  being  imagin- 
ative. 

IM-AG'INE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  imagintr;  Sp.  imaginar ;  L. 
imagiuor.  from  imago,  image.] 

1.  To  form  a  notion  or  itiea  in  the  mind  ;  to  fancy. 
We  can  imagine  the  figure  of  a  htirse's  head  united 
to  a  human  hotly. 

[In  f/tw  sense,  Fascv  t.v  Ike  more  proper  word.] 

2.  To  form  itieas  or  representations  in  the  mind, 
by  modifying  and  combining  our  conceptions.  Stewart. 

3.  To  contrive  in  purpttse  ;  to  scheme  ;  to  devise. 

How  long  will  ye  imni;tne  mischief  ag-.iinBt  a  man  ?  —  Ps.  Uii. 

IM-ACINE,  v.  i.  To  conceive  ;  to  have  a  notion  or 
idea.  I  can  not  imagine  how  this  should  have  hap- 
peiieil. 

I.M-ACIN-KD,  pp.  or  a  Formed  in  the  mind  ;  fan- 
cied ;  ctmtrived. 

I.M-AG'IN-ER,  n.  One  who  forms  ideas;  one  who 
ctuitrives.  Baron. 

IM'.AO-INO,  n.    The  forming  of  an  image.  CarlUlr, 

IM'AOISG,  ppr.  Forming  into  an  image;  ilepicling 
by  the  iin;igiiiation. 

I.M-A'VlN-ING,  n.  The  act  of  forming  images  or  ideas. 

Cttunning. 

I.M-.\G'Ii\-IXG,  ppr.  Forming  ideas  in  the  mind  ;  de- 
vising. 

I-MA.M',  \n.  A  minister  or  priest  who  performs  the 
I-.M  AL'.M',  >  regular  service  of  the  mti.st|iie  among  the 
VMliS,      )  ."Moliammedans. 

2.  A  Moltaniinedaii  prince  who  unites  in  his  person 

supreme  spirituttl  x'lnd  temporal  power;  as,  the  imaunt 

of  .Muscat. 

IiM-R.XL.M',  I.M-BAR'C.O,  I.M-R.\RK',  IM-BASE'.  See 
Embalm,  EMitAittio,  Emhakk,  Emhask. 

IM-B.\N',  r.  t.  [in  aiitl  ban.]  To  excommunicate,  in  a 
civil  sense  ;  to  cut  otf  from  the  rights  of  man,  or  ex- 
clude from  the  common  privileges  of  humanity.  [JVot 
welt  autliorizcd.]  J.  Burl  inc. 

IM-HA.\D',  !j.  J.  [in  and  band.]  To  form  into  a  band 
or  bands. 

Beneath  full  s.ails  imbanded  nations  rise.  J.  Bartow. 

IM-BAi\1)'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Formed  into  a  band  or  bantls. 
I.M-BA.\K',  r.  (.    ■'in  and  bank.]    To  inclose  with  a 

bank  ;  to  defend  bv  hanks,  mounds,  or  dikes. 
IM-HANK'£:D,  (im-bankt',)  pp.    Inclosed  or  defended 

with  a  bank. 

I.M  HAiXK'lNG,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  surrounding  with  a 
bank. 

IM-BANK'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  surrounding  or  de- 
fending with  a  bank. 

2.  Inclosure  by  a  bank  ;  the  banks  or  mounds  of 
earth  that  are  raised  to  defend  a  place,  especially 
against  floods. 
IM-BA.N"NEU-£D,  a.    Furnished  with  banners. 
IJI-BXKN',  B.  t.    To  deposit  in  a  barn.    [JV'of  used.] 

Herbert. 

I.M-BAS'TARD-IZE,r. «.  To  render  degenerate.  [Obs.] 

jVilton. 

I.M-BATHE',  V.  t.    [in  and  bathe.]   To  bathe  all  over. 

And  e.ive  her  to  h'T  daughters  to  imbaihe 

In  m  ctarvd  l.ivem  strowe*)  with  asphotlel.  Milton,  Cdmtit,  v.  837. 

["  The  word  Imhathe  occurs  in  our  author's  Refor- 
mation:— '  Alelliinks  a  stivereign  and  reviving  joy 
must  needs  rush  into  the  bosom  of  him  that  reads  or 
hears  ;  and  the  sweet  odor  of  the  returning  gospel 
imballie  his  soul  with  the  fragnince  of  heaven.'  ( Prose 
IVorks,  vol.  i.  p.  2.)  What  was  enthusia.sm  in  most 
of  the  ptiriLanic.'il  writers  was  poetry  in  Milton."  T. 
IVarton.  Minor  Poems  of  Milton,  p.  235.  —  E.  II.  B.l 
IM-BaT1I'£D,  pp.  Bathed  all  over. 
I.M-IliC.\D',  V.  t,  [ire  and  bead.]  To  fasten  with  a 
bead. 

The  strenjT,  bright  bayonet  imlxtvltd  f;isL  J.  Barloio. 

IM-RF:AI)'f;i),  pp.    Fastened  with  a  bead. 
LM-Br;.VD'I.\<;,  ppr.    Fastening  with  a  bead. 
I.M'BE-CILF;,  (im'be-sil  or im-be-seel',)  a.    [\..  imbeeil- 

lis;  Fr.  imbecile-.  This  seems  to  he  a  compound  word, 

of  which  the  primitive,  bee,  is  not  now  to  be  found 

or  recognized.) 

Weak  ;  feeble  ;  destitute  of  strength,  either  of  body 

or  of  mind  ;  impotent.  Barrow. 
IM'BE  (;ILE,  (im'be-sil  or  im-hc-seel',)  n.    One  desti- 

tut  ■  of  strength,  either  of  body  or  mind. 
IM'llE-ClLE,  r.  (.    To  weaken.    [Obs.]    Bp.  Taylor. 
IM-BE-CIL'I-TATE,  c.  L    To  weaken  ;  to  render  fee- 

ble.  .4.  WiLion. 

I.M-IIE-CIL'I-TY,  n.    fL.  imbecillitas ;  Fr.  imbeciUiti.] 
1.  Want  of  strength  ;  weakness  ;  feebleness  of 

body  or  of  mind.    We  speak  of  the  imbecility  of  the 

body  or  of  the  intellect,  when  either  does  not  |)Ossess 


IMR 

the  vigor  that  usually  belongs  to  men,  and  w  hich 
is  necessary  to  a  due  |KTfiiriiiance  of  its  functions 
This  may  be  natural,  or  induced  by  violence  or  dis- 
ease. 

3.  Impotence  of  males  ;  inability  to  procreate  chil- 
dren. 

I.M-I!ED',  r  (.   [in  and  in/.]  To  sink  or  lay  in  a  bed  ; 

to  place  in  n  mass  of  earth,  sand,  or  other  substance, 

so  as  to  be  partly  inclosed. 
IM-IIF.D'DEI),  pp.  or  a.    Laid  or  inclosed,  as  in  a  bed 

or  mass  of  surrounding  mailer. 
IM-HED'DINn,  ppr.    Laving,  as  in  n  bed. 
I.M-liEL'Lie,  a.    (L.  in  .ind  bellicus.] 

Kiit  warlike  I. r  martial.    [ /.ittle  used.]  Juniu.i. 
I.M-HE.NCII'ING,  71.    [in  and  icHcA.]    A  rttised  work 

likir  a  bench.  Parkhursf. 
IM-lilltlV,  V.  t.   [L.  imbibo  ;  in  and  bibo,  to  drink  ;  Fr. 

imbibrr.  ] 

1.  To  drink  in  ;  to  absorb ;  ns,  a  dry  or  porous  body 
imbibes  a  fltiitl  ;  a  sponge  imbibes  moisture. 

2.  To  receive  or  admit  into  the  mind  ami  retain  ; 
as,  to  imbibe  principles  ;  tii  imbibe  errors.  Imbibing  in 
the  ini»(/,  always  implies  retention,  at  least  for  a  time. 

.1.  To  imbue,  as  used  by  Newton ;  but  he  has  not 
been  followed. 
IM  HIH'KI),         Drank  in,  as  a  fluid;  absorbed;  re- 
ceived inl'i  the  mind  anil  retained. 
IM-lilli'r.lt,  n.    Il(f  iir  that  which  imbibes. 
I.M-liIl!'I.V<;,  ppr     Drinking  in  ;  absorbing  ;  receiving 

antl  ret.'iiniiig. 
IM-BI-BI"TIO,\,  (  bish'un,)  u.    The  act  of  imbibing. 

Bacon. 

IM-BIT'TER,  r.  I.    [in  and  bitlrr.]    To  make  bitter. 

2.  To  make  uiili;tp|iy  or  grie%'oiis  ;  to  render  dis- 
tressing. The  sins  of  youth  often  imbittcr  old  age. 
Grief  imbitlers  our  eiijoymenls. 

3.  To  exasperate  ;  to  make  more  seviV-,  poignant, 
or  painful.  The  sorrows  of  true  pt;nitence  are  imbil- 
tered  by  a  sense  of  our  ingratituiie  to  our  Almighty 
Benefactor. 

4.  Tt)  exaspt»rate  ;  to  render  more  violent  or  malig- 
nant ;  as,  III  imttitterttunnty,  anger,  rage,  p.assion,  Acc.^ 

IM-liri''Ti",l!  f,'I),  pp.  or  u.  Made  unhappy  or  ]iainful  ^ 

exasperated. 
IM-lilT'TElt  ER,  n.   That  which  makes  hitfr. 

./oftiuion. 

IM-RIT'TER-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  unhapi)y  or  dis- 
tressing ;  exasperating.  ' 
IM-BOD'I-A'D,  pp.  or  «.   [Sec  Embodv.]   Formed  into 
I.M-IiOD'Y.    See  Embodv.  [a  b  (Jy. 

I.M-lli  iIL',  B.  i.    To  effervesce  ;  t.i  rage.  Spenser. 
I.M-KoI.D'f.N.    See  Emkoi.oen. 

l.M-BOR'DER,  V.  t.  [in  and  border.]  To  furnish  or 
inclose  with  a  border  ;  to  adorn  witli  a  border. 

2.  To  terminate  ;  to  biiunil.  Milton. 
IM-B0R'DER-/:D,  pp.  Furnished,  inclosed,  or  .adorned 

with  a  bnrtler;  boundett. 

IM-IIOR'DER-I.NG,  ppr.  Furnishing,  inclosing,  or 
adorning  with  a  border;  bounding. 

I.M-BOSK',  e.  f.    [It.  imio.-curc.    See  BesH.] 

To  conceal,  as  in  bushes  ;  to  bide.  Milton. 

IM-BO.'^K',  e.  I.    To  lie  concealed.  Milton. 

IM-BO'SO.M,  V.  t,  [in  and  bosom.]  To  hold  in  the 
bosom  ;  to  cover  fondly  with  the  folds  of  one's  gar- 
ment. 

3.  To  hold  in  nearness  or  intimacy. 

The  Father  intiiiile, 
By  whom  in  bliss  imbosomed  *At  Uie  ±>on.  Milton. 

3.  To  admit  to  the  heart  or  atfection  ;  to  caress. 
But  !;Iad  desin-',  his  late  imbotomed  gut'st.  Sidney. 

4.  To  inclose  in  the  midst :  to  surround. 

Villages  ifn6o*o7n<{/Bof^  h>  trees.  Thornton. 

5.  To  inclose  in  the  niid.sl ;  to  cover;  as,  pe.arls 
imbosomed  in  the  deep. 

IM-BO'SO.M-AT),  pp.  or  a.  Held  in  the  bosom  or  to 
tJie  breast ;  caressed  ;  stirrouiuled  in  the  midst ;  in- 
closed ;  ct>vered. 

IM-BO'?().M-I.VG,  Holding  in  the  bosom  ;  caress- 

ing; holding  to  the  breiust ;  inclosing  or  covering  in 
the  midst. 

I.M-BOl'.N'D',  r.  <.  [in  and  Aoiinrf.]  To  inclose  in  lim- 
its ;  to  shut  in.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 

I.M-BoW',  e.  t.  [in  antl  bou>.]  To  arch;  to  vault; 
as,  an  imhoircd  rftof.  JiVilton. 

2.  To  make  of  a  circular  fonn  ;  as,  imbowed  win- 
dows. Bacon. 

IM-BOW'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Ardied ;  vaulted;  made  of 
a  circular  form. 

IM-BOW'ER.    See  Embower. 

l.M-B6W'I.\G,  ppr.    Arching;  vaulting;  making  of  a 

circular  form. 
IM-BoW'.MENT,  n.    An  arch  ;  a  vault  Bacon. 
I.M-B().\',  r.  I.    To  inclose  in  a  box. 
l.M-BOX'KI),  (iin-biiksl',)  pp.    Inclosed  in  a  box. 
IM-BOX'I.N't;,  ppr.    Inclosing  in  a  box. 
|M-BKA.\"(;LE,  r.  (.    To  entangle.  Hiulibras. 
I.M-BREl)',  pp.    Generated  within. 
IM-BREED',  r.  t.   To  generate  within  ;  to  inbrceil 
I.M-BREED'I.NG,  ppr.    Generating  within. 
I.M'BRI  CATE,     I  a.     [I..  i«i*ri«i(u.«,  imbrteo,  from 
LM'BRI-Ca-TEP.  i     imbrrr,  a  tile.] 

1.  Bent  and  hollowi^d  like  a  roof  or  gutter  tile. 


TONE,  B}JH'  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  Sll  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


73 


WW 


2.  In  botany,  lyin^  over  each  other  in  regular  order, 
like  tiles  on  a  roof,  as  the  scales  on  the  cup  of  some 
acorns  ;  overlapping  each  other  parallelly  at  tlie  mar- 
gins, without  any  involution,  as  leaves  in  the  bud. 

Lindley. 

IM-BRI-Ca'TION,  n.  A  concave  indenture,  like  that 
of  tiles  ;  tiling.  Derliam. 

IM-BRoGL'IO,  (im-brol'yo,)  n.  [It.]  In  tlie  drama, 
an  intricate,  coinpliraled  [ilot. 

I.M-BROWN',  V.  I.  [in  and  brown.]  To  make  brown  ; 
to  d:irken  ;  to  obscure. 

2.  To  darken  the  color  of;  to  make  dirty. 

The  foot  ^rous  black  lhat  \v;is  with  ilirt  iinbrotsned.  Gay. 

3.  To  tan  ;  to  darken  the  complexion. 
IM-BROVVX'KD,;;/).  Made  brown  ;  darkened  ;  tanned. 
IM-BROWN'IA'G,  ppr.    Rendering  brown  ;  darken- 
ing ;  tanning. 

IM-BROE',  (ini-bru',)  v.  t.  [Gr.  c/(,/?ofx"i  to  moisten  ; 
cii  and  liocx'^-  Hence  it  is  allied  to  embrocate,  and 
Sp.  embriairar,  to  intoxicate.  See  Ebriety,  Brook, 
and  Rain.] 

1.  To  wet  or  moisten  ;  to  soak  ;  to  drench  in  a 
fluid,  chiefly  in  blood. 

VVbose  arrows  in  my  blood  their  win^  imbrue.  Sandys. 

Lucius  pities  ttie  ollemiers, 
That  would  imbrue  tiK-ir  hands  in  Cato's  blood.  Adtlison. 

2.  To  pour  out  or  distil.    [  Obs.]  Spenser. 
lil-BRV' EV>,  pp.    Wet;  moistened;  drenched. 
IM-BRO'ING,  ppr.   Wetting;  moistening;  drenching. 
I,M-BRC'.ME\T,  n.    The  act  of  imbruing. 
IM-BRuTE',  V.  t.    [in  and  brute.]    To  degrade  to  the 

state  of  a  brute ;  to  reduce  to-brutality. 


And  mix  with  bestial  stime 
Tliis  essence  to  incarnate  and  iitibrule. 


miton. 


I.M-BRuTE',^r.  i.   To  sink  to  the  state  of  a  brute. 

The  son!  e^ws  clotted  by  cont.as;ion, 
tmbodies  and  imbrutes,  till  she  quite  lose 

The  divine  projjcrty  ol  her  first  bein^.    liTUton^a  Comus,  v.  466. 
Thus,  also,  Satan  speaks  of  the  debasement  and 
corruption  of  his  original  divine  essence. 
^  Mixed  with  bestial  slime, 

^         This  essence  to  incarnate  and  imbrute, 

Tliat  to  tlie  higlit  of  deity  aspired.        Parail.  Lost,  9,  165. 

IM-BRuT'ED,  pp.    Degraded  to  brutism. 
IM-BRuT'ING,  ppr.    Reducing  to  brtitishnesg. 
I.M-BuE',  (im-bu',)  v.  1.    [h.  imhuo  ;  in  and  the  root 

o:  Eng.  buck :  to  buck  cloth,  that  is,  to  dip,  drench, 

or  sleep,  in  w.iter.] 

1.  To  tinge  deeply  ;  to  dye ;  as,  to  imbue  cloth. 

Boyle. 

2  To  tincture  deeply ;  to  cause  to  imbibe  ;  as,  to 
imbue  the  minds  of  youth  with  good  principles. 

I.Vl-Bu'/Cr),  {m-bHie' .)  pp.    Tinged  ;  dyed  ;  tinctured. 

IM-Bu'I.\G,  wr.  Tinging  ;  dyeing  ;  tincturing  deeply. 

IM-Bu'.MEXT,  n.    A  deep  tincture. 

IM-BURriE',  (im-burs',)  t,-.  t.  [See  BtjusE.]  To  supply 
mone\',  or  to  stock  with  money.    [J\'ot  used.] 

IM-BUUSE'.ME\T,  n.    The  act  of  supplying  money. 

2.  .Money  biid  up  in  stock. 

IM  BO'TIO.V,  «.  Act  of  imbuing.  Lee. 
IM-I-TA-BIE'I-TY,  ji.      [See   Imitable,  Imitate.] 

The  quality  of  being  imitalile.  J^Torri.'s. 
IM'I-T.\-BLE,  a.    [Kr.,  from  L.  imitabilis.    See  Imi- 

tateJ 

1.  That  may  be  imitated  or  copied.  Let  ns  follow 
our  Savior  in  all  his  imitable  condticl  and  traits  of 
character.  There  are  some  works  of  the  ancients 
that  are  hardly  imitable.  The  dignified  style  of 
Johnson  is  scarcely  imitable. 

2.  Worthy  of  imitation. 

IM'I-TaTE,  v.  t.  [Vt.,  imiler;  Sp.  and  Port,  imt'ter  ; 
It.  imilare  ;  L.  imittr,' allied,  perhaps,  to  Gr.  opoi, 
similar,  eipial.] 

1.  To  follow  in  manners ;  to  copy  in  form,  color, 
or  (juality.  We  imitate  aiiotlier  in  dress  or  manners ; 
we  imitate  a  statue,  a  painting,  a  sound,  an  action, 
when  We  make  or  do  that  which  resembles  it.  We 
should  seek  the  best  moilels  to  imitate;  and,  in  mor- 
als and  piety,  it  is  our  duty  to  imitate  the  example  of 
our  Savior.  But,  as  we  can  not  always  make  an  ex- 
act similitude  of  the  original,  hence, 

2.  To  attempt  or  endeavor  to  copy  or  resemble  ; 
as,  to  imitate  the  colors  of  the  rainbow,  or  any  of  tile 
beauties  of  nature.  Cicero  appears  to  have  imilated 
the  Greek  orators. 

3.  To  counterfeit. 

This  hand  app«.-ared  R  sliiiling:  dword  to  wield, 

And  tliat  iin«tufted  an  imtUUed  sliir.-ld.  Dryden. 

4.  To  pursue  the  course  of  a  composition,  so  as  to 
use  like  iinage-i  and  examples.        Johnson.  Oaij. 

rM'I-TA-TF,l),  ;/;).  or  n.    rolbuved  ;  copied. 
I.M'I-'1'A-TI.\(;,  ;>/»r.    rollowing  in  manner;  ropying. 
I.M  I-'J'A'TIO.\,  ;i.  [rr.,from  Uimitalio;  imilor,lu  im- 
ilatc.] 

I.  The  net  of  following  in  manner,  or  of  copying 
in  form ;  the  a<:t  of  making  the  similitude  of  any 
thing,  or  of.-ittempting  a  resemblance.  By  the  imita- 
tion of  bad  men  or  of  evil  examples,  we  are  apt  to 
contract  vicious  habits.  In  the  imitation  of  natural 
forms  and  colors,  wr;  are  often  iinsiirct  ifful.  Imita- 
turn  in  mu»ic,  says  Rounseau,  is  a  reitertiticm  of  the 
same  air,  or  of  one  which  is  Hunilnr,  \n  several  parts. 


I  MM 

where  it  is  repeated  by  one  aft'ir  the  other,  either  in 
unison  or  at  the  distance  of  a  fourth,  a  fifth,  a  third, 
or  any  interval  whatever.  Imitation  in  oratory,  is  an 
endeavor  to  resemble  a  speaker  or  writer  in  the  qual- 
ities which  we  propose  to  ourselves  as  patterns. 

Encyc, 

2.  That  which  is  made  or  produced  as  a  copy; 
likeness  ;  resemblance.  We  say,  a  thing  is  a  true 
imitation  of  nature. 

3.  A  method  of  translating,  in  which  modern  ex- 
amples and  illustrations  are  used  for  ancient,  or  do- 
mestic for  foreign,  or  in  which  the  translator  not  only 
varies  the  wortls  and  sense,  but  forsakes  them  as  he 
sees  occasion.  Johnson.  Dryden. 

IM'I-Ta-TIVE,  a.    Inclined  to  follow  in  manner;  as, 
man  is  an  imitatioe  being. 

2.  Aiming  at  resemblance  ;  that  is  used  in  the 
business  of  forming  resemblances.  Painting  is  an 
imitative  art. 

3.  Formed  after  a  model,  pattern,  or  original. 


This  temple,  less  in  form,  with  equal  ^ace, 
Was  imiuitive  of  the  first  in  Thrace. 


Dryden 


Imitative  music,  is  that  which  is  intended  to  resem- 
ble some  natural  operation,  the  passions  and  the  like. 

Basbtj. 

IM'I-Ta-TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  an  imitative  manner. 
IiM'I-Ta-TOR,  71.    One  that  follows  in  manners  or  de- 
portment. 

2.  One  that  copies,  or  attempts  to  make  the  resem- 
blance of  any  thing. 

IM'I-Ta-TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  oflice  or  state  of  an  imi- 
tator. Marston, 

IM-MA€'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  immaculatus ;  in  and  mac- 
ula, a  spot.] 

1.  Spotless  ;  pure  ;  unstained  ;  undefiled  ;  without 
blemish  ;  as,  immaculate  reputation  ;  immaculate 
thoughts.  Our  Savior  has  set  us  an  example  of  an 
immaculate  life  and  conversation. 

2.  Pure;  limpid;  not  tinged  with  impure  matter ; 
as,  an  immaculate  fountain.  Shak 

Immaculate  conception.  The  doctrine  of  the  immac- 
ulate conception,  as  held  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  is  the  doctrine  that  the  Virgin  .Mary  was 
born  without  original  sin.  Hook. 

IM-MAC'lj-LATE-LY,  adv.    With  spotless  purity. 

I.M-MAC'U-L.'VTE-NESS,  n.    Spotless  purity. 

IM-M.^IL'i^D,  o.    Wearing  mail  or  armor.  Broxone. 

IM-.MAL'LE-A-BLE,  a.  [in  ani  malleable.]  Not  mal- 
leable ;  that  can  not  be  extended  by  hammering. 

Med.  Repos. 

IM-MAN'A-eLE,  v.  t.  [in  and  manacle.]  To  put 
manacles  on  ;  to  fetter  or  confine ;  to  restrain  from 
free  action.  jililton. 

IM-MAN'A-eL£D,  pp.    Fettered  ;  confined. 

IM-MAi\'A-eLlNG,y)f)r.    Fettering;  confining. 

I.M-MA-Na'TION,  n.    A  flowmg  ur  entering  in. 

IM-MaNE',  a.    [h.  immanis.]  [Oood. 
Vast ;  huge  ;  very  great.    [Little  used.] 

IM-MaNE'LY,  adv.    Monstrously  ;  cruelly.  Milton. 

I.M'JIA-NEN-CV,  n.    Internal  dwelling.  Pearson. 

IM'MA-NENT,  a.  [L.  in  and  manens,  maneo,  to 
abide.] 

Inherent;  intrinsic;  internal.  SouUi. 
IM-MAN'I-TY,  n.    [L.  immanitas.] 

Barbarity  ;  savageness.  Shak. 
IM-MAN'U-EL,  n.    [Heb.]    God  with  us;  a  name 

given  to  the  Savior.    Matt.  i.  23. 
I.M-.MaR-CES'SI-BLE,  a.     [L.  in  and  marccsco,  to 
fade.] 

Unfading.  Diet. 
IM-MAR'TIAL,  (ini-mllr'shal,)  a.    [in  and  martial.] 

Not  martial  ;  not  wtirlike.  Chapman. 
I.M-.MaSK',  II.  t.    [in  and  jnos/;.]    To  cover,  as  with  a 

mask  ;  to  disguise.  Shak, 
I.M-M.\SK'/.;D,  (iin-mtiskt',)  pp.    Covered;  masked. 
I.M-MX.SK'I.\G,  ppr.    Covering;  disguising. 
IJl-.MATCIl'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  matched  ; 

peerless. 

IiM-MA-TE'RI-AL,  a.  [Ft.  iminalcriel ;  in  and  mate- 
rial.] 

1.  Incorporeal ;  not  material  ;  not  consisting  of 
matter ;  as,  immaterial  spirits.  Tlie  mind  or  soul  is 
i7/i7/iaffri«/. 

2.  Unimportant ;  without  weight ;  not  material ; 
of  no  essential  consequence. 

Melmiith.    Min.    llaidcy.  Riiffbrad. 
lM-MA-Ti;'RI-AI,-IS.M,  «.    The  dcJcIrine  of  the  ex- 
istence or  state  of  immaterial  substances  or  spiritual 
beings. 

IM-.M.\-Tr;'RI-.\L-IST,n.  One  who  professes  imma- 
lerialitv.  Swift. 

I.M  .MA-'j'E  RI-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
material, or  not  consisting  of  matter  ;  destitution  of 
matter;  as,  the  immateriality  of  the  soul. 

I.M-.MA-'i'l'c'RI-AL-IZ-iEU,  o.  Rendered  or  made  im- 
m.-ilerial._  Glanvillc. 

I.M  .MA-Ti:MtI-.M,  LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  de- 
pending on  matter. 

2.  In  a  manner  iinimport.'Lnt. 

I!VI-MA-'1'|.:'RI-AI,-NE.SS,  «.  'J'he  state  of  being  im- 
material ;  immateriality. 

IM-MA-Tk'RI  ATE,  (1.  Not  consisting  of  matter; 
incorporeal ;  iiiini.'iterial.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 


IMM 

IM-MA-TC'llE',  j  a.  [L.  immaturus  ;  in  and  ma- 
m-MA-TvR'KU,  ]  turns.] 

1.  Not  mature  or  ripe;  unripe  ;  that  has  not  ar- 
rived to  a  perfect  state  ;  applied  to  fruit. 

2.  Not  perfect ;  not  brought  to  a  complete  state ; 
as,  immature  plans  or  counsels 

3.  Hasty ;  too  early  ;  that  comes  before  the  natural 
time.  Taylor. 

[In  this  sense.  Premature  is  generally  used.] 
IM-MA-TuRIC'LY,  adv.    Too  soon  ;  before  ripeness 

or  completion  ;  before  the  natural  time. 
IM-MA-TuRE'NESS, )  n.     Unripeness  ;  iiuomplete- 
IiM-M  A-Tu'KI-TY,     (     ness ;  the  state  of  a  thing 

which  has  not  arriveil  to  perfection. 
IM-ME-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [L.  in  and  meo,  to  pass.] 
Want  of  power  to  pass.  Arbuthnot. 
The  proper  sense  is,  the  quality  of  not  being  per- 
meable, or  not  affording  a  passage  through  the  pores. 
[Little  used.] 

IM-SIE4S'UR-A-BLE,  (im-mezh'ur-a-bl,)  a.    [in  and 

m''asure.] 

That  can  not  be  measured  ;  immense  :  indefinitely 
extensive  ;  as,  an  immeasurable  distance  or  space  ;  an 
immeasurable  abyss.  Milton.  .Addison. 

IJI-ME.AS'UR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 
incapable  of  measure  or  measurement. 

IM-MEAS'lJll-A-BLY,  adv.    To  an  extent  not  to  be 
measured  ;  immensely  ;  beyond  all  measure.  Milton, 

IM-.MEAS'UR-£D,  a.    Exceeding  common  measure. 

IM-ME-€IlAN'ie-AL,  a.    [in  and  mccliuuical.]  Not 
consonant  to  the  laws  of  mechanics.  [Obs.] 

Chrync. 

IJI-ME-CHAN'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Inconsistently  with 

the  laws  of  mechanics. 
IM-Me'UI-A-CY,  71.     [from  immediate.]     Power  of 

acting  without  dependence.  Shak. 
IM-ME''DI-.\TE,  a.    [Fr.  immediat;  It.  immediato  ;  L. 

ill  and  medius,  middle.] 

1.  Proximate;  acting  without  a  medium,  or  with- 
out the  intervention  of  another  cause  or  means  ;  pro- 
ducing its  effect  by  its  own  direct  agency.  -An  im- 
mediate cause  is  that  which  is  exertetl  directly  in 
producing  its  eflect,  in  opposition  to  a  mediate  cause, 
or  one  more  remote. 

2.  Not  acting  by  second  causes ;  as,  the  immediate 
will  of  God.  Mbot. 

3.  Instant ;  present ;  without  the  intervention  of 
time.  We  must  have  an  immediate  supply  of  bread  ; 
immediate  duty. 

Immediate  are  my  needs.  ShaJc. 
DcaUi  —  infticted  —  by  an  immediate  stroke.  AJUlon. 

IM-Mii'DI-ATE-LY,  adv.    Without  the  intervention 
of  any  other  cause  or  event ;  opposed  to  Mediately. 

The  transfer,  whether  accepted  immf<t'tately  by  himself,  or  medi- 
ately by  his  agent,  vests  in  him  llie  propiTty.  Alien. 

2.  Instantly  ;  at  the  present  time ;  without  delay, 
or  the  intervention  of  time. 

And  Jesiis  put  forlli  liis  hand,  ami  touched  him,  s.-.ying,  I  w  ill :  be 
thou  clean.  And  immediately  liis  leprosy  was  cleaiiseil.  — 
jMatt.  viii. 

IM-Me'DI-ATE-NESS,  n.    Presence  with  regard  to 
time. 

2.  Exemption  from  second  or  intervening  causes. 
IM-MEU'I  e.V-BLE,  a.      [L.  immedicabilis ;  in  and 
medicabdi^,  from  medico,  to  heal.] 

Not  to  be  healed  ;  incurable.  Milton. 
IM-ME  Lo'UI-OUS,  a.    Not  melodious.  Drummond. 
I.M-.ME.M'O-RA-BLE,  a.     [L.  immf inora4i/is ;  in  and 
meiuorabilis.    See  Memory.] 
Not  to  be  remembered  ;  not  worth  remembering. 

Johnson. 

IM-ME-Mo'RI-AL,  o.    [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  memor, 
vicmoria.] 

Beyoiiil  memory  ;  an  epithet  given  to  time  or  du- 
ration, &c.,  whose  beginning  is  not  remembered,  or 
can  not  be  traced  and  ascertained  ;  as,  when  it  is 
said  a  man  has  po.ssessed  an  est.ite  in  fee  from  time 
immemorial,  or  time  out  of  mind.  Such  possession 
constituti«  prescription,  or  prescriptive  right.  So  we 
speak  of  immemorial  use,  custom,  or  practice.  In 
Knoland,  a  thing  is  said  to  be  immemorial,  when  it 
coininenced  before  the  reign  of  Edward  IT. 
LM-ME-Mo'RI-AL-EY,  adv.    Beyond  memory. 

i*f/l(/c;/. 

IiM-iMENSE'.  a.    [Ft.,  from  L.  immcnsiis  :  in  and  incn- 
sus,  vietior,  to  measure.] 

1.  Unlimited  ;  unbounded  ;  infinite. 

O  goodness  infinite  I  goodness  immense  /  Mllon. 

2.  Vast  in  extent ;  very  great ;  as,  an  immen.^e  dis- 
tance. 

3.  Huge  in  bulk  ;  very  large  ;  as,  the  immense  body 
of  Jiijiiter. 

IM-MENSE'LY,  adv.    Infinitely;  without  limits  or 
2.  Vastly  ;  very  greatly.  [measure. 
IM-MENSE'NESS,  7i.    Unbounded  extent  or  great- 
ness. 

IM-MENS'I-TY,  71.    Unlimited  extension;  an  extent 
not  to  be  measured  ;  infinity. 

By  Ute  power  we  find  In  ourselves  of  repenlin?,  n»  often  in  w« 
will,  any  idea  of  space,  wc  get  Uio  idea  of  immentily. 

Loda. 

2.  Vnstness  in  extent  or  bulk  ;  greatness. 
IM-MEN-SU-RA-BII/I-TY,  n.    [from  immensurable.] 


FATE,  FAH,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


I  MM 

j      Tlic  quality  of  not  bciiic  capable  of  measure ;  im- 
possibility to  he  meiisurjii. 
IM-MKN't^lf-RA-llLE,  o.     [L.  in  and  mensurabilis, 
tVoin  jnfiisitraj  ini'iisure  ;  vieiisus^  inetior.] 
Nut  to  be  measurrd;  immeasurable. 
The  l:iw  of  n;iture  —  a  Irrtn     iiniMn^uTatile  extent.  Ward. 


IM-MEN'Sn-RATE,  o.    Unmeasured.  W.Mountairu. 
I.M-MIORCli',  (ini  inerj',)  i'.  t.    [L.  immcrgo ;  in  and 
mertroy  lit  piun'^c] 

1.  To  plunge  mto  or  under  a  fluid.  [Sec  Im- 
merse, vvliicli  is  RfULTiillK  used.] 

2.  1'.  i.  To  disappear  by  entering  into  any  medium, 
as  into  tlie  light  of  the  sun,  or  the  sliadow  of  the 
carlli. 

IM-MEUli'FD,  (im-merjd',)  pp.    Plunged  into. 
I.M.Mi;Ut;'l.\(J,  ppr.    Entering  or  pluni;ing  into. 
IM-MEIl'lT,  ;i.    Want  of  worth.    [A'ot  11.W.J 
IM-MEIl'IT-ED,  a.    Unni.rited.    [JVot  u.iril.] 
l.M-.MEIl'IT-OUS,  a.    Undeserving.    [A^i/t  use,!.] 

Milton. 

IM-MERSE',  (im-mcrs',)  v.  t.  [h.  immersus,  Irom  im- 
mer^ro  ;  in  and  mcrirOf  to  plunge.] 

1.  To  jiut  under  water  or  other  fluid;  to  plunge  j 
to  dip. 

2.  To  sink  or  cover  deep ;  to  cover  wholly  ;  as,  to 
be  immcrsFti  in  a  wood.  Drijden. 

3.  To  plunge  ;  to  overwiielm  ;  to  involve ;  to  en- 
gage deeply ;  as,  to  immerse  in  business  or  cares. 

It  is  iiiiposjiilil.'  tor  a  man  to  have  a  lively  lioiie  in  nnottier  lif"^, 
anil  yvl  oc  dcciily  iinjiterscd  iu  Ibe  enjoyment  if  am. 

AuerbtMry. 

I.M-MERSE',  (I.    Ruried  ;  covered;  sunk  deep. 
IM-MER!5'£D,  (im-inerst',)  pp.     Put  into  a  fluid; 
pliingeil  ;  deeply  engaged  ;  concealed  by  entering 
into  any  medium,  as  into  the  light  of  the  sun,  or  the 
shadow  of  the  earth. 
IM-MERS'I.N'G,  ppr.    Plunging  into  a  fluid  ;  dipping; 

overw  helming  ;  deeply  engaging. 
IM-.MEK'SION,  II.   The  net  of  putting  into  a  fluid  be- 
low the  surface;  the  act  of  plunging  into  a  fluid 
till  covered. 
2.  'I'he  state  of  sinking  into  a  fluid. 
.3.  The  state  of  being  overwhelmed  or  deeply 
engaged  ;  as,  an  itnmersion  in  the  atfairs  of  life. 

^Ucrbiinj. 

4.  In  ttstronomij,  the  disappearance  of  a  celestial 
body  by  entering  into  any  medium,  as  into  the 
light  of  the  sun,  or  the  shadow  of  the  earth,  op- 
postMt  to  Emersion.  Olmsted. 

IiM-MESir,  e.  (.  [in  and  tiimA.]  To  entangle  in  the 
meshes  of  a  net,  or  in  a  web.  Observe  whether  the 
fly  is  completely  immeshed.  The  spider  used  his 
efforts  to  immc^k  the  scorpion.  GoldsmitJi. 

IM-.ME.Sll'A'l),  (im-mesht',)  pp.  Entangled  in  meshes 
or  webs. 

1M-ME?H'ING,  ppr.    Entangling  in  meshes  or  webs. 
I.M-.ME  TIIOD'ie-.VL,  o.    [in  and  methodical.  See 
Mkthod.] 

Having  no  method  ;  without  systematic  arrange- 
ment ;  without  order  or  regularity  ;  confused. 

MdLson. 

I.M-.ME-TlIOlVie-AL-LY,  adv.     Without  order  or 

regularity  ;  irregularly. 
IM-.ME-THOD'ie-AUNESS,  n.   Want  of  method  ; 

confusion. 

IM'.MI-GRANT,  71.  A  person  that  removes  into  a 
country  for  the  purpose  of  permanent  residence. 

IM'.\n-<5RATE,  I",  i.  [L.  immi^ro ;  in  and  migro,  to 
migrate.] 

To  remove  into  a  countrj'  for  the  purpose  of  per- 
manent residence.    [See  Emigrate.]  Belknap. 

IM-.MI-(Jll.\'TION,  71.  The  passing  or  removing  into 
a  country  for  the  purpose  of  permanent  residence. 

I.%r'Ml-.\'E.\CE,  n.  [L.  immintrntia,  inuninco,  to  hang 
over.] 

Properlfi,  a  hanging  over,  but  used  by  Shakspeare 
for  impending  evil  or  danger.    [LiUle  used.] 
IM'.MI-XE.N'T,  a.    [L.  tmmiiieii.*,  from  iHiminro,  to  hang 
over;  in  and  minor,  to  threaten.    See  .Menace.] 

Literally,  shooting  over ;  hence,  hanging  over ; 
impending  ;  threatening  ;  near  ;  appearing  as  if 
about  to  fall  on  ;  vsed  of  evils ;  as,  imminent  dan- 
ger ;  imminent  judgments,  evils,  or  ileatli. 

Hooker.  Milton. 
IM'.Mt-XEXT-LY,  adv.    Impendinglv  ;  threateningly. 
I.M-.MI.\'"GLE,  c.  (.    [in  and  mingle.]    To  mingle  ;  lo 

mix;  tf>  unite  with  numbers.  Thomson. 
IM  .M1N"GLKD,  pp.    Mi.teil ;  mingled. 
IM-MI\"GI,IXG,  ppr.    Mixing;  mingling. 
IM-MI-\0'TIO\,  7U    [L.  imminutio,  imnunuo  i  in  and 
ininuo,  to  lessen.] 
A  lessening;  tliminution  ;  decrease.  Raij. 
I.M-MlS-CI-BlL'I-TY,n.    [Ij.  immisceo ;  in  ani  misceo, 
to  mix.] 

Incap.-icitv  of  being  mixed. 
LM-MIS'tJI-BLE,  o.    [in  and  miseiifc]    Not  capable 

of  bi-ing  mixed.  Med.  Rcpos. 

IM-MIS'SIO.N,  (ini-mish'un,)  11.  [L.  immisfio,  im- 
mi//o;  in  and  milto,  to  send.] 

The  act  of  sending  or  thrusting  in  ;  injection  ; 
contrary  lo  Emission. 
IM-.V  IT',  r.t.    [L.  immilto ;  in  and  milto,  to  send.] 
7  o  send  in  ;  to  inject.  OreenhUL 


IMM 

IM-UIT'l-GA-BLE,  a.    [in  and  mitigate.]    That  can 

not  be  mitigated  or  appeased.  JfarrLi. 
IM-MIT'I  G.\-ULY,  ado.    In  an  immitigable  manner. 
IM-MIT'TEI),  pp.    Sent  in  ;  injected. 
I.M-MIT'TING, /ipr.    Sending  in  ;  injecting. 
IM-MIX',  V.  t.    [in  and  mit.]    To  mix  ;  to  mingle. 
IM-MIX'A-HLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  being  mixed. 

lyUkins. 

Im-m'xT''"'  j        Unmixed.  Herbert. 
IM-MIX'IX(;,  ppr.  Minding. 

IM-I\10-niL'l-'I'Y,  «.    Il'r.  immchillti;  L.  immobilila.i, 
from  immohil'ts    in  .and  mobilis,Uwn  iniipco,  to  move.] 
Uninovableness ;  fixedness  in  place  or  state  ;  n  - 
sistauce  to  mtition.  ^rbuthnoL 

IM-MOI)'ER-A-CY,  n.    Excess.  Bruwii. 

IM-MOU'ER-ATE,  a.  [I.,  immoderatus ;  in  and  vtod- 
eratus.    See  .Mudkkate.] 

Exceeding  just  or  usual  bounds ;  not  confined  to 
suitable  limits;  excessive;  extravagant  ;  unreasona- 
ble ;  as,  immoderate  demands ;  immoderate  passions, 
cares,  or  grief. 

I.M-MOD'E>l-ATE-I,Y,  orfr.  Excessively  ;  to  an  un- 
due degreo  ;  unreasonably  ;  as,  to  weep  immodcr- 
atelij. 

IM-MOD'ER-aTE  NESS,  n.    Excess;  extravagance. 

Shrlford. 

I.M-MOD-ER-A'TION,  n.  E.xcess;  want  of  modera- 
tion. Hammond. 

!M-.MGD'EST,  >j.  \Yt.  immodeste;  L.  iynmodcstus  ;  in 
end  i/.i/uV::.;,  iiii;dest.    See  the  latter.] 

1.  Literally,  nut  limited  tu  due  bounds.  Hence, 
in  a  general  sir.se,  immoderate  ;  exurbilant ;  unrea- 
sonable ;  arrogant. 

2.  .^fpropriulet'j ,  wanting  in  the  reserve  or  restraint 
which  decency  reipiires  ;  wanting  in  decency  and 
delicacy.  It  is  immodest  to  treat  superiors  with  the 
familiarity  that  is  ctistumary  among  equals. 

3.  Wanting  in  chastity ;  unchaste ;  lewd ;  as,  an 
vnmodest  female. 

4.  Impure;  indelicate;  as,  nn  iinmorfciJ  thought. 
.5.  Obscene;  as,  an  tin;;/(Ji/i'.s-t  word.  [Drijden. 

IM-.MOD'E.ST-LY,  ade.    Without  due  reserve ;  inde- 

cenlly  ;  unch;ustely;  obscenely. 
IM-MOD'ES-TY,  n.    [L.  immodestin.] 

1.  Want  of  moilesty  ;  indecency  ;  unchastity. 

2.  Want  of  delicacy  or  tiecent  reserve. 
IM'MO-L.\TE,  c.  t.    [Fr.  immolcri  h.  immolo,  to  sac- 
rifice ;  in  and  jnola,  meal  sprinkled  with  salt,  which 
was  thrown  on  the  head  of  the  victim.] 

1.  To  sacrifice  ;  to  kill,  as  a  victim  oflered  in  sac- 
rifice. Boxjle. 

2.  To  offer  in  sacrifice. 

Now  iinjiwltUa  the  tonjues  anil  mix  tlie  wine.  Pope. 
IM'.MO-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Sacrificed ;  oflered  in  sac- 
rifice. 

From  the  Hune  nltnr  on  which  the  imall  states  shall  be  immola- 
ted, will  rise  the  smoke  of  s.ichticed  lilKity,  and  tlespotisin 
must  t)e  the  dreadful  successor.  U.  Tracy. 

ISI'-MO-LS-TIXG,  ppr.  Sacrificing ;  oflering,  as  a 
victim. 

I.M-.MU-La'TION,  n.    The  net  of  sacrificing.  Brown. 

2.  A  sacrifice  oflered. 
I.M'.MO-Ua-TOR,  n.    One  who  oflcrs  in  sacrifice. 
I.M-.MoLU',  ti.  (.    To  mold  into  shape ;  to  form. 

FlcUher. 

IM -MoLD'ED,  pp.    Molded  into  shape. 

l.MMfil.D'ING,  ppr.    Molding  into  shape. 

I.M-Mo'.MENT,  a.    Trifling.    [Xot  English.]  Shak. 

IM-MO-.ME.NT'OUS,  a.    Unimportant.  Seward. 

IM-.MOR'Ali,  a.  [in  and  moral.]  Inconsistent  with 
moral  rectitude  ;  contrary  to  the  moral  or  divine  l;iw  ; 
wicked  ;  unjust ;  dishonest ;  vicious.  Every  action 
is  immoral  which  contravenes  any  divine  precept,  or 
which  is  contrary  lo  the  dutit»s  which  men  owe  to 
each  other. 

2,  Wicked  or  unjust  in  practice  ;  vicious  ;  dishon- 
est; as,  an  immoral  man.  Every  man  whp  violates 
a  divine  law  ur  a  social  tluly  is  immoral;  but  we  par- 
ticularly apply  the  term  to  a  person  who  habitually 
violates  the  laws. 

IM-MO-RAI/I-TY,  n.  Any  act  or  practice  which 
contravenes  the  divine  commands  or  the  social  duties. 
Injustice,  dishonesty,  fraud,  slander,  profaneness, 
gaming,  intemperance,  lewdness,  are  immoralities. 
All  crimes  are  iinniuralities ;  but  crime  expresses 
mtire  than  iinmoratity. 

I.M-.MOR'.\L-LY,  ado.  Wickedly ;  viciously  ;  in  vio- 
lation of  law  tir  duty. 

IM-MO-RIG'ER-OUS,  a.    [Low  I,,  immoriger.] 

Rude  ;  uncivil.  Stackhouse. 

I.M-MO-RlG'ER-OU.S-XESS,  n.  Rudeness;  di.sobe- 
dience.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IM-MOR'TAI,,  a.    [L.  immortalis.    See  .Mortal.] 

1.  Having  no  principle  of  alteration  or  corruption  ; 
exempt  from  death  ;  having  life  or  being  tli.at  :ih:UI 
never  end  ;  as,  an  immortal  soul. 

Unto  Oie  King  etcni.tl,  immorMt,  invisit>le,  the  only  wise  God, 
be  honor  ami  glory  forever.  —  I  Tun.  1. 

2.  Connected  with,  or  terminating  in  immort-ality  ; 
never  to  cease  ;  as,  immortal  hoi>es,  desires,  Ate. 

1  have 

tmmortnt  lon^ngs  in  me.  Slink. 


IMM 

3.  Perpetual;  having  iinliiniled  existcnci .  A  cor 
poration  is  called  an  immortal  being. 

4.  Destined  tu  live  in  all  ages  of  this  worlil ;  im- 
perishable ;  as,  immortal  fame.  So  Homer  is  called 
the  immortal  bard. 

I.M-MOR'T.\l,,  n.    One  who  is  exein|)t  from  death. 
IM-.MOR  TAL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  nc\ er  ceas- 
ing to  live  or  exist  ;  exemption  from  di  ;ith  ai.  1  anni- 
hilation ;  lift:  di^stined  to  endure  without  eL  1 ;  as, 
the  immortalUij  of  the  liunian  soul. 

Jesus  Christ,  who  hath  abolishiM]  death,  and  hath  brought  life  and 
immortality  to  light  ihroujifh  die  gospel.  -  i  Tim.  i. 

9.  Exempt  i<m  from  oblivion. 

3.  Pt'UK'tuity  ;  existence  not  limited  ;  as,  the  im- 
viortiititi,  ')f  a  corporatuin.  J.  Marshall. 

IM-.MOK-TAL-I-Za'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  immor- 
tali/.ing. 

IM-.MOR'TAL-IZE,  v.  t.    [Ft.  immortaliier ;  Sp.  im- 

vwrtnlizar.] 

1.  To  rentier  immortal  ;  to  make  perpetual ;  to 
causi:  to  live  or  exist  while  the  worlil  shall  endure. 
The  Iliad  has  immortalized  the  name  of  Homer. 

Alexander  liad  no  Homer  to  immortalize  his  ? ullty  name. 

T.  Daact. 

2.  To  exempt  from  oblivion  ;  to  make  [lerpetual. 
IM-MOR'TAL-IZE,  v.  i.    To  become  iiiiniorliil.  [jVot 

in  use.]  Pope. 
IM-MOR'TAL-IZ-£D,  pp.  Rendered  immortal  or  per- 
petual. 

IM-MOR'TAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Making  immortal  or  per- 
petual. 

IM-.MOR'TAI^T.Y,  ndi).  With  endless  existence ;  with 

exeniptiuu  from  de.ath. 
I.M-MOIl-TI  IT-CA'TION,  n.    [in  and  mortiUcation.] 

Want  of  subjection  (  f  the  passions.     Bp.  Taylor. 
UI-MOV-A-HIU'l-TY,  n.    Steadfastness  that  can  not 

be  movetl  t>r  shaken. 
LM-MflV'.'V-HLE,  a.    [in  and  movable.]    Tliat  can  not 

be  moved  frtuu  its  place  ;  as,  an  immnea^/c  fuiintlation. 

2.  Not  to  be  muvetl  from  a  puriKise  ;  steadfast ; 
fixetl  ;  that  c;tn  not  be  indiicetl  to  change  or  alter  ;  a^y' 
a  man  who  remains  immovable. 

3.  That  can  not  be  altered  or  shaken  ;  unalterable  ; 
unchangeable  ;  as,  an  iininurai'/e  purpose  or  rest>lution. 

4.  That  can  nut  be  affected  or  moved  ;  not  impres- 
sible ;  nt)t  susceptible  of  compassion  or  tender  feel- 
ings ;  unfeeling.  Drydcn. 

5.  Fixed  ;  not  li.able  to  be  removed  ;  permanent  in 
place  ;  as,  immovable  estate.      Blaekstone.  Ayliffe. 

(>.  Not  tu  hi?  shaken  or  agitated. 
IM-MOV'A-IILE-NESS,  11.    The  ipiality  of  being  im- 
movable. 

IM-MOV'A-BLEi«,(-blz,)  n.pl.  In  lam,  the  opposite  of 
MovAiiLEs;  things  which  can  not  be  legally  taken 
away,  in  leaving  a  house,  farm,  &.c.  Bimvier. 

IM-,MOV'A  BUY,  ii(/i'.  In  a  manner  nut  tu  be  moved 
from  its  place  or  purpose  ;  or  in  a  manner  not  lo  be 
shaken  ;  unalterably  ;  unchangeably.  Immovahhj  firm 
to  their  duty  ;  immovablii  fixed  or  established. 

IM-MUM)',  a.    [L.  immtindus.] 

Unclean.  Burton. 

IM-.MUN-DIC'I-TY,  n.    Uncleanness.  Mountagu. 

IM-MU'»\I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  immunitc  :  L.  iniiniiniftu,  from 
imrmtnis,  free,  exempt ;  in  antl  munus,  charge,  office, 
duty.l 

1.  Freedom  or  exemption  from  obligation.  To  be 
exempted  from  observing  the  rites  or  duties  of  the 
church,  is  an  immunity. 

2.  Exemption  from  any  charge,  duty,  oflice,  tax, 
or  imposition  ;  a  |)articiilar  privilege  ;  ,as,  the  imniKiii- 
ties  of  the  free  cities  of  Germany  ;  the  immunities  of 
the  clergy. 

3.  Freedom  ;  as,  an  immunity  from  error.  Dryden 
I.M-MuRE',  r.  (.    [Xonn.  cmmurrrr,  to  wall  in;  Sw 

inmura,  I,,  in  and  murus,  a  wall.] 

1.  To  inclose  within  walls  ;  to  shut  up  ;  to  confine  ; 
as,  to  immure  nuns  in  cloisters.  The  student  immures 
himself  voluntarily. 

2.  To  wall ;  to  surround  with  walls. 
Lysimachus  immured  it  with  a  w:dl.    {Not  usuaj.]  Sandyt. 

3.  To  imprison.  DenAam. 
I  I-Mf'RE',  n.    A  wall  ;  an  inclosure.    [JVtit  usetl.] 
I.M-.MCR'KI), />p.  Confined  within  walls.  [Shak. 
IM-MfiR'I.\G,  ppr.    Confining  within  w  lis. 
I.M-MO'Sie  .AU,  a.    [in  and  musical.]    >ot  musical; 

inharnioniuiis  ;  not  accordant ;  hars^d.  i  icon.  Brown. 
IJI-MU-TA-BlI/i-TY,  n.   [Fr.  immutatilt.  i  :  L.  immu- 
tabilitas  ;  in  and  muOtbiUs,  mutable,  fr  ^m  muto,  to 
changf.  J 

Unch.angeableness  ;  theqii.ality  that  renders  change 
or  .alteration  iin[>ossible  ;  invariableness.  Immutabil- 
ity is  an  attribute  of  God. 
I.M-.MO'TA-BUE,  a.   [L.  immutabilis  :  in  and  mutabilu.] 

Unchangeable  ;  invariable ;  untUterable  ;  nut  capa- 
ble or  susi^'ptible  of  change. 

,1  by  two  immutnbte  thin^,  ii 
tioil  to  lie,  we  might  have  alrong  consuls 

IM-MO'TA-BLE-XESS,  n.  Unch.angeableness  ;  im- 
mutability. 

I.M-MC"T.\-BLY,  adv.  Unchangeably  ;  unalterably  ; 
invariably  ;  in  a  manner  that  admits  of  no  change. 

B,>yle. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3  €  as  K ;  0  03  J  ;  $  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


579 


IMP 

IM-MU'TATE,  a.    [U  immulatus.] 

Unrliansed.  Lee. 
IM-MU  TA'TION,  n.    [L.  immutatio.] 

Clianse;  alcerntion.  More, 
IM-MuTE',  V.  I.    To  clianse  or  alter.  Salkeld. 
I.MP,  n.    r\V.  imp,  a  slioot  or  cioii ;  Sw.  ymp,  Dan. 
ynipe,  id.] 

1.  A  son  ;  offspring;  progeny.  [Ods.] 


The  tpniI'T  imp  was  w»>aned. 
A  lad  ol  lile,  An  imp  uf  fame. 


Fdirfax. 
S'hak. 


2.  .\  siil)altern  or  puny  devil.  Honker.  Milton. 
Imp,  an  addition  to  a  bee-liive  ;  also,  one  length 
of  hair  twisted,  as  forming  part  of  a  fishrng-litie." 
./.  T.  Brockett,  Glossary  of  JiTorVi  Country  IVords,  2d 
edit.  p.  164. —  E.  H.  B.] 
IMP,  V.  t.  [AV.  impiaw,  G.  impfen,  Sw.  ympa.  Sax.  im~ 
pan,  nan.  ympcr,  to  ingraft ;  D.  ent,  a  graft ;  enten,  to 
ingraft.] 

1.  To  graft.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  lengthen  ;  to  extend  or  enlarge  by  something 
inserteil  or  added  ;  a  term  originally  used  liy  falcon- 
ers, who  repair  a  hawk's  wing  hy  adding  feathers. 

Imp  out  our  tlrooj>iug  countrv's  brok'^n  wings.  ShaJc, 
Till-  I'.ilsp  liiinli  (lispLiys 
Iler  broken  le.tgui.'  to  imp  her  serjient  wmgs.  RftUon, 

{This  verb  Lt,  I  believe,  used  only  in  poetrtf.'\ 
[hi  ^fatconry,  to  imp  a  feather  in  a  hawk's  wing,  is 
to  adii  a  nevv  piece  to  a  mutilated  stump,  from  the 
Sax.  impan,  to  ingraft.  Spenser.'\ 
liM-PA'e.A-KLE,  a.    [L.  in  and  paco,  to  appease.] 

iVot  to  be  appeaseil  or  qu  ieleil.  SpciLicr. 
IM-PA'CA-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  admitting  of 

being  appeased. 
IM-PAGT',  i\  t.         impactwi,  from  inrpingo ;  in  and 
paniro,  to  drive.] 

To  drive  close  j  to  press  or  drive  firmly  together. 

Woodward. 

IM'PAeT,  71.    Touch  ;  impression.  Darwin. 
2.  In  mechanics,  the  single  instantaneous  blow  or 
stroke  communicated  from  one  body  in  motion  to 
another  either  in  motion  or  at  rest.  Barlow. 
IM-PAGT'EL),  ;>;).    Driven  hard;  made  close  by  driv- 

ins.  IVoodicard. 
IM-PAGT'IXG,  ppr.    Driving  or  pressing  rinse. 
I.M-PAIiVT',  V.  L    To  paint ;  to  adorn  with  colors. 

Sliak. 

IM-PAINT'ED,  pp.    Ornamented  with  colors. 
IM-Pa1.\'T'1NG,  ppr.    Adorning  with  colors. 
IM-PAIR',  V.  t.    [Ft.  empircr  ;  Sp.  empeorar  ;  Port,  em- 

peiorar,  from  peiur,  worse,  Sp.  pcor.  Ft.  pire,  from  L. 

prior.] 

1.  To  make  worse;  to  diminish  in  quanti,ty,  value, 
01  excellence.  An  estate  is  impaired  by  extravagance 
or  neulect.  The  proflig.ite  impairs  liis  estate  and  his 
reputation.    Imprudence  impairs  a  man's  usefulness. 

2.  To  lessen  in  power  ;  to  weaken  ;  to  enfeeble. 
Tlie  constitution  is  impaired  by  intemperance,  by  hi- 
nrmity,  and  by  age.  The  force  of  evidence  may  be 
unpaired  by  tlie  suspicion  of  interest  in  the  witness. 

IM-PAIR',  t.  i.    To  be  lessened  or  worn  out.  [Little 

used.]  Spender. 
II<'PAlR,  a.    [Jj.  impar,  unequal.] 

1.  Unsuitable.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  In  crystaiiorrraphy,  a  term  applied,  by  Ilaiiy,  to 
crystals  whose  sides  and  summits  have  not  the  same 
number  of  faces.  [DLnuied.] 

IM  PAIR',  (  n.    Diniimition  ;  decrease  ;  injury. 

l.M-P.AlR',MI',.\"l»,  i     [^|•olused.]  Broirn. 
I.M-PAill'£!),  pp.  or  a.    Diminished  ;  injured  ;  weak- 
ened. 

IM-l'AIR'ER,  n    He  or  that  wliich  impairs. 

IVarbnrton. 

IM  PAtR'IX<J,  ppr.    Making  worse  ;  lessening  ;  injur- 
ing ;  cnfeeblinz. 
IM-PAL'A-TA-ULE,  o.    Unpalatable.    [Little  vsed.] 
LM-PALFV,  u.  (.    [\j.  in  and  palus,  a  pole,  a  stake.] 

1.  To  fix  on  a  stake  ;  to  put  to  death  by  fixing  on 
an  upright,  sharp  stake.    [See  Empale.] 

2.  To  inclose  with  stakes,  posts,  or  palisades. 

3.  In  heraldry,  to  join  two  coats  of  arms  pale-wise. 

Encyc. 

IM-PA[.E'.MENT,  n.  The  act  of  inclosing  or  surround- 
ing with  stakes.    [Rare.]  Milton. 

2.  A  pu  dshment  formerly  used  by  the  Turks  and 
other  nati  ns,  whirli  consisted  in  tiiriistiiig  a  stake 
through  t  e  fiuidanient  into  tlitf  body,  and  thus  leav- 
ing the  VI  lim  to  a  lingering  death.  Brande. 
X  In  III  aUry,  the  division  of  a  shield  pah  -wise. 

IM-PAL'LI  J,  r.  <.    To  make  pallid  or  pale.    [JVot  in 
unr.]  Felthain. 

IM-PALM',  (im-pitni',)  v.  t.    [L.  in  and  palma,  the 
hand.] 

To  grafp  ;  to  take  In  the  hand.  J.  Barlow. 

IM-PAI,-PA-ltlI.,'l  TV,  «.    The  quality  of  not  being 

IKilpahb-  or  pi-rt  epiible  bv  the  touch.  .lorlin. 
I.M  PAI/PA-lil.E,  a.    \Vt.,  from  I,,  in  and  palpo,  to 

feel.    Hee  P  *  i.p  *  hi.k.J 

1.  ^l•t  to  br-  fell  ;  that  can  not  be  perceived  by  the 
touch  ;  u«,  an  iinpalpahle  puwder,  whoHt-  pjirts  art^  so 
minute  that  they  can  not  he  distiiiguinhed  by  the 
Beni*«'H,  particularly  by  feeling.  F.neyc. 

2.  Not  coarxe  or  grtmn.  JVnrton, 
IM-PAI/PA-ULV,  ajo.    In  a  manner  not  to  be  fell. 


IMP 

IAI-P.\L'SI£D,  (  pol'zid,)  pp.    Struck  with  paUjy. 
I.M-PAL'SY,  (-pol'ze,)  K.  «.   [in  anA  palsy.]    To  strike 

with  palsy  ;  to  paralyze  ;  to  deaden. 
IM-PAL'SY-ING,  ppr.    Affecting  with  palsy. 
IM'PA-NATE,  a.    [L.  in  and  panis,  bread.] 

Embodied  in  bread.  Cranmer. 
IM'PA-NATE,  0.  t.    To  embody  with  bread. 

IVaterland. 

IM'PA-Na-TED,  pj).    Embodied  in  bread. 

I.M'PA-NA-TING,  p/)r.    Embodying  in  bread. 

IM-PA-NA'TIO.\,  ?!.  The  supposed  real  presence  and 
union  of  Clirist's  material  body  and  blood  with  the 
substance  of  bread,  in  the  eiicharist.  Rupert  of 
Diiytz,  in  the  tweltlh  century,  proposed  this  modi- 
fication of  the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation.  He 
supposed  the  Messiah  assumes  the  bread  in  the  eu- 
cliarist,  just  as  he  assumed  human  nature  at  his  in- 
carnation, i.  e.,  by  a  union  of  the  two  natures,  with- 
out any  change  of  either.  Luther's  doctrine  of  con- 
substantiation  was  understood,  by  both  Papists  and 
the  Reformed,  to  be  tiie  same  with  impanation. 

Murdoch. 

IM-P.\N'NEL,  V.  t.  [in  and  panel.]  To  write  or  enter 
the  names  of  a  jury  in  a  list,  or  on  a  piece  of  parch- 
ment, called  a  panel:  to  form,  complete,  or  enroll  a 
list  of  jurors  in  a  court  of  justice. 

IM-PAN'NEfe-£D,  pp.  Having  the  names  entered  in 
a  panel ;  formed,  as  a  jury. 

IM-PAN'NEI..-UVG,  jipr.  Writing  the  names  on  a  pan- 
el ;  forminL",  as  a  jury. 

IM-PAR'A-L)ISE,  ti.  (.  [It.  imiiaradisare ;  in  and  para- 
dise.] 

To  put  in  a  place  of  supreme  felicity ;  to  make  per- 
fectly happy. 

IM-PAR'A-DIS-KD,  pp.    Placed  in  a  condition  resem- 
bling that  of  paradise  ;  made  perfectlv  happy. 
IM-PAR'A-DIS-l.N'G,  ppr.    Making  perfectly  happy. 
I.M-PAR'AL-l.EL  iU,  a.    Unparalleled.    [Mit  used.] 

Burnet. 

I.M-PAR-A-SYL-LAB'ie,  a.  [L.  in,  par,  and  syllaba.] 
Not  consisting  of  an  equal  number  of  syllables. 
An  imparasyltabic  noun  is  one  which  has  not  the 
same  number  of  syllables  in  all  the  cases;  as,  lapis. 
Inpidis  :  mens,  menti.i.  Brt/aiit. 

IM-PXR'DO,\-A-BLE,  a.    Unpardonable.  South. 

IW-PAR'l-TY,  n.    [in  and  parity;  L.  par,  equal.] 

1.  Inequality;  disproportion.  Bacon. 

2.  ()ddness  ;  indivisibility  into  equal  parts.  Brown. 

3.  Difference  of  degree,  rank,  or  excellence. 

Sancrofi. 

IM-PSRK',  V.  U  [in  and  park.]  To  inclose  for  a  jiark  ; 
to  make  a  park  by  inclosure ;  to  sever  from  a  com- 
mon. Johnson. 

IM-PaRK'ED,  (im-parkt',)  pp.    Confined  in  a  park. 

IM-l'ARK'ING,p/)r.    Inclosing  in  a  park. 

IM-PaRL',  ».  i.  [Norm,  emperler;  in  and  Fr.  parler, 
to  speak.] 

To  hold  mutual  discourse  ;  appropriately,  in  lau>,  to 
have  license  to  settle  a  lawsuit  amicably  ;  to  have  de 
lay  for  mutual  adjustment.  Blaclutone. 
I.M-PaRL'ANCE,  )i.  Properly,  leave  for  mutual  dis- 
course ;  appropriately,  in  law,  the  license  or  privilege 
of  a  defendant,  granted  on  motion,  to  have  delay  of 
trial,  to  see  if  he  can  si  ttle  the  matter  amicably  by 
talking  with  the  plaintiff,  and  thus  to  determine 
what  answer  he  shall  make  to  the  plaintilPs  action. 
Hence, 

2.  The  continuance  of  a  cause  till  another  day,  or 
from  day  to  day.  Blacksto'ne. 

IM-PAR-SON-EE',  a.  A  parson  imparsoiiee,  is  a  parson 
presented,  instituted,  and  inducted  into  a  rectory, 
and  in  full  possession.  Bloekstone. 

IM  PART',  B.  t.  [L.  imperlior;  in  and  partio,  to  di- 
vide ;  from  pars,  a  [lart.] 

1.  To  give,  grant,  or  communicate  ;  to  bestow  on 
another  a  share  or  portion  of  something;  as,  to  imparl 
a  portion  of  provisiiuis  to  the  poor. 

2.  Ill  a  7CiV/cr  ^en^'c,  simply  to  bestow  on  another; 
to  grant ;  to  give ;  to  confer  ;  as,  to  impart  honor  or 
favor. 

3.  To  communicate  the  knowledge  of  something; 
to  make  known  ;  to  show  by  words  or  tokens. 

Gentle  latly, 

When  first  I  did  impart  my  love  to  you.  Shak. 

IM-PAUT'ANCE,  71.  Communication  of  a  sh.are  ;  grant. 
I.M-PART-A'TKJN,  71.    'I'he  act  of  imparting  or  con- 

fiTring.^  ^JYot  oiuch  used.]  Chauncq/. 
IM-VAlVV'hD,  pp.  or  a.     Communicated;  granted; 

conferred. 
IM  I'A  RT'ER,  77.   One  that  imparts. 
IM-PAR'TI.AI.,  (im-pilr'shal,)  a.    [171  and  partial,  from 

part,  Ij.  pars.] 

1.  Not  partial ;  not  biased  in  favor  of  one  party 
more  than  another;  inrlitferent ;  unprejudiced;  di.s- 
interesti  d  ,  as,  an  impartial  jmlno  or  arbitrator. 

2.  Not  favoring  one  party  more  than  another  ;  equi- 
table ;  just;  as,  an  impartial  judgment  or  decision; 
an  impartial  opinion. 

IM-PAR'TIAE-IST,  71.  One  who  is  impartial.  [Littie 
used.]  Boidr. 

IM-PAli-TIAI/l-TY,  (im-par-shal'e-ty,)  n.  Indiffer- 
ence of  opmiou  or  jmlgineiit ;  freedom  from  bias  in 
favor  of  one  side  or  party  more  than  another  ;  disiii- 


IMP 

terestedness.  Impartiality  is  indispensable  to  an  up- 
right judge. 

2.  Equitableness ;  justice  ;  as,  the  impartiality  of  a 
decision. 

IM-PAR'TIAL-LY,  ado.  Without  bias  of  judgment ; 
without  prejudice  ;  without  inclination  to  favor  one 
party  or  side  more  than  another  ;  equitably  ;  justly. 

IM-PART-I-BIL'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  not  being 
subject  to  partition. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  capable  of  being  commu- 
nicated. 

IM-PART'I-BLE,  a.    [Sp.  impartible  ;  in  and  partible.] 

1.  Not  partible  or  subject  to  partition  ;  as,  an  1771- 
partible  estate.  Blackstone. 

2.  [from  impart.]  That  may  be  imparted,  con- 
ferred, bestowed,  or  communicated.  Vigby. 

II*I-PART'ING,  ppr.  Communicating;  granting;  be- 
sto'ving. 

IM-rXRT'MENT,  71.  The  act  of  imparting ;  the  com- 
munication of  knowledge  ;  disclosure.  Shak. 
IM-PAS3  A-BLE,  a.    [in  and  passable.    See  Pass.] 
That  can  not  be  passed  ;  not  admitting  a  passage  ; 
as,  an  impassable  road,  mountain,  or  gulf. 

Mihon.  Temple. 
IM-PXSS'A-BLE-NESS,  7!.    The  state  of  being  im- 
passable. 

IM-PASS'.\-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  or  degree  that 

prevents  passing,  or  the  power  of  passing. 
IM-PAS-SI-BIL'l-TY,     )  71.     [from  impassible.]  Ex 
IM-PAS'Sl-BLE-NESS,  \     enqition  from  pain  or  suf- 
fering; insusceptibility  of  injury  from  external  things. 

Dniden. 

IM-PAS'SI-BLE,  0.  [Fr.  impassible;  Sp.  impasible;  L. 
impassibilis,  from  passus,  patior,  to  sulier.] 

Incapable  of  pain,  passion,  or  suffering  ;  that  can 
m  t  be  affected  with  pain  or  uneasiness.  Whatever 
is  destitute  of  sensation  is  impossible. 

Though  n:iked  and  impassible,  depart.  Dryden. 
XM-PAS'SION,  (iin-pash'un,)  v.  t.    [in  and  passion.] 

To  move  or  affect  strongly  with  i)assion. 
XM-PAS'SION-A-BLE,  a.     Easily  excited  to  anger  ; 

susceptible  of  strong  emotion. 
IM-PAS'SIO.\-ATE,  V.  t.   To  affect  powerfully.  More. 
IM-PAS'SIO.\-A-TE,  a.    Strongly  affected. 

2.  Without  passion  or  feeling.  Burton. 
IM-PAS'SI0N-/;D,  (-pash'und,)  a.    Actuated  or  agi- 
tated by  passion. 

The  tempter,  all  impajsioned,  thus  began.  Milton. 

2.  Animated  ;  excited  ;  having  the  feelings 
warmed  ;  as,  an  impassioned  orator. 

3.  Animated;  expressive  of  passion  or  ardor;  as, 
an  impassioned  discourse. 

IM-PAS'SI  VE,  a,  [L.  i;i  and  passus,  patior,  to  suffer.] 
Not  susceptible  of  pain  or  suffering;  as,  the  im- 
passive air  ;  impassive  ice.  Dniden.  Pope. 

IM-PAS'SI VE-LY,  ado.  Without  sensibility  to  pain 
or  siiirering. 

IM-PAS'Sl  VK-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  insuscep- 
tible of  pain.  Mvunliiiru. 

IM-PAS-SIV"I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being  insuscep- 
tible of  f(-eling,  pain,  or  suffering.    Paiuanias.  Trans. 

IM-PAS-Ta'T1()IV,  n.  [in  and  paste.]  A  union  or 
mixture  of  dill'erent  substances  by  means  of  cements 
which  are  capable  of  resisting  the  action  of  fire  or 
air.  Brande. 

lAl-PASTE',  V.  t,    [Fr.  enipaler;  in  and  p&te,  paste.] 

1.  To  knead  ;  10  make  into  paste. 

2. _  In  painting,  to  liiy  on  colors  thick  and  bold. 
IM-PaST'ED,  pp.  or  o.    Concreted,  as  into  jKiste. 

Slmk. 

2.  Pasted  over ;  covered  with  paste,  or  with  thick 
paint. 

I  M-PAST'ING,  ppr.    Making  into  paste. 

IM-PAT'l-liLE,  a.    [I.,  impolibilis.] 
Intolerable  ;  that  can  not  be  borne. 

IM-PA'TIENCE,  71.  [Fr.  ;  L.  impatientia,  from  impa- 
tiens;  in  and  /;ritinr,^o  suffer.] 

Uneasiness  under  pain  or  suffering;  the  not  en- 
during pain  with  ciunposure;  restlessne.ss  occasioned 
by  suffering  positive  evil,  or  the  absence  of  expertt.d 
good.  Impatience  is  not  ra^e,  nor  absolute  inabiliti/  to 
hi'ar  pain  ;  but  it  implies  want  of  fortitude,  or  of  its 
evercise.    It  usually  springs  from  irritability  of  tem- 

IM-PA'TI ENT,  a.    [L.  impotiens.]  [per. 

1.  Uneasy  or  fretful  under  suffering;  not  bearing 
pain  with  composure  ;  not  enduring  evil  without  fret- 
fuliie.ss,  uneasiness,  and  a  desire  or  effort  to  get  rid 
i  f  the  evil.  Young  men  are  impatient  of  restraint. 
We  are  all  apt  to  be  impatient  under  wrongs';  ljut  it 
is  a  Christian  duly  not  to  he  impalimt  in  sickness,  or 
under  any  alllictive  dispensation  of  Providence. 

2.  Not  suffering  quietly  ;  not  enduring, 
f'tune,  imnaiifiu  ii(  rxtnunm,  dp-cayit 

Not  nioR- Ijy  riivv  than  cxc  i*  of  praitie.  Pope. 

.1.  Hasty;  eager;  not  enduring  di'lay.  The  I'mjia- 
tient  man  will  not  wail  lor  information  ;  he  oflen 
acts  with  precipitance.  Be  not  impatient  fir  the  re- 
lurn  of  spring. 

4.  Not  to  be  borne  ;  nn,  impatient  smart.  Spenser. 
This  woril  is  followed  liy  of,  at,  for,  or  under.  We 

are  impatient  of  restraint,  or  of  wrongs  ;  impatient  at 
the  delay  of  expected  gooti  ;  impatient  for  the  return 
of  a  friend,  or  for  the  arrival  of  the  mail  ;  impatient 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII<kT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQJJ.— 


580 


IMP 


IMP 


under  evils  of  any  kind.  Tliu  proper  use  of  these 
particles  can  be  learnt  only  by  practice  or  observa- 
tion. 

IjM  rA'TIENT,  )i.  One  who  is  restless  under  suffer- 
ing,   r  Unusual.] 

IiM-l'.\''i'Ii;N'i'-LY,  ailv.  With  unea-siness  or  restless- 
ness;  as,  to  bear  disappointment  impnUrntly, 

2.  Witli  cafeer  di'sire  lausing  uneasines.s  ;  ao,  to 
wait  impalirntlij  for  thif  arrival  of  one's  friend. 

3.  Passionately  ;  ardently.  Clarnidon. 
I.M-P.\T-RON-I-ZA'T[ON,  ii.    Absolute  seipnory  or 

poss(rssion.  Cot^rrave. 
IM-PAT'llO.N-IZE,  r.  t.    [Fr.  impaironisrr.) 

To  gain  to  one's  self  the  power  of  any  seignorj-. 

Bacon. 

IM  PAWN',  r.  t.  [in  and  pawn.]  To  pawn  ;  to  pledRo; 

to  di  posit  asHCCurilv.  Shak 
IM-PAW.N'KI),  pp.  i'lcdged. 
I.\l-P.\  W.N'INU,  ppr.  Pl.nluiiiK. 

IjM-Pk.ACII',  v.  L  [Fr.  empdc/icr ;  Arm.  amprichj  am- 
ptchcin:  Port,  and  Sp.  cmpachnr  ;  It.  impacciarc ;  to 
hinder,  to  stop.  It  si{;nii\os  also,  in  Purliisuesc,  to 
surfeit,  to  overload,  to  glut.    It  belongs  to  the  family 


of  pack  ;  L.  pango,  partus  ;  Ar, 


bakka,  to  press 


or  compress.  Class  Bg,  No.  18,  20,  61.  The  literal 
sense  of  impeach  is,*o  thrust,  or  send  against ;  hence, 
to  hinder,  to  stop.] 

1.  To  hinder ;  to  impede.  This  sense  is  found  in 
our  early  writers. 

Tlu'sc  uii^mciouii  pnctics  of  liu  soiu  did  impeach  bis  Joiirn**/ 

to  tho  lioly  Land.  Davits. 
A  dvfluxion  on  niy  Uiro;u  impeached  my  utterance.  Howell. 
[This  applicatian  vf  the  word  is  obsolete.] 

2.  To  accuse ;  to  charge  with  a  crime  or  niisde- 
nioaiior  ;  but  appropriate! i/,  to  e.xhibit  charges  of  mal- 
administration against  a  public  ollicer  before  a  compe- 
tent tribunal,  that  is,  to  send  or  put  on,  to  load.  The 
word  is  now  restricted  to  accusations  made  by  au- 
thority ;  as,  to  impeach  a  judge.     [See  Lmpeach- 

MENT.] 

3.  To  charge  with  impropriety  ;  to  call  in  question  ; 
a.s,  to  impeach  one's  motives  or  conduct. 

4.  To  call  to  account ;  to  charge  .is  answerable. 
IM-Pr.ACll',  ».    Hinderaiice.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
IM-Pli.AClI'A-BLE,  n.    Liable  to  accusation  ;  charge- 
able with  a  crime  ;  accusabic;  censurable. 

2.  Liable  to  be  called  in  question  ;  accountable. 
Owiicre  of  lands  in  fecsimple  aro  not  impeachable  for  wiute. 

Z.  Stm/t. 

IM-Pf;ACII'iED,  (im-peecht',)  pp.    Hindered.  [Obs.] 
2.  Accuseil ;  charged  with  a  crime,  misdemeanor, 
or  wrong ;  censured. 

The  first  dunce  hi  tall  may  commit  waste  without  bpxng  im- 
peached. .•  Z.  Htsifl, 

IM-PeA('I1'ER,  n.    An  accuser  by  authority;  one 

who  calls  in  question. 
IM-PEACH'ING,  ppr.    Hindering.  [Obs.] 

2.  Accusing  by  authority  ;  calling  in  question  the 

purity  or  rectitude  of  conduct  or  motives. 
IM-PEACir.ME.N'T,  ;i.     llinderance ;  impediment; 

stop;  obstruction.    [0J«.]  Spenser.  Shak. 

2.  An  accusation  or  charge  brought  against  a  pub- 
lic otticcr  for  maladministration  in  his  office.  In 
Great  Britain,  it  is  the  privilege  or  right  of  the  house 
of  commons  to  impeach,  and  the  right  of  the  house 
of  lonis  to  try  anil  determine  impeachments.  In  the 
United  States,  it  is  the  right  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives to  iinpe.tch,  and  of  the  senate  to  try  and 
determine  im|)eacliments.  In  Great  Britain,  the 
house  of  peers,  ,ind  in  the  United  States,  the  sen- 
ate of  the  United  States,  and  the  senates  in  the  sev- 
eral states,  are  the  high  courts  of  impeachment. 

3.  The  act  of  impeaching. 

4.  Cen.siire  ;  accusation  ;  a  calling  in  question  the 
purity  of  motives  or  the  rectitude  of  conduct,  &c. 
This  tleclanition  is  no  impeachment  of  his  motives  or 
of  his  judgment. 

.S.  The  act  of  c.illing  to  account,  as  fur  waste. 
6.  The  state  of  iR'ing  liable  to  account,  as  for 
waste. 

IM-PEARL',  (im-pprr,)r.  f.    [in  ani  pearl.]    To  form 
in  the  resemblance  of  pi^irls. 

I>i-\v.dn)i»s  which  the  son 
Impearlt  on  ^T.-ry  Icuf,  nnd  eviTv  flower.  ^ftlton. 

2.  To  decorats  with  pearls,  or  with  things  resem- 
bling pc.trls. 

The  dews  of  tlie  morning  impearl  erery  thorn.  Digby. 
IM-PE.\RL'£D,  pp.    Formed  in  the  resemblance  of 
pearls. 

I.M-PE.VRIj'INO,  pp.    Forming  in  the  rescmbl.ance  of 

p»>arls  ;  decorating  with  pearls. 
IM-PKC-f  A-IIIL'I-TY,  j  n.    [See  Impeccable.]  The 
liM-PEe  e  \.\-CV',        \    quality  of  not  being  liable 

to  sin  ;  exemption  from  sin,  error,  or  offense.  Pope. 
I.M-PE6'eA-ia,E,  a.    [Sp.  jinprcaUe:   Fi.  impeccable ; 

tn  and  Sp.  pecable,  Fr.  peccable,  from  L.  pecco,  to  err, 

to  sin. 1  *-      .  > 

.Not  linblo  to  sin  ;  not  subject  to  sin  ;  exempt  from 
the  p<issibility  of  sinning.  No  mere  man  is  impecca- 
ble. 


IM-PEOE',  V.  L  [Sp.  impcdir ;  It.  impedire  ;  L.  iiiipc- 
dio ;  siipimsed  to  be  compounded  of  in  and  pedes, 
feet,  to  catch  or  entangle  the  feet.] 

To  hiiuler ;  to  stop  in  progress ;  to  obstruct ;  as,  to 
inipftfc  the  progress  of  troops. 

I.M-l'F.D'lOl),         Hindered;  slopped;  obstructed. 

I.M-I'I'.'Dl-Hl.i:,  «.    Tliat  may  be  impeded. 

I.M-l'ED'l-iMENT,  n.    fL.  impeilimcnlum.] 

1.  'I'hat  which  hinders  progress  or  motion;  hin- 
deraiice ;  obstruction  ;  obstacle  ;  applicable  to  every 
subject,  physical  or  moral,  iiad  roaiis  are  impriliments 
in  marcliiiig  and  traveling.  Idleness  and  dissipation 
are  impediments  to  iniprtiveiiieiit.  'I'he  cares  of  life 
are  impediments  to  the  progri'ss  of  vital  religion. 

2.  That  which  prevents  distinct  articulation  ;  ae, 
an  impediment  in  speech. 

I.M-PEU'I-MENT,  V.  t.    To  impede.    [JiTot  in  use.] 

Bp.  /itvnolds, 

IM-PED-I-MENT'AL,  a.    Hindering  ;  obalracling. 

Jthuntairu. 

IM-PicD'INO,  ppr.  Hindering  ;  stopping  ;  obstructing. 
IM'PE-llITE,  a.    Hi;-.Jered.  Toylor. 
IM'PE-DITK,  e.  f.    To  impede.    [JVot  in  u.ie.] 
I.M-PE-DI"TION,  (  pe-dish'un,)  n.    A  huidering. 

Barter, 

I.M-PED'I-TIVE,  a.    Causing  hindcrance.  Sanderson. 
I.M-PEL',  V.  t,    [Sp.  impeler  i  It.  impcllere;  L.  impeUo  ; 
in  and  pello,  to  drive.] 

To  drive  or  urge  forward  ;  to  press  on  ;  to  excite 
to'action,  or  to  move  forward,  by  the  application  of 
physical  force,  or  moral  suasion,  or  necessity.  A 
ball  is  impelled  by  the  force  of  powder  ;  a  ship  is  im- 
pelled by  wind  ;  a  man  ni.iy  b'^impi  llt  d  by  hunger  or 
a  regard  to  liis  safety  ;  motives  of  policy  or  of  safety 
inipfi  nations  to  confederate. 

The  snr^  impelled  me  on  a  craff^  cofisl.  Pope. 
And  Si-vend  men  impel  to  scvenu  inds.  Pope. 

I.M-PEL'LKD,  (im-peld',)  pp.  Driven  forward  ;  urged 
on  ;  moved  by  any  force  or  power,  physical  or  moral. 

I.M-PEL'LEiV'i',  a.    Having  the  quality  of  inpi  lling. 

I.M-PEL'LENT,  ri.  A  power  or  force  thai  '■  v.  <  for- 
ward ;  motive  or  impulsive  power.  OtunaUte, 

IM-PEL'LER,  71.    He  or  that  which  impels. 

IM-PEL'LL\G,ppr.  or  a.  Driving  forward ;  urging; 
pressing. 

IM-PEi\',  V.  U  [in  and  pen,]  To  pen  ;  to  shut  or  in- 
close in  a  narrow  place.  Feltham. 

I.'M-PEND',  V,  i,  [L.  impendeo !  in  and  pendeo,  to 
haugj 

1.  To  hang  over  ;  to  be  suspended  above  ;  to  threat- 
en.   A  dark  cloud  impends  over  the  laud. 

Destruction  sure  o'er  all  your  Iieatis  impends.  Pope. 

2.  To  be  near ;  to  be  approaching  and  ready  to 
fall  on. 

It  expresses  our  deep  sense  of  God's  impetuling  wrath. 

Sinalridge. 

Nor  bear  advices  of  impending  foes.  Pope. 

IM-PEND'ENCE,  )  «.    The  state  of  hanging  over ; 

I.M-PE.ND'EN-CY,  j  near  approach;  a  menacing  at- 
titude. Hammond, 

IS!-PE.\D'ENT,  a.  Hanging  over  ;  imminent ;  threat- 
ening; pressing  closely  ;  as,  an  impendent  evil.  Hale, 

I.M-PE.\I)'I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Hanging  over;  approach- 
ing near  ;  threatening. 

I.M-PEN-E-TRA-I!II,'I-TY,  n.  [from  impenetrable.] 
The  quality  of  being  impenetrable. 

2.  In  ;iri(iira<  philosophy,  that  ipiality  of  matter  by 
which  it  excludes  all  other  matter  from  the  space  it 
occupies.  Olmsted. 

3.  Insusceptibility  of  intellectual  impression. 

Johnson, 

I.M-PEN'E-TRA-BLE,  a.  [L.  impenetrabilis ;  in  and 
pcnetrabilis,  frtim  prnctro,  to  penetrate.] 

1.  'i'hat  can  not  be  penetrated  or  pierced  ;  not  ad- 
mitting the  passage  of  other  bodies  ;  as,  an  impene- 
trable shiehl. 

2.  .Not  to  be  affected  or  moved  ;  not  admitting  im- 
pres.sion3  on  tlu^  mind.  The  hardened  sinner  re- 
mains impenetrable  to  the  admonitions  of  the  gospel. 

3.  Not  to  be  entered  by  the  sight ;  as  impenetrable 
darkness.  Hence, 

4.  Not  to  be  entered  and  viewed  by  the  eye  of  the 
intellect ;  as,  impenetrable  obscurity  or  abstriiseness. 

I.M-PE.\'E-TR.V-ULE-NESS,  n.  Impenetrability, 
which  see. 

IM-PEN'E-TRA-ni,Y,  ndv.  With  solidity  that  admits 
not  of  being  penetrated. 

2.  With  hardness  that  admits  not  of  impression  ; 
as,  imprnrtrably  dull.  Pope, 
IM-PEN'I-TENCE,  j  lu    [Tt,  impenUenee  ;  Sp.  impen- 
I.M-PE.\'1-TEN-CY,  i     itrncia;  It.  impeniten:a  ,'  L.  in 
and  pirniteiu,  from  paniteo,  to  repent,  ptrnu,  |iain.] 

Want  of  penitence  or  repentance  ;  absence  of  con- 
trition or  sorrow  for  sin  ;  obduracy  ;  hardness  of 
heart.  Final  impenitence  dooms  the  sinner  to  inev- 
itable punishment. 

He  will  advance  Irom  one  degree  of  impenitence  lo  another. 

Pogere. 

IM-PEN'I-TENT,  a.    [Fr. ;  in  and  poiitcnf,  supra.] 
-Not  penitent ;  not  repenting  of  sin  ;  not  contrite ; 
obdurate  ;  of  a  hard  heart. 

They  died 

Imptniunl.  Afi/lon. 


I.M-PEN'I-TENT,  n.  One  who  docs  not  fcpent;a 
hardened  sinner. 

I.M-PEN'I-TENT-LY,  adv.  Without  repentance  or 
colli rilioii  for  sin  ;  obdurately. 

I.M-1'EN'.\ATE,  a.  or  n.  [L.  in  and  pn"n«.]  A  term 
applied  to  swiniiiiing  birds,  as  penguin^,  character- 
ized by  sh  rt  wings  covt  red  with  feathers  reseiii- 
bl In 2  Sl  ab  s.  Brande, 

IM-l'i;.N'.\/;i),  pp.    Inclosed  in  a  narrow  place. 

1  M-I'1',.\'.M.\G,  ppr.    Inclosing  in  a  narrow  place. 

l.M-l'l_;.\'.\OUS,«.  [in  and  pcnnous.]  Ilavinsf  no  wings 

I.M-Pl'.O'PI.E,  (iiii-pee'pl,)  e.  t.  'lo  form  into  a  coin- 
iiiiiiiity.    [See  People.)  Biaam.  4'  h'l, 

IM-PP.O'PI.A'i),  j(p.    Formed  into  a  comiiiiinily. 

I.M-Pl'",0'I'Ll.\(i,  ppr.    Forming  into  a  coininuiiity. 

I.M'PE-RANT,  a.    [L.  impm).] 

Coiiiiiiaiuliiig.  Baiter. 

IiM'PE-RAI'E,  a.  [L.  imperatu.i,  imprro,  to  coiiiiiiaiiil.] 
Done  by  impulse  or  direction  of  the  iiiiml.  iJVot 
■used.]  ^'outh.  I/ale. 

IM-PEK'.\-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  imperalif;  I,,  imperativus, 
from  imprro,  to  coiniiiaiiil.    See  ICmpiue.] 

1.  ('oiiinianding  ;  aullioritative  ;  expressive  of 
command  ;  containing  positive  coiiiinand,  as  distin- 
guished from  .Advisory,  or  Disciietionakv.  The  or- 
ders are  imperative. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  imperatire  mode  of  a  verb  is 
that  wliich  expresses  command,  entreaty,  advice,  or 
e.\liortation  ;  as,  go,  write,  attend. 

IM-PER'.VTIVE-LV  ,  adv.  With  command  ;  author- 
itatively. 

IM-PER-A-To'RI-AL,  a.   Coi>>iiianding.  [Mdinvse.] 
I.M-PER-CkIV'A-BLE,  a.    lm|K>rceptible.  [Aorrw. 
I.M  PK.K-CkIV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Imperceptiblencss. 
LM-PER  CEP'TI-I;LE,  «.    [Fr. ;  in  and  perceptible,] 

1.  Not  to  be  perceived  ;  not  to  be  known  or  discov- 
ered by  the  senses.  We  say  a  thing  is  imperceptible 
to  the  touch,  to  the  eye  or  sight,  to  the  ear,  to  the 
taste,  or  smell.  Hence, 

2.  Wry  small  ;  line  ;  minute  in  dimensions ;  or 
x'ery  slow  in  motion  or  progress  ;  as,  the  growth  of  a 
plant  or  animal  is  imperceptible;  it  is  too  slow  to  be 
perceived  bv  the  eye. 

IM-PER-CEP'TI-Iil,E,  n.  That  which  can  not  be 
perceived  bv  the  senses  on  account  of  its  smallness. 
[Little  used.]  Tatter. 

Ol-PER-CEP'TI-BI-E-NESS,  )  n,  Tliequalilv  of  being 

ni-PER  CEP-'1'I-1!II/1-TY,    (     inipurceptible.  Hale. 

I.M-Pi;U-(;i',P'TI-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be 
perceived.  Jiddisini, 

I.M-PER-CIP'I-E.\T,  a.  Not  perceiving  or  not  having 
power  to  perceive.  Baiter, 

liM-PER-DI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing iiii])erditile. 

I.M-PEK'Dl-BLE,  a.  Not  destructible.  [J^ot  a  legiti- 
viate  irord.] 

I.M-PER'FEeT,  a.  [I,,  imperfectus ;  in  and  perfectus, 
finished,  perfect ;  perjicio,  to  perfect;  prr  and  /acio, 
to  make.] 

1.  Not  finished  ;  not  complete.  The  work  or  design 
is  imperfect. 

2.  Defective  ;  not  entire,  sound,  or  whole  ;  want- 
ing a  part ;  impaired.   'J  lie  writings  of  Livy  are  iin- 

pcrfect. 

3.  Not  perfect  in  intellect;  liable  lo  err ;  .is,  men 
are  imperfect;  our  minds  and  understandings  are  im- 
perfect. 

4.  Not  perfect  in  a  moral  view  ;  not  according  to 
the  laws  of  God,  or  the  rules  of  right.  Uur  services 
and  obedience  are  imperfect. 

5.  In  grammar,  Dk  imperfect  tense  denotes  an  ac- 
tion in  time  past,  then  present,  but  not  finished. 

().  In  music,  iiicdiiiplete  :  not  having  all  the  acces- 
sary sounds  ;  as,  an  imperfect  chord. 

An  imperfect  interval,  is  tnie  which  does  not  contain 
its  coiiipleineiit  of  simple  sounds.  Busby. 

7.  In  botany,  wanting  cither  stamens  or  pistils,  as 
a  flower. 

Imperfect  number  ;  one  which  is  not  equal  to  the 
sum  of  its  aliquot  parts  or  divi.sors.    [See  Perkect.] 
LM-PER-FEC'TION,  n,    [Fr.,  from  L.  imperfcUio,  au- 
pr.L] 

1.  Defect ;  fault ;  the  want  of  a  part  or  of  some- 
thing necessary  to  complete  a  thing  ;  equally  apjdica- 
ble  lo  physical  or  moral  subjects.  When  fruit  fails  to 
come  to  niatiirity,  and  after  it  begins  to  decay,  we 
denominate  the  defect  an  imperfection.  Laws  some- 
times fail  of  till'  intended  effect,  cither  from  their  iin- 
perfcction,  or  from  the  imprrfeetion  of  the  ailiiiiiiistm- 
tion.  Men  are  all  chargeable  with  imperfections,  both 
in  character  and  in  conduct. 

2.  In  book-binding,  a  sheet  or  signature  wanting  to 
complete  a  book. 

Dl-PER'FECT-LV,  adv.    In  an  imi»rfcct  manner  or 
degree  ;  not  fully  ;  not  entirely  ;  not  completely  ;  not 
ill  the  best  manner;  not  without  fault  or  failure. 
IM-PER'FECT-NESS,  n,  'I'he  state  of  being  imperfect. 
l.M-PEK'FO-RA-l!I.E,  a,    [Infra.]    That  can  not  be 

perforated  or  bored  through. 
I.M-PER'FO-RATE,  a.   |  L.  in  and  prrforatus,  perfaro  , 
Not  perforated  or  pieiced  ;  having  no  opening. 

Sharpe. 

IM-PER'FO-R.\-TED,  a.    Not  perforated.  Brown. 
2.  Having  no  pores.  Sir  J.  Banks. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  os  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  .as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


T3* 


WW 


&el 


r 


IMP 


IMP 


IMP 


IM-PER  FO-Ra'TION,  j!.  The  state  of  being  not  per- 

fiiniii'd,  or  without  any  aperture. 
I.M-Pk'UI-AL,  tt.    [Kr.,  from  L.  im/jcriaits,  from  impe- 

rOy  to  coiniitaud.    See  Emperor.] 

1.  I'l  rtaiiiin^  to  an  empire,  or  to  an  emperor ;  as, 
an  imjirrial  g( .verumcnt ;  an  imperial  diadem  ;  impe- 
rial authority'  or  edict ;  iwprrial  power  or  sway. 

2.  Royal ;  beloucing  lo  a  nionarcii  j  as,  an  imperial 
palace  ;  imperial  arts.  Drydea. 

3.  Pertaining  to  royalty  ;  drnoting  sovereignty. 

4.  Conirnaniliim  ;  iiiauitaiuing  supremacy  ;  as,  the 
tmpcrmi  denioci.u  y  lit'  Allirns.  Milfurd. 

Imperial  chamber  :  l\\c  sovereign  court  of  the  Ger- 
man empire.  Encijc. 

Imperial  city :  a  city  in  Germany  having  no  head 
but  the  emperor. 

Imperial  diet ;  an  assembly  of  all  the  states  of  the 
German  empire.  Encyc. 
IM-Pe'KI-AL,  n.     In  architecture,  a  kind  of  dome, 
which,  viewed  in  profile,  is  pointed  toward  the  top, 
and  widens  as  it  descends,  as  in  Moorish  buildings. 

Elmes. 

9._  A  tuft  of  hair  on  a  man's  lower  lip. 
IM-Pk'UI-AL-IST,  n.    One  who  belongs  to  an  empe- 
ror ;  a  subject  or  soldier  of  an  emperor.   The  denom- 
ination imperialists  is  often  given  to  the  troops  or 
armies  of  the  emperor  of  Germany. 
IxM-PE-RI-AL'I-Ty,  71.    Imperial  power. 

2.  The  right  of  an  emperor  to  a  share  of  tlie  prod- 
uce of  mines,  &c. 

Tlie  late  eiriprcss  li.'ivine:,  by  ukiises  of  ^ce,  relinquished  her 
iinperiahties  on  the"  private  minLS,  viz.  the  teiilli;  of  the 
copper,  iron,  silver,  siiul  gold.  Toulic. 

I.M-PE'RI-AL-lZ-£D,  a.  Made  imperial  or  belonging 
to  a_n  emperor.  Fatter. 

IM-Pe'IU-AL  LY,  a'lv.    In  an  imperial  manner. 

I.M-Pf.'RI-AL-TY,  n.    Imperial  power.  Sheldon. 

IM-PER'IL,  V.  t.  [in  and  peril.]  To  bring  into  dan- 
ger. Spenser. 

IM-PER'IL-ED,  pp.    Broiisht  into  danger. 

LM-PER'II.-I.\G,  ppr.    liritiiiing  into  danger. 

IM-PE'IU-(JUr<,  (I.  [L.  i"'.pirii}sus;  It.  and  Sp.  impcri- 
oso  ;  Fr.  imperieui.    S(;e  Imi'ERIal.] 

1.  Commanding  ;  dictatorial ;  haughty  ;  arrogant ; 
overbearing;  domineering  ; 'as,  an  imperious  tyrant; 
an  imperious  dictator ;  an  imperial  man  ;  an  imperi- 
ous temper.  More.  Shale. 

2.  Commanding;  indicating  an  imperious  temper ; 
authoritative  ;  as,  imperious  words.  Locke. 

3.  Powerful;  overbearing;  not  to  be  opposed  by 
obstacles  ;  as,  a  man  of  a  vast  and  imperious  mind. 

l^illotson. 

4.  Commanding  ;  urgent ;  pressing  ;  as,  imperious 
love ;  imperious  circumstances  ;  ijnperious  appetite. 

Dryden.    S.  S.  Smith. 

5.  Authoritative ;  commanding  with  rightful  au- 
thority. 

The  comm.-\ndmcut  high  and  imperious  in  its  claims. 

D.  A.  Clarke. 

IM-Pe'RI-OUS-IjY,  ade.  With  arrogance  of  command ; 
with  a  haughty  air  of  authority  ;  in  a  domineering 
manner.  South. 
9._With  urgency  or  force  not  to  be  opposed. 
IM-Pk'RI-OUS-NE'SS,  n.  Authority  ;  air  of  command. 

South. 

2.  Arrogance  of  command  ;  haughtiness. 


Impel 


:a-s  and  severity  is  a 
o>on  to  guide  tiiein. 


ill  way  of  treatin 


JM-PER'ISH-A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  imperissable ;  in  and  per- 
ish.] 

Not  subject  to  decay  ;  not  liable  to  perish  ;  inde- 
structible ;  enduring  permanently  ;  as,  an  imperisha- 
ble monument  ;  imperishable  renown.  Elegant  dis- 
courses on  virtue  —  will  not  supply  the  consolations 
of  imperishable  hope. 
1M-PER'I.S1I-A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
inip'Ti^liable. 

I.M-1'|;R'I.S11-A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  liable  to 
dicny. 

IM-l'l:'Rf-UM  IJV  IM-PE'RI-0,    [L.]  Government 

within  a  gt»vcrnm(^nt. 
r.M  I'ER'.M  A-iNE.N'CE,  7i.    Want  of  permanence  or 

continued  diiration.  IV.  Jitouuta<ru. 

I.M  PEIl'.M  A-NENT,  o.   [in  and  permanent.]    Not  per- 

in.'incnt  ;  not  enduring.  Gregory. 
l.M  I'ER-.ME  A-I!1I/I-TY,  n.    Tlieciuality  in  boilies  of 

not  permitting  a  tlnid  to  pass  through  them. 

Cavallo.    Asiat.  Res. 
I.M-I'ER'ME-A-BLK,  o.    [I,,  in  and  pcrjnco ;  ;jcr  and 

meo,  to  pays.] 

A  term  applifd  to  hoilii's  which  do  ntit  permit  fluids 

to  pa~i  ilin.ugh  Ihi'ui.    India  rubber  is  impermeable  to 

water;  hl.idilir  is  i/n/;(  rmraWo  to  air.  Olmsted. 
I.M-PER'.Mi;  A  lil-E  .NE.SS,  71.    State  of  being  Inipcr- 

miahlr. 

liM  PKR'.ME-A-BLY,  adv.    In  an  impermeable  man- 
ner. 

IM-PKR-HCRO'TA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  Hcarchcd 
out. 

IM  PER  HCRO'TA-BIX-NESS,  71.  State  of  not  being 

rapalilir  of  hcrutiny. 
IM-PKIl'.S().\-AL,  a.    [Ft.  imprrsonnel;  1,.  imprrsona- 

lU ;  in  and  persontdis,  from  persona.    Hoe  I'cnuuN.] 


In  frrammar,  an  impersonal  verb  is  one  which  is  not 
emjjloyed  with  the  first  and  second  persons,  /  and 
tl'ou  or  yon,  we  and  7/c,  for  nominatives,  and  which 
has  no  variation  of  ending  to  express  them,  but  is 
used  only  with  the  termination  of  the  third  person 
singular,  with  it  for  a  nominative  in  English,  and 
without  a  nominative  in  Latin;  as,  it  rains;  it  be- 
comes us  to  be  modest ;  L.  t^.det ;  libel ;  putrnatur. 

IM-PER-SON-AL'I-TY,  ji.  Want  or  indistinctness  of 
personality.  Draper. 

lAI-PER'SON-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  im- 
personal verb. 

IM-PER'SON-.aTE,  v.  t.  To  invest  with  personality 
or  the  bodily  substance  of  a  living  being. 

2.  To  ascribe  the  qualities  of  a  person  ;  to  person- 
ifs'.  fVarton. 

IM-PER'SOX-A-TEn,  pp.  or  a.  Made  persons  of. 
[See  Personated.]  tVarton. 

IM-PBR-SOX-a'TION,  7!.  Embodiment,  or  state  of 
being  invested  with  personality. 

2.  The  act  of  personifying,  or  representing  things 
without  life  as  persons.  West.  Rev. 

IM-PER-SPI-eO'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  perspicuity  or 
clearnesfti  to  the  mind. 

IM-PER-SPie'lJ-OUS,  a.  [in  and  perspicuous.]  Not 
perspicuous  ;  not  clear  ;  obscure.  Bailey. 

IM-PER-SUa'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  in  and  pcrsuasibilis. 
See  Persuade.] 

Not  to  be  moved  by  persuasion  ;  not  yielding  to 
arguments.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IM-PER'TI-NENCE,  )  n.    [Fr.  impertinence,  from  L. 

IM-PER'TI-NEX-CY,  (  impertinens  ;  in  and  perti^ 
nens,  pertineo,  to  pertain  ;  per  and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  That  which  is  not  pertinent;  that  which  does 
not  belong  to  the  subject  in  hand  ;  that  whicJi  is  of 
no  weight.  Bacon. 

2.  The  state  of  not  being  pertinent. 

3.  Folly  ;  rambling  thought.  [Little  used.]  Skak. 

4.  Rudeness  ;  improper  intrusion  ;  interference  by 
%vord  or  conduct  which  is  not  consistent  with  the 
age  or  station  of  the  person. 

[This  is  the  most  usual  sense.] 

We  sliould  avoid  the  vexation  and  impertinence  of  pedants. 

Swi/t. 

5.  A  trifle ;  a  thing  of  little  or  no  value. 

There  are  many  snbtile  impertinences  learnt  in  schools.  Walts. 

IM-PER'TI-NENT,  a.    [L.  impertinens,  supra.] 

1.  Not  pertaining  to  the  matter  in  hand  ;  of  no 
weight ;  having  no  bearing  on  the  subject ;  as,  an 
impertinent  remark.  Hooker.  Tillotson. 

2.  Rude  ;  intrusive  ;  meddling  with  that  wliich 
does  imt  belong  to  the  person  ;  as,  an  impertinent 
coxcomb. 

3.  Trifling  ;  foolish  ;  negligent  of  the  present  pur- 
pose. Pope. 

IM-PER'TI-NKNT,  71.  An  intruder ;  a  meddler  ;  one 
who  interferes  in  what  does  not  belong  to  him. 

L^  Estranfre. 

IM-PER'TI-NENT-LY,  adv.    Without  relation  to  the 

matter  in  hand. 
2.  Officiously  ;  intrusively ;  rudely.  Addison. 
IM-PER-TRAN-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  not 

being  capable  of  being  passed  through.  Hale. 
I.M-PER-TRAN'SI-BLE,  a.     [L.  in  and  pertranseo; 

per  anil  transeo,  to  pass  over  or  through;  trans  and 

CO,  to  go.] 

Not  to  be  passed  through.    [Little  used.] 
IM-PER-TURB'.\-BLE,  a.     [L.  in  and  perturho,  to 
disturb  ;  per  and  turbo.] 

'I'hat  can  not  bo  disturbed  or  agitated  ;  permanently 
quiet.  Encifc. 
IM-PER-TTJR-Ba'TION,  71.    Freedom  from  agitation 

of  mind  ;  calmness.  fV.  Mountairu. 

IM-PER-TURB'£U,  a.    Undisturbed.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

Bailey. 

IM-PER'VI-A-BLE,  a.  Impervious. 
IM-PER'Vr-A-HLE-NESS,  j  n.  Iniperviousness. 
I.M  PER-VI-A-BIL'I-TY,    j  Ed.  Rev. 

IM-PER' Vl-OUS,  a.  [L.  impervius  ;  in  and  pervius, 
passable  ;  per  and  via,  way.] 

1.  Not  to  be  puni  trateil  or  pas.scd  through  ;  impen- 
etrable ;  as,  an  impervious  ^\\\{ ;  iin  impervious  forcat. 

2.  Not  penetrable  ;  not  to  be  pierced  by  a  pointed 
instrument ;  as,  an  impervioiLi  shield. 

3.  Not  penetrable  by  light ;  not  permeable  to  fluids. 
Glass  is  pervious  to  light,  but  impervious  to  water. 
I'aper  is  impervious  to  light.  In  the  latter  sense  only, 
impervious  is  synonymous  with  impenneahle. 

IM-PER' VI-OU.S-I>Y,  ado.  In  a  manner  to  prevent 
passage  or  penetration. 

I.M-PER'VI-Ot;S-NESS,  7i.  The  state  of  not  admit- 
ting a  pjissage. 

I.M-PE.S'TER,  V.  t.    To  vex  ;  to  tease.    [JVbf  H.«crf.] 

IH-PE-TIG'IN-OIJS,  a.    [\i.  impetijro,  u  ringworm.] 
Of  the  nature  of  impetigo. 

IM-PE 'ri'(;o,  n.  [\j.]  A  cutam^ous  eruption  con- 
sisting (jf  clustering  pustules  which  are  yellow  and 
itching,  and  terminate  in  a  yellow,  scaly  crust,  intt^r- 
fleeted  with  cr:icks.  Good. 

IM'PE  TRA  i!EK,  a.  [Sco  Imi-etrate.]  That  may 
he  oblaini  il  by  pi^titioii. 

IM'IMvTHaTE,  II.  (.    [I,,  impetro.] 

To  obtain  by  retpiest  or  (entreaty.  Usher. 


IM-PE-TRa'TION,ji.  The  act  of  obtaining  by  prayer 
or  petition.  Herbert. 

2.  In  law,  the  pre-obtaining  of  benefices  from  the 
church  of  Rome,  which  belonged  to  the  disposal  of 
the  king  and  other  lay  patrons  of  the  realm.  Encyc. 

IM'PE-TRA-TIVE,  a.  Obtaining;  tending  to  obtain 
by  entreaty.  Bp.  Hall. 

IM'PE-TRA-TO-RY,  a.  Beseeching;  containing  en- 
treaty. Taylor. 

IM-PET-U-OS'I-TY,  7!.    [See  Impetuous.]    A  rush- 
ing with  violence  and  great  force;  fury  ;  violence. 
2.  Vehemence  ;  furiousness  of  temper. 

lai-PET'lI-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  impelueuz  ;  L.  impetuosus, 
from  impetus,  impeto;  in  anil  peto,to  urge,  to  rush. 
See  Bid.] 

1.  Rushing  with  great  force  and  violence;  moving 
rapidly;  furious;  forcible;  fierce;  raging;  as,  an 
impetuous  wind  ;  an  impetuous  torrent. 

2.  Vehement  of  mind  ;  fierce  ;  hasty  ;  passionate  ; 
violent ;  as,  a  man  oi  impetuous  temper. 

IM-PET'tT-OUS-LY,  adv.  Violently;  fiercely;  forci- 
bly ;  with  haste  and  force.  Addison. 

IM-PET'[I-OUS-NESS,7i.    A  driving  or  rushing  with 
haste  and  violence  ;  furiousness  ;  fury  ;  violence. 
2.  Vehemence  of  temper  ;  violence. 

IM'PE-TUS,  7!.  [L.  supra.]  Force  of  motion  ;  the 
force  with  which  any  body  is  driven  or  impelled. 

2.  The  force  with  which  one  body  in  motion  strikes 
another. 

3.  In  gunnery,  the  altitude  through  which  a  heavy 
body  must  fall  to  acquire  a  velocity  equal  1 1  that 
with  which  a  ball  is  discharged  from  a  piece. 

Brandc. 

IM-Pie'TUR-ED,  a.    Painted ;  impressed.  Spenser. 
IM'PIER.    See  Umpire. 

IM-PIeRCE',  71.  t.    To  pierce  through  ;  to  penetrate. 

Draiitoii. 

IM-Pri?,RCE'A-BLE,  (im-peers'a-bl,)  a.  [in  and  pierce.] 
Not  to  be  pierced  or  penetrated.  Spenser. 

IM-PlERC'i-.'D,  (iin-peerst',)  pp.    Pierced  through. 

IM-PIkRC'ING,  ;>/ir.    Piercing  through. 

IM-Pl'E-TY,  71.  [Fr.  impiete;  L.  impietas;  in  and 
pietas,  pins.] 

1.  Ungodliness  ;  irreverence  toward  the  Supreme 
Being  ;  contempt  of  tlie  divine  ch.aracter  and  author- 
ity ;  neglect  of  the  divine  precepts.  These  con- 
stitute different  degrees  of  impiety. 

2.  Any  act  of  wickedness,  as  blasphemy  and  scoff- 
ing at  the  Supreme  Being,  or  at  his  authority  ;  pro- 
faneness.  Any  expression  of  contempt  for  God  or 
his  laws,  constitutes  an  impiety  of  the  highest  degree 
of  criminality.  Disobedience  to  the  divine  com- 
mantls,  or  neglect  of  duty,  implies  contempt  for  his 
authority,  and  is  therefore  impiety.  Impiety,  when 
it  expresses  the  temper  or  disposition,  has  no  plural ; 
but  it  is  otherwise  when  it  expresses  an  act  of  wick- 
edness, for  all  such  acts  are  impieties. 

IM-PIG'NO-RaTE,  v.  t.  To  pledge  or  pawn.  [JVo( 
in  use.] 

IM-PIG-NO-Ra'TION,  7t.  The  act  of  pawning.  [A'ot 
in  use.] 

IM-PINGE',  (im-pinj',)  v.  1.  [L.  impintro ;  in  and 
paniro,  to  strike.    See  Pack.] 

To  fall  against;  to  strike;  to  dash  against;  to 
clash  upon. 

The  cause  of  reflection  is  not  the  impinging  of  light  on  the  solid 
or  impervious  parts  of  bodies.  Neiolon. 

IM-PINGE'MENT,  71.    Act  of  impinging.  D.Clinton. 
IM-PING'ING,  ppr.    Striking  against. 
IM-PIN"GUaTE,  (-ping'gwate,)  v.  t.     [L.  iti  and 
pintruis,  fat,] 

To  fatten  ;  to  make  fat,    [JVot  in  use.]  Bacmi. 
IM'PI-OUS,  a.    [E,  impius;  in  and  pius,  pious,] 

1,  Irreverent  toward  the  Supreme  Beiii^;  wanting 
in  veneration  for  God  and  his  authority  ;  irreligious; 
profane.  The  scoffer  at  God  and  his  authority  is 
impious.   The  profane  swearer  is  impious. 

When  vice  prevails,  and  impious  men  bear  sway, 

The  post  of  Iionur  is  a  private  station.  Addison. 

2.  Irreverent  toward  God  ;  proceeding  from  or 
manifesting  a  cimtempt  for  the  Supreme  lieing  ; 
tending  to  dislumor  God  or  his  laws,  nnti  bring  them 
into  coiitemiit ;  .as,  an  impious  deed  ;  impious  l.m- 
guage  ;  itupious  writings. 

IM'PI-OUS-l,Y,  ado.  With  irreverence  for  God,  or 
contempt  for  his  autliorily  ;  profanely  ;  wickedly. 

IM'PI-OIJS-NESS,  71.  Impiety  ;  contempt  of  God  and 
his  laws. 

IMP'ISII,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  an  imp. 
IM-PlM-CA-HII/r-TV,    )  71.  [from  im;i?(ir(i/)^c]  The 
IM  PI.A'eA-llI.E-NESS,  j     quality  of  not  being  ap- 
peasable ;  iiiexorableness ;  irreconcilable  enmity  or 
anger. 

[M-PEA'eA-BI,E,  n.  [Fr.,  from  h.  implacabilis ;  in 
and  placabilis,  from  plncn,  to  appease.] 

1.  Not  to  he  appeasetl  ;  that  can  not  be  pacified 
and  renilered  pcaci-able ;  inexorable ;  stubborn  or 
constant  in  enmity  ;  as,  an  implacable  prince. 

2.  Not  to  be  a[)peaseti  or  subdued  ;  as,  implacable 
anger  ;  implncable  enmity,  malice,  or  revenge. 

IM-PEA'CA  lil.Y,  ni/ii.  With  enmity  not  to  bo  paci- 
fieil  or  subdued  ;  inexorably  ;  as,  to  hato  a  per.non 
implacably.  . 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T,  — METE,  PIIBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 
_ 


IMP 


IMP 


IMP 


l.M-l*I<AN'l'',  ».  i.    [in  and  plant,  I,.  plaiUo.] 

To  si  t,  plant,  c)r  inlix,  for  tile  purposi;' of  sirowth  ; 

as,  to  im/ilant  the  seeds  of  virtue,  or  tile  principles 

of  knowledge  in  tlio  minds  of  youlli ;  to  implant 

grace  in  the  heart. 

[ll  is  now  seldom  or  never  used  in  its  literal  sense  for 

sHtinir  plants  or  seeds  in  the  earth.] 
IM-I'LA.\T-a''J'ION,  II.    The  act  of  setting  or  infix- 

ins!  in  the  mind  or  heart,  as  principles  or  first  riidi- 

nu-iits.  Brown. 
I.\1-I'LANT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Set ;  infixed  in  the  mind, 

as  priiiciptcs  or  riKliiiicnts. 
I.M  I'hANT'l.Nti,  ppr.   Setting  or  infixing  in  the  mind, 

as  principles. 

I.M-l'LAL'-SI-BIL'I-TV,  n.  [from  implausible.]  Tlie 
qiinliiv  of  not  being  plausible  or  specious. 

IM-PL.VU'SI-BLE,  u.  [in  and  plaiisibk.]  Not  spe- 
cious; not  wearing  the  appearance  of  truth  or  cred- 
ibility, and  not  likely  to  be  believed  ;  as,  an  implau- 
sible liarangue.  Swift. 

IJI-I'I,AU'S1-15LE-NESS,  ii.  State  of  not  being  plau- 
sible." 

IM-l'LAC'SI-BLY,  adv.  VVitliout  an  appearance  of 
prob:i])iIitv. 

IM-1'LkACII',  1).  t    [iniu\i  pleach.]    To  interweave. 

f  JV.it  i«  u.<e.]  Shak. 
I.^I•I•L^CAD',  V.  U    [in  and  plead.]    To  institute  and 

prosecute  a  suit  against  one  in  court;  to  sue  at  law. 

The  corporation  shall  have  power  to  plead  and  be 

impleaded. 

LiM  ihom  implead  one  anolher.  —  Acts  xix. 

I.M-PLkAD'ED,  pp.  Prosecuted  ;  sued ;  subject  to 
answer  to  a  suit  in  court. 

IM-PI-kAD'EK,  II.    One  who  prosecutes  another. 

I.M-PLkAD'I.N'G,  ppr.    Prosecuting  a  suit. 

I.M-PI.f:AS'l.\"G,  a.    (Jnpleasing.    [Aot  in  u-ic] 

IiM-PI,E1)("".E',  (ini-plej',)  ».  (.    To  pawn.    [JVut  used.] 

I.M-PI-Kl)ti'AU,  a.    Pledged;  pawned. 

I.M'PI.E-.\ii:.\'l',  II.  [Low  L.  impleinentum,  from  im- 
pleo.  to  fill  ;  in  and  pleo.] 

Whatever  may  supply  wants  ;  particularly  applied 
to  tools,  utensils,  vessels,  instniinents  ;  the  tools  or 
instrtiinenls  of  labor;  the  vessels  used  in  a  kitchen, 
&c. ;  as,  the  implemenls  of  trade  or  of  husbandry. 
[It  is  a  word  of  very  eztensive  sitptifcatian.] 

IM'PLE-.MENT-IXG,  a.  Furnishing  with  implements. 

Kd.  Rev. 

IM-PLE'TI0\,  n.    [I,,  impleo,  to  fill  ;  in  and  pleo.] 
The  act  of  filling  ;  the  state  of  being  full. 
The  iinptetion  is  piUipr  in  simple  or  com|y>innl  flowrra.  The 
iiitpletion  of  simplr  flowcn  is  by  the  liiciviise  either  of  Uie 
peuiU  lt  of  tiie  iiecturj'.  Lee. 

I.M'PLEX,  a.    [L.  implezus.    See  Implicate.] 
Infolded  ;  intricate  ;  entangled  ;  complicated. 
KverT  poem  is  simple  or  implex;  it  is  c-iitetl  simple,  when  there 
u  no  change  of  fortoKC  in  it;  irnptet,  when  the  fortune  of 
the  cliJef  RCtor  changes  from  had  to  gT>Ml,  or  fr^>in  good  to 
Uid.  SpectaU/r. 

IM-PI,EX'IOX,  (im-plek'shun,)  n.  (See  Implicate.] 
The  art  of.infoWling  or  involving  ;  the  state  of  being 
involved;  involution,    [/.ittle  used.]  Diet. 

IM'PM-CATE,  ».  t  [Fr.  impliqucr  ;  It.  implicare  ;  L. 
impticoy  implicatus  ;  in  and  plico,  to  fold  ;  Gr.  TrA^iroi, 
\V.  pUiffit.] 

1.  'I'd  infold  ;  to  involve  ;  to  entangle.  Boyle, 
[Seldom  luted  in  its  literal  setlse.] 
'i.  To  involve  ;  to  bring  into  connection  with  ; 
also,  to  show  or  prove  to  be  connected  or  concerned  ; 
as,  the  evidence  does  not  implicate  the  accused  per- 
son in  this  conspiracy. 
l.M'PI,I-C.\-TEl),  pp.    Infolded  :  involved. 

9.  Involved  ;  connected  ;  concerned  ;  proved  to  be 
concerned  or  to  have  had  a  part.   Twenty  persons 
are  implicated  in  the  plot. 
IM'PLI-e.\-TI.NG,  ppr.    Involving  ;  proving  to  be 
concerned. 

IM-PLi  e.A'TIO.V,  n.    [L.  implicalio,  supra.] 

1.  The  act  of  iiifolihng  or  involving. 

2.  Involution  ;  entanglement. 

Three  prina{«l  cnusrs  of  finnness  nre,  the  grossness,  the  qniel 
contact,  and  Ibo  iinpUcaUon  of  llic  component  ptvrts.  Boytt, 

3.  An  implying,  or  that  which  is  implied,  but  not 
expressed  ;  a  tacit  inference,  or  something  fairly  to 
be  understtwd,  though  not  expressed  in  words. 

The  doclori  Are,  by  impliradon,  of  a  flitferent  opinion.  Aytiffe. 
IM'PLi  eA-TIVE,  o.    Having  implication. 
IM'PI.I  eA-TIVE-I.Y,  a<it>.    I!y  implication.  Bitot. 
I.M-PLIC'IT,  (im-plis'it,)  a.    [L.  impiicifiis,  from  tm- 
plico.\ 

1.  Infolded  ;  entangled  ;  complicated. 

In  his  woolly  fteec* 
1  cUng  tm^ciL    {IMU*  u*ed.\  Pop*. 

iJ.  Implied ;  tacitly  comprised  ;  fairly  to  be  under- 
stootl,  though  not  expressed  in  words ;  as,  an  implicit 
contract  or  agreement. 

3.  Resting  on  another ;  trusting  to  the  word  or 
authority  of  another,  without  doubting  or  reserve,  or 
without  examining  into  the  truth  of  the  thing  itself. 
Thus  we  give  implicit  credit  or  confidence  to  the 
derlamtionslif  a  person  of  known  veracity  ;  we  re- 
ceive with  implicit  faith  whatever  God  bos  clearly 
revealed. 


I.M-PLIC'IT-LY,  adv.  Hy  iiitcrcnce  deducible,  but 
not  expressed  in  words;  virtually;  in  reality,  but 
not  in  name. 

He  th:it  tlenies  the  providence  of  Uod  impliciUi/  di-iiies  his 
exiaU'nce.  lienllfy. 

2.  By  connection  with  something  else  ;  depeiid- 
ently  ;  with  unreserved  confidence  ;  without  doubt- 
ing, or  without  examining  evidence.  VVe  are  dis- 
posed to  believe  implicitlij  what  a  man  of  veracity 
testifies. 

Ijoani  nut  to  dispute  the  methods  of  his  providence,  but  htimhij 
and  iiitpliciili/  to  uapiiesce  in  »nd  adore  Uioin.  .41lcr6ury. 

I.M-PLIC'IT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  implicit ; 
the  state  of  trusting  without  reserve. 

I.M-PLI'liD,  pp.  or  (I.  [See  Imply.]  Involved  ;  con- 
tained virtually,  though  not  expressed ;  as,  an  implied 
promise. 

IM-PLI'ED-LY,  adv.    Bv  implication. 
IM-PLO-Ka'TIO.\,  71.    Earnest  supplication. 

Bp.  Hall. 

IM'i'LO-RA-TOR,  n.    One  who  implores.  Shak. 
I.M-PLoRE',  J'.  L    [Fr.  implorer  ;  Sj).  implorar;  It.  im- 
plorare  ;  L.  imploro  ;  in  and  plojt),  to  cry  out.] 

1.  To  call  upon  or  for,  in  supplication  ;  to  beseech  ; 
to  pray  earnestly ;  to  petition  with  urgency ;  to  en- 
treat ;  as,  to  implore  the  forgiveness  of  sins ;  to  iin- 
plore  mercy. 

Imploring  all  the  gods  that  rcigii  atiove.  Pope. 
5.  To  ask  earnestly  ;  to  beg. 
I.M-PI.ORE',  r.  i.    To  entreat ;  to  beg. 
I.M-PLoKE',  n.    Earnest  supplication.    [jVot  used.] 

Spenser. 

IM-PLOR'KD,  pp.    Earnestly  supplicated  ;  besought. 

I.M-Pl.fjR'Kll,  II.    One  who  prays  earnestly. 

I.M  PI.oR'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Beseeching;  entreating; 
praying  earnestly. 

IM-I'LOK'I.NG-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  entreaty. 

I.M-I'lA'M'/.I),    I  a.    Having  no  plumes  or  feathers. 

IM-I'I.O.M'OUS,  !  Johnson. 

I.M-PI.U.\tSE',  (im-plunj',)  r.  L  To  plunge;  to  im- 
merse. Fuller. 

IM-PLY',  r.  t.  [Fr.  impliqucr;  Sp.  implicar ;  It.  im- 
plicare ;  L.  implico ;  in  and  plicoj  to  fold.  See  Im- 
plicate.] 

1.  Literally,  to  infold  or  involve  ;  to  wrap  up. 
[  Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  To  involve  or  contain  in  substance  or  essence, 
or  by  fair  inference,  or  by  construction  of  law,  wlien 
not  expressed  in  words. 

Where  a  malicious  act  is  proved,  a  malicious  intention  is  tns- 
plied,  Sherlock. 

When  a  man  smploya  a  laborer  to  worlt  for  him,  or  an  a^r-nt  to 
transact  Uleiness  for  him,  the  act  of  hiring  impliee  an  obliga- 
tion, and  a  promise  tliat  he  sliall  pay  hnn  a  reasonable  n.*- 
wani  for  hi*  services.  Contmcu  are  expressed  or  implied ; 
expr-ss  contracts  are  those  in  which  an  agreement  or  prom- 
ise is  exprt'ssed  by  wonis  or  in  writing  ;  implied  contncts 
nn  such  as  arise  from  Uie  presutnptiou  of  law,  or  the  Justice 
and  reason  of  the  transaction.  BiackaloM. 

IM-PL?'IXG,  ppr.  Involving  ;  containing  in  sub- 
stance, or  by  fair  inference,  or  by  construction  of 
law. 

IM-POCK'ET,  r.  U   To  pocket.    [J^ot  used.] 
I.M-POIS'ON,  (im-poiz'n,)  v.  U     [Fr.  empoisonner. 
See  Poison.] 

1.  To  poison  ;  to  impregnate  with  poison  ;  to  cor- 
rupt with  poison. 

2.  To  imbitter :  to  impair  ;  as,  grief  impoisons  the 
pleasures  of  life. 

3.  To  kill  with  poison.    [Rare.]  Shak. 
IM-POIS'ON-£U,  pp.    Poisoned;  corrupted;  imbit- 

tered. 

I.M-POIS'ON'-IXG,  ppr.  Poisoning;  corrupting ;  im- 
bittering. 

I.M-POIS'OX-XIEXT,  n.   The  act  of  poisoning. 

Pope, 

IM-Pf5'LAR-I-LY,  adc.  Not  according  to  the  direction 
of  the  poles.    [A'ot  tuetl.]  Brown. 

I.M-POL'l-CY,  II.  [ill  and  policy.]  Inexpedience ; 
unsuitableness  to  the  end  proposeii ;  bad  policy  ;  de- 
fect of  wisdom  ;  a  word  applied  to  private  as  well  as 
public  affairs.  fVashin^on. 

IM-PO-LITE',  a.  [in  and  poIite.'\  Not  of  polished 
manners;  iin|iolile  ;  uncivil  ;  ruile  in  manners. 

IM-PO -LITE'LY,  adc.  Uncivilly. 

I.M  PO-LITE'NESS,  n.  Incivdity ;  want  of  good 
manners.  Chesterfield. 

IM-POL'I-Tie,  a.  Not  wise ;  devising  and  pursuing 
measures  ada[ited  to  injure  the  public  interest;  as, 
an  impolitic  prince  or  minister. 

2.  Unwise  ;  ailapted  to  injure  the  public  interest ; 
OS,  an  impolitic  law,  measure,  or  scheme. 

3.  Not  wise  in  private  concerns  ;  pursuing  meas- 
ures ill  suited  to  promote  private  welfare  ;  not  pru- 
dent. 

4.  Not  suited  to  promote  private  interest, 
ni  PO-HT'ie-AI.,  for  Impolitic,  is  obsolete. 
I.M-PO-LIT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Without  art  or  forecasL 

lAol  used.]  Bacon. 
I.M-POL'I-Tie-LY,  adv.    Not  wisely  ;  not  with  due 

forecast  and  pmdence  ;  in  a  manner  to  injure  public 

or  private  interest. 
IM-PO.\"-DER-A-BIL'I-TY,n.   Destitution  of  sensible 

weight. 


LM-PON'DER-A-Bl.E,  a.    [m  and  ponderable.]  Not 

having  sensible  weight. 

Meat,  light,  electricity,  and  magnetism,  are  called 

imponderable  substances.  Brande. 
I.M-P().\'I)ER-A-BLE-NESS,  ii.    Slate  of  being  im- 

poiideralile. 

I.M-PO.N'UER-OUS,  a.    Not  having  sensible  weight. 

^roirii. 

I.M-PON'DER-OUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  impon- 
deroiis. 

IM-PoNE',  F.  t.    [L.]    To  stake ;  to  wager.  [Obs.] 

Shall. 

IM-POOR',  r.  t.  [in  and  pour.]  To  impoverish.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Browne. 

IiM-PO-ROS'I-TY,n.  [in  and  pffro.»i/i/.]  Want  of  po- 
rosity ;  closeness  of  texture  ;  compactness  that  ex- 
cludes pores.  •  Bacon, 

I.M-Po'KOL'S,  a.  Destitute  of  pores;  very  close  or 
conipact  in  texture  ;  solid.  Brown.  Ray. 

IM-PoRT',  r.  t.  [Fr.  importer;  h,  importo ;  in  and 
porta,  to  bear.    See  Bkaii.] 

1.  To  bring  from  a  foreign  country  or  jurisdiction, 
or  from  another  state,  into  one's  own  country,  juris- 
diction, tir  state  ;  opposed  to  Expowt.  We  import  teas 
and  silks  from  China,  wines  from  Spain  and  Fmnce, 
and  dry  goods  from  Great  Britain.  Great  Britain  im- 
ports cotton  from  America  and  India.  We  may  say 
also  that  Connecticut,  iMassncliusetIs,  and  Maine,  im- 
port fiour  from  the  Middle  States. 

2.  To  bear  or  convey,  as  signification  or  meaning; 
to  mean  ;  to  signify;  to  imply.  We  are  to  under- 
stand by  a  term  what  it  clearly  imports, 

3.  To  be  of  weight  to  ;  to  be  of  moment  or  conse- 
quence to ;  to  bear  on  the  interest  of,  or  to  have  a 
bearing  on. 

Her  len  <rth  of  sickness,  with  what  else  more  tcrious 
ImporUlh  the<;  to  know,  tliis  beam.  Slink. 
If  Icndun:  it,  wliat  i/n/>or(s  it  you  ?  Dryden.  . 

IM'PoRT,  n.  That  which  is  borne  or  crmveyed  in 
words  ;  meaning  ;  signification  ;  the  sense  which 
words  are  intended  to  convey  to  the  understanding, 
or  which  they  bear  in  sound  interpretation.  Import 
dilTvrs  from  Implication  in  this, that  the  meaning  of 
a  term,  or  number  of  words,  in  connection,  is  less  ob- 
scurely expressed.  Import  depends  less  on  inference, 
or  deduction,  than  implication,  and  is  also  applied 
more  frequently  to  a  single  word.  In  all  philosophi- 
cal discussions,  it  is  useful  to  iLscertain  the  import  of 
the  terms  employed.  In  the  construction  of  laws 
and  treaties,  we  are  to  examine  carefully  the  import 
of  words  and  phrases. 

2.  That  which  is  imported  or  brought  into  a  coun- 
try from  another  country  or  state  ;  generally  in  tlie 
plural.  Our  imports  exceed  our  exports  ;  the  balance 
must  be  paid  in  specie  ;  hence  the  scarcity  of  coin. 

3.  Im[iorl.ance  ;  weight;  consequence.  [Formerly 
accented  on  Utc  second  sullattle.]         Skak.  Dryden. 

I.M-PORT'.\-HLE,  a.   'I'hat  may  be  iniportt  cl. 
2.  Insupportable;  not  to  be  endured.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

ni-PORT'ANCE,  n.  [Fr. ;  Sp.  imporfaiicio ;  It.  ioi- 
portanza  ;  from  import^ 

1.  Weight ;  consequence  ;  a  bearing  on  some  in- 
terest ;  that  quality  of  any  thing  by  n  liich  it  may  af- 
fect a  me.isiire,  interest,  or  result.  The  education  of 
youth  is  of  great  importance  to  a  free  goveriiiiieiit.  A 
religious  education  is  of  infinite  importance  to  every 
human  being. 

2.  Weight  or  consequence  in  the  scale  of  being. 


Thy  own  importance  know. 
Nor  bound  tiiy  narrow  views  to  Unngs  below. 


Pope. 


3.  Weight  or  consequence  in  self-estimation.  He 
believes  himself  a  man  of  importance. 

4.  Thing  implied  ;  matter ;  subject ;  importunity. 
[In  tliese  senses,  obsolete.]  Shak. 

IM-PORT'A.\T,  a.  [Fr.]  £i*fro«y,  bearing  on  or  to. 
Hence,  weighty  ;  momentous ;  of  great  conse(|uence  ; 
having  a  bearing  on  some  interest,  measure,  or  re- 
sult, by  which  good  or  ill  may  lie  produced.  'I'riith 
is  important  to  happiness  as  well  as  to  knowledge,  but 
none  so  important  as  religious  truth.  The  commerce 
of  Great  Britain  is  important  to  her  navy,  and  her 
navy  is  important  to  her  independence.  .Men  often 
forget  the  important  end  for  which  they  were  created. 

2.  Bearing  on  ;  forcible  ;  driving. 

He  fiercely  at  him  flew, 
And  nith  important  sctrage  him  assailed.  Sjieneer, 

3.  Importunate.    [JiTot  itsrii.]  Shak. 
IM-PORT'ANT-LY,  <u/r.    Weightily;  forcibly. 

Hammond, 

IM-PoR-T.\'TION,  n.    [Fr.  ;  from  iniporf.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  importing,  or  of  bringing 
from  another  con ntry  or  slate  ;  tipposed  to  Exporta- 
tion. Nations  forbid  the  importation  of  commodities 
which  are  produced  or  manufactured  in  sutfident 
abundance  at  home. 

2.  The  wares  or  commodities  imported.  Tlie  im- 
portations, this  season,  exceed  those  of  the  losL 

3.  Conveyance. 

I.M-PORT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Brought  Trom  another  coun- 
try' or  state. 

IM-PORT'ER,  n.     He  that  imjiorts  ;  the  mercbanl 


TONE,  BULL,  IJ.NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3  e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  K  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


IMP 


IMP 


IMP 


will),  by  liiiiiself  or  liis  agent,  brings  goods  from  an- 
other C()nnlr\-  or  slate. 
IM-PoRT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Bringing  Roods,  &c.,  into 
one's  own  country  or  state  from  a  foreign  or  distant 
state. 

2.  Bearin<r,  as  asignification  ;  meaning. 

3.  Having  weight  or  consequence. 
IM-PoRT'LESS,  a.    Of  no  weight  or  consequence. 

[Jful  used.]  Shak. 

IM-PORT'lT-.VA-CY,  n.  The  act  of  importuning; 
importunateness. 

IM-POllT'U-NATE,  a.  [L.  importunus.  See  Impor- 
tune.] 

1.  Bearing  on  ;  pressing  or  virging  in  request  or  de- 
mand ;  urgent  and  pertinacious  in  solicitation;  as, 
an  impuTluiiate  suitor  or  petitioner. 

2.  Pressing  ;  ui^ent ;  as,  an  importunate  demand. 

3.  Inciting  ursently  for  gratilication  ;  as,  importu- 
n/tte  passions  and  appetites. 

IM  I'ORT'r-XA'l'E  LV,  nrfi!.    VVitli  urgent  request; 

Willi  pressing  solicitation. 
IM-PORT'IJ-XATE-NESj;,  n.    Urgent  and  pressing 

solicitation.  Diffbii. 
IM-PORT'U-NA-TOR,n.    One  that  importunes.  [JVot 

in  nse.]  Siiiidijs. 
I.M-POR-TuNE',  V.  U  [Fr.  importuner ;  S[i.  importunar ; 

It.  importitnare ;  from  L.  importunms  ;  in  and  porta,  to 

bear  on.] 

To  recpiest  with  urgency ;  to  press  with  solicita- 
tion ;  to  urge  with  frequent  or  unceasing  application. 

Their  niiiiistt-rs  ami  i^ideiils  here  have  perpelitally  iTnjiortttned 


Uie  court  wiUl  I 


iiiiblii  demands. 


Formerly  ac- 


IM-POR-TuNE',  a.    [L.  importunus. 
cented  on  the  second  syllable.] 

1.  Pressing  in  request ;  urgent ;  troublesome  by 
frequent  demands  ;  vexatious  ;  unreasonable. 

Spenser.  Bacon. 
9.  Unseasonable.  Milton. 
[This  word  is  obsolete;  being  superseded  by  Im- 
pomuNATE,  unless  perhaps  in  poetry.] 
lM-POR-Tu.\''£D,  pp.    Requested  with  urgency. 
I.M-POR-TONE'LY-,  adi:    With  urgent  solicitation  ; 
incessantly;  continually;  troublesomely.  [04s.] 

Spenser. 

2.  Unseasonably  ;  improperly.  [Ofe.] 

Sanderson. 

IM-POR-TuX'ER,  n.    One  who  urges  with  earnest- 
ness. 

IM-POR-TuX'lXO,  ppr.    Soliciting  with  urgency. 
IM-POR-Tu'NI-TY,  ».    IFr.  iinpurtunite  ;  Ij.  importa- 
nitas.] 

Pressing  solicitation  ;  urgent  request ;  application 
for  a  claim  or  favor,  which  is  urKd  with  trouble- 
some frecpiency  or  pertinacity.  !\Ien  are  sometimes 
overcome  by  the  imporlunitij  of  their  wives  or 
children. 

IM-PoRTM  J-OUS,  a.    [L.  importmsus ;  in  and  portus.] 

Without  a  port,  haven,  or  harbor. 
IM-POS'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  imposed  or  laid  on. 

Hammond. 

IM-PoS'.\-BLE-\F.S.S,  ji.  State  of  being  imposable. 
ISI-PoSE',  I',  t.    [I'r.  imposcr  ;  L.  impositum,  from  im- 

pono  ;  in  and  pono,  to  put.    Pono,  as  vvritten,  belongs 

tu  Class  Bn  ;  and  posui,  positam,  to  Class  Bs  or  Bd. 

The  alter  coincides  with  Eng.  put.  But  n  and  s  may 

be  convertible.] 

1.  To  lay  on  ;  to  set  on  ;  to  lay  on,  as  a  burden, 
tax,  toll,  duty,  or  penalty.  The  legislature  imposts 
taxes  for  the  support  of  government ;  toll  is  imposed 
on  passeu'it  rs  to  niuintain  roads,  and  penalties  are 
imposed  on  those  who  violate  the  laws.  God  im- 
poses no  burdens  on  men  which  they  are  unable  to 
bear. 

On  impious  rcalmA  and  burbaiuus  Ungs  impose 

Thy  plagues.  Pope. 

2.  To  place  over  by  authority  or  by  force.  The 
Romans  often  imposed  rapac  ious  governors  on  their 
colonies  and  conquered  countries. 

3.  To  lay  on,  as  a  command  ;  to  enjoin,  as  a  duty. 

Thou  on  Ihe  dt^p  impotest  nobler  lawi.  WtUlfr. 
Impost  but  your  coiiiiiianda.  Dryiten. 

4.  T<i  fix  on  ;  to  impute.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

5.  To  lay  on,  as  hands  in  tlie  ceremony  of  ordina- 
tion, or  of  confirmation. 

G.  'I'o  obtrude  fallaciously. 

Our  poet  ihinki  not  lit 
To  i>ii/.ot«  upon  you  what  lie  writes  for  wit.  Dryden. 

7.  Among  printers,  to  put  the  pages  on  the  stone 
and  ft!  on  the  chase,  and  thuii  prepare  the  form  for 
the  press. 

To  impose  on  ;  to  deceive  ;  to  mislead  by  n  trick  or 
false  iiretciiMc  ;  rulsurlij,  to  put  upon.  We  nrc  liable 
lu  be  impoacd  en  by  ulliers,  and  sometimeu  we  impose 
on  oiiri<elveH. 

IM-POSE',  n.    Command  ;  injunction.    [Au(  untd.} 

Shak. 

IM-PAS'frn,  (im-|iS7'.d',)  pp.    Laid  on,  as  a  tax,  bur- 
den, duly,  or  penally  ;  enjoined. 
Imposed  on  :  di  reived. 
IM-Pr>«E'.ME.\T,  *.    liiipoHition.    [Barf.]  Moore. 
IjM-I'0«'ER,  n.    One  who  lays  on  ;  one  who  enjolnn. 
The  tmfCMrs  of  liw*si>  oiths  inifrht  n-p>*nt.  Walton. 


IJI-POS'IN'G,  ;>/>r     Laying  tm  ;  enjoining;  deceiving. 
2.  a.  Commanding  ;  adapted  to  impress  forcibly  ; 
as,  an  imposinj^  air  or  maimer. 

Larg"e  and  imposing  edifices,  imbosomed  in  the  proves  of  some 
rich  valley.  B'sliop  Hobart. 

IM-PoS'ING,  n.  Among  printers,  the  ait  of  putting 
the  pages  of  a  sheet  in  proper  order  on  t  le  imposing- 
stoiie,  and  preparing  them  to  be  printed.  Brande. 

IM-PoS'ING-LY,_aui'.    In  an  imposing  manner. 

IM-POS'ING-STo.N'E,  «.  Among  printers,  the  stone 
on  which  the  pages  or  columns  of  types  are  imposed 
or  made  into  forms. 

IM-PO-SI"TION,  (iin-po-zish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
impositio.    See  Impose.]  ^ 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  act  of  laying  on. 

2.  The  act  of  laying  on  hands  in  the  ceremony  of 
ordination,  when  the  bishop  in  the  Episcopal  church, 
and  the  iiitnisters  in  most  other  churches,  place 
their  hands  on  the  head  of  the  person  whom  they 
are  ordaining,  while  one  prays  for  a  blessing  on  his 
labors.    The  same  ceremony  is  used  in  other  cases. 

3.  The  a»t  of  setting  on  or  adixing  to  ;  as,  the  im- 
position of  names.  Boyle. 

4.  That  which  is  imposed  ;  a  tax,  toll,  duty,  or 
excise,  laid  by  authority.  Tyrants  oppress  their  sub- 
jects with  grievous  impositions. 

5.  InjuiKtioii,  as  of  a  law  or  duty.  Milton. 

6.  Constraint ;  oppression  ;  burden. 

Let  it  not  he  m.aile,  contrary  to  its  own  nature,  the  occasion  of 
slrile,  a  liarrow  spirit,  and  unreasonable  impositions  on  tjie 
mind  and  practice.  Walls, 

7.  Deception ;  imposture. 

Beinir  acfpiainted  with  Iiis  hand,  I  had  no  re:uon  to  suspect  an 
imjiusition.  Snioltsll. 

8.  A  supernumerary  exercise  enjoined  on  students 
as  a  punishment.  England. 

["  Every  pecuniary  mulct  whatever  on  young  men 
in  statu  pupillari,  should  be  abolished  ;  the  proper 
punishment  is  employing  their  minds  in  some  useful 
imposition.^^  Enormous  Expense  of  Education  in  Cam- 
bridge. 

"  Literary  tasks  called  impositions,  or  frequent 
compulsive  attendances  on  tedious  anil  unimproving 
exercises  in  a  ctillege  hall."  T.  Warton,  Minor  Po- 
ems of  Milton,  p.  422.  — E.  H.  B.] 
IM-POS-SI,BIL'I-TY,  71.  [from  impossible.]  That 
which  can  not  be  ;  the  state  of  being  not  jiossible  to 
exist.  That  a  thing  should  be  and  not  be  at  the  same 
time,  is  an  impossibilittj. 

2.  Impracticability;  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
not  feasible  or  possible  to  be  done.  That  a  man  by 
his  own  strength  should  lift  a  ship  of  the  line,  is  to 
him  an  impossibilitjj,  as  the  means  are  inadequate  to 
the  end.  [See  Impossible.] 
IM-POS'SI-liLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inipossibilis ;  in  and 
possibilis,  from  possum,  to  be  able.] 

1.  That  can  not  be.  It  is  impossible  that  two  and 
two  should  make  five,  or  that  a  circle  and  a  square 
should  be  the  same  thing,  or  that  a  thing  should  be 
and  not  be  at  the  same  time. 

2.  Impracticable ;  not  feasible  ;  that  can  not  be 
done. 

With  men  tliis  is  impossible  ;  but  with  God  all  tilings  are  possi- 
ble. —  Matt,  xix. 
Without  faith  it  is  imj^ossihte  to  please  God.  — Heb.  xi. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  impossibilities,  physical  and 
moral.  That  is  a  physical  impossibility,  which  is  con- 
trary to  the  law  of  nature.  A  thing  is  said  to  be 
morally  impossible,  when  in  itself  it  is  possible,  but 
attentled  with  dilliciiltics  or  circumstances  which 
give  it  the  appearance  of  being  impossible.  [See 
Possiule,  Praciicable,  and  Impracticable.] 

Ejicyc. 

Impossible  quantity.    See  Imaoinary. 
XM'PoST,  n.    [.Sp.  and  It.  imposta;  Fr.  impOt,  for  im- 
post; It.  impositum,  iinpono.] 

1.  Any  tax  or  tribute  imposed  by  authority ;  partic- 
ularly, a  duty  or  tax  laid  by  government  on  goods 
iiiipoited,  and  paid  or  secured  by  the  importer  at  the 
time  of  importation.  Imposts  are  also  called  cus- 
toms. 

2.  In  arcbitrctiire,  that  |>art  of  a  pillar  in  vaults  and 
arches  tm  which  the  weight  of  the  building  ri'sts  ;  or 
the  capit.il  of  a  pillar  or  cornice  which  crowns  tli 
pier  and  supports  the  first  stone  or  part  of  an  arch. 

AinsteorUl.  Jish. 

IM-POS'TIIU-MaTE,  (im-pos'tu-mite,)  v.  i.  [See 
Imposthime.]  To  form  an  abscess;  to  gather;  to 
collect  pus  or  purulent  mutter  in  any  part  of  an  ani- 
mal bodv.  .Irbuthnot. 

I.M-POS'THU-MaTE,  ».  t.  To  affect  with  an  impos 
thiiine  or  abscess. 

IM-POS'TUU-MA-TED,  pp.  Affected  with  an  impos 
thuine. 

IM-POS'TI1U-Ma'TL\G,  ppr.  Forming  into  an  ab 
Kcess. 

IM-POS-TIIU-Ma'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming  an 
abscess  ;  also,  an  abscess;  an  impostliume. 

Coie,  Bacon, 

IM-POS'TIU'ME,  (im-pos'tume,)  n,  ['I'liis  word  is 
a  rorriiplioii  of  apostem,  L.  aptistriiia,  Ur.  an  arriii'i, 
from  aptarnpi,  to  separate,  to  withdraw,  or  to  stand 
off;  nrr 0  and  iarniii,  to  stand.] 


An  abscess  :  a  collection  of  pus  or  purulent  matter 
in  any  part  of  an  animal  body.  Encyc. 

['I'his  word  and  its  derivatives,  being  mere  corrup- 
tions, might  «ell  be  suffered  to  pass  into  oblivion.] 
IM-POS'THUME,  V.  i.    The  same  as  Imposthi  mate. 
IM-POS'TOR,  n.    [Fr.  imposteur;  Sp.  and  Port,  impos- 
tor; It.  impostore;  from  Low  L,  impostor,  from  tm- 
pono.    See  Impose.] 

One  who  imposes  on  others  ;  a  person  who  as- 
sumes a  character  for  the  purpose  of  deception  ;  a 
deceiver  under  a  false  character.  It  seems  to  be  yet 
unsettled  whether  Perkin  Warbeck  was  an  impostor. 
A  religious  impostor  may  be  one  who  assumes  the 
character  of  a  preacher  without  authority  :  or  one 
who  falsely  pretends  to  an  extraordinary  commission 
from  Heaven,  and  territics  people  with  deniincia- 
timis  of  judgments.  Encyc. 
IM-POS'TIiR-AOE,  71.    Imposition.    [JVot  i7i  use.] 

Bp.  Taylor. 

IM-POS'TTTRE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  imposlura.  See 
Impose.] 

Deception  practiced  under  a  false  or  assumed 
character;  fraud  or  imposition  practiced  by  a  false 
pretender. 

Form  new  legends. 
And  fill  the  world  wiUi  follies  ami  impostures.  Irene. 

IM-POS'TUR-£D,  a.   Having  the  nature  of  imposture. 

Beaum.  4'  El. 
IM-POS'TIIR-OUS,  a.    Deceitful.    [JVof  used.] 

Beaum.  Fl. 

IM'PO-TENCE,  )  n.  [L.  impotcntia  ;  in  and  potentia, 
I.M'PO-TEN-CY,  i     from  patens,  from  the  root  of  L. 

possum,  posse,  which  consists  of  the  elements  Pd  or 

Pt.    See  Power.] 

1.  Want  of  strength  or  power,  animal  or  intellec- 
tual ;  weakness  ;  feebleness  ;  inability  ;  imbecility  ; 
defect  of  power,  natural  or  adventitious,  to  perform 
any  thing. 

Some  were  poor  by  the  impoteney  of  nature ;  as  yonng  fatherless 
children,  old  decrepit  persons,  idiots,  and  cripples. 

Hayward, 

The  impotence  at  exercising  animal  motion  attends  fevers. 

ArttuOtnot. 

2.  Moral  inability  ;  the  want  of  power  or  inclina- 
tion to  resist  or  overcome  habits  and  natural  propen- 
sities. 

3.  Inability  to  beget. 

4.  Ungovernable  passion  ;  a  Latin  si^ilf cation. 
[Little  used/]  Milton. 

[Jl'PO-TENT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  impotens.] 

1.  Weak;  feeble;  wanting  strength  or  power;  un- 
able by  nature,  or  disabled  by  disease  or  accident,  to 
perform  any  act. 

I  know  liiou  wast  not  slow  to  hear. 

Nor  impotent  to  s;ive.  Addison. 

2.  Wanting  the  power  of  propagation,  as  males. 

3.  Wanting  the  power  of  restraint ;  not  having  the 
command  over ;  as,  i/n/iofr/it  of  tongue.      Dniden.  - 

IM'PO-TEXT,  n.  One  who  is  feeble,  infirm,  or  lan- 
guishini:  under  disease.  Sliak. 

IM'PO-TEXT-LY,  adv.  Weakly;  without  power 
over  the  p.assitins. 

IM-POUNU',  t).  (.    [in  and  poimrf.    See  Pol'xd  ] 

1.  To  put,  shut,  or  confine,  in  a  pound  or  close 
pen  ;  as,  to  impound  unruly  or  stray  horses,  cat- 
tle, &c. 

2.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain  with  limits.  Bacon. 
IM-POUXI)'El),  pp.    Confined  in  a  pound. 
IM-POUXD'ER,  II.    One  who  impounds  the  beasts  of 

another. 

IM-POUXD'IXG,  jipr.  Confining  in  a  pound  ;  re- 
straining. 

IM-POV'ER-ISII,  V.  t  [Fr.  appauvrir,  appauvrissatit, 
from  paurre,  poor ;  It.  impoverire.    See  Poor.] 

1.  To  make  poor;  to  reduce  to  poverty  or  indi- 
gence. Idleness  and  vice  are  sure  to  impoverish  in- 
dividurds  and  families. 

2.  To  exhaust  strength,  richness,  or  fertility  ;  as, 
to  impoverish  lanil  by  frequent  cropping. 

IJI-POV'ER-ISII-J-.D,  (im-pov'er-isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Re- 
duced to  poverty  ;  exhausted. 

IM-POV'ER-ISH-ER,  7i.  One  who  makes  others  poor. 
2.  That  which  impairs  fertility. 

IM-POV'KR-ISII-IXG,  ;>/"•.  Making  poor  ;  exhausting. 

I.M-POV'ER-ISII-IXG,  a.  Tending  or  fitted  to  r<  iluce 
to  poverty,  or  to  exhaust  of  fertility.  White  crops 
are  imporerUhing  to  land. 

IM-POV'ER-ISII-l-Y,  adv.    So  as  to  impoverish. 

IM-POV'ER-ISII-.MEXT,  n.  Drpauperation  ;  a  re- 
ducing to  indigem-e;  exhaustion;  drain  <Jl"  wealth, 
richness,  or  ferlilitv. 

IM-POW'EU.    See  Empower. 

IM-PKAC-TI-CA-ltll.'l-TY,  )  M.  [See  lMPR\rTi- 
IM-PRAC'TI  CA-BLE-XESS,  j  cable.] 

1.  The  stale  or  ipiality  of  being  bi  ytuid  human 
power,  or  the  means  proposed  ;  infeasibility. 

2.  nnlractableni  ss  ;  stubbornness.  Burnet. 
IM-PRAC'TI  CA  BLE,   a.     [in  and  practicable ;  Fr. 

impracticable.    See  PuAcrlcE.  ] 

1.  That  can  not  be  dime  or  [lerformed  ;  infeasilile  ; 
not  to  bo  efi'ected  by  human  means,  or  by  the  means 
pro|M>scd.  It  is  impracticable  for  a  inaii  lii  lift  a  tu" 
by  Ills  unassisted  strength  ;  but  not  impracticable  for 
a  man  aided  by  a  iiu  clinnical  power. 


FATE,  FAR,  TALL,  WHAT  MCTE,  PRBV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  V  ^LF,  BQQK.— 

R84 


IMP 


IMP 


IMP 


2.  Untractable ;  unmanageable  ;  stubborn  :  as,  a 
fierce,  impraclicitble  nature.  Howe. 

3.  That  can  not  be  passed  or  tr;iveleil ;  as,  an  ii/i- 
praclicahle  road  ;  a  cuUntiuial  seittte. 

IM-PU.\(:'TI-€A-UIA',  ui/i).  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  hinders  practice. 

MorAlity  not  impractiatb!y  rigid.  Johnson. 
IM'PRE-e.^TK,  V.  t.    [L.  imprecor ;  in  and  prccor,  lo 
pray.    See  Pray.] 

To  invoke,  as  an  evil  on  any  one  ;  to  pray  that  a 
curse  or  calamity  may  fall  on  one'.s  self  or  on  another 
person. 

IM'PRK-e.\-TED,  pp.    Invoked  on  one,  as  some  evil. 

I.M'PlU:-e.\-TIi\'G,  ppr.  Calling  for  evil  on  one's  self 
or  another. 

IM-PllK-e.^'TrON,  71.    [L.  imprcralh.) 

Tlie  act  of  iiniirecating,  or  invoking  evil  on  any 
one  ;  a  prayer  that  a  curse  or  calamity  may  fall  on 
anv  one  ;  a  curse. 

IJM'PIU:-C.\-TO-RV,  a.  Containing  a  prayer  for  evil 
to  befall  a  person. 

IM-PKK-CIS'lON,  ?i.  [in  and  prrcmon.]  Want  of 
precision  or  evactness  ;  defect  of  accuracy.  Taijlnr. 

IM-PKE(1N',  (im-preen',)  r.  t.  [It.  imprripiarc  ;  Fr. 
imprcgncr V,.  in  nxidi  prir.srnans.    See  Pukonant.] 

To  impregnate ;  to  infuse  tlie  seed  of  young,  or 
other  prolific  principle.  [Used  in  poetry.  Si-o  Im- 
pregnate.] Mtltnn.  TlioinsDn, 

IM-PKEG'.\.\-nLE,  a.    [fr.  imprcmMr.] 

1.  Not  to  be  stormed,  or  taken  by  assault  ;  that 
can  not  be  reduced  by  force  j  able  to  resist  attack  ; 
as,  an  imprerrnahlf.  fortress. 

2.  Nut  to  be  moved,  impressed,  or  shaken  ;  invin- 
cible. 

The  iiiftn's  ailixlion  rvmaiiia  wliully  uiicoi)Ccni«:il  and  bnpre^iia. 
bit.  Soulh. 
IM-PREG'.V.V-DLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  resist  pene- 
tration or  assault ;  in  a  manner  to  defy  force  ;  as,  a 
place  imprr^nahlij  fortified.  Sandyg, 
lAI-PREti'NATE,  v.  t.   [It.  imprcirnarc ;  Fr.  imprcirncr ; 
Sp.  impretrttar.    See  Precnant.] 

1.  To  infuse  the  principle  of  conception  ;  to  make 
pregnant,  as  a  female  animal. 

2.  To  deposit  the  fecundating  dust  of  a  flower  on 
the  pistils  of  a  plant ;  to  render  prolific. 

3.  To  infuse  particles  of  one  thin;;  into  another  ; 
to  comuuinicate  the  virtues  of  one  tiling  to  another, 
as  in  pharmacy,  by  mixture,  digestion,  &c. 

IM-PREC;'NATE,  a.  Impregnated;  rendered  prolific 
or  fruitful. 

IM-PRE(;'Na-TF,D,p;;.  or  a.  Made  pregnant  or  pro- 
lific ;  fecundated ;  filled  with  something  by  mix- 
ture, <fcc. 

IM-PRE(;'Na-TING,  ppr.  Infusing  seed  or  pollen  ; 
renderins  pregnant ;  fructifying  ;  fecundating ;  filling 
bv  infusi(ui  or  mixture.. 

ni-PREG  N.^'TION,  II."  [Fr.]  The  act  of  fecun- 
dating and  rendering  fruitful ;  applied  to  animals  or 
plants. 

2.  The  communication  of  the  particles  or  virtues 
of  one  thing  to  another. 

3.  That  with  which  any  thing  is  impregnated. 

Uerhinn. 

4.  Saturation.  .^insirorth. 
IM-PRE-JO'Di  eATE,  a.    [I,,  in,  pr<c,  and  judico.] 

Not  prejudged  ;  unprejudiced  ;  not  prepossessed  ; 
impartial.  JJVoJ  luied.]  Brown. 
IJI-PREP-A-RA'TION,  n.    [in  and  prepnratintu] 

Want  of  preparation  \  uiipreparedne.ss  ;  unreadi- 
ness.   [Little  iMff/.j  Hooker, 
I.M-PRE-SeRlP-TI  BIL'I-TY,  ii.  .  [Fr.  imprescriplibi- 
lit6,  from  imprescriptible.] 

The  .state  of  being  independent  of  prescription  ; 
(he  state  which  renders  a  thing  not  liable  to  be  lost 
or  impaired  by  the  prescription  of  another,  or  by 
one's  own  non-user.  Vattcl,  Trans. 

IM-PRE-^eRlP'TI-liLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  pritscriplibU, 
from  L.  prtescribo  ;  pne  and  seribn,  to  write.] 

That  can  not  be  lost  or  impaired  by  non-user,  or 
by  the  claims  of  another  founded  on  prescription. 
Righu  of  mcrr  ability  which  n  man  mar  u«e  or  not  al  {>l<'aftin-, 
wilhoiit  any  person's  hiivina^  a  right  to  prv»crjb^>  lo  nie  on 
lh.it  9Uh]ect,  Br*^  impreteri/itibit.  VtiUeU  Tmnt. 

The  ligha  of  navi^,ition,  fishing,  ami  oth'fa  tint  may  l>?  cxcr- 
cisr;il  on  the  s-a,  belonging  to  tl)'.*  light  ol  mere  ability,  ore 
iinprescTtptittle.  Vaitet. 

I.M-PRESS',  r.  ^  [Ij.  impressunij  from  iinprimo  ;  in 
and  premo,  to  press.] 

1.  To  imprint;  to  stamp ;  to  make  a  mark  or  fig- 
ure on  any  thing  by  pressure  ;  as.  to  impress  coin 
with  the  figure  of  a  man's  head,  or  with  that  of  an 
ox  or  sheep  ;  to  impress  a  figure  on  wax  or  clay. 

2.  Tn  print,  as  bdok?. 

3.  To  mark  ;  to  indent. 

4.  To  fix  deep  ;  as,  lo  impress  truth  on  the  mind, 
or  facts  on  the  memory.    Hence,  to  convict  of  sin. 

5.  To  compel  to  enter  into  public  service,  as  sen- 
men  ;  to  sei/.B  and  take  into  si'rvice  by  compulsion, 
as  nurses  in  sickness.  In  this  sense,  we  use  press  or 
impress  inditferently. 

fi.  To  seirc  ;  to  take  for  public  service  ;  as,  lo  im- 
pre.is  provisions.  Marshnll. 
IM'PKESS,   n.     A  mark  or  indentation,  made  by 
pressure. 


9.  'I'lie  figure  or  image  of  any  thing  made  by  pres- 
sure ;  stamp  ;  likeness. 
3.  Mark  of  distinction  ;  stamp ;  character. 
Goit  Icavffl  ns  tliia  "TrMierHl  imprtf  or  character  on  llie  worl,*  ol 
creation,  that  they  wcru  very  good.  i'oulA. 


4.  Device ;  motto. 

To  tlescribc  cnibLizoncd  shieliU, 
Impretnea  quaint. 


A;i;ton. 


5.  The  act  of  compelling  to  enter  into  public  ser- 
vice.   (See  Phksj.]  Sliak. 
I.M-PRES.S'-G.\NG,  ii.    A  party  of  men  with  an  olfi- 
cer,  employeil  to  impress  seamen  for  ships  of  war. 

r.^ee  PltK93-(jANO.] 

I.>I-PIlESS'£:i),  (im  prest',)  pp.  or  a.  Imprinted  ; 
stamped  ;  marked  by  pressure  ;  coinptdletl  tn  enter 
jiublic  siTvice  ;  seized  for  jHililic  use  ;  fi.ved  in  the 
mind  ;  made  sensible  ;  convinced. 

IM-PRESS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  tpiality  of  being  im- 
pressible. 

I.M-PRESS'I-RLE,  a.  That  may  be  impressed  ;  that 
yields  to  an  inipressiim;  that  may  receive  impres- 
sions.   Solid  botlics  are  not  easily  impressible. 

2.  That  may  be  impressed  ;  that  may  have  its  fig- 
ure stamped  (ui  nuotlier  body. 

IM-PRESS'I-I5LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  make  im- 
pression. 

I!\l  PRF.SS'ING,  jjpr.    Imprinting;  st.amiiing  ;  fixing 

in  the  miml  ;  compelling  into  strrvice. 
I.M-PKES'SION,  (-prcsh'un,)  ii.    [Fr. ;  I,,  impressio.] 

1.  The  act  of  impressing,  as  one  body  on  another  ; 
as,  a  figure  made  by  impression. 

2.  Mark  ;  indentittitui ;  stainj)  made  by  pressure  ; 
as,  a  seal  makes  an  impression  tm  wax. 

3.  The  effect  which  objects  produce  on  the  mind. 
Thus  we  say,  the  truths  of  the  gospel  make  nn  im- 
pression on  the  mind  ;  they  make  no  impression,  or 
a  deep  and  lasting  impression.  The  heart  is  impressed 
with  love  or  gratitude.  Wc  lie  open  to  the  impres- 
sions of  flattery. 

4.  Image  in  the  mind  ;  idea. 

5.  Sensibli!  eflect.  Tin:  artillery  inaiie  no  imprc-i- 
sion  on  the  fort.  The  attack  made  no  impression  on 
the  enemy. 

6.  A  single  edition  of  a  book  ;  the  books  printed 
at  once  ;  as,  a  copy  of  the  last  impression.  The 
whole  impression  of  the  work  was  sold  in  a  month. 

7.  Slight,  indistinct  remembrance.  I  have  an  im- 
pression that  the  fact  w.as  staleil  to  me,  but  I  can  not 
clearly  recollect  it. 

IM-PRES'SIOX-A-HLE,  a.  Susceptible  of  impression  ; 

that  can  be  inii)ressed. 
IM-PRESS'IVE,  n.  Making  or  tending  to  make  an 
impression  ;  having  the  power  of  ulfectiiiL',  or  of  e.x- 
citing  atttuition  and  feeling  ;  adapted  to  touch  sensi- 
bility or  the  conscience;  as,  an  imprejssive  discourse  ; 
an  impre^^sive  scene. 
2.  Capable  of  being  impressed  ;  susceptible. 

Spenser. 

I.M-PRESS'IVE-LY,  atlv.  In  a  manner  to  touch  sen- 
sibility or  to  awaken  conscience ;  in  a  manner  to 
prtKliire  a  powerful  effect  on  the  mintl. 

LM-PRESS'lVE-NESS,  ;i.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
pressive. 

1M-PRESS'.ME.\T,  n.  The  act  of  impressing  men 
into  public  service  ;  as,  the  impressment  of  seamen. 

2.  The  act  of  compelling  into  any  service  ;  as,  tlie 
impressment  t)f  nurses  to  attenil  the  sick. 

3.  The  act  of  seizing  for  public  use  ;  as,  the  im- 
pressment of  provisitins  for  the  army.  Marshall. 

I.M-PRESSM;RE,  n.    The  mark  niaile  by  pressure  ;  in- 

tli-iitation  ;  dent ;  imprtrssiiui.  S/uUc, 
IM'PREST,  n.    [It.  impreslarc.] 

A  kind  of  earnest-money  ;  loan  ;  money  ad- 
vanced. Burke. 
I.M  PKEST',  V.  t.    To  advance  on  loan. 
IM-PREV'A-I.ENCE,  n.    Incapability  of  prevailing. 

JIall. 

IM-PRI-MA'TUR,  n.  [L.,  let  it  bc  printed.]  A  li- 
cense to  print  a  book,  &c. 

I.M  PRIM'ER-Y,  11.    [Fr.  imprintcrie.] 

A  print ;  impressiim  ;  a  printing-house  ;  art  of 
printing.    [JVot  in  «.«.] 

I.^i-PR^.MIS,  ado.    [L.  imprimis,  fortw  primis."] 
In  the  first  place ;  first  in  order. 

IM'PRI.NT,  n.  The  name  of  the  publisher  of  a  book, 
newspaper,  fee,  with  the  place  and  time  of  publi- 
cation, inserted  in  tin;  first  page. 

I.M-Pltl.VT',  r.  t.  [!t.  imprimrrc ;  Sp.  imprimir ;  Fr. 
imprimrr ;  L.  imprimu  ;  in  and  prenu),  to  press.  See 
Print.] 

1.  To  iini)ress  ;  to  mark  by  pressure  ;  as,  a  charac- 
ter tir  tievice  impriiittit  on  w.ax  t>r  clulh. 

2.  To  stamp  letters  and  words  on  paper  by  means 
of  types  ;  to  print. 

3.  To  fix  on  the  mind  nr  memor>' ;  to  impress. 
Let  your  fiitber's  admonitions  and  instructions  be 
imprinted  tdi  yotir  inintl. 

IM-PRINT'EI),  pp.     .Marked  by  pressure  ;  printed; 

fixed  in  thi'  mind  tir  memory. 
I.M-PRI.N'T'I.Nt;,         Marking  by  pressure ;  printing; 

fixinc  on  the  mintl  or  memory. 
I.M-PRIS'O.V,  (iin-priz'n,)  v.  L    [Fr.  emprisanner;  in 

and  prison.] 


1.  To  put  into  a  prison  ;  to  confine  in  a  prison  or 
jail,  or  to  arrest  ami  di  iaiii  in  custody  in  any  place. 

2.  To  confine  ;  lo  shut  iiii ;  to  restrain  from  esca|>e  ; 
to  deprive  of  the  liberty  to  move  from  place  to  place  ; 
us,  to  bo  impriioned  in  a  cell. 


lb*  impriionett  wa«  in  clinint  n-inodilc: 
Try  to  imprison  tlie  r<»i»tleci  wiiidj. 


I.M-PRlS'0.\'-/^r),  pp.  or  a.    Confined  in  n  prison  or 

jail  ;  restrained  from  escape,  or  from  going  at  large. 
I.M-PRIS'0.\-]CR,  n.   One  who  iinprLsons  another. 

Ctaytijn. 

IM-PRISS'ON-ING,  n.    Act  of  confining  in  pri-son. 
IM-PRISS' O.N'-I.N'CJ,  ppr.    Shutting  up  in  prison  ;  con- 

finini;  in  a  place. 
IM-PRLS'O.N'-.MENT,  n.    The  act  of  putting  and  con- 

finiiii;  in  prison  ;  tlio  act  of  arresting  anil  detaining 

in  ciistimy. 

2.  ('ouiinement  in  a  place  ;  restraint  of  liberty  to 
go  from  plar  c  to  placi;  at  |ileasiire.  .^ppropriatcty, 
the  coiifiiiement  of  a  criminal  or  debtor  within  the 
walls  of  M  prison,  or  in  the  custody  of  a  sheriff,  &c. 

False  imprisonment,  is  any  ctuifinement  of  the  per- 
son, or  rirstraiiit  of  liberty,  without  legal  or  siiflicieiil 
atithtirity.  'I'he  arn-st  or  di-triition  of  the  person  by 
nn  otiicer,  without  warrant,  or  by  an  illegal  warrant, 
or  by  a  legal  warrant  executed  at  an  unlawful  time, 
is  false  imprisonment.  Blaekstone. 
I.M-PROB-A-HIL'I-TY,  n.  [Sec  Impkobable.]  The 
qtiality  of  being  iiii|>rt>bable,  or  not  likely  to  bc  true  ; 
uiilikt-lihood. 

IM-PRUIi'A-HI,E,  a.  [Sp.  Fr.,  from  L.  improbabilis ;  in 

and  pnibahtlis,  iVoin  probo,  to  prox'e.] 

Not  likt  ly  to  be  true  ;  not  to  be  expected  under  the 

circumstances  of  the  cast;.    It  is  always  improbable 

that  men  will  knowingly  opptjso  their  own  interest  ; 

yet  the  fact  is  possible.    It  is  improbable  that  snow 

will  fall  in  July,  but  not  incredibli;. 
I.M-PROIi'A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  manner  not  likely  to  be 

true. 

2.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  approved.  [Obs.]  Boyle. 
IM'PRO  BATE,  e.  (.    [L.  imprubo,] 

To  disallow  ;  not  to  approve.    [Act  used,] 

Jiinsworth. 

IJI-PRO-Ba'TIO.V,  71.  The  act  of  disapproving.  [JViit 
in  use.]  .Hinsicirrtli. 

I.M-PROB'I-TY,  71.  [L.  improbitas;  in  and  probilas, 
from  probo,  to  approve.] 

That  xvhich  is  disapproved  or  disallowed  ;  xvant  of 
integrity  or  rei-tiiiide  of  principle  ;  dishonesty.  A 
man  of  known  improbity  is  always  suspected,  antl 
usuallv  despised. 

I.M-PKd-DOC'iD,  (im-pro-dust',)  a.    Not  produced. 

Ray. 

nr-PRO-FI"CIENCE,  (-pro-fish'ens,)     I  ji.  Want  of 
I.M-PRO-FI"CIEN-CY,  (-pro-fish'en-sy,)  j  proficien- 
cy. Bacon. 
I.M-PROF'IT-A-DLE,  a.    Unprofitable.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Eluot. 

IM-PRO  GRES'SIVE,  a.    Not  progressive. 
I.M-PRO-EIF'ie,  (I.    Not  prolific  ;  unfruitful.  [Obs.] 

fVater}tou.ie. 

I.M-PRO-I,IF'ie-ATE,  r.  L  To  impregnate;  to  fe- 
eiindale.  [Obs,] 

I.M-PRO.MP'TU,  adr.  or  a.  [L.  in  promptu,  in  readi- 
ness, frnm  promptus,  ready,  quick.] 

Off  hanil  ;  without  previous  stutly ;  as,  a  verse  ut- 
tered or  written  impromptu. 

IM-PRO.MP'TU,  n.  A  piece  made  off  hand,  at  the 
moment,  or  without  previous  study  ;  an  extempora- 
neous composition. 

I.M-PROP'ER,  a.  [L.  hnpropriiLS ;  in  and  proprius, 
proper.] 

1.  Not  proper :  not  suitable  ;  not  •adapteil  to  its  end  ; 
unfit;  as,  an  im/jrnprr  medicine  for  a  parlicul.ar  dis- 
ease ;  nn  improper  regulation. 

2.  Not  becoming  ;  not  decent ;  not  suited  to  the 
character,  time,  or  place  ;  a.s,  improper  coniliirt  in 
church  ;  improper  beliavior  before  sujieriors  ;  an  tm- 
proper  speech. 

3.  Not  according  to  the  settled  usages  or  principles 
of  a  language  :  as,  an  improper  wortl  or  phrase. 

4.  Not  suited  to  a  particular  place  or  office ;  unqual- 
ified ;  as,  he  is  an  improper  man  for  the  office. 

Improper  fraction  ;  a  fraction  whose  denominator  is 
not  greater  than  its  numerator. 

IM-PROP'ER-LY,  adr.  Not  filly ;  in  a  manner  not 
suited  to  the  end  ;  in  a  manner  not  suited  to  the  com- 
pany, time,  place,  and  circumstances;  unsuitably; 
incongruously. 

2.  In  a  manner  not  according  with  est.ablished 
usages  ;  inaccurately ;  ungrammatically ;  as,  to  speak 
or  writt?  improperly. 

IM-PRO-PI"TIOUS,  (-pro-pisb'u9,)  0.  Not  propitious ; 
unpropitioiis.  WoUon, 
[  Tlie  lallrr  is  the  irord  in  tise.] 

IM-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Not  proportionable. 
[Little  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

LM-PRO-PoR'^TIO.\-ATE,  a.  Not  proportionate  ;  not 
adjusted.    [Little  used.]  SmitJL 

ISI-PR6'PRI-ATE,  r.  L    [L.  in  and  proprius,  proper.] 
I.  To  appropriate  to  private  use  ;  to  take  to  one's 
self;  as,  to  impropriate  thanks  to  one's  self.  [Ai<< 
used.]  Bacon, 


TONE,  BULL,  yNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


74 


5a=i 


IMP 


IMP 


IMP 


2.  To  place  the  pnifits  uf  etclusiiislical  property  in 
the  liandj  of  a  layjiian.  Hook. 

["  'J'he  Money -god,  in  Ari-^toplmnes,  pretends  a 
ronimand  from  Jupiter  to  ili.-ti  ibut:'  as  great  a  largess 
to  the  wicked  as  to  the  L'uod  ;  hecanse,  if  vertue 
sliould  once  imprvprmtr  rii  he^,  tli.il  faire  Goddesse 
would  be  more  wooed  fur  lier  dov\  ry  tlitin  for  lier 
native  beauty."  .Archbishop  Sancroft^  Modern  Poli- 
cies, edit.  5,  Lond.  Iti54,  l-2mo.  — E.  II.  li.] 
IM-PRo'PRI-ATE,  a.  Devolved  into  the  hands  of  a 
layman. 

IM-PUO'PRI-A-TEl),  pp.  Appropriated  to  one's  self. 
[See  Appropriated.] 

2.  Put  in  possession  of  a  layman,  as  church  prop- 
erty. 

I.\I-PUO'PRl-A-TING,  ppr.  Appropriating  to  one's 
self. 

2.  Placing  profits  of  ecclesiastical  proj>erty  in  the 
hands  of  a  layman. 

IM-PRO-PRl-A'TION,  71.    The  act  of  putting  an  ec- 
clesiastical benefice  into  the  hands  of  a  layman. 
2.  The  benefice  impropriated.  [JlijUffe. 

IM-PKO'PRI-A-'J  OR,  n.  A  layman  who  has  posses- 
sion of  the  lands  of  the  church,  or  an  ecclesiastical 
living.  Jii/liffc. 

IM-PRO-PRl'E-TY,  71.  [Fr.  impropricte,  fnuii  L.  im- 
propriius.    See  Improper. 1 

1.  Unfitness  ;  unsuitableness  to  character,  time, 
place,  or  circumstances  ;  as,  improprttty  of  behavior 
or  manners.  Levity  of  conduct  is  an  iiripropnety  in 
a  religious  assembly  and  at  a  funeral.  Rudeness  or 
forwardness  in  young  persons  before  their  superiors 
is  iinprupricUj.  Indecency  and  indecorum  are  impro- 
prietie-s; 

2.  Inaccuracy  in  language  ;  a  word  or  pihrase  not 
according  with  the  estabiislied  usages  or  principle.^  of 
speaking  or  writing. 

M.iiiy  gross  improprieties,  however  authorized  by  pmclice, 
ought  to  be  iliscarjfd.  Swi/t. 

IM-PROS-PER'I-TY,  71.  Unprosperity  ;  want  of  suc- 
cess. JVaunton. 

IM-PROS'PER-OUS,  a.  [in  and  prosperous.]  Not 
prosperous  ;  not  successful  ;  unfortunate  ;  not  yield- 
ing profit ;  not  advancing  interest ;  as,  an  improsper- 
ou,s-  undertaking  or  voyage.  Dryden. 

[Unpbosperous  is  the  word  most  generaliy  usedin 
thi-i  sen.se.l 

IM-PRO.S'PER-OUS-LY,  adv.     Unsuccessfully  ;  un- 

]>rosperously  ;  unfortunately.  Boyle. 
ISl-PROS'PER-OUS-NESS,  71.    Ill  success;  want  of 

prosperity.  Hammond. 
IM-PROV-A-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [See  Improvable.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  capable  of  improvement  j 
susceptibility  of  being  made  better. 
IM-PROV'A-liLE,  a.  [See  Improve.]  Susceptible  of 
improvement;  capable  of  growing  or  being  made 
better ;  that  may  be  advanced  in  good  qualities. 

We  have  stucli  enoiiijh,  and  tiiat  too  of  an  improvniile  nature, 

tliat  IS  capable  ol  iufiuite  advancement.  Decay  of  Piety, 
Man  id  accominoilated  with  mural  principles,  improvable  by  llie 

exerrise  ol  his  f.icnili'-s.  Hate. 
1  have  a  tine  spread  ul  improvafjle  lands.  Ad/luon. 

2.  Th.at  may  be  used  to  advantage,  or  for  the  in- 
crease of  any  thing  valuable. 

The  essiys  o(  vvealtcr  heads  aflord  iinjrrovabte  liints  to  i)euer. 

Broijjn. 

3.  Capable  of  tillage  or  cultivation. 

A  scarcity     itnprovnhte  lands  b-'u^an  to  l>c  felt  in  these  colonies. 

Itauieay  Ilisl.  Catotiita.    li.  Truinboll. 

IM-PRO  V'A-RLE-NESS,  71.  Susceptibility  of  improve- 
ment ;  ca|)ableness  of  being  made  better,  or  of  being 
used  to  advantage. 

I.M-PROV'A-liLY,  aiie.  In  a  manner  th.it  admits  of 
improvement. 

IM  PROVE',  (im-proov',)  i>.  t.  [Norm,  printer,  to  im- 
prove ;  improiBmeiit,  improving.  The  I'rench  and 
Italians  use  the  same  compound  in  a  diirerent  sense. 
It  is  from  the  L.  in  and  proOo,  to  prove,  or  the  atljec- 
tive  pruliiis.] 

1.  To  m.aUe  better;  to  advance  in  value  or  good 
qualities.  We  amend  a  bad,  but  improve  a  good  thing. 
A  good  education  improves  the  mind  and  tin;  m;iii- 
ners.  A  judicious  rotation  of  crops  tends  to  impruoc 
land.  ./ohtt.<on. 

2.  To  use  or  employ  to  good  purpose;  to  make 
productive  ;  to  turn  to  proliiable  account ;  lo  use  for 
advantage  ;  to  employ  for  .advancing  interest,  reputa- 
tion, or  happiness. 

Many  opiKjrtnnities  occur  of  improvittg  money,  which,  If  n  man 

m(sii.a,lie  may  nol  afo-rwarfU  n-covi-r.  liainblfr. 
McIImus  wu  a  man  of  parUi,  cipal.lc  of  enjoying  and  laijtroiitrtg 

life.  HanMer. 
True  policy,  u  well  na  j^oial  fallh,  In  my  opinion,  binds  n>  lo 

improve  Ihe  occtai.jn.  Wunldttstou. 
This  succi-as  Wiia  nol  imjironefl.  Mamlinll. 
Thoae  who  enjoy  the  nilvanlafe  of  brucr  Inalruclion,  ul  Id 

improet  their  phvilcjf.-s,  Milner. 
W«  shall  eajycially  honor  (ioil  by  Improving  lUllgenlly  the  lab 

eiitj  which  O'hI  halh  comrnilt/-d  Uj  na.  tlarroiv. 
They  were  iiware  of  the  advnnlji)i:>'a  of  their  position,  and  tm. 

proved  them  with  e(jual  ahill  nnri  diliirence. 

Waleli,  Hev.  0/ Itamilton'e  Work: 
ThoiK  momenls  were  rlillrenlly  improved.  Gitttmn. 
The  CAn'llilate  imjn-mw^/ Tiia  advantt^^-a.  Oibtjon. 
A  hint  that  I  do  nut  rvtrienibcr  tu  have  aeen  openetj  iiiitl  un- 

prooed.  AtUtiton,  Sjjsa.  lij. 


WhaU^ver  interest  we  b.tve  at  the  Uirune  of  gTace,  siiovild  l>e 
improved  in  b«'half  of  otln-nj.         Scott,  Com.  Kx.  xxxiii. 

The  court  seliloin  fails  lo  iinproue  the  opportunity,  lilackstime. 

My  lords,  no  tilne  should  U*  lost,  wlticll  may  promise  To  imjn'ooe 
this  ilisposiuon  in  America.  Lord  Ctiatliam. 

If  we  neglect  to  improve  our  Luowledge  to  the  ends  for  wbicti  it 
was  £;iven.  Locke. 

It  is  the  laiiit  ol  persons  not  improving  that  light.    .S.  Clarke. 

The  shorter  Uie  lime  —  the  more  eager  were  tliey  to  improve  iu 

lyirdiier. 

A  young  minister  wishing  to  improve  the  occasion.    C.  Simeon. 

3.  To  apply  to  practical  purposes  ;  as,  to  improve  a 
discourse,  or  the  doctrines  stated  and  proved  in  a 
sermon.  Oioen. 

4.  To  advance  or  increase  by  use ;  in  a  bad  sense. 

I  fear  we  have  nol  a  little  improved  the  wretched  inlierilatice  of 
our  ancestors.    [III.]  Porteus. 

5.  To  use  ;  to  employ;  as,  to  improve  a  witness  or 
a  deposition. 

Lei  even  the  coach,  Ihe  inns,  or  the  ships,  be  improved  as 
openings  lor  useful  instruciion.  7".  i'cort. 

6.  To  use  ;  to  occupy  ;  to  cultivate.  The  house 
or  the  farm  is  now  improoed  by  an  industrious 
tenant. 

This  application  Is  perhaps  peculiar  to  si. me  parts 
of  the  United  States.  It,  however,  deviates  little 
from  that  in  some  of  the  foregoing  definitions. 

Old  authors  sometimes  use  this  word  for  C'ErtsURE 
or  Impeach,  i.  e.  reprove.  Rich.  Diet. 

IM  PROVE',  (im-proov',)  ».  i.  To  grow  better  or 
wiser;  to  advance  in  goodness,  knowledge,  wisdom, 
or  other  excellence.  \Ve  are  pleased  to  see  our  chil- 
dren improve  in  knowledge  and  virtue.  A  farm  im- 
proves uiitier  judicious  management.  The  aitisan 
improves  by  e,\]ierience.  It  is  the  duty,  as  it  is  the 
desire,  of  a  good  man  to  improve  in  gface  and  piety. 

We  tajte  care  to  improve  in  our  Irugality  and  liiligence. 

Altcrhury. 

2.  To  advance  in  bad  qualities;  to  grow  worse. 

Doiniliail 

[/  rcifret  to  see  litis  word  thtis  used,  or  rather  per- 
verted.] 

3.  To  increase  ;  to  be  enhanced  ;  to  rise.  The 
price  of  cotton  improvrji,  or  is  improved.  [A  mercan- 
tile and  modern  u.vc  of  the  tnord.] 

To  improve  on  :  to  make  useful  additions  or  amend- 
ments to  ;  to  bring  nearer  to  ptTlVclitiii  ,  as,  lo  improve 
on  the  mode  of  tillage  usually  pitifticeil. 
IM-PROV'A'D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  belter,  wiser,  or  more 
e.vcellent ;  advanced  in  moral  woith,  knowledge,  or 
manners. 

2.  Made  better;  advanced  in  fertility  or  other  good 
qualities. 

3.  Used  to  profit  or  guoil  pur[)ose  ;  as,  opportunities 
of  learning  improved. 

4.  Used  ;  occupied  ;  as,  improved  land. 
IM-PROVE'MEMT,  (im-proov'ment,)  «.  Advance- 
ment in  moral  worth,  leariniig,  wisdom,  skill,  or 
other  excellence  ;  as,  the  improvement  of  the  mind  or 
of  the  heart  by  cultivation  ;  improvement'  in  classical 
learning,  science,  or  mechanical  skill;  improvement 
in  music  ;  improvement  in  holiness. 

2.  Jlelioration  ;  a  making  or  growing  better,  or 
more  valuable  ;  as,  the  improvement  of  barren  or  ex- 
hausted land  ;  the  improvement  of  the  roads  ;  the  im- 
provement of  the  breed  of  horsies  or  cattle. 

3.  A  valu.able  addition  ;  excellence  added,  or  a 
change  for  the  better  ;  sometimes  with  on. 

The  parts  of  Sinon,  Camilla,  and  some  lew  others,  are  i>ny7roi)«- 
merite  on  die  tireek  poet.  Adduon. 

4.  Advance  or  progress  from  any  state  to  a  better. 

There  is  a  desirii  ol  publishing  the  histi>ry  of  arcliiu^ctiire,  with 
its  several  improvements  a'nd  ilecays.  Addison. 

a.  Instruction  ;  growth  in  knowledge  or  refine- 
Hu  nt ;  edification. 

J  look  u\ion  your  city  as  lite  best  place  of  improvement.  South. 

C.  Use  or  employment  to  beneficial  purposes  ;  a 
turning  to  good  account ;  as,  the  improvement  of  nat- 
ural advantages,  or  spiritual  privileges. 

A  trood  imyH-owcTjienf  of  Ids  reason.  ,S.  Clarke. 

7.  Practical  apjilication  ;  as,  the  improvement  of  the 
doctrines  and  principles  of  a  sermon. 

I  shall  make  some  improvement  of  tliis  doctrine.  TVtoteon, 
Hence, 

8.  The  part  of  a  discourse  hitended  to  enforce  and 

apply  Ihe  di  ctrines,  is  called  the  improvement. 
y.  Use  ;  occupancy, 

III.  Improfrmrnls,  pi.;  valuable  additions  or  melio- 
ration, as  buildings,  clearings,  drains,  fences,  iXtc.,on 
a  farm.  Kent. 
IM-PR("»V'ER,  71.  One  who  improves  ;  one  who  makes 
hiinseir  or  .•iity  thing  else  better  ;  as,  an  improver  of 
horses  or  catiie. 

2.  That  wliii'h  improves,  enriches,  or  meliorates; 
as,  chalk  i-<  an  improver  ul  lands.  Mortimer. 
IM  PRO  VTD'IOI),  (1.    (L.  improvisus  ;  in  and  provideo, 
to  foresee  or  piovide.] 

Unforeseen  ;  unexpected  ;  not  provided  against. 

{0/;v.]  .Sprn.^er. 
-PIloyi  DE.NUE,  77.    [I..  IB  and  proridens,  provi- 
dentin,  from  pro,  before,  and  video,  to  see.] 

Want  of  providence  or  forecast ;  neglect  of  fore- 


sight, or  of  the  measures  which  foresight  niii:!tt  dic- 
tate for  safety  or  advantage.  Half  Ihe  iuconveiiieiices 
and  losses  which  men  sufl'er  are  the  effects  of  improv- 
idence. 

IM-PRO  V'l-DENT,  a  [h.  in  and  providens  ;  pro  and 
video,  supra.] 

Wanting  forecast  ;  not  foreseeing  what  will  be 
necessary  or  convenient,  or  neglecting  the  measures 
which  foresight  would  dictate ;  wanting  care  to  make 
provision  for  future  exigencies.  Seamen  are  prover- 
bially improvident.  It  is  sometimes  followed  by  of; 
as,  improvident  of  harm. 

IM-PROV'I-DE.NT-LY,  adv.  Without  foresight  or 
forecast ;  without  care  to  provide  against  future 
wants. 

l.M-PROV'ING,  p/ir.  Making  better ;  growing  better ; 
using  to  advantage. 

IM  PROVING,  a.  Growing  better;  tending  to  ad- 
vance in  good  qualities;  as,  an  improving  rotation  of 
crops. 

IM-PROV'ING-I.Y,  adv.    In  an  improving  manner. 
IM  PROV'I-SATE,  a.  Unpremeditated. 
I.M-PROV-I-Sa'TION,  71.    Act  of  making  poetry  or 

performing  music  extemporaneously. 
IM-PUOV-I-SJl-r(yRE,u.  [it.]    a  man  who  makes 

rhymes  and  short  iKieins  extemporaneously. 

[This  word  is  usually  spelled  with  but  one  v  by  the 

English  and  French.] 
IM-PROV'I-SA-TO-RY,  a.    Relating  to  extemporary 

composition  of  rhymes. 
IM-PHOV-I-SA-TRl'CE,  (im-prov-e-sa-tre'cha,)  n. 

[It.]    A  woman  who  makes  rhymes  or  short  poemsi 

extemiioraneotisly. 

[This  word  is  usually  spelled  with  but  one  v  by  the 

English  ami  French.] 
liM-PllO-VlSE',  V.  i.    To  speak  extemporaneously,  es 

pecially  in  verse.  Smart 
lAl-PRO-VIS'lON,  (-vizh'un,)  71.    [i«  and  provision.] 
Want  of  forecast ;  improvidence.    [Little  used.] 

Brouin 

I.M-PRu'DENCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  impriulentia ;  in  and 
pnnleiittii,  prudence.] 

Want  of  prudence  ;  indiscretion  ;  want  of  caution, 
circumspection,  or  a  due  regard  to  the  consequences 
of  words  to  be  uttered,  or  actions  to  be  performed,  or 
their  probable  etlects  on  the  interest,  safety,  reputa- 
tion, or  happiness,  of  one's  self  or  others  ;  heedless- 
ness ;  incoiisiderateness ;  rashness.  Let  a  man  of 
sixty  attempt  to  eiitiinerate  the  evils  which  his  impru- 
dence has  brought  on  himself,  his  family,  or  his  neigh- 
bors. 

IM-PRO'DENT,  a.  [Fr.,  from  h.  imprudens  ;  in  and 
yrndens,  prudent.] 

Wanting  prudence  or  discretion  ;  indiscreet ;  inju- 
dicious ;  not  attentive  to  the  consequences  of  words 
or  actions  ;  rash  ;  heedless.  The  imprudent  man  ol'len 
laments  his  mistakes,  and  then  repeats  them. 
IM-PRO'DE.\T-LV,  adv.  Without  the  exercise  of  pru- 
dence ;  indiscreetly. 
IM'PU-DENfE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  impudens ;  in  and 
pttdens,  from  pudeo,  to  be  ashamed.] 

Shainelessiiess  ;  want  of  modesty  ;  effrontery  ;  as- 
surance, accompanied  with  a  disregard  of  the  opin- 
ions of  others. 

Those  clear  triitlis,  that  either  their  own  eviilence  forces  us  to 
admit,  or  cumnion  experience  makes  it  imptulence  10  deny. 

Locke. 

IM'PU-DENT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  imptulens.] 

Shameless ;  wanting  modesty  ;  bold,  with  contempt 
of  others  ;  saucy. 

When  we  l)ebold  an  angel,  not  to  fear 
Is  10  be  impudent.  Dryden. 
I.M'PU-IIENT-LY,  aiiii.   Shamelessly;  with  indecent 
assurance. 

At  once  assail 

Wilh  open  mouths,  and  impudently  mil.  Sandys. 
LM-PU-1)IC'I-TY,  71.   [L.  impudicitia.] 

Immodesty.  Sheldon. 
I.'M-POGN',  (iin-pQne',)  Ji.  «.    [Ft.  impugnrr ;  .<p.  ini- 
pu<rnar  ;  L.  impugno  ;  in  anu  ptigno,  to  fight,  or  re- 
sist.] 

To  oppose  ;  to  attack  by  words  or  arguineiits  ;  to 
contradict.  The  lawfulness  of  lots  is  impugned  by 
some,  and  di^fended  by  others. 

The  truth  hereof  I  will  not  rashly  iinpugn,  or  over-boldly  all'inn. 

Ptaehatn. 

IM-PUG-NA'TION,  n.    Opposition,    [r.illle  n.sed.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

l.M  POGN'iCD,  (im-pund',)  pp.  Opposed ;  contra- 
dicted. 

IM-PCG.\'F.R,  77.    One  who  opposes  or  contradicts. 
I.M-I'OCN'ING,  3)/)r.    Opposing;  attacking;  coulra- 
dirtillg. 

IM  Pfi'lS  S.ANUR,  77.    [Fr. ;  in  and  puissance.] 

Impotence;  weakness,    t  Uacon- 
IM-Pfi'lS  SANT,  H.    [I'r.]    \Vi  ak  ;  impotent. 
I.M'PUI.SE,  (iiu')iuls,)  n.     [I.,  impnlsn.--,  from  impelh. 
See  I  Ml' EI..] 

1.  Force  communicated  instantaneously;  the  ef- 
fect of  a  stulilen  or  momentary  communication  of 
iiiiitinn.  Imimlsr  is  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of 
mailer  iiiitl  veluciiy  "I'  Ibe  iiiipelliiig  body. 

2.  Inlltieiici'  ailing  on  the  mind  ;  motive. 

These  were  my  natural  impulses  for  the  undorLikiilg.  Dryden. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MBTB,  WlBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  —  NOTE,.DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 

50) 


IMP 

3.  fmpressioii ;  siippusud  siipematuml  influence  on 
t>ie  mind. 

Mfrtnliinc,  by  Jove'i  impulie,  Mrzciilius,  armed, 
Succeeded  Ttirmw.  Dnjilen. 

IM  PIIL'SION,  (  shun,)  ii.  [Fr.,  from  L.  impiilsio. 
Sec  Imtel.] 

1.  The  act  of  ririviuR  apiinst,  or  impelling ;  the 
Budilcn  or  momentary  agency  of  a  body  in  motion  on 
anollier  body.  Bacon, 

2.  Inducnce  on  the  mind  ;  impulse.  Milton. 
IM-PUI,S'IVK,  a.    [Fr.  impuUif.    See  Impel.] 

1.  llavinR  the  powerof  driving  or  impelhng ;  mov- 
ing ;  impellent. 

Poor  men  1  poor  pnren  I   W'e  and  they 

Do  some  iinpuUivt  force  obey.  Prior. 

2.  Actuated  by  impulse ;  as,  a  person  who  is  im- 
puht'wf. 

IM-PULS'IVE-LY,  adu.   With  force;  by  impulse. 
IM-PLIi\e'TU-.'\l,,  «.    Not  punctual. 
I.M-PUNe-TU-AL'l-TY,  h.    Neglect  of  punctuality. 

Ji.  Hamiltun. 
IM-PO'NI-BI,Y,  adn.    Without  punishment. 
I.M-PO'.N  l-T  V,  rt.    [V^r .  iinpiLmtc  i  L.  tmpuniUis;  maud 
pHitiu.  to  punish.] 

1.  Kxeinplion  from  punishment  or  penalty.  No 
person  should  be  permitted  lo  violate  tlie  laws  with 
ivtpHiiity.    liiijiunittj  encourages  men  in  crimes. 

2.  Freedom  or  exemption  from  injury,  pome  fe- 
rocious animals  arc  not  to  bo  encountered  with  imiiu- 

IM-PPRE',  a.  [Fr.  impur  ;  L.  impurasi  in  and  purvs^ 
pure.] 

I.  .Not  pure;  foul  j  feculent;  tinctured;  mixed 
or  impregnated  with  extraneous  substances  ;  as,  im- 
pnrc  water  or  air  ;  impure  salt  or  magnesia. 

9.  Ol»sc<!ne  ;  as,  impure  language  or  ideas. 

3.  Unchaste  ;  lewd  ;  unclean  ;  as,  impure  actions. 

4.  Defiled  by  sin  or  guilt ;  unholy  ;  as  persons. 

5.  Unhallowed  ;  unlioly  ;  as  tliin^rs. 

C.  Unclean  ;  in  a  teiral  sense :  not  purified  ac- 
cording'to  the  ceremonial  law  of  Moses. 

I.M-PCRE',  ti.  t  To  render  foul;  to  defile.  [JVu« 
«.<-</. J  Bp.  I/all. 

I.M-POkE'LY,  adv.  In  an  impure  manner;  with  im- 
purilv. 

IM-PCRE'NESS,  )  B.  [Fr.  impurcti;  L.  impuritas, 
l.M-PC'KI-TV,      (  supra.] 

1.  Want  of  purity  ;  foulness;  feculence;  the  ad- 
mixture of  a  foreign  substance  in  any  thing  ;  a.s,  the 
impunfij  of  water,  of  air,  of  spirits,  or  of  any  species 
of  earth  or  mt^Uil. 

2.  Any  foul  matter. 

3.  Unchiustity  ;  lewdness. 

The  foul  irnpuriliet  Ui.it  reijuetl  nmoiig  Ihe  monkish  clersry. 

Atterhury. 

4.  Want  of  sanctity  or  holiness ;  defilement  by 
guilt. 

.').  Want  of  ceremonial  purity  ;  legal  pollution  or 
uncleanness,  Ily  the  Mosaic  law,  a  person  con- 
tracted impurity  by  tourlimg  a  dead  body  or  a  leper. 

C.  Foul  language  ;  obscenity. 

Pror;\neiie»,  impuritt/,  or  scitidal,  \i  not  wit.  Buckminster. 

IM  PUU'PLE,  V.  t.   [in  and  purple;   Fr.  empnurjirer.] 
To  color  or  tinge  wjth  purple  ;  to  make  red  or 
reddish;  as,  a  field  impurpted  with  blood. 

The  bright 
PuTement,  that  like  a  tea  ot  jasper  shone, 
ImpurpltA  witli  O'lesti.d  ruMes,  smiled.  A/i/ton. 

IM-PUR'PL£D,  pp.  or  o.  Tinged  or  stained  with  pur- 
ple cohir. 

IM-PL'R'PLIXG,  ppr.  Tingingor  coloring  with  purple. 

I.M-Pf'T'A-IU,E,  <i.  [See  Implte.]  That  may  be 
imputed  or  charged  toaperstm;  chargeable.  Thus 
we  say,  crimes,  sins,  errors,  trespasses  are  imputable 
to  those  who  ctmimit  them. 

2.  'I'hal  may  be  ascribed  lo  ;  m  a  good  sense.  This 
favor  is  imputable  to  your  goodness,  or  to  a  gt)od  mo- 
tive. 

3.  Accusable  ;  chargeable  with  a  fault.  [A*o«  prop- 
tr.]  JJijllffe. 

4.  That  may  be  set  to  the  account  of  another.  It 
has  been  a  qtieslion  much  agitated,  whether  Adam's 
sin  is  imputable  to  his  posterity. 

IM-POT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
putable. Mrris. 

ni-PU-TA'TION,n.  [Fr.,  from  impiKcr.]  The  act  of 
imputing  or  charging  ;  auribution  ;  generally  in  an 
ill  sense  :  as,  the  imputation  of  crimes  or  faults  to  the 
true  authors  of  them.  We  are  liable  to  the  imputa- 
tion of  numerous  sins  and  errors  ;  to  the  imputtUion 
of  pride,  vanity,  and  self  confidence  ;  to  the  impula- 
lion  of  weakness  and  irresolution,  or  of  rashness. 

2.  Sometimes  in  a  good  sense. 

If  1  hAd  a  soil  to  M,«rr  Sh.illow,  I  wonid  humor  hia  men  wilh 
llie  imjiulnaon  U  bnn^  near  their  master.  Shai. 

3.  Charge  or  attribution  of  evil ;  censure ;  re- 
pro.ich. 

L«  us  be  cairful  to  (iiard  ounelrei  a»ainst  the«  sroundleai 
im/junuion.  of  our  enemiea,  and  to  ri«:  .-ibore  them. 

Additon. 

IM-I  C  TA  TIV  E,  a.    That  ni.ay  lie  imputed. 


IN  A 

IM-P0;TA-'PIVE-I-_Y,  ado.    I(y  imputation.  F.neyc. 

IM-PO'l'E',  V.  t.  [Fr.  impuler  It.  impnlnre;  Sp.  impa- 
tar  ;  \,.  imputo  ;  in  anil  pntn,  \n  tliiiik,  to  reckon; 
properhi^  to  set,  to  put,  t(i  throw  to  or  on.] 

I.  To  charge;  to  altriliulr  ;  to  se  t  to  Ihe  account 
of;  generally  ill,  soiiietiiiies  fr,(of/.  Wt.  impute  cnme^^ 
sins,  Irespassi-s,  faults,  blame,  &.C.,  to  the  guilty  per- 
sons. We  impute  wrong  actimis  to  bad  motives,  or 
to  ignorance,  or  to  folly  anil  rashness.  We  impute 
misfortunes  and  miscarriages  to  imprudence. 


2.  To  attribute  ;  to  ascribe. 

I  h:\ve  read  a  Iwjok  imputed  lo  Lord  B.ithiint.  Stci/l. 

3.  To  reckon  to  one  what  docs  not  belong  to  him. 
It  has  Ijeeii  licld  that  Adam's  ain  is  imputed  to  all  his  iM)^i.'rify. 

Encuc. 

Thy  merit 

Imputed  shall  absolve  them  who  r-nounce 

Their  own  IkjUi  righteous  and  unrighteous  deeiis.  A/i/ton. 

I.M-PC'T'EI),  or  a.  Charged  to  the  account  of ;  at- 
tributed ;  ascribed. 

IM-PfiT'F.R,  n.    One  that  imputes  or  attributes. 

I.M-POT'ING,  ;i;>r.  Charging  to  the  account  of;  at- 
tributing ;  ascribing. 

I.M-PU-TRES'CT-liL,E,  a.  [in  and  L.  putresco,  to  pu- 
trefy.] 

Not  subject  to  putrefaction  or  corruption. 
IN, a  prefix,  [I,,  in,]  is  used  in  com|Kisition  as  a  particle 
of  negation,  like  the  F.iiglish  tin,  of  which  it  seems  to 
be  a  dialectical  orthography  ;  or  it  denotes  wilbin, 
into,  or  among,  as  ill  inbred,  inease ;  or  it  serves  only 
lo  augment,  or  render  einphatical,  the  sense  of  the 
word  to  which  it  is  prefixed,  as  in  inclose,  increase. 

before /,  is  changed  into  i7,  as  in  illusion;  and 
before  r  into  ir,  as  in  irreirulnr ;  and  into  im  before 
a  labial,  as  in  imbitter,  immaterial,  impatient, 
IN,  prep.  [L.  in;  Gr.  £1/;  Goth,  in  ;  Sax.  in  ;  Fr.  en  ; 
Sp.  en  ;  It.  i«  ;  G.  in,  or  cin ;  D.  in ;  Dan.  ind  ;  S  w. 
in  ;  W.  yn  ;  Sans,  antu.] 

In  denotes  jireseiit  or  inclosed,  surrounded  by  lim- 
its ;  as,  in  a  house  ;  in  a  fort ;  in  a  city.  It  denotes  a 
state  of  being  mixed  ;  as,  sugar  in  lea;  or  combined, 
as  carbonic  acid  in  marble,  or  latent  heat  in  air.  It 
denotes  present  in  any  state ;  as,  in  sickness  or 
health.  It  denotes  present  in  time  ;  as,  in  that  hour 
or  day.  The  uses  of  in,  however,  can  not.  In  all 
cases,  be  defined  by  eiguivalent  words,  except  by  ex- 
plaining the  phrase  in  which  it  is  used  ;  as,  in  deed  ; 
in  tact;  in  essence;  in  quality  ;  in  reil-son  ;  in  cour- 
age ;  in  spirits,  &c.  A  man  in  spirits  or  Rotid  cour- 
age, denotes  one  who  possesses  at  the  time  spirits  or 
courage  ;  in  reason,  is  equivalent  to  loith  reason  ;  one 
in  ten,  denotes  one  of  that  number  ;  and  we  say  also 
one  of  ten,  and  one  oii(  o/ten. 

In  the  name,  is  used  ill  phrases  of  invoking,  swear- 
ing, declaring,  praying,  &.c.  Ill  prayer,  it  denotes 
by  virtue  of,  or  for  the  sake  of.  In  Uie  name  of  the 
people,  denotes  on  their  behalf  or  part ;  in  their 
stead,  or  for  Iheir  sake. 

In,  in  many  cases,  is  equivalent  lo  on.  This  use  of 
the  word  is  frequent  in  tlie  Scriptures  ;  as,  h  t  fowls 
multiply  in  the  earth.  This  use  is  more  frequent  in 
Knglaiid  than  ill  America.  We  generally  use  on  in 
all  stiiiilar  phrases,  and  this  is  most  correcL 

fn  signifies  by  or  through.  In  thee  shall  all  na- 
tions be  blt>ssed.    I  am  glorified  in  them. 

In  a  lull,  properly  denotes  under  the  surface;  but 
in  a  rallry,  denotes  on  the  surface  of  the  land. 

Inlhal,  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  because. 

Some  things  Uiey  tlo  in  thai  ihey  are  nmn  ;  some  tlitnrs  in  Uuit 
they  arc  men  nnaled  and  blinded  widi  error.  Hooker. 

In  these  and  similar  phrases,  timt  is  an  antecedent, 
substitute,  or  pronoun  relating  lo  the  subsequent  pan 
of  Ihe  sentence,  or  the  subsequent  clause.  God  coni- 
mendeth  his  love  towarti  us,  in  Oiut,  while  we  were 
yet  sinners,  Christ  died  for  us.  Th.it  is,  in  the  facts 
slated  in  Ihe  latter  clause,  for  which  thai  is  the  sub- 
stitute.   Rom.  V. 

In  as  much:  seeing;  seeing  that;  this  being  the 
fact.    I  will  ride  for  heallh,  ina.<miich  as  I  am  inliriu. 

In  is  often  used  without  llio  noun  to  which  it 
properly  belongs.  I  care  not  who  is  in,  or  who  is  oiif, 
that  is,  in  office,  or  out  of  office.  Come  in,  that  is,  into 
the  house  or  other  place.  Who  has  or  will  come  in, 
that  is,  info  office.  A  vessel  li.is  come  in,  that  is, 
into  port,  or  has  arrived. 

7*11  be  or  keep  in  with  ;  to  be  close  or  near.  Keep  the 
ship  in  teith  the  land. 
IN-A-BIL'I-TV,  n.    [Fr.  inhahiVai ;  L.  inhabdis ,  in 
and  hnbilis,  .Norm.  luiMr,  able.] 

1.  Want  of  sulficient  physical  power  or  strength; 
as,  the  inability  of  a  man  to  raise  an  arm  or  a  leg. 

2.  Want  of  adeqii.ate  means;  as,  an  inability  to 
purchase  a  farm,  or  to  fit  out  a  ship. 

3.  Want  of  moral  ptiwer.  Murid  inability  is  con- 
sidered to  be  want  of  inclination,  disposition,  or 
will,  or  a  dee(vrooted  aversion  to  act,  and  therefore 
improperly  so  called. 

Moral  inability  a^^niua  our  pillL  Scotl. 

4.  Want  of  intellecluni  strength  or  force  ;  as,  an 
maiility  lo  comprehend  a  mathematical  demonstra- 
tion. 


INA 

5.  Want  of  knowledge  or  skill ;  as,  an  inab'dity  to 
read  or  write. 

IN  A'l!Li;-.ME.\T,  n.    (.See  Enabi.j;.]    Ability.  [Xot 

"  Bacon. 
IN  All'STI  NF.NCE,  n.    [in  and  abstinence.]    A  not 

abstaining  ;  a  partaking  ;  indulgence  of  ip|H'tiic  ; 

as,  the  inabstinence  of  Eve.  Milton. 
IN-AH-STRAeT'EI),  a.    Not  abstracted.  Hooker. 
IN-A-HO'SIVE-I.Y,  a</n.    Witlioiit  abuse.     I..  Jforlh. 
IN-AG  CES.S-I-HII,'I-TY,     in.     (from  inn<:ce,„,Wf.l 
IN-Ae-CESS'I-HLE  NESS,  (     The  quality  or  state 

of  being  inaccessible,  or  not  to  he  reached. 
IN-Ae-CESS'MU,E,  a.     [in  and  aeres.-<ible.]    Not  to 

be  reached  ;  as,  an  inaecctsible  liiglit  or  rock.  The 

depths  of  the  sea  arc  inaccessible. 

2.  Not  to  be  obtained.  The  necessary  vouchers 
are  inaccessible. 

3.  Not  to  be  ajiproachcd ;  forbidding  access  ;  as, 
an  inaccessible  prince, 

IN-AG-CESS'I-liEY,  ai/».  So  as  not  to  be  approached. 

tVurUin. 

IN-ACeU-RA-CY,  n.  [from  inneeurate.]  Want  of 
accuracy  or  exactness;  mistake;  fault;  difect ;  er- 
ror ;  as,  an  inaccuracy  in  writing,  in  a  transcript,  or 
in  a  calculation. 

IN-.Ae  eU-RATE,  a.  [m  and  ari-urafc]  Not  accu- 
rate;  not  exact  or  correct;  not  according  to  trulli  ; 
erroneous  ;  as,  an  i/iocciir«/c  man  ;  he  is  inaccurate  in 
narration  ;  the  transcript  or  copy  is  inaccurate ;  the 
instrument  is  inaccurate. 

IN-Ae'eU-RATE-LY,  adv  Not  according  to  truth  ; 
incorrectly  ;  erroneously.  The  accounts  are  inoccu- 
ratrlif  stalt  tl. 

IN-AC-tiU.^IXT'ANCE,  n.    Unarqiiaintance.  Oood. 

I.N'-AC-dUI-KS'CE.N'T,  ii.    Not  ai qiiiescing. 

IN-AC'TION,  n.  [Fr. ;  in  and  «cf ion.]  Want  of  ac- 
tion ;  forbearance  of  labor;  idleness;  rest.  Pope. 

IN-AGT'I  V'E,  a.  [in  and  ocfice.]  Not  active  ;  inert; 
having  no  power  to  move.  Matter  is,  per  sc,  iiioc- 
tive. 

2.  Not  active;  not  diligent  or  industrious;  not 
busy;  idle.    Also,  liabitiuilly  idle  ;  indolent ;  slug- 
gish ;  as,  an  inactire  tifliccr. 
I.N-ACT'I VE-I,V,  adv.     Idly;  sluggishly;  without 

motion,  labor,  or  eiiiployiiieiit. 
IN-ACT-IV  i-TV,  n.    [in  and  activity.]  Inertness; 
as,  the  inactivity  of  matter. 

2.  Idleness,  or  habitual  idleness ;  want  of  action 
or  exertion  ;  sluggishness.  Sioi^. 
IN-A€T'U-aTE,  r.  £.    To  put  in  action.    [JVot  used.] 

Glanrille. 

IN-ACT-^-a'TION,  n.    Operation.    [A^ot  u.ied.] 

Olancdie. 

IN-AD-APT-a'TION,  n.  A  state  of  being  not  adapted 
or  fitted.  Dick. 

L\-AI)'E-aUA-CY,n.  (^from  inarfcijMaff.]  The  quali- 
ty of  being  unequal  or  insufficient  for  a  piir|)ose. 

The  inadetjuary  and  coiitiequcilt  iueilic;icy  ol  the  allegeil  ciiiset. 

Diciglu. 

2.  Inequality. 

Dr.  Price  Considers  this  inadequacy  of  repit'tentiition  aa  our 
fuiuUmenuil  ^evaiio*.  Burke. 

3.  Incompleteness ;  defectiveness ;  as,  the  inotf- 
eqnaeii  of  ideas. 

IN-Al)'E-aU,\TE,  a.  [in  and  adequate,  L.  adaquatus, 
from  ndtrijun,  to  equal.] 

1.  Not  equal  to  the  purpose;  insufficient  to  effect 
the  object ;  unequal ;  as,  inadequate  power,  strength, 
resources. 

2.  Not  equal  to  the  real  state  or  condition  of  a 
thing  ;  not  just  or  in  due  proportion  ;  partial  ;  in- 
complete ;  as,  inadequate  ideas  of  God,  of  his  per- 
fections, or  nionil  gcu'ernuieiit;  an  inadequau  com- 
pensation for  servici^s. 

3.  Incomplete;  defective;  not  just  ;  as,inadeqiiate 
represeiiiation  or  descri|ition. 

IX-AD'E-UUATE-LV,  adv.  Not  fully  or  sufficiently  ; 
not  coniplclelv, 

IN-AD'E  (11J.\TE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inadequate  ;  inadequacy  ;  incqiialily  ;  incomplete- 
ness. 

I.N-AD-E-atTA'TIO.V,  n.  Want  of  exact  correspond- 
ence.   [Obs.]  Puller. 

IiVAD-Ilf..  SIO.N,  (  he'/.hun,)  n.  [in  and  adhesion.] 
Want  of  adhesion  ;  a  not  adhering. 

Porc-l  dn  chiy  is  disling^nishril  from  colorific  earths  by  intvttietion 
lu  til-  (injem.  Klrmn. 

I.\-An  Mt.''-SI-BII/I-TY,  n.  [from  inadmiisible.]  The 
quality  of  being  inadmissible,  or  not  proper  to  be  re- 
ceivetl  ;  as  the  inadmuisibility  of  an  argument,  or  of 
evidence  in  court,  or  of  a  firojMisal  in  a  negoti:ilion. 

I.V-AD-.MIS'SI-BI.E,  n.  [Fr.  ;  in  and  admissible,  from 
adniitto,  to  admit.] 

Not  admissible  ;  not  proper  to  be  admitted,  al- 
lowed, or  received  ;  as,  inadmissible  testimony  ;  an 
inadmi.vsible  projKisition. 

IN-AI)  .M(.s'SI-BLY,arfn.  In  a  manner  not  admissible. 

I.\-AI)-VERT'ENCE,  j  n.    [Fr.  inar/rerfancf,  from  L. 

IN-AI)-VERT'E.\'-CY,  j  in  and  adtertens,  adcerto. 
See  .Advert.] 

1.  A  not  turning  the  inind  to  ;  inallention  ;  negli- 
gence ;  heedlessness.  Many  mistakes,  and  some 
misfortunes,  proceed  from  inadvertence. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


587 


INA 


INA 


INC 


2.  The  effect  of  inattention  ;  any  oversight,  mis- 
take, or  fault  which  proceeds  from  negligence  of 
thought. 

The  productions  of  a  ^reat  genius,  with  many  lapses  and  inorf- 
verunczes,  are  intiniteiy  preli;rable  to  works  of  an  inferior 
kind  of  author.  Addison. 

I\-AD-VERT'ENT,  a.  [L.  in  and  adveTteiu.1  Not 
turning  the  mind  to  ;  heedless ;  careless  ;  negli- 
gent. 

IN-AD-VERT'ENT-LY,  adv.  Heedlessly;  careless- 
ly ;  from  want  of  attention  ;  inconsiderately. 

IN-AF-FA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Reservedness  in  conversa- 
tion. 

IN-AF'FA-BLE,  a.    Not  affable  ;  reserved. 
IN-AF-FEeT-A'TION,  n.  Destitution  of  affected  man- 
ner. 

IN-AF-FECT'ED,  a.    Unaffected,  [mtjised.] 
IN-aID'A-BLE,  o.    That  can  not  be  assisted.  Shak. 
IN-AL'IEN-A-BLE,  (-al'ycn-a-bl,)  a.    [Ft.  in  and  al- 
ienable^ from  L.  alieno,  alienns.] 

Unalienable;  that  can  not  be  legally  or  justly  al- 
ienated or  transferred  to  another.  The  dominions 
of  a  king  are  inalienable.  All  men  have  certtiin  nat- 
ural riglits  which  are  inalienable,  'i'he  estate  of  a 
minor  is  inalienablr,  without  a  reservation  of  the 
right  of  redemption,  or  the  authority  of  the  legisla- 
ture. 

IN-aL'IEN-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
alienable. ScotL 

IN-aL'IEN-.VBLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  forbids  al- 
ienation ;  as,  riahts  inalienably  vested. 

IN-AL-I-MENT'AL,  a.  [in  and  aliment.]  Affording 
no  nourishment.  Bacon. 

IN-AL-TER-A-BIL'I-Ty,7!.  [from  tViu/ffraJ/e.]  The 
qtlality  of  not  being  alterable  or  changeable. 

Fvurcroy. 

IN-AL'TER-A-BLE,  a.  { in  nm\  alterable]  That  can 
not  or  may  not  be  altered  or  changed  ;  unalterable. 

Ilakrjoill, 

IN-a'MI-A-BLE,  a.    Unamiable.    Wot  in  use.] 
1N-A'.MI-A-BLE-NE.SS,  «.    Unamiableness.    [JVot  in 
use.] 

IN-A-MIS'SI-BEE,  a.    [L.  in  and  amitto,  to  lose.] 

Not  to  be  lost.    \LitUe  used.]  Hammond. 
IN-A-MIS'SI-BLE-NESa,  n.    The  state  of  not  being 
liable  to  be  lost. 

A  lover.  Marston. 
IN  AND  IN;  to  breed  in  and  in.    See  To  Bheed. 
IN-aNE',  a.    [L.  inanis^  empty.] 

Empty ;  void  ;  sometimes  used  as  a  noun,  to  ex- 
press a  void  space,  or  space  beyond  the  confines  of 
the  world.  Locke. 
IN-AN"GU-LAR,  a.    Not  angular.    [LiUle  used.] 

Brown, 

1N-AN'I-MaTE,  v.  t.  [Infra.]  To  animate.  [LMte 
used.] 

IN-AN'I-MATE,  a.  [L.  inanimalus ;  in  and  animo, 
antmatus.] 

1.  Destitute  of  animal  life.  Plants,  stones,  and 
earth  are  inanimate  substances ;  a  corpse  is  an  inani- 
mate body. 

2.  Destitute  of  animation  or  life. 
IN-AN'I-Ma-TED,  a.    Destitute  of  animal  life. 

Cheyne. 

2.  Not  animated;  not  sprightly.    [See  Unanima- 

TED.J 

IN-AN-I-Ma'TION,  n.  Animation.  [Unusual  and 
useless.] 

IN-A-NI''TI0N,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  manis,  empty.] 
Emptiness;  want  of  fullness ;  as,  inanifion  of  body 
or  of  the  vessels.  Burton. 
IN-AN'I-TY,  71.    [L.  inanitas,  from  inanis,  void.] 

Emptiness  ;  void  space  ;  vacuity.  D'gbv- 
IN-AP'PE-TENCE,  )  7i.    [in  and  appetence,  L.  ajipeten- 
IN-AP'PE-TEN-CY,  j  tia.] 

1.  Want  of  appetence,  or  of  a  disposition  to  seek, 
select,  or  imbibe  nutriment.    [See  Apphtekce.] 

2.  Want  of  desire  or  inclination.  Cfinjne. 
IN-AP-PLI-eA-BIL'I-T\',  71.  [from  inapplieabtc.]  The 

qualitv  of  not  being  applicable  ;  unfitness. 

IN-AP'PLI-e.VBEE,  a.  [in  anil  applicable.]  Not  ap- 
plicable ;  that  can-fiot  be  applied  ;  not  suited  or  suit- 
able to  the  purpose.  The  argument  or  the  testimony 
is  inapplicable  to  the  case. 

IN-.M"PI,I-eA-B^Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  suited  to 
the  ptirpose. 

IN-AP-PI.I-€a'TION,  ti.    [Fr.  ;  in  and  applicMim.] 

Want  of  application  ;  want  of  atteiititui  or  assiduity  ; 

negllRencc  indolence  ;  neglect  of  study  or  industry. 
IN-AP'PO-SITE,  a.    [in  and  appu.iile..]    Not  apposite  ; 

not  fit  or  Builable  ;  not  pertinent ;  as,  an  inapposite 

argument. 

IN-AP'PO-SITE-LY,  ailv.  Not  pertinently  ;  not  suit- 
ably. 

IN-AP-PRP,'CIA-BI,E,  a.    [in  and  appreciable,  from 
apprcciaU.]    Not  to  bo  a|)[)reciiiteil  ;  that  can  not  be 
duly  valued. 
2.  'I'hat  (  an  not  be  estimated.  Urc. 
IN-AP-PUE  IIEN.S'I-HLE,  a.    Not  intelligible. 

Milton. 

IN-AP-PRE-HENS'IVE,  o.  Not  apprehensive  ;  regard- 
lc««.  Taylor. 


IN-AP-PRoACII'A-BLE,  o.  [in  and  approachable.] 
Not  to  be  approached  ;  inaccessible. 

IN-AP-PRoACH'A-BLY,  ado.  So  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proached. 

IN-AP-PRo'PRI-ATE,  a.    [in  and  appropriate.]  Not 
appropriate;  unsuited  ;  not  proper.      J.  P.  Smith. 
2.  Not  appropriate  ;  not  belonging  to.  MeJ.  Repos. 
IN-AP-PRo'PUI-ATE-EY,  adv.    Not  appropriately. 
IN-AP-PRo'PRI-ATE-NESS,  71.  Uusuitablencss. 
IN-APT',  a.    Unapt ;  not  apt. 

IN-APT'I-TUDE,  71.   [ill  and  aptitude.]    Want  of  apt- 
itude ;  unfitness;  unsuitableness.  Burke. 
IN-APT'I,Y,  adv.    Unfitly  ;  unsuitably. 
IN-APT'NES.S,  71.  Unfitness. 
IN-A'QUA'l'E,  a.    [L.  in  and  aquatus.] 

I^m bodied  in  water.  Cranmer. 
IN-A-aUA'TION,  71.    The  state  of  being  inaquate. 

Gardner. 

IN-AR'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  arable.]  Not  arable  ;  not 
capable  of  being  plowed  or  tilled.  Diet. 

IN-ARCH',  7'.  [ill  and  arc/i.]  To  graft  by  approach  ; 
to  graft  by  uniting  a  cion  to  a  stock  without  separa- 
ting it  from  its  parent  tree.  Miller.  Encyc. 

IN-ARCH'i;D,  (in-archt',)  pp.    Grafted  by  approach. 

IN-ARCH'ING,  ]>pr.    Grafting  by  approach. 

IN-ARCH'ING,  71.  A  method  of  ingrafting,  by  which 
a  cion,  without  being  separated  from  its  parent  tree, 
is  joined  to  a  stock  standing  near.  Encyc. 

IN-AR-Tie'U-LATE,  a.  [in  and  articulate.]  Not  ut- 
tered with  articulation  or  junction  of  the  organs  of 
speech  ;  not  articulate  ;  not  distinct,  or  with  distinc- 
tion of  syllables.  Tlie  sounds  of  brutes  and  fowls 
are,  for  the  most  part,  inarticulate. 
2.  In  loolotry,  not  jointed  or  articulated.  Dana. 

IN-AR-Tie'lJ-LATE-LY,  ado.  Not  with  distinct  syl- 
lables ;  indistinctly. 

IN-AR-Tie't^-LATE-NESS,  7i.  Indistinctness  of  ut- 
terance by  animal  voices ;  want  of  distinct  articula- 
tion. 

IN-XR-TIG-U-La'TION,  71.  Indistinctness  of  sounds 
in  speaking. 

IN-AR-TI-FI"CIAL,  (-Sr-te-fish'al,)  a.    [in  and  arti- 
Jicial.]    Not  done  by  art ;  not  maile  or  performed  by 
the  rules  of  art ;  formed  without  art ;  as,  an  inarti- 
ficial style  of  composition. 
2.  Simple  ;  artless. 

IN-\Jl-TI-FI"CIAL-LY,  adv.  Without  art;  in  an 
aitless  manner  ;  contrary  to  the  rules  of  art.  Collier. 

tN-AS-MUCH',  adv.  [in,  as,  and  much.]  Such  being 
the  case  or  fact ;  seeing. 

IN-AT-TEN'TiON,  ti.  [I'n  and  attentioit.]  The  want 
of  attention,  or  of  fixing  the  mind  steadily  on  an  ob- 
ject ;  heedlessness ;  neglect. 


Novel  lays  attract  our  ravished  ears, 
But  old  the  ntind  with  inattention  hears. 


Pope. 


IN-AT-TENT'IVE,  a.  [in  and  attentive.]  Not  fi.\ing 
the  mind  on  an  object ;  heedless  ;  careless  ;  negli- 
gent ;  regardless ;  as,  an  inattentive  spectator  or  hear- 
er ;  an  inattentii^c  habit.  fVatts. 

IN-AT-TENT'I  VE-LY,  adv.  Without  attention  ;  care- 
lessly ;  heedlessly  .  Johnson. 

IN-XUD'I-BLE-NEs's,  !  °'"  ^"^'"S  inaudible. 

IN-AUD'l-BLE,  a.    [in  and  audible.]    That  can  not 
be  heard  ;  as,  an  inaudible  voice  or  soimd. 
2.  Making  no  sound ;  as,  the  inaudible  foot  of  time. 

Shak. 

IN-AUD'I-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  to  be  heard. 

Colebrokc. 

IN-AU'GU-RAL,  a.    [L.  inau^uro ;  in  and  oiig-iir.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  inauguration  ;  as,  inaugural  cere- 
monies. 

2.  Made  or  pronounced  at  an  inauguration  ;  as,  an 
inaugural  address. 

IN-AU'GU-RaTE,  v.  t.  [Supra.]  To  introduce  or  in- 
duct into  an  office  with  solemnity  or  suitable  ceremo- 
nies ;  to  invest  with  an  office  in  a  formal  manner  ;  a 
word  borrowed  from  the  ceremonies  used  by  the  Ro- 
mans when  they  were  received  into  the  college  of 
augurs.  Kings  and  emperors  are  inaugurated  by 
ctjronalion  ;  a  jirelate,  by  consecration  ;  and  the 
president  of  a  college,  by  such  ceremonies  and 
forms  as  give  weight  and  authority  to  tile  transac- 
tion. 

2.  To  begin  with  good  omens.    [JVuJ  ii.scrf.] 

fVotton. 

IN-AU'GU-RATE,  a.  Invested  with  office.  Drat/ton. 
IN-AU'GI;-Ra-TE1),  pp.    inducted  into  office  with 

appropriate  ci'renionies. 
IN-AU'(;U-Ra-T1NG,  p!>r.  Inducting  into  office  with 

solemnities. 

IN-AU-GU-Ra'TION,  71.  The  act  of  inducting  into 
ortlce  with  solemnity  ;  investiture  with  office  by  ap- 
propriate ceremonies. 

IN-AU'GU-RA-TOR,  71.    One  who  inaugurates. 

Coleridge, 

IN  AU'GU-RA-TO-RY,  a.  Suited  to  induction  into 
ort'ico  ;  pertaining  to  inauguration  ;  as,  inauguratory 
gratulatioiis.  Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Pocl.i. 

IN-AU-ltA'TION,  71.    [L.  inauro,  inanratus ;  in  and 
aurum,  gold.] 
The  act  or  process  of  gilding  or  covering  with  gold. 

Jfrbuthnot. 


IN-AU'SPI-GATE,  a.    Ill-omened.  Buck. 

IN-AU-SPI"C10US,  r-aw-spish'us,)  a.  [in  and  au- 
spicious,] Ill-omened;  unfortunate;  unlucky  ;  evil ; 
unfavorable.  The  war  commenced  at  an  inauspicious 
time,  and  its  issue  was  inauspicious.  The  counsels 
of  a  bad  man  have  an  ittauspicious  influence  on  soci- 
ety. 

IN-AU-SPI"CIOUS-LY,  adv.  With  ill  omens  ,  unfor- 
tunately ;  unfavorably. 

IN-AU-SPI"CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Unluckiness  ;  unfa- 
vorableness. 

IN-Bli'ING,  71.  [ill  and  if  ill  n-.]  Inherence;  inherent 
existence ;  inseparableness.  Watts, 

IN'CoARD,  a.  Carried  or  stowed  within  the  hold  of 
a  ship  or  other  vessel ;  as,  an  inboard  cargo. 

IN'BoARD,  adv.    Within  the  hold  of  a  vessel. 

IN'BORN,  a.  [iii  and  born,]  Innate;  implanted  by 
nature  ;  as,  inborn  passions  ;  inborn  worth. 

Dnjden,  .Addison, 

IN'BREAK-ING,  o.    Breaking  into.  Ed,  Rev, 

IN-BRkA'±'HE',  V,  t.    To  infuse  by  breathing. 

_  Coleridge, 

IN-BRkATH'£D,  pp,  or  a.  Infused  by  brcatliing  or 
inspiration.  Milton, 

IN-BRf.ATH'ING,  ppr.    Infusing  by  breathing. 

IN'BRED,  a.  [in  and  bred,  breed,]  Bred  within  ,  in- 
nate ;  natural ;  as,  inbred  worth ;  inhrcd  affectioB. 

Drydcn. 

IN-BREED',  v.  t.    To  produce  or  generate  within. 

Bp,  Retinoids, 

IN'CA,  (ink'a,)  ti.  The  title  given  by  the  niitives  of 
Peru  to  their  kings  and  to  the  princes  of  the  blood, 
before  the  conquest  of  that  country  by  the  Spaniards 

IN-GAGE',  V.  (.  [inanicage,]  To  confine  in  a  cage ; 
to  coop  up;  to  confine  to  any  narrow  limits.  SItak. 

IN-€aG'£D,  pp.  Cooped  up ;  confined  to  a  cage  or  to 
narrow  limits. 

IN-GAGE'.MENT,  71.    Confinement  in  a  cage.  Shelton, 

IN-GaG'ING,  i>pr.  Confining  to  a  cage  or  to  narrow 
limits. 

IN-GAL'GU-LA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  calculated ; 
beyond  calculation. 

IN-eAL'eU-LA-BLE-NESS,  7i.  Quality  of  being  be- 
yond calculation. 

IN-GAL'eU-LA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  degree  beyond  cal- 
culation. 

IN-e.'V-LES'CENCE,   )  7i.    [L.  incalescens,  incalesco  ; 
IN-€A-LES'CEN-CY, )    in  and  calcsco,  caleo,  to  be 
hot.] 

A  growing  warm  ;  incipient  or  increasing  heat. 

Ratj, 

IN-GA-LES'CENT,  a.  Growing  warm  ;  increasing 
in  heat. 

IN-€AM-ER-A'TION,  7i.    [iii  and  camera,  a  chamber 

or  arched  roof.] 
The  act  or  process  of  uniting  lands,  revenues,  or 

other  rights,  to  the  pope's  domain.  Encyc, 
IN-GAN-DES'CENCE,  71.    [L.  incandcscens,  incaudcs- 

co  f  in  and  catidcsco  ;  candco,  caiteo,  to  be  white,  to 

shine  ;  canus,  white.] 
A  while  heat ;  or  the  glowing  whitcjiess  of  a  body 

caused  by  intense  heat.    We  say,  a  metal  is  lieated 

to  incandcsrenr.e. 
IN-eAN-UES'CENT,   a.    White  or  glowing  with 

heat. 

IN-GANT-A'TION,  71.  [L.  incantatio,  ineanto ;  in  and 
canto,  to  sing.] 

The  act  of  enchanting ;  enchantment;  the  act  of 
using  certain  formulas  of  words  and  ceremonies,  for 
the  pur|)ose  of  raising  spirits.         Eneijc.  Bacon. 
IN-e.\NT'A-TO-RY,  a.    Dealing  by  enchantment ; 

magical.  Brotvn. 
IN-CANT'ING,  a.   Enchanting.    [JVut  7is«;.] 
IN-CAN'TON,  II.  t,    [lit  and  cuiifuii.]    To  unite  to  a 

canton  or  separate  commtinitv.  .Addison, 
IN-CA-PA-BIL'I-TY,  (  71.  [from  incapable,]  The 
IN-€A'PA-BLE-NESS,  j  quality  of  being  incapa- 
ble ;  n.atiiral  incapacity  or  wtint  of  power;  .as,  tlie 
incapablcitess  of  a  child  to  comprehend  logical  syllo- 
gisms. 

2.  Want  of  legal  qualifications  or  of  legal  power ; 
as,  the  incnpabilily  of  lioltling  an  oflicc. 
IN-Ca'PA-BLE,  a.    [Fr,  in  and  ettpable,] 

1.  Wanting  capacity  sufficient;  not  having  room 
sufficient  to  contain  or  hold  ;  followeil  by  if.  VV'e 
say,  a  vessel  is  incapable  0/ containing  or  boliling  a 
certain  quantity  of  liquor ;  but  I  believe  we  rarely 
or  never  say,  a  vessel  is  incapable  o/lbat  ipiantity. 

2.  Wanting  natural  power  or  capacity  to  learn, 
know,  understand,  or  comprehend.  .Man  is  iiicu;m- 
ii/c  of  comprehending  the  es.sence  of  the  divino  Be- 
ing.   An  idiot  is  incapable  of  learning  to  read. 

3.  Not  admitting  ;  not  in  a  state  to  receive  ;  not 
susceptible  of;  as,  a  bridge  is  incapable  of  reparation. 

4.  Wanting  power  equal  to  any  purpose. 


Is  not  your  father  f^rown  incapable 
Of  rea.,.iuiblc  allkirs  f 


Slialt. 
[See  No.  2.] 

.').  Wanting  moral  power  or  disposition.  He  is 
incapable  of  it  dishonorable  act. 

G.  Untiualifiid  or  disipialified,  in  a  legal  sense; 
not  httving  the  legal  or  constitutional  (gitalilications. 
A  man  not  thirty  years  of  age  is  unqualified,  and 


FATE,  FAR,  FM.L,  WUAlT  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  HQQK — 


588 


INC 


INC 


INC 


llii  rpfdre  iticuimhlr  of  liiililiii);  tho  oli'ici-  of  president 
of  (lie  I'liiU'd  Sl^ti'.i  ;  a  mm  ninvictcil  on  inip'-acli- 
inent  isdisqnalijieil,  anil  thcri  lore  mcajutblr  ot'liuliling 
any  office  of  honor  or  profit  under  Iliu  (jovernnient. 

Incnpable  properly  denotes  a  want  of  passive 
power,  the  power  of  receivins,  anil  is  applicable 
particularly  to  the  mind  ;  unable  denotes  the  want  of 
active  po»vcr,  or  power  of  performing,  and  is  appli- 
cable to  tlie  body  or  mind.    [See  lNe*i'*ciTV.] 

IN-eA'rA-llI.Y,  nilp.    Ill  an  incapable  manner. 

IN-eA-PA'CIOUS,  (-ka-pA'.shns,)  a.  [in  and  capa- 
cious.] Not  capacious ;  not  large  or  spacious ;  nar- 
row ;  of  smaU  contfait ;  as,  an  incapacious  soul. 

Burnet. 

IN-eA-P.A'CIOi;S-NESS,  n.   Narrowness;  want  of 

containing  space. 
IN-CA-PAU'I-TATE,  r.  f.    [in  and  cipariuite.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  capacity  or  natural  power  of  learn- 
ing, knowing,  undersLinding,  or  performing.  Old 
age  and  inlirniity  often  incapacitate  men  to  exercise 
the  office  of  a  judge. 

2.  To  render  or  make  incapable;  as,  infancy  inca- 
pacitates a  child  for  learning  algebra. 

3.  'J'o  disable  j  to  weaken  ;  to  deprive  of  comi)e- 
tent  power  or  ability.  This  is  an  improper  use  of 
the  word.  The  loss  of  an  arm  disabics  a  soldier,  but 
does  not  incapacitate  him. 

'I.  To  render  unlit ;  as,  infancy  incapacitates  one 
for  marriage. 

5.  To  disqualify  ;  to  deprive  of  legal  or  constitu- 
tional requisites  ;  as,  conviction  of  a  crime  incapaci- 
tates one  to  be  a  witness. 

I\-t;A-l'.'\C''I-TA-TED,  pp.  Rendered  incapable  ;  de- 
prived of  capacitv. 

IN-eA-l'AC'l-TA-TL\G,  ppr.  Depriving  of  capacity ; 
rendering  incapable. 

IN-eA-P.\t'-l-TA'T10N,  n.  Want  of  capacity  ;  dis- 
qualification. Burke. 

IN-eA-P.\C'I-TY,  n.  [in  and  capacity.]  ^Vanl  of 
capacity,  intellectual  power,  or  the  power  of  receiv- 
ing, containing,  or  understanding  ;  applied  to  the 
initid,  and  it  mail  be  natural  or  casual.  There  is  a 
natural  ineapacitii  in  children  to  comprehend  difficult 
propositions  in  logic  or  metapbjsics,  and  a  natural 
ineapaeitij  in  men  to  comprehend  the  nature  of  spirit- 
ual beinis.  The  defect  of  understanding  proceeding 
from  intoxication,  or  from  an  injury  done  to  the 
brain,  is  a  casual  imapacitij. 

9.  Want  of  (pialification  or  legal  requisites  ;  ina- 
bility ;  as,  the  incapacity  of  minors  to  make  binding 
contracts. 

3.  Disqualification  ;  disability  by  deprivation  of 
power ;  as,  the  incapacity  of  a  convict  to  give  testi- 
mony in  .a  court  of  law. 
IN-eXR'L'ER-.<TE,  r.  (.  [L.  incnrcero  ;  in  and  career, 
a  prison,  Pp.  eared,  Sax.  earctern,  Goth.  Uarkara,  G. 
and  D.  kcrkrr,  W.  cartMr.  Career  seems  to  be  allied 
to  W.  care,  Eng.  carJt,  care  ;  showing  that  the  pri- 
marj'  sense  is,  to  press  or  strain.] 

1.  To  imprison  ;  to  confine  in  a  jail. 

2  To  confine  ;  to  shut  up  or  inclose.  Tfarcey. 
I\-€aR'CER-ATR,  a.    Imprisoned  ;  confined.  Mure. 
I.\  eXR'CKK-.A-TED,  pp.  Imprisoned. 
IX-e.\R'CKIJ-A-TI.VG,  ppr.  Imprisoning. 
l.\-t;.\l!-CER-.\'TION,  K.    The  act  of  imprisoning  or 

confining;  imprisonment. 
IN-€aUN',  r.  t.    [L.  incamo ;  in  and  caro,  carni-;, 

flesh.] 

To  cover  with  flesh  ;  to  invest  with  flesh. 

Illseman. 

IN-eXRN',  r.  i".    To  breed  flesh.  tl'iseman. 
I.\-eAll.\'A-DINE,  a.    (Kr.  incarnadin ;  It.  incama- 
tino  :  li.  in  and  earo,  flesh.] 
Flesh-colored  ;  of  a  carnation  color ;  pale  red. 

Shik. 

IN-exR\'A-DI\E,  r.  t.  To  dye  red  or  flesh  color. 
[Ldtlr  u.mt.] 

IN-e.\KN'ATE,  r.  t.    [Fr.  incarner;  Pp.  encarnar;  IL 
incarnare  ;  L.  inearno ;  in  and  ear.i,  llesh.] 
To  clothe  with  flesh  ;  to  embodv  in  Mesh. 

.V/7/(in.    .Isiat.  Res. 
IN€.\RN'ATE,  11.   Invested  with  flesh;  embodied  in 
flesh  ;  as,  the  incarnate  Son  of  Goii. 

2.  In  Scotland,  of  a  red  color ;  tli'sh-colored. 
IN-e.\U.\'A-TEI),  pp.    Clothed  v.  illi  flesh 
IN-exRX'A-TIXG,  ppr.    Investing  with  flesh. 
lN-e.\R\-A'TIOX,  11.    The  act  of  cb>thing  with  flesh. 

2,  The  act  of  assuming  flesh,  or  of  taktnz  a  human 
body  and  the  nature  of  man  ;  as,  the  incarnation  of 
the  Son  of  God. 

X  In  surgeru,  the  process  of  healing  wounds  and 
fillins  the  [Kirt'with  new  flesh.  Kueyc 
IX-C\RN' A  TI  VE,  a.    [ Fr.  iaearnnlif.] 

Causing  new  flesh  to  grow  :  healuiL'.  F.neye. 
IN-eXR.N'A  TIVE,  n.    .\  medicine  that  tends  lo  pro- 
mote the  growth  of  new  llesh,  and  assist  nature  in 
llie  healing  of  wounds.  /;iiri/c. 
1N-Ca!<E',  r.  (.    [in  and  co-if.]  ^^o  inclose  in  a  case. 
tJ.  To  inclose;  lo  cover  or  surround  with  some- 
Unng  solid. 

Rkh  pUtn  of  fold  Uk  foldlDg  doon  incade.  Pop€. 

IN-CAS'ED,  (in-kasi',)  pp.  Inclosed  ns  In  a  case, 
sheath,  or  box. 


I\-CASE'.\I|;NT,  n.   An  ini  losing  with  a  easement. 
I.V-GA.'^'I.N't;,  ppr.    Inclosing  as  in  a  case. 
I.N'-CXSK',  I'.  (.    To  put  into  a  cask.  Sherwood, 
IN-€A3'TEL-LA-TED,  a.    Confined  or  inclosed  in  a 
castle. 

IN-CAT-E-NA'TION,  71.    (L.  catena,  a  chain.) 

The  act  of  linking  together.  Chddsmith. 

IN-CAU'TION,  II.    Want  of  caution.      Rich.  Diet. 

IN-eAU'TlOUS,!!.  [ill  and  cautious.]  Not  cautious  ; 
unwarj' ;  not  circumspi-ct ;  heedless  ;  not  attending 
to  the  circumstances  on  which  safety  and  interest 
depend  ;  as,  incautious  voutli. 

IN-CAU'TIOUS-LY,  ado.  Unwarily;  heedlessly; 
witliout  due  circumspection. 

IN-eAU'TIOU.S-NESS,  11.  Want  of  caution  ;  unwa 
rint-'ss  ;  want  of  foresight. 

IN'CA-V A-TED,  a.    [  L.  in  and  cava,  to  make  hollow.] 
M.adc  hollow  ;  bent  round  or  in. 

IN-CA-VA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  hollow. 
2.  .\  hollow  made. 

I.\-CEND',  r.  t.    [I,,  ineemlo.] 

To  inflame  ;  to  excite.    [fJttle  used.]  Mnrston. 

I\-CE\U'I-A-RIS.M,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  mali- 
ciously setting  lire  to  bnildiugs. 

IN-CEND'I-.\-llY,  n.  [I,,  inrendiarius,  from  i»cfn<7o, 
to  burn  ;  in  and  cundeo,  to  shine,  or  be  on  fire.] 

1.  .\  i)ers<in  who  maliciously  sets  fire  to  another 
mail's  ihvelling-hoiisc,  or  to  any  out-house,  being 
parei  l  of  the  same,  as  a  barn  or  stable  ;  one  who  is 
guilty  of  arson. 

2.  .Any  person  who  sets  fire  to  a  building. 

3.  A  person  who  excites  or  inllaines  factions,  and 
promotes  quarrels. 

S  -vf  ml  ci(i'-«  of  fir-pf^^  drove  llirm  out  tx*  inetndinriet.  BerOley. 

ifxendinriet  of  fi^re  niut  <li«tincliun,  wliu  an;  tiv.  iiivciKurs  ^ind 
puUisli-re  of  ffuss  r.iltt'liooUs,  cm  uol  Ijc  rcjanled  liil  with 
tbe  utmoat  it'.-t-.-sLition.  Addi40n, 

4.  lie  or  that  which  excites. 
IN-CEND'I-.\-U V,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  malicious 

burning  of  a  ilwelling;  as,  an  inceudiunj  purpose. 

a.  Tending  to  excite  or  inllamu  factions,  sedition, 
or  quarrel. 

IN-CEND'I-OUS,  ij.    Promoting  faction  or  contention. 

Bacon. 

IN-CEXD'I-nuS-I,Y,  ado.    In  a  manner  tending  to 

promote  coiileiitioii. 
IN'CE.NSE,  (iii'seiis,)  n.    [Ij.  incensum,  burnt,  from 

inccndo,  to  burn  ;  It,  incensn  :  Fr.  encens.] 

1.  Perfume  exhaled  by  fire  ;  the  odors  of  spices 
and  gums,  burnt  iu  religious  rites,  or  as  an  oll'ering 
to  some  deity. 

A  thick  cloud  of  inrcn.te  went  up.  —  Ezcli,  viii, 

2.  The  materials  burnt  for  making  perfumes.  The 
incense  used  in  the  Jewish  offerings  was  a  mixture 
of  sweet  spices,  slai  te,  oiiycha,  galbanum,  and  the 
gum  of  the  frankincense-tree. 


iiid  Aliilui,  lliL-  loiis  of  An 
id  put  lire  Uiffciii,  II 


in,  look  nllipr  of  thTn  his 
d  put  incense  Uicrvon.  — 


3.  Acceptable  prayers  and  praises.  Ma!,  i, 
IX'CEXSE,  (in'sens,)  r.  t.  To  iierfiimewith  incense. 
In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  it  is  the  deacon's  office 
to  incense  the  officiating  priest  or  prelate,  and  the 
choir.  F.neye. 
IN  CEXSE',  {in-sens',)  r.  t.  To  enkindle  or  inllaine 
to  violent  anger  ;  to  excite  angrj-  p.xssions  ;  to  pro- 
voke ;  to  irritate  ;  to  exasperate  ;  to  heat ;  to  fire.  It 
expresses  less  than  Enrage. 

Ilow  could  my  piool  ion  lliy  power  iiifcn«  7  Dryden. 

IN-CEXS'f:D,  (in-senst',)  pp.  or  a.  Inflamed  to  vio- 
lent anger  ;  exasperated. 

IX-CE.N'SE'.ME.N'T,  (in-sens'mcnt,)  n.  Violent  irritv 
tiim  of  tho  passions ;  heat ;  exasperation.  It  e.x- 
presses  less  than  Rake  and  Flrv.  Shak. 

IX-CEXS'ING,  ppr.  Inflaming  to  anger ;  irritating; 
cxasperatins. 

IX-CE.\'SIO.\,  71.   [I,,  inern.tio,  from  incendo,  lo  bum.] 
The  act  of  kindling  ;  the  state  of  being  tm  fire. 

Bacon, 

IX-CENS'IVE,  0.    Tending  to  excite  or  provoke. 

Burrow. 

IX-CEXS'OR,  n.    [I..]    A  kiiidlcr  of  anger;  an  in- 

flanier  of  llie  angry  p.issioiis. 
IN-(,'E.\S'O  llY,  II.   The  vessel  in  which  incense  is 
burnt  and  offered.  .^insworth. 
[We  generally  use  Ce»ser.] 
IX-(  E.\'SliR-A-i!LE,  a.    Not  censurable.  Dinifrht. 
I.\-CE.\'T1  VE,  o.    [Low  L.  iiiwiUiriu,  from  iiiccni/o, 
lo  burn.] 
Inciting ;  enconmging  or  moving. 
Coiiipt-u-iicy  u  liip  in'M  tnrrnlirc  tu  industry.    Decay  o/ Piety. 
IN-CEN'TIVE,  n.    [Iaiw  L.  inerntivum.] 

1.  That  which  kindles  or  inflames ;  usednoa  in  a 
Jivuratice  sense  only. 

2.  That  which  liioves  the  mind  or  operates  on  the 
passions  ;  that  which  incites  or  has  a  tendency  to  in- 
cite to  determination  or  action  ;  that  which  promjits 
to  good  or  ill ;  motive  ;  spur.  The  love  of  money, 
and  the  desire  of  promotion,  arc  two  most  powerful 
ineentires  to  action. 

IN-CE\'TIVE-I.Y,  adv.    Incitingly  ;  encouragingly. 


IX-CEI"TIO.\,  II.    [L.  incqitio,  from  tntipta,  to  begin  ; 
in  and  eupio,  lo  take.] 
liegiiining.  Bacon, 
1  hope  this  suciKy  will  not  bo  mAricM  with  rtmclty  cf  inception, 
apalliy  of  pro|^rCM,  and  pmrmtun-'niras  of  docay.  liaujle. 

IN-CEP'TIVE,  a.  [L.  iHceptiviu,  from  incipio,  to 
begin.] 

Regmning ;  noting  beginning ;  ns,  an  incqdive 
proposition  ;  an  inceptire  verb,  which  expresses  the 
beginning  tif  action.  A  point  is  inceptive  of  a  line, 
and  .'I  lino  is  inceptive  of  a  surface. 
IN-CEP'TIVE-LY,  ailv.  In  a  manner  noting  begin- 
ning. 

IN-CEP'TOR,  n.    A  beginner;  one  in  the  rudiments. 

IVallon. 

IN-CER-A'TIO.V,  n.    [h.  inctro,  from  ecra.] 

The  act  of  covering  with  wax. 
IX-CEK'A-TIVE,  a.    Cleaving  to  like  wax. 
IN-CER'TA1.\,  a.     [in  and    certain.]      Uncerlnin : 

doubtful  ;  unste.iily.  fairfaz. 
IX-CEIl'TAIX-I.Y,  adv.  Doubtfully. 
IN-Cr,R'T.\IX-TY,  n.    rncertainty  ;  doubt.  Daviea. 
IX  CER'TI-TUDE,  n.    [L.  iuccrtitudo,  from  inccrdi.'j  ; 

ill  and  eertus,  certain.] 
Uncertainty  ;  doubtfulness  ;  doubt. 
IX-CES'SA-RLE,  a.    Unceasing;  continual.  [Little 

used.]  Shetlon. 
IN-CES'SA-RI,Y,  adv.    Continually  ;  unceasingly. 
IN-CES'S.\X-CY,  n.    [from  incessant.]  Uiiintermitted 

continuance;  iinceasingness.  Dwight. 
IN-CES'SANT,  a.    [L.  in  and  cessans,  from  ccssu,  to 

cease.] 

Unceasing;  unintermilted  ;  uninterrupted  ;  contin- 
ual ;  its,  incessant  rains ;  incessant  clamors. 

Milton.  Pope. 
IX-CES'SANT-LY,  ade.   Without  ceasing ;  continu- 
ally. Spenser, 
IN'CEST,  n.    [Fr.  inccste;  L.  incr.;rtu7n ;  in  and  castas, 
chaste.] 

The  crime  of  cohabitation  or  sexual  commerce  be- 
tween persons  related  within  the  degrees  wherein 
marriage  is  prohibited  by  the  law  of  a  country. 

Spiritual  incest,  is  a  like  crime  committed  between 
persons  who  have  a  spiritual  alliance  by  means  of 
baptism  or  confirmation.  It  is  also  understood  of  a 
vicar  or  other  beneficiary,  who  holds  two  benefices, 
the  one  depending  on  the  collation  of  the  other. 

F.neye. 

IN-CEST'U-OUS,  a.  Guilty  of  incest ;  as,  an  incestu- 
««,?  person. 

2.  Involving  the  crime  of  incest ;  as,  an  incestuous 
connection. 

IN-CEST'U-OUS-LY,  a//t'.  In  an  incestuous  man- 
ner; in  a  manner  to  involve  the  crime  of  incest 

IN-CEST'tT-OUS-NESS,  ii.  The  state  or  qualify  of 
luMUg  incestuous.  Bp.  Hall, 

INCH,  n.  [Sax.  ince  ;  L.  unria,  the  twelflli  part ;  Gr. 
00}  J  ill,  but  said  to  be  from  the  Latin.] 

1.  A  lineal  measure  in  (ireat  Rrilain  and  the 
United  States,  being  the  twelfth  part  of  a  foot,  and 
equal  to  llie  leuutti  of  three  barley-corns. 

2.  Proverbially,  a  small  qiianlity  or  degree  ;  as,  to 
die  by  inches;  to  gain  ground  by  inches, 

3.  .\  precise  point  of  time. 

Ecld.^nit?,  I  tbtiik  wo  WAlchiHl  you  at  an  inch.  [Unufual.]  Sttak. 

INCH,  r.  L   To  drive  by  inches  or  small  degrees. 

[Litile  itsed.]  Dryden, 

2.  To  deal  out  by  inches  ;  lo  give  sparingly.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  JiioswortK, 
INCH,  V.  L   To  advance  or  retire  by  small  degrees. 

[Little  use/l,]  John.<on, 
Inched,  containing  inches,  is  added  to  words  of 

number  ;  as,  four-inched,  SJiaJ:, 
lint  in  .America  the  common  practice  is  lo  add  only 

incA  :  a-s,  a  seven-inch  cable. 
IX-CHa.M'BER,  c.  t    [Fr.  cncAamircr.]    To  lodge  in 

a  chamber. 
IX-CIIAR'I-TA-nLE,  a.  Uncharitable. 

[  The  latter  is  the  word  used,] 
IN-CIIAS'TI-TY,  11.    [in  and  chastity.]  lx>wdness; 

impurity  ;  unchastily.  J.  Fjlwards. 

IX-CIIEST',  r.  t.    To  put  into  a  chest.  Sherwood, 
IN-CIIEST'ED,  pp.    Put  info  a  chest 
INCH'-.MliAL,  n.    [inch  and  meal.]    A  piece  an  inch 

long. 

Bu  inch-meal ;  by  small  degrees.  Shak. 
IN'CHO-aTE,  (in'ko-ile,)  v.  t.    [L.  inckoo.] 

To  begin.    [Little  used.]  More. 
IN'eilO-ATE,  a.    Uegun  ;  commenced. 

It  is  neither  a  substance  perfect,  nor  a  substajtcc  inehotUt. 

Kaltgli. 

IN'eilO-ATE-LV,  adv.    In  an  incipient  degree. 
IN-eHO-.\'TIO.\,  II.     The  act  of  beginning;  com- 
mencement ;  inception. 

Tlie  sotting  nn  fiK>l  some  of  thoae  am  in  those  vnTU,  would  be 
looked  ou  as  tlic  liist  inchoation  ol  thcin.    [LitUi  uted.] 

Hale. 

IN-CHO'A-TIVE,  a.    Noting  beginning;  inceptive; 

as,  an  inchoative  verb,  tdherwise  calletl  Inceptive, 
I.XCH'PI.V,  n.    Stmic  part  of  tho  inwards  of  a  de«r. 
IX-CII)E',  v.U    [L.  incido  ;  in  and  otdo,  to  strike.] 
To  cut ;  to  separate  ;  as  medicines.  ro*.«.) 

Quincy.  ' ArbuthnoL 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THia 


74 


XX 


589 


INC 


INC 


INC 


IN'CI-DENCE,  K.    ["L.  iiicideits ;  incido,  to  {M  on;  in 
and  cttr/y,  to  fall.] 

1.  Literally,  a  falling  on  ;  whence,  an  accident  or 
casualty.  Sluik. 

3.  In  natural  p/(i7o.>fjpAi/,  the  direction  in  which  a 
ray  of  light  or  heat  falls  on  any  surface. 

lu  equal  incidences  Lliere  is  a  considerable  inequality  of  refrac- 
tions. Netoton. 

^ngle  of  incidence ;  the  angle  which  a  ray  of  liglit, 
falling  on  any  surface,  malses  with  a  perpendicular 
to  that  surface.  Olmsted. 
IN'CI-DENT,  o. 

1.  Literally,  falling  on  ;  as,  an  iiicidrnl  ray. 

2.  Falling;  casual;  fortuitous;  coining  or  happen- 
ing occasionally,  or  not  in  the  usual  course  of  tilings, 
or  not  according  to  expectation  or  in  connection 
with  the  main  design. 

As  the  onlinary  conrae  of  cominon  afl'airs  is  disposed  of  by  ^n- 
er.il  laws,  so  man's  rarer  incident  necessities  and  utilities 
shtJiild  be  with  special  equity  considered.  Hooker. 

A  proposition  introduced  by  wlio,  which,  whose, 
whim,  &c.,  is  called  an  ineident  proposition  ;  as, 
Julius,  whose  surname  was  Cesar,  overcame  Pompey. 

IVatts. 

3.  Happening ;  apt  to  happen ;  as,  intemperate 
passions  incident  to  liuman  nature  ;  diseases  incident 
to  a  climate  ;  misfortunes  incident  to  the  poor. 

4.  Appertaining  to  or  following  the  chief  or  prin- 
cipal.   A  court  bartm  is  incident  to  a  mtinor.  Kncyc. 

IN"CI-DE\T,  71.    That  which  falls  out  or  takes  place ; 
an  event  ;  casualty. 

2.  That  which  happens  aside  of  the  main  design  ; 
an  episode  or  subordinate  action. 

No  person,  no  incident  in  a  play  but  must  be  of  use  to  carry  on 
the  main  design.  IJryden. 

3.  In  law,  something  necessarily  appertaining  to 
and  depending  on  another,  which  is  termed  the  prin- 
cipal. Brande. 

IN-CI-DE.\T'AL,  a.     Happening  as  an  occasional 
event,  without  regularity  ;  coming  without  design  ; 
casual ;  accidental ;  as,  an  incidental  conversation  ; 
an  incidental  occurrence. 
2.  Not  necessary  to  the  chief  purpose  ;  occasional. 


IX-CI-DENT'.\L,  71.    An  incident.    [LiUle  used.] 

Pope. 

IN-CI-DENT'AL-LY,  adv.    Casually  ;  without  inten- 
tion ;  accidentally.    I  was  incidentally  present  when 
the  conversation  took  place. 
2  Beside  the  main  design  ;  occasionally. 
I  treat  either  purposely  or  incidentally  of  colors.  Boyle, 

IN'Cr-DENT-LY,  adv.    Occasionally;  by  the  way. 

\J^ot  u-^ed^l  Bacon. 
IN-CIN'ER-aTE,  v.  U     [L.  171  and  cinia,  cincris, 

ashes,] 

To  hum  to  ashes.  Bacon. 
I.\-CI.\''1:R  A-TEl),  pp.    Burnt  to  ashes. 
IN  CL\'EIl-A-TING,  ppr.    Reducing  to  ashes  by  com- 
bustitjn. 

IN-CIN-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reducing  to  ashes 
by  combustion.  Boyle.  Encye. 

IN-CIP'I-EN-CY,  71.    Beginning;  comniencement. 

IN-CIP'I-ENT,  a.  [L.  incipiens,  incipio  ;  in  and  capio, 
to  take.] 

Beginning;  commencing;  as,  the  iVici/jieiif  stage  of 
a  fever  ;  incipient  light  or  day. 
[N-f'IP'I-ENT-LY,  adi>.    In  an  incipient  manner. 
I.V-CIR'CLET,  71.    A  small  circle.  Sidne,/. 
IN-CIR-eUM-SCRIP'TI-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be 

circumscribed  or  limited.  Cranmer. 
IN-CIR-eUM-SPEC'TION,  7i.  [in  and  circumspection.] 

Want  of  circumspection:  heedlessness.  Brown. 
IN-CISE',  V.  L    [Fr.  inciser.] 

To  cut  in  ;  to  carve  ;  to  engrave.  Carew. 
IN-CIS'KD,  pp.  or  o.    [L.  inci.ius,  from  incido,  to  cut.] 
Cut  or  engraved  ;  made  by  cutting;  as,  an  incised 
wound  ;  incited  lips.  Wiseman. 
IN-CISE'LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  incisions  or 

notches.  Eaton. 
IN-CIS'ING,  ppr.    Cutting  in  ;  carving. 
IN-CUS'ION,  (in-sizh'un,)  ti.    [Fr. ;  L.  incisio,  from 
inr-ido,  tt\  cut.] 

1.  A  cutting;  the  act  of  cutting  into  a  substance. 

2.  A  cut ;  a  gash  ;  tli<!  separation  of  the  surface  of 
any  Hiibstance  made  by  a  sharp  instrument.  The 
Hurgeon  with  his  knife  makes  an  inr.i.-iion  in  the  flesh, 
and  the  gardener  in  a  tree  ;  but  we  dt)  not  say,  an 
incision  is  made  v^illi  a  plow  or  a  spade  ;  at  least, 
Biich  phra«eology  Is  unusual. 

3.  Sc|7araiion  (if  viscid  matter  by  medicines.  [Obs.] 
IN-CT'.SIVE,  a.    [¥t.  inci.tif.]  [Bacon. 

Having  the  (|iialily  of  cutting  or  separating  Ihc 
superficial  part  of  any  thing. 

Inriiive  trfth.  In  animnU,  aro  the  fore  Itjeth,  the 
cnlterri  or  iiicisorH. 
IN-Cr'SfiR,  71.    [L.)    A  cutler;  a  fore  tooth,  which 

cut-",  bileti,  rjr  separalen. 
IN-t^l'.'^OH.Y,  a.    Having  the  qiialily  of  cutting. 
IN-CIK'lJRE,  (in-Bi7,h'yur,)  n.    ( I,.  i7i<:i.<ur<i.] 

A  ciii ;  a  place  o|H;ne(i  by  cutting  ;  an  iiiclHlon. 

Derliam. 


IN-CI'T.\NT,  71.    [from  incite.]    That  which  excites 

action  in  an  animal  btidy.  Darwin. 
IN-CI-TA'TION,  71.    [L.  incitatio.    See  Incite.] 

1.  The  act  of'  inciting  or  moving  to  action  ;  incite- 
ment. Brown. 

2.  Incitement ;  incentive  ;  motive  ;  that  which 
excites  to  action  ;  that  which  rouses  or  prompts. 

Oovernment  oftfte  Toug'ne, 
IN-ClTE',  V.  t.    [L.  incito  i  in  and  cito,  to  call,  to  stir 
up.] 

1.  To  move  the  mind  to  action  by  persuasion  or 
motives  presented  ;  to  stir  up  ;  to  rouse  ;  to  spur  on. 

Antiochns.  when  he  incited  Prussi;is  to  join  in  war,  set  before 
liiiu  t!ie  fatness  of  the  Romans.  Bacon. 

2.  To  move  to  action  by  impulse  or  influence. 

No  blown  ambition  does  our  arms  incite.  ShaJ:. 

3.  To  animate  ;  to  encourage. 

In  general.  Incite  denotes  to  operate  on  (he  mind 
or  will  ;  Excite  has  the  same  sense,  but  it  extends 
also  to  the  [lassions  and  to  material  substances  ;  as, 
to  ercite  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 
IN-CIT'ED,  pp.  Moved  to  action  ;  stirred  up ;  spuned 
on. 

IN-CITE'MENT,  71.    That  which  incites  the  mind  or 
moves  to  action  ;  motive ;  incentive ;  impulse. 
From  the  lon^  records  of  a  distant  age, 
Derive  incil£rnenls  lu  renew  thy  rage.  Pope. 

IN-CTT'ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  incites  or  moves  to 
action. 

IN-CIT'ING,p;)r.  or  o.    Exciting  to  action  ;  stirringup. 
IN'-(^lT'IN(i-LY,  ade.    So  as  to  excite  to  action. 
IN-CIV'lL,  <7.    [171  and  civil.]    Uncivil;  rude;  un- 

polite.    [But  Uncivil  is  generally  used.] 
IN-CIV-IU-I-Za'TION,  71.    An  uncivilized  state. 
IN-CI-VIL'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  incivilUe.] 

1.  Want  of  courtesy  ;  rudeness  of  manners  toward 
others  ;  impoliteness.  TiUotson. 

2.  Any  act  of  rudeness  or  ill  breeding;  with  a 
plnral.  Loud  laughter  and  uncomely  jests,  in  re- 
spectable company,  are  incivilities  and  indecencies. 

IN-CIV'IL-LV,  ai/i^    Uncivillv  ;  rudely. 

IN-CIV'IS.M,  71.  [in  and  cii'i.sm.]  Want  of  civism; 
want  of  Uive  to  one's  country,  or  of  patriotism  ;  un- 
friendliness to  the  state  or  government  of  which  one 
is  a  citizen.  JIme.i. 

IN-eLASP',p.  t.    To  clasp;  to  hold  fast.  Cadwuith. 

lN-eLSSP'ir;i),  (in-kr,i!.pt')  pp.    Held  fast. 

IN-CLASP'IN<i,  ppr.    Holding  fast. 

IN'CLA-Va-TED,  a.    Set ;  fast  fixed.  Diet. 

IN'CLE,  (ink'l,)    See  Inkle. 

IN-CLE.M'EN-CY,  71.  [Fr.  inclemence  ;  L.  inclr.inenlia. 
See  Clemency.] 

1.  Want  of  clemency  ;  xvant  of  mildness  of  tem- 
per ;  unmerciftilness  ;  harshness  ;  severity  ;  applied 
to  per.tons. 

2.  Roughness  ;  boisterousness  ;  storminess  ;  or 
simply  raininess  ;  severe  cold,  &c.  ;  applied  to  tlie 
weather.  We  were  detained  by  llie  inclemency  of 
the  weather. 

IN  ei.E.M'ENT,  a.  Destitute  of  a  mild  and  kind 
temper  ;  void  of  tenderness  ;  unmerciful ;  severe  ; 
harsh. 

2.  Rough  ;  stormy  ;  boisterous  ;  rainy  ;  rigorously 
cold,  &c. ;  as,  inclement  weather  ;  inclement  sky. 

Pope. 

IN-€L,EM'ENT-LY,  (i(/o.    In  an  inclement  manner. 
IN-CLIN'A-ltLE,  a.    [L.  inclinabilis.    See  ^NCLI^•E.] 

1.  Leaning;  tending;  as,  a  tower  inclinnble  to 
fall.  Bentiey. 

2.  Having  a  propension  of  will ;  leaning  in  ilispo- 
sition  ;  somewhut  disposed  ;  as,  a  mind  inclinable  to 
truth.  Milton. 

IN  t  LIN'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  in- 
clinable ;  inclination. 

IN-CLIN-A'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inclinatio.  See 
Incline.] 

1.  A  leaning ;  any  deviation  of  a  body  or  I.  "e  from 
an  upright  position,  or  from  a  parallel  line, 'oward 
another  body  ;  us,  the  inclination  uf  the  liead  in 
bowing. 

2.  In  geometry,  the  angle  made  by  two  lines  or 
planes,  which  nit^et,  tir  which  would  meet,  if  pro- 
duced ;  as,  the  inclination  of  the  axis  of  the  carlli  to 
the  plane  of  the  ecliptic  is  23'  28'. 

3.  A  h  ailing  of  the  mind  or  will  ;  propension  or 
prop(;nsily  ;  a  disposition  more  favorable  tt»  one  thing 
than  to  another.  The  prince  has  no  inclination  to 
peace.  The  bachelor  has  inanift'sted  no  inclinntion 
to  marry.    Men  have  a  natural  inclination  to  pleasure. 

»  not  properly  a  willing  of  that 
South. 

4.  Love ;  nflection  ;  regard  ;  desire ;  with  for. 
Some  men  have  an  inclination  for  music,  otiiers  for 
painting. 

.Y  Disposition  of  mind.  Shak. 

6.  The  dip  ol  tlie  magnetic  needle,  or  its  tendency 
to  incline  tiiwanl  llie  earth  ;  also,  the  angle  made  by 
the  needle  with  Ihc  horizon.  Enfield. 

7.  The  act  of  descanting  liquors  by  atoopiiig  or  in- 
clining the  VCHKel.  tinincil. 

IN-CI.I.\'A-TO-KI-LY,  od«.  Obliquely  ;  with  incli- 
nation. Brown. 


IN-€LTN'A-T0-RY,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  lean- 
ing or  inclining.  Brown. 

IN-CLINE',  v.  i.  [L.  inclino  ;  in  and  cfiHo,  Gr.  k\ivo>. 
Sax.  hlinian,  Ideonian,  hlynian.  Eng.  to  lean,  G.  lehnen, 
D.  leunni,  Russ.  Idonyu  and  nalUoniayu,  It.  cleoiiaim  ; 
Fr.  incliner;  Port,  and  Sp.  inclinar ;  It.  inclinare,  in- 
chinare,  chinare.    Class  Ln.l 

1.  To  lean  ;  to  deviate  from  an  erect  or  parallel 
line  toward  any  object ;  to  tend.  Converging  lines 
incline  toward  each  other.  A  road  inclines  to  the 
north  or  south.  Connecticut  River  runs  south,  iii- 
clining,  in  some  part  of  its  course,  to  the  west ;  and, 
below  iMiddletown,  it  inclines  to  the  east. 

2.  To  lean  ;  iii  a  miyral  sense ;  to  have  a  propension ; 
to  be  disposed  ;  to  have  some  wish  or  desire. 

Their  hearts  inclined  to  follow  Abimelech.  —  Judges  ix. 

3.  To  have  an  appetite  ;  to  be  disposed ;  as,  to  be 
inclined  to  cat. 

iN-CLl.NE',  r.  (.  To  cause  to  deviate  from  an  erect, 
perpendicular,  or  parnllt  l  line  ;  to  give  a  leaning  to ; 
as,  incline  the  column  or  post  to  the  east ;  incline 
your  head  to  the  right. 

2.  To  give  a  ttMideiicy  or  propension  to  the  will  or 
affections  ;  to  turn  ;  to  dispose 

Inc'ine  our  hearts  to  keep  this  law.  Common  Prayer. 

Incline  niy  heart  to  thy  testimonies,  —  Ps.  cxix, 

3.  To  bend  ;  to  cause  to  stoop  or  bow  ;  as,  to  iii- 
eline  the  heatl  or  the  body  in  acts  of  reverence  or 
civility. 

IN-ei.IN'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Having  a  leaning  or  tendency ; 
disposed. 

Inclined  plane,  ui  weehanics,  is  a  plane  that  makes 
an  oblique  angle  wiih  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  a 
sloping  plane.  It  is  one  of  the  five  simple  mechan- 
ical powers. 

IN-CLI.\'ER,  71.   An  inclined  dial. 

IN-CLlN'LVG,  ppr.    Leaning  ;  causing  to  lean. 

IN-CLI.V'ING,  a.  Leaning. 

IN  CLIi",  r.  (.    [in  and  cZip.]    To  grasp;  to  inclose; 

to  surround.  Shale. 
IN-CLIP'PEI),  (in-klipt',)  pp.    Grasped  ;  inclosed. 
IN-CLIP'PING, />/77-.    Grasping;  surrounding. 
IN-CLOIS'TER,  V.  t.    [in  and  cloister.]    To  shut  up 

or  confine  in  a  cloister.    [But  Cloister  is  generally 

used.J 

IN-CLoSE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  enclos  :  Sp.  It.  incluso ;  L.  inclu- 
sus,  inclndo  ;  in  and  claudo,  or  cludo,] 

1.  To  surround ;  to  shut  in  ;  to  confine  on  all 
sides ;  as,  to  inclose  a  field  with  a  fence  ;  to  inclose  a 
fort  or  an  army  with  troops  ;  to  inclose  a  town  with 
walls. 

2.  To  separate  from  common  grounds  by  a  fence  ; 
as,  to  inclose  lands. 

3.  To  include  ;  to  shut  or  confine  ;  as,  to  inclose 
trinkets  in  a  box. 

4.  To  environ  ;  to  encompass. 

f>.  To  cover  with  a  wrapper  or  envelope  ;  to  cover 
under  si'al  ;  as,  to  inclose  a  letter  or  a  bank  note. 

IN-€LoS'AJD,  pp.  or  a.  Surrounded;  encompassed; 
confined  on  all  sides  ;  covered  and  sealed  ;  fenced. 

IN-CLoS'EK,  71.  Heorthat  which  incloses  ;  one  who 
separates  land  from  coninion  grounds  by  a  fence. 

IN-CLoS'ING,  ppr.  Surrounding  ;  encompassing  ; 
shutting  in  ;  covering  and  confining. 

IN-eLoS'LJRE,  (in-klo'zhur,)  71.  The  act  of  in- 
closing. 

2.  The  separation  of  land  from  common  ground 
into  distinct  possessiims  by  a  fence. 

3.  The  appropriation  of  things  common.  Taylor. 

4.  State  of  being  inclosed,  shut  up,  or  encom- 
passed. Ray. 

,5.  That  which  incloses ;  a  barrier  or  fence, 
(i.  A  space  inclosed  or  fenced  ;  a  space  compre- 
hended within  certain  limits. 

7.  Ground  inclosed  or  separated  from  common 
land. 

8.  That  which  is  inclosed  or  contained  in  an  en- 
velope, as  a  paper.  Washington. 

IN-CI.OUD',  V.  t.  [in  and  cloud.]  To  darken  ;  to 
obscure.  Shak. 

IN-CLOUD'ED,  pp.    Involved  in  obscurity. 

I.\  CI.OUD'liNG.ppr.    Darkening;  obscuring. 

IN' CI. ODE',  V.  t.  [L.  include ;  in  and  ciiiiio,  to  shut 
up  ;  Fr.  cnclorre.] 

1.  To  ciinline  within  ;  to  hold  ;  to  contp'  ;  as, 
till'  shell  of  a  nut  inrludrs  lln'  kernel  ;  a  peart  is  iii- 
elndrd  ill  a  shell.  [  Ihit  ill  these  senses  we  more  com- 
iiioiily  ii.se  Ini  lose.] 

2.  'i'o  comprise  ;  to  comprehend  ;  to  contain.  The 
history  of  England  necessarily  inclndes  a  portion  of 
that  (if  France.  The  word  iliity  includes  what  we 
owe  to  God,  to  our  fcllow-ineii,  and  to  ourselves;  it 
inrludrs  also  a  tax  payable  to  the  government. 

liN-CLl'D'ED, /i;>.  or  u.    Contaliii  ii  ;  comprehended. 
IN-CI.OD'ING, /i/ir.    Coiitaining  ;  comprising. 
IN  CLO'SION,  (in-kliTzhun,)  n.    [L.  inclusio.] 

The  net  of  including. 
IN-CLO'SIVE,  (I.    (Fr.  inrlusif] 

1.  Inclosing;  encircling.  Shak. 

2.  ('oiiiprelirntletl  in  the  number  or  sum  ;  as,  from 
Monday  to  Saliirdiiy  inclusive,  that  is,  taking  in  both 
Moiidav  anil  Saturday, 

IN-CLO'SI VE-LY,  ailv.     Comprehending  the  thing 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH/^T  MkTE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK.— 

690  ^  ' 


INC 

meiiliuiied  ;  us,  f'ruiu  Muiiday  lo  Saturday  inclii- 
sh-eltj. 
I  \  GO  \G'r'  ) 

IN-eO-Xe  T'FD  1  '^ntoiistrained. 
liN-eO-ACi'lJ-LA-ULE,  a.    [in  and  coa^ulaifc]  That 

c;m  mil  he  i  ija;;ulat<:d  or  concri'ttd. 
I.N  eO  KU't'l-ltLli,  II.    [in  and  ciicrcible,  frcini  corrcv.'] 

Nut  tu  be  cucrced  or  cuiiipullud ;  tliat  can  not  be 

forced.  Black. 
IN-eO-E.\-IST'E.NCE,  n.     [in  and  coexistence.]  A 

not  existing  to^rthor.    [.Yttt  common.]  Ltickc. 
IN-GOG',  ado.    [contracted  friini  incognito.]    In  con- 

cealniitnt;  in  disguise;  in  a  manner  not  tu  bo 

known. 

IN-eoG'l-TA-BLE,  o.    Unthonslit  of.   Dean  Kinir. 
IX  eOG'I-TA.NCE,  (  n.  [U  ineoaitantia;  in  and  con-i- 
lN-fO0'(-TAN-Cy,  i    to,  lo  think. 

Want  of  thought,  or  want  of  tlie  power  of  think- 
ins.  Drcait  vf  Piety. 

IN-GOO'I-TANT,  a.   Not  thinking ;  thoughtless. 

Milton. 

I.\-eOl5'I-TANT-LY,  adv.    Without  considffration. 

Boyle. 

I.N-eOft'I-TA-TIVE,  a.  [in  and  cogitative.]  Not 
thinking  ;  wanting  the  power  of  lliought ;  as,  a  vege- 
table is  an  incogitative  bt-ing.  Locke. 

I.\-eOG'NI-'l'0,  a.  or  at/i>.  [It.] 

Unknown;  in  concealment:  in  a  disi:nise.  Ills 
sometimes  used  as  a  noun,  its  also  is  incognitUf  in  the 
feminine. 

IN-t'OO'NI-ZA  BLE,  (in-kog'nc-za-bl  or  in-kon'e- 
za-l)l,)  a.    [in  and  cognizable.] 

That  can  not  be  recognized,  known,  or  distin- 
guished. 

Tlie  L««ttisli  wc,  not  a  primilivr  stock  of  Uie  Skivi,  but  a  (URliiicl 
br.uicli,  now  Iwconio  incognizable.  Tooke. 

IN-eO-IIP.K'E.VCE,  (  n.    [in  ami  coherence.]  Want 
l.\-eO-II  Kll'K.N'-CY,  (     of  coherence  ;  want  of  cohe- 
sion or  adherence  ;  looseness  or  unconnected  stttle 
of  p.lrts,  as  of  a  powder.  Boyle. 

2.  Want  of  connection  ;  incongrnityj  inconsisten- 
cy i  want  of  agreeiuent  or  dependence  of  one  pari 
on  anotlier  ;  as,  liie  incoherence  of  arguments,  facts, 
or  principles. 

3.  Inconsistency;  that  whicli  does  not  agree  with 
other  parts  of  the  same  thing. 

IX-CO-lll'f R'E.NT,  a.  [in  and  cri/irrfi;(.]  Wanting 
cohesion  ;  loose  ;  nncoiinectetl  ;  not  lixed  lo  each 
other  ;  Hitpiied  to  material  .'.iib^tances.  iyooilward. 

2.  Wanting  coliereiice  or  agreement  ;  incoiigru- 
t>ns  ;  inconsistent  ;  h;iving  no  ticpendence  of  one 
part  on  another ;  as,  the  tlioii<;liLs  of  a  dreaming 
man,  and  the  language  of  a  m.kdman,  are  incoherent. 

l.\-e(J-IIl";li'E.\'I'-L\',  adr.  Inconsistently;  without 
ciihereiice  of  parts;  as,  lo  talk  incohe^'entlif. 

I.\-eO-I.N"CI-I)E.\'CE,  II.  [ill  and  coinciiU'nce.]  Want 
of  coMictdfiice  or  agreene-ni. 

I\-t"').|.N'Cl-I)E.\T,  a.  [oi  and  c«iiifi(/cn(.]  Not  co- 
incident :  not  n'.'reein<;  in  time,  place,  or  principle. 

I.N-eO-l.O'.MI-TV,  M.    [L.  incolumilas.] 

Safety  ;  security.  Iloxcrll. 

IN-COM-'l!t\'I.\'(;,  a.  Not  combining  or  uniting; 
disagreein;; ;  tlitr-rini:.  .Milton. 

IN  ei).M-lillST-l-l!IL'l-TV,  m.  [from  incirmliiulible.] 
The  quality  of  being  incapable  of  beuig  burnt  or 
consnmetl.  Ran. 

IN-eO.M-BUST'I-BLE,  a.  [i«  and  roin6ii.t(;W<-.]  Not 
lo  be  burnt,  decoin|M)scd,  or  consumed  by  fire.  As- 
besttis  is  an  incmnlinstiblr  stibst^mee. 

IN  €OM-BlIST'l-Bl,E-NESS,  ii.  Incombustibility. 

IN-eO.M-BUST'I-liLY,  air.  Sous  lo  resist  combus- 
tion. 

IN'GOME,  (in'kum,)  n.  [in  and  come.]  That  g;iin 
which  proceeds  from  labor,  business,  or  property  of 
any  kind  ;  the  produce  of  a  farm  ;  the  rent  of 
houses  ;  llie  proceeds  of  prol'essional  business  ;  the 
profits  of  commerce  or  of  occniuition  ;  the  interest  of 
money  or  slock  in  funils.  Income  is  often  used  sy- 
nonymously with  Rcvf-NUE,  but  income  is  mtire  gene- 
rally applied  to  the  gain  of  private  [H-rsons,  and  ree- 
f»H«  lo  that  of  a  sovereion  or  of  a  stale.  We  speak 
of  the  annual  income  of  a  gentleman,  and  llie  an- 
nual reerniie  of  the  stale. 
2.  A  coinins  in  ;  adinissitin  ;  introduction.  [O65.] 

IN't  OM-I.M;,  (in'kum-ing,)  o.    Coming  in.  Bnrke. 

IN'C0.M-1.\(;,  K.    [in  and  come  J    Income  ;  gain. 

M.nijr  itteoininf!!  iire  «uUj«l  to  ^rc;U  floctu.itiona.  7*001**. 

tX  COM-MFJ^'DjiM,  [I,aw  Lat.]  In  England,  to 
hold  a  vacant  living  in  commendam,  is  to  liold  it  by 
favor  of  the  crown,  till  a  proper  pastor  is  provided. 

Black.^toae. 

IN-eOM-MEN'-SU  RA-BIL'I-TY,    )  n.    [from  inconi- 
l.N-eo.M-ME\'SU-RA-BLK  NESS,  j  mensurable.] 
The  quality  or  sUate  of  a  thing,  when  it  ha.s  no 
common  measure  with  another  thing,  or  when  the 
same  thing  will  not  exactly  measure  both. 
l.N'-CO.M-.MEN'SU-R,\-BLE,  o.    [in  and  commtnsura- 
blc.j 

Having  no  common  measure,    (luantities  are  in- 
commensurable when  no  third  quantity  can  bo  found 
that  is  an  aliquot  part  of  bolh.  F.nciic 
IN  COM-.MEN'SL'-RA-Bl-Y,  adv.    So  as  not  to  admit 
of 'mensuration. 


INC 

IN-€O.M-MEN't!U-RA'i"E,  a.    [m  and  coinmensuraU.] 

Nut  admitting  of  a  common  measure.  More. 
2.  Not  of  equal  measure  or  eiti  nl  ;  not  adequate. 

Our  means  are  incommeiusnrate  lo  our  wants. 
IN-e().M-.MEN'.~=lMlArE-I,Y,  udo.    Not  in  equal  or 

due  measure  or  proportion.  Cheyne. 
IN-t'0.\l-,MlS'Cl-BI.E.  a.     [in  and  commie.]  That 

can  not  he  commixed  or  niiittialty  mixed. 
IN-CO.M-MlX'  l  l  KK,  n.    A  state  of  being  unmixed. 
l.\-CU.M'.M<)  l)A  i'i;,  I.  (.    To  incoininode.  [Brown. 
IN-€O.M'M(J-l)A-'i'i;i),  pp.  Incommoded. 
IN-CO.M'.MO-DA-TINC,  ppr.  Incommoding. 
IN-eo.M-MO-UA'TlON,  n.    Slate  of  being  incommo- 

dated. 

IN-COM-.MoDE',  7).  t.  [Ij.  incommodo  ;  in  and  com- 
modo,  con  and  modus.] 

To  give  inconvenience  to  ;  lo  give  trouble  to ;  to 
disturl)  or  molest  in  the  quiet  enjoyment  of  some- 
tliing,  or  in  tlie  facility  of  acquisition.  It  di  noti  s 
less  than  Annoy,  Vex,  or  IIxRAits,  We  are  incommoded 
by  want  of  room  lo  sit  at  ease.  Visits  of  strangers, 
at  unseasonable  hours,  incommode  a  family.  Often 
we  are  inrommoded  by  a  fashionable  dress, 

IN-GOM-.MoD'EI),  I'ut  to  inconvenience  ;  mo- 
lested. 

IN-€OM-.MoDE'MENT,  n.    Inconvenience.  [Ob.i.] 

Chryue. 

IN-eOM-MOI)'lNG,  p;)r.  Subjecting  to  trouble  or  in- 
convenience. 

IN-t"OM-.Mo'I)I-OUS,  o.    [I.,  incommndus.] 

Inconvenient;  not  afl'oriling  ease  or  advantage; 
unsuitable;  giving  trouble  without  much  injury.  A 
seal  in  church,  or  the  site  of  a  house,  may  be  incom- 
modions. 

I.\-CO.M-.Mo'I)I-Oi:.S-I,Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  create 
inronvenieiice  ;  incoiivi  iiieiitly  ;  uiiMiitalily. 

IN-CO.M-.Mo'L)l-OLIri-.\Etf.S,  M.  Inconvenience;  iiii- 
suitableness. 

IN  €O.M-.MOI)'I-TY,  Ji.  [I'r.  incommoditi ;  L.  incom- 
moditas.] 

Inconvenience  ;  trbuble.    [jVoto  little  used.] 

Bacon. 

IN-COM-.Mt;-NI-eA-BII,'l-TY,  )  n.  [from  incum- 
IN.eo.M-,MU'M-€A-liLE-\ESS,  j  nmnicuble.]  The 
(lualily  of  not  being  conimiinicuble,  or  capable  of  be- 
ing imparted  to  another. 
IN-fO.M-.MO'NI-CA-BLE,  n.  [in  and  ci/mmiinicoMcl 
That  can  not  be  communicated  or  imparted  lo  oth- 
ers. 

2.  That  can  not  or  may  not  be  communicated,  told, 
or  revealed  to  others.  South. 

IN-eO.M-.M0'NI-€.\-l!LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  tu 
be  imparted  or  coininiinicated.  /lakeiotll. 

IN'-€O.M-.M0'Nl-eA-TEI»,  a.    Not  imparted. 

l.\-eOM-.MC'Nl-CA-TlN(i,  fl.  Having  no  cominiin- 
ion  or  intercourse  with  each  other;  as,  an  ndininis- 
traiion  in  iiiromninnicating  hands.  ifule. 

IN-GO.M-MO'Nl-GA-TI  VE,  a.  Not  conimnuicative  ; 
not  tVee  or  apt  lo  impart  to  others  in  conversation. 

2.  .Not  disposed  to  hold  coininuiiion,  fellowship,  or 
intercourse  with. 


The  Cliiii.: 


t  incommunicative  iialjon. 


Budianan. 


IN-eO.M-MC'Nl-eA-TIVE-LY,  ado  Not  communi- 
cativelv. 

IN-f  n.M"-.Mr'T-A-l!lL'I-TY,    )  n.    The  quality  of  bc- 

lN-rO.M-.Mf'T'A-liLK-.\E.-<S,  (     ing  incommutable. 

IN-fO.M-.MC  r'A-lU.E,  n.  [in  uni{  commntable.]  Not 
to  he  exchanaed  or  coinmiited  Willi  another. 

IN-eO.M-MCT'.\-BLY,  adr.  Without  reciprocal 
change.  Ch.  Rrliir.  jipprul. 

IN-fOM-PAGT',      )a.    [inM\i\  compiict.]    Not  coin- 

lN-€().M-l'Atn''En,  i  pact;  not  having  the  parts 
liriiily  united  ;  not  solid.  Boole. 

I.\-t;o.M'I'A-RA-l!l.E,  u.  (in  and  comparable.]  That 
admits  of  no  comparison  with  others;  usually  in  a 
good  sense,  hut  il  may  be  prt>perly  used  in  a  bad 
sense^  When  we  s.ay,  an  incomparable  man,  we 
mean  a  man  (»f  gooil  qualities,  or  of  some  excellence 
that  niises  hini  above  cmnparison  or  equality  with 
others.  So  we  say,  incomparable  excellence,  virtue, 
wit,  &c.  Bui  incomparable  baseness  or  malignity 
may  be  used  with  propriety. 

IN  eo.M'PA-RA-BI.E-NESS,  n.  Excellence  beyond 
comparison. 

IN-C().M'PA-RA-BI,V,  ad::  Beyond  comparison  ; 
without  coiiiiletition.  .Newton  was  incomparably 
the  greatest  philosopher  the  English  nation  hail 
produced. 

IN-eo.M-PAR'f:D,  a.    Not  matched;  peerless. 

Spenser. 

IN-eOM-PAS'SION,  n.    'Want  of  co.npassion.  (  Obs.] 
I.N-t;O.M-PAS'SIO.N-.\TE,  .i.    [in  and  com;)o..\>-iuiio/c.] 
Void  of  compassion  or  pity  ;  (lestilute  of  tenderneiis. 

Johnson. 

IN-eO.M.PAS'SION-ATE-I.Y,  adv.  Without  pity  or 
tenderness. 

IN-€O.M-PAS'SIO.N-ATE-NE.'5S,  n.    Want  of  pity. 

Oran  <rer. 

IN-COM-PAT-I-BII,'I-TY,  n.  [from  incompalible?]  In- 
consistency ;  that  quality  or  stale  of  a  thing  which 
renders  il  iin|H>.-isiblc  that  it  should  subsist,  or  be 
consistent  with,  something  else.  There  is  a  perni.a- 
nenl  incompatibilily  between  truth  and  falsehood. 


INC 

3.  Irreconcilable  disagreement.  During  the  rev- 
olution in  France,  incompatibility  of  temner  woji 
deemed  a  sutficient  cause  for  divorcing  man  and 
wife. 

IN-eOM-PAT'MH,E,  a.  [Ft.,  from  the  L.in  and  com- 
peto,\.ii  suit,  to  lie  propt  r  or  coiivcnit-iit  ;  mm  and  pftti, 
lo  press  lowaril,  to  seek,  or  press  on.  It  was  for- 
merly uicooiprlitflr.] 

1.  liiroiisisii  iit ,  that  can  not  subsist  with  somc- 
thiiig  (  Ke.  Thus,  truth  and  falsehood  are  essential- 
ly incompatible,  as  are  virtue  and  vice.  A  degree  of 
colli  that  congeals  water  is  incompatible  with  vegeta- 
tion. Dissipation  is  incompatible  with  health,  reputa- 
tion, and  viitue. 

2.  Irrieoiicilably  dilTerent  or  disagreeing;  incon- 
gruous ;  as,  iHCumpalible  tempers. 

;(.  I.efally  or  coii>tiiiitioiiaIly  inconsistent;  that 
cannot  he  united  in  the  same  person,  without  viola- 
ting the  law  or  constitution.  By  our  constitution, 
theollices  of  a  IegislaIor;ind  of  a  judge  are  incompati 
ble,  as  they  cannot  be  held  at  the  same  time  by  the 
same  [lerson. 

A,  In  chemistry,  a  term  applied  to  salts  and  other 
siihslaiices,  which  can  not  exist  together  in  solution 
without  natural  decomposition.  Brande. 
IN-€O.M-PA'l''l-BLV',  adn.      Inconsistently;  incon- 
gruously. 

IN-€O.M  PENS'A-BLE,  (I.  That  can  not  be  recora 
pensrd. 

IN-eo.M'PK-TENCE,  in.  [Fr.  incompetence,  from 
I.N-eo.\rPE-TEN-(;V,  (  inr.ompetnit.] 

1.  Inability;  want  of  siiHicient  intellectual  pow- 
ers or  talents  ;  as,  the  incompitcncy  of  infants  or 
idiots. 

2.  Want  of  natural  adeipiate  strength  of  body  or 
of  siirtalile  faculties ;  :is,  the  incompetency  of  the 
e>'<.'s  lo  discern  the  niotions  of  the  heavenly  bodies 

3.  Want  ol  leiial  or  constitutional  qualifications 
as,  the  iitcooipoiency  o(  a  witness, 

4.  Want  of  adequate  means. 

,">.  InsiiliicienCy  ;  inadequacy  ;  as, the  incomyjctency 
of  testimony. 

I.N-eo.M'PE-TENT,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L,  in  and  compeUns, 
coinpeto.    See  iNiroMKATiiiLE.] 

1.  VN'aiitiiig  adeqiiiite  powers  of  mind,  or  siiitablt 
faculties;  as,  an  incompetent  j»idge.  Infancy,  de 
rangenieiit,  w  ant  of  learning,  or  dotage,  may  render  0 
person  incompetent  tu  fill  an  office  or  lo  transact  busi 
ness, 

2.  Wanting  due  strength  or  suitable  faculties  ;  un- 
abh'. 

'3.  Wanting  the  legal  or  constitutional  qualifica- 
tions. A  peisoii  convicted  of  a  crime  is  an  incompe- 
tent witness  in  a  court  td'  law  or  equity, 

4.  Oestitule  of  means  ;  unable. 

5.  Iiiadet{uate;  iiisiitlicienl ;  as,  incompetent  testi- 
mony. 

U.  Unfit;  improper;  legally  unavailable. 

It  in  incomjtelent  fur  the  tlcrouit.-tnt  to  iruUte  this  dcO  nio. 

Mae*,  Rep. 

IN-eOM'PE-TENT-LY,  adv.  Insufficiently;  inad- 
equately; not  suitably. 

IN-€O.M-Pl.l".TE',  o.   [in  and  complete.]  Not  finished. 
The  building  is  incomplete. 
2.  Imperfect ;  defective. 
?,.  In  bolnnii,  lacking  calvx  or  corolla,  or  both. 

IN  eo.M-PLK'i'E  LV,  adv.  '  Iiii|K-rfectly. 

IN-GO.M-PI.lTl'E'NESS,  n.  An  unfinished  suate  ;  inj- 
perfectuess  ;  di  fectivenes.s. 

I.N-CO.M-PLk'TION,  II.  Incoinpletencss.  [Unau- 
thorized.] Smart. 

IN-€0.\1-PI.EX',  a.  [in  and  ceinp/«.]  Not  complex; 
uncoiupi'iinilcd  ;  simple. 

IN-ef).M-I"l.l'A-BI.E,  a.    Not  compliable. 

IN-CO.M-lM.I'A.Nt.'E,  n.  [in  and  compliance.]  De- 
fect of  compliance  ;  refus;il  to  comply  with  solicita- 
tions, 

2.  I'ntractableiiess ;  unyielding  temper  or  consli- 
lulioii. 

Self 


imo  it  pnnloc^-B  p^f-vbhticia  and  incomptia 
liiiit^s  liwliii  anil  iiliiill'irrvilt. 


or  iiumor  in 
Tilloum. 


IN-GO.M-PLi'.VNT,  a.  [in  and  com;i/ian£.]  Unyield- 
ins;  to  request  or  solicitation  ;  not  disposed  to  com- 
ply. 

I\-eo.\l  PLI'ANT-LY,  adv.    Not  compliantly. 
I.N-CO.M-PoS'/.'l),  a.  [in  and  composed.]  Disordered; 
disturbed.  •  Mdlon. 

[But  this  word  is  little  iiwd.    Instead  of  il  we  use 

DiSCOM  eo3ED.] 

IN-etJ.M-POS'ITE  or  IN  €O.M'PO-«ITE,  a.  [in  and 
composite.]    Uncflniponiided ;  simple. 

IN-eo.\l-PO.'^"*I-BIL'I-TV,  n.  [in  and  compossible.] 
The  quality  of  . not  being  po-ssible  but  Iv  the  negation 
or  destruction  of  something ;  inconsistency  with 
something.    [Little  used.]  More.  Hale. 

IN-eOM-POS'SI-ItLE,  a.  [in,  con,  and  po-wiWcl  .Not 
possible  lo  he  or  subsist  with  something  else.  [This 
and  the  preceding  iron/  are  little  used,  and  can  hardly 
be  considered  as  Irintimote  English  vords.] 

IN-€O.M-PRF^HENS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [.See  the  next 
word.]  The  qiialitv  ol  being  incomprehensible,  or 
bevond  the  reach  of  human  intellect ;  inconceivablc- 
ness.  CampbelL 


TONE,  BtJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — e  as  K ;  6  as  J  j  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


591 


INC 


INC 


INC 


IN-eOM-PRE-HENS'l-I5LE,  a.     [Fr.    See  Comfue- 

HEND.] 

1.  Tlint  can  not  be  comprehended  or  understood  ; 
th:it  is  beyond  the  reach  of  human  intellect ;  incon- 
ceivable. The  nature  of  spiritual  being  is  incompre- 
hensible to  us,  or  by  us. 

2.  Not  to  be  contained.    [Lirrle  used.]  Hooker. 
IN-e01I-PRE-lIENS'I-BLE-XE§S,  n.  Incompreliens- 

ibilitv,  which  see. 
IN-eOM-PRE-HENST-DLY,  ade.   In  a  manner  which 
the  human  mind  can  not  c<)rni)rehend  or  undi  rstand  ; 


inconceivably. 
IN-eOM-PKE-HEX'.^IO.\,  n. 

sion  or  niulfr^ranilini:. 
IN-€OM-PRE-[lE.\L-  IVE,  a. 

not  extensive. 
IN-eOM-PRESS-I-BrL'I-TY,  n. 

BLE.]    The  quality  of  resisting 


Locke. 
Want  of  comprehen- 

Bacon. 
iS'ot  comprehensive  ; 

IVurton. 
[See  INCOMPRES5I- 
compression,  or  of 
being  incapable  of  reduction  by  tbrce  into  a  smaller 
compass. 

IN-eO-M-PRESS'I-BI.E,  a.  [in  and  enmprcssihic.]  Not 
to  be  compressed;  not  capable  of  being  reduced  by 
force  into  a  smaller  compass  ;  resisting  compression. 
Water  is  not,  as  was  once  supposed,  wholly  incom- 
jiressiitlp. 

IN-eO.M-PDT'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  computed. 
IN-eO.\-CeAL'A-BLE,  a.    [in  and  concmlable.]  Not 

coiirealable  ;  not  to  be  hid  or  kept  secret.  Brown. 
IN-€ON-CkIV'A-BLE,  «.    [in  and  conceivable;  Fr. 

inconrevahic.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  conceived  by  the  mind;  incom- 
prehensible. It  is  inconceivable  to  us  how  the  will 
acts  in  producing  muscular  motion. 

2.  That  can  nut  be  unilerstood. 
IN-eON-Cf;IV'A-IiLE-NESS,  re.    The  quality  of  be- 
ing inconceivable  ;  incomprehcnsibilitv. 

IN-eON-CfilV'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  bsyoiid 
comprehension,  or  beyond  the  reach  of  human  intel- 
lect. South. 

IN-eON-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  Inconceivable.  [LitUeused.] 

Hale. 

IN-eON-CIN'NI-TY,  re.    [L.  inconcinnitas.] 

Unsuitableness  ;  want  of  proportion.  Jilore. 
IN-€ON-eLu'DEXT,  a.    [L.  in  and  conclitdcns,  con- 
cludn,  to  conclude.] 

Not  inferring  a  conclusion  or  consequence.  [Little 
u.ml.]  -^yliffc. 
IN-eON-eLuD'IXG,  a.    Inferring  no  consequence. 

Pearsoyi. 

IN-GON-eLu'SIVE,  a.  [in  and  conclusive.}  Not  pro- 
ducing a  conclusion  ;  not  closing,  conchnfing,  or  set- 
tling a  point  in  debate,  or  a  doubtful  question.  An 
argument  or  evidence  is  inconclusive,  when  it  does 
not  exhibit  the  truth  of  a  disputed  case  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  satisfy  the  mind,  and  put  an  end  to  de- 
bate or  dowbt. 

IN-eON-eLu'.SIVE-LY,  adv.  Without  such  evidence 
•as  to  determine  the  understanding  in  regard  to  truth 
or  falsehood. 

IN-eON-€LC'SIVE-NESS,  re.  Want  of  such  evidence 

as  to  satisfy  the  mind  of  truth  or  falsehood,  and  put 

an  end  to  debate. 
IN-eo\-eoeT',  a.  Inamcocted. 
IN-eOi\-eoeT'ED,  a.    [in  and  concoct.]    Not  fully 

digested  ;  not  matured  ;  unrijiened.  Baeon. 
IN-eO.\-eoe'TrO.\,  «.    [in  and  concoction.]  The 

slate  of  being  indigested  ;  unripeness  ;  immaturity. 

Bacon. 

IN-eON-et,'R'RI.Vf!,  a.   [in  and  concnrring,  from  con- 
cur.]   Not  concurring  ;  not  agreeing.  Brown. 
IN-eoN-eUS'SI-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  shaken. 

Reynolds. 

IN-eON-DRN.S-A-RII/I-TY,  n.  [See  Inconpensa- 
BLE.l    The  qualitv  of  being  not  condensable. 

IN-eO.\-DEN.S'A-lU,E,  a.  [in  nnA  condensable.]  Not 
capable  of  cmulensation  ;  that  can  not  be  made  more 
dense  or  compact.  Black. 

2.  Not  to  be  converted  from  a  state  of  vapor  to  a 
fluid. 

IN-eO.\'DITE,  a.  [L.  ineouditux ;  in  and  condo,  to 
build.l 

Rude;  unpolished;  irregular.    [Little  u.icd.] 

Philips. 

IN-eON-ni"TION-AL,  (  kon-disb'nn-al,)  a.  [in  and 
conditional.]  Without  any  condition,  exception,  or 
limitation  :  absolute.  [J^ul  now lescd.]  [See  U\con- 
DlTloNAi,.)  Brown. 

IN-e()X-i)F'TI()N-AT15,  a.  fi'i  and  condition.]  Not 
limited  or  restrained  by  coiiditions  ;  absolute.  [Md 
now  utrd.]  Boyle. 

IN  CO.N'-FIIIM'KD,  for  Uncokpiiimed,  is  not  in  uiju. 

I\-€0.\-FOIl.M'A-I!|,E,  n.    Not  conformable. 

IN-eON-FOKM'l-TY,  >i.  [in  and  conformi',/.]  Want 
of  conformily;  inconqiliance  wilh  the  practice  of 
othem,  or  with  the  requisitions  of  law,  rule,  or  cus- 
tom ;  non-conforuiily.  ['/'he  latter  word  is  more  com- 
wonlif  tLtrd,  ejipeeiallij  to  erpress  dissent  in  reliirion.] 

L\-eo'N-FOS'/il),  a.    Not  confused  ;  distinct. 

Bacon. 

rN-CON  Ffl'SION',  (-fu'/.hun,)n.  DistlnctnesH.  Bacon. 
1N-€().N  (;r;AI/A  l)l,E,  a.     Not  capable  of  being 
frozen. 

IN  CUN  crAL'A-ni.E-NES.^,  n.  The  impossibility 
of  being  coHKcalcd  or  frozen. 


IN-GON-Ge'NI-AL,  a.  [in  nud  cons-cniat.]  Not  con- 
genial ;  not  of  a  like  nature  ;  unsuitable. 

IN-eON-(5E-NI-AL'I-TY,  n.  Unlikeiiess  of  nature  ; 
unsuitableness. 

IN-€ON"GIlU-ENCE,  re.  [in  and  conrp-uence.]  Want 
of  congruence,  adaptation,  or  agreement ;  imsuitable- 
ness.    [Little  used.    We  now  use  Incongruitv.] 

Buylc. 

IN-eON"GRU-ENT,  a.    Unsuitable  ;  inconsistent. 

Elliot. 

IN-eON-GRU'I-TY,  re.  [in  and  cong-ndty.]  Want  of 
congruity  ;  impropriety;  inconsistency;  absurdity; 
unsuitableness  of  one  tiling  to  another.  The  levity 
of  youth  in  a  grave  divine  is  deemed  an  inconrrruily 
bet\^'een  manners  and  profession. 
2.  Disagreement  of  parts  ;  want  of  symmetry. 

Donne. 

IN-eON"GRU-OUS,  a.    [L.  incongruus.] 

Not  congruous  ;  unsuitable  ;  not  fitting;  inconsist- 
ent ;  improper.  The  dress  of  a  seaman  on  a  judge 
\vould  be  deemed  incongruous  wilh  his  character 
and  station. 

IN-eoN"GRU-OUS-LY,  aiiu  Unsuitably;  niirttly  ; 
improperlv. 

IN-eON-NES'TIOX,  H.  [;,!  and  ronncrtion.]  Want 
of  ctumection  ;  Kmsi-,  ilj-joiiucd  state.      Bp.  Hall. 

IN-eO.\-Nr,X'KU-LV,  «        without  connection. 

IN-'eON'SGION-A-liLE,  (-kon'.-luin-n  I.I,)  a.  Having 
no  sense  of  good  and  evil  ;  iinron-rl-iMiible.  Spenser. 

IN-€ON'SK-aUENCE,  n.     [i..  ior„::s,:i„rntia.] 

Want  of  just  inference  ;  inconclusivi  ness. 

Stillilltrflcct. 

IN-€ON'SR-aUENT,a.  Not  following  from  the  prem- 
ises ;  without  regular  inference  ;  as,  an  inconse<iucnt 
deduction  or  ariiument.  Brown. 

IN-eoX-SE-UUE.\"TIAL.,  a.  Not  regularly  follow- 
ing from  the  premises. 

2.  Not  of  consequence  ;  not  of  importance  ;  of  lit- 
tle moment.  Chesterfield. 

IN-€ON-SE-aUEN-TIAIVl-TY,  n.  Slate  of  being  of 
no  consequence. 

IN-eON-SE-QUEN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  Without  regular 
sequence  or  d.-ducrion. 

IN-eoN-.<II)'r.i;-A-BLE,a.  [in  ani  considerable.]  Not 
worthy  of  coiisiilrratiou  or  notice;  unimportant; 
small ;  trivial.  W'e  speak  of  an  inconsiderable  dis- 
tance ;  an  inconsiderable  quality  or  amount ;  incon.tid- 
erablc  value.  No  sin  is  inconsiderable  in  the  sight  of 
a  holv  God. 

IN-eON-SID'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Small  importance. 

'I'dlotson. 

IN-eON-SID'ER-A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  small  degree  ;  to 

a  small  amount  ;  very  little. 
IN-eON-HID'Ell-A-CV,  n.  Thoughtlessness ;  want  of 

consideration.    [Unnsuul.]  Cliesterjield. 
IN-eON-SID'ER-ATE,  a.     [L.  inconsideratas.  See 

Consider.  ] 

1.  Not  considerate  ;  not  attending  to  the  circum- 
stances which  regard  safety  or  propriety;  hasty; 
rash;  imprudent;  careless;  thoughtless;  heedless; 
inattentive.    The  young  are  generally  inconsiderate. 

2.  Proceeding  from  heedlessness;  rash;  as,  incon- 
siderate conduct. 

3.  Not  duly  regarding ;  with  of  before  the  subject ; 
as,  inconsiilerate  of  consequences. 

IN-eON-SID'ER-ATE-LY,  adv.  Williout  due  consid- 
eration or  regard  to  consequences  ;  heedlessly;  care- 
lessly ;  rashly  ;  imprudently.  Mdison. 

IN-eON-SID'ER-ATE-NE.SS,  n.  Want  of  due  regard 
to  consequences.;  carelessness;  thoughtlessness;  in- 
advertence ;  inattention  ;  imprudence.  Tillotson. 

IN-eON-HID-ER-A'TlUN,  «.  [Fr.  ;  in  and  consiilera- 
tion.] 

Want  of  due  consideration  ;  want  of  thought ;  in- 
attention to  consequences.  Taylor. 
IN-eO.\-S|ST'ENCE,  In.  [in  anA  consistence.]  Snch 
IN-€ON-Si.ST'EN-C Y,  j  oiiposition  or  disagreement 
as  that  one  preposition  infers  the  negatiim  of  the 
other ;  such  contrariety  between  things  that  both  can 
not  subsist  together. 

There  is  u  perf  cl  inconeisteney  between  Unit  wliicU  is  of  debt 
all.)  l)i;it  which  is  uf  free  ^ill.  South. 

2.  Absurdity  in  argument  or  narration  ;  argument 
or  narrative  where  one  part  destroys  the  other;  self- 
conlradictirm.  .Johnson. 

;i.  Incongruity  ;  want  of  agreement  or  uniformity  ; 
as,  the  inconsistency  of  a  man  U'ith  himself. 

'1.  Unsteadiness  :  chaiiiirableness. 
IN-GON-SI.ST'E.NT,  a.    Ineom|iatiblo  ;  incongruous; 
not  suitable.    Uuud  laughter  in  grave  company  is  in- 
consi--.tnil  with  good  breeding.    Iliibiliial  gloom  is  m- 
consisiriit  With  health  and  happiness. 

2.  .N'ot  consislent ;  contrary,  so  lliat  one  infers  the 
negation  or  di'sliurlion  id' tiir  iplber,  orso  lleit  the 
truth  id'  one  proves  the  otlirr  to  !).-■  false.  Two  cov- 
enants, one  that  a  man  shall  have  an  estate  in  fee, 
and  the  other  that  he  shall  hold  it  for  years,  are  in- 
con.vi.':trnt. 

3.  Not  uniform;  being  contrary  at  dilfi'rent  times. 
Men  are  soinelimcs  inconsistent  with  tliniiselves. 

IN-CON-SI.-iT'E.NT-I.Y,  udr.  With  abMirdily  ;  in- 
cmigruouHly  ;  with  Helf-conlrudiclion  ;  without  stead- 
inesH  or  uniformity. 


IN-€ON-SIST'ENT-NESS,  n.    Inconsistency.  [JVot 

in  use.]  More. 
IN-eoN-SIST'ING,  a.    Inconsistent.    [A'-ot  used.] 

Drndcn. 

IN-eON-SoL'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  consolable.]  Not  to 
he  consoled  ;  grieved  beyond  susceptibility  of  com- 
fort.      _  Mdison. 

IN-eON-SoL'A-BLY,  ado.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  does  luit  admit  of  consolation. 

IN-eON'SO-NAN'CE,  ;i.  Disagreement  of  sounds; 
discordance.'  Busby. 

IN-eON'SO-N.'VN-CY,  re.  [in  and  consonancy.]  Dis- 
agreement ;  inconsistency.  In  mttsic,  disagreement 
of  sounds  ;  discordance. 

IN-eoN'SO-N.\NT,  a.  Not  agreeing  ;  inconsistent ; 
discordant. 

IN-eON'SO-N.-VNT-I.Y,  adv.  Inconsistently ;  discord- 
antly. 

IN-edN-SPie'Q-OUS,-a.  [in  anA  conspicuous.]  Not 
discernible ;  not  to  h.!  perceived  by  the  sight.  Boyle. 
2.  Not  conspicuous. 

IN  eoN-SPIcq-OOS-LY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  per- 
ceived. 

IN-€ON'STAN-CY,  n.    [L.  inconstantia.    See  Con  ■ 

STANCV.J 

1.  Mutability  or  instability  of  temper  or  affection  ; 
unsteadiness;  fickleness.  Mdison. 

2.  Want  of  uniformity  ;  dissimditude.  Woodward. 
IN-CON'STAN'l',  a.    [L.  inr.onslnns  :  Fr.  inconstant.] 

1.  Mutable  ;  subject  to  change  of  opinion,  inclina- 
tion, or  purpose  ;  not  firm  in  resolution  ;  unsteady  ; 
fickle  i  used  of  persons ;  as,  inconstant  in  love  or  friend- 
ship. 

2.  Mutable;  changeable;  variable;  used  of  things. 
IN-eON'STANT-LY,  adv.  In  an  inconstant  manner; 

not  steadily. 

IN-CON-SuM'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  consnmable.]  Not 
to  be  consumed  ;  that  can  not  be  wasted.  Brown. 

IN-CON-Su.M'A-ELY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  consuma- 
ble. S/if//f«. 

IN-eON-SU.M'.^IATE,  a.  Not  consummate;  not  fin- 
ished ;  hof'coinplcte. 

IN-eON-SUM'MATE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  in- 
complete. 

IN-eON-SUMP'TI-BLE,  a.    [L.  in  and  consuwptns.] 

1.  Not  to  be  spent,  wasted,  or  destroyed  by  fire. 
[JVu«  used.]  Digby. 

2.  Not  to  be  destroyed,    f  JVot  used.] 
IN-eON-TAM'I.\  ATE,  a.   Not  contaminated.  Moore. 
IN-eON-TAM'IN-ATE-NESS,  re.   Uncorrupted  state. 
IN-eON-TEST'A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.]     Not  contestable; 

not  to  be  disputed  ;  not  admitting  debate  ;  too  clear 
to  be  controverted  ;  incontrovertible  ;  as,  incontestable 
evidence,  truth,  or  facts. 
IN-CON-TEST'.A-BLY,™/!!.  In  a  manner  to  preclude 
debate  ;  indisputably  ;  incontroveitibly  ;  indubitably. 

Rcid. 

IN-eON-TIG'IT-OUS,  a.  [in  and  conti^tous.]  Not 
contiguous  ;  not  adjoining ;  not  touching  ;  separate. 

Boyle. 

IN-CON-TIG'lI-OUS-LY,  adv.  Not  contiguously ;  sei>- 
aratelv. 

IN-CON'TI-NENCE,  )  71.  [L.  i/icontincnd'a ;  Fr.  incon- 
IN-eON'TI-NEN-CY,  i     tinence.   See  Continence.] 

1.  Want  of  restraint  of  the  passions  or  appetites  ; 
free  or  uncontndlcd  indulgence  of  the  passi(ms  or  ap- 
petites, as  of  anger.  Gillies'  .Aristotle. 

2.  AVant  of  restraint  of  the  sexual  appetite  ;  free  or 
illegal  indulgence  of  lust ;  lewdness;  u.ied  of  either 
se,r,  but  appropriately  of  the  male  sex.  Incontinence  in 
men  is  the  same  as  unchastity  in  women. 

3.  ,'\mong  physicians,  the  inability  of  any  of  the 
animal  organs  to  restrain  discharges  of  their  con- 
tents, so  that  the  discharges  are  inviduntary. 

IN-CON'Tl-NENT,  a.    [L.  incontinens.] 

1.  Not  restraining  the  p;is;iions  or  ajipetites,  partic- 
ularly the  sexual  appetite  ;  indulging  lust  without  re- 
straint, or  in  violation  of  law  ;  unchaste  ;  lewd. 

2.  Unable  to  restrain  discharges. 

In  the  sense  of  inimcdiate  or  inimediatdy ,  obsolete. 
IN-CON'TI-NE.NT,  re.    One  who  is  unchaste. 

B.  .lonson. 

IN-CON'TI-NENT-IjY,  adv.    Without  due  restraint 
of  the  passions  or  appetites  ;  unchaslely. 
2.  Imniediatelv.  Pope.  Dickens. 

UN'-CON-TRACT'ED,  a.  Not  contracted  ;  not  short- 
ened. Blaekwnll. 

[.\-f;0.V-TI!OI/r,A-HLK,  a.  [«»  and  controllahle.]  Not 
to  be  coutrolb'd  ;  that  can  not  bo  restrained  <U'  gov- 
erned ;  uiiconlidllMbli'.  Walsh. 

IN-C<>.\-Tl!ol/I.A-HI,V,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  ud- 
niils  of  no  control. 

IN-C().\-Ti;u-Vi;HT'I-lil.E,  a.  [in  and  controverti- 
ble.] liidispiilable ;  loo  clear  or  certain  to  admit  of 
dispute. 

IN-fX)i\'-'l'RO-VEI!T'I  IlIA',  adr.    In  a  manner  or  to 

a  decree  that  precludes  debate  or  controversy. 
l.N-€ON-Vi:.\'l  ICNCi;,  In.    [i,.  iueonrrniens  ;  in  and 
I\-C<)N-Vl";.\'IEN-CV,  i     conrenio,  conrrniens.] 
I.  Unlilness  ;  iiiisuitableneKs  ;  incrxpedience. 


They  plemi  n^riliut  tlie  ii 

pujlivtl  U|){MI'el. 


iiul  the  iiiiliiwfiilFieiw,  of 
Honker. 


2.  That  which  gives  trouble  or  uneasiness ;  disad- 


FATE,  FAU,  PALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PUBV.  — PINE,  MARtNB,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 
__ 


INC 

vantage ;  any  tiling  that  disturbs  (|iii(.'t,  impedes  pros- 
perity, or  incrcasi^s  the  difficulty  (if  action  or  success. 
Uuin  and  bad  roads  are  incumcniencci  to  llie  traveler  ; 
want  of  utensils  is  n  great  inconveniencf  tu  a  family  ; 
but  the  great  inconvenience  of  human  life  is  the  want 
of  money  and  the  means  of  obtaining  it. 
IN-eON-VRN'lE.VT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  the  f,.,  snpm.] 

1.  Incommodious  ;  unsuitable  ;  disadvantageous  ; 
giving  trqiible  or  uneasiness  ;  increasing  the  dillicul- 
ty  of  progri!ss  or  success  ;  as,  an  inconvenient  dress 
or  garment ;  an  inconvenient  house  ;  inconvenient  cus- 
toms ;  an  inconoenicnt  arrangement  of  business. 

2.  Unfit;  unsuitable.  lluoker. 
IN-€ON-VkN'IENT-LY,  aJo.     Unsuitably;  incom- 
modiously ;  in  a  manner  to  give  trouble  ;  unseason- 
ablv. 

IN-CON-VEIIS'A-BLE,  a.  [in  a.nA  conversabh.]  Not 
inclined  to  free  conversation  ;  incommunicative  ;  un- 
social ;  reser\'ed.  More. 

IN-(JON'VERtJ-ANT,  a.  Not  conversant ;  not  famil- 
iar ;  not  versed.  Shaw's  Zo'ut. 

l.\-t'0.\-VEKT-I-niL'I-TY,  71.  [from  incunrrrtihle.] 
The  quality  of  not  being  changeable  or  convertible 
into  something  else;  as,  the  inconvertibility  bank 
notes  or  other  currency  into  gold  or  silver.  JVatslt. 

IN-eON-VERT'l-BLE  a.  [in  and  convertible.]  Not 
convertible  ;  that  can  not  be  transmuted  or  changed 
into  something  else.  One  metal  is  inconvertible  into 
another,  liank  notes  are  soinetiiiies  inconvertible  into 
spi'cie.  n'al.<li. 

IN  eON-VrCT'ED-NESS,  7i.  State  of  being  not  con- 
victed.   [Bail.]  More. 

IN-eo.\-VI\'CI-l5LE,  a.  [in  and  coni-ijifiJ/f.]  Not 
convinciblc  ;  that  can  not  be  convinced  ;  not  capable 
of  conviction. 

I.N-eo.N-VIN't'l-BLY,  ni/e.  In  a  manner  not  adniit- 
tini:  of  ctuiviction. 

IN-t"o'NY,  II.  or  H.    [(in.  in  and  con,  to  know.] 

Unlearned  ,  artless ;  an  accomplished  person,  in 
contempl.    [III.]  Sliul:. 

I.N-COU'Pl)  K.\L,  a.  [in  at\i\  corporol.]  Not  consist- 
ing of  matter  or  body  ;  immaterial.  [Lncoiu'okeal 
(S  Tfncrolli/  n.'ieil.]  Ralcirh. 

(N-eoR-PO"-R.\L'I-TY,  71.    The  quality  of  not  con- 

.sistiiig  of  niatler ;  iinmaterialitv. 
IN-eORTO-R  AL-LY,  adv.  Without  matter  or  a  body ; 
immateriallv. 

IN-eOK'PO  KATE,  a.  [in  and  corporate.]  Not  con- 
sisting of  mutter;  not  liaviiig  a  material  body.  [Lil- 
lle  used.] 

2.  Mixed  ;  united  in  one  body  ;  associated. 

Bacon.  Shak. 
IN-€OR'PO-RaTE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  incorporer;  Sp.  incorpo- 
rar  ;  It.  incorporare ;  L.  incorporo ;  in  and  corpus,  a 
body.] 

1.  In  pharmacy,  to  mix  different  ingredients  in  one 
mass  or  boily  ;  to  reduce  dry  substances  to  the  con- 
sistence of  paste  by  the  adini.\ture  of  a  fluid,  as  in 
making  pills,  &c.  F.ncyc. 

2.  To  mix  and  embody  one  substance  in  another  ; 
as,  to  incorporate  copper  with  silver. 

3.  To  unite;  to  blend  ;  to  work  into  another  mass 
or  body  ;  as,  to  incorporate  plagiarisms  into  one's  own 
com|K>sitinn. 

4.  To  unite  ;  to  associate  in  another  government  or 
empire.  The  Romans  incorporated  coiuiuercd  coun- 
tries into  their  government.  Addison. 

5.  Tu  embody  ;  to  give  a  material  form  to. 

TUe  ulolaleri,  who  worsliiped  their  imagra  as  gotis,  supposed 
some  spirit  tu  be  incorjuirated  ihen^u.  StiUingJleet. 

6.  To  form  into  a  legal  body,  or  body  politic  ;  to 
constitute  a  body,  composed  of  one  or  more  individ- 
uals, with  the  unality  of  perpetual  existence  or  suc- 
cession, unless  limited  by  the  act  of  incorporation  ; 
as,  to  incorporate  the  inhabitants  of  a  city,  town,  or 
parish  ;  to  incorporate  the  proprietors  of  a  bridge,  the 
stockholders  of  a  bank,  of  an  insurance  company, 
&c.  New  Ilaven  was  incorporated  in  Jamiarv,  1784, 
Hartford  in  .Ma)-,  1784.  Stat,  of  Conn. 

IN-e0R'I'O-R.\TE,  r.  i.  To  unite  .so  .as  to  make  a 
part  of  another  body  ;  to  lie  mixed  or  blended  ;  to 
grow  into,  &c.  ;  usually  followed  by  wiOi. 

P;uiili'n'  culom  and  asha  do  hcltrr  incorporate  igith  oil.  Bacon. 

IN-eOR'PO-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Mixed  or  united  in 

one  body  ;  associated  ill  the  same  political  body ; 

united  in  a  legal  body. 
IN-eoR'PO-RA-TING,  ppr.  Mixing  or  uniting  in  one 

body  orm.ass  ;  associating  in  the  same  political  body  ; 

forming  a  legal  bodv. 
IX-euR-PO-RA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  incorporating. 

2.  Union  of  difl'erpiit  ingredients  in  one  mass. 

3.  .\ssociation  in  the  same  political  body ;  as,  the 
incorporation  of  conquered  countries  into  the  Roman 

I  republic. 

I        4.  Formation  of  a  legal  or  political  body  by  the 
I      union  of  individuals,  cimstituting  an  artificial  per- 
'   iv*<''\o  BA  Blackstonc. 
:   '^"t'OK-PO'RE-AL,  a.    [Fr.  ineorporel  i  h.  incorpora- 

tis,  incorporeujt.] 
Not  consisting  of  matter ;  not  having  a  material 

bmly  ;  immaterial.    Spirits  are  deemed  incorporeal 

substances. 


INC 

IN-eOK-PO'RE-AL-LY,  ado.  Without  body  ;  imma- 
teri.illy.  Bacon. 

IN-eOK  PO-Ui":'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being  not 
material  ;  imniateriality. 

IN-eoRPt^E',  (in-korps',)  D.«.  To  incorporate.  [Bar- 
barons.]^  Shak. 

IN-CORRECT',  a.  [in  and  correct.]  Not  correct; 
not  exact ;  not  according  to  a  copy  or  model,  or  to 
established  rules  ;  inaccurate  ;  faulty. 

Tlie  piocc,  y.tii  (Itiiik,  id  incorrect.  Pope, 

2.  Not  according  to  truth;  inaccurate;  as,  an  m- 
correct  statement,  narration,  or  calculation. 

3.  Not  .according  to  law  or  morality. 

4.  In  old  writers,  not  duly  regulated  or  subordina- 
ted. 

It  shows  a  will  most  incorrcd  to  hcavrn.  Sliak. 

IN-COR-REC'TION,  71.  VYant  of  correction.  Arnway. 
IN-COR-KECT'LY,  ado.    Not  in  accordance  with 

truth  or  other  standard  ;  iiiaccur.ately  ;  not  exactly  ; 

as,  a  writing  incorrectly  copied  ;  testimony  incorrectly 

stated. 

IN-€OR-REeT'NF,.-JS,  71.  Want  of  conformity  to 
truth  or  to  a  sfaiidard  ;  inaccuracy.  Incorrectness 
may  consist  in  defect  or  in  redundance. 

IN-COK-RE-SPOND'ING,  a.    Ntit  corresponding. 

Coleridn-e. 

IN-COR'UI-Cil-nLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  corri;rMc;  L. 
corri'jn  ;  con  and  reiro.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  corrected  or  amended  ;  bad  be- 
yond correction  ;  as,  incorriirible  error. 

2.  Too  de|)ravcd  to  be  correcleil  or  reformed  ;  as, 
an  ineorri'nbic  sinner  ;  an  incorriirible  (triinkard. 

IN-f:nR'RI-(5MiLE-NESS,  \  n.    The  quality  of  being 

IN-COR-KI-GI-BII.'l-'l'Y,  i  bad,  erroneous,  or  ile- 
pra.V(  (I  beyond  correction  ;  hopeless  depravity  in  per- 
sons and  error  in  things.  Locke. 

IN-eOR'Rl-CI-liLY,  a(/».  To  a  degree  of  depravity 
beyonti  all  moans  of  amendine-nt.  Roscommon. 

r.\-€OR-l!olVr-liI,E,  a.    That  can  not  be  corroded. 

IN-('OU  lUII'T',      la.    [L.  incorruptas ;  in  and  cor- 

IN-COU-KUPT'KD,  J  runipo,  corrujttus;  con  and  rum- 
po,  to  break.] 

Not  corrupt ;  not  marred,  impaired,  or  spoiled  ;  not 
defiled  or  depraved  ;  pure  ;  sound  ;  untainted  ;  above 
the  power  of  bribes  ;  applicable  to  persons,  principles, 
or  substances.  MUton. 

IN-COR-RUl'T-I-niL'I-TY,  71.  ffrom  incomiptible.] 
The  quality  of  being  incapable  of  decay  or  of  being 
corrupted. 

IN-eOR-RUPT'I-I?I,E,  a.    [Fr. ;  in  and  corruptible.] 

1.  That  can  not  corrupt  or  decay  ;  not  admitting  of 
corruption.  Thus  gold,  glass,  mercury,  &c.,  are  in- 
corrnptible.    Spirits  are  supposed  to  be  incorruptible. 

Our  bodies  shall  be  changed  into  incorruptibte  uiid  inuuort.il 
sutMUinccs.  Wake. 

2.  That  can  not  be  bribed  ;  inflexibly  just  and  up- 
right. 

IN-eOR-RirPT'I-nUE-NES.S,77.  The  quality  of  being 
incorruptible,  or  not  liable  to  decay.  Boyle. 

IN-COR-KUPT'l-HLY,  adv.  So  .is  not  to  admit  of  cor- 
niption  or  decav. 

IN-eOR-RUP'Tl'O.V,  71.  [ill  and  corruption.]  Incapa- 
bility of  being  corrupted. 

It  is  sown  in  corruption  ;  it  is  mbcd  tu  incorruption.  —  1  Cor. 

IN-eOR-RUPT'IVE,  a.  Not  liable  to  corruption  or 
decay.  Akenside. 

IN-COR-RUPT'NESS,  71.  Exemption  from  decay  or 
corruption. 

2.  Purity  of  mind  or  manners;  probity  ;  integrity  ; 
honesty.  Woodward. 
IN-('R.\S'S.\TE,  r.  U   [L.  incrasso,  incrassatus  ;  in  and 
crassu.<,  thick.] 

1.  To  make  thick  or  thicker;  to  thicken  ;  the  con- 
trary to  Attenu.\te. 

2.  In  pharmacy,  to  make  fluids  thicker  by  the  mix- 
ture of  other  substances  less  fluid,  or  by  evaporating 
the  thinner  parts. 

Acids  tlisiolve  or  attenuate  :  allcdies  precipitate  or  incmssate. 

Neielon. 

IN-CRAS'SaTE,  r.  i.    To  become  thick  or  thicker. 

I.N-CRAS'.SATE,     j  a.    In  botany,  thickened  or  be- 

I.X-CRAS'S.a-TED,  i    coming  thicker.  Martyn. 
2.  Fattened. 

IN-CRA.-^'Sa-TED,  pp.    Made  thick  or  thicker. 

IN-€R.\S'SA-TI.\t;,  pirr.  Rendering  thick  or  thicker; 
growing  thicker. 

IN-CKAS  S.\'TIO.V',  71.  The  act  of  thickening,  or 
state  of  becoming  thick  nr  thicker.  Brown. 

IN-CR.\.S'SA-TIVE,  a.  ILaving  the  quality  of  thick- 
ening. 

IN-CRAS'SA-TIVE,  71.    That  which  has  the  power 

to  thicken.  Harvey. 
IN-eUE.VS'A-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  increased. 

_  _  Sherwood. 

I.N'-CRe.VSE',  r.  u  .  [L.  incresco ;  in  and  crcsco,  to 

grow,  Fr.  croitre,  Sp.  creccr,  It.  cre.iscerc,  Arm.  crcsqi. 

As  the  Latin  pret.  is  creoi,  this  word  and  the  Eng. 

grow  are  probably  of  the  same  family.    Class  Rd, 

No.  50,  75.] 

1.  To  become  greater  in  bulk  or  quantity ;  to 
grow ;  to  augment ;  as  plants.    Hence,  to  btxome 


INC 

more  in  number;  to  advance  in  value,  or  in  any 
quality,  good  or  bad.  Animal  and  vegetable  bodies 
increase  by  natural  growth  ;  wealth  increases  by  in- 
dustry ;  heat  increases  as  the  sun  advances  toward 
the  meridian  ;  a  mulliliide  increases  by  accession  of 
numbers  ;  knowledge  increases  with  age  and  study  ; 
passion  and  enmity  increase  by  irritation,  and  misery 
increases  with  vice. 

Thr;  I.onl  make  you  to  increase  and  abound  in  love  one  toward 
ojiulIkt.  —  1  'I'lieitt.  lii. 

2.  To  become  more  violent ;  as,  the  fever  increases  : 
the  pain  inerta.-trs  ;  cold,  wind,  or  a  storm,  increases. 

3.  'I'll  become  more  bright  or  vivid  ;  as,  the  light 
increases. 

4.  To  swell ;  to  rise. 

Tlie  wali-rs  ijtcreojied,  and  iKin?  up  the  ark.  —  Gen.  Tii. 

5.  To  swell ;  to  become  louder,  as  sound. 

6.  To  become  of  more  esteem  and  authority. 

He  niuiit  iucrcdiie,  but  I  niuKt  ilr-cr'ase.  —  John  iii. 

7.  To  enlarge,  as  the  enlightened  part  of  the 
moon's  disk. 

IN-CRk.V.'^E',  71.  (.  To  augment  or  make  greater  in 
bulk,  (piantity,  or  amount ;  as,  to  increase  wealth  or 
treasure  ;  to  increase  a  sum  or  value. 

2.  To  advance  in  quality  ;  to  add  to  any  quality  or 
affection  ;  as,  to  increase  the  strength  of  moral  hab- 
its ;  to  increase  love,  /.i;al,  or  iiassion. 

3.  To  extend  ;  to  lengthen  ;  as,  to  increase  dis- 
tance. 

4.  To  extend ;  to  spread ;  as,  to  increase  fame  or 
renown. 

5.  To  aggravate  ;  as,  to  increase  guilt  or  trespass. 
IN-CRRASE'  or  lN'eiU";ASE,  71.    Augmeiitatiim  ;  a 

growing  larger  in  si/.c,  extent,  ipiantity,  &.c. 

of  the  increase  of  his  guveriniiunt  unti  peace,  tjiere  shall  be  no 
end.  —  lit.  ix. 

2.  The  result  of  augmentation  ;  profit;  interest; 
that  which  is  addeil  to  the  original  stock. 


Take  thou  no  iut.  r.  »l  uf  liii: 
L.  V.  XXV. 


increase  ;  but  fear  thy  God.  — 


3.  Produce,  as  of  land. 

Then  shall  the  earth  yi^ld  h'.T 

4.  Progeny  ;  issue  ;  otfsprin 


5.  Generation.  Shak. 

6.  The  waxing  of  the  moon  ;  the  augmentation  of 
the  luminous  part  of  the  moon,  presented  to  the  in- 
habitants of  the  earth. 

Seeds,  hair,  nails,  h'-d  j'-s,  and  hcrljo  will  grow  soonest,  if  set  or 
t  ul  the  moon.  Hacon. 


7.  Augmentation  of  strength  or  violence  ;  as,  iii- 
crcase  of  heat,  love,  or  other  p.assion  ;  increase  of 
force. 

8.  Augmentation  of  degree  ;  as,  increase  of  happi- 
ness or  misery. 

IN-eRf;A.S'/-;D,  (in-kreest',)        or  a.    Augmented  ; 

made  or  grown  larger. 
I.\  eRKASE'FJJL,  a.    Abundant  in  produce.  Shak. 
I.\  Clilj;.\S'ER,  71.    He  or  lli.at  which  increases. 
I.\  {'I;k.\S'I.\G,  7i;ir.   or  a.     Growing  ;  becoming 

larger;  ailvnncing  in  any  qualitv,  good  or  bad. 
IN-CRicAS'ING-LY,  aJv.    In  the'  way  of  growing; 

growingly. 

IN-CRE-aTE',  v.  t.   To  create  within.  Howe. 
I.N'CUE-.XTE,     )  a.    Uncreated,  which  sec.  ['rite 
I.\'t'RE-A-TED,  )     latter  is  the  wnrd  mostly  used.] 
IN-CREU-I-BII/I-TY,  «.    [Fr.  incrcdtbiliti.    See  I.n- 

CREOIIILE.] 

The  quality  of  surpassing  belief,  or  of  being  too 
extraordinary  to  admit  of  belief.  Drydrn. 
IN-GRED'I-liLE,  a.    [h.  incrcdibilis  ;  in  am\  crcdibilis, 
credible.] 

That  can  not  be  believed  ;  not  to  be  credited  ;  too 
extraordinary  and  improbable  to  admit  of  belief. 

Why  shoitlil  it  be  thought  a  thing  incredible  with  you,  that  God 
should  r.iis.-  the  d.  ad  I  —  Acts  xxvi. 

IN-CRE!)'I-I!LE-NESS,  71.    Incredibility,  which  see. 
I.\-CKEI)'l  liLY,  a(/i).    In  a  m.mner  to  preclude  be- 
IN-CRE-DO'LI-TY,  71.    [Fr.  increduliti.]  [lief. 
The  quality  of  not  believing  ;  indisposition  to  be- 
lieve ;  a  withholding  or  refusal  of  belief.  Ralegh. 
Of  every  sp-'cies  of  tricrcdufify,  religious  unbelief  is  infinitely  tlie 
nio«t  irnitional.  Buckminsler. 

IN  CRED'lI-LOUS,  a.    [L.  incredulus;  in  and  credu- 
las :  credo,  to  believe.] 

Not  believing ;  indisposed  to  admit  the  truth  oi 
wliat  is  related ;  refusing  or  withholding  belief. 

Bacon. 

I.\-eRED'tI-I<OUS-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  not  dis- 
posed to  believe. 

I.N'-CRED'U-LOUS-NESS,  71.   Incredulity,  which  see. 

IN  CRE.M'A-BLE,  a.    [L.  in  and  cremo.] 

That  can  not  be  liurnt.    [J\'ot  used.]  Broien. 

IN'CRE-ME.NT,  n.    [L.  incrcwicntum,  from  incrcsee. 
S<>e  Increase.] 

1.  Increase  ;  a  growing  in  bulk,  quantity,  number, 
value,  or  omount ;  augmentation. 

2.  Produce ;  production. 

3.  Matter  added  ;  increase. 


TtNE,  BJjLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SlI ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


75 


XX- 


593 


INC 


INC 


IND 


4.  In  matliematics,  the  finite  increase  of  a  variable 
quantity.  Barlow. 
IN'CKE-PaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  incrtpo.] 

To  cliide  ;  tci  rebuke.    [AQ/i  in  wsc] 
IN-CRE-l'A'TION,  H.    [It.  incrrpaiionc] 

A  cliidin;  nr  rebuking  ;  re))uke  ;  reprehension. 

Hammond. 

IN-eRES'CENT,  a.    [L.  incrrscens.    See  Increase.] 

Inrreasini.' ;  crowing;  augmenting;  swelling. 
IN-€11IM'IN-aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  in  and  criminor,  to  ac- 
cus^e.    8ee  Crime.] 
To  accuse  ;  to  charge  with  a  crime  or  fault. 
IiV-eRLM'IN-A-TED,  pp.    Accused  ;  charged  with  a 
crime. 

IN-eRIM'IX-A-TING,  ppr.  Charging  with  a  crime  or 
fault. 

IN-CRU-ENT'AL,  o.    [L.  incrventus.] 

Unbloody  ;  not  attended  with  blood.  [JVot  in  ?«c] 
IN-CRUST',  V.  t.     [L.  incriu^to  ;  in  and  crwsto,  to 
crii-t.] 

To  cover  with  a  crust  or  with  a  hard  coat ;  to  form 
a  cnist  on  the  surface  of  any  substance  ;  as,  iron  in- 
crustcd  with  o.\yd  or  rust ;  a  vessel  incrusted  with 
salt. 

IN-CRUST'aTE,  i>.  t.  To  incrust.  [Less  frequently 
used.'] 

IN-CRUST-a'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  incrustatio.] 
1.  A  crust  or  coat  of  any  thing  on  the  surface  of  a 
body. 

9.  A  covering  or  inlaying  of  marble,  mosaic,  or 
other  substance,  attached  by  cramp-irons,  cem- 
ent, &c.  Brande. 

IN-CRUST'ED,  pp.    Covered  with  a  crust. 

I\-€RUST'Ii\G,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  crust. 

IN-eiiUST'.MENT,  n.    Incrustation.         Ed.  Rn. 

IN-CRYS'TAL-LlZ-A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  erystallizable.'\ 
That  will  not  crystallize  ;  that  can  not  be  formed  in- 
to crystals ;  uncrystallizable. 

IN'GU-BaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  incubo;  in  and  cubo,  to  lie 
down.] 

To  sit,  as  on  eggs  for  hatching. 
IN-CU-Ba'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  incubatio.] 

The  act  of  sitting  on  eggs  for  the  purpose  of  batch- 
ing young.  Rap. 

This  word  has  of  late  been  sometimes  applied  to 
the  hatching  of  eggs  by  artificial  he.at.  Ure. 
IN-eO'lil-TlIRE,  7!.    Iiicnbation.  [JVutused.] 
IN'€U-BUS,  71.    [L.,  from  ineubn,  to  lie  on.] 

1.  The  nightmare;  suffocative  anlnlatinn,  with  a 
sense  of  external  pressure  upon  the  tlu  st,  nft.  n  seem- 
ing to  be  that  of  some  hideous  nuawter,  and  with 
tremor  or  violent  struggle,  transitory  ;  most  common- 
ly occurring  during  sleep,  though  sometimes  during 
wakefulness. 

2.  A  demon ;  an  imaginary  being  or  fairy. 

Bp.  Hall. 

IN-CUL'e  ATE,  V.  t.    [L.  inculco,  to  drive  or  force  on  ; 

ill  and  calcii,  to  tread,  calz,  the  heel.] 
To  impress  by  frequent  admonitions  ;  to  teach  and 

enforce  by  frequent  repetitions  ;  to  urge  on  the  mind. 

Our  Savior  inculcates  on  his  followers  humility  and 

foririveness  of  injuries, 
IN-eUL'CA-TED,  p/).    Impressed  or  enforced  by  fre- 
quent admonitions. 
IN-CUL'eA-TING,  ppr.    Impressing  or  enforcing  by 

repeated  instruction. 
IN-eCL-C.^'TION,  H.    The  action  of  impressing  by 

repeated  admonitions, 
IN-€UL'1'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  in  and  cvlpabilis,  from  culpa, 

a  fault.] 

Without  fault ;  unblamable  ;  that  can  not  be  ac- 
cused. Soutli, 
IN-eUL'PA-BLE-NESS,  71.  Unblamableness. 

Mtmntatni, 

IN-eULTA-BLV,  adv.    Unblamably  ;  without  blame. 

So  alk. 

IN-CUL'PaTE,  v.  t.    [h.  ineutpo,  to  excuse.] 

To  lilame  ;  to  censure  ;  oj)po.sed  to  Exculpate. 

Smart. 

[This  sense  is  directly  cnntiaiy  to  that  of  the  1-at- 
in  word,  but  is  I'stablished  by  good  authority.] 
I.\-€Ul,'r.\-TEI),  pp.    iilained  ;  censured. 
l.\-fl'l/rA-TI.\G,  ppr.    Blaming;  censuring. 
I.\-C(,'l.  I'A'TIO.N',  71.    [L.  Ill  and  culpa.] 

Bl  inie  ;  ceiisuri'.  Jefferson, 
I.V-CI  I,'l>A-'rO-llY,  a.    Imputing  blame. 
IN-Ci;i/I'',  a.    [I,,  incullu.i  ;  in  and  cultus,  from  colo.] 

I'lilillcd  ;  uni  nitivateil.  Tliom'son. 
I.\-eUL,'TI-VA-TEIj,  u.    Xot  cultivated  ;  uncultiva- 
ted. 

Ii\-ei;L-TI-VA''J'ION,  71,    Neglect  or  want  of  culti- 
vation, Brrinstnn. 
IN-CUL'TI^RE,  71,    Want  or  neglirct  of  cultivation, 

Fcltham. 

lN-Ci;.M'BE\-CY,  71,  [from  i,icum4cii(.]  A  lying  or 
renting  on  nomelliing. 

2.  Tlie  Ktate  of  holding  or  being  in  possession  of  a 
benefice,  or  of  an  ollicc, 

Tho^i  fimi  arc  10  l»  piild  to  thn  1-l.hop  only  during  DW  inatm- 
„    '«"'y-  Swyft. 
Th'Ti-  u  110  lr»t  of  Umj  tciium  Irtit  Uieumbency  on  tli<'  p-m  of  the 
lo")r-  E.  i:^reu. 

liV-eUM'BENT,  a.  [L.  incumbent,  incumbo;  in  and 
tumbo,  to  lie  down  ;  Hf.  incumhir.] 


1.  Lying  or  resting  on. 

Anil  when  to  move  the  itcuiitbent  Iwad  tliey  try.  A'Sdison. 

2.  Supported  ;■  buoyed  up. 

And  fly  incumienl  on  the  dusky  air,  Vryden. 

3.  Leaning  on  or  resting  against ;  as,  incumbent  sta- 
mens or  anthers,  in  botany.  Jlartijn. 

4.  Lying  on,  as  duty  or  obligation;  imposed  and 
emphatically  urging  or  pressing  to  performance ;  in- 
dis[)ensable. 

All  nipu,  truly  zerilons,  will  perform  those  good  works  wliich  are 
iiicuitiherU  on  all  Chrisuans.  iS'piat. 

IN-CUSI'BENT,  71,  The  person  who  is  in  present  pos- 
session of  a  benefice,  or  of  any  ofiice  [It  is  applied 
to  ciril  officers  as  well  as  to  ecclesiastical.] 

IX-€(JM'BENT-LY,  ado.    In  an  incumbent  manner. 

CiLalmers. 

IN-€UJI'BER,  V.  t.    [Fr.  encombrer;  It.  ingo/nbrare.] 
To  burden  with  a  load  ;  to  embarrass."  [See  En- 
cumber, and  its  derivatives.] 

IN-eUM'BRANCE,  71.    A  burdensome  and  trouble- 
some load  ;  any  thing  that  impetles  nrotion  or  ac- 
tion, or  renders  it  difficult  or  laborious  ;  clog;  imped- 
iment ;  embarrassment. 
2.  A  legal  claim  on  the  estate  of  another. 

IN-CI/.M'liRAX-CER,  71.  One  who  has  an  incum- 
brance, nr  siinie  legal  claim  on  an  estate.  Kent. 

IN-GU.M'BllUUS,  a.  Cumbersome  ;  troublesome. 
[Obs.]  Chaucer. 

IN-CUR',  V.  t.  [L,  iTicKTTO,  to  run  against;  in  and 
ciirrv,  to  run  ;  It,  incorrere;  Sp,  incarrir.] 

1.  Liti  rail  II,  to  run  against;  hence,  to  become  lia- 
ble to  ;  tn  become  suliject  to.  Thus,  a  tliief  incurs 
the  punishiiient  of  the  law  by  the  act  of  stealing,  be- 
fore he  is  convicted,  and  we  have  all  incurred  the 
penalties  of  God's  law, 

2.  'I'o  bring  on  ;  as,  to  incur  a  debt ;  to  incur  guilt ; 
to  incur  the  displeasure  of  God  ;  to  incur  blame  or 
censure. 

3.  To  occur  ;  to  meet ;  to  press  on  ;  with  to  or  into. 
[Obs.]  Bacon. 

IN-CuR-A-BIL'I-TY,  7i,    [Fr,  incurabiliti.] 

The  state  c»f  being  incurable  ;  impossibility  of  cure  ; 
insnsecpt  hilitv  of  cure  or  remedy,  Harvey. 

IN-CUli'A-l!LE,  o,  [Fr, ;  171  and  curaWc]  That  can 
not  be  cured  ;  not  admitting  of  cure  ;  beyond  the 
power  of  skill  or  medicine  ;  as,  an  incurable  dis- 
ease, 

2,  Not  admitting  remedj'  or  correction  ;  irremedia- 
ble^ remediless  ;  as,  incurable  evils, 

IN-€uR'A-BLE,  71,  A  person  diseased  beyond  the 
reach  of  cure, 

IN-eull'A-IiLE-NESS,  71,  The  state  of  not  admitting 
cure  or  remedy, 

IN-euR'.\-IiLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that  ren- 
ders cure  impracticable, 

IN-eU-RI-OS'I-TY,  K.  Want  of  curiosity  ;  inatten- 
tiveness  ;  indifference.  Wutton. 

IN-Gu'RI-OUS,  a.  [iii  and  ciiWous.]  Destitute  of  cu- 
riosity ;  not  curious  or  in<|uisitive  ;  inattentive. 

Swift. 

IN-Cu'RI-OUS-LY,  ado.    Without  inquisitiveness. 

Bp.  Hall. 

IN-€u'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  curiosity  or  intpiis- 
itiveness.  Chesterfield. 

1N-€UR'RKD,  (in-kurd',)  pp.    Brought  on. 

lN-€UR'liENCE,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  on,  or  sub- 
jecting one's  self  to  ;  as,  the  incurrence  of  guilt. 

IN-CUR'RING,  ppr.  Becoming  subject  or  liable  to; 
bringing  on. 

IN-CUR'SION,  n.  [Fr,  ijicursion;  L,  incursio,  from 
incurro.    See  Incur.] 

1.  Literally,  a  running  into ;  hence,  an  entering  in- 
to a  territory  with  hostile  intention  ;  an  inroad  ;  ap- 
plied to  the  e.\i)editions  of  small  parties  or  detach- 
ments of  an  enemy's  army,  entering  a  territory  for 
attack,  plunder,  or  destruction  of  a  post  or  niaga/ine. 
Hence  it  differs  from  invasion,  wliich  is  the  hostile 
entrance  of  an  army  for  conipiest.  During  the  revo- 
lution, the  British  troops  maile  an  incursion  to  Dan- 
bury,  and  destroyed  the  magazines.  In  opposing 
this  incursion,  General  Wooster  wa.s  killed. 

a.  Attack  ;  occurrence  ;  as,  sins  of  daily  incursion. 
[Unusual.]  South. 
IN-CUR'SIVE,  a.    Hostile;  making  an  attack  or  in- 
ciiisicin. 

IN-eUU V \TE,  V.  t.  [la.  incurvo  ;  in  and  curvus, 
bent.] 

'I'o  bend  ;  to  crook  ;  to  turn  from  a  right  line  or 

straight  course, 
IN-rURV'ATE,  a.    Curved  inward  or  upward, 
IN-CUR V'A-'J"EI),  pp.  Bent;  turned  from  a  rectilinear 

direction. 

IN-eURV'A-TING,  ppr.  Bending;  turning  from  a 
right  lini>. 

IN-CURV  A'TION,  11.    The  act  of  bending. 

2.  The  state  of  being  bent  or  turned  from  a  recti- 
linear course  ;  cnrvity;  crookedness. 

'J.  The  act  of  bowing,  or  bending  the  body  in  re- 
spect or  reverence.  StiUingjlert. 
IN-eUliVE',  (inkurv',)  t>.  t.     To  bend;  to  make 
crooked, 

IN  CI'R  V'/^D,  pp.  or  n.  Bent ;  bent  or  curved  inward, 
IN-CURV'l-TY,  11.     -  - 


[from  L,  incuruK*.] 


A  state  of  being  bent  or  crooked;  crookedness;  a 
bending  inward.  Brown. 
IN'DA-GaTE,  v.  t.    [L,  indago.] 

To  seek  or  search  out,    [A'bt  used.] 
IN-DA-Ga'TION,  71,    The  act  of  searching  ;  search  ; 
inquiry  ;  examination,    [Little  used.] 

Boyle.  Brown. 
IN'DA-Ga-TOR,  71,    A  searcher;  one  who  seeks  or 

inquires  with  diligence,    [Little  used.]  Boiile. 
IN-DAiM'AGE,    See  Endamage, 

IN-DXRT',  v.  i.  [in  and  dart.]  To  dart  in  ;  to  thrust 
or  strike  in,  Shak 

IN  DART'ED,  pp.    Darted  in. 

IN-DAR'i''lNG,  ;)/ir.    Darting  or  thrusting  in. 

JJV-DKB-I-TA' TUS  MS-SUMP'Srr.  See  Assump- 
sit, 

IN-DERT',  (  det',)  a  verb,  is  never  used. 
IN-DEBT'ED,  (in-det'ed,)  a.    [It.  iiii/f  JifiKo.] 

1.  Being  in  debt ;  having  incurred  a  debt ;  held  or 
obliged  to  pay.  A  is  indebted  to  B  ;  he  is  indebted  in 
a  large  sum,  or  to  a  large  anujuiu. 

2.  Obliged  by  something  received,  for  which  resti- 
tution or  gratitude  is  due.  We  are  indebted  to  our 
p,irents  for  their  care  of  us  in  infancy  and  youth  ; 
we  are  indebted  to  God  for  life  ;  we  are  indebted  to  the 
Christian  religion  fur  many  of  the  advantages,  and 
much  of  the  refinement,  t.f  modern  times. 

L\-DEBT'ED-NESS,  (in-det'ed-ness,)  71.  The  state 
of  being  indebted.  Smart. 

IN-DEBT'iMENT,  (in-det'ment,)  71.  The  state  of  be- 
ing indebted.    [Little  used.]  Hall. 

IN-l)i5'CEN-CY,  11.  [Fr.  indecence  :  It,  indecenza  ;  L, 
indrcens,  indeeeo  ;  in  and  deceo,  to  become,] 

That  which  is  unbecoming  in  language  or  man- 
ners ;  any  action  or  behavior  which  is  deemed  a  vio- 
lation of  modesty,  or  an  oftense  to  delicacj',  as  rude 
or  wanton  actions,  obscene  language,  and  whatever 
tends  to  excite  a  blush  in  a  spectator.  Extreme  as- 
surance or  iinj)iidence  may  also  be  deemed  indecency 
of  behavior  toward  superiors,    [,See  Indecorum,] 

IN  Dk'CENT,  a.    [Fr.  from  L.  indecens.] 

Unbecoming  ;  unfit  to  be  seen  or  heard  ;  offensive 
to  modesty  and  delicacy  ;  as,  indecent  langu.age  ;  in- 
decent manners  ;  an  indecent  posture  or  gesture, 

Dniden. 

IN-DE'CENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  offend  mod- 
esty or  delicacy, 

IN-DE  CID't;-OUS,  a.  [171  and  rfccii/iioiis,]  Not  fall- 
ing, as  the  leaves  of  the  trees  in  autumn  ;  lasting ; 
evergreen. 

IN-DEC'I-MA-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  the  payment  of 
tithes.  Cowrl. 

IN-DE-Cl'PHER-.\-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deci- 
phered. 

IN-DE-CIS'ION,  (-de-si/.h'un,)  ii.  [in  and  decision.] 
Want  of  decision  ;  want  of  settled  purpose  or  of 
firmness  in  the  determination  of  the  will;  a  waver- 
ing of  mind  ;  irresolution.  Burke. 

IN-DE-CI'SIVE,  a.  [111  and  deeisii-e.]  Not  decisive  ; 
not  bringing  to  a  final  dose  or  ultimate  issue  ;  as,  an 
indecisive  battle  or  engagement ;  an  argument  indeci- 
sive of  the  qiiestitm. 

2.  L'nsettled  ;  wavering;  vacillating;  hesitating; 
as,  an  indecisive  state  of  mind ;  an  indecisive  char- 
acter. 

IN-DE-CI'SIVE-LY,  aiiii.    Without  decision. 

IN-DE-Cl'SIVE-NESS,  11.  The  state  of  being  unde- 
cided ;  unsettled  state  ;  state  of  not  being  brought  to 
a  final  issue. 

IN-DE-CLIN'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L,  indeclinabilis ; 
in  and  dcclino.] 

Not  declinable ;  not  varied  by  terminations  ;  as, 
pondo,  in  Latin,  is  an  indeclinable  noun, 
L\-DE-eLIN'.V-BLY,  adv.    Without  variation, 

Mountagu. 

IN-DE-eOM-PoS'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  decomposable, 
decompose.]  Not  capable  of  decomposition,  or  of 
being  resolved  into  the  primary  constituent  elenii'nts. 

Kncife. 

IN-DE-eO.M-PoS'.V-BLE-NESS,  71.  Incapableness  of 
decomposition, 

IN-DE-Co'ROUS  or  I.X-DEC'O-ROUS,  a.  [L,  indeco- 
rus;  in  and  decor,  drcui,  deceo,  to  become.] 

Unbecoming;  violating  good  maniieis;  contrary 
to  the  established  rules  of  good  breeding,  nr  to  the 
forms  of  respect  which  age  and  station  require.  It 
is  indecorous  in  a  young  person  to  take  the  highest 
place  in  comp.iny,  when  his  superiors  are  present. 
Indecorous  is  sometimes  etpiivalent  to  indecent ;  but  it 
is  less  frequently  applied  to  actions  which  otfend 
modesty  and  chastity, 

IN-DE-CO'ROUS-LY  or  IN-DEC'O-UOIIS-LY,  adv. 
In  an  unbi  ctuiiiiig  manner, 

IN-DE-C6'R()IJS  NESS  or  IN-DEC'O  ROUS-NESS, 
11.    Violation  of  good  inaiineis  in  words  or  behavior, 

IN-DE-CO'RU.M,  11.    [L.  1/1  and  i/,,wiiiii.] 

Impropriety  of  behavior;  that  in  behavior  or  man- 
ners which  violates  the  established  rules  of  civility, 
or  the  duties  of  respect  wliieli  age  or  statitm  reipiires  ; 
an  unbi'coming  actiiiii.  It  is  sometimes  syniuiymoiis  | 
with  Indkckm  v  ;  bill  iiii/ici'iii  j/, more  frequently  than 
indeeornm,  is  iqiplied  I0  words  or  actions  which  refer 
to  what  nature  and  propriety  require  to  be  concealed 
or  suppressed. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT — METE,  PUfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


IND 


IND 


INF 


IN-DEED',  arfw.  [in  and  deed.]  In  reality  ;  in  truth  ; 
in  fact. 

'rij!"  carnal  mintl  Is  enmity  nsfainiit  God  ;  for  it  is  not  lubjcct  to 
tlie  liiw  ot  tiud,  nt'illuT  ituleed  can  be.  —  Koin.  viiU 

Indeed  is  usually  einpliatical,  but  in  some  cases 
more  so  than  in  others ;  as,  this  is  true ;  it  is  indeed. 
1  werp  n  l«'Rat  Indeed  to  tlo  yon  wroii*.  DrijiUn. 
Soinp  sons,  indeed,  hohh'  very  ti"w  \vi'  soe, 
W'liu  R'*ep  tlit'iiiS  'Ive*  from  itiis  infl'ctiun  frep.  Dryden. 
Thi  n-  is,  indeed,  no  grwuer  pleasure  in  vitjiling  these  imiira/jnps 

of  wi*r.  Adilison. 
It  is  listed  to  dcnotn  concession  or  admission  j  as, 
ships  not  so  liij;;!'  indeed,  but  l)cttcr  nianiied. 

Indeed  is  used  ns  an  expression  of  surprise,  or  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  confirination  of  a  fact  stated. 
Indeed !  is  it  possible.-*  is  it  so  in  fttet  7 
IN-1)K-F.\T'I-GA  15LK,  a.    [L.  indefatignbilis  ;  in  and 
drfiili!To,Jiiti;ro,  to  fatigue.] 

Unwearied  ;  not  tired  ;  not  exhausted  by  lalior  ; 
not  yielding  to  ftitisue  ;  as,  indefatiguMc  e.vertions  ; 
indtfatigable  attendance  or  perseverance. 

Uplwnie  witli  indefatigable  wiii^.  l^Idlon. 
Ii\-DE-PAT'I-GA-I?LE-NESS,  ii.     Unvveariedne^s  ; 

persistency.  Purnell. 
IN-DE-FAT 'I-GA-HLY,  adv.     Without  wetiriness  ; 

without  vieldins;  to  fatigue.  Drijden. 
IN-llE-F.\T-l-U.\'TION,  «.    Unwearieduess.  [Mt 
used.] 

IN-UE-FkAS-I-BII/I-TV,  n.  [fioin  indefeasible.]  The 

quality  or  state  of  being  not  subject  to  be  made  void  ; 

as,  the  indefetu^-ibilitij  of  a  title. 
IN-l)E-Fif.Ai5'[-HLE,  a.    [m  and  defeasible;  Ft.  de- 

faire,  defait,  to  undo,  to  defeat ;  de  and  fuirc,  to  make, 

Ij.  facio.] 

Not  to  be  defeated  ;  that  can  not  be  made  void  ; 
as,  an  indefeasible  estate  or  title. 
IN-l)E-FiiAS'I-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  to  be  dc- 

fe:ited  or  niatle  void. 
IN-l)E-FEe  r-I-lUL'I-TV,n.  [(n>m  indefectible.]  The 
quality  of  being  subject  to  no  defect  or  dectiy. 

C/t.  Obsen^er. 

IN-DE-FEGT'I-HLE,  a.  [in  and  defect.]  Unfailing  ; 
not  liable  to  defect,  failure,  or  decay. 

IN-DE-FEGT'IVE,  a.  Not  defective;  perfect;  com- 
plete. South. 

IN-DE-Fiol'sr-BLE,  a.    Indefeasible.    [A'ot  ws-ed.] 

IN-I)E-FENS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [from  indefensible.\ 
The  quality  or  state  of  not  being  capable  of  defense 
or  vindication.  IVulsli. 

IN-DE-FENS'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  defensible,  from  de- 
fend.]^ 

1.  That  can  not  lie  defended  or  maintained.  A 
military  post  may  be  indefensible  ;  a  bad  cause  is  inde- 
fensible. 

2.  Not  to  be  vindicated  or  justified.  An  improper 
action  or  indecent  expression  is  indefensible. 

IN-l)E-FE.\.'^'I-BLY,-u(/e.  In  an  indefensible  manner. 
IN-1)E-FE.\.~<'IVE,  n.    Having  no  defense.  Herbert. 
IN-DE-FI"CIE.\-UY,  (-fisli'en-se,)  n.    The  quality  of 

not  being  deficient,  or  of  sitlfering  no  delay. 
IN-DE-FI"CTENT,  a.    Not  deficient ;  not  failing  ; 

perfect. 

IN-DE-FIN'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  defined. 

Reynolds. 

IN-DE-FIN'.\-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  capable  of 
definition. 

IN-DEF'IN-ITE,  a.  [L.  indefnitas  ;  in  and  definilns, 
definio,  to  define  ;  de  and  finio,  to  eni,  finis,  end.] 

1.  Not  limited  or  defined  ;  not  determinate  ;  not 
precise  or  certain  ;  as,  an  indefinite  time.  An  indefi- 
nite proposition,  term,  or  phrase,  is  one  whicli  has 
not  a  precise  meaning  or  limited  signification. 

2.  That  has  no  certain  limits,  or  to  which  the 
human  mind  can  affix  none  ,  as,  indefinite  space.  A 
space  mav  be  indefinite,  though  not  infinite. 

IN-DEF'IN-ITE-LV,  adr.  Without  any  settled  limita- 
tion ;  as,  space  indefinitehj  extended. 

2.  Not  precisely  ;  not  with  certainty  or  precision  ; 
as,  to  use  a  word  inilefiniteln. 

IN-DEF'IN-ITE  NESS,  The  quality  of  being  un- 
defined, iinliiiTited,  or  not  precise  and  certain. 

IN-DE-FIN'I-TUI)E,  n.  Uuantity  not  limited  by  our 
understanding,  though  yet  finite.    [A'ot  used.]  Hale. 

IN-DE-HIS'CENT,  o.  [in  and  <if/ii«ccnt.]  Not  open- 
ing spontaneously  at  maturity,  as  the  pericarp  of  the 
ha/.el-nut.  Lindley. 

IN-DB-LIB'EU-ATE,  a.  [in  and  deliberate  i  Fr.  in- 
delibere.] 

Done  or  performed  without  deliberation  or  consid- 
eration ;  sudden  ;  unpremeditated  ;  as,  the  indeliberate 
cominissiim  of  sin. 

IN-DE-LIB'ER-ATE  LY,  adr.  Without  deliberation 
or  premeditation. 

IN-DEL-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  indcl- 
'hle.  Ilorslctl. 

IN-DEL'I-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  indrlebUe  :  L.  indelebilus in 
and  delehdis,  from  deleo,  to  blot  out.] 

1.  .Not  to  be  blotted  out ;  that  can  not  be  effaced 
or  canceled  ;  as,  indelible  letters  or  characters.  Indel- 
ible ink  is  such  as  can  not  be  taken  out  of  paper  or 
cloth,  or  not  by  ordinary  means. 

2.  Not  to  be  annulled. 

They  .rr  rniloni  with  indelible  powpr  from  abore,  lo  f-nl  and 
 lovornihi.  hoiu-holJ.    [t/muaaj.]  Sprat. 


3.  That  can  not  be  effaced  or  lost ;  ns,  impressions 
on  the  mind  n)ay  be  indelible ;  reproach  or  stain  on 
reput.-ition  may  be  indelible. 
IN-DEL'l-lilA',  nr/u.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  blotted 
out  or  eliaced  ;  too  deeply  impritited  to  be  elluced,  or 
to  vanish. 

IN-OEL'l-CA-CY,  n.  [in  and  delieaeij.]  Want  of 
delicacy  ;  want  of  decency  in  language  or  behavior, 
regarding  what  nature  and  manners  require  to  be 
concealed.  .Addison. 

2.  Want  of  a  nice  sense  of  propriety,  or  tiiee  re- 
gar. 1  to  refinement  in  manners  or  in  Ilie  treatment  of 
others  ;  rudeness  ;  coarseness  of  manners  or  lan- 
guage ;  that  wliich  is  otlensive  to  refined  taste  or 
purity  of  mind. 

IN-DEL'I-eATE,  a.  Wanting  delicacy;  indecent; 
hut  itexprt^sses  less  than  Inukclnt  ;  as,  an  indelicate 
word  or  expression  ;  imlclicate  behavior ;  indelicate 
customs. 

a.  Oirmsive  to  good  manners,  or  to  purity  of  ininil. 
IN-l)El/l-t" A'l'IM.V,  .if/e.    luilerenlly  ;  in  a  ujanner 

to  olVenil  ai::tin>t         iii;iniiers  or  i)uritv  of  niinil. 
IN-DE.M-N1-FI-€.a'TION,  n.    ffroui  ind'emnifij.j  The 

act  of  iiulemnitying,  saving  liarinless,  or  securing 

against  loss,  damage,  or  penalty. 

2.  f>ecurily  against  U>ss. 

3.  Ueinilnirseinent  of  loss,  damage,  or  penaltv. 
IN-DE.M'Nl-FI-A'l),  (m-dem'ne-l'Ide, ););;.  Saved  harm- 
less ;  secured  against  dtimatie. 

IN-IJE.M'NI-FV,  c.  t.  [in  and  damnify;  L.  damnificus  ; 
damnntn,  loss.J 

1.  To  save  Harmless  ;  to  secui'e  against  loss,  dam- 
age, or  penalty. 

2.  To  make  good  ;  to  reimburse  to  one  what  he 
has  lost.  We  indemnify  a  niiin  by  giving  sufiicient 
security  to  make  good  a  future  loss,  or  by  actual  re- 
imhuisenient  of  loss,  after  it  litis  occurred. 

IN-1)EM'N1-F5-ING,  p/)r.  Saving  harmless;  secur- 
ing agtiinst  loss;  reiniliursing  loss. 

IN-UE.M'NI-TY,  «.  [Fr.  indemnit( ;  Sp.  indemnidad; 
It.  indennitd  ;  L.  in  tmd  damnum,  loss.] 

1.  Secnrtty  given  to  stive  harmless;  a  writing  or 
pledge  by  whicli  a  person  is  secured  against  future 

2.  Security  against  punishment.  [loss. 

3.  Indemnification  or  conipenstition  for  injury  sus- 
tained. 

They  werp  toM  to  exjiect,  npon  tlie  fill  rjf  Walpule,  a  lar^e  and 
liicralive  indimntly  fot  tlirir  prt't'^iRletl  wrongs. 

Lord  Medion's  History  0/  E>if;tand. 

[This  is  a  recent  sense  of  the  word,  borroweil  from 
the  French,  anil,  perhaps,  not  fully  aulhori/.ed.] 

IN-DE-AK)N'STUA-B1,E,  a.  [in  and  dtmonstrable.] 
That  can  not  be  deinonstrtited. 

IN-DEN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Tile  act  of  n.aturalizing,  or 
the  patent  by  which  a  person  is  made  free. 

IN-DEN'IZE,  V.  t.    To  eiidenize,  wiiich  see. 

IN-DEN'I-Zi-.N,  e.  t.  To  invest  with  the  privileges  of 
a  free  citizen.  Ovrrburi/. 

IN-DEN'I-ZKN-/:D,  pp.  invested  with  the  privileges 
of  a  free  citizen. 

IN-DEN'I-ZKN-ING,  jipr.  Investing  with  the  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen. 

IN-i)ENT',  !).  (.  [in  and  Fr.  dent,  L.  dens,  a  tooth; 
Fr.  denteJer  ;  Arm.  danta.] 

1.  To  notch  ;  trt  jag ;  to  cut  any  margin  into 
points  or  inequalities,  hke  a  row  of  teeth  ;  as,  to  in- 
dent the  edge  of  paper. 

The  niar^niia  —  nre  indented.  Woodward. 

2.  To  bind  out  by  indentures  or  contract ;  as,  to 
indent  a  young  man  to  a  shoemaker ;  to  indent  a 
servant. 

IN-I)E.\T',  r.  i.  To  be  cut  or  notched  ;  hence,  to 
crook  or  turn.  Miltnn. 

2.  To  contract;  to  bargain  or  coven.mt.  [From 
the  practice  of  using  indented  writings  or  counter- 
parts.] SVioA-. 
IN-DENT',  71.    Incisure  ;  a  cut  or  notch  in  the  margin 
of  anv  thing,  or  a  recess  like  a  notch.  Slialt. 
2.  A  stamp. 

IN-DENT',  «.  A  certificate  or  indented  certificate  is- 
sued by  the  government  of  the  United  States  at  the 
close  of  the  revolution,  for  the  principal  or  interest 
of  thi>  public  debt.    [J^Tnt  used.]  Ramsay.  Hamilton. 

IN-DENT-A'TION,  n.    A  notch  ;  a  cut  in  the  mtirgin 
of  ptiper  or  other  things.  IVoodicard. 
2.  \  recess  or  depression  in  any  border. 

IN-1)E.\T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Cut  in  the  edge  into  points, 
like  teeth. 

2.  Bound  out  by  indented  writings ;  as,  an  indented 
apprentice  or  servant.  ,  * 

3.  Bimiid  out  by  writings,  or  covenants  in  writing. 
[The  pnictice  of  indenting  writings  is,  in  some  jjlaces, 
discontinued,  btit  the  term  remtiins  in  use.] 

IN-DENT'EI)-LY,  adr.  With  indentations. 
IN-DE.\T'I.NG,  ppr.    Culling  into  notches. 

2.  Binding  out  by  covenants  in  writing. 
IN-I)E.\T'I.NG,  n.    An  impression  like  that  made  by 
a  tiHith. 

IN-DENT'.MENT,  n.    Indenture.  [Obsolete.] 

Bp.  HaU. 

IN-11E.NT'(;RE,  n.  A  writing  containing  a  contract. 
Indentures  are  generally  duplicates,  laid  together 
and  inilented,  so  that  the  two  papers  or  parchments 
correspond  to  each  other.    But  indenting  is  often 


neglected,  while  the  writings  ji  countcrp.arts  retain 

the  name  of  indentures. 
IN-DENT'IJKE,  v.t.    To  indi  nt ;  to  bind  by  iudi  nt 

ures; as,  toii/</cH(u7-c  an  apprentice. 
IN-UENT'liUE,  V.  i.    To  run  in  and  out ;  to  indent. 

Heifirood. 

IN-DENT'tTR.j^D,  pp.  Bound  by  indentures;  ap- 
prenticed. 

IN-l)ENT't{R-ING,  ppr    Binding  by  indentures. 
1N-I)E-I»ENU'ENCE,   )        ,         ,  ,       ,  i 
IN-I)E-1'EMJ'EN-CY,  (        ["'  ''<7'""'"'"'-] 

1.  A  stall!  of  being  not  dependent ;  complete  cx- 
emplion  fiom  control,  or  the  power  of  others  ;  ns, 
tile  independence  of  the  Su|)reine  Being. 

2.  A  state  in  which  a  person  does  nc>t  rely  on  oth- 
ers for  subsistence  ;  tibility  to  support  one's  self. 

3.  A  state  of  mintl  in  which  a  person  acts  without 
bias  or  infiuence  from  others;  exeiiiiiliiui  from  iia 
due  influence;  seff-direction.  ynt/c/jcH(/f«cc  of  mind 
is  an  iiii|Kirtaiit  i|ualiIictilion  in  11  juilge. 

1.  In  eectesinsiirul  nadirs,  a  system  of  independency 
is  o.ie  in  whic  h  etieh  congregation  of  Christians  is  a 
corii|iltte  churcli,  suliject  to  no  superior  authority. 

IJi  rtaration  of  Independence ;  the  solemn  dechiration 
of  the  congress  of  tin.'  United  Slates  of  Aniericti,  lui 
the  'Uli  of  July,  1771'),  by  which  they  formally  re- 
nounced their  subjection  to  the  goveriimcnt  of  Great 
Brittiin. 

IN-DE-l'END'EXT,  a.    [/»  anil  dependent.] 

1.  Not  dependent;  not  subjett  lo  tile  control  of 
others  ;  not  subordinate.  God  is  the  only  being  who 
is  perl'eetlj'  independent. 

2.  Not  holding  or  enjoying  possessions  at  the  will 
of  tmotlier;  not  relying  on  others;  not  dcjiendent. 
We  Jill  wish  to  be  independent  in  property  ;  yet  few 
men  are  wholly  independent,  e\  en  in  property,  and 
none  independent  fur  the  supply  of  tle-ir  wants. 

3.  Affording  the  means  of  independence  ;  ;is,  an  iit- 
dependcnt  esttite. 

4.  Not  subject  to  bitis  or  influence  ;  not  obsequi- 
ous ;  self-directing;  as,  a  man  of  an  independent 
mind. 

.5.  Not  connected  with.  It  is  believed  that  the  soul 
may  exist  independent  of  matter. 

6.  Free;  easy;  self-cominaniling ;  bold;  uncon- 
strained ;  as,  an  independent  air  or  manner. 

7.  Separate  from  ;  exclusive. 

1  mean  the  account  of  tliat  oLliiration  in  general,  under  wliich  we 
coiiwive  oiirs^ves  houinl  lo  olieya  law,  inflependent  oftlioso 
resources  « liich  the  liiw  provides  for  it*  own  cnlorcemfiit. 

Ward. 

8.  Pertaining  to  the  Independents. 

This  word  is  followed  by  of  nt  on,  both  of  which 
are  well  authorized.  On  is  most  conformable  Vi  anal- 
og)-, fiir  it  always  follows  depend,  but  of  is  mostcom- 
nion. 

IN-DE-PEND'ENT,  71.  One  who,  in  religions  affairs, 
mainlaiiis  that  every  eongregtitioii  of  Christians  is  a 
complete  cliurcli,  Mibject  to  no  superior  authority, 
and  cotnpetent  to  perforin  every  act  of  goveninieiit 
in  ecclrsiastical  affairs. 

IN  1)E-1>KNI)'ENT-I.Y,  adv.  Without  depending  or 
relying  on  others  ;  without  control. 

2.  Without  undue  bias  or  inrtuer"e;  not  obsequi- 
ously. 

3.  AVilhout  connection  with  other  thinns. 
IN-DE1''RK-€A-1!I,K,  n.  That  can  not  be  deprecated. 
IN-UEI'-RE-IIENS'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  nut  be  fimnd 

out.  Bp.  jVorton. 

IN-DE-l'RIV'A-BI.E,  a.    That  can  not  be  deprived. 

IN-I)E-S€KIB'.\-r.l,E,  a.    That  can  not  be  described. 

IN-DE-seilIl"Tl  VE,  a.  Not  descriptive  or  contain- 
ing just  ilescnption. 

IN-IJi;-SEKT',  n.  [in  axii  desert.]  Want  of  merit  or 
worth.  Jlddison. 

IN-UES'I-NENT,  a.  [L.  in  and  desino,  to  cease  ;  de 
and  ..-i/io.J    Not  ceasing;  perpetual. 

IN-DES'I  .\ENT-I.V,  ai/c.    Wilhout  cessation.  Rau. 

IN  l)E-.«TirA-l'.l,E,  a.    Not  desirable. 

IN-DE-STKUCr-l-BIL'l-TY,  n.  [from  imlestructi- 
ble.] 

'I  he  quality  of  resisting  decomposition,  or  of  being 
incapable  of  destruction. 
IN-DE-STlU  eT'l-BLE,  a.    [in  and  deslruetildr.] 

That  can  not  be  destroyetl ;  incapable  of  decompo- 
sition ;  as  a  materi.al  substance.  Boyle. 
IN-I)E-!<TRUt;T'I-BLY,  adv.     In  an  indestructible 
man  ner. 

IN-DE-TER.M'IN-A-BLE,  a.    [in  and  determinable.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  determined,  ascertained,  or 
fixed.  Brown, 

2.  Not  to  be  determined  or  ended. 

IN-UE-  l  Ell.\I'IN-A-BLY,a<fc.  In  an  indeterminable 
manner. 

IN-DE-TER.M'IN-ATE,  a.    [in  and  dcterminiUr.] 

1.  Not  determinate  ;  not  setlled  or  fixed  ;  not  defi- 
nite ;  uncertain  ;  as,  an  indeterminate  number  of 
years. 

2.  Not  certain  ;  not  precise. 

An  inilctcrminate  quantity  ;  in  mntbematies,  a  qnanlily 
which  has  no  fixed  value,  but  which  may  be  varied 
in  accordance  with  any  proposed  condition. 

j«.  D.  Stanley. 
I.\-DE-TER.M'IN-ATE-LY,  ade.    Not  in  any  settled 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  G  as  K ;  G  aa  J  ;  S  a*  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


595 


IND 


IND 


IND 


iiuiiiner  ;  iiuU  ti lately  ;  I'ol  with  precise  limits  ;  :\s,a 

space  iutltU'rminattitt  large. 
2.  Not  with  certainty  or  precision  of  signification  ; 

as,  an  idea  indeierminatehj  expressed. 
IN-DE-TERM'IN-ATE-NESS,    n.     Indefiniteness ; 

want  of  certain  limits  ;  want  of  precision.  Paley. 
IX-DE-TERAI-IN-A'TION,  n.    [in  and  delerminatiun.] 

1.  Want  of  deteiinination  ;  an  unsettled  or  waver- 
ing state,  as  of  the  mind. 

2.  Want  of  fixed  or  stated  direction.  Bramhall. 
IN-DE-TER.M'IN-JED,  a.    [in  and  dclermiiicd.}  Un- 
determined ;  unsettled  ;  unfixed. 

IN-D&VoTE',  a.  Not  devoted.  Bentley. 
IN-DE-VoT'ED,  a.  Not  devoted.  Clarendon. 
IN-UE-Vo'TION,  n.    [Fr. ;  in  and  dcvntion.] 

Want  of  devotion  ;  absence  of  devout  affections. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

IN-DE-VOUT',  a.    [Fr.  indevot.] 

Undevout ;  not  having  devout  affections. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
IN-DE-VOUT'LY,  adc.   Without  devotion. 
IN'DEX,  n. ;  pi.    Indexes,  sometimes  Indices.  [L., 
connected  with  indico,  to  show ;  in  and  dico,  Gr. 

S^LKVV'iJ.] 

1.  That  which  points  out ;  that  which  shows  or 
manifests. 

Tastes  are  the  indexes  sf  the  diilerent  qualities  of  plants. 

ArbuUiTWt. 

2.  The  hand  that  points  to  any  thing,  as  the  hour 
of  the  day,  the  road  to  a  place,  &c.  Bentley. 

3.  A  table  of  the  contents  of  a  book.  fVatts. 
A  table  of  references  in  an  alphabetical  order. 

4.  In  anatomy,  the  fore-finger,  or  pointing  finger. 

5.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  the  figure  or  letter 
which  shows  to  what  power  any  quantity  is  in- 
volved; the  exponent.  [In  this  sense,  the  plural  is 
always  Indices.]  Barlow. 

6.  The  indci  of  a  logaritlm,  is  the  integral  part  of  the 
logarithm,  and  is  always  one  less  than  the  number  of 
integral  figures  in  the  given  number.  It  is  also  called 
the  ckuracierislic.  Barlow. 

7.  The  index  of  a  globe,  or  the  giwmon,  is  a  little 
style  fitted  on  the  north  pole,  which,  when  the  globe 
is  turned,  serves  to  point  to  certain  divisions  of  the 
hour-circle.  Encyc. 

ti.  Indet  of  refraction  ;  in  optics,  the  sine  of  the 
angle  of  incidence,  the  sine  of  the  angle  of  refrac- 
tion being  taken  for  unity.  Thus  the  indcz  of  refrac- 
tion for  sulphur  is  2,  because,  when  light  passes  out 
of  air  into  sulphur,  the  sine  of  the  angle  of  incidence 
is  double  the  sine  of  the  angle  of  refraction. 

9.  In  muilc,  a  diri:ct,  which  see.  [Olmsted. 

In  Vie  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  indez  prohibitory 
is  a  catalogue  of  books  which  are  forbidden  to  be 
read  ;  the  index  eipurgatory  is  a  catalogue  specifying 
passages  in  books  which  are  to  be  expunged,  or  al- 
tered. These  catalogues  are  published  with  addi- 
tions, from  time  to  time,  under  the  sanction  of  the 


pope. 


Hook. 


IN'DEX,  V.  t.  To  provide  with  an  index  or  table  of 
references ;  to  reduce  to  an  index ;  as,  to  indez  a 
book. 

IN'DEX--ED,  (in'dcxt,)  pp.  Furnished  with  or  reduced 
to  an  index. 

IN'DE.\-ER,  n.    One  who  makes  an  index. 

IN-DEX'ie-AL,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an  index; 
perttiininu  to  an  index. 

IN-I)EX'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  an  in- 
dex. Sirift. 

IN'[)EX-ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  a  table  of  n  fer- 

IN-l)EX-TEll'I-TY,  II.    [in  and  dexterity.]  [ences. 

1.  Want  of  dexterity  or  readiness  in  the  use  of 
the  hands  ;  clumsiness  ;  awkwardness. 

2.  Want  of  skill  or  readiness  iu  any  art  or  occupa- 
tion. Ilarvcy. 

IN'DIA,  (ind'yi,)  n.    A  country  in  Asia,  so  named 

from  the  River  Indus. 
IN'l)I.-\-.MAN,  II.    A  large  ship  employed  in  the  India 

trade. 

IN'J^IAN,  (ind'yan,)  a.     [from  Jndia,  and  this  from 

Indu-i,  the  name  of  a  river  in  Asia.] 
Pertaining  to  either  of  the  Indies,  East  or  West,  or 

to  the  aborigines  of  America. 
IN'DIAN,  n.    A  general  name  of  any  native  of  the 

Indies  ;  as,  an  East  Indian,  or  West  Indian.    It  is 

particularly  applied  to  any  native  of  the  American 

continent. 

IN'IilAN  AR'RoW-ROOT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Maranta. 

IN'DIAN  BER'RY,  n.    Cocculus  Indicus,  which  see. 

Ure. 

IN'DIAN  BREAD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Jatropha. 
IN'DIAN  t;<JR.\,  71.    A  plant,  the  maize,  of  the  genus 

Zea,  a  native  of  America. 
IN'DIAN  CRESS,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  TropiDO- 

liim. 

I.V'DI.W  FKJ,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genua  Cactus. 

IN'DIA.N  INK,  ;  n.    Asiibslaiire  brought  chiefly  from 

IN'DIA  INK,  (  (;iiina,  uicd  for  water  colors.  It 
is  in  rolls,  or  in  sipiare  caken,  and  is  said  to  consist 
of  lainplilnr  k  and  animal  glue.  Brande. 

IN'DIA.V  ITE,  n.  (from  India.]  A  doubtful  miner- 
al of  the  feldspar  family.  Dana. 

IN'UIAN-LIKK,  a.    llesembling  nn  Indian. 


IN'DIAN  RED,  n.  A  epecies  of  oclier,  a  very  fine, 
purple  earth,  of  a  firm,  compact  texture,  anil  great 
weight.        ,  Hill. 

IN'DIAN  REED,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Canna. 

IN'DIAN  TO-BACeO,  n.  A  species  of  Lobelia, 
which  see. 

IN'DIAN  TUR'NIP,  n.  An  American  plant.  Arum 
tripliylliim,  with  a  head  of  red  flowers  growing  on  a 
stein,  a  root  resembling  a  small  turnip,  but  having 
a  very  acrid  juice.  Farm.  Kneyc. 

IN'DIA  RUB'BER,    i  n.  The  caoutchouc,  a  substance 

IN'DIAN  RUB'BER,  \  of  extraordinary  elasticity, 
called  also  Elastic  Glm,  or  Resin.  It  is  produced 
by  incisiim  from  several  trees  of  different  genera. 

IN'DI-€ANT,  a.  or  n.  [L.  indicans ;  in  and  dico,  to 
show.] 

A  term  applied  to  that  whicti  points  out  what  is  to 
be  tlone  for  the  cure  of  disease.  Coze. 
IN'DI-CATE,  V.  t.    [L.  indico ;  in  and  dico,  to  show, 
Gr.  dcmwti:.] 

1.  To  show  ;  to  point  out;  to  discover;  to  direct 
the  mind  to  a  knowledge  of  something  not  seen,  or 
something  that  will  probably  occur  in  future.  Thus, 
fermentation  indicates  a  certain  degree  of  heat  in  a 
liquor.  A  heavy  swell  of  the  sea,  in  calm  weath- 
er, often  indicates  a  storm  at  a  distance.  A  particular 
kind  of  cloud  in  the  west,  at  evening,  indicates  the 
approach  of  rain. 

2.  To  tell ;  to  d  isclose. 

3.  In  medicine,  to  show  or  manifest  by  symptoms ;  to 
point  to  as  the  proper  remedies  ;  as,  great  prostration 
of  strength  indicates  the  use  of  stimulants. 

IN'DI-Ca-TED,  ;)/).    Shown  ;  pointed  out ;  directed. 
IN'DI-Ca-TING,  ppr.   Showing;  pointing  out;  di- 
rectinL'. 

IN-DI-Ca'TION,  71.    The  act  of  pointing  out. 

2.  Mark  ;  token  ;  sign  ;  symptom  ;  whatever  serves 
to  discover  what  is  not  before  known,  or  otherwise 
obvious. 

The  fi-cquent  stops  they  make  in  the  most  convenient  plaws  are 
pLiiii  indicali:n:  of  their  weariness.       «  Addison. 

3.  In  medicine,  any  symptom  or  occurrence  in  a  dis- 
ease, which  serves  to  direct  to  suitable  remedies. 

4.  Discovery  made  ;  intelligence  given.  Bentley. 

5.  Explanation  ;  display.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 
IN-Die'A-TIVE,  o.    [h.  indicativus.]    Showing  ;  giv- 
ing intimation  or  knowledge  of  something  not  visi- 
ble or  obvious.    Reserve  is  not  always  indicative  of 
modesty  ;  it  may  be  indicative  of  prudence. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  indicative  mode  is  the  form  of 
the  verb  that  indicates,  that  is,  which  affirms  or  de- 
nies ;  as,  he  writes,  he  is  writing;  they  ran  ;  we  mis- 
i/n/jrovc  advantages.  It  also  asks  questions  ;  as, /les 
the  mail  arrived  ? 

The  word  is  often  used  as  a  noun  to  denote  this 
mood. 

IN-Die'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  show  or 
signify.  Orcw. 

IN'DI-Ca-TOR,  71.  He  or  that  which  shows  or  points 
out.  Smith. 

IN'DI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Showing ;  serving  to  show  or 
make  known. 

lA'^-DI-CA'  yiT,  71.  [t,.]  In  England,  a  writ  of  pro- 
hibition which  lies  for  the  patron  of  a  cliurcli  whose 
incumbent  is  sued  in  the  sjiiritual  court  by  another 
clergyman,  for  tithes  amounting  to  a  fourth  part  of 
the  profits  of  the  advowson.  Blackstone. 

IN'DICE.    See  Index. 

IN'DI-eO-LlTE,  71.  [L.  indicum,  indigo,  and  Ai9us,a 
stone.] 

Ill  mineralogy,  a  variety  of  shorl  or  tourmalin,  of 
an  indigo-blue  color,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  a/.iire 
or  green.  Cleavcland. 

IN-DICT',  (in-dlte',)  v.  t  [L.  indictus,  from  indico  ;  in 
and  dico,  to  speak.] 

In  law,  to  .accuse  or  charge  with  a  crime  or  misde- 
meanor, in  writing,  by  a  grand  jury  under  oath.  It 
is  the  [leculiar  province  of  a  grand  jury  to  indict,  as 
it  is  of  a  house  of  representatives  to  impeach.  It  is 
followed  by  of;  as,  indicted  n/ treason  or  arson. 

IN-DIUT'A-BLE,  (in-dlt'a-bl,)  a.  'J'hat  may  be  in- 
dicted ;  as,  an  indictable  ofiVuder. 

2.  Subject  to  be  presented  by  a  grand  jury ;  sub- 
ject to  indictment;  as,  an  indictable  otYcnnt: 

IN-DiCT'ICD,  (in-dlt'ud,)  pp.  Accused  by  a  grand 
jury.  ^ 

IN-DICT-EE',  n.    A  person  indicted. 

IN-DICT'ER,(in-dit'er,)  «.    One  who  indicts. 

IN-DIUT'ING,  (in-dit'ing,)  ppr.  Accusing,  or  making 
a  formal  or  written  charge  of  a  crime  by  a  grand 
jiirv. 

IN-DIC'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  Low  L.  indictio,  indico.] 

1.  Declaration  ;  proclamation.  Bacon. 

2.  In  chronology,  a  cycle  of  fifteen  years,  instituted 
by  Constaiitine  the  Great ;  originally  a  period  of  tax- 
ation. Constantino,  having  reduced  the  lime  which 
the  Romans  were  obliged  <o  serve  in  the  army  to  fif- 
teen years,  imposed  a  tax  ortribute  at  the  end  of  that 
term,  to  pay  the  troops  discharged.  This  practice  in 
troduced  the  keeping  of  accounts  by  this  period. 
Hut,  us  it  is  said,  in  honor  of  the  great  victory  of 
Ct.nstanline  over  Me/.entius,  Sefit.  21,  A.  D.  312,  by 
which  1,'hristiunily  was  more  eflectually  established. 


the  council  of  Nice  ordained  that  accounts  of  years 
should  no  longer  be  kept  by  Olympiads,  but  that  the 
indiction  should  be  useil  as  the  point  from  which  to 
reckon  and  date  years.  This  was  begun  January 
1,  A.  D.  313.  Johnson.  Eiicic. 

IN-Die'TIVE,  a.    Proclaimed  ;  declared.  Kcniut. 

IN-DlCT'JIENT,  (in-dlte'nient,)  ii.  A  written  accu- 
sation or  formal  charge  of  a  crime  or  misdemeanor, 
preferred  to  a  court  by  a  grand  jury  under  oath. 

blackstone. 

2.  The  paper  or  parchment  containing  the  accusa- 
tion of  a  grand  jury. 

IN'DIES,  (iiid'vez,)  n.  jil.  of  India. 

IN-DIF'FER-ENCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  indiffrrcntia ;  in 
and  diffcro,  to  difier.    Indiffehencv  is  little  used.] 

1.  Equipoise,  or  neutrality  of  mind  between  differ- 
ent persons  or  things  ;  a  state  in  which  the  mind  is 
not  inclined  to  one  side  more  than  the  other;  as 
when  we  see  a  contest  of  parties  with  indifference. 

9.  Impartiality ;  freedom  from  prejudice,  prepos- 
session, or  bias  ;  as  when  we  read  a  book  on  ctuitro- 
verted  points  with  indifference.  [This  is  a  different 
application  of  the  frst  definition.] 

3.  Unconccrnediu  ss ;  a  state  of  the  mind  when  it 
feels  no  anxiety  or  interest  in  what  is  presented  to 
it.  No  person  of  humanity  can  behold  the  wretch- 
edness of  the  poor  with  indifference. 

4.  State  ill  which  there  is  no  difference,  or  in 
which  no  moral  or  phj'sical  reason  preponderates ; 
as  when  we  speak  of  the  indifference  of  things  in 
themselves.  Hooker. 

IN-DIF'PER-ENT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  indiffcrcns.] 

1.  Neutral ;  not  inclined  to  one  side,  party,  or 
thing  more  than  to  another. 

Cato  knows  nei'lier  of  them, 
Indijferenl  in  his  choice  to  sleep  or  die.  Addison. 

2.  Unconcerned  ;  feeling  no  interest,  anxiety,  or 
care  respecting  any  thing.  It  seems  to  be  impossible 
that  a  nitional  being  should  be  indifferent  to  the  means 
of  obtaining  endless  happiness. 

It  was  a  remarkable  f.iw  of  Solon,  that  any  person  who,  in  the 
commotions  of  the  republic,  remained  neuter,  or  an  inttijrer. 
ent  spccLitor  of  the  contending  parties,  sliould  be  cond.'iiuii'd 
to  perpetual  banishment.  Addison. 

3.  Having  no  influence  or  preponder.ating  weight ; 
having  no  difference  that  eives  a  preference.  It  is 
indifferent  which  road  we  take. 

4.  Neutral,  as  to  good  or  evil.  Things  in  them- 
selves indifferent  may  be  rendered  evil  by  the  prohi- 
bition of  hiw. 

5.  Impartial  ;  disinterested  ;  as,  an  indifferent 
judge,  juror,  or  arbitrator. 

6.  Passable  ;  of  a  middling  state  or  quality  ; 
neither  good,  nor  the  worst ;  as  indifferent  writing  or 
paper. 

Indifferent,  used  adverbially,  as  indifferent  honest, 
is  ungraminatical  and  vulgar. 
IN-DIF'FER-ENT-IS.M,  71.     State  of  indifference. 

[Bad.]  Carlisle. 
IN-DIF'FER-ENT-LY,  adv.    Without  distinction  or 
preference  ;  as,  to  offer  pardon  indifferently  to  all. 

jiiUlisnn. 

2.  Equally  ;  impartially  ;  without  favor,  prejudice, 
or  bias. 

They  may  truly  and  indijferently  minister  jvistice. 

Common  Prayer. 

3.  In  a'  neutral  state ;  without  concern  ;  without 
wish  or  aversion. 


Set  honor  in  one  eye  and  death  i'  the  other. 
And  1  will  look  on  deatli  indijferendy. 


Shalt. 


4.  Not  well ;  tolerably  ;  passably  ;  as,  imliffcrcntly 
well ;  to  be  indifferently  entertained. 
I.\'D1-GENC'E,  ;  71.    [Fr.  indigence,  from  L.  indigrn- 
IN'Dl-GEN-CY, )     tia,  from  i«(/iV<;o ;  in,  or  im/,  and 
egeo,  to  want,  to  lack.] 

Want  of  estate,  or  means  of  comfortable  subsist- 
enc«  ;  penury  ;  poverty.  A  large  portion  of  the  hu- 
man race  live  in  indigence,  while  others  jiossess  more 
than  they  can  enjoy. 
IN'DI-GE.NE,  71.  [L.  iniligcna;  in,  or  ind,  and  ^-ciio, 
gigno,  to  beget  or  to  be  born.] 
One  born  in  a  country  ;  a  native  animal  or  plant. 

Kvehin.  Vattel. 
IN-Dl6'EN-OUS,  o.    [L.  indignia,  suprii'.] 

1.  Native  ;  born  in  a  country  ;  applied  In  persons. 
Q.  Native;  produced  naturally  in  n  country  or  cli- 
mate ;  not  e\otic  ;  apjdicd  to  vrgrtables. 
IN'UI-GENT,  (I.    [ L.  i«</ii,rni.<  ;  Vr.  indigent.} 

Destifiite  of  property  or  means  of  comfortable  sub- 
sistence ;  neetly ;  poor. 

Charity  consiata  in  rehcvinj  the  imligent.  Addison. 
IN'DI-<5ENT-LY,  aitv.  In  an  indigent,  destitute  man- 
ner. 

IN-DI-GEST',  71.    A  crude  mass.  [JVo<  «.<«/.]  Shak. 
IN-Dl-GEST'EI),  rt.    [ill  and  digested;  L.  inttige..itus.] 

1.  Not  digested  .  not  concocted  in  the  stomach  | 
not  changed  or  prepared  for  nourishing  the  body  ; 
undigested  ;  crude. 

2.  Not  sejinrated  into  distinct  cUisscs  or  orders,  or 
into  proper  Inriii  ;  not  regularly  disposed  and  ar- 
ranged. Chaos  is  representeil  as  a  rude  or  indigested 
mass. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  yiRT%  PKfiY  PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD  NATE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


5«)6 


IND 


IND 


IND 


3.  Not  mclhndized  ;  not  ruduccd  to  due  form  ; 
crude  ;  as,  !m  huli>re.ited  sclicinc. 

4.  Not  prt'iMred  by  licat. 

5.  Not  brouslit  to  sup|)uration,  as  tile  contents  of 
an  abscess  or  boil ;  as,  an  inJii^rsted  wound. 

IN-l)I  CEST'[-HLF,,  a.  [in  and  rfi>c«fiWc]  Not  di- 
jli'stiblc  ;  not  easily  converted  into  chyme,  or  pre- 
pared in  tlie  stomach  for  nourishing  the  body. 

^rbulhnut. 

2.  Not  to  be  received  or  patiently  enilnred. 
I\-I)I-GKST'I-1)LY,  atlv.    Not  digestibly. 
IN-DI-OKS'TIUN,  (-jest'yun.)  «.    [in  and  dirrestion.'] 

Want  of  due  coclion  in  the  stomach  ;  a  failure  of 

that  change  in  food  which  prepares  it  for  nutriment; 

crudity.  F.iicijc. 
As  a  iliscasr,  dyspepsy  ;  that  state  of  the  stomacii, 

in  which  it  is  incapable  of  performing  its  natural 

healthy  functions. 
IN-I)I(5'1T-aTE,  v.  i.    To  coniniunicale  ideas  by  the 

tiii^'ers  ;  to  show  or  compute  by  the  linfrors. 
I.\-1)10'IT-aTE,  v.  U    To  point  out  with  the  finger. 

Brown. 

IN-1)I0'IT-A-TING,  p/ir.  Showing,  directing,  or  coiu- 

piitiiii;  l>v  the  fineers. 
IN-l)Iti  IT-.^'TION,  B.   The  act  of  pointing  ont  with 

the  linger.  More. 
IN-DION',  fin-dine',)  a.    [L.  iii  /iViiits.] 

Unwiirtny  ;  disgraceful.    [^OAj.]  Shak, 
IN-DIG'N.\NCE,  n.    Indignation.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

IN-DIG'N.\NT,  a.  [h,  indigTians,  from  in</i>;ior,  to 
disdain  ;  in  and  dii^nory  di*rnns,'] 

.Affected  at  once  with  anger  and  disdain  ;  feeling 
the  mingled  emotions  of  wraih  and  scorn  or  con- 
tempt, as  when  a  person  is  cxaspernti  d  at  one  de- 
.spised,or  by  a  mean  action,  or  by  the  charge  of  a  <lis- 
hoiiorublc  act.  Uoliutli  was  indignant  at  the  chal- 
lenge of  David. 

il."  fctriiU-a  imti^nant,  and  with  hnii^hly  crie» 

single  figltl  llie  fairy  prince  di-li-  a.  '  TickeU. 

I  V-DFG'.N  A.\T-LY,  arfu.    In  an  indignant  manner. 

IN-DIG-N.\'TIO.V,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  indiirnatio.] 

I.  .\  strong  and  elevale(l  disapprobation  of  what  is 
flagitious  in  character  or  conduct ;  anger,  or  extreme 
anger,  mingled  with  contempt,  disgust,  or  abhor- 
rence. 

Wh'-'ii  Human  saw  Monl'^ai  in  ihr  Itiiig'i  ff^ite,  thnt  h?  stnod 
nut  up,  nor  movrtt  for  him,  he  vioM        of  xiidigtuition 
ii*.iiiisl  Monlocai.  —  ]rl»iU.  v. 
9.  The  .anger  of  a  superior ;  extreme  anger ;  pnr- 
tientnrly,  the  wrath  of  God  against  sinful  men  for 
their  ingratiiiide  and  rebellion.   t2  KiH:r.<  iii. 

3.  The  i  lfects  of  anger  ;  the  dri  adful  effects  of 
God's  wrath  ;  terrible  judgments.    /<.  xxvi. 

4.  Holy  displexsure  at  one's  self  for  sin.  3  Cor. 
vii. 

IN-I)IG'.\I-F?,  V.  i.  To  treat  disdainfully.  [Ao( 
used.]  Spenser. 

IN-UI(;'Nr-TY,  >i.    [L.  indianitas.] 

Unmerited,  contrinptiious  conduct  toward  an- 
other ;  any  action  toward  anniher  which  manifests 
contempt  for  him  ;  conluinely  ;  incivility  or  injury, 
accoinp;inied  with  insult.  Contemptuous  words  re- 
s|M'Cting  (me,  or  foul  languace  in  the  presence  of 
prrstuis  of  character  and  delicacy,  and  indecent  be- 
liavior,  are  indignities.  Christ  on  the  cross  was 
treated  will)  the  foulest  indirrnilv. 

IN-UIGN'LY,  (in-dine'ly,)  orfo.    Unworthily.  [Obs.] 

Hall. 

IN'DI-GO,  n.    [L.  ini/icum, from  India;  Fr.  It.  and  Sp. 

indiiro,  ] 

.■\  substance  or  dye,  prepared  from  the  leaves  and 
stalks  of  the  indigo-pl;int,  which  are  sti  epid  in  water 
till  the  pulp  is  extracted,  when  the  liquor  is  drawn 
off  anil  churned  or  agitated,  till  the  dye  begins  to 
granulate.  The  flakes  are  then  K  ft  to  settle  ;  the 
liquor  is  again  drawn  off,  and  the  indigo  is  drained 
in  bags  and  dried  in  boxes.  It  is  used  for  dyeing  a 
di'cp  blue.  E/lwards,  IV.  Ind. 

IN-I)l-(;r)  GKN,  n.     White  or  rciliiced  indigo,  pro- 
duced by  the  action  U|K>n  blue  indigo  of  any  deoxy- 
daliug  body.  Graham, 
IN-t)l-GO.M'E-TER,  n.    An  instriiineni  for  ascerttin- 

ing  the  slrenirth  of  indigo.  (fre. 
IN'Dl-G()-PI,ANT,  II.  .\  name  common  to  several 
E|iccies  of  the  genus  Iiidigofera,  from  which  is  pre- 
porcd  indigo.  They  are  natives  of  Asia,  .Africa,  and 
America,  and  are  called  by  the  native  Americans 
anil.  The  calyx  is  patent ;  the  carina  of  the  corol  is 
furnished  with  a  subulate,  patulous  spur  on  each 
side  ;  the  legume  is  linear.  Several  species  are  cul- 
tlvatoil  for  making  indigo,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant are  the  /.  fiiictorui,  or  co.nmon  indigo-plant,  the 
/.  and,  a  larger  species,  and  the  /.  dL'perma,  which 
furnishes  the  Guatimala  indigo. 

Eneiic.    Miller.    Edin.  Enevc. 
IN-Dl  GOT'ie,  0.  Mitotic  add  is  obtained  by  boiling 
wM  r      ""'"'^  '^''"^  weight  of 

IN-DII/A-TO-UY,  a.  [in  and  diUtory.]  Not  dilatory 
.Of.  st.xT^„  Corn,eallis. 

IN-I)IL'I-GENCE  n.    [in  and  dUi^ence. 
diligence ;  sluthfulness. 


IN-UlL'l-GKNT,  a.    Not  diligent :  idle  ;  slotbfiil. 

Kcltliain, 

IN-DIL'I-GENT-LY,  ado.    Without  diligence. 

lip.  Hall. 

IN-RI-.MIN'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  dimin- 
ished. Mdlim. 

IN-Dl-KEGT',  a.  [L.  indirectus;  in  and  directiis,  from 
diri^o.] 

1.  Not  straight  or  rectilinear  ;  deviating  from  a  ili- 
rect  line  or  course  ;  circuitous.  From  .New  York  to 
England  by  llourdc.aux,  is  an  indirect  course. 

2.  Not  direct,  in  u  tnvral  sense  ;  not  tending  to  a 
purpose  by  the  shortest  or  plainest  course,  or  by  the 
obvitnis,  ordinary  means,  but  obliiiuely  or  ctuise- 
([iientiaily  ;  by  remote  means  ;  as,  an  indirect  accu- 
sation ;  all  indirect  attick  on  reputation  ;  an  indirect 
answer  tir  proposal.  Hence, 

3.  \Vron<; ;  iiiiprojier.  Sbak. 

4.  Not  fair;  not  honest;  tending  to  mislead  or 
dixeive. 

Indirect  dcnlinj  will  be  discoveirtl  one  time  or  oilier.  Titlolson. 

5.  Indirect  tax,  is  a  tax  or  duty  on  articles  of  con- 
sumption, as  an  excise,  customs,  &c. 

IN-UI-KE€'TION,  n.     [in  and  direction.]  Oblique 
course  or  means.  Shak. 
2.  Dishonest  jiractice.    [0J«.]  Sliak. 
IN-UI-REGT'LY,  adv.    Not  in  a  straight  line  or 
course ;  obliipiely. 
2.  Not  by  direct  means. 

3  Not  in  express  terms.    He  indirectly  mentioned 
the  sr>.)ject. 
4.  I'nfaiily. 

Vour  cii'wn  an.l  kin^om  indirectly  held,  StuUc. 
I.\-DI-KECT'.\'ES9,  ji.    Obliquity;  devious  course, 
2.  L'lifairni  ss  ;  dishonesty.  Mounta^m. 
IN-DliS-CEKN'l  liLE,  (-diz-zcrn'aJ)l,)  a.    [in  and  dis- 
cernible.]   Th.at  can  not  be  discerned  ;  not  visible  or 
perreptible  ;  not  discoverable.  Denham. 
IN-1)1.«  CERN'I-BLE-NESS,  n.   Incapability  of  being 

discrriied.  JJamtnond. 
IN-DIS-CEllN'I-DLY,  ada.   In  a  manner  not  to  be 

seen  or  perceiveil. 
IN-UlS-CERl"i-ULE,  a.    Indiscerptiblc.  [Obs.] 

Mure. 

IN-DIS-CERP'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  being 
capable  of  separation  of  constituent  parts, 

IN-1)1S-CERI'-TM!IL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
incapable  of  dissolution,  or  separation  of  parts, 

IN-l)IS-CKRl>"IT-l!LE,  a.  [in  and  di.-<cerytible.]  In- 
capable of  being  destroyed  by  dissolution,  or  separa- 
tion of  prirls.  Bp.  Butler. 

I.\-DIS-CER1"TI-ULA'',  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  capable 
of  separation  into  parts, 

IN-DIS'CI-l'LIN-.A-ULE,  a.  [in  and  disciplinable.] 
That  can  not  be  disciplined  or  subjected  to  discipline  ; 
not  capable  of  being  improved  by  discipline,  I/ale. 

IN-DIS'CI-I'LINE,  ;i.  Want  of  discipline,  or  instruc- 
tion, n.  Morris. 

IN-DIS-eOV'ER-A-nLE,  (-kiiv'er-a-bl,)  a.  [in  and 
discoverable.]  That  can  not  be  discovered ;  undis- 
coverable. 

IN-I)I.S-COV'ER-V,  n.    [in  and  dhcoi-ery.]    Want  of 

discovirv.    [l^nnsual.]  Srotcn. 
I.\-DlS-eREET',  a.    [in  and  discreet.]    Not  discreet ; 

wanting  in  discretion  ;  imprudent ;  inconsiderate  ; 

injudicious  ;  as  persons. 
2.  Not  according  to  discretion  or  sound  judgment ; 

as,  indiscreet  bi^havior. 
IN-I)1S  eUEET'IA',  adv.     Not  discreetly  ;  without 

prudence  ^  inconsiderately  ;  without  judgment. 
IN-lilS-GRliTE',  a.    Not  discrete  or  separated. 

Pownal. 

IN-DIS-eRE"T10N,  (  dis-kresh'un,)  n.  [in  and  dis- 
cretion.] Want  of  discretion  ;  imprudence.  The 
grossest  vices  p:is3  under  the  fashionable  name  in- 
discretionit, 

IN-niS-eUlM'IN-.ATE,  a.    [L.  imliscriminatu^.  See 

DlSCHIMI  NATE.] 

1.  Uiidistingiiisliing ;  not  making  .any  distinction  ; 
as,  the  indiscriminate  voraciousness  of  a  ghuioii. 

Chesterjitld. 

2.  Not  having  discrimination  ;  confused. 

3.  Uiidistinirulsheri  or  undistingiiishable. 
IN-UIS-eUI.M'IN-ATE-LY.odc.  Without  distinction  ; 

in  confusion. 

IN-I)l.<!-tRI.M'I.\-A-TING,  a.  Not  making  any  dis- 
tinction ;  iLs,  the  victims  of  an  indiscrinunatin'r  sjiirit 
of  rapine.  Marlliall. 

IN-OIS-CRIM-IN-A'TION,  n.  Want  of  discrimiu.a- 
lion  or  distinction.  Jrffer-^un. 

IN-I)I.^  eRIM'IN-A-TIVE,  a.  Making  no  di.stinction. 

lN-I)IS-eUSS'£D,  (  dis-kust'i)  a.    Not  discussed. 

Donne. 

IN-DIS-PENS-A-DIL'I-TY,  n.  Indispensahleness. 

[l.illle  used.]  Skelton. 
1N-I)l.>i-I>EN.<'A-BI,E,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  rfi..7>ni.snft/r.] 
Not  lo  be  dispensed  with  ;  th.al  can  not  be  omitted, 
remitted,  or  spared  ;  absolutely  necessary  or  reqiii- 
sile.  Air  and  water  .are  indi-pensable  to  the  life  of 
man.  Our  duties  to  God  and  to  our  fellow-inen  are 
of  indi-fpensabte  oblis.ation 

The  state  or  quality 


]  Want  ofj  IN  DIS  PENS'A-DI.l-V-NESS,  n. 
B.  Jnnson.     I     of  being  absolutely  necessary. 


Iff  wnn  sulTiciently  injtisjx>aed  totoard  the  perBoni,  or  the 
iciplc*  of  CjiIvin'B  dij,ciiilt:i».  Clarendon. 

Disinclined  ;  averse  ;  un- 


IN-UId-PEN.S'A-HLY,  ado.  Necessarily ;  in  a  man- 
ner or  degree  that  forbids  dispensation,  omission,  or 
want. 

IN-Dia-PER.S'£D,  (-dia-pcrst',)  a.    Not  dispeiscd. 

Mere. 

I.\-1)IS-P0SE',  r.  <.  [Fr.  indi-^oser;  in  and  disposer, 
to  dispose  or  lit.    See  Disi-ose.] 

1.  To  disincline  ;  to  alieii.ate  the  mind  and  render 
it  averse  or  unfavorable  to  any  thing.  A  love  of 
pleasure  indisposes  the  mind  to  severe  study  and 
steady  attention  to  business.  The  pride  and  selfish- 
ness of  men  indispose  them  to  religious  duties. 

2.  To  render  unlit  ;  to  disqualify  for  its  proper 
functions  ;  to  disorder;  as,  the  disteiiiperatiire  of  in- 
di-poscd  organs.  Olam  ille. 

3.  To  disorder  slightly,  as  the  licaljiy  functions  of 
the  body. 

It  m:idc  him  nthcr  irulUpored  Uian  sick.  Walton. 

4.  'i'o  make  unfavorable  or  disinclined ;  with 
toward. 

The  kin 
priiici] 

IN-DIS-PoS'£D,  pp.  or  a. 
willing ;  unfavorable. 

2.  Disordered;  disqualilieil  for  its  functions  ;  unfit. 

3.  Slightly  disordered  ;  not  in  perfect  health,  , 
IN-DIS-PoS  ED-NES.-<,  n.  Disinclination ;  slight  aver- 
sion ;  unwillingness  ;  iinfavorableiiess. 

2.  Unfitness;  disordered  state. 
IN-DlS-PoS'INO,;»/)r.    Disinclining;  rendering  some- 
what averse,  unwilling,  or  unfavorable. 
2.  Disocilering ;  rendering  unfit. 
IN-DIS-P0-SI"'i'10N,  (-po-/.ish'un,)  n.    [Fr. ;  in  and 
disposition.]     Disjnclination ;  aversion;  iiiiwilliiig- 
ness  ;  dislike  ;  o-s  the  indisposition  of  iiien  to  submit 
to  severe  discipline ;  an  indisposition  to  abandon 
vicious  practices. 

A  ^-ncnil  inditpogition  towiirt!  Ijelifving.  Alterl/ury. 

2.  Slight  disorder  of  the  healthy  functions  of  the 
body  ;  tendency  to  disease.  Indisposition  is  a  slight 
defect  of  healthy  action  in  bodily  functions,  rather 
than  settled  or  marked  disease. 

3.  Want  of  tendency  or  natural  appetency  or  affin- 
ity ;  as,  the  indisposition  of  two  substances  to  com- 
bine. 

IN-D!S'PU-TA-!!I,E,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  disputable.]  Not 
to  be  disputed  ;  incontrovi  rtible  ;  incoulcstJible  ;  too 
evident  lo  admit  of  dispute.  JiddUun. 

IN-DlS'PU-TA-llIj:-NEt<S,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  indisputable,  or  too  clear  to  admit  of  con- 
troversy. 

IN-DIS'PU-TA  liLY,  adv.  Without  dispute;  in  a 
manner  or  degree  not  admitting  of  controversy ; 
unquestionably  ;  without  opposition. 

IN-DIS-POT'ED,  a.  Not  disputed  or  controverted; 
undisputed.  Encye. 

I.\-DIS-SO-I.U-I!IL'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  indissolubiliuS.  Sec 

INDISSOLUBLE.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  indissoluble,  or  not  capable 
of  being  dissolved,  melted,  or  liqiielicd.  Locke. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  incapable  of  a  breach; 
perpetuity  of  union,  obligation,  or  binding  force. 

IVarbiirtoH, 

IN-DIS'SO-LU-HLE,  a.  [Fr..  from  T..  indissolubUU  ;  in 
and  dissoluhilis,  from  dissolvo ;  rftsand  solvo,  to  loosen.] 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  dissolved,  melted,  or  lique- 
fied, as  by  heat  or  water.  Few  substances  are  abso- 
lutely indissoluble  by  heat ;  many  are  iiulissoluhle  in 
water. 

2.  That  can  not  be  broken  or  rightfully  violated  ; 
perpetually  binding  or  obligatory  ;  as,  an  indi.ssoliibU 
league  or  covenant.  The  marriage  covenant  is  in- 
dissoluble,  except  ill  certain  specified  cases. 

.3.  Not  to  be  broken  ;  firm  ;  stable;  as,  indissoluble 
friendship  ;  indissidnhlc  baiiiLs  of  love. 
I.\-D1S'S()-LU-I11,E-NES.S,  n.    The  quality  of  being 
iiii  apable  of  dissolution,  separation,  or  breach  ;  indis- 
sohibihty.  j[,iie, 
IN-Dl.'^'.SO-LU-lU.Y,  adv.    In  a  m.anner  resisting  sep- 
aration ;  liruily  united  beyond  the  power  of  sep,ara- 
in  a  manner  not  to  be  dissolved  or  broken. 


tion  ; 


(In  tlioy  iiinve 
Irulutotubiy  lirni. 


Milton. 


IN-DIS-SOT.Y'A-Iil,E,  (  diz-zolv'-,)  a.  [in  and  dis- 
solvable.] 'I'li.it  can  not  be  dissolved  ;  not  capable 
of  being  inelteil  or  liqiiufii-d. 

2.  Indissohilile  ;  that  can  not  be  broken  ;  perpetu- 
ally firm  and  binding  ;  as,  an  indissolvablc  bond  of 
union. 

3.  Not  capable  of  separation  into  parts  by  natural 
process. 

IN  I)I.«-?()I.V'A-DI.E-NESS,  n.  Indi.ssolubleness. 

IN  DIS'T.AN-UY,  n.  Want  of  distimce  or  separation. 
\j1  bad  trord,  and  not  used,]  Pearson. 

IN-DIS-TINCT',  a.  [Fr. ;  L.  indistinUus  ;  in  and  dis- 
tinclus.    See  Distinct.] 

1.  Not  distinct  or  distininiishnble  ;  not  sep.irate  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  be  perceptible  by  itself.  The 
parts  of  a  substance  are  indistinct,  when  they  arc  so 
blended  that  the  eye  can  not  sepanite  them,  or  per- 
ceive them  as  separale.  Sounds  are  indistinct,  when 
the  ear  can  not  se|)arate  them.  Hence, 


TONE,  BULL.  UNITE.  — A.\"GER.  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  ti  as  J  ;  8  as#;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


75 


r>!»7 


IND 


IN  D 


IX  D 


2.  Obscure  ;  not  clear ;  confused ,  as,  induitinct 
ideas  or  notions. 

3.  Imperfect;  faint;  not  presenting  clear  and  well- 
definetl  images ;  as,  indistinct  vision  ;  an  induitinct 
view 

4.  ,Vot  exactlv  discerninii.    [Unusiial.]  Shak. 
IN-DIS-TINCT'I-BLE,  a.   Undistingiiisliable.  [Little 

M-sei/  J  IVarton. 
IN-DIS-TINC'TIOX,  n.    Want  of  distinction  ;  confu- 
sion ;  uncertainty. 

The  indistitiction  of  many  of  the  suiie  name  —  hath  made  some 
doubt.  Browru 

2.  Indiscrimination  ;  want  of  distinction.  Sprat. 

3.  Equality  of  condition  or  rank.       Coze,  Sicitz. 
IN-D[S-Tli\e'T'LY,  ado.    Without  distinction  or  sep- 
aration ;  as  when  parts  of  a  thing  are  indistinctly 
seen. 

2.  Confusedly;  not  clearly;  obscurely;  as  when 
ideas  are  iniLi.stmctlii  comprehended. 

3.  Not  definitely  ;  not  with  precise  limits ;  as  when 
the  border  of  a  tiling  is  indistinctly  marked. 

IN-DIS-TINeT'NESS,  ;i.  Want  of  distinction  or  dis- 
crimination ;  confusion  ;  uncertainty. 

2.  Obscurity  ;  faintucss  ;  as,  the  indistinctness  of 
vision. 

IN-DlS-TlN"GUtSH-.\-nLE,  (-ting'gwish-a-bl,)  a. 
[ill  and  dMns-uiskablc]  That  can  not  be  distin- 
guished or  separated  ;  undistinguishable.  Ti/tler. 

IN-DIS-TlN"Gi;iSn-ING,  o.  Making  no  difference  ; 
as,  indistinmdsliing  liberalities.  Julmsnn. 

IN-DIS-TURB'ANCE,  n.  [in  and  disturiance.]  Free- 
dom from  disturbance  ;  calmness;  repose;  tranquil- 
lity. Temple. 

IN-DITCH',  V.  t.   To  bury  in  a  ditch.    [Litile  usid.] 

Bp.  IMl. 

IN-DITE',  ti.  «.  [L.  indico,  indictum  ;  in  and  dicu,  to 
speak.] 

1.  To  compose  ;  to  write  ;  to  commit  to  words  in 
writing. 

He.ar  Itow  learned  Greece  her  nsefiil  rules  inriites.  Pope. 

2.  To  direct  or  dictate  what  is  to  be  uttered  or 
written.  Tlie  late  President  Dwight  indited  his  ser- 
mons. 

My  heart  is  iivUting  a  j;ood  matter.  —  Ps.  xlv. 

TN-DlTE',  V.  i.    To  compose  an  account  of.  IVallrr. 
[This  is  from  the  same  original  as  Indict.  The 
different  api)lications  of  the  woril  liave  induced  au- 
thors to  express  each  in  a  different  orthography,  but 
without  good  reason.] 

IN-DIT'ED,  pp.    Composed  ;  written  ;  dictated. 

I.\-DlTE'.MENT,  n.    The  act  of  inditing. 

IN-DlT'EIi,  n.    One  who  indites. 

IN-DlT'ING,  ppr.  Committing  to  words  in  writing; 
dictating  what  shall  be  written. 

IN-DI-VlD'.A-BLE,  n.    Not  capable  of  division.  Shak. 

IN-DI-VlI)'El),  a.    Undivided.  Patrid:. 

IN-Dl-VID't;-.\L,  a.  [Fr.  ijidividnel ;  L.  individitus  ; 
ZH  and  dividuiis,  from  divida,  to  divide.] 

1.  Not  divided,  or  not  to  be  divided;  single;  one; 
as,  an  individual  man  or  city. 

Under  hig  great  vicegerent  rei^ii  abide 

United,  as  one  individual  soul.  Millon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  one  only  ;  as,  individual  labor  or 
e.\erlions. 

IN-DI-VIU'U-AL,  n.  A  single  person  or  human  be- 
ing. This  is  the  common  application  of  the  word; 
as,  there  was  not  an  individual  present. 

2.  A  single  animal  or  thing  of  any  kind.  But 
this  word,  as  a  noun,  is  applied  particularly  to  hu- 
man being.s. 

IN-DI-VIU'U-AL-ISM,  n.  The  state  of  individual  in- 
terest, or  aitacliinent  to  the  interest  of  individuals, 
in  preference  to  the  common  interest  of  society. 

IN-UI-VID-U-AL'I-TY,  n.  Separate  or  distinct  ex- 
istence ;  a  state  of  oneness.  Jirbnthnnt. 

IN-DI-VIU-U-AI,-I-Za'TION,  n.  The  act  of  individ- 
ualizing ;  the  state  of  being  individualized. 

IN-DI-VID'IJ-AL-IZE,  v.  t.  To  distinguish;  to  sc-- 
lect  or  niaric  as  an  individual,  or  to  disiingui.sh  the 
peculiar  properties  of  a  person  from  others.  Drake. 

IN-I)1-V  ll)'IJ-AL-IZ-ED,  ;;/».  Distinguished  as  a  par- 
ticular person  or  thing.  Drake. 

IN-UI-VID'IJ-AL-IZ-ING,  jipr.  Distinguishing  as  an 
individual. 

IN-I)I-VID'IT-AL-LY,  <i<i».  Separately;  by  itself;  to 
the  exclusion  of  others.  Thirty  men  will  unitedly 
accomplish  what  each  of  tlu:m  individually  can  not 
porforiM. 

2.  With  separate  or  di.stinct  existence. 

ilow  ■hoiild  that  suUift  toliljiry  by  ilseir,  wliich  hath  no  iub- 
•Uiiice,  hut  irulimdually  Uio  very  same  wlicn:!')!  otii-n 
■ul»i>t  wlUi  \il  Hooker. 

3.  Inseparably ;  incominunicably. 

Oinniacicnce  — an  attribute  iri'tiuuluaUy  nroticr  U)  tlie  Godhead. 

UakemUI. 

IN-ni-Vin'IT-ATE,  a.  Undivided. 
INDI  VID'Ii-A'l'E,  K.  r.    To  make  dingle  ;  to  distin- 
gniNh  from  others  of  the  npecics. 

Life  la  inftivifliMted  Into  indnilc  niiiiibers,  that  have  Ui'  lr  «liMlinct 
■ciiae  »iid  pi'  tuure.  More. 

IN-Dl-VID-t;-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  Kingle 
or  the  name,  to  the  cxciuiilun  uf  ottiem.  fValln. 


2.  The  act  of  separating  into  individuals  by  analy- 
sis, Etymol.  Vocnbularit. 
IN-DI-VID-IJ'J-TY,  71.     Separate  existence.  [JVot 
vsed.'\ 

IN-DI-VIN'I-TY,  n.    Want  of  divine  power.  Brown. 

IN-DI-VIS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [See  Indivisible.]  The 
state  or  property  of  being  indivisible.  Locke. 

IN-I1I-VIS'I-BLE,  a.  [hi  and  divisible.  See  Di- 
vide. 

That  can  not  he  divided,  separated,  or  broken  ;  not 
separable  into  parts.  Perhaps  the  particles  of  matter, 
however  small,  can  not  he  considered  as  indivisible. 
The  mintl  or  soul  must  be  indivisible.  A  mathemati- 
cal point  is  indivisible. 
IN-DI-VIS'I-BLE,  II.  In  geomclnj,  indivisibles  are 
the  elements  or  principles,  supposed  to  be  infinitely 
small,  into  which  a  body  or  figure  may  be  resolved. 

Barlow. 

IN-DI-VIS'I-BLE-NESS,  71.   Indivisibility,  which  see. 
IN-DI-VIS'I-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  capable  of  di- 
vision. 

IN-UI-VIS'ION,  li.   A  state  of  being  not  divided. 

More. 

IN'DO-BRIT'ON,  71.  A  person  born  in  India,  one  of 
whose  parents  is  a  native  of  Great  Britain.  Malcom. 

IN-Do'CI-BLE  or  IN-DOC'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  doci- 
hle  ;  Ij.  docro,  to  teach.] 

1.  Unteachable ;  not  capable  of  being  taught,  or 
not  easily  instructed  ;  dull  in  intellect.     Bp.  Mall. 

2.  Intractable,  as  a  beast. 
IN-Do'CI-BLE-NESS  or  IN-DOC'I-BLE-NESS,  71.  In- 

docilitv.  Taylor. 
IN-Do'ClLE  or  IN-DOC'ILE,  a.    [Fr.;  Uindocilis; 
in  and  docilis ;  docco,  to  teach.] 

1.  Not  teachable ;  not  easily  instructed  ;  dull. 

Bcntley. 

2.  Intractable,  as  a  beast. 
IN-DO-CIL'l-TY,  71.    [Fr.  indocHite.] 

1.  Uiiteachableness  ;  dullness  of  intellect. 

Bp.  Kail. 

2.  Intractableness,  as  of  a  beast. 
IN-DOe'TRIN-ATE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  endoctriner ;  L.  in  and 

doctrina,  learning.] 
To  teach  ;  to  instruct  in  rudiments  or  principles. 

He  took  much  delight  in  indoctrinatirg  his  young,  unexperienced 
f-tvorite.  Clarendon. 

IN-DOe'TRIN-A-TED,  pp.  Taught;  instructed  in 
the  principles  of  any  science. 

IN-DOl'TRIN-a-TING,  ppr.  Teaching;  instructing 
in  principles  or  rudiments. 

IN-DOe-TIUN-A'TlON,  71.  Instruction  in  the  rudi- 
ments and  principles  of  a1iy  science  ;  information. 

Bruijyn. 

IN'DO-LENCE,7i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  indolcntia;  in  and  do- 
Ico,  to  be  pained.] 

1.  iiVfrff/?!/,  freedom  from  pain.  Burnet. 

2.  Habitual  idleness  ;  indisposition  to  labor ;  lazi- 
ness ;  inaction,  or  want  of  exertion  of  body  or  mind, 
proceeding  from  love  of  ease  or  aversion  to  toil.  In- 
dolence, like  laziness,  implies  a  constitutional  or  ha- 
bitual love  of  ease  ;  idleness  does  not. 

IN'UO-LENT,  a.  [Fr.]  Habitually  idle  or  indisposed 
to  labor ;  lazy  ;  listless ;  sluggish  ;  indulging  in  ease  ; 
applied  to  persons. 

2.  Inactive  ;  idle  ;  as,  an  indolent  life. 

3.  Free  from  pain  ;  as,  an  indolent  tumor. 
IN-DO-LENT-LY,  adv.  In  habitual  idleness  and  ease ; 

without  action,  activity,  or  exertion  ;  lazily. 

Cahii  and  serene  you  infloleitUy  sit.  Addison. 

IN-DOM'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  in  and  domo,  to  tame.] 
That  can  not  be  subdued  ;  irrepressible;  untamable. 

Jlerbrrt. 

IN-DO:\IPT'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  in  and  domptcr,  L.  domo, 
to  tame.] 

Not  to  be  subdued.    [Unasnal.]  Take. 
IN-I)ORS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  indorsed,  assigned, 

and  made  payable  to  order. 
IN-DOKSE',  V.  t.    [h.  in  and  dorsum,  the  back.] 

1.  To  write  on  the  back  of  a  paper  or  written  in- 
strument ;  as,  to  indorse  a  note  or  hill  of  exchange  ; 
to  indorse  a  receipt  or  assignment  on  a  bill  or  note. 
Hence, 

2.  To  assign  by  writing  an  order  on  the  back  of  a 
note  or  bill  ^  to  assign  or  transfer  by  indorsement. 
The  lull  was  indor.mi  to  the  b;iiik. 

3.  To  give  sanction  or  currency  to  ;  as,  to  indor.se 
a  statement  or  the  opinions  of  another.  [.Modern.] 

To  indorse  in  blank  :  to  write  a  name  only  on  a  note 

or  bill,  leaving  a  blank  to  be  filled  bv  the  holder. 
lN-l)()KS'/;i),(in-diirst',);)/).ora.  Written  on  the  b.ick  ; 

assigned  ;  sanclionetl. 
IN-I)OR-SEE',  II.    The  person  to  whom  a  note  or  bill 

is  indorsed,  or  assigned  by  indorseiiii  iit. 
IN-DOltSE'iMENT,  11.    The  art  of  writing  on  the  back 

of  a  note,  bill,  or  other  written  iiistriimeiil. 

2.  That  which  is  wrillen  on  the  back  of  a  note, 
bill,  or  other  paper,  as  a  name,  an  order  for  jiayiiient, 
the  return  of  an  olliccr,  or  the  verdict  of  a  grand 
Jury. 

3.  Sanction  or  support  given,  as  the  indorsement  of 
a  rumor. 

IN-1)01{.~<'ER,  n.  The  person  who  indorses,  or  writes 
hi»  name  on  the  back  of  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange  ; 


and  who,  by  this  act,  as  the  case  may  be,  makes  him- 
self liable  to  pay  the  note  or  bill. 
IN-DORS'ING,  ppr.  Writingon  the  back  ;  assigning  ; 
sanctioning. 

IN-DOllS'ING,  71.  The  act  of  making  an  indorse- 
ment. 

IN'DRXUGHT,  (in'diiift,)  71.  [in  and  drnnirkt.]  An 
opening  from  the  sea  into  the  land  ;  an  inlet.  |  Ods.] 

Balcf;!,. 

IN'DRAWN,  a.    Drawn  in. 

IN-DRENCH',  J',  t.  [in  and  drench.]  To  overwhelm 
with  water  ;  to  drown  ;  to  drench.  Shak. 

IN-DRENCH'AD,  (in-drencht',)  pp.  Overwhelmed 
with  water. 

IN-Du'BI-OUS,  a.  [L.  ittdnbius;  in  and  dubius,  doubt- 
ful.] 

1.  Not  dubious  or  doubtful ;  certain. 

2.  Not  doubting  ;  unsuspecting  ;  as,  indubious  con- 
fidence. Harvey. 

IN-DC'BI-TA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Ij.  indubitabilis  ;  in 
and  dubitabilis,  from  dubilo,  to  doubt.] 

Not  to  be  doubted  ;  unquestionable  ;  evident ;  ap- 
parentlv  certain  ;  too  plain  to  admit  of  doubt.  IVatts. 
IN-Dtj'BI-TA-BLE-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  indubita- 
ble. Jish. 
IN-DU'BI-TA-BLY,  adv.    Undoubtedly  ;  unquestion- 
ably ;  in  a  manner  to  remove  all  doubt.  Sprat. 
IN-Du'BI-TATE,  a.    [L.  indubitatus.] 

Not  questioned  ;  evident ;  certain.    [JVot  used.] 

Bacon. 

IN-DuCE',  V.  t.  [L.  induco ;  in  and  duco,  to  lead  ;  Fr. 
induire  ;  It.  indurre.] 

1.  To  lead,  as  by  persuasion  or  argument ;  to  pre- 
vail on  ;  to  incite  ;  to  influence  by  motives.  The 
emperor  could  not  be  induced  to  take  part  in  the  con- 
test. 

2.  To  produce  by  influence 

As  this  belief  is  absolutely  necessary  for  all  mankind,  the  evi- 
dence for  inducing  il  nnist  Ite  of  Uiat  nature  as  to  arciiniino- 
date  itself  to  all  species  of  men.  Korijcs, 

3.  To  produce  ;  to  bring  on ;  to  cause  ;  as,  a  fever 
induced  by  extreme  fatigue.  The  revolution  in 
France  has  induced  a  cliange  of  opinions  and  of 
property. 

4.  To  introduce  ;  to  bring  into  view. 

The  poet  may  be  seen  inducing  liis  personages  in  the  fir^t  Iliad. 

Pope. 

5.  To  offer  by  way  of  induction  or  inference.  [.Yot 
used.]  Brajrn. 

6.  In  electricity,  to  transmit  an  electric  influence 
through  a  non-conducting  medium  without  any  ap- 
parent communication  of  a  spark. 

IN-DuC'i!D,  (in-du.st',)  pp.  Persuaded  by  motives; 
iurtuenced  ;  pioducetl ;  caused. 

IN-DUCE'MENT,  11.  Motive;  any  thing  that  leads 
the  mind  to  will  or  to  act ;  any  aigunieiit,  reason,  or 
fact,  that  tends  to  persuade  or  influence  the  mind. 
The  love  of  ease  is  an  inducement  to  idleness.  The 
love  of  money  is  an  inducement  to  industry  in  good 
men,  and  to  the  perpetration  of  crimes  in  the  bail. 

2.  In  law,  a  statement  of  facts  introducing  other 
material  facts. 

IN-DuU'ER,  7!.  He  or  that  which  induces,  persuades, 
or  influences. 

IN-Du'CI-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  induced  ;  that  may 
be  offered  by  induction.  Brown. 
2.  That  may  be  caused.  Barrow. 

IN-DuC'ING,  ppr.  Leading  or  moving  by  reastm  or 
arguments;  persuading;  producing;  causing ;  trans- 
mitting electrical  influence  through  a  non-conducting 
medium. 

IN  DUCT',  V.  t.  [L.  inductus,  from  induco;  in  and  du- 
co, to  lead.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bring  in  or  introduce.  Hence, 

2.  Apprnp'rintely,  to  introtliice,  as  to  a  benefice  or 
office  ;  to  put  in  actual  possession  of  an  ecclesiastical 
living,  or  of  any  other  office,  with  the  customary 
forms  and  ceremonies.  Clerks  or  jiarsons  a  e  in- 
ductrd  by  a  mandate  fiom  the  bishop  10  Ilie  arch- 
deacon, who  usually  issues  a  precept  to  oilier  cler- 
gymen to  perfiirin  the  duty.  In  the  United  States, 
certain  civil  otfictrs,  and  presi^lents  of  colleges,  are 
inilnrtrd  into  office  with  appropriate  ceremonies. 

IN-DUCT'ED,  pp.  Introduced  into  ollice  with  the 
usual  fiirmalities. 

IN  DUCTIliE,  a.  [in  and  ductile.]  Not  capable  of 
being  drawn  into  tlireads,  as  a  metal.  [See  Duc- 
tile.] 

IN-DUe-TIL'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being  induc- 
tile. 

IN-DUCT'ING,  ;i/ir.    Introducing  into  oflice  with  the 

usual  fiirmalities. 
IN-DlJCTIOiN,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  indurtio.    See  Iri- 

DC'CT.  ] 

1.  Literallii,  a  bringing  in  ;  introduction  ;  entrance. 
Hence, 

2.  Tlie  bringing  fiirwaid  of  particulars  or  inilivid- 
ual  cases,  with  a  view  to  establish  some  general  con- 
clusion. 

3.  A  kind  of  argument  «'Iiicli  infers  respecting  a 
whole  class  «  lial  has  lieeii  ascertained  respecting 
one  or  more  individuals  of  that  class.  IVIiately. 

This  is  the  inductive  method  of  Bacon,  and  is  the 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/yT.  — MitE,  PEBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W9LF,  BQQK.— 
M8  — — — -— 


IND 


IND 


INE 


direct  reverse  of  lugical  deduction,  ll  asconiLs  from 
tlie  parts  to  the  whole,  ami  foriiis,  from  llie  general 
analogy  of  nature,  or  special  presumptions  in  the 
case,  conc  lusions  which  have  greater  or  less  degrees 
of  force,  and  which  maybe  stronnthened  or  weak- 
ened by  subse<|uent  experience.  It  relates  to  actual 
existences,  as  in  physical  science,  or  the  concerns  of 
life.  Deduction  descends  iVoni  the  wiiole  to  some  iu- 
clinled  part ,  its  inferences  are  necessary  conclusions 
a(  cordiii;!  to  Ilie  laws  of  thouRht,  being  merely  the 
mental  reco^niticm  of  some  particular,  ns  included  or 
ctuitained  in  soniethin*;  g;-neral. 

4.  The  inference  of  SOU!.'  g.  neral  truth  from  all  the 
particulars  embraced  under  it,  as  legitimated  by  the 
laws  of  thoUL'ht,  and  abstracted  from  the  conditions 
of  any  particular  matter.  This  may  be  called  mrta- 
plui.-ical  induction,  and  should  be  carefully  distin- 
yuislied  from  the  illations  of  physics,  spoken  of 
above. 

5.  The  conclusion  or  inference  drawn  from  a  pro- 
cess of  inductbin. 

().  'i'he  introduction  of  a  rlerffyman  into  a  benefice, 
or  piving  possession  of  an  ecclesiastical  living;  or 
the  introduction  of  a  person  into  an  ollice  by  the  usu- 
al forms  and  cerenu>nies.  Induction  is  applied  to  the 
introduction  of  othcers,  only  when  certain  oaths  are 
to  be  aduiinistereil  or  other  foruialuies  are  to  be  ob- 
served, which  are  intended  to  confer  authority  or 
give  dignity  to  the  transaction.  In  Ureal  Britain,  in- 
dnctioH  is  used  for  giving  |Hissession  of  ecclesiastical 
oliices.  In  the  United  States,  it  is  applied  to  the  for- 
mal introduction  of  civil  otncers,and  the  higher  otH- 
cers  of  colleges. 

7.  In  clrciricitij,  an  influence  exerted  by  an  electri- 
fied body  through  a  non-con<lucting  medium,  without 
any  apparent  cunnnunicati<ni  of  a  spark.  Thus  elec- 
trical attr.ictions  and  repulsions  may  be  transmitted 
by  induction  tiirongh  glass,  altliuugii  no  spark  can 
pass  through  such  a  medium.  Olm.<tcd. 

8.  In  oUI  iiluy.-.,  an  introductory  scene,  leading  to 
the  main  action,  ;is  the  episode  of  the  Diikc  and  the 
Tinker,  in  tfiiakspeare's  Taming  of  the  Shrew. 

Toone, 

IN-DUe'TIO.\-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  induction. 

Maunder, 

IN-DUeX'lVE,  a.    Leading  or  drawing  ;  with  to. 

A  brmiah  vice, 
Inductivt  mainly  to  tlie  sin  ol  Kve.  Milton. 

2.  Tending  to  induce  or  cause. 

They  may  be  iiulactioe  ofcre^libility.    [Unusua2.]  JIaJe. 

3.  Leading  to  inferences ;  proceeding  by  induction  ; 
employed  in  drawing  conclusions  from  premises  ;  as, 
inductive  reasoning. 

l.\-l)I'eT'lVE-LY,  ndr.    By  induction  or  inference. 

I.N'-DUeT'OR,  ?i.  The  person  who  inducts  another 
into  an  otiice  or  benefice: 

IX-DCE',  rin-du',)  v.  t.  [L.  induo  ;  Gr.  cvfvoi ;  Fr.  en- 
duire.  ^  his  wi'rd  coincides  nearly  in  signification 
with  endow,  that  is,  to  put  on,  to  furnish.  Duo  is  ev- 
idently a  contracted  woril.] 

1.  To  put  on  something  ;  to  invest ;  to  clothe  ;  as, 
to  indue  matter  with  forms,  or  man  with  intelligence. 

2.  To  furnish  ;  to  sup|ily  with  ;  to  endow. 
IN-I)C'f:i),  (in-dude',) ;)/!.    Clothed  ;  invested. 
I.\-UC'1".\IENT,  (in-du'ment,)  ;i.    .\  putting  cm  ;  en- 
dowment. JMountagu. 

IN-I)C'l\0  ppr.    Investing;  putting  on. 
IN-DULOF/,  fm-dulj',)  r.  r.  [I.,  indnl^eo.    This  word 

is  Aimpounu,  but  the  primitive,  simple  verb  is  not 

known,  nor  the  radical  sense.    If  allied  to  Q.  and  D. 

diilden,  to  bear,  to  tolerate,  it  is  from  the  root  of  L. 

tolcro,  j 

1.  'lo  permit  to  be  or  to  continue  ;  to  suffer;  not 
to  restniiii  or  opiM)se  ;  as,  to  indulijc  sloth  ;  to  indulge 
the  passions ;  to  indulge  pride,  selfishness,  or  inclina- 
tions 

2.  To  gratify,  negatively :  not  to  check  or  restrain 
the  will,  apiietite,  or  desire  ;  as,  to  indulge  children 
in  amusements. 

3.  To  gratify,  posiiivelij;  to  grant  something,  not  of 
right,  but  a«  a  favor ;  to  grant  in  compliance  with 
wishes  or  desire. 

Yet,  yel  a  moment,  one  dim  ray  of  lig^hl 

indulge,  dn-.ul  Cliau«  .-ind  eternal  Nigtil  I  Pop€. 

4.  In  general,  to  gratify ;  to  favor ;  to  humor ;  to 
yield  to  the  wishes  of;  to  withhold  restraint  from. 

It  is  remarked  by  Johnson,  that  if  the  matter  of 
indulgence  is  a  single  thing,  it  li.as  wilh  before  it ;  if 
il  is  a  habit,  it  has  in.  He  indulged  himself  mUt  a 
gla.«s  of  wine  ;  he  indulges  himself  in  sloth  or  intem- 
pf  ranee. 

IN-DULCE',  (in-dulj',)  r.  i.  To  permit  to  enjoy  or 
practice  ;  or  to  yield  to  the  enjoyment  or  |iractice  of, 
withinit  restraint  or  control ;  as,  to  indulge  in  sin,  or 
in  sensual  pleasure.  This  form  of  expn-ssion  is  ellip- 
tical, a  pronoun  being  omitted  :  as,  to  indulge  muielf 
or  kifnsclf. 

MoU  men  Hie  mnie  willin;  lo  indulgt  la  eaiT  Yicei.  tlian  to 
piacuco  labunoua  virtu<-i.  Jokrison. 

2.  To  yield ;  to  comply ;  to  be  favorable.  [Little 
used.]  '■ 
ly-UVLO'KO,  pp.   Permitted  to  be  and  to  operate  I 


without  check  or  control  i  as,  love  of  pleasure  in- 
dulged to  exci'ss. 

2.  Gratified  ;  yielded  to  ;  humored  in  wishes  or  de- 
sires ;  as,  a  child  indulged  by  his  parents. 

.3.  Granted. 

IN-DUL'GE.NCE,  )  7i.  Free  permi.ssion  to  the  appe- 
ii\-UUL'GEN  t,'V,  i  tiles,  humor,  desires,  passions, 
or  will,  to  act  or  operate  ;  forbearance  of  restraint  or 
control.  How  many  children  are  ruined  by  indul- 
gence! Indulgence  is  not  kinilness  or  tenderness,  but 
it  may  be  the  ellVct  of  one  or  the  other,  or  of  lu^gli- 
gence. 

9.  Gratification;  as,  the  iHiyu/ifciicc  of  lust  or  of  a|>- 
petitc. 

3.  Favor  granted  ;  liberality  ;  gratification. 

If  all  Uiese  ^racions  itidulffenciea  are  wiUiout  elli  ct  on  ua,  wc 
must  perUb  in  our  lolly.  liogera. 

4.  In  the  Roman  Ciitliolic  church,  remission  of  the 
punishment  due  to  sins,  granted  by  the  pope  or 
cliiireli,  and  siipposeil  to  save  the  sinner  from  pur- 
gatory ;  absolution  from  the  censures  of  the  church 
and  from  all  transgressions.  Encijc. 

I\-I)UL'GE.\T,  «.  Yielding  to  the  wishes,  desires, 
humor,  or  appetites  of  those  under  one's  care  ;  coin- 
pliaiit;  not  opposing  or  restraining ;  as,  .an  indulgent 
parent. 

2.  Jlild;  favorable;  not  severe;  as,  the  indulgent 
censure  of  posterity.  H'allcr. 

3.  Gratifying;  favoring;  with  o/. 

The  feeble  old,  iitdulgenl  of  Uieir  eaae.  Dryden. 
IN'-DIJL-GEN'TIAL,  a.    Kelating  to  the  indulgences 
of  the  Koinaii  Catholic  church.  [jVo{  icclt  authorized.] 

Brecint. 

IN-DUL'CJENT-LY,  adv.    With  unrestrained  enjoy- 
ment. Hammond. 
2.  Mildly  ;  favorably  ;  not  severely. 

I.\-I)ULG'EK,  71.    One  who  indulges.  Mounlagu. 

L\-DULG'L\G,  p/>r.  Permitting  to  enjoy  or  to  prac- 
tice ;  gratifying. 

IN-DULT',    (  n.   [Fr. ;  It.  indulto,a  pardon;  L.  in- 

IN-UULT'O,  J     dnltu.1,  indulged.] 

1.  A  privilege  or  exemption.  Johnson. 

2.  In  (Ac  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  privilege  granted 
by  the  po|ie,  to  certain  persons,  of  doing  or  obtaining 
something  contrary  lo  established  rule  or  law. 

Lunier. 

3.  In  Spain,  a  duty,  tax,  or  custom,  paid  to  the  king 
for  all  goods  imported  from  the  \Vesl  Indies  in  the 
gallecuis.  Kncijc.  Brit^ 

IX-UO'FLI-e.'\TE,  a.    [L.  m  and  duflicalus.] 

In  botany,  having  the  margins  bent  abruptly  in- 
ward, and  the  external  face  of  these  edges  applied 
to  each  other  without  any  twisting,  as  in  some  spe- 
cies of  Clematis.  Lindley. 

IN'DU-IIaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  induro;  in  and  duro,  to  hard- 

o  grow  hard  ;  to  harden  or  become  hard.  Clay 
indurates  bv  drying,  and  by  extreme  heat. 
IN'DU-KATE,  V.  t.    To  make  hard.  Extreme  heat  in- 
durates clay.    iSome  fossils  are  indurateii  by  exposure 
to  the  air. 

2.  To  make  nnfeeling;  to  deprive  of  sensibility ; 
to  render  obdurate ;  as,  to  indurate  the  heart. 

Goldtmitli. 

IN'DU-R.'l-TEU,  pp.  or  a.  Hardened ;  made  obdu- 
rate. 

IN'DU-RA-TING,  ppr.  Hardening;  rendering  insen- 
sible. 

IN-DC-RA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  hardening,  or  process 
of  growing  hanl.  Bacon. 
2.  Hardness  of  heart ;  obduracy.  Decay  of  Piety. 
L\-I)U'SIAL,  (  sbal,)  a.    [L.  indusia.] 

Connxised  of  or  containing  the  petrified  cases  of 
the  larves  of  certain  insects  ;  as,  indiusial  limestone. 
L\-I)0'SI-i;.\I,  (  she  um,)  «.  [L.]  In  Aofany,  a  col- 
lection of  hairs  upon  the  style  of  a  (lower,  united 
into  the  form  of  n  cup,  and  inclosing  the  stigma,  as 
in  the  Goodeniace<r.  Lindley. 

2.  A  superincumbent  portion  of  cuticle  continuing 
to  cover  the  sori  of  ferns  when  they  are  mature. 

Lindley. 

IN-DL'S'TRI-AL,  a.  Consisting  in  industry  ;  pertain- 
ing to  imlustry. 

IN'-HUd'TKI-AL-LY,  adv.  With  reference  to  indus- 
try. 

IN'-UUS'TRl-OIJS,  a.    [L.  industrius,  from  indu.itria.] 

1.  Diligent  in  business  or  study;  constantly,  reg- 
ularly, or  habitually  occupied  in  business ;  assiduous  ; 
opfiosed  to  Slothkul  and  Idle. 

Kruff-.J  and  ituiiutriou*  men  are  commonly  friendly  lo  the  e»iiit>- 
lulled  ^vernnienc.  Ttmpte. 

2.  Diligent  in  a  particular  pursuit,  or  to  a  particular 
end  ;  op|M)sed  to  Klmiii!!  or  Slack  ;  as,  indu-^trious  to 
accomplish  a  journey,  or  to  reconcile  contending 
parties. 

3.  Given  to  industry;  characterized  by  diligence ; 
as,  an  indu.-itrious  life. 

4.  Careful  ;  assiduous ,  as,  the  industrious  applica- 
tiim  of  knowing  men.  JVatfs. 

L\-l)U.-<'TRl-OU.-<-LY,  adr.  With  habitual  diligence  ; 
with  steady  application  of  the  powers  of  body  or  of 
mind. 

2.  Diligently  ;  a.ssiduously  ;  with  care ;  applied  to 


a  particular  purfio.ie.  lie  atti  iiipted  ind'istriously  lo 
make  peaci>.  Ho  industriously  concealed  his  name, 
IN'DUS-TKY,  71.  [L.  industria  :  Fx.  industrie.  This 
is  a  coinnound  word,  and  the  root  |>rubably  of  the 
Class  Ds.l 

H. 'iliitiiiil  diligence  in  any  employment,  either 
bodily  or  mental  ;  sleaily  attention  to  business  ; 
assiduity;  opjiosed  to  Sloth  and  Idlci^ess.  Wc 
are  directed  to  take  lessons  of  industry  from  the  bee. 
Industry  pays  debts,  while  idleness  or  despair  will 
increase  them. 

IN'I)\VELI,-EK,  n.    An  inhabitant.  Spenser 

l.\'l)\Vi;i.L-l.\(;,  a.  [m  and  dieelling.]  Dwelling 
u  itliin  ;  remaining  in  the  heart,  even  after  it  is  re- 
newed ;  as,  indwelling  sin. 

Owen.    JilaekuiglU.  Milner. 

I.\'DWELL-L\'G,  71.  Residence  within,  or  in  the 
heart  or  soul, 

IX-i2;'liRI-.\,\T,  a.    [See  Inebriate.]  Intoxicating. 

LN-i^'I!KI-AXT,  71.  Any  thing  that  intoxicates,  as 
o|mim,  F.ncye. 

IX  ic'llltl-.^TE,  V.  t.  [L.  inebrio,  inehriatus  ;  in  and 
cbrio,  to  intoxicate  ;  ebrius,  soaked,  drenched,  drunk- 
en. The  Latin  ebrius  is  contracted  I'roiii  cbrigus  or 
ebregws,  as  appears  from  the  Spanish  ewbria^ar,  to 
intoxicate;  embriago,  inebriated;  It.  briaco,  drunk; 
imbriacarc,  imbriacarsi.  The  sense  is,  to  wash  or 
drench,  and  it  is  eviilently  from  the  common  root  of 
the  Gr.  liocxai,  to  water  or  irrigate.    See  Rain.] 

I.  To  make  drunk  ;  to  intoxicate.  Sandys. 
2.  To  disorder  the  senses  ;  to  stupefy,  or  to  make 

furious  or  frantic ;  to  produce  cflecis  like  those  of 
liquor,  which  are  various  in  dilfereiit  constitutions. 
IX-K'BKI-aTE,  v.  i.    To  be  or  become  intoxicated. 

Bacon. 

I.\'-K'BRI-ATE,  71.   An  habitual  drunkard. 

Some  inettrialet  have  their  paroxysma  of  inebriety  terminated  by 
much  piOc  urine,  proluv;  sweata,  &c.  lianein. 

I.\-i7.'I!RI-.A-TED,  pp.  Intoxicated. 
IX-I",'iil!l-.A-TI,\(;,;);)r.  Making  drunk  ;  intoxicating. 
L\-1~;'BKI-A-TIX(;,  a.    Having  intoxicating  ipialities  ; 

tending  to  intoxic^'ite  ;  as,  inebriating  litiuors. 
IX-E-BRI-A'TIOX,  n.    Drunkenness;  intoxication. 

Brown. 

IX-E-BRI'E-TY,  71.    Drunkenness  ;  intoxicatiim. 

Dartcin. 

IX-ED'IT-ED,  a.    [in  ani  edited.]  Unpublished. 

War(07i. 

IX-EF-FA-BIL'I-TY,  ti.  Unspeakablencss. 
I.\-EF'F,V-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ineffabilis ;  in  and 

ejfabilis,  from  ejfor,  to  speak.] 
Unspeak.abic  ;  unutterable ;  that  can  not  be  ex- 

presse<l  in  wonls  ;  usually  in  a  good  sense  ;  as,  the 

ineffable  joys  of  heaven  ;  the  ineffable  glories  of  the 

Deitv. 

IX-EF'FA-BLE-XESS,  n.    Unspcakableness  ;  quality 

of  being  unutterable.  Scott. 
IX-EF'F.\-IILY,  ai/e.    Unspeakably;  in  a  manner  not 

to  be  expressetl  in  words.  Milton. 
IX-KF-FArE'A-BLE,  «.    That  can  not  be  ellaeed. 
IX  El'  FACE'A-ULV,  adv.   So  as  not  to  be  ellaceablc. 
IX-IU'-FKCT'IVE,  a.    [i;i  and  f^ictiic]    .Not  erfecl- 

ive  ;  not  producing  any  efl"cct,or  the  effect  intended  ; 

inefiicieiit ;  useless.  , 

The  word  of  God,  without  the  spirit,  ii  a  dead  and  in^ectiv* 
letter.  3'oy(or. 

2.  Not  able  ;  not  competent  to  the  service  intend- 
ed ;  as,  ineffective  troops  ;  ineff  ctive  force. 

3.  Producing  no  ellect. 
IX-EF-FECT'lVE-LY,  u,lo.    Without  effect ;  ineffi- 

cienllv. 

IX-EF-FEGT'IT-AL,  a.  [in  and  effectual.]  Xot  pro- 
ducing its  proper  ell'ect,  or  not  able  to  produce  its 
eftect;  inellicient;  weak;  as,  an  ineffectual  remedy; 
the  Spaniards  made  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  reduce 
Gibralt.ar     'See  Inefkicaciocs.J 

I.X-EF-FEeT'i;-AL-LY,  adv.  Without  effect;  in 
vain. 

IX  EF-FECT'U-AL-XE.SS,  71,  Want  of  effect,  or  of 
power  to  produce  it ;  inetlicacy. 

James  siiealts  ot  the  in^ectaaintat  of  some  men's  devotion. 

Wakt. 

IX-EF-FER-VES'CE.XCE,  71.  [in  and  rffcrceseence.] 
Want  of  clfervescence  ;  a  state  ol  not  elVervescing. 

Kir  wan.  , 

IX-EF-FER-VES'CEXT,  a.    Not  effervescing,  or  not  1 

susceptible  of  elfervcscence. 
IX-EF-FER-VES-CI-BIL'I-TY,  71.   The  quality  of  not 

ell'ervescing,  or  not  being  susceptible  of  eti'erve.scence. 

Kirwan. 

IX-EF-FER-VES'CI-BLE,  a.  Not  cajiable  of  elfer- 
vcscence. 

IX-EF-FI-€.\'CIOUS,  a.  [It,  and  Fr.  inrfficace  s  L. 
ineff cajr ;  in  and  efficar,  effcio,  to  eflect ;  ez  and  faeio, 
to  make.] 

.Not  elhearious ;  not  having  power  to  pmdiice  the 
ell'ect  desired,  or  the  proper  eflect ;  of  iiiade(|unle 
power  or  force. 

Ineffectual,  says  Jidinson,  rather  denotes  an  actual 
failure,  and  inefficacious,  an  habitual  impiiteiicc  to 
any  effect.  But  the  distinction  is  not  alw.ays  ob- 
served, nor  can  it  be  ;  for  we  can  not  always  know 
whether  means  are  inefficacious,  till  exjieriment  ha» 


TONE,  BPLL,  liNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


INE 

proved  them  iifffectual :  nor  even  tliiMi,  for  we  can 
not  lie  certain  that  the  failure  of  means  to  produce 
nn  effect  is  to  be  attributed  to  habitual  want  of  pow- 
er, or  to  accidental  and  temporary  causes.  Ineffi- 
ciciors  is  therefore  sometimes  synonymous  with 

I N  E  F  FEt^TL' Al,« 

IN-EF-FI-eA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.  Without  efficacy  or 
effect. 

IN-EF-FI-Ca'CIOUS-NESS,  n.    Want  of  power  to 

produce  tlie  effect,  or  want  of  effect. 
IN-EF'FI-e.\-CY,  71.    [in  and  f/ricacw,  L.  cjjicacia.] 

1.  Want  of  power  to  produce  the  desired  or  proper 
effect ;  inefficiency  ;  as,  the  inrfficaoj  of  medicines  or 
of  means. 

2.  Ini'ffectualness  ;  failure  of  effect. 
IN-EF-FI"CIE.\-Cy,  71.     [in  and  ejlcienqi.]  Want 

of  power  or  exertion  of  power  to  produce  tlie  effect ; 
inefficacv. 

IX-EF-FI''CrEXT,  (-fish'ent,)  o.  [in  and  rfficienu] 
Not  efficient ;  not  producing  the  effect ;  inefficacious. 

2.  Not  active  ;  effecting  nothing  ;  as,  an  inefficient 
force.  Chesterfield. 

IN-EF-FI"CIE\T-LY,  adv.  Ineffectually ;  without 
effect, 

IN-E-LAB'O-R.'VTE,  a.  Not  elaborate  ;  not  wrought 
with  care.  Cockeram. 

IN-E-LAS'Tie,  a.  [in  and  dastic.']  Not  elastic; 
wanting  elasticity ;  unelastic. 

rN-E-L,\?-TIC'I-TY,  7?.  The  absence  of  elasticity  ; 
the  want  of  elastic  power. 

IN-EL'E-G.\NCE,  )  7i.    [See  Ineleoast.J    Want  of 

IN-EL'E-GAN-CY,  (  elegance ;  want  of  beauty  or 
polish  in  langu.age,  composition,  or  manners ;  want 
of  symmetry  or  ornament  in  building  ;  want  of  deli- 
cacy in  coloring,  &c. 

IN-EL'E-G  ANT,  a.  [L.  inelegans ;  in  and  eh'rans, 
from  the  root  of  eligo,  to  choose.] 

Not  elegant ;  wanting  beauty  or  polish,  as  lan- 
guage, or  refinement,  as  manners ;  wanting  symme- 
try or  ornament,  as  an  edifice  ;  in  slioit,  wanting  in 
any  thing  wliich  correct  taste  requires. 

IN-EL'E-GANT-LY,  adn.  In  an  inelegant  or  unbe- 
coming manner  ;  coarsely  ;  roughly.  Cliesterjield. 

IN-EL-I-GI-BIL'I-TY,  ii.  [from  ineligible.]  Incapaci- 
ty of  lieing  elected  to  an  office. 

2.  State  cr  qualitv  of  not  being  worthy  of  choice. 

IN-EL'I-Cl-IiLE,  a.  '  [mand  eligible.]  Not  capable  of 
being  elected  to  an  office. 

2.  .\ot  worthy  to  be  chosen  or  preferred ;  not 
expedient. 

IN-EL'I-GI-BLY,  adv.    In  an  ineligible  manner. 

IN-EL'O-UUEN'I',  a.  [inand  eloquent.]  Not  eloquent; 
not  speaking  with  fluency,  propriety,  grace,  and  pa- 
thos ;  not  persuasive  ;  used  of  persons. 

2.  .N'ot  fluent,  graceful,  or  pathetic ;  not  persuasive  ; 
as  language  or  composition.  Milton. 

IN-EL'O-aUENT-IA',  ado.    Without  eloquence. 

IN-E-LUCT'A-BLE,  a.    [L.  ineluctabilis.] 

Not  to  lif  resisted  by  struggling  ;  not  to  be  over- 
come.   [.Vii(  used.]  Pearson. 

IN-E-LuO'l-BEE,  a.  [in  and  eludible.]  That  can  not 
be  eluded  or  delVateil.  Glmvillc. 

IN-EM'BRY-ON-.\'l'E,  a.    Not  fonned  in  embryo. 

1N-E-NAR'RA-BI,E,  a.    [L.  inenurrabdis.] 
That  can  not  be  narrated  or  told. 

IN-EPT',  a.    [L.  iiieplus:  in  and  nptns,  fit,  apt.] 

1.  Not  apt  or  fit ;  unfit ;  unsuitable.  Woodward. 

2.  Improper  ;  unbecoming  ;  foolish.  Jilore. 
IN-EPT'I-TUDE,  71.    Unfitness  ;  inaptitude  ;  unsuit- 

ableness  ;  as,  an  ineptitude  to  motion.  MrbuVinot. 
IN-EPT'LY,  adv.    Unfitly  ;  unsuitably  ;  foolishly. 

Qlanville. 

IN-EPT'.\ESS,  71.    Unfitness.  More. 

IN-K'QUAIi,  a.  [m  and  Cf/i<aZ.]  Unequal ;  uneven  ; 
various.    [Little  used.]  Shenstone. 

IN-E-UUAE'I-TY,  n.  [I.,  imrqualitas ;  in  and  <cqual is, 
equal  ;  Fr.  incgalitc.] 

J.  Difference  or  want  of  equality  in  degree,  quan- 
tity, length,  or  quality  of  any  kind  ;  the  state  of  not 
having  equal  measure,  degree, dimensions,  or  amount ; 
a.s,  an  inequality  in  size  or  stature  ;  an  inequality  of 
numbi'rs  or  of  power;  inequality  of  distances  or  of 
motions. 

2.  Unevcnness  ;  want  of  levelncss  ;  the  alternate 
rising  and  falling  of  a  surface  ;  as,  the  inequalities  of 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  or  of  a  marble  slab. 

3.  IJipproportion  to  any  office  or  purpose  ;  inade- 
quacy ;  incompetency  ;  as,  the  inri^Ma/ifi/ of  terrestrial 
things  to  the  wants  of  a  rational  soul. 

4.  Diversity;  want  of  uniformity  in  different  times 
or  pl.iCM  ;  as,  the  inequality  of  air  or  tenqierature. 

5.  Difference  of  rank,  station,  or  condition  ;  as, 
the  inrqualtliea  of  men  in  society  ;  inequalities  of  rank 
or  properly. 

6.  In  ailrnnnmy,  an  irregularity  or  deviation  in  the 
motion  of  a  planet  or  sale  llile  from  its  uniform  mean 
motion.  Urandc. 

IN-E  (iUI-DIS'TANT,  a.    Not  being  equally  distant. 

Say. 

IN-E-QUI-LAT'ER-AL,  a.    Having  unequal  sides. 

Say. 

m  E-qiJi  r.IB' KI-0,  fl,.]    In  nn  even  poise. 
IN-Ea'UI  TA-1II,E,  (-ck'we-Li-bl,)  a.   [m  and  equiu- 
blt.]    Not  equitable ;  not  just. 


Having  unequal 
valves,  as  the  shell 


Having  no  energy. 


INE 

IN-F.'UUI-VALVE,  (  (1 

IN-E-QUI-VALV'U-LAR,  ( 
of  an  oyster. 

IN-E-R.\b'I-eA!-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  eradicated. 

Channinir. 

IN-E-RAD'I-CA-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  eradica- 
ble. 

IN-ER-GET'ie, 
IN-ER-CET'ie-AL, 
IN-ER-GET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Without  energy. 

IN  ERM'OUS  j       [^:  inemiis ,  in  and  arma,  arms.] 
Unarmed  ;  destitute  of  prickles  or  thorns,  as  a 
leaf;  a  botanical  irord.  Martyn. 

IN-ER-RA-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [from  inerraMe.]  Exemp- 
tion from  error,  or  from  the  possibility  of  erring;  in- 
fallibility. 'King  Charles. 

IN-EK'R.\-BLE,  a.  [in  and  err.]  That  can  not  err ; 
exempt  from  error  or  mistake  ;  infallible.  Hammond. 

IX-ER'RA-BLE-NESS,7i.  Exemption  from  error;  in- 
errability.  Hammond. 

IN-ER'RA-BL\  ,  adv.  With  security  from  error  ;  in- 
fallilily. 

IN-ER-R.\T'ie,  a.    [in  and  erratic.]    Not  erratic  or 

wandering  ;  fixed.  Pau.^.  Trans. 

IN-ER'RING-LY,  adv.     Without  error,  mistake,  or 

deviation.  Qlanville. 
IN-ERT',  a.    [Ij.  iners ;  in  and  ars,  art.   The  English 

sense  is  drawn  not  from  art,  but  from  the  primary 

sense,  strength  or  vigorous  action.] 

1.  Destitute  of  the  power  of  moving  itself,  or  of 
active  resistance  to  motion  impressed  ;  as,  matter  is 
ijte7-t. 

2.  Dull ;  sluggish  ;  very  slow  to  act ;  indisposed  to 
move  or  act.  Thomson. 

IN-ER'TIA,  (in-er'sha,)  71.    [L.]    A  property  of  mat- 
ter by  which  it  tends  to  preserve  a  state  of  rest  when 
still,  and  of  uniform  rectilinear  motion  when  mov- 
ing. Bigelow. 
2.  Inertness;  indisposition  to  move. 

IN-BR'TION,  71.  Want  of  activity ;  want  of  action 
or  exertion. 

Tli'-se  vicissitudes  of  exprtion  and  inerlion  of  the  arterial  system 
constitute  tlie  paroxysms  of  reinittent  fever.  Darwin. 

IN-ERT'I-TUDE,  n.  The  state  of  being  inert,  or  a 
tendency  to  remain  quiescent  till  impelled  by  exter- 
nal force  to  move.  Good. 

IN-ERT'LY,  adv.    Without  activity  ;  sluggishly. 

Dun  dad. 

IN-ERT'NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
inert,  or  destitute  of  the  power  to  move  per  se.  [See 
Inertia.] 

2.  Want  of  activity  or  exertion  ;  habitual  indispo- 
sition to  action  or  motion  ;  sluegishness. 
IN-ES'e.\TE,  V.  t.    [L.  inesru.]' 

To  bait ;  to  lay  a  bait  for. 
IN-ES'e.^-TED,  pp.  Baiteil. 

I.\-ES-f'A'TlON,  ji.    The  act  of  baiting.  Halhjwell. 

IJV  ES'SE.  [L.]  In  being ;  actually  existing  ;  dis- 
tinguished from  in  posse,  or  in  potentia,  which  denote 
that  a  thing  is  not,  but  may  be. 

IN-ES-SEN'TIAL,  a.    Not  essential ;  unessential. 

IN-ES'TI-MA-BLE,  a.  [L.  ina:stimabilis.  See  Esti- 
mate.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  estimated  or  computed  ;  as,  an 
inestimiMe  sum  of  money. 

2.  Too  valuable  or  excellent  to  be  rated  ;  being 
above  all  price  ;  as,  inesUmuble  richts.  The  privi- 
leges of  American  citizens,  civil  and  religious,  are 
inestimable. 

IN-ES'TI-.MA-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  to  be  esti- 
mated or  rated. 
IN-E-Va'SI-BLE,  a.   That  can  not  be  evaded. 

Ec.  Rev. 

IN-EV'I-DENCE,  71.   Want  of  evidence ;  obscurity. 

Barrow. 

IN-EV'I-DE.\T,  a.  [11  and  evident.]  Not  evident  ; 
not  clear  or  obvious  ;  obscure.  Broicn. 

IN-EV-I-T.\-BI1/I-TY,  71.  [from  inevitable.]  Impos- 
sibility to  be  avoided  ;  certainty  to  happen. 

Bramhall. 

I\-EV'I-T.\-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  incvitaiilis ;  in 
antl  evitabUis,  from  cvito,  to  shun.] 

Not  to  be  avoided  ;  that  can  not  be  shunned  ;  una- 
voidable ;  that  admits  of  no  escajie  or  evasion.  To 
die  is  the  inevitable  lot  of  man  ;  we  are  all  siihjected 
to  many  inevitable  calamities. 

IN-EV'I-TA-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  una- 
voidable. 

IN-EV'l-TA-BLY,  adv.  Without  possibility  of  escape 
or  evasion  ;  unavoidably  ;  certainly. 

How  inevitably  tlocs  Immodcriilc  liiuglit'-r  end  In  ft        (  .5oiitA. 

IN-EX-AGT',  (i  as  gz,)  a.   [in  and  exact.]  Not  exact ; 

not  precisely  correct  or  true. 
IN-EX-ACT'NESS,  (i  as  gi,)  n.  Incorrectness  ;  want 

of  precision. 

IN-E.X  (  i  r'A-BEE,  a.  [in  and  ercitablc.]  Not  sus- 
ceptible of  excitement;  dull  ;  lifeless  ;  torpid. 

IN-EX  €Ci«'A-BEE,  a.  [E.  inercusabilis ;  in  and  er- 
cusabilis,  ercu.io.    See  Eicuse.] 

Not  to  be  excused  or  justified  ;  ns,  inexcusable 
folly. 

IN-EX-eC»'A-BLE-NESS,  »i.    The  qu.ality  of  not 


INE 

adiiiitling  of  excuse  or  justification  -  «norinity  be- 
yond forgiveness  or  palliation. 

This  inezcusnhleness  is  stated  on  the  eupposiliou  lliat  tli'-y  knew 
God,  liut  dill  not  glorify  hiin.  .South. 

IN-EX-€uS'A-BLY,  adv.  With  a  degree  of  guilt  or 
folly  beyond  excuse  or  justification. 

IN-E.X-E-'eOT'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  executed 
or  performed.  O.  Morris. 

IN-E.X-E-eu'TION,  71.  Neglect  of  execution  ;  non- 
performance ;  as,  the  inezecution  of  a  treaty. 

IN-EX-ER'TION,  (i  as  g:,)  n.  [in  ami"  exertion.] 
Want  of  exertion  ;  want  of  effort ;  defect  of  action. 

Dancin. 

IN-EX-H.aL'A-BLE,  (i  as  gz,)  a.  [in  and  ezliulable, 
L.  exlialo.] 

Not  to  be  exhaled  or  evaporated  ;  not  evaporable. 

Brown. 

IN-EX-HAUST'ED,  (x  as  gi,)  a.  [in  and  exhausted.] 
Not  exhausted  ;  not  emptietl  ;  unexh.austed. 

2.  Not  spent ;  not  having  lost  all  strength  or  re- 
sources ;  unexhausted. 

IN-EX  IIAU.ST'I-BLE,  (i  as  gz,)  a.  [in  and  ciliaust- 
ible.]  That  can  not  be  exhausted  or  emptied  ;  un- 
failing ;  as,  an  inexhaustible  quantity  or  supjily  of 
water. 

2.  That  can  not  be  wasted  or  spent ;  as,  inexliausti- 
ble  stores  of  provisions. 

IN-EX-IIAUST'I-BEE-NESS,  (1  as  gz,)  71.  The 
state  of  being  inexhaustible. 

IN-EX-IIAUST'I-BLY,  {z  as  gz,)  adv.  In  an  inex- 
h.austible  manner  or  degree. 

IN-EX-HAUST'IVE,  (i  as  gz,)  a.  Not  to  be  ex- 
hausted or  spent. 

IX-EX-IST',  (X  as  gz,)  v.  >'.   Not  to  exist.  Tucker. 

IN-E,X-IST'E.\CE,  (z  as  gz,)  71.     [in  and  existence.] 
Want  of  being  or  existence.  Broome. 
2.  Inherence. 

IN-EX-IST'ENT.  (z  as  gz,)  a.  [in  and  existent.]  Not 
havinc  being  ;  not  existing.  South.  Brown. 

2.  Existins  in  something  else.  Boyle. 

IN-EX-O-RA-BIL'I-TV,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
exorable or  unyielding  lo  entreaty.  Paley. 

IN-EX'O-RA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  frorn  L.  inexorabilis  :  in 
and  exorabilis,  from  exoro,  to  entreat ;  ex  and  ore,  to 
pray.] 

1.  Not  to  be  persuaded  or  moved  by  entreaty  or 
prayer  ;  too  firm  and  determined  in  purpose  to  yield 
to  supplication  ;  as,  an  inexorable  prince  or  tyrant ; 
an  inexorable  judge. 

2.  Unyielding  ;  that  can  not  be  made  to  bend. 

Inezornble  equality  of  laws.  Cibbon. 

IN-EX'O-RA-BLY,  adv.  So  as  to  be  immovable  by 
entreaty. 

IN-EX-PEeT-A'TION,  71.    State  of  having  no  expec- 
tation. Felthum. 
I.\-EX-PEeT'ED,  a.    Not  expected.    [J^ot  in  use.] 
IN-E.X-Pf,'DI-E.\CE,  j  11.  [in  and  expedience.]  Want 
IN-EX-Pk'DI-EN-CY,  (     ol  fitness  ;  improjiriety  ;  un- 
suitableness  to  the  purpose.    The  inrxpediencc  of  a 
measure  is  to  be  determined  by  the  prospect  of  its 
advancing  the  purpose  intended  or  not. 
IN-E.X-P1C'U1-E.\T,  a.    [in  and  erpediml.]    Not  ex- 
pedient ;  not  tending  to  promote  a  purpose  ;  not 
tending  to  a  good  end  ;  unfit ;  improper  ;  unsuitable 
to  time  and  place.    Whatever  tends  lo  retard  or  de- 
feat success  in  a  gootl  cause,  is  inexpedient.    What  is 
expedient  at  one  time,  may  be  inexpedient  at  an- 
other. 

IN-EX-PE'DI-ENT-LY,  adv.  Not  expediently  f  un- 
fitly. 

IN-EX-PENS'IVE,  a.    Not  expensive.  Coleridge. 

IN-EX-Pi:'Rl-ENCE,  71.  [in  and  experience.]  Want 
of  experience  or  experimental  knowledge  ;  as,  the 
inexperience  of  youth,  or  their  ineiperic-nce  of  the 
worlil. 

IN-E.X-Pk'RI-ENC-KD,  (-eks-pC're.cnst,)  a.  Not  hav- 
ing experience ;  unskilled. 

IN-E.X-PERT',  a.  [in  and  expert.]  Not  expert  ;  not 
skilled  ;  destitute  of  knowledge  or  dexterity  derived 
from  practice. 

In  letters  .ind  in  laws  % 

Not  inexpert.  Prior. 

IN-EX-PERT'NES^,  n.   Want  of  expcrtness. 
I.\-E.X'PI-A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  inexpiabilis.  See 
Expiate.] 

1.  Tli.at  admits  of  no  atonement  or  satisfaction; 
as,  an  inexpiable  crime  or  olleiise. 

2.  That  can  not  lie  mtillified  or  appeased  by  atone- 
ment ;  as,  inexpiable  lialr.  Milton. 

IN-EX'PI-A-IIEV,  o</c.  To  a  degree  that  admits  of 
no  atonement.  Roscommon. 

IN-EX-PE^ IN'A-BI,E,  a.  That  can  not  be  explained  ; 
inexplicable.  [O/w.] 

IN  EX-PI.K'A  BEY  or  IN-EX'PLE-A-BLY,  adv.  In 
satiably.    [.Vnf  xsed.]  Sandys. 

IN-EX-PEI-£;A-BIL'I-rY,  n.  The  quality  or  sUtle  of 
being  ini'vpliciible. 

IN-E.X'PI.I  <'A-I1I.E,  71.  [Fr.,  frtmi  L.  incxplicabitis ; 
in  and  erplieo,  to  unfold. j 

That  ctin  not  In'  explained  or  Interpreted  ;  not  ca- 
pable of  lii'ing  rciiilered  plain  and  intelligible;  ns,nn 
inexplicable  mysliry. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHi^T  MRTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  UIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

600 


JNF 

lN-F.X'PL[-eA-I!LE-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  in- 

(wplicahlc. 

IN'  I'.K'lM.I-eA-ULY,  iiih.    In  a  manner  not  to  be  ox- 

plMIIII'll. 

li\-EX-I'LlC'IT,  a.  Not  explicit;  not  clear  in  state- 
ment. 

IN-EX-PI^OR'A-BLE,  a.  [in  ahd  erphrable,  from  ex- 
plore,] 

Tliut  can  not  be  exniM-cd,  searched,  or  discovered. 

Tiwlu: 

IN-EX-POS'lJRE,  71.  [i«  and  exposure.]  A  state  of 
not  beiiiff  exposed.  Med.  Repas. 

IN-EX-PUE-SS'l-ULE,  o.  [in  and  crin-essible,  from 
exprc-is.] 

Not  to  be  cxprosspd  in  words  ;  not  to  be  uttered  ; 
unspeak:il)le ;  unutterable  ;  as,  inexpressible  grief, 
joy,  or  ple.isnro. 

r;?J-EX-PKE.SS'l-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  dejiree 
not  to  be  told  or  expressed  in  words ;  unspeakably; 
unutterably.  Hammond. 

IN-EX-PUE'SS'IVE,  a.  Not  tending  to  express;  not 
expressing ;  inexpressible. 

IN-EX-PUESS'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
expressive. 

IN-EX-PlJG'NA-BLE,fl.  [Fr.,from  1..  inexpugnabdia ; 

in  and  crpu^no:  ex  and  vuirno,  to  fii:ht.] 

Not  to  be  subdued  by  force ;  not  to  be  taken  by  as- 
sault ;  impregnable.  Hay. 
rN-EX-SU'PEIl-A-BLE,ffl.    [L.  ineisuperabilis.] 

Not  to  be  passed  over  or  surmounted. 
IN-EX-TE.\'I)'E1),  «.    Ilaviuf;  no  extension.  Good. 
IN-EX-TEN'SIOi\,  II.    fill  and  extension.]    Want  of 

extension  ;  unextendeu  state.  Encyc 
IJV  F.X-TEjVSO,  I  L.l    Fully  ;  at  full  length. 
IN-E.X-TER;.I'IN-A-BI,E,  a.    [in  and  exterminable.] 

That  can  not  be  externiinateil.  Rusk. 
rN-EX-TINeT',n.    Not  quenched  ;  not  extinct. 
IN-E.\-TIN"GUISU-A-HI,E,  a.    [in  and  f.i(iii..r,(i>Afl- 

ble.]    That  can  not  be  extiniiuislicd  ;  unquenchable  ; 

as,  ine~rtintruis/ial>le  llame,  thirst,  or  desire. 
IN-EX-TIKP'A-BLE,  «.    That  can  not  be  extirpated. 
IN-EX'TRI-CA-liLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  incxlricabilis. 

See  ExTRicATK.] 

1.  Not  to  be  disentangled  ;  not  to  be  freed  from  in- 
tricacy or  perplexity  ;  as,  an  inextricable  maze  or  dif- 
ficulty. Sherlock. 

2.  Not  to  be  untied  ;  as,  an  inextricable  knot. 
IN-EX'TRI-C/V-BLE-NEt^S,  n.   The  state  of  being 

inextricable.  Donne. 
IN-E.X'TRi-e.-V-BLY,  ado.   To  a  degree  of  perplexity 

not  to  be  disentangled.  Pope. 
IN-E?E',  (iu-i',)  V.  t.    To  inoculate,  .as  a  ir  ■  or  a 

bud.  /  .tl'ps. 

lA'-E^i'KD,  (iu-idc',)  pp.     Inoculated,  as  a  tree  or 

bud. 

IN-FAB'RI-e.\-TED,  a.  Unfabricated  ;  unwrought. 
[JVnt  used.] 

IN-FAL-LI-BIL'I-TY,  In.  [from  iii«i»iWc.]  The 
IN-F.^L'LI-BLE-NES.S,  \  quality  of  being  incapa- 
ble of  error  or  mistake ;  entire  exemption  from  lia- 
bility to  error;  inerraliility.  No  human  being  can 
justly  lay  claim  to  infullibi'litij.  This  is  an  attribute 
of  God  only. 

IN-FAL'H-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  infaillible ;  in  and  /«///i>,  L. 
fallo.[ 

1.  Not  fallible  ;  not  capable  of  erring ;  entirely  ex- 
empt from  liability  to  mistake  ;  applied  In  person.^.  No 
man  is  infailiblc  ;  to  be  infallible  is  the  prerogative  of 
God  only. 

2.  Not  liable  to  fail,  or  to  deceive  confidence  ;  cer- 
tain ;  as,  infallible  evidence  ;  infallible  success. 

To  wliom  he  showed  himself  aiive  after  his  pnxsioii,  by  mawj 
in/nUib!e  pruols.  —  Acts  i. 

[N-FAL'LI-BLY,  ade.  Without  a  possibility  of  erring 
or  mistaking.  Srnalridife, 

2.  Certainly;  without  a  possibility  of  failure.  Our 
Savior  has  directed  us  to  conduct  that  will  infallibly 
render  us  happy. 
IN-FaME',  v.  U    To  defame.    [jYut  used.] 

Bacon.  Milton. 
IN'FA-MIZE,  V.  L    To  make  infamous.  [jVot  well  au- 
thorized,] 

IN'F.\-.MOUS,  a.  [Fr.  injamc  :  Ij.iiifamis;  infamo,  to 
defame  ;  in  and  fama,  fame.] 

1.  Of  ill  rvytort,  cmpbaticalhj  ;  having  a  reput.ation 
of  the  worst  kind  ;  publicly  branded  with  odium  for 
Vice  or  guilt;  base;  scandalous;  notoriously  vile  ; 
used  of  persons  i  as,  an  infanunis  liar;  an  itifamous 
rake,  or  gambler. 

2.  Odious  ;  detestable  ;  held  in  abhorrence  ;  that 
renders  a  person  infamous  ;  as,  an  infamous  vice. 

3.  Branded  with  infamy  by  conviction  of  a  crime. 
An  iii/umuiu  person  can  riot  be  a  witness. 

IN'F .VMOUS-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  or  degree  to  ren- 
der infamous  ;  scandalously  ;  disgracefully  ;  shaine- 
^  2.  With  open  reproach.  [fully. 

'  "•    [Ff-  infamie  ;   L.  injamia  ; 
IN'FA-MOUS-NESS,  (    ii.'and  fama,  report.] 

1.  Total  loss  of  reputation ;  public  disgrace.  Avoid 
'"""OS  and  vices  tvhich  expase  men  to  infamy. 

2.  Qualities  which  are  detested  and  despised  ; 
qualnies  notoriously  bad  and  scandalous  ;  as,  the 
m/amy  of  an  action. 


INF 

3.  In  law,  that  loss  of  character  or  public  disgrace 
which  a  convict  incurs,  and  by  which  a  person  is 
rendered  incapable  of  being  a  witness  or  juror. 

Kneyc. 

IN'FAN-CY,  71.    [\j.  infantia.    See  Infant.] 

1.  The  first  part  of  life,  beginning  at  the  birth.  In 
common  usa^re,  infancy  extends  not  beyond  the  first 
year  or  two  of  life  ;  but  there  is  not  a  defined  iimit 
where  infancy  ends,  and  chiUlhood  begins. 

2.  In  law,  infancy  exlcuils  to  the  ago  of  twenty-one 
years. 

3.  The  first  age  of  any  thing  ;  the  beginning  or 
early  period  of  existence  ;  as,  the  infnnry  of  the  Ro- 
man republic;  the  iii/micy  of  a  rolli'ge,  or  of  a  charita- 
ble society  ;  the  infancy  of  agriculture,  of  inanurac- 
tures,  or  of  commerce. 

IN-FAN'DOU.S,  a.    [L.  infandns.] 

Too  odious  to  be  expressed.    [JVut  in  use.]  ffowell. 
IN-FANG'TIIEF,  n.    [Sax.  tii,  faniran,  to  take,  and 
thcnf,  thief] 

In  r.iiiflu^h  law,  the  privilege  granted  to  lords  to 
judge  thieves  taken  on  their  manors,  or  within  their 
iVauchises.  CoirrIL 
IN'F.ANT,  71.    [Fr.  enfant;   I,.  iii/uii.<;  in  and  fans, 
speaking,  fari,  to  sjieak.] 

1.  A  child  in  the  first  period  of  life,  beginning  at 
his  birth  ;  a  young  babe.  In  common  usaisc,  a  chiM 
ceases  to  be  called  an  infant  within  the  first  or  second 
year,  but  at  no  definite  period.  In  some  cases,  au- 
thors indulge  a  greati'r  latitude,  anil  extend  the  term 
to  include  children  of  several  years  of  age. 

2.  In  lam,  a  person  under  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years,  who  is  incapable  of  making  valid  contracts. 

Spenser  used  infant  for  the  son  of  a  king,  like  the 
Spanish  infante. 
IN'FANT,  a.    Pertaining  to  iiifitiicy  or  the  first  period 
of  life. 

2.  Young  ;  tender  ;  not  mature  ;  as,  infant  strength. 
IN-F.iNT'A,  71.    In  Spain  and  Portn^ral,  any  princess 

of  the  royal  blood,  except  the  eldest  daughter  w  hen 

heiress  apparent. 
IN-FANT'E,  71.    In  Spain  and  Portiiffal,  any  son  of 

the  kin::,  except  the  eldest,  or  heir  apparent. 
IN'FANT-GAUl),  7i.    A  toy  for  children. 
IN-F.\NT'I-ClI)E,  II.    [Low  h.  inj'anlicidiani ;  infans, 

an  infant,  and  ca:do,  to  kill.] 

1.  The  intentional  killing  of  an  infant. 

2.  The  slaughter  of  infants  by  Ilerod.    Mall.  ii. 

3.  A  sla\  er  of  infants. 
IN'FANT-ILE,  a.    [I..  infantUis.] 

Pertaining  to  infancy,  or  to  an  infant ;  pertaining 
to  the  first  period  of  life. 
IN'FANT-INE,  a.    Pertaining  to  infants  or  to  young 

children.  Sir  fValter  Scott. 

IN'F.\NT-LTKE,  a.  Like  an  infant.  .Shak. 
IN'FANT-LY,  a.    Like  a  child.  Branm.  S,- Fl. 

IN'FANT-RY,  71.  [ Fr.  iii/aiKcric;  Sj).  iii/antcr!a ;  It. 
fantcria.    See  Inf.\nt.] 

In  military  affairs,  the  soldiers  or  troops  that  serve 
on  foot,  as  distinguished  from  cavalry;  as,  a  compa- 
ny, regiment,  or  brigade  of  infantry.    In  some  ar- 
mies, there  have  been  heavy-armed  infantry,  and  li^ht- 
armed  or  light-infantry,  according  to  their  manner  of 
arming  and  eqaip|>ing. 
IN-F.KRCE',  7).  t.    To  stuflf.    [^Vot  in  use] 
IN-FARC'TION,  7t.    [L.  infarcio,  infercio,  to  stuff;  in 
anil  farcio.] 
The  act  of  stnlfing  or  filling  ;  constipation. 

y/arecv. 

IN-FASH'ION-A-liLE,  a.  Unfashionable.  [J\ot  used.] 

Beaum.  4*  i'"'. 
IN-FAT'I-GA-BLE,  a.    Indefatigable.  [Obs.] 
IN-FAT'U-aTE,  v.  U     [L.  infatue;  in  and  fatuus, 
foolish.] 

1.  To  make  foolish  ;  to  aficct  with  folly  ;  to  weaken 
the  intellectual  powers,  or  to  deprive  of  sound  judg- 
ment. In  treneral,  this  word  does  not  signify  to  de- 
prive absolutely  of  rational  powers  and  reduce  to  id- 
iocy, but  to  deprive  of  sound  judgment,  so  that  a 
person  infatnatcd  arts  in  certain  cases  as  a  fool,  or 
without  couiuion  discretion  and  prudence.  Whom 
God  intends  to  destroy,  he  first  infatuates. 

The  jiirl2:nieiit  of  fi<t,l  will  b?  Tory  vi^ihle  in  in/atnntin^  a  peo- 
ple ripe  uiiil  pp-pap.'il  fur  dcstnicliun.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  prepossess  or  incline  to  a  person  or  thing  in 
a  manner  not  justified  by  prudence  or  reason  ;  to  in- 
spire with  an  e.xtravasant  or  foolish  passion,  too  ob- 
stinate to  be  controlled  by  reason.  Hen  are  often  iii- 
fataatrd  with  a  love  of  g.amiiig,  or  of  sensual  pleas- 

IN-FAT'U-ATE,  a.    Infatuated.  [ure. 
IN-FAT'd-.\-TE!),  pp.  or  a.    Affected  with  folly. 
l\-F.\T'lj-A-TIX(5,  ppr.  or  a.    Affecting  with  folly. 
IN-FAT-li-A'TION,  K,     The  act  of  affecting  with 
folly. 

2.  A  state  of  mind  in  which  the  intellectual  pow- 
ers are  weakeiu-d,  either  generally  or  in  regard  to 
particular  objecu,  so  that  the  person  affected  acts 
without  his  usual  judgment,  and  contrary  to  the  dic- 
tates of  reasoir.  All  men  who  waste  their  substance 
in  gamin;:,  iiiti  niperanee,  or  any  other  vice,  are 
chnrireable  with  tit/a/iuittea. 
IN-FAUST'I.NG,  n.    [L.  infaustus.] 

l''iie  act  of  making  unlucky.    [O&s.]  Bacon, 


INF 

IN-FRAS-I-BIL'I-TY,    j  n.     [(mm  infeajfible.]  hn 

IN-FICAS'I-BLE-.NESS,  (  practicability  ;  the  quality 
of  not  being  capable  of  being  done  or  performed. 

IN-Fi":AS'I-IILE,a.  [in  and  feasible;  Fr./utsuWc,  from 
faire,  to  make  or  do,  L.  facio.] 

Not  to  be  done ;  that  can  nut  be  accomplished  ;  im- 
practicable, (llanvdle. 

IN-FE6T',  V.  t.  [Fr.  infecter  ;  Sp.  infectar;  It.  infetta- 
re;  L.  infcio,  infectus  ;  in  and  facio.  In  this  applica- 
tion i»f  infcio,  as  in  infcior,  to  deny,  we  find  the  rad- 
ical .sense  of  facio,  to  make,  which  is,  to  thrust,  to 
drive.  To  infect,  is  to  thrust  in  ;  Ut  deny,  is  to  tlirust 
against,  that  is,  to  thrust  away,  to  rcpc].  And  here 
we  observe  the  difi'erent  effects  of  the  prefix  in  ujion 
the  verb.] 

1.  To  taint  with  disease  ;  to  infuse  into  a  healthy 
body  the  virus,  miasma,  or  morbid  matter  of  a  dis- 
eased body,  or  any  pestilential  or  noxious  air  or  sub- 
staure  by  which  a  disease  is  produced.  Persons  in 
health  are  infected  by  the  contagion  of  the  plague,  of 
syphilis,  of  smallpox,  of  measlc^s,  of  malignant  fevers. 
In  some  cases,  persiuis  can  be  infected  only  by  con- 
tact, as  in  syphilis  ;  in  most  cases,  they  may  be  i7t- 
fected  without  contact  with  the  diseased  body. 

2.  To  taint  or  affect  with  morbid  or  noxious  mat- 
ter ;  as,  to  infect  a  lancet ;  to  tnfcct  clothing  ;  to  in/'ect 
an  ap;irtment. 

3.  To  communicate  bad  qualities  to  ;  to  corrupt ;  to 
taint  by  the  coininunication  of  any  thing  noxious  or 
pernicious.  It  is  melancholy  to  see  the  ytjung  infected 
and  corrupted  by  vicious  examples,  or  the  minds  of 
our  citizens  infected  with  errors. 

4.  To  contaminate  with  illegulitv. 
IN-FE€T',  a.  Infected.  [J^otused.^ 
IN-FECT'El),  pp.  or  a.   Tainted  witli  noxious  matter  ; 

corrupted  by  poisonous  exhalations  ;  corrupted  by  bad 

(pialities  conununicated. 
I.\-FECT'EU,  n.    He  or  that  which  infects. 
IN-FEeT'IN(!,  ppr.    Tainting  ;  corrupting. 
IN-UE€"TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ioficio.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  infecting. 

2.  The  thing  which  infects.  In  medicine,  the  terms 
infection  and  conlag-ion  are  used  as  synonymous  in  a 
great  majority  of  cases.  Different  writers  proposed 
and  attempted  to  make  a  distinction  between  them, 
but  there  has  been  a  great  disagreement  as  to  what 
the  distinction  should  be  ;  and  in  general  no  regard  is 
paid  to  the  proposed  distinctions. 

Infection  is  used  in  two  acceptations ;  first,  as  de- 
noting the  effluvium  or  infectious  matter  exhaled 
from  the  person  of  one  diseased,  in  which  sense  it  is 
synonymous  with  contagion  ;  and  secondly,  as  signi- 
fying the  act  of  communication  of  such  morbid  efllu- 
vium  by  which  diseases  are  transferred.  Cyc. 

3.  That  which  taints,  poisons,  or  corrupts,  by  com- 
munication from  one  to  another  ;  as,  the  infection  <»f 
error  or  of  evil  example. 

4.  Coiitamiiinlion  by  illegality,  as  in  cases  of  con- 
traband goods. 

5.  Communication  of  like  qualities. 

.M:ui!,iiul  lire  gay  or  scriinu  by  injection,  Ranihttr. 

IN-FEG'TIOUS,  (-fek'shus,)  a.  Having  qualities  that 
may  taint,  or  ctJiumunicate  disease  to;  as,  an  infec- 
tious fever ;  infectious  clothing  ;  infectious  air ;  infec- 
tions miasma. 

2.  Corrupting  ;  tending  to  taint  by  communication  ; 
as,  infectious  vices  or  manners. 

3.  Contaminating  with  illegality;  exposing  to  seiz- 
ure and  forfeiture. 

Coiitralxiiid  [irlicles  arc  6.iid  to  l)e  of  an  in/ecdom  nature.  Kent. 

4.  Capable  of  being  conununicated  by  near  ap- 
proach. 

Grief,  as  well  as  joy,  is  in/ectioug.  A'rimfs. 

IN-FEC'TIOUS-LY,  ado.    Bv  infection. 

IN-FEC'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
fectious, or  capable  of  communicating  disease  or  taint 
from  one  to  another. 

IX-FECT'IVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  communica- 
ting disease  or  taint  from  one  to  another.  Sidney. 

IN-FP:'eUND,  a.  [L.  infacundus ;  in  and  fucundiui, 
prolific] 

Unfruitful ;  not  producing  young  ;  barren. 
IN-FE-€UND'I-TY,  n.    [L.  infa:cunditas.] 

Unfruitfulness  ;  barrenness.  Med,  Rrpos, 

IN-FE-LtC'I-TOUS,  o.    Not  felicitous  ;  unhappy. 
IN-FE-LIC'I-TY,  7u    [Fr,  infelicite ;     infelicitas.  See 
Felicity.] 

1.  Unliappincss;  misery;  misfortune. 

2.  Unfortunate  state ;  unfavorableness ;  as,  the  in- 
felicity of  the  times,  or  of  the  occasion. 

IN-FEOFF',  (  fef.)  See  ExmoFF. 
IN  FER',  V.  t.    [Ft.  inferer  ;  L.  mfero  ;  in  and  fero,  to 
bear  or  produce.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bring  on  ;  to  induce.    [Little  v.ied.] 

Harvey. 

2.  To  deduce  ;  to  draw  or  derive,  as  a  fact  or  con- 
sequence. From  the  character  of  God,  as  creator 
and  governor  of  the  world,  we  infer  the  indispensable 
obligation  of  all  his  creatures  to  obey  his  commands. 
We  iitfo-one  proposition  or  truth  from  another,  when 
we  perceive  that  if  one  is  true,  the  other  must  be  true 
also. 

3.  To  offer ;  to  produce.    (JVut  used.]  Shak, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  QNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"C:  '>US.  — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


601 


INF 


fN-FER'A-BLE,  n.  Tliat  iiiny  be  inferred  or  deduced 
from  premises.  [Miu  irrittcn  Inferrible.]  Burke. 

IiN'FER-ENCE,  n.    [Vt.,  from  mferer.] 

A  trutli  or  proposition  drawn  from  anotlier  which 
is  admitted  or  supposed  to  he  true  ;  a  conclusion.  In- 
ferences result  from  reasoning,  as  when  the  mind  per- 
ceives sucli  a  connection  between  ideas,  as  that,  if 
certain  propositions  called  premixts  are  true,  the  con- 
clusions or  propositions  deduced  from  them  must  also 
be  true. 

IN-FE-REN'TIAL,  a.  Deduced  or  ueducible  by  infer- 
ence. 

IN-FE-REN'TIAL-LY,  ai!v.    liv  way  of  inference. 
IJV-FE' R1-.X,  71.  pi.    [L.]    Sacrifices  olfered  by  tlie 

ancients  to  the  souls  of  deceased  heroes  or  friends. 
IN-FE'RI-OR,  a.    [L.,  conip.  from  iiiferus,  low;  Sp. 

id. :  Vr.  infirteiir.] 
1.  Lower  in  place, 

9.  Lower  in  station,  ase,  or  rank  in  life.  Pay  due 
res|)ect  to  tliosc  wilo  aif  siipi  i  ior  in  staticm,  and  due 
civility  to  those  who  :iic  uif' ri»r. 

3.  Lower  in  excellence  or  value  ;  as,  a  poem  of  I'n- 
frrior  merit ;  cloth  of  inferior  qualify  or  price. 

4.  .Subordinate;  of  less  importance.  Attend  to 
health  and  safety;  case  and  convenience  are  inferior 
considerations. 

IN-FE'RI-OR,  71.  A  person  who  is  younger,  or  of  a 
lower  station  or  rank  in  society. 

A  person  jots  more  by  obligiu*  his  inferior,  tlian  by  tlisiUiining 
hiin.  Soitth. 

IN-FE-RI-OR'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  iitfcriorili.] 

A  lower  state  of  dignity,  age,  value,  or  quality. 

^Ve  speak  of  the  inferiority  of  rank,  of  oflice,  of  tal- 

eiit«,  of  a^'e,  of  worlli. 
IN-Fk'RI-OR-LY,  udi'.    In  an  inferior  manner,  or  on 

the  inferior  part.     [M  word  tliat  deserves  no  counlii- 

liance.'l 

IN-FER'NAL,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  infermts.] 

1.  Properly,  pertaining  to  the  lower  regions,  or  re- 
gions of  the  dead,  the  Tartarus  of  the  anyeiits. 
Hence, 

9.  Pertaining  to  hell ;  inhabiting  hell  ;  as,  infernal 
spirits. 

3.  Hellish  ;  resembling  the  temper  of  infernal  spir- 
its ;  malicious;  diabolical;  very  wicked  and  detesta- 
ble. 

IN-FER'NAL,  7i.  An  inhabitant  of  hell,  or  of  the 
lower  regions. 

Infernal  stone,  [lapis  infemalis ;]  a  name  formerly 
given  to  lunar  caustic,  a  substance  prepared  from  an 
evaporated  solution  of  silver  in  nitric  acid. 

Lunar  caustic  is  nitrate  of  silver  fused  and  cast  in 
j       small  cylinders.  Brande. 
1    IN-FER'NAL-LY,  adv.    In  an  infernal  manner. 
I    IN-FER'R£D,  pp.    Deduced  as  a  consequence. 
1    IN-FER'UING,  ppr.    Deducing,  as  a  fact  or  conse- 
quence. 

IN-FER'TILE,  (-til,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  infcrfdls;  in 
and  fcrtilis.] 

Not  fertile;  not  fruitful  or  productive ;  barren;  as, 
an  infertile  soil. 
IN-FER'TILE-LY,  adv.    In  an  unproductive  manner. 
IN-FER-TIL'I-TY,  n.    Unfriiitfulness  ;  unproductive- 
ness ;  barrenness  ;  as,  the  hifertdit^i  of  land.  Hale. 
IN-FEST',  V.  U    [Fr.  iiifeslrr  :  L.  infesto.] 

To  trouble  greatly  ;  to  disturb  ;  to  annoy  ;  to  har- 
ass. In  warm  weather,  men  are  infested  with  nius- 
quitoes  and  gnats ;  flies  infest  horses  and  cattle.  The 
sea  is  often  infested  with  pirates.  Small  parties  of  the 
enemy  infest  the  coast. 

Tlicse,  s;uil  Ihe  giMiiiia,  .tre  envy,  ftvarice,  superstition,  love,  with 
the  like  can;s  and  p;t$sioiis  that  infest  hurn;;u  lilc.  Addison. 
IN-FEST',  a.    Mischiev»us.  [Obs.]    Spenser.  Smart. 
IN-FEST-A'TION,  7i.  The  act  of  ;nfesti»t ;  molesta- 
tion. Bacon. 
IN-FEST'ED,  pp.     Troubled  ;  annoyed  ;  harassed  ; 
plagued. 

IN-FES'TER-£D,  a.  [in  and  fester.]  Rankling ;  in- 
veterate. 

IN-FEST'ING,  ppr.  Annoying  ;  harassing  ;  disturb- 
ing. 

I.\-FES'TIVE,  n.   [i7i  and  festire.]    Having  no  mirth. 

IN-FES-TIVl-TY,  h.  [in  and  fesllritii.]  Want  of 
festivity,  or  of  cheerfulness  and  mirth,  at  entertain- 
ments. 

!    IN-FE.ST'IJ-OUS,  (I.    [L.  infe.itus.] 

Mischievous.    [JVut  uicd.]  Bacon. 
IN-FKOD-A'TION,  71.    [L.  m  and  frudam,  fend.) 

1.  The  act  of  putting  one  in  possession  of  an  es- 
tate in  fee.  Hale. 

2.  The  granting  of  tithes  to  laymen.  Blnchslone. 
IN-FUHI-LA'TKJN,  71.     [L.  ivfibulo,  from  fihnUi,  a 

clasp.] 

A  clasping,  or  confining  with  a  small  buckle  or 
padlock.  Miner. 
IN'FI  DEI,,  n.    [Fr.  infidele  ;  L.  infidel  is  1  in  and  fde- 
lu  faithful.] 

I'nbelieving  ;  disbelieving  the  inspiration  of  the 
8cri|itiireH,  or  llic  divine  iiistiiiiiion  ol  (  liriNtianity. 

Tite  inJUUt  wrlt»T  b  ii  cteiit  '  h'-iny  lo  •■Kiely.  Knox. 

IN'FI-DEL,  71.  f)nc  who  dixbi  tieveii  the  inspiration 
of  the  .Scripturen,  and  the  divine  origin  ol  C'hriH- 
tionity. 


In  the  wars  spring-in<r  out  of  the  cru.'^ades,  this  word 
was  applied  particularly  to  the  JMohaniiiiedans,  who, 
in  return,  called  Christians  giaours  or  infidels.  The 
name  was  also  given  by  the  older  writers  to  pagans. 
IN-FI-DEL'[-TY,  71.    [Fr.  infidelite  :  L.  infdelitas.] 

1.  In  general,  want  of  faith  or  belief;  a  withhold- 
ing of  credit. 

2.  Disbelief  of  the  inspiration  of  the  Scriptures,  or 
the  divine  original  of  Christianity  ;  unbelief. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  vanity  is  one  principal  cause  of  infi/lelity. 

Knox. 

3.  Unfaithfulness,  particularly  in  married  persons  ; 
a  violation  of  the  marriage  covenant  by  adultery  or 
lewdness. 

4.  Breach  of  trust ;  treachery  ;  deceit ;  as,  the  inji- 
delitij  of  a  friend  or  a  servant.  In  this  sense  Unfaith- 
Fi'LNEss  is  most  used. 

IN-FISLD',  ».  t.  To  inclose,  as  a  field.  [JVot  in  good 
use.  ]_ 

IN'Fli'.LD,  71.   Land  kept  continually  under  crop. 
IN-FIL'TER-^;i),  o.    Infiltrated.  [Scotlislu 
IN-FIL'TRATE,  v.  i.    [Fr.  fltrrr,  to  filter.] 

To  enter  by  penetrating  the  pores  or  interstices  of 

a  subslance. 
IN-FIL'TRA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Filtered  in. 
IN-FIL'TRa-TINC!,  ppr.    Penetrating  by  the  pores  or 

interstices. 

IN-FIL-TRa'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  enter- 
ing the  pores  or  cavities  of  a  body. 

2.  The  substance  which  has  entered  the  pores  or 
cavities  of  a  body. 

Cal&ireous  vifiltrations,  filling  the  caviiies  of  oilier  slunrs. 

Kirican, 

IN'FI-NITE,  (-nit,)  a.  [L.  infnilus  ;  in  and  fuitus, 
tcrilliiiated  ;  Fr.infiiit;  ^p.  iufnito.] 

1.  W'uiiout  Innit';  :  iiiilioiiinled  ;  biitindless  ;  not 
circiiiii>t*r)licd  ;  ajipjicii  to  tnnr.  space,  and  iptalities. 
Goil  is  iiijiiiih-  in  (liiialion,  having  neillier  beginning 
nor  end  of  r\isli  iire.  llr  is  al-o  infinite  in  presence, 
or  omnijirrsi'iit,  ami  ins  [»erf<:ctions  are  i//.^rtrti£c.  We 
also  sprali  of  I'lji'iitc  spuci*. 

2.  i'lial  u  iil  iiav<'  no  t  nd.  Thus  angels  and  men, 
though  ihi  y  have  hail  a  beginning,  will  e.\ist  in  inji- 
nitf  duration. 

3.  That  has  a  beginning  in  space,  hut  is  infinitely 
extended  ;  as,  a  line  beginning  at  a  point,  but  e.x- 
Icndeii  indefinitely,  is  an  infnite  line. 

4.  Infinite  is  used  loosely  and  hyperbniically  for  in- 
definitely huge,  immense,  of  great  size  01  e.\tent. 

In  niailinmitics,  a  term  applied  to  quantities  which 
are  greater  tlian  any  assignable  quantity. 
Infinite  canon  ;  in  music,  a  periietiial  fugue. 
IN'FI-NITE,  71.    In  mathematics,  an  iiilimle  ipiaiitity. 
IN'FI-NITE-LY,  udi\    Without  bounds  or  liiiiils. 

2.  Immensely  ;  greatly  ;  to  a  great  extent  or  de- 
gree;  as,  I  am  infinitely  obliged  by  your  condescen- 
sion. 

IN'FI-NITE-NESS,  7!.    Boundless  extent  of  time, 
Bpace,  or  qualities  ;  infinity.  Taylor. 
2.  Immensitv  ;  greatness. 
IN-FIN-l-TES'l-MAL,  a.    Infinitely  small  ;  less  than 

any  assignable  quantitv.  .John.^on.  Barlow. 

IN-FIN-l-TES'l-JIAL,  7!.  An  infinitely  small  quan- 
tity ;  that  which  is  less  than  any  assignable  quantity. 

Barlow. 

IN-FIN-I-TES'I-INIAL-LY,  ado.  By  infinitesimals ;  in 
infinitely  small  quantities. 

IN-FIN'I-TIVE,  a.    [L.  tiifinitivus  ;  Fr.  iyifinitif.] 

In  grammar,  the  infinitwe  mode  expresses  the  ac- 
tion of  the  verb,  without  limitation  of  jierson  or 
number ;  as,  to  lore.  The  word  is  often  used  as  a 
noun  to  denote  this  mode. 

IN-FIM'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  infin- 
itive mode. 

IJV-FI-J\rt'  TO,  [It.]  In  tnvMc,  perpetual,  as  a  canon 
whose  end  leads  back  to  the  L^giniiing. 

IN-FIN'l-TUDf^,  71.  Infinity;  infiiiiteness  ;  the  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  without  limits;  infinite  extent; 
as,  the  infinitude  of  space,  of  time,  or  of  jierfectiiiiis. 

2.  Immensity  ;  greatness. 

3.  Boundless  niiinher.  .Addison. 
IN-FIN'I-TY,  «.    [Fr.  infinite  ;  h.  infinitas.] 

1.  Unlimited  extent  of  time,  space,  or  quantity  ; 
boundlessness.  We  apply  infinity  to  God  and  his 
perfections  ;  we  speak  of  the  infinity  of  his  exist- 
ence, his  kiiowletlge,  his  power,  his  goodness,  and 
holiness. 

2.  Immensity  ;  indefinite  extent. 

3.  Endless  or  indefinite  number;  a  hyperbolical  u.^e 
of  the  word    as,  an  infinitit  of  beauties. 

IN-FIRM',  (in-fi-rin',)  a.  [Fr.  infirme;  L.  infinnus ;  in 
and  firiiins.] 

1.  Not  lirm  or  sound  ;  weak  ;  feeble  ;  as,  an  iT\finn 
body;  an  infirm  coiisiitiilion. 

2.  Weak  of  mind  ;  irresolute  ;  as,  infirm  of  pnr- 
[Misi!.  shttli. 

3.  Not  Holld  or  stable. 

lie  wlio  llxes  on  false  prindplel  treads  on  infirm  (;vonn(l. 

iS'oiitA. 

IN-FIRM',  (in-ferm',)  v.  L    To  weaken.    [JVot  used.] 

Jlolegh. 

IN-FTRM'A-RY,  (in-ferni'a-ry,)  n.  A  hospital  or  place 
where  the  sick  are  lodged  and  nursed.  I 


IN-FIR,M'A-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  infirmntif.] 

Weakening  ;  annulling,  or  tending  to  make  void. 
IX-FIR.M'I-TY,  (in-ferm'i-ty,)  n.    [Fr.  infirmite  ;  L. 
infirmitas.] 

]  An  unsound  or  unhealthy  state  of  the  body  ; 
weakness  ;  feebleness.  Old  age  is  subject  to  infirm- 
ities. 

2.  Weakness  of  mind  ;  failing  ;  fault ;  foible. 

A  friend  sliould  bi^ir  a  friend's  infinnilies.  Sliak. 

3.  Weakness  of  resolution. 

4.  Any  particular  disease;  malady;  applied  rather 
to  chronic  than  to  violent  diseases.  Hooker. 

5.  Defect ;  imperfection  ;  weakness  ;  as,  the  i«- 
firmities  of  a  constitution  of  government.  Hamilton. 

IN-FIR>I'LY,  adr.    In  an  infirm  manner. 
IN-FIRM'NESS,  (in-ferm'ness,)  71.    Weakness  ;  fee- 
bleness ;  unsoundness.  Boyle. 
IN-FIX',  7'.  t.    [L.  infixus,  infigo ;  in  and  figo,  to  tlx.]  ' 

1.  To  fix  by  piercing  or  thrusting  in  ;  as,  to  infix  a  I 
sting,  spear,  or  dart.  ' 

2.  To  set  in  ;  to  fasten  in  something. 

3.  To  implant  or  fix,  as  principles,  thoughts,  in- 
structions;  as,  to  infix  good  principles  in  the  mind, 
or  ideas  in  the  meinorv. 

IN-FIX'£D,  (in  fikst',)  pp.  Thrust  in  ;  set  in  ;  in- 
serted ;  deeply  implanted. 

IN-FIX'ING,  p/ir.  'J'hriisting  in  ;  setting  in  :  implant- 
ing. 

IN-FLaME',  ti.  (.  [L.  iiifiammo ;  in  and  fiamma, 
flainc.] 

1.  'J  o  set  on  fire  ;  to  kindle  ;  to  cause  to  burn  ;  in 
a  literal  sense.    But  more  generally, 

9.  To  excite  or  increase,  as  passion  or  appetite  ;  to 
enkindle  into  violi-nt  action  ;  as,  to  inflame  love,  lust, 
or  thirst ;  to  inflame  desire  or  anger. 

3.  To  exaggerate;  to  aggravate  in  description. 

A  friend  exairirerales  a  man's  virtues,  an  enemy  injlanies  his 
crimes,    f^nuyua/.]  AdJison. 

4.  To  heat ;  to  excite  excessive  action  in  the  blood- 
vessels ;  as,  to  inflame  Willi  wine. 

ri.  To  provoke  ;  to  irritate  ;  to  anger 
(i.  To  increase  ;  to  exasperate  ;  as,  to  inflame  the 
eiiiiiity  of  parties,  or  the  spirit  of  sedition. 

7.  To  increase  ;  to  augment;  as,  to  iii/iamc  a  pre- 
siiinptioii.  Kent. 
IN-FLa.ME',  v.  i.    To  grow  hot,  angry,  and  painful. 

H^iseman. 

IN-FLaM'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Set  on  fire;  enkindled; 

heated  ;  provoked  ;  exasperated. 
IN-FLa.M'ER,  71.    The  person  or  thing  that  inflames. 

Addison. 

IN-FLaM'ING, jipr.  Kindling;  heating;  provoking; 
exasperating. 

IN-FLAiM-.MA-BIL'I-TY,  7i.  Susceptibility  of  readily 
taking  fire. 

IN-FL.\M'.MA-BLE,  a.    That  may  he  set  on  fire  ;  ea-  ' 
si'iy  enkindled  ;  susceptible  of  combustion  ;  as,  in- 
flammable oils  or  spirits.  } 

IN-FLAM'iMA-BLE-NESS,  7!.  The  quality  of  being  ; 
susceptible  of  flame,  or  capable  of  taking  fire  ;  in-  ' 
flammaliility.  Boyle.  j 

IN-FLAAI'MA-BLY,  adv.  In  an  inflammable  man-  , 
ner.  I 

1N-FLA,M-Ma'TI0N,  7!.    [L.  i;'^;H7nnf;«.]  1 

1.  The  act  of  setting  on  fire  or  inflaming.  \ 

2.  The  state  of  being  in  flame.    Temple.    Wilkins.  1 

3.  In  mciyiriHc  and  i7l7■n•f7^^,  a  redness  and  swelling  ' 
of  any  part  of  an  animal  body,  attended  with  hi  at,  , 
pain,  and  febrile  symptoms.  Knaje.  | 

4.  Violent  excitement ;  heat ;  animosity  ;  turbu-  ' 
lence  ;  as,  an  inflammation  of  the  body  politic,  or  of 
parties. 

IN-FLA.M'.MA-TO-RY,  (!.  Inflaming;  tending  to  ex- 
cite heat  or  iiillainiuatiun  ;  as,  medicines  of  an  t)i- 
flammutory  nature.  \ 

2.  Accompanied  with  preternatural  heat  and  ex-  I 
ci'.nmeat  of  arterial  action  ;  as,  an  inflammatory  fever  I 
or  ijipease.  [ 

3.  Tending  to  excite  anger,  animosity,  tumult,  or  | 
sedition  ;  as,  inflammatory  libels,  writings,  speeches,  I 
or  publications.  i 

IN-FLaTE',  n.  (.  [L.  inflatiis,  from  inflo;  in  and  Jlo, 
to  blow.] 

1.  To  swell  or  distend  by  injecting  air;  as,  to  in- 
flate a  bladder  ;  to  inflole  the  lungs. 

2.  To  fill  »  itii  llie  liiealli  ;  to  blow  in.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  swell  ;  lo  piifl'  up  ;  to  elate ;  as,  to  inflate  one 
with  pride  or  vanity. 

Ii\  FLATE',    (  a.    In  botany,  pufl"ed  ;  hollow  and  dis- 

IN-FLaT'KI),  i  tended,  as  a  perianth,  corol,  necta- 
ry, or  pericarp.  Martyn. 

IN-FLA  T'Ell,  pp.  or  a.  Swelled  or  distended  with 
air  ;  pulled  up. 

IN-FLAT'lNt;,  ppr.    Distending  with  air  ;  pufling  up. 

IN-FL.^T'ING-LV,  adv.  In  a  manner  tending  lo  in- 
flate. 

IN-FL.\'TION,  ji.    [\,.  iiiflalio.] 

1.  The  act  of  inflaliiig.  | 

2.  The  slate  of  being  distendi  d  with  air  injected  | 
or  tnliali  (I. 

3.  The  slate  of  being  imllid  up,  as  with  vanity. 

4.  Colic, -it.  B.  Jon.son. 
IN-FI.i;C  T',  I'.  (.    [L.  iiiflecto  ;  in  and  Jleelo,  to  bend.] 


KATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIl^kT,  —  METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  IlIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK  


INF 

1  To  bend  ;  to  turn  frcnn  a  direct  line  or  course. 

Arc  nol  ihi'  r.iya  nf  tlu*  sun  rclV-cwd,  R'IrACtcd,  iiml  inflccwl  by 
oiiu  uiitl  tiio  siviiic  priiicipli:  i  AV'u'tufl. 

2.  Ill  /grammar,  to  vary  a  noun  or  a  vcrl)  in  its  ter- 
minations ;  to  decline,  as  a  noun  or  adjective,  or  to 
conjugatr,  as  a  verb. 
■1.  To  niodiilnto,  as  the  voice. 
IN-FLEeT'ICI),  ;>;).  or  a.  H(Mit  or  turned  from  a  direct 
line  or  course  ;  as,  an  inflected  ray  of  liglit ;  varied  in 
termination. 

IN-FLECT'INC,  ppr.  ItendinR  or  turninu  from  its 
course;  varying  in  lerniination  ;  modululin;;,  as  the 
voice. 

IN-FLEe'TIO.\,  ),.    ri,.  inflrrtio.] 

1.  Tile  act  of  bunding  or  tui  ning  from  a  direct  line 
or  course. 

2.  In  iii)tks,a  term  used  to  denote  certain  plienom- 
cna  whicli  liglil  exliibits  wlien  it  passes  near  the 
edges  of  an  opaque  body,  such  as  the  formation  of 
colored  fringes;  aUo  called  I)ikfr\ction.  Olnistcrt. 

3.  In  (rrammar,  the  variation  of  nouns,  &c.,  by  de- 
clension, and  Verbs  by  conjugation.  Enctjc. 

i.  A  slide  of  the  voice  in  speaking,  either  up  or 
down.  Hooker. 


Point  of  iiifirctinn  ;  in  geomrtry,  the  point  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  which  a  curve  bends  in  contrary  ways. 

jj.  D.  Stnnlnf. 
IN-FLECT'IVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  bending; 

as,  the  injlrrtii-i'  ipialitv  of  the  air.  Dtirliuiit. 
Ii\-FLEX'/;i),  (in-Il.  kst',)  it.    M..  iuflriH.i.] 

Turned  ;  hent  ;  bent  iiiwaril.  Fclfham.  Brnndr, 
IN-FLEX-l-liIl,'l-TV,    \  n.   [Vt.  iiifiezibitilc,fnm\  in- 
li\-l'l,E.\'I-m,E-NE8S,  i    flczMc:  L.  in  and  flcribi- 
/i,s-,  from  Jlrcto^  to  bentl.] 

1.  The  nualily  of  being  inflexible,  or  not  capable 
of  being  bent ;  UTi)  ieldirig  stUfiK'ss. 

2.  Obslinacv'  of  w  ill  or  temper  ;  firmness  of  pur- 
pose that  will  not  >  letd  to  iinp^rtuiiity  or  persuasion  ; 
unbending  p. -rt  mac  it  v. 

IN-FLEX'1-1!I,K,  n.    [Fr. ;  L.  iofleribilis.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  bent ;  as,  an  iujlrxtblc  oak. 

2.  'i'liat  wdl  Hot  yield  to  pr;i\'ers  or  arguments  ; 
firm  in  purposi; ;  not  to  be  prex'adedon  ;  that  can  not 
be  turned  ;  as,  a  man  of  upright  and  i.ijlrjiblc  tem- 
per. Addison. 

3.  Not  to  be  changed  or  altered. 

The  iiiKurv  of  lliiiigs  is  injUxible,  WatU, 

IX-FLEX'I  Hl.V,  adv.  With  a  firmness  that  resists 
all  importunity  or  persi^iasion  ;  with  unyielding  perti- 
nai-iousiiess  ;  inexorably.  A  judge  should  be  injicxi- 
btii  just  and  impartial. 

IN  Fl.EX'IOX.    See  Inflection. 

l.\-i'l.l€T',  r.  I.  [I,,  iiiflicius,  iiifli^o;  in  and  fti^'o,  to 
strike  ;  Eng.  to  .f)"  .'.]  ■' 

To  lay  on  ;  to  throw  or  send  on  ;  to  apply  ;  as,  to 
inflict  pain  or  disgrace  ;  to  inflict  punishment  on  an 
offender. 

To  inflict  an  ollice,  condition,  knowledge,  tender- 
ness, &c.,  oil  mil',  as  used  by  Chesterfield,  is  not  an 
aiithori/.ed  use  of  the  word. 

IN-FLieT'EI),  p/i.  Laid  on  ;  applied  ;  as  punishments 
or  judiruients. 

l.\-FEie  i"'ER,  n.   lie  who  l.iys  on  or  applies. 

l.\-Fl.ieT'I.\(;,  p;)r.    Laving  on  ;  applying. 

LN-FLIt''T10\,  .1.    [L.  i";l<r(i,..l 

1.  The  act  of  laying  on  or  applying  ;  as,  the  inflic- 
tion of  torment  or  of  punishment. 

2.  The  punishment  applied. 

HU  f-vi-P'sl  injiictiont  iirc  in  llicinsrlvi-s  acU  of  JiiMtcc  Mid 
n<;hti*oiji>ii<  kj.  Uogers. 

LN'-FLICT'IVE,  a.    Tending  or  able  to  inflict. 
IN-FLO-l!E.<'l'EXCE,  ii.    [I,,  inflorcsccnn,  inflortsco, 
infiorcoi  tn  and  fiorcu^  to  blossom.] 

1.  In  bidiintf,  a  mode  of  flowering,  or  the  manner 
in  which  Howers  are  supiwrted  on  their  fool-stalks 
or  peduncles. 

injtortfcnce  .ilTonljt  an  oxcrllont  chnmclcristic  mark  in  iliMjii- 
guUliiiiij  Ih'-*  njn'ciM  of  pl.u]ts.  Milne. 

2.  A  flowering ;  the  unfolding  of  blossoms. 

Journ.  of  Scirnee. 
IN'FLU-EXCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  in;l«fn..,  inflno,  to 
flow  in  J  in  and  fluo,  to  flow  ;  Sp.  influcncia ;  It.  in- 
fluenia.] 

1.  Literally,  a  flowing  in,  into,  or  on,  and  referring 
to  substances  spiritual,  or  too  subtile  tn  be  visible,  like 
inspiration.  Uence  the  wufd  was  formerly  followed 
by  into. 

God  iiath  his  injluence  into  the  very  rfvncc  of  [ill  thinprs. 

} looker. 

It  IS  now  followed  by  on  or  tcith. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  influence  denotes  power 
whose  operation  is  invisible,  and  known  only  by  its 
effects,  or  a  power  whose  cause  and  operation  are 
unseen. 

3.  The  power  which  celestial  bodies  arc  supposed 
to  exert  on  terrestrial  ;  as,  the  influence  of  the  planets 
on  the  birth  and  fortunes  of  men  :  an  exploded  doctrine 
oj  astroto^. 

^.  .Moral  power;  power  of  truth  operating  on  the 
mind,  rational  faculties,  or  will,  in  persuading  or  dis- 


INF 

sanding  ;  as,  the  influence  of  motives,  of  arguments, 
or  of  prayer.  We  siiy,  arguments  hail  no  influence  on 
the  jury.  The  magistrate  is  not  popular;  lie  lias  no 
influence  with  the  |ieople,  or  he  has  great  influence  wiUt 
the  prince. 

5.  Physical  power ;  power  that  aflects  natural  bod- 
ies by  unseen  opi'ration  ;  as,  tlie  rays  of  the  sun  have 
an  influence  in  wliiteniiig  cloth,  and  in  giving  a  green 
color  to  vegetables. 

0.  I'owcr  acting  on  sensibility  ;  as,  the  influence  of 
love  or  pity  in  sympathy. 

7.  Spiritual  power,  or  the  immediate  power  of  God 
on  the  mind  ;  as,  divine  influence  ;  tlie  influences  of 
the  Holy  Spirit. 
IX'FLU-E.XUE,  e. «.   To  move  by  physical  power  op 
crating  by  unseen  laws  or  force  ;  to  ali'ect. 

These  exporinicniii  succeed  after  the  same  iiiariiier  in  ttfiruo  as 
in  the  open  air,  and  'herefure  are  not  iuJluencM  Ity  the 
weight  or  preMunj  of  the  atmosphere.  Newton. 

2.  To  move  by  moral  power  ;  to  act  on  and  aflVrt, 
as  the  mind  or  will,  in  persuading  or  dissuading;  to 
induce.  Men  are  influenced  by  niolives  of  interest  or 
pleasuri!.  An  orator  may  influence  the  people  to  take 
arms,  or  to  abandon  an  enterprise. 

3.  To  move,  as  the  passions ;  as,  to  influence  one 
by  pity. 

4.  To  lead  or  direct.  This  revelation  is  sullicicnt 
to  influence  our  failli  and  practici;. 

IN'FLU-EXC-£0,  (iu'llii  enst,)  ;>/).  Moved  ;  excited  ; 
allected  ;  persuaded  ;  iiidiicetl. 

IN'FLU-EiN'C-lXfi,  ppr.  .Mov  ing  ;  afTecting  ;  inducing. 

IN'FUJ-ENC-IXG,  Ji.  Act  of  inciting,  moving,  or  in- 
ducing. 

IX'FLL'-EXT,  a.  Flowing  in.  [r.ittle  u.<cd.]  Arbulhitot. 

I.V-FLU-EX'Tl  AL,  a.  Exerting  iiiMuence  or  power  by 
invisible  operation,  as  pliysit;al  causes  on  bodies,  or 
as  moral  causl^s  on  the  iiuiid.  It  is  particularly  used 
toexprtjss  tlie  tiperation  of  moral  causes.  jVifner. 

Infiuentinl  cfiurtieters  ;  persons  who  possess  the 
power  of  iucliiiiiig  or  controlling  the  minds  of  oth- 
ers. Hamilton. 

IN-F1,U-EN'TIAL-LY,  adr.  By  means  of  influence, 
so  as  to  incline,  move,  or  tliiect. 

IN-FLU-EX'ZA,  «.    [It.  influenza,  influence.! 

An  epidemic  catarrh.  Tlie  influenza  of  October 
anil  November,  1781),  anil  that  of  April  and  May, 
1790,  were  very  gtuieral  or  universal  in  llie  United 
States,  and  unusually  severe.  A  like  influenza  pre- 
vailed in  the  winters  of  IB05  and  iBjii. 

IN'FLl'X,  )i.  [L.  influziis,  influo  ;  in  ami  fluo,  to  flow.] 

1.  The  act  t»f  flowing  in  ;  as,  an  influx  of  liglit  or 

2.  Iiil'usion  ;  intromission.  [other  fluid. 
Th-'  iojlux  of  ilie  ktuiwleil^  o(  God,  in  rcl.tliun  to  cvcrl  i.'iiiij 

lile,  IS  inlinitely  of  inuinent.  Jlate. 

3.  Influence  ;  power.    [.Vot  its-ci/.]  Hale. 

4.  A  coming  in  ;  iiitroiluctioii  ;  imjioitalion  in  abun- 
dance ;  as,  a  great  influx  of  goods  into  a  country,  or 
an  influr  of  gold  and  silver. 

I.\-FLU .\'U)i\,  71.    Infusion  ;  intromission.  Bacon. 
IX-FLL'X'IOUS,  a.    Influemial.    [JVot  ii,sn/.] 
IN-l''Ln.\'I  VE,  a.    Having  influence,  or  liavinga  ten- 

deiiev  to  flow  in.    [jVot  used.^  Halcstcortlu 
IN  FLL'X'IVE-LY,  u(/e.    By  infliixion. 
IX-FoLIV,  V.  i.    [in  and  fold.]    To  involve;  to  wrap 
up  oriiiwrap;  to-inclose, 

infold  his  limLn  In  bands.  Blackmore. 
2.  To  clasp  with  the  arms  ;  to  embrace. 

NuMe  Ruiipiu,  let  nio  in/old  tliee, 

And  hwtd  tliec  lo  iny  he.irt.  Sliak. 

IX-FoLD'EU,  pp.  Involved;  inwrapped  ;  inclosed; 
einlirared. 

IN- IT)  1. 1)' I  NO,  jipr.  Involving  ;  wrapping  up  ;  clasping. 
IN-Fnl.D'.MENT,  )i.    Act  of  infolding;  state  of  being 

illloMed. 

Ii\-F(')'LI  aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  in  and  folium,  a  leaf.] 

To  cover  or  overspread  with  leaves.    [J^ot  much 

u.ird.]  Hoirell. 
IX-F()IiM',  V.  t.    [Fr.  informer  ;  Sp.  infbrmar;  It.  in- 

furmnrc ;  L.  informo,  to  shape  ;  in  and  formo,  forma, 

form.] 

Properly,  to  give  form  or  shape  to  ;  bfit  in  this  sense 
not  used. 

1.  To  animate  ;  to  give  life  to ;  lo  actuate  by  vital 
powers. 

Ijfl  others  belter  mold  the  running  man 
Uf  ineLds,  and  in/omi  the  htrathing  limss.  Dryien. 
Bp"i»lh  in/ormt  this  flei'tin*  fnune.  Prior. 
BrvaUi'-s  in  our  soul,  m/onnt  our  vitd  pnrl.  Poju. 

[T'/iis  use  is  chiefly  or  leholly  poetical.] 

2.  To  instruct ;  lo  tell  to  ;  to  aci|uaiiit  ;  to  commu- 
nicate knowledge  to  ;  to  make  known  to  by  woril  or 
writing :  usually  fidluwed  by  of.  Before  we  judge, 
we  should  be  well  informed  of  the  facts  relating  to 
the  case.  A  messenger  arrived,  and  informed  the 
roinniander  of  ihe  static  of  the  troops.  iK-'tters  from 
Europe  inform  us  of  the  commencement  of  hostilities 
between  the  Persians  and  Turks. 

3.  To  coniinunicnte  a  knowledge  of  facts  to  one 
by  way  of  accusation. 

Trrtullus  informed  the  yoTenior  against  Paul.  —  Acu  xxxr. 
In  this  application,  the  verb  ia  usually  intransitive ; 
as,  A  informed  against  B. 


INF 

IN-FORM',  V.  I.    To  give  intelligence.  Shak 

He  ni';rlil  cillii-T  teach  in  the  s;oue  in-mner,  or  inform  how  ig 
had  U-en  t.ugtil.  Mont/dy  Hev. 

To  inform  against ;  to  communicate  facts  by  way 
of  accusation  ;  to  give  intelligence  of  a  breach  of 
law.    Two  persons  came  to  the  magistrate,  and  in- 
formed  aifuin.it  A. 
L\-Ff)KM',  a.    \\..  informis.] 

V\'ilhriut  rigular  form  ;  shapeless;  ngly.  fOft'.] 
IN-FUK.M'.AL,  (1.    [ill  and  formal.]    Not  ill  the  regu- 
lar or  usual  form;  as,  an  i/i/onnaf  writing  ;  infonnal 
proceedings. 

2.  Not  in  the  usual  manner  ;  not  according  to  cus- 
tom ;  as,  an  informal  visit. 

3.  Not  H  ith  the  ollicial  forms  ;  as,  the  secretary 
made  to  the  envoy  an  informal  communication. 

Sliakspeare  uses  informal  in  the  sense  of  irregular 
or  ileranoed  in  mind. 

IN-FOK-MAI/I-TV,  n.  [from  informal.]  Want  of 
regular  or  customary  form.  The  informality  of  legal 
prorecdings  may  render  them  void. 

IN-F01{.M'.\L-LY,  o</(i.  In  an  irregular  or  informal 
manner;  without  the  usual  f'orms. 

IN-I'()I!M'.\NT,  n.  One  who  informs  or  gives  intel- 
ligence. 

2.  (Tne  who  offers  an  accusation.  [See  Informer, 
which  is  gem  iallv  used. J  Shitk. 
IN-FOIt.M-A'TION,  n.    [ Fr.,  from  L.  informatio.] 

1.  Intelligence;  notice;  news  or  advice  commiini- 
cati  d  hy  Word  or  writing.  We  received  information 
of  the  eapluie  of  the  ship  by  an  arrival  at  Boston. 
The  information  by  the  messenger  is  eonfirnied  hy 
letters. 

2.  Knowledge  derived  from  reading  or  instruction. 

the  subject  hu  intends  to 


He  Hhoiil't  g>.t  some  in/orniatio 
iMudle. 


3  Knowledge  derived  from  the  senses,  or  from  the 
ojieration  of  the  intelli^etual  faculties. 

The  active  in/ortnatiooM  of  the  intellect.  South. 

4.  Communication  of  facts  for  the  pur|iosc  of  ac- 
cusation ;  a  charge  oracrusaiion  exliibited  to  a  magis- 
trate or  court.  An  information  is  the  accusation  of  a 
common  informer,  or  of  a  priv;ite  person  ;  the  .accu- 
sation of  a  grand  jury  is  called  an  indictment  or  a  prc~ 
sentmrnt.  BlacLstone. 
IN-FOU.M'A-TIVE,  a.    Having  power  to  animate. 

More. 

IN-FORM'£I),  pp.   Told ;  instructed  ;  made  acquaint- 
ed. 

IN-FORM'£D,  c    Ill-formed  ;  misshapen.    [  Ob.i.] 

ISpenser. 

IN-FOKM'KD  STARS.    See  U.nfobmeu. 
IIS'  rORM'EK,  n.  One  who  animates,  informs,  or  gives 
intelligence. 

2.  Our.  who  communicates  to  a  magistrate  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  violations  of  law.  In  a  bod  sense,  one  who 
gains  his  livelihooil  by  iiifnrmiiig  against  others,  or 
who  does  it  from  base  tir  niiworthv  motives. 
IN-FOR'MI-I).\  l!LE,  a.  [in  -.mii' formidailc.]  Not 
formidable  ;  not  to  be  feared  or  dreaded. 

Foe  not  iiiforin'ulttbte.  Milton. 

IN-FORM'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  notice  or  intelli- 
gence ;  teiling. 
2.  Communicating  f;icls  by  way  of  accusation. 
Informius  oflicrr,  is  an  officer  whose  duty  it  is  lo 
inform  against  persons  for  breaches  of  l:iw,  as  an  al- 
lorney-general,  a  elierifl",  constable,  or  grand-juror. 

A  common  informer,  is  any  person  who  informs 
against  another. 
IN-FOit.M'I-TV,  n.    [L.  informii.] 

Want  of  ri  guhir  f  rni ;  shapelessncss.  Broien. 
IN-FOR.M'OU.-^,  «.    [Vt.  infornie ;  I,,  informis.j 

Of  no  regular  form  or  figure  ;  shapeless.    (  Obs.] 
Brmen.     IV  llford. 
fJV  FO'RO  C0.V-SC/-/:A*'7'A^,  (  kon-she-en'she-e,) 

[L.]  Before  the  tribunal  of  conscience. 
IX-FOR'TIJ-NATE,  a.    [L.  infortuntttu.i.] 

Unlucky;  unfortunate.  [The  latter  is  commonly 
used.] 

IN-FOll'TII-NATE-LV,  adv.    Unfortunately.  [Jfot 

used.] 

IN-FOR'TtJ.XE,  n.    Misfortune.    [Mt  used.]  FJyot. 
IN-FRAC'I"',  r.  f.    [L,  infractus,  from  infringo ;  in  and 
franco,  to  lireak.] 

To  break  ;  to  violate.    [  This  U  synaniimous  with 
Infrinok  ;  If  i.s  an  unneces.iary  vord,  and  liUle  used.] 
IX-FKAC  T'EI),  pp.  Broken. 

IN  FRACTION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  infractio.    See  In- 
fract.] 

The  act  of  breaking ;  breach  ;  violation  ;  non- 
observanre  ;  as,  an  infraction  of  a  treaty,  compact, 
agreeiiifiil,  or  law.  Watts. 
IN  FRACT  (.)R,  II.    One  that  violates  an  agreement, 
&e. 

IN-FRa'GRAXT.  a.    Not  fragrant. 

1N-FRA-LA1'S-A'RI-A.\,  o.    Pertaining  to  the  Infra- 
lapsarians,  or  to  their  doctrine. 

IN  FRA  LAP.-1-A'RI-AN,  n.    [L.  infra,  below,  or  af- 
ter, and  lapsus,  fall.] 

A  name  given  to  that  cl  iss  of  Calvinists  who  con- 
sider the  decree  of  election  .as  contemplating  the  apos- 
tasy as  past,  and  the  elect  as  being  in  a  fallen  and 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  us  K  ;  0  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


603 


INF 


ING 


IN  (J 


guuty  state.  The  Suprnhipsariaiut  consider  this  de- 
cree as  contemplating  tlie  elect  as  persons  to  be  crea- 
ted, and  to  apostatize  with  the  rest  of  the  race,  and 
then  to  be  recovered  by  divine  grace.  Tlie  former 
considered  the  election  of  grace  as  a  remedy  for  an 
existing  evil ;  the  latter  regarded  it  as  a  part  of  God's 
original  purpose  in  regard  to  men.  Murdoch. 

IN-FRA-MU.\'DAXE,  a.    [L.  infra,  below,  and  mun- 
datiiis,  mundus,  the  world.] 
Lying  or  being  beneath  the  world. 

IN-FRAN'GI-BLE,  a.    [in  and  frangible.] 

1.  Not  to  be  broken  or  separated  into  parts  ;  as,  in- 
frangible atoms.  Cheyn^. 

2.  Not  to  be  violated. 
IN-FRA-TER-RI-To'RI-AL,  a.  Within  the  territory. 

_  Storif,  Sup.  Court. 

Unconimonness ;  rareness  ;  the  state  of  rarely  oc- 
curring. Broome. 
IN-FRK'CiUENT,  a.    [L.  iiifrejuens;  in  and  frcquens, 
frequent.] 

Rare;  uncommon;  seldom  happening  or  occuning 
to  notice  ;  unfreqiient. 
IN-FRK'aUENT-LY,  adv.    Not  frequentlv. 
IN-FRIG'ID-ATE,  v.  t.    [h.  in  and  frirridus,  cold.] 

To  chill  ;  to  make  cold.    [Little  used.}  Bov'e. 
Uf-FRIG-ID-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  cold. 

Tatler. 

IN-FRIN6E',  (in-frinj',)  v.  t.  [L.  infringe ;  in  and 
frango,  to  break.    See  Break.] 

1.  To  break,  as  contracts ;  to  violate,  either  posi- 
tively by  contravention,  or  negatively  by  non-fulfill- 
ment or  neglect  of  performance.  .\  prince  or  a  pri- 
vate person  infringes  an  agreement  or  covenant,  by 
neglecting  to  perform  its  conditions,  as  well  as  by 
doing  what  is  stipulated  not  to  be  done. 

2.  To  break  ;  to  violate  ;  to  transgress ;  to  neglect 
to  fulfill  or  obey  ;  as,  to  infringe  a  law. 

3.  To  destroy  or  hinder ;  as,  to  infringe  efficacy. 
[Little  used.]  Hooker. 

This  word  is  very  frequently  followed  by  on  or  up- 
on :  as,  to  infringe  upon  one's  rights. 

IN-FRIN(5'£1),  pp.    Droken  ;  violated  ;  transgressed. 

IN-FRINGE'. MENT,  (in-frinj'ment,)  n.  Act  of  viola- 
ting ;  breach  ;  viol.ation  ;  non-fullillnient ;  as,  the  in- 
fringement of  a  treaty,  compact,  or  other  agreement ; 
the  infringement  of  a  law  or  constitution. 

IN-FRl"N<5'ER,  n.    One  who  violates  ;  a  violator. 

IN-FRI.\G'ING,  ppr.  Breaking ;  violatnig ;  transgress- 
ing ;  failing  to  observe  or  fulfill. 

IN-FRU'GAL,  a.    Not  frugal ;  prodiial. 

IN-FRU-6IF'ER-OUS,  a.    Not  bearing  fruit. 

IN  FLT-CaTE,  v.  t    [L.  infuco  ;  in  and  fuco,  to  paint.] 
To  stain  ;  to  paint ;  to  daub. 

ZN-FU.M'J;D,  a.    [L.  infumtUas.] 
Dried  in  smoke. 

IN-FUN-DIB'i;-LAR,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  tun- 
nel. Kirbu. 

IN-FUN-DIB'TJ-LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  infundibulum,  a  fun- 
nel, and  form.] 

In  botany,  having  the  shape  of  a  funnel,  as  the  Cor- 
el of  a  rtower ;  nionopetalous,  having  an  mversely 
conical  border  rising  from  a  tube.  Martyn. 

IN-FC'RI-ATE,  a.  [L.  in  and  furiatus,  from  furia, 
fury.] 

Enraged  ;  mad  ;  raging.         Milton.  Thomson. 

IN-FO'RI-ATE,  V.  t.  To  render  furious  or  mad  ;  to 
enrage.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IN-FO'RI-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Rendered  furious  or  mad. 

IN-FO'UI-A-TING,  ppr.    Rendering  furious. 

IN-FUS'CaTE,  v.  I.    [L.  infascatus,  infusco,  to  make 
black  ;  in  and  fusco,fuscus,  dark.] 
To  darken  ;  to  make  black. 

IN-FUS  e  A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  darkening  or  black- 
ening. 

IN-FOSE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  infuxer,  from  tn/ityu.?,  infiindo, 
to  pour  in  ;  in  and  fando,  to  pour.] 

1.  To  pour  in,  as  a  li(|uid. 

That  •trong  Cireeaii  liquor  cc-ue  to  infuse.  DcnJiam. 

2.  To  instill,  as  principles  or  qualities. 

Why  should  he  dcsin;  to  have  qualities  infused  into  his  son, 
which  himself  never  possessed  i  aai/l. 

3.  To  pour  in  or  instill,  as  into  the  mind.  Infuse 
into  young  minds  a  noble  ardor. 

4.  To  introduce ;  a.'s,  to  infuse  Gallicisms  into  a 
composition. 

5.  To  inspire  with ;  as,  to  infuse  the  breast  with 
magnanimity.    [JVot  usal.j  Sliali. 

C.  To  ster  p  in  liquor  wuhout  boiling,  for  the  pur- 
pone  of  extracting  medicinal  qualities. 

One  scnjplc  ot  dried  leaves  is  in/used  in  ten  ounces  of  warm 
water.  Core. 

7.  To  make  an  infusion  with  an  ingredient.  [JVot 
lued.]  Bacon. 
IN-FOSE',  n.    InfUKion.    [Oi».]  Spenser. 
IN-FOS'KI), pp.    Poured  in;  instilled;  steeped. 
IN-FOS'EU,  n.    One  who  infuses. 
IN  FO  SI  BII/I  TV,  n.    (from  in/i«iMc.]    The  capa- 
bility of  being  infiirted  or  [Muired  in. 
2.  The  incapabililv  of  being  fused  <ir  diBsolvcd. 
IN-FC'SI-BLE,  o.    [I'rom  the  verb.)    Thai  may  be  In- 


fused. (Jood  principles  are  infusible  into  the  minds  of 
youth. 

IN-Fu'SI-BLE,  a.    [in,  not,  and  fusible,  from  fuse. 
Not  fusible  ;  incapable  of  fusion  ;  that  can  not  be 
dissolved  or  melted. 

The  best  crucibles  are  made  of  Limoges  earth,  which  seems  ab- 
sulutely  in/usible.  Laooisier. 

IN-FDS'ING,  ppr.    Pouring  in  ;  instilling  ;  steeping. 

IN-FO'SION,  (in-fa'zhun,)  n.  The  act  of  pouring  in 
or  instilling  ;  instillation  ;  as,  the  infusion  of  good 
principles  into  the  mind ;  the  infusion  of  ardor  or 
zeal. 

2.  Suggestion ;  whisper. 

His  folly  aud  his  wisdom  are  of  his  own  growtli,  not  the  echo  or 
io/usion  of  other  men.  Swi/l. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  the  process  of  steeping  in  liquor, 
an  operation  by  which  the  medicinal  qualities  of 
plants  may  be  extracted  by  a  liquor  without  boiling. 

Encyc. 

4.  The  liquor  in  which  plants  are  steeped,  and 
which  is  impregnated  with  their  virtues  or  qualities. 

Coxe. 

^.  The  art  of  introducing  into  the  veins  medicinal 
substances  by  a  kind  of  syringe. 
IN-FU'SIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  infusion. 

Tluimson. 

IN-FU-So'RI-.4,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Microscopic  animals 
inhabiting  water  and  liquids  of  various  kinds,  and 
having  no  organs  of  motion  e.\cept  e.\tremely  minute 
hairs,  called  vibratile  cilia:.  Dana. 

IN-FU-So'RI-.\L,  i  a.    Pertaining  to  the  infusoria; 

IN-Fu'SO-RV,  i  composed  of  or  containing  infu- 
soria. 

IN-FO'SO-RY,  n. ;  pZ.  Isfusories.  A  name  given  to 
certain  microscopic  animals  living  in  water  or  other 
liquids,  called,  also,  Infusoria,  which  see. 

ING,  in  Saion,  signifies  a  pasture  or  meadow,  Goth. 
winga.    [See  English.] 

IN-GAN-Na'TION,  n.    [It.  inaannare,  to  cheat.] 
Cheat ;  fraud.    [J\'o£  used.] 

IN'GaTE,  lu  [in  aud  gate.]  Entrance;  passage  in. 
r  06.O  Spenser. 

IN-GATH'ER-ING,  n.  [in  and  gathering.]  The  act 
or  business  of  collecting  and  securing  the  fruits  of 
the  earth ;  harvest ;  as,  the  feast  of  ingathering. 
Er.  xxiii. 

IN-GEL'A-BLE,  a.    [in  and  gclable.]    That  can  not 

be  congealed. 
IN-GE.M'IN-ATE,  o.    [L.  ingeminatus.'] 

Redoubled.  Taylor. 
IN-GEM'IN-aTE,  c.  t.    [li.  ingemino ;  in  and  ^cmino.] 

To  double  or  repeat.  Sandys. 
IN-GEM'IN-a-TED,  pp.  Doubled. 
IN-GE.M'IN-A-TING,  ppr.  Doubling. 
IN-GEII-IN-a'TION,  n.   Repetition  ;  reduplication. 

misall. 

IN-GEN'DER.    See  Engender. 

IN-GEN-ER-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Infra.]  Incapacity  of 
being  engendered. 

IN-GEN'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  generate.]  That  can 
not  be  engendered  or  proiluced.  Boyle. 

IN-GEN'ER-aTE,  u.  f.    [L.  ingencro ;  in  and  genero, 
to  generate.] 
To  generate  or  produce  within.  Fellows. 

IN-GEN'ER-ATE,  a.  Goner,ited  within  ;  inborn  ;  in- 
nate ;  inbred  ;  as,  ingencratc  powers  of  body. 

Wotlon. 

IN-GEN'ER-A-TED,  pp.   Produced  within. 

Noble  habits  ingenerated  in  the  soul.  Jlale. 

IN-GEN'ER-A-TING,  ppr.  Generating  or  producing 
within. 

IN-GeN'IOUS,  o.  [L.  ingeniosus,  from  inge7iium;  in 
and  genius,  geno,  gigno,  to  beget,  Gr.  ytivopai.] 

1.  Possessed  of  genius,  or  the  faculty  of  invention  ; 
hence,  skillful  or  prompt  to  invent;  having  an  ajiti- 
tude  to  contrive,  or  to  form  new  combinations  of 
ideas  ;  as,  an  ingenious  author ;  an  ingenious  me- 
chanic. 

The  more  ingenious  men  arc,  the  more  apt  are  they  to  trouble 
llicmslves.  Temple. 

2.  Proceeding  from  genius  or  ingenuity  ;  of  curious 
design,  structure,  or  mechanism  ;  as,  an  ingenious 
performance  of  any  kind  ;  an  ingenious  scheme  or 
jilan  ;  an  ingenious  model  or  machine ;  ingenious  fab- 
ric ;  ingenious  contrivance. 

3.  Witty ;  well  formed  ;  well  adapted  ;  as,  an  in- 
genious  rt^ply. 

4.  Mental ;  intellcctu.al.    [JVof  itsei/.]  Shali. 
This  word  has  sometimes  been  confounded  with 

Inoenuoi's. 

IN-GkN'IOUS-LY, ado.  With  ingenuity  ;  with  readi- 
ness in  contrivance  ;  with  skill. 

IN-GkN'10U.S-NES.S,  71.  The  quality  of  being  ingen- 
ious or  prompt  in  invention ;  ingenuity  ;  used  of  per- 
sons. 

2.  Curioiisncss  of  design  or  mechanism  ;  used  of 
things. 

IN-GEN'ITE,  a.    [I.,  ingenitns;  in  and  gcnitus,  bom.] 
Innate  ;  inborn  ;  inbred  ;  native  ;  ingencrate. 

Soutli. 

IN-GE-NO'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  ingenuiU.] 

1.  The  <|uality  or  power  of  ready  invention  ; 


quickness  or  acuteness  in  combining  ideas,  or  in 
forming  new  combinations ;  ingeniousuess  ;  skill ; 
used  of  persons.  How  many  machines  for  saving 
labor  has  the  ingenuity  of  men  devised  and  con- 
structed ! 

2.  Curiousness  in  design,  the  effect  of  ingenuity; 
as,  the  ingenuity  of  a  plan  or  of  mechanism. 

3.  Openness  of  heart ;  fairness  ;  candor. 

[This  sense  of  the  word  was  formerly  common, 
and  is  found  in  good  autlicrs  down  to  the  age  of 
Locke,  and  even  later ;  but  it  is  now  wholly  obsolete. 
In  lieu  of  it,  Ingenuol'swess  is  used.] 
IN-GEN'lJ-OUS,  a.    [L.  ingenuus.] 

1.  Open  ;  frank  ;  fair ;  candid  ;  free  from  reserve, 
disguise,  equivocation,  or  dissimulation  ;  itscrf  of  per- 
sons or  things.  We  speak  of  an  ingenuous  mind  ;  an 
ingenuous  man ;  an  ingenuous  declaration  or  con- 
fession. 

2.  Noble  ;  generous  ;  as,  an  ingenuous  ardor  or 
zeal;  ifi^ennons  detest.ition  of  falsehood.  Locke. 

3.  Of  honorable  extraction  ;  freeboru  ;  as,  ingenu- 
ous blood  or  birth. 

IN-GEN'U-OUS-LY,  arfp.  Openly;  fairly;  candidly; 
without  reserve  or  dissimulation.  Dryden. 

IN-GEN'lI-OUS-NESS,ji.  Openness  of  heart ;  frank- 
ness ;  fairness  ;  freedom  from  reserve  or  dissimula- 
tion ;  as,  to  confess  our  faults  with  ingenuousness. 

2.  Fairness  ;  candidness ;  as,  the  ingenuousness  of 
a  confession. 

IN'GE-NY',  n.    Wit;  ingenuity.    [Obs.]  Bacon. 

IN-GEST',  V.  t.  [L.  ingestus,  from  ingcro  ;  in  and 
gero,  to  bear.] 

To  throw  into  the  stomach.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

IN-GES'TION,  (in-jest'yun,)  ji.  The  act  of  throwing 
into  the  stomach  ;  as,  the  ingestion  of  milk  or  other 
food.  Harvey. 

IN"GLE,  (ing'gl,)  n.    [(in.  L.  ignicidus,  ignis.] 

1.  Flame  ;  blaze.    [.Vo£  in  xise.]  Ray. 

2.  In  Scottish,  a  fire,  or  fireplace.  Bums. 

3.  A  term  of  endearment ;  a  darling ;  a  paramour, 
r  Obs.]  Toone. 

IN-GLo'RI-OUS,  a.    [L.  ingloriiu^ ;  in  and  gloria.] 

1.  Not  glorious;  not  bringing  honor  or  glor>' ;  not 
accompanied  with  fame  or  celebrity  ;  as,  an  inglori- 
ous life  of  ease. 

2.  Shameful ;  disgraceful.  He  charged  his  troops 
with  inglorious  flight. 

IN-GLo'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  want  of  gloiy  ;  dis- 
honorably ;  with  shame. 

IN-GLo'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.  State  of  being  inglorious, 
or  without  celebrity. 

IN'GOT,  n.    [Fr.  lingot.    Uu.  L.  lingua.] 

A  mass  or  wedge  of  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal, 
cast  in  a  mold  ;  a  mass  of  unwrought  metal.  HcbcrL 

IN-GRAFT',  V.  L  [in  and  gruff.  The  original  word 
is  ingraffox  graff,  but  it  is  corrupted  beyond  recov- 
erj'.] 

1.  To  insert  a  cion  of  one  tree  or  plant  into  another 
for  propagation ;  as,  to  ingraft  the  cion  of  an  apple- 
tree  on  a  jiear-tree,  as  its  stock ;  to  ingraft  a  peach 
on  a  plum. 

2.  To  propagate  by  incision.  May. 

3.  To  plant  or  introduce  something  foreign  into 
that  which  is  native,  for  the  purpose  of  propagation. 

This  fellow  would  ingraft  a  foreign  luvne 

Upon  our  stock.  Dryden. 

4.  To  set  or  fis.  deep  and  firm. 

Ingrafted  love  he  bears  to  Cesar.  SliaJe. 

IN-GRXFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Inserted  into  a  stock  for 
growth  and  propagation  ;  introduced  into  a  native 
stock  ;  set  or  fixed  deep. 

IN-GRXFT'ER,  71.    A  person  who  ingralts. 

IN-GRXFT'ING,  ppr.  Iiiserliug,  as  cions  in  stocks  ; 
introducing  and  inserting  on  a  native  stock  what  is 
foreign  ;  fixing  deep. 

IN-GRSFT'.MENT,  n.    The  act  of  ingrafting. 
2.  The  thing  ingrafted. 

IN'GRaIN  or  IN-GRaIN',  f.  «.  [in  mA  grain.]  To 
dye  in  the  grain,  or  before  nianulactiire. 

2.  To  work  into  the  natural  texture ;  to  impreg- 
nate the  whole  mtitter  or  substance.       Rich.  Diet. 

IN'GRa1N-£D  or  IN-GK.^IN'KD,  pp.  ax  a.  Dyed  in 
the  grain  or  in  the  raw  material ;  as,  ingrained  car- 
pets. 

2.  Wrought  into  the  natural  texture ;  thoroughly 
impregnated. 

IN'GKaIN-ING  or  IN-GRAIN'ING,  ppr.  Dyeing  in 
the  raw  material. 

2.  Working  into  the  texture ;  thoroiiglily  impreg- 
nating. 

IN-GR.-VP'PL£D,  n.    Grappled;  seized  ou  ;  entwined. 

Drayton. 

IN'GRaTE,  la.    [L.  ingralus ;  in  and  grutus  I 

IN-GRATE'F}JL,  j     Fr.  mgrat.] 

1.  Ungrateful;  unthankful;  not  having  feelings  of 
kiiiilnes.i  for  a  favor  received.  Milton.  Pope. 

2.  Unpleasiiig  to  the  sense. 

He  gives  uo  ingrate/ut  food.  Milton, 

IN'GRATE,  n.    [Fr.  ingrat.] 

An  ungrateful  person. 
IN-(;RAT1;'FI,11,-1.Y,  a,/o.  Ungratefully. 
IN-(;UATE'FijL-.\ESS,  «.  Ungratefulness. 


FATE,  FAR,  Fi^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PBBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


604 


INH 


INII 


INII 


Dnjcten. 
[See  also 

Fuller. 


preg- 


rN-GRS'T[ATi;,  (in-gra'shute,)  i>.  L     [It.  iii»To:ia- 
itansi ;  li.  tn  aiiil  i^rulin^  fiivur.  ] 

1.  To  coimiiicikI  oiiti's  self  to  rtiiutlier's  good  will, 
confidi'iice,  or  kiiiilDcss.  It  is  uhvnj'.s  used  as  u  re- 
ciprocal vfrl),  and  followed  by  ici(A,  before  the  poison 
whose  favor  is  sought.  Ministers  and  courtiers  in- 
UruiiaU  themselves  with  their  sovereign.  Dema- 
gogues iitfrratiutc  themselves  vjith  the  populace. 
2  'J"o  recunimcnd  ;  to  render  easy  ;  used  of  things. 

Hammond. 

IN-GRa'TIa-TED,  pp.   Commended  one's  self  to  an- 
other's favor. 

IN-GKA'TIA-TING,  ppr.    Commending  one's  self  to 

llie  favor  of  another. 
IN-GRa'TIA-TIN«,  n.  The  act  of  commending  one's 

self  to  another's  favor. 
IN-CRAT'I-TIJUK,  n.    [Fr.  j  in  and  irratitudc.] 

1.  Want  of  gratitude  or  sentiments  of  kindness 
for  favors  received  ;  iuscnsibility  to  favors,  and  want 
of  a  dispusitiim  to  repay  them  ;  unthankfulness.  No 
man  will  own  himself  guilty  of  ingratitude. 

Itigralitude  in  i\bliorr«tl  l>y  liod  and  man.  L'Estrajtge. 

2.  Retribution  of  evil  for  good. 
Nor  wiis  it  witli  ingrnltlude  returned, 

IN-GRaVE'   ».  fc   To  bury.    [JSI^t  uscrf.] 

Enokave.J 
IN-GRAV'I-DaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  gravidas.] 

To  impregnate. 
IN-GR.\V'l-I)A-TRn,  pp.  Impregnated. 
I.N-(;R.\V'I-I)a-T1NG,  ppr.  impregnating. 
1N-(;R.\V-I-Ua'T10N,  h.    The  state  of  bein; 

nant. 

IN-GKEaT',  v.  t.    To  make  great.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Fotlierhij. 

IN-GUf.'DI-ENT,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  inirredicns,  enter- 
ing into  ;  inirredittr  ;  in  and  gradior.    See  Grade.] 

That  which  entors  into  a  compound,  or  is  a  com- 
ponent part  of  any  compound  or  mixture.  It  is  par- 
ticularly applied  to  the  simples  in  medicinal  compo- 
sitions, but  admits  of  a  very  general  application. 
We  say,  an  ointment  or  a  decoction  is  composed  of 
certain  ingredients  ;  and  Adilison  wondered  that 
learning  was  not  thought  a  jiroper  ingredient  in  the 
education  of  a  woman  of  quality  or  fortune. 

IN'GRESS,  n.    [L.  ingressnSy  ingrediur,  supra.] 

1.  Entrance  ;  as,  the  ingress  of  air  into  the  lungs. 
It  is  particularly  applied  to  the  entrance  of  the  moon 
into  the  shadow  of  the  earth  in  eclipses,  the  sun's 
entrance  into  a  sign,  &c. 

2.  Power  of  entrance  ;  means  of  entering.  All 
ingress  was  prohibited. 

IN-(iRES'S!ON,  (-grcsh'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ingres- 

A'i'tf,  ingredior.] 
The  act  of  entering  ;  entrance.  Digby. 
I.\"GUIN-AL,  (ing'g\vin-al,)  0.    [from  L.  inifuc/i,  the 

groin.] 

Pertaining  to  the  groin  ;  as,  an  inguinal  tumor. 

IN-GULF',  r.  «.    [in  and  gulf.]    To  swallow  np  in  a 
vast  deep,  gulf,  or  whirlpool.  J>Iillon. 
2.  To  cast  into  a  golf.  Ilayieard. 

IN-GULF'£D,  (in-gulfl',)  pp.    Swallowed  up  in  a 
gulf  or  vast  deep  ;  cist  into  a  gulf. 

IN-GULF'I.NG,  ppr.    Swallowing  up  in  a  gulf,  whirl- 
pool, or  vast  tlecp. 

IN-GULF'-MENT,  n,    A  swallowing  up  in  a  gulf  or 
abvss. 

I.\'-GUR'GI-TaTE,  v.  U    [L.  ingurgito  ;  in  and  gur- 
ges,  a  gulf.) 

To  swallow  greedily  or  in  great  quantity.  Diet. 
IN-GITR'GI-TaTE,  v.  i.    To  drink  largely  ;  to  swill. 
IN-(;1!R'GI-Ta-TE1),  pp.    Sw.illowcd  gfeedilv. 
I.\-GI  R-GI-Ta'TIO.\,  «.     The  act  of  swallowing 

grcedilv,  or  'n  great  quantity.  Dariciiu 
IN-GL'.-<i"A-IlLE,  a.    [  1,.  in  and  gusto,  to  taste.] 

That  can  not  be  tasted,    [l.iltte  used.]  Brown 
IN-HAB'II.E,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L  ii 
lis,  apt,  tit.] 

1.  iN'ot  apt  or  fit;  unfit;  not  convenient;  as,  in- 
habile  matter.  Eneyc. 

2.  Unskilled  ;  unready  ;  unqualified  ;  used  of  per- 
sons.   [Little  used.]    [See  Unable.] 

IN-IIA-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [from  inhabtlr.]     Unaptness ; 
unlitne.ss  ;  want  of  skill.    [LitlU  used.]    [Sec  I.na- 

BILITV.] 

I.N-llAIi'lT, 
dwell.] 

To  live  or  dwell  in  ;  to  occupy  .is  a  place  of  settled 
residence.  Wilil  beasts  inhabit  the  forest ;  fishes  in- 
habit the  ocean,  lakes,  and  rivers  ;  men  inhabit  cities 
and  houses. 


IN-IIAB'IT,  r.  i.   To  dwell ;  to  live  ;  to  abide. 

Ttiey  Kij  wild  tKuu  in^aiJit  here.  Wnller. 

IN-llAB'IT-.\-nLE,  o.  [from  inhabit.]  Habitable  ; 
that  may  be  inhabited  ;  capable  of  atUirding  habita- 
tion to  animals.  The  stars  may  be  inhabitable 
worlds.  Some  regions  of  the  earth  are  not  inhabiia- 
hlt,  by  reason  of  cold  or  sterility.  A  building  may 
be  too  old  and  decayed  to  be  inhabitable. 

2.  Not  habitable.  [Pt.  inhabilalde  ;  Uinhabitabilis.] 
[A-ot  in  use.]  shak. 


[Fr.,  from  L.  inJiobilis;  in  and  habi- 


L     [L.  inhabito  ;  in  and  habito,  to 


IN-IIAB'IT-ANCE,  n.  Uesidciice  of  dwellers.  [Lit- 
tle useil.]  Carew. 

IN-IIAII'IT-AN-CY,  n.  Residence  ;  habiUmcy  ;  per- 
manent or  legal  residence  in  a  town,  city,  or  parish  ; 
or  tin:  domiciliation  which  the  law  ruipiires  to  entitle 
a  pauper  to  demand  support  from  the  town,  city,  or 
parish  in  which  he  lives,  other\\^sc  called  a  legal 
settlement,  which  subjects  a  town  to  support  a  per- 
son, if  a  pauper.  Laws  of  jMas.i.  Blaehstonc. 

IN-HAH'Ti'-ANT,  n.  A  dweller  ;  mie  who  dwells  or 
resides  permanently  in  a  place,  or  who  has  a  fixed 
residence,  as  distinguished  from  an  occasional  lodger 
or  visitor  ;  as,  the  inhabitant  of  a  house  or  cottage  ; 
the  inhabitants  of  a  town,  cily,  county,  or  state.  So 
brute  animals  are  inhabitants  of  the  regions  to  which 
their  natures  are  adapted  ;  and  wc  speak  of  spiritual 
beings  as  inhabitants  of  heaven. 

2.  One  who  has  a  legal  seltlcment  in  a  town,  city, 
or  parish.  'J'he  eiiiiilitiiiiis  or  (lualilications  which 
constitute  a  pi-rson  an  tuhaliitant  til'  a  town  or  par- 
ish, so  as  to  subject  the  town  or  pttrish  to  support 
him,  if  a  pauper,  are  dclined  by  the  statutes  of  diU'cr- 
ent  governments  or  states. 

IN-HAB  IT-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  inhabiting,  or 
state  of  being  inlialiiteil.  Ilaligh. 

2.  Aboile  ;  place  of  ilwelling.  JliUuu. 

3,  Population  ;  whole  nniss  of  inhabitants. 
[This  ward  Li  little  use4.]  [Broien. 

IN-IIAH'IT-A-TIVE-NES.S,  n.  In  phrntotogy,  an  or- 
gan which  produces  the  desire  of  iiermanence  in 
place  or  abode.  Brandc. 

IN-H Ali'lT-EL),  pp.  or  a.  Occupied  by  inhabitants, 
human  or  irrational. 

IN-il Alt'lT-ER,  71.  One  who  inhabits  ;  a  dweller;  an 
inhabitant.  Derham. 

IN-11  A1!'IT-ING,  jipr.  Dwelling  in;  occupying  as  a 
setlh'd  or  permanent  inhabilant  ;  residing  in. 

IN-llAB'IT-KESS,  n.    A  female  inliahitaMl. 

Hp.  liichardson. 

IN-IIA-I.A'TIO.V,  n.    The  a<!t  of  inhaling. 

1N-1IaLE',  i:  t.    [I,,  inhalo  ;  in  and  halo,  to  breathe.] 
'i'o  draw  into  the  lungs;  to  inspire;  us,  to  inlude 
air;  opposed  to  Exhale  untl  ExnitE. 

Martin  was  w.-vlkinj  forth  to  inhale  the  fp'sli  hreeze  of  the 
evening.  Arbulhnot  and  Poj)€. 

IN-IlAlj'/cn,  pp.   Drawn  into  the  lungs. 

IN-IIaL'EU,  n.    One  who  inhales. 

2.  In  medicine,  an  apparatus  for  breathing  or  draw- 
ing warm  steam  or  some  aiiriform  substance  into  the 
lungs,  as  a  remedy  for  coughs  and  catarrhal  com- 
plaints. Dangltson. 

IN-HaL'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  into  the  lungs;  breath- 
ing. 

IN-HXU-iMON'lG,  )  a.  Unharinonious ;  discord- 
IN-llAlt-.MON'ie-AT.,  (  ant. 

1.\-HaR-.Mo'NI-OUS,  «.    [in  and  AnrmoKioi/.'!.]  Not 

harmonious  ;  unmusical  ;  discordant.  Broome. 
IN-IIAU-.Mo'NI-OUS-LY,  adr.     Without  harmony; 

disciinlaiUly. 
l.N'-IlAll'.MO-.NY,  71.    Want  of  harmony  ;  discord. 
IN-IIF.1.1)',  pp.    Contained  in  itself. 
IN-lll'".RE',  i'.^.    [1..  inhirreo;  in  and  hcrreo,  to  hang.] 
To  exist  or  he  fixiMl  in  something  else  ;  as,  colors 

inhere  ill  cloth  ;  a  dart  inheres  in  the  flesh. 
IN-IIkR'E.\'CE,  I  n.     Existence  in  something  ;  a 
IN-lIlcll'E.\-CY,  i     fixed  state  of  being  in  another 

body  or  substance. 
IN-11  kR'E.N'I",  a.    Existing  in  something  else,  so  as 

to  be  insepara'ike  from  it. 

Inherent  iKueiicss.  Shak. 
2.  Innate  ;  naturally  pertaining  to  ;  as,  the  inherent 

qualities  of  the  magnet  ;  the  inherent  riglit  of  men  to 

life,  liberty,  and  protection. 
I.\-I1kR'E.\T-LY,  aih:    By  inherence.  Bentley. 
1.\-1IkR'ING,  ppr.   Existing  or  fixed  in  something 

else, 

IN-HER'IT,  r.  f.  [Sp.  heredar;  Port,  herdar ;  It.  irrc- 
darc  ;  Fr.  heriter ;  frcun  L,  htcres,  an  heir.  See  Ilein.] 

1.  To  take  by  descent  from  an  ancestor  ;  to  take 
by  succession,  as  the  representative  of  the  former 
possessor;  to  receive,  as  a  right  or  title  d(!scendible 
by  l;iw  from  an  ancestor  at  his  decease.  The  heir 
inherits  the  lands  or  real  estate  of  his  father  ;  the 
eldest  son  of  the  nobleman  inheriLt  his  tattler's  title, 
anil  the  eldest  son  of  a  king  inherits  the  crown. 

2.  'I'o  receive  by  n:iliire  from  a  progenitor.  The 
son  inherits  the  virtues  of  his  father  ;  the  daughter 
inherits  the  temper  of  her  mother,  and  children  often 
inherit  the  constitutional  infirmities  of  their  parents. 

3.  To  possess  ;  as,  the  world  tiiid  all  it  doth  inherit : 
to  inherit  a  thouglit  of  ill  concerning  some  one. 
[0*«.l  Shah. 

4.  'I'o  enjoy  ;  to  take  as  a  possession,  by  gift  or 
divine  appropriation  ;  as,  to  inherit  everlasting  life  ; 
to  inherit  the  promises. 

Tli.1t  thou  mayrrt  live,  atHi  inArrit  the  land  which  Jetiovvh  thy 
tiwl  pivi  lli  Iti'v.  —  l)eut.  xvi. 

Th"*  inc-li  thidl  inAerit  the  cnrth  M.itL  r, 

IN-IIER'IT,  V.  L  To  take  or  have  possession  or  prop- 
erty. 

Thou  •hilt  not  inherit  in  our  father**  houM,  —  Judge*  xi, 
I.VIIER-IT-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  being  in- 
heritable or  tiescendibic  to  heirs.  Jefferson. 


IN  HER'IT-A-1!LE,  a.  'i  luit  may  be  inherited ; 
transmissible  or  tiescenilible  from  the  ancestor  to 
the  heir  by  course  of  law  ;  as,  an  inheritable  estate 
or  title. 

2,  That  may  be  transmilled  from  the  parent  to  the 
child  ;  as,  inheritable  ipialilies  or  infirmities. 

3.  Capable  of  taking  by  inheritance,  or  of  receiv- 
ing by  descent. 

By  ntuiridcr —  tlie  hIno<I  of  the  jv-rton  ntudnted  b  no  corrupted 
as  tu  Ijo  fvndert'd  no  loiifpr  inlteritable.  BtaeliBlone. 

IN-IIER'lT-A-BI.Y,  aelr.    By  inheritance.  Sherwood. 

IN-IIF.R'IT-A.VCE,  n.  An  estate  derived  from  an  an- 
cestor to  an  heir  by  succession  or  ill  course  t>f 
law  ;  or  an  estate  which  the  law  casts  tm  a  chilli  or 
other  person,  as  the  representative  of  the  deceased 
ancestor. 

2,  The  reception  of  an  estate  by  hereditary  right, 
or  the  descent  by  which  an  estate  t>r  title  is  cast  on 
the  heir ;  as,  the  heir  received  the  estate  by  inherit- 
ance, 

3,  The  estate  or  possession  which  may  descend  to 
an  heir,  though  it  has  not  descended. 

And  Itucln'I         I,e;di  answered  and  Mid,  Ii  tliere  yet  any  p<»r- 
tiMu  or  itihentetnce  for  un  in  our  ilither'i  tinu»e  I  —  Gen,  XKxi, 

4,  An  estate  given  or  possessed  by  donation  or  di- 
vine ajtpropriation.    J^uin.  xxvi. 

5,  Tliat  wliicli  is  possessed  or  enjoyed  ;  possession. 

Shak. 

A*l(  of  me,  and  I  will  rive  thee  the  heathen  for  thine  inlieritana. 
~  fa.  ii. 

IN-HER'IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Received  by  descent  from 
an  ancestor ;  possesseil. 

IN-HEll'IT-I.\(;,  ppr.  Taking  by  succession  or  right 
of  reprtjsentatioii  ;  receiving  from  ancestors ;  pos- 
sessing. 

I\-IlER'IT-OR,  n.  An  heir;  one  who  inherits  or 
may  inherit. 

I.N-llER'rr  KKSS,  )  n.    .\n  heiress,;  a  female  wlio 

I.N-llKR'lT  lilX,  j  inhirits,  or  is  entitled  to  in- 
lieril,  after  the  dt;ath  of  her  ancestor. 

I.X  IlEK.Si;',  K.  f.  [in  and  Acr.«f.]  To  inclose  in  a  fu- 
neral iiKinument.  Sliak. 

IN-III'.'SIO.\,  (in-he'zhun,!  71.    [I,,  inlutsio,  inha^ea.] 
Inherence  ;  the  state  of  existing  or  being  fixed  in 
something. 

IN-III-A'TION,  71.    [L.  inhialio.l 

A  gaping  after  ;  eager  ilesire.    [J\'"o(  vjed.] 

IN-Illlt'lT,  f.  [ Fr.  iii/ii/;(r  ;  1,.  inhibeo  ;  in  and  Aa- 
beo,  to  hold,  properly  to  rush  or  drive.] 

1.  To  restrain  ;  to  hinder  ;  to  check  or  repress. 
'I'hcir  motions  also  are  excited  or  inhittited — by  the  obJ<^ctj 

wiUiout  tlicin.  Bentley. 

2.  To  forbid  ;  to  prohibit;  to  interdict. 

All  men  were  infiiliiled  by  prDChunation  at  the  di^wolnlion  to 
much  ns  to  mention  a  parliament.  Clarendon. 

IN-niB'IT-ED,  pp.    Restrained  ;  forbid. 
IN-lllU'IT-ING,  ppr.    Restraining;  repressing;  pro- 
hibiting. 

IN  III-BI"TION,  (  bish'un,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inhi- 
bits.] 

1.  Prohibition  ;  restraint ;  emb.argo. 

2.  In  law,  a  writ  to  fi>rbid  or  inhibit  a  judge  from 
farther  proceedings  in  a  cau.se  deiiending  before  him  ; 
commonly,  n  writ  issuing  from  a  higher  ecclesiastical 
court  to  an  inferior  oiii',  on  appeal.  Cowtl. 

IX-IlIjriT-O-UY,  a.    Prohilutory.  Soulhey. 
IN-IIOIjD',  v.  t.  :  pert,  anil  pp.  I.nheld.    [in  and  *«/</,] 
To  have  inherent;  to  contain  in  itself,  [Little 

7<,s-frf,]  Ralegh. 
I.\'-116LD'ER,  n.  An  inhabitant.  [Obs.]  Spenser. 
IN-IIOOP',  V.  t.    [ta  and  hoop.]    To  conline  or  incltisc 

in  any  plane.  Sliak. 
I.\-IIOOP'KD,  (in-lioijpt',)  pp.    Confined  or  inclosed. 
I.\-Il6s'PI-T.\-BLE,  0.    [i«  and  hospitable.] 

1.  Not  hospitable  ;  not  dispitsed  to  entertain  stran- 
gers gratuitously  ;  declining  to  entert'iin  guests,  or 
entertaining  them  with  relustancc  ;  as,  an  inhospitii- 
blc  person  or  people. 

2.  AH'ordiiig  no  conveniences,  subsistence,  or  shel- 
ter to  strangers  ;  as,  inlwspitable  deserts  or  roeks. 

.Milton.  Drvden. 
IN-IIOS'P(-TA-Bl,E-\ESS,  (  n.    Want  of  hospitality 
IN-HOS-PI  T.VI.'I-TY,        i    or  kindness  to  stran- 
gers ;  refusal  or  unwillingness  <o  eiiti  rtaiii  guests  or 
strangers  >yitlii>ut  reward.  Chesterfield, 
IX-llOS'PI-T.\-liLY,  adv.    Unkindly  to  strangers. 

J\lillaa. 

IN-IIO'M  AN,  a.  [Fr.  inhumain:  L.  inhumanas ;  in 
and  hnmanns,  liuiiiaiie.J 

1.  Deslilute  of  the  kindness  and  tendernes.'*  that 
bclont;  to  a  human  being  ;  cruel;  barbarous;  .savage; 
uiifeelint!  ;  ils,  an  inhuman  pi-rsoii  or  |H:ople. 

2.  .Marked  willi  cruelty  ;  as,  an  inhuman  act. 
I.N-IIU-.MAN'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  inhnmanile.] 

1.  Cruelty  in  disposition ;  savagcncss  of  heart ; 
used  of  persons. 

2.  Cnielly  in  act ;  liarbarity  ;  used  of  actions. 
IN-HC''.M.\.N'-LY,  adv.    With  cruelty  ;  barbarously. 

Sici/L 

IN-HO'.MATE,  r.  (.   To  inhume,  which  see. 
I.\-HU-.MA'TIO.\,  II.     The  act  of  burying;  inter- 
ment. 


TONE,  BULL,  I.INITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


76' 


\  Y  • 


G05 


INI 

IN-HO.ME',  r.  i.  [Fr.  inliumcr;  L.  inhumo,  humo,  to 
bun.'.] 

To  bury  ;  to  inter ;  to  deposit  in  the  eartli,  as  a 
(lend  Imdy. 

rX-IIuM'A'n,  y>y>.    Buried  ;  interrtd. 

IN-llOM'IXC,  W""-    riiiryins;  iiitcrrin!;. 

IA'-I.\l-Aii'IN-A-IiLE, «.  Unimaginable;  inconceiva- 
ble. Pcargon. 

IN-I.M'IG-AL,  a,  [L.  inhnicus ;  in  and  aiiiicuSy  a 
friend.] 

1.  Unfriendly;  liavin?  tlie  disposition  or  temper  of 
an  enemy  ;  applied  to  private  enmity,  as  hostile  is  to 
public. 

2.  Adverse  ;  Imrtful ;  repugnant. 

Sivaje  riokiices  ijwnical  to  coiomerce.  Ward. 

IN-IMTe  AL-LV,  adr.    In  an  nnfriendlv  manner. 

IN-I.M-I-TA-BIL'I-TV,  n.  [from  inimitable.]  The 
quality  of  bein<;  incapable  of  imitation.  JVon-is. 

IN-IM'l-TA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  intmitabilis  ;  in  and 
imitabilis^  from  iniitor,  to  imitate.] 

Tliatcan  nut  be  imitated  or  copied  ;  surpassing  im- 
it.ntion  ;  as,  inimilablc  beauty  or  excellence  ;  an  inim- 
itablc  description  ;  inimitable  eloquence. 

[N-I.M'I-T.V-BLY,  ailo.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  imi- 
tated ;  to  a  degree  beyond  imitation. 

Charms  such  as  lliiiic,  iTamilahly  JTXjal.  Brootne, 

IN-ia'UI-TOUS,  (in-ik'\ve-tus,)  «.    [See  Iniijuitv.] 

Unjust ;  wicked  ;  as,  an  iniqnitous  bargain  ;  an  in- 

{(jnitons  proceeding. 
[It  is  applied  to  things  rather  than  to  persons,  but 

may  be  applied  to  persons.] 
IN-Ul'Ur-TOUS-LY,  oi/o.    Unju.stlv  ;  wickedly. 
IN-ia'Ul-TV,  (in-ik'we-ty,)  ii.    [Fr.  iniquile;  L.  in- 

iqnitas;  in  and  tequitus^  equity.] 

1.  Injustice;  nnrighteousness ;  a  deviation  from 
rectitude  ;  as,  the  iniiiuitij  of  war ;  the  iniquity  ot  the 
slave  trade. 

2.  Want  of  rectitude  in  principle  ;  as,  a  malicious 
prosecution  originating  in  the  iniquity  of  the  autlior. 

3.  A  |)articular  deviation  from  rectitude  ;  a  sin  or 
crime  ;  wickedness  ;  any  act  of  injustice. 

Yuur  initjuiiies  liave  s>^p,u-atccl  betw(;cn  you  aiiU  your  GoJ. — 
Is.  lix. 

4.  Original  want  of  holiness,  or  depravity. 

1  \v;i5  shajK'n  in  invjuily.  —  Ps.  Ii, 

I\-I'aUOUS,  a.    Unjust.    [M,t  a.ial.] 

L\-IR-RI-TA-BIL'I-TV,  «.  [i/iand  irrilahility  ]  The 
quality  of  being  inirrilable,  or  not  suscej>tibk'  of  con- 
traction bv  excitement.  Darwin. 

IN-lR'RI-TA-Iil,E,  a.  [in  and  irritable.]  Not  irrita- 
ble ;  not  susceptible  of  irritation,  or  contraction  by 
excitement.  Darwin. 

IN-IR'RI-TA-TIVE,  a.  Not  accompanied  with  ex- 
citement ;  as,  an  Inirritative  fever.  Darwin. 

IN-ISLE',  (in-ile',)  v.  t.  [in  and  vslc]  To  surround  ; 
to  encircle.    [J^at  in  iL-ic.]  Drayton. 

IN-["TIAL,  (in-isli'al,)  a.  [Fr.,from  L.  initialis,  ini- 
tium,  beginning.] 

1.  Beginning;  placed  at  the  beginning;  as,  the 
initial  letters  of  a  name. 

2.  Beginning  ;  incipient ;  as,  the  initial  symptoms 
of  a  disease. 

IN-I"TIAE,  77.   The  first  letter  of  a  name. 
IN-1"TIAL^LY,  ado.    In  an  incipient  degree. 

Barrow. 

IN-I"TI  ATE,  (in-ish'ate,)  v.  t.  [Low  L.  initio,  to  en- 
ter or  begin,  from  initam,  ineo,  to  enter;  in  and  eo, 
to  go.] 

1.  To  instruct  in  rudiments  or  principles  ;  or  to  in- 
troduce into  any  society  or  sect  by  instructing  the 
candidate  in  its  principles  or  ceremonies ;  as,  to  i»- 
itiate  a  person  into  the  my.steries  of  Ceres. 

2.  To  introduce  into  a  new  state  or  society  ;  as,  to 
initiate  one  into  a  club.  .^ildison. 

3.  'I'o  instruct ;  to  acquaint  with  ;  as,  to  initiate 
one  in  the  higher  branches  of  mathematics. 

4.  'I'o  begin  upon.  Clarendon. 
IN-I"TI  aTE,  v.  i.    To  do  the  first  act ;  to  perform  the 

first  rite.  Pojie. 
IN-i"'l'IATE,  (in-ish'ate,)  a.    Unpracticed.  Shale. 
2.  Begun  ;  commenced.    A  tenant  by  the  courtesy 
initlaU,  becomes  su  by  the  birth  (jf  a  child,  but  his 
estate  is  not  consummate  till  the  death  of  the  wife. 

Blackittone.  ' 

IN-I"TIATE,  n.    One  who  is  initiated.    J.  Barlow. 

IN-1"TIA-TKD,  pp.  or  a.  Instructed  in  the  first  prin- 
ciples; entered  ;  received  into  u  society  or  sect  by 
the  proper  ceremonies. 

IN-I"TIA-TING,  p;»r.  Introducing  by  instruction,- or 
hy  appropriate  ceremonies.  J.  M.  Mason. 

IN-I"TI-A'TION,  (in-ish-e-a'sliim,)  77.    [L.  77ii((u(io.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  introducirjg  one  into  a  new 
society,  by  ini4lructing  him  in  its  pnnciples,  rules,  or 
cercniiinies  ;  an,  to  inUialc  a  person  into  a  Christian 
community. 

2.  The  net  or  procrsx  of  making  one  acquainted 
with  principles  before  unknown. 

3.  AdniiHiion  by  application  of  ceremonies  or  use 
nfsymbolii  ;  ns,  to  inilmtr.  one  into  the  visible  church 
by  bapti.xin.  llammomL 

1N-I"TI  A-TIVE,  a.    Herving  to  initiate. 

IN-I"TI  A  TI  VE,  7t.    An  introductory  step  or  move- 


INJ 

ment.  The  term  is  applied  especially  to  the  action 
of  legislative  bodies  ;  as  when  one  of  two  houses  has 
the  right  to  orig^inate  any  measure,  it  is  said  to  have 
the  initiatioe.  Such  is  the  right  of  the  house  of 
commons  in  respect  to  money  bills.  Brandc. 
IN-I"TIA-TO-RY,  (in-ish'a-to-ry,)  a.  Introductoiy  ; 
as,  an  initiatory  step. 

2.  Initialing  or  serving  to  initiate  ;  introducing  by 
instruction,  or  by  the  use  and  application  of  synibols 
or  ceremonies. 

Two  i7ii/inlory  rites  of  llie  same  general  import  can  not  exist 
lojjoiher.  J.  M.  Mason. 

IX-I"TIA-TO-KY,  77.    [supra.]    Introductory  rite. 

L.  AddUon. 

IN-I"TION,  (in-ish'un,)n.    A  beginning.  [Obsolete,] 

J\liuntun. 

IN-JECT',  V.  L  [L.  injectus,  injiclu  ,•  7'7i  and  jacio,  to 
throw.] 

1.  To  throw  in  ;  to  dart  in  ;  as,  to  inject  any  thing 
into  the  mouth  or  stomach. 

2.  To  cast  or  throw  on. 

And  iiloumi  Inject  on  niourut.  Pope. 

IN-JECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Thrown  in  or  on. 
I.\-JE€T'IN(;,  ppr.    Tlirowing  in  or  on. 
IN-JEC'TION,  (in-jek'shun,)  ti    [Fr.,  from  L.  injectio.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  in  ;  applied  particularly  to 
the  forcible  throwing  in  of  a  liquid  or  aeriform  body, 
by  means  of  a  syringe,  pump,  (fcc. 

9.  A  li<piid  medicine  thrown  into  the  body  by  a 
syringe  or  pipe  ;  a  clyster. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  act  of  filling  the  vessels  of  an 
animal  body  with  some  colored  substance,  in  order 
to  render  visible  their  figures  and  ramifications. 

IN-JOIN'.    gee  Enjoin. 

IN-J  U  eUND'  I-T  Y,  77.    [L.  injacunilitas.} 

Unpleasantness  ;  disagreeableness.  [Little  used.] 
IN-JO'l)l-CA-IiLE,  a.    Not  cognizable  by  a  judge. 

[Lillle  n-rd.] 

IN-.IU  DT'CIAE,  (-ju-dish'al,)  a.  Not  according  to 
til  '  forms  of  law.  Diet. 

IN-JU-U1"C10US,  (-ju-dish  us,)  a.  [in  and  jurfiVioii--.] 
Not  judicious  ;  void  of  judgment  ;  acting  witliout 
jutlgment ;  unwise;  as,  an  itijndieious  person. 

2.  Not  according  to  sound  judgment  or  discretion  ; 
nn«'ise  ;  as,  an  injudicious  measure. 

IN-JU-DI"CI0US-LY,  nrfo.  Without  judgment ;  un- 
wisely. 

IN-JU-Dr'ClOUS-NESS,  ji.  The  quality  of  being 
injudicious  or  unwise.  IVkltlock. 

IN-J  UNCTION,  77.  [L.  injunctio,  from  injungo,  to 
enjoin  ;  177  and  jun<ra,  to  join.] 

1.  A  command  ;  order  ;  preci^pt  ;  tiie  direction  of 
a  superior  vested  with  autliority. 

For  slill  tliey  knew,  and  on^lit  to  have  slill  remembered 
The  high  injunction,  not  to  lastc  Uial  fruit.  Milton. 

2.  Urgent  advice  or  exhortation  of  persons  not 
vested  with  absolute  authority  to  command. 

3.  In  law,  a.  writ  ororiler  of  theCoui't  of  Chancery, 
directed  to  an  inlerior  cotirl,  or  to  parties  anil  tfieir 
counsel,  directing  them  to  stay  jiroceeiliiigs,  or  to  <lo 
some  act,  as  to  put  the  itlaintilf  in  possession  for 
want  of  the  defendant's  appearance,  to  stay  waste 
or  other  injury,  &.c.  When  tlie  reason  for  granting 
an  injunction  ceases,  the  injunction  is  dissolved. 

Blackstonc, 

IN'JURE,  tJ.  f.  [Fr.  777ji7rr,  i7ijuri7!r;  L.  i77ju7-i«,  injury  ; 
Sp.  77i/77ri77r  ;  It.  t'77irii7r7arc.    See  I.vjunv.] 

1.  To  hurt  or  wound,  as  the  person;  to  impair 
soundness,  as  of  health. 

2.  To  damage  or  lessen  the  value  of,  as  goods  or 
estate. 

3.  To  slander,  tarnisli,  or  impair,  as  reputation  or 
character. 

4.  To  impair  or  diminish  ;  to  annoy;  as  happiness. 
f>.  To  give  pain  to;  to  grieve;  as  sensi'ulity  or 

feelings. 

fi.  To  impair,  as  the  intidlect  or  mind. 

7.  To  hurt  or  weaken  ;  as,  to  injure  a  good  cause. 

8.  To  impair  ;  to  violate  ;  as,  to  injure  rights. 

9.  To  make  worse  ;  as,  great  rains  i«j«7'c  the  roads. 

10.  In  general,  to  wrong  the  person,  to  damage  the 
properly,  or  to  lessen  the  happiness  of  ourselves  or 
others.  \  man  injures  his  person  by  wounds,  his 
estate  by  negligence  or  extravaganct!,  and  his  hap- 
piness by  vices.  He  injures  his  neighbttr  by  violence 
to  his  ])rTsuii,  by  fraud,  by  calumny,  and  by  non-l'ul- 
filliuent  of  his  contracts. 

IN'J(j'll-7.'l),  pii.  or  a.    Hurt;  wounded;  damaged; 

impairi'il  ;  weakened  ;  made  worse. 
IN'JUR-EK,  71.    One  who  injures  or  wrongs. 
IN'JUR-I.NG,  ;7/ir.     Hurting;  damaging;  impairing; 

weakening  ;  rendering  worst;. 
IN-JO'RI  OUS.  a.    [E.  tnjurlu.i;  Fr.  1 77jHnV7i r. ] 

1.  Wroiigriil  ;  unjust;  hiirtfiil  to  the  riglits  of 
another.  Tliat  which  impairs  rights  or  prevents 
the  enjoyment  of  tlieiu,  is  injurious. 

2.  Hurlful  to  the  iierson  or  health.  Violence  is 
injurious  to  the  jii^rson,  as  intcm]ierance  is  to  the 
health. 

3.  Afl"i:cting  with  dainngo  or  loss.  Indolence  is 
injurioiLH  to  prtjperly. 


INL 

4.  IMischievoiis  ;  hurtful;  as,  the  injurious  conse- 
quences of  sin  or  fully. 

5.  Lessening  or  tarnishing  reputation.  The  very 
suspicion  of  cowardice  is  i7iju7iuiu'  to  a  soldier's 
character. 

0.  Detractory  ;  contumelious  ;  hurting  reputation  ; 
as,  obscure  hints,  as  well  as  open  detraction,  are 
sometimes  injurious  to  reputation. 

7.  In  general,  whatever  gives  pain  to  the  body  or 
mind,  whatever  impairs  or  destroys  projierty  or  rights, 
n  liatever  taruisht  s  reputation,  whatever  disturbs 
hapjiiness,  whati'ver  retards  |)rosperity  or  defeats  the 
success  of  a  good  cause,  is  deemed  injurious, 

IN-Ju'RI-OUS-LV,  (7(/c.  Wrongfully  ;  hurtfully ;  with 
injustice  ;  mischievously. 

IN-JO'RI-OL'S-XESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  inju- 
rious or  hurtful  ;  injury. 

IN'JU-RY,  71.  [h.  injuria;  171  and  jus,  jiirw,  right ;  Fr. 
injure  ;  It.  iuiriuria  ;  Sp.  7  77ji7r7a.] 

1.  In  trenernl,  any  wrong  or  damage  done  to  a 
man's  person,  rights,  reputatiim,  or  goods.  That 
which  impairs  the  soundness  of  the  body  or  health, 
or  iives  pain,  is  an  injury.  That  which  impairs  the 
mental  faculties  is  an  injury.  These  injuries  may  be 
received  by  a  fall  or  by  other  violence.  Trespass, 
fraud,  and  non-fulfillment  of  covenants  and  contracts 
are  injuries  to  rights.  Slander  is  an  injury  to  reputa- 
tion, and  so  are  cowardice  and  vice.  Whatever  im- 
pairs the  quality  or  diminishes  the  value  of  goods  or 
property,  is  an  injury.  We  may  receive  injury  by 
iiiisfortnnc  .as  well  as  by  injustice. 

2.  Mischief;  detriment. 

Many  times  we  do  injury  to  a  cause  by  dwelling  on  Irining 
argiMuenls.  Watts. 

3.  Any  diminution  of  that  which  is  good,  valuable, 
or  advantageous. 

L\-JU.S'TICE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  injiustitia;  in  and  jus- 
titia,  justice.] 

1.  Iniquity  ;  wrong ;  any  violation  of  another's 
rights,  as  fraud  in  contracts,  or  the  withholding  of 
what  is  due.  It  has  a  particular  reference  to  an 
unequal  ili-tnlmtion  of  rights,  property,  or  privileges 
among  persons  who  have  equal  claims. 

2.  The  withholding  tVom  another  merited  praise, 
or  ascribing  to  him  unmerited  blame. 

INK,  77.  [U.  i77/,(.-  Fr.  enere.  tiu.  It.  i7ic/iiWro,  from 
incliludere,  L.  inelndo.] 

1.  A  black  liquor  or  substance  used  for  writing, 
generally  made  of  an  infusion  of  galls,  copperas, 
and  gum-arabic. 

2.  .\ny  liquor  used  for  writing  or  forming  letters, 
as  red  iiiA',  &.C. 

3.  .\  pigment. 

Printing'  ink  is  made  by  boiling  linseed  oil,  and 
burning  it  for  a  short  lime,  and  mixing  it  with  lamp- 
black, with  an  addition  of  soap  and  resin. 

Ink  for  the  rolliug  press,  is  made  with  linseed  oil 
burnt  as  above,  and  mixed  with  Frankfort  black. 

Indian  ink,  from  China,  is  composed  of  lamfiblack, 
and  size  or  animal  glue.  JVictwlson. 

Sympathetic  ink,  a  liquor  used  in  writing,  which 
exhibits  no  color  or  appearance  till  some  other  means 
are  used,  such  as  holding  it  to  the  fire,  or  rubbing 
somelliing  over  it.  Encyc. 
INK,  7'. To  black  or  daub  with  ink. 
l.\K'-IiAG,  71.  A  bag  or  sac  containing  a  deep  black 
liijuid  ;  found  in  certain  animals,  as  the  cuttle-fish. 

i^l7C/i7ll777/. 

INK'RLUR-RKI),  n.    Blurred  or  darkened  with  ink. 

INK'KI),  C'ukt,)  ;»;7.    Covered  or  daubed  with  ink. 

INK'IIORN,  n.  [ill/;  and  horn;  horns  being  formerly 
used  for  holding  ink.]  A  small  vessel  used  to  hold 
ink  on  a  writiug  table  or  desk,  or  for  carrying  it 
about  the  person.  Inkhorns  are  made  of  horn,  glass, 
or  stone. 

2.  A  portable  case  for  the  instruments  of  writing. 

Johnson. 

INK'IIORN,  a.  A  reproachful  epithet,  meaning  art"ect- 
ed,  pedantic,  or  pompous.    [Obs.]  Bale. 

INK'I-NESS,  71.  [from  <77/,y.J  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  inky. 

INK'ING,  ;i/7r.    Covering  or  daubing  with  ink. 

INK'LE,  (ink'I.)  «.    A  kind  of  broad  linen  tape, 

^  Shak. 

INK'LING,  71.   A  hint  or  whisper ;  an  intimation. 

i^llCOTI. 

2.  Inclination  ;  desire.  Grose. 

['I'his  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  word  ;  it  being  from 
incline,  inclination.] 
INK'-.M.\K  ER,  71,    One  whose  occupatimi  is  to  make 
ink. 

L\-K.MT',  (in-iiil',)  r.  t.  To  knit  in.  Sonlliey. 
IN-K.NOT',  (in-not',)  e.  t.    [in  and  knot,]    To  bind,  as 

with  a  knot.  Fuller, 
INK'ST.\N1),  71.  A  vessel  for  bidding  ink  and  writing 

materials. 

INK'-STf).\E,  77.  A  kind  of  small,  round  stime,  of  .1 
white,  red,  gray,  yellow,  or  black  color,  containing  a 
quantity  of  nativij  vitriol  or  sulphate  of  iron,  used  in 
making  ink.  Eiieye, 

INK'Y,  n.  Consisting  of  ink  ;  resembling  ink  ;  black. 
2.  Tarnished  or  blackeiieil  with  ink. 

IN-LACnC,  I',  t,  [in  and  luce.]  To  embellish  with  va- 
riegations. Fletcher, 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY,  — I'lNE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  IIQQK.— 

606  '  ~ 


INN 


INN 


INO 


IN-1-aC'£D,  (-Ust'O  pp.  Einbtllialied  wilh  varii-ga- 
tiiins. 

IN-LAC'ING,  ppr,    £nil>cllisliin°  Willi  viiricgationn. 

IN-LA-Ga'TIO.\,  ?i.  The  rostittuion  of  an  outlawed 
persim  to  the  protection  of  the  law.  Bouehr. 

IN'-LAII)',  pp.  of  Im-av,  «liich  s;v. 

IN'LAND,  «.  [in  and  lainl.]  Inti  rior;  remote  from 
tlie  sea.  Worcester  in  .Massacliuselts,  and  Lancas- 
ter in  Pennsylvania,  are  larjie  iitland-Utwus. 

3.  Within  land  ;  remote  from  tho  ocean  ;  as,  an  in- 
lanii  lake  or  sea.  Spinscr. 

3.  Carried  on  within  a  conntry ;  domestic  ;  not 
foreinn  ;  as,  inland  trade  or  transportation  ;  inland 
navigation. 

4.  (-'onfined  to  a  conntry  ;  drawn  and  payable  in 
the  same  country  ;  a-s,  an  inland  bill  of  exchange, 
distinEiiished  from  a  forrinn  bill,  wliioli  is  drawn  in 
one  country  on  a  person  livini;  in  another. 

IN'LA.Nl),  «.    The  interior  part  of  a  comitiy. 

Stiak.  .Vt'.lon. 

I.N'I. WD-ER,  n.  One  who  lives  in  the  interior  of  a 
country,  or  at  a  distance  from  tlie  sea.  Brown. 

IN"L.\.NI)-ISII,  a.  Denoting  something  inland  ;  na- 
tive. [Ohs.] 

I.\-LAr'l-D.\TE,  r.  U  [L.  in  and  lapido,  hpLi,  a 
stone.) 

'J'o  convert  into  a  stony  substance ;  to  petrify.  [Lit- 
tlr  u.<rrl.]  Bacon. 
I.N-LAW',  V.  I.    To  clear  of  outlawry  or  attainder. 

Bacon. 

I.\  T,AW'/:D,  pp.    Cleared  of  attainder. 

IN-LXY',  r.  f. ;  jtrrt.  and  pp.  Inlmo.  [in  and  lap.] 
To  diversify  cabinet  or  other  work  by  laying  in  and 
fiistenins  with  jihie  or  cement,  thin  slices  or  leaves 
of  line  wimhI,  ivory,  p:  arl,  mosaic,  &c„  on  a  cronnd 
of  eoniiihtn  wood,  •  r  ei)arser  material.  'J'his  is  used 
in  rnakin^;  compartments.  Omit. 

IN'LAV,  n.  .Matter  or  piecw  of  wood,  ivory,  &c.,  in- 
laid, or  pri'paroil  for  inlaying.  Jfiltun. 

V'KR,  II.    'I'lie  person  who  inlays,  or  whose  oc- 
cupation it  is  to  inlay. 

I.N'-l.AY'l.N'G,  ppr.  Layins  in  thin  slices  of  wood, 
wory,  ic,  on  another  surface. 

IN-I..^V'I.\(5,  II.  'J'he  opi  ration  of  diversifying  or  or- 
namenting work  with  thin  pieces  of  wood,  ivory, 
pearl,  cScc,  set  ill  a  ground  of  other  wood,  or  coarser 
material. 

I.\'LET,  n.  [in  and  Irt.]  A  passase  or  opening  by 
which  an  inclosed  place  may  be  entered  :  place  of  in- 
cri'ss ;  entrance.  Thtis,  a  window  is  an  inh't  for 
light  into  a  house;  the  senses  are  the  iii^-ts  of  ideas 
or  perceptions  into  Ihv.  iniiul. 

2.  A  bay  or  recess  in  the  shore  of  the  sea,  or  of  a 
lake  or  large  river,  or  between  isles. 

t.V  /./.»/'/  . VK,  [L.]  At  the  threshold  ;  at  the  begin- 
ning or  outset. 

I.V  I.I.<T'.    Sec  E:hi,i5t. 

I.N'-I.DCK',  V.  t.  To  lock  or  inclose  one  thing  within 
another. 

I.\-I,orK'KD,  (in-lokt',)  pp.  Locked  or  inclosed  with- 
in another  thing. 
LV  I.n'CO,  (  L.]    In  the  place. 

l.N'LY,  c.    [ill  and /i/fc]    Inlernid;  interior;  secret. 

Shak. 

IN'I.Y,  adv.  Internally;  within;  in  the  heart;  se- 
cretly ;  as,  to  be  inly  pleased  or  grieve-d. 

Mdton.  5/ifrtjrrr. 
IN'M.ATE,  n.    [in,  or  inn,  and  iiio/r.)    A  (lerson  who 
bulges  or  dwells  in  the  same  house  with  another,  oc- 
cupying ditlerent  riHims,  but  using  the  same  door  for 
p:issing  in  and  out  of  the  house.  Cftcet, 

2.  A  bidger;  one  who  lives  with  a  family,  but  is 
not  otherwise  ouinecied  with  it  than  as  a  lodger. 
IN'.M.A  TE,  n.    Admitted  .as  a  dweller.  -ViV/mi. 
/.V  ME'IJl-jiS  RE.S,  [I..]    In  the  midst  of  things. 
I.X'.MoST,  n.    [in  and  niii,«f.]    Deepest  within  ;  remot- 
est from  the  surface  or  external  part. 
Th-  sil'-iil,  nlow,  coiisDinin?  fires. 

Which  oil  my  itirnoft  vAnis  prey.  Addison. 
1  ji>l  into  ihL-  inrnott  Court.  Gulliver. 

IW,  n.  [Sax.  inn,  probably  from  the  Ileli.  and  Ch. 
n:n,  to  dwell,  or  to  pitch  a  tent,  wlience  Ch.  ni;n, 
an  inn.    Class  (in.  .No.  19.] 

1.  A  house  for  the  lodging  and  entertainment  of 
travelers  ;  often  a  tavern  where  liquors  are  furnished 
for  travelers  and  others. 

Thciv  wat  no  r>oin  for  lh'*in  in  Ih^  inn.  —  Lulic  ii. 

0.  In  England,  a  college  of  municipal  or  common 
law  professors  and  students  ;  the  word  inn  having 
formerly  been  used  .as  synonymous  with  lodging- 
bouse  or  residence,  and  also  for  the  town-house  of  a 
nobleman,  bishop,  or  other  distinguished  personage, 
in  which  he  resided  when  he  attended  the  court. 
Hence  the  terms  Lincoln's  Inn,  Gray's  Inn,  tec, 
which  were  once  the  residences  of  tlie  noble  fam- 
ilies w  hoso  names  they  bear.  Toone. 

Inns  of  court:  colleges  in  which  students  of  law 
reside  and  are  instnicted.  The  princiinl  are  the  In- 
ner Temple,  the  .Middle  Temple,  Lincoln's  Inn,  and 
Gray's  Inn. 

/nii.1  ofchanemi:  colleges  in  which  voung  students 
formerly  began  their  law  studies,  these  are  now 
occupied  cbiehy  by  atUirneys,  solicitors,  tc.  Knriic 


IN.\,  r.  i.    To  take  lip  lodging  ;  to  lodue.  Donne, 

INN,  r.  (.    To  house  ;  to  put  under  cover.  Bacon. 

I.V.V'IIOLD-ER,  n.    [inn  and  hold.]    A  person  who 
keeps  an  inn  or  bouse  for  the  entertainment  of  trav- 
elers ;  also,  a  t  u  erner. 
2.  An  iiitiabitaiit.    [Ofr.*.]  Spmser. 

IXN'KEEl'-ER,  n.  [inn  and  kn-p.]  An  iniiliolder. 
In  .America,  the  iiinkecpi-r  is  olleii  a  tavern-keeper 
or  taverner,  as  wi  II  as  an  innkeeper,  the  iiiii  for  fur- 
nishing lodgings  and  provisions  being  usually  united 
with  the  tavern  for  the  s;ile  of  liipiors. 

IN'.N.\TE  or  IN-.\.ATE',  a.  [L.  inna^uj,  from  innas- 
cor ;  in  and  nascor,  to  be  born.] 

Inborn  ;  native  ;  natural.  Innate  ideas  are  such  as 
are  supposed  to  he  stamped  on  the  mind  at  the  nio- 
meiit  when  existence  begins.  Mr.  Locke  has  taken 
great  pains  to  prove  that  no  such  ideas  exist. 

Enctjc. 

IN'X.A-Tr.n,  for  Innate'  i«  not  used. 
I.\'.\aTE-LY  or  I.\-\aTE'LY,  ado.  Naturally. 
I.N'NaTE-.NESS  or  I.\-.\ATE'NESS,  n.    The  quality 

of  being  innate. 
irs'-X.\V'I-(;  A-llLE,  a.    [L.  innaciffabilis ;  in  and  nae- 

i^abitis.    See  Navioate.] 
That  can  not  be  navigated  ;  impassable  by  ships  or 

vessels.  Drydrn. 
IN-.\'A  V'I-GA-1!LY,  adv.    .«o  as  not  to  be  navigable. 
IX'.NER,  a.    [from  in.]    Inti  rior ;  farlher  inward  than 

something  I'lse  ;  as,  an  inner  chamber;  the  inner 

court  of  a  temple  or  palace. 
2.  Interior;  internal;  not  outward;  as,  the  inner 

man.    Kph.  iii. 
I.\'.\ER-LY,  ni.'e.    More  within.    [Ohs.]  Barret. 
I.N'NER-.MoST,  a.    I'lirtliest  inward  ;  most  remote 

from  the  outward  part.    I'ror.  xviii. 
I\-.\  ER  V-A'TIOX,  n.    [in,  ncg.,  and  nerve]    A  state 

of  weakness.  Hall. 
2.  .Act  of  .strengthening. 
IN'-NER VE',  ».  (.    [in  and  ncree.]    To  give  nerve  to  ; 

to  invigorate  ;  to  strengthen.  Dici^lU. 
I.N'-.NEUV'KD,  pp.  Invigorated. 
Ii\-.\ERV'IN'(;,  ppr.  Strengthening. 
L\.\'L\G,  n.    'I'lie  ingathering  of  siraiii. 

2.  A  term  in  cricket,  the  turn  fur  usins  the  bat. 
INN'IXGS,  H. ;)/.    Lands  recovered  from  the  sua. 

Jiinsicurlh. 

I.VXO-CEX'CE,  In.  [Fr.,  from  L.  innoccnfia  ;  in  and 
LX'.\U-CE.X-CY,  S     nucro,  to  hurt.) 

1.  Propcrlii,  freedom  from  any  quality  that  can  in- 
jure ;  iunoxiousuess  ;  hariiilessness  ;  as,  the  innocence 
of  a  medicine  which  can  do  no  harm.  In  this  sense, 
the  noun  is  not  obsolete,  though  less  useil  than  the 
adjective. 

2.  In  a  moral  sense,  freedom  from  crime,  sin,  or 
guilt  ;  untainted  purity  of  heart  and  life  ;  unimpaired 

•  integrity. 

Enjoymcnl  Irrt  nothing  to  asic  — 


3.  Freedom  from  guilt  or  evil  intentions;  simplici- 
ty of  heart  ;  :is,  the  innorencr  of  a  child. 

"1.  Free(li>m  iVoin  the  guilt  of  a  particular  sin  or 
crime.  This  is  the  sense  in  which  the  word  is  most 
generally  iised,  for  perfect  innocence  can  not  be  predi- 
cated of  man.  A  man  charged  with  theft  or  murder 
may  prove  his  innocence. 

h.  The  state  of  being  lawfully  conveyed  to  a  bel- 
ligerent, or  of  not  being  contraband  ;  as,  the  iiaiDrcnce 
of  a  cariro,  or  of  any  merchandise.  Kent. 
IX'XO-(:;i;.\T,  a.    [Kr.,  from  L.  innm-di.*.] 

1.  PruperUj,  not  noxious  ;  not  producing  injury  ; 
free  from  qualities  that  can  injure  ;  harmless  ;  in- 
noxious ;  as,  an  innocent  medicine  or  remedy. 

2.  Free  from  guilt;  not  having  done  wrong  or  vi- 
ol.ated  any  law  ;  not  tainted  with  sin;  pure;  upriiiht. 
In  this  general  sense,  no  human  being  t.'iat  is  a  mor- 
al agent  can  be  innocent.    It  is  followed  by  of. 

3.  Free  from  the  guilt  of  a  particular  crime  or  evil 
action  ;  as,  a  man  is  innocent  o/llie  crime  charged  in 
the  indictment. 

4.  Lawful ;  permitted  ;  .as,  an  innocent  tride. 

5.  Xot  contraband  ;  not  subject  to  forfeiture  ;  as, 
innocent  goods  carried  to  a  belligerent  nation.  Kent. 

fi.  Icnoraiit ;  imbecile;  idiotic.  j'OA.t.l 
IX'XO-CE.XT,  n.    One  free  from  guilt  or  liarni.  SUak. 
2.  An  ignorant  |K  rson  ;  hence,  a  natural  ;  an  idiot. 
[Unusual.]  Hooker. 
IN'.XO-CEXT-LY,  a</r.    Without  harm  ,  without  in- 
curring giiili. 

2.  With  simplicity  ;  without  evil  design. 

3.  Without  incurring  a  forfeiture  or  penally;  as, 
goods  innocently  iin|iorted. 

IX-XOG'li-OCS,  a,    [L.  innocuus ;  in  and  noceo,  to 
hurt.] 

I       Harmless;  safe;  producing  no  ill  effect ;  innocent. 
Certain  poisons,  us<'d  as  medicines,  in  small  quan- 
tities, prove  not  only  innocuous,  but  beneficial.    It  is 
I     applied  only  to  things,  not  to  persons. 
IX-XOe'C-OCS-LY,  adv.    Without  harm  ;  without 

injurious  effects. 
lX-XOe'U-Oi;s-N£aS,  B.  Ilarmb  ssness  ;  the  quality 
of  being  destitute  of  mischievous  qualities  or  effects. 

Digby. 

I  IX-XO.M'I-.NA-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  named.  Chaucer. 


tX-NO.M'I-NATE,  a.    Having  no  name  ;  anonymous. 

Ray. 

IX'XO-VaTE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  innover;  L.  innovo  f  in  and 
novo,  to  make  new,  novus,  new.] 

1.  To  cliange  or  alter  by  introducing  Bomething 
new. 

t'njMi  hiii  nlt''ni|>U  iijwii  llit  ciiil  lowt'r,  ht'  jirocc-^li  to  xnnovnt* 
Gu>l'k  uurahij).  SuitC. 

2.  To  bring  in  something  new.  Bacon. 
IX'.NO-VA'I'E,  B.  i.   To  introduce  novelties  ;  to  make 

changes  in  any  thing  established  ;  with  on.  It  is 
often  dangerous  to  innovate  on  the  customs  uf  a 
nation. 

IX'.\'0-Va-TED,  7)/).  Changed  by  the  introduction  of 
something  new. 

LX'.XO- V.A-TIXfJ,  ppr.    Introducing  novelties. 

IX-XO-VA' TIO.V,  n.  [from  iii»i«i  «ff.]  Change  made 
by  the  introduction  of  sum  thing  new;  change  in 
established  laws,  customs,  rites,  or  practices.  Inno 
ration  is  expedient  when  it  remedies  an  evil,  and 
safe  when  men  are  prepared  to  receive  it.  Innova- 
tion is  often  used,  ill  an  ill  sense,  for  a  change  that 
disturbs  settled  ottinioiis  and  practices,  without  an 
equivalent  advantage. 

IX^^'0-V.^-TOR,  n.    An  introducer  of  changes. 

Tim*"  in  UiP  gr-*.»trol  innoro^or.  lia.:on. 

2.  One  who  introduces  novelties,  or  who  makes 
changes  by  introducing  something  new.  South. 
IX-.\OX'IOU.S,  a.    [L.  innuxius  ;  in  and  vozias,  noceo, 
to  hurt.] 

1.  Free  from  mischievous  qualities ;  innocent ; 
harmless  ;  as,  an  innorions  drug. 

2.  .Not  producing  evil ;  linriiiless  in  cfTect-s. 

Innozinim  H-idii^  ;(n-  oflcn  itccit  on  Ihc  li.iir  ol  inpu's  tl'*n(1t,  and 
on  liurif-k*  in.iii'-».  Digblf. 

3.  Free  from  crime  ;  pure;  innocent.  Pope. 
iX'-XOX'lOLiS  LY,  uJo.    Harmlessly;  without  mis- 
chief. 

2.  Without  harm  suffered.  Brotrn. 
IX-.NO.X'IOUS-XESS;  n.  Ilarmlessness. 

TJw  iotiorioutnett  of  ilip  «iTi.U[.pox.  Tooke. 

IX-.\U-EX'DO,  n.    [L.,  from  innuo,  to  nod  ;  in  and 

nno.] 

1.  .\n  oblique  hint ;  a  remote  intimation  or  refer- 
ence to  a  person  or  thing  not  named. 

Mercury  — owns  it  .1  iniirrinji;  l.y  innurii/lo.  Dnjden. 

2.  In  law,  a  word  used  to  (loiiit  out  the  application 
of  some  injurious  remark  to  the  person  aimed  at. 

IX'XU-ENT,  a.    [L.  innucns.] 

Sigiiilicanl.  Burton. 
IX-XU-MKIl  A-niL'I-TY,    in.    Stale  of  being  Inuii- 
IX-XU'.MER-A-I5LE-XESS,  j  inenible. 

FiiUierbti.  Sherwood. 
IX-Xli'.MER-.\-I!LE,  a.    [L.  innnmeraliili.i.    See  Xlm- 

llKR.) 

1.  Xot  to  be  counted  ;  that  can  not  be  enumerated 
or  niiiiibered  for  multitude. 

2.  In  a  loose  sense,  very  numerous. 
IX;-XC".\I  F.R-A-I!LY,  adv.    Wiilioiit  nuiiiber. 
IX-.NL''MEIl-OL'S,a.    [L.  mnunieriL'! :  in  and  nnmern.^, 

niiiiiber.)  Too  many  to  he  counted  or  numbered  ; 
innumerable.  Milton.  Pnpe. 

IN-NU-TRI"TION,  (-nu-trisli'iin,)  n.  [in  and  nutri- 
tion.]   \Yant  of  nutrition  ;  failure  of  nourishment. 

Dartfiin. 

I.X-XU-TRI"TIOUS,  (-nu-lrish'us,)  a.  [in  and  nutri- 
tious.] .Not  nutritious  ;  not  supplying  nourishment ; 
not  iioiirisliing.  Darwin. 

I.X-XO'TRl-'i'I  VE,  a.    Not  nourishing.  Good. 

LN-0-Iti:'DI-E.NCE,  H.  Disobedience;  neglect  of  obe- 
dience. Bp.  Bedell. 

IX-U-lii";'DI-E.NT,  o.  Xot  yielding  obedience;  neg- 
lecting to  obifv. 

I.N-OI!-«ERV'.\-nLE,  n.  [in  and  observable]  That 
can  not  be  seen,  (MTeeivctl,  or  observed. 

I.X-OI!-?ERV'A.\CE.  n.  Want  of  observance  ;  neg- 
lect of  observing  ;  disobedience. 

Bacon.  Barrow. 

I.X-On-SERV'.\XT,  a.  [in  and  observant.]  .Not  tak- 
ing notice.  Beddoes. 

IX-OH-SERV-A'TIO.\,  n.  Neglect  or  want  of  obser- 
vation. Shuckford. 

I.N  ()1!-TRC''SIVE,  <i.    Not  obtrusive.  Coleridge. 

IX-OI!-TRC  'SI  VE  LY,  adv.  Unobtrusively. 

I.N-OIt-TUO  SIVE-.NESS,  n.  A  quality  of  being  not 
obtrusive. 

IN-OC-eL'  I'A'TIO.X,  n.    Want  of  occupation. 

C.  B.  Brown. 
IN-Oe'TT-LA-RLE,  a.   That  may  be  inoculated. 

3.  Tiiat  may  communicate  disease  by  inoculation. 

Hall. 

IN-Oe'X^-LATE,  V.  L  [U  inoculo  ;  in  and  oeulus,  the 
eye.] 

1.  To  bud  ;  to  insert  the  bud  of  a  tree  or  plant  in 
another  tree  or  plant,  for  the  purpose  of  growth  on 
the  new  stiKk.  All  sorts  of  stone  fruit,  apples,  (lears, 
&.C.,  may  be  inoculated.  We  inoculate  the  stock  with 
a  foreign  bud. 

2.  To  communicate  a  disease  to  a  person  by  insert- 
ing infectious  matter  in  his  skin  or  flesh  ;  .as,  to 
inoculate  a  person  with  the   matter  of  small-pox. 


TO.XE,  BJjLL,  qXITE.  — .\N"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


INO 


INQ 


INS 


When  tli8  cow-pox  is  coiiiiiiuniciitedj  it  is  called 
vaccination. 

IN-Oe'U-LATE,  r.  i.  To  propagate  by  liiidding  ;  to 
practice  inoculation.  The  time  to  inoculate-  is  wlicu 
tlie  buds  are  formed  at  the  extremities  of  the  same 
year's  shoot,  indicating  tliat  the  sjiring  growth  for 
that  season  is  complete. 

INOe'U-L.\-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Budded;  as,  an  inocu- 
utated  stock. 

2.  Inserted  in  another  stock,  as  a  bud. 

3.  Infected  by  inoculation  with  a  particular  dis- 
ease. 

IN-Oe'U-LA-TING,  ;>;)r.    Budding;  propagating  by 
insertins  a  bud  on  another  stock. 
2.  Infeclins  hv  inoculation. 
IN'-Oe-U-LA'TIOX,  H.    [h.  inoculatio.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  inserting  huds  of  one 
plant  under  the  bark  of  another  for  propag.ation. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  communicating  a  disease 
to  a  person  in  health,  by  inserting  contagious  m.itter 
in  liis  skin  or  llesh.  This  term  is  limited  chiefly  to 
the  communication  of  the  small-pox.    [t?ee  Vaccin- 

ATIOV.J 

IN-Oe'L -L.X-TOU,  71.    A  person  who  inoculates  ;  one 

who  propazates  plants  or  diseases  bv  inoculation. 
IN-O'DI-ATE,  1-.  (.    [L.  in  and  odium'.] 

To  make  hateful.    [jVoi  in  iuc]  SonVi. 
IN-O'DOR-ATE,  a.    [L.  in  and  adoratus.] 

JIavina  no  sciMit  or  odor.  Bacon. 
IN-O'DOR-OUS,  a.    [L.  inodonis;  in  and  oiIot.] 

Wanting  scent ;  having  no  smell. 

The  while  of  an  egg  is  an  inodorous  litiuor.  AtbttOuwl. 
IN-OF-FENS'IVE,  a.    [in  and  offensiff.] 

1.  Giving  no  offense  or  provocation  ;  as,  an  inoffen- 
sive man  ;  an  inoffensive  answer. 

2.  Giving  no  uneasiness  or  disturbance  ;  as,  an 
inoffensive  appearance  or  sight. 

3.  Harmless  ;  doing  no  injury  or  mischief. 

Thy  ino^ensive  sulircs  never  bile.  Drydcn. 

4.  Not  obstructing ;  presenting  no  hinderance. 

From  h-nce  a  passage  hruatl, 
Smooth,  easy,  inojfeitsiae,  down  lo  Xi^W.  ^lillon. 


[Unusual.'] 

IX-OF-FEXS'IVE-LY,  adv.  Without  giving  offense  ; 
without  harm  ;  in  a  manner  not  to  offend. 

IN-OF-FENS'IVE-XESS,  n.  Harmlessness  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  being  not  otJunsive  either  to  the  senses  or  to 
the  mind. 

IN-OF-FI"CIAL,  (-of-fish'al,)  a.  \in  and  official.]  Not 
official  ;  not  proceeding  from  the  proper  officer ;  not 
clothed  with  the  usual  forms  of  authority,  or  not 
done  in  an  official  character;  as,  an  ino^ciai  commu- 
nication ;  inofficial  intelligence. 

Piiickney  and  Mareliall  wouM  not  make  inofficial  visits  to  dis- 
cuss othciat  business,  Pickering. 

IX-OF-FI"CTAL-LY,  adv.    Without  the  usual  forms, 

or  not  in  the  official  character. 
IN-OF-F["LTOL'S,  (-of-fish'iis,)  a.    [in  and  offcious.] 
Unkind  ;  regardless  of  natural  obligation ;  contraiy 
to  natural  duty. 

Siigjfsting  that  the  mn?nl  had  lost  the  use  of  his  reason,  when 

Tic  made  liie  inofficioue  t.-stantenl.  Blarkstone. 
Let  not  a  father  hope  to  excose  an  inofficioiia  disposition  of  his 
fortune,  by  alleging  that  every  man  may  do  what  he  will 
with  liis  own.  Paley. 

2.  Unfit  for  an  office. 

Thou  drownV  tliysclf  in  ino^ciaue  sleep.  li.  Joneon. 

3.  Not  civil  or  attentive.  B.  Jon.ion. 
IN-OF-FI"CIOU.S-LY,  adi:    Not  officiously. 
IN-OP-ER-.A'TIO.\,  «.    .\gency;  inllucnce  ;  produc- 
tion of  effects.    [A'ut  used.]  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-OP'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  [iu  and  operative.]  Not  oper- 
ative ;  not  active;  having  no  operation;  producing 
no  effect ;  a-^,  laws  rendered  inoperative  by  neglect ; 
inoperative  remedies. 

I.N-OP'IN-ATE,  a.  [L.  inopinatas.]  Not  expected. 
[Ohs.] 

I.V-OI'-l'OR-TCNE',  a.    [L.  inopportunus.    See  Or- 

POflTU^E.] 

Not  Opportune  ;  inconvenient ;  unseasonable  in 
time. 

IN-OP-POR-TCNE'I.Y,  adv.     Unseasonably;  at  an 

inconvenient  time. 
IN-OP-PRESS'IVE,  a.    [in  and  oppressive.]    Not  op- 

presHive  ;  not  burdensome.  O.  IVntcolt. 

IN-OI"IJ-LKNT,  a.    Un  and  opulent.]    Not  opulent; 

not  wealthy  ;  not  aflliu  iit  or  rii  li. 
IN-<JR'UI.\-A-CV,  71.    [from  inordinate.]  Deviation 

from  orili^r  or  rule  prescribed  ;  irregularity  ;  disorder  ; 

excess,  or  want  of  moderation  ;  as,  the  inordinary  of 

deBire  or  oilier  passion.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-OR'I)l.\-.\TE,  a.    [I,,  inardinatiia ;  in  and  vrdo, 

order.] 

Irregular  ;  disordiTly  ;  excessive  ;  Inimodcrnte  ; 
not  limited  to  rules  jirescribed,  or  to  U'^tial  bounds; 
aH,  an  inordinate  lovi;  of  the  world  ;  inordinate  desire 
of  fame. 

Initrdinale  proportion  i  in  mntjiematic.i,  a  proportion 
In  which  the  order  of  the  leriiis  is  not  regular. 

Burlov. 

IN-OR'DIN-ATE-LY,  adv.  Irregularly  ;  cxceiisively  ; 
Immoderately,  Skellon. 


IN-OR'DIN-ATE-NESS,  7!.  Deviation  from  order; 
excess ;  want  of  moderation  ;  inordinacy ;  intemper- 
ance in  desire  ot  other  passion.  Bp.  Hull. 

IN-OR-DIN-.A'TION,  n.  Irregularity;  deviation  from 
rule  or  riiiht.  South. 

IN-OR-GA.\'ie,        )  a.    [in  and  nrn-oiiic]  Devoid  of 

I\-OR-GAN'ie-AL,  \  organs  ;  not  formed  with  the 
organs  or  instruments  of  life  ;  as,  the  inorganic  mat- 
ter that  forms  the  earth's  surface.  Kirwan. 

Iiiurgauic  bodies  are  such  as  have  no  organs,  as 
minerals. 

I\-OR-GAN'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Without  organs. 
IN-OR'GAN-lZ-£D,  a.  Not  having  organic  structure  ; 

void  of  organs,  as  earths,  metals,  or  other  minerals. 
IN-OS'eU-LATE,  t'.  i.    [L.  in  and  osculatus,  from  os- 

culor,  to  kiss.] 
In  anatomy,  to  unite  by  apposition  or  contact ;  to 

unite,  as  two  vessels  at  tiieir  extremities ;  as,  one  vein 

or  arti^ry  inosculates  with  another ;  a  vein  inosculates 

with  an  artery. 
IN-OS'eU-LATE,  V.  t.  To  unite,  as  two  vessels  in  an 

animal  body. 

IN-OS'GU-La-TING,  ppr.  Uniting,  as  the  extremi- 
ties of  two  vessels. 

IN-OS-eU-L.A'TION,  n.  The  union  of  two  vessels  of 
an  anim.il  body  at  their  extremities,  or  by  contact  and 
j>erfiiration  of  their  sides,  by  means  of  which  a  com- 
munication is  maintained,  and  the  circulation  of  fluids 
is  carrieil  on  ;  anastomosis.  Bay. 

/.V  OTO,  [L.J    In  the  esg  ;  in  infancy. 

I.V  PF.R-P1:T'U-J1.M  RE'I  .ME-MO'RI-Mt,  [L.]  For 
a  perpetual  memorial  of  the  affair. 

m  PER  PET'U-UM,  [L.]    To  perpetuity  ;  forever. 

IJV  PET' TO,  [It.,  in  the  breast,  L.  inpeclare.] 
In  secret  ;  in  reserve. 

/JV  POS  SE,  [L.]    In  possibility  of  being. 

/J\"  PRO'PRI-A  PER-SO'jXA,  [L.]  In  one's  own 
person. 

IN'tlUEST,  71.  [Tr.enquHe;  li.  inquisitio,  inquiro ;  in 
and  qutcro,  to  seek.] 

1.  Inquisition  ;  judicial  inquiry  ;  official  examina- 
tion. An  inquest  of  office  is  an  inquiry  made  by  the 
king's  officer,  his  sheriff,  coroner,  or  escheator,  con- 
cerning any  matter  that  entities  the  king  to  the  pos- 
session of  lauds  or  tenements,  goods  or  chattels. 
It  is  made  by  a  jury  of  no  determinate  number. 

Blackstone. 

In  the  United  States,  a  s'lnilar  inquiry,  made  by  the 
proper  officer,  uuiler  the  authority  of  a  State. 

2.  A  jury  :  particularly,  a  ctiioner's  jury,  assembled 
to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  a  sudden  death. 

3.  Inquiry  ;  search.  South. 
IN-QUI'ET,  V.  t.    To  disturb  ;  to  trouble.  [JVot  used.] 
IN-aUI-ET-A'TlON,  71.    Disturbance.    [JVot  used.] 
IN-QUI'ET-IJDE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  inquietudo;  in  and 

quies,  rest.] 

Disturbed  state  ;  want  of  quiet;  restlessness  ;  un- 
easiness, cither  of  body  or  mind  ;  disquietude.  Pope. 
IN'CiUI-NATE,  V.  t.  [L.  inquino,  to  detile ;  in  and  Gr. 
Koivow,  from  «oii"jf,  common.] 

To  defile  ;  to  pollute;  to  contaminate.  [Little  used.] 

Brown. 

IN-QUI-Na'TION,  71.  The  act  of  defiling,  or  state  of 
being  defiled  ;  pollution  ;  corruption.    [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

IN-aUIR'A-liLE,  a.  [from  inq^tire.]  That  may  be 
inquired  into ;  subject  to  inquisition  or  inquest. 

Bacon. 

IN-CIUIRE',  r.  i.  [Fr.  cnqucrir;  Sp.  in</«i;-ir  ;  h.  in- 
quiro ;  171  and  qu(£ro,  to  seek ;  Malayan,  charee,  to 
seek.    See  ActiuiRE.] 

1.  To  ask  a  question  ;  to  seek  for  truth  orinforin.i- 
tion  by  asking  ipiestions. 

We  will  call  die  damsel  and  inijuire  at  h'-r  mouth.  — Gen.  xxiv. 

It  lias  o/ before  the  person  asked,  /iiyiiirc  «/them, 
or  of  him.  It  has  of,  concerning,  or  after,  before  the 
suliject  of  inipiiry. 

He  sr-nt  Iladorani,  his  son,  to  King  David  to  inTuire  o/  his 
welfare.  —1  Chnti.  xviii. 

For  lliou  dost  not  inquire  wisely  concerning  this.  —  Eccl.  vii. 

When  search  is  to  be  made  for  particular  knowl- 
edge or  information,  it  is  followed  by  iiifo.  The  cor- 
oner by  jury  inquires  into  the  cause  of  a  sudden  death. 
When  a  plat;e  or  person  is  sought,  or  something  hid 
or  missino,  for  is  commonly  used.  Inquire  fur  one 
Saul  of  'I'arsiis.  He  was  inquiring  for  the  house  to 
which  he  was  directeil.  Inquire  for  the  cloak  that 
is  lost.  Inquire  for  the  right  road.  Sometimes  it 
is  fiilli)«-ed  hy  after.    Inquire  after  the  right  way. 

When  some  general  information  is  sought,  this 
verb  is  followed  by  ahout :  sometimes  by  concerning. 
His  friends  inquired  about  him  ;  tlury  inquired  concern- 
ing his  welfare. 

2.  To  sei'k  for  truth  by  argument  or  the  discussion 
of  ipiestions,  or  by  investigation. 

To  inquire  into:  to  make  examin.ation  ;  to  seek  for 
particular  information.  Inquire  into  the  time,  ninn- 
ner,  and  place.  Inquire  into  all  the  circumstances  of 
the  rase. 

IN  (iriRiy,  7!.  r.    To  ask  about ;  to  seek  by  asking  ; 
ns,  he  inquired  the  way  ;  but  the  phrase  is  elliptical, 
for  inquire  for  the  way. 
2.  Tu  call  or  name.    [  Obs.]  Spenser. 


IN-Q.V\R'ET),  pp.    Asked  about ;  sought  by  asking. 

IN-aUIR'E\T,  a.    Making  inquiry.  Sheiutone. 

IN-CiUIR'ER,  71.  One  who  asks  a  question  ;  one  who 
interrogates  ;  one  who  searches  or  examines ;  one 
who  seeks  for  knowleilge  or  information. 

IN-ClUlR'ING,  ppr.  Seeking  for  information  by  ask- 
ing questions;  asking;  questioning;  interrogating; 
examining. 

IN-liUlR'ING,  a.  Given  to  inquiry;  disposed  to  in- 
vestigate causes  ;  as,  an  inquiring  mind. 

IN-QUIR'IXG-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  inquiry. 

IN-(iUI'RY,  71.  [Norm,  cw/iiwc,  from  }uo-cr,  to  in- 
quire.] 

1.  The  act  of  inquiring ;  a  seeking  for  information 
by  asking  questions  ;  interrogation. 

The  men  who  were  sent  from  Cornelius  had  made  inquiry  for 
Simon's  house,  and  stood  before  the  gate.  —  Acts  x. 

2.  Search  for  truth,  information,  or  knowledge; 
research  ;  examination  into  facts  or  principles  by 
proposing  and  discussing  questions,  by  solving 
problems,  by  experiments  or  other  modes  ;  as,  phys- 
ical inquiries;  inquiries  about  philosophical  knowl- 
edge. Locke. 

The  first  inquiry  of  a  rational  bein*  should  be,  Who  made  me  ? 
tlie  second.  Why  w;is  1  inailef  who  is  my  Creator,  and 
what  is  his  will  (  Anon. 

IN-QUI-SI"TION,  (in-kwe-zish'un,)  n.  [ti.,  from 
L.  inquisitio,  inquiro.    See  Inquire.] 

1.  Inquiry  ;  examination  ;  a  searching  or  search. 
Ps.  ix. 

2.  Judicial  inquiry ;  official  examination  ;  inquest. 
The  justices  in  eyre  had  it  formerly  in  charge  to  make  in7Uuifion 

concerning  mem  by  a  jury  of  tlie  county.  Blackstone. 

3.  Examination  ;  discussion.  Baton. 

4.  In  some  Roman  Catholic  countries,  a  court  or  tri- 
bunal established  for  the  examination  and  punish- 
ment of  heretics.  This  court  was  established  in  the 
twelfth  century  by  Father  Dominic,  who  was  charged 
by  Pope  Innocent  III.  with  orders  to  excite  Roman 
Catholic  princes  and  people  to  extirpate  heretics. 

Encyc. 

IN-QUI-SI"TION-AL,  a.  Making  inquiry ;  bu.-^y  in 
inquirv.  Sterne. 

IN-aUI-SF'TION-A-RY,  a.  Inquisitional. 

IN-CiUIS'I-TIVE,  a.  Apt  to  ask  questions  ;  addlt  lea 
to  inquirj' ;  inclined  to  seek  information  by  ques- 
tions ;  followed  by  about  or  after.  He  was  very  ri-^ 
quisitire  about,  or  after,  news.  Children  are  usually 
inquisitive. 

9.  Inclined  to  seek  knowledge  by  discussion,  in- 
vestigation, or  observation  ;  given  to  research.  He 
possesses  an  inquisitive  mind  or  disposition.  We  live 
in  an  inquisitive  age. 

IN-QUIS'I-TIVE,  71.  A  person  who  is  inquisitive; 
one  curious  in  research.  Temple. 

IN-aUIS'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.  With  curiosity  to  obtain 
information  ;  with  scrutiny. 

IN-aUlS'I-TlVE-NESS,  n.  The  disposition  to  obtain 
information  by  questioning  others,  or  by  researches 
into  facts,  causes,  or  principles;  curiosity  to  leain 
what  is  not  known.  The  works  of  nature  furnish 
ample  matter  for  the  inquisitivaicss  of  the  human 
minil. 

IN-UUtS'I-TOR,  71.  [L.  See  iNQUinE.]  One  who 
inquires  ;  particularly,  one  whose  official  duty  it  is  to 
inquire  and  examine.  Drydrn. 

2.  ■\  member  of  the  court  of  inquisition  in  Roman 
Catholic  countries.  Eucue. 
IN-aUIS-I-To'RI--'\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  inquisition  ; 
as,  in'iuisitorial  power. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  court  of  inquisition,  or  resem- 
bling its  practices  ;  as,  inquisitoriul  tragedy.  Encyc 

Inquisitorial  robes.  Buchanan. 

IN-QUIS-I-To'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  inquisitorial 
manner. 

IN-QUIS-I-To'RI-OUS,  a.     Making  strict  inquiry. 

[Obs.]  jViltou. 
IN-llAiL,',  V.  t.    [in  and  rail.]    To  rail  in  ;  to  inclose 

with  rails.  Hooker.  Gay. 

IN-RaIL'£D,  pp.    Inclosed  with  rails. 
IN-RaII,'IN(;,  ppr.    Inclosing  with  rails. 
IN-IU:G'IS-TER,  V.  t.    [Fr.  enregistrcr.    See  Recis- 

TER.] 

To  register ;  to  record  ;  to  enter  in  a  register. 

fVahh. 

IN'RHAD,  11.  [in  and  road.]  The  entrance  of  an  en- 
emy into  a  country  with  purposes  of  hostility  ,  a  sud- 
den or  tiesultory  incursion  or  invasion.  The  confines 
of  England  and  Scotland  were  formerly  liarassed 
with  frequent  inroads.  The  ICnglish  made  inroads 
into  Scotland,  and  the  Scots  into  England,  and  the 
country  was  somelimes  desolated. 
2.  Attack  ;  enrroaclinieiit. 

IN-SAFE'TV,  71.    Want  of  safety.   [III.]  J\aunton. 

IN-SA-EO'IIRI-OUS,  a.  [in  and  solnhrwus.]  Not  sa- 
lubrious ;  not  healthful ;  unfavorable  to  health  ;  un- 
whi  lesomi'  ;  as,  an  in.-ulubrious  air  or  climate. 

IN-SA-LC'IIRI  TY,  ii.  [in  and  salubrity.]  Want  of 
salubrity;  iinhealihfuluess  ;  iinwliolesomcness  ;  as, 
the  in.tutubritit  of  air,  water,  or  cliinatt\ 

IN-SAL'lI-TAlRV,  a.    [,n  and  salutary.]    Not  salu- 
tary ;  not  favorable  lo  health  or  soundness. 
2.  Not  tending  lo  safely  ;  productive  of  evil. 


PATE,  PAR,  PALL,  WHAT  MSTE,  PREY  PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  RQQK  


k 


INS 


INS 


INS 


IN-SAN-A-UIL'I-TY,  )  ?i  Stale  of  being  iiicura- 
IN-SAN'A-1!LK-NESS,  (  lile. 

IN-SAN'A-HLE,  a.  [L.  insanabilis  ;  in  and  sano,  to 
heal.] 

Incnrable  ;  that  can  not  be  healed.  Johnson. 
IN-SAN'A-1!IjV,  ailo.    So  as  to  be  incurable. 
IN-S.\NE',  a.    [L.  insanws  ;  in  and  sanus,  sound.] 

1.  Unsound  m  mind  or  intellect ;  mad;  deranged 
in  mind  ;  ilelirious  ;  distracted.  Shak. 

2.  Used  by  or  appropriated  to  insane  persons  ;  as, 
an  injfaiip.  hospital, 

3.  Makin;;  mad;  causing  madness  ;  as,  the  insane 
root.    [Obs.]  Slmk. 

IN-SANE',  n.  An  insane  person;  as,  a  hospital  for 
the  insane. 

IN-SaNE'LY,  adv.  Madly  ;  foolishly  ;  without  rea- 
Si>n.  Montsomcry. 

IN-S.\NE'NF,SS, )  n.    The  state  of  being  unsound  in 

IN-SAN'1-TY,  i  miml  ;  deraujiement  of  intellect ; 
madness.  Insanity  is  chiefly  used,  and  the  word  is 
applicable  to  any  degree  of  mental  derangement, 
from  slight  delirium  or  wandering,  to  distraction.  It 
is,  however,  rarely  used  to  express  slight,  temporary 
delirium,  occasioned  by  fever  or  accident. 

IN-SAT'O-RY,  a.    [L.  in  and  sapor,  taste.] 

Tasteless  ;  wanting  flavor.    [Mit  iiscil.]  Herbert. 

IN-S.\'TIA-BLE,  (in-sa'sha-bl,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
satiiibilis  ;  ik  and  satio,  to  satisfy.] 

Incapable  of  being  satisfied  or  appeased  ;  very 
greedy  ;  as,  an  insatiable  appetite  or  desire  ;  in:)atiabte 
thirst. 

IN-Sa'TIA-I!LE-NESS,  )  n.  Greediness  of  appetite 
IN-S.\-TIA-1)IL'I-TY,    !     tliat  can  not  be  satisfied  or 

appeased.  Kinir  Charles. 

IN-SA'TI.\-nT,Y,  (in-sa'sha-bly,)  adv.    With  greedi- 
ness not  to  be  satisfied.  South. 
IN-SA'TIATE,  (in-sa'shate,)  a.    [L.  insatiatiui.] 

Not  to  be  satisfied  ;  insatiable  ;  as,  insatiate  thirst. 

Ph'dips. 

IN-SA'TIATE-LY,  adv.  So  greedily  as  not  to  be  sat- 
isfied. 

IN-SA-TI'E-TY,  71.    Insatiableness.  Oranirer. 
IN-SAT-IS-F ACTION,  n.    Want  of  satisfaction. 

Baeon. 

IN-SAT'TT-RA-IiLE,  a.  [L.  insaturabilis !  in  and 
sarnr,  full.] 

Not  to  be  saturated,  fdled,  or  glutted.  Johnson. 
IN'S("i-ENUK,  H.  [ill  and  science.]    Ignorance  ;  want 

of  knowledge.  Ch.  Reliu'.  .Appeal. 

IN-Seiilli'A-HLK,  a.    That  may  be  inscribed. 
IN-SeiUU'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  inscriba- 

ble. 

IN-S€UinE',  V.  t  [L.  inscribo  ;  in  and  scribo,  to 
write,  Eng.  to  scrape.    See  ScninE.] 

1.  To  write  on  ;  to  engrave  on  for  perpetuity  or 
duratiiui ;  as,  to  inscribe  a  line  or  verso  on  a  monu- 
ment, on  a  column  o^  pillar. 

2.  To  imprint  on  ;  as,  to  inscribe  any  thing  on  the 
mind  or  memory. 

3.  To  assign  or  address  to  ;  to  commend  to  by  a 
short  address,  less  formal  than  a  dedication  ;  as,  to 
inscribe  an  ode  or  a  book  to  a  prince. 

4.  To  mark  with  letters,  characters,  or  words  ;  as, 
to  inscribe  a  stone  with  a  name. 

5.  To  draw  a  figure  within  another,  so  that  all  the 
angles  of  the  figure  inscribed  touch  the  sides  or 
bounding  planes  of  the  other  figure. 

Johnson.  Encyc. 

IN-SeUIB'ED,  pp.  Written  on  ;  engraved;  marked; 
addressed  ;  drawn  within. 

IN-SeUIIi'KU,  H.    One  who  inscribes.  Pownall. 

IN-~^Cl!ir.'INR,  ;j;)r.  Writing  on  ;  engraving;  mark- 
ing; addressing;  drawing  within. 

IN-seHIP'TION,  H.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inscriptio.  See 
In^ckibe.] 

1.  Something  written  or  engraved  to  coinmunicato 
knowledge  to  after  ages  ;  any  ch;iractcr,  word,  line, 
or  sentence  written  or  engraved  on  a  solid  substance 
for  duration  ;  as,  inscriptions  on  monuments,  called 
epitaphs,  on  |)illars,  &.c,  'I'lie  inscription  on  a  medal 
is  usually  in  a  stnight  line  across  it,  while  the  legend 
is  pl.aced  in  a  circle  round  the  rim.  We  do  not  call 
writings  on  paper  or  parchment  inscriptions. 

2.  A  title, 

3.  An  address  or  consignment  of  a  book  to  a  per- 
son, as  a  mark  of  respect,  or  an  invitation  of  patro- 
nage.   It  is  less  formal  than  a  dedication, 

IN-SGRIP'TIVE,  a.    Bearing  inscription. 
I.N-SC1{(;5I,L',  r.  t.    To  write  on  a  scroll.  Shak. 
I\-seRoI.L'A:i),  jtp.    Written  on  a  scroll. 
I.N-SUROI^I/ING,  ppr.    Writing  on  a  scroll. 
,  IN-SCRU-TA-BILM-TY,    J  n,  "The  quality  of  being 
IN-S€Ktj'TA-BLE-NESS,  j  inscnitable. 
IN-SCRO'TA-BLE,  a.    [l"r,,  from  L,  inscrutabilis  ;  in 
and  scrutor,  to  search,] 

1,  Unsearchable  ;  that  can  not  be  searched  into 
and  understood  by  inquiry  or  study.  The  designs  of 
the  emperor  appear  to  be  inscrutable. 

2,  That  can  not  be  penetrated,  discovered,  or  un- 
derstood by  human  reason.  The  ways  of  Provi- 
dence are  often  inscrutable.  Mysteries  are  inscnita- 
bU. 

IN  SCRr'T.\-BLY,  adr.  In  a  manner  or  degree  not 
to  be  found  out  or  understood.    The  moral  govern- 


ment of  an  Infinite  Being  must  often  be  inscrutably 
dark  and  mysterious, 
IN-SeULP',  u.  L    [L.  insculpo!  in  and  sculpo,  to  en- 
grave,] 

To  engrave  ;  to  carve,    [Little  used.]  Shak. 
IN-SeULP'TION,  71.    Inscription.    [Little  used.] 

7'ourncur. 

IN-SeULP'TlJRE,  71.    An  engraving  ;  sculpture. 

[See  Sei'i.PTUKE,  which  is  generally  used.]  [S/ut&. 
IN-SeULP'Ti;R-A;i),  a.  Eiigraveil. 
IN-SkAM',  v.  t.    [in  and  scam.]    'i'o  impre.ss  or  mark 

wit^i  a  seam  or  cicatrix.    [Poitiral.]  Pope. 
IN-SK.\.M'f;n,  pp.    Impressed  with  a  seam. 
IN-Sk.\M'I.\(;,  yipr.    Marking  with  a  seam. 
IN-Si;AR(;n',  (in-serch',)  v.  U     To  make  search. 

[A'at  used.]  Elyot. 
IN-SEe'A-BLE,  a.    [L.  imeeabilis ;  in  and  seco,  to 

cut.] 

That  can  not  be  divided  by  a  cutting  instrument ; 
indivisible.  Encye. 
IN'SECT,  K.  [L.  insecta,  pi.,  from  mseco,  to  cut  in  ; 
in  and  seco,  to  cut.  This  name  seems  to  have  been 
originally  given  to  certain  small  animals,  whose  bod- 
ies appear  cut  in,  or  almost  divided.    So  in  Greek 

CtT'J/i'I.] 

1.  In  zvbtoiry,  an  articulate  animal,  having  the 
body  composed  of  three  distinct  parts,  —  the  head, 
corslet  or  thorax,  and  abdomen  ;  the  legs,  six  in  num- 
ber, with  usually  two  or  four  wings,  attached  to  the 
thorax  ;  and  along  the  sides  of  the  abdomen,  minute 
punctures,  called  spiracles,  by  means  of  which  the 
respiration  takes  place.  This  term  was  formerly  ex- 
tended to  spiders  and  Crustacea,  and  is  so  used  by  Lin- 
nipus  ;  and  in  a  still  looser  sense  has  been  applied  to 
worms  and  other  sintill  animals.  Vana. 

2.  Any  thing  small  or  contemptible.  Thomson. 
IN'SECT,  a.    Small ;  mean  ;  contemptible. 
IN-SEC-TA'TOR,  7i.     [L.]     A  persecutor.  [Little 

itsed.] 

IN'SEGT-ED,  a.   Having  the  nature  of  an  insect. 

JIowcll. 

IN-SEGT'ILE,  a.    Having  the  nature  of  insects. 

Jiacon. 

IN-SECT'ILE,  71.    An  insect.   [J\;o«  u.W.]  JVotton. 
IN-Si;e'TION,  71.    .\  cutting  in  ;  incisure  ;  incision. 
IN-SEe-TIV'O-RA,  «.  pi.    [from  L.l     A  family  of 
vertebrate  quadrupeds,  the  species  of  which  live  on 
insects.    It  includes  the  shrew  and  mole.  Dana. 

2.  In  Tcmmiiick's  stjstem,  an  order  of  birds  that 
feed  on  insects.  Brande. 
IN-SEC-TIV'O-ROUS,  a.    [insect  and  L.  voro,  to  eat.] 
Feeding  or  subsisting  on  insects.  Many-winged 
animals  are  insectivorous.  />/;•(.  JVa(,  Ilist. 

IN-SEC-TOL'O-GER,  71.    [insect  and  Gr,  Xo)  o?,] 

One  who  studies  insects.  [JVut  in  use.]  [See  En- 
tomologist.] 

IN-SE-eORE',  a.  [in  and  secure.]  Not  secure;  not 
safe  ;  not  confident  of  safety  ;  used  of  persons.  No 
man  can  be  quiet  when  he  feels  insecure. 

2.  Not  safe  ;  not  elTectually  guarded  or  protected  ; 
unsafe;  exposed  to  danger  or  loss.  Goods  on  the 
ocean  are  insecure.  Ilay  and  grain  unhoused  are  in- 
secure.   Debts  are  often  in.-iccure. 

IN-SE-eORE'LY,  ado.  Without  security  or  safety; 
without  certainty.  Chesterfield. 

IN-SE-eO'K[-TV,  71.  [in  and  secnrily.]  Want  of 
safety,  or  want  of  coiilidence  in  safety.  Seamen  in 
a  tempest  must  be  conscious  of  their  insecurity. 

2.  Uncertainty.  With  what  insecurity  of  truth  we 
ascribe  effects  to  unseen  causes. 

3.  Want  of  safety ;  danger ;  hazard  ;  exposure  to 
destruction  or  loss  ;  applied  to  thinirs ;  as,  the  iiise- 
curity  of  a  building  ex|)osed  to  fire  ;  the  insecurity  of 
a  debt. 

IN-SE-eO'TION,  71.    [L.  insccutio.]  Pursuit. 

Chapman. 

IN-SEM'IN-aTE,  r.  U  [L.  insemino.]  To  sow ;  to 
impregnate.    [Little  used.] 

IN-SE.M-I.\-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  sowing  or  im- 
pregnating.   [Little  useiL] 

IN-SEXS'.\TE,  a.  [Fr.  inscnsd :  L.  in  and  scnsus, 
sense.] 

Di'stitute  of  sense  ;  stupid  ;  foolish  ;  wanting  sen- 
sibilitv.  Milton.  Hammond. 

IN-SE.\S-I-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [from  insensible]  Want 
of  sensibility,  or  the  power  of  feeling  or  perceiving. 
A  frozen  limb  is  in  a  state  of  insensiidity,  as  is  an 
animal  body  after  death. 

2.  Want  of  the  power  to  be  moved  or  affected  ; 
want  of  tenderness  or  susceptibility  of  emotion  and 
passion.  Not  to  be  moved  at  the  distresses  of  others 
denotes  an  insensibility  extremely  unnatural. 

3.  Dullness  ;  stupidity  ;  torpor. 
IN-SENS'I-BLE,  a.    [Kr.  and  Sp.,  from  L.  in  and  scn- 

siu,  sense,  sentio,  to  feel.] 

1.  Imperceptible;  that  can  not  be  felt  or  perceived. 
The  motion  of  the  earth  is  insensible  to  the  eye.  A 
plant  grows,  and  the  body  decays,  by  insensible  de- 
grees. The  humors  of  the  body  are  evacuated  by  in- 
sensible perspiration. 

The  dense  and  bri^l  lifhl  of  Ihc  circle  will  olwcnro  the  rare 
nnd  weiik  li^l  uf  (Ik*?  d.-\rk  colore  round  aboul  it,  and  rv-o- 
der  Uiem  nlinosl  intensibU.  A'eulon, 

2.  Destitute  of  the  power  of  feeling  or  perceiving  ; 


wanting  corporeal  sensibility.  An  injury  to  tne 
spine  ofien  renders  the  inferior  |>arts  of  the  body  in- 

sensible. 

3.  Not  susceptible  of  emotion  or  passion  ;  void  of 
feeling;  wanting  tenileriiess.  To  be  insensible  to 
the  siiflerings  of  our  fellow-iiien,  is  iiihiinian.  To 
be  insensible  of  danger,  is  not  always  evidence  of 

4.  Dull ;  stupid  ;  torpid,  [courage, 

5.  Void  of  sense  or  meaning  ;  as,  insensible  words. 

Hale.    Du  Ponceau 
IN-SENS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Inability  to  perceive  ;  want 
of  sensibility.    [See  iNSEiisiiiiLiTr,  which  is  gener- 
ally used,] 

IN-SENS'I-BI/Y.  ailv.  Imperceptibly  ;  in  a  manner 
not  to  be  felt  or  perceived  by  the  senses. 

Tlie  liitln  rise  tn«eruiA/y,  Adduon. 
2,  By  slow  degrees  ;  gradually.    Men  often  slide 
insensibly  into  vicious  habits, 
IN-SEN'TIi:.\T,  (-sen'shent,)  a.    [in  and  sentient.] 
Not  having  perception,  or  the  power  of  perception. 

Heul. 

IN-SEP'A-RA-HLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  I,,  inscparabilis ;  in 
and  separahilis,  separo,  to  se|>arale.] 

That  can  not  be  separated  or  disjoined  ;  not  to  be 
parted.    There  is  an  inseparable  connection  between 
vice  and  suffering  or  punisliinenl. 
IN-SEP'A-KA  HLE-NKSS,  (  n.    The  quality  of  being 
IN-SEP-A-RA-I)IL'I-TY,    j     inseparable,  or  incapa- 
ble of  disjunction.    [The  latter  word  is  rarely  used.] 

lAickc. 

IN-SEP'A-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  prevents 
separation  ;  with  indissoluble  union. 

Baeon.  Temple. 

IN-SEP'A-RATE,  n.    Not  separate.    [A^nt  used.] 

IN-Si;P'.\-RATE-LY,  arfc.  So  as  not  to  be  separated. 
[JVot  used.]  Crattmer. 

IN-SERT',  r.  f.  [Fr.  inserer;  h.insero,  insertum  ;■  in 
and  sero,  to  thrust.] 

Literally,  to  thrust  in  ;  hence,  to  set  in  or  among  ; 
as,  to  insert  a  cion  in  a  stock  ;  to  in.tert  a  letter,  word, 
or  passage  in  a  composition  ;  to  insert  an  advertise- 
ment or  other  writing  in  a  paper. 

IN-SKRT'EI),  pp.  or  a.    Set  in  or  among. 

IN-.'^ERT'INt;,  ppr.    Setting  in  or  among. 

IN-SERT'ING,  ».    A  setting  in. 

9.  Something  set  in,  as  lace.  See,  into  garments. 

IN-SER'TION,  «.  [Fr.,  from  L.  insertio.] 

1.  The  act  of  setting  or  placing  in  or  among  other 
things  ;  as,  the  insertion  of  cioiis  in  stocks  ;  the  in- 
sertion of  words  or  passages  in  writings  ;  the  insertion 
of  notices  or  essays  in  a  public  paper. 

2.  The  manner  in  which  one  part  is  inserted  into, 
or  adheres  to,  another  ;  as,  the  insertion  of  stamens 
into  a  calyx  ;  the  insertion  of  muscles,  tendons,  &c., 
in  iiarts  of  tlio  body.  Lindley. 

3.  The  thing  inserted.  Broome. 
IN-SERVE',  V.  i.    [L.  inservio.]     To  be  of  use  to 

an  end. 

IN-SERV'I-EXT,  a.  Conducive. 

IN-SES-So'Ri'.S,  71.  J)/.,  [L.]  An  order  of  birds  that 
pi  rrli  ;  percliers, 

IN-S1;S-S()'1U-.\I>,  a.  Perching;  an  epithet  applied 
to  all  birds  which  live  habitually  among  trees.  Their 
feet  are  formed  for  grasping  or  perching,  Swainson. 

IN-SET',  V.  I.    To  infix  or  implant,  Chaucer. 

IN'SET,  71,    In  language,  a  note  within  a  note. 

Dabney. 

IN-SEV'ER-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  severed. 
IN-SHaD'ED,  a.    Marked  with  diflerent  shades. 

Broxrne. 

IN-SHELI,',  r.  t.    To  hide  in  a  shell.  Shak. 
IN-SIIELI,'f;D,j>;7.    Hid  in  a  shell. 
IN-SIIEL'TER,  e.  1.    To  shelter.  Shak. 
IN-SHEL'TER-^;D,  pp.    Sh  Itered. 
IN-SIIIP',  r.  (.    To  ship  ;  to  emb;irk.  Shal:. 
IN-SHoRE',  adv.    Near  the  shore. 
IN-SIIKINE'.    See  Enshrine. 
I.V-Sie-eA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  drying  in. 
IN'SIDE,  71.    [in  and  side.]    The  interior  p.art  of  a 

thing  ;  intern.al  part ;  opjiospd  to  Outside  ;  as,  the  iii- 

side  of  a  chiircli ;  the  inside  of  a  letter.    It  is  also 

used  as  an  adjective. 
IN-SID'I-ATE,  c.  t    VL.  insidioT.] 

To  lie  in  ambush  for. 
I.\-SII)'I-A-TEI),  pp.    Laid  in  ambusb. 
I.\-Sir)'I-A-TL\'G,  ppr.    Lving  in  ambush. 
IN-Sll)'l-A-TOR,n,  One  who  lies  in  ambush.  Barrme. 
IN-SII)'I-OUS,  a.    [L,  insidiosus,  ttutn  insideo,  to  lie  in 

wait ;  i«  and  sedeo,  to  siL] 

1.  Properly,  lying  in  wait ;  hence,  w.atching  an  op- 
portunity to  insnarc  or  entrap  ;  deceitful ;  sly  ;  treach- 
erous ;  used  of  persons. 

2.  Intended  In  entrap  ;  as,  insidious  arts. 
I.V-SID'I-OUS-LY,  adr.    With  intention  to  insnare ; 

deceitfully  ;  treacherously  ;  with  malicious  artifice 
or  stratagem.  Bacon. 

I.\-SID'I-()US-NESS,  71.  A  watching  for  an  opportu- 
nity to  insnare  ;  deceilfulness  ;  treaclierv.  Barrotc. 

I.N'StGIIT,  (in'sltc,)  71.  [m  and  siirht.]  Sight  or 
view  of  the  interior  of  any  thing;  deep  inspection 
or  view ;  introspection  ;  thorough  knowledge  or 
skill. 

A  gnnlen  gives  us  a  ktmi  innghl  Into  the  eontriT«ne«  snd 
wisdom  of  Proridcncc.  Spectator. 


TONE,  ByLL,  qNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


7r 


INS 

LN-SIG'NI-A,  II.  pi.  [I..]  Uadgijs  or  distingiiisliing 
marks  of  office  or  honor.  Burke. 

'2.  Marks,  signs,  or  visilile  impressions,  by  which 
any  thing  is  known  or  distinguished.  Beattie. 
IN-SIG-NIF'I-e.VXCE,   )  !i.     [in  and  si-rnijicance.'] 
IN-SlG-XIF'l-eAi\-CV,  \     Want  of  significance  or 
meaning  ;  as,  tlie  injiirnificance  of  words  ot  plirases. 

2.  Unimportance  ;  want  of  force  or  effect ;  as,  the 
insignificance  of  liunian  art  or  of  ceremonies. 

Addison. 

3.  Want  of  weight ;  meanness. 
IN-SIG-NIF'I-e.AN'i',  a.    [in  and  significant.]  Void 

of  signification  ;  destitute  of  meaning  ;  as,  insignifi- 
cant words. 

9.  Unimportant ;  answering  no  purpose  ;  haWng 
no  weiglit  or  etti'ct ;  as,  insignificant  rites. 

3.  Witliout  weight  of  character ;  mean;  Contempt- 
ible; as,  an  in.-simii/icant  being  or  fi'llow. 
IN-SIG-NIF'I-€ANt,  n.    An  insignificant,  trifling,  or 

wortldess  tiling.  Tatlcr. 
IN-SIG-NIF'I-CANT-LY,  ado.   Without  meaning,  as 
words. 

3.  Witliout  importance  or  effect ;  to  no  purpose. 
IN-SIG-NIF'I-CA-TIVE,  o.    Not  expressing  by  exter- 
nal signs. 

IN-SIN-CeRE',  a.  [L.  insincerus;  in  and  sincerus, 
sincere.] 

1.  Not  sincere  ;  not  being  in  truth  what  one  ap- 
pears to  be  ;  dissembling;  hypocritical;  false;  used 
of  persons  :  as,  an  iitsinccre  heart. 

2.  Deceitful;  hypocritical;  false;  used  of  things ; 
as,  insincere  declarations  or  professions. 

3.  Not  sound  ;  not  secure,  as  joys.  Drijdcn. 
IN-SIN-CeRE'LV,  adv.    Without  sincerity ;  liypo- 

criticallv. 

IN-SIN-CER'I-TY,  n.  Dissimulation  ;  want  of  sin- 
cerity or  of  being  in  reality  what  one  appears  to  be ; 
.  hypocrisy  ;  vscd  of  persons. 

2.  Deccitfulness  ;  hollowness  ;  used  of  things;  as, 
the  insinrmtij  of  professions. 
IN-SIN'EW,  (iii-sin'nu,)  v.  t.    [in  and  smca).]  To 

strengthen  ;  to  give  vigor  to.  SJmk. 
IN-SIN'EW-SD,  pp.  Strengthened. 
IN-SIN'EW-FNG,  ppr.    Giving  vigor  to. 
IN-SIN'tT-ANT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  in.iinuans.] 

Insinuating  ;  having  the  power  to  gain  favor. 
[Little  used.]  fVotton. 
IN-SIN'(J-a'1  E,  ».  (.     [Fr.  itisinuer;  L.  iyisinuo  ;  in 
and  sinus,  the  bosom,  a  bay,  inlet,  or  recess.] 

1.  To  introduce  gently,  or  into  a  narrow  [lassage  ; 
to  wind  in.  Water  insinuates  itself  into  the  crev- 
ices of  rocks. 

2.  To  push  or  work  one's  self  into  favor  ;  to  intro- 
duce by  slow,  gentle,  or  artful  means. 

He  insinuaud  iiims'jlf  into  the  very  good  gr-ice  of  the  duke  of 
Bucltin^hani.  Clarendon, 


3.  To  hint ;  to  suggest  by  remote  allusion. 


And  Ihr*  fictions  liartis  pnriii 
Do  !)ut  insinuate  wlkit's  true. 


Swift. 


4.  To  instill ;  to  infuse  gently ;  to  introduce  art- 
fully. 

All  the  art  of  rhetoric,  besides  order  and  clearness,  are  for  oothinp 
else  but  to  iminwue  wroiiff  id'.;.is,  move  tlie  passions,  and 
thereljy  mislead  the  judgment.  Locke. 

IN-SIN'IJ-ATE,  V.  i.  To  creep  in  ;  to  wind  in  ;  to 
flow  in  ;  to  enter  gently,  slowly,  or  imperceptibly,  as 
into  crevices. 

2.  To  gain  on  the  affections  by  gentle  or  artful 
means,  or  by  imperceptible  degrees;  aSy  insinuating 
flattery. 

3.  To  wind  along.  JiUltan. 
IN-SIN'IJ-A-TEI),    pp.      Introduced    or  conveyed 

gently,  imperceptibly,  or  by  winding  into  crev- 
ices ;  hinted. 

IN-SIN'IJ-A-TING,  ppr.  Creeping  or  winding  in  ; 
flowing  in  ;  gaining  on  gently  ;  hinting. 

2.  u.  Tending  to  enter  gently  ;  insensibly  win- 
ning favor  and  confidence. 

IN-SI.\'tJ-A-TI.\G-LY,  adi'.    Tiy  insinuation. 

IN-SIN-U-A'TION,  n.    [I'r.,  from  L.  insinuatio.J 

1.  The  act  of  insinuating;  a  creeping  or  wmding 
in  ;  a  flowing  inl{)  crevices. 

2.  The  act  of  gaining  on  favor  or  affections,  by 
genllr  or  artful  means. 

3.  Th  -  art  or  power  of  pleasing  and  stealing  on 
the  affections. 

He  had  a  natnnd  ineinualion  fuld  adjreas,  wliich  mode  him 
Mcceptiible  in  tlie  U;M  company.  Oarentton. 

4.  A  hint ;  a  suggestion  or  intimation  by  distant 
alliiHion.    Slander  mav  lie  conveyed  by  insinuations. 

IN-SIN'U-A-TIVE,a.    Stealing  on  the  affections. 

Bncnn. 

I.\-SIN'U-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  insinuates;  one  that 
hints. 

IN-.SII"ID,  a.  [ Fr.  iiwt;>i</c  :  l..insipidus  ;  in  nni\  aapi- 
dwi,  napiu,  to  last/!.] 

1.  'i'iisteleg4 ;  dcHlilute  of  taste  ;  wanting  the  quali- 
ties which  affect  the  organs  of  taste  ;  vapid  ;  as,  in- 
gipitl  Ii()iior. 

2.  Wanting  spirit,  life,  or  animation  ;  wanting  pa- 
thoii,  or  the  jKiwi  r  of  i  xciiing  eiriolions  ;  Hat ;  dull  ; 
h(;avy  ;  an,  un  insipid  address  ;  an  insipid  composi- 
tiun. 


INS 

3.  Wanting  power  to  gratify  desire;  as,  insipid 
pleasures. 
IN-SI-PID'I-TY  > 

IN-SIP'ID-NESS,  i'"-  insviditi-] 

1.  Want  of  taste,  or  the  power  of  exciting  sensa- 
tion in  the  tongue. 

2.  Want  of  life  or  spirit. 

Dryden's  lines  sliiue  strongly  dirough  the  insipidity  of  Tate's. 

Pojie. 

IN-S*IP'ID-LY,  adv.  Without  taste  ;  without  spirit  or 
life  ;  without  enjoyment.  Locke. 

IN-^'IP'I-ENCE,  n.  [L.  insipientia  ;  in  and  sapio,  to 
be  wise.] 

Want  wisdom  ;  folly  ;  foolishness  ;  want  of  un- 
derstan  ng. 

IN-SIST',  V.  i.  [Fr.  insisler  ;  L.  insisto  i  in  and  sisto, 
to  stantl.] 

1.  IJtcrally,  to  stand  or  rest  on.  [Rarehj  tuied.]  Bay. 

2.  In  geometry,  an  angle  is  said  to  insist  upon  the 
arc  of  the  circle  intercepted  between  the  two  lines 
which  contain  the  angle. 

3.  To  dwell  on  in  discourse ;  as,  to  insist  on  a  par- 
ticular topic. 

To  insist  on:  to  press  or  urge  for  any  thing  with 
immovable  Iirmn-.-ss  ;  to  persist  in  demands  ;  aSj  to 
insUt  on  f)ppressive  terms  in  a  treaty  ;  to  insist  07l  mi- 
mediate  payment  of  a  debt. 
IN-SIST'ED',  pp.    Dwelt  on  ;  urged. 
IN-SIST'ENT,  n.    Standing  or  resting  on;  as,  an  in- 
sistent wall.    [Little  used.]  lyottun. 
IN-SIST'ING,  j</;r.    Urging;  pressing.    [See  Insist.] 
IN-SIST'lTRE,  71.    A  dwelling  or  standing  on  ;  fixed- 
ness.   [Olis.]  Shale. 
IN-SI"Tfi;\-CY,  V.    [h.  in  and  sitio,  to  thirstj 

I'ri  c  cliini  from  thirst.  Orew. 
IN-SI"T1(  )\,  (in-sish'un,)  n.     [L.  insitio,  from  insi- 
tus,  insero,  to  plant.] 
The  insertion  of  a  cion  in  a  stock  ;  ingraftment. 

Ray. 

TJV  SI'TU,  [L.]  In  its  original  situation  or  bed. 
IN-SNaRi5',  t'.  t.  [in  and  snare.]  To  catch  in  a  snare  ; 
to  entrap  ;  to  take  by  artificial  means. 

2.  To  inveigle  ;  to  seduce  by  artifice  ;  to  take  by 
wiles,  stratagem,  or  deceit.  The  flattering  tongue  is 
apt  to  insnare  the  artless  youth. 

3.  To  entangle;  to  involve  in  difficulties  or  per- 
plexities. 

[Tills  word  is  often  written  Ensnare,  but  Insnare 
is  the  true  orthography.] 

IN-SNAR'£D,  pp.  Caught  in  a  snare  ;  entrapped ;  in- 
veigled ;  involved  in  perplexities. 

IN-SN.JR'ER,  71.    One  that  insnares. 

IN-SNaK'1NG,  ppr.  or  o.  Catching  in  a  snare ;  en- 
trapping; seducing;  involving  in  difficultie.s. 

IN-SO-BRI'E-TY,  n.  [in  and  sobriety.]  Want  of  so- 
briety ;  intemperance;  drunkenness.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IN-So'CIA-BLI3,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ii!soci<i4i&- ;  in  and 
SQciabitis,  socio,  to  unite.] 

1.  Not  inclined  to  unite  in  social  converse;  not 
given  to  conversation  ;  unsociable  ;  taciturn. 

2.  Tliat  can  not  be  joined  or  connected. 

Lime  and  wood  are  insociabte.    [Not  in  use.]  Wotton. 

IN-SO'CIA-RLY,  adv.  Unsociably. 

IN'SO-LaTE,  c.  (.    [L.  insolo;  in  and  sot,  the  sun.] 
To  dry  in  the  sun's  rays ;  to  expose  to  the  heat  of 
the  sun  ;  to  ripen  or  pn  pare  by  exposure  to  the  sun. 

IN'SO-La-TED,  pp.  Exposed  to  the  sun;  dried  or 
matured  in  the  sun's  rays. 

IN'.SO-La-TING,  ppr.  Exposing  to  the  action  of  sun- 
beams. 

IN-SO-La'TION,  71.  Tlie  act  or  process  of  exposing 
to  the  rays  of  the  sun  for  drying  or  maturing,  as 
I'ruits,  drugs,  &c.,  or  for  rendering  acid,  as  vinegar. 

2.  A  stroke  of  the  sun  ;  the  action  of  extreme  heat 
on  the  living  system. 
IN'SO-LE.\CE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  insolentia;  in  and  so- 
leo,  to  be  accustomed.] 

Pride  or  haughtiness  manifested  in  contemptuous 
ami  overbearing  treatment  of  others  ;  petulant  con- 
tempt ;  impudence.  Johnson. 

Blown  with  insolence  and  wine.  AftUon, 

IN'SO-LF-NCE,  V.  t.  To  treat  with  haughty  contempt. 
[JV«(  used.]  K.  Charles. 

IN'SO-I.ENT,  (I.  Proud  and  haughty,  with  contempt 
of  others;  overbearing;  domineering  in  power;  as, 
an  insolent  master.  Jitterhury, 

2.  Proceeding  from  insolence ;  haughty  and  con- 
teiupluoiis  ;  as,  insolent  words  or  behavior. 

3.  Unaccustomed;  the  primary  sense.  [J^ot  vsed.] 
IN'SO  KENT-1,Y,  adv.     With  contemptuous  pride  ; 

liauglilllv  ;  rudely  j  saucily.  Drydcn. 

IN-S().UII)'I-'1'Y,  71.  [in  and  .toW.Vt,.]  Want  of  so- 
lidity ;  weakness.  More. 

I,\-SOI--l|-HIL'I-TY,  71.  [from  insoUMr.]  The  i]iiali- 
ty  of  not  being  soluble  or  dissolvable,  particularly  in 
a  fluid. 

IN-SOI/IT-RUE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  h.  insolubilis ;  in  and 
solva,  to  dissidve.] 

I.  That  ran  not  be  dissolved,  particularly  by  a 
li(piid.  We  say  a  substance  is  insoluble  in  water, 
when  Its  parts  will  not  separate  and  unite  with  that 
fluid. 


INS 

2.  Not  to  be  solved  or  explained  ;  not  to  be  re- 
solved ;  as,  a  doubt  or  difficulty.    [JVu(  much  used.] 
IN-SOLV'A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  soho  to 
loosen  or  dissolve.] 

1.  Not  to  be  cleared  of  difficulty  or  uncertainty  ; 
not  to  be  solved  or  explained  ;  not  admitting  solution 
or  explication  ;  as,  an  insulouble  problem  or  difficulty. 

fVatts. 

2.  That  can  not  be  paid  or  discharged.  Pope. 
IN-SOLV'EN-CY,  71.    [Infra.]    Inability  of  a  person 

to  pay  all  his  debts;  or  the  state  of  wanting  property 
sufficient  for  such  payment ;  as,  a  merchant's  insulo- 
ency. 

2.  Insufficiency  to  discharge  all  debts  of  the  own- 
er ;  as,  the  insolceney  of  an  estate. 
Jict  of  insolvency.    See  infra,  Insolvent  Law. 
IN-SOLV'ENT,  a.    [L.  in  and  soloens,  soloo,  to  solve, 
to  free,  to  pay.] 

1.  Not  having  money,  goods,  or  estate  sufficient  to 
pay  all  debts  ;  as,  an  insolccot  iliditor. 

2.  Not  sufficient  to  pay  all  the  debts  of  the  owner  ; 
as,  an  insolvent  estate. 

3.  Respecting  insolvent  debtors  ;  relieving  an  in- 
solvent debtor  from  imprisonment  for  debt,  or  from 
liability  to  arrest  and  imprist.nment  for  debts  previ- 
ously contracted  ;  as,  an  insolvent  law. 

Daggett.  Sergeant. 
Insolvent  Imp,  or  act  of  insolvency  ;  a  law  which 
liberates  a  debtor  from  imprisonment,  or  exempts  him 
from  liability  to  arrest  and  imi>risoiiment  on  account  of 
any  debt  previously  contracted,  'i'hese  terms  may 
be  considered  as  generic,  comprejiending  also  bank- 
rupt laws,  which  protect  a  man's  future  actpiisitions 
from  his  creditors.  But  in  a  limited  sense,  as  the 
words  are  now  generally  used,  an  insolvent  law  ex- 
tends only  to  protect  the  person  of  the  debtor  from 
impriscmment  on  account  of  di'bts  previously  cim- 
tracted.  Stat,  of  Conn.    H'heaton''s  Rep. 

IN-SOLV'ENT,  71.    A  debtor  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 

Sergeant. 

IN-SOM'NI-OUS,  a.    [L.  insomniosus  ;  or  in  and  soni- 

nus,  sleep.] 
Troubled  Avitli  dreams ;  restless  in  sleep. 
IN-SO-iMUCII',  at/u.    [in,  ot,  and  miic/i.]    So  that ;  to 

that  degree. 

Simonides  w.as  an  excellent  poet,  intomucli  that  he  made  his 
fortune  by  it.  I.^Ksuan^e. 

[This  word,  or  combination  of  wonls,  is  not  deemed 
elegant,  and  is  obsolescent,  at  least  in  classical  com- 
position.] 

IN-SPECT  ',  V.  t.  [L.  inspicio,  inspectuin  ;  in  and  spccio, 
to  view.] 

1.  To  look  on  ;  to  view  or  oversee  for  the  purpose 
of  examination.  It  is  the  duty  of  parents  to  inspect 
the  conduct  or  mannei-s  of  their  children. 

2.  To  look  into  ;  to  view  and  examine  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  the  quality  or  condition  of  a 
tiling  ;  as,  to  inspect  potash  ;  to  in.ipect  flour;  to  in- 
spect arms. 

3.  'I'o  view  and  examine  for  the  purpose  of  discov- 
ering and  correcting  errors  ;  as,  to  inspect  the  press, 
or  the  proof-sheets  of  a  book. 

4.  To  superintend. 

IN  SPECT',  71.   Close  examination.    [JVot  a.srrf.] 

IViomson. 

IN-SPECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Viewed  with  care  ;  exam- 
ined by  the  eye  or  officially. 

IN-PPECT'ING,  pjrr.  I,ooking  on  or  into  ;  viewing 
with  care  ;  examining  for  ascertaining  the  quality  or 
condition. 

IN-SPEC'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  !)i.<77Cc(io.] 

1.  A  looking  on  or  into ;  prying  examination ; 
close  or  caret'ul  survey  ;  tis,  the  divine  inspection  into 
the  affairs  of  the  world.  Brntley. 

2.  Watch  ;  guardianship  ;  as,  a  youth  placed  at 
school  under  the  inspection  of  a  friend. 

3.  Superintendence  ;  oversight.  The  fortificiitions 
are  to  be  executed  under  the  inspection  of  an  officer 
of  the  army. 

4.  Ofiicial  view  ;  a  careful  viewing  and  examining 
of  commodities  or  manufactures,  to  ascertain  their 
quality  ;  as,  the  inspection  of  flour. 

5.  Official  examination,  as  of  arms,  to  see  that 
they  are  in  good  order  for  service. 

IN-SPFCT'IVE,  a.  Inspecting. 

IN-SPECT'OR,  71.  One  who  inspects,  views,  or  over- 
sees ;  as,  an  in.^peetor  of  murals ;  an  inspector  of  the 
press. 

2.  A  superintendent ;  one  to  whose  care  the  exe- 
cution of  any  work  is  committed,  for  the  purpose  of 
seeing  it  faithfully  performed. 

3.  An  oflicer  whose  duty  is  to  examine  the  quality 
of  goods  or  commoditioH  offered  for  sale. 

4.  An  officer  of  the  customs. 

5.  A  military  officrr  whose  iluty  it  is  to  inspect  the 
troops  and  examiiio  their  arms, 

IN  SPFCT'Oll-ATE,  I  71.    The  office  of  an  inspector. 
IN-SPF.CT'OR-SIIIP,  j  IVashington. 
IN  SPF.RS'/;i),  (in  sperst',)  a.    Sprinkled  cm.  [JVu( 
ttsrd.  I 

IN  SPl'.R'SION,  71.  [L.  inspcrsio,  inspergo  ;  in  and  spar- 
go.  to  scatter.] 

The  art  of  sprinkling  on.  Ainsicorth. 


FATE.  FAR,  VfilX.,  WUfyT  


INS 


INS 


INS 


I^r-SPF.X'I-MUS,  n.  [I,.,  wo  h:ive  inspei-leil.]  In 
Knirtaml,  the  first  word  of  ancient  timrtcrs,  coii- 
fiiming  :i  prant  made  by  a.  former  king;  lienco,  the 
nanii-  of  a  ro\  al  grant.  Smart. 

IN-S1MIi:RI;',"b.  «.  lin  ani  sphere]  To  place  in  an 
ttrh  ttr  spliere.  Milton. 

IN  SPHKll'A;n,  pp.    Placed  in  n  sphere. 

I.\-SlMlKl{'IN(;,  ppr.    I'lacins  in  a  sphere. 

IN-SriK'.\-liLi;,  a.  [from  iuspirc.]  That  may  be  in- 
spired. 

a.  That  may  be  drawn  into  Iho  lungs ;  inholablc  ; 
as  air  or  v.apors. 
IN-SI'I-Ka'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  inspiro.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawin!"  air  into  lire  lungs  ;  the  in- 
lialing  of  air ;  a  part  of  respiration,  and  opposed  to 

ExPIB  VTION.] 

2.  The  art  of  hreathiiij.'  into  any  thing. 

3.  Tlie  supernatural  inlluence  of  the  Spirit  of  Ood 
on  the  human  mind,  bv  which  propliets,  apostles, 
nnd  sacred  writers,  were  cpiaiified  to  set  forth  divine 
truth  witlKuit  any  mixture  of  error;  or  the  C(unuui- 
nication  of  the  divine  will  to  the  undi'rstandins  by 
8uggestions  or  impressions  on  the  mind,  whicli  leave 
no  room  tu  doubt  the  reality  of  their  supernatural  or- 
igin. 

All  Scriptitn'  U  ^vf  11  by  insjnra^n  ofGiMi.  —  2  Tim.  iii, 

4.  The  infusion  of  ideas  or  directions  by  the  sup- 
posed deities  of  pagans. 

5.  The  infusion  or  communication  of  ideas  or  po- 
etic spirit,  by  a  superior  being  or  supposed  presiding 
power  ;  as,  the  inapiralion  of  Ilomer  or  other  poet. 

li.  A  highly  exciting  influence ;  as,  the  inspiration 
of  the  scene. 

IN  Sl'I'll.\-  IO-RY  or  IN'SPI-RA-TO-RY,  a.  Per- 
taining tu  or  aiding  inspiration,  or  inhaling  air  into 
the  lungs.  Jihd.  Hcpos. 

I.N-SPiRE',  V.  I.  [L.  inspiro ;  in  and  spiro,  to  breathe  ; 
Fr.  inspircr.j 

To  liraw  m  breath  ;  to  inhale  air  into  the  lungs ; 
opposeil  to  Etpirc. 
IN-SPIRE',  ij.  t.   To  breathe  into. 

Yi'  iiin'',  <lc«ccii(l  ami  sin?, 

'I'lie  lin'atliiiig  iimlruiiK'nts  inspire.  Pope. 
9.  To  infuse  by  breathing. 

He  kiifvr  nut  hij  Miiiicr,  and  luin  lh:it  inspired  into  him  hu 
activ  soul.  iVisftom. 

3.  To  infuse  into  the  mind ;  as,  to  inspire  with  new 
life. 

4.  To  infuse  or  suggest  ideas  or  monitions  snper- 
nnturally  ;  to  commiinicattr  divine  instructions  to  the 
mind.  In  this  manner  we  suppose  the  prophets  to 
have  been  in.ipiml,  and  the  Scriptures  to  have  been 
composed  under  divine  inlluence  or  direction. 

5.  To  infuse  idi^as  or  poetic  spirit. 

Ck  To  driw  int(»  the  lungs ;  as,  to  inspire  nnd  cxjtire 
the  air  with  dilliedlty.  Ilarrnj. 
I.N-r'PIR'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Breathed  in  ;  inhaled  ;  infused. 

a.  Informed  or  directed  by  the  Holy  Spirit. 
IN-SPIR'KR,  n.    He  that  inspires. 
I.\-SPTR'I.\(;,  ppr.    Breathing  in  ;  inhaling  into  the 
lungs  ;  infusing  into  the  mind  supernaturally. 
2.  a.    Infusing  spirit  or  courage  ;  animating. 
IN-.*PIR'IT,  e.  (.    [in  and  j7»ir/(,]    To  infuse  or  excite 
spirit  in  ;  to  enliven;  to  animate;  to  give  new  life 
tu  ;  to  encourage  ;  to  invigorate. 

The  c«iip.%ffe  of  AfAiiiemnon  is  inspirited  tiy  tlic  loTe  of  '»mpire 
and  aniljilioii.  Pop*. 


Enlivened  ;  animated  ;  iiivigo- 
Infusing  spirit ;  giving  hew 


IN-PPIR'IT-ED,  pp. 
rated. 

IN  SPIR'IT-ING,  ppr. 
hf  •  to. 

I\-.-<PIS  ?.:iTE,  V.  t.    [L.  in  and  .fpL'sus,  thicki] 

To  tliicken,  as  fliiiils  ;  to  bring  to  greater  consist- 
ence by  evaiKir.tting  the  thinner  parts,  tec. 

IN-SPIS  SA'l  i:,  <i.    Thick.  OremhilU 

l.\  .-JPIS'SA-TEI),  pp.  or  a.    Thickened,  as  a  liquor. 

IN-.<P1S'S.\-T1.\(;,  ppr.    Thickening,  as  a  liquor. 

I.N^aPtS-SA'TIO.N,  II.  The  act  or  openition  of  ren- 
dMng  a  lliiid  subst;incc  thicker  bv  evaponition,  S:c 

I.\'-STA-I!IL'I-TV,  n.  [Fr.  mslaljlidi  ;  I.,  inslabilitas, 
inslitbili.i :  in  anti  .sinhilis,  from  .«fo,  to  stand.] 

1.  Want  of  stability  ;  want  of  firmness  in  pur|v>sc  ; 
inconstancy  ;  fickleness  ;  nnitnbility  of  opini(>n  or 
conduct.  Instuiility  is  the  characteristic  of  weak 
minds. 

2.  Changeableness ;  mutability;  as,  the  intUibilitij 
of  laws,  plans,  or  measures. 

IN-STA'HI.r,,  a.    [L.  iH.-.labilis.] 

1.  Inconstant;  prone  to  change  or  recede  from  a 
purpose  ;  mutable  ;  of  prrson.'-. 

2.  Not  steady  or  fixed  ;  changeable  ;  of  things. 
[Instarlc  and  Unstahle  are  synonijinous^  and  the 

latter  w  more  commonly  usetl.'\ 
IN  ST.^  IILE-NESS,  n.  Vn 
instability. 

IN  STALL',  r.  U  [Fr.  in.s-taller;  Pp.  instalar:  It.  in- 
stallare  ;  from  G.  stall,  from  stcllcn,  D.  slcllen,  to  set, 
Gr.  TrcXAoi,  to  send.] 

To  set,  place,  or  instate  in  an  ofTicc,  rank,  or  or- 
der ;  to  invest  with  any  charge,  oflice,  or  rank,  wilh 
the  customary  ceremonies.  To  in.-f/iH  a  clergyman 
or  minister  of  the  gospel,  is  to  place  one  who  h  is 
been  previously  ordained  over  a  particular  church 


L'nstablcness  ;  mutability  ; 


and  congregation,  or  to  invest  an  ordained  ininist<  r 
with  a  particular  pastoral  chartie  ;  in  /•'.norland,  to  in- 
duct a  (lean,  prebimdarj',  or  other  ecclesiastical  dig- 
nitary, into  pos.sessiuii  of  the  church  to  which  he 
belongs. 

IN-STAM,-A'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  giving  possession 
of  an  office,  rank,  or  order,  with  the  customary  cer- 
emonies. .  * 

On  the  election,  the  Ijishop  given  a  mandate  for  hiB  tnstallnrion. 

Aylijfe. 

IN-PTALI/ED,  pp.    Placed  in  a  seat,  office,  or  order. 
IN-STALIj'ING,  ;i;)r.    Placing  in  a  .seat,  oflice,  or  or- 
der. " 

IN-STALL'MF,NT,  n.  The  act  of  installing,  or  giv- 
ing possession  of  an  ofTice  with  the  usual  cerenumies 
or  solemnities.  Shalt. 

2.  'J"he  seat  in  which  one  is  placed.  [Unasnal.] 

Shali. 

3.  In  commerce,  a  part  of  a  large  sum  of  money 
paid,  or  to  he  paid,  at  a  jjarticular  period.  In  consti- 
tuting a  capital  stock  by  subscriptions  of  individuals, 
it  is  cusloinary  to  afVoril  facilities  u>  subscribers,  by 
dividing  the  sum  subscribed  into  install menL'i,  or  por- 
tions payable  at  distinct  jieriods.  In  largo  contracts, 
also,  it  Is  not  unusual  to  agree  that  tiio  money  shall 
be  paid  by  installinent.-t. 

IN'STANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  insto,  to  press  ;  in  and 
stOi  to  stand.] 

IMerallij,  a  standing  on.  Ilcnce, 

1.  Urgency  ;  a  pressing  ;  solicif.ation  ;  importunity  ; 
application.  The  reipiest  was  granted  at  the  instance 
of  the  defendant's  advocate. 

2.  Example;  n  case  <M-curring ;  a  case  olTered. 
Ilowanl  furnished  a  remarkable  in.-stance  of  disinter- 
esteil  benevolence.  The  world  may  never  witness  a 
second  instance  of  the  success  of  daring  enterprise 
and  usurpation  eipial  to  that  of  Bonaparte. 

Suppose  tlie  earth  should  be  rcinoTed  nearer  to  the  sun,  and 
P'volvr,  for  tfulnnre,  in  the  orbit  of  Mercury;  tli- whole 
ocean  would  boil  with  heat.  Bentley. 

The  use  of  insuinces  is  to  illustntte  and  explain  a  dillicullr. 

Biilcer. 

3.  Time ;  occasion  ;  occurrence. 

The>e  secin  as  if,  in  Uie  time  of  Kdward  I.,  they  were  drawn  up 
ill  thi-  form  ol  a  law,  in  the  first  in#lance.  Jlfile. 

4.  Motive;  influence.    [Ofts.]  Shak. 

5.  Process  of  a  suit.    |"Ois.]  .^ijUffi: 
In.stttnce  Court :  a.  braiicli  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty, 

.  in  Knirland,  tlistinct  from  the  Prize  Court, 

On  fAe  continent  of  Europe,  a  court  of  the  frst  in- 
stance is  one  which  has  original  jurisdiction  of  a 
case  ;  courts  of  the  second  and  third  instunce  are 
courts  of  successive  appeal.  Encyr.  .^m. 

IN'ST.\NCE,  V.  i.  To  give  or  ofler  an  example  or 
case. 

As  to  f.d8e  cilnlions  —  I  shall  instfince  two  or  three.  71//ot<on. 

IN'STANCE,  t'.  t.  To  mention  as  an  example  or  case. 
He  instanced  the  event  of  Cesar's  death. 

IN'ST.\NC-f:D,  (in'staii.st,)  pp.  or  a.  Given  in  jiroof 
or  as  an  exriniiiie.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN''ST.\NC-ING,  ppr.  Giving  as  proof  or  as  an  ex- 
ample. 

IN'S  T.ANT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  initans,  ia^fo.] 

1.  Pressing ;  urgent ;  inipoi'.iinate  ;  earnest. 
Rejoicing  in  hope ;  patient  in  tntmtation  ;  contiouiDf  instant 

in  prayer.  —  Hoin.  xii. 

3.  Immediate;  without  intervening  time ;  present. 

Iinpeiidiii^  death  is  tliim',  and  iiislnnl  doom.  Prior. 

3.  Uuick  ;  making  no  delay. 

ynjtant  li<-  H'.'V/  w  ith  liiispiuible  haste.  Pope. 

4.  Present ;  current.  On  the  tentli  of  July  in.itant. 
IN'ST.\.\'T,  II,    .-V  point  in  duration;  a  moment;  a 

part  of  duration  in  which  we  perceive  no  succession, 
or  a  part  that  occupies  the  time  of  a  single  thought. 

2.  .V  jiarticul.nr  lime.  Shak. 
IN-STA.NT-A-Nli'I-TV,  n.    Unprcmedit.ited  produc- 
tion. Shenslone. 

IN-STA\T-A'NE-OUS,  n.  [Fr.  irusfantaiie  ;  Sp.  and 
It.  in.'.7an//iiir^i.] 

Done  in  an  instant;  occurring  or  acting aithout 
any  |ierceptilile  succession  ;  very  speedily™  The 
passage  of  electricity  through  any  given  space  ap- 
pears  to  be  instantoneoiut. 

I.N-ST.\NT-.\'.VE  t)l'S-I,Y,  ade.  In  an  instant ;  in  a 
moment  ;  in  an  indivisible  point  of  duration.  The 
operations  of  the  human  mind  are  wonderful  ;  our 
thoughts  rty  from  world  to  world  initanlaneoH.ilii.  In 
the  we.stern  parts  of  the  Atlantic  States  of  \iiierica, 
showers  of  run  soinetimea  begin  instanlanronshi. 

IN-STANT-A'NK-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing done  in  an  instant. 

IN-ST.\.\TEll,  ailv.    [I,.]    In  laa,  immediately;  at 
the  present  time  ;  « itliout  delay.    The  party  was  , 
coini>eIIed  to  plead  in.-tantrr.  ' 

IN'ST.V.NT-LY,  u</r.  Imnn dialely  ;  without  any  in-  j 
lerveiiing  time ;  at  the  mouunt'.  Lightning  often  ; 
kills  instantly.  I 

2.  With  urgent  importunity.  ] 
And  wh-ii  they  C4ITK  to  Jesiw,  they  besniieht  him  instantly,  \ 

«.iyiuir,  tliat  he  was  worthy  lor  w'hoiii  he  should  do  llus.—  | 

I.ukevu. 

3.  With  diligence  and  earnestness,   jjcts  «vi.  I 


IN-STAR',  B.  f.    [ill  and  stun]    To  set  or  ordain  wilh 

stars,  or  wilh  brilliants. 
IJ^STAJi  OM'J^I-UM,  [L.]    Like  all;  an  example 

for  all. 

IN-STAR'R£D,  (  stdrd,)  pp.    Adorned  with  stars. 

A  c^ol'len  throne 
/nsblrrerf  with  Jems.  J.  Bartott. 

IN-STATE',  r.  L    [in  and  state.]    To  set  or  place  ;  to 
establish,  as  in  a  rank  or  condition  ;  as,  to  instate  a 
person  in  greatness  or  in  favor.   South.  Atlerbarii. 
2.  To  invest.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

IN-8TaT'I:|),  pp.    Set  or  placed. 

I.\-STAT'I.\G,  ppr.    Setting  or  placing. 

yjV  STA'TU  (iUO,  [L.J    In  the  former  state  or  con- 
dition. 

IN-STAU'RATE,  v.  t.    [L.  instanro.] 

To  reform  ;  to  repair.    [  Obsolete.]  Smith. 
IN-STAIJ-RA'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  in«taiira(iu,  in- 
stauro,  to  renew.] 

Renewal;  repair ;  rei-slablishment ;  the  restoration 
of  a  thing  to  its  former  state,  after  decay,  lapse,  or 
dilapidation. 

IN-STAIJ-RA'TOR,  n.    One  who  renews  or  restores 
to  a  former  condition.  Mare. 

IN-STEAI)',  fin-sted'.)    [.A  compound  of  in  and  stead, 
place  ;  but  stead  retains  its  character  of  a  noun,  and 
is  followed  by  of;  instead  of,  in  the  same  manner  as 
in  tlic  stead  of.] 
Ill  tlie  place  or  room  of. 

Let  thistles  prow  instead  of  wheat.  — Job  xxxi. 
Absalom  made  Aln;is;i  Ciiptiin  of  tlie  hoil  instead  of  Joab.  — 2 
Sam,  xvii. 

This  consideration  is  instead  of  a  thoiisanif  argu- 
ments. In  this  use,  instead  in.ay  be  e<|uivalent  to 
eijual  to. 

VVhen  in.^ead  is  used  without  of  following,  there 
is  an  ellipsis,  or  some  words  are  understood. 
IN-STEEP',  e.  (.    [in  and  steep.]    To  steep  or  soak  ; 
to  drench  ;  to  macerate  in  moisture.  Sliak. 
9.  To  keep  under  or  in  water. 
IN-STKEP'Al),  (in-steept',)  pp.     Steeped  ;  soaked  ; 

ilrenclied  ;  lying  under  water. 
IN-STICEP'ING,  ppr.    Steeping  ;  soaking. 
IN'STEP,  n.    [in  and  step.]    The  in.---lrp  of  the  human 
foot  is  the  fore  part  of  the  upper  side  of  the  foot,  neat 
its  junction  with  the  leg, 

2.  'i'he  in.step  of  a  horse  is  that  part  of  the  hind 
leg  which  reaches  from  the  ham  to  the  [lasterii  Joint. 

Farm.  Encttc. 

IN'STI-GaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  instigo  ;  in  and  stigo,  iniisit, 
Gr.  oTi^f-i,  to  prick.] 

To  incite  ;  to  set  on  ;  to  provoke  ;  to  urge  ;  used 
chiefly  or  wholly  in  an  ill  sense ;  as,  to  instigate  one  to 
evil ;  to  instiisate  to  a  crime, 
IN'.^TI-GA-TEf),  pp.    Incited  or  persuaded,  as  to  evil, 
IN'STI-Ga-TI.NG,  ppr.    Inciting;  tempting  to  evil. 
I.N'STI-Ga-TING-LY,  aJn.    Incitingly  ;  temptingly, 
IN-STI-GA'TIUN,  71,    Incitement,  as  to  evil  or  wick- 
edness ;  the  act  of  encouraging  to  commit  a  crime 
or  some  evil  act, 

2,  Temptation  ;  impulse  to  evil ;  as,  the  instigation 
of  the  devil. 

IN'STI-(Ja-TOR,  n.   One  who  incites  another  to  an 
evil  act ;  a  tempter. 

2.  That  which  incites;  that  which  moves  persons 
to  commit  wickedness. 

IN-STII.L',  V.  t.    [L.  instillo:  in  and  slillo,  to  drop.] 
1.  To  infuse  by  drops.  Milton. 
9.  To  infuse  slowly,  or  by  small  quantities ;  as,  to 
in.<'fi//  good  principles  into  the  mind. 
IN-STIL-LA'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  i;i.-,ei«ii(ir..] 

1.  The  act  of  infusing  by  drops  or  by  small  quan- 
tities. 

9.  The  act  of  infusing  slowly  into  the  mind. 

3.  That  which  is  instilled  or  infused, 
IN-STILL'£U,  /)/).    Infused  by  drops  or  by  slow  de- 
grees. 

IN-S  riLT/ER,  n.    He  that  instills. 

IN-STILL'ING,  ppr.    Infusing  by  drops  or  by  slow 

degrees.  Shak. 
IN-STILL'.MENT,  n.     The  act  of  instilling;  any 

thing  instilled. 
INSTI,M'l'-LATE,  r,  L    To  stimulate;  to  excite, 

[jViif  tised.] 
I.V-STI.M'U-LA  TED,  pp.  Excited, 
IN  STI.\rU-LA-TI.NG,  jj;>r.    Not  stimulating  ;  not  ci- 

citiiis  vital  powers.  Chrijne. 
I.N-STI.\I-IT-LA'TIO.\,  n.    [in  and  .vfimii/oritin,]  The 

act  of  stimulating,  inciting,  or  urging  forward. 
IN-STI.NCT',  a.    [L,  instinctits.    See  the  noun,] 

Moved  ;  animated  ;  excited ;  as,  instinct  with  spiriL 

Milton. 

Betulia — ifijtt'rwt  with  life.  Piber. 
LN'STINCT,  n.  [Fr.  ;  It.  in.«fin(o,  iVtinfo ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  instinto  ;  from  L.  instinctus,  inwardly  moved  ; 
inand  stinguo,  Gr.  <my.i,  irri)  i.i.  (See  Distimoi  hh, 
EjTiMiiiJH.)  The  sense  of  the  root  is  to  thrust; 
h'-nci'  the  coinpounil,  instinctus,  signifies,  pro(ierly, 
thrust  in,  infixed.    See  Is4tio\te.] 

.A  certain  |H>wi  r  or  dis|Hisitioii  of  mind,  by  which, 
indeiH  iidi'iit  of  all  instruction  or  exjieric  nee,  without 
deliberation,  and  without  having  any  end  in  view, 
animals  are  unerringlv  directed  to  do  spontaneously 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  —  AX"GER,  Vl"CIOUS  e  as  K  ;  G  a-s  J  ;  S  as  7. ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  na  in  THIS. 


611 


IX  s 

whatever  is  nece«s;iry  fur  the  preservation  of  tlie  in- 
dividual or  tile  continuation  of  the  kind.  Such,  in 
the  human  species,  is  the  instinct  of  sucking,  exerted 
immediately  after  birth,  and  that  of  insects  in  depos- 
iting tlieir  eggs  in  situations  most  favorable  for  hatch- 
ing. Eacyc. 

Instinct  may  he  defined,  the  operation  of  the  prin- 
ciple of  organized  life  by  the  e.vercise  of  certain  nat- 
ural powers  directed  to  the  present  or  future  good  of 
the  individual.  Instinct  is  the  genera!  property  of 
the  living  principle,  or  the  law  of  organized  life  in  a 
state  of  action.  Qood. 


And  rmson  luise  o'er  ins6nct  as  you  cau 
In  Ods  'tis  God  diivcis,  in  Uial  'us  man. 


Pope. 


IN-ST[NeT'ED,o.  Impressed  as  an  animating  power. 
[Little  usal.]  Bcntleij. 

IN-STINC'TION,  n.    Instinct.    [A'ot  in  iwc]  EbioL 

IN-STIXeT'IVE,  a.  Prompted  by  instinct ;  sponta- 
neous ;  acting  without  reasoning,  deliberation,  in- 
struction, or  experience  ;  dLternjined  by  natural  im- 
pulse or  propensity.  Tlie  propensity  of  bees  to  form 
hexagonal  cells  for  holding  their  honey  and  their 
young,  nmst  be  instinctive. 

IN-STINCT'IVE-LV,  aJr.  By  force  of  instinct; 
without  reasoning,  instruction,  or  experience ;  by 
natural  impulse. 

IN'STI-TUTE,  V.  U  [L.  instituo;  in  and  slatuo,  to 
set.] 

1.  To  establish  ;  to  appoint ;  to  enact ;  to  form  and 
prescribe  ;  as,  to  institute  laws  ;  to  institute  rules  and 
regulations. 

2.  To  found  ;  to  originate  and  establish  ;  as,  to  in- 
sti^tc  a  new  order  of  nobility  ;  to  institute  a  court. 

3.  To  ground  or  establish  in  principles  ;  to  edu- 
cate ;  to  instruct ;  as,  to  institute  children  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  a  science. 

4.  To  begin  ;  to  commence;  to  set  in  operation; 
as,  to  institute  an  inquiry  ;  to  institute  a  suit. 

5.  To  invest  with  the  spiritual  part  of  a  benefice, 
or  the  care  of  souls.  Bhukstone, 

IN'STI-TUTE,  71.    [L.  institutum  ;  Fr.  institut.] 

1.  Established  law  ;  settled  order. 

2.  Precept ;  maxim  ;  principle. 

To  make  the  Stoic  institutes  thy  own.  Dryden. 

3.  A  book  of  elements  or  principles  ;  particularly 
a  work  containing  tlie  principles  of  the  Roman  law. 

Encyc. 

4.  In  Scot*  law,  when  a  number  of  persons  in  suc- 
cession hold  an  estate  in  t;iil,  the  first  is  called  the 
institute,  the  others  substitutes.  Encyc. 

5.  A  literary  and  philosojihical  society ;  applied 
particularly  to  the  principal  society  of  this  kind  in 
France.  Brande. 

IN'STI-TU-TED,  pp.  Established  ;  appointed  ;  found- 
ed ;  enacted  ;  invested  with  the  care  of  souls. 

IN'STI-TU-TING,  ppr.  Establishing  ;  founding ; 
enacting  ;  investing  with  the  care  of  souls. 

IN-STI-TO'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  instUutio.'] 

1.  The  act  of  establishing. 

2.  Establishment ;  that  which  is  appointed,  pre- 
scribed, or  founded  by  authority,  and  intended  to  be 
permanent.  Thus  we  speak  of  the  institutions  of 
Moses  or  I^ycurgus.  \Vc  apply  the  word  institution 
to  laws,  rites,  and  ceremonies,  which  are  enjoined 
by  authority  as  permanent  rules  of  conduct  or  of  gov- 
ernment. 

3.  An  organized  society,  established  either  by  law 
or  by  the  authority  of  individuals,  fur  promoting 
any  object,  public  or  social.  We  call  a  colli^ge  or  an 
academy  a  literary  institution;  a  llible  society  a  be- 
nevolent or  charitable  institution  ;  a  banking  compa- 
ny and  an  insurance  company  are  commercial  insti- 
tutions. 

4.  A  system  of  the  elements  or  rules  of  any  art  or 
science.  Encyc. 

5.  Education  ;  instruction. 

llij  learning  waf  not  llie  efllt:t  of  precept  or  intltttilion. 

BenUey. 

6.  The  act  or  ceremony  of  investing  a  clergyman 
with  the  spiritual  part  of  a  benefice,  by  which  the 
care  of  souls  is  committed  to  his  charge.  Blacluttune, 

IN-STI-T0'TIO.\-AL,  a.    Enjoined  ;  instituted  by  au- 
thority. Elym.  yocabuUinj. 
2.  Elementary. 

IN-STI-TfTIO.\  A-KY,  a.  Elemental ;  containing 
the  first  principles  or  doctrines.  Brown. 

IN'STI-TU-TI.ST,  n.  A  writer  of  institutes  or  ele- 
mentary rules  and  instructions.  Harvey. 

IN'S'l'I-TL'-'I'lVE,  a.    That  establishes;  having  the 
power  to  establish.  Bamm. 
2.  EsUililislicd  ;  depending  on  institution.  Milton. 

IN'8TI-Ti;.TOK,  n.  [I,.]  The  person  who  estab- 
liKheii  1  one  who  eiiaciH  laws,  rites,  and  ceremonies, 
and  enjoins  the  observniice  of  them. 

2.  The  pcrsnn  who  founds  an  order,  iiecl,  society, 
or  nchcme,  for  the  promotion  of  a  public  or  social 
object. 

3.  An  instructor  ;  one  who  cducaten;  as,  an  insti- 
tutor  of  yoiilh.  H'allirr. 

4.  In  the  Episcopal  ehurch,  a  presbyter  apfHiinted  by 
the  bl-liop  to  inalilutc  a  rector  or  osMiHtant  minister 
In  a  pnnah  church.  Staunton. 


INS 

I\-STOP',  i:  t.  [in  and  stop.]  To  stop  ;  to  close  ;  to 
make  fast.    [LitUe  used.]  Dryden. 

IN-STRAT'I-Fi-BD,  (-strat'e-f  Ide,)  a.  Stratified  with- 
in something  else.  Jouriu  of  Science. 

IN-STUUCT',  V.  t.  [L.  instruo,  instj^ctum ;  in  and 
struo,  to  set  or  to  put  on,  to  furnish  ;  Fr.  and  It.  in- 
struirc ;  Sp.  instruir.  The  L.  struo  is  contracted  from 
struco  or  struffo.    See  Destrov.] 

1.  To  teacli ;  to  inform  the  mind  ;  to  educate  ;  to 
impart  knowledge  to  one  who  was  destitute  of  it. 
The  first  duty  of  parents  is  to  instruct  their  children 
in  the  principles  of  religion  and  morality. 

2.  To  direct ;  to  enjoin  ;  to  persuade  or  admonish. 
She,  being  Ijefore  insb-ucled  by  her  mother,  said,  Give  me  here 

the  liead  oi  John  tJie  Baptist  in  a  charger.  —  Alau.  xiv. 

3.  To  direct  or  command  ;  to  furnish  with  orders. 
The  president  instructed  his  envoy  to  insist  on  tlie 
restitution  of  the  property. 

4.  To  inform  ;  to  advise  or  give  notice  to.  On  this 
question  the  court  is  not  instructed. 

5.  To  model ;  to  form  ;  to  prepare.    [JVot  used.] 

.ayliffe. 

IN-STRUeT'ED,  pp.  Taught ;  informed ;  Uamed  up ; 
educated. 

IN-STRUCT'I-BLE,  a.   Able  to  instruct.  [Ill] 

Bacon. 

IN-STRUCT'IXG,  ppr.     Teaching;  informing  the 

mind  ;  directing. 
IN-STRUC'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  instnutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  teaching  or  informing  the  under- 
standing in  that  of  which  it  was  before  ignorant ;  in- 

2.  Precepts  conveying  knowledge.  [formation. 

Receive  iny  instruction,  and  not  silver.  — Prov.  viii. 

3.  Directiim  ;  order ;  command  ;  mandate.  The 
minister  received  instructions  from  his  sovereign  to 
demand  a  categorical  answer. 

IN-STRUeT'IVE,  a.  [Sp.  i/is(ructii)0  ;  It.  instruttim 
Fr.  instructif.] 

Conveying  knowledge  ;  serving  to  instruct  or  in- 
form.   .•Vffliction  furnishes  very  instructive  lessons, 

IN-STRUCT'IVE-LY,  adc.  Si)  as  to  afford  instruc- 
tion. Pope. 

IN-STRU€T'IVE-NESS,  n.    Power  of  instructing. 

IN-STRU€T'OR,  n.  A  teacher ;  a  person  who  im 
parts  knowledge  to  another  by  precept  or  informa- 
tion. 1  Cor.  iv. 

2.  The  preceptor  of  a  school  or  seminary  of  learn 
ing  ;  any  president,  professor,  or  tutor,  whose  busi 
ness  is  to  teach  languages,  literature,  or  the  sciences 
any  professional  man  who  teaches  the  principles  of 
his  profession. 

IN-STRUCT'RESS,  n.  A  female  who  instructs ;  a 
preceptress  ;  a  tutoress. 

IN'STRU-MEN'T,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  i)ti(r«mf;!(iim,from 
instruv,  to  prepare  ;  that  which  is  prepared.] 

1.  .\  tool ;  that  by  which  work  is  perftirmed,  or 
any  thing  is  efliected  ;  as  a  knife,  a  hammer,  a  saw, 
a  plow,  tk.c.  Swords,  muskets,  and  cannon,  are  m- 
struments  of  destruction.  A  telescope  is  an  astro- 
nomical instrumcuL 

2.  That  which  is  subservient  to  the  execution  of  a 
plan  or  purpose,  or  to  the  pnxluction  of  any  effect ; 
means  used  or  contributing  to  an  effect ;  applicable  to 
persons  or  t/tiuffs.  Bad  men  are  often  instruments  of 
ruin  to  others.  The  distribution  of  the  Scriptures 
may  be  the  iiistrument  of  a  vastly  extensive  reforma- 
tion in  morals  and  religion. 

3.  An  artificial  machine  or  body  constructed  for 
yielding  harmonious  sounds;  as  an  organ,  a  harpsi- 
chord, a  violin,  or  flute,  &c.,  which  are  called  musi- 
cal iiLitrujuents,  or  instruments  of  music. 

4.  In  taw,  a  writing  containing  the  terms  of  a  con- 
tract, as  a  deed  of  cxmveyance,  a  grant,  a  patent,  an 
indenture,  &c. ;  i«  trcneral,  a  writing  by  wliich  some 
fact  is  recorded  for  evidence,  or  some  right  con- 
veyed. 

5.  .\  person  who  acts  for  another,  or  is  employed 
by  another  liir  a  special  purpose  ;  and  if  the  purpose 
is  dishonorable,  the  term  implies  degradation  or 
meanness. 

I.N-S'jaiU-.ME.NT'AL,  a.  Conducive, as  an  instrument 
or  means,  to  some  end  ;  contributing  aid  ;  serving  to 
promote  or  effect  an  object ;  helpful.  'I'he  pre.ss  h.as 
been  instrumental  in  enlarging  the  bounds  of  knowl- 
edge. 

2.  I'ertainiiig  to  instruments  ;  made  by  instrii- 
nieiiLs  ;  as,  vistrumental  music,  distinguished  from 
rornl  music,  which  is  made  by  the  human  voice. 

IN-S'I'RIJ  .ME.NT-AL'I-TY,  n.  Subordinate  or  auxil- 
iarj-  agency  ;  agency  of  any  thing,  a»  means  to  an 
end  ;  as,  the  instrumentality  of  second  causes. 

I.N-STRU-.MENT'A1,-I,Y,  adv.    I)y  way  or  means  of 
un  instrument ;  in  the  nature  of  an  instrument,  as 
means  to  an  end.  Sout/t. 
2.  With  instruments  of  music. 

IN-STRU-.\IE.\T'AI^NESS,  n.  Usefulness,  as  of 
means  to  an  end  ;  instrumentality.  Hammond. 

IN-STVI.IV,  r.  (.  [in  and  style.]  To  call ;  to  denom- 
inate.   [JViif  used!]  Crasliaw. 

IN-SUAV'I-TY,  (in-swav'e-ty,)  n.    [L.  insuavitas.] 
Unpleasantness.  Burton. 

IN-SUU-JEC'TIUN,  71.  State  of  disobedience  to  gov- 
ernment. I 


INS 


Defect  of  submission  ;  diso- 
Not  submitting  to  author- 


IN-SUB-.MIS'SION,  71. 

bedience. 
IN-SUB-OR'DI-NATE,  a. 

itv. 

IN-SUB-OR-DI-Na'TION,71.  Want  of  subordination  ; 
disorder ;  disobedience  to  lawful  authority. 

Jilarsluill.    J.  M.  Mason 
IN-SUB-STAN'TIAL,  a.    Unsubstantial ;  not  real. 

Shali. 

IN-SUC-Ca'TION,  71.  [L.  insucco,  to  moisten  ;  iii  and 
succus,  juice.] 

The  act  of  soaking  or  moistening;  maceration  ;  so- 
lution in  the  juice  of  herbs.  Coze. 
IN-SUF'FER-A-15LE,  a.    [in  and  suffcrablc.]  Intoler- 
able ;  that  can  not  be  borne  or  endured  ;  as,  insujfer- 
able  heat,  colfl,  or  pain. 

9.  That  can  not  be  permitted  or  tolerated.  Our 
wrongs  are  insufferable. 

3.  Detestable  ;  contemptible  ;  disgusting  beyond 
endurance. 

A  mnliilude  of  scritWers  who  daily  pester  tlie  world  with  their 
insajferable  st.ill'.  Drydtn. 

IN-SUF'FER-A-BLY,  adv.  To  a  degree  beyond  endu- 
rance ;  as,  a  blaze  insufferably  bright;  a  person  insuf- 
ferably proud. 

IN-SUF-FI"CIEN-CY,  (-suf-fish'en-se,)  7i.  [in  and 
sufficiency.]  Inadequateness ;  want  of  sufficiency; 
deficiency  ;  as,  an  insu^cicncy  of  provisions  to  supply 
the  garrison. 

2.  Inadequacy  of  power  or  skill  ;  inability  ;  inca- 
pacity ;  incompetency  ;  as,  the  insufficiency  of  a  man 
for  an  office. 

3.  Want  of  the  requisite  strength,  value,  or  force ; 
'  defect. 

Tlie  insutjiciena/  of  the  light  of  nature  is  supplied  by  the  light 
of  iscripture.  Hooker. 

IN-SUF-FI"CIEXT,  (  suf-fish'ent,)  a.    [in  and  suffi- 
cient.]   Not  sutficient ;  inadequate  to  any  need,  use,  , 
or  purpose.    The  (irovisions  are  insufficient  in  quanti-  I 
ty,  and  defective  in  quality'. 

2.  Wanting  in  strength,  power,  ability,  or  ski'l ; 
incapable  ;  unfit ;  as,  a  person  insufficient  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  an  office. 

IN-SUF-FI"CIE.\T-LY,  adv.  With  want  of  suffi- 
ciency; with  want  of  proper  ability  or  skill;  inade- 
quately. 

IN-SUF-FLa'TION,  71.    [L.  in  and  sufflo,  to  blow.] 

1.  The  act  of  breathing  on. 

2.  The  act  of  blowing  a  substance  into  a  cavity  of 
the  body.  Coze. 

IN-SuIT'A-BLE,  a.    Unsuitable.    [LiUle  used.] 

Burnet. 

IN'SU-LAR,     )  a.     [\i.  insularis,  from  insula,  an 
IN'SU-LA-RY, !  isle.] 

Belonging  to  an  isle  ;  surrounded  by  water ;  as,  an 
insular  situation. 
IN'SU-LAR,  71.    One  who  dwells  in  an  isle. 

Berkeley. 

IN-SU-LAR'I-TY,  71.    The  state  of  being  insular. 
IN"SU-L.-\R-LY,  adv.    In  an  insular  manner. 
IN'SU-LaTE,  ti.  t.    [L.  insula,  an  isle.] 

1.  To  place  in  a  detached  situation,  or  in  a  state  to 
have  no  communication  with  surrounding  objects. 

2.  In  architecture,  to  set  a  column  alone,  or  not  con- 
tiguous to  a  wall. 

3.  In  electrical  ezpcrimeuts,  to  place  electrified  bod- 
ies, by  means  of  non-conductors,  in  such  a  situation 
that  the  electricity  is  prevented  ftnin  escaping. 

4.  To  make  an  isle.    [Little  used.] 
IN'SU-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Standing  by  itself ;  not  be- 
ing contiguous  to  other  bodies  ;  as,  an  insulated  house 
or  cohiiiin. 

2.  In  electrical  rrprriments,  placed,  by  means  of  non- 
conductors, so  that  the  electricity  is  prevented  from 
escaping. 

IN'SU-LA-TING,  ppr.  Setting  in  a  detaclied  posi- 
tion. 

2.  In  electrical  eipcriments,  placing,  by  means  of 
non-conductors,  so  that  the  electricity  is  prevented 
from  escaping. 

IN-SU-La'TK)!V,  71.  The  act  of  insulating  ;  the  state 
of  being  detached  from  other  objects. 

2.  In  electrical  experiments,  act  of  placing  electrified 
bodies,  by  means  of  non-conductors,  in  such  a  situ- 
ation that  the  electricity  is  prevented  from  escaping; 
the  state  of  being  thus  jilacrd. 

IN'SU-LA-TOR,  ».  In  electrical  erprriments,  the  sub- 
.stance  or  body  that  insulates,  or  interrupts  the  com- 
munication of  electricity  to  surrounding  ohjocts ;  a 
non-conductor,  or  electric.  Eil.  Encyc. 

IN'SU-LOUS,  a.    .-\bounding  in  isles. 

IN-SUI,SE',  (111-suls',)  (I.   [I,,  insulsus.] 

Dull  ;  insipid.    [.Vut  used.]  Milton. 

IN'SUI/r,  71.  [I'r.  insullr:  \..  insulins,  (win  insilio,  to 
leap  on  ;  111  and  salw,  to  leap.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  leaping'on.    [Lillle  used.]  Dryden. 

2.  Any  gross  abusi^  oli'ered  to  another,  either  by 
words  or  actions  ;  act  or  speech  of  insolence  or  con- 
tein|it. 

The  niMileis  Bnrer  timt  injiii/1  iidtts  to  griet.  Savage. 
IN-SULT',  r.  t.    [Fr.  insulter:  It.  insultare;  Sp.  insul- 
tar  ;  \,.  insulto.    .^ee  the  noun.] 
To  treat  with  gross  abuse,  insolence,  or  contempt, 


FATE,  PAR,  PALL,  WH/kT.  — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK — 


INS 

by  words  or  actions  ;  as,  to  call  a  man  a  coward  or  a 
liar,  or  to  sneer  at  him,  is  to  insult  Inni. 
IN-SULT',  0.  i.    To  beliavc  with  insolent  triumph. 

B,  ,/ur.dOii, 

To  inaiiU  over ;  to  triumph  over  with  insolence  and 
cont(!inpt. 

IN-SULT-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  insultinR  ;  abusive 
treat  nirnt.  Fettham. 

IN-tiUL,i''Kn,  pp.  Abused,  or  treated  with  insolence 
and  coiitompt. 

IN-SULT'Ell,  n.   One  who  insults.  Rowe. 

IH-^VLT'ISG,  ppr.  Treating  with  insolence  or  con- 
tempt. 

Ii\-SLJLT'I.\G,  a.     Containing  or  conveying  gross 

abuse  ;  as,  insullin!T  language. 
IN-SULT'IN<;-IiY,  ttilv.     With  insolent  contempt  ; 

with  contemptuous  triumph.  DnjiLcn. 
IN-SULT'AIENT,  n.    Tlie  act  of  insulting.  [JVot 

«,«•</.]  Shak. 
IN-SOME',  V.  t.  insumo.] 

To  take  in.    [.\'ut  \i.ied.]  F.cehjn. 
IN-SU-PER-A-BIL'f-TY,  ».   [Uom  insuperable.}  The 

quality  of  beins;  insuperable. 
IN-SO'PEK-A-BLE,  a.    [L.  insuperabilis  ;  m  and  su- 

perabUis,  from  supcro,  to  overcome  or  surp.iss.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  overcome  or  surmounted  ;  in- 
surmountable ;  as,  insuperable  dillicultics,  objections, 
or  obstacles. 

2.  That  can  not  be  passed  over. 

AnJ  mi.liilc  niuim's,  how  tht*y  loii*  to  )uiQ  I 

Yd  never  p.\!w  the  irtguperabte  line.  P-7X. 

The  latter  applicatitm  is  unusual.  This  word  is 
rarely  or  never  used,  in  reference  to  an  enemy,  in 
the  sense  of  ineincible  or  uticotiiptcrable.  We  do  imt 
say  that  troops  or  enemies  are  iitsupemble ;  but  the 
word  is  a|)plied  chielly  to  diliiculties,  objections,  ob- 
stacles, or  impeiliments. 

IN-SC'TER-A-BHO-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
insuperable  or  insurmountable. 

IN-f  0'PER-A-1!LY,  In  a  manner  or  degree  not 

to  be  overcome  ;  insurniouiitably.  Grew. 

IN-SL'P-I'oRT'A-BLE,  a.    [Er.  ih  and  supportable] 

1.  That  can  not  be  supported  or  borne;  as,  the 
weight  or  burden  is  insupportable. 

2.  That  can  nt)t  be  borne  or  endured  ;  insufferable  ; 
inttderablf.  We  say  of  heat  or  cold,  insult,  indig- 
nity, or  disgrace,  it  is  insupportable. 

IN-l<lJP-Pf)RT'A-I!LE-NE.><S,n.  The  quality  of  being 
insupportable  ;  insufferablcness  ;  the  state  of  being 
bi ycind  i  ndnrance.  Sidney. 

lN'-SLIl'-PoRT'.\-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  can  not  be  supported  or  endured.  Dnjdrn. 

IN-SUP-PREdS'I-BLE,  o.  Not  to  be  suppressed  or 
cimcealeil.  Younff. 

I.\-SUP-PRESS'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  can  not  be  supgiresscd  or  concealed. 

IN-SLfP-PRESS'lVE,  a.    Not  tending  to  suppress. 

Shak. 

IN-SOR'A-BLE,  (in-shur'a-bl,)  a.  [from  insure.]  That 
may  be  insured  against  loss  or  damage  ;  proper  to  be 
insured. 

Tlie  Frencli  law  ninmti  the  I.ittcr  policies  so  ^  a«  lliey  cxMstl 
th?  insurable  iiil>-n-st  whicli  reinoincil  iu  the  iiuurcd  nl  Uie 
lime  ot  the  aulecription  lln  rcof.  Waish. 

IN-S0R'A:^CE,  (in-shiir'ans,)  n.   [from  injure]  The 
act  of  insuring  or  assuring  against  loss  or  damage  ; 
or  a-<ontract  by  which  t)ne  engages  ft)r  a  stipulated 
consideraliim  or  premium  per  cent,  to  make  up  a  loss 
which  aniither  may  sustain.    Insurance  is  usually 
made  on  gooils  or  property  e.\posed  to  uncommon 
hazard,  or  on  lives.  . 
2.  The  premium  paid  for  insuring  property  or  life. 
Insurance  company ;  acoin))any  or  corporation  whose 
business  is  to  insure  against  loss  or  tlamaiie. 
L\-S0R'AN-C;ER,  «.    An  underwriter.    [J\r,it  in  use.] 

R.  Blair. 

IN-SORE',  (in-shure',)  v.  i.  [in  and  sure.  The  French 
use  assurer.] 

1.  To  make  sure  or  secure  ;  as,  to  insure  safety  to 
any  one. 

2.  To  contract  or  covenant,  for  a  consideration,  to 
secure  a  person  against  loss  ;  or  to  engage  to  indem- 
nify another  for  the  loss  of  any  specified  properly,  at 
a  certain  stipulatt-d  rate  per  cent.,  called  a  premium. 
The  properly  usually  insured  is  such  as  is  exposed  to 
e\lrat>rdinary  ha/.ard.  'J^lms  the  merchant  insures 
his  ship  or  its  cargo,  or  both,  against  the  dangers  of 
the  sea  ;  houses  are  insured  against  fire  ;  sometimes 
ha/.ardtius  tiebts  are  insured^  and  sotneliines  lives. 

IN-SC'RE',  r.  i.  To  underwrite;  to  practice  making 
insurance.  This  company  insures  at  three  par  cent., 
or  at  a  low  premium, 

IN-SOR'fl),  {iii-shurd',)  pp.  or  a.  .Made  sure;  as- 
sured ;  secured  airainsl  loss. 

l.N-^C'R'ER,  (in-shur'er,)  n.  One  who  insures  ;  the 
p<:rson  who  contracts  to  pay  the  losses  of  another  for 
a  prnniiiin  ;  an  underwriter. 

IN-SUR'OENT,  a.  [L.  insur^ens;  in  and  surgo^  to 
rise.] 

Rising  in  opposition  to  lawful  civil  or  political  au- 
thority; as,  iB,«uriffn(  chiefs.  Stephens. 
I.N'-Sl'R'CiEN'T,  n.    A  person  who  rises  in  opposition 
to  civil  or  political  authority  ;  one  who  openly  and 


I N  T 

actively  resists  the  execution  of  laws.    [See  I.isi  r- 

HECTIOn.] 

An  I^isunrtENT  differs  from  a  REnr.!*.  The  insnrfrent 
opposes  the  execution  of  a  particular  law  or  laws  ; 
the  rebel  attempts  to  ovt^rthrow  or  change  the  govern- 
ment, or  he  revolts,  and  attempts  to  place  his  coun- 
try uiitler  another  jurisdiction.  All  rebels  are  iiisurff- 
ents,  but  all  insurgents  are  not  rebels. 

IN-SOR'ING,  (in-shur'ing.)  ppr.  Making  secure  ;  as- 
suring against  loss  ;  engaging  to  indemnify  for  losses. 

IN-SUR-.MOirXT'A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  insurmontable.  See 

SunMOUNT.] 

1.  Insuperable  ;  that  can  not  be  surmounted  or 
overctune  ;  as,  an  insurmountable  difficulty,  obstacle, 
or  impediment. 

2.  Not  to  be  surmounted  ;  not  to  be  passed  by  as- 
cending; as,  an  insurmountable  wall  or  rampart. 

IN-SUR-iMOUNT'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 

not  to  be  overcome. 
IN-SUH-RECTION,  n.    [L.  nisiir^-o  ;  in  and  surgo,  to 

rise.  J 

1.  A  rising  against  civil  or  political  authority;  the 
open  and  active  opposition  of  a  number  of  per.stms 
to  the  execution  of  law  in  a  city  or  state.  It  is  equiv- 
alent to  Sedition,  except  that  sedition  expressesa  less 
extensive  rising  of  citizens.  It  differs  from  Rebellion, 
for  the  latter  expresses  a  revt>lt,  or  an  attemjit  to  over- 
throw the  government,  to  establish  a  different  one,  or 
to  place  the  country  under  another  juristlictiou.  It 
differs  from  Mutiny,  as  it  respects  the  civil  or  political 
govornment ;  whereas  a  vtutiny  is  an  open  tipposititni 
tt)  law  in  the  army  or  navy.  Insurrection  is,  how- 
ever, used  with  such  latitude  as  to  comprehend  either 
sedition  or  rebellion. 

It  is  found  Ihnt  this  city  of  oltl  time  hath  m.i(le  insurreetion 
ug^iinst  kings,  nnil  tlmt  rebellion  and  sedition  luave  Ijccu 
niiije  theivin.  —  Eira  iv. 

2.  A  rising  in  mass  to  oppose  an  enemy.  [Little 
used.] 

IN-SUR-REe'TrON'-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  insiirrec- 
titm  ;  consisting  in  "insurrection.  J3m.  Rev. 

IN-SUR-REe'TION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  or  suit.able 
to  insurrertion.  Burke. 

IN-SUK-REe'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  favors  insur- 
rection. 

IN-SUS-CEPT-I-RII.'I-TY,  n.  [from  insiLxceptible.] 
Want  of  susceptibility,  or  capacity  to  feci  or  perceive. 

Med.  Repos. 

IN-SUS-CEPTT-BLE,  a.     [in  and  su.fceptible.]  Not 
susceptible  ;  cot  capable  of  being  moved,  affected,  or 
impressed  ;  as,  a  limb  insusceptible  of  pain  ;  a  heart 
insusceptible  of  pity. 
2.  Not  capable  of  receiving  or  admitting. 
IN-SUS-UR-Ri'TION,  n.    [L.  insusnrro.] 
The  act  of  whispering  into  something. 
IN-TA€T',  a.  Untouched. 

IN-TAeT'A-BI.E,  a.  [L.  intactum  ;  in  and  factum, 
langn,  to  touch.] 

Not  perceptible  to  the  touch.  Diet. 
IN-TAGL'Ia  TED,  (in-tarya-ted,)  o.  [See  Intaolio.] 

Engraved  or  stamped  t)n.  Warton. 
IN-TAUL'IO,  (in-tal'yo,)  ?i.    [It.,  from  intagliare,  lo 
carve  ;  in  and  tmrliare,  to  cut,  I'r.  (ai7(fr.] 

Literally,  a  cutting  or  engraving  ;  hence,  any  thing 
engraved,  or  a  precious  stone  with  a  lie.id  or  an  in- 
scription cut  in  or  hollowed  ouL    It  is  the  opposite  of 
a  (>AMEo.  .Addison. 
IN-TA.N'CI-BEE,  a.  [in  and  tann-iMc]    That  can  not 
or  may  not  be  touched.  Ifilkins. 
2.  Not  perceptible  to  the  touch. 
A  coqiurvtiun  is  an  nrtiftcial,  invisUe,  jrilan^/«  bein?. 

MarthaU, 

I\.TAN'GI-BI,E-NEF!S,  )  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 

I.\-T \N-CiI-BII/I-TY,    i  tangible. 

IN-TA.\'<5I  BI,Y,  adv.    So  as  to  be  intangible. 

IN-T.\ST'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  tastahle,  ta.iU.]  Th.it 
can  not  be  tasted  ;  that  can  not  affect  the  organs  of 
taste.  OreiD. 

IN'TE  tSER,  n.  [L.  See  Entire.]  The  whole  of 
any  thing  ;  particularly,  in  arithmetic,  a  whole  num- 
ber, in  contradistinction  to  a  fraction.  Thus,  in  the 
number  51.7,  in  decimal  arithmetic,  54  is  an  integer, 
and  7  a  fraction,  or  seven  tenths  of  a  unit. 

IN'TE-GRAL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  integer.]  Whole;  en- 
tire. 

A  IocaI  motion  keepelh  bodies  integral.  Bacon. 

Q.  Making  part  of  a  whole,  or  nccess.arj'  to  make 
a  whole. 
;).  Not  fractional. 

4.  Uninjured  ;  complete  ;  not  defective.  Haider. 

Inteirrat  calculus.    See  Cai.cuh;s. 

Integral  molecules ;  the  smallest  particles  into  which 
a  biMly  can  be  supposed  to  be  divided  by  mechanical 
mean's.  Olmsted, 
IN'TE-GR.M,,  n,    .\  whole;  an  entire  thing. 

2.  In  mathematics.    See  DitFERLNTiAL  and  Cal- 

CfLlJS. 

IN-TE-GRAL'I-TY,  71.    Entircness.    [J^ot  used.] 

IVhitaJicr. 

IN'TE-GR.VL-LY,  mtr.   Wholly  ;  completely. 

Whitaker. 

I.N'TE-GRANT,  a,  M.iking  p.art  of  a  whole  ;  neces- 
sary to  constitute  an  entire  thing.  Burke. 


INT 

Integrant  parts  or  particles  <if  hotlics,  are  those  into 
which  bodies  are  n;(iuced  by  mechanical  division,  as 
distinct  from  elementary  or  constituent  purttctes. 

Brande. 

IN'TE  GRATE,  v.  t.    (L.  intrgro.] 

To  renew  ;  to  restore  ;  to  perfect ;  to  make  a  thing 

entire.  South. 
IN'TE  GRS-TEI),  pp.    M.ade  entire. 
hV'TE  (iltA-TlNt;,  ppr.    .Making  entire. 
I.V-TE  (iRA'TION,  «.    The  act  of  making  entire. 
IN-TEG'RI-TY,  n.    [Fr.  integrity  L.  inUgntas,  from 

integer.] 

1.  Wholeness;  cntireness ;  unbroken  state.  The 
constitution  of  the  United  Suites  guaranties  to  each 
state  the  integrity  of  its  territories.  The  contracting 
parties  guarantied  the  integrity  of  the  empire. 

2.  The  entire,  unimpaired  slate  of  any  thing,  par- 
ticularly of  tl^e  mil  il  ;  moral  soundness  or  purity  ; 
incorrnptness  ;  uprightness  ;  honesty.  Integrity  com- 
prehends the  whole  moral  character,  but  ha.s  a  special 
reference  to  u|)riglitness  in  mutual  dealings,  transfers 
of  property,  and  agen  ;ies  for  others. 

The  inoml  ^r.mdcur  ol  independent  integrity  is  the  sublimest 
tiiin;^  ni  niitim*,  tx-lore  which  the  pomp  «I  K.tslern  niAfnifi- 
cence  imd  the  splenilor  of  coiKjuest  are  wlioiis  ns  wdl  na 
perishftble.  Buchnintler. 

3.  Purity  ;  genuine,  unadulterated,  unimpaired 
state  ;  as,  the  intesritn  of  l.'iiigiiage. 

IN-TEG-q-:M.A'TION,  n.    [I,,  inlego,  to  cover.] 

That  part  of  pliysiology  which  treats  of  the  integ- 
uments of  animals  and  plants.  Encyc. 

IN-TEG'U-.MK.\T,  n.  [L.  inlegumcntum,  intego,  to 
cover  ;  in  and  tego.    See  Deck.] 

That  which  naturally  invests  or  covers  another 
thing  ;  but  appropriately  and  chief  y,  in  anatomy,  a 
covering  wliicli  invests  the  body,  as  the  skin,  or  a 
membrane  that  invc^sts  a  jiarliciilar  jiart.  'I'he  skin 
of  seeds  and  the  sliells  of  crust.aeeous  animals  are 
denominated  integuments.  Kncyc. 

IN-TEG-i;-.M  E.NT' A-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  or  composed 
of  integumi^nts. 

IN'TEL-LECT,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  intellectus,  from  intel- 
ligo,  to  understand.    See  Intellioeice.] 

That  faculty  of  the  human  soul  or  mind  which  re- 
ceives or  comprehends  the  ideas  coiiinmnicated  to  it 
by  the  senses,  or  by  perception,  or  by  other  means  ; 
the  faculty  of  llliiiliiiig  ;  ollierwise  called  the  Unoek- 
9TANDING.  A  dear  /wfc/Zrcf  receives  and  entertains 
the  same  ideas  which  another  communicates  with 
perspicuity. 

IN-TKL-Llie'TION,  71.  [Fr.,  from  I,,  intellcclio,  from 
inteltigo.] 

The  act  of  understanding  ;  simple  apprehension  of 
ideas.  Bcntley. 
IN-TEL-LECT'IVE,  a.    [Fr.  iutellcctif.] 

1.  Having  power  to  iinderstanil.  Olanrille. 

2.  Produced  by  the  nndoistanding.  Harris. 

3.  To  be  perceived  by  the  understanding,  not  by 
the  senses.  Milton. 

IN-TEL-LECT'IT-AI,,  a.    [Fr.  intcllectuel.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  intellect  or  understanding;  be- 
longing to  the  minil  ;  performed  by  the  understand- 
ing; mental;  as,  intellectuai  powers  wr  operations. 

2.  Ideal ;  pi  rceived  by  the  intellect ;  existing  in 
the  understanding;  as,  an  intellectual  scene.  Pope. 

3.  Having  the  power  of  understanding ;  as,  an  I'n- 
tellcctuol  being. 

4.  Relating  to  the  understanding;  treating  of  the 
mind  ;  as,  inlelleclual  philosophy,  now  sometimes 
called  mental  philosophy. 

IN-TEL-I.EeT'U-AL,  n.  The  intellect  or  understand- 
ing.   [LiUlcusrd.]  Milton. 

IN-TEL-LEGT'lT-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  overrates  the 
understanding.  Bacon. 

IN-TEL-LEeT-(:-AL'I-TY,  71,  The  state  of  intellec- 
tual power.    [Aut  used.]  Ilalliwell. 

IN-TEl.-LEeT'U-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  the  un- 
derstanding. 

IN-TEL'LI-GENCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  intelligentia, 
from  intellign,  to  iinderstiiiid.  This  verb  is  proba- 
bly composed  of  ih,  inter,  or  inlus,  within,  and  lego, 
to  collect.  The  primary  sense  of  understand  is  gen- 
erally to  take  or  liold,  as  we  say,  to  take  one's  ideas 
or  meaning.] 

1.  Understanding  :  skill.  Spenser. 

2.  Notice  ;  information  communicated  ;  an  account 
of  tilings  disUint  tir  before  unknown.  Intelligence  m:iy 
be  transinitti'il  by  messengers,  by  letters,  by  signals, 
or  by  telegraphs. 

3.  Couiinerce  of  acquaintance  ;  terms  of  inter- 
course. Good  intelligence  between  men  is  harmony. 
So  we  say,  there  is  a  good  understanding  between 
persons  when  they  have  the  same  views,  or  are 
free  from  discord. 

4.  /\  spiritual  being  ;  as,  a  created  intelligence.  It 
is  believed  that  the  universe  is  peopled  with  innu- 
meniblc  siiOiTior  intelligences. 

IN-TEE'I,I-GENUE,  r.  t  'j'o  infonn  ;  to  instrucU 
[Little  used.] 

IN-TEL'LI-GENU-ED,  (in-iel'le-jenst,)  pp.  Informed  ; 
instructed.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

IN-TEL'Ll-GENChM)F'FICE,  11.  An  office  or  place 
where  informal  ion  may  be  obtained,  particularly  re- 
specting servants  to  be  hired. 


TPNE,  BJJLU.  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


77 


ZZ 


613 


INT 

lX-TEL'L[-GEN-CEIi,  n.   One  who  sends  or  conveys 
iiilellitrence  ;  one  who  gives  notice  of  private  or  dis- 
tant transactions ;  a  messenger.    Bacon,  ^^ddisoti, 
2.  A  public  paper;  a  newspaper. 

IN-TEL'LI-GEX-CING,  jipr.  or  a.  Giving  or  fonvey- 
ing  notice  t  i  or  from  a  distance. 

Ii\-TEL'LI-GE.V'l',  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  intrUnreiis.] 

1.  Endowed  witli  the  faculty  of  understanding  or 
rensijn.    .Man  is  an  intelti^eut  being. 

2.  Knowing  ;  understanding  ;  well  informed  ; 
skilled  ;  as,  an  ivlelthrrnt  officer ;  an  iiitrlli^ent 
young  man  ;  an  iiitdliircnt  architect  ;  sometimes 
followed  by  /'/;  as,  inldlitrent  of  seasons.  Milton. 

3.  Giving  information.    [JJ'ot  used,  nor prop(T.'\ 

Shak. 

IN-TEI,-LI-GEN'TL\L,  a.  Consisting  of  unbodied 
mind. 

Pooi  alike  those  pure 
InteUigenli/U  sultelanct-s  require.  Milton. 

2.  Intellectual ;  exercising  understanding. 

Milton. 

IX-TEL'LI-GENT-LY,  adv.  In  an  intelligent  man- 
ner. 

IN-TEL-LI-Gl-BIL'I-TY,    )  n.     [from  intelligible.] 

IN-TEL'LI-GI-RLE-NESS,  i  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  intelligible;  the  possibility  of  being  under- 
stood. Lockr.  Tookc. 

IN-TEL'Lt-GI-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  intelli^^ibUis.] 
That  may  be  understood  or  comprehended  ;  as,  an 
infllig-iblc  account.    The  rules  of  human  duty  are 
iniellitrible  to  minils  of  the  smallest  capacity. 

IN-TEL'LI-GI-BLY,  adt\  In  a  manner  to  be  under- 
stood ;  clearly  ;  plainly ;  as,  to  w  rite  or  speak  intelli- 
aibhi. 

IX-TEM'ER-ATF,,  a.    [L.  inUmtratwi.] 
Pure  ;  undefiled.    [J^'ot  in  inc.] 

IN-TE.M'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unpollu- 
ted.   [JVff  uncd.]  Donne. 

IN-TE.Vl'PER-A-MENT,  n.  [in  and  temperament.]  A 
bad  state  or  constitution  ;  as,  the  intemperamcnt  of  an 
ulcerated  part.  Harvey. 

IN-TE.M'PER-ANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  intcmper- 
antia.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  want  of  moderation  or  due 
restraint;  excess  in  any  kind  of  action  or  indul- 
gence ;  any  exertion  of  body  or  mind,  or  any  indul- 
gence of  appetites  or  passions  which  is  injurious  to 
the  person  or  contrary  to  morality  ;  as,  intemperance 
in  study  or  in  labor,  in  eating  or  drinking,  or  in  any 
other  gratification.  Hence,  appropriately  and  ein- 
pluLticaUij, 

2.  Habitual  indulgence  in  drinking  spirituous  li- 
quors, with  or  without  into.iication. 

SliouIJ  a  fon^ifl^i  .irmy  ]aiHl  on  our  shores,  to  levy  such  a  t.ix 
upon  us  as  interiipemnce  levk-s — no  mortal  power  coulil 
resist  the  swelling  tide  of  indiffnalioa  that  would  over- 
whelm it.  L.  Btecher. 

IN-TEM'PER-ATE,  a.  [L.  intemperatus ;  in  and  tem- 
peratas,  from  tempera,  to  moderate  or  restrain.] 

1.  Not  moderate  or  restrained  within  due  limits; 
induljring  to  excess  any  appetite  or  passitm,  either  ha- 
bitually or  in  a  particular  instance;  immoderate  in 
enjoyment  or  exertion.  A  man  may  be  intemperate 
in  passion,  intemperate  in  labor,  intemperate  in  study 
or  zeal.  Hence,  by  customary  .'ip]>Iication,  intemper- 
ate denotes  indulging  to  excess  tii  the  use  of  foot!  or 
drink,  but  particularly  in  the  use  of  spirituous  li- 
quors. Hence, 

2.  Addicteil  to  an  excessive  or  habitual  use  of  spir- 
ituous lupiiirs. 

3.  Pa-ssionate  ;  ungovernable.  Skak. 

4.  Excessive;  exceeding  the  convenient  mean  or 
degree ;  as,  an  intemperate  climate,  yhe  weather 
may  be  rendered  int'  mpcrnte  by  violent  winds,  rain, 
or  snow,  or  bv  excessive  cold  or  hi^at. 

IN-TE.\1'I'ER-ATE,  v.  t.    To  disorder.    [JVof  in  use.] 

Whilakrr. 

IN-TE.M'PER-.\TE-LY,  flrfi'.  With  excessive  indul- 
gence of  appetite  or  passion  ;  with  undue  cxer- 
ti<tn  ;  iniiuoderatelv  ;  excessively. 

I.\-TE.M'PER-ATE-NESS,  n.  VVant  of  moderation  ; 
excessive  degree  of  indulgence  ;  as,  the  intcmperati^ 
nesH  of  appetite  or  passion, 

2.  Immoderate  degree  of  any  quality  in  the  weath- 
er, as  in  cold,  heal,  or  storms. 

I.\-TEM'PER-A-TI;KE,  n.    Excess  of  some  quality. 

IN-TE.M-PEfiT'IVE,  a.    [L.  inlcmpestious.] 

Uniiinely.    [Aol  u.ied.]  Burton. 

I.N  TEM  PErfT'lTE-LY,  adv.  Unseasonably.  [JVu< 
used.] 

IN-TE.M-PES-TIV'I-TY,  n.  Untimeliness.  [M\,t 
wted.  I 

IN-TE.\'A-ni.E,  a.  [in  and  tenable.]  That  can  not 
be  held  or  mainlain>;d  ;  that  is  not  defen?"-'  .!»,  an 
intenable  opinion  ;  an  intenablc  fortress.  Warburton. 

[IJsTE.SAiii.E,  though  not  nujre  proper,  is  more 
generally  used.] 
IN-TEM)',  r.  (.    [\,.intrndo;  in  and  (cii>/o,  to  stretch 
or  Ktrain,  from  trnnr,  (Jr.  tmk.),  to  stretch.] 

I.  To  Hirelch  ;  to  strain  ;  to  extend  ;  to  distend. 

By  Uiis  lite  luii^i  are  intenltd  or  remitied.  llatt. 

[Thig  literal  getue  is  now  uncommon.] 

9.  To  mean  ;  to  design  ;  to  purpose ;  that  is,  to 


INT 

stretch  or  set  forward  in  mind.  [Ttiis  is  now  the 
usual  sense.] 

For  they  intended  evil  against  thee.  —  Ps.  xii. 

3.  To  regard  ;  to  fix  the  mi.id  on ;  to  attend  ;  to 
take  care  of. 

Having  no  children,  she  did  with  singular  care  and  tenderness 
intend  llie  education  of  Philip.  Bacon. 

[This  use  of  the  word  is  now  obsolete.  We  now 
use  Tend  and  Superintend,  or  Regahd.] 

4.  To  enforce;  to  make  intense.  Brown. 
IN-TEND'A\-CV,  n.    The  office  or  employment  of 

an  intendant,  or  the  district  comuiitted  to  his 
IN-TE.\D'A.\T,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  intendo.]  [charge 

1.  One  who  has  tU<;  charge,  oversight,  direction, 
or  management  of  some  public  business  ;  as,  an  in- 
tendant  of  marine ;  an  intendant  of  finance  ;  a  word 
much  used  in  France,  and  sometimes  in  England  and 
America  ;  but  we  generally  use  in  lieu  of  it  Super- 
intendent. 

2.  In  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  the  mayor  or 
chief  municipal  officer  of  the  city. 

IN-TEND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Designed;  purposed;  as, the 
insult  was  intended, 

a.  Stretched  ;  made  intense.       [Little  used.] 

IN-TEND'ED-LY,  adv.  With  purpose  or  intention  ; 
by  design.  Milton. 

IN-TEND'ER,  ji.    One  who  intends. 

IN-TEND'I-.MEXT.  n.  Attention;  understanding; 
consideration.  [OJj.l 

IN-TEND'ING,  ppr.  Meaning  ;  designing  ;  purpos- 
ing. 

2.  Stretching;  distending.    [Little  used.] 
IN-TEi\I)'AlE.\T,  71.    [Fr.  entendement,  with  a  sense 
somewhat  diflV-rent.] 

Intention  ;  design  ;  in  law,  the  true  meaning  of  a 
person  or  of  a  law,  or  of  any  legal  instrument.  In 
the  construction  of  statutes  or  of  contracts,  the  in- 
tendment of  the  same  is,  if  possible,  to  be  ascertained, 
that  is,  the  true  meaning  or  intention  of  the  legisla- 
tor or  contracting  party. 
IN-TEN'ER-ATE,  v.  t.  [L.  in  and  tener,  tender.] 
To  make  tender ;  to  soften. 

Autumn  viffor  gives 
Equal,  inteneraling,  rnllliy  griin.  Philips. 

IN-TEN'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Made  tender  or  soft. 

IN-TE.\'ER-A-Tli\(l,  ppr.    Jlaking  tender. 

IN-TEN-ER-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  making  soft  or 
tender  ;  the  state  of  being  made  tender.  Bacon. 
[iNTENEBATE  and  its  derivatives  are  little  used.] 

IN-TEN'I-I5LE,  a.    That  can  not  hold.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

IN-TENS'aTE,  v.  i.  To  make  intense,  or  more  in- 
tense. 

IX-TENS'A-TING,  ppr.  Making  intense,  or  more  in- 
tense. 

IN-TEN.SE',  a.    [L.  intensns,  from  intendo,  to  stretch.] 

1.  jLi((Ta/;i/,  strained,  stretched  ;  hence,  very  close, 
strict,  as  when  the  mind  is  fixed  or  bent  on  a  partic- 
ular subject ;  as,  inteitsc  study  or  applictttion ;  intense 
thought. 

2.  Raised  to  a  high  degree  ;  violent ;  vehement ; 
as,  intense  heat. 

3.  Very  severe  or  keen  ;  as  intense  cold. 

4.  Vehement;  ardent;  as,  intense  phrases  in  lan- 

5.  Extreme  in  degree.  [guage. 
Tlic  doclriiie  of  the  atonement  supposeit  tfiat  the  sins  of  men  were 

so  laid  on  Christ,  that  his  sullerings  wtre  inconceivahly  iri- 
tense  and  overwhelming.  o.  E.  Dmght, 

6.  Kept  on  the  stretch ;  anxiously  attentive ;  op- 
posed to  Remiss.  Milton. 

IN-TEN'SE'LY,  adv.  To  an  extreme  degree;  vehe- 
mently; as,  a  furnace  intensehj  heaXei;  weather  in- 
tenselij  coltl. 

2.  Attentively  ;  earnestly.  Spenser. 
IN-TENSE'NESS,  n.   The  state  of  being  strained  or 
stretcheil ;  intensity  ;  as,  the  intensene.<s  of  a  ctird. 

2.  The  state  of  being  raised  or  concentrated  to  a 
great  degree  ;  extreme  violence ;  as,  the  intcnsenc-ss 
of  heat  or  cold. 

3.  I'xtreme  closeness  ;  as,  the  intcnseticss  of  study 
or  thought. 

IN-TENS'I  VT-EY),pp.    Made  more  intense. 
IN TENS'I         V.  I.    To  reiidi  r  more  intense.  Bacon. 
ir\-'l'i;.\S'M'?-ING,  ppr.    Reiuluriiig  more  intense. 
IN-TEX'.'^ION,  ;i.    [I,,  intensio.] 

1.  A  straining,  stretching, or  bending  ;  the  state  of 
being  strained  ;  as,  the  intension  of  a  musical  string. 

2.  Increase  of  powiT  or  energy  of  any  quality  ;  op- 
poseil  to  Remission. 

IN-TENS'l-TY,  „.    [Fr.  inten.iilif.] 

1.  The  st.ate  of  being  strained  or  stretched  ;  in- 
tenseness,  as  of  a  musical  cord. 

2.  The  state  of  being  rniseil  to  a  great  degree  ;  ex- 
treme violenct; ;  as,  the  intensity  of  heal. 

3.  Extreme  closen<;ss  ;  as,  i/ttr/i.vi/i/ of  application. 

4.  Excess  ;  extreme  degree  ;  as,  the  intensity  of 
cuilt.  Burke. 

IN-TEi\.'^'l Vi;,n.  Stretched, or  ailniitting of cxtcn.siiui. 

2.  Intent  ;  unremittetl  ;  assiduous  ;  as,  int.en,Hve 
circiiiiispection.  Ifotton. 

3.  Serving  to  give  force  or  emphasis  ;  as,  an  intcn- 
nire  particle  or  preposilion. 

IN-TE.\S'I  VE-EY,  adv.  By  increase  of  degroo  ;  in  a 
manner  to  give  force.  BramhaU. 


INT 

IN-TENT',  a.  [L.  inUntas,  from  intendo.  See  In- 
tend.] 

Literally,  having  the  mind  strained  or  bent  on  an 
object ;  hence,  fixed  closely  ;  sedulously  applied  ; 
eager  in  pursuit  of  an  object;  anxiously  diligent; 
formerly  with  <o,  but  now  with  on;  as,  intent  on  busi- 
ness or  pleasure ;  intenl  on  the  acquisition  of  sci- 
ence. 

Be  intent  and  solicitous  to  take  up  the  meaning  of  the  speaker. 

Walls. 

IN-TENT',  n.  Literally,  the  stretching  of  the  mind 
toward  an  object ;  hence,  a  design  ;  a  purpose  ;  in- 
tention;  meaning;  drift;  aim;  applied  to  persons  or 
things. 

The  principal  inlffnl  of  Scripture  is  to  deliver  the  laws  of  duties 

supernatural.  Hooker. 
I  ask,  therefore,  for  what  intent  ye  have  sent  for  me.  —  Acta  x. 

To  all  intents;  in  all  senses ;  whatever  may  be  de- 
signed. 

lie  was  imserahle  to  all  intents  and  purposes.  L'Estrange. 
IN-TEN'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  inlmtio.     See  In- 
tend.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  stretching  or  bending  of  the  mind 
toward  an  otiject ;  hence,  uncommon  exertion  of  the 
intellectual  faculties ;  closeness  of  application  ;  fi.x- 
edncss  of  attention  ;  earnestness. 

Intention  is  when  the  mind,  with  great  eantestness,  and  of  choice, 
fixes  its  view  on  any  idea,  considers  it  on  every  side,  anil 
will  not  be  called  off  by  tiie  orxlinary  solicitation  nf  other 
idnas.  Locke. 

2.  Design;  purpose;  the  fixed  direction  of  the 
mind  to  a  particular  object,  or  a  determination  to  act 
in  a  particular  manner.  It  is  my  intention  to  proceed 
to  Paris. 

3.  End  or  aim  ;  the  object  to  be  accomplished. 

In  chronicid  distempers,  the  principal  intention  is  to  restore  the 
tone  of  the  solid  parts.  Arbutknot. 

4.  The  state  of  being  strained.    [See  Intension.] 

5.  In  surgery,  a  wounil  is  saiil  to  heal  by  the  first 
intention,  when  it  cicatrizes  without  suppuration. 

Dunglison. 

IN-TEN'TION-AL,  a.  Intended  ;  designed  ;  done 
with  design  or  parjwse.  The  act  was  intciuional, 
not  atcidental. 

IN-TEN'TION-AL-LY,  adv.  By  design  ;  of  purpose ; 
not  casually. 

IN-TEN'TION-£D,  in  composition  ;  a.s,  well-inten- 
tioned, having  good  designs,  honest  in  purpose  ;  ill- 
intentiiined,  having  ill  designs.      Mdnrr.    Ch.  Obs. 

IN-TENT'I  VE,  a.  Attentive ;  having  the  mind  closely 
applied.  Bacon. 
[This  word  is  nearly  superseded  by  .Attentive.] 

IN-TENT'IVE-LY,  ado.  Closely  ;  with  close  applica- 
tion. Bp.  Hall. 

IN-TENT'IVE-NESS,  n.  Closeness  of  attention  or 
application  of  mind.  fV.  Muuntagu. 

IN-TENT'LY,  adv.  With  close  attention  or  applica- 
tion ;  with  eagerness  or  earnestness;  as,  the  mind 
intently  directed  to  an  object ;  the  eyes  intently  fixed  ; 
the  man  is  intently  employed  in  the  study  of  geology. 

IN-TENT'NESS,  «.  The  state  of  being  intent ;  close 
application  ;  constant  employment  of  the  mind. 

Swift. 

IN'TER  ;  a  I.atin  preposition,  signifyingtamoHo'  or  be- 
tween ;  used  as  ti  prefix. 

IN-TER',  V.I.  [Fr.  enterrer;  en  and  terre,  L.  tcrri?, 
the  earth  ;  Sp.  enterrar:  It.  interrare.] 

1.  To  bury  ;  to  deposit  and  cover  in  the  earth  ;  as, 
to  inter  a  deail  animal  body. 

2.  To  cover  with  earth. 

But  it  is  tised  almost  exclusively  to  denote  the  de- 
positing and  covering  of  dead  animal  bodies. 
IN-TER-,\eT',  H.    [i«(cr  and  ac(.]    Intermediate  em- 
ployment or  time  ;  a  short  piece  between  others. 

Chesterfield. 

IN-TER-AC'TION,  n.    Intermediate  action.  /.  Taylor. 
Ii\-TEK-A'GEi\T,  71.    An  intermediate  agent.  Kirby. 
IN-TER-AM'M-AN,  a.    [L.  inter  and  amni.-s,  river.] 
Situated  betw'oen  rivers.  Bryant. 
IN-TEII-AN'I-.MaTE,  v.  t.    To  animate  niiitiially. 

[Little  used.]  Donne. 
IN-TER-.'vR-Tie'U-LAR,  n.     Being    between  the 

joints  or  articulation. 
IN-TER-HAS-TA'TIO.\,  n.    [Sp.  bastear,  to  baste.] 
Patchwork.    [jV«f  in  use.]  Smith. 
IN-TER'CA-LAR,     /  n.    [Fr.  iiifocn/nirc  :  I,,  iiiffrca- 
IN-TER'CA-I,A-UV,  i     larius ;  inter  and  ca/o,  to  call 

or  proclaim.] 

Inserted  or  introduced  in  the  midst  of  others  ;  as, 

an  intercalary  verse  ;  applied  particularly  to  the  uiltl 

day  iiiserti  d  in  leap-yetir.     The  twc  uly-nuith  of 

February  in  leap-year  is  called  the  intircalury  day. 

We  reati  ill  Etvv  of  an  interciilary  month. 
IN'TER-CAL-.\fE  or  IN-TKK'CAE-aTE,  r.  <.  [L. 

intrrcalo  ;  inter  and  calo.  to  call.] 
To  insert  an  extrtioiilinary  d.ay  or  other  portion  of 

time. 

IN'TER-CAL-S-TED  or  IN-TER'CAL-A-TED,  p/).  or 
ff.  liisertetl, 

IN'TER  CAE  S  TING  or  IN-TEU'eAE-A-TING,;v<r. 
Inserting. 

IN-'l'ER-CAI,-A'TION,  n.    [L.  intmalalio.] 

The  insertion  of  an  odd  or  extraordinary  day,  or 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  


614 


I 


INT 

otlicr  portion  of  time,  in  tho  rnlondar  ;  as,  tlie  29th 
of  Fi  biiiiuy  ill  li-np-year. 
IN-TER-C'P.I)E',  V.  i.    [L.  intrrccilo ;  inter  and  cedo ; 
lUrrulhi,  to  niovi.'  or  pass  between.] 

1.  To  pass  between. 

He  kujijumcs  thai  ii  vast  p'-riod  interceded  between  orij^na- 
tiuil  ivnil  the  ti^>  in  which  he  lived.  I^ale. 

2.  To  mediate  ;  to  interpose  ;  to  make  interces- 
sion ;  to  act  lietween  partie.s  with  a  view  to  recon- 
cile lluwe  wlio  ditrer  or  contend  ;  usually  followed 
by  with.  Calamy. 

3.  To  pleail  in  favor  of  one. 
1N-TE1{-("KI)'ICI),  J)/).    Mediated;  interposed. 
IN-TE15-C KD'ENT,  a.    Passing  between ;  mediating ; 

pleading  for. 

IN-TEK-Cicrt'ER,  n.  One  who  intercedes  or  inter- 
poses between  parties,  to  elTect  a  reconciliation  ;  a 
mediator  ;  an  intercessor. 

IN  TEli-CKD'INi;,  ;v>r.    ."Mediating;  pleading. 

I.\-TE|{-CEI/L(J-1.AK,  n.  Lying  between  the  cells 
or  elementarv  bladders,  as  of  plants.  P.  Cue. 

IN-TER-CEP'i"',  V.  t.  [Ft.  interceptcr  :  L.  intcrcrptiK, 
iHtercipiOf  to  stop  ;  inter  and  capio^  to  take.] 

1.  To  take  or  seize  on  by  the  way  ;  to  stop  on  its 
passage ;  as,  to  intercept  a  letter.  'I'lie  prince  was 
intercepted  at  Rome.  The  convoy  was  intercepted  by 
a  detachment  of  the  enemy. 

2.  To  obstruct  ;  to  stop  in  progress  ;  as,  to  intercept 
rays  of  light ;  to  intercept  the  current  of  a  river,  or  a 
course  of  proceedings. 

3.  To  slop,  as  a  course  or  passing  ;  as,  to  intercept 
a  course.  Dnjden. 

'1.  To  interrupt  communication  with,  or  progress 
towaril. 

While  storms  viiulictive  intercfpt  the  shore.  Pope, 
5.  To  take,  include,  or  c<unpreliend  between. 

Ri^ht  nsCJ'iiKiun  is  lui  arv  of  th"  '-qunlor,  reclioiiin^  toward  the 
e»sl,  iiiUrcejited  U-twe«ii  the  beginning  ol  Aries  nml  the 
point  of  tile  tHjuatur  whicli  rises  ut  the  winiu  time  Willi  tlic 
'  lun  or  star  in  a  right  spliere.  Bailey. 

I.N'-TRR-CEPT'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Taken  on  the  way ; 
seized  in  progress  ;  stopped ;  included  or  compre- 
hended bitweeii. 

IN-TER-CEI'  l"'Elt,  n.    One  who  intercepts. 

IN-TER-("KrT'l.\G,  ppr,  Seizing  on  its  passage; 
hindering  from  proceeding  ;  compreheniling  be- 
tween. 

IN-TER-CEP'TIOiN,  (-scp'shun,)  n.  The  act  of  seiz- 
ing something  on  its  passage  ;  a  stopping  ;  obstruc- 
tion of  a  course  or  proceeding  ;  hinderaiice. 

IVotton. 

IN-TER-CES'.^ION,  (  sesh'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
(crcwsin,  from  intercctlo.    See  Intercede.] 

1.  The  act  of  interceding ;  mediation  ;  interposi- 
tion between  parties  at  variance,  with  a  view  to 
reconciliatitm. 

2.  Prayer  or  solicitation  to  one  party  in  favor  of 
another,  sometimes  against  another. 

Your  iiUerctseion  now  is  needless  erown ; 
Ketire,  .mil  let  iiie  spe.^k  with  tier  alone.  Dryden. 
tie  l>on-  tie-  sin  of  many,  and  inude  tnkrcession  for  tiic  tratu* 
gn-ssurs.  —  Is.  liii. 

IN-TER-CES'SIOX-AL,  o.    Containing  intercession 

or  entreatv.  Encyc. 
IN-TER-i;Et*'SOR,  n.    [L.    See  Intercede.] 

1.  A  mediator  ;  one  who  interposes  between  par- 
ties at  variance,  with  a  view  to  reconcile  them  ;  one 
who  pleails  in  behalf  of  another.  Milton. 

2.  A  bishop,  who,  during  a  vacancy  of  the  see,  ad- 
ministers the  bishopric  till  a  successor  is  elected. 

Kncijc, 

IN-TER-CES-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  inter- 
cessor. 

IN-TER-CES'SO-RY,  a.  Containing  intercession  ; 
interceding. 

IN-TER-CHaIN',  ».  J.  [inter  and  cAain.]  To  chain ; 
to  link  together.  Shak. 

I.\-TER-CII.\I.\'^:i),  pp.    Chained  together. 

IN-TER-CHAIN'ING, ;);>r.  Chaining  or  fastening  to- 
gether. 

IN-TER-CHaX(5E',  r.  L    [inter  and  rhttnire.] 

1.  To  put  each  in  the  place  of  the  other ;  to  give 
and  take  mutually  ;  to  exchange  ;  to  reciprocate  ;  as, 
to  interduutge  places  ;  to  interc/utnire  cores  or  duties. 

I  sh.ill  interchange 
My  waned  sutc  for  Henry's  legitl  cruwn.  ShaJt. 

2.  To  succeed  alternately,  or  to  cause  alternation. 

Sidney. 

IX'TER-CH.^NGE,  n.  Mutual  change,  each  giving 
and  receiving;  exchange  ;  permutation  of  commodi- 
ties ;  barter  ;  as,  tile  intcrcltantrc  of  commodities  be- 
tween New  York  and  Liverpool. 

2.  Allern.ate  succession  ;  as,  the  inUrchange  of 
tight  and  darkness. 

Sweet  interchange 
Of  hill  and  T:Ul.  y,  rir,  n,  w  oods,  And  pLiins.  Miltan. 

3.  A  mutual  giving  and  receiving  ;  reciprocation  ; 
a.-",  an  interchanae  of  civilities  or  kind  offices. 

IN-TER-CIIX.NGE'A-ltLE,  a.  That  may  be  inter- 
changed ;  that  m.ay  be  uiven  and  taken  mutually. 

o  c  n  Bacon. 

2.  hollnwing  each  other  in  alternate  succession  ; 
as,  the  four  inttrehan^reahle  seasons.  Holder. 


INT 

IN-TERCIIA.NGE-A  lill/ITY,    in.     'ihe  state  of 
IN-TER-CllANCiE'A-ULE-NESS,  j        being  inter- 
cliaiigealile. 

L\-TER  CH.aNGE'A-IILY,  ado.  Alternately;  by  re- 
ciprocation i  in  a  manner  by  which  each  gives  and 
receives.  Jlookrr. 

IN-TER-CIISNG'£D,  pp.  Mutually  exchanged  ;  re- 
ciprocated. 

IN-TER.CHaNGE'ME.\T,  n.  Exchange;  mutual 
transfer,    [/.i/llr  ii.ied.]  SImk. 

IN-'i'ER-CHA.N'G'IiNf;,  ppr.  or  a.  Mutually  giving 
and  receiving  ;  taking  each  other's  place  successive- 
ly ;  reciprocating. 

I\-TER-CHAP'TER,  n.   An  interpolated  chapter. 

I.\-'i"ER-Ct'lJE.\T,  a.    [L.  intcrcidu.] 

Falling  or  ctiming  between.  Boyle. 

IN-TER-CIP'I-ENT,  a.    [L.  intcrcipiens.    See  Inteb- 

CEPT.] 

Intercepting;  seizing  by  the  way ;  stopping. 
IN-TER-C1P'I-E.\T,  «.    Ho  or  that  which  intercepts 

or  sto[is  on  llie  passage.  JVhtemnn. 
IN-TER-ClS'lON,  (in-tcr-sizh'un,)  n.    [L.  intercido  ; 
inter  and  c<rdo,  to  cut.] 

lnterrn|)tion.    [Little  uscd.^  Brown. 
IN-TER-CLOUE',  i).  t.  [L.  intcrchido  ;  inter  aiut  cludo, 
to  shut.] 

1.  To  shut  from  a  place  or  course  by  something  in- 
tervening; to  intercept.  Holder. 

2.  TociitolV;  to  interrupt.  jMilford. 
IN-TER-CLOD'ED.pp.    Intercepted;  intcrruiited. 
I.N-TER-CLCD'I.M;,  ppr.    Inti  rruiiting. 
IN-TKR-CLO'SIO.V,  «.    Interception  ;  a  stopping. 
lN-TER-eo-LUi«I-.\l-.\'TIO.\,  «.    [L.  inter  and  co- 

lumna,  a  column.] 

In  archilcctiirc,  the  clear  space  between  two  col- 
umns. Ily  the  mil's  of  the  an,  this  should  be  in  pro- 
portion to  the  hight  and  bulk  of  the  columns. 

F.ncyc. 

IN-TER-CO.AI'.MON,  v.  i.    [inter  and  common.] 

1.  To  feed  at  the  same  table.  Bacon. 

2.  To  gnize  cattle  in  a  common  pasture  ;  to  use  a 
common  with  others,  or  to  possess  or  enjoy  the  right 
of  feeding  in  common. 

Conuiioii  Ijecjiuse  of  vicinage,  is  wjiere  the  inhalntinta  of  two 
townships,  contiguous  lo  each  otiier,  have  ii^nlly  intercom^ 
moned  with  one  another.  lilackelone. 

IN-TEU-CO.-U'MON-AGE,  n.    Mutual  commonage. 

Jiobcrts. 

IN-TER-CGM'MON-ING,  ppr.  Feeding  at  the  same 
table,  or  using  a  common  pasture ;  enjoying  a  com- 
mon field  with  others. 

IN-TER-eOM-.M0'NI-e.\-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inii- 
tuallv  ciiniinunicated. 

Ii\-TER-eo.\l-Mu'NI-e.\TE,  v.  i.  [inter  and  eommu- 
nicate.]  To  coiiimuuicate  mutually  ;  to  hold  mutu.al 
CDininiinication. 

IN-TEU  eO.M-.MU-NI-eA'TION.n.  Reciprocal  com- 
miiiiieation. 

IN-TER-eO.M-MC.\'IO.\,  n.    [inter  and  communion.] 
Mutual  comiiiunioii  ;  as,  an  intercommunion  of  de- 
ities. Fuber. 
IN-TER-COM-MO'M-TY,  n.    [inter  and  community.] 
A  mutual  communication  or  community  ;  mutual 
freedom  or  exercise  of  religion  ;  as,  the  intcrcommu' 
jiitif  of  paizan  tlii'Ology.  Palry. 
IN-'I  ER-eOST'AI,,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  inter,  between, 
and  costa,  a  rib.] 

Placed  or  lying  between  the  ribs ;  as,  an  intercostal 
muscle,  artery,  or  vein.  f.ncyc. 
I.\-TER-eoST'AL,  h.    A  part  lying  between  the  ribs. 

Derluim. 

IN'TER-CSURSE,  n.  [L.  intcrcurstis,  inUrcarro ;  in- 
ter and  ciirrc,  to  run.] 

1.  /.ifcTO^;;/,  a  running  or  passing  between.  Hence, 

2.  Communication  ;  commerce  ;  connection  by  re- 
ciprocal dealings  between  persons  or  nations,  either 
in  common  all'airs  and  civilities,  in  trade,  or  corre- 
spondence by  letters.  We  have  an  intercourse  with 
neighbors  and  friends  in  miitn.-il  visits  and  in  social 
concerns ;  nations  and  individuals  have  vilercoiirse 
with  foreign  nations  or  individuals  by  an  interchange 
of  commodities,  by  purcliase  and  sale,  by  treaties, 
contracts,  &c. 

3.  Silent  communication  or  exchange. 

This  sweet  inUreourte 
Of  loolis  and  smiles.  Millon. 

IN-TER-eUR',  r.  i.    [L.  intrrcurro.] 

To  intervene;  to  come  in  the  mean  time.  [04*.] 

ShfltoH. 

IN-TER-eUR'RE.\'CE,  n.  [L.  inUreurreiw:,  intercurro.] 

A  p:issin2  or  running  between.  Boyle. 
I.N-TER-CL  R'RE.NT,  a.    [L.  intercurreiii.] 

1.  Running  between  or  among.  Boyle. 

2.  Occurring  ;  intervening.  Barrow. 
IN'-TER-eU-TA'i\E-OUS,  a.    [L.  infer  and  cutis,  the 

skin.] 

Iteing  within  or  under  the  skin. 

IN'TER-Dl"AL,  n.  [infer  and  dca/.]  Mutual  dealing ; 
traffic.    rOA.s-.]  Spcnaer. 

IN-TER-DE.\'TIL,  «.  The  space  between  two  den- 
tils, a  will. 

I.V-TER-I)E-PE\n'F\CE,  ii.    Mutu.al  dependence. 
IX-TER-DF.-P1;M)'ENT,  a.    Mutually  deiieiident.  I 


INT 

IN-TER-DICT',  0.  t.  [L.  interdieo,  iiUtrdictum;  inter 
and  dico,  to  speak.] 

1.  To  forbid  ;  to  prohibit.  .\n  act  of  congress  in- 
terdicted the  sailing  of  ves.sels  from  our  ports.  Our 
intercourse  with  foreign  nations  was  tnlrrdictrd. 

2.  To  forbid  communion  ;  to  rut  otT  from  the  en- 
joyment of  communion  with  a  church. 

All  iirchhishop  may  not  only  exroniinunicile  and  inttrdiet  his 
sullrajf.iiis,  hiil  his  vicae-general  may  do  the  same.  Ayl\ff'a. 

IN'TER-DICT,  n.    [L.  interdictum.] 

1.  Prohibilion  ;  a  prohibiting  order  or  tlerree. 
'2.  A  proliiliition  of  the  pope,  by  which  the  clergy 
are  restrained  from  performing  divine  service;  a  spe- 
cies of  ccclesi.istical  censure.    The  \m\x  has  some- 
times laid  a  whole  kingdom  under  an  intrrdict. 

3.  A  proliibitioii  of  the  pope,  by  which  persons  are 
restrained  from  attending  divine  service,  or  prevent- 
ed from  enjoving  some  privilege. 

IN-TER-I)ICT'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Forbidden  ;  prohibited. 
IN-TER-I)ICT  I.\(;,  ;i;,r.     Forbidding;  prohibiting; 

cutting  oir  from  the  eiijovmeiit  of  some  privilege. 
I.\-'J'KR-I)ie'T10.\,  H.    [Fr.,  from  I,,  intrrdictio.] 

Tlie  act  of  interdicting ;  prohibition;  prohibiting 
decree ;  curse.  Mdton.  S/iak. 

IN-TER-niCT'IVE,  a.    Having  power  to  prohibit. 

MUton. 

IN-TF,R-meT'0-RY,  a.    Serving  to  prohibit. 
Ii\-TER-E-aUI-NOC'TIAL,  a.    [inter  and  equinoi.] 
Coming  between  the  vernal  and  autumnal  equi- 
noxes.   [JVof  in  use.] 

Spring  and  nutunm  I  Tiave  denominated  equinoctial  periwis. 
bummer  oiitl  winter  1  have  called  iuteretfuinoctiai  inUTvaU. 

Itel/ourf  Atiat.  Hee. 

IN'TER-ESS,  for  IsTEnE<T,  is  obsolete. 
IN'TER-EST,  r.  t.     [Fr.  intercsser  ;  It.  interessare ', 
Sp.  inlere-sar ;  L.  inter  and  Crf.se.] 

1.  To  concern;  to  atlect ;  to  excite  emotion  or  pa.-;- 
sion,  usually  in  favor,  but  sometimes  against,  a  per- 
son or  tiling.  A  narration  of  siitl'ering  interests  us  in 
favor  of  the  sufferer ;  we  are  inlerc-itrA  in  the  story 
or  in  the  fate  of  the  snfl'crer ;  we  are  interested  to 
know  the  result,  issue,  or  event,  of  an  enterprise.  It 
is  followed  by  in  or  for.  We  are  interested  in  the 
narratiim,  but  for  the  sufferer. 

2.  To  give  a  share  in.  Christ,  by  bis  .atonement, 
has  intere.-ited  believers  in  the  blessings  of  the  cove- 
nant of  gr.ice. 

3.  To  have  a  share. 

We  are  not  all  interested  in  the  public  funds,  hut  we  arc  all 
interested  in  the  iiapjiineM  of  a  free  ^iveniment. 

4.  To  engage  ;  as,  to  ii:t£rest  one  in  our  favor. 

To  interest  one's  self,  is  to  take  a  share  or  con- 
cern in. 

IN'TEll-EST,  n.  Concern  ;  advantage  ;  good  ;  as, 
private  in(erc<f  ;  public  interest. 

Divisions  hiuder  tlie  common  interest  and  public  good. 

Tetnpte. 

2.  Influence  over  others.  They  had  now  lost  their 
interest  at  court. 

He  knew  his  interest  sulTiciciit  to  procure  the  otiice.  IiiUnl>ter. 

3.  Share;  portion;  part;  participation  in  value. 
He  has  parted  with  his  interest  in  the  stocks  ;  he  has 
an  interest  in  a  manufactory  of  cotton  goods. 

4.  Regard  to  private  profit. 

'Tis  interest  calls  olf  all  her  sneaking  tnin.  Pope, 

5.  Premium  paid  for  the  use  of  money  ;  the  profit 
per  cent,  derived  fiiim  money  lent,  or  property  used 
by  niiotlier  person,  or  from  debts  remaining  unpaid. 
Commercial  states  have  a  legal  rate  of  interest ;  debts 
on  book  bear  an  interest  after  the  expiration  of  the 
credit  ;  courts  allow  interest  in  many  cases  where  it 
is  not  stipulated  ;  a  higher  rate  of  interest  than  that 
which  the  law  allows  is  called  usury. 

Simple  interest,  is  that  which  arises  from  the  princi- 
pal sum  only. 

Compound  interest,  is  that  whicli  arises  from  the 
principal  with  the  interest  added  ;  interest  on  in- 
terest. 

C.  Any  surplus  advantage. 

With  all  speed, 
Vou  shall  have  your  desires  wiUi  inUi-est.  Shak. 

[In  this  la-st  sense,  the  word  is  also  applicable  to 
injury  ;  as,  to  repay  a  blow  with  in(ere.sf.] 
IN'TER-EST-F.I),  pp.    Made  a  sharer  ;  as,  one  inter- 
ested ill  the  funds. 

2.  .Affected  ;  moved  ;  having  the  passions  excited  ; 
as,  one  interested  by  a  story. 

3.  a.  Having  an  interest ;  concerned  in  a  cause  or 
in  consei|uences  ;  liable  to  be  affected  ;  as,  an  inter- 
r.ttrd  witness. 

IN'TER-EST-IXG,  ppr.  Giving  a  sh.are  or  concern  ! 
as,  by  interestinir  one  in  a  voyage,  or  in  a  banking 
company. 

2.  Engaging  the  affections  ;  as,  by  interesting  a 
person  in  one's  favor. 

3.  a.  Engaging  the  attention  or  curitxiity  ;  exciting 
or  adapted  to  excite  emotions  or  passions ;  as,  an 
interestin;r  stoTV. 

IN-TER-Fa'CIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  Included  between  two 
faces.  An  inlerfaciai  angle  is  formed  by  the  mei'ing 
of  two  planes.  Dana. 


TCNE,  BULL,  y.MTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


G15 


I 


INT 

IN-TER-FkRE',  v.  L  [L.  inter  and  fcro,  to  beai-,  or 
ferio,  to  strike.] 

1.  To  interpose  ;  to  intermeddle  ;  to  enter  into  or 
talie  a  part  in  the  concerns  uf  olfiers.  It  is  prudence 
not  to  interfere  in  party  disputes  but  from  necessity. 

2.  To  clash  ;  to  conie  in  collision  ;  to  be  in  opposi- 
tion.   Tlie  claims  of  two  nations  may  interfere. 

3.  A  horse  is  said  to  interfere,  when  one  lioof  or 
shoe  strikes  against  the  fetlock  of  the  opposite  leg, 
and  breaks  the  skin  or  injures  tlie  fiesh.     Far  Diet, 

IN-'J'ER-Ki;R'i;D,;)p.    Interposed;  meddled. 

2.  Clashed. 

3.  Struck  one  foot  against  tlie  fetlock  of  the  oppo- 
site leg. 

IN-TER-FeR'ENCE,  71.    Interposition  ;  an  intermed- 
dling; mediation.  Biirlie, 
Q.  A  clashing  or  collision. 

3.  .\  striking  of  one  foot  against  the  othtr. 

4.  In  optics,  a  term  employed  to  denote  certain 
phenomena  which  result  from  the  mutual  action  of 
the  rays  of  lishl  on  each  other. 

IN-TER-FkR'EK,  h.    One  who  interferes. 
IN-TER-FkR'1.\G,  p;)r.    Interposing;  meddling. 

2.  Clashing;  coming  in  collision. 

3.  Striking  one  foot  against  the  fetlock  of  the  op- 
posite leg. 

IX-TER  FKR'IXn,  71.    Interference.       Bp.  Buder. 
IX-TKI!-FF:R'1\(;-LY,  aJo.    Bv  interference. 
IX-TER'FLL,'-E.\T,  )  a.    [L.  intcrfiun;  inter  and  fiuo, 
IN-TER'FLU-OUS,  \     to  flow.] 

Flowing  between.  Boyle. 
IN-TER-FO-LI-A'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  inter  and  foliiim,  a 
leaf.] 

Being  between  opposite  leaves,  but  placed  alter- 
nately with  them  ;  as,  interfoliaceoiis  tlowers  or  pe- 
duncles. Martijn. 

IN-TER-Fo'LI-ATE,  v.  t.    To  interweave.  Erehjn. 

IN-TER-FUL'GENT,  a.  [L.  inter  and  fulgens,  shin- 
ing.] 

Shining  between.  Johnson. 
IN-TER-FUS'£D,  a.    [L.  interfusus  :  inUr  and  fiindo, 
to  pour.] 
Poured  or  spread  between. 


The  ambient  air,  wiile  interfused, 
Enibracinj  round  tllis  lloriU  earUi. 


Milton. 


IN'TER-IM,  71.  [L.]  The  mean  time ;  time  inter- 
vening. Taller. 

2.  .\  decree  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  by  which 
he  intended  to  reduce  to  harmony  the  conflicting 
opinions  of  the  Protestants  and  Uomau  Catholics. 

Brande. 

IN-TE'RI-OR,  a.  [L.,  comp.  formed  from  inter  or 
intra,  in  or  within.] 

1.  Internal ;  being  within  any  limits,  inclosure. 
or  substance  ;  inner ;  opposed  to  ExTEnion,or  superfi- 
cial ;  as,  the  interior  apartments  of  a  house  ;  the  in- 
terior ornaments  ;  the  interior  surface  of  a  hollow 
ball ;  the  interior  parts  of  the  earth. 

2.  Inland;  remote  from  the  limits,  frontier,  or 
shore  ;  as,  the  interior  p:irts  of  a  country,  state,  or 
kingdom. 

I.\-Te'RI-OR,  71.  The  internal  part  of  a  thing ;  the 
inside. 

2.  The  inland  part  of  a  country ,  state,  or  kingdom. 
IN-TF;'RI-0R-I,Y, oiiti.   Internally;  inwardly. />unne. 
IN-TER-J.A'CEN-CY,  7t.    [L.  interjacetu ;  inter  and 
jacens,  l\"ing.] 

1.  A  lying  between  ;  a  being  between  ;  interven- 
tion ;  as,  the  interjacency  of  tlie  Tweed  between 
England  and  .Scotland.  Hale. 

2.  That  which  lies  between.    {Little  used.] 

Brotsn. 

IN-TER-Ja'CENT,  a.    [L.  interjaccns,  supra.] 

Lying  or  being  between;  intervening;  as,  intfry'o- 

ceiiJisles.  Ralegh. 
IN  TER-JECT',  v.  t.    [L.  inlcrjicio ;  inter  and  jacio,  to 

throw.] 

To  throw  between ;  to  throw  in  between  other 
things ;  to  insert. 

A  circiirriBUnoc  —  inny  hti  biUrJecUd  even  between  a  rel«livc 
word  and  tiiat  to  wliich  it  relates.  Encyc. 

IN-TER-JEGT'ED,  pp.  Thrown  in  or  inserted  be- 
tween. 

IN-TER-JEGT'ING,  jrpr.  Throwing  in  or  inserting 
between. 

IN-TER-JEe'TION,  7i.  The  act  of  throwing  be- 
tween. 

9.  A  word,  in  speaking  or  writing,  thrown  in  be- 
tween woriln  connected  ill  construction,  to  express 
some  emotion  of  passion.  "  'i'hese  were  delightful 
days,  but,  ala»!  tlicy  are  no  more."    [See  Eicl^ma- 

TK.N.] 

F.N-TER-JEC'TION'-AL,  a.  Thrown  in  between 
other  word*  or  phrases  ;  as,  an  intcrjectional  remark. 

Ohscrver. 

IN-TER  JOIN',  r.  t.  [itUer  tim\  join.]  To  join  mutu- 
ally ;  lo  intfrmarry.    [/.itile  MJir.il,]  H/ialc 

IN-'I  i;R-J«I.N'f;l),  pp.    iMulnally  joined. 

I.N-';  ER-JOI.N"Ii\(;,  OTir.    JoiiiniK  mutually. 

IN'TKR  JOIST,  n.  The  »pace  or  inleival  between 
two  joint".  (twill. 

I.N-TER  JIJ.NC'TIO.N,  71.    A  mutual  joining.  Smart. 

l,\-'J'ER-K.MT',{  nil,)  v.  t.  To  knit  together.  Southcij. 


INT 

I.N'-TER-KXOWL'EDGE,  (-nol'lej,)  71.  [inter  and 
knowledge.]    Mutual  knowledge.    [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

IN-TER-LaCE;,  J),  t.  [Tr.  entrelacer ;  lU  intralciare  ; 
Sp.  entrelaiar.    See  Lace.] 

To  intermix ;  to  put  or  insert  one  thing  with  an- 
other. 

They  interlaced  some  eiTors.  Hayward. 
Thf  epic  way  is  every  wliere  interlaced  with  diiUogue.  VrytJen. 

IN-TER-LaC'£D,  (in-ter-last',)  pp.  Intermixed  ;  in- 
serted between  other  things. 

IN-TER-LaCE'.MENT,  71.  Intermixture  or  insertion 
within. 

IN  TER-LaC'IXG,  ppr.  Intermixing  ;  inserting  be- 
tween. 

I.N-TER-LAJI'IN-a-TED,  a.  [L.  inter  and  lamina,  a 
plate.] 

Placed  between  laminis  or  plates ;  inclosed  by  lam- 
in;c.  Humble. 
IX-TER-LAPSE',  (in-ter-Iaps',)  71.    [infer  and  lapse.] 
The  lapse  or  flow  of  time  between  two  events. 

Harvey. 

IN-TER-LaRU',  v.  t.  [Fr.  entrelarder ;  entre,  among, 
and  larder,  to  lard.] 

1.  Primarily,  to  mix  fat  with  lean  ;  hence,  to  inter- 
pose ;  to  insert  between.  Caretc. 

2.  To  mix  ;  to  diversify  by  mi.Tture.  Hale. 
IN-TER-LAR1)'ED,  pp.    Interposed  ;   inserted  be- 
tween ;  mixed. 

IN-TER-LaRD'ING,  ;jpr.  Inserting  between  ;  inter- 
mixing. 

IN-TER-LaY',  v.  t.  To  lay  or  place  among  or  be- 
tween. 

IN'TER-LkAF,  71.  [See  Leaf.]  A  leaf  inserted 
between  other  leaves ;  a  blank  leaf  inserted. 

Cliesterfield. 

IN-TER-LeAVE',  v.  t.    [inter  and  leaf.]    To  in.sert  a 

leaf ;  to  insert  a  blank  leaf  or  blank  leaves  in  a  book, 

between  other  leaves. 
IIS'-TBR-LeAV'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Inserted  between 

leaves,  or  having  blank  leaves  inserted  between 

other  leaves. 

IN-TER-LeAV'ING,  ppr.  Inserting  blank  leaves  be- 
tween other  leaves. 

I.\-TER-LlNE',  V.  U  [inter  and  line.]  To  write  in 
alternate  lines ;  as,  to  interline  Latin  and  English. 

Locke. 

2.  To  write  between  lines  already  written  or 
printed,  for  the  purpose  of  adding  to  or  correcting 
what  is  written.  Swift. 

IN-TER-LIN'E-AR,     I  a.    [inter  and  linear.]  Writ- 

IX-TER-LIN'E-A-RY,  i  ten  between  lines  before 
wi  ilten  or  printed. 

IN-TER-LIN'E-A-RY,  71.  A  hook  having  insertions 
between  the  lines.  Milton. 

IN-TER-LIN-E-A'TION,  71.  [inter  and  lineation.] 
The  act  of  inserting  words  or  lines  between  lines 
before  written  or  printed. 

2.  The  words,  passage,  or  line  inserted  between 
lines  before  written  or  printed. 

IN-TER-LTN'jKD,  pp.  or  a.  Written  between  lines ; 
as,  an  interlined  word. 

2.  Containing  a  line  or  lines  written  between 
lines  ;  as,  an  interlined  manuscript. 

IN-TER-LIN'ING,  7i;jr.  Writing  between  lines  al- 
ready written  or  printed. 

IN-TER-LIX'ING,  71.  Correction  or  alteration  by 
W'riting  between  the  lines.  Burnet. 

I.\-TER-LIXK',  V.  t.  [inter  and  link.]  To  connect 
by  uniting  links  ;  to  join  one  chain  to  another. 

Dryden. 

IN-TER-LIXK'J<:D,  (-linkt,)  pp.  Connected  by  union 
of  links ;  joined. 

IX-TER-LIXK'IXG,  ppr.  Connecting  by  uniting 
links ;  joining. 

IN-TER-LOB'tJ-LAR,  a.   Being  between  lobes.  Hall. 

IN-TER-LO-Ca'TION,  71.  A  placing  between  ;  inter- 
position. 

IN-TER-LOCK',  v.  i.     To  embrace,  communicate 

with,  or  flow  into  one  another. 
IN-TER-Lo  eO'TIOX,  71.    [L.  intcrlocutio !  inter  and 

locntio,  loipior,  to  speak.] 

1.  IJialogue  ;  conference  ;  interchange  of  speech. 

Hooker. 

2.  In  lam,  an  intermediate  act  or  decree  before 
final  decision.  .'iiiliffe. 

IN-TER-LOC'lJ-TOR,  n.    [L.  inlcrloquor,  snpra.J 

1.  One  who  sjieaks  in  dialogue  ;  a  dialogi.st. 

Boijle. 

2.  In  ScoU  law,  an  interlocutory  judgment  or  sen- 
tence. Kncyc. 

IN-TE«-LOe'lJ-TO-RY,  a.   [Fr.  interlocutoirc,  supra.] 

1.  Consisting  of  dialogU(^ 

There  arc  ieverRl  interlocutory  iSUcounf a  Id  the  Holy  Scripture. 

2.  In  lajo,  intermediate  ;  not  final  or  definitive. 
An  order,  sentence,  decree,  or  judgment,  given  in  an 
intermediate  stage  of  a  cause,  or  on  some  intermedi- 
ate question  before  the  final  decision,  is  called  inter- 
locutory  ;  as  a  decree  in  chancery  referring  a  ques- 
tiim  ol  fact  to  a  court  of  law,  or  a  juilginent  on  de- 
fault in  a  court  of  law.  BlacJmtone. 

IN-TKR-Lnl'E',  ii.  i.  [inter  and  1).  loopen,  G.  laufen, 
to  run.  Eng.  to  leap.    See  Leai'.] 


INT 

To  run  between  parties  and  intercept  without 
right  the  advantage  that  one  should  gam  from  the 
other;  to  traffic  without  a  proper  license;  to  fore- 
stall ;  to  prevent  right.  Johnson. 

IX-TER  LoP'ER,  71.  One  who  runs  into  business  to 
which  he  has  no  right;  one  who  interferes  wrong- 
fully ;  one  who  enters  a  country  or  place  to  trade 
without  license. 

IN-TER-LoP'IXG,;)i)r.   Interfering  wrongfully. 

Kncyc. 

IN-TER-Lu'€.5TE,  v.  t.  To  let  in  light  by  cutting 
awav  branches  of  trees.  [Oi.*.] 

IN-TER-Lu'€a-TED,  pp.  Divested  of  branches  so 
as  to  let  in  light. 

IN-TER-Lu'Ca-TING,  ppr.  Letting  in  light  by  cut- 
ting away  branches. 

IX-TER-LU-Ca'TION,  71.  The  act  of  thinning  a 
wood  to  let  in  light.    [Obs.]  Eeclyn. 

IN-TER-LU'CENT,  a.  [L.  interlucens;  inter  and  Inceo, 
to  shine.] 

Shiniiii;  between.  Diet. 

IX'TER-LUDE,  71.    [L.  inter  and  Indus,  play.] 

An  entertainment  exhibited  on  the  stage  between 
the  acts  of  a  play,  or  between  the  play  and  the  after- 
piece, to  amuse  the  spectators,  while  the  actors  take 
breath  and  shift  tlieir  dress,  or  tlie  scenes  and  deco- 
rations are  changed.  In  ancient  tragedy,  the  chorus 
sung  the  interlucies.  In  modern  times,  interludes 
consist  of  songs,  feats  of  activity,  dances,  concerts 
of  music,  &c.  Encyc. 

IN'TER-LUD-ED,  a.  Inserted  or  made  as  an  inter- 
lude. 

IN'TER-LuD-ER,  n.   One  that  performs  in  an  inter- 
lude. B.  Jonson. 
IN-TER-Lu'EX-CY,  71.     [L.  intcrluens,  interim,  to 
flow  between.] 
A  flowing  between ;  water  interposed.  [Little  nsed.] 

Hale. 

IN-TER-Lu'XAR,     )  a.     [L.  inter  and  Iwia,  the 

IN-TER-Lu'NA-KY,  (  moon.] 

Belonging  to  the  time  when  the  moon,  at  or  near 
its  conjunction  with  the  sun,  is  invisible. 

Brown.  JUilton. 

IN-TER-MAR'RIAt":E,  7i.  [intei- nnA  marriage.]  Mar- 
riage between  two  families,  where  each  takes  one 
and  gives  another.  .hhnson.  .Addison. 

IN-TER-MAR'R1-£D,  pp.  Mutually  connected  by  mar- 
riage. 

IN-TER-JIAR'RY,  v.  i.  [inter  and  Tnan-w.]  To  mar- 
ry one  and  give  another  in  marriage,  as  two  fami- 
lies. 

2.  To  maiTy  some  of  each  order,  family,  tribe,  or 
nation  with  the  oilier. 

About  tlie  middle  of  the  fourth  century  from  the  building  of 
Rome,  it  waa  declared  lawful  for  nobles  and  pkU-ians  to 
iiilermarnj.  Sisift. 

IN-TER-JIAR'RY-ING,  p]rr.  Mutually  giving  and  re- 
ceiving in  marriage  ;  mutually  connecting  by  mar- 
riage. 

IN-TER-MAX'IL-L/V-UY,  a.  Being  between  the 
ciieek  hones. 

IN'TER-MeAN,  71.  [infer  and  jneoii.]  Interact; 
something  done  in  the  mean  time.    [JVot  u.trd.] 

Todd. 

IN-TER-ME  a'TION,  71.    [L.  inter  and  nico,  to  flow.] 

A  flowing  between.    [.Vot  in  u^e.] 
IN-TER-iMEU'l)Li:,  v.  i.     [inter  and  v\eddle.]  To 
meddle  in  the  affairs  of  others,  in  wliich  one  has  no 
concern  ;  to  meddle  ofliciuusly  ;  to  interpose  or  inter- 
fere improperly  ;  to  intermix. 

The  practice  tif  Spain  h.as  been,  by  war  and  by  conditions  of 
treuty ,  to  intermeddle  wiUl  foreigJl  suites.  Bncyc. 

IX-TER-MED'ULA'D,  pp.  Interposed  ofliciously  ;  in- 
truded. 

IN-TER-JIED'DLER,n.  One  that  interposes  officious- 
ly ;  one  who  meddles,  or  intrudes  into  busini  ss  to 
which  he  has  no  right.  Sieift. 

IN-TER-iMEU'DLLNG,  ppr.  Interposing  ofliciously  ; 
inliiidiiig. 

IX-TER-iMED'DLlNG,  71.    Oflicious  interposition. 

Hamilton. 

m-TFR  MKDE',  (-imAe,)      In.    An  interlude  ;  a 

IJ\r-TKIi-MEZ'ZO,(-mod'7.n,)\  short  musical  dni- 
iiKitic  piece,  usually  of  a  burlesque  character. 

:X-TER-.ME'l)I-A-Cy,  71.  Interposition;  interven- 
titjn.  [Uiiautliorized.] 

IX-TER-ME'Dl-AL,  a.  [L.  inter  and  medius,  mid- 
dle.] 

Lying  between;  intervening;  mtervenieiit. 

Ecelyn. 

IX-TER-ME'UI-.A-RY,  a.    Lying  between  ;  as,  an  in- 
termediary project ;  intermediate.  IVade. 
Someliines,  IhoUiih  rarely,  used  as  a  noun. 

IN-TER-Me'IJI-A-RV,  a.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  seciuidary  planes  <iii  crystals,  iiilc  riiie- 
diato  ill  jiosition  bi  lweeii  the  planes  on  an  edge  and 
tlio.se  on  the  angle. 

IN-TER-5110'1>I-.A'1'I',  a.  [Fr.  intcrmcdiat ;  L.  inter 
and  mediu.i,  middle.] 

Lying  or  being  in  the  middle  place  or  degree  be- 
tween two  extremes  ;  iiilerveniiig  ;  interposed  ;  as, 
an  intermediate  space  between  hills  or  rivers  ;  inter- 
mediate colors.  Man  has  an  intermcdiats  nature  anil 
rank  between  angels  and  brutes. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH.^T.— METE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


616 


INT 


INT 


INT 


IN-TER-JIE'DI-ATE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  interven- 
tion, 

IN-TER-.ME-DI-A'TION,  n.   Intervention  ;  common 

means.  Cheyne. 
IN-TER-ME'DI-UM,  n.  [L.]    Intermeiliato  space. 

jiak. 

2.  An  int<'rvenini;  aRent.  Cowper. 
IN-TER-MELL',  v.  t.  or  i.    [  Ft.  entrnneier.] 
To  tnterniix  or  intermeddle.    [JVut  in  use.] 

Mitrslott.  FisfitT. 
IN-TER'RIENT,  n.    [from  inter.]    'I'hc  act  of  dopos- 

itins  a  di  ad  body  in  tlic  eartli ;  liiirial ;  scpiiUiirt\ 
IN-TER-MEN'TlbN,  I),      To  mention  anioiig  other 

tliinss  ;  to  include.    [JVot  used.} 
IN-TER-MI-€A'TION,  n.     [L.  intcrmico ;  inter  and 
mico,  to  slline.] 

A  shilling;  lietwcen  or  among. 
IN-TEU-.MI  GR.\'TION,  n.    [L.  inter  and  miVro,  to 
migrate.] 

Recipriical  migration  ;  removal  from  one  country 
to  anoliier  liy  men  or  trilies  wliicli  take  the  place 
each  of  the  ntlicr.  Jlale. 
IN-TERM'liV-A-HLE,  a.    [L.  in  and  terminus,  end; 
termino,  to  end.] 

Boundless  ;  -endless  ;  ndmittin;;  no  limit ;  as,  in- 
terminnblc.  sp;ice  or  duration  ;  interminable  sulVurings. 
Milton  applii'S  this  word  to  God,  as  one  whom  no 
bound  can  confine. 
IN-T1;k.M'L\  A-ULE-.\'ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
endless. 

IN-TER.M'IX-A-BLY,  ailv.    Without  end  or  limit. 
IN-TER.M'IN-ATE,  n.    [L.  interminatus,  intermino.] 
Unbounded  ;  unlimited  ;  endless  ;  as,  interminule 
sleep.  Chapman. 
IN-TERM'IN'-ATE,  r.  t.    [L.  interminor.] 

To  menace.    [.■Vof  used.]  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-TERM-IN-A'TION,  H.  [L.  intfrminor,  to  menace 
or  forbid.] 

A  menace  or  threat.    [.Vu(  itscrf.]  IldU. 

IN-TER-.MIN"GLE,  (  miii-i'gl,)  v.L  [inUr  and  min- 
gle.] To  mingle  or  mi.\  together;  to  put  some  things 
with  others.  Jfouker. 

IN-TER-iMIN"GLE,  v.  i.  To  be  mi'fed  or  incorpo- 
rated. 

IN-TER-MIN"OLiD,  pp.  or  a.  Intermixed. 

Their  trrri  nn<l  intermingled  temples  rise.  Pope, 
IN-TER-ML\"GLIXG,  ppr.    Mingling  or  mi.xing  to- 
gether. 

IN-TER-MIS'SIOi\,  (-mish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
termUtsio.    See  I?iter.mit.] 

1  Cessation  for  a  time ;  pause;  intermediate  stop ; 
as,  to  labor  without  intcrmiision  ;  service  or  business 
will  bc^in  after  an  intermission  of  one  hour. 

2.  Intervenient  time.  SJiak. 

3.  The  temporary  cessation  or  subsidence  of  a  fe- 
ver ;  the  space  of  time  between  the  paroxysms  of  a 
disease.  Intermission  is  an  entire  cessation,  as  dis- 
tinguisliL-d  from  remi<sioH,  or  abatement  ofjever. 

4.  The  state  of  being  neglected  ;  disuse  ;  as  of 
words,    [l.ittte  tued.]  B.  Jonson. 

IN-TER-.MIS'SIVE,  n.  Coming  by  tits,  or  alter  tein- 
|)oriry  cessations  ;  not  continual.  Ihicell. 

IN-TER-.MIT',  n.U  [L.  intcrmitto ;  into-  and  mitto,  to 
send.] 

To  cause  to  cease  for  a  time  ;  to  interrupt ;  to  sus- 
pend. 

Pny  to  the  gixU  to  iiilermil  tlic  ptrvciie 

Tlial  iieeiis  must  li?l)t  on  lliia  in Jr:\utit(le.  Shak. 

IN-TER-MIT',  V.  i.  To  cease  for  a  time  ;  to  go  off  at 
intervals  ;  as  a  fever.  A  tertian  fever  iiifcrmit.*  every 
other  day.  The  pulse  sometimes  intennits  for  a  sec- 
ond of  time. 

IN-TER-MIT'TEU,  pp.  or  o.    Caused  to  cease  for  a 

time  ;  suspended. 
L\-TER -MIT'TE.VT,  a.    Ceasing  at  intervals ;  as,  an 

intrrmittfiit  fever. 
IN-TER-MIT'TE.\T,  n.    A  disease  which  entirely 

subsides  or  ceases  at  certain  intervals.    The  term  is 

particularly  applied  to  the  ague  and  fever. 
I.\-TER-MIT'T1XG,  ppr.  or  a.    Ceasing  for  a  time; 

2.  Causing  to  cease.  [pausing. 
IN-TER-.Mrr'TING-LY,  adv.     With  intermissions; 

at  intervals. 

I.\-TER-MI.\',  r.  t.  [inter  and  mix.]  To  mix  to- 
gether ;  to  put  some  things  with  others ;  to  inter- 
mingle. 

In  yonder  ipring  of  roses,  iiitennUed 

Witii  myrtle,  tiriii  wliat  to  redress  till  noon.  Milton. 

IN-TER-MIX',  V.  i.  To  be  mixed  together;  to  be  in- 
termingled. 

IN-TER-MIX'ED,  (-mixt,);,p.    Mingled  together. 
IN-TER-MIX'ING,  ppr.  Intcrminsling. 
IN-TER-MI.X'TtiRE,  n.    A  mass  formed  by  mixture  ; 

a  mass  of  ingredients  mixed. 
2.  Admixture ;  something  additional  mingled  in  a 

mass. 

In  this  (uyht  of  impiety  there  wiuited  not  iin  inlfrmirlurj  of 
le»ity  luid  folly.  Bacon. 

IN-TER-MO-DIL'LION,  (-mo-dil'yun,)  n.  In  areki- 
Ucture,  the  8|>ace  between  two  modillions.  Elmrs. 

IN-TER-MONT'.\NE,  o.  [L.  inter  and  mentanus, 
marta-,  a  mountain.] 

Between  mountains  ;  as  intermontane  soil.  Mease. 


IN-TER-MUN'DANE,  o.     [L.  iii^er  and  mundaniis, 

mundus,  the  worltl.] 
Being  between  worlds,  or  between  orb  and  orb  ;  as, 

intermutidane  spaces.  Locke, 
IN-TER-MO'RAL,  a,    [h,  inter  and  muralis,  murus,  a 

wall.) 

Lying  between  walls.  Ainsworth, 
IN-TER-MU.S'eU-LAR,  a.    [inter  ani  mustie,]  Be- 
tween the  muscles.  Beorrly, 
IN-TER-MU-TA'TION,  ».    [inter  and  mu<a(ion.]  In- 
terchange; mutual  or  reciprocal  change.  Tliomson, 
IN-TER-MO'TU-AL,  for  Mutual,  is  an  illegitimate 
word. 

IN-TERN',  n.    Internal.    [J^Tol  iniich  used.]  Howell. 
Ii\-TERi\'AI,,  a.    [L.  intemus.] 

1.  Inwartl ;  interior;  being  within  any  limit  or 
surface ;  not  external.  We  S|ieak  of  the  internal 
parts  of  a  body,  of  a  bone,  of  the  earth,  itc.  Inter- 
nal excellence  is  opposed  to  erternul.  The  internal 
peace  of  man  is  peace  of  mind  or  conscience.  The 
internal  evidence  of  the  divine  origin  of  the  Scrip- 
tures is  the  evidence  which  arises  from  Iht;  excel- 
lence of  its  precepts,  and  their  .adaptation  to  the  con- 
dition of  man,  or  from  other  peculiarities, 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  heart. 

With  onr  Savior,  inlenuU  pnri'y  is  crery  thiii^,  Foley, 

3.  Intrinsic ;  real ;  as,  the  internal  rectitude  of  ac- 
tions, 

4.  Within  a  country  ;  domestic  ;  opposed  to  For- 
tioN  ;  as,  the  internal  trade  of  a  state  or  kiiigiloiu  ; 
intcmji  troubles  or  dissensions  ;  internal  war.  Inter- 
nal taxes  are  taxes  on  the  lands  and  other  properly 
within  a  state  or  kingdom  ;  ojiposetl  to  external  taxes. 

Ilamiltun. 

IN-TER.\'AL-LY,  adr.  Inwardly  ;  within  the  body  ; 
beneath  the  surface. 

2.  Mentally  ;  iiitellectu.illy. 

3.  Spiritually. 

IN-TER-.V A'TIO.V-AL,  a.  [inter  and  national.]  Ex- 
isting and  regulating  the  mutual  intercourse  between 
different  nations  ;  as,  international  law. 

J.  Q.  Jidains.  Barinff. 
IN-TER-NE'CINE,  a.    [L.  iii(cr«eciniis,  interncco,  to 
kill ;  inter  and  neco.] 

Deadly  ;  destructive.    [LiUle  used.]  Iludibras. 
IN-TER-Ni:'CIO.\,  (-ne'sluin,)  n.    [L.  iiifmicdo.] 
Mutual  slaughter  or  destruction.    [Little  used.] 

Hale 

IN-TER-Ne'CI VE,  a.   Killing ;  tending  to  kill. 

Carlisle. 

IN-TER-NEe'TION,  n.   Connection.  [CTidM.*.] 

fV.  Mountatru, 
IN'TER-NODE,  71.    [L.  internodium;  inter  und  nodus, 
knot.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  space  between  two  joints  of  a 
plant.  Murlyn. 

2.  .\lso,  the  space  between  two  nodes  or  points  of 
the  stem  from  which  the  leaves  arise.  Lindtey. 

IN-'I'ER-No'UI-AL,  a.    Intervening  between  nudes, 

joints,  &c. 
IN'TER  NoS,  [L.]    Between  ourselves. 
IN-TER-NUX'CIUS,  (  n.    [L.  iiKeniunciti,* ;  inter  and 
IN-TF.R-NUi\'CIO,   \      nunciui,  a  messenger.] 

1.  A  messenger  between  two  parties.  Johnson. 

2.  The  title  of  the  pope's  representative  at  repub- 
lics and  small  courts,  and  also  of  the  Austrian  em- 
bassador at  Constantinople.  Eneyc.  Am. 

IN-TER-OS'SE-Ou's  j        [I"- '"'er  and  os,  a  bone.] 
Situated  between  bones ;  as,  an  inlerosscotts  liga- 
ment. 

IN-TER-PkAL',  r.  t.    [L.  interpello.] 

To  interrupt.    [A'o<  used.]  More. 
IN-TER-PEL',  r.  f.   To  set  forth.    [J^'ot  used.] 

B.  Jonson.  Mason. 
IN-TER-PEL-L.X'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  interpellatio,  inter- 
pello; inter  and  pcllo,  to  drive,  or  thrust.] 

1.  A  summons;  a  citation.  AyJiffe. 

2.  Interriiptiun.  More. 

3.  An  earnest  address  ;  intercession.  Bp.  Taylor. 
I.V-TER-l'EN'E-TUATE,  v.  u    To  penetrate  between 

other  substance's.  Shelly.  Bulwer. 

IN-TER  PE.\'E-TRA-TED,  pp.  Penetrated  within 
or  between. 

IN-TER-PET'I-0-I,AR,  a.    Being  between  petioles. 

I.N-TER-PI-L.VS'TER,  n.  The  interval  between  two 
pila-sters.  FMncs. 

I.\-TER-PLP..\D',  V.  i.  [inter  and  plead.]  In  law,  to 
discuss  a  point  incidentally  happening,  before  the 
principal  ctuso  can  be  tried.  Jameson. 

IN-TER-PLkAI)'ER,  n.  A  bill  of  interpleader,  in 
chancery,  is  wliure  a  person  owes  a  debt  or  rent  to 
one  of  the  parties  in  suit,  hut,  till  the  determination 
of  it,  he  knows  not  to  which,  and  ho  desires  that 
they  may  interplead  or  settle  their  claims  between 
themselves,  th.al  he  may  be  safe  in  the  payment. 

BlackstoTie. 

IN-TER-PLEDCE',  (in-ter-plej',)  r.  L  To  give  and 
take  .rs  a  mutual  iiledgc.  Davenanl. 

IN-TER-PLEUO'/JU,  pp.  Given  and  taken  as  a  mu- 
tual pledge. 

IN-TER-PLEDG'ING,  ppr.  Giving  and  receiving  as  a 
mutual  pledge. 


IN-TER-POI.VT',  V.  t.    To  point ;  to  distinguish  by 

stops  or  marks. 
IN-'i'ER-POIN  J''EI),  pp.    Distinguished  by  stops  and 

marks. 

IN-TER-POINT'ING,  ppr.  Distinguishing  by  stops 
or  marks. 

IN'TEIt  PO-EATE  or  IN-TER'PO-l,ATE,  b.  f.  [Fr. 
interpoler  ;  L.  intcrpolo  ;  inter  and  polio,  to  polish,] 

1.  To  renew  ;  to  b^gin  again  ;  to  carr)'  on  with 
intermission  ;  as,  a  successiim  of  interpolated  motions. 
[Obs.]  Hale. 

2.  I'd  foist  in  ;  to  insert,  as  a  spurious  word  or 
pas.sagc  in  a  manuscript  or  Ixxik  ;  to  add  a  spurious 
Word  or  passage  to  the  original. 

'Die  A  tli'  iiL^ns  were  put  in  jKissessiotl  of  Salainis  hy  another  Inw, 
wliicli  wus  ci(i-4l  \iy  Sulun,  or,  njs  some  think,  inlerpolnted  by 
him  fitr  Uial  piirjKiw.  Pope, 

3.  In  alitebra  and  astronomy,  to  fill  up  iiitcrine- 
diato  terms  of  a  series  according  lo  the  law  of  the 
series. 

IX'TER-PO-EA-TEI)  or  I.\-TER'PO-LA-TED,  pp.  or 

a.    Inserted  or  aildetl  to  the  original. 
IN'TER-PO-La  TI.NG  or  I.N-TER'PO-LA-TIXG, ppr. 

Foisting  in  a  spurious  word  or  passa^'e ;  filling  up  or 

inserting. 

K\-TER-PO-LA'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  foisting  a  word 
or  passage  into  a  manuscript  or  book. 

2.  A  spurious  word  or  passage  inserted  in  the  gen- 
uine writings  of  an  author. 

1  liAvi*  clmn£red  tlie  silu.ition  of  some  of  the  I.nlin  Terses,  i\nd 
unite  some  inleriiolaliona.  CromweU  lo  Pop*. 

3.  In  algebra  anil  astronomy,  a  method  employed 
for  filling  up  the  intermediate  terms  of  a  series  of 
numbers  or  observations,  by  numbers  which  follow 
the  same  law.  Brande. 

IN'TER-PO-LA-TOR  or  I.\-TER'PO-LA-TOR,  n. 
[L.]  One  who  foists  into  a  book  or  manu.script 
spurious  worils  or  passages  ;  one  who  adds  some- 
thing to  genuine  writings.  Swift. 

IN-TER-POI.'ISH,  r.  t.    To  polish  between. 

IN-TER-POE'ISH-Al),  (-pol'islit,)  pp.  Polished  be- 
tween. 

IN-TER-POI/ISII-ING,  ppr.    Polishing  between. 
IN-TER-PoNE',  V.  t.    [L.  inter  and  pono.] 
To  set  or  insert  between.    [JVo(  in  use.] 

Ch.  RelifT.  Appeal. 
IN-TER-PSS'AL,  n.    [from  ititerpose.]    The  act  of 
interposing;  interposition;  interference  ;  agency  be- 
tween two  persons.  South. 
2.  Intervention  ;  a  coming  or  being  between. 

Qtancille, 

IiV-TF.R-PCSE',  r.  ^  [Fr.  interposer  ;  L  interpono,  in- 
terpositum  :  inter  and  pono,  to  place.] 

1.  To  place  between  ;  as,  lo  interpose  a  body  be- 
tween the  sun  and  the  earth. 

2.  'I'o  place  between  or  among ;  to  thrust  in  ;  to 
intrude,  as  an  obstruction  interruption,  or  incon- 
venience. 

\Vli:vt  watcliful  Ciires  do  inlrrnosc  theinselres 
B'twixt  your  eyes  .-xnd  ni:rht Shak. 
Uum.in  tniilty  will  too  often  interpoee  iuelf  among  persons  of  the 
hulirst  lunctloii.  Sw{ft. 

3.  To  offer,  as  aid  or  services,  for  relief  or  the 
adjustment  of  differences.  The  emperor  interposed 
his  aid  or  services  to  reconcile  the  contending 
parlies. 

The  common  Father  of  mankind  seasooaMy  interposed  his  h\nd 
and  rescued  iniseniljle  man.  Woodieard. 

I\-TER-PoSE',  V.  i.    To  step  in  between  parties  at 
variance  ;  to  mediate.    The  prince  interjiosed  and 
made  peace. 
2.  To  put  in  by  way  of  interruption. 
But,  interposes  Kleuttierius,  this  ot>Jection  may  be  made  n^nsl 
almost  any  liypolhesis.  Boylt. 

I.\'TER-PfiSE,  Ti.  Interposal.   [Au(  used.]  Spenser. 
IN-TER-POS'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Placed  between  or  among ; 
thrust  in. 

IN-TER-POS'ER,  n.  One  that  interposes  or  comes 
between  others ;  a  mediator  or  agent  between  par- 
ties. 

IN-TER-POS'ING,  ppr.    Placing  between  ;  coming 

between  ;  offering  aid  or  services. 
IN-TER-POS'IT,  n.    A  pl.ice  of  de|)Oslt  between  one 

commercial  city  or  country  and  another.  Mitford. 
IN-TER-PO-SI"TION,  (  po-zish'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L. 

itUerpositio,] 

1.  being,  placing,  or  coming  between  ;  interven- 
tion ;  as,  the  interposition  of  the  Baltic  Sea  between 
Germany  and  Sweden.  The  interposition  of  the 
moon  between  the  earth  and  the  sun  occasions  a 
solar  eclipse. 

2.  Intervenient  agency  ;  aSj  the  interposition  of  the 
magistrate  in  quieting  sedition.  How  many  evi- 
dences we  have  of  divine  interposition  ill  favor  of 
good  men '. 

3.  Mediation  ;  agency  between  parties.  By  the 
interposition  of  a  common  friend,  the  parties  have 
been  reconciled. 

4.  Any  thing  interposed.  Milton. 
I.\-TEB-POS'l(RE,  n.    Interposal.    [JVbt  in  use.] 

Montage. 

IN-TER'PRET,  r.  L  [Ft.  interpreter ;  L.  inltrpretor, 
from  interpres    The  word  is  compounded  of  inter 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UMTE.  — Ai\"GER,  VI"CIOl  S  -  0  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ZZ' 


617 


INT 

and  prrs,  prctis  ;  but  tlii'  latter  is  lu.t  fiinnii  in  its 
simple  I'lirin,  ami  its  origin  is  uncertain.  It  coincides 
in  elements  with  Tis  or  c-is,  to  part,  to  spread.] 

1.  'J'o  explain  tlie  meaning  of  words  to  a  person 
who  does  not  understand  tliem ;  to  expound  ;  to 
translate  unintelligible  words  into  intelligible  ones  ; 
as,  to  interpret  the  Hebrew  language  to  an  Eng- 
lishman. 

lnim:imi'-I,  wliicli,  bcin^  inUrpreled,  sigmficSj  God  wiUi  us. — 
—  Mall.  i. 

2.  To  e.\plain  or  unfold  the  meaning  of  predic- 
tions, visions,  dreams,  or  enigmas  ;  to  expound  and 
lay  open  what  is  concealed  I'ruiii  the  undi-rstanding  ; 
as,  Joseph  interpreted  the  dreams  of  I'haraoh. 

3.  To  decipher. 

4.  To  explain  something  not  understood ;  as,  to 
interpret  looks  or  signs, 

5.  To  define  ;  to  explain  words  by  other  words  in 
the  same  language. 

IN-TER'PRET-A-liLE,  a.    That  may  be  interpreted 

or  explained.  Collier. 
IN-TEK  PRET-A'TION,n.  [Fr.,from  L.  interpretatin.] 

1.  The  act  of  interpreting  ;  explanation  of  unin- 
telligible words  in  language  that  is  intelligibh;.  In- 
terpretation is  the  design  of  tran!=!ation. 

2.  The  act  of  expounding  or  unfolding  what  is 
not  understood  or  not  obvious  j  as,  the  interpretation 
of  dreams  and  prophecy. 

Look  liovv  we  cm,  or  Biul  or  m'^rrily, 

htterpretation  will  iiiisqitole  our  looks.  t^iak, 

X  The  sense  given  by  an  interpreter ;  exposition. 
We  sometimes  find  various  interpretations  of  the 
same  passage  of  Scripture  and  other  ancient  writings. 
4.  The  power  of  explaining.  Bacon, 
IN-TER'PRE  T-A-TIVE,  a.    Collected  or  known  by 
interpretation. 

Au  iitterpTetatiue  si. ling  Willi  herelics.  Hammond, 
2.  Containing  explanation.  Barrow, 
IN-TER'I'RET-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    As  may  be  col- 
lected by  interpretation.  Bay. 
IN-TER'PRET-ED, Explained;  expounded. 
IN-TER'PItET-ER,  h.     One  that  explains  or  ex- 
pounds ;  an  expositor  ;  as,  an  interpreter  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

2.  A  translator ;  one  who  renders  the  words  of 
one  language  in  words  of  corresponding  signilication 
in  another. 

IN  TER'PRET-ING,  pjir.    Explaining;  expounding; 
translating. 

IN-TKR-PUNe'TION,  n.     [L.  intcrpunctio,  inierpun- 

go  ;  inter  and  pungo^  to  point.] 

The  making  of  points  between  sentences  or  parts 

of  a  sentence.  Hut  Punctuation  is  generally  used. 
IN-TER-RE-CEIVE',  v.  I.    To  receive  between  or 

within.  Carlisle. 
Ii\-TER'R£D,  {in-terd',)  pp.  Buried. 
IN-TER-KEG'NUM,  n.    [L.  inter  and  regnum,  rule  or 

reign.] 

The  time  in  wliich  a  throne  is  vacant,  between 
the  death  or  abdication  of  a  king  and  the  accession 
of  his  successor.  An  interregnum,  in  strictness,  can 
happen  only  in  governments  where  the  king  is 
elective;  for,  in  hereditary  kingdoms,  the  reign  of 
the  successor  commences  at  the  moment  of  his  pred- 
ecessor's death  or  demise.  Tiie  word,  however,  is 
used  with  more  latitude. 
IN-TER-REIG.\"',  (in-ter-rane',)  n.  A  translation  of 
interregnum^  Fr.  interregne. 
An  interregnum  or  vacancy  of  the  throne.  [Supra.] 

Bacon. 

IN-TER'RER,  »i.    [from  inter.]     One  that  inters  or 
buries. 

IN'TER-RE.X,  n.    [L.  inter  and  rej,  king.] 

A  regent  ;  a  niagistr.ate  that  governs  during  an 
interregnum. 
IN-TER'RI.\G,  ppr.  Burying. 

IN-TER'RO-GATE,  1!.  (.    [I'r.  interroger ;  L.  interro- 

go  i  inter  and  rogo,  to  ask.] 

To  (piestiiui  ;  to  examine  by  asking  questions  ;  as, 

to  interrogate  a  witness. 
IN-'I'EK'R()-GaTE,  e.  i.    To  ask  questions.  Baron. 
I.N  'i'ER'RO-tiA-TEI), />/).    Examined  by  questions. 
IN-TE|{'RO-(;a-TIiN'G,  ;;;»-.  Asking  questions  of  one  ; 

examining  by  questions. 
IN-TI;R-R()-Ga''I'ION,  n.    The  net  of  questioning  ; 

examination  by  ipiestious. 

2.  A  question  put  ;  iixpiiry.  Pope. 
.'t.  A  note  that  marks  a  question  ;   as,  does  Job 

serve  (;od  for  nought 
IN-TEK-R0(;'A-'I'IVE,  a.    [Fr.  interrogallf,] 

Uenotnig  a  questi<m  ;  expressed  in  the  form  of  a 

qui.'stion  ;  as  an  inlerrogatiee  phrase  or  sentence. 
l.\-TEK-ROG'A-'l'IVK,  «.    A  word  used  in  asking 

quextions  ;  n«,  who  ?  what  7  irlueh.  ?  why  ? 
IN-'l'ER  RO(;'A-'J  IVE.LY,  ado.    In  the  form  of  n 

rpiCHtion. 

IN-TER'RO-GA-TOR,  n.  One  who  asks  questions. 

IN-TEK-R()(;'A-T<J  KV,  n.    [Vt.  interrogatoire.] 

A  qufiKtion  or  inquiry,  hi /<iio,  n  partu'.ular  qncfi- 
tiiin  to  a  wilnesH,  who  in  to  aiiMwi-r  it  under  the  so- 
lemnitien  of  an  oath.  Tliis  may  be  in  open  court  or 
before  roininlsHloiirrH. 

IN-TEIl-KOG'A-TO-liy,  a.    CVinlainini;  a  quenlion  ; 


INT 

expressing  a  question  ;  as,  an  interrogalonj  sen- 
tence. Johnson. 

IJV  TEB-BO' REM,  [L.]    For  a  terror  or  warning. 

IN-TER-RUPT',  J),  t,  [L.  interrumpo,  intcrruptas ; 
inter  and  rumpo,  to  break.] 

1.  To  stop  or  hinder  by  breaking  in  upon  the 
course  or  progress  of  anything;  to  break  the  cur- 
rent or  motion  of;  as,  a  fall  of  rain  interrupted  our 
journey.  There  was  not  a  tree  nor  a  bush  to  inter- 
rupt the  charge  of  the  enemy.  The  sjieaker  was  in- 
terrupted by  shouts  of  acclamation.  We  apply  the 
word  btith  to  the  agent  and  to  his  progress.  We 
say,  an  alarm  interrupted  the  speaker,  or  his  argu- 
n)ent  or  discourse. 

2.  To  divide  ;  to  separate  ;  to  break  continuity  or 
a  contiinu'd  series.  The  road  was  on  a  plain,  not 
interrupted  by  a  single  hill,  or  interrupted  Jiere  and 
there  by  a  hill. 

IN-TER-RUPT',  a.    Broken  ;  containii.g  a  chasm. 

jVilton, 

IN-TER-RUPT'ED,  pp.  Stopped  ;  hindered  from  pro- 
ceeding. 

IN-TER-RUPT'ED,  a.    Broken  :  intermitted. 

2.  In  botany,  a  term  used  when  any  symmetrical 
arrangement  is  destroyed  by  local  causes,  as  when 
smaller  leaves  are  interposed  among  the  larger  ones 
in  a  pinnate  leaf  Lindlen, 

IN-TER-RIIPT'ED-LY,  adv.  With  breaks  or  inter- 
ruptions. Boyle. 

IN-TER-RUPT'ER,  n.    One  that  interrupts. 

IN-TER-RUPT'ING,  ppr.  Hindering  by  breaking  in 
upon. 

IN-TER-RUP'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  interruptio,] 
L  Tlie  act  of  interrupting  or  breaking  in  upon 
progression. 

2.  Breach  of  any  thing  extended  ;  interposition  ; 
as,  an  isle  separated  from  the  Continent  by  the  inter- 
ruption of  the  sea.  Hale, 

3.  Intervention ;  iiiterposition. 

Lest  tiio  interruption  of  liine  cause  you  lo  lose  the  idea  of  one 
part.  Vryden. 

4.  Stop  ;  hinderance  ;  obstruction  caused  by  break- 
ing in  upon  any  course,  current,  progress,  or  motion. 
An  interruption  may  be  temporary  or  durable,  'i'he 
work  of  the  Erie  Canal  has  siifiered  fevv  interruptions 
from  storms  and  floods.  The  lava  met  with  no  tntcr- 
ruption  till  it  descended  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain. 
The  author  has  met  with  many  interruptions  in  the 
execution  of  his  work.  The  speaker  or  the  argu- 
ment proceeds  without  inteiruption. 

5.  Stop  ;  cessation  ;  intermission,  Locke. 
TN-TER-RUPT'l  VE,  a.    'l  ending  lo  internipt. 
IN-TER-RUPT'IVE-LY,  ado.    By  interruption. 
IN-TEU  SCAP'lJ-LAR,  a.    [L.  inter  and  seapula,  Ihe 

shoulder-blade.] 

Situated  between  the  shoulder-blades. 
IN-TER-SCIND',  v.  t.    [inter  and  scindo.] 

To  cut  off.  Diet. 
IN-TER-SCIND'ED,  pp.    Cut  ofl". 
IN-TER-SCIND'lNG,;v"-.    Cutting  off. 
1N-TER-S€RII!E',  v.  t,    [L.  inter  and  scribo,] 

To  write  between.  Diet, 
IN-TER-SeRIH'KD,  pp.    Written  between, 
IN-TER-SeRIB'ING,p;;r,    Writing  between. 
IN-TER-SIC'CANT,   a,      [L.   intersccans ;   interseco ; 
inter  and  seco,  to  cut.] 

Dividing  into  parts  ;  crossing.  Diet. 
IN-TER-SECT',  v.  t.    [L.  interseco  I  inter,  between, 
and  seco,  to  cut.] 

To  cut  or  cross  mutually  ;  to  divide  into  parts. 
Thus  two  lines  or  two  jilanes  may  intersect  each 
other.  The  ecliptic  inlersecU  the  equator. 
I.N-'l'ER-SECT',  0. /.  To  meet  and  cross  each  other ; 
as,  the  point  where  two  lines  intersect.  [This  if 
elliptical,  \ 

IN-'l'liR-steT'ED,  2>P-  Cut  or  divided  into  parts; 
crossed, 

IN-TER  SEGT'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  ;  crossing ;  as 
lines. 

IN-'l'Eli-SEe'TION,  J7.    [li.  intersectio,] 

1.  The  act  or  stale  of  intersecting. 

2.  The  point  or  line  in  which  two  lines  or  two 
plnni's  cut  each  other. 

I.\-'J'KR-Sr,.M'l-NA'l'E,  ».  (.   [L,  interseminatus  ;  inter, 
between,  and  seniino,  to  sow.] 
To  sow  between  or  among.    [Little  used,] 
IN-TF,R-SERT',  v.  t.    [L.  intcrsero  ;  inter,  between, 
and  .frro,  to  throw.] 

To  sei  or  pill  in  between  other  things.  Brerewood. 
liN-TKli  SI'.UT'Kl),  pp.    Put  in  between  other  things. 
IiN-Tl',|{-Si;RT'l.\G,  ppr.    Putting  in  bi  twceu  other 
things. 

IN-TI;R-SF,R'TI0N,  n.  An  inserlion  or  thing  insert- 
^mI  berwei'u  uther  tilings.  J/annnond, 

I\''I'ICR  SPACi;,  71.  [inter  and  space,]  A  space  be- 
tween other  tilings.  IlacUct. 

IN-'J'KK  SPEIlSiy,  (in-ter-spers',)  ?>.  t,  [L,  intersi>er- 
sit^  ;  niter,  between,  and  spnrgo,  to  scatter.] 

'I'o  Hcalti-r  or  set  hi-ri*  anil  there  among  other 
things  ;  as,  an  able  argument  interspersed  with  llow- 
er^  of  ili.-Inric.    Intersperse  shrubs  among  trees. 

IN-TKR  SPi;itS'/:i),  (  sperst',)  /);).  Scattered  or  situ- 
ated here  ami  (here  among  otluT  things. 


INT 

IN-TER-SPERS'ING,  ppr.    Scattering  here  and  there 

among  other  things. 
IN-TER-SPER'SION,  n.    The  act  of  scattering  or 

setting  here  and  there  among  other  things. 
IN-TER-STEIVLAR,     I  a.     [L.  inter  and  Stella,  a 
IN-TER-STEL'LA-RY,  \  star.] 

Situated  beyond  the  solar  system,  or  among  the 

stars.  Bacon. 
IN'TER-STICE  or  IN-TER'STICE,  n.    [Fr,,  from  L. 

interstitium  ;  inter  and  sto,  to  stfind  ] 

1.  A  space  between  things  ;  but  chiefly,  a  narrow 
or  small  space  between  things  closely  set,  or  the 
parts  which  compose  a  body.  We  speak  of  the  in- 
terstices between  the  pai-ts  of  wood  or  stone. 

2.  Time  between  one  act  and  another.  Jlijliffe. 
IN-TER-STINCT'IVE,    «.     Distinguishing.  (JVof 

used.]  IVttlU.i. 

IN-TER-STI"TIAL,  (in-ter-stish'al,)  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  containing  interstices.  Kncyc. 

IN-TER-STRAT'I-FI-A'D,  (in-ter-strat'e-fide,)  a. 
Stratified  among  or  between  other  bodies,  Eneyc. 

IN-TER-TALK',  (iii-ter-tawk',)  t'.  i.  To  exchange 
conversation.    [JVot  vsed.]  Carev), 

IN-TER-TAN"GEE,  (-tang'gl,)  v,  t.  To  intertwist ; 
to  entangle.  Beamn,  S(  Fl, 

IN-TER-TEX'TTJRE,  (-text'yur,)  n,  [h,  interteztus  ; 
inter  and  teio,  to  weave.] 

The  act  of  interweaving,  or  the  state  of  things  in- 
terwoven. More, 

IN'TER-TlE,     )  n.    In  earpentru,  a  short,  horizontal 

IN'TER-DPCE,  i  timber  framed  between  two  posts, 
in  order  to  tie  them  together.  Brunde, 

IN-TER-TIS'Sn-f;D,  (in-ter-tish'shude,)  a.  Wrought 
with  joint  tissue.  Everest, 

TN-TER-TRAN-SPie'lI-OUS,  a.  Transpicuous  with- 
in or  between. 

IN-'l'ER-TROP'ie-AL.  «.  [inter  and  tropical.]  Situa- 
ted brtween  the  tropics.  ./.  Morse, 

IN-TE1!-'J'\VI.\1'.',  t.  [!/i(fr  and  twine,]  'J'o  unite 
by  twilling  or  tu  isting  one  with  another.  Milton, 

IN-TER-'l'WIN'iCD,  pp.  Twined  or  twisted  one  with 
another. 

IN-'i'ER-TWIN'ING,  ppr.  Twining  one  with  another. 

IN-TEK-TWi.\'lNG-LY,  adi:  By  intertwining  or  be- 
ing intertwined. 

IN-TER-TWIST',  ».  e,  [iH(cr  and  deist.]  To  twist 
one  with  another. 

IN-TER-TVVIS'J''E1),  7<;).    Twisted  one  with  another, 

IN-TEll-T\\  IST'ING,  j'pr-  Twisting  one  with  an- 
other. 

IN-TER-TWIST'ING-LY,  ado.    By  intertwisting,  or 

being  intertwisted. 
IN'TER-VAL,  n.    [Fr,  iniervulle  ;  li,  interrallum  ;  inter 

and  vallum,  a  wall,  ovvallus,  a  stake.] 

1.  A  space  between  things  ;  a  void  space  interven- 
ing between  any  two  objects  ;  as,  an  intereal  between 
two  pickets  or  palisades,  between  two  houses  or 
walls,  or  between  two  mountains  or  hills. 

2.  Sljiace  of  time  between  any  two  points  or  events ; 
as,  the  interval  between  the  death  of  Challes  I.  of 
England  and  the  accession  of  Charles  II.  ;  the  inte-~ 
val  between  two  wars.  Hence  we  say,  an  uito-i'a(  of 
peace. 

3.  The  space  of  time  between  two  paroxysms  of 
disease,  pain,  or  delirium  ;  remission  ;  as,  an  internal 
of  ease,  of  peace,  of  reason. 

4.  The  distance  between  two  given  sounds  in  mu- 
sic, or  the  difl'eience  in  point  of  gravity  or  aciiteness, 

Brande, 

5.  A  tract  of  low  or  plain  ground  between  hills,  or 
altuig  the  banks  of  rivers,  usually  alluvial  land  en- 
riched by  the  overflowings  of  rivers,  or  by  fertilizing 
de|)osits  of  earth  from  tlie  adjacent  liills.  Hutchinson, 

[Dr,  Belknap  writes  this  I^TKUVALE  ;  /  think  im- 
properly.] 

IN-'I'ER-VEIN'KD,  (-ter-vand',)  a.  [inter  and  vein,] 
Intersected  as  with  veins. 

Fair  cliamjiain^n  Willi  less  rivers  inlervcined,  AlUton. 

IN-TER-ViiNE',  V,  i.  [L.  intervenio  ;  inter  and  venio, 
to  come.] 

1.  To  come  or  be  between  persons  or  things ;  to 
be  situated  between.  Thus  the  .Atlantic  intervenes 
between  Europe  and  America;  the  Mediterranean 
intervenes  between  Europe  and  Africa. 

2.  'I'll  come  bi  tweeii  |iiiiiils  of  time  or  events ;  as, 
the  period  that  intrrveucd  between  the  treaty  of  Rys- 
wick  anil  llielri'aly  of  Utrecht. 

3.  'J'o  hapiien  in  a  way  to  disturb,  cross,  or  inter- 
rupt. I'h'eiits  may  intervene  to  frustrate  our  ptif|)oses 
or  wishes. 

4.  To  interpose  or  undertake  voluntarily  for  anoth- 
er. A  third  party  m.ay  intervene,  and  accept  a  bill  of 
exi  liange  for  another. 

IN-Tl'.R-\  kNE',  A  coming  between;  interven- 
tion.   [Mot  used.]  Wotton. 

IN-TER-VkN'IE.\  T,  a.  Coming  or  being  between; 
intercedent  ;  interposed.    [Ai(//c  Hscrf.]  Bacon. 

IN-TER-Vn;N'IN(!,  ppr.  ox  ii.  (Joining  or  being  be- 
tween persona  or  tilings,  or  between  jioints  of  time  ; 
as,  intervening  space  or  time  ;  intervening  events  or 
misfortunes  ;  iuferrenintr  jieace 

IN-TER  VEN'TION,  11.    [Fr.,  from  E.  in'.enmilio.] 
1.  A  state  of  coming  or  being  between  ;  inlerposi- 


FATE,  far,  fall,  what  MftTE  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 

618       ~  ~  " 


INT 


INT 


INT 


tioii  Lichl  is  not  iiitcrruptcd  by  the  intcrvenlion  of 
a  transp'iront  hodx'. 

2.  Asi  iuy  of  persons  liotwrm  prrsoiis  ;  inli'rpi>si- 
ti<'ii  ;  iiii'ilinticiii  ;  any  inteiTuroiicu  that  iiKiy  oltucl 
tlie  iiituresls  of  others. 

Let  tifl  (li-cUle  uiir  quarrrls  at  home  wiUiout  the  intervention  of  a 
lofi^ii  power.  Temple. 

3.  /Veoncy  of  means  or  instrmn''nts ;  as,  fdl'Cta  arc 
proilni'i-(l  hy  tin;  intmention  of  n:itnral  causes. 

4.  Inti  rposilion  in  favor  of  annther;  a  vohintary 
iintlertakins  of  one  party  for  anotliiT.  A  hill  of  ex- 
clian^u  may  he  accepted  hy  the  interoentuin  of  a  third 
person  in  behalf  of  the  drawer,  or  of  one  of  the  in- 
dorsers.  Fretich  Ci'inntrrcial  Coilc.  H^alsfi. 

IN-TER-VKX'TOIl,  «.  [L.]  A  mediator  ;  a  pel. son 
anciently  lU'signated  by  a  chnrcli  to  reiM)ncile  iKir- 
ties,  ami  unite  them  in  the  choice  of  othcers. 

IN-TKIl-VE.\'IIE,  M.    [Fr.  interocnu.]  IColeman. 
Interpo-sition.    [JVut  uscft.]  Bluunt, 

IN-TEK-V'EUT',  v.  t.  [L.  intcrverto  ;  inter  and  t7erto, 
to  turn.] 

To  turn  to  another  course  or  to  another  use.  [Litr 
lie  u-irj.]  JKottoH. 
IN-TER-VER'TE-BRAL,  a.    Being  between  tlie  vcr- 
tcline. 

IN'TER-V[EVV,  71.  [iii^cr  and  nVir  ;  Fr.  riitrerue.] 
A  mntiial  sicht  or  view  ;  a  metaling  ;  u.^-naltif^  a 
formal  meetins  for  st>nie  conference  on  an  important 
subject ;  hence  the  word  implied  a  cont'erence,  or 
mutual  coninuinication  of  thoughts.  The  envoy  had 
an  iiUervicm  with  the  kini;,  or  with  the  secretary  of 
foreign  affairs.  Tlie  |>:\rties  had  an  iiUcnicui,  and 
adjustetl  their  dilft^rences. 

IN-'l'ER-VIS'I-Bl.E,  a.  In  .«urrryiii?>  an  epithet  ap- 
plied to  stations  which  are  iniilually  visible,  or  can 
be  seen  the  one  trom  the  other. 

IN-TER-VOLVE',  (in-tcr-volv',)  i'.  L  [L.  iiitcrcolvo  ; 
intir  and  ro/co,  to  roll.] 

To  involve  one  within  another.  Milton. 

IN-TER-V0LV'/;D,  pp.  involved  one  within  anoth- 
er ;  wrapiwd  together. 

IN-TER-VOLV'h\G,  ppr.  Involving  one  within  an- 
other. 

IN-TER-VVic.VVE',  ».  t. ;  preL  I.vterwote  ;  pp.  In- 
terwoven.   [i/t(fr  and  weave.] 

1.  To  weave  together;  to  intermix  or  unite  in  text- 
ure or  construction ;  as,  threads  of  silk  and  cotton 
intcrioovtiu 

2.  To  intermix ;  to  set  among  or  together  ;  as,  a 
covert  of  intt-ncoven  trees. 

3.  To  intermingle  ;  to  insert  together ;  as,  to  inter- 
weave truth  with  falsehood. 

I\-TER-\Vl-;AV'I.\G, //;>r.    Weaving  together. 

I.V-TER-\Vl":AV'I.\"G,  n.    Intertexlure.  Milton. 

l.N-TEK-VVISU',  B.  (.  [inter  and  wiwA.]  To  wish  inu- 
liiallv  to  each  other.   \Little  used.]  Donne. 

I.\-'l'ER-\VI.-Jir/;i),  (-wisht,)  pp.    Wished  niulnallv. 

I.N-TER-WORK'l.NT.,  n.  The  act  of  wotkiiig  to- 
gether. 

IN-TEIt-WOVE',  ;»rct.  of  IsTEBWEiVE.  Hilton  uses 
it  as  a  participle  for  intertcoven, 

IN-TER-WoV'/;.\,  ora.  Woven  together;  inler- 
mifed  ;  int:  rminglmg.  m 

I.N-TEll-WKCAfirKI),  a.    Woven  into  a  wreath. 

IN-TEST' .\-BLE,  a.  [L.  in-Mlahilis ;  in  and  leslabitis; 
ffts/i-v,  a  witnt!ss  ;  testur^  to  testify.] 

Not  capable  of  making  u  will  ;  legally  unqualified 
or  disipialilied  to  make  a  testament ;  .is,  a  person  un- 
qiialitied  for  want  of  discretion,  or  disqualilied  hy  loss 
of  re.-won,  is  intestable.  Jlyliffe. 

IN-TEST' A-C Y,  n.  [from  i<i/es(flfc.]  The  state  cf  dy- 
ing without  luaking  a  will  or  disposing  of  one's  ef- 
fects. Btaekstone. 

IN-TEST' ATE,  a.  [Ft.  intcttat ;  L.  inUstatus ;  in  and 
UstatiLx,  te.itor,  to  make  a  will.] 

1.  Dying  without  having  made  a  will.  When  a 
man  dies  intr.ittUe,  bis  estate  is  committed  for  settle- 
ment to  administrators. 

2.  Not  devised  ;  not  disposed  of  by  will ;  as,  an 
intestate  est.ate.  Laws  of  Mass.  and  Conn, 

I    IN-TEST' ATE,  n.    A  person  who  dies  without  mak- 
I       ing  a  will.  Blackstone. 
I    IN-TES'TIN-AL,  a.    [from  intestine.]    PerLiining  to 
I      the  inlt^stiiies  of  an  uiiiinal  body  ;  as,  the  intestinal 
'       lube  or  canal.  JlrbntlmoU 
i    IN-TES-TI.\-.\'LI-A,  n.  p/.  .\  cl.iss  of  animals  which 
infest  the  interior  of  the  bodies,  and  especially  the 
I      intestinal  canal,  of  other  animals.  Brande, 
I  j  I.N-TES'TIXE,  (  tes'tin,)  a.    [Fr.  in(»tin ,-  L.  inlesti- 
I      nii.«,  from  iiidw,  within.] 

1.  Internal;  inward;  op|>osed  to  External;  <i;>- 
pUed  to  the  human  or  other  animal  body ;  as,  an  intestine 
disease. 

•J.  Internal  with  regard  to  a  state  or  country  :  do- 
mestic, not  foreign  ;  as,  intestine  fends  ;  i«/«,«(i(i"cwar; 
in(r.«(iitt  enemies.  It  is  to  be  rem.arked  that  this  word 
IS  usually  or  alw.iys  applied  to  evils.  We  never  s.iy, 
I  intestine  happiness  or  prosperity  ;  intestine  trade,  man- 
]  ufaclures,  or  bills  ;  but  intestine  broils,  trouble,  disor- 
ders, c;ilainilies,  war,  &c.  We  say,  internal  peace, 
well'are,  prosperity,  or  internal  broils,  war,  trade,  &.c. 
This  restricted  use  of  uiUstine  seems  to  be  entirely 
arbitrt.ry. 


TONE,  ByLL,  IINITE.  — 


IN-TES'TINE,  n. ;  usually  in  the  plural,  I>tkstines. 
The  canal  in-  tube  that  extends,  with  convolutions, 
from  the  right  orifice  of  the  stoiiiarh  to  llie  anus. 

IN-TE.\'TUR-KIJ,  a.    Inwrouuht ,  woven  in. 

IN-TII!UST',  (iii-thur.st',)  v.  U  [in  and  I/i<rs(.]  To 
make  thirsty.    [Au(  used.]  Bp.  Hall. 

I.\-'I'IIKALL',  V.  t.  [in  and  tliraU;  Sax.  ihreai,  a  ser- 
vant ;  it.  trail!.] 

To  enslave  ;  to  reduce  to  bondage  or  ser\'itiide  ;  to 
shackle.  Tlie  Greeks  have  been  inUiraltcd  by  the 
Turks. 

She  Mtotlina,  but  nrvcr  Mil  inlhralt  my  mind.  Prior, 
IN-TIIRALL'£D,  pp,  or  a.    Enslaved  ;  reduced  to  aer- 
vitiidi." 

I\-TII1{AI,L'IXG,  ppr.  Enslaving. 

IN-TIIRALL'MENT,  >i.  Servitude;  slavery  ;  bond- 
age. Milton. 

1N-TIIR6NE',  V.  t.  [in  and  throne.]  To  seat  on  a 
throne  ;  to  raise  to  royalty  or  supreme  dominion. 
[See  Enthrone,  which  is  the  luore  coniiiion  orthog- 
raphy.] 

2.  To  induct  or  install  a  bishop  into  the  powers 

and  privileges  of  a  vacant  see. 
IN-TllRf)N-l-ZA'TU).\,  n.    The  act  of  enthroning, 

or  state  of  being  enthroned.  Warbiirton, 
IN-THRo.N'lZE,  ».  (.  To  enthrone.  [See  1  nthhone.] 
I.N'TI-.\l.\-i; Y,  n.    [from  intimate.]    Close  faiiiiliarily 

or  fellowship  ;  nearness  in  friendship.  Rogers. 
IN'Tl-.M  ATE,  a,    [L.  iiilimus,  superl.  of  intus,  or  intc- 

ru.i,  within.] 

1.  Inmost;  inward;  internal;  as,  intimate  im- 
pulse. Milton, 

2.  Near  ;  close 

11c  w.is  honored  with  nii  intinuite  uiid  imnicdiat;  admission. 

3.  Close  in  friendship  or  acquaintance  ;  familiar  ; 
as,  an  intimate  friend  ;  intimate  aciiuaintance. 

IN'TI-.M.-\TI2,  n.    A  familiar  friend  or  associate  ;  one 
to  whom  the  thoughts  of  another  are  intrusted  witli- 
■  out  reserve. 

IN'TI-iMaTE,  v.  i.   To  share  together.    [JVut  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

IN'TI-MaTE,  v.  U  [Fr.  intimer;  Sp.  intimar ;  It.  inti- 
mare :  Low  L,  intimo,  to  intimate,  to  register,  to  love 
entirely,  to  make  one  intimate,  to  enter,  from  mti- 
mw.v.] 

To  hint ;  to  suggest  obscurely,  indirectly,  or  not 
very  plainly  ;  to  give  .slight  notice  of.    He  intimated 
his  intention  of  resigning  his  ofhcc. 
'Tis  Heaven  itself  that  points  out  an  hereafter, 
And  intinuiu-s  eternity  to  iiutn.  Addison. 

IN'TI-.Ma-TED,  pp.  Hinted ;  slightly  mentioned  or 
signified. 

IN'TI-.MATE-LY,  adv.  Closely  ;  with  close  inter- 
mixture and  unitin  of  parts  ;  ns,  two  fluids  intimatelij 
mixed. 

2.  Closely;  with  nearness  of  friendship  or  alliance  ; 
as,  two  frienils  intimatelij  united  ;  two  families  inti- 
matchj  connected. 

3.  Familiarly  ;  particularly  ;  as,  to  be  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  facts  or  with  a  subject. 

IN'TI-.Ma-TI.N'G,  p;ir.    Hinting;  suggesting. 

lN-TI-.M.\'TIO.\,  n.  [Fr.,  from  in(iin<i(c.]  Hint ;  an 
obscure  or  indirect  suggestion  or  notice  ;  a  declara- 
tion or  remark  communicating  imperfect  information. 
Our  friend  lefl  us  without  giving  any  previous  inti- 
mation  of  his  design. 

IN'TI.ME,  (in'tim,)  a.    [I.,  intimus.] 

Inwanl ;  internal.    [.Yut  used.]  Diirby, 

IN-TIM'I-I)aTE,  v.  t,  [Fr.  inlimider;  in  and  L.  timi- 
duSf  fearful  ;  tiineo,  tt)  fear.] 

To  make  feiurful ;  to  inspire  with  fear ;  to  disheart- 
en ;  to  abash. 

Now  ^lilt,  once  harixirrd  in  the  conacioua  breast, 
tntitnbtau*  tlie  Inive,  degr.ules  Uie  ^al.  Irene, 

IN-TI.M'I-Da-TED,  pp.    Made  fearful ;  abashed. 

I\-TI  .M'I-Da-TI.NG,  ppr.    .Making  fearful ;  ab.ashing. 

IN-TI.M-I-1)a'TIO.\',  m.  The  act  of  making  fearful ; 
the  state  of  being  abashed. 

IN-TINC-TIV'I-TY,  ii.  [L.  in  and  tinctus,  dipped, 
stained.] 

The  want  of  the  quality  of  coloring  or  tinging  other 
bodies.    Fuller's  earth  is  distinguished  from  colorific 
earths  hy  its  intinetiriti/,  JCinoan, 
IN-TIRE',  IN-TIRE  LY.    See  Entire  and  its  deriva- 
IN-TI'TLE.    See  Entitle.  [fives. 
IN'TO,  pr^p.    [in  and  (o.J    Noting  entrance, ora  |iass- 
ing  from  the  outside  of  a  thing  to  its  interior  parts. 
It  follows  verbs  expressing  motion.   Come  into  the 
house  ;  go  into  the  church  ;  one  stream  falls  or  runs 
intu  another.    Water  enters  into  the  fine  vessels  of 
planus. 

2.  Noting  penetration  beyond  the  outside  or  sur- 
face, or  access  to  it.  Look  into  a  letter  or  book  ;  look 
into  nil  apartment. 

3.  Noting  insertiim.  Infuse  more  spirit  or  anima- 
tion into  the  composition. 

4.  Noting  mixture.  Put  other  ingredients  into  the 
compound. 

5.  Noting  inclusion.  Put  these  ideas  inta  other 
words. 

6.  Noting  the  passing  of  a  thing  (rom  one  form  or 
state  to  another.    Compound  substances  may  be  re- 


solved into  others  which  are  more  simple  ;  ice  is  con- 
vertible i;i(o  water,  and  witter  into  vajior.  .Men  are 
more  easily  tirawii  than  forced  into  compliance.  We 
reiluce  many  distinct  substances  into  one  inass.  We 
are  led  by  evidence  into  belief  of  truth.  Men  are 
often  enticed  intv  the  comiiiission  of  crimes.  Chil- 
dren are  sometimi  s  frightened  into  his,  and  wo  are 
all  liable  to  be  sediici'd  into  error  and  follv. 
IN-TOL'ER-A-BLE,  a,  [Fr.,  from  L.  mtJlerabilU ;  in 
and  to.erabilis,  tolrro,  to  bear.] 

1.  .Not  to  be  borne  ;  thai  can  not  be  endured;  ns, 
intolerable  pain ;  intolerable  heat  or  cold  ;  an  intolera- 
ble hiirtlen. 

2.  Insufferable  ;  not  to  be  allowed ;  as,  intolerable 
la/iness. 

IN-TOL'ER-.VHLE  NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
not  tolerable  or  siiil'erable. 

IN-TUL'ER-A-liLY,  aili;  To  a  degree  beyond  endur- 
ance ;  as,  intiitrrnbhj  cold  ;  intulmiblij  abusive. 

IN-TOI.'KR-A.\CE,  n.  [from  iHtWfraiil.]  Want  of 
capaeify  to  endure.  Brande, 

2.  Want  of  toleration  ;  the  not  enduring  at  all,  or 
not  siilleriiig  to  exist  without  persecution  ;  as,  the  in- 
tolerance of  u  jirince  or  a  church  toward  a  religious 
sect.  Burke, 

IN-TOL'ER-ANT,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  loieru,  to 
endure.] 

1.  Not  enduring  ;  not  able  to  endure. 

The  pijwers  of  the  humitn  body  being  hmited  and  intnlemni  of 
exci'sw-s.  Arti-iUirujt. 

2.  Not  enduring  difference  of  opinion  or  worship  ; 
refusing  to  tolerate  others  in  the  enjoyment  of  their 
opinions,  rights,  and  worship. 

I.N-TOL'ER-.VNT,  n.  One  w  ho  docs  not  favor  tolera- 
tion. Lowtlu 

IN-TOL'ER-ANT-LY,  adx>.  Not  tolerantly;  not  in- 
dlllgelltlv. 

IN-TOL'ER-A-TED,  a.    Not  cB  'ured  ;  not  tolerated. 

Chesttrfield. 

IN-TOL-ER-S'TIO.V,  n.    Intolerance;  refusal  to  tol- 

enite  others  in  their  opinions  or  worship.  Chesterjield. 
IN-TOMIi',  (iii-tooin',)  i".  I.  [in  and  tomb.]  To  deposit 

in  a  tomb  ;  to  biir>'.  Drijilrn. 
IN-TO.MIi'/'n),  (iii-toomd',)  pp,  at  a.    Deposited  in  a 

toiiih  ;  buried. 
IN-TO.MH'L\G,  (in-toom'ing,)  ppr.    Depositing  in  a 

tomb  ;  interring. 
IN'TO-NaTE,  e.  i.    [ L.  intono,  intonotiu ,- in  and  loiu), 

to  sound  or  thunder.] 

1.  To  souiiil  ;  to  sound  the  notes  of  the  musical 

2.  To  tliiiiider.  [scale. 
IN-TO-Na'TION,  r.    In  mH.'!i>,  the  action  of  sound- 
ing the  notes  of  the  scale  with  the  voice,  or  any  other 
given  order  of  musical  tones.  Brande, 

2.  1'hc  manner  of  sounding  or  tuning  the  notes  of 
a  musical  .scale. 

3.  In  speaking,  the  modulation  of  the  voice  in  ex- 
pression. 

IN-ToNE',  V.  i,    [L.  intono,  supra.] 

To  utter  a  sound,  or  a  deep,  protracted  sound. 

Ass  iritanee  to  ass.  Pope. 
IN-TOR'SION,  «.    [L.  intorqiieo,  intorsum,  to  twist.] 
A  winding,  bending,  tir  twisting,  in  any  particular 
direction.    In  botanij,  the  bending  or  twining  of  any 
part  of  a  plant  toward  one  side  or  the  other,  or  in 
any  tlirectioii  from  the  vertical.  Martijiu 
IN-'i'OR'l'',  V.  t.  [L.  intortiis,  f'rom  intorqueo,  to  twist.] 

To  twist ;  to  wreath  ;  to  wind  ;  to  wring.  Pope. 
IN-TORT'ED,  pp.    Twisted  ;  made  winding. 

JirbiithnoL  Pope, 
IN-TORT'ING,  ppr.   Winding  ;  twisting. 
/..V  TO' TO,  [I-.1    Wholly  ;  entirely. 
1N-TOX'I-CaTE,  V,  t,     [in  and  L.  tozicum,  which, 
Pliny  informs  us,  is  from  taxa,  a  species  of  tree,  in 
Greek  a/i(A(i(.    IJb.  xvi.  10.    Tozicum  is  from  the 
Greek  r  '^or,  a  bow  or  an  arrow  ;  the  barbarians  used 
to  poison  their  .arrows,  and  hence  tozir.am,  in  Latin, 
came  to  signify  poison,] 

1.  To  inebriate  ;  to  make  dnink  ;  as  with  spiritu-  , 
ous  liquor.  ' 

As  with  new  wine  intoxieated  loth, 

They  swim  in  ndrUi.  ^fUton. 

3.  To  excite  the  spirits  to  a  kind  of  delirium  ;  to 
el.ite  to  enthusiasm,  frenzy,  or  madness.  Success 
may  sometimes  intozicate  a  man  of  sobriety.  An  en- 
thusiast inav  be  intozicated  with  zetil. 

I.N-TO.\'I-e.\TE,  a.    Inebri.tted.      J.  Montgomery, 

IN-TOX'ie.A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Inebri.ated  ;  made  drunk; 
excited  to  frenzy. 

IN-TO.X'I-Ga-TED-NESS,  m.   Suite  of  intoxication. 

IN-TOX'i  e.A-TING,  ppr.  Inebriating ;  elating  to  ex- 
cess or  frenzy. 

2.  a.    Having  qualities  that  produce  inebriation 

ns,  in/ifrirdrifii,'' lltpiors.  ij 

IN-TOX-I-CA'TIO.X,  >u  Inebriation  ;  ebricty  ;  dnink-  ,,' 

enness  ;  the  act  of  making  drunk.  South,  li 

TTccAmVa;/;),  intoxicalion  is  made  up  of  extraordi- 

nnrj'  exhilaration  gradually  incre.ising  to  delirium,  | 

with  imperfect  articiil.Ttion  ami  inability  to  regiilnlc  i 
voluntary  motion  genenlly,  which  finally  passes  into 
unconsciousness  and  coma. 

2.  FifTuratirehj,  a  high  excitement  of  mind  ;  an  ela-  | , 

tion  which  rises  to  enthusiasin,  frenzy,  or  madne«8.  j  j 


AX"GER,  V1"CI0L"S.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


619 


INT 

IN-TRA€T'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  intractabilis ;  in  and  trac- 
titbilis,  tracto,  to  Imndle,  manage,  govern  ;  Fr.  intrai- 
table  ;  IL  intraUabiU.] 

1.  Not  to  be  governed  or  managed  ;  violent ;  stub- 
linrn  ;  obstinate ;  refractory  ;  as,  an  intractable  tem- 
per. 

3.  Not  to  be  tauglit ;  indocile. 
rN-TRACT'A-BLE-NESS,  )  n.    The  quality  of  being 


ungovernable ;  obstina- 
Porteus. 

In  a  perverse,  stubborn 


IN-TRAeT-A-BIL'I-TY, 
cy ;  perverseness. 
2.  Indocility. 
IN-TRAGT'A-BLY,  ailv. 
manner. 

IN-TRa'DOS,  n.  In  architecture,  the  interior  and  low- 
er line  or  curve  of  an  arch.  Braiule. 

IN-TRA-FO-LI-a'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  intra  and  folinm,  a 
leaf.] 

In  botany,  growing  on  the  inside  of  a  leaf ;  as, 
trafoliaceotis  stipules.  Lee.  Murtyn. 

IN-TRS.N'CE'.    See  Entrance. 

IN-TRAN-QUIL'LI-TY,  n.  [in  and  tranquilUtii.]  Un- 
quietness  ;  inquietude  ;  want  of  rest.  Temple. 

IN-TRAN'SIEXT,  (-shent,)  a.  Not  transient ;  not 
passing  suddenly  away.  KilUn^bcck. 

IN-TRANS'I-TI  VE,  a.  [L.  intransitivus ;  in  and  transeo, 
to  pass  over.] 

In  frrammar,  an  intransitive  verb  is  one  which  ex- 
presses an  action  or  state  that  is  limited  to  the  agent, 
or,  in  other  words,  an  action  that  does  not  pass  over 
to,  or  operate  upon,  an  object ;  as,  I  walk  ;  I  run  ;  I 
sleep. 

IN-TRANS'I-TIVE-LY,  ailv.  Without  an  object  fol- 
lowing ;  in  the  manner  of  an  intransitive  verb. 

Loirtb. 

IJV  TRAJ^S[-TU,  [L.]  In  passing,  or  on  the  way 
out. 

IN-TRANS-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  trans- 
mitted. J.  P.  Smith. 

IN-TR  ANS-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
being  tnmsrautable.  Ray. 

IN-TRANS-.Mu'TA-BLE,  a.    [in  and  transmutable.] 
That  can  not  be  transmuted  or  changed  into  anoth- 
er substance.  Ray. 

IN'TRANT,  a.    [L.  intrans.] 

Entering  ;  penetrating  ;  making  entrance. 

IN-TREAS'l;RE,  (in-lrezh'ur,)  v.  t.  [in  and  treasure.] 
To  lav  up  as  in  a  treasury.    ILittle  used.]  Shak. 

IN-TReAT'FUL,  a.    Full  of  entreaty.  Spenser. 

IN-TRENCH',  v.  t.  [in  and  Fr.  trancher,  to  cut.  See 
Trench.] 

1.  To  dig  or  cut  a  trench  around  a  place,  as  in  for- 
tification i  to  fortify  with  a  ditch  and  parapet.  The 
army  intrenched  their  camp,  or  they  were  intrenched. 

2.  To  furrow  :  to  make  hollows  in. 


His  face 
r  had  inti  encficd. 


MUlon. 


Deep  scare  of  Umnd' 

To  intrench  on  ;  literally,  to  cut  into  ;  hence,  to  in- 
vade ;  to  encroach  ;  to  enter  on  and  take  possession 
of  that  which  belongs  to  another.  In  the  contest  for 
power,  the  king  was  charged  with  intrenchin<r  on  the 
rights  of  the  nobles,  and  the  nobles  were  accused  of 
intrenching  on  the  |)reroKatives  of  the  crown. 

IN-TRE.\CH'ANT,  a.  Not  to  be  divided  or  wounded  ; 
indivisible.    [JVo(  used.]  Shak. 

IN-TRENCH'£D,  (in-trencht',)  pp.  Fortified  with  a 
ditch  and  parapet, 

IN-TRENCH'ING,  ppr.  Fortifying  with  a  trench  and 
parapet. 

IN-TRENCH'.MENT,  n.  Properly,  a  trench  or  ditch 
only  ;  but,  as  the  earth  thrown  out  of  a  trench  forms 
a  part,  and  often  the  most  necessary  and  useful  part, 
of  a  fortification,  hence  inlrenchmenl  is  generally  un- 
derstood to  signify  a  ditch  and  parapet,  and  some- 
times it  signifies  fascines  covered  with  earth,  gabions, 
bags  filled  with  earth  or  other  materials  collected  to 
cover  men  from  an  enemy's  fire. 

On  O'lr  eide  we  liave  thrown  up  inlrenchmenU  on  Winter  and 
Prospect  Hills.  Washiuglon. 

2.  Hence, /"-iiratii'fl!/,  any  defense  or  protection. 
IN-TREP'ID,  a.    [L.  intrcpidus ;  in  and  trepidus,  trepi- 
do,  to  tremble.] 

Literally,  not  trembling  or  shaking  with   fear ; 
hence^  fearless  ;  bold ;  bravo ;  undaunted  ;  us,  an 
intrepid  soldier. 
IN-TRE-PID'I-TY,  v.    [Fr.  in(rcpi<ii/^.] 

Fearlessness ;  fearless  bravery  in  danger ;  undaunt- 
ed courage  or  boldness.  The  troops  engaged  with 
intrepidity. 

IN-TREI"II)-LY,  ailr.  Without  trembling  or  shrink- 
ing from  danger  ;  fearlessly  ;  daringly  ;  resolutely. 

Pope. 

IN'TBI-GA-BLE,  a.    Entangling.    [J^ot  in  v-ie.] 

SheJton. 

IN'TRI-€A-CY,  n.  Ifrom  i«(rica'c.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing entangled  i  perplexity  ;  involution  ;  complication  ; 
an,  the  mtricar.y  of  a  knot,  nnt\,  Ji/rnralirely,  the  intri- 
cacy of  acc^juntfl,  the  intricacy  of  a  cause  in  contro- 
verMy,  the  intricacy  of  a  pb>t.  .Addison. 

IN'TRI-CATE,  a.  [I..  intricMaii,  from  inlrico,  to  fold  ; 
tn  and  tricor;  It.  intrcfxiare.    Hee  TnicK.] 

Entangled  ;  involved  ;  perplexed  ;  complicated  ; 
obncure.  Wc  panxed  through  intricate  wuidlngH; 
wc  found  the  accounla  intricate  :  the  case  un  trial  in 


INT 

intricate ;  the  plot  of  a  tragedy  may  be  too  intricate 
to  please. 

IN'TRI-e.\TE,  V.  U  To  perplex;  to  make  obscure. 
[Little  used.]    .  Camden. 

IN'TRI-e.ATE-LY,  adv.  With  involution  or  infold- 
ings  ;  with  perplexity  or  intricacy.  fVotton. 

IN'TRI-CATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  involved  ; 
involution  ;  complication  ;  perplexity.  Sidney. 

IN-TRI-€A'TION,  n.    Entanglement.    [JVot  used.] 

IN-TRIGUE',  (in-treeg',)  n.  [Fr.  id.  ;  It.  intrigo  ; 
verbs.  Fr.  intriguer,  to  perplex,  embroil,  intrigue  ;  It. 
intricare,  intrigare,  to  perplex,  to  make  intricate  ; 
Low  L.  intrico,  intricor,  to  inwrap ;  tricor,  to  trifle, 
to  show  tricks;  allied  to  Gr. -Spif,  roixof,  hair  or 
a  lock  of  hair,  as  we  should  say,  a  plexus.  In  D. 
bcdriegen,  G.  bitriegen,  signify  to  cheat ;  D.  driegen, 
to  tack,  to  baste;  G.  triegen,  to  deceive;  trug,  de- 
ceit, fraud.  The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  fold, 
lay  over,  or  to  draw  together.] 

1.  A  plot  or  scheme  of  a  complicated  nature,  in- 
tended to  eflTect  some  purpose  by  secret  artifices.  An 
intrigue  may  be  formed  and  prosecuted  by  an  indi- 
vidual, and  we  often  ])ear  of  the  intrigues  of  a  min- 
ister or  a  courtier,  but  often  several  projectors  are 
concerned  in  an  intrigue. 

2.  The  plot  of  a  play  or  romance;  a  complicated 
scheme  of  designs,  actions,  and  events,  intended  to 
awaken  interest  in  an  audience  or  reader,  and  make 
them  wait  with  eager  curiosity  for  the  solution  or 
development. 

3.  A  secret  understanding  or  commerce  of  forbid- 
den love  between  two  persons  of  ditferent  sexes. 

Smart 

4.  Intricacy  ;  complication.    [JVot  in  use.]  Hale. 
IN-TRIGUE',  (in-treeg',)  v.  i.    To  form  a  plot  or 

scheme,  usually  complicated,  and  intended  to  effect 
some  purpose  by  secret  artifices.    The  courtier  in- 
trigues with  the  minister. 
2.  To  carry  on  a  commerce  of  forbidden  love. 

Smart.  > 

IN-TRYGUE',  (in-treeg',)  v.  t.  To  perplex  or  render 
intricate.    [A'ut  used.]  L.  .Addison. 

IN-TRIGU'ER,  (in-treeg'er,)  n.  One  who  intrigues; 
one  who  forms  plots,  or  pursues  an  object  by  secret 
artifices. 

IN-TRIGU'ING,  (in-treeg'ing,)  ppr.  Forming  secret 
plots  or  schemes. 

2.  a.  Addicted  to  intrigue ;  given  to  secret  mach- 
inations. 

IN-TRiGU'ING-LY,  (in-treeg'ing-ly,)  adv.  With  in- 
trigue ;  with  artifice  or  secret  machinations. 

IN-TRIN'SE-CATE,  a.  Entangled  ;  perplexed.  [JVat 
in  iLse.] 

IN-TRIN'Sie,        )  a.     [Fr.  intrinseque  ;  Sp.  intrin- 
IN-TRIN'Sie-AL,  j     scco  ;  It.  intrinsico ;  L.  intrinse- 
cus ;  intra  anisecus.  It  was  formerly  written  Intrin- 

SECiL.] 

1.  Inward  ;  internal ;  hence,  true  ;  genuine  ;  real ; 
essential ;  inherent ;  not  apparent  or  accidental ;  as, 
the  intri?isic  value  of  gold  or  silver ;  the  intrinsic 
merit  of  an  action  ;  the  intrinsic  worth  or  goodness 
of  a  person.  Prior. 

2.  Intimate;  closely  familiar.    [Ois.]  JVotton. 
IN-TRIN'Sie-AL-LY,  adv.  Internally  ;  in  its  nature  ; 

really ;  truly. 

A  tie  is  a  thing  absolutely  and  tnlrinticaUy  evU.  South. 

IN-TRO-CES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  Tt.  A  depression,  or 
sinking  of  parts  inward.  Smart. 

IN-TRO-DOCE',  V.  t.  [L.  introduco ;  intra,  within, 
and  duco,  to  lead  ;  Fr.  introduire ;  It.  introdurre.] 

1.  To  lead  or  bring  in  ;  to  conduct  or  usher  into 
a  place  ;  as,  to  introduce  a  person  into  a  drawing- 
room. 

2.  To  conduct  and  make  known ;  to  bring  to  be 
acquainted  ;  as,  to  introduce  a  stranger  to  a  person  ; 
to  introduce  a  foreign  minister  to  a  prince. 

3.  To  bring  something  new  into  notice  or  practice ; 
as,  to  introduce  a  new  fashion,  or  a  new  remedy  for 
a  tlisease  ;  to  introduce  an  improved  mode  of  tillage. 

4.  To  bring  in ;  to  import ;  as,  to  introduce  foreign 
goods. 

.5.  To  produce  ;  to  cause  to  exist ;  as,  to  introduce 
habits  into  children.  Locke. 

(i.  To  begin  ;  to  open  to  notice.  He  introduced  the 
subject  with  a  long  preface. 

7.  To  bring  before  the  public  by  writing  or  dis- 
course ;  as,  to  introduce  one's  self  to  notice  or  to  the 
public. 

IN-TRO-DCC'JCD,  (in-tro-dust',)  ;>p.  Led  or  conduct- 
ed in  ;  brought  in  ;  made  acquainted  ;  imported. 

IN-TRO-UuC'EU,  n.  One  who  introduces  ;  one  who 
ccinducLs  another  to  a  place  or  person  ;  one  who 
makes  strangers  known  to  each  other  ;  one  who 
brings  any  thing  into  notice  or  practice. 

IN-TRO-I)0C'ING,  ppr.  Conducting  or  bringing  in  ; 
making  known,  as  one  stranger  to  another ;  bringing 
any  thing  into  notice  or  practice. 

IN-TR()-I)lJ€"riO.\,  71.    [I'r.,  from  I,,  inlroduclio.] 

1.  The  action  ol^  conducting  or  ushering  into  a 
place  ;  H.-icd  of  persons ;  as,  the  introduction  of  a 
Htranger  into  a  saloon. 

2.  The  act  of  making  persons  known  to  each 
other  ;  as,  the  introduction  of  one  stranger  to  another  ; 


INT 

the  introduction  of  a  foreign  minister  to  a  prince  or 
court,  and  the  introduction  of  company  to  a  levee. 

3.  The  act  of  bringing  into  a  country  ;  as,  the  in- 
troduction of  gold  or  bullion,  or  of  merchandise. 

4.  The  act  of  bringing  something  into  notice,  prac- 
tice, or  use  ;  as,  the  introduction  of  new  modes  of 
dress  or  of  tillage. 

5.  The  part  of  a  book  which  precedes  the  main 
work  ;  a  preface  or  preliminary  discourse. 

6.  That  part  of  an  oration  or  discourse  in  which 
the  speaker  gives  some  general  account  of  his  design 
and  subject,  and  prepares  the  minds  of  his  audience 
for  a  favorable  reception  of  liis  remarks  or  argu- 
ments. 

IN-TRO-DUe'TIVE,  a.  Serving  to  introduce  ;  serv- 
ing as  the  means  to  bring  forward  something. 

Lowtli. 

IN-TRO-DUe'TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  serving 
to  introduce. 

IN-TRO-DU€'TOR,  n.   An  introducer.    [JVot  used.] 
IN-TRO-DU€'TO-RI-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  introduc- 
tion. 

IN-TRO-DUe'TO-RY,  a.  Serving  to  introduce  some- 
thing else;  previous;  prefatory;  preliminary;  as, 
introductory  remarks  ;  an  introductory  discourse. 

IN-TRO-FLEX'£D,  (-flekst',)  a.  Flexed  or  bent  in- 
ward. 

IN-TRO-GRES'SION,  (-gresh'un,)n.  [1,.  intra gressio.^ 

Entrance.    [JVot  used.] 
IN-TROIT',  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  introitus.] 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  service,  the  entrance  or  begin- 
ning of  the  mass  ;  a  passage  of  Scripture  sung  or 
chanted  when  the  priest  enters  within  the  rails  of  the 
altar.  Wheatley. 
IN-TRO-MIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)  n.  [L.  intromissus, 
introniitto  ;  intra  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

1.  The  action  of  sending  in.  Peacham. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  an  intermeddling  with  the  effects 
of  another.  Johnson. 

IN-TRO-MIT',  r.  t.    [L.  intramitto,  supra.] 

1.  To  send  in  ;  to  let  in  ;  to  admit.  Oreenhill. 

2.  To  allow  to  enter ;  to  be  the  medium  by  which  a 
thing  enters.  Glass  in  the  window  intromits  light 
without  cold  into  a  room. 

IN-TRO-.MIT',  V.  i.  In  ScottUh  late,  to  intermeddle 
with  the  effects  of  another. 

IN-TRO-MIT'TED,  pp.    Allowed  to  enter. 

IN-TRO-.MIT'TING,  ppr.  Admitting. 

2.  Intermeddling  with  the  etfects  of  another. 

IN-TRO-RE-CEP'TION,  n.  The  act  of  admitting  in- 
to or  within.  Hammond. 

IN-TRO-SPE€T',  v.  U    [L.  introspicio  ;  intra  and  spe- 
cie, to  look.] 
To  look  into  or  within ;  to  view  the  inside. 

IN-TRO-SPEG'TION,  n.  A  view  of  the  inside  or  in 
terior. 

I  was  forced  to  make  an  introspection  into  my  own  mind. 

Dryden. 

IN-TRO-SPEeT'IVE,  a.   Inspecting  within. 
IN-TRO-SfjME',  ».  t.    [L.  ititro  and  sumo.]  ' 

To  sink  in.    [JVot  in  use.] 
IN-TRO-SUS-CEP'TION,  j  n.     The  falling  of  one 
IN-TUS-SUS-CEP'TION,  j     part  of  an  intestine  in- 
to another,  or  the  passing  of  one  part  within  another. 

Core.  Hooper. 
IN-TRO-VkN'IENT,  a.    [L.  intra  and  venicns,  venio, 
to  come.] 

Coming  in  or  between ;  entering.    [Little  jtscd.] 

Brown. 

IN-TRO-VER'SION,  n.    The  act  of  turning  inward. 

Berkeley. 

IN-TRO-VERT',  v.  t.    [L.  intra  and  vcrtn.] 

To  turn  inward.  Cowper. 
IN-TRO-VERT'EI),  pp.   Turned  inward. 
IN-TRO-VERT'ING,  ppr.    Turning  inward. 
IN-TRODE',  v.  i.    [L.  intrudo  ;  in  and  truda,  to  thrust. 
See  Thrust.] 

1.  To  thrust  one's  self  in  ;  to  come  or  go  in  with- 
out invitation  or  welcome;  to  enter,  as  into  compa- 
ny, against  the  will  of  the  company  or  the  host ;  as, 
to  intrude  on  families  at  unseasonable  hours.  Never 
intrude  where  your  company  is  not  desired. 

2.  To  encroach  ;  to  enter  or  force  one's  self  in 
without  permission  ;  as,  to  intrude  on  the  lauds  of 
another. 

3.  To  enter  uncalled  or  uninvited,  or  without  just 
right.    Col.  ii. 

IN-TRODE',  V.  U   To  thrust  one's  self  in,  or  to  enter 
into  some  place  without  right  or  welcomo. 
2.  To  force  or  cast  in.  Oreenhill. 
IN-TROD'EU,  pp.    Thrust  in. 

2.  a.    In  geology,  intrusive,  which  see. 
IN-TROI)'ER,  II.   One  «  ho  intrudes  ;  one  who  thrusts 
himself  in,  or  enters  where  he  has  no  right,  or  is  not 
welcome. 

They  were  but  intrudtrt  on  the  posaesjiion,  during  tlie  minority 

of  the  heir.  Damet. 
They  were  all  stmn^rs  and  ititrudert,  Locke. 

IN-TROI)'ING,  ppr.     Entering  without  invitation, 

right,  or  welcome. 
IN  TRO'SION.  (  tru'zliun,)  n.    [Fr.,  frimi  L.  intrusio, 

from  intrudo.  ] 

1.  The  action  of  thrusting  in,  or  of  entering  into  a 

place  or  state  without  invitation,  right,  or  welcome. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT  METE,  PKBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


620 


INU 


INV 


INV 


The  compiiny  may  be  disturbed  by  the  intriLsion  of  an 
unwelcome  guest. 

M;iny  excellent  stmiiiB  which  hfxvc  bci-ii  joalk-d  olF  by  the  intru- 
sion* of  poelic.ll  ficliuna.  Itroton, 
Why  liiis  intrueion  ? 
Wore  not  my  onU-ra  dial  1  i.houlii  Ix-  priviitc  f  Addison. 

2.  Encroachment ;  entrance  without  right  on  the 
property  or  possessions  of  another. 

3.  Voluntary  entrance  on  an  undertaking  unsuita- 
ble for  the  person.  Ifnttun. 

4.  In  geoluiry,  llic  penetrating  of  one  rock,  while 
in  a  melted  state,  into  the  cavities  of  otlicr  rocks. 

Dtnia. 

IN-TRO'SIVE,  o.  Thrusting  in  or  entering  without 
right  or  welcome  ;  apt  to  intrude.  Thom.nm. 

2.  In  geology,  inlrtisive  rocks,  are  rocks  which  have 
been  forced,  while  in  a  melted  state,  into  the  cavities 
or  between  the  layers  of  oilier  rocks.  Dann. 

IN-TUO'SIVE  LY,  ado.  VVilliout  welcome  or  invita- 
tion. 

l.N'-TRO'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  act  of  entering  without 
permission  or  invitation. 

IN-TRUST',  ».  t.  [in  and  trust.']  To  deliver  in  trust ; 
to  confide  to  the  care  of;  to  commit  to  another  with 
confidence  in  his  fidelity  ;  as,  to  intrust  a  servant  with 
one's  money  or  goods,  or  to  intrust  money  or  goods  to 
a  servant.  We  intrust  an  agent  or  factor  iri(/i  com- 
mercial business,  or  we  intrust  commercial  concerns 
to  an  agent.  We  intriist  our  friends  with  secrets,  or 
nitrust  secrets  to  them. 

IN-TRUST'ED,  Delivered  in  trust;  committed 
to  the  haiiils  or  care  of  another,  in  confidence  that 
he  will  be  faithful  in  discharging'liis  duty. 

IN-TRUST'ING,  ppr.  Delivering  in  trust ;  confiding 
to  the  care  of. 

IN-TU-I"TION,  (in-tu-ish'un,)  n.  [^\).  intuicion ;  L. 
intuitu^,  intueor;  in  and  tueor.] 

A  looking  on  ;  a  sight  or  view  ;  but  restricted  to 
mcntat  view  or  perception.  Particulartij  and  appropri- 
ately, the  act  by  which  the  mind  perceives  the  agree- 
ment or  disagreement  of  two  ideas,  or  the  truth  of 
things,  immediately,  or  the  moment  they  are  present- 
ed, without  the  interventiim  of  other  ideas,  or  with- 
out re:isoning  and  deduction. 

We  know  by  iniiiilion,  tliat  a  part  b  lew  th.in  the  whole. 

Eneyc. 

IN-TC'I-TIVE,  a.    [Sp.  and  It.  intuitiro ;  Fr.  intuitif.] 

1.  Perceived  by  the  mind  immediately,  without  the 
intervention  of  argument  or  testimony  ;  exhibiting 
truth  to  the  mind  on  bare  inspection ;  as,  intuitioe 
evidence. 

2.  Received  or  obtained  by  mtiiition  or  simple  in- 
spection ;  as,  iiidiifiee  judgment  or  knowledge. 

3.  Seeing  clearly  ;  as,  an  intuitive  view  ;  intuitive 
vision.  Hooker. 

4.  Having  the  power  of  discovering  truth  without 
reasoning;  as,  the  intuitive  powers  of  celestial  be- 
ings. 

IN-TO'I-TIVE-I,Y,  adv.    By  immediate  perception; 

without  reasoning  ;  as,  to  perceive  truth  intuitively. 
IiN-TU-.MESCE',  (in-tu-mes'i)  t>.  i.    [L.  intumcsco  ;  in 
antl  tujnco,  to  swell.] 
To  swell ;  to  enlarge  or  expand  with  heat. 
Id  a  higher  hcut  it  intumesces,  and  meltj  into  a  ycltnwlsli-hlaclc 
mass.  KiriMin. 

IN-TU-MES'CENCE,n.  [.Supra.]  The  action  of  swell- 
ing. 

2.  A  swell ;  a  swelling  with  bubbles  ;  a  rising  and 
enlarging  ;  a  tiunid  state.  Woodward. 

IN-TO'ML'-LS-TED,  a.  Unburied. 

IN-TUR-GES'CE.NCE,  n.  [L.  in  and  turgesco,  to 
swell.] 

A  swelling ;  the  action  of  swelling  or  state  of  be- 
ing swelled.  Brown. 
IN'TUSE,  n.    [L.  intusus.] 

A  bruise.    TjVof  in  use.]  Spaisrr. 
IN-TUS-SUS-CEP'TIO.N,  n.   [L.  in/iw  and  su.scrptiis.] 
The  reception  of  one  part  within  another;  iip|>lied 
to  the  reception  of  a  contracted  part  into  a  part  not 
contracted. 

IN-TWINE',  V.  ^  [lit  and  twine.]  To  twine  or  twiat 
together ;  to  wreath  ;  as,  a  wreath  of  flowers  in- 
twined. 

IN-TWIN'KD,  pp.    Twi>-ted  together. 
IN-TWTN'ING,  ppr.    Wreathing  tocether. 
IN-TWIST',  r.  (,    [m  and  twist.]    To  twist  together  ; 

to  interweave.  Parkhurst. 
IN-TWIST'ED,  pp.   Twisted  together. 
IN-TiVlST'IXG,  ppr.    Twisting  together. 
IN'II-LI\,  n.   .\  peculiar  vegetable  principle  extracted 

from  the  Inula  heleniutn,  or  elecampane.  Ure. 
IN-U.M'BRATE,  e.  t.    [L.  inumbro.] 

To  shade. 
IX-tTM'BRA-TED,  pp.  Sh.-dcd. 

IN-UNC'TION,  n,  [L,  inunctus,  inungo  ;  in  and  uniro, 
to  anoint.] 

The  action  of  anointing ;  unction.  Ray. 
IN-UNG-TU-OS'I-TY,  n.    [L.  in  and  unetus,  or  Eng. 
unctuous.] 

The  want  of  unctuosity ;  destitution  of  greasiness 
or  oilincss  which  is  perceptible  to  the  touch  ;  as,  the 
I       inHncluosily  of  ;)orcelain  clay.  Kirwan. 
1    IN-UN'UANT,o.    [L.  inundan^,  infra.] 
I  Overrtowmg.  Shmstone. 


IN-UN'DATE,  V.  t.  [L.  inundo,  inuiutat.us  ;  in  and  un- 
Ua,  a  -vave,  or  its  root.l 

1.  To  overflow  ;  to  ileluge  ;  to  spread  over  with  a 
fluid.  The  low  lands  along  the  Mississippi  arc  inun- 
dalcU  almost  every  si>ring. 

2.  To  fill  with  an  overflowing  abundance  or  super- 
fluity ;  as,  the  country  was  once  inundated  with  bills 
of  credit.  The  presses  inundate  the  country  with  pa- 
pers. 

IN-UN'DS-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Overflowed  ;  spread  over 

with  a  fluid  ;  copiously  supplied. 
IN-UN'Da-TING,  ppr.     Overflowing  ;   deluging  ; 

spreading  over. 
IN-UN-OS'TION,  II.    [L.  inundatio.] 

1.  An  overflow  tif  water  or  other  fluid  ;  a  flood  ;  a 
rising  and  spreadingof  water  over  low  grounds.  IIol- 
lanil  has  fretiueiitly  suffered  immensely  |jy  inundations 
of  the  sea.  The  Delta  in  Egypt  is  annually  enriched 
by  the  inundation  of  the  Nile, 

2.  An  overspreading  of  any  kind  ;  an  overflowing 
or  superfluous  abundance. 

IN-IJ.\-DER  STAND'I.\'G,  a.  Void  of  understanding. 
had  word,  and  not  used.]  Pearson. 

IN-UR-Ba.\1'/,   rt.     Uncivil;    uncourteous ,  iiiipol- 

IN-UR-BANE'LV,  n//i>.    Without  uriianity.  [ished. 

IN-UR-ltANE'.\ESS,  7..  Incivility. 

IN-UR-liAN'I-TY,  n.  [i«  and  iirAani!.!/.]  Incivility; 
rude,  unpolished  manners  or  deportment ;  want  of 
courteousness.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-IJRE',  (in-yure',)  r.  t.  [in  nm\  tire,  l/rc  sigiiilies 
use,  pr.iclice.  In  old  English  and  Norman  French.  In 
('haueer,  it  seems  t(»  bear  rather  the  si!:ni(icati(m  of 
luck  or  fortune.  In  Scottish,  it  is  used  in  both  senses. 
See  U..E.] 

To  habituate  ;  to  accustom  ;  to  apply  or  expose  in 
use  or  practice  till  use  gives  little  or  no  pain  or  incon- 
venience, or  makes  little  impression,  'i'hus  a  man 
inures  his  body  to  labor  and  toil,  till  lie  sustains  that 
which  would  <lestroy  a  body  unaccustomed  to  it.  So 
we  inure  ourselves  to  cold  or  heat.  Warriors  arc  in- 
ured to  blood,  and  seamen  are  inured  to  hardships 
and  deprivations. 

IN-liRE',  V.  i.  To  p.iss  in  use  ;  to  take  or  have  effect ; 
to  be  applied  ;  to  serve  to  the  use  or  benefit  of;  as,  a 
gift  of  lands  inures  to  the  heirs  of  the  grantee,  or  it 
inures  to  their  benefit. 

IN-lJR'iJI),  (in-yi"ird',) /ip.  Accustomed;  hardened  by 
use. 

IN-tlRE'lMENT,  (in-yiire'ment,)  71.  Use;  practice; 
habit ;  custom  ;  frequency.        Johnson.  fVotton. 

IN-1;R'ING,  (in-yiir'ing,)  i)/ir.  Habituating;  accus- 
toming. 

2.  Passing  in  use  to  the  benefit  of. 
IN-UR.N',  ».  t.    [in  and  urn.]    To  bury  ;  to  inter;  to 
intomb. 

The  sppulrher 

Whcp-in  we  naw  thee  iinii-lly  inuriieii.  Shak. 

9.  To  put  in  an  urn. 

IN-URN'^;i), ;);).    Deposited  in  a  tomb. 

I.X-UR.V'l.N'G,  ;);>r.    Interring;  burying. 

lN-tJ-$I-TA'TloN,  n.  Neglect  of  use  ;  disuse.  [Lit- 
tle u.trd.]  Paley. 

IN-US'TION,  (in-ust'yun,)  71,  [L.  inustio,  intiro  ;  in 
and  vro,  to  burn.] 

1.  The  actiim  of  burning. 

2.  A  branding  ;  the  actii/H  of  marking  by  burning. 
IN-t]'TII,E,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  iniitifc.] 

ilnprorttable  ;  useless.    [JVlit  in  use.]  Bacon. 
IN-TKl'II/I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  inuUlite  ;  L.  inutilitas  ;  in  and 
utilitjis.    See  Utilitt.] 

Uselessness  ;  the  qii.ality  of  beinc  unprofitable  ; 
unprofitableness  ;   as,  the  inutility  of  vain  specula- 
tions and  visionary  proji  cts. 
IN-UT'TER-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  uttered. 

Milton. 

/jV  yjiCtl-0,  [L.1    In  a  vacuum  or  empty  space. 
IN-VADE',  r.  U    [L.  inrado ;  in  and  I'arfo,  to  go.] 

1.  To  enter  a  country,  .as  an  army  with  hostile  in- 
tentions; to  enter  as  an  enemy,  with  a  view  to  con- 
(|U<  St  or  plunder  ;  to  attack.  The  French  armies  in- 
vaded Holland  in  1795.  They  invaded  Russia  and 
perished. 

2.  To  attack  ;  to  assail ;  to  assault. 

There  iili:ill  In-  w-ditiuus  ttnioup  men,  and  inradtTtg  one  nnoUier. 
—  'i  t^ilnu. 

3.  To  attack  ;  to  infringe  ;  to  encroach  on  ;  to  vi- 
olate. The  king  invaded  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
the  people,  and  the  [H-ople  invaded  the  prerogatives  of 
the  king. 

4.  To  go  into;  a /.'I'in ism.  [JVut  used.]  Spenser, 
ti.  To  fall  <m  ;  to  attack  ;  to  seize ;  as,  a  disease 

invades  the  system. 
IN-VA1)'EI),  Tip.  or  a.    Entered  by  an  army  with  a 
hostile  design  ;  attacked  ;  assaulted  ;  infringed  ;  vi- 
olated. 

I,\-V.\I»'ER,  n.  One  who  enters  the  territory  of  an- 
other with  a  view  to  war,  conquest,  or  plunder. 

Bacon.  Swijl. 

2.  .\n  assailant. 

X  .An  enrroaclier ;  an  intruder ;  one  who  infrinses 
the  rishtsof  another.  Hammond. 
I.N-VAD'I.NG,  p;>r.  or  n.    Entering  on  the  [Kissessions 
of  another  with  a  view  to  war,  conquest,  or  plunder  ; 
assaulting;  iiifriiigine ;  attacking. 


IN-VA-I.ES'CENfE,  n.    (I,,  invaleseo.] 

Pirengtli ;  health.  Diet. 
IN  VAI.  i:-TC'DI.\-A-RY,  a.    Wanting  health. 
IN-V.-M/ID,  u.    [I.,  iniiilidas;  in  and  vahdas,  strong, 
from  raleo,  to  be  strong,  lo  avail.] 

1.  Weak  ;  of  no  force,  weight,  or  cogency. 

Milton. 

2.  In  law,  having  no  force,  cflTcct,  or  efficacy  ; 
void  ;  null ;  as,  an  invalid  contract  or  agreement, 

IN 'V  .A- LI  I),  n.    [Fr.  in  ea/(V/e  ;  i,.  invalidus,  9n\}Tti.] 

1.  .'V  person  who  is  weak  and  infirm;  a  person 
sickly  or  indisposed. 

2.  A  person  who  is  infirm,  wounded,  maimed,  or 
otherwise  disabled  for  active  ser^'ice  ;  a  soldier  or 
seaman  worn  out  in  service.  The  hospitals  fur  in- 
valids  at  Chel.sca  and  Greenwich,  in  England,  are  in- 
stitutions honorable  to  the  English  nation. 

IN'VA-MI),  ti.  (.    To  enroll  on  the  list  of  invalids  in 

till'  military  or  naval  service. 
IN-VAI.'ID-.aTE,  v.  t.    [from  invaliil ;  Fr.  invalider.] 

1.  'i'o  weakc'ii  or  lessen  the  force  of;  more  /rener- 
ally,  to  destroy  the  strength  or  v:ilidily  of  ;  to  render 
of  no  force  or  ell'ect ;  as,  to  invaliilate  an  agreement 
or  a  contract. 

2.  To  overthrow  ;  to  prove  to  be  of  no  force  ;  as  to 
invalidate  an  argument. 

IN-VAL'ID-A-TED,  pp.  Rendered  invalid  or  of  no 
force. 

IN-VAI/ID-A-TING,  ppr.  Destroying  the  force  and 
IN-VA-LID'I-TY,  n.    [Ft.  inviUidilc.]  [eflVct  of. 

Weakness;  want  of  cogency  ;  want  of  legal  force 

or  elhcacy  ;  as,  the  invalidity  of  an  agreement  or  of  a 

will. 

IN-VAL'ID-NESS,  Tt,  Invalidity;  as,  the  invalidness 
of  reasoning, 

I.\-VAI,'II-A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  valuable.]  Precious 
above  estimation  ;  so  valuable  th.'it  its  worth  can  not 
be  estimated  ;  inestimable.  The  privileges  of  Chris- 
tians are  invaluable. 

IN-VAI.'lJ-A-BLY,  arfe.    Inestimably.       Bp.  HaU. 

IN-Va'RI-A-BLE,  o.  [Fr. ;  in  and  variable,  from 
vary.} 

Constant  in  the  same  state  ;  immutable  ;  un.altera- 
ble  ;  unchangeable  ;  that  does  not  vary;  always  uni- 
form. The  character  and  the  laws  of  the  Supreme 
Being  must  necessarily  be  invariable. 

IN-V.^'RI-.\-Bl,E-NESS,  )  71.     Constancy   of  state, 

1N-Va-RI-AI11L'I-TY,  (  condition,  or  quality; 
immutability  ;  uncliange.ableuess. 

IN-VA'Rl-A-BLY,n(/e.  Constantly;  uniformly  ;  with- 
out alteration  or  change.  We  are  bound  to  pursue 
inrariablij  the  path  of  duty. 

IN-Va'RI-£D,  (in-vi'rid,)  a.  Unvaried;  not  changing 
or  altering.  Blackwall. 

IN-Va'SION,  (-va'zhun.)  n.  [L.  inKa.<io,  from  inrado. 
Sec  Invade.] 

1.  A  hostile  enfrance  into  the  possessions  of  anoth- 
er ;  particularly,  tlie  entrance  of  a  hostile  army  into 
a  coiinlry  fur  the  purpose  of  coiKpicst  or  plunder,  or 
the  attack  of  a  military  force.  The  north  of  Eng- 
land and  south  of  Scotland  were  for  centuries 
subject  to  inro.'.-ion,  each  from  the  other.  'J'he  inra- 
sion  of  England  by  ^Vlllianl  the  Norman  was  in 
lOGG. 

2.  An  attack  on  the  rights  of  another ;  infringe- 
ment or  violation. 

3.  Attack  of  a  disease  ;  as,  the  inr<i.<ion  of  the 
plague,  in  Egypt.  Jirbiitlinot. 

IN-Va'SIVE,  a.    [from  invade.]    Entering  on  anoth- 
er's possessions  with  hostile  designs  ;  aggressive. 
2.  Infrinaing  another's  rights. 

IN-VE€'TION,  n.  Invective,  which  see.  [I.ivicTios 
is  little  used.] 

IN-VE€'TIVE,  71.  [Fr.  ino«(iti<!;  Pp.  inr«(ira  ;  It. 
invettiva;  from  I.,  inveho.    See  Inveioh.] 

A  railing  speech  or  expression  ;  something  uttered 
or  written,  intended  to  cast  opprobrium,  censure,  or 
reproach  on  another  ;  a  harsh  or  repmaclifiil  .icciisa- 
tion.  It  differs  from  reproof,  as  the  latter  may  come 
from  a  friend,  and  be  intended  fur  the  cood  of  the 
persoti  reproved  ;  but  invective  proceeds  from  an  en- 
emy, and  is  intended  to  give  pain  or  to  injure. 

Eneye. 

It  is  followed  by  against,    lie  uttered  severe  invec- 
tives atjainst  the  unfortunate  geiienil. 
IN-VEC'TIVE,  a.    Satirical;  abusive;  railing. 

Dryden, 

IN-VEG'TIVE-LY,  adv.    Satirically;  abusively. 

Shak. 

IN-VEIGII',  (in-v;;',)  r.  i.  [I-.  inveho,  to  bear,  throw 
or  bring  011  oracainst ;  in  and  reho,  to  carry.) 

To  exclaim  or  rail  aeainst ;  to  utter  censorious  and 
bitter  langutige  against  any  one  ;  lo  reproach  ;  with 
against.  The  author  inveighed  sharply  against  the 
vices  of  the  clergy  in  liis  age.  .Men  mveigh  agaiiisl 
the  follies  of  fashion. 

IN-VEIGH'ER,  (in-vi'cr,)  n.  One  who  rails;  a 
railer. 

IN-VBIGH'ING,  (in-\-5'ing,)  p^r.  Exclaiming  against , 
railing  at ;  uttering  bitter  words. 

IN-VkI'GLE,  (in  vc'gl,)  v.  t.  [Norm,  enveojrler,  to  in- 
veigle, to  blind  ;  Fr.  aveugler.  Un.  G.  aufwiegein,  to 
stir  up  or  rouse  ;  Sw.  upwigla,  the  same.  The  affin- 
ities of  Ibis  word  are  obscure.] 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


621 


INV 

To  entice  ;  to  seduce  ;  To  wlieeille  ;  to  persuade  to 
soinetliing  evil  by  deceptive  arts  or  tlattery. 


Ypi  have  they  many  baits  and  guileful  spells 
Tu  inveigle  aud  invite  tli*  unwary  sense. 


Milton. 


IN-Vi;f'GI,£D,  (in-ve'gid,)  pp.    Enticed  ;  wheedled  ; 

seduced  fioin  tlutv. 
IN-Ve['GLE-.MEA"'T,  (in-v£'gl-inent,)  ;i.  Seduction 

to  evil  ;  eulicetnent.  Sciutli. 
IX-VeI'GLEII,  71.    One  who  entices  or  draws  into 

anyjlesign  liy  arts  and  flatter)'. 
IN-Vi:1'(;lI.\G,  ppr.  or  a.     Enticing;  wheedling; 

pi-r-iiiatliii;;  to  any  thing  bad. 
IX-V£1L'£D,  (in-vuld',)  a.    Covered  as  with  a  veil. 

Browne. 

IN-VEXD'I-nLE,  a.    Not  vendible  or  salabl!>. 

Jfjfersojl. 

IN-VENT',  7;.  «.  [Fv.  iiiventer ;  Sp.  itweiitar  ;  It.  i/i- 
vcntnre :  L.  iitreniu,  inventtim;  miimi  vcttio,  to  come  ; 
literalhi,  to  come  to,  to  fall  on,  to  meet,  Eng.  to  Jind.] 
I.  To  finti  out  sumetliing  new  ;  tf»  devise  some- 
thing not  before  known  ;  to  contrive  aiul  proiliice 
something  that  diti  not  before  exist ;  as,  to  intent  a 
new  instrument  of  music;  to  invent  a  machine  for 
spinning;  to  int'cn«  gunpowder.  [t?ee  Invention.] 
•2.  To  forge ;  to  faliricate  ;  to  contrive  falsely  ;  ;is, 
to  invent  falsehoods. 

To  feign  ;  tt)  Ihime  by  the  imagination  ;  as,  to 
invent  the  machinery  of  a  poem. 

4.  To  liglit  on  ;  to  meet  with.  [Tliis  is  the  literal 
sensr^  but  not  now  u.'^ed.]  Spenser. 

IN-VENT'ED,  pp.  Found  out;  devised;  contrived; 
forced  ;  filiricated. 

IiN-VENT'FUL,  a.    Full  of  invention.  Oifford. 

IN-VENT'I  iiLE,  n.    That  can  be  invented. 

IN-VENT'1-BLE-NE?.S,  n.  The  state  of  l,eing  inventi- 

IN'-VEN'TIOX,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  inventio.]  [ble. 

1.  'I'he  action  or  operation  of  fintiing  out  stime- 
thing  new ;  tlie  contrivance  of  that  wliich  did  not 
before  exist  ;  as,  the  invention  of  logaritlitns  ;  the  in- 
veiUion  of  the  art  of  printing  ;  the  inrcntion  of  the 
orrery.  Inventidn  difi'TS  from  DiscuvEitv.  Invention 
is  applied  to  the  contrivance  and  production  of  some- 
thing that  did  not  beftire  e.xist.  Discovery  brings  to 
light  that  which  existed  before,  hut  which  was  not 
known.  VVe  are  indebted  to  invention  for  the  ther- 
mometer ai^d  barometer.  We  are  indebted  to  di.-t- 
coverij  for  the  knowledge  of  the  isles  in  the  Pacitic 
Ocean,  and  for  the  kjiowletlge  of  galvanism,  aiitl 
many  species  of  earth  not  formerly  known.  This 
distiiiction  is  important,  though  not  always  ob- 
served. 

2.  That  which  is  invented.  The  cotton  gin  is  the 
invention  of  Whitney  ;  tile  steaniboat  is  tlie  invention 
of  Fulton.  Tlie  Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian  orders 
are  said  to  be  inventions  of  the  Greeks  ;  the  Tuscan 
and  Composite  are  inventions  of  the  Latins. 

3.  Ftirgery  ;  fiction.  Fables  are  the  inventions  of 
ingenious  men. 

4.  In  painting,  tlie  finding  or  choice  of  the  objects 
which  are  to  enter  into  the  composition  of  the  piece. 

Encyc. 

5.  In  poetry,  it  is  apjilied  to  whatever  the  poet  adds 
to  the  history  of  the  subject. 

6.  In  rhetoric,  the  finding  and  selecting  of  argu- 
ments to  prove  and  illustrate  the  point  in  view. 

7.  The  power  of  inventing;  that  skill  or  inge- 
nuity which  is  or  may  be  empltiyed  in  contriving  any 
thing  new.  Thus  we  say,  a  man  of  invention.  Knetjc. 

8.  Discovery  ;  the  finding  of  things  hidden  or  be- 
fore unknown.    lLe.-:s  proper.]  Rmj. 

Invention  of  the  cross;  a  festival  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  celebrated  May  3d,  in  honor  of  tlie 
liu'ling  of  our  Savior's  cross.  Brnnde. 

[x\-VENT'IVE,  a.    [Fr.  inocntif.] 

Able  to  invent;  (piick  at  contrivance;  ready  at 
expctlients  ;  ns, an  inventive  head  or  genius.  Dntden. 

IN-VE.\T'IVE-LY,  ndo.    l!v  the  power  of  inventit)n. 

IN-VE.VT'IVE-.\ESS,  n.    the  faculty  of  inventing. 

IN-VE.\T'OR,  n.  One  who  finds  out  something  new  ; 
one  who  contrives  aiitl  prtidiiccs  any  thing  not  be- 
ft)re  existing;  a  contriver.  The  inventors  of  many 
of  the  nu)st  useful  arts  are  not  knt)wn. 

E\-VEN-To'KI-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  an 
inventory.  Shale. 

IN'VE.\'-tO-RI-f;D,  (in'ven-to-rid,)  pp.  Inserted  or 
registered  in  an  inventory. 

IN'VE.\-TO-KY,  ji.  [Sp.  and  It.  invcnlario!  Fr.  in- 
venlaire;  from  invent.] 

1.  An  acrtMint,  catalogue,  or  schedule,  of  all  the 
poods  and  chatti  ls  of  a  deceased  person.  In  8i>me  of 
the  United  States,  the  inventory  must  im:lutle  an 
nixoiint  of  the  real  as  well  as  the  personal  estate  of 
the  deceased. 

2.  A  catalogue  of  movables. 

X  A  catalogue  or  nccoiint  of  particular  things.  [An 
in4r  finite  use  of  the  word.] 
IN' VEN-TO  RY,  v.  t.    (  Fr.  inventorier.] 

1.  To  make  an  inventory  of  ;  to  make  a  list,  cata- 
logue, or  'schedule  of;  as,  to  inventory  the  gooils  and 
eHtates  of  tin;  dereaned.  Ulaekslone. 

2.  To  insf'rt  or  register  in  an  ncrnunt  of  goods. 
IN-VEN'l''REa8,  n.    [from  inoent.J    A  female  that 

invents.  Dryden. 


INV 

IN-VERS'E',  (in-vers',)  a.   [L.  inversus.  See  Invert.] 
Inverted;  reciprocal;  opposed  to  Direct. 
Inverse  or  reciproral  ratio,  is  the  ratio  of  the  recip- 
rocals of  two  (juantities. 

Inverse  or  reciprocal  proportion,  is  an  equality  be- 
tween a  direct  ratio  and  a  reciprocal  ratio,  'i'hus, 
4 :  2  : :     :  ^,  or  4 :  2  :  :  3  :  6,  inversely.      J.  Day, 

IN-VERSE'LY,  (in-vers'ly,)  adv.  In  an  inverted  or- 
der or  manner  ;  a  term  used  when  one  litiantity  is 
greater  or  less  according  as  another  is  less  or  greater. 

IN-VEK'S10N,n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  iniicrsio.  SwelNVEnT.] 

1.  Change  of  order,  so  that  the  last  becomes  first 
ami  the  first  last;  a  turning  or  change  of  the  natural 
order  of  things. 

It  is  Just  tile  inu^rsion  t)f  an  act  of  parliament ;  your  loTYlship 
first  signed  it,  and  llicn  it  was  passed  among  the  lords  and 
conunuus.  Drylen. 

2.  Change  of  places,  so  that  each  takes  the  place 
of  the  other. 

3.  A  turning  backward  ;  a  contrary  metliod  of 
operation.  Trobleins  in  geometry  and  arithmetic 
are  often  proved  by  inversion,  as  division  by  multi- 
plication, aud  multiplication  by  division. 

4.  In  geometry,  a  change  in  the  order  of  the  terms 
of  a  proportion,  so  that  tiie  second  takes  the  place  of 
the  first,  and  the  fourtli  of  tlie  tliird. 

5.  In  irrammnr,  a  change  of  the  natural  order  of 
words  ;  as,  "of  all  vices,  impurity  is  one  of  tlie  most 
detestable,"  instead  of  "unpurity  is  one  of  the  most 
detestable  of  all  vices." 

6.  In  mii.<ic,  llie  change  of  position  either  of  a  sub- 
ject or  of  a  chord.  Busby. 

IN-VEllT',  f.  i.    [L.  inverto  ;  in  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  into  a  contrary  direction  ;  to  turn  up- 
side down  ;  as,  to  invert  a  cone  ;  to  invert  a  hollow 
vessel. 

2.  To  place  in  a  contrary  order  or  method  ;  as,  to/n- 
vert  the  rules  of  justice  ;  to  invert  the  order  of  words. 

And  winter  storms  invert  die  year.  Dryden. 

3.  In  mvjic,  to  change  the  order  of  the  notes  which 
form  a  chord,  or  the  parts  which  compose  harmony. 

Encyc, 

4.  To  divert ;  to  turn  into  another  channel  ;  to 
embezzle.    [.Vu/.  in  use.]  JCnoUes. 

IN-\'ER'TE-1!RAL,  a.  I)cstitute  of  a  vertebral  col- 
umn, as  auiuiLlIs.  Ed.  Encyc. 

IN-VER'TE-HKATE,  n.  An  animal  having  no  verte- 
bral roliimn,  or  spinal  bone. 

Ii\-VER'TE-I)UATE,     /  a.    Destitute  of  a  back-bone 

IN-VEK'TE-BR.\-TED,  j      or  vertebral  chain.  [See 

VeRTERKAT  ED.] 

IN-VEKT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Turned  to  a  contrary  direc- 
tion ;  turned  upside  down  ;  changed  in  order. 

IN-VERT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  contrary  or  reversed 
order.  Dcrham. 

IN-VERT'EXT,  n.  A  medicine  intended  to  invert 
the  natural  order  of  the  successive  irritative  motions 
in  tile  system.  Darwin. 

IN-VER  r'I.\G,  ;i/)r.  Turning  in  a  contrary  direction  ; 
changing  the  order. 

IN-VEST',  r.  t.  [Fr.  investir ;  L.  inveslio ;  in  and 
vcstio,  to  clothe.    See  Vest.] 

1.  To  cloihe;  to  dress;  to  put  garments  on;  to 
array  ;  usually  and  niftt  correctly  followed  by  with, 
before  the  thing  put  on  ;  as,  to  invest  one  witJi  a 
mantle  or  robe.  In  this  sense,  it  is  used  chiefly  in 
poetry  and  elevated  prose,  not  in  colloquial  dis- 
course. 

2.  To  clothe  with  office  or  authority  ;  to  place 
in  possession  of  an  oflice,  rank,  or  dignity ;  as,  to 
iiirist  a  iier^oii  with  a  civil  oflice,  or  with  an  eccle- 
siasliral  tligiiity. 

3.  To  adorn  ;  to  grace  ;  as,  to  invest  with  honor. 

Shak. 

4.  To  clothe ;  to  surround  ;  as,  to  be  invested  with 
light,  splendor,  or  glory. 

5.  To  confer;  to  give.    [Little  u.ml.]  Bacon. 
(i.  To  inclose  ;  to  surround  ;  to  block  up,  so  as  to 

intercept  succors  of  men  and  provisions  and  prevent 
escape  ;  to  lay  siege  to  ;  as,  to  invest  a  town. 

7.  To  lay  out  money  in  the  |)urcliase  of  some 
species  of  property,  usually  of  a  permanent  nature; 
litrnilhi,  to  clothe  money  in  something  ;  as,  to  invest 
inuiiey  01  fiinilfil  or  bank  stock;  to  invest  it  in  lantis 
or  goods.  In  this  application,  it  is  always  followed 
by  in. 

IN-VEST'ED,  /i/i.  Clothed;  dressed;  adorned;  in- 
cIosimI. 

IN-VEST'IENT,  (-yent,)  a.    Covering  ;  clothing. 

fVoodward. 

IN-VES'TI-GA-IILE,  o.  [from  ini'r.v(i;rafc.]  That 
may  be  investigated  or  searched  out ;  discoverable 
by  rational  siiarch  or  disquisition.  Tin;  causes  or 
reasons  of  things  are  sometimes  investi^ahle. 

IN-VES'Tl-tJATi;,  V.  t.  [Ii.  investinoi  in  antl  vestigo, 
to  follow  a  track,  to  search;  vestigium,  a  track  or 
Jhotstep.  ] 

To  search  into  ;  to  inquire  and  examine  into  with 
care  and  accuracy  ;  to  find  out  by  careful  distpiisi- 
tion  ;  as,  to  invesligute  the  powers  nnit  forces  of 
nature  ;  to  inresligolc  the  causes  of  natural  phenom- 
ena;  to  investigate  the  principles  of  moral  duty  ;  I 


INV 

to  investigate  the  conduct  of  an  agent  or  the  motives 
of  a  prince. 

L\-VES'TI-Ga-TED,  pp.  Searched  into;  examined 
with  care. 

IN-VES'TI-GA-TING,ppr.  Searching  into ;  inquiring 
into  with  care. 

IN-VES-Tl-GA'TION,  n.  [Fr.,from  I.,  investigatio.] 
The  action  or  process  of  searching  niinuteiy  Ibr 
truth,  facts,  or  principles;  a  careful  inquiry  to  fintl 
out  what  is  unknown,  either  in  the  physical  or  moral 
world,  and  either  by  observation  and  experiment,  or 
by  argument  and  discussion.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
investigations  of  the  philosopher  and  the  mathema- 
tician ;  the  investigations  of  the  judge,  the  moralist, 
and  the  divine. 

IN-VES'TI-Ga-TIVE,  a.  Curious  and  deliberate  in 
researches.  Peirrre. 

IN-VES'TI-GA-TOR,  n.  One  who  searches  difigent- 
ly  into  a  subject. 

IN-VES'J''h\G, ;;/)r.  Clothing;  dressing;  adorning; 
inclosing. 

IN-VE:?T'I-Tlti{E^  „.  [pr.  Sec  Invest.]  The  ac- 
tion of  giving  possession,  or  livery  of  seizin. 

The  gr.iMt  of  land  or  a  fend  was  perfected  by  the  ceremony  of 
coqwnd  invesliiure,  or  open  delivery  of  possession. 

Blaekstone. 

It  was  customary  for  princes  to  make  inveBtiiure  01  ecclesi-islical 
tieuelices.  JCncyc. 

2.  The  right  of  giving  possession  of  any  manor, 
oflice,  or  benefice. 

He  had  refused  to  yield  to  the  pope  the  invesliiure  of  bishops. 

lialegk. 

IN-VEST'IVE,  a.    Clothing  ;  encircling. 
IN-VEST'.MENT,  71.    The  action  of  investing. 

2.  Clothes  ;  dress  ;  garment ;  habit.  Skak. 
[VVe  now  use  Vestment.] 

3.  The  act  of  surrounding,  blocking  up,  or  besieg- 
ing by  an  armed  force. 

The  capilul.ition  was  signed  by  the  commander  of  the  fort,  within 
six  days  afttr  its  inoeslinent.  Marshall. 

4.  The  laying  out  of  money  in  the  purchase  of 
some  species  of  property,  usually  of  a  permanent  na- 
ture ;  literally,  the  clothing  of  money  with  some- 
thing. 

Before  the  inueslment  could  be  made,  a  change  of  the  market 
niiglit  render  it  ineligible.  Bainillon. 

Ii\-VET'ER-A-CY,71.  [L.  i7K!c(cratio.  See  Inveter- 
ate.] 

Long  continuance,  or  the  firmness  or  deep-rooted 
obstinacy  of  any  quality  or  state  acquireil  by  time  ; 
as,  the  inveteracy  of  custom  and  habit ;  usually  or  al- 
ways applied  in  a  bad  sense;  as,  the  inveteracy  of 
prijudice,  of  error,  or  of  any  evil  habit. 
IN-VET'ER-ATE,  a.  [h.inveteratu.s,  invctero  ;  171  and 
Vetera,  from  vetus,  old.] 

1.  Old  ;  long  established. 

U  is  an  invcterole  and  received  opinion.    [Uhe.]  Bacon. 

2.  Deep-rooted  ;  firmly  established  by  long  contin- 
uance ;  obstinate;  used  of  evils;  as,  an  inveterate 
disease  ;  an  iiwelerate  abuse ;  an  inveterate  course  of 
sin. 

3.  Having  fixed  habits  by  long  continuance  ;  used 
of  persons;  as,  an  inveterate  sinner. 

4.  Violent ;  ileeji-rooted  ;  obstinate  ;  as,  inveterate 
enmity  or  malice. 

IN-VET'ER-.\TE,  r.  t.    [L.  invctero,  to  grow  old.] 
To  fix  and  settle  by  long  continuance.  [Obsolete, 

or  little  used.]  Bacon, 
IN-VET'ER-ATE-LY,  ado.     With  obstinacy;  vio- 

lenllv. 

IN-VET'ER-ATE-NES.S,  71.  Obstinacy  confirmed  by 
time;  inveteracy;  as,  the  invcterutcncss  of  a  mis- 
chi<ff.  Locke. 

IN-VET-ER-a'TION,  71.  The  act  of  hardening  or 
confirming  by  long  continuance. 

IN-VID'I-OIJS,  a.  [L.  invidiosus,  from  invideo,  to  en- 
vy ;  in  and  video,  to  see.  Invideo  signifies,  proper- 
ly, to  look  against.] 

1.  Envious  ;  malignant.  Evelyn, 

2.  Likely  to  incur  ill-will  or  hatred,  or  to  provoke 
envy;  hateful.    [This  is  tlic  ■usual  sense.] 

A^.iinenuion  found  it  an  inviiiioun  alVair  to  give  die  prefer*'ncc  to 
any  oneof  Uie  lirecian  heroes.  iirouine. 

IN-VI1)'I-0US-LY,  n(/e.    Enviously;  malignantly. 

2.  In  a  manni  r  likely  to  provoke  hatred. 
IN-VII)'I-OU.S-i\ESS,  71.    The  quality  of  provoking 

envy  or  hatri;d. 
Ii\-VlO'I-L.ANCE,(-vij'c-lans,)H.  Want  of  vigilance; 

neglect  of  watching. 
IN-VIG'OR-^'5TE,  7'.  (.    [It.  invigorirc;  in  and  vigor.] 
To  give  vigor  to  ;  to  strengthen  ;  to  animate  ;  to 

give  life  anil  energy  to.    Exercise  invigorates  the 

body  ;  cheerfulness  invigorates  the  mind. 

Christian  (rraceB  and  virtiieH  thry  can  not  Ije,  unleM  fed,  invigor' 
aOnI,  and  aniiiiitti'd  by  nnivers.ll  diarity.  Atlerbiiry. 

IN-VIG'OR-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Strengthened  ;  ani- 
mated. 

IN-VIG'OR-A-TIiN'G,  j)/)r. oro.  Giving  fresh  vigor  to; 

strenctheiiing. 
IN-VI(i-(JR-A'TION,  71.   The  action  of  invigorating, 

or  static  of  being  invigorated. 
IN-VIL'LAG-£D,  a.    Turned  into  n  villnga.  Broicne. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  UIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.- 


622 


INV 


INV 


IN  W 


I.\-VIN'CI-I1LE,  a.    [Fr.  iiicincMe  ;   L.  m  and  tiirico, 
to  conqiif  r.] 

1.  to  be  conquerod  or  siibdiircl ;  iliiit  can  not 
be  overcome  ;  unconquvrable  j  as,  an  inoir.cMc  ar- 
my. 

a.  Nut  tn  be  overcome  ;  insiipcrnblc ;  as,  an  invin- 
cible obstacle,  err<)r,  habit,  or  objection. 
IN-VI.\"CI-ULE-.\KSS,  j  »i.    The  qnahly  of  bein?  nn- 
VlN'-t'I-lilL'I-TV ,   )    conquerable  J  insiipurabh'- 
ni-~s. 

IN-Vl\'CI-r>I,Y,  ttJo.    Unconquerably;  insuperably. 
VT'O-LA-lil.K,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  iiwiolal/ilis ;  I'uand 
viotitliilisj  I'ititoy  to  viuutU,] 

1.  iNot  to  he  profaned  j  that  oiialit  not  to  be  in- 
jured, polluted,  or  treated  with  irreverence  j  as,  a  sa- 
cred place  and  sacred  things  should  be  considered 
iiifioltibtr.  JMitton. 

12.  Not  to  be  broken  ;  as,  an  inviolable  league,  cov- 
enant, agreement,  contract,  vow,  or  promise. 

3.  Not  to  he  injured  or  tarnished  ;  as,  incioluhlc 
chastity  or  honor 

4.  Not  susceptible  of  hurt  or  wound  ;  as,  invinlubic 
saints.  Milton. 

rN-VI'0-I.A-I!LE-NESS,  j  n.    [from  inviolable  ]  The 
IN-VI-0-I,.\-BIL'l-TY,    j    quality  or  state  of  being 
inviolable  i  as,  the  inviolnbililij  of  crowned  heads. 

H'nrrf. 

2.  The  quality  of  not  being  subject  to  he  broken. 
IN-Vt'0-l,A-BLY,  aih.    Without  profanation  ;  with- 
out breach  or  failure  ;  as,  a  sanctuary  inviolably  sa- 
cred ;  to  keep  a  promise  uiniolubln. 

IN-VT'0-I,  VTE,  n.    [L.  inciol<iln.i.'] 

I'nhurt;  uninjured;  unprofancd ;  unpolluted; 
unbroken. 


Bill  lot  inoiolnte  truth  be  illwnys  flcar 
Tu  On  e. 


Denbam. 


IN-VT'O-L.A-TED,  a.    Unprofaiied ;  unbroken;  un- 

vidlated.  Jiraijlon, 
l.N'  V l-OUS,  (I.    [L.  inritts ;  in  and  »ia,  way.] 

Impassable  ;  iintrodiien.  Jlmlibras. 
IN'VI-OUS-NE^S,  n.    Slate  of  being  impassable. 
IN-VI-RIL'l-TY,  n.    Absenceof  manhood. 

IVurit.  Pnfnnr, 
l.\'-VIS'e.\TE,  V.  t.    [L.  in  and  viscus,  glue,  bird- 
lime. | 

1.  To  lime  ;  to  daub  with  Blue. 

2.  Tt)  catch  with  glue  or  birdlime  ;  to  entangle 
with  glutinous  matter.    [Little  tised.]  Brown. 

IX-VIS'eA-TEl),  pp.    Limed  ;  daubed  with  glue. 
IN-VlS'CEll-ATE,  r.  (.    To  breed  ;  to  nourish.  [j3 

but!  Wiirit.]  JMi>nnta<ru. 
IN-VIS-I-HIL'I-TY,     j  u.    [Fr.  inciVifcihte,  Iroin'iiui- 
IN-VIS'I-m,E-\ES.><,  (  sible.] 

The  state  of  being  invisible  ;  imperceptibleness  to 
the  sight.  Rail. 
I.\-VI»'l-in,E,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  invisibilis;  in  and 
vi^ibilLs^  ri.vw,  to  see.] 

That  can  m.t  he  seen  :  nnperccptihle  by  the  sight. 
Millions  of  stars,  invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  may  be 
seen  by  the  telescope. 

Hi.  eii<liin>l,  ni  i/'riiiS  l^i'"  ^vho  is  inoigtbte.  — Hot),  xi. 
IN-VlS'i  ni,Y,a(/c.    In  a  manner  to  escape  the  sight ; 


imperceptibly  to  the  eye. 


Denliam, 


VIS'ION.  (-vizh'iin,)  «.    [in  and  rf.Won.]    Want  of 
vision,  or  the  power  of  seeing,    [l.itlle  usril.]  Brawn. 
m-yi'TJl  MI-J<-F.R' yjl,  r.  a.    [L  Minerva,  the  god- 
dess of  wisdom,  being  unwilling.] 
Withiiut  the  help  of  genius. 
IN-VI-Ta'TIO.V,  II.    [Fr.,  from  L.  invitatio.    See  In- 
vite.] 

The  act  of  invitinu  ;  solicitation;  the  calling  or  re- 
questing of  a  person's  company  to  visit,  to  dine,  or 
to  accnmpany  liiui  to  any  place. 

IN-VI'T.\-T()-UY,  a.  Using  or  containing  invita- 
tions. fVhcalleii. 

IN-VI'TA-TO  RY,  ;i.  .\  part  of  the  service  in  "the 
Roman  Catholic  church  ;  a  psalm  or  anthem  sung  in 
the  morning, 

Atitiplioitnrv,  n  8rTvic..-lxK)k,  which  contained  Ml  the  inritatoritg, 
rKpuiisunea,  iiiiil  collt^cis,  £ncyc. 

IN-VTTE',  r.  I.  [L.  innitn  :  U.inritare:  Fr  tnn'(*r. 
This  word  is  formed  by  in  and  the  Teutonic  bid,  or 
its  root ;  inbid.    Sre  I5id.] 

1.  To  ask  to  do  some  act  or  to  go  to  some  place  ;  to 
r(!qnest  the  company  of  a  person ;  as,  tti  inini^one  to 
dine  or  sup ;  to  inrilc  friends  to  a  wedding  ;  to  inrilt 
coininny  to  an  entertainment ;  to  invite  one  to  an  ex- 
cursion into  the  country. 

2.  To  allure;  to  draw  to;  to  tempt  to  come;  to 
induce  by  pleasure  or  hope. 

Shiwiy  provei,  that  caty  iliyp  invite.  Dryltn. 

3.  To  present  temptations  or  allurements  to. 

The  people  ibouia  be  in  a  wtuatioo  not  to  invite  hnstitiiirs. 

Perlemtitt,  Jay. 

IN-\TTE',  e.  i.   To  a.sk  or  call  to  any  thing  pleasing, 
IV  \iTij?T\  Jitilton, 
IN- >  IT  ED,  pp.  or  a.   Solicited  ;  requested  to  come  or 
go  m  person  ;  allured, 
y'  T*^'?',       One  who  invites.  Pope. 
I.\-Vri"IN(;,  ppr.   Soliciting  the  company  of;  asking 


to  attend. 


2.  a.  .Alluring;  tem|iliug;  drawing  to  ;  as,  an  I'lt- 
riti/ii'  ainuseiiient  or  prospect. 


IN-VIT'INO,  71.    Invitation.  Sbak. 
I.\-VIT'ING-LY,  ado.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  invite 
or  allure, 

IN-VIT'ING  NESS,  ri,  Tlic  qu.ility  of  being  inviting, 

'raijlor. 

IN-\  IT'RI-FT-A-1!I-E,  a.    [in  afld  vitrifiahlr,  from  rit- 
rifij.]    Tliat  can  not  be  vitrified  or  converted  into 
glass.       ,  Kincan. 
IN'VO-CaTE,  v.  t.    [h.  invoeo  ;  in  and  voco,  to  call.] 
'I'o  inv(d<e  ;  to  call  on  in  supplication;  to  implore  ; 
to  ndtlress  in  prayer. 

If  I)a?un  lie  thy  god, 
Go  to  hiy  tntiijitcj  itiiwcale  h'ls  aid.  Ali'.ton. 

[Instead  of  this  word,  Iv voke  is  generally  used.] 
IN'\ 0-e.\-TEl),  pp.    Invoked  ;  called  on  in  prayer. 
l.\'VO-eA-TlN(i,  ppr.  Invoking. 
IN-VO  t'A'TIO.\,  n.    [Fr.,  from  I,,  invocatio.] 

1.  'I'he  act  of  addressing  in  pra>'er.  Hooker. 

2.  The  form  or  act  of  calling  for  the  assistance  or 
presence  of  any  being,  particularly  of  some  divinity  ; 
as,  the  invocation  of  the  muses. 

The  wliole  ro^m  is  n  prayer  to  Portunf,  and  the  ini'ofif.'on  is 
tlivuli'd  U  twt'Cii  th'-  two  ({■■jli-'S.  A'l'iuiott. 

3.  A  judicial  call,  demand,  or  order;  as,  the  inivi- 
cafi'uii  of  pa|)ers  or  evidence  into  a  cr>urt. 

fVheaton*.f  Rep. 
IN'VOICE,  n.     [Fr.  cni-oi,  a  sending,  or  thing  sent, 
fr'Mn  envoyer,  to  send,  It-  inviarc ;  envois,  pi.,  things 
se..t.l 

1.  In  eommrrce,  a  written  account  of  the  particu- 
lars of  inercliaiidise  shipped  or  sent  to  a  purchaser, 
t  •insitriiet!,  f.ictor,  &.C.,  with  the  value  or  prices  and 
charges  annexed. 

2.  A  written  account  of  nitahle  estate. 

Imws  of  J^^eio  Ffampshire. 
IN'VOICE,  r.  t.    To  make  a  written  account  of  goods 
or  properly  with  their  prices.    It  is  usual  tit  invoire 
giHids  in  the  currency  of  the  country  in  which  the 
seller  resides. 

Gooils,  wiires,  and  incrchaiidisp  iinporteil  from  Norway,  and 
inooiceU  in  Uie  currt;nt  dollar  ol  NurM'iiy.  ^ 
Moflinon's  Proclarnalion. 

IN'VOIC-KD,  (-voist,)  pp.  Inserted  in  a  list  with  the 
price  or  value  annexed,     Robinson,  Mm.  RrporVs. 

IN' V01C-IN(J,  ppr.  Making  an  account  in  writing  of 
goods  with  their  prices  or  values  annexed  ;  inserting 
in  an  invoice. 

IN-\T>KE',  tt,  t,  [L.  invoco  ;  in  and  voco,  to  call ;  vox, 
a  word.] 

1.  Lttcrnllii,  to  call  for  or  ask.  Ilence, 

2.  To  address  in  prayer  ;  to  call  on  for  assistance 
and  protection  ;  as,  to  invoke  the  Supreme  Being.  Po- 
ets iiieuAc  the  muses  for  assistance. 

3.  Ill  a  TC(i/fr  .s-cM.sT,  locall  for  with  earnestness;  as, 
to  invoke  the  aid  of  government.  [Rrcrnt.] 

IN-VoK'KD,  pp.    Addresseil  in  prayer  for  aid  ;  called. 
IN-VOK'INO,  ppr.  Addressing  in  prayer  for  aid  ;  call- 
ing, 

I.\-VOI/U-CEL,  71.  [dim.  of  ineoterf.]  The  involu- 
cre of  an  umbellule  or  timlTrllet ;  an  involucret. 

IN  VO-Lf''CHI.,-LATE,  a.  [Supra.]  Surrounded  with 
inviducels.  Barton. 

IN-VO-LC"eRAX>,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  involucrum, 

SmiUt. 

IN-VO-I.P'GRE,     >      TT    •     F  r  ,  i 

IVVO  I  O'CRUM  t      f     innolKcruTn,  from  muoioo.J 

In  botany,  n  sort  of  calyx  inclosing  those  aggregates 
of  dowers  constitiitiii!;  iiniliels,  but  occasionally  in- 
closing (lowers  not  limhellate.    It  is  usually  more  or 
less  tlistaiit  from  the  liowers  which  it  enveU)ps. 
IN- VO-L.O'CR£1),  a.  Having  an  invulucre,  as  umbels, 

&c.  JIartyn. 
IN-VO-I,C"CRET,  II.    An  invtducel,  which  see. 
IN-VOL'UN-TA  RI-LY,    a./i>.     [from  inco/uii<ar«.] 
Not  by  choice  ;  not  spontaneously  ;  against  one's 
will.  Baxter. 
2.  In  a  manner  independent  of  the  will. 
IN-VOL,'UN-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  Want  of  choice  or  will. 

Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Independenct^  on  the  will. 
IN-VOL'UN-TA-RV,  a.    [Fr.  involontaire ;  L.  in  and 
Koluntarius.    See  Volcntarv.] 

1.  Not  having  will  or  choice  ;  unwilling. 

2.  Indepeiiilent  of  will  or  choice.  The  motion  of 
the  heart  and  arteries  is  iiico/unCarv,  but  not  against 
the  will. 

3.  Not  proceeding  from  choice  ;  not  done  willing- 
ly ;  opposed  to  the  will.  A  slave  and  a  conquered 
nation  vield  an  involuntani  submission  to  a  nia.ster. 

IN'VO-LU  TE,  n.    [I.,  inro'lutiu.] 

A  curve  traced  by  the  end  of  a  string  wound  upon 
another  curve,  or  unwound  from  it.     [See  Evo- 

LfTE.] 

I.\'V()-LUTE,     la.    \h.  intolutik^,  involvo.    See  Is- 

IN'VO-I.U-TED,  i  voLVE.] 

In  botany,  rolled  spirally  inward.  Involuted  folia- 
tion, or  vernation,  is  when  the  leaves  within  the  bud 
have  their  erli!i>s  rolled  spirally  inward  on  bulh  sides 
toward  the  upper  surface.  Martyn. 


2.  In  eoncholoiTy,ti  term  used  when  the  exterior  lip 
is  turned  inward,  at  the  margin,  as  in  the  Cypren. 

J  Jumble. 

IN-VO-I,0'TION,  71.     [Fr. ;  L.  iii»o/«tio.     See  In- 
volve.] 

1.  The  action  of  involving  or  infolding. 

2.  The  state  of  being  entangled  or  involved  ;  com- 
plication, 

AH  thin;r«  an;  inixoil  nilil  c.'iilc.'X  blirndril  by  muttial  inro/ulionj. 

Olajivitle. 

3.  In  irrntnmar,  Uio  insertion  of  one  or  more  clauses 
or  niriniiiTS  of  a  si'iilence  between  the  agent  or  s  >b- 
ji'i't  and  the  verb,  in  a  way  which  inrolvrji  the  con- 
slriit  liiiii,  and  makes  it  dilliciilt  ;  a  third  iiilervening 
mriiibi  r  wiiliiii  a  second,  &c.  :  as,  liahiliial  false- 
Iioud,  if  tre  may  jutltrc  from  erperience,  infers  absolute 
di'iiravity. 

A.  In  aritlimrtic  and  alirelira,  the  raising  of  a  quan- 
tity to  any  power  assimied  ;  tlii^  multiplication  of  a 
([iiantity  into  itsril"  a  jiivi-n  iiiiniher  of  tunes.  Thus 
9x2x2  =  8.  Ill  re  the  Iliinl  power  of  2,  is  found 
by  involution,  or  iiiuhipiyitig  the  number  into  itself, 
anil  the  product  liy  Ihe  same  number. 
IN-V()l,Viy,  (in-viilv',)  r.  t.  [L.  i«eo(eo  ;  in  and  Vol- 
vo, to  roll.  Eng.  to  ica/Zoie.] 

1.  To  envelop;  to  cover  with  surrounding  nmtti.r; 
as,  1o  invoire  one  in  smoke  or  dust. 

2.  To  envelop  in  any  thing  which  exists  on  all 
sides  ;  as,  to  involve  in  tlarkness  or  obscurity. 

3.  'I'o  imply ;  to  ctimprise.  To  be  and  not  to  be  at 
the  same  time,  involve.i  a  ctmtmiliction. 

■1.  'I'o  entwist ;  to  join  ;  to  connect ;  to  draw  in  by 
way  of  cniinection  ;  to  implicate  ;  as,  to  involve  a 
friend  in  one's  ruin. 

lie  knows  hiii  end  with  mine  involped.  Milton. 

5.  To  take  in  ;  to  catch  ;  to  conjoin. 


'Die  pitlwriii^r  niiiiilMT,  as  it  movft  aloii^, 
Incoleee  a  v;i«l  iiivulililLiry  throng. 


Pope. 


6.  To  entangle.  Let  not  our  enemy  involve  the 
nation  in  war,  nor  our  imprudence  involve  us  ill 
dillictilty, 

7.  To  plunge;  to  overwhelm.  Extravagance  often 
involves  men  in  debt  and  distress. 

8.  To  inwrap ;  to  infold  ;  to  com|ilicate  or  make 
intricate. 

yijnie  ini'Olved  tti'-ir  snaky  f.il-Is.  Afitton. 
Florid,  witly,  iiipo.Ved  iliscoiira'  S.  Locke. 

9.  To  blend;  to  mingle  confusedly,  Milton. 

10.  In  aritkinctic  and  al^rrbra,  to  raise  a  qiitmtity  to 
any  assigned  power  ;  to  multiply  n  i|uantity  into  it- 
self a  given  niimlit  r  of  times  ;  as,  a  quantity  involved 
to  the  third  or  fourth  power. 

IN-VOLV'A'D,  pp.  or  a.  Enveloped  ;  implied  ;  in- 
wrapped  ;  eiitani:led  ;  raised  to  a  power. 

IN-VOLVE'MENT,  71.  Act  of  involving;  state  ofbc- 
iiig  involved.  Mar.ihall. 

IN-VOLV'ING,  ppr.  Enveloping  ;  implying ;  com- 
prising ;  entangling  ;  complicating  ;  raising  to  a 
power. 

IN-VUL-NER-A-HTr.'I.TY,    In.  [from  inniZncraMc] 
lN-VUI,'NER-A-liI,E-NE.<S,  (     -The  quality  or  st.ale 
of  being  invulnerable,  or  secure  from  wounds  or  in- 
jury IVaUh. 
I.\-Vl'I/.\ER-A-ni,E,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  invulnerabilis. 

See  VuLMEHABLE.] 

'I'hat  can  not  be  wounded  ;  incapable  of  receiving 
injury. 

Nur  vainly  hop.? 
To  be  invutnerabte  in  those  bri^hi  arms.  Milton. 

IN-WALL',  V.  t.  [in  and  icall.]  To  inclose  or  fortify 
with  a  wall.  Spenser. 

IN-WALL' /;i),  pp.    Inclosed  or  fortified  with  a  wall. 

IN-\VALL'1.N(;,  ppr.    Inclosing  with  a  w  all. 

LN'WAiU),  ri.  [Sax.  iiiircard ;  G.  eintedrts  ;  in  and 
leard.    See  Ward.] 

1.  Iiileriial  ;  interior  ;  placed  or  being  within  ;  as, 
the  inirard  structure  of  the  body. 

y.  Intimate;  domestic;  familiar.  Spenser. 
fin  this  sense,  also,  Shakspeare  uses  it  as  a  noun.] 
fl.  Seated  in  Ihe  mind  or  soul.  Sliak. 
IN'W.ARD,  adv.  Toward  the  inside.  Turn  the  aUen- 
lion  inirartl. 

2.  Toward  the  center  or  interior ;  as,  to  bend  a 
tiling  inward. 

3.  Into  the  mind  or  thoughts. 

Cfl  -sti.d  light  shnic  inunna.  .Vi/ton. 
IN'WARD-LY,  adv.    In  the  Inner  p.trts  ;  internally. 

Iv't  B'-iif-tlick,  liko  ciirervd  fiiv, 

Consuuw*  away  in  sj^lM,  waste  inunrdly.  Shak. 

2.  In  the  heart ;  privately  ;  secretly.  He  inicardly 
repines.  It  is  not  easy  to  treat  with  respect  a  person 
wlioni  we  inwardly  despise. 

3.  Toward  the  center. 

LV'WARD-.N'ESS,  ii.     Intimacy  ;   familiarity,  [.Vo« 
used.]  S/iak. 
2.  Internal  state,    [Unusual.]  More. 
IN'WARUS,  II.  pi.    The  inner  parts  of  an  animal  ;  the 

Iwwels  ;  the  viscera.    >lr.  xxix.  .Vi(£oii. 
IN-Wic.WE',  V.  I.:  pert.  Ixwove:  pp.  Inwoveh,  Is- 
wovE.    [in  ami  icrave.  J    To  weave  together  ;  to  in- 
terinix  or  intertwine  by  weaving. 

Down  thi-y  cast 
Thfir  crowns  iniror«  »  all  .unarinlh  and  gohl.  MUton. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


623 


lOT 

rX-WF-AVING,  ppr.   Weaving  together 
IN-\VHEEL',  r.  U    [in  and  whetl.]    To  encircle. 
IN-WHELL'ED.pp.    Encircled.  [Beaiim. 
I.\-\VHEEL'I.\G,  ppr.  Encirdini. 
IX'WIT,  n.    [in  and  wit.]     Mind;  understanding. 
lObs.] 

IN  WOOD',  t).  «.    To  hide  in  woods.  Sidney. 
I.\-\vOOD'ED,  pp.    Hidden  in  woods. 
IN-W6RK'£D,  (-wurkt,)  pp.    \Vorlced  in  ;  operated 
within. 

IN-U'ORK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    [in  and  work.]  Worlting 

or  operating  witiiin. 
[N-\VORK'Ii\G,  n.  Internal  operation  ;  energy  within. 

Mackjiiffkt. 

IN-WoVE',     )pp.  of  Inweave.    Woven  in;  inter- 

IN-WoV'£N,  j     twined  by  weaving. 

1\-WRAP',  (in-rap',)  u.  f.  [in  ■•mil  :crap.]  To  involve  ; 
to  infuld  ;  to  cover  by  wrapping  ;  as,  to  be  inwrappcd 
in  smoke  or  in  a  cloud  ;  to  inwrap  in  a  cloak. 

2.  To  involve  in  difficulty  or  perplexity  ;  to  per- 
plex. Bacun. 

3.  To  ravish  or  transport.    [Ill]    [See  Rap.] 
IN-WRAP'P£D,  (-rapt',)  pp.    Involved  ;  covered  by 

wrapping. 

IN-WR.\P'PI.\G,  ppr.    Covering  by  wrapping. 
IN-WRe.\THE',  (in-rettie',)  v.  t.    [in  and  tcreathe.] 
To  surround  or  encompass  as  with  a  wreath,  or 
with  something  in  the  form  of  a  wreath 


Resplendent  locks  iiiicTeaOied  willi  L)eaiiis. 


Ariilon. 


IX-WROUGHT',  (in-rawt',)  pp.  or  a.  [in  and  wrought, 
from  work.] 

Wrought  or  worked  in  or  among  other  things ; 
adorned  with  figures.  .Milton. 

I'O-DAL,  n.  [from  iodine  and  alcolutl.]  An  oleaginous 
liquid  obtained  from  the  action  of  alcohol  and  nitric 
acid  on  iodine.  Graham. 

I'O-Da'I'E,  n.  [See  Iodine.]  Any  compound  of  iodic 
acid  with  a  base. 

I-OD'IG,  a.  Iodic  acid  is  an' acid  compound  consisting 
of  iodine  oxygenized  to  the  highe.«t  point. 

I'O-DID,  n.  A  non-acid  compound  of  iodine  with  a 
metal  or  other  substance. 

I'O-DINE,  71.    [Gr.  i  .xli/?,  resembling  a  violet.] 

In  chemistry,  a  peculiar  substance  discovered  by 
Courtois,  a  manufacturer  of  saltpeter  in  Paris.  It  is 
obtauied  from  certain  sea-weeds  or  marine  plants. 
At  the  ordinary  temperature  of  the  atmosphere*  it  is 
a  solid,  apparently  a  simple  substance,  at  least  hith- 
erto undecomposed.  It  is  incombustible,  but,  in  com- 
bining with  several  bodies,  it  exhibits  the  phenomena 
of  combustion  ;  hence  it  has  been  considered  a  sup- 
porter of  combustion.  Like  chlorine,  it  destroys 
vegetable  colors,  but  with  less  energy.  Its  color  is 
bluish-black  or  grayish-black,  of  a  metallic  luster.  It 
is  often  in  scales,  resembling  those  of  micaceous  iron 
ore  ;  sometunes  in  brilliant  rhomboidal  plates,  or  in 
elongated  octahedrons.  Its  taste  is  acrid,  and  it  is 
somewhat  poisonous.  It  is  fusible  at  225'  of  Fah- 
renheit. The  color  of  its  vapor  is  a  beautiful  violet, 
whence  its  name.  Henry.  Ure. 

I'Q-DOUS,  a.  lodous  acid  is  a  compound  of  iodine 
and  oxygen,  containing  less  of  the  latter  than  iodic 
acid. 

I-OD'lJ-RET,  71.  A  non-acid  compound  of  iodine  and 
a  metallic  or  other  base.    Synonymous  with  Iodiu. 

I'O-LlTE,  71.  [Gr.  i  a  violet,  .and  Ai'Ji.j,  stone.] 
A  mineral  having  a  glassy  appearance,  remarkable 
for  presenting  a  blue  or  violet-blue  color  in  one  direc- 
tion, and,  at  right  angles  with  this  direction,  a  yel- 
lowish-gray or  brownish  color.  It  consists  of  silica, 
alumina,  and  magnesia,  with  .some  oxyd  of  iron. 
The  name  dichroiti,  often  applied  to  this  mineral, 
alludes  to  its  colors,  and  is  from  the  Greek  dn,  two, 
and  \iioa,  color.  Dana. 

J^ole.  —  By  the  regular  principles  of  pronouncing 
the  Greek  luta  and  the  Shemitic  jjd,  this  word  ought 
to  he  pronounced  yo'lite. 

I'O.V,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  elements  which  appear 
at  the  respective  poles  when  a  body  is  subjected  to 
electro-chemical  decomposition.  SiiUman. 

I-0.\'IC,  a.  [from  Ionia.]  'I'he  Ionic  order,  in  archi- 
tfcturf?,  is  that  species  01  culumn  named  from  Ionia, 
in  Greece,  whose  distinguishing  feature  is  the  volute 
of  its  capital.  It  is  more  slender  than  the  Doric  and 
Tuscan,  hut  less  slender  and  less  ornamented  tlian 
the  Corinthian  and  Composite.  It  is  simple,  hut  nia- 
jextic.  Its  higlit  is  about  18  modules,  and  that  of 
the  entablature  four  and  a  half.      Kncyc.  Brandt. 

2.  The  Ionic  dialect  of  the  Greek  language  wii3  the 
dialect  iiHud  in  Ionia. 

3.  The  Ionic  aect  of  pliiliisophers  was  that  founded 
by  Thalea  of  .Miletus,  in  Ionia.  Their  distinguishing 
tenet  waJi,  that  water  is  the  princijde  of  all  natural 
thingH.  y.ncyc. 

4.  Denoting  an  airy  kiiwl  of  music.  'I'he  Ionic  or 
Ionian  modt  wan,  reckoning  f'ri»m  grave  to  aciitt?,  the 
second  of  the  five  iiiiihlte  modes.  Bnsby, 

5.  The  Ionic  foot,  in  vrritijicatwn,  consislH  of  four 
•yllahlex,  either  two  short  and  two  long,  or  two  long 
and  two  Hhort. 

I  O'TA,  71.  [(Jr.  name  of  the  letter  i.]  A  tittle,  n  very 
Hinali  rpmiitity  or  degree.  We  iiho  jot,  a  change  uf 
the  name  name. 


IRO 

I.  O.  U.  In  England,  a  paper  having  on  it  these  let- 
ters, (signifying  /  owe  you,)  followed  by  a  given  sum, 
and  duly  signed,  is  called  an  /.  O.  U.,  and  is  consid- 
ered equally  binding  in  honor  with  a  promissory  note. 
Such  papers  are  ordinarily  given  in  gambling  trans- 
actions. 

IP-E-eAe  iJ-AN'IIA,  71.  A  medicine  of  the  shops 
produced  by  a  considerable  number  of  plants.  That 
which  is  considered  the  best,  is  the  root  of  Cephaelis 
Ipecacuanha  of  South  .America. 

Ipecacuanha  is  a  little  wrinkled  root,  about  the 
thickness  of  a  moderate  quill,  much  used  as  an 
emetic,  and  against  diarrlieas  and  dysenteries.  Cyc. 

IP'SE  DIX'IT.  [L.  he  asserted.]  A  mere  saying  or 
assertion,  without  proof. 

IP-SIS' SI-MJl  P'ER'Bji,  [L.]    The  identical  words. 

IP' SO  FJiC'TO,  [L.]  In  fact,  in  reality,  or  by  the 
fact. 

I-KAS-CI-BIL'I-TY,     )  71.      [from   irascible.]  The 

I-RAS'CI-BLE-.\ESS,  j  quality  of  being  irascible, 
or  easily  iiillaiiied  by  anger;  irritability  of  temper. 

I-R.VS'CI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  irascor,  from  ira. 
SeelRE.j  Very  susceptible  of  anger  ;  easily  provoked 
or  inllaiiied  with  reseiitnienl ;  irritable;  as,  an  irasci- 
ble man  ;  an  irascible  temper. 

T-RAS'CI-BLY,  adc.    In  an  irascible  manner. 

IRE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  170,  wrath  ;  W.  irad,  pungency, 
passion,  rage.    Sec  Eng.  Whath.] 

Anger;  wrath;  keen  resentment;  award  chiefly 
used  in  poetry. 

Tiius  will  (lersisl,  releiuk-ss  in  his  ire.  Dryden. 

IRE'FJJI',  a.  [ire  and  full.]  Angry  ;  wroth  ;  furious 
with  anger. 

Tlic  ireful  Ijait.inl  Orleans.  Jhak. 

IRE'FUL-LY,  adt.    In  an  angry  manner. 

i'IIE-NaRCH,  (I're-nark,)  11.    [Gr.  iio>n'iii\rii.] 

An  oliicer  formerly  employed  in  the  Greek  empire, 
to  preserve  the  public  tranquillity. 

I-REN'IC-AL,  a.    Pacific;  desirous  of  peace. 

IR-I-DES'CE.\L'E,  ji.  Exhibition  of  colors  like  those 
of  the  rainbow. 

IR-I-DES'CE.\T,  a.  [from  iris.]  Having  colors  like 
the  rainbow.  Fourcrmi.  Barrow. 

i-RID'I-U.M,  71.  [from  iris.l  A  metal  "of  a  whitish 
color,  not  malleable,  found  in  the  ore  of  platinum, 
and  in  a  nati\'e  alloy  with  osmium.  Its  specific 
gravity  is  above  18.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  vari- 
ety of  colors  which  it  exhibits  while  dissolving  in 
muriatic  acid.  I'iie  native  alloy  with  osmium,  or 
native  iridium,  is  of  a  steel  gray  color  and  shining 
metallic  luster.  It  usually  occurs  in  small,  irregular, 
Hat  grains,  in  alluvial  soil,  in  South  .ynerica. 

Cleacelaud.     fVe'jster^s  Manual. 

I'RIS,  71. ;  pi.  laisE-i.    [1..  iris,  iridis,  the  rainbow,  Gr. 

Ifjl5.] 

1.  The  rainbow.  Browii. 

2.  An  appearance  resembling  the  rainbow. 

JsTewton. 

3.  The  colored  circle  which  surrounds  the  pupil  of 
the  eye,  by  means  of  which  that  opening  is  enlarged 
and  diminished. 

4.  The  flower-de-Iis,  or  flag-flowcr,  a  genus  of 
many  species. 

I'RIS-A-TEl),  a.  Exhibiting  the  prismatic  colors  ;  re- 
sembling the  rainbow.  Pkdlips. 

I'RIS-£D,  (i'rist,)  a.  Having  colors  like  those  of  the 
rainbow.  Cliaptal. 

T'RlSfl,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  jiroduced  in  Ireland. 

I'RISH,  71.    .\  native  of  Ireland. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Irish  ;  the  lliberno-Celtic. 

I'lUSII-lSM,  71.  A  mode  of  speaking  peculiar  to  the 
Irish. 

I'RISH-nY,  77.    The  people  of  Ireland.  BnjskeU. 

IRK,  (urk,)  ».  t.  [Scot,  irk,  to  weary;  irk,  indolent. 
Lye  suggests  that  this  may  be  from  Sax.  weorce, 
work,  which  signifies,  also,  pain,  or  anxiety  ;  but  it 
seems  more  probably  to  be  connected  with  Sax.  cur^r, 
slothful,  lazy,  Gr.  aoyo<;.] 

To  weary ;  to  give  pain  to ;  used  only  imperson- 
ally ;  as,  it  irketh  me,  it  gives  me  uneasiness.  It  is 
nearly  obsolete.  Sliak. 

IRK'SO.ME,  (urk'sum,)  a.  Wearisome  ;  tedious  ;  tire- 
some ;  giving  uneaiiiness  ;  used  of  something  trou- 
blesome by  long  continuance  or  repetition  ;  as,  irk- 
some hours  ;  irksome  toil  or  task.  ^Jdison.  Milton. 

TRK'SO.ME-LY,  arfe.  In  a  wearisome  or  tedious  nian- 
iii'r. 

IRK'SO.ME-.N'ESS,  71.    Tediousness  ;  wearisomeness. 

I'RO.N,  (i'lirn,)  71.  [Sax.  iren  ;  Scot.  i>7ir,  7/rii,  or  aim  ; 
Isl,  larn  ;  Sw.  jarn  or  idrn  ;  Dan.  iern  ;  \V.  haiarn  ; 
Ir.  iarann  ;  Arm.  hoarn  ;  G.  cisen  ;  I),  yier.  tin.  L. 
ferriioi,  for  hrrriim.  The  radical  elements  of  this 
word  are  not  easily  ascertained.] 

I.  .\  iiiei:il,  the  harilest,  most  common,  and  most 
useful,  of  all  the  metals  ;  of  a  livid  whitish  color 
iiiclini'd  to  gray,  iiileriially  composed,  to  appearance, 
of  small  facets,  and  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  In 
the  coiiditiiiii  of  steel,  it  is  so  hard  and  elastic  as  to 
becnpalil  '  of  de  stroying  the  aggregation  of  any  other 
inelal.  Ni!\t  10  liii,  it  is  the  lightest  of  all  metallic 
HUbHtitnccM,  iiiid  next  lo  goUl,  the  most  tenacious.  It 
may  b"  liiiiiimered  into  jilates,  but  nut  into  leaves. 
Us  diiclilily  IS  more  ciuisiderable.    It  has  the  prop- 


IRO 

erty  of  magnetism  ;  it  is  attracted  by  the  lodestone, 
and  will  acquire  its  properties.  It  is  found  rarely  in 
native  masses  ;  but  in  ores,  mineralized  by  dilTerent 
substances,  it  abounds  in  every  part  of  the  earth 
Its  medicinal  qualities  are  valuable. 

Fourcroy,  Encyc. 

2.  An  instrument  or  utensil  made  of  iron ;  as,  a 
flat-iro7i ;  a  smootliing-ireTi. 

Canst  liiou  fill  iiis  skin  wiUi  barbed  iron*  ?  —  Job  xli. 

3.  Figuraticely,  strength  ;  power;  as,  a  rod  of  iron. 
Dan.  ii. 

4.  Irons  pi.;  fetters;  chains;  manacles;  hand- 
cuffs.   Ps.  cv. 

I'R  0.\,  (I'urn,)  a.  Made  of  iron  ;  consisting  of  iron  ; 
as,  an  iron  gale  ;  an  iron  bar  ;  iron  dust. 

2.  Resembling  iron  in  color ;    as,  an  tro7i-gray 
color. 

1  Harsh  ;  rude  ;  severe ;  miserable    as,  the  iron 
age  of  the  world. 

Iron  years  of  wars  and  dan^rs.  Rowe. 
Jove  crushed  tite  nations  with  an  iron  rod.  Pope. 

4.  Binding  fast ;  not  to  be  broken ;  as,  the  iro7i 
sleep  of  death.  Philips. 

5.  Hard  of  understanding  ;  dull;  as,  an  iru7i  wil- 
led fool.  Sluik. 

6.  Firm  ;  robust ;  as,  an  iron  constitution. 

I'R  OjV,  r.  t.    To  smooth  with  an  instrument  of  iron. 

2.  To  shackle  with  irons  ;  to  fetter  or  handcuff. 

3.  To  furnish  or  arm  with  iron. 
I'ROX-BOU.N  U,  a.    Bound  with  iron. 

2.  Faced  or  surrounded  with  rocks ;  rugged  ;  as, 
an  iron-bound  coast. 
I'RO.N  eL.\D,  a.    Clad  in  iron.  ScotL 
I'RON  €LaV,  n.    A  substance  immediate  between 
b.-usalt  and  wacke,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  and  oc- 
curring massive  or  vesicular.  Cyc. 
I'RON  eROW.\,7i.    A  golden  crown  set  with  jew- 
els, belonging  originally  to  the  Lombard  kings,  and 
indicating  the  dominion  of  Italy.    It  was  so  called 
from  containing  a  circle  said  to  have  been  forged 
from  one  of  the  nails  in  the  cross  of  Christ. 

Encyc.  .Sm, 

I'RON  £D,  (I'urnd,)  pp.    Smoothed  with  an  iron; 

shackled  ;  armed  with  iron. 
I'RON-ER,  11.    One  who  irons. 

l'RO.\-FiL-INGS,  K.  pi.  Fine  particles  of  iron  made 
by  filing  or  rasping. 

i'RON-FLINT,  «.  An  opaque  ferruginous  variety  of 
quiirtz,  having,  in  some  degree,  the  appearance  of 
flint,  but  of  red  or  yellow  colors,  and  usually  some- 
what granular  in  its  texture.  Dana, 

I'KO.X-FOU.ND-Ell,  71.  One  who  makes  iron  cast- 
inas. 

I'Rd.V-FOUND-F.R-Y,  (  71.     The  place  where  iron 
I'RO.V-FOUND-KY,     \     castings  are  made. 
i'R0.V-FRa.\1-£I),  a.    Having  an  iron  or  firm  frame. 
I'RON  GL.'iNCE,  71.    A  pero.xyd  of  iron  of  a  dark 

steel-gray  color. 
I  R  0.\-H-\.\D-ED,  a.    Having  hands  hard  as  iron. 

Dwioht. 

i'RON-HE.KRT-ED,  a.  Hard-hearted;  unfeeling; 
cruel. 

I'RO.N-ING,  ppr.  Snjoothing  with  an  iron;  shack- 
ling: furnishing  or  arming  with  iron. 

I'RON  Lia'L'OR,  (i'lirn  lik'ur,)  71.  Acetate  of  iron 
used  as  a  mordant  by  dj  ers,  &c.  Buchanan. 

I'RO.N-I.VG,  11.    A  smoothing  with  an  iron. 

2.  A  shackling  with  irons. 

3.  .\  furnishing  or  arming  with  iron. 
I'RO.\-iMoLD,  71.    A  spot  on  cloth  made  by  applying 

rusty  iron  to  the  cloth  when  wet. 
I'RON-MO.\"GER,  71.     A  dealer  in  iron  wares  or 
hardware. 

I'RO.V-,M0.\"GER-Y,  (  I'urn-mung'ger-re,)  n.  A  gen- 
eral name  for  all  articles  made  of  iron  ;  hardware. 

Gwill. 

I'RO.X  PY-Rl'Ti.;S,  71.    Common  pyrites;  yellow sul- 

pliuret  of  iron. 
I'R  O.V  S.AND,  H.    .\n  iron  ore  in  grains,  used  to  sand 

pafter  after  writing. 
T'RON-SIIkATU-AD,  a.    Sheathed  with  iron.  Scuff. 
I'RO.\-SlK)D,a.    Shod  with  iron. 
I'RON-SICK,  a.    In seawir<i'.<  language,  a  ship  is  said 

to  be  in)7i-iic/>,  \fheli  her  bolts  and  nails  are  so  much 

corroded  or  eaten  with  rust  that  she  lias  become 

leaky.  Encyc. 
I'RON-SID-ED,  a.     Having  iron  sides,  or  very  firm 

sidi'S.  Forby. 
I'R  ON-S.MITII,  n.    .\  worker  in  iron  ;  an  artixan  who 

makes  and  repairs  utensils  of  iron  ;  a  much  more 

proper  term  than  Bi.vcksmitii. 
I'RON-SToNE,  n.   An  impure  ore  of  iron,  containing 

much  clav.  Dana. 
I'ltON-W6QI),  n.   The  popular  name  of  some  species 

of  a  genus  of  trees  called  Sideroxylon  ;  so  called 

from  their  hardness.    Also,  the  popular  name  of  Os- 

trya  Virginira,  sometimes   culled  Ilop-IIornheam,  a 

tree  of  the  I'niteil  States. 
I'RO.\'-U'OUK,  (!'urii-work,)  71.    A  general  name  of 

the  parts  or  pieces  of  a  building,  vessel,  carriage, 

See.,  which  consist  of  iron  ;  any  thing  made  of  iron. 
I'R  0.\'-\VflRlvS,  11.  /(/.    The  works  or  establishment 

where  pig  iron  is  wrought  into  bars,  itc. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^VLL,  WH^T.— M£TK,  I'RBY  PINE,  MAIIINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


IRR 


IRR 


IRR 


I'llON-WCillT,  H.  Tlir  p(ipiil;ir  name  of  some  spe- 
cies of  a  goims  of  plants  callod  SidcritU. 

I-KO.V'U',  a.    Ironical.  B.  Joiuon. 

I-UON'IC-AI,,  a.    [I''r.  irunif/nc    See  Ibonv.] 

Expressing  one  tiling  and  nieanin",'  tlio  opposite. 
An  ironical  expression  is  often  accompanied  with  a 
manner  of  utterance  which  Indicates  tliat  the  spealt- 
cr  intenils  to  he  understood  in  a  sense  directly  con- 
tntry  Vo  that  whicli  the  words  convey. 

I-UO.\'ie-AL  1,Y,  mil!,  liy  way  of  irony  ;  by  the  use 
of  irony.  A  commendation  may  be  ironicallij  se- 
vere. 

I'RO.N-IST,  II.    One  wlio  deals  in  irony.  Pope 

I'UO.\-V,  (I'urn-e,)  «.     [from  iron.]    Made  or  con- 
sistini!  id"  iron  ;  partakinj!  of  iron  ;  as,  irony  chains; 
irony  particles.  Hammond. 
a.  Kesemlilins;  iron  ;  hard. 

I'RO.\-Y,  [I'r.  irvnie:  L.  ironia;  Gr.  tipwua,  from 
fio  .11-,  n  dissembler  in  speech.] 

A  kind  of  ridicule  which  exposes  the  errors  or 
faults  of  others  by  seeiiiins  to  adopt,  approve,  or  de- 
fend them  ;  as,  Nero  was  a  very  virtuous  prince  ;  I'ope 
Hiklebraiiil  was  remarkable  for  his  meekness  and 
humility.  When  irony  is  uttered,  the  dissimul.ation 
is  generally  a|)parent  from  the  manner  of  speaking, 
as  by  a  smile  or  an  nrcii  look,  or  perhaps  by  an  af- 
fected gravity  of  countenance.  Jrony  in  writing  may 
also  ho  detected  by  the  manner  of  expression. 

I'ROUS,  a.    [from  ire]    Apt  to  be  angry.  [Ob.i.] 

Chaucer. 

1R-Ra'1)I-ANCE,  )  n.  [I.,  irrailians,  from  irradio. 
IK-R.\'l)l-A.\-CV,  i     See  Irradiate.] 

1.  Emission  of  rays  of  light  on  an  objixt. 

2.  Beams  of  light  emitted  ;  luster  j  splendor. 

MiHon. 

IR-R.X'I)I-ATE,  t).  t.  [L.  irradio;  in  and  radio,  to 
shim-.    See  Rvv.] 

1.  To  ilhiiniiinte  ;  to  brighten  ;  to  make  splendid  ; 
to  adorn  with  luster.  South. 

2.  'I'o  enlighten  intellectually  ;  to  illuminate  ;  as, 
to  irradiate  the  mind.  Milton. 

3.  'I'o  animate  by  heat  or  light.  Hale. 

4.  To  decorate  with  shining  ornaments.  Pope. 
IR-Ra'1)I-a'1'E,  v.  i.    To  emit  rays  ;  to  shine. 
1R-R.\'I)I-.'VTE,  a.    Adorned  with  brightness,  or  with 

any  tiling  shining.  Mason. 
IR-RA'I)l-A-TEI),  pp.      Illuminated;  enlightened; 

made  luminous  or  bright ;   decorated  with  rays  of 

light  or  with  soiiiething  shining. 
1R-Ra'1)1-a-T1.\(;,  ;</)!•.      Illuminating;  decorating 

with  beams  of  light. 
IR-R.\-1)I-a' TIOX,  II.    The  act  of  emitting  beams  of 

2.  Illumination  ;  brightness.  [liL'ht. 

3.  Intellectual  light.  lli!r. 

4.  The  act  of  emitting  minute  p.articles  or  ertluvia 
from  some  substance.  F.ncijc. 

5.  In  physical  science,  an  apparent  enlargement  of 
objects  beyond  their  prop  r  b  iiinds,  in  consequence 
of  the  vivid  impression  of  light  on  the  eye. 

Oluisteil. 

IR-RAD'I-eSTE,  r.  (.   To  root  deeply. 
IR-R.\'TK)\-AI.,  (-ri'slmn-al  or -ra#li'nn-al,)  a.  [L. 
irrationaJis ;  in  and  ratinnalis,  from  ratio.] 

1.  Not  rational ;  void  of  reason  or  unoerstanding. 
Brutes  are  irrational  animals. 

2.  Not  according  to  the  dictates  of  reason  ;  contra- 
ry to  reason  ;  absurd.  To  pursue  a  course  of  life 
which  destroys  happiness,  is  irrational. 

Irrational  qunntttit.    See  Surd. 
IR-RA-TU).\-.\L'l-tY,  n.    Want  of  reason  or  the 

powers  of  iiiulerstanding. 
IR-R.\' riON-.\L-LY,  (-r.i'shiin-al-ly  or  -rash'un-al- 

ly,)  aitp.    Withiiut  reason  ;  in  a  manner  contrary  to 

reason  ;  absurdly. 
IR-RE-CL.^I.M'.\-HI>E,  a.    [in  nm\  rejJaimahtr.]  Not 

to  be  reclaimed  ;  that  can  not  be  recalled  from  error 

or  vice  ;  that  can  not  be  brought  to  reform.  .Addison. 
Q.  That  can  not  be  tamed. 
IR-RE-ei..Al.\r.\-ULY,  ode.    So  as  not  to  admit  of 

reformation. 

IR-REe-0.\-CH-'.\-RLE,  a.  [in  and  rrconeilaUe.] 
Not  to  be  recalled  to  amity,  or  a  st;ite  of  frienilship 
and  kindness  ;  retaining  enmity  that  can  not  be  a|>- 
peased  or  subdued  ;  as,  an  irreconcilable  enemy  or 
faction. 

2.  That  can  not  be  appeased  or  subdued  ;  as,  ir- 
reconcilable enmity  or  hatred. 

3.  Tliat  can  not  be  made  to  agree  or  be  consistent ; 
incongruous  ;  incompatible  ;  as,  irreco/iciirt/i/r  absurdi- 
ties. It  is  followed  by  wi/A  or  to.  A  man's  conduct 
may  be  irreconcilable  to  or  loitA  his  avowed  princi- 
pb-s. 

IR-REe-ON-CII/.VBLE-XESS,  tf.  The  quality  of 
being  irreconcilable  ;  incongruity  ;  incompatibility. 

IR-REC-ON-CII,'A-HLY,arfe.  In  a  manner  that  pre- 
cludes reconciliation.  Men  may  be  irreconcdably  op- 
posed to  each  other. 

IR-RECON-CiLE,  v.L  To  prevent  from  being  rec- 
onciled.   [III.]  Bp.  Taylor 

IR-REC'ON-ClL-£D,  a.     [in  and  reconcded.]  Not 
reconciled.  Thumson 
2.  Not  atoned  for.  Shak.  Prvlrauz. 

IR-REC-ON-CILE'MENT,  n.  Want  of  reconcilia- 
tiiiii  ;  disagreement. 


IR-REe-ON-CIL-I-A'TION,  n.  Want  of  reconcilia- 
tion. I'ridtaui. 

1R-RE€'()\-CIL-ING,  ppr  Preventing  from  being 
recimciled. 

IR-RE-euRO'A-HLE,  o.   Not  to  be  recorded. 

Cockeram. 

IR-RE-eOV'ER-A-BLE,  (-knv'cr-,)  a.  [in  and  recmy 
erable.]  Not  to  be  recovered  or  repaired  ;  as,  an  i>- 
recovrrable  loss. 

2.  Tliat  can  not  be  regained.  Time  pa.st  is  irrc- 
covcrubtr.  Ro<rrrs. 

3.  Tliut  can  not  be  obtained  by  demand  or  suit,  as 
a  debt.  f^anhlin. 

4.  Not  to  be  remedied  ;  as,  irrecoverable  misery. 

7'iUotson. 

IR-RE-eOV'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  «.  The  state  of  being 
irrecoverable.  Donne. 

IR-RE-eOV"ER-A-ni,Y,  adn.  Beyond  recovery  ;  be- 
yond the  possibility  of  bejng  regained,  repaired,  or 
remedied.    Hajipiness  may  be  irrecoverably  lost 

2.  Beyond  the  possibility  of  being  reclaimed.  A 
prolligate  may  be  irrecoverably  abandoned  to  vice. 

IR-RE  eO'PER-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  in  and  recupero,  to  re- 
cover.] 

Irrecoverable.    [Ao(  iised.] 

IR  R R-eC'PER-A-BLY,  adv.  Irrecoverably.  [JVol  iLsed.] 

IR-RI>eO'SA-BLE,  a.    [in  and  Fr.  recusable.] 
Not  liable  to  exception. 

IR-RE-1)I;E.\I'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  redeemable.]  That 
can  not  be  redeemed. 

2.  Not  subject  to  be  paid  at  the  pleasure  of  gov- 
ernment ;  as,  irredeeinable  debts  ;  irredeemable  certifi- 
cates or  stock.  Hamilton.  Smollett. 

IR-RE-1)EE.\I'A-BLR-NESS,  (  n.    The  quality  of  be- 

IR-RE-l)Ei;M-A-lill,'I-TY,    (     ing  not  redeemable. 

IR-KE-I)EE.M'A-BL,Y,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  redeema- 
ble. Smart. 

IR-UE-I)0'CI-nLE,  a.  [in  and  r«/«ci6/f.l  Not  to  be 
reduced  ;  that  can  not  be  brought  back  to  a  former 
state. 

2.  That  can  not  be  reduced  or  changed  to  a  differ- 
ent state  ;  as,  corpuscles  of  air  irreducible  into  water. 

Boyle. 

Irreducible  eojie ;  in  algebra,  a  particular  case  in  the 
solution  of  a  cubic  equation,  in  which  the  formula 
coniuKinly  employed  contains  an  imaginary  quantity, 
and  tlii  refore  fails  in  its  application.  BranUe. 
IR  RE-I)C'L'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
irreducible. 

IR-RE-l)0'CI-BI,Y,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  reducible. 

IR-RE-l'I.EeT'lVE,  a.    Not  reflective.  Wheiocll. 

1R-UI:-FRa'GA-BLE  or  IR-REF'RA-GA-BLE,  a.  [in 
and  rrfrairable,  L.  rcfra^or;  re  and  the  rovloffraniro, 
to  break.]  ^ 

That  can  not  he  refuted  or  overthrown  ;  incon- 
testable ;  undeniable  ;  as,  an  irrefrairable  argument  ; 
irrrfrnstnble  reason  or  evidence.  Jittcrbiiry.  Sicift. 

IR-RE-KHa'GA-B1,E-NESS,  (  n.    The  quality  of  be- 

IR-REI' RA-GA-BIL'I-TY,  j  ing  irrefragable  or  in- 
capable of  refutation. 

lU-RE-FR.A'GA-lil.Y  or  IR-REF'R.\-GA-BI,Y,  adv. 
With  force  or  strength  that  can  not  be  overthrown  ; 
with  certainty  beyond  refutation.  We  say,  the 
point  in  debate  was  irrrfra^abtii  proved. 

IR-REF'lI-TA-BLE  or  IR-RE-FOT'A-BLE,  a.  [Low 
L.  irref alnbilis.    See  Rei'L'TE.I 
That  can  not  be  refuted  or  uisproved.    Bp.  Hall. 

IR-REF'^^TA  BLY  or  IR-RE-FOT'A-BLY,  ailr.  Be- 
vond  the  possibilitv  of  refutation.  Komei/n. 

IR'-RE-t;E.N"ER-A-CY,  n.  Uiiregeiieracy. ./.  M.  Mason. 

IR-KE-0E.\-ER-a'TION,  n.    An  unregeiierate  state. 


IR-REG'IJ-I.AR,  a.     [Fr.  irreguUer;  L.  irregularis; 
in  and  rcisidaris,  retrula.    See  Reoular.] 

1.  Not  regular ;  not  according  to  common  form  or 
rules  ;  as,  an  irregular  building  or  fortification. 

2.  Not  according  to  established  principles  or  cus- 
toms ;  deviating  from  usage  ;  as,  the  irregular  pro- 
ceedings of  a  legislative  body. 

3.  Not  conformable  to  nature  or  the  usual  opera- 
tion of  natural  laws  ;  as,  an  irre^/ar  action  of  the 
heart  and  arteries. 

4.  Not  according  to  the  niles  of  art;  immethodi- 
cal  ;  as,  irretrular  verse;  an  irregular  discourse. 

5.  Not  in  conformity  to  laws,  human  or  divine ; 
deviating  from  the  rules  of  moral  rectitude  ;  vicious; 
as,  irregular  conduct  or  pro|K'nsities. 

G.  Not  straight ;  as,  an  irretrular  line  or  course. 

7.  .Not  uniform  ;  as,  irregular  motion. 

8.  In  grammar,  an  irregular  noun  or  verb  is  one 
which  deviates  from  the  common  rules  in  its  inflec- 
tions. 

IR-RF.G'tJ-LAR,  n.  A  soldier  not  in  regular  service. 
IR-REG'lJ-LAR-IST,  n.  One  who  is  irregular.  [KenU 
IR-REG-lJ-I.AR'l-TY,  ii.    [Fr.  irregularity.] 

1.  Deviation  from  a  straight  line  o'  from  any  com- 
mon or  established  rule  ;  deviation  from  method  or 
order  ;  as,  the  irregularity  of  proceedings. 

2.  Deviation  from  law,  human  or  divine,  or  from 
moral  rectitude;  inordinate  practice;  vice.  It  is  a 
favorable  syin|>tom  when  a  prolligate  man  becomes 
ashamed  of  his  irregularities. 

IR-REtJ'li-LAR-LY,  adv.    Without  rule,  method,  or 
order. 


IR-REG'IJ-I,A'1'I^,  c.  t.  To  make  irregular;  tiidiaot- 
di*r.    fA'"/'f  in  use.]  Broipa, 

IR  Ri;i/A-TI  VE,  a.  [in  and  r«/uiinf.]  Not  relative  ; 
unconnected. 

Irrelative  rhoriU,  in  music,  have  no  common  sound. 

IR-REI,'A-TI  VE-LY,  ai/o.    L'nconni  cteilly.  Boijle. 

lU  KEI,'E-VAN-CY,  ii.  [from  irrelevant.]  Inap|>li- 
cability  ;  the  quality  of  nut  being  applicable  or  of 
not  si'rving  to  aid  and  support  ;  as,  the  irreleraney 
of  an  argument  or  of  testimony  to  a  case  in  question. 

IR-REI.'lvVA.NT,  a.  [in  and  Fr.  relrver,  lo  raise, 
from  elerer,  lever,  L.  etero,  Irvo,  to  raise.] 

Not  relevant  ;  not  applicable  or  pertinent  ;  not  serv- 
ing to  support.  We  call  evidi  nce,  t>-siimony,  and 
arguments  irrelevant  to  a  cause,  when  tlwy  are  iiia|>- 
plicalile  to  it,  or  do  not  serve  lo  support  it. 

IR  Hi;i,'E-VANT-LY,  adv.  Without  being  to  the 
purpose. 

IR-RE-LIkVA-BLE,  a.    Not  admitting  relief. 

Ilarirrave. 

IR-RE-I.IG'IOX,  (ir  re-lid'jiin,)  n.  [Fr.  ;  in  and  re- 
ligion.] Want  of  religion,  or  contempt  of  it  ;  im- 
piety. Dryden. 

IR-RE-LIG'ION-IST,  n.  One  who  is  destitute  of  re- 
ligious principles ;  a  despiser  of  religion.  J^ott. 

IR-RE-LIG'IOUS,  (ir-re-lid'jiis,)  a.    [Fr.  irreliirieiir.] 

1.  Destitute  of  religious  principles  ;  contemning 
religion  ;  impious  ;  ungodly. 

Sliani'?  and  r<-proa(!li  are  guncrally  llie  purtlon  of  Ibe  iinplouf 
uiij  irreligious.  South. 

2.  Contrary  to  religion  ;  profane  ;  impious ;  wick- 
ed ;  as,  an  irreligious  speech  ;  irrcIi>rions  conduct. 

IR-RE-l.lO'IOi;S-LY,  adv.    With  impi.  tv  ;  wickeilly. 
IR-RE-L.IG'IOi;.S-NESS,  n.    Want  of  religious  prin- 
ciples or  practices  ;  ungodliness. 
IR-Rk'ME-A-BLE,  a.    [L.  irremeabilis ;  in  and  remeo, 
to  return  ;  ro  and  meo,  to  pass.) 

Admitting  no  return  ;  as,  an  irremeable  way. 

Dryden. 

IR-RE-Mk'DI-A-BI.K,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  remediable,  from 
remedy.] 

1.  Not  to  be  remedied  ;  that  can  not  be  cured  ;  as, 
an  irremcdiablt:  disi'ase  or  evil. 

2.  Not  to  be  corrected  or  redressed  ;  as,  irremedia- 
ble error  or  mischief. 

IR-RE-.Mk'DI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  irre- 
mediable. 

IR-RE-Mf.'DI-A-BI>Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  precludes  remedy,  cure,  or  correction. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

IR-R E-M IS'SI-BI.E,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  remissible ;  L.  n 
initio.    See  Remit.] 

Not  to  be  pardoned  ;  that  can  not  be  forgiven  or 
remitted.  Ithistnn. 
IR-RH-.MIS'PI-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

unpardonable.  Hammond. 
IR-RE-.MIS'Sl-BLY,  adv.   So  as  not  to  be  paidoiu-d. 

Shericood. 

IR-RE-MIS'SIVE,  a.    Not  remitting. 

IR-RE-MnV-A-HII-'I-TY,  n.  [Sec  Irremovabi.e.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  irremovable,  or  not  re- 
movable friMii  ottice. 

IR-RE-.MOV'A-BI,E,  (-moov'a-bl,)  a.  [in  and  remov- 
able.]   That  can  not  be  moved  or  changed.  Sliak. 

2.  That  can  not  be  legally  or  constitutionally  re- 
moved from  otlice. 

IR-RE-.MOV'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  admit  of  re- 
moval. 

IR-RE-.\|OV'.AL,  n.    .Absence  of  removal. 
lR-RE-.\lC"NER-A-HI.E,a.  [in.aiid  rcniMneruWc.]  That 

can  not  be  rewarded. 
IR-RE-NOWN'AI),  a.  Not  renowned  ;  not  celebrated. 

Spenser. 

IR-REP-.\-RA-RII.'I-TY,  n.  [See  Irreparable.)  The 
ipiality  or  stale  of  being  irreparable,  or  beyond  repair 
or  recovery.  Sterne. 

IR-REP'A-liA-liLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  irrrparaii/t,.  Sec 
Repair.) 

1.  That  can  not  be  repaired  or  mended  ;  as,  an  ir- 
reparnble  hreaeh. 

2.  That  can  not  oe  recovered  or  regained  ;  as,  an 
irreparable  loss.  Milton.  Jidditon. 

IR-REP'.\-R.\-1!LE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  irrepa- 
rable. 

IR-REP'.\-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that 
precludes  recovery  or  repair. 

IR-RE-Pl"cAI--A  I!ri.'l-'l'Y,  n.  [from  irrr^ca<nU«.]  The 
qualilv  of  being  irrepealable. 

IR-RE-I'i^AL'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  repealable.  See  Re- 
peal.] 

That  can  not  be  legally  repealed  or  annulled. 

Suttiran. 

IR-RE-Pf.AL'A-BLE-.\ESS,  n.  Irrepenlalulity. 
IR-RE-Pk.\L'A-BLY',  adv.    Beyond  the  (Kiwerof  re- 
peal. 

IR-RE-PENT'.\NCE,  n.  Want  of  repentance ;  impen- 
itimci:.  Mountagn. 

IR-RE-PLEV'I-A-BI,E,  a.  [in  and  r(;:''Tiiaii/f.]  That 
can  not  he  replevied. 

IR-RE-PLEV'l-SA-BI,E,a.  [inanireplevisahle.]  That 
can  not  be  replevied. 

IR-REP-RE-IIENS'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  reprehensible.] 
Not  reprehensible  ;  not  to  be  blamed  or  censured  ;  free 
from  fault.  yaUel,  Trans- 


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T9 


AAA 


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IRR 


IRR 


ISI 


IR-REP-RE-IIE.\S'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
beins  irref -elifiisible. 

IR-REP-RE-HEN'S'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to 
incur  blunie  ;  without  lilame.  Sherwood. 

IR-REP-RE-SENT'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  represent.]  Not 
to  be  represented  ;  tliat  can  not  be  figured  or  repre- 
sented bv  anv  imajje.  Stillin^ficet. 

IR-RE-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  repressiblc]  Tliat 
can  not  be  repressed. 

IR-RE-PRESS'I-BLY,  ailv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  can  imt  be  repressed. 

IR-RE-PRoACH'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  rejtroachMe..] 
Tliat  can  not  be  justly  reproaclied  ;  tree  from  blame  ; 
upright ;  innocent.  An  irreproachable  life  is  the  higii- 
est  honor  of  a  rational  being. 

IR-RE-PRoACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  heing  not  reproachable. 

IR-RE-PRoACH'.\-BI,Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to 
deserve  reproach  ;  blamelessly;  as,  deportment  irre- 
proaclmbhi  upright. 

IR-RE-PR6V'A-BLE,  (-proov'a-lil,)  a.  [in  and  re- 
provable.]  That  can  not  be  justly  reproved  ;  blame- 
less ;  upright. 

IR-RE-PROV'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  liable  to 

reproof  or  blame.  JVeever. 
IR-REP-TI"TI0US,  (-tish'us,)  a.  Secretly  introduced. 

IR-RE-SIST'.\NCE,  n.  [in  and  resistance.]  Forbear- 
ance to  resist ;  non-resistance  ;  passive  submission. 

Pulpi/. 

IR-RE-SIPT-I-IilL'I-TY,    )  n.  [from  irresistible.]  the 
Ill-RE-SIST'I-BLE-NESS,  (   quality  of  being  irresist- 
ible J  power  or  force  beyond  resistance  or  opposition. 

Hammond. 

IR-RE-SI.ST'I-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  ;  in  and  resistible.  See 
Resist.] 

That  can  not  be  successfully  resisted  or  opposed ; 
superior  to  opposition. 

An  irresistible  law  of  our  nature  impels  us  to  seeli  hapninpsa, 
J.  M.  mason. 

IR-RE-SIST'I-BLY,  adv.    With  a  power  that  can  not 

be  successfully  resisted  or  opposed.  Dniden. 
IR-RE-SIST'LESS,  a.    That  can  not  be  resisted. 

OlanvUle. 

IR-RES'O-EU-ELE,  a.    [L.  in  and  resolvo.] 

Not  to  be  dissolved  ;  mcapable  of  dissolution. 

BnyU. 

IR-RES'O-LU-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
indissoluble  ;  resistance  to  separation  of  parts  by 
heat.  Bnijle. 

IR-RES'0-I,UTE,  a.  [in  and  resolute.]  Not  firm  or 
constant  in  purpose  ;  not  decided  ;  not  determined  ; 
wavering  ;  given  to  doubt.  Irresolute  men  eitiier  re- 
solve not  at  all,  or  resolve  and  re-resolve. 

IR-RES'O-LUTE-LY,  ado.  Witliout  firmness  of  mind  ; 
without  decision. 

IR-RES'O-LUTE-NESF?,  v.  Want  of  firm  determina- 
tion or  purpose  ;  vacillation  of  mind. 

IR-RES-O-LU'TION,  n.    [Fr. ;  in  and  resolution.] 
Want  of  resolution  ;  want  of  decision  in  purpose  ; 
a  (iiietuatiou  of  mind,  as  in  doubt,  or  between  hope 
and  fear.  Addison. 

ra-RE-SOLV-A-BIL'I-TY,    )n.  The  state  or  quality 

IR-RE-SOLV'.\-BLE-NESS,  \  of  not  being  resolva- 
ble. 

IR-RE-?OLV',\-BI,E,  a.    That  can  not  be  resolved. 

IR-RE-SOEV'ED-LY,  adv.  [in  and  resolved.]  With- 
out settled  determination.    [Little  used.]  Boiile. 

IR-RE-PPF.eT'IVE,  a.  [m  and  T-wpwdtie.]  Not' hav- 
ing regard  to;  with  of;  as,  irrespective  of  conse- 
quences. 

2.  Not  regarding  circumstances.  [Obs.] 

Accordini^  to  this  doctrine,  it  must  be  rcBolved  wholly  into  the 
aljwilutc,  irresjiective  will  o(  Goii.  Bacvn. 

IR-RE-SPECT'IVE-LY,  adv.  Without  regard  to ;  not 
taking  circumstances  into  considenition.  Hammond. 

IR-RES'P;-KA-BLK,  a.  [in  and  respirable.]  Unfit  for 
respiration  ;  not  having  the  ipialities  which  support 
animal  life  ;  as,  irrr.tjiinible  air. 

IR-RE  SPONS-I-Bll-'I-TY,  71.  Want  of  responsibil- 
ity. 

IR-RE-PPONS'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  respnn.iiblc.]  Not 
responsible  ;  not  liable  or  able  to  answer  for  conse- 
quences ;  iiol  answerable. 

IR-RE-.SPO.\.S'I-liLY,  ado.  So  as  not  to  be  responsi- 
ble. 

IR-RE-SUS'CI-TA-IILE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being  re- 
vived. 

IR-RE-SUS'CI-TA-BLY,  ado.  So  as  not  to  be  rcsus- 
citnble. 

IR-RE-TENT'IVE,  a.  Not  retentive  or  apt  to  retain. 

Skrltun. 

IR-RE-TRAf:F,'A-!lI,E,  a.    That  can  not  be  retraced. 

IR-RE-TRinv'A-llI.E,  «.  [inand  retrievable,  from  rc- 
trieve.]  -Not  to  be  recovered  or  repaired  ;  irrocoveni- 
blo  ;  Irreparable  ;  an,  ati  trrrtrirvahle  loss. 

IR-RE  TRIkV'A-BI.E-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
im:lrievable. 

IR-RE-'1'RIkV'A-UI,Y,  of/n.    Irreparably;  irrecovera- 
bly ;  in  a  m.aiiner  not  Ui  be  regained.  Woodward, 
IR-RK-'I'CR.V'A-BI/E,  a.    Not  to  be  returned. 
IR-Rf^-VRAL'A-ni.E,  a.    Thai  nmy  not  be  revealed. 
IR-RE-V£AI,'A-I1LV,  adv.  So  an  not  to  be  revealable. 


IR-REV'ER-ENCE,  n.  [L.  irreverentia  ;  in  and  reve- 
rcntia.    See  Revkrence.] 

1.  Want  of  reverence,  i>r  want  of  veneration  ;  want 
of  a  due  rcgartj  to  the  authority  and  character  of  the 
Supreme  Being.  Irreverence  toward  God  is  analogous 
to  disrespect  toward  man. 

9.  The  state  of  being  disregarded  ;  applied  to  men. 
But  this  word  is  appropriately  applicable  to  the  Su- 
preme Being,  and  to  his  laws  and  institutions. 
IR-REV'ER-ENT,  a.  [Fr.  ;  in  and  reveretit.]  Want- 
ing in  reverence  and  veneration  ;  not  entertaining  or 
manifesting  due  regard  to  the  Supreme  Being. 

2.  Proceeding  from  irreverence  ;  expressive  of  a 
want  of  veneration  ;  as,  an  irreverent  thought,  word, 
or  phrase. 

3.  Wanting  in  respect  to  superiors,  Milton. 
IR-REV'ER-ENT-LY,  adv.    Without  due  regard  to 

the  authority  and  character  of  the  Supreme  Being  ; 
in  an  irreverent  manner. 
2.  Without  due  respect  to  superiors. 

IR-RE-VERS'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  reversible.]  That  can 
not  be  reversed  ;  that  can  not  be  recalled,  repealed, 
or  annulled  ;  as,  an  irreversible  decree  or  sentence. 

IR-RE-VERS'I-BLE  NESS,  71.  State  of  being  irre- 
versible. 

IR-RE-VERS'I-I!LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  which  pre- 
cludes a  reversal  or  repeal. 

IR-REV-0-€A-IUL'I-TY,    )  71.    State  of  being  irrcv- 

IR-REV'O-eA-HLE-NESS,  (  ocable. 

IR-REV'O-eA-IiLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  irrevocabilis ;  in 
and  rcvocabilis,  rcvoco  ;  re  and  voco,  to  call.] 

Not  to  be  recalled  or  revoked  ;  that  can  not  be  re- 
versed, repealed,  or  annulled  ;  as,  an  irrevocable  de- 
cree, sentence,  edict,  or  doom;  irrevocable  fate;  an 
irrevocable  promise.  Mtlton.  Dryden. 

IR-REV'O  eA-BLY,  adv.  Beyond  recall;  in  a  man- 
ner precluding  repeal. 

IR-RE-VoK'A-BLE,  a.  [hi  and  revokable.]  Not  to 
be  recalled  ;  irrevocable.  Asiat.  Res. 

IR-REV'O-LU-BLE,  a.  That  has  no  revolution.  [JVot 
used.]  _  Milton. 

IR'RI-GaTE,  7j.  t.  [L.  irrigo;  in  and  riffo,  to  wa- 
ter.] 

1.  To  water  ;  to  wet ;  to  moisten  ;  to  bedew. 

Ray. 

2.  To  water,  as  land,  by  causing  a  stream  to  flow 
upon  it  and  spread  over  it. 

IR'RI-Ga-TED,  pp.    Watered  ;  moistened. 
IR'RI-Ga-TING,  ppr.    Watering;  wetting;  moisten- 
ing. 

IR-RI-Ga'TION,  h.  The  act  of  watering  or  moisten- 
ing. 

2.  In  airriculture,  the  operation  of  causing  water  to 
flow  over  lands,  for  nourishing  plants,  a 
IIl-RIG'U-OUS,  a.    [L.  irriguus.    See  Ibbigate.] 
I.  Watered  ;  watery ;  moist. 


The  flowery  lap 
Of  some  irrigaous  valley  sprcaiU  her  store. 


MOUm. 


2.  Dewy  ;  moist.  Philips. 

IR-RiS'ION,  (ir-rizh'un,)  n.  [L.  irrisio,  irr idea ;  in  and 
rideo,  to  laugh.] 

The  act  of  laughing  at  another.  Woodward. 

IR-RI-TA-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [from  irritable.]  Suscepti- 
bility of  excitement  ;  the  quality  of  being  easily  irri- 
tated or  e.xasperated  ;  as,  irritability  of  temper. 

2.  In  physiology,  (1.)  A  healthful  vital  susceptibility 
to  the  influence  of  natural,  medicinal,  and  mechani- 
cal agents,  and  the  power  of  responding  in  a  normal 
manner,  both  by  sensations  and  actions.  (2.)  A  mor- 
bid and  plainly  excessive  vital  .susceptibility  to  the  in- 
fluence of  natural,  medicinal,  and  mechanical  agents, 
and  a  capability  of  responding  only  by  vitiated  and 
abnormal  sensations  and  actions. 

This  tertn  is  also  used  in  both  of  the  preceding 
acceptations,  with  the  limitation  of  confinement  to 
susce[itibility  of  actions,  in  contradistinction  from 
sensations.  Tully. 

IR'Rl-TA-BLE,  ff.  [from  i'r7-iVa(c]  Susceptible  ofex- 
citement,  or  of  heat  anil  action,  as  animal  bodies. 

2.  Very  susceptible  of  anger  or  passion;  easily  in- 
flamed or  e.vasperated  ;  as,  an  irritable  temper. 

3.  In  physiology,  susceptible  of  irritation,  which 
see. 


In  peneral,  there  Is  nothing  iiriiable 
the  muscular  filK'rs. 


the  animal  body,  but 
IJatter.  Emyc. 

IR'RI-T,\-BI,Y,  adv.    In  an  irritable  manner, 
I R' Kl-TA N-CY,  n.    Tlie  .state  of  being  irritant. 
IR'KI-TANT,  a.  Irritating. 

IR'iU-TANT,  ».  Au  agi^nt,  whi^ther  natural,  medici- 
nal, or  mechanical,  which  [iroduces  vitiated  and  ab- 
normal sensations  and  actions,  in  a  part  or  the  whole 
of  an  animal  system.  Tulhi. 

IR'lil-TATE,  ij."  t.    [\j.  irrilo  ;  in  and  ira,  wrath  ;  "W. 
irud,  pungency,  passion,  rage  ;  or  perhaps  more 
crly  from  Sw.  rcla,  to  provoke  ;  G.  rcHicn  ;  to  tickle, 
vellicate,  irritate.] 

1.  'I'o  excite  heat  and  redness  in  the  skin  or  flesh 
of  living  animal  bodies,  as  by  friction  ;  to  inflame  ; 
to  fret  ;  as,  to  irritate  a  wounded  part  by  a  coarse 
bandage. 

2.  'I'o  excite  anger  ;  to  prov<d(c  ;  to  tease  ;  to  ex- 
nspcrutc.  Never  irritate  a  child  for  trilling  faults. 
1'hc  insolence  of  a  tyrant  imtatcs  his  subjects. 


.').  To  increase  action  or  violence ;  to  highten  ex- 
citement in. 

Air,  if  very  cold,  irrilaielh  the  flame.  Bacon. 

4.  Iii^  physiology,  to  produce  irritation,  which  see. 
IR'RI-TaTE,  part.  a.    Excited  :  hightened. 
IR'RI-Ta-TED,  pp.  or  a.    E.xcited  ;  provoked;  sub 

jected  to  irritation. 
IR'RI-Ta-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Exciting;  angering;  pio- 

vokingj  causing  irritation. 
IR-RI-Ta'TION,  7i.    1'he  operation  of  exciting  heat, 

action,  and  redness,  in  the  skin  or  flesh  of  living  an 

inials,  by  friction  or  other  means. 

2.  'riie  e.vcitement  of  action,  in  the  animal  sys- 
tem, by  the  application  of  food,  medicines,  and  th* 
like. 

3.  Excitement  of  anger  or  passion ;  provocation  , 
exasperation  ;  anger. 

4.  In  physiolopj,  a  vitiated  and  abnormal  sensatioM 
or  action,  or  both  in  conjunction,  produced  by  natu 
ral,  medicinal,  or  mechanical  agents,  either  upon  an 
unhealthy  state  of  the  vital  susceptibilities,  or  by  an 
excessive  or  otherwise  improper  use  or  application 
of  the  natural,  medicinal,  or  mechanical  agents. 

Tully. 

IR'RI-TA-TIVE,  a.   Serving  to  excite  or  irritate. 

2.  Accompanied  with  or  produced  by  increased 
action  or  irritation  ;  as,  an  irritative  fever.  Darwin. 

IR'RI-TA-TO-RY,  a.  E.xciting  ;  producing  irritation, 
which  see.  Hales. 

IR-RO-Ra'TION,  7!.    [L.  irroratio  ;  in  and  ros.] 

The  act  of  bcilewing  ;  the  state  of  being  moistened 
with  dew.  Spallanzani,  Trans. 

IR-RUP'TED,  a.  [L.  irruptus.]  Broken  witii  vio- 
lence. 

IR-RUP'TION,  77.  [Fr.,  from  L.  irruptio  ;  in  and  riiiTt- 
po,  to  break  or  burst.] 

1.  A  bursting  in  ;  a  breaking,  or  sudden,  violent 
rushing  into  a  place.  Holland  has  been  often  inun- 
dated by  irruptions  of  the  sea. 

2.  A  sudden  invasitm  or  incursion  ;  a  sudden,  vio- 
lent inroad,  or  entrance  of  invaders  into  a  place  or 
country  ;  as,  the  irruption  of  the  northern  nations 
into  France  and  Italy. 

IR-RUP'TIVE,  a.    Rushing  in  or  upon. 

IS,  V.  i.  [Sax.  is;  G.  ist ;  D.  is;  L.  est;  Gr.  tori; 
Sans,  asti ;  Pers.  est  or  hist.] 

The  third  person  singular  of  tlie  substantive  verb, 
which  is  composed  of  three  or  four  distinct  roots, 
which  appear  in  the  words  am,  be,  are,  and  ijf.  fs 
and  IMS  coincide  with  the  Latin  esse,  and  Goth,  we- 
san.  In  the  indicative,  present  tense,  it  is  thus 
varied  ;  I  am,  thou  art,  he,  she,  or  It,  is  we,  ye  or 
you,  they,  are.  In  writing  and  speaking,  the  vowel 
is  often  dropped  ;  as,  he's  gone  ;  there's  none  left. 

IS'A-BEL,  7..    [Fr,  isabelle.] 

Isabel  yellow  is  a  brownish  yellow,  with  a  shade 
of  brownish  red.  Kirwan. 

I-SA-GOG'I€,       )       rr..  -, 

I-SA-GOG'ie-AL,  i       t^'-  ^'™)  '*"S'l 

Introductory.  Gregory. 

I'SA-GON,  71.    [Gr.  laoi,  equal,  and  j  lovia,  an  angle.] 
A  figure  whose  angles  are  equal. 

IS'A-TIS,  71.  In  loiilogy,  the  arctic  fox,  or  Canis  lago- 
pus.  Encyc. 

IS-€HI-AD'ie,  (is-ke-ad'ik,)  a.  [L.  ischiadicus,  from 
ischias,  the  sciatica,  from  ischium,  the  hip  ;  Gr,  lax'Of, 
ia\ia6iK(>s.] 

Pertaining  to  the  hip.    The  ischiadic  passion  or 
disease  is  ranked  by  Cullen  with  rheumatism.    It  is 
a  rheumatic  or  neuralgic  affection  of  some  part 
about  the  hip  joint.    It  is  called  also  Sciatica. 
IJ-eilU-RET'lC,  (is-ku-ret'ik,)  o.     [See  Ischurv.] 

Having  the  quality  of  relieving  ischury. 
IS-eilU-RE'I^'ie,  71.   A  medicine  adapted  to  relieve 

ischury.  Coze. 
IS'€1IU'-RY,  (is'ku-re,)  71,    [Gr,  taxivpia,  from 
to  stop,  and  ouo'm',  urine,] 

A  stoppage  or  suppression  of  urine ;  diflferent  from 
Dy^urv,  Coze.  Kncyc. 

IS'E-RIN 
IS'E-RINE,  I 


[G.  eisen,  iron.] 


A  variety  of  (i(n7iic  ore,  a  compound  of  oxyd  of 
iron  and  titanic  acid.  Dana. 
ISH,  a  termination  of  English  words,  is,  in  Sax.  isc, 
Dan.  isk,  G.  isch ;  and  not  improbably  it  is  the  ti^rmi- 
nation  of  c.k/uc,  in  French,  as  in  grotesque.  It.  esco,  in 
grotcsco,  and  the  Latin  termination  of  (he  inceptive 
verb,  as  in  fcrvesco.  Annexed  to  English  adjectives, 
ish  denotes  diminution,  or  a  small  degree  of  the 
ipiality  ;  as,  whitish,  from  white;  yellowish,  [torn  yel- 
low. 

/,<7i  annexed  to  names  forms  a  possessive  adjective, 
as  in  Swedish,  Dnni<h,  F.nglish. 

Ish  annexed  lo  ctJiiimon  nouns  forms  an  ailjectivo 
denoting  a  participation  of  the  qualities  expressed  by 
the  noun,  as  foolish,  from  fool;  rogubh,  fiom  rogue; 
bruti'b,  from  /irii(f.  This  is  the  more  common  use 
of  this  termination. 

I'SI-CLE,  71.  A  pendant  shoot  of  ire,  is  more  gen- 
erally written  Iriei.K.    (See  Ice  and  Icicle.] 

I'$IN"(;LASS,  (i'/.ing-gl.lss,)  71.  [That  is,  ise-  or  ice- 
fflri.KS.]  A  substance  ct)nsistiiig  chiefly  of  gelatin,  of 
a  firm  lexture  and  whitish  color,  prepared  from  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PREY,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  


626 


ISO 


ISS 


ITC 


sounds  or  air-bladders  of  certain  fresh-water  fishes, 
particularly  of  the  liuso,  a  fish  of  the  sturpeon  kind, 
found  ill  the  rivers  of  Russia.  It  is  used  as  an  ng- 
glutinant,  and  in  fining  wines.  Encyc. 

I'S.I.\"GL.!tSS-SToNi:.    Sec  Mica. 

IS'LAiM,  n.  The  religion  of  Mohammed,  and  also  the 
whole  body  of  those  who  profess  it  lliroughout  the 
worUI.  Brande. 

IS'LAM.IS.^^,  n.  [from  the  Ar.  «,Vam  salama,  to 
be  free,  safe,  or  devoted  to  God.] 

The  true  faith,  according  to  the  Mohammedans  ; 
Mohaniniedisin.  Eiicuc. 
IS-I.A.M-lT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  Islam ;  .Moham- 
medan. K.  E.  Sali^iburi/. 
ISI,'A.\D,  fl'land,)  n.     [Sax.  calami,  D.  G.  ctliind. 
See  Iei-.vnd,] 
J.  A  tract  of  land  surrounded  by  water. 
2.  A  large  mass  of  floating  ice  is  called  an  island 
of  ice. 

tSIj'AND-ER,  (I'land-cr,)  n.  An  inhabitant  of  an 
island. 

ISLE,  (lie,)  n.  [Fr.  isle  or  Uc,  from  It.  isola,  L.  in- 
sula.] 

I.  A  tntrt  of  land  surrounded  by  water,  or  a  de- 
tached portion  of  land  imbosonied  m  the  ocean,  in  a 
lake  or  river. 

*  The  islet  sliatl  w.iii  fur  his  law.  —  Is.  xlii. 

9.  A  passage  in  a  church.    [Sec  Aisle.] 
TS'I.ET,  (t'let,)  «.    A  little  isle. 

t-PO-eill'.I'.MAL,  la.  [Gr.  iffof,  equal,  and  Yciua, 
t-SO  eill'.ME.V-AL,  !     :vf wmter.] 

Having  the  same  mean  winter  teinperalnre. 

Prout. 

Isochimenal  lines ;  lines  drawn  through  places  h.av- 
iiic  the  same  :pean  winter  tiimperature.  IlmnboUlt, 
I-S()-eilRO-M.VT'ie,  o.  [Gr.  icjf,  equal,  and  xpw;", 
color.] 

Having  the  same  color  ;  a  term  applied  to  two 
rings,  curves,  or  lines,  having  the  same  color  or 
tint.  Brande. 
r-SOeirRO:>I-AL,    l  a.    [Gr.  laof,  equal,  and  XP"'o;> 
I-SOeH'UO.\-OUS,  (  time.] 

Uniform  iu  time;  of  equal  time;  performed  in 
equal  times. 

An  isochronal  line,  is  that  in  which  a  heavy  body 
is  supposed  to  descend  witll  a  uniform  velocity. 

Brande. 

fsoclironat  vibrations  of  a  pendulum  are  such  as 
are  performed  in  the  same  space  of  time.  Brande. 
I-SOD'0-.MO.\,  n.    [Gr.]    In  Orccian  archtecture,  a 
construction  of  equal  thicknesses  and  equal  lengths. 

Elmrs. 

IS'O-L.^TE,  (ICnowles  pives  i'so-l."ae ;  Walker,  iz'o- 
lite,)  r.  t.    [It.  isola,  an  isle  or  island.] 

1.  To  place  in  a  detached  situation  ;  to  place  by  it- 
self ;  to  insulate.  J\Ied.  Repos. 

2.  In  electricity,  to  insulate,  which  see. 
IS'0-L.\-TEU,  pp.  or  a.    [Fr.  isoU ;  It.  Uolato,  from 

isola,  an  isle.l 

Standing  detached  from  others  of  a  like  kind  ; 
placed  by  itself  or  alone  ;  insulated. 

IS'()-LS-'i'IXG,  ppr.  Placing  liy  itself,  or  detached, 
like  an  islo  ;  insulating. 

IS-O-La'TION,  n.  St;Ue  of  being  isolated ;  insula- 
tion. 

I-SO-MER'ie,  17.    Compounds  consisting  of  the  same 

elements  in  the  same  proportions,  but  with  diflerent 

properties,  are  said  to  be  isomeric. 
I-SOM'F.ll-IS.M,  n.    [Gr.  mm,  equal,  and  iicor>^,  part.] 
Identity  of  elements  and  proportions  with  diver- 

silv  of  properties. 
I-SO-MORPH'IS.M,  n.     [Gr.  i<roj,  like,  and  /iip,^i,, 

form.] 

1.  The  quality  of  assuming  the  same  crj'stalline 
fonn,  though  composed  of  ditferent  elements,  or 
proximate  principles,  yet  with  the  same  number  of 
equivalents. 

2.  The  quality  of  a  substance  by  which  it  is  capa- 
bl '  of  replacing  another  in  a  compound,  without  an 
alteration  of  the  previous  crjstalline  form  of  the 
comriound.  Dana. 

I-SO-MORPH'OCS,  a.  Having  a  ditferent  composi- 
tion as  respects  elements,  or  proxiin.ate  principles, 
though  not  as  respects  number  of  equivalents,  but 
with  the  same  cn  stallinc  form.  FjI.  Rer. 

I-SON'O-MY,  n.   '[Gr.  m  k,  equal,  and  ,-u«s,  law.J 
Equal  law  ;  equal  distribution  of  rights  and  privi- 

.  'I'Res-  Mil/ord. 

I-SO-PER-r-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  [Sec  Isoferimetrv.] 
Having  equal  perimeters  or  circumferences  ;  as,  iso- 
perimelrieat  figures  or  bodies. 

I-SO-PE-RIM'E-TRY,  n.     [Gr.  ico;,   equal,  mpt, 
around,  and  iitmnv,  measure.] 
In  geometry,  the  science  of 
lieriini  ters  or  boundaries. 

rsO-POI),  n.    [Gr.  i^,,,-  and  r  .,.?.] 

One  of  an  order  of  cnistaceoiis  insects,  having  the 
legs  of  nearly  equal  size,  and  fourteen  in  number. 

.  c,  D/r\  T\r\  Partintrton. 

I-t<OP  O-DOUS,  a.  Having  the  characteristics  of  an 
isopod. 


'  figures  having  equal 


I'SO-P?RE,  II.    [Gr.  la  if  and  n-i..  .] 

A  silicate  of  alumina,  lime,  and  peroxyd  of  iron. 
I-SOS'CE-LRS,  a.    [Gr.  i(ru(T<cAi/j ;  iros,  equal,  and 
(TKtAo?,  log.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  triangle  having  two  legs  or 
sides  only  that  are  equal. 

I-SO-STE.M'0-NOi;S,  a.  In  4<)(uhi/,  having  an  equal 
number  of  stamens  and  pistils.  Lindley. 

I-SO  I'lI'Elt-AIj,  a.  [Gr.  laoj,  equal,  and  Oc'ws,  sum- 
mer.] 

Having  the  same  mean  summer  temperntiire. 
Isolheral  lines:  lines  passing  through  pl.aces  having 
the  same  mean  summer  temperature.  Ilambuldl. 
I-SO-THERiM'AL,  a.     [Gr.  iffut,  equal,  proper,  and 
Cjc'iii;;,  heat.] 

Having  equal  degrees  of  heat. 

holhcrniitl  lines;  lines  passing  through  places  of 
equal  mean  temperature.  Jlumhuldt. 

Isothermal  zones;  spaces  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
equator  having  the  same  mean  temperature,  and 
bounded  by  corresponding  isothermal  lines. 

Brande. 

I  SO-TON'ie,  a.    [Gr.  iir  x,  equal,  and  nwii,  tone.] 
Having  equal  tones,    'I'he  isotonic  system,  in  7/m- 
sic,  consists  of  intervals,  in  which  each  concord  is 
alike  teinpi  red,  and  in  which  there  are  twelve  equal 
semitones. 

I$'RA-EL-ITE,  n.  A  descendant  of  Israel  or  Jacob  ; 
a  Jew. 

IS-UA-i:i^lT'ie,    )a.    Pertaining  to  Israel. 

IS-RA-El.-IT'ISH,  i  J.  P.  Smith. 

IS'SU-A-BLE,  (ish'slm-a-bl,)  a.  [from  issue.]  That 
may  be  issued.  In  lair,  an  iisiial/le  term  is  one  in 
which  issues  are  maile  up.  Blaclc^tone. 

IS'SUE,  (ish'shu,)  n.  [Fr.  L<suc  ;  It.  nseio,  a  door,  anil 
itscirc,  to  go  out.    It  may  coincide  in  origin  with 

Heb.  Ch.  NS>,  Eth.  tcatsa.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  or  flowing  out ;  a  moving 
out  of  any  inclosed  place  ;  egress  ;  applied  to  water 
or  other  fluid,  to  smoke,  to  a  body  of  men,  &.C.  We 
say,  an  issue  of  water  from  a  pipe,  from  a  spring,  or 
from  a  river ;  an  issue  of  blood  from  a  wound,  of  air 
from  a  bellows ;  an  issue  of  people  from  a  door  or 
bouse. 

2.  A  sending  out ;  as,  the  issue  of  an  order  from 
a  commanding  oflicer  or  from  a  court ;  the  issue  of 
money  from  a  treasiirj'. 

3.  Event  ;  consequence  ;  end  or  ultimate  result. 
Our  present  conditiim  will  be  best  for  us  iu  the  issue. 

4.  Passage  out ;  outlet. 

To  (.I'-d  tli>'  Lord  l»c]on|x  th*?  issues  from  death.  —  Pa.  Ixviii. 

5.  Prog<Siy  ;  a  child  or  children  ;  olTspring;  as,  he 
had  itsiie  a  son  ;  and  we  s|H;ak  of  issue  of  the  whole 
blood  or  half  blood.    A  man  dies  without  issue. 

ti.  Produce  of  the  earth,  or  prolits  of  land,  ten- 
ements, or  other  property.  A  conveyed  to  IJ  all  his 
right  to  a  term  for  years,  with  all  the  issues,  rents, 
and  profits. 

7.  [n  surgery,  a  fontanel ;  a  little  ulcer  made  in 
some  part  of  an  animal  body,  to  promote  discharges. 

Encye. 

8.  Evacuation  ;  discharge ;  a  flux  or  running.  Lei: 
xii.    JMalt.  ix. 

9.  In  law,  the  close  or  result  of  pleadings ;  the  point 
of  matter  depending  iu  suit,  on  which  the  parties 
join,  and  put  the  case  to  trial  by  a  jury,  and  are  hence 
said  to  join  issue.  Cowel. 

10.  A  giving  out  from  a  repository  ;  delivery  j  as, 
an  issue  of  rations  or  provisions  from  a  store,  or  of 
powder  from  a  magazine. 

IS'SUE,  (ish'shu,)  e.  i.    [It  iLscire.   Sec  the  noun.] 

1.  I'o  pass  or  flow  out ;  to  run  out  of  any  inclosed 
place  ;  to  proceed,  as  from  a  source  ;  as,  water  issues 
from  springs  ;  blood  issues  from  wounds;  sap  or  gum 
issiie4i  from  trees ;  light  is-iues  from  the  sun. 

2.  To  go  out ;  to  rush  out.  Troops  issued  from  the 
town,  and  attacked  the  besiegers. 

3.  To  proceed,  as  progeny  ;  to  spring. 

Of  thy  sons  that  sh.All  Msti£  from  iliw.  —  2  Kin^  xx. 

4.  To  proceed  ;  to  be  produced  ;  to  arise  ;  to  prow 
or  accrue  ;  as,  rents  and  profits  issuing  from  land, 
tenemtrnts,  or  a  capital  stock. 

5.  In  le^ral  pleadin:;s,  to  come  to  a  point  in  fact  or 
law,  on  which  the  pnrtii'S  join  and  rest  the  decision 
of  tlic  cause.  Our  lawyers  say,  a  cause  w^iits  to  the 
court  or  to  the  jury  ;  it  issuer  in  demurrer. 

G.  To  clase ;  to  end.  We  know  not  how  the  cause 
will  Lisue, 

IS'SUE,  V.  I.  To  send  out ;  to  put  into  circulation  ;  as, 
to  issue  money  from  a  treasury,  or  notes  from  a  bank. 

2.  To  send  out ;  to  delu'er  from  authority  ;  as,  to 
issue  an  order  from  the  department  of  war ;  to  issue 
a  writ  or  precept. 

3.  To  deliver  for  use ;  as,  to  issue  provisions  from 
a  store. 

IS'SUKD,  (ish'shude,)  pp.  or  a.    Descended ;  sent  ouL 

Shali. 

IS'SUE-LESS,  (ish'shii-lcss,)  a.  Having  no  issue  or 
progeny  ;  wanting  children.  Sliak. 

IS'SU-F.H,  (ish'shii-or,)  n.    One  who  issues  or  emits. 

IS'SU-I.NG,  (ish'shu-ing,)  ppr.  Flowing  or  passing 
out;  proceeding  from ;  sending  out. 


IS'SU-ING,  (ish'sbu-ing,)  ii.  A  flowing  or  passing 
out. 

2.  Emission  ;  a  sending  out,  as  of  bills  or  notes. 

ISTH'MI-AiV;  (ist'me-an,)  n.  The  IsVimian  frames 
were  one  of  the  four  great  festivals  of  Greece  ;  so 
called  because  ctdebrated  on  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth. 

ISTH'.MUS,  (ist'miis,)  n.    [I,.,  from  Gr.  laO^ni.] 

A  neck  or  narrow  slip  of  land  by  which  two  conti- 
nents are  connected,  or  by  which  a  peninsula  is  united 
to  the  main  land,  .^uch  is  the  neck,  so  called,  which 
connects  Ilnston  with  the  main  land  at  Roxbury. 
But  the  word  is  applied  to  land  of  considerable  ex- 
tent between  seas  ;  as,  the  fsthmiis  of  Darieii,  which 
connects  .North  and  .South  America,  and  the  isUmius 
between  the  Euxine  and  Caspian  Seas. 

IT,  pron.    [Sax.  hit :  l>.  hel ;  G.  es  :  I.,  id.] 

1.  A  substitute  or  pronoun  of  the  neuter  gender, 
sometimes  called  demoHstrative,  and  standing  for  any 
tiling  except  males  and  females.  "  Keep  thy  heart 
with  all  diliiience,  for  out  of  it  are  the  issues  of  life." 
Prov.  iv.    Here  it  is  the  substitute  tor  heart. 

2.  It  is  much  used  as  the  noiiiinative  case  fir  word 
to  verbs  called  impersonal ;  as,  it  rains  ;  it  snows.  In 
this  case,  there  is  no  determinate  thing  to  which  it 
can  be  referred. 

In  other  cases,  it  may  be  referred  to  matter,  affair, 
or  some  other  word.    Is  it  come  to  this 

3.  Very  often,  it  is  used  to  introduce  a  sentence, 
preceding  a  verb  as  a  nominative,  but  referring  to  a 
clau.se  or  distinct  member  of  the  sentence  "  /(  is 
well  ascerUiined  that  the  figure  of  the  earth  is  an 
oblate  spheroid."  \Vhat  is  well  ascertained The 
answer  will  show  :  The  figur<^  of  the  earth  is  an  ob- 
late spheroid  ;  it  [that]  is  well  ascertained.  Here  it 
represents  the  clause  of  the  sentence,  the  figure  of 
tilt;  earth,"  &e.  If  the  order  of  the  sentence  is  in- 
verleil,  the  use  of  if  is  superseded.  'I'lie  flgiirt;  (if  the 
earth  is  an  oblate  spheroid  ;  tliat  is  well  ascertained. 

It,  like  Uiat,  is  often  a  substitute  for  a  sentence  or 
clause  of  a  .sentence. 

4.  It  often  begins  a  sentence,  when  a  personal 
pronoun,  or  the  name  of  a  person,  or  a  nia.sculine 
noun  follov/s.  It  is  I :  be  luit  afraid.  It  was  Judas 
who  betrayed  Clirist.  When  a  tiuestion  is  asked,  il 
follows  the  verb  ;  as,  who  was  it  that  betrayed 
Chris: 

5.  It  is  used  also  for  the  state  of  a  person  or  affair. 

How  I.  it        our  general  f  Slink. 

6.  /(  is  used  after  intransitive  verbs  very  indefi- 
nitely, and  sometimes  ludicrously,  but  rarely  in  an 
elevated  style, 

If  Abmhnm  broti^lit  nil  with  him,  it  is  not  protal^le     meant  to 
wiilli  il  bjick  lor  his  pleiuure.  RcUegh, 

The  LwceiU-moni.ui*,  m  Ih"  Straiu  of  Tht-miopyl.*,  when  llieir 
tirins  faik'd  them,  fought  il  out  with  tli«-'ir  nulls  and  terrth. 

ZJwien. 

Whether  tJie  charmer  sinner  il  or  Kiint  il.  Pops. 

I-T.\I,'IAN,  (it-tal'yan,)  a.    Pertaining  to  Italy. 

I-TAL'IAN,  (it-tal'yan,)  n.    A  native  of  Italy. 

2.  The  language  used  in  Italy,  or  by  the  Italians. 

I-TAL'lAi\-.\TE,  (it-tal'yan-ate,)  r.  I.  To  render  Ital- 
ian, or  ironformable  to  Italian  customs.  [Olis.] 

I-TAI^IA.\-IZE,  (it-tal'yan-Ize,)  i\  i.  To  play  the 
Italian  ;  to  speak  Italian.  Cotgrare. 

I-T.\L'IC,  o.  Relating  to  Italy;  applied,  purficiifaWy, 
to  a  kind  of  type  first  used  by  Italian  priiiteis,  and 
hence  called  italics. 

r-T.\L'I-CrZE,  V.  L  To  write  or  print  in  Italn  char- 
acters. 

I-TAL'l-CTZ-KD,  p;).  or  a.  Written  or  printed  in  Italic 
letters. 

I-T.-\I,'I-CIZ-IXG,  ppr.    Printing  in  Italic  cliaricters. 

I-TAL'ie.s,  71.  pi.  Italic  letters  or  characters  ;  charac- 
ters first  used  in  Italy,  and  which  stand  inclining; 
the  letters  in  which  titii  clause  is  printed,  'i'hey  are 
used  to  distinguish  words  for  emphasis,  importance, 
antithesis,  &c. 

ITCH,  n.  [!-ax.  gictha;  D.  jculne ;  Ch.  ^O^n  ;  Ar, 
r,  - 

*5^=.  AiUaA  ;  EUi.  rt^n^  ''al'ky.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  \  cutaneous  disease  of  the  human  race,  appear- 
ing in  small,  watery  pustules  on  the  skin,  accom|>a- 
nied  with  an  uneasiness  or  irritation  that  inclines 
the  p.aticnt  to  use  friction.  This  disea.se  is  supposetl 
by  some  authors  to  be  occasioned  by  a  small  insect, 
a  species  of  Acariis,  as  the  microscope  delects  these 
insects  in  the  vesicles.  Others  suppose  the  pu.stules 
only  form  a  nidus  for  the  insects.  This  disease  is 
taken  only  by  contact  or  contagion. 

2.  The  sensatii.n  in  the  skin  occasioned  by  the  dis- 
ease. 

3.  .\  constant  te.asing  desire ;  as,  an  itch  for  praise ; 
an  itch  (or  scribbling.  Drydcn, 

ITCH,  r.  i.    [G.  juckrn  ;  D.  jruken,  to  itch  ;  Ch.  isn  ; 

Ar.  U,Ci»  hakka;  Eth.  ll^TlTl  hakak,  to  scratch. 
Hence  .\t.,  to  be  aflected  w  itli  the  itch.  Class  Cg, 
No.  22.] 

1.  To  feel  a  particular  uneasiness  in  the  skin, 
which  inclines  the  person  to  scratch  the  part^  


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


J  AC 

•J,  To  liave  a  constant  dpsire  or  teasing  inclination ; 
as,  itchins;  ears.    9  Tun.  iv. 
ITCiriNc;,  ppr.  or  o.    Having  a  sensation  that  calls 
for  scratcliing. 
2.  Having  a  constant  desire. 
ITCH'ING,  «.   The  state  of  the  skin  when  we  desire 
to  scratch  it.  Smart. 
2.  A  constant  teasing  desire. 
ITCH'Y,  a.    InfL-cted  witli  tlie  itch. 
I'TE.M,  ado.    [L.  ilcm,  also.] 

Also  ;  a  word  used  when  something  is  to  be  added. 
I'TE.M,  n.    An  article  ;  a  separate  particular  in  an  ac- 
count.   The  account  consists  of  many  items. 
2.  A  hint;  an  innuendo. 
I'TE.M,  II.  (.    To  make  a  note  or  memorandum  of. 

.^ildison. 

I'TEM-jrv'G,  ppr.    JIaking  a  memorandum  of. 
IT'ER-A-HLE,  a.     That  may  be  repeated.  [JVo£ 

iisf</.]  BroiDn. 
IT'EK-A\T,  a.  '  [See  Iterate.]    Repeating  ;  as,  an 

iterant  echo.  Bacon. 
IT'ER-.^TE,  V.  U    [L.  itero,  to  repeat,  from  iter,  a 

going.] 

To  repeat;  to  utter  or  do  a  second  time;  as,  to 
iterate  advice  or  admonition  ;  to  iterate  a  trespass. 
IT'ER-A-TED,pp.  Repeated. 

IT'ER-A-TL\G,  ppr.   Repeating;  uttering  or  doing 

over  again. 
IT-ER-A'TION,  n.    [L.  iteratio.} 

Repetition  ;  recital  or  pert'ormance  a  second  lime. 
IT'ER-A-TI\'E,  a.  Repeating.  [Bacon. 
I-TIN'ER-A-CY,  n.    Practice  of  itinerating. 


J This  letter  has  been  added  to  the  English  alpha- 
•  bet  in  modern  days  ;  the  letter  i  being  written 
formerly  in  words  where  j  is  now  used.  It  seems 
to  have  had  the  sound  of  y  in  many  words,  as  it  still 
has  in  the  German.  The  English  sound  of  this  letter 
may  be  expressed  by  dzh  or  edih^  a  compound  sound 
coinciding  exactly  witli  that  of  g  in  genius;  the 
French  j,  with  the  articulation  d  preceding  it.  It  is 
the  tenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet. 
J  AB'BER,  J),  i.  [D.  frabhrrcn,  or  Fr.  juboter.  Class  Gb.] 
To  talk  rapidly  or  indistinctly  ;  to  chatter ;  to  prate. 

Swift. 

J  AB'BER,  n.    Rapid  talk  with  indistinct  utterance  of 

words.  Sicift. 
JAB'BER-ER,  n.    One  that  talks  rapidly,  indistinctly, 

or  unintelligibly. 
J \B'BER-I.VG,  ppr.  or  a.    Prating;  talking  rapidly 

and  confusedly. 
J  \B'BER-[\G,  n.    Confused  talk  or  prating. 
J  VB'BER-ING-LY,  ado.    In  a  confused  or  jabbering 

manner. 

J  \B'BER-MENT,  71.    Idle  prate.    [Obs.]  Milton. 

J  \BM-RU,  n.  A  genus  of  grallatory  or  wading  birds, 
the  Mycteria  of  Einnrpiis.  Us  habits  are  entirely  the 
same  with  those  of  the  stork.  P.  Cyc. 

JACA-.MXR,  n.  One  of  a  genus  of  brilliant  birds,  (Gal- 
bula,)  allied  to  the  kingfishers,  but  dilTering  from  them 
in  the  form  of  their  beak  and  feet.  Their  pliiiiiage 
has  a  metallic  luster  which  it  is  impossible  to  imitate 
by  art.    They  are  found  in  tropical  climates.  Cuvier. 

Ja'CE.NT,  a.    [L.  jacciis^jacco,  to  lie.] 

laying  at  length.  IVotton. 

JA'CI.N'TH,  n.  [A  din>rent  orthography  of  IIyaci  >th.] 
A  species  of  pellucid  gems.  [6<ee  Hvaci.vth.J 
Rrr.  xxi. 

JA(yK,  n.     [:c/;w,  in  Etiiiopic,  is  the  pronoun  he  or 

1.  A  nickname  or  diminutive  of  John,  used  as  a 
general  term  of  contempt  for  any  saucy  or  paltry 
fellow.  John.ion. 

2.  The  name  of  an  instniment  that  supplies  the 
place  of  a  boy ;  an  instrument  to  |)ull  otT  boots. 

mifi. 

3.  A  portable  machine  for  raising  great  weights 
through  a  Hniall  space.  Ilcberl. 

4.  An  engine  to  turn  a  spit;  as,  a  kitchen  jack;  a 
■moke  jat)i. 

5.  A  young  pike.  Mortimer. 
C.  A  coat  of  mail.  [Sp.  raco,  xaqucta.]  Hayieard. 

7.  A  pitcher  of  waxed  leather.  Dryden. 

8.  A  Hmull  howl  thrown  out  for  a  mark  to  the 
bnwIurH. 

!).  Part  of  a  muiiical  instrument  called  a  virginal. 

Baron. 

10.  The  male  of  certain  animalu,  as  of  the  ass. 
[Arm.  ozoc/i,  a  hiinliand.)  JirhulhnoL 

11.  A  liorite  or  wiNiilcn  frame  on  which  wood  or 
timber  is  «aweil.  JlinxiBortli. 

12.  In  nea  lanfftuigr,  a  flag,  euKlgn,  or  color.s,  dis- 
played from  u  staff  on  the  end  of  a  bowsprit. 

Mar.  DicL 


3  AC 

I-TIN'ER-AN-CY,  n.    Amassing  from  place  to  place. 

H.  More. 

I-TIN'ER-ANT,  a.    [L.  iter,  a  way  or  journey.] 

Passing  or  traveling  about  a  country  ;  wandering ; 
not  settled  ;  as,  an  itinerant  preacher. 

I-TI.\'ER-ANT,  71.    One  who  travels  from  place  to 
place,  particularly  a  preacher ;  one  who  is  unsettled. 

I-TIN'ER-ANT-LY,  ado.    In  an  unsettled  or  wander- 
ing manner. 

I-TI.\'ER-.\-RY,  71.    [Fr.  itineraire  ;  Low  L.  itincrari- 
um,  from  i£er,  a  going.] 

An  account  of  travels,  or  of  places  and  their  dis- 
tances ;  as,  the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus. 

I-TI.N'ER-A-RY,  a.     Tr.aveling  ;  passing  from  place 
to  place,  or  done  on  a  journey.  Bacon. 

I-TIN'ER-aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  iter,  a  going;  Low  L.  itin- 
era.] 

To  travel  from  place  to  place,  particularly  for  the 
purpose  of  preaching,  lecturing,  &c. ;  to  wander 
without  a  settled  habitation. 
IT-PELF',  pron.  [it  and  self.]  The  neutral,  recipro- 
cal pronoun,  or  substitute  applied  to  things.  The 
thing  is  good  in  itself;  it  stands  by  itself. 

Borrowino^  of  foreigners,  in  itself,  makes  not  Uie  kinj'lom  rich 
or  poor.  Locke. 

IT'TRI-A,  )  n.    A  non-acid  compound  of  the  metal 
YT'TRI-A,  \     Ittriuni  or  Yttrium  with  oxygen. 
IT'TRl-UM,  71.    Belter  written  Yttrii'm,  unless  yttria 
should  be  written  ittria.    A  brittle  metal  of  a  scaly 
texture,  a  grayish-black  color,  and  a  perfectly  metal- 
lic luster.    Its  oxyd,  called  ittria  or  yttria,  was  dis- 


J. 


13.  In  Yorlishire,  half  a  pint.  Orose.  A  quarter 
of  a  pint.  Pegue. 

14.  In  mechanics,  a  machine  used  for  raising  "heavy 
weights.  Brande. 

15.  In  botany,  the  T.^^jaca  or  Actocarpus  integrifolia, 
a  species  of  the  bread-fruit-tree.  Brande. 

16.  A  term  often  applied  to  seafaring  men. 

Jack  at  all  trades  ;  a  person  who  can  turn  his  hand 
to  any  kind  of  business. 

Jack  by  the  hedge  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Erysimum, 
that  grows  under  hedges.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

Jack  in  a  box  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Hernandia. 

2.  A  large  wooden  male  screw  turning  in  a  female 
one.  Mar.  Diet. 

Jack  with  a  lantern  ;  an  ignis  fatuus,  a  meteor  that 
appears  in  low,  moist  lands. 

Jack  of  Vie  clock-house ;  a  little  man  that  strikes  the 
quarters  in  a  clock. 
JACK-A-DAN'DY,  n.     A  little  foppish,  impertinent 
fellow. 

JACK'AL,  71.    [Pp.  eliacal ;  Turk,  chical.] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  Canis,  resembling  a  dog 
and  a  fox  ;  a  native  of  Asia  and  Africa.  It  preys  on 
poultry  and  other  small  animals,  and  upon  the  bodies 
of  the  dead  on  the  field  of  battle.  It  is  the  Canis  au- 
reus of  Linnaius.  Kucyc.  Cyc. 

JACK'A-LENT,  n.  Originally,  a  sort  of  puppet  thrown 
at  in  Lent,  like  Shrovetide  cocks.  Hence,  a  boy,  in 
ridicule.  Shak.  Todd. 

JACK'A-NaPES,  71.    [  jack  and  ape.]    A  monkey  ;  an 
2.  A  coxcomb;  an  impertinent  fellow.  [ape. 

<  A  youii^  upstart  Ja<Jcanapes.  ArbuOinoL 

JACK'-XRCII,  71.  An  arch  of  the  thickness  of  one 
brick.  Buchanan. 

JACK'ASS,  7!.    The  male  of  the  ass. 
9.  A  dolt ;  a  blockhead. 

JA(;K'-ltL()CK,  71.  A  block  used  in  sending  top-gal- 
lant-iiiasts  up  and  down.  Dana. 

JACK'-liOOTS,  71. />/.  [See  Jack,  No.  C]  Large  boots 
reaching  above  the  knee,  and  serving  to  protect  the 
leg.  Spectator. 

JACK'DAW,  7).  [jack  ani  daw.]  A  bird  of  the  genus 
Corvus,  thievish  and  mischievous  to  the  farmer. 

Kncyc. 

JACK'ET,  71,  [S])  laqurtn,  a  short,  loose  coat ;  zaco, 
a  short  jack...,  riumetUla,  a  jacket;  Fr.  jaqucttc; 
Basque,  jacaya.] 

A  short,  close  garment,  worn  by  males,  extending 
downward  to  the  hips  ;  a  short  coat. 

JACK'ET-EI),  a.    Wearing  a  jacket. 

JACK'-FL.AG,  71.  A  Hag  hoisted  at  the  spritsail  top- 
mast-head. Kncyc. 

JACK'-KETCII,  n.  In  England,  a  public  executioner 
or  hangman. 

JACK'KNIFE,  (-nife,)  7i.    A  large,  strong  clasp-knife 

for  the  pocket. 
JACK'-PLANE,  71.    A  plane  about  eighteen  inches 

long,  used  by  join>-rs  for  coarse  work.  Owilt. 
JACK'-P};i)-I)ING,  n.  [>(■;<  and  ;)u</</i/ii'.]    A  luorry- 

andrew  ;  n  bulfoim  ;  a  zany.  Gay. 


.1  AC 

covered  by  Professor  Gadolin,  in  1794,  in  a  mineral 
found  at  Ytterby,  in  Sweden. 

I'VO-RY,  77.    [Fr.  ivoire  ;  It.  avorif  ;  L.  rbur.] 

The  tusk  of  an  elephant,  a  hard,  solid,  fine-grained 
substance,  of  a  fine  \v4iite  color.  This  tooth  is  some- 
times six  or  seven  feet  in  leng'li,  hollow  from  the 
base  to  a  certain  hight,  p.nd  fiiled  with  a  compact, 
medullary  substance,  seeming  to  contain  a  great 
number  of  glands.  The  ivory  of  Ceylon  is  not  so 
liable  to  become  yellow  in  wearing,  and  hence  is 
preferred  to  that  of  Guinea.  Kncyc. 

Tlie  name  ivonj  is  als-)  given  to  the  tusks  or  teeth  of 
certain  other  animals,  a.'>  the  walrus,  narwhal,  &c.  Vre. 

I'VO-RY,  a.    Consisting  of  ivory  ;  made  of  ivory  ;  as, 
an  ivory  comb. 
2.  White,  hard,  or  smooth,  like  ivory. 

I'VO-RY-BLACK,  n.  A  kind  of  charcoal  in  powder, 
made  by  charring  ivory  or  bones.  Dana. 

I'VO-RY-NUT,  71.  'I'he  nut  of  a  species  of  palm, 
(the  Phytelephas  macrocarpa,)  often  as  large  as  a 
hen's  egg,  consisting  of  a  close-grained  and  very 
hard  substance,  resembling  the  finest  ivory  in  texture 
and  color,  and  often  wrought  into  ornamental  work. 

rVY,  71.    [Sax.  i^o-;  G.  f/iAfit.]  [Silliman. 
An  epiphytic  plant  of  the  genus  Hedera,  which 
creeps  along  the  ground,  or,  if  it  finds  support,  rises 
on  trees  or  buildings,  climbing  to  a  great  iiight. 

Direct  llie  clasping  iwy  %\  here  to  climb.  Milton. 

I'VY  FD  i 

I'VI-£D  '  i  (''^'•''^  Overgrown  with  ivy.  Wartcm. 
I'VY-iMAN'TL£D,  a.   Covered  with  ivy. 


JACK'-SAUCE,  71.    A  saucy  fellow. 
JACK'SMITH,  71.    A  smith  who  makes  jacks  for  the 
chimney. 

JACO  BIN,  71.  [So  named  from  the  place  of  meeting, 
which  was  the  monastery  of  the  monks  called  Jaco- 
bines.] 

The  .Jacobins,  in  France,  during  the  revolution  of 
1789,  were  a  s  ciety  of  violent  revolutionists,  who 
held  secret  meetings  in  which  measures  were  concert- 
ed IP  direct  the  proceedings  of  the  National  Assembly. 
Hence,  a  Jacobin  is  the  member  of  a  club,  or  oth- 
er person,  who  opjtoses  government  in  a  secret  and 
unlawful  manner,  or  by  violent  means  ;  a  turbulent 
demagogue. 

JAC'O-BI.X,  a.    The  same  as  Jacobinical. 

JACO-BIN,  71.  A  monk  of  the  order  of  Domini- 
cans. 

2.  A  pigeon  with  a  high  tuft.  .Ainineorth. 
JAe  O-BIN'ie,        j  a.    Resembling  the  Jacoliin.s  of 
JAC-O-BIN'ie-AL,  i    -France  ;   turbulent  ;  discon- 
tented with  government ;  holding  democratic  priii- 
ci|iles. 

J,\e-0-BIN'ie-.\L-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  resembling 
the  Jacobins. 

JACO  BIN  ISM,  n.  Jacobinic  principles;  unreasona- 
ble or  violent  opposition  to  legitimate  government  ; 
an  attempt  to  overthrow  or  change  government  by 
secret  cabals  or  irregular  means  ;  popular  turbu- 
lence. 

JACO-BIN-IZE,  V.  t.   To  taint  with  Jacobinism. 

Barkc. 

JACO-BIN-TZ-KD,  pp.    Tainted  with  Jacobinism. 
JAC'O-BIN-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Infecting  with  Jacobinic 
principh^s. 

JACO-HIN-LY,  ar/r.    In  the  manner  of  Jacobins. 

JA€'0-niTE,  II.  [from  Jacohu.i,  James.]  A  partisan 
or  adherent  of  James  II.,  king  of  England,  alter  he 
abdicated  the  throne,  and  of  his  descendants  ;  of 
course,  an  opposer  of  the  revolution  in  Kiss,  in  fa- 
vor of  William  and  Mary.  Bolinghroke. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Christians  in  Syria  and  Mesrv- 
potamia,  who  hold  that  Jesus  Christ  had  but  one  na- 
ture ;  so  named  from  .Jacob  Barad/.i,  their  didin- 
guished  leader,  in  the  sixth  century.  Murdoch. 

JACO-BITE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  parti.sans  of 
James  II. 

JAC-O-BIT'ie-AL,  o.    Belonging  to  the  Jacobites. 
JAC'O-BIT-IS.M,  71.  .The  princiiiles  of  the  partisans 

of  James  II.  Mason. 
Ja'COB'S-LAD'DER,  71.    .\  plant  of  the  genus  Sini- 

lax.  Drwnfs  Mass.  Rep. 

9.  In  7101'ni!  affairs,  a  rope-ladder  with  wooden  steps 

for  going  aloft.  Brande. 
JA'COM'S-STAFF,  ti.    A  pilgrim's  staff. 

2.  A  start"  concealing  a  dagger. 

3.  A  cross-stalf;  a  kind  of  astrolabe.  Johnson. 
JA-CO'BUS,  n.    [Ij.  .Jacobus,  James.]    A  gold  coin, 

value  twenty-five  shillings  sterling,  struck  in  the  reign 
of  James  I.  VKstrange. 
JAC'O-NET,  71.    A  light,  soft  muslin,  of  an  open  lei- 
ture,  used  for  dresses,  neckcloths,  &,c 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL.  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiy.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 
62« 


J  AI 


JAN 


J  AS 


JAC-Cll'XRD',  (jak  kivrd',)  ii.  An  ai>i>enda<!e  to  a 
loom,  for  wuavini;  fiKiircd  erauls,  botli  silk  anil  cot- 
ti>n.    It  Una  also  briui  a|>|>lic(I  to  carpets. 

JAC'TAN-CV,  n.    [I.,  juclaiittn.] 
A  boasiini;.    [J^tot  unetl.] 

JAe-TI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  jactito,  jacto.  It  ought 
ratlu'r  to  be  Jactation,  L.  jactatin^] 

1.  A  tossinf;  of  tlie  bo Jy  i  restlessness.  Harvrij. 

2.  V'ain  bo.-istlng. 

3.  A  tt  rin  in  llio  canon  law  for  a  false  pretension 
to  niarriaac.  Johifson. 

J.\e'i;-LATE,  V.  t.    [L.  jacu!or.] 
Ta  ilart. 

J.\e-li-I'A'TIO.\,  n.  The  action  of  darting,  throwing, 
or  launching,  lus  missive  weapons.  Millun. 

JAe'II-l..^-'l'()K,  n.  The  shooting  fish,  a  species  of 
Chietodon,  found  in  hot  climates.  It  feeds  on  in- 
sects, which  it  procures  by  shooting  or  cjcctiTig  a 
drop  of  water  tbrongh  its  tubular  snout  with  such 
precision  as  to  disable  its  prey  and  cause  it  to  fall 
into  the  water.  P-  Cijc- 

JAe'U-L.A-TO-RV,  a.  Darting  or  throwing  out  sud- 
denly, or  suddenly  thrown  out ;  uttered  in  short  sen- 
tences.   [t?ee  EjAcuLAToRy.] 

JADE,  II.  [Of  unknown  origin.  Qu.  Sp.  jadcar,  to 
pant.] 

1.  A  mean  or  poor  horse  ;  a  tired  liorse  ;  a  worth- 
less nag. 

Tin-Hl  as  njade  in  ovcrloadcii  eart.  Si/lnfi/. 

2.  A  mean  woman  ;  a  word  of  contempt,  noting 
sometimes  age,  but  generally  vice.  Johiuon. 

Slie  Blkiiicn  l>ic  finl  ol  UMlered  jaitet.  S-JiifL 

3.  A  young  woman,  in  irony  or  slight  contempt. 

Addison, 

J.ADE,  n.  A  mineral,  called  also  Nephrite,  or  \e- 
ruRiTic  Sto.ve,  remarkable  for  its  hardness  and  te- 
nacity, of  a  color  more  or  less  green,  and  of  a  resinous 
or  oily  aspect  when  |iolished.  It  is  fusible  into  a 
glass  or  enamel.  It  is  usually  found  in  connection 
with  lalcose  rocks.         Werner,    Jameson,  Dana, 

JADE,  V,  u  To  tire  ;  to  fatigue;  to  weary  with  liard 
ser^'ice  ;  as,  to  jade  a  horse. 

2.  To  weary  with  attention  or  study  ;  to  tire. 

The  inintl,  ouc^  jiuitd  by  nn  atu-mpt  iiIkjvc  its  power,  ii  Tcry 
liarilty  brou^lil  to  ext-rl  ils  force  u^n.  Locke, 

3.  To  harass ;  to  crush.  Sk«k. 

4.  To  tire  or  wear  out  in  mean  offices ;  as,  a  jaded 
groom.  S/uik, 

5.  To  ride  ;  to  rule  with  tyranny. 

I  <lo  not  now  fool  myself,  to  let  im.tjjln.ttion  Jade  me.  Shak. 
JADE,  V.  i.    To  become  weary  ;  to  lose  spirit ;  to 
sink. 

'I'tiry  sre  promUins^  in  the  tjcginDiQ^,bul  they  foil,  and  jade,  rrnd 
tire  in  tlic  piusixutjon.  South, 

JAD'ED,  ;»p.  or  a,  Tifed ;  wearied;  fatigued;  har- 
assetl. 

JAI)'ER-Y,  n.   The  tricks  of  a  jade.  Beaum. 
JAD'I.NG,  ppr.    Tiring;  wearyini; ;  harassing. 
JAO'lSlI,  a.    Vicious;  bad  ;  like  a  jade;  applied  to  a 
horse. 

2.  Unchaste  ;  applied  to  a  woman.    L' Eilran ire, 
J.VG,  n.    [s<p.  zaja,  a  load  packed  on  the  back  part  of 
a  carriage.  Uu.] 

A  small  load.  Forby, 

[Local  in  England,  sometimes  used  in  America. 
See  also  J  a  no.] 
J.AGG,  r.  L    [perhaps  G.  laekm,  a  tooth  ;  a  prong ;  to 
indent ;  Sw.  tatri;,  a  sharp  point.] 

To  notch  ;  to  cut  into  notches  or  teeth  like  those 
of  a  saw. 

J.AGG,  I  n,  A  notch  ;  a  racged  protuberance  ;  a  den- 
J.'\U,    t    tictilation.    In  6u(<zni/,  a  cleft  or  division. 

Martya, 

JAG'GED,  ;>p.    .\otched  ;  uneven. 

2.  a.  Having  notches  or  teeth;  cleft;  divitled; 
laciniate  ;  as,  jatrffcd  leaves. 

JAG'(;ED-.\ESS,71.  The  st-ate  of  being  denticulated  ; 
unevenness.  Praeh/im. 

JAG'tJEIt,  II.  A  brass  wheel  for  cutting  cakes.  [See 
Ja<:oi sg-Iron.]  Knc\ic,  Doin,  Ke,^ 

JAG'GEK-Y,  II.  In /niti'a,  dark,  coarse  sugar  made  of 
the  juice  of  palni'i.  Malcom. 

JAtJ'GI.NG,  ppr.  Notching;  cutting  into  teeth;  di- 
viding. 

JAG'GI.N'G-I-RO.V,  (-I'lirn,)  n.  A  brass  wheel  with  a 
notclieil  or  jaiged  edge  for  cutting  cakes  or  pastry 
into  ornamental  figures. 

J.VG'GY,  a.   Set  with  teeth  ;  denticulated  ;  uneven. 

,^ddLsnti, 

JAG'lllRE,(jag'gCr,)  ii.  .\  district  of  land,  or  the  prod- 
uct thereof,  assigned  by  the  East  Indian  govern- 
ment to  an  inilividual,  c'ominonlv  for  the  support  of 
some  public  establishment,  particularly  of  a  military 
nMwe,  Malcom. 

J  AG'jURE-DXR,  II.    A  person  holding  a  jagliire. 

JAG-l;-XR',n.  The  American  tiger,  or  ounce  of  Brazil, 
(the  Fc/uoHca,)  a  large  and  ferocious  animal  of  South 
America.  p  q,,^ 

J.Xll.  n.  [Ileh.  nv]  JehtwalL 

JAIL,  n.  [Fr.  ^role :  Ann.  geol  OT  jol ;  Pp.  j.iii/a,  a 
cage,  a  ri  ll.  .Sometimes  written  very  iiii|)roperly 
Gaol,  and  as  improperly  pronounced  Gole.] 


A  prison  ;  a  building  or  pl.ace  for  the  confinement 

of  persons  arrested  for  debt  or  for  crime,  and  held  in 

the  custody  of  the  sberilT. 
JAIL'-BIHD,  (-burd,)  a.  A  prisoners  one  who  has  been 

confined  in  prison. 
JAIL'ER^ii.    Thekceperof  a  prison. 
JAIL'-Fk-VER,  II.  A  dangi  ■rolls  and  often  fatal  fever, 

generated  in  jails  and  other  places  crowded  with 

people. 

JAKES,  n.    [Ciu.  L.  jacio,  to  throw.] 

.•\  house  of  office  or  back-house  ;  a  privy.  Swift. 
JAI.'AP,  II.    [Port.  ja?upa  ;  Vr.  jalnp  ;        lalapa  :  so 

called  from  Xalapa,  a  province  in  Mctico,  whence  it 

is  imported. 

The  root  of  a  plant,  a  species  of  Convolvulus.  It 
is  brought  in  thin  transverse  slices,  and  also  whole,  of 
an  oval  shape,  hard,  solid,  and  heavy.  It  has  little 
or  no  taste  or  smell,  but  is  much  used  in  powder  as  a 
cathartic.  C«c. 

JAL'A-PIN,  n,  A  vegetable  pro.\imate  principle  of  the 
officinal  Jalap. 

J.\M,  II.  A  conserve  of  fruits  boiled  with  sugar  and 
water. 

2.  A  kind  of  frock  for  children. 
J.\.M,  V,  t,  [Kuss.  jem,  a  press  ;  jmu,  to  press.] 

1.  To  press;  to  crowd;  to  squeeze  tight;  to 
wedge  in. 

2.  In  F.n<r!and,  to  tread  hard  or  make  firm  by  tread- 
ing, as  land  by  cattle.  (irote, 

JAM,    i  II.  Among  the  lead  miners  of  Mendip,  a  thick 
JAMB,  i    bed  of  stone,  which  hinders  them  when  pur- 
suing the  veins  of  ore.  Cyr, 
JA-.MA'CI  NA,  j  II.     [from  Jamaica,]     An  alkaloid 
JA-.MAI'C'IN,    j     obtained  from  the  Andna  inerinis, 

or  cabbage-bark-tree  of  the  West  Indies. 
JA-MAI'eA  PEP'PER.    See  Alljpice. 
J.VMB,  (jam,)  ii.    Ih'r,  jamhc,  a  leg;  jambcs  de  force,  a 
corbel  or  pier ;  IL  gamba,  a  leg  ;  gambo,  a  stem  or 
stalk.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  supporter  ;  the  side-piece  or 
post  of  a  door;  the  side-piece  of  a  fireplace. 

2.  A  pillar  to  support  the  superior  part  of  a  build- 
ing. Elmes, 

JAM-BEE',  n.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  fashiona- 
ble cane.  Taller. 

J.AM'BEUX,  (zham'boo,)  n.  [Supra.]  Armor  for  the 
lees.    [06s.]  Vryden, 

J.^.M'MKD,  (jamd,)  pp.    Pressed;  crowded. 

JA'.ME-SON-ITE,  71.  [from  Prof,  ./amcion.]  A  steel- 
gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead. 

JA.M'MING,  ppr.    Pressing;  crowding;  wedging  in. 

JANE,  n.    A  coin  of  Genoa.     [See  Jeas.] 

Spenser, 

2.  A  twilled  cotton  cloth.    See  Jean. 
JAN"GLE,  (jang'gl,)  B.  i.    [G.  lanken,] 

To  quarrel  in  words;  to  altercate;  to  bicker;  to 
wransle.  Shak, 
J.\N"GLE,  ti.  t.    To  cause  to  sound  untunably  or  dis- 
cordantly. 

E'er  monkish  rhymes 
Hiul  Jangled  Uietr  l.^nLtstic  chimes.  Prior. 

JAN"GLE,  (jang'gl,)  n.     | Old  Fr.  ;aii^!c.]  Prate; 

babble  ;  discordant  sound  ;  contention.  Miilon, 
JA.V'GLER,  II.    A  wrangling,  noisy  fellow. 
JA.VGLI.N'G,  ppr.  Wrangling;  quarreling;  sounding 

discordantly. 
J.\N"GLIN(;,  n.    A  noisy  dispute  ;  a  wrangling. 
JAN'I-TOR,  II.    [L.]    A  door-kee|)er ;  a  porter. 

fVartm. 

J.\N-I-ZA'RI-AN,  (I.  Pertaining  to  the  Janizaries,  or 
their  government.  Burke. 

J.\N''I-Z.\-RY,ii.  [Turkish,  yenisAcn' ;  yeni  ani  askari, 
new  troops.  F.Uin,'] 

A  soldier  of  the  Turkish  fool-guards.  The  Jani- 
zaries were  a  body  of  infantry,  and  reputed  the 
grand  seignor's  guards.  They  became  turbulent, 
and,  rising  in  arms  against  the  sultan,  were  attacked, 
defeated,  and  destroyed  in  Constantinople,  in  June, 
lt<2t>. 

JAN '.NOCK,  II.    Oat-bre.ad.  [I^cal.] 

JA.N'SEN-IS.M,  n.    The  doctrine  of  Ji 
tti  free  will  and  grace. 

JAN'."*EN-IST,  II.  A  follower  of  Cornelins  Jansen,  a 
Roman  Catholic  bishop  of  Ypres,  in  Fl.anders,  who 
denied  free  will,  and  held  to  irresistible  grace  and 
limited  .atonement.  EncycAm. 

JXNT.    See  Jaunt. 

JA.NT'I-I.Y,  adc,  [from  janty,]  Briskly  ;  airily  ; 
gayly. 

J.WT'I-NESS,  n.    Airiness;  flutter;  briskness. 

JA.NT'Y,  a.  [Ft.  gentil,]  Airy  ;  showy  ;  fluttering  ; 
finical.  llnbbe.i. 

JA.N'tJ-.A-RY,  n.  [Ir.  irionbhar,  or  ginnvar ;  Riiss. 
genvar;  Fr.  janrier  ;  It.  gennaio  :  Pp.  enero ;  Port. 
janeiro:  L.  juiiii(iriti.v.  It  is  evident,  fnini  the  Irish 
and  Russian  word<,  that  the  first  syllable  of  Jaiiimri/ 
is  from  the  root  of  I,,  geno,  to  beeet.  Eng.  to  begin. 
Sax.  aginnan.  far  is  said  to  signify  a  revidution. 
January  then  signifies  the  beginning,  or  first  month. 
Jauiu  is  pnibahly  from  the  same  root.] 

The  first  month  of  the  year,  according  to  the  pres- 
ent computation.  At  the  foiind.ation  of  Rome,  March 
was  considered  the  first  month.  Januarj'  and  Feb- 
ruary were  introduced  by  .Numa  Pompilius.  Encyc 


Jansen  in  regard 


JA'NUS,  II.  [L.]  A  Latin  deity,  represented  with 
two  faces  looking  in  0|)|K>siio  directions.  Mis  tem- 
ple, at  Rome,  was  never  closed  except  in  a  time  of 
universal  peace. 
J.A-PA.N',  n.  [from  the  country  in  Asia,  so  called.] 
This  name  is  given  to  work  varnished  and  figured 
in  the  manner  practiced  by  the  natives  of  Ja|ian. 

Encyc.  Cye, 

JA-PAN"-EARTII,  (  urth,)  n.  Catcchii,  a  dry,  brown 
extract  obtained  by  decoction  and  cva|)oration  from 
the  Acacia  Catechu.  It  cimsisls  chiefly  of  tannin 
combined  with  a  peculiar  species  of  extractive. 

'I'hnmjtfin, 

JA-P.AN',  t'.  I.  To  cover  with  a  thick  coat  of  hard, 
brilliant  varnish,  an  art  derived  from  tin;  Japanese. 

2.  To  black  and  gloss,  as  in  blacking  khoes  or 
boots.  Gay. 

J/VP-.V-.NESE',  a.  Pertaining  to  Jajian  or  it«  inhabit- 
ants.   _  • 

J.M'  .A-Nl".SE',  II.  A  native  of  Ja|>an ;  or  the  language 
of  tin;  inhabitants. 

J.\-PAN'N£!D,  pp.  or  a.  Varnished  in  a  particuLar 
manner. 

JA-P.A.N'NER,  II.    One  who  varnishes  in  the  manner 
of  the  Japanese,  or  one  skilled  in  the  art. 
2,  A  shoe-blacker.  Pope„ 
JA-PA.N'NI.NG,  ppr.    Varnishing  in  the  manner  of 

the  Japanese  ;  giving  a  glossy,  brilliant  surface. 
JA-P.\N'NIN(i,  II.    The  art  of  varnishing  and  draw- 
ing figures  on  wood  or  other  material,  in  the  manner 
practiced  by  the  Japanese. 
JAPE,  r.  I.    [Ice.  geipa.]  Encyc, 
To  jest.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
JAPE,  V,  L    [Sax.  geap,  deceitful.] 

To  cheat,  [  Obs.  ]  Chaucer. 
JAPE,  n.  A  jest ;  a  trick.  [Obs.]  CItaucer. 
JAP'ER,  n.    A  jester.  [Ob.-:] 

J.'X-PIIET'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Japhetli,  the  eldest  son 
of  Noah  ;  as,  the  Japhrtic  nations,  which  people  the 
north  of  .^sia  and  all  Europe  ;  Japhetic  languages. 

JAP'IJ,  n.    A  bird  of  Brazil  that  suspends  its  nest. 

JAR,  r.  i.  To  strike  tocether  with  a  short  rattle  or 
tremulous  sound  ;  to  strike  untunably  or  harshly  ;  to 
strike  discordantly  ;  as,  a  jarring  sound. 

A  string  may  Jar  in  the  U-st  ln:tster'»  li.ind,  flotcommon. 

2.  To  clash  ;  to  interfere  ;  to  act  in  opposition  ;  to 
be  inconsistent. 

For  onlers  anil  decrees 

Jar  not  with  lilierty,  but  welt  consist.  Milton. 

3.  To  quarrel ;  to  dispute ;  to  clash  in  words. 

Dnjden, 

4.  To  vibrate  regularly  ;  to  repeat  the  same  sound. 

Sliak. 

JAE,  r.  L    To  shake  ;  to  cause  to  tremble  ;  to  cause  a 

short,  tremulous  motion  in  a  thing. 
JAR,  II.    A  rattling  vibration  of  sound;  a  shake;  as,  a 

trembling  jar.  Holder, 

2.  .\  harsh  sound  ;  discord. 

3.  Clash  of  interest  or  opinions ;  collision ;  dis- 
cord ;  debate. 

Ami  yet  his  p"nce  is  hnt  c«>ntinti;\l  Jnr.  Spenter, 

4.  The  state  of  a  door  half  open,  or  ready  to  move 
and  strike  the  post.  Swift, 

5.  Repetition  of  the  noise  made  by  the  pendulum 
of  a  clock.  Shak. 

JAR,  n.    [Sp.  iiirra  ;  jarro  :  Port,  id, ;  It.  giarro,] 

1.  A  vessel  with  a  large  belly  and  broad  mouth, 
made  of  earth  or  glass  ;  as,  a  jar  of  lioiicy. 

Drydcn, 

We  say,  an  electrical  battery  of  nine  jars, 

2.  A  certain  measure  ;  as,  a  jar  of  oil. 
J.\R-.\-R.\e'A,  II.    A  species  of  .serpent  in  .America, 

seldom  exceeding  18  inches  in  lenstli,  havini:  promi- 
nent veins  on  its  liead,  and  ofa  dusky,  brownish  color, 
variegated  with  red  and  black  spots.  It  is  very  poi- 
sonous. Cyc 

J  \v''fV^'  !     *•  y^"^  '"  "■'"■]  Spenaer. 

JARDES,  (jardz,)  n.    [Fr.]    Callous  tumors  on  the 

legs  of  a  horse,  helow  the  bend  of  the  bam  on  the 

outside.  Far.  DicL 

JAR'GLE,  (jilr'gl,)  v.  i.   To  emit  a  harsh  or  shrill 

sound.    [A'ot  in  use.]  Bp.  HatL 

JXR'GO.N,  II.    [Fr.  j  irgon;  It.  gergo,  gergone ;  Sp. 

lerga,  jarson,  and  coarse  frieze,  serge.] 

1.  Confused,  unintelligible  talk  or  language  ;  gab- 
ble ;  gibberish ;  cant. 

All  Jor-on  of  \\y  schools.  Prior, 

2.  A  mineral,  ,a  variety  of  zircon,  which  see, 
JXR  GO  NEI.LE',  (jar-go-nel',)  ii.    A  variety  of  pear. 
JXR-(!O.N'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  niinera"  jargon. 
JXR'RKD,  (jird,)  pp.  from  Jar.  Shaken. 
JXR'RI.NG,  ppr.  or  a.     Shaking;   making  a  hatsb 

sound  ;  discordant. 
J.\  R'RI.NG,  lu   A  shaking  ;  discord  ;  dispute  ;  collision. 

fiuriiet. 

JXR'RI.NG-LV,  adc.     Shaking  discordantly. 

JA'SEY,  n.  .\  contemptuous  name  for  a  wig,  and 
even  (up  a  head  of  bushy  hair  ;  .as  if  comfiosed  of 
Jersey  yarn,  of  which  jazy  is  a  corrupt  pronuncia- 
tion. Forby. 

JAS'llAWK,  n.  A  young  hawk  a  contraction  of 
Etas-hawk.  Booth. 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS 


79' 


AAA' 


JAY 


JEG 


JER 


JAS'MIN',  n.    [Ft.  jasviin  ;  Sp.  jazinin  ;  It.  gelsomino. 
B 

Tlie  Ar.  is  ^mX.  ;  ijasimoti.  It  is  sometimes  written 

in  English  Jessamine.] 

Tlie  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  the  genus 
Jasniiniim,  Uearins:  beautiful  flowers.  The  common 
white  jasmin  is  a  clijnhins  shruh,  rising  on  supports 
15  or  20  feet  high.  The  name  is  also  given  to  sev- 
eral plants  of  ilifTerent  genera;  as,  the  Arah'mn  Jas- 
min^ of  the  genus  Nyctanthes  ;  the  Bastard  Jasviiii^ 
of  the  genus  Cestrum,  and  also  of  the  genus  Lycium  ; 
the  Persian  Jasmin,  of  the  genus  Syringa ;  the  Red 
Jasmin,  of  the  genus  Pliinieria;  the  ScarlH  and  Yel- 
low Jasmin,  o{  the  genus  Bignonia,  and  Gelseminum. 

Encijc, 

JASTA-CHATE,  n.    A  name  anciently  giTen  to  some 

varieties  of  agate  jasper.  Ciic. 
JAS'PER,  ji.    [Fr.  jasjie  ;  L.  iaspis  ;  Gr.  taa-nts  ;  It.  di- 
S  u  , 

aspro  ;  Ar.  yasfan  :  Heb.  n2'w\] 

An  opaque,  impure  variety  of  quartz,  of  red,  yellow, 
and  also  of  some  dull  colcirs,  breaking  with  a  smooth 
surface.  It  admits  of  a  high  polish,  and  is  used  for 
vases,  seals,  siiulf-boxes,  &.c.  When  the  colors  are 
in  stripes  or  bands,  it  is  called  striped  jasper.  The 
Egyptian  pebble  is  a  brownish-yellBw  jasper. 

Dana. 

JAS'PEU-A-TED,  a.    Mixed  with  j.isper ;  containing 

particles  of  jasper  ;  ;i^,jiispcrated  :i^iite.  Fuurcroy. 
JAS'PER-Y,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  jasper. 
J.AS-PID'E-AN,   j  a.    Like  jasper;  consisting  of  jas- 
JAS-PID'E-OUS,  !     per,  or  partaking  of  jasper. 

Kirtcan. 

JAS'POID,  a.    [Fr.  jaspe,  and  Gr.  tK^.i?.] 

Resembling  jasper.  PerciraVs  Oeol. 

JAS'PO-NYX,  71.  Tlie  purest  horn-colored  onyx,  with 
beautiful  green  zones,  composed  of  genuine  matter 
of  the  finest  jaspers.    [  04s.]  Encyc. 

JJiUNCE,  V.  i.    [Ft.  janccr.] 

To  jolt  or  shake  ;  the  same  as  Jounce,  which  see. 
[Obs.]  Shal:. 

JXUN'DICE,  7!.  [Fr.  jaunisse,  from  jaune,  yellow. 
See  Yellow.] 

A  disease,  in  its  most  common  form,  characterized 
by  yellowness  of  the  eyes,  skin,  and  urine;  white- 
ness of  the  discharges  from  the  intestines  ;  uneasi- 
ness, referred  to  the  region  of  the  stomach  ;  loss  of 
appetite,  and  general  languor  and  lassitude. 

JAUN'DIC-J;D,  (jin'dist,)  a.  Affected  with  the  jaun- 
dice. 

2.  Prejudiced  ;  seeing  with  discolored  organs. 
JAUNT,  V.  i.    [In  Fr.  jantc  is  the  felly  of  a  wheel,  and 
the  original  root  signified,  probably,  to  extend  or  to 
run,  to  ramble.] 
To  ramble  here  and  there ;  to  make  an  excursion. 

SImk. 

JaUXT,  7!.   An  e.'icursion  ;  a  ramble;  a  short  journey. 

Jliltun. 

JAV'EL,  c.  (.  To  wet  or  bemire;  and,  as  a  voun,  a 
wandering  or  dirty  fellow.    [04'.-.]  Spr^/ser. 

JAVE'UN,  (jav'lin,)  ti.  [Fr.  jardine ;  It.  jruwtllolto  ; 
^p.  jabalina,  the  female  of  the  wild  boar,  and  a  jave- 
lin, from  jabali,  a  wild  bciar.J 

k  sort  of  spear  about  five  feet  and  a  half  long,  the 
shaft  of  which  was  of  wood,  but  pointed  with  stei  l ; 
used  by  liorse  or  foot.  Every  Uoman  soldier  carried 
?'pvvn  javelins. 

JAW,  71.  [Fr.jouc,  the  cheek.  It  coincides  in  origin 
"with  ckaiD,  chew,  Arm.  joaga,  to  chew  ;  javed  or  gav.cd, 
a  jaw.  In  old  authors,  jaw  is  written  chaw.  It  be- 
longs to  Class  Cg.    See  Chaw  and  Chew. J 

1.  The  bones  of  the  mouth  in  w  hich  the  teeth  are 
fixed.  They  resemble  a  horse-shoe.  In  most  ani- 
mals, the  under  jaw  only  is  movable. 

2.  The  mouth. 

3.  In  lu/n-ar  language,  scolding,  wrangling,  abu- 
sive clamor. 

JAW,  r.  i.    To  scold  ;  to  clamor.  [Vulgar.] 
JAW,  r.  t.    To  abuse  by  scolding.  [Vulgar."] 
JAW'-b6nE,  71.   The  bone  of  the  jaw,  containing 
ihe  teeth. 

JAVV'/:r),  a.    Denoting  the  appearance  of  the  jaws. 
9.  Having  jaws.  [Shdton. 

JAW'-FAI.I.,  n.  IjniD  and  fall."]  Depression  of  the 
jaw  ;  figuralirehj,  depression  of  spirits.    M.  Griffilh. 

J AW'-FALL  f;.N',  (I.    I)epres.sed  in  spirits;  dejected. 

JAWING,  ;;/)r.    Abusing;  scolding. 

JAW-\,  r.  i.    To  yawn.    [J\rol  in  use.]    [See  Yawh.] 

JAW'Y,  o.    Rel.-iting  to  Ihe  jaws.  Qaylon. 

JXY,  n.    [Fr.  grai:  Sp.  gnyo,] 

A  bird  of  the  gcmK"  Ciirvus.  The  European  jay, 
(the  Corvus  trlarulariun,)  is  of  a  wine  buff  c^)lor,  i.  e. 
u  mixture  of  yellow,  red,  and  brown,  melted  into 
i;aeli  othor,  and  h.as,  to  some  extent,  the  faculty  of 
wnitaling  the  voices  of  other  birth.  The  American 
Jay,  or  Blue  Jay,  (the  O'rous  eristatuji,)*\»  a  much 
more  beautiful  bird,  of  very  brilliant  plumage,  anil 
nmamentt'd  with  a  crest  of  light  blue  or  purple  fealli- 
rrs,  tvhicti  he  can  elevate  or  depress  at  pleasure. 

Partington, 


JaY'ET.   See  Jet. 

Ja'ZEL,  71.    A  gem  of  an  azure-blue  color.    [Qu.  Sp. 

azul,  corrupted.]    [A'bi  used.] 
JAZ'ER-ANT,  71.    A  frock  of  twisted  or  linked  mail, 

without  sleeves,  somewliat  lighter  than  the  hauberk. 
JEAL'OUS,  (jel'us,)  a.    [Fr.  jaloux ;  U.  gclosa.  The 

Spanish  use  icloso,  from  zelo,  zeal  ;  but  the  Italian 

word  seems  to  be  of  distinct  origin  from  zeal,  and  to 

belong  to  Class  Gl.j 

1.  Suspicious  ;  apprehensive  of  rivalship  ;  uneasy 
through  fear  that  another  has  wMthdrawn  or  may 
withdraw  from  one  the  affections  of  a  person  he 
loves,  or  enjoy  some  good  which  he  desires  to  obtain  ; 
followed  by  of,  and  applied  both  to  Iho  object  of  love 
and  to  the  rival.  We  say,  a  young  man  \s  jealous  vf 
the  woman  he  loves,  or  jealous  o/his  rival ;  a  man  is 
jealous  o/"his  wife,  and  the  wife  o/her  husband. 

2.  Suspicious  that  we  do  not  enjoy  the  affection  or 
respect  of  others,  or  that  another  is  more  loved  and 
respected  than  ourselves 

3.  Euuilous;  full  of  competition.  Dryden. 

4.  Solicitous  to  delend  the  honor  of;  concerned 
for  the  character  of. 

I  have  l)eeu  very  jealous  for  the  Lonl  God  of  hosts.  —  1  Kin 
xix. 

5.  Suspiciously  vigilant ;  anxiously  careful  and 
concerned  for. 

1  am  jealous  over  you  with  a  godly  jealousy.  —  2  Cor.  xi. 

6.  Suspiciously  fearful. 

'Tis  iluin*  wron?  creates  such  doubts  as  these, 

Renders  us  Jealous,  and  destroys  our  peace.  Waller. 

JE.AI-.'OUS-LY,  (jel'us-ly,)  adr.  With  jealousy  or 
suspicion  ;  eimilously ;  with  suspicious  fear,  vigi- 
lance, or  caution. 

JE.VL'UUS-NE.SS,  (jel'us-ness,)  71.  The  state  of  being 
jealous  ;  suspicion  ;  suspicious  vigilance. 

King  Charles. 

JE.\L'OUS-Y,  (jel'us-y,)  71.    [Fr.  ja/oitsic  ;  It.  gclosia.] 

1.  That  passion  or  peculiar  uneasiness  which 
arises  from  the  fear  that  a  rival  may  rob  us  of  the 
affection  of  one  whom  we  love,  or  the  suspicion  that 
he  has  already  done  it ;  or  it  is  the  uneasiness  which 
arises  from  the  fear  that  another  does  or  will  enjoy 
some  advantage  which  we  desire  for  ourselves.  A 
man's  jealousy  is  excited  by  the  attentions  of  a  rival 
to  his  favorite  Itidy  ;  a  woman's  jealousy  is  roused  by 
her  husband's  attentions  to  another  woman  ;  the  can- 
didate for  ofiice  manifests  a  jealousy  of  others  who 
seek  the  same  office  ;  the  jealousy  of  a  student  is 
awakened  by  the  apprehension  that  his  fellow  will 
bear  away  the  palm  of  praise.  In  short,  jealousy  is 
awakened  by  whatever  may  exalt  others,  or  give 
them  pleasures  and  advantages  which  we  (lesire  for 
ourselves.  Jealousy  is  nearly  allied  to  enry  ;  for  jeal- 
ousy, before  a  good  is  lost  by  ourselves,  is  converted 
into  envy,  after  it  is  obtair.ed  by  others. 

JeahusT/  is  the  apprehension  of  superiority.  Shenstone. 
^Vhoeve^  had  qualities  to  alarm  our  jealousy,  had  exa-jlence  to 
deserve  our  fondness.  Eanibler. 

2.  Suspicious  fear  or  appreliension.  Clarendon. 

3.  Suspicious  caution  or  vigilance  ;  an  earnest  con- 
cern or  solicitude  for  the  welfare  or  honor  of  ethers. 
Such  was  Paul's  ^oi\y  jealousy  for  the  Cc-;ii:th;an.s. 

4.  Indignation.  Gotl's  jealousy  signifies  his  con- 
cern for  liis  own  cliaracter  and  government,  with  a 
holy  indignation  against  those  who  violate  his  laws, 
ami  offend  against  his  majesty.    Ps.  Ixxi.x. 

JE.\N,  (jane,)  71.  A  twilled  cotton  cloth.  Satin  jean 
is  woven  smooth  and  glossy,  after  the  manner  of 
satin. 

Je.'vRS,  71.  pi.  In  sea-language,  an  assemblage  of 
tackles,  by  which  the  lower  yards  of  a  ship  are 
hoisted  or  lowered.  Hoisting  is  called  swaying,  and 
lowering  is  called  strildng.  This  word  is  sometimes 
written  Jeers  or  Geaks.    [See  Gear.]    Mir.  Viet. 

jK.\'l',n.  A  fossil  of  a  fine  black  color.  [Obs.]  [See 
Jet.]  .  Ml. 

JEER,  !•.  I.  [G.  se.heren,  to  rail  at,  to  jeer,  to  shear,  to 
sh:ive,  I),  seheeren,  Dan.  skierer,  Sw,  skdra,  Gr.  Knp(o, 
without  a  prefix.  These  all  seem  to  be  of  one  family. 
Class  Gr.  The  priniury  sense  is  probably  to  rub,  or 
to  cut  by  rubbing  ;  and  we  use  rub  in  a  like  sense  ; 
a  dry  rub,  is  a  keen,  cutting,  sarcastic  remark.] 

To  utter  severe,  sarcastic  reflections  ;  to  scolf;  to 
deriile  ;  to  flout ;  to  make  a  mock  of;  as,  to  j>cr  at 
tuii^  in  sport.  Herbert. 

JEF.Il,  V.  t.    To  treat  witli  scoffs  or  derision.  Howell. 

JEEU,  7t.  Railing  language;  scoff;  taunt;  biting 
jest ;  flout ;  jibe  ;  mockery ;  derision ;  ridicule  with 
scorn. 

Midas,  enprwc-d  to  all  their  jeers. 

Had  lu»t      art,  and  kept  hia  cars.  Stc\ft. 
JEER'f;!),         Railed  at;  derided. 
JEER'ER,  H.  A  scoffer:  a  raikr  ;  ascorner;  a  mocker. 
JEl'.lt'lNG,  ppr.    Scofling;  mocking;  deriding. 
JEElt'INt;,  n.  Derision. 

JEER'IN(;-LY,  With  raillery;  scornfully;  con- 

leinptiuitisly  ;  ill  mockery.  Verham. 
Ji;i:i(91.  SiejEAiis. 

JEF'FER  SON  ITK,  n.    A  variety  of  augite  of  a  dark 

ulive-grrcn  color  passing  into  brown.  Dana. 
JEG'GE'l',  71.    A  kind  of  sausage.    [Au(  tn  iwr.] 

JSinsworOi. 


JE-Ho'VAFI,  71.  The  Scripture  name  of  the  Supreme 
Beiiii,  Heb.  nin\  If,  as  is  supposed,  this  name  is 
from  the  Hebrew  substantive  verb,  the  word  denotes 
the  Peumanent  Being,  as  the  primary  sense  of  the 
substantive  verb,  in  all  languages,  is,  to  be  fixed,  to 
stantl,  to  remain  or  abide.  1'his  is  a  name  peculiarly 
appropriate  to  the  eternal  Spirit,  the  unchangeable 
God,  who  describes  himself  thus:  I  am  that  I  am. 
Et.  iii. 

JE-Ho'VIST,  71.  Among  critics,  one  who  maintains 
that  the  vowel-points  annexed  tn  the  word  Jehovah, 
in  Hebrew,  are  the  proper  vowels  of  the  word,  and 
express  the  true  pronunciation.  The  Jchuvists  are 
opposed  to  the  JidonieU,  who  hold  that  the  points 
annexed  to  the  word  Jehovah  are  the  vowels  of  the 
word  J^donal.  Encyc. 

JE-JuNE',  a.    [h.  jrjunns,  empty,  dry.] 

1.  Wanting;  empty  ;  vacant.  Bacon. 

2.  Hungry  ;  not  saturated. 

3.  Dry;  barren;  wanting  interesting  matter;  as, 
a.  jejune  narrative 

JE-JONE'LY,  adv.    In  a  jejune,  barren  manner. 

Baxter. 

JE-JuNE'NESS,  77.  Poverty  ;  barrenness  ;  particu- 
larly, want  of  interesting  matter ;  a  deficiency  of 
matter  that  can  engage  the  attention  and  gratify  the 
mind  ;  as,  the  jejuncytcss  of  style  or  narrative.  [Je- 
JUNITY  is  not  used.] 

JEL'LI-£D,  (jel'lid,)  a.  [See  Jelly  and  Gelly.] 
Brought  to  tile  consistence  of  jelly. 

JEL'LY,  77.  [Sp.  ja/ca,  from  L.  gelo,  to  congeal.  See 
Gellv.] 

1.  The  inspissated  juice  of  fniit,  boiled  with  sugar. 

2.  Something  viscous  or  glutinous;  something  of 
the  consistency  of  jelly  ;  a  transparent,  sizy  substance, 
obtained  from  animal  substances  by  decoction. 

JEL'LY-BAG,  71.  A  bag  through  which  jelly  is  dis- 
tilled. 

JE.M'I-D.\R,  71.  A  native  officer  in  the  Anglo-Indian 
army  having  tlie  rank  of  lieutenant.  Buchanan. 

JEM'.MI-NESS,  71.    Spruceness.    [Vulgar.]  Smart. 

JEM'MY,  (!.    Spruce.    [Vulgar.]  Smart. 

JE'NiTE,  71.  A  ditferent  orthography  of  Yenite, 
which  see. 

JEN'NET,  71.  A  small  Spanish  horse,  properly 
Genet. 

JEN'NET-ING,  71.  [Said  to  be  corrupted  from  jiinpatinir, 
an  apple  ripe  in  June,  or  at  St.  Jean.]  A  species  of 
early  apple.  Jfortiincr, 

JEN'NY,  7!.  A  machine  for  spinning,  moved  by  water 
or  steam,  and  used  in  manufactories. 

JENT'LING,  71.  A  fish,  the  blue  cimb,  found  in  the 
Danube. 

JEOF'AIL,  (jef 'fail,)  71.    [Fr.  j'ai/ut7/;,  I  have  failed.] 
An  oversight  in  pleading  or  other  proceeding  at 
law ;  or  the  acknowledgment  of  a  mistake. 

Btackstojte. 

JEOP'ARD,  (jep'ard,)  v.  t.     [See  Jeopahdy.]  To 
hazard ;  to  put  in  danger ;  to  expose  to  loss  or  injury. 
Zebulon  and  Naphuali  were  a  people  tU.il  jeoparded  their  lives  to 
the  death  in  tlie  high  places  ol  the  field.  —  Judges  x. 

JEOP'ARD-ED,  (jep'ard-ed,)  pp.    Put  in  danger. 
JEOP'ARD-ER,  (jep'ard-er,)  71.     One  who  puts  to 
hazard. 

JEOP'ARD-ING,  (jep'ard-ing,)  ;)pr.  Hazarding;  put- 
ting in  danger. 

JEOP'ARD-iZE,  (jep'ard-Ize,)  v.  t.  To  expose  to  loss 
or  injury  ;  to  jeopard. 

[This  is  a  modern  word,  rarely  used  in  England, 
butoftener  in  America.  It  is  synonymous  with  Jeoi-- 
ARo,  and  therefore  useless.] 

JEOP'ARD-OUS,  (jep'ard-us,)  a.  Exposed  to  dan- 
ger ;  perilous  ;  hazardous. 

JEOP'ARD-OUS-LY,  (jep'ard-us-ly,)  adv.  With  risk 
or  danirer. 

JEOP'ARI)-Y,(jep'ard-y,)7i.  [The  origin  of  this  word 
is  not  settled.  Some'  authors  suppo.se  it  to  be  Fr. 
j'ai  perdu,  I  have  lost,  or  jeu  perdu,  a  lost  game. 
Tyrwhitt  supposes  it  to  be  jrii  parti,  an  even  game,  or 
game  in  which  the  chances  are  even.    "  Si  nous  les 

•  voyonsijeu  parti."  If  we  seetliem  at  an  even  game. 
Froissarl,  vol.  i.  c.  234.  But  jeopardy  may  be  cor- 
rupted from  the  G.  gefalir,  daiigiir,  hazard  ;  gefajtrden, 
to  haz.ird,  to  jeopard.    See  Fare.] 

Exposure  to  death,  loss,  or  injury  ;  hazard  ;  dan- 
ger ;  peril. 

They  wcn^  filled  with  water,  and  were  in  jeopaniy,  —  Luke  viti. 

JEll'BO-A,  71.  A  small  quadruped,  having  very  short 
fore  legs,  and  very  long  hind  oiu  s,  calli  d  also  the 
JiiMPiM!  Mot  sE.  .Ml  of  the  species  nf  iliat  genus  of 
mammals  u  hicli  is  named  Dipus,  are  called  Jerboa 
in  English. 

JE-HEEI)'  or  JE-RID'.    See  Djebbid. 

JER-E-.MI'.ADE,  71.  [from  Jeremiah,  the  prophet.] 
Lamentation  ;  a  tiilc  of  grief,  sorrow,  or  complaint. 

JERK,  V.  t.  [This  is  probably  the  Cli.  Ileb.  p-i>,  to 
reach,  tn  spit,  that  is,  to  throw  out  with  a  sudden 
effort,  Sax.  hnrean,  hcrca.  If  not,  I  know  not  its 
origin  or  alliiiities.  It  seems  to  be  a  different  orthog- 
raphy of  Yerk.] 

1.  'I'o  thrust  out ;  to  Ihriist  with  a  sudden  effort ; 
to  give  a  sudden  pull,  twitch,  thrust,  or  push  ;  as,  to 
jrWi  one  iiniler  the  ribs  ;  to  jir/i  one  with  the  elbow. 


PATB,  FAn,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PUBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. — 


630 


JES 


JEW 


JOB 


2.  To  throw  with  a  quick,  sninrt  motion ;  as,  to 
jerk  a  stone.  Wc  apply  this  word  to  c.xpruss  the 
mode  of  tlirowing  to  a  little  distance  by  drawing  llic 
arm  back  of  the  bo<ly,  and  thrusting  it  forward 
aiiainst  the  side  or  hip,  which  stops  the  arm  sud- 
denly. 

JEUK,  I'.  (.    To  accost  eagerly.  [Acn,tn««f.1 

iyniden. 

JERK,  71.  .\  short,  sudden  thrust,  push,  or  twitch  ;  a 
strikin?  aRainst  something  with  a  sliort,  quick  motion  ; 
as,  a  jerk  of  the  elbow. 

Hill  Jmli"  f;ive  him  n  jtrk.  B.  Jonton, 

2.  A  sudden  spring. 

LoUlrre  swim  by  jerk*.  Greio. 

JERK'ED-BKEF,  (jerkt-,)  n.  Beef  cut  into  thin 
slices,  and  dried  m  the  sun.  Cuolcy. 

JEUK'i:!),  (jerkt,)  pp.  Twitclied  ;  pulled  with  a  sud- 
den efl'iirt. 

JEUK'EU.M.  One  who  strikes  with  a  smart,  quick  blow. 
JEltK'IN,  !i.    A  jacket;  a  short  coat ;  a  close  waist- 
coat. Shtili,  South. 
2.  A  kind  of  htiwk.  Ainsmorth. 
JEKK'I.VG,  j^r.    Thrusting  witli  a  jerk. 
JElk'SEV,  H.    [from  the  island  so  called.] 

1.  Kine  yarn  of  wool.  Johnson. 

2.  The  finest  of  wool  separated  from  the  rest  j 
combed  wool.  Bailey.  Kncye. 

J1M{0'SA-I,E.M  XR'TI-CUOKE,  n.     [In  this  name 
the  word  Jerusalem  is  a  mi  re  corruptum  of  the  Ital- 
'  ian  Girasdlc,  i.  e.  sunllower  or  turnsole.]    'I'he  nanu- 
of  a  plant.    (Originally  applied  to  certam  species  of 
Heliotropiuin,  but  now  to  the  Ileliantlius  tuberosum 
of  lirazil,  cultivated  in  Europe  and  the  United  Slates. 
JKIl'VI-N.\,  j  n.    [Sp.  ;cria,  the  poison  of  the  Vera- 
JEll'VlN,     i     trum  album.] 

.\n  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  root  of  Vcratrum 
album,  or  while  Hellebore. 
JES,<,  ».    .\  short  strap  of  leather  tied  round  the  legs 
of  a  hawk,  by  which  she  is  held  on  the  fist. 

Jfnnnier. 

2.  A  ribbon  that  hangs  down  from  a  garland  or 
crown  in  falconry.  F.nctjc. 

JE.~i'S.\-MINE,  ».  The  popular  name  of  certain  species 
of  Jasminum,  a  genus  of  plants.    [See  Jasmin.] 

JES'SE,  )i.  .\  large  brass  candlestick  branched  into 
many  sconces,  hanging  down  in  the  middle  of  a 
church  or  choir.  Coicell. 

[So  called  as  resembling  the  genealogical  tree  of 
Jesse,  of  which  a  picture  was  formerly  hung  up  in 
churches.  Smart-] 

JESS'ED,  (jest,)  n.  Having  jesses  on  ;  a  term  in 
heraldry. 

JEST,  n.  [Pp.  and  Port.  cAi'sff,  a  witty  saying,  a  jest 
or  joke  ;  ckistoso,  gay,  facetious  ;  allied  perhaps  to 

Ij.  freslio.] 

J.  .\  joke  ;  somclhing  ludicrous  uttered  and  meant 
only  to  excite  laughter.  Religion  should  never  be 
the  subject  of  je.st. 

2.  The  object  of  laughter  or  sport ;  a  laughing- 
stock. 

Tlien  let  nie  be  yoiir;V«f ;  I  iles^rve  it.  Sliak. 

In  jest ;  for  mere  sport  or  diversiim ;  not  in  truth 
and  reality  ;  not  in  earnest. 

Ami  gWvn  in  cantost  wlial  I  bf^jcil  inJeiU  Sliak. 

3.  A  mask. 

•1.  A  de<:d  ;  an  action.  [Obs.] 
JEST,  V.  i.   'l"o  divert  or  make  merry  by  words  or  ac- 
tions ;  to  joke. 

Je$t  not  Willi  (V  ruilc  man,  lest  thy  anceston  be  dinjmcril. 

iCcclet. 

2.  To  utter  in  sport ;  to  say  what  is  not  true  mere- 
ly for  diversion. 

3.  To  plav  a  part  in  a  mask.  SAoi. 
JEST'ED,  pp'.   Joked  ;  talked  for  merriment. 
JEST'ER,  n.     A  person  given  to  jesting,  sportive 

talk,  and  merry  pranks. 

He  miTiblnl  lip  and  dowu 
With  sliallow  JesUrt.  Shak. 

2.  One  given  to  sarcasm. 

Now,  as  a  Jc»:rr,  I  iiccost  you.  SiM/U 

3.  A  buffoon  ;  a  mcrry-andrcw,  a  person  formerly 
ret;iined  by  princes  to  make  sport  fur  them. 

JEST'PyL,  a.    Given  to  jesting  ;  full  of  jokes. 
JEST'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.   Joking  j  talking  for  diversion  or 
merriment 

JEST'ING,  n.  A  joking  ;  concise  wit ;  wit  that  con- 
sists in  a  trope  or  verbal  figure,  in  a  metaphorical 
sense  of  words,  or  in  a  double  sense  of  the  same 
word,  or  in  similitude  of  sound  in  diflerent  words. 

JEST'1.\G-LY,  adv.  In  a  jocose  manner ;  not  in 
earnest.  Herbert 

JEST'ING-STOCK,  n.    A  laughing-stock  :  a  butt  of 

JLS  IJ-IT,  II.   One  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  so  called, 
founded  by  Ignatius  lA)vola,  in  1534,  a  society  re- 
markable for  their  cunning  in  propagating  their  prin- 
ciples. Hence, 
MT  •'V'^'^J'  Pefson  ;  an  inlrigiier. 

JES'U-IT-El),  o.  Conforming  to  the  principles  of  the 
Jesuits.  - 


mue. 


Ji;s'lI-IT-ESS,  ji.  An  order  of  nuns  established  on 
the  principles  of  the  Jesuits,  but  suppressed  bv  I'ope 
Urban  ill  I(i30.  j'/ook. 

JHS-If-lT'ie,       la.     Pertaining  to  the  Jesuits  or 

JES-U-IT'IC-AL,  i     their  principles  and  arts. 

2.  Oesit'uing  ;  cuiiiiiiig;  deceitful;  jirevaricating. 

JEIS-IT-IT'IG-AL-LY,  adr.  Craflily. 

Ji;s'l|-IT-ISM,  n.  The  arts,  principles,  and  practices 
of  the  Jesuits. 

2.  Cunning;  deceit;  hypocrisy;  prevarication; 
deceptive  practices  to  effect  a  purpose. 

JES'^-ITS'-liXRK,  n.  Peruvian  bark;  the  bark  of 
certain  species  of  (cinchona,  trees  of  Peru. 

JET,  n.    [U.  1,'it ;  I''r.  jayct :  h.  n-difafM.] 

A  mineral ;  a  varii  ly  of  lignite,  of  a  very  compart 
texture,  and  velvet-black  color,  susceptible  of  a  good 
polish,  and  glossy  in  its  fracture,  which  is  conchoidal 
or  undulating.  It  is  found,  not  in  strata  or  continued 
masses,  but  in  unconnected  heaps.  It  is  wrought 
into  toys,  buttons,  mourning  jewels,  &c.  Dana. 

JET,  n.  [I'r.  jf(.  It.  irrt(o,  a  cast;  probably  from  L. 
jaclus,  wlience  Ft.jettcr,  It.  ffcttare,  to  throw.] 

1.  A  spout,  spouting,  or  shooting  of  water;  a  jet 
d^eav. 

2.  A  yard.  Tusser. 

3.  Drift ;  scope.    [JVot  in  vse,  or  local.]^ 

JET,  i".  1.  [.See  the  noun.]  To  shoot  lorward  ;  to 
shoot  out  ;  to  project ;  to  jut ;  to  intrude.  Shak. 

2.  To  strut ;  to  throw  or  toss  the  body  in  haughti- 
ness. Shak. 

3.  To  jerk  ;  to  jolt ;  to  be  shaken.  Wi.ieman. 
\ThL^  orthorrraphy  is  rarely  used.    See  Jut.] 

JET'-BLACK,  a.  Of  the  deepest  black,  the  color  of 
jet. 

JKT-D'K^U',  (zhS-do',)    [Fr.,  a  throw  of  water.]  A 

spnut  for  delivering  water. 
JET'SA.M,  ) 

JET'SO.N,      }  n.    [Fr.  K«fr,  to  throw.] 

JET'TI-SO.\,  ) 

In  tatp  and  commerce,  properly,  the  throwing  of 
goods  overboard  in  order  to  lighten  a  ship  in  a  tem- 
pest for  her  preservation.  The  words  may,  however, 
lie  used  for  the  goods  thus  thrown  away,  or  adverb- 
ially. 

Jetsam  is  where  gooils  arc  cast  into  the  sea,  and  there  sink  and 
remain  nnilor  water ;  _/fo/*07n  is  u  liere  they  continue  swim- 
niilif :  tigan  is  wliere  they  are  sunk  in  the  sea,  bill  lied  to  a 
corl(  or  buoy.  Park,  Blackslone. 

JET'TEAU,  (jet'to,)  ii.    [Fr.  jet  d'eau.] 

A  throw  or  spout  of  w  ater.  Jlddison. 
JET'TEE,  H.    A  projection  in  a  building. 
JET'TER,  71.    A  spruce  fellow  ;  one  who  struts. 
J  ET'TY,  V.  i.    To  jut. 

JET'TY,  71.  A  small  pier  ;  also,  a  projection  into  a  riv- 
er for  narrowing  it  and  raising  llie  water  above. 

JET'TY,  a.  Made  of  jet,  or  lil.ick  as  jet.  Prior.  Pope. 

JET'TY-HEAU,  (-lied,)  n.  The  projecting  part  of  a 
wharf;  the  front  of  a  w'harf  wliose  side  forms  one 
of  the  cheeks  of  a  dock.  Mar.  Did. 

JKW-DE-MOTS',  (zhu'de-mo',)  [Fr.]  A  play  upon 
words  ;  a  pun. 

JF.U'-D'RS-PRIT',  (zhu'de-sprcc',)  [Fr.]  A  witti- 
cism ;  a  play  of  wit. 

JEW,  (jii,)  H.  [A  contraction  of  Jiit/tts  or  yiiJaA.]  A 
Hebrew  or  Israelite. 

JEWEL,  (ju'el,)  H.  [It.  ^iuifl,  joy,  mirth,  a  jewel;  prioicl- 
/o,  a  jewel  ;  FT.joyan;  Sp.  joy«,  joi/r/ ;  G.  juwet ;  I). 
juweel.  It  is  from  the  root  of  joy.  Low  L.  jocalc. 
Class  Cg.] 

1.  An  ornament  of  dress  in  which  the  precious  stones 
form  a  principal  part. 

2.  A  precious  stone.  Shak. 

3.  A  name  expressive  of  fondness.  A  mother 
calls  her  child  her  jewel. 

JEWEL,  r.  t.   To  dress  or  adorn  with  jewels. 

B.  .hnson. 

JEWEI--IIOUSE,    )  n.    The  place  where  the  royal 

JEWEI^-OF-FICE,  j     ornaments  are  reposited.  Shak. 

JEWEL-LIKE,  a.    Brilliant  as  a  jewel.  Shak. 

JEWEL-fTD,  pp.  or  n.    Set  or  adorned  with  jewels. 

JEWEIj-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  deals  in  jew- 
els and  other  omainenls. 

JEWEL-I.\G,  p/jr.    Adorning  with  jewels. 

JEWEL-UY,  II.    Jewels  in  general. 

JEWESS,  II.    A  Hebrew  woman.    Acts  xkW. 

JEWISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jews  or  Hebrews. 
■PiL  I. 

JEWISII-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  the  Jews. 

Donne. 

JEWISII-NESS,  71.    The  rites  of  the  Jews.  .l/«r(in. 
JEWRY,   71.     Jiidea;  also  a  district  inhabited  by 
Jews,  whence  the  name  of  a  street  in  London. 

Chaucer. 

JEU'S'-E.\R,  71.  The  popubtr  name  of  a  species  of 
Fungus,  the  Peziza  auricula,  bearing  some  resem- 
blance to  the  human  ear.  ./oAiisuii.  Lee. 

JE\V?-FRA.\K-I.N'CE.\SE,  71.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Styrax. 

JEU'S'-HARP,  n.  [Jew  and  htirp.]  An  instrument 
of  music  shaped  like  a  harp,  which,  placed  betwet^n 
the  teeth,  and  by  means  of  a  spring  struck  by  the 
finger,  gives  a  sounil  which  is  modulated  by  the 
breath  into  sofl  melody.    It  is  called  also  Jews- 

TBfMP. 


JE\VSS'-.M.\L'Lo\V',  71.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Cor- 
JKWS'-MTCII,  11.  Asplialtmn,  which  see.  [chorus. 
Jl'V.'E-UEL,  It.  An  impudent,  daring,  vicious  wmnan. 

Spectator. 

JIB,  71.  The  foremost  sail  of  a  ship,  being  a  large,  tri- 
angular stay-sail  extended  from  the  outer  end  of  the 
jib-boom  toward  the  fore-topmast-head.  In  sloops,  it 
is  on  the  bowsprit,  and  extends  toward  the  lower 
mast-head.  .Mar.  Diet. 

JIB'-BOOM,  71.  A  spar  which  is  run  tint  from  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  bowsprit,  and  which  serves  as  a  coiitin- 
iiutiiin  of  it.  Beyond  this  is  sometimes  extended  the 
Jlijinif-Jib-boom. 

JIll'-Doolt,  (-dore,)  ii.  A  door  which  stands  flush  with 
the  Willi,  without  dressing  or  moldings.  Francis. 

JIIU;,  r,  t.  To  shift  a  booin-sail  from  one  side  of  a 
vessel  to  the  other. 

JIB' /CD,  (jilid,)  pp.  Shifted  from  one  side  to  the  other, 
as  a  boom-sail. 

JIli'LNt;,  ;>/ir.  Shifting  from  one  side  to  the  other,  as 
a  btiniii-sail. 

JI-BOY'.V,  71.  An  American  serpent  of  the  largest 
kind. 

JICK'A-JOG,  71.    [,V  cant  word,  from  JO"'.]    A  shake, 

a  push.  B.  Jon.<on. 

JIF'FY,  71.    A  moment.  Jlolloway. 
JIG,  71.    [It.  fiV'i;  i'r.  rria-iie.    See  Gic] 

1.  A  Kind  of  light  dance,  or  a  tune  or  air. 

2.  .\  kind  of  farce  in  rhyme,  with  dancing,  after  a 
]ilay  was  finished.  B.  Jonson. 

Jlc;,  i'.  1.    To  dance  a  jig. 

JIG'GER,  71.  In  sea-lnniruar^e,  a  machine  consistingof 
a  rope  about  five  feet  long,  with  a  block  at  one  end 
and  a  sheave  at  the  other,  used  to  hold  on  the  cable 
w  hen  it  is  heaved  into  the  ship,  by  the  revolution  of 
the  windlass.  Jl/ur.  Diet. 

2.  A  troublesome  insect.    [See  Checks.] 

JIG'(;iSII,  71.    Suitable  to  a  jig. 

JIG'GLI.Vti,  a.     Dancing.    [.Vo(  authorized  in  good 

i/.sr.l  .Mrs.  Farror, 

JIG'-JIaK-ER,  71.  One  who  makes  or  plays  jigs.  Sliak. 

2.  A  ballad-maker.  Dckker. 
JIG'-PL\,  ».    A  pin  used  by  miners  to  hold  the  turn- 
beams,  and  prevent  them  from  turning.  Cyc. 
JILL,  71.    .A  young  woman,  in  contempt.   [See  GiLi..] 
JILL'-FLIRT,  II.    A  light,  wanton  woman. 

Quardian, 

JILT,  71.    [Of  uncertain  etymology.]    A  woman  who 
gives  her  lover  hopes  and  capriciou-.Iy  disappoints 
him  ;  a  woman  who  tri.'les  with  her  lover.  Olteay. 
2.  A  name  of  contempt  for  a  woman.  Pope. 

JILT,  e.  (.  To  encourage  a  lover  and  then  frustrate 
his  hopes  ;  to  trick  in  love ;  to  give  hopes  to  a  lover 
and  then  reject  him.  Drydrn. 

JILT,  I',  i.  To  play  the  jilt ;  to  practice  deci  ption  in 
love  and  discard  lovers.  Con^reec. 

JILT'EI),  pp.    Cheated  or  tricked  in  love. 

J1LT'1.\(J,  ppr.    Plaving  the  jilt ;  tricking  in  love. 

JlM'AIERiS,  n.    Jointed  hinges.    [Obs.]  Bailey. 

JIMP,  o.    Neat;  handsome;  elegant  of  shape.  [See 

GlMl-.l 

JL\-GAL.L',  71.    In  India,  a  light  gun  mounted  on  a 

carriage  easily  borne  by  two  men. 
JIN"GLE,  (jing'gl,)  V.  i.    [Q.U.  Ch.  and  Syr.  Jr,  NJr,  a 


little  bell ;  or  Persian 


(iJoj  zank,  a 


little  brass  ball 


or  bell.    It  may  be  allied  to  jangle.] 

To  sound  with  a  fine,  sharp  rattle ;  to  clink  ;  as, 
jingling  chains  or  bells. 
JI.N"GLE,  v.  t.    To  cause  to  give  a  sharp  sound,  as  a 
little  bell,  or  as  pieces  of  metal. 

The  bi'lls  b\irjin^ted,  and  the  whisUe  bli  vv.  Pope. 
JIN"GLE,  71.    A  rattling  or  clinking  sound,  as  of  little 
bells  or  pieces  of  metal. 

2.  A  little  bell  or  rattle. 

3.  Correspondence  of  sound  in  rhymes.  Dryden. 
JI.\"GLf;D,  pp.    Caused  to  give  a  siiarp  sound,  as  a 

bell,  or  as  pieces  of  metal. 
JI.\"GLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  a  sharp,  fine,  rattling 

sound,  as  a  little  boll,  or  as  pieces  of  meUil. 
J1.N"GLING,  n.    .\  sharp,  fine,  rattling  sound,  as  of 
JIP'PO,  71.    [Fr.  jupe.]  [little  bells. 

.\  waistciuit  or  kind  of  .stays  for  females. 
JOB,  71.    [Of  unknown  origin,  but  perhaps  allied  to. 

chop,  primarily  to  strike  or  drive.] 

1.  A  piece  of  work  ;  any  thing  to  be  done,  whether 
of  more  or  less  importance.  The  carpenter  or  mason 
undertakes  to  biiilil  a  house  by  the  job.  'J'he  erec- 
tion of  Westminster  Bridge  was  a  heavy  job  ;  and  it 
was  a  great  job  to  erect  Central  Wharf,  in  Boston. 
The  mechanic  has  many  small  jobs  on  hand. 

2.  A  lucrative  busini>ss;  an  undertaking  with  a 
view  to  profit. 

No  cheek  is  known  to  blush,  nor  heart  10  throb, 

Save  wh'-n  ihey  lose  a  ijuestiun  or  a  job.  Pop*. 

3.  A  sudden  stab  with  a  pointed  instrument. 
[This  seems  to  be  nearly  the  original  sense.] 
To  do  Uie  job  for  one;  to  kill  him. 

JOB,  r.  (.    To  strike  or  stab  with  a  sharp  instmment. 

V  F^'trange.  | 
2.  To  drive  in  a  sh.irp-pointed  instrument. 

.Vdj^in.  1 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tJXITE.  — A.V'GER,  Vr'CIOfS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


«31 


JOG 


JOI 


JOL 


JOB,  r.  i.  T  .  deal  in  llie  public  stocks  ;  to  buy  and 
sell,  as  a  broker. 

The  jiKl^e  shallyoi,  the  bishop  bite  the  town, 

And  niiglily  dukes  p.ick  cards  for  h;Ut"  a  crown.  Pope. 

IO-Ba'TION,  71.    A  scolding;  a  long,  tedious  reproof. 

[Vulgar.]  Orose. 
JOB'liER,  ?i.    One  who  does  small  jobs. 

2.  A  dealer  in  tbe  public  stocks  or  funds ;  usually 
called  a  1?tock-jobber.  Swift. 

3.  One  who  engages  in  a  low,  lucrative  affair. 

4.  A  meri'bnut   w  ho  purchases  goods  from  im- 
porters and  sells  to  rt  trul.-rs. 

J0U'BER-\O\VL,  n.    [.<aid  to  be  from  Flemish  joblie, 
dull,  and  Sax.  hnul,  head  or  top.] 
A  loggerhead  ;  a  blockhead.    (".9  low  word.] 

HufJibra.T. 

JOB'BIN'G,  7!.    The  practice  of  taking  jobs  for  profit. 
2.  The  practice  of  purchasing  from  importers  and 

selling  to  retailers. 
JOIi'BIXG,  ;i/)r.    Stabbing  with  a  pointed  instrument. 
JoB'S'-TkAUS,  n.    A  grass-like  plant  of  the  genus 

Coix,  with  shining,  pearly  fruit,  resembling  falling 

tears. 

JO'CAN'T-RY,  71.    [L.  jocans.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  jesting.    [JVof  ijt  good  ivse.] 

More. 

JOCK'EY,  71.  [Said  to  be  from  Jockey,  a  diminutive 
of  Jack,  John  ;  primarily,  a  boy  that  rides  horses.] 

1.  A  man  that  rides  horses  in  a*ace.  Addison. 

2.  A  dealer  in  horses;  one  who  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  buy  and  sell  horses  for  gain.  Hence, 

3.  .\  cheat ;  one  who  deceives  or  takes  undue  ad- 
vantage in  trade. 

JOCK'EY,  1'.  r.    To  play  the  jockey;  to  cheat;  to 

trick  ;  to  deceive  in  (raile. 

2.  To  jostle  liv  ruling  against  one.  .Johnson. 
JOCK'EY-£l),  (jok'ul,)  p;7.     Cheated;  tricked  in 

trade. 

JOCK'EY-ING,  ppr.    Playing  the  jockey;  cheating; 

deceiving  in  trade. 
JOCK'EV-IS.M,  11.    Practice  of  jockeys. 
JOCK'EY-SHIP,  71.     I'iie  art  or  practice  of  riding 

horses.  Cowper. 
JO-€oSE',  a.    [L.  jocosiis,  from  jocus,  a  joke.] 

1.  Given  to  jokes  and  jesting  ;  merry  ;  waggish  ; 
useiZ  of  persons. 

2.  Containing  a  joke  ;  sportive;  merry;  as,  jocose 
or  comical  airs.  Watts. 

JO-€oSE'LY,  adc.  In  j^est ;  for  sport  or  game  ;  wag- 
gishly. Broome. 

JO-eoSE'NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  jocose  ; 
waggery  :  merriment.    [Jocosity  is  not  used.] 

JO-eO-SE'RI-OU.?,  a.  Partaking  of  mirth  and  seri- 
ousness. Green. 

JOCH-LAR,  c.    [L.  jncularh,  from  jocus,  a  joke.] 

1.  Jocose  ;  wagu'ish  ;  merry;  given  to  jesting ; 
used  of  persons. 

2.  Containing  jokes;  sportive;  not  serious;  as,  a 
jocular  expression  or  st\  le. 

JOe-i;-LAR'I-TY,  71.    Merriment ;  jesting.  Brown. 
JOC  U-LAR-LY,  adv.    In  jest ;  for  sport  or  mirth. 

Bp.  Laviagton. 
JOe'lf-LAR-Y,  a.    Jocular.    [A'at  in  use.] 

Ash.  Bacon. 

JOe'U-LA-TOR,  n.    [L.]    A  jester;  a  droll;  a  min- 

streh  Strult. 
JOC'IT-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Droll  ;  merrily  said. 
JOe'ITND,  a.    [L.  jocundus,  from  jocus,  a  joke.] 
Merry  ;  gay  ;  aiiy  ;  lively  ;  sportive. 

Rural  sporu  and ^ocunti  slrains.  Prior. 
JO  rUND'I-TY,  (  71.    State  of  being  merry  ;  gay- 
JOC'IJXD-NES.'S,  S  etv. 
J()€'IJi\D-LY,  aiZe.    Merrily;  gayly. 
JOG,  ti.  (.    \Q,vi.  W.  gogi,  to  shake,  or  D.  schohken,  to 
jolt  or  shake,  which  seems  to  be  the  Fr.  choquer. 
Eng.  shock,  shake.] 

'J'o  push  or  shake  with  the  elbow  or  hand  ;  to  give 
notice  or  excite  attention  by  a  slight  push. 

.Sudden  I  jogscd  Ulysses.  Pope. 
JOG,  V.  i.    To  move  by  jogs  or  small  shocks,  like 
those  of  a  slow  trot. 

So  hnn"  his  (h'sliny,  never  to  rot, 

While  hi:  might  Bli'll  Jo^  on,  and  keep  his  Irot.  Milton. 

2.  To  walk  or  travel  idly,  heavily,  or  slowly. 

Thus  Uiey  jog  on,  still  irickin*,  never  dirivinjj.  Oryden. 
JOG,  71.    A  push  ;  a  slight  shake  ;  a  shake  or  push  in- 
tended to  givi;  notice  or  awaken  attention.  When 
your  friend  f;ills  asleep  at  church,  give  him  ajo«. 
2.  A  rub  ;  a  small  stop  ;  obslriictiim.  Glavville. 
JOG'-TROT,  n.    A  slow,  regular  pace.  [CuUo(/uial.] 

Orose. 

JOG'OKD,  (Jogd,)  pp.    Pushed  or  shaken  slightly. 
JOG'GER,  n.    One  who  walks  or  moves  heavily  and 
idowly. 

2.  f)ne  who  gives  a  sudden  push. 

SO(;'(',\Sii,  ppr.    Pushing  slightly  ;  mnving  by  jogs. 

JOG'GI.N't;,  n.    A  slight  jiush  or  shake. 

JOG'GI.E,  r.  t.  [from  (nn-.l  To  shake  sliehtly ;  to 
give  a  sudden  but  slight  push. 

JO(;'Gl,/;i>,  (j<'K'Rl'l-)  /'/'•    Slightly  shaken. 

J()(;'(;i,f;l),  a.  Matched  by  Herraturcs  no  as  to  pre- 
vent sliding. 


JOG'GLING,  ppr.    Shaking  slightly. 

JO-HAN'NKS,  71.  [John  Latinized.]  A  Portuguese 
gold  coin  of  the  value  of  eight  dollars  ;  contracted 
often  into  joe  ;  as  a  joe,  or  half-jee.  It  is  named 
from  the  figure  of  King  John,  which  it  bears. 

JOHN'AP-PLE,  (jon'ap-pl,)  n.  A  sort  of  apple,  good 
for  spring  use,  when  other  fruit  is  spent. 

Mortimer. 

JOHN  BULL,  71.  The  well  known  collective  name  of 
the  English  nation,  first  used  in  Arbuthiiot's  satire. 
The  History  ofJolin  Bull,  usually  published  in  Swift's 
works.  Brande. 

JOHN  Do'RY,  71.  [Corrupted  from  Fr.  jaune  dorie, 
golden  yellow.]  A  sea-fish  of  a  golden-yellow  color, 
and  grotesque  lorm,  the  Zeus  Faber  of  Liniiteus. 

Encyc.  Dom.  Ec. 

JOHN'NY  e.AKE,  71.  [Clu.  journey  cake.]  A  cake 
made  of  the  meal  of  maize  or  Indian  corn,  mixed 
with  water,  ami  baked  on  the  hearth.  America. 

JOHN'SON-IS.M,  71.  A  peculiar  word  or  manner  of 
Johnson.  JV.  Ann.  Reg. 

JOHNS'-WORT.    See  St.  Johns-Wort. 

JOIN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  joindre;  It.  giuo-nerei  from  L.  jungo, 
jungere ;  jungo  for  jugo  ,■  Sp.  and  Port,  juntar, 
to  join;  L.  juguni;  Eng.  yoke;  Gr.  i^im  and 
^£1))  us,  a  yoke,  and  a  pair;  ^vyoa,  to  yoke;^cvy- 

wiii,  to  join;  Ch.  J"t  ;  Syr.  Ar. 

lawm,  to  join,  to  couple,  to  marrj',  to  pair;  Eth. 

mi  log,  a  pair,  as  in  Arabic.  It  signifies  also, 
in  Syriac,"to  rage,  to  cry  out ;  showing  that  the  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  strain,  to  stretch,  to  extend,  pre- 
cisely as  in  .^Tiflii.] 

1.  To  set  or  bring  one  thing  in  contiguity  with  an- 
other. 

Woe  to  Ihein  that  join  house  to  house,  that  Lay  field  to  iield.  — 

2.  To  couple ;  to  connect ;  to  combine ;  as,  to  _;'oi7i 
ideas.  Locke. 

3.  To  unite  in  league  or  marriage. 

Now  Jehoshaphat  had  riches  and  honor  in  abundance,  an<l 

joined  alhnily  with  Ahab.  —  2  Ch.  xviii. 
What  God  hath  Joined  lo2;cther,  let  not  man  put  asuuder.  — 

Malt.  xix. 

4.  To  associate. 

Go  near  and  join  thyself  to  Uiis  chariot.  —  Acts  viii. 

5.  To  unite  in  any  act. 

Thy  tuneful  voice  with  numbers /otn.  Dryden. 
C.  To  unite  in  concord. 

But  that  ye  be  perfectly  joined  tosfether  ui  the  same  mind,  and 
in  tiie  same  Judgment. —  I  Cor.  i. 

The  phrase  to  join  battle  is  probably  elliptical,  for 
join  in  battle ;  or  it  is  borrowed  from  the  Latin  com- 
viittcre  pncLinm,  to  send  ttigether  the  battle. 

In  general,  join  signifies  to  unite  two  entire  things 
without  a  breach  or  intermixture,  by  contact  or  con- 
tiguity, eitlier  temporary  or  permanent.  It  diflers 
from  Connect,  which  signifies  properly,  to  unite  by 
an  intermediate  substance.  But  join,  unite,  and  ctiii- 
neet  are  often  used  synonymously. 
JOIN,  71.  I.  To  grow  to ;  to  adhere.  The  place  where, 
two  bones  of  the  body  joiii,  is  called  a  joint  or  articu- 
lation. 

a.  To  be  contiguous,  close,  or  in  contact;  as, 
when  two  houses  join. 

3.  To  unite  with  in  marriage,  league,  confederacy, 
partnership,  or  society.  Russia  and  Au.stria  joined  in 
opposition  to  Bonaparte's  ambitious  views.  Men 
join  in  great  undertakings,  and  in  companies  for 
tr.ade  or  manufacture.  They  join  in  entertainments 
and  amusements.  They  join  in  benevolent  associa- 
tions.   It  is  often  followed  by  ici(/i. 

Any  other  may  join  loith  him  that  is  injured^  and  assist  him  in 
rt'COVering  satisfaction.  Locke. 

Should  we  again  break  thy  commandments,  :^m\  Join  in  allinity 
with  the  peoi»Ie  of  those  abominations  f  —  Kzra  ix. 

JOIN'DER,  71.    A  joining;  as,  a  joinder  in  demurrer. 

Blackstone. 

J0IN'/;D,  pp.  Added  ;  united  ;  set  or  fastened  to- 
gether; associated;  confederated. 

JOIN'l'.R,  71.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  construct 
things  by  joining  pieces  of  wood  ;  but  appropriately 
and  usually,  a  mechanic  who  doi^s  the  wood  work  in 
the  covering  and  finishing  of  buildings.  This  is  the 
true  and  originalsen.se  of  the  word  in  Great  Britain 
and  in  New  England.  This  person  is  called  in  New 
York  a  carpenter.    [See  Carpenter.] 

JOIN'ER-Y,  71.    The  art  of  fitting  and  joining  pieces 
of  timber  in  the  construction  of  utensils  or  jiarts  of  a 
building,  so  ns  to  form  one  entire  piece. 
2.  The  work  of  a  joiner.  Burke. 

JOIN'-IIANI),  71.  Writing  in  which  letters  are  joinr  d 
ill  words  ;  as  distinguished  from  writing  in  single 
lelters.  Addison. 

JOI.N'I.Nt;,  ppr.  Adding;  making  ctnitignous ;  unit- 
ing ;  cnnfeileratiiig. 

JOIN'l',7i.  (  Fr.  j(iiH( ;  Sp.  jiinfn,  jiinfuia,"  It.  f  iiindirn  ; 
Ij.junrtura.    See  Join.] 

1.  The  joining  of  two  or  more  things. 

2.  In  anatomy,  the  joining  of  two  or  more  bones  ; 


an  articulation  ;  as  the  elbow,  the  knee,  or  the 
knuckle. 

3.  A  knot ;  the  union  of  two  parts  of  a  plant ;  or 
the  space  between  two  joints  ;  an  internode  ;  as,  the 
joint  of  a  cane,  or  of  a  stalk  of  maize. 

4.  A  hinge  ;  a  juncture  of  parts  which  admits  of 
motion. 

5.  The  place  where  two  pieces  of  timber  are 
united. 

6.  In  joinery,  straight  lines  are  called  a  joint,  when 
two  pieces  of  wood  are  planed.  Mozon. 

7.  One  of  the  limbs  of  an  nnimal  cut  up  by  the 
butcher. 

Old  of  joint;  luxated;  dislocated;  as  when  tbe 
head  of  a  bone  is  displaced  from  its  socket.  Hence, 
figuratively,  in  disorder  or  confusion. 
JOINT,  a.    Shared  by  two  or  more  ;  as,  joint  pro|i- 
erty. 

2.  United  in  the  same  profession  ;  having  .an  in- 
terest in  the  same  thing  ;  as,  a  joi«(-heir  or  heiress. 

3.  United  ;  combined  ;  acting  in  concert ;  as,  a 
joint  force  ;  joint  efforts  ;  joint  vigor. 

J6INT,  V.  t.  To  form  with  joints  or  articulations ; 
used  mostly  in  the  participle ;  as,  the  fingers  ure  jointed; 
a  cane  has  a  jointed  stalk. 

2.  To  form  many  parts  into  one ;  as,  jointed  wood 

Dryden. 

3.  To  cut  or  divide  into  joints  or  quarters. 

Dnjden. 

4.  To  straighten  and  smooth  the  edges  of  boards 
which  are  to  be  joined,  so  that  they  may  unite 
closely. 

JOI.VT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Formed  with  articulations,  as 
tile  stem  of  a  plant. 
2.  Separated  into  joints  or  quarters. 

JOIN  T'ED-LY,  adr.    By  joints.  Smith. 

JOINT'EH,  H.  Tlie  longest  plane  used  by  a  joiner  in 
smoothing  the  surface  of  boards  or  straightening  the 
edge  (i(  those  which  are  to  he  joined.  Owdt. 

JOINT'-HEIR,  (-are,)  7i.  [joint  and  heir.]  An  heir 
having  a  joint  interest  with  another.    Rom.  viii. 

JOINT'ING,  71.    The  making  of  a  joint. 

JOINT'LY,  adv.  Together;  unitedly;  in  concert; 
with  cooperation. 

2.  With  union  of  interest ;  as,  to  be  jointly  con- 
cerned in  a  voyage. 

JOINT'RESS,  71.    A  woman  who  has  a  jointure. 

Blackstone. 

JOINT'-STOCK,  71.    Stock  held  in  company. 

JOINT-STOCK-eOM'PA-NY,  n.  A  company  for 
carrying  on  any  business,  having  the  stock  or  capi- 
tal divided  into  shares  which  are  transferable  by  each 
owner  without  the  consent  of  tbe  other  partners. 
The  holders  of  the  stock  are  not,  in  most  cases,  lia- 
ble in  their  individual  capacity  lor  tlie  debts  of  the 
company.  Brande.    Encyc.  Am. 

JOIN'l''.STOOL,  71.  A  stool  consisting  of  parts  in- 
serted in  each  other.  South. 

JOINT-TEN'AN-CY,  7i.  [joint  and  tenant.]  A  ten- 
ure of  estate  by  unity  of  interest,  title,  time,  and 
possession.  Blackstone. 

JOLNT-TEN'ANT,  n.  [joint  and  tenant.]  One  who 
holds  an  estate  by  joint-tenancy.' 

JOINT'ITRE,  71.  [Fr.]  An  estate  in  lands  or  tene- 
ments, settled  on  a  woman  in  consideration  of  mar- 
riage, and  which  she  is  to  enjoy  after  her  husband's 
decease.  Blackstonc 

JOINT'tiRE,  V.  t.   To  settle  a  jointure  upon. 

Cowley. 

JOINT'IJR-ED,  pp.   Endowed  with  a  jointure. 
J0INT'1;R-ING,  ppr.    Endowing  with  a  jointure. 
JOIST,  71.    [Scot,  gcist  or  gest.    du.  Fr.  gesir,  to 
lie.] 

A  small  piece  of  timber,  such  as  is  framed  into  the 
girders  and  summers  of  a  building  to  sujipoit  a  floor. 

Encyc. 

JOIST,  V.  t.    To  fit  in  joists  ;  to  lay  joists. 
JOIST'ED,  p/i.    Fitted  in  joists. 
JOIST'INU,  ppr.    Laying  joi.sts. 

JoKE,  71.  [L.  jociij;  Dan.  giek,  a  joke;  giekker,  to 
joke  ;  Sw.  gacka,  to  ridicule  ;  G.  srAatci-ii.] 

1.  A  jest ;  something  said  for  the  sake  of  exciting 
a  laugh  ;  .something  witty  or  sportive;  raillery.  A 
jealous  person  will  rarely  bear  njoke. 

2.  .\n  illusion  ;  something  not  real,  or  to  no  pur- 
pose. 

Inclose  whole  downs  in  walls,  'tis  all  a  jote  /  Pope. 
A  practical  joke,  is  a  trick  played  on  a  person,  some- 
times to  the  injury  or  annoyance  of  his  IkkIv. 

In  joke;  in  jest;  for  the  sake  of  raising  a  laugh; 
not  in  earn<!st. 
JoKE.  7'.  i.  [L.jorOT-.] 

'i'6  jest ;  to  be  merr>'  in  words  or  actions. 
JOKE,  V.  t.    To  rally  ;  to  cast  jokes  at ;  to  make 
merry  with. 

JCiK'KD,  (ji)kt,)  71/1.  Jesteil  ;  rallied  ;  made  merry 
with. 

Jt'iK'ER,  71.    A  jester  ;  a  merry  fellow.  Dennis. 

JfiK'INt;,  ;<;ir.  or  a.    Jesting;  making  merry  with. 

jriK'LNti-LV,  In  a  joking  way. 

JOLE,  71.  I  Sometimes  svritten  Jowl.  Sax.  ceole,  the 
Jaw  or  cheek  ;  Ir.  ginl.  Uu.  Arm.  ehagell,  con- 
tracted.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY  PtNE,  MARtNE,  BIRD  —NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 

632 


JOU 


JOY 


JUD 


1.  The  cheek  ;  used  in  (he  plirase  cheek  hy  jole, 
that  is,  with  the  cheeks  togutlier  close.  Driiden. 

2.  The  head  of  a  lish.  Pupe. 
JOm  or  JOr.L,  V.  t.   To  strike  the  head  against  aitV 

thing  ;  to  clash  with  violence.    [JVut  twf  J.  J  SUak. 
JOL-LI-Ft-eATIO.V,  n.    Noisy  festivity  and  incrj-i- 
nient.    [A  low  word  used  sometimes  in  Kngland  and 
AmcricaT] 

JOL'M-LV,  adv.    [See  Jolly.]    Witli  noisy  mirth  ; 

with  a  disposition  to  noisy  mirth.  Dryden. 
JOL'LI-iMENT,  Ti.    Alirth ;  merriment.  [Obs.] 

Spfnser, 

JOr/r.t-NESS,  )  n.  [from  jothj.l  Noisy  mirth  ;  gay- 
JOL'LI-TY,     j     ety  ;  merriment ;  festivity. 

All  was  now  tiinipd  to  jzlliiy  and  piini'*.  Milton, 

2.  Elevation  of  spirit;  gayety. 

He,  with  It  proiut  JoWih/,  coniinanilcd  him  to  leave  that  innmrlfor 
liiin  who  w;u  only  worthy  to  enter  into  it.  ifitJrtetj. 

[This  word,  in  America,  is  not  now  applied  to  re- 
spectable company.] 
JOL'L.Y,o.    [Fr.jo^t,  pretty  ;  It.  ^iiJiiio,  joyful,  merry. 
Qu.  Sax.  ffeoUi,  geliol,  a  feast,  the  yule,  or  feast  of  the 
nativity.] 

1.  Merry  j  gay  ;  lively  ;  full  of  life  and  mirth  ;  jo- 
vial. It  expresses  more  life  and  noise  than  Chker- 
ri'L  i  as,  a  jo//i/ troop  of  huntsmen.  Sliak. 

[It  is  seldom  applied,  in  colloquial  usage,  to  re- 
spectable company.  We  rarely  say  of  respectable 
persons,  they  are  jolly.  It  is  applied  to  the  young 
and  the  vulgar.] 

2.  Expressing  mirth  or  inspiring  it. 

Ami  with  hia Jolly  pipe  deli^hta  the  crnjves.  Prior. 
The  coachman  ia  swi-Ued  into  joHy  dimen&ioni  by  rrL'qu.-nl  pota- 
tions ot  niitit  liquors.  Irving. 

3.  Exciting  mirth  and  gayety;  as,jully  May. 

Dryden. 

4.  Plump,  like  one  in  high  health  ;  pretty.  South. 
JOL'LY-BOAT,  ;i.    A  small  boat  belonging  to  a  ship. 

[,\  sailor's  corruption  for  yawl-buat.  See  Sw.  julle,  a 
yawl.] 

JOl/r,  I!.  I.  To  shake  with  short,  abrupt  risings  and 
fallings,  as  a  carriage  moving  on  rough  grouiuJ.  The 
carriage  jolts. 

JOIjT,  t:.  (.  To  sliake  with  sudilcn  jerks,  as  in  a  car- 
riage on  rough  grounil,  or  on  a  hi:;li  trotting  horse  ; 
as,  the  horse  or  carriage  jolts  the  rider. 

JOLT,  n.  A  shock  or  shake  by  a  sudden  jerk,  as  in  a 
carriage.  Sicifl. 

JOLT'ED,  pp.    Shaken  with  sudden  jerks. 

JOLT'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  jolts. 

JOLT'HEAD,  (-hed,)  n.  A  great-head;  a  dunce;  a 
blockhead.  Shak. 

JOLT'INGl,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  sudden  jerks  or  shakes. 

JOLT'ING-LY,  ailr.    In  a  jolting  manner. 

JON'QUIL,  n.  [Fr.  jonijuUle  ;  It.  giunchigUa,  g-iunco  ; 
L.  juncu,<,  a  rush,  and  It.  giglio,  n  lily.  It  is  some- 
times called  the  Rush-leafed  Daffodil.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  .Narcissus,  bearing  beautiful 
flowers  of  various  colors,  yellow  and  white. 

Enci^c. 

JOR'DEN,  n.    A  vessel  for  chamber  uses.  Swift, 

J(5'RAM,)n.    A  colloquial  name,  in  many  parts  of 

JO'RUM,  \  Rnglnnd,  for  a  large  drinking  vesitel,  and 
also  for  its  contents,  viz.,  nut-brown  ale,  toast,  with 
sugar  and  spice.  Forby. 

JO'SEPH,  n.  A  woman's  riding  dress,  formerly  much 
in  use.  Grose. 

JO'SO,  n.    A  small  fish  of  the  gudgeon  kind. 

JOSS'-STICK,  n.  A  name  given  to  small  reeds,  cov- 
ered with  the  dust  of  odoriferous  woods,  which  the 
Chinese  burn  before  their  idols.  JUalcom. 

JOS'TLE,  (jos'l,)  r.  1.    [Vr.jouter,  for  joiuitrr;  lu  gios- 
trare  ;  &p.jus'ar.    Written,  also,  Jl'4tle.] 
To  run  against  and  shake  ;  to  pti^h, 

JOS'TLED,  (jos'ld,)  ;■;».  Run  against;  pushed.  We 
say,  a  thing  is  jostled  out  of  its  place. 

JOS'TLING,  ppr.    Running  against ;  pushing. 

JOS'TLING,  n.    A  running  against ;  a  crowding. 

JOT,  n.  [Gr.  iwra,  Ch.  Hcb.  yod,  Syr.  yudA,  the  name 
of  the  letter  ^  or  i.]  ^ 

An  iota ;  a  point ;  a  tittle  ;  the  least  quantity  assign- 
able. 

Till  heaven  and  earth  pats,  one  Jot  or  one  little  shall  In  no  wi*o 
p&as  from  liic  law  ull  all  snail  be  rtiirilled.  —  MatL  r. 

A  man  may  rmd  much,  and  acquire  not  a  Jot  of  knowled^,  or 
be  a  jot  the  wiser.  Anon. 

JOT,  V.  U   To  set  down  ;  to  make  a  memorandum  of. 

H'alter  Scott. 

JOT'TING,  lu   A  memorandum.  Todd. 

JOT'TING,  ppr.    .Making  a  memorandum  of. 

JOU'lS-SAXCE,  (ju'is-sans,)  rt.  [Fr.]  Jollity;  mer- 
riment.^ [Aot  in  iwc]  Spenser. 

JOUNCE,  B.  L  To  jolt ;  to  shake,  as  rough  riders  are 
apt  to  do.  It  is  the  same  as  Jauxce,  bv  a  common 
change  of  diphthongs.  ["  .«pur-gnlled  and  tired  by 
jouncing."  BoUngbroke.  Shak.  Forby.]  Used  as  a 
noun  for  jolt  or  shake. 

JOi;P,  r.  (.   To  shake  ;  to  dash.  Orose. 

JOUR'NAL,  (jur'nal,)  n.  [Pr.  journal ;  It.  (riomale, 
from  giomo,  a  day  ;  Corn,  jama ;  W.  diurnod  :  L. 
dturnum.  This  was  originally  an  adjective,  signify- 
ing daUy,  as  in  Spenser  and  Shakspeare  ;  but  the  ad- 
jective IS  obsolete.] 


1.  A  diary;  an  account  of  daily  transactions  and 
events  ;  or  the  book  containing  such  account. 

2.  Among  inercliants,  a  botik  in  which  every  par- 
ticular article  or  charge  is  fairly  entered  from  the 
waste-book  or  blotter. 

'J.  In  navigation,  a  daily  register  of  the  ship's 
course  and  distance,  the  winds,  weather,  and  other 
occurrences. 

4.  A  pa|>er  published  daily,  or  other  newspaper  ; 
also,  the  title  of  a  book  or  pamphlet  publisluul  at 
stated  times,  containing  an  account  of  inventions, 
discoveries,  and  improvements,  in  arts  and  sciences  j 
as,  the  Journal  de  Savans  ;  the  .Journal  of  Science. 

JOl'K'NAL-IS.M,  (jur'nal-izm,)  n.    The  keeping  of  a 
journal.  Carlisle. 
2.  The  management  of  public  journals. 

JOUR'NAL-I.ST,  (jur'niU-ist,)  k.  'J'he  writer  of  a 
journal  or  diary. 

2.  The  ctmductor  of  a  public  journal. 

JOUK'N.\L-lZE,  (jur'nal-I/.e,)  n.  (.  To  enter  in  a 
journal  an  account  of  daily  transactions. 

JOUR'.\AL-IZ-i'U,  (jur'nal-Izd,)  pp.  Entered  in  a 
journal. 

JOUR'N  Aly-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Entering  in  a  journal. 

JOCK'.NEY,  (jur'ny,)  ii.  [Vt.  joarnec,  a  day  or  day's 
work  ;  It.  jriornala,  a  day  ;  Sp.  jornada,  a  journey, 
or  travel  ofa  day  ;  It.  giorno,  a  day,  from  L.  diurnus, 
dies.\ 

1.  Orin-iiirt/Zy,  the  travel  of  a  d.iy.    [0'«.]  Milton. 

2.  Travel  by  land  to  any  distance  and  for  any  time, 
indefinitely  ;  as,  a  journey  frotn  London  to  Paris,  or 
to  Rome  ;  n  journey  to  visit  a  brother  ;  a  week's  jour- 
neij  ;  we  made  two  journeys  to  I'hilailt  Iphia. 

3.  Passage  from  one  place  to  another ;  as,  a  long 
journey  from  the  upper  regions.  Burnet. 

4.  It  may  sometimes  include  n  p.assing  by  water. 
JOIJR'NEY,  (jur'ny,)  v.  i.    To  travel  from  place  to 

place  ;  to  pass  from  home  to  a  distance. 

Abraham  journeyed,  guin^  on  still  toward  the  south. —  Gen.  xii. 

JOUR'NEY-EU,  (jur'ny-er,)  n.    One  who  journeys. 

Scott. 

JOUR'NEY-ING, (jur'ny-ing,)  ppr.  Traveling;  pass- 
ing from  place  to  placi;. 

JOLTK'NEY-I.NG,  n.  A  traveling  or  passing  from  one 
pl.ace  to  another ;  as,  the  journeyings  of  the  children 
of  Israel. 

JOUR'NEY-MAN,  n.  [journey  and  man.]  Strictly,  a 
man  hired  to  work  by  the  d.iy,  but  in  fact,  any  me- 
chanic who  is  hired  to  work  for  another  in  his  em- 
ployment, whether  by  the  month,  year,  or  other  term. 

It  is  applied  only  to  mechanics  in  tlieir  own  occu- 
pations. 

JOUR'NEY-WORK,  (jur'ny-wurk,)  n.    Work  done 
for  hire  by  a  mechanic  in  his  proper  occupation. 
[This  word  is  never  applied  to  farming.] 
JOUST.    See  Just. 

Jo  VE,  71.    [L.  Jovis,  gen.  of  Jupiter,  Gr.  Zlvs.] 

1.  The  name  of  the  Supreme  Deity  among  the 
Romans. 

2.  Tile  planet  Jupiter. 

Or  ask  of  yoniler  ar^'-nt  fields  above 

Why  Jove'M  satellites  are  less  tlian  Joitt.  Pope. 

3.  The  air  or  atmosphere,  or  the  god  of  the  air. 
And  Jove  descends  in  showers  of  kindly  rain.  Dryden. 

4.  In  alchemy,  tin.  B.  Silliman,  Jr. 
JO'VI-.\L,  a.  [from  Jbre,  supra.]  Under  the  influence 

of  Jupiter,  the  planet. 

Tlio  fixed  stars  nstrolo^ically  difTcirneed  by  the  planets,  and 
eateem'-d  .Marti.d  or  Jooial  acconlin^  to  the  colors  whereby 
they  answer  lliour  planets.  Brown. 

2.  In  atchemv.a  term  applied  to  preparations  of  tin. 
JO'VI-AL,  a.    [Fr.  and  Sp.  id.  ;  It.  gioviale;  probably 
from  the  root  of  giovane,  young,  or  from, that  of  joy. 
If  it  is  from  Jove,  it  must  be  from  the  sense  of  airy, 
or  fresh.] 

1.  Gay ;  merry  ;  airy  ;  joyous ;  jolly ;  as,  a  jovial 
youth  ;  a  jovial  throng. 

2.  Expressive  of  mirth  and  hilarity. 

His  o<les  are  some  of  tliem  panegyrical,  others  moral,  the  rest 

are_/ODia^  or  txicchaii.dian.  Dryden. 

JO'VI-AL-IST,  II.    One  who  lives  a  jovial  life.  Halt. 

JO'VI-AL-LY,  arfn.  Merrily;  gavly  ;  with  noisy  mirth. 

JO'VI-.AL-NESS,  n.    Noisy  mirth  ;  gayety. 

JO'VI-AL-TY,  n.  Merriment. 

JOWL.  n.    The  cheek.    [See  Jole.] 

JOWL'ER,  n.  The  name  of  a  hunting-dog,  beagle,  or 
other  dog.  Dryden. 

JOW'TER,  II.  One  who  carries  fish  around  the  coun- 
try, on  horseback,  for  sale.  It  probably  means  Jolt- 
r.R.    [Obs.'j  ■  jish. 

JOY,  71.  [Ir.  joiV;  It.  gioia;  Arm.  joa,  contracted; 
G.  jauehzen,  to  shout ;  1).  juichm,  to  rejoice  ;  Sp.  go- 
10 ;  Port.  id.  This  word  belongs  to  the  Class  Cg,  and 
its  radical  sense  is,  probably,  to  shout,  or  to  leap,  or 
to  play  or  spurt,  and  allied  perhaps  to  jo**  and  juggle. 
Qll.  L.  gaudium.] 

I.  The  passion  or  emotion  excited  by  the  acquisi- 
tion or  expectation  of  good ;  that  excitement  of 
plea-surable  feelings  which  is  caused  by  success, 
good  fortune,  the  gratification  of  desire  or  some  good 
possessed,  or  by  a  rational  prospect  of  possessing 


what  we  love  or  desire  ;  gladness  ;  exultation  ;  ei- 
hilaration  of  spirits. 

Joy  is  a  delight  of  tlie  mind,  from  the  consJtleraUon  of  the  pn»- 
ent  or  assun'd  appruachui^  posaesatun     a  food.  LockM. 

Peace, 

hr\nie  heaveidy  balm  (o  heal  my  country's  wounds, 

Joy  to  my  soul,  and  iranspurt  to  my  luy.         D.  Humphrey. 

2.  Goyety  ;  mirth ;  festivity. 

The  roofs  with  Joy  resound.  DrydMn. 

3.  Happiness  ;  felicity. 

Her  heavenly  form  behelil,  all  wished  her^oy.  DryUn. 

4.  A  glorious  and  triumphant  state. 

Who,  for  the  loy  tjiat  was  s<'t  Ufore  him,  endured  the  crosa.  — 
lleb.  lii. 

6.  The  cause  of  joy  or  happiness. 

I-'or  ye  are  our  glory  and ^oy.  —  I  Thess.  B. 
6.  A  term  of  ftmdness  ;  the  cause  of  joy. 
JOY,  r.  i.    To,rejoice  ;  to  be  glad  ;  to  exult. 

I  will  Joy  in  the  God  of  my  Klivation,  —  Hab.  lil. 

JOY,  V.  t.    To  give  joy  to ;  to  congratulate  ;  to  enter- 
tain kindly. 

2.  To  gladden  ;  to  exhilarate. 

My  soul  was  Joyed  in  vain.  Poju. 

3.  [Fr.  jouir.]  To  enjoy  ;  to  have  or  possess 
with  plensure,  or  to  have  pleiasure  in  the  possession 
of.    [Little  used.]    [See  Enjov.]    Milton.  Drydm. 

JOY'ANCE,  71.    [Old  Fr.  joiant.]   Gayety  ;  festivity. 

[  Obs.]  Spenser. 
JOY'A,"!),  pp.    Gladdened  ;  enjoyed. 
JOY'FJJL,  a.    Full  of  joy  ;  very  glad  ;  exulting. 
My  soul  shall  be  Joy/ut  in  my  God.  —  Is.  xli. 
Rarely,  it  has  of  before  the  cause  of  joy. 

Sad  for  their  loss,  but  joyful  o/our  life.  Pope. 

JOY'FIJL-LY,  adv.    With  joy ;  gladly. 

Never  did  men  mure  Joyfully  ob*'y.  Drydtn. 

JOY'FJJL-NESS,  71.    Great  gladness;  joy.  Lieut, 
xxviii. 

JOY'ING,  ppr.    Gladdening  ;  giving  joy  to. 
JOY'-IN-SPIR'ING,  a.    Inspiring  joy.  Bowring. 
JOY'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  joy  ;  wanting  joy. 

With  downcast  eyes  the  Joylttt  victor  s-al.  Drydtn. 
Rarely  followed  bj'  (if;  as,  joyless  of  the  grove. 

Dryden, 

2.  Giving  no  joy  or  pleasure. 

A  Joytege,  dismal,  black,  and  sorrowful  issue.  Shak, 

JOY'LESg-LV,  adv.    Without  joy.  Milton. 
JOY'LESS-NESS,7i.    State  of  being  joyless.  Donnt. 
JOY'OUS,  a.    [Fr.  joyeux.] 

I.  Glad  ;  gay  ;  merry  ;  joyful. 


JoyouM  the  birds  :  fresh  rales  and  ffeuUe  a 
VViiisperol  it. 


Afillon 


Spenter. 


Drydtn 


2.  Giving  joy. 

They,  all  as  glad  as  birds  ot  JoyouM  prime. 
It  has  of  before  the  cause  of  joy. 

And  Joyoue  o/our  conquest  early  won. 

JOY'OU.S-LY,  adv.    With  joy  or  gl.adness. 
JOY'OUS-NEi^S,  71.    The  state  of  being  joyous. 
JUB,  71.    A  bottle  or  vessel.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
JO'BI-LANT,  a.    [h.  juhilans.    See  Jubilee.! 

Uttering  songs  of  triumph  ;  rejoicing ;  snouting 
with  joy. 

While  the  bright  pomp  ascended  Jubilant.  Milton. 

JU-BI-LX'TE,7i.  [L.]  The  third  Sunday  atter  East- 
er ;  so  called  because  the  church  service,  in  early 
times,  beg.an,  on  that  day,  with  the  words  of  the  GCth 
Psalm,  "Jubilate  Deo,"  &c.  Brande. 

JU-BI-La'TIO.N,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  jubilalio.  See 
Jubilee.] 
The  .act  of  declaring  triumph. 

JO'Bl-LEE,  71.    [Fr.  jubili  ;  L.  jubilum,  from  jubilo, 
to  shout  for  joy  ;  Sp.  jnbileo  ;  It.  giubbileo  ;  Heb. 
or  Si3i'>,  the  blast  of  a  trumpet,  coinciding  with  Eng. 
bawl,  peal,  L.  pello.] 

1.  Among  the  Jews,  every  fiftieth  year,  being  the 
year  following  the  revolution  of  seven  weeks  of 
years,  at  which  time  all  the  slaves  were  liberated, 
and  all  lands,  which  had  been  alienated  during  the 
whole  period,  reverted  to  their  former  owners.  This 
was  a  time  of  great  rejoicing.  Hence, 

2.  A  season  of  great  public  joy  and  festivity. 

Milton. 

3.  A  church  solemnity  or  ceremony  celebrated  at 
Rome,  in  which  the  pope  grants  plenary  indulgence 
to  sinners,  or  to  as  many  as  visit  tiie  churches  of  Sl 
Peter  and  St.  Paul  at  Rome.  Encyc 

JU-eU.\D'I-TY,  n,     [L.  jucunditas,  from  juoundus, 
sweet,  pleasant.] 
Pleasantness ;  agrceableness.    [Little  used,] 

Brorm, 

JU-DA'ie,  ) 
JU-DA'ie-AL,  j' 
JU-DA'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    After  the  Jewish  manner. 

MiUoH. 

JO'D.\-ISM,  n.  [Fr.  judaisme,  from  Judah,  whence 
Jew.] 

1.  The  religious  doctrines  and  rites  of  the  Jews,  as 


Pertaining  to  the  Jews.  Milner. 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


80 


633 


JUD 


JUD 


JUL 


I 


enjoined  in  the  laws  of  Moses.   Judaism  was  a  tem- 
porary dispensation. 
2.  Conformity  to  the  Jewish  rites  and  ceremonies. 

Enctjc. 

JU-DA-I-Za'TION,  n.  A  conforming  to  tlie  Jewisli 
reli-rion  or  ritual.  Southeij 

JU'D.^-IZE,  r.  i.    [Fr.  judaiser,  from  Jiidah.] 

To  conform  to  tlie  religious  doctrines  and  rites  of 
the  Jews. 

Tlify  —  prevailed  on  the  Galatiana  to  jttdaize  so  far  as  to  ob- 
eervc  the  rites  of  Moaes  in  various  instaiia-s.  IvIUtict. 

JO'D.A-iZ-ER,  n.  One  who  conforms  to  the  religion 
of  the  Jews.  .  MachnitfJit. 

JC'D.\-IZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Conforming  to  the  doctrines 
anti  rites  of  the  Jews. 

JO'D.XS-TUEE,  n.  A  leguminous  flowering  tree,  of  the 
genus  Cercis,  common  in  the  East.  On  one  of  these 
Jmlas  is  said  to  have  hung  himself. 

JIJD'DOCK,  n.  A  sm.all  snipe,  called  also  Jack- 
snipe. 

JUDCE,  71.    [Fr.  ju<re;  Pp.  jwez  ;  Port,  jiiiz  ;  It. 
uilice;  L.  juder,  supposed  to  be  conipt)Unded  of  jtw, 
law  or  right,  and  dico,  to  pronounce.    "  Hinc  judex, 
quod  jus  dicat  accepta  potestate."  Vai^o.] 

1.  A  civil  officer  \\'ho  is  invested  with  authority  to 
hear  and  determine  causes,  civil  or  criminal,  between 
parties,  according  to  his  cumiuission  ;  as,  the  jiidtrcg 
of  the  Ring's  Hench,  or  of  the  Comuion  Pleas  ;  judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  of  District  Courts,  orof  a  Coun- 
ty Court.  The  jiulge  of  a  Court  of  Equity  is  called  a 
chanceUinr, 

'J  The  Supreme  Being. 

Sli  11  not  the  Judge  of  all  t!ie  earth  do  right  ?  —  Gen.  xviii. 

;i.  One  who  presides  in  a  court  of  judicature. 

-1.  One  who  has  skill  to  decide  on  the  merits  of  a 
question,  or  on  the  value  of  any  thing  ;  one  who  can 
discern  truth  and  propriety. 

A  man  wlio  is  no  judge  of  law  may  be  a  food  judge  uf  poetry 
or  eloquence,  ur  of  the  inrrits  of  a  painting.  Dryden. 

5.  In  the  hUtory  of  Israel,  a  chief  magistrate,  with 
civil  and  military  pnwtM's.  The  Israelites  were  gov- 
erned by  judges  more  than  three  hundred  years,  and 
the  history  of  their  transactions  is  called  the  Book  of 
Judges. 

JUDCE,  V.  i.  [FT.jugcr;  L.  judico ;  It.  giudicare ; 
Sp.  jiizgur.] 

1.  To  compare  facts  or  ideas,  and  perceive  their 
agreement  or  disagreement,  anil  thus  to  distinguisli 
truth  from  falsehood. 

Judge  not  according  to  the  appearance.  — Jolin  vii. 

2.  To  form  an  opinion  ;  to  bring  tt^  issue  the  rea- 
soning i  r  deliberations  of  the  mind. 

If  I  did  not  know  the  oi^^inals,  1  should  not  be  able  to  Judge, 
by  the  copies,  which  was  Virgil  and  which  Ovid.  Dryd£n. 

3.  To  hear  and  determine,  as  in  causes  on  trial ; 
to  pass  sentence.  He  was  present  on  the  bench,  but 
could  not  judge  in  the  case. 

The  hitrd  judge  between  thee  and  me.  —  Gen.  xvi, 

4.  To  discern  ;  to  distinguish  ;  to  consider  accu- 
rately for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  opinion  or  con- 
clusion. 

Judge  in  yourselves :  is  it  comely  that  a  woman  pray  to  God 
luicovered  ?  —  1  Cor.  xi. 

JUDGE,  r.  t.  To  hear  and  determine  a  case  ;  to  ex- 
amine and  decide. 

Chaos  shall  judge  the  strife.  A/if/on. 

2.  To  try  ;  to  examine  and  pass  sentence  on. 

Take  ye  him  and  judge  him  acording  to  yovir  law.  — John  xviii. 
GiHl  shall  judge  die  righti  ous  and  the  wicked.  —  Kcdes.  iii. 

3.  Rightly  to  understand  and  discern. 

He  tliat  is  Bpirilual  judgeth  all  things.  —  I  Cor.  ii, 

4.  To  censure  rashly  ;  to  pass  severe  sentence. 

Judge  not,  that  ye  lie  iwl  judged,  —  Matt.  vii. 

5.  To  esteem  ;  to  think  ;  to  reckon. 

If  ye  hAVe  judged  ine  to  be  faithful  to  the  Lord.  —  Acts  xvL 

6.  To  rule  or  govern. 

The  Lord  »UaI\  judge  his  people.  —  lieb.  x. 

7.  To  doom  to  punishment ;  to  punish. 

I  will^i(//^e  llii-e  acconling  to  thy  ways.  —  Elek.  viL 

JUD6E-AD'Vf)-0ATE,  n.  A  person  appointed  to  act 
as  iiuhlic  prosecutor  in  courts-martial. 

IVnii'FA),  pp.  Heard  and  determined  ;  tried  judicial- 
ly ;  81'ntenced  ;  ct'nsuri  il  ;  doomed. 

JUDCER,  n.    One  who  jiidgi  s  or  passes  sentence. 

JUDGE'.'^Hn',  (jiij'ship,)  «.    The  olhce  of  a  judge. 

JUDO'ING,  ;<;>r.  Hearing  and  determining;  forming 
an  opinion  ;  dooming. 

JUD6'.ME.\T,  „.    ( I-r.  jugrwct.] 

1.  The  act  of  Jiiilgiug  ;  the  at  t  or  process  of  thi: 
mind  in  comparing  its  ideas,  to  find  their  agreement 
or  diHagreenient,  anil  to  ascertain  truth  ;  or  the 
proceiiH  of  examining  facts  and  argiimenis,  to  iiscer- 
tain  propriety  and  justice  ;  or  the  process  of  exam- 
ining the  relations  between  (Uie  proposititui  ;tnd  an- 
other, fjijckr.     I'.ncijc.  .Iohn.sim. 

2.  The  faculty  of  the  mind  liy  which  iiiuii  is  en- 
abled t"  compare  iih-as,  and  aMi  i'rt.'iin  the  relations 
of  terms  and  pro|xi«UionH  ;  us,  a  man  of  clear  judg- 


ment, or  sound  judgment.  The  judgment  may  be  bi- 
ased by  prejudice.  Judgment  supiilies  the  want  of 
certain  knowledge. 

3.  The  determination  of  the  mind,  formed  from 
comparing  the  relations  of  ideas,  or  the  comparison 
of  facts  and  arguments.  In  the  formation  of  our 
judgments,  we  should  be  careful  to  weigh  and  com- 
pare all  the  facts  connected  with  the  subject. 

4.  In  law,  the  sentence  or  doiun  pronounced  in  any 
cause,  civil  or  criminal,  by  the  judge  or  court  by 
which  it  is  tried.  Judgment  may  be  rerdered  on  de- 
imirrer,  on  a  verdict,  on  a  confession  or  default,  or 
tm  a  nonsuit.  Judgment,  thtiugh  (tronotmced  by  the 
judge  (»r  cottrt,  is  pro|)erly  the  determination  or  sen- 
tence of  the  law.  A  pardon  may  be  pleaded  in  ar- 
rt!st  of  judgment. 

5.  'J'iie  right  or  power  of  passing  sentence.  SItak. 

6.  Determination  j  decision. 

Let  r>":vson  govern  us  in  the  formation  of  out  judgment  of  things 
projxtsed  to  our  inquiry.  Anon. 

7.  Opinion;  notion. 

She,  in  niy  judgment,  was  as  fair  as  yon.  Shale. 

8.  In  Scripture,  the  spirit  of  wisdom  and  prudence, 
enabling  a  perst)n  to  disctrn  right  and  wrtuig,  got)tl  and 
evil. 

Give  the  king  thy  judgments,  O  God.  —  Ps.  Ixxii. 

9.  A  remarkable  punishment ;  an  e.\traordinary 
calamity  indicted  by  Goil  on  sinners. 

Juxlgmenls  are  prepared  for  ccorners.  —  Prov.  xix.    Is.  xxvi. 

10.  The  spiritual  government  of  the  world. 

The  Father  hath  comniitt'-'d  all  judgment  to  the  Son,  — John  v. 

11.  The  righteous  statutes  and  commandments  of 
God  are  called  his  judgments.    Ps.  cxix. 

12.  The  doctrines  of  tiie  gospel,  or  God's  word. 
Jl/ii«.  xii. 

13.  Justice  and  equity.    Luke  xi.    Is.  i. 

14.  The  decrees  and  purposes  of  God  concerning 
nations.    Rom.  xi. 

15.  A  court  or  tribunal.    Matt.  V. 

16.  Coiitroveisie.sJ  or  decisions  of  controversies. 
1  Cur.  vi. 

17.  The  gospel,  or  kingdom  of  grace.    Matt.  xii. 

18.  Till!  fiiiiil  trial  of  the  human  race,  when  God 
will  decide  the  fate  of  every  individual,  and  award 
sentence  accortliiig  to  justice. 

For  God  shall  bring  every  work  into  judgment,  with  every 
secret  Uiing,  whether  it  be  good,  or  whether  it  be  evil.  — 
Eccles.  xii. 

Judgment  of  God.  Formerly,  this  term  was  applied 

to  extraordinary  trials  of  secret  crimes,  as  by  arms 

and  single  combat,  by  ordeal,  or  hot  plowshares,  &lc.  ; 

it  being  imagined  that  God  would  work  miracles  to 

vindicate  innocence. 
JUDG'.MEN'T-DaY,  n.    Tile  last  day,  or  day  when 

final  judgment  will  be  pronounced  on  the  subjects 

of  (iod's  moral  government. 
JUDG'MENT-HAEL,  ji.    The  hall  where  courts  are 

held. 

JUDG'MENT-SeAT,  n.    The  seat  or  bench  on  which 
judges  sit  in  court. 
2.  A  court ;  a  tribunal. 

W^e  shall  all  sund  before  Ihe  JudgTnent-eeat  of  Christ.  —  Rom. 

JO'DI-CA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  tried  and  judged. 
JO'DI-CA-TIVE,  a.  Having  jiovver  to  judge. 

Hamtnond. 

JO'Dl-eA-TO-RY,  a.    Dispensing  justice. 
JO'DI-CA-TO-RY,  71.    [L.  judicalorium.] 

1.  A  court  of  justice  ;  a  tribunal.  .9llrrliury. 

2.  Distribution  fif  justice.  Clurcnduu. 
JO'DI-eA-TtlRE,  71.    [Fr.]    The  power  of  ilistribu- 

ting  justice  by  legal  trial  and  determination.  A 
court  of  judicature  is  a  court  invested  with  powers  to 
administer  justice  between  man  and  man. 
2.  A  ctmrt  of  justice  ;  a  judicatttry.  Stnifh. 
JU-DI"CI,\L,  (ju-dish'al,)  a.    Pertaining  to  courts  of 
justice  ;  as,  judicial  power. 

2.  Practiced  in  the  distribution  of  justice;  as,  ju- 
dicial proceedings. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  court  of  ju.stice  ;  as,  a  ju- 
dicial determination. 

4.  Issued  by  a  court  under  its  seal ;  as,  a  judicial 
writ. 

.").  Inflicted,  as  n  penalty  or  in  judgment ;  as,  ju- 
dicial hardness  of  hetirt;  a  judicial  punishment. 
JU-DT'CIAL-LY,  adv.    In  the  forms  of  legal  justice  ; 
as,  a  sentence  judicially  declareil. 

2.  liy  way  of  penally  or  judgment  ;  as,  to  bo  ju- 
dicialhj  punislu^d. 
JU-DI"(,y  .\-R  Y,  (ju-dish'a-re,)  a.    [Fi.  juiiciairc  ;  Vi. 
judiciari  us.] 

1.  Passing  judgment  or  sentence.  Boyle. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  courts  of  judicature,  ur  legal 
tribuiKil-i. 

JU-D1"(;IA  RY,  71.  That  branch  of  governmiuit  which 
is  comM-rnetl  in  the  trial  ami  detennination  of  ctmtro- 
versies  between  parties,  and  of  criminal  prosecutions  ; 
the  system  of  courts  of  justice  in  a  government.  An 
independi^nt  judiciary  is  the  firmest  bulwark  of  free- 
ilom.  United  SttUes. 

JU-DI"CIOUS,  (ju  (lish'u3,)a.  [Fr.  judicicux  i  lU  giii^ 
I  dicio-io.] 


1.  According  to  sotiiid  judgment ;  wise;  prudent; 
rational  ;  adapted  to  obtain  a  good  end  by  tlie  best 
means  ;  used  of  things.    Nothing  is  m-ire  important 

•  to  success  in  ihe  world  than  a  judicious  application 
of  time,  unless  it  may  be  a  judicious  expenditure  of 
money. 

2.  .'\cting  according  to  sound  judgment ;  possess- 
ing sound  judgment ;  wise  ;  directed  by  reason  and 
wisdom  ;  used  of  persons  i  as,  a  judicious  magistrate; 
a  judicious  historian. 

JU-Dl"CIOU.S-LY,  adv.  With  good  judgment;  with' 
discretion  or  wisdom  ;  skillfully. 

Loiiginos  has  juiliciously  preferred  the  sublime  genius  that 
sometimes  errs,  to  the  tiiiddling  or  indiHerent  one,  w  bicli 
makes  few  faults,  but  seldom  rises  to  excellent'.  Drylen. 

JU-DI"CIOUS-NESS,  71.  Thf  quality  of  acting  or  be 
ing  according  to  sound  judgment. 

JUG,  71.  [Junius  mentions  the  Danish  jugge,  an  urn, 
or  water-pot.] 

A  vessel,  usually  earthen,  with  a  swelling  belly 
and  narrow  mouth,  used  for  holding  and  conveying 
liijuors.  Swift. 

JUG,  V.  i.  To  utter  a  sound  resembling  this  word,  as 
certain  birds  do,  especially  the  nightingale. 

Jti'GS-TED,  a.    Coupled  together. 

JUG'GLE,  V.  i.  [D.  guichelen  or  guochelen  ;  G.  gaukeln  ; 
It.  giocolare  ,•  Dan.  gtigler,  to  juggle  ;  gickker,  to  joke  ; 
Sw.  gdck,  a  jester  ;  gdcka,  to  mock,  to  make  sport ; 
L.  jocular,  to  jest,  from  jocus,  a  joke  ;  jocor,  to  joke, 
which  coincides  with  the  Pp.  and  Port,  juo-ar,  to  play, 
to  sport ;  Fr.jouer,  contracted.  It  is  certain  that  Joi^ 
and  jocular,  and  probable  that  jo?/,  are  from  the  same 
root  as  juggle  ;  perhaps  Ch.  Tin  hukk,  or  chuk,  to 
laugh,  to  piay,-to  sport.    Class  Gk,  No.  18.] 

1.  To  play  tricks  by  sleight  of  hand  ;  to  amuse  and 
make  sport  by  tricks,  which  make  a  false  show  of 
extraortiinary  powers. 

2.  To  practice  artifice  or  imposture. 

Be  these  juggling  liends  no  more  believed.  Sliak. 

JUG'GLE,  71.  t.    To  deceive  by  trick  or  artifice. 

Is't  possible  die  spells  of  France  should _;«^^;e 

Men  into  sucli  strange  mockeries  ?  Shak. 

JUG'GLE,  71.    A  trick  by  legerdemain.  ^ 

2.  -An  imposture  ;  a  deception.  Tillotson. 
JUG'GLER,  71.  juglar  i  Fr.  jongleur;  It.  giocola- 

tore ;  D.  guichelwr.] 

1.  One  who  practices  or  exhibits  tricks  by  sleight  of 
hand  ;  one  who  makes  sport  by  tricks  of  extraordi- 
nary dexterity,  by  which  the  spectator  is  deceived. 
Jugglers  are  punishable  by  law. 

2.  .\  clieat ;  a  deceiver  ;  a  trickish  fellow.  Shak. 
JUG'GLER-Y,  71.  Legerdemain. 

JUG'GLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Playing  tricks  by  sleight  of 

hand  ;  deceiving. 
JUG'GLING,  71.     The  art  or  practice  of  e.xhibiting 

tricks  of  legerdemain.  Hence, 
2.  Trickery  ;  deceit. 
JUG'GLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  deceptive  manner. 
JC'GU-L.\R,  a.    [L,  jugulum,  the  neck,  either  from 

jugunt,  a  yoke,  or  from  its  radical  sense,  to  extend, 

tt)  join.    Pee  Join.] 
Pertaining  to  the  neck  or  throat ;  as,  the  jugular 

vein. 

JO'GU-L.\R,  71.    A  large  vein  of  the  neck. 

JU'GU-L-\TE,     t.    [L.  jagulo.] 

To  kill.  Hall. 

Ju'GU-La-TED,  pp.    Killeil  ;  destroyed. 

JU'GU-La-TIN(;,  ;i/ir.    Kiliing;  destroying. 

JuICE,  (jiise,)  H.  [I). /iii/s;  Fr.  jii.v.  The  regular  or- 
thography is  JlJsE.] 

The  Slip  of  vegetables  ;  the  fluid  part  of  animal 
substances.  Knci/c. 

JO  ICE,  c.^.    To  moisten.    [Oljs.]  Fuller. 

Jl'IC'/OD,  (just,)  pp.  .Moistened. 

JCICE'LES.'^,  (ja.se'less,)  a.    Destitute  of  juice  ;  dry  ; 

without  moisture.  More. 
JOl'CI-NEPP,  (ju'se-ness,)  ii.  The  st.ate  of  abounding 

with  juice  ;  succulence  in  plants. 
Jl'^IC'ING,  ppr.  Moistqiiing. 

JOl'CY,  tiu'sy,)  a.     Abounding  with  juice;  moist; 

succulent.   '  Bacon. 
JOIPU,  n.    [L.  jus.] 

Judgment ;  justice.    [Obs.]       o    }^  Ooincr. 

JO'JUliE,  71.    [L.  ziiyphum;  Pcrs.^jjyj-^  lizafon.] 

The  name  of  a  plant  and  of  its  fruit,  which  is 
pulpy,  aiiil  resembles  a  small  plum.  The  plant  is 
Zi/yphus  .|ujub:i,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies.  The 
fruit  w  as  fiirnn  ily  iisi  il  in  pi  ctortd  decoctions,  but  it 
is  no"  in  litlle  r«'piiI;ition.  F.ncyc.  Miller. 

The  term  Jejuni:,  or  Jiui'iiu  P.\stk,  is  now  ap- 
plied to  an  expectorant  niatle  of  gum  arable,  sweet- 
ened. 

JCKE,  ».  1.    [Fr.  j«r/»cr.] 

To  perch  (Ui  something;  to  bend  the  head  and  toss 
it  back,  a.s  in  acts  of  civility.    [J\rut  used.]  Smart. 
S  '  » 

JO'LEP,  71.    [Ar.  i.^'^^s^  julahon  ;  PersI  id.  ;  Ft.  ju- 
lep ;  It.  giulehho.] 
In  pharmacy,  a  medicine  composed  of  some  proper 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  ROOK.— 


JUN 


JUP 


JUS 


liquor  and  a  v-iip  of  suRnr,  of  estempnmiipoiis  prp|>- 
aration,  serving  as  a  vcliicle  to  othur  fDvnis  of  medi- 
cine, h'.ncyc.  (^itincy. 

JOL'IAN,o.  Noting  tile  old  account  of  tlie  year,  as 
resulated  by  Johns  Cesar,  wliicl)  continued  to  be 
used  in  England  till  17.V2,  when  the  Gregorian  year, 
or  nt:w  style,  was  adopted. 

Julian  Alps,  called  also  Carnian,  betw  een  Venetia 
and  Noricoin.  V'.^nrille. 
Julian  Ptriod.    Pee  Perioo. 

JC'IilS.  n.  A  small  lish  bc  lonsins  to  the  Wrasse  fam- 
ily, of  a  beantifiil  violet  rolor.  PurliHUlon. 

JCXl'S,  II.    [Gr.  irni>  <,  a  handful  or  bundle.] 

1.  In  bolami,  a  catkin  or  ament,  a  species  of  inflo- 
rescence consisting  of  scal;  s,  under  which  siauil 
flowers  arranged  along  a  stalk,  as  in  hazle,  birch, 
willow,  &c.  .Murtijn. 

2.  A  genus  of  multiped  insects,  of  the  ordi  r  of  Ap- 
ters,  of  a  semi-cylindrical  form,  with  moniliforni  an- 
tennae, and  two  articul  ited  palpi.  F.nctjr. 

Jl'-I.Y',  n.  The  seventh  montli-of  the  year,  during 
which  the  sun  enters  the  sign  I^eo.  It  is  so  called 
from  Julius,  the  surname  of  Caius  Cesar,  who  was 
born  in  this  mimth.  Before  that  time,  this  month 
was  called  Qniulilit,  or  the  tilth  month,  according  to 
the  old  Roman  calendar,  in  which  March  was  the 
first  month  of  the  year. 

JlM.'?'-FI-0\V-Ell,  II.  The  name  of  certain  species 
of  plants.  The  dure  Jutu-floiPcr  is  of  the  genus 
Uianthus  ;  the  qucen^.i  Julii-flotrrr,  of  the  genus  Iles- 
peris  ;  and  the  stock  Jnhj-jluwcr,  of  the  gunus  C'hei- 
ranthus.    [See  Gii.lv-Fi.ower.]  Lee. 

JO'MART,  n.  [Fr.]  The  offspring  of  a  bull  and  a 
mare.  Locke. 

JU.M'HLE,  r.  t  [Chancer,  jorHftrc,]  To  mi.v  in  a  con- 
fused mass  ;  to  put  or  throw  together  without  order. 
It  is  often  followed  by  to^eCter. 

OiM-  m.-»y  oliBfrve  how  apt  (linl  is  lo jumble  UigeOier  [WMA-rfa  of 
Scriplurt*.  Locke. 

JUM'BLG,  V.  i.  To  meet,  nii.x,  or  unite  in  a  confused 
manner.  S/cifl. 

JUM'BLB,  n.    Confused  mixture,  mass,  or  collection, 
without  order.  Swifi. 
2.  A  small  cake,  in  shape  like  a  ring. 

JUM'BL£D,  ;7/i.  or  a.  Mixed  or  collected  in  a  confused 
mass. 

JU.M'BLE-MKNT,  II.  Confused  mixture.   [JVot  in  use.] 
JU.M'BLER,  II.    One  who  mixes  things  in  confusion. 
JU.M'BLINti,  ppr.    Putting  or  mixing  in  a  confused 
mass. 

JII.M'BLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  confused  manner. 
JO'.ME.N'T,  II.    [Fr.,  from  L.  junieutam,  a  beast.] 

A  beast  of  burden.    [jVut  ii.sc</.J  Brown. 
JU.MP,  V.  i.  "[Uu.  the  root  of  It.  laminUare,  to  spring.] 

1.  To  leap  ;  to  skip  ;  to  spring.  Jijiplu-d  to  men,  it 
signities  to  spring  upward  or  forward  with  both  feet, 
in  distinction  from  Ho(,  which  signifies  to  spring 
with  one  foot.  .\  man  jumps  over  a  ditch  ;  a  beast 
jumps  over  a  fence.  A  iiiaii  jumps  ujiou  a  horse  ;  a 
goat  jumps  from  rock  to  rock. 

2.  I'o  spring  over  any  thing ;  to  pass  to  at  a  leap. 
We  f^c  a  litUe,  pn;suiue  a  great  ileal,  aiul  ko  jump  to  the  coii- 

clusiou.  Uptctatar. 

(■"  To  jump  the  life  to  come,"  in  Sliakspeare,  is  to 
risk  or  cciiturr,  as  one  does  ill  leaping  suddenly. 

«ic/i.  Diet.] 

3.  To  bound  ;  to  pass  from  object  to  object ;  lo  jolt. 
The  Doisc  of  tirt  muling  of  the  \vh''»'lj»,  ami  of  the  prAiichig 

hont-'s,  Olid  of  the  jumping  chariots.  —  N;ihuiii  iii. 

4.  To  agree ;  to  tally  ;  to  coincide. 

In  Boine  tort  it  jumpavi\\.\\  my  tiiimor.  Sliak. 
[This  use  of  the  word  is  now  vulgar,  and  in  Amer- 
ica, I  think,  is  confined  to  the  single  phrase,  to  jump 
in  judirment.] 

JUMP,  e.  (.  To  pass  by  a  leap;  to  pass  over  eagerly 
or  hastily  ;  as,  to  jump  a  stream  :  but  over  is  uiidef- 
stuod. 

JUMP,  n.   The  act  of  jumping;  a  leap;  a  spring;  a 
bound.  ^ 
2.  A  luckv  chance.  Shak. 
JUMP,  n.    [Fr.  jiipe  ;  It.  n-iuboa.] 

A  kind  of  loose  or  limber  slays  or  waistcoat  worn 
by  females. 

JUMP,  adv.    [from  the  verb  jump,  to  agree  or  tally.] 
Exactly  ;  as,  jump  at  the  dead  of  night.  [Olis.] 

JUMP'/;i),  (jumpt,)  pp.    Passed  by  a  leap.  [SAaJt, 

JUMP'ER,  n.    One  who  jumps. 

JUMP'ING,  ppr.    Leaping;  springing;  bounding. 

JUMP'ING,  n.    The  act  of  leaping  or  springing. 

JUNe'.ATE,  It.  [It.  jriuneala,  cream,  cheese  ;  Fr. 
joHchit  de  crcme,  a  kind  of  cream  cheese  served  in  a 
frail  of  green  rushes,  and  for  that  reason  so  called, 
or  because  made  in  a  frail  or  basket  of  rushes  ;  L. 
juncus,  a  rush.] 

1.  A  cheese-cake ;  a  kind  of  sweetmeat  of  curds 
and  sugar.  Johnson. 

2.  Anv  kind  of  di-licato  food.  Milton. 

3.  .\  furtive  or  private  entertainment.  [It  is  now 
written  Jes»tT.] 

JU.NG'OUS,  a.    [L.  junctua  or  juntosus,  from  juneus. 

Full  of  bulrushes.    [Littie  used.] 


JUNCTION,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  >iu;ti«,  from  junno,  to 
join.] 

1.  The  net  or  operation  of  ji>inin<; ;  as,  the  junction 
of  two  armies  or  detachiiienls. 

2.  Union  ;  coalition  ;  combination. 
■1.  'I'he  place  or  point  of  union. 

JUNC'TIIRE,  n.  [L.junelura  :  ^p.  juntura  ;  It.  giun- 
tura;  from  1*.  juniro,  to  join. J 

1.  A  joining;  union;  amity;  as,  the  7'Mnffur«  of 
hearts.    [Little  used.]  King  Ctiarle.^. 

2.  A  union  of  two  bodies;  a  seam  ;  particulurlij,  a 
joint  or  articulation.  Kuetic. 

3.  'I'he  line  or  point  at  which  two  bodies  are  joi'ni;d. 

Bntjle. 

A.  A  point  of  time  ;  particularly,  a  point  rendi  red 
critical  or  important  by  a  ciHicurrencc  of  circum- 
stances. .Addison. 
JUNE,  II.    [\^.  juntas  I  Fr.juin;  It.  giugno;  Sp.  j«- 
in'o.] 

1  he  sixth  month  of  the  year,  when  the  sun  enters 
the  sign  Cancer. 

JO.NE'A-TING,  71.  A  kind  of  early  apple  which  ri- 
pens in  June.  P.  Cije. 

JUN"GI,E,  (jung'gl,)  71.  [Hindoo.]  In  Ilimloslnn, 
land  mostly  covered  with  forest-trees,  brush-wood, 
4cc.,  or  coarse,  reedy  vegetation,  but  not  wliolly  nii- 
inhabited  ;  sometimes  equivident  to  Coi'NrKV,  as 
distinguished  from  Villages.  Malcum. 

JUN"GI<Y,  a.  Consisting  of  jungles ;  abounding  with 
jungles.  .4.<mt.  Kes, 

JO.N'IOR,  (jiin'y<"'>)  [I-">  from  jupciiij.-,  young  ;  qua- 
si juveniur.] 

1.  YiMinger;  not  as  old  as  another;  as,  n  junior 
partner  in  a  company.  It  is  applied  to  disiiiiiiiiish 
the  younger  of  two  persons  bearing  llie  same  name 
in  one  f;iinily  or  town,  and  opposed  to  ELuEn  ;  as, 
John  Doe,  junior. 

2.  Noting  the  third  year  of  the  coIU-giate  course  in 
American  colleges,  or  the  first  year  in  the  theological 
seminaries. 

JCN'IOR,  n.    A  person  younger  than  another. 

The  fouis,  my  juraort  by  a  ycir.  Hisi/t. 

2.  One  In  the  third  year  of  his  collegiate  course  in 
an  .\mericaii  college,  formerly  calletl  Ji;nior  Sophis- 

TER.      [See  SOPHISTEH.] 

Also,  one  in  the  first  year  of  his  course  at  a  theo- 
logical seminary. 
JuN-IOR'l-TY,  ii.    The  state  of  being  junior. 

Bullokar. 

JU'NI-PEU,  n.  [Ti.  juniperws  ;  It.  ginepru  ;  Fr.  ge- 
nevre ;  Sp.  piic/;r/i.] 

A  tree  or  shrub,  Jiiniperus  communis, bearing  fruit 
of  a  bluish  color,  of  a  warm,  pungent,  sweet  taste, 
yielding,  when  fresh,  by  expression,  a  rich,  sweet, 
aromatic  juice.  They  are  useful  carminatives  anti 
stomachics.  The  wood  of  the  tree  is  of  a  reddish 
color,  hard  and  durable,  and  is  u.sed  in  cabinet  work 
and  veneering.  The  oil  of  juniper  mixed  with  thai 
of  niit.s,  makes  an  excellent  varnish  ;  and  the  rt^sin 
powdered  is  used  under  the  name  of /loiiiicc.  This 
oil  is  also  used  to  give  to  gin  its  peculiar  flavor. 

F.ucye. 

JUNK,  71.  [L.  juneus.  It.  giuneo.  Pp.  jnnco,  Fr.  jone, 
a  bulrush,  of  which  ropes  were  made  in  early  ages.] 

1.  Pieces  of  olil  cable  or  old  cord;ige,  used  for  mak- 
ing points,  gaskets,  mats,  &c.,  and  wlien  untwisted 
and  picked  to  pieces,  it  forms  oakum  for  filling  the 
seams  of  shi[is.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  ship  used  in  China ;  a  Chinese  vessel,  [jfii 
K^isteru  irord.] 

3.  A  thick  piece.    [See  Chunk.] 
JUNK'ET,  n.    [See  Ji  xcATE.]    A  sweetmeat.  Shak. 

2.  .\  stolen  entertainment. 
JU.N'K'ET,  r.  i.    To  feast  in  secret ;  to  make  an  enter- 
tainment by  stealth,  SwtfL 
2.  To  feast. 


Job'*  chiUlmi  junketed  and  fcnjted  together  •ften. 


JO'NO,  n.  In  mythology,  the  name  of  the  Latin  divin- 
ity who  presitlcd  over  nnirriages,  and  who  was  sup- 
posed to  protect  married  women. 

2.  In  a.ttronomy,  one  of  the  small  planets  or  aste- 
roids which  revoive  round  the  sun  between  the  orbits 
of  .Mars  and  Jupiter.  Brande. 

JU.N'T.\,  ti,    A  grand  ."panish  council  of  stale. 

JUN'TO,  n.  [Sp.  iuiifa,  a  meeting  or  councd,  from  L. 
junctus,  joined  ;  It.  iriuuto.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  select  councilor  assembly,  which 
deliberates  in  secret  on  any  affair  of  government. 
In  a  good  sense,  it  is  not  used  in  English  ;  but 
hence, 

2.  A  cabal ;  a  meeting  or  collection  of  men  com- 
bined for  secret  deliberation  and  intrigue  for  |>arty 
purposes  ;  a  faction  ;  as,  a  junto  of  ministers. 

Gulliver. 

JO'Pl-TER,  n.    [L.,  the  air  or  heavens  ;  Jiici.-;  pnlrr.] 

1.  The  supreme  deity  among  the  Greeks  and  Rt>- 
man.s. 

2.  One  of  the  •-.iperior  planets,  remarkable  for  its 
brightness,  its  diameter  is  alxiut  eighty-nine  thou- 
sand miles  ;  its  distance  from  the  sun,  four  hundred 
and  ninety  millionsof  miles,  and  its  revolution  round 
the  sun,  a  little  less  than  twelve  years. 


JUP-PON',  71.    [Fr.  ju/)07i ;  It.  giubbone.] 

A  short,  close  coat.  rh-ydrn. 
JO'RAT,  II.    [Fr.,  friun  L.  juratus,  sworn,  from  jura, 
to  swt!ar.] 

In  England,  a  magistrate  in  some  corporations  ;  an 
aldennan,  or  an  assistant  lo  a  baililf.  Encye. 
J0'R.\-TO-RY,  a.     [I'r.  juratoire,  from  L.  jaro,  to 
swear.] 

Comprising  an  oath  ;  as,  juratory  caution.  [LitUe 
nsed.  ]  Miffe. 

JVRE  nr-yrjVO,  TL.]    By  divine  right. 

JU-RII)'IC-.\L,  a.  [L,  jurulicus  i  jus,  juris,  inw,  And 
dieo,  lo  pri  louiice.J 

1.  .^cliIlg  in  the  distribution  of  justice;  pertaining 
to  a  judge. 

2.  Used  ill  courts  of  law  or  tribunals  of  justice. 

Hale. 

JU-Rin'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  According  lo  forms  of  law, 
or  proceedings  in  tribunals  of  justice;  with  legal  au- 
thority. 

JU-Rl.-^-eON'SUI/r,  n.  [\..  iuri.-<consultw);  jus  and 
consultus,  eonsiiln,  to  coiisiili.] 

A  man  learned  in  the  law  ;  a  counselor  .at  law  ;  a 
master  of  Roman  jurisprudence, consulted  on  the  in- 
terpretatinii  of  the  laws.  Eneyc. 

JU-RI.S-I)IC''1'I(J.\,  II.  [Fr.,  from  \,.  jurisdtelio  ;  jus, 
juris,  law,  and  i/iV/iw,  from  dim,  Ui  pronounce;  It 
giuridizione  ;  ^p.  juri\dii  etiine  :  Port,  jiirisdi^am,] 

1.  The  legal  powi  r  or  authority  of  doing  justice 
in  cases  of  cuinplaiiit ;  the  power  of  executing  thif 
laws  and  distrihiitiiig  justice.  I'hiis  we  speak  of 
certain  suits  or  actions,  or  the  cognizance  of  certain 
crimes,  being  within  the  jnrisdietwu  of  a  court  ;  that 
is,  williiii  the  limits  of  their  authority  or  coiiiiiiissi  n. 
Inferior  courts  have  jurisdirii„n  of  debt  and  trespass, 
or  of  smaller  offenses  ;  the  supreme  courts  have  ju- 
ruidiction  of  Ire.ason,  murder,  and  other  high  crimes. 
JurLidietion  is  secular  or  ecclesiastical. 

2.  Power  of  governing  or  legislating.  The  legis- 
lature of  one  State  can  exercise  no  juritdictioa  in  an- 
other. 

3.  The  power  or  right  of  exercising  authorily. 
Nations  claim  excjiisive  juri^dictnm  on  the  sea,  io 
the  extent  of  a  marine  league  from  the  main  land 
or  shore. 

4.  The  limit  within  w  hich  power  may  be  exer- 
cised. 

Jurisdiction,  in  its"  mast  general  sense,  is  the  power 
to  make,  declare,  or  apply  the  law  ;  when  confiiii'd 
to  f/ic  judiciary  department,  it  is  what  we  detioiiiinate 
the  judicial  power,  the  right  of  administering  justice 
through  the  laws,  by  tile  means  which  the  laws  have 
provitled  for  that  purpose.  Jurisdiction  is  limited  to 
place  or  territory,  to  persons,  or  to  particular  subjects. 

Du  Poneeau. 

JU-RIS-Die'TIO.\-AL,a.  Pertaining  to  jurisdiction  ; 
as,  jitrisdietinnal  rights. 

JU-RtS-DIC'TI  VE,  a.    Having  jurisdiction.  Milton. 

JU-RIS-PRO'OE.VCE,  II.  [Fr.,froin  L. _/uri,.jin«icii/ia ; 
jus,  law,  ami  prudentia,  science.] 

The  science  of  law  ;  the  knowledge  of  the  laws, 
customs,  and  rights  of  lU'  n  in  a  suate  or  community, 
necessary  fir  the  due  administration  of  justice.  The 
study  o(  jurisprudence,  no\l  to  that  of  theology,  is  the 
most  important  and  useful  to  men. 

JU-KIS-PKP'DENT,  «.    Understanding  law.  H'esL 

JU-RIS-PRU-1)EN'TI.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  jurispru- 
dence. Ward. 

JO'lUSI',  II.  [Fr.  juriste;  It.  giurista;  Sp.  jurista; 
from  L.  jus,  juris,  law.] 

1.  A  iinui  who  professes  the  science  of  law  ;  one 
versed  in  the  law,  or  more  particularly,  in  the  civil 
law  ;  a  civilian.  Baeon. 

2.  One  versi'd  in  the  law  of  nations,  or  who  writes 
on  the  subject. 

JU'ROK,  II.    [L.  jurator ;  or  rather  juro,  to  swear.] 
One  that  serves  on  a  jury  ;  one  sworn  to  deliver 
the  truth  on  the  evidence  given  him  concerning  any 
matter  in  question  or  on  trial. 

JO'RV,  II.    [Fr.  jure,  sworn  ;  I^  juro,  to  swear.] 

A  number  of  freeholders,  selected  in  the  manner 
prescribed  by  law,  imiiaiinel' d  and  sworn  to  inquire 
into  anil  try  any  nialti  r  of  fact,  and  to  decl.are  the 
truth  on  the  evidence  giv.  n  them  in  the  case.  Grand 
juries  consist  usually  of  tnenly-four  freeholders  at 
least,  and  arc  snmiiifined  to  try  matters  alleged  in 
indictments.  Petty  jurtes,  consisting  usually  of 
twelve  men,  attend  courts  to  try  matters  of  fact 
in  civil  causes,  and  to  decide  both  the  law  and 
the  fact  ill  criminal  prttsecutioiis.  'J'hc  decision  of 
a  petty  jury  is  called  a  rerdict. 

In  addition  to  these,  there  are  juriej  of  inquest, 
which  are  summoned  occasionally  in  cases  of  sud- 
den or  violent  death,  to  examine  into  the  cause. 

JO'RY-.M.\.\,  n.  One  who  is  impanneled  on  a  juiy, 
or  who  serves  as  a  juror. 

JC'RY-MXST,  n.  A  mast  en  ctcd  in  a  ship,  to  sup|ily 
the  place  of  one  carried  away  in  a  temiiest  or  a»  en- 
gagement, Ilc.  The  most  probable  origin  of  the 
word  jury,  in  this  com|xiund,  is  that  proposed  by 
Thtinison,  viz.,  fnun  the  Fr.  jour,  day,  qu>asi  jouri, 
tempomrv,  or  fntin  L.  juvare,  to  assist 

JUS  GFJ/'TI-UM  (-.-lie-iiiii,;  [L.J  Thelawofnations. 

JUST,  o.    [Fr.  jiu^e  :  Sp.  justu  :  It.  giustn:  U  j-..tus. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SII  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


635 


K 

The  primary  sense  is  probal)ly,  straight  or  close,  from 
tile  sense  of  setting,  erecting,  or  extending.] 
X.  Regular ;  orderly ;  due  ;  suitable. 

When  nil 

The  war  aball  stand  ranged  in  its  juet  amy.  Addison. 

2.  Exactly  proportioned  ;  proper. 

PleasetJi  your  lonlahip 
To  meet  hia  grace, ^u«I  distance  'tween  our  armies  ?  Shak. 

3.  Full ;  complete  to  the  common  standard. 

He  was  a  comely  personage,  a  little  above  ^u*t  stattuc.  Bacon. 

4.  Full ;  true  ;  a  sense  allied  to  the  preceding,  or 
the  same. 

So  that  once  the  skirmish  was  like  to  have  come  to  a.  just  battle. 

KnoUes. 

5.  In  a  moral  sense,  upright ;  honest ;  having  prin- 
ciples of  rectitude  ;  or  conforming  exactly  to  the 
laws,  and  to  principles  of  rectitude  in  social  con- 
duct; e(]uitable  in  tlie  distribution  of  justice  ;  as,  a 
just  judge. 

6.  In  an  evangelical  sejise^  righteous ;  religious  ;  in- 
fluenced by  a  regard  to  the  laws  of  God  ;  or  living 
in  exact  conformity  to  the  divine  will. 

There  is  not  a  just  man  on  earth,  that  doeth  good,  and  siuneth 
not.  — Eccles.  vii, 

7.  Conformed  to  rules  of  justice  ;  doing  equal  jus- 
tice. 

Just  balances,  _/U£f  weights,  a  yu«f  ephab,  and  a  just  bin  shall 
ye  have.  —  Lev.  xix. 

8.  Conformed  to  truth  ;  exact ;  proper  ;  accurate  ; 
as,  just  thoughts ;  just  expressions  ;  jtist  images  or 
representations;  a jitst  description  ;  a  just  inference. 

9.  True ,  founded  in  truth  and  fact ;  as,  a  just 
charge  or  accusation. 

10.  Innocent;  blameless;  without  guilt. 

How  should  man  be  just  with  God  ?  — Job  ix. 

11.  Equitable ;  due ;  merited  ;  as,  a  just  recompense 
or  reward. 

Whose  damnation  is/usf. — Rom,  liL 

12.  True  to  promises ;  faithful ;  as,  just  to  one's 
word  or  engagements. 

13.  Impartial ;  allowing  what  is  due  ;  giving  fair 
representation  of  character,  merit  or  demerit. 

JUST,  adv.  Close  or  closely ;  noar  or  nearly  in 
place.  He  stood  just  by  the  speaker,  and  heard 
what  he  said.  He  stood  just  at  the  entrance  of  the 
city. 

2.  Near  or  nearly  in  time ;  almost.  Just  at  that 
moment  he  arose  and  fled. 

3.  Exactly;  nicely  ;  accurately.  They  remain  jitst 
of  the  same  opinion. 

'Tis  with  our  judgments  as  our  watches ;  none 

Go  just  alike,  yet  each  believes  bis  own.  Pope. 

4.  Merely ;  barely  ;  exactly. 

And  having  yujl  enough,  not  covet  more.  Dryden. 

5.  Narrowly.    He  jiut  escaped  without  injury. 
JUST,  n.    [Fr.  jouste,  now  joute  ;  Sp.  justa;  Port.  id. ; 

It.  giostra ;  probably  from  the  root  of  joMe  or  justle. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  drive,  to  push.] 

A  mock  encounter  on  horseback  ;  a  combat  for 
sport  or  for  exercise,  in  which  the  combatants  pushed 
with  lances  and  swords,  man  to  man,  in  mock  flght; 
a  tilt ;  one  of  the  exercises  at  tournaments.  Encyc 
JUST,  V.  i.  [Fi.  jouter;  Sp.  and  Port,  juslar;  It.  gios- 
trare.} 

1.  To  engage  in  mock  flght  on  horseback. 

2.  To  push  ;  to  drive  ;  to  justle. 

JDSTE  MIL-IEV,  (zhQst-mil-yu'.)  In  French  poli- 
ties, a  party  which  claim  to  hold  the  czact  middle 
point  between  the  old  monarchical  and  the  recent  re- 
publican principles. 

JUS'TICE,  n.  [Fr. ;  Sp.  justicia ;  It.  giustiiia;  from 
h.justitia,  from  justus,  just.] 

1.  The  virtue  which  consists  in  giving  to  every 
one  what  is  his  due ;  practical  conformity  to  the  laws 
and  to  principles  of  rectitude,  in  the  dealings  of  men 
with  each  other;  honesty;  integrity  in  commerce  or 
mutual  intercourse.  Justice  is  distributive  or  commu^ 
tative.  Distributive  justice  belongs  to  magistrates  or 
rulers,  and  consists  in  distributing  to  every  man  that 
right  or  equity  which  the  laws  and  the  principle*  of 
equity  require ;  or  in  deciding  controversies  accord- 


K 

ing  to  the  laws  and  to  principles  of  equity.  Commu- 
tative justice  consists  in  fair  tlealing  in  trade  and  mu- 
tual intercourse  between  man  and  man. 

2.  Impartiality ;  equal  distribution  of  right  in  ex- 
pressing opinions  ;  fair  representation  of  facts  respect- 
ing merit  or  demerit.  In  criticisms,  narrations,  histo- 
ry, or  discourse,  it  is  a  duty  to  do  justice  to  every  man, 
whether  friend  or  foe. 

3.  Equity ;  agreeableness  to  right ;  as,  he  proved 
the  justice  of  his  claim.  This  should,  in  strictness, 
be  Justness. 

4.  Vindictive  retribution  ;  merited  punishment. 
Sooner  or  later,  ji/sttce  overtakes  the  criminal. 

5.  Right ;  application  of  equity.  His  arm  will  do 
him  justice. 

6.  [I,ow  L.  justiciarius.'\  A  person  commissioned 
to  hold  courts,  or  to  try  and  decide  controversies  and 
administer  justice  to  individuals  ;  as,  the  ch\e{  jus- 
tice of  the  King's  Bench,  or  of  the  Common  Pleas,  in 
England  ;  the  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in 
the  United  States,  &c. 

JUS'TICE, !).  t.   To  administer  justice.    [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

JUS'TICE-A-BLE,  a.   Liable  to  account  in  a  court  of 

justice.    [JVot  used.]  Hayward. 
JUS'Tl-CER,  7u   An  administrator  of  justice. 

Bp.  Hall. 

JUS'TICE-SHIP,  n.  The  oflice  or  dignity  of  a  jus- 
tice. Swift. 

JUS-TI"CIA-BLE,  a.  Proper  to  be  examined  in  courts 
of  justice. 

JUS-TI"CIA-RY,  (jus-tish'a-ry,) )  ■   ,•  •  i 

JUS-TI"C1AR,  (jus-tish'ar,)       \  J"^tman,is.] 

1.  An  administrator  of  justice.  Burke. 

2.  A  chief  justice.  Blackstone. 

3.  One  that  boasts  of  the  justice  of  his  own  act 
f.Vut  used.]  Bering. 

JUST'I-Fl-.4-BLE,  a.  [from  jititi/j/.]  That  may  be 
proved  to  be  just ;  that  may  be  vindicated  on  princi- 
ples of  law,  reason,  rectitude,  or  propriety ;  defensi- 
ble ;  vindicable.  No  breach  of  law  or  moral  obliga- 
tion is  justifiable.  The  execution  of  a  malefactor,  in 
pursuance  of  a  sentence  of  court,  is  justifiable  homi- 
cide. 

JUST'I-FI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
justifiable  ;  rectitude ;  possibility  of  being  defended 
or  vindicated.  King  Charles. 

JUST'I-Fl-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  admits  of 
vindication  or  justification  ;  rightly. 

JUST-I-FI-e.\'TION,  71.  [Fr.,  from  justifier,  lo  justify.] 

1.  The  act  of  justifying  ;  a  showing  to  be  just  or 
conformable  to  law,  rectitude,  or  propriety  ;  vindica- 
tion ;  defense.  The  court  listened  to  the  evidence 
and  arguments  in  justification  of  the  prisoner's  con- 
duct. Our  disobedience  to  God's  commands  admits 
no  justification. 

2.  Absolution. 

1  hope,  for  my  brother's  justification,  he  wrote  this  but  as  an 
esa.iy  of  my  virtue.  ShaJt. 

3.  In  law,  the  showing  of  a  suflicient  reason  in 
court  why  a  defendant  did  what  he  is  called  to  an- 
swer. Pieas  in  justification  must  set  forth  some  spe- 
cial matter. 

4.  In  theology,  remission  of  sin,  and  absolution 
from  guilt  and  punishment ;  or  an  act  of  free  grace 
by  which  God  pardons  the  sinner,  and  accepts  him 
as  righteous,  on  account  of  the  atonement  of  Christ. 

JUST-IF'I-CA-TIVE,  a.  Justifying;  that  has  power 
to  justify. 

JUST-I-FI-€a'TOR,  n.  One  who  justifies.  ILiUle 
used.] 

JUST-lF'I-eA-TO-RY,  a.    Vindicatory ;  defensory. 

Johnson, 

JUST'I-FI-ER,  n.  One  who  justifies  ;  one  who  vin- 
dicates, supports,  or  defends. 

2.  He  who  pardons  and  absolves  from  guilt  and 
punishment. 

That  he  might  he  Just,  and  the  justifier  of  him  who  belicveth  in 
Jcuus.  —  Rum.  iii. 

JUST'I-F?,  r.  t.  [Fr.  jiii(i;/!cr;  Sf.  justificar ;  It.  gius- 
tificare  ;  L.  justus,  just,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  prove  or  show  to  be  just,  or  conformable  to 
law,  right,  justice,  propriety,  or  tiuty  ;  tu  defend  or 


K 

maintain  ;  to  vindicate  as  right.  We  can  not  justify 
disobedience  or  ingratitude  to  our  Maker.  We  can 
not  justify  insult  or  incivility  to  our  fellow-men.  In- 
temperance, levfdness,  profaneness,  and  dueling,  are 
in  no  case  to  be  justified. 

2.  In  theology,  to  pardon  and  clear  from  guilt ;  to  nh- 
solve  or  ac<iuit  from  guilt  and  merited  punishment, 
and  to  accept  as  righteous  on  account  of  the  merits 
of  tlie  Savior,  or  by  the  application  of  Christ's  atone- 
ment to  the  offender.  St.  Paul. 

3.  To  cause  another  to  appear  comparati\'ely 
righteous,  or  less  guilty  than  one's  self.   Eick.  xvi. 

4.  To  judge  rightly  of. 

Wisdom  is  justified  by  her  children.  — MatL  xi. 

5.  To  accept  as  just  and  treat  with  favor.  James  ii. 
JUST'I-FV,  V.  i.    In  printing,  to  agree  ;  to  suit ;  to 

conform  exactly  ;  to  form  an  even  surface  or  true 
line  with  something  else.    Types  of  different  sizes 
will  not  justify  with  each  other. 
JUST'I-Ft'-ING,  ppr.  Making  or  proving  to  be  just. 
2.  a.   In  theology,  that  has  the  quality  of  absolv- 
ing from  guilt ;  as,  justifying  faith. 
JUS'TLE,  (jus'l,)  V.  i.    [See  Jostle  and  Just.]  To 
run  against;  to  encounter  ;  to  strike  against ;  to  clash. 
The  chariots  shall  rage  in  the  streets ;  th<'y  shall  justle  one 
against  another  in  the  broad  ways.  —  Nah.  ii. 
JUS'TLE,  (jus'l,)  V.  L    To  push  ;  to  drive  ;  to  force 
by  rushing  against ;  commonly  followed  by  off  or 
out ;  as,  to  justle  a  thing  off  the  table,  or  out  of  its 
place. 

JUS'TLKD,  pp.    Pushed;  forced  by  driving  against. 
JUS'TLING,  71.   Shock  ;  the  act  of  rushing  against 
each  other. 

JUST'LY,  adv.  [from  just.]  In  conformity  to  I.iw, 
justice,  or  propriety  ;  by  right.  The  oflender  is  juslfy 
condemned.  The  hero  is  justly  rewarded,  applauded, 
or  honored. 

2.  According  to  truth  and  facts.  His  character  is 
justly  described. 

3.  Honestly  ;  fairly ;  with  integrity  ;  as,  to  do 
justly.    Mic.  vi. 

4.  "Properly;  accurately;  e.xactly. 

Their  feet  assist  Uieir  hands,  and  justly  beat  the  ground. 

Drydtn. 

JUST'NESS,  71.  Accuracy  ;  exactness  ;  a-t,  the  just- 
ness of  proportions. 

2.  Conformity  to  truth  ;  as,  the  justness  of  a  de- 
scription or  representation. 

3.  Justice  ;  reasonableness ;  equity  ;  as,  the  just- 
ness cause  or  of  a  demand.  [Justness  is  properly 
applied  to  things,  and  justice  to  persons  ;  but  the  dis- 
tinction is  not  always  observed.] 

JUT,  i.  [A  different  spelling  of  Jet.]  To  shoot 
forward  ;  to  project  beyond  the  main  body  ;  as,  the 
jutting  part  of  a  building.  A  point  of  land  juts  into 
the  sea. 

JUT,  71.    A  shooting  forward  ;  a  projection. 
JUT'TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Shooting  out ;  projecting. 
JUT'TING-LY,  <«/!).  Projectingly. 
JUT'TY,  7).  7.    To  jut.    [JVoJ  «.«(/.]  Shak, 
JUT'TY,  71.    A  projection  in  a  building;  also,  a  pier 
or  mole. 

JUT'-WIN-DoW,  77.   A  window  that  projects  from 

the  line  of  a  building. 
JO'VE-NAL,  71.    A  sportive  name  for  a  youth.  Shal:. 
JU-VE-NES'CENCE,  77.    A  growing  young. 
JU-VE-NES'CENT,  a.    Becoming  young.  Lamb. 
JU'VE-NILE,  a.    [h.  juvenilis,  from  juvenis,  young. 

Sans,  yuvan.] 

1.  Young;  youthful;  as,  juvenile  years  or  age. 

2.  Pertaining  or  suited  to  youth  ;  as,  jinjc7iiic  sports. 
JC'VE-NILE-NESS,  )  7i.  Youthfulness  ;  youthful 
JU-VE-NlL'l-TY,     j     age.  Glonvilic. 

2.  Liglit  and  careless  manner  ;  the  manners  or 
customs  of  youth.  Olanvillc. 
JUX-TA-POS'lT-ED,  a.    [L.  jiu-M,  near,  and  posited.] 

Placed  near  ;  adjacent  or  contiguous.  Macquer. 
JUX-TA-PO  SI"T10N,  (-jio-zish'un,)  n.    [L.  juxta, 
near,  and  position.] 

A  placing  or  being  pla^^  in  nearness  or  contiguity, 
as  the  parts  of  a  substannfcor  of  a  com|x)sition.  The 
connection  of  words  is  sumetiiucs  to  be  ascertained 
by  juxtaposition. 


K. 


Kthe  eleventh  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  ia 
J  borrowed  from  the  Creeks,  being  the  same  char- 
acter a*  the  Greek  kappa,  anHWcring  to  the  Oriental 
kaph.  It  reprCHcnta  a  close  articulation,  formed  by 
prvHfiing  the  root  of  the  tongue  agalnnl  the  upper  part 
of  the  mouth,  with  a  dcpresxlun  of  the  lower  Jaw 
and  op<;ning  of  the  teeth.  It  Is  UHunlly  denominated 
a  guttural,  but  U  more  properly  a  palatal.  Before  all 
this  voweli,  It  haa  one  invariable  «uund,  correHpond- 


Ing  with  that  of  e  before  a,  o,  and  u,  as  in  keel,  ken. 
In  monosyllables,  it  is  used  after  c,  as  in  crack,  check, 
duk,  being  necessary  to  exhibit  a  correct  pronuncia- 
tion in  the  derivatives,  cracAu/,  c'lecked,  decked,  crack- 
ing ;  for  without  it,  c,  before  the  vuweU  e  and  t, 
would  bo  sounded  like  s. 

Formerly,  k  was  added  to  c  in  certain  words  of 
Latin  origin,  as  in  musick,  publick,  rcjmblick.  But  in 
inoilein  practice,  k  is  very  properly  omitted,  being 


entirely  .■superfluous,  and  the  more  properly  as  it  is 
never  written  in  the  derivatives,  viiisicul,  publication, 
republican. 

K  is  silent  before  ti,  ns  in  knmv,  knife,  knee. 

As  a  nuineriil,  K  stands  for  25U ;  and  with  a  stroke 
over  it,  thus,  K,  for  250,(m 

This  character  was  not  used  by  the  ancient  Ro- 
ninnn,  and  rarely  in  the  later  ages  of  their  empire. 
In  the  place  of  k,  they  used  c,  as  in  cUno,  fur  ttls 


FATE,  PAB,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


636 


KEC 


KEE 


KEE 


Greek  oXivw.  In  the  Teiilonic  dialectx,  this  Greek 
letli-r  is  sometimes  represented  by  A.    [tice  H.] 

KAK'FER.    Sec  Cafkbr. 

KA-KOX'ENE.    See  Cacoxene. 

KALE,  n.    [L.  caulU:  W.  cawl.] 

A  kind  of  cabbage,  having  the  leaves  generally 
curled  or  wrinkled,  but  not  formed  into  a  close,  round 
head.  Knaic.  Dom.  Eton, 

KALE'- YARD,  n.    In  Scotland,  a  kitchen  garden. 

Janiieson. 

KA-LEID'O-SeOPE,  n.    [Gr.  /taAof,  beautiful,  ctioi, 
form,  and  o-noTtw,  to  see.] 

An  instrument  which,  by  an  arranpement  of  re- 
flecting surfaces,  exhibits  an  infinite  variety  of  beau- 
tiful colors  and  symmetrical  forms  of  its  contents, 
an  invention  of  Dr.  Brewster. 

KAL'EN-DAR.    See  Calendar. 

KAL'EN-DER,  n.  A  sort  of  dervise.  [See  Calender.] 

KA'LI,  (ka'le,)  n.    [Ar.  ^^Jl3  kali,  the  ashes  of  the 


Salicornia,  from  ^yXj>  kalai,  to  frj-.] 


A  plant,  a  species  of  Salsola,  or  glasswort,  the 
ashes  of  which  are  used  in  making  glass.  Hence 
Alkali,  which  see. 
KA'LIF.    See  Calif. 

K.\L'.MI-A,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  evergreen 
shmbs,  natives  of  North  America,  sometimes  in- 
correctly called  laurel,  ivij-bitsh,  and  also  calico- 
ba^h,  &.C. 

KA-LOY'ER.    See  Caloyers. 

KAM.o.    Crooked ;  awrv.    [Obs.]  SftoA-. 

K.\L'SO-MINE,  n.  A  kind  of  pamt  without  oil,  used 
on  the  walls  of  rooms,  ceilings,  &c. 

KA.M'SI.\.  n.  A  hot  southerly  wind  in  Egypt ;  the 
simoom. 

KA\,    1  n.    In  Persia,  an  officer  answering  to  a  gov- 

KAIJ.\,  >     ernor  in  Europe  or  America.    Among  the 

KliAN,;     Tartars,  a  chief  or  prince.    [See  Khan.] 

KAN"GA-RO()',  V.  A  singular  animal  found  in  New 
Holland,  resembling  in  some  respects  the  opossum. 
It  belongs  to  the  genus  Kangurus.  It  has  a  small 
head,  neck,  and  shoulders,  the  body  increasing  in 
thickness  to  the  rump.  The  fore  legs  are  very  short, 
useless  in  walking,  but  used  for  digging  or  bringing 
food  to  the  mouth.  The  hind  legs,  which  are  long, 
are  used  in  moving,  particularly  in  leaping.  Encyc. 

KANT'I-AN,  a.   Relating  to  the  doctrines  or  philoso- 
phy of  Emanuel  Kant,  a  German  philosopher. 
As  a  noun,  a  follower  of  Kant. 

K.VNT'ISM,  71.  The  doctrines  or  theory  of  Kant,  the 
German  metaphysician. 

KANT'IST,  71.    A  disciple  or  follower  of  Kant. 

Ka'O-LIN,  n.  A  variety  of  clay  used  for  making  por- 
celain, proceeding  from  the  decomposition  of  the 
mineral  feldspar.  It  is  also  called  Petunse.  Dana. 

KAK'A-G.VNE,  n.  A  species  of  gray  fox  found  in  the 
Russian  empire.  Tooke. 

KXRPH'O  LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Kap(pos,  straw,  and  ,\iUo{,a 
stone.] 

A  fibrous  mineral  occurring  in  tufts  of  a  straw- 
yellow  color,  and  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
oxyd  of  manganese,  with  11  per  cent,  of  water. 

Dana. 

KA'TY-DID,  71.  A  large  insect,  of  a  greenish  color,  be- 
longing to  the  order  orthoptrra.  They  are  abundant 
in  the  United  St,ites  during  the  autumn,  and  at  night, 
by  means  of  membranes  in  their  wing-covers,  niake  a 
peculiar  harsh  sound,  nearly  articulate,  resembling 
the  combination  ka-ty-did ;  whence  the  name. 

C.  Ilerrick. 

KA-VASS',  71.    In  Turkey,  an  armed  constable. 
KAW,  V.  I.    [from  the  sound.]    To  cry  as  a  raven, 

crow,  or  rook.  Locke. 
KAW,  71.    The  cry  of  the  raven,  crow,  or  rook. 

Dryden, 

KAVVN,  71.    In  Turkey,  a  public  inn  ;  commonly 

l^HAN. 

KAYLE,  71.    [Fr.  quille,  a  nine-pin,  a  kerl.] 

1.  A  nine-pin,  a  kettle-pin  ;  sometimes  written 
Keel.  Sidnnj.  Carnr. 

2.  A  kind  of  play  in  Scotland,  in  which  nine  holes, 
ranged  in  threes,  are  made  in  the  ground,  ami  an 
iron  ball  rolled  in  among  them.  Julinson. 

KAZ'ARD-LY,  a.    Unlucky  ;  liable  to  accident. 

JV.  of  Eng. 

KEB'LAH,  11  The  point  toward  which  Mohamme- 
dans turn  their  faces  in  prayer,  being  the  direction 
of  the  temple  at  Mecca.  Encyc.  .3m. 

KECK,  V.  i.    [G.  kSken.] 

To  heave  the  stomach  ;  to  reach,  as  in  an  effort  to 
vomit.    [Little  used.]  Baccm.  Swift 

KECK,  n.   A  reaching  or  heaving  of  the  stomach. 

CIteyne. 

KECK'LE,  (kek'l,)  r.  L    [(In.  G.  kumln,  to  roll.] 
To  wind  old  rope  round  a  cable  to  preserve  its 
surface  from  being  fretted,  or  to  wind  iron  chains 
round  a  cable  to  defend  it  from  the  friction  of  a 
_  rocky  bottom,  or  from  the  ice.  Mar.  DieL 

KECK'SV,  B.  [Q.U.  Fr.  ciniie,  L.  cicula.  It  is  said  to 
be  commonly  pronounced  kex,] 


Hemlock  J  a  hollow,  jointed  plant.  [JVuC  used  in 
.America.]  SkaJc 

KECK'Y,  u.    Resembling  a  kex. 

2.  11.    An  Indian  scepter.  Qrew. 

KEDGE,  11.  [Allied  probably  to  cag  and  Ac-r.]  A 
small  anchor  with  an  iron  stock,  used  to  keep  a  ship 
steady  when  riding  in  a  harbor  or  river,  and  particu- 
larly at  the  turn  of  the  tide,  to  keep  her  clear  of  her 
bower  anchor,  also  to  remove  her  from  one  part  of  a 
harbor  to  another,  being  carried  out  in  a  boat  and  let 
go,  as  in  warping  or  kcdging.  [Sometimes  written 
Kedoer.]  Mar.  Diet. 

KEDGE,  r.  U  To  warp,  as  a  ship ;  to  move  by  means 
of  a  kedge,  as  in  a  river. 

KEDGE  or  KEDG'Y,  a.    Brisk  ;  lively.  [iocaJ.] 

Furby 

KEDG'/CD,  pp.    Moved  by  means  of  a  kedge. 
KKDG'ER,  71.    [from  ktd.je.\ 

1.  A  small  anchor  used  in  a  river. 

2.  A  fish-man.  Grose. 
KRDG'ING,  ppr.    Moving  by  means  of  a  kedge. 
KED'LACK,  71.    A  weed  that  grows  among  wheat 

and  rye  ;  charlock.    [/ believe  not  u.tcd  in  .America.] 
Tasscr.  Johnson. 

KEE,  pi.  of  Cow.  [Zjocal  in  England,  ami  not  used  in 
.^mrrica.]  Qay- 

KEECH,  71.    A  mass  or  lump.    [JViif  in  liss.]  Percy. 

KEEK,  r.  i.    To  peep ;  to  look  pryingly.  [ScofrisA.J 

KEEL,  n.  [Sax.  cicle;  G.  and  I),  kiel ;  Dan.  kiil,  kiol  ; 
Russ.  kiU  Sw.  kSl;  Fr.  quille;  Sp.  quilla ;  Port. 
quilha.  The  word,  in  dilferent  languages,  signifies 
a  keel,  a  pin,  kaylc,  and  a  qaill ;  probably  from  ex- 
tending.] 

1.  The  principal  timber  in  a  ship,  extending  from 
stem  to  stern  at  the  bottom,  and  supporting  the  whole 
frame.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  low,  (lat-bottomed  vessel,  used  in  the  River 
Tyne,  to  convey  coals  fruiii  Newcastle  for  loading 
the  colliers. 

3.  In  botany,  the  lower  petal  of  a  papilionaceous 
corol,  inclosing  the  stamens  and  pistil.  Martyn. 

False  keel  ;  a  strong,  thick  piece  of  timber,  bolted 
to  the  bottom  of  the  keel,  to  preserve  it  from  injury. 
Oti  an  even  keel ;  in  a  level  or  horizontal  position. 
KEEL,  V.  t.    To  plow  with  a  keel ;  to  navigate. 

J.  Barlow. 

2.  To  turn  up  the  keel ;  to  show  the  bottom.  Shak. 

KEEL,  71.  t.  [Sax.  aelan,  to  cool.]  To  cool  ;  as,  to 
A:cp/ the  pot.    [Oft.?.]  Shak.  Smart. 

KEEL'AGE,  71.  Duty  paid  for  a  ship  entering  llartle- 
p<ioI,  England. 

KEEL'-UoAT,  71.    A  large  covered  boat,  with  a  keel, 
but  no  sails,  used  on  American  rivers  for  the  trans- 
portation of  frtMght. 
2.  See  Keel,  No.  2. 

KEEL'f;i),  a.  In  botany,  carinatcd  ;  having  a  longi- 
tudinal prominence  on  the  back  ;  as,  a  keeled  leaf, 
calyx,  or  nectary.  Martyn. 

KEEL'ER,     j  K.    One  who  manages  barges  and  ves- 

KEEL'MAN,  (  sels. 

KEEL'ER,  11.    A  shallow  tub.  Ray. 

KEEL'-F.\T,  71.    [Sax.  cirtan,  to  cool,  and  fat,  vat.] 
A  couli'r ;  a  vessel  in  which  liquor  is  set  for  cool- 
ing.   [..Vo!  u-ied.] 

KEEL'II  AUL,  V.  t.  [D.  kielhaalcn  ;  keel  and  kaul.] 
To  haiil  under  the  keel  of  a  ship.  Keelhauling  is 
a  punishment  inflicted  in  the  Dutch  navy  for  certain 
offences.  The  oti'ender  is  suspended  by  a  rope  from 
one  yard-arm,  with  weights  on  his  legs,  and  a  rope 
fastened  to  him,  leading  under  the  ship's  bottom  to 
the  opposite  yard-arm,  and  being  let  fall  into  the 
water,  he  is  drawn  under  the  ship's  bottom  and 
raised  on  the  other  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEEL'H  AUI^I.NG,  71.  The  act  or  practice  of  punish- 
ing a  ciiiprit  by  drawing  him  under  the  ship. 

KEEL'fIAUL-l.\G,  ppr.  Inflicting  punishment  by 
driwing  under  a  ship. 

KEEL'ING,  71.  A  kind  of  small  cod,  of  which  stock 
fish  is  made. 

KEEL'ING,  ppr.    Plowing  with  a  keel  ;  navigating. 

KEEL'SON,  (kel'sun,)  n.  A  piece  of  timber  in  a 
ship,  laid  on  the  middle  of  the  floor  timbers  over  the 
keel,  fastened  with  long  bolts  and  clinched,  and 
thus  binding  the  floor  timbers  to  the  keel. 

Mar.  DicU 

KEEN,  o.  [Sax.  cctic  ;  G.  kiihn  ;  D.  koen  ;  properly, 
bold,  stout,  eager,  daring,  from  shooting  forward. 
Class  Gn.] 

_  1.  Eager ;  vehement ;  as,  hungry  curs  too  keen  at 
ific  sport.  Tatler. 
The  the«p  ven  to  keen  on  the  acorns.  UE$trange. 

2.  Eager ;  sharp  j  as,  a  iff7i  appetite. 

3.  Sharp;  having  a  verj'  fine  edge;  as,  a  keen 
razor,  or  a  razor  with  a  keen  edge.  We  say,  a  icen 
edge,  but  a  sharp  point. 

4.  Piercing;  penetrating;  severe;  applied  to  cold 
or  to  wind  ;  as,  a  keen  wind  ;  the  cold  is  very  keen. 

5.  Hitter;  piercing;  acrimonious;  aa,  keen  satire 
or  sarcasm. 

C;<xhJ  fttlhrr  CATvlinil,  cry  Ihou  Kineo 

To  n.y  keen  cur....  Shak. 

G.  Acute  of  mind  ;  sharp ;  penetrating. 

Rich.  Diet. 


KEEN,  B.  f.    To  sharpen.    [Unusual.]  Thomson. 
KEEN'-EV-KD,  (  Ide,)  a.    Having  acute  sight.  Mien. 
KEEN'LY,  arfo.    Eagerly:  vehemently. 

2.  Sharply  ;  severely  ;  bitterly. 
KEEN'NESS,  n.     Eagerness;  vehemence;  aa,  the 
keenness  of  hunger. 

2.  Sharpness ;  fineness  of  edge ;  as,  the  keenness 
of  a  razor. 

3.  The  quality  of  piercing ;  rigor  ;  sharpness  ;  as, 
the  keenness  of  the  air  or  of  cold. 

4.  Asperity  ;  acrimony  ;  bitterness ;  as,  the  keen- 
ne.is  of  satire,  invective,  or  sarcasm. 

5.  Acuteness  ;  sharpness  ;  as,  the  keenness  of  wit. 
KEE.\'WIT-TED,  a.    Having  acute  wit  or  disccrn- 

iiient.  Scott. 
KEEP,  V.  t. ;  fret,  and  pp.  Kept.    [Sax.  crpan,  Syr. 

kaba,   Eth.  aliaba,  to  keep.  Class 

Gb,  No.  68,  85.  The  word  coincides  in  elements 
with  have,  L.  habeo,  and  cupio ;  but  1  think  the  radi- 
cal sense  to  be  different.] 

1.  To  hold  ;  to  retain  in  one's  power  or  posses- 
sion ;  not  to  lose  or  part  with  ;  as,  to  keep  a  house  or 
a  farm  ;  to  keep  any  thing  in  the  memory,  mind,  or 
heart. 

2.  To  have  in  custody  for  security  or  preservation. 

The  crown  of  Slephanns,  firsl  king  of  Hungary,  wiu  nlwajri 
kept  in  Ihc  caallc  of  Vic.-gratlu.  KnoUet. 

3.  To  preserve  ;  to  retain. 

Tlie  I.onl  Goi\,  merciful  and  gracioufl,  keeping  mercy  for  Ihou- 
8JU)(l8.  —  Kx.  xxxiv. 

4.  To  preserve  from  falling  or  from  danger ;  to  pro- 
tect ;  to  g\iard  or  sustain. 

And  tiehold,  I  am  with  tlicc,  and  will  keep  Uiee.  —  Gen.  xxviii. 
Luke  iv. 

5.  To  hold  or  restrain  from  departure  ;  to  detain^ 
Thil  1  m.iy  know  what  keep*  inc  here  with  you.  J}ryden. 

6.  To  tend  ;  to  have  the  care  of. 

And  the  Lord  Owl  took  the  man  and  put  him  in  the  paidea  of 
Kdeii ,  to  dn-M  it  and  to  keep  il.  —  Ocn.  ii. 

7.  To  tend  ;  to  feed  ;  to  pasture  ;  as,  to  keep  a 
flock  of  sheep  or  a  herd  of  cattle  in  a  yard  or  in  a 
field.    He  keeps  his  horses  on  oats  or  on  hay. 

8.  To  preserve  in  any  tenor  or  state.  Keep  a  stiflT 
rein. 

Keep  the  constitution  sound.  Addieon. 

9.  To  regard  ;  to  attend  to. 

While  the  surs  and  course  of  hearen  1  keep.  Dryden. 

10.  To  hold  in  any  state  ;  as,  to  keep  in  order. 

11.  To  continue  any  state,  course,  or  action  ;  as, 
to  keep  silence ;  to  keep  the  same  road  or  the  same 
pace  ;  to  keep  reading  or  talking  ;  to  keep  a  given  dis- 
tance. 

12.  To  practice  ;  to  do  or  perform  ;  to  obey  ;  to 
observe  in  practice  ;  not  to  neglect  or  violate  ;  as,  to 
keep  the  laws,  statutes,  or  commandments  of  God. 

Scripture. 

13.  To  fulfill  ;  to  perform  ;  as,  to  keep  one's  word, 
promise,  or  covenant. 

11.  To  practice  ;  to  use  habitually  ;  as,  to  keep  bad 
hours.  Pope. 

15.  To  copy  carefully. 

Her  servant's  eyes  were  fixed  upon  her  face, 

Aiul  as  she  moved  or  turned,  her  motions  viewed. 

Her  imasures  kept,  and  step  by  step  pursued.  Dryden. 

16.  To  observe  or  solemnize. 

Ye  shall  keep  it  a  feast  to  the  Lord.  —  Ex.  xii. 

17.  To  hoard  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  supply  with  neces- 
saries of  life.  'The  men  are  kept  at  a  moderate  price 
per  week. 

18.  To  have  in  the  house  ;  to  entertain  ;  ns,  to 
keep  lodgers. 

19.  To  maintain ;  not  to  intermit ;  as,  to  keep 
watch  or  guard. 

20.  To  hold  in  one's  own  bosom  ;  to  confine  to 
one's  own  knowledge  ;  not  to  disclose  or  conimiiiii- 
cate  to  others  ;  not  to  betray  ;  as,  to  keep  a  secret ; 
to  keep  one's  own  counsel. 

21.  To  have  in  pay  ;  as,  to  keep  a  servant. 

To  keep  back;  to  reserve  ;  to  withhold  ;  not  to  dis- 
close or  communicate. 

I  will  keep  nothing  back  from  you.  —  Jer.  xHi. 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  prevent  from  advancing. 

Keep  b(Kk  thy  sTvanl  also  from  prrsuniptuous  sins. —  Ps.  xix. 

3.  To  reserve  ;  to  withhold  ;  not  to  deliver. 
.acts  V. 

TV  keep  company  trith  ;  to  frequent  the  society  of; 
to  associate  with.  Let  youth  ieep  company  with  the 
wise  and  good. 

2.  To  accompany  ;  to  go  with  ;  as,  to  keep  company 
vith  one  on  a  journey  or  voyage. 

Til  keep  down  :  to  prevent  from  rising ;  not  to  lift 
or  suffer  to  be  raised. 

To  keep  in ;  to  prevent  from  escape  ;  to  hold  in 
confinement. 

2.  To  conceal ;  not  to  tell  or  disclose. 

3.  To  restrain  ;  to  curb.  Locke. 
To  keep  off:  to  hinder  from  approach  or  attack  ;  aa, 

to  keep  off  an  enemy  or  an  evil. 

To  keep  under;  to  restrain  ;  to  hold  in  subjection  ; 


TtNE,  BULL,  QNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


80' 


BBB 


6^7 


KEL 

as,  to  kfpp  under  an  antasioiiist  or  a  conquered  coun- 
try ;  to  keep  under  tile  appetites  and  passions. 

Til  keep  up;  to  maintain;  to  prevent  from  falling 
or  diinintition  ;  as,  to  keep  up  tlie  [irice  of  goods  j  to 
keep  up  one's  credit. 

2.  'J'o  maintain  ;  to  continue  j  to  binder  from 
ceasing. 

In  joy,  that  wliich  keeps  up  the  action  is  the  desire  to  continue  it. 

Locke. 

To  keep  out;  to  hinder  from  entering  or  talcing  pos- 
session. 

To  keep  bed;  to  remain  in  bed  without  rising;  to 
be  conlined  to  one's  bed. 

To  keep  house;  to  maintain  a  family  state.  Ilis  in- 
come enables  him  to  keep  house. 

2.  To  remain  in  the  house;  to  be  confined.  His 
feeble  Itealth  obliges  him  to  keep  house. 

To  keep  from  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  prevent  approach. 

To  keep  a  school ;  to  maintain  or  support  it ;  as,  the 
town  or  its  inhabitants  keep  ten  schools ;  more  -proper- 
hj,  to  govern  and  instruct  or  teacli  a  school,  as  a  pre- 
ceptor. 

To  keep  a  term,  in  univcrsitiesj  is  to  reside  during  a 
term. 

KEEP,  V.  i.  To  remain  in  any  state  ;  as,  to  keep  at  a 
distance ;  to  keep  aloft ;  to  keep  near  ;  to  keep  in  the 
house  ;  to  keep  before  or  behind  ;  to  keep  in  favor  ;  to 
keep  out  of  company,  or  out  of  reach. 

2.  To  last ;  to  endure ;  not  to  perish  or  be  impaired. 
Seek,  for  winter's  use,  apples  that  will  keep. 

If  the  malt  is  not  thoroughly  dried,  the  ale  it  makes  will  not 
keep.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  lodge  ;  to  dwell ;  to  reside  for  a  time. 
Knock  at  the  study,  where,  they  say,  he  keeps.  Sliak. 

To  keep  from  ;  to  abstain  ;  to  refrain. 

To  keep  to  ;  to  adhere  strictly  ;  not  to  neglect  or  de- 
viate from  ;  as,  lo  keq)  to  old  customs;  to  keep  to  a 
rule  ;  to  keep  to  one's  word  or  promise. 

To  keep  on ;  to  go  forward  ;  to  proceed  ;  to  tiontinue 
to  advance.  Drijden. 

To  keep  np ;  to  remain  unsubdued  ;  or  not  to  be 
confined  to  one's  bed. 

In  popular  lan^ua^e^  this  word  signifies,  to  con- 
tinue ;  to  repeat  continually  ;  not  to  cease. 
KEEP,  7!.    Custody  ;  guard  ;  care  or  keeping  ;  as,  the 
keep  of  a  horse.    [Little  used.]  Dnjden. 

2.  Colloquiallij,  case  ;  condition  ;  as,  in  good  keep. 

fVade. 

3.  Guardianship  ;  restraint.    [Little  used.] 

Jlscham. 

4.  A  stronghold  in  the  middle  of  a  castle,  the  last 
resort  in  a  siege.  Campbell's  Mif,  Diet. 

5.  A  place  of  security  ;  in  old  castles,  the  dungeon. 
KEEP'EK,  n.    One  who  keeps;  one  that  hcids  or  has 

possession  of  any  thing. 

2.  One  who  retains  in  custody  ;  one  who  has  the 
care  of  a  prison  and  the  custody  of  prisoners. 

3.  One  who  has  the  care  of  a  park  or  other  inclos- 
ure,  or  the  custody  of  beasts  ;  as,  the  keeper  of  a  park, 
a  pound,  or  of  sheep. 

4.  One  who  has  the  care,  custody,  or  superintend- 
ence of  any  thing. 

In  Great  Britain,  the  keeper  of  the  great  seal  is  a 
lord  by  his  office,  and  one  of  the  privy  council.  All 
royal  grants,  commissions,  and  charters  pass  through 
his  hands.  He  is  constituted  lord  keeper  by  the  de- 
livery of  the  great  seal.  The  keeper  of  Die  prioy  seal 
is  also  a  lord  by  his  office,  and  a  member  of  the  privy 
council. 

KEEP'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  keeper.  [Little 
used.]  Carew. 

KEEP'lN'G,  ppr.  Holding  ;  restraining  ;  preserving  ; 
guarding;  prolexting  ;  performing. 

KEEP'I.N't;,  n.  A  holding ;  restraint ;  custody ;  guard; 
preservation. 

2.  Feed  ;  fodder.    The  cattle  have  good  keepinir. 

3.  In  paintinir,  the  observance  of  a  due  proportiftn 
in  the  general  light  and  coloring  of  a  picture,  so  that 
a  proper  harmony  and  gradation  prevail  throughout 
the  whole.  Brown. 

Hence, 

4.  In  popular  use,  just  proportion  ;  conformity  ; 
congruity  ;  consistency ;  as,  these  subjects  are  in 
keepinir  with  each  other.  Heed. 

KEEP'IiNO-ROOM,  n.    A  Common  parlor  or  sitting- 
room  in  which  a  family  generally  live.  Forby. 
[  Si/meiimes  used  in  J^Tcw  England.] 
KEhP'.^AKE,  n.    Any  thing  kept,  or  given  to  bo  kept, 

for  the  sake  of  the  giver  ;  a  token  of  friendship. 
KEEVi:,  71.    [Fr.  cuvc.J 

A  largo  verirfel  for  fermenting  liquors;  a  beor-tub  ; 
a  niaxhing  tub.  [f,ociil.] 
KEE  VE,  7:.  t.    To  set  in  a  kecvc  for  fermentation. 

y.  To  tip  up  a  cart.  Jiay. 
KEI  'KE  KIE,  n.    See  Kikkekil. 
Kllii,  n.     [  Vr.  raque.] 
A 


Cm. 


Hiiiall  ca»k  or  barrel ;  written  more  correctly 

h'KI.K,  r.  I.    To  brat  Houndly.  [Local.] 

KEI.K,  n.    A  blow  ;  large  utoneii.    [Local.]    [tin.  E. 

KELL,  n.    A  sort  of  pottage.    [JVot  used  in  .America.] 

Ainjtwortk. 


KER 

KELL,  71.   The  caul  or  omentum.    [See  Caul,  the 
usual  orthography  of  the  word.]  Wiseman. 
2.  The  chrysalis  of  the  caterpillar.      B.  Junson. 

KELP,  n.  [Ar.-and  Pers.]  The  calcined  ashes  of  sea- 
weed, used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass.  This  is  a 
dark-colored,  alkaline  substance,  which,  in  a  furnace, 
vitrifies  with  silicious  substances,  and  becomes  trans- 
parent glass.  Kncije. 

2.  A  plant.  The  popular  name  of  certain  species 
of  the  genus  Salicomia. 

KELP'IE,  71.  An  imaginary  spirit  of  the  waters,  in  the 
form  of  a  horse,  who  is  vulgarly  believed  to  warn,  by 
preternatural  noises  and  lights,  those  who  are  to  be 
drowned  in  that  neighborhood.  [Scottish.] 

Jamieson's  Scottish  Dictionary. 

KEL'PON.    See  Keelson. 

KEL'TER,  7i.  [Dan.  kilter,  to  gird,  to  truss  up ;  kilte,  a 
folding.] 

Regular  order  or  condition  ;  as,  to  be  out  of  kelter. 

KE.MB,  r.  t.    [Sax.  cemhan,  to  comb.]  [Barrow. 
To  comb,  which  see.    Kcmb  is  an  obsolete  orthog- 
raphy. B.  Jonson.  Dryden. 

KEM'E-LIN,  77.    [an.  Or.  K[i,iri\iny,  furniture.] 

A  tub;  a  brewer's  vessel.    [J^ol  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

KEN,  V.  I.  [\V.  ceniaw,  to  see  ;  ceiniiiw,  to  take  a  view, 
to  perceive  ;  ^^■hich  Owen  deduces  fnun  can,  cain, 
clear,  liii'jlit,  fair,  white,  and  sight,  brightness,  and 
this  ciiinriili-s  w  ith  L.  cauus,  white,  ciineo,  to  be 
white,  and  this  with  L.  euno,  to  sing,  canto.  Eng.  to 
cant,  to  chant.  These  coincide  in  elements  with  G. 
kcnnen,  to  know,  erkennen,  to  see,  know,  discern  ;  D. 
kennen,  Sw.  kunna,  Dan.  kiender,  to  know,  to  be  able  ; 
Sax.  connan,  cunnan,  Gtith.  kunnan,  to  know.  In  Sax. 
cennan  is  to  bear,  L.  gignn,  Gr.  )  cin  aio.  The  r.adical 
sense  is,  to  strain,  extend,  reach.  In  Sans,  kunna  is 
an  eye.    See  Can.] 

1.  To  see  at  a  distance  ;  to  descry. 

We  ken  them  from  alar.  AdtltBon. 

2.  To  know  ;  to  understand.  [Obs.]  Shak.  Oay. 
[  This  verb  is  used  chiejlij  in  poetry.] 

KEN,  V.  i.    To  look  round.  Burton. 
KEN,  71.    View ;  reach  of  sight. 

Coaalinir  they  kepi  the  lantl  within  their  Acn.  Dryden. 

KEN'DAI.-GREEN,  n.  A  species  of  green  cloth  made 
at  Kendal.  Shak. 

KEN'NEL,  71.  [Fr.  chcnil ;  It.  canile ;  from  L.  caiiis,  a 
dog.] 

1.  A  house  or  cot  for  dogs,  or  for  a  pack  of  hounds. 

2.  A  pack  of  hounds,  or  tlieir  cry.  Encyc. 

3.  'I'he  h(de  of  a  fox  or  other  beast  ;  a  haunt. 
Hence,  the  fox,  when  driven  out,  Is  said  to  be  un- 
kcnneled.  Brande. 

KEN'NEL,  71.    [It.  canale;  Fr.  canal;  Eng.  channel.] 

1.  The  watercourse  of  a  street ;  a  little  canal  or 
channel. 

2.  A  puddle. 

KEN'NEL,  V.  i.  To  lodge  ;  to  lie  ;  to  dwell ;  as  a  dog 
or  a  fox. 

The  liog  kenneled  in  a  hollow  tree.  Estrange. 

KEN'NEL,  11.  t.    To  keep  or  confine  in  a  kennel. 
KEN'NEL  eOAL.    See  0  vnnel  Coal.  [Tatler. 
KEN'NI:L-7U1),  pp.    Kept  in  a  kennel. 
KE.\'NEL-I.\G,  yi/ir.    Keeping  in  a  kennel. 
KE.N'NING,  n.    View  ;  sight.  Bacon. 
KEN'TLE,  (ken'tl,)  n.    [\V.  cant,  a  hundred  ;  L.  cen- 
tum.] 

In  commerce,  a  hundred  pounds  in  weight ;  as,  a 
kentle  of  fish.     [It  is  written  and  pronounced  also 

(iiriNTAL.] 

KENT'LEDGK,  n.    In  seamen's  language,  pigs  of  iron 

for  ballast  laid  on  the  lluor  of  a  ship.      Mar.  Diet. 
KEPT,  pre/,  and  ;>;/.  of  Keep. 

KEPT'-MIS'TRESS,  n.  A  concubine,  or  woman  kept 
by  a  particular  intlividual  as  his  paiamoiir. 

Booth. 

KEI!1!'-ST(1NE,  KIltn'-SToNE.  See  Curb  Stone. 
KER'CIIIEF,  (ker'chif,)  71.    [Cimtracted  from  cover- 

chirf ;  Fr.  couvrir,  lo  cover,  anil  chef,  the  head,  Cliau- 

cer.] 

1.  A  head-dress  ;  a  cloth  to  cover  the  head.  Shak. 

2.  A  cloth  iiseil  in  dress.  Hayward. 

The  Word  is  now  seldom  used,  excefit  in  its  com- 
pound. Handkerchief,  and  sometimes  Necker- 
chief. 

KEIl'CIUEF-KD,  )  a.    Dressed  ;  hooded  ;  covered. 
KF.Il't'lllEl"]',     i  Milton. 
KERF,  n.    [Sax.  eyrf :  ccorfan,  cearfan,  to  cut,  Enc.  to 
earoc ;  i).  kerf,  a  notch  ;  kcrvcft,  to  cut ;  G.  kerb,  ker- 
ben,  Ir.  cearb.] 

The  cut  of  an  ax,  a  saw,  or  other  instrument;  the 
notch  or  slit  made  in  wood  by  cutting. 
s  o 

KER'IMKiS,  II.  [Ar.  v3  /i/rmiVaii,  Coccus  baphica. 
CaslelL]  '  ' 

In  looloiry,  an  obstdeto  name  of  the  Coccus  Ilicls, 
an  insect  iirodiiceil  upon  the  (iuercus  Ilex,  a  small 
species  of  oak  growing  in  Ilu;  south  of  Europe.  This 
in-ect  is  full  of  reddish  juice,  which  is  used  in  dyeing 
ri'tl.    Ilcnre  the  word  ('kimson. 

KEU'.MkS  MIN'IMt-AL,  11.  A  salt  composed  of  two 
eipiualeiit.i  of  sesipiisulphid  of  antimony  with  one 


KEY 

equivalent  of  sesquoxyd  of  antimony.   It  has  an  or- 
ange-red  color. 
KERN,  71.    An  Irish  footman  or  foot-soldier.  Spenser. 

2.  In  English  law,  an  idle  person  or  vagabond. 

Encyc. 

3.  Among  printers,  that  part  of  a  type  which  hangs 
over  the  hotly  or  shank.  .^dams. 

KERN,  71.    A  hand-mill  consisting  of  two  stones,  one 
of  which  is  turned  by  the  hand.    [Usually  written 
CiUEBN,  which  see.] 
2.  A  churn.  [Obs.] 

KERN,  V.  i.  [G.  and  D.  kern,  a  kernel ;  G.  kcrnen,  to 
curdle.] 

1.  'I'o  harden,  as  corn  in  ripening.  Carew. 

2.  To  take  tlic  form  of  corns ;  to  granulate. 

Qrew, 

KERN'-B.^-IiV,  71.      [corn   and  baby.]     An  image 

dressed  with  corn,  and  carried  before  reapers  to 

their  harvest-home.  [Obs.] 
KERN'EL,  71.    [.Sax.  cyrncl,  a  little  corn,  grain,  or  n.i'  , 

(J.  and  D.  kern  ;  Fr.  cerneaa ;  W.  cwaren,  a  gland,  a 

kernel.] 

1.  The  edible  substance  contained  in  the  shell  of  a 
nut.  More. 

2.  At\y  tiling  included  in  a  shell,  husk,  or  integu- 
ment ;  a  grain  or  corn  ;  as,  a  kernel  of  wheat  or  oats. 

3.  The  seed  of  pulpy  fruit ;  as,  the  kernel  of  an 
apple.  Bacon. 

4.  The  central  part  of  any  thing ;  a  small  mass 
around  which  other  matter  is  concreted  ;  a  nucleus. 

.^rbutJinot^ 

5.  A  hard  concretion  in  the  flesh. 

KERN'EL,  I'.  !.  To  harden  or  ripen  into  kernels,  as 
the  seeds  of  plants. 

KERN'EL-£1),  a.    Having  a  kernel. 

KERN'EL-LY,  a.  Full  of  kernels ;  resembling  kern- 
els. 

KEK'SEY,  71.    [D.  kcrzaai;  Fr.  carisct ;  Sp.  carisea.] 
A  species  of  coarse,  woolen  cloth  ;  a  coarse  stufT 
made  chiefiy  in  Kent  and  Devonshire,  England. 

Encyc. 

KER'SEY-MeRE,  71.    A  twilled  woolen  cloth  ;  cassi- 

inere.    [The  more  common  spelling  is  Cassimere.] 
KERVE,  7!.  t.    To  carve.    UVot  used.] 
KERV'ER,  71.    A  carver.    [A''ot  used^ 
KE'SAK,  71.    [from  Cesar.]    An  emperor.  [06s.] 

Spenser. 

KES'LOP,  71.  The  stomach  of  a  calf  prepared  for 
rennet,  %  Oro.ie. 

KES'TREL,  71,  A  bird  of  the  genus  Faico,  or  hawk 
kind  ;  called,  also,  stannel  and  jrindhovrr.  It  builds 
in  hollow  oaks,  and  feeds  on  quails  and  other  small 
birds.  Encyc. 

KETCH,  71.    [Fr.  quaiclie ;  G.  and  D.  /ate.] 

A  vessel  with  two  masts,  a  main  and  mizzen-mast, 
usually  from  100  to  250  tons  burden.  Ketches  are 
generally  used  as  yachts  or  as  bomb-vessels.  The 
latter  are  called  bomb-ketches.  Mar.  Diet. 

KETCH'UP,  71.    A  sauce.    [See  Catchup.] 

KET'TI-E,  71.  [Sax.  cetl,  cetel,  or  cytel ;  G.  kessel ;  D. 
ketel ;  Uan.  kedel :  Sw,  kit/el ;  Russ.  kote.l.] 

A  vessel  of  iron  or  other  metal,  with  :i  wide  mouth, 
usually  without  a  cover,  used  for  heating  and  boiling 
water  or  other  liquor. 

Among  the  Tartars,  a  kettle  represents  a  family,  or 
as  many  as  feed  from  one  kettle. 

Among  the  Dutch,  a  battery  of  mortars  sunk  in  the 
eaith  is  called  a  kettle.  Encyc. 

KE  T'TLE-DRUM,  n.  A  drum  maile  of  a  copper  ves- 
sel like  a  kettle,  covered  with  parchment.  It  is  now 
seldom  used.  Booth. 

KET'Tl.E-DRUM-MER,  71.  The  man  who  beats  the 
kettle-drum. 

KET'TLF.-PINS,  II.    Nine-pins;  skittles. 

Ki;V'EL,  71.  In  ships,  a  piece  of  timber  serving  to  be- 
lay the  sheets  or  great  ropes  by  which  the  bottoms  of 
the  fore-sail  and  main-sail  are  extended.   Mai:  Diet. 

2.  A  species  of  antelope  founil  in  Africa.  It  is 
similar  to  the  gazelle  in  its  manners  and  habits. 

P.  Cyc. 

KEX,  71.     Hemlock;  the.  stem  of  the  te.asel  ;  a  dry 

stalk.    [See  Kkcksv.] 
Key,  (ke,)  II.    [Sax.  ca-g.] 

1.  Ill  a  general  sense,  a  fastener  ;  that  which  fast- 
ens ;  as  a  piece  of  wood  in  the  frame  of  a  building, 
or  in  a  chain,  &c. 

2.  An  instriinient  for  shutting  or  npiMiing  a  lock,  by 
pushing  the  bolt  one  way  or  llie  other.  Keys  tire  of 
various  forms,  anil  filled  to  the  wards  of  the  locks  to 
which  they  belong. 

3.  An  iiistrunient  by  which  something  is  screwed 
or  turned  ;  as,  the  key  of  a  watch  or  other  chronom- 
eter. 

4.  The  stone  which  binds  an  arch.  [See  Ket- 
Stone.] 

,5.  In  an  organ  ox  hnriisiehord,  the  key,  or  finger- 
key,  is  a  little  lever  or  pu  re  in  llii'  fore  part  by  which 
the  inslrunM  iit  is  played  on  by  the  fingers. 

fi.  in  musie,  the  key,  or  key  nntr,  is  the  fundamen- 
tal note  or  lone  lo  wliirh  llie  \\'hole  piece  is  ;icromino- 
dateil,  and  with  wliii  li  it  usually  begins  and  always 
ends.  There  are  two  keys,  one  of  the  major  and 
one  of  (he  minor  mode.  Key  sometimes  signifies  a 
scale  or  system  of  intervals.  Roiuseau, 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^Uh,  WH^T — MRTE,  PHfiY.  — PINE,  MAIHNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


638 


KID 


KIL 


KIN 


7.  An  index,  or  tliat  which  serves  to  explain  u  ci- 
pliir.  Ilcncr, 

8.  Tliiil  which  serves  to  explain  any  thing  difficult 
to  be  nndrrslooil. 

y.  In  //if  Human  Catholic  church,  ecclesii'istical  juris- 
diction, or  the  power  of  the  pope  ;  or  the  power  of 
exconiniiinicating  or  uh^lvin^;.  Kneiic. 

10.  A  ledge  or  lay  of  rocks  near  the  surface  of  the 
water; 

11.  The  husk  containing  the  seed  of  an  ash. 

ErclifTt, 

KkY,  (ke,)  n.  [Ir.  crigh;  D.  Aviai ;  G.  kai ;  Vr.  i/vai : 
Arm.  The  word  is  prc»hably  contracted  from  the 
rout  ol  the  precedin;;  word,  signifying  to  hohl,  make 
fast,  restrain.    Class  Cg.] 

.A  hank  or  wharf  built  on  the  side  of  a  river  or 
harbor,  for  the  convenience  of  loadinu  and  unloadinR 
slii|>s,  and  securing  tlii  m  in  their  stations.  Hence, 
keys  are  furnished  with  posts,  rin^s,  cranes,  cap- 
stans, SiC.    It  is  sometimes  written  Uuav.  Encyc. 

KtcY'AGE,  n.  Money  paid  for  the  use  of  a  key  or 
quay. 

Ki:Y'-Bf).ARn,  n.    In  music,  the  wliole  range  of  the 

keys  of  an  organ  or  forte-piano. 
KEY'-eol.lJ,  a.  Cold  as  an  iron  key ;  lifeless.  [Obs.] 

ShaJi. 

KKY'F.T),a.    Furnished  with  keys;  as,  a  keyed  instru- 

9.  Set  to  a  key,  as  a  tune.  [ment. 
KeY'-IIoI.K,  fi.    .\  hole  or  aperture  in  a  door  or  lock, 

fur  receiving  a  key. 

KkY'-STo.NE,  n.  The  stone  on  the  top  or  middle  of 
an  arch  or  vauh,  which,  being  wider  at  the  top  than 
at  the  bottom,  enters  like  a  wi  dge  and  binds  tlie 
work  ;  jtrojtcrly,  t\w  fiuitrninir-stottc. 

KIIA.N,  (kawii,)  «.    in  Per.Ha,  a  governor  of  a  prov- 
ince ;  among  Uie  Tartars,  it  is  equivalent  to  hinrr  or 
prince.  Eton. 
'2.  An  Eastern  inn  or  caravansarj'. 

KItA\''ATE,  (kawn'atc,)  «.  The  (loniinion  or  juris- 
diction of  a  khan.  Tooke. 

KIBE,  ;i.  [This  word  has  the  elements  of  chap,  gap, 
gape.   Class  Gb,  No.  7.    Perhaps  it  is  of  Persian  ori- 


gin, ^iX/Ol^Ej  ^q/IJun,  to  crack,  to  split.  Ciu.  Dan. 

kiebe,  the  chops.] 

A  chap  or  crack  in  the  flesh  occasioned  by  cold  ; 
an  ulcerated  chilblain  ;  as  in  the  heels. 

KIU'KD,  (I.  Ch.apped  ;  cracked  with  cold;  affected 
with  chilblains  ;  as,  kibtd  \\i:vU.  Darwiu. 

KI-BITK.i,  n.  .K  Tartar  vehicle,  consisting  of  a 
frame  of  wood  rounded  at  top,  covered  with  felt,  and 
placed  on  wheels,  serving  ;ls  a  kind  of  movable  hab- 
Uation.  Life  uf  llcber. 

KIR'Y,  n.    Afferled  with  kibes. 

KICK,  V.  t.    [\V.  ciontir,  from  cic,  the  foot.  Owen. 


Pers. 


-g\ ^— ^,  a  kn 


,  a  kicking.] 


To  strike  with  the  foot ;  as,  a  horse  kick.s  a  servant ; 
a  man  kick.-'  a  dog. 
KICK,  r.  I.    To  practice  striking  with  the  foot  or  feet ; 
as,  a  horse  accustomed  to  kick. 

2.  To  thrust  out  the  foot  or  feet  with  violence, 
either  in  wantonness,  resistance,  anger,  or  contempt ; 
to  manifest  opp«)sitiun. 

\Vhcn-for»*  kick  yr  ai  my  s.icrif)c<  ?  —  I  S-xm.  ii. 
JfiflKiriin  wux-'(i  fit!  .iii<)  ticked.  — l)i-iit.  xxx'n. 
Il  is  lianl  for  Ui'f  lu  kick  a^^iiiiat  tti*^  ^iNuld.  —  Actj  ix. 

KICK,  n.    A  blow  with  the  foot  or  feet ;  a  striking  or 

tlinist  of  the  foot. 
KICK'^.I),  (kikt,)  pp.   Struck  with  the  foot  or  feet. 
KICK'ER,  n.    One  thiit  kicks. 

KICK'ING,  ;i/ir.    Striking  with  the  foot ;  thrusting  out 

the  foot  wjlli  violence. 
KJCK'I.N'G,  n.    'I'he  act  of  striking  with  the  foot,  or 

of  yerking  the  foot  with  vhdem'c.    What  can  not 

be  effected  by  kicking,  may  sometimes  be  done  by 

coaxing. 

KICK'SII  A\V,  ju  [Corrupted  from  Ft.  quclque  chose, 
something.] 

1.  Someiniag  fantastical  or  uncommon,  or  some- 
thing that  h.'is  no  [Kirticiilar  name. 

2.  ,\  dish  so  changed  by  cooking,  that  it  can 
scarcely  be  known.  Johnson. 

KICK'SIIOE,  (kik'shoo,)  n.  A  dancer,  in  contempt  ; 
acaperer;  a  buffoon.  [.\  word  used  only  by  Mil- 
ton.] 

KICK'SY-WICK'SY,  ii.  A  man's  wife,  in  contempt, 
between  whom  and  her  husband  kicks  or  winks 
pass,  as  the  humor  happens.  Shak.  Smart. 

KII),  B.  [Dan.  *iV/;  Sw.  kid,  kidling ;  \V.  cidms,  a 
go,nl,  cidiim,  a  voung  goat;  I,,  hirdii.t :  vulgar  Gr. 
jica;  San.s.  ada':  Turk  gelsi ;  Heb.  Ch.  ;  Syr. 
l*j.^a  kid  ;  Iluss.  kidayu,  to  throw,  to  bring  forth 

young.] 

1.  A  young  goat. 

2.  A  fagot ;  a  bundle  of  heath  and  fur/.e.  Eng. 

3.  A  small  wooden  tub  or  vessel ;  applied,  among 
seamen,  to  one  in  which  they  receive  their  fo<Hi. 

Hollowaii. 


KII),  V.  I.  or  i.    To  bring  forth  a  young  goat. 

'I'o  make  into  a  bundle,  as  fagots.  Eng. 
KID,  V.  t.    [Sax.  cythuH.] 

To  show,  discover,  or  make  known.  [OA.--.] 

Ouwcr. 

KID'DEI),  pp.    Ilrouglit  forlh,  as  n  young  kid. 

KIU'DEK,  ji.    [Sw.  kytu,  to  truck.] 

An  engrosser  of  corn,  or  one  who  carries  corn, 
provisions,  and  merchandise,  about  the  country  for 
sale.  Eng. 

KID'lJLE,  n.  A  kind  of  wear  in  a  river  for  catching 
fish  ;  corriiptly  pronounced  kittle.     Jilagna  Charta. 

KID'DoW,  ?i.  A  web-footed  fowl,  called,  also,  (Ii  ii.- 
LKMoT,  Sea-hen,  or  SKet'T.  Chamber.^. 

KID'Ll.'VtJ,  71.    [Sw.]    A  young  kid.  Browne. 

KID'NAP,  V.  I.  [G.  kinderdieb;  D.  kinderdief,  child 
thief.  Kid  is  usually  supposifli  to  be  cmitracted  from 
kind,  a  cliilil,  in  which  case  ;ia;i  may  be  the  oriental 
3:;,  to  steal.    See  K.nab.] 

To  steal  a  human  being,  man,  woman,  or  child  ; 
or  to  sei/.e  and  forcibly  carry  away  any  person  what- 
ever from  his  own  cuuiury  or  state  into  another. 

Eiiciic. 

KID'NAP-PED,  (kid'napt,)  ;);).  or  a.  Stolen  or  forci- 
bly carrieit  away,  as  a  human  being. 

Klli'NAP-PEU,  li.  One  who  steals  or  forcibly  carries 
away  a  human  being  ;  a  man-stealer. 

KI11'N.\1'-PI.\G,  ppr.  Stealing  or  forcibly  carrying 
away  human  beings, 

KII)'i\.\P-riNG,  II.  The  act  of  stealing  or  forcible  ab- 
duction of  a  human  being  from  liis  own  counliy  or 
state.  This  crime  was  capitid  by  theJewish  law,  and 
in  modern  times  is  highly  penal. 

KID'NEY,  n.  [1  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  oth- 
er language.] 

1.  The  kidneys  are  two  oblonr,  llattrned  bodies, 
extending  from  the  eleventh  and  twelllli  ribs,  to 
the  fourth  lumbar  vcrlebia,  behind  the  intestines. 
Their  use  is  to  separate  the  urine  from  the  blood. 

Parr.  Quincy. 

2.  Sort ;  kind.  Sluik. 
[.^  Indicrons  use  of  the  word.] 

3.  A  cant  term  for  a  waiting-servant.  Taller. 
KID'.\KY-I!nAN,  n.    A  sort  of  bean,  so  named  from 

its  resemblance  to  the  kidney.  It  is  of  the  genus 
Phaseolus. 

KID'.N'EY-FOUM,      )  a.    Having  the  form  or  shape 
KID'NEY-SIIAP-KD,  !     of  a  kidney.  Kirtcan. 
KID'NEY-VETCll,  n.    A  [ilant  of  the  genus  Aiitliyl- 
lis, 

KID'iN'EY-VVORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Saxifraga. 
KIE,  It.  pi.    Kine.  [Scottish.] 

KIeE'E-KIL,  71.  A  species  of  clay  called  also  .Meer- 
schaum, used  chiedy  in  forming  the  bowls  of  tobacco 
pipes.    [See  Meerschaum.] 

KII/,  II.  A  Dntch  word,  signifying  a  channel  or  bed 
i>f  a  river,  and  hence  a  stream. 

KIL'OEK-KI.N,  II.    [au.  D.  kinJirkin.] 

A  small  barrel  ;  a  liquid  tnea.sure  containing  two 
firkins,  or  Iti  or  IS  gallons.  Encitc. 

KILL,  V.  t.  [The  Dutch  has  keel,  the  throat,  and  Acci- 
cii,  to  cul  the  throat,  to  kill.  In  Uiiss.  kohju  is  to 
slab.  Hill  this  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  Sax.  cioel- 
laii,  to  kill,  to  quell,  that  is,  to  beat  down,  to  lay  ; 
and  if  so,  it, may  be  connected  with  I),  kicellen,  G. 
quaten,  Sw.  qnilia,  Dan.  qtuelcr,  to  tornient,  but  in 
I)anisli,  to  stitle,  choke,  or  quell.  This  athnity  is 
rendereil  probabli'  by  the  seamen's  phrase,  to  kill  tile 
wind,  that  is,  to  allay  or  destroy  it.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  life,  animal  or  vegetable,  in  any 
manner  or  by  any  means.  To  kill  an  animal  or  a  plant, 
is  to  put  an  end  to  the  vital  functions,  either  by  de- 
stroying or  essentially  injuring  the  organs  necessary 
to  life,  or  by  causing  them  to  cease  from  action.  An 
animal  may  be  killed  by  the  sword  or  by  poison,  by 
disease  or  by  suffocation.  A  strong  solution  of  salt 
will  kill  plants. 

2.  To  butcher;  to  slaughter  for  food;  ns,  to  kill 
an  ox. 

3.  To  quell  ;  to  appease  ;  to  calm  ;  to  still  ;  as,  in 
seamen's  lani:uage,  a  shower  of  rain  kills  the  wind. 

KIL'L.AS,  71.  The  name  of  clay-slatc  among  the  (,'orn- 
ish  miners.  Urr. 

KILL'DEER, )  n.    A  small  bird  in  America,  so  called 

KILL'DEE,  )  friun  its  voice  or  note;  Charadrius 
voclferiis,  a  s|M'cies  of  plovi-r. 

KILL' /CD,  />p.    Deprived  of  life  ;  quelled  ;  calmed. 

KILL'EK,  II.  Une  who  deprives  of  life  ;  he  or  that 
which  kills. 

KILL'hN't!,  ppr.  or  a.    Depriving  of  life  ;  quelling. 

KILL'I.VG,  II.    A  deprivation  of  life. 

KIL'LI-.NITE,  n.    A  mineral,  a  variety  of  spodumene, 

found  at  Killiney,  in  Ireland.  Taylor. 
KIL'LOW,  71.    An  earth  of  a  blackish  or  deep  blue 

color.  fVoodwurd. 
KILN,  (kil,)  n.    [Sn.T.  ciiZii,  from  eyiene,  a  furnace  or 

kitciien  ;  L.  culina;  W.  cyl,  and  cybjn.] 

1.  .\  large  stove  or  oven  ;  a  fabric  of  brick  or  stone 
which  may  be  heated  for  the  purpose  of  hardening, 
burning,  or  drying  anything;  as,  a  kUn  for  baking 
or  hardening  earthen  vessels;  a  kiln  for  drj  iug  grain 
or  meal. 

2.  A  pile  of  brick  constructed  for  burning  or  hard- 
ening; called  also  a  Urick-kil.v. 


KILN'-DKI-KD,  (kil'drlde,)  or  a.  Dried  In  a 
kiln. 

KILN'-DRV,  (kil'ilrT,)  r.  t.    To  dry  in  a  kiln  ;  as,  to 

kiln-dry  niiNil  or  grain. 
KIL\'-1)K?-I.\(;,    kil'drl-ing,)  ppr.     Drying  in  a 

kiln. 

KIL'O-GRA.M,        (II.    [Fr.  AiV<i»Tami7ie;  Gr.  xiAu.i, 
Klh' OUHJIM.VE,]    a  thousand,  and  J  ijiifijia.  Hce 
Gram.] 

In  the  new  si/stem  of  French  ipeight.'i  and  meo-furen,  a 
thousand  graniines.  According  to  Ltiiiier,  the  kilo- 
graniine  is  eipial  in  weight  to  a  cubic  decimeter  of 
water,  or  two  pounds,  five  drams  and  a  halt'. 
KI-l.()l,'l-Ti;i{,  I  11.  [Fr.  kdulitre;  (Jr.  \iXii,s  a  thoii- 
KII.'  O  l.t-TUE,  \  sand,  and  XiT()a,aGreek  measure. 
See  Liter.] 

In  t'lr  nrw  French  measures, a  thousand  liters;  or 
2IM  gallons,  and  •Il,2:)l  cubic  inches,  .\ccordiiig  to 
Liiniir,  it  is  nearly  equal  to  a  tun  of  wine  of  Hoiir- 
dennx. 

KI  Lo.M'E-TI'li,  I  11.    [Fr.  kilometre;  Gr.  \i\ioi,  a 
tr/I.' U-MK-TIlJi,  \     thousand,  and  ptrpov,  a  me- 
ter.] 

In  the  French  system  of  measures,  a  thousand  me- 
ters ;  the  meter  being  the  unit  of  linear  measure. 
The  kilometer  is  nearly  equal  to  a  ipiaiter  of  a 
French  league.  Lunier. 
KII.T,  II.  .-\  kind  of  short  petticoat,  reaching  from  the 
belly  to  the  knees,  worn  by  men  in  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland,  and  by  children  in  the  Lowlands. 

Brande, 

KILT,  V.  t.     To  tuck  up ;  to  tru.ss  up,  as  the  chithes. 

[  Srn//l.v/l.] 

KILT,  pp.    Killed.  [Obs.] 

KI.M'liO.     )  a.  [Probably  from  the  Celtic  ram, crcKiked. 
KIM'lioW,  )     The  Italian  .v'-Acmfco,  crooked,  awry,  is 
from  the  same  source.] 
Crooked  ;  arched  ;  bent ;  as,  a  kimbo  handle. 

Dryden. 

To  set  the  anus  a-kimbo,  is  to  set  the  hands  on  the 
hips,  with  the  elbows  projecting  outw.'ird. 
KIN,  n.  [Sax.  cyn.  cynn,  or  cind,  gecynd,  kind,  genus, 
race,  relation  ;  Ir.  cine  :  G.  ktnd,  a  child  ;  D.  ktud  ; 
\V.  eenal,  cenaw ;  L.  genus;  Gr.  yti'it^;  connected 
with  L.  gigno,  geno,  Gr,  yiixjpai.  Class  Gn,  No.  29, 
See  IJeuix.] 

I.  Relation,  properly,  by  consanguinity  or  blood, 
but  perhaps  sometimes  used  for  relation  by  affinity 
or  marriage. 

Tills  man  is  of  hin  to  me.  Biicon,  Dryden. 

3.  Relatives;  kindred;  persons  of  the  same  race. 

The  fUh^T,  inollicr,  .on]  ih**  kin  l>!»ide.  Dryritn. 

3.  A  relation  ;  a  relative.  Davits. 

4.  The  same  generical  cUiss;  a  thing  related. 

,Atnl  til*?  c.\r-(ItMfriiiiisr  vuicd  of  llis  ofacle, 

Kin  to  Jov.-'b  llitiiitlor.  SluUc. 

5.  As  a  termination,  kin  is  used  ns  a  diminutive, 
denoting  small,  from  the  sense  of  child:  as,  in  mani- 
kin, a  little  man  ;  Tompkin,  IVilkin,  Pipkin. 

KIX,  o.    Of  the  same  nature ;  kindred;  congenial. 

Chaucer. 

KI'NATE,  71.    [D.  Aiiio,  i.  e.  CoicAona.] 

.\  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  kiiiin  acid  with  a 
base.  Ure, 
KIND,  n.    [.Sax.  cyn,  or  cyiiii.    Pee  Kin.] 

1.  Ilaci'  ;  genus  ;  generic  class  ;  as,  in  maniiiiii  or 
human  Aiiic/.  In  technical  language.  Kind  answers 
to  Gem  s. 

2.  Sort,  in  a  sense  more  loose  than  genus ;  as,  there 
are  sevenil  kinds  of  eloquence  and  of  style,  many 
kind^  of  music,  many  kind.i  of  governineiit,  various 
kinds  of  architecture,  or  of  painting,  various  A'iik^  of 
soil,  &c. 

3.  Particular  nature  ;  as,  laws  most  perfect  in  their 
/;iiii/.  Baker. 

4.  Natural  slate  ;  produce  or  commodity,  as  distin- 
guished from  iniuiey  ;  as,  l.axes  paid  in  kind. 

5.  Nature  ;  natural  pro|ionsity  or  determination. 

Some  of  you.  on  pun-  iiiHtiiicI  ot  ti  itor**, 

Air  led  t-y  kin4  to  udiiiir^  yiiur  l-lJowsrrc.'Uurr.  Dryden. 

fi.  iManner;  way.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 
7.  Sort.    He  spoke  with  a  kind  of  scorn  or  con- 
tempt. 

KI.N'I),  a.  [\V.  and  .Arm.  ciin,  kind,  favorable,  attrac- 
tive. In  Ir.  ceann  is  alfection.  This  word  would 
seem  to  be  connected  with  the  preceding,  tint  in 
sense  it  coincitles  best  with  the  Teutonic  gunstig, 
fax'orable,  kind,  from  G.  ^dinuen,  to  be  glad  or  ple.ased, 
to  love  to  see,  to  favor,  1).  •.'uniifii,  to  grant  or  vouch- 
safe.] 

1.  Disposed  to  do  good  to  others,  and  to  make 
them  happy  by  granting  tl«'ir  requests,  supplying 
their  wants,  or  assisting  them  in  distress  ;  having 
tendi^rness  or  goodness  of  nature;  benevolent;  be- 
nignant. 

Goil  is  kinil  to  tht^  undianltfnl  and  to  the  evil.  —  T,uIk  tI. 
Bt*  yo  kind  oni-  lo  nnoilicr,  tciHltfr-Iicart'-il.  —  Eph.  ir. 

2.  Proceeding  from  tenderness  or  goodnesa  of 
heart  .  benevolent ;  as,  a  kind  act ;  a  kind  return  of 
favors. 

KIND'ED,  a.    Begotten.    [Obs.]    [See  Kin.] 

SprnslT, 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


630 


KIN 

KI.N'D'-IIEXRT'ED,  a.  Having  much  kindness  of 
nature.  Iroing. 

KI.N'ULE,  (kin'dl,)  v.  U  [W.  cynneu;  L.  accmJo  ; 
fruni  tlic  ruot  of  candco,  caiieo,  to  be  light  or  wliite, 
to  sliine.] 

1.  To  set  on  fire ;  to  cause  to  burn  with  flame  ;  to 
lijlit ;  as,  to  kindle  a  fire. 

2.  To  intiaine,  as  Ilie  passions  ;  to  exasperate  ;  to 
rouse;  to  provoke;  to  excite  to  action  ;  to  heat;  to 
fire ;  to  animate  ;  as,  to  kindle  anjjer  or  wrath  ;  to 
kinUlr.  resentment ;  to  kindle  the  flame  of  love,  or  love 
into  a  flame. 

So  is  a  contentious  woman  to  kiridle  strife.  —  Prov.  xxvi. 

3.  To  bring  forth.   [Sax.  cc»?ion.]  [JVotuscd.] 

Skuk. 

KIN'DLE,  V.  i.  To  take  fire ;  to  begin  to  bum  with 
flame.  Fuel  and  fire,  well  laid,  will  kindle  without  a 
bellows. 

2.  To  begin  to  rage,  or  be  violently  excited  ;  to  be 
roused  or  exasperated. 

It  shall  kiruUe  in  tlie  tliickesl  of  the  forest.  —  Isa.  \x, 

K[N'DL£D,  pp.  Set  on  fire  ;  inflamed  ;  excited  into 
action. 

KIN'DLER,  71.  He  or  that  which  kindles  or  sets  on 
fire. 

KIND'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  kindness  ;  unnatural. 

S/tak, 

KTND'LI-ER,  a.  comp.    More  kindly. 
KIN D'LI-EST,  a.  su;)fr/.    .Most  kindly,  .^insicorth. 
KINU'Ll-NESS,  71.    Aflcction ;  afl'cctionate  disposi- 
tion ;  benignity. 
2.  Natural  disposition.  Milton. 
KIN'DLING,  ppr.    Setting  on  fire;  causing  to  burn 

with  flame;  exciting  into  action. 
KIND'LY,  a.    [See  Ki.nd,  the  noun.]    Homogeneal ; 
conjienial  ;  kindred  ;  of  the  same  nature. 

This  Johnson  supposes  to  be  the  original  sense  ; 
hut  it  is  also  used  as  a  derivative  of  the  adjective,  in 
the  sense  of, 
2.  Mild  ;  bland  ;  softening  ;  as,  kindly  showers. 

Prior. 

KIND'LY,  adv.  With  good  will ;  with  a  disposition 
to  make  others  happy  or  to  oblige  ;  benevolently ; 
favorably.    Let  the  poor  be  treated  kindly. 

Be  kindly  affectioned  one  to  anotlier,  witli  brotherly  love. — 
Ron),  xii. 

And  he  comforted  Uiem,  and  spake  k-indty  to  them.  — Geo.  i. 

KTND'LY-Na'TUR-£D,  (-nat'yurd,)  a.     Having  a 

kind  disposition.  ScoU. 
KIND'NEtfS,  7!.    [from  kind,  the  adjective.] 

1.  Good  will  ;  benevolence  ;  that  temper  or  dispo- 
sition which  delights  in  contributing  to  the  happi- 
ness of  others,  which  is  exercised  cheerfully  in  grat- 
ifying their  wishes,  supplj'ing  their  wants,  or  allevi- 
ating their  distresses  ;  benignity  of  nature.  Kindness 
ever  accompanies  love. 

There  is  no  man  whose  kindness  we  m.ay  not  some  time  want, 
or  by  whose  malice  we  mny  not  some  time  suIIlt.  Rambler. 

2.  Act  of  good  will ;  beneficence  ;  any  act  of  be- 
nevolence which  promotes  the  happiness  or  welfare 
of  others.  Charity,  hospitality,  atteniitms  lo  the 
wants  of  others,  &.C.,  are  deemed  acts  of  kindness,  or 
kindnes.its.    Acts  xxviii. 

KI.V'UKED,  71.  [from  kin,  kind;  Sax.  cynren;  W. 
ccnal,  rrnedyl.'] 

1.  Relation  by  birth  ;  consanguinity. 

Like  her,  of  equal  kindred  to  the  throne.  Dryden. 

2.  Relation  by  marriage  ;  affinity. 

3.  Relatives  by  blood  or  niurriuge,  more  properly 
the  former. 

Thou  shall  go  to  my  country  and  to  my  kindred.  —  Gen.  rxlv. 

4.  Relation;  suit;  connection  in  kind.  Sliak. 
Kr.\'DREI),  a     Related;  congenial;  of  the  like  na- 
ture or  properties ;  as,  kindred  souls  ;  kindred  skies. 

Dryden. 

KI.\E,  71.;  pi.  of  Cow;  D.  koeyen.  )lut  Cows,  the 
regular  plural,  is  now  in  general  use. 

KI.N'G,  71.  [Sax.  cyntr,  cynig,  or  cyninir ;  G.  kSni/r  :  D. 
koninif  :  ^w.  kuniintr,  kuntr  ;  V:in.  konire  ;  VV.  cft/i,  a 
c  liicf,"a  leader,  one  that  attracts  or  draws.  If  the 
Welsh  word  is  the  same,  or  of  the  same  fam- 
ily, it  proves  th.at  the  primary  sen<e  is  a  leader,  n 
guide,  or  one  who  goes  before,  for  the  radical  sense 
of  the  verb  must  be  lo  draw.  It  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  the  Ir.  cean,  hriui,  and  with  the  oriental 
klmn,  or  kamu  The  primary  sense  is  probably  u  head, 
a  leader.] 

1.  The  chief  macistrate  or  sovereign  of  a  nation  ; 
a  man  invested  with  supreme  authority  over  a  nation, 
tribe,  or  country.  Kings  are  absolute  inoiiarchs,  when 
they  p««sc««  the  jHiwers  of  government  without  ctm- 
Irol,  or  the  entire  sovereignty  ovirr  a  nation  ;  they 
are  called  limiud  ninnarcliH,  when  their  jMiwer  is  re- 
•tnilncd  by  fixed  laws.  Kingn  are  hrrrdilary  sove- 
reigns, when  they  hold  the  p^iwers  of  government  by 
right  of  birth  or  inheritance,  and  electioe,  when  raised 
tu  the  throne  by  choice. 

Kings  will  )k  tyraniA  from  policy,  witen  subjects  uv  rcli«>U  from 
princijil'*.  Burks, 

2.  A  sovereign  ;  n  prince  :  a  ruler.  Christ  is  called 
the  King  of  his  church.    Pn.  ii. 


KIN 

3.  A  card  hiiving  the  picture  of  a  king;  as,  the 
iiit^  of  diamonds. 

4.  The  chief  piece  in  the  game  of  chess. 

Kini^  at  arms  ;  an  officer  in  England  of  great  an- 
tiquity, and  formerly  of  great  authority,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  direct  the  heralds,  preside  at  tlieir  chap- 
ters, and  have  the  jurisdiction  of  armory.  There  are 
three  kings  at  arms,  viz.,  garter,  clarencieux,  and 
norroy.  The  latter  [iwrtltroy]  ofliciates  north  of  the 
Trent.  Encyc. 

KING,  V.  t.  In  ludicrous  lantruafre,  lo  supply  with  a 
kina,  or  to  make  ro>  al  ;  to  raise  to  royalty.  Shak. 

KING'-.\P-PLE,  C-ap'l'l,)  «•  A  kiiiil  of  apple,  so 
called. 

KING'HtRD,  71.  An  .\inerican  bird,  a  species  of  the 
genus  Muscicapa.  so  called  from  its  courage  in  at- 
tacking larger  birds. 

KING'CRAKT,  ;i.  The  craft  of  kings  ;  the  art  of  gov- 
erning ;  usually  in  a  bad  sense. 

KING'eUl*,  The  buttercup,  (/{anuncu;«.>- iii/dosiw,) 
a  species  of  crowfoot.  Qay. 

KINU'DOM,  71.    [king  and  f/om,  jurisdiction.] 

1.  The  territory  or  country  subject  to  a  king;  an 
undivided  territory  under  the  dominion  of  a  king  or 
monarch.  The  foreign  possessions  of  a  king  are  not 
usually  included  in  the  term  kintrdovi.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  kintrdunt  of  England,  of  France,  or  of 
Spain,  without  including  the  East  or  West  Indies. 

2.  The  inhabitants  or  population  subject  to  a  king. 
The  whole  kinirdom  was  alarmed. 

3.  In  natural  hiHury,  a  division  ;  as,  the  animal, 
vegetable,  and  mineral  kintrdums. 

4.  A  region  ;  a  tract ;  tiie  place  where  any  thing 
prevails  and  holds  sway  ;  as,  the  watery  kingdom. 

Shak. 

5.  In  Scripture,  the  government  or  universal  do- 
minion of  God.    1  Clirnn.  xxix.    Ps.  cxlv. 

6.  The  power  of  supreme  administration.  1  Sam. 
xviii. 

7.  A  princely  nation  or  state. 

Ye  shall  be  to  me  a  kingdom  of  priests.  —  Ex.  XNC. 

8.  Heaven.   Malt.  xxvi. 

9.  Stale  of  glory  in  heaven.    Matt.  v. 

10.  The  reign  of  the  Messiah.    Matt.  iii. 

11.  Goveriiinent ;  rule;  supreme  administration. 
KING'I)O.M-£l),  a.  Proud  of  royalty.  Sliak. 
KING'FISH-ER,H.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Alcedo,  which 

preys  on  fish. 
KING'HQOD,  K.    .Slate  of  being  a  king.  [Ois.] 

Qowcr. 

KING'LESS,  a.    Having  no  king.  Byron. 
KING'LiKE,  a.    Like  a  kins. 
K I  NG'LI-N  ESS,  71.    State  of  being  kingly. 
KING'LING,  71.    A  little  king. 

KING'LY,  a.  Belonging  to  a  king  ;  suitable  to  a  king  ; 
as,  a  kingly  couch.  Hhak. 

2.  Royal ;  sovereign ;  monarchical ;  as,  a  kingly 
government. 

3.  Noble;  august;  splendid;  becoming  a  king; 
as,  kingly  magnificence. 

KING'LY,  adv.  With  an  air  of  royalty ;  with  a  supe- 
rior dignity. 

Low  twwed  the  rest ;  he,  kingly,  did  but  nod.  Pojte. 

KING'-P6ST,  71.  In  carpentry,  a  beam  in  the  frame  of 
a  roof  rising  from  the  tie-beam  lo  the  ridge.  Oieilt. 

KINGS,  71.  pi.  The  name  of  two  books  of  the  Old 
Testament. 

KING'S'-BENCII',  n.  A  higli  court  or  tribunal  in  Eng- 
land, so  called  because  the  king  used  to  sit  there  in 
person.  It  is  the  supreme  court  of  common  law, 
consisting  of  a  chief  justice  and  three  other  justices. 

Blackstonc. 

KING'S  EN"GLISH,  (ing'glish,)  ti.  An  English 
phrase  for  correct  or  current  language  of  good 
speakers. 

KING'S-K' V/L,  71.  A  disease  of  the  scrofulous  kind. 
KING'SIIIP,  71.    Royalty;  the  state,  office,  or  dignity 

of  a  king.  _  ^^'"g  Charles. 

KING'S'-SPiiAR,  71.    A  plant  of  tlic  genus  Aspliode- 

lus. 

KING'.STONE,  71.    A  fish.  Jiin.-nvorth. 

Pi  itainiiig  to  Cinchona  ;  as,  the  kinic  acid.  Ure. 
KT'NIC,  a.    [U.  kina,  i.  e.  Cinchcmn.] 
KI.\K,  H.    [Sw.  Jiiiii,  I). /ciiijt,  a  bend  or  turn.    Qu.  L. 

ciugo.] 

The  twist  of  a  rope  or  thread,  occasioned  by  a 
spoiitaneiius  winding  of  the  rope  or  thread  when 
doubled,  tliat  is,  by  an  elfort  of  hard-twisted  ropes 
or  threads  to  untwist,  they  wind  about  each  other. 

The  [lackthrcad  will  curl  up,  runnliif  into  loops  or  kinks. 

Knryc.  Art.  Hope. 

KINK,  1-.  i.  I'll  \vind  into  a  kink  ;  to  twist  sponlane- 
ollsly. 

KINK,  71.  A  fit  of  coughing;  a  convulsive  fit  of 
laiighlrr.    r  A'cuf/i,.A.  ] 

KINK'A-JOli,  71.  A  plantigrade,  carnivorous  mammal 
living  in  South  America.  It  is  about  as  largo  as  a 
full-grown  tat,  and  has  a  preliensile  tail.  It  is  the 
Crrcolcples  ciiudivolviilus  of  llliger. 

KINK'IIAUST,  11.    'J  lie  chiiicoiigli.    [JVof  iwcrf.] 

KI'NO,  71.  All  astrinsi  lit  extract  of  a  deep  brownish- 
red  color,  olilaiiK  il  from  various  trees,  /fino  consists 
of  titiiiiin  and  i  xiraciive.  Ure. 


KIT 

KINS'FoLK,  71.  [kin  ani  folk.]  Relations ;  kindred  ; 
persons  of  the  same  family.  [Oiw.] 

KINS'MAN,  71.  [kin  and  vian.\  A  man  of  the  same 
race  or  family  ;  one  related  by  blood.  Dryden. 

KINS'WO.M-AN,  71.    A  female  relation.  Dennis. 

Kf  -OSK',  n.  A  Turkish  open  summer-house,  support- 
ed liy  pillars.  Murdock. 

KIP'PER,  71.  A  term  applied  to  a  salmon,  when  unfit 
to  be  taken,  and  lo  the  lime  when  they  are  so  consid- 
ered. £/l*T. 

KIP'PER-ED-SAL-MON,  (-sam'mun,)  )  71.  A  salmon 
KIP'PER,  i     split  open, 

sailed,  and  dried  or  smoked  ;  a  favorite  dish  in 
Scotland.  Jamieson. 

The  word  kipper  originally  denoted  a  salmon  di- 
rectly after  the  spawning  season  ;  and  as  fish, in  tliis 
state,  are  not  good  for  use  while  fresh,  they  were 
usually  cured  and  hung  up.  Hence  the  word,  which 
properly  denoted  a  spawning  salmon,  came  to  be 
generally  used  for  one  that  is  salted  antl  dried. 

Jamiesoiu 

KIP'-SKIN,  11.  Leather  prepared  from  the  skin  of 
younff  cattle,  intermediate  between  calf-skin  and 
cow-hide. 

KIRK,  (kurk,)  71.  [S.ax.  eyre,  or  ciric;  Gr.  xu/jioiri;, 
from  k  L'oioi,  lord.] 

lu  Scotland,  a  church.  This  is  the  same  word  as 
Church,  differently  written  and  pronounced.  [See 
Church.] 

KIUK'.MAN,  71.    One  of  the  church  of  Scotland. 
KIKSCH'WAS-SER,   >i.     [G.]     A    distilled  liquor, 

obtained  by  fermenting  the  small  black  cherry. 
KIR'TLE,  (ker'tl,)  ?i.    [Sax.  cyrtel ;  Sw.  kivrtel.] 

1.  An  upper  garment ;  a  gown  ;  a  petticoat ;  a 
short  jacket ;  a  mantle.  Johnson.  Encyc. 

2.  A  quantity  of  flax,  about  a  hundred  pounds. 

Encyc. 

[f  know  not  that  tJiis  word  is  vsed  in  America.] 
KtR'TLKD,  (ker'tld,)  a.    Wearing  a  kirtle. 
KISS,  V.  t.    [Sax.  cy.'isaii ;  G.  kiissen  i  D.  kuschen ;  Sw. 
hyssa;  Dan.  Icysser.] 

1.  To  salute  with  the  lips. 

2.  To  treat  Willi  fondness  ;  to  caress. 

The  hearts  of  princes  kiss  obedience.  Shak. 

3.  To  touch  gently. 

When  the  sweet  wind  did  gently  ifcis*  the  tz«e«.  Shak. 

KISS,  71.    A  salute  given  with  the  lips ;  a  common 
token  of  affection, 
a.  A  small  piece  of  confectionery. 

KISS'iCD,  (kist,)  pp.    Saluted  with  a  kiss. 

KISS'ER,  71.    One  that  kisses. 

KISS'ING,  71    Act  of  saluting  with  the  lips. 

KISS'ING,  pjir    Saluting  with  the  lips. 

KISS'ING-eOM'FIT,  (-kum'fit,)  n.  Perfumed  sugar- 
plums to'sweeten  the  breath.  Sluik. 

KISS'ING-CRUST,  n.  In  cookery,  xhe  crust  of  a  loaf 
that  touches  anotlier. 

K  1ST,  71.    A  chest.  [J^otused.] 

KIT,  71.    [D.  kit.] 

1.  A  large  bottle.  Skinner. 

2.  A  small  fiildle.  Orem. 

3.  A  kind  of  fish-tub,  and  a  milk-pail.  Entick. 
[I  know  not  that  this  word  is  used  in  America.] 

4.  The  whole ;  particularly  applied  to  a  soldier's 
complement  of  necessaries,  a  mechanic's  bundle  of 
tools,  &.C.  Grose. 

In  Seottisk,  the  whole  ;  applied  to  one's  property, 
family,  or  lineage,  &c.  Jamieson. 

K1T'-C,\T,  71.  A  term  applied  to  a  club  in  London, 
to  which  Addison  and  Steele  belonged;  so  called 
from  Christopher  CM,  a  pastry  cook,  who  served  the 
club  with  mutton  pies ;  applied  also  to  portraits  a 
little  less  than  a  half  length,  because  such  were 
placeil  in  the  club-room.  Chalmers. 

KITCII'EN,  71.  [Sax.  cycene;  G.  kiichc!  B.  kruken; 
Sw.  kok;  Dan.  kokke ;  VV.  cegin  ;  It.  cucina  ;  L.  co- 
quina  ;  Sp.  cociiio ;  from  the  root  of  L.  coqua,  to 
cook.] 

1.  A  cook-room  ;  the  room  of  a  house  ai>propriated 
to  cookery. 

A  fat  kilehen  makes  o  lean  will.  fyanklin. 

2.  In  ships,  the  galley  or  caboose. 

3.  A  utensil  for  roasting  meat ;  as,  a  t'ln  kitcken. 
KITCII'EN-GAR-I)£N,   n.     A   garden  or  piece  of 

ground  ap|)ropriated  to  the  raising  of  vegetables  for 
the  table. 

K1T(;H'EN-M^TD,  ti.  a  female  servant  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  rli^aii  tln!  kitchen  and  utensils  of  cookery, 
or,  in  general,  to  do  the  work  of  a  kitchen. 

KITCU'EN-STLIFF,  ii.  Fat  collected  from  pots  and 
dripiiingpans.  Donne. 

KITCII'EN-WENCH,  ti.  The  woman  who  cleans 
tlie  kitchen  and  iileiisils  of  cookery. 

KITCMI'EN-WORK,  (kicli'cn-wiirk,)  n.  Work  done 
in  the  kitclien  ;  as  cookery,  washing,  &.c. 

KITE,  Ti.    [Sax.  cyta.] 

1.  A  ra|>acious  bird  of  the  genua  Faico  or  hawk 
kind,  remarkable  for  gliding  through  the  air  without 
freipieiitly  moving  its  wings  ;  hence  culled  Gi.iuE. 

2.  A  name  of  reproach,  denoting  rapacity.  SAnA. 

3.  A  light  frame  t)f  wood  and  paper  constructed 
for  flying  in  the  air  for  the  amusement  of  boys. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  UIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK.— 


640 


KNA 


KITB,  II.    Ill  I'le  nortli  nf  Engluml,  the  bolly. 
KITK'rOO'r,  n.    A  son  of  tobacco,  so  callril. 
KT'l'K'S'rQO  T,  II.    A  plant.  Amsaorth. 
KITH,  II.    [Sax.  cytlilhc] 

Ac(|ii:iintance.    [0&<.]    Kitli  and  kin ;  \ni\mMe  ac- 
quaiiitaiico  and  relationship,  Qotocr. 
KIT'I.I.NG,  II.    [L.  catnlus.] 

A  whrlp  ;  tile  younj;  of  a  beast.  B.  Joiison. 

KIT'TKN,  (kit'lii,)  II.    [0.  kuljr.] 

\  yonni'  rat,  or  the  j'oiiii';  of  the  cat. 
KIT'TK.Nj^kit'lii,)  I).  I.  To  briiis  forth  young,  as  a  cat. 
KIT"I'I-\VaKK,  n.    A  bird  of  the  genus  Larus,  or 
KIT'TI.i:,  /     ,     re.,,    .,  ,     1  [gull  kind. 

To  tickle.    [JVot  Hsri!.]  SJicrwooi!. 
KlT'TLISIl,  a.    Tickli.sh  ;  diHicnlt  to  inauage. 
KIVE,  II.    [Fr.  cure.]        [Sir  fValler  Scott.  Orosf. 

A  inashiug  vat. 
KlVr.ll,  I'.  (.    To  rover.    [Kii/ii-ur.]  Haloet. 
KLICK,  B.  I.    [A  diUerent  orthography  or  diminutive 
of  clack.] 

1.  To  make  a  small,  sharp  sound  by  striking  two 
things  together. 

•2.  In  Scotland,  to  pilfer,  by  taking  with  a  snatch. 

KLICK'iXG  [       ^  regular,  sharp  noise. 
K.XAIl,  viiab,')  ti.  I.    [D.  knappan;  G.  ill.} 

To  seize  with  the  lectli  ;  to  lay  hold  of  or  ajipre- 
hend.    [Vulnar.]  Smart. 

[This  word  may  belong  to  the  root  of  nibble,  and 
it  properly  signifies  to  catch  or  seize  suddenly  with 
the  teeth. 1  L* blstran:;c, 

KNAB'HA;!),  ;!(nabd,) /ip.  Bitten  ;  gnawed  ;  seized. 
KNAli'BLE,  r.  i.    To  bite  or  nibble.    [AVt  itsci/.] 

Broron. 

KN.ACK,  (nak,)  n.  A  little  machine;  a  petty  con- 
trivance ;  a  toy. 

A  knack,  i\  toy,  n  trick,  a  baliy's  cip.  Shak. 
9.  A  readiness  or  dexterity  in  some  slight  opera- 
tion i  habitual  facility  of  performance  ;  dexterity ; 
adroitness. 

My  niiUior  hM  a  ffn»nl  knack  it(  rcinnrlo.  AUerbury. 
Til"  ileal!  wiw  fitmuilj  in  liis  liriic, 

Ami  liiil  u  l«iii<l  ot  knack  Lit  rhyme.  Siei/t. 
3.  A  nice  trick. 
For  how  shoiilil  f^iiitl  colors  ilo  tli"*  knack  7 
Cli.iiiieIl'Oilit  who  Citn  piiint  in  whit."  and  bl.ick  f  Pope. 

KNACK,  (nak,)  v.  i.    [G.  kiiaclien  :  Dan.  knairer.] 

To  crack  ;  to  make  a  sharp,  abrupt  noise.  [Lillle 

used.]  Johnson. 
K.N'ACK'EK,  (nak'cr,)  ii.    A  maker  of  knacks,  toys, 

or  small  work.  Jilortimer. 

2.  A  rope-maker,  or  collar-maker.    [.Vut  in  use.] 

Ainitieorth,  Kntiek. 

3.  One  who  buys  worn-out  horses  for  slaughter, 
and  cnt-i  them  up  for  dog's  meat.    [Knrr.]  Smart. 

K.NACK'ISII,  ^^nak'ish,)  a.    'I'rickisli.  More. 
K.V ACK'ISII-M'.SS,  II.    Artifice  ;  irickishness. 
K.NACK'V,  (iiak'y,)  a.    Having  a  knack  j  cunning; 

rrally.  [/,<icn/.] 
KNA(i,  (nag.)  ii.    [Dan.  Iiiii.t-,  Sw.  knagg,  a  knot  in 

wood,  Ir.  rimir,  \V.  cincc] 

1.  A  knot  Ml  wood,  or  a  protuberant  knot ;  a  wart. 

2.  .A  peg  for  hanging  things  on. 
;t.  The  shiHit  of  a  deer's  horns. 

KNAG'tJY.   fnag'gy,)  a.     Knotty ;   full  of  knots  ; 

rough  with  Knots  ;  hence,  rough  in  temper. 
K.N.M',  (nap,)  n.    [Sax.  ciutp,  W.  cnnp,  a  button;  a 

knob,  I).  A'iiii;i.] 

A  protuberance  ;  a  swelling,    [Little  xised.]  [See 

Knoii.]  Bacon. 
KN.VI*,  (nap,)  r.  r.    [D.  knappen.    Sec  Ksaii.] 

1.  To  bite;  to  bite  olF;  to  hre;ik  short.  [Little 
used.]  More. 

2.  To  strike  with  a  loud  noise.  Same  as  Snap, 
[fMile  used.]  Bacon. 

KNAP,  (nap,)  r.  i.    To  make  a  short,  sharp  sound. 

fVueinan. 

KNAP'IIOT-TI-E,  (nap'lKit-tl,)  n.    A  plant. 

K.\AI"I'ISH,  (nap  pish,)  a.    Snappish.    [See  Sxap.I 

K.\'A1"PLE,  (nap'pl,)  r.  i.  To  break  olF  with  an  ab- 
rupt, sharp  noise. 

KNAP'S.VCK,  (iiap'sak,)  n.  [G.  knappsack;  D.  knap- 
lak,  from  kunppen,  to  eat.] 

A  frame  of  leather,  or  a  sack  for  containing  neces- 
iaries  of  food  and  clothing,  borne  on  the  back  by 
Soldiers,  travelers,  &c, 

KNAP'WEED,  (nap'weed,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Centaurea,  so  called  probably  from  *iia;i,  a  button. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

KNXR,  (nlr,)  n.    [G.  knor,  or  knorren  ;  D.  Aiinr.J 
A  knot  in  wo<id.  On/den. 

KN.XRL'KD,  (irirlil,)<i.    Knotted.    [See  Gnarled.] 

'^■'^'•^'Vl'^'' ("■''■'fe,)  o.    Knotty.  Chaucer. 

K.NAVE,  (nive,)  n.  [Sax.  riiii;m  or  cnn/n,  a  l«iy  ;  G. 
kuahc ;  I),  knaap :  Dan.  Aiini  ;  oritinallii,  a  boy  or 
young  man,  then  a  servant,  and  las'tly  a  rogue.] 

1.  A  boy  ;  a  man-child.  [Obs.] 

2.  .A  servant.    [Obs.]  Drydm. 

3.  A  false,  deceitful  fellow  ;  a  dishonest  man  or  boy. 
In  <l'li«iH:c  of  Jenioiuirjiion,  knaft  will  conliniic  lo  iiros.-lylo 

Amt,. 

4.  A  card  with  a  soldier  painted  on  it.  Hudibras. 


KNI 

KNSV'KR-Y,  (nfiv'er-y,)  ii.  Dishonesty;  deception 
in  trntlic  ;  trick  ;  petty  villainy  ;  fraud. 

Sfiak.  Dnjdcn. 
2.  Mischievous  tricks  or  practices. 
KNA  V'ISH,  (niv'ish,)  fl.    Dishonest;  fraudulent;  as, 
'  a  knavi.ih  lellow,  tir  a  knniusli  trick  or  transaction. 
2,  Waggish ;  iniscliievous. 

Citpitl  ia  a  llrnilinf/t  liul, 

Tims  to  iimke  pour  fenialcB  mad.  Shak. 
KN.aV'ISII-LY,    (niv'ish-Iy,)    ado.      Dishonestly  ; 
fraudiihntly, 
2.  Waggishly  ;  mischievously. 
KN.A  V'ISII-NESS,  (n.tv'isli-ness,)  n.   The  quality  or 

habit  of  knavery  ;  dishonesty. 
KNAW'EI,,  (naw'el,)  ».     A  plant,  (Scleranthus,) 

growing  in  sandy  soil. 
K.N  BAD,  (need,)  c.  t.    [Sax.  cnadan;  G.  knctcn ;  D. 
kncedcn  ;  Dan.  kncdcr ;  Sw.  A'liaiyn.] 

To  work  and  press  ingredients  into  a  mass,  vsn 
ally  with  the  hands;  particuliirlij,  to  work  into  a  well- 
mixed  m.iss  the  materials  of  bread,  cake,  or  paste  ; 
as,  to  knead  dough. 

Till"  c;ik«?  shi-  kiieatUd  vi\%  the  Bivory  moat.  Prior. 
KNkAD'ED,  (need'ed,)  jip.    Worked  and  pressed  to- 
gi-^lier. 

KNl'..\I)'ING,  (need'ing,)  ppr.    Working  and  mixing 

into  a  Weil-mixed  mass. 
KNioAD'ING,  II.    The  act  of  working  and  mixing 

into  a  m.iss. 

KNliAD'ING-TROUGH,  (necd'ing-trawf,)  n.  A  trough 
or  vessel  in  which  dough  is  workiul  and  mixed. 

KNEE,  (nee,)  n.  [Sax.  ciifoio ;  G.  knic  :  O.knie;  Sw. 
knd  ;  Dan.  kntc  ;  I'V.  gcnoii ;  It.  irinocchio  :  L.  rrenu  ; 
Gr.  J  oi/v  ;  Sans,  janii.  As  the  same  word  in  Saxon 
signifies  generation,  it  appears  to  belong  to  the  fami- 
ly of  ymopai,  ^ciio,  ami  to  signify  a  shoot  or  protu- 
berance.] 

1.  In  aiiataiii!/,  the  articulation  of  the  thigh  and  leg 
bones. 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  or  metal  cut  or  c.ist  with  an 
angle  snmewliat  in  the  shape  of  the  human  knee 
when  bent.  Thus,  in  ship-building,  tile  knees  are 
timbers  having  two  branches  or  anus,  and  used  to 
connect  the  beams  of  a  ship  with  her  sides  or  tim- 
bers. Francis. 

KNEE,  (nee,)  !>. «.  To  supplicate  by  kneeling.  [JVul 
used,]  Shak. 

KNEE  -€ROOK-ING,  (nce'-kr99k-ins,)  a.  Obsequi- 
ous. '  -Shak. 

KNEED,  (need,)  a.  Having  knees;  as,  iii-tncei/,  out- 
kneed. 

2.  In  botany,  geniculated  ;  forming  an  obtuse  an- 
gle at  the  joints,  like  the  knee  when  a  little  bent ;  as, 
/;iiepi/-grass.  Martyn. 

KNEE'-DEEP,  (nee'deep,)  a.  Kising  to  the  knees; 
as,  water  or  snow  knee-deep. 

2.  Sunk  to  the  knees;  as,  wading  in  water  or 
mire  knre-dcep. 

KNEE'-lirGII,  (nee'hi,)  a.  Rising  to  the  knees;  as, 
water  knee-hi^h. 

KNEE'llOL-LY,  (nee'hol-ly,)  n.  Butcher's  broom,  a 
plant  of  the  genus  Riiscus. 

K.NEE'IIoL.M,  (nee'hoinc,)  n.  Kneeliolly. 

KNEEL,  incel,)  c.  i.  [0.  knielen  ;  Dan.  kntelcr  ;  Fr. 
ageniiuiUcT,  from  n-fnoHiV,  the  knee.] 

To  bend  the  knee  ;  to  fall  on  the  knees  ;  sometimes 
with  doieiu 

As  soon  lis  you  an;  dressed,  kneel  down  and  say  the  Lord's 
Prayer.  Taylor. 

KNEEL'£D,  (necld,)  prcfc  and  pp.  of  Kneei.. 

And  he  kneeled  down  and  crii'd  with  a  loud  voice,  "  Lonl,  lay 
not  tlii:>  bit!  to  their  charge."  —  Acu  vii,  60, 

K.N'EEL'ER,  (neel'er,)  n.  One  who  kneels  or  wor- 
ships by  kneeling, 

K.N'BEL'ING,  (neel'ing,)  jipr.  or  a.  Falling  on  the 
knees. 

KNEEL'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  kneeling  position. 
K.NEE'PA.V,  (nee'pan,)  n.    The  round  bone  on  the 

lore-part  of  the  knee. 
KNEE'-TRIB'UTE,  i  nce'-trib'yute,) n.    Tribute  paid 

by  kneeling  ;  worship  or  obeisance  by  genuflection.. 

JMiiton. 

KNEI.L,  (nel,)  n,  [Sax,  cnyll:  enyllan,  to  beat  or 
knock  ;  W,  cnnl,  a  passing  bell  ;  G,  knallrn,  to  clap, 
or  crack  ;  Sw.  knalla  ;  Dan.  irnellcr,  to  bawl,] 

Properly,  tile  stroke  of  a  bell  ;  hence,  the  sound 
caused  by  striking  a  bell ;  appropriately,  and  perhaps 
etclusireiy,  the  sound  of  a  bell  rung  at  a  funeral ;  a 
tolling. 

K.NELT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Kneel;  but  Kneeled  is  lo 
be  prefcrretl, 

KNEW,  (nil,)  prct,  of  Know, 

KNICK'KNACK,  H.    A  trifle  or  toy,  [Familiar.] 

KNIKE,  (nife,)  II, ;  pi.  Knivks,  (nivez,)  [Sax,  cnif; 
Dan,  Aiiic  ;  Sw,  knif ;  Fr,  £-oni/,  or  canif.  This  word 
seems  to  have  a  connection  with  the  D,  knippen,  Sw, 
knipa.  to  clip  or  pinch,  to  nip  ;  Dan,  knibcr,  G,  kneifcn, 
W,  cnciviaw,  lo  clip,  to  shear.  Its  primary  sense,  then, 
is  an  instrument  that  niyij  otT,  or  cuts  off  with  a 
stroke,] 

I,  A  cutting  instrument  with  a  sharp  edge.  Knives 
are  of  various  shapes  and  sizes,  adapted  to  their  re- 


KNI 

spective  uses;  as,  table-iruDU ;  carving  Kiiicu,  or 
carvers  ;  pen-/iiiirM,  &c, 
2.  A  sword  or  dagger.  Spnsrr. 

KNil'E'-GKI.NDER,  (iiife-,)  n.  One  whose  business 
it  IS  to  grind  knives. 

KNiri;'-SIIARP'A;N-ER,  (nlfe  )  «.  A  nmchine  for 
sliarpciiing  knives, 

KNiFE'-TKaY,  (iilfe'tri,)  n,  A  wicker-b.asket  or 
other  reccplacle  I'or  knives, 

KNKJIIT,  (nite,)  n,  [Sax,  cm/it,  cnrnht,  a  boy,  a  ser- 
vant, Ir,  cniucht,C.  knecht,  D,  kncgt,  .Sw,  knecht,  Dan, 

l.nri,!.] 

1.  Originally,  a  knight  was  a  youth,  and  young 
men  being  employed  as  servants,  hence  it  came  to 
signify  a  servant.  But  among  our  warlike  ancestors, 
the  Word  was  particularly  applied  to  a  young  man 
alter  he  was  adiiiilted  to  the  privilege  of  bearing 
arms.  The  adinission  to  fliis  iirivilege  was  a  cere- 
mony of  great  imiinrlance,  and  w:us  the  origin  of  the 
iiistitiilioii  of  kiiiglilliiiod.  Hence,  in  feudal  times,  a 
/iTiii^'yit  was  a  inaii  admitted  to  military  rank  by  a 
certain  cereinniiy.  This  privilege  was  conferred  on 
youths  of  family  and  fortune,  and  hence  sprung  the 
honorahlr  title  of  knight,  in  modern  usage.  A  knight 
has  the  title  of  sir.  Kncyc.  Johnson. 

2.  A  pupil  or  follower.  Shak. 

3.  A  champion.  Drayton. 
Knight  of  the  post;  a  knight  dubbed  at  the  whip- 
ping post  or  [lillory  ;  a  hireling  witness.  Johnson. 

Kniijht  of  the  shire ;  in  England,  one  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  a  county  in  |>arliameiit,  originally  a 
kniglit ;  but  now  any  geiitleniau  having  an  estate  in 
laud  of  six  hundred  pounds  a  year  is  i|ualitied. 

Johnson. 

KNIGHT,  (nile,)  r.  (,  To  dub  or  create  a  knight, 
which  is  done  by  the  king,  w  ho  gives  the  person 
kneeling  a  blow  with  a  swoid,  and  says,  Btse,  Sir. — , 

Johnson. 

KNIGIIT-UACH'EL-OR,  n.  The  lowest  order  of 
knights,  'J'bey  wi  re  expected  to  remain  unmar- 
ried until  tli'y  had  gained  some  renown  by  their 
acliieveiiiriits.  Brandr.  Booth. 

KNT(;1IT'1;i>,  (nit'ed,)  pp.    Created  a  knight, 
KNICII  r-EK'K;\NT,  H,    [tiiiV/i(  and  L,  crraiu,  o-ro, 
to  wander,] 

.\  wandering  knight ;  a  knight  who  traveled  in 
search  of  adventures,  for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting 
military  skill,  prowess,  and  generosity, 

KNiGHT-ER'KAN  r-RV,  ii.  The  practice  of  wan- 
dering in  quest  of  adventures;  the  manners  of  wan- 
dering knights, 

KMGHT'-HEADS,  (nitc'hedz,)  11,71/,  \nships,  bollard 
timbers,  two  pieces  of  timber  rising  just  within  the 
stem,  one  on  each  side  of  the  bowsprit  to  secure  its 
inner  end  ;  also,  two  strong  fnnies  of  timber  which 
inclose  and  support  the  ends  of  the  windlass, 

.Will-.  D,r'. 

KNIGIIT'HOOl),  n.  The  character  or  dignity  >.f  a 
knight. 

2.  A  military  order,  honor,  or  degree  of  ancient 
nobility,  confi  rred  as  a  reward  of  valor  or  merit.  It 
is  of  four  kinds,  military,  regular,  honorary,  and  so- 
cial. '  Encyc. 

KNIfJIITTNG,  p;ir.    Cre.iting  knights, 
K\T(;HT'LI;ss,  a.    Unbeconiing  a  knight,  Spen.irr, 
K.Ni(;iri''I,lKK,  a,    Ilesembling  a  knight,  ScotU 
KNlGHT'LI-NESS,  n.    Duties  of  a  knight.  '  Spenser. 
KNKJHT'LY,  n.    Pertaining  to  a  knight ;  becoming  a 

knight;  as,  a  AmV/it/;/ combat.  Sidney. 
KNIGIIT'LY,  ade.    In  a  manner  becoming  a  knight. 

SheriffooiL 

KNIGHT'-MXR-STIAI,,  71,  An  olTicer  in  the  house- 
hold of  the  British  king,  who  has  cognizance  of 
transgressions  within  the  king's  household  and  verge, 
and  of  coiilnirts  made  there,  Encyc. 

KNIGHT'-SEIIV-ICE,  71,  In  English  feudal  law,  a 
tenure  of  lands  held  by  knights  on  condition  of  per- 
foriiiing  military  service,  every  possessor  of  a  knight's 
/ee,  or  estate,  origin,ally  of  twenty  pounds'  anniuU  val- 
ue, being  obliged  to  attend  the  king  in  his  \\:\rs. 

KNIT,  (nit,)  r,  t,  ;  prct.  and  pp.  Kmt  or  Knitted, 
[Sax.  cr.yLian  ;  kr.i^ta  ;  Dan,  knyUcr ;  probably  L. 
nodo,  whenc;:  nodus.  Lug,  knot.] 

1,  To  unif.,  as  threads  by  needles  ;  tn  connect  in 
a  kind  vi  net- work  ;  as,  toAnit  a  stocking, 

2  lo  unite  closely  ;  as,  let  our  hearts  be  itnit  to- 
gether in  love, 

3,  To  join  or  cause  to  grow  together. 

Niiture  can  not  knit  the  tunes,  wtiile  tJie  parts  are  under  a  tU» 
charge,  Hlteman. 

4.  To  lie  ;  to  fasten. 

And  he  s:tw  lienren  opcneil,  and  a  c«>itain  vessel  di'seemlinf  I* 
him,  as  it  wen  a  sheet  knit  at  lltc  four  comers,  — 

Acts  X, 

5,  To  draw  together ;  to  contract ;  as,  to  knit  the 
brows, 

KNIT,  (nit,)  r,  i.  To  unite  or  interweave  by 
needles, 

2,  To  unite  closely  ;  to  grow  together.  Broken 
bones  will  in  time  Anit  and  become  sound, 

KNIT,  (nit,)  n.    Union  by  knitting  ;  texture.  [LittU 

usriL] 

KNITCH,  n.    A  fagot,  or  burden  of  wood. 


TONE,  BL'LL,  t^NITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS, 


81 


6BB 


641 


KNO 

KNO 

KllA 

KNIT'TA-BLE,  (nit'ta-bl,)  a.    That  may  be  knit. 
KNIT'TER,  (nit'ter,)  n.    One  that  knits. 
KNIT'TING,  (nit'tinp,)  rpr.     Uniting  by  needles ; 

forming  texture  ;  uniting  in  groH  tli. 
KNIT'TING,  n.    Tlie  formation  of  net-work  by  knit- 

tinf!-neeill'  S  or  niacliinery. 

2.  Tlie  net-work  thus  formed. 

3.  In  a  more  general  sense,  union  or  junction. 

IVutton, 

KNIT'TI.\G-NEE'DLE,(nit'tin5;-nee'dl,)  n.    A  long 
needle,  n^u.ally  made  of  wire,  used  for  knitting  tlire.ids 
into  sii.i  kiML'>.  ir  irters,  &.C. 

KNIT'TIXG-SIIP.ATH,  (nit'ting-,)  v.  An  instnnnent 
with  a  small  perforation  to  receive  the  end  of  the  nee- 
dle in  knitting.  J?*/'. 

KNIT'TLE,  init'l,)  n.    [from  /.•»»(.]    A  string  that 
gathers  or  draws  together  a  purse. 

2.  A  small  line  used  in  ships  to  sling  hammocks, 
&c.            '                                        Mar.  Vict. 

KNOB,  (nob,)  n.    [Sax.  cnicp ;  G.  knopf;  D.  knoop  ; 
S\v.  kiiopp  ;  Dan.  knop,  knub,  knap;  W.  cnwb,  cnwpa. 
The  word  signifies  a  button,  a  top,  a  bunch.] 

1.  A  hard  protuberance  ;  a  hard  swelling  or  rising ; 
a  bunch  ;  as,  a  knub  in  the  flesh,  or  on  a  bone.  Raij. 

2.  A  round  ball  at  the  end  of  any  thing ;  as,  the 
knob  of  a  lock. 

KXOB'BSD,  (nobd,)  a.    Containing  knobs;  full  of 
knobs. 

KNOB'BI-NESS,  (nob'be-ness,)  n.      [from  knobhj.] 
The  quality  of  having  knobs,  or  of  being  full  of  pro- 
tuberances. 

KNOB'BY,  (nob'by,)  a.  Full  of  knobs  or  hard  pro- 
tuberances ;  hard. 

KNOCK,  (nok,)  v.  i.  [Sa.\.  cnucian  ;  W.  cnociaw  ;  Sw. 
knacka,] 

1.  To  strike  or  beat  with  something  thick  or  heavy  ; 
as,  to  knock  with  a  club  or  with  the  fist ;  to  knock  at 
the  door.  We  never  use  this  word  to  express  beatuig 
with  a  small  stick  or  whip. 

2.  To  drive,  or  be  driven  against ;  to  strike  against ; 
to  clash  ;  as,  when  one  heavy  body  knocks  against  an- 
other. 

To  knock  under ;  to  yield  ;  to  submit ;  to  acknowl- 
edge to  be  conquered  ;  an  expression  borrowed  from 
the  practice  of  knocking  under  Vie  table,  when  con- 
qriered.  Johnson. 
KNOCK,  (nok,)  i\  t.    To  strike  ;  to  drive  against ;  as, 
to  knock  the  head  against  a  post. 

2.  To  sirike  a  door  for  admittance  ;  to  rap. 

To  knock  down  i  to  strike  down;  to  fell;  to  pros- 
trate by  a  blow  or  by  blows  ;  as,  to  knock  down  an  ox. 

To  knock  out ;  to  force  out  by  a  blow  or  by  blows  ; 
as,  to  knock  out  the  brains. 

To  knock  up ;  to  arouse  by  knocking.    In  popular 
■use,  to  beat  out ;  to  fatigue  till  unable  to  do  more  ;  as, 
the  men  were  entirely  knocked  np. 

To  knock  off;  to  force  off  by  beating.    At  auctions, 
to  assign  to  a  bidder  by  a  blow  on  the  counter.  In 
seamen^s  lauguai/e,  to  cease  ;  to  desist. 

To  knock  on  lUe  head;  to  kill  by  a  blow  or  by 
blows. 

KNOCK,  (nok,)  n.    A  blow ;  a  stroke  with  something 
thick  or  heavy. 

2.  A  stroke  on  a  door,  intended  as  a  request  for 
admittance  ;  a  rap. 
KNOCK'KD,  (nokt,)pp.    Beat ;  struck. 
KNOCK'Klt,  (nok'er,)  n.    One  that  knocks. 

2.  An  instrument  or  kind  of  hammer,  fastened  to 
a  door  to  be  used  in  seeking  for  admittance. 
KNOCK'ING,  nok'ing,)  ppr.    Heating  ;  striking. 
KNOCK'ING,  (nok'ing,)  n.    A  beating  ;  a  rap. 
KNoLL,  (nole,)  v.  t.    [riax.  cntjUan,  to  beat  or  strike. 
See  K.xKLL.] 
To  ring  a  bell,  usually  for  a  funeral.  SkaJi. 
KNOLL,  (Hole,)     1.    To  sound,  as  a  bell.  Skak. 

[Thi3  word,  I  believe,  is  not  used  in  .America.] 
KNoLL,  (nole,)  n.    [Sax.  cnoll;  Svv.  knyi,  kiiSl;  W. 
cnol.] 

1.  The  top  or  crown  of  a  hill ;  hut  more  generally,  a 
little  round  hill  or  mount ;  a  small  elevation  of  earth. 

2.  The  ringing  of  a  bell ;  as,  the  curfew  knoll. 

IVordswortk. 

KNoLL'KD,  ;);).    Rung,  or  tolled,  as  a  bell. 

KNoI,I,'|;K,  n.    One  who  tolls  a  bell.  Sherwood. 

K.NoI.L'INiJ,  ppr.    Kinging,  as  a  bell. 

KNOf,  fnop,)  n.  [A  dillerenl  spelling  of  Knap  or  Non.] 
A  knob ;  a  tuft -d  top  ;  a  bud  ;  a  biinch  :  a  button. 

KN0I"I'/;D,  (nopt,)  a.  Having  knops  or  knobs; 
fastened  as  with  buttons. 

K.NOI"I'i;ilN,  (nop'pern,)  n.  Excrescences  produced 
by  the  puncture  of  insects  on  the  llovvcr-cups  of  the 
fnik.  Ure. 

K.\(jT,  (not,)  n.  [Sax.  cnolta  ;  G.  knnim;  IJ.  knot; 
Sw.  kniitn ;  Dan.  knude  :  1,.  noilns  ;  probably  connected 
with  knit,  but  pt  rhaps  from  .swelling  or  gathering.] 

1.  Thi^  conijilication  of  threads  made  by  knitting  ^ 
n  lie;  union  of  conls  by  interweaving;  oh,  a  knot 
diUlcult  to  be  untied. 

2.  Any  figure,  tin;  lines  of  which  frequently  inter- 
sect each  other;  on,  uAnot  in  gardening. 

Ill  iirilM  Hiid  cuHoui  knoU.  A/i/ton, 

D.  A  bond  of  luiiociation  or  union  ;  !ih,  the  iniiitial 
knot. 

4.  The  part  of  a  tree  where  a  branch  shoots. 

5.  The  protuberant  joint  of  a  plant.  Mariyit. 

fi.  A  cluster;  a  collection;  a  group;  as,  n  knot  of 
ladies  ;  a  knot  of  figures  in  painting. 

7.  Difficulty  ;   intricacy  ;   something  not  easily 
solved.  South. 

8.  Any  intrigue  or  difficult  peridexity  of  affairs. 

9.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Tringa.  [Drydcn. 

10.  An  epaulet. 

11.  In  seatnen's  language,  a  division  of  the  log-line, 
serving  to  measure  the  rate  of  the  vessel's  motion. 
The  number  of  knots  which  run  off  from  the  reel  in 
half  a  minute,  shows  the  number  of  miles  the  vessel 
sails  in  an  hour.    Hence,  when  a  ship  goes  eight 
miles  an  hour,  she  is  said  to  go  eight  knots. 

KNOT,  (not,)  V.  t.    To  complicate  or  tie  in  a  knot  or 
knots  ;  to  form  a  knot. 

2.  To  entangle;  tope'plex. 

3.  To  unite  closely.  Bacon. 
KNOT,  (not,)  II.  t.    To  form  knots  or  joints,  as  in 

plants. 

2.  To  knit  knots  for  fringe. 
KNOT'BEll-llY,  (not'ber-ry,)  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 
Itubiis. 

KNOT'GRSSS,  (not'grUss,)  n.  The  name  of  several 
species  of  plants,  so  denominated  from  the  joints  of 
the  stem.  'I'he  common  knotgrass  is  the  Polygonum 
aviculare.  An  infusion  of  it  was  once  supposed  to 
have  the  effect  of  stopping  the  growth  of  an  animal, 
and  hence  called  "  hindering  knotgrass."  Skalc. 

KNOT'LESS,  (not'less,)  a.  Free  from  knots ;  with- 
out knots.  Martipi. 

KNOT'TEO,  (not'ted,)  a.  Full  of  knots  ;  having 
knots  ;  as,  the  knotted  oak.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  intersecting  figures.  Shak. 

3.  In  geology,  a  term  applied  to  rocks  characterized 
by  small,  detached  points,  chiefly  conqxised  of  mica, 
less  decomposable  than  the  mass  of  the  rock,  and 
forming  knots  in  relief  on  the  weathered  surface. 

PercivaPs  Geol. 
KNOT'TI-NESS,   (not'ti-ness,)    n.      [from  knotty.] 
Fullness  of  knots  ;  the  qualify  of  having  many  knots 
or  swellings. 
2.  Dilficiilty  of  solution  :  intricacy. 
KNOT'TING,          Entangling;  uniting  closely. 
KNOT'TY,  (not'ty,)  a.    Full  of  knots  ;  having  many 
knots  ;  .as,  knotty  timber. 

2.  Hard  ;  rugged  ;  as,  a  knotty  head.  Rou>e. 

3.  Difficult  ;   intricate  ;  perplexed ;  as,  a  knotty 
question  or  point. 

KiN'OUT,  (nowt,)  ;i.  An  instrjiment  of  punishment  in 
Uussia,  consisting  of  a  str.-ip  of  leather  about  half 
an  incli  wide,  with  which  stripes  are  inflicted  on 
the  bare  back. 

KNOUT,  (nowt,)  v.  t.  To  inflict  punishment  with  the 
knout. 

KNOW,  (no,)  v.t.;  pret.  K^evr  ;  pp.  Knows.  [Sax. 
cnaw  ui ;  Russ.  znayu,  with  a  prefix.    This  is  proba- 
bly from  the  same  original  as  the  L.  nosco,  cognosce; 
Gr.  ;  (i  wiTk-a),  although  much  varied  in  orthography. 
JsTosco  makes  nfwi,  \vlneli,  v\  ith  ^  or  c  prefixed,  gnotii, 
or  cnovi,  would  coincide  with  knoic,  knew.  So  L.  crcsco, 
creoi,  coincides  witli  groiD,  grew.    The  radical  sense 
of  knowing  is  gener.ally  to  take,  receive,  or  hold.] 

1.  To  perceive  with  certainty;  to  understand 
clearly  ;  to  have  a  clear  and  certain  perception  of 
truth,  fact,  or  any  thing  that  actually  exists.  To 
know  a  thing  precludes  all  doubt  or  uncertainty  of 
its  existence.    We  know  what  we  see  with  our  eyes, 
or  perceive  by  other  senses.    VVe  know  tiiat  fire  ami 
water  are  dilTerent  substances.    We  know  that  truth 
and  falsehood  express  ideas  incompatible  with  each 
other.    We  know  that  a  circle  is  not  a  square.  We 
do  not  know  the  truth  of  rejwrts,  nor  can  we  always 
know  what  to  believe. 

2.  To  be  informed  of;  to  be  taught.    It  is  not  unu- 
sual for  us  to  say  we  know  things  from  information, 
when  we  rely  on  the  veracity  of  tlie  informer. 

3.  To  distinguish  ;  a.i,lo  know  one  man  from  an- 
other.   We  know  a  fixed  star  from  a  planet  by  its 
twinkling. 

4.  To  recognize  by  recollection,  remembrance, 
representation,  or  description.    Wo  do  not  always 
know  a  person  after  a  long  absence.    We  someliines 
know  a  man  by  having  seen  his  portrait,  or  having 
heard  him  described. 

5.  To  be  no  stranger  to ;  to  be  familiar.  This 
man  is  wi  ll  known  to  us. 

(i.  In  Scripture,  to  have  sexual  commerce  with 

7.  To  approve.                                 [den.  iv. 

Tlie  Lord  knotoeth  llii!  way  of  tlie  righteous.  —  Pa.  i. 

8.  To  learn.    Prov.  i. 

!).  To  acknowledge  with  due  respect.    1  Thess.  v. 

10.  To  choose  ;  to  favor  or  take  an  interest  in. 

11.  To  commit ;  to  have.  [MniosVn. 
II''  liiilh  iiiiul'r  liiiii  to  U'  Hill  for  us,  wlio  kncio  no  Kin.  — 2  Cor. 

12.  To  have  full  assurance  of;  to  have  satisfactory 
evidence  of  iiiiy  thing,  though  short  of  certainty. 

KiVOW,  (no,)  11.  /.    To  have  clear  and  certain  percep- 
tion ;  not  to  bo  doubtful ;  sometimes  with  of. 

ir  any  iiiiin  will  tlo  hit  will,  lie  •li.ill  ilcnoui  of  llie  doclrinr, 
wlirtlier  it  lj«  of  Ood,  or  whi-tlior  1  ipcuTt  of  iny*"ll.  — 
Joliti  Til. 

2.  To  be  informed. 

Sir  Joiin  must  not  knoia  of  ii.  Shale. 

3.  To  take  cognizance  of;  to  examine. 

Know  of  yijur  youth  —  examine  well  your  Ijlood.  Sliak. 
KNoW'A-BLE,  (iio'a-bl,)  a.    That  may  be  known; 

that  may  be  discovered,  understood,  or  ascertained. 
KNoW'ER,  (no'er,)  n.    One  who  knows.  [Locke. 
KNOWING,  (no'ing,)  ppr.    Having  clear  and  certain 

perception  of. 

2.  a.  Skillful ;  well  informed  ;  well  instructed;  as, 
a  knowing  man. 

The  krtotrt/ig  iind  intplliijent  part  of  the  world.  South. 

3.  Conscious;  intelligent;  significant. 

A  knoioing,  prudent  cause.  Blackmoie 
KNOWING,  (no'ing,)  ».    Knowledge.  Shak. 
KNoW'ING-LY,  (no'ing-ly,)  ado.    With  knowledge. 

He  would  not  knowimrly  offend. 
KNOWL'EDGE,  (nol'lej,)  n.    [Chaucer,  knowleching, 

from  knowleche,  to  acknowledge.    Ciu,  the  sense  of 

lech.] 

1.  A  clear  and  certain  perception  of  that  which 
exists,  or  of  truth  ami  fact ;  the  perception  of  the 
connection  and  agreement,  or  disagreement  and  re- 
pugnancy, of  our  ideas.                  Encic.  Locke. 

VVe  can  have  no  knowledge  of  that  which  does  not 
exist.    God  has  a  perfect  knowledge  of  all  his  works. 
Human  knowledge  is  very  limited,  and  is  mostly 
gained  by  observation  and  experience. 

2.  Learning;  illumination  of  mind. 
Il^iiorance  is  the  curse  of  God, 

Knoi£lalge  the  wing  wherewith  we  fly  to  heaven.  Shak. 

3.  Skill ;  as,  a  knowledge  of  seamanship. 

4.  Acquaintance  with  any  fact  or  person.   I  have 
no  knowledge  of  the  man  or  thing. 

5.  Cognizance  ;  notice.    Ruth  ii. 

(j.  Information  ;  power  of  knowing.  Sidney. 
7.  Sexu.al  intercourse.    But  it  is  usual  to  prefix 

carnal ;  as,  carnal  knowledge. 
KNOWL'EDGE,  for  Acknowledge,  or  Atow,  is  not 

used.  Bacon. 
KNOWN,  (nSne,)  pp.  or  a.    [from  knou!.]    Perceived  ; 

umiersfood  ;  recognized. 
KNUB,  (nub  )            )  r.  t.    To  bent ;  to  strike  with 
KNUB'BLE,  (nub'bl,)  j     the  knuckle.    [JVot  used.] 
KNUCK'LE,  (nuk'l,)  n.    [Sax.  c««ci;  G.knochcl;  D. 

kneukel;  VV.  cnuc,  a  joint  or  junction;  cnuciaw,  to 

join,  to  couple.] 

1.  The  joint  of  a  finger,  particularly  when  protu- 
berant by  the  closing  of  the  fingers. 

2.  The  knee  joint  of  a  calf;  ;is,  a  knuckle  of  ve.al. 

3.  The  joint  of  a  plant.    [JVof  used.]  Bacon. 
KNUCK'LE,  (nuk'l,)  v.  i.    To  yield;  to  submit  in 

contest  to  an  antagonist. 

[This  use  of  the  word  is  said  by  Smart  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  old  custom  of  striking  the  under  side 
of  a  table  when  defeated  in  argument.] 

KNUCK'LiCD,  (nuk'ld,)  a.    .lointed.  .  Bacon. 

KNUFF,  (nufl',)  n.    A  lout ;  a  clown.    [JVof  used.] 

KNUR,  (niir,)     \  n.    [G.  knorrcn,  a  knot,  a  knag,  a 

KNURL,  (iiurl,)  i  guar.] 

A  knot ;  a  hard  substance.  TVoodward. 

KNURL'/';D,  (niirld,)  a.    Full  of  knots. 

KNUR'LY,  (nur'ly,)  a.    [from  jtnur.]    Full  of  knots  ; 
hiiril.    This  seems  to  be  the  same  as  Gnakly. 

KNUR'RY,  (nur'ry,)  a.    Full  of  knots. 

Ko'BA,  H.    A  mammal  of  the  tribe  {-'aprida;,  the  Da- 
inaliskoba,  an  animal  resembling  an  antelope,  of  a 
size  equal  to  a  stag,  and  found  in  Central  Africa. 

KOII,  71.    Coxd;  thc^ord  used  in  calling  cows.  [Pers. 
koh,  G.  kuh,  D.  koe,  Dan.  koe,  Sw.  ko,  a  cow.] 

[It  is  remarkable  that  our  farmers  have  retained 
the  exact  pronunciation  of  this  word  from  the  earli- 
est ages.] 

Ko'KOn,  71.   A  venomous  serpent  of  America. 

KOL'LY-RITE,  «.    [Gr.  noUop'^n:] 

A  variety  of  clay  whose  color  is  pure  white,  or 
with  a  shaile  of  gray,  red,  or  yellow.    [See  Collv- 
iin'E.]  Cleaeeland. 

K(),\I'A1A-NIC,  71.    The  crested  lark  of  Germany. 

KON'IL  ITE,  71.    [Gr.  »oi/"{,  dust,  and  Ai^  'S,  a  stone.] 
A  mineral  in  the  form  of  a  loose  powder,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  silex,  and  remarkably  fusible.  Phillips. 

KfTNITE.    See  Cdnite. 

Ko'PECK,  71.   A  Russian  coin,  about  the  value  of  a 
cent. 

KO'RAN,  (pronounced  by  oriental  scholars  korawn,)  n. 
O  ,u  >                    S  - 
[Ar.  ^^j-'i  koranan,  from  j^i"  kara,  to  read,  to  call, 
to  teach.] 

The  Jlohaminedan  book  of  faith  ;  the  Alkoran. 

K(")'RI;T,  71.    A  delicious  fish  of  the  East  Indie.i. 

KrtU'.MISS,  (  71.    A  liipior  made  among  the  Calmncks 

KCl'.MI.S'''^,  i  by  IVrim  iiting  mare's  ntilk,  and  from 
which  they  obtain,  by  distillation,  an  intoxicating 
spirit,  cttllcd  Rack  or  Rackv.  Ure. 

KOU'PHO-LITE,  71.  [Gr.  Kovipof,  light,  and  XiSof, 
Ntime.] 

A  variety  of  Prehnite.  Dana. 
KRA'AL,  II.    In  the  soothirn  part  of  .Africa,  among  the 
Hottentots,  a  village  ;  n  collection  of  huts 

FATE,  FXtt,  FALL,  VVII^T.  -  MP.TE,  PRfiY  I'lNE  ,  MAUINE,  UIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQpK — 

LAB 

KRA'KI'/iV,  n.    A  supposed  enoriiuius  sea  nniirial. 

KRK'A-SOTK.    Sec  Creosote.  [(Jut/irie. 

KKK.M'I.IN,  ;i.    [Iroiii  IJiiss.  krem,  a  forlrcS!<.] 

In  Russia,  the  liuuli'l  of  a  town  or  city.  The 
term  19  particularly  applied  to  the  aiicieiit  citadel  of 
Mosrow,  wliirli  now  contains  an  imperial  palace, 
seviral  churches  and  coiiv(Mits,  an  arsenal,  &.C., 
which,  situated  on  a  hill,  with  llieir  iiilded  domes  and 
spires,  have  a  ma|;ni!ici  nt  appearance.  It  is  of  a 
iriansular  form,  about  two  miles  in  circumference, 
and  surrounded  liy  a  hi^h  wall. 

KKP'KA,  11.    A  bird  of  Russia  and  Sweden,  resem- 
hlino;  a  hedge-sparrow.  Pennant, 

KRL'L'LKR,  n.    [l».  krullcn,  to  curl.   This  is  curl, 
with  tlie  letters  transposed.] 
A  cako  curled  or  crisped,  boiled  in  fat. 


Lthe  twelfth  letter  of  tlie  Enslish  alphabet,  is  usu- 
;  ally  denominateil  a  semi-nnoi!,  or  a  lii/uiil.  It 
represents  an  imperfect  articulation,  formed  by  pla- 
cing the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  gum  that  in- 
closes the  roots  of  the  upper  teeth  ;  but  the  sides  of 
the  tongue  not  being  in  close  contact  with  the  roof 
of  the  mouth,  the  breath  of  course  not  being  entirely 
intercepted,  this  articulation  is  attended  with  iin  im- 
perfect s  lund.  The  shape  of  the  li  tter  is  evidently 
borrowed  from   that   of  the  Oriental  tamed,  or 

lomad,  nearly  coinciding  with  the  Samaritan  2(. 

L  has  only  one  sound  in  English,  as  in  like,  canal.  At 
the  end  of  nionosyllabli^s,  it  is  often  doubled,  as  in 
fall,  full,  tell,  bell:  but  not  after  diphthongs  and  di- 
graphs :  ft*itl,  fool,  prowl,  growl,  foal,  «itc.,  being 
written  with  a  single  /. 

With  some  nations,  /  and  r  are  coniniutable  ;  ns  in 
Greek  Aioioe,  L.  lilium  ;  It.  scoria,  an  escort,  Sp.  and 
Port,  cscolta.  Indeed,  I  and  r  are  letters  of  the  same 
organ. 

By  sonic  nations  of  Celtic  origin,  I  at  the  beginning 
of  words  is  aspirated  and  doubled  in  writing,  as  in 
the  W.  Ued,  L.  latus  ;  lliin,  a  lawn;  Uaitr,  a  floor; 
Sp.  llamar,  L.  clamo. 

In  some  words,  I  is  mute,  as  in  half,  calf,  walk,  talk, 
clialk. 

In  our  mother  tongue,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  I  is  sometimes 
preceihrd  by  h,  and  :v,s[)irated,  as  in  liliff,  loaf;  hlailan, 
to  lade  or  load  ;  hlot,  lot;  Itlinian,  hleonian,  to  lean, 
Gr.  x.Vu  ai.  L.  clino.  In  the  latter  word,  the  Saxon  A 
represents  the  Greek  k  and  Latin  c,  as  it  does  in 
many  other  words. 

In  English  words,  the  terminating  syllable  (c  is  unac- 
cented, the  e  is  silent,  and  /  has  a  feeble  sound  ;  as 
in  able,  ea^le,  pronounced  abl,  eairL  _ 

As  a  numeral,  L.  denotes  50,  and  with  a  dash,  L, 
50,000.  .\s  an  abbreviation,  in  accounts,  L.  stanils  for 
pound,  [Ij.  Ultra,  pound.]  It  is  also  used  for  book,  or 
division  of  a  work,  [L. /iter.]  In  Latin,  it  stands 
for  Lucius  ;  and  L.  L.  S.  for  a  sesterce,  or  two  libne 
and  a  half.  Encijc. 

LA,  eiclam.  FPerhaps  corrnpted  from  look ;  but  this  is 
doubtful.]    Look  ;  see  ;  behold.  Shali. 

LA  ;  the  sixth  of  the  musical  syllables  in  Guido's  scale, 
do  or  lit  being  the  first.  Brandt. 

L/\n,  n.    .V  great  talker:  a  blabber.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

L.\B'.-\-I)IST,  n.  Tbf  Labadists  were  followers  of  Jean 
de  Labadie,  a  zealous,  hut  mystical,  and  mtlier  indis- 
creet reformer  of  the  seventeenth  cenlur)-.  Though 
not  faullless,  they  were  doubtless  charged  with  errors 
in  doctrine  of  wiiich  they  were  not  guilty.  .Mardoek. 

LAB'.\-RL'.M,  n.  [L.  The  original  source  of  this  word 
is  unknown.)  The  standard  borne  before  the  empe- 
ror Constantine,  after  his  conversion  to  Christianity. 
It  was  a  long  pike,  having  a  transverse  beam,  to 
which  w.as  attached  a  silken  vnil,  wrought  with  im- 
ages of  the  monarch  and  his  children,  and  on  the  top 
was  a  crown  of  gold  inclosing  the  mysterious  moniv- 
gram  representing  the  cross,  with  the  initi.al  letters 
of  the  name  of  Christ.  The  word  is  sometimes  used 
for  any  other  standard  or  llag. 

See  jJiitMrortA's  Diet,  and  Oibbon^s  llisL  ch.  XX. 

LAn  nAMJM.    See  Laua:«im. 

LAB-E-FAe'TIO.\,  ».  [L.  labrfactio,  from  labefacio; 
labo,  to  totter,  and  facia,  to  make.] 

.\  weakening  or  loosening  :  a  failing  ;  decay ; 
downfall ;  ruin. 
L.AB'E-FT,  e.  J,   To  weaken  or  impair.    [jVut  ii-«c</.] 

DicU 

L.^'BEL,  n.    [\V.  llah,  a  strip  ;  labed,  a  label.] 

1.  A  narrow  slip  of  silk,  paper,  or  parchment,  con- 
taining a  name  or  title,  and  atlixed  to  anv  thing,  de- 
noting lU  contrnus.  Such  are  the  labels  affixed  to  the 
vessels  of  an  a|K«liccary.  l^els  also  are  alfixed  to 
deeds  or  writmgs  to  bold  the  appended  seal. 

Harris. 


LAIJ 

KRV'O-LITE.    See  Chvolite. 

KO'l'lC,  a.    The  Kufic  letters  were  the  ancient  letters 
of  the  Arabic,  so  called  from  Kufa,  on  the  Euphrates. 
KO'MISS.    See  Koumiss. 

KP'RIL,  n.    A  bird,  the  black  petrel.  PennauU 
KU-RIL'I- AN,  u.    'I'lie  Kurilian  Isles  !irc  a  chain  in 

the  I'acilic,  exti'iidiiig  from  the  .southern  extremity 

of  Kanischatka  to  Jesso. 
KV,  n.    Kine.    [J^'ol  in  »wr.] 

K?'A-i\I'J"E,  n.    [C.  kijanit,  Werner;  fr(mi  the  Gr. 
Kvaviii,  sky-coloreil.] 

A  mineral  occurring  usually  in  long,  thin,  blade- 
like  crystals,  of  a  clear  blue  or  bluish-w  hite  color.  It 
is  very  hard  and  infusible,  and  consists  of  silica 
and  alumina.  Dana. 

K?'AN-IZE,  V.  I.    [from  ICijan,  the  inventor  of  the 


2.  Any  paper  annexed  to  a  will  by  way  of  addition ; 
as  a  codicil.  Encyc. 

3.  In  heraldry,  [a  fillet  with  pendants  or  points. 
The  number  of  pendants  is  inditl'crent,  but  is  usually 
three.  The  label  with  three  pendants  is  added  to  the 
family  arms  by  an  eldi.st  or  only  son,  while  his  fa- 
ther is  still  living.  —  E.  II.  li.] 

4.  .\  long,  thin,  brass  rule,  with  a  small  sight  at 
one  enil,  and  a  center-hole  at  the  other,  comuiiuily 
used  with  a  tangent  line  on  the  edge  of  a  circumfe- 
rentor,  to  take  altitudes,  &c.  Encyc. 

5.  In  Oolhic  architecture,  a  projecting  tablet  or  mold- 
ing over  doorways,  windows,  &,c. ;  also  called  the 
DiupsToNE.  ^  Qloss.  of.drchiL 

L.a'BEL,  t'.  t.    To  affix  a  Label  to. 

La'HEL-KD,  pp.    Furnished  wit'a  a  label. 

L.A'HEL-IiVG,  ppr.    Distinguisiiing  by  a  label. 

La'BE.VT,  a.  \l..labens.] 

Sliding;  gliding.  Diet. 

La'BI-AL,  «.    [Fr.,  from  L. /a.'.;ttjn,  a  lip.    See  Lii-.] 
Pertaining  to  the  lips;  formed  by  the  lips;  as,  a 
labial  articulation.    Tiius  6,  0,  and  m,  are  labial  ar- 
ticulations ;.and  00,  Fr.  ou.  It.  u,  is  a  labial  vowel. 

La'BI-AL,  n.    .\  letter  or  character  representing  an 
articulation  of  the  lipa  ;  as,  4,/,  m,  p,  i: 

LA'Bl-AIj-LY,  adv.    In  a  labial  manner;  by  the  lips. 

LA'BI-A-TED  i  ^  '«''""«>  ''!'•] 

In  botany,  a  labiate  cored  is  irregular,  monopetalous, 
with  two  lips,  i.  e.  monopetalous,  consisting  of  a  nar- 
row tube  with  a  wide  mouth,  divided  into  two  or 
'  more  segments  arranged  in  two  op|>osite  divisions  or 

lips.  Martya.  Encyc. 

LA'BII,E,a.    [Low  L.  labilis.] 

Liable  to  err,  fall,  or  apostatize.    fJVbt  used.^ 

Cheyne. 

LA-BI-O-DEXT'AL,  a.    [L.  labium,  a  lip,  and  dens,  a 
tooth.] 

Formed  or  pronounced  by  the  cooperation  of  the 
lips  and  teeth  ;  as  /  and  v.  Holder. 
LA'BOR,  n.    [L.  labor,  frcmi  labo,  to  fail.] 

1.  Exerti(m  of  muscular  strength,  or  bodily  exer- 
tion which  occasions  weariness  ;  particularly,  the  ex- 
ertion of  the  limbs  in  occupations  by  which  subsist- 
ence is  obtained,  as  in  agriculture  and  mannfacturoe, 
in  distinction  from  exertions  of  strength  in  play  or 
amusements,  which  are  ilenoiiiinated  cxerci.^e,  rather 
than  labor.  Toilsome  work  ;  jKiins  ;  travail ;  any 
bodily  exertion  which  is  attended  with  tatigue.  Af- 
ter the  labors  of  the  day,  the  farmer  retires,  and  rest 
is  sweet.    .Moderate  labor  contributes  to  health. 

WImt  is  olitrtiin'fl  l.y  Intior,  will  of  right  be  llie  projx-ny  ortiim  by 
wliuso  teihor  it  in  g-.uiicl.  itanihler. 

2.  Intellectual  exertion  ;  opplication  of  the  mind 
which  occasions  weariness  ;  as,  the  labor  of  compil- 
ing and  writing  a  history. 

a.  Exertion  of  mental  jKiwers,  united  with  bodily 
employment ;  as,  the  labors  of  Uie  apostles  in  propa- 
gating Christianity. 

4.  Work  done,  or  to  be  done  ;  that  which  requires 
wearisome  exertion. 

Scini;  a  Inbor  of  K>  (fn-fU  tlilliculty,  tlio  cxnct  peribrnutny  iht-re- 
of  we  iiuiy  ratlitT  wUli  Uian  loult  for.  Hooker. 

5.  Hendc  achievement ;  a.i,  the  labors  of  Hercules. 

6.  Travail ;  the  pangs  and  etforts  of  childbirth. 

7.  The  evils  of  life  ;  tri.als  ;  persecution,  &.c. 

Th'-y  rtl  from  llj.-ir  labort.  —  Uct.  xiv. 
LA'BOR,  c.  i.    [L.  laboro.l 

1.  To  exert  nniscular  strength  ;  to  act  or  move  with 
painful  elTort,  particularly  in  servile  occupations  ;  to 
work ;  to  toil. 

Six  .1  »y«  &li.»U  thou  labor,  nnd  do  ull  thy  work.  —  Exod.  XX. 

2.  To  exert  one's  powers  of  body  or  mind,  or  both, 
in  the  prosecution  oKany  design  ;  to  strive ;  to  take 
pains. 

Labnr  not  for  tlie  meal  whion  periaheth.  — John  vi. 


LAB  i 

process.]  To  prevent  the  rotting  of  wtioil  by  im- 
mersing it  in  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  or 
titlier  siibstaiif-es.  Stiltwan. 
KYR'l-E  ;  a  word  used  at  the  beginning  of  all  ni.'iss- 
es.  It  is  soiiietiiiies  used  to  denote  the  ntovemeiit 
itself.  It  is  tile  vocative  cjise  of  the  Greek  K 'cioj, 
Lord. 

KYR-I-O-LOG'ie,       j  a.  [Gr.  KvpioX;)  iKOf  ;  kvoio. 
KVR-I-O-LOG'IC-AL,  (     X'yco),  to  s|»ak  prii|Mrrly  ; 
KviiiiiXiiyta,  a  discourse  consisting  of  proper  words  ; 
Kvoiw;  anil  \<i)  oy.] 

Serving  perfectly  to  denote  objects  by  conventional 
signs  or  alphabetical  characters.  I.rlrunne. 

The  origiii.'tl  (Jreek  alphabet  of  sixteen  lellers  w.as 
called  kiinoloi'ic,  because  il  represented  the  pure  el- 
ementary sounds. 


3.  To  toil ;  to  he  burdened. 

Come  unto  me,  all  ye  thut  labor  and  arc  li'-avy  Udrn,  and  I  will 
give  you  rem.  —  .Mutt.  xi. 

4.  To  move  with  difficulty. 

The  Btonc  tleit  lnbt)TB  up  tlie  hill.  CianvUle. 

5.  To  move  irregularly  with  li'.tic  progress  ;  to  pitch 
and  roll  heavily,  as  a  ship  in  a  turbulent  se.a. 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  To  be  in  distress  ;  to  !:e  proi^ed. 

As  sountliii^  cymbals  aid  the  !aiy>n.t*  ir-ncn.  Dryden. 

7.  To  be  in  travail ;  to  suffer  the  pangs  of  child- 

8.  To  journey  or  inarch.  [birth. 

Miike  not  all  the  people  to  labor  thither.  —  Josh.  »ii. 

9.  To  perform  the  duties  of  the  p.astoral  office.  I 

10.  'J'o  perform  Christian  offices.  [  7'iirt.  v. 

To  tabor  under ;  to  be  atllicted  with;  to  be  bur- 
dened or  distressed  with  ;  as,  to  Zaii»r  under  a  disease 
or  an  alHiction. 

LA'BOR,  V.  U    To  work  at ;  to  till ;  to  cultivate. 

The  most  excellent  lands  are  lying  fallow,  or  only  labored  by 
children.  7b«>l-«. 

2.  To  prosecute  with  effort ;  to  urge  ;  as,  to  labor  a 
point  or  argument. 

3.  To  form  or  fabricate  with  exertion  ;  as,  to  labor 
arms  for  Troy,  Dryden. 

4.  To  beat;  to  belabor.  [T'Ac  latter  word  is  trentr- 
ally  used.']  Dryden. 

5.  To  form  with  toil  and  care ;  as,  ;i  labored  com- 
position. 

LAB'O-RANT,  71.  .\  chemist.  [J^ot  nsed.]  Boyle. 
L.Vll'O-RA-TO-RV,  Ji.   [Fr.  laboratuire,  from  labor.] 

1.  A  house  or  place  where  operations  and  experi- 
ments in  chemistry,  pharmacy,  pyrotechny,  &c.,  are 
performed. 

2.  A  place  where  arms  are  mannfttctiired  or  re- 
paired, or  fireworks  prepared  ;  as,  the  laboratory  in 
Springfield,  in  Massachusetts. 

3.  A  place  where  work  is  performed,  or  any  thing 
is  prepared  for  use.  Hence  Ilie  stumacli  is  called  the 
grand  laboratory  of  the  littinan  body  ;  the  liver,  the 
tttboratorn  of  the  bile. 

LA'BOR-Kl),  pp.  or  a.    Tilled;  cultivated;  formed 
with  labor. 

2.  a.  Bearing  marks  of  constraint  in  execution : 
opposed  to  Easy  or  Free  ;  as,  a  labored  style. 
La'HOR-ER,  71.  One  who  labors  in  a  toilsome  occu- 
pation ;  a  man  who  does  work  that  retiuires  httlc 
skill,  as  tlistiiiiiuished  from  an  artisan. 
LA'Bf)K  ING,;>;;r.  or  a.  Exerting  iniisciilar  strength 
or  intellectual  power;  toiling;  moving  with  pain  or 
with  diffiriilly  ;  cultivating. 

2.  .A  labariiitr  man,  or  laborer,  is  often  used  for  a 
man  who  performs  work  that  reipiires  no  apprentice- 
ship or  professional  skill,  in  distinction  from  an  arti- 
san; but  this  restricted  sense  is  not  always  obser\ed. 
A  hard-laborintr  wan  is  one  accustomed  to  hard  labor. 

lAtborina  oar:  the  oar  which  requires  the  most 
strenith  or  exertion,  or  on  which  most  depends. 
LA'BOR-I.Vt;,  n.    The  act  of  bestowing  labor. 

2.  The  pitching  and  rolling  of  a  vessel  in  a  heavy 
sea. 

L.\-lio'RI-OrS,  a.    [L.  taboriosus  ;  Fr.  laboriruj.] 

1.  I'siiig  exertion  ;  em|doying  labor ;  diligent  ii^ 
work  or  service  ;  assiduous  ;  used  of  persons :  as,  a 
laboriviL-^  husbandman  or  mechanic ;  a  laboriuus  min- 
ister or  pastor. 

2.  Requiring  labor;  toilsome  ;  tiresome;  not  easy; 
as,  tabnriiius  duties  or  services. 

3.  Requiring  labor,  exertion,  perseverance,  or  sac- 
rifices. 

Dtwt  thou  love  watchinga,  abstinence,  or  tuH, 

Laborioat  vinu'-s  all  !    Learn  diese  from  Cato.  A'tditon. 

LA-BO'RI-OUS-LY,  adc.    With  labor,  toil,  or  difHeuI- 
ty.  Pope. 


TONE,  B};LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  YI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  /  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


643 


LAC 


LAC 


LAC 


I.A-Bo'KI-OUS-NESS,  ji.    Tlie  qii.ility  of  beiiis  labo- 
rious, or  aueiided  with  toil ;  toilsomeiiess ;  ditiiculty. 
2.  DiliEience  ;  assiduity. 

LJ'BOR-LESSi,  o.    Not  laborious.  Brerewood. 

La'BOR-SaV-ING,  a.  Saving  labor  ;  adapted  to  su- 
persede or  diminish  the  labor  of  men. 

La'BOR-SO.ME,  n.  Made  with  great  labor  and  dili- 
gence.   [JVut  ill  use]  Sandjjs. 

L.A'BRA,  H.    [Sp.]    A  lip.  Sliak. 

LAB'RA-DoR-lTE,  ».  Labrador  spar,  a  beautiful  va- 
riety of  opalescent  felspar,  from  Labrador. 

La'BRoSE,  a.    [L.  labrum,  a  lip.] 
Having  thick  lips. 

LA-BUR'.\U.\I,  71.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Cytisus,  a  na- 
tive of  the  Alps,  and  much  cultivated  by  way  of  or- 
nament. 

LAB'Y-RL\TH,  71.    [L.  labyrinthvs  ;  Gr.  lal^vpivBoi.'] 

1.  Among  the  aticicitts,  an  edifice  or  place  full  of 
intricacies,  or  formed  with  winding  passages,  which 
rendered  it  difficult  to  find  the  way  from  the  interior 
to  the  entrance.  The  mus^t  remarkable  of  these  edi- 
fices mentioned  are  tiie  Egyptian  and  the  Cretan  tab- 
yrinth--i.  Enaic,  Lempriere. 

2.  A  maze ;  an  inexplicable  dilficulty. 

3.  Foriiierlij,  an  ornamental  maze  or  wilderness  in 
gardens.  Spenser. 

4.  In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  internal  ear  behind 
the  cavity  of  tiie  tympanum  or  drum.  Forsyth. 

5.  In  ynclallurini,  a  series  of  troughs  in  a  stamping- 
mill,  through  which  water  passes  for  washing  pul- 
verized ore.  Brande. 

LAB-Y  KINTH'I-AN,  a.  Winding;  intricate;  per- 
plexed. Bp.  Hall. 

LAB-Y-KTNTH'ie,  a.    Like  a  labyrinth. 

LAB-Y-RL\TH'I-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  lab- 
yrinth ;  intricate.  Kirby. 

LA  B- V-RL\TU'L\E,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  laby- 
rinth. 

LAG,  71.  [Sp.  laca ;  G.  lacU ;  Dan.  D.  lak ;  said  to  be 
from  the  Arabic] 

A  resinous  substance  produced  mainly  upon  the 
Ficus  Indica,  or  Banyan-tree,  by  the  Coccus  Ficus 
or  Coccus  Lacca.  It  is  composed  of  five  different 
varieties  of  resin,  with  a  small  quantity  of  several 
other  substances,  particularly  a'  red  coloring  matter. 
Stick  lac  is  tile  substance  in  its  natural  state,  incrust- 
ing  small  twigs.  When  broken  off,  and  boiled  in 
water,  it  loses  its  red  color,  and  is  called  seed  luc. 
"When  melted,  and  reduced  to  a  Ihin  crust,  it  is  called 
shell  lac.  United  with  ivory  black  or  vermilion,  it 
forms  black  and  red  sealing  wa.t.    Lac,  dissolved  in 

•  alcohol  or  other  menstrua,  by  dififercnt  methods  of 
preparation,  constitutes  various  kinds  of  varnishes 
and  lackers.  Thomson. 

LAC,  )  71.  In  (Ac /Casf/zK/ics,  one  hundred  thousand  ; 
L.\CK,  \     as,  a  lac  of  rupees. 

LAe'Cie,  (lak'sik,)  a.    Pertaining  to  lac,  or  produced 

from  it ;  as,  laccic  acid. 
LAe'CINE,  71.     A  substance  from  shell  lac,  brittle, 

yellow,  translucent;  soluble  in  caustic  potash,  and 

in  sulphuric  acid. 
LACE,  11.    [Sp.  lain,  a  tie  or  knot;  Fr.  lacet;  It.  lac- 

cio  i  L.  laiiueus.] 

1.  A  work  composed  of  threads  interwoven  into  a 
net,  and  worked  on  a  pillow  with  spindles  or  pins. 
Fine  laces  are  manufactured  in  France,  Italy,  and 
England. 

2.  A  string  ;  a  cord.  Spenser. 

3.  A  snare  ;  agin.  Fairfax. 

4.  A  plaited  string  with  which  females  fasten  their 
clothes. 

Doll  ne'er  wns  c;illc(i  to  cut  her  lace.  Sinift. 

5.  In  old  cant  language,  spirits  added  to  coffee  or 
other  beverage.  .Addison. 

LXCE,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  string  through  eyelet 
holes. 

When  Jenny**  stays  arc  newly  laced.  Prior. 

2.  To  adorn  with  lace  ;  as,  cloth  laced  with  silver. 

SkaL 

3.  To  embellish  with  variegations  or  stripes. 

I..>ok,  love,  wh.At  envious  strealts 

Do  lace  the  severing  cluiiils  in  yonder  east.  Shak, 

4.  To  beat;  to  lash  ;  [probably  to  make  stripes  on.] 

I'll  lore  your  co,tI  t.<r  ye.  VEstratige. 

f).  In  old  cant  language,  to  add  spirits  to  cofi'ee  or 
other  beverage.  Smart, 
LACE'-BAUK,  71.  The  bark  of  a  shrub  in  the  West 
Indies^  the  Daphne  lagetto,  so  called  from  the  texture 
of  its  Miner  bark. 
LAC'f;iJ,  (list,)  pp.  or  a.  Fastened  with  lace  or  a 
string  ;  alno  tricked  off  with  lace. 

jMced  coffee  :  coffee  with  spirits  in  it.  Mdison. 

•  iMttl  mutton,  (set  off  with  laces  ;)  a  prostitute. 
[Oli».]  Shak. 

LACE'.M  A.V,  n.    A  man  who  deals  in  lace.  Mdi^ion. 

LAC'EU-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Lacerate.]  That  may  be 
torn.  JIaroeu. 

LACER  ATE,  v.  t.    [L.  larero,  Ui  tear.] 

To  l4rar ;  Uy  rend  ;  to  nefiarate  a  Hubfitance  by  vio- 
lence or  tearing  ;  as,  to  lucrrale  the  flesh.  It  Is  ap- 
plied chiefly  In  the  (le«li,  or  figiimtively  to  the  heart. 
Iliit  siiiiieliines  it  is  npjilied  to  the  political  or  civil 
divisions  in  a  statt.*. 


LACERATE,     )  „    .  . 

LACER-A-TED,  i  ''>'■  °^       ^""^ ' 

2.  In  botany,  having  the  edge  variously  cut  into  ir- 
regular segments  ;  as,  a  lacerated  leaf.  Martyn. 

LAC-ER-A'TIUN,  71.  The  act  of  tearing  or  rending  ; 
the  breach  made  by  rending.  .Srbuthnot. 

LAC'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Tearing;  having  the  power  to 
tear  ;  as,  lacerative  humors.  Harvey. 

LA-CER'TA,  7!.  [L.]  The  name  of  a  genus  of  lizards. 
2.  A  northern  constellation  ;  the  Lizard. 

LA-CER'TI AN,  u.  A  saurian  of  the  family  Lacertin- 
idiB.  The  common  lizard  is  an  example  of  this  fam- 
ily. P.  Cyc. 

L.\-CER'TIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  saurians,  resembling 
the  commim  lizard. 

LA-CER'TINE,  a.    [L.  lacertus.]    Like  a  lizard. 

Journ.  of  Science, 

LA-CER  TUS,  71.  [L.]  Tile  girrock,  a  fish  of  the  gar-fish 
kind  ;  also,  the  lizard-fish.    Did.  JVat.  Hiit.  Cyc. 

LaCE'-WING-KD,  a.    Having  wings  like  lace. 

LaCE'V\  OiM-AN,  71.  A  woman  who  makes  or  sells 
lace. 

LACHE,     )  71.    [Norm.  Fr.  lachesse,  from  lache;  L. 
LACH'ES,  (     laxus,  lax,  slow.] 
In  lam,  neglect ;  negligence. 
LACH'RY-MA-BLE,  a.    Lamentable.  Morley. 
LACH'RY-.MAL,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  lachryma,  a  tear.] 

1.  Generating  or  secretrng  tears ;  as,  the  lachrymal 
gland. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tears  ;  conveying  tears. 
LA€H'RY-MA-RY,  a.    Containing  tears.  Mdison. 
LAeil-RY-MA'TION,  7i.    The  act  of  shedding  tears. 
LACH'RY-MA-TO-RY,  77.    [Fr.  lurJirymatoire.] 

A  vessel  found  in  sepulchres  of  the  ancients,  in 
which  it  has  been  supposed  the  tears  of  a  deceased 
person's  friends  were  collected  and  preserved  with 
the  ashes  and  urn.  It  was  a  small  glass  or  bottle 
like  a  phial.  Encyc. 

LACH'RY-MoSE,  a.    Generating  or  shedding  tears. 

LA€H'RY-MoSE-LY,  adv.    In  a  lachrymose  manner. 

LACING,  ppr.  Fastening  with  a  string;  adorning  or 
trimming  with  lace. 

LACING,  71.     A  fastening  with  a  string  or  cord 
through  eyelet  holes. 
2.  A  cord  used  in  drawing  tight  or  fastening. 

LA-CIN'I-A-TED,  |       f^'  " 

1.  Adorned  with  fringes. 

2.  In  iufanij,  jagged.  '  Martyn. 
LACK,  V.  I.    [b.  Iceg,  empty  ;  leegen,  to  empty  ;  Dan. 

lak,  a  fault ;  lakkcr,  to  decline  or  wear  away  ;  Goth. 
ujligan,  to  hack  or  fail ;  L.  dcliqnium,  which  seems  to 
be  connected  with  linipto,  to  leave,  to  faint,  and  with 
litjtto,  to  melt,  litjuid,  &cc.] 

1.  To  want;  to  be  destitute  of;  not  to  have  or 
possess. 

If  iviiy  of  you  lack  wisdom,  let  him  ask  it  of  God.  —  James  i. 

2.  To  blame.    [JVot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 
L.\CK,  V.  i.    To  be  in  want. 

The  young  lions  do  taci:  and  sulTer  hunn^er.  —  Ps.  xxxiv, 
2.  To  be  wanting. 

Perhaps  tliere  shall  tocJl:  five  of  the  fifty  righteous.  —  Gen.  iviii. 
LACK,  71.    Want ;  destitution  ;  need ;  failure. 

lie  that  gatliered  little  had  no  lack.  —  Ex.  xvi. 
A  lack  of  rupees,  in  the  East  Indies,  is  one  hundred 
thousand  rupees,  which,  at  55  cents  each,  amount  to 
filly-five  thousand  dollars,  or,  at  2s.  6d.  sterling,  to 
£12,500. 

LACK-A-DaY',  eiclam.  of  sorrow  or  regret ;  alas. 

LACK-A-DAI'SY,  and  hence  LACK-A-DAI'SI-CAL, 
adj.,  affectedly  pensive,  are  used  in  ludicrous  lan- 
guage. Smart, 

LACK'BRAIN,  71.  One  that  wants  brains,  or  is  defi- 
cient in  understanding.  Shak. 

LACK'ER.    See  Lachuer. 

L.\CK'EY,  (lak'e,)  «.    [Fr.  laqaais  ;  Sp.  Uicayo  ;  Port. 

lacaia  ;  It.  lacchi  ;  Eth.  lak,  to  send,  whence 

lake,  a  servant ;  L.  lego,  to  send.    From  this 
root  is  the  Slieinitic  In'jD,  a  messenger.] 
An  attending  servant ;  a  footboy  or  footman. 
LACK'EY,  V.  t.    To  attend  servilely.  Milton. 
LAt'K'EY,  V.  i.    To  act  as  footboy;  to  pay  servile  at- 
tendance. 


oft  have  I  servants  seen  on  hoTses  ride, 
'I'he  Iree  and  nol)le  lackey  l»y  tlieir  side. 


Sandyt. 


LACK'EY-/;!),  (lak'id,)  pp.    Attended  servilely. 
LACK'ING, /i;ir.    Wanting;  not  possessing. 
LACK'-LIN-EN,  a.    Wanting  shirts.    [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

LACK'-LUS-TER, )  71.  A  want  of  luster,  or  that 
LACK'-LUS-TRE,  i  which  wants  brightnes.s. 
LACK'-LUS-TER,  a.  Wanting  luster  or  brightness. 
LACK'-UJS-TKE,  j  S/iuk. 
LA-eON'ie,  (a.  [Fr.  laconique;  L.  laconicus ; 
LA-CON'IC-AL,  j  from  Laconia,  or  Laconct,  the 
Spartans.] 

1.  Short;  brief;  pithy;  sententious;  expressing 
much  in  fi  w  worils,  after  tife  manner  of  the  Spar- 
tniiri  ;  as,  a  laconic  phrase.  Pope. 


2.  Pertaining  t»  Sparta  or  Lacedemonia. 

Traits,  of  Pausanias.  D^.^nville. 
LA-eON'ie-AL-LY,  adti.     Briefly;  concisely;  as,  a 

sentiment  laconically  expressed. 
LA-CON' ICS,  71.    A  book  of  Pausanias,  which  treats 

of  Lacedemonia. 
LA'CON-ISM,        )         rr    7        •  n 
LA-€ON'I-CISM,  !  '""'"«««».] 

1.  A  concise  style. 

2.  A  brief,  sententious  phrase  or  expression. 
LACaUER,  (lak'ker,)7i.  [Pr.  laqut.]  A  kind  of  var- 
nish. The  basis  of  lactpiers  is  a  solution  of  the  sub- 
stance called  lac  in  spirit  of  wine  or  alcohol.  Var- 
nishes applied  to  metals  improve  their  color  and 
preserve  them  from  tarnishing.  Encyc.  Cyc. 

Lacquers  consist  of  different  resins  in  a  state  of 
solution,  of  which  the  most  common  are  mastic, 
sandarach,  l.ic,  benzoin,  copal,  amber,  and  asphalt. 
The  menstrua  are  either  expressed  or  essential  oils, 
or  spirit  of  wine.  J\rieholson. 

LACCiUER,  (1.  (.  To  varnish  ;  to  smear  over  with 
lacker,  for  the  purpose  of  improving  color  or  pre- 
serving from  tarnishing  and  decay. 

LACCiLJER-iiD,  pp. or  a.  Covered  with  lacquer;  var- 
nished. 

LAC'CIUER-ING,  ppr.  Covering  with  lacquer;  var- 
nishing. 

LACQUER  ING,  71.   The  act  of  putting  on  lacquer. 

2.  The  covering  of  lacquer  or  varnish  thus  put  on. 
LAC-Rl-MO'SO,  [It.]    Noting  a  plaintive  movement, 

as  if  in  weeping. 
L.ACTAGE,  71.     The  produce  of  animals  yielding 

milk.  Shue.kford. 
LAC'TANT,  a.    [L.  lactans,  from  lacto,  to  give  suck  ; 
lac,  milk.] 

Suckling;  giving  suck.    [Little  used.] 
LACTA-RY,  a.    [L.  lactarius,  from  lacta  ;  lac,  milk.] 
Milky  ;  full  of  white  juice  like  milk.    [Little  used.] 

Brown. 

LAC'TA-RY,  71.    [L.  lactarius.]    A  dair>--hiiuse. 
LACTATE,  71.    In  chrmiilry.  a  salt  formed  by  the 

lactic  acid,  or  acid  of  milk,  with  a  base.  Fourcroy. 
LAC-TA'TION,  71.    [L.  lacto,  to  give  suck.] 

The  act  of  giving  suck  ;  or  the  time  of  suckling. 

Johnson,  Encyc. 
LA€MTE-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  milk. 

9.  Ctmveying  chyle  ;  as,  a  lacteal  vessel. 
LACTE  AL,  71.    A  vessel  or  slender  tube  of  animal 
bodies,  for  conveying  chyle  from  the  intestines  to  the 
common  reservatory.  Encyc, 
LACTE-AL-LY,  adv.     Milkily ;  in  the  manner  of 
milk. 

L.\CTE-.-\N,  a.  [L.  lactcus.]  Milky ;  resembling 
milk. 

2.  Lacteal ;  conveying  chyle. 
LACTE-OUS,  a.    [L.  lacteus,  from  lac,  milk.] 

1,  Milky  ;  resembling  milk.  Brown. 

2.  Lacteal ;  conveying  chyle  ;  as,  a  lacteov.<  vessel. 

Bcntley. 

LACTE-OUS-LY,  ado.    Milkily  ;  lacteally. 
L.AC-TES'CENCE,  71.    [L.  tactescens,  lactesco,  from 
lacto :  lac,  milk.] 

1.  Tendency  to  milk;  milkiness  or  milky  color. 

i*<i;//c. 

■   2.  In  botany,  milkiness  ;  the  liquor  which  flows 
abundantly  from  a  plant,  \\  hen  wounded,  commonly 
white,  but  sometimes  yellow  or  red.  Martyn, 
LAC-TES'CENT,  a.    Producing  milk  or  white  juice. 

.Srbuthnot. 

2.  Aboltniling  with  a  thick-colored  juice.  Encyc. 
LACTIC,  a.    Pertaining  to  milk,  or  procured  from 

sour  milk  or  whey  ;  as,  the  lactic  acid.  Fourcroy. 
LAC-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  lac,  milk,  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

1.  Bearing  or  conveying  milk  or  white  juice  ;  as, 
a  lacliferiiiis  duct.  Boyle. 

2.  Producing  a  thick,  colored  juice,  as  a  plant. 

Encyc. 

LACTIME,  II.  .\  cryst.illizable  acid,  formed  from  c\;t\t- 
orating  the  whey  of  milk,  also  called  sugar  of  milk. 

Oraliam. 

LAC-TOAI'E  TER,  n.    [L.  lac  and  mrfraiii.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  proportion  of 
cream  in  milk.  It  is  a  glass  tube  graduated  and  filled 
with  milk. 

LAC-'i'U-CA'RI-UM,  71.  The  inspissated  juice  of  the 
common  lettuce,  sometimes  used  as  a  substitiile  for 
opium.  Cotdey, 

LAC  TO'CIC  ACID,  11.  An  acid  obtained  from  the 
stitmg  scented  lettuce,  Lactiica  virosa,  and  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  oxalic  acid.    Brande.  Cooley. 

LA-CO'N.A,  II. p/.  LACiih-.*:.  [L.l  A  small  opening ; 
a  small  pit  or  depression  ;  a  small  lilank  space. 

LA-CU'NAL,  a.    Pi  ilaiiiing  to  or  having  lacuna!. 

LA-CO'NAR,  71.  [I..]  Ill  nrc/ii/ir/i/rc,  the  ceiling  or 
under  surface  of  any  part,  when  it  consists  of  cimi- 
partnients  sunk  or  hollowed  without  spaces  or  hands 
lietween  the  panels,  Brande. 

LAC  IJ  NOSE',  a.  [L.  lacuno.ins,  from  lacuna,  a  ditch 
or  hollow.] 

Fiirrowetl  or  pitted.    A  lacunose  leaf  has  the  disk 
depressed  between  the  veins.  Martyn. 
LA-CUS'TRINE,  I  a.    Pertaining  to  lakes  or  swamps. 
LA-CUS'TKAL,   j  Buckland. 


FATE,  FAE,  F^LL,  WH.>T  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WX?LF,  BQQK — 


644 


LAD 


LAD,  H.  r\V.  llatcd,VL  lad;  and  Sax.  leotl,G.  Itute, 
Riiss.  lead,  |)i-ople,  are  probably  frcini  the  same  root ; 
Ir.  latli,  a  youth,  1).  loot,  a  shoot ;  Ucb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam. 

lS'>to  procreate  or  bear  young;  Eth.  (DAi?  ;  Ar. 

jjj  walatla,  id.   Class  Ld,  No.  29.] 

A  younc  man,  or  bov  ;  a  slriplinf;.  Locke. 

LAn  X  XUM,  n.  [tJaiii  to  be  Ar.nbic]  The  resinous 
juice  which  exudes  from  the  Cistus  ladaniferiis,  a 
shruh  which  prows  in  Spain  and  I'ortugiil,  or  from 
Cistus  Creticiis,  which  grows  in  Crete,  Syria,  &.C. 
It  is  collected  with  a  kind  of  rake,  with  leather 
thoniis  attached  to  it,  with  which  the  slirubs  are 
brushed.  The  best  sort  is  in  dark-colored  black 
masses,  of  the  consistence  of  a  soft  pliister.  The 
other  sort  is  in  long  rolls  coiled  up,  harder  than 
the  former,  and  of  a  paler  color.  It  is  chielly  used 
in  external  applications.  Encijc.  Parr. 

LAO'DElt,  !i.  [Sax.  hUdder  :  T).  latlder,  OT  ledcr  ;  G. 
letter,  a  ladder,  a  leader,  a  cuide  ;  Iriten,  to  lead.] 

I.  A  frame  of  wood,  consisting  of  two  side-pieces, 
connected  by  rounds  inserted  in  them  at  suit.able  dis- 
tances, and  ihns  forming  steiw  by  which  persons  may 
ascend  a  building,  &c. 

■2.  That  by  which  a  person  ascends  or  rises  ;  means 
of  ascending  ;  as,  a  ladder  made  of  cords.  Shak. 

Lowlim'Sa  is  yuuiig  AniliiLion's  ladder.  StinJ:. 

3.  Gradual  rise  ;  elevation. 

Moiiitliri^  f:\si  toward  ilie  tup  of  the  Uvlder  Mclt-si-iatioil.  Sici/t. 

LAD'DIE,  (lad'de,)  n.  .\  lad  or  young  man.  [Scofd'.'.A.] 
LaOE,  r.  t. :  j*rft.  Laded  ;  pp.  I.adcd,  Laden.  [Sax. 
Uufan  n\u\  hladan  ;  (I.  laden:  I)  taaileit  ;  Sw.  laddal 
Dan.  ladder;  Russ.  klud,:i  load  or  cargo;  kladu,  to 
put,  to  lay,  to  make,  hnild,  or  found,  to  lay  eggs,  to 
give,  to  suppttse,  &c.  Here  we  observe  that  to  load, 
or  lade,  is  to  throw  ;  that  is,  to  put  on  or  in,  for  to 
send,  thrust,  throw,  is  the  sense  of  laying  eggs. 
Now,  this  is  precisely  the  radical  signification  of 
the  witrds  loud,  lad.  \V.  Iltiwd,  clod,  1*.  plaiido,  &c.] 
I.  To  load  ;  to  put  on  or  in,  as  a  burden  or  freight. 
We  lade  a  ship  with  cotton.  We  lade  a  horse  or  oth- 
er beast  with  corn. 

■  with  tlic  corn,  and  departed  tlicocc. 


And  th'^y  laded  their  i 
—  Uen.  xlii. 


2.  To  dip;  to  throw  in  or  out,  as  a  fluid,  with  n 
ladle  or  dip|>er;  as,  to  lade  water  out  of  a  tub  or  in- 
to a  cistern. 

3.  To  draw  water.    ^jVo(  in  use.'] 

I.ADr.,  II.    The  mouth  01  a  river.    [Ois.^  Gibson. 
LAD'KI),  {  pp.    Loaded;  charged  with  a  burden  or 
L.AU'f."N,  t  freight. 

2.  a.    Oppressed  ;  burdened. 
LSD'l.N'G,  ppr.    Loading;  charging  with  a  burden  or 

freight ;  throwing  or  dipping  out. 
LAO'ING,  n.  That  whicli  constitutes  a  load  or  cargo  ; 

freiglit ;  burden  ;  as,  the  lading  of  a  ship,  .^cts 

Jixvii. 

LAD'KfN,  n.    A  little  lad  ;  a  ynutli.    [Little  used.] 
LA'DLK,  n.    [Sax.  hUr.dlr,  from  hiadnn,  supra.] 

1.  A  utensil  somewhat  like  a  dish,  with  a  long 
handler  used  for  throwing  or  dipping  out  liquor  from 
a  vessel. 

2.  The  receptacle  of  a  mill-wheel,  which  receives 
the  water  which  mox'es  it. 

3.  In  yuiiiipn/,  an  instrument  for  drawing  the 
charge  nf  a  cannon-  Mar.  Diet. 

LA'ULK-FyL,  «.    The  quantity  contained  in  a  ladle. 

Sicil'L 

LA'nV,  n.  [fnx.  hlafdi^,  hl.rfdiga,  hicrfdia.  The  first 
syllable  of  this  woril  occurs  in  hlaford,  lord,  and  Ibis 
is  supposed  to  be  liinf,  a  loaf,  ami  the  words  to  signi- 
fy breail-rrieers.  Itut  this  is  doubtful  ;  the  meaning 
of  the  last  syllable  not  being  ascert^iined  in  either 
word.] 

1.  A  woman  of  distinction,  correlative  to  Lord; 
in^nsUtnd,  a  title  prelixed  to  the  name  of  any  wom- 
an whtise  husband  is  not  of  lower  rank  than  a 
knight,  or  whose  father  was  a  nobleman  not  lower 
than  an  earl.  Smart. 

2.  A  term  of  complaisance  ;  applied  to  almost  any 
well  dressed  woman,  but  oif}>ropriaUhj,  to  one  of  re- 
fined manners  and  education.  Guardian, 

3.  Mistress;  the  feinali' who  presides  or  has  au- 
thority over  a  manor  or  a  family. 

LS;nY  RTRl),-! 

l,.yl)^*-!l^,'0,  In.    a  small,  red,  vaginopennous,  or 
La'OV-COW,  f    sheath-winged. insect.  Qau. 
L.A'IJY-FL?,  J 

2.  A  small  coleopterous  ir.sect  of  various  brilliant 
colors,  feeding  on  plaiit-lice,  and  belonging  to  the  ge- 
nus Coccinilla.  Limutus. 
LA'DY'S  ItED'STRAW,  n.     An  East  Indian  ever- 
green undenihnib,  of  the  genus  Pharnaceiiin. 

I^udon. 

alis  -"^  P'""'  eenus  Clem- 

LA'DY'S  COMn,  M.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Scandix. 
LA'n  VS  egSII'IO.N,  ».   a  plant  of  the  genus  Saxif- 

raga 


LAK 

LA'DV'S  FL\'"(;EU,  II.  Kidney  vetch ;  a  plant  of  the 

genus  Antliyllis. 
LA'UY'S  iM.WTLE,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Alche- 

niilla. 

La'DV'S  Sf; AL,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Tainus. 
LA'DY'S  SLIP'l'ER,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Uypri- 
pt-diiini. 

LA'DY'S  S.MOCK,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  C.arda- 
mine. 

LA'DY'S  TRA'CES,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Neot- 
tia. 

LA'DY-CIIAP'EL,  n.   A  chapel  dedicated  to  the  Vir- 
gin Mary. 

LA'DY-DAY,  n.    The  day  of  the  annunciation  of  the 

Virgin  Mary,  March  ■-'.'ith. 
LA'DY-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  lady  in  manners ;  genteel ; 

well-bred. 

2.  Soft;  tender;  delicate.  Lhnjden. 
LA'DY-LOVE,  n.    A  sweetheart  or  mistress. 
LA'DY'-SIIIP,  n.    The  title  of  a  lady. 

Shak.    Dry  den. 
L.AG,  a.    [This  word  belongs  to  the  ro    n(  slack,  slow, 
sluggL^li,  lan/ruiih,  long ;  Goth,  laggs  ;  \Y.  llag,llac: 
Gr.  Aa;  )  cu'.>,  Xu)  Cla-ss  Lg.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Coming  after  or  behind  ;  slow ;  sluggish  ;  tardy. 

Sliak. 

2.  Last ;  long  delayed  ;  as,  the  lag  end.  Shak. 
[This  ailjective  is  not  now  in  use.] 

L.\G,  H.    The  lowest  class  ;  the  rump  ;  the  fag  end. 

2.  He  that  comes  behind.    [JVot  in  use.]  Sliak. 
L.\G,  V.  i.    [W.  Hag,  line,  slack,  loose  ;  Goth,  laggs, 
long  ;  Eng.  to  flag,  and  flueceo,  langueo,  to  languish, 
&.C.    The  sense  is  to  extend  or  draw  out,  or  to  bc- 
ctune  lax  or  loose.    Class  Lg.] 

To  walk  or  move  slowly ;  to  loiter ;  to  stay  be- 
hind. 

I  «1i:vll  not  lag  behind.  Milton, 

LAG'GARD,  <u  Slow  ;  sluggish  ;  backward.  Collins, 
L.\G'GARD,  It.    One  who  lags  ;  a  loiterer. 

Waller  Scott, 

LAG'GER,  n.    A  loiterer  ;  an  idler  ;  one  who  moves 

slowly  and  falls  behind. 
LAG'GING,  ppr.  or  a.    Loitering;  moving  slowly  and 

falli  lg  behind. 

Tlie  niiree  went  lagging  after  with  the  child.  Dnj'len. 

L.\G'GrNG-LY,  adv.  Loiteringly. 
L.'\G'0-MYS,  ji.    [Gr.  Xnyos  or  Xayus,  a  hare,  and 
(ii'C,  mouse  or  rat.] 

The  animal  called  R4T-iiARE,a  genus  between  the 
hare  and  rat,  found  in  Siberia.  Manlell. 
LA-GOON',  )  ?i.    [It.  and  Sp.  laguna,  from  the  root  of 
L.\-GuXE',  i  lake] 

A  marsh,  shallow  pond,  or  lake,  into  which  the 
sea  flows  ;  as,  the  lagunes  of  Venice. 

Rail.  SmollrU. 
LX'ie,       j  a.    [It.  laieo,  laicalc,  Fr.  laiqur,  Sp.  laycal, 
L.A'IC-AL,  \     I),  leek,  L.  laicus,  from  Gr.  >anr  .5,  from 
Alio!,  people.  The  Greek  Aaoj  is  probably  a  contract- 
ed word.] 

lU'loiiging  to  the  laity  or  people,  in  distinction  from 
the  clergy. 

LA'ie,  K.    A  layman.  Bp.  Morton, 

L.Ain,  prrt.  and  pp.  of  Lat  ;  so  written  for  Lated. 
Laid  up ;  stored  away ;  confined  to  one's  bed  ;  dis- 
mantled and  out  of  use,  as  a  ship. 

LAI.V,  pp.  of  Lie.  Lien  would  be  a  more  regular  or- 
thography, biit  L.vin  is  gene.'.-„'ly  used. 

LAIR,  n.  '[(;.  lager,  froni  the  root  of  lay,  L.  locut.] 

1.  A  place  of  rest ;  the  bed  or  couch  of  a  boar  or 
v\'ild  be.ast.  Miiton.  Dnjden. 

2.  Pasture  ;  the  ground.  Spenstr. 
LAIKD,  n.    [Contracted  from  Sa.x.  hlaford,  lonl.] 

1.  .\  person  of  superior  rank  ,  a  lord.  (SeoULth.) 

2.  A  landholder  under  the  degree  of  a  knight  or 
squire.  [S(roHi,s-A.] 

3.  .\  le;uler  or  captain. 

LA'I-T\',  n.    [Gr.  A.105,  people.    See  Laic.] 

1.  The  people,  as  distinguished  from  tne  clergy; 
the  body  of  the  people  not  in  orders.  Stei/l. 

2.  The  state  of  a  Layman,  or  of  not  being  in  orders. 
[^'ot  used,]  .Syliffe. 

L.AKE,  r.  i.    [Sw.  Irka  :  Dan.  Irger;  Goth,  laikon.] 
To  play  ;  to  sport.    [.N'ui  tA  of  England.]    [This  is 

plait.  Sax.  pirgnn,  without  a  prefix.] 
LAKE,  II.    [G.  laehe,  a  puddle  ;  Fr.  lac;  L.  laetLs;  Sp. 

and  It.  lago ;  Sax.  luh  ;  ScoL  Inch  :  Ir.  tough  ;  Ice. 

laugh.    ,\  lake  is  a  stand  of  water,  from  the  root  of 

lay.    Hence  L.  lagcjia.  Eng.  Jlagon,  and  Sp.  laguna, 

lagoon.] 

.\  large  and  extensive  collection  of  water  con- 
tained in  a  cavity  or  hollow  of  the  e.arth.  It  dilTers 
from  a  Posd  in  size,  the  latter  being  a  collection  of 
small  extent  ;  but  sometimes  a  collection  of  water  is 
called  a  pond  or  a  lake  indifferently.  North  .America 
contains  some  of  the  largest  lakes  on  the  globe,  par- 
ticularly the  lakes  Ontario,  Eric,  Huron,  Michigan, 
and  Sii[>erior. 

L.AKE,  n.  A  deep-red  coloring  matter,  consisting  of 
aluminous  earth  anil  cochineal  or  other  red  substance. 
Sometimes  the  term  lake  is  indiscriminately  applied 
to  all  compounds  of  alumina  and  coloring  matter. 

Brande, 

LAKE'LET,  lu    .\  little  lake.  Mrs.  Butler. 


LAM 


LAKE'-LIKE,  a.    Ucseinbling  a  lake.    Mrs,  BuUrr. 

LAK'Y,n.    Pertaining  to  a  lake  or  lakes.  Shrrteovd, 

L.VL-LA'TION,  n.  [Letter/.]  An  iiiiperf>/rt  pronun- 
ciation of  the  letter  r,  which  iilli  rs  it  like  /. 

LA'.MA,  n.  The  soveri  igii  pontiff,  or  rather  the  god  of 
the  Asiatic  Tartars.  Kneye. 

2.  A  ruminant  iiiainmni,  called  by  nntiirnlists  Aii- 
cbenia  Glaina,  inlialiiiing  Pi  rii  and  the  .Smthern 
Andes.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  the  camel,  and  has  been 
domesticated  ami  used  ad  a  beast  of  burden. 

L,\-.M.'\.N''TI.\,  /  II.    The  sea-cow  or  manatee.  [See 

LAMEN'TIN,   (  Manatee.] 

LAMU,  (lam.)  11.  [Goth,  luwb ;  Sax.  hmb ;  D.  Dan. 
lam  ;  G.  lamm  :  Sw.  lamb.  The  letter  fc  is  casual  and 
useless.  I  suspect  the  word  to  signify  a  shoot,  as  in 
other  cases  t»f  the  young  of  animals,  from  a  root 
which  is  retained  in  the  Welsh  llama,  to  bound,  to 
skip.l 

1.  The  young  of  the  sheep  kind. 

2.  The  Lamb  of  God,  in  .•Scripture,  the  Savior  Je- 
sus Christ,  who  was  typified  by  the  paschal  laiub. 

Behold  tlie  Lamb  0/  God,  who  ulceth  awny  .  !»e  sin  of  the  world. 
—  John  i. 

L.AMI5,  p.  t.    To  bring  forth  young,  as  slieep. 
LAMB'ALE,  (lam'ile,)  n.     A  feast  at  the  time  of 

shearing  lambs. 
LAM'UA-TIVE,  a.    [L.   ;<iraio,  to  lick;  VV.  Uaib, 

lleibiam,  to  lap.] 

Taken  by  licking.      [Little  u-ird.]  Brown, 
I/AM'I1.\-TI  VE,  n.  .V  medicine  taken  by  licking  with 

the  tongue.  fViseman, 
LA.MB-DOID'AL,  a.    [Gr.  Xapff^a,  the  name  of  Uie 

letter  A,  and  ti^oc,  form.] 

In  the  form  of  the  Greek  A,  (lambda,)  the  English 

L  ;  as,  the  lambdoidal  suture.  Sharp, 
LA.M'IIE.NT,  a.    [L. /nmiifii.s, /amio,  to  lick.] 

Playing  about;  touching  lightly;  gliding  over; 

as,  a  lambent  flame.  Drydm, 
LAMIi'KIN,  (lam'kin,)  n.  A  small  lamb.  Oay, 
LAMR'LIKE,  (lain'like,)n.     Like  a  Iamb;  gentle; 

liuiiible;  meek;  mild;  innocent;  as,  a  lamblike  tem- 
per, 

LA.MB'S'-WOOL,  n.    The  wool  of  lambs. 

2.  Ale  mixed  with  sugar,  nutmeg,  and  the  pnip  of 
roasted  apples,  said  to  be  corrupted  from  lawns  ubhal, 
the  day  of  the  apple  fruit.  Burton. 

LAME,  a.  (Sax.  lame,  or  lama  ;  G.  lahm  ;  D.  Dan.  lam ; 
Sw.  lahm.    It  is  probahly  allied  to  limp.] 

1.  Crippled  or  disabled  in  a  limb,  or  otherwise  in- 
jured so  as  to  be  unsound  and  impaired  in  strength  ; 
as,  a  lame  arm  or  leg,  or  a  person  lame  in  one  leg. 

2.  Imperfect;  net  satisfactory ;  as,  a  fame  excuse. 

Smift. 

3.  Hobbling ;  not  smooth  ;  as,  numbers  in  verse. 

Dryden. 

Lame  duck ;  a  cant  phrase  for  a  defaulter  at  the 
stork  exchange.  Orose. 

L.AME,  r.  L  To  make  lame  ;  to  cripple  or  disable  ;  to 
render  imperfect  and  uiisoiiiid  ;  as,  to  lame  an  arm  or 
a  leg.  Dryden, 

LA.M'f;D,  pp.    .Made  ^i*^  crippled. 

LA.M'EL,       in.;  pi.  Lamels  or  Lamellj:.  [h.lamel- 

LA-.MEL'LA,  i     la  :  W.  Ilnnjn,    See  Lamina.] 
A  tliin  plate  or  scale  of  any  thing. 

LAM'EL-LAR,  a.  [from  lainrt.]  Conijiosed  of  thin 
pl.ates,  layers,  or  scales;  disposed  in  thin  plates  or 
scales. 

LAM'EI>-LAR-LY,  adr.    In  thin  plates  or  scales. 
LA.M'EI,-L.ATE,     /  a.    CemiMised  of  thin  plates  or 
L.\M'EI.-LA-TED,  )     scales,  or  covered  with  them. 
LA-MEL'LI-eORN,  ji.     [L.  lamrlla^ud  comu,  a 

horn.]  ,  _ 

A  coleopterous  insect,  having  airt^ntiac  terminating 

in  lamellar  joinls. 
LAM-EI..-LlF'ER-OUS,  a.    [i..  lamella  and /ero,  to 

bear.] 

Having  a  structure  composed  of  thin  layers  ;  hav- 
ing a  foliated  sfruclure.  Humble. 
LA-.>IEL'LI-FOUJl,  a.     [L.  lameUa,  a  plate,  and 
form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  plate  or  scale. 

Joum.  of  Science, 
LA.M-EL-LI-ROS'TRAL,  a.     [L.  lameUa  and  ros- 
trum.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  tribe  of  swimming  birds,  in 
which  the  margin  of  the  beak  is  furnished  with 
lamels,  or  thin,  deiit:il  plates,  as  the  goose,  duck, 
and  swan.  Brande. 
LAME'LY',  adr.  [See  Lame.]  Like  a  cripple  ;  with 
imiuiired  strength  ;  in  a  h.alting  manner  ;  as,  to  walk 
lamely. 

2.  Imperfectly  ;  without  a  complete  exhibition  nf 
parts  ;  as,  a  figure  lamely  drawn  ;  a  scene  lamely  de- 
scribed. 

3.  Weakly  ;  poorly  ;  unsteadily  ;  feebly. 
LAMF.'NESS,  11.    .\»  impaired  state  of  the  body  or 

limbs;  loss  of  natiinil  soundness  and  strength  by  a 
wound  or  by  a  disease  ;  particularly  apfilied  to  Uie 
limbs,  and  implying  a  total  or  [Kirtial  inability  ;  aa, 
llle  lameness  of  the  leg  or  ami. 

2.  Imperfection  ;  weakness  ;  as,  the  lameness  OC 
an  argument,  or  of  a  description. 
L.\-MENT',  r.  1.    [L.  (amentur.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  7H  as  in  THIS. 


81 


64a 


L  A  M 

1.  To  mourn  ;  to  grieve  ;  to  weep  or  wail ;  to  ex- 
press sorrow. 

Jeremiah  lamented  for  Josiah.  —  2  ChroB.  xxxv, 

2.  To  regret  deeply  ;  to  feel  sorrow. 
LA-ME\T',  V.  t.    To  bewail;  to  mourn  for;  to  be- 
moan ;  to  deplore. 

One  I-iaglieii  ;U  follies,  one  lamented  crimes.  Dnjden, 
L.\-ME.NT',  n.    [L.  lameiitiim.] 

Grief  or  sorrow  expressed  in  complaints  or  cries ; 
lamentation  ;  a  weeping. 

Torment,  anti  loud  lament,  and  furious  rage.  lifdlon. 
[  Tliis  noun  is  ttseti  ckiefiy  or  safely  in  poetry.'] 
2.  .\n  elesy  or  mournful  ballad. 
LAM'ENT-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  lameutabilis.] 

1.  To  be  lamented  ;  deserving  sorrow;  as,  a  lam- 
entahtc  declension  of  morals. 

2.  Mournful ;  adapted  to  awaken  grief;  as,  a  lam- 
entable tune. 

3.  Expressing  sorrow  ;  as,  lamentable  cries. 

4.  Miserable  ;  pitiful  ;  low  ;  poor ;  in  a  sense  rather 
Ittflicrtnts.    ^/Jttle  tiscd.]  Stillinirjlcet. 

LAM'ENT-A  liLY,  adv.  Mournfully;  with  expres- 
sions or  tokens  of  sorrow.  Sidney. 

2.  So  as  to  cause  sorrow.  S/tot. 

3.  Pitifully  ;  despicably. 
L.\M-ENT-A'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  lamrntatio.] 

1.  Expression  of  sorrow  ;  cries  of  grief ;  the  act  of 
bewailing. 

In  Rama  wiis  there  a  voice  heard,  lamentation  am!  weeping.  — 
Malt.  u. 

2.  In  the  plural,  n  book  of  Scripture,  containing 
the  lamentations  of  Jeremiali. 

L.4-MEXT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Bewailed  ;  mourned  for. 
L.\-.ME.\T'ER,  n.    One  who  mourns,  or  cries  out 

with  sorrov/. 
L.V.MEN'TI.V.    See  Lamantin. 

LA-.ME.\T'I.\"G,  ;vr.    Bewailing;  mourning  ;  weep- 
L.'^-ME.VT'I.NG,  n.    A  mourning  ;  lamentation,  [ing. 
LA-.ME.\T'ING-LV,  aiji.'.    With  lamentation. 
La'.M1-A,  II.    [L.]    .'V  bag  ;  a  witch  ;  a  dennm. 
L.AM'IN-A,  71. ; Lamin-*:.    [L.  lamina;  W.llavyn, 
from  extending,  W.  llai-.] 

1.  .V  thin  plate  or  scale  ;  a  layer  or  coat  lying  over 
another;  applied  to  the  plates  of  minerals,  bones,  &:c. 

2.  A  bone,  or  part  of  n  bone,  resembling  a  thin 
plate,  such  as  the  cribriform  plate  of  the  ethmoid 
bone.  Parr. 

3.  The  lap  of  the  ear.  Parr. 

4.  The  border,  or  the  upper,  bro.ad,  or  spreading  part 
of  the  petal,  in  a  pulyiietalous  corol.  JIartijn. 

5.  Tile  part  of  a  leaf  \vhich  is  an  expansion  of  the 
parenchyma  or  pith  of  the  petiole  ;  the  blade  of  a 
leaf.    It  is  traversed  bv  veins.  Lindleii. 

LA.M'IN-.4-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  formed  inti.  thin 
plates.  Kirican. 

L.\.M'IN-AR,  a.  In  plates ;  consisting  of  thin  plates 
or  layers. 

LAM'f.V-.^TE,    j  a.     Plated  ;  consisting  of  plates, 
LA.\I'IN-A-TED,  )     scales,  or  layers,  one  over  an- 
other. 

LAM-IN-a'TIO.V,  It.    State  of  being  laminated. 
L.^.M'I.\G,  pjir.  Crippling. 

L.\.M-IN'-IF'EIl-OUS,  a.  [L.  lamina  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

Having  a  structure  consisting  of  lamime,  or  layers. 

.  Humble. 

La.M'ISII,  a.    Somewhat  lame.  (Vood. 

L.'iM.M,  ». To  beat.    [^Tot  in  itse.]  Beaum.  If  Ft. 

L.\M'.*>;.*\S,  71.    [Sax.  Mammtcs.-'e,  from  Mafm'cssr,  loaf- 
maas,  bread-feast,  or  feast  of  first  fruits.  Lyr.] 
The  fir.st  day  of  August.  Bacon. 

LAM'MEK-GElR,  n.  The  Gypaetos  barbatus,  the 
largest  bird  of  prey  in  Europe,  Asia,  or  Africa,  in- 
habiting chains-of  high  mountains;  also  called  the 
Bearded  Vulliire. 

LA.Ml',/i.  [Vt.  lampe  :  Ij.  linnpas  ;  Gr.  Xa/iiras,  from 
A.i,j!T(.),  to  shine  ;  lleb.  Cli.  ^^c'7.  Un.J 

1.  A  vessel  used  for  the  combustion  of  liquid  in- 
flammable bodies,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  arti- 
ficial light. 

2.  FiLrurativebj,  a  light  of  any  kind.  The  moon  is 
called  the  lamp  of  heaven. 

Thy  g»'iitlc  ejres  S'-nd  forth  a  quickening  spirit, 

To  feed  tile  dying  lamp  ot"  lif.:  within  ine.  Rove. 

Lamp  nf  aafrty,  or  safety  lamp  ;  a  lamp  for  lighting 
coal  ininex,  williotit  exposing  workmen  to  the  explo- 
sion (if  inllaminabic  air.  Damj. 
LAMP'.\-I)IST,  n.    One  who  gained  the  prize  in  the 
lampailroine. 

LA.MP'A-DKOME,  ii.  [Gr.  >a^'ra;  and  r'^o/ios-]  In 
Jlthcnsj  a  race  by  young  men,  with  lamps  in  their 
hands.  Ho  who  reached  the  goal  lirst,  with  his 
lamp  iinextinguinlied,  gained  the  prize.  F.lmes. 

LA.M'PAS.-',  n.  [Kr.]  An  accidental  swelling  of  the 
(Icnliy  lining  of  the  roof  of  the  mouth  immi  diately 
behind  the  fore  IiH'tb  in  the  liorsc,  which  wnm  sub- 
nide«  if  left  to  itnelf.    HoinetlmeH  called  (hampers. 

LAM'PATK,  n.  A  com|>ound  Halt,  composed  of  lampic 
acid  and  a  baxe.  Urr. 

LA.MP'-IILACK,  71.  [lamp  and  hlatk ;  being  originally 
made  by  meaiiH  of  a  lamp  or  torch.] 

A  One  Hoot  formed  by  the  condeniiation  of  the 


LAX 

smoke  of  burning  oil,  pitch,  or  resinous  substances, 
in  a  chimney  ttirminating  in  a  cone  of  cloth. 

Fourcroy. 

LAM'PER-EEL,  71.    The  same  as  the  Lamprey. 

Forby. 

LAMP'ie,  a.  The  lampic  acid  is  obtained  by  the 
combustion  of  ether  by  means  of  a  lamp  furnished 
with  a  coil  of  platinum  wire.  Ure.  Cooley. 

LAMP'I.VG,  a.    [It.  iiwtpante.] 

Shining  ;  sparkling.    [J\'tit  used.]  Spenser. 

LAMP' LIGHT,  ».    Lfght  from  a  lamp. 

LA.M-POON',  11.    [Qu.  Old  Fr.  lamper.] 

.\  personal   satire  in  wrilins  ;  abuse  ;  censure 
written  to  reproach  and  vex  rather  than  to  reform. 

Johnson.    Drydcn.  Pope. 

LAM  POON',  ».  «.  To  abuse  with  personal  censure; 
to  reproat^h  in  written  satire. 

L.\.^I-POO.^''£D,  pp.    Abused  with  personal  satire. 

L.\M-POON'ER,  n.  One  who  abuses  with  personal 
satire  ;  the  writer  of  a  lampoon. 

The  squibs  ar«  those  who  are  called  Ubelers,  lampooners,  and 
pamphleteers.  TaUer. 

LAM-POOX'IXG,  ppr.  Abusing  with  personal  satire. 
LAM-POOX'RV,  tt.  Abuse. 

L.^M'PREY,  7!.  [Fr.  lamproie ;  Sax.  lampra-da  :  G. 
latnprete ;  D.  lamprci ;  Dan.  lampret ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
lamprea;  U.lamprcda;  W.llei/irog  ;  Arm,  lampreienu. 
In  Arm.  lampra  signifies  to  slip  or  glide.  In  Welsh, 
Ueipiam  is  to  lick  or  lap,  and  llciprutt,  to  make  flabby. 
If  m  is  casual,  which  is  jirobable,  the  .Armoric  lampra, 
for  Za/ira,  coincides  with  L.  Znior,  to  .«/;/),  and  most 
probably  the  animal  is  named  from  slipping.  If, 
however,  the  sense  is  taken  from  licking  the  rocks, 
as  Camden  supposes,  it  accords  with  the  sense  of 
the  technical  name  of  the  genus  Petromyzon,  the 
rock-sucker.] 

The  [lopular  name  of  several  species  of  Petromyzon, 
a  genus  of  anguilliform  fishes,  resembling  the  eel, 
and  moving  in  water  by  winding,  like  the  serpent  on 
land.  This  fish  has  seven  siiiraules  on  each  side  of 
the  neck,  and  a  fistula  or  aperture  on  the  top  of  the 
head,  but  no  pectoral  or  ventral  fins.  Tlie  marine 
or  sea  lamprey  is  sometimes  found  so  large  as  to 
weigh  four  or  five  pounds.  Kncyc. 

LAM'PREL  and  L.V.M'PROX.    See  Lampkey. 

La'NA-RY,  71.    A  store-place  for  wool.  Smart. 

^^,ijj*^'ip^'p  j  a.    [L.  lanatus,  from  lana,  wool.] 

Wooly.  In  botany,  coveritd  with  a  substance  like 

curled  hairs  ;  as,  a  lanated  leaf  or  stem. 
LXiVCE,  7!.     [L.  lancea;   Fr.  lance;  Sp.  lama;  It. 

?niicia ;  G.  lanze ;  D.  Sw.  lans  ;  Dan.  lantse ;  Slav. 

lamlia;  Gr.  X'lyxi-    This  word  probably  belongs  to 

Class  Lg,  and  is  named  from  shooting,  sending.] 
.K  spear,  an  offensive  weapon  in  form  of  a  half 

pike,  used  by  the  ancients  and  thrown  by  the  hand. 

It  consisted  of  the  shaft  or  handle,  the  wings  and  the 

dart.  Encyc. 
LX.N'CE,  V.  t.    [.'Vrm.  lan^za,  to  shoot,  to  vomit.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  lance,  or  with  a  sharp,  pointed 
instrument. 

Seizi'd  the  due  victim,  .and  with  fur>'  lanced 

Her  Ixick.  Dryden. 

2.  To  pierce  or  cut ;  to  open  with  a  lancet ;  as,  to 
lance  a  vein  or  an  abscess. 

3.  To  throw  in  the  manner  of  a  lance.  [See 
Lanch.]  SmurL 

LXNC'^u,  (liinst,) ;);).    Pierced  with  a  lancet. 

LaXCE'LY,  n.    Suitable  to  a  lance.  Sidney. 

LAi\"CE-0-L.\R,  a.  In  botany,  tapering  toward  each' 
end.  .^s.  Res. 

LA.\"CE-0-LaTE,    j  a.    Oblong  and  gradually  ta- 

L.\.\'CE-0-La-TED,  \  pering  toward  the  outer  ex- 
tremity ;  as,  a  lanceolate  leaf. 

LAiVCE'-PE-SADE',  n.  [It.  lancia-spezzata,  a  demi- 
lance man,  a  liulil  horseman.] 

An  otiicer  under  the  corporal.  J.  Hall. 

LXN'C'ER,7i.  One  who  lances;  one  who  carries  a 
lance.    .Anciently,  a  laiici't. 

LA.N'CET,  (lan'set,)  n.    [Fr.  lancctte,  from  lance.] 

1.  A  surgical  instrument,  sharp-pointed,  and  two- 
edged,  used  in  venesection,  and  in  opening  tumors, 
abscesses,  &c.  F.ncye. 

2.  A  high  and  narrow  window  pointed  like  a 
lancet,  often  called  a  lancet-winduic. 

LANty'II,  r.  t.    [from  lance,  Fr.  lancer.] 

To  throw,  as  a  lance  ;  to  dart ;  to  let  fly. 

See  whtisc  jirni  can  lanch  the  surer  lioll.  Dryden.  Lee. 

L\N'CH'/.I),  (lincht,)  pp.    Caused  to  dart  or  flv  off. 

.t/«r.  Diet. 

LXNCH'IXG,  ppr.  Darting  ;  letting  fly,  as  an  arrow. 
LAN'CI-FOR.M,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  lanre. 

Mantcll. 

LA\'CI-N-\TE,  V.  t.    [L.  lancino.] 

To  tear  ;  t<t  lacerate.  .lohnson. 

LA.N-CI-NA'TION,  71.    A  tearing;  laceration. 

LA.\t''I.\G,  ppr.    (ipi'ning  or  piercing  with  a  lancet. 

LAND,  71.  [.'Sax.  land:  Golb.  <!.  II.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
land.  I  suppose  Ihirs  to  bi>  the  W.  linn,  a  clear  place 
or  area,  and  thesanieas  Lwvm  ;  Cantabrian,  landa,  a 
plain,  or  field,  It.  and  Sp.  landa.  The  final  d  is  prob- 
ably ndyi  iiiHious.  'J'be  primary  sense  is  a  lay  or 
spread.    Class  Lii.] 


LAN 

1.  Earth,  or  the  solid  matter  which  constitutes  the 
fixed  jiait  of  the  surface  of  the  globe,  in  distinction 
from  the  sea  or  other  waters,  which  constitute  the 
fluid  or  movable  part.  Hence  we  say,  the  globe  is 
terraqueous,  consisting  of  land  and  water.  The 
seaman  in  a  long  voyage  longs  to  see  land. 

2.  Any  portion  of  the  solid,  superficial  part  of  the 
globe,  whether  a  kingdom  or  country,  or  a  particular 
region.  The  United  States  are  denominated  the 
laud  of  freedom. 

Go,  view  tile  land,  even  Jericho.  — Josli.  ii. 

3.  .\ny  small  portion  of  the  superficial  part  of  the 
earth  or  ground.  We  speak  of  the  quantity  of  land 
in  a  manor,  l-'ive  hundred  acres  of  land  is  a  large 
farm. 

4.  Ground  ;  soil,  or  the  superficial  pail  of  the  earth 
in  respect  to  its  nature  or  quality;  as,  good  land; 
poor  land  ;  moist  or  dry  land. 

5.  Real  estate.  A  traitor  forfeits  all  his  Zaiiiis  and 
tenements. 

6.  The  inhabitants  of  a  country  or  region ;  a  nation 
or  people. 

These  answers,  in  the  silent  night  iw^ived, 

The  king  himseit  divulged  ;  the  iand  helieved.  Dryden. 

7.  The  ground  left  unplowed  between  furrows  is 
by  farmers  called  a  land. 

To  make  the  land,  I  in  seamen^s  language,  is  to  dis- 

To  make  land,  j  cover  land  from  the  sea  as 
the  ship  approaches  it. 

To  shut  in  the  land;  to  lose  sight  of  the  land  left, 
by  the  intervention  of  a  point  or  promontory. 

To  set  the  land ;  to  see  by  the  compass  how  it  bears 
from  the  ship. 

Land  0'  tJie  lea! ;  place  of  the  faitliftd  or  blessed  ; 
heaven.  [Scottish.] 
L.\ND,  V.  t.    To  set  on  shore  ;  to  disembark ;  to  de- 
bark ;  as,  to  land  troops  from  a  ship  or  boat ;  to  land 
goods. 

L.\ND,  V.  i.  To  go  on  shore  from  a  ship  or  boat ;  to 
disembark. 

L.\.\D'A.M-iM.\N,  71.  A  chief  magistrate  in  some  of 
the  Swiss  cantons. 

2.  The  president  of  the  diet  of  the  Helvetic 
republic. 

LAN'DAU,  71.  A  kind  of  coach  or  carriage  whose 
top  may  be  opened  and  thrown  back ;  so  called  from 
a  town  in  Germany. 

LA.\-I)AU-LET',  11.  A  chariot  opening  at  top  like  a 
landau.  Smart. 

LAND'-BREEZE,  71.  [land  and  breeze.]  A  current 
of  air  setting  from  the  laud  toward  the  se,a. 

LAND'D.A.MN,  (laud'dam,)  f.  t.  To  banish  from  the 
laud.  Shak- 

L.\ND'ED,  pp.  Disembarked ;  set  on  shore  from  a 
ship  or  boat. 

2  a.  Having  an  estate  in  land  ;  as,  a  landed  gen- 
tleman. 

The  house  of  commons  must  consist,  for  the  most  part,  oflanded 
men.  "  Addison. 

3.  Consisting  in  real  estate  or  land  ;  as,  landed 
security  ;  landed  pntperty.  The  landed  interest  of  a 
nation  is  the  interest  consisting  in  land  ;  but  the 
word  is  used  also  for  the  owners  of  that  interest,  the 
projirietors  of  land. 

LAXD'FALL,  71.  [land  rmi  fall.]  A  sudden  transla- 
tion of  property  in  land  by  the  death  of  a  rich  man. 

Johnson. 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  the  first  land  discovered 
after  a  voyage.  Jllar.  Diet. 

A  good  land  fall,  is  the  discovery  of  the  land  at  the 
time  and  place  expected. 

LAND'FLOOD,  (-find,)  71.  [land  and  JUwd.]  An 
overflowing  of  land  by  water  ;  an  inundation. 
Properly,  a  flood  from  the  lanil  from  the  swelling 
of  rivers ;  but  I  am  not  sure  that  it  is  always  used 
in  this  sense. 

LAXD'-FoRCE,  11.  [land  and  force.]  .\  military 
fiirce,  army,  or  body  of  troops  serving  on  land,  as 
distinguished  from  a  naval  force.  ^ 

L.\XD'GK.A  VE,  II.  [G.  la:dgrtif;  D.  laudgraaf ;  graf, 
or  graaf,  is  an  carl  or  count.  Sax.  "•rrc/(i,a  companion 
or'count.  It  is  contracted  into  reece,  as  in  sheriff,  or 
shire-reei:e.] 

A  title  taken  by  some  German  counts  in  the  twelfth 
century,  to  distinguish  themselves  from  the  inferior 
counts'undLr  their  jurisdiction.  Three  of  Ihein  were 
princes  of  the  em|)ire.  Brande. 
LA.\I)-GR.\'VI-.\TE,  II.  The  territory  held  by  a 
landgrave,  or  his  ollice,  jurisdiction,  or  authority. 

F.ncye. 

LAXD'IlgLD-ER,  71.  A  holder,  owner,  or  proprietor 
of  land. 

LAXD'I.NG,  fipr.    Setting  on  shore  ;  coming  on  shore. 
L.A.XD'ING,  n.   The  act  of  going  or  setting  on  shore 
from  a  vessel. 

2.  A  place  for  going  or  setting  on  shore. 

3.  Ill  architecture,  the  part  of  a  staircase  which  is 
levil,  without  steps,  connecting  one  flight  with 
another.  Khnes. 

LA.NI)'l.\(i-NET,  71.  .\  small  hoo|)-net  used  by  an- 
glers lo  land  the  fish  they  have  taken. 

LANl)'IX(;-PLACE,  II.  'a  place  for  the  landing  of 
persons  or  goods  fVom  a  vessel. 


PATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


646 


LAN 


LAN 


LAN 


LAND'JOIi-ltKIt,  n.  A  iiiuii  who  iiinkcs  u  l>iisiiii!j;i 
of  linyini'  on  spcciilatiun,  or  of  buyini:  im<l 

sclliiiz  for  tlie  profit  of  liiii'ijiuiij,  or  wlio  buys  aiul 
sells  fur  othorrf. 

LA.\1)'I>A-1)Y,  II.    [Sec  LiNui.oBD.]    A  woman  who 
has  tenants  liolilhi^  from  lier.  Johnson. 
Q.  The  niislrosrt  of  an  inn.  Swift. 

L.\.N'l)l.i;sS,  u.  Ue.stitute  of  land  i  having  no  prop- 
erly in  hiiil.  Sliak. 

L.\.\l)'LO(,K,  r.  (.  [land  and  lndt.'\  To  inclose  or 
encompass  liv  land. 

IjA.M)'L.()C1C-A;1),  (  lokt,)  pp.  Encompassed  by  land, 
so  that  no  point  of  the  compass  is  open  to  the  sea. 

F.iiriic. 

LAND'LO-l'F.fl,    )  II.    [D.  lanilloffiicr,  litrrnlhj  L\fiu- 
I.ANIJ'LOUI'-IOII,  )     Ri'NXEii,  from  lund  and  toupni, 
to  run  or  ramble.]    A  vagabond  or  vagrant ;  one 
who  has  no  settled  habitation.    [See  also  L^noluu- 

I)  K  R.  ] 

L.\.\l)'r,OUI),  n.  [f!ax.  land-Mnford,  lord  of  the  land. 
Rut  in  Ueiinati  lelm-ltrrr,  D.  lccii-/icrr,  is  lonl  of  llie 
tuun  or  lii  f.  Perhaps  the  Saxon  is  so  written  by  mis- 
take, or  the  word  may  have  bei  n  corrupted.] 

1.  'i'lie  lonl  of  a  manor  or  of  land  ;  the  owner  of 
land  or  houses  who  has  tenants  under  him. 

Jiihn.fon. 

2.  The  master  of  an  inn  or  tavern.  .Addison. 
LAND'I.OIUMIV,  n.   The  state  of  a  landlord.  [04s.] 
LA.VU'HJIl-llKU,  ;i.     [Perhaps  from  landloper.]  A 

term  of  reproach  among  seamen  for  one  who  passes 
his  life  on  land. 

L.WD'.M.VN,  ».  A  man  who  lives  or  serves  on  land  ; 
opposed  to  Slaman. 

L.\.\I)',M/\RK,  n.  [land  and  mart.]  A  mark  to  desig 
nale  the  boundary  of  hind  ;  any  mark  or  fixed  ob- 
ject;  a.s,  a  marked  tree,  n  stone,  a  ditch,  or  a  heap 
of  stones,  by  w  Inch  the  limits  of  a  farm,  a  town,  or 
other  portion  of  territory  may  be  known  and  pre- 
served. 

Ttioti  sliill  not  remove  tliy  nHghljor's  landnmrk,  —  Dout.  xix. 

Q.  In  navigation,  any  elevated  object  on  land  tliat 
serves  as  a  guide  to  seamen. 

LANI)'-OF-FICE,  n.  In  tlie  United  S/a(es,  an  office  in 
which  the  sales  of  new  land  are  registered,  and 
warrants  issued  for  the  location  of  land,  and  other 
business  respecting  unsettled  land  is  transacted. 

LANI)'6\V.\-ER,  n.    The  proprietor  of  land. 

L.\.\1)'UF.EVE,  II.  A  subordinate  o/lirer  on  an  exten- 
sive estate,  who  acts  as  an  assistant  to  the  steward. 

LAND'SeAI'E,  II.  [D.  landscltap  ;  G.  landschaft ;  Dan. 
landskab  ;  Sw.  lambikap  ;  land  and  i/kape.] 

1.  A  (loition  of  land  or  territory  which  the  eye  can 
comprehend  in  a  single  view,  including  mountains, 
rivers,  lakes,  and  whatever  the  land  contains. 


Whilst  ih''  landscape  roiiiitl  U  measures, 
Wlieiv  the  nibbling  Hocks  Ho  slr:ty. 


Mi.'IOB. 


2.  .\  picture,  exhibiting  the  form  of  a  district  of 
country,  as  far  .as  the  eye  can  re.ach,  or  a  particular 
extent  of  land  and  the  objects  it  contains,  or  its  vari- 
ous scenery.  .Addison.  Pope. 

3.  The  view  or  prospect  of  a  district  of  country. 
LAMl'seAI'E-GXK'D^.V-ING,  «.    The  art  of  laying 

out  grounds  and  arninging  trees,  shrubbery,  &.C.,  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  produce  the  most  pleasing  etfect. 

L.\Nl)'SI.II)E,  )  n.    .\  portion  of  a  hdl  or  mountain, 

L.-WD'SIjIP,  j  which  slips  or  slides  down;  or  the 
sliding  down  of  a  considerable  tract  of  land  from  a 
mountain.  Land.'ilips  are  not  unfrequent  in  Switzer- 
land. OoltL-milh. 

L.A.MJS'MAN,  n.  One  who  lives  on  the  land  ;  op- 
posed to  Sea  MAS. 

2.  In  .■teatnen\'i  lan^uaar,  a  sailor  on  board  a  ship, 
who  has  not  bi  foro  been  at  sea. 

L.\.\'l)'-SPRL\G,  n.  A  spring  of  water  which  comes 
into  .action  onlv  after  heavy  rains.  Brande. 

LAXD'STl!EI(;ilT,  (-strite,)  «.  A  narrow  slip  of 
land.    LVfii  u^id.\  Mountai^n. 

LA.\D'-'I  AX,  n.  A  tax  assessed  on  land  tuid  build- 
ings. 

LAND'-TITRM,  B.    A  land  breeze.  Encyc. 

L.\N1)'-VV.\IT-E1I,  71.  \n  officer  of  the  customs, 
whose  duty  is  to  irait  i.r  .ittend  on  the  landing  of 
gooils,  and  to  examine,  weigh,  or  measure,  and  take 
an  account  of  llieni.  hrnndc. 

LA.ND'VVAIU),  nr/o.    Toward  the  land.  Sandys. 

LA.ND'WBIIR,  (  ware,)  n.  [Gcr.  lan-ruard.]  In  jJus- 
tria  and  Prussia,  the  militia.  Brande. 

L.\NI)'-\VI\I),  lu    A  wind  blowing  from  the  land. 

LA.\I)'-\VORK-ER,  (-wurk-er,)  n.  One  who  tills  the 
B'V""''-  Poienall. 

LA.NE,  II.    [D.  (aon,  a  l.ane,  a  walk.    Class  I, n.] 

1.  ■\  narrow  way  or  passage,  or  a  private  p:issage, 
as  distinguished  from  a  public  road  or  highway.  A 
lane  may  be  open  to  all  passengers,  or  it  may  be  in- 
closed and  appropriated  to  a  man's  private  use.  In 
the  Umltd  Siate.i,  the  word  is  used  chielly  in  the 
couiitf}',  and  answers  in  a  degree  to  an  allni  in  a 
city.  It  has  ."onulimes  been  used  for  allri/.  In  I^n- 
don,  the  word  lane  is  added  to  the  naiiie  of  some 
stri  ets  ;  as,  Chaucrry-lane. 

2.  "A  (>as.sage  between  lines  of  men,  or  people 
standing  on  each  side.  Bacon. 


LA.\"GRA(5E,  (lang'graj,)  /  n.  Langrel  ulial,  or  Ian- 
I/.\N"(il{EL,  (laiig'urel,)  j  irrmjr,  is  a  particular 
kind  of  shot  used  at  sea  for  tearing  sails  and  rlL'siiig, 
and  thus  disahling  an  enemy's  ship.  It  consists  of 
bolts,  nails,  and  other  pieces  of  iron  fastened  to- 
gether, wl/iir.  ]iict. 
LANG'SET-TLE,  ;i.    A  long  bench  to  sit  on.  [j\*ur£A 

of  Kntrland.] 
I,A  .N'tJ-SVNE',  a//ii.    Long  ago.  [Scottish.] 
L.\.\'G  Tl'.U-.\-I,()0',  n.    An  old  game  .at  cards  ;  oflen 

abridged  to  lantrrloo  and  lanirtra.  Tutler.  Soiart. 
L.^iVGUACE,  {liuig'gwajc,)  71.  [Fr.  langaire  ;  Sp. 
It-nijaa,  I'^n'jnatrc;  Port.  liniTuaircm  ;  It.  Uniruajriria  ; 
Arm.  langaich;  from  L.  tin<saa,  the  tongue  and 
sptsech.  It  seems  to  be  connected  with  linijo,  to  lick  ; 
the  n  is  evidently  casual,  for  liirula,  in  Latin,  is  a  lit- 
tle tongue,  and  this  signifies  also  a  strap  or  lace,  as 
if  the  primary  sense  were  to  extend.] 

1.  Human  speech  ;  the  expression  of  ideas  by 
Words  or  significant  articulate  sounds,  for  the  coiu- 
niiinication  of  thoughts.  !.nn<riia<re  coiisi.>its  in  the 
oral  utterance  of  sounds,  which  usage  has  made  the 
representatives  of  ideas.  When  two  or  more  per- 
sons customarily  annex  the  same  sounds  to  the  same 
ideas,  the  expression  of  these  sounds  by  one  person 
coniuiuiiicates  his  ideas  to  another.  This  is  tlie  pri- 
mary sense  of  lansuase,  the  use  of  which  is  to  com- 
municate the  thoughts  of  one  person  to  another 
through  the  organs  of  hearing.  Articulate  sounds 
are  represented  by  letters,  marks,  or  characters, 
which  form  words.  Hence  language  consists  also  in, 

2.  Words  duly  arranged  in  sentences,  written, 
printed,  or  engraved,  and  exhibited  to  the  eye. 

y.  The  speech  or  expre-ision  of  idea^  jieruliar  to  a 
particular  nation.  Men  had  originally  one  and  the 
same  language;  hut  the  tribes  or  fiimilies  of  men, 
since  their  dispersion,  have  distinct  lanj^iiagcu. 

4.  St\  le  ;  niaiiuer  of  expression. 
Olli'-rs  for  lanf;aa^e  all  th'-ir  c;ire  express.  Pope. 

.5.  The  inarticulate  sounds  by  which  irrational  an- 
imals express  their  feelings  and  wants.  Each  spe- 
cies of  animals  h.as  peculiar  sounds,  which  are  ut- 
tered instinctively,  and  are  unilerstood  by  its  own 
species,  and  its  own  species  only. 

li.  Any  manner  of  expressing  thoughts.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  language  of  the  eye,  a  language  very 
expressive  and  intelligible. 

7.  j\  nation,  as  distinguished  by  their  speech. 
Dan.  iii. 

LA.\"GUA(5-J3r),  (lang'gwajd,)  a.  Having  a  lan- 
guage; skilled  in  language;  as,  many-lunguaged  na- 
tions. Pope. 

LAN"GUAGE-iMXS'TER,  n.  One  whose  profession 
is  to  teach  languages.  Spectator. 

/wJ.V-fJt/KJV' [It.]  In  music,  in  a  languishing 
manner. 

LAN"GUET,  71.    [Fr.  longueUe.\ 

Any  thing  in  the  shape  ot  the  tongue.  [JVut 

Knglislt.]  Johnjion. 
L.\N''GIIID,  (lang'gwid,)  a.    [L.  languidus,  from  lan- 

gueo,  to  droop  or  Jiag.    See  Lanovisii.] 

1.  FlagL'ing  ;  drooping  ;  hence,  feeble  ;  xve.ak  ; 
heavy  ;  dull ;  indisptised  to  exertion,  'i'he  body  is 
languid  after  excessive  action,  which  exhausts  its 
powers. 

2.  Slow ;  its,  languid  motion.  > 

3.  Uiill ;  heartless ;  without  animation. 

Anil       thftr  langu'itt  soul  with  Cato's  virtue.  Atl/lison. 
.LAN""GIJID-l,Y,  atlv.  Weakly  ;  feebly  ;  slowly.  Boyie. 
LAN"GITID-NESS,  n.    Weakness  from  exhaustion  of 
strength;  feebleness;  dullness;  languor. 
2.  Slowness. 

L.\.N'"GUISII,  V.  i.  [Fr.  languir,  languissant ;  Arm. 
languicia  ;  It.  langutre ;  L.  languco,  lachinisso  ;  Gr. 
>rt)  nu'.i,  to  flag,  to  lag.  This  word  is  of  the  family 
of  W.  Uac,  slack,  loose  ;  llaciaw,  to  slacken,  to  relax. 
L.  lazo,  larus,  fiarceo,  and  Goth,  la^^s,  long,  may  be 
of  the  same  family.] 

1.  To  lose  strength  or  animation  ;  to  be  or  be- 
come dull,  feeble,  or  spiritless  ;  to  pine  ;  to  be  or  to 
grow  heavy  We  languisk  under  disease  or  after 
excessive  exertion. 

She  lh.u  hftth  tome  seven  InnguUlieth.  —  Jer.  xv. 

2.  To  wither ;  to  fade  ,  to  lose  the  vegetating 
power. 

For  Uie  fi-I.fs  of  tleslibon  lanffidsh.  —  Is.  xvi. 

3.  To  grow  dull ;  to  be  no  longer  active  and  vigor- 
ous. The  war  languished  for  want  of  supplies. 
Cominerce,  agriculture,  manufactures  languish,  not 
for  want  of  money,  but  for  want  of  good  markets. 

4.  To  pine  or  sink  under  sorrow  or  any  continued 
passion  ;  as,  a  woman  languishes  for  the  loss  of  her 
lover. 

Tlien-fun*  shall  the  ]nnt\  moum,  and  everyone  that  tlvrelleth 
tlKT-in  sliall  Ifingouh.  —  llusen  iv. 

.5.  To  look  with  softness  or  tenderness,  as  xvith 
the  head  reclined  and  a  peculiar  cast  of  tin;  eye. 
LA.V'GIJISH,  r.  t.    To  cause  to  droop  or  pine.  [Lit- 
tle usrd.]^  ShaJ:.  Dniden. 
L.\N"Gi;iSII,  n     Act  of  pining;  also,  a  soft  aiid  ten- 
der look  or  npiiearance. 

Aii'l  ill.?  blue  languish  of  soft  AllU's  eye.  Pope. 


LAN"GIJISII-/';I),  (lang'gwisht,)  pp.  Drooped  ;  pined 

I,Ai\"(;i,MSII-EK,  71.    One  who  languishes  or  pines. 

LA.\"GL'ISII-I.\(;,  ppr.  lieroiiiing  or  being  leeble ; 
losing  strength  ;  pining  ;  withering  ;  fading. 

2.  a.  Having  a  languid  appearance  ;  as,  a  lan- 
ffuishin  ir  eye. 

LA.\"(ilJIS'lI-I.\G,  n.    Feebleness;  pining. 

LA\"GU1SII-L\G-LV,  a</r.     Weakly;  feebly  ;  dul- 
ly ;  slowly. 
2.  Willi  tender  softness. 

LAN"(iUI.SII-.ME.NT,  71.    The  state  of  pining. 

2.  Softness  of  look  or  mien,  with  the  head  re- 
clined. Drtplen. 

L.\i\"'(;UOR,  (lang'gwor,)  71.  [L.  languor;  Fr.  /ai»- 
«"Ufi/r.  ] 

1.  I't'ebleness  ;  dullness;  heaviness;  lassitude  of 
body  ;  that  state  of  the  body  which  is  induced  by 
exhaustion  of  strength,  as  by  disr.isc,  by  extraordi- 
nary exertion,  by  the  relaxing  effect  of  heat,  or  by 
weakness  from  any  canst?. 

2.  Dullness  of  the  intellectual  fatuity  ;  listli.'ssness. 

3.  Softness;  laxity.  [IVatLs. 
To  Ulcs  of  fniirniiic^,  lily-Bilvfreil  v.iles, 

Oillufiing  languor  in  the  p.irtintj  Dunciad. 

LAN"GUOR-OUS,  a.    Tedious ;  melancholy.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

LAN"GURE,  V.  t.    To  btiigtiish.    [JV»(  in  use.] 

[Chaucer.  Spenser, 
LAX'IARD,  (lan'yartl.)    Sec  Lanvard. 
L.a'.N'I-A-RY,  h.    Shambles  ;  a  place  of  slaughter. 

2.  ,\  term  tipplietl  to  the  canine  or  dog  teeth. 
L.\'MI-A-RV',  a.    [L. /aHi«.i,  a  butcher.]  [Brande. 
Lacerating  or  tearing;  as,  the  lanianj  teeth,  i.  e., 
the  canine  teeth. 
LA'NI-.xTE,  r.  t.    [L.  lanio.] 

To  tear  in  pieces.    [Little  used.] 
L.\-N'l  A'TIO.V,  n.    .\  tearing  in  pieces.   [Little  used-.] 
LA-NIF'ER-OLS,  a.    [L.  lanifcr ;  laiia,  wool,  and /ero, 
to  prothice.] 

Ileariiii!  or  producing  wool. 
L A-\IF'ie-AL,  a.    Working  in  wool. 
LAiVM-FICE,  71.    [L.  lanijxcium ;  lana,  wool,  and  facio, 
to  make.] 

.Manufacture  of  wool.    [Little  u.ied.]  Bacon. 
LA-NIO'ER-OUS,  a,    [L.  lauiger;  /ana,  wool,  and  ge- 
ro,  to  bear.] 

Hearing  or  producing  wool. 
LAXK,  a.    [Sax.  lilanca  ;  (Jr.  Xayapoi  ;  probably  allied 
to  flank,  and  W.  Hoc,  slack,  lax;  llaciaw,  to  slacken ; 
G.  schlnnk.] 

1.  Loose  or  lax,  and  easily  yielding  to  pressure; 
not  distended  ;  not  stiff  or  firm  by  distention  ;  not 
plump ;  as,  a  lank  bladder  or  purse. 

The  d'Tsry's  Iki^ 
Are  lank  and  Ic.m  with  thy  extortions.  Shak. 

2.  Thin  ;  slenilcr;  meager;  not  full  and  firm  ;  as, 
a  lank  hotly. 

3.  Languid  ;  drooping.    [See  Lamcuism.]  Milton, 
LAXK,  II.  i.   To  become  lank.    [  Obs.]  Shak, 
L.ANK'LY,  adv.    Thinly  ;  loosely  ;  laxly. 
LA.XK'XESS,  «.    Laxity;  flabbiiiess  ;  Icanne-ss;  slen- 

ilerness. 

L.'V.NK'V,  a.    Lank  and  tall.    [Fulgar.]  Smart. 

LAN'.NEIl,        ^11.    [Fr. /aiiiVr ,' L. /aiiiariuj, /allium,  a 

LA.\'.\ER  ET,  j  butcher.] 

A  European  species  of  hawk.  Lanner  is  the  fe- 
male ;  lannrrri,  the  male. 

L.^NS'UL"E-XET,  (lans'kc-net,)  71.  [lance  and  knecht, 
a  boy,  a  knighi.j 

1.  A  name  formerly  given  to  the  German  infantry, 
who  were  armed  mostly  with  pikes,  sometimt^s  with 
muskets.  Brande. 

2.  A  game  at  cards,  vulgarly  called  Lamrskinnet. 

Smart, 

LAX'TER.V,  71.  [Fr.  lanterne  ;  L.  lalerna;  G.  lateme; 
D.  lantaarn  ;  Sp.  lintcrna.] 

1.  A  case  or  ve.ssel  made  of  tin  perforated  with 
many  holes,  or  of  some  transparent  substance,  as 
glass,  horn,  or  oil(>tl  paper;  used  for  carrying  a  can- 
dle or  other  light  into  the  open  air,  or  into  stables, 
&c.  Locke. 

A  dark  lantern  is  one  with  a  single  opening,  which 
m.iy  be  closed  so  as  to  conceiU  the  light. 

2.  A  lighthouse  or  light  to  direct  the  course  of 
ships.  .ffddison, 

3.  Ill  architecture,  a  little  dome  raised  over  the  roof 
of  a  building  to  give  light,  and  to  .serve  as  a  crown- 
ing to  the  fabric.  Encyc. 

4.  A  stjiiare  cage  of  cjirpcntry  placed  over  the  ridge 
of  a  corritlor  or  gallery,  between  two  rows  of  shops, 
to  illuminate  them.  F.neiic, 

Jlagic  lantern  :  an  optical  machine  by  which  paint- 
eil  images  are  representetl  so  much  magnified  as  to 
appear  like  the  elfect  of  magic. 
L.\N'TER\,  f.  t   To  put  to  death  at  or  on  the  lamp- 
post. 

LAN'TER.N'-i.'D,  pp.  or  a.  Put  to  death  at  a  lam|>-post. 

O.  .I/.-rrij. 

LA\'TERi\-FLY,  71.  The  English  name  of  Kiilgora 
lanternaria,  a  heinipteroiis  insect  of  South  America, 
which  emits  a  stnmg  light  in  the  dark. 

L.\.N'TER.\-L\G,  ppr.  Putting  to  death  at  or  on  a 
lamp- post. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qXITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


LAP 


LAR 


LAR 


I,A.\'TER.\'-JAW-/:D,  «.    Il.ivirig  a  tliin  visage. 
LAN'TiOIt.N-JAVVS,  ii.  pi.    Long,  tliin  jaws;  hence, 
a  thin  vis:ii;e.  Spectator. 

LA.VTHA-NUm'^''  1  "•  ^  '"3'""".  conceal.] 

A  nietiil,  recently  discovered,  occurring  with  ce- 
rium in  certain  minerals. 

LAN'TIIORN  ;  a  wrong  spelling  of  Lat^tern. 

LA-.Xu'OI-XoSE,  j  12.    [L.  laiiuiriiiosiis,  from  lanugo, 

L.VNU'Ot-iN'OUS,  !     down,  fioni  laiia,  wool.] 
Downy  ;  covered  with  down,  or  fine,  su(t  hair. 

LAN'YAUD,  Ji.    [Fr.  lamcre,  a  strap.] 

A  short  piece  of  ro[)e  or  line  used  for  fastening 
something  in  -^Iiips  ;  as  the  laiiyarih-  of  the  gun-port-s, 
of  the  bvKiy,  mT  I  li!-  c  ii  lioiik,  &c.  ;  but  especially  used 
to  extenri  tin-  ^lin.niN  and  stays  of  the  masts  by  their 
commnnicatlun  with  the  dead  eyes,  &c.   Mar.  Diet. 

LA-Oe'O-OX,  7>.  \n  faliulous  histortj,  the  priest  of 
Neptune  or  .Apollo,  during  the  Trojan  war.  In 
fciiliitiire,  the  group  of  the  LaocoUn  is  this  priest 
with  his  children,  infolded  in  the  coils  of  two  ser- 
pents, as  ^fiescribed  by  Virgil. 

LA-OD-I-Cf.'Ai\,  a.  Like  the  Christians  of  Laodi- 
cea  ;  lukewarm  in  religion. 

LA-OD-I-C£'AN-IS.M,  n.   Lukewarmness  in  religion. 

£.  Stiles. 

LAP,  n.  [Sax.  Iceppe  ;  G.  lappeni  D.  Dan.  lap  {  Sw. 
lapp.  This  word  seenia  to  be  a  different  orthography 
of  Flap.] 

1.  The  loose  part  of  a  coat ;  the  lower  part  of  a 
garment  that  plays  loosely.  Swift. 

2.  The  part  of  clothes  that  lies  on  the  knees  when 
a  person  sits  down  j  hence,  the  knees  in  this  posi- 
tion. 

Men  ex]Tect  th.-vt  h:\ppiiiess  shoukl  drop  into  tbeir  laps. 

TUtotson. 

3.  That  part  of  one  body  which  lies  on  and  covers 
another.  Owilt. 

LAP,  t'.  t.  To  fold  ;  to  bend  and  lay  over  or  on  ;  as, 
to  lap  a  piece  of  cloth. 

To  lap  boariLi,  is  to  lay  one  partly  over  another. 

2.  To  wrap  or  twist  round. 

I  tapped  a  slender  lliread  about  the  paper.  Neaton. 

3.  To  infold  ;  to  involve. 

Her  ^.irnient  spreads,  and  laps  him  in  tlie  folds.  Dryden. 
L.\P,  V.  i.    To  be  spread  or  laid  ;  to  be  turned  over. 

The  upper  win^  are  opaclous  ;  at  their  hinder  ends,  where  they 
tap  over,  transparent  like  the  win  j  of  a  fly.  Grew. 

LAP,  !!.  i.  [Snx.  luppian ;  D.  labhe.n;  Arm.  lappa;  Fr. 
lapcr ;  Dan.  laber  :  W.  llepiaw,  lleibiaw ;  Gr.  X'iittw. 
If  m  is  casual  in  L.  lambn,  as  it  probably  is,  this  is  the 
same  word.    Class  Lb,  No.  23.] 

To  t;ikc  liijuor  or  food  with  the  tongue;  to  feed 
or  drink  by  licking. 

The  ilo^ii  by  th-  River  Nilus'a  side,  bein^  thirsty,  tap  hastily  as 

they  run  along  the  stion;.    *  Digliy. 
And  the  nnniU-r  of  them  that  lapped  were  three  htnidr^d  men.  — 
Judges  vii. 

LAP,  1'.  t.    To  take  into  the  mouth  with  the  tongue  ; 

to  lick  up  ;  as,  a  cat  lap^t  milk,  Skak. 
LAP'DOG,  «.    A  small  dog  fondled  in  the  lap. 

Dnjden. 

LA-PEL',  n.    [from  lap.]    That  part  of  a  coat  which 

laps  over  the  facing. 
LA-PEL'Lt'D,  a.    Furnished  with  lapels. 
LAP'FUL,  ?i.    As  much  as  the  lap  can  contain.  2 

Kinas  iv. 

LAP'I-CIJ)E,  n.    A  stone-cutter.    [J^olused.']  Diet. 
LAP-I-D.\'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  lapidarius,  from  lapis,  a 
stone.] 

Stony  ;  consisting  of  stones. 
LAP'I-I)A-RY,  n.    [Fr.  lapidairc:  h.  lapidarius,  lapis, 
a  stone.] 

1.  An  artificer  who  cuts,  polishes,  and  engraves 
preciotis  stones. 

2.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones. 

3.  A  virtuoso  skilled  in  the  nature  and  kinds  of 
penis  or  [)recious  slt»nes.  Kncyc. 

LAP'I-DA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  cutting 
stones.  The  lapidary  style  deiuifes  that  which  is 
proper  for  monumental  and  other  inscriptions. 

Brande. 

LAP'I-DSTE,  V.  t.    [L.  lapido.] 

To  slone.    [JVi((  used.] 
L.AP  l-l)A''J'ION',  ;i.    The  act  of  stoning  a  person  to 

death.  IJall. 
LA-PI D'i:-OUfi,  a.    [L.  lapiUeus.] 

Stony  ;  of  the  nature  of  stone  ;  as,  lapidcous  mat- 
ter.   [  f.ilile  ujied.]  Ray. 
LAP-I-Oi;S'CENOE,  n,      -  - 


atone.  1 
1.  Th 


[Tj.  lapideseo,  from  lapis,  a 

rile  process  ol  becoming  utonc  ;  a  hardening 
iiitr*  a  Hkiny  sub-tance. 
2.  A  Htony  concretion.  Brown. 
LAP-I-IIES'CEN'l',  a.    <;rowing  or  turning  to  stone  ; 

that  hai  the  rpialily  of  pi  trifv  ing  boilii  s.  F.nryc. 
LAP-I-DES'CENT,  n.    Any  niibstance  which  has  the 
fpiiilily  of  petrifying  n  body^  or  converting  it  to  stone. 
LAP-I  DIK'ie,  a.     [L.  lapu,  a  Btone,  and  facio,  to 
make] 

Forming  or  converting  lnlt>  stone. 
LA-PII)-I-FI  CA'TI(»\,  n.    The  opi-ratlon  of  forming 
or  convcrtiht;  into  a  tdony  substance,  by  meatiH  of  a 


liipiid  charged  with  earthy  particles  in  solution, 
which  crystallize  in  the  interstices,  ai»d  end  in  form- 
ing free-stone,  puddiii[;-sloue,  &c.  Diet.  JVat.  Jlist. 

LA-P[D'I-FI-/yD,  Cla-i>id'e-fide,)  pp.  or  a.  Turned 
into  stone  ;  formed  into  stone. 

LA-PID'I-F?,  V.  t.    [L.  lapis,  a  stone,  and  facio,  to 
form.] 
To  form  into  stone. 

LA-PID'l-FV,  V.  i.  To  turn  into  stone  ;  to  become 
stone. 

LA-PID'I-FY-ING,  ppr.   Turning  into  stone. 
LAP'I-DIST,  n.   A  dealer  in  precious  stones.  [See 
Lapidary. 1 

LAP-IL-L.:\'TION,  n.    The  state  of  being,  or  act  of 

making  stony.  Smart. 
LA-PIL'LI,  71. [L.]    Volcanic  ashes  in  which  glob- 
ular concretions  |)ievail.  Mantell. 
La'PIS  ;  ill  Latin,  a  stone.  Hence, 

Lapii  Bonoaien'sis :  the  Bolognian  stone. 
Lapis  hcpat'icus  ;  liver  stone. 

Lapu!  iufenia'lis ;  fused  nitrate  of  silver ;  lunar  caus- 
tic. Brande. 

Lapis  lazttli ;  azure  stone,  an  aluminous  mineral,  of 
a  rich  blue  color,  resembling  the  blue  carbonate  of 
copper.    [.See  Lazuli.] 

Lapis  Lydius,  touchstone ;  basanite ;  a  variety  of 
silicious  slate. 
LAP'LING,  71.     [from  lap.]    One  who  indulges  in 
ease  and  sensual  delights  ;  a  term  of  contein|il. 

Hewyt. 

LAP'PED,  (lapt,)  pp.    Turned  or  folded  over. 
L.AP'PER,  71.    One  that  laps ;  one  that  wraps  or  folds. 

9.  One  that  takes  up  with  his  tongue. 
LAP'PET,  71.    [dim.  of  lap.]    A  part  of  a  garment  or 

dress  that  hangs  loose.  Srnift. 
LAP'PING,  p;)7-.    Wrapping;  folding;  laying  on. 

2.  Licking ;  taking  into  the  mouth  with  the 
tongue. 

LAPS'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  fall  or  relapse.  Cudwortli. 
LAPSE,  «.    [L.  lapsus,  from  labor,  to  slide,  to  fall. 
Class  Lb.] 

1.  A  sliding,  gliding,  or  flowing ;  a  smooth  course  ; 
as,  the  lapse  of  a  stream  ;  the  lapse  of  time. 

2.  A  falling  or  passing. 

The  lapee  to  indolenc*?  is  soft  and  imperceptihle,  but  the  return 
to  diligence  is  dilficull.  Rnmbte'r. 

3.  A  slip ;  an  error  ;  a  fault  ;  a  failing  in  duty  ;  a 
slight  deviation  fjom  truth  or  rectitude. 

This  Scripture  may  be  usefully  applied  as  a  caution  to  ^ard 
against  those  lapses  and  failings  to  which  our  inlinnlties 
daily  expose  us.  Rogers. 

So  we  say,  a  lapse  in  style  or  propriety. 

4.  In  ecclesiastical  lam,  the  slip  or  omission  of  a 
patron  to  present  a  clerk  to  a  benefice,  vvilhin  six 
months  after  it  becomes  void.  In  this  case,  the  ben- 
efice is  said  to  be  lapsed,  or  in  lapse.  Encyc. 

.■).  In  theology,  the  fall  or  apostasy  of  Adam. 
LAPSE,  V.  i.    To  glide ;  to  pass  slowly,  silently  or  by 
degrees. 

This  flisposition  to  shorten  our  words  by  relrenchin*  the  vowels, 
is  nothing  else  but  a  tendency  to  lapse  into  the  barbarity  ol 
those  northern  nations  Ironi  which  we  descended.  Siri/l. 

2.  To  slide  or  slip  in  moral  conduct ;  to  fail  in  du- 
ty ;  to  deviate  from  rectitude  ;  to  commit  a  fault. 

To  lapse  in  fullness 
Is  sorer  than  to  lie  for  need.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  slip  or  commit  a  fault  by  inadvertency  or 
mistake. 

Homer,  in  his  characters  of  Vulcan  and  Thersiles,  has  lapsed 
into  the  burlesque  character.  Addison. 

4.  To  fall  or  pass  from  one  proprietor  to  another, 
by  the  omission  or  negligence  of  tlie  ptitron. 

If  the  archbishop  shall  not  fill  it  up  within  six  months  ensuing,  it 
lapses  to  the  king.  Aylije. 

5.  To  fall  from  a  state  of  innocence,  or  from  truth, 
faith,  or  perleclion. 

Once  morr:  I  will  renew 
Ills  lapsed  powers,  Aftlton. 

LAPS'KD,  (lapst,)  ;>;),  or  a.  Fallen  ;  passed  from  one 
proprietor  to  another  by  the  negligence  of  the  patron  ; 
as,  a  lapsed  benefice,  A  lapsed  legacy  is  one  which 
falls  to  the  heirs  through  the  failure  of  the  legatee,  as 
when  th(^  legatee  dies  before  the  testator. 

LAP'SID-EI),  (lop'sltl-ed,)  «,  [lap  and  .fide.]  Hav- 
ing one  side  heavier  than  tho  other,  as  a  ship, 

Mir.  Diet. 

LAPS'ING,  ppr.  Gliding;  flowing;  failing;  falliug  to 
one  person  through  the  omission  (»f  another, 

LAP'SToNE,  II,  [lap  nnd  stonr.]  A  stone  on  which 
shoemakers  beat  leather  on  the  knees. 

IJiP'SVS  UMi'OUJK,  [L.l  Aslijiof  the  tongue ;  a 
mistake  in  uttering  a  word. 

LAP'WING,  71.  A  bird  of  the  Eastern  contim^nt  of 
the  plover  family  ;  also  called  Pcwct.  It  is  of  tho 
genus  Vanelliis,  of  llrisson,  B.  Cijc. 

LAP'WORK,  {-wurk,)  n.  Work  in  which  one  part 
laps  over  another.  Grew. 

LAR,  n, ;  ;>1,  Lakes.    [L.]    A  household  deity. 

Lovelace. 

LAU'HOARD,  71.  [board,  bord,  \a  ji»u\e;  hut  I  know 
not  the  meaning  of  lar.  The  Dutch  use  baJilioord, 
ami  the  (ierinaiis  liarlilwrd.] 


The  left-hand  side  of  a  ship,  when  a  person 
stands  with  his  face  to  the  head  ;  opposed  to  Star- 
board, 

LXR'Iio  ARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  left-hand  side  of  a 
ship  ;  as,  the  larboard  quarter. 

LSR'CE-NY,  77.  [Fr.  larcin  ;  Norm,  larcim ;  Arm. 
lacroncy,  or  lazroncy,  contracted  from  L.  latrocinium, 
from  the  Celtic  ;  W.  lladyr,  theft ;  lladron,  thieves  ; 
Sp.  ladron  ;  It.  Vidro,  ladrime.] 

Theft ;  the  act  of  taking  and  carrying  away  the 
goods  or  personal  property  of  another  feloniously. 
Larceny  is  of  two  kinds  ;  simple  larceny,  or  theft,  not 
accompanied  with  any  atrocious  circumstance;  and 
mixed  or  compound  larceny,  which  includes  in  it  the 
aggravation  of  taking  from  one's  house  or  person, as 
in  burglary  or  robbery.  In  Enaland,  when  the  value 
of  the  thing  stolen  is  less  than  twelve  pence,  and  in 
JWro  York,  when  it  is  less  than  $23,  the  crime  is  petty 
larceny.  Dlackstone. 

LARCH,  71.  [h.larir:  Sp.  alcrce ;  It.  larice;  G.  ler- 
clteiibauat  ;  1).  lorheaboom.]  * 

The  common  name  of  a  division  of  the  Linnwan 
genus  Piniis,  species  of  which  are  natives  of  Amer- 
ica, as  well  .as  of  Europe. 

LARD,  71.  [Fr.  lard  ;  L.  lardiim,  laridum  ;  It.  and  Sp. 
larda  ;  Arm.  lardt,  Qu.  W.  liar,  that  spreads  or  drops, 
soft.] 

1,  The  fat  of  swine,  after  being  melted  and  sepa- 
rated from  the  flesh. 

2.  Bacon  ;  the  Mesh  of  swine.  Dryden. 
LARD,  «,  (,    [Fr,  larder;  Arm,  tarda.] 

1.  To  stuff  with  bacon  or  pork. 

The  larded  thighs  on  loaded  altars  laid.  Dryden. 

2.  To  fatten  ;  to  enrich. 


Now  Palsuitf  sweats  to  death, 
And  lards  the  lean  earth. 


SbaJc. 


3,  To  mix  with  something  by  way  of  improve- 
ment, 

Ijet  no  alien  interpose, 
To  lard  with  wit  thy  hiingry  Epsom  prose.  Dryden. 

LARD,  ».  1.    To  grow  fat.  Drayton. 

LAR-DA'CEOUS,  (Ulr-di'shus,)  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
lard  ;  consisting  of  larti.  Coze. 

LARD'ED,pp.    Stuffed  with  bacon  ;  fattened  ;  mixed. 

LARD'ER,  77.  A  room  where  meat  and  other  articles 
of  food  are  kept,  before  they  are  cooked.  Baroa. 

LARD'ER-ER,  ti.    One  who  has  charge  of  the  larder. 

LARD'ING,  ppr.    Stuffing;  fattening;  mixing. 

LARD'-OIL,  71.    Oil  which  is  ubtainetl  from  lard. 

LARD'ON,  71.    A  bit  of  bacon. 

LARD'RY,  71.    A  larder.  [JVotused.] 

La'ReS,  71.  pi.  [L,]  The  household  gods  of  the  Ro- 
mans, regarded  as  the  souls  of  deceased  ancestors, 

LARGE,  (larj,)  a.  [Fr.  large;  Sp,  Port,  and  It,  larao ; 
Arm,  lara ;  L,  largus.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
spread,  stretch,  or  distend,  to  difluse  ;  hence,  to  loosen, 
to  relax  ;  Sp.  largar,  to  loosen,  to  slacken,  as  a  rojie. 
Class  Lr.  Itseems  to  be  connected  with  Gr.  Ampo?, 
wide,  copious,  and  perhaps  with  floor,  W.  llawr,  and 
with //aicrr,  much,  many.  In  Bastpie,  larria  is  gross, 
and  larritu,  to  groiv.J 

1.  Big  ;  of  great  size  ;  bulky  ;  as,  a  large  body  ;  a 
large  horse  or  ox  ;  a  large  mountain  ;  a  large  tree  ;  a 
large  ship. 

2.  Wide ;  extensive ;  as,  a  large  field  or  plain  ;  a 
large  extent  of  territory. 

3.  Extensive  or  populous  ;  containing  many  inlnib- 
itants  ;  as,  a  large  city  or  town. 

4.  Abundant;  plentiful;  ample;  as,  a  large  sup- 
ply of  provisions. 

5.  Copious;  diffusive. 

I  iniirhl  he  very  large  on  the  importance  and  aiivantnsres  nf 
education.  !•  eilun. 

6.  In  seamcji's  language,  the  wind  is  large  when  it 
crosses  the  line  of  a  sliip'svconrse  in  a  favortible  di- 
rection, particularly  on  the  beam  or  quarter.  F.oeyc. 

7.  Wide;  consisting  of  much  water;  as,  a  large 
river. 

8.  Liberal ;  of  a  great  amount ;  as,  a  large  dona- 
tion. 

At  large ;  without  restraint  or  confinement ;  as,  to 
go  at  larae  ;  to  be  left  «( large. 

2.  Difl\isely  ;  fully  ;  in  the  full  extent ;  as,  to  dis- 
course on  a  siiliject  at  large. 

L.\RGE,  n.  Formerly,  a  musical  note  equal  to  four 
breves,  or  eight  semihreves.  Bitsbi/. 

LARGE-I1EAU'I''ED-NESS,  (-liilrt'ed-,)  n.  Largeness 
of  heart  ;  libiTality.    [A'ot  used.]       Bp.  Rnjnidds. 

LARGE'-LIMII-/'.'!),  a.    Having  hirge  limbs.  Milton. 

LARGE'LY,  ai/c.    Widely;  extensively. 

2.  Copiously;  dill'u.sely  ;  amply.  The  subject  was 
largelii  discussed. 

3.  Liberally ;  bountifully, 

llxw  he  lives  and  eatt; 
How /flr^f/y  gives.  Dryden. 

4.  Abundantly. 

They  their  IlU  of  love  mid  love's  disport 

Toolt  lariely.  Milton. 

LAR6F/NESS,  n.  Bigness;  hulk;  magnitude;  as, 
the  largene.is  of  an  animal. 

2.  (Jreatness  ;  coiiiprcliension  ;  as,  the  largeness  of 
mind,  or  of  capacity. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT  METE,  I'RIJY. _  PI.\E,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  UQQK.— 


LAS 


LAS 


LAT 


3.  Extent ;  extcnsivoiiess  ;  aa,  lar^mesa  of  vicwa, 

4.  Extension;  amplitiiile  ;  llliernlity  ;  as,  tliu /ar^e 
nens  of  an  offer ;  largeness  of  heart. 

Hooker.  WatliT. 

5.  Widencss  ;  extent ;  as,  the  lartrrnrss  of  a  river. 
LAR'GESS,  71.    [Vr.  largesse  ;  Lt,largitio;  from  largus, 

larire.] 

A  present ;  a  gift  or  donation  ;  a  bounty  bestowed. 

Baron,  /Jrljdrn. 
LAR-OirF.T'TO,  (litr-Ret'to,)  [It.]    Sonienliat  slow- 
ly, but  not  so  slowly  as  lariro. 
LAII-OII'"'LU-OIIS,  a.    [L.  largus  and /bo.] 

Flowing  copiously. 
LXRO'ISII,  a.    Somewhat  large.  [Unusual.] 

Caralh. 

LXR-OI"TIO\,  (lUr-jish'un,)  n.  [h.  largitio.]  The 
bestiiwnient  of  a  largess  or  gift.  [Ofe.] 

LAR'GO,  [It.]    A  musical  term,  directing  to  slow 
movenuMit.    Largo  is  one  degree  quicker  than  grai-ey 
and  two  degrees  quicker  than  adagio.  Diet. 
A  quaver  in  largo  is  equal  to  a  minim  in  presto. 

LAU'l-AT,  n.  The  lasso,  a  long  cord  or  tlmng  of 
leather  with  a  noose,  used  in  catching  wihl  horses, 
&r.  IV.  Irving. 

LARK,  n.  [Sax.  luferc,  lauerce  ;  Scot,  laerrok,  Inucrok  ; 
G.  lerclie  ;  I),  leeuwrik :  Dan.  lerke ;  Sw.  larka  ;  Icl. 
lava,  loora.  As  the  Latin  alaiula  coincides  with 
laudo,  Eng.  loud,  so  the  lirst  syllable  of  lark,  laf,  Ian, 
lave,  may  coincide  with  the  Dan.  lover,  to  praise,  to 
sing  or  cry  out.  But  1  know  not  the  sense  of  the 
word.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Alauda,  distinguished  for  its 
singing. 

!2.  A  sport  or  piece  of  merriment.  [Vulgar.'] 

Smart. 

L.^lRK,  ».  i.  To  catch  larks  ;  hence,  in  vulgar  lan- 
ffww""',  to  make  spttrt ;  to  sport.  Smart. 

LAUIC'KR,  II.    .\  catcher  of  larks.  Diet. 

LA  KK'LIKE,  a.    Kesenibling  a  lark  in  manners. 

LAKK'S'-IIEEL,  ;i.    A  flower  called  [mitin  I'ltcs!!. 

LAKK'SPUR,  n.  .\  plant  with  showy  flowers,  of  the 
genus  Delphinium. 

LAR'.MI-ER,  n.    [t'r.,  from  larme,  a  tear  or  drop.] 

The  Hat,  jutling  part  of  a  cornice ;  litrraUij,  the 
dropper  ;  the  eave  or  drip  of  a  house  ;  the  corona. 

L.\R'RUP,  V.  t.  [I'orby  derives  it  from  Sax.  tarrian, 
to  lick.  Jenning  considers  it  a  corruption  of  lee- 
rope,  used  by  sadors  in  beating  the  boys.]  To  beat 
or  Hog.    [.'}  low  icord.]  Forbij. 

LAR'U.M,  ?i.    [G.  Idrm,  bustle,  noise  ;  Dan.  id.] 

Alarm ;  a  noise  giving  notice  of  danger.  [See 
Alarm,  which  is  generally  used.] 

LAR'VA,  \  n.    [L.  larva, a  mask  :  Sw.  larf ;  Dan.  and 

LARVE,  i     G.  larve.] 

An  insect  in  the  caterpillar  or  grub  state  ;  the  first 
stage  after  the  egg  in  the  metamorphoses  of  insects, 
preceding  the  pupa  or  chry.salis  and  perfect  Insect. 

Linn, 

LAR'VAL,  a.    Belonging  to  a  larva. 
L.KR'VA-TEn,  a.    Masked  ;  clothed  as  with  a  mask. 
L.\-RY.\'GE-AL,  (  a.    [See  Larv.nx.]    Pertaining  to 
LA-RYiN"Gi;-A.\,  j     the  larynx. 
L.\R-YN-GI'T1S,  II.    An  inflammation  of  the  larynx 
of  anv  sort. 

LAR-YN-GOT'O-MY,  n.  [lary/tz  and  Gr.  Tcpvu),  to 
cut.] 

The  operation  of  cutting  into  the  larynx  ;  the  mak- 
ing of  an  incision  into  the  larynx  for  assisting  re- 
spiration when  obstructed,  or  for  removing  foreign 
bodies.  Coze.  Quincij. 

LAR'YNX,  n.    [Gr.  Ami.) (.] 

In  anatomy,  the  upper  part  of  the  windpipe  or  tra- 
chea, a  cartdaginous  civiiy,  which  modulates  the 
voice  in  speaking  and  singing.  Qnincii. 

LAS'CAR,  n.  In  the  East  fndie^s,  a  term  applied  to 
native  sailors,  many  of  whom  are  employed  in  Eu- 
ropean vessels.  Brande. 

LAS-CIV'I-E.\-Cy,  LAS-CIV'I-E.\T.  [A'ut  vsul.] 
See  the  next  words. 

LAS-CIV'I-OUS,  a.  [Ft.  lascif;  It.  and  Sp.  lascieo ; 
from  L.  lascivus,  from  laxus,  lazo,  to  relax,  to  loosen. 
Class  Lg.) 

1.  Loose;  wanton;  lewd;  lustful;  as,  lascivious 
men  ;  lascivious  desires  ;  lascivious  eyes.  JUiitan. 

2.  Sod  ;  wanton  ;  luxurious. 

cnppn  nimbly  id  «  lady's  chnmher. 
To  ttie  latciriout  pleasing  of  .1  lute.  Sfiak. 

LAS-CI  V'l-OUS-LY,  adv.  Loosely ;  wantonly  ;  lewdly. 

LAS-CIV'I-OUS-\ESS,  n.  Looseness;  irregular  in- 
dulgence of  animal  desires;  wantonness;  liistful- 
ness. 

Wlw,  beinif  pait  ferlln',  have  given  UtenucWca  OTer  lo  Uucivi. 
outntit,  —  Kfili.  iv. 

2.  Tendency  to  excite  lust,  and  promote  irregular 
indulgences. 

Tiv  rp.iK.li  pirtcnitiHl  by  Aii'iistui  wiu,  the  ItudciouniMf  of 
nu  U  -fK»  mill  hi»  An  ul  l»Te.  Dryiin. 

LASH,  n.    [This  m.ay  be  the  same  word  as  leash,  Fr. 
laisse,  or  it  may  be  allied  to'  the  G.  lasche,  a  slap, 
laseiun,  lo  lash  or  slap,  and  both  may  be  from  one 
root.j  ' 
1.  The  thong  or  braided  cord  of  a  whip. 
I  i>l»T»ol  Uial  your  whip  ««nt«l  a        to  It  Additon. 


5!.  A  leash  or  String.  [Obs.] 

3.  A  .stroke  with  n  whip,  or  any  thing  pliant  and 
tough.    The  culprit  received  thirty-nine  lashes. 

4.  A  stroke  of  satire  ;  a  sarcasm  ;  an  expression  or 
retort  that  cut.s  or  gives  pain. 

The  moriil  in  a  Ifuh  iit  the  vanity  of  arrogsillng  that  to  ouniolvei 
which  siicc<ri;iU  well.  L'JCitlrange. 

I^.ASH,  r.  t.  To  strike  with  a  lash  or  any  thing  pliant ; 
to  whip  or  scourge.  ^ 

Wo  lash  ihi'  |iiiiiil  iukI  ilffniinl  the  wartl,  Dryilen. 

2.  To  throw  up  with  a  sudden  jerk. 

lie  tiills  ;  and  lashing  up  his  heels,  hU  rider  throws.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  beat,  as  with  something  loose ;  to  dash 
against. 

And  bi*  wavci  lash  the  friglited  shores.  Prior. 

4.  To  tie  or  bind  with  a  rope  or  cord  ;  to  secure  or 
fasten  by  a  string  ;  as,  to  lask  any  thing  to  a  mast  or 
to  a  yard  ;  to  lash  a  trunk  on  a  coach. 

5.  To  satirize ;  to  censure  with  severity ;  as,  to 
/a.</(  vice. 

LASH,  ti.  i.    To  ply  the  whip  ;  to  strike  at. 

To  laugh  at  folliiis,  or  to  lash  at  vice,  Dryden, 
To  lash  out,  is  to  be  extravagant  or  unruly. 

Frltham. 

LASH'KD,  (lasht,5  pp.  Struck  with  a  hish ;  whipped ; 

tied  ;  made  fast  by  a  rope. 
LASU'Elt,  H.    One  that  whips  or  lashes. 
LASII'KR,   }  n.    A  piece  t>f  rope  for  biiuling  or  mak- 
L.VSH'LN'G,  )     ing  ftust  one  thing  to  another. 

Mar.  Diet, 

LASH'-FREE,  a.   Free  from  the  lash  of  satire. 

B.  Jouson. 

L.4SH'I\G,  n.    Castigation  or  chastisement.  Smart. 

2.  Extravagance  ;  unriiliness.  South. 

3.  A  rope  for  making  fast.    [See  Lasher.] 
L.^SS,  n.    [till,  from  ladde.'is,  as  llickes  suggests.] 

A  young  woman  ;  a  girl  ;  a|>plied  particularly  to 
a  couulry  girl.    Lassie  is  sometimes  used,  particu- 
larly in  Scotland.  Philips. 
LAS'SI-TUDE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  lassitudo,  from  lassus, 
antl  this  fnim  laxus,  laxo,  to  relax.] 

1.  Weakness  ;  dullness  ;  he.'iviness  ;  weariness  ; 
languor  of  body  or  mind,  proceeding  from  exhaustion 
of  strength  by  excessive  labor  or  action,  or  other 
means. 

2.  Among  pliijsirians,  lassitude  is  a  morbid  sensa- 
tion of  languor  which  often  precedes  disease. 

LXSS'LORN,  a.   Forsaken  by  his  lass  or  mistress. 

ShaJc 

LAS'SO,  n.    [Fr.  laLise ;  L.  la.i.-nis,] 

A  rope  or  cord  with  a  noose,  used  for  catching  wild 
horses,  &c. 

LAST,  a.  [Contracted  from  latest ;  Sax.  last,  from 
lato.1t ;  G.  Itttt ;  1).  laalst,  from  (aat,  late.  Uu.  is  the 
Gr.  AotffOof  from  the  same  root?  See  Late  and 
Let.] 

1.  I'h.at  comes  after  all  the  others  ;  the  latest ;  ap- 
plied to  time ;  as,  the  last  hour  of  the  day  ;  the  last 
day  of  the  year. 

2.  That  follows  all  the  others;  that  is  behind  r.!i 
the  otiu'rs  in  place  ;  hindmost ;  as,  this  was  the  last 
man  that  entered  the  church. 

3.  Beyond  which  there  is  no  more. 

Ilert* ,  last  of  Britons,  let  your  names  be  read.  Pope, 

4.  Next  before  the  |>rescnt ;  as,  the  last  week  ;  the 
last  year. 

5.  Utmost ;  that  beyond  which  there  is  nothing 
greater. 

Their  last  endcivors  bend. 

To  uuuliiite  each  other,  Dryden. 
They  are  contending  lor  principles  of  the  last  Imporlance. 

Hotxirt  Hall. 

6.  Lowest ;  meanest. 

Aniilochui 

Takes  the  last  pnu:  Pope, 
At  last,  at  the  last :  at  the  end ;  in  the  conclusion. 

Gad,  a  truop  shall  overcome  him  ;  but  he  shall  overcome  at  the 


last.  —  lien 


xli> 


To  tlie  last ;  to  the  end  ;  till  the  conclusion. 

And  blunder  oa  in  business  to  the  last.  Pope. 
In  the  phrases,  "you  arc  the  last  man  I  should 
consult,"  "  this  is  the  la.it  pl.ice  in  which  I  should 
expect  to  find  you,"  the  word  la.<t  implies  improba- 
bility ;  this  is  the  most  improbable  place,  and  there- 
fore I  should  resort  to  it  last. 
LAST,  adv.    The  last  lime  ;  the  time  before  the  pres- 
ent.   I  saw  him  last  at  New  York. 
2.  In  conclusion  ;  finally. 
PIcaseil  with  his  idol,  he  commends,  aitmin^, 
Adoivs ;  and  last  llic  thing  adored  desirt:*.  Dryden. 

LAST,  r.  i.  [Sax.  lastan,  lastan.  This  verb  seems  to 
be  from  the  adjective  last,  the  primary  sense  of  which 
is  continued,  drawn  out.    See  Let.] 

1.  To  continue  in  time ;  to  endure  ;  to  remain  In 
existence.  Our  government  can  not  last  long  unless 
administered  by  liimest  men. 

2.  To  continue  unimpaired  ;  not  to  decay  or  per- 
ish. Select  for  winter  the  best  apples  to  last.  This 
color  will  la.it. 

3.  To  hold  out ;  to  continue  unconsumed.  The 


captain  knew  he  had  not  water  on  board  to  Uut  a 
week. 

LAST,  n.  [Sax.  htastc;  G.  Sw.  D.  and  Dan.  last; 
Iliiss.  laste ;  Ft.  lest ;  Arm.  lastr ;  \\.  Utcyth.  See 
Load.] 

A  load  ;  hence,  a  certain  weight  or  measure.  [It 
is  generally  estimated  at  4000  lbs.,  but  varies  exceed- 
ingly as  to  difl'ereut  articles.  JlcCalloeh,]  A  last  u( 
codlish,  white  herrings,  meal,  and  ashes,  is  twelve 
barrels  ;  a  last  of  com  is  ten  quarters  or  eighty  bush- 
els ;  of  gunpowder,  twenty-four  barrels  ;  of  red 
herrings,  twenty  cades  ;  of  hides,  twelve  dozen  ;  of 
leather,  twt'nty  dickers  ;  of  pitch  and  tar,  fourteen 
barrels  ;  of  wool,  twelve  sacks  ;  of  fiax  or  feathers, 
1700  lbs.  Eocye. 

2.  The  term  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  burden  of 
a  ship.  McCutloeh. 
LAST,  n.    [Sax.  laste,  lasU ;  G.  leisten ;  I',  leest ;  Dan. 
Ltst  ;  Sw.  Id.1t.] 

A  nitdd  or  form  of  the  human  foot,  ma^e  of  wood, 
on  which  shoes  are  formed. 

Tlie  cobbler  is  not  lo  jjo  beyond  his  last.  L'  Sstrange. 

LAST' AGE,  n.    [Fr.  Irstagr.    See  Last,  a  load.] 

1.  A  duty  paid  for  freight  or  transportation.  [JVot 
used  in  the  United  States.] 

2.  linllast.    [J^nt  u.ied!] 

3.  The  lading  of  a  ship.    [JVot  used.] 
LAST'ER-Y,  II.    A  red  color.    [JVnf  ire  «.«.]  Spenser. 
LAST'ING,  ppr.    Continuing  in  time  ;  enduring;  re- 
maining. 

2.  a.  Durable ;  of  long  continuance  ;  that  may 
continue  or  endure  ;  as,  a  lasting  gooil  or  evil  ;  a 
lasting  color. 

LAST'ING,  n.  Endurance. 

2.  .\  species  of  smooth  woolen  stiirt"  used  in 
making  siloes.  Enctie.  of  Dom.  Econ, 

LA.ST'I.NtJ-I, Y,  ai/e.    Durably;  with  continuance.  . 

LaST'I.\'(;-NESS,  n.  Durability;  the  quality  or  st.ate 
of  long  continuance.  Sidney. 

LAST'LY,  a/lv.    In  the  last  place. 

2.  In  the  conclusinn  ;  at  last ;  finally. 

LAST'-MEN'TlOX-i'D,  a.    iMenlioneil  la^t. 

L.\TCII,  II.  [Fr.  /()(/iic(  ;  Arm.  liciicd  or  cliaied,  coin- 
ciding with  L.  ligula,  from  ligo,  to  tie,  and  wilh 
English  lock.  Sax.  lirr.cnn,  to  catch,  'i'he  (J.  klinke, 
D.  klink,  coincide  with  Fr.  clcnrhe,  which,  if  u  is 
casual,  are  the  Arm.  cLirijed,  Eng.  to  eimih.  The 
same  word  in  VV.  is  r'icird,  a  latch,  and  the  It.  larcio, 
a  snare,  L.  taijuens,  from  which  we  have  lacr,  may 
belong  to  the  same  root.  The  primary  sense  of  the 
root  is.  In  catch,  to  close,  stop,  or  make  fast.] 

A  small  jiieco  of  i.-cui  or  woi;d  used  to  fasten  a 
door.  Gay. 

LATCH,  t>.  t.    To  fai^ten  with  a  latch  ;  to  fasten. 

Locke. 

%  [Fr,  hfi.er.)    To  smear.    [JVot  tuied.]  Shak. 
LATCIl'-KEk',  «.    A  key  used  to  raise  the  latch  of  a 
door. 

LiiTC'H'ES,  n.  pi.  Small  lines,  like  loops,  used  in 
connecting  the  head  and  fiu.t  of  a  sail.  Smart. 

LATCII'ET,  II.  [from  /«/c/i.  Fr.  lacct.]  The  siring 
that  fastens  a  shoe.    Mark  i. 

LATE,  a.  [Sax.  Let,  lot ;  Goth,  lata  s  D.  laal ;  Sw.  liU  ; 
Daii.  lad,  idle,  lazy  ;  Goth,  latyan.  Sax.  lalian,  lo  de- 
lay or  rc'tard.  'I'his  word  is  from  the  root  of  let,  Uu: 
sen.se  of  which  is  to  draw  out,  extend,  or  pnilimg; 
hence  to  be  slow  or  late.  (See  Let.)  This  adjitctn'e 
has  regular  terminations  of  the  comparative  and  su- 
perlative ilegrees,  later,  late.it,  but  it  has  also  latter, 
and  latr-it  is  often  contracted  into  ia.it.] 

1.  Coming  after  the  usual  time ;  slow ;  tardy  ; 
long  delayed  ;  as,  a  late  spring ;  a  late  sumiiier.  The 
crops  or  harvest  will  be  late, 

2.  Far  advanced  toward  the  end  or  close;  as,  a 
lale  hour  of  the  day.  He  began  at  a  late  period  of 
his  life. 

3.  Last,  or  recently  in  any  place,  ofllce,  or  ch.arac- 
ter;  as,  the  lale  ministry  ;  the  late  administration. 

4.  E.xisting  nut  long  ago,  but  now  tlecayetl  or  de- 
parttul  ;  as,  the  late  bishop  of  London. 

5.  Not  long  past ;  hapix  ning  not  long  ago :  recent ; 
as,  Ihe  late  rains.  VVe  have  received  late  intelligence. 

LATE,  adv.  After  the  usual  time,  or  the  lime  ap- 
pointed ;  after  delay  ;  as,  he  arrived  late. 

2.  .After  the  proper  or  usual  season.  This  year 
the  fruits  ripen  late. 

3.  Not  long  ago  ;  lately. 

And  ruond  tbem  throng 
With  leaps  anil  bounds  Uie  late  hnprisuneit  young.  Poire. 

4.  Far  in  the  night,  ilay,  week,  or  other  particular 
period  ;  as,  to  lie  a-bed  late ;  to  sit  up  late  at  night. 

Of  late,  lately  :  in  lime  not  long  past,  or  near  the 
present.    The  practice  is  of  late  uncommon. 

7'iio  late :  after  the  proper  time  ;  not  in  due  time. 
\Ve  arrived  too  late  to  see  the  procession. 
LAT'EI),  a.    Behated  ;  being  too  late.    [M)t  used.] 
L.V-TEEN',  a.    [Fi.  latine.]  [Shak, 
A  lateen  nail  is  a  triangular  sail,  extended  by  a 
long  yard,  which  is  slung  about  one  qtiarier  the  dis- 
tance from  the  lower  end,  which  is  brought  down  at 
the  tack,  »  hilc  the  other  end  is  elevati'd  al  an  angle 
of  about  45  degrei's  ;  used  in  xebecs,  [mlacres,  .md 
settees,  in  the  .Mediterranean.  Mar.  DtcU 


TONE,  BULL.  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


LAT 

LaTE'LY,  ode.    Not  long  aso  ;  recently.    We  called 

on  a  gentleman  who  Jias  lately  arrived  from  Italy. 
L.^'TEN-CY,  n.    [See  Latent.]    The  state  of  being 

concealed  ;  abstniseness.  Patcy. 
LaTE'.VESS,  II.    The  state  of  being  tardy,  or  of  com- 

in;;  after  tlie  usual  time  ;  as,  the  lateness  of  spring  or 

of  liarvest. 

2.  Time  far  advanced  in  any  particular  period  ;  as, 
Intene^s  of  the  day  or  niglit ;  UUcness  in  the  season  ; 
lateness  in  life. 

3.  Tiie  slate  of  being  out  of  time,  or  after  the  ap- 
pointed time  ;  as,  tlie  lateness  of  one's  arrival. 

La'TENT,  a.  [L.  latens,  lateo ;  Gr.  XnSw,  Xm6avo>; 
Heb.  BnS,  to  cover,  or  r.ithcr  Ch.  ttah,  to  hide  or  be 
liid.    Class  Ld,  No.  1,  11.] 

Hid  ;  concealed  ;  secret ;  not  seen  ;  not  visible  or 
apparent.  We  speak  of  later.t  motives ;  latent  rea- 
sons ;  latent  springs  of  action. 

Latent  heat;  the  portion  of  heat  which  enters  into 
a  body  while  changing  its  form  from  tlie  solid  to  the 
liquid,  or  from  the  liquid  to  the  aeriform  state,  with- 
out altering  its  temperature.  Olmsted, 

La'TENT-LY,  adv.  Secretly;  concealedly ;  invisi- 
bly. 

LaT'ER,  a.  [comp.  deg.  of  Za£e.]  Posterior ;  subse- 
quent. 

LAT'ER-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  lateralis,  from  latus,  a 
side,  and  broad,  Gr.  rAaroj ;  coinciding  with  W. 
lied,  Ihjd,  breadth,  and  probably  with  Eng.  flat,  W. 
plad  or  Ilez,  or  both.  The  primary  sense  of  these 
words  is,  to  e.ttend,  as  in  late,  Itt.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  tlie  side ;  as,  the  lateral  view  of 
an  object. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  side  ;  as,  the  lateral 
branches  of  a  tree  ;  lateral  shoots. 

I,AT-ER-AL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  having  distinct 
sides,    [JVot  iiseil.]  Brown. 

L.\T'ER-AL-LY,  adv.    Ry  the  side  ;  sideways. 

2.  In  the  direction  of  the  side.  [Holder. 

LAT'Ell-.\.\,  «.  One  of  the  churches  at  Rome,  with 
a  pal.ice  and  other  buildings  annexed  to  it.  The 
nitine  is  said  to  have  been  derived  from  that  of  a 
man  who  owned  the  ground  in  the  time  of  Nero. 
In  this  palace  several  ecclesiastic:il  councils,  hence 
call"d  Latrran  councils,  have  been  held.      P.  Cyc. 

A  L-iT'E-RE,  [L.]  A  legate  a  latere,  is  a  pope's 
legate  or  envoy,  so  called  because  sent  from  liis  side, 
fnun  anions  Ins  favorites  and  counselors.  Parr. 

V.ATr.K-FA),  a.    Del.iyed.    [Obs.]  Chancer. 

LAT-ER-I-Fo'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  latus,  side,  and/u/ium, 
leaf] 

In  botany,  growing  on  the  side  of  a  leaf  at  the 
base  ;  as,  a  latrrifolious  flower.         Lec.  Martyn, 
LAT-ER  I'  TIOUS,  (lat-er-ish'us,)  a.    [L.  lateritius, 
from  later,  a  briclt.] 

Like  bricks  ;  of  the  color  of  bricks.  Med.  Repos. 
Latcritinus  sediment  ;  a  sediment  in  urine  resem- 
bling brick  dust,  observed  after  the  crises  of  fevers, 
and  at  the  termination  of  gouty  paro.\ysms.  Parr. 
L.aT'EST,  a,    [siipcrl.  deg.  of  late.]    Longest  after 

the  usual  time  ;  tardiest. 
L.X  TE'VVARr),  adv.    Somewhat  late. 
L.\TH,  «.    [W.  elated,  a  thin  board,  or  a  rod ; 

Fr.  liMe  :  Sp.  lalas,  pi.  ;  G.  latte :  D.  lat.] 

1.  A  thin,  narrow  board,  or  slip  of  wood,  nailed 
to  the  rafters  of  a  budding,  to  support  the  tiles  or 
covering. 

2.  .\  thin,  narrow  slip  of  wood,  nailed  to  the  studs, 
to  support  tlie  plastering. 

LXTIl,  r.  U    To  cover  or  line  with  laths.  Mortimer. 

LATH,  n.  [Sa.t.  leVi.  The  signification  of  this  word 
is  not  clearly  ascertained.  It  iii.ay  he  from  Sax.  la- 
Vtian,  to  call  together,  and  signify,  primarily,  a  meet- 
ing or  assembly.    See  Wapentake.] 

In  some  parts  of  F.nirlnnd,  a  part  or  division  of  a 
county.  Spenser,  Spi'hnan,  and  Blackstone  do  not 
agree  in  their  accounts  of  the  lath ;  but,  according  to 
the  laws  of  Edwaril  the  Confessor,  the  lath,  in  some 
counties,  answered  to  the  IriUiing,  or  third  part  of  a 
comity  in  others.  Wilkins. 

LATHE,  n.  [Uu.  laOi,  supra,  or  W. /otAru,  to  make 
siiiouth.] 

A  iiia::hinc  by  which  instruments  of  wood,  ivory, 
mi't.-ils,  and  other  materials,  are  turned  and  cut  into 
a  smooth,  round  form. 

L.XTIl'AM),  (lilhl,)  ;<p.    Covered  or  lined  with  laths. 

LATH'ER,  ».  i.  [.'^ax.  lalhrian,  to  lather,  to  anoint. 
Uu.  W.  llaUiru,  to  make  smooth,  or  Ihthraw,  to 
glide ;  tlilhri^r,  slippery,  or  UyUt,  soft  ;  Uyiu,  to 
spread.] 

To  form  a  foam  with  water  and  soap ;  to  become 
froth,  or  frothy  matter. 
LATH'ER,  V.  L    To  Bpread  over  with  the  foam  of 
R*':t  p. 

LATH'ER,  n.  Foam  or  froth  made  by  soap  moistened 
with  water. 

2.  Foam  or  froth  from  profuse  aweat,  as  of  a 
hor«-. 

LATH'I'.R-f;!),  pp.  Spread  over  with  the  foam  of 
w.ap. 

LATH'ER-ING,  ppr.  S|)roading  over  with  the  foam 
of  Hoap. 

LXTH'Y,  0.   Thin  as  a  lath  ;  long  and  slender. 

Chalmers. 


LAT 

LA-TIB'U-LlZE,  V.  i.    [L.  lalibulum,  a  hiding-place.] 
To  retire  into  a  deu,  burrow,  or  cavity,  and  lie 
dormant  in  winter ;  to  retreat  and  lie  hid. 

The  tonoise  latibulizes  in  Oclol>er.  Shaw's  Zool. 

LAT'I-GLaVE,  n.  laticlavium ;  lutiis,  broad,  and 
clavus,  a  stud.] 

A  distinctive  badge  worn  by  Roman  senators.  It 
is  supposed  to  have  been  a  broad  stripe  of  purple  on 
the  fote  jiart  of  the  tunic,  set  with  knobs  or  studs. 

Kncyc. 

LAT-I-eOS'TATE,  a.  [latus  and  casta.]  Broad- 
ribbed. 

LAT-I-DEN'TATE,  a.  [latus  and  dens.]  Broad- 
toothed 

L.\T-l-Fo'LI-OUS,  o.  [latus  and  folium.]  Broad- 
leaved. 

LAT'IN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Latin.s,  a  people  of 
Latium,  in  Italy  ;  Roman  ;  as,  the  Latin  language. 

Latin  church ;  the  Western  church  ;  the  Christian 
church  in  Italy,  France,  Spain,  and  other  countries, 
where  the  Latin  language  was  introduced,  as  dis- 
tinct from  the  Greek  or  Eastern  church.  Encijc. 

LAT' IN,  71.    The  language  of  the  ancient  Romans. 
An  e.vercise  in  schools,  consisting  in  turning  Eng- 
lish into  Latin.  .Mscltam. 

LAT'IN-IS.M,  n.  A  Latin  idiom  ;  a  mode  of  speech 
peculiar  to  the  Latins.  Mdison. 

LAT'IN-IST,  n.    One  skilled  in  Latin. 

LA-TIN'l-TY,  n.  Purity  of  the  Latin  style  or  idiom ; 
the  Latin  tongue. 

LAT'IN-IZE,  D.  t.  To  give  to  foreign  words  Latin 
terminations  and  make  them  Latin. 

R.  O.  Cambridge. 

LAT'IN-IZE,  V.  i.  To  use  words  or  phrases  bor- 
rowed from  the  Ijatin.  Dryden. 

LAT'1N-IZ-£U,  pp.  or  a.  Made  into  Latin ;  borrowed 
from  the  Latin. 

LAT'IN-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Giving  to  foreign  words  Latin 
terminations. 

L.^T'L\-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  understand  and  write 
Latin.    [Ohs.]  Jlcylin. 

LAT-I-ROS'TROUS,a,  [L.  Zotits,  broad, and  rostrum, 
beak.] 

Having  a  broad  beak,  as  a  bird.  Brown, 
LaT'ISH,  a.    [from  lali.]    Somewhat  late. 
L.\T'I-TAN-C  V,  n.    [L.  latitaits,  latito,  to  lie  hid,  from 
lateo.    See  Latent.] 
The  state  of  lying  concealed ;  the  state  of  lurking. 

Brown. 

LAT'I-TANT,  a.   Lurkii.g;  lying  hid  ;  concealed. 

Bmile. 

[These  words  are  rarely  used.    See  Latent.] 
UlT'l-TAT,  n.    [  L.,  he  lurks.]    A  writ  by  which  a 
person  is  summoned  into  t.ie  King's  Bench  to  answer, 
as  supposing  he  lies  concealed.  Blaclistone. 
L.\T-1  Ta'TIuN,  n.    A  lying  in  concealment. 
LAT'1-TUOE,  71.     [Fr.,  Irom  L.  latdudo,  breadth; 
latus,  broad  ;  W.  Ibid,  breadth.] 

1.  Breadth ;  wid^U ;  extent  from  side  to  side. 

PVuttaiu 

2.  Room  ;  space.  Locke. 
[In  the Joregointr  senses,  little  used.] 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  distance  of  a  heavenly  body 
from  the  ecliptic. 

4.  Ill  geom-aphy,  the  distance  of  any  pl.ice  on  the 
globe,  north  or  souili  of  the  equator,  boston  is  situ- 
ated in  the  forty-third  degree  of  north  latitude. 

5.  Extent  of  meaning  or  construction  ;  indefinite 
accept;ition.  The  words  will  not  bear  this  latitude 
if  construction. 

G.  Extent  of  deviation  from  a  settled  point ;  free- 
dom from  rules  or  limits  ;  laxity. 

lu  human  aciiona,  there  are  no  decrees  and  precise  n.-uunil  liiniu 
described,  but  a  latiludt  is  indulged.  Taylor, 

7.  Extent. 

1  pretend  not  to  treat  ot  them  in  their  foil  latitade,  Locke, 

LAT-I-TC'DIN-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  latitude  ;  In  the 
direction  of  latitude.  Gregory, 

LAT-I-TU-I)L\-A'R1-AN,  a.    [Fr.  latitudinaire.] 

Not  restrained  ;  not  confined  by  precise  limits ; 
thinking  or  acting  at  large;  lax  in  reliuioiis  princi- 
ples or  views  ;  as,  latitudinarian  opinions  or  doo 
Irines. 

LAT-I-TU-DIN-A'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  is  moderate 
in  his  notions,  or  not  restrained  by  precise  settled 
limits  in  opinion ;  one  who  indulges  freedom  in 
thinking. 

2.  In  the  Church  of  England,  formerly,  one  who  de- 
nied or  doubled  the  divine  right  or  oricin  of  episco- 
pacy, though  he  admitted  its  expediency. 

3.  In  tlicology,  oni-  who  ileparts  in  opinion  from  the 
strict  principles  of  orthodoxy  ;  or  one  who  indulges 
an  undue  latitude  of  thinking  and  interpretation. 

LAT-I-TU-I)1N-A'RI-AN  I.?.M,  n.  Undue  freedom 
or  laxiicss  of  opinion,  particularly  in  theology. 

Ch.  Obs. 

9.  Indifference  to  religion.  fK  Jones, 

LAT-I-Tfi'I)I\-l)i;s,  a.  Having  latitude,  or  large 
LA'TRANT,  a.    [U  tutro,  to  bark.]  [extent. 

Harking.  lUekelL 
LA'TKATR,  r.  i.    To  bark  as  a  dog.    [JYof  used.] 
LA-TRA'TION,  71.    A  U-irking.  [J^otused.] 


LAU 

LA-TRl'A,  Ti.    [L.,  from  Gr.  A-ir/icia.] 

The  highest  kind  of  worship,  or  that  paid  to  God  ; 
distinguished  by  the  Roman  Catholics  from  dulia,  or 
the  inferior  worship  paid  to  saints.  Kncyc. 

LAT'RO-HITE,  II.  [from  Liilrobe.]  A  mineral  from  the 
coast  of  Labrador,  of  a  pink  or  rose-red  color,  allied 
to  the  feldspars,  and  consisting  of  silica,  alumina, 
lime,  potash,  and  some  nianganese.  Dana. 

LAT'UO-CIN-Y,  n.    [L.  /afrociiiium.] 
Theft  ;  larceny.    [JVbt  in  use.] 

L.-VT'TEN,  7!.  [Fr.  leton  or  lailon;  D.  lata  en  j  Arm. 
laton.] 

\.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  fine  kind  of  brass  used  for 
crosses,  candlesticks,  &c.  Francis. 
2.  Sheet  tin  ;  iron  plate  covered  with  tin. 
LAT'TEN-BRXPS,  ii.    Plates  of  milled  brass  reduced 
to  different  thicknesses,  according  to  the  uses  they 
are  intended  for  ;  sometimes  called  Latten.  Encijc. 
LAT'TER,  a.    [.\n  irregular  comparative  of  fnfe.] 

1.  Coming  or  happening  after  soinetning  else ;  op- 
posed to  Former  ;  as  the  former  and  latter  rain  ; 
former  or  latter  harvest. 

2.  llentioned  tlie  last  of  two. 

The  ditlerence  between  reason  and  revelaiioD — and  in  what 
sense  tlie  Inuer  is  superior.  M'aUs. 

3.  Modern  ;  lately  done  or  past ;  a-s,  in  these  latter 
ages. 

LAT'TER-LY,  odu.  Of  late;  in  time  not  long  past ; 
latelv.  R-chardson. 

LAT''i'ER-AIATH,  n.  The  Httcr  nowing  ;  that 
which  is  mowed  after  a  former  mowing  ;  the  after- 
math. 

LAT'TICE.  (lat'tis,)  (  n.    [Fr.  lattis.  a  covering  of 
LAT'TICE-WORK,  (      latlui,  from  litle,  a  lath:  W 
cledrwy,  from  clcdur,  a  board,  shingle,  or  rail.] 

Any  work  of  wood  or  iron,  made  by  crossing  laths 
rods,  or  bars,  and  forming  ojien  squares  like  net- 
work ;  as,  tlie  lattice  of  a  \Kindow. 
LAT'TICE,  71.    A  window  of  lattice-work. 

The  mother  of  Sisem  looked  out  at  a  window,  and  cried  through 
tiie  Imdce,  — Jiiiijos  v. 

LAT'TICE,  a.  Consisting  of  cross  pieces  ;  as,  lattice- 
work, 

2.  Furnished  with  lattice-work  ;  as,  a  lattice  win- 
dow. 

LAT'TICE,  T.  t.  To  form  with  cross  bars,  and  open 
work. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  lattice. 
LAT'TIC-KU,  pp.  or  a.    Furnished  with  a  lattice. 
LA'TUS  REC'TU.M,  n.    [L.]    In  conic  sections,  the 

same  as  Parameter.  Brande. 
LAUD,  71.    [L.  laiis,  laudis  ;  W.  clod;  Ir.  cloth  ;  allied 

to  Gr.  icAti  ■',  icAtos.    This  is  from  the  same  root  as 

Eng.  loud,  G.  laut,  and  the  primary  sense  is,  to  strain, 

to  utter  sound,  to  cry  out.    See  Loi  o.] 

1.  Praise  ;  commendation  ;  an  extolling  in  words  ; 
honorable  mention.    [Little  used.]  Pope. 

2.  That  part  of  divine  worship  which  consists  in 
praise.  Bacon. 

3.  Music  or  singing  in  honor  of  any  one 

4.  Lauds,  in  tlie  Roman  Ciitlutlic  chitrclt,  the  prayers 
formerly  used  at  daybreak,  between  those  of  matins 
and  prime.  Brande. 

LAUD,  r.  f.    [L.  Zaii'/o.] 

To  praise  in  words  alone,  or  with  words  and  sing- 
ing ;  to  celebrate.  Bcntley. 
LAUD'A-BLE,  a.    [L.  laudabili.^.] 

1.  Praiseworthy;  commendable;  as,  laudable  mo- 
tives ;  laudable  actions. 

2.  Healthy;  salubrious  ;  as,  laudable  juices  of  the 
body.  JSrbuthnot. 

3.  Healthy  ;  well  digested  ;  as.  laudable  pus. 
LAUD'A-BLE-NESH,  n.     The  quality  of  deserving 

praise;  praiseworthiness  ;  as,  the  laiidabU'n&ss  oi 
sigus,  purposes,  motives,  or  actions. 

[Lal-dabilitv,  in  a  like  sense,  has  been  used,  but 
rarely.] 

LAUD'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  deserving  praise. 
LAUD'A-NUM,  71.    [A  contraction  of /au(/aii<fu7ii,  from 

L.  Inudo,  to  praise.] 
Opium  prepared  in  spirit  or  wine  ;  tincture  of 

opium.  Coie, 
LAUD-A'TIOX,  71.    Praise  ;  commendation. 
LAUD'A-TIVE,  n.    [L.  laudatirus.] 

'   A  panegyric  ;  a  eulogy.    [Liule  used.]  Bacon. 
LAUD'A-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  praise  ;  tending  to 

praise. 

LAUD'A-TO-RY,  11.   That  which  contains  praise. 

.1fi«071. 

LAUD'ER,  n.    One  who  praises. 

LAUU'IN(J,  li/T.    Praising;  celebniting. 

LXUGII,  flUfr,)  t>.  I.    [Sax.  hlilian  ;  Goth.  Iilahynn  ;  G 

lacken  :  1).  liichgen  ;  Sw.  te  :  I>an.  leer  ;  lleb.  and  Ch. 

JJ)S,  long.    Class  Lg,  No.  17.) 

1.  To  make  the  noise  and  exhibit  the  features 
which  are  characteristic  of  mirth  in  the  human 
epecies.  Violent  laughter  is  accompanieil  with  the 
shaking  of  tlie  sides,  and  all  laughter  expels  breath 
from  the  lungs.  Bacon.  I 

2.  In  poetry,  to  be  gay;  to  appear  gay,  cheerful, 
pleasant,  lively,  or  brilliant. 

Thfii  Imight  (lie  childl»li  year  with  flnwereu  crowned.  f}ryd*n. 
And  o'er  the  foaininjr  liowl,  the  Inunhing  wine.  Pope. 


FATE,  PXtt,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRBY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK. — 


6S0 


LAU 

LAV 

LAW 

To  Iniish  at;  to  ridicule ;  to  treat  with  some  degree 
of  contempt. 

No  luol  lo  laugh,  at,  which  hf*  vnlucd  more,  Pojjt. 

an  honor  bestowed  on  those  who  excelled  in  writing 
verse.    This  was  an  ancient  practice  at  Oxford,  from 
which  probably  originated  the  denimiiiiation  of  pact 
laureate.  fVarton. 
LAU'REL,  71,    [L, /(/II rill ;  It,  kiiro  ;  Fr,  fawripr  ;  Sp. 
laurel;  Port,  laureiro  ;  W.Uonoijz,  Ihru^ijzen,  laurel- 
wood,  fritni  the  root  of  llawr,  a  Moor,  Uor,  that 
spreads  ;   Dan.  laur-bir.r'tree  ;  G.  lorbeer,  the  laurel 
or  bayberry.    Laut  coincides  in  elements  with  flow- 
er, Jlareo.] 

The  English  of  Laums,  a  genus  of  plants  of  sev- 
eral species.    The  laurel  was  d'  dicated  lo  Apolli>, 
and  used  in  making  garlands  or  wreaths  for  vic- 
tors, &c.  F.ne.ijc. 
LAU'REL-ED,  a.    Crowned  or  decorated  with  laurel, 

(ir  with  a  laurel  wreath  ;. laureate. 
LAU'UES-TINE.  n.    [\..  lauru.-^linus.] 

\  plant,  the  Viburnum  Tinus,  an  evergreen  shrub 
or  tri  e,  of  the  south  of  Europe. 
LAU-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  laurus  and  /ero,  to  bear.] 

Producing  or  bringing  l;turi'l. 
LAU'RI.V,  «.    A  fatty,  acrid  matter  containeil  in  the 

berries  of  the  l.iiirel.  Brandc. 
Ly}C/>!  DE'O,  [L.]    Praise  to  God. 
LAUS'KRAUT,  n.    [G.  ldu.-<ckraut,  louse-plant.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Di  lpliiiiiuni. 
LAU'TtI,  ».    A  baiiil  of  cotton,  twisted  and  worn  on 
the  head  of  the  liica  of  Peru,  as  a  badge  of  royalty. 

J.  Bnrloto. 

LA'V.l,  n.    [Probably  from  flowing,  and  from  the  root 
of  L.  flun,  or  lavo  ;  It.  /<ih«,  a  streaui,  now  /nea.] 

1.  A  mass  or  streaui  of  mi  lled  minerals  or  stony 
matter  vvliii  h  bursts  or  is  thrown  from  the  inmitli  or 
sides  of  a  Volcano,  nnii  is  sonietinies  ejected  in  such 
quaulitii-s  as  to  overwheliii  cities,    (.^alauia,  at  the 
foot  of  Etna,  has  often  been  destroyed  by  it,  and,  in 
1783,  a  v.ist  tract  1  f  land  in  Irelanil  w.as  ovi:rspiead 
by  an  irruption  of  lava  from  Mount  Heela. 

2.  The  same  matter  when  cotd  and  hardened. 
LA'VA-l.IKR,  a.    Resembling  lava. 
L.\-VA'T1()N,  ji.    [L.  ;«ra£iu,  from  lavo.] 

A  washiuff  or  cleansing.  Ilakeuiill. 
L.\V'A-TO-KY,  n.    [See  L.ivE.]    A  place  for  wash- 
ing. 

2.  A  wash  or  lotion  for  a  diseased  part. 

3.  A  place  wliere  golil  is  obtained  by  w.ashing. 

Encyc. 

La  VE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  laver  ;  Sp.  lavar  ;  It.  lavare ;  L.  lavo  ; 
Gr.  Aou'.i;  S&ns.aUava;  probably  contracted  from  ia- 
go  or  laufTo.] 

To  wash  ;  to  bathe  ;  a  word  used  chiefly  in  poetry  or 
rhetoric                                     Mdton.  Dryden. 
LAVE,  a.    [Sax.  te/an,  to  leave.] 

The  remainder  ;  others.  [ScotfiV/i.] 
LAVE,  II.  i.    To  bathe  ;  to  wash  one's  self.  Pope. 
LAVE,  u.  t.    [Ft.  lever.] 

To  throw  up  or  out ;  to  lade  out.   [JS'Vit  in  iwc] 
B.  Jonson, 

LAV'EDj  7>p.    Bathed  ;  washed. 

LA VE'-lC.AR-ZCD,  a.     Having  large,  pendent  ears. 

[JVo(  ill  use.]                                         Bp.  Hall. 
LA-VEER',  V.  t,    [Fr.  loiitiot/cr,  or  louvier ;  D.  lavee- 

ren.  ] 

In  seamen's  language,  to  tack  ;  to  sail  back  and 
forth.  Dryden. 
[I  believe  this  word  is  not  in  common  use.] 
LAVE'.MENT,  71.    [Fr.]    A  washing  or  bathing. 

2.  A  clyster. 
LAV'EN-OER,  71.    [L.  laramhila.] 
An  aromatic  plant,  Lavandula. 
LAV'E.N-DER-VVA'TER,  71.    A  liquor  composed  of 
spirits  of  wine,  essential  oil  of  lavender,  and  am- 
liergris. 

LA'VER,  n.    [Fr.  laroir,  from  laver,  to  lave.] 

A  vessel  lor  washing ;  a  large  basin  ;  in  Scripture 
history,  ti  basin  placed  in  the  court  of  the  Jewish  tab- 
ernacle, where  the  officiating  priests  washetl  their 
hands  and  feet,  and  the  entrails  of  victims.  Encyc. 

LA'VER,  71.    The  fronds  or  leaves  of  certain  marine 
(ilaiiLs,  potted  in  order  to  be  eaten.  SinarL 

LAV'ER-OCK,  n.    The  lark.   [ScoKisA.]  [See  Labk.] 

LAVING,  ppr.    Washing;  bathing. 

L.W'ISH,  0.    [I  know  not  from  what  source  we  have 
received  this  word.    It  coincides  in  elements  with 
L.  liber,  free,  liberal,  and  L.  laro,  to  wash.] 

1.  Prodigal ;  expending  or  bestowing  with  profu- 
sion ;  profuse.    He  was  lavish  of  expense  ;  lavish  of 
prai.sc  ;  lavish  of  encomiums;  lavish  of  censure  ;  lav- 
ish of  blood  and  treasure. 

2.  Wiisteful ;  ex|K?nding  without  necessity  ;  liberal 
to  a  fault.  Dryden. 

3.  Wdd  ;  unrestrained. 

CuiHng  im  tavijh  ipIriL  ShaJc. 

L.AV'ISH,  r.  t  To  expend  or  bestow  with  profusion  ; 
as,  to  lavish  praise  or  encomiums. 

2.  To  waste  ;  to  exfientl  without  necessity  or  use  ; 
to  squander ;  as,  to  lavish  money  on  vices  and  amuse- 
ments. 

LAVISH-ED,  (Inv'isht,)  pp.     Expended  profusely  ; 
wasted. 

L.WI.s^H  ER,  71.    A  prodigal ;  a  profuse  person. 
L.WISII-I.N'G,  ppr.    Ex|icnding  or  laying  out  with 
1     profusion  ;  wasting. 

LAV'ISH-LY,  adv.  With  profuse  expense  ;  prodigtt!- 
ly  ;  wasteftllly.                               Dryden.  Pope. 

L.\V'ISH-.MENT,  71.  Prodigality;  profuse  expendi- 
tu  re. 

LAV'ISH-NESS,  71.    Profusion  ;  prodigality.  Spenser. 

LA-V()L'TA  j  '""""^ 

An  old  dance  in  which  was  much  turning  and  ca- 
pering. Shali. 
It  is  thus  described  by  Sir  John  Davies  :  — 

A  lofty  Jiimpin*  or  a  lenpin^f  roitml, 

Wlipp;  iirm  in  iirm  two  diiiic^ra  an?  entwined, 

And  wliirl  th..iiwlvrB  with  stricl  cmlir.icciin:nli  round. 

And  Itill  ttiDir  lvt:l  an  aliapcsl  «Lo  loijiid. 

LAW,  n.    [Sax.  Inga,  lage,  lag,  or  lah ;  Sw.  lag  ;  Dan. 
iov  :  It.  legge  ;  Sp.  ley  :  Fr.  lui ;  L.  lez  ;  from  the  riKit 
of Sax. /cr:ra'',  Goth. /uj-i/nn.   (See  Lav.)  A  la\y 
is  that  which  is  laid,  set,  or  fixed,  like  statute,  consti- 
tution, from  L.  statuo.] 

1.  A  rule,  particularly  an  established  or  permanent 
rule,  prt^scrihed  by  tilt;  supreme  [mwer  of  a  state  lo 
its  stilijects,  for  regulating  their  actions,  particularly 
their  social  actions.    Laws  are  intprratire  or  manda- 
tory, cominandiiig  what  shall  be  done  ;  prohibitory, 
restraining  from  what  is  to  lie  furborne  ;  or  penni.i- 
sive,  declaring  what  may  be  done  without  incurring 
a  penalty.    'I'lie  laws  wiiicli  enjoin  the  duties  of  pi- 
ety and  morality  are  prescribed  by  God  and  found  in 
the  Scriptures. 

Law  if  b<»ncficeiicc  octinej  by  rnlc.  Burke. 

2.  Municipal  law,  is  a  rule  of  civil  conduct  pre- 
scribed by  the  supreme  power  of  a  state,  coiutiiaml- 
ing  what  its  subjects  are  to  do,  and  prohibiting  what 
they  are  to  forbear;  a  statute. 

Municipal  or  civil  laws  are  established  by  the  de- 
crees, eilicts,  or  ordinances  of  absolute  [iriiices, .as 
eui|ierors  and  kings,  or  by  the  foriual  acts  of  the  leg- 
islatures of  free  states.  I.vw  ,  thi  r.  fiire,  is  soiiietiines 
equivalent  to  Decree,  Ei)ic:t,  or  t.)Hoi?(ANeE. 

3.  l,am  of  nature,  is  a  rule  of  conduct  arising  out 
of  the  n.atural  relations  of  huiiian  beings,  established 
by  the  ("reator,  and  existing  prior  to  any  posilivi;  pre- 
cept.   Thus  it  is  a  lam  of  nature  that  one  luaii  should 
not  injure  another,  and  luiirtltT  and  fniud  would  be 
crimes,  independent  of  any  prohibition  from  a  su- 
preme power. 

4.  Imws  of  animal  nature  ;  the  inherent  principles 
by  which  the  economy  and  functiiuis  of  animal  bod- 
ies are  performed,  such  as  respiration,  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood,  digestion,  nutrition,  vsrious  secre- 
tions, &.C. 

."j.  L  tms  of  vegetation  ;  the  principles  by  which 
plants  are  proiliiceil,  and  their  growth  carried  on  till 
they  arrive  to  perfection. 

(j.  Physical  law.i,  or  law.<  of  nature :  the  invariable 
tendency  or  deterniin.ation  of  any  species  of  matter 
to  a  particular  form  with  definite  properti<!s,  and  the 
determination  of  a  btxly  to  certain  motions,  changes, 
and  relations,  which  uniformly  take  place  in  the 
same  circumstances,  is  calletl  a  pby.-'-ical  lair.  These 
tendencies  or  deterininaiioiis,  whether  called  laws 
or  affections  of  matter,  have  been  established  by  the 
Creator,  and  are,  with  a  peculiar  felicity  of  expri's- 
sion,  tlenoiiiinated,  in  Scripture,  ort/iiiaiicM  of  /leaven. 

7.  Imws  of  nations  ;  the  rules  that  regulate  the  mu- 
tual intercourse  of  nations  tir  states.    These  rules 
depend  on  natural  law,  or  the  principles  of  justice 
which  spring  from  the  social  state  ;  or  they  are  found- 
ed on  customs,  compacts,  treaties,  leagues,  and 
agreements,  between  independent  communities. 

By  tlic  lau}  of  nation*,  we       to  undmseind  that  code  of  piihi'c 
inslriicuon,  which  dt'flni.9  Ihi  rights  utid  pp*»crily.-«  ill-;  dii. 
lies  of  ii.aions,  111  their  iiitercoiinw  with  each  oUier.  A>nl. 

8.  Moral  law  :  a  law  which  prescribes  to  men  their 
religitius  and  social  duties,  in  other  words,  their  du- 
ties to  God  and  to  each  other.    The  moral  law  is 
summarily  containeil  in  the  decalogue,  or  ten  com- 
inaudments,  written  by  the  finger  of  God  on  two 
tables  of  stone,  and  delivered  to  .Moses  on  .Mount 
Sinai.    Et.  x\. 

9.  Fj-cle.<ia.<tical  late :  a  rule  of  action  prescribed  for 
the  government  of  a  church. 

10.  Canon  law;  the  body  of  ecclesiastical  Roman 
law. 

11.  Written  or  statute  late  ;  a  law  or  rule  of  action 
prescribeil  or  enacted  by  the  legislative  power,  and 
promulgated  and  recorded  in  writing ;  a  written  stat- 
ute, oriliiiance,  edict,  or  decree. 

12.  Untrritien  or  coniiiifii  lato  ;  a  rule  of  action 
which  derives  its  authority  from  long  usage  or  estab- 
lished custom,  which  has  been  inimemorially  received 
and  recogni/.ed  by  judici.al  tribunals.     As  this  law 
can  be  traced  to  no  positive  statutes,  its  rules  or  prin- 
ciples are  to  be  found  only  in  the  records  of  courts, 
and  in  the  reports  of  judicial  decisions. 

13.  By-lav:  a  law  of  a  city,  tow  n,  or  private  cor- 
poration.   [See  By.] 

14.  Mosaic  late;  the  institutions  of  Moses,  or  the 
code  of  laws  prescribed  to  the  Jews,  as  distinguished 
from  the  gospel. 

15.  Ceremonial  law  :  the  Mosaic  institutions,  which 
prescribe  the  external  rites  and  ceremonies  to  be  ob- 

LAUGH,  V.  t.    To  ridicule  or  deride ;  with  out ;  as,  to 
lauir/i  one  out  of  a  plan. 

To  luu^k  to  scorn  ;  to  deride  ;  to  treat  with  mock- 
ery, contempt,  and  !>corn.   JVrA.  ii. 
LXUGII,  (liff,)  11.    An  expression  of  mirth  peculiar  to 
the  liunian  species. 

But  fi-i(»ns  ft  /rtuff/i,  to      111'*  s"arch  nroiiiid, 

Ami  by  lliat  tnu^ti  fh*>  willinsr  t:iir  a  Ibiliiil.  Pope. 

LXUGirA-ISLE,  (Klir'a-bl,)(i.  Th.it  may  justly  excite 
lansliter  ;  as,  a  Inwrhablt  storv  ;  a  laughable  scene. 

LAU(;iI'A-l!I,E-NEtiS,  «.  The  quality  of  being 
laiizh  iIiIl'. 

LXUt;iI'.\-Rr<Y,  ailv.    In  a  manner  to  excite  lauslitcr. 
LXUUIl'-A.VU-LAV-DOWN',  n.   A  RamK  at  cards. 

Skclton, 

LAUGII'KD,  (1.1ft.)  jirrt.  anil  pp.  of  Lauhh. 
LKL'GII'Klt,  (lilf'er,)  ii.    One  who  laughs  or  is  fond 
of  inrrrinn'iit. 

'I'lie  iaui;her§  are  ii  ninjonty.  Pojte. 

LAUGII'I.XG,  (lAlf'ini,)  p|)r.  or  a.    Expressing  mirth 
In  a  particular  manner. 

LAUGH  I. \G,  (Lilfins,)  11.  Laughter. 

LAUGII'I.NG-LY,  (l.tlfing-ly,)  aili:  In  a  merry  way  ; 
with  lausliter. 

LAUGIl'ING-GA.'',  n.    Nitrous  oxyd,  or  protovyd  of 
nitrogen  ;  so  called  from  the  exhilaration  and  laugh- 
ter which  it  ordinarily  produces  when  inhaled. 

Brandf. 

LXUGH'I.XG-STDfK,  n.     An  object  of  ridicule  ;  a 
butt  of  sport.                                Sprnser.  Sha/c. 

LAUGIl'TKIl,  (lltf'fr,)  n.    Convulsive  merriment ; 
iin  expression  ot'  iiiirlh  peculiar  to  man,  consisting  in 
a  peculiar  noise  anil  con'liguration  of  features,  with  a 
shaking  of  the  sides,  and  (^\puIsion  of  breath. 
I  sail!  of  laughter,  It  is  mad.  —  Kcolea.  ii. 

LAUGH'TER  LESS,  a.    Without  laughing. 

LAUGir-WOR-T HV,  a.    Deserving  to  be  laughed  at. 

B,  Jailunn, 

LAU'MON-ITE,  «.    Eflioresceiit  zeolite  ;  so  called 
iVom  Laumont,  its  discoverer.    It  is  found  in  lami- 
nated massi;s,  in  groups  of  prismatic  crj'stals  or  pris- 
matic distinct  concretions.    Exposed  to  the  air,  it 
disintegrates.  CUaveland. 

LAUXCE,  ;i.    Balance.  [04s.] 

Tint  roitunt*  nil  in  ciiiial  /ounce  doth  tway.  Spenter, 

LAUNCH,  r.  t.   To  move  or  cause  to  slide  from  the 
land  into  the  water  ;  as.  to  launc!'.  a  ship. 

LAUNCH,  11.  i.  To  go  forth,  as  a  sliip  into  the  water; 
as,  to  launch  into  the  with;  world.  Hence, 

2.  To  exp.atiate  in  language ;  as,  to  launck  into  a 
wide  field  of  discussion. 

LAU.N'CH,  n.  The  sliding  or  movement  of  a  ship  from 
the  land  into  the  water,  on  ways  prepared  for  the 
purpose. 

2.  A  kind  of  boat,  longer,  lower,  and  more  flat- 
bottoui^d  than  a  huig-boat.                   jVnr.  Diet, 

LAUNCirf.T),  (linclit,)  pp.  Moved  into  the  water  ; 
expatiated  on. 

LAU.VCH'lNG,  ppr.  Moving  into  the  water;  expa- 
tiating. 

LAUXn,  n.    A  lawn.    [JVot  used.]  Chaitecr. 
LAUN'DEIl,  (lin'der,)  ».    [from  L.  lavo,  to  wash.] 
A  washerwoman  ;  also,  a  long  and  hollow  troiigh, 

used  by  miners  to  receive  the  powdered  ore  from  the 

box  where  it  is  beaten.  Encttc. 
LAUN'DER,  (lUn'der,)  r.  t.    To  wash  ;  to  wet.  S'loA-. 
LAU.N"DEK-ER,  (Lln'der-er,)  n.    A  man  who  follows 

the  business  of  washing  clothes.  Butler. 
LAUN'DKESS,  (Un'dress,)  n.    TFr.  lavandiere ;  Sp. 

larandera ;  It.  tacandaia  ;  from  L.  lavo,  Sp.  lavar,  to 

wash.] 

.\  washerwoman  ;  a  female  whose  employment 
is  to  wash  clothes. 

LXUN'DRESS,  (Un'dress,)  r.  i.  [Supra.]  To  prac- 
tice washing.  BlounL 

LAUN'DRY,  (lin'dr)-,)  n.    [Sp.  lavadero,'] 

1.  A  washing.  Bacon. 

2.  The  place  or  room  where  clothes  arc  washed. 
LAU'RE-.Vl'E,  a.    [L.  laureatus,  from  laurea,  a 

rel.] 

Decked  or  invested  with  laurel ;  as,  laureate  hoarse. 

Milloru 

Soft  OH  hor  hp  her  laureate  ion  rrclinn.  Pope. 
Poet  laureate :  in  f?rra(  Britain,  an  officer  of  the 
kiiigN  household,  whose  business  is  to  compose  an 
ode  annually  for  the  king's  birthday,  and  for  the  new 
year.    It  is  said  this  title  w;is  first  given  him  in  the 
time  of  Edward  IV.  Encijc. 
LAU'RE-aTE,  v.  t.   To  honor  with  a  degree  in  the 
univetvity,  and  a  present  of  ti  wreath  of  laurel. 

lynrton. 

L.\U'RE-A  TED,  pp.   Honored  with  a  degree  and  a 
1       laurel  wreath. 

1    LAU'RK-.VI  E-SHIP,  n.   Office  of  a  laureate. 

LAU'RE-A-TING,  ppr.  Honoring  with  a  degree  and 
1       a  laurel  wreath. 

LAC-RE  a'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  conferring  a  degree 
in  the  university,  together  with  a  wreath  of  laurel ; 

TONE,  B5JLL,  qNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

6.-.  I 


LAW 

served  by  tlie  Jews,  as  distinct  from  the  moral  pre- 
cqiU,  w  liicli  are  iif  perpetual  oliligation. 

Ifi.  A  rule  of  direction;  a  directory;  as  reason  and 
natural  conscience. 

These,  having  not  the  Zaw,  are  a  law  to  thcmselveB.  — Rom.  ii. 

17.  That  which  governs  or  has  a  tendency  to  rule ; 
that  which  has  the  power  of  controlling. 

But  1  see  another  law  in  my  members  waning  against  the  law 
of  my  mind,  and  bringing  me  into  &\ptjvity  to  the  law  of  sin 
wliich  is  in  my  members.  — Roin.  vli. 

IS.  The  word  of  God ;  the  doctrines  and  precepts 
of  God,  or  liis  revealed  will. 

But  his  (ietiglit  is  in  the  law  of  tiie  Loi\l,  and  in  liis  law  doth  he 
meditiile  d.iy  and  iiiglit.  —  Ps.  i. 

19.  The  Old  Testament. 

Is  it  not  wrillen  in  your  lawy  1  said.  Ye  arc  gods  ?  —  John  x. 

20.  The  institutions  of  Moses,  as  distinct  from  the 
other  parts  of  the  Old  Testament ;  as,  the  law  and 
the  prophets. 

21.  A  rule  or  axiom  of  science  or  art ;  settled  prin- 
ciple ;  as,  the  laws  of  versification  or  poetry. 

22.  Law  martial,  or  martial  law,  the  rules  ordained 
for  the  lovernment  of  an  army  or  military  force. 

23.  Marine  laws :  rules  for  the  regulation  of  navi- 
gation and  the  comnjercial  intercourse  of  nations. 

24.  Commercial  law,  law-mcrehaiit ;  the  system  of 
rules  by  which  trade  and  commercial  intercourse  are 
regulated  between  merchants. 

25.  Judicial  process;  prosecution  of  right  in  courts 
of  law. 

Tom  Touchy  is  a  fellow  fainoua  for  taking  the  law  of  every 
body.  Sjjeclator. 

Hence  the  phrase  to  fro  to  law,  to  prosecute;  to 
seek  redress  in  a  legal  tribunal. 

26.  Jurisprudence  ;  as  in  the  title  doctor  o  f  laws. 

27.  In  general,  law  is  a  rule  of  action  prescribed 
for  the  government  of  rational  beings  or  moral 
agents,  to  which  rule  they  are  bound  to  yield  obe- 
dience, in  default  of  which  they  are  e.^posed  to  pun- 
ishment ;  or  law  is  a  certain  inherent,  instinctive 
propension  of  irrational  animals  to  particular  .actions ; 
or  an  invariable  determination  or  tendency  of  inani- 
mate bodies  to  certain  motions,  combinations,  and 
forms. 

Law  is  not  a  series  of  actions,  but  the  cause  or 
principle  from  which  they  proceed,  and  of  which 
incy  are  the  evidence. 

Civil  law.  Criminal  law.     See  Civil  and  Crim- 

I.VAL. 

Laws  of  honor.    See  Honor. 

Law  laiia^va'^e;  the  language  used  in  legal  writings 
and  forms,  particularly  the  Norman  dialect  or  Old 
French,  which  was  used  in  judicial  proceedings  from 
the  days  of  WUliam  the  Conipieror  to  the  SUth  year 
of  Edward  lit. 

IVairer  of  law :  a  species  of  trial  formerly  used  in 
Englalid,  in  which  the  defendant  gave  security  that 
he  would,  on  a  certain  day,  make  his  law ;  that  is, 
he  would  make  oath  that  he  owed  nothing  to  the 
plaintitr,  and  would  produce  eleven  of  his  neighbors 
as  compurgators,  who  should  swear  that  they  be- 
lieved in  their  consciences  that  he  had  sworn  the 
truth.  Blackstonc. 
LAW'-BKEaK-ER,  n.    One  who  violates  the  law. 

Milton. 

LAW'-DaY,  71.    .\  day  of  open  court.  tSUali. 
2.  ,\  li;et  or  sherilf's  court. 

LAWFUL,  a.  Agreeable  to  law;  conformable  to 
law ;  ailowed  by  law  ;  legitimate.  Thtit  is  deemed 
lawful  which  no  law  forbids,  but  many  things  are 
lawful  which  are  not  expedient. 

2.  Constituted  by  law  ;  rightful ;  as,  the  lawful 
owner  of  lands. 

LAWFUL  LY,  adv.  Legally ;  in  accordance  with 
law  ;  without  violating  law.  We  may  lawfully  do 
what  the  laws  do  not  forbid. 

LA VV'FIJL-NES.S,  71.  The  quality  of  being  conform- 
able to  law  ;  legality.  The  lawfulness  of  an  action 
does  not  .always  prove  its  propriety  or  expedience. 

LAWGIV-ER,  n.  [law  and  give]  One  who  makes 
or  onacts  a  law  ;  a  legislator.  Swift. 

LA WGI V-ING,  0.  Making  or  enacting  laws;  legis- 
lative. IVallcr. 

LAVV  'IiVG,  71.  ExpcHitation  ;  the  art  of  cutting  off 
the  claws  and  balls  of  the  fore  feet  of  mastilTs,  to  pre- 
venl  them  from  running  after  deer.  Blackstnne, 

LAW'LKSiJ,  a.  Not  subject  to  law  ;  unrestrained  by 
law  ;  an,  a  lawless  tyrant ;  lawless  men. 

2.  Contrary  to  law  ;  illegal ;  unauthorized  ;  as,  a 
lawless  claim. 

He  nordi  no  indirect  nor  lawleit  coiine.  Shak. 
D.  Not  subject  to  the  ordinary  laws  of  nature  ;  un- 
controlled. 

lie,  meteor-like,  (Umei  tawlett  through  the  volrl.  gope. 
LAW'LE83-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  contrary  to  law. 

.S7ia/f. 

LAWLF.'<H-NESS,  71.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
iinrestrami'd  by  law  ;  dixordi  r.  Sjienscr. 

LAW'-LfiHF.,  n.    Ancient  law  Icamine.  Jefferson. 

LAW-.M A  K'EIt,  71.  Oik;  who  enacts  or  ordainfi 
laws  ;  a  legislator  ;  a  lawgiver.  Law  malicrs  shimld 
not  he  law.4>reakerii.  Atlage, 


LAY 

LAW-MaK'ING,  a.    Enacting  laws. 

LAW'-MON"GEU,  n.  A  low  dealer  in  law ;  a  petti- 
fogger. Milton. 

LAWN,  71.  fW.  ;?a7!,  an  open,  clear  place.  It  is  the 
same  word  as  laiid,  with  an  appropriate  significa- 
tion, and  coincides  with  plain,  planus,  Ir.  cluain,  Sp. 
llano.] 

An  open  space  between  woods  ;  a  space  of  ground 
covered  with  grass,  generally  in  front  cf  or  around 
a  house  or  mansion. 

Betwixt  tliem  lawns,  or  level  downs,  ami  flocks 

Grazing  the  tender  herbs,  were  interepeised.  I^rilton. 

LAWN,  7t.    [Fr.  linon,  from  lin,  flax,  L.  linum.] 

A  sort  of  fine  linen  or  cambric.  Its  use  in  the 
sleeves  of  bishops  explains  the  following  line  :  — 

A  saint  in  crape  is  twice  a  aaint  in  lawn.  Pope. 

I,AWN,  a.    Hade  of  lawn. 

LAWN'Y.  a.    Level,  as  a  plain ;  like  a  lawn. 
■■  2.  Made  of  lawn.  Bp.  Hall. 

LAWSUIT,  71.  [See  Suit.]  A  suit  in  law  for  the 
recovery  of  a  supposed  right;  a  process  in  law  insti- 
tuted by  a  party  to  compel  another  to  do  him  justice. 

LAWYER,  71.  [That  is,  lawer,  contracted  from  law- 
wer,  law-man.] 

One  versed  in  the  laws,  or  a  practitioner  of  law  ; 
one  whose  profession  is  to  institute  suits  in  courts  of 
law,  and  to  prosecute  or  defend  the  cause  of  clients. 
This  is  a  general  term,  comprehending  attorneys, 
counselors,  solicitors,  barristers,  sergeants,  and  ad- 
vocates. 

LAWYER-LIKE,  a.    Ijke  a  real  lawyer. 
LAWYER-LY,  a.    Judicial.  Milton. 
LAX,  a.    [L.  laziLs;  Sp.  laso  ;  It.  lasso;  Fr.  lack e,  for 
lasche..] 

1.  Loose ;  flabby  ;  soft ;  not  tense,  firm,  or  rigid  ; 
as,  lax  flesh  ;  a  lax  fiber. 

2.  Slack  ;  not  tight  or  tense;  as,  a  lax  cord. 

3.  Not  firmly  united  ;  of  loose  texture  ;  as,  gravel 
and  the  like  laxer  matter.  Woodward. 

4.  Not  rigidly  exact ;  as,  a  lax  moral  discourse. 
.5.  Not  strict  ;  as,  laz  morals.  [Baker, 
6.  Loose  in  the  intestines,  and  having  too  frequent 

discharges. 
LAX,  71.    A  looseness ;  diarrhea. 

2.  A  species  of  fish  or  salmon.  [Sa.x.  hex.]  [JVi<< 
in  use.] 

LAX-A'TION,  7!.   [L.  lazatio.] 

The  act  of  loosening  or  slackening  ;  or  the  state  of 
being  loose  or  slackened. 

LAX'A-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  lazatif,  from  L.  lazo.] 

Having  the  power  or  quality  of  loosening  or  open- 
ing the  intestines,  and  relieving  from  constipation. 

LAX'A-TIVE,  71.  A  medicine  that  relaxes  the  intes- 
tines, and  relieves  from  costiveness  ;  a  gentle  purga- 
tive. Coze. 

LAX'A-TIVE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  relaxing. 

LAX'I-TY,  7!.    [L.  lazitas.] 

1.  Looseness  ;  slackness  ;  the  opposite  of  Texse- 
NEss  or  Tension. 

2.  Looseness  of  texture.  Bcntley. 

3.  Want  of  exactness  or  precision";  as,  laxity  of  ex- 
pression. 

4.  Looseness ;  defect  of  exactness ;  as,  laxity  of 
morals. 

5.  Looseness,  as  of  the  intestines  ;  the  opposite  of 
Costiveness. 

6.  Openness  ;  not  closeness. 

LAX'LY,  adv.    Loosely  ;  without  exactness.  Rees. 
LAX'NES.S,  71.    Looseness  ;  softness  ;  flabbiness  ;  as, 
the  lozness  of  flesh  or  of  muscles. 

2.  Laxity  ;  the  opposite  of  Tension. 

3.  Looseness,  as  of  morals  or  discipline. 

4.  Looseness,  as  of  the  intestines. 

5.  Slackness,  as  of  a  cord. 

Lay,  prct.  of  Lie.  The  estate  lay  in  the  county  of 
Hartford. 

When  Ahab  heard  these  wonls,  he  tent  his  clothes,  and  put 
5.ackcloth  tipon  his  head,  and  Tasted  and  lay  in  sackcloth.  — 
1  Kinvs  xxi. 

LAY,  V.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Laid.  [Sax.  leeaan,  legan  ; 
D.  letrgen  ;  G.  letren  ;  Sw.  Idgga  :  Dan.  legeer ;  Russ. 
/(>;■«,•  L.  loco,  whence  locus,  W.  lie,  place.  Eng.  ley  or 
lea;  W.  lle.au,  to  lay.  Hence  Fr.  (icii.  Arm.  lecit,  a 
place  ;  Ir.  legadh.  Arm.  Incqant,  to  lay.  The  primary 
sense  ia,  to  send  or  throw  ;  hence  this  word  is  the  L. 
lego,  Icgarc,  differently  applied;  Gr.  \tyopai,  to  lie 

down  ;  Etli.  /rt/i<!,  to  send,  whence  lackey. 

Class  I,g,  No.  1,  21.  It  coincides  with  lodge  and 
with  lie.] 

\.  Literally,  in  throw  down  ;  hence,  to  put  or  place  ; 
applied  to  things  broad  or  long,  and  in  this  respect 
differing  from  Sit.  We  lay  a  book  on  the  table,  when 
we  place  it  on  its  side ;  but  we  .let  it  tm  the  end.  Wc 
lay  the  foundation  of  a  house  ;  but  we  set  a  building 
on  its  foundation. 

He  laid  his  rohe  from  him.  —  Jonah  III. 

Kuft  on  the  lluwery  herb  I  (onnil  me  lavl.    .  MUlon. 
A  stone  was  broui^ht  and  laid  ou  the  liiouth  of  the  den.  — 
Dan.  vl. 

2.  To  beat  down  :  to  prostrate.  Violent  winds, 
with  rain,  lay  corn  and  grass. 

3.  To  Kettle  ;  to  fix  anil  keep  from  rising.  A  8ho»v- 
er  lays  the  dust. 


LAY 

4.  To  iilace  in  order;  to  dispose  with  regularity  in 
building  ;  as,  to  lay  bricks  or  stones,  in  constructing 
walls. 

f>.  To  spread  on  a  surface;  as,  to  lay  plaster  or 
paint. 

6.  To  spread  or  set ;  as,  to  lay  snares. 

7.  To  calm  ;  to  appease ;  to  still ;  to  allay. 

After  a  tempest,  wiien  the  winds  are  IomI.  Waller. 

8.  To  quiet;  to  still ;  to  restrain  from  walking;  as, 
to  lay  the  devil.  URstrange. 

9.  To  spread  and  set  in  order;  to  prepare ;  as,  to 
lay  a  table  for  dinner. 

II).  To  place  in  the  earth  for  growth. 

The  cliief  time  ^ii laying  gilly-flowere  is  in  July.  MorHintr. 

11.  To  play  at  hazard  ;  to  wage  ;  to  stake  ;  as,  to 
lay  a  crown  or  an  eagle  ;  to  lay  a  wager. 

12.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  exclude  ;  as,  to  lay  eggs. 

13.  To  add  ;  to  join. 

Woe  to  them  tlial  join  house  to  house,  that  lay  field  to  field.— 

14.  To  put ;  to  apply. 

She  layeOt  her  hand  to  the  spindle.  —  Prov.  xxxi. 

15.  To  assess  ;  to  charge  ;  to  impose ;  as,  to  lay  a 
fax  on  land  ;  to  lay  a  duty  on  salt. 

Ifi.  To  charge ;  to  impute  ;  as,  to  lay  blame  on  one ; 
to  lay  want  of  pruilence  to  one's  charge. 

17.  To  impose,  as  evil,  burden,  or  punishment. 
The  Lord  hull  laid  on  liiin  Uie  iniipiity  of  us  all.  —  Is.  liii. 

18.  To  enjoin  as  a  duty  ;  as,  to  lay  commands  on 
one. 

19.  To  exhibit;  to  present  or  oflTer;  as,  to  lay  an 
indictment  in  a  particular  county. 

20.  To  prostrate  ;  to  slay. 

The  le.adeis  tirst 
He  laid  along.  Drrjden 

21.  To  depress  and  lose  sight  of,  by  sailing  or  de- 
parting from  ;  as,  to  lay  the  land  ;  o  seaman's  phrase. 

22.  To  station  ;  to  set ;  as,  to  lay  an  ambush. 

23.  To  contrive  ;  to  scheme  ;  to  plan. 

To  lay  a  cable  ;  to  twist  or  unite  the  strands. 
To  lay  apart ;  to  put  away  ;  to  reject. 

Lay  apart  all  filttiiness. —  James  i. 
To  lay  aside ;  to  put  olT  or  away ;  not  to  retain. 
Let  us  lay  aside  every  weight,  and  the  sin  that  doth  so  easily 
beset  us.  — Ilcb.  xii. 

•  2.  To  discontinue  ;  as,  to  lay  aside  the  use  of  any 
thing. 

To  lay  away;  to  reposit  in  store;  to  put  aside  for 
preservation. 

To  lay  before  ;  to  exhibit ;  to  show  ;  to  present  to 
view.    The  papers  are  laid  before  congress. 

To  lay  by  ;  to  reserve  for  future  use. 

Let  every  one  of  you  lay  by  him  in  store,  as  God  hath  prospered 
him.  —  I  Cor.  xvi, 

2.  To  put  away  ;  to  dismiss. 

Let  brave  spirits  not  be  laid  by,  as  persons  unnecessary  for  the 
time.  Bacon. 

3.  To  put  off. 

And  she  arose  and  went  away,  and  l<ud  by  her  veil.  —  Gen. 
xxxviii. 

To  lay  down ;  to  deposit,  as  a  pledge,  equivalent, 
or  satisfaction  ;  to  resign. 

I  lay  down  my  lile  for  the  sheep.  — John  x. 

2.  To  give  up  ;  to  resign  ;  to  quit  or  relinquish  ;  as, 
to  lay  down  an  office  or  commission. 

3.  To  quit ;  to  surrender  tlie  use  of;  as,  to  lay  down 
one's  arms. 

4.  To  ofl'er  or  advance  ;  as,  to  lay  down  a  proposi- 
tion or  principle.  Mdison, 

To  lay  one's  self  down  ;  to  commit  to  repose. 
I  u  itl  belh  lay  vt£  down  in  peace  and  sleep.  —  Ps.  iv. 

To  lay  hold  of;  to  seize  ;  to  catch.  To  lay  hold  on, 
is  used  in  a  like  sense.  Locke. 

To  lay  in;  to  store;  to  treasure  ;  to  provitle  pre- 
viously. Mdison. 

To  lay  on  ;  to  apply  with  force  ;  to  inflict ;  as,  to 
lay  on  blows. 

To  lay  open  ;  to  open  ;  to  make  bare  ;  to  uncover ; 
also,  to  show  ;  to  expose;  to  reveal  ;  as,  to  lay  open 
the  designs  of  an  enemy. 

To  laii  over ;  to  spread  over ;  to  inrrust ;  to  cover 
the  surface  ;  as,  to  lay  over  with  gold  or  silver. 

To  lay  out ;  to  expend  ;  as,  to  lay  out  money,  or 
sums  ol'^intuipy. 

2.  To  display;  to  discover. 

He  takes  occasion  to  lay  out  l»iffutr>'  and  false  confidence  in  all 
its  colors.    [Obt.]  Allerbttry. 

3.  To  plan  ;  to  dispose  in  order  the  several  parts  ; 
as,  to  lay  out  a  garilen. 

4.  To  dress  in  grave  clothes,  and  place  in  a  decent 
posture  i  as,  to  lay  out  a  corpse.  Shakspearo  uses  to 
tail  forth. 

5.  To  exert ;  as,  to  laij  out  all  one's  strength.  So 
with  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  lay  tine's  self  out,  is 
to  exert  strength. 

To  lay  to  ;  to  charge  U|)on  ;  to  impute.  Sidnnj. 

2.  To  apply  with  vigor.  Tusser. 

3.  To  attai'k  or  harass.    [Obs.]  KnoUes. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T  METE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  nOQK.— 


652 


LAY 


LEA 


LEA 


4.  To  check  the  motion  of  a  ship,  and  cause  her 
to  be  stationar)'. 

To  lay  loirctiirr :  to  collect ;  to  bring  to  one  place  ; 
also,  to  brin^  into  one  view. 

To  lay  to  heart ;  to  permit  to  affect  greatly. 

To  lay  under :  to  subject  to  ;  as,  to  lay  one  under  re- 
straint or  obligation. 

To  lay  up ;  to  store  ;  to  treasure  ;  to  reposit  for  fu- 
ture use. 

Lay  up  for  yoursclve*  trensiirva  In  hciven. —  Matt,  vi. 

G.  To  confine  to  tlie  bed  or  chamber.  lie  is  laid 
up  with  (he  poiil. 

3.  To  dismantle,  and  place  in  a  dock  or  some  safe 
place,  as  a  ship. 

To  lay  siege;  to  besiege;  to  encompass  with  an 
army. 

To  lay  wait ;  to  station  for  private  attack  ;  to  lay  in 
ambush  for. 

7'u  lay  l/ic  course,  in  sailing,  is  to  sail  toward  tlie 
port  intended  without  jibing. 

To  lay  irafle  ;  to  destroy  ;  to  desolate  ;  to  deprive 
of  inhnliilants,  improvements,  and  productions. 

Tit  Iny  Ike  land,  in  seamen's  laniruatrr,  is  to  cause 
the  land  apparently  to  sink  or  appear  lower,  by  sail- 
ing from  it,  the  distance  diminisliing  the  elevation. 
LAY,  V.  i.    To  bring  or  produce  eggs. 

Hens  will  ffrcctlily  cat  llie  herb  that  will  make  thrm  lay  tl>c 
l«.(l->r.  Mortitner. 

9.  To  contrive  ;  to  form  a  scheme.  [Unusual.] 
To  lay  uhont :  to  strike  or  throw  the  arms  on  all 
sides  ;  to  act  with  vigor.  Spenser.  South. 

To  lay  at :  to  strike  or  to  endeavor  to  strike. 

The  •wonl  of  him  thai  Uiyelh  at  hiiri  c;\n  not  hold.  —  Job  xli. 

To  lay  in  for;  to  make  overtures  for ;  to  engage  or 
secure  the  possession  of. 

1  hare  laid  in  for  tht^.  Dnjden. 

To  Ian  on  :  to  strike  ;  to  heat ;  to  deal  blows  inces- 
santly and  with  vehemence. 

3.  To  act  with  vehemence ;  used  of  expenses.  Shak. 

To  lull  out ;  to  purpose  j  to  intend.  He  lays  out  to 
make  a  journey. 

2.  To  take  measures. 

1  made  Klricl  inquiry  wh'«rcver  I  cajne,  antt  laid  out  ftir  intr-Ili- 
gcncc  ot  all  plac-s^  Woodteard. 

To  lay  upon  ;  to  wager  upon.  Smart 
2.  To  importune.  [Ohs.] 
LAY,  n.    That  which  lies  or  is  laid;  a  row;' a  stra- 
tum ;  a  layer ;  one  rank  in  a  series  reckoned  up- 
ward ;  as,  a  lay  of  wood. 

A  viol  cboiilil  have  a  lay  ofwire'ttrinrs  below.  Bacon. 

2.  A  bet ;  a  wager,    [f.iule  used.]  Oraunt. 

3.  Station  ;  rank.    [A'ot  used.] 

LAY,  n.  f Sax.  leair,  leah,  lege  ;  \V.  lie  ;  Russ.  lug  ;  L. 
locus:  Fr.  lieu.  (See  Lav,  the  verb.)  The  words 
which  signify  place,-'aTe  from  verbs  which  express 
setting  or  laying.  It  is  written  also  Lev,  and  Lea, 
but  less  properly.] 
A  meadow  ;  a  plain  or  plat  of  grass  land. 


A  Itilt  of  ilaiKirs  on  a  flowrrv  Uiu. 

The  lowing  hcnl  wind  slowly  o  cr  the  lea. 


Dnjden. 
Gray. 


LAY,  n.  [Sax.  legh  or  ley ;  Gr.  Xr;<rr(,>,  to  sound.  It 
might  also  he  deduced  from  G.  lied,  a  song ;  D.  id. ; 
Sax.  leoth  ;  Scot,  leid,  lede,  or  laid  :  It.  lyidh  ;  Gael. 
laoidh  ;  from  the  root  of  loud,  L.  laudo,  plaudo.  Sax. 
hlydan.] 

1.  A  song;  as,  a  soft  lay  ;  immortal  lays.  Milton. 

2.  .\  species  of  narrative  poetry  among  the  ancient 
minstrels  ;  as,  the  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel.  fV.  SeotL 

LAY,  o.  [Fr.  lai,  L.  laicus.  It.  laico,  Sp.  lego,  a  lay- 
man ;  Gr.  >uiit'),,  from  Xaoj,  people  ;  Sax.  lead.] 

Pertaining  to  the  laity  or  people,  as  distinct  from 
the  clergy ;  not  cleric:U  ;  as,  a  lay  person ;  a  lay 
preacher ;  a  lay  brother. 

LAY'-liROTII'ER,  (-brutb'er,)  n.  One  received  Into 
a  convent  of  monks  under  the  three  vows,  but  not 
in  holy  orders.  Brande. 

LAY'-GLEKK',  n.  A  layman  who  leads  the  respon.ses 
of  the  coniregation,  &c.,  in  the  church  service.  Hook. 

LAY'-F.I.D'KR,  ji.  In  the  Presbyterian  church,  the 
same  as  Kldcr,  which  sec. 

LAY'ER,  (U'er.)  n.   [from  lay,  the  verb.]   A  stratum  ; 
a  bed  ;  a  body  spread  over  another ;  as,  a  layer  of 
clay  or  of  sand. 
S2.  A  course,  as  of  bricks,  stones,  kc. 

3.  A  shoot  or  twig  of  a  plant,  nut  det.ached  from 
tile  slock,  laid  under  ground  for  growth  or  propaga- 
tion- F.ncyc. 

4.  One  that  lays,  as  a  hen.  Mortimer. 
l-J^'ER-ING,  n.    A  pro|>agating  by  layers.  Gardner, 
iir'i^i^  OUT,  n.  One  who  ex|>en<ls  money;  a  steward. 
LAY'Ell  UP,  n.   One  who  reposiw  for  future  use  :  a 

treasurer. 

J*^  J'|-F'*'''TRE, )  n.    A  figure  made  of  wood  or  cork, 

LAV 'MAN,  \  in  imitation  of  the  human  body. 
It  can  he  placed  in  any  position  or  attitude,  arid 
serves,  when  clothed,  as  a  model  for  the  drapeo',  &c. 

T  ivrvr"    Brown. 

JjAY  I.NG,  ppr.  Putting;  placing;  applying;  im- 
puting; wagering. 

LAY'ING,  n.  The  first  coat  on  laths  of  plasterer's 
two-cuat  work. 


2.  Thi^  act  or  period  of  laying  eggs  ;  the  eggs  laid. 
L.^  V'LANI),  n.    Land  lying  untillcd  ;  fallow  ground. 
[Local.] 

LaY'.MA.V,  (li'man,)  n.  [lay  and  man.  Old  Eng. 
letodeman.  Seldcn.] 

1.  A  man  who  is  not  a  clergyman  ;  one  of  the  laity 
or  people,  distinct  from  the  clergy.   Dryden.  Sicift. 

2.  A  figure  used  by  painters.    [See  Lay-Fkuihe.] 

3.  A  lay-clerk.  [Dryden 
LAY'STALL,  n.    [lay  and  stall]    A  heap  of"  dung, 

or  a  pliicc  where  (lung  is  laid.  Jlsh. 

LA'ZAR,  n.    [from  Lazarus;  Sp.  laiaro.] 

A  person  infected  with  nauseous  and  pestilential 
disease.  Skak.  Dryden. 

LAZ-A-KKT'        )  n.     [Sp.  lazarrto  ;   It.  laizcrctlo  ; 

LAZ-A-KET'TO,  (     Fr.  lazaret,  from  Lazarus.] 

A  public  building,  hospital,  or  pest-house  for  the 
rfception  of  diseased  persons,  particularly  for  those 
affected  with  contagious  distempers. 

La'/.AR-IIOUSE,  ;i.  A  lazaretto;  also,  a  hospital 
for  quarantine. 

LAZ'AR-ITES,  )  n.  pi.    An  order  of  missionaries  in 

LAZ'.AR-ISTS,  !  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  es- 
tablished in  lii3.>,  and  deriving  their  name  from  the 
priory  i>f  St.  Liizarus,  in  Paris,  which  was  their  head- 
quarters. Brande. 

LA'ZAK-LrKE, )  a.    Full  of  sores  ;  leprous. 

LA'ZAK-LY,     i  Bp.  Hall. 

L.VZ-A-UO'NI,  11.  pi.  In  Ati/i/fi,  the  poor,  who  live 
by  begging,  or  have  no  permanent  linbitation  ;  so 
called  from  the  hospital  of  St.  Lazarus,  which  .serves 
as  their  refuge.  Brande. 

LA'ZAR  WORT,  )  n.   The  popular  English  name  of 

LA'SER-VVORT,  (  some  species  of  Laserpitium,  a 
genus  of  plants  of  several  species,  natives  of  Ger- 
many, Italy,  France,  &c. 

LAZE,  I!.  I.    To  live  in  idleness,  [fulgar.] 

LAZE,  t).  t.    To  WiLste  in  sloth.  [Vulgar.] 

La'ZI-LY,  adv.  [from  lazy.]  In  a  heavy,  sluggish 
manner ;  sluggishly. 

Whfiher  lie  lazily  and  listlessly  dieanis  away  his  time.  Locke. 

LA'ZI-N'ESS,  n.  [from  lazy.]  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  lazy  ;  inilis|)osition  to  action  or  exertion  ;  inilo- 
lence;  sluggishness;  heaviness  in  motion  ;  habitual 
sloth.  iMziness  differs  from  idleness  ;  the  latter  being 
a  mere  dt^fect  or  cessation  of  action  ;  but  laziness  is 
sloth,  with  natural  or  habitual  disincliuation  to  ac- 
tion. 

Laziness  travels  so  slowly,  that  Poverty  soon  overtakes  dim. 

Pranklin. 

2.  Slowness ;  tardiness. 
LAZ'ING,  a.    Spending  time  in  sluggish  inaction. 

^Estrange. 

[This  is  an  ill-formed,  inelegant  word,] 
LAZ'lJ-LL  iMpis  lazuli  is  a  mineral  of  a  fine,  azure-blue 
color,  usually  amorphous,  or  in  rounded  masses  of  a 
moderate  size.  It  is  often  marked  by  yellow  spots 
or  veins  of  sulphuret  of  iron,  and  is  much  valued  for 
ornamental  work.  It  is  distinguished  from  lazulite 
by  the  intenseness  of  its  color.    [Uu.  Ar.  azul.] 

Clcarctand. 

LAZ'U-LITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  light,  indigo-blue 
color,  occun'ing  in  small  nuisses,  or  crystallized  in 
oblique,  four-sided  prisms,  and  consisting  of  pbos- 
pliuric  acid,  alumina,  and  magnesia.  Dana. 

LA'ZY,  0.  [G.  Iu.is,  liUsig;  \V.  llesg.  The  Fr.  idc/ie 
is  from  L.  lojus,  and  it  is  doubtful  wliether  this  is  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  Disinclined  to  action  or  exertion ;  naturally  or 
habitually  slothful;  sluggish;  indolent;  averse  to 
labor ;  heavy  in  motion. 

Wicki-d  men  will  ever  live  like  ro^es,  and  not  fall  to  work,  but 
be  lazy  and  spend  victuals.  Bacon. 

2.  Slow ;  moving  slowly  or  apparently  with  labor ; 
as,  a  lazy  stream. 

The  night-owl's  lory  (lighL  SlioJ.: 
LB.  stands  for  pound  in  weight ;  Lbs.,  {oi  pounds. 
LD.  stands  for  Lord. 

LkA,  j  II.    [See  Lav.]     A  meadow  or  sward  Land. 

LEY, )  The  Welsh  write  lie  :  but  as  this  word  is 
from  the  root  of  lay,  the  latter  is  the  more  correct  or- 
thography. 

LkACH,  c.  (.    [Sw.  laka,  to  fall  in  drops,  to  distill; 

laJia,  to  leak  ;  Dan.  leJckrr,  to  drop,  to  leak.  (See 

Leak.)    Perhaps  L.  liz  may  be  from  the  same  rout.] 
To  wash,  as  ashes,  by  percolation,  or  causing 

water  to  pass  through  them,  and  thus  to  separate 

from  them  the  alkali.    The  water  thus  charged  with 

alkali  is  called  lye. 
Lk.VCII,  n.     A  qu.antity  of  wood  ashes,  through 

which  water  passes,  and  thus  imbibes  the  alkali. 
LSACH'-TUB,  n.    A  wooden  vessel  or  tub  in  which 

ashes  are  leached.    It  is  sometimes  written  Letch- 

TL'B. 

LEAD,  (led,)  n.  [Sax.  I<rd;  G.  loth;  D.  load;  Dan. 
and  Sw.  lod  ;  Russ.  lot,  pri>bably  a  mass,  like  clod.] 

1.  A  metal  of  a  dull  white  color,  with  a  cast  of 
blue.  It  is  the  least  el.-ustic  and  sonorous  of  all  the 
metals,  and  at  the  same  lime  it  is  soft  and  easily  fusi- 
ble. It  is  found  native  in  small  masses,  but  generally 
mineralized  by  sul|ihur,  and  sometimes  by  other  sub- 
stances. Ix^ad,  fused  in  a  strong  heat,  throws  olT 
vapors  which  are  unwholesome. 


3.  A  plummet,  or  moss  of  lead,  used  in  sounding 
at  sea. 

3.  .\  thin  plate  of  type-metal,  used  to  separate 
lines  in  printing. 

4.  A  small  cylinder  of  black  lead  or  plumbago, 
used  in  ever-pointed  pencils. 

5.  Leads ;  a  flat  roof  covered  with  lead. 

Shak.  Bacon. 
[See  also  White  Lead  and  Red  Lead.] 
LEAD,  (led,)  ti.  t.    To  cover  with  lead  ;  to  fit  with 
lead. 

2.  In  jtriiiting,  to  widen  the  space  between  lines 
by  inserting  a  lead  or  thin  plate  of  type-metal. 
LEAD,  (leeil,)  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Led.    [Sax.  ladan  ; 
Cw.  Iriten  ;  D.  Iriden  ;  Sw.  leda  ;  Dan.  Icder  ;  probably 
to  draw,  to  strain,  or  extend.] 

1.  To  guide  by  the  hand  ;  as,  to  lead  a  child.  It 
often  includes  the  sense  of  drawing,  as  well  as  of  di- 
recting. 

2.  To  guide  or  conduct  by  showing  the  way  ;  to 
direct  ;  as,  the  Israelites  were  led  by  a  pillar  of  cloud 
by  day,  and  by  a  jiillar  of  fire  by  night. 

3.  To  conduct  to  any  place. 

lie  ttadeth  nic  U-sidc  Ihe  still  waters.  —  Ps.  xxiii. 

4.  To  conduct,  as  u  chief  or  commander,  implying 
authority  ;  to  direct  and  govern  ;  as,  a  general  luuU 
his  troops  to  battle  and  to  victory. 

Christ  took  not  on  liim  flrsli  and  blood,  tiiat  he  might  eonquer 
and  rule  nations,  lead  armies,  Sic.  Soavt. 

5.  To  precede  ;  to  introduce  by  going  first. 

As  H.'sjxTna,  that  leads  the  sun  his  way.  Fair/ax. 

6.  To  giiiile  ;  to  show  the  method  of  attaining  an 
object.  Self-examinatiim  may  lead  us  to  a  knowl- 
edge of  ourselves. 

7.  To  draw  ;  to  entice ;  to  allure.  The  love  of 
pleasure  leads  men  into  vices  which  degrade  and  im- 
poverish them. 

8.  To  imluce  ;  to  prevail  on  ;  to  influence. 

He  was  drivim  by  the  iifcssities  of  the  times  more  than  led  by 
his  own  disposition  to  any  rigor  of  actions.     A'.  Charles. 

9.  To  p.a.ss  ;  to  spend,  that  is,  to  draw  out ;  as,  to 
lead  a  life  of  g.ayety,  or  a  solitjiry  life. 

That  v.-c  may  Icofl  a  quiet  and  peace.ible  life  iu  all  geilliness  and 
hone^ly.  —  1  Tim.  ii. 

To  lead  astray;  to  guide  in  a  wrong  way,  or  into 
errf»r ;  to  seduce  from  truth  or  rectiliide. 
To  lead  captipe;  to  carry  into  captivity. 
Le.\D,  I),  i.    To  go  before  and  thow  the  way. 

1  will  lead  on  softly.  —  (jen.  xxxiii. 

2.  To  conduct,  as  a  chief  or  commander.  Let  the 
trooj)S  follow  where  their  gentTal  leads. 

3.  To  draw  ;  to  have  a  tendency  to.  Gaming  leads 
to  other  vices. 

4.  To  exercise  dominion.  Spenser. 
To  lead  off,  or  out ;  to  go  first  ;  to  begin. 

_  Cumberland. 
Lk.\D,  n.   Precedence  ;  a  going  before  ;  guidance.  Let 
the  general  tJike  the  lead.  [j1  colloquial  word,  in  repu- 
table use.] 

LE.XU'ED,  (Icd'ed.)  pp.  or  a.    Fitted  with  lead ;  set  in 

lead  ;  as,  leaded  windows. 
2.  Septirated  by  leads,  as  lines  in  printing. 
LEAD'KN,  (led'n,)  a.    [hum  lead.]   Made  of  lead  ;  as, 

a  leaden  bail. 

2.  Iletivy  ;  indisposed  to  action  Sliak. 

3.  Heavv  :  dull.  Sluik. 
LEAD'AN-IIEART-ED,  (led'nhilrt-ed,)  a.  Stupid; 

destitute  of  feeling.  Thomson. 
LEAD'E.\-IU;EI,-KD,  a.  Moving  slowly.  Ford. 
LEAD'f:N-STEP-PI.\G,  a.  .Moving  slowly.  Milton. 
LK.\I)'ER,  (leed'er,)  h.    One  th.at  leads  or  conducts  ; 

a  guide  ;  a  conductor. 

2.  A  chief;  a  commander;  a  captain. 

3.  One  who  goes  first. 

4.  The  chief  of  a  parly  or  faction  ;  as,  the  leader  of 
the  Whigs  or  of  the  tories  ;  a  leader  of  the  Jacobins. 

5.  A  performer  who  leads  a  band  or  choir  in  mu- 
sic. 

6.  The  leading  editori.al  article  in  a  newspaper. 

7.  The  leaders  are  the  principal  wheels  in  any  kind 
ofmachinerv.  yrancis. 

Lr..\l)'ER-SlilP,  n.  The  slate  or  condition  of  a  b-adcr. 
LEAD'I.NG,  (led'ing,)  ppr.   Fitting  or  setting  in  lead. 

2.  Separating  by  leads,  as  in  printing. 
LlC.VD'l.Nti,  ppr.    Guiding;  conducting;  preceding; 
drawing  ;  alluring  ;  passing  life. 

2.  II.  Chief;  principal;  capital;  mo.st  important 
or  influential ;  as,  a  leading  motive  ;  a  leading  man 
in  a  party. 

3.  Showing  the  way  by  going  first. 

He  li'fi  his  molh'-r  a  countess  by  pauent,  which  wnh  a  new  [sad- 
ing  ex;unple.  Il'ouon. 

LE.VD'I.NG,  n.  Guidance;  the  act  of  conducting ;  dl- 
reetuni.  SJiak.  Spenser, 

Ll-.AD'I.XC-LY,  arfr.    By  leading. 

LEAD'I.NG  ai.'ES'TIO.V.    See  ai  EsTioit. 

LEAD'I.NG-STRI.NGS,  n.  pi.  Strings  by  which  chil- 
dren are  stipjiorted  when  beginning  to  walk.  Drydea. 

To  be  in  leading-strings  ;  to  be  in  a  stale  of  iiitiiiicy 
or  depcnilencc,  or  in  pupilage  under  ibe  guidance  of 
others. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  BS  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


62' 


crc- 


053 


LEA 

Ll5AD'-MAX,  n.    One  who  begins  or  leads  a  dance. 

rods.]  B.  Jonson. 

LEAU'-PEX-CII,,  (led'pen-sil,)  n.    An  instrument  for 

drawing  or  making  lines,  made  of  plumbago  or  black 

lead. 

LEAD'-SHOT,  (led'sliot,)  n.    Shot  made  of  lead. 
LEAD'WORT,  (led'wurt,)  n.    The  popular  English 
name  of  some  species  of  Plumbago,  a  genus  of  plants. 
LEAD'Y,  (led'dy,)  a.    Of  the  color  of  lead. 

air  T.  Ehjot. 

LEAF,  n. ;  pi.  Leaves.  [Sax.  leafc  ;  D.  loof ;  G.  laub ; 
Sw.  lof;  Dan.  loo  :  Goth.  /««/.] 

1.  In  botamj,  leaves  are  organs  which  usually  shoot 
from  the  sides  of  the  stems  and  brandies,  but  some- 
times from  tile  root ;  sometimes  tiiey  are  sessile  ;  more 
generally  supported  by  petioles.  They  are  of  various 
forms  —  flat,  extended,  linear,  cylindric,  &c.  The 
term  leaf  is  also  popularly  applied  to  the  thin,  extend- 
ed part  of  a  flower ;  the  rtowcr-leaf  or  petal. 

2.  A  part  of  a  book  containing  two  pages. 

3.  A  term  formerly  applied  to  the  sides  of  window- 
shutters,  folding-doors,  &c.  Ghss.  of  .Orckit. 

4.  Something  resembling  a  leaf  in  thinness  and 
extension  ;  a  very  thin  plate  ;  as,  gold  leaf. 

5.  The  movable  side  of  a  table. 

LEAF,  V.  i.   To  shoot  out  leaves;  to  produce  leaves. 

The  trees  leaf  in  May. 
LeAF'AGE,  71.     Leaves  collectively ;  abundance  of 

leaves. 

LlsAF'-BRIDCE,  n.  A  drawbridge  having  a  leaf  or 
])lafform  on  each  side  which  rises  and  falls.  Francis. 

LeAF'-BUD,  71.  The  rudiment  of  a  young  branch, 
or  a  growing  point  covered  with  rudimentary  leaves 
called  scales.  Lindley. 

LeAF'-GROWN-ED,  a.  Crowned  with  leaves  or  fo- 
liage. Moore. 

LeAF'£D,  (leeft,)  a.    Having  leaves. 

LeAF'-FAT,  n.  The  fat  which  lies  in  leaves  or  lay- 
ers within  the  body  of  an  animal. 

LeAF'I-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  full  of  leaves. 

LeAF'L\G,  n.    The  process  of  unfolding  leaves. 

LeAF'-LXRD,  71.    Lard  made  of  leaf-fat. 

LeAF'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  leaves;  as,  a  leafless 
tree.  Pope. 

Lf.AF'LE?S-NEPS,  71.    Destitution  of  leaves. 

LiiAF'LE  l',  71.    A  little  leaf. 

i.  In  botany,  one  of  the  divisions  of  a  compound 
leaf ;  a  foliole. 

LeAF'-STALK,  (-stawk,)  n.  The  petiole  or  stalk 
which  supports  a  leaf.  Martyn. 

LEAF'Y,  o.    Full  of  leaves  ;  as,  the  leafy  forest. 

Drijden, 

LkAGUE,  (leeg,)  7!.  [Fr.  ligue;  It.  lega  ;  Sp.  liga ; 
from  L.  /in-o,  to  bind.] 

1.  An  alliance  or  confederacy  between  princes  or 
slates,  for  their  mutual  aid  or  defense  ;  a  national 
contract  or  compact.  A  league  may  be  offensive  or 
defensive,  or  both.  It  is  offensive,  when  the  contract- 
ing parties  agree  to  unite  in  attacking  a  common  en- 
emy ;  defensive,  when  the  parties  agree  to  act  in  con- 
cert in  defending  each  other  against  an  enemy. 

2.  A  combination  or  union  of  two  or  more  parties 
for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  friendship,  and  pro- 
moting their  mutual  interest,  or  for  executing  any 
design  in  concert. 

And  let  llicre  be 
'Twixt  U3  and  them  no  league,  nor  amity.  Denham. 

LEAGUE,  (leeg,)  v.  i.  To  unite,  as  princes  or  states, 
in  a  contract  of  amity  for  mutual  aid  or  defense  ;  to 
confederate.  Russia  and  Austria  leagued  to  oppose 
the  ambition  of  Bonaparte. 

2.  'I'o  unite  or  confetlerate,  as  private  persons  for 
mutual  aid. 

.^EACJUE,  (leeg,)  7u  [Of  Celtic  origin.  W.Hcc,  aflat 
stone,  whtMice  Low  L.  leuca,  Sp.  Icirna,  It.  lega,  Fr. 
tieue,  Ir.  Irar.  It  appears  from  the  Welsh,  that  this 
word  is  from  the  root  of  lay.] 

1.  Origin  dlti,  a  stone  erected  on  the  public  roads, 
at  certain  distances,  in  the  manner  of  the  modern 
mile-stones.  Hence, 

2.  The  distance  between  two  stones.  With  the 
English  and  .Americans,  a  league  is  the  length  of  three 
miles  ;  but  this  m(>asure  is  used  chiefly  at  sea.  The 
league,  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  is  very  different 
among  diffi  rent  nations.  The  Dutch  and  German 
|eai:in-  contains  four  geographical  mili;s.  I'.ncyc, 

I  liAGU'f.'l),  (leegd.)  pp.  or  a.  United  in  mutual  com- 

pTict ;  fonfcderated. 
LEAGIJ'ER,  (lueg'er,)  ti.  One  who  unites  in  a  league  ; 

a  conf'-derat*;.  F.ncyc. 
LEAGU'ER,  71.    [T).  bele-rgeren.    Sec  Beleaguer.] 
Siege  ;  investment  of  a  town  or  fort  by  an  army. 


[/.itllr  used.] 
LRAGU'I.N'G, 


S/iak. 


ppr.  Uniting  in  a  compact. 
LEAK,  (leek  )  n.  [D.  Uk,  a  leak,  and  leaky;  lekken, 
to  li'ak,  to  drop,  to  itleek  or  makir  smooth  ;  tekker,  dain- 
ty, delicate,  nice,  delicious  ;  G.  Uck,  a  leak,  and  leaky  ; 
lerJien,  to  leak,  to  drop  out.  In  jump,  to  Urk  ,  lerker, 
dainty,  delicious,  lickerish ;  Sw.  laJtn,  to  di»lill  or  drop, 
nml  liiha,  to  leak  ;  Dan.  Irk,  leaky  ;  Ickke,  a  leak  ;  lek- 
krfiid,  a  dri|>piriE-pan  ;  Irkkrr,  to  Urak,  lo  drop  ;  Irkkrr, 
dainty,  dclicatt;,  nice,  lickrrith  ;  Sax.  hirer,  leaky.  If 
the  noun  i»  the  primary  word,  it  may  be  the  Gr.  An 
ifi{,  a  (lnHurc  or  crevice,  from  SnucM,  Dor.  A.kci.p,  to 


LEA 

crack,  to  sound,  or  to  burst  with  sound,  coinciding 
with  L.  laccro  and  loqiinr,  and  perhaps  Eng.  clack.  It 
seems  that  lickerish  is  from  the  root  of  leak,  and  sig- 
nifies properly,  watery.] 

1.  A  crail'k,  crevice,  fissure,  or  hole  in  a  vessel, 
that  admits  water,  or  permits  a  fluid  to  escape. 

2.  T.*ie  oozing  or  passing  of  water,  or  other  fluid 
or  liquor,  through  a  crack,  fissure,  or  aperture  in  a 
vessel,  either  into  it,  as  into  a  ship,  or  out  o/it,  as  out 
of  a  cask. 

To  spring  a  leak,  is  to  open  or  crack  so  as  to  let  in 

water  ;  to  begin  to  let  in  water. 
LEAK,  a.    Leaky.    [Jii^ut  in  use.]  Spenser. 
LE.'VK,  V.  i.    To  let  water  or  other  liquor  into  or  out 

of  a  vessel,  through  a  hole  or  crevice  in  the  vessel. 

A  ship  leaks,  when  she  admits  water  through  her 

seams,  or  an  aperture  in  her  bottom  or  sides,  into 

the  hull.    A  pail  or  a  cask  leaks,  when  it  atlmits 

liquor  to  pass  out  through  a  hole  or  crevice. 

To  leak  out ;  to  find  vent ;  to  escape  privately  from 

confinement  or  secrecy  ;  as  a  fact  or  report. 
LeAK'.'^GE,  71.   A  leaking ;  or  the  quantity  of  a  liquor 

that  enters  or  issues  by  leaking. 
2.  An  allowance,  in  commerce,  of  a  certain  rate  per 

cent,  for  the  leaking  of  casks,  or  the  waste  of  liquors 

by  leaking. 

LeAK'IXG,  n.    The  oozing  or  passing  of  a  liquid 

Uiroush  an  aperture. 
LeAK' Y,  o.  That  admits  water  or  other  liquor  to  pass 
in  or  out  ;  as,  a  leaky  vessel  ;  a  leaky  ship  t)r  barrel. 
2.  Apt  to  disclose  secrets  ;  tattling  ;  not  close. 

/.'  Estrange. 

LEAL,  a.  In  Scottish,  faithful  ;  tnie.  Hence,  "  the 
land  of  the  leal,"  is  the  place  of  the  faithful,  heaven. 

Jamieson. 

LEAM,  71.    A  string  to  lead  a  dog.  Rich.  Diet. 

LeA.M'ER,  7!.    A  dog  ;  a  kind  of  hound. 

LEA.\,  (leen,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  hlinian,  hleonian,  to  lean  ; 

linian,  to  recline;  G.  Ichnen  ;  D.  leunen  ;  Dan.  laner  ; 

Sw.  Idna  sig ;  Ir.  claonaim  ;  Russ.  klonyu  ;  Gr.  k^ivco  ; 

L.  clino.    Class  Ln,  No.  .1.1 

1.  To  deviate  or  move  from  a  straight  or  perpen- 
dicular line  ;  or  to  be  in  a  position  thus  deviating. 
VVe  say,  a  column  leans  to  the  north  or  to  the  east; 
it  leans  to  the  right  or  left. 

2.  To  incline  or  propend  ;  to  tend  toward. 

They  deliijht  rttliirr  to  lean  to  their  old  customs.  Spsnser. 
Trust  in  the  Lord  with  all  thy  hetirt,  and  Uan  not  10  thy  own 
understanding.  —  Prov.  iii, 

3.  To  bend  or  incline  so  as  to  rest  on  something  ; 
as,  to  lean  against  a  wall  or  a  pillar ;  to  lean  on  the 
arm  of  another. 

4.  To  bend  ;  to  be  in  a  bending  posture. 
LEAN,  V.  t.    To  incline  ;  to  cause  lo  lean.  Shak. 

2.  To  conceal.   [Ice.  luna.]    [JVot  in  use.]  Ray. 
LEAN,  o.    [Sax.  lane,  or  hl<rne  ;  D.  Dan.  ana  G.  kiein, 
small,  lean  ;  Sw.  klen ;  allied  perhaps  lo  L.  lenis,  and 
Eng.  slender.] 

1.  Wanting  flesh;  meager;  not  fat;  as,  a  lean 
body  ;  a  lean  man  or  animal. 

2.  Not  rich;  destitute  of  good  qualities;  bare; 
barren  ;  as,  lean  earth. 

3.  Low  ;  poor  ;  in  opposition  to  Rich  or  Grea.t  ;  as, 
a /can  action.  [Unusual.] 

4.  Barren  of  thought  ;  destitute  of  that  which  im- 
proves or  entertains ;  jejune  ;  as,  a  (can  discourse  or 
dissertation. 

Lean,  n.    That  part  of  flesh  which  consists  of  muscle 

without  the  fat.  Farquhar. 
LE.\.N'-FAC-£D,  (-faste,)  a.     Having  a  thin  face. 

Among  printers,  applietl  lo  letters  which  have  not 

their  full  breadth. 
LeAN'-WIT-TED,  a.     Having  but  little  sense  or 

shrewdness.  Shak. 
LEAN'KD,  p;7.    Inclined;  caused  to  lean. 
Li;AN'l.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Inclining  ;  causing  to  lean. 
l.y.AN'hY ,adv.    Meagerly  ;  without  fat  or  plumpness. 
LEA.N'.N'ESS,  n.    Destitution  of  fat;  want  ')!'  flesh  ; 

thinness  of  bntly  ;  meagerness  ;  applied  to  amrials. 

2.  Want  of  matter;  poverty;  emptiness;  as,  the 
leanness  of  a  purse.  Sluik. 

3.  In  Scripture,  want  of  grace  and  spiritual  com- 
fort. 

He  sent  leanntBs  into  their  soul.  —  Ps.  cvi. 

LEAN'-TO,  n.    A  part  of  a  building  which  appears  to 

lean  on  the  main  building.  Francis. 
LEAN' Y,  a.    Alert ;  brisk  ;  active.    [JVtiJ  in  use] 

Spenser. 

LEAP,  (leep,)  i'.  i.  [Sax.  hleapan,  Goth,  hlaupan,  to 
leap  ;  (J.  laufeu  ;  D.  loopen,  Sw.  Itipa,  Dan.  I'dbrr,  to 
run.lo  pass  rapidly,  to  flow,  .s(/p,  or  glide;  W.llirf, 
a  leap.  From  these  significtitions,  it  may  be  inferred 
that  this  woril  belongs  lo  the  family  of  L.  labor,  per- 
haps lli  b.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Eth.  nSn.  Class  Lb,  No. 
30.    (111.  1,.  lupus,  a  wolf,  the  leaprr.] 

I.  To  spring  or  rise  from  the  ground  with  both 
feet,  as  a  man,  or  with  all  the  feet,  as  other  ani- 
mals ;  to  jump  ;  to  vault ;  as,  a  man  leaps  over  a 
fence,  or  leaps  upon  a  horse. 


S.  To  spring  or  movo  suddenly  ;  as,  to  leap  from  a 
horse. 


LEA 

3.  To  rush  with  violence. 

And  the  man  in  whom  the  evil  spirit  waa  leaped  oa  them  and 
overcame  them.  —  Acts  xix. 

4.  To  spring  ;  to  bound ;  to  skip ;  as,  to  leap  for 

5.  To  fly  ;  to  start.    Job  xli.  [joy. 

He  parted  frowning  from  me,  a*  if  ruin 
Leaj.ed  from  his  eyes.  Shak. 
[Our  common  people  retain  the  Saxon  aspirate  of 
^his  word  in  the  phrase  to  clip  it,  to  run  fast.] 
Leap,     t.    To  pass  over  by  leaping  ;  to  spring  or 
bound  from  one  side  to  the  other  ;  as,  to  leap  a  wall, 
a  gate,  or  a  gulf;  to  leap  a  stream.    [But  the  phrase 
is  elliptical,  and  over  is  understood.] 
2.  To  copulate  with,  as  the  male  of  certain  beasts. 

Dnjdcn. 

LeAP,7!.    Ajump;  aspring;  abound;  act  of  leojung. 

2.  Space  passed  by  leaping. 

3.  A  sudden  transition  or  passing.  Swift, 

4.  The  space  that  may  be  passed  at  a  bound. 

'Tis  Uie  convenient  leap  1  mean  to  try.  Dryden. 

5.  Embrace  of  animals.  Dryden. 
C.  Hazard,  or  effect  of  leaping.  Skak. 
7.  A  basket ;  a  weel  for  fish.    [JVot  in  use.] 

_  Wiclif.  Sherwood. 

Leap' ED,  (leept  or  lept,)  pp.  Jumped  ;  passed  over 
by  a  bound. 

Le.^P'ER,  n.  One  that  leaps  ;  as,  a  horse  is  called  a 
good  Iraper. 

LE.\P'-FROG,  71.  A  play  among  boys,  in  which  one 
stoops  down  and  anotlier  leaiis  over  him  by  placing 
his  hands  on  the  shoulders  of  the  fnriuer.  S'lak. 

LEAP'IXG,  ppr.  Jutiqiing  ;  springing;  bounding; 
skipping. 

LE.VP'ING,  71.    The  act  of  jumping  or  passing  by  a 

LeAP'ING-LY,  adv.    By  leaps.  [leap. 

LeAP'-YeAR,  11.  Bissextile,  a  year  containing  3C6 
days  ;  every  fourth  year,  which  leaps  over  a  day 
mure  than  a  conunon  year.  Thus,  in  common  years, 
if  the  first  day  of  .March  is  on  Monday,  the  present 
year,  it  will,  the  next  year,  fall  on  Tuesday,  bit  in 
leap-year  it  will  leap  to  Wednesday  ;  for  leap-year 
contains  a  day  more  than  a  common  year,  a  day  be- 
ing added  to  the  mtmth  of  February.  Brown. 

LEAR.V,  (lern,)  r.  U  [Sax.  lenrnian  ;  G.  lernen  ;  D. 
leeren  ;  Dan.  Uercr  ;  Sw.  lara.  The  latter  coincitles 
with  the  Sax.  Iteran,  to  teach,  the  same  word  having 
both  significations,  lo  leach  and  lo  learn.  In  popu- 
lar use,  learn  still  has  both  senses.] 

1.  To  gain  knowledge  of ;  to  acquire  knowledge 
or  ideas  of  something  before  unknown.  We  learn 
the  use  of  letters,  the  meaning  of  words,  and  the 
principles  of  science.  We  learn  things  by  in.struc- 
lion,  by  study,  and  by  experience  and  observalittn. 
It  is  mi:ch  easier  lo  learn  wliat  is  right,  than  to  un- 
learn what  is  wrong. 

Now  learn  a  parable  of  the  fij-tree.  —  Matt.  xxiv. 

2.  To  acquire  skill  in  any  thing;  lo  gain  by  prac- 
tice a  faculty  of  performing  ;  as,  to  (eaivi  to  pl.ay  on 
a  flute  or  an  organ. 

The  chief  art  of  learning  is  to  attempt  but  little  at  a  time.  Locke. 

3.  To  teach  ;  to  communicate  the  knowledge  of 
something  before  unknown. 

Hast  thou  not  learned  me  how 
To  make  periumos  (  Shai. 

[This  use  of  learn  is  found  in  respectable  writers, 
but  is  now  deemed  inelegant  as  well  as  improper.] 
LEARN,  (lern,)  v.  i.    To  gain  or  receive  knowledge  ; 
to  receive  instruction  ;  to  take  pattern  ;  with  iif. 

Take  my  yoke  upon  you,  and  learn  of  me  ;  for  1  am  meek  and 

lowly.  —  M.itt.  XI. 
2.  To  receive  information  or  intelligence. 
LEARN'KD,  lernd,)  ;  p;).    Obtained  as  knowledge 
LE.ARNT,  (lernt,)      )    or  information. 
LEARN'ED,  (lern'ed,)  a.    Versed  in  literature  and 
science  ;  as,  a  learned  man. 

2.  Skillful;  well  acquainted  with  arts;  knowing; 
with  in  ;  as,  learned  in  martial  arts. 

3.  Containing  learning ;  as,  a  learned  treatise  or 
publication.  (-'"^e. 

4.  Versed  in  scholastic,  as  distinct  from  other 
knowledge. 

Men  of  much  ^<^adin^  on:  grrally  learned,  but  may  lie  litUo 
knowing.  Locke. 

The  learned  ;  learned  men  ;  men  of  erudition  ; 
literati. 

LF.ARN'ED-LY,  (lern'ed-ly,)  adv.  With  learning  or 
erudition  ;  with  skill  ;  us,  to  discuss  a  question 
learnedly. 

Every  coxcomb  swear*  lu  learnedly  as  they.  Sioi/U 

LEARN'ED-NESS,  (lern'cd-ncss,)  n.  A  state  of  being 
learned.  ■'ibp.  Laud. 

LEAUN'ER,  (lern'er,)  ri.  A  piTson  who  i.s  gaining 
knowb'dge  from  instruction,  from  reading,  or  study, 
or  by  other  means  ;  one  who  is  in  the  rudiments  of 
any  science  or  art. 

LEARN'IN<;,  (lern'ing,)  ;i;ir.  Gaining  knowledge  by 
instniclion,  or  readinc,  by  study,  by  experience,  or 
observatiim  ;  .acquiring  skill  by  practice. 

LEARN'INO,  (lern'ing,)  n.  Tiie  knowledge  of  prin- 
ciples or  facts  receiveil  by  instruction  or  study  ;  ac- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


654 


LEA 


LEA 


LED 


quired  kiiowledRe  or  uli'as  in  any  branch  of  science 
or  literature  ;  erudition  ;  literature  ;  science.  Tlie 
Scaligers  were  men  of  preat  learning.  [TAio.-  is  the 
prttper  sense  of  the  tcorcl.j 

2.  Knowledge  acquired  by  experience,  experiment, 
or  otiservation. 

3.  Skill  in  any  tliinR  Rood  or  bad.  Jlvoker. 
LkAS'.\-1!LE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  leased.  Sliericood. 
LEASE,  Ti.    [Kr.  laisser.    Sec  the  verb.] 

1.  /\  demise  or  letting  of  lands,  tenements,  or 
hereditaments,  to  another  for  life,  for  a  term  of 
years,  or  at  will,  for  a  rent  or  compensation  reserved  ; 
also,  the  contract  for  such  letting.  Encijc. 

2.  Any  tenure  by  grant  or  permission. 

Our  liii;li-placcil  Miicbelh 
Shnll  live  Uio  lease  ol  nalUK.  Shai. 

LkASE,  1'.  (.    [Fr.  laisser;  a  ditferent  orthography  of 

Eng.  lei.   See  Let.] 
TiUet ;  to  demise  ;  to  grant  the  temporary  iK)sses- 

sionW  lands,  tenements,  or  hereditaments,  to  anotlier 

for  a  rent  reserved.    A  leased  to  B  his  land  in  Dale 

for  the  annual  rent  of  a  pepper-corn. 
LkASE,  (leez,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  lesaii,  to  collect,  also  to 

free,  to  liberate,  to  redeem;  U.lcezen;  G.  Irsen,  to 

gather,  to  cull,  to  sift,  also  to  read,  like  L.  lego  ; 

Dan.  leser,  Sw.  lasa,  to  read.] 
To  glean ;  to  gather  what  harvest-men  have  left. 

[Ob.i.f  Dnjden. 
Ll".AS'i:D,  (leest,)  pp.  or  a.    Demised  or  let,  as  lands 

»ir  tenements. 
LkASE'HOLD,  a.     Held  by  lease;  as,  a  leasehold 

leneiuent.  Swift. 
LkASE'IIoLD,  n.    A  tenure  held  by  lease. 
LE.\SE'HoLD-ER,  ».    A  tenant  under  a  lease. 

Smart. 

.LkAS'ER,  n.    .\  gleaner ;  a  gatherer  after  reajrers. 
Lif.ASll,  II.    [Fr.  taisse,  lesse ;  D.  Ictse.    Uu.  It.  laccio, 
L.  laqueiis.] 

1.  A  thong  of  leather,  or  long  line,  by  which  a  fal- 
coner holds  his  hawk,  or  a  courser  his  dog.  Shale. 

2.  Among  sportsmen,  a  brace  and  a  half ;  tierce  ; 
three  ;  three  creatures  of  any  kind,  especially  gray- 
hounds,  foxes,  bucks,  and  hares.     Shale.  Dennis. 

X  A  band  whi  rewith  to  tie  any  thing.  Boyle. 
Lk.A!^I1,  t'.  1.    To  bind  ;  to  hold  by  a  string.  Shale. 
Li'..\Sll'f:n,  (leeslit,)  pp.    Uound  ;  held  by  a  string. 
Lk.ASII'ING,  ppr.    Holding  by  a  string. 
Lk.VS'ING,  (leez'ing,)  II.    [Sax.  leasange,  Uomlcase, 


,r;.\S'lNG,  (leez'ing, 
leiisa,  false.] 
Falsehoon  ;  lies. 


[Obsolete,  or  nearly  so.] 
LkAS'OW,  (ICso,)  71.    [Sax.  laswe,] 

A  pa.sture.    [  Obs.]  Wiclif 
LE  AST,  (leest,)  o.  {superl.  of  Sax.  las',  less,  contracted 
from  Uese^U  It  can  not  be  regularly  formed  from  little.} 
Sm.iUest ;  little  beyond  others,  either  in  size  or  de- 
gree ;  as,  the  least  insect ;  the  least  mercy, 

Lea.tt  is  often  used  without  the  noun  to  which  it 
refers.    "  I  am  the  least  of  the  apostles,"  that  is,  the 
least  apostle  of  all  the  apostles.    1  Cor.  xv. 
LisAiST,  adv.    In  the  sm.illcst  or  lowest  degree;  in  a 
degree  below  all  others  ;  as,  to  reward  lliose  who 
least  deserve  it. 
Jll  least,      i  to  say  no  more  ;  not  to  demand  or  af- 
Jit  the  least ;  \     linn  more  than  is  barely  sulficieiit ; 
at  the  lowest  degree.    If  he  has  not  incurred  a  pen- 
alty, he  at  least  deserves  censure. 

He  who  ifinnli,  thoiiijh  Tain,  at  teatl  luperirs 

'I'ho  leinptctt  wiUi  Uultonor.  A/i.'lon. 

2.  To  say  no  more.    Let  useful  observations  be  at 
least  a  part  of  your  conversation. 

The  lea.1t ;  in  the  smallest  degree.    His  faculties 
arc  not  in  the  least  impaired. 

.91  leastteise,  in  the  -ense  of  at  least,  is  obsolete. 
LEAS'V,  (le'zy,)  a.    I'hin  ;  flimsy.   It  is  usually  pro- 
nounced */fn:y.    [04.«.]  .Sscham. 
Le.\T,  n.    [Sax.  Iirt,  daziL] 

.\n  artificial  trench  to  conduct  water  to  or  from  a 
mill.  FnmcLi. 
LEATII'ER,  (leth'er,)  n.     [Sax.  Icther;  G.  and  D. 
leder;  Sw.lader;  Dan.  Lrther :  Arm.  lezr  ;  Ir.  leather. 
The  most  correct  orthography  is  LcTHEn.] 

1.  The  skin  of  an  animal  dressed  and  prepared  for 

2.  Dressed  hides  in  general.  [use. 

3.  Skin  ;  in  an  ironical  sense. 

LE.VFll'ER,  (leth'er,)  o.    Leathern;  consisting  of 

leather  ;  as,  a /^'aiArr  glove. 
LEATH'ER,  (leth'er,)  c.  L    To  beat,  as  with  a  thong 

of  leather.  Todd.  SmarU 

[This  which  is  now  a  low  word,  was  once  in  good 

use,  and  corresponded  to  the  medieval  Latin  decori- 

are.    See  Ducange.) 
LEATIl'ER-COAT,  (leth'er-,)  n.    An  apple  with  a 

touih  cant  or  riml.  Shak. 
LEATII'ER-DRESS-ER,  (leth'er-,)  n.     One  who 

dresses  leather;  one  who  prepares  hides  for  use. 

LEATII'ER-JACK  ET,  (leth'er-,)  n.  A  fish  of  ul?  Pa- 

cihr  Ocean.  Cook 
LE.\TII'ER-.MOUTH-£D,  (leth'er-,)  o. 

Br  Ita'hrr-mouOitrt  fi«h,  I  nifAn  tuch  ai  Iiavc  their  (e*lh  in  their 
Uinxit,  as  ibe  chub.  M'alton. 

LE  ATH'ERN,  (leth-)  o.    M.ade  of  leather  ;  consisting 
of  leather;  as,  a  Uathem  purse  ;  a  leathern  girdle. 


LEATH'ER-SELI^ER,  n.  A  seller  or  dealer  in 
leather. 

LE.Vf  H'ER-WING  /.I),  a.  Having  wings  like  leath- 
er;  an  epithet  <if  a  b:it.  Spenser. 

LEATirKK-WOOD,  n.  A  small  shrub  of  the  United 
Stales,  with  very  flexible  branches,  and  a  tough, 
le.ilhcrv  bark  ;  the  Dirca  paliistris.  Gardner. 

LEATlI'ER-Y,(leth-)a.    Resembling  leather;  tough. 

Grew. 

LK.WE,  (leev,)  n.  [Pax.  leaf,  lefe,  from  leafan,  lefanf 
lijfan,  to  permit,  to  grant,  to  trust,  to  believe  ;  G.  er- 
lanb,  D.  oorluf,  vcrlof,  leave,  farlow  ;  Sax.  leofan,  to 
live,  and  to  leave.] 

1.  Permission;  allowance;  license;  liberty  grant- 
ed by  which  restraint  or  illegality  is  removed. 

No  frii-mi  Ins  leave  in  bear  nway  llie  drail.  Dr^ten. 
D.tviil  eanirslly  askeil  Icaiie  of  iiie.—  1  Sain,  x-x, 

2.  Farewell  ;  adieu  ;  ceremony  of  departure';  a  for- 
mal parting  of  friends;  used  chiefly  in  tlie  phrase  to 
take  leave.    .^cL<  xviii. 

Iil~;.AVE,  r.  f.  ;  prel.  and  pp.  Left.  [Sax.  lafan,  to 
leave  ;  Irfan,  to  permit,  to  believe  ;  lefe,  leave  ;  lejian, 
to  live  ;  leofan,  It)  leave,  tt>  live  ;  leofa,  leave,  permis- 
sion, liceii.se  ;  l^ifan,  to  permit,  also  to  live.  But  live 
is  also  written  liban,  libban,  with  b,  which  leave  is 
not.  Belifan,  to  remain  or  be  left  ;  altjfan,  to  permit ; 
ge-l(rfan,  to  leave,  to  permit,  to  believe  ;  ge  leaf,  leave, 
license,  as.sent,  consent,  faith,  or  belief ;  ge-lefun,  to 
believe,  to  think  or  suppose,  to  permit,  to  Iii>e  ;  ge- 
leofan,id. ;  ge-ltifan,\n  believe,  tt)  trust;  ge-liifed,pcT- 
niitted  or  allowetl,  believed,  lawful,  also  alive,  hav- 
ing life;  lenf,  loved;  lufa,  love,  also  belief;  Icojlie, 
faithful;  Iiz/fic,  willingly, /i/Acnfcr  ;  /ii/iic,  lovely.  The 
German  has  leave  in  urlaub,  a  furlow,  and  belief  in 
^laube ;  live  in  leben  :  and  love  in  liebe,  liebcn,  the 
L,Mm  libel ,  lubct.  Gr.  Xti.Tdj.  Dan. /rrrr,  Sw. /c/ea, 
to  live.  These  are  a  small  part  of  the  affinities  of 
this  word.  The  Germans  and  Dutch  express  the  sense 
of  leave  by  lassen,  laatcn,  which  is  <>ur  let,  Fr.  laisser; 
and  let  in  English  has  the  sense  both  of  permit  and 
of  hinder.  'J  lie  most  prominent  significations  of 
/<!aoe  are,  to  stop  or  forbear,  and  to  witliilraw.] 

1.  To  withdraw  or  dep.irt  from  ;  to  quit  for  a  long- 
er or  shorter  time  intlefinitely,  or  for  perpetuity.  We 
left  Cowes,  on  our  return  to  the  United  .States,  May 
10,  1825.  We  leave  home  for  a  day  or  a  year.  The 
fever  leaves  the  patient  daily  at  a  certain  hour.  The 
secretary  has  Icjl  the  business  of  his  otHce  with  his 
first  clerk. 

A  man  shall  leave  his  fatJter  and  his  motlier,  and  deare  to  his 
wife.  — tjeii.  ii. 

2.  To  forsake ;  to  desert ;  to  abandon ;  to  relin- 
quish. 

We  have  U/t  all  anj  followed  thee.  —  Morlt  x. 

3.  To  suffer  to  remain  ;  not  to  take  or  remove. 

Let  no  man  ffaije  of  it  till  llie  moniing.  —  Ex.  xvi. 

4.  To  have  remaining  at  death  ;  as,  to  {ca»a  good 
name. 

5.  1  o  commit  or  trust  to,  as  a  deposit ;  or  to  .suffer 
to  remain.  I  left  the  papers  in  the  care  of  the  con- 
sul. 

C.  To  bequeath ;  to  give  by  will.  The  deceased 
has  left  his  lands  to  his  sons,  but  he  has  left  a  legacy 
to  his  only  daughter. 

7.  To  [lermit  without  interposition.  Of  this,  he 
leaves  the  reader  to  judge. 

8.  To  cease  to  do ;  to  desist  from ;  to  forbear. 

Let  IIS  ntiim,  lest  my  fitther  leave  carin*  for  the  asses  and  take 
Uiooglit  for  us.  —  1  Sam.  ix. 

9.  To  refer ;  to  commit  for  decision. 

To  be  left  to  one's  self:  to  be  deserted  or  forsaken  ; 
to  be  permitted  to  follow  one's  own  opinions  or  de- 
sires. 

To  leave  off;  to  desist  from ;  to  forbear ;  as,  to 
leave  o/^work  at  six  o'clock. 

To  leave  off;  to  cease  wearing ;  as,  to  leave  off  a 
garment. 

2.  To  forsake ;  as,  to  leave  off  an  old  acquaint- 
ance, .^rbuthnot. 

To  leave  out ;  to  omit ;  as,  to  leave  out  a  word  or 
name  in  writing. 
Leave,  r.  t.   To  cease  ;  to  desist. 

He  began  at  the  clde*t  and  U/t  at  Uie  youngest.  —  Gen.  xlir. 

To  leave  off;  to  cease  ;  to  desist ;  to  stop. 

But  when  you  find  that  vi^rous  heat  abate, 

L*at>e  ojf,  and  for  anoltier  suinmouj  wait.  Rotcommon. 


Leave,  v.  L    [Fr.  lerer.] 

To  raise  ;  to  levy,  as  an  army.  [JVof  used.]  Spenser. 

Lf.AVE'-TAK-ING,  n.  Taking  of  leave ;  parting  com- 
pliments, siiak. 

Leaved,  fleevd,)  a.  [from  latf;  but  let^fcd  would  be 
preferable.) 

1.  Furnished  with  foliage  or  leaves. 

2.  Having  a  leaf,  or  made  with  leaves  or  folds ;  as, 
a  two-framf  gate. 

Ll";AVE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  leaves. 

LEAV'£.\,  (lev'n.)  n.    [Fr.  levain,  fromlever,  to  raise, 
L.  fcru,  Eng.  to  l{ft.] 

I.  A  mass  of  sour  dough,  which,  mixed  with  a 
larger  quantity  of  dough  or  paste,  produces  fermen- 
tation in  it  and  renders  it  light.    During  the  seven 


days  (if  the  passiiver,  no  Itavrn  \\:is  permitteil  to  be 
in  the  houses  of  the  Jews.    Ki.  xii. 

2.  Any  thing  which  makes  a  general  change  in  the 
mass,  it  geutrrally  means  soinethiiig  wiiicli  corrupts 
or  depraves  that  with  which  it  is  mixed. 

ikware  of  the  leatfcn  of  llic  lliarisees  and  of  Uio  Sadducceo.— 
M.ut.  xvi. 

LE.\V'f;.\,  (U  v'n,)  V.  t.  To  excite  ferment.ition  in  ; 
to  raise  and  make  Hglit,  as  dough  or  paste. 

A  little  leaven  leaoettelh  die  whole  lump. —  1  Cor.  r. 
2.  To  taint ;  to  imiiiie.  Prior. 
LEAV'f;.V-f;D,  (lev'nd,)  pp.  or  a.   Raised  and  made 

light  by  fernientation. 
LE.\V'/.'.\  l.\G,  (lev'n-ing,)ppr.    Makinglight  by  fer- 
muiitaf  ion. 

LEAV'/;\-I.\G,  (lev'n-Ing,)  n.  That  which  leavens 
or  makes  liglit.  Baeon. 

LE.W'EN-OUS,  (lev'n-us,)  a.  Containing  leaven; 
t^ainted.  Milton. 

Leaver,  n.  [from  leave.]  One  who  leaves  or  re- 
linquishes ;  one  who  forsakes.  Shak. 

Leaves,  (lecvz,)  71. pi.  of  Leaf. 

Ll~;A  VI-.\ESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  full  of  leaves. 

Leaving,  ppr.  Quitting;  withdrawing  from;  re- 
linquishing; suffering  to  remain  ;  ceasing;  desisting 
from. 

Leavings,  n.  p!.   Things  left;  remnant;  relics. 

The  ieavinge  of  Plmrsalia.  Adttieon. 

2.  Refuse  ;  offal.  Stnifl. 

Lea VV,  a.  [from  leaf.]  Full  of  leaves ;  covered 
with  leaves.  Sidney.  SItak, 

[An  improper  word  ;  it  ought  to  be  Leafy.] 

LECH,  for  Lick.    [OA.i.]    See  Lick. 

LEC1I'1;R,  ti.  [It.  lecrii,  gluttony,  lechery;  leceare, 
to  lick;  /fccar/fo,  greedy  ;  G.  lecken  ;  1).  Itkker.  See 
Lick,  Leak,  and  Lii-kerish.  But  in  Saxon, /c^o^ 
seipc  is  lewdness,  from  leger,  a  Layer,  or  a  lying 
down;  Ircgnn,  Xo  lay  ;  ligan, to  lie.  See  Ll'bbicitv.] 
A  man  given  to  lewdness  ;  one  addicted,  in  an  ex- 
orbitant degree,  to  the  indulgence  of  the  animal  ap- 
petite, and  an  illicit  commerce  with  females. 

LECII'ER,  V.  i.  To  practice  lewdness  ;  to  indulge 
lust.  B.  Jonson. 

LECII'ER-OUS,  a.    Addicted  to  lewdness;  prone  to 
indulge  lust;  lustful;  lewd.  Drrham. 
2.  Provoking  lust.  Chaucer. 

LECU'ER-OUS-LV,  a(/».    Lustfully;  lewdly. 

LECH'ER-OU.S-XESS,  71.  Lust,  or  strong  propensity 
to  indulge  the  sexual  appetite. 

LECll'ER-V,  H.  Lewdness  ;  free  indulgence  of  lust ; 
prnrlice  of  indulging  the  animal  appetite.  SItak. 

LEe'TION,  n.  [L.  Iccliu,  from  lego,  to  read,  Ir.  Icig- 
him,  leagham,  Gr.  Af/ai,  Fr.  lire.] 

1.  A  reading. 

2.  A  difference  or  variety  in  copies  of  a  manuscript 
or  book.  H'atts. 

3.  A  lesson  or  portion  of  Scripture  read  in  divine 
service. 

LEG'TIO.N-.A-nV,  71.  The  Roman  Catholic  service- 
book,  containing  portions  itf  Scripture. 

LECTOR,  n.    [L.,  from  ff^o,  Iecttt.f.] 

In  f^ic  ancient  church,  a  reader  ;  a  person  designated 
to  read  parts  of  the  Bible,  Slc,  when  few  other  peo- 
ple could  read. 

LECTIiUE,  71.  [Fr.  lecture,  from  L.  lectura,  from  lego, 
to  read.] 

1.  .\  (li.scourse  read  or  pronounced  on  any  subject ; 
usually  a  formal  or  methodical  discourse,  intended 
for  instruction  ;  as,  a  lecture  on  morals,  pliilosophy, 
rhetoric,  or  iheology. 

2.  .\  reading;  the  act  or  practice  of  reading;  as, 
in  the  lecture  of  Holy  Scripture.    [Little  used.] 

Brmen. 

3.  A  magisterial  reprimand  ;  a  formal  reproof. 

i^ddiiion 

4.  A  rehearsal  of  a  lesson.  f*.ng.  Vniv 
LEC'TI'RE,  v.  i.    To  read  or  deliver  a  formal  dis 

course. 

2.  'I'o  practice  reading  lectures  for  instructiim.  We 
say,  the  professor  lectures  on  geometry,  or  on  chem- 
istry. 

LECTURE,  V.  t.    To  in-^triict  by  discourses. 

2.  To  instruct  dogniaticnily  or  authoritatively  ;  to 

reprove  ;  as,  to  lecture  one  for  his  faults. 
LECTUR-/.'D,  pp.    Instructed  by  discourse  ;  repri- 

llirindeil. 

LECTI;R-ER,  71.  One  who  reads  or  pronounces  lec- 
tures ;  a  profe-s-sor  or  an  instructor  who  delivers  for- 
mal discourses  for  the  instruction  of  others. 

2.  A  preacher  in  a  church,  hired  by  the  parish  to 
assist  the  rector,  vicar,  tir  curate.  Juhitson, 

LECTURE-SIIIP,  71.   The  olfico  of  a  lecturer.  Swift 

LEC'T1;R-ING,  ppr.  Reading  or  delivering  a  dis- 
course ;  reproving. 

LECTUR.N,  II.  A  reading-desk  in  some  churches. 
LVot  in  use.]  Chmuer. 

LED,  prrl.  anil  pp.  of  Lead. 

LED-CAP'TAIN,  n.  and  capfain.]    An  obsequi- 

ous f^ollower  or  attenilant. 

LED'/;N,  n.    [Sax.  lyden.] 

Linguage  ;  true  meaning.    [0A.«.]  Spenser. 

LEDGE,  II.  rSai.  leger,  a  layer;  D.  Irggen,  to  lay, 
Sax.  lecgan.] 


TC.NE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


LEE 


LEG 


LEG 


1.  A  stratum,  la3  er,  or  row. 

The  loivest  ledge  or  row  should  be  merely  of  stone,  WoUon. 

9.  A  ridce  ;  a  prominent  row  ;  as,  a  [edcre  of  rocks, 

3.  A  prominent  part ;  a  regular  part  rising  or  pro- 
jectini;  beyond  the  rest.  Swift. 

4.  A  small  molding. 

5.  A  small  piece  of  timber  pl.aced  athwart  ships, 
under  the  deck,  between  the  beams. 

6.  A  ridge  of  rocks  near  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

Mar.  Diet. 

LEDO'ER,  II.  The  princip.il  book  of  accounts  among 
merchants  ;  the  book  into  wliich  the  accounts  of  the 
journal  are  carried  in  a  summary  form. 

2.  LedfTcrs  ;  in  architecture^  pieces  of  timber  used 
to  support  the  platform  of  scaffolding. 

LEDG'ER-LiXE.    See  Leger-Lixe. 

LEDtJ'Y,  a.    .^bounding  in  ledges. 

LEO'-HOR.SE,  71.    .\  sumpter-horse. 

LEE,  71, ;  pi.  Lees.    [Fr.  lie.] 

Dregs  ;  sediment.    [See  Lees.] 

LEE,  71.  [Sw.  la:  Dan.  lee.  In  Sax.  hleo,  Memti,  is  a 
bower  or  shelter;  Scot,  le,  calm,  sheltered  ;  Ice.  We, 
D.  Ill,  lee,  and  law,  sheltered  from  the  wind  ;  lawcn, 
to  cease  blowing ;  W.  cltid,  sheltering,  warm  ;  Sp. 
lua,  lee.  If  the  Welsli  is  the  same  word,  it  con- 
nects these  words  with  Lat.  claudo,  dado,  to  shut  or 
stop.] 

Literally,  a  calm  or  sheltered  place,  a  place  defend- 
ed from  the  wind  ;  hence,  that  part  of  the  hemisphere 
toward  which  the  wind  blows,  as  opposed  to  that 
from  which  it  proceeds. 

Under  the  lee,  denotes,  properly,  in  the  pnrt  defend- 
ed from  the  wind. 

Under  the  tee  of  the  land,  is,  properlij,  near  the  shore, 
which  breaks  the  force  of  the  wind. 

Under  the  lee  of  a  ship  ;  on  the  side  opposite  to  that 
on  which  the  wind  blows. 

LEK,  B.  ;.    To  lie.    [Ohs.]    [See  Lie,]  Chaucer. 

LEE'-BoARD.  7i.  A  frame  of  plank  affixed  to  the 
side  of  a  Hat-botlomed  vessel,  to  prevent  it  from  fall- 
ing to  leeward  when  close-hauled. 

LEE'-GaGE,  77.  A  greater  distance  from  the  point 
whence  the  wind  blows  th.an  another  vessel  has. 

LEE'-LURCH,  77.  A  sudden  and  violent  roll  of  n  ship 
to  leeward  in  a  liigh  sea. 

LEE'-SHoRE,  77.  The  shore  under  the  lee  of  a  ship, 
or  that  toward  whicli  the  wind  blows. 

LEE'-SIDE,  71.  The  side  of  a  ship  or  boat  furthest 
from  ihe  point  whence  the  wind  blows;  opposed  to 

the  \Ve4  I  HER-SIDE. 

LEE'-TIllE,  71.    A  tide  running  in  the  same  direction 
that  the  wind  blows.    .\  tide  under  the  Ice,  is  a  stream 
in  an  opposite  direction  to  the  wind. 
LEE'U'ARO,  a.    I'eitaining  to  the  part  toward  wliich 

the  wind  blows  ;  as,  a  leeward  ship. 
LEE' VV.VRD,  adn.   Toward  the  lee,  or  that  part  toward 
which  the  wind  blows  ;  ojiposed  to  Windward  ;  as, 
fall  to  leeward. 
LEE'W.aY,  71.    The  lateral  movement  of  a  ship  to  the 
leeward  of  her  course,  or  the  angle  which  the  line  of 
her  way  makes  with  her  keel,  when  she  is  close- 
hauled.  Mar.  Diet. 
LEECH,  7t.  [Goth.?fi7.ctj,  Sax.  Ime,  a  host  or  innkeeper, 
a  physician  :  Dan.  Idcire  ;  Iw^rr,  to  heal ;  Sw.  Idkia, 
to  heal ;  M/arf,  a  physician  ;  iT.liairh;  Russ.  ;iuA-a7'.] 
1.  A  physician  ;  a  professor  of  the  art  of  liealing. 

Spenser.    Dnjdeii.  Gait. 
[This  word,  in  the  United  States,  is  nearly  or 
wholly  obsolete.    Even  Cow-leech  is  not  useil.] 

a.  [Sax.  Itr.cr.an,  to  seize.]  A  blood-sucker  ;  an  an- 
imal of  the  genus  Hirudo,  a  species  of  aquatic  worm, 
which  is  used  in  the  medical  art  for  topical  bleeding. 
One  large  species  of  this  animal  is  called  hor.ie-leech. 

D.  In  i(eo77ie7i's  lamruage,  the  border  or  edge  of  a 
sail,  whicli  is  sloping  or  perpendicular  ;  as,  the  fure- 
leech,  the  after-leech,  «&c. 
LEECH,  c.t.  To  treat  with  medicine ;  to  heal.  [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

LEECH'-eRSFT,  n.    The  art  of  healing.  [Ohs.] 

Davies. 

LEECII'-LI.XE,  71.  Leech  lines  are  ropes  fastened  to 
the  leech-ropes  of  the  main-sail  and  fore-sail,  serving 
to  truss  them  up  to  thi^  yards. 

LEEi'll'-RoPE,  71.  That  part  of  the  bolt-rope  to 
which  the  ukirt  or  border  of  a  sail  is  sewed. 

Mar.  Diet. 

LEEF,  a.  Kind;  fond;  jJeasing;  willing.  [Obs.] 
[."^ec  Ll£K.]  Spenser. 

LEEK,  71.  fSax.  leac  ;  G.  ;«hc/i  ;  D.  look;  Sw.  liik ; 
Dan.  li)g.] 

A  plant  of  the  genua  Allium,  with  a  bulbous  root. 
•  A'mtii.  xi. 

LKE'LtTE,  71.    A  variety  of  feldspar,  so  named  from 

Ur.  Lee.  Dana. 
LKEK.  r.  i.    [D.  glunrrn,  heglaureii,] 

1,  To  look  obli<|uely  ;  to  turn  the  eye  and  cast  a 
look  from  a  corner,  either  in  contempt,  defianci:,  or 
frownini;,  or  for  a  idy  look.  Swift. 
y.  To  look  with  a  forced  countenance,  Drijdrn. 
LEF.K,  1',  I.    'I'd  nl.ure  with  smileH,  IJrijden. 
LEEK,  11,    [Snx.  Ideare,  hlror,  the  cheek.] 
I.  'I  he  cheek.  [O**,) 

'2.  Complexion;  liue  ;  face,    [Obs.]  Shak. 


3.  An  oblique  view. 

With  jeivlous  leer  malign 
E^eU  tliem  askance.  Milton. 

4.  An  affected  cast  of  countenance. 

Damn  with  faint  praise,  concede  with  civil  leer.  Pope, 
LEER,  o.    [Sax.  gclatr.] 

Empty;  also,  trilling  ;  frivolous.  [OJs] 

B.  Jonson. 

LEER'jED,  pp.    Looked  obliquely  ;  allured  by  smiles. 
LEER'ING,  pjrr.  Looking  obliquely  ;  casting  a  look  as- 
kance. 

LEER'ING-LY,  ado.  With  an  arch,  oblique  look  or 
smile. 

LEES,  71.  pt.  [Fr.  lie ;  Arm.  ly ;  probably  a  contracted 
word.    It  is  used  in  the  plural  only.] 

The  grosser  parts  of  any  liquor  which  have  settled 
on  the  bottom  of  a  vessel ;  dregs  ;  sediment ;  as,  the 
lees  of  wine. 
LEESE,  J),  t.   To  lose.    [Obs.]    [See  Lose,] 

B.  Jonson. 

LEESE,  V.  t.    [L-  liesus.] 

To  hurt.    [Obs.]  Wir.lif 

LEET,  77.  In  Great  Britain,  a  court.  The  courl-leet, 
or  view  of  frankpledge,  is  a  court  of  record  held 
once  a  year  and  not  oftener,  within  a  pniticular  hun- 
dred, lordship,  or  manor,  before  the  steward  of  the 
leet.  lis  orignial  intent  was  to  view  the  frankpledges 
or  freemen  within  the  liberty,  to  preserve  the  peace, 
and  punish  certain  minute  offenses.  All  freeholders 
within  the  precinct  are  obliged  to  attend  this  court. 

Blackstone. 

The  court-leet  is  for  the  most  part  superseded  by 

the  county  court. 
LEET'-aLE,  71.    A  feast  or  merry-making  in  the  time 

of  leet.  Kntrland. 
LEET'-M.\N,  71.    One  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  a 

leet-court.  Bancroft. 
LEFT,  /77f(.  and  pp.  of  Leave. 

LEF'l',  a.  [L.  lieoas  ;  Gr.  Aaiut,  Ilesycli.  /\n0o? ;  prob- 
ably from  the  root  of  leave,  Gr.  Xcitti),  and  properly 
weak,  deficient.  Applied  to  the  hand  or  arm,  it  de- 
notes the  weak  arm,  as  ojjposed  to  the  right,  the 
strong,  or  dextrous,  H<-nce  the  ancient  idea  of  sin- 
ister, unfortunate,  attached  to  the  left  arm  or  side,] 

1,  Denoting  the  part  opposed  to  the  right  of  the 
body;  as,  tlie  left  hand,  arm,  or  side.  Hence,  the 
noun  being  omitted,  we  say,  on  the  left,  that  is,  on 
tne  left,  side  or  wing,  as  of  an  army. 

a.  The  left  bank  of  a  river  is  that  which  is  on  the 
left  hand  of  a  person  whose  face  is  toward  the  mouth 
of  the  river. 

LEFT'-HAND,  77    The  hand  on  the  left  side. 

LEFT'-HAND'ED,  a.  Having  the  left  hand  or  arm 
more  strong  and  tlextrous  than  the  right ;  using  the 
left  hand  and  arm  with  more  dexterity  than  the 
right. 

2.  Unlucky;  inauspicious;  unseasonable.  [Ofc.] 

B.  Jonson. 

Left-handed  marriage,  or  Morganatic  marriage ; 
among  German  princes,  a  marriage  with  a  woman 
of  inferior  rank,  in  which  it  is  stipulated,  that  she 
and  lier  cliildri  ii  shall  not  enjoy  the  rank,  or  inherit 
the  piissessiims,  of  her  husband.  Brande. 

LEFT'-IIAXD'ED-NESS,  71.  Habitual  use  of  the 
left  hand,  or  rather  the  ability  to  use  the  left  hand 
with  more  ease  and  strength  than  the  right. 

LEFT'-HAND'I-NESS,  71.  Awkwardness. 

Chesterjield. 

LEG,  77.    [Dan.  lirg;  It.  lacca.] 

1.  The  limb  of  an  animal,  used  in  supporting  the 
body,  and  in  walking  and  running;  projierly,  that 
part  of  the  limb  from  the  knee  to  the  foot,  but  in  a 
viore  general  sense,  the  whole  limb,  including  the 
thigh,  the  leg,  and  the  foot. 

9.  Tlie  long  or  slender  support  of  any  tiling  ;  as, 
the  leg  of  a  table. 

Legs  of  a  triangle  ;  the  sides  of  a  triangle  ;  a  name 
seldom  used  unless  one  of  the  sides  is  first  distin- 
guished by  some  approjiriate  term  ;  as,  the  hypot- 
enuse and  two  legs  of  a  right-angled  triangle. 

Barlow. 

To  make  a  leg;  to  bow  ;  a  phrase  introduced  prob- 
ably by  the  practice  of  drawing  the  right  leg  back- 
ward.   [Little  used.]  Locke.  Swift. 

To  stand  on  one^s  own  legs ;  to  support  one's  self; 
to  trust  to  one's  own  strength  or  etlbrts,  without 
aid. 

LEG'A-CY,  n.  [Sp.  legado ;  Fr.  legs;  L.  Icgatum, 
from  lego,  to  send,  to  bequeath  ;  Eth.  ,  taka, 

Ar.  alaka,  to  send.    Class  Lg,  No.  1.] 

A  bequest ;  a  particular  thing  or  certain  sum  of 
miuiey  given  by  last  will  or  testament. 

tiood  counBcl  ia  tlie  licst  legacy  n  father  can  leave  to  hln  child. 

L'Bilcaiige. 

LEG'A-CY-HUNT'ER,  71.  One  who  flatters  and  courts 
for  legacies. 

Lk'GAL,  a.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  Icgalis,  from  Icz,  legis, 
law.) 

I.  According  to  law  ;  in  conformity  with  luw  ;  as, 
ft  legal  standard  or  Utnl ;  a  legal  proctMiure. 


a.  Lawful ;  pt^rmitted  by  law  ;  as,  a  legal  trade. 
Any  thing  is  legal  which  the  laws  do  not  forbid. 

3.  According  to  the  law  of  works,  as  distinguished 
from  free  grace  ;  or  resting  on  works  for  salvation 

4.  Pertaining  to  law  ;  created  by  law.  [Milton 
The  exception  must  be  confined  to  legal  crimes.  Pale$ 

So  we  use  the  phrase  crimined  law. 
Lk'G.\L-IST,  71.    One  who  relies  for  salvation  upon 
Li^'GAL  FICTION.    See  Fiction,    [works  of  law. 
LE-GAL'I-TY,  71.    Lawfulness  ;  conformity  to  law. 

2.  In  theology,  a  reliance  on  works  for  salvation. 

Scott. 

Llc'G.AL-lZE,  V.  t.  To  make  lawful ;  to  render  con- 
formable to  law ;  to  authorize  What  can  legalize  re- 
venge 

2,  To  sanction  ;  to  give  the  authority  of  law  to 
that  which  is  done  witlioiit  law  or  authority.  Irregu- 
lar proceedings  may  be  legalized  by  a  subseiment  act 
of  the  legislature. 
Lt2.'GAL-IZ-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Made  lawful. 
Lf.'GAL-TZ-ING,  ppr.    Making  lawful. 
Le'GAL-LY,  ui/e.    Lawfully;  according  to  law  ;  in  a 

manner  permitted  by  law. 
LEG'A-T.\-RY,  71.    [Fr.  Icgataire;  L.  legatarius,iwm 
lego,  to  bequeath.] 
A  legatee  ;  one  to  whom  a  legacy  is  bequeathed. 
[But  Leuatee  is  generally  used.] 
LEG' ATE,  71.    [Fr.  legat :  L.  legatus,  from  lego,  to 
send.    See  Lackev.] 

1.  An  emb.issador  or  envoy  ;  but  especially, 

2.  The  pope's  embassador  to  a  foreign  prince  or 
state  ;  a  cardinal  or  bishop  sent  as  the  pope's  repre- 
sentative or  commissioner  to  a  sovereign  prince.  Leg- 
ates are  of  three  kinds  ;  legates  a  latere,  or  counsel- 
ors and  assistants  of  his  holiness  ;  legates  de  latere, 
who  are  not  cardinals,  and  legates  by  ojice.  Enciic. 

LEG-A-TEE',  n.    [L,  lego,  to  send.] 

One  to  whom  a  legacv  is  bequeathed.  Swift. 
LEG'ATE-SHU',  71.    The  office  of  a  legate. 
LEG'A-TINE,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  legate  ;  as,  legatine 
power.  Shak. 

2.  Made  by  or  proceeding  from  a  legate;  as,  a  lega- 
tine constitution.  jlijliffe. 
LE-Ga''JTON,  7i.    [L.  legntio,  from  lego,  to  send.] 

An  embassy  ;  a  deputation  ;  properly,  a  sending, 
but  generally,  the  person  or  persons  sent  as  envoys 
or  embassadors  to  a  foreign  court.  Bacon. 
LE-GA'  TO,  [It.]  in  vinsie,  directs  the  notes  to  be  per- 
formed in  a  close,  smooth,  gliding  manner;  opposed 
to  Staccato. 

LEG-A-TOR',  n.  [L.]  A  testator  ;  one  who  bequeaths 
a  legacy.    [Little  used.]  Dnjdrn. 

LEG'-BAIL,  71.  To  gicc  leg-bail,  is  to  escape  from 
custody  and  run  away.  fValtrr  Scott. 

LEGE,  (lej,)  V.  t.  To  allege  ;  to  lighten.    [JVo!  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

LE'GEND  or  LEG'END,  71.  [It.  leggenda ;  L.  Iege7i- 
da,  from  lego,  to  read  ;  originally,  in  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic church,  a  book  of  service,  or  lessons  to  be  read 
in  worship.] 

1.  A  chronicle  or  register  of  the  lives  of  saints,  for- 
merly reail  at  matins,  and  at  the  refectories  of  reli- 
gious houses.  Hence, 

2.  An  idle  or  ridiculous  story  told  respecting  saints. 

Encye. 

3.  Any  memorial  or  relation.  Johnson. 

4.  An  incredible, unauthentic  narrative.  Bloekinore. 

5.  The  motto  or  words  placed  round  the  field  of  a 
medal  or  coin.  Brande. 

Lr.'GEND,  II.  (.    To  tell  or  narrate,  as  a  legend.  Hall. 
LEG'END-.\-RY,  o.    Consisting  of  legcnils  ;  strange  ; 
fabulous. 

LEG'E.VD-A-RY,  Ji.  A  book  of  legends ;  a  rel.ater  of 
legends.  Sheldon. 

LEG'ER,  71.    [D.  leggen,  to  lie.  Sax.  leegan.] 

Any  thing  that  lies  in  a  place  ;  that  which  rests  or 
remains;  .sometimes  used  as  a  noun,  but  more  fre- 
quently as  an  adjective,  as,  a  leger  embassador,  that 
is,  resident ;  but  the  word  is  now  obsolete,  excejit  in 
particular  phrases. 

A  legcr-book,  or  leger  ;  a  book  that  lies  in  the  coiint- 
ing-himse,  the  book  into  which  nierchants  carry  a 
summary  of  the  accounts  of  the  journal  ;  usually 
and  properly  written  I.eooer, 

LEi':'l'.l{-I,i\E,  (led'jei-,)  11,  In  7nM«iV,a  line  added  to 
the  slatr  of  five  lines,  when  more  lines  than  five  are 
waiiteil,  for  designating  iioti'S  ascending  or  descend- 
ing, 

LEO-ER-DE-MAli\',  71.  [Fr.  leger,  It.  leggiero,  light, 
slight,  and  Fr.  dc  ma'n,  of  hand.    See  Lioht.] 

Sleight  of  hand  ;  a  deceptive  performance  which 
depends  on  dexterity  of  band  ;  a  trick  perfonncil 
with  such  art  and  adroitness,  that  the  manner  or  art 
eludes  observation.  Tin:  wor<l  is  sometimes  usetl  ;id- 
jeclively  ;  as,  a  legerdemain  trick. 
LE-GEK'I-'l'V,  11.    [Fr.  Icgrrcti.]    Lightness  ;  nimble- 

ness,  [A^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 
LE(;(iE,f,  (,  [Sax. /rfira7i.]  To  lay.  [Obs.]  Il  ic.lif 
LEG'ti flepd  or  leg'ged,)  a.  [from  leg.]  Having 
legs  ;  usetl  in  composition  ;  as,  a  two-legged  animal, 
LEG'OIN,  In.  (Iroin  leg.]  A  cover  for  the  leg, 
LEG'GINt!,  j  like  a  Ituig  gaiter;  a  garment  llitit  in- 
clt7ses  the  leg,  Mackeniic.  Svuthey. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  MflTE,  PREY  PINE,  MAJllNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  JtQQK — 


LEG 

LEG-I-BIL'l-TY,  ?i.    Lugibleiiess ;  the  quality  orstiite 

of  boiii(!  legible. 
LE6'I-ltJ^'.,  0.    [L.  leaibilis,  fniin  Iriru,  to  read.] 

.    1.  Tiiai  may  uc  read  ;  cmisislinK  ol"  letters  or  fi#- 

ures  thu  itiuy  be  dislingiiislied  by  tbe  eye ;  as,  a  fair, 

logibic  njiiiuscript. 

2.  That  may  be  discox'ercd  or  understood  by  aj)-. 
parent  marks  or  indications.  The  thouglil^  of  men 
are  often  /ciWWi  in  their  countenances. 

LEC'i  nLK-NEaS,  n.  The  (lualily  or  state  of  being 
legible. 

LEG'l-HliY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  may  bo  read  ; 

as,  a  maniftcript  lei^iblii  written. 
Lis'GlON,  II.         (fii-in.'from  tevo,  to  collect.] 

1.  In  Roman  antiiiuilij,  a  body  of  infantry,  consist- 
inzof  different  nnnibers  of  men  at  dilfercnt  periods, 
from  three  to  five  thousand.  Each  legion  was  divided 
into  ten  cohorts,  each  cohort  into  ten  companies,  and 
each  company  into  two  centuries.  Encijc. 
y.  A  military  force  ;  military  bands.  S/m/;. 

3.  A  great  number. 

WhPM  oi»<*  tin  hn»  eiitercil,  tegiona  will  force  their  wav  through 

the  mm'  lire.icli.  Itogeri. 
My  imiiu'  U  legion,  for  wc  nrc  many.  —  Mark  v. 
Legion  of  honor ;  an  order  instituted  in  France  by 
Napoleon,  as  a  reward  for  merit,  both  civil  and  mili- 
tary. Branile. 
Lk'0iION-.\-RY,  a.  Relating  to  a  legion  or  to  legions. 
'J.  Consisting  of  a  legion  or  of  legions ;  as,  a  le- 
gionarit  force. 

3.  Containing  a  great  number ;  as,  a  legionary  botly 
of  errors.  Brown. 
LF.'(.'ilON-.\-RY,  n.    One  of  a  legion.  Milton. 
Lk'GION-RY,  71.    Bodv  of  legions.  PoUok. 
LEG'IS-LaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  Itz,  legis.  Law,  and  fcro,  la- 
tum, to  give,  pass,  or  enact.] 

To  make  or  enact  a  law  or  laws.    It  is  a  tjuestion 
whether  it  is  expedient  to  Ugi^late  at  present  on  the 
subject.   Let  us  not  legislate,  when  we  have  no  pow- 
er to  enforce  our  laws. 
LEO'IS-L.^-TEI),/»rt.  and  /ip.  of  liEoisLATE. 
LEG'IS-LA-TIN<;,  pfir.    Enacting  laws. 
LEG-IS-La'TION,  II.    I^Fr.]    The  act  of  p,assing  a 
law  or  laws ;  the  enacting  of  laws. 

Pylhagori*  joined  Itgitlation  to  hid  philosopiiy.  LiWeton. 

LEG'I.S-LA-TIVE,  <J.    [Fr.  legistatlf.] 

1.  Giving  or  enacting  laws  ;  as,  a  legislative  body. 

2.  Capable  of  enactine  laws  ;  as,  legi.dative  power. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  enacting  of  laws  ;  suitable  to 
laws  ;  as,  the  leghtlative  style. 

4.  Done  by  enacting  ;  as,  a  legistatine  act. 

JVefp.  —  In  this  word,  and  in  Leoi:ilator,  LEc;ig- 
LATRH,  LEotsLATL'nE,  the  accent  is  nearly  equal  on 
the  first  and  third  syllables  ;  and  a,  in  the  third,  has 
its  first  or  loni;  sound. 
LBG'IS-I,.\-TOIl,  II.  A  lawgiver;  one  who 

makes  laws  for  a  state  or  romtnunily.  This  word  is 
limited  in  its  use  lo  a  supreme  lawgiver,  the  lawgiver 
of  a  sovereign  state  tir  kingdom,  and  is  not  applied 
to  men  that  make  the  by-laws  of  a  subordinate  cor- 
poration. 

LEG-IS-I,a'TOR-SIIIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  legislator. 

[JViit  ill  11.4C.]  Ilal'ifar. 
LEG-IIS-EA'TRESS,  (  n.    A  female  who  makes  laws. 
LEG-IS-La'TRIX,    i  Tooke. 
L£G'IS-L.^-TIIRE,  (led'jis-lat-yur,)  n.    [Sp.  legislaOa- 

m.] 

The  body  of  men  in  a  state  or  kingdom  invested 
with  power  to  make  and  reiK'al  laws  ;  the  supreme 
power  of  a  state.  The  legislature  of  Great  Britain 
consists  of  the  house  of  lords  and  the  house  of  com- 
mons, with  the  king,  whose  sanctitm  is  necessary  to 
every  bill  before  it  becomes  a  law.  The  legislatures 
of  most  of  the  Statf.t  in  .America  consist  of  two  houses 
or  branches  ;  but  the  sanction  of  the  governor  is  re- 
quired to  give  their  acts  the  force  of  law,  or  a  con- 
currence of  two  thirds  of  the  two  houses  after  he 
has  declined  and  assigned  his  objections. 

LK'GIST,  71.    One  skilled  in  the  laws.  Mar.iton. 

LE-GIT'I-.MA-CY,  II.  [from /r^itiiiia/r.]  Litcra//^, ac- 
cordance with  law.  Hence,  lawfulness  of  birth  ; 
opposed  to  Uastarot.  Jiyliffe. 

Q.  Genuineness,  or  reality;  opposed  to  SruRiot's- 
r<Ess. 

3.  Regular  sequence  or  deductit^n  ;  as,  the  legiti- 
macy of  a  conclusion. 

4.  The  accordance  of  an  action  or  institution  with 
established  law  ;  as,  the  legitimacy  of  a  measure  or 
government. 

LE  GIT'I-.MATE,  a.  [Fr.  legitime ;  L.  Itgitimiu;  from 
Ui,  law.] 

LilrraUii,  accordant  with  law.  Hence, 

1.  I.awfully  begotten  '>r  born  ;  born  in  wedlock  ; 
*s,  legitimate  heirs  or  children. 

Q.  Genuine  ;  real ;  not  false  or  spurious. 

3.  Following  by  regular  or  natural  sequence  ;  as,  a 
legitimate  result. 

A.  In  accordance  with  established  law  ;  as,  a  legit- 
imate Kovernment. 
LF--GIT'I-MaTE,  v.  U    [Fr.  legitimcr ;  Sp.  Ugitimar; 
It.  legiltimare.] 

1.  To  make  l.iwful. 

2.  To  render  legitimate  ;  to  communicate  the  rights 


LEM 

of  a  legitimate  child  to  one  that  is  illegiiimalc  ;  to  in- 
vest with  the  rights  of  a  lawful  heir.  .Iijlijfe. 

LE-GIT'l-.MA-TEl),  OTi.    Made  lawful. 

LE-G1T'I-MATJ5-LY,  adv.  Lawfully  ;  according  to 
law. 

2.  Genuinelv  ;  not  falsely.  Drtiden. 

LE-GlT'I-.MATE-NErfS,  n.  Legality  ;  lawfulness  ; 
genuineiiess. 

LE  GIT'I-Ma-TING,  ppr.    Rendering  lawful. 

LE-GIT-I-Ma'TION,  n.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  rendering 
legitimate,  or  of  investing  an  illegitimate  child  with 
the  riglits  of  oni^  bum  in  wedlock. 
2.  Lawful  birth,    [[/nu.iaal.]  Shak. 

LE-GIT'1-MI.ST,  II.  One  who  supports  lecitimale  au- 
thority. In  Franre,  an  ailhi  ri-iit  of  the  elder  branch 
of  till-  liourbon  family,  which  was  driven  from  the 

LE(;'LI'",S.S,a.    Having'iio  legs.  [throne  in  lx:iO. 

LEtJ'n.ME,      )  71.    [Ij.lrgumen  ;  Vr.lrgume;  probably 

LE-GO'ME.\',  i  from  L.  lego,  to  colled,  and  signify- 
ing that  wliich  collec  is  or  Imlds  or  a  colli  ctiun.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  pericarp  or  seed-vessel  of  two  valves, 
in  which  the  seeds  are  fixed  to  one  suture  only.  In 
the  latter  circumstance,  it  dilfiTS  from  a  siliqua,  in 
which  the  seeds  are  attaolii  il  to  both  sutures.  In 
popular  use,  a  legume  is  called  a  I'uo,  or  a  Cod  ;  as, 
pea-pw/,  or  puns-cod.  Marlyn. 

2.  In  the  plural,  pulse,  peas,  beans,  &c. 
LE-(;0'M1N,  71.     A  peculiar  principle  in  the  fleshy 

cotyledons  of  the  seeds  of  papilionaceous  plants  ; 
veuPlable  casein.  Qrahaoi. 

LE-(;0'.MIN-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  pulse  ;  consisting 
of  pulse.  Leguminous  plants  are  such  as  have  a  leg- 
ume for  a  pericarp,  as  peas  and  beans. 

LEI-P.Vril'Y-Mie,  a.    [Gr.  >cit(..  and  Or/io?.] 

Fainting;  tcniling  to  swooning.  J.  Taylor. 

LKlS'tJK-.\-ULE,  a.  [See  Leislihe.]  Vacant  of  em- 
ployment ;  not  occupied  ;  as,  Icisurablc  hours.  [Lit- 
tle M.sY//.]  Brown. 

LKlts'lJR-A-nLY,  At  leisure;  without  hurry. 

ILittle  used.]  Hooker. 

LkIS'IJRE,  (lee'zhur  or  lezh'yur,)  k,  [Fr.  loisir.  This 
is  from  the  saina  root  as  Sw.  arid  Dan.  ledig,  void, 
empty,  vacant,  free,  cased  ;  Sw.  Udighel,  Dan.  Icdig- 
hed,  leisure ;  or  it  may  bo  more  nearly  connected 
with  Goth,  laus,  loose,  free,  vacant,  Eng.  lease.] 

1.  Freedom  from  occupation  or  business;  vacant 
time ;  lime  free  from  employment. 

The  desire  of  Uiture  is  much  more  na'.uml  than  of  busine&s  and 

can'.  Ternjile. 
I  shall  leaTC  with  hbn  tliat  rebuke  to  be  corisidcrt'd  at  his  tettnre. 

Locke. 

2.  Convenience  of  time. 

He  Bi;;licd  aud  had  no  leiture  more  to  say.    [Not  used.] 

Dryden. 

This  word  is  sometimes  used  adjectively  ;  as,  leis- 
ure time.  Drydrn, 
LEIS'liRE-LY,  0.  Done  at  leisure  ;  not  hasty  ;  delib- 
erate ;  slow  ;  as,  a  leisurely  walk  or  march  ;  a  leisure- 
Ij  survey  of  life. 
LkIS'IJRE-LY,  adv.  Not  in  haste  or  hurry  ;  slowly  ; 
at  leisure  ;  deliberately. 

We  descenilod  rery  leieurety,  iny  friend  bein*  CArrful  to  count 
the  steps.  Additon. 

LE'iMAN,  71.    [Probably  contracted  from  lifman,  Icoe- 
man  ;  Sax.  leof,  loved,  and  man.  Sec  Love  and  Lief.] 
A  sweetheart ;  a  gallant,  or  a  mistress.  [OA*.] 
Chaucer.    Spenser.  Shak, 


LeME,  n.    [Sax.  Icoma.] 
>•  of  light.  '"" 


Chaucer. 


.\  ray  of  light.    [Aot  in  iise.] 
Lic.ME,     i.    To  shine.  [0.'«.] 
LE.M'JI.V,  71.    [Gr.  Xriiiiia,  from  Xau/iaro),  lo  receive.] 
In  maUtematics,  a  proposition  demonstrated  for  the 
purpose  of  being  used  in  the  demonstration  of  some 
other  proposition.  Day. 
LE.M'MING,  i  n.  An  English  name  applied  to  a  group 
LE.M'ING,     (    of  rodent  mammals,  very  nearly  allied 
to  the  mouse  and  rat.  They  mostly  inhabit  the  north 
of  Europe  and  Asia.   Hy  some  natunilists,  this  group 
is  made  a  genus  under  the  name  of  Lemmas,  but  by 
others  it  is  placed  under  the  genus  Mus. 

Lcmnian  earth,  or  sphragide,  from  the  Isle  of  Leni- 
nos,  in  the  Egean  Sea  ;  a  kind  of  astringent,  medici- 
nal earth,  of  a  fatty  consistence  and  reddish  color, 
used  in  the  same  cases  as  bole.  It  has  the  external 
appearance  of  clay,  with  a  snuKith  surface  resembling 
agate,  especially  in  recent  fractures.  It  removes  im- 
purities like  soap.  Encyc.  Jficholson. 
LE.M-NI?'e.\TE,  n.  [L.  lemniscus,  a  ribbon  ;  Icmnis- 
ctttus,  ailorned  with  ribbons.] 

In  geonittnj,  the  name  of  a  curve  in  the  form  of 
the  figure  8.  Barlow. 
LE.M'ON,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  limon;  It.  Jimoiif.  This 
Word  is  fiiiinil  in  llie  Arabic  of  .Avicenna ;  and  in  the 
Amharic  dialect  of  Ethiopia  we  find  /ini«  or  lame,  the 
same  word.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  bcloneing  to  the  genus  Citnis, 
which  grows  in  warm  climates.  'J'his  fruit  furnish- 
es a  cooling  acid  juice,  which  forms  an  ingredient  in 
some  of  our  most  delicious  liquors. 

2.  Lemon,  or  lemm-trtc  ;  the  tree  that  produces 
lemons. 

What  is  called  salt  of  lemons,  is  really  vinoxalate 
of  potash,  or  potash  combined  with  oxalic  acid. 

Brande. 


LEN 

LESI-ON-ADE',  n.    [Fr.  limonade ;  Sp.  limonaJa ;  from 

limon.  ] 

A  liquor  consisting  of  lemon-juice  mixed  with  wa- 
ter and  sweetened. 

liK'MUR,  71.  [L.]  One  of  a  genus  of  quadrumanoua 
mammals,  nearly  allied  to  the  a[ies,  baboons,  and 
monkeys,  but  with  a  form  approaching  that  of  quad- 
rupeds, mostly  inhabiting  Madagascar  and  the  East 
Indian  islands. 

LEM'lJ-RE.?,  71.  pi.  [L.]  Hobgoblins;  i  vil  spirits. 
(JVi-f  KnglL<h.] 

LEND,  11.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Le.it.  [Sax.  tenon;  Sw. 
Idna;  Dan.  laanrr ;  G.  leihen  ;  D.  lecnen.  Lend  is  a 
corrupt  orthogra|>)iy  of  len,  or  loan,  or  derived  from 
it.    See  Loan.] 

1.  To  grant  to  another  for  temporary  use,  on  the 
express  or  implied  condition  that  the  thing  shall  be 
returned  ;  as,  to  lend  a  book  ;  or, 

2.  To  grant  a  thing  to  be  used,  on  the  condition 
that  its  equivalent  in  kind  shall  be  returned  ;  as,  to 
lent/  a  sum  of  money,  or  a  loaf  of  bread. 

3.  To  afford  ;  to  grant  ;  to  furnish,  in  general ;  as, 
to  lend  assistance  ;  to  lend  an  ear  to  a  discourse. 

Cato,  Icjid  iiir-  for  a  white  tliy  patience.  Addittn. 

4.  To  grant  for  temporary  use,  on  condition  of  re- 
ceiving a  compensation  at  certain  periods  for  the  use 
of  the  thing,  and  an  ultimate  return  of  the  thing,  or 
its  full  value.  Thus  money  is  lent  on  condition  of 
receiving  interest  for  the  use,  and  of  having  the  prin- 
cipal sum  returned  at  the  stipulated  time.  Lend  is 
correlative  to  borrow. 

f).  To  permit  to  use  for  another's  benefit.  A  lent 
his  name  to  obtain  money  from  (he  bank. 

C.  To  let  for  hire  or  compensation  ;  as,  to  Und  a 
horse  or  gig.  ['J'his  sense  is  u.sed  by  Paley,  and  prob- 
ably may  be  common  in  England.  But  in  the  United 
States,  I  believe,  the  word  is  never  thus  used,  except 
in  reference  to  money.  We  lend  money  upon  inter- 
est, but  never  lend  a  coach  or  horse  for  a  compensa- 
tion. Wc  use  let.] 
LEND'A-BLE,  a.  'j'hat  may  be  lent.  Sherwood. 
LEND'ER,  71.    One  who  lends. 

Tlie  Imrrower  is  secant  to  Uie  lender.  —  ProT.  ixii, 
2.  One  who  makes  a  trade  of  putting  money  to  in- 
terest. Bacon.  Dryden. 
LEND'ING,  ppi-.    Granting  for  temporary  use.  [See 

I*END.] 

LEND'ING,  71.   The  act  of  loaning. 

2.  That  which  is  lent  or  furnished.  Shak. 
LENDS,  71.  pi.    [Sax.]    Loins.    [Xol  in  use.]  JViclif. 
LENGTH,  71.     [Sax.  IcngUie,  from  Icng,  long;  U. 
lengte.'] 

1.  llic  extent  of  anything  material  from  end  to 
end  ;  the  longest  line  which  can  be  drawn  through  a 
body,  parallel  to  its  sides  ;  as,  the  length  of  a  church 
or  of  a  ship ;  the  lengUi  of  a  rope  or  line. 

2.  Extent ;  extension. 

Stretched  at  his  length,  lie  spunis  the  swarthy  ground.  Dryden. 

3.  A  certain  extent ;  a  portion  of  space ;  with  a 
plural. 

Large  lengths  of  seas  and  shores.  Shak. 

4.  S|iace  of  time ;  duration,  indefinitely ;  as,  a 
great  length  of  time.  What  length  of  time  will  this 
enterprise  require  for  its  accomplishment.' 

5.  Long  duration. 

May  Ileav.'n,  great  inonaKh,  still  aipffmeiit  your  Miss 

\Viih  length  of  days,  and  every  day  like  lljia.  Drydsn. 

G.  Reach  or  extent ;  as,  to  pursue  a  subject  to  a 
great  length. 

7.  E.xtent ;  as,  the  length  of  a  discourse,  essay,  or 
argument. 

8.  Distance. 

He  had  marcheti  to  the  length  of  Exeter,    [l/nutuaj  and  Inttt. 
^anl.J  Clarendon. 

J}t  length  ;  at  or  in  the  full  extent.    Let  the  name 
be  inserted  at  length. 
2.  At  last ;  at  the  end  or  conclusion.  Dryden. 
LENGTH,  r.  t.    To  extend  ;  to  lengthen.   [JV'ot  used.] 
LE.\GTH'£.N,  (length'n,)  i-.  (.    To  extend  in  length; 
to  make  longer ;  to  elongate  ;  as,  to  lengthen  a  line. 

2.  To  draw  out  or  extend  in  tunc;  to  protract;  lo 
continue  in  duration  ;  as,  to  lengthen  life.  The  days 
lengthen  from  December  to  June. 

3.  I'o  extend  ;  as,  to  lengthen  a  discourse  or  a  dls- 
scrt.ation. 

4.  To  draw  out  in  pronunciation  ;  as,  to  lengthen 
a  sound  or  a  syllable.  This  verb  is  often  followed  by 
out,  which  may  be  sometimes  emphatical,  but  in  gen- 
eral is  useless. 

Wlial  if  I  please  to  ^n^lAcn  oul  his  date  I  Drydtn. 

LENGTH'JCX,  V.  i.  To  grow  longer ;  to  extend  In 
length.  A  hempen  rope  contracts  when  wet,  and 
lengthens  when  dry. 

LENGTH'£N-KI),  flength'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Made  long- 
er ;  drawn  out  in  length  ;  continued  in  duration. 

LENGTH'£N-ING,  ppr.  Making  longer;  extending 
in  length  or  in  duration. 

LENGTiriSN-ING,  n.  Continuation ;  protraction. 
Dan.  iv. 

LE.N'GTH'FJJL,  o.    Of  great  length  in  measure.  Pop*. 


TONE,  BULL,  yNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  g  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


LEN 


LEP 


LES 


liENGTH'I-LY,  adu.    In  a  lengthy  manner;  at  great 

length  or  extent.  Jefferson. 
LEiN'GTIl'I-NESS,  n.     Length ;  the  state  of  being 

lengthy.  Kiiickerboc!;r.r,  Mirth,  1838. 

LE.NGTH'WISE,  ade.    In  the  direction  of  the  length  ; 

in  a  longitudinal  direction. 
LENGTH'Y,  a.  Being  long  or  moderately  long  ;  not 
short;  not  brief;  applied  mostly  to  moral  subjects,  us 
to  discourses,  writings,  arguments,  proceedings,  &c. ; 
as,  a  lengthy  sermon  ;  a  Icngthij  dissertation  ;  a  lengthy 
detail.  London  Quarterly  Review. 

Lengthy  periods.  Washington's  Letter  to  Plater. 

No  niiiiisteriai  act  in  France,  in  mailers  of  judicial  cognizance,  is 
done  wilhout  a  proces  verbal,  in  wliicli  tiie  facls  are  stated 
amiilsl  a  great  deal  of  lengthy  formality,  willi  a  degree  of 
minuteness  highly  profitable  to  the  verbalizing  otlicen*  and 
to  the  revenue.  Am.  Reoiew,  Ap.  Oct.  1811. 

P.  S.  Murray  has  sent,  or  will  send,  a  double  copy  of  the  Bride 
and  Giaour ;  in  the  last  one  some  lengthy  additions ;  pray 
RCCept  Ihem  according  to  old  customs. 

Lord  Dyran's  Letter  to  Dr.  Clarke,  Dec.  13,  1813. 
Chalmers's  Political  Annate,  in  treating  of  South  Carolina — is 
by  no  means  as  lengthy  as  Mr.  H''witt's  History. 

Drayton's  Vieto  of  Soath  Carolina. 
These  would  be  details  too  lengthy.  JeJ'erson. 

[This  word,  which  was  originally  an  .American- 
ism, is  now  used  to  a  considerable  extent  by  English 
writers,  and  has  been  admitted  into  the  recent  Dic- 
tionaries of  Knowles,  Smart,  and  Reid.] 
LK'NI-EN-CY,  n.  Lenity. 

LE'NI-ENT,  a.    [L.  Icn'iens,  from  lento,  lenh,  soft, 

mild;  Ar  laina,  to  be  soft,  or  smooth.  Class 

Ln,  No.  4.  The  primary  sense  probably  is  smooth,  or 
to  make  smooth,  and  blandus  may  be  of  the  same 
family.] 

1.  Softening  ;  mitigating  ;  assuasive. 
Time,  that  on  all  things  lays  his  lenient  hand, 

Yel  Umcs  iiol  this.  Pope. 

Sometimes  with  of:  as,  lenient  of  grief.  Milton. 

2.  Relaxing ;  emollient. 

Oils  relax  tlie  fiLeni,  are  lenient,  balsamic.  Arbuthnot. 
LE'NI-ENT,  m.    That  which  softens  or  assuages  ;  an 

emollient.  fVi.sfman. 
Le'.VI-EXT-LY,  adv.    Mitigatingly  ;  assuagingly. 
LF,N'I-F?,  V.  t.    To  assuage  ;  to  soften  ;  to  mitigate. 

\  l.iftle  used.]  Bacon.  Dryden. 

LEN'I-.MENT,  n.    An  assnasive.  [JVotwsed.] 
LEN'I-TIVE,  a.    [It.  leniuvo  i  Ft.  lenitif;  from  L. 

lenie,  to  soften.] 

Having  the  quality  of  softening  or  mitigating,  as 

pain  or  acrimony  ;  assuasive;  emollient. 

Bacon.  Arbuthnot, 
LEN'I-TIVE,  n.    A  medicine  or  application  that  has 

the  quality  of  easing  pain  ;  that  which  softens  or 

mitigiites. 

2.  A  palliative  ;  that  which  abates  passion.  South. 

LEN'I-TY,n.    [L.  leuitas,  from  lenis,  mild,  soft.] 

Mildness  of  temper  ;  softne.>;s  ;  tenderness;  mercy. 
Young  offenders  m.ay  be  treated  with  lenity.  It  is 
opposed  to  Severity  and  IIh;or. 

LE.\'NOUK,  a.    Slender ;  pliable.  \Local.'] 

LE-NOC'I-NANT,  n.    [L.  Icnocinaiis.] 

Given  to  lewdness.  More. 

LENS,  n. ;  pi.  Lenses.    [L.  lens,  a  lentil.] 

In  optics,  a  piece  of  glass  or  other  transparent  sul>- 
stance,  bounded  on  both  sides  by  polished  spherical 
surfaces,  or  on  the  one  sitle  by  a  spherical,  and  on 
the  other  by  a  plane,  surface.  Itnys  of  light  [)assnig 
through  it  are  made  to  change  their  direction,  and  to 
magnify  or  diminish  objects  at  a  certain  distance. 
Lenses  are  doublo-ctinvex,  or  convex  on  both  sides; 
double-concave,  or  concave  on  both  sides  ;  plano- 
convex, or  plano-concave,  that  is,  with  one  side 
plane,  and  the  other  convex  or  ctmcave  ;  or  convex 
on  one  side,  and  concave  on  the  other  ;  the  latter  is 
called  a  meniscus,  when  the  concavity  is  less  th;in  the 
convexity  ;  but  a  concavo-convex  lens,  when  the  con- 
cavity is  greater  than  the  convexity.  The  term  lens 
is  sometimes  used  by  itself  for  double  convex  lens. 

Brande. 

LENT,  pre«.  and  pp.  of  Lend. 

LENT,  n,  [Sax.  lenctcn,  s])ring,  lent,  from  lena;  long  ; 
Icnegan,  to  lengthen  ;  so  called  from  the  lengthening 
of  the  days.] 

The  quadragesimal  fast,  or  fast  of  forty  d.'iys,  ob- 
served by  the  Roman  Callii>lic  and  other  churches 
before  Easter,  the  festival  of  our  Savior's  resurrec- 
tion. It  hegms  at  Ash-Wednosday,  anil  continues 
till  E<-ist<T. 

LENT,  a.   Slow ;  mild  ;  ns, /cii(cr  heats.  \Obs.] 

B.  Jonson. 

LFJiTT,  }  [It.]  in  miwric,  directs  to  u  gradual 

J.FJ^-TJiJ^nO,  \     retarding  of  time. 
LENT'^;N,  a.    Pertaining  to  lent ;  u.scd  in  lent ;  spar- 
ing ;  as,  a  Icnltn  enti:rtainment ;  a  lenlen  salad. 

SliaJc. 

LEN-Tie'IJ-LAR,  a.  [L.  Unticularis,  from  lent,  su- 
pra.] 

1.  RcHembllng  a  lentil. 

2.  Having  the  form  uf  a  doublu-convox  lens ;  len- 
tiform. 

LEN-Tie'TJ-LAR-LY.orfi).  In  the  manner  of  a  lens  ; 
with  a  curve. 


LEN'TI-FORM,  a.    [L.  lens  and  forma,  form.] 

Of  the  form  of  a  double-convex  lens. 
LEN-TIG'I-NOUS,  a.    [L.  lentigo,  a  freckle,  from  L. 
lens.] 

Freckly  ;  scurfy;  furfuraceous. 

LEN-TI'GO,  ?(  [L.]    A  frecklv  eruption  <m  the  skin. 

LEN'TIL,  Ji.    [Fr.  lentille,  from  L.  lcn.<i.j 

A  plant  of^the  genus  Ervum.  It  is  an  annual 
plant,  rising  with  weak  stalks  about  18  inches.  The 
seeds,  which  are  contained  in  a  pod,  are  round,  flat, 
and  a  little  convex  in  the  middle.  It  is  cultivated  for 
fodder,  and  for  its  seeds.  Encyc. 

IjEN'TISK,       )  n.     [Fr.  lentisgue  ;  It.  lentischia  ;  So. 

LEN-TIS'eUS,  i     lenti.'>co  ;  L.  lentiscus.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Pistacia,  the  mastich-tree,  a 
native  of  Arabia,  Persia,  Syria,  and  the  south  of  Eu- 
rope. The  wood  is  of  a  pale-brown,  resinous  and 
fragrant.    [See  IMastich.J 

LENT'I-TUDE,  n.    [L.  lentus,  slow.] 

Slowness.    [JVot  xused.]  Diet. 

LENT'NER,  n.    A  kind  of  hawk.  IValton. 

LKjV'TO,  LtlX-TE-MEJTTE,  [It.,]  in  hiuam,  signi- 
fies slow,  smooth,  and  gliding. 

LEN'TOR,  n.  [L.,  from  lentus,  slow,  tough,  clammy  ; 
Fr.  lenteur.] 

1.  Tenacity  ,  viscousness.  Bacon. 

2.  Slowness  ;  delay  ;  sluggishness.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Siziness;  thickness  of  fluids  ;  viscidity  ;  a  term 
used  in  the  humoral  pathologif.  Coze.  Quincy. 

LEN'TOUS,  a.    [L.  lentus,  slow,  thick.] 

Viscid  ;  viscous  ;  tenacious.  Brown. 

L'EJV-KOy,  (Un-vwa',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  term  borrowed 
from  old  French  poetry,  and  signifying  a  few  de- 
tached verses  at  the  cud  of  each  piece,  serving  to 
convey  the  moral,  or  to  address  the  poem  to  a  par- 
ticular person.  Toone. 

LEN'ZIiV-ITE,  n.  [from  Lcniiiu,  a  German  mineral- 
ogist.] 

A  mineral  of  two  kinds,  the  opaline  and  argilla- 
ceous ;  a  variety  of  clay,  occurring  usually  in  small 
masses  of  the  size  of  a  nut.    Clr.avcland.  Pliillips. 
Le'0,7i.    [L.]    The  Lion,  the  fifth  sign  of  the  zodiac. 
Lk'OD,  re.    [Saxtm.]    People  ;  a  nation. 
Lic'OF,  n.    /.ee/denotes  love;  so  leofwin,  a  winner  of 

love  ;  leofstan,  best  beloved.  Gibson. 
LE'O-NINE,  a.    [L.  leuniiius,  from  leo,  lion.] 

iJeloiiging  to  a  lion  ;  resembling  a  lion,  or  partaking 
of  his  qutilities  ;  as,  leonine  fierceness  or  rapacity. 

Leonine  iicrscv,  so  ntiined  from  Leo,  the  inventor, 
are  those  the  end  of  which  rhymes  with  the  mid- 
dle ;  as, 

Gloria /actorum  lemere  concedilur /torunx.  Johnson. 

Le'O-NINE-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  linn. 

Harris. 

LEOP'ARD,  (lep'ard,)  n.  [L.  leo,  lion,  and  pardus, 
pard,  Gr.  imoiios,  from  Ileb.  TiD,to  separate,  that  is, 
spotted,  broken  into  spots.] 

A  carnivorous  digitigiade  mammal,  belonging  to 
the  genus  Felis,  i.  e.  the  (^at  group.  It  inhabits  Cen- 
tral Africa.  Its  fur  is  yellow,  with  at  least  ten 
ranges  of  small,  black  clusters  of  spots  on  each 
flank. 

LEOP'ARD'S-BaNE,  n.  The  English  popular  name 
of  several  different  plants,  principally  species  of  the 
genera  Arnica  and  Doronicum. 

Le'PA.S,?!.  [Gr.  A£Tr/i;.]  The  Iiinnman  name  for  the 
Cirripeda,  comprising  the  lialani  or  barnacles,  and 
the  AnatifiE,  of  which  there  are  now  several  genera. 

Dana. 

LEP'ER,  71.    [L.  lepra,  leprosy,  Fr.  lepre,  Ir.  lobliar,  Gr. 
Xenpa,  from  Arr.'«,  a  scale.] 
A  person  alfecteil  with  leprosy. 
LEP'II),  a.  [Ulepidus.] 

Pleasant ;  jocose.    [Little  used.] 
LEP-l-DO-DEN'DRON,  n.      [Gr.  Xtirij,  XtiriJos,  a 
scale,  and  ^tvSfiov,  tree.] 

A  fossil  tree,  so  named  from  the  scaly  appearance 
of  the  stem,  produced  by  the  separation  of  the  leaf 
stalks.  MantcU. 
LEP'll)-OID,  V.    [Gr.  XtKt;  and  cuW?.] 

One  of  a  family  of  extinct  fossil  fishes,  of  the  oolit- 
ic formation.  Bnckland. 
LEP'I-DO-LITE,  n.    [Gr.  Xcttij,  a  scale,  and  >i«"S.] 
A  s[)ecies  of  the  mica  family,  presenting  a  lilac  or 
rose  violet  color ;  it  usually  occurs  in  masses  consist- 
ing of  small  scales.    It  dlll'ers  from  other  mica-s,  in 
containing  the  earth  lithia.  Dana. 
LKl'-l  hOP'TEU,  n.         j  [Gr.  Xcttk,  a  scale,  and 
LEP  I-DOP'TE-RA,  ti.  pi.  \     tttcivw,  a  wing.] 

The  Lepiduptrra  are  an  order  of  insects  having  four 
membranaceous  wings,  covered  with  fine  imbricate 
scales,  like  powder,  .as  the  hutterfiv. 
LKP-I  1)01"TEI{-AL,    )a.    lielonging  to  the  order  of 
LEP  I  DOP'TICR-Oirs,  (  l.epidoptera. 
LEP'O-RINK  or  LKl"! )-!! I N I',,  «.    [I,.  Irporinns,  from 
icpus,  a  litire.    tin.  the  Teutonic  leap,  to  run.] 

Pi^rtaiiiiiig  to  a  Inire  ;  having  the  mitiire  or  qualities 
of  the  hare.  Johnson. 
LE-PRDS'l-'l'Y,  n,    .Squamoiisness.    [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

LEP'RO  SY,  n.  [See  LEi'Kn.]  A  foul  cutaneous  dis- 
ease, appearing  in  dry,  white,  thin,  scurfy  scabs,  at- 
tended with  violent  Itching.     It  sometinies  covers 


the  whole  body,  rarely  the  face.  One  species  of 
it  is  called  elepliantiasis.  Encyc, 

The  term  leprosy  is  loosely  and  incorrectly  applied 
to  two  very  distinct  diseases,  the  scaly  and  the  tuber 
ciliated,  or  the  proper  leprosy  and  the  elephantiasis. 
The  former  is  characterized  by  patches  of  smooth, 
laminated  scales,  sometimes  livid,  but  usually  whit- 
ish ;  in  the  latter,  the  skin  is  thickened,  livid,  and 
tiiberculated.  It  is  called  the  black  leprosy ;  but  this 
term  is  also  applied  to  the  livid  variety  of  the  scaly 
leprosy.  Oood, 
LEP'ROUS,  a.    [Fr.  leprenix.]    [See  LtfER.] 

Infected  with  lepro.sy ;  covered  witlT  whit©  scales. 
His  hand  was  leprous  as  snow.  —  Ex.  iv. 
LEP'ROUS-LY,  adv.    In  leprous  manner. 
LEP'ROUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  leprous. 
LEP-TO-DAG'TYL,  n.     [Gr.  Xertros,  slender,  and 
duKri'Xoi,  a  toe.] 
A  bird  or  otiier  annual  hav4ng  slender  toes. 

Hitchcock. 

LEP-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  Xeirroi,  small,  and  Xoyos, 
discourse.] 

A  minute  and  tedious  discourse  on  trifling  things. 

Lf.RE,  71.    Learning  ;  lesson  ;  lore.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

Lr.RE,  «.  (.    To  learn  ;  to  teach.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

LeRE,  a.    Empty.    [See  Leer.] 

LER'NE-ANS,  n.  pi.  A  family  of  parasitic  animals, 
related  to  the  inferior  grades  of  crustace.a.  They  are 
foimd  attached  to  fishes,  and  some  species  penetrate 
the  skin  with  their  elongated  head,  and  feed  on  the 
viscera  of  the  fishes.  Dana. 

Le'SION,  (le'zhun,)  n.  [L.  la:sio,  from  terfo,  to  hurt.] 
A  hurting,  hurt;  wound;  injury.  Rush. 

LESS,  for  (J.'vless.    [JVot  tn  use.] 

LESS,  a  terminating  .syllable  of  many  nouns  and  some 
adjectives,  is  the  Sax.  teas,  Goth,  laus,  belonging  to 
the  verb  lysan,  lausynn,  to  loose,  free,  separate. 
Hence  it  is  a  privative  word,  denoting  destitution  ; 
as,  a  witless  man,  a  man  destitute  of  wit;  childless, 
without  children  ;  fatherless  ;  faithless  ;  pennyless  ; 
lawless.  Sec. 

LES.S,  a.  [Sax.  Ues ;  perhaps  allied  to  Dan.  User,  to 
ab;ite,  to  lessen,  to  relieve,  to  ease.  Less  has  the 
sense  of  the  comptirative  degree  of  little.] 

Smaller ;  not  so  large  or  great ;  as,  a  less  quantity 
or  number;  a  horse  of  less  size  or  v;ilue.  We  are 
all  destined  to  sutter  affliction  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree. 

LESS,  adv.    Not  so  much  ;  in  a  smaller  or  lower  de- 
gree ;  as,  less  bright  or  loud  ;  less  beautiful  ;  less 
obliging;  fcis  careful.    The  less  a  man  praises  him- 
self, the  more  disposed  are  others  to  praise  him. 
LESS,  71.    Not  so  much. 

Tjiey  gathered  some  more,  some  less.  —  Exod.  xvi. 
2.  An  inferior. 

The  less  is  blessed  by  the  better.  —  Heb.  vii. 
LESS,  V.  t.    To  make  less.    [Jifol  in  use]  Qower. 
LES-SEE',  71.    [from  lease.]    The  person  to  whom  a 
lease  is  given,  or  vvlio  takes  an  estate  by  lease 

Blaekstone. 

LESS'£N,  (les'n,)  ji.  U  [from  less.]  To  make  less  ;  to 
diminish  ;  to  reduce  in  bulk,  size,  quantity,  number, 
or  amount ;  to  make  smaller ;  as,  to  lessen  a  kingdom 
or  its  population. 

2.  To  diminish  in  degree,  state,  or  quality ;  as, 
awkward  manners  tend  to  lessen  our  respect  for  men 
of  merit. 

3.  To  degrade  ;  to  reduce  in  dignity. 

St.  Paid  chose  to  magnify  his  ofiice,  when  ill  men  conspired  to 
lessen  it.  Atterbury. 

LESS'£N,  (les'n,)  v.  i.  To  become  less  ;  to  shrink  ; 
to  ctmtnict  in  bulk,  quantity,  number,  or  amount ; 
to  be  diminished.  The  apparent  magnitude  of  ob- 
jects Ic's.scn.i  as  we  recede  from  them. 

2.  To  become  less  in  degree,  quality,  or  intensity  ; 
to  decrease.  The  .strength  of  the  body,  and  the  vi- 
vacity of  the  temper,  usually  lessen  as  we  advance 
in  age. 

LESS'yiN-i^n,  pp.    Made  smaller ;  diminished. 

LESS'KN-ING,  ppr.  Reducing  in  bulk,  amount,  or 
degree  ;  degrading. 

LES.S'ER,  a.  [Sax.  litssa,  Itr.isr,  from  lies.  This  word 
is  a  corruption,  but  too  well  established  to  be  dis- 
carded.] 

Less ;  smaller.  Authors  always  write,  the  Lesser 
Asia. 

By  the  same  reaiion  mav  a  man  in  a  stale  of  nature  punish  Iho 

(M«er  bn™-lii-«  c.rtb.il  law.  Locke. 
God  made  the  lesser  liijht  to  rule  the  ni;rht.  _  tJen.  i. 

LES'SES,  71.  pi.  [Ft.  laissdcs.]  The  leavings  or  dung 
of  bcasfs. 

LES'SON,  ^l(!s'n,)  71.  [This  word  we  probably  have 
received  Iroin  the  Fr.  icfon,  L.  lectio,  from  lego,  to 
riMid,  Fr.  lire,  iisnnt ;  Sp.  Irccion  ;  It.  lezione;  Sw. 
Ic/a  ;  and  not  friun  llie  I).  Irezcn,  G.  /c.s'cn,  to  read.] 

1.  Any  lliiiii;  n  ail  or  rccilrtl  to  a  teacher  by  a  pu- 
pil or  learni'r  for  improvi  ineiit ;  or  such  a  portion  of 
a  biMik  as  a  pupil  learns  and  repeats  at  one  time. 
The  instriirlor  is  pli  a.ied  wlii  n  his  pupils  recite  theil 
lessons  Willi  accuracy  anil  piomptiiess. 

2.  A  |)iirliou  of  !<rri|iture  read  in  divine  service 
Thus  eiidi  th  the  first  /cwoii. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH.^T._MCTB,  PUfiY  PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  UpQK.— 

  -=:.:r^:r^rrr^..:^  = 


LET 

3.  A  portion  of  ii  l)Ook  or  manuscript  assigned  by  a 
preceptor  ti>  a  pupil  to  bo  learnt,  or  for  an  exercise  ; 
sometliiiiK  to  be  learnt.    Cive  liini  Ills  lesnon. 

4.  Precept ;  doctrine  or  notion  inculcated. 

Be  nol  Jr^iluu*  ovor  tin-  wil'c  of  Ihy  bosom,  iwd  tcoeb  h^T  not  an 
evil  Icttvn  lig.viiul  Ihysrit.  Ecclut, 

5.  Severe  lecture  ;  reproof;  rebuke. 

Slif  would  givtf  bor  a  Ut9on  for  walking  lo  late.  Sidney. 

6.  Tune  written  for  an  instrument.  Daeies. 

7.  Instruction  or  truth,  taujiht  by  experience.  Tbe 
/tssuiii  w  hicli  sickness  nnparts,  sbe  leaves  to  be  prac- 
ticed when  health  is  established. 

LliS'SON,  (les'ii,)  V.  L    To  teach  ;  lo  instruct. 

Cliildn'ii  thoulil  be  Uatoned  iiuo  a  contempt  tind  dt'tcnuuion  of 
tliu  vice.  L'Kitrange. 

LKS'SON-fJI),  pp.    Taught;  instructed. 
LK.S'S  O.N  -  i  N  G ,  »pr.    Teac  h  i  n 

LK.-<'St)K,n.    [Iroin  Jraaf.)    One  who  leases  ;  the  per- 
son who  lets  to  farm,  or  gives  a  lease.  BlacksliDic. 

LKST,  pure,  [from  tlic  Sax.  leas,  (Joth.  tuus,  l<H>se, 
separate.  In  Saxon,  it  was  preceded  by  (A/-,  Uie  teas, 
that  less,  that  not,  lie  /urte.  Hence  it  denotes  a 
looain^  or  separation,  and  hence  it  comes  to  express 
prevention.] 
That  not ;  for  fear  that. 

Ye  shall  not  eat  of  it,  ucilJtcr  tlinll  ye  touch  it,  lett  yc  die.  — 
Gen.  iii. 

The  phrase  may  be  thus  explained  :  Ye  shall  not 
touch  it ;  that  separatetl  tir  dismissed,  ye  die.  That 
here  refers  to  the  preceding  command  or  sentence  ; 
that  being  removed,  or  not  observed,  the  fact  being 
not  so,  ye  will  die. 

Sin  no  more,  tett  a  worw  thing  come  to  die*.  —  John  t. 

Sin  no  more  ;  that  fact  not  taking  place,  a  worse 
thing  will  happen  to  thee. 
LET,  v.  t. :  preU  and  pp.  Let.  Letted  is  obsolete. 
Sax.  tefan,  lelan,  Goth.  Irian,  to  permit,  to  liinder,  lo 
dismiss  or  send  away,  to  let  go,  to  leave,  to  ntlrnit,  to 
think  or  suppose,  to  dissemble,  to  retard,  to  be  /«£eor 
slow,  to  diilly  or  tritle,to  lease  or  let  out ;  Utan  aweg, 
to  let  away,  to  throw  ;  W.  //«:,  liinderance  ;  Uitziaw, 
to  hinder ;  D.  laatrn,  to  permit,  to  sutler,  to  give,  to 
leave,  to  loose,  lo  put,  to  slow  ;  G.  lasscn,  to  It^t,  to 
permit,  grant,  allow,  suffer  ;  vcrlasscn,  lo  forsake  ; 
unterU.iseii,  to  ce;ise,  to  forbear  ;  Sw.  /a/a,  to  peruiit ; 
Han.  Uuirr,  to  let,  |iermit,  allow,  grant,  sutler,  give 
leave.  But  in  the  four  latter  dialects,  there  is  anoth- 
er verb,  which  corresfionds  with  let  in  some  of  its 
signiticatit>ns  ;  D.  lydeit,  G.  Uiden,  Sw.  luJa,  Dan. 
liJcr,  to  suffer,  endure,  undergo,  lo  permit.  With 
this  verb  corresjionds  the  English  late,  D.  loat,  Sw. 
lat,  Dan.  lait,  slothful,  laz.y  ;  and  the  G.  lass,  feeble, 
Ui/.y,  coincides  with  lassen,  supra,  and  this  may  be 
the  Eng.  lazy.  To  let  nut,  like  L.  ctucarc,  is  to  lease,  Fr. 
laisser.  Let  is  the  Fr..laisser,  in  a  different  dialect. 
By  the  German  and  Welsh,  it  appears  that  the  last 
radical  may  have  originally  been  lA,  ts,  or  ti,  or  other 
romiHiun  I.  See  Class  Ld,  No.  2,  15,  19,  23,  32,  and 
Class  I.,s,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  permit ;  to  allow  ;  to  sulTer  ;  to  give  leave  or 
power  by  a  |)ositivc  act,  or  negativi^ly,  to  withhoUl 
restraint;  not  lo  prevent.  A  leaky  ship water 
enter  into  the  hold.  Let  is  followed  by  the  infinitive 
without  the  sign  to. 

Phnmoh  laid,  1  will  tel  you  go.  —  Ex.  riii. 
When  th--  ship  w>is  caught,  iind  could  not  bear  up  into  tbe  wind, 
wf  Ul  h'T  drive.  —  Acw  xxvii. 

2.  To  lease  ;  lo  grant  possession  and  use  for  a 
compensation  ;  as,  to  lei  lo  farm  ;  to  let  an  estate  for 
a  year  i  to  let  a  rtwin  to  lodgers  ;  often  followed  by 
oitit,  a.s,  to  out  a  farm  ;  but  the  use  of  out  is  un- 
necessary. 

3.  To  suffer ;  to  permit ;  with  the  usual  sign  of  the 
infinitive. 

There's  a  letter  for  you,  sir,  if  your  name  be  Horatio,  as  I  am 
1«I  to  know  it  is.    [.Vol  use^.]  Shak. 

A.  In  the  imperatire  mailt,  let  has  the  following  uses. 
Followed  by  the  first  and  third  persons,  it  expresses 
desire  or  wish  ;  hence  it  is  used  in  prayer  and  en- 
treaty to  superiors,  and  lo  those  who  have  us  in  their 
power  ;  as,  let  me  not  wander  from  thy  command- 
ments.   Ps.  cxix. 

Followed  by  the  first  person  plural,  let  expresses 
exhortation  or  entreaty  ;  as,  rise,  let  us  go. 

Followed  by  the  third  person,  it  implies  permission 
Of  Command  addressed  to  an  inferior.  Let  kim  go, 
let  tkrm  remain,  arc  commands  adilresscd  lo  the  sec- 
ond person.  Let  thou,  or  let  ye,  that  is,  do  thou  or 
you  permit  him  to  go. 

Soinetunis  let  is  used  to  express  a  command  or  in- 
junction to  a  third  person.  When  the  signal  is  given 
to  ensage,  let  every  man  do  his  duty. 

When  applied  to  things  not  rational,  it  implies  al- 
lowance or  concession. 

O'er  (olden  u<b  l<l  tkh  Paclolus  Dow.  Pops. 

5.  To  retard  ;  to  hinder  ;  to  impede  ;  to  interpose 
obslnictions.   2  Tkess.  ii.  Dryden. 
P'his  sense  Is  now  obsolete,  or  nearly  so.] 
To  let  alone  ;  to  leave  ;  to  suffer  to  remain  without 
intermeddling  ;  as,  let  alone  this  idle  project ;  let  me 
aione. 


LET 

To  let  dom ;  to  permit  to  sink  or  fall ;  to  lower. 
She  Ut  them  down  by  a  cord  through  the  window.  —  Josh.  ii. 

To  let  loose ;  to  free  from  restraint  ;  to  i>eriuit  to 
wander  at  large. 

To  let  in  or  into ;  to  permit  or  suffer  to  enter ;  to 
admit.  Open  the  door,  let  in  my  friend.  We  arc  not 
let  into  the  secrets  of  the  cabinet. 

2.  To  insert,  as  a  piixc  of  wood,  into  a  siKicc  formed 
for  the  pur|)ose. 

To  let  Hood;  to  open  a  vein  and  suffer  the  blood  to 
flow  out. 

To  let  out ;  to  suffer  lo  escape,  as  an  nniinni ;  lo  ex- 
tend or  loosen,  as  a  rope  or  tlie  folds  of  a  gariuenl ; 
also,  to  lease  or  let  to  hire. 

7*0  let  off;  to  discharge  ;  to  let  fly,  as  an  arrow  ;  or 
cause  to  explode,  as  a  gun. 

To  let  fy;  to  send  firtn  or  discharge  with  vio- 
lence, as  an  arrow  or  stone. 
LET,  p.  i.    To  forbear.    [Otis.]  Baeon. 
LET,  ».    A  retarding  ;  liiiiderancc  ;  obst.aclc  ;  imped- 
iment ;  delay.    [  Obsolete,  unless  in  some  leclmUal 
phrases.] 

LET  ;  a  termination  of  diminutives ;  as,  haiiUet,  a  little 
house  ;  rivulet,  a  small  stream.  [Sax.  lyt,  small,  less, 
lew.    See  Littlk.] 

LETCII,  »,    A  leach-tub.    [.See  Leach.] 

2.  A  long,  narrow  swamp  in  which  water  moves 
slowly.  BrorkelU 

Lr.'TH.\L,  a.  [L.  lethalu,  mortal,  from  Gr.  A/|U/|,  ob- 
livion.] 

Deailly  ;  mortal ;  fatal.  Ritlianlson. 
LF^TIIAL'I-TY,  n.    Mortality.  Mins. 
LE-TIlAK'Cie,        j  a.     [h.  Uthariricu^ ;   Ft.  Icthar- 
LE-THAU'ClC-AL,  1  guiue.] 

Preleriiaturally  inclined  lo  sleep ;  drowsy  ;  dull ; 
heavv.  Jjrhuthnot. 
LE-Tli.XK'Cie-.VL-LV,  ailv.     In  a  morbid  sleepi- 
ness. 

LE-Tll.\U'C;rC-AI^\ESS,  )  11.    I'reternatiintl  or  inor- 
LE-Tll.\K'liie-NESS,        )     bid  sleepiiii  ss or  drow- 
siness. More.  Jferttrrt. 
LETH'AR-GI-£D,  pp.  or  u.    Laid  asleep;  eiitr.iuced. 

SKak. 

LET1I'AR-6Y,  n.  [L.  IcUiarjria  ;  Gr.  XnOao)  ta  ;  X'lUn, 
oblivion,  and  aoyui,  idle.] 

1.  Preternatural  sleepiness ;  morbid  drowsiness  ; 
coiitiuui'd  or  profound  sleep,  from  which  a  person 
can  scarcely  be  awaked. 

2.  Dullness  ;  inaction  ;  inattention. 

Europe  lay  Uien  under  a  deep  lethargy.  Atterbury. 

LETH'AR-GY,  v.  L    To  make  lethargic  or  dull. 

Cli  archill. 

Lic'THE,  (le'the,)  n.  [Gr.  AijO/;,  forgetfulness  ;  XnOco, 
L.  lateo,  to  be  hid.] 

1.  In  Greek  mytholosry,  one  of  the  rivers  of  the  in- 
fernal regions,  whose  waters  were  said  to  cause  for- 
getfulness of  the  past.  Milton. 

Hence, 

9.  Oblivion  ;  a  draught  of  oblivion.  Shak. 
LE-THE'AN,  a.    Inducing  forgetfulness  or  oblivion. 

Lemprtere.    .As.  Res. 
Shakspeare  has  Lethced  in  this  sense. 
LE-THIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  frfAum,  death,  and /cro,  to 
bring.] 

Deadly ;  mortal ;  bringing  death  or  destniction. 

Robinson. 

LET'TER,  n.    [from  let.]    One  who  permits. 

2.  One  who  retards  or  hinders. 

3.  One  who  gives  vent ;  as,  a  MnoA-letter. 
LET'TER,  n.    [Fr.  leUre;  It.  letUra;   L.  lilera;  W. 

llythyr.] 

1.  Amark  or  character,  written, printed, engraved, 
or  painted  ;  used  as  the  representative  of  a  sound,  or 
of  an  articulalit>n  of  the  human  organs  of  speech. 
By  sounds,  and  articulations  or  closures  of  the  or- 
gans, are  formed  s\  llables  and  words.  Hence  a  letter 
is  the  first  element  of  written  language,  as  a  simjile 
sound  is  the  first  element  of  spoken  langtiage  or 
spi^ech.  As  sounds  are  audible,  and  communicate 
ideas  to  others  by  the  ear,  so  letters  arc  visible  repre- 
sentatives of  sounds,  and  communicate  the  thoughts 
of  others  by  means  of  the  eye. 

2.  A  written  or  primed  message;  an  epistle;  a 
communication  made  by  visible  characters  from  one 
person  to  another  at  a  distance. 

The  style  ofteuere  ought  to  be  free,  easy,  and  n.-iturd.  Waiih. 

3.  The  verbal  expression  ;  the  literal  meaning. 

We  must  olwerrr  the  tetter  of  the  Kw,  without  doing  vinlfna  to 
Uie  reason  of  the  law  and  Uie  iiitentiuits  of  tlie  lawgiver. 

7hyIor. 

4.  Type  ;  a  character  formetl^  of  metal  or  wood, 
usually  of  met.il,  and  used  in  printing  litMiks. 

5.  Letters  ;  in  the  plural,  learning  ;  erudition  ;  as,  a 
man  of  letters. 

Deal  letter;  a  writing  or  precept  which  is  without 
authority  or  force.  The  best  law  may  become  a  deuil 
letter. 

Letter  ofaUomry  ;  a  writing  by  which  one  person 
authorizes  another  to  act  in  his  stead. 

I^urr  of  credit ;  a  letter  authorizing  credit  toa  cer- 
tain amount  of  money  to  be  given  to  the  bearer. 

Brande- 


LEV 

Letter  of  license;  a  paiier  by  which  creditors  allow 
an  unfortunate  debtor  tune  to  |iay  his  debts 

Brande, 

iMer  of  marifue ;  a  coinmission  civen  lo  a  private 
ship  by  a  government  to  make  reprisals  on  the  ships 
of  another  si.iie  ;  hence,  the  ship  thus  comiuii-sioned. 
(See  MaH<ti.'E.] 

Ltltrrs  patent,  or  orcrf,  open ;  a  writing  executed  and 
sealed,  by  which  power  and  authority  are  granted  to 
a  person  lo  do  some  act,  or  enjoy  some  right ;  as,  tet- 
ters patent  under  the  seal  of  England. 

LET'TER,  r.  f.  To  impress  or  form  letters  on  ;  as,  to 
Irllrr  n  book  ;  a  biKik  gilt  anil  IrttereiL 

LET'TEK-liflAKI),  n.  A  b(«ird  on  which  pages  of 
type  are  placed,  when  not  immediately  wanted,  or 
fiir  distribuiiiin. 

LET'TI'.R-e.ASE,  n.    A  rase  or  book  to  put  lelUrs  in. 

LET'TER-^.I),  pp.    Stamped  with  l.  lters. 

LET'TEK-KI),  a.     Literate;    educated;   versed  in 
literature  or  snciire.  Collier, 
2.  lielon;;!!!!:  In  learning;  suiting  letters. 

LET'TKR-FiMJND'EK,  ii.  One  who  casts  letlere ;  a 
type. founder. 

LET'TER-ING,  p/w.    Impressing  or  forming  letters 

on  ;  as,  tetierin-r  a  book  on  the  cover. 
LET'TER-ING,  II.    The  act  of  impressing  letters. 

2.  The  ktlurs  impressed. 
LET'TER-I.ESS,  a.  Illiterate  ;  unlettered  ;  not  learned. 

li'otrrland, 

LET'TEIi-PRESS,  B.  [Utter  anii  press.]  Print ,  let- 
ters anil  woiils  impressed  on  pa|>er,  or  other  materi- 
al, bv  tvjles. 

LET'TEU-WUTT'ER,  m.    One  who  writes  letters. 
2.  All  iiislriiiiii  nt  for  copying  letters,  often  called 

the  maiiifiild  Irttf  r -writer. 
LF.T'TING,  ppr.    Periiiilting  ;  snilerilig. 
LET'TI.N'G,  h.      The  pulling   out  on   lease,   as  u 

farm. 

2.  The  pulling  out  iif  iKiriious  of  work  to  be  per- 
formed by  contract,  as  on  a  railroad  or  canal. 

JImerica. 

LET'Tl'CE,  (let'tis,)  n.  [Fr. /uifiie  ;  It.  /al/iio-u  ;  Sp. 
teehuaa;  Arm.  tacluirn  :  C.  Inllirlt ;  1).  lutuic  ;  from 
L.  lactura,  ac(  t>rding  to  \'arro,  from  tar,  niilk.] 

The  Enclish  popular  name  of  si'veral  species  of 
Lactiica,  some  of  which  are  used  as  salads. 

LeE'Ci'.x'e,!"-    [Gr.  white.] 

A  peculiar  wliite  pulverult'iil  substance  obtained 
from  beef  fibers,  treated  with  sulphuric  acid,  and 
afterward  w  ith  alcohol.  BraconnoL 
LEC'CITE,  n.    [Gr.  XiiKOf,  white.] 

A  mineral  having  a  dull,  gl.xssy  appeanince,  oc- 
curring in  translucent,  twenly-four-sided  (trapezo- 
hedral)  crystals.  It  is  found  in  the  volcanic  rocks  of 
Italy,  esjierially  at  Vesuvius,  disseminated  through 
the  lavas.  Dana. 
LEU-CIT'16,  a.     A  term  applied  to  volcanic  rocks 

coiilainiiig  leucite.  Dana, 
LEO'CO-ETHI-OP'ie,  a.    [Gr.  XtBuoj,  while,  and 
acUintS/,  black.] 

White  and  black ;  designating  a  white  animal  of 
a  black  species,  or  the  albino  of  the  negro  race. 

/Micrenre. 

LECeO-PIIANE,  n.  [Gr.  Xt  k'js,  wbiu>,  and  ^uino, 
lo  appear.] 

A  mineral,  ticcnrring  impe  fecily  crj'siallizeil,  of  a 

greenish  or  wine-yellow  col  tr,  consisting  of  silica, 

fluoric  acid,  glucina,  lime,  an  I  sodium. 
LEO  eO-PllLEG'M  A  CY,  (lii-  tt>-tleg'ma-sc,)  n.  [Gr. 

XivK  'f,  white,  and  i>Xrj  )<a,  pi  legm.] 
A  dropsical  habit  of  body,  >r  the  ctmimencement 

of  anasarca ;  paleness,  with  ■  iscid  juices  and  cold 

sweats.  Core,     Parr.  j9rbutJinoL 

LEO  €0  PIILF.GMAT'IC,  a.     Having  a  dropsical 

habit  of  hoilv  with  a  white,  bloated  skin. 
LEU-eoS'Tl.NE,  ;i.    A  variety  of  trachyt.?. 
LEI'-CO'THl OP,  n.     [See  Leuco-Ethiopic]  An 

albino  of  a  black  race, 
LiC'V.A.NT,  0.    [Fr.  tenant,  rising,  from  Irrrr,  L.  leva.] 
Eastern ;  denoting  the  part  of  the  hemisphere 

where  the  sun  rises. 

Forth  rush  tile  levnnt  and  Uie  poncnl  winds,  MiJton, 

LE-V.\\T',  n.    [It.  lernnle,  the  East,  supra.] 

Proprrln,  a  coiiiilrj'  lo  the  eastward  ;  hut  appropri- 
atetu,  the  countries  of  Turkey,  Syria,  Asia  Minor, 
Greece,  Egypt,  (ce.,  which  are  washed  by  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  .Mediterriiiean  and  its  contiguous 
waters. 

Lf>V.\NT'ER,  II.  A  strong  ca.sterly  wind  in  the  Med- 
iterranean. 

2.  A  l  ant  name  fi>r  one  who  bets  at  a  horse-race, 

and  runs  away  witlioiit   payiiis  the  wager  Itwl ; 

hence,  in  a  wuler  sense,  one  who  runs  away  dis- 

gracefiillv.  [KmlaniL] 
Li:UVAN  r''INEor  LEV'ANT-INE,  a.    Pertaining  to 

the  Levant.  D'JInriiCe. 
2.  Desiiinating  a  particular  kind  of  sUk  cloth. 
LE-VA.NT'INE  or  LEV  ANT  INE,  n.    A  particular 

kind  of  silk  cloth. 
LE -VA'TOR,  n.    [L..  from  Zero,  to  raise.]    In  anato-  || 

my,  a  muscle  that  serves  to  raise  some  part,  n»  the 

lip  or  the  eyelid. 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE..-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


LEV 


LEV 


LEZ 


'2.  A  surgical  instrument  used  to  raise  a  depressed 
part  of  the  skull.  fViseman. 
r,eVE,  for  Believe.    [Obs.]  Oower. 
liEV'EE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  lever,  to  raise,  L.  ieuo.J 

1.  Tlie  time  of  rising. 

2.  The  concourse  of  persons  who  visit  a  prince  or 
great  personage  in  the  morning.  Johnson, 

3.  A  l)ank  or  causeway,  ■particularly  along  a  river, 
to  prevent  inundation  ;  as,  the  levees  along  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Leree  en  masse.  \See  Lety.] 
LEVEL,  a.  [Sax.  Uefel,  id. ;  VV.  Ibjvn,  smooth,  even, 
level,  sleek,  slippery  ;  llyvelu,  to  level,  to  render  uni- 
form, to  devise,  invent,  giiess ;  llyvnu,  to  make 
smooth.  This  seems  to  be  connected  with  Uyvu,  to 
lick.  So  Wie,  D.  gehjk,  G.  glcich,  is  smooth,  even, 
level,  equal,  coinciding  with  Eng.  sleek.  Tiie  L.  U- 
bella,  libra,  belong  to  this  root ;  It.  livella.'] 

1.  Horizontal  ;  coinciding  with  the  plane  of  the 
horizon.  To  be  perfectly  level,  is  to  be  exactly  hori- 
zontal. 

2.  Even  ;  flat ;  not  having  one  part  higher  than 
another;  not  ascending  or  descending;  as,  a  level 
plain  or  tield  ;  level  ground  ;  a  level  floor  or  pave- 
ment. In  common  tisan,  level  is  often  applied  to  sur- 
faces that  are  not  perfectly  horizontal,  but  which 
have  no  inequalities  of  magnitude. 

3.  Even  with  any  thing  else  ;  of  the  same  hight ; 
on  tlie  same  line  or  plane. 

4.  Equal  in  rank  or  degree  ;  having  no  degree  of 
superiority. 

Be  leeel  in  preferments,  and  you  will  soon  be  as  Level  in  your 
leajjiiiig.  Benlley. 

LEVEL,  V.  t.    To  make  horizontal. 

2.  To  make  even  ;  to  reduce  or  remove  inequali- 
ties of  surface  in  any  thing ;  as,  to  level  a  road  or 
walk. 

3.  To  reduce  or  bring  to  the  same  hight  with 
something  else. 

And  tiioir  proud  structures  level  with  the  ground.  Sandys. 

4.  To  lay  flat ;  to  reduce  to  an  even  surface  or 
plane. 

He  levels  mountains,  and  he  raises  plains.  Dryden. 

5.  To  reduce  to  equality  of  condition,  state,  or  de- 
gree ;  as,  to  level  all  ranks  and  degrees  of  men. 

6.  To  point,  in  taking  aim  ;  to  elevate  or  depress 
so  as  to  direct  a  missile  weapon  to  an  object  j  to 
aim  ;  as,  to  level  a  cannon  or  musket. 

7.  To  aim  ;  to  direct ;  as,  severe  remarks  leveled  at 
the  vices  and  follies  of  the  age, 

8.  To  suit ;  to  proportion  ;  as,  to  level  observations 
to  the  capacity  of  children. 

LEVEL,  V.  i.    To  accord  ;  to  agree  ;  to  suit.  [Little 
used.]  Sliak. 

2.  To  aim  at ;  to  point  a  gun  or  an  arrow  to  the 
mark. 

3.  To  aim  at ;  to  direct  the  view  or  purpose. 

The  glory  of  Goii  and  tlie  good  of  his  church  ouglit  to  he  die 
niarlt  at  which  we  level.  Hooker. 

4.  To  be  aimed  ;  to  be  in  the  same  direction  with 
the  mark. 

He  raised  it  till  he  leveled  ri^ht.  Buller. 

5.  To  aim ;  to  make  attempts. 

Ambitious  York  did  level  at  thy  crown.  ShaJe. 

6.  To  conjecture  ;  to  attempt  to  guesa.  [JVot  used.] 

Sliak. 

LEVEL,  n.    A  horizontal  line,  or  a  plane ;  a  surface 
without  inequalities.  IMe. 

2.  Rate  ;  standard  ;  usual  elevation  ;  customary 
hight ;  as,  tlic  ordinary  level  of  the  world. 

3.  Equal  elevation  with  something  else ;  a  state  of 
equality. 

Providence,  for  the  most  part,  sets  us  on  a  level.  Spectator. 

4.  The  line  of  direction  in  which  a  missive  weapon 
is  aimed. 

5.  An  instrument  in  mechanics  by  which  to  find 
or  draw  a  horizontal  line,  as  in  setting  buildings,  or 
in  making  canals  and  drains.  The  instrument  com- 
monly used  for  this  purpose  is  called  the  .^irit  level. 

C.  Rule  ;  plan  ;  scheme  ;  borrowed  from  the  me- 
chanic's level. 

Be  the  fair  level  of  thy  actions  laid.  Prior. 
LEVEL-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Reduced  to  a  plane  ;  made 
even. 

2.  lU-diiccd  to  an  equal  slate,  condition,  or  rank. 

3.  Reduced  to  an  fcqtiality  with  somtftliing  else. 

4.  Elevated  or  depressed  to  a  riiiht  line  toward 
something  ;  pointed  to  an  object ;  directed  to  a  mark. 

5.  Huited  ;  pr(i|K)rtioned. 

LEV'EL-ER,  n.    One  that  levels  or  makes  even. 

2.  One  that  destroyn,  or  attempts  to  destroy,  di»- 
tinctioni,  and  reduce  to  eipinlity. 
LE  VEL-L\(J,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  level  or  even. 

2.  Reducing  to  an  equality  of  condition. 
LEVEL-lNfi,  II.    The  reduction  of  uneven  surfaces 
to  a  level  or  plane. 

2.  In  rurvrying,  the  art  or  practice  of  finding  a 
horizontal  line,  or  of  nnrertaining  the  diirereiil  ele- 
vatlona  of  objccta  on  the  nurface  of  the  earth. 

Barhto. 


LE  VEL-NESS,  n.    Evenness ;  equality  of  surface. 
2.  Equality  with  something  else. 

LEV£N.    See  Leaven. 

LEV£N,  n.    [.Sax.  hl(fian.] 

Lightning.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

LEVER, H.  [Fr.  lecier;  It.  leva;  from  lever,  levare, 
L.  leva,  to  raise.] 

In  mechanics,  a  bar  of  metal,  wood,  or  other  sub- 
stance, turning  on  o  support  called  the  fulcrum  or 
prop.  Its  arms  are  equal,  as  in  the  balance  ;  or  une- 
qual, as  in  steelyards.  It  is  one  of  the  mechanical 
powers,  and  is  of  three  kinds,  viz.  1.  When  the  ful- 
crum is  betv\  een  the  weight  and  the  power,  as  in  the 
handspike,  croivbar.  Sec.  2.  When  the  weight  is  be- 
tween the  power  and  the  fulcrum,  as  in  rowing  a  boat. 
3.  When  the  power  is  between  the  weight  and  the 
fulcriini,  as  in  raising  a  ladder  from  the  ground,  by 
applying  the  hands  to  one  of  the  lower  rounds. 
The  bones  of  animals  are  levers  of  the  third  kind. 

Olmsted. 

Lk'VER,  a.    The  comparative  degree  of  leve,  leef,  or 

lirf.    Jlore  agreeable  ;  more  pleasing.  [Obs.] 
Lie' VEll,  atiii.    Rather,  as  we  now  say,  I  had  rather. 

[Obs.]  Chaucer. 
LEVER-AGE,  n.    Mechanical  advantage  gained  on 

the  jirinciple  of  the  lever.  Olmsted. 
LE  VEK-ET,  n.    [Fr.  lievret,  from  lievre,  a  hare.] 

A  hare  in  the  first  year  of  her  age. 
LEVER-OCK,  n.    A  bird  ;  a  lark.    [See  Lark.] 
LEVET,  n.    [Q,n.  Fr.  lever,  to  raise.]  [Johnson. 
A  blast  of  a  trumpet ;  probably  that  by  which  sol- 
diers are  called  in  the  morning.    [JVot  used.] 

Huaibras. 

LEV'I-A-BLE,  a.  [from  levy.]  That  may  be  levied  ; 
that  may  be  assessed  and  collected  ;  as,  sums  leviable 
by  course  of  law.  Bacon. 

LE-VI'A-THAN,  n.    [Ileb.  jnn'?.] 

1.  An  aquatic  animal,  described  in  the  book  of 
Job,  ch.  .\li.,  and  mentioned  in  other  passages  of 
Scripture.  In  Isai.ah,  it  is  called  the  crooked  serpent. 
It  is  not  agreed  what  animal  is  intended  by  the 
writers,  whether  the  crocodile,  the  whale,  or  a  spe- 
cies of  serpent. 

2.  The  whale,  or  a  gieat  whale.  Milton. 
LEVI-£D,  (lev'ia,)  pp.   Raised  ;  collected. 

LE  VI-GATE,  V.  t.  [L.  lavigo,  from  bcvis,  smooth,  Gr. 
Aciof.] 

1.  In  pharmacy  and  chemistry,  to  rub  or  grind  to  a 
fine,  impalpable  powder  ;  to  make  fine,  soft,  and 
smooth. 

2.  To  plane  ;  to  polish.  Burrow. 
LEVI-GATE,  a.    Made  smooth. 
LEVI-Ga-TED,  pp.    Reduced  to  a  fine,  impalpable 

powder. 

LE VI-GA-TING,  ppr.  Rendering  very  fine,  soft,  and 
smooth,_by  grinding  or  rubbing. 

LEV-I-Ga'TION,  71.  The  act  or  operation  of  grinding 
or  rubbing  a  solid  substance  to  a  fine,  impalpable 
powder.  JSncyc. 

LEVIN,  n.    Lightning.    [Obs.]    [See  Leven.] 

Spenser. 

LE-VI'RATE,  a.    [L.  letnr,  a  husband's  brother.] 

The  levirate  law,  among  the  Jews,  was  one  accord- 
ing to  which  a  woman,  whose  husband  died  without 
issue,  was  to  be  married  to  the  husband's  brother. 
Deut.  XXV.  5. 

LEV-I-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  levis,  levitas.] 

Lightness;  buoyancy;  act  of  making  light. 

LE'VITE,  71.  [from  Levi,  one  of  the  sons  of  Jacob.] 
One  of  the  tribe  or  family  of  Levi ;  a  descendant 
of  Levi ;  more  particularly,  an  oflicer  in  the  Jewish 
church,  who  was  employed  in  manual  service,  as  in 
bringing  wood  and  other  necessaries  for  the  sacri- 
fices. The  Levites  also  sung  and  played  on  instru- 
ments of  music.  They  were  subordinate  to  the 
priests,  the  descendants  of  Aaron,  who  was  also 
of  the  family  of  Levi.  Encyc. 

LE-VIT'IG-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Levites,  or  de- 
scendants of  Levi ;  as,  the  Lcvitical  law,  the  law 
given  by  Moses,  wliicli  prescribed  the  duties  and 
rites  of  the  priests  and  Levites,  and  regulated  the 
civil  and  religious  concerns  of  the  Jews. 
2.  Priestly.  Milton. 

LE-VIT'ie^iL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  the  Le- 
vites. 

LE-VIT'ie-Ua,  71.  [from  Levi,  Levite.]  A  canonical 
book  of  the  Old  Testament,  containing  the  laws  and 
regulations  which  relate  to  the  priests  and  Levites 
among  the  Jews,  or  the  body  of  the  ceremonial  law. 

LEVI-TY,  71.  [L.  levitas,  from  levis,  light ;  connected 
perhaps  with  Eng.  lift.] 

1.  Lightness  ;  the  want  of  weight  in  a  body,  com- 
pared with  another  that  is  heavier.  The  ascent  of  a 
ballimn  in  the  air  is  owing  to  its  levity,  as  the  gas  that 
nils  it  is  lighter  than  common  air. 

2.  Lightness  of  temper  or  conduct ;  inconstancy  ; 
changcablencss ;  unsteadiness;  as,  the  levity  of  yotilh. 

Hooker. 

3.  Want  of  due  consideration  ;  vanity  ;  freak.  He 
never  employed  Ilia  omnipotence  out  of  levity  or  os- 
tentation. 

4.  Oayoty  of  mind  ;  want  of  seriousness  ;  dispo- 
Rition  to  trille.  The  spirit  of  religion  and  seriousness 
was  succeeded  by  levity. 


LEVY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  lever ;  It.  levare ;  Sp.  levar  ;  L.  Icco  ; 
Eng.  to  lift.] 

1.  To  raise  ;  to  collect.  To  levy  troops  is  to  enlist 
or  to  order  men  into  public  service.  To  levy  an  army 
is  to  collect  trgops  and  form  an  army  by  enrollment, 
conscription,  or  otiier  means. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  collect  by  assessment ;  as,  to  levy 
taxes,  toll,  tribute,  or  contributions. 

To  levy  war,  is  to  raise  or  begin  war ;  to  take  arms 
for  attack  ;  to  attack.  Blackstone. 

To  levy  a  fine  ;  to  commence  and  carry  on  a  suit 
for  assuring  the  title  to  lands  or  tenements. 

Blackstone. 

LEVY,  71.  The  act  of  collecting  men  for  military,  or 
other  public  service,  as  by  enlistment,  enrollment,  or 
other  means.    1  Kin^s  ix. 

2.  Troops  collected  ;  an  army  raised.    1  Kings  v. 

3.  The  act  of  collecting  money  for  public  use  by 
tax  or  other  imposition. 

4.  War  raised.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 


Levy  in  mass,  [Fr.  levee  en  masse  ;]  a  requisition  of 
all  liable  to  bear  arms  for  service.    In  Ger 
styled  landsturm. 


ermany,  it  is 


LEVY-ING,  ppr.  Raising  ;  collecting,  as  men  or 
money. 

LEVYNE,  71.  [from  lemj.]  A  mineral,  supposed  to 
be  identical  with  chabazite.  Dana. 

LEW,  (lu,)  a.    [D.  laauw.] 

Tepid  ;  lukewarm  ;  pale  ;  wan.    [  Obs.] 

LEWD,  (lade,)  a.  [VV.  llodig,  having  a  craving  ;  llodi, 
to  reach  out,  to  crave  ;  llodincb,  lewdness  ;  llawd,  that 
shoots  out  or  is  growing,  a  lad  ;  G.  luder,  lewdness  ; 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  I'ji,  to  beget,  to  bring  forth  ;  Ar. 

iX3^  walada,  Eth.  0  A.?  id.] 

1.  Given  to  the  unlawful  indulgence  of  lust ;  ad- 
dicted to  fornication  or  adultery;  dissolute;  lustful; 
libidinous.    Ezek.  .xxiii. 

2.  Proceeding  from  unlawful  lust ;  as,  lewd  ac- 
tions. '  , 

3.  Wicked ;  vile  ;  profligate  ;  licentious.  .Sets 
xvii. 

LEWD,  a.  [Sax.  lewed,  lewd.  This  seems  to  be  a 
contracted  word,  and  either  from  the  root  of  laical, 
lay,  or  from  the  Sax.  Icod,  G.  Icute,  people,  which 
seems  to  be  from  the  same  root  as  the  foregoing 
word,  like  L.  gens,  from  geno.] 

Lay  ;  laical ;  not  clerical.    [  Obs.]  Varies. 

LEWD'LY,  (lude'ly,)  adv.    With  the  unlawful  indul- 
gence of  lust ;  lustfully. 
2.  Wickedly ;  wantonly. 

LEWD'NESS,  71.  The  unlawful  indulgence  of  lust ; 
fornication,  or  adultery. 

2.  In  Scripture,  it  generally  denotes  idolatry. 

3.  Licentiousness  ;  sliamelessness.  Spenser. 
LEWD'STER,  7i.    One  given  to  the  criminal  indul- 
gence of  lust ;  a  lecher.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

LEX,  71.  [L.]  Law  ;  as,  lez  taliouis,  the  law  of  retal- 
iation ;  lex  term,  the  law  of  the  land. 

LEX'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  lexicon,  or  lexicogra- 
phy ;  settled  by  lexicography  ;  a.s,  the  lexical  meaning 
of  a  word.  Lewi.':. 

LEX-I-eOG'RA-PHER,7i.  [See  Lexicography.]  The 
author  of  a  lexicon  or  dictionary. 

LEX-I-eO-GR.\PH'ie,       )  0.     Pert,aining  to  the 

LE.\-I-eO-GRAPII'It;-AL,  (  writing  or  compila- 
tion of  a  dictionary.  Boswcll. 

LEX-I-eOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Atfi^oi/,  a  dictionary, 
and  )  nmpn,  a  writing.] 

1.  The  act  of  writing  a  lexicon  or  dictionary,  or 
the  art  of  composing  dictionaries. 
Q.  The  composition  or  compilation  of  a  dictionar\'. 

LEX-I-eOL'0-6Y,  71.  [Gr.  Aijixui ,  a  dictionaiy,  and 
Any"!,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  words;  that  branch  of  learning 
which  treats  of  the  proper  signification  and  just 
application  of  words.  Med.  Rrpos. 

LE.Y'I-eON,  71.  [Gr.  Atfuoi-,  a  dictionary,  from  Aejif, 
At)  (,i,  to  speak.] 

.■V  dictionary  ;  a  vocabulary,  or  book  containing  an 
alphalK  tical  arrangement  of  the  words  in  a  language, 
with  the  definition  of  each,  or  an  explanation  of  its 
meaning. 

LEX'I-eON-IST,  71.  A  writer  of  a  lexicon.  [Little 
used.]  Orient.  Col. 

LEX-I-GRAPIl'ie,  a.  Expressing  words  by  distinct 
characters. 

LEX-IG'RA-PIIY,  71.  [Gr.  Xtfis,  a  word,  and  yp<t(po<, 
to  write.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  defining  words.  Med.  Rcpos. 
liEV.    See  LvK. 

LkY  ;  a  difl'crent  orthography  of  Lay  and  Lea,  a 

meadow  or  field. 
LE?'I)KN-JAK,  j  71.  A  glass  jar  or  boltle  used  to 
LEY'Dy^N-PllI'AL,  (  accumulate  electricity.  It  is 
coated  with  tin  foil,  within  and  without,  nearly  to 
its  top,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  brass  knob  for 
the  purpose  of  rharging  it  with  electricity.  It  is  so 
named  from  having  been  invented  in  Lrydcn,  Hol- 
land. 

LicZE  MAJ'ES-TY  ;  any  crime coniinittcd  against  sov- 
ereign power,  from  the  Latin  "  crimen  Iwsa:  majesta- 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT  MftTB,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


660 


LIB 


LIB 


LIIKK'ZO-LI  TE,  ».    (IVom  A/icrz,  in  tlir  Pyrenees.] 
A  ininoi;il,  a  vurii  ty  of  pyiDXenu.    When  rrystiil- 
lized,  its  crystals  are  brillinnt,  trunslucid,  very  simll, 
and  of  an  cnicrald-creen.  Diet. 

LI'A-nLE,  a.  [Fr.  licr,  to  bind,  L.  ligo ;  Norm,  lige, 
a  bond.    See  Liece.] 

1.  Bound  ;  obliecd  in  law  or  equity  ;  responsible  ; 
answerable.  The  surety  is  liable  for  the  debt  of  liis 
principal.  The  parent  is  not  liable  for  debts  con- 
tracted by  a  son  wlio  is  a  minor,  except  for  necessa- 
ries. 

This  use  of  liable,  is  now  common  amone  lawyers. 
The  phrn-se  is  abridged.  The  surety  is  liable ;  that  is, 
bound  to  pay  the  debt  of  his  principal. 

2.  Subject ;  obnoxious  ;  exposed. 

ProiuUy  iMurc,  yet  liitblc  lo  fiill.  Milton. 
Liable,  in  this  sense,  is  always  applied  to  evils. 
Wc  never  say,  a  man  is  liable  to  lia|)piness  or  pros- 
perity, but  he  is  liable  to  disease,  calamities,  censure ; 
he  is  liable  to  err,  to  sin,  to  fall. 

LT'A-BLE-NESS,  j  n.   The  state  of  bcinR  bound  or 

LI-A-HIL'I-TY,  1  obliged  in  law  or  justice  ;  re- 
sponsibility. The  orticer  wishes  to  discharge  him- 
self from  his  liabilitij. 

2.  Exposedness  ;  tendency ;  a  state  of  bcins  sub- 
ject ;  as,  the  liablencss  of  a  man  to  contract  disease 
in  an  infected  room  ;  a  liability  to  accidents. 

LI'.^R,  71.  [from  lie]  \  person  who  knowingly  utters 
falsehood  ;  one  who  docUiros  to  another  as  a  fact 
what  he  knows  to  be  not  true,  and  with  an  inten- 
tion to  deceive  him.  The  uttering  of  falsehood  by 
mistake,  and  without  an  intention  to  deceive,  does 
not  constitute  one  a  liar. 
2.  One  who  denies  Christ    1  John  ii. 

LI'ARn,  (I.    Gray.    [Obs.]  Chaueer. 
This  old  English  word  is  still  used  in  Scotland, 
with  the  spoiling  Liakt,  or  Lyart  ;  as,  lijart  luiffils, 
crav  hairs  on  the  temples.  Biirnn. 

LI' AS,  71.  A  species  of  limestone,  occurring  in  Hat, 
horizontal  strata,  arid  supposed  to  be  of  recent  forma- 
tion. Kncye. 

I.VAl  ^OJV;  (le'a-zong,)  n.  [Fr.]   A  union,  or  bond  of 

LIB,  r.  t.    [II.  lubhrn.]  [union. 
To  castrate     [.Vi-t  in  use.]  Chapman. 

LI-B.^'TION,  II.  [I^.  libaiio,  from  libo,  to  pour  out,  to 
taste ;  fir.  Siiiiut.] 

1.  The  act  of  pouring  a  lio.uor,  usually  wine,  either 
on  the  grouudjtir  on  a  victim  in  sacriiice,  in  honor  of 
some  deity.  The  Hebrews,  Greeks,  and  Romans, 
practiced  hbalion.  'I'his  was  a  solemn  act  and  ac- 
companied with  prayer.  F.nerjc. 

Q.  The  wine  or  other  liquor  poured  out  in  honor  of 
a  deity.  Stillinaftcrt.  Dnjdau 

LIU'B.\KD  ;  an  obsolete  spelling  of  Lehpaud. 

Spenser.  Jifilton. 

TJB'BARD'S-BaXE,  71.  A  poisonous  plant.  B.  Jonson. 

LI'BEL,  71.  [L.  libelltis,  a  little  book,  from  libcr,  a 
book,  from  the  sense  of  b.ark,  and  this  from  strip- 
ping, separating.  Hence  liber,  a  book,  and  liber, 
free,  are  the  same  word.  Class  Lb,  No.  24,  27, 
30,  31.] 

1.  A  defamatory  writing.  [L.  libellus,  famosiis.] 
Hence,  the  epithet  being  omitted,  libel  expresses  the 
same  thing.  .\ny  book,  pamphlet,  writing,  or  pic- 
ture, containing  representations,  maliciously  made 
or  published,  tending  to  bring  a  person  into  con- 
tempt, or  cxiiose  him  to  public  hatred  and  derisiiui. 
The  communication  of  such  defamatory  writing  to  a 
single  person,  is  considered  in  law  a  publication. 
It  is  immaterial,  with  resjiect  to  the  essence  of  a 
libel,  whether  the  matter  of  it  is  true  or  false,  since 
the  provocation,  and  not  the  falsity,  is  the  thing  to  be 
punished  eriminalhj.  But  in  a  ciril  action,  a  libel 
must  appear  to  bo  false,  as  well  as  scandalous. 

Blaekstone. 

In  a  more  eitevsiee  sense,  any  blasphemous,  trea- 
sonable, or  iminoml  writing,  or  picture,  made  public, 
is  n  libel,  and  punishable  by  law. 

2,  In  the  civil  late,  and  in  courts  of  aiimiralty,  a 
declaration  or  charge  in  writing  exhibited  in  court, 
particularly  against  a  ship  or  goods,  for  violating  the 
laws  of  trade  or  of  revenue. 

LI'BEL,  r.  t.   To  defame  or  expose  lo  public  hatred 

and  contempt  by  a  writing  nr  picture ;  lo  lamiKmn. 
Some  wicked  wiu  Iiktc  tibtlted  All  ihc  £iir.  Pope. 
2.  To  exhibit  a  charge  against  any  thing  in  court, 

particularly  against  a  ship  or  goods,  for  a  violation  of 

the  laws  of  trade  or  revenue. 
LI'BEL,  r.  i.    To  spread  defamation,  written  or 

printed,  with  against.     He  libeU  against  liic  peers 

of  the  realm.    (JVi)(  71010  in  n.^r.] 
LI'IIEL-.\.NT,  ».    One  who  libels  ;  one  who  brings 

a  libel  or  institutes  a  suit  in  an  adniir.illy  court. 

The  co<in*el  for  Ihe  libtlant  contcucietl  Ihey  hail  n  r^lu  t-t  n-ajd 
tho  iiulxuclioiu.  Cranch,  Itep. 

LI'BEL-£D,  pp.  Defamed  by  a  writing  or  picture 
m.ade  public 

a.  Charged  or  declared  against  in  an  admiralty 
court. 

LI'BEIi-ER,  71.  One  who  libels  or  defames  by  writing 
or  pictures ;  a  lampooner. 

It  ■  ijnontnee  uf  ouneWei  whkh  mnkn  ui  Ih^  libelrri  of  oOvn. 

Buckminsltr. 


LI'BEL-I.VG,  ppr.    Defaming  by  a  published  writing 

or  picture. 
9.  Exhibiting  charges  against  in  court. 
LI'BEL-OUS,  a.    Defaiiiiaory  ;  containing  that  which 

exposes  a  person  to  public  hatri.d,  contempt,  and 

ridicule  ;  as,  a  libelous  pamphlet  or  picture. 
LT'UER,  71.    [U.]    In  i<u(U7iy,  the  inner,  newly-formed 

bark  of  a  plant. 
LIB'ER-AL,  a.    [Fr.,from  L.  liberalis,  from  liber,  tree. 

See  LiiiEL.] 

1.  Of  a  Ireo  heart;  free  to  give  or  bestow;  not 
close  or  contracted  ;  munificent ;  bountiful ;  gener- 
ous ;  giving  largely  ;  as,  a  liberal  donor  ;  the  liberal 
founders  of  a  college  or  hospital.  It  expresses  less 
than  PiioKusE  or  Extravagant. 

2.  Generous;  umplu  ;  large;  as,  a  ft&era2  donation ; 
a  liberal  allowance. 

3.  Not  seltish,  nairow,  or  contracted  ;  catholic  ; 
enlarged  ;  embracing  other  interests  than  one's  own  ; 
as,  liberal  sentiments  or  views  ;  a  liberal  mind  ;  lib- 
eral policy. 

4.  General ;  extensive  ;  embracing  literature  and 
the  sciences  generally  ;  as,  a  liberal  education.  This 
phrase  is  often,  but  not  necessarily,  synonymous  with 
Collegiate  ;  as,  a  collegiate  education. 

6.  Free  ;  open  ;  candid  ;  as,  a  liberal  communica- 
tion of  thoughts. 

r>.  Large;  profuse;  as,  a  Mcrai  discharge  of  matter 
by  secretions  or  excretions. 

7.  Free  ;  not  literal  or  strict ;  as,  a  liberal  construc- 
tion of  law. 

8.  Not  mean  ;  not  low  in  birth  or  mind. 

9.  Lioeiilious  ;  free  to  excess.  Shale 
Liberal  arLi,  as  distinguished  from  meehanical  arts, 

are  such  as  depend  more  on  the  exertion  of  the 
mind  than  on  the  labor  of  the  hands,  and  regard 
amusement,  curiosity,  or  iiiti.'llectiial  impritvemrnt, 
rather  than  the  necessity  of  subsistence,  or  in.inual 
skill.  Such  are  grammar,  rhetoric,  painting,  scul|>- 
ture,  architecture,  music,  &c. 

Liberal  has  of  before  the  thing  bestowed,  and  to 
before  the  person  or  object  on  which  any  thing  is 
bestowed  ;  as,  to  bo  /iicrai  «/praiso  or  censure  ;  lib- 
eral to  the  poor. 
LIB'ER-AL,  77.  One  who  advocates  greater  freedom 
from  restraint,  especially  in  political  institutions. 

Brande. 

LIB'ER-AI^HEXRT'ED,    a.     Having  a  generous 
heart. 

LIB'ER-AL-IS.M,  n.    The  principles  of  liberals. 

.l/'OaciTi. 

LIB'ER-.-VL-IST,  71.    One  who  is  a  liberal,  or  who 

favors  the  principles  of  liberals. 
LIB-ER-AL'I-TY,  ti.     [L.  libcralitas;   Fr.  liberaliti. 

See  LiHERAL.] 

1.  Munificence  ;  bounty. 

Thnl  liberality  U  bill  cnst  nwnf, 

Wliicli  iiiiikcs  ua  borrow  wlnt  we  C!\n  not  pay.  Denhain, 

2.  A  particular  act  of  generosity  ;  a  donation  ;  a 
gratuity.  In  this  sense,  it  has  the  plural  number. 
A  prudent  man  is  not  impoverished  by  his  liberalities. 

3.  Largeness  of  mind  ;  Catholicism  ;  that  compre- 
hensiveness of  mind  which  includes  other  interests 
besides  its  own,  and  duly  estimates  in  its  decisions 
the  value  or  importance  of  each.  It  is  evidence  of  a 
noble  mind  to  judge  of  men  and  things  with  lib- 
erality. 

Many  treat  the  pospel  with  iiulilfereiiee  under  the  name  ot  liber- 
aiity.  J.  M.  Maton. 

4.  Candor :  impartiality. 
Lin'ER-.\L-I7.E,  f.  L    To  render  liberal  or  catholic; 

to  enlarge  ;  to  free  from  narrow  views  or  prejudices  ; 
as  to  (iVra/:;c  Ihe  mind.  Burke.  IValsh. 

LIB'ER-AL  IZ-f.'l),  pp.    Freed  from  narrow  views 
and  prejudices  ;  made  liberal. 

LIB'EK-AL-IZ-I.VG,  ppr.    Rendering  liberal;  divest- 
ing of  narrow  views  and  prejudices. 

LIB'KR-AI^LY,  adv.    Bountifully;  freely;  largely; 
Willi  munificence. 

ir«ny  of  yiMi        wisilom,  let  him  ask  of  flod,  who  gireth  to  all 
ifieii  lHjemily,  and  iii>liraid'--ti)  nut.  —  Joules  i. 

2.  With  generous  and  impartial  regard  to  other 
interests  than  our  own  ;  with  enlarged  views;  with- 
out selfishness  or  meanness  ;  as,  to  think  or  judge 
liberally  of  men  and  their  actions. 

3.  Freely  ;  not  strictly  ;  not  literally. 
I.IB'ER-AI^.MTND'EI),  o.    Having  a  liberal  mind. 
Lllt'KR-.\I.-SoCL-£I),  a.    Having  a  generous  soul. 
LIB'ER-aTE,  r.  (.    [L.  Ubrro,  from  liber,  free;  Fr. 

Itberer  ;  \\.  libcrare,] 

1.  To  free  ;  to  release  from  restraint  or  bondage  ; 
to  set  at  liberty  ;  as,  to  liberate  one  from  duress  or 
imprisonment  ;  to  liberate  the  mind  from  the  sliackles 
of  prejudice. 

2.  To  manumit  ;  a«,  to  liberate  a  slave. 
LIB'ER-A-TEl),  pp.  or  a.    Freed  ;  released  from  con- 
finement, restniiiit,  or  slavery  ;  manumitted. 

LIIt'EK-A-TING,  ppr.    Delivering  from  restraint  or 
slavery. 

LIll-EK-A'TION,  n.    [L.  liberatio.] 

The  act  of  delivering  from  restraint,  confinement, 
or  slavery. 

LIB'ER-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  liberates  or  delivers. 


LIB-ER-TA'RI-AN,  a.  'L.  liber,  free;  tibcrUu,  lib- 
erty.] 

Pertaining  to  liberty,  or  to  the  doctrine  of  free 
will,  as  opposed  to  the  doctrine  of  necessity. 

Remove  from  their  mind  libertarian  pn-Ju.Iice.  Encye. 

LIB-ER-TA'RI-AN,  77.    One  who  holds  to  free  will. 
LIB-ER-'J'A'RI-A.N'-IS.'M,  n.    The  principles  or  doc- 

trini!8  of  libertarians. 
LIB'ER-TI-CIUE,  n.    [liberty,  and  I,,  co-do.] 

Destruction  of  liberty  ;  biit  used  fia  an  adjective ; 
"  liberticide  views."  Jefferson. 
2.  A  destroyer  of  liberty.  Wade. 
LIB'ER-TIN-A'CE,  71    Libertinism  ;  which  is  most 
used. 

LIB'ER-TINE,  (-tin,)  71.  [L.  libertinus,  from  liber, 
free.] 

1.  Among  the  Jimnans,  a  freedman  ;  a  person  man- 
umitted or  set  free  from  legal  servitude. 

2.  One  unconfined  ;  one  free  from  restraint.  Slink. 

3.  A  man  who  lives  without  restraint  of  the  ani- 
mal passiim  ;  one  who  indulges  his  lust  without 
restraint ;  one  who  leads  a  dissolute,  licentious  life  ; 
a  rake  ;  a  debauchee. 

LIB'ER-TINE,  a.  Licentious  ;  dissolute  ;  not  under 
the  restraint  of  law  or  religion  ;  as,  libertine  princi- 
ples ;  a  libertine  life. 

LIB'ER-TIN-IS.M,  n.  State  of  a  freedman.  f Little 
used.]  Hammond. 

2.  Licentiousness  of  opinion  and  practice  ;  an  un- 
restrained indulgence  of  lust ;  debauchery  ;  lewd- 
ness. JlUrrbury. 

LIB'ER-TY,  71.  [L.  liberlas,  from  liber,  free  ;  Fr. 
librrle  :  It.  liberta ;  Sp.  libcrUid.  Class  Lb,  No.  34, 
27,  30,  31.1 

1.  Freedom  from  restraint,  in  a  gi  neral  sense,  and 
applicable  to  the  body,  or  to  the  will  or  mind.  The 
body  is  at  liberty  when  not  confined  ;  the  will  -or 
mind  is  at  liberty  when  not  checked  or  controlled. 
A  man  enjoys  liberty  when  no  physical  force  oper- 
ates to  restrain  his  actions  or  vtilitions. 

2.  J^atural  liberty  consists  in  the  power  of  acting 
as  one  thinks  fit,  without  any  restraint  or  control, 
except  from  the  laws  of  nature.  It  is  a  state  of  ex- 
emption from  the  control  of  others,  and  from  [Kisitive 
laws,  and  tlii^  institutions  of  social  life.  This  liberty 
is  abridged  by  the  establisliiiient  of  govermnent. 

3.  Cicii  liberty  is  the  liberty  of  men  in  a  state  of 
society,  or  natural  liberty,  so  far  only  abridged  and 
restrained,  as  is  necessary  and  expedient  for  the 
safety  and  interest  of  the  society,  state,  or  nation. 
A  restraint  of  natural  liberty,  not  necessary  or  ex- 
pedient for  the  public,  is  tyranny  or  oppression. 
Ciril  liberty  is  an  exemption  from  the  arbitrary  will 
of  others,  which  exemption  is  secured  by  et-tahiished 
laws,  which  restrain  every  man  from  injuring  or 
controlling  another.  Hence  the  restraints  uf  law  are 
essential  to  civil  liberty. 

1'lie  liherty  of  onedeprmli  not  to  much  on  tlie  removn]  of  all 
remr.nnt  from  hiin,  as  on  the  due  rettninl  upon  the  liberty 
of  others.  Aniet. 

In  this  sentence,  the  latter  word  liberty  denotes 
natural  liberty. 

4.  Political  liberty  is  sometimes  used  as  synonymous 
with  ciiii;  liberty.  Iliit  it  more  properly  designates  the 
liberty  of  a  nation,  the  freetloni  of  a  nation  or  slate 
from  all  unjust  abridgment  of  its  rights  and  inde- 
penclence  by  another  nation.  Hence  we  often  speak 
of  the  political  liberties  of  Europe,  or  the  nations  of 
Europe. 

5.  Religious  liberty  is  the  free  right  of  adopting  and 
enjoying  opinions  on  religious  subjects,  and  of  wor- 
shiping the  Supreme  Being  according  to  the  dictates 
of  conscience,  without  external  control. 

6.  Libertu,  in  metaphysics,  as  opposed  to  iieeessity,  is 
the  power  of  an  agent  to  tlo  or  forbear  any  particular 
action,  according  to  the  determination  or  thought  of 
the  mind,  by  which  cither  is  preferred  to  the  other. 

Locke. 

Freedom  of  the  will ;  exemption  from  compulsion 
or  restraint  in  willing  or  volition.  I 

7.  Privilege  ;  exemption  ;  immunity  enjoyed  by 
prescription  or  by  grant;  with  a  plural.    Tims  we  I 
speak  of  the  liberties  of  the  commercial  cities  of  Eu-  I 
rope. 

8.  Leave  ;  permission  granted.  The  witness  ob- 
tained liberty  to  leave  the  court. 

9.  A  space  in  which  one  is  |H-rmittcd  to  pass  with-  I 
out  restraint,  and  beyond  which  be  may  not  lawfully 
pass  ;  with  a  plural ;  as,  the  liberties  of  a  prison. 

10.  Freedom  of  action  or  speech  beyond  the  ordi- 
nary bounds  of  civility  or  decorum.  Females  should 
rejud  all  improper  liberties. 

To  lake  the  liberty  to  do  or  say  any  thing ;  to  use 
freedom  not  specially  granted. 

To  set  at  liberty  ;  to  deliver  from  confinement ;  to 
release  from  restraint. 

To  be  at  liberty  ;  to  be  free  from  restraint. 

Liberty  of  the  press,  is  freedom  from  any  restriction 
on  the  power  to  publish  boiiks  ;  the  free  jxiwer  of  1 
publishing  what  one  pleases,  subject  only  to  punish- 
ment for  abusing  the  privilege,  or  publishing  what  is 
mischievous  to  the  public  or  injurious  to  individuals. 

Btackstane* 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  e  na  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CII  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

dITd  66r 


Lie 


Lie 


LIE 


LI-BETU'EX-ITE,  n.  A  mineral,  first  found  at  Libe- 
tlien,  in  Hungarj',  iinving  an  olive-green  color,  and 
consisting  of  pbosplioric  acid,  oxyd  of  copper,  and 
water. 

L1-BII)'IN-IPT,  71.    One  given  to  lewdness.  Junius. 

LI-BID'IX-OLTS,  a.  [L.  Ubidinosus,  from  libido,  Inbido, 
lust,  from  libeo,  libel,  lubet,  to  please,  it  pleasetli ;  G. 
licbe,  love  ;  liebcn,  to  love ;  Eng.  love,  which  see.  The 
root  is  lib  or  liib.] 

Lustful ;  lewd  5  having  an  »«ger  appetite  for  vene- 
real pleasure.  Beutley. 

LI-BlU'I\-OUS-LY,  adr.  Lustfully  ;  with  lewd  desire. 

LI-BID'IN-OUS-KE.-^S,  v.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing lustful ;  inordinate  appetite  for  venereal  pleasure. 

LI'BK.V,  n.  [L.]  The  Balance  ;  the  seventh  sign  in 
the  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  at  the  autumnal 
equinox,  in  September. 

LI'BRAL,  a.    [L.  tibralis.] 

Of  a  pound  weight.  Diet. 

LI-BRa'RI-AN,  n,  [L.  librarius,  with  a  different  sig- 
nification, from  liber,  bark,  a  book.] 

1.  The  keeper,  or  one  who  has  the  care  of,  a  libra- 
ry or  collection  of  books. 

2.  One  who  transcribes  or  copies  books.  [JVot  now 
u.scf/.J  Broome. 

LI-FRA'Rr-AN-SHIP,  71.   The  office  of  a  librarian. 
LI'BRA-RY,  71.    [L.  Ubrariuin,  libraria,  from  liber,  a 
book.] 

1.  A  collection  of  books  belonging  to  a  private  per- 
son, or  to  a  public  institution  or  a  company. 

2.  An  edifice  or  an  apartment  for  holding  a  collec- 
tion of  books. 

LI'BRaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  libro,  from  libra,  a  balance,  a 

level ;  allied  perhaps  to  Eng.  level'] 

To  poise  ;  to  balance  ;  to  hold  in  equipoise. 
LI'BRATE,  V.  i.  To  move,  as  a  balance  ;  to  be  poised. 

Their  pans  all  tibrale  on  too  nice  a  beam.  Cli/ton, 
Li'BR.5-TED,  pp.    Poised  ;  balanced. 
Li'BRa-TING,  ppr.    Moving,  as  a  balance  ;  poising. 
LI-BRa'TION,  h.    The  act  of  balancing,  or  state  of 

being  balanced  ;  a  state  of  equipoise,  with  equal 

weights  on  both  sides  of  a  center. 

2.  " In  astroiiomij,  a  term  applied  to  changes  in  the 
disk  of  the  moon,  by  which  certain  parts  of  it  alter- 
nately appear  .and  disappear.  The  moon  always  turns 
nearly  tlie  same  face  to  the  earth  ;  but  by  the  libration 
in  longitude,  tlie  parts  near  the  eastern  and  western 
borders  alternately  appear  and  disappear  ;  by  the  Vi- 
bration in  latitude,  the  parts  about  the  poles  alternate- 
ly appear  and  disappear;  by  the  diurnal  libration, 
more  of  the  upp-T  limb  is  brought  into  view  at  rising 
and  setting.  Olm^-ted.  Brande. 

3.  A  balancing  or  equipoise  between  extremes. 

Darwin. 

LI'BK.VTO-RY,  a.    Balancing  ;  moving  like  a  bal- 
ance, as  it  tends  to  an  equipoise  or  level. 
LTCE,  71.    pi.  of  Louse. 
LICE'-Ba.XE,  n.    .\  plant. 

LI'CENS-A-BLE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  licensed  or  permit- 
ted by  legal  grant. 

Li'CEXSE,  71.  (Fr.,  from  L.  licentia,  from  Uceo,  to  be 
permitted,  Ir.  leiijhim,  liirim,  to  allow  or  permit.] 

1.  Leave  ;  permission ;  authority  or  liberty  given 
to  do  or  forbear  any  act.  A  licence  may  be  verbal  or 
written  ;  when  written,  the  paper  containing  the  au- 
thority is  called  a  license.  A  man  is  not  permitted  to 
retail  spirituous  liquors  till  he  h.is  obtained  a  license. 

2.  Excess  of  liberty  ;  exorbitant  freedom  ;  freedom 
abused,  or  used  in  contempt  of  law  or  decorum. 

License  Uiey  mean,  when  th'-y  cry  liU?ny.  J^Jilton. 
LI'CENt-E,  V.  t.    To  permit  by  grant  of  authority  ;  to 
remove  legal  restraint  by  a  grant  of  permission;  as, 
to  license  a  man  to  keep  an  inn. 

3.  To  authorize  to  act  in  a  particular  character ;  as, 
to  license  a  physician  or  a  lawyer. 

4.  To  dismiss.    [JVol  in  use.]  IVnllon. 
LI'CENS-ED,  (li'senst,)  j)p.  or  a.    Permitted  by  au- 
thority. 

LI'CENS-ER,  n.  One  who  grants  permission  ;  a  per- 
son authorized  to  grant  permission  to  others  ;  as,  a 
licenser  of  the  press. 

LT'CENS-I.\G,  ppr.    Permitting  by  authority. 

LT'CICNS  IXG,  n.    The  act  of  giving  a  license. 

I.T'Cl'.NS  I  It  I',,  H.    A  licensing. 

H-CE.N'  ri  ATE,  71.    [from  L.  licrntia.] 

One  w  ho  has  a  license  to  exercise  a  profession  j  as, 
a  licentiate  in  medicine  or  theology. 

2.  In  Spain,  one  who  has  a  degree  ;  as,  a  licentiate 
in  law  or  divinity.  The  officers  of  justice  are  mostly 
distiiiguislii'd  by  this  title.  Encyc. 

LI-CE.\'T1ATE,  c.  t.  To  give  license  or  permission. 

Estrange. 

LT-CEN-TI-A'TION,  71.   The  act  of  permitting. 
LI-CE.N'TIOIJH,  (li-sen'shus,)  a.  JL.  licentiosu.i.] 

1.  Using  license;  indulging  Ircedom  to  excess; 

unrcstraini-d  by  law  or  morality ;  loose  ;  dissolute  ; 

a>i,  a  licentious  man. 

3.  Exceeding  the  liniitxof  law  or  propriety  ;  wan 
ton  ;  iinreHirained  ;  ns,  ttcentious  desireti.  Licentioiu 
thoiighlH  precedi*  hcenttviu  conduct. 

LT-<;E.N'T10IJ.H-LY,  mln.    With  excess  of  liberty  ;  in 

contempt  of  law  and  morality. 
LT-CEN''1'I01J.S-.M;.S.><,  n.    Excessive  indulgence  of 


liberty ;  contempt  of  the  just  restraints  of  law,  mo- 
rality, and  decorum.  The  liccn/iausness  of  authors  is 
justly  condemned  ;  the  licentiousness  of  the  press  is 
punishable  by  law. 

Law  is  the       of  wise  men  ;  liccnIiouBrt£SB  is  the  god  of  fools. 

Plato. 

LICH,  a.    [Sax.  lie.    See  Like.] 

Like  ;  even  ;  equal.    [Obs  ]  Oower. 

LICH,  71.  [Sax.  lie,  or  lice,  a  body,  the  flesh,  a  dead 
body,  or  corpse  ;  lichama,  a  living  body  ;  hence  lick- 
wake,  watching  with  the  dead  ;  Lichfield,  the  field  of 
dead  bodies  ;  Goth.  Icili,  the  fiesli,  a  bo;;y  ;  leikan,  to 
please,  Sax.  liccan  ;  Goth,  leiks,  like  ;  G.  n-leick  ;  D. 
lyk  and  gelijk,  like  ;  G.  Iciclie,  a  dead  body,  D.  hjkj 


Heb.  p^n  clialak,  smooth  ;  Ar.  |_ »' V ~^  chalaka, 


to 


shave,  to  make  smooth  ;  (.jO^ii  A'AaMa,  to  measure, 
to  form,  to  create,  to  make  smooth  and  equable,  to 
be  beautiful ;  derivatives,  creature,  man,  people.  We 
see  the  radical  sense  is,  smooth,  or  rather,  to  make 
even,  equal,  smooth  ;  hence,  like,  likeness,  and  a 
body.  We  have  here  an  instance  of  the  radical 
sense  of  7n«ji  and  bodti,  niinost  exactly  analogous  to 
that  of  Mam,  from  HOT,  to  make  equal,  to  be  like.] 
Ll'GHEN,  (ll'ken  or  litch'en,)  ii.    [L.,  from  Gr.  Ati- 

1.  In  botany,  the  name  for  an  extensive  division  of 
cryptogamous  plants,  constituting  a  genus  in  the  or- 
der of  .Al?:e,  in  the  Linnean  system,  but  now  form- 
ing a  distinct  natural  order.  They  appear  in  the  form 
of  thin,  tlat  crusts,  covering  rocks  and  the  bark  of 
trees,  or  in  foliaceous  ex|iaiisions,  or  branched  like  a 
shrub  in  miniature,  or  sometimes  only  as  a  gelatinous 
mass  or  a  powdery  substance.  They  are  called  rock- 
moss  and  trce-nwss,  and  some  of  the  liverworts  are 
of  this  order.  They  also  include  the  Iceland  moss 
and  the  reindeer  moss  ;  but  they  are  entirely  distinct 
from  the  true  mosses,  (Musci.)  Kd.  Eneyc, 

2.  In  medicine,  a  papular  cutaneous  eruption,  con- 
sisting of  diffuse  red  Dimiiles.  which  are  attended 
with  a  troublesome  sense  01  tingling  and  pricking. 
A  common  variety  of  this  affection  resembles  the 
effect  of  stinging  with  nettles,  and  is  called  nettle- 
lichen. 

Ll-€HEN'ie  ACID,  n.  The  acid  peculiar  to  some 
species  of  lichens.    It  appears  to  be  the  malic  acid. 

Brande. 

LieH'EN-IN\  71.  A  substance  closely  allied  to  starch, 
extracted  from  Iri.'laiid  moss.  Brande. 

LieH-E.\-0-GRAPirie,       fa.    Pertaining  to  lich- 

LICH-EN-O-GRAPIl'ie-AL,  \  enograpliy. 

LlGH-EN-OG'RA-PIIlST,  «.  One  who  describes  the 
lirllens, 

LieH-EN-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Xnxriv  and  ypaipoj, 
to  write.] 

A  description  of  the  vegetables  called  ?icAc/ts;  the 
science  which  illustrates  the  natural  history  of  the 
lichens.  Jicharins. 
LICH'-OWL,  7t.  An  owl  vulgarly  supposed  to  foretell 
death. 

LICIT,  (lis'it,)  a.    [I,,  liciuis.]  Lawful. 
LICIT-LY,  adv.  Lawfullv. 
LICIT-NESS,  n.  Lawfulness. 

LICK,  V.  t.  [S;ix.  liccian  ;  <»oth.  Iniirwan  ;  G.  leeken, 
schlcckcn  :  I),  iikken  ;  Uan.  likker,  slikker  ;  Sw.  slekia, 
stikia;  Fr.  lechrr ;  It.  Irceare  :  Ir.  leagaim,  lighim  ; 
Wnff.  lokayn,  liju  ;  \j.  Hugo  ;  Gr.  X£i\.,i ;  Sans.  Uh. 
Class  Lg,  Xo.       18.    See  Like  and  Sleek.] 

1.  To  pass  or  draw  the  tongue  over  the  surface  ; 
as,  a  dog  licks  a  wound.  Temple. 

2.  To  lap  ;  to  take  in  by  the  tongue  ;  as,  a  dog  or 
cat  licks  milk.    1  Kings  xxi. 

To  lick  up ;  to  devour ;  to  consume  entirely. 
Now  shall  this  company  licit  up  all  lliat  are  round  aliont  Qs,  ai 
an  ox  licktlk  up  the  grass  of  llie  field.  —  Num.  xxii. 

To  lick  the  dust ;  to  be  slain  ;  to  perish  in  battle. 

His  enemies  sliall  lick  Iht  dust.  —  I's.  Ixxii. 

LICK,  77.  In  .America,  a  place  where  beasts  of  the  for- 
est lick  for  .salt,  at  salt  springs. 

L1(;K,  71.  [W.  llaf,  a  lick,  a  slap,  a  ray,  a  blade  ; 
Ua^irnt,  to  lick,  to  shoot  out,  to  throw  or  lay  about,  to 
cudgel.    Uu.  the  root  of  jlog  and  slay,  to  strike.  See 

lakka,  to  strike.    Class  Lg,  No.  M.] 

1.  A  blow;  a  stroke.  {Vulgar.] 

Drydrn.    Rich.  Diet 

2.  A  wash  ;  something  rubbed  on.  [JVut  in  use.] 
LICK,  r.  «.    To  strike  repeatedly  for  punishment;  to 

flog  ;  to  chastise  with  blows.  "  To  lick,  a  lick, 11  lick- 
ing, are  common  words  in  speech,  though  not  in 
writing."  Hick.  Diet. 

[Not  an  elegant  word  ;  but  probably  Jlog,  L.  Jligo, 
is  from  the  root  of  this  word.] 
LICK'AD,  (likt,)  pp.     Taken  in  by  the  tongue; 
lapped. 

LICK'ER,  n.    One  that  licks. 

LK  K'EU  ISIl,  n.  [I).  Dan.  Irkker,  0.  leckrr,  Sw. 
lacker,  nice,  dainty,  delicate.  This  seems  to  be  con- 
necU'd  with  1).  Ickkcn,  G.  Iccken,  Van.  trkkrr,  Sw. 


/acta,  to  leak,  for  in  D.  tbi' verb  signifies  alsotomake 
sicrk  or  smooth,  and  in  G.  to  lick,  which  unites  Ihe 
word  with  lick,  and  perhaps  with  like.  In  Sa.x.  lic- 
cera  is  a  gUitton,  and  this  is  the  Italian  lecco,  a  glut- 
ton, a  IcchiT ;  leccardo,  greedy;  leccarc,  to  lick.  The 
Arm.  has  lickei,  lickerish.  The  phrase,  the  mouth 
waters  for  a  thing,  may  thrmv  light  on  this  word,  and 
if  the  first  syllable  of  delight,  delicious,  and  delicate, 
is  a  prefix,  these  are  of  the  same  family,  as  may  be 
the  Gr  ;  Avxi's,  sweet.  The  senses  of  watery,  smooth, 
sipeet,  are  allied  ;  likeness  is  often  connected  with 
smoothness,  in  radical  sense,  and  sleek  is  probably 
from  the  root  of  lick,  like.] 

1.  Nice  in  the  choice  of^  food  ;  dainty  ;  as,  a  iic/j- 
erish  palate.  L^Kstrange, 

2.  Eager ;  greedy  to  swallow ;  eager  10  taste  or 
enjoy  ;  having  a  keen  relish. 

Sidney.    Dryden,  Locke. 

3.  Dainty ;  tempting  the  appetite ;  as,  lickerish 
baits.  Miltoiu 

LICK'ER-ISII-LY,  adv.  Daintily. 
LICK'ER-ISII-NESS,  71.    Niceness  of  palate  ;  dainti- 
ness. 

LICK'ING,  ypr.    Lapping  ;  taking  in  by  the  tongue. 

LICK'LN'G,  71.    .\  lapping  with  the  tongue. 

2.  A  flogging,  or  c;isligation.    [Low.]     Rich,  Diet. 

LICK'SPIT-TLE,  71.  A  Hatterer  or  parasite  of  the 
most  abject  character.  [This  coarse  but  expressive 
term  is  derived  from  the  practice  of  certain  ancient 
parasites,  who  are  said  to'have  licked  up  the  spittle  of 
their  master,  as  if  delicious  to  the  taste.]  Hulloway. 

Lie'O-RICE,  (lik'o-ris,)  71.  [It.  Iiv«iri:ia;  U  gly- 
cyrrhiza  ;  Gr.  yXvKVfipi^a  ;  }Xvkvs,  sweet,  and  pi^u, 
a  root.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Glycyrrliiza.  The  root  of 
this  plant  abounds  with  a  sweet  juice,  much  used  in 
demulcent  compositions.  Encijc. 

LI€'0-ROUS,  Lie'O-ROUS-NESS,  for  Lickerish, 
&c.    [JVo<  used.] 

Lie'TOR,  n.    [L.  Qu.  lick,  to  strike.] 

An  officer  among  the  Romans,  who  bore  an  ax  and 
fasces  or  rods,  as  ensigns  of  his  office.  The  duty  of 
a  lictor  was  to  attend  the  chief  magistrates  when 
they  appeared  in  public,  to  clear  the  way,  and  cause 
due  respect  to  be  paid  to  them.  A  dictator  was  at- 
tended by  twenty-four  lictors,  a  consul  by  twelve, 
and  a  master  of  the  horse  by  six.  It  was  also  the 
duty  of  lictors  to  apprehend  and  punish  criminals. 

Encyc.  Johnson. 

LID,  71.  [Sax.  hlid,  a  cover  ;  hlidan,  to  cover ;  ge-hlid, 
a  roof ;  I).  Dan.  lid;  h.  claiida,  c/i7rfo  ;  Gr.  kA£io), con- 
tracted from  itAr/idoa);  Heb.  IOn'j  or  Oih,  to  cover, 

Ar.  tj  latta.    Class  Ld,  No.  I,  8,  9.] 

A  cover  ;  that  which  shuts  the  openine  of  a  vessel 
or  box  ;  as,  the  lid  of  a  chest  or  trunk  ;  also,  the  cov- 
er of  the  eye,  the  membrane  which  is  drawn  over  the 
eyeball  of  an  animal  at  jileasure,  and  which  is  in- 
tended for  its  protection  ;  the  eyelid, 
LID'LESS,  a.    Having  no  lid. 

LIE,  water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salt,  is  written 
LvE,  to  distinguish  it  from  Lie,  a  falsehood. 

LIE,  71.  [Sax.  lig,  or  lyge  ;  Sw.  Idgn  ;  Dan.  loim  ;  D. 
lewren  ;  G.  lug,  luge;  Russ.  loj.  The  verb  is  proba- 
bly the  primary  word.] 

1.  A  criminal  falsehood ;  a  falsehood  uttered  for 
the  purpose  of  deception  ;  an  intentional  violation  of 
truth.  Fiction,  or  a  false  statement  or  misrepresenta- 
tion, not  intended  to  deceive,  mislead,  or  injure,  as 
in  fables,  parables,  and  the  like,  is  not  a  lie. 

h  is  willful  deceit  that  makes  a  lie.  A  man  may  net  a  lie,  as 
by  jwintinff  his  lin^r  in  a  wrong  tlirection,  when  a  traveler 
inquires  ol  him  liis  road.  Foley. 

2.  A  fiction  ;  in  a  ludicrous  sense.  Dryden. 

3.  False  doctrine.    1  John  ii. 

4.  An  idolatrous  picture  of  God,  or  a  false  god. 
Rom.  i. 

.').  That  which  deceives  and  disappoints  confidence. 

Micah  i. 

To  give  the  lie ;  to  charge  with  falsehood.  A  man's 
actions  mav  gire  the  lie  to  his  words. 
LIE,  V.  i.    [Sax.  ligan,  leosan  ;  Dan.  lyver ;  Sw.  liuga ; 
G.  Wgen  ;  D.  Irugcnen  ;  Russ.  liru.] 

1.  To  tiller  falsehood  with  an  intention  to  deceive, 
or  with  an  immoral  design. 

Thou  hasl  not  lied  to  men,  but  to  Cod.  —  Acts  v. 

2.  To  exhibit  a  false  representation  ;  to  say  or 
do  that  which  deceives  another,  when  he  has  a  right 
to  know  the  truth,  or  when  morality  requires  a  just 
representation. 

LIE,  V.  i.  ;prct.  hKi;pp.  Lain,  (Lien,  obs.)  [Sax.  ligan, 
or  licgan ;  (Joth.  ligan  ;  Sw.  tiggia  ;  Dan.  ligger  ;  D. 
liggen;  G.  liegrn :  Russ.  Irja  :  Gr.  Acm'/ik'.  The 
G"r."word  usually  signifies  to  speak,  which  is  to  utter 
or  tlirtiw  out  sounds.  Hence  to  lie  down  is  to  throw 
one's  self  down,  and  probably  Lie  and  Lav  arc  of 
one  family,  as  are  jai;io  ami  jarro,  in  Latin.] 

1.  To  be  in  a  horizontal  position,  or  nearly  so,  and 
to  rt!st  on  any  thing  lengthwise,  and  not  on  the  end. 
Thus  a  person  lie.i  on  a  bed,  and  a  fallen  tree  on  the 
ground.  A  cask  stands  on  its  end,  but  lies  on  its 
sllh^ 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIl^T  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  HQQK — 


1  h:ird  hibor,  fur*i-u 
Locke. 


LIE 

2.  Tu  ri'st  in  an  inclining  (lusture  ;  to  lean  j  as,  to 
lie  on  or  against  a  column. 
;i.  To  rttst ;  to  pri-ss  on. 

4.  To  111!  roposilcil  in  the  grave. 

Ali  llic  k'wgt  uf  Ihe  vnrlli,  even  all  of  llwin.  He  in  glory.  —  Im. 
xiv. 

5.  To  rest  on  a  bcJ  or  conch  ;  to  be  prostrate  ;  as, 
tu  lie  sick. 

My        dniijhtcr  IiVlA  at  tlio  point  of  clcnlli.  —  Murk  r. 

R.  To  be  sitnatcd.  New  Haven  /i>*  in  tlic  forty- 
socimd  degree  of  north  latitude.  Ireland  lies  west  of 
Kngland. 

ilnvy  liei  U-lwcf-n  Ix-inji  equal  in  naturtr,  though  un(^tit\l  in 
circuinaLuiccs.  Collier. 

7.  To  be  ;  to  rest ;  to  abide  ;  to  remain  ;  often  fol- 
lowed by  some  word  tlenotinga  particular  condition  ; 
as,  to  lie  w;ustc  ;  to  lie  fallow  ;  to  lie  o|>en  ;  to  lie  bid  ; 
to  lie  pining  or  grieving  ;  to  lie  under  one's  displeas- 
ure ;  to  lie  at  the  mercy  of  a  creditor,  or  at  the  mercy 
of  the  waves. 

6.  'I'o  consist. 

He  that  thinks  tliat  (livrnion  may  not  lie 
Uie  early  rising  uf  the  huutsiiian. 

9.  To  be  sustainable  in  law  ;  to  be  capable  of  be- 
ins  maintained.  An  action  lies  against  the  tenant 
for  waste. 

An  n[ip<-al  liet  in  this  case.  Ch.  J.  Parson*. 

To  lie  at;  to  texse  or  importune.    [TMUe  tisrd.] 
To  lie  at  the  heart ;  to  be  li.ied  as  an  object  of  affec- 
tion or  anxious  desire. 

The  Spaiii  inU  have  but  oni»  U'mptation  to  quarrel  with  na,  the 
ivcuveling  of  Jani:uca,  fur  tiut  luu  ever  lain  at  ttielr  hearts. 

Temple. 

To  lie  bij  ;  to  be  reposited,  or  remaining  with.  He 
has  the  manuscript  luins  liij  him. 

2.  To  rest ;  to  intermit  labor.  We  lay  by  during 
the  beat  of  the  day. 

To  lie  in  the  leaij  :  to  be  an  obstacle  or  impediment. 
Remove  the  (Objections  that  lie  in  the  way  of  an  ami- 
cable adjustment. 

To  lie  liard  or  heavy;  to  press ;  to  oppress  ;  to  bur- 
den. 

To  lie  oil  hand :  to  be  or  remain  in  possession  ;  to 
remain  unsold  or  undisposed  of.  fJreat  (pinutities  of 
wine  lie  on  hand,  or  have  ((liii  long  on  hand. 

To  lie  on  the  hand.i :  to  remain  unoccupied  or  un- 
employed ;  to  be  tedious.  Men  are  somelimes  at  a 
lt)ss  to  know  how  to  employ  the  time  that /icjf  tin  ihctr 
hand.-t. 

To  lie  on  the  head ;  to  be  imputed. 

%Vhat  hp  gr'ts  mon!  of  her  than  sharp  words,  let  it  tie  on  my 
heait.  Shak. 

To  lie  in  leait ;  to  wait  ftir  in  concealment ;  to  lie 
in  ambush  ;  to  watch  for  an  op|)ortunity  to  attack  or 
seize. 

To  lie  in  one  ;  to  be  in  the  power  of;  to  belong  to. 

As  much  n«  litth  in  you,  live  jieaceably  witii  all  men.  —  Rom.  xii. 

To  lie  down ;  to  lay  the  body  on  the  ground  or  tither 
level  place  ;  also,  to  go  to  rest. 

To  lie  in  ;  to  be  in  eliildlied  ;  to  bring  forth  young. 

Vii  lie  under  ;  to  be  subject  to  ;  to  sutler  ;  to  be  o|)- 
pressed  by. 

To  lie  on  or  upon:  to  be  a  matter  of  obligation  or 
duty.    It  lies  on  the  plaintilf  to  inaintuin  his  action. 

7V>  lie  witit;  to  lodge  or  sleep  with;  also,  to  have 
t:arnal  knowledge  tif. 

2.  To  belong  to.    It  lies  with  yoti  to  make  amends. 

7V  lie  orer ;  to  rem.iin  unpaid  after  the  time  when 
payment  is  due  ;  as  a  note  in  bank  ]  also,  to  be  de- 
ferred to  some  future  occasion  j  as  a  resolution  in 
congress. 

To  lie  to.  ,\  ship  is  said  to  lie  to,  when  her  progress 
is  checked  either  by  counlerbractng  tlie  yards  or  tak- 
ing in  sail. 

LIkK,  a.     [Sax.  Irof,  loved;  D.  litf;  G.  lub.  See 
Love.] 

Dear ;  beloved.    [  Obs.]  Spenser.  Shak, 

LIkF,  adr.    [Supra.    This  word  coincides  with  love, 

L.  lubet,  librl,  and  the  primary  sense  is,  to  be  free, 

prompt,  reatly.] 
Gl.adly  ;  willingly  ;  freely  ;  used  in  familiar  speech 

in  the  phrase,  I  hail  as  lirf  go  as  not.    It  has  been 

supposed  that  had,  in  this  phrase,  is  a  corruption  of 

would.    At  anv  rate,  it  is  anomaliins. 
LTK'-FRAUGHT,  n.    Fraught  with  lies.  iMmb. 
LIP.OE,  (leej,)  o.    [It.  Ii>i.i ;  Fr.  line ;  from  L.  ligo,  to 

bind  ;  Gr.  Xij;  oto,  to  bind,  to  bend  ;  Airj  05,  3  witlie.l 

1.  Round  by  a  feudal  tenure  ;  obliged  to  be  faithful 
and  loyal  to  a  su{H*rior,  as  a  vassal  to  his  lord  ;  sub- 
ject ;  faithful ;  as,  a  lieire  man.  By  lieire  homage,  a 
\-assal  was  bound  to  serve  his  lord  against  all,  with- 
out excepting  his  sovereign  ;  or  against  all  excepting 
a  former  lord,  to  whom  he  owed  like  service. 

F.ncye. 

_2.  Sovereign  ;  as,  a  lirire  lord.    [See  the  noun'.^ 
LiKoF,,  (leej.)  n.    [Supra.]    A  va-ssal  holding  a  fee 
by  which  he  is  bound  to  pcrfonn  certain  services  and 
duties  to  his  lord. 

2.  A  lord  or  superior  ;  a  st  vereisn. 

Aulc  — This  is  a  false  ai  nl.caliiin  of  the  word, 
arising  probably  from  transfeiriig  the  word  from  the 


LIF 

vassal  to  the  lord  ;  the  lord  of  liejre  tncn  being  called 
Itetfe  turd.  Johnson. 

LliiOtl'-MAN,  n.  A  vassal  ;  a  subject.  [Ob.i.]  Spenser. 

LI  KG' UK,  «.    A  resident  embassador.  [^Ofr.*.] 

LI'E.N  ;  tlie  tibsolele  participle  of  Lie.    .^-ee  Lai:». 

LI'KN,  (le'eii  or  li'eii ;  .Jtimr-ton  ^ire.^  lu'en,  Ivnotcles 
and  Smart,  \i't  i\ ,)  n.  [.Supra.]  A  legal  claim  ;  the 
right  by  whii  h  the  possessor  of  property  holds  it 
against  tlie  owner,  in  satisfaction  of  a  demand. 

LI-E.\-TCll'ie,  a.  [from  lientery.]  Pertaining  to  a 
lientery.  Grew. 

LI'EN-TKR-y,  n.  [Fr.  tienterie  ;  L.  and  It.  heiiforia  ; 
Gr.  Xcioi',  smooth,  and  tircooi',  an  intestine.] 

A  lax  or  diarrhea,  in  whirh  the  aliments  are  dis- 
charged undigested,  and  with  little  alteration  eitlier 
in  color  or  substance.  F.ncye. 

LI'KK,  ».  [from /ic]  One  who  lies  down  ;  one  who 
rests  or  remains  ;  as,  a  Her  in  wait  or  in  ambush. 
Josh.  viii. 

LIEO,  (lu,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  the  root  of  L.  toeus,  Eng  ley, 

or  ha.    See  Lev.] 

Place  ;  room  ;  stead.    It  is  used  only  with  in.  Let 

me  have  gold  in  lieu  of  silver.    In  /icu  of  fashionable 

honor,  let  justice  be  siibstituteil. 
LIEO-TEN'AN-CY,  (lu-ten'an-.sy  or  lef-ten'an-sy,)  71. 

See  Lieutenant. 

1.  The  olTicu  or  commission  of  a  lieutenant.  Shak. 

2.  The  boilv  of  lieutenants.  Felton. 
LIEO-TE.N'ANT,  (lu-ten'ant  or  lef-ten'ant,)  n.    [Fr. ; 

composed  of  lieu,  place,  and  tenant,  L.  tencns,  hold- 
ing.] 

1.  An  officer  who  supplies  the  place  of  a  superior 
in  his  absence.  Oltici  is  of  this  kiin!  are  civil,  as  the 
lord-(irii((iinii(  of  a  kingdom  or  county  ;  or  military, 
as  a  /irHfrn«ii(-general,  a  /icitfp/iaiit-colonel. 

2.  In  mdilury  affairs,  the  second  coiiiniissioncd  of- 
ficer in  a  company  of  infantry,  cavalry,  or  artill.  ry. 

3.  In  ships  of  war,  the  officer  next  in  rank  to  the 
ca[>tain. 

LlEC-Ti;.V',\NT-SinP.    See  Lieutenancy. 
LllcVE,  for  Lief,  is  vulgar.    [See  Liek.] 
LIeV'KITE,  h.  A  mineral,  called  also  Yenite,  which 

LIFE,  II. ;  ;if.  Lives.  [Sax.  lif,  hif;  Sw.  lif;  Dan.  liv ; 
O.  Icbrn  ;  D.  leencn.    See  Live.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  that  state  of  animals  and 
plants,  or  of  an  organized  being,  in  which  its  natural 
functions  and  motions  are  perftirmed,  or  in  which  its 
organs  are  capable  of  performing  their  functions.  A 
tree  is  not  destitute  of  life  in  winter,  wlien  tlie  func- 
tions of  its  organs  are  suspended  ;  nor  man  during  a 
swoon  or  syncope  ;  nor  strictly  birds,  tiuadrupiHls,  or 
serpents,  during  their  torpitude  in  winter,  'l  liey  are 
not  strictly  dead  till  the  functions  of  their  organs  are 
incapable  of  being  renewed. 

2.  In  animals,  animation;  vitality;  and  in  man, 
that  state  of  being  in  which  the  soul  and  body  are 
united. 

He  entre.atcd  me  not  to  tike  his  life.  Broome. 

3.  In  plants,  the  state  in  which  they  grow,  or  are 
capable  of  growth,  by  means  of  the  circulation  of  the 
sap.  The  life  of  an  oak  may  be  two,  three,  or  four 
hundred  years. 

4.  The  jiresent  state  of  existence  ;  the  time  from 
birth  to  death.  The  l{fe  of  man  seldom  exceeds  sev- 
enty years. 

If  in  this  life  only  we  have  hope  la  Christ,  we  arc  of  all  men 
most  luiscmhle.  —  1  Cor.  IV. 

.S.  Manner  of  living  ;  conduct ;  deportment,  in  re- 
gard to  morals. 

I  will  leach  my  family  to  lead  good  Uses.         Mr*.  Darker. 

C.  Condition  ;  course  of  living,  in  regard  to  happi- 
ness and  miser)'.  We  say,  a  man's  life  has  been  a 
series  of  prosptTity  or  misfortune. 

7.  niood,  the  supposed  vehicle  of  animation. 
And  the  warm  life  came  issuing  through  the  wound.  Pope. 

8.  Animals  in  general  ;  animal  being. 

Full  nature  swarms  with  li/e.  TItomson. 

9.  System  of  anim.il  nature. 

Lives  lhrou<;h  all  li/e.  Pope, 

10.  Spirit;  animation;  briskness;  vivacity;  reso- 
lution. 

They  have  no  notion  offiYe  and  tiie  in  fancy  and  words. 

Fdton. 

11.  The  living  form;  real  pt;rson  or  state  ;  in  o|>- 
position  to  a  copy:  as,  a  picture  is  taken  from  the 
l\fe;  a  description  from  the  liJ'e. 

12.  Exact  n  semblance  ;  with  to  before  life.  His 
portrait  is  drawn  to  the  life. 

13.  General  slate  of  man,  or  of  social  manners;  as, 
the  studies  and  arts  that  polish  l\fe. 

H.  Condition  ;  rank  in  society ;  as,  high  life  and 
low  life. 

15.  Common  occurrences ;  course  of  things  ;  hu- 
man atTairs. 

But  to  know 
That  which  b.-forc  lu  lira  in  daily  life. 
Is  the  prime  wisdom.  Milton. 

IC.  A  person  :  a  living  being,  usually  or  always  a 
human  being.    How  many  lices  were  sacrificed  diir- 
i     ing  the  revolution  ! 


LIF 

17.  Narrative  of  a  past  life  ;  history  of  the  events 
of  life  ;  biographical  narration.  Johnson  wrote  the 
life  of  .Milloii,  and  the  tu  rs  of  other  poets. 

18.  In  Scriplurv,  iiourishuient ;  support  of  life. 
Kor  the  tree  of  the  field  is  main's  l\fe,  —  Ucut.  xx. 

19.  The  stomach  or  apiHlile. 

Ilii  life  ahhorrt^Ui  bread.  —  Job  xxxiil. 

20.  The  cujuynicnts  or  blessings  of  the  present 
life. 

Having  the  pruiulse  of  the  life  that  now  is,  and  of  that  wliich  is 
to  come.  —  I  Tim.  iv. 

21.  Supreme  felicity. 

To  t,e  splnlually  minded  is  life  and  peace.  —  Itoin.  viil. 

23.  Eti'rnal  happiness  in  In^aven.    Rum.  v. 

23.  Restoration  t.i  life.    Uom.  v. 

21.  The  aiitlior  and  giver  of  supreme  felicity. 

I  am  llie  way,  llie  Irulh,  and  the  life.  — John  xiv. 
2.5.  .\  tpiiikenin!.',  animntins,  and  strengthening 
priiicijile,  in  a  moral  sense.    John  vi. 

21).  fJfr  of  an  rrrrnlion  :  the  period  when  an  execu- 
tion is  in  fiiicf,  or  lielbrc  it  expires. 
LII'IV- AN  NCi'I-'I  V,  H.    A  sum  of  money  paid  yearly 

during  a  person's  lilV.  Brande. 
LIFE'-A.s-SCR'A.NCE,  (-shur'ans,)  n.    See  Like-Ih- 
suhance. 

LTFE'-liLOOn,  (-bind,)  n.  The  blood  necessary  to 
life  ;  vital  blood.  Drydcn. 

2.  That  which  constitutes  or  gives  strengtli  and 
energy. 

Money,  llie  lifC'blooil  of  Uie  n.\tion.  Swift. 

LIFE'-BLOOI),  a.  Neces.sary  as  blood  to  life  ;  essen- 
tial. Milton. 

LIFE'-BO.\T,  n.  .\  boat  construrled  for  preserving 
lives  in  cases  of  shipwreck,  or  other  destruction  of  a 

LTFE'-ltl'i'iV.    Sit  Ifi-ov.  [ship  or  steamer. 

LI Fiy-C( i.N-Sf'.M '1  M;,  a.    Wasting  life. 

l.lFi;'-Ui:-Vo  T'Eli-.NESS,  II.  The  devotedness  of 
life.  Carlusle. 

LIFE'-E.\I)-L\G,  a.    Putting  an  end  to  life. 

LIFE'-ES-TaTE',  II.  An  estate  that  continues  during 
rile  life  of  the  possessor. 

LIFE'-EV-ER-LXST'L\G,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Gnaphaiiiitn,  or  cudweed  kind. 

LIFE'-Gl  V-ING,  a.  Giving  life  or  spirit ;  having  pow- 
er to  give  life  ;  inspiriting  ;  invigorating. 

Spenser.  Milton. 

LiFE'-GUARD,  71.  A  guard  of  the  life  or  person;  a 
guard  that  attends  the  person  of  a  prince  or  other 
person. 

LlFi;'-lN-SfR'A.\CE,  (in-shur'ans,)  n.  A  contract 
for  tlie  payment  of  a  certain  sum  of  money  on  a  p<T- 
son's  tlijatli.  Brandt. 

LIFE'-L\'TER-EST,  ii.  An  estate  or  interest  which 
lasts  during  one's  life. 

LlFI2'LESS,  a.  Dead  ;  dejirived  of  life  ;  as,  a  lifdess 
boily. 

2.  Destitute  of  Tife  ;  unanimated  ;  as,  lifeless  mat- 
ter. 

3.  Destitute  of  power,  force,  vigor,  or  spirit ;  dull ; 
heavy  ;  inactive. 

4.  Void  of  spirit ;  vapid  ;  as  li<|Uor. 
r>.  Torpid. 

6.  Waiitins  physical  energy. 
LIFE'LE.S.S-LV,  adv.    Without  vigor;  dully;  heavi- 
ly i  friL'idly. 

LIFG'LES.S-.NESS,  n.    Destitution  of  life,  vigor,  and 

spirit ;  inactivity. 
LIFE'LIlvE,  a.    Like  a  living  person.  Pope. 
LlFE'-LO.NG,  71.    Duration  of  life. 
LlFE'-.MALV  TAI.N'l.NG,  (       „  ^. 
LTFE'-SLV-TaI.N-I.M;,     j       Supporting  life. 
LIFE'-PRF.  SERVER,  n.    An  apparatus,  purticw/oWi/ 

an  air-tiglit  b^■lt,  for  preserving  lives  of  persons  in  1 

cases  of  shipwreck,  or  other  destruction  of  a  ship  or 

steamer. 

LTFE'-PRE-!«ERV'L\'G,  a.    Preserving  life. 
LiFE'-RE.N'T,  ii.   The  rent  of  an  estate  that  contin- 
ues for  life. 

LIFE'-SPRIXG,  71.   The  spring  or  source  of  life. 

EveretL 

LIFE'-STRIN'G,  71.  A  nerve  or  string  that  is  imagined 
to  he  esscniial  to  life. 

LTFE'TIME,  71.  The  time  that  life  continues;  dura- 
tion of  life.  .Addison. 

LIFE'-WeA-RY,  0.   Tired  of  life  ;  weary  of  living. 

Shak. 

LIFT,  tj.  t.  [Sw.  lifia  ;  Dan.  lUfler,  to  lilt ;  Goth. 
hlifan,  to  steal ;  .Sax.  hlifian,  to  be  high  or  conspicu- 
ous; Goth.  Aliyliu,  a  thief.  We  retain  this  sense  in 
shoplifter.  L.  lero,  elcco.  It.  levare,  to  lifX  ;  Sp.  Iccar, 
to  carry  or  transport ;  Fr.  lever,  perhaps  L.  levis, 
lighl.1 

1.  To  raise  ;  to  elevate 
hand  ;  to  lift  the  head. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  elevate  mentally. 

To  thee,  O  Lord,  do  I  lift  up  my  somI.  —  ?».  xxt. 

3.  To  raise  in  fortune. 

The  eye  of  the  Lord  lyfled  up  his  head  from  miaeij.  Eectu*. 

4.  To  raise  in  estimation,  dignity,  or  rank.  His 
fortune  nas  lifted  him  into  notice,  or  into  office. 

The  Uoinan  virtu.  s  lift  up  inon-d  man.  Addieom. 


as,  to  lift  the  foot  or  tho 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


LIG 


LIG 


LIG 


5.  To  elate  ;  to  cause  to  swell,  as  with  pride. 

Up  is  often  used  after  (i/^,  as  u  qualifying  word  ; 
sometimes  with  effect  or  emiiliasis ;  very  often,  how- 
ever, it  is  useless. 

6.  To  bear  ;  to  support.  Spenser. 

7.  To  steal,  that  is,  to  take  and  carry  away. 
Hence,  we  retain  the  use  of  shoplifter,  although  the 
verb  in  this  sense  is  obsolete. 

8.  In  Scripture,  to  crucify. 

When  ye  have  li/l£d  up  the  Son  of  man.  —  John  viii. 
To  lift  up  tUe  eijcs  ;  to  look  ;  to  fix  the  eyes  on. 

Lot  lifted  up  his  eyes  and  Ixh'-Iii  JorJan.  —  Lien.  xiii. 

2.  To  direct  the  desires  to  God  in  prayer.    Ps.  cxxi. 

To  lift  up  tlie  head ;  tii  raise  from  a  low  condition  ; 
2.  To  rejoice.  Luke  xxi.  [to  exalt.    Gen.  xl. 

To  lift  up  the  hand ;  to  swear,  or  to  confirm  by  oath. 
Oen.  xiv. 

2.  To  raise  the  hands  in  prayer.    Ps.  xxviii. 

3.  To  rise  in  oiipositiou  to ;  to  rebel ;  to  assault. 
2  Snm.  xviii. 

4.  To  injure  or  0|)press.   Job  xxxi. 

5.  To  shake  olT  sloth  and  engage  in  duty.  Tfeb.  xii. 
To  lift  up  the  face ;  to  look  to  with  confidence, 

cheerfulness,  and  comfort.    Job  xxii. 

To  lift  up  the  heel  against ;  to  treat  with  insolence 
and  contempt. 

To  lift  up  Hie  horn  ;  to  behave  arrogantly  or  scorn- 
fully.   Ps.  Ixxv. 

To  lift  up  the  feet ;  to  come  speedily  to  one's  relief. 
Ps.  Ixxiv. 

To  lift  up  the  voice :  to  cry  aloud  ;  to  call  out,  eitlier 
in  grief  or  joy.    Gen.  xxi.    Is.  xxiv. 
LIFT,  V.  i.    To  try  to  raise;  to  exert  the  strength  for 
the  purpose  cf  raising  or  bearing. 

The  body  slra'ned  by  lifting  al  a  weight  too  heavy.  Locke. 

9.  To  practice  theft.    [04*.]  Spenser. 
LIFT,  11.    The  act  of  raising ;  a  lifting  ;  as,  the  lift  of 

the  feet  in  walking  or  running.  Bacon. 

The  goat  gives  the  fox  a  lift.  L'Estran^e. 

2.  Assistance  in  lifting,  and  hence  assistance  in 
general ;  as,  give  us  a  lift.    [Popular  use.] 

3.  That  which  is  to  be  raised. 

4.  A  dead  lift ;  a  lift  at  the  utmost  disadvantage, 
as  of  a  dead  body.  Ilcnce, 

5.  An  extreme  emergency  ;  something  to  be  done 
which  tasks  all  one's  powers,  or  which  e.xceeds  the 
strength  ;  as,  to  lielp  one  at  a  dead  lift. 

Butler.  Swift 

6.  A  rise  ;  a  degree  of  elevation  ;  as,  the  lift  of  a 
lock  in  canals.  Gallatin. 

7.  In  Scottish,  the  sky ;  the  atmosphere ;  the  fir- 
mament.   [Sax.  litfl,  air,  Sw.  luft.] 

8.  In  seamen's  lang-uaffe,  a  rope  descending  from 
the  cap  and  mast-head  to  the  extremity  of  a  yard. 
Its  Use  is  to  support  the  yard,  keep  it  in  equilibrio, 
and  raise  the  end,  when  occasion  requires. 

Mar.  Diet. 

LIFT'-LOCK,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  caiia 
lock,  because  it  lifts  or  raises  a  boat  from  one  level 
to  another. 

LIFT'EU,  pp.  or  a.  Raised  ;  elevated  ;  swelled  with 
LIFT'ER,  71.    One  that  lifts  or  raises.  [pride. 

2.  A  thief. 

LIFT'ING,  ppr.    Raising j  swelling  with  pride. 
LIFT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  lifting  ;  ;issistance. 
LIG,  ».  !.    To  lie.    [See  Lie.]    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
LIG'A-XIENT,  n.    [L.  ligamenlum,  from  ligo,  to  bind, 

that  is,  to  strain.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  ties  or  unites  one  thing  or  part 

to  another. 

Interwoven  is  the  love  of  liberty  with  every  ligament  of  your 
heart*.  Waeliington. 

Q.  In  anntomij,  a  strong,  compact  substance,  serv- 
ing to  bind  one  bone  to  another.  It  is  a  white,  solid, 
inelastic,  tendinous  substance,  softer  than  cartilage, 
but  harder  than  membrane.  F.ucijc.    Quincy.  Coze. 

3.  Bond  ;  chain  ;  that  which  binds  or  restrains. 

Mdison. 

LIG-.A-MENT'AL,    la.    Composing  a  ligament ;  of 
LIG-A-.MENT'OUS,  (     the   nature  of  a  ligament; 
binding  ;  as,  a  strong  ligamentous  memhraiie. 

IViseman. 

LI'GAN,  n.  In  lain,  ligan  is  where  goods  are  sunk  in 
the  sea,  but  tied  to  a  cork  or  buoy.  [See  Flotsim 
and  Jkthom.]  HlackstoiLC. 

LI-GA'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  ligatio.} 

The  act  of  binding  »r  state  of  being  bound. 

LIG'A-TIJRE,  7..    [Fr.,  from  L./i.'<i(ur«.]  [AMUon. 

1.  Any  thing  that  binils  ;  a  baml  or  bandage.  Ray. 

2.  The  act  of  binding;  as,  by  a  strict  ligature  of 
the  jiartH.  Arbuthnot.. 

'.t.  Impotence  induced  by  magic.     Coze.  F.ncyc. 

■).  In  miMic,  a  band  or  line  connecting  notes. 

5.  Arnong  printers,  a  double  character,  or  a  type 
uinHistiiig  of  two  li  llcm  or  characters  united  ;  as,  fi., 
fi,  in  Kiiglixh.  The  old  editiuuK  of  Greek  authors 
abound  with  ligatures. 

(i.  The  state  of  being  koiind.  Mortimer. 

7.  In  medicine,  HtilfneHs  of  n  Joint.  Coze, 

8.  In  surgery,  a  cord  or  string  for  tying  the  blood- 
vi'HHoU,  particularly  the  arteries,  to  prevent  hemor- 
rhage. 


LIGHT,  (lite,)  n.  [Sax.  leoht,  liht ;  D.  and  G.  lichl ; 
L.  luz,  light,  anil  luceo,  to  shine  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  luz, 
light ;  W.  Hug,  tending  to  break  out  or  open,  or  to 
shoot,  to  gl^ain,  and  as  a  noun,  a  breaking  out  in 
blotches,  a  gleam,  indistinct  light  ;  llwg,  that  is  apt 
to  break  out,  that  is  briglit,  a  tumor,  an  eruption  ; 
llygu,  to  make  bright,  to  clear,  tti  break  out,  to  ap- 
pear in  spots  ;  (Zaf ,  a  darting,  sudden  throw,  glance, 
(lash  ;  llu^iaw,  to  throw,  to  (ling,  to  pelt ;  lluccd,  a 
gleam,  liglitning.  This  word  furnishes  a  full  and 
distinct  explanation  of  the  original  sense  of  light,  to 
throw,  dart,  shoot,  or  break  forth  ;  and  it  accords 
with  Eng.  luck,  botli  in  elements  and  radical  sense. 
Class  Lg,  No.  6,  7,  23,  24.] 

1.  The  agent  which  produces  vision.  The  phe- 
nomena of  light  may  be  explained,  either  on  thesiip- 
position  that  light  is  a  material  fluid  of  extreme  sub- 
tility,  emanating  in  particles  from  a  luminous  body, 
or  that  it  is  produced  by  the  undulations  of  an  inde- 
pendent medium,  set  in  motion  by  the  luminous 
body.  The  former  suppo.'^ition  is  called  the  theory 
of  emanations ;  the  latter,  the  thetiry  of  unilula- 
tions.  -White  light  is  a  compound  of  seven  ditferent 
colors,  viz.,  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo, 
and  violet.  'I'he  sun  is  the  principal  source  of  light 
in  the  solar  system  ;  but  light  is  also  emitted  from 
bodies  ignited,  or  in  combustion,  and  is  reflected 
from  enliirhtened  bt>dies,  as  the  moon.  Light  is  also 
emitted  from  various  substances,  which  are  hence 
said  to  be  phosphorescent.  It  is  usually  united  with 
heat,  but  it  exists  also  indepenilent  of  it. 

Ohnsted.  J\ricltolsoN. 

2.  That  flood  of  luminous  rays  which  flows  from 
the  sun  and  constitutes  day. 

God  called  the  /i^/il  d.iy,  and  the  darkness  he  called  night. — 
Uen.  i. 

3.  Day  ;  the  dawn  of  day. 

The  niiirdercr,  rising  with  the  ii^/it,  killeth  the  poor  and  needy. 
—  Job  xxiv. 

4.  Life. 

0,  spring  to  auspicious  babe,  be  born  !  Pope. 

5.  Any  thing  that  gives  light,  as  a  lamp,  candle, 
taper,  liglited  tower,  star,  &c. 

Then  lie  called  for  a  lights  and  sprang  in.  —  Acts  xvi. 
I  have  set  tbee  to  l>e  a  tight  to  the  Gentiles.  — Acts  xiii. 
And  God  made  two  great  lights.  — Gen.  i. 

6.  In  painting,  the  manner  in  which  the  light 
strikes  upon  a  picture  ;  as,  to  place  a  painting  in 
a  good  light.  Also,  the  illuminated  part  of  a  picture  ; 
the  part  which  lies  open  to  the  luminary  by  which 
the  piece  is  supposed  to  be  enlightened,  and  painted 
in  vivid  colors;  opposed  to  Shade. 

7.  Illumination  of  mind;  instruction;  knowledge. 
I  opened  ArioBto  in  Itilian,  and  the  very  lir^t  two  lines  gave  me 

light  to  all  I  could  d.-sire.  Dn/den. 
Light,  understanding,  and  wisdom  —  was   found  in  him.  — 
*  lian.  V. 

8.  Means  of  knowing.  By  using  such  lighU!  as 
we  have,  we  may  arrive  at  probability,  if  not  at  cer- 
tainty. 

9.  Open  view ;  a  visible  state ;  a  state  of  being 
seen  by  the  eye,  or  perceived,  understood,  or  known. 
Further  researches  will  doubtless  bring  to  light 
many  isles  yet  undiscovered  ;  further  experiments 
will  bring  to  light  properties  of  matter  yet  unknown. 

10.  Public  view  or  notice. 

Wliy  am  I  asked,  What  next  shall  see  the  light  7  Pope. 

11.  Explanation  ;  illustr.ation  ;  means  of  under- 
standing. One  part  of  Scripture  throws  light  on  an- 
other. 

12.  Point  of  view  ;  situation  to  be  seen  or  viewed  ; 
a  use  if  the  word  taken  from  painting.  It  is  useful  to 
exhibit  a  subject  in  a  variety  of  lights.  Let  every 
thought  be  presented  in  a  strong  In  what- 
ever light  we  view  this  event,  it  must  be  considered 
an  evil. 

13.  A  window  ;  a  place  that  admits  light  to  enter. 
1  Kings  vii. 

11.  A  pane  of  glass ;  as,  a  window  with  twelve 

lights. 

15.  In  Scripture,  God,  the  source  of  knowledge. 
God  is  light.  —  1  John  1. 

IC.  Christ. 

That  was  tlie  true  light,  that  lighleth  every  man  tliat  comctli  into 
O.e  world.  —  John  i. 

17.  Joy  ;  comfort  ;  felicity. 

Li§hl  is  sown  for  the  riglilt'oiis.  —  Ps.  xcvU. 

18.  Saving  knowledge. 

It  is  U-cnuse  there  is  no  light  In  tliem.  —  Ua.  viil. 

19.  Prosperity ;  happiness. 

Then  shall  tliy  light  breiilt  forth  lis  tiie  morning. —  Isa.  Iviil. 

21).  Support  ;  comfort ;  deliverance.    Mic.  vii. 
21.  The  gospel.    Matt.  iv. 

2-^.  '/'he  understanding  or  judgment.    Matt.  vt. 

23.  The  gifts  and  graces  of  Christians.    Matt.  v. 

24.  A  moral  instructor,  as  John  the  Baptist. 
Joli^  v. 

2.5.  A  true  Christian,  a  perstm  enlightened.  F.ph.v. 
2r>.  .\  good  king,  the  guide  of  his  peo|>le.  Sam.  xxi. 
The  light  tf  tht  tonnifnancc  ;  favor;  siniliJS.  Ps.iv. 


To  stand  in  one's  own  light ;  to  be  the  means  of  pre- 
venting good,  or  frustrating  one's  own  purposes. 

To  come  to  Light ;  to  be  detected ;  to  be  discovered 
or  found. 

LIGH'J',  (lite,)  a.  Bright ;  clear  ;  not  dark  or  obscure ; 
as,  the  morning  is  light ;  the  apartment  is  light 

2.  In  colors,  white  or  whitish  ;  as,  a  /i>/if  color;  a 
light  brown  ;  a  light  complexion. 

LIGHT,  (lite,)  a.  [Sax.  liht,  leoht;  D.ligt;  G.leicht; 
Fr.  Icger ;  It.  leggicro ;  Port,  ligciro ;  Sp.  ligero ; 
Russ.  legkei :  Sans.  leka.  The  Sw.  Idlt,  Dan.  let, 
may  he  contractions  of  the  same  word.  The  Sla- 
vonic also  has  lehek  and  tegok.  (in.  L.  alaeer.  This 
woril  accords  with  light,  the  fluid,  in  orthography, 
and  may  be  from  the  same  radix.] 

1.  Having  little  weight ;  not  tending  to  the  center 
of  gravity  with  force  ;  not  heavy.  A  feather  is  light, 
compared  with  lead  or  silver;  but  a  thing  is  liglit 
only  comparatively.  That  which  is  light  to  a  man 
may  be  heavy  to  a  child.  A  light  burden  for  a  camel 
may  be  insupportable  to  a  horse. 

2.  Not  burdensome;  easy  to  be  lifted,  borne,  or 
carried  by  physical  strength ;  as,  a  light  burden, 
weight,  or  loail. 

3.  Not  oppressive  ;  easy  to  be  suffered  or  endured  ; 
as,  a  light  affliction.   2  Cor.  iv. 

4.  Easy  to  be  performed  ;  not  difficult ;  not  requiring 
great  strength  or  exertion.  The  task  is  light ;  the 
work  is  light. 

5.  Easy  to  be  digested  ;  not  oppressive  to  the 
stomach  ;  as,  light  food.  It  may  signify,  also,  con- 
tainini:  little  nutriment. 

0.  Not  heavily  armed,  or  armed  with  light  weap- 
ons ;  as,  light  troops  ;  a  troop  of  light  horse. 

7.  Active  ;  swift ;  nimble. 

Asaliel  was  as  light  of  foot  as  a  wild  roe.  —2  Sara.  ii. 

8.  Not  encumbered  ;  unembarrassed  ;  clear  of  im- 
pediments. 

L'niuarried  men  arc  best  rmisters,  but  not  best  subjects  ;  for  they 
are  light  to  run  away.  Bacon. 

9.  Not  laden ;  not  deeply  laden  ;  not  sufficiently 
ballasted.    The  ship  returned  light. 

10.  Slight  ;  trifling  ;  not  important  ;  as,  a  light 
error.  Boyle. 

1 1.  Not  dense  ;  not  gross ;  as,  light  vapors  ;  light 
fumes.  Dryden. 

12.  Small  ;  inconsiderable  ;  not  copious  or  vehe- 
ment ;  as,  ii  light  rain  ;  a  light  snow. 

13.  Not  strong  ;  not  violent ;  moderate  ;  as,  a  light 
wind. 

14.  Easy  to  admit  influence  ;  inconsiderate  ;  easily 
influenced  by  trifling  considenations  ;  unsteady  ;  un- 
settled ;  vokitile ;  as  a  light,  vain  person ;  a  light 
mind. 

There  is  iin  greater  argument  of  a  light  and  inconsidente  pei^ 
Bon,  than  profanely  to  scoll'  at  ndiglon.  TUlotson. 

15.  Gay  ;  airy  ;  indulging  levity  ;  wanting  dignity 
or  solidity ;  trifling. 

Seneca  can  not  be  too  heavy,  nor  Plautus  too  light,  ShaJc. 
We  may  neiUter  be  liglit  in  pr-iyer  nor  wratliful  in  debate. 

J.  M.  Mason. 

Ifi.  Wanton  ;  unchaste  ;  as,  a  woman  of  light  car- 
riage. 

A  light  wife  doth  make  a  heavy  husband.  Sliak. 

17.  Not  of  legal  weight ;  clipped  ;  diminished  ;  as, 
light  coin. 

18.  Loose  ;  sandy ;  easily  pulverized ;  as,  a  light 
Soil. 

To  set  light  by  ;  to  undervalue  ;  to  slight ;  to  treat 
as  of  no  importance  ;  to  despise. 

7'ii  make  light  of;  to  treat  as  of  little  consequence ; 
to  slight ;  to  disregard. 
LIGHT,  (lite,)  V.  t  To  kindle;  to  inflame;  to  set 
fire  to  ;  as,  to  light  a  candle  or  lamp ;  sometimes 
with  up ;  as,  to  light  up  an  inextinguishable  flame. 
We  often  liear  Lit  used  for  Liohted;  as,  he  lit  a 
candle  ;  hut  this  is  inelegant. 

2.  To  give  light  to. 

Ah,  hopek'ss,  lasting  flames  1  like  Uiose  tliat  burn 

To  light  tbe  dead.  Pope, 

3.  To  illuminate  ;  to  fill  or  spread  over  with  light ; 
as,  to  light  a  room  ;  to  light  the  streets  of  a  city. 

4.  To  lighten  ;  to  ease  of  a  burden.  [JVet  in  ii.se.] 
[See  Lighten.]  Spenser. 

LitillT,  (lite,)  V.  i.  ['Sax.  lihlan,  nlihtan,  gelihtnn,  to 
light  or  kindle,  to  ligliten  or  alleviate,  and  to  alight; 
hlihtan,  to  alight ;  D.  Hchlcn,  to  shine  ;  ligten,  to  heave 
or  lilt ;  G.  liehtrn,  to  weigh,  to  lighten.] 

1.  To  faH  on  ;  to  come  to  by  chance  ;  to  liappen  to 
find ;  with  on. 

A  wealier  man  may  sonieliiiics  light  on  notions  wliich  had  es- 
cii«'il  a  wi..-r.  WtUU. 

2.  To  fall  on  ;  to  strike. 

'Hiey  shall  liimgerno  more,  iieithrr  thirst  any  more  ;  neitlier  shall 
the  Sim  light  an  Iheui,  nor  iiny  heat.  —  Hev.  vii. 

•  3.  To  descend,  as  from  n  liorso  or  carriage;  with 

dotcn,  off,  or  from. 

He  lighted  doion  from  hli  chariot.  —  2  Kings  v. 
.She  lighlid  ij/rtlie  camel.  —  Gen.  Iiiv. 

4.  To  settle  ;  to  rest ;  to  stoep  from  flight.  The 
bee  lights  on  this  flower  and  that. 
LKillT,  ndi:    rightly  ;  cheaply.  Hooker. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NATE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


LIG 


LIG 


LIK 


LtUIIT'-ARM-KD,  a.  Arnied  with  light  vvenpims. 
I,T(;IIT'-I1I:aK-ER,  II.  a  torch-beiircr.  B.  Joiuoii. 
LIGIlT'-IiRAlN,  ».    An  einpty-huaded  pursoii. 

Jilartin. 

LICIIT'ED,  (lit'cd,)  pp.  or  a.  Kindled;  set  on  fire; 
caused  to  burn.  [Lit,  for  Lighted,  is  inelegant,  ex- 
cept in  poetry.] 

LIOIIT'f.N,  (lit'n,)  p.  i.    [from /iV/if,  the  fluid;  Sax. 

1.  To  flash  ;  to  burst  forth  or  dart,  as  lightning  ;  to 
shine  with  an  instantaneous  illumination. 


Thi«  ilreniirul  night, 
Tha'  thiindrn,  UgttUntf  opciis  gnivc«,  and  roan 
Aa  ilolli  llic  lioii. 


Slwk. 


9.  To  shine  like  lightning. 
3.  To  fall  ;  to  light.  [O//.--.] 
LIGHT' AN,  (lit'n,)  r.  /.    To  dissipate  darkness;  to 
fill  w  ith  light ;  to  spread  over  with  light ;  to  illumi- 
nate ;  to  enlighten  ;  as,  to  lialiten  an  apartment  with 
lamps  or  g:is  ;  to  lighten  the  streets. 
A  kfy  of  fire  ran  nil  Along  tim  alioiv, 
And  li^Jitentd  nil  tho  rivi-r  witli  u  bl;\zc.  Drylcn. 

2.  To  illuminate  with  knowledge  ;  in  a  moral 
srn^e. 

A  liglil  (o  lighten  Ihr.  Gentiles.  —  Luke  ii. 

3.  To  free  from  trouble  and  fill  with.  joy. 

-  They  luo.Ved  lo  him  nnil  were  li^hletxtd.  —  Ps.  xxxir, 

LIOIIT'EN,  (lit'n,)  v.  t.  [from  light,  not  heavy  ;  Sax. 
Ii7il<i».l 

1.  To  make  lighter;  to  reduce  in  weight ;  to  make 
less  heavy  ;  as,  to  li'^kttn  a  ship  by  unloading;  to 
Ufrhtcn  a  load  or  burden. 

2.  To  alleviate  ;  to  make  less  burdensome  or  afllirt- 
ivc  ;  as,  to  liahlcii  the  cares  of  life  ;  to  lighlen  the 
burden  of  grief. 

3.  To  cheer  ;  to  exhilarate. 

He  ligltULS  n.y  liumgr  with  his  merry  )esl.  Shak. 

LIGIIT'K.\-KD,  (lll'nd,)  pp.     Made  lighter  ;  filled 

with  light ;  Mashed,  as  lighluing. 
LKJIIT'/CN-IXG,  p/)r.    Iteiliicing  in  weight  ;  ilhiniin- 

nting  ;  tlashing,  as  lightning. 
LI(;HT'ER,  (lil'cr,)  «.    One  that  lights ;  as,  a  Jii,rA<fr 

of  lamps. 

2.  \  largi",  open,  flat-bottomed  boat,  used  in  load- 
ing and  unloading  ships. 

Lt(;HT'EU-.A6E,  H.  The  price  paid  for  unloading 
ships  by  lighters  or  boats  ;  also,  the  act  of  thus  un- 
loading into  lighters  or  boats. 

LKillT'ER-.M  A.N,  (lil'cr-man,)  n.  A  man  who  man- 
ages a  lighter  ;  a  boatman. 

LIGHT'-FL\"GER-^;n,  (lil'fing'gerd,)  n.  Dextrous 
in  taking  and  conveying  away;  thievish;  addicted 
to  petty  thefts. 

M(;HT'-FOOT,       la.   Nimble  in  ninning  or  dan- 

LI(;I1T'-F0()T-ED,  (..  cing;  active.    ILittle  ujscd.] 

Sprnser, 

I.TGIIT'-IIEAD-ED,  (lit'lied-cd,)  a.  [Sec  Head.] 
'I'lioughtless ;  lieedless  ;  weak  ;  volatile  ;  unsteady. 

Clarfiidon. 

2.  Disordered  in  the  head  ;  dizzy  ;  delirious. 

LIGIIT'-IIEAD-ED-NESS,  n.  Disorder  of  the  head  ; 
di'/./.iiicss  ;  deliriousness. 

LTGHT'-IIEXRT-ED,  (llt'h;lrt-cd,)  a.  Free  from  grief 
oranvietv;  gav  ;  cheerful;  inern'. 

LH;in"-HEXR'r-ED-LY,  \Vith  a  light  heart. 

LIGIIT'-IIEART-ED-NESS,  n.  Tho  state  of  being 
frei-  from  care  or  grief;  cheerfulness. 

LI(;iIT'-lIEEL-Jf;D,  a.  Lively  in' walking  or  run- 
ning ;  brisk. 

LIGHT'-IIORSE,  n.    Light-armed  cavalry. 

LIGHT'-IIOI'SE,  n.  A  pharos  ;  a  tower  or  building 
erected  on  a  rock  or  point  of  land,  or  on  an  isle  in 
the  .lea,  with  a  light  or  niiniber  of  lamps  on  the  top, 
intended  to  direct  seamen  in  navigating  ships  at 
night. 

LIGIIT'-L\'FANT-RY,  n.  A  term  applied  to  bodies 
of  active  and  strong  nu  n,  carefully  selected  for  rapid 
evolutions.  Their  object  is  to  cover  and  assist  other 
troops.  Campbell's  MiL  Diet. 

LIGHT'ING,  ppr.    Kindling;  si  tting  fire  to. 

LIGIIT'-LEG-GJJD,  a.    Nimble  ;  sw  ift  of  foot. 

Sitlnni. 

LIGIIT'LF.SS,  (lit'less,)  a.    Destitute  of  light ;  dark. 
LIGHT'LY,  (llt'ly,)  adv.    With  little  weigbl ;  as,  to 
tread  liahtly  ;  to  press  liahtlij. 

2.  Without  deep  impression. 

The  aolt  iileiu  of  th"  cheerf<il  note, 

lAfhtti/  receiveJ,  were  ea»ily  forj.it.  Prior. 

3.  Easily  ;  readily  ;  without  difficulty  ;  of  course. 

4.  Without  reason,  or  for  reasons  of  little  weight. 
Flutwr  not  the  rich,  neiilKT  do  Uiou  willingly  or  li;At/y  nppear 

before  great  peraoaagca.  7byii>r. 

5.  Without  dejection  ;  cheerfully. 

Bid  Ih.'U  welcome, 
"  hich  cornea  to  punbh  ua,  and  we  puoiah  U, 
Seeming  to  bear  It  tifhCy.  Shalt. 
G.  Not  chastely  ;  wantonly.  Sie{fl. 
7.  .\imbly;  with  agility;  not  heavily  or  tardily. 
He  led  ine  Ughtly  over  the  stream, 
a  Gayly;  airily;  with  levity;  without  heed  or 


LIGIIT'-MIND-KI),  a.  Unsettled;  unsteady;  vola- 
tile ;  not  considerate. 

lie  thnt  is  h-tsty  to  <^ve  credit  is  light-minded.  Eeclut. 

LTGHT'NESS,  (llt'ness,)  n.  Want  of  weight ;  levity  ; 
the  contrary  to  Heaviness;  as,  the  dV/ifncM  of  air 
compared  with  water;  lightness  of  i\\e  animal  spir- 
its. 

2.  Inconstancy  ;  unsteadiness  ;  the  quality  of  mind 
which  disposes  it  to  be  inlluenccd  by  trilling  consid- 
erations. 

Such  is  the  lightness  of  you  common  men.  ShaJ:. 

3.  Levity  ;  wantonness  ;  lewdness  ;  unchastity. 

Shak.  Sidney. 

4.  Agility  ;  ninibleness. 

5.  Ill  the  fine  arU,  a  tpiality  indicating  freedom 
from  weight  or  clumsiness.  Branje. 

LIGIIT'NING,  (ITt'ning,)  n.  [That  is,  lightening,  the 
participle  present  of  Uishten.] 

1.  A  discharge  of  atmospheric  electricity,  accom- 
panied by  a  vivid  flash  of  light.  It  is  commonly  the 
discharge  of  electricity  from  one  cloud  to  another, 
sonietiiiies  from  a  cloud  to  thi5  earth,  in  which  latter 
case  it  is  peculiarly  dangerous.  Thunder  is  the  sound 
produced  by  the  electricity  in  passing  rapidly  through 
the  atmosphere.  Olmsted. 

2.  [from  lighten,  to  diminish  weight.]  Abatemi^iit ; 
alleviation  ;  milig.ition.  Spectator. 

LTGHT'NING-BUG,  n.  A  species  of  firefly, common 
in  the  Northern  States  of  America. 

LIGIIT'NING-GIJINCE,  n.    A  glance  or  darting  of 
lightning.  Men. 
2.  A  glance  or  flash  of  the  eve,  like  lightning. 

LtGHT'NING-ROn,  n.  A  metallic  rod  erected  to  pro- 
tect buildings  or  vessels  from  lightning. 

LIGIiT'-ROO.M,  h.  In  a  ship  of  war,  n  small  apart- 
ment, having  tloiible  glass  windows  toward  the  mag- 
azine, and  containing  lights  by  which  the  gunner  fills 
cartridi;es.  Jlur.  Diet. 

Lit; UTS,  (llts,)  II.  pi.  [So  called  from  their  light- 
ness. ] 

The  lungs  ;  the  orgiins  of  breathing  in  brute  ani- 
mals.   These  organs,  in  man,  we  cull  Lungs  ;  in 
other  animals,  Liohts. 
LiGHT'SOME,  (llt'sum,)  a.    Luminous;  not  dark; 
not  obscure. 

AVliile  walls  m.Tke  rooms  more  lightsome  tliau  black.  {IJtUe 

used.]  Bacon. 
The  lightsome  realms  of  love.  Drydcn. 
\In  tJie  latter  passage,  tlie  word  U  elegant.'] 
2.  G.ay  ;  airy  ;  cheering  ;  exhilarating. 

That  lightsome  aflectioa  of  Joy.  Hooker. 
LIGIIT'.«OME-NESS,  n.    Lnminousness  ;  the  quality 
of  being  light ;  opposed  to  Darkness,  or  Darksome- 
NE99.  Cheyne. 
2.  Cheerfulness  ;  merriment ;  levity. 

[This  word  is  little  used.] 
IT'-SI'IR'IT-ED,  a.    Having  a  light  or  cheerful 
spirit.  Irving. 
LIG-NAL'6ES,  nig-nal'ozc  or  lln-al'oze,)  n.    [L.  lig- 
num, wood,  antj  aloes.] 
Aloes  wood.   JVum.  xxiv. 
LIG'NE-OUS,a.    [L.  tigneus.^ 

Wooden;  made  of  wood;  consisting  of  wood; 
resembling  wood.  The  harder  part  of  a  plant  is 
ligneous. 

LIG-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  fao,  to 
produce.] 

Yielding  or  producing  wood.  Humble. 

LIG-NI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  process  of  becoming  or 
of  converting  into  wood,  or  the  hard  substance  of  a 
vegetable.  Goor/. 

LIG'NI-FI-£D,  (lig'ne-fide,)  pp.  Converted  into 
wood. 

LIG'NI-FORM,  a.    [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  farm.] 
Like  wood  ;  resembling  wood.  Kinean. 

LIG'NI-F?,  V.  t.    [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  faeio,  to 
make.] 
To  convert  into  wood. 

LIG'NI-FY,  r.  i.   To  become  wood. 

LIG'NI~F?-L\G,  ppr.    Converting  into  wood. 

LIG'XI.V,  n.    [L.  lignum,  W(K>d.] 

In  chemistry,  the  w(x>dy  part  or  fiber  of  plants. 

LIG-Nl-PER'DOUS,  a.  [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  perdo, 
to  destroy.] 

An  epithet  applied  to  insects  which  destroy  wood. 

Brande. 

UG'NTTE,  n.    [L.  lignum.] 

Mineral  coni  retaining  the  texture  of  the  wood 
from  which  it  was  formed,  and  burning  with  an 
einpyrcumatic  odor.  It  is  of  more  recent  origin 
than  the  antliracitc  and  bituminous  coal  of  the  proper 
coal  series.  Dana. 

LlG-NIT'ie,  a.  Containing  lignite;  resembling  lig- 
nite. Humble. 

LIG'NOUS,  n.    Ligneous.    [LiUleused.]  Erehjn. 

LIG'NUM-VI'T^,  n,  [L.J  The  popular  name  of 
Guaiacum  officinale,  or  jioxwood.  The  common  lig- 
num-vitffi  is  a  native  of  the  warm  latitudes  of  Amer- 
ica. It  becomes  a  large  tree,  having  a  hard,  brown- 
ish, brittle  bifrk,  and  its  wood  firm,  solid,  ponderous, 
very  resinous,  of  a  blackish-yellow  color  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  of  a  hot,  aromatic  t.iste.   It  is  of  considera- 


ble use  in  medicine  and  the  mechanical  arts,  being 
wrought  into  utensils,  wheels,  cogs,  and  various  ar- 
ticles of  turnery.  Encye. 

UG'{i:LA^^D,i''-    [L  "^'",  a  strap.] 

Like  a  baiulage  or  strap  ;  as,  a  ligulate  flower,  .i 
species  of  compound  flower,  the  florets  of  w  hich 
have  their  corollets  flat,  spreading  out  toward  the 
end,  with  the  base  only  tubular.  This  is  the  semi- 
flosculous  flower  of  Touriiefort.  Botany. 

LIG'U-lIX,  !  ''A"^'"'  "  s'f'T-] 

1.  In  botany,  the  flat  part  of  the  leaf  of  a  grass.  In 
contradistinction  from  that  i)art  which  sheathes  the 
stem. 

2.  A  strap-shaped  petal  of  flowers  of  Syngenesia. 
LIG't^RE,  n.    A   kind   of  precious   stone.  Ezod, 

xxviii.  19. 

LIG'U-RITE,  >i.  [from  Liguria.]  A  mineral  occur- 
ring in  oblitpie  rlioiiibic  prisms,  of  an  apple-preen 
color,  occasionally  sjieckled.  Phillips. 

LIKE,  a.  [.Sax.  tic,  gelic,  Goth,  leiks,  D.  hjk,  gelyk,C,. 
gleich,  ^w.lik,  Daii.  Ug,  lige,  like,  plain,  even,  equal, 
smooth.  The  sense  (i(  like,  similar,  is  even,  smooth, 
equal ;  but  this  sense  may  be  from  laying,  pressing; 

and  hence  this  word  may  be  allied  to  the  Etii. 
lakeo,  to  stamp,  seal,  impress,  whence  its  derivative, 
an  image  ;  or  the  sense  be  taki'n  from  rubbing  or 
shaving.  We  observe  that  like  has  also  the  sense  of 
please  ;  to  like  is,  to  be  pleased.  Now,  if  p  in  L.  pla- 
ceo  is  a  prefix,  the  latter  may  be  formed  on  the  root 
of  like.  And  if  de  is  a  prefix  in  delight,  deleeto,  ile- 
licious,  delicate,  these  may  be  of  the  same  family. 
Like  is  evidently  from  the  same  root  as  the  Cli. 

and  Heb.  pSn,  Ar.  (_jiX^  chalalia,  to  be  or  make 
smooth.    Qu.  Gr.  i/Akos,  I'lSiKia.    See  Lick  and 

LlCKKRISH.] 

1.  Equal  in  quantity,  quality,  or  degree  ;  as,  a  ter- 
ritory of  like  extent  with  another  ;  men  o(  like  excel- 
lence. 

More  der^j'men  were  impoTcrislied  by  llie  late  war  llian  erer  In 
tite  tiJie  spaa:  before.  ifprat. 

2.  Similar ;  resembling ;  having  resemblance. 

KItinh  waa  a  man  Bul)Jr-ct  to  like  passions  as  we  are.  — Jamea  v. 
Why  might  not  other  planets  nave  been  created  lor  tike  nsea 
witli  the  eartli,  each  for  its  own  iuhai'iunu  t  Bentley. 

LU:e  is  usually  followed  by  to,  but  it  is  often  omit- 
ted. 

What  city  la  like  to  fhia  Jreat  city  ?  —  Ilev.  xviii. 
I  saw  three  unclean  spiriis  like  fror%.  —  Hev,  xvi. 
Among  tliem  all  w.a«  f.)uiid  none  like  Daniel,  Hananiah,  MishacI, 
and  AZiiriah.  —  Dun.  i. 

3.  Probable  ;  likely ;  that  is,  having  the  resem- 
blance or  appearance  of  an  event ;  giving  reason  to 
exiK'Ct  or  believe. 

I!c  Is  ;i^c  to  die  of  hunger  in  the  place  where  he  ia,  for  there  ia 
no  more  breail. — jt-r.  xxxviii. 
"  Many  were  not  eaay  to  be  governed,  nor  tike  to  conform  Ihem- 
aeives  to  strict  rules.  Clarendon. 
Like  figures,  in  geometry.    See  under  Similar. 
LIKE,  K.    [Elliptically,  for  like  thing,  Wie  event,  like 
perriott.] 

1.  Some  person  or  thing  resembling  another;  an 
equal.    The  like  may  never  happen  again. 

He  was  a  man,  lake  him  for  all  in  all, 

1  shall  not  look  uiion  his  like  again.  Shak. 

2.  Ifad  like,  in  the  phrase  "  ho  had  like  to  be  de- 
feated," seems  to  be  a  corruption  ;  but  perhaps  like 
here  is  used  for  resemblance  or  probability,  and  has 
the  character  of  a  noun.  At  any  rate,  as  a  phrase,  it 
is  authorized  by  good  usage. 

LIKE,  alv.    In  the  same  manner. 

Solunien  in  all  his  glory  waa  not  arrayed  like  one  of  Uiesc. — 

Mall.  vi.    l.ule  xii. 
Litre  as  a  father  pitieth  his  children,  so  the  Lord  pitieth  them 

llmt  fear  him.  —  Ps.  ciii.  » 

2.  In  a  manner  becoming. 

Be  strong,  and  quit  yourselves  like  men.  —  1  Sam.  It. 

3.  Likely  ;  probably  ;  as,  liJie  enough  it  will.  Shak. 
LIKE,  I'.  L    [Sax.  liceaii,  lirian  :  Goth,  leikan  ;  proba- 
bly L.  placco,  and  deleeto,  with  prefixes.] 

1.  To  be  pleased  with  in  a  moderate  degree ;  to 
approve.  It  expresses  less  than  lore  and  delighL 
^Ve  like  a  plan  or  ilesign  when  we  approve  of  it  as 
correct  or  beneficial.  We  like  the  character  or  con- 
liuct  of  a  man  when  it  comports  with  our  view  of 
rectitude.  We  like  fiiod  that  the  taste  relishes.  We 
like  whatever  gives  us  pleasure. 

He  proceeded  from  looking  to  liking,  tuid  from  liking  to  loving 

Sidnty. 

2.  To  please ;  to  be  agreeable  to. 

This  desire  bein^  recommended  to  her  n.ajealT,  it  liked  her  to 
include  the  same  within  one  entire  lease.   LC^.J  Bacon, 

3.  To  liken.    [Ohs.]  Shak. 
LIKE,  V.  i.   To  be  pleased  ;  to  choose. 

He  may  go  or  stay,  as  he  likts.  Loeke, 
2.  TV)       n^;  to  be  pleased.    [Obs.]  KT.one.e. 
LIKE'Ll-HOOb,  n     [likely  and  hood.]  Probability; 
verisimilitude  ;  appearance  of  truth  or  reality.  There 


TONE,  B^LL,  liNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


84 


DDD" 


665 


LIL 


LIM 


LIM 


is  little  likelihood  that  an  habitual  drunkard  will  be- 
come temperate.  There  is  little  Ukdihood  that  an  old 
offender  will  be  reformed.  Prudence  directs  us  not 
to  undertake  a  design,  when  there  is  little  or  no  like- 
lUiood  of  success. 

2.  Appearance;  show;  resemblance.  [Oft.t.] 

S/iak. 

LIKE'LI-NESS,  n.    [from  likely.]  Probability. 
9.  The  qualities  that  please.    [See  Likely.] 

LIKE'LY,  a.  [tliat  is,  Ukc-like.]  Probable  ;  that  may 
be  rationally  thought  or  believed  to  have  taken  place 
in  time  past,  or  to  be  true  now  or  hereafter ;  such  as 
is  more  reasonable  than  tile  contrary.  A  likely  story 
is  one  wliich  evidence  or  tlie  circumstances  of  the 
case  render  probable,  and  tlierefore  credible. 

2  Such  as  may  be  liked;  pleasing;  as,  a  likely 
man  or  woman. 

[Tliis  use  of  likely  is  not  obsolete,  as  Johnson  af- 
firms, nor  is  it  vulgar.  l!ut  the  English  and  their  de- 
scendants in  .America  ditfer  in  the  application.  The 
English  apply  llie  word  to  externa!  aj)pearance,  and 
with  them  likely  is  equivalent  to  kandsome,  well- 
formed;  as,  a  likely  man,  a  likely  horse.  In  America^ 
the  word  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  tlie  endow- 
ments of  the  mind,  or  to  pleasing  accomplishments. 
A  likely  man  is  a  man  of  good  character  and  talents, 
or  of  good  dispositions  or  accomplishments,  that  ren- 
der him  pleasing  or  respectable.] 

LIKE'LY,  adv.  Probably. 

Wliile  m.-xn  was  iunocenl,  he  \v.is  likely  ignorant  of  nothing 
impoitaul  for  him  to  know.  Glaitville. 

LIKE'-MlND-ED,  a.     Having  a  like  disposition  or 

purpose.    Rum.  \v. 
LIK'KN,  (lik'n,)  V.  t.    [Sw.  likna  ;  Dan.  ligner.'] 

To  compare ;  to  represent  as  resembling  cir  snnilar. 
Whosoever  hearelh  tin  se  iayinjrs  of  mine,  and  iloeth  them,  1 
will  W;en  him  to  a  wise  man.  thai  built  his  house  on  a  rock. 
—  MaU.  vi. 

LTK'BN-ED,  (lik'nd,)  pp.  Compared. 
■  LIKE'NESS,  n.    Ueseniblance  in  form  ;  similitude. 
The  picture  is  a  good  lUceness  of  the  original. 

2.  Resemblance  ;  form  ;  external  appearance. 
Guard  against  an  enemy  in  the  likeness  of  a  friend. 

3.  One  that  resembles  another;  a  copy ;  a  counter- 
part. 

1  took  you  for  your  likeness,  Chloe.  Prior. 

4.  An  image,  picture,  or  statue,  resembling  a  per- 
son or  tiling.    Eiod.  xx. 

LIK'iCN-INc;,  7!.    The  forming  of  resemblance. 
Lllv'£.\-11S'G,  j)pr.    Comparing;  representing  as  simi- 
lar. 

LIKE'WlSE,  eomp.  [like  Sini  wise.]  In  like  manner ; 
also ;  moreover  ;  too. 

Fftr  he  seeth  lliat  wise  men  die,  Itketnise  the  fool  and  the  brutish 
pereon  perish,  and  U-avc  tlieir  wealth  to  oUiers.  —  Ps.  xlix. 

LIK'ING,  ppr.  of  Like.  Approving ;  being  pleased 
with. 

2.  a.  Plump;  full;  of  a  good  appearance.  Dan.  i. 
[Ohs.] 

LIK'L\G,  71.  A  good  state  of  body  ;  healthful  appear- 
ance ;  plumpness. 

Their  yming  ones  are  in  pood  liking.  — Job  xxxix. 
9.  State  of  trial.    [JVuf  used.]  Drydcn. 

3.  Inclination ;  pleasure ;  as,  this  is  an  amusement 
to  your  liking,  Spenser. 

4.  Delight  in  ;  pleasure  in  ;  with  to. 

lie  who  has  no  liking  to  Uie  whole  ought  not  to  censure  the 
parts.  Dnj'len. 

LI'LAC,  71.    [Fr.  lihs ,-  Sp.  lilac] 

A  plant  or  shrub  of  the  genus  Syringa,  a  native  of 
Persia.  The  common  lilac  is  cultivated  for  its  flow- 
ers, which  are  purple  or  white. 

LI'LA  LITE,  71.  See  Lei-idolite,  with  which  it  is 
identical.  Dann. 

LIL-I-A'CEOUS,a.    [L.  liliaceus,  from  lilium,  a  lily.] 
Pertaining  to  lilies  ;  lily-like.    A  liliacevns  corol  is 
one  that  has  six  regular  petals,  or  segments  of  tlie 
corol.  JHurtyn, 

LIL'I-£D,  (lil'lid,)  a.    Embellished  with  lilies. 

I!y  sandy  I.a'Ion'»  lilied  banks.  Millon. 

LIL-I-PO'TIAN,  71.  One  belonging  to  a  diminutive 
race  described  in  Swift's  kingdom  of  Liliput. 

2.  A  person  of  very  small  size.  It  is  sometimes 
used  as  an  adjective. 

LILLj  V.  t.  See  Loll.  But  litl  is  used  in  New  Eng- 
laiKI.  SpensjT. 

LIL'l',  V.  I.  To  do  any  thing  witli  dexterity  or  quick- 
ness.   [Lociil.]  Pegjie. 

2.  To  Bing  or  play  cheerfully  and  merrily.  [Scot- 
liih.] 

LIL'V,  (lil'lc,)  n.    [I,.  Wiiim;  Or.  Uif>iov  ;  Sp.  lirio.] 
The  English  popular  name  of  a  gi-iins  of  plants  of 
many  Hpecit'Sj  which  are  all  Imlbous-rootcd,  herba- 
ceouH  pi.ri^iiniaN,  producing  bi  ll-shaped,  hexapeta- 
loua  flowern  uf  great  beauty  and  variety  of  colors. 

Kneyc. 

Lily  of  the  valley  ;  a  plant  of  tlie  genus  Convalliiria, 
with  a  iiionopetaloiiH,  bell-Hlmped  corol,  divided  at 
the  top  into  six  Hegments.  Jliller. 
LII/y-nAI"KO  DIE,  n.    A  plant  and  (lowi  r. 
LIL'Y-HA.ND-ED,  a.    Having  white,  delicate  handu. 

Spen.scr, 


LIL'Y-HY'A-CINTH,  n.    A  species  of  squill.  Ash. 
LIL'Y-LIV.ER-£D,  a.     VVliite-livered  ;  cowardly. 

[JVot  jised.]  Shuk. 
LI-Ma'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     [L.  limai.]  Belonging 

to  tlie  slug  or  naked  snail,  the  limax  of  Linnteus. 
LI-Ma'TIO.\,  71.    [L.  limo,  to  file.]  [P.  Cyc. 

Tlie  act  of  filing  or  polishing. 
LI'MA-TURE,  71.    [L.  limo,  to  file.] 
1.  A  filing. 

9.  Filings  ;  particles  rubbed  off  by  filing.  Johnson. 
LIMB,  (lim,)  71.  [Sax.  lim ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  lem;  L. 
limbus,  edge  or  border,  extremity ;  lijnes,  limit*coin- 
ciding  perhaps  with  W.  llcm,  llyvi^  sharp,  or  llama, 
to  leap.  Tlie  sense  of  !i;ji6  is  from  sliooting  or  ex- 
tending.] 

1.  Edge  or  border.  This  is  the  proper  signification 
of  the  word  ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is  limited  chiefly  to 
technical  use,  and  applied  to  the  sun,  moon,  or  a 
star,  to  a  leaf,  to  a  quadrant,  &.c.  We  say,  the  sun 
or  moon  is  eclipsed  on  its  northern  limb.  But  we 
never  say  the  limb  of  a  board,  of  a  tract  of  land  or 
water,  &c.  ^ 

2.  In  anatomy,  and  in  common  u.te,  an  extremity  of 
the  liuman  body  ;  a  member  ;  a  projecting  part ;  as, 
the  arm  or  leg  ;  that  is,  a  shoot. 

3.  Tlie  branch  of  a  tree ;  applied  only  to  a  branch 
of  some  size,  and  not  to  a  small  twig. 

4.  In  botany,  the  border  or  upper  spreading  part  of 
a  iiinnopetalous  cortil.  Martyn. 

Limb  cf  the  law :  a  member  of  tlie  legal  profession. 
LIMB,  (lim,)  7).  (.    To  supply  with  limbs.  Millun. 

2.  To  dismember  ;  to  tear  off  the  limbs. 
LIJI'BAT,  71.    A  cooling,  periodical  wind  in  the  Isle 
of  Cyprus,  blowing  from  the  northwest  from  eight 
o'clock,  A.  M.  to  the  middle  of  the  day  or  later. 

Encyc. 

LIM'BATE,  a.  Bordered  ;  when  one  color  is  sur- 
rounded by  an  edging  of  another.  Lindley. 

LIM'BEC,  71.  [Contracted  from  alembic.]  A  still;  a 
word  nut  now  used. 

LIM'BEC,  V.  t.  To  strain  or  pass,  through  a  still. 
[  Obs.]  Sandys. 

LIiMB'£D,  (limd,)  a.  In  composition,  formed  with  re- 
gard to  limbs ;  as,  weUMnibed  ;  large-limbed ;  short- 
liwbed.  Pope. 

LI.M'BER,  a.  [Perhaps  from  the  W.  llih,  llibin;  for 
71!  and  b  are  convertible,  and  771  before  6  is  often 
casual.] 

Easily  bent ;  flexible  ;  pliant ;  yielding.    In  Amer- 
ica, it  is  ajiplied  to  material  things ;  as,  a  limber  rod  ; 
a  limber  joint. 
LIM'BER,  I',  t.   To  attach  to  the  limbers ;  as,  io  limber 
the  gun. 

LIM'BER-NESS,7i.  The  quality  of  being  easily  bent; 

flexibleness  ;  pliancy. 
LIM'BERS,  j  n.pl.  In  a  s/ii>,  holes  cut  through 

LIM'BER-IIfiLES,  j     the  floor  timbers,  as  a  passage 

for  water  to  the  pump-vvill.  Mar.  Diet. 

LIM'BER,  71.  517!^.  j  Two  wlieels  and  »  shaft,  with 
LIM'BERS,  71.  pi.  \     which  cannon  are  drawn  by 

horses. 

2.  Thills  ;  shafts  of  a  carriage.  Forby. 
LIM'BIL-ITE,  71.     .Supposed  to  be  a  decomposed 

chrysolite.  Dana. 
LI.MIi'LRt^S,  a.  Destitute  of  limbs.  Massinger. 
LI.MB'MEAL,  a.    Piecemeal.  Shak. 

l'm'BUS  i        [L. /imiits,  edge  or  border.] 

1.  In  scholastic  theology,  a  region  bordering  on  hell. 
The  limbus  patrnm  was  consiilered  as  a  place  for  the 
souls  of  good  men  until  the  coming  of  our  Savior. 
Tile  limbus  infantum  was  a  similar  place  for  the  souls 
of  unbaptizcd  infants.  The  term  Limbo  has  been 
applied  by  the  poets  to  other  sujiposed  places  lying 
on  the  outer  borders  of  hell.  Sliakspeare  applies 
the  ti  riii  to  hell  itself.  .Ariosto  makes  it  the  place  of 
all  lost  tilings ;  Milton,  the  paradise  of  fools. 

Kncyc.  Amer. 

2.  A  place  of  restraint  or  confinement.  Drydcn. 
LIME,  71.    [Sax.  lim,  lime,  whence  geliman,  to  glue  ; 

Sw.  and  Dan.  lint,  D.  Iijm,  G.  leim  and  lehcm,  loam  ; 
L.  limns  ;  It.  and  Sp.  limo  ;  proliably  (Jr.  A'//i'/,  j  ^niin, 
and  allied  to  clammy.  On  this  word  is  iurmetl 
slime.] 

1.  A  viscous  substance,  sometimes  laid  on  twigs 
for  catching  birds.  Drydcn. 

2.  Calcareous  earth,  oxyd  of  calcium,  procured 
from  chalk  and  certain  Hlon' s  ami  shells,  by  ex- 
pelling from  them  the  carbonic  acid,  by  means  of  a 
strong  hi'at  in  a  furnace.  The  best  lime  fur  mortar 
or  remeiit  is  obtained  from  limestone,  or  carbonate 
of  lime,  of  which  marble  is  a  fine  species. 

Hooper.  JVicholson. 

3.  The  linden-tree,  or  Tili.i. 

LI.ME,  71.    [Fr.  lime.    See  Lemon.]    A  species  of  acid 

fruit,  the  I'itrus  inedica,  smaller  than  (lie  lemon. 
LIME,  1'.  (.    [Sax.  gelimun.] 

1.  To  smear  with  a  viscous  substance. 

L^Kstriinge. 

2.  To  entangle  ;  to  insnaro.  Shak. 

3.  To  manure  with  lime. 


4.  To  cement. 


LIME'-BURN-ER,  71.    One  who  burns  stone  to  lime. 

Ll.M'£D,  (iTmd,)  pp.  Smeared  with  lime  ;  entangled; 
manured  with  lime. 

LIME'IIOUND,  7i.  A  dog  used  in  hunting  the  wild 
boar.  Spenser. 

Ll.ME'KILN,  (lTme'kil,)7i.  A  kiln  or  furnace  in  which 
stones  or  shells  are  exposed  to  a  strong  heal  and  re- 
duced to  lime. 

Ll.ME'-PLANT,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
may  apple. 

LI.ME'-SINK,  71.  A  rounded  hole  or  depression  in  the 
ground  in  limestone  countries.  America. 

LI.ME'SToNE,  71.  Stone  of  which  lime  is  made  by 
the  expulsion  of  its  carbonic  acid,  or  fixed  air.  It  is 
called  carbonate  of  lime.  Of  this  there  are  several 
species. 

LIME'-TWIG,  71.   A  twig  smeared  with  lime. 

Milton. 

LIME'-TVVIG-G£D,a.  Smeared  with  lime.  AddUon. 
LIME'-WA-TER,  71.   Water  impregnated  with  lime. 
Ll.M'!\(;,  ppr.    Daubing  with  viscous  matter ;  en- 
Jangling  ;  manuring  with  lime. 
Ll.M'lNG,  H.    The  act  of  manuring  with  lime. 
LIM'IT,  71.    [L.  limes  ;  Fr.  limites.    See  Limb.] 

1.  Bound  ;  border  ;  utmost  extent ;  the  part  that 
terminates  a  thing  ;  as,  the  limit  of  a  town,  city,  or 
empire  ;  the  limits  of  human  knowledge. 

2.  The  thing  which  bounds  ;  restraint. 

3.  In  mathematics,  a  term  used  for  some  determinate 
quantity,  to  which  a  variable  one  continually  ap- 
proaches, and  may  come  nearer  to  it  tlian  by  any 
given  dilference,  but  can  never  go  beyond  it. 

Barlow. 

4.  Limits,  pi. ;  the  extent  of  the  liberties  of  a  prison. 
LIM'IT,  V.  t.    To  bound  ;  to  set  bounds  to. 

2.  To  confine  wrthiii  certain  bounds  ;  to  circum- 
scribe ;  to  restrain.  The  government  of  England  is 
called  a  limited  monarchy. 

They  tempted  God  and  limited  tlie  Holy  One  of  Israel  Ps. 

Ixxviii. 

3.  To  restrain  from  a  lax  or  general  signification. 
World  sometimes  signifies  the  universe,  and  some- 
times its  signification  is  limited  to  this  earth. 

LIM'!T-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  limited,  circum- 
scribed, bountled,  or  restrained.  Hume. 
LI.Al-IT-.yNE-OUS,a.    Pertaining  to  bounds.  Diet. 
LI.M-IT-.A'RI-AN,  a.    That  limits  or  circumscribes. 
LIM'IT-A-RY,  a.    Placed  at  the  limit,  as  a  guard. 

Prouil  tiinitary  cherub.  Millon, 

LI.M-IT-A'TIOi\,  71.    [L.  limitatio.] 

1.  Tlic  act  of  bounding  or  circumscribing. 

2.  Restriction  ;  restraint ;  circumscription.  Tlie 
king  consented  to  a  limitation  of  his  prerogatives. 
Government  by  tiie  limitation  of  natural  rights  se- 
cures civil  liberty. 

3.  Restriction  ;  confinement  from  a  lax  indeter- 
minate import.  Words  of  general  import  are  often 
to  be  understood  with  limitations. 

4.  A  certain  precinct  within  which  friars  were 
allowed  to  beg  or  e.xercise  tlieir  functions. 

Oilping. 

5.  In  lait,  the  period  limited  by  statute  after  w  hich 
the  claimant  shall  not  enforce  his  claims  by  suit. 

Bouvier. 

LIM'IT-ED, pp.  Bounded;  circumscribed;  restrained. 
2.  a.    Narrow  ;  circumscribed.    Our  views  of  na- 
ture are  verv  limited. 
LIM'IT-ED-LY,  ado.   With  limitation. 
LIM'IT-ED-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  limited. 

Parker, 

LI.M'IT-ER,  71.    He  or  that  which  limits  or  confines. 
2.  A  friar  licensed  to  beg  within  certain  bounds, 
or  whose  duty  was  limited  to  a  certain  district. 
LLM'IT-LESS,  a.    Having  no  limits  ;  unbounded. 

Daoies. 

LIM'MER,  71.    A  liinehound  ;  a  mongrel.  Johnson. 

2.  A  dog  engendered  between  a  hound  and  a 
mastiff.  Bailey. 

3.  A  thill  or  shaft    [Local]    [See  Llmher.] 

4.  A  thill-horse.  [Local.] 

LIMX,  (lim,)  0.  t.    [Fr.  enluminer  ;  Ji.  linnino.] 
'i'o  draw  or  paint ;  or  to  paint  in  water  colors. 

Encyc. 

LIM'NED,  (limd,)  pp.  Painted. 

LIM'NER,  71.  [Fr.  fii/iiinincur  ;  L.  iV/uim'iiotor,  in  the 
miildle  ages,  altiiminor.] 

1.  One  that  colors  or  paints  on  pajier  or  parchment ; 
one  who  decorates  books  with  initial  pictures. 

2.  A  portrait  painter.  [Ennic. 
LIM'NING,  ppr.    Drawing;  painting;  painting  in 

water  colors. 

LIM'NINt!,  71.  Tho  act  or  art  of  drawing  or  painting 
ill  \\'atcr  colors.  Addison. 

LIM'ON-M'l',,  71.  One  of  the  names  of  brown  iron 
ore  or  brown  henialiti'.  It  occurs  in  extensive  beds, 
and  often  prescnis  globular,  concentric,  .mil  stalactite 
forms.    It  is  an  abundant  ore  in  the  United  States. 

Dana. 

LI'iMOU.S,  a.    [L.  limosus,  from  limus,  slime.] 

Muddy;  slimy;  thick.  Brown. 

LIMP,  1'.  i.    [.Sax.  lemp-heult,  lame;  ^rJimpiiii,  to  hap- 
pen, that  is,  to  fall ;  alliiMl  perhajis  to  lame.] 
To  halt  ;  to  walk  lamrly.  Bacon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PKBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


666 


LIN 


LIN 


LIN 


LISIP,  n.    A  hall  ;  act  of  limping. 

LIMP,  «.    Vapid  ;  wcalc.    [J^ut  used.]  ffallon. 

LrMI"Kll,  n.    One  lliat  limps. 

LIM'PET,  n.    [L.  lejiax ;  Gr.  Atirn?,  from  Xcirio,  to 
peel  or  strip  off  hark.] 

A  univalve  shell  of  the  genus  Patella,  adhering  to 
rorks. 

LIM'PLD,  a.    [Ij.  limpidus  ;  Gr.  Aa/iirw,  to  shine.] 
Pure;  char;  tran.<paront ;  as,  a /im/iii^  .stream. 
LI»M-P11)'I-TV,  )  ;i.    Clearnesij  i  purity;  transpar- 
LIM'PID-NE.-;;^,  i  eni-v. 

LIMP'liNG,  pur.  or  a.    Halting;  walkin;;  lamely. 
LIMP'I.\G-I.iV,  adr.    Lamely  ;  in  a  halting  m»nner. 

Weak  ;  flexible.  Farbii.    JVno  England. 

LIM'V,  a.     [Tiee  Lime.]    Viscous ;  glutinous  ;  as, 
limy  snares. 

2.  Containin;;  lime  ;  as,  a  limij  soil. 

3.  Resembling  lime  ;  having  the  qualities  of  lime. 
LIN,  1).       [Ice.  ;iiin«.] 

To  yield.    [  Obs.]  Spenser. 
LI\,  n.    [Celtic]    A  pool  or  collection  of  water,  par- 
ticularly the  one  above  or  below  a  fall  of  water. 

Rich.  Did. 

9.  A  waterfall,  or  cataract ;  as,  Corsa  Lin,  often 
spelt /t/ti.  [5>C(;(((.sA.] 
LLNCH,"  «.    A  ledge  ;  a  right-angled  projection. 

Jenninffs. 

LINCII'PIN,  Ti.     [Sax.  hjnis,  an  axis,  D.  teiu,  G. 
Itmse.] 

A  pin  used  to  previ  nt  the  wheel  of  a  carriage  from 
sliding  off  the  axle-tree. 
LIN'eOLN-GUEEN,  (link'un-,)  !i.    A  color  of  cloth 
formerly  made  in  Lincoln.  Spenser. 

LINe'Tlis'^' i        [L. /imro. ''■'":««*••] 

Medicine  taking  by  licking  with  the  tongue. 

Burton. 

LIVDE.V,  )  n.  [Sax.  lind ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  lirid ;  U.  linde 
LIND,        )     or  linde-boom  ;  G.  linde,  lindenbaum.] 
The  limc-lree,  or  teil-tree,  of  the  genus  Tilia. 

Vri/dcn. 

LINE,  n.    [L.  linca ;  Ft.  liirne,  from  L.  linum ;  Gr. 
Aii'<i',  flax  ;  G.  leine:  D.  hjn  ;  Sw.  linn;  Dan.  line.] 

1.  In  /geometry,  that  which  has  length,  without 
breadth  or  thickness.  Euclid. 

2.  A  slender  string;  a  small  cord  or  rope.  The 
angler  uses  a  line  and  hook.  The  seaman  uses  a  hand 
line,  a  hauling  line,  spilling  lines,  &c. 

3.  A  thread,  string,  or  cord,  extended  to  direct  any 
operation. 

We  lu  by  tine  upon  th*  ocean  go.  Dryden. 

4.  Lineament ;  a  mark  in  the  hand  or  face. 

He  li!ip!es  palmiilry,  and  dinei 

On  all  tier  Ibrtuuv.tcliiiig  Unes.  Cteaveland. 

5.  Delineation;  sketch;  as,  the /tnu  of  a  building. 

Temple. 

6.  Contour ;  outline  ;  exterior  limit  of  a  figure. 

Krce  M  thy  stmke,  yet  faiiUIcss  as  thy  tine.  Po]k. 

7.  In  icritintr,  priiitinrr,  and  entrraving,  the  words 
and  letters  which  stand  on  a  level  in  one  row,  be- 
tween one  margin  and  another  ;  a  |>age  of  thirty 
lines. 

8.  In  poetry,  a  verse,  or  the  words  which  form  a 
certain  number  of  feet,  according  to  the  measure. 

9.  A  short  letter ;  a  note.  I  received  a  line  from 
my  friend  by  the  last  mail. 

10.  .'V  rank  or  row  of  soldiers,  or  the  disposition  of 
an  army  drawn  up  with  an  extended  front ;  or  the 
like  disposition  of  a  fleet  prepared  for  engagement. 

11.  A  trench  or  ram[>art ;  an  extended  work  in 
fortiflcation. 

Unite  liiy  forces  anJ  nttjick  Iheir  tine*.  Dryden. 

12.  Method  ;  dispasition  ;  as,  line  of  order.  i<7uiA', 

13.  Extension  ;  limit ;  border. 

&len  mn  tclvcl  lier  (ine 
Tietm  Anntn  eiiaivii-^nl  (o  (Itc  ruy;U  lowers 
Of  ffp-'.M  Seleuci-i.  Aft^n. 

14.  Equator ;  equinoctial  circle. 

When  the  sun  below  the  tint  descen<ls.  Cretch. 

15.  A  series  or  succession  of  progeny  or  relations, 
descending  from  a  common  progenitor.  We  speak 
of  the  ascending  or  descending  Zinc ;  the  line  of  do- 
scent  ;  the  male  line  :  a  line  of  kings. 

16.  The  twelfth  part  of  an  inch. ' 

17.  A  straight,  extended  mark. 

18.  A  straight  or  parallel  direction.  The  houses 
must  all  stand  in  a  line.  Every  new  building  must 
be  set  in  a  line  with  others  on  the  same  street. 

19.  Occii|iation  ;  employment  ;  department  or 
course  of  business.  We  speak  of  men  in  the  same 
due  of  business.  fVashinrrton. 

20.  Course;  direction. 

What  i^nenvl  line  ofcomlnct  ought  to  be  punned.  n'tuhinfUm. 

21.  Lint  or  flaj.    [Seldom  used.]  Spen.ier. 

22.  In  heraldry,  lines  are  the  figures  used  in  armo- 
ries to  divide  the  shield  into  different  parts,  and  to 
compose  different  figures.  Encije. 

23.  In  Scripture,  line  signifies  a  cord  for  measuring  ; 
also,  instruction,  doctrine.   Ps.  xix.    Is.  xxviii. 


2-1.  In  military  affairs,  the  line  denotes  the  regular 
infantry  of  an  army,  as  distinguished  from  militia, 
guards,  volunteer  corps,  cavalry,  artillery,  Ate. 

Jl  ri^rlit  line;  a  straight  line  ;  the  shortest  line  that 
can  be  drawn  between  two  points. 

Horizontal  line ;  aline  drawn  parallel  to  the  hori- 
zon. 

Eiiuinoctial  line  ;  llio  equator  of  the  earth  or  heav- 
ens.   [See  EciUiNocTiAL.J 

.Mmdian  line  ;  a  iiieriilian,  which  see. 

Jl  ship  of  the  line  ;  a  ship  of  war  large  enough  to 
have  a  place  in  the  line  of  battle  ;  also  called  linc-uf- 
battte  ship.  All  ships  having  batteries  on  two  or 
more  ilecks  besides  the  spar-deck,  are  ships  of  the 
line.  Siualler  ships  may  somotinu-s  be  so  called. 
LINE,  V.  t.  [Supposed  to  be  from  L.  linum,  flax, 
wlii'iice  linen,  which  is  often  used  for  linings.] 

■  To  cover  on  tile  inside  ;  as,  a  garment  lined  with 
linen,  fur,  or  silk  ;  a  box  lined  with  paper  or  tin. 

2.  To  put  in  the  inside  ;  applied  iiarliciilarly  to 
money  ;  as,  to  line  one's  jiiirse.  Swift. 

Wh  it  ifl  d'l  ti'ie  one  of  their  liand*  ?  ShaJc. 

3.  To  place  along  hy  the  side  of  any  thing  for 
guarding  ;  as,  to  line  a  hedge  with  rifluiiien  ;  to  line 
works  with  soldiers. 

4.  To  strengthen  by  additional  works  or  men. 

Line  and  new  nrp.iir  your  lowiia  «f  war 

WiUi  men  of  counig--'.  Shak. 

5.  To  cover ;  to  add  a  covering ;  as,  to  line  a 
crutch.  ,  Sliali. 

C.  To  .strengthen  with  any  thing  added. 

Who  lined  hlin».;lf  uiili  hop.-.  ShaJc. 
7.  To  impregnate  ;  aiiplied  to  irrational  animals. 

Creech. 

LIN'E-AGE,  71.    [Fr.  li^mmre,  from  li^rnr,  line.] 

Race  ;  progeny  ;  descendants  in  a  line  from  a  com- 
mon progenitor. 
LIN'E-AL,  a.    [L.  linralis,  from  linra,  line.] 

1.  Composed  of  lines  ;  delineated  ;  as,  lineal  de- 
signs, ffotfon. 

2.  In  a  direct  line  from  an  ancestor;  as,  lineal  de- 
scent ;  linrnl  succession.  Locke. 

3.  Hereditary  ;  derived  from  ancestors.  Shak. 

4.  AUied  by  direct  descent. 

Fur  only  you  arc  lineal  to  the  throne.  Dryden. 

5.  In  the  direction  of  a  line  ;  as,  lineal  measure. 
Lineal  mtnsure  ;  the  measure  of  length. 

LIN-E-AL'I-TY,  n.   The  state  of  being  in  the  form  of 

a  line.  .^m.  Review. 

LIN'E-AL-LY,  <Kft).    In  a  direct  line  ;  as,  the  prince  is 

lineally  descended  from  the  conqueror. 
LIN'E-A-MENT,  71.    [Er.,  from  L.  ;i/ica77i£7i/u;n.] 

Feature  ;  form  ;  make  ;  the  outline  or  exterior  of  a 
body  or  figure,  particularly  of  the  face. 
Man  he  seema 
In  all  his  t^neamenU.  Milton. 
'I'lie  tinratnents  of  Uie  body.  Locke, 
I.tneamen(«  of  a  character.  Sici/t. 

LIN'E-AR,  a.    [L.  linearis.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  line;  consisting  of  lines;  in  a 
straicht  direction. 

2.  In  botany,  like  a  line;  slender;  of  the  same 
breadth  throughout,  except  at  the  extremities ;  as,  a 
linear  leaf. 

Linear  numbers;  in  mathematics,  such  as  have  rela- 
tion to  length  only  ;  such  is  a  number  which  repre- 
sents one  side  of  a  plane  figure.  If  the  plane  figure 
is  a  square,  the  linear  figure  is  called  a  root.  Barlow. 

Linear  problem  ;  that  which  may  be  solved  geomet- 
rically by  Uic  intersection  of  two  right  lines. 

Brandc, 

Linear persftectire.    See  Perspective. 
LIN'E-AR-SIIaP-KD,  (-shipte,)a.  Of  a  linear  shape. 
LIN'E-ATE,  a.    In  botany,  marked  longitudinally  with 

depressed  parallel  lines  ;  as,  a  tineate  leaf. 
LIN-E-A'TION,  71.    Draught ;  delineation,  which  see. 

fVoodirard, 

LIN'BD,  pp.    [See  Line.]    Covered  on  the  inside. 

LIN'E.N,  71.  [L.  linum,  flax,  Gr.  Xivoi;  W.  llin,  Ir.  lin, 
Russ.  len,  G.  Icin.  'J'ho  sense  is  probably  long,  ex- 
tended, or  smooth.  In  the  latter  sense,  it  would  ac- 
cord with  L.  linio,  lenio.] 

1.  Cloth  made  of  flax  or  hemp. 

2.  The  under  part  of  dress,  as  being  chiefly  of 
linen. 

LIN'EN,  a.    [L.  lineus.\ 

1.  Made  of  flax  or  lieinp;  as,  linen  cloth;  a  linen 
stocking. 

2.  Kcsenihling  linen  cloth  ;  white;  pale.  Shak. 
LIN'EN-DRA'PER,  jt.     A  p<Tson  who  deals  in 

linens. 

[Li!»Kj<En  and  Limen-uan,  in  a  like  sense,  are 
obsolete.] 

LIN'EIl,  71.    .\  vessel  belonging  to  a  regular  line  of 

packets.    [Recent  n.<«<rc.] 
LI.NG,  71.     [D.  Icng;  Ir.  long;  probably  Sax.  lenir, 

long.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Gadus,  or  cod  kind,  which 
grows  to  the  length  of  four  feet  or  more,  is  very  slen- 
der, with  a  fl.1t  head.  This  nsh  abounds  on  the 
coasts  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  and  forms  a  consid- 
erable .article  of  commerce.  Partington. 


LING,  71.    [Ice.  ling,  frtmi  leng,  long.] 

A  species  of  long  gra.ss  ;  heath.  Jamicion.  Cye. 

LING,  a  Saxon  termination, as  in  darling,  firstling,  de- 
notes primarily  state,  condition,  or  subject.  In  Homa 
words,  it  denotes  the  young  of  an  animal,  or  a  small 
one. 

LIN"GnR,  r.  I.    [from  the  root  of  long.  Sax.  leng.] 

1.  To  delay ;  to  loiter  ;  to  remain  or  wait  long  ;  to 
be  slow. 

Nor  cjtst  one  longing,  lingering  look  behind.  Gray. 
Whose  Jud^nenl  now  of  a  lon^  time  lingertth  not. — 3  Pet.  ii. 

2.  'I'o  hesitate;  to  be  slow  in  deciding;  to  be  in 
suspense. 

Perhii[ui  Uiou  lingereet,  in  deep  thought  detained.  MUion. 

3.  To  remain  long  in  any  state.  The  patient  lin- 
gers on  a  bed  of  sickness. 

LIN"(;KR,  (Img'gcr,)  v.  t.    To  protract.  Shak. 
LIi\"(;EII-KI),  ;>p.    Delayed;  loitered. 
LIN"(;i:U-EK,  71.    One  who  lingers. 
LIN"GEK-IN(;,  p/ir.    Delaying;  loitering. 

2.  a.  Drawing  out  in  time  ;  remaining  long  ;  pro- 
tracted ;  as,  a  lingering  disease. 

To  die  is  the  fate  of  man  ;  but  to  die  wiUi  lingering  anguish  U 
generally  his  folly.  JiaiiMer. 

LIN"OER-ING,  (ling'gi;r-ing,)  n.  A  delaying ;  a  re- 
maining long  ;  tardiness  ;  protraction. 

The  Itngeringa  of  holid  iy  ciisujuis.  Irving. 

LIN"GER-1NG-LY,  adv.  With  delay;  slowly;  tedi- 
ously. Hale. 

LIN"GET,  (ling'get,)  7i.  [Fr.  lingot,  from  languetU,  a 
tongue.] 

.\  small  mass  of  metal.  Camden, 
LIN"GLE,  (ling'gl,)  71.    [Fr.  ligneul,  from  ligne.] 
Slioi  inaker's  thread.    [JVot  in  use,  or  local.] 

Drayton. 

LIN"GO,  (ling'go,)  71.    [L.  lingnn.] 
Language;  speech,  [ynl'rar.] 
LIN"GUa'CIOUS,  (Iing-gwa'slius,)a.    [L.  linguaz.] 

Talkative  ;  loquacious. 
LIN"GUA-DENT'AL,  a.    [L.  lingua,  tongue,  and 
dens,  a  tooth.] 

Formed  or  uttered  by  the  joint  use  of  the  tongue 
and  teeth  ;  as  the  letters  d  and  t.  Holder. 
LIN"GUA-DE.NT'AL,  71.    An  articulation  formed  by 

the  tongue  and  teeth. 
LIN"Gn.AL,  (ling'gwal,)  a.    [L.  lingua,  the  tongue.] 
Pertaining  to  tlie  loiigue  ;  as,  the  lingual  nerves, 
the  ninth  pair,  which  go  to  the  tiuigiie ;  the  lingual 
muscle,  or  muscle  of  the  tongue. 
LIN"GUI-FOKAl,  (ling'gwe-form,)  a.    [L.  lingua  and 
form.]    Having  the  form  or  shape  of  the  tongue. 

Martyn. 

LIN"Gi;iST,  (ling'gwist,)  71.   [L.  lingua,  the  tongue.] 
A  person  skilled  in  languages  ;  usually  applied  to 
a  persim  well  versed  in  the  languages  taught  in  col- 
leges, Greek,  Latin,  and  lli  lin  w.  ^Millon. 
LI.\"GUIST'ie,        jo.   Relating  to  linguistics,  or  to 
LIN"GUIST'ie-AL,  j    the  allinitics  of  languages. 

aiiddon. 

LI.\"GUIST'ies,  71.  The  science  of  languages,  or  of 
the  origin,  signification,  and  application  of  words. 

LIN"GU-LATE,  o.  [L.  lingulatus,  from  lingua, 
tongue.] 

Shaped  like  the  tongue  or  a  strap.    [But  Lioulate 
is  more  generally  used.]  Martm. 
LING'WORT,  77.    An  herb. 
LI.N'GY,  (lin'jc,)  a.    Tall ;  limber  ;  flexible. 

2.  Active  ;  strong  ;  able  to  bear  fatigue.  BroeketU 
LIN'I-MENT,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  linimentum,  from  linio, 
lino,  to  anoint.] 

A  species  ol  soft  ointment ;  a  composition  of  a 
consistence  somewhat  thinner  than  an  unguent,  but 
thicker  than  oil.  Eneye. 
LIN'ING,  ppr.    [See  Line.]    Covering  on  the  inside, 
as  a  garment. 

LIN'I.NG,  71.    The  covering  of  the  inner  surface  of 

any  thing,  as  of  a  garment  or  a  box.    The  pleura  is 

called  the  lining  of  the  thorax. 
2.  That  which  is  within.  Shak. 
LINK,  71.    [G.  gclenk,  a  joint,  a  ring,  n  swivel,  a  link, 

and,  as  an  adjective,  flexible,  limber,  from  lenkcn,  to 

bend  ;  Dan.  lenkr,  a  chain.] 

1.  A  single  ring  or  division  of  a  chain. 

2.  Any  thing  doubled  and  closed  like  a  link  ;  ns,  a 
link  of  horse-hair.  Mortimer. 

3.  A  chain  ;  anything  connecting. 

And  love,  Uie  common  linic,  the  new  crration  crowned. 

Dryden. 

4.  Any  single  constituent  part  of  a  connected 
series.  This  argument  is  a  link  in  the  chain  of  rea- 
soning. 

{■Jobnsim  says  that  Addison  has  improperly  used 
link  for  a  series  or  chain,  hut  this  dors  not  appear 
from  the  p.issage  cited.  Ed.] 

Links;  sausages,  so  called  from  being  made  in  a 
continuous  chain.    {Sometimes  heard  in  Jimerira.] 

Forhy. 

LINK,  71.    [Gr.  Xt'-yi  o;,  L.  lychnus,  a  lamp  or  candle, 
coinciding  in  elements  with  light.] 
A  torch  made  of  tow  or  hards,  tee.,  .md  pitch. 

Shak.  Dryden. 

LINK,  tJ.  f.    To  complicate.  Johnson. 


TONE,  B}JLL,  IINITE.  — A.N"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  d  n«  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


667 


LIP 

Q.  To  unite  or  connect  by  souietbing  inten-ening 
or  iu  other  manner 


Link  towns  lo  lowns  by  avenues  of  oak. 
And  cieatuie  linked  to  creature,  man  to  man. 


Pope. 
Pope. 


LINK,  V.  i.   To  be  connected.  Burke. 
LINK'BOY,  I  n,    A  boy  or  man  that  carried  a  link 
LINK'MAN,  )    or  torcli  to  light  passengers. 

More.  Oray. 
LINK'ED,  (linkt,)  pp-    United  ;  connected. 
LINK'ING, />pr.    Uniting;  connecting. 
LIN-N/E'AN,  j  a.    Pertaining  to  Linnffius,  the  bota- 
LIN-Nk'AN,  (    nist  of  Sweden,  or  to  his  system  of 
botaiiv. 

LIN'NET,  n.  [Fr.  linoi;  W.  llinos,  from  lien,  flax, 
and  called  also  in  W.  adem  y  Uin,  flax-bird  ;  Sax. 
linetwcrre.  So  in  L.  carduclis^  from  carduus,  a 
thistle/l 

A  small  European  singing  bird  of  the  genus  Frin- 
eilla  of  LinnsEUs,  or  the  finch  family. 
LIN'SEED,    j  «.     [lint,  flax,  and  seed;  Sax.  Uh- 
LINT'SEED,  i  said.] 

Flaxseed. 

LIN'.SEED-CaKE,  n.  The  solid  mass  or  cake  which 
remains  when  oil  is  expressed  from  flaxseed. 

LIN'SEED-OIL,  n.  Oil  obtained  by  pressure  from 
flaxseed,  Ure. 

LIN'SEY,  n.  [Corrupted  from  linen.]  Linsey-wool- 
sey. Bentley. 

LIN'SEY-WOOL'SEY,  o.  Made  of  linen  and  wool ; 
hence,  vile  ; '  >"ean  ;  of  difiereut  and  unsuitable 
parts.  Joknsotu 

LIN'SEY-WOOL'SEY,  n.  Stufl"  made  of  linen  and 
wool,  mixed. 

LIN'STOCK,  n.  [lint  and  stock.]  A  pointed  staff" 
with  a  crotch  or  fork  at  one  end,  to  hold  a  lighted 
match ;  used  in  firing  cannon.  It  may  be  stuck  in 
the  ground  or  in  the  deck  of  a  ship.  Encyc. 

LINT,  n.  [Sax.  linet,  L.  Unteum,  lintcus,  from  linum, 
flax.] 

Flax  ;  but  more  generally,  linen  scraped  into  a  soft 
substance,  and  used  for  dressing  wounds  and  sores. 
LIN'TEL,  71.    [Fr.  lintcau ;  Sp.  lintel  or  dintcl.] 

The  head-piece  of   a  door-frame  or  window- 
frame  ;  the  part  of  the  frame  tliat  lies  on  the  side- 
pieces.    Eiod.  xii. 
LINT'SEED.    See  Linseed. 

LI'ON,  )i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  Iro,  leoni.s  ,  Gr.  AtMv,  Arm. 
lean,  W.  lleic,  a  lion  ;  llcica,  to  swallow,  to  devour.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Felis,  very  strong, 
fierce,  and  rapacious.  The  largest  lions  are  eight  or 
nine  feet  in  length.  The  male  has  a  thick  head, 
beset  with  long,  bushy  hair,  of  a  yellowish  color. 
'I'he  lion  is  a  native  of  Africa  and  the  warm  climates 
of  Asia.  His  aspect  is  noble,  his  gait  stately,  and 
his  roar  tremendous. 

2.  A  sign  in  the  zodiac,  Leo. 

3.  An  object  of  interest  and  curiosity;  as,  the  lion 
of  the  day  ;  to  visit  the  liuiis  of  a  place.  This  use 
of  the  term  is  derived  from  the  lions  kept  as  objects 
of  curiositv  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

LI'O.N'-ESS,"  n.   The  female  of  the  lion  kind. 
LI'ON-HESRT-EU,  (-hirt-ed,)  a.     Having  a  lion's 

heart  or  courage.  Scott. 
LI'ON-IZE,  r.  i.    To  visit  the  objects  of  curiosity  in  a 

place.    [Familiar.]    [See  Lion.] 
LI'0.\-LlKE,  j  a.    Like  a  lion  ;  fierce. 
LT'OXLY,      (  Camden.  Mlton. 

LI'ON-MET-TL£D,  a.     Having  the  courage  and 

spirit  of  a  lion.  Jhllhonae. 
LI'ON'S  FOOT,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genera  L'atanan- 

che,  I'renanthes,  &c. 
LI'O.VS  Lli.AF,  n.    A  tuberous-rooted  plant  of  the 

genus  Lfontice,  growing  near  the  Mediterranean. 

Loudon. 

LI'ON'S  TAIL,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Leonurus. 
LIP,  71.    [Sax.  lippa,  lippe :  D.  lip;  G.  and  Dan.  lippe : 
Sw.  lapp  i  L.  labium,  labrum  ;  It.  labbro  ;  Sp.  labic  : 

Fr.  levre ;  Ir.  clah  or  liobhar ;  Pcrs.         lab.    It  may 

be  connected  with  W.  llavaru,  Ir.  labhraim,  to  speak, 
that  is,  to  thrust  out.  The  sense  is  probably  a 
border.] 

1.  The  edge  or  border  of  the  mouth.  The  lips  are 
two  fleshy  or  muscular  parts,  composing  the  exterior 
of  the  mouth  in  man  and  many  other  animals.  In 
7iian,  the  hps,  which  may  be  opened  or  closed  at 
pleasure,  form  the  covering  of  the  teeth,  and  are  or- 
gans of  speech  essential  to  certain  articulations. 
Hence  the  lips,  by  a  figure,  denote  the  mouth,  or  all 
the  organs  of  epeech,  and  sometimes  speech  itself. 
Job.  li. 

2.  The  edge  of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  lip  of  n  vessel. 

Burnet. 

3.  In  botany,  one  of  the  two  opposite  divisions  of  a 
labiate  corol.  The  upper  is  called  the  helmet,  and 
the  lower  the  brard.  Also,  nil  nppM'nilage  to  the 
flowers  of  the  Orchinea,  considered  by  Linnieus  as  n 
nectary.  Marlyn.  .Smith. 

4.  In  coneholoiry,  the  outer  edge  of  the  aperture  of 
a  univalve  slirll.  Jlumble. 

To  make  a  lip;  to  drop  the  under  lip  in  sullenness 
or  conteniiit.  .svia/i. 
LIP,  V.  t.    To  kins.  Shale 


LIQ 

LIP-DE-Vo'TION,  11.    Prayers  uttered  by  the  lips 

without  the  desires  of  the  heart. 
LIP'-GOOD,  a.    Good  in  profession  only. 

B.  Jonson. 

LIP'-LA-BOR,  71.  Labor  or  action  of  the  lips  without 
concurrence  of  the  mind  ;  words  without  senti- 
ments. 

LIP'LESS,  a.    Having  no  lips.  Byron, 
LIP'LET,  71.    A  littlelij).  Kirby. 
HP'O-GRAM,  11.    [Gr.  Acin-tj,  to  leave,  and  ypaii^ia, 
a  letter.] 

A  writing  in  which  a  particular  letter  is  wholly 
omitted. 

LIP-O-GRAM-MAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  Xcin-w  and  >  nn^pa.] 
Omitting  a  letter.     Lipogramvmtic  writings  are 
those  in  which  a  particular  letter  is  wholly  omit- 
ted. 

LIP-O-GRAM'MA-TIST,  71.  One  who  writes  any 
thing,  dropping  a  particular  letter.  Mdison. 

LI-POTH'y-MOUS,  a.  [See  Lipothtmt.]  Swoon- 
ing ;  fainting. 

LI-POTII'Y-MY,  71.  [Gr.  Xtmo&vpia  ;  AtiTrw,  to  fail, 
and  ^vitn^,  soul.] 

A  fainting  ;  a  swoon.  Coze.  Taylor. 

LIP'PBD,  (lipt,)  a.    Having  lips;  having  a  raised  or 
rounded  edge  resembling  the  lip. 
2.  In  botany,  labiate. 

LIP'PED,  (lipt,)  pp.  Kissed. 

LIP'PING,  ppr.  Kissing. 

LIP'Pr-TUDE,  71.  [L.  lippitudo,  from  lippus,  blear- 
eyed.] 

Soreness  of  eyes  ;  blearedness.  Bacon. 
LIP'-VVIS-DOM,  71.    Wisdom  in  talk  without  prac- 
tice ;  wisdom  in  words  not  supported  by  experience. 

Sidney. 

LIQ'UA-BLE,  (lik'wa-bl,)  a.    That  may  be  melted. 
Li'UUaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  liquo.] 

To  melt ;  to  litiuefy ;  to  be  dissolved.  [Little 
used.]  Woodward. 
LI-aUA'TION,  71.    [L.  liquatio.    See  Liquate.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting.  Brown. 

2.  The  capacity  of  being  melted  ;  as,  a  substance 
congealed  beyond  liquation.  Brown. 

3.  In  metallurgy,  the  process  of  separating,  by  a 
regulated  heat,  an  easily  fusible  mttal  from  one  less 
fusible,  with  which  it  is  combined  ;  eliquation. 

Ure. 

LIQ-UE-FAC'TION,  (lik-we-fak'shun,)  n.  [L.  lUiue- 
factio,  from  liquefacio.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting  or  dissolving ; 
the  conversion  of  a  solid  into  a  liquid  by  the  sole 
agency  of  heat  or  caloric.  Liquefaction,  in  common 
usage,  signifies  the  melting  of  any  substance  ;  but 
by  some  authors  it  is  applied  to  the  melting  of  sub- 
stances which  pass  through  intermediate  states  of 
softness  before  they  become  fluid,  as  tallow,  wax, 
resin,  &c.        *  Cozens  Dispensatory. 

2.  The  state  of  being  melted. 
Lia'UE-Fl-A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  melted,  or 

changed  from  a  solid  to  a  liquid  state.  Bacon. 
LIU'UE-FI-£D,  (lik'we-fide,)  p/>.    Melted  ;  become 
liquid. 

Lia'UE-FI-ER,  71.  That  which  melts  any  solid  sub- 
stance. 

LKi'UE-F?,  (lik'we-fj,)  v.  U  [Fr.  liquefier,  from 
L.  liquefacio.    See  Litiuio.] 

To  melt ;  to  dissolve  ;  to  convert  from  a  fixed  or 
solid  form  to  that  of  a  liquid  ;  and  technically,  to  melt 
by  tlie  sole  agency  of  heat  or  caloric. 
LIQ,'UE-Fy,  V.  i.    To  be  melted  ;  to  become  liquid. 

.Sddisoih, 

LIQ'UE-FV-ING,  p/)7-.    Melting;  becoming  liquid. 

LI-aUES'CEN-CY,  71.    [L.  liquescentia.] 

Aptness  to  melt.  Johnson, 

Li  aUES'CENT,  a.    Melting  ;  becoming  fluid. 

LI-CiUEOIl',  (le-kure',)  71.  [Fr.]  A  delicate  prepara- 
tion of  distilled  spirits,  usually  flavored  witii  fruits, 
spices,  alcohol,  and  various  aromatic  substances.  Ure. 

LKl'UIl),  (lik'vvid,)  a.  [L.  liquidus,  from  liquo,  to 
melt,  Ir.  Iragham  ;  probably  from  flowing,  and  coin- 
ciding with  Sax.  logc,  water,  L.  lix  and  lug,  in  Lug- 
dunum,  Leydon,  Lyons.] 

1.  Fluid  ;  flowing  or  capable  of  flowing  ;  not 
fixed  or  solid.  But  liquid  is  not  precisely  .synony- 
mous with  fluid.    Air  is  fluid,  but  not  liquid. 

2.  Soft;  clear  ;  flowing;  smooth;  as,  liquid  mel- 
ody. Crashaw. 

3.  Pronounced  without  any  jar;  smooth;  as,  a 
liquid  letter. 

•I.  Dissolved  ;  not  obtainable  by  law  ;  as,  a  liquid 
debt.  [Obs.]  Jlyliffe. 
LKi'UID,  (lik'wid,)  71.  A  fluid  or  flowing  substance  ; 
a  substance  whose  parts  change  their  rel.itive  posi- 
tion on  llie  slightest  pressure,  and  which  flows  on  an 
inclined  plane,  as  water,  wine,  milk,  &c. 

2.  In  grammar,  a  letter  which  has  a  smooth,  flow- 
ing sound,  or  wliich  flows  smoothly  after  a  mute  ; 
as,  I  and  r,  in  bla,  bra.  M  and  71  are  also  called  li- 
quids. 

LIU'CHD-ATE,  (lik'wid-atc,)  r.  t  [Fr.  liquider ;  L. 
liquido.] 

1.  To  clear  from  oil  obscurity. 

Tim**  only  can  liquittate  tJio 
lytteni. 


niii*  of  all  part*  of  a  compound 
llamiUon. 


LIS 

2.  To  settle  ;  to  adjust;  to  ascertain  or  reduce  to 
precision  in  amount. 

Which  meOiod  of  liquidating  the  amercement  to  a  precise  lum 
w.Ts  usually  performed  in  the  superior  courts.  Blackstona, 

The  clerk  of  tlie  commons'  house  of  assembly,  in  1774,  j-Ave  cer- 
tificates to  the  public  creditors  that  tUeir  demauils  were 
liquidated,  and  should  be  provided  for  in  the  next  tax-bili. 

Ramsay. 

The  domestic  debt  may  be  subdivided  into  liquidated  and  «n- 
liquidated.  Hamilton. 

3.  To  pay;  to  settle,  adjust,  and  satisfy,  as  a  debt. 

ffhcatoiu 

Fryburg-h  was  ced^l  to  Zurich  by  Sigismund,  to  Vuiui'lale  a  debt 
of  a  thousand  florins.  Coie's  Sioitz, 

4.  To  diminish  or  lessen.  Walpole. 
Lia'UID-A-TED,pp.   Settled;  adjusted;  reduced  to 

certainty  ;  paid. 
Lld'UID-A-TING,  ppr.     Adjusting;  ascertaining; 
paying. 

Lia-UID-A'TION,  (lik-wid-a'shun,)  71.  The  act  of 
settling  and  adjusting  d^'bts,  or  ascertaining  their 
amount  or  balance  due. 

Lia'UID  A-TOR,  (lik'wid-,)  71.  He  or  that  which 
liquidates  or  settles.        .  E.  Everett 

Lia-UID'I-TY,  (lik-wid'e-te,)  71.    [Fr.  liquiditi.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  fluid  or  liquid. 

2.  Thinness.  Olanville. 
LIQ'UID-LY^,  arfr.    In  a  flowing  manner.  Smart. 
Lia'UlD-NESS,  (lik'wid-nes,)  71.   The  quality  of  be- 
ing liquid  ;  fluency.  Boyle. 

Lia'UOR,  (lik'ur,)  n.  [Sax.  loge;  Fr.  liqueur;  L.  li- 
quor.] 

A  liquid  or  fluid  substance.  [See  Liquio.]  Liquor 
is  a  word  of  general  signification,  extending  to  wa- 
ter, milk,  blood,  sap,  juice,  &c. ;  but  its  most  com- 
mon application  is  to  spirituous  fluids,  whether  dis- 
tilled or  fermented,  to  decoctions,  solutions,  tinc- 
tures. Milton, 

Liquor  of  flints ;  a  solution  of  silicated  potash. 

^raiirfe. 

Liquor  of  Liiavius :  bichlorid  of  tin.  Ure. 
Lia'UOK,  V.  u    To  moisten  ;  to  drench.  [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

Lla'UOR-irE.    See  Licorice. 

LI'aUOR  SIL'I-eUM,  71.  [L.]  Liquor  of  flints.  [See 

LuiUOR.] 

LIR-I-CON-PAN'CY,  71.    .\  flower. 
LIR'I-POOP,  71.    [Fx.  liripipion.]  The  hood  of  a  grad- 
uate. 

LIR'O-eONE,  a.  [Gr.  Aci.005,  pale,  and  Kama,  pow- 
der.] 

In  mineralogy,  having  the  form  of  a  whitish  pow- 
der. Shrpard. 

LIR'O-eON-ITE,  71.  A  mineral,  of  a  bright-blue  or 
green  color,  consisting  of  oxyd  of  copper,  arsenic 
acid,  and  water. 

LIS'BON,  71.  A  sweet,  light-colored  species  of  wine, 
exporteil  from  Lisbon,  in  Portugal. 

LISIl,  a.    Stout ;  active.  [Locnl] 

LiSNE,  (line,)  7i.   A  cavity  or  hollow.    [jVot  in  use.] 

Hale. 

LISP,  V.  i.  [G.  tispeln,  D.  li.-^pen,  to  lisp  ;  Sax.  rlisp,  or 
vlip.i,  a  lisping  ;  Sw.  Idspa,  Riiss.  Irpef.u,  to  lisp.] 

To  speak  with  a  particular  articulation  of  the 
tongue  and  teeth,  nearly  as  in  pronouncing  (A. 
Lisping  is  particularly  noticed  in  uttering  th  for  s, 
as  yetli  for  yes.    It  is  most  common  in  children. 

I  li£]>e'I  in  nunii>TB,  tor  Uic  uumbeis  came.  Pope. 
LISP,  V.  t.    To  pronounce  with  a  lisp ;  as,  she  lisped  a 
few  words. 

LISP,  71.  The  act  of  lisping,  as  in  uttering  an  aspi- 
rated III  for  s. 

LISP'/';D,  (lispt.)  pp.    Uttered  with  a  lisp. 

LISP'EU,  H.    One  that  lisps. 

LISP'INfJ,  ppr.  or  a.    Uttering  with  a  lisp. 

LISI"K\'G,  11.    The  art  of  speaking  with  a  lisp. 

LISP'ING-LY,  or/f.    With  a  lisp.  HolJer. 

LIS'SO.M,  a.  [Probably  from  the  Sax.  trsan,  to  loose.] 
Limber;  sujiple;  relaxed;  loose.  [Local,] 

LIST,  ».  [fiax.li.1t,  Sw.  list;  It.  and  Sp.  lL<ta :  Fr.  and 
Dan.  iisfs;  V.lyst;  G.  litic.  If //.-/,  a  roll  or  cata- 
logue, aiuUi'i,  a  border  or  strip  of  cloth,  are  from  the 
same  root,  wc  find  the  original  orthography  in  I  be 
Arm.  Ici,  and  Sp.  li:a,  and  perhaps  the  L.  Iicium,  Fr. 
licr.  Hut  in  -some  languages  the  words  are  distin- 
guished ;  Fr.  liste,  a  rod,  and  lisierc,  a  list  or  selvedge 
of  cloth.] 

1.  The  outer  edge  or  selvedge  of  cloth  ;  a  strip  of 
clolli  forming  the  border,  particularly  of  broadcloth, 
and  serving  to  strengthen  it. 

2.  A  line  inclosing  or  forming  the  extremity  of  a 
piece  of  ground,  or  field  of  combat ;  hence,  in  tJic 
j)?iira/,  (lists,)  the  ground  or  field  inclosed  for  a  race 
or  combat.  Hence,  to  enter  tlie  lists,  is  to  accept  a 
challenge,  or  engage  in  contest.  Hence, 

3.  A  limit  or  boundary  ;  a  border. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  little  square  molding  ;  a  fillet ; 
called  also  a  Listei.. 

.").  A  roll  or  catalogue,  that  is,  a  row  or  line ;  as,  a 
list  of  names ;  n  list  of  books  ;  a  list  of  articles ;  a  list 
of  ratable  estate. 

(i.  A  stri|)  of  cloth  ;  a  fillet.  Sioift 
Cinil  list ;  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
tliu  civil  officers  of  government,  as  judges,  embassa- 


KATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WIl^T  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


668 


LIT 


LIT 


LIT 


dors,  sucreliiries,  «tc.  Ilciice  it  is  used  for  tlie  rev- 
enues or  apiiropriiiliiiiis  of  public  money  for  tlic  sup- 
port of  tlie  civil  otlicers. 

liy  ;i  late  l:iw,  tlie  ciril  in  P'ngland,  enihraces 
only  the  expenses  of  tlie  reigning  monarcli's  lioiise- 
liold.  Brnndr. 
LIST,  r.  L  [from  list,  a  roll.]  To  enroll ;  to  resistor 
in  a  list  or  catalogue  ;  to  enlist.  Tlio  latter  is  the 
more  eU  jiant  word.  Hence, 

2.  To  engage  in  the  public  service,  as  soldiers. 

They  in  my  name  arc  tigteii,  Dnjden. 

3.  To  inclose  for  combat ;  as,  to  lust  a  Held. 

Dnjdrn. 

4.  To  sew  together,  as  strips  of  cloth,  so  as  to 
make  a  particolored  show,  or  to  form  a  border. 

tVoltOH. 

5.  To  cover  with  a  list,  or  with  strips  of  cloth ;  as, 
to  list  a  door. 

().  To  hearken ;  to  attend  ;  a  contraction  of  listen, 
which  see. 

LIST,  I',  i.  To  engage  in  public  service  by  enrolling 
one's  name  ;  to  enlist.  [The  latter  is  the  more  el- 
egant word.]  fSee  Enlist.] 
LIST,  p.  I.  [fi;\x'.  hjstan :  C.hlslen;  D.lunten:  Sw. 
liisla;  Unix.  Iijstcr.  (See  Li'sT.)  The  primary  sense 
seems  to  be,  to  lean,  incline,  advance,  or  stretch 
toward.    See  the  noun.] 

Propcrli),  to  lean  or  incline ;  to  be  propense  ;  hence, 
to  desire  or  choose. 

T.*'t  othtT  m^"!!  think  of  your  tlcvic*^  lu  they  lial,  ^Vl^^^sifl^ 
Tlie  wiiui  bioweUi  wht  rc  it  tigleOt.  — John  iii. 
3.  To  hearken  ;  to  attend  ;  to  listen. 
LIST,  n.    In  (Ac  Inns^uaire  of  seamen,  an  inclination  to 

one  side.    The  ship  has  a  list  to  port.     Mar.  Diet. 
LIST'Kl),  pp.    Striped  ;  particolored  in  stripes. 

2.  Covered  with  list. 

3.  Inclosed  for  combat. 

4.  Engaged  in  public  service  ;  enrolled. 
LIST'JX,  11.    A  list  in  architecture  ;  a  lillet.  Eneyc. 
LIST'KN,  (lis'n,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  lystan,  or  hlystan;  D. 

laistcren.    Uu.  <I.  lauschrn  ;  Scot.  /iM.] 

1.  To  hearken  j  to  give  ear ;  to  attend  closely  with 
a  view  to  hear. 

On  the  ^'en  hank  I  sat,  and  listened  lon^.  Drylen. 

2.  To  obey  ;  to  yield  to  advice ;  to  follow  admoni- 
tion. 

LIST'KN,  (lis'n,)  v.  t.   To  hear ;  to  attend.  Sliak. 
LIST'f:.\-KI),  pp.    Hearkened  ;  heard. 
LIST'f.\\-ER,  II.   One  who  listens  ;  a  hearkener. 
LIST'£N-1NG,  ppr.  or  o.    Hearkening;  giving  atten- 
tion. 

LIST'KX-ING,  71.   The  act  of  giving  attention. 

LIST'ER,  Ti.    One  who  makes  a  list  or  roll. 

LIST'Fl,'L,  n.    Attentive.    [Obs.]  Spcn.ser. 

LIST'I.NG,  n.  The  cutting  away  tlie  sap-wood  from 
the  edges  of  a  board.  Brnnde. 

LIST'ING,  ;>pr.  Inclosing  for  combat ;  covering  with 
list ;  enlisting. 

LIST'LESS,  a.  Not  listening;  not  attending;  indif- 
ferent to  what  is  passing  ;  heedless  ;  inattentive  ; 
thoughtless  ;  careless ;  as,  a  listless  hearer  or  specta- 
tor. 

LIS T'LESS-LY,  ado.  Without  attention ;  heed- 
lessly. 

LIST'I.ESS-NESS,  n.  Inattention;  heedlessness; 
inditference  to  what  is  passing,  and  may  be  inter- 
esting. 

LISTS,  n.  pi.  The  ground  inclosed  for  a  race,  com- 
bat, &c. 

LIT,  preU  of  Licmt.   The  bird  Ul  on  a  tree  before  me. 

1  tH  niy  pipe  with  the  pip^r.  A't^tison. 
[This  word,  though  used  by  some  good  writers,  is 
verj'  inelegant.] 
LIT'.\-\  Y,  II.   [Fr.  litanic  ;  Gr.  XiTavtta,  supplication, 
from  Airat'ftw.i,  Xir'i/iai,  Aiaco^jii,  to  pray.] 

A  solemn  fonn  of  supplication,  used  in  public  wor- 
ship. 

Siipplic-iiions  for  the  ftppeajinp  of  Cod's  wroth  were  by  the  Orrek 
church  tenneU  Utatues,  by  tlie  Ljalia  ro^Uoiu.  Hooker. 

LTTE,  a.    Little.    [JVot  in  use.] 

ii'TRf'  I  "•  t^^'         ^'""^  ^"".'"'•] 

A  French  measure  of  capacity,  being  a  cubic  de- 
cimeter, containing,  .iccording  to  Lunier,  about  a  pint 
and  a  half  old  French  measure.  The  liter  is  equal 
to  G1.028  cubic  inches,  or  about  2  1-9  wine  pints. 

McCiiUoeh. 

LIT'ER-AL,  o.    [Fr.,  from  L.  litera,  a  letter.] 

1.  According  to  the  letter ;  primitive  ;  real  ;  not 
figurative  or  metaphorical ;  as,  the  literal  meaning  of 
a  phrase. 

2.  Following  the  letter  or  exact  words  ;  not  free  ; 
as,  a  lUtral  translation. 

3.  Consisting  of  letters. 

The  [iteral  noution  of  uumben  wni  known  to  Etiropeani  before 
Uie  eiphen.  Johntoiu 

LIT'ER-.\L,  B,    Litcnl  meaning.    [A'ot  ««</.] 

Brown. 

LIT'ER-.\L-I$M,  n.  That  which  accords  with  the 
1^'t^r.  Milton. 

LIT'ER-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  the  letter  or 
exact  word.  MiUon. 


LIT-ER-AL'I-TY,  n.   Original  or  literal  meaning. 

Brown. 

LIT'ER-AL-LY,  adv.    According  to  the  primary  and 
natural  import  of  words;  not  figuratively.    A  man 
and  his  wife  can  not  be  literally  one  tlesh. 
2.  With  close  adherence  to  words  ;  word  by  word. 

So  wild  and  uiigovcmnble  a  poet  ctii  not  Ic  traiisliitcd  iUeralty. 

Viyden. 

LIT'ER-AI^NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  literal ;  lit- 
eral impoit.  Quart.  Kcv. 
LlT'Eil-.\-KY,  a.    [L.  literarius.) 

1.  I'ertaining  to  letters  or  literature;  respecting 
learning  or  learned  men  ;  as,  a  literary  history  ; 
literary  conversation. 

2.  Derived  from  erudition  ;  as,  literary  fame. 

3.  Furnished  with  Cfudition  ;  versed  in  letters ;  as, 
a  literary  man. 

4.  Consisting  in  letters,  or  written  or  printed  com- 
positions ;  as,  literary  property 

LIT'EK-ATE,  a.    [L.  lileratns.] 

Learned  ;  lettered  ;  instructed  in  learning  and  sci- 
ence. Johnson. 
LIT-ER-A'TT,  n.  pi.    [L.  literatns.] 

'I'he  learned  men  ;  men  of  erudition.  Spectator. 
UT-KR-A'Tl.yi,  [L.]    Letter  for  letter. 
MT'ER-A-TOR,  ii.    [L.J    A  petty  schoolmaster. 
LIT'EK-A-Ti;ilE,  71.    [I.,  literalura.]  [Burke. 

1.  Learning;  acquaintance  with  letters  or  books. 

2.  'I'he  collective  body  of  literary  productions,  em- 
bracing the  entire  results  of  knowledge  and  fancy 
preserved  in  writing. 

3.  In  the  more  distinelive  and  usual  sense  of  the  tenn, 
/i7mi(iirc  excludes  the  positive  sciences,  ami  embraces 
history,  grammar,  rhetoric,  logic,  criticism,  languages, 
&c.  ill  a  still  narnnrrr  sense,  it  is  sometimes  used  as 
synonymous  with  the  belles-lettres,  or  polite  litera- 
ture. 

LITII,  71.    rSax.]    A  joint  or  limb.  [Ofts.]  Chaueer. 
LI-THAN''rHR.A.X,  ti.    [Gr.  AiUoj,  a  stone,  and  ov- 
U/mf,  a  coal.] 

Stone-coal,  a  black,  compact,  brittle,  inflammable 
substance,  of  laminated  texture,  more  or  less  shining. 

J^ichohon. 

LITH'ARGE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  litharrryros,  Gr.  AiOa/i- 
juooj,  the  spume  or  scum  of  silver.] 

A  semi-vitreous  oxyd  of  lead,  protluced  in  refining 
silver  by  cupellation  with  lead.  It  appears  in  the 
form  of  soft  flakes,  or  semi-transparent,  shining 
plates.  Diet.  JVof.  Hist.    F.neye.  JSTicholsott. 

LITH'ATE,  71.    [Gr.  AiHi-c,  a  stone.] 

.\  salt  or  compound  formed  by  the  lithic  acid  with 
a  base.  Hooper. 
LITHE,  a.    [Sax.  lith,  lithe  ;  W.  llyth.] 

That  may  be  easily  bent ;  pliant ;  flexible  ;  limber  ; 
as,  the  elephant's  lit/ie  proboscis.  Miltnn. 
LITHE,  V.  U  To  smooth  ;  to  soften  ;  to  palliate.  [  Obs.] 

Cliaucer. 

2.  To  listen.    [Obs."]    [See  Listen.] 
LITIIE'NESS,  n.    Flexibility  ;  limberness. 
LITU'ER,  a.    Soft;plianL    [Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  [Sax.  Jv£Ar.]    Bad  ;  corrupt.  [04.5.]  Woolton. 
LrfH'ER-LY,  adv.     Slowly;  lazily.  [Obs.] 

Barret. 

LTf  H'ER-NESS,  n.    Idleness  ;  laziness.  [Obs.] 

Barret. 

LTTHE'SOME,  a.    Pliant ;  limber  ;  nimble.  Scott. 

LlTlI'I-.-V,  n.  A  new  alkali,  found  in  the  minerals 
petalite,  spodiimene,  &c.,  of  which  the  basis  is  a 
metal  called  lithium.  Davy.  Silliman. 

LlTH'ie,  a.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  tlie  stime  in  the 
bladder.  The  lithic  acid,  generally  called  uric  acid, 
forms  the  most  common  variety  of  urinary  calculus. 

Brande. 

LITH'I-UM,  n.    The  metallic  base  of  lithix 
LITH-0-BIH'LI-0.\.    See  Lithophvl. 
LITH'O-CaRP,  71.    [Gr.  XiWus,  a  stone,  and  itoo-of, 
fruit.] 

Fossil  fruit ;  fruit  petrified.         Diet.  A'at.  Hist. 
LITH-O-eoL'LA,  7i.    [Gr.  XiOo;,  a  stone,  and  KoXXa, 
glue.] 

.\  ci-ment  that  unites  stones.  .Ssk. 
LITH-O-DEN'URON,  71.    [Gr.  AiOof,  stone,  and  Jei- 
(S/.o!/,  tree.] 

Coral ;  so  called  from  its  resembling  a  petrified 
branch.  Parr. 

LITirO-nERM,  71.    [Gr.  Aif).,{  and  hp,,".] 

One  of  a  genus  of  apodal  cchinoderins,  h.aving  an 
oval  iHidy,  covered  with  a  layer  of  calcareous  gran- 
nies forming  a  hard  crust. 

LITH'O-no.ME,  n.      )  [(Jr.  Aiflif,  stone,  and  Souoc, 

LI-THOD'O  .Mt,  n.p/.  i  house.] 

The  name  given  to  molluscous  animals  which  form 
holes  in  solid  mcks,  in  which  they  lodge  themselves. 
The  holes  are  not  m-rforated  mechanically,  but  the 
rock  ap|>ears  to  be  (lissolved.  Liirll. 

LI-THOD'O-MOl'S,  a.  Relating  to  a  genus  of  mol- 
liiscan  animals  which  perforate  stones. 

LITII-O-GEN'E-SY,  ti.  [Gr.  XiO/j,  stone,  and  )Cfea,s, 
generation.] 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  the  origin  of  minerals 
composing  the  globe,  and  of  the  causes  which  have 
produced  their  form  and  dis|xisition. 

DicL  JVat.  lUsU 


LI-THOG'E-NOUS,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  imlypa 
which  form  coral.  Lyrll. 

LITH'O-GLYl'II,  71.  The  art  of  engraving  on  precious 
stones,  KItncs. 

LITH-O-GLYPH'ITE,  n.  [Gr.  Aiffot,  stone,  and  yXv- 
to  engrave.] 

A  fossil  that  presents  the  appearance  of  being  cn- 
graveil  or  shaped  by  art.  Lunier. 
LITH'O-GRAPII,  r.  (.    To  trace  letters  or  figures  on 

sloue,  and  transfer  them  to  paper,  &c. 
LITIl'U  GRAPH  71.  A  print  from  a  draw  ing  on  stone. 

SmarU 

LITH'0-GRAPII-f;n,  (lith'o-gruft,)  pp.  or  a.  Formed 

bv  Iriieini:  IftliTs  or  figures  on  stone. 
LI-tllOG'KA  PIIEK,  H.    [See  LiTHOGBArHr.]  One 

who  prai  tici  s  lilhography. 
LITILO-GltAl'll'IC,       \a.    Pertaining  to  lithngra- 
LITII  () CKAI'll'lC-AL,  i  phy. 
LITH  O-GRAril'IC-AL-LY,  mlc.   By  the  lithographic 

art. 

LITirO-GRAPII-ING,  ppr.  Forming  by  letters  or  fig- 
ures on  stone. 

LI-THOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  AiOof,  stone,  and  yiia>!,(j>, 
to  engrave  or  write.] 

The  art  of  tracing  letters,  figures,  or  other  designs, 
on  stone,  and  of  Iraiisft  rring  tliein  to  paper  by  im- 
pression ;  an  art  receiilly  invented  by  .'ilr.  Sennefel- 
der,  of  Munich,  in  liavaria.         Joiirn.  of  Seicnr.e. 

LITll-OID'AL,  a.  Like  a  stone  ;  having  a  stony  stnic- 
liire.  Lyell. 

Ll'l'lI-O-LOfi'ie,        (  a.    In  mineralop,,  pertaining 

LITH-O-LOC'ie-AL,  j  to  the  character  of  a  rock, 
as  derived  from  the  nature  and  mode  of  aggrega- 
tion of  its  mineral  contents.  Dana. 

LITH-O-LOG'IC-AL-LY,  adu.  In  a  lithological  man- 
ner. 

Ll-THOL'O-GIST,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  the  science 
of  stones. 

LI-TIIOL'O-GY,  TI.  [Gr.  Aift/f,  stone,  and  Ao)r,s, dis- 
course.] 

\.  The  science  or  natural  history  of  stones. 

Foureroy. 

2.  A  treatise  on  stones  found  in  the  body.  Coic. 
LITII'O-MAX-CY,  71.    [Gr.AiUi.j,  stone,  and  pavreta, 
divination.] 

Divination  or  prediction  of  events  by  means  of 
stones.  Brown. 
LITII'O-MXRGE,  II.  [Gr.  Aif'oj,  stone,  and  L.  marga, 
marl.] 

A  compact  clay  of  a  fine,  smooth  texture,  and  very 
scctile.  Dana. 
LITII'OX-TRIP  TOR,  j  ti.  An  instrument  for  tritura- 
LITH'O-TRI-TOR,      (     ting  the  stone  in  the  blad- 

LITli-ON  TRYP'Tie,    )  a.    [Gr.  AiO.-s,  stone,  and 
LlTII-OiX-THRVP'Tie,  i    O.>i.irr„i,towearor  break.] 
Having  the  quality  of  destroying  the  stone  in  the 

hladiler  or  kidneys. 
LrrH-O.N-TRVP'TlC,    )n.    A  medicine  which  has 
LITH-O.N'-TIIRVP'Tie,  j     the  power  of  destroying 

the  stone  in  the  bladder  or  kidneys';  a  solvent  of 

stone  in  the  human  Iirinarv  passages.  Cote- 
LI-THOPII'A-Or.    Soc  LiTHoDOMi. 
Ll-TIIOPH'A-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  AiU.<{,  stone,  and  <j,ayo), 

to  eat.] 

Eating  or  swallowing  stones  or  gravel,  as  the  os- 
trich. 

LITH'O-PHOS-PIIOR,  ti.    [Gr.  A1O05, stone,  and  ^utr- 

A  stone  that  becomes  phosphoric  by  heat.     [  Obs.] 
Diet.  .\at.  Hist. 
LITH-O-PIIOS  PHOR'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  lithophos- 

phor ;  becoming  phosphoric  by  heat. 
LITH'O-PHYL,  Ti.    [Gr.  A.Uus,  stone,  and  dpuAAoi',  a 
leaf] 

Binliolite,  or  lilhobiblion,  fossil  leaves,  or  the  fig- 
ures of  Ii-aves  on  fousils. 
LITH'O-PIIYTE,  Ti.    [Gr.  AiOoj,  stone,  «nd  ^VTO*-,  a 
plant ;  literally,  stone-plant.] 

.\  conil  zoophyte  ;  a  name  given  to  those  species 
of  polypicra  whose  substance  is  stony.  The  older 
naturalists  classed  them  with  vegetables. 

Curler.  Ray. 
LITH-O-PHYT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  lithophrtes. 
LI-TllOPlI'Y-TOi;.S,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting 

of  lithoplivtes. 
LlTirO-TO.ME,  n.    [Gr.  AiSuf,  stone,  and  rt/iKtu,  to 
cut.] 

A  stone  so  formed  naturally  as  to  appear  as  if  cut 
artificially.  Diet  \'nt.  Hist, 

LITH-O-TO.M'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  performed  by 
lithotomy. 

LI-THOT'O-MIST,  n.  [See  Lithotomv  j  One  who 
performs  the  operation  of  cutting  for  the  stone  in  the 
bladder;  or  one  who  is  skilled  in  the  operation. 

LI  THOT'O-.MY,  ti.  [Gr.  \,0 stone,  and  ripno,  to 
cut.] 

The  operation,  art,  or  practice,  of  cutting  for  the 
stone  in  the  bladder. 
LITH'O-TRIP-SV,  n.   The  ojierntion  of  trituniiinp  the 
stone  in  the  bladder  by  means  of  an  instrument  called 

lithotriptor. 

LITH'O-TRIP  TIST,  71.  One  skilled  in  breaking  and 
extracting  stone  in  the  bladder. 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


64  ' 


G69 


LIT 


LIV 


LIV 


LITH'O-TRtP-TOR,  n.    [Gr.  Aifl  -f,  a  stone,  and  r,)i- 

001,  to  grind.] 

An  instrument  for  triturating  the  stone  in  the  blad- 
der, so  that  it  may  he  extracted  without  cutting,  re- 
cently invented  by  Dr.  Civiale. 
LI-THOT'UI-TY,  n.    [Gr.  XlS      stone,  and  riipcj,  to 
break  down.] 

The  operation  of  breaking  a  stone  in  the  bladder 
into  small  pieces  capable  of  being  voided.  Brande, 
LI-THUX'YLE,  n.     [Gr.  Ai&uj,  stone,  and  lv\ov, 
wood.] 

Petrified  wood.    It  differs  from  Licnite,  being 
really  changed  into  stone  ;  such  as  silicified  woods, 
which  are  changed  into  varieties  of  silex,  &c.  [OAs.] 
Diet,  JVat.  Hist. 
LITH'Y,  0.    [See  Lithe.]    Easily  bent ;  pliable. 

[This  is  probably  the  word  which,  in  our  popular 
use,  is  pronounced  lathy.'] 
LIT'l -GAnT,  a.    [See  Litigate.]    Contending  in 
law ;  engaged  in  a  lawsuit ;  as,  the  parties  litigant. 

LIT'I-GANT,  n.   A  person  engaged  in  a  lawsuit. 

L'Estrange. 

LIT'I-GaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  Utigo,  from  li^,  litis,  a  contest 

or  debate  ;  Ar.  ^x!  ladda,  to  dispute.    Cla.ss  Ld,  No. 

2.  Lis,  litis,  coincides  with  the  Sax.  ^it,  contention  ; 
fliUm,  to  contend.] 

To  contest  in  law  ;  to  prosecute  or  defend  by  plead- 
ings, exhibition  of  evidence,  and  judicial  debate  ;  as, 
to  litigate  a  cause  or  a  question. 

LIT'I-GaTE,  v.  i.  To  dispute  in  law  ;  to  carry  on  a 
suit  by  judicial  process. 

LrT'LGA-TED, or  a.    Contested  judicially. 

LIT'I-Ga-TL\G,  ;)pr.    Contesting  in  law. 

LIT-I-Ga'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  carrying 
on  a  suit  in  a  court  of  law  or  equity  for  the  recovery 
of  a  right  or  claim  ;  a  judicial  contest. 

LI-TIG'IOUS,  (le-lid'jus,)  a.    [Fr.  litigieiii. ;  L.  litigi- 

OSILS.] 

1.  Inclined  to  judicial  contest ;  given  to  the  prac- 
tice of  contending  in  law;  quarrelsome;  conten- 
tious ;  applied  to  persons.  A  litigious  man  is  a  bad 
neighbor  and  a  bad  citizen. 

2.  Disputable ;  controvertible ;  subject  to  conten- 
tion ;  as,  litigioiLS  right.  Blackstone. 

No  f'-uces,  parted  fielilp,  nor  marks,  nor  bounds, 
DisUns^oijiKed  acres  cf  liusioue  grounds.  Dry'Un. 

LI-TIC'IOUS-LY,  ado.   In  a  contentious  manner. 

LI-TIG'IOUS-NESS,  n.  A  disposition  to  engage  in 
or  carry  on  lawsuits ;  inclination  to  judicial  con- 
tests. 

LIT'MUS,  7!.  A  blue  pigment,  formed  from  argol, 
orchal,  or  archil,  a  lichen,  the  Roccella  tinctoria.  [."^ee 
Archil.]  It  is  prepared  by  bruising  the  archil,  and 
adding  quicklime  and  putrefied  urine,  or  spirit  of  urine 
distilled  from  lime.  The  mixture,  after  cooling,  and 
the-evaporation  of  the  fluid,  becomes  a  mass  of  the 
consistence  of  paste,  which  is  laid  on  a  board  to  dry 
in  square  lunii)S.  Encyc. 

LIT'ORN,  71.  A  bird,  a  species  of  thnish,  in  size  and 
shape  resembling  the  hen  blackbird.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

LI'TO-TeS,  n.  [Gr.  Aims,  slender.]  In  rhetorie,  a 
diminution  or  softening  of  statement  for  the  sake  of 
avoiding  censure,  or  of  expressing  more  strongly 
what  is  intended  ;  as,  "  a  citizen  of  no  mean  city," 
i.  e.,  an  illustrious  one. 

LI-TIIAM'E-TER,  n.  An  instrument  invented  by  Dr. 
Hare,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  specific 
gravity  of  liquids. 

LrT''l'ER,  n.  [Vt.  liticre,  from  lit;  contracted  from  L. 
leeltis,  from  the  root  of  lego.  Eng.  lay,  It.  Ictlica,  or 
leltiga;  Sp.  litcra ;  Port,  liteira:  Arm.  letrr.] 

1. "  A  vehicle  formed  with  shafts  supporting  a  bed 
between  them,  in  which  a  person  may  be  borne  by 
men  or  by  a  horse.  If  by  the  latter,  it  is  called  a 
HoRsE-LiTTEiu    A  similar  vehicle  in  India  is  called 

a  PALANiiUIN. 

2.  Straw,  hay,  or  other  soft  substance,  used  as  a 
beil  for  horses  and  for  other  purposes. 

3.  [Ice.  liiler,  gencr.'ition,  from  the  root  of (fof/.] 
A  brood  of  young  pigs,  kittens,  puppies,  or  other 
quadrupeds.  The  word  is  applied  only  to  certain 
quadrupeds,  of  the  smaller  kinds.  [Uu.  the  root  of 
lad.] 

4.  A  birth  of  pigs  or  other  small  animals. 

5.  Waste  matters,  .«hreds,  fragments  and  the  like, 
scattered  on  a  floor  or  other  dean  place. 

LIT'TEll,  V.  t.  'I'll  bring  forth  young,  as  swine  and 
other  small  quadrupeds.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to 
butnan  beings  in  contempt.  Shak. 

2.  To  scatter  over  carelessly  with  shreds,  frag- 
ments, nnd  the  like  ;  as,  to  liUcr  a  room  or  a  carpet. 

Sicift. 

3.  To  cover  with  straw  or  liay  ;  as,  to  litter  a  sta- 
ble. Drydvn. 

4.  To  supply  with  litter  ;  as,  to  liller  cattle. 
IJT''l"ER-y';l),  pp.    I'uriiished  with  straw. 

2.  a.  (Jovcred  or  overspread  with  litter,  pieces, 
■hreds,  &c. 

LIT'TER  INfJ,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  straw. 
2.  Covering  with  shreds,  pieces,  Slc. 


LIT'TLE,  a.;  com;;.  Less,  Lesser  ;  sup.  Least.  [Sax. 
hjtcl,  lytic!  Scot,  lite,  lyte,  adv.  hjt ;  Goth,  leitel;  Sw. 
liten;  Dan.  lidcn;  D.  liittel ;  probably  from  the  sense 
of  diminishing.    Cl.ass  Ld,  No.  15,  22,  31.] 

1.  Small  in  size  or  extent ;  not  great  or  large  ;  as, 
a  little  body  ;  a  little  animal ;  a  little  piece  of  ground  ; 
a  little  table  ;  a  little  book  ;  a  little  hill ;  a  little  dis- 
tance ;  a  little  child. 

2.  Short  in  duration  ;  as,  a  little  time  or  season  ;  a 
little  sleep. 

3.  Small  in  quantity  or  amount ;  as,  a  little  hay  or 
grass  ;  a  little  food  ;  a  little  sum  ;  a  little  light ;  a  little 
air  or  water. 

4.  Of  small  dignity,  power,  or  importance. 

When  thoti  wast  lilUe  in  lliy  own  fiisht,  wasl  lliou  not  made  tlie 
head  of  the  tribei  ?  —  1  Sam.  xv. 

5.  Of  small  force  or  effect ;  slight;  intionsiderable  ; 
as,  little  attention  or  exertions ;  little  effort ;  little  care 
or  diligence  ;  lillle  weight. 

LIT'TLE,  H.  A  small  quantity  or  amount.  He  de- 
manded much  and  obtained  little.  He  had  little  of  his 

2.  A  small  spice.  [father's  liberality. 

Much  was  in  little  writ.  Dryrlen. 

3.  Any  thing  small,  slight,  or  of  inconsiderable 
importance. 

I  view  with  an^r  and  disdain 

How  Utile  gives  thee  joy  and  pain.  Prior. 

4.  Not  much. 

These  tliey  are  fitted  for,  and  little  else.  Cheyne. 
LIT'TLE,  adv.    In  a  small  degree ;  slightly  ;  as,  he  is 
little  changed.    It  is  a  little  discolored. 

2.  Not  much ;  in  a  small  quantity  or  space  of  time. 
He  sleeps  little. 

3.  In  some  degree  ;  slightly  ;  sometimes  preceded 
by  a.    The  liquor  is  a  little  sour  or  astringent. 

LIT'T'LE-Go,  n.  In  tlic  English  universities,  a  cant 
name  for  a  public  examination  about  the  middle  of  the 
course,  which,  being  less  strict  and  less  important  in 
its  consequences  than  tlie  final  one,  has  received  this 
appellation.  LyeU, 

LIT'TLE-NESS,  ?!.  Smallness  of  size  or  bulk ;  as, 
the  littleness  of  the  body,  or  of  an  animal. 

2.  Meanness;  want  of  grandeur;  as,  littleness  of 
conception. 

3.  Want  of  dignity.  Contemplations  on  the  majes- 
ty of  God,  displayed  in  his  works,  may  awaken  in 
us  a  si'iise  of  our  own  littleness. 

4.  Meanness  ;  penuriousness. 
LtT'TO-KAL,  a.    [L.  litloralis,  from  littiu^,  shore.] 

lielnnging  to  a  shore,  as  of  the  sea,  or  a  great  lake. 

LIT'lI-lTE,  n.  A  fossil,  chambered  shell,  straight, ex- 
cept at  its  smaller  extremity,  which  is  spiral.  It  is 
allied  to  the  ammonite.  Bur.kland. 

LI-TUR'GlC,       )  a.     [See  Lituugv.]  Pertaining 

LI-TUR'Gie-AL,  S    to  a  liturgy. 

LIT'UR-GY,  V.  [Fr.  liturgie ;  Sp.  and  It.  liturgiai 
Gr.  SeiTovpj  la  ;  Atirns,  public,  and  epynv,  work.] 

In  a  general  sense,  the  established  formulas  for 
public  worship,  or  the  entire  ritual  for  public  wor- 
ship in  those  churches  which  use  written  forms. 
But  in  a  restricted  sense,  among  Roman  Catholics,  the 
mass  ;  and  in  tlic  English  church,  the  communion 
service.  Murdoch. 

LIVE,  (liv,)  r'.  i.  [Snx.  liban,  leofan,  lifiath;  Goth,  (i- 
ban  ;  Su\  lefwa  ;  Dan.  lever ;  G.  Irbcn  ;  D.  licven.  It 
coincides  with  leave.  The  primary  sense  probably 
is,  to  rest,  remain,  abide.    If  so,  the  root  may  be  Ar. 

<_*!  labba,  to  be,  to  abide.    Class  Lb,  No.  1.] 

1.  To  abide  ;  to  dwell ;  to  have  settled  residence 
in  any  place.  Where  do  ytju  live  ?  I  live  in  Lt)ndon. 
He  lives  in  Philatlelphia.  He  lives  in  a  large  house 
in  Second  Street,  'i'lie  Swiss  live  on  mountains. 
The  liedouin  Arabs  live  in  the  desert. 

2.  To  continue  ;  to  be  permanent ;  not  to  perish. 
M'  li's  evil  maimers  tiee  in  br.iss;  tlieir  virlnes 

We  wriU'  in  water.  iShak. 

3.  To  be  animated  ;  to  have  the  vital  principle  ; 
to  have  the  bodily  functions  in  operation,  or  in  a  ca- 
pacity to  operate,  as  respiration,  circulation  of  blood, 
secretions,  &c.  ;  applied  to  animals. 

I  am  Josepli  ;  doth  my  f.ulier  yet  live  7  —  Gen.  xlv. 

4.  To  have  the  principles  of  vegetable  life  ;  to  be 
in  a  state  in  which  tho  organs  do  or  may  perform 
th(!ir  functions  in  the  circulation  of  sap  and  in 
growth  ;  applied  to  plants.  This  tree  will  not  lire, 
unless  watered  ;  it  will  not  live  through  the  winter. 

5.  To  pass  life  or  time  in  a  particular  mannt'r,  witli 
"regard  to  habits  or  condition.    In  what  manner  does 

your  son  livcl  Does  he  live  in  ease  and  alHuencei" 
Does  he  live  according  to  the  dictates  of  reason  and 
the  precepts  of  religitjn.' 

If  wc  act  by  wrvural  brolteii  views,  we  sliall  /iucand  die  In  misery. 

Speclalor, 

6.  To  continue  in  life.  The  way  to  live  long  is  to 
be  tem[n'rati-. 

7.  To  live,  emphatically;  to  enjoy  life  ;  to  bo  in  a 
Btate  of  happiness. 


What  pn-at'T  cnme  could  envious  furtutm  givi 
Than  )iist  to  file  wlien  I  began  to  live! 


IJnjtlcn. 


8.  To  feed  ;  to  subsist ;  to  be  nourished  and  sup- 
ported in  life  ;  as,  horses  live  on  grass  or  grain  ,  fowls 
live  on  seeds  or  insects  ;  some  kinds  of  fish  live  on 
others  ;  carnivorous  animals  live  on  flesh. 

9.  To  subsist ;  to  be  maintained  in  life  ;  to  be  sup- 
ported. Many  of  the  clergy  are  obliged  to  live  on 
small  stilaries.  All  men  in  health  may  live  by  indus- 
try with  economy,  yet  some  men  live  by  robbery. 

10.  To  remain  undestroyed  ;  to  float ;  not  to  sink 
or  founder.  It  must  be  a  good  ship  that  lives  at  sea 
in  a  hurricane. 

Nor  can  our  siialten  vessels  Hve  at  sea.  Dryden, 

11.  To  exist;  to  have  being. 

As  I  live,  saiUi  tlie  Lord.  —  Ezelt.  xviii. 

12.  In  Scripture,to  be  exempt  from  death,  temporal 
or  spiritu.al. 

Ye  sh  ill  tliercforc  keep  my  statutes  and  judgments,  which  if  a 
man  do,  he  shall  Iwe  in  them.  —  Lev.  xvui. 

13.  To  recover  from  sickness;  to  have  life  pro- 
longed. 

Thy  son  liveth.  —  Jolm  iv. 

14.  To  be  inwardly  quickened,  nourished,  and  ac- 
tuated, by  divine  influence  or  faith.    Gal.  ii. 

15.  To  be  greatly  refreshed,  comforted,  and  ani- 
mated. 

For  now  we  live,  if  ye  stand  fast  in  the  Lord.  —  1  Tliess.  iti. 

16.  To  appear  as  in  life  or  reality ;  to  be  manifest 
in  real  character. 

And  all  Uie  writer  lives  in  every  hue.  Pope, 
To  live  with  ;  to  dwell  or  to  be  a  lodger  with. 
9.  To  cohabit ;  to  have  intercourse,  as  male  and 
female.  Shak, 
LIVE,  (liv,)  B.  (.    To  continue  in  constantly  or  habit- 
ually ;  as,  to  live  a  life  of  ease. 
2.  To  act  habitually  in  conformity  to. 


To  live  down  ;  to  live  so  as  to  subdue,  or  to  live  till 
subdued.  Burke. 
LIVE,  a.    Having  life  ;  having  respiration  and  other 
organic  functions  in  operation,  or  in  a  capacity  to 
operate  ;  not  dead  ;  as,  a  live  ox. 

2.  Having  vegetable  life;  as,  a  live  plant. 

3.  Containing  fire  ;  ignited  ;  not  extinct ;  as,  a  live 
coal. 

4.  Vivid,  as  color.  Tliomson. 
LIV'£D,  (livd.)  prct.  and  pp.  of  Live. 

Lived,  a.    Having  a  life  ;  as,  \ong-lived. 
LIVE'-FEATH'ERS,  (-feth'eiz,)  re. p.'.  Feathers  which 

have  been  plucked  from  the  living  fowl,  and  are 

therefore  more  strong  and  elastic. 
LIVE'LESS.    [M'otused.]    See  Lifeless 
LiVE'LI-ER,  o.  comp.    More  lively. 
LIVE'LI-EST,  a,  superl.    Most  lively. 
LIVE'LI-HOOD,  n.    [lively  and  hood,  or  lifelodc,  from 

lead.    I  find'in  Saxon  lif-ladc,  lead  or  course  of  life, 

vit*s  iter,] 

Means  of  living;  support  of  life;  maintenance. 
Trade  furnishes  many  people  with  an  honest  livrli- 
hood.  Men  of  enterprise  seek  a  livelihood  where  they 
can  find  it. 

LIVE'LI-NESS,  71.  [from  lively.]  The  quality  or 
slate  of  being  lively  or  animated  ;  sprightliness  ;  vi- 
vacity ;  animation;  spirit;  as,  the  Ziyeii;te^'4' of  j'outh, 
contrasted  with  the  gravity  of  age. 

2.  An  apjiearance  of  life,  animation,  or  spirit ;  as, 
the  liveliness  of  the  eye  or  countenance  in  a  portrait. 

3.  liriskness  ;  activity  ;  effervescence,  as  of  litjuors. 
LIVE'LODE,  for  Livelihood,  is  not  used. 

Hubbcrd's  Talc. 
LIVE'LONG,  (liv'long,)  a.    [live  and  long,] 

1.  Long  in  passing. 

How  could  she  sit  the  livelong  day, 

Yet  never  ask  ns  once  to  play  i  Smfl. 

2.  Lasting;  durable;  as,  a  livelong  monument. 
[JVot  used.]  Milton. 

3.  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Seduni. 

LIVE'LY,  a.  Brisk;  vigorous;  vivacious;  active; 
as,  a  lively  youth. 

2.  Gay ;  airy. 

From  gr.ive  to  gay,  from  Ww/y  to  scverv.  Pope. 

3.  Representing  life ;  as,  a  lively  imitation  of  na- 
ture. 

4.  Animated  ;  spirited  ;  ns,  a  lively  strain  of  elo- 
quence ;  a  lively  description. 

5.  Strong ;  energetic  ;  as,  a  lively  faith  or  hoi)e ;  a 
lively  persuasion. 

Lively  stones,  in  Scripture.    Saints  are  called  livehj 
stones,  as  being  quickened  by  tile  Spirit  anil  active 
in  holiness.  Brown, 
LIVE'LY,  adv.    Briskly;  vigorously.     [Little  used,] 

Hayward, 

2.  With  strong  resemblance  of  life. 

That  p:irt  of  poetry  must  iieeils  be  liest,  which  describes  molt 
(ier(y  our  actions  and  p;.B>iuiiB.    [LiH/f  iiscrf.)  DryiUn. 

LIVE'-OAK,  n.  A  species  of  oak,  qurrcus  vlrens, 
growing  in  the  Southern  Stales,  of  great  durability, 
and  highly  esteemi  il  for  shiiKiinber.     Encyc,  Am. 

LIVER,  71.    One  who  lives. 

And  try  if  life  !»•  wortli  llio  fiver's  care.  JVior. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  I'RBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

670 


LIV 


LOA 


LOA 


It  is  ollen  used  with  a  word  of  qualification  ;  as, 
a  high  liver  ;  a  loose  lirer,  &c. 

LI  V'EU,  H.  [Sax.  lifer,  lifre :  D.  lert  er  ;  G.  Icher ;  Sw. 
lefcrr ;  Dan.  lever ;  Riisa.  liber.  The  Saxon  word  is 
rendered  also  librnmentum,  and  this  viscus  may  be 
named  from  its  iveiirht.] 

An  abdominal  and  glandular  viscus  of  considera- 
ble size,  and  of  a  reddish  color,  convex  on  the  ante- 
rior nnil  superior  side,  and  nf  an  unequal  surface  on 
the  inferior  and  posterior  side.  It  is  situated  under 
the  false  ribs,  m  the  right  liypochondrium.  It  con- 
sists of  two  lobes,  and  is  destined  for  llie  secretion 
of  the  bile.  F.ncyc. 

LIV'EU-eOL-OR,  a.  Dark  red;  of  the  color  of  the 
liver.  JVoodicard, 

LIV'ER-£D,  a.    Having  a  liver;  as,  white  /iocrcrf. 

Sherwood. 

LIV'F.R-GRoWN,  a.    Having  a  large  liver.  Oraunl. 

LIV'Kll-I-/CD,  (liv'er-id,)  a.    Wearing  a  livcr\',  as 

LIV'ER-STO.VE,  n.  [ii.  Irbrrstein.]  [servants. 
A  stone  or  species  of  earth  of  llie  bani  tic  genus,  of 
a  gray  or  brown  color,  which,  when  rubbed  or  heated 
to  redness,  emits  the  smell  of  liver  of  sulphur,  or 
alkaline  sulphuret.  Kirican. 

LIVER-WORT,  II.  Tlie  name  of  many  species  of 
plants.  Several  of  the  lichens  are  so  called.  The 
liverworts  {Ilepatiea)  are  a  natural  order  of  crj  pto- 
ganiic  plants,  whose  herbage  is  generally  fronilose, 
and  resembling  the  leafy  lichens,  but  whose  seeds 
ore  contained  in  a  distinct  capsule.  The  noble  livcr- 
iDort  is  the  Hepatica  triloba.  Smith.  J^ec. 

LIVER  Y,  n.    [.Xorm.,  from  Fr.  livrrr,  to  deliver.] 

1.  The  act  of  delivering  possession  of  lands  or  ten- 
ements ;  a  term  of  English  law.  It  is  usual  to  say, 
licerij  of  seizin,  \\  \\\e\^  is  a  feudal  investiture,  made 
by  the  delivery  of  a  turf,  of  a  rod,  or  twig,  from  the 
feoffor  to  the  feoHee.  In  .America,  no  such  ceremony 
is  necessary  to  a  conveyance  of  real  estate,  the  deliv- 
ery of  a  deed  being  suificicnt. 

2.  Release  from  wardship ;  deliverance. 

King  Charles. 

3.  The  writ  by  which  possession  is  obtained. 

.Johnson. 

4.  The  state  of  being  kept  at  a  certain  rate  ;  as,  to 
keep  horses  at  livery.  Spenser. 

5.  A  form  of  dress  by  which  noblemen  and  gen- 
tlemen distinguish  their  servants. 

6.  A  particular  dress  or  garb,  appropriate  or  pecu- 
liar to  particular  persons  or  things.    Thus,  the  trad- 

.  ers  in  London  have  their  distinct /iccrici ;  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  has  also  liveries  for  confessors,  vir- 
gins, apostles,  martyrs,  penitents,  &c.  Hence,  the 
term  is  figuratively  applied  to  the  seasons,  &c. ;  as, 
the  livery  of  May  ;  the  livery  of  autumn. 
Now  c-une  ftUII  evfiiinj  on,  anj  twilight  jmy 
lliul  in  h'-T  sobiT  Uvery  nil  Utiug^  ctad.  Mitlon, 

7.  The  whole  body  ofliveninen  in  London. 
LTV'ER-Y,  V.  t.    To  clothe  in  livery.  Shak. 
LIV'ER-Y-.M.\.\,  II.    One  who  wears  a  livery,  as  a 

servant. 

2.  In  London,  a  freeman  of  the  city,  who,  having 
paid  certain  fees,  is  entitled  to  wear  the  distinguish- 
ing dress  or  liviry  of  the  company  to  which  he  be- 
longs, and  also  to  enjoy  certain  other  privileges,  viz., 
the  right  of  voting  in  an  election  for  the  lord-mayor, 
sherifls,  chamberlain,  &.c.  P.  Cyc. 

LIVER-Y-.ST.\'BLE,  lu  A  stable  where  horses  are 
kept  for  hire. 

LIVES,  (llvz,)  n.    pi.  of  Life. 

LIVE'STOCK,  n.  [lire  and  .itock.]  Horses,  cattle, 
and  smaller  domestic  animals  ;  a  term  applied  in 
America  to  such  animals  as  may  be  exported  alive 
for  foreign  market. 

LIVID,  n.  [Fr.  lieide ;  It.  livido :  Ij.  liviJu-s ;  from 
ticeo,  U\  be  blark  and  blue.] 

Ulack  and  blue;  of  a  lead  color;  discolored,  aa 
flesh  by  contusion. 

I'pon  my  hind  lijis  b«'slow  a  kiss.  Dn/den. 

LI-VID'!-TY,    j  II.    A  dark  color,  like  that  of  bruised 

HVID-NESS,  i  flesh.  [Livio^ikss  is  the  prefera- 
ble word.] 

LIV'I.VG, /i/ir.  [from /inc.]  Dwelling ;  residing  ;  ex- 
isting ;  subsisting  ;  having  life  or  the  vital  functions 
in  operation  ;  not  dead. 

2,  o.  Issuing  contrnually  from  the  earth  ;  running; 
flowing ;  as,  a  living  spring  or  fountain  ;  opposed  to 
Stagnant. 

3.  o.  Producing  action,  animation,  and  vigor ; 
quickening ;  as,  a  licing  principle  ;  a  living  faith. 

Living  rock:  rock  in  its  native  or  original  state  or 
location ;  as,  seats  cut  in  the  living  rock,  i.  e.  solid 
rock.  *  ' 

LIVING, n.    He  or  those  who  are  alive ;  usuallywith 
a  plural  signification  ;  as.  in  the  land  of  the  living. 
■riw  iinnj  will  by  it  i„  |,i,  hran.  -  KmI.-j. 
LIVING,  ».    Means  of  subsistence;  estate, 
lie  di«i<lnl  lo  Uiem  hU  living.  —  Luki- 1». 
^'"^  — 'wUrk  xi"' '"  »"  h"  ^'i"/- 

2.  Power  of  continuing  life.  There  is  no  livint 
with  a  scold. 

Ttxrf  b  no  linnf  wiihout  muting  toniebojT  or  ollrr  in  jonii! 

L'E,trange. 


3.  Livelihood.  He  made  a  living  by  his  occupa- 
tion.  The  woman  spins  for  a  living. 

4.  The  benefice  of  a  clergyman.  He  lost  his  (iriii^r 
by  non -conformity. 

LiV'ING-LY,  ai/i'.    lu  a  living  state.  Brown. 
Ll-yO.V'l-C^  TKR'RjI;  a  species  of  fine  bole  found 

in  Livonia,  brought  to  market  in  little  cakes. 
i/K-«/i/-SO.\'',  (liv-ra-zi.ng',)  H.    [Fr. ;  Eng.  delivery, 

from  livrer,  lo  (IcIiver.J 

A  part  <if  a  book  or  literary  composition  printed 

and  delivered  from  time  to  time,  as  the  work  ad- 

vaiires. 

LI'VliE,  (li'ver  or  le'vur,)  n.    [Fr. ;  L.  W/rn.] 

.\  French  money  of  account,  equal  to  20  sous,  18^ 
cent-*,  or  iu\arly  ten  pence  sterling. 

i'lx  IV'l  OIj's  I       [L.  ^'ii'piii.--,  from  ;ii,  lye.] 

1.  Obtained  by  li\iviation  ;  impregnated  with  alka- 
line salt,  extracted  from  wood-ashes.  Liiivial  s.'ills 
are  those  which  are  obtained  by  p.assing  water 
throligh  ashes,  or  liy  pouring  it  on  llieni. 

2.  Containing  salt  extracted  from  the  ashes  of 
wood. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  lye  ;  resembling  lye. 

4.  Having  the  qualities  of  alkaline  salts  from  wood- 
ashes. 

LIX-IVT-ATE,     jo.    Pertaining  to  lye  or  lixivium  ; 

LIX-IV'I-A-TEI),  i     of  the  quality  of  alkaline  salts. 
2.  Impregnated  with  salts  from  wood-ashes. 

LIX-I  VI-A'J'E,  r.  (.    [L.  lixivia,  lixivium,  lye.] 

To  form  lye  ;  to  impregnate  with  sails  from  wood- 
aslies.    Water  is  lixiviated  by  pa.ssing  through  ashes. 

LIX-I  V'I-A-TI.\G,  ;>/)r.  Extracting  alkaline  salts  by 
leaching  ashes  ;  forming  lyo. 

LIX-I V-I-.\'TIO.V,  II.  Tlie  operation  or  process  of 
extracting  alkaline  salts  from  ashes,  by  pourfng  w.a- 
ter  on  thi  in,  tlie  water  passing  through  them  imbib- 
ing the  salts. 

LIX-IV'I-U.M,  n,  [L.,  from  lix,  lye,  Sp.  lexia,  Fr.  les- 
sive.] 

Lye ;  xvater  impregnated  with  alkaline  s.alts  im- 
bibed from  wood-ashes.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to 
other  extracts.  Boide. 

LIZ'.ARD,  n.  [Fr.  lezarde ;  L.  IncMus;  Pp.  lagarto  ; 
It.  lucerta,  hicertoln  ;  Ann.  glitsard.  It  lizard  is  the 
L.  lacerta,  there  has  been  a  change  of  e  into  z  or  s, 
which  may  be  the  fact.  In  Etiiiopic,  latsrkal  is  liz- 
ard. Gebelin  deduces  the  word  from  an  Oriental 
word,  lezn,  lo  hide.    l!ut  this  is  doubtful.] 

The  popular  Eiiglisli  name  of  all  saurian  reptiles 
generally,  as  the  crocodile,  the  alligator,  the  chame- 
leon, &c. ;  or  of  the  species  of  the  genus  Lacerta 
only.  Lizards,  in  the  widest  sense,  are  covered  with 
scales,  and  their  bodies  are  supported  either  by  four 
or  two  legs^  Their  hearts  have  two  auricles. 

LIZ'ARD-T.\IL,  II.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Saunirus, 
anil  another  of  the  genus  Piper.      *"im.  of  Planu. 

LL.  D.  ;  letters  standing  for  doctor  of  laws,  the  title  of 
an  honorary  degree. 

LL(JYD'S,  )  n.    A  part  of  the  Royal  Ex- 

LLOYD'S'-ROO.MS,  j  chaiigr,  in  London,  appropri- 
ated to  the  use  of  underwriters  and  insurance  bro- 
kers. The  name  is  derived  fnmi  Lloyd's  ColTee- 
Ilouse,  where  there  were  formerly  rooms  for  the 
same  purpose. 

LO,  eicldHt.  [Sax.  la.  \Vhcther  this  is  a  contractec^ 
word  or  not,  does  not  appear.] 

Look;  see;  beludd  ;  observe.  This  word  is  used 
to  excite  particular  .attention  in  a  hearer  to  some  ob- 
ject of  sight  or  subject  of  discourse. 

Lo,  hfrc  is  Clirist.  —  Mrvit.  xxiv. 

Lo,  Vit  turn  to  tjM  Gentiles,  — Acts  xiU. 

LOCHElj"- 

A  small  fish  of  the  genus  Cobitis,  inhabiting  small, 

clear  streams,  and  esteemed  daiiitv  food.  fVallon. 
Load,  (lOde,)  n.    [Sax.  Mad  or  laiie ;  W.  Uwyth.  See 

Laoe.) 

1.  A  burden  ;  that  which  is  Laid  on  or  put  in  any 
thing  for  conveyance.  Thus  we  lay  a  loa4  on  a 
beast  or  on  a  man's  shoulders,  or  on  a  cart  or  wag- 
on ;  and  we  say,  a  light  load,  a  heavy  load.  A  load, 
then,  is  indefiuite  in  quantity  or  weight.  But  by 
usage,  in  some  cases,  the  word  lias  a  more  definite 
signification,  and  expresses  a  certain  quantity  or 
weight,  or  as  much  as  Is  usually  carried,  or  as  can 
be  well  sustained.  Load  is  seldom  used,  except  by 
poets,  for  the  cargo  of  a  ship;  this  is  called  loading, 
lading,  freight,  or  cargo. 

2.  ,\ny  heavy  burden  ;  a  large  quantity  borne  or 
sustained.  A  tree  may  be  said  to  have  a  load  of  fruit 
upon  it. 

3.  That  which  is  borne  with  pain  or  dilTiculty ;  a 
grievous  weight ;  cnciimbmncc,  in  a  literal  sciise. 

Jovo  Ir^lit.-iieil  of  its  load 
Tiv-  ciiurnioiu  in.iss.  Popr. 

In  a  figurative  arnse,  we  say,  a  load  of  care  or  grief; 
a  load  of  guilt  or  crimes. 

4.  Weight  or  violence  of  blows.  Milton. 

5.  .\  quantity  of  food  or  drink  that  oppresses,  or  as 
much  as  can  be  borne.  Dryden. 

Among  miners,  the  quantity  of  nine  dishes  of  ore, 
each  dish  being  about  half  a  hundred  weight 

Kneyc.  Cyc. 


LOAD,  V.  t. ;  jnret.  and  j>;i.  I.oauku.  [Loaden,  formerly 
used,  is  obsolete,  and  laden  bi'longs  to  lade.  Load, 
from  the  noun,  is  a  regular  verb.] 

1.  To  lay  on  a  burden  ;  to  put  on  or  in  something 
to  be  carried,  or  as  mucli  as  can  be  carrii'd  ;  as,  to 
load  a  camel  or  .a  horse  ;  to  load  a  cart  tir  wagon.  To 
load  a  gun,  is  to  charge,  or  put  in  a  sulhcieut  ipiantity 
of  powder,  or  powder  and  ball,  or  shot. 

2.  To  encumber  ;  to  lay  on  or  put  in  that  which  is 
borne  with  pain  or  dilficiilty  ;  in  a  literal  sense,  as,  to 
load  the  stom.ich  with  meat ;  or  in  a  figurative  sense, 
as,  to  load  the  mind  or  memory. 

3.  To  make  heavy  by  something  added  or  ap- 
pended. 

Thy  (Irradful  tow,  loaden  with  ilsnth.  Addison. 

So,  in  a  literal  sen-w,  to  ?ooif  a  whip. 

4.  To  bestow  or  confer  on  in  great  abundance  ;  as, 
to  load  one  with  honors  ;  to  load  with  reproaches. 

LO AU'ED,  pp.  or  a.    (,'harged  wiyi  a  load  or  cargo  ; 

having  a  burden  ;  freighted,  as  a  ship;  having  a 

char;.'!-  of  powder,  or  powder  and  shot,  as  a  gun. 
2.  I!urdeni  (l  with  any  thing  oppressive  ;  as,  loaded 

will  -  ires,  with  guilt,  or  shame. 
LO.AI    '.R,  It.    One  who  puts  on  a  load. 
LO.M    NG, /i;ir.    Charging  with  a  load;  burdening; 

enf'ii:i'iering ;  charging,  as  a  gun. 
Lo.\D'l.\'G,  71.    A  cargo;  a  burden;  also,  any  thing 

that  makes  part  of  a  load. 
LoAD'JlA.\-AGE,  n.   Pilotage;  skill  of  a  pilot.  [JVat 

used.] 

LoADS'MAN,  n.   [/cat/ and  man.]    A  pilot  [Obs.] 
LOAD'STAR,  j  II.     [lead  and  .Tfar.]    The  star  that 
LoDE'STAR,  )     leads;  the  polestar;  the  cynosure. 

[Obs.]  Shak. 
LoAD'SToNE,  n.    [from  the  veri)  lead  and  stone.] 
The  old  orthography,  I.ooestone,  would  be  prefera- 
ble, .as  this  word  has  no  connectitm  with  the  verb  to- 
load.] 

The  n.itive  magnet,  an  ore  of  iron  in  the  lowest 
state  of  oxydation,  which  has  the  power  of  attnict- 
ing  metallic  iron,  as  iron  filings,  and  of  communicat- 
ing to  masses  of  iron  the  same  property  of  attraction, 
forming  artificial  magnets.  [See  Lodestone.] 
LoAF,  (lofe,)"ii.  ;  pi.  Loaves.  [Sax.  hlaf  or  laf;  Goth. 
hlaibs ;  G.  leih  ;  Polish,  chlirb  ;  Hohemian,  chleb ;  Russ. 
chlib  or  chleb  ;  Croatian,  A/i7i ;  Finnish,  letpa  or  leipum  ; 
Lapjiouic,  laihe.  The  German  Irib  is  rendered  a  loaf, 
and  body,  waist,  belly;  leiblich,  which  in  English 
would  be  loaf-like,  signifies  corporeal,  bodily.  Loaf, 
then,  signifies  a  lump  or  mass,  from  some  root  that 
signifies  to  set,  or  to  collect,  or  lo  form.] 

1.  A  mass  of  bread  when  baked.  It  is  larger  than 
a  cake.  The  size  and  price  of  a  loaf,  in  large  cities, 
are  regtilated  by  law. 

2.  .\  mass  or  lump,  as  of  sugar. 

3.  Any  thick  mass. 

LO.\K'EU,  li.  [G. /a«/er,  a  runner,from /aii/cn,  to  run.] 
.\n  iille  man  ;  a  vagrant  who  seeks  his  living  by 
sponging  or  expedients. 

LoAF'ING,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  having  the  character, 
or  doing  the  part,  of  a  loafer. 

LoAF'-sy(;-.\R,  (lofe'shug-ar,)  n.  Sugar  refined  and 
formed  into  a  conical  mass. 

Lo.A.M,  II.  [Sax.  lam ;  D.  leem  ;  G.  Ichm  :  L.  limns  ;  Sw. 
Urn  :  Dan.  )ii/i,  Jiini ;  so  named  probably  for  smooth- 
ness or  softness  ;  W.  llim.] 

.\  natural  mixture  of  sand  and  clay  with  oxyd  of 
iron  ;  a  species  of  earth  or  soil  of  diflerent  colors, 
whitish,  brown,  or  yellow,  readily  ditfusible  in  wa- 
ter. Cleaveland.  F.ncyc. 

LoA.M,  r.  (.    To  cover  with  loam.  Moion. 

JjC>.\yi'P.n,  pp.    Covered  with  loam. 

IjO.V.M'IXG,  ppr.   Covering  with  loam. 

Lo.\.M' Y,  a.  Consisting  of  loam ;  partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  loam,  or  resembling  it.  „ 

L6A.\,  )i.  [Sax.  Iwn,  hUrn ;  Sw.  Zaii :  Dan.  loan;  D. 
Icen  ;  G.  Wicn  ;  Sax.  tandcs  l<rn,  a  fief.    See  Lend.] 

1.  The  act  of  lending  ;  a  lending. 

2.  Thai  which  is  lent ;  any  thing  furnished  fortcm- 
porarj'  use  to  a  person  at  his  request,  on  the  express 
or  implied  condition  that  the  specific  thing  shall  be 
returned,  or  its  equivalent  in  kind,  but  w  ithoiit  com- 
pensation fiir  the  use  ;  as,  a  loan  of  a  book  or  of  bread. 

3.  Something  furnished  for  temporary  use,  on  the 
condition  that  it  shall  be  returned,  or  its  equivalent, 
but  with  a  compens.ition  for  the  use.  In  this  sense, 
loan  is  generally  applied  to  money.    [See  Lend.] 

4.  A  furnishing  ;  permission  to  use ;  grant  of  the 
use  ;  as,  a  loan  of  credit.  Kent. 

LO.XN,  r.  L  [Sax.  trnaii ;  G.  lehnert ;  D.  leenen  ;  Sw. 
lava;  Dan.  laaner.] 

To  lend  ;  to  deliver  to  another  for  temporary  use, 
on  condition  that  the  thing  shall  be  returned,  as  a 
book  :  or  to  deliver  for  use,  on  condition  that  an 
etpiivalent  in  kind  shall  be  returned,  .as  bread  ;  or 
to  deliver  for  lemporan,'  use,  on  cimdiliim  that  an 
tHiiiivalent  in  kind  shall  be  returned,  with  a  compen- 
sation for  the  use,  as  in  the  case  of  money  at  inter- 
est.   Bills  of  credit  were  issued,  to  be  loaned  on  in- 
terest Ramsay.    Kent.    Lauts  of  the  United 
States.    Stat,  of  Conn,  and  of  jSVui  York. 
[Rare  in  F.ngland.] 
LOAN'-OF-FICE,  n.    In  .America,  a  public  oflice  in 


TONE,  mjLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOL'3  —  €  as  K  ;  O  a»  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  ns  In  THIS. 


671 


LOB 

which  loans  of  nionpy  are  negotiated  for  the  public, 
or  in  wliich  tlie  accounts  of  loans  are  kept,  and  the 
interest  paid  to  tlie  lenders. 
LoAN'-OF-FI-CER,  n.  A  public  ofticer  empowered 
to  superintend  and  transact  the  business  of  a  loan- 
office. 

Lo.\TII,  a.  Unwilling;  backward ;  reluctant.  [See 
Loth.] 

Loathe,  v.  t.  [Sa.t.  Intklan,  to  hate,  to  detest,  to  call, 
to  invite  ;  n-dathian,  to  call ;  Gulh.  Inthon,  to  call ;  Sw. 
Icdas^  to  loathe  ;  G.  eiiiladeii^  to  invite,  to  lade  or  load, 
from  ladeti,  to  l.ide,  to  invite,  to  cite  or  summon.  See 
Lade.]    [In  respect  to  orthography,  see  Loth.] 

1.  To  feel  disgust  at  any  thins  ;  pnprrlij,  to  have 
an  extreme  aversion  of  the  appetite  to  food  or  drink. 


Our  ssul  toniheth  this  light  bread. 
Loathing  ilie  honeyed  aikes,  I  Ion 


-  Num.  xxi. 
■ed  tor  tjread. 


Cawley. 


2.  To  liate  ;  to  dislike  greatly ;  to  abhor. 

Ye  shall  loathe  yourselves  in  your  own  sijrht  for  all  your  evils.  — 

Not  to  rt>veal  the  secret  which  I  loaUie,  WaJter. 
BTie  loaUtes  the  vital  itir.  Dryden's  Virg, 

LOATHE,  r.;.    To  create  disgust.    [Obs-I  Spenser. 
hoAt'lV KD,  pp.    Hated ;  abhorred  ;  turned  from  with 
disgust. 

LoATIl'ER,  71.    One  that  loathes  nr  abhors. 
LoATH'FUL,  a.    Hating;  abhorring. 

Wliich  he  did  with  toalh/ul  eyes  brli„ld.  Huhbard. 
2.  Disgusting ;  hated  ;  exciting  abhorrence. 

Above  the  reach  of /oatA/u^,  siiitnl  luat.  Spenser. 

LoATH'ING,  ppr.  Feeling  disgust  at ;  having  extreme 

aversion  to  ;  as,  loathing  food. 
2.  Hating;  abhorring;  a's,  loathing  sin. 
LoATH'ING,  Ji.    Extreme  disgust ;  abhorrence.  Eieh. 

xvi. 

LoATH'IN6-LY,  adv.    With  extreme  disgust  or  ab- 
horrence; in  a  fastidious  manner. 
LoATH'LY,  at/e.    Unwillingly;  reluctantly. 

This  sliows  that  you  from  iiauire  loalltly  stray.  Donne. 

LOATH'NESS,  n.    Unwillingness  ;  reluctance. 

There  ^rcvt  among  them  a  general  silence  and  toathness  to 
speak.  Bacon. 

LoATH'SOME,  (-sum,)  a.    [Sw.  ledesam.] 

1.  Causing  an  extreme  aversion  of  appetite ;  excit- 
ing fastidiousness.    JVum.  xi. 

2.  Exciting  extreme  disgust ;  offensive;  as,  a  loath- 
some AisKase.    P.v.  xxxviii. 

3.  Odious  ;  exciting  hatred  or  abhorrence  ;  detest- 
able ;  as,  loathsome  sloth.  Spenser. 

LoATH'SO.ME-LY,  at'e.    Offensivelv  ;  odiouslv. 
LoATH'SOME-NES^,  n.    The  quality  of  exciting  ex- 
treme disgust  or  abhorrence.  Mdison. 
LoAVES,  (lovz,)  n. :  pi.  of  Loaf. 

LOB,  n.  [W.  Hob,  allied  to  lubber,  loobij,  club,  &.C.  Qu. 
G.  luff.] 

1.  A  dull,  heavy,  sliiggi.sh  person. 

2.  Something  thick  anil  heavy  ;  as  in  lob-worm. 
LOB,  c.  «.    To  let  fall  heavily  or  lazily.  [fVattun. 

Ami  their  poor  jades 
Lob  down  tlieir  heads.  Shale. 

Lo'BATE,  )  a.    [from  7n^c]    Consistini  of  lobes.  In 
LoB'£D,    )      &('frt/i7/,  divided  to  the  middliMnto  parts 
distant  fromi?ach  otii'-r,with  convex  inargitis.  Martijn. 
LOB'BY,  n.    [Qu.  G.  laubc,  an  arbor  or  bower.] 

1.  An  opening  before  a  room,  or  an  entiiince  into 
a  jirincipal  apartment,  where  there  is  a  considerable 
space  between  that  and  the  portico  or  vestibule. 

Kncyc. 

2.  A  small  hall  or  waiting-room.  Encijc. 

3.  A  small  apartment  taken  from  a  hall  or  entry. 

4.  In  a  ship,  an  ai)artinentclt>se  before  the  cajitain's 
cabin.  Cijc. 

5.  In  agriculture,  a  confined  place  for  cattle,  formed 
by  hedges,  trees,  or  other  fencing,  near  the  farm- 
yard. Cyc. 

LOB'BY-MF.M-BER,  7!.    A  person  who  frequents  the 

lobby  of  a  house  of  legislation. 
LOB'-eoCK,  ;i.    A  sluggish,  stupid,  inactive  person  ; 

a  lob. 

LoltE,  71.    [Fr.  lobe;  Sp.  and  Port,  lubo  ;  L.  Ivbns;  Gr. 

1.  A  part  or  division  of  the  lungs,  liver,  &.c. 

2.  The  lower,  soft  part  of  the  ean» 

3.  A  division  of  a  simple  leaf. 

4.  The  cotyledon  or  placenta  of  a  seed. 
lAWF.U,  a.    Lobate,  which  see. 

LO-BF; L'l  A,  7i.  [from  Lnlid,  botanist  to  King  James  I.] 
An  extensive  genus  of  pl.ant><.  'i'he  Lobelia  inflata, 
or  ludian  tobacco,  is  an  annual  plant  of  North  Amer- 
ica, whose  leaves  contain  a  poisonous,  white,  viscid 
juice,  of  an  acrid  taste.  It  has  ofirii  been  used  in 
medicine  as  an  emetic,  and  expectorant,  HiC. 

I'.  Cijc.    Dewey's  Jitass.  Rep. 

LOB'LOL-LY,  71.  A  seamen's  name  for  wattT  gruel 
or  spoon  meat.  .Smart. 

LOB'I.OI-  LY-BAY,  ti.  The  popular  name  of  Gor- 
donia  Lasyanthus^  an  elei;anl,  ornamental,  evtTgrecn 
tree,  of  the  maritime  parts  of  the  Soiithi  rn  United 
States.  It  eriiws  to  the  higlit'of  .10  or  (in  feel.  Its 
bark  is  useful  fur  tanning,  but  its  wood  is  of  little 
value.  Hylva  Jimericana. 


LOG 

LOB'LOL-LY-BOY,  71.  A  surgeon's  attendant  on 
shipboard. 

LOB'LOL-LY-TREE,  71.  The  Varronia  alba,  a  West 
Indian  tree,  about  30  feet  in  hight,  whose  fruit  is 
sometimes  eaten. 

LOB'SeOUSE,  71.  Among  seamen,  a  hash  of  meat 
with  vegetables  of  various  kinds  ;  an  olio.  Otynn. 

LOBS'POUND,  77.    A  prison.  Iludibras. 

LOB'STER,  7U  [Sax.  loppcitre,  or  lopystre.  The  first 
syllable  coincides  with  Sax.  lobbe,  a  spider,  and  with 
loppe,  a  flea ;  probably  all  named  from  their  shape  or 
legs.  The  last  syllable  coincides  with  ster,  in  spin- 
ster, minster.] 

One  of  the  inacrourous  or  long-tailed  Crustacea, 
belonging  to  the  genus  Astacus.  Dana. 

LOB'qLE,  n.    [Sp.  lobulo.] 
A  small  lobe. 

Lo'C-iL,  a.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  local;  It.  locale;  L.  localis; 
from  locus,  place.  Sans,  log;  from  the  root  oiluy,  L. 
loco.    See  Lav.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  place,  or  to  a  fixed  or  limited 
portion  of  space.  We  say,  the  local  situation  of  the 
house  is  pleasant.  We  are  oflen  influenced  in  our 
opinions  by  local  circumstances. 

2.  Limited  or  confined  to  a  spot,  place,  or  definite 
district ;  as,  a  local  custom.  The  yellow  fever  is 
local  in  its  origin,  and  often  continues  for  a  time 
to  be  a  local  disease. 

3.  In  law,  local  actions  are  such  as  must  be  brought 
in  a  particular  county,  where  the  cause  arises;  dis- 
tinguished from  transitory  actions.  Blackstone. 

Lo'e.^L-ISM,  7!.  The  state  of  being  local ;  alfection 
for  a  place. 

LO-GAL'I-TY,  77.  Existence  in  a  place,  or  in  a  cer- 
tain portion  of  space. 

It  is  thought  that  the  soul  and  angels  are  devoid  of  quantity  and 
dimension,  and  that  tliey  liave  nothing  to  do  with  grosser 
locality.  Gtanville. 

2.  Liiliitation  to  a  county,  district,  or  place  ;  as, 
locality  of  trial.  Blackstone. 

3.  Position  ;  situation  ;  place  ;  particularly,  geo- 
graphical place  or  situation,  as  of  a  mineral  or  plant. 

LO-CAL-I '/,A'TIOx\,  71.    The  act  of  localizing. 

Lo'€AL-lZE,  V.  t.    To  make  local. 

Lo'CAL-LY,  ado.    With  respect  to  place  ;  in  place  ; 

as,  to  be  locally  separated  or  distant. 
Lo'CaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  toco,  locatus  ;  It.  locare.] 

1.  To  place  ;  to  set  in  a  partictilar  spot  or  position. 

Cumberland. 

2.  To  select,  survey,  and  settle  the  bounds  of  a 
partictilar  tract  of  land  ;  or  to  designate  a  portion  of 
land  by  limits  ;  as,  to  locate  a  tract  of  a  hundred 
acres  in  a  particular  township.  United  States. 

3.  To  designate  and  determine  the  jjlace  of ;  as,  a 
committee  was  appointed  to  locate  a  church  or  a 
court-house.  JVem  England. 

LO'Ca-TED,  pn.    Placed  ;  siiuatrd  ;  fixed  in  place. 
Lo'eA-TING,;)/j7-.    PlacuiL-;  ilrMiiiiatiug  the  place  of. 
LO-Ca'TION,  n    The  act  uf  plui  iiig,  or  of  designating 
the  place  of. 

2.  Situation  with  respect  to  place.  TJie  location  of 
the  city  on  a  large  river  is  favorable  fi>r  commerce. 

3.  That  which  is  located  ;  a  tract  of  land  desig- 
nated in  place.  United  States. 

4.  In  the  civil  law,  a  leasing  on  rent. 

LOGH,  71.  [Gaelic]  A  lake;  a  bay  or  awi  of  the 
sea  ;  used  in  Scotland. 

LOCH,  77.  Loch,  or  lohoch,  is  an  Arabian  name  for 
the  forms  of  medicine  called  edcgmas,  lambatives, 
nurtures,  and  the  like.  (^uincy. 

LO-GHa'BER-AX,  h.  a  formidable  weapon  of  war 
formerly  used  by  the  Scotch  Highlanders. 

LOeil'AGE,  71.  [Gr.  ,\o\ajoj,  Aoxos,  a  body  of  sol- 
diers, and  a}oi,  to  lead.] 

In  Oreece,  an  officer  who  commanded  a  lorbus  or 
cohort,  the  number  of  men  in  which  is  not  ci'iiainly 
known.  Mitford. 

Lo(;HE.    See  Loach. 

LO-GHI'A,  (lo-kT'a,)  71.    [Gr.  Aovcta.] 

A  name  given  to  the  cv.acuations  which  follow 
childbirth. 

Lo'CHI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  cvacu.ations  from  the 
womb  after  childbirth. 

L'I(;K,  71.  [Sax.  loc  or  lore,  an  inclosed  place,  the 
fastening  of  a  door,  a  tuft,  or  curl  of  hair.  In  the 
bitter  sense,  it  is  the  G.  locke,  I),  lok,  L.  fioccns.  Eng. 
lock;  Ir.  loc,  a  stop,  hinderance  ;  VV.  i/oc,  a  mound, 
an  inclosed  place  ;  Riiss.  lokov,  a  lock  of  hair  ;  Sax. 
lucan,  Goth,  lukaii,  to  lock  ;  Dan.  lukke,  a  heilge, 
fence,  or  bar;  luklccr,  to  shut,  to  inclose,  to  fasten, 
to  lock  ;  Fr.  loquet,  a  latch  ;  Arm.  liequed,  or  clicqed, 
VV.  elided.  Lock  anti  flock  may  be  of  one  family. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  shut,  to  close,  to  press,  strain, 
or  drive,  which  may  be  the  radical  sense  u( flock, 
Gr.  !rA(Ko)  7iA«/tot,  L.  plico,  as  well  as  of  lock.  Hut 
see  Class  I.g,  No.  48,  and  13,  14,  10.] 

1.  Lock,  in  its  primary  sense,  is  any  thing  that 
fastens  ;  but  wo  now  appro|)riatc  the  word  to  an 
instruini^nt  composed  of  a  spring,  wards,  and  a  bolt 
of  iron,  or  steel,  usetl  to  fasten  doors,  chests,  and  the 
like.    The  bolt  is  moved  by  a  key. 

2.  Till'  part  of  a  musket,  or  fovvling-piece,  or  other 
fire-arm,  by  which  liro  is  produced  for  the  discharge 
of  the  piece. 


LOC 

3.  The  barrier  or  works  which  confine  the  water 
of  a  stream  or  canal,  called  also  Weir  or  Guard- 
lock. 

4.  An  inclosure  in  a  canal  with  gates  at  each  end, 
used  in  raising  or  lowering  boats  as  they  pass  from 
one  level  to  another,  called  also  a  Lift-lock. 

5.  A  grapple  in  wrestling.  Milton. 

6.  Any  inclosure.  Dryden. 

7.  A  tuft  of  hair  ;  a  plexus  of  wool,  hay,  or  other 
like  substance  ;  a  flock  ;  a  ringlet  of  hair. 

A  lock  of  hair  will  draw  more  than  a  cable  rope.  Crew. 
Lock  of  water,  is  the  measure  equal  to  the  contents 
of  the  chamber  of  the  locks  by  which  the  consump- 
tion of  water  on  a  canal  is  estimated. 
LOCK' -JAW,  71.    See  Locked  Jaw,  below. 
LOCK'-KEEP-ER,  71.    One  who  attends  the  locks  of 
a  canal. 

LOCK'-PAD-DLE,7t.    A  small  sluice  that  serves  to  fill 
and  empty  a  lock. 

LOCK'-SILL,  71.    An  angular  piece  of  timber  at  the 
bottom  of  a  lock,  against  which  the  gates  shut. 

LOCK'UP,  71.    A  place  where  baUiffs  temporarily  con- 
fine persons  under  arrest. 

LOCK'-WeIR,  71.   A  paddle-weir,  in  canals,  an  over- 
fall behind  the  upper  gates,  by  which  the  waste 
water  of  the  upper  pound  is  let  down  through  the 
paddles-holes  into  the  chamber  of  the  lock.  Cyc. 
2.  A  weir  having  a  lock.  Buchanan. 

LOCK,  V.  t.    To  fasten  with  a  particular  instrument; 
as,  to  lock  a  door  ;  to  lock  a  trunk. 

2.  To  fasten  so  as  to  impede  motion  ;  as,  to  lock  a 
wheel. 

3.  To  shut  up  or  confine,  as  with  a  lock  ;  as,  to  be 
locked  in  a  prison.   Lock  the  secret  in  your  breast. 

4.  To  close  fast.    The  frost  locks  up  our  rivers. 

5.  To  encircle  or  inclose  ;  as,  to  lock  arms  ;  to 
embrace  closely :  as,  to  lock  one  in  the  arms. 

6.  To  furnish  with  locks,  as  a  canal. 

7.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain.  Our  shipping  was 
locked  up  by  the  embargo. 

8.  In  fencing,  to  seize  the  sword  arm  of  an  antago- 
nist, by  turning  the  left  arm  around  it,  after  closing 
the  paiade,  shell  to  shell,  in  order  to  disarm  him. 

Cyc. 

LOCK,  I',  i'.   To  become  fast.    The  door  locks  close. 
2.  To  unite  closely  by  mutual  insertion  ;  as,  they 
lock  into  each  other.  Boyle. 
LOCK'AGE,  71.    Materials  for  locks  in  a  canal. 

Oallatin. 

2.  Works  which  form  a  lock  on  a  canal. 

.hum.  of  Science. 

3.  Toll  paid  for  passing  the  locks  of  a  canal. 

4.  Elevation  or  amount  of  elev.ation  and  descent 
made  by  the  locks  of  a  canal.  "The  entire  lockage 
will  be  about  fifty  feet  on  each  side  of  the  summit 
level."  Clinton. 

LOCK'£D,  (lokt,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  fast  by  a  lock  ; 

furnished  with  a  lock  or  locks  ;  closely  embraced. 
LOCK'£D-JAW,  i  71.    A  violent  contraction  of  the 
LOCK'-JAWi      i     muscles  of  the  jaw  by  which  its 

motion  is  suspended,  a  variety  of  tetanus.  Forsyth. 
LOCK'EIl,  71.    A  close  place,  as  a  drawer  or  an  tipart- 

ment  in  a  ship,  that  may  be  closed  with  a  lock. 
A  shot-locker  is  a  strong  frame  of  jilauk  near  the 

pump-well  in  the  hold,  where  shot  are  deposited. 

Mar.  Diet. 

LOCK'ET,  71.    [Fr  loquet.] 

1.  A  small  lock  ;  acatcli  or  spring  to  fasten  a  neck- 
lace or  other  orntiment.  Johnson. 

2.  A  little  gold  case  worn  as  an  ornament,  often 
containing  a  lock  of  hair.  Smart. 

LOCK'ING,  ppr.    Making  fast  by  a  lock  ;  embracing 
closely. 

LOCK'IST,  71.    An  adherent  of  Locke,  the  philoso- 
pher. 

LOCK'LF.SS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  lock.  Byron. 
1,1  n'K'UAM,  71.  A  sort  of  coarse  linen.  llunmer 
1,1  )('K'I!(  )N,  71.  A  sort  of  Rannncultis.  Jish. 
LOI'K'S.MITH,  71.    An  artificer  whose  occupation  is 

to  make  or  mend  locks. 
LOCK'Y,  «.    Having  locks  or  tufls.  Sherwood. 
LO-CO-DE-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.    Descritiing  a  particular 

place  or  places. 
Lo'CO-Fo'GO,  71.  [Probably  from  L.  loco  foci,  instead 

of  a  fire.] 

1"he  American  name  of  a  friction  mtitcli. 

'I'his  term  was  sportively  applied,  in  1834,  to  the 
extreme  portion  of  the  democratic  party,  because,  iit 
a  meeting  in  Tammany  Hall,  New  York,  in  which 
there  was  great  diversity  of  sentiment,  the  chairman 
left  his  seat,  and  the  lights  were  extinguished,  with 
a  view  to  dissolve  the  meeting  ;  when  those  in  favor 
of  extreme  measures  |)rodiiceil  liico-foco  matches,  re- 
kindled the  lights,  continued  the  meeting,  and  ac- 
complished their  object. 
LO  C()-!Mo'TION,  71.  [L.  locus,  place,  and  motio,  mo- 
tion.] 

1.  rile  act  of  moving  from  place  to  place.  Brown. 

2.  The  power  of  moving  from  place  to  place.  Most 
animals  possess  locomotion  ;  plants  have  life,  but  not 
locomotion. 

LO-CO-MO'TIVK,  a.    Moving  from  place  to  place; 
changing  phice,  or  able  to  change  place  ;  as,  a  loco- 


FATE,  PAR,  PALL,  WHAT — METE,  I'KBY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


67S 


LOD 


LOG 


viotive  nniinal.    Most  iininKilj  aro  distingiiislicd  from 

plnnt:!  I>v  IhiMr  locnmiitirc  faculty. 
LO-eO-iMO'TlVK  KN'OINC,  n.  A  steam  engine em- 

ployt'd  ill  land  carriage,  cliii  tly  on  railways. 
LO-eO-MO'TlVK,  II.     A  siL-ain  engine  pl.iccd  on 

wheels,  and  used  in  drawing  cars  on  railways. 
LO-eO-.Mf)'TI  VK-NKSS, )  ii.  The  power  of  changing 
1,0  eO-MO-TIV'l-TY,     i     place.  Bnjaiil. 
LOe'n-I>A-MENT,  n.    [L.  localamciUiun,  from  lucus, 

tocaliis.] 

In  A<i(ani/,the  cell  of  a  pericarp  in  which  the  seed  is 
lodged.  A  pericarp  is  unilocular,  bilociilar.  Sec.  Martijn. 

LOe'lJ-LI-CI'DAL,  a.  In  botanij,  the  dehiscence  of  a 
pericarp  is  locuticidal  when  it  is  vertical,  the  dissepi- 
ments remain  united,  and  tlie  cells  aro  opened  at  the 
base.  Liiidlnj. 

LOC'U-LOSE,  a.  In  botany,  divided  by  internal  par- 
titions into  shells.  Limlleij. 

LO'CUM  TE'JVI-JVS,  [L.]  A  deputy  or  substitute, 
coiitriicted  in  French  to  lieutenant. 

LO'eUS,  n.  [L.,  place.]  In  geometrical  aiiulijsis,  the 
line  traced  by  a  point  which  varies  its  p-isitiun  ac- 
cording to  some  determinate  law.  Brande. 

LO'eUST,  n.    [h.  locasla.] 

A  name  common  to  various  insects  of  several  gene- 
ra. Some  of  these  insect-s  are  at  times  so  nunienius  in 
Africa  and  the  south  of  .Asia  as  to  devour  every 
green  thing ;  and  when  they  migrate,  they  tly  in  an 
immense  cloud.  In  Jlmerica,  there  are  several  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Cicada,  which  are  properly  c;Uled 

IjOCUSTS. 

LO'eUST,  7U  A  popul.ir  name  of  several  plants  and 
trees  ;  as,  a  species  of  .Meliaiillius,  of  Ceratonia,  of 
Kobinia,  >^c. 

Lo'eUST-TREE,  n.  A  tree,  the  Robinia-pscud-aca- 
cia  ;  also,  Ilymenaja  (Jourbaril.  The  IIoney-Loctist- 
tree  is  the  Gledilschia  triacantlius. 

LODB,  II.    [from  Sax.  hrdan,  to  lead.] 

1.  Among  iiiinrr.N-,  a  metallic  vein,  or  any  regular 
vein  or  course,  whether  metallic  or  not,  hut  common- 
ly a  metallic  vein.  Kncijc.  Ciic. 

2.  A  cut  or  reach  of  water.  Ciie. 
LOUE'STo.VE,  n.    [This  was  the  original  spelling, 

from  the  verb  to  (ffli/  and  .v(i>/k.  It  is  preferable  to 
Loadstone,  since  the  word  has  no  connection  with 
the  verb  to  load.] 

1.  A  magnet;  an  ore  of  iron;  a  stone  found  in 
iron  mines,  of  a  dark  or  black  lead  color,  and  of  con- 
siderable hardness  and  weight.  It  attracts  iron 
filings,  and  communicates  to  iron  the  s.ime  property 
of  attraction.  But  its  peculiar  value  consists  in  its 
communicating  to  a  needle  the  property  of  taking  a 
direction  to  the  north  and  south,  a  property  of  ines- 
timable utility  in  navigation  and  surveying. 

2.  .V  name  given  by  Cornish  miners  to  a  species  of 
stones,  called  also  Tin-stoxei,  a  compound  of 
stones  ami  sand,  of  dUlerent  kinds  and  colors. 

JVic/10/.soii, 

LODCi'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  affording  a  temporarj- 
abode.    [JVot  used.] 

LOUOE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  In^er,  to  lodge  ;  It.  loggia,  a 
lodge;  allogg-iarc,  to  lodge;  alojar ;  .\rin.  logea; 
Dan.  lagerer".  The  sense  is,  to  set  or  throw  down. 
In  Sax.  logian  is  to  compose,  to  deposit  or  lay  up, 
also  to  repair  ;  Russ.  toju,  to  lay,  to  put.  It  is  proba- 
bly allied  to  lay.] 

1.  To  set,  lay,  or  deposit  for  keeping  or  preserva- 
tion, for  a  longer  or  shorter  time.  The  men  lodged 
their  arms  in  the  arsenal. 

2.  To  place  ;  to  plant ;  to  infi.x. 

He  lodged  an  arrow  in  a  tender  breiut.  Addison, 

3.  To  fix  ;  to  settle  in  the  heart,  mind,  or  memory. 

I  can  grive  no  iviuun 
More  than  a  lo-lgeti  hale.  SfuiJc. 

4.  To  furnish  with  a  temporary  habitation,  or  with 
an  accommodation  for  a  night.  He  lodged  the 
prince  a  month,  a  week,  or  a  nigliL  [The  word 
usually  denotes  a  short  rcsidewey  but  for  no  dejinile 
time,] 

5.  To  harbor  ;  to  cover. 

Tbc  deer  b  lodgtd.  Additon. 

6.  To  afford  place  to  ;  to  ccnt.iln  for  keeping. 

The  memory  cnn  totlge  a  fiTvalcr  storo  of  iiTwge*  Uian  the  aenac* 
can  pn^aont  at  one  time.  Clieyne, 

7.  To  throw  in  or  on  ;  as,  to  lodge  a  ball  or  a  bomb 

8.  To  beat  down  so  as  to  entangle.  [in  a  fort. 
Our  alghs,  and  they  thall  lodge  the  ■ummer  com.  Shak. 

LODCE,  V.  i.   To  reside  ;  to  dwell ;  to  rest  in  a  place. 
Aotl  lodge  such  daring  tout*  in  little  men.  Pope. 

2.  To  rest  or  dwell  for  a  time,  as  for  a  night,  a 
week,  a  month.  U'e  lodged  a  nijilit  at  the  Golden 
Ball.  We  lodged  a  week  at  tlii  City  Hotel.  Soldiers 
lodge  in  tents  in  summer,  and  in  huts  in  winter. 
Fowls  lodge  on  trees  or  rocks. 

3.  To  fall  down  and  become  entaneled,  as  grain. 
Wheal  and  oats,  on  strong  land,  are  apt  to  lodge. 

LODGE, n.  Asmall  house,  or  habitatitm,  in  a  jmrk  or 
forest.  Sidney.  SAnA. 

i  .\  temporar)'  habiuition  ;  a  hut ;  as,  a  lodge  in  a 
garden  of  cucumbers. 

U.  .\  small  house  or  tenement  appended  to  a  l.irgi  r  ; 
as,  a  porter's  lodge. 


A.  A  den  ;  a  cave  ;  any  place  where  a  wild  beast 
5.  A  meeting  of  freem.isons.  [dwells. 
hOV)G'Kl>,  pp.    Placed  at  rest ;  deposited  ;  infixed  ; 
furnisheil  with  acetmimodalions  for  a  niiilu  or  other 
short  time  ;  thrown  or  fallen  down  and  entangled. 
LODO'ER,  71.    One  who  lives  at  board,  or  in  a  hired 
room,  or  who  has  a  bed  in  another's  house  for  a  night. 
9.  One  that  resides  in  any  place  for  a  time.  I'opc. 
hOUClSG,  ppr.    riacing  at  rest;  depositing;  fur- 
nishing lodgings. 
2.  Resting  for  a  night ;  residing  for  a  time. 
LODG'ING,  11.    A  place  of  rest  for  a  night,  or  of  resi- 
dence for  a  time  ;  temporary  habitation ;  apitrtment. 
Wits  lake  lodgings  in  tlic  sound  of  Cow.  Pope. 

2.  Place  of  residence. 

Fair  bosom  —  the  lodging  of  delight.  Spenxrr. 

3.  Harbor  ;  cover  ;  place  of  rest.  Sidnri/, 

4.  Convenience  for  repose  at  night.  Sidney. 
LODG'MENT,  n.    fFr.  logemmt] 

1.  The  act  of  lodging,  or  the  state  of  being  lodged  ; 
a  being  placed  or  di  posited  at  rest  for  keeping  for  a 
time,  or  for  permanence. 

2.  Accumulation  or  ctdlcclion  of  something  depos- 
ited or  remaining  .at  rest. 

3.  In  mditanj  affairs,  an  encampment  made  by  an 
army. 

4.  A  work  cast  up  by  besiegers,  during  their  ap- 
proaches, in  some  d.mgerous  post  which  they  have 
gnined,  and  where  it  is  necessary  to  secure  them- 
selves against  the  enemy's  fire.  Cyc. 

Lo'ESS,  II.  A  tertiary  deposit  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rhine.  Jilantell. 

LOFFE,  r. ;.    To  laugh.    [JVot  ii.W.]  Shak. 

LOFT,  71.  [Dan.  (()/?, •  Sax.  lyfle,  the  air,  an  arch, 
vault,  or  ceiling  ;  probably  allied  to  lifl,  Dan.  Idfler. 
au.Gr.  Xi/iof.] 

1.  Properly,  an  elevation  ;  hence,  in  a  building,  a 
room  or  space  next  under  the  rtwif.    G/oss.  ofJirchit. 

2.  The  elevation  of  one  story  or  floor  above  anoth- 
er ;  hence,  a  floor  above  another ;  as,  tlie  second 
loft ;  third  loft ;  fourth  lofl. 

3.  A  gallery  or  small  chamber  raised  within  a  larger 
apartment, or  in  a  church.  Oloss.  of  Archil. 

LOFT'I-LY,  adv.    [from  lofty.]    On  high  ;  in  an  cle- 

2.  Proudly ;  haughtily.  [vated  place. 
They  are  corrupt,  and  speak  wickedly  concerning  oppression ; 

they  speak  loftily.  — Ps.  Ixxiii. 

3.  With  elevation  of  language,  diction,  or  senti- 
ment ;  sublimely. 

My  lowly  verse  may  loftily  arise.  Spenser. 

4.  In  an  elevated  attitude.  A  horse  carries  liis 
head  loftili/. 

LOFT'I-NE'SS,  71.  night;  elevation  in  place  or  po- 
sition ;  altitude  ;  as,  the  loftiness  of  a  mountain. 

2.  Pride  ;  haughtiness. 

Au'nistus  and  Tiberius  had  loftiness  enough  in  their  tempers. 

Collier. 

3.  Elevation  of  attitude  or  mien  ;  as,  loftiness  of 
carriage. 

4.  Sublimity  ;  elevation  of  diction  or  sentiment. 

Tlirec  poets  in  three  distant  ages  bom : 

The  first  in  loftiness  of  thought  surpMsed ; 

Tl>e  next  in  majesty ;  in  butli  the  lost.  Dryden. 
LOFT'Y,  a.  Elevated  in  place ;  high  ;  as,  a  loflu  tower ; 
a  lofty  mountain.   [But  it  represses  more  tlian  III i;h,  ffr 
at  least  is  more  emphatical,  poetical,  and  clcganL] 

See  Uifty  I.ebanon  bis  head  advance.  Pops. 

2.  Elevated  in  condition  or  character. 

Thus  saitli  the  high  and  lofty  One,  thai  Uibabitcth  eteraitj, 
whos!!  name  is  Holy.  —  Is.  Ivij. 

3.  Proud  ;  haughty  ;  as,  lofty  looks.   Is.  ii. 

4.  Elevated  in  sentiment  or  diction  ;  sublime  ;  as, 
lofty  strains  ;  lofty  rhyme.  MUtitn. 

ij.  Stately;  dignified;  as, /<//(y  steps. 
LOG,  11.    [Tiiis  word  is  probably  allied  to  D.  log,  logge, 
heavy,  dull,  sluggish ;  a  sense  retained  in  water- 
logged ;  and  to  lug,  luggage,  perhaps  to  clo^.] 

1.  A  bulky  piece  or  stick  of  wood  or  tinioer  un- 
hewcd.  Pine  logs  arc  floated  down  rivers  in  Amer- 
ica, and  stopped  at  saw-mills.  A  piece  of  timber, 
when  hewed  and  squared,  is  not  called  a /<>»,  un- 
less perhaps  in  constructing  log-huts. 

2.  In  navigation,  a  machine  for  measuring  the  rate 
of  a  ship's  velocity  through  the  water.  The  com- 
niim  log  is  a  piece  of  board,  forming  the  i|uadrant 
of  a  circle  of  about  six  inches  radius,  balanced  by 
a  sm.ill  plate  of  lead  nailed  on  the  circular  part,  so  as 
to  swim  perpendicular.  Mar.  DicL 

3.  [Heb.  j'ff]  A  Hebrew  measure  of  liquids,  con- 
tjiiniiig,  accortling  to  some  authors,  three  quarters  of 
a  pint ;  according  to  others,  five  sixths  of  a  pint.  Ac- 
cording to  .\rbulhnot,  it  was  the  seventy-second  part 
of  the  bath  or  ephaJi,  and  the  twelfth  part  of  a  hin. 

Johtison.  Encyc. 
LOG,r.  i.    To  move  to  and  fro.    [JVo(  used.]  Polwhelr. 

2.  To  move  or  rock  ;  hence,lo^raii,a  rocking  stone. 
LOG'-BO.\RD,  II.  In  n<nri,fation,  two  boards,  shutting 
like  a  book,  and  divided  into  columns,  containing  the 
hours  of  the  day  and  night,  direction  of  the  wind, 
course  of  the  ship,  tec,  from  which  is  formed  the 
log-book.  Mar.  Diet. 


LOG'-BQQK,  71.    A  book  into  which  arc  transcribed 

the  contents  of  the  log  board.  Mar.  Diet. 

LOG'-C AH'I.V,  )  11.  A  litmse  or  hut  whose  walls  are 
L()(;'-ll()USr,,  >  composed  of  logs  laid  on  each 
LfJG'-HUT,      )  other. 

LOG'-Hr;.\P,  71.  A  pile  of  logs  for  burning,  in  clearing 
land. 

L()(;'-l,t\E,  n.    A  line  or  cord  about  a  hundred  and 
fifty  fathoms  in  length,  fasteneil  to  the  loz  by  means 
of  two  legs.    This  is  wound  on  a  reel,  called  the  log- 
reel.  Enajc.    Mar.  Diet. 
LOG'-REEL,  71.    A  reel  in  the  g.allery  of  a  ship,  on 

which  the  loc  line  is  wountl.     Encyc    Mar.  Diet. 
LOG'A-RI  TH.M,  71.    [Fr.  logarithme ;  Gr.  Ao)  os,  ratio, 
and  aotdiiiif,  number.] 

Logarithms  are  the  exponents  of  a  aeries  of  powers 
and  roots.  Day. 

The  logarithm  of  a  number  is  that  exponent  of 
some  other  number,  which  renders  the  power  of 
the  latter,  denoted  by  the  exponent,  ctpial  to  the 
former.  Cye. 

When  the  logarithms  form  a  series  in  arithmetical 
progression,  the  corresponding  natural  numbers  form 
a  series  in  geometrical  progression.  Thus, 

Lomrithms,  0      12         3  *  S 

Natural  nun.bem,      1     10     lOO     lOOO     lOOOO  lOOOIX) 

The  addition  and  subtraction  of  logarithms  answer 
to  the  multiplication  and  division  of  their  natural 
numbers.  In  like  manner,  involution  is  iierformed 
by  multiplying  the  logarithm  of  any  number  by  the 
number  denoting  the  required  power  ;  and  evolution, 
by  dividing  the  logarithm  by  the  number  denoting 
the  required  root. 

Logarithms  arc  the  invention  of  Baron  Napier,  lord 
of  .Marchiston,  in  Scotland  ;  but  the  kind  now  in  use 
were  invented  by  Henry  Briggs,  professor  of  geome- 
try in  Gresham  College,  at  Oxford.    They  are  ex- 
tremely useful  in  abridging  the  labor  of  trigonomet- 
rical calculations. 
LOG-A-RITH-.MET'IG,       "I  a.    Pertaining  to  loga- 
LOG-A-RITH-MET'IC-.VL,  1    rithins  ;  consisting  of 
LOO-A-RITII'Mie,  f  loiiarithms. 

LOG-A-RITU'.Mie-AL,       J      Encyc.  Lavoisier. 
LOG'G.ATS,  lu  The  name  01*^8  play  or  game  like  nine- 
pins.   It  was  prohibited  by  Slat.  33  Henry  Vlll. 
[Aot  in  use.]  llanmer. 
LOG'GER-HEAD,  (  hed,)  71.  [log  and  head.]  A  block- 
head ;  a  dunce  ;  a  dolt  ;  a  thirksknll.  Sliak. 

2.  A  spherical  mass  of  iron,  with  a  long  handle, 
used  to  heat  tar.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A  species  of  marine  turtle. 

To  fall  to  loggerheads ;  )  to  come  to  blows  ;  to  fall 
To  go  to  loggerheads  i  )  to  fighting  without  weap- 
ons. L"*  t^trangc. 
LOG'GER-UEAD-ED,  0.   Dull  j  stupid  ;  dollish. 

Shak. 

LOG'ie,  (lod'jik,)  71.  [Fr.  logiquc;  It.  logica  ;  L.  id. ; 
from  the  Gr.  Xoyixn,  from  \oyof,  reason,  At) ui,  to 
speak.] 

The  art  of  thinking  and  reasoning  justly. 

Logic  w  Ih'j  art  of  using  reason  well  in  our  inquiries  after  tniUi, 
and  the  conuauuiaitiou  of  it  to  others.  Watts. 

Logic  may  be  considered  as  the  science,  and  also 
as  the  art,  of  reasoning.  It  investigates  the  princi- 
ples on  which  argumentation  is  conducted,  and  fur- 
nishes rules  to  secure  the  mind  from  error  in  its  de- 
ductions. In  the  former  case,  it  is  a  science,  in  the 
latter,  an  ai  t.  fVhatcly. 

Correct  reasoning  implies  correct  thinking  and 
legitimate  inferences  from  premises,  which  are  prin- 
ciples assumed  or  admitted  to  be  just.  Logic,  then, 
includes  the  art  of  thinking,  as  well  as  the  art  of 
reasoning.  W. 

The  purpose  of  logic  is  lo  direct  the  intellectual  powers  in  tlie 
investigation  of  truth,  and  io  the  communication  of  it  to 
others.  Hedge. 

LOG'IC-.VL,  a.  Pertaining  to  lo,  c;  used  in  logic  ;  a-s, 
logical  subtillies.  Hooker. 

2.  .According  to  the  rules  of  logi  as,  a  logical  ar- 
gtiinent  or  inference.  This  rcasoniUf,  a  strictly  logi- 
cal. 

3.  Skilled  in  logic  ;  versed  in  the  art  of  thinking 
and  reasoning  ;  discriminating ;  as,  a  logical  head. 

Spectator. 

LOG'ie-.AI^LY,  adv.  According  to  the  rules  of  logic ; 

as,  to  argue  logieally. 
LO-GI"CI.AN,  (Itvjish'an,)  71.    A  person  skilled  in 
logic,  or  the  art  of  reasoning. 

Each  fierce  logidan  still  expelling  Locke.  Pops. 
LOG'ieS,  n.    Equivalent  to  Logic.  Best. 
LO-GIS'Tie,       (  a.    Relating  to  sexagesimal  frac- 
LO-GIS'Tie-AL,  (  tions. 

Loglitic  logarithms  ;  logarithms  adapted  to  sexages- 
imal fractions,  employed  in  astronomical  calculations. 

Ilutton, 

LOG '.MAX,  71.    A  man  who  carries  logs.  Shak. 
2.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  cut  and  convey  log« 
to  a  mill.    [Ijical.]  UnUeJ  States. 

L0g":0-GRAp1'iMC-AL,  I  -  f^'»^">*"8  tologography. 
LO-GOG'R.A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  \oyo{,  a  word,  and  ypatpri, 
a  writing.]   


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U3.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


S5 


EEE 


673 


LOM 


LON 


LON 


A  method  of  printing  in  which  a  type  represents  a 
word,  instead  of  forcnins  a  letter.  Encyc. 
LOG'O  GKIPH,  (los'o-giif,)  «•    [Gr.  Aojuj,  a  word, 
and  }  tnitinq^  a  net.] 

A  sort  of  riddle.    [06.«.]  B.  Jonson. 

LO-GO.M'A-emST,  (lo-gom'a-kist,)  n.  One  who  con- 
tends atmiit  words.  E.  T.  Fitch. 
LO-GO.M'A-eHY,  {lo-?om'a-ke,)  n.  [Gr.  Ao>oj,  word, 
and  M'<\r,,  contest,  altercation. 

Contention  in  words  merely,  or  rather  a  contention 
about  words  -,  a  war  of  words,  Howell. 
LOG-0-.\lET'Rie,  o.    [Gr.  \oyos,  ratio,  and  iicrpeai, 
to  measure.] 

A  lurromctric  scale  is  intended  to  measure  or  ascer- 
tain chemical  equivalents.  fVuUastun. 

LOG'O-THjPE,  n.  A  name  given  to  two  or  more  let- 
ters ca^t  in  one  piece  ;  as,  ff,  <e,  &c.  Francis. 

LOG'-RoLL,  V.  t.  To  assi-t  in  rolling  and  collecting 
logs  for  burning.  Hence  lug-rollina,  in  puUtkal  mat- 
ters, is.  Do  yon  help  niey  aiul  I  will  help  you,  to  gain 
your  point.  [.America.] 

LOG'VVOOD,  71.  The  popular  English  name  of  Ha-m- 
atoxylon  Campeachianum.  A  tree  and  wood,  called 
also  Campeachy-wood,  from  the  Bay  of  Campeachy, 
in  f^panish  America.  This  tree  has  a  crooked,  de- 
formed stem,  growing  to  the  higlit  of  QO  or  24  feet, 
with  crooked,  irregular  branches,  armed  with  strong 
thorns.  The  wood  is  of  a  firm  texture  and  a  red 
color.    It  is  used  much  in  dyeing.  Enryc. 

Lo'iiOCK,  n.  [Ar.]  A  medicine  of  a  middle  consist- 
ence between  a  soft  electuary  and  a  sirup.  [See 
Loch.]  Encyc. 

LOr.Mie,  a.    [Gr.  Xoijiof,  plague.] 

Pertaining  to  the  plague  or  contagious  disorders. 

LOIN,  V.  [Sax.  lend:  G.  D.  Icnde;  Sw.  land;  Dan. 
land;  W.  clnn;  Arm.  Itsnenn,  or  loinch  ;  Ir.  luan,  or 
bleun  ;  L.  clunis  ;  G.  le/ine,  support,  prop,  back.  This 
word  seems  to  be  allied  to  lean,  incline.] 
The  loins  are  the  space  on  each  side  of  the  verte- 
"  bne,  between  the  lowest  of  the  false  ribs  and  the  up- 
per portion  of  the  o?sa  ilium,  or  haunch  Ixmes,  or  the 
lateral  portions  of  the  lumbar  region  ;  called  also  the 
reins. 

LOI'TER,  t'.  i.  [D.  Icnteren  ;  Russ.  leitayu,  or  letayu. 
Qu.  its  alliance  to  late  and  lei.] 

To  linger  ;  to  be  slow  in  moving  ;  to  delay  ;  to  be 
dilatory  ;  to  spend  time  idly. 

If  we  h;ive  loitered,  lel  us  quicken  our  pace.  Ttogert. 
hOl'Tl'R-ED,  pp.  Lingered  ;  delayed  ;  moved  slowly. 
LOI'TER-ER,  71.    A  lingerer  ;  one  that  delays,  or  'is 
slow  in  motion  j  an  idler^;  one  that  is  sluggish  or  dil- 
atory. 

Kver  lisllpss  loiterers,  llml  all'^ncl 

No  cciuse,  nil  Inisl,  no  duly,  .^ti.l  no  friend.  Pope. 

LOI'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Lingering ;  delaying ;  mov- 
ing slowlv. 
LOI'TER-ING,  7t.    A  lingering  or  delay. 
LOI'TER-ING-LY,  ailv.    In  a  loitering  manner. 
L5KE,  n.    [Qn.  Ir.  loch,  dark  ;  Gr.  An>  n,  darkness.] 

1.  In  the  Seandinavian  mtftholofry,  the  evil  deity,  the 
author  of  all  calamities  j  answering  to  the  Arimanes 
of  the  Persians.  Mallet.  Edda. 

2.  A  close,  narrow  lane.  [Local.] 

LOLL,  V.  i.    [Eth.  alolo,  to  Ihrust  out 

the  tongue.  The  sense  of  this  word  is  to  throw,  to 
send.  Hence  it  coincides  with  the  Gr.  XrtXt  .i,  VV. 
lloliaw,  to  speak,  to  prate,  Dan.  toiler,  G.  lullen.  It 
coincides,  also,  with  lull,  to  appease,  that  is,  to 
throw  down.] 

1.  To  recline;  to  lean;  properly,  to  throw  one's 
self  down  ;  hence,  to  lie  at  ease. 

Vuiil  of  c;ire,  he  loUs  supine  in  stale.  DryiUn. 

2.  To  suffer  the  tongue  to  hang  extended  from  the 
mouth,  as  an  ox  or  a  dog  when  heated  with  labor  or 
exertion. 

The  triple  porter  of  the  Stygian  seat, 

Willi  lotting  lori^ue,  jay  fawning  at  his  feeU  Drydcn. 

LOLL,  V.  t.   To  thrust  out,  as  the  tongue. 

^icrw  lififcri  couched  aronnd,  and  lolled  llieir  tonjiiea.  Thyrlen. 

LOL'LARD,  71.  [au.  G.  lallen,  lollcn,  to  prate  or  to 
sing.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  sect  of  early  reformers  in  Ger- 
many, and  also  to  the  followers  of  Wiclif  in  Eng- 
land. 

I,fH,'I,AUD-Y,  n.    The  doctrines  of  the  Lollards. 
LOI/LEIl,  n.    A  less  usual  name  for  Lullaiiu,  which 
«ee. 

LOI^L'ING, p7»r.    Throwing  down  or  out;  reclining  at 

en*K  ;  tlini-ting  out  tin-  tongue. 
LOL'LI-POP,  n.  The  vulgar  name  for  a  kind  of  sugar 
confectionery  which  dissolves  easily  in  the  mouth. 

Dickfn.-*.  Smart. 
LOL'LOP,  r.  i.    To  move  heavily  ;  to  lounge.  [Imw.] 

Smart. 

LOM'BARD,  n.    A  native  of  Lombardy  ;  a  money- 
lender or  banker  which  i>ri>ri'Hsj(in  was  first  exer- 
ci-ii  d  in  Loiiilon  by  ihe  Lombards.  Smart. 
LO.M'll Alt!)  lIOL'Si;,  i  71.     A  public  institution  for 
L')M'11AIUI,  (     leridiiie  mnm  v  to  the  poor 

at  a  nidileriite  interest,  upon  iirlicles  tiepimited  and 
pledged  ;  calleil  also  Monl  de  PiM.        Encijc.  Jim. 


LOM-BXRD'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Lombards;  an 
epithet  applied  to  one  of  the  ancient  alphabets  de- 
rived from  the  Roman,  and  relating  to  the  manu- 
scripts of  Itily.  Jlstle. 

LO'iMENT,  -71.    [L.  Inmentum.] 

An  elongated  pericarp,  which  nwar  bursts.  It 
consists,  like  the  legume,  of  two  valves,  with  the 
seeds  attached  to  the  under  suture,  but  is  divided 
transversely  into  small  cells,  each  containing  a  single 
seed.  EU.  Enciic. 

LO-.MEN-Ta'CEOUS,  (-tS'shus,)  a.  [L.  lomentum, 
be:ui  meal,  a  color.] 

Furnished  with  a  loment.  The  Lomentacex  are  a 
natural  order  of  plants,  many  of  which  furnish  beau- 
tiful tinctures  or  dyes,  and  wliose  seeds  are  con- 
tained in  a  loment  or  a  legume.  Linnmis. 

A  lomentuceous  dehiscence  of  a  pericarp  is  when 
articulations  take  place  across  the  legume,  and  it 
falls  into  several  pieces.  Lindley. 

LOM'O-NITE,  71.    Laumonite ;  or  di-prismatic  zeolite. 

Urc. 

LOMP,  (lump,)  71.    A  kind  of  roundish  fish.  Johnson. 
LON'DON-ER,  (lun'dun-er,)  ti.  A  native  or  citizen  of 
London. 

LON'DON-ISM,  71.  A  mode  of  speaking  peculiar  to 
London.  Petrge. 

LON'DON-IZE,  V.  t.  To  give  a  manner  or  character 
which  distinguishes  the  people  of  London.  Smart. 

LoNE,  a.  [Dan.  /oh,  a  corner,  nook,  a  lurking-place  ; 
secrecy  ;  Uinliir,  Sw.  liinnli^r,  private,  close,  clandes- 
tine. The  radical  sense  is,  probably,  to  separate,  or 
rather  to  withdraw  or  retire,  and  the  word  may  be 
allied  to  Fr.  loin.  If  alone  is  composed  of  all  and 
one,  which  the  Teutonic  dialects  indicate,  it  has  no 
connection  with  lone.] 

1.  Solitary ;  retired ;  unfrequented ;  having  no  com- 
pany. 

And  leave  you  in  lone  woods  and  empty  walla.  Pope. 
2  Single  ;  standing  by  itself ;  not  having  others  in 
the  neighborhood  ;  as,  a  lone  house.  P(rpe. 
3.  Single  ;  unmarried,  or  in  widowhood.  Shak. 
LoNE,  Ti.    A  lane.  [Local.] 

LoNE'LI-NESS,  7i.  Solitude;  retirement;  seclusion 
from  company.  He  was  weary  of  the  loneliness  of 
his  habitation. 

2.  Love  of  retirement ;  disposition  to  solitude. 

I  see 

The  mystery  of  your  lonelineaa.  Sltak. 
LoNE'LY,  a.     Solitary;   retired;  sequestered  from 
company  or  neighbors  ;  as,  a  lonely  situation  ;  a  (u7ic- 
ly  cell.  Drydcn. 

2.  Solitary  ;  as,  the  lonely  traveler. 

3.  Addicteil  to  solitude  or  seclusion  from  company. 

Rowe. 

LoNE'NIESS,  71.    Solitude  ;  seclusion.  Donne. 
LoNE'SO.ME,  o.    Solitary;  secluded  from  society. 

How  liorrid  will  lliese  loittso'iix  seals  appear  !  Bladimore. 
LoNE'SOME-LY,  aiii).    In  a  lonesome  manner. 
LoNE'SO.ME-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  solitary  ; 
solitude. 

LONG,  a.  [Sax.  long,  lang,  and  leng ;  G.  lange ;  D.  and 
Dan.  lang;  Sw.  lang;  Goth,  laggs;  L.  longns  ;  It. 
lungo;  Ft.  long.  The  Gotliic  word  seems  to  connect 
this  word  with  lag,  in  the  sense  of  drawing  out, 
whence  delaying.] 

1.  Extended  ;  drawn  out  in  a  line,  or  in  the  direc- 
tion of  1  ngth  ;  opposed  to  Short,  and  contradis- 
tinguished from  Broad  or  Wide.  Long  is  a  relative 
term  ;  for  a  thing  may  be  long  in  respect  to  one  thing, 
and  short  with  respect  to  another.  We  apply  lung  li^ 
things  greatly  extended,  and  to  things  whici)  exceed 
the  common  measure.  We  say,  a  long  way,  a  long 
distance,  a  lung  line,  and  lung  hair,  long  arms.  By 
the  latter  terms,  we  mean  hair  and  arms  exceeding 
the  usual  length. 

2.  Drawn  out  or  extended  in  time  ;  as,  a  longUme  ; 
a  long  period  of  lime  ;  a  long  tvliile  ;  a  long  series  of 
events  ;  a  long  sickness  or  confinement ;  a  long  ses- 
sion ;  a  long  debate. 

3.  Extended  to  any  certain  measure  expressed  ;  as, 
a  span  long:  a  yard  long:  a  mile  long,  that  is,  ex- 
tended to  the  measure  of  a  mile,  &c. 

4.  Dilatory  ;  continuing  fur  au  extended  time. 

D'NVlh  will  not  lie  long  in  coininfj.  EccliiB, 

5.  Tedious  ;  continued  to  a  great  length. 

A  tide  should  never  he  too  Zon^.  Prior. 
B.  Continued  in  a  series  to  a  gre.at  extent;  as,  a 
Zo7i!,'-  succession  of  princes  ;  a  long  line  of  ancestors. 

7.  Continued  in  sound  ;  protractij^  ;  as,  a  long 
note  ;  a  long  syllable. 

8.  Continued  ;  lingering  or  longing. 

FrayiiiE'  for  him,  and  canting  a  long  look  that  way,  lie  saw  tlie 
galley  leave  ihe  punnil.  .SV//iei/. 

9.  Extensive;  extending  far  in  prospect  or  into  fu- 
turity. 

'I'he  pereinilal  exUlcnce  of  liodirs  corporiile,  niiil  their  forliuiefl, 
urc  thtnjfs  parliculurly  suilcd  to  a  man  w  ho  has  long  view*. 

Burke. 

Long  home;  the  grave  or  death.    Eccles.  xii. 
LONG,  n.    Formrrlij,  a  imisieal  note  ciiual  to  two 
breves  or  four  Keiiiibreves.    [  Olts.]  Urande. 


LONG,  adv.  To  a  great  extent  in  space ;  as,  a  long- 
extended  line. 

2.  To  a  great  extent  in  time ;  as,  they  that  tarry 
long  at  the  wine.    Prav.  xxiii. 

When  the  trumpet  soundeth  long.  —  Exod.  xix. 
So,  in  composition,  we  say,  io»i5--expected,  long-foT- 
got. 

3.  At  a  point  of  duration  far  distant,  either  prior  or 
postiTior;  as,  not  long  before;  not  long  after;  long 
before  the  foundation  of  Rome ;  long  after  the  con- 
quest of  Gaul  by  Julius  Cesar. 

4.  Through  the  whole  extent  or  duration  of. 

The  God  w  ho  fed  me  ail  my  life  long  to  this  day.  —  Gen.  xlviii. 
The  bird  of  dawning  siugetli  ail  ni^ht  long.  Spenser. 

LONG,  adv.  [Sax.  gelang,  cause,  or  fault.  Ciu.  belong- 
ing to,  as  the  cause.] 

By  means  of ;  by  the  fault  of ;  owing  to.  [OJa-.] 
Mistress,  all  Uiis  coil  is  long  of  you.  S/iak. 

LONG,  V.  i.  To  belong.  [JVot  used.]  Chancer.  Spenser. 
LONG,  V.  i.    [Sax.  langian,  v\'ith  tefter.    We  now  say, 

to  long  after,  or  to  long  for.    The  sense  is,  to  reach 

or  stretch  toward.] 

1.  To  desire  earnestly  or  eagerly. 

I  long  to  see  yon.  —  Rom.  i. 

I  have  longed  after  thy  precepts.  —  Ps.  cxix. 

I  have  longed  ftjr  tiiy  salvation.  —  Ps.  cxix. 

2.  To  have  a  preternatural  craving  appetite  ;  as,  a 
longing  woman. 

3.  To  have  an  eager  appetite  ;  as,  to  lontr  for  fruit. 
LON"GA-NI.M'I-TY,  71.     [L.  longanimitas ;  longns, 

long,  and  animus,  mind.] 

Forbearance  ;  patience  ;  disposition  to  endure  long 
under  offenses.  Brown.  Nnwell 

LONG'-ARM-£D,  0.    Furnished  with  long  arms. 

Seutt. 

LONG'-BOAT,  77.  The  largest  and  strongest  boat  be- 
longing to  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

LONG'-BREATH-£D,  (-bretht,)  a.  Having  the  pow- 
er of  retaining  the  breath  for  a  long  time. 

LONG'-BUR-I-£D,  (-ber-rid,)  a.  Having  been  long 
buried. 

LONG'-eON-CEAL'£D,  a.  Having  been  long  con- 
cealed. 

LONG'-eON-TIN'IJ-£D,  a.   Enduring  or  continuing 

a  long  time.  Jilleu. 
LONG'-DE-LaY'£D,  a.    Delayed  a  long  time. 

E.  Everett. 

LONGE,  71.  [Fr.]  A  thrust.  [See  Lunge.] 
LONG'ER,  71.  One  who  longs  for  any  thing. 
LON"GER,  (long'ger,)  a.;  cu»i/<.  of  Long.  More  long; 

of  greater  length  ;  as,  a  longer  course. 
LON"GER,  ado.    For  a  greater  duration.    This  evil 

can  be  endured  no  longer. 
LON"GEST,  a.  Of  the  greatest  extent ;  as,  the  Zo7i  n-est 

line. 

LON"GEST,  (long'ge.st,)  ado.  For  the  greatest  con- 
tinuance of  time. 

They  who  live  longest  are  most  convinced  of  the 
vanity  of  life. 

LONG-ES-TAB'LISH-UD,  (-lisht,)  a.  Having  been 
establi-ihed  for  a  long  time. 

LON-GR'VAL,  a.    [L.  longus  and  arum.] 

Long-lived.  Pope. 

LON-GEV'I-TY,  71.  [L.  longeevitas ;  longns,  long,  and 
tecum,  age.] 

Length  or  duration  of  life  ;  more  generally,  great 
length  of  li  e. 

The  instances  onongevily  are  chiefly  among  the  abstemious. 
_  .ArbutJmot. 

LON-Gl-.'VOUS,  a.    [L.  longa;vus,  supra.] 

Living  a  long  time  ;  of  great  age. 
LONG'-FANG-AD,  (  fang'gd,)  a.   Having  long  fangs. 

Sf(i(f. 

LONG'-FOR-GOT'TEN,  a.    Forgotten  a  long  lime. 
LONG'-HEAD-ED,  (-hed-ed,)  a.    Having  a  great  ex- 
tent of  tllllUglll. 

LO.V'GI  CORN,  71.  [L.  longus,  long,  and  cornu, 
horn.] 

A  name  given  to  a  tribe  of  insects,  on  account  of 
the  Icuipth  of  their  antenn.i;.  Brande. 
LO.N-Ol.M'A-NOUS,  a.      [longus,  long,  and  manus, 
hand.] 

Uiivtng  long  bands.  Brown. 
LON-til.M'K-TRY,  n.    [h.  longus,  long,  and  Gr.  /ic- 
7-/)o. ,  measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  measuring  distances  or 
lengths.  Burlaw. 
LONG'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Earnestly  desiring;  having  a 

craving  or  preternatural  appetite. 
LONG'ING,  71.    An  eager  desire;  a  craving  or  preter- 
natural aiipitite. 
LONti'ING-LY,  adv.    With  eager  wishes  or  ai>petili'. 
LON-GlN'(iUl-TY,  71.    [L.  lunginqnitas.] 

Great  distance.  Borrow. 
LON'GI-PALP,  n.    [L.  longus,  long,  and  palpus,  a 
feeler.] 

A  name  given  to  a  tribe  of  insects  or  beetles  hav- 
ing long  inaxillarv  feelers.  Bmnde. 
LON  Gl  PEN'NA'i'F.,  a.    [L.  longus,  long,  and  pennn, 
a  (piill  or  wing,] 

A  name  givi  11  to  a  family  of  swimming  birds  with 
long  wings,  as  Ihe  alliatrt)ss,  &lc.  Bronde. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH.^T.  —  M ETE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  HQQV..- 

674 


LON 


LOO 


LON-OI-ROS'TERS,  «.  pL  [L.  /on»us,  long,  and  roa- 
trniii,  ht^ak.J 

A  Iribi-  of  Wiidini;  birds,  having  vi'r>-  lone  Iwaks, 
wliirh  they  llirusl  in  tlii;  mud  in  search  of  food,  in- 
cludiiiE  *'<^-  Bruiide. 

I,(>\-Cl-KOr!'TKAL,  o.  Having  a  long  liill  ;  applied 
hi  rrrtain  biriiSf  as  the  snipe.  Partinirtuiu 

I.O.Mi'lSII,  n.    Somi-u  hal  long  ;  modi-rati'ly  long. 

LON'Ol-'KUDK,  n.    [L.  lungiluilo,  from  lonfus,  lone] 

1.  Properly,  \Knflh  :  as,  tUc  luniritude  of  a  room  ;  but 
in  tills  sonso  not  now  used,  jlpprapriatelij,  in  geu^- 
raphij, 

o.  Till!  distance  of  any  place  on  the  globe  from  an- 
othiT  place,  eastward  or  westward,  measured  on  tlic 
ci|t:alor;  or  the  distance  of  any  place  from  a  given 
meridian,  measured  on  the  equator.  Boston,  in  .Mas- 
sachusetli,  is  situated  in  the  71st  degree  of  lomjiludc 
west  from  Greenwich.  To  be  able  to  ascertain 
precisely  the  Innirilude  of  a  ship  at  sea,  is  a  great  de- 
sideratum in  navigation. 

3.  The  longitude  of  a  heavenly  body,  is  its  dis- 
tance from  the  vernal  equinn.v,  or  the  beginning  of 
Aries,  reckoned  im  the  ecliptic.  Olmsted. 
LON  Gl-TO'DIN-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  longitude  or 
length  ;  as,  longitudinal  distance. 

2.  Extending  in  length  ;  running  lengthwise,  as 
di.stingiiished  friun  transverse  or  across  ;  as,  tile  lon- 
gitudinal diameter  of  a  body.  The  Ion !ritudinal  suwre 
of  the  head  runs  between  the  coronal  and  lainb- 
doidal  sutures.  Bailey. 

LON-(5l-  rO'DIN-.\L-LY,  adc.  In  the  direction  of 
length. 

Some  of  Ui<'  fili^Ti  of  Ilie  human  body  ore  placed  tongitudinalty^ 
oUi  m  lrAii*vpr»---ly.  Encyc. 
L0\G'LEG-G/;D,  o.    Having  long  legs. 
LO.\G'LIV-Kl),  a.    Having  a  long  life  or  existence  ; 

living  long  ;  lasting  long. 
LO.\(;'-L<  ).-*T,  a.    Lost  for  a  long  time. 
LO.NG'-L0V-f;D,  (-luvd,)  o.     Being  loved  a  long 
time. 

LONG'LY,  adv.   With  longing  desire.    [JVut  used.] 

Shuk. 

L0.\G'-MEAS-I;RE,  (-mezh'ur,)  ji.    I^ineal  measure  ; 

the  mea-iiire  of  length. 
LONG'-XEt'K-£D,  (-nekt,)  a.    Having  a  long  neck. 

Buckland. 

LONG'.N'ESS,  71.    Length.    [Litdc  used.'] 
LO.\G'-.\URS-£D,  (-nurst,)  o.    Nursed  a  long  time. 

Moore. 

LONG-PART-ED,  a.    Having  been  long  separated. 
LONG-PRIM'ER,  Ji.    .A  printing  type  of  a  particular 

size,  between  small  pica  and  bourgeois. 
LONG-PRI.M'ER,  a.    Noting  a  kind  of  type  between 

small  pica  and  bourgeois. 
LO.\G'-PROM'lS-£D,  (-prom'ist,)  a.     Having  been 

long  jiromised. 
LONG'-RU.\,  n.    Th» whole  course  of  things  taken 

toeether  ;  and  hence  the  ultimate  result. 
LONU'-SET-TL£D,  a.    Having  been  long  settled. 

Peel 

LONG'-SHAFT-ED,  a.    Having  a  long  shaft. 

DccandoUe. 

L0NG'-SHANK-£D,  (-shankt.)  a.    Having  long  legs. 

Burton. 

LONG'-STGHT,  n.    Long-sightedness.  Good. 

LONG'-SIGHT'EU,  o.  Able  to  see  at  a  great  dis- 
tance ;  used  literally  of  the  eyes,  and  figuratively  of 
the  mind  or  intellect. 

LONG'-SIGHT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  faculty  of  seeing 
objects  at  u  great  distance. 

t2.  In  medicine,  presbyopy  ;  that  defect  of  siclit  by 
which  objects  near  at  hand  are  seen  confusedly,  but 
at  remoter  distances  distinctly.  Hooper. 

LO.N(;'SO.ME,  (long'snni,)  a.  Extended  in  length; 
liresouie  ;  tedious;  as,  a  I<>n^.!ainc  plain.  [0A.<.] 

Prior. 

LONG'SPL'N,  o.    Spun  or  extended  to  a  great  length. 

.Addison. 

LONG'-STRETCH-ING,  a.    Stretching  far.  More. 

LONG-SUF'FER-ANCE,  n.  Forbearance  to  punish  ; 
clemency  ;  patience.  Com.  Prayer. 

LONG-SUF'FER-ING,  0.  Bearing  injuries  or  provo- 
cation for  a  long  time  ;  patient ;  not  easily  provoked. 

The  I.onl  llw),  merciful  an  l  griciona,  long.tuffering  and 
I  abiindaiK  in  g^otxlnen.  —  Ex.  xtxiv. 

LONG-SUF'FER-ING,  n.  Long  endurance  ;  patience 
of  oflcnse. 

Drtpivn  thou  Ihe  ricliea  of  liij  ^ooilnea,  and  forbcamnce,  and 
long  MuJcrint  >  —  Kom.  ii. 

UONG'-TaIL,  n.  An  animal,  particularly  a  dog,  hav- 
ing an  uncut  tail. 

A  long-tail  was  a  gentleman's  dog,  or  one  qualified 
to  hunt;  other  dogs  being  pquired  to  have  thrir  tails 
tut.    Hence,  ciij  and  long-taU  signitied  gentlefidks, 
and  otbi-rs  as  thev  might  come.  Smart 
LONG'-TONGU-£D,  (-tungd,)  0.    Rating;  babbling. 

Shak. 

LONG'W.aYS;  a  mistake  for  LorrowisE. 
LO.VG-WI.ND'ED,  a.    Lonc-breallied  ;  hence,  tedious 

m  spcakini:,  argumeut,  or  narration  ;  as,  a  tunir- 

vmded  advocate. 
LO.N'G'WiSE,  ode.     In  the  direction  of  length ; 

lengthwise.    [IHtU  used.]  HakewdL 


LON'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  solitary.  [Aot  used,  and  in- 
elegant.] 

LOO,  n.    A  game  at  canls.  Pope, 

LOO,  r.  t.  To  beat  the  ojiponenis  by  winniiic  every 
trirk  at  tile  game.  Hilink, 

L<JO'Hl-l,V,  a<;e.  [.See  I.oobv.]  Like  a  looby  ;  in 
an  awkward,  clumsy  manner.  L' Ustriimre. 

LOO'liY,  n.  1  VV.  Itahi,  a  tall,  lank  person,  a  looby,  a 
lubber,  a  clumsy  fellow  ;  Hob,  a  blockhead,  an  un- 
wieldy lump.] 

An  awkward,  clumsy  fellow;  a  lubber. 

Who  couM  give  llie  /oo6y  «uch  aira  ?  SmiJX. 

LOOF,  n.  The  after  part  of  a  ship's  bow,  or  the  part 
where  the  planks  begin  to  be  incurvated,  as  tin  y  ap- 
proach Ihe  stem.  Mar.  Vict. 

LOOF.    See  Lu>  r,  which  is  the  word  used. 

LOOF'£D,  (looft,)  a.  [See  Aloof.]  Gone  to  a  dis- 
tance.   (jVot  used.]  SImlc. 

LQQK,  r.  t.  [Sax.  locian  ;  G.  lugen  ;  Sans,  loeh,  luklian. 
It  is  perha|is  allied  to  W.  lygu,  to  appear,  to  shine. 
(Sec  LioHT.)  The  primary  sense  is  to  stretch,  to 
extend,  to  shoot ;  hence,  to  direct  the  eye.  We  ob- 
serve its  primary  sense  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of 
seek.    Hence,  to  look  for  is  to  seek.] 

1.  To  direct  the  eye  toward  an  object,  with  the  in- 
tention of  seeing  it. 

When  the  object  is  within  sight,  look  is  usually  fol- 
lowed by  on  or  aL  We  look  on  or  at  a  picture  ;  \vc 
look  on  or  at  the  moon  ;  we  can  not  look  on  or  at  the 
unclouded  sun  without  pain. 

.^l,  after  look,  is  not  used  in  our  version  of  the 
Scriptures.  In  common  usage,  ot  or  on  is  now  used 
indifferently  in  many  cases,  and  yet  in  other  cases 
usage  has  established  a  preference.  In  general,  on 
is  ujed  in  the  more  solemn  forms  of  expression.  Alo- 
ses  was  afraid  to  look  on  God.  The  Lord  look  on  you 
and  judge.  In  these  and  similar  phrases,  the  use  of 
at  would  be  condemned,  as  expressing  too  little  so- 
lemnity. 

In  some  cases,  at  seems  to  be  more  properl>'  used 
before  very  distant  objects ;  but  the  cases  can  hardly 
be  defined. 

The  particular  direction  of  the  eye  is  expressed  by 
various  modifying  words  ;  as,  to  look  down,  to  look 
up,  to  look  back,  to  look  fonoard,  to  look  from,  to  look 
round,  to  look  out,  to  look  under.  When  the  object  is 
not  in  sight,  look  is  followed  by  after,  or  fur.  Hence, 
to  look  after, oi  look  for,  is  equivalent  to  seek  or  search, 
or  to  expect. 

2.  To  see ;  to  have  the  si^-ht  or  view  of. 
F.Ate  seps  ihy  life  loii^l  in  a  brittle  g\asa, 

And  looks  it  tliroui;h,  but  to  it  can  not  pasa.  Dryften. 

3.  To  direct  the  intellectual  eye  ;  to  apply  the  mind 
or  understandini: ;  toconsitlcr;  to  examine.  LovknX. 
the  conduct  of  this  man  ;  view  it  in  all  its  aspects. 
Let  every  man  look  into  the  state  of  his  own  lieart. 
Let  us  look  beyond  the  received  notions  of  men  on 
this  subject. 

4.  To  expect. 

He  must  toot  to  fight  another  battle  before  he  eotild  reach  Oxford. 
{iAOie  u*ed.\  Oarendon. 

5.  To  lake  care  ;  to  watch. 

Look  lh:a  ye  bind  tLem  fsjL  ShaJc. 

6.  To  be  directed. 

Let  thine  cyca  look  right  on.  — Ptot.  It, 

7.  To  seem  ;  to  appear ;  to  have  a  particular  ap- 
pearance. The  patient  ^o&^  better  than  be  did.  The 
clouds  look  rainy. 

I  am  afniid  it  would  took  more  h1te  vanity  than  gratitude, 

Addidon. 

Obacrre  how  such  a  practice  looks  in  another  person.  Waits. 
So  we  s.ay,  to  look  stout  or  big ;  to  look  peevish  ;  to 
look  plea.sanl  or  graceful. 

8.  To  have  a  particular  direction  or  situation  ;  to 
face  ;  to  front. 

The  ffate  that  tooketh  towar,!  the  nonh,  —  EirV.  »fil. 
The  e.-uit  g-ile  of  die  LoiU'a  house,  that  tookelh  eastwaid. — 
Bui.  li. 

7*0  look  about;  to  look  on  all  sides,  or  in  different 
directions. 

To  look  about  one  ;  to  he  on  the  watch  ;  to  be  vigi- 
lant ;  to  he  circumspect  or  guarded.  Arbulhnot. 

To  look  after:  to  attend  ;  to  take  care  of;  as,  to 
loo*  after  children. 

2.  To  expect ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  expectation. 

Men*!  hearti  failin|r  them  for  fear,  and  for  looking  n/ur  tho*.; 
things  which  aie  coinutg  on  the  earth.  —  Luke  xxi. 

3.  To  seek  ;  to  search. 

My  aiibject  tioea  not  oNigr  me  to  look  after  the  water,  or  point 
iunh  the  placa  whetvto  It  baa  now  retreated.  Vr'oodfeard. 

To  look  for :  to  expect ;  as,  to  look  for  news  by  the 
arrival  of  a  ship. 

Looi  now /or  no  enchanting  Toice.  MUton. 

2.  To  seek  ;  to  search ;  as,  to  look  for  lost  money, 
or  lost  cattle. 

To  look  into ;  to  inspect  closely  ;  to  observe  nar- 
rowly ;  to  examine  ;  as,  to  look  into  the  works  of  na- 
ture ;  to  look  into  the  conduct  of  another ;  to  look  into 
one's  alfairs. 

Which  thingi  the  angela  deaire  to  took  into.  —  1  Pet.  i. 


To  look  on  !  to  regard  ;  to  esteem. 

Her  fri'-niU  w.iuld  look  on  h-T  llie  worae.  Prior 

2.  To  consider;  to  view;  to  conceive  of;  to 
think. 

I  looked  on  Virgil  aa  a  anccinct,  maj'atic  writer.  Dn/den. 

3.  To  be  a  mere  spectator. 

I'll  be  a  candle-holder,  and  (oot  on.  SbnJt. 

To  look  orer;  to  examine  one  by  one;  .as,  to  took 
over  a  catalogue  of  books  ;  to  look  over  accounts. 

7*0  overlook  has  a  dilfereut  sense ;  to  pass  over 
without  seeing. 

To  look  out ;  to  be  on  the  watch.  The  seaman 
looks  out  for  breakers. 

To  look  to  or  unfa ;  to  watch ;  to  take  care  of. 
Look  well  lo  thy  hcnla. —  Prov,  ixvii, 

2.  To  resort  to  with  confidence  or  expectation  of 
receiving  something  ;  to  expect  to  receive  from.  The 
creditor  may  look  to  the  surety  for  payment. 

Look  unto  ine,  and  be  ye  iaved,  all  the  end*  of  the  eartli.  —  Ii.  x\r. 

To  look  through ;  to  penetrate  with  the  eye,  or 
with  the  understanding ;  to  see  or  understand  per- 
fectly. 

LQQK,  V.  L   To  seek  ;  to  search  for. 

Looking  my  love,  I  go  from  place  to  place.    [06«,]  Spenser. 
2.  To  influence  by  looks  or  presence  ;  as,  to  look 
down  opposition. 


A  sniril  (it  to  lUn  into  an  empire. 
And  (00*  the  \  ' 


Drydsn. 

Look  out 


orld  to  law 

To  look  out ;  to  search  for  and  discover, 
associates  of  good  reputation. 

To  look  in  the  face  ;  to  face  or  meet  with  boldness. 

7*0  look  one  another  in  tJie  face ;  to  meet  for  combat. 
2  Kings  xiv. 

To  look  up  a  thing,  is  to  search  for  it  and  find  it  ; 
as,  I  do  not  know  where  the  book  is  ;  I  must  look 
it  up. 

LOOK,  in  the  imperative,  is  used  to  e.xcite  attention  or 
notice.  iMok  ye,  look  you;  that  is,  see,  behold,  ob- 
serve, take  notice, 

LOOK,  n.  Cast  of  countenance  ;  air  of  the  face  ;  as- 
pect ;  as,  a  high  look  is  an  index  of  pride  ;  a  tlown- 
cast  look  indicates  motlesty,  bashfulness,  or  depres- 
sion of  mind. 

P.^in,  diigrac*',  and  poverty  have  frightful  looks.  Locke. 

2,  The  act  of  looking  or  seeing.  Evcrj'  look  filled 
him  with  anguish. 

3.  View  ;  watt  h.  Sieinburnt. 
LOOK'£l),  (lookt,)  pp.    .'Searched  for  ;  sought. 
LOOK'ER,  ;i.    One  who  looks. 

.\  looker  on  ;  a  mere  spectator ;  one  that  looks  on, 
hilt  hiLs  no  agency  or  interest  in  the  affair. 
LOOK'ING,;)pr.  Seeking. 

LAOK'I.VG,  n.    Search  or  searching.    Looking  for; 

expectation.    Ilrb.  x. 
LOOK'ING-GLASS,  „,    A  gl.iss  which  reflects  the 

form  of  the  person  who  looks  on  it ;  a  mirror. 

There  ia  none  so  honu-ly  but  Icvta  a  looking-glass.  South. 

LOOK'-OUT,  n,  A  careful  looking  or  watching  for 
aiiy  object  or  evei  t.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  small  tow  ;r,  with  windows,  on  the  roof  of  a 
house,  for  viewing  the  scenery  around. 

LOOL,  ru  In  metallurgy,  a  vessel  used  to  receive  the 
washings  of  ores  of  metals.  Encyc. 

LOO.M,  n.    [Sax.  loma,  gelnma,  utensils.] 

1.  In  composition,  heir-loom,  in  law,  is  a  personal 
chattel  that  by  special  custom  descenils  lo  an  heir 
with  the  inheritance,  being  such  a  thing  .as  cannot 
be  separatetl  from  the  estate,  without  injury  to  it ; 
such  as  jewels  of  the  crown,  charters,  deeiis,  and 
the  like.  Black.itmie. 

2.  A  frame  or  machine  of  wood  or  other  material, 
in  which  a  weaver  works  thread  into  cloth. 

Hector,  when  he  ace*  Androin.^che  overwhelmed  with  terror, 
■eiulaher  for  consoLitiun  to  the  tooJn  and  Uie  dia(,tir. 

Ramltler. 

3.  [Dan,  lorn,  or  loom,  G,  lohme.]  A  bird  of  the 
size  of  a  goose. 

4.  That  part  of  an  oar  which  is  within  board. 

Mar.  DicU 

LOOM,  r.  i.  [du.  Sax.  leoman,  to  shine,  from  leoma,  a 
beam  of  light.  This  dix-'s  not  give  the  ejiact  sense 
of  the  word  as  now  used.] 

1.  To  appear  above  the  surface  either  of  sea  or 
land,  or  to  appear  larger  than  the  real  dimensions 
and  indistinctly,  as  a  distant  object,  a  ship  at  sea, 
or  a  mountain.  The  ship  looms  large,  or  the  land 
looms  high.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  To  rise  and  lo  be  eminent,  in  a  moral  sense. 
On  no  occa»ioi 

glor,ou.ly, 

LOOM'-G.^ LE,  n.    A  gentle  gale  of  wind.  F.neye. 

LOO.M'I.N'G,  ppr.  Ap|>enring  above  Ihe  surfice,  or 
indistinctly,  at  a  distance. 

LOO.M'I.Nt;,  n.  The  indistinct  and  miinified  appear- 
ance of  objects  seen  in  particular  stales  of  the  atmo^ 
phere.    [See  Miraoe.]  Brandt. 

LOO.V,  n.  [!*col.  loan  or  loon.  Qii.  Sax.  lun,  needy, 
or  Ir.  liun,  sliiegish.] 

1.  A  sorry  fellow  ;  a  rogue  ;  a  ra.sc,al. 

Dryden.  Skak. 


TO.NE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AVGER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ,  TH  as  in  THIS. 

__ 


LOO 

a.  A  migratory  water-fowl  of  the  peiius  Colym- 
bus  ;  also  called  the  Great  Nohthern  Diver.  [Ice. 

liOOP,  n.  [Ir.  lubam,  to  bend  or  fold ;  lub,  luba,  a 
thong,  a  loop.] 

1.  A  folding  or  doubling  of  a  string  or  a  noose, 
through  which  a  lace  or  cord  may  be  run  for  fasten- 
ing. 

That  the  probation  bear  no  hinje,  nor  loop 

To  hang  a  doubl  on.  Shak. 

2.  A  small,  narrow  opening ;  a  loo[>-hole.  Owilt. 

3.  In  iron  works,  the  part  of  a  row  or  block  of  cast 
iron,  melted  off  for  the  forge  or  hammer. 

LOOP'£D,  (loopt,)  a.    Full  of  holes.  Shak. 

LOOP'ERS,  n.  pi.  The  larves  of  certain  species  of 
moths,  (GeoraetrEjl  which  form  a  loop  when  crawl- 
ing. Partinfrton, 

LOOP'-HoLE,  n.  A  small  opening  in  the  walls  of  a 
fortification,  or  in  the  bulk-head  of  a  ship,  through 
which  small  arms  or  other  weapons  are  discharged 
■at  an  enemy. 

2.  A  liole  or  aperture  that  gives  a  passage. 

3.  A  passage  for  escape ;  means  of  escape. 

Dryilm. 

LOOP'-HoL-ED,  (-hold,)  a.  Full  of  holes  or  open- 
ings for  escape.  Hiidibrus. 

LOOP'ING,  71.  In  metallurgy,  the  running  together  of 
the  matter  of  an  ore  into  a  mass,  when  the  ore  is 
only  heated  for  calcination.    [D.  loopcn,  to  run.] 

Encyc. 

LOORD,  n.    [D.  lo'r,  a  clown  ;  Fr.  lotird,  Sp.  lerdo, 
lieavy,  dull,  gross.] 
A  dull,  stupid  fellow  ;  a  drone.    [JVti{  in  use.] 

Speiiser. 

LOOSE,  (loos,)  V.  t.  [Sax.  lysan,  alysan,  hosan  ;  Sw. 
losa;  D.  lessen,  looien  ;  G.  loseii;  Dan.  loser;  Goth. 
lausyan;  Gr.  kvoi,  contracted  fioni  the  same  root. 
The  W.  llaesu  signifies  to  relax,  but  may  be  from 
the  root  of  lax.  These  words  coincide  with  the  Cli. 
Syr.  Ar.  and  Heb.  yhn.    Class  Ls,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  untie  or  unbind  ;  to  free  from  any  fastening. 

Cansl  thou  loose  the  bands  of  Orion  ?  —  Job  xxxviii. 
Ye  shall  lind  an  ass  tied,  and  a  cult  witti  her;  loose  them,  and 
bring  them  to  me.  —  Matt.  xxi. 

2.  To  relax. 

Tile  joints  of  his  loins  were  loosed.  —  Dan.  v. 

3.  To  release  from  imprisonment ;  to  liberate ;  to 
set  at  liberty. 

The  captive  exile  hasteneth  that  he  may  be  loosed.  —  Is.  li. 

4.  To  free  from  obligation. 

Art  thou  loosed  from  a  wife  ?  scfit  not  a  wife. —  I  Cor.  vii. 

5.  To  free  from  any  thing  that  binds  or  shackles  ; 
as,  a  man  hosed  from  lust  and  pelf.  Drydcn. 

6.  To  relieve  ;  to  free  from  any  thing  burdensome 
or  afflictive. 

Woman,  thou  art  loosed  from  thine  infirmity.  —  Luke  xiii. 

7.  To  disengage ;  to  detach  ;  as,  to  loose  one's  hold. 

8.  To  put  off. 

Loose  thy  shoe  from  ofl'  thy  foot.  —  Josh.  v. 

9.  To  open. 

Who  is  worthy  to  o^ieu  the  boolt,  and  to  loose  the  seals  thereof? 

—  Rev.  V. 

10.  To  remit ;  to  absolve. 

Whatsoever  thou  slialt  loose  on  earth,  shall  be  loosed  in  heaven. 

—  Matt.  xvi. 

LOOSE,  V.  i.    To  set  sail ;  to  leave  a  port  or  harbor. 

Now  when  Paul  and  his  company  it/oscj  from  Paphoa,  they  came 
to  Perga,  in  Panipiiylia.  —  Acta  xiii. 

LOOSE,  a.  [Goth,  laiis ;  D.  los,  losse;  G.  los;  Dan. 
loa ;  Sw.  VJs.    Q.U.  VV.  lias,  loose,  lax.] 

1.  Unbound  ;  untied  ;  unsewed  ;  not  fastened  or 
confined  ;  as,  the  loose  sheets  of  a  book. 

2.  Not  tight  or  close  ;  as,  a  loose  garment. 

3.  Not  crowded ;  not  close  or  compact. 

With  horse  and  chariots  ranked  in  loose  array.  Milton. 

4.  Not  dense,  close,  or  compact ;  as,  a  cloth  or  fos- 
sil of  loose  texture. 

5.  Not  close  ;  not  concise ;  lax ;  as,  a  loose  and  dif- 
fuse style. 

6.  Not  precise  or  exact;  vague;  indeterminate; 
as,  a  loose  way  of  reasoning. 

7.  Not  strict  or  rigid ;  aa,  a  loose  observance  of 
rites. 

8.  Unconnected  ;  rambling  ;  as,  a  loose,  indigested 
play. 

Vario  ipend*  whole  mornings  in  running  over  loose  and  uncon* 
nected  pivges.  Watts. 

9.  Of  lax  bowels.  Locke. 

10.  Unengaged  ;  not  attached  or  enslaved. 

Ut  iiit  ft*  loose  from  pleamires.  and 
:  of  llii-ni,  UH  tliey  cin.  Att^rhnry. 

11.  Disengaged;  free  from  obligation;  w Mi  from 
or  of. 

Now  I  stand 

ZjOos*  of  my  tow  ;  but  who  knows  Calu'i  thought  I 
\UtlU  used.]  Addison. 

12.  Wanton  ;  iinre»trained  in  beh.avior;  dissolute  ; 
unchaxtc  ;  !ih,  a  hose  man  or  woniiin. 

13.  Containing  unchaste  language  ;  as,  a  loose 
epistle.  Dryden. 


LOP 

To  break  loose:  to  escape  from  confinement;  to 
gain  liberty  by  violence.  Dryden. 

To  let  loose ;  to  free  from  restraint  or  confinement ; 
to  set  iit  liberty.  Locke. 
LOOSE,  n.    Freedom  from  restraint ;  liberty. 

Come,  ffive  thy  soul  a  loose.  Drydcn. 
Vent  afl  its  griels,  and  give  a  loose  to  sorrow.  Addison. 

We  use  this  word  only  in  the  phrase  )rive  a  loose. 
The  following  use  of  it  —  "he  runs  with  an  un- 
bounded /yosfi  "  —  is  obsolete.  Prior. 

LOOS' A"t),  (loost,)  pp.  Untied ;  unbound  ;  freed  from 
restraint  or  costiveness. 

LOOSE'LY,  (loos'ly,)  adv.  Not  fast ;  not  firmly  ;  that 
may  be  easily  disengaged ;  as,  things  loosely  tied  or 
connected, 

2.  Without  confinement. 

Her  golden  locks  for  h.tste  were  loosely  shed 

About  her  cans.  Spenser. 

3.  Without  union  or  connection. 

Part  loosely  wing  the  region.  Milton. 

4.  Irregularly ;  not  with  the  usual  restraints. 

A  bishop,  livin?  loosely,  was  charged  that  liis  conversation  was 
not  according  to  liie  apostles'  lives.  Ca-iden. 

5.  Negligently :  carelessly  ;  heedlessly ;  as,  a  mind 
loosely  employed.  Locke, 

6.  Meanly ;  slightly. 

A  prince  should  not  be  so  loosely  studied,  as  to  remember  so 
weak  a  composition.  Shak. 

7.  Wantonly  ;  dissolutely  ;  unchastely.  Pope. 
LOOS'EN,  (loos'n,)  v.  t.    [from  loose,  or  it  is  the  Sax- 
on infinitive  retained.] 

1.  To  free  from  tightness,  tension,  firmness,  or  fix- 
edness; as,  to  loosen  a  string  when  tied,  or  a  knot; 
to  loosen  a  joint ;  to  loosen  a  rock  in  tire  earth. 

2.  To  render  less  dense  or  compact ;  as,  to  loosen 
the  earth  about  the  roots  of  a  tree. 

3.  To  free  from  restraint. 

It  loosens  his  hands  and  assists  his  understanding.  Dryden. 

4.  To  remove  costiveness  from ;  to  facilitate  or  in- 
crease alvine  discharges. 

Fear  ioosene/A  the  belly.  Bacon. 

LOOS'iCN,  V.  i.  To  become  loose;  to  become  less 
tight,  firm,  or  compact. 

LOOS'£N-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Freed  fromt  ightness  or  fixed- 
ness ;  rendered  loose. 

LOOSE'NESS,  (loos'ness,)  n.  The  st-nte  of  being 
loose  or  relaxed  ;  a  state  opposite  to  that  of  being 
tight,  fast,  fixed,  or  compact ;  as,  the  looseness  of  a 
cord  ;  the  looseness  of  a  robe ;  the  looseness  of  the 
skin  ;  the  loosetiess  of  earth,  or  of  the  texture  of 
cloth. 

2.  The  state  opposite  to  rigor  or  rigidness ;  laxity ; 
levity  ;  as,  looseyiess  of  morals  or  of  principles. 

3.  Irregularity ;  habitual  deviation  from  strict 
rules  ;  as,  hoseness  of  life.  Hayward. 

4.  Habitual  lewdness  ;  unchastity.  Spenser. 

5.  Flux  from  the  bowels  ;  diarrhea.  Bacon, 
LOOS' EN-ING,  ppr.    Freeing  from  tightness,  tension, 

or  fixedness  ;  rendering  less  compact. 

LOOSE'STRIFE,  n.  In  botany,  the  English  popular 
name  of  several  species  of  plants,  of  the  genera 
Lysimachia,  Epilobium,  Lytbrum,  and  Gaura.  Lee. 

LOOS'ING,  p/)r.    Setting  free  from  confinement. 

LOP,  V.  t.  [I  know  not  the  affinities  of  this  word, 
unless  it  is  lob,  or  the  W.  llab,  a  stroke  ;  llabiaw,  to 
slap  or  strike,  or  the  Eng.  flap,  or  Ir.  lubam,  to  bend. 
The  primary  sense  is  evidently  to  fall  or  fell,  or  to 
strike  down,  and  I  think  it  connected  with  flap.1 

1.  To  cut  off,  as  the  top  or  extreme  part  of  any 
thing ;  to  shorten  by  cutting  off  the  extremities  ;  as, 
to  lop  a  tree  or  its  branches. 

With  branches  lopped  in  wood,  or  mountain  felled.  Milton. 

2.  To  cut  oir,  as  exuberances ;  to  separate,  as  su- 
perfluous parts. 

Expunge  tlie  whole,  or  lop  the  excrescent  parts.  Pope. 

3.  To  cut  partly  ofT  and  bend  down  ;  as,  to  hp  the 
trees  or  saplings  of  a  hedge. 

4.  To  let  fall ;  to  flap ;  as,  a  horse  lops  his  cars. 
LOP,  n.    That  which  is  cut  frcmi  trees. 

Klse  both  body  and  lop  will  be  of  little  value.  Mortijner. 

LOP,  71.    [Sax.  loppe.] 

A  flea.  [Local.] 
LOPE,  prct.  of  Leap.    [Sw.  lUpa ;  D.  loopcn.]    [  Obs.] 

Speoser. 

LOPE,  71.    [Sw.  ISpa,  D.  loopen,  to  run.    See  Leap.] 
A  h  ap  ;  a  long  step. 
[.^  word  in  popular  nsc  in  .America.] 
LOPE,  V.  I.    To  leap ;  to  move  or  run  with  a  I»ng  Jtep, 

tin  a  dog.  Forby. 
LO-PIII'O  DON,7i.   [Gr.Ao,,(,i,r,  a  summit,  and  <)(loii(,a 

tooth. J    A  fossil  animal,  allied  to  the  rhinoceros  and 

tapir  ;  so  named  from  the  eminence  of  its  teeth. 
LOP'ING,  p/jr.    Leaping;  moving  or  running  with  a 

long  step. 

LOP'PEI),  (lopt,)  pp.    Cut  off;  shortened  by  cutting 

off  the  top  or  t  ntl  ;  bent  down. 
LOP'PEK,  71.    One  that  lops. 

LOP'PEIl,  1).  i.  To  turn  sour  and  coagulate  from  too 
long  standing,  as  milk.  Forby. 


LOR 

LOP'PER-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Turned  sour  and  coagulated  ; 

as,  lopppred  milk.  Forbtf. 
LOP'PING,  ppr.    Cutting  off ;  shortening  by  cutting 

off  the  e.vtremity  ;  letting  fall. 
LOP'PING,  ».    A  cutting  off,  as  of  branches;  th.at 

which  is  cut  off. 
LOP'SID-ED,  a.    Heavier  on  one  side  than  the  other, 

as  a  ship.    [Commonly  spelt  Lapsided,  but  prt>- 

nounced  lopsided.]  Gro.ie. 
LO-QUa'CIOUS,  (lo-kwa'shus,)  a.    [L.  /ojitai,  from 

loqiior,  to  speak  ;  Eng.  to  clack.] 

1.  Talkative  ;  given  to  continual  talking. 
Loquacious,  brawling,  ever  in  the  wrong.  Dryden. 

2.  Speaking ;  noisy. 

Blind  British  bards,  with  vol.ant  touch. 

Traverse  ^o?uafrious  strings.  —  Philips. 

3.  Apt  to  blab  and  disclose  secrets. 
LO-QUa'CIOUS-LY,  ado.    In  a  loquacums  manner. 
LO-aU.A'CIOUS-NESS,  (lo-kwa'shus-,)  (  71.     [L.  lo- 
LO-QUAC'I-TY,  (lo-kwas'e-le,)  (  gii<ici(a.s.] 

Talkativeness  ;  the  habit  or  practice  of  talking 
continually  or  excessively. 

Too  great  loquacity  and  too  great  taciturnity  by  fits.  Arbuthnot. 
LORD,  71.  [Sax.  hlaford.  This  has  been  supposed  to 
be  compounded  of  Idaf,  loaf,  and  ford,  afford,  to  give  ; 
and  hence  a  lord  is  interpreted  a  bread-giver.  Rut 
lady,  in  Saxon,  is  in  like  manner  written  hltcfdit;;  ; 
and  dteir  can  hardly  signify  a  giver.  The  word  oc- 
curs in  none  of  the  Teutonic  dialects  except  the 
Saxon  ;  and  it  is  not  easy  to  ascertain  the  original 
signification  of  the  word.  I  question  the  correctness 
of  the  common  interpretation.] 

1.  A  master;  a  person  possessing  supreme  power 
and  authority  ;  a  ruler;  a  governor. 

Man  over  man 
He  made  not  lord.  Milton. 

But  now  I  was  the  ford 
Of  this  fair  mansion.  Shak. 

2.  A  tyrant;  an  oppressive  ruler.  Dryden. 

3.  A  husband. 

.\loft  in  bitterness  of  soul  deplored 

My  absent  daugliter  and  my  dearer  lord.  Pope. 
My  ford  also  being  old. — Gen.  xviii. 

4.  A  baron  ;  the  proprietor  of  a  manor;  as,  the  lord 
of  the  manor. 

5.  A  nobleman  ;  a  title  of  honor,  in  Great  Britain, 
given  to  those  who  are  noble  by  birth  or  creation  ;  a 
peer  of  the  realm,  including  dukes,  marquises,  earls, 
viscounts,  and  barons.  Archbishops  and  bishops, 
also,  as  members  of  the  house  of  lords,  are  lords  of 
parliament.  Thus  we  say,  lords  temjioral  and  spir- 
itual. By  courtesy,  also,  the  title  is  given  to  the  sons 
of  dukes  and  martpiises,  and  to  the  eldest  sons  of 
earls.  Eiicijc. 

6.  An  honorary  title  bestowed  on  certain  official 
characters  ;  as,  lord  advocate,  lord  chamberlain,  lord 
chancellor,  lord  chief  ju.stice.  Sec. 

7.  In  Scripture,  the  Supreme  Being  ;  Jehovah. 
When  Lord,  in  the  Old  Testament,  is  printed  in  cap- 
itals, it  is  tlie  translation  of  Jehovah,  and  so  might, 
with  more  propriety,  be  rt-ndered.  The  word  is  ap- 
plied to  Christ,  Ps.  ex..  Col.  iii.,  and  to  the  Holy 
Spirit,  2  Tlics-s.  iii.  As  a  title  of  respect,  it  is  applied 
to  kings,  Gen.  xl.,  2  Sara.  xi.\. ;  to  princes  and  nobles, 
Oen.  xiii.,  Dan.  iv. ;  to  a  husband,  Gen.  xviii. ;  to  a 
prophet,  1  Kinirs  xviii.,  2  Kinr^s  ii. ;  and  to  a  respect- 
able person,  Oen.  xxiv.  Christ  is  called  the  Lord  of 
glory,  1  Cor.  ii.,  and  Lord  of  lords.  Rev.  xix. 

8.  [Gr.  Xop(5'<5.]  In  ludicrous  language,  a  hump- 
backed person.  Smart. 

Lord  of  misrule;  one  formerly  chosen  to  direct  the 
sports  and  revels  of  a  family  liuring  Christmas  holi- 
days. Strutt. 

Lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  is  the  representative  of 
royalty  in  that  country.  Lord  lieutenant  of  a  county 
is  one  deputed  by  the  sovereign  to  manage  its  mili- 
tary concerns.  Booth. 

LORD,  r.  t.  To  invest  with  the  dignity  and  privileges 
of  a  lord.  Shak. 

LORD,  V.  i.  To  domineer ;  to  rule  with  arbilr.ary  or 
despotic  sway ;  sometimes  followed  by  over,  and 
sometimes  by  it,  in  the  manner  of  a  transitive  verb. 

Tlie  whiles  she  tordeth  in  licntious  bliss.  Sjicnser. 
1  s»e  lliem  lording  it  in  London  sm-els.  Uliak. 
They  lorded  over  them  wlioui  tliey  now  serve.  MiUon. 

LORD'ING,  71.    A  little  lord;  n  lord  in  contempt  or 

ridicule.    [Little  u.ied.]  Sicifl. 
LORD'LIKE,  a.    Becoming  a  lord. 

9.  Haughty;  proud;  in.solent.  Dryden. 
LORP'LI-NESS,  71.     [from  lortlly.]  Dignity;  high 

station.  ShaJi. 
2.  Priile  ;  haughtiness.  More 
LORD'LINtJ,  71.    A  little  or  diminutive  lord.  Sioift. 
LORD'I/Y,  n.    [lord  ai\A  Itke.]    Becoming  a  lord  ;  per- 
taining to  a  lord. 

Lordly  itini  retpnre  lordly  estates  to  pupporl  them.  South. 
2.  Proud  ;  haughty  ;  imperious  ;  insolent. 

Kvery  rich  and  lordly  swain 

With  pride  would  drag  about  lier  chain.  Stfift. 
LORD'LV,  ado.    Proudly  ;  imperiously  ;  despotically 
A  famished  lion,  issuing  from  the  wood, 
Uoari  lordly  fierce.  Dryden. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII/IT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


676 


LOS 


LOT 


LOU 


LORD'SIIIP,  n.  The  state  orqiiality  of  being  n  lord  ; 
hence,  a  title  of  honor  Riven  to  noblemen,  except  to 
dukes,  who  have  the  title  of  irrace. 

•2.  A  titular)'  conipellation  of  judges  and  certain 
other  piTsons  in  authority  and  office  in  EuRland. 

3.  Dominion  ;  power ;  authority.  [Johnson. 
They  who  are  nccountcU  to  nilc  over  Utc  GcnUlrti  cxcrciae  tord- 

$hip  over  Uiein.  —  Mark  x. 

4.  Selgnory ;  domain  ;  the  territory  of  a  lord  over 
which  he  holds  jurisdiction  ;  a  manor. 

Whal  l.mdB  nml  lordakipa  for  their  owner  know 

My  qiioiiJam  Uirhir.  Dryden. 

LORD'S  SUP'PER,  n.  In  Oie  Christian  church,  the 
sacrament  of  the  eucliarist. 

LORE,  n.    [Sax.  /ar,  from  the  root  of  latran,  to  learn  ; 
D.  leer  ;  G.  lehre  ;  Dan.  tere ;  Sw.  Idra.] 
Learning ;  doctrine ;  lesson  ;  instruction. 
The  Irtw  of  nntinnH,  or  the  lore  of  wnr.  Pair/ax. 
Lo  I  Rome  hTn-If,  proud  nii«ln-'ss  now  no  more 
Of  ArtA,  but  ihundcriiif  a^tinst  hf.ithen  tore.  Pope. 

LORE,  n.    [L.  lomm,  strap.] 

In  ornithology,  the  space  between  the  bill  and  the 
eve. 

LO'R'EL,  n.    [Pax.  leoran,  to  wander.] 

An  abandoned  scoundrel ;  a  vagrant.  [Ofts.] 

Chaucer* 

LORES'MAN,  n.  [tore  and  man.]  An  instructor. 
[Ohs.]  Oower. 

LOR'I-eATE,  r.  t  [L.  lorico,  loricatus,  from  lorica,  a 
coat  of  mail.] 

\.  To  plate  over;  to  spread  over,  as  a  plate  for  de- 
fense. 

Nature  hath  toricaitd  the  eidc*  of  the  t^panum  in  animals  with 
car-wax.  Ray, 

2.  To  cover  with  a  coating  or  crust,  as  a  chemical 
vessel,  for  resisting  fire. 
LOR'I-e.^-TED,  pp.    Covered  or  plated  over  ;  en- 
crusted. 

LOR'I-Ca-TING,  p;>r.  Covering  over  with  a  coating 
or  crust. 

LOR-I-Ga'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  cover- 
ing any  thing  with  a  coiiting  or  crust  for  defence  ; 
as,  the  lorication  of  a  chemical  vessel,  to  enable  it  to 
resist  the  action  of  fire,  and  sustain  a  high  degree  of 
heat. 

LOR'I-.MER,  71.    [L.  lorum,  a  thong  ;  Fr.  lonnier.] 
.\  maker  of  bits,  spurs,  and  metal  mountings  for 
bridles  and  saddles  ;  hence,  a  saddler.    [JVu£  itscrf.J 

Smart. 

LOR'ING,  n.  Instructive  discourse.  [OJs.]  Spen.icr. 
Lo'RI-OT,  n.    [Fr.]    A  bird  called  \V'itwall;  the 

golden  oriole,  (Oriolus  galbula.)  P.  Cijc. 

LOR'l-l'ED,  n.    A  molliiscan  animal  furnished  with 

a  short,  double  tube,  and  having  its  foot  prolonged 

into  a  kind  of  cylindrical  cord.  Cuvirr. 
Lo'KIS,  n.    The  popiiljir  name  of  several  species  of 
i      Lemur,  which  inhabit  Ceylon  and  Java.    They  are 

qu.adriimaniAis  mammals,  having  a  near  atiinity  to 

the  monkeys. 

LORN,  a.  [Sax.  forloren,  Dan. /orJeren,  lost.  See 
Forlorn.] 

Lost ;  forsaken  ;  lonely.  Spenser. 
LO'RY,  n.    .\  name  common  to  a  subordinate  genus 

of  birds  of  the  parrot  family,  usually  of  a  red  color, 
i     The  lories  inhabit  South-eastern  Asia  and  the  islands 

of  the  East.  Partinirion. 
LOS'A-BLE,  o.   That  may  be  lost.    [Little  used.] 
LOS'.\N(5E.    SeeLoiENOE.  [Boyle. 
LOSE,  (looz,)  V.  t. ;  preL  and  pp.  Lost.    [Sax.  losian, 

forlosian,  forUjsan  ;  D.  verlieien  ;  Goth.  Uu.san.  The 

sense  is  probably  to  part,  to  separate,  and  from  tlie 

root  of  loose.] 

1.  To  mislay  ;  to  part  or  be  separated  from  a  thing, 
so  as  to  have  no  knowledge  of  the  place  where  it  is  ; 
as,  to  lose  a  book  or  a  paper  ;  to  lose  a  record ;  to  lose 
a  dollar  or  a  ducat. 

2.  To  forfeit  by  unsuccessful  contest ;  as,  to  lose 
money  in  gaming. 

3.  .Not  to  gain  or  win  ;  as,  to  lose  a  battle,  that  is, 
to  be  defeated. 

4.  To  be  deprived  of;  as,  to  lose  men  in  battle  ;  to 
lose  an  arm  or  a  leg  by  a  shot  or  by  amputation  ;  to 
lose  one's  life  or  honor. 

5.  To  forfeit,  as  a  penalty.  Our  first  parents  lost 
the  favor  of  God  by  their  apost.asy. 

6.  To  suffer  diminution  or  waste  of. 

If  Uie  Kilt  hath  toft  iu  saTor,  wherewith  shall  it  be  saltxrd?  — 
MatL  T. 

7.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

The  woman  that  detiberatei  ii  loti.  Addison. 

8.  To  wander  from  ;  to  miss,  so  as  not  to  be  able 
to  find  ;  as,  to  lose  the  way. 

9.  To  bewilder. 

LoMt  in  ll«  maze  of  wonla.  Pope. 

10.  To  possess  no  longer  ;  to  be  deprived  of;  con- 
trary to  Kiicr ;  as,  to  lose  a  valuable  trade. 

11.  Not  to  employ  or  enjoy;  to  waste.  Titus 
sighed  to  lose  a  day. 

The  unhappy  hate  but  houn,  and  Iheae  they  tote.  Drydm. 

12.  To  waste ;  to  squander ;  to  throw  away  ;  as, 
to  lose  a  fortune  by  gaming,  or  by  dissipation. 


j;t.  To  suffer  to  vanish  from  view  or  perception. 
We  lust  sight  of  the  land  at  noon.  I  lost  my  com- 
panion in  the  ciowd. 

Llkr-  following  life  in  crrnlurea  we  diaaect. 

We  loae  it  in  Die  inuiiient  wl-  d-tect.  Pope. 

14.  To  niin ;  to  destroy  by  shipwreck,  &c. 
Tlie  Albion  was  lost  on  the  co.ist  of  Ireland,  Ajiril 
22,  1822.    The  admiral  lo.it  three  ships  in  a  tempest. 

1. 'i.  To  cause  to  perish  ;  as,  to  be  lost  at  sea. 

16.  To  employ  inetrectiially  ;  to  throw  away  ;  to 
waste.  Instructitm  is  often  lost  on  the  dull ;  admo- 
nition is  lost  on  the  profligate.  It  is  often  the  fate  of 
projectors  to  lose  their  labor. 

17.  To  be  freed  from. 

Ilia  acaly  back  the  bunch  lias  got 

Whicli  fAw'm  loci  before.  Parnetl. 

15.  To  fail  to  obtain. 

He  shall  in  no  wise  lote  his  reward.  —  Malt.  x. 
To  lose  oiic'j  self:  to  he  bewildered  ;  also,  to  slum- 
ber ;  to  have  tlie  memory  and  reason  suspended. 
LOSE,  (looz,)  r.  i.    To  forfeit  any  thing  in  contest ; 
not  to  win. 

We'll  talk  with  them  loo. 
Who  totet  and  who  wins ;  who's  in,  who's  out.  Sfutk. 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail. 

Wisdom  in  tliscourse  with  hei 
Loitt  discountenanced,  and  like  lolly  shows.  Miilon. 

LOS'EL,  n.  [from  the  root  of  loose.]  A  wasteful 
fellow  ;  one  who  loses  by  sigth  or  neglect ;  a  worth- 
less person.    [OAs.]  Spenser. 

LOS'EL,  n.    W  asteful ;  slothful.  Irvinir. 

LOS'E.\-GER,  71.  [Sax.  le  is,  false  ;  leasungc,  falsity.] 
A  deceiver.    [Ois.]  Chaucer. 

LOS'ER,  (looz'er,)  n.  One  that  loses,  or  that  is  de- 
prived of  any  thing  by  defeat,  forfeiture,  or  the  like  ; 
the  contrary  to  Winner  or  G.hneb.  A  loser  by  trade 
may  be  honest  and  moral ;  this  can  nut  be  said  of  a 
/o.irr  liy  gaining. 

LOS'ING,  (looz'ing,)  ppr.  Parting  from  ;  missing  ; 
forfeiting  ;  wasting  ;  employing  to  no  good  purpose. 

LOS'ING,  a.  That  incurs  or  brings  loss  ;  as,  a  losing 
game  or  business. 

LOS'ING-LY,  ailv.    In  a  manner  to  incur  loss. 

LOSS,  n.  Privation  ;  as,  the  loss  of  property  ;  lo.^s  of 
money  by  gaming  ;  /oss  of  health  or  reputation. 
Every  lo.is  is  not  a  detriment.  We  can  not  regret 
the  loss  of  bad  company  or  of  evil  habits. 

2.  Destruction  ;  ruin  ;  as,  the  loss  of  a  ship  at  sea  ; 
the  loss  of  an  army. 

3.  Failure  to  succeed ;  defeat ;  as,  the  loss  of  a 
battle. 

4.  Waste ;  useless  application  ;  as,  a  loss  of  time 
or  labor. 

5.  Waste,  by  leakage  or  escape ;  as,  a  loss  of  li- 
quors in  transportation.  •* 

To  bear  a  lo.ts ;  to  make  good  ;  also,  to  sustain  a 
loss  without  sinking  under  it. 

To  be  at  a  loss ;  to  be  pu/.zled  ;  to  be  unable  to  de- 
termine ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  uncertainty. 
LOSS'FIJL,  o.    Detrimental.    [JVo(  used.]      Bp.  Hall. 
LOSS'LESS,  a.    Free  from  loss.    [jVut  used.]  Milton. 
LOST,  pp.  or  a,    [from  lose.]    Alislaid  or  left  in  a 
place  unknown  or  forgotten  ;  tlial  can  not  be  found  ; 
as,  a  lost  book. 

2.  Ruined  ;  destroyed  ;  wasted  or  squandered  ; 
employed  to  no  good  purpose  ;  as,  lost  money ;  lost 
time. 

3.  Forfeited  ;  as,  a  lost  cst.ite. 

4.  Not  able  to  find  the  right  way,  or  the  place  in- 
tended.   A  stranger  is  lost  in  London  or  Paris. 

5.  Bewildered  ;  perplexed  ;  being  in  a  maze ;  as, 
a  speaker  may  be  lost  in  his  argument. 

C.  Alienated  ;  insenflble  ;  hardened  beyond  sensi- 
bility or  recovery  ;  a.s,  a  profligate  lost  to  shame  ; 
tost  to  all  sense  of  honor. 

7.  Not  perceptible  to  the  senses ;  not  visible ;  as, 
an  isle  lost  in  a  fog  ;  a  person  lost  in  a  crowd. 

8.  Shipwrecked  or  foundered  ;  sunk  or  destroyed  ; 
as,  a  ship  lost  at  sea,  or  on  the  rocks. 

LOT,  71,  [Sax.  hlot,  hlodd,  Idet,  hh/t ;  Goth,  hlauts ; 
D.  and  Fr.  lot ;  Sw.  loU  :  Dan.  and  Arm.  lod  ;  G.  los; 
It.  lotto ;  Sp.  lotcria,  a  lottery.  The  primary  sense  is, 
th.1t  which  comes,  falls,  or  happens,  or  a  part,  a  di- 
vision, or  share.  The  French,  from  lot,  have  Uitir, 
to  divide  ;  Arm.  loda,  id.,  whence  lodecq,  a  co-heir.] 

1.  That  which,  in  human  speech,  is  called  chance, 
hazard,  fortune,  but,  in  strictness  of  language,  is  the 
determination  of  Providence  ;  as,  the  land  shall  be 
divided  by  lot.    JiTum.  xxvi. 

2.  That  by  which  the  fate  or  portion  of  one  is  de- 
termined ;  that  by  which  an  event  is  committed  to 
chance,  that  is,  to  the  determination  of  Providence  ; 
as,  to  cast  lots  ;  to  draw  lots. 

The  lot  b  cast  into  the  bp,  but  the  whole  disposing  thereof  is  of 
Uie  L.onl. —  Prwv.  x»i. 

3.  The  part,  division,  or  fate,  which  falls  to  one  by 
chance,  that  is,  by  divine  determination. 

The  second  lol  came  forth  to  Simeon.  — Josh.  xix. 

He  was  btit  Iwm  to  Iry 
The  fol  of  man,  to  sutter  and  to  die.  Pop*. 

4.  A  distinct  portion  or  parcel ;  as,  a  lot  of  goods  ; 
a  lot  of  boards. 


5.  ProiKirtiun  or  share  of  taxes ;  as,  to  pay  scot  and 
lot. 

B.  In  the  United  States,  a  piece  or  division  of  land  ; 
perhaps  originally  assigned  by  drawing  lota,  but  now 
any  portion,  piece,  or  division.  So  we  say,  a  man 
has  a  /"(  of  land  in  liro.adway,  or  in  the  inradow  ;  he 
has  a  lot  in  the  plain,  or  on  the  mountain  ;  he  has  a 
home-/of,  a  house-Ait,  a  wood-lot. 

Tlu*  defendants  leased  a  house  and  lol  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

Kent.    FVanktin.   Late  of  Penn. 

To  cajit  lots,  is  to  use  or  throw  a  die,  or  some  other 
instrument,  by  the  unforeseen  turn  or  position  of 
which,  an  event  is,  by  previous  agreement,  deter- 
mined. 

To  draw  loti ;  to  determine  an  event  by  drawing 
one  tiling  from  a  number  whose  marks  are  concealirti 
from  the  drawer,  antl  thus  determining  an  event. 

LOT,  r.  t.  To  allot ;  to  assign ;  to  distribute  ;  to  sort ; 
to  catalogue  ;  to  portion.  Prior. 

LOTE,  n.    [(Jr.  At.ir.{;  L.  lotus,  lotos.] 

1.  'I'he  modern  popular  name  of  several  plants, 
more  especially  of  the  Zizyphiis  Lotus  of  Africa, 
which  is  three  or  four  inches  higli,  and  produces  a 
fruit  about  the  size  of  a  sloe,  with  a  large  stone, 
which  grows  on  every  part  of  the  branches. 

2.  A  little  muddy  fish,  like  an  eel.  Cotgrare.. 
LOTH,  a.    [Sax.  lath,  Sw.  led,  Dan.  le.rde,  odious, 

hatptl.  The  common  orthography  is  loath,  pronounced 
with  o  long,  but  both  tlie  orthography  and  pronunci- 
ation originally  followed  the  analogy  of  cloth,  .Sax. 
clatli.  I  have  followed  Milton,  Dryden,  Waller, 
Spenser,  and  Shakspeare,  in  the  orthography  of  this 
word.  The  verb,  also,  with  the  derivatives,  was 
originally  spelt  without  the  li  tter  a,  and  this  spelling 
would  be  preferable.  The  primary  sense  is  to  thrust, 
to  turn  or  drive  away.  See  the  verb,  and  Class  Ld, 
No.  9,  15.] 

1.  Lilrralhi,  hating,  detesting;  hence, 

2.  Unwilling;  disliking;  not  inclined  ;  reluctant. 
I»n^  doth  he  stiy,  as  lolh  Ko  leave  tlie  land.  DavitM. 
To  i>arJoii  willing,  and  to  piinah  lolh.  WalUr. 

LO'TION,  n.    [L.  lolio,  from  laco,  to  wash.] 

1.  A  washing  ;  parttrutnrhj,  a  washing  of  the  skin 
for  the  piiriHise  of  rendering  it  fair.  Kncyc. 

2.  A  liquid  preparatiim  for  washing  some  part  of 
the  body,  to  cleanse  it  of  f.iuliiessor  deformity.  Encyc. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  a  preparation  of  medicines,  by 
washing  them  in  some  liquid,  to  remove  foreign  sub- 
stances, impurities,  &c.  Encijc. 

LOT'TED,  pp.  Allotted;  assigned;  sorted ;  jior- 
tioned. 

LOT'TER-Y,  71.  [Fr.  loterie :  Sp.  lotrria.  See  Lot.] 
1.  A  scheme  for  the  distribution  of  prizes  by 
chance,  or  the  distribution  itself.  Lotteries  are  often 
authorized  by  law,  but  many  good  men  deem  them 
immorni  in  principle,  and  almost  all  men  concur  in 
the  opinion  that  their  ctfects  are  pernicious, 
a  Allotment.    [jVet  useit.] 

hOT'TlSG,  ppr.    Assigning;  distributing;  sorting. 

Lo'TL'S,  n.    [Gr.  Xwr-if.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  leguminous  plants.  The 
ancients  applied  the  name  lotus  to  the  Zizyphiis  Lo- 
tus of  Africa,  [see  Lote,]  the  Nympliiea  Lotus,  an 
Egyptian  water  plant,  aiitl  to  the  several  species  of 
the  genus  IjOtus. 

LOUD,  a.  [Sax.  hhul,  or  lud ;  G.  laut ;  D.  liud ;  Dan. 
/;/(/;  L.taudo,  lo  praise,  and  with  a  prefix,  pfaurfo  ; 
\V.  clod,  praise,  formed  from  Uod,  which  signifies 
what  is  forcibly  uttered  ;  Itodi.  to  reach  out  ;  tlaied, 
that  shoots  out,  that  is  productive,  also  a  lad.  This 

is  the  Ch.  Syr.  Ileb.  and  Sam.  iV',  Eth. 

walad,  Ar.  tXJj  walada,  to  bring  forth.    The  primary 

sense  is  obvious.  Qu.  its  connection  with  the  Ir. 
blaodh  and  glaodh,  a  calling,  and  Sax.  lathian,  to  call. 
See  Class  Ld,  No.  8,  29.] 

1.  Having  a  great  sound  ;  high  sounding  ;  noisy  ; 
striking  the  ear  with  great  force  ;  as,  a  loud  voice  ;  a 
loud  cry  ;  loud  thunder. 

2.  Uttering  or  making  a  great  noise ;  as,  loud  instni- 
ments.    2  Chron.  xxx. 

3.  Clamorous  ;  noisy. 

She  is  lottd  and  stubborn.  —  Prov.  Tii. 

4.  Eniphatical ;  impressive ;  as,  a  loud  call  to  avoid 
danger. 

LOUD,  a</r.    With  loudness  ;  loudly.  Smart. 
LOUD'-I.AUGII  I.N'G,  (-LifTing,)  o.   Laughing  loudly. 
LOUD'LY,  atlr.    With  gre.at  sound  or  noise  ;  noisily. 

Who  lonp  and  loudly  in  Uie  schools  declaimetl.  Dtnhnnl. 

2.  Clamorously  ;  with  vehement  complaints  or  im- 
p4irtuiiily.    He  loudly  complained  of  intolerance. 
LOUD'.N'KSS,  n.    Great  sound  or  noise  ;  a-s,  the  loud- 
ness of  a  voice  or  of  thunder. 
2.  Clamor;  clamorousness ;  turbulence;  uproar. 
LOUD'-VOIC-£D,  (-voist,)  a.    Having  a  loud  voice. 

Byron. 

LOUGH,  (lok,)  n.  [Ir.] 

A  lake,  or  ann  of  the  sea  ;  a  different  orthography 
of  the  Scott  ish  loch.  Fatrfar. 
LOU'IS-DWB',{\oo'c-doie',)  n.  [Fr.,a  Lewis  of  gold.] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.— A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  a-s  7, ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


LOV 


LOV 


LOW 


A  sold  coin  of  France,  first  ^triirk  in  1640,  in  the 
reign  cf  Luuis  XIIl.,  value  twenty  shillings  sterling, 
e4]iMl  to  ahoiit  $4.44. 
LOUNGE,  V.  I.    [Fr.  lonais,  a  lingerer,  from  long.] 

1.  Tu  spend  time  lazily. 

2.  To  move  idly  about ;  to  stroll. 

3.  To  recline  at  ease  ;  to  loll. 
LOUXOF,  )i.    An  idle  gait  or  stroll. 

2.  The  act  of  reclining  at  ease. 

3.  A  place  for  lounging. 

LOU\6'ER,  n.  An  idler;  one  who  loiters  away  his 
time  in  indolence. 

LOUNG'JiXG,  ppr.  oro.    Passing  the  time  in  idleness; 

LOtTR.    See  Lower.  [reclining  at  ease. 

LOUSE,  )i. ;  pi.  Lice.  [Sax.  liis,  pi.  lys ;  D.  luis ;  G. 
laiis;  S\v.  and  Dan.  lus.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  cf  parasitic  insects, 
termed  Pediculiis,  with  a  flattened  body  divided  into 
eleven  or  twelve  segments,  to  three  of  which  is  at- 
tached a  pair  of  legs,  which  are  short,  and  terminated 
by  a  stout  nail  or  two  opposing  hooks,  which  enable 
these  animals  to  cling  with  great  facility.  The 
mouth  consists  of  a  small,  tubular  protuberance,  situ- 
ated at  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  head,  in  the 
form  of  a  snout,  and  containing  a  sucker  when  at 
rest.  Their  eggs  are  termed  nits  in  English.  Two 
species  infest  the  bodies  of  men.  Diflerent  animals 
are  infested  with  different  species. 

LOUSE,  (low/.,)  p.  £.    To  clean  from  lice.  Swift. 

LOUSE'WORT,  (lows'wurt,)  n.  .\  plant  of  the  genus 
Pedicularis,  so  named  because  sheep  were  supposed 
to  become  lousy  by  feeding  much  on  it.  The  yellow 
loascwort  is  the  genus  Khinanthus. 

Loadun.    Fam.  of  Plants. 

LOUS'I-LY,  ado.  [from  lonsy.]  In  a  mean,  paltry 
manner;  scnrvily.  [Fu/n-ar] 

LOUS'I-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  abounding  with  lice. 

LOUS'Y,  (low'ze,)  a.  [from  louse.]  Swarming  with 
lice  ;  infested  with  lice.  Driidm. 

2.  Mean  ;  low ;  contemptible  ;  as,  a  lotisij  knave. 
[Vulirar.]  Sliak. 

LOUT,  «.    [Qu.  Sax.  lead,  G.  IctUe,  people.] 

A  mean,  awkward  fellow  ;  a  bumpkin  ;  a  clown. 

S.iift.  Oay. 

LOUT,  V.  L    [Sax.  hlutan.] 

To  bend  ;  to  bow  ;  to  stoop.    [GisoUtc,  or  local.] 
SperLicr.    B.  Jonsan. 

LOUT'ISH,  a.    Clownish  ;  rude  ;  awkward.  Sidney. 

LOUT'ISH-LY,  adc.  Like  a  clown  ;  in  aiudc,  clum- 
sy, awkward  manner. 

LOUT'ISH-NESS,  n.    Clownishness.  TM. 

LOU'VER,  (loo'vcr,)  n.    [Fr.  Vonrert.] 

An  opening  in  the  roofs  of  ancient  buildings  for 
the  escape  of  smoke  or  for  ventilation,  often  in  the 
form  of  a  turret  or  small  lantern.     Olosi  of  Archit. 

A  louver  window,  in  church  steeples,  is  an  opening 
crossed  by  bars  of  wood,  &c.,  to  exclude  rain,  but 
allow  the  passage  of  sound  from  the  bells.  Francis. 

LOV'.A-liLE,  a.    Worthy  of  love  ;  amiable.  Slurwnod. 

LOVAGE,  n.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Ligusticum, 
sometimes  cultivated  as  a  potherb.  London. 

LOVE,  (luv,)  V.  t.  [Sax.  lufan,  luoian;  D.  lienen  ;  G. 
lieben  ;  Russ.  liobhjn  ;  L.  libeo,  lubeo  ;  Sans,  loab,  love, 
desire.  (See  LiEt-.)  The  sense  is  probably  to  be 
prompt,  free,  willing,  from  leaning,  advancing,  or 
drawing  forward.] 

1.  In  a  general  sensCfto  be  pleased  with  ;  to  regard 
with  affection  on  account  of  some  qualities  which 
excite  pleasing  sensations,  or  desire  of  gratification. 
We  Uivea  friend  on  account  of  some  qualities  which 
give  us  pleasure  in  his  society.  We  looc  a  man  who 
has  done  us  a  favor  ;  in  which  case  gratitude  enters 
into  the  composition  of  our  affection.  We  love  our 
parents  and  our  children,  on  account  of  their  con- 
nection with  us,  and  ()n  account  of  many  qualities 
which  please  us.  We  love  to  retire  to  a  cool 
shade  in  summer.  We  lore  a  warm  room  in  win- 
ter. We  love  to  hear  an  eloquent  advocate.  The 
Christian  loves  his  Bible.  In  short,  we  love  what- 
ever gives  us  pleasure  and  delight,  whether  ani- 
mal or  intellectual  ;  and  if  our  hearts  are  right, 
we  love  God  .above  all  tilings,  as  the  sum  of  all  ex- 
cellence, and  all  the  attributes  which  can  communi- 
cate happiness  to  intelligent  beings.  In  other  wonis, 
the  Christian  (oom  God  with  the  love  of  complacency 
in  his  .attributes,  the  love  of  benevolence  toward  the 
Interests  of  his  kingdom,  and  the  love  of  gratitude 
for  favors  received. 

Titou  thMl  love  ttift  L.onl  tliy  God  with  nil  (hv  h^nrl,  ami  wiUl 

iill  lliy  nm\,  uixl  Willi  all  ihy  iinn.l.  —  Mali.  xxii. 
Tiioii  nh:ill  looe  thy  iKMghbor  u  Uiyw;!/.  —  Malt.  xxii. 

2.  To  have  benevolence  or  good  will  for.   John  iii. 
lyOVE,  r.  i.    'I'o  delight  ;  to  take  pleasure.  Smnrt. 
LOVE,  (luv,)  n.    An  affeitioii  of  the  mind  excited  by 

beauty  and  worth  of  any  kind,  or  by  the  qualities  of 
on  objrct  which  communicate  pleasure,  Hcnstial  or 
Intellectual.  It  in  opposed  to  llArnEo.  Aobc between 
the  sexes  is  a  com|)ound  aff"ertion,  consisting  of  es- 
teem, benevolence,  and  animal  desire.  /,ove  is  ex- 
cited by  pli'.aslni;  qualities  of  any  kind,  as  by  kind- 
ness, beni-volence,  charily,  and  by  ihe  ([iialilies 
which  render  social  interciMirse  agreeable.  In  the 
hitler  C.1SI',  hwp  in  ardent  frn-ndslnp,  or  a  sirong  at- 
tachment springing  from  good  will  and  estruin,  and 


I  the  pleasure  derived  from  the  company,  civilities, 
and  kindnesses  of  others. 

Between  certain  natural  relatives,  love  seems  to  be 
in  some  cases  instinctive.  Sue  h  is  the  love  of  a 
mother  for  her  child,  which  manifests  itself  toward 
an  infant,  before  any  particular  qualities  in  the  child 
are  nnfuhled.  This  affection  is  apparently  as  strong 
in  irrational  animals  as  in  human  beings. 

We  speak  of  the  love  of  amusement,  the  lore  of 
books,  the  love  of  money,  and  the  loi^e  of  whatever 
contributes  to  our  pleasure  or  supposed  profit. 

The  love  of  God  is  the  first  duty  of  man,  and  this 
springs  from  just  views  of  his  attributes  or  excel- 
lences of  character,  which  afl^ord  the  highest  delight 
to  the  sanctified  heart.  Esteem  and  reverence  con- 
stitute ingredients  in  this  affection,  and  a  fear  of  of- 
fending him  is  its  inseparable  eflS;ct. 

2.  Courtship;  chiefly  in  the  phrase  to  make  love, 
that  is,  to  court ;  to  woo ;  to  solicit  union  in  mar- 
riage. 

3.  P.atriotism  ;  the  attachment  one  has  to  his  na- 
tive land  ;  as,  the  love  of  country. 

4.  Benevolence  ;  good  will. 

God  is  toce.  —  1  John  it. 

5.  The  object  beloved. 

The  lover  ami  the  love  of  human  kind.  Pope. 

6.  A  word  of  endearment. 

Trust  me,  tove.  Dryden. 

7.  Cupid,  the  god  of  love. 

Such  W.1S  his  form  as  paintere,  when  they  show 

Ttieir  utmost  art,  on  naked  Loves  bestow.  Dryden, 

8.  Lewdness. 

He  is  not  lolling  on  a  lewd  Zooe-bed.  ShaJc, 

9.  A  thin,  silk  stuflT.  [Obs.]  Boyle. 
Lore  in  idleness:  a  kind  of  violet.  SkuJc. 
Free  of  love ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Cercis. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
LOVE'-AP-PLE,  (luv'ap-pl,)  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Solaniim,  or  l.ycopersicum,  or  its  fruit ;  the  tomato. 
LOVE'-BRo-KER,  n.    A  third  person  who  acts  as 

agent  between  lovers.  S/tak. 
LOVE'-CRACK  /CD,  (-krakt,)  a.  Crazed  with  love. 
LOVED,  (luvd,)  pp.  or  a.  Having  the  aS°ection  of  any 

one. 

LO VE'-DXRT-ING,  a.    Darting  love,  as  the  eyes. 

Milton. 

LOVE'-D.\Y,  (luv'da,)  n.  A  day  formerly  appointed 
for  an  amicable  adjustment  of  differences.  Chaucer. 

LOVE'-Fa-VOR,  n.  Something  given  to  be  worn  in 
token  ofjove.  Bp.  Hall. 

LOVE'-Fi:  A.ST,  71.  A  religious  festival,  held  quarter- 
ly by  the  Methodists,  in  imitation  of  the  agapa  of  the 
earlv  Christians. 

LOVE'-FkAT,  n.    The  g.allant  act  of  a  lover.  Shak. 

LOVE'-KILL-ING,  a.    Killing  afl'ection.  Baxter. 

LOVE'-KNOT,  (luv'not,)  n.  A  knot  so  called,  used 
as  a  token  of  love,  or  representing  mutual  affection. 

L0VE'-L.\-BOR-£D,  a.    Labored  by  Jove.  Mdlon. 

LOVE'-LaSS,  n.    A  sweetheart. 

LOVE'LESS,  a.  Void  of  love  ;  void  of  tenderness  or 
kindness.  Milton.  Sficlton. 

LOVE'-LET-TER,  n.  A  letter  professing  love ;  a 
letter  of  courtship. 

LOVE'-LIES-BI,EED'ING,n.  A  species  of  amaranth, 
Amarantus  caiitlatus.  Partington. 

LOVE'LI-LY,  (luv'le-ly,)  arf)'.  [(tora  lovely.]  Amia- 
bly ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  love.  Otwny. 

LOVE'LI-NESS,  (luv'li-ness,)  )i.  [from  Jot'eJi/.]  Amia- 
bleness  ;  qualities  of  body  or  mind  that  may  excite 
love. 

If  lhen>  is  such  a  native  loveHness  in  the  sex,  as  to  make  th-'ni 
victorious  when  in  Ui.-  wrou^,  how  resiaUess  their  power 
wlien  they  are  on  the  side  of  truth  1  SpecUUor. 

LOVE'-LINK-ED,  (luv'linkt,)  o.  Linked  or  con- 
nected by  love, 

LOVE'-LOCK,  n.  A  curl  or  lock  of  hair  so  called, 
worn  by  men  of  fashion  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth 
and  .lames  I.  Lily. 

LO  VE'-LORN,  a.  [loveanA  lorn.]  Forsaken  by  one's 
love  ;  as,  the  love-lorn  nightingale.  .Milton. 

LOVE'LY,  (luv'ly,)  a.  Amiable;  that  may  excite 
love  ;  possessing  qualities  which  may  invite  affec- 
tion. 

Saul  and  Jonathan  were  loaely  and  pleasant  in  their  lives.  —  2 
S.im.  i. 

LOVE'LY-FAC-ED,  (luv'le-ni.ste,)  a.  Havinga  love- 
ly face. 

LOVE'.MON"GER,  (Itiv'miing-ger,)  n.  [lore  and  mon- 
ger.]   One  who  deals  in  affairs  of  love.    [JVuf  usciL] 

Slink. 

LOVE'-PIN-£D,  (luv'pind,)  o.    Wasting  by  love. 

Spenser. 

LOV'ER,  n.  One  who  loves  ;  one  who  has  a  tender 
affection,  particularly  for  a  female. 

I.<ive  ij  hiiiiil,  anil  Invert  can  not  see.  Sfutk. 

2.  A  friend  ;  one  who  regards  with  kindness. 

Your  Ijn.iher  aii.l  h:s  loner  hiive  eml.rio-il.  Slialc. 

3.  One  who  likes  or  is  pleased  with  any  thing  ;  as, 
a  lover  of  books  or  of  science  ;  a  lover  of  wine  ;  a 
lover  of  ri'U^ion. 


LO'VER  and  LOO'VER.    See  Locver. 
LOVE'-SE-CRET,  n.    A  secret  between  lovers. 

Dryden. 

LOVE'-PHAFT,  71.  •  Cupid's  arrow.  Sliak. 
LOVE'-SICK,  a.    Sick  or  langui^lli^g  with  love  or 
amorous  desire  ;  as,  a  lovesick  maid. 

'I'o  Uie  dear  luistrt^ss  of  my  looe-sick  riiinil.  Dryden. 

2.  Dictated  by  a  languishing  lover,  or  expressive 
of  languishing  love. 

Where  niglilin^ales  their  lovesick  ditty  shig.  Dryden. 
LOVE'-SICK-NESS,  »t     Languishing  and  amorous 
desire. 

LOVE'SOME,  a.  Lovely.  [JVot  itscrf.]  Dryden. 
LOVE'-SONG,  n.  A  song  expressing  love.  Shak. 
LOVE'-SCIT,  n.    Courtship;  solicitation  of  union  in 

marriage^  Sliak. 
LOVE'-'PaLE,  71.    A  narrative  of  love. 

Cato 's  a  proper  person  to  intrust 
A  love-lale  with.  Addison. 

LOVE'-TAUGIIT,  a.    Instructed  by  love.  Muore. 
LOVE'-TiiOUGHT,  (luv'thawt,)  n.    Amorous  fancy. 

Sliak. 

LOVE'-To-KSN',  n.    A  present  in  token  of  love. 

Shak. 

LOVE'-TOY,  ji.    A  small  present  from  a  lover. 

.^rbuthnot. 

LOVE'-TRICK,  71.    Art  or  artifice  expressive  of  love. 
Other  looe.tncks  than  glancing  with  ihe  eyes.  Donne. 

LOVING,  ppr.  Entertaining  a  strong  afl'ection  for; 
having  tender  regard  for. 

2.  a.    Fond  ;  affectionate  ;  as,  a  loving  friend. 

3.  Expressing  love  or  kindness  ;  as,  loving  words. 
LOV'ING-KIND-NESS,  71.    Tender  regard;  mercy; 

favor  ;  a  scriptural  word. 

My  lomn^-lcinditess  will  1  not  ulterlr  take  from  him.  —  Ps. 
Ixxxix. 

LOV'I.\G-LY,  adv.  With  love  ;  with  affection  ;  aff'ec- 
tionately. 

It  IS  no  gn»at  matter  to  live  lovingly  with  meek  persons.  Taylor. 
LOVING-NESS,  H.    Affection  ;  kind  regard. 

The  only  two  bands  of  good  will,  loveliness  and  looingness. 

Sidney. 

LOW,  a.  [D.  laag,  G.  leg,  Sw.  lag,  low  ;  Sax.  loh,  a 
pit  or  gulf;  Russ.  log,  a  low  place,  a  hollow  ;  Dan. 
lag,  a  bed  or  layer,  a  row  ;  from  the  root  of  lay.] 

~1.  Not  high  or  elevated  ;  depn-ssed  below  any 
given  surfiice  or  jilace.  Low  gnmiid  or  land,  is  land 
below  the  common  level.  Low  is  opposed  to  high, 
and  both  are  relative  terms.  That  which  is  law 
with  respect  to  one  thing,  may  he  hi'jli  with  resjiect 
to  another.  A  (ojf  house  would  be  a  Ain-A  fence.  A 
low  flight  for  an  eagle,  would  be  a  high  flight  for  a 
partridge. 

Q.  Not  rising  to  the  usual  liight ;  as,  a  man  of  low 
stature. 

3.  Declining  ne.ar  the  horizon.  The  sun  is  low  at 
four  o'clock  in  winter,  and  at  six  in  summer. 

4.  Deep  ;  descending  far  below  the  adjacent 
ground  ;  as,  a  low  valley. 

The  lowest  bottom  shook  of  Erebus.  Millon. 

5.  Sunk  to  the  natural  level  of  the  ocean  by  the 
retiring  of  the  tide ;  as,  low  w.ater. 

6.  Below  the  usual  rate  or  amount,  or  below  the 
ordinary  value  ;  as,  :i  low  price  of  corn  ;  tow  wages. 

7.  Not  high  or  loud  ;  as,  a  loic  voice. 

8.  Grave  ;  depressed  in  the  scale  of  sounds ;  as,  a 
low  note. 

9.  Near  or  not  very  distant  from  the  equator;  as, 
a  low  latitude.  We  say,  the  low  southern  latitudes  ; 
the  high  northern  latitudes. 

10.  Late  in  time  ;  modern  ;  as,  the  lower  empire. 

11.  Dejecti^d  ;  depressed  in  vigor  ;  wanting  strength 
or  animation;  as,  low  spirits;  low  in  spirits.  His 
courage  is  low. 

12.  Depressed  in  condition  ;  in  a  humble  state. 

Why  but  to  k"ep  you  lote  antl  ignorant  ?  Milton, 

13.  Humble  in  rank  ;  in  a  mean  condition  ;  as, 
men  of  high  and  IfW  condition  ;  the  lower  walks  of 
life  ;  a  low  class  of  |ieople. 

14.  Mean;  abject;  groveling;  base;  ns,  a  person 
of  low  mind. 

15.  Dishonorable  ;  mean  ;  as,  a  loto  trick  or  strata- 
gem. 

IK.  Not  elevated  or  sublime  ;  not  exalted  in  thought 
or  diction  ;  ns,  u  low  comparison;  a  low  nielaphur; 
low  language. 

In  compariaon  of  the«»*  divine  writers,  the  noblest  wits  of  ilie 
he.itlien  world  «n>  h:s  and  dull.  J-'elton, 

17.  Vulgar  ;  rtmmion  ;  as,  n  low  education. 

18.  Submissive;  humble;  revi^rent. 

And  pay  their  fealty 
With  )oio  subjection.  A/i/ton. 
But  first  loio  n-verence  tlone.  A/i/Wn. 

19.  Weak  ;  exhausted  of  vital  energy.  His  dis- 
ease has  brought  him  very  low. 

2fl.  Fiv  blfl  ;  weak  ;  wiihinit  fiirce  ;  as,  a  tow  pulse. 
21.  Moderate  ;  not  inflammatory  ;  as,  a  low  fever. 
3'J.  Moderate;  not  intense;  as,  a  ha  heat;  alow 
temperature. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BOQK,— 


678 


LOW 

23.  ImpovcrisliHd  ;  in  reduced  circumstances.  The 
ricli  an'  often  reduced  lo  a  low  i-midiliun. 

i2-l.  Moderate  ;  as,  a  low  ciiliiilalion  or  estimate. 

25.  Plain  ;  simple  ;  nut  rich,  liii;b  seasoned,  or 
nourishing;  as,  a  hio  dirt. 
LOW,  adv.    Not  alott ;  not  on  high  ;  often  used  in  com- 
po.iitioit ;  as,  /<iw-l>rou'ed  rocks.         Miltun.  Pope. 

2.  UndPr  the  usual  price;  nl  a  moderate  price. 
He  sulci  bis  wheat  loio. 

'3.  Near  the  yrounil ;  as,  the  bird  flics  very  low. 

4.  In  a  mean  condition  ;  in  composition  ;  as,  a  hiw- 
born  fi  lluw ;  a  /uir-born  lass.         '  Sluk. 

5.  In  time  approaching  our  own. 

Ill  the  pan  o(  tlip  worltl  whicli  w;\b  first  iiilml>il''(l,  cvpti  loie 
down  as  Abr.ih.inr*  linn-,  thi'y  w.ui»l'-n'<t  with  111  -ir  fl<>.-ks 
mill  h.rvlj.  Locke. 

fi.  With  a  depressed  voice ;  not  hiudly  ;  as,  speak 
low. 

7.  In  a  state  of  subjection,  poverty,  or  disgrace  ; 
as,  to  be  brought  low  by  oppression,  by  want,  or  by 
vice. 

8.  In  popular  astronomy,  having  a  great  southern 
declination  in  the  diurnal  revoliitiim  ;  as,  the  moon 
runs  low,  i.  e.,  appears  far  in  the  south.  Olmsted. 

J.CtW,  V.  t.  To  sink  ;  Ui  depress.  [jVot  used.]  melif. 
LOW,  r.  i.    [.Sa.\.  hieowan  :  11.  lirijen.    It  is  probably  a 

contracted  word,  coinciding  with  L.  lu^'eo,  to  weep, 

the  sense  of  whu-h  is,  tti  cnj  out.] 
To  bellow,  as  an  ox  or  cow. 

The  towing  liefil  wind  sttowly  o'er  the  lea.  Gray. 
LOW,  n.    Flame  ;  fire.    [Obsolete  or  local.']  Smart. 
LOW,    j  A  termination  of  names,  as  in  lled-Zoie. 
LoWK,  i     [Sax.  Idaw,  a  hill,  heap,  or  barrow,  Goth. 

Idaiw.] 

LOW'-ARCU-£D,  (lo'ircht,)  a.    Having  a  low  arch. 

[Scott. 

LOW'BELL,  n,  [Pw.  lage,  flame  ;  laga,  to  llaine  ; 
Sax.  UriT,  /ey,  /iV,  id. ;  Pent,  lowe :  G.  hike.] 

A  kind  of  fowling  in  the  niaht,  in  wliioli  the  birds 
are  wakened  by  a  bell,  and  blinded  by  light,  so  as 
to  be  easily  taken.  Cowel. 
LOW'BELL,  0.  t.    To  scare,  as  with  a  lowbell. 

Hammond. 

LOW-BORN,  a.    Bom  In  low  life. 
LOW'-UllEIJ,  a.  Bred  in  a  low  condition  or  manner ; 
vulgar. 

LOW'-CIIUKCH,  a.   Not  asserting  exclusive  episco- 

liacy  ;  opposed  to  IIioh-Chi  bch. 
LOWER,  r.  (.    [from  Jow.]    To  cause  to  descend  ;  to 

let  down  ;  to  take  or  bring  down  ;  as,  to  lower  the 

main -sail  of  a  sloop. 

2.  To  sutler  to  sink  downward.  Woodward. 

3.  To  bring  down;  to  reduce  or  humble;  as,  to 
lower  the  pride  of  man. 

4.  To  lessen  ;  to  diminish  ;  to  reduce,  as  value  or 
anion  lit ;  as,  to  lower  the  price  or  value  of  goods,  or 
the  rate  of  interest. 

LOWER,  e.  i.  To  fall ;  to  sink  ;  to  grow  less.  Shak. 
LDWEIi,  I',  i.  To  appear  dark  or  gloomy;  to  be 
clouded  ;  to  threaten  a  storm. 

And  .ill  llio  cluiiiU  ihiu  towtrtd  upon  our  house.  Shnk. 

The  towering  Bpriii^.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  frown  ;  to  look  snilen. 
But  »ullcn  discontent  tat  towering  on  her  ftoe.  Dryden. 
LOWER,  II.    Cloudiness  ;  gloominess." 

2.  A  frowning  ;  sullenness.  Sidney. 
LOWER,  o.    [rump,  of  Low.]    L(!ss  high  or  elevated. 
LOWEIl-e.ASE,  n.    Among  printers,  the  case  which 
coiiLiins  the  small  leiieis.    flence,  as  an  adjective,  it 
denotes  the  small  letters,  in  distinctitni  from  capiUils. 
LOWER  ED,  pp.     Caused  to  descend  ;  let  down  ; 
sunk. 

LOWER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Letting  doivn  ;  sinking. 
LOWER-LN'G,  ppr.  or  o.    Appearing  dark  or  threat- 
ening. 

LOWER-ING-LY,  adv.  With  cloudiness  or  threat- 
ening doom. 

LOWEK-.MOST,  o.    (from  Joiii.]  Lowest. 

LOWER-\',  o.    Cloudy;  gloomy. 

LOW'Esr,  a.  [suprrl.  u(  Low.l  Most  low;  deep- 
est ;  most  depressed  or  degradetl.  Sec. 

LOW'I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Bellowing,  as  an  ox. 

LOWI.N'G,  n.    The  b t  llowifig  or  rry  of  cattle. 

L0W'1..\.\'I),  n.  Land  which  is  low  with  respect  to 
the  ni-ighbiiring  country  ;  a  low  tir  level  couiitr>-. 
Thus  the  Uelgic  statrs  are  called  Lowlands.  The 
wonl  is  sometimes  oppixsed  to  a  moiintninnus  coun- 
try ;  xs,  the  Lowlands  tif  Scotland.  Soiiietiines  it 
denotes  a  marsh.  Dniden. 

L0WL1-11OO1),  n.    A  humble  state.  [Ohs.]  Chaucer. 

LOW'Ll-LX'',  ui/c.  Iliunbly  ;  wiihout  pride  ;  meanly  ; 
without  digni'y. 

LOW'LI-NE.SS,  n.  [from  lowhj.]  Freedom  from 
pride  ;  humility  ;  humbleness  of  mind.  JUlton. 

Walk  — wilh  all  towiinete  miil  ineekiipu.  —  Kph.  iv.    Phil.  ii. 

2.  Meanness  ;  want  of  dignity  ;  abject  state.  [In 
this  len.ie  liule  wied.]  Spensc  Dnjnen. 

LOW'LY,ii.  [lorn  nnd  like.]  Having  a  low  esteem  of 
one's  own  worth  ;  humble  ;  meek  ;  free  from  pride. 

T»kr  mt  toke  upon  Ton ,  nnd  learn  of  me,  for  I  am  nn-rk  aiul 

'oi«'y  III  IV .in.  —  .M.itt.  xl. 
He  •Cometh  the  aconien ;  but  lie  fiveth  pw  uoto  the  touty.  ~~ 

Pniv.  lii. 


LOZ 

2.  Mean  ;  low  ;  wanting  dignity  or  rank. 

One  coiiiiiion  ri^lit  llie  (Jr^-ut  and  iumUj  claim.  Vo^. 

3.  Not  lofty  or  sublime  ;  humble. 

Tli''»e  rural  iJorm«,  anil  their  towly  mriin.  Oi-ylen. 

4.  Not  high  ;  not  elevated  in  place.  Dnjden. 
LOWLY,  adv.    Humbly  ;  meekly  ;  modestly. 

Be  lowlii  wise.  A/i.'(on. 

2.  Meanly  ;  in  a  low  condition  ;  wiihout  grandeur 
or  dignity. 

I  will  silow  mytelfliighly  f.-il,  ami  louylf  lauijhl.  Shak. 
LOW-.MI.\D-ED,  a.     Having  or  indicating  a  low 

mind  or  debased  feelings  ;  mean  ;  base. 
LOW-.MUT-'I'ER-£l),  a.  Muttered  wilh  a  low  voice. 

Kllon. 

LOWN,  n.    [See  Loon.1    A  low  fellow  ;  a  scoundrel. 

Shak. 

LOW'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  low  or  depressed  ; 
the  state  of  being  less  elevated  than  something  else  ; 
as,  the  lowness  of  the  ground,  or  of  the  water  after 
the  ebb-tide. 

2.  Meanness  of  condition.  Men  are  not  to  be 
despised  or  oppressed  on  account  of  the  luwness  of 
their  birth  or  condition. 

3.  Meanness  of  mind  or  cli.aracter ;  want  of  di^ 
nity.    Haughtiness  usually  springs  from  tuwness  of 
miiid  ;  real  dignity  is  distinguished  by  modesty. 

4.  Want  of  siibliinity  in  style  or  sentiment ;  the 
contrary  lo  Loftiness.  Drydcn. 

5.  Submissiveness  J  as,  Ihe /orc/if.^^  of  obedience. 

Biuon. 

fi.  Depression  of  mind  ;  want  of  courage  or  forti- 
tude ;  dejection  ;  as,  lowness  of  spirits. 

7.  I)epres3ion  in  furtiine  ;  a  state  of  poverty;  as, 
the  lowness  of  circumstances. 

8.  Depression  in  strength  or  intensity  ;  as,  the  low- 
ness of  ileal  or  tcmpemture  ;  loicness  of  zeal. 

9.  Depression  in  price  or  worth  ;  as,  the  /iimncw  of 
price  or  value  ;  the  lateness  of  the  fuiuLs,  or  of  the 
markets. 

lu.  Graveness  of  sound  ;  as,  the  lowness  of  notes. 
11.  Softness  of  sound;  as,  the  lowttcss  of  Uie 
voice. 

LOW'-I'KK'-En,  (lo'prisl,)  a.    Rearing  a  low  price. 
LoW-l>ltr,SS'i;i!E,  a.    See  Steam-En(;ine. 
LOW'-KUOF-BU,  (-rooft,)  a.    Having  a  low  roof. 

LOW-PPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Not  having  animation  and 
courage  ;  dejected  ;  depressed  ;  not  lively  or  spright- 
ly. Losses  of  property  often  render  men  low-.-pirited. 
Excessive  severity  breaks  the  mind,  and  renders 
the  child  or  pupil  low-spirited. 

LOW-Sl'IR'IT-ED-NKSS,  n.  Dejection  of  mind  or 
courage  ;  a  stale  of  low  spirits.  Chnjue. 

LOW-SlJN-D.\Y,  n.  A  popular  name  for  the  Sunday 
next  after  Easter.  Brande. 

LOW-'PHOL'GHT'ED,  (-lhawt'ed,)  a.  Having  the 
thoughts  employed  on  low  subjects ;  not  having 
sublime  and  elevated  thoughts  or  contemplations  ; 
mean  of  sentiment ;  as,  low-OwuglUed  care. 

Jildton.  Pope. 

LOW-WA'TER,  n.  The  lowest  point  of  the  ebb  or 
recedini:  tide. 

LOW'-WI.N'ES,  n.  pf.  [lowani  wine.]  A  weak  liquor 
produced  by  the  first  distillation  tif  molasses,  or  fer- 
mcnled  litiuors  ;  the  first  run  of  the  still. 

Edwards,  W.  Ind. 

LOX-O-DROM'ie,  0.  [Gr.  Aofof,  oblii|ue,  and  ii,)</ir.{, 
a  course.) 

Pertaining  to  oblique  sailing  by  the  rhumb;  as, 
lotodromic  tables. 

Lotodrtmic  carte  :  a  line  which  always  makes  an 
equal  angle  with  every  meridian  ;  the  rhumb  line. 

LOX-O-DRU.M'ies,  )i.  The  art  of  oblique  sailing  by 
the  rhumb,  a  line  which  always  makes  an  equal  an- 
gle with  every  meridian  ;  that  is,  when  a  ship  sails 
neither  directly  under  the  equator  nor  under  the 
same  meridian,  but  obliquely.       Harris.  Budeij. 

LOY'AL,  a.  [Fr.  loyal;  ll.leale;  Sp.  leal ;  from  L. 
lez,  law.] 

Faithful  to  a  prince  or  superior  ;  true  lo  plighted 
faith,  iluty,  or  love;  not  treacherous;  used  of  sub- 
jects to  their  prince,  and  of  husband,  wife,  and  lov- 
ers ;  as,  a  loyal  subject ;  a  loyal  wife. 

There  Uio-tainia  with  Rviulne  nioven, 

Uiihippy  luth  I  liut  toynl  in  their  lovea.  Drylen. 

LOY'AL-IST,  B.  A  person  who  adheres  to  his  sov- 
ereign ;  particularly,  one  who  niaint:tins  his  allegi- 
ance to  his  prince,  and  defends  bis  cause  in  limes  of 
revolt  or  revtilution. 

LOY'.'\L-LY,  atlr.  With  fiilelity  to  a  prince  or  sov- 
crei<:n,  or  to  a  husband  or  lover. 

LOY'.M^TY,  n.  Fidelity  to  a  prince  or  sovereign,  or 
to  a  husband  nr  lover. 

He  h.id  tiich  loyalty  lo  Uie  kiii|r  aa  the  law  require!.  Clarendon. 

LOZ'ENCE,  71.  [Fr.  losange ;  Cr.  X  <f  of ,  oblitiue,  and 
}  on  111,  a  corner.] 

1.  \  figure  with  four  equal  sides,  having  two 
acute  and  two  obtuse  angles;  a  rhomb. 

2.  In  hrraldni,  [it  is  used  exactly  as  in  the  first 
sense.  — E.  II.  B.] 

3.  Among  jewelers,  lozenges  arc  common  to  bril- 


LUC 

liants  and  rose  diamonds.  In  brilliants,  they  are 
formed  ^y  the  meeting  of  the  skill  and  the  star  fa- 
cets on  the  bezil  ;  in  the  latter,  by  the  meeting  of 
the  facets  in  the  horizontal  ribs  of^  llie  crown. 

Eucyc. 

4.  In  confectionery,  a  small  cake  of  sugar,  &c., 
often  medicated,  originally  in  the  form  of  n  lozenge 
or  rhoiii^,  but  now  usually  round. 
LOZ'E.NG-KD,  (  a.     Having  the  form  of  a 

LOZ'ENOE-SIIaP  ED,  j    lozenge  or  rhomb.  [See 

LoZEVtJE,  No.  1.1 

LOZ'E.N'G  Y,  a.    In  keraldry,  [more  usually  written 

luieniice,  divided  lozengc-wi.se.  —  E.  U.  Barker.] 
LP;  a  contraction  of  Lordship. 
Lir.    See  Loo. 

HJB'BARI).    fJVui  used.]    See  LimnEn. 

LUB'BEK,  n.  [W.  llahi,  a  tall,  lank  fellow,  a  clumsy 
man,  a  stripling,  a  lubber,  a  looby ;  llab,  a  flag  or  thin 
strip,  a  stripe  or  stroke  ;  llabiaw,  to  slap  ;  Hob,  an  un- 
wieldy lump,  a  dull  fellow.  From  the  signilirallons 
of  llabi,  it  iippcars  that  the  primary  sense  is  tall  and 
lank,  like  a  stripling  who  gains  his  hight  before  he 
does  his  full  strength,  and  hence  is  clumsy.  But 
looby  seems  rather  to  be  from  Uob.] 

A  heavy,  clumsy  fellow;  a  sturdy  drone;  a 
clown. 

Ami  liii?.^nnf,  .-Mtfra  lose  many  a  penny.  Totter. 
LUn'BEIl-LY,  a.    Properly,  tall  and  lank,  without  ac- 
tivity ;  hence,  biilhv  and  heavy;  clum.iy  ;  lazy;  as, 
a  lubbrrhi  fellow  or  btii^. 
LUBBERLY,  adv.    Clumsily;  awkwardly. 

Drydcn. 

Lv'URlU,  a.    [L.  lubricus,  slippery.] 

1.  Having  a  sinoolh  surface  ;  slippery  ;  as,  a  lubric 
throat.  Crashaw. 

2.  Wavering  ;  unsteady  ;  as,  the  lubric  waves  of 
state.  IVotton. 

3.  La-scivious  ;  wanton  ;  lewd. 

This  lattrie  and  adult-Tite  ag«.  Dryden. 

\  Thit  word  is  now  little  used.  ] 
LP'BRI-eANT,  11.    [See  Ludbicate.]    That  which 
lubricates. 

LC''BRI-C.\TE,  r.  t.  [L.  luhrieo,  from  lubricus,  slip- 
pery ;  allied  to  labor,  to  slip  or  slide.] 

To  make  smooth  or  slip|>ery.  .Mucilaginous  and 
saponaceous  medicines  lubricate  the  parts  to  which 
lliey  are  applied.    Lubricitate  is  not  used. 

Lu'liRl-CA-TEl),  pp.  or  a.  Made  smooth  and  slip- 
perv. 

LC''BIU-C.\-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rendering  smooth  and 
slippery. 

HT-ltRI-eA'TIO.\,  n.    The  act  of  rendering  smooth 

and  slipperv. 
Lu'BRl-€.\-TOR,  n.    That  which  lubricates. 
LU-BKIC'l-TY,  n.    [Fr.  lubriciti.] 

1.  Smoothness  of^  surface  ;  slippcrincss. 

2.  Smoothness  ;  aptness  to  glide  over  any  thing,  or 
to  facilitate  the  motion  of  bodies  in  contact  by  dimin- 
ishing friction.  Ray, 

3.  Slippcriness  ;  instability ;  as,  the  lubricity  of 
fortune.  L'EHrange. 

4.  Lnsciviousnesg  ;  propensity  to  lewdness  ;  lewd- 
ne-ss  ;  lechery  ;  incontinency.  Dri.den. 

LC"BUI-eurs,  a.    [L.  lubricus.] 

1.  Smooth  ;  slippery.  Woodward. 

2.  Wavering;  unstable;  ns, /uAricous  opinions. 

Olancille. 

LU-nRI-FAC'TION,  n.  [Infra.]  The  act  of  liibri- 
l  aliiiL'  or  making  smooth.  Bacon. 

H'-HRI  Fl  e.\'T10N,  n.  [L.  lubricus  and /ucia,  to 
make.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  making  smooth  and  slip- 
pi^ry.  Ray. 

Ll'-e.\'.M.\,  n.  .\  Chilian  fruit,  in  size  and  flavor  re- 
sembling a  peach.  Oarduer. 

LfU'E,  H.    A  pike  full  grown.  Johnson.  Shak. 

LCCE.NT,  a.  [L.  lucens,  from  lucro,  to  shine.  See 
Light.] 

Shining;  bright;  resplendent;  as, the  sun's /ucrat 
orb.  Milton. 
Lf''CER.V,  71.    [Qu.  W.  llusau,  plants ;  Uysieuyn,  a 
plant  ;  Com.  lyzuan  ;  or  from  Lucerne,  in  Switzer- 
land.] 

A  leguminous  plant  of  the  genus  .Medicago,  culti- 
vated lor  foililer. 
LU-CER'NAl^MICRO-SCOPE,  7i.     [L.  iuccnia,  a 
lamp,  and  uiicroseope.] 

.\  compound  microscope,  in  which  the  object  is 
illtiminateil  by  means  of  a  lamp.  Olmsted. 
LO'CII),  a.     [L.  lueidus,  from  {iicco,  to  shine.  See 

LiCHT.] 

1.  Shining  ;  bright ;  resplendent  ;  as,  the  lueid 
orbs  tif  heaven. 

2.  Clear  ;  transparent;  pellucid  ;  as,  a  lucid  stream. 

.Ui//ull. 

3.  Bright  with  the  radiance  of  intellect ;  ntit  dark- 
-oneil  or  confused  by  delirium  or  iiiadn(*ss  ;  marked 

by  the  regiil.-ir  operations  of  reason  ;  as,  the  lucui  in- 
tervals of  a  derinued  man. 

4.  Clear  ;  distinct .  presenting  a  clear  view  ;  easily 
understiMid  ;  as,  a  lucid  order  or  arrangement. 

LUCID  I  TY,  a.    Brightness.    [JV,.t  used.] 
LO'CID-LY,  ode.    Clearly  ;  distinctly. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tJNITE.— AN"GER,  Vl"CIOLS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


679 


LUC 

LO'CID-NESS,  re.    Biiiilitiiess  ;  clearness. 
LU'CI-FER,  71.     [L.  lux,  lucis,  light,  and  fero,  to 
bringj 

1.  The  planet  Venus,  so  called  from  its  brightness. 

2.  Satan. 

And  when  he  falls  he  Mis  like  Luci/er, 
Never  lu  hope  agiiin.  Shak. 
Lu'CI-FER,  I  n.   A  match  made  of  a  very 

LO'CI-FEK-MArCH,  i  combustible  substance,  and 
ignited  by  friction.  They  were  oriirinally  tipped  with 
a  mixture  of  chlorate  of  potash  and  sulphuret  of  an- 
timony, but  now  usually  with  phosphorus  and  niter. 

Silliman. 

LU-CI-Fe'RI-AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  Lucifer,  or  to  the 
Luciferians. 

LU-CI-Fe'RI-ANS,  71.  pi.  The  followers  of  Lucifer, 
bishop  of  C.igliari,  in  the  fourth  century,  who  sepa- 
rated from  the  orthodox  churches  because  they 
would  not  go  all  lengths  with  him  in  opposing  the 
Arians.  Murdock. 
LU-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  lucifir,  supra.] 

Giving  light ;  affording  light  or  means  of  discov- 
ery. Buyle. 
LU-CIF'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  discover.  Brown. 
LU-CIF'ie,  a.    [L.  lux,  light,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

Producing  light.  Grew. 
LU'CI-FORM,  a.    [L.  lux,  light,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  light ;  resembling  light. 
The  water  prepi\res  us,  and  purifies  our  luciform  spirit  to  re- 
ceive the  diviiiity.  Paus.  Tram. 
LU-CIM'E-TER,  77.    A  photometer,  or  instrument  for 

measuring  the  intensity  of  light. 
LUC;K,  77.    [D.  luk,  geluk  ;  G.  ghick  ;  Sw.  lycka  ;  Dan. 
lykke;  Sans,  lakki.    The  sense  is,  that  which  comes, 
falls,  happens.    W.  iluj,  a  dart  or  throw  ;  llufuiw,  to 

throw.  Qu.  Gr.  Aayxavu  ;  Ar.  Li!  laka.  Class 
Lg,  No.  21.] 

"That  which  happens  to  a  person  ;  an  event,  good 
or  ill,  affecting  a  man's  interest  or  happiness,  and 
which  is  deemed  casual ;  fortune.  Luck  respects 
persons  and  their  proceedings.  We  never  .say,  in  a 
literal  sense,  that  a  plant  has  the  luck  to  grow  in  a 
particular  place  ;  or  a  fossil  has  the  luck  to  be  of  a 
particular  form.  We  say,  a  person  has  the  good 
luck  to  escape  from  danger:  or  the  ill  lack  toha  in- 
snared  or  to  suffer  loss.  He  has  good  luck,  or  bad  luck 
in  gaming,  fishing,  or  hunting.  Luck,  or  what  we 
call  chance,  accident,  fortune,  is  an  event  which 
takes  place  without  being  intended  or  foreseen  ;  or 
from  some  cause  not  under  human  cimtrol  ;  that 
which  can  not  be  previously  known  or  determined 
with  certainty  by  human  skill  or  power. 

Consider  the  gilt  of  luck  as  below  the  coie  of  a  wise  mnn. 

iiamb'er. 

LUCK'-PEX-NY,  71.  In  Scotland,  a  small  sum  given 
back  to  the  payer,  by  one  who  receives  money  under 
a  contract  or  bargain.  Jumieson. 

LUCK'I-LV,  adu.  [from  lucky.']  Fortunately  ;  by 
good  fortune ;  with  a  favorable  issue ;  in  a  good 
sense.    Luckily,  we  escaped  injury. 

LUCK'I-NES.S,  71.  The  state  of  being  fortunate  ;  as, 
the  luckiness  of  a  man  or  of  an  event. 

2.  Good  fortune  ;  a  favorable  issue  or  event.  [In 
this  sense,  Luck  is  generally  used.] 

LUCK'LESS,  )i.    Unfortunate  ;  meeting  with  ill  suc- 
cess ;  as,  a  luckless  gamester  ;  a  luckless  maid. 
2.  Unfortunate  ;  producing  ill  or  no  good. 
Prayers  made  and  granted  in  a  luckless  hour.  Dry-ien. 

LUCK'LESS-LY,  adv.  Unfortunately  ;  unsuccess- 
fully. 

LUCK'Y,  a.  Fortunate  ;  meeting  with  good  success ; 
as,  a  lucky  adventurer. 

2.  Fortunate;  producing  good  by  chance ;  favora- 
ble ;  as,  a  lucky  adventure  ;  a  lucky  time  ;  a  lucky 
cast. 

LO'eR.\-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  lucratif;  L.  lucrativus,  from 
lucror,  to  gain  profit.] 

Gainful ;  profitable  ;  making  increase  of  money  or 
goods ;  as,  a  lucrative  trade  ;  lucrative  business  or 
office. 

LCeilA-TIVE-LY,  a*.  Profitably. 

LO'GRE,  (lu'ker,)  n.    [L.  lucrum  ;  Fr.  lucre.'] 

Gain  in  money  or  goods  ;  profit;  usually  in  an  ill 
Bcnue,  or  with  the  sense  of  something  base  or  un- 
worthy. 

The  lu«t  of  lucre,  «nd  the  dread  of  death.  P"!!'. 
A  h-.shop  inu«t  he  blameleM  —  not  given  to  filthy  liirre.  —  '1  it.  I. 

LO'eRE,  (lu'ker,1  v.  i.  To  desire  pecuniary  advan- 
tage,   {.fij'nt  used.]  Jinderson. 

LU-CRIF'ER-OUH,  a.  [L. /acruin,  gain,  and /cro,  to 
produce.] 

Gainful  ;  profiUible.    [Little  used,]  Roylc. 
LH-CRIF'ie,  a.      [L.   lucrum,  gain,  and  fucio,  to 
inake.1 

Prmniclne  profit ;  gainful.    [J\rot  used.] 
LUC-TA'TKl.N",  n.   [L.  tuttutio,  from  luctor,  to  wrestle 
or  "irivc.l 

Klniggfn  ;  cnntcit ;  clTort  to  overcome  in  ront<tst. 
fLillte  used.] 
LU€"Ti;-AL,  B.    [L.  tiulu;  grief.] 

Producing  grief.    fWoJ  lued.]  Buck. 


LUK 

Lu'€U-BRaTE,  v.  i.   [L.  luciihro,  to  study  by  candle- 
light, from  lucubrum,  from  lui,  light.] 

To  study  by  candle-light  or  a  lamp ;  to  study  by 
night. 

LU-€U-BRA'TI0N,  n.    Study  by  a  lamp  or  by  candle- 
light ;  nocturnal  study. 

2.  That  which  is  composed  by  night ;  that  which 
is  produced  by  meditation  in  retirement.  Taller. 

LU'eU-BRA-TO-RY,  a.  Composed  by  candle-light  or 
by  night.  Pope. 

LU'CO-LEXT,  a.  [L.  luculentus,  from  luceo,  to  shine.] 

1.  Lucid  ;  clear  ;  transparent ;  as,  luculcnt  rivers. 

2.  Clear;  evident;  luminous.  [T/iomsoti. 


LU  eUL'LITE,  71.    [from  Lucu'.us,  a  Roman  consul.] 
A  variety  of  black  limestone,  often  polished  for 

ornamental  purposes.  Brande. 
LU-DIB'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  ludibriosus,  from  lado,  to 

sport.] 

Sportive  ;  wanton.  J.  Barlow. 

LU'DI-CROUS,  a.    [L.  ludicer,  from  ludo,  to  sport.] 
Sportive  ;  burlesque  ;  adapted  to  raise  laughter, 
without  scorn  or  contempt.    Ludicrous  differs  from 
ridiculous ;  the  latter  implying  contempt  or  derision. 

Plutareh  quotes  this  instance  of  Homer's  Judgment,  in  dosing  a 
ludicrous  scene  witli  decency  and  instruction.  Broome. 

Lu'DI-CROUS-LY,  adv.    Sportively;  in  burlesque; 

in  a  manner  to  raise  laughter  without  contempt. 
LU'DI-€ROUS-NESS,  7i.    Sportiveness  ;  the  quality 

of  exciting  laughter  without  contempt ;  merry  cast. 
LU-DI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.    [L.  ludificor.] 

The  act  of  deriding. 
LU-DIF'I-€A-TO-RY,  a.    Making  sport;  tending  to 

excite  derision.  Barrow. 
Lu'F.S,  71.    [L.]    Poison  ;  pestilence  ;  plague. 
LUFF,  71.    [Goth.  iK/a;-Scot.  loof;  Ir.  lav,  lamh  ;  W. 

law.] 

The  palm  of  the  hand.    [Local.]  Smart. 

LUFF,  7!.    [Fr.  lof:  G.  luof;  D.  luef;  Arm.  loff:] 

Weathergage,  or  part  toward  the  wind  ;  or  the 
sailing  of  a  sliip  close  to  the  wind. 

LUFF,  V.  i.    [D.  loeven  ;  Arm.  luffi.] 

To  turn  the  head  of  a  ship  toward  the  wind  ;  to 
sail  nearer  the  wind.  Hence,  in  t/ie  imperative,  luff 
is  an  order  to  put  the  tiller  on  the  lee  side,  in  order 
to  make  the  ship  sail  nearer  the  wind.  Luff  round,  or 
luff  a-lee,  is  the  extreme  of  this  movement,  intended 
to  throw  the  ship's  head  into  the  wind.  A  ship  is 
said  to  spring  her  luff,  when  she  yields  to  the  helm 
by  sailing  nearer  the  wind.  Encyc. 

LUFF'-TACK-LE,  (-tak-l,)  n.  A  large  tackle  not  des- 
tined for  any  particular  place  in  tile  ship,  but  mova- 
ble at  pleasure.  '   Mar.  Diet. 

LUG,  V.  t.  [S:ix.  lyccan,  dluccan,  gelugg'ian,  to  pull,  to 
pluck,  Ir.  luighim.    See  Pluck.] 

1.  To  haul ;  to  drag ;  to  pull  with  force,  as  some- 
thing heavy  and  moved  with  difficulty. 

Jowler  lugs  hini  still 
Though  heiljes.  Dryden, 

2.  To  carry  or  convey  with  labor. 

They  must  ilividc  the  image  among  them,  and  80  iii^  olT  every 

one  his  share.  Collier. 
To  lug  out ;  to  draw  a  sword  in  burlesque. 

Dryden. 

LUG,  ».  i.    To  drag ;  to  move  heavily.  [Qu.] 

Dryden. 

LUG,  71.    A  small  fish.  Carcw. 

2.  In  Scotland,  an  ear.    [Obs.]  Johnson. 

3.  A  pole  or  perch,  a  land  measure.  [06s.] 

Spenser. 

4.  Something  heavy  to  be  drawn  or  carried. 
[Vulgar.] 

LUG'GAGli,  71.  [from  lug.]  Any  thing  cumbersome 
and  heavy  to  be  carried ;  a  traveler's  trunks,  bag- 
gage, &c. 

1  am  galliering  up  mv  luggage  and  preparing  for  niy  journey. 

2.  Something  of  more  weight  than  value. 

What  do  von  mcau 
To  dote  on  such  luggage  ?  Sliak. 

LUG'GER,  71.  [T>.loger,] 

.\  small  vessel  carrying  three  masts,  with  a  run- 
ning bowsprit  and  long  or  lug  sail.s. 

Tolten.    Mar.  Diet. 
LIIGGS,  71.  An  insect  like  an  earth-worm,  but  having 
legs. 

LU(J'-SaII,,7!.  a  square  sail  bent  upon  a  yard  that 
hangs  obliquely  to  the  ma.st  at  one  third  of  its 
lenglli.  Mar.  Did. 

LU-UO'BKI-OUS,  a.  [L.  lugubris,  from  lugeo,  to 
Weep.] 

Aloiirnful  ;  indicating  sorrow ;  as,  n  lugubrious 
li>ok.  Decay  of  I'icty. 

Hr-CO'BRI OUS-LY,  adu.  Mournfully. 
LfiKIO  or  I.EOKK,  n.    Not  fully  hot.  [Obs.] 
LCiKE'NESri  or  LE0KE'NESS,7i.  Moderate  warmth. 
[Obs,] 

LOKE'wARM,  a.  [Sax.  vlaco,  tepid,  moderately 
warm  ;  vliician,  to  warm  ;  I),  laauw,  laauwvn  (i. 
Ian  ;  Dan  Unl.rii,  lukewarm  ;  Uuikrr,  to  make  tepid  ; 
allied  to  flag,  tug,  or  to  lay,  alluy,  or  to  slack.] 


LUM 

1.  Moderately  warm  ;  tepid;  as,  iitie7ra7T7!  water; 
lukewarm  heat.  fViseman.  JVewton 

2.  N(Jt  ardent  ;  not  zealous  ;  cool  ;  indifferent ;  as, 
lukewarm  obedience  ;  lukewarm  patriots.    Bev.  iii. 

Dryden.  .ddd'ison, 
LuKE'WARM-LY,  ado.   With  moderate  warmth. 

2.  With  indifference;  coolly. 
LtJKE'WAR.M-NESS,  71.   A  mild  or  moderate  heat. 
2.  Indifference  ;  want  of  zeal  or  ardor ;  coldness. 
The  defect  of  ze.d  is  lukewarmness,  or  coldness  in  religion. 

Sprat, 

LULL,  V.  t.  [Dan.  luller ;  G.  and  D.  lullen ;  L.  lallo. 
Clu.  Russ.  leleyu,  to  dandle  or  fondle.  The  sense  is, 
to  throw  down,  to  still,  to  appease.  Seamen  say,  the 
wind  lulls,  when  it  subsides.] 

To  quiet ;  to  compose  ;  to  cause  to  test.  The  na- 
tion may  be  lulled  into  security. 

To  lull  him  soft  asleep.  Spenser. 

Such  sweet  compulsion  doth  in  music  lie 

To  lull  the  dailghLcre  of  necessity.  Milton. 

LULL,  71.  i.   To  subside  ;  to  cease  ;  to  become  calm  ; 

as,  the  wind  lulls. 
LULL,  71.    Power  or  quality  of  soothing.  Young. 
2.  A  season  of  temporary  quiet  after  storm  or 

confusion. 

LULL'A-BV,  71.    [lull  and  by,  Russ.  baxju.    See  By.] 
A  song  to  quiet  babes  ;  that  which  quiets. 

Shak.  Locke. 

LULL'£D,  pp.  duieted ;  appeased  ;  composed  to 
rest. 

LULL'ER,  71.    One  that  lulls  ;  one  that  fondles. 

LULL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Stilling  ;  composing  to  rest. 

LUM,  71.    [Qu.  Sa.x.  leoma.] 

The  chimney  of  a  cottage.  Todd. 

LCMA-CHEL,       )  71.    A  grayish-brown  limestone, 

LU-.MA-CHEL'LA,  (  containing  fossil  shells,  which 
reflect  from  within  the  stone  a  beautiful  play  of  col- 
ors. It  is  also  called  frc-marble,  from  the  fiery  re- 
flections. Dana. 

LUM-BAG'I-NOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  lumbago. 

LUiM-Ba'GO,  71.    [L.  tumbus,  loins.]  [Cheyne. 

1.  A  pain  in  the  loins  and  small  of  the  back. 

Quincy. 

2.  A  rheumatic  affection  of  the  muscles  about  the 
loins.  Hooper. 

LUM'BAL,  a.    The  same  as  Lcmbak,  which  see. 
LUM'BAR,  a.    [L.  lumbus,  loins.] 

Pertaining  to  or  near  the  loins.  The  lumbar  re- 
gion is  the  posterior  portion  of  the  btuly,  between 
the  false  ribs  and  the  upper  edge  of  the  haunch  bone. 

Parr. 

LUM'BER,  71.  [Allied  to  Sax.  Icnma,  utensils,  or  to 
lump,  clump,  a  mass,  or  Dan.  lumpe,  a  rag;  lumperie, 
trifles  ;  Sw.  lumpor,  rags,  old  cloths ;  D.  lomp  ;  G. 
lumpen ;  Fr.  lambcau.  In  French,  lambourde  is  a 
joist.] 

1.  Any  tiling  useless  and  cumbersome,  or  things 
bulky  and  thrown  aside  as  of  no  use. 

The  vei^'  bed  was  viol  ited  — 

And  thrown  among  Uie  common  lumber,  Otway. 

2.  In  America,  timber  sawed  or  split  for  use  ;  as 
beams,  joists,  boards,  planks,  staves,  hoops,  and  the 
like. 

3.  Harm  ;  mischief.    [Local.]  Pegge. 
LU.M'liER,  I'.  (.   'l  o  heap  together  in  disorder.  Bymcr. 

9.  To  fill  with  lumber  ;  as,  to  lumber  a  room. 
LUM'BER,  II.  i.    To  move  heavily,  as  if  burdened 

with  his  own  bulk.  Dryden. 
2.  To  cut  lumber  in  the  forest,  and  prepare  it  for 

market.  America. 
LU.M'BER-ED,  pp.    Heaped  together  in  disorder. 
LUiM'BER-Ell,  71.    One  employed  in  getting  lumber 

from  the  forest.  America. 
LU.M'BEU-ING,  ppr.   Filling  with  lumber;  putting  in 

disorder. 

LUM'IIER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Moving  heavily. 
LUM'BER-ING,  n.   The  act  or  employment  of  getting 
lumber  in  the  forest,  and  preparing  it  for  market. 

.^jiifrica. 

LUM'BER-ROOM,  71.    A  place  for  the  reception  of 

lumber  or  useless  things. 
LUAl'BRie,  71.    [L.  lumbricus,  a  worm.] 

A  worm.  Med.  Rrpos. 

LUM'BRIC-AL,  a.    [lumbricu.'<,  a  worm.] 

Resembling  a  worm  ;  as,  the  lumbriciil  nniscles. 
LUM'BRIG-AL,  n.    A  muscle  of  the  fingers  and  toes, 

so  named  from  its  resembling  a  worm.    Of  these 

muscles,  there  are  four  of  the  fingers  and  as  many  of 

the  toes. 

LU.M-BRIC'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  lumbricus,  a  worm,  and 
form,] 

Resembling  a  worm  in  shape. 
Lfl'MlN-A-RV,  11.    [L.  luminarr,  from  lumm,  light. 
Lumen  is  the  Saxon  Iroma,  a  ray,  or  from  luceo,  by 
contraction,  for  lucmen,  lugmen.] 

1.  Any  body  that  gives  light,  but  chiefly  one  of 
the:  c(  lestial  orbs.  The  sun  is  the  principal  luminary 
in  our  system.    The  sfiirs  are  inferior  luminaries. 

2.  One  that  illustrates  any  subject,  or  enlightens 
mankind  ;  as.  Bacon  and  Newton  were  distinguished 
lumiuanrs. 

LO'MIN  ATE,  11.  t.    [h.  Inmino.] 
To  illuminate.  [Obs,] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


G80 


LUN 


LLMl 


LUS 


LO-MIN-A'TION.    See  Illi'Mination. 

LO'MINE,  (-mill.)  v.  t.    To  enligliten.    [JSTat  used.] 

ISt'e  Illumine.] 
LIJ-MIN-IF'ER-OUS,  a.   [L.  lumen,  light,  nnd/<To,  to 

prodiiro.] 

IVdiliicitiE  light  ;  yicldinj;  light.  Ure. 
LO'.MI.N'-DUS,  o.    [h.  lumtiiosiu  ;  Ft.  tumiaeux.] 

1.  Shilling;  emitting  light.  The  sun  in  a  most  iu- 
mi;ioi/.>'  body. 

2.  Light;  illuminated.  The  moon  is  rendered  tu- 
minou.i  by  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

3.  Bright  ;  shining  ;  as,  u  luminous  color. 

4.  Cleiir  ;  as,  a  luminous  essav  or  argument. 
LP'MIN-OIJS-LY,  0(/ii.    With  brighliiess  or  clearness. 
I.C'.Ml.N-OU.S-.NKSS,  (  II.    The  quality  of  being  bright 
Llt-MI.N  OS'l-TV,     I     or  shining;  brightness ;  as, 

the  IttittinoiLiness  of  llic  sea.  Kncijc. 

a.  Clearness  ;  perspicuity  ;  as,  the  luminoiisness  of 
ideas,  arguments,  or  method.  Cheynr. 
LUM'MO.V,  71.    A  fat,  unwieldy,  stupid  person  ;  as  if 
made  of  loam.    [Provincial.]    Forhtj,  East  .^nglia. 
[Sometimes  heard  in  America.] 
LlIMr,  n.    [G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  klump  ;  D.  khmp :  \\. 
clamp  ami  clap.    If  m  is  not  radical,  this  belongs  to 
Class  1,1).    Lump  is  clump,  without  the  prefix.] 

1.  .A  small  mass  of  matter,  of  no  definite  shape  ; 
as,  a  lump  of  earth;  a  lump  of  butter;  a  lamp  of 
sugar. 

'J.  A  mass  of  things  blended  or  thrown  together 
wiihoiit  order  or  distinction  ;  as,  copper,  iron,  gold, 
silver,  lead,  tin,  promiscuously  in  one  lump. 
3.  A  cluster ;  as,  a  lump  of  figs.   2  Kings  XX. 
In  the  lump  ;  the  whole  together  ;  in  gross. 

Th*")'  may  l*uy  iiiy  piipi>ra  in  lAf  lump.  Ailditoji. 
LUMP,  r.  t.  To  throw  into  a  mas:; ;  to  unite  in  a  body 
or  sum  without  distinction  of  particulars, 

Th*-  expenses  oii'iu  lo  be  lumped.  Ayli^e. 

3.  To  take  in  the  gross. 

LrMr'KI),  (lumpt,)  pp.    Thrown  into  a  mass  or  sum. 

LL'.MI*'E.\',  n.  .\  huig  fish,  of  a  greenish  color,  and 
marked  with  lines. 

LU.MP'-FISII,  H.  A  sea  fish,  of  the  genus  Cyclopte- 
riis,  (Lumpus  of  Ciivier,)  also  called  Ll  mp-si  i  ker. 
Its  head  and  body  are  deep,  thick,  and  sliort ;  the 
pectoral  fins  unite  under  the  throat,  and  wiili  the 
ventnd  fins  form  a  single  disk.  It  is  son,  without 
scales,  but  covered  with  firm,  horny  spines, 

Storer,  Muss.  Rep.  Partington. 

LUMP'ING,  ppr.    Throwing  into  a  mass  or  sum. 

2.  a.    Iliilky  ;  heavy.    [A  low  word.]  ArhulhnoL 

3.  a.  In  a  mass  or  lump  ;  as,  a  lumping  bargain, 
LU.MP'ltf  II,  a.    Like  a  lump  ;  heavy  ;  gross  ;  bulky. 

Ralegli.  Dnjdrn. 
2.  Dull ;  inactive.  Sluilt. 
LUM1"ISI1-LY,  ode.    Heavily  ;  with  dullness  or  stu- 
piditv. 

Ll'.MP'I^H-XESS,  n.  Heaviness  ;  dullness  ;  stupidity. 

LI'MP'V,  a.    Full  of  lumps,  or  small,  comp.art  masses, 

LO'.N'.V,  n.    [L.]    The  moon.  [Mortimer. 

LtT'.X.I  COk'J^F.-Ji.  [L.]  Chlorid  of  silver,  so  called 
from  its  horn-Iike  appearance.  Among  the  old  chemists, 
luna  was  the  name  of  silver.  Ure. 

L0'N.'\-(;Y,  II.  [from  L.  luna,  the  moon  ;  VV.  Uan, 
form,  figure,  image,  the  moon.] 

1.  A  species  of  insanity  or  madness,  formerly  sup- 
posed to  be  influenced  by  the  moon,  or  periodical  in 
the  month. 

2.  As  a  general  term,  it  includes  all  varieties  of 
ment-il  alienation  which  are  not  fatuous.  Boucier. 

LC'.NAR,  )  ri  I  1 
LO'NAR-Y,  i  '""<"■«•] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  moon  ;  as,  lunar  observations. 

2.  Me:isured  by  the  revolutions  of  the  moon ;  as, 
lunar  days. 

3.  Resembling  the  moon  ;  orbed.  Dryden. 

4.  Under  the  inlluencc  of  the  moon.    [06^.  J 

Bacon. 

LO'NAR  GAUS'Tie,  n.    Fused  nitrate  of  silver. 

J^ichalson. 

LU-NA'RI-A.V,  n.    An  inhabitant  of  the  moon. 
LO'.N'AR  CT'CLF.,  ii.  The  i>eriod  of  time  after  which 

the  new  moon  returns  on  the  s,ame  days  of  the  vear. 
LO'NAIl  MO.N'TII,  ii.    The  time  in  (vhich  the  liioon 

completes  a  revolution  about  the  earth. 
LO'NA-RY,  n.    .Moonwort,  or  honesty,  an  herb  of  the 

genus  Lunaria. 
LO'NAR  YkAR,  71.    The  period  of  twelve  lunar 

months,  or  354  days,  8  hours,  48  minutes,  and  34 

seconds. 

LP'Na  TED,  a.    Formed  like  a  half  moon. 

IjC''N',\-1TC,  a.  AtVected  by  a  species  of  madness, 
formerly  supposed  to  be  infliii  iiced  by  the  moon. 

LCNA-Tie,  n.  A  person  allVcted  by  insanitv,  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  infiiienced  or  produced  by  the 
nuMin,  or  by  its  position  in  its  orbit :  a  madman.  Swift 

lU-N.i'T10.\,  „.  [L.lunatio.] 

The  iK-riod  of  a  revolution  of  the  moon  round  the 
earth,  or  the  time  from  one  new  moon  to  the  next. 

Brande. 

-^f  ">  [\V.  Hiciif,  a  gulp,  a  swallow,  the  gullet; 
Arm.  louncita,  langein,  to  swallow  greedily.) 

1.  .\  slight  repast  between  breakfast  and  dinner  ; 
fornicrlv  the  same  as  Ll  scheon. 


The  giassengera  in  the  line-ships  regularly  have 
their  lunch. 

2.  A  place  for  taking  a  liinrheon ;  an  eating-house. 
LUNCH,  r.  I.    To  take  a  lunch.  Smart. 
LUNCII'EON,  (lunch'un,)  ii.   A  portion  of  food  taken 
at  any  time  except  at  a  regular  meal. 

I  sliceil  llie  Luncheon  from  tlic  b^vrU-y  luaf.  Ga» 

LONE,  n.    [L.  luna,  the  moon.] 

1.  Any  thing  in  the  shape  of  ah.alfmA^n.  [Little 
used.}  WatU. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  figure  in  the  form  of  a  crescent, 
bounded  by  two  arcs  of  circles  intersecting  at  its  ex- 
tremities. Brande. 

3.  A  fit  of  lunacy  or  madness,  or  a  freak.  [JVut 
used.  ]  Sliali. 

4.  A  leash  ;  as,  the  lune  of  a  hawk, 
LU-NET'1'E',  II,    [Fr,  lunette,  from  /«iie,  the  moon.] 

1.  In  fortifieation,  an  envelojied  counterguard,  or 
elevation  of  eartli  made  beyond  the  second  ditch,  op- 
posite to  the  places  of  arms  ;  or  a  covered  place  be- 
fore the  courtinc,  consisting  of  two  faces  that  form 
an  angle  inward.  It  is  commonly  raised  in  ditches 
full  of  w.ater,  to  serve  instead  of  fausse  brays,  to  dis- 
pute the  enemy's  passage  of  the  ditch, 

Kneyc.  TrevouT. 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  half  horseshoe,  which  wants 
the  siMinge,  or  that  part  of  tlie  branch  which  runs 
toward  the  (piarters  of  the  foot.  Encijc. 

3.  A  kind  of  watch-crystal,  which  is  more  than 
ordinarily  flattened  in  the  center.  Olmsted. 

4.  A  piece  of  felt  to  cover  the  eye  of  a  vicious 
horse.  Kncyc. 

.5.  In  architecture,  an  aperture  for  the  admission  of 
light  into  a  concave  ceiling.  'Brande. 

LO'NET,  71.    A  Utile  moon  or  satellite.       Bp.  Hall. 

LU\(i,  II.  [Sax.  lungcn;  D.  long;  G.  and  Dan.  lunge ; 
Sw.  lunga.] 

1.  The  lungs  are  the  organs  of  respiration  in  n>nn 
and  many  other  aniin.als.  There  are  two  of  these 
c^rgans,  each  of  which  occupies  its  cavity  in  the  tho- 
rax. They  alternately  inhale  and  expel  the  air,  by 
means  of  which  the  necessary  function  of  respiration 
is  carried  on. 

Eiich  lung  tills  completely  the  cavity  in  which  it  is  pl.tced. 

WisUir. 

2.  Lungs ;  an  old  cant  term  for  a  person  having  a 
strong  voice  ;  also,  for  an  alchemist's  attendant  who 
puffed  his  coals.  B.  ./onson.  Smart. 

LU.N'fiE,  II.  [See  Ai.LONnE.]  A  sudden  push  or  thrust. 
LUNG'£D,  a.    Having  lungs,  or  the  nature  or  resem- 
blance of  lungs  ;  drawing  in  and  expelling  air. 

Dryden, 

LUNG'-GRoVVN,  o.  H.iving  lungs  that  adhere  to  tlie 
pleura.  JIarvcy. 

LU.N  'OIS,  n.    [Fr.  longis,  from  long.] 
A  lingerer;  a  dull,  drowsy  lellow. 

LUNG'LESS,  a.    Without  lungs. 

LU.NG'WORT,  71.    An  herb  of  the  genus  Pulmonari.a. 

LO'NI-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  luna,  the  moon,  and  form.] 
Resembling  the  moon. 

LU-.NI-So'LAR,  a.  [L.  luna,  moon,  and  Solaris,  sol, 
sun.] 

Compounded  of  the  revolutions  of  the  sun  and 
moon.  Johnson. 

The  /u7ii.';o/n'-year,  at  the  end  of  which  the  eclipses 
return  again  in  the  same  order,  consists  of  5.32  com- 
mon years,  found  by  multiplying  tlie  cycle  of  the  sun 
by  that  of  the  moon.  Brande. 
LO'NIS-TICE,  n.  [L. /una,  the  moon,  and  sto,  steti, 
or  st.<to,  to  stand.] 

The  furthest  jioint  of  the  moon's  northing  and 
soiilliing,  in  its  monthly  revolution.    [Obs.]  Kncyc. 
LUNT,  II.    [I).  /<iii(,  Dan.  lunte,  a  match.] 

The  match-cord  used  for  firing  cannon.  Johnson. 
LO'.NU-LAR,  II.    [from  L.  luna,  the  moon.j 

In  botany,  like  the  new  moon  ;  shaped  like  a  small 
crescent. 

LO'NU-LATE,  a.    [from  L.  luna,  the  moon.] 

In  botantt,  resembling  a  small  crescent. 
LO'NU-LITE,  n.    A  small  fossil  coral.  Lyell. 
LO'PER-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the /.KpercuZia,  or  feasts 

of  the  Romans  in  honor  of  Pan  ;  as  a  noun,  the  feast 

itself. 

LO'PINE,  (-pin,)  n.    [Fr.  lupin  ;  L,  Jiipinu*.] 

A  kind  of  pulse.  The  genus  Lupiniis  contains 
several  species,  mostly  annual  plants,  bearing  digitate 
leaves  and  papilionacetius  flowers.  The  seeds  of  the 
white  lupine  have  a  leguminous  taste,  accompanied 
with  a  disagreeable  bitterness,  and  are  said  to  be  an- 
thelmintic. Encye. 
LO'Pl.N'-I.N',  j  71.  A  bitter  substance  extracted  from 
LO'PL\-ITE,  i     tlie  leaves  of  the  white  lupin. 

Brande.  Cooley. 

LO'PU-LIN,  71.    [L.  lupulus,  hops.) 

Tne  bitter  principle  of  hops.  The  term  has  also 
been  applied  to  the  fine^yellow  powder  of  hops,  which 
contains  that  principle.  Cooley. 

LUR-CA'TION,  71.  [See  Lurch.]  Gluttony;  gor- 
mandizing. [^0A.<.] 

LURCH,  lu  [W.  Here,  a  frisk,  or  frisking  about,  a 
loitering  or  lurking  ;  Ucrcian,  to  loiter  about,  to  lurk. 
This  is  the  same  word,  radically,  as  lurk.  The  pri- 
mary Sense  is  to  nin,  start,  leap,  or  frisk  about,  as  a 


man  or  beast  that  files  from  one  tree  or  other  object 
to  another,  to  conceal  himself  Hence  Wc  <,ee  the 
peculiar  applicabUity  of  llii,,  word  in  seamen's  lan- 
guage. 

Ir.  seamen  s  language,  a  sudden  roll  of  a  s)ii[i  to  one 
side.  A  lee-lurch  is  a  sudden  roll  to  the  leeward,  aa 
when  a  heavy  sea  strikes  the  ship  on  the  weather 
side.  Cye. 

To  leare  in  the  lurch  ;  to  leave  in  a  difficult  situation, 
or  in  embarrassment;  to  leave  in  a  forlorn  state  or 
without  help.  Denham. 
LURCH,  r.  i.    To  roll  or  pass  suddenly  to  one  side, 
OS  a  ship  in  a  heavy  sea. 

2.  'I'o  withdraw  to  one  side,  or  to  a  private  place  ; 
to  lie  in  ambush  or  in  secret ;  to  lie  close.  [For  this, 
Lurk  is  now  used.]  L'Eslrange. 

3.  To  shift ;  to  play  tricks. 

I  orn  fiiin  tu  sliutile,  to  hr*lge,  and  lo  lurch.  Shak. 
LURCH,  V.  t.    To  defeat ;  to  disappoint,  that  is,  to 
evade  ;  as,  to  lurch  the  expectation.    [Little  used.] 

South. 

2.  To  steal ;  to  filch  ;  to  pilfer.    [Little  used.] 

Johnson. 

LURCH,  V.  t.    [L.  lurco,  a  gliitttm.] 

To  swallow  or  eat  greedily  ;  to  doi"our.  [JVot 

used.]  Bacon. 
LUKCII'K/),  (lurcht,)  pp.    Rolled  suddenly  'o  one 

side  ;  defeated  ;  evaded. 
LURCH'ER,  n.    One  that  lies  in  wait  or  lurks;  one 

that  watches  to  pilfer,  or  to  betray  or  entrap ;  a 

poacher. 

Swilt  from  the  phty  the  BciuMing  lurcher  flies.  Cay. 

2.  A  dog  that  lies  in  wait  for  game,  and  seizes 
them,  as  hares,  rabbits,  &.c. ;  more  used  by  poacheni 
than  siiortsmen.  Buchanan. 

.1.  [L.  luico,  a  glutton.]  A  glutton;  a  gormand- 
izer. 

LIJRCH'ING,  ppr.    Rolling  suddenly  to  one  side,  as  a 

ship  at  sea  ;  defeating  ;  disappointing. 
LUR'DAN,  a.    lilockisli.    [JVuI  used.]  Johnson. 
H'R'DA.N',  H,    A  clown  ;  a  blockhead.    (JVot  used.] 
LORE,  II.    [Fr.  Icurrr.] 

1.  .'Something  helil  out  to  call  a  hawk  ;  hence, 

2.  Any  enticement;  that  which  invites  hy  the 
prospect  of  advantage  or  pleasure;  as,  the  lures  of 
iieatity  or  of  gain. 

LORE,  V.  I.    To  call  hawks. 

SUiuiin^  hy  one  that  lured  loud  and  ahrill.  Bacon, 

LORE,  t).  t.    To  entice;  to  attract;  to  invite  by  any 
thing  that  promises  pleasure  or  advantage. 

Lured  on  Iiy  the  pleasure  of  tlie  twit.  Ternple. 
Aii'i  various  science  luret  the  learned  eye.  Uay. 

LCR'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Enticed  ;  attracted  ;  invited  by  the 

hope  of  pleasure  or  ttdvantage. 
I,C'Rll),a.    [L.  ?iii-k/u.<;  VV.  «ar,  livid,  a  gloom.  Qu. 

the  root  of  lower.] 

1.  Gli.astly  pale;  gloomy;  dismal.  Thomson. 

2.  In  botany,  a  term  applied  to  a  dirty  brown  color, 
a  little  cloiideil.  Lindley. 

LOR'l.NG,  p/ir.  or  a.    Enticing:  calling. 

LI'RK,  r.  i,    [W.  Urrcian,to  frisk  or  loiter  about,  to 

lurk;  G.  laueni;  D.  locren;  Sw.  lura ;  Dan.  lurer. 

See  Lurch.] 

1.  To  lie  hid  ;  to  lie  in  wait. 


2.  To  lie  concealed  or  iinperceived.  See  that  no 
selfish  motive  lurks  in  the  heart. 

The  lurking  ^old  upon  the  fatal  tree.  Dryden. 

3.  To  retire  from  public  observation  ;  to  keep  out 


of  sight. 

Tlie  (Icrendant  lurks  and  wanders  about  i 


Berks.  Dtaekitont. 


LURK'ER,  71.    One  that  lurks  or  keeps  out  of  sight. 
LURK'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Lying  concealed  ;  keeping  out 
of  sicbl. 

LURK'I.\"G-PLaCE,  71.  A  pl.ace  in  which  one  lies 
conce.aled  ;  a  secret  phace ;  a  hiding-place ;  a  den. 
I  .Sam.  .xxiii. 

LUR'RY,  71.  A  confused,  inarticulate  sound  or  utter- 
ance ;  as,  a  (iirrii  of  words.  UoUoway. 

LUS'CIOUS,  (liish'us,)  a.  [I  know  not  the  origin  and 
affinities  of  this  word.  The  Dutch  express  it  by 
loetlustig,  sweet-lusty.    Clu.  the  root  of  huury.] 

1.  Sweet,  or  rich  .so  as  to  cloy  or  nauseate  ;  sweet 
to  excess  ;  as,  luscious  food. 

2.  Very  sweet ;  delicious  ;  grateful  to  the  taste. 

And  misiits  Iteep  their  lutciout  native  taste.  Orylen, 

3.  Pleoiiing;  delightful. 

He  will  txiit  him  tu  with  the  lutdout  pruposaj  of  mme  ^Infill 
piirclt^ise.  South. 

4.  Ftillsome  ;  as,  luseiouji  flattery. 

5.  Sinntlv  ;  obscene.    [Unusual.]  Steele. 
LUS'CIOUS-LY,  (liish'us-le,)  adr.    With  sweetneaa 

or  richness  that  cloys  or  nauseates. 

2.  Obscenely.  Steele. 
LUS'CIOUS-NESS,  (liish'us-ness,)  7i.  Iminodemte 
richness  or  sweetness  that  cloys  or  offends. 

Morlimrr. 

LO'SER.V,  71.    A  lynr.  Johnson. 


TtNE,  B^LL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


LUS 


LUX 


LYD 


LUSH,  o.    Full  of  juice  or  succulence.     Rich.  Diet. 
How  lush  and  lusty  ihe  CTa^is  looks ;  how  ffreen  1  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

LU'SI-AD,  71.    The  celebrnted  epic  poem  of  Portusal, 
written  by  Camoens,  on  the  establishinejit  of  the  Por- 
tuguese government  in  India.  Brande. 
LUSK,  a.    [Kr.  lasclie.] 

Lazy  ;  slothful.    [JVot  in  use.'] 
LUSK,  n.    A  lazy  fellow  ;  a  lubber.    [JVot  in  jtse.] 
LUSK,  ».  i.    To  be  idle  or  unemployeu.  [Ofe.] 

Warmer. 

LUSK'ISH,  a.    Inclined  to  be  lazy.  Marston. 
LUSK'ISH-LY,  adv.  Lazily. 

LUSK'ISH-NESS,  ii.  Disposition  to  indolence;  lazi- 
ness.   [OJs.]  Spenser. 

LU-So'Rl  OUS,  a.  [L.  lusorius,  from  liulo,  lasi,  to 
sport.] 

Used  in  play  ;  sportive.    [Litde  lued.]  Sanderson. 
LU'SO-RV,  a.    [L.  lusorius,  as  above.] 

Used  in  play  ;  playful;  as,  liisonj  methods  of  in- 
structmg  children.  Watts. 
LUST,  ji.  [Sax.  tost;  G.  D.  and  Sw.  lust;  Dan.  bjst: 
It.  lasudli,  lust,  and  a  burning.  The  primary  sense 
is,  to  extend,  reach,  e.\pand,  to  stretch  forward.  It  is 
the  same  as  List.] 

1.  Longing  desire ;  eagerness  to  possess  or  enjoy; 
as,  the  lust  of  gain. 

My  tu6l  sliall  be  satisfied  upon  them.  —  Ex.  xv. 

2.  Concupiscence  ;  carnal  appetite ;  unlawful  de- 
sire of  carnal  pleasure.    Rom.  i.    2  Pet.  ii, 

3.  Evil  propensity  ;  depraved  affections  and  de- 
sires.   James  i.    Ps.  Ixxxi. 

4.  Vigor ;  active  power.    [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 
LUST,  r.  i.    [Sax.  lustan;  G.  liisten ;  D.  lusten;  Sw. 

lysta ;  Dan.  lyster.] 

1.  To  desire  eagerly  ;  to  long ;  with  after. 

Thou  mayest  kill  -md  eat  flesli  in  all  thy  j;iteB,  whatsoever  tliy 
soul  lasUlh  a/ler.  —  Dcul.  lii. 

2.  To  have  carnal  desire  ;  to  desire  eagerly  the 
gratification  of  carnal  appetite. 

Lust  not  after  her  bf-auty  in  tliy  heart.  —  Prov.  vi. 
Whosoever  lookelh  on  a  woman  to  lust  after  her,  hath  commit- 
ted adultery  with  her  alreatly  in  his  heart.  — Matt.  v. 

3.  To  have  irregular  or  inordinate  desires. 

The  spirit  that  dwelleth  in  us  lustelh  to  envy.  — James  iv. 
Lust  not  after  evil  things,  as  they  also  lusted.  —  1  Cor.  X. 

4.  To  list ;  to  like.  [Obs.] 

LUST'ER,  71.    One  actuated  by  lust  or  strong  desire. 
LUS'TER,  )  71.     [Fr.  lustre  ;  L.  lustrum  ;   It.  lustra, 
LUS'TKE,  i     from  L.  luslro,  to  purify  ;   Dan.  lys, 

light;  l«scr,  to  shine  ;  Sw.lysa;  D.  luistcr,  splendor; 

Ir.  lasadh,  laisaim,  leosam,  to  give  light,  to  burn  ;  leos, 

light.] 

1.  Brightness;  splendor;  gloss;  as,  the  luster  of 
the  sun  or  stars  ;  the  luster  of  silk. 

The  sun's  mild  luster  warms  the  vital  air.  Pope. 

2.  The  splendor  of  birth,  of  deeds,  or  of  fame  ;  re- 
nown ;  distinction. 

His  ancestors  continued  about  four  hundred  years,  rather  without 
obscurity  than  with  any  ^rcat  share  ol  luster.  Wotton. 

3.  A  candlestick  ornamented  with  drops  or  pen- 
dants of  cut  glass.  Pope.  Encijc. 

4.  The  space  of  five  years.    [L.  lustrum.] 

Bolin  'fbroke. 

LUS'TER-LESS,  ) 
LUS'TRE-LESS,  i 
LUST'FUL,  a.    Having  lust,  or  eager  desire  of  canial 

gratification  ;  libidinous ;  as,  an  intemperate  and 

lustful  man. 

2.  Provoking  to  sensuality ;  inciting  to  lust  or  ex- 
citing carnal  desire.  TUlotson. 

Thence  his  lustful  orgies  he  enlarged.  Milton. 

3.  Vigorous ;  robust ;  stout.    [JVo(  used.] 

Sackville. 

LUST'FIJL-IjY,  adv.  With  concupiscence  or  carnal 
desire. 

LUST'FJJL-NESS,  7!.  The  state  of  having  carnal  de- 
sires ;  libidinousncss, 

LURT'I-HEAD,  )  71.    [/ii.»(i/ and  Aooii.]  Vigorofbody. 

LUST'I  HQOD,  j     \Obs.]  Spenser. 

LU8T'I-LY,'<ir/ij.  With  vigor  of  body ;  stoutly;  with 
vigorous  exertion. 

I  delermlne  to  fight  lustily  for  him.  Sltak. 

LUST'I-NESS,  71.  Vigor  of  body  ;  stoutness ;  strength ; 
robustness ;  sturdiness. 

Ca[»padocian  slaves  were  famous  fur  thi  ir  lustiness.  DryUn. 

LUSTTNG,  ppr.  Having  eager  desire  ;  having  carnal 
appetite. 

LU.S'C'ING,  71.    F.ager  desire;  inordinate  desire;  de- 
sire of  carnal  gralifiratiiin. 
LUST'LE.SH,  a.    I,islle»«  ;  not  willing.  [Obs.] 

Sprnser, 

2.  Not  vigorous.    [Olrj.]  Gomer. 
LUS'TRAL,  a.    [  L.  InslrnUs,  from  luslro,  to  purify.] 
I    Urii;d  In  piirificnlioM ;  as,  lualral  water ;  lustral 
Wttvefi. 

2.  Pi  rtaining  to  piirificiition  ;  n«,  lustral  days. 
LUH'TIIATE,  1).  (.    [L.  /lulra,  to  cleanso.    Hoe  Lui- 
Ten.] 


Destitute  of  luster. 


1.  To  make  clsar  or  pure  ;  to  purify.  [See  Illus- 
trate.] 

9.  To  view  ;  to  survey. 
LUS'TR  A-TED,  pp.    Malic  clear  ;  purified. 
LUS'TRa-T1N(j,  ;>/ir.    Purifying;  rendering  clear. 
LUS-TRA'TION,  ii.    The  act  or  operation  of  making 
clear  or  pure ;  a  cleansing  or  purifying  by  water. 

And  holy  watec  fjr  lustration  bring.  Dryden. 

2.  In  antiquity,  the  sacrifices  or  ceremonies  by 
which  cities,  fields,  armies,  or  people,  defiled  by 
crimes,  were  purified.  Encyc. 

LUS'TRie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  purification. 

Middleton. 

LUSTRING,  71.    A  species  of  glossy  silk  cloth.  [Cor- 

ruptty  written  and  pronounced  Lutestring.] 
LUS'TROUS,  a.    Bright;  shining;  luminous. 

Good  sparks  and  lustrous.  Shak. 

LUS'TROUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  brilliant  or  shining  man- 
ner. 

LUS'TRUM,  71.  [L.]  In  ancient  Rome,  the  space 
of  five  years. 

LUST'-ST.\IN-£D,  a.    Defiled  by  lust.  Sliak. 
LUST' WORT,  71.   [lust  and  wort.]    A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Drosera. 
LUST'Y,  a.    [from  lust ;  D.  lustig.] 

1.  Stout  ;  vigorous  ;  robust  ;  healthful  ;  able  of 
body.  This  is  the  correct  sense  of  the  word,  com- 
prehending full  health  and  strength  ;  as,  a  lusty 
youth.    But  it  is  now  used  in  the  sense  of, 

2.  Bulky  ;  large ;  of  great  size.  This  sense  does 
not  always  include  that  of  vigor. 

3.  Handsome;  pleasant;  saucy.  [Obs.] 

Oower.    Spenser.  Shak. 

4.  Copious  :  plentiful ;  as,  a  lusty  draught.  Tatler. 

5.  Pregnant  ;  a  colloquial  use. 

LO'SUS  J\rA-riy'R.m.  [L.]  Sport  or  freak  of  nature ; 

a  deformed  or  unnatural  production. 
Lu'TAiN-IST,  71.    [from  lute.]    A  person  that  plays 

on  the  lute. 

A  celebrated  luUlnist  was  playing  to  a  large  company. 

Asiat.  Res. 

LU-Ta'RI-OUS,  a.    [L.  lutarius,  from  lutum,  mud.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  mud  ;  living  in  mud. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  mud.  Orew. 
LU-Ta'TION,  71.   [See  Lute.]  The  act  or  method  of 

luting  vessels. 
LuTE,  n.    [Fr.  luth  ;  It.  liuto  ;  Sp.  laud;  D.  luit;  G. 
lautc :  Sw.  luta ;  Dan.  lut :  Riiss.  liotnia :  G.  laut, 
sound  ;  lauten,  to  sound,  allied  probably  to  loud  and 
L.  laudo.] 

An  instrument  of  music  with  strings,  [t  consists 
of  four  parts,  viz.,  the  table,  the  body  or  belly,  which 
has  nine  or  ten  sides,  the  neck,  which  has  nine  or 
ten  stops  or  divisions  marked  with  strings,  and  the 
head,  or  cross.  In  the  middle  of  the  table  there  is 
a  passage  for  the  sound.  There  is  also  a  bridge  to 
which  the  strings  are  fastened.  The  strings  are 
struck  with  the  right  hand,  and  with  the  left  the 
stops  are  pressed.  Encyc, 

LOTMNG  I  "•    f^"  '"'""i  <:'ayO 

Among  ckeinists,  a  composition  of  clay,  or  other 
tenecious  substance,  used  for  stopping  tlie  juncture 
of  vessels  so  closely  as  to  prevent  the  escape  or  en- 
trance of  air,  or  for  covering  them  when  exposed  to 
heat. 

LCtTE,  ».  *.    To  close  or  coat  with  lute.  Bacon. 
LOTE'-CASE,  71.    A  case  for  a  lute.  Sliak. 
LOT' ED,  pp.    Closed  or  coated  with  lute. 
LO'TEN-IST,  71.    A  performer  on  the  lute.  Busby. 
LC'TE-OUS,  a.    [L.  /«(cii*.] 

Of  a  brownish-yellow  or  clay  color. 
T  ft'P'  F  R  J 

LOT'IST  I       One  who  plays  on  a  lute. 
Lu'TE-O-LIN,  n.    A  yellow  coloring  matter  discov- 
ered in  weld.  Ure. 
LtJTE'STRlNG,  ti.   The  string  of  a  lute.  Shak. 

2.  [Corrupted  from  lustring.]  A  plain,  stout  silk, 
much  used  fiir  ladies*  dresses.    Encyc.  of  Dom.  Ecotu 

LC'THER-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  following  Luther, 
the  reformer;  as,  the  Lutheran  church. 

LO'THER-AN,  7i.  A  disciple  or  follower  of  Luther  ; 
one  who  adheres  to  the  doctrines  of  Luther. 

LC'TIIER-AN-ISM,  71.  The  doctrines  of  religion  as 
tauL'ht  by  Luther. 

LO'TIIF.RN,  71.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  window 
over  the  cornice,  in  tlio  roof  of  a  building,  to  admit 
light  into  the  upper  story  ;  the  same  as  Durmak. 

LOT'ING,  ppr.    Closing  with  lute.  [Brande. 

LO'TU-LE.MT,  a.    [I/.  luttUentus,  from  lutum,  mud.] 
Muddy  ;  turhid  ;  thick. 

LUX'ATI'l,  7).  t.  [L.  lujo;  Fr.  luirr,  to  loosen  ;  prob- 
ably from  the  same  root  as  lax,  L.  laxo,  laxiis.] 

To  displace  or  remoTt;  from  its  proper  place,  as  a 
joint;  to  put  out  of  joint ;  to  dislocate.  Lux,  in  a 
like  sense,  is,  I  believe,  ntit  now  ust'd.  JCncyc. 

I,UX'A-TEn,  pp.  or  a.    Put  out  of  joint ;  dislocated. 

LU.X'A-'l'INc;,  ppr.  Removing  or  forcing  out  of  its 
place,  ns  a  joint ;  ilislocnting. 

LUX  A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  moving  or  forcing  a  joint 
from  its  proper  place  or  articulation  ;  or  the  statu  of 
being  thus  put  out  of  jtiint. 

3.  A  diskication  ;  that  which  is  dislociitod. 


LUXE,  (Inks,)  71.    Luxury.    [JSTot  used.]  Slienstone. 
LUX-I.J'1U-ANCE,  (71.  [h.  luxuriaiis,luxuriu,  to  grov/ 
LUX-lJ'Rl-AN-CY,  ]     rank,  or  to  wanton.] 

1.  Rank  growth ;  strong,  vigorous  growth  ;  exu- 
berance. 

Flowers  grow  up  in  the  garden  with  the  greatest  luxuriancy  and 
profusion.  •  Spectator. 

2.  Excessive  or  superfluous  growth. 

A  fungus  prevents  healing  only  by  its  luiui  iancy.  WiseTnan. 

LUX-TI'RI-ANT,  a.  Exuberant  in  growth  ;  abundant ; 
as,  a  luxuriant  growth  of  grass. 

2.  Exuberant  in  plenty  ;  superfluous  in  abundance. 

Prune  the  luxuriant,  the  uncouth  refine.  Pope. 

3.  A  luxuriant  flower  multiplies  the  covers  of  the 
fructification  so  as  to  destroy  the  essential  parts. 

JIurttin. 

LUX-U'RI-ANT-LY,  adv.    With  exuberant  growth. 
LUX-IJ'RI-aTE,  v.  i.     To  grow  exuberantly,  or  to 
grow  to  superfluous  abundance. 

2.  To  feed  or  live  luxuriously  ;  as,  the  herds  luxu- 
riate in  the  pastures. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  expatiate  with  delight ;  as,  to 
luxuriate  in  description. 

LUX-IJ-RI-A'TION,  71,  The  process  of  growing  exu- 
berantly, or  beyond  the  natural  growth.  Lee. 

LUX-U'RI-OU.S,  a.  [Fr.  luxurieux  ;  L.  luxuriosus,  from 
luxo,  to  loosen  ;  luxor,  to  riot.] 

1.  Voluptuous ;  indulging  freely  or  excessively  in 
the  ple,asurps  of  the  table,  the  gratification  of  appe- 
tite, or  in  rich  and  expensive  dress  and  equipage  ;  as, 
a  luxurious  life  ;  luxurious  cities. 

2.  Administering  to  luxury  ;  contributing  to  free 
or  extravagant  indulgence  in  diet,  dress,  and  equi- 
page ;  as,  lururious  vvealth.  ■  Milton. 

3.  Furnished  with  luxuries  ;  as,  a  luxurious  table. 

4.  Softening  by  pleasure,  or  free  indulgence  in  lux- 
ury ;  as,  luxurious  ejise. 

5.  Lustful;  libidinous;  given  to  the  gratification 
of  lust ;  as,  ti  luxurious  bed.  Shak. 

6.  Luxuriant ;  exuberant. 

The  work  under  our  labor  grows 
Luxurious  by  restraint.    [Not  used.]  Aii/ton. 

LUX-TI'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  abundance  of  rich  diet, 
dress,  or  equipage  ;  deliciously  ;  voluptuously. 

Dniden. 

LUX-II'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.  State  of  abounding  with 
luxuries,  or  of  living  in  the  enjoyment  of  rich  abun- 
dance. 

LUX'U-RIST,  71.    One  given  to  luxury.  Temple. 
LUX'I|-RV,  71.    [L.  luxuria.  from  luxo.  to  loosen.] 

1.  A  free  or  extravagant  intlulgence  in  the  pleas- 
ures of  the  table,  as  in  rich  and  expensive  diet,  or 
delicious  food  antl  liquors  ;  voluptuousni-ss  in  the 
gratification  of  appetite  ;  or  the  free  indulgence  in 
costly  dress  and  equipage. 

Riches  expose  a  man  to  pride  and  luxury.  Spectator, 

2.  That  which  gratifies  a  nice  and  fastidious  appe- 
tite ;  a  dainty  ;  any  delicious  food  or  drink.  The 
canvas-back  iluck  is  a  luxury  for  an  epicure. 

3.  Any  thing  delightful  to  the  senses. 

He  cut  the  side  of  a  rock  for  a  g-mlen,  ami,  by  laying  on  it  earth, 
furnished  a  kind  o(  luxury  iora  hermit.  Addison. 

4.  Lust;  lewd  desire.    [JVot  noui  used.]  SkcJc. 

5.  Luxuriance;  exuberance  of  growth.  [JVut  i/,w 
used.]  BaU'TK. 

LY,  a  termination  of  adjectives,  is  a  contrartiori  of 
Sax.  lie,  G.  lich,  D.  lyk,  Dan.  lige,  Sw.  iik.  Eng.  lihr, 
as  in  lovely,  manly,  that  is,  tovr-likr,  vian-like.  As  tl-c 
termination  of  names,  ly  signifies  field,  01  plain.  Sax. 
leag.  Eng.  lay,  Ira,  or  ley.  L.  locim,] 

LVAM,  II.    A  leash  fiir  holding  a  hound.  Drayton. 

L?-eAN'THRO-PY,  71.  [Gr.  Auxiii/Optoit.o ;  Xu<t-{,  a 
wolf,  and  influniTroj,  mall.] 

A  kind  of  erratic  melancholy,  in  whion  the  patient 
imagined  himself  a  wolf,  and  imitati  d  h.<i  actions. 

Brande. 

LY-CE'UM,  71.    [Gr,  >>VKeiov.] 

1,  In  Greece,  a  place  near  the  River  Ilissus,  where 
Aristotle  taught  philosophy, 

2,  A  house  or  apartment  appropriated  to  instruction 
by  lectures  or  disiiuisitions, 

3,  An  associatiim  of  men  for  literary  improve- 
ment. 

L?-CO  PO-DI-A'CE-^,  (-she-e,)  71.  pi.  A  family  of 
moss-like  plants,  hut  which  differ  materially  from 
the  true  mosses.  They  are  sometimes  termed  Club- 
Mos.ses, 

LY-CO-PO-DI-A'CEOUS,  (-a'shus,)  o.  Belonging  to 
the  Lycoiiodiaceie.  Lycll, 

L?-CO-PO'1)I-UM,  71.  A  fine,  yellow  powder,  the 
sei^d  of  the  club-nioss,  Lycopodiiim  clavatinn. 
When  thrown  into  a  flame,  it  burns  with  a  flash, 

Brande. 

LYD'I-AN,  a,  [from  Lydia,]  Pertaining  to  Lydia,  a 
country  of  Asia  Minor,  or  to  its  inlialiitants  ;  hence, 
mli  ;  elfeininate  ;  noting  a  kind  of  soil,  slow  music, 
anciently  in  \'ttgue,  Milton, 

LYD'I-AN  STONE,  71,  A  flint  slate  used  by  the  an- 
cients to  try  gold  and  silver  ;  a  touchstiuie, 

Buchanan. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  VVH^T — METE,  PIIBY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE;  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLP.  BOyK.— 


MAC 


MAC 


MAC 


LYE,  n.  [Sax.  leak:  G.  lauire :  D.  lout;;  Arm.  liaeoii, 
or  tic/tou ;  f^p.  Irrtii  ;  Fr.  lessive  ;  L.  /i>,  whence 
Uziviitm.  Il  cciinciili's  with  Sav.  logf,  water  ;  Ant. 
L.  liia^  whence  Lugdunum,  Lrydctty  Lyons^  that  is, 
fi''fitir-towii.] 

Water  iniprecnatcd  with  alkaline  salt  imbibed 
from  the  ashes  of  wood. 
LVE,  >i.    A  falsehood.    [See  Lie.] 
L?'LNG,  ppr.  of  Lie.    Reing  prostrate.    [Sec  Lie.] 
Lying  ilt ;  bcins  in  childbirth. 
2.  H.    The  act  of  bearing  a  child. 
Lyinir  to;  in  navigation^  the  stats  of  a  ship  wlien 
the  sails  are  so  disposed  as  to  counteract  each 
other. 

LY'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.  from  Lie.    Tellinj  falsehood  ;  ad- 
dicted to  falsehood. 
L?'IN"(!,  «.    The  practice  of  telline  lies. 
L?'L\G-LY,  ailr.    Falsely  ;  by  tellins  lies.  Shrnnoad. 
LYM,  n.    A  dog  lield  in  a  leam  ;  a  bloodhound. 

Shak.  Smart. 

LYM'MTE,  n.  A  kind  of  fresh-water  snail  fmind 
LYMPH,  (i;mf,)  n.  [L.  lymplia.]  [fossil. 
Water,  or  a  colorless  tluid  in  animal  bodies,  con- 
tained in  certain  vessels  called  liiniplMtics.  Encyc. 
LYMPHATE,  (  a.  Frightened  into  madness; 
LYMPir.A-TEn,  i  ravini:. 

LY-M-PIIA  T'IC,  (lini-rit'ik,)  (I.    Pertaining  to  lymph. 

•2.  Enlliusiastic.    [JV.>(  «.<<■'/.]  Shaftesbury. 
LYM-PHAT'ie,  (lini  fat'ik,)  n.    A  vessel  of  animal 
bodies  which  contains  or  conveys  lymph. 

Tlie  lyinphadct  aeein  lu  pcrfurm  tlie  whole  business  of  iilworption. 

Encyc.  ' 

2.  A  mad  enthusiast ;  a  lunatic.    [J^Tut  vseJ.] 

Shufte^bury. 


LY.MPH'E-DUeT,  n.  [L.  lympha,  lymph,  and  ductus, 
a  duct.] 

A  vessel  of  animal  bodies  which  conveys  the 
lymph 

LYiM-PIIOG'R  A-PIIY,  n.  [L.  lympha,  lymph,  and  Gr. 
ypuip(o,  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  lymphatic  vessels,  their  origin 
and  uses.  Kncyc, 

LYMPH'Y,  a.    Containing  or  like  lymph. 

LYN'CE-AX,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  lynx. 

LYNCH,  r.  t.  To  inflict  pain,  or  punish,  without  the 
forms  of  law,  as  by  a  mob,  or  by  unauthorized  per- 
sons. [U.S.] 

LYNCH'KI),  (lincht,)  jip.  Punished  or  abused  with- 
out the  forms  of  law. 

LYNCH'I.\G,  ppr.  Punishing  or  abusing  without  law. 

LYNCII'-LA\V,  71.  The  practice  of  punishing  men 
for  crimes  or  off<  nses  by  private,  unauthorized  per- 
sons, without  a  li'gal  trial."  The  term  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  a  Virginia  farmer,  named  Lynch,  who 
thus  took  the  law  into  his  own  hands.    [_U.  S.\ 

LYN'DEN-TREE.    See  Linden. 

LYN'.X,  II.  [L.  Zi/ni ;  Gr.  Auj  { ;  D.  lochs;  G.  lucks; 
It.  liner.] 

\.  A  quadruped,  the  popular  name  of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Felis,  resembling  the  common  cat,  but 
with  ears  huiger  and  tad  shorter.  It  has  been  cele- 
brated, though  hyperbulically,  for  the  quickness  of  its 
sight. 

2.  One  of  the  northern  constellations. 
LY\X'-E?-El),  (links'ide,)  a.    Having  acute  siglit. 
L5'RA,  n.    [L.,  from  Gr.  Ai  oa,  a  lyre  or  harp.] 

A  northern  constellation,  containing  a  w  hite  star 
of  the  first  magnitude,  called  Jilpha  Lynr.  Olin^ted. 


LY'UaTE,     I  a.    [from  lyre.]     In  bntany,  divided 
LVK.A-TED,  j      transversely   into   several  .-muses, 
the  lower  ones  smaller  and  more  remote  from  each 
other  than  the  upper  ones  ;  as,  a  lyrau  leaf 

Jilartyn. 

LfRE,  n.    [Fr.  b/re:  L.  lyra ;  Gr.  Xvpa;  It.  and  Sp. 
lira;  D.  Her  ;  G.  leier.] 

1.  A  stringed  instrument  of  music,  a  kind  of  harp 
much  used  by  the  ancients,  as  an  accompaniment  to 
poetry. 

2.  One  of  the  constellations,  Lyra,  which  see. 
LVRE'-SII.\I^i-:D,  (-shapt,)  a.    Shaped  like  a  lyre. 

LYll'ie'-AL,  j        t^-  'f"*^'"  •■  'V''!"^-] 

Pertaining  to  a  lyre  or  harp.  Li/ric  poetry  is  such 
as  is  sung  to  the  harp  or  lyre.  This  was  much  culti- 
vated by  the  ancienLs,  among  whom  Anacreon,  Al- 
ca^us,  Stesichonis,  Sappho,  and  Horace,  are  distin- 
guished as  lyric  poets.  The  term  is  now  applied  to 
that  species  of  poetry  w  hich  directly  expresses  the 
individual  emotions  of  the  poet. 

LYR'IC,  n.    A  lyric  [«)ejn. 

2.  A  composer  of  lyric  poems.  Addison, 

LYR'I-CISiM,  71.    A  lyric  composition.  Gray. 

LY'RIST,  71.    A  musician  who  plays  on  the  harper 
lyre.  Pope. 

LY.S,  71.    A  Chinese  measure  of  length,  equal  to  533 
yards,  Orasier. 

LYS'SA,  71.    ('Gr.  Xuffffo.]    The  madness  of  a  dog. 

L?-Tf.'RI-AN,  a.      [Gr.   Xvrnpiui,   from   Xvoi,  to 
loosen.] 

In  medical  science,  terminating  a  disease  ;  indica- 
ting the  solution  of  a  disease.  Jones. 
LYTH'RODE,  71.    A  variety  of  Eloeolite.  Dana. 


M. 


Mis  the  thirteenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
and  a  labial  articul.itinn,  formed  by  a  compres- 
sion of  the  lips.  It  is  called  a  semi  vowel,  as  the 
articulation  or  compression  tif  thelips  is  accompanied 
with  a  hiimmin!!  sound  through  the  nose,  which 
constitutes  a  dillVrence  between  this  better  and  b. 
Its  sound  is  uniform,  as  in  man,  time,  rim. 

.M  is  a  numeral  letter,  and  aiinmg  the  ancients 
stood  for  a  thousand  ;  a  use  which  is  retained  by  the 
moderns.  With  a  d.ish  or  stroke  over  it,  M,  it 
stands  for  a  thousand  times  a  thousand,  or  a  million. 

As  an  abbreviation,  M.  stands  for  Marcus,  Martius, 
Manlins,  or  Matins.  ■ 

A.  .M.  or  .M.  A.  stands  for  artium  wagister,  master 
of  arts  ;  .M.  D.  for  medicina  doctor,  doctor  of  medi- 
cine ;  A.  iM.  for  anno  mnndi,  the  year  of  the  world  ; 
MS.  for  manuscript ;  MSS.  for  manuscripts. 

In  astronomical  tjiblrs,  .M  stands  for  meridian,  me- 
ridional, or  midday;  A.  M.  for  ante  meridiem,  fore- 
noon ;  P.  M.  for  post  meridiem,  afternoon. 

In  medical  prescription.-^,  .M  st.ands  for  maniple,  or 
handful,  or  mUce,  mix,  or  miiXura,  a  mixture.  Encyc. 
]         In  the  late.  British  P/utrmacopa:ias  il  signifies  men- 
surA,  by  measure.  Parr. 

In  taw,  .M  is  a  brand  or  stigma  impressed  on  one 
convicted  of  manslaughter,  and  admitted  to  the  ben- 
j  [It.]    In  mi/.-iic,  not.  [etit  of  clergy. 

1  MAB,  71.    [VV.  mab,  a  child.] 

1.  In  northern  mythalogy,  Ihc  queen  of  the  imagi- 
nary beings  called  fairies. 

2.  A  slattern,  Ray. 
MAB,  r.  i.  To  dress  negligently.  Ray. 
MAC,  in  names  of  Scotch  and  Irish  origin,  signifies  son. 

[See  M.MD.l 

M,Xe-,A[)'.\.M-IZE,  r.  L  [from  the  projector's  name.] 
To  cover,  is  a  road,  way,  or  path  with  small  broken 
stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth,  hard  surface. 

MAC-AD'A.M-IZ-Kll,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  or  formed 
with  small  broken  stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth, 
hard  surface, 

MAC-AD'A.M  TZ-LN'G,  ppr.  Covering  with  small 
broken  stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth,  hard  surface. 

MA€>Al)'AM-RoAD,  n.  .\  road  or  path  covered  with 
small  broken  stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth,  hard 
surface. 

MA€-A-R(5'\I,  n.  [It.  maecheroni,  a  sort  of  paste ; 
Fr.  macaroni  ,  Gr.  p.iKon,  happy.] 

1.  Dough  of  wheal  flour  made  into  a  tubular  or 
pipe  form,  of  the  thickness  of  a  goose  quill ;  Italian 
or  Genoese  paste.  Ure. 

2.  A  medley  ;  something  extravagant,  to  please  an 
idle  fancy. 

3.  A  sort  of  droll  or  fool ;  and  hence,  a  fop ;  a 
fribble  ;  a  finical  fellow. 

MAe-.\-RO.N''ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  macaroni ; 
empty  ;  trifling  ;  vain  ;  atfected. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  mixture  or  jumble  of  words  of 
diflerent  languages.  Macaronian  has  been  used. 
[See  Macarokic,  n.] 


MAC-A-RON'ie,  71.  A  kind  of  burlesque  poetry,  in 
which  words  of  different  languages  are  intermixed, 
and  native  words  are  made  to  end  in  Latin  termina- 
tions, or  Latin  words  are  modernized.  Jones.  Encyc. 

MAC-A-ROON',  li.     [Fr.  macaron.]    A  small  cake 
compared  chiefly  of  almonds  and  sugar. 
2.  ,\  finical  fellow,  or  macaroni. 

MA-CAU'CO,  ?i.  A  name  of  several  species  of  four- 
handed  animals,  of  the  genus  Lemur.    [See  Lemur.] 

P.  Cyc. 

M.^-CAW, )  71.  The  name  of  a  race  of  beautiful 
MA-eX'O,  j     American  birds,  of  the  parrot  family. 

P.  Cije. 

MA-CAW'-TREE,  7i.  A  species  of  palm-tree,  the 
Cocos  aciileata.  Miller. 

M.AC-GA-Uk'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jewish  princes 
called  Maccabees. 

MAC'CA-UEES,  ti.  pi.  The  name  of  a  heroic  Jewish 
family,  which  rescued  Judea  from  the  tyranny  of 
Antiochus  Epiphanes  and  rendered  it  independent 
for  about  a  century.  Mnrdock. 

2.  The  name  of  certain  apocryphal  books  of  the 
Old  Testament,  which  give  an  account  of  Jewish 
afl^iiirs  in  the  time  of  the  Maccabean  princes. 

Murdoch. 

MACeO-BOY,  71.    A  kind  of  snuff. 
MACE,  n.    [It.  mazza,  Sp.  maza,  Port,  ma^a,  Fr.  masse, 
a  club.] 

I.  An  ensign  of  authority  borne  before  magistrates. 
Originally,  the  mace  was  a  club  or  instrument  of 
war,  m.ade  of  iron  and  much  used  by  cavalry.  Be- 
ing no  longer  a  weapon  of  war,  its  form  is  changed  ; 
it  is  made  of  silver  or  copper  gilt,  and  ornamented 
with  a  crown,  globe,  and  cross.    The  old  English 


writers  often  use  mace  for  scepter.  Brandc. 

A  leaden  mace.  ShaJt. 

A  lieavT  injii  mact.  KnolUs. 

2.  The  heavier  rod  used  in  billiards.  Smart. 
MACE,  n.    [L.  macis.] 


A  spice  ;  the  second  coat  which  covers  the  nutmeg, 
a  thin  and  membranaceous  substance,  of  an  oleagi- 
nous nature  and  yellowish  color,  being  in  flakes 
divided  into  many  nmificalions  ;  it  is  extremely 
fnigrant  and  aromatic.  Encyc. 
MaCE'-aLE,  71.  Ale  spiced  with  mace.  IViseman. 
M aCE'-BE.\R-ER,  71.    A  person  who  carries  a  mace 

before  men  in  aiithoritv.  Spectator. 
M.aCE'-PROOF,  a.    Free  from  arrest. 

Giffi)rd\t  Skerley. 
M,'\C'ER-XTE,  r.  L    [L.  macero,  from  macer,  lliin, 
lean  ;  maeeo,  to  be  thin  or  lean  ;  Fr.  maigre :  Eng. 
meager:  It.  maco ;  Sp.  magro ;  probably  allied  to 
Eng.  meek,  fli.  HKO  mnk.    Class  Mg,  No.  2,  9.] 

1.  To  make  lean  ;  to  wear  away.  Harcey. 

2.  To  mortify  ;  to  harass  with  corporeal  hardships ; 
to  cause  to  pine  or  waste  away. 

Out  of  pxcraftivc  zeal  they  iruuxraie  Uieir  bodies  and  impnir  tiirir 
Ueahh.  I'iddes. 


3.  To  steep  almost  to  solution  ;  to  soften  and  sepa- 
rate the  parts  of  a  substance  by  steeping  it  in  a  fluid, 
or  by  the  digestive  process.  So  we  say,  food  is  mac- 
erale.d  in  the  stomach. 

M  A(;'ER-,A-TEn,  irp.  or  a.  Made  thin  or  lean  ;  steeped 
almost  to  solution. 

M.\C'ER-A-T1  NG,  ppr.  Making  lean;  steeping  al- 
most to  solution  ;  softening. 

MAC-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  process  of 
making  thin  or  lean  by  wearing  away,  or  by  inor- 
tificaliun. 

2.  The  act,  process,  or  operation  of  softening  and 
almost  dissolving  by  steeping  in  a  fiuid. 

The  silivn  Rervei  for  Ihc  maceration  and  di^soIuQoii  of  the  meat 
into  chyle,  Ray. 

M,^CE'-REED,  )  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Typha, 
REED'-M.aCE,  i     called  al.so  Cat-tail.        P.  Chic 
.MAeil-I-A-Vf.L'IAN,  (mak-e-a-vel'yan,)  a.  [from 
Machiacel,  an  Italian  w  riter,  secretary  and  historiog- 
rapher to  the  republic  of  Florence,] 

Pertaining  to  Macliiavel,  or  denoting  his  princi- 
ples; politically  cunning;  crafty  ;  cunning  in  [Hiliti- 
cal  manageinent. 
MAeH-I-A-Vi-.L'l.\N,ii.  One  who  adopts  the  princi- 
ples of  Macliiavel. 
MACH  I-A-VEL-IS.M,  7i.  The  principles  of  Machia- 
\'e\,  or  practice  in  conformity  to  them  ;  political  cun- 
ning and  artifice,  intended  to  favor  arbitrary  power. 

Cyc. 

MA-CHie'0-L.\-TED,  a.  A  term  applied  to  castles 
having  machicolations.  Brande. 

MACH-I-eO-L,A'TION,  n.    [Fr.  machicoulis.] 

A  term  applied  to  openings  at  the  tops  of^  old  cas- 
tles and  fortifications,  through  which  coinbiistibles 
melted  lead  and  stones  were  dropped  on  the  heads  of 
assailants.  Oloss.  of  Archil.  Gailt. 

MACtri.V-AL,  (mak'in-al,)  a,  [Sec  Machi.ne.]  Per- 
taining to  machines.  DicL 

M.ACH'IN-aTE,  v.  L  [L.  machinoT,  from  Gr.  paxava, 
or  /ii)X<ii/r;.] 

To  plan  ;  to  contrive  ;  to  form  a  scheme.  Sandys. 

MACiriN-A-TED,  pp.    Planned;  contrived. 

.MACiriN-,A-TlNG,  ppr.    Contriving;  scheming. 

MACH-IN  A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  .Machine.]  The 
act  of  planning  or  contriving  a  scheme  for  executing 
some  purpose^  iiarticularly  an  evil  purpose;  an  artful 
design  formeti  with  deliberation.  Shak. 

M.\CII'I.\-A-TOR,  71,  One  that  forms  a  scheme,  or 
who  plots  with  evil  designs.  Olanrille. 

MA-CH(.\E',  (ma-sheen',)  II.  [Fr.,  from  \..  machina.] 
I.  In  a  general  sense,  i\ny  thing  used  to  augment  or 
regulate  force  or  motion.  The  simplest  machines  are 
those  usually  denominated  the  six  mechanical  pow-  | 
ers,  viz.,  the  lever,  the  pulley,  the  axis  and  wheel, 
the  wedge,  the  sciew,  and  the  inclined  plane. 

More  properly,  a  machine  is  a  complex  structure, 
consisting  of  a  combination,  or  peculiar  modification, 
of  the  mechanical  powers.  HeberL 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3  €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  a»  in  THIS. 


683 


MAC 


I        2.  An  enffine;  an  instrument  of  force. 

'  With  inward  anns  llie  dire  machine  they  load.  Dryden. 

I  3.  Supernatural  agency  in  a  poem,  or  a  superhu- 
man being  introduced  into  a  poem  to  perform  some 
e.\ploit.  Pope. 
M.\-CHIX'ER-Y,  (ma-sheen 'er  e,)  71.  The  component 
parts  of  a  complex  machine,  taken  collectively  ;  as, 
the  vwckhiery  of  a  watch,  or  other  chronometer. 

2.  Machines  in  genera!  Great  Britain  abounds  in 
machtiury. 

3.  In  epic  and  dramatic  poetry^  superhuman  beings 
introduced  by  the  poet  to  solve  difficulty,  or  perform 
some  exploit  which  exceeds  human  power  ;  or  the 
word  may  signify  the  agency  of  sueh  beings,  as  sup- 
posed deities,  angels,  demons,  and  the  like. 

Nec  (leus  intersit,  nisi  digmis  viiidice  nodus 

Incitiil.  HoTfue, 

A  deity  is  not  to  be  introduced,  unless  a  difficulty 
occurs  that  requires  the  intervention  of  a  god.  The 
viac!iiner}j  of  Milttin's  Paradise  Lost  consists  of  nu- 
merous supnrhuman  personages.  Pope's  Rape  of  the 
Lock  is  rendered  very  interesting  by  the  machinery  of 
sylphs. 

MA-C'H(N'ING,  (ma-sheen'-,)  «•  Denoting  the  ma- 
cliinf-ry  of  a  poem.    [JVo(  nsed.~\  Dnjdeiu 

MA-CHIN'IST,  (ma-sheen'-,)  n.    [Fr.  machinistc] 
A  constructor  of  machines  and  engines,  or  one 
Well  versed  in  the  principles  of  machines. 

MX-CIG'.NO,  (ma-chen'yo,)  n.  [It.]  A  silicious  sand- 
stone found  in  Italy.  There  are  two  varieties  ;  one 
of  a  grayish-yellow  color,  the  other  of  a  bluish-gray 
color.  Dana. 

RIAC'I-LEN-CY,  n.    [See  Macilent.]  Leanness. 

MAC'I-LENT,  a.    [L.  macitentus,  from  vtacer^  lean, 
thin.    See  Macerate.] 
Lean  ;  thin  ;  having  little  flesh. 

MAUK'ER-EL,  n.  [D.  mackrcel ;  G.  mackrcle;  Fr. 
maqnereaiL ;  Ir.  maciireil ;  W.  macrcll ;  from  the  root 
of  L.  macula,  a  spot ;  the  spotted  fish.  So  in  British, 
it  is  called  britkilh,  Arm.  brcseU,  for  the  like  reason.] 
A  species  of  salt-water  tish  of  the  genus  Scomber, 
an  excellent  table  fish. 

MACK'ER-EL,  71.    [Old  Ft.  maquerel.'] 
A  pander  or  pimp. 

Mackcrcl^gale ;  in  Dryden,  may  mean  a  gale  that 
ripples  the  surface  of  the  sea,  or  one  which  is  suita- 
ble for  catching  mackerel,  as  this  fish  is  caught  with 
tlif  li.iit  in  motion. 

M.\('K'ER-EI^SKV,  71.  A  sky  in  which  the  clouds 
have  the  form  called  cirro-cmnulus ;  that  is,  are 
broken  into  fleecy  masses  j  called,  also,  ;i.  mackerel- 
bdck-skii.  Cooke. 

M.ACK'I.V-TOSII,  71.  A  term  applied,  from  the  name 
of  the  inventor,  to  water-proof  garments,  particular- 
ly overcoats,  made  so  by  tlie  use  of  India  rubber. 

JIA(!-'K'LE,  (mak'l,)  11.  [L.  7iiac»/a.]  Among /iriHfer^, 
a  blur  in  printing,  so  tbat  part  of  the  impression  of  a 
[):i;:e  appears  double. 

MA€'LE,  (mak'l,)n.  A  name  given  to  a  variety  of  clii- 
astolite,  the  crystals  of  which  present  a  tesselated 
appearance  when  cut  transversely.  Dana. 

2.  A  similar  tesselated  ;ippearance  in  other  crys- 
tals. Dana. 

MAC-LC'RlTE,  n.  The  mineral  Cliorulodrite,  which 
see.  Dana. 

MAG-RO-BI-OT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  /iri/tjio;  and  /Jioj.]  Long- 
lived.] 

MAG'RO-eOSM,  71.  [Gr.  /itiKpos,  great,  and  Kocrpos, 
w.jrld. 

The  great  world  ;  the  universe,  or  the  visible  sys- 
tem of  worlds  ;  opposed  to  Microcosm,  or  the  world 
(pf  man.  Kncijc. 

MAG-RO  DACTYL,  »i.    [Gr.  pMpm,  long,  and  6aK- 
Tv^oi,  finger.) 
One  of  a  tribe  of  wading  birds,  having  very  long  toes. 

MAe-RO-DAe-TYL'I€,  u.  In  ornithology,  having 
long  toes;  applied  to  a  tribe  of  wading  birds,  in- 
cluding the  rails,  water-hens,  &.c.  Partington. 

MA€  RO-DI-AG'OiN-AL,  «.  [C.t.  paKftoi,  long,  and 
dia^onal.'\ 

'J'he  longer  of  the  diagonals  of  a  rhombic  prism. 
MA-GROL'O-tjV,  71,    [Gr.  puKpos,  great,  and  Aoj  of, 
discourse.] 

Long  and  tedious  talk  ;  prolonged  discourse  with- 
out matter  ;  superfluity  of  words.  Bullokar. 
MA-<;R0M'E  TER,   71.     [Gr.  ,,«<o»;  and  ;,trp.;i,.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  inaccessible  objects 
hy  means  of  two  reflectors  on  a  common  sextant. 

Buchanan. 

MA-GROT' Y-POUS,  o.  [Gr.  p  iKpoi,  long,  and  rvm,(, 
form.) 

In  rninmloim,  having  a  long  form.  Shrpard. 
MA  GROU'itAN,  (  II.  ((Jr. /.u^«„^,  long,  and  ovfia, 
MA  CRO'RAN,  j  tail.]  A  name  givi'n  to  Crus- 
tacea, reiifmhling  the  lobster  and  shrimp.  DaiM. 
MA  GKf)ir'ROi;S,  )  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  crus- 
MA  GRP'ROIJS,  i  tacea  resembling  the  lobster 
MAG-TA'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  mncto,  lo  kill.]    [and  shrimp. 

'i'hc  art  of  killing  a  victim  for  »acriflce.  Kncyc. 
MAG'lJ-LA,  n. ;       M»<.ui.«.    [L.]    A  spot,  ns  (in  the 
nkin,  or  on  the  surface  of  the  nun,  or  otlier  luminous 
MAG  IJ  LATE,  r.  (.    [I,,  macalo.]  [orb. 
'J'o  iipot ;  to  stain.  FJyot. 


MAD 

MAG'lJ-LATE,  j  „  ..  ^ 
MAG'tF-LA-TED,  i  ^PO«ed. 

MAG-U-La'TION,  71.    The  act  of  spotting  ;  a  spot ;  a 

stain.  ■  Shali. 

MACULE,  a.    A  spot.    [Supra.]    [LitUe  used.] 
MAD,  a.    [Sax.  gemaad;  Ir.  amad :  It.  malto,  mad, 
foolish  ;  mattone,  a  brick,  and  an  arnint  fool  ;  matle- 
ria  and  mattezza,  foolisiiness  j  aviinattire,  to  become 
distracted.] 

1.  Disorilered  in  intellect ;  distracted  ;  furious. 

We  must  bind  our  passions  in  chains,  [est,  like  mad  follts,  they 
hTQAk  their  locks  and  bolts.  Taylor. 

2.  Proceeding  from  disordered  intellect,  or  express- 
ing it ;  as,  a  mad  demeanor.  Milton. 

3.  Enraged  ;  furious  ;  as,  a  imid  bull. 

And  Ikying exceedini^Iy  mad  ajuinsl  them,  I  persecuted  them,  even 
unto  strange  cities.  —  Acts  xxvi. 

4.  Inflamed  to  excess  with  desire;  excited  with 
violent  anil  unreasonable  passion  or  appetite  ;  infat- 
uated ;  followed  iiroperly  by  after. 

Tlie  world  is  running  mad  after  farce,  the  extremity  of  bad 
poetry.  Dryden. 

"  Mad  upon  their  idols,"  would  be  better  rendered, 
"  Mad  after  their  idols."    Jer.  i. 

5.  Distracted  with  anxiety  or  trouble ;  extremely 
perplexed. 

Thou  shalt  be  mad  for  the  sight  of  thine  eyes.  —  Deut.  xxviii. 

6.  Infatuated  with  folly. 

The  spiritual  man  is  mad.  —  Hos.  ix. 

7.  Inflamed  with  anger;  very  angry.  [This  is  a 
commony  and  perliaps  the  most  general,  sense  of  the  word 
in  America.  It  is  thus  used  by  .^rbuthnot,  and  is  per- 
fectly proper.] 

8.  Proceeding  from  folly  or  infatuation. 

Alad  wars  destroy  in  one  year  the  works  of  many  yeare  of  peace. 

Franklin. 

IM.\D,  V.  t.  To  make  mad,  furious,  or  angry.  Sidney. 
MAD,  V.  i.    To  be  mad,  furious,  or  wild. 

Wlclif.  Spenser. 

MADE  (       [^^-  "lotfto ;  Goth,  matha.] 

An  earth-worm.  [But  this  is  the  Eng.  moth.]  Ray. 
MAD'AM,  71.    [Fr.  Tna,  my,  and  dame.] 

An  appellation  or  complimentary  title  given  to  mar- 
ried and  elderly  ladies,  or  cliieflv  to  them. 
MAD'AP-PLE,  71.    A  tropical  plant  or  fruit,  allied  to 
the  Egg  plant ;  the  Solanum  insanum  of  Person. 

Loudon, 

MAD'BRaIN,       1  o.     Disordered   in  mind  ;  hot- 

MAD'BRAIN-£D,  j     headed  ;  rash.  Shak. 

MAD'GAP,  n.  [mad-capiit  or  cap.]  A  person  of  wild 
behavior;  a  violent,  rash,  hot-headed  person. 

M.\D'DK.V,  (mad'n,)  v.  t.    To  make  inad.  Thom.ion. 

MAD'D£N,  V.  i.    To  become  mad  ;  to  act  as  if  mad. 
They  rare,  recite,  and  madden  round  the  land.  Pope. 

MAD'DKN-iCD,  -pp.  or  a.    Rendered  mad. 

MAD'D/;N-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  mad  or  angry. 

MAD'DER,  n.    [Sax.  vucddere.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Rubia,  one  species  of  which 
is  much  used  in  dyeing  red.  The  root  is  used  in 
medicine,  and  is  in  great  reputation  as  an  eminena- 
gogue.    It  is  cultivated  in  France  and  Holland. 

Kncyc.  Hill. 

MAD'DING,  ppr.  or  a.  from  Mad.    Raging ;  furious. 

Milton.  Dryden. 
Made,  pret.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Make. 
MAD-E-FACTION,  71.    [L.  madcfacio.] 

The  act  of  making  wet. 
MAD'E-FI-ED,  pp.    Made  wet.  Bacon. 
MAD'E-FY,  w.  t.    [h.  viadefio.] 

To  make  wet  or  moist ;  to  moisten  [JVot  much 
used.] 

MAD'E-FV-ING,  ppr.    Making  moist  or  wet. 
MA-DEI'RA,  (ma-da'r'4,) ;(.    A  rich  wine  made  on  the 

Isle  of  Madeira. 
MA-DEl'RA-NUT,  n.    A  species  of  walnut  with  a 

thin  shell,  from  the  Island  of  Madeira. 
MJID-KM-OI-ISELLE' ,  (mad-mwil-zel',)  7i.    [Fr.  77ia, 

my,  and  demoiselle,  damsel.    See  Damsel.] 
A  young  woman,  or  the  title  given  to  one  ;  mi.ss  ; 

also,  the  puppet  sent  from  the  French  nu  tropolis  to 

exhibit  the  prevailing  fashions.  Spectator. 
MAD'-IIEAD-ED,(-hed-,)  a.  Ilot-braincd  j  rash. 

Shall. 

MAD'-IIOUSE,  71.  A  house  where  insane  persons  are 
confined  for  cure  or  for  restraint. 

MA'DI-A,  71.  A  South  American  annual  plant.  Madia 
saliva,  cultivated  for  the  oil  yieliled  from  its  seeds  by 
pressure.  This  oil  is  by  some  preferred  to  olive  oil 
for  the  table.  P.  Cvc 

MAD'II),  a.  [L.  madidus.]  Wet  ;  moist.  [JViit  in 
use] 

MADUE-IIOVV'LET,  71.    [Fr.  77i«c/ic«(f.]    An  owl. 

B.  .fonson. 

MAD'LY,  adv.  [from  »naii.]  Without  reason  or  un- 
derstaniling  ;  rashly;  wildly. 

2.  With  extreme  folly  or  Infatuated  zeal  or  pas- 
sion. 

MAD'MAN,  71.    A  man  raving  or  furious  with  disor- 
dered inti  llert ;  ailistracted  man. 
2.  A  man  without  understanding. 


MAG 

3.  One  inflamed  with  extravagant  passion,  and 
acting  contrary  to  reason. 
MAD'NESS,  71.    [from  7iiarf.]    Distraction  ;  a  state  of 
disordered  reason  or  intellect,  in  whicli  tlio  patient 
raves  or  is  furious. 

There  are  degrees  of  madnesM,  as  of  folly.  Locke. 

2.  Extreme  folly  ;  headstrong  passion  and  rashness 
that  act  in  opposition  to  reason  ;  as,  the  madness  of  a 
moh. 

3.  Wildness  of  p.assion  ;  fury  ;  rage  ;  as,  the  mad- 
ne.-ts  of  despair. 

MA-no'X.\,    j  71.     [Sp.  Tnadona  ;  It.  madonna,  my 

.M.VDON'NA,  \  lady.J 

A  term  of  compellation,  equivalent  to  Madam.  It 
is  given  to  the  Virgin  Mary. 

MAO'RE-PORG,  ii.    [Fr.  madre,  spotted,  and  pore.] 
One  of  the  generti  of  coral  zociphytes.    The  spe- 
cies usually  branch  like  trees  and  shruhs.    The  sur- 
face is  covered  with  small  prominences,  each  ctm- 
taining  a  cell.    [See  Goral.]  Dana. 

MAD'RK-PO  RITE,  71.  Fossil  coral,  or  limestone  com- 
posed of  fossil  coral.  Dana. 

MAD-RIeR',  71.  [Fr.]  A  thick  plank  armed  with 
iron  plates,  with  a  cavity  to  receive  the  mouth  of  a 
petard,  with  which  it  is  applied  to  any  thing  intend- 
ed to  be  broken  dovt  n  ;  also,  a  jilank  used  for  sup- 
porting the  earth  in  mines.        Chambers.  Bailey. 

M  AD'RI-GAL,  71.  [Sp.  Port,  and  Fr.  id ;  It.  madrigale. 
Its  origin  is  not  ascertained.] 

1.  A  little  amorous  poem,  sometimes  called  a  pas- 
toral poem,  containing  a  certain  number  of  free,  un- 
equal verses,  not  confined  to  the  scrupulous  regular- 
ity of  a  sonnet,  or  the  subtilty  of  the  epigram,  but 
containing  some  tender  and  delicate,  though  simple 
thought,  suitably  expressed.  Cijc. 

2.  An  elaborate  vocal  composition,  in  five  or  six 
parts.  Busby. 

M.iVD'WCRT,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Alyssum. 

MAEL'STROM,  (mal'stroui,)  n.  A  celebi'ated  whirl- 
pool on  the  coast  of  Norway. 

M^RE,  a.  It  is  derived  from  Saxon  Tiicr,  famous, 
great,  noted  ;  so  celmere  is  all-famous. 

Gibson.  Todd. 

MA-ES-TO'SO  ;  an  Italian  word  signifying  majestic;  a 
direction  in  music  to  play  the  part  with  gramleurand 
strength. 

MAF'FLE,  D.  I.    To  stammer.    [J\''ot  in  use.]  Barret. 
MAF'FLER,  71.    A  stammerer.    [JVot  in  use.] 
MAG-A-ZINE',  (inag-a-zeen',)  71.    [Fr.  magazin ;  It. 
inagazzino  i  Sp.  magacen  and  almacen  i  Fort,  almazetn 

or  armazem  ;  from  Ar.  khazana,  to  deposit  or 

lay  up  for  preservation.  This  word  is  formed  with 
the  Shemitic  prefix  m.] 

1.  A  store  of  arms,  ammunition,  or  provisions  ;  or 
the  building  in  which  such  store  is  deposited.  It  is 
usually  a  public  store  or  storehouse. 

2.  In  ships  of  war,  a  close  room  in  the  hold,  where 
the  gunpowder  is  kept.  Large  ships  have  usually 
two  viagazines.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A  pamphlet  periodically  published,  containing 
miscellaneous  papers  or  compositions.  'J'he  tirst  pub- 
lication of  this  kind  in  England  was  the  Ge.ntlemau^s 
Magazine,  which  first  appeared  in  1731,  under  the 
name  of  Sytoanus  Urban,  by  Edward  Gave,  and  which 
is  still  continued. 

MAG-A-ZIN'ER,  (inag-a-zeen'er,)  71.  One  who  writes 
for  a  magazine.    [Little  used.]  Qoldsniith. 

M AG'DA-LE.\,  71.    A  reformed  prostitute. 

MAGE,  71.    A  magician.    [Jfot  u.tcd.]  Spenser. 

MAC-EL-LAN'IG  GLOUDS,  »i.  pi.  Three  conspicu- 
ous nebuhe  situated  near  the  south  pole,  resembling 
thin,  white  clouds,  and  so  called  from  Magellan,  the 
navigator.  Olmsted. 

M./10-GIO'RF:,  (mnj-jo'T?i,)a.  [It.]  In  Tniisic,  greater. 

MAG'GOT,  71.  [W.  macai,  pi.  macciod,magiod,  a  mag- 
got or  grub,  from  magu,  to  breed.] 

1.  A  worm  or  grub ;  particularly,  the  fly-worm, 
from  the  egg  of  the  large  blue  or  green  lly.  This 
maggot  changes  into  a  fiy. 

2.  A  whim  ;  an  odd  fancy.  [Loin.] 
MAG'GOT-I-NESS,  11.    The  .state  of  abounding  with 

maggots. 

MAG'(i()T-Y,  «.    Full  of  maggots. 

2.  Full  of  whims;  capricious;  whimsiciil ;  hence, 
via g got y  headed. 
MA'GI,  II.  pt.    [L.]    Wi.se  men  or  philo.siiphers  of  the 

East.  Kotherby. 
MA'OI-AN,  a.    [Ij.  magus  ;  Gr.. /i<i)"t.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Magi,  a  sect  of  philosophers  in 
Persia. 

MA'GI-AN,  71.  One  of  the  sect  of  the  Persian  Magi, 
who  hold  that  there  are  two  principles,  one  the 
cause  of  gooil,  the  other  of  evil.  The  kmiwledgc  of 
these  philosophers  was  deemed  by  the  vulgar  to  be 
KupiTuatiiral.  Kncyc. 

MA'OI-AN  ISM,  71.  The  philosophy  or  doctrines  of 
the  Magi. 

MAOi'IG,  II.  [L.  magia;  Gr.  /iii)rio,  from  Mujoj,  a 
philosopher  among  the  Persians.] 

I.  The  art  or  science  of  putting  into  action  the 
power  of  spirits  ;  or  the  science  of  producing  won- 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — MRTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


684 


MAG 


MAG 


MAG 


tltiful  effects  by  the  aid  of  siipcrliiiriinn  bcinp*,  or  of 
di'pnrteil  spirits;  sorcery  ;  eiicluuitiiiciit.  [This  art 
or  sciriice  i-t  now  discnrdt'd.] 

2.  The  secret  operations  of  natural  causes.  Bacon. 

JVaturat  marric  ;  the  art  of  cinpIoyiMfi  tlie  poweis  of 
nature  to  produce  cllucts  apparently  supernatural. 

Olmsted. 

Celestial  man-ic  attributes  to  spirits  a  kind  of  doinin- 
kin  over  the  planets,  and  to  the  planets  an  inllucncc 
over  men. 

Superstitious  or  gcotic  mairic  consists  in  the  invoca- 
tion of  devils  or  demons,  and  supposi's  some  tacit  or 
express  agreement  between  them  and  human  beings. 

Encije. 

MA6'ie,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  magic  ;  used  in  mag- 
MAG'IC-.AL,  j     ic  ;  as,  a  mon-'C  wand  ;  ma^ic  art. 

2.  Performed  by  magic,  the  agency  of  spirits,  or  by 
the  invisible  powers  of  nature  ;  as,  matrieal  ctTects. 

Mairir.  square ;  a  square  figure,  formed  by  a  series 
of  numbers  in  arithiMetic<'vJ  progression,  so  disposed 
in  parallel  ranks,  that  the  sums  of  each  row  or  line, 
taken  perpendicularly,  horizontally,  or  diagonally, 
are  equal  Brande. 
MA6'ie-.\rj-LY,  adv.  By  the  arts  of  magic  ;  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  or  rites  of  magic  ;  by  enchantment. 

Camden. 

MA-Ol"CI.\N,  (ma-jish'an,)  n.  One  skilled  in  magic  ; 
one  that  practices  the  black  art;  an  enchanter;  a 
necromancer ;  a  sorcerer  or  sorceress. 

Loeke.  Waller. 

MA6're-T,AN'TF.RN,  n.  An  optical  instrument, 
which,  by  means  of  a  lamp  and  of  small  figures 
painted  on  transparent  varnish  or  slides  of  gl.ass,  cx- 
hihits,  in  a  dark  room,  images  of  objects  considerably 
maanified.  Brande. 

MA-GIS'TER,  ?i.  [L.  masfer.]  A  title  of  the  middle 
ages,  equivalent  to  the  modern  title  of  doctor. 

Brande. 

MA-GIt.P',  n.  A  gel.atinous  compound  of  linseed  oil 
and  niastic  varnish,  used  by  artists  as  a  vehicle  for 
colors.  Brande. 

MAC-IS-Te'RI-.A.L,  a.  [See  JUdsTRATE.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  m.aster ;  such  as  suits  a  master;  authorita- 
tive. Dryden. 

3.  Proud  ;  lofty ;  arrogant ;  imperious  ;  domineer- 
ing. 

Prel''ns''»  ^  n  grn'.n  wny  wilh  men  that  tike  fair  words  and 
magitUriat  louks  for  curreiil  piiynivnl.  L'Estran^e. 

3.  In  chemistry,  pertaining  to  magistery,  which 

MAG-IS-Te'RI-AL-LY,  adi:    With  the  air  of  a  mas- 
ter ;  arrosantlv  ;  authoritatively.      Bacon.  South. 
MAG-IS-TE'lil'-AL-NESS.  n.    'I'he  air  and  manner 
of  a  master ;  haughtiness  ;  imperiousness  ;  percmp- 
toriness.  JJ'elson. 
MAG'IS-TER-Y,  n.    [L.  marristerium.] 

Among  cAcmists,  a  precipitate  ;  a  tine  substance  de- 
posited by  precipitation  ;  usually  applied  to  particu- 
lar kinds  of  precipitate,  as  that  of  bismuth,  coal, 
cr.ib's  eves,  sulphur,  &.C.  [Old.]  Encyc.  Brande. 
MAG'IS-TRA-CY,  n.  [See  M*Gi9TRiTE.]  The  of- 
fice or  dignity  of  a  magistrate. 

Dueling  U  nol  only  a  tiiurpation  of  the  ciiTine  prero^tiv*',  but 
it  ii  nn  in:iutt  upon  fttagutracy.  Ctarisga. 

2.  The  body  of  magistrates. 
MAG'IS-TRAL,  0.    Suiting  a  magistrate;  Buthnrita- 
tive.  K>*3.] 

MAG'IS-TR.\L,  n.    A  sovereign  medicine  or  remedy 

[Ohs.] 
M.\G-IS 


tranquillity  antl  firmness  ;  which  raises  the  possessor  I 
above  revenge,  and  makes  him  ileliglit  in  arts  of  be- 
nevolence;  which  makes  him  disdain  injustice  and 
meanness,  and  prompts  him  to  sacrifice  personal  ease, 
interest,  and  safety,  for  the  accomplishment  of  useful 
and  noble  objects. 
MAG-NAi\'I-JIOUS,  o.    [I.,  ma^natiimus.] 

1.  Great  of  mind  ;  elevated  in  soul  or  in  senti- 
ment ;  brave ;  disinterested ;  as,  a  maiptanimous 
prince  or  general. 

2.  Dictated  by  magnanimity  ;  exhibiting  nobleness 
of  soul ;  liberal  and  honorable ;  not  selfish. 

Tlicrc  is  nn  intlissolublo  nnlon  Ix-twcnn  n  masnanirnous  policy 
and  the  solid  rewartU  of  puUic  prospt-rily  ami  f'-licity. 

Wasliington. 

MAG-NAN'I-MOUS-LY,  adc.  With  greatne.ss  of 
mind  ;  bravely  ;  with  dignity  and  elevation  of  sen- 
timent. Milton. 

M.VG'NaTE,  pi.  Magnates.  A  person  of  rank  ;  a 
noble  or  grandee. 

M.\G-NE'SI A,  n.  [Fr.  magnesie.  Clu.  from  JUaipie- 
sia^  the  place  where  first  found.  IjUnier  says,  from 
Gr.  /ill)  rm,  the  loadstone  ;  but  the  reason  he  does 
not  assign.! 

A  priinitfve  earth,  having  for  its  b.ase  a  metallic 
substance,  called  viairnesiitni.  Magntrsia  is  a  soft, 
white  powder,  witluiut  taste  or  snu^Il.  It  is  general- 
ly found  in  combination  with  other  substances.  It 
is  antariil,  and  moderately  cathartic.  Ure. 

M.\G-NE'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  magnesia,  or  par- 
taking of  its  qualities  ;  containing  magnesia;  re- 
sembling magnesia. 

MAG'Nli-SITE,  n.  A  silicate  of  magnesia  contain- 
ing a  large  quantity  of  water.  It  occurs  in  amor- 
phous masses,  or  in  masses  tuberous  and  spongiform  ; 
its  color  is  yellowish  gray,  or  white  with  spots,  and 
dendritic  delineations  of  blackish  brown.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  a  carbonate  of  magnesia. 

Dana.  liavy. 

M.\G-Ni;'SIUiM,  n.  The  undecomposable  metallic 
base  of  magnesia. 

MAG'NET,  >i.  [L.,  from  Gr.  /laj  cijj,  from  .Magnesia, 
in  Asia  Minor.] 

The  loadstone  ;  a  term  applied  to  certain  specimens 
of  iron  ore,  (theprotoxyd  or  octahedral,)  which  have 
the  prtipcrty  of  attracting  iron  and  some  of  its  ores, 
and,  when  freely  suspended,  of  pointing  to  the 
poles. 

A  bar  of  steel  to  which  the  peculiar  properties  of 
the  loaiistone  have  been  imparted,  either  by  contact 
or  by  other  means.  A  bar  of  iron  will  receive 
temporarily  the  same  properties  under  the  action  of 
a  g.alvanic  or  electrical  battery,  and  is  then  generally 
called  an  electro-mairnet.  Dana. 
MAG-NET'ie,  n.  A  term  applied  to  any  metal,  as 
iron,  nickel,  cobalt,  &c.,  which  may  receive,  by  any 
means,  the  properties  of  the  lo,adstone,  and  lie  when 
suspended  in  the  direction  of  a  magnetic  meriillan. 

Dana. 

MAG-NET'ie,  j  tt.  Pertaining  to  the  magnet  ; 
M.\G-NET'ie-AL,  j     possessing  the  properties  of  the 

magnet,  or  corresponding  properties  ;  as,  a  magnetic 

bar  of  iron,  or  a  magnetic  needle. 
2.  Attractive. 


fe-TR.AL'I-TY,  n.    Despotic  authority  in  opin- 
ion.   [  Oiis.l  Bacon. 
MAG'IS-TU.\L-LY,  adv.   Authoritatively  ;  with  im- 

jieriousness.    IGks.]  Bramliall. 
MAG'IS-TR.^TE,  n.    [L.  magistrntus,  from  magister, 
master  ;  majis,  major,  and  strr,  Teutonic  stforn,  a  di- 
rector ;  steoran,  to  steer  ;  the  principal  director.] 

A  public  civil  officer,  invested  with  the  executive 
government,  or  some  branch  of  it.  In  this  sense,  a 
king  is  the  highest  or  first  magistrate,  as  is  the  presi- 
dent of  the  United  S*t,ates.  But  the  word  is  more 
particubirly  applied  to  subordinate  officers,  as  gov- 
ernors, intendants,  prefects,  mayors,  justices  of  the 
peace,  and  the  like. 

The  mngi^lmte  mnsl  have  hb  reverence;  the  laws  their  nnthor- 
4«         i'y-  Burlct. 

M  A6-lS-TRAT'ie,  a.  Having  the  authority  of  a  mag- 
'"ple-  Tavlor. 

MAO'IS-TRA-TURE,  n.  [Fr.]  Magistracy.  [LitUe 
«,«</.] 

MAG'M.A,  n.    Any  crude  mixture  of  mineral  or  orian- 

ic  mattcri,  in  the  state  of  a  thin  paste.  Ure. 
MAG'NA  CHXR'TA,  (kir'U,)  n.  [L.,  great  charter.j 

1.  The  great  charter,  so  called,  obtained  by  the 
English  barons  from  King  John,  A.  D.  1215.  This 
name  is  also  given  to  the  charter  granted  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Encland  in  the  ninth  year  of  Henry  HI.,  and 
confirmed  by  Edward  I. 

2.  A  fundamental  constitution  which  guaranties 
rights  and  privileges. 

MAG.NA-Nf.M'I-TY,  n.  [L.  magnanimitas ;  magnus, 
great,  and  a?iimu»,  mind.) 

Greatness  of  mind  ;  th.it  elevation  or  dignity  of 
«oul,  which  encounters  danger  and  trouble  with 


She  that  had  at]  magnetic  force  alone. 


Donn 


MAG-NET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  magnet- 
ism ;  bv  the  power  of  attraction.  Burton. 

MAG-NET'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
magnetic. 

MAO-NET'ie-NEE'DLE,  n.  A  magnetized  needle, 
or  small  iron  rod,  turning  on  a  pivot,  principally  used 
to  determine  the  points  of  compass. 

MAG-NET'I€-TEL'E-GRAPH,  n.  The  electro-mag- 
netic telegraph  ;  an  instrument,  or  apparatus,  which, 
by  means  of  iron  wires,  conducting  the  electric  fluid, 
conveys  intelligence  to  any  given  distance  with  the 
velocity  of  lightning.  See  Electro-Macsetic  Tel- 
egraph. S.  F.  B.  jMorse. 

•M.VG-NET'ieS,  n.  The  science  or  principles  of  mag- 
netism. 

MAR-NET-IF'ER-OU3,  a.  Producing  or  conducting 
magnetism.  Joum.  of  Science. 

MAG'NET-ISM,  n.  That  branch  of  science  which 
treats  of  the  properties  of  tlic  magnet 

2.  Power  of  attraction  ;  as,  the  mttg>ietism  of  inter- 
est, nianville. 

Animal  magnetism  ;  a  supposed  agent  of  a  peculiar 
and  mysterious  nature,  said  to  have  a  powerful  influ- 
ence on  the  p.atient  when  acted  upon  by  contact  or 
voluntary  emotion  on  the  part  of  the  operator.  [See 

M  AG-.NKT-ri^S'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  magnetizing 
MAG'NET-I/E,  v.  L    To  communicate  inagnitic 
properties  to  any  thing;  as,  to  magnetize  a  needle. 

Seren  of  Deilon'i  polienu  were  mafruixed  at  Dr.  Franklin's 
I'"""'-  Eneyc. 

MAG'NET-IZE,  r.  i.  To  acquire  magnetic  properties  ; 
to  become  magmnic.  A  bar  of  iron  standing  some 
time  in  an  inclined  position  will  magnetiie. 

M.\G'.VET-rZ-f;n,  pp.  or  a.    Made  magnetic. 

MAG'.NET-IZ-I^NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Imparting  magnet- 
ism to. 


[T..  magn^ficujt.'j 


MAG-Ni?'TW-E-LEe''J'Rie,  a.  Pertaining  to  mag- 
neto-electricity. Dana. 

iMAG-.\r:'TU-E-I.EC-TRIC'I-TY,  'n.  Electricity 
evolvetl  by  magnets.  SiUimun. 

2.  The  science  which  treats  of  electricity  thus 
evolved. 

MAG'NET-IZ-ER,  n.    A  person  or  thing  which  Im- 
parts magnetism. 
M.\(;-.\ET-0.\rE-TER,  n.     [magnet,  or  magnetism, 
and  Gr.  iirmor.] 

An  instrument  to  ascertain  the  force  of  m.ignetism, 
MAG  NET-O-.MO'TOR,  n.    [magnet  and  motor.] 

A  Voltaic  series  of  two  or  more  laru'c  plates  pro- 
ducing a  great  quantity  of  electricity  of  low  tension. 

Brande. 

MAG'NI-FI-A-BLE,  n.  [See  Mag:«ifv.]  That  may 
be  niagiiifieil ;  worthy  of  being  magnified  or  extolled. 

Brown. 

MAG-NIF'IC, 

MAGMF'It;  AL, 

Grand  ;  splendid  ;  illustrious.  Milton. 

MAG-.N'l  F'I€-AI/-LV,  ot/e.    In  a  magnificent  manner. 

MAG-jYIf  I-CAT,  [I,.]  A  term  a|iplied  to  the  sonaof 
the  Virgin  Mary,  l.nke  i.  -Hi,  because  it  commences 
with  this  Word  in  the  Lalin  Vulgattr. 

MAG-.\IF'IC-.\TE,  !).  (.  To  magnify  or  extol.  [Abt 
used.  1  Marston. 

MAG-NIF'I-CENCE,  n.    [L.  magnifrentia.] 

(■randcur  of  appearance  ;  greatness  and  splendor 
of  show  or  state  ;  as,  the  magnificence  of  a  palace, 
or  of  a  procession  ;  th«  magnificence  of  a  Roman  tri- 
umph. 

MAf;-.\IF'I-CENT,  a.  Grand  in  appearance;  splen- 
did ;  pompous. 

Man  hp  made,  antl  for  him  built 
Magnifuxol  this  world.  Milton. 

2.  Exhibiting  grandeur.  Sidney. 
MAG-.MF'I-('E.\T-LY,  adv.    With  splendor  of  ap- 
pearance, or  pomp  of  show.  The  minister  was  nia^- 
nificently  entertained  at  court. 

2.  With  exalted  sentiments.   We  can  never  con- 
ceive too  marrnificentty  o(  the  Creator  and  his  works. 
MAG-i\IF'I-eO,  71.  [U]    A  grandee  of  Venice.  Shall. 
M.\G'i\l-Fl-EK,  n.    [tVom  magnify.]    One  who  niag- 
nifies  ;  one  who  extols  or  exalts  in  praises. 

2.  An  optical  instrument,  either  a  convex  lens  or  a 
concave  mirror,  which  increases  the  apparent  mag- 
nitude of  bodies. 
MAG'NI  F?,  I',  t.    [L.  magnifico;  magnus,  great,  and 
facia,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  great  or  greater;  to  increase  the  ap- 
parent dimensions  of  a  body.  A  convex  lens  mag- 
7i{tics  the  bulk  of  a  body  to  the  eye. 

2.  To  make  great  in  representation  ;  to  extol ;  to 
exalt  in  description  or  praise.  The  embassador  mag- 
nified the  king  and  queen. 

3.  To  extol ;  to  exalt ;  to  elevate ;  to  raise  in  es- 
timation. 

Thee  that  day 
t  mn^Tiifie't.  AWton. 
grtifud  Solomon  exceedingly.  — 1  Chron.  xxix. 

To  magnify  one's  self  >  to  raise  one's  self  in  pride 
and  pretensions. 

He  shall  nwigrii/y  himtel/in  bis  heart.  —  Dan.  riii. 
MAG'XI-FV-I.\G,  ppr. or  a.    Enlarging  apparent  bulk 

or  dimensions  ;  extolling;  exalting. 
MAG-NIL'O-aUE.NCE,  >i.    [L.  magnus,  great,  and 
loqnens,  speaking.] 

.\  lofty  manner  of  speaking ;  tumid,  pompous 
worcs  or  style.  Bcntlry. 
MAGMI/O-aUENT,  a.    Speaking  loflily  or  pom- 
pon si  v. 

MAG-NIL'O-aUENT-LY,  adv.  With  loftiness  or  pom- 

positv  of  language. 
MAG'.N'I-TCDE,  n.    [I,,  magnitudn.] 

1.  Extent  of  dimensions  or  parts  ;  bulk  ;  size  ;  ap- 
plied to  tilings  that  hare  length,  breadth,  or  thickness. 

2.  In  geometry,  that  which  is  extended,  or  which 
has  one  or  more  of  the  three  dimensions,  length, 
breadth,  and  thickness.  Doy. 

3.  Greatness  ;  grandeur. 

With  plain,  heroic  magnitude  of  mind.  A/i.'ton. 

4.  Greatness,  in  reference  to  influence  or  effect  ; 
importance.  In  affairs  of  magnitude,  disdain  not  to 
lake  counset. 

MAG-No'I.I-A,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants 
comprehending  the  Beaver-tree,  the  Ciieiimber-tree, 
and  the  I'mbrella  tree,  of  the  United  States,  with 
the  Vulan,  the  Kobiis,  the  Coco,  and  the  Figo,  of 
E.isti  rn  .Asia. 
M.\(;'PIE,  71.    [W.  piog,  L.  pica,  wilh  7no>r.] 

A  chailering  bird,  of  the  crow  tribe  ;  the  Corvas 
pica  of  Liiina>us. 

,M  (fioT-piE  is  used  by  Shakspeare. 
MAG'UI^Y,  71.    A  species  of  Agave,  in  Mexico,  which 
furnished  the  natives  with  a  material  for  their  build- 
ings.   Its  leaves  were  used  for  covering  the  roofs  of 
their  houses,  and  for  paper,  clothing,  and  cordace. 

Ennje. 

The  ma^iey  is  a  species  of  the  genus  Agave,  and 
is  now  ciiltivated  in  .Mexico  for  the  purpose  of  pre- 
IKiring  from  its  leaves  a  spirituous  liquorcalled  pulque. 

Humboldt. 


Thy  thiiTidri 
The  L.or>l  m 


TONE,  BtJLL,  qXlTE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3.-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


86' 


FKF 


6% 


MAI 

MA-HA'LEB,  71.  [Arabic]  A  spi-cies  of  cherry,  Cc- 
rasiis  Malialib,  wliose  fruit  affords  a  violut  dye,  and 
a  fernifiited  liquor  lilte  kirschwasser.  Ure. 

MA-HUG'A-i\Y,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Swictenia, 
growing  in  the  tropical  climates  of  America;  also,  its 
wood,  which  is  of  a  reddish  or  brown  color,  very 
hard,  and  susceptible  of  a  tine  polish.  Of  this  are 
made  our  most  beautiful  and  durable  pieces  of  cabi- 
net furniture. 

MA-HOM'ET-AN,    I  This  word,  and  the  name  of  the 

MO-H.\M'iMED-AN,  \  Arabian  prophet  so  called,  are 
written  in  many  different  ways.  The  best  authorized 
and  most  correct  orthography  seems  to  be  Moham- 
med, Mohammedan.    [See  Mohammedan.] 

MA-llO.M'ET-A.\-IS.M,  h.    See  .Mohammedism. 

MA'HOUiXD,  ;i.  Furmrrhj,  a  contemptuous  name  for 
Mohammed  and  the  devil,  &;c.  Skelton, 

MaID,  ji,    A  species  of  skate-fish. 

M.XfD,        \n.  [Sax.  jntfj^A,  from  mnir,  a  general  name 

MaID'EN,  \  of  relation,  man,  boy,  or  woman  ;  Goth. 
vmgath:  D.  vtaafrd;  G.  ma^d  ;  Ir.  mo.vh^  a  man  ;  Sp. 
mo:i),  a  man-ser\'ant,  a  bachelor ;  moia^  a  maid  ;  Port. 
miiclw,  a  male  ;  Russ.  muj.  It  coincides  in  elements 
with  Sax.  magan,  to  be  able  ;  Eng.  may.] 

1.  An  unmarried  woman,  or  a  young  unmarried 
woman  ;  a  virgin. 

2.  A  female  servant.  '■Drydcn. 

3.  It  is  used  in  composition  to  express  the  feminine 
gender;  as  in  mairZ-servant. 

MaID'£.\,  (mJd'n,)  n.    A  maid. 

•2.  An  instrument  reseilibling  the  guillotine,  for- 
merly used  for  beheading  criminals. 
.3,  \  machine  for  washing  linen. 
M.^ID'B.N',  (mad'n,)  a.   Pertaining  to  a  young  woman 
or  virgin  ;  as,  maiden  charms. 

2.  Consisting  of  young  women  or  virgins. 

.\iniii  Ih?  maiden  Uiron^.  Addison. 

3.  Fresh  ;  new  ;  unused. 

He  fleshed  his  mauten  sword.  Shak. 
A  maiden  speech  ;  the  first  speech  of  a  new  member 
in  a  public  body. 

MaWES,  V.  i.  To  speak  and  act  demurely  or  mod- 
estly. Bp-  Hall. 

MAll3'i5X-AS-STZE',  n.  In  Encrland,  an  assize  at 
which  no  one  is  condemned  to  die;  literallif,  an  as- 
size which  is  unpolluted  with  blood.  It  was  usual, 
at  such  an  assize,  for  the  sheriff  to  present  the  judge 
with  a  pair  of  white  gloves.  Smart. 

MaID'EN-HaIR,  n.  A  species  of  fern  of  the  genus 
Afliantum. 

MAID'iv-nfi  \d'  \        t^'"'-  ™''(rdcnJiad,  madenhad.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  maid  or  virgin  ;  virginity. 

The  motlest  l»re  *\  mtwlen}iood.  Miltot. 

2.  Newness  ;  freshness ;  uncontaniinated  state. 

Skak. 

MaID'EX-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  maid  ;  modest.  Shak. 

Ma1I)'£N-LI-NESS,  71.  The  behavior  that  becomes  a 
maid  ;  modesty  ;  gentleness.  Sherwood. 

MaID'E.\-L1P,  71.    A  plant.  .^insworth. 

Ma[D'£N-LY,  (mid'n-ly,)  a.  Like  a  maid;  gentle; 
modest  ;  reserved.  Shak. 

MaID'KN-LY,  adv.   In  a  maidenlike  manner.  Skelton. 

MAID'HOOD,  71.  Virginity;  sometimes  spelt  Maid- 
enhead. Shak. 

MaIO-Ma'RI-AN,  77.  Orirrinalhj,  thelady  of  the  May- 
games  Yn  a  morris-dance  ;  a  fteritard^  a  character  per- 
sonated by  a  man  in  woman's  clothes  ;  .'ilso,  the  name 
of  a  dance.  Tuone.  Smart. 

MAin'-PALE,  a.    Pale,  like  a  sick  girl.  Shak. 

MaID'-SEUV-AN  T,  71.    A  female  servant.  Swift. 

MAIL,  71.  [Fr.  maille,  a  stitch  in  knitting,  a  mail ;  Sp. 
mallit,  a  mesh,  net-work,  a  coat  of  mail ;  Port.  iV^  and 
a  spot ;  It.  inatjlia  and  eamairtio  ;  Arm.  7nai7/i ;  i).  viaal ; 
W.  ma^il,  a  knot,  a  mesh  ;  ma:;lu,  to  knit,  to  entan- 
gle, to  entrap,  to  form  meshes.  The  sense  of  spot. 
which  occurs  in  the  French  and  Portuguese,  indi- 
cates this  word  to  be  from  the  root  of  L.  mae.iita,  and 
the  Welsh  words  prove  it  to  be  contracted  from  711a- 

1.  A  coat  of  steel  net-work,  formerly  worn  for  de- 
fending the  body  against  swords,  poniards,  &c.  The 
mail  was  of  two  sorts,  chain  and  [date  mail  ;  the  for- 
mer consisting  of  iron  rings,  each  having  four  others 
inserted  into  it  ;  the  hitti  r  consisting  of  a  number  of 
small  lamins  of  metal,  laid  over  one  another  like  the 
Bcales  of  a  fish,  and  sewed  down  to  a  strong  linen  or 
leathern  jacket.  Cijc. 

2.  Armor;  that  which  defends  the  body. 

Wp  strip  the  lobtter  of  tiiH  *c.irlet  mail.  Gay. 
We  read  also  of  «hirts  of  mail  and  gloves  of  maiU 

3.  In  nhipn^  a  square  machine  compostrd  of  rings 
Interwoven,  like  nel-work,  used  for  rubbing  off  the 
loose  hemp  on  lines  anil  while  cordage. 

A  rent.    [Sax.  mn/.J    Also,  a  spot.  [OAs.] 
MAIL,  71.     [Fr.  maleiu  ;  Ir.  mala;  Ft.  malic;  Ann. 

TTUl/.] 

1.  A  bag  for  the  conveyance  of  letters  and  papers, 
particularly  li  ltern  conveyed  from  one  post-otficc  to 
another,  undi  r  public  authority. 

3  'i'hc  coach  or  carriage  in  whicli  the  mall  la  con- 
veyed. 


MAI 

MAIL,  71.  (.    To  put  on  a  coat  of  mail  or  armor ;  to  arm 

defensively.  Shak. 
2.  To  prepare  for  transmission  by  the  mail  from 

one  post-office  to  another.     We  say,  letters  were 

mailed  for  Ph'iladelphia. 
MaIL'A-BLE,  a.    Usually  admitted,  or  proper  to  be 

admitted,  into  the  mail. 
MaIL'-CLAD,  a.    Clad  with  a  coat  of  mail.  Scott. 
MAIL'-CoACH,  71.    A  coach  that  conveys  the  public 

mails. 

MAIL'£D,  pp.  Covered  with  a  coat  of  mail  or  with 
ymor ;  prepared  for  transmission  by  the  mail. 

2.  a.  In  zvolotrij^  protected  by  an  external  coat  or 
covering  of  scales  or  hard  substances.  Humble. 

3.  .Spotted  ;  speckled.  Sherwood. 
MaIL'ING,  ppr.    Investing  with  a  coat  of  mail ;  pre- 
paring for  transmission  by  the  mail. 

M.^ IL'-STaGE,  71.  The  stage  or  coach  for  conveying 
the  mails  ;  a  mail-coach.  .America. 

MAIL'-SHeATH-£:D,  a.  Sheathed  with  a  coat  of 
mail.  Scott. 

MALM,  V.  t.  [Old  Fr.  maliemer,  or  mahaigner  i  Arm. 
viahai'rna^  mahairnein.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  use  of  a  limb,  so  as  to  render 
a  person  less  able  to  defend  himself  in  fighting,  or  to 
annoy  his  adversary.  Black.Hone. 

2.  To  depri\'e  of  a  necessary  part ;  to  cripple  ;  to 
disable. 

You  maimed  tlte  jnrisiUction  of  all  bishops.  Shnk. 
MAIM,  n.    [Written  in  law  language  .Mayhem.] 

1.  The  privation  of  the  use  of  a  limb  or  member  of 
the  body,  so  as  to  render  tlie  sufferer  less  able  to  de- 
fend himself  or  to  annoy  his  adversary. 

2.  The  privation  of  any  necessary  part ;  a  crip- 
pling. 

Surely  there  is  inore  cause  to  fear  lest,  the  want  thereof  be  a 
jnaim.  tlian  the  use  of  it  a  blemish.  Hooker, 


3.  Injury ;  mischief. 

4.  Essential  defect. 

A  noble  author  esteems  it  to  be  a  r 


Shale. 


I  in  history.    [Not  used.] 
Hfit/isard. 

MaIM'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Crippled ;  disabled  in  limbs  ; 
lame. 

MaLM'ED-NESS,  71.    A  state  of  being  maimed. 

Bolton. 

MaIM'ING,  ppr.  Disabling  by  depriving  of  the  use  of 
a  limb  ;  cripiiling  ;  rendering  lame  or  defective. 

MAIN,  a.  [Sax.  magn,  strength,  force,  power,  from 
inatranj  to  be  able  or  strong,  that  is,  to  strain  or 
stretch.  Eng.  may,  might.  If  g  is  radical  in  the  L. 
magnu.^,  this  may  be  of  the  same  family ;  Goth.  TTiici- 
els  ;  Eng.  vtnch.] 

1.  Principal ;  chief;  first  in  size,  rank,  importance, 
&c. ;  as,  the  TnaiTi  branch  or  tributary  stream  of  a 
river  ;  llie  main  timbers  of  an  edifice. 

2.  That  which  has  most  power  in  producing  an  ef- 
fect, or  which  is  mostly  regarded  in  prospect ;  as,  a 
Tnairt  design  ;  a  main  object. 

Our  main  interest  is  to  be  as  happy  as  we  can,  and  as  !on^  as 
possible.  Tiltotson. 

3.  Mighty  ;  vast ;  as,  the  main  abyss.  Milton. 

4.  Important ;  powerful. 

This  young  prince,  with  a  tniin  of  younj  noblemen  and  gentle- 
nj^'n,  not  with  any  main  jtriny,  c:inie  over  to  talte  nosst'ssion 
ofhis  pairiimi'iy.  Daaies. 

MAIN,  n.  Strength  ;  force  ;  violent  effort ;  as  in  the 
phra.se,  "  with  might  and  main."  Drijden. 

2.  The  gross  ;  the  bulk  ;  the  greater  part. 

The  mam  of  them  may  be  reduced  to  language  and  an  iniprove- 
mciit  in  wisdom.  Locke, 

3.  The  ocean  ;  the  great  sea,  as  distinguished  from 
rivers,  bays,  sounds,  and  the  like. 

He  fell,  and  slrugghng  in  the  main.  Dryien. 

4.  The  continent,  .as  distinguished  from  an  isle. 
We  arrived  at  Nantucket  on  Saturday,  but  did  not 
reach  the  main  till  Monday.  In  this  use  of  the  word, 
land  is  omitted  ;  main  for  main  land. 

5.  A  hamper.  Jlinsicorth. 

6.  A  course  ;  a  duct.  of  Parliament. 
For  the  wain  ;  in  the  main  ;  for  the  must  part ;  in  the 

greatest  part. 
MALN,  n.    [L.  mantis,  hand  ;  Fr.  Tnain.] 

A  hand  at  dice.    We  throw  a  merry  main. 

And  lncl<y  mains  make  p<'ople  wise.    {Not  used.]  Prior. 

2.  A  match  at  cock-fighting. 
MAIN'-DE(M<,  71.    The  deck  next  below  the  spar- 

(lerk  in  frigates  anil  seventy-fours.  Tolten. 
MAIN'-KIOEL,  n.   The  printiipal  keel,  as  distinguished 

from  the  false  keel. 
MAI.N'-L.ANI),  n.    The  continent ;  the  principal  land, 

as  opposed  to  an  I's/f.  Dnjden. 
MAI.N'LY,  adv.    Chiefly;  principally.    lie  is  mainly 

occiipii'il  with  domestic  concerns. 

2.  Greatly  ;  to  a  great  degree  ;  mightily.  Bacon. 
MALN'.MAST,  71.     The  princijial  mast  in  a  ship  or 

other  vesHt^l. 

MAIN'OU,  n.  [Old  Fr.  manoevre,  meinour,  L.  o  manu, 
from  the  hiinil  or  in  the  work.] 

The  old  law  phrase,  to  he  taken  as  a  thief  with  the 
mainor,  signifies  to  be  taken  in  the  very  act  of  killing 
venison  or  stealing  wood,  or  in  preparing  so  to  do  ; 


MAI 

or  it  denotes  the  being  taken  with  the  thing  stolen 
upon  him.  Bluck.~tone. 
MAIN'PER.V-A-nLE,  a.    That  may  be  admitted  to 
give  surety  by  mainpernors ;  that  may  be  main- 
prized. 

MaIN'PERN-OR,  71.  [Old  Fr.  main,  the  hand,  and 
prendre,  to  take  ;  penion,  pernez,  for  prenoii,  prenez.] 

In  laiD,  a  surety  for  a  prisoner's  appearance  in  court 
at  a  day.  Mainpernors  differ  from  bail,  in  that  a 
man's  bail  may  imprison  or  surrender  him  before  the 
stipulated  day  of  appearance  ;  mainpernors  can  do 
neither ;  they  are  bound  to  produce  him  to  answer 
all  charges  whatsoever.  Black^lone. 

MAIN'PIliZE,  71.  [Fr.  7natn,  hand,  and  prendre,  pris, 
to  take.] 

1.  In  law,  a  writ  directed  to  the  sheriff,  command- 
ing him  to  take  sureties  for  the  prisoner's  appear- 
ance, and  to  let  him  go  at  large.  These  sureties  are 
called  mainpernors.  Blackstone. 

2.  Deliverance  of  a  prisoner  on  security  for  liis  ap- 
pearance at  a  day. 

MAIN'PRiZE,  v.' t.  To  suffer  a  prisoner  to  go  at 
large,  on  his  finding  sureties,  mainpernors,  for  his 
appearance  at  a  day. 

MAIN'PRIZ-iCD,  pp.  Bailed;  suffered  to  go  at  large, 
upon  giving  security  for  appearance. 

MAIN'SAIL,  n.  The  principal  sail  in  a  sliip.  The 
mainsail  of  a  ship  or  brig  is  extended  by  a  yard  at- 
tached to  the  mainmast,  and  that  of  a  siooj),  by  the 
boom. 

MAlN'SHEET,n.  The  sheet  that  extends  and  fastens 
the  mains;iil. 

MaI.X'SWEaR,  v.  i.    [Sax.  niansTccrian ;  7nan,  evil, 

and  swerian,  to  swear. 
To  swear  falsely  ;  to  perjure  one's  self.  Blount. 
MAIN-TaIN',  I',  f.    [Fr.  maintenir  ;  main,  hand,  and 

tenir,  to  hold  ;  L.  manus  and  temo.j 

1.  To  hold,  preserve,  or  keep  in  any  particular 
state  or  condijion  ;  to  support ;  to  sustain  ;  not  to 
sulfer  to  fail  or  decline  ;  as,  to  maintain  a  certain  de- 
gree of  heat  in  a  furnace  ;  to  maintain  the  digestive 
process  or  powers  of  the  stomach  ;  to  maintain  the 
fertility  of  soil ;  to  maintain  present  character  or  rep- 
utation. 

2.  To  hold  ;  to  keep  ;  not  to  lose  or  surrender ;  as, 
to  maintain  a  place  or  post. 

3.  To  continue  ;  not  to  suffer  to  cease  ;  as,  to  Tnaiit- 
tain  a  conversation. 

4.  To  keep  up  ;  to  uphold  ;  to  support  the  expense 
of;  as,  to  maintain  state  or  equipage. 

What  maintains  one  vice  would  bring  up  two  children. 

PraiMin. 

5.  To  support  with  food,  clothing,  and  other  con- 
veniences ;  as,  to  maintain  a  family  by  trade  or  labor. 

6.  To  support  by  intellectual  powers,  or  by  force 
of  reason  ;  as,  to  maintain  an  argument. 

7.  To  supjiort ;  to  defend  ;  to  vindicate,  to  justify  ; 
to  prove  to  be  just ;  as,  to  maintain  one's  right  or 
cause. 

8.  To  support  by  assertion  or  argument ;  to  affirm. 

In  tnigedv  and  satire,  I  maintain  that  this  age  and  tile  last  have 
exK-riL-d  the  ancients.  Dryttcn. 

MAIX-TAIN',  JI.  I.    To  affirm  a  position  ;  to  assert. 
M.'ilN-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.    'I'hat  may  be  maintained, 
supported,  preserved,  or  sustained. 

2.  That  may  be  defended  or  kept  by  ftirce  or  re- 
sistance ;  as,  a  military  post  is  not  maintainable. 

3.  That  may  be  defended  by  argument  or  just 
claim  ;  vindicable  ;  defensible. 

MAIN-TAIN'ijn,  ;)/>.  Kept  in  any  state  ;  preserved  ; 
upheld;  supported;  defended;  vindicated. 

MAIN-TAIN'ER,  11.  One  who  supports,  preserves, 
sustains,  or  vindicates. 

M  AIN-TAIN'ING, /<;<r.  Supporting;  preserving;  up- 
holding; defending;  vindicating. 

MAIN-TAIN'OR,  71.  One  who  aids  others  with 
money,  or  maintains  a  suit  in  which  he  has  no  in- 
terest. 

MAIN'TE-NANCE,  71.  Sustenance;  sustentation  ; 
support  by  means  of  supplies  of  food,  clothing,  and 
other  conveniences  ;  as,  his  labor  contributed  little  to 
the  maintenance  of  his  family. 

2.  Means  of  support;  that  which  supplies  conve- 
niences. 

Those  of  Ijelter  fortune  not  mal<ing  learning  tlieir  maintenance. 

.Sm/l. 

3.  Support ;  protection  ;  defense  ;  vindication  ;  as, 
the  maintenance  of  right  or  just  claims. 

4.  (Jimtinuance  ;  security  from  failure  or  decline. 

Whatever  is  grantiHl  to  llie  chnrcli  for  Coirs  hunorantl  the  main- 
tenance of  his  service,  is  (rranled  lo  tiod.  South. 

5.  In  law,  an  officious  iiUtTmcddling  in  a  suit  in 
which  the  person  has  no  interest,  by  assisting  either 
party  with  money  or  means  tti  prosecute  or  defend 
it.  This  is  a  punishable  ollenst;.  Hut  to  assist  a 
poor  kinsman,  from  compassion,  is  not  maintenance. 

Brandc. 

MAIN'TOP,  n.  The  top  of  the  mainma.st  of  a  ship  or 
brig. 

MAIN'VARD,  n.    The  yard  i  n  which  the  mainsail  is 

extenileil,  sujiported  by  the  mainmast, 
MAIS'TIOR,  for  Master,  is  obsolete.  Spen.ier. 
MAIS'TRESS,  for  Mistiiess,  is  obsolete.  Chaucer. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


686 


MAJ 


MAK 


MAK 


Maize,  «.  a  plant,  Zea  mays,  the  native  corn  of 
America,  called  Indian  Corn,  niucli  cultivated  for 
foiiil. 

[In  the  Lettish  and  Livotiic  lanffua^rp,^^  in  the  north 
of  Europe,  muijse  is  bread.    Toukc.    In  Ir.  maise  is 
food  ;  perhaps  a  dilTerent  orthography  of  meat.] 
MAJ-ES-TAT'IC,        j  a.      Great    in   appearance  ; 
MAJ-ES-XAT'ie-AL,  j     having  dignity.  [Obs.] 

Pococlic. 

MA-JES'Tie,  a.  [from  majesty.]  Aufust ;  having 
diRuity  of  person  or  appearance  ;  grand  ;  princely. 
The  prince  was  majestic  in  person  and  appearance. 

In  Uh  f.ico 

Sat  meckncsa,  hightened  with  majeeuc  grace,  Milton. 

2.  Splendid  ;  grand. 

Get  the  Btarl  of  this  majeitic  world.  ShaJc. 

3.  Elevated  ;  lolly. 

Tlie  least  portions  must  be  of  the  epic  kind  ;  all  must  b.'  gr^^e, 
mnjenltc,  and  sublime.  Drytien. 

4.  Stately  ;  becoming  majesty ;  as,  a  majestic  air 
or  walk. 

MA-JEf'Tie-AL,  a.    Majestic.    [Little  used.] 

M.A-JES'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  With  dignity  ;  with  gran- 
deur ;  with  a  lofty  air  or  appearance. 

MAJES'Tie-AL-NESS,  n.  State  or  manner  of  being 
majestic.  Oldenburg. 

MAJ'ES-'I'Y,  n.  [L.  majestas,  from  the  root  of  muj«, 
major,  more,  greater.] 

1.  Greatness  of  appearance;  dignity;  grandeur; 
dignity  of  aspect  or  manner;  the  quality  or  state  of 
a  person  or  thing  which  inspires  awe  or  reverence  in 
the  beholder  ;  applied  with  peculiar  propriety  to  God 
and  his  works. 


Jeh'jv:ih  n'iffncth  ;  he  is  clothed  with  nmjesty. 
The  voice  uf  Jt-liovah  i  '   ■  ' 


-  Ps.  xciii. 

9  lull  ul  7ruijesly.  —  Ps 

It  is  applied  to  the  dignity,  pomp,  and  splendor  of 
earthly  princes. 

When  he  showed  the  riches  of  his  ^lonotis  kingdom  —  the  honor 
of  hid  exc<dlent  majfsty  many  days.  —  Eath.  1. 

9.  Dignity  ;  elevation  of  manner. 


The  tirst  in  loftiness  of  thought  surpassed, 
The  next  in  timjesty. 


Drydet 


3.  A  title  of  emperors,  kings,  and  queens  ;  as, 
most  royal  viajrsty  :  m;\y  it  pit'ase  your  majestij.  In 
this  sense,  it  admits  of  the  plural ;  as,  their  majesties 
attended  the  concert. 
Ma'JOR,  a.  [L.]  Greater  in  number,  quantity,  or 
extent ;  as,  the  major  part  of  the  assembly  ;  the  ma- 
jor part  of  the  revenue  ;  the  major  part  of  the  terri- 
tory. 

2.  Greater  in  dignity. 

My  major  vow  lies  here.  Shak. 

3.  In  music,  an  epithet  applied  to  the  modes  in 
which  the  third  is  fi>Vir  semitimes  above  the  tonic  or 
key-note,  and  to  intervals  consisting  of  four  semi- 
tones. Biisbij. 

Major  and  minor,  in  music,  are  applied  to  concords 
which  differ  from  each  other  by  a  semitone. 

Major  tone  :  the  difforenre  between  the  fifth  and 
fourth  ;  and  major  semitone  is  the  ditference  be- 
tween the  major  fourth  and  the  third.  The  major 
tone  surpasses  the  minor  by  a  comma.  Encyc. 

The  major  term  of  a  syllogism  is  that  which  forms 
the  predicate  of  the  conclusion. 
Ma'JOR,  n.    In  military  affairs,  an  officer  next  in  rank 
above  a  captain  and  below  a  lieutenant-colonel  ;  the 
lowest  field  officer. 
2.  The  mayor  of  a  town.    [See  Mayor.] 
.lid-major;  an  officer  appointed  to  act  as  major  on 
cert.ai[i  occasions. 

Brigade-major.    See  Brigade. 
Vrum-major :  the  first  drummer  in  a  regiment, 
who  has  authority  over  the  other  drummers. 
Fifr-major ;  the  first  or  chief  fifer. 
Sergeant-major ;  a  non-commissioned  officer,  sub- 
ordinate to  the  adjulant. 
MA'JOR,  H.    In  law,  a  person  of  full  age  to  manage 

his  own  concerns. 
Ma'JOR,  n.  In  logic,  that  premise  which  contains 
the  major  term  ;  it  is  the  first  proposition  of  a  regu- 
lar syllogism  ;  as,  no  unholy  person  is  qualified  for 
happiness  in  heaven,  [the  major.]  Every  man  in 
his  natural  state  is  unholy,  [minor.]  Therefore,  no 
man  in  his  natural  state  Is  qualified  for  happiness  in 
heaven,  [conclusion  or  inference.] 

In  hypothetical  syllogisms,  the  hypothetical  premise 
la  called  the  major. 
MA'JOR-AV,  (mU'zho-ra',)  n.    [Fr.,  from  major.] 

Among  tJie  continrntiU  nations  of  Kurope,  the  right 
M  » i""^*^'-"'""     Pi^'M'^rty  according  to  age. 
M.\J-OR-.\'TIO.\,  n.    Iiiicrease ;  enlargement  [JVot 
x,-nAi  -Boco'i. 
MA  JOR-DO'MO,  n.    [major  and  domiw,  house.] 

■\  man  who  holds  the  pl.ice  of  m.aster  of  the 
..-?VT„'  "i  ^'•■ward  ;  also,  a  chief  minister.  Encyc. 
Ma  J<3R-GK\'ER.AL,  n.     A  milit.ary  officer  who 
commands  a  division  or  number  of  regiments:  the 
iui''L\D,,".2^, 'ieutenant-eeneral. 

1   -r.        '  "•  ^^j-x-ite  :  from  major.] 

I.  I  he  greater  number ;  more  than  half;  as,  a 
majorUy  of  mankind  ;   a  majority  of  votes  in  con- 


gress.  A  measure  may  bo  carried  by  a  large  or  small 

majority. 

2.  Full  age  ;  the  age  at  which  the  laws  of  a  coun- 
try permit  a  young  jx-Tstm  to  manage  his  own  affairs. 
Henry  III.  had  no  sooner  come  to  his  jnajt^riff/,  than 
the  barons  raised  war  against  him. 

3.  The  office,  rank,  or  commission  of  a  major. 

4.  The  state  of  being  greater. 

It  is  not  a  plurality  of  p.-irt8,  without  majority  ol  parts.  \LitUe 
used.]  Gjcu), 

5.  [L.  majores.]  Ancestors  ;  ancestry.   [JVot  used.] 

Brown. 

6.  Chief  rank.    [A'ut  u.icd.]   ■  Slmk. 
MA  JUS'eU-L/E,  n.  /)/.    In  diplomatics,  capital  letters, 

as  they  are  found  in  Latin  manuscripts  of  the  sixth 
century  and  earlier. 
MAKE,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Made.  [Sax.  macian;  G. 
machen  ;  U.  maakrn  ;  Dan.  inagcr,  to  contrive  ;  viager 
paa,  to  make,  to  form,  to  mold,  to  contrive,  to  prac- 
tice. 'I'he  prini.'iry  sense  is,  to  cause  to  act  or  do,  to 
press,  drive,  strain,  or  compel,  as,  in  the  phrases 
muke  your  servant  work,  make  him  go.] 

1.  'I'o  compel  ;  to  constrain. 

They  should  U-  mode  to  rise  at  an  early  hour,  Locke. 

2.  To  form  of  materials  ;  to  fashion  ;  to  mold  into 
shape  ;  to  cause  to  exist  in  a  different  form,  or  as  a 
distinct  thing. 

He  fashioned  it  with  n  gnxvlng  tool,  tifler  he  had  made  it  a  mol- 
ten cdf.  — Ex.  xxxii. 

God  not  only  made,  but  created ;  not  only  ma/te  the  work,  but 
tlie  materials.  Dwighl,  Theol. 

3.  To  create;  to  cause  to  exist;  to  form  from 
nothing.  God  made  the  materials  of  the  earth  and 
of  all  worlds. 

4.  To  compose  ;  to  constitute  as  parts,  materials, 
or  ingreilieiits  united  in  a  whole.  These  several 
sums  make  the  whole  amount. 

The  heaven,  the  air,  the  earth,  and  boundless  sea. 

Make  bm  one  U'luple  for  Uic  Deity.  Waller. 

5.  To  form  by  art. 

And  art,  with  her  contendinsf,  doth  aspire 

To  excel  the  natural  with  nuitU  delights.  Spenser. 

6.  To  produce  or  effect,  as  the  agent 

Call  for  Samson,  Ulat  he  may  make  us  sport.  —  Juilges  xvi. 

7.  To  produce,  as  the  cause  ;  to  procure  ;  to  ob- 
tain.   Good  tillage  is  necessary  to  make  good  crops. 

Wealth  majtelh  many  friends.  —  Prov,  xix. 

8.  To  do ;  to  perform  ;  to  execute  ;  as,  to  make  a 
journey  ;  to  make  a  l()ng  voyage. 

9.  To  cause  to  have  any  quality,  as  by  change  or 
alteration.  Wealth  may  make  a  man  proud  ;  beauty 
may  make  a  woman  vain  ;  a  due  sense  of  human 
wealtness  should  make  us  humble. 

10.  To  bring  into  any  state  or  condition ;  to  con- 
stitute. 

S'-e,  I  have  made  the**  a  »od  to  Ph.traoh.  —  Kt.  vii. 
Who  ma^  thee  a  prince  aiid  a  Judge  over  us  ?  —  Ex.  ii. 

11.  To  contract;  to  establish;  as,  ioviake  friend- 
ship. Riiwe. 

13.  To  keep;  as,  to  mnlci!  abode.  Dryden. 

13.  To  raise  to  good  fortune  ;  to  secure  in  riches 
or  happiness;  as  when  it  is  said,  he  is  made  for  this 
woild. 

Who  makes  or  ruins  with  a  smile  or  frowu.  Dryden. 

14.  To  suffer. 

He  accuses  Neptune  unjusdy,  who  makes  shipwreck  a  second 
tune.  Bacon. 

1.5.  To  incur ;  as,  to  nwAe  a  loss.  [Improper.] 

16.  To  commit;  to  do.  [Drxjden. 

I  will  neither  plead  mv  a^e  nor  sickness  In  excuse  of  the  faults 
which  1  mojle.    {Liale  used.]  Dryden. 

17.  To  intend  or  to  do  ;  to  purpose  to  do. 

Gomez,  what  makest  thou  here,  with  a  whole  brotherhood  of  city 
bailirts  i    [iVot  used.]  DiyrUn. 

We  now  say,  what  doest  thou  here.' 

18.  To  raise,  as  profit ;  to  gain  ;  to  collect ;  as,  to 
make  money  in  trade  or  by  husbandry  ;  to  make  an 
estate  by  steaily  industry. 

19.  To  discover;  to  arrive  in  sight  of;  a  seaman's 
phrase.  They  made  the  land  at  nine  o'clock  on  the 
larboard  l)ow,  distant  five  leagues. 

20.  To  reach  ;  to  arrive  at ;  as,  to  make  a  port  or 
harbor  ;  a  seaman's  phrase. 

21.  To  gain  by  advance;  as,  to  moJte  little  way 
with  a  head  wind  ;  we  made  our  way  to  the  next 
village.    [  This  phrase  often  implies  difficulty.] 

22.  To  provide  ;  as,  to  make  a  dinner  or  entertain- 
ment. 

23.  To  put  or  place  ;  as,  to  make  a  difference  be- 
tween strict  right  and  expedience. 

24.  To  turn  ;  to  convert,  as  to  use. 

Whate'er  they  catch, 
Their  fuiy  mo^fs  an  instrument  of  war.  Dryden, 

2.5.  To  represent  He  is  not  the  fool  you  make 
him  ;  that  is,  as  your  representation  exhibits  him. 

2fi.  To  constitute  ;  to  form.  It  is  melancholy  to 
think  that  sensu.al  pleasure  makes  the  happiness  of  a 
great  part  of  mankind. 

27.  To  induce  ;  to  cause.    Self-confidence  makes  a 


man  rely  too  much  on  his  own  strength  and  re- 
sources. 

28.  To  put  into  a  suitable  or  regiil.ir  form  for  use  ; 
as,  to  inakc  a  bctl. 

29.  To  fabricate  ;  to  forge.  He  made  the  story 
himself. 

30.  To  compose,  as  verses  ;  to  form  and  put  forth  ; 
as,  to  make  a  speech  or  an  oratitui. 

31.  To  cure  ;  to  dry  and  prepare  for  preservation  ; 
as,  to  make  hay. 

7o  make  amends  ;  to  make  good  ;  to  give  adequate 
compensation  ;  to  replace  the  value  or  amount  of 
loss. 

To  make  account  of:  to  esteem  ;  to  regard.  Bacjn. 
To  make  away;  to  kill  ;  to  destroy. 

Sidney,  .^ddi.^on. 
2.  To  alienate  ;  to  transfiir.  IVallcr. 
We  now  usually  say,  to  make  over  property. 
To  make  free  witli ;  to  treat  with  freedom  ;  to  treat 
without  C(;remt>ny.  Pope. 
To  make  good;  to  maintain  ;  to  defend. 

I'll  either  die,  or  I'll  make  good  the  place.  Dryden. 

2.  To  fulfill  ;  to  accomplish  ;  as,  to  make  good 
one's  word,  promise,  or  engagement 

3.  To  make  compensation  for;  to  supply  an  equiv- 
alent ;  as,  to  make  good  a  loss  or  tlamage. 

'To  make  light  of;  to  consider  as  of  no  conse- 
quence ;  to  treat  with  indifference  or  contempt. 
They  made  light  o/it  and  went  their  way.  —  Mutt.  ixii. 
To  make  love,  ;  to  court;  to  attempt  to  gain  the 
7'o  make  suit  ;  )     favor  or  affection. 
To  make  merry  ;  to  feast ;  to  be  joyful  or  jovial. 

Bacon, 

To  make  much  of;  to  treat  with  fcndness  or  es- 
teem ;  to  consider  as  of  great  value,  or  as  giving 
great  pleasure. 

To  make  of;  to  understand.  He  knows  not  what 
to  make  of  the  news  ;  timt  is,  he  dors  not  well  under- 
stand it  ;  he  knows  not  how  to  ctuisider  or  view  it. 

2.  To  produce  from  ;  to  effect. 

I  am  asloriished  that  those  who  have  appeared  against  this  paper, 
have  mmle  so  very  little  of  it.  Addison. 

3.  To  consider ;  to  account ;  to  esteem. 

Makes  slie  no  more  of  me  than  of  a  slave  t  Dryden. 

To  make  over;  to  transfer  the  title  of;  to  convey  ; 
to  alienate.  He  made  over  his  estate  in  trust  or  in 
fee. 

To  make  out:  to  learn;  to  discover;  to  obtain  a 
clear  understanding  of.  I  can  not  make  out  the 
meaning  or  sen.se  of  this  difficult  passage.  Anti- 
quaries are  not  able  to  malce  out  the  inscription  on 
this  medal. 

2.  To  prove  ;  to  evince  ;  to  establish  by  evidence 
or  argument.  The  plaintiff,  not  being  able  to  make 
out  his  case,  withdrew  the  suit. 

In  the  passagi-s  from  divines,  most  of  the  reasonings  which  make 
out  both  my  propositions  are  already  Bug«est<,-d.  Alterbury. 

3.  To  furnish  ;  to  find  or  supply.  He  promised  to 
pay,  but  was  not  able  to  make  out  the  money  or  the 
whole  sum. 

To  make  sure  of;  to  consider  as  certain.  Dryden. 
2.  To  secure  to  one's  possession  ;  as,  to  moAe  sure 
of  the  game. 

To  make  up  ;  to  collect  into  a  sum  or  ma.ss  ;  as,  to 
make  up  the  amount  of  rent ;  to  muke  up  a  bundle  or 
package. 

2.  To  reconcile  ;  to  compose ;  a.s,  to  make  up  a  dif- 
ference or  quarrel. 

3.  To  re|)air ;  as,  to  maJie  up  a  hedge.    Eiek.  xiii. 

4.  To  supply  what  is  wanting.  A  dollar  is  wanted 
to  v.alic  up  the  stipuLatcd  sum. 

5.  To  compose,  as  ingredients  or  parts. 

O,  he  was  all  made  up  of  love  anil  charms  !  Addison. 
The  parties  among  us  are  made  up  of  inodemle  whi?s  and 
PresbyterliMS.  A'un/1. 

6.  To  shape,  prepare,  or  fabricate ;  as,  to  make  up 
a  mass  into  pills. 

7.  To  assume  a  particular  form  of  fe.atures;  as,  to  I 
make  up  a  face  ;  whence,  to  make  up  a  lip,  is  to  pout.  I 

8.  To  compensate  ;  to  make  good;  as,  to  moke  up  a 
loss. 

9.  Tosettle  ;  to  atljust, or toarrange forscttlement ) 
as,  to  make  up  accounts. 

10.  Toiletermine  ;  to  bring  to  a  definite  conclusion  ; 
as,  to  make  up  one's  mind. 

In  seamen's  language,  to  make  sail ;  to  increase  the 
quantity  of  sail  already  extended. 

To  make  stcrnway ;  to  move  with  the  stern  fore- 
most 

To  make  iratcr  ;  to  leak. 

To  make  leords  ;  to  multiply  words. 
MaKF.,  r.  i.  To  tend  ;  to  proceed  ;  to  move.  He  made 
toward  home.  The  tiger  made  at  the  sjMirtsmeu. 
Formerly  authors  used  to  make  atcay,  to  make  on,  to 
make  forth,  to  make  about :  but  these  phrases  are  ob- 
solete.   We  now  say,  to  make  at,  to  maJ:e  toicard. 

2.  To  contribute  ;  to  have  effect  This  arnuinent 
makes  nothim:  in  his  favor.  He  believes  wroni:  to  be 
rieht,  and  right  to  be  wrong,  when  it  makes  for  his 
advant;ige. 

3.  To  rise  ;  to  flow  toward  land  ;  as,  the  tide  maku 
fast. 


TOX^,  BIjlX,  IJXITE.-AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Tfl  as  in  THIS. 

(i87 


MAL 

To  make  as  if;  to  sliuw ;  to  appear;  to  carry  ap- 
pearance. 

Joshua  and  all  Israel  made  as  if  Uiey  were  bealeo  before  them 
and  lleJ.  —  Joili.  vjii. 

To  make  awaijwitfi ;  to  kill ;  to  destroy. 

To  make  fur;  to  move  toward  ;  to  direct  a  course 
toward  ;  as,  we  apprehended  a  tempest  approacliing, 
and  made  fur  a  harbor. 

2.  To  tend  to  advantage ;  to  favor.  A  war  bV 
twecn  coinuiercial  nations  makes  for  the  interest  of 
neutrals. 

To  make  against :  to  tend  to  injury.  This  argument 
make^  against  li'is  cause. 

To  make  out ;  to  succeed  ;  to  have  success  at  last. 
He  made  out  to  reconcde  the  contending  parties. 

To  make  up ;  to  approach.  He  made  up  to  us  with 
boldness. 

To  make  up  for  ;  to  compensate  ;  to  supply  by  an 
equivalent.  • 

Have  you  a  supply  of  friends  lo  maJce  up  for  those  who  are 
gone  ?  Swifl. 

To  make  up  with ;  to  settle  differences ;  to  become 
friends. 

To  make  witJi ;  to  conctir.  Hooker. 
MAKE,  n.  Structure  ;  texture  ;  constitution  of  parts 
in  a  body.  It  may  sometimes  be  sj'noiiyrnous  with 
Shapk  or  Form,  but  more  properly  the  word  sig- 
nifies the  manner  in  which  the  parts  of  tlie  body 
are  united;  as,  a  man  of  slender  make,  or  feeble 
make. 

Is  our  perfection  of  so  frail  a  make. 

As  every  plot  can  unileriiane  and  shake  ?  Dryilen. 
Make,  ji.    [Sax.  viaca,  gemaca;  Dan.  matre ;  Eng. 
match.     It  seems  allied  to  make,  as  peer,  L.  to 
Heb.  N-i2.] 
A  companion;  a  mate.  [06s.] 

Spenser,    B.  Jon^on. 
MaKE'BaTE,  71.    [make  and  Snx.  bate,  contention.] 

One  who  excites  contentions  and  quarrels.  Sidney- 
MaKE'LESS,  a.    Matchless  ;  without  a  mate.  [Obs.] 
MaKE'PeACE,  n.    .\  peace-maker ;  one  that  recon- 
ciles persons  when  at  variance.  Sliak. 
MaK'ER,  n.    The  Creator. 

The  oniversal  Maker  we  may  praise.  Milton. 

2.  One  that  m.ikes,  forms,  shapes,  or  molds  ;  a 
manufacturer  ;  as,  a  maker  of  watches,  or  of  jewel- 
ry ;  a  maker  of  cloth. 

3.  A  poet. 

M.XKE'VVEKJHT,  (-wate,)  n.  That  which  is  thrown 
into  a  scale  to  make  weight.  Phdips, 

MA'KI,  71.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Ijemur.  The 
ring-tailed  maki  is  of  the  size  of  a  cat.  [See  Lemur.] 

Kncyc, 

The  common  name  of  a  subdivision  of  the  Lin- 
najan  genus  Lemur,  including  the  macauco,  the  mon- 
gooz,  and  the  vari.  Cuvier. 

MaK'ING,  ppr.  Forming  ;  causing ;  compelling ;  cre- 
ating ;  constituting. 

MaK'ING,  71.  The  act  of  forming,  causing,  or  consti- 
tuting. 

2.  Workmanship.  This  is  cloth  of  your  own 
makinfr, 

3.  Composition ;  structure. 

4.  In  old  2eriters,  a  poem. 

MAL,     I  as  a  prefix,  in  composition,  denotes  illoreTil, 
MALE,  \     Ft,  mal,  L.  matus,    [See  Malady.] 
MAL'A-CHITE,  71.  .  [Gr.  ixaXax'i,  mallows,  h.  malea, 
from  //liXam?,  soft,  so  named  from  its  resembling  the 
color  of  the  leaf  of  mallows.] 

Native  carbonate  of  copper.  Oreen  malachite  oc- 
curs in  green  mammillary  masses,  consisting  of  con- 
centric layers  having  a  tibrous  structure.  It  admits 
of  a  high  polish,  and  is  sometimes  used  for  orna- 
mental inlaid  work  or  for  making  toys.  Blue  mal- 
achite is  another  species  of  a  deep-blue  color,  found 
both  in  crystals,  and  !is  an  incrustation.  These  ores 
accompany  other  ores  of  copper.  Dana. 
M.\L'A-€0-LITE,  71.  [Gr.  (juAaxi,  mallows,  from  its 
color.] 

Another  name  for  diopside,  a  variety  of  jiyroxene. 

Cleaoeland,  I.unur. 
MAI^A-eOL'O-GIST,  71.    One  who  treats  of  the  mol- 
huca. 

MAL-A-r,OL'0-GV,    71.      [Gr.   ita\aKoi,   soft,  and 

In  natural  hhitortt,  the  science  of  the  structure  and 

habits  of  soft  animals  or  mollusca. 
MAL  A  COr-TE-RYc'i'l-AN,  n.    One  of  the  order  of 

malncopter>'cioiiB  fishes. 
MAI,-A-eoi'-TE-!iyG'I-OTJS,  a.    [Gr.  iia\n<ui,  soft, 

and  irrioti)  nil',  a  point  or  feather.] 

Having  soft  fins,  or  fins  whose  rays,  except  the 

anterior  ray  of  the  perioral  and  dorsal  fins,  are  soft  ; 

applied  to  such  fishes  as  the  carp,  pike,  salmon, 

shad,  &.r. 

MAI,  A-COS'TO-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ^aXaK'jf,  soft,  and 
ar  /in,  moulh.j 

llavinc  Hoft  Jaws  without  ti^etli,  as  a  fish.  Kneyc. 

MAL  A-eOH'TKA  CA.\,  II.  [(Jr.  ;.uA.i,„(,  soft,  aiid 
oirrfiitKov,  h\icI\.]  a  cruHtncean  belonging  to  the  di- 
vlHion  MolaroHtraea  in  ('uvier's  Hyslein,  as  Khriiiips. 
lohxteri',  crnlin,  Ilc.  The  term  in  HunietlineH  applied 
to  cnisUicca  in  general.  Dana. 


MAL 

MAL-A-€OS-TRA-eOL'0-GY,  71.  [Gr./ia,\av<ij,soft, 
oi^ToaKov,  shell,  and  Koyo^,  discourse.] 
The  science  of  Crustacea ;  called  also  Crustace- 

OLOGV. 

MAL-A-eOS'TRA-€OUS,  a.  Belonging  to  a  section 
of  crustaceous  animals  called  malacostraca.'  They 
liave  solid  teguments,  and  10  or  14  feet. 

MAL-AD-JUST'MENT,  71.  An  evil  or  wrong  adjust- 
ment. Chalmers. 

MAL-AD-MIN-IS-TR.A'TI0N,7i.  [See  Mal  and  Ad- 
minister.] 

Had  management  of  public  affairs ;  vicious  or 
defective  conduct  in  adininistr.itioii,  or  the  perform- 
ance of  official  duties,  particularly  of  executive  and 
ministerial  duties  prescribed  by  law  ;  as,  the  inalad- 
minutration  of  a  king,  or  of  any  chief  magistrate. 

MAL-.\-DR0IT'NESS,  71.    Bad  dexterity. 

M.\L'A-DY,  71.  [Fr.  vialudie  ;  It.  7«a/aflia,  from  the  W. 
77in/(,  softness,  (lebility,an  evil,  a  malady  ;  l„malum  ; 
W.  inalln,  to  make  soft  or  flaccid,  to  deprive  of  en- 
ergy, to  make  insipid,  to  make  evil,  to  become  evil. 
This  coincides  in  origin  with  Eng.  mellow,  L.  mollis, 
Gr.  fia},'tKug,  a/jaX"s,  Ileb.  "jori.  In  opposition  to 
this,  virtue,  value,  and  health,  are  from  the  sense  of 
strength,  vigor.] 

1.  Any  sickness  or  disease  of  the  human  body  ; 
any  distemper,  disorder,  or  indisposition,  proceeding 
from  impaired,  defective,  or  morbid  organic  func- 
tions ;  more  particularly,  a  lingering  or  deep-seated 
disorder  or  indisposition.  It  may  be  applied  to  any 
animal  body,  but  is,  I  believe,  rarely  or  never  applied 
to  plants. 

The  maladies  of  the  body  may  prove  medicines  lo  the  mind. 

Buckminster, 

2.  Defect  or  corruption  of  the  heart ;  depravity  ; 
moral  disorder  or  corruption  of  moral  principles.  De- 
pravity of  heart  is  a  moral  malady. 

3.  Disorder  of  the  understanding  or  mind. 
Ma'LJI  Fl'DE,  [L.]    With  bad  faith  ;  deceitfully ; 

treacherously. 

MAL'A-GA,  71'.  A  species  of  wine  imported  from  Mal- 
aga, in  Spain. 

MAL'AN-DERS,  Ti.  [from  mal,  ill,  and  It.  andare,  to 
go.] 

A  disease  in  horses,  consisting  of  ulcerous  chaps 
on  the  inside  of  the  legs.  Bucltanan, 
M.-VL'A-PERT,  a.    [mal  and  pert,]    Saucy;  quick, 
with  impudence ;  sprightly  ;  without  respect  or  de- 
cency ;  bold ;  forward. 

Are  you  growing  malapert  ?  Dryden. 
MAL'A-PERT-LY,  adv.    Saucily  ;  with  impudence. 

Skelton. 

MAL'A-PERT-NESS,  n.  Sanciness  ;  impudent  pert- 
ness  or  forwardness  ;  sprightliness  of  reply  without 
decency. 

MAI^AP'-RO-PoS',  (mal-ap-ro-po',)  adv.  [Fr.  771a!, 
evil,  and  apropos,  to  the  purpose.] 

Unseasonably  ;  unsuitably.  Dryden. 
Ma'L.\R,  a.    [L.  mala,  the  cheek.] 

Pertaining  to  the  cheek. 
MA-La'RI-A,  71.    [7110;  and  (7riii,  bad  air, /(a?.] 

Bad  air;  that  species  of  air  which  produces,  or 
tends  to  pnidiice,  disease. 
MA-La'RI-OUS,  j  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  infected  by, 
MA-La'RI-AL,     i  malaria. 

Ma'LATE,  n,  [L.  malum,  an  apple.]  A  salt  formed 
by  the  malic  acid,  the  acid  of  apples,  combined  with 
a  base.  Chemistry, 

MA-LAX'aTE,».  «.    [Gr. /^nXno-ffw.] 

To  soften  ;  to  knead  to  softness.    [JVot  used,] 

MAL-AX-a'TION,  71.  The  act  of  moistening  and 
softening ;  or  the  forming  of  ingredients  into  a  mass 
for  pills  or  plasters.    [Little  used,]  Baileii, 

MAL-eON-FOKM-A'TION,  71.  Ill  form;  dispropor- 
tion of  parts.  Tully, 

MAL'eO.N-TENT,  77.  [mal  and  co7i«c7it.]  A  discon- 
tented subject  of  government ;  one  who  murmurs  at 
the  laws  and  administration,  or  who  manifests  his 
uneasiness  by  overt  acts,  as  in  sedition  or  insurrec- 
tion. 

MAL'eON-TENT,       )  a.     Discontented  with  the 
MAL-eON-TEN'J''ED,  j     laws  or  the  administration 
of  government ;  uneasy ;  dissatisfied  with  the  gov- 
ernment. 

The  famous  malcontent  carl  of  Leiwster.  Milner, 
MAL-eoN-TENT'ED-LY',  adn.    With  discontent. 
MAL-CON-TE.\T'ED-NESS,   71.  Discontentedness 
with  Ihe  government;  dissatisfaction;  want  of  at- 
tachment to  the  government,  manifested  by  overt 
acls.  Spectator, 
MALE,  a,    [Fr.  male,  for  masle,  from  L.  vtasculus,  from 
mas,  maris.] 

1.  Pi  itaining  to  the  sex  that  [irocreates  young,  and 
applied  lo  animals  of  all  kinds;  as,  a  male  child  ;  a 
7/i(i/i;  beast,  Ji^h,  i)r  fiiwl. 

2.  A  term  denoling  the  sex  of  a  plant  which  pro- 
duces till'  fi'i'iindatiiig  dust,  or  a  flower  or  plant  that 
bears  the  stamens  only,  without  |)istils. 

3.  A  term  denoting  tlie  screw  whose  threads  enter 
the  grooves  or  chuiiiiels  of  the  corresponding  or  fe- 
male screw. 

MALE,  71.  Among  animals,  one  of  the  sex  whose 
oflice  is  to  III  get  young;  a  he-animal. 


'TION,  (-fish-e-a'shun,)  71.    A  be- 


MAL 

2.  In  botany,  a  plant  or  flower  which  produces 
stamens  only,  without  pistils. 

3.  In  mechanics,  the  screw  whose  threads  enter  the 
grooves  or  channels  of  the  corresponding  part  or  fe- 
male screw. 

MAL-E-Dl'CEN-CY,  n.  [L.  maledicentia ;  male  and 
dico,] 

Evil  speaking;  reproachful  language;  proneness 
to  reproach.    [Little  used,]  Jllterbury, 

MAL'E-DI-CENT,  a.  Speaking  reproachfully;  slan- 
derous.   [Little  used,]  Sandys, 

MAL  E-Die'TION,  71.  [L.  maledictio  ;  male,  evil,  and 
dico,  to  speak.] 

Evil  speaking;  denunciation  of  evil ;  a  cursing; 
curse  or  execration.  Hooker, 

MAL-E-FA€'TION,  71.  [L.  ttioJc,  evil,  and/ncio,  to  do.] 
A  criminal  deed  ;  a  crime  ;  an  offense  against  the 
laws.    [Little  used,]  Slmk, 

MAL-E-FAC'TOK,  11.  [Supra.]  One  who  commits  a 
crime  ;  one  guilty  of  violating  the  laws  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  subject  him  to  public  prosecution  and 
punishment,  particularly  to  capital  punishment ;  a 
criminal.  Dn/den. 

MA-LEF'ie,  a.    [h.  malefcus.]    Doing  mischief. 

MAL'E-FICE,  (mal'e-fis,)  71.  [Fr.  See  Malefac- 
tion.] An  evil  deed  ;  artifice;  enchantment.  [..Vut 
711  use.]  Chaucer, 

MA-LEF'I-CENCE,  71.  The  doing  or  producing  of 
evil. 

MA-LEF'I-CENT,  a.  Doing  evil.  i?ii7i(C7-. 
MAL-E-Fl"CIATE,(mal-e-fish'ate,)j).«.   To  bewitch. 

[JV(7(  in  v-se.]  Burton. 
MAL-E-FI"CI-A' 

witching. 

MAL-E-FI"CIENCE,  (-fish'ens,)  71-.    [L.  maleficientia.] 

The  doing  of  evil,  harm,  or  mischief. 
MAL-E-FI"CIENT,  a.    Doing  evil,  harm,  or  mischief. 

Burke. 

MA-Lf.'IC  acid,  71.    An  acid  obtained  from  the 

distillation  of  malic  acid.  Oraham. 
MA-LE.\'<5INE,  71.    [Fr.  7«a/c7i.rin.] 

Guile;  deceit.    [J\''<it  in  use.]  Spenser, 
MAL'ET,  71.    [Fr,  mulete.    See  Mail.] 

A  little  bag  or  budget ;  a  portmanteau.    [JVo(  used.] 

Shetton. 

MaLE-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Having  the  spirit  of  a  man  ; 
high-minded  B,  Jonson. 

MA-LEV'O  LENCE,  71.  [L.  malcvolentia ;  malum, 
evil,  and  vulens,  vtdo,  to  will.] 

Ill  will ;  personal  hatred  ;  evil  disposition  toward 
another ;  enmity  of  heart ;  inclination  to  injure  oth- 
ers.   It  expresses  less  than  Malignity.  Shak. 

MA-LEV'O-LENT,  a.     Having  an  evil  disposition 
toward  another  or  others  ;  wishing  evil  to  others  ;  ill 
disposed,  or  disposed  to  injure  otiiers.  Amaleoolcnt 
heart  rejoices  in  the  misfortunes  of  others. 
2.  Unfavorable  ;  iinpropitious  ;  bringing  calainitv. 

MA-LEV'0-LENT-L\',  adv.  With  ill  will  or  enmity  ; 
with  the  wish  or  design  to  injure. 

M.VLEV'O  LOUS,  a.    Malevolent.    [JVot  in  tise.] 

fi^arburton, 

MAL-EX-E-€u'TION,  7!.  Evil  or  wrong  execution  ; 
bad  administration.  D,  Webster, 

MAL-FicA'SANCE,  71.  [Fr.]  Evil  doing  ;  wrong  ; 
illegal  deed.  In  law,  the  performance  of  some  inju- 
rious act  which  the  party  had  contracted  not  to  do, 
or  liati  no  right  to  do.  Banner. 

MAL-FORM-A'TION,  71.  [mal  and  formation.]  Ill 
or  wrong  formation  ;  irregular  or  anomalous  forma- 
tion or  structure  of  parts.  Darwin, 

MA'Lie,  a,    [L.  malum,  an  apple.] 

Pertaining  to  apples  ;  drawn  Irom  the  juice  of  ap- 
ples ;  as,  malic  acid.  Chemistry. 

M.AL'ICE,  71.  [Fr. ;  It.  maliiia;  Sp.  malicia  ;  L.  ma- 
litia,  from  j/talus,  evil  ;  W.  mall.    See  Malady.] 

Extreme  enmity  of  heart,  or  malevolence  ;  a  dis- 
position to  injure  others  without  cause,  from  mere 
personal  gratification  or  from  a  spirit  of  revenge  ; 
unprovoked  malignity  or  spite. 

Nor  set  down  aufjlit  in  tnalice,  Shak. 

MAL'ICE,  V.  t.    To  regard  with  extreme  ill  will. 

[JVot  used.]  Spenser. 
MAL'I-CHO,  77.    The  corruption  of  a  Spanish  word 

signifviny:  mischief.  Shah. 
MA-LI'''CIOUS,  (nm-lish'iis,)  a.    Harboring  ill  will  or 
enmity  without  provocation  ;  malevolent  in  the  ex- 
treme ;  malignant  in  heart. 

I  grant  hlin  bloody, 
Sudden,  maliciouK,  stnacking  of  every  sin 
That  lui>  a  name.  Shak. 

2.  Proceeding  from  extreme  hatred  or  ill  will ;  dic- 
tated by  malice  ;  as,  a  malicious  report. 

jyfalicious  prosecution  and  arrest;  in /rtw,  a  wanton 
prosi'cution,  by  regular  process,  without  probable 
cause.  Boui'ier, 

MA-LI"CIOUS-LV,  fl(/r.  With  malice;  with  extreme 
enmity  or  ill  will ;  with  deliberate  intention  to  in- 
jure. SwiJ'l. 

MA-LI"CIOUa-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  ma- 
iicinus  ;  extreme  enmity  or  disposition  to  injure ; 
malignity.  Herbert, 

MA  LKJN',  (ma-IIne',)  a.  [Fr  maligne ;  L.  nmlignus; 
from  malus,  evil.    See  Malady.] 


FATE,  FAE,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


688 


MAL 


M  A  M 


MAN 


1.  IlaViiij  a  vcr/  evil  disposition  toward  others  ; 
hnrboi'iis  violciu  Imircd  or  onmity  ;  malicious;  as, 

«/i4-H  spirit  ".  Milton. 

2.  Unfavorable  ;  ppniicions  ;  tending  to  injure ;  as, 
a  mali'jii  aspect  of  piancis.  JSlilton, 

3.  .Malignant ;  pernicious  ;  as,  a  malign  ulcer. 

Baeon. 

1.;A-IA'G.\',  (ma-llne',)  i\  t  To  rcRard  with  envy  or 
n-:ai::e  ;'  to  treat  with  extrt  ine  eni.iity  ;  to  injure  nia- 
liuiously. 

The  p^cnln  practice  mUcliicf  .ii^iiut  prir^le  m^'n,  whom  Ihey 
tnaUtn  by  »te.ilinr  Uirir  govda  ai«(  niunlcriiij  Ukhii. 

2.  To  tradiicfi  ;  to  defame. 

MA-LId.N',  (nia-lme',)  v.  i.    To  ent.-rtaiii  malice. 

MA-I.IG'\.\N'-CY,  II.  [See  Maligsant.]  E.\tre-iic 
malevolence  ;  bitter  enmity  ;  malice  ;  as,  nuiUgnancj 
of  heart. 

a.  IJnfavoniblenesg ;  unpropitiousness ;  as,  the  ina- 
li^nanctj  of  the  aspect  of  planets. 

Tile  tnalignattcy  of  my  talc  inh^Ul  tlialciniwr  your*.  Sf'ftJc. 

3.  Virulence  ;  tendency  to  mortification  or  to  a 
fatal  issue  ;  as,  the  mahj;nancy  of  an  nicer  or  of  a 
frviT. 

MA-L1<;'N.\XT,  0.  [L.  malignuj,  maligno,  from  ma- 
lus,  evil.] 

1.  Malicious;  having  extreme  malevolence  or  en- 
mity :  as,  a  maliirnaiU  heiirt, 

2.  Unpropitioiis  j  exerting  pernicious  intluenre  ; 
as,  laaligiianl  stars.  Sliiik. 

3.  Virulent ;  as,  a  malipmnl  tiK'cr. 

4.  Danserons  to  life  ;  as,  a  inali-rHant  fever. 

5.  Extremely  heinous  ;  as,  Uie  mali^n-iil  nature  of 
sin. 

.MA-LIG'XANT,  n.    A  man  of  extreme  enmity  or  evil 
inti'iitioiis.    [JVu<  lisfrf,]  Hooker. 
2.  A  name  of  reproach  for  a  Puritan.  \Oks.] 
MA-I.KJ'NANT-LV,  adr.    Maliciously;  with  extreme 
malevolence. 
2.  With  pernicious  influence. 
MA-I.TGN'KD,  (ma-lind',)  pp.  Regarded  with  env>'  or 
malice  ;  treated  with  extreme  enmity ;  traductd  ; 
defani"d. 

M.A-LIG.\'ER,  (ma  lin'er,)  n.  One  who  regards  or 
treats  another  with  enmity  ;  a  traducer;  a  defamer. 

Swifi. 

M.\-LIGN''I.\G,  (ma-lin'ing,)  ppr.  Traducing ;  de- 
faming. 

MA-LIG'i\I-TY,  n.    [L.  malisnitas.] 

1.  Extreme  enmity,  or  evil  dispositions  of  heart 
toward  another;  malice  without  provocation,  or  ma- 
levolence with  baseness  of  heart ;  deei>-rootod  spite. 

2.  Vinileiice;  destructive  tendency  ;  as,  the  ina/io-- 
nitii  of  an  ulcer  or  disease. 

3.  Extreme  eviliiess-of  nature  ;  as,  the  malignity  of 
fratnl. 

■I.  Extreme  sinfulness  ;  enormity  or  licinousness  ; 
as,  the  malinnitii  of  sill. 
M.A-I,I(JN'LY,  (ina-line'ly,)  adr.    With  extreme  ill 
will. 

2.  riipropitioiisly ;  perniciously. 
M.\-LI.N"GEll,  I',  i.    Among  soWiers,  to  feign  illness 
or  to  protract  disease,  in  oriler  to  avoid  duty. 

T.  B.  Mtuaulaij. 
MA-L1N"GER-ER,  ii.    [Fr.  malinrrrr.] 

In  mililan)  language,  a  soldier  who  feigns  himself 
sick. 

MA-I.IX"GER-Y,  n.    A  feigning  illness  or  protracting 

of  disease,  in  order  to  escape  duty. 
.MAI. 'I  SON,  (inal'e-'/.n,)  n.    Malediction.  Chaucer. 
.MAI.'KI.V,  (maw'kin,)  n.    A  mop;  hence,  a  dirty 

drab.  Shak. 
MAI.L,  (niawl,)  n.    [Yx.mail;  Sf.mallo;  PoTUmalAo; 

from  I.,  malleus.] 

1.  .\  large,  heavy,  wooden  beetle ;  an  instniment 
for  driving  any  thing  with  force. 

2.  .\  blow.    [OA*.]  Spenser. 
M.\LL,  (iiial,)  n.    [Arm.  mai/A.    Qu.  from  a  play  with 

mall  and  ball,  or  a  beaten  walk.] 

A  public  walk  ;  a  level,  shaded  walk,    .^llee  d'ar- 

brfs  batiue  et  boriice.  Oregoire^s  .^rm,  DicL 

MALL,  (mawl,)  v.  t.    To  heal  with  a  mall;  to  beat 

with  something  heavv  ;  to  bruise. 
MAL'LARO,  n.    A  dr.ike.  SAa*. 
2.  The  common  duck  in  its  wild  .state,  .^na.^  bo.ichas 

of  Linniciis.  P.  Cue. 

MAL-LE-A-IUL'I-TY,  n.     [from   malleable.]  that 

quality  of  bodies  which  renders  them  susceptible  of 
.  extension  by  beating.    It  is  opposed  to  Friabilitt  or 

BlItTTLEXESS.  iMke. 

MAI.'LE-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ma/Zriu.  .See  Mall.] 
That  may  be  drawn  out  .and  extended  by  beating  ; 

ca|K\ble  of  extension  by  the  hammer ;  a  quality  of 

metals,  particularly  of  gold.  A>ir/"n. 
.Malleable  iron  is  cast  iron,  which,  by  a  |Hculiar 

process,  has  been  deprived  of  its  carbon,  and  thus 

frecil  from  its  hrittleness. 
MAl.  LE-A-IILE-NESS,  n.    Malleability,  which  see. 
M.M.'LE-aTE,  r.  u    To  hamiiicr ;  to  draw  into  a 

plate  or  leaf  by  beating. 
M.\  L' LEA-TED,  ;>p.    Hammered;  drawn  into  a  plate 

by  beating. 


MAL-LE-a''1'IO.\,  n.  The  act  of  beating  into  a  plate 
or  leaf,  as  a  metal  ;  extension  by  beating. 

MALL'KU,  pp.  llCi.ten  with  something  heavy; 
bruised. 

M.VL'LET,  II.  [Fr.  maitlet;  Russ.  mulut;  Slav,  mlat; 
L.  muUetis.] 

A  wooden  hammer  or  instniment  for  beating,  or 
for  driving  pins  ;  particul.arly  used  in  carpentry,  for 
driving  the  chisel. 
MALL'LN'G,  fmawl'ing,) jipr.  Bruising;  beating  with 

sometliing  heavy. 
M.VL'LoW,    In.     [Sax    malu,  meatae,  malice;  Fr. 
M.\L'LoVVS!,  j     mauoe;  L.  Sp.  and  It.  malnn  ;  Gr. 
/iitAuyi),  from  /mXuAu;,  soft.  Eng.  TneUow;  W.mall. 
See  Malady.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Malva;  so  colled  from  its 
emollient  qualities.  Its  fruit  is  a  dcpressetl  ilisk, 
called  by  the  country  people  a  clieesc.  Branilc. 
M(ir.ih-mallou>s  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  .Alllia'a. 
MXLM'SEY,  (mUm'ze,)  n.  [Fr.  wali-uisie:  It.  mal- 
vosio  ;  Sp.  marvisia,  from  JMalvasia,  in  Greece  ;  L. 
vinum  arvisium.] 

The  name  of  a  sort  of  (jr ape,  and  also  of  a  strong 
and  sweet  wine. 
MAI>-o'nOR,  71.    An  offensive  odor. 
.MAL-PO-SI"TIO.N,(-zisli'un,)  n.    A  wrong  position. 
.M.\L-rRAe'TICE,n.    [mal  and  praeticr.)    Evil  prac- 
tice ;  illegaf  or  immoral  conduct ;  practice  contrary 
to  established  rules. 
MALT,  H.    [Sax.  mcrt/t ;  D.  mout;  G.mah;  S\v.  and 
ban.  malt.    Uu.  W.  mall,  soft.] 

Barli>y,  or  other  grain,  steeped  in  water  till  it  ger- 
minates, and  then  dried  in  a  kiln,  thus  evolving  the 
s.accharine  principle.    It  is  used  in  brewing. 
MALT,  r.  t.    To  make  into  malt ;  as,  to  tnalt  barley. 
.MALT,  r.  I.   To  become  malt. 

To  hoii*'  it  ^'t-n  will  make  it  iruUt  wow.  Mortimer. 
jMALT'-DRLN'K,      j  n.    A  liquor  prepared  for  drink 
MALT'-LIU-UOR,  (     by  an  infusion  of  malt,  as 

beer,  ale,  porter,  &c. 
MALT'-DUST,  n.    The  grains  or  remains  of  malt. 

Malt-^UBi  is  an  enric)ii>r  of  bam-n  land.  Mortinter. 
MALT'-FLOOR,  n.    A  floor  for  drying  malt. 

J\{ortimcr. 

MALT'-HORSE,  ji.    A  horse  employed  in  grin<ling 

iiialt  ;  hence,  a  dull  fellow.  Shak. 
MALT'LN'G,  ii.    The  act  of  making  malt. 
MALT'MA.V,  I  n.    A  man  whose  occupation  is  to 
.MALT'S  TER,  (     make  malt.  Swift. 
.MALT'VVOR.M,?!.    [Hia((  and  icorm.]    A  tippler. 

Shak. 

JIAL'TA-LEN'T,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  Ill  humor.  [.Vot  in 
use.]  Chaucer. 

MAL'THA,  n.  A  variety  of  bitumen,  viscid  ;ind  tena- 
cious, like  pitch  ;  unctuous  to  the  toucii,  and  exhal- 
ing a  bituminous  odor.  Cleaeelanil. 

MAL-TRe.VT',  v.  L  [mal  and  treat.]  To  treat  ill  ; 
to  abuse  ;  to  treat  roughly,  rudely,  or  with  unkind- 
ness. 

MAUTRE.VT'En,  pp.    Ill-treated;  abused. 
MAL-TReAT'ING,  ppr.      Abusing;   treating  un- 
kinillv. 

.MAL-TREAT'MENT,  n.  Ill  treatment;  ill  usage; 
abuse. 

MA'LU.M  /.V  SB,  [L.]    .'Vn  evil  in  itself. 
M.\'I.VM  PRO-HIB'I-TUM,  [L.]     That  which  is 

wrong  because  forbidden  by  law.  Blackstone. 
MAL-V.\'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     [L.  malcaeeus,  from 

malva,  mallows.] 

Pertaining  to  mallows  ;  a  term  designating  a  group 

of  plants  of  which  mallows  is  the  type. 
MAI.-VER-Sa'TIO\,  n.    [L.  male,       and  versor,  to 

beh.ive.] 

Evil  conduct ;  improper  or  wicked  behavior  ;  mean 
artifices  or  fraudulent  tricks  ;  corruption  or  extor- 
tion in  ofiice.  Burke. 
M.\M,         In.     [L.  mamma,  the  breast  or  pap,  and 
MA.M-MA',  )     motlier  ;  \V.  main;  Arm.  nianim;  Ir. 
muime,  a  nurse  ;  Aiitiq.  Gr.  nafitiq.] 

A  familiar  word  for  mother,  used  by  young  chil- 
dren. 

M  A.M'A-LUKE,  j  n.  The  militar)'  force  of  Egj'pt  con- 
.M.\M'E-LUKE,  S  sisted  of  soldiers  called  Mnma- 
lukes,  >vho  were  originally  mercenaries,  but  after- 
ward masters  of  the  country.  Their  (lower  was  an- 
nihilated by  the  pashaw  of  Egypt  in  ISll. 
MA.M'MAL,  n. ;  pi.  Maumals.  [L.  TRamma,  the 
breast.] 

In  ludlogy,  an  animal  th.at  suckles  its  young.  [Sec 
SIammalii]  Oood. 

M.\.M-.M.A'I,I-A,  n.  pi.    [L.  mamma,  the  breast.] 

A  class  of  animals,  comprehending  those  which 
suckle  their  yoitng.  They  are  vertebrated  animals, 
with  warm,  red  blood,  and  a  double  system  of  circu- 
lation. The  fetus,  in  most  species,  is  nourished  in 
the  womb  by  means  of  a  placenta.  The  young,  in 
nil  species,  are  brought  forth  alive.  P.  Cyc. 

MA.M-Ma'LI-.\.\,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  mammalia. 

.MA.M-MA-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [mammm'ui  and  L. /cro, 
to  priKliice.]  A  term  applied  to  strata  containing 
maiiimilerous  remains.  Humble. 

MAM-.\1.\L'0-CI.ST,  n.  One  who  treats  of  mamiuif- 
erous  animals  or  mammalia. 


MA.M-MAL'O-OY,  «.  [L.  rnamina,  brcant,  and  Xuj  o,-, 
discourse.] 

The  science  or  doctrine  of  mammiferoiis  ariiinalu, 
or  mammalia.    [See  Mammalia.] 

MA.M'MA-RY,  a.  [Sec  Mahma.]  Pertaining  to  the 
breasts  or  paps ;  as,  the  mammnrij  arteries  and  veins. 

M.\.M-.MEE',  n.  A  fruit-tree  of  tropical  Aiiienea,  b.,- 
liiuging  to  the  genus  Maniinea  ;  also  its  friiil.  The 
latter  is  large,  covered  with  a  thick,  tough  riiid,  and 
contains  a  bright,  yellow  pulp,  of  u  pit  asnnt  ta.ste 
and  fragrant  scent.         Knctje.  Jimcr.  Partington. 

MA.M'.MER,  e.  i.    To  hesitate.    [JVut  in  use.]  Grant. 

MA.M'.Mi:U  l.NG,  n.    HesiUition  ;  confusion. 

MAM'.MI'.T,  n.    A  puppet ;  a  figure  dressetl. 

M.A.M'.Ml-I'l'.R,  n.  [L.  mamma,  the  bre:isl,  and  fero, 
to  bear.] 

All  animal  which  has  breasts  f»r  nourishing  its 
young;  a  mammal.    [See  Mammalia  ] 
MA.M-.MIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [Siijira.]     Having  breasts 
and  nourishing  the  young  by  the  milk  secreted  by 
them. 

M.\.M'.MI-FORM,  a.    [L.  mamma  and  form.] 

Having  the  sha|io  or  form  of  paps. 
.MA.M'MIL-LA-RY,  a.    [L.  mamilla.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  paps;  resembling  a  pap ;  an 
epithet  applied  to  two  small  protuberances,  like  nip- 
ples, found  under  the  fore  ventricles  of  the  brain, and 
to  a  process  of  the  temporal  bone. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  ap])lied  to  minerals  com- 
posed of  convex  concretions. 

,MA.M',MIL-La-TED,  a.    Having  small  nip|iles,  or  lit- 
tle globes  like  nipples.  Say. 
MAM'MOCK,  n.    A  shapeless  piece.    [JVot  used.] 

Herbert. 

MAM'.MOCK,  V.  U   To  tear  in  pieces.    [.Vot  u.<r-/.] 

Mdton. 

M.VM'MO  niS,  n.   Coarse,  plain  India  muslins. 
MAM'.MON,  II.    [Syr.)    Riches;  wealth,  or  the  god 
of  riches. 

Vc  ctnnot  ■erro  God  and  mammon.  —  Matt.  ti. 

MAM'MON-IST,  n.  A  person  devoted  to  the  acquisi- 
tion of  wealth  ;  one  whtise  atfectioiis  are  placetl  su- 
premely on  riches  ;  a  worldling.  Hammond. 

.M.\.M'.MOTII,  II.  [Russ.  mamant,  the  .skeleton  of  a 
huge  aniuial,  now  extinct,  or  from  the  Hebrew  be- 
hemoth.]^ 

'I'he  Russian  name  of  an  extinct  species  of  Ele- 
phant, nearly  allieil  to  the  elephant  of  India.  It 
was  thickly  covered  with  hair  of  tliree  sorts;  one  of 
these,  stiff,  black  bristles  a  foot  in  length,  another 
coarse,  flexible  hair,  and  the  third  a  kind  of  wool.  In 
the  year  1TU9,  one  of  these  animals,  in  an  entire  state, 
thawed  out  of  an  icebank,near  the  mouth  of  a  river 
in  the  north  of  Siberia.  Its  remains  have  been  found 
upon  both  continents.  It  is  a  distinct  animal  from 
both  the  Xorth  American  and  South  American  Mas- 
todon. 

This  word  is  often  used  adjectively  for  very  large ; 
as,  a  mammoth  ox. 
MAX,  n. :  pi.  Me>-.  [Sax.  man,  mann,  and  mon,  man- 
kind, man,  a  woman,  a  vassal,  also  one,  any  one, 
like  the  Fr.  on  :  Goth,  maniia  :  Sans,  man  ;  D.  man,  a 
man,  u  husband;  mensch,  a  human  being,  man, 
woman,  person  ;  G.  id. ;  linn,  man,  menne.-ke  :  Sw. 
mail,  mcni.fkia ;  Sax.  Viennese,  human  ;  Ice.  mann,  a 
man,  a  husband  ;  W.  mynic,  a  person,  a  body,  fnun 
mien,  th.at  which  rises  up  or  stretches  out.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  form,  image,  wllence  species,  coincid- 
ing probably  witli  the  Fr.  nii'iir,  Eiig  mien,  .\rm.  man 
or  mill,  look,  aspect,  countenance  ;  Ch.  and  Heb.  pa 
species,  kind  ;  Heb.  n;ian  image,  similitude  ;  Syr. 

j  1  . progen.w  It  is  remarkable  that  in  the  Ice- 
landic, this  word,  a  little  varied,  is  used  in  Gen.  i. 
2(j,  27.  "  Og  Gud  s.agde,  ver  viliuin  gera  inannenn, 
eptcr  raiiirf og  liking  vorrc."  And  God  said.  Let  us 
make  man  after  our  image  and  likeness.  "  Og  Gud 
skapade  mannenn  epter  sinne  minrf,  epterGuds  ininii 
skapade  hann  hann,og  ban  skapadethau  karlmanog 
kviniiu."  Literally,  And  God  shaped  man  after  his 
image,  after  God's  image  shaped  he  them,  and  he 
sha[)ed  them  male  and  female  ;  karlman,  male,  (see 
Carl  and  Chi  rl,)  ami  Aiinnii,  female,  that  is,Yumi, 
woman.  Icelandic  Bible.  .Man,  in  its  radical  sense, 
agrees  almost  precisely  with  jidam,  in  the  Shemitic 
languages.] 

1.  .Mankind  ;  the  human  race  ;  the  whole  species 
of  human  beings  ;  beings  distinguished  from  all  oth- 
er animals  by  the  powers  of  reason  ai  I  speech,  as 
well  as  by  their  shape  and  dignified  &  'pect.  "  Os 
hoinini  sublime  dedit." 

A  nd  ti<xl  aai<t,  Liet  ui  make  man  in  our  Imagr,  nl'er  our  UkPnCM, 

and  Itt  ijitm  havr  iluiiunion.  — lirn.  i. 
Man  ttiAt  is  turn  uf  wuman  is  of  few  days  and  ^  4  of  troutjic  — 
}vh  xiv. 

My  ipirii  shall  not  always  strive  with  man.  — Oc».  tI. 

t  will  drstroy  njon,  whom  I  hare  creautl.  — Gen.  ft. 

Then?  halh  no  ti^niptalion  taken  you,  but  such  sis  is  comiaoD  to 

man.  — \  Cm.  I. 
It  is  written,  Man  ah-Ml  not  lire  by  bread  alone.  —  MaU.  jr. 
Thfie  iiiiist  be  soiiiewhen*  such  ft  r»nk  as  man.  Pop*. 
K'-specljnp  man,  w  hatever  wiunf  we  call. 
But  viiidicitte  th.-  ways  of  God  to  mon.  'S^' 
The  rrwper  study  of  mankind  is  man.  Popa. 
la  the  System  oi  Nature,  man  b  ranked  m  a  diMioa 

'  Encye. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  t^NITE.  — A.\"GER,  VI"CI0US  €  as  K ;  C  as  J  j  8  as  Z  ;  CH  ai  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


87 


FFF" 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN 


^Vhen  opposed  to  woman,  man  sometimes  denotes 
the  male  sex  in  general. 

Woman  has,  in  genenil,  iiiucU  stronger  prof^nsitj-  tii  o\  .-lul"  to 
(he  discharge  oi  parviil.il  duliijs.  Coicper. 

2.  A  male  individual  of  tlie  luiman  race,  of  adult 
growth  or  years. 

Tlie  king  is  bill  a  man,  ,^s  I  am.  Shai. 
Am!  111?  man  drcanis  bul  \vli.i(  tile  ^oy  beli-veii.  Drylcn. 

3.  \  male  of  tlie  human  race  ;  u.ipA  nflen  in  com- 
pound 7ror(lSf  or  in  the  nature  of  an  adjective;  as,  a 
maH-cIiild  ;  mr^i-cooks  ;  nif»-servant:^. 

4.  A  servant,  or  an  attendant  of  the  male  se.v. 

I  and  iny  Tnan  will  presently  go  riile.  Cowley. 

5.  A  word  of  familiar  address. 

We  speak  no  trcisoii,  man.  SliOk. 

6.  It  sometimes  bpar.<  the  sense  of  a  male-adult 
of  some  uncommon  qu:iIificalions ;  particularly  the 
sense  of  streni;th,  vigor,  bravery,  virile  powers,  or 
magnanimity,  as  distinguished  from  the  weakness, 
timidity,  or  impotence  of  a  boy,  or  from  the  narrow- 
niindetiness  of  low-bred  men. 

1  ilare  do  all  that  may  become  a  tnan.  SfiaM. 
Will  recltons  he  should  not  have  been  the  man  he  is,  had  lie  not 
broke  windows.  A'ldison. 

So,  in  popular  language,  it  is  said,  he  is  no  man. 
Play  your  part  like  a  man.  He  has  not  tlie  spirit  of  a 
man. 

Thod  art  but  a  youth,  and  he  a  man  of  war  from  his  youth.  —  1 
Sam.  xvii. 

7.  An  individual  of  the  human  species. 

In  matters  of  equity  between  men  and  man.  Walts. 
Under  this  phraseology,  females  may  be  compre- 
hended.   So  a  law  restraining  man,  or  every  man, 
from  a  particular  act,  comprehends  women  and  chil- 
dren, if  of  competent  age  to  be  the  subje,;ts  of  law. 

8.  Man  is  sometimes  ojiposed  to  boy  or  child,  and 
sometimes  to  heasU 

9.  One  who  is  master  of  his  mental  powers,  or 
who  conducts  himself  with  his  usual  judgment. 
When  a  person  has  lost  his  senses,  or  acts  without 
his  usual  judgment,  we  say,  he  is  not  his  own  man. 

.^insworth. 

10.  It  is  sometimes  used  indefinitely,  without  ref- 
erence to  a  particular  individual ;  any  person  ;  one. 
This  is  as  much  as  a  man  can  desire. 

A  man,  in  an  instant,  may  discover  the  assertion  to  be  impossible. 

More. 

This  word,  however,  is  always  used  in  the  singu- 
lar numbi  r,  referring  to  an  inilividunl.  In  this  re- 
spect it  does  not  answer  to  the  French  on,  nor  to  the 
use  of  man  by  our  Saxon  ancestors.  In  i^axon,  man 
ofsloh  signifies,  they  slew  ;  man  sette  up,  they  set  or  ft- 
ted  out.  So  in  German,  man  saat  may  be  rendered, 
one  says,  it  is  said,  they  say,  or  people  say.  So  in 
Danish,  man  si^er,  one  says,  it  Li  said,  tJiey  say, 

11.  In  popular  usage,  a  husband. 

Every  wife  ought  to  answer  for  her  man.  Addison. 

12.  A  movable  piece  at  chess  or  draughts. 

13.  In  feudal  law,  a  vassal ;  a  liege  subject  or  ten- 
ant. 

The  vassal  or  tenant,  kneeling,  unsfirt,  uncovered  and  holding 
up  his  hands  between  Uiose  of  his  lonl,  professed  that  he  did 
become  his  mart  from  that  day  forth,  of  liP-,  Itiiib,  and 
earthly  honor.  Blackstone. 

MAN'-MID'VVIFE,  •.  A  man  who  practices  obstet- 
rics. 

MAN,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  men  ;  as,  to  man  the  lines 
of  a  fort  or  fortress  ;  to  man  a  ship  or  a  boat ;  to  man 
the  yards  ;  to  man  the  capstan  ;  to  man  a  prize.  It 
is,  however,  generally  unclerstood  to  signify,  to  sup- 
ply with  the  full  complenn  lit  or  with  a  sufficient 
number  of  men. 

2.  To  guard  with  men.  Shak. 

3.  To  strengthen  ;  to  fortify. 

ThcodosiuB  iiavine  manned  his  soul  with  proper  reflecli'ms. 

Ad'U>on. 

4.  To  tame  a  hawk.    [Little  used.]  S/iak. 

5.  To  furnish  with  attendants  or  servants.  [Little 
u.ird.]  ShaJc.    B.  Jonson. 

C.  To  point ;  to  aim. 

Man  but  :\  mull  nirainst  Othello's  breast. 

Anil  he  rc  tin-s.    [iVol  u«rf.|  St.at:. 

M  AN'.\-CIjK,  n.  f  Fr.  manictes  :  II.  manetie  :  Sp.  mani- 
ota  i  L.  moiica  ;  from  manus,  the  hand  ;  VV.  man.] 

An  insi  ument  of  iron  for  fastening  the  hands; 
handcuffs    shackles.     It  is  generally  used  in  the 
plural,  mo  arJe.i.  Shak. 
MAN'A  CI  ri,  r.  (.    To  put  on  handcufls  or  other  fu.sl- 
ening  fur  infilling  the  hands. 

2.  To  e  lackle  ;  to  confine  ;  to  restrain  the  use  of 
the  limbi  or  natural  powers. 

Is  It  thus  you  use  this  monarch,  to  manacle  hlin  hand  and  fool  1 

Arbutitttot, 

MAN'A-n.KD,  pp.    HandculTed  ;  shackled. 
MA.V A-CI.ING,  pjir.    Confining  the  hands;  shack- 
ling. 

MAN'AijK,  r.  r.    [Fr.  nmajrer;  mrnairr,  hniise,  house- 
hold, hiiuMe-keeplng ;  It  maneiririarf  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
itianr^ar.    The  [iriiimry  Hcnst!  mocuh  tti  be,  to  Ir/nl.] 
t.  To  conduct  ;  to  carry  on  ;  to  direct  the  con- 


cerns  of ;  as,  to  manage  a  farm  ;  to  manage  the  affairs 
of  a  family. 

What  ware  1  manage,  and  what  wreatlis  I  gain.  Pi-ior. 

2.  To  train' or  govern,  as  a  horse. 

I'hey  vault  from  hunters  to  the  managed  steed.  Young. 

3.  To  govern  ;  to  control  ;  to  make  tame  or  tracta- 
ble ;  as,  the  buffalo  is  too  refractory  to  be  managed. 

4.  To  wield  ;  to  move  or  use  ill  the  manner  de- 
sired ;  to  have  under  command. 

Long  tulics  .are  cuml^?rsome,  and  scarce  to  be  easily  managed. 

^'etcton. 

5.  To  make  subservient. 

Antony  managed  him  to  his  own  views.  AJtddleton. 

6.  To  husband  ;  to  tre.it  with  caution  or  sparingly. 

I'he  less  be  had  to  los-',  the  less  he  cared 

To  manage  loatlisonie  life,  when  luve  was  the  reward. 

Bn/den. 

7.  To  treat  with  caution  or  judgment ;  to  govern 
with  address. 

It  was  much  Iiis  interest  to  manage  liIs  Protestant  subjects. 

Aiidison. 

M.^N'.^GE,  r.  i.  To  direct  or  conduct  affaus ;  to  car- 
ry on  concerns  or  business. 

Leave  them  to  manage  for  thee.  Dryden. 

MAN' AGE,  n.  Conduct ;  administration  ;  as,  the  man- 
age of  the  st.ite  or  kingdom.    [OAs.]  Shak. 

2.  (^Pronounced  mii-nlizli'.)  Government ;  control, 
as  of  a  horse,  or  the  exercise  of  riding  him. 

3.  Discipline;  governance;  direction.  VEstrange. 

4.  Use  ;  application  or  treatment. 

duicksilver  will  not  endure  the  manage  of  the  fire.  Bacon. 

[  This  word  is  nearly  obsolete  in  all  its  applications, 
unless  in  reference  to  horses.  fVe  now  use  Manage- 
ment.] 

MAN'AGE-A-BLE,  a.  Ea.sy  to  be  used  or  directed  to 
its  proper  purpose  ;  not  difiiciilt  to  be  moved  or  wield- 
ed.   Heavy  cannon  are  not  very  manageable. 

2.  Governable  ;  tractable  ;  that  may  be  controlled  ; 
as,  a  manageable  horse. 

3.  That  may  be  made  subservient  to  one's  views 
or  designs. 

MAN'AGE-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
easily  used,  or  directed  to  its  proper  purpose  ;  as,  the 
manasenbleness  o(  an  instrument.  Boyle. 

2.  Tractnbleness  ;  the  quality  of  being  susceptible 
of  government  and  control  ;  easiness  to  be  governed. 
MAN'AGE-A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  manageable  manner. 

Chabncrc. 

M.\N'A-GED,  pp.  Conducted  ;  carried  on  ;  trained  by 
discipline  ;  governed  ;  controlled  ;  wielded. 

MAN'AGE-LESS,  a.    That  c.in  not  be  managed. 

MAN'Ac5E-ME.>)T,  n.  Conduct ;  administration  ;  man- 
ner of  treating,  directing,  or  carrying  on  ;  as,  the 
management  (if  a  family  or  of  a  farm;  the  management 
of  state  affairs. 

2.  Cunning  practice  ;  conduct  directed  by  art,  de- 
sign, or  prudence  ;  contrivance. 

Mark  with  what  management  their  trilies  divide.  Dryden. 

3.  Practice  ;  transaction  ;  dealing. 

He  had  great  management  with  ecclesiastics,  in  the  view  to  be 
advanced  to  the  pontiScale.  Addison. 

4.  Modulation  ;  variation. 

All  directions,  as  to  the  management  of  the  voice,  must  be  re- 
garded as  subsidiary  to  the  expression  of  feeling. 

Porler^s  Analysis. 

MAN'A-CER,  n.  One  who  has  the  conduct  or  direc- 
tion of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  manager  of  a  theater;  the 
manager  of  a  lottery,  of  a  btill,  &c. 

South. 
Pope. 

2.  A  person  who  conducts  business  with  economy 
and  frugality  ;  a  good  economisL 

A  prince  of  great  aspiring  thoughts ;  in  the  main,  a  manager  of 
his  treasure.  Temple. 

MAN'A<5E-RY,  n.  [from  manage.]  Conduct  ;  direc- 
tion :  administration.  Clarendon. 

2.  Husbandry  ;  economy  ;  frugality. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Manner  of  using.  Decay  of  Piety. 
[Little  used  or  obsolete  in  all  its  applications.] 

MAN'A-GING,  ppr.    Conducting;  regulating;  direct- 
ing; governing;  wielding. 
2.  a.  Intriguing. 

MAN'.A-KIN,  71.  The  name  of  a  beautiful  race  of 
birds,  of  diminutive  size,  found  principally  in  South 
America.  They  constitute  the  genus  Pipra  of  I.in- 
n.Tus.  P.  Ci/r. 

MAN-A-TEE',  )  n.    [J,.manus,hnTM\.]    The  sea-cow, 

iM.'\N- A-TI',  i  n  cetaceous,  herbivorous  iiianiiiial, 
of  the  genus  Manatus.    [See  Manati's.] 

MA-NA'TIO.\,  n.    [I»  manatin,  from  mano,  to  flow.] 
The  art  of  i.fsuing  or  flowing  out.    [Little  lusrd.] 

MA-NA'TIJS,  n.  [I,,  mnnw*,  hand.]  The  name  given 
by  C'uvier  to  a  genus  of  lierliivoniiis  cetacea,  includ- 
ing the  species  usually  calleil  sen-cows.  'I'hey  were 
BO  named  on  account  of  tlii^  slight  hand-like  form  of 
their  swimming  paws.  'I'hcre  are  two  species  of 
MaiKilu^i  in  Smith  AmiTira  and  tine  in  Africa;  they 
iiiliabil  till'  iiioiiiliK  (if  ilic  (.Tcat  rivers,  and  browse 
oil  tlu;  litTliagc  tliut  clothes  the  bunks.  Brande. 


A  skillful  manager  of  the  nibble. 

An  artful  manager,  that  crept  between. 


M.S.NCHE,  (minsh,)  n.    [Fr.]    A  sleeve. 

MAN'CIIET,  n.  A  small  loaf  of  fine  bread.  [JV'ot 
used.]  Bacon. 

MAi\CH-I-NEEL',  71.    [L.  maneanilla.] 

A  lofly  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  the  Ilippomane 
^lancinella,  so  calJed  from  its  effect  on  horses  who 
eat  of  it.  It  is  undoubtedly  a  dangerous  plant,  bul 
its  poisonous  effects  have  been  exaggeratetl.  Its  in- 
spissated juice  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  siilHtitiit.' 
for  the  resin  of  Guaiacumor  ligmini-vita-.  The  wood 
is  valuable  for  cabinet  work,  being  beautifully  veined 
with  brown  and  white,  and  capable  of  receiving  a 
high  polish.  Pariiuiston.  Enctjc. 

MAN'CI-PaTE,  t!.  t.    [L.  mancipo,  from  7nanceps,iiun- 
cipiuin:  manu  capio,  to  take  with  the  hand.] 
To  enslave  ;  to  bind  ;  to  restrict.    [Little  used.] 

Hale. 

MAN-CI-Pa'TION,  71.  Slavery;  involuntary  servi- 
tude.   [Little  used.]  Johnson. 

MAN'Cl-PLE,  71.    [L.  manceps  :  manu  capio,  supra.] 
A  steward  ;  an  undertaker ;  a  purveyor,  particu- 
larly of  a  college.  Johnson. 

jMMjY-DA'MUS,  n.  [L.  mando,  to  command  ;  manda- 
mus, we  command.  The  primary  sense,  is  to  send.] 
In  law,  a  command  or  w-rit,  issuing  from  the  King's 
Bench  in  England,  and  in  America  from  some  of 
the  higher  courts,  directed  to  any  person,  corpora- 
tion, or  inferior  court,  requiring  them  to  do  some 
act  therein  specified,  which  appertains  to  their  office 
and  duty  ;  as  to  admit  or  restore  a  person  to  an  office 
or  franchise,  or  to  an  academical  degree,  or  to  de- 
liver papers,  annex  a  seal  to  a  paper,  &c. 

Blackstone. 

M.\N-DA-R1N',  (man-d;i-reen',)  71.  [Port,  mandarim, 
from  mandar,  L.  mando,  to  command.  This  is  a 
Portuguese  word.  The  Chinese  name  of  this  officer 
is  qitan.  Mtilcom.] 

In  China,  a  magistrate  or  governor  of  a  province  ; 
also,  the  court  language  of  China. 

M.\N'DA-T.A-RY,  i  71.    [Fr.  n/anrfafuirp, from  L.  man- 

MAN'DA-TO-RY,  \      do,  to  command.] 

1.  A  person  to  whom  the  pope  li.as  by  his  preroga- 
tive given  a  mandate  or  order  for  his  benefice. 

^yiiffe. 

2.  One  to  whom  a  command  or  charge  is  given. 

3.  In  late,  one  who  undertakes,  without  a  rt^coni- 
pense,  to  do  some  act  for  another  in  respect  to  the 
thing  bailed  to  him.  Kent. 

M.\N'DaTE,  n.    [L.  mando,  to  command.] 

1.  A  command  ;  an  order,  precept,  or  injunction  ; 
a  commission. 

This  dream  all-powerful  Juno  sends  ;  I  bear 

Her  niighty  maivtates,  and  her  wonts  yon  bear.  Dryden. 

2.  In  canon  late,  a  rescript  of  the  pojie,  command- 
ing an  ordinary  collator  to  put  the  pi'rson  therein 
named  in  possession  of  the  rtr.st  vacant  benefice  in 
his  foliation.  Encyc. 

MAN-Da'TOR,  71.    [L.]    A  director.  Jlylije. 

M.'\N'D.\-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  a  conimauti  ;  pre- 
ceptive ;  directory. 

M.\N'DI-BLE,  n.  [L.  mando,  to  chew  ;  W.  mnnt,  a 
jaw,  that  which  shuts.] 

Tlie  jaw.  In  zoology,  applied  to  the  lower  j;iw  of 
mammals,  to  both  jaws  of  birds,  and  to  the  iipiirr  or 
anterior  pair  of  jaws  in  insects.  Brande. 

MAN-DIB'lJ-LAR,  a.    Belonging  to  the  jaw. 

Qayton. 

MAN-DIB'TJ-LATE,     )  a.    Provided   with  mandi- 
.MAN-OIR'li-LA-TED,  (      bles,  as  many  insects. 
.MA.V'DIL,  71.    [Fr.  mandille,  from  the  root  of  mantle; 
W.  mant.] 

A  sort  of  mnntle.    [.Vof  in  use.]  Herbert. 
MAN-UU.MO.\,  (man-dd'yun,)  n.  [Supra.]  A  soldier's 

coat ;  a  loose  gtirmeiit.  Ainstrorth. 
MAN'DI-Oe  n.    The  same  as  Manioc,  which  see. 
M.\.\"I)LE-STc5.\E,  n.  [G.  tnandelstein,  almnnd-stone.] 
Kernel-stmie  ;  almond-stone,  called  also  amygda- 
loid;  a  name  given  to  stones  or  rocks  which  have 
kernels  enveloped  in  paste.  Diet.  A"a(.  //i.-f. 

M.\.M)'MENT,  for  Commandment,  is  not  in  use. 
MAN'DO-I.I.V,  n.    [It.  mandola.] 

A  rithi^rn  or  harp.    [JVnf  in  use.] 
.MAN'DORE,  n.    A  kind  of  four-stringed  lute. 

/'.  Cue. 

MAN-DRAG'O  RA,  n.  The  mandrake  ;  a  iiowi  rful 
soporific.  Shik. 

MAN'DR.'VKE,  71.  [E.  mandragoras;  It.  mandragola  : 
Fr.  mandragore.  Said  to  be  compounded  of  /i  ik\o.i, 
relating  to  cattle,  and  .1;  «o"c,  hurtful.] 

A  plant.  'I'he  popular  name  of  thr  several  species 
of  the  gi'MUs  .Maudragora,  one  of  wliicli  grows  in 
Switzerland,  one  in  the  soulli  of  Europe,  and  one  in 
the  Levant.  In  ini  diciue  they  are  miicotics.  The 
mandrake  of  Scripture  (I)udaim)  was  quite  a  differ- 
ent article  ;  liiit  what  it  was  is  iinceitain. 

MAN'DliKI.,  n.  An  instrumunt  for  confining  in  the 
lathe  file  Milistaiice  to  be  turned.  Moion. 

MA.\'I)IUEI<,  n.  .\  fierce  and  powerful  African 
balloon,  often  called  the  ribbed-nose  baboon  ;  tlio 
Papio  nioriiion  of  (Jeoffroy.  Jnrdinr. 

MAN'I)C-CA-I!I,E,  a.  Tliat  can  be  chewed  ;  fit  to 
be  eaten.  Herbert. 

M,\N'III'-CSTE,  r.  I.  [I.,  mando,  whence  Fr  ttuiii- 
ger.]    To  chew. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALI,,  WIL\T — METE.  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


J| 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN"I)U-t;A-TKI),  pp.  Chewed. 
.MA.\''l)l,'-t;A-TL\(;,  /;;/r.    Clicwiiii; ;   griiuliilg  with 
the  tft;lh. 

MAN-DU  CA'TIOiV,«.   The  act  of  chowiiiK  or  eatinR. 
IIAN'DU-CA-TO-UY,  a.    PurtamiiiK  to  or  fiiii)lo)eil 
in  fhrwiii;;. 

Ma.NI;,  m.  [D.  moan,  nianc  and  moon;  G.  mitnhe ; 
Sw.  limn  or  mulm ;  Dan.  iiuiit ;  prokubly  fruiii  e.Mund- 
in;!,  liktv/ijaii.J 

The  liair  jinnvinj  on  the  upper  side  of  the  neck 
of  a  horse  or  other  animal,  usu;illy  hanging  down  on 
one  side. 

MAi\'-EAT-ER,n.    A  human  being  that  feeds  on  hu- 
man tl'-sh  ;  a  cannibal ;  an  anthropophagite. 
.MS.N'KI),  a.    Having  a  mane. 

MA-.\i;0;i;',  (ma-nazlle'  iir  man'ej,)  n.  [Fr.]   Tlie  art 

of  horsemanship,  or  of  training  liorses.  Bramlr. 
y.  A  school  for  teaching  liorscmanship,  and  fur 

trainmg  horses. 
.MA  Nk'UI-AL.    Sec  Manorial. 
Ma'.\i";S,  (ma'nuz,)  n.  p/.   [L.]  The  ghost,  shade,  or 

soul,  of  a  deceased  person  ;  and  aiiwng  Ute  ancient 

pasan.i,  the  infernal  deities. 

0.  Tlic  remains  of  the  dead. 

H;ui,  O  yi*  holy  imiNi;*  /  Dnj/ten. 
M  \-\KO'VICIl,   t  n,    [Fr. -mana-ni^re  ;  main, Ij.  nianiut, 
MA  .\(i:0'VKE,  i     the  hand,  and  aaere,  work,  L. 
opera.  ] 

1.  Management ;  dextrous  movement,  particularly 
in  ail  army  or  navy  ;  any  evolution,  nioveineiu,  or 
change  of  position  among  companies,  battalions, 
regiments,  ships,  &c.,  for  the  purpose  of  distribu- 
ting the  forces  in  the  best  muiiner  to  meet  the 
enemy. 

2.  Managi'inent  with  address  or  artful  design. 
MA-.\I"0'VKU,   ;  V.  i.    To  move  or  change  [Hisitions 
.M.-\-.\(EO'V HE,  j     among  troops  or  ships,  for  the 

purpose  of  advantageous  attack  or  defense  ;  or  in 
mditary  exercise,  for  the  purpose  of  discipline. 

3.  To  manage  with  aihlress  or  art. 

M  \-.VKO'VEIl,  I  V.  t.  To  change  the  positions  of 
M  A-.\<i:0'VKt:,  i     troops  or  sliips. 

iJiA  .\'i;c\-iu:i)',*' !  ''i"-  P"^'"""- 

MA-XICC'V'i;il-Kll,  n.    One  who  maneuvers. 

MA-\KO'VI".R-l.\(;,  j  ppr.    Changing  the  position  or 

.MA-.N"(i;C'VKli\G,  j  order  for  advantageous  at- 
tack or  defense. 

.MA.Vrt'L,  a.    [man  and  full.]    Having  the  spirit  of  a 
man  ;  bold  ;  brave  ;  courageous. 
2.  Noble  ;  honorable. 

M.\.\'I"J'h-l.Y,  ailr.  liiildly  ;  courageously;  honorably. 

MAN'FyL-NKSS,  M.    Boldness;  courageousness. 

MA.'<"(iA-BY,  11.  The  white-eyed  monkey  ;  a  name 
of  iwo  species  of  AlVican  monkeys  of  the  genus 
Cercocebus,  having  Ihu  tail  longer  than  the  body. 

./ardine. 

M  AN'"GA-.V  aTE,       (  n.  A  compound  of  manganesic 

MA.N"(iA-.\r.'SATE,  j     acid,  with  a  base. 

.M  A.N"GA-\KSE',  II.  A  metal  of  a  dusky  white,  or 
whitish-gray  color,  very  hard  and  dillicult  to  fuse. 
It  never  occurs  as  a  natural  production  in  a  metallic 
state.  The  substance  usually  so  called  is  an  oxyd  of 
nianganese.  but  not  pure.  Cyc.  Ilenrij. 

MAN"GA-.\l';'t'l.\N,  a.  Pertaining  to  manganese; 
consisting  id"  it  or  partaking  of  its  (pialities.  Snjbcrl. 

M  A\"G.\- NE'SOUS,  a.  Maatrane^sou.'i  acid  is  an  acid 
with  less  oxygen  than  manganesic  acid.  Ilenrij. 

M AN-(; A.N'ie,        j  a.    Ubtained  from  manganese; 

M  A>;"G.\rN£'Sie,  I      as,  the  manganesic  acid. 

Jlennf. 

M.\.\'"GA-.\'ITE,  n.    One  of  the  ores  of  manganese  ; 

call"d  also  inraif  mantrancse  ore. 
MA.\G'eoK.\,  n.    (Sax.  mrnvan,  to  mix,  and  com.] 
A  mixture  of  wheat  and  rye,  or  other  species  of 
[^.Vii(  used  in  .^jnrr.ca.]  [grain. 
MANGE,  n.    [Fr.  miinirfai.<on.] 

The  scab  or  itch  in  cattle,  docs,  and  other  beasts. 
MA.\"GKL,-\VUR'Zf;i.,  (mans'gl-wur'zl,)  n.  [G. 
manffrl,  want,  and  trnrirl,  root.] 

The  root  of  scarcity,  a  plant  of  the  beet  kind, 
Beta  i'ycla. 

MaN'GER,  i».  [Fr.  mangeoire,  from  manger,  to  cat,  L. 
mando.] 

1.  A  trough  or  box  in  which  fodder  is  laid  for 
cattle,  or  the  place  in  w  hich  horses  and  Kittle  are 
fed. 

a.  In  ships  of  war,  a  space  across  the  deck,  within 
the  hawse-boles,  sepanited  from  the  after  part  of  the 
deck,  to  prevent  the  water  u  liicli  enters  the  hawse- 
holes  from  running  over  the  di  ck. 
MAX'GER-IlfiARD,  n.  The  bulk  he.ad  on  a  ship's 
deck  that  separates  the  manger  from  the  other  part 
of  ."r 

MAX'GI-.NF.SS,  It.  [(torn  mangy.]  Scabbincss ;  in- 
fection of  the  mance. 

.MA.\"GLE,  (mang'sl,)  c.  t.  [D.  mangelen,  G.  man- 
getn,  lo  want.  Uti.) 

1.  To  cut  with  a  dull  instrument  and  ti-ar,  or  to 
tear  in  cutting  ;  to  cut  in  a  biingling  manner  ;  ap- 
plied chiefly  to  the  cutting  vf  f.rsh. 

Anil,  ariml  wiUi  fe»r,  ror(ot  lii>  manfltd  m^U  Vryltn. 

2.  To  curtail ;  lo  lake  by  piecemeal. 


MAN"G(<E,  (maug'gl,)  71.  [Uan.  mangle ;  G.  mange; 
I),  mangel  ;  from  L.  mtnigo.] 

1.  A  lulling-prcss  or  small  calender  for  smoothing 
linen. 

a.  A  name  of  the  mangrove,  which  see. 

M.\.\"(;i.l".,  c.  I.    To  smooth  linen  with  a  iiiancle. 

MAi\"GLf.'l),  pp.  or  a.  Torn  in  cutting;  smoothed 
with  a  mangle, 

.MAN"GLER,  (iiiang'gler,)  II.  One  who  tears  in  cut- 
ting ;  one  who  uses  a  mangle, 

M.-\N"GLING,  ppr.  Lacerating  in  llie  act  of  cutting; 
tearing. 

2.  Smoothing  with  a  mangle. 
MAN"GLIXG,  II.    'J'he  act  of  cutting  and  lacerating, 

or  tearing. 

2.  The  act  or  business  of  smootliing  linen  with  a 
mangle. 

.MAi\"(;0,  (inaTii;'KO,)  ii.    The  fruit  of  the  mango- 
tree,  a  native  of  tlie  East  Indies,  of  the  genus  i\lan- 
gifcra.     It  is  brought  to   lis  only  when  pickled. 
Hence,  viani'o  is  the  green  fruit  of  the  tree  pickled. 
2.  A  green  miiskmelon  pickled.  [F.nnic. 

MA\"GO-FISII,  II.  A  fish  of  the  Ganu-es,  (the  j'oly- 
neniiis  Risiia  of  Ilainilton,)  about  liftcen  inches 
long,  and  liielily  esteemed  for  food.  It  appears  about 
the  same  time  with  tlio  mango,  and  hence  the 
n:iiiie.  p.  Cyc. 

MA.\"GO-NEL,  (mang'go-nel,)  ii.    [Fr.  7nflHi.i^oiifiiH.] 
,\u  engine  formerly  used  for  throwing  stones  and 
battering  walls. 

MAN"GO-i\IS.M,  It.  The  art  of  setting  oil"  to  advan- 
tage. [Ohs.] 

M  AN"GU-.\I/,E,  V.  e.  To  polish  for  setting  off  to  ad- 
vantage.   [Otis.]  B.  ./unson. 

MA\"GO-S'rA.N',    )  71.    A  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  of 

MAiVGO-STEE.V,  (  the  genus  Garcinia,  sn  called 
from  Dr.  Garcin,  who  described  it.  'l  lie  tree  grows 
to  the  bight  of  18  feet,  and  bears  fruit  called  also 
Mangosteen,  of  the  size  of  a  small  apple,  the  pulp 
of  which  is  very  delicious  food.  P.  Cyc.  Matcom. 

M A!V"GRoVE,  (niang'grovc,)  n.  A  tree  of  the  East 
and  West  Indies,  of  the  genus  Rhizophora.  'J'hi: 
common  or  bl.ick  mangrove,  or  mangle,  and  also 
others  of  the  genus,  are  found  all  along  the  shores  of 
the  tropics,  rooting  in  the  mud,  and  forming  dense 
forests  even  at  the  verge  of  the  ocean,  and  below 
high-water  mark.  The  seeds  germinate  even  w  hile 
attached  to  the  branches.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  name  of  a  fish.  Pennant. 

MaN'CY,  a.  [from  jHan^'f.]  Scabby;  infected  with 
tlu^  mange.  S/iaJc. 

MA.N-llA^DEN.    See  ME^HADEN. 

.MA.\"-HaT-ER,  71.  [man  and  hate.]  One  who  hates 
mankind  ;  a  inisantlirope. 

MAiN'-HoLE,  II.  A  hole  through  which  a  man  may 
creep  into  a  drain,  cess-pool,  or  parts  of  machinery, 
to  clean  or  repair.  HeUcri. 

M.^.N'llQQt),  II.  [man  and  hood.]  The  state  of  one 
who  is  a  man,  of^  an  adult  male,  or  one  who  is  ad- 
vanced beyond  puberty,  boyhood,  or  childhood ; 
virility. 

2.  Virility,  as  opposed  to  \Voma:«iiood.  Dryden. 
X  Human  nature  ;  as,  the  manhood  of  Christ. 
4.  'J'he  qualities  of  a  man;   courage;  bravery; 
resolution,    [/.ilt/c  itsci/.l  Sidney. 

MAN"-IIII<\T-ER,  II.    A  luiiiterof  men. 

MA.N'-HUNT-I.VG,  ii.    The  hunting  of  men. 

M.^'.N'I-A,  71.    [I,,  and  Gr.J  Madness. 

MA'^ri-Jl  PO'TU,n.  [h.]  Madness  from  drinking; 
delirium  tremens. 

SlA.\'l-.\-BLE,  o.  Manageable;  tractable.  fJVbf  in 
use.]  Bacon, 

Ma'.\I-AG,  a.    [L.  TTianiacu.'T.] 

Mad;  raving  with  madness;  raging  with  disor- 
dered intellect.  Grew. 

MA'.M-Ae,  II.  A  madman;  one  raving  with  mad- 
ness. Sheiistonc. 

MA-M'Ae-_AL,  0.    AfTected  with  madness. 

M A.N  I-GII l^'A.V,  a.    rerlaiiiing  to  the  Mankhecs. 

.MAN-l-CHic'AN,  (  n.    A  follower  of  .Manes,  a  Per- 

M.\.\'l-eHEE,  (  sian,  who  tried  to  combine  the 
Orient;il  philosophy  with  Christianity,  and  main- 
tained that  there  are  two  supreme  principles,  the  one 
good,  the  other  evil,  which  produce  all  tlie  happiness 
and  calamities  of  llic  world.  The  first  principle,  or 
light,  they  held  lo  be  tlie  author  of  all  good  ;  the  sec- 
ond, or  darknrsx,  the  author  of  all  evil.  Jiltirdoek. 

MAN'I-eHE-ISM,ii.  [Supra.]  The  doctrines  taught, 
or  system  of  principles  maintained  by  the  Mani- 
ehees.  Encyc.  Miliier. 

MA.N'I-eilE-IRT,  71.    Sec  Makichean. 

MA.N'I  eiloRl),     )       ri:.         •  ,     ,  •, 

MA.V-l-eoRIJ'O.V,  i  "•    L"-  mamchordwv.] 

.\  musical  instrument  in  the  form  of  a  spinet, 
whose  strings,  like  those  of  the  claricliord,  are  cov- 
ered with  little  pieces  of  cloth  to  deaden  and  soften  ! 
their  sounds  ;  whence  it  is  called  the  rfuiiiA  spinet. 

MA.\'I-eOX,  n.    A  species  of  nightshade.  [Encyc. 

.MA.\'I-FEST,  a.  [L.  manifestus,  Ir.  mfanan,  plain, 
clear;  mimirAim,  to  make  smooth,  to  polish,  to  ex- 
plain. Clearness  may  be  from  polishing,  or  from 
o|K  nine,  expanding,  extending.] 

I.  Plain  ;  open  ;  clearly  visible  to  the  eye  or  obvi- 
ous to  the  understanding;  app.arent ;  not  obscure  or 


difTicult  to  be  seen  or  understood.  From  the  tentl- 
mony,  the  truth  we  conceive  to  be  manifest. 

Tliin  mnni/etl  lo  sl^hl  ihi*  j^wl  niipciinnl.  Drylen. 

Tliatwiuch  iiiity  lie  Kituwn  ufGud  u  inari(/<er( in  Uicm.  — Itoiii.  i. 

2.  Detected  ;  with  uf. 

Cuiinthu  tlK-re  Btooil  iiiari(/'»f  0/ atiame.    {UnuMMl.\  Dryden, 
MAN'IFE.ST,  n.    An  invoice  of  a  cargo  of  goods,  Ira- 
ported  or  laden  for  ex|>ort,  to  be  exhibited  at  the  cus- 
tom house  by  tlie  master  of  the  vessel,  or  the  owner 
or  shipper. 

MANM-FEST,  In.  [It.  manifesto;  L.  manifealui, 
MAX-I  FEST'o,  j  maiiife.st.j 

A  public  declaration,  usually  of  a  prince  or  sove- 
reign, showing  his  intentions,  or  proclaiming  his 
opinions  and  motives  ;  as,  a  manifesto  declaring  the 
purpose  of  a  prince  to  begir.  war,  and  explaining  his 
nioti  ves.  Addison. 
[Manifesto  only  is  now  nscd.1 
MAN'l-FES'i",  B.  (.    [L.  manifesto.] 

1.  To  p  veal ;  to  make  to  appear  ;  to  show  plainly  ; 
to  make  public  ;  to  disclose  to  the  eye  or  to  the  un- 
derstanding. 

Nolhiti^  is  hill  which  nhnll  not     mani/ettert.  —  Murk  k. 

He  lh;tl  lovcth  nn-  shitll  U-  lovetl  by  my  FiUh'T,  and  1  will  lore 

hini,  and  uill  tnani/ett  invsitr  to  tinn.  — JoLiii  iv. 
Thy  life  did  maii{fett  ihuu  luvMut  me  not.  S/iaJc. 

2.  To  displ.ay  ;  to  exhibit  more  clearly  to  tlie  view. 
The  wisilom  of  God  is  manifested  in  the  order  and 
harmony  of  creation. 

MAN-I-FEST-A'TIUX,  71.  The  act  of  disclosing 
what  is  secret,  unseen,  or  obscure  ;  discovery  lo  the 
eye  or  to  the  understanding  ;  the  exhibition  of  any 
thing  by  clear  evidence  ;  display  ;  as,  the  manifesta- 
tion of  God's  power  in  creation,  or  of  his  benevo- 
lence in  redemption. 

The  wcrel  mnniirr  in  which  acta  of  mercy  oit^t  to\ie  prrTomwd, 
rcqnircs  tliu  pul>lic  iitaiii/£«lalion  ul'  tlu'iii  al  Uic  i;p'at  itity. 

Auerbary. 

MAN'I-FEST-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Made  clear ;  disclosed ; 

made  appan-nl,  obvious,  or  evident. 
MAN-I-FEST'l-iiLE,  a.   Tliat  may  be  made  evident. 

Brown. 

MAN'I-FEST-IXG,  ppr.    Showing  clearly  ;  making 

evident;  disclosing;  dis|ilaving.  Bacon. 
MAX'l-FEST-LY,  «</e.    Cleiirly  ;  evidently;  plainly; 

in  a  manner  to  be  clearly  seen  or  understood. 
MAN'l-FEST-NESS,  n.     Clearness  to  the  sight  or 

mind  ;  obviousness. 
MAN'-I-FEST'O.    See  Manifest. 
MAiX'l-FoI.D,  a.    [maiiy  and /uW.]    Of  divers  kinds  ; 

many  in  nuinber  ;  numerous  ;  multiplied. 

0  Lord,  how  mntiifftUl  .ir*  Ihy  worl<ii  I  —  Pa.  civ. 

1  know  your  mauijold  lr.insgfP'W,ion3.  — Amoit  v. 

2.  Exhibited  or  appearing  .at  divers  times  or  in  va- 
rious ways  ;  applied  to  icords  in  the  singular  number ; 
as,  the  manifold  wisdom  of  God,  or  his  manifold 
grace.  F.ph.  iii.  1  Pet.  iv. 
JI.^.N'I-FoLD-ED,  a.  Having  many  doublings  or 
complications  ;  as,  a  manifolded  shield.    [A'ot  used.] 

Spenser. 

MAN'I-FoLD-LY,  adc.  In  a  manifold  manner;  in 
iiianv  wavs.  Sidney. 

MAX'l-FoI.D-NESS,  71.    Multiplicity.  Shcncood. 

M.\-N'IG'LI-OXS,  71.  pi.  In  gunnery,  Iwo  hami.e.s  on 
ihc  back  of  a  piece  of  ordnance,  alter  the  German 
way  of  casting.  Bailey. 

MAN'I-KIX,  71.    A  little  man.  Shak. 
2.  An  artificial,  anatomical  preparation,  made  with 
pasteboard,  plaster,  &.C.,  exhibiting  all  parts  of  the 
iiunian  body. 

.M.A-MI/IO,  j  71.    [Sp.  manilla,  a  bracelet,  from  L. 
MA-NILEE',  !     manus,  Sp.  maiiu,  the  hand.] 
A  ring  or  bracelet  w  orn  by  persons  in  Africa. 

Herbert. 

SIA-NII,'L.\  HEMP,  71.    A  fibrous  material,  obtained 
from  the  .Musa  teitilis,  a  plant  allied  to  tlie  banana, 
growing  in  the  Philippine  Isles,  iiC,  from  which  ex- 
cellent ropes  and  cables  are  made.  P.  Cyc. 
MA'XI-OC,    )  71.    Names  of  the  tropical  plant,  7am'- 
M.\.\'I-HOC,  >    Ji^^»  or  Jatropha  munihot,  from  w  hich 
MAX'l-IlDT,  )    cassava  and  tapioca  are  prepared. 
M.AN'I-PI.E,  71.    ri>.  manipnlus,  a  handful.    Uu.  L. 
7/iaiiKs  and  the  Teutonic  full.] 

1.  A  handful. 

2.  A  small  band  of  soldiers;  a  word  applied  only  to 
Roman  troops. 

3.  A  fanon,  or  kind  of  scarf  worn  about  the  left 
arm  of  a  Roman  Catholic  priest;  Hook. 

MA-XIP'l'-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  maniple. 
.MA-N'IP  L;-I..aTE,  r.  I.    To  treat,  work,  or  operate 

with  the  hands. 
.■M.A-.NIP'I.-L.x-TED,  7VI.    Treated  or  operated  With 

the  hands. 

MA-.\IP'L'-LA-TING,  ppr.  Operating  with  the  hands. 

MA-NlP-i;-I,A'T10N,  II.  [Fr.  id.  ;  It.  manipola-.ivnr, 
from  manipolare,  to  work  with  the  hand,  from  L. 
manipulus,  suprru] 

In  general,  work  by  hand  ;  manual  operation  ;  as, 
In  mining,  the  manner  of  digging  ore  ;  in  chemistry, 
the  o|Hnition  of  preparing  substances  for  exinri- 
iiients  ;  in  pharmacy,  tile  preparation  of  drugs  ;  in 
mesmerism,  the  motions  used  lo  produce  the  mes- 
meric state. 


TONE,  B;;LL.  unite. -AX"GER,  VI"ClOUS._C  as  K;  6  »a  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN 


MA-NIP'tJ-LA-TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  performed 
by  niaiiipulation. 

MA'NIS,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  edentate  mam- 
mals, covered  with  large,  hard,  triangular  scales,  with 
sharp  edges,  and  overlapping  each  other  like  tiles  on 
a  roof;  often  called  scaly  lizards.  They  inhabit  the 
warmest  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa,  and  feed  on  ants, 
&c   The  pangolins  are  included  in  this  genus. 

Brande.    Kdin.  Enctjc, 

MAN'I-TRUNK,  n.    [L.  rnanus,  hand,  and  truncus.] 
The  segment  of  the  body  of  an  insect  which  has 
wings  or  limbs  answering  to  the  fore  legs  of  quad- 
rupeds. 

MA.\'-KILL-ER,  71.  [jnan  and  iifl.]  One  who  slays  a 
man. 

J1A.\'-KILL-ING,  o.    Used  to  kill  men.  Dnjilen. 
MAN-Kl.\D',  n.    [man  and  kind.    This  word  admits 
the  accent  either  on  the  first  or  second  syllable  ;  the 
distinction  of  accent  being  inconsiderable.] 
'    1.  The  race  or  species  of  human  beings. 

The  proper  study  of  ninnhrul  is  man.  Pope. 
2.  A  male,  or  the  males  of  the  human  race. 

Thou  shall  not  lie  Willi  rtiankind  as  wilh  womaiikiiid.  —  Lgt. 
xviii. 

M.\X-KlXD',  a.    Resembling  man  in  form,  not  wo- 
man. Frnhi^her. 
M  ANKS,  n.    The  old  language  of  the  Isle  of  -Man. 

P.  Cyc. 

MAX'LE?.-^,  a.    [man  and  Ir.ts.]    Destitute  of  men; 

not  manned  J  as,  a  boat.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 
MAN'LIKE,  a.    Having  the  proper  qualities  of  a  man. 

Sidiirjj. 

2.  Of  man's  nature.  JliHon. 
MAN'Ll-XESS,  n.    [from  maythj.]    The  qualities  of  a 

man  ;  dignity  ;  bravery  ;  boldness.  Locke. 
.M AN'LIXG,  H.    A  little  man.  B.  Joiison. 

M.XN'LY,  o.  [man  and  like,.']  Manlike;  becoming  a 
man  ;  firm  ;  brave  ;  undaunted. 

slain 

Dryden. 

2.  Dignified  ;  noble  ;  stately. 

He  lUOTes  VL'ilh  nullify  p^ce.  Dryden. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  adult  age  of  man  ;  as,  a  manly 
voice. 

4.  Xot  boyish  or  womanish  ;  as  a  ma7iZj/ stride.  Shak. 
MAN'LY,  adv.    With  courage  like  a  man. 
MAX'-MIL'LI-XER,  n.    A  male  maker  of  millinery. 

M.\N'N.\,  n.    [Ar.  mauna,  to  provide  necessa- 

ries for  one's  household,  to  sustain,  to  feed  them  ; 


muiiahon,  provisions  for  a  journey.  This  seems 


to  be  the  true  original  of  the  word.  In  Irish,  mann 
is  wheat,  br'-ad,  or  food.    Class  Mn,  No.  3.] 

1.  \  substance  miraculously  furnished  as  food  for 
the  Israelites  in  their  journey  through  the  wilderness 
of  Arabi.a.    Ez.  xvi. 

Josephus,  .•\nt.  B.  iii.  1,  considers  the  Hebrew  word 
10  man,  to  signify  witat.  In  conformity  with  this 
idea,  the  Seventy  translate  the  passage,  Ez.  xvi.  15, 
Ti  cart  Tufrnl  what  is  this.'  which  rendering  seems 
to  accord  with  the  following  words,  "  for  they  knew 
not  what  it  wa-^."  And  in  the  Encyclopedia,  the 
translators  are  charged  with  making  Moses  fall  into 
a  pl:iin  contradiction.  Art.  .Manna.  But  Christ  and 
his  apo^^lles  confirm  the  common  version  :  "  Not  as 
your  fathers  ate  manna,  and  are  dead."  John  vi.  58. 
Heb.  ix.  4.  And  we  have  other  evidence,  that  the 
present  version  is  correct ;  for  in  the  same  chapter, 
Sloses  directed  Aaron  to  "  take  a  pot  and  put  a 
homer  full  of  manna  therein."  Now,  it  would  be 
sirange  language  to  say,  put  a  homer  full  of  what, 
or  what  is  it.  So  also  verse  35:  "The  children  of 
Israel  ate  manna  forty  years,"  Sec.  In  both  verses, 
the  Hebrew  word  is  tlie  same  a«  in  verse  15. 

2.  In  the  materia  mcdica,  the  juice  of  a  certain  tree 
of  the  ash  kind,  the  Fraxinus  ornus,  or  flowering 
ash,  a  native  of  .Sicily,  Calabria,  and  other  parts  of 
the  south  of  Europe.  It  is  either  naturally  concreted, 
or  exsiccated,  and  purified  by  art.  The  best  manna 
is  in  obh>ng  pieces  or  flakes  of  a  whitish  or  pale-yel- 
low color,  light,  friable,  and  somewhat  transparent. 
It  is  a  mild  laxative.  Encye.  ll^oprr. 

M  A.N".\/-'D,  jtp.    Furnished  with  men  ;  guarded  with 

mi'n  :  fi  rified. 
M  A.\'.\ER,  (1.    [TT.maniire;  \l.maniera;  Sp.manrra! 

Arm.  manyrll ;  D.  and  G.  manirr  ;  Dan.  manecr  ;  Sw. 

inanrr.    'I'llis  word  seems  to  bir  allied  to  Fr.  manirr. 

Arm.  mnnen,  lo  handle,  from  Fr.  main,  Sp.  and  It. 

mann,  Port,  mam,  \,.  manim,  the  hand.] 

1.  Form;  method  ;  way  of  [jerforming  or  executing. 

f'iiiil  ih'fi       manner,  nrid  Ihr  ni'-nnj  prcpiirc.  Dry(Un. 

2.  Custom ;  habitual  praclice. 

ithtnt  \brin  Ihr  mnnner  of  iho  liiii?  Hint  »hnll  rrign  over  Ulcin. 

Tlwi  will      Uf  manner  uf  th<*  king.  —  1  S«in.  vUi. 
Paul,  lis  his  manner  was.  —  Ac4s  xvlil. 

3.  8ort;  kind. 

Ve  tllhr  mint  sn<l  pie,  Am!  all  manner  ofheria  Ltiko  xl. 

Tb«-y  shall  my  all  marinsr  uf  evil  ngAiat  jroii  faUely.  —  Mntt.  T. 


In  this  application,  manner  has  the  sense  of  a 
plural  word  ;  all  sorts  or  kinds. 

4.  Certain  degree  or  measure.  It  is  in  a  manner 
done  already. 

The  bread  is  in  a  manner  common.  —  1  Sam.  xxi. 

This  use  may  also  be  sometimes  defined  by  sort  or 
fashion  ;  as  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  after  a  sort  or 
fashion,  that  is,  not  well,  fully,  or  perfectly. 

Aug^uslinus  does  in  a  manner  confess  die  charge.  Baker. 

5.  .Mien  ;  cast  of  look  ;  mode. 

Air  .iiid  manner  are  more  expressive  than  wor\ls.  Clanesa.. 

6.  Peculiar  way  or  carriage  ;  distinct  mode. 

It  can  hardly  be  imagined  how  ^reat  a  difference  was  In  the 
humor,  disposition,  and  manner  of  tlie  army  under  I-^ssex 
and  Oi  it  under  Waller.  Clarendon. 

A  man's  company  may  be  known  by  bis  manner  of  expressing 
liiniself.  Sun/t. 

7.  Way  ;  mode  ;  of  things. 

Th?  temptations  of  prosperity  insinuate  themselves  af^er  a  o^ntle, 
but  very  powerful  manner.  Auerbury. 

8.  Way  of  service  or  worship. 

The  nat'ons  which  ihou  hast  removed  and  placed  in  the  cities  of 
Samaria,  know  not  Uie  mzLnner  of  the  god  of  the  land.  —2 
Kings  vii. 

9.  In  painting,  the  particular  habit  of  a  painter  in 
manacing  colors,  lights  and  shades.  Encyc. 

MAX'NER,  t'.  t.    To  instruct  in  manners.  Shak. 

.MAN'NER-ISM,  n.  .Adherence  to  the  same  manner; 
a  tasteless  uniformity,  reducing  ever>'  thing  to  the 
same  manner,  without  the  freedom  and  variety  of 
nature.  Edin,  Rev, 

M.\N'NER-IST,  n.  An  artist  who  performs  his  work 
in  one  unvaried  manner.  Churchill. 

MAN'NER-LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  civil 
and  respectful  in  behavior ;  civility ;  complaisance 

Hale. 

M.AN'NER-LY,  a.  Decent  in  external  deportment; 
civil  ;  respectful ;  complaisant ;  not  rude  or  vulgar. 

What  thou  thinkest  meet  and  is  most  mannerly.  Shak. 

M.\N'XER-LY,  adv.     With  civility  ;  respectfully  ; 

without  rudeness.  Shak. 
MAN'XERS,  n.  pZ.    Deportment;  carriage;  behavior; 

conduct ;  course  of  life  ;  in  a  moral  sch.sc. 

Evil  cornmunicilions  corrupt  good  manners,  —  1  Cor.  xv. 

2.  Ceremonious  behavior ;  civility ;  decent  and  re- 
spectful deportment. 

Shall  we,  in  our  applications  to  the  great  God,  Like  that  to  be 
religion,  which  the  common  reason  of  mankind  will  not 
allow  to  be  manTiers  ?  Sotilh. 

3.  A  bow  or  courtesy;  as,  make  your  manners; 
a  popular  u^e  of  the  word. 

M.\X'X1XG,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  men;  strength- 
ening ;  guarding  with  men. 

M.'VN'NISH,  a.  [from  man.]  Having  the  appearance 
of  a  man  ;  bold ;  masculine  ;  as,  a  mannish  coun- 
tenance. 

A  woman  impudent  and  mannish  grown.  Shak. 

MAN'XIPH-LY,  arfii.  In  the  manner  of  a  man  ;  boldly. 
M.AX'XTTE,  71.    A  kind  of  cr)slallized  sugar  obtained 

from  manna.  P.  Cyc, 

MA-XCEU'VRE.    See  MitJEUvER. 
M.\X-OF-WAR',  71.    A  government  vessel  employed 

for  the  purposes  of  war. 
MaX-OF-WAR'-BIRD,  71.    A  large,  black,  tropical 

sea  fowl ;  the  frigate  bird;  belonging  to  the  pelican 

family. 

MA.\-OF-WAR'S'-M.VN,  7i.  A  seaman  belonging  to 
a  ship-of-war. 

M.A-XOM'E-TER,  ti.  [Gr.  iiavos,  rare,  and  pcrpov, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  density  of  the 
air,  or  other  elastic  fluid,  or  rather  its  elastic  force, 
to  which  the  density  is  supposed  to  be  proportional. 

Bratide. 

MAN-O-MET'RIG-.AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  manom- 
eter; made  by  the  manometer. 

MAN'OR,  71.  [Fr.  manoir.  Arm.  maner,  a  country, 
house,  or  gentleman's  seat ;  W.  maenan,  or  maeiiawr, 
a  manor,  a  district  bounded  by  stones,  from  maen,  a 
stone.  The  word  in  French  and  Armoric  signifies  a 
house,  a  habitation,  as  well  as  a  manor  ;  anil  in  this 
sense,  the  word  would  be  naturally  deducihie  from 
L.  maneo,  to  abide.  But  the  etymology  in  Welsh  is 
not  improbably  the  true  one.] 

The  land  belonging  to  a  lord  or  nobleman,  or  so 
much  lanil  as  a  lord  or  great  personage  formerly  kept 
in  his  own  hands  for  the  use  and  subsistence  of  his 
family.  In  these  days,  a  manor  rather  signifii.'s  the 
jurisdiction  and  royalty  incorporeal,  than  the  land  or 
site  ;  for  a  man  iiuiy  have  a  manor  in  gross,  as  the 
law  terms  it,  that  is,  the  right  and  interest  of  a 
court-baron,  with  the  perquisites  thereto  belonging. 

Cowel. 

MAN'OR-HOITSE,  )  7i.  The  house  belonging  to  a 
MAN'<>lt-Si";AT,    (  manor. 

MA-XT-' ill- A j  "•    I'lrciining  to  a  manor. 

They  hive  no  civil  lil^ny  ;  lli.ir  cliildpin  Ix-loiij  not  lo  ih  

hut  to  their  manorial  lortl.  Tookt. 

M  AN'O-SeOPE,  71.    The  same  as  MAnoMETEH. 


MAN'-PLEAS-ER,  71.  [man  and  phaser.]  One  whi 
pleases  men,  or  one  who  takes  uncomtnon  pains  t 
gain  the  favor  of  men.  Str-ft, 

MAX'-aUELL-ER,  H.  [man  and  quell.]  A  man-kill 
er  ;  a  manslaver  ;  a  murderer.    [.N'ot  u-M-d.]  Curetc. 

.MA.\'S.\RU-ROOF,n.  [from  its  mventor.j  In  arclu 
lecture,  the  same  as  Curb-Rook,  which  see.  Brand, 

M.\XSE,  71.    [L.  vian.^io,  from  maneo,  to  abide.] 

1.  A  house  or  habitation  ;  particularly,  a  parsona^  - 
house. 

A  capital  manse  is  the  manor-house  or  lord's  court 

2.  A  farm. 
MA.\'-SERV-ANT,  7i.    A  male  servant. 
MAX'SION,  71.    [L.  mansio,  from  maneo,  to  dwell.] 

'  1.  Any  place  of  residence  ;  a  house  ;  a  habitalio 
Thy  mansion  wants  Uiee,  Adam  ;  rise. 
In  niy  Father's  house  are  inany  mansions. 

2.  The  house  of  the  lord  of  a  manor. 

3.  Residence  ;  abode. 


-John  xiv. 


These  poets  near  our  princes  sleep, 
And  in  one  grave  their  mansions  keep. 


Denham. 
Mede, 


MAN'SIOX,  V.  i.    To  dwell  ;  to  reside. 

JI.\X'SIOX-.'V-RY,  a.  Resident ;  residentiary  ;  as, 
man.^ionarii  canons.  Encyc. 

MAX'SION-IIOUSE,  7i.  The  house  in  which  one  re- 
sides ;  an  inhabited  house.  Btackstone. 

M.\N'SION-RY,  71.      place  of  residence.  [A''otused.] 

Shak. 

MAX'SLAUGH-TER,  (-slaw-ter,)  n.  [man  and  slaugh- 
ter.   See  SL^v.] 

1.  In  a  general  sen.^e,  the  killing  of  a  man  or  of 
men  ;  destruction  of  the  human  species  ;  murder. 

.^schatn, 

2.  In  law,  the  unlawful  killing  of  a  man  without 
malice,  express  or  implied.  This  may  be  voluntary, 
upon  a  sudden  heal  or  excitement  of  anger  ;  or  in- 
voluntary, but  in  the  commission  of  some  unlawful 
act.  Manslaughter  differs  from  murder  in  not  pro- 
ceeding from  malice  prepense  or  deliberate,  which  is 
essential  to  constitute  murder.  It  differs  from  homi- 
cide excusable,  being  done  in  consequence  of  some 
unlawful  act,  whereas  excusable  homicide  happens 
in  conseqiienctr  of  misadventure.  Biachslone, 

M.\X'-SEa  Y-ER,  71.  One  that  has  slain  a  human  be- 
ing. The  Israelites  had  cities  of  refuge  for  man-slay- 
ers. 

MAX'-STEAL-ER,  Ji.  One  who  steals  and  sells  men. 
M.AN'-STe.\L-ING,  II.    The  act  of  stealing  a  human 
being. 

MAX'SUeTE,  (man'sweet,)  a.    [L.  man.suetus.] 

Tame;  gentle;  not  wild  or  ferocious.  [Little  used.] 

Ray. 

MAN'SUE-TUDE,  (inan'swe-tude,)  n.  [l,^  mansuc- 
tutlo.] 

Tameness  ;  mildness  ;  gentleness.  Herbert. 
MAN'T.A,  71.    [Sp.  manta,  a  blanket.] 

A  flat  fish  that  is  very  troublesome  to  pearl-fishers. 
MAN'TKL.    See  Mantle.  [Encyc. 
MA.\'TEL-ET,  /  n.    [dim.  of  ma«(/c]    A  small  cloak 
M.VXT'LET,     i     worn  by  women.  Johnson. 
2.  Ill  fortif cation,  a  kind  of  movable  parapet  or 
penthouse,  made  of  planks,  nailed  one  over  another 
to  the  bight  of  almost  six  feet,  cased  with  tin  and 
set  on  wheels.    In  a  siege,  this  is  driven  before  pi- 
oneers, to  protect  them  from  the  enemy's  small  shot. 

Harris. 

MAXT'I-GER,  rather  Ma>t't-chor,  or  .Mam'i-cob,  n. 
[L.  manticora,  mantichora,  Gr.  pavTixwoag.] 

A  large  monkey  or  baboon.  .^rbuthnot. 

M.\X-TIS'SA,  71.  .\  term  applied  to  the  decimal  part 
of  a  logarithm,  as  distinguished  from  the  integral  part 
or  charactertstic.  Brande. 

M.\X'TLE,  71.  [Sax.  meentct,  mentel ;  It.  and  Sp.  man- 
to;  G.  and  D.  mantel;  W.  mantelt,  tin.  Gr.  jmi'iii  t, 
paiivai,a  clo;ik,  from  the  Persic.  In  VV.  maiif  is 
that  which  shuts.] 

1.  A  kind  of  cloak  or  loose  garment  to  be  worn 
over  other  gannents. 

The  herald  and  children  arc  clothed  with  manUts  of  sali  ■. 

ufuon. 

2.  A  cover. 

Well  coven-d  with  the  night's  black  rnanlle.  Shak. 

3.  .\  cover ;  that  which  conceals ;  as,  the  mantle 
of  charity. 

4.  In  malacology,  the  external  fold  of  the  skin  of  a 
mollusk.  Brande. 

.MAX'TLE,  I',  t.   To  cloak  ;  to  cover  ;  to  disguise. 

So  the  rising  sens-^s 
B'-pn  to  cli  ise  the  ignorant  funii-s,  that  manlte 
TliT-ir  ct-an-r  rv.ison.  Slink. 

MAN'TLE,  V.  i.   To  expand  ;  to  spread 
The  swan,  witli  arched  neck 
Between  her  while  wiiigs  mantling,  rows 
Her  sLite  with  o.iry  fei;U  .MUton. 

2.  To  joy  ;  to  revel.  Jnhn.ion. 

My  frail  fancy,  fed  with  full  .leliglits, 

llolh  Ijallie  111  bliM,  and  manlledi  liioiit  at  ease.  S)xnter. 

[liu.  is  not  till'  sense,  to  be  covered  or  wrapped,  lo 
rest  collei  led  and  secure  ?] 

3.  To  be  expanded  ;  to  be  spread  or  extended, 
lie  (f  ive  Uie  mantling  vlue  to  prow, 

A  irophy  lo  his  lov.  FVnUm. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQJJK.— 

692  ~ 


\ 


MAN 


MAN 


MAR 


4.  To  f!iitliur  liver  ami  foriii  a  cover ;  to  cullcct  on 
tlio  siirl'ate,  as  a  covering. 

Thrn*  is  a  eorl  of  iin*n,  wIiobp  visn^ea 

Ilo  cf'iiiii  Hiul  T/ianW*  lilc  a  *l«inliii^  poinl.  SfiaJc. 
Ami  111'--  iT.iin  iliiin;*-*  to  llip  manllm^  liov\I,  Pupe, 

5.  To  rush  to  the  face  and  cover  it  witii  a  crimson 
color. 

When  mnittUng  bloud 
riow.-ii  'ii  Ills  lov.  ly  chi'.  k».  Smith. 
[I'uriiientation  cannot  be  deduced  from  inantling, 
olh'Twise  tlian  as  a  secondary  sense.] 
.M  A.\'TI,K,  j  II.    'i'he  piece  of  timber  or  stone 

IIAN'TLK-TREK,  i  in  front  iif  a  chimmy,  over 
the  lireiibice,  restinji  on  tlie  jambs.  Kncijc. 

[Tliis  word,  iiccording  to  Johnson,  sisnifies  the 
work  over  the  fireplace,  which   we  call  a  manlle- 

.MAN'  n.KD,  pp.  or  o.    Covc-ed  with  a  mantle. 

.MA.N'TLK-I'licCK,  (  «.    The  work  over  a  lin  place, 

.M  AN'TI.K-.-^IIELK,  j     in  front  of  the  chimney. 

MA.N'TLI.NC,  M.  In  licralilnj,  the  representation  of  a 
nianlle,  or  the  drapery  of  a  coat  of  arms. 

M\S"IUSG,  ppr.  or  a.  Cloaking;  covering;  extend- 
in  i;. 

M  A.V'TO,  n.    [It.]    A  robe  ;  a  cloak.  Ricnut. 
M.\N-'l'OIVO-GY,  n.    [Gr.  /luirciu,  di>  nation,  and 

\o>  s,  discourse.] 
The  net  or  art  of  divination  or  prophesying.  [Lit- 

ttf  M.vrrf.] 

MA.\'Ti;-.\,  (man'tu-il  or  nian'tu,)  n.    [Fi.  mantcau. 

t?ce  Mantle.] 

A  ladv's  nmvn.  Pope. 
.MAN'TUA- M.aK'ER,  (man'tn-niiik'er,)  n.    One  who 

makes  gowns  lor  latlies.  .Addison. 
MA.N'l'-AL,  u.    [I,.  muH iia/i.'!,  from  manits,  the  hand, 

W.  man  ] 

1.  Performed  by  the  liand  ;  as,  manual  labor  or 
operation. 

•i  Used  or  made  by  the  hand ;  as,  a  deed  under 
the  kind's  sign  manual. 
M.V.\'IJ-AL,  n.    A  small  book,  such  as  may  be  carried 
ill  the  hand,  or  conveniently  handled  ;  as,  a  manual 
of  laws.  Hale. 
a.  The  service  book  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Stillillirftrtt. 

Manual  rxtrcisc  ;  in  the  military  art^  the  exercise  by 
which  soldiers  are  taught  the  use  of  their  muskets 
and  other  arms. 
MA.N'IT.AL-LY,  m/f.   Hv  hand 
MA.N'U-.V-RY,  a.    Done  by  the  hand.    [J^ot  used.] 

Futlterbij. 

IIA-NO'BI-.AL,  o.  [L.  vtanubialis,  from  maniibuc, 
spoils.] 

Relonifins  to  spoils  ;  taken  in  war.    [Liuh  used.] 
.MAN-i;-I)l'e'T10.N',  II.    [L.  maiiits,  hand,  and  ductw, 
a  lead  ill!!.] 

Guidance  bv  the  hand.  Olanvilk.  Soutli. 

MAN-t;-Ure'TOR,  R.  [L.  mamts,  hand, and  dactor, 
a  leaderJ 

An  officer  in  the  ancient  church,  who  pave  the 
sisnal  for  the  choir  to  sing,  who  beat  time  and  regu- 
lated the  music.  Eneijc. 

MA.\-l.;-KAe'TO-RY,  n.  [Pee  MAHiFirTi  re.]  A 
house  or  place  where  goods  are  manufactured. 

MA.N-i;-F.\e'TO-RY,  a.  Employed  in  manufactur- 
ing. 

.M  \.\-iy-FAe'TlIR-,\L,  a.    Pertaining  or  relating  to 

manufactures. 
MA.\-r-FAC'TtTRE,    (ma)i-yu-fakt'yur,)   n.  [Fr., 

from  1..  iiianu.«t,  hand,  and  facio.,  to  make.] 

1.  The  operation  of  making  cloth,  wares,  utensils, 
paper,  bof>ks,  and  ivhatever  is  used  by  map  ;  the  o[>- 
eration  of  reducing  raw  materials  of  any  kind  into 
a  form  suitable  fur  use,  by  the  bands,  by  art,  or  ma- 
chinerj'. 

2.  Any  thing  made  from  raw  materials  by  the 
hand,  by  machinery,  or  by  art ;  as,  cloths,  iron  uten- 
sils, shoes,  cabinet  work,  saddlery,  and  the  like. 

MAX-q-FAC'TURE,  v.  t.  To  make  or  fabricate  from 
raw  materials,  by  the  hand,  by  art,  or  machinery, 
and  work  into  forms  convenient  for  use  ;  as,  to  man- 
ufacture cloth,  nails,  or  glass. 

9.  To  work  raw  materials  into  suitable  forms  for 
use  ;  as,  to  manufacture  wool,  cotton,  silk,  or  iron. 

MAN-IT-FAC'TURE,  v.  L  To  be  occupied  in  manu- 
factures. Bo.fiecU. 

MAN  U-FAe'Tt;R-/:D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  from  raw 
materials  into  forms  for  use. 

.\IAN.i;-FAe'TIJR-ER,  n.  One  who  works  raw  ma- 
terials into  wares  suitable  for  use. 

2.  One  who  employs  workmen  for  manufacturing; 
the  own  r  of  a  manufactory. 

.MAN  IJ-FAC'Ti;R-I.NG,ppr.  .Making goods  .and  wares 
from  raw  materials. 

MAN  i:-FAe'Ti;R-l\G,  a.  Employed  in  making 
goods  ;  as,  a  manufaauring  house,  company,  esUib- 
Ii-;biiirnt,  or  state. 

.M  \\'i;-MI*E.  for  Manvmit,  is  not  used. 

MAN-I'  MIS'filO.N,  (  mish'un,)  lu     [L.  manumU^o. 
See  M»ni  MiT.| 
The  act  of  hberating  a  slave  from  bondage,  and 

M  a'v'I?  r,'!'!,''"*''"'"-  Jirbuthnot, 

I  -MIT  ,  tr.  (.    [1,.  nanumitto  ;  manus,  hand,  and 
mi//fi,  to  send.] 


To  release  from  slavery  ;  to  liberate  from  personal 
bonda;:e  or  servitude  ;  to  frtie,  as  :i  slave.  Dn/dcn. 

.MA.N-U-.MIT'TF.I),  pp.  or  a.    Released  from  slavery. 

.M.\.\'-Ij-.'MIT'T1NG,  ppr.  Liberating  from  personal 
bnnda^'e. 

.MAIM'l^-.MO-TI-VE,  a.    [maimi  and  iiioi'cu.] 

Movable  hy  hand. 
M AN'll-MO-TOR,  ii.    A  small  wheel-carriage,  so  con- 
structed that  a  perscm  sitting  in  it  may  move  it  in 
any  dircctii>n  ;  a  carriage  for  exercise. 
MA-NCK'A-ULE,  a.    [from  nmnnrr.]    That  may  be 
cultivated.  This,  though  the  original  scn.se,  is  rarely 
or  never  used.    The  present  sense  of  manure  would 
give  the  following  signification  : 
2.  That  may  be  manured,  or  enriched  bv  manure. 
MA-IS'OR'AOE,  II.    Cultivation.  [J^ut  used.)  IVarncr. 
MA-NOR'AiNCE,  n.    Cultivation.    [JVul  used.] 

Spenser. 

MA-NCRE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  mana'uvrer,  but  in  d  dillVrent 
sense  ;  Norm,  wainovcrrr,  to  manure  ;  main,  L.  ma- 
nus, hand,  and  oui'rer,  to  work,  L.  opcror.] 

1.  To  cultivate  by  manual  labor;  to  till.  Mitlon, 
[In  Oils  seiLsc  not  now  used.] 

2.  To  apply  to  land  any  fertiii/.ing  matter,  as  dung, 
compost,  ashes,  lime,  fish,  or  any  vegetable  or  ani- 
mal substance. 

'J.  To  fertilize  ;  to  enrich  with  nutritive  sub- 
stances. 

Thp  cnrjv^  of  half  lirr  ftciiato 
Manure  t\x  lioltls  uf 'I'lii-is;ily,  Addison. 

M.VNC'RE',  n.    Any  matter  which  fertilizes  land  ;  as 

the  contents  of  stables  and  barnyards,  marl,  ashes, 

fish,  salt,  and  every  kind  of  animal  and  vegetable 

substance,  applied  to  land,  or  capable  of  furnishing 

nutriment  to  plants. 
M.\-i\'ull'f;L),  pp.  or  a.    Dressed  or  overspread  with  a 

fertilizing  substance. 
M.A-.NCRE'.MENT,  n.     Cultivation  ;  improvement. 

[Little  used.]  H'artun. 
M.A-Nf'H'ER,  n.    One  that  manures  land. 
MA-NOK'ING,  ppr.    Dressing  or  overspreading  land 

with  manure;  fertilizing. 
M  A-\OR'li\G,  71.    A  dressing  or  spread  of  manure  on 

land.  Mitford. 
MAN'lJ-SeRlPT,  n.    [T,.  manu  scriptum,  written  with 

the  h.'uid  ;  It.  manuscritta  ;  Fr.  manuscrit.] 

A  book  or  paper  written  with  the  hand  or  pen. 
M.^-N'tJ-SeRlPT,  a.    Written  with  the  hand;  not 

printed. 

MAN-lI-TE.\'EiN-CY,  n.  Maintenance.   [A'-ot  in  use.] 

Sancroft. 

M  AN'-VVOR-SHIP,  (-wur-ship,)  n.  The  worship  of  a 
man  ;  undue  reverence  or  extreme  adulation  and  ob- 
sequiousness paid  to  a  man. 

M.A'NY,  (nien'ny,)  a.  [Sax.  matneg,  maneg,  or  menig ; 
D.  menig  ;  G.  mancJter  i  Dan.  mange;  Sw.  mange; 
Sax.  menigeoy  a  multitude ;  Goth,  manags,  many  ; 
managei,  a  multitude  ;  Riiss.  mnogei,  many  ;  mnoju, 
to  multiply.  It  has  no  variation  to  express  degrees 
of  comparison  ;  more  and  most,  which  are  used  for 
the  coin|Kirative  and  superlative  degrees,  are  from  a 
dilferent  root.] 

1.  Numerous  ;  comprising  a  great  number  of  indi- 
viduals. 

Thill  shiilt  be  n  father  of  many  nntlons.  — Gen.  Jtvii. 

Not  TTwiriy  wtsc  men  ntwT  llie         nut  many  iii;^;;',»,  not  many 

nolilt',  are  cilleil.  —  t  Cor.  i. 
Many  :uv  Uie  alllicuons  of  Uic  tighlcoiu.  —  Ps.  xxxir. 

It  is  often  preceded  hy  as  or  so,  and  followed  by 
so,  indicating  an  equal  number,  .^s  many  Imoka  as 
you  take,  so  many  shall  be  charged  to  your  account. 

So  many  Liw*  nr^e  to  ninny  sitis.  Miilon. 

It  is  also  followed  by  as. 

Ab  TTUiny  a»  were  williii^heaited  brought  bracelet.  —  Ezod. 

ZXXiT. 

It  precedes  on  or  a  before  a  noun  in  the  singular 
number. 

Kiill  many  a  gem  ofpureBt  ray  Bcn'iie.  Gray. 

2.  In  Imo  language,  preceded  by  too,  it  denotes 
powerful  or  much  ;  as,  they  are  too  many  for  us. 

UEstrange. 

MA'NY,  (men'ny,)  n.  A  multitude  ;  a  great  number 
of  individuals  ;  the  people. 

O  Ihou  foml  mrtiiy.  Shak. 
The  vulgur  anil  the  many  are  fit  only  to  he  led  or  ilriveii. 

South, 

MA'NY,  (men'ny,)  n.    [Norm.  Fr.  meignee.] 
A  retinue  of  ser^■allt^  ;  household.  [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

MA'NY-€LEFT,  (men'ny-kleft,)  a.  Multifid  ;  having 
nianv  fissures.  Marliin. 

MA'NY-eOI/OR-CT),  (men'ny  kul'urd,)  a.  Having 
manv  odors  or  hues.  Pope. 

MA'NY-COR'NER-KD,  a.  Having  many  corners,  or 
more  than  twelve  ;  |M>lygonal.  Oryden. 

MA'.NY-FLOU  'ER-ED,  a.    Having  many  flowers. 

Marlitn. 

MA'NY-H.^IR-f:n,  (men'ny-hard,)  a.  Having  many 
hairs. 

MA'NY-HnAI)-En,(men'ny-hed-ed,)a.  Having  many 
heads  ;  as,  a  many-headed  monster;  many-hended  tyr- 
anny. Drudrn. 


MA'.\Y-I-A\"GUAG-A;U,  (men'ny-lang'gwnjd,)  o. 

Having  niaiiv  languages.  Pope. 
MA'NY-LP;AV-£1),  (inen'ny-lcevd,)  a.  Polypli\ II.his  ; 

having  iiiaiiy  leaves.  Miriiin. 
MA'NY-LEG-G£D,  (men'ny-legd,)  a.    Having  liiany 

legs. 

MA'NY-I.F.T'TER-f.I),  a.    Having  many  letters. 
MA'NY- .MAS'TEK-i'.D,  a.    Having  many  masters. 

J.  Barloio. 

MA'NY-P.\RT'ED,  a.  Multipartite  ;  divided  into  sev- 
eral partSj  as  a  corol.  Mariun. 

M.\'NY-Pl-:0'PL^;i),  (inen'ny-iicep'ld,)  a.  Having  a 
numerous  population.  Sandys. 

M.-\'NY-PET'.\L- Kl),  a.    Having  many  petals. 

Martyn. 

MA'NY-PTD-ED,  a.    Having  many  sides. 
MA'NY-TI.MES  ;  an  ailverbiai  phrase.     Often;  fro- 
qllently. 

M.\'.\  V-ToN-ED,  a.    Giving  many  sounds,  tirmaiu. 
MA'NV-TI(TI!-KI),  a.    Consisting  of  many  tribi-s. 
MA'NV-TWINK'LING,  a.     Variously  twinkling  or 

gleaming.  Ontu. 
MA'.\Y-V.-\LV-/;D,  a.    Multivalvular;  having  many 

valves.  Jilarliin. 
MA'NY-VEIN-£D,  (iiicn'ny-vand,)  a.    Having  many 

veins. 

M.A'N  Y-VOIC-iSD,  (men'ny-voist,)  a.  Having  many 
voices. 

M.-\NX,  n.  A  term  applied  to  the  old  language  of  the 
Isle  of  Man. 

M.AP,  II.  [Sp.  mapn;  Port,  mappa ;  It.  mappamnnda. 
Clu.  L.  miippa.  a  cloth  or  towel,  a  Punic  word  ;  Rab- 
binic ND-D.  Maps  may  have  been  originally  drawn 
on  cloth. j 

In  geography,  a  representation  of  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  or  of  any  part  of  it,  drawn  on  paper  or  othi-r 
ni'ilrrial,  exhibiting  the  lines  of  latitude  and  liingi- 
tud<>,  and  the  positions  of  countries,  kingdoms,  states,- 
nioiintains,  rivers,  &c.  A  map  of  the  earth,  or  of  a 
large  portion  of  it,  coiiiiirelieiids  a  representation  of 
land  and  water;  but  a  representation  of  a  continent, 
or  any  portion  of  land  only,  is  properly  a  map  ■  iiid 
a  representation  of  the  ocean  only,  or  any  portion  of 
it,  is  called  a  chart.  We  say,  a  iim/j  of  England,  of 
France,  of  Europe  ;  but  a  chart  of  the  Atlantic,  of  the 
Pacific,  &.C. 

'J'he  term  is  also  applied  to  delineations  of  the 
heavens,  and,  in  geolooy,  to  delineations  of  the  stra- 
ta on  the  earth's  surface,  &c. 
MAP,  V.  t.    'J'o  draw  or  delineate,  as  the  figure  of  any 

|)ortion  of  land.  Shak. 
MA'PI.E,  (       ro  I,  I,  1 

Ma'PLE-TREF  \        L^''^'  mapultre^s,  or  mapulder.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  ;\cer,  of  several  species.  Of 

the  sap  of  the  rock-maple  sugar  is  made  in  Americii, 

in  gn  at  quantities,  by  evaponition. 
MA'PLI'I-SlJtJ'AR,  (iiii'pl-shug'ar,)  ii.  Sugar  obtained 

by  evaponition  from  the  juice  of  the  rock-maple. 
M.\P'Pi-;i),  (niapt,)  pp.    Drawn  or  delineated,  as  the 

figure  of  any  portion  of  land. 
M.-\P'PER-Y,  H.    [from  map.]    The  art  of  planning 

anil  designing  maps.  Shak. 
M.\P'PI.\(;,  ppr.    Drawing  or  delineating  on  a  map. 
M.-VP'PI.NG,  II.    The  act  or  art  of  drawing  maps. 
MAR,  V.  t.    [Sax.  merran,  mirran,  myrran,  amyrran,  to 

err,  to  deviate,  to  hinder,  to  lose,  scatter,  or  wa.ste, 

to  draw  from  or  mislead,  to  corrupt  or  deprave  ;  Sp. 

marrar,  to  deviate  from  truth  and  justice  ;  marro, 

want,  defect  ;  Ir.  mearaighim  ;  Gr.  nfiaoraftft,  (qu. 

Gr.  ftnoatpto,  L.  mareeo  ;)   It.  smarrire,  to  miss,  to 

lose  ;  smarriinentu,  a  wandering.] 

1.  To  injure  by  cutting  olT  a  part,  or  by  wounding 
and  making  defective  ;  as,  to  mar  a  tree  by  incision. 

I  pr.iy  you  mar  no  more  ucca  by  wriliii'  tongs  in  iheir  turks. 

Shak. 

Neilher  Bh.-i]l  Itiou  mar  tlic  corner*  of  thy  tx*ani.  —  Lev.  xix. 

2.  To  injure;  to  hurt;  Va  impair  the  strength  or 
purity  of. 

When  Iwcwen  mar  their  miOt  with  water.  Shak. 

3.  To  injure  ;  to  diminish  ;  to  interrupt. 

But  mirth  is  marred,  and  Uie  gootl  chwr  is  lost.  Dryden. 

4.  I'o  injure  ;  to  deform  ;  to  disfigure. 

Ire,  envy,  and  despair 
Mnrrtd  all  his  borroweil  viri^.  Milton. 
Hid  vrn-ig.'  WHS  so  marred  mop-  than  any  man.  —  Is.  lii. 
Mur.il  evil  aluiie  mart  ihe  inteUectu,il  works  of  (IimI. 

Bu^tminsfer. 

[  This  word  is  not  obsolete  in  .America.] 

.MAR,  II.    Aiiin  un-.  [Obs.] 
a.  A  lake.    [See  .Mere.] 

.MAR'A-CA.N,  ».    A  spicies  of  parrot  in  Urazil. 

MAR'A-COCK,  n.    .A  plant  of  the  gi-niis  Passirtora. 

M.^-RaI',  n.  .\  saered  inrlusurc  or  temple  among  the 
islanders  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Bradford. 

.MAR-A  NA'TIIA,  71,  [Syri.icj  The  Lord  conies  or 
has  come  ;  a  word  used  hy  llie  apostle  Paul  in  ex- 
pressing a  curse.  This  word  was  used  in  anathe- 
matizing persons  for  great  crimes  ;  .as  much  as  to 
s.ay,  "  .May  the  Lord  come  quickly  to  take  vengeance 
on  thee  for  thy  crime.*'  Otinirt. 

M.AR',\-*\0\,  II.  The  proper  name  of  a  river  in  South 
America,  the  largest  in  the  world  ;  now  more  gen- 
enillv  called  .Ima-.on.  Gareitasso. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TIl  as  in  TinS. 


87* 


MAR 


MAR 


MAR 


MAR-AS-eni'N'O,  n.  A  delicate  spirit  dinilled  from 
cherries  ;  the  best  is  from  Zara,  and  obtained  from 
tlie  nmra,'ica  cherry. 

MA-RASMUS,  n.  [Gr.  /looao-fjof,  from  /lapaii/o),  to 
caiHe  to  pine  or  waste  away-] 

Atrophy  ;  a  wastini;  of  flesh  withniit  fever  or  ap- 
parent disease  ;  a  kmd  of  consumption.  Coie.  Eitcijc. 

MA  RAUD',  V.  i.  [Fr.  maraud,  a  rascal  ;  Eth. 
maraila,  to  hurry,  to  run.    Tlie  lleb.  TiO,  to  rebel, 
may  be  tlie  same  word  ditfereiitly  applied.  Class 
■Mr,  No.  22.    The  Danish  has  tlie  word  in  mnrarier,  a 
rt)bber  in  war,  a  corsair.    So  corsair  is  from  L.  cursus, 

'J'o  rove  in  quest  of  plunder ;  to  make  an  excursion 
for  booty  ;  to  plunder. 
M.A-RAUD'Ell,  n.    A  rover  in  q'lest  of  booty  or  plun- 
der ;  a  plunderer;  usaallrj  applied  to  small  parties  of 
soUirr-'\ 

M A-R AUD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Roving  in  search  of  plun- 
der. 

MA-BAUD'ING,  n.  A  roving  for  plunder ;  a  plunder- 
ins  by  invaders. 

M.'\R-A-Ve'DI,  n.  A  small  copper  coin  of  Spain, 
equal  to  three  mills  American  money,  less  than  a 
farthing  sterliiis. 

MAR'liLE,  n.  [Fr.  marbre  ;  Sp.  m'lrmol ;  It.  warino  ; 
L.  marmur ;  Gr.  ini'  [jai}iiSy  white.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  any  species  of  calcareous 
stone  or  mineral,  of  a  compart  texture,  and  of  a 
beautiful  appearance,  suscejitible  of  a  good  polish. 
The  varieties  are  numerous,  and  greatly  diversified 
in  color.  Marble  is  limestone,  or  a  stone  which  may 
be  calcined  to  lime,  a  carbonate  of  lime  ;  but  lime- 
stone is  a  more  general  name,  compreliendiim  the  cal- 
careous stones  of  an  inferior  texture,  as  well  as  those 
which  admit  a  fine  polish.  Marble  is  much  used  for 
statues,  busts,  pillars,  chimney-pieces,  monuments, 
&c. 

2.  A  little  hall  of  marble  or  other  liard  substance, 
used  by  children  in  play. 

3.  A  stone  remarkable  for  some  inscription  or 
sculpture. 

Jlriiiidrl  marhles,      )  marble  pieces  with  a  chron- 
Jirnndclian  marbles -.^      icie  of  the  city  of  Athens 
inscrib^i  on  them,  presented  to  (he  University  of 
Oxford  by  Thomas  earl  of  Arundel.  Encijc. 
MAR'BLE,  (J.    Made  of  marble;  as,  a  mnrWc  pillar. 

2.  Variegated  in  color  ;  stained  or  veined  like  mar- 
ble ;  as,  tlie  marble  cover  of  a  book, 

3.  Hard  ;  insensible  ;  as,  a  marble  heart. 
MXR'BLE,  r.  t.    'I'o  variegate  in  col.ir  ;  to  cloud  ;  to 

stain  or  vein  like  marble  ;  as,  to  marble  the  cover  of 
a  book. 

M.KR'BLED,  pp.  or  a.  Diversified  in  color;  veined 
like  marble. 

M.\R'liLE-EDG-/;D,  a.    Having  the  ediios  marbled. 

MaR'BLE-HEART'ED,  a.  Having  a  heart  like  mar- 
ble ;  hard-hearted;  cruel;  insensible;  incapalde  of 
b  'ing  moved  by  pitj",  love,  or  syrnpatliy.  Sliak. 

MXR'BLING,  /(;"•.  Variegating  in  colors ;  clouding  m 
veining  like  marble. 

MXR'liLING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  variegating  in 
color,  in  imitation  of  marble. 

2.  An  intermixture  of  fat  and  lean  in  meat,  giving 
it  a  marbled  appearance. 

M.^R'BLY,  ado.    In  the  manner  of  marble. 

MARC,  71.  The  refuse  matter  which  remains  after  the 
pressure  of  fruit,  particularly  of  grapes. 

Farm.  Kncyc. 

[For  other  senses,  see  Mahk.] 
M.H R'C.\-SITE.  n.    [It.  marcassita  ;  Fr.  warcassile.] 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  variety  of  iron 
pvrites.  Ure. 
.MA  R-eA-SIT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  marcasite  ;  of  the 

nature!  of  marcasite.  Kiicijc. 
M.Ml-e.^S'SIN,  n.    In  armorial  bearings,  a  young  wild 
boar. 

.MAR-CE.'"CE.\T,  a.    [L.  marcescens,  Tnarceseo.] 

Withering;  fiding;  decaying. 
MAR-CES'Sl-BLE,  a.    Tiiat  may  wither;  liable  to  de- 
cay. 

MA  RCH,  V.    [L.  Martins,  from  Mars,  the  god  of  war.] 

The  third  month  of  the  year. 
MARCH,  V.  i.   To  border  on;  to  be  contiguous  to. 

[Obi.]  Ouwrr. 
M.<KCfI,r.  I.    [Fr.  marrhrr ;  Pp.  and  Port,  viarr.bar  : 

(w.  marsehiren  ;  It.  marciare,  to  march,  to  putrefy,  I.. 

vuirr.m,  Gr.  ji'initiviti  llaNqiie,  7«rtrui^i/.,  to  rot.  'I'lle 

sense*  of  thi'  Italian  word  unite  in  that  of  passing, 

deprirMng.    .See  Mab.] 

1.  To  innve  by  Rtpps  and  in  order,  as  soldiers  ;  to 
tanve  in  a  military  manner.  We  Hay,  the  army 
marcJied,  or  lh«  troops  marrhrd. 

2.  Tu  walk  in  a  grave,  deliberate,  or  stately  man- 
ner. 

Like  Ih^f,  rrrnt  con  of  Jort^,  lika  the«, 
Wh-ii  cl  iinn  ri»injr  innli-»tv, 

TImii  niarrhtMt  flown  o  rr  l)flo«'  hilU.  Pnnr. 

MXRt.'II,  r. /.  To  cau«c  lo  move,  ax  an  army.  Bona- 
parte marrhrd  an  iiiiniense  army  to  Moscow,  but  he 
(lid  not  mirch  them  back  to  France. 

3.  To  cuiiHC  to  move  in  order  or  regular  prnceHnion. 

Prior. 


MARCH,  n.     [Fr.  marche;  It.  rnarzo ;  D.  mark;  G. 
marsclt.] 

1.  The  walk  or  movement  of  soldiers  in  order, 
whether  infantry  or  cavalry.  The  troops  were  fa- 
tigued with  a  long  marrJi. 

2.  A  grave,  deliberate,  or  solemn  walk. 


The  loiij.  majestic  march.  Pope. 

3.  A  slow  or  laborious  walk.  .Addison. 

4.  A  signal  to  move ;  a  particular  beat  of  the 
drum.  Knolles. 


5.  A  piece  of  music  designed  for  soldiers  to  march 
by. 

6.  Movement  ;  progression  ;  advance ;  as,  the 
viarch  of  reason  ;  the  march  of  mind. 

MARCH'iJD,  (marcht,)  pp.     Moved  in  a  military 

manner. 
2.  Caused  to  move,  as  an  army. 
MXRCH'ER,  71.    The  lord  or  officer  who  defended  the 

marclics  or  borders  of  a  territory.  Daries. 
MARCH'ES,  n.  pi.    [Sax.  mearc  i  Goth,  marha  ;  Fr. 

marches;  D.  vtark;  Basque,  marra.    It  is  radically 

the  same  word  as  mark  and  77iarr/i.] 

Borders,  particularly  the  confines  of  England  on 

the  side  of  Scotland  or  Wales  ;  as,  lord  of  the 

marches.  Knrrland. 
MARCH'ING,  ppr.    Moving  or  walking  in  order  or  in 

a  stately  manner. 
2.  Fitted  or  accustomed  to  marching ;  pertaining 

to  a  march  ;  as,  inarcfiinir  order. 
MXRCH'ING,  71.     Military  movement;  passage  of 

troops. 

MAR'CHION-ESS,  (mir'sbun-ess,)  71.    The  wife  or 
widow  of  a  marquis;  or  a  female  having  the  rank 
and  dignity  of  a  marquis  Spelman. 
MARCH'P.\.\E,  7(.    [Fr.  massepain ;  h.  pani-!,  bread.] 
A  kind  of  sweet  bread  or  biscuit.    [JVot  vsed.] 

Sidneij. 

M.\R'CID,  a.    [L.  marcidits,  from  marceo,  to  pine.] 

Pining;  wasted  awav;  lean;  withered.  Drijden. 
MAR'CION-ITE,  71.  A  follower  of  Marcion,  a  Gnos- 
tic of  the  second  century,  who  adopted  the  Oriental 
notion  of  the  two  confiirti-ng  principles,  and  imag- 
ined that  between  them  there  existed  a  tliird  power, 
neither  wholly  good  nor  evil,  the  Creator  of  the 
world,  and  the  God  of  the  Jewish  dispensation. 

Brande. 

.MAR'eOR,  71.  [L.]  The  state  of  withering  or  wast- 
ing ;  leanness  ;  waste  of  flesh.    [Little  used.] 

Harvey. 

MaRE,  >t.    r^'i"-  77i7;ra  ;  G.  mahre.'] 

1.  The  female  of  the  horse,  or  equine  genus  of 
quadrupeds. 

2.  [Sax.  mara,  D.  nierric,  the  name  of  a  spirit  imag- 
ined by  the  nations  of  the  north  of  Europe  to  torment 
persons  in  sleep.]  In  medicine,  sighing,  suft'ocative 
panting,  intercepted  utterance,  with  a  sense  of  pres- 
sure across  the  chest,  occurring  during  sleep ;  the 
incubus.  [It  is  now  used  only  in  the  C(unpouiid, 
NifiHTMAPE,  which  ought  to  be  written  Nigiitmir.] 

M.\RE'S  NEST,  77.  A  person  is  said  to  find  a  mares- 
nest,  when  he  chuckles  over  the  discovery  of  some- 
thing which  is  absurdly  ridiculous.  Grose. 
IM.ARE'S  T.^IL,  71.  A  name  given  by  seamen  to  long, 
streaky  clouds,  spreading  out  like  a  horse's  tail,  and 
indicating  rain. 
2.  An  aquatic  plant  of  the  genus  Hippuris. 

London. 

MA-Ric'NA,  77.  A  kind  of  fish  somewhat  like  a  pil- 
chanl. 

MARE'SCIIAL,  (mir'shal,)  71.  [Fr.  marechal ;  D.  and 
G.  7narschalk  ;  Dan.  marskalk,  composed  of  W.  77i«rc, 
a  horse,  and  the  Teutonic  scalk  or  .^kalk,  sehalk,  a 
servant.  This  word  is  now  written  Marshal,  which 
see.] 

The  chief  commander  of  an  armv.  Prior. 
MXR'GA-RATE,  71.    [h.  marirarita,A  pearl,  from  the 
Greek.] 

In  chemistry,  a  compound  of  margaric  acid  with  a 
base. 

MAR  GAR'ie,  a.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  pearl.  The 
mariraric  acid  is  obtained  by  digesting  soap  in  water 
with  an  acid.  It  appears  in  the  form  of  pearly  scales. 

Sillinuin. 

MXR'GA-RIN,  )  71.  A  peculiar,  pearl-like  substance, 
MAR'GA-RINE,  (    extracted  from  hog's  lard. 

Silliman. 

MAR'GA-RITE,  n.    A  pearl.  I'nnliam. 
y.  A  mineral  of  a  grayish-white  color,  allied  to 
mica,  found  in  Tj  rol.  Dana. 
MAIt-GA-RIT'lC  AC'ID,  71.    One  of  the  fatty  acids 
which  result  from  the  saponificutiun  of  castor  oil. 

Brandr. 

MXR'GA-RONE,  71.  A  peculiar  fatty  substance,  ciys- 
talli/.iiig  in  pearly  scales,  [iroduced  by  the  distillation 
of  a  mixture  of  luarcarie  acid  and  quicklime.  Brande. 

MAR-(;A-TIF'ER-()IIS,  a.    Produi  iiig  pearls. 

MaR'GAV,  71.  A  Brazilian  animal  of  the  cat  kind, 
the  Felis  Margay. 

MAR'GIN,n.  [formerly  mnrn-f  or  TTiarjrar.  Vr. marge; 
Arm.  man;  It.  mar  trine  ;  Sp.  mnriren;  L.  mar  go  ; 
Dan.  tnnrg.  It  coincides  in  elements  with  marches.] 
1.  A  border;  edge;  brink;  verge;  us,  the  margin 
of  a  river  or  lake. 


2.  The  edge  of  the  leaf  or  page  of  a  book,  left 
blank  or  filled  with  notes. 

3.  The  edge  of  a  wound. 

4.  In  botany,  the  edge  of  a  leaf.  Lee 
Maroe  is  used  by  Spenser,  and    Marke.nt  by 

Pliakspeare. 

MAR'GIN,  !>.  t.    To  furnish  with  a  margin;  to  border 
2.  To  enter  in  the  margin. 

MAR'OIN-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  margin. 

2.  Written  or  printed  in  the  margin  ;  as,  a  margin- 
al note  or  gloss. 

MAR'GIN-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  margin  of  a  book. 

M.KR'GIN-aTE,  r.  t.  To  make  brims  or  inargin.i. 
[Ohs.]  Cuckeram. 

MXR'GIN-ATE,     )       rr  ■    ,  1 

MAR'GIN-a-TED,  1  """•£■'«<-,  margntatus.] 

Having  a  prominent  margin. 

MAR'GL\-f,'I),  ;ip.  Furnished  with  a  margin  -i  lered 
in  the  margin. 

MAR'GIN-ING,  ppr.    Fiirnishin!;  with  a  m,.  '3  -  . 

MXR'GODE,  71,  A  bluisli-:;ray  stone,  resembling  clay 
in  external  appearance,  but  so  hard  as  to  cut  spars 
and  zeolites.  JVicholson. 

MAR'GOT,  71.  A  fish  of  the  perch  kind,  found  in  the 
waters  of  Carolina.  Pennant. 

MXR'GRaVE,  h.  [D.  markgraff:  G.  markgraf;  Dan, 
margraeve  :  compounded  of  mark,  march,  a  border, 
and  grnff,  graf,  or  grave,  an  eaii  or  count.  See  RtE  ve 
and  Sheriff.] 

Originally,  a  lord  or  keeper  of  the  marches  or  bor- 
ders ;  now,  a  title  of  nobility  in  Germany,  &.C.  It  is 
equivalent  to  the  English  .VlARqi  is. 

MAR-GRa'VI-ATE,  71.  The  territory  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  margrave. 

MAR'GRA-VINE,  71.    The  wife  of  a  margrave. 

MAR'I-ETS,  7!.    A  kind  of  violet;  Viola  marina. 

MA-RIG'E-NOUS,  a.  [L.  77ja7-e,  the  sea,  and  gigno, to 
produce.] 

Produced  in  or  bv  the  sea.  Kirman. 
MAR'I  Gold,  71.    [it  is  called  in  Welsh  goUl,  which 
is  said  to  be  from  gol,  going  round  or  covering.  In 
D.  it  is  called  goaihbloem,  gold-flower  ;  in  G.  ringel- 
blum",  ring-flower;  in  Dau.  gnldblomst,  gold  flower.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Calendula,  bearing  a  yellow 
flower.  There  are  several  plants  of  dilferent  genera 
bearing  this  name ;  as  the  African  marigold,  of  the 
genus  Tagetes  ;  corn-marigold,  of  the  genus  Cliry- 
santlieuiiiin;  fi^-marigold,  of  the  genus  Mesembry- 
anthemuin  ;  marsli-nnnVi'W,  of  the  genus  Caltha. 
M.M{-I-Ki'N  A,  71.  A  small  South  .American  monkey, 
with  fine,  silky  hair,  of  a  golden,  yellow  color,  and  a 
mane  about  its  neck  ;  also  called  the  Silky  Tamarin. 

Jardine. 

M.\R'IN-aTE,  7'.  (.    [Fr.  mariner,  from  mariiic] 

To  salt  or  pickle  fish,  and  then  preserve  Ihem  in 
oil  or  vinegar.    [Little  used.]  .Johnson. 

MA-IUNE',  (ma-reen',)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  marinus,  from 
mare,  the  sea,  W,  inor,  G.  vieer,  Celtic  mnir,  Riiss. 
vwre.  Sans,  mirah.  The  seven  lakes  within  the  Del- 
ta Venetiim  were  formerly  called  septem  maria,  and 
TTiare  may  signify  a  stand  of  water.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  sea  ;  as,  marine  productions  or 
bodies  ;  marine  shells. 

2.  Transacted  at  sea;  done  on  the  ocean;  as,  a 
marine  engagement. 

3.  Doing  duty  on  the  sea  ;  as,  a  marine  officer;  7na- 
riTic  forces. 

Marine  acid;  muriatic  acid,  or,  more  properly,  hy- 
drochloric acid.  Silliman. 
JIA-RINE',  71.  A  soldier  that  serves  on  board  of  a  ship, 
and  fights  in  naval  engagements.  In  the  plural,  ma- 
rines, a  body  of  troops  trained  to  do  military  service 
on  board  of  ships, 

2.  The  whole  navy  of  a  kingdom  or  state.  Hamilton. 

3.  The  whole  economy  of  naval  affairs,  compre- 
hending the  building,  rigging,  equipping,  navigating, 
and  management  of  ships  of  war  in  engagements. 

MAll'IN-ER,  71.   [Fr.  marinier,  from  I>.  7nnre,  the  sea.] 
A  seanian  or  sailor ;  one  whose  occupation  is  to 

assist  in  navignting  ships. 
M.\R-IN-0  i;\  .  lA,  71,     [L,  7iiarc,  the  sea,  and  Gr. 

Ofiaf'),  to  see.] 

A  term  applied  to  views  of  the  sea. 
MAR'l-Pl'T,  n.  The  zoi  il,  an  animal  of  the  skunk  tribe, 
M.\R'ISH,  n.    [Fr.  marais:  Sax.  771c7-.sc  ;  D.  nwcras;  G, 

morast :  from  I-.  7«nrr,  W.  mor,  the  sea.] 

Low  ground,  wet  or  covered  with  water  and  coarse 

grass ;  a  fen  ;  a  bog  ;  a  moor.    It  is  now  written 

Marsh,  whicii  .see.  Sandys.  Mdton. 

MAR'ISII,  a.    Mooiy  ;  fenny  ;  boggy.  Bacon. 
INI AR'I-T.\I.,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  marilus,  Fr.  ma7i,  a 

liiisba  111.] 

reitaining  to  a  husband.  .^yliffr. 
M.\R'I-TI.ME,  (-tiui,)  a.  [li.  mnritimns,  from  inarc.tbe 
sea.  ] 

1.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  or  ocean  ;  as, 
viaritioir  allairs. 

2.  Performed  on  the  sea ;  naval ;  as,  maritime  ser- 
vice. 

3.  Bordering  on  the  sea  ;  a«,  a  maritime  coast. 

4.  Situated  near  the  sea  ;  as,  maritime  towns. 

.I.  Having  a  navy  and  commerce  by  sea;  as,  77wi- 
timr  powers.    [Mariiimai.  is  not  now  n.ted.] 
J^'ole. —  We  never  say,  a  maritime  body,  a  Tnorilim* 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


6!>4 


MAR 

shell  iir  iinidiicliun,  n  maritime  oincer  or  engageinuiit, 
mnritini^  Wiiiiilt^.    fSct:  Maui  ne.] 

MAR'.U)-R.\.M,  ».  [Vi;.  miirjiilaine ;  tu  mnrirttraita  ;  G, 
marjiiriin  ;  1).  nitiriutien  ;  t?p.  mfjoruna ;  Arm.  marjvli 
Purl,  maiiirrntua.] 

A  plant  of  till!  genus  Oriiianiiin,  of  several  species. 
The  sweet  inarjorani  is  pertiliarly  aroiii.'itie  ami  fra- 
prant,  ainl  iiiiieli  used  in  eiiokery.  'J'he  Spanish  niar- 
joraiii  is  nf  the  2eni:-i  L.'rtica.  Fum.  vf  Plants. 

iMAKK,  n.  [Sax.  marc^  mettrr.  i  D.  vterk  ;  O.  vtarke  i 
Dan.  iiKPrke :  S\v.  marke ;  \\\  ware;  Fr.  manfue;  .Arm. 
mrrcq :  Sp.  Purt.  anil  It.  niiirca  :  Sans,  marrca.  'I'lie 
wuru  ciMncides  in  eleni;-nts  with  iimrc/i,  and  with 
vi'irchcs^  horde'rs,  (liu  utmost  extent,  and  with  market, 
and  L.  meiri/r,  tlie  primary  sense  of  which  is  tii  Ro, 
lo  pass,  as  wc  see  hy  the  (Ireek  tnT«ijt\u)^ai^  I'rum 
itiiii(v),ai,  to  pjiss,  Kng.  fair,  and  fare  Thus  in 
Dutch,  mark  sisnities  n  mark,  a  boundary,  and  a 
march.    Chss  Mr,  No.  7,  Ar.) 

1.  A  visilde  line  made  hy  drawing  one  substance 
on  another  ;  as,  a  mark  made  by  chalk  or  charcoal,  or 
a  pen. 

2.  \  line,  croove,  or  depression,  made  hy  stamping 
or  cutting;  an  incision  :  a  ciiann'-l  or  inipressi(>n  ;  as, 
the  viark  of  a  chisel,  of  a  stamp,  <tf  a  rod  or  wliip  ; 
iJic  mark  of  the  finger  or  foot. 

3.  Any  note  or  sign  of  distinction. 
Tlu'  l.onl  iPi  n  niark  upon  C.iin.  — licii.  iv. 

4.  Any  visible  etfect  of  force  or  agency. 
Tlu're  lire  scirce  any  markt  li-ft  of  a  subLemiivous  fin'. 

Additon. 

5.  Any  apparent  or  intelligible  efTect ;  proof ;  evi- 
dence. 

'I'ht*  confmioii  of  tongues  was  n  mark  of  separation.  Bacon, 
C.  Notice  taken. 

The  I;\W8 
vl  like  ihc  forfeiu  in  ii  bnrlxr't  shop. 


A*  iniicli  fur  MHXk  M  mark. 


Slink. 


7.  /Vny  tiling  to  which  a  missile  weapon  may  be 
directed. 

Pr.tncr  was  a  f.iin'r  mark  to  shoot  .i(  thnn  In-tnnd.  Daviet. 

8.  .^iiy  obj-ct  used  as  a  guide,  or  to  which  the 
minil  may  be  directed.  The  donn-of  the  state  house, 
in  H.  ston,  is  a  pood  mark  for  seamen. 

9.  .Any  thing  visibK'  by  which  knowledge  of  sonje- 
tUing  niay  be  obtained  ;  indication  ;  as,  tlie  marks  of 
age  in  a  horse.  Civility  is  a  mark  of  |>oIiteness  or  re- 
spect.   Levity  is  a  mark  of  weakness. 

10.  A  character  made  by  a  person  who  can  not 
write  his  name,  and  intended  as  a  substitute  fur  it. 

11.  [Fr.  marc,  Sp.  warco.]  .\  weiglu  of  certain 
comuuHlities,  but  particularly  of  gold  and  silver,  used 
in  several  states  iif  li^urope  ;  in  Great  Britain,  a  money 
4tf  account  equal  to  thirteen  shillings  and  four  pence. 
In  siune  countries  it  is  a  coin. 

li  .\  license  of  reprisals.    [Pee  MiaqrE.] 
MARK.u.  t.    [Sax.  mrarcian:  It.vierken:  G.  markrn  ; 
Dan.  mtrrkrr ;  Sw.  mdrka  :  Fr.  marquer:  Arm.  mrrc- 
qa  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  marcar  ;  It.  marenre  ;  \V.  marciato.] 

1.  'I'o  draw  or  make  a  visible  line  or  character 
with  any  substance  ;  as,  to  mark  with  chalk  or  with 
compasses. 

2.  To  stamp ;  to  impress  ;  to  make  a  visible  im- 
pr°ssion,  figure,  or  indenture  ;  as,  lo  mark  a  sheep 
with  a  brand. 

3.  To  make  an  incision  ;  to  lop  otT a  part ;  to  make 
any  sign  of  distinction  ;  as,  to  mark  sheep  or  cattle 
by  cuts  in  their  ears. 

4.  To  form  a  name,  or  the  initials  of  a  name,  for 
distinction  ;  as,  to  mark  cloth  ;  to  mark  a  handker- 
chi  f. 

5.  To  notice  ;  to  take  particular  observation  of. 
ytnrk  them  who  &iuse  divisiona       ofrenaes,  —  Rum.  xvi. 
Mnrk  (he  perf  ct  mitn,  and  lyhul'l  Uie  uprigtit,  lor  tlie  end  of 

th.u  nutu  b  peace.  —  Ps.  xxxrii. 

6.  To  heed  ;  to  regard.  Smith, 
To  mark  out ;  to  notify  as  by  a  mark  ;  to  point  out ; 

to  di'signate.    The  ringleaders  were  marked  out  for 
seizure  :Lnd  punishment. 
.M.^KK,  V.  1.   To  niite  ;  to  observe  critically  ;  to  take 
particular  notice  ;  to  remark. 

AJark,  i  pmy  you,  naii  se«  how  this  nisn  seckcUi  mischief.—  ! 
Kiii^  XX. 

MXRK'.A-I!I,E,  (I.  Remarkable.  [Aut  m  ii.«r.]  Sandys. 
MARK'KD,  (inUrkt,)  pp.  or  a.    Impressed  with  any 

note  or  figure  of  distinction ;  noted ;  distinguished 

by  some  cliaracter. 
MXRK'BR,  n.   One  who  puts  a  mark  on  any  thing. 

2.  Due  th.at  notes,  or  takes  notice. 

3.  .\  counter  used  in  card-plaving. 
.MARK'ET,  ».    [I),  and  G.  markt:  Dan.  markrd :  Fr. 

marrhe :  Ann.  marckad  :  It.  mrrcato :  Sp.  and  Port. 
mrrcado ,  L.  nirrcatas,  from  mercor,  to  buy  ;  \V.  marc- 
nat:  Ir.  marrad.'i.  tSee  .M  vrk.] 

1.  A  public  pl.ice  in  a  city  or  town  where  provis- 
ions or  cattle  are  exposed  to  's.ale  ;  an  appointed  place 
for  selling  and  buying  at  private  8,ale,  as  distinguished 
rroin  an  auction. 

2.  A  public  building  in  which  provisions  arc  ex- 
posed to  sale  ;  a  iiiarket-bousr. 

3  Sale  ;  the  exchange  of  provisions  or  goods  for 
money  ;  purchase,  or  rate  of  purcli.ase  and  sale.  The 


MAR 

seller  says  he  conies  to  a  bad  m<irA«f,  when  the  buyer 
says  he  comes  to  a  good  ittnrkH.  VVe  say,  the  mark- 
ets are  low  or  high  ;  by  which  we  iiiidersiand  the 
price  or  rate  of  purchase.  VVe  say  th.it  comiiiudilies 
lind  a  quick  or  ready  market ;  markets  are  dull.  We 
are  n  jt  able  to  find  a  market  for  our  goods  or  pro- 
visions. 

4.  Pl.aceof  sale ;  as,  the  British  market ;  the  Ameri- 
can market. 

5.  The  privilege  of  keeping  a  public  market. 
MARK'ET,  D.  1.    To  d»al  in  market;  to  buy  or  sell; 

to  make  bargains  for  provisions  or  goods. 
MARK'ET-liASK  ET,  n.     A  basket  for  conveying 

tilings  from  a  market. 
M\RK'ET-liEI,l.,  Ti.    The  bell  that  gives  notice  of 

the  time  or  day  of  market. 
iM.\RK'ET-eR6sS,  n.  A  cross  .set  up  where  a  market 

is  held. 

MXRK'ET-CRI-ER,  n.    A  crier  in  market. 
MARK'F.T-D.W,  n.    The  day  of  a  public  market. 
MARK'ET-KoLK.S,  (-(okes,)  n.  pi.    People  that  come 

to  the  market.  Skak. 
iMARK'ET-IIOUSE,   n.     A  building  for  a  public 

market. 

MARK'l"r-.AI.\ID,  n.  A  woman  that  brings  things  to 
market. 

MA KK'ET-M.\N,  n.  A  man  that  brings  things  to 
market. 

MARK'ET-PLACE,  n.  The  pKace  where  provisions 
or  gooils  are  exposed  to  sale. 

MA RK'ET-PRICE,  ;  ;i.   The  current  price  of  com- 

M.\  RK'ET-R.^TE,  j     modities  at  any  given  tiim-. 

.MA  ItK'ET-TOWN,  n.  A  town  that  has  the  privilege 
of  a  stateil  public  market. 

.MA  RK'ET-\VO.M-A.\,  71.  A  woman  that  brings 
things  to  market,  or  that  attends  a  market  for  sell- 
ing any  tiling. 

MARK'ET-A-HLE,  a.    That  maybe  sold;  salable; 
fit  for  the  market. 
2.  Current  in  market ;  as,  marketable  value. 

Lueke.  Kdirards. 

MARK'ET-A-nLE-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  iiiar- 
kitable. 

MARK'ET-IN'R,  ppr.    Purchasing  in  market. 
MAR1\'ET-I.\'(!,  ;i.    Articles  in  market;  supplies. 

2.  Attendance  upon  market. 
MARK'IA'G-INK,  n.    Indelible  ink  used  for  marking 
clothes. 

MARK'hN'G-I'RON,  (-I'urn,)  n.  An  iron  for  mark- 
ing. 

.MARK'ING-NUT,  »i.  The  cashew-nut,  whose  juice 
alTords  an  indelible  ink  for  marking  linen. 

MARKS'MA.N,  n.  [mark  and  man.]  One  that  is 
skdlful  to  hit  a  mark  ;  he  that  shoots  well. 

Slmk.  Drijden. 
2.  One  who,  not  able  to  write,  makes  his  mark 
in^itead  of  his  name. 

MA  111,,  n.  [VV.  mart :  D.  Sw.  Dan.  and  G.  mersel ;  I.. 
Sp.  and  It.  marina;  Ir.  marla  ;  Arm.  martr.  It  seems 
to  be  allied  to  Sax.  vierjr,  meark  ;  D.  merg,  marrow, 

and  to  be  named  from  its  softness  ;  Eth. 
clay,  gA'psiim,  or  mortar.    See  Marrow. 1 

All  earth,  or  clay,  containing  more  or  less  of  car- 
bonate of  lime,  and  effervescing  consequently  ivith 
an  acid.    It  is  much  used  for  manure. 

[I'lie  term  marl  is  sometimes  applied,  though  im- 
properly, to  other  earths,  used  as  manures,  as  the 
preensand  of  New  Jersey.] 

MARL,  V.  U    To  overspread  or  manure  with  marl. 
2.  To  wind  or  twist  a  small  line  or  rope  round  an- 
other. R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 

MARUA'CEOl'S,  (-a'shus,)  0.  Resembling  marl ; 
partaking  of  the  qualities  of  marl. 

MARL'ICU,  pp.  Manured  with  marl;  wound  with 
marline. 

MXR'LI.VE,  (m'ir'Iin,)  n.    [.=!p.  mrrZin  ;  Port,  nicr/i'm.] 
A  small  line  composed  of  two  strands  little  twist- 
ed, and  either  tarred  or  white ;  iks<<d  (uT  winding 
round  ropes  and  cables,  to  prevent  their  being  fret- 
ted by  the  blocks,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

M.\R'I,I.\E,  r.  t.    To  wind  marline  round  a  rope. 

MAR'LI.N'E-SPIKE,  11.  An  iron  tiMiI,  Uiperiiig  to  a 
point,  used  to  separate  the  strand  of  a  rope,  in  splic- 
ing. HrberU 

MARL'ING,  n.    The  net  of  manuring  with  marl. 

2.  The  act  of  winding  a  small  line  about  a  rope,  to 
prevent  its  being  galled 

MARL'I.NG,  ;i;ir.  (Jverspreading  with  marl;  wind- 
ing with  marline. 

MARI.'ITE,  N.    A  variety  of  marl.  Kinran. 

MARL-IT'ie,  a.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  mar- 
lite. 

MARL'PIT,  II.  .\  pit  where  marl  is  dug.  Woodieard. 
.MARL'Y,  a.    Consisting  or  partaking  of  inarl. 

2.  Resembling  marl.  Mortimer. 

3.  .Abounding  with  marl. 

MA  R'.M  A-LADE,  n.  [Vt.  jHarmelade :  Sp.  mrrmelada; 
Port,  marmrlada,  from  mnrmelv,  a  quince,  L.  meto,  or 
Sp.  mrlado,  like  honey,  L.  mrt.] 

The  pulp  of  quinces  lioiled  into  a  consistence  with 
sugar,  or  a  confection  of  pliiins^  apricots,  quinces, 
ke.,  Ihiiled  wiin  sugar.  In  Scotland,  it  is  made  of 
Scvdie  oranges  and  sugar  only.     Quiiicy.  Eucye. 


MAR 

MXR'.MA-TITE,  n.    [from  murmatn,  in  New  Granada.] 
A  black  mineral,  consisting  of  the  sulphun  ti  of 
zinc  and  iron.  Dana. 
JIAU'.MO-I.l  ri;,  n.    [Gr.  imniiainu),  to  shin".] 

A  fcdiated  .serpentine,  of  a  pearly  gray,  bluish,  or 
greenish  color,  cleaving  iiitolliiii,  brittle  UuiiiniB. Dana. 
MAR  .MO-RA'l"EOUS,  (-i'sliiis,)  n.  Pertainijigtoorlike 
marble,  [.ssee  Marmobeab, the  more  legitimate  word.] 

MA!rMo:RA/i'^-n,|-  [L-~,'"-ble.] 

1.  Variegated  like  marble. 

2.  ("overed  with  marble.    [Liltle  used.] 
MAR-.MO-RA'TIO.V,  «.  A  covering  or  incrusting  with 

marbb-.     { hitir  nsrd.] 
MAR-.\10-Ra'TIJ.\I,  71.  [I..]  In  arcAitfcfurr,  a  cement 

formed  of  pounded  marble  and  lime  well  beaten  and 
MAR-.M6'Ri;-A.\,  n.    [I,.  77iar77i»rfi«.]  [mixed. 

1.  Pertaining  to  marble. 

2.  .Maile  of  marble. 

lIAR'MoSi;,  H.  An  animal  resembling  the  opossum, 
but  less  J  the  DiiU  lphis  .Muriiia  of  Cayenne  aim 
Surinam.  Instead  of  a  bag,  this  animal  has  two 
longitudinal  fidils  near  the  thighs,  which  serve  to  in- 
close the  young.       Dirt.  Aaf.  //t.vf.    Kdin.  Enrnr. 

MAR'MO-SET,  n.    A  small  monkey.  Sh'al:. 

.MAR'. MOT,  n.    [It.  77inrmo((a.] 

A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Arctoinys,  allied  to  the 
murine  tribe.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the  rabbit,  and 
inhabits  the  higher  ri'gion  of  the  .Alps  and  Pyrenees. 
The  name  is  also  givi  ii  to  oilier  s|)<  cies  of  the  genus. 
The  woodcliiu  k  of  iN'ortli  ,America  is  called  the  .Ma- 
r\  l  ind  ni'iriiiot.  iv/.  Enenc. 

.M  A  R'< )  N'-ITKS,  71.  pi.  A  body  of  nominal  Christians, 
wlio  speak  the  .Arabic  language  and  reside  on  .Mount 
1,1'baiion.  They  take  their  name  from  one  Mari:n  of 
the  sixth  century,  and  were  charged  with  the  heresy 
of  the  .Moiioilie'lites.  Ilioiigh,  as  they  claim,  errone- 
ously. They  have,  for  the  last  six  hundred  years,' 
belonged  to  the  Roman  Catliidic  church,  though 
without  giving  up  their  ancient  peculiarities. 

Kncije.  Am. 

M  A-ROON',71.  A  name  given  to  free  blacks  living  on 
the  moiiMlains  in  the  West  India  NIes. 

MA-RO(  ».\',  r.  t.  To  put  a  sailor  ashore  on  a  desolate 
isle,  under  pretense  of  his  having  coininitted  souk; 
great  crime,  Encyc. 

MA-ROO.N',  a.    Brownish  crimson  ;  of  a  claret  color. 

.MA-ROO.N"f;i),  pp.    Put  ashore  on  a  desolate  isle. 

WAR'PLOT,  71.  One  who,  by  his  officious  inter- 
ference, mars  or  defeats  a  design  or  plot. 

.AlARUL'E,  71.  [Fr.]  Letters  of  7«ar7Hf  are  li  tters  of 
reprisal ;  a  license  or  extraordinary  commission  i: rant- 
ed by  a  sovereign  of  one  stale  to  his  subjects,  to  make 
reprisals  at  sea  on  the  subjects  of  another,  under  pre- 
tense of  iiidemnitication  for  injuries  received.  Jtarqae 
is  said  10  be  from  Ilie  same  root  as  marehes,  limits, 
frontiers  ;  and,  litrrnlhj,  to  denote  a  license  to  pass 
the  limits  of  a  jurisdiction  on  land,  for  the  purjiose  of 
obtaining  satisfaction  for  the  lliefi  by  seizing  I  he  pro|>- 
erty  of  the  subjects  of  a  foreign  nation  I  can  give 
nil  belter  account  of  llie  origin  of  this  word,  funnier, 
2.  The  ship  commissioned  for  making  reprisals, 

MAIt-ai'EE',  (iiLlr-ktV,)  «.    [Fr,]    A  large  field-tenL 

,MAlt  UlfESS,  n.    See  .Marslis, 

[Till  of  late,  marquis  was  the  most  common,  but 
is  now  to  a  griiat  extent  superseded  hy  marques.-*,  ex- 
cept in  the  foreign  title.  Smart.] 

.MAR  UL'EI'-RV,  (mir-kel-ry,)  «.  [Fr.  marquettrie, 
from  marque,  marqaetrr,  to  sjMlt.] 

Inlaid  work:  work  inlaid  with  different  pieces  of 
divers  colored  line  wihkI,  shells,  ivory,  and  the  like. 

.M.\R'ULUS,  n.  [  Fr.  iV/. ;  marques :  It.  marehese  ; 
from  march,  inarches,  limits.    See  .Marches.] 

\  title  of  honor  in  Gre.al  Britain,  France,  and  Ger- 
many, next  bel.iw  that  of  duke.  Originally,  the 
iinrqiiis  was  an  otticer  whose  duly  was  to  guard  the 
marches  or  frontiers  of  the  kingdom.  The  oliice  has 
cexsed,  and  marquis  is  now  a  mere  title  conferred  by 
patent,  Enriie. 

.MAR'aUIS,  n,    .A  marchioness,    [06s.]  Sh'ak. 

.MAR'lil'lS-ATE,  71,  The  seigniory,  dignity,  yr  lord- 
ship of  a  marquis, 

M.\  U'RA;1),  (mird,) Injured;  impaired, 

.M.\R'IU'.R,  n.  [from  7n<ir.]  One  that  mars,  hurts, 
or  impairs.  A^eham. 

.M.\l!'RI-A-ltLE,  for  .MARRiAOEAnLE,    [J^'ot  used,] 

.M.AR'RIAGE,  (mtir'rij,)  n,  [Fr.  mariatfe,  from  marier, 
to  marry,  from  mari,  a  husband  ;  L.  7/ia^,  maris  ;  Sp. 
murula'^Se,] 

1.  The  art  of  uniting  a  man  and  woman  for  life; 
wedlock  ,  the  legal  union  of  a  man  and  woman  for 
life.  Marriaire  is  a  contract  both  civil  and  religious, 
by  which  llie  parties  engage  to  live  together  in  iniitit- 
ai  atf<-ction  and  fidelity  till  de.ath  shall  separate 
them.  M^irriaire  was  instiiiited  by  (Jod  himself,  for 
the  piirfHise  of  preventing  the  promiscuous  inter- 
course of  the  sexes,  for  promoting  domestic  f-Iicity, 
and  for  securing  the  maintenance  and  education  of 
children. 

MarriagK  Is  hononUtte  in  all,  siul  the  be<t  unrieflled.  —  llec.  xui. 

2.  .A  feast  made  on  the  occasion  of  a  marriage 
king  whKD  bxJe 


The  kui^luin 
a  tnarria' 


,f  h.-i.veii 
'  tor  Ins  I 


TONF^  B^JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1 


MAR 

3.  In  a  scriptural  sense^  the  union  lietween  Christ 
and  his  church  l)y  the  Cdvenaiit  of  grace.  Rrv.  xix. 
MAIl'KIAGE-A-BI,E,  (m.ir'rij-a-bl,)  a.  Of  an  use 
suitable  fur  marriage  ;  fit  to  be  married.  Yonng  per- 
sons are  marriageable  at  an  earlier  age  in  warm  cli- 
mates than  in  cold. 

0.  Cap;ible  of  union.  Mlton. 
MAR'RI.^GlVXR'Ti  eLES,  n.  pi.  Contract  or  agree- 
ment on  which  a  marriage  is  founded. 

iMAR'RIAGE-F.^'VOIl?.  n.  pi.  Knots  of  white  rib- 
buns,  or  bunches  of  white  flowers,  worn  at  wed- 
diims. 

MAR'RI-£D,  pp.  or  a.  [from  marrij.]  United  in  wed- 
lock ;  wedded. 

3   Conjugal ;  connubial  ;  as,  the  married  state. 
MAR'RI-ER,  n.    One  who  marries. 
MXR'liING,  p;»r.    Injuring;  impairing. 
MAU-HOOX'.    See  Maroon. 

MAR'RoVV^,  )!.  [Sax.  merg,  mearh  ;  D.  menr ;  G. 
mark  ;  Dan.  marv  ;  Sw.  mar<r ;  Corn,  maru  ;  Ir.  smir 
atid  smear;  \V.  mcr,  marrow;  Ch.  N"»ID  mera,  to 
make  fat;  Ar.  to  be  manly.    See  JIarl.)  v 

1.  A  soft,  ul.-aginous  substance  contained  in  the 
cavities  of  animal  bones. 

2.  The  essence  ;  the  best  part. 

3.  In  tlie  Sriittisk  dialect,  a  companion  ;  fellow  ;  as- 
sociate ;  match.  Tussrr. 

MAR'RoW,  V.  t.  To  fill  with  marrow  or  with  fat ;  to 
glut. 

M.\I!'RoW-BoNE,  ii.  A  bone  containing  marrow,  or 
boiled  for  its  marruw.  V Estrange. 

9.  The  bone  of  the  knee  ;  in  ludicrous  lamruafre. 
MAR'UOW-FAT,  71.    A  kind  of  rich  pea.  [Dn/dcn. 
MAR'KoW-ISH,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  marrow. 

Burton. 

MAR'RoW-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  marrow.  Shak. 
MAR'RoW-Y,  a.    Full  of  marrow  ;  pithy. 
MAR'RY,  V.  t.    [Fr.  marier,  from  inari,  a  husband  ;  L. 
mas,  maris,  a  male  ;  Finnisli,  mari  or  nwrd,  id. ;  Ar. 

mora,  to  be  manlv,  masculine,  brave  ;  whence 

its  derivatives,  a  man,  L.  vir,  a  husband,  a  lord  or 
master.    See  also  Ludolf,  Eth.  Lex.  Col.  (i2.] 

1.  To  unite  in  wedlock  or  matrimony;  to  join  a 
man  and  woman  for  life,  and  constitute  tliein  man 
and  wife  according  to  the  laws  or  customs  of  a  na- 
tion. By  the  laws,  ordained  clergymen  have  a  right 
to  marry  persons  within  certain  limits  j>rescribed. 

Tell  him  he  shall  marry  ih-  couple  himself.  Cay. 

2.  To  dispose  of  in  wedlock. 

Mieceins  toltl  Augustus  Ik  must  either  marry  his  (Lmjliter  Julia 
to  A^pp  i,  or  l;il(e  aw.iy  liis  lile.  Baton. 

[In  this  sense,  it  is  properly  ajtplicable  to  females 
onlij.] 

3.  To  take  for  husband  or  wife.  We  say,  a  man 
marries  a  woman  ;  or  a  woman  marries  a  man.  The 
first  was  the  original  sense,  but  both  are  now  well 
authurized. 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  unite  in  covenant,  or  in  the 
closest  connection. 

Turn,  O  hackslidin*  cliiMren,  s.iilh  Jehovah,  for  1  am  jnarried 
unto  you.  — J-  r.  iii. 

MAR'RY,  r,  i.  To  enter  into  the  conjugal  state ;  to 
unite  as  husband  and  wife  ;  to  take  a  husband  or  a 
wife. 

If  the  case  of  the  man  be  so  with  his  wife,  it  is  not  gooil  to 

marry.  —  Matt.  xix. 
I  will,  therefore,  that  the  younger  women  tnarry.  —  I  Tim.  v. 

M.^R'RY,  a  term  of  asseveration,  is  said  lo  have  been 
derived  from  the  practice  of  swearing  by  the  Virgin 
Mary.    It  is  obsolete. 

M.Ml'RY-ING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  wedlock;  disposing 
of  in  marriage. 

MARS,  II.    In  mi/f/io/o^i,  the  god  of  war. 

2.  In  aslrunnmu,  a  planet  of  a  deep  red  color.  Its 
diameter  is  about  half  that  of  the  earth  f  and  its 
mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  142  milliuns  of  miles. 
'.i.  In  the  old  chemistry,  a  term  fur  iron. 

MARSH,  n.  [Sax.  mersc  ;  Fr.  marais  ;  Vi.moerns;  G. 
mora-i.  It  w;is  formerly  written  iM arish,  directly  from 
the  French.  We  have  mitrass  from  the  Teutonic. 
See  Moor.] 

A  tract  of  low  land,  usually  or  occasionally  cov- 
creil  with  water,  or  very  wet  and  miry,  and  over- 
grown with  coarse  grass,  or  with  detached  clumps  of 
Kcdge ;  a  f<'n.  It  diders  from  swamp,  which  is 
m i  rely  moist  or  spongy  land,  but  ofleii  producing 
valuable  crops  of  grass.  Low  land,  occasionally 
ovrllowi  d  bv  thi'  tides,  is  called  salt  marsh. 

MXIlSll'-ItRF;i),  u.    Bred  in  a  marsh.  Coleridirr. 

.MARSir-EI.'DER,  n.  The  gelder  rose,  a  Kpecics  of 
V'lliiiriium.  l^rr. 

.MAKSII'-.MAI.'I.CW,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Al- 
tliiea. 

MAIISII'-MAR'I-GfjI.U,  n.  A  plant  of  the  cenUH 
rVillha. 

.MA RHII'-ROCK'ET,  n.    A  specicH  of  water  cresses. 

JoUti'.on. 

.MA  R'SHAL,  n.  [Vt.marrc.hal;  I),  and  G.  warsrhalk  ; 
Dan.  marnhalk  ;  com[HHA(ltrd  of  \V.  marc,  a  horstr, 
and  Tuut.  tceak,  or  tchalk,  or  akalk,  a  Hervant,    '1  he 


MAR 

latter  word  now  signifies  a  rogue.  In  Celtic,  seal  or 
sc(i;i;  signified  a  man,  boy,  or  servant  In  Fr.  mare- 
chal,  Sp.  mariscal,  signify  a  marshal  and  a  farrier.] 

Originally,  an  officer  who  had  the  care  of  horses; 
a  groom.    In  more  modern  usage, 

1.  The  chief  officer  of  arms,  whose  duly  it  is.  to 
regulate  combats  in  the  lists.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  regulates  rank  and  order  at  a  feast  or 
any  other  assembly,  directs  the  order  of  procession, 
and  the  like. 

3.  .\  harbinger;  a  pursuivant;  one  who  goes  be- 
fore a  prince  to  declare  his  coming  and  provide  en- 
tertainment. Johnson. 

4.  In  France,  the  highest  military  officer.  In  other 
countries  of  Europe,  a  marshal  is  a  military  officer  of 
high  rank,  and  called  field-marshal. 

5.  In  .America,  a  civil  officer,  appointed  by  the 
president  and  senate  of  the  United  States,  in  each 
judicial  district,  answering  to  the  sheriff  of  a 
county.  His  duty  is  to  execute  all  precepts  directed 
to  him,  issued  under  the  authority  of  the  United 
States. 

6.  An  officer  of  any  private  society,  appointed  to 
regulate  their  ceremonies  and  execute  their  orders. 

Earl  marshal  of  England ;  -tile  eighth  officer  of 
slate  ;  nn  honorary  title,  and  personal,  until  made 
hereditary  by  Charles  II.  in  the  family  of  Howard. 
During  a  vacancy  in  the  office  of  high  constable,  the 
earl  marshal  has  jurisdiction  in  the  court  of  chiv- 
alry. Brande. 

Earl  marshal  of  Scotland.  This  officer  formerly 
had  command  c  f  the  cavalry  under  the  constable. 
This  office  was  held  by  the  family  of  Keith,  but  for- 
feited by  rebellion  in  1715.  Encyc. 

Knight  marshal,  or  marshal  of  the  king^s  hoiuie  ;  for- 
merly an  officer  who  was  to  execute  the  commands 
of  the  lord  steward,  and  have  the  custody  of  pris- 
oners committed  by  the  court  of  verge.  Encyc. 

Marshal  of  the  King^s  Bench;  an  officer  who  has 
the  custody  of  the  prison  called  the  Kind's  Bench,  in 
Southwark.  He  attends  on  the  court,  and  has  the 
charge  of  the  prisimers  committed  by  them.  Encyc. 
MSR'SH  AL,  i:  t.  To  dispose  in  order  ;  to  arrange  in 
a  suitable  maiiner ;  as,  to  marshal  an  army  ;  to  mar- 
shal troops.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  lead,  as  a  harbinger.    [JVof  used.']  Shak. 

3.  To  dispose  in  due  order  the  several  parts  of  an 
escutcheon,  or  the  coats  of  arms  of  distinct  families. 

Encyc. 

MAR'SH  AL-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Arranged  in  due  order. 
MAR'SHAl.-ER,  «.    One  who  disposes  in  due  order. 
M.AR'SIIAL-ING,  n.    The  act  of  arranging  in  due  or- 
der. 

2.  In  heraldry,  an  arrangement  in  a  shield  which 
exhibits  the  alliances  of  a  family. 
MXR'SHAL-ING,  ppr.    Arranging  in  due  order. 
MaR'SHAL-SeA,   II.     In   England,   the   prison  in 
Southwark,  belonging  to  the  marslial  of  the  king's 
household.  Juhn.ion 

Court  of  marshalsea :  a  court  formerly  hebi  before 
the  steward  and  marshal  of  tlie  king's  house  to  ad- 
minister justice  between  the  king's  domestic  ser- 
vants. Blackstone. 
MXR'SHAL-SIIIP,  71.    The  office  of  a  marshal. 
MXUSH'Y,  a.    [from  mariA.]    Wet;  boggy;  fenny. 

Dryden. 

2.  Produced  in  marshes  ;  as,  a  marshy  weed. 

Dryden. 

MAR-Su'PI-AL,    )       rr  11 

MXR-SO'PI-ATE,  \       tL-  rtiarsupmm,  a  bag.] 

Pertaining  to  the  didelphyc  animals,  such  as  the 
opossum,  &.C.    [See  Marsi'pialia.J 

M.\R-Su'PI-AL,  II.    One  of  the  .Marsnpiali.a. 

MA R-SU-PI-A'LI-A,  n.  pi.  Animals  having  a  pouch 
or  bag  for  carrying  the  young,  as  the  kangaroo  and 
opossum.  Bell. 

MAR'SU-PTTE,  71.  A  fossil  resembling  a  purse,  the 
remains  of  a  molluscous  animal.  Jilautftl. 

MART,  71.  [frmii  iiiar/iTrf.]  A  place  of  sale  or  traffic. 
It  was  formerly  applied  chiefiy  to  markets  and  fairs 
in  cities  and  towns,  but  it  has  now  a  more  extensive 
application.  We  say,  the  United  Slates  are  a  princi- 
pal mart  for  English  gooils  ;  England  and  France  are 
the  martjt  of  American  cotton. 
2.  Bargain  ;  purchase  and  sale,    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

MART,  V.  t.    'I'o  buy  and  sell  ;  to  tralfic.    [JVof  mcd.] 

Shak. 

MART,     I.    To  trade  dishonorably.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

MAIt'TA-(;0.\,  II.    A  kind  of  lily.  Jhrbcrl. 

MAR"n;i,,  V.  t.    [Fr.  martelcr.] 
To  strike.  [fVw.J 

MA1{-TE1,'I,0-T0W-ER,  71.  The  name  given  to  the 
circular  buildings  of  masimry  crecltsl  along  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  liritish  coasts  as  a  defense  against 
the  meditated  invasion  of  Bonaparte.  Brande. 

MAR'TE.V,  n.    A  species  of  birtl.    [Set?  Mari  in.] 

MAR'TE.V,  ji.  [D.  martcr;  G.  murder;  I'r.  viartc ; 
Arm.  7ii«r/,  martr  ;  Sj).  marta  ;  It.  martora.] 

A  carnivorous  animal  of  the  genus  Mtistela,  allied 
to  the  weasel.  Its  fur  is  used  in  making  hats  and 
mufTs. 

MAR'TIAI,,  (iniir'shal,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L,  martinlis  ; 
Sp.  martial ;  It.  mariialc  i  from  L.  Mars,  the  god  of 
war.  ]  I 


MAR 

1.  Pertaining  to  war;  suited  to  war;  as,  martial 
equipage  ;  martial  music  ;  a  martial  appearance. 

2.  VVarlike;  brave;  given  to  war;  as,  a  martial 
nation  or  people. 

3.  Suited  to  battle  ;  as,  a  martial  array. 

4.  Belonging  to  war,  or  to  an  army  and  navy  ;  op- 
posed to  Civil  ;  as,  martial  law  ;  a  coiirt-mnrdii?. 

5.  Pertaining  to  Mars,  or  borrowing  the  properties 
of  that  planet. 

The  natures  of  the  fixed  8t.ars  are  esteemed  martial  or  jovial, 
according  to  the  colors  by  wliicli  they  answer  to  ttiose  i.l m- 
ets.     lOfc.j  Brju-n. 

6.  Pertaining  to  iron,  called  by  the  old  chemists 
Mars. 

MaR'TIAL-ISM,  (mar'shal-izm,)  71.   Bravery;  mar- 
tial exercises.    [JVut  in  use.]  Prince. 
MAR'TIAL-IST,  11.  A  warrior;  a  fighter.  [J^Tolused.] 

Howell. 

MAR'TIAI.  LAW,  71.  A  code  of  regulations  for  the 
gbvernment  of  an  army  or  navy.  When  martial  law 
is  proclaimed  in  a  place,  all  the  citizens  are  subjected 
to  the  severity  of  military  regulations.  Bouvicr. 

MAR'TIAL-LY,  adr.    In  a  martial  manner. 

MAR'TIN,  71.  [Fr.  martinet ;  Sp.  martinete.  The  Ger- 
mans call  it  mauer-schwalbe',  wall-swallow,  and  pt'r- 
haps  the  word  is  formed  from  the  root  of  L.  murus, 
W.  mur,  a  wall.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Hirundo,  or  sw,allow  kind, 
which  forms  its  nest  in  buildings.  It  was  formerly 
written  by  some  authors  Martlet.  Dniden. 

MAR'TI.\'-ET,  )  71.    In  military  language,  a  strict  dis- 

MART'LET,  j  ciplinariun  ;  so  called  from  an  officer 
of  that  name. 

MAR'TI-NETS,  71.  p?.  In  sAips,  martinets  are  small 
lines  fastened  to  the  leech  of  a  sail,  to  bring  it  close 
to  the  yard  when  the  sail  is  furled.  Bailey. 

MAR'TIN-G.^L,     111.    [Vt.  martiniraJe ;  It.  and  Sp. 

MAR'TIN-GALE,  (  martingala.  The  Portuguese  call 
it  gainarra.] 

1.  A  strap  or  thong  fastened  to  the  girth  under  a 
horse's  belly,  and  at  the  other  end  to  the  musrole, 
passing  between  the  fore  legs.  Encyc. 

2.  In  ships,  a  short,  perpendicular  spar,  under  the 
bowsprit  end.  used  for  reeving  the  stays.  Dana. 

MAR'TIN-.MAS,  71.  [Jl/art/n  and  ma.v.]  The  feast  of 
St.  Martin,  the  eleventh  of  November.  Johnson. 

MART'LET,  «.  [See  Martin.]  Martlet,  m  hrral, I nj, 
[is  a  bird  without  legs  or  beak.  It  is  added  to  th" 
family  arms  by  the  fourth  of  the  jilniur  branches  of 
a  family,  as  the  mark  of  their  cadency.  —  F.  II.  B.] 

MAR'TYR,  (m.lr'tur,)  11.    [(Jr.  panrvo,  a  witness.] 

1.  One  who,  by  his  death,  bears  witness  to  the 
truth  of  the  gospel.  Stephen  was  the  first  Christian 
martyr. 

To  be  a  martyr,  signifies  only  to  witness  the  truth  of  ClirWt. 

SoulJi. 

2.  One  who  suffers  death  in  defense  of  any  cause. 
We  say,  a  man  dies  a  martyr  to  his  political  princi- 
ples, or  to  the  cause  of  liberty. 

MAR'TYR,  ij.  f.    To  put  to  death  for  adheringto  what 
one  believes  to  be  the  truth  ;  to  sacrifice  one  on  ac- 
count of  his  faith  or  profession.  Pear.-iou. 
2.  To  miinler  ;  to  destroy.  Chaucer. 

MAR'TYR-DO.M,  (niAr'tur-dum,)  71.  The  de  th  of  a 
martyr ;  the  sufl'ering  of  death  on  account  of  one's 
adherence  to  the  faith  of  the  gospel. 

He  intends  to  crown  llieir  innocence  with  llie  glor)'  of  martynlom. 

ISnroii 

MAR'TYR-ED,  (mir'turd,)  pp.  or  a.  Put  to  death  011 
account  of  one's  faith  or  profession. 

MAR'TYR-IZE,  J).  «.  To  olfer  as  a  martyr.  [Little 
used.]  Spenser. 

MAR'TYR-O-LOGE,  71.    A  register  of  martvrs. 

MAR-TYR-O  LOG'ie-AL,  <i.  Registering  or  regi?^ 
tered  in  a  catalogue  of  martyrs. 

MAR-TYR-OL'O-GIST,  11.  A  writer  of  martyrtdogy, 
or  an  account  of  martyrs. 

MAR-TYR-OL'O-GY,  11.  [Gr.  panTvp,  a  witness,  and 
A'i>  oi,  discourse.] 

.\  history  or  account  of  martyrs,  with  their  suffer- 
ings ;  or  a  register  of  martyrs.  Stilliugfleet. 

MAR'VEL,  n.  [Fr.  nicrceillc  ;  Ir.  miorbhaille  ;  It.  i/in- 
raviglia;  fiii.  mararilla  ;  Vort.  viaravifha  ;  .\rm,marz; 
L.  mirahilis,  wonderful,  from  miror,  Ch.  and  Syr. 
ml  demar,  to  wonder,  L.  dcnnror.  \\"e  have  the  pri- 
mary sense  in  the  Arinoric  miVrt,  to  stop,  hold,  keep, 
guard,  hinder  ;  for  to  wonder,  ailinire,  or  be  aston- 
ished, is  t.i  stop,  to  hold,  to  be  fixed,  which  exactly 
expresses  the  fact.  The  Russian  lamirayu,  to  be  as- 
tonished, is  the  same  word  with  a  prefix,  and  from 
miryu,  to  pacify  or  appease,  that  is,  to  stop,  to  allay. 
From  the  same  rout  or  family,  probably,  we  have 
moor,  to  moor  a  ship,  Sp.  and  Port,  amarrar,  Fr. 
ainarrer,  to  moor,  and  demeurrr,  to  dwell  or  abide. 
Ho  also  L.  mora,  delay,  nnd  pcrliajis iiionor,  W.  maru, 
to  die,  murus,  a  wall.  Eng.  demur,  &.C.  Class  Mr, 
No.  33.] 

I.  A  wonder;  that  which  arrests  the  attention  and 
causes  a  persiui  to  stand  or  ga/.e,  or  to  pause. 

[This  word  is  not  obsidete,  but  little  used  in  ele- 
gant writings.] 

3.  Wonder ;  admiratiim. 

Marvel  iif  Pern  ;  a  fragrant  flowering  plant  of  the 
genus  Mirahilis. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WIli^T — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  DIRU — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W9LF,  RQQK. 


696 


MAS 

MAU'VEI,,*;.  I.    To  wonder.    It  expresses  less  than 

Astonish  or  Amazk. 
MAll'VEL-INU,  ppr.  Wondering. 
MAK'VKL-OUS,  a.      [Fr.   mtroeiUcitx;    U.  marvi- 

glioso.'\ 

1.  Wonderful ;  strange  ;  exciting  wonder  or  some 
degree  of  surprise. 

Tliia  \i  the  IvorU's  doing  ;  il  ia  marvelout  In  our  eyes.  —  P«. 

CXviii, 

i2.  Surpassing  credit;  incredible.  Pope. 

:i.  The  manelousy  in  writing,  is  that  which  exceeds 
natural  power,  or  is  prcturnuturul ;  opposed  to  1'hob- 
AULE.  Juhnson. 

4.  Formerly  used  adverhially  for  Wondeuki'lly, 
E\ceed(N<;ly. 
MXll'VF,L-OUS-LY,  Wonderfully;  strangely; 

in  a  manm  r  to  excite  wonder  or  surprise.  Clarendon. 
M.ilt'VlOL-OUS-NESS,  n.    VVonderfuhiess ;  strange- 
ness. 

MA'llY-nun  n.   The  marigold.  Shak. 
iMAS-CAG'NIN,  (nias-kan'yin,)  n.    Native  sulpliate 

of  auinionia,  found  in  volcanic  districts,  so  named 

from  Miiscagni,  w  ho  first  discovered  it. 
M.\."*'ei.E,  (mas'kl  or  mas'l,)  71.  In  heruldnj,  a  lozenge 

voided.  E.  II.  Barker. 

M  AS'CU-LSTE,  V.  U    To  make  strong. 
.MAS'eU-LS-TED,  pp.    INlade  strong. 
,MAS'€U-La-TL\G,  ppr.    Making  strong. 
MA8'eU-LINE,  (-lin,)  a.     [Ft.  miucuUit ;   \..  mascu- 

tiniiSj  from  inanctUius^  mas,  or  the  Ir,  vwdh,  Polish  i/iai, 

Bohemian  muz,  Slavonic  mosch.] 

I.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  man ;  strong ;  robust ; 

as,  a  masculine  body. 
•2.  Resembling  man  ;  coarse  ;  opposed  to  Delicate 

or  SoKT  ;  as,  modcultne  features. 

3.  Hold  ;  brave  ;  as,  a  masculine  spirit  or  courage. 

4.  In  irrammar,  the  masculine  gender  of  w<(rds  is 
that  which  expresses  a  male,  or  something  analogous 
to  it  ;  or  it  is  the  geniler  appropriated  to  males, 
tliougli  not  always  expressing  the  male  sex. 

Kncijc.  Johiisoti. 

MAS'eiI-LI\E-LY,  adv.   Like  a  man.     B  Jonson. 

MAtf'eU-UNE-N'ESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  be- 
ing manly;  resemblance  of  man  in  qualities;  as 
in  coarseness  of  features,  strength  of  body,  bold- 
ness, &.C. 

MA.SIl,  n.  \G.  mcisclien,  to  mix,  to  mash  ;  Sp.  mascar, 
to  chew,  tr.  machcr,  ftir  masclicr,  L.  mastico.] 

1.  A  mixture  or  m.iss  of  ingredients,  beaten  or 
lilended  together  in  a  promiscuous  manner. 

'J,  A  mixture  for  the  food  of  domestic  animals. 
;i.  In  ireicin"',  a  uiixturu  of  ground  malt  and  warm 
water. 

V.  t.    To  beat  into  a  confused  mass. 

2.  To  bruise  ;  to  crush  by  beating  or  pressure  ;  as, 
to  mask  apples  in  a  mill. 

H.  To  mix  malt  and  w-atcr  together  in  brewing. 
MASIl'A'D,  (masht,)  pp.  ir  o.    Beat  into  a  muss; 

bruised  ;  crushed  ;  mixed  into  a  mash. 
AIASiri.N'G,  ppr.     Beating  into  a  mass;  bruising; 
crushing. 

MASH'I.NG,  71.    A  beating  into  a  mass  ;  a  cmshing. 

2.  In  brewing,  the  process  of  infusing  the  ground 
malt  in  warm  water,  and  extracting  the  saccharine 
matter  called  stceet  wttrt.        Euctjc,  of  Dum.  Kcun 

MASiriNG-TUB,  n.    A  tub  for  contoJning  the  mash 

in  breweries. 
MASil'Y,  a.   Produced  by  crushing  or  bruising. 

Tlionuum, 

MASK,  71.  [Fr.  TTiasTue;  It.  maschera  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
mascara;  Arm.  masel ;  D.  masker;  G.  maskc] 

I.  A  cover  for  the  face  ;  that  which  conceals  the 
face,  especially  a  cover  with  apertures  for  the  eyes 
and  mouth  ;  a  visor.  A  7nask  is  designed  to  conceal 
the  face  from  beholders,  or  to  preserve  the  complex- 
ion from  injur>'  by  exposure  to  tlie  weather  and  the 
lays  of  the  sun.  Encijc, 

3.  That  wliicli  disguises ;  any  pretense  or  subter- 
fuge. Prior. 

3.  A  festive  entertainment  of  dancing  or  other  di 
versitvns,  in  which  the  company  all  wear  masks  ;  a 
masquerade.  Sliak. 

4.  .\  revel ;  a  bustle  ;  a  piece  of  mummery. 
Ttiis  UiougUl  might  lead  Uirougli  Uiiji  wurld'ii  vain  nuut. 

MiUun. 

5.  A  dramatic  performance  written  in  a  tragic 
style,  without  attention  to  rules  or  probabdity. 

Peacham. 

C.  In  architecture,  a  piece  of  scul])ture  representin  ^ 
some  grotesque  form,  to  fdl  and  adorn  vacant  places^ 
as  in  friezes,  panels  of  doors,  keys  of  arches,  &c. 

Eneye. 

MASK,  r.  L  To  cover  the  face  for  concealment  or  de 
fensc  against  injury  ;  to  conceal  with  a  ma-*  or  visor. 

Jiddison 

2.  To  disguise ;  to  cover  ;  to  hide. 

Mathng  the  builnnM  from  the  common  eye.  .Vfta* 

MASK,  r.  i.  To  revel ;  to  play  the  fool  in  masquer- 
ade. 

M «  c'l.-i^'r.'"'  in  any  w  ay-  Shak. 

MAi-K  *.U,  (miskt,)  pp.  or  o.  Having  the  face  covered; 

concealed  ;  disguised. 
 ~      'n  '"any,  personate,  or  having  the  anterior 


MAS 

or  lower  and  posterior  or  upper  side  of  a  labiate  corol 

presseil  together  just  below  tho  border,  so  us  to  close 

the  opening  into  the  tub(^ 
MASK'Ell,  H.    One  that  wears  a  mask  ;  one  that 

plays  the  fool  at  a  masquerade. 
MASK'ER-Y,  n.   Tho  dress  or  disguise  of  a  masker. 

[Obs.]  Marston. 
M.tSK'-IIOUSE,  n.   A  place  for  masquerades. 

Bp.  Ilidl. 

MASK'IXG,  ;ipr.    Covering  with  a  mask  ;  concealing. 

M.\S'Lli\,  71.  A  mixture  of  diU'erent  sorts  of  grain,  as 
of  wheat  and  rye. 

MAS'LIN,  fl.  Composed  of  diflerent  sorts  ;  as,  maslin 
bread,  which  is  composed  of  wheat  and  rj'e.  Spelt 
also  Meslin  or  Mislin. 

Ma'SO.\,  (mi'sn,)  n.  [Fr.  ma^on ;  Arm.  mafionn ;  D. 
melselaur.  In  Sp.  maioneria  is  masonry,  as  if  from 
vtazo,  a  iiiallet,  maza,  a  club,  a  77mcc.  It  is  probably 
from  the  root  of  7J11X  or  mush,  or  more  probably  of 
mass,  and  denotes  one  that  works  in  mortar.  See 
Mass.] 

1.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  lay  bricks  and 
stones,  or  to  eonstruct  the  walls  of  buildings,  chim- 
neys, and  the  like,  which  consist  of  bricks  or  stones. 

2.  A  member  of  the  fraternity  of  freemasons. 
MA-SON'ie,  a.    Pfttuining  to  tho  craft  or  mysteries 

of  freemasons. 
MA'riO.\-RY,  71.    [Fr.  TnafoTiTicric :  Sp.  maioneria.] 

1.  The  art  or  occupatiim  of  a  mason. 

2.  The  work  or  pi  rformance  of  a  mason  ;  as 
when  we  say,  the  wall  is  good  masonry. 

3.  The  craft  or  mysteries  of  freemasons. 
M.\S'0-RA,  71.    [Ileb.]    A  Jewish  critical  work  on 

the  text  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures,  composed  by  sev- 
cnil  learned  Rabbis  of  the  school  of  Tiberias,  in  the 
eighth  and  ninth  centuries.  Murdock, 
MAS-O-RET'IC,  j  a.  [Ileb.  "ica,  to  deliver, 
MAS-0-RET'IC-.\L,  j  whence  masora,  tradition, 
whence  the  Masoriles,  the  adherents  to  the  tradi- 
tionary readings  of  the  Scriptures.] 

Relating  to  the  Masora,  or  to  its  authors,  who 
were  the  inventors  of  the  Hebrew  vowel  points  and 
accents. 

MAS'O-RITE,  n.  One  of  the  writers  of  the  Masora. 
MASaiJE,  71.  _  See  Mask. 

MAS-CiUER-ADE',  (mas-ker-ide',)  71.  [It.  maschc- 
rata.] 

1.  A  nocturnal  assembly  of  persons  wearing  masks, 
and  amusing  themselves  with  dancing,  conversation, 
and  other  diversions. 

In  courtly  bulla  and  midnlgiu  jnasquerades.  Pope. 
S.  Disguise. 

I  cinie  to  visit  lh"c  in  mastpiCTade.  Dryden. 
3.  A  Spanish  diversion  on  horseback.  Clarendon. 
MAS-QUER-aUE',  v.  i.    To  go  in  disguise. 

2.  To  assemble  in  masks.  Sicift. 
MAS-aUER-ADE',  v.  t.    To  put  in  disguise. 

Killin^beck. 

MAS-CiUER-SD'ER,  (mxi-ker-ad'er,)  11.  A  person 
wearing  a  mask  ;  one  disguised.  V Estramje. 

MAS-UUER-AD'I.NG,  ppr.  Assembling  in  masks  for 
diversion. 

MASS,  71.  [Fr.  masse,  a  mass,  a  heap,  a  mace,  or  club  ; 
Port,  ma^a,  dough,  and  a  77iacc  Sp.  mtisa,  dough, 
mortar,  a  mass ;  and  maza,  a  club,  a  7;iace ;  mazo,  a 
mallet ;  It.  massa,  a  heap,  and  mazza,  a  maze ;  G. 
masse ;  L.  massa,  a  mass.  These  words  seem  to  be- 
long to  the  root  of  the  Greek  /laoirai,  to  beat  or  pound, 
the  root  of  which  is  pay  ;  hence  the  connection  be- 
tween mass  and  Tnacc,  a  club.  If  any  of  these 
words  are  of  a  dilfercnt  origin,  they  may  belong  to 
the  root  of  7nix.J 

1.  A  lump  ;  a  body  of  matter  concreted,  collected, 
or  formed  into  a  lump;  applied  to  any  solid  body  ; 
as,  a  mass  of  iron  or  lead ;  a  mass  of  flesh  ;  a  mass  of 
ice  ;  a  mass  of  dough. 

2.  A  collective  body  of  fluid  matter.  The  ocean 
is  a  mass  of  water. 

3.  A  heap  ;  as,  a  mass  of  earth. 

4.  A  great  quantity  collected  ;  as,  a  mass  of 

5.  Bulk  ;  magnitude.  [treasure. 
Thii  army  of  »uch  uwut  and  charge.  Shak. 

6.  An  assemblage  ;  a  collection  of  particulars 
blended,  confused,  or  indistinct;  as,  a  viassoC  col- 
ors, .addison. 

Tli-'y  lose  their  fonns,  and  make  a  mass 

Conl'iisiid  and  blrick,  il  brvugbl  loo  near.  Prior. 

7.  Gross  body  of  things  considered  collectively; 
the  body  ;  the  bulk  ;  as,  the  mass  of  people  in  a  na- 
tion. A  small  portion  of  morbid  matter  may  infect 
the  whole  mass  of  fluids  in  the  body. 

ConteLs  bave  power  over  the  moss  of  things.  Bacon. 

8.  The  quantity  of  matter  in  any  body.  The  mass 
of  a  body  is  always  proiwrtiolial  to  the  weight. 

liarlouj. 

MASS,  n.  r^ai.  masa,  masse;  Fr.  messe ;  It.  messa  : 
Sp.  mLia  ;  D.  misse  ;  G.  and  Dan.  mtsse  ;  Sw.  messa  ; 
how  L.  missa,  from  miUo,  to  dismiss.  In  the  ancient 
churches,  the  public  services  at  which  the  catechu- 
mens were  permitted  to  be  present,  were  called  mUsa 
eatrthumrnorum,  because  at  the  close  of  them  procla- 
mation was  made  thus:  Ite,  missa  est,  sc.  eeclesia. 


MAS 

Then  followeil  the  communion  service,  which  was 
culled  missa  fidelium  ;  and  which,  under  the  name  of 
mi.isa,  or  the  mass,  still  constitutes  the  principal  |>art 
of  public  worship  in  the  Roman  Catholic  churches. 

J\Iurdock. 

The  word  signifies,  primarily,  leisure  ;  cessation 
from  labor,  from  the  L.  missus,  rcmissus,  like  the  Ij. 
/crw: ;  hence,  a  feast  or  holiiiay.  Laws  of  Alfred, 
39.  **  Be  masse  dage  freolsc."  De  fcstivitatc  diei 
frsti.  See  also  Laws  of  Cnute,  Lib.  I,  11,  and  2,  42. 
Hence,  Sax.  lUafnucsse,  lemmas,  bread-feast,  and  Mar- 
tin-mas, Michaet^mas,  Candlemas,  Christmas.] 

The  communion  service,  or  the  consecration  and 
oblation  of  the  host,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  churches. 

Murdock. 

High  mass,  is  that  which  is  publicly  performed 
with  music  ;  as  distinguished  from  low  nifuj,  which 
is  more  private,  and  \vithout  music.      Encijc.  Jim. 
MASS,  V.  i.    To  celebrate  mass.    [JVof  used.}  Hooker, 
MASS,  V.  t.    To  fill  ;  to  stufl";  to  strengthen.  [A'ol 

7wr(/.]  Ilnyteard. 
MASS'-BOOK,  71.     The  missal  or  Roman  Catholic 
service  book. 

MASS'-HOUSE,  71.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  place  of  worship. 

MASS'-MEET-ING,  7t.  A  large  .as.sembly  of  the  peo- 
ple to  be  addresseil  on  some  public  occasion,  usually 
political.  U.  Slates. 

MASS'-PRIif.ST,  n.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  priest. 

MAS'SA-CRE,  (mas'sa-ker,)  71.  [Fr.  massacre  ;  Ann. 
ma^zaer ;  It.  mazzicarr,  to  beat,  from  mazza,  a  club,  a 
mace.  So  smite  in  English  signifies  to  kill,  as  well 
as  to  beat.] 

1.  The  murder  of  an  individual,  or  tho  slaughter 
of  numbers  of  human  beings,  with  circumstances  of 
cruelty  ;  the  indiscriminate  killing  of  human  beings, 
without  authority  or  necessity,  and  without  forms," 
civil  or  military.  It  ditTers  from  assassination,  which 
is  a  private  killing.  It  diliers  from  carnage,  which 
is  rather  the  effect  of  slaughter  than  slaughter  itself, 
and  is  applied  to  the  authorized  destriicliim  of  men 
in  battle,  or  other  gre.it  destruction  of  lives  by  vio- 
lence. Massacre  is  sometimes  called  butchery,  from 
its  resembhtnce  to  the  killing  of  cattle.  If  a  soldier 
kills  a  man  in  battle  in  his  own  defence,  it  is  a  law- 
ful act ;  it  is  killing,  and  it  is  slaughter,  hut  it  is  not 
a  massacre.  Where.as,  if  a  soldier  kills  an  enemy 
after  he  has  surrendered,  it  is  massacre,  a  killing 
without  necessity,  often  without  authority,  contrary 
to  the  usages  of  nations,  and  of  course  with  cruelty. 
The  practice  of  killing  prisoners,  even  when  author- 
ized l)y  the  commander,  is  properly  massacre ;  as  the 
authority  given  proceeds  fiTiiii  cruelty.  We  have  all 
heard  of  the  massacre  of  the  Protestants  in  France, 
in  the  reigii  of  Charles  I.X.  ;  and  rrequent  instances 
of  barbarous  massacre  occur  in  the  war  between  the 
Turks  and  Greeks. 

2.  Murder.  Shal;. 
MAS'SA-CRE,  V.  t.    To  murder  human  beings  with 

circumstances  of  cruelty  ;  to  kill  men  with  indis- 
criminate violence,  without  authority  or  necessity, 
and  contrary  to  the  usages  of  nations  ;  to  butcher 
liuman  beings.  * 

Nympliidicus  endeavored  10  save  himself  iu  a  lent,  tint  was  par- 
sued  and  jnajtacred  on  Uie  spot.         Murpliy't  TacUot. 

MAS'SA-CREI),  (mas'sa-kurd,)  pp.  or  o.  Barbarously 
or  indiscriminately  murdered. 

MAS'SA-CRER,  >i.  One  who  massacres.  [A  very  bad 
word.]  Jiarke. 

MAS'S.A-CRING,  ppr.  Barbarously  or  indiscrimi- 
nately murdering. 

MASS'ER,  71.    A  priest  who  celebrates  mass. 

MAS'SE-TER,  71.    [Gr.,  from  paoaaopai,  to  chew.] 
A  muscle  which  raises  the  under  jaw,  and  assi-sts 

M\S'SI-eoT,  (       n-  ■  .^         [in  chewing. 

mXs'ti-cot',  !"•  [I  f- 

Protoxyd  of  lead  or  yellow  o.xyd  of  lead,  com- 
posed of  one  etpiivaleiit  of  lead  and  one  equiv.alent 
t)f  o.xygen.  Lead  exposed  to  the  air  while  melting 
is  covered  with  a  gr.ay,  dusky  pellicle.  This  [itllicle, 
carefully  taken  otf,  is  reduced,  by  exposure  to  the  joint 
action  of  heat  and  air,  to  a  greeiiish-gr.iy  |)owder,  in- 
clining to  yellow.  This  oxyd,  separated  frtmi  the 
grainsof  lead  by  sifting,  and  exposed  to  a  more  intense 
heat,  sufficient  to  make  it  red  hot,  .assumes  a  deep  yel- 
low color.  Ill  this  state  it  is  called  mas^icof.  Massicot, 
slowly  heated  by  a  moderate  fire,  takes  a  beautiful 
red  color,  becomes  a  sidt  composed  of  two  equiva- 
lents of  the  protoxj  d  of  lead,  and  one  etpiivalent  of 
the  deutoxyd,  and  obtains  the  name  of  minium. 

Fourr^oij. 

Massicot  is  sometimes  used  by  painters,  ami  it  is 
used  as  a  drier  in  tho  composition  of  ointments  and 
plasters.  Encije. 
MASS'I-.NESS        j  n.    [See  Masst,  Massive.]  The 
.M.\SS'IVE-NESS,  j     state  of  being  massy  ;  great 
weight,  or  weight  with  bulk  ;  ponderousness. 

Jl^^i-i'-l^'*^'  {  a-    [Fr.  77ia:i.i/,  from  viass.] 

IIea\-y  ;  weighty  ;  ponderous ;  bulky  and  heavy  ; 
as,  anutssy  shield  ;  a  massy  rock. 

The  y.iwning  rvcks  in  matty  fragmenu  fly.  Pef*. 


TO.\E,  BfJLL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  :  0  as  J  :  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MAS 


MAS 


MXSS'IVE,  a.  In  mineralogy,  in  mass  ;  having  a 
crystalline  structure,  but  not  a  regular  form.  We 
say,  a  mineral  occurs  vtassive. 

SIXSS'IVE-LY,  ado.    In  a  mass. 

MXST,  n.  [Sax.  jn<tst ;  D.  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  mast :  Fr. 
m^r,  for  viast  ,*  Port,  iitasto  or  mastro ;  Sp.  mastiles, 
masts  ;  mastelcros,  top-masts  ;  masto,  a  trunk,  a  stock 
in  which  any  cion  is  ingrafted.] 

A  long,  round  piece  of  timber,  elevated  or  designed 
to  be  raised  perpendicularly,  or  nearly  so,  on  the 
keel  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel,  to  which  the  yards, 
sails,  and  rigging  are  attaclied,  and  by  which  they 
are  supported.  A  mast  is  a  single  stick,  formed 
from  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  or  it  consists  of  many 
pieces  of  timber  united  by  iron  bands.  Masts  are  of 
several  kinds,  as  the  main-mast,  fore-mast,  mizzen- 
masl,  top-mast,  top-gallant-mast,  &c. 

MAST,  n.  [Sax.  mirste,  acorns,  food ;  Goth,  mats, 
f.iod,  7/iea(  ,■  Ir.  viais,  meas,  an  acorn;  maUe,  food; 
W.  mes,  acorns,  a  portion,  a  meal ;  mesen,  an  acorn. 
This  may  be  the  American  mane,  and  signify  food  in 
general, from  eating,  chewing,  masticating,  or  prima- 
rily a  Rut  kernel,  or  acorn,  the  food  of  the  primitive 
tribes  of  men.  It  seems  to  be  radically  the  same 
word  as  meat.] 

The  fruit  of  the  oak  and  beech,  or  other  forest 
trees;  nuts;  acorns.    [It  has  no  plural.] 

MXST'-HE.\D,  (-bed,)  n.    The  top  or  head  of  a  mast. 

MXST'ED,  a    Furnished  with  a  mast  or  masts. 

MXS'TER,  )i.  [Fr.  maitre,  for  maister  ;  Russ.  master  ; 
D.  mcester  ;  G.  meister;  Sw.  mdstare  i  Dan.  viester  ; 
Arm.  mcastr;  It.  and  Sp.  maestro;  L.  magister,  com- 
pounded of  the  root  of  mag-is,  major,  greater,  and  the 
Teutonic  ster,  Sa-X.  steoran,  to  steer.  (See  Steer.) 
The  word,  then,  signifies  a  cliief  director.  See 

MiNlSTEB.j 

1.  A  man  who  rules,  governs,  or  directs,  either 
men  or  business,  A  man  who  owns  slaves  is  their 
master  ;  he  who  has  servants  is  their  master,  he  who 
has  apprentices  is  their  master,  as  he  has  the  govern- 
ment and  direction  of  them.  The  man  who  super- 
intends and  directs  any  business,  is  master,  or  master 
workman. 

O  Ihou  iny  friend,  my  genius,  come  nlon^, 

Thou  master  of  Ihe  poel  and  Uie  son^.  Pope, 

Katiuns  that  wanl  protectors  will  have  masters.  Ames. 

2.  A  director,  head,  or  chief  manager;  as,  the 
master  of  a  feast. 

3.  The  owner ;  proprietor  ;  with  the  idea  of  gov- 
erning. The  master  of  a  house  may  be  the  owner, 
or  the  occupant,  who  has  a  temporary  right  of  gov- 
erning it. 

It  would  be  believed  that  he  rather  took  the  horse  for  his  subject, 
than  his  master.         ^  Dryden. 

4.  A  lord ;  a  ruler ;  one  wlio  has  supreme  do- 
minion. 

C*6ar,  the  world's  great  master  and  his  own.  Pope. 
f>.  A  chief;  a  principal;  as,  the  master  root  of  a 
plant.  Mortimer. 
One  m&ster  passion  swallows  up  the  rest.  Pope. 
6.  One  who  has  possession,  and  the  power  of  con- 
trolling or  using  at  pleasure. 

When  I  have  made  myself  master  of  a  hundred  thousand 
dnchuKts.  Addison. 

I.  The  commander  of  a  merchant  ship,  usually 
called  captain. 

8.  In  skips  of  war,  an  officer  who  takes  rank  imme- 
diately after  the  lieutenants,  and  navigates  the  ship 
under  the  direction  of  the  captain. 

9.  The  director  of  a  school;  a  teacher;  an  in- 
structor. In  this  sense  the  word  is  giving  place  to 
the  more  appropriate  words  teaclier,  instructor,  and 
preceptor ;  at  least  it  is  so  in  the  United  States. 

10.  One  uncontrolled. 

Let  every  man  l<  master  of  his  time.  Shak. 

II.  An  appellation  of  respect. 

Masler  doctor,  you  have  brought  those  drugs  Shak. 

12.  An  appellation  given  to  boys  or  quite  young 
men. 

Where  there  sre  liltle  masters  and  misses  in  a  house.  Suri/t. 

13.  A  man  eminently  or  perfectly  skilled  in  any 
occupation,  art,  or  science.  We  say,  a  man  is  mas- 
ter of  his  business  ;  a  great  master  of  music,  of  the 
flute  or  violin  ;  a  waster  of  hiK  subject,  &c. 

11.  A  title  of  dignity  in  colleges  antl  universities; 
OS,  muster  of  arts. 

l.").  'i'he  cliii'f  of  a  society  ;  as,  the  grand  master 
of  Malta,  of  freemiOsons,  &c. 

10.  'I'he  director  of  ceremonies  at  public  places,  or 
on  public  occa-sions. 

17.  The  proMidcnt  of  a  college.  England. 

Manter  in  ehancrry  ;  an  .'issislant  of  tlic  lord  chan- 
cellor, chosen  from  among  the  barristers  to  sit  in 
chancery,  or  at  the  rolls.  Kncyc. 

MLtter  of  the  horse  ;  the  third  great  ofDcer  in  Iho 
DritiHh  court,  having  the  mnnaKenient  of  the  royal 
•tableii,  &c.  In  Holenin  cavalcadeH  he  rides  next  the 
•overeign.  Urande. 

Matter  of  Vie  rolls ;  an  officer  who  has  charge  of 
the  ruIlK  and  iiatenu  that  pas*  the  great  seal,  and  of 
the  rccorda  of  liie  chancery.  Kncye. 


To  be  master  of  one's  self;  to  have  the  command  or 
control  of  one*s  own  passions. 

The  word  77iastcr  has  numerous  applicatitms,  in  all 
of  which  it  lyis  the  sense  of  director,  chief,  or  super- 
intendent. 

As  a  title  of  respect  given  to  adult  persons,  it  is 
pronounced  mister;  a  pronunciation  which  seems  to 
have  been  derived  from  some  of  the  northern  dia- 
lects. [Supra.] 
MXS'TER,  I'.  (.  To  conquer;  to  overpower;  to  sub- 
due ;  to  bring  under  control. 

Obstinacy  and  willful  neglect  must  be  mastered,  even  though  it 

costs  blows.  Locke. 
Evil  customs  must  be  mastered  by  degrees.  Calaniy. 

2.  To  make  one's  self  master  of ;  as,  to  viaster  a 

3.  To  execute  with  skill.  [science. 
I  will  not  otfer  that  which  1  cannot  master.  Bacon. 

4.  To  rule  ;  to  govern. 

And  ratlier  fatlier  thee  than  jnoiter  thee.    [Not  used.]  ShaJc. 
MXS'TER,  c.  t.    To  be  skillful ;  to  excel.  [OJs.] 

Spenser. 

MXS'TER-BUILD-ER,  (-bild.«r,)  n.  The  chief  builder. 
MXS'TER-eilORD,  (-kord,)  n.    The  chief  chord. 

Moore. 

MXS'TER-DOM,  ji.   Dominion ;  tule.    [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 

MXS'TER-M),  pp.    Overpowered  ;  subdued. 
MXS'TER-FJJL,  a.    Having  the  skill  of  a  master; 

also,  imperious  ;  arbitrary.  [  Obs.]  Milton. 
MaS'TER-HAND,  n.    A  person  eminently  skillful. 

Pope. 

MXS'TER-ING,  ppr.    Conquering;  overcoming. 
MXS'TER-JEST,  re.    Principal  jest.  Hudibras. 
MXS'TER-KkY,  f-kee,)  ?i.    The  key  that  opens  many 

locks,  the  subordinate  keys  of  which  open  only  one 

each  ;  hence, ^o-urajiceii/,  a  general  clew  to  lead  out 

of  many  difficulties.  Drijden. 
MXS'TER-LESS,  a.   Destitute  of  a  master  or  owner. 

2.  Ungoverncd  ;  unsubdued.  [Spenser. 
.MXS'TER-LI-NESS,  n.    Masterly  skill. 
MXS'TER-LoDE,  n.    In  mining,  the  principal  vein  of 

ore.  Encyc. 
MXS'TER-LY,  a.    Formed  or  executed  with  superior 

skill;  suitable  to  a  master;  most  excellent ;  skillful; 

as,  a  masterly  design  ;  a  masterly  performance  ;  a 

masterly  stroke  of  policy. 
2.  Imperious. 
MXS'TER-LY,  adv.    With  the  skill  of  a  master. 

Thou  dost  speak  masterly.  ShaJc. 
"  I  think  it  very  masterly  written,"  in  Swift,  is 

improper  or  unusual. 
MAS'TER-MIN'D,  >^    The  chief  mind.   Mrs.  Butler. 
MXS'TER-NoTE,  71.    The  chief  note.     E.  Ecerett. 
MXS'TER-PIeCE,  ji.    a  capital  performance  ;  any 

thing  done  or  made  with  superior  or  extraortlinary 

skill. 

This  wondrous  masterpiece  I  fain  woiUd  Bee.  Dryden. 

2.  Chief  excellence  or  talent. 

Dissimuladon  was  tiis  maslerrptece.  Clarendon, 

MXS'TER-SHIP.  71.  Dominion  ;  rule  ;  supreme  power. 

2.  Superiority ;  preeminence. 

Where  noble  youUis  for  mastership  should  strive.  Dryden. 

3.  Chief  work;  masterpiece.    [JVbt  vsed.] 

Dryden, 

4.  Superior  skill.  Shak, 

5.  Title  of  respect ;  in  irony. 

How  now,  signior  Launce,  what  news  with  your  mastership  7 

Shak. 

6.  The  office  of  president  of  a  college,  or  other  in- 
stitution. 

MXS'TER-SIN'EW,  (-sin'nu,)  71.  A  large  sinew  that 
surrounds  the  hough  of  a  horse,  and  divides  it  from 
the  bone  by  a  hollow  place,  where  the  wind-galls 
are  usually  seated.  Far.  Diet. 

MXS'TER-STRING,  71.    Princip.ll  string.  Rowe. 

MXS'TER-STRoKE,  7t.    Capital  performance. 

Blackmore. 

MXS'TER-TOOTH,  71.    A  principal  tooth.  Bacon. 
MXS'TER-TOUCH,  (-tuch,)  71.    A  touch  that  speaks 

the  master  ;  principal  performance.  Tatter. 
MXS'TER-WORK,  71.    Principal  performance. 

Thomson. 

MXS'TER-WORT,  71.  An  umbelliferous  herb;  in 
England,  Iinperatoria  Ostruthium  ;  in  Mm  England, 
lleracleum  lanatum. 

MXS'TER- Y,  71.  Dominion ;  power  of  governing  or 
commanding. 

If  divided  by  mountains,  tlicy  will  fight  for  the  mastery  of  the 
pass-iges  of  the  lops.  Jiaiegh. 

2.  Superiority  in  competition  ;  preiiminencc. 
Kvcry  man  Uuit  striv  th  fur  tlie  nMstiiry,  is  teinpcruto  In  all 

things.  —  1  Cor.  ix. 

3.  Victory  in  war. 

It  is  not  tlio  voice  of  them  that  siiout  for  mastery.  —  Kx.  xxxii. 

4.  Eminent  skill  ;  superior  dexterity. 

He  could  alliiiu  to  a  mastery  in  all  languages.  Titiotson. 

5.  Attainment  of  eminent  skill  or  power. 

The  learning  and  rnatlery  of  n  tongue,  being  unpleasant  In  Itself, 
should  not  Ijo  cumbered  with  oUier  dilhculttt-s.  Locks. 


MXST'FIJL,  a.  [from  77i«.s(.]  Abounding  with  mast, 
or  fruit  of  oak,  beech,  and  other  forest  trees  ;  as,  the 
7na.<tfiil  chestnut.  Dryden. 

MAS'Tie,    tn.    [Fr.  mastic;  It.  77ias(ice;  D.  mastik; 

M.\S'TIGH,  \  Sp.  almaciga;  Port,  almeeega ;  Ir.rruiis- 
leog;  L.  mastiche  ;  Gr.  huutikji.] 

1.  A  resin  exuding  from  the  mastic-tree,  a  species 
of  Pistacia,  and  obtained  by  incision.  It  is  in  yel- 
lowish-white, seini-transparent  tears,  of  a  faint  smell, 
and  is  used  as  an  astringent  and  an  aromatic.  It  is 
used  also  as  an  ingredient  in  drying  varnishes. 

Fourcroy.  Encyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  cement  used  for  plastering  walls,  &.c. 

.Addison. 

MAS'TI-€A-BLE,  a.   That  can  be  masticated. 

M AS-TI-Ca'DOR,  7!.  [Sp.  mascar,  L.  mastico,  to  chew.] 

In  a  bridle,  the  slavering  bit. 
MAS'Tl-CATE,  v.  t.    [I-.,  mastico.    Q.U.  W.  mesignw, 
from  mes,  mast,  acorns,  food.] 

To  chew  ;  to  grind  with  the  teeth  and  prepare  for 
swallowing  and  digestion  ;  as,  to  masticate  food. 
MAS'TI-Ca-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Chewed. 
M.\S'TI-eA-TING,  ppr.      Chewing  ;  breaking  into 

small  pieces  with  the  teeth. 
.MAS-TI-Ca'TIOxN,  re.   The  act  or  operation  of  chew- 
ing solid  food  ;  breaking  it  into  small  pieces,  and 
mixing  it  with  saliva,  thus  preparing  it  for  deglutition 
and  more  easy  digestion  in  the  stomach. 

Alaslicalion  is  a  nec/"ssary  preparation  of  solid  aliment,  without 
which  (here  cau  be  no  good  digestion.  Arbuthnat. 

MAS'TI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Chewing  ;  adapted  to  per- 
form the  office  of  chewing  food.     Lawrence's  Lect. 

MAS'TI-CA-TO-RY,  re.  A  substance  to  be  chewed  to 
increase  the  saliva.  Coze. 

MAS'TI-eOT,7i.  Yellow  oxyd  of  lead.  [See  .Massicot.] 

MAS'TIFF,  n.  pi.  Mastifts.  Mastives  is  irregular. 
The  spelling  Mastif  would  be  preferable.  [Sp.  nioj,-- 
tin  ;  It.  mastino  ;  Fr.  matin,  for  mastin  ;  Arm,  mastin ; 
Low  L.  mastivns.] 

A  large  variety  of  dog,  remarkable  for  strength  and 
courage.  Strabo  informs  us  that  the  tna.ii.iffs  of  Brit- 
ain were  trained  for  war,  and  used  by  the  Gauls  in 
battle.  Encyc. 

MXST'LESS,  a.    Having  no  mast ;  as  a  vessel. 
2.  Bearing  no  mast ;  as,  a  mastless  oak  or  beech. 

MAST'LLN.    See  Meslin.  [Dryden. 

MAS'TO-DON,  re.  [Gr.  fiaaros,  mamilla,  and  oijotif,  a 
tooth.] 

A  genus  of  mammifcrous  and  pachydermatous 
animals  resembling  the  elephant,  now  extinct,  and 
known  only  by  their  fossil  remains. 
MAS'TOID,  a.    [Gr.  fiaarui,  the  nipple  or  brea.st,  and 
ci6o^,  form.] 

Resembling  the  nipple  or  breast ;  as,  the  mastoid 
process. 

MAS-TOL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  naoros,  the  breast,  and  Ao- 

}  Of,  discourse.] 
The  natural  history  of  animals  which  suckle  their 

young ;  mazology. 
MXS'TRESS,  for  .Mistress,  is  not  used.  Chaucer. 
MAS-TUR-BA'TION,  re.    [L.  manus  and  stupruin.] 

Onanism  ;  self-poilution, 
MXST'Y,  0.    [See  Mast.]    Full  of  mast ;  abounding 

with  acorns,  &c. 
MAT,  re.    [W.  7n<it;  Sax.  mcatta;  D.  mat;  G.  matte; 

L.  viatia  ;  Sp.  mata ;  Ir.  matia  ;  Russ.  mat ;  W.  viath, 

that  is  spread.    The  sense  is,  probably,  a  lay,  or 

spread,  from  falling,  throwing,  or  stretching.  Class 

Md,  No.  6,  8,  9.] 

1.  A  texture  of  sedge,  rushes,  flags,  husks,  straw, 
or  other  material,  to  be  laid  on  a  floor  for  cleaning 
the  boots  and  shoes  of  those  who  enter  a  house,  and 
for  other  puriioses.  Carew, 

2.  A  web  of  rope-yarn  used  in  ships  to  secure  the 
standing  rigging  from  the  friction  of  the  yards,  &c. 

MAT,  7'.  t.    To  cover  or  lay  with  mats.  Evelyn. 

2.  To  twist  together ;  to  mtervveave  like  a  mat ;  to 
entangle. 

And  o'er  his  eye-brows  hung  his  matted  hair.  Dryden. 

3.  To  press  together ;  to  lay  flat ;  as,  matted  grass. 
MAT'A-CHliV,  (inat'a-shecn,)  71.    [Sp.,  a  buffijon,  a 

grotesque  dance.] 
An  old  dance  with  swords  and  bucklers.  Sidney. 
MAT'A-DORE,  n.    [Sp.  matador,  a  murderer,  and  a 
card,  from  jnntar,  to  kill.] 

1.  One  of  the  three  principal  cards  in  the  game  of 
omber  and  quadrille,  whii  h  are  always  two  black 
aces  and  the  deuce  in  spades  and  clubs,  and  Iho  sev- 
en in  hearts  and  diamonds.  Johnson.  Pope. 

2.  One  who  kills;  the  killer;  the  man  appoinled 
to  kill  the  bull  in  bull  fights. 

MATCH,  n.  [Fr.  meche ;  It.  miccia;  Sp.  and  Port. 
media  ;  Arm.  mechenn,  virch.] 

1.  Some  very  conibusiible  substance  used  for  light- 
ing a  fire,  as  iienip,  flax,  collon,  tow  dipped  in  sul- 
phur, or  a  species  of  dry  wood,  called  vulgarly  touch- 
wood. 

2.  A  rope  or  cord  made  of  hempen  tow,  composed 
of  Ihrce  strnnila  sliglilly  twisted,  and  again  covered 
with  tow  iind  boiled  in  the  Icob  of  old  wine.  This, 
w  hen  lighted  at  one  end,  retains  fire  and  burns  slowly 
till  consumed.    It  is  used  in  firing  artillery,  &c. 

Kncye. 


FATE,  FAB,  Fj\LL,  WHi^T._METE,  PREY  PINE,  MABKNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK  


MAT 


MAT 


MAT 


MATCH,  n.  [Sax.  maca,  and  gemaca,  an  equal,  fellow, 
C(ini|>;ini<)n,  D.  maklcer,  Dan.  maga,  S\v.  make.] 

1.  A  person  who  is  equal  to  another  in  strength  or 
otliur  quality  ;  one  able  to  cope  with  another. 

Govcmm-'iit — mokes  an  innownt  niim  nf  tli'j  lowest  ranks  a 
match  for  tho  mighliest  ui  liis  felli>w-siit>}ccL3.  Addison. 

2.  One  that  suits  or  tallies  with  another ;  or  any 
thing  that  equals  another. 

3.  Union  by  marriage. 

Love  (loth  seUiom  sutler  itself  to  bo  coiitlned  by  oUier  rnntchet 
than  Itiose  of  it*  own  niAkin;^.  Doyle. 

In  popular  language,  it  is  applied  to  the  engagement 
of  lovers  before  marriage. 

4.  One  to  be  married. 

She  inherited  a  fi\ir  fortune  of  her  own  —and  Kas  looked  upon 
as  U»c  ricliest  match  in  the  west.  Clartitdun. 

MATCH,  n.  [Or.  tia\ri,  a  battle,  a  fight;  but  probably 
of  the  same  family  as  the  t)rer.odin(;.J 

A  contest ;  competition  for  victory  ;  or  a  union  of 
parlies  for  contest ;  as  in  games  or  sports. 

A  solemn  match  was  made  ;  ho  lost  the  priie.  Dryden. 
MATCH,  V.  L   To  equal. 

No  settled  senses  of  the  world  can  nutteh 

Tlie  pleasure  of  thai  madness.  Shak. 

2.  To  show  an  equal. 

No  history  or  antiquity  can  tnatch  his  policies  and  his  condoet. 

South. 

3.  To  oppose  as  equal ;  to  set  against  as  equal  in 
cimtest. 

Etenial  might 
To  match  with  their  inventions  thi'y  presumed 
So  easy,  anlol  his  thunder  niaite  a  scorn.  filUton. 

4.  To  stiit  ;  to  make  equal  ;  to  proportion. 

jvi-u  mntrh  their  subject  to  tlieir  strength.  Rotcommon. 
To  ;/iitc/i  p.uu*rns  and  colors.  S^Jii/t. 

5.  To  marry  ;  to  give  in  marriage. 

A  s-nator  of  Rome,  while  Rome  survived, 

Would  not  have  matched  his  daughter  with  a  kin^.  AddiMon. 

C.  To  purify  vessels  by  burning  a  match  in  them. 
MATCH,  V.  i.    To  be  united  in  marriage. 

1  hold  il  a  sin  to  matcli  in  my  kindnvl.  Shak. 
\jPt  tigers  mrtfc'i  with  hinds,  and  wolves  with  sheep.  Dryden. 

2.  To  suit ;  to  correspond  ;  to  be  of  equal  size,  lig- 
ure,  or<|uality  ;  to  tally.    U'e  say  of  a  piece  of  cluth, 
it  does  not  match  with  another. 
MATCH'.V-BLE,  a.    Equal ;  suitable  ;  fit  to  be  jomed. 

Spen.-icr, 

2.  Correspondent.    [Litlle  used.]  tVoodmard. 

M.VTCH'fJD,  (matcht,)  pp.  Equaled  ;  suited  ;  placed 
in  opposition  ;  marrietl. 

M.\TCH'IN(3,  ppr.  Equaling  ;  suiting  ;  setting  in  op- 
position ;  uniting  in  marriage. 

M.'KTCH'LESS,  a.  Having  no  equal  ;  as,  matchless 
impudence  j  a  matchless  queen  j  matchless  love  or 
charms. 

MATCII'LE.SS-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  or  degree  not 
to  be  eqnaletl. 

MATCH'I.ESS-.MESf!,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing without  an  eiiual. 

MATCH'LOCK,  n.  Formerly,  the  lock  of  a  musket 
containing  a  match  for  firing  it ;  the  musket  itself. 

MATCH'-.MaK-EU,  ».  One  who  makes  matches  for 
burning. 

2.  One  who  contrives  or  effects  a  union  by  mar- 
riage. 

MATCU'-MaK-I.\G,  n.    The  art  of  making  matches. 

MATE,  It.  [D.  maat  ;  Ar.  Ua..*  matau,  to  associate. 
Class  Md,  No.  11.] 

1.  A  companion  ;  an  associate  ;  one  who  customa- 
rily associates  with  another.  Young  persons,  nearly 
of  an  age,  and  frequently  associating,  are  called  males 
or  playmate.^. 

2.  A  husband  or  wife. 

3.  The  male  or  fem.tle  of  animals  which  associate 
for  propag.ation  and  the  care  of  their  young.  Milton. 

4.  One  that  eats  at  the  same  table. 

5.  One  that  attends  the  same  school ;  a  school- 
mate. 

C.  An  officer  in  a  merchant  ship  or  ship  of  war, 
whose  duty  is  to  a-ssist  the  master  or  commander. 
In  a  merchant  ship,  the  mate,  in  the  absence  of  the 
master,  takes  command  of  the  ship.  Large  ships 
have  a  first,  second,  and  third  mate. 

_  In  general,  mate,  in  compound  toords,  denotes  an  as- 
■istant,  and  raiiks  next  in  subordination  to  the  priii- 
cipiil ;  as,  master's  mate  ;  surgeon's  mate,  6c.c. 

7.  {Pron.  ml'ti.)    Paraguay  tea.    [See  .Matte.] 
MATE,  II.    rsp.  and  Port,  mate ,  Fr.  mat ;  from  So.  ma- 
lar, to  kill.] 

In  chess,  the  state  of  the  king  so  situated  that  he 
can  not  escape. 
MATE,  r.  L   To  match  ;  to  marry.    Spenser.  Shak. 

2.  To  equal ;  to  be  equal  to. 

For  ihiu  tlie  maitful  chestnut  males  the  skies.  Dryden, 

3.  To  oppose  ;  to  equal. 

I,  i'  th'  w  jy  of  loyalty  and  truth. 

Dare  mols  a  soui;der  nun  lh.an  Surrey  can  be.  ShMk. 

MATE,  r.  u  [Fr.  matrr,  to  mitte  in  chess  ;  Sw.  matta, 
to  weaken,  to  enervate ;  Sp.  malar,  to  kill.] 


To  enervate  :  to  subdue  ;  to  crush. 
Audacity  <loth  almost  bind  and  mate  Uie  weaker  sort  of  minds. 
{Sot  used.)  Bacon. 
MATE' LESS,  a.    Having  no  mate  or  companion. 
M.VT'E-LOTE,  n.    Il'"r.]    A  dish  of  food  composed  of 

many  kinds  of  fisli. 
MS-TE-OL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  paraios,  vain,  and  Aoj  oj, 
discourse.] 

A  vain  iliscourse  or  inquiry. 
Ma-TE-O-TECH'NY,  n.     [Ur.   paratos,  vain,  and 
Tixyri,  art.] 
Any  unprofitable  science. 
Ma'TER,  n.    [L.  mother.]    In  anatomic,  the  two  mem- 
branes that  cover  the  cerebrtim,  cerebellum,  iiicdiilla- 
oblongata,  and  spinal  cortl,  distinguished  from  each 
other  by  the  epithets  dura  and  pitu 
MA-Tk'IU-A  MEH'I-CA,  71.    [L.]    A  general  name 
for  every  substance  used  in  medicine.  Encijc. 

2.  An  auxiliary  branch  of  the  sciimce  of  medi- 
cine, which  treats  of  the  nature  and  properties  of  all 
the  substances  that  are  employed  for  the  cure  of  dis- 
eases. E4.  Kncyc 
MA-TE'RI-AL,  a,  [It.  matcriale;  Fr.  maUricl ;  Sp. 
material ;  from  L.  materia,  matter.] 

1.  Consisting  of  matter  ;  not  spiritual ;  as,  materiaZ 
substance  ;  material  bodies. 

2.  Important;  momentous;  more  or  less  necessa- 
ry ;  having  influence  or  elfect. 

Holtl  them  tor  Catholics  or  heretics,  it  is  not  a  thing  very  material 
in  this  (Question.  Hooker. 

In  Uie  accotmt  of  simple  ideas,  I  shall  set  down  only  such  as  arc 
most  material  to  our  present  purpose.  Locke. 

So  we  say,  a  material  point  ;  a  material  fault  or  er- 
ror ;  a  vutterial  fact  or  consideration. 

3.  Not  formal ;  substantial. 

4.  Furnishing  materials  ;  as,  material  men. 

IVlirahin,  Rep. 
M.\-Ti£'RI-.\L,  71.  The  substance  or  iiiattL-r  of  wliirli 
any  thing  is  niatle  ;  as,  wool  is  the  material  of  cloth  ; 
rags  are  the  material  of  paper. 
M,\-Tk'RI-AL-ISM,  II.  The  doctrine  of  materialists  ; 
the  opinion  of  those  who  maintain  th.at  the  soul  of 
mail  is  not  a  spiritual  subst.ance  distinct  from  matter, 
but  that  it  is  the  result  or  effect  of  the  organization 
of  matter  in  the  body. 

The  irregoK\r  feara  of  a  future  state  had  been  supplanted  by  the 
maleriaiism  of  £picnru3.  Buckmineter. 

2.  Matter ;  material  substances  in  the  aggregate. 
[Uniisual.]  Chalmers. 
MA-Tk'RI-AL-IST,  n.    One  who  denies  the  existence 
of  spiritual  substances,  and  maintains  that  the  soul 
of  man  is  the  result  of  a  particular  organization  of 
matter  in  the  body. 
MA-TE-RI-AL'I-TY,7U    Material  existence ;  corpore- 
ity;  not  spirituality.  Diglnj. 
2.  Importance  ;  as,  the  materiality  of  facts. 

Judge  Cha.<e. 

MA-Tk'RI-.\L-IZE,  v.  t.  To  reduce  to  a  state  of  mat- 
ter ;  also,  to  regarti  as  matter.  Rcid. 

MA-Tl':'RI-AL-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  a  state 
of  matter. 

MA-Tii'RI-AL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  a  state  of 
matter. 

MA-Te'RI-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  state  of  matter. 

2.  Not  formally  ;  substantially.  [Boyle. 
An  ill  intention  may  spoil  an  act  materially  good.  South. 

3.  In  an  iin|>ortant  manner  or  degree  ;  essentially. 
It  materially  concerns  us  to  know  the  real  motives  of 
our  actions. 

MA-Te'RI-AI.^NE3S,  n.  The  state  of  being  materi- 
al ;  imporUince. 

MA-Tii'RI-ATE,     K     rr       ,    ■  .  i 

MA-TK'RI-A-TED,  |  '""'"•"'""•J 

Consisting  of  matter.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

MA-TE-RI-A'TIO.\,  71.  The  act  of  forming  matter. 
[JVof  u.<ed.]  Broan. 

M.i-TE' Rl-EL,  (ma-ti're-el,)  71.  [Fr.]  That  in  a 
comjilex  system  which  constitutes  the  materials  or 
instruments  employed,  as  the  baggage,  munitions, 
provisions,  &.C.,  of  an  army,  in  distinction  from  the 
pcrsonel,  or  men  ;  or  the  buildings,  libraries,  and  ap- 
paratus of  a  college,  in  distinction  from  its  officers. 

M.V-TER'NAL,  a.  [L.  7iialfr;iit.<,  from  mcuer,  mother.] 
Motherly;  pertaining  to  a  mother;  becoming  a 
mother  ;  as,  maternal  love  ;  maternal  tenderness. 

MA-TER'N.\L-LY,  adv.    In  a  motherly  manner. 

M\-TER'NI-TY,  ii.    [Fr.  77iafrrni(e.] 

The  character  or  relation  of  a  mother. 

M.^T'FEI^-O.M,  71.  [Sp.  and  Port,mafar,  Ur.77UJtj(;n,to 
k'i|,  and  felon.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Centaurca,  knap-weed. 

M.VTH,  71.    [Sax.  7ii<r(A.] 

.\  mowing  ;  as,  in  aftermath. 

M.\TH.E-MATie,       )       „       ,.      ,.  , 

MATH-E-MAT'ie-AL,  )       t^.  7nafAemafici«.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  mathematics ;  as,  mathematical 
knowledge  ;  mathematical  instruments. 

2.  .According  to  the  principles  of  mathematics  ;  as, 
mathematical  exactness. 

MATH  E-.MAT'ie-AI^LY,  adr.     According  to  the 
laws  or  principles  of  mathematical  science. 
2.  With  malliematical  certainly;  deinonstrablv. 

Bcntlty. 


MATH-E-MA-TI"CIAN,  (-tish'an,)  n.  [Fr.  matht- 
maticien.] 

One  versed  in  mathematics. 

MATH-E-.MAT'ieS,  71.  [L.  mathemalica,  from  Gr. 
uaOnpariKn,  from  fia^Wan.!,  to  learn  ;  the  f  is  proba- 
bly casual, and  the  root  belongs  to  Cla.ss  .Md,Nti.  II).] 
The  science  of  quantity  ;  the  science  which  treats 
of  magnitude  and  number,  or  of  wliatever  can  be 
measured  or  numbered.  This  science  is  divided 
into  pure  or  specalalire,  which  considers  quantity  ab- 
stractly, without  relation  to  matter  ;  and  mixed,  which 
treats  of  magnitude  as  subsisting  in  material  bodies, 
and  is  consequently  interwoven  with  physical  connid- 
erations.  Arithmetic,  geometry,  algebra,  trigonome- 
try, and  conic  sections,  are  branches  of  mathematics. 

M,\TH'E-MEG,  71.  A  fish  of  the  cod  kind,  inhabiting 
Hitdstui's  Ray.  Pennant. 

MATII'ES,  n.    An  herb.  jlinsu>orlh. 

MA-TIlK'SIS,  11.    [Gr.  ^<iOr,<Ti{.] 

Learning;  particularly,  mathematics.  [Little  used.] 

Pope. 

MAT'IN,  a.  [Fr.  inotiii,  morning;  G.  mette,  matina; 
L.  matiitinus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  morning  ;  used  in  the  morning  ; 
as,  a  7na(i«  trumpet. 

M,\T'Ii\,  71.    Morning.    [J^'ot  used.]  Shak. 

MAT'IN.',  7t.  p/.  Morning  worship  or  service  ;  morn- 
ing prayers  or  songs. 

The  vigils  an  celebrated  before  them,  and  the  noctum  and 

nulling,  lor  the  sainu  whose  tlie  relics  are.  StiUingJteet. 
The  wingiMl  choristers  began 

To  chirp  tlieir  matine.  Geaottand. 
2.  Time  of  morning  service  ;  the  first  canonical 
hour  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 
MAT'RASS,  7i.  [Fr.  7natras ;  I),  id.  In  French,  the 
word  signifies  an  arrow  ;  ,\rm.  viatara,  to  throw  a 
dart.  This  verb  coincides  with  I),  milto.  It  seems, 
then,  to  be  so  called  from  its  long  neck.] 

A  cucurbit ;  a  chemical  vessel  in  the  slia|>e  of  an 
egg,  or  with  a  tapering  neck  open  at  the  top,  serving 
the  purposes  of  cligestion,  evaporation,  &c.  It  is  su- 
perseded, in  the  modern  laboratory,  by  a  Hask. 

J^icholson.    (lumcy.  Brande. 
MAT'RESS.    See  Mattress. 

MA'TRIX^'*  I  matrix,  from  mater,  mother.] 

The  womb;  the  cavity  in  which  the  fetus  of  an 

animal  is  formed  and  nourislieil  till  Its  birth.  Kncyc. 
M.\T'RICE,  (mat'ris,)  ji.     A  iiiiild  ;  the  cavity  in 

which  any  thing  is  formed,  and  w  hich  gives  it  shape  ; 

as,  the  matriz  of  a  type. 

2.  The  place  or  substance  in  which  any  thing  is 
formed  or  proilticed    as,  the  matrii  of  metals  ;  gang. 

3.  In  dyeing,  the  five  simple  colors,  black,  white, 
blue,  red,  and  yellow,  of  which  all  the  rest  are^  com- 
posed. Encijc. 

.M.\T'RI-CI-D.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  matricide. 
MAT'RI-CIDE,  71.    [L.  matricidium ;  mater,  mother, 
and  c/Cf/o,  to  slay.] 

1.  The  killing  or  murder  of  a  nititlier.  Brotern. 

2.  The  killer  or  murderer  of  his  mother. 
M.\-TRie'lI-LATE,  V.  L    [L.  mutricula,  a  roll  or  reg- 
ister, from  77wi/ru.J 

To  enter  or  admit  to  membership  in  a  body  or  so- 
ciety, particularly  in  a  college  or  university,  by  en- 
rolling the  naiiii:  in  a  register.  IVollon. 
MA-TKIC'II-LATE,  71.     One  enrolled  in  a  register, 
and  thus  admitted  to  membership  in  a  society. 

jJriiijAjinf, 

jMA-TRre'U-I.A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Entered  or  admitted 
to  membership  in  a  society,  particularly  in  a  uni- 
versity. 

MA-TR'ie-t!-LA'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  registering  a 
name  aniljidiiiitting  to  membership.  .^yl\ffc, 

MAT-RI-.Mo'Nl-AL,  a.  [It.  malrimoniale.  See  .Mat- 
rimony.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marriage  ;  connubial ;  nuptial ; 
hymeneal ;  as,  matrimonial  rights  or  duties. 

2.  Derived  from  marriage. 

If  he  relied  on  that  title,  he  couUI  he  but  a  king  at  curtesy,  and 
have  ritlier  a  matrimonial,  than  a  regal  power.  Auron. 

M.\T-RI-Mo'.\I-.\L-LY,arfr.    According  to  the  man- 
ner or  laws  of  marriage.  Ayliffe. 
MAT-RI-.Mo'NI-OUS,  a.    Matrimonial.   [LUtlr  used.] 

Milton. 

M.\T'RI-^IO-NY,  71.  [L.  niafrimoniuni,  from  mater, 
mother.] 

Marriage  ;  wedlock  ;  the  union  of  man  and  woman 
for  life  ;  the  nuptial  st.ate. 

If  any  man  know  cause  why  this  couple  should  not  be  joined  in 
holy  matrimony,  they  arc  to  declare  it.    Common  Prayer. 

MA'TRIX.    See  Matrice. 

SIAT'RO.V,  71.  [Fr.  matrone  ;  L.  matronal  from  mater, 
mother.] 

An  elderly  married  woman,  or  an  elderly  lady. 

Johnson.  Kncyc. 

MAT'RON-AOE,  n.  The  state  of  a  matron.  Burke. 
MAT'RON-AL,  a.    [L.  77iafroiiafi.v.] 

Pertaining  to  a  matron  ;  suitiible  to  an  elderly  lady 
or  to  a  married  woman  ;  grave  ;  motherlj'.  Bacon. 
M.\T'R0N-I10yD,  71.    State  of  a  matron. 
M.\T'RON-IZfe,  V.  L    To  render  nialronlike. 

Richardsm. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GEK.  VI"CIOUS  G  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MAT 


MAT 


MAX 


MAT'RON-IZ-£D,;);i.    Reniiered  matronlike. 
MAT'RON-lZ-IN'G,  ppr.    Rendering  matronlike. 
MAT'RO.\-LIKE,  a.    Having  the  manners  of  an  el- 
derly woman  ;  grave  :  sedate  ;  becoming  a  matron. 
MAT'RON-LY,  a.   Elderly ;  advanced  in  years. 

L^Estranrre. 

MA-TROS.S',  II.  [D.  matroos  ;  Sw.  Dan.  and  Kuss. 
matros,  a  sailor  ;  D.  vtatit,  a  mate ;  maats,  fellows, 
sailors  ;  Fr.  malelot.  In  Arm.  martclot  is  a  colleague. 
The  word  seems  to  be  from  mate.'] 

Jllatrosses  are  soldiers  in  a  tram  of  artillery,  who 
are  next  to  the  gunners,  and  assist  them  in  loading, 
firing,  and  sponging  the  guns.  They  carrj^  firelocks, 
and  march  with  the  store-wagons  as  guards  and  as- 
sistants. Bailey.  Encijc. 

MAT'TA-MORE,  n.  In  the  East,  a  subterranean  re- 
positnry  for  wheat.  Parkkurst.  Shaw. 

M.VTTE,  (mat,)  n.  Crudp,  black  copper  reduced, 
but  not  refined  from  sulphur,  &.c.  Ure. 

Q.  A  small  plant  used  in  South  America  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  tea  ;  Paraguay  tea.  S.  E.  Morse. 

JI  \T'TED,pp.  or  a.    Laid  with  mats  ;  entangled. 

MAT'TER,  n.  [L.  Sp.  and  It.  materia  ;  Fr.  matidre  ; 
Arm.  viatery  ;  W.  mater,  what  is  produced,  occasion, 
affair,  mailer ;  madrei,  pus,  matter  ;  madrii,  to  putrefy 
or  dissolve.  Owen  deduces  inater  from  mdd,  what 
proceeds  or  advances,  a  good  ;  inadii,  to  cause  to  pro- 
ceed, to  render  productive  ;  mad,  good,  beneficial, 
that  is,  advancing,  progressive.  Here  we  have  a 
clear  idea  of  the  radical  sense  of  good,  which  is,  pro- 
ceeding, advancing.  A  good  is  that  which  advances 
or  prttmotes  ;  and  Iience  we  see  the  connection  be- 
tween this  word  mad  and  matter,  pus,  both  from  pro- 

gressiveness.    The  original  verb  is  in  the  Ar. 

madda,  to  extend,  to  reach  or  stretch,  to  be  tall,  to 
thrust  out,  to  excrete,  to  produce  pus,  to  yawn  ;  de- 
rivatives, pus,  sanies,  matter.  This  verb,  in  Heb. 
and  Ch.,  signifies,  to  measure,  and  is  the  same  as 
the  L.  vietior,  Gr.  iicrpioi.  In  Syriac,  it  signifies,  to 
escape.] 

1.  Substance  excreted  from  living  animal  bodies  ; 
that  which  is  thrown  out  or  discharged  in  a  tumor, 
boil,  or  abscess ;  pus  ;  purulent  substance  collected 
in  an  abscess,  the  effect  of  suppuration  more  or  less 
perfect ;  as,  digested  matter;  sanious  viatter. 

2.  Body  ;  substance  extended  ;  that  which  is  visi- 
ble or  tangible ;  as,  earth,  wood,  stone,  air,  vapor, 
water. 

3.  In  a  more  a-eneral  and  pimosophie  sense,  the  sub- 
stance of  which  all  bodies  are  C(mstituted. 

Matter  is  usually  divided  by  philosophical  writers 
into  three  kinds  or  classes  ;  solid,  liqnid,  and  a'f'riform. 
Solii!  substances  are  those  whose  jiarts  firmly  cohere 
and  resist  impression,  as  wood  or  stone  ;  liijuids  have 
free  motion  among  their  parts,  and  easily  yield  to  im- 
pression, as  water  and  wine.  Aeriform  substances 
are  elastic  fluids,  called  vapors  and  gases,  as  air  and 
oxygen  gas. 

4.  Subject ;  thing  treated  ;  that  about  which  we 
write  or  speak  ;  that  which  employs  thought  or  ex- 
cites emotion  ;  as,  this  is  matter  of  praise,  of  grati- 
tude, or  of  astonishment. 

Son  of  God,  S.wior  of  men,  thy  nnme 

Sh:il\  Lie-  llic  copious  nvtUer  of  my  feoii  MiHon, 

5.  The  very  thing  supposed  or  intended. 

lie  ^r.ints  llie  (I'-lu^e  to  liave  come  so  very  near  tlte  mntlrr,  tint 
li  w  e8C:tp'  <l.  TiUolnon. 

C.  Affair ;  business  ;  event ;  thing  ;  course  of  things. 
Matters  hnvc,  succeeded  well  thus  far;  observe  how 
matters  stand  ;  thus  the  matter  rests  at  present ;  thus 
the  matter  ended. 

To  help  the  matter,  the  ukhemifits  call  in  many  vanities  from 

wttroIo;?y.  lifuon. 
Some  youn^  female  seenie  to  have  carried  nutUera  so  far,  that 
6hc  IB  npc  for  asking  advice.  Spectator. 

7.  Cause  of  any  event,  as  of  any  disturbance,  or 
of  a  disease,  or  of  a  diniciilly.  When  a  moving  ma- 
chine stops  suddeidy,  we  a^k,  wh.nt  is  the  mailer  1 
When  a  person  is  ill,  we  ask,  what  is  the  matter'! 
When  a  tumult  or  (juarrel  takes  place,  we  ask,  what 
Is  the  matter  ? 

8.  Subject  of  compl.iint  i  suit;  demand. 

\t  the  malter  aliould  Ije  tried  by  duel  hctwecu  two  championi. 

/iacorh 

Every  (r"^at  matter  tliey  nhall  t^rinff  to  tliec,  but  every  small 
malUr  they  shall  Jud^e,  —  KxoJ.  xvtii. 

0.  Itnport ;  consequence  ;  importance ;  moment 
A  prophet  some,  and  some  a  poet  cry : 
No  mauer  wliich,  no  n'-ither  of  them  lie. 


10.  .Space  of  time  ;  a  portion  of  distance. 

I  tiave  DioilCfhts  10  tirry  a  ntnall  matter. 
Away  he  (;oeti,  a  tn/itler  of  seven  nillta. 


Dryden, 


Conirreve. 
L'  Eetrange. 


[fpon  the  matter!  connidrring  the  whole  ;  taking  all 
tiling-!  into  vii:w.  This  phrase  is  now  obsolete  ;  but 
in  lieu  of  it,  wc  Bomctimes  use,  upon  llic  whole  mat- 
Ur. 

Wnll^r,  with  Hir  William  Balfour,  exceeded  In  horse,  hut  were, 
upon  the  tehott  matter,  equaj  in  fwtt.  Clareiulon. 

Matter  of  record ;  that  which  is  recorded,  or  which 
may  be  prored  by  record. 


MAT'TER,  V.  i.  To  be  of  importance  ;  to  import ; 
used  with  it,  tliis,  that,  or  what.  This  matters  not ; 
tliat  matters  not ;  chiefiy  used  in  negative  phrases ; 
as,  what  matters  it 

It  mailers  not  how  they  are  called,  so  we  know  who  they  are. 

Locke. 

2.  To  maturate  ;  to  form  pus  ;  to  collect,  as  matter 
in  an  abscess. 

Each  slight  sore  TTWiIterctA.    [Little  used.']  Sidney. 
[TVe  vow  use  IMaturate.] 
M.VT'TER,  1'.  U    To  regard.    [JVot  used.] 
MAT'TER-£D,  pp.    Regarded  ;  imported. 

2.  Maturated ;  collected,  as  pta-fect  pus  in  an  ab- 
scess. 

MAT'TER-LESS,  a.    Voii  of  matter.     B.  Jonson. 

MAT'TEK-OF-FAeT'-MAN,  n.  A  term,  of  modem 
times,  for  a  grave  and  precise  narrator,  remarker,  or 
inquirer  ;  one  who  sticks  to  the  matter  of  any  fact. 

MAT'TER-Y,  a.    Purulent;  generating  pus;  as,  a 
mattery  cough.  Harvey. 
9.  Important.    [06s.]  B.  Jonson. 

MAT'TING,  ppr.    Covering  with  mats  ;  entangling. 

MAT'TING,  n.    A  texture  composed  of  rushes,  flags, 
grass,  straw,  &c.,  used  in  packing  various  articles, 
and  also  for  covering  the  floors  of  houses. 
2.  Materials  for  mats. 

MAT'TOCK,  n.    [Sax.  mattuc ;  W.  matoo-.] 

A  kind  of  pickax,  having  the  iron  ends  broad,  in- 
stead of  pointed.  Smart. 

MAT'TRESS,  n.  [W.  matras  ;  D.  id. ;  It.  matcrasso  ; 
G.  matratie ;  Fr.  matelas  ;  Arm.  matela^z,  from  viat. 
MATBE3S,  according  to  the  etymology,  would  be  a 
more  correct  spelling.] 

A  quilted  bed  ;  a  bed  stuffed  with  hair,  moss,  or 
other  soft  material,  and  quilted. 

MAT'lJ-RANT,  n.  [L.  maturo,  from  malurtis,  mature, 
ripe.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  medicine,  or  application  to  an  in- 
flamed part,  which  promotes  suppuration.  Encyc. 
MAT'IJ-RaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  maturo,  to  hasten,  from  ?na- 
turiis,  ripe.] 
To  promote  perfect  suppuration. 
MAT'U-RaTE,  v.  i.    To  suppurate  perfectly. 
MAT'Tj-RA-TED,  pp.    Perfectly  suppurated. 
MAT'tl-RX-TING,  ppr.    Suppurating  perfectly,  as  an 
abscess. 

MAT-IJ-Ra'TION,  n.  The  process  of  ripening  or 
coming  to  maturity  ;  ripeness.  Bacon. 

2.  The  process  of  suppurating  perfectly  ;  suppura- 
tion ;  the  forming  of  pus  in  inflammations.  Quincy. 

M.^T'lf-RA-TIVE,  a.  Ripening;  conducing  to  ripe- 
ness. 

2.  Conducing  to  perfect  suppuration,  or  the  forma- 
tion of  matter  in  an  abscess. 
MA-TCRE',  a.  [Li.  matunis  :  J)an.  mocd,  moeden.  In 
W.  mid  is,  complete,  perfect,  mature  ;  and  medi  sig- 
nifies, to  reap,  L.  meto.  So  ripe,  in  English,  seems 
to  be  connected  witli  reap.  In  Ch.  Kion  signifies,  to 
come  to,  to  reach,  to  be  mature.    See  Meet.] 

1.  Ripe;  perfected  by  time  ornatural  growth ;  as, 
a  man  of  mature  age.  We  apply  it  to  a  young  man 
who  has  arrived  to  the  age  when  he  is  supposed  to 
be  competent  to  manage  his  own  concerns  ;  to  a 
young-woman  who  is  fit  to  be  married;  and  to  el- 
derly men  who  have  much  experience. 

Their  prince  is  a  man  of  learning  and  virtue,  mature  io  years. 

Adtlison. 

Mature  the  virgin  was,  of  Egypt's  race.  Prior. 

How  shall  I  niret  or  how  accoat  the  sage, 

Unskilled  in  speech,  nor  yet  mature  of  ige  ?  Pope. 

2.  Brought  to  perfection  iiAsedo/pZojits.  The  wheat 
is  mature. 

3.  Cofiipleted  ;  prepared ;  ready.  The  plan  or 
scheme  was  mature. 

This  lies  glowing,  and  is  mature  for  the  violent  brealuDg  out. 

illtalc. 

4.  Come  to  suppuration. 
MA-TCRE',  V.  t.    [L.  maturo.] 

1.  To  ripen  ;  to  hasten  to  a  perfect  state  ;  to  pro- 
mote ripeness. 

Trick  an  apple  with  a  pin  full  of  holes,  not  deep,  and  smear  it 
with  sack,  to  see  if  tJie  virtual  heat  of  tlio  wiue  will  not  ma- 
ture it.  Bacon. 

2.  To  ailvance  toward  perfection. 

I.ove  indulged  my  labors  p;ist. 

Matures  my  present,  and  shall  bound  my  last.  Pope. 

MA-TORE',  t".  i.  To  advance  toward  ripeness ;  to  be- 
come ripe  or  perfect.  AVinc  matures  by  agi^,  or  by 
agitation  in  a  long  voyage.  The  Judgment  matures 
by  au'c  and  experience. 

MA-TiiR'/:i),  pp.  or  a.  Ripened ;  advanced  to  perfec- 
tion ;  prejiaretl. 

MA-'I'ORE'I.V,  adv.   With  ripeness  ;  completi  ly. 

2.  With  full  deliberation.  A  prince,  entering  on 
war,  ought  maturely  to  consider  tlie  state  of  his 
finances. 

3.  Early  ;  soon.   [^4  lAit'mism,  bttte  used.]  Bentlcy. 
MAT-U-RES'CENT,  a.    ApproacliiiiK  to  maturity. 
MA-TOR'ING,  ppr.    Ripening  ;  being  in  or  coining  to 

a  complete  state. 
MA-TC'RI-TY,     j  ji.   Ripeness  ;  a  state  of  perfection 
MA-TORF,'NESS,  \     or  completeness  ;  as.  Hit!  maturi- 
ty of  age  or  of  judgment  ;  the  maturity  of  corn  or  of 
grass  ;  the  viaturity  of  a  plan  or  Bcheine. 


2.  In  commerce,  the  maturity  of  a  note  or  bill  of  ex- 
change is  the  time  wlien  it  becomes  due. 
MA'J''U-Tt-NAL,  /       rr       ,  ,  i 
MAT'U-TIiNE      i       \.L>.  mattitmus.j 

Pertaining  to  the  morning.  Herbert. 
MAT'WEED,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Lygeum. 
MAIID'LIX,  a.     [Corrupted  from  Magdalen,  who  is 
drawn  by  painters  with  eyes  swelled  and  red  with 
weeping.] 

Drunk  ;  fuddled  ;  approaching  to  intoxication  ;  stu- 
pid. 

And  the  kind  maudlin  crowd  melts  in  her  praise.  Southern. 

MAUD'I/IN,  V.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea. 
MAIJ'GER,  )  at/u.      [Fr.  malgri,  ill  will;  mal  and 
MAU'GRE,  \  gre.] 

In  spite  of;  in  opposition  to;  notwithstanding; 
used  only  in  burlesque. 

Tliis,  rnaus-tr  all  the  world,  will  1  keep  safe.  Sliak. 

MAU'KIN.    See  Malkin. 

MAUL,  71.    [L.  malleus.    See  Mall.] 

A  heavy  wooden  hammer  ;  written  also  Mall. 
MAUL,  V.  t.    To  beat  and  bruise  with  a  heavy  stick 
or  cudgel ;  to  wound  in  a  coarse  manner. 

Meek  modem  faith  to  murder,  hack,  and  umul.  Pope. 

MAUL'/^D,  pp.  Bruised  with  a  he.ivy  stick  or  cudgel. 
MAUL'ING,  ppr.    Beating  with  a  ciidgel. 
MAUL'-STICK,  n.    [G.  mahlen-stock.] 

The  stick  used  by  painters  of  pictures  to  keep  the 
hand  steady  in  working. 
MAUNCH,  (miinsh,)  n.    [Fr.  manche.] 

A  loose  sleeve.    [JVot  used.]  Herbert. 

[In  heraldry,  a  sleeve.  —  E.  H.  Barker.] 
MA  UNO  or  MAUND,  n.    [Sax.  mand ;  D.  mam/.] 

1.  A  hand-basket ;  a  word  used  in  Scotland. 

2.  A  Bengal  weight  of  100  pounds  troy,  or  82  avoir- 
dupois. Mulcom. 

MAUND  or  MAUND,  j  v.  t.  and  t.   To  niut- 

MAUND'ER  or  MAUN'DER,  (    ter ;  to  murmur;  to 

grumble  ;  to  beg.  [O^/a-.] 
MAUND'ER  or  MAUND'ER,  n.    A  beggar.  [Obs.] 
MAUND'ER-ER  or  MAUND'ER-ER,  u.    A  grumbler. 

[Obs.] 

MAUND'ER-ING  or  MAUND'ER-IiVG,  n.  Complaint. 

[Obs.] 

MAUN'DRIL,  n.  In  coal  mines,  a  pick  with  two 
shanks. 

MAUN'DY-THURS'DAY,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  from 
Sax.  mand,  a  basket,  because  on  that  day  princes  used 
to  give  alms  to  the  poor  from  their  baskets  ;  or  from 
dies  mandati,  the  day  of  command,  on  which  day  our 
Savior  gave  his  great  mandate,  that  we  should  love 
one  another.    Lye.  Johnson.] 

The  Thursday  in  Passion-week,  or  next  before 
Good-Friday. 

MAU-SO-Li'.'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mausoleum  ; 
monumental.  Burton. 

MAU-SO-Le'UM,  71.  [L. ;  Tr.  mausolcc  ;  from  Mau- 
solus,  king  tif  Caria,  to  whom  Artemisia,  his  widow, 
erected  a  stately  monuniont.] 

A  magnificent  tomb,  or  stately  sepulchral  monu- 
ment. 

MAU'THER,  «.    A  foolish  young  girl.    [JVot  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 

MAU-VAISEt  HOJVTE',   (mo-vii'  ont',)   7i.  [Fr.] 

Bashftilness  ;  false  modesty. 
Ma'VIS,  71.    [Fr.  mauvis.] 

The  throstle  or  song-thrush  ;  Turdits  ttumicms  of 

liinniEUS.  P.  Cyc. 

MAW,  71.    [Sax.  maga;  Sw.  mage;  D.  viaag ;  G.  7110- 

t,"""-] 

1.  The  stomach  of  brutes  ;  applied  to  the  stomach 
of  human  beings  in  contempt  only. 

2.  The  craw  of  fowls.  Jirhuthnot. 
MA\VK,  71.    A  maggot ;  a  slattern.    [JVut  in  use.] 
MAWK'ING-LY,  ode.    Slatternly  ;  sluttislily. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

MAWK'ISII,  a.    Apt  to  cause  satiety  or  loathing. 

So  sweetly  matckish,  and  so  smoothly  dull.  Pope. 

MAWK'ISII-LY,  adv.    In  a  mawkish  way. 
MAWK'ISII-NESS,  71.    Aptness  to  cause  loathing. 
MAWKS,  H.  A  great,  awkward,  ill-dressed  girl.  [KmI- 

Irnr.]  Smart. 
MAWK'Y,  a.  .tiaggoty.  [Local]  Grose. 
MAW'MET,  71.    [frimi  Jl/a/iomrf.]    A  puppet  ;  aiicinit- 

/i;,  an  idol.    [Obs.]  Wiclif 
MAW'MET-RY,  n.  'I'he  religion  of  Mohammed  ;  also, 

It'lolalrv.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
MAW'i\ilSIi,  n.    [from  Tnaic,  or  mawmct.'] 

"Foolish;  silly;  idle;  nauseous.  /.^Estrange. 
M.WV'WOIIM,  H.    A  worm  that  infests  the  .stomach. 

Harrey. 

MAX'TL-LAR,  (  a.  [L.  maxillaris,  from  maiiUa,  the 
MAX'TL-LA-llY,  j   jaw-bone  ;  probably  from  the  root 

of  mtish.] 

Pi  ilaiiiiiig  to  the  jaw  ;  ns,  the  maxillary  bones  01 
glands, 

MAX  IL'LI-F'TRM,  n.    In  the  form  of  a  cheek-bone. 

MAX-II/LI  PKI),  71.  [I,.  mardhi,y,\vi,  and  pes,  foot.] 
Jaw  foot ;  a  term  applied  to  the  short,  foot  like  ap- 
pendages that  cover  the  mouth  in  a  crab,  lobster,  or 
allii'd  animal. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIIj)>T.  — MRTE.  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BpOK.— 


700 


MAY 


MEA 


MEA 


MAX'IM,  71.  [Fr.  maxime,  It.  masaima,  L.  maiimum, 
literally,  the  greatest.] 

1.  An  established  principle  or  proposition  ;  a  prin- 
ciple generally  received  or  admitted  as  true.  It  is 
nearly  the  same,  in  popular  a^age,  as  Aiiom  in  pAi- 
[o^tiphy  and  mathematics. 

[l  is  n  mtixitn  of  tuxte,  thai  countries  newly  acquired,  and  not 
settled,  are  matters  of  burden,  rather  tbau  ul'  strength. 

Bacon. 

It  is  their  maxim,  Love  is  love's  reward.  Dryden. 
•2.  In  music,  the  longest  note  forjperly  used,  equal 
to  tw  o  longs,  or  four  breves  ;  a  large.  Bushi/. 
MAX'I.M-MO.V'GKR,  (-nmng'ger,)  «.  One  who  deals 

iniirh  in  maxims.  Cliestcrjield. 
M.V.\'1.M-UM,  n.    [L.]    In  viathematics,  tlie  greatest 
niimbur  t>r  quantity  attainable  in  any  given  case ;  op- 
posed to  .MlKlMl'M. 

M.\  V,  H.    [L.  Maius ;  Fr.  Mai ;  It.  Mag^io  ;  Sp.  Mayi).] 
1.  The  fifth  month  of  the  year,  beginning  with 
January,  but  the  third,  beginning  with  March,  as 
was  the  ancient  jiractice  of  the  Romans. 

a.  [Goth.  mawi.  See  JIaid.]  A  young  woman. 
[0I,.<) 

3.  The  early  part  of  life. 

His  .May  of  youth  and  bloom  of  lustihood.  Shak. 
May,  ti.  1.  To  gatlier  flowers  in  May  morning.  Sidney. 
MAY,  verb  aux. ;  pret.  Might.  [Sa.i.  viagan,  to  he 
strong  or  able,  to  avail ;  U.  virijeiij  or  moogen  ;  G.  m'd- 
gcit  I  Russ.  magu.  The  old  pret.  Mouoht  is  obsolete, 
btit  not  wholly  extinct  front  our  common  people.  The 
sense  is,  to  strain  or  i>rcss.] 

I.  To  be  possible.  We  say,  a  thing  may  be,  or  may 
not  be  ;  an  event  may  happen  j  a  thing  may  be  done, 
if  means  are  not  wanting. 

a.  'X'o  have  physical  force  ;  to  be  able. 

-M  U(e  the  iiiual  of  life  you  may.  Bournt. 

3.  To  have  niortil  powxr ;  to  have  liberty,  leave,  li- 
cense, or  permission  ;  to  be  permitted  ;  to  be  allowed. 
-V  man  may  do  what  the  laws  iierniit.  lie  may  do 
what  is  not  against  decency,  propriety,  or  gooil  man- 
ni-rs.  We  viay  not  violate  the  laws  or  the  rules  of 
pood  breeding.  I  told  the  servant  he  might  be  ab- 
sent. 

Thou  mayest  be  no  longer  stew.ard.  —  Luke  xvi. 
•1.  It  is  used  in  prayer  and  petitions  to  express  de- 
sire. O,  may  we  never  experience  the  evils  we  dread. 
Po  also  in  expressions  of  good  will.  May  you  live 
happily,  and  be  a  blessing  to  your  country.  It  was 
formerly  used  for  Cak,  and  its  radical  sense  is  the 
same. 

May  be,  it  may  he,  mayhap,  are  cx-pressions  equiva- 
lent to  perhaps,  by  chance,  pcradventurc,  that  is,  it  is 
]>ossible  to  be. 

M.\Y'-.\P-PI,F,,  (ma'ap-pl,)  n.  The  fruit  of  an  Amer- 
ican plant.  Podophyllum  peltatum. 

M.xY'ni.OO.M,  7!.  TheUawthorn. 

M.aV'-BUG,  II.  A  chafer;  a  buzzing  insect,  .iinsworth. 

M.AY'Hyt'H,  M.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Crattegus. 

M.\Y'-I)aY,  n.   The  first  dav  of  May. 

M.\  V'-DEW,  (mS'du,)  7i.  The  dew  of  May,  which  is 
said  to  whiten  linen,  and  to  allord,  by  reixNited  dis- 
tillations, a  red  and  odoriferous  spirit.  It  has  been 
supposed  that  from  the  preparation  of  tliis  dew  the 
Rosicnicians  took  their  name.  Kncyc. 

Ma V'DC'KE,  ri.    A  variety  of  the  common  cherry. 

MaY'FLOVV-ER,  71.  A  plant ;  a  tlower  that  appears 
in  May.  Baeon. 

M.\y'FLy,  It.   Ah  insect  or  fly  that  appears  in  May. 

WalUiiu 

MaY'-GaME,  n.  Sport  or  diversion  ;  play  such  as  is 
used  im  the  first  of  M.iy.  Dryden. 

M.\Y'-L.\  DY,  n.  The  queen  or  lady  of  May,  in  old 
iMav  games.  Dryden. 

MaY'-LIL-Y,  n.  The  lily  of  the  valley,  Convallaria 
Majalis. 

MaY'-.MORN,  71.    Freshness  ;  vigor.  Shak. 
MaY'-PoLE,  n.    A  pole  to  ilancc  round  in  May ;  a 

Ion"  pole  erected. 
MaY'-UL'EEN,  71.   A  young  female  crowned  with 

flowers  a.<!  queen  at  the  celebration  of  Mav-day. 
M.\Y'\YEF,D,  71.  A  low  herb,  Antliemis  Cotula,  grow- 
M.aY'HE.M.   tiee  Maim.  [ing  by  roadsides,  &c 

M.xY'IXG,  n.  The  gathering  of  flowers  on  May-day 
MaY'OR,  n.  [Fr.  maire  ;  Norm,  nuienr,  viair,  meyre , 
Arm.  ramr;  VV.  Tiwfr,  one  st.ationed,  one  that  looks 
after  or  tends,  one  that  keeps  or  guards,  a  provost,  a 
mayor,  a  bailitf ;  maer  y  bisieal,  a  land  steward,  the 
keeper  of  a  cow-lair  ;  maerdrcv,  a  dairy  hamlet ;  ma- 
rrdy,  a  dairy  farm  ;  maeron,  a  male  keeper  or  dairy 
farmer;  moerM,  a  female  who  looks  after,  a  dairy 
woman  ;  maeroni,  the  office  of  a  keeper,  su[>crintend- 
ency,  mayoralty :  Arm.  mirct,  to  keep,  stop,  hold, 
coinciding  with  Fr.  mircr,  L.  miror,  the  primary  sense 
of  which  is  precisely  the  same  as  in  the  Armoric. 
(See  .\iiMiRABLB  and  -Miracle.)  A  mayor,  then,  w.-is 
i>ripinally  an  overseer,  and,  among  country  gentle- 
ni.  n,  a  steward,  a  kind  of  domestic  b.-viliff;  rendered 
,  in  the  writing  of  the  middle  ages  viUictis.  (See 
Spelman,  ad  cue.)  The  derivation  of  the  word  from 
1^  major  is  undoubtedly  an  error.] 

The  chief  magistrate  of  a  city,  who,  in  London 
and  \  ork,  is  called  lerrf  moyor.  The  mayor  of  a  city, 
111  America,  is  the  chief  judge  of  the  city  court,  and 


is  assisted,  in  some  rases  .it  least,  by  two  or  more 
aldermen.  To  the  lord  mayor  of  London  belong 
several  courts  of  Judicature,  as  the  hustings,  court  of 
requests,  and  court  of  common  council. 

MAY'OU-AL-TY,  n.   The  oflicc  of  a  mayor.  Bacon. 

MaY'OK-ESS,  71.   The  wife  of  a  mayor. 

MA/.'A-G.AN,  71.  A  variety  of  tlie  common  bean, 
Falia  vulgaris. 

MAZ'ARD,  71.  [probably  from  the  toot  of  mash ;  Fr. 
77iac/ioirc.] 

1.  The  jaw.    [JVo(  used."]  Shak.  Iludibras. 

2.  A  black  cherry. 

MAZ'ARD,  D.  £.   To  knock  on  the  head.   [JV««  in  jise.] 

B.  Jonson. 

MAZ-A-RIXE',  (maz-a-reen',)  ti.    A  deep  blue  color. 

2.  A  particular  way  of  dressing  fowls. 

3.  A  little  dish  set  in  a  large  one.  Ash. 
Maze,  71.    [Sax.  mase,  a  whirlpool ;  Arm.  tiicz,  con- 
fusion or  shame.    The  origin  and  affinities  of  this 
word  are  not  ascertained.] 

I.  A  winding  and  turning;  perplexed  state  of 
things;  intricacy;  a  state  that  embarrasses. 
The  ways  of  Ile.^ven  are  dark  and  intricate, 
Puziled  with  mazes,  and  perplexed  with  error.  Addison. 

9.  Confusicm  of  thought ;  perplexity  ;  uncertainty. 
3.  A  labyrinth. 
MAZE,  V.  t.    To  bewilder ;  to  confound  with  intri- 
cacy ;  to  amaze.  Spenser. 
MAZE,  D.I.    To  be  bewildered.    [Obs.]  Cluiuccr. 
MaZ'ED-NESS,  n.  Confusion ;  astonisliinent.  [Ots.] 

Chaucer. 

M.AZ'ER,7i.  A  maple  cup.  [06i.]  Spenser.  Dryden. 
Ma'ZI-LY,  adv.    With  perplexity. 
Ma'ZI-NESS,  11.  Per|)lexily. 
MAZ-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining;  to  mazology. 
MA-ZOL'O-GIST,  71.    One  versed  in  niazology. 
M.-\-ZOL'0-GY,  71.    [Gr.  pa^vf,  a  breast,  and  Ao)  of, 
discourse.] 

That  branch  of  zoology  which  treats  of  niammif- 
erous  animals.  Kdin.  Kncyc. 

Ma'ZY,  a.  Winding ;  perplexed  with  turns  and 
windings  ;  intricate  ;  as,  mazy  error.  Milton. 

To  run  the  riii^  and  trace  tlie  mazy  round.  Dryden. 
M.  D. ;  Medicina  Doctor,  doctSr  of  medicine. 
ME,  proTi.  peri. ;  the  objective  case  of  /,  answering  to 
the  oblique  cases  of  ego,  in  Latin.  [Sax.  mc  ;  Goth. 
mih  ;  G.  mieh ;  Fr.  7not ;  L.  mihi  i  Sp.  7;ii ;  It.  jni  or 
mc;  Arm.  TTie  ;  Port.  7iiim  ,■  D.  my;  Gaelic,  mo;  Hin- 
doo, my/io ;  Sans.  me.  The  Hindoos  use  7?ic  in  the 
nominative,  as  in  Celtic  and  French,  7ni,  7Hoi.] 

Follow  7Hc;  giveto7nc;  go  with  7/ic.  The  phr.-ise 
"  I  followed  me  close,"  is  not  in  use.  Before  think, 
as  in  methijtks,  mc  is  properly  in  the  dative  case,  anti 
the  verb  is  impersonal ;  the  construction  is,  it  appears 
to  me. 

MkA'COCK,  71.  [Qu.  meek  and  cocft.]  An  uxorious, 
etlVininate  man.    [A'of  used.]  Johnson. 

MK.\'eOCK,  a.  Tame;  timorous;  cowardly.  [JYot 
7/sc(/.]  Shak. 

MkAD,  (meed,)  n.  [Sax.  77ie(/o,  mcdu,  mead  or  wine  ; 
D.  77ic<;rfe  ;  G.  7)ic;A ;  Dan.  wiiod ;  \V.  mr.i ;  Ir.  miodh  or 
meaiUi ;  Ann.  mez.  In  Gr.  peOu  is  wine,  as  is  madja 
in  Sanscrit,  and  medo  in  Zend.  In  Russ.  nic(/  or 
meda  is  honey.  If  the  word  signifies  primarily  liquor 
in  general,  it  may  be  allied  to  Gr.  pv6ai>i,  L.  madeo,  to 
be  wet.  But  it  may  have  had  its  name  from  honey.] 
A  fermented  liquor  consisting  of  honey  and  water, 
sometimes  enriched  with  spices.  Kncyc. 

Mk.VD,  ^meed.)         j  ii.    [Sax.  made,  nucdcwe ;  G. 

ME.VD'oW,  (mcd'o,)  j  7;ia/te,  a  mat,  and  a  meadow  ; 
Ir.  madh.  The  sense  is,  extended  or  flat,  depressed 
land.  It  is  supposed  that  this  word  enters  into  the 
name  Mediolanum,  now  Milan,  in  Italy ;  that  is, 
mead-land.] 

A  tract  of  low  land.  In  .imerica,  the  word  is  ap- 
plied particularly  to  the  low  ground  on  the  banks  of 
rivers,  consisting  of  a  rich  mold  or  an  alluvial  soil, 
whether  grass  land,  pasture,  tillage,  or  wood  land  ; 
as,  the  meadenes  on  tilt?  banks  of  the  Connecticut. 
The  word,  with  us,  does  not  necessarily  imply  wet 
land.  This  species  of  land  is  called,  in  the  Western 
Stales,  botUims,  or  bottom-land.  The  word  is  also 
used  (or  other  low  or  flat  lands,  particularly  lands 
appropriated  to  the  culture  of  grass. 

i"he  word  is  said  to  be  applied,  in  Grc.it  Britain, 
to  land  somewhat  watery,  but  covered  with  grass. 

Johnson. 

Meadow  means  p.-v:ture  or  grass  land,  annually 
mown  for  hay  ;  but  more  particularly,  land  too  moist 
for  cattle  to  graze  on  in  winter,  without  spoiling  the 
sward.  Kncyc.  Cyc. 


[.Mead  is  used  chieflv  in  poetry.] 
JAD'OW-L-H"" 


MEAD'OW-L-URK,  71.  A  w  ell-know-n,  beautiful  bird, 
.^lauda  magjia  of  \Yilson,  often  seen  in  meadows  antI 
open  fiel(!s  in  the  United  States.  Its  note  is  clear, 
but  melancholy.  Kncyc.  Jim. 

ME.\D'0W-0RE,  (med'6-,)  ti.    In  mineralogy,  con- 

choidal  bog  iron  ore.  Ure. 
ME.VD'flW-RC'E,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Thalictruni. 
ME.\D'OW-SAF'FRO.\,  Ti.    A  bulbous,  medicinal 

plant  of  the  genus  Colchicum. 
MEAD'OW-SAX'I-FRAGE,  n.   A  plant  of  the  genus 
Scseli.  Partinsrion. 


SM. 


MEAD'OVV-SWEET,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Spi- 
raea. 

M1;AD'0W-\V0RT,  ti.    A  plant.  Drayton. 

MEAD'oW-Y,  (ined'6-c,)  a.    (Containing  meadow. 

MioA'GER,  )  ,,  ./„„,  ^  (a.    [Fr.  T/mi^T* ;  Sp.  and  It. 

MkA'GRE,  i  e"fW  )  magro;  L.  miuer :  D.  G. 
Dan.  and  Sw.  mager ;  Gr.  /ii»ao{,  piK/wf,  small  ;  al- 
lied to  Eng.  meek  ;  Ch.  Ida,  to  be  thin,  to  be  de- 
pri  sseil,  to  subdue  ;  Ueb.  TiD,  id.  Class  Mg,  No.  2, 
9,  10,  K).] 

1.  Thin  ;  lean  ;  destitute  of  flesh  or  having  little 
flesh  ;  applied  to  animals. 

Meaner  yff-TC  his  looks  ; 
Sharp  misery  had  worn  him  to  the  bunes. 

2.  Poor ;  barren  ;  destitute  of  richness,  fertility,  or 
any  thing  valuable  ;  as,  a  meager  soil  ;  meager  lime- 
stone. Journ,  of  Science. 

3.  Barren  ;  poor;  wanting  strength  of  diction,  or 
richness  of  ideas  or  imagery ;  as,  a  meager  style  or 
composition  ;  meager  annals. 

Mk.\'GER,  (  f.  t.    To  make  lean.  [J^'olused.] 
Mk.A'GRI;,  i  Knollcs. 
MK.'V'iJER-LY,  adv.    Poorly  ;  thinly. 
MK.\'GKlt-i\ESS,  )i.    Leanness;  want  of  flesh. 

2.  Poorness  ;  barrenness  ;  want  of  lertilily  or  rich- 
ness. 

3.  Scantiness ;  barrenness  ;  as,  the  meagerness  of 
service.  Bacon. 

MEAK,  (meek,)  n.    A  hook  with  a  long  handle. 

Tusser. 

MkAL,  n.  [Sax.  mal,  a  part  or  portion  ;  D.  mnal ;  G. 
TiiaW;  probably  from  breaking.    Seethe  next  word  ] 

1.  A  portion  of  food  taken  at  one  time  ;  a  repast. 
It  is  customary,  in  the  L'niled  .'States,  to  eat  three 
vuals  in  a  day.  The  principal  meal  of  our  ancestors 
w.as  dinner,  :il  noon. 

2.  A  part ;  a  fragment ;  in  the  word  picermeal. 
Mr:.'VL,  M.    [Sax.  T/icu/ficr,  7«e/cwe  ;  ii.  meld ;  Sw.»nid7; 

Dan.  and  D.  7iiCfi ;  G.  mehlicht,  mealy,  mellow  ;  VV. 
mhl,  bruised,  ground,  smooth.  This  word  seems  to 
be  allietl  to  mill,  L.  7no/a,  and  to  L.  motlif.  Eng.  mel- 
low. The  ratlical  sense  is,  probably,  ti>  break,  com- 
minute, or  grind  to  fine  particles,  and  hence  the 
sense  of  softness  ;  or  the  sense  of  softness  may  be 
from  yielding  or  smoothness,  and  the  verb  may  be 
from  the  noun.] 

1.  The  substance  of  edible  grain  ground  to  fine 
particlt-s,  and  not  bolted  or  sifteil.  .Meal  primarily 
includes  the  bran  as  well  ;is  the  Hour.  Since  bolting 
lias  been  generally  practiced,  the  word  rneal  is  not 
generally  applied  to  the  finer  part,  or  flour,  at  least 
in  the  United  St.ates,  though  I  believe  it  is  soiiietinies 
so  used.  In  New  Englaiiil,  mral  is  now  usually  ap- 
plied to  ground  maize,  whether  bolted  or  unbolted, 
called  Indian  meal  or  corn-meal.  The  words  wheat- 
meal  anil  rye-meal  are  rarely  used,  though  not  wholly 
extinct;  and  meal  occurs,  also,  in  oatmeal. 

2.  Flour ;  the  finer  part  of  pulverized  grain.  [This 
sense  is  note  uncomtnon.] 

MEAL,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle  with  meal,  or  to  mi.x  meal 
with.    [Little  used.] 

MkAL'I-N'ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mealy  ;  soft- 
ness or  smoothness  to  the  touch. 

Mk.\L'-.M  AN,  71.    A  man  that  deals  in  meal. 

MkAL'-TI.ME,  71.    The  usual  time  of  eating  meals. 

Mi;.\L'Y,  (me'le,)  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  meal ; 
soft ;  smooth  to  the  feel. 

2.  Like  meal ;  farinaceous  ;  soft  ;  dry  and  friable  ; 
as,  a  mealy  potato  ;  a  mealy  apple. 

3.  Overspread  with  something  that  resembles 
meal  ;  as,  the  mraly  wings  of  an  insect.  Thomson. 

MKAL'Y-.MOUTlI-i;D,  a.  Literally,  having  a  soft 
mouth  ;  hence,  iinw  illing  to  tell  the  truth  in  plain 
language  ;  inclined  to  sjieak  of  any  thing  in  softer 
terms  than  the  truth  will  warrant.        L' Fstrar ge. 

MkAL'Y-MOUTH'ED-NESS,  11.  Inclination  to  e.x- 
press  the  truth  in  soft  words,  or  to  disguise  the  plain 
fact ;  reluctance  to  ti  ll  the  plain  truth. 

Mean,  (meen,)  o.  [Sax.  intcne,  genurne;  the  Utter 
word  signifies  common,  h.  communis.  Mean  coincides 
in  elements  with  Sax.  maneg,  many,  .ind  the  primary 
sense  may  be,  a  crowd,  like  vulgar,  from  L.  vutgus. 
If  the  primary  sense  is  small,  it  coincides  with  Ir. 
mion,  \V.  or  main,  Fr.  menu,  It.  meno,  L.  minor 
and  minuo,  to  diminish  ;  but  I  think  the  word  be- 
longs to  the  root  of  common.  See  Class  Jin,  No.  2 
and  5.J 

1.  Wanting  dicnity  ;  low  in  rank  or  birth  ;  as,  a 
man  of  nirnii  parentage,  mean  birth  or  origin. 

2.  Wanting  dignity  of  mind  ;  luw-niinded ;  base; 
destitute  of  honor ;  spiritless. 

Can  you  imagine  1  so  mtan  couUi  prore. 
To  fcive  my  lilc  by  changing  of  my  loTC  t 


DryUn. 


3.  Contemptible ;  despicable. 

The  Roman  legions  and  freat  Cesar  fo' 
Our  fallieis  no  m*an  fues. 


ind 


Philipt. 

4.  Of  little  Talue  ;  low  in  worth  or  estimation  ; 
worthy  of  little  or  no  regard. 

We  fast,  not  to  please  men,  nor  to  promote  ftny  msan  worldly 
Intercsu  Smalridft. 

5.  Of  little  value;  humble;  poor;  as,  a  mtm 
abode  ;  a  mean  dress. 


TCNE,  BULL,  TJNITE — AN"G£R,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


88< 


GGG 


701 


ME  A 


MEA 


ME  A 


Mean,  a.  [Ft,  vtotjcn;  and  Port,  nipdiano ;  L. 
medium,  vicdiiis ;  Ir.  meadhan.    See  Middle.] 

1.  Middle  ;  at  an  equal  distance  from  the  ex- 
tremes. 

According  to  the  fittest  style  of  lofty,  mean,  or  lowly.  Milton. 

2.  Intervening;  intermediate;  coming  between; 
as,  in  the  mran  time  or  while. 

3.  In  mathematics,  a  term  denoting  a  quantity  hav- 
ing an  intermediate  value  between  several  others, 
which  are  formed  according  to  any  assigned  law  of 
succession.  Brandc, 

Mean,  n.  The  middle  point  or  place;  the  middle 
rate  or  degree ;  mediocrity ;  medium.  Observe  the 
golden  vicati. 

There  is  a  mean  in  nil  thinj^s.  Dryden. 

But  no  authority  of  pods  or  men 

Allow  of  any  mean  ui  poesy.  Roscommon, 

2.  Intervening  time ;  interval  of  time ;  interim ; 
meantime. 

And  in  the  mean,  vouchaiile  her  honorable  tomb.  Spenser. 
Here  is  an  omission  of  time  or  while. 

3.  In  mathematics,  a  quantity  having  an  intermedi- 
ate value  between  several  others,  which  are  formed 
according  to  any  assigned  law  of  succession. 

Brande, 

4.  Measure  ;  regulation.    [JVb«  in  use.]  Spenser. 

5.  Instrument ;  that  which  is  used  to  effect  an  ob- 
ject;  the  medium  through  which  something  is  done. 

The  virtuuns  conversation  of  Christians  was  a  mean  to  work  the 
conversion  of  the  heathen  to  Christ.  Hooker. 

In  this  sense,  means,  in  the  plural,  is  generally 
used,  and  often  with  a  definitive  and  verb  in  the 
singular. 

By  Oils  means  he  had  them  more  at  vantaffP.  Bacon. 
a'  guuil  character,  when  esuiblislied,  should  not  be  Tested  on  as 
an  end,  but  employed  as  a  mtang  of  doin^  ijood.  Allerhury. 

6.  Means,  in  the  plural,  income,  revenue,  re- 
sources, substance,  or  estate,  considered  as  the  in- 
strument of  effecting  any  purpose.  He  would  have 
built  a  house,  but  he  wanted  means. 

Your  means  are  slender.  SIloJc. 

7.  Instrument  of  action  or  performance ;  as,  the 
great  incans  of  success. 

By  all  means  ;  certainly  ;  without  fail.  Go,  by  all 
means. 

By  no  means ;  not  at  all ;  certainly  not ;  not  in  any 
degree. 

'i'he  wine  on  this  side  of  the  lake  is  by  no  means  so  g-ood  as  that 
on  the  oilier.  Addison. 

By  no  manner  of  means  ,*  by  no  means  ;  nt)t  the 
least.  Burke. 
By  any  means ;  in  any  way ;  possibly  ;  at  all. 
If  by  any  means  I  might  att;iin  to  the  resurrection  of  llie  dead. 
—  Phil.  iii. 

Mi5.\N'Tl.ME,  I  in  the  intervening  time.  [In  this 
Mf;.\N'VV11iLE  ;  (    use  of  the.se  words,  there  is  an 

omission  of  in  or  in  the  ;  in  the  mean  time.] 
Mean,  v.  t. pret.  and  pp.  Meant,  (ment.)  [Sax. 
mtenan,  menan,  to  mean,  to  intent!,  also  to  re- 
late, to  recite  or  tell,  also  to  moan,  to  lament ;  G. 
meinen  ;  D.  meenen-,  Sw.  mena;  Vnu.  meener,mener ; 
Russ.  mnyu,  to  think  or  believe  ;  Ir.  smuaininu  It 
coincides  in  origin  with  L.  viens.  Eng.  mind.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  set  or  to  thrust  forward,  to 
reach,  stretch,  or  e.xtend.  So  in  L.  intendu,  to  stretch 
onward  or  toward,  and  propono,  to  prtipose,  to  set  or 
put  forward.] 

1.  To  have  in  tha  mind,  view,  or  contemplation ; 
to  intend. 

What  mean  you  by  this  service  ?  —  Ex.  xii. 

2.  To  intend  ;  to  purpose ;  to  design,  with  refer- 
ence to  a  future  act. 

Ye  thought  evil  against  me,  but  (lod  jneant  it  for  ^od.  — Gen.  I. 

3.  To  signify  ;  to  indicate. 

What  mean  these  seven  ewe  lamlw  ?  — Gen.  xxl. 

W  h.it  jneanel/i  the  noise  of  tliis  g^tcat  shout  in  the  camp  of  the 

Hebrews?  — 1  Sam.  iv. 
Go  ye,  and  learn  what  that  meaneOi.  —  Matt.  ii. 

MeA.N',  (meen,)  v.  i.  To  have  thought  or  ideas;  or 
to  have  meaning.  Pope. 

ME-AN'OElt,  ji.  [The  name  of  a  winding  river  in 
Phrygia.] 

1.  A  winding  course  ;  a  winding  or  turning  in  a 
passage  ;  as,  thi;  meanders  of  the  veins  and  arteries. 

Hate. 

While  lingerinjr  rivers  In  meatulers  glide.  Blackmore. 

2.  A  maze  ;  a  labyrinth  ;  perplexity  ;  an,  the  mean- 
ders of  the  law.  .^rbiilhnot. 

ME  A.N'DEU,  V.  t.  To  wind,  turn,  or  flow  round  ;  to 
make  flexiious.  '  Drayton, 

ME-AN'DEK,  v.  i.  To  wind  or  turn  in  a  course  or 
(taMHage  ;  (o  be  intricate.  Shenstone, 

ME-AN'1)KR-I.\(;,  ppr.  or  a.  Winding  in  a  course, 
pasMagt*,  or  current. 

ME  A.N'IIEIt  [N<;,  n.    A  winding  rour.Hc. 

.ME  A.\'l)lll  A.\,  a.    Winding  ,  having  many  tiirmi. 

ME-A.N-DItl'NA,  n.  A  gi  inix  of  corals  with  mean- 
dering reIN,  a.H  the  brain-Ntono  coral.  Mantell, 

MEAN'lilloU.S.I"-    VV.nd,nB;nexuou,.  King. 


MeAN'ING,  p;)!-.  Having  in  mind  ;  mtending  ;  signi- 
fying. 

_  2.  Significant ;  <as,  a  meaning  look. 
MeAN'ING,  n.   That  which  exists  in  the  mind,  view, 
or  contemplation  as  a  settled  aim  or  purpose,  though 
not  directly  expressed.    We  say,  this  or  that  is  not 
his  meaning. 

2.  Intention  ;  purpose  ;  aim ;  with  reference  to  a 
future  act. 

1  am  no  honest  man,  if  there  be  any  good  meaning  toward  you. 

S/,alc. 

3.  Signification.  What  is  the  meaning  of  all  this 
parade.'  The  meaning  of  a  hieroglyphic  is  not  al- 
ways obvious. 

4.  The  sense  of  words  or  expressions  ;  that  which 
is  to  be  understood  ;  signification  ;  that  which  the 
writer  or  speaker  intends  to  express  or  communicate. 
Words  have  a  literal  meaning,  or  a  metaphorical 
meaning,  and  it  is  not  always  easy  to  ascertain  the 
real  meaning. 

_  5.  Sense  ;  power  of  thinking.    [Little  used.'] 
MeAN'ING-LESS,  a.    Having  no  meaning. 
MlvAN'ING-LY,  adc.    Significantly;  intendingly. 
MeAN'LY,  adv.    [See  Mean.]    Moderately  ;  not  in  a 

great  degree. 

In  the  reign  of  Domitian,  poetry  was  meanly  cultivated.  [Not 
used.]  Dryden, 

2.  Without  dignity  or  rank  ;  in  a  low  condition  ; 
as,  meanly  born. 

3.  Poorly  ;  as,  meanly  dressed. 

4.  Without  greatness  or  elevation  of  mind  ;  with- 
out honor  ;  with  a  low  mind  or  narrow  views.  He 
meanly  declines  to  fulfill  his  promise. 

Would  you  meanly  thus  rely 

On  power  you  knov/  I  most  obey  ?  Prior. 

5.  Without  respect ;  disrespectfully.  We  can  not 
hear  to  hear  others  speak  meanly  of  our  kindred. 

Me.^N'NESS,  n.  Want  of  dignity  or  rank  ;  low 
state  ;  as,  meanness  of  birth  or  condition.  Poverty  is 
not  always  meanness;  it  may  be  connected  with  it, 
but  men  of  dignified  minds  and  manners  are  often 
poor. 

2.  Want  of  excell^ce  of  any  kind ;  poorness ; 
rudeness. 

This  figure  is  of  a  later  date,  by  the  meanness  of  the  workman 
ship.  Addison. 

3.  Lowness  of  mind ;  want  of  dignity  and  eleva- 
tion ;  want  of  honor.  Meanness  in  men  incurs  con- 
tempt.   All  dishonesty  is  meanness. 

4.  Sordidness  ;  niggardliness  ;  opposed  to  Liber- 
ality or  Chakitableness.  Meanness  is  very  difier- 
cnt  from  frugality. 

5.  Want  of  richness;  poorness;  as,  the  meanness 
of  dress  or  equipage. 

MeAN'-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.    Having  a  mean  spirit. 
Means,  n.  pi.    Resources  or  income. 

2.  Instrument  for  gaining  an  end  ;  as,  by  this 
means.    [See  Mean.] 
ME.\NT,  (ment,)  prct.  and  pp.  of  Mean. 
MeAR,  71.    A  boundary  or  limit.    [See  Mere.] 

Spenser, 

MeASE,  n.  [from  the  root  of  measure,]  The  tjtian- 
tity  of  500  ;  as,  a  mease  of  herrings.  [JVot  used  in 
,'^nirriea.] 

MeA'SLE,  (mee'zl,)  n.    A  leper.    TJVot  in  use.] 

mclif. 

Me.\'SLED,  (inee'zld,)  a.  [See  Measles.]  Infected 
or  spotted  with  measles. 

MeA'SLES,  (mee'ziz,)  with  a  plural  terminatitm. 
[G.  mnser,  a  spot ;  masig,  measled  ;  D.  maiclrn :  from 
sprinkling  or  from  mixing.    Class  Ms,  No.  14,  l.'i.] 

1.  A  contagious  disease  of  the  human  body,  usu- 
ally characterized  by  a  crimson  rash  iiptm  the  skin, 
in  stigmatized  dots,  grouped  in  irregular  circles  or 
crescents;  appearing  about  the  third  day,  and  termi- 
nating about  the  seventh  ;  preceded  by  symptoms 
like  catarrh,  and  accompanied  by  a  constitutional 
febrile  affection,  which  is  either  a  synochus  or  an  ex- 
quisite typhus. 

2.  A  disease  of  swine.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  A  ilisease  of  trees.  Mortimer. 
Me,\'SLY,  (inec'zly,)  a.    Infected  with  measles  or 

eruptions.  Sioift. 

MEAS'lJll-A-I!LK,(inezh'ur-a-bl,)ff.  [See  Measure.] 
That  may  be  measured  ;  susceptible  of  mensuration 
or  computation.  Bentley. 
2.  Moderate  ;  in  small  qu.antity  or  extent. 

MEA9iniK-A-n!,E-NESS,(inezli'ur-a-hl-ness,)  n.  The 
quality  of  admitting  mensuration. 

MEAS'lJR-A-liLY,  (mczh'ur-,)  adv.  Moderately;  in 
a  limilrd  degree. 

MEA»'i;itE,  (mezh'ur,)  n.  [Er.  mfsure ;  It.  misura  : 
Sp.  medid/i ;  Arm.  niusiir  or  musul ;  Ir.  mens;  W. 
meidyr  and  mesur ;  (J.  mass,  measure,  and  messen,  to 
measure  ;  I),  moat ;  Sw.  matt ;  Dan.  maade,  measure, 
and  mode  ;  L.  mensura,  from  mcn.vus,  with  a  casual  n, 
the  participle  of  mtlior,  to  measure,  Eng.  to  mete  ;  Gr. 
ptrnoi',  lari'ci,'.  With  these  corresponil  the  Eng.  mert, 
fit,  pro|)er,  and  meet,  the  verl) ;  Sax.  gemcl,  meet,  fit  j 
metan  and  gemrttan,  to  meet  or  meet  with,  to  find,  to 
mete  or  measuns  and  to  paint.  'I'lie  sen.se  is,  to  conio 
to,  lo  fall,  to  happen,  and  this  sense  is  connected 
with  that  of  stretching,  extending,  that  is,  reaching 


to  ;  the  latter  gives  the  sense  of  measure.  We  find 
in  Heb.  Ta,  measure ;  n.D,  to  mete,  to  measure. 


This  word,  in  Ar.  tX.<o  madda,  signifies  to  stretch 
or  extend,  to  draw  out  in  length  or  time;  as  do  other 
verbs  with  the  same  elements,  under  one  of  which 
we  find  the  meta  of  the  Latins.  The  Ch.  NOD  sig- 
nifies, to  come  to,  to  arrive,  to  reach,  lo  be  mature, 
and  NS!3,  in  Heb.  Ch.  and  Eth.,  signifies,  to  find,  to 
come  to.  Now,  the  Saxon  verb  unites  in  itself  the 
significations  of  all  three  of  the  Oriental  verbs.] 

1.  The  whole  extent  or  dimensions  of  a  thing,  in- 
cluding length,  breadth,  and  thickness. 

The  measure  thereof  is  lone-er  than  the  earth  and  broader  than 
the  sea. —Job  xi. 

It  is  applied,  also,  to  length  or  to  breadth  sepa- 
rately. 

2.  That  by  which  extent  or  dimension  is  ascer- 
tained, either  length,  breadth,  thickness,  capacity,  or 
amount ;  as,  a  rod  or  pole  is  a  measure  of  five  yards 
and  a  half;  an  inch,  a  foot,  a  yard,  are  measures  of 
length  ;  a  gallon  is  a  measure  of  capacity.  Weights 
and  measures  should  be  uniform.  Silver  and  gold 
are  the  common  measure  of  value. 

3.  A  limited  or  definite  quantity ;  as,  a  measure  of 
wine  or  beer. 

4.  Determined  extent  or  length  ;  limit. 

Lord,  make  me  to  know  my  end,  and  the  yneasure  of  my  days. 
—  Ps.  xxxix. 

5.  A  rule  by  which  any  thing  is  adjusted  or  pro- 
portioned. 

God's  goodness  is  the  measure  of  his  providence.  Mort. 

6.  Proportion  ;  quantity  settled. 

I  enter  not  into  the  particiil-ars  of  the  law  of  nature,  or  its  mea». 
ures  of  punishment ;  yet  there  is  such  a  law.  Locke. 

7  Full  or  sufficient  quantity. 

I'll  never  pause  again. 
Till  either  death  hath  closed  these  eyes  of  mine. 
Or  fortune  given  me  measure  of  revenge.  Shale. 

8.  Extent  of  power  or  office. 

We  will  not  boast  of  tilings  wiUiout  our  measure.  —  2  Cor.  x. 

9.  Portion  allotted  ;  extent  of  ability.  , 

If  else  thou  seekest 
Aught  not  surpassing  human  measure,  say.  Milton, 

10.  Degree  ;  quantity  indefinite. 

1  have  laid  down,  in  some  measure,  the  description  of  the  old 
world.  Abbot. 

A  great  measure  of  discretion  is  to  be  used  in  the  performance  of 
confession.  Taylor, 

11.  In  music,  that  division  by  which  the  motion  of 
music  is  regulated  ;  or  the  interv.al  or  space  of  time 
between  the  rising  and  falling  of  the  hand  or  foot  of 
him  who  beats  time.  This  measure  regulates  the 
time  of  dwelling  on  each  note.  Encyc, 

13.  In  poetry,  the  measure  or  meter  is  the  manner 
of  (trdering  and  combining  the  quantities,  or  the  long 
and  short  syllables.  Thus  hexameter,  pentameter. 
Iambic,  Sapphic  verses,  &;c.,  consist  of  different 
measures,  Kncyc. 

13.  In  dancing,  the  interval  between  steps,  cor- 
responding to  the  interval  between  notes  in  the 
music. 

My  legs  can  keep  no  measur^in  delight.  Sluik. 
Hence,  a  dance.  Walter  Scott, 

14.  In  geometry,  any  quantity  assumed  as  one,  or 
unity,  to  which  other  homogeneous  or  similar  quanti- 
ties ai(^  referreil  as  a  stanilard  of  comparison.  Brande. 

15.  l\leans  to  an  end  ;  an  act,  step,  or  proceeding, 
toward  the  accomplishment  of  an  object;  an  eileu- 
sive  signijicntion  of  the  ipord,  applicable  to  almost  every 
act  preparatory  to  a  final  end,  and  by  which  it  is  to  be 
attained.  Thus  we  speak  of  legislative  measures, 
political  measures,  public  mea.'^ures,  prudent  measures, 
a  rash  measure,  effectual  measures,  inefficient  ;ncn.<- 
ures. 

l(i.  In  geology,  the  term  measures  is  sometimes 
used  for  beds" or  strata;  as,  coal  measures:  lead 
measures.  Brande, 

In  measure;  with  moderation;  without  excess. 

JVitltout  measure  ;  without  limits ;  very  largely  or 
copiously. 

7(1  hncc  hard  measure ;  to  be  harshly  or  oppressive- 
ly treateil. 

Lineal  or  long  measure ;  measure  of  length  ;  the 
measure  of  lines  or  ilistances. 

Liimid  measure;  the  measure  of  liquors. 
MEASMIRE,  (mezh'iir,)  ti.  t.  To  compute  or  ascertain 
extent,  quantity,  dimensions,  or  capacity,  by  a  cer- 
tain rule  or  stamlard  ;  as,  to  measure  land  ;  to  measure 
distance  ;  to  measure  the  allilude  of  a  mountain  ;  to 
measure  the  capacity  of  a  slirp  or  of  a  cask. 

2.  To  ascertain  the  degree  of  any  thing;  as,  to 
measure  the  degrees  of  hi;at,  or  of  moisture. 

3.  To  pass  through  or  over. 

We  must  measure  twenty  miles  to-day.  Sliak. 

The  vessel  plows  the  sea. 
Ami  measures  back  with  speed  her  former  way.  Dryden, 

4.  To  judge  of  distance,  extent,  or  quantity;  as, 
to  measure  any  tiling  by  the  eye. 

Great  lire  thy  works,  Jeliovali,  infiiilto 

Thy  power;  what  Uiought  can  tneasure  thee  t  Milton, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PRBY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


702 


 MEC  

5.  To  adjust ;  to  proportion. 

To  scciin;  ii  conlPiuM  spirit,  mtagure  your  ilfsires  by  vnur  foi^ 
tuiu's,  not  your  forluin-t  hy  your  dfsirv*.  Jlay/or. 

6.  To  allot  or  distribute  by  measure. 

With  whiit  nienaure  ye  mcle,  it  shall  be  meaturtd  lo  you  n^a. 
—  M.itt  »ii. 

MKAS'UUE,  r.  i.  To  bo  of  a  certain  extent,  or  to 
have  a  certain  lenglli,  breadth,  or  thickness  ;  as, 
cloth  measures  three  I'ourlhs  ol"  a  yard  ;  a  tree  ?;ie<w- 
i/rcs  three  feet  in  dian>eter. 

JIEASMIll-KD,  (mt!Zh'iird,)  pp.  Computed  or  ascer- 
tained by  a  rule  or  standard  ;  adjustetl ;  proportioned  ; 
passed  over. 

2.  a.  Equal ;  uniform ;  steady.    He  walked  with 
measured  steps. 
:t.  Limited  or  restricted  ;  as,  in  no  measured  terms. 

MEAS'lJUE-LESS,  (mezli'iir-less,)  a.  Without  meas- 
ure; unlimited;  immeasurable.  Sliak. 

MEAS'UUE-.MEXT,  (mt-/.h'ur-mcnt,)  n.  The  act  of 
nu  asurins  ;  mensuration.  Burke. 

MEAS'1;R-ER,  (mezli'ur-cr,)  n.  One  who  measvires  ; 
one  whose  occupation  or  duty  is  to  measure  commod- 
ities in  market. 

MEAS'IIR-1N(5,  (mezh'ur-ing,)  ppr.  Computing  or 
ascertainins  length,  dimensions,  capacity,  or  amount. 

2.  a.  Used  in  measurini; ;  as,  a  vteasurintr-rod, 

;).  a.  A  measurinir  cast;  a  throw  or  cast  that  rc- 
qtiires  to  be  nu\isurcd,  or  not  to  be  distiiiEuished 
from  another  but  by  measuring.  Waller. 
Mf.AT,  (meet,)  n.  (.Sax.  mute,  mete;  Goth,  mnts;  Sw. 
mat;  Dan.  mad  ;  lliuiloo,  mo.*.  In  W.  macthu  signi- 
fies, to  feed,  lo  nourish.  Corn.  mrtJiia.  In  the  lan- 
gunpe  of  the  Moliegans,  in  America,  meetseh  signifies, 
eat  thou  ;  meetsoo,  he  cats.    (iu.  mai-.c  and  mast.] 

I.  Food  in  generjil ;  any  thing  eaten  for  nourish- 
ment, either  by  man  or  beast. 

And  lioil  said,  Cclif>ld,  1  have  ^vcn  you  every  herb —  lo  you  it 
shall  he  fur  tnent. — (ii-n.  I. 

F.  vcry  ii.oving  thiii^  thai  tivetli  shall  he  m«tU for  you.  —  Gen.  ix. 
1'hy  carcass  shall  be  meat  to  all  fowls  of  the  air.  —  Deul.  xxviil. 

Q.  The  flesh  of  anim.ils  used  as  food.  T/:is  is  note 
the  wore  usual  .lense  of  the  word.  Tlie  meat  of  carniv- 
orous animals  is  tough,  coarse,  and  ill-flavored.  The 
meat  of  herbivorous  animals  is  gencnilly  pal;it;ilile. 

3.  In  Seripture,  spiritual  food  ;  that  winch  sustains 
and  nourishes  spiritual  life  or  holiness. 

My  flesh  ts  meal  indeed.  —  John  vi. 

4.  Spiritual  comfort ;  that  whicli  delights  the  soul. 
My  meat  is  to  do  the  will  of  Ilim  Uiat  sent  nie.  — John  iv. 

5.  Products  of  the  earth  proper  for  food.    Ilab.  iii. 

G.  The  more  abstruse  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  or 
mysteries  of  religion.    JI<b.  v. 

7.  Ceremonial  ordinances.    Ilcb.  xiii. 

To  sit  at  meat ;  to  sit  or  recline  at  the  table. 

Scripture. 

MF:.\T'ED,  a.    Fed  ;  fattened.    [.N'ot  used.]  Tusscr. 
Mi;.\TllE,  II.   [W.  mtz.    See  .Mead.]    A  sweet  liquor 

or  drink  ;  mend.    ^JVot  used.]  Milton. 
ME.VT'-OF'FER-ING,  n.    An  oflering  consisting  of 

meat  or  food,  in  distinction  from  a  drink-offering. 
MEAT'Y,o.    Fleshy,  but  not  fat.    [Local.]  Orose. 
MEAVVL,  (mule.)    See  Mewl. 

Mi!.\Z'I..lNG,  ppr.    Falling  in  small  drops  ;  properly, 
Mizzi.iNo,  or  rather  Mistling,  from  mist.  Arbuthnot. 
ME-CI!.\N'ie,       )  a.    [L.  mechanicus ;  Fr.  mecha- 
ME-eil.^N'IC-AL,  t     nique  ;  Gr.  prixaftKos,  bom  pq- 
XOfn,  a  machine.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  m.ichines,  or  to  the  art  of  con- 
structing machines;  )iertaining  to  the  art  of  making 
wares,  goods,  instruments,  furniture,  4cc.  We  s.iy, 
a  man  is  employed  in  mccAa/iicaMabor ;  he  lives  by 
mechanical  occupation. 

2.  Constructed  or  performed  by  the  rules  or  laws 
of  mechanics.    The  work  is  not  mechanical. 

3.  Skilled  in  the  art  of  making  machines;  bred  to 
manual  labor.  Johnson. 

4.  Pertaining  to  artisans  or  mechanics  i  vulgar. 

To  make  a  potl,  a  hen>,  or  a  king, 

Deso-iid  to  d  inecttiitiic  di-dect.  Potcommon. 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  principles  of  mechanics,  in 
philosophy  ;  as,  mechanical  powers  or  forces ;  a  me- 
chaniail  principle. 

6.  Noting  action  or  performance  without  design  or 
reflection,  from  the  mere  force  of  habit. 

7.  Acting  by  physical  power. 

The  terms  mechanical  and  chemical  are  thus  distin- 
guished :  those  changes  which  bodies  undergo  with- 
out altering  their  constitution,  that  is,  losing  their 
identity,  such  as  changes  of  pl.tce,  of  figure,  Slc, 
arc  mechanical ;  those  which  alter  the  constitution  of 
bodies,  making  them  dilferent  siibst.mces,  as  when 
flour,  yeast, and  water  unite  to  form  br<-ad,are  cAem- 
ieal.  In  the  one  case,  the  changes  relate  to  masses 
of  matter,  as  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  or 
the  action  of  the  wind  on  a  ship  under  sail ;  in  the 
other  case,  the  changes  occur  between  the  parti- 
elr.i  of  matter,  as  the  action  of  he.it  in  melting  lead, 
or  the  union  of  sand  and  lime  forming  mortar.  Most 
of  what  are  usually  called  the  mechanic  arts  are 
partly  mechanical,  and  piirtly  chemical. 

Mechanical  solution  of  a  problem  ;  a  solution  by  any 
art  or  contrivance  not  strictly  geometrical,  as  by 


MED 

means  of  the  ruler  and  compasses  and  other  instni- 

ments.  Barluic. 
ME-CIIAN'IC,  71.    A  perstm  whose  occupation  is  to 

omstnict  machines,  or  goods,  wares,  instruments. 

furniture,  and  the  like. 
2.  One  skilled  in  a  mechanical  occupation  or  art. 
ME-eil.\N'ie-.\L-LY,  adr.    Accoriling  to  the  laws 

of  mechanism,  or  good  workmanship. 

2.  Uy  ph}'sical  ftirce  or  power. 

3.  I)y  the  laws  of  motion,  without  intelligence  or 
design,  or  by  the  force  of  habit.  We  say,  a  man 
arrives  to  such  perfection  in  playing  on  an  instru- 
ment, that  his  fingers  move  mcchanicallij. 

Mcchanicalhj  turned  or  inclined  ;  naturally  or  habit- 
ually ilisposed  to  use  mechanical  arts.  Swift. 

MechanictUhj  solved ;  solved  in  a  way  not  strictly 
geometrical.    [See  Mechanical.] 

ME-eiIAN'ie-AL-.\ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  mc- 
clianical,  or  governed  by  mechanism. 

ME-eilAN'ie-AI.,  PIII-LOS'O-PIIY,  71.  That  branch 
of  n:itural  philosopliy  which  trc:its  of  the  laws  of 
the  eipiilibriiiin  ami  motion  of  bodies.  Olmsted. 

ME-eHAN'IC-AL  POWERS,  n.  pi.  Certain  instru- 
ments or  simple  macliines  employed  to  fiicilitate  the 
moving  of  weights  or  the  tivercoming  of  resistance. 
They  are  the  lever,  wheel,  and  axle,  pulley,  screw, 
inclined  plane,  and  wedge.  Ilutton. 

MEC11-A-NI"CIAN,  (mek-a-nish'an,)  n.  One  skilled 
in  mt*chanics. 

ME-eilAN'ieS,  71.  That  science  which  treats  of  the 
doctrines  of  motion.  It  investigates  the  forces  by 
whicli  boilies  are  kept  either  in  equilibrium  or  in 
motion,  ;ind  is  accordingly  divided  into  statics  and 
dynamics. 

It  is  a  well-known  truth  in  meehamea,  that  the  actual  and 
Uieoreticol  powers  of  a  inuchine  will  never  coincide, 

J.  AppUton. 

MECH'AN-ISM,  (mek',an-izm,)  ti.  The  construction 
of  a  machine,  engine,  or  instrument,  intended  to 
apply  power  to  a  useful  purpose  ;  the  structure  of 
parts,  or  manner  in  which  the  parts  of  a  machine 
are  united  to  answer  its  designs ;  also,  the  parts 
themselves. 

2.  Action  of  a  machine,  according  to  the  laws  of 
mechanics. 

MECII'AN-IST,  71.  The  maker  of  machines,  or  one 
skilled  in  mechanics. 

MECIl'AN-IZE,  V.  t.  To  subject  to  contrivance,  art, 
or  skill  ;  to  form  by  contrivance  or  design. 

MEeil'AN-IZ-£U,  pp.    ilade  by  art,  design,  or  skill. 

MECH'AN-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Forming  by  art  or  skill. 

MECH-AN-OG'R.\-PlIlST,  n.  An  artist  who,  by  me- 
chanical means,  multiplies  copies  of  any  works  of 
art. 

MEeiI-AN-OG'RA-PIIY,7i.  [Gr.  /ii)xai'ij,a  machine, 
and  ypa'p'o,  to  write  or  engrave.] 

The  art  of  multiplying  copies  of  a  writing,  or  any 
work  of  art,  by  the  use  of  a  machine.  FJmes. 

MECII'LIN,  n.    A  species  of  l.ace,  m.adc  at  Mechlin. 

ME-CIIO'A-eAN  or  ME-CHCA-CAN,  n.  White  jal- 
ap, the  root  of  an  American  species  of  Convolvulus, 
from  Mechoacan,  in  Mexico;  a  purgative  of  slow 
operation,  but  safe.  Encyc. 

MECON-ATE,  n.    A  salt  consisting  of  meconic  acid 

ME-eO.\'ie,  a.    [Gr.  (iin'  )!  ,  a  poppy.]     [and  a  base. 
Meconic  acid  is  a  peculiar  acid  contained  in  opium. 

mec^o'nin!''^'  I     C^''-  '"""^''>  P'-Pi'J'-l 

A  proximjite  principle,  and,  as  is  supposed,  one  of 
the  active  principles  of  opium.  It  is  composed  of 
carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  without  any  nitro- 
gen. It  is  not  an  alkaloid,  but  may  yet  prove  to  be 
an  acid,  to  the  suspicion  of  which  its  composition 
would  lead. 

MEC'O-NlTE,  n.   A  small  sandstone  ;  ammite. 

Coze.    Da  Costa, 
ME-eO'NI-UM,7t.  [Gr. pijirwciov,  from  pn^oif,  poppy.] 

1.  The  inspissated  juico  of  the  poppy,  which  has 
the  virtues  of  opium  in  a  feeble  degree. 

Coze.  Encye. 

2.  The  first  faeces  of  infants.  Coxe. 
MED' AL,  n.    f  Fr.  metlaille  ;  It.  meda^lia ;  Sp.  meJalla  ; 

Arm.  metai^i'iin ;  from  L.  metallum,  metal.    Uu.  Ar. 

^  matala,  to  beat  or  extend  by  beating.  Class 
Md,  No.  45.] 

A  piece  of  metal  in  the  form  of  a  coin,  stamped 
with  some  figure  or  device  either  to  preserve  the 
memory  of  some  distinguished  person  or  event,  or  to 
serve  as  a  reward  of  merit.  The  coins  of  the  an- 
cients are  also  called  medals. 
MED'AI.-ET,  71.    A  small  medal  not  intended  for 

general  circiiKition.  Pink. 
MED'.VUST,  71.    A  person  that  is  skilled  or  curious 
in  med.ils.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  has  gained  a  medal  as  the  reward  of 
merit.  Ed.  Rev. 

ME-I)AL'Lie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  medal  or  to  medtUs. 

.^tldison. 

ME-DAL'LION,  (me-dal'yun,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  medal.] 

1.  A  large  antique  medal. 

2.  The  representation  of  a  medallion. 


MED  j 

3.  In  architecture,  any  circular  tablet  on  which  ate 
presented  eiiibossetl  figures  or  liustos.  Klmes. 
MEl)'AL-UR-<5V,  n.    [.MeiUil  and  cpy.i,  work.) 

The  art  of  making  and  striking  medals  and  other 
coins. 

MEI)'1)I,E,  (med'dl,)  w.  i.  [D.  midJelen,  to  mediate; 
G.  mittlcr,  middle,  and  mediator;  Sw.  medlarr ;  Dan. 
midlcr,  a  mediator,  tin.  Sw.  meddeUiy  Dan.  meddeler, 
to  cominniiicate  or  pjirticipate  ;  7nf(/,  with,  and  dela, 
rfff/er,  to  deal.  Meddle  seems  to  be  ctmnected  with 
medlep,  a  mixture,  Chaucer  and  .Spenser  use  midle, 
to  mix,  and  the  G.  mittlcr  is  evidently  from  7ni(Ie, 
mittel,  middle,  which  seems  to  be  connected  with 
mit,  with.  In  W.  mid  signifies  an  enclosure.  Per- 
haps all  these  words  m;iy  belong  to  one  family.] 

1.  To  have  to  do ;  to  take  part ;  to  iiiterposi;  and 
act  in  the  concerns  of  others,  or  in  afljiirs  in  which 
one's  interposition  is  not  necessary ;  often  with  the  . 
sense  of  intrusion  or  ofliciousness. 

1  have  thus  far  Ix-en  an  upright  jmlge,  not  meddling  with  tha 

dcsi^l  nor  disposition.  Orylen. 
What  host  Ihou  lo  do  lo  meddle  with  the  affairs  of  my  fat.iily  f 

Arbuthnot. 

Why  shoulJat  thou  mertdle  to  Uiy  hurl  ?  — 2  Kinijs  xiv. 

2.  To  have  to  do ;  to  touch  ;  to  handle.  Meddle 
not  with  edge-tools,  is  an  admonition  to  children. 
When  the  object  is  specified,  meiUllc  is  properly  fol- 
lowed by  with  or  in  ;  usually  by  the  former. 

The  civil  lawyrn — have  vieddlfd  in  a  in-iiu-r  that  bf-louTs  nol 

lo  them.  Lut-ke. 
To  meddle  and  malie;  to  intrude  one's  self  into  an- 
other person's  concerns.  Uollvway. 
MED'DLE,  V.  t.    To  mix ;  to  mingle. 

He  me' R'ed  his  talk  widi  many  a  tear.    \0i>8.\  tenser. 
MED'DLKD,  pp.    .Mingled;  mixed. 
MED'DLER,  «.  One  that  meddles  ;  one  that  interferes 
or  busii?3  himself  with  things  in  which  he  li.as  no. 
concern  ;  an  ofiicious  person  ;  a  bu.-^ybodv.  Bacon. 
JIED'DLE-SO.ME,  (med'dl-sum,)  a.    Given  to  med- 
dling ;  apt  to  interpose  in  the  afliiirs  of  others ;  of- 
firioii^h'  intrusive. 
.MI'.D'lil.r.  SO.ME-XESS,  n.   Officious  interposition  iu 

tlic  .-iHairs  of  others.  Barrow. 
MED'DLl.Vti,  ppr.    Having  to  do;  touching;  han- 
dling ;  orticiously  inter|)osing  in  other  men's  con- 
cenis. 

2.  a.    Ofiicious ;  busy  in  other  men's  afliiirs  ;  as,  a 
medilUntr  neigiibor. 
MED'DLI.N'G,  ii.    Officious  interposition. 
MED'DLING-LY,  arfe.    Ofticiouslv  ;  interfcringly. 
ME-DI-yE'VAL,  a.   Of  the  middle  ages.    [See  Me- 

PIEVAI-.J 

Mk'DI-AL,  a,    [L.  mediiis,  middle.] 
Mean  ;  noting  a  mean  or  average. 
Medial  allifration,  is  a  metliod  of  finding  the  value 
of  a  mixture'  consisting  of  two  or  more  ingredients 
of  different  quantities  and  values.    In  this  case,  the 
quantity  and  value  of  each  ingredient  are  given. 

ME'DI-ANT,  71.  In  inusic,  an  appellation  given  to  the 
third  above  the  key -note,  because  it  divides  the  in- 
terval between  the  touic  and  dominant  into  two 
tllirtls.  Rousseau.  Biu-iby. 

.ME-DI-AS'TI\E,  n.  [Fr.  L.  mediastinum.]  The  mem- 
branous septum  of  the  chest,  formeil  by  thi-  diiplica- 
tnreof  the  pleura  under  the  sternum,  and  dividing 
the  cavity  into  two  parts. 

ME'DI-A'l'E,  n.  [Fr.  mediat;  It.  mediato ;  from  L. 
medius,  middle.] 

1.  Middle;  being  between  the  two  extremes. 

Anxious  we  hover  in  a  rn^iale  seite.  Prior, 

2.  Interiiosed ;  intervening;  being  between  two 
objects. 

Soon  the  inediale  clouds  shall  te  dispelled.  Prior. 

3.  Acting  by  means,  or  by  an  intervening  cause  or 
instrument.  Thus  we  speak  of  mediate  and  immedi- 
ate causes.  The  winil  that  propels  a  ship  is  the  im- 
mediate cause  of  its  motion  ;  the  oar  with  which  a 
man  rows  a  boat  is  the  immediate  cause  of  its  motion  ; 
but  the  rower  is  the  mediate  cause,  acting  by  means 
of  the  oar. 

ME'DI-aTF,,  v.  i.  To  interpose  between  parties,  as 
the  equal  friend  of  c.icli  ;  to  art  indifferently  between 
contending  parties,  with  a  view  to  reciuiciliation  ;  to 
intercede.  The  princ"  that  mediates  between  na- 
tions and  prevents  a  war,  is  the  benefactor  of  both 
parties. 

2.  To  be  between  two.    [Little  used.]  Disbij, 
ME'DI-aTE,  r.  t.    To  effect  hy  mediiilion  or  interpo- 
sition between  parties  ;  as,  to  mediate  a  jieaee. 

Clarendon. 

2.  To  limit  by  something  in  the  middle.  [A"u(u.<eA] 

Holder. 

Mk'DI-X-TED.  pp.   Interposed  between  parties. 

2.  Erti  cted  by  mediation. 
Me'DI-.\TE-LY,  adr.    By  means  or  by  a  secondary 
cause,  acting  between  the  first  cause  and  the  cfl"ect. 
tjod  workrih  all  thin^  omon^  ws  mefiiauly  by  »«vond.*ry 

means.  Rnleffi. 
The  kinjf  grants  a  manor  lo  A,  and  A  grants  a  portion  of  it  lo 
B.    In  Una  case,  B  holds  liis  lands  iinntedml.  lv  of  A.  but 
mmliauly  of  the  king.  B'acktlane. 
ME'DI-X-TING,  ppr.    Interposing;  effecting  by  me- 
diation. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  yNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MED 


MED 


MEE 


ME-DI-A'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  medius,  middle.] 

1.  Interposition  ;  intervention  ;  agency  between 
parties  at  variance,  with  a  view  to  reconcile  them. 
The  contentions  of  individuals  and  families  are 
often  terminated  by  the  mediation  of  friends.  The 
controversies  of  nations  are  sometimes  adjusted  by 
mediation.  The  reconciliation  of  sinners  to  God  by 
the  mediation  of  Christ,  is  a  glorious  display  of  di- 
vine benevolence. 

2.  Agency  interposed  ;  intervenient  power. 

Tlie  soul,  (luring  its  residence  \n  the  body,  does  all  things  by  the 
mediation  ot  tlie  passions.  South, 

3.  Intercession  ;  entreaty  for  another. 
ME-DI-AT-I-Za'TION,  71.    Tlie  annexation  of  the 

smaller  German  sovereignties  to  the  larger  contigu- 
ous states  ;  thus  making  them  mediately^  though  not 
immediately,  dependent  on  the  empire.  The  verb  to 
mediatize  has  sometimes  been  used  in  a  similar  sense. 
_  Brande. 
MK'DI-a-TOR,  7!.    [Fr.  mediateur.] 

1.  One  that  interposes  between  parties  at  variance 
for  the  purpose  of  reconciling  them. 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  Christ  is  The  MEDtATOB, 
the  divine  Intercessor  through  whom  sinners  maybe 
reconciled  to  an  offended  God.    Tim.  ii. 

Clirist  is  a  Merliator  by  nalurp,  as  parliikins:  of  both  nalnres, 
divine  and  Imm^in  ;  and  Medtn.tur  by  otlice,  ixs  Irvnsactinj 
matters  btHween  Ijod  and  man.  Waterlaiid. 

ME-DI-A-To'RI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  a  mediator ;  as, 
mediatorial  office  or  character.  [Meuiatort  is  not 
used.] 

ME-DI-A-To'RI-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  a  me- 
diati>r. 

ME-nr-A'TOR-SHIF,  ji.    The  office  of  a  mediator. 
Mk.'DI-A-TO-RV,  a.    Pertaining  to  mediation. 
JIJ;  ni-A'TRESS,  (  n.    A  female  mediator. 
ME-DI-.\'TRIX,     j  Ainsimrth. 
MED'ie,  «.    A  jilant  of  the  genus  Medicago,  to  which 

hicern  belongs.    The  sea-medic  is  of  the  same  genus  ; 

the  medic  velck  is  of  the  genus  Hedysaran).  Loudon. 
2.  PI.    The  science  of  medicine.  [Obs.] 
MED'ie-A-BLE,  a.     [See  Medical.]    That  may  be 

cureil  or  healed. 
MED'IC-AL,  a.    [L.  metUciis,  from  medeor,  to  heal; 

Gr.  ft'i'^iK's,  ^rt^iU'it  ;  //'7f^  )j,  cure.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  healing  diseases  ;  as,  the 
me-dical  profession  ;  medical  services. 

2.  Medicinal  ;  containing  that  which  heals;  tend- 
ing to  cure  ;  as,  the  medical  projierties  of  a  plant. 

3.  Adapted,  intended,  or  instituted  to  teach  med- 
ical science.  In  this  country,  medical  schools  are 
comparatively  of  recent  date.  Hosaek. 

ME1)'IC-AE  JIT-IilS-PRO'DEXCE,  ti.  The  science 
which  applies  tlie  principles  and  practice  of  the  dif- 
ferent branches  of  medicine  to  doubtful  questions  in 
courts  of  justice.  Boueier. 

MED'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  medicine  ; 
according  to  the  rules  of  the  healing  art,  or  for  the 
purpose  of  healing;  as,  a  simple  or  mineral  medical- 
lu  used  or  applied. 

2.  In  relation  to  the  healing  art ;  as,  a  plant  mcd- 
ically  consiilered. 

MED'I€-A-MENT,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  medicamentum.] 
Any  thing  used  for  healing  diseases  or  wounds  ;  a 
medicine  ;  a  healing  application.  Coze. 

MED-ie-A-MENT'AL,  a.  Relating  to  healing  appli- 
cations ;  having  the  qualities  of  medicaments. 

MEI)-I€-A-MENT'AL-LY,  adc.  After  the  manner  of 
healing  applications. 

MEI)'I€-A.S-TER,  71.    A  quack.  Whitlock. 

MEl)'ie-ATE,  V.  t.    [L.  medico.] 

1.  To  tincture  or  impregnate  with  healing  sub- 
stances, or  with  any  thing  medicinal.  Arbutlmot. 

2.  To  treat  with  medicine  ;  to  heal ;  to  cure. 
MED'ie-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Prepared  or  furnished  with 

any  thing  medicinal. 
2.  Treated  with  medirine. 
MED'IC-A-TING,  ppr.    Impregnating  with  medical 
substances  ;  preparing  with  any  thing  medicinal. 
2.  Treating  with  medicine. 
MED  ie-A''l'ION,  71.    The  act  or  process  of  impreg- 
nating with  medicinal  substances  ;  the  infusion  of 
medicinal  virtues.  Bacon. 
2.  The  use  of  medicine.  Brown. 
MED'IC-A-TIVE,  a.    Curing  ;  tending  to  cure. 
ME-I)IC'1N-A-BLE,  a.    Having  the  properties  of  med- 
icine ;  medicinal.    [  TUc  latter  is  the  word  now  used.] 
Bacon.  IVotton. 

ME-DIC'I.\-AI,,  (me-dis'in-al,)  a.    [L.  medicinalis.] 

1.  Having  the  property  of  healing  or  of  mitigating 
disease  ;  adapted  to  the  cure  or  alleviation  of  bodily 
diHorrlern  ;  as,  medicinal  plants  ;  medicinal  virtues  of 
minerals  ;  mcdicimd  springs.  The  waters  of  »5ura- 
toga  and  IlalNton  are  remarkably  medicinal. 

2.  Pertaining  lu  medicine  ;  as,  medicinal  days  or 
hours.  Quiiiri/. 

MiM)IC'I.\-AT.-EY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  medicine ; 
with  medicinal  r|ualitittH. 

2.  With  a  view  tu  healing  ;  as,  to  use  a  mineral 
mrdicinalljf. 

MBD'I-CINF,,  (med'e-«in,)  71.  [E.  mr//f>i<ia,  from  77is- 
deor,  to  cure  ;  vulgarly  and  improperly  pronounced 
med'sn.] 


1.  Any  substance,  liquid  or  solid,  that  has  the 
property  of  curing  or  mitigating  disease  in  animals, 
or  that  is  used  for  that  purpose.  Simples,  plants,  and 
minerals,  furnish  most  of  our  medicines.  Even  poi- 
sons, used  with  judgment  and  in  moderation,  are  safe 
and  efficacious  medicines.  Medicines  are  internal  or 
external^  simple  or  compound, 

2.  The  art  of  preventing,  curing,  or  alleviating  the 
diseases  of  the  human  body.  Hence  we  say,  the 
study  of  medicine,  or  a  student  of  medicine, 

3.  la  the  French  sense,  a  physician.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Shah. 

MED'l-CINE,  V.  t.  To  affect  or  operate  on  as  medi- 
cine.   [JVot  used.]  Shak, 

ME-DI'E-TY,  71.  [Fr.  medicte ;  L.  medietas ;  from  L. 
medius,  middle.] 

The  middle  state  or  part;  half;  moiety.  [Little 
7ised.]  _  Brown. 

ME-DI-i:'VAL,  a.    [L.  melius  and  an}us.] 
In  history,  pertaining  to  the  middle  ages. 

Mic'DIN,     >  n.    In  Egypt,  the  fortieth  part  of  a  pi- 

ME-DI'NO,  j     aster;  a  para.    McCulloch.    P,  Cijc. 

Ml!;'i)I-0-eilAL,  a.  [L.  mediocris.]  Being  of  a  mid- 
dle quahty;  indifferent;  ordinary;  as,  jnediocral  in- 
tellect.   [Rare.]  .Addison. 

Me'D1-0-€RE,  (rne'de-6-ker,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  77icdi- 
ocris.]    Middling.  [Obs,] 

MK'DI-o-€iUST,  71.  A  person  of  middling  abilities. 
[JVut  used.]  Swift, 

ME-I3I-Oe'RI-TY,  71.  [L.  mediocritas,  from  mediocris, 
middling  ;  medius,  mitldle.] 

1.  A  middle  state  or  degree  ;  a  moderate  degree  or 
rate.  A  nicf/iocrity  of  condition  is  most  favorable  to 
morals  and  happiness.  A  mediocrity  of  talents,  well 
employed,  will  generally  insure  respectability. 

Men  of  a^e  seldom  drive  business  home  to  tlie  full  period,  but 
content  themselves  wiUi  a  ptediocrity  of  succcas.  Bacon, 

2.  Moderation  ;  temperance. 

We  owe  obedience  to  die  law  of  reason,  which  teacheth  medioc- 
rilij  in  meats  and  drinks.  Hooker. 

MED'I-TaTE,  t>.  i.  [L.  meditori  Sp.  mcditar;  Fr. 
mediter.] 

1.  To  dwell  on  any  thing  in  thought ;  to  contem- 
plate ;  to  study  ;  to  turn  or  revolve  any  subject  in 
the  mind  ;  appropriately,  btit  not  exclusively,  used  of 
pious  contemplation,  or  a  consideration  of  the  great 
truths  of  religion. 

His  deliii^lit  is  in  the  law  of  the  Lord,  and  in  his  law  doth  be 
meditate  day  and  nifjht.  —  Ps.  i. 

2.  To  intend  ;  to  have  in  contemplation. 

I  meditate  to  pass  the  remainder  of  lile  iii  a  sbite  of  undisturbed 
repose.  Washingtoti. 

MED'I-TaTE,  v.  t.  To  plan  by  revolving  in  the  mind ; 
to  contrive  ;  to  intend. 

Some  aiErmed  that  1  meditated  a  war.  King  Oiarles. 

2.  To  think  on  ;  to  revolve  in  the  mind. 

Blessed  is  the  man  that  doth  meditate  good  things.  Ecclua. 

MED'I-Ta-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Planned  ;  contrived. 

MED'I-Ta-TING,  ppr.  Revolving  in  the  mind  ;  con- 
templating; contriving. 

MED-I-Ta'TION,  71.    [L.  meditatio.] 

Close  or  continued  thought ;  the  turning  or  re- 
volving of  a  subject  in  the  mind  ;  serious  contempla- 
tion. 

Let  the  words  of  my  mouth  and  the  77iedi(afioTis  of  my  heart  be 
nca'puble  in  thy  sight,  0  Lord,  my  strength  and  my  Re- 
deemer. —  Ps.  xix. 

MED'I-Ta-TIVE,  a.    Addicted  to  meditation. 

Jlinswortk, 

2.  Expressing  meditation  or  design.  Johnson. 
MED'I-Ta-TIVE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  med- 
itative. 

med-i-ter-ra'ne-ous,  S  '•""'•J 

1.  Inclosed  or  nearly  inclosed  with  land  ;  as,  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  between  Europe  and  Africa. 
[Mediterrane  is  not  used.] 

2.  Inland  ;  remote  from  the  ocean  or  sea ;  as,  med- 
itcrraneous  mountains.  Burnet. 

Mk'DI-UM,  71.  ;  Media  or  Mediums.  [L.l  In 
philosophy,  the  space  or  substance  through  which  a 
body  moves  or  passes  to  any  jioint.  'i'lius  ether  is 
supposed  to  be  tlie  medium  through  which  the  planets 
move  ;  air  is  the  medium  through  which  bodies  move 
near  the  earth  ;  water,  the  medium  in  which  fishes 
live  and  move  ;  glass,  a  medium  through  which  light 
passes ;  and  we  speaJt  of  a  resisting  medium,  a  re- 
fracting medium,  &.C. 

2.  In  /ojric,  the  mean  or  middle  term  of  a  syllo- 
gism, or  the  middle  term  in  an  argument,  being  the 
reasim  why  a  thing  is  affirmed  or  denied. 

Nothing  can  bo  honorable  that  violate.'!  moral  prin- 
cipl(^ 

Dueling  violates  moral  principle. 
Tlicrel'ure  dueling  is  not  honorable. 
Here  the  second  term  is  the  medium,  moan,  or  mid- 
dle term. 

3.  In  malhemalics.   Pee  Mean. 

4.  The  means  or  instrument  by  which  any  thing 
is  accomplished,  conveyed,  or  cnrrit  il  on.  Thus 
money  is  the  meilium  of  commerce  ;  coin  is  the  com- 


inim  medium  of  trade  among  all  civilized  nations,  but 
wampum  is  tlie  medium  of  trade  among  the  Indian 
tribes,  and  bills  of  credit,  or  bank  notes,  are  often 
used  as  mediums  of  trade  in  the  place  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver. Intelligence  is  communicated  through  the  me- 
iiii/771  of  the  press. 

5.  The  middle  place  or  degree  ;  the  mean. 

The  just  medium  of  this  case  lies  between  pride  and  abj-^clion. 

L'Eelrange. 

6.  A  kind  of  printing  paper  of  middle  size. 
MED'LiAR,  71.    [Sax.  Tii^^rf  ;  L.  viespilus.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Mespilus  ;  also,  the  fruit  of  the 
tree.  The  German  or  common  medlar  is  cultivated 
in  gardens  for  its  fruit  Encyc 

MED'LY'  i  '  hence, 

MED'LEV,  71.    A  mixture  ;  a  mingled  and  confused 
mass  of  ingredients ;  used  often  or  commonly  with 
.  some  degree  of  contempt. 

This  medley  of  philosophy  and  war  Ad/lison. 
Love  is  a  medley  of  ende.arments,  jars,  suspicions,  r'-coiicile- 
mentfl,  wars — then  peace  again.  WaUb. 

MED'LEY,  a.    Mingled ;  confused.    [Liule  used.] 

Dryden. 

ME-DUL'L.\R,     )  a.    [L.  medullaris,  from  medulla, 
MED'UL-LA-RY,  i     marrow;  W.madruz;  allied  to 
matter,  that  is,  soft.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marrow  ;  consisting  of  marrow  ; 
resembling  marrow:  as,  777e7/u//ari/ substance. 

2.  In  botany,  pithy  ;  filled  with  spongy  pith. 

Lindlcfj. 

ME-DUL'LIN,  71.    [L.  medulla.] 

The  pith  of  the  sunflower  and  lilac,  which  has  nei- 
ther taste  nor  smell.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  ether, 
alcohol,  and  oils,  but  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  and  in- 
stead of  yielding  suberic  acid,  it  yields  the  o.valic. 

Cyc. 

ME-Du'SA,  71.    [Gr.  Me^ovoa.] 

1.  In  mytholoo-y,  a  personage  who  possessed  the 
power  of  turning  all  who  looked  upon  her  into  stone. 

2.  A  genus  of  gelatinous,  radiate  animals,  called 
Sea-nettle9. 

ME-Dtj'SI-DANS,  Ji.  pi.    Gelatinous,  radiate  animals, 

which  float  or  s«'im  in  the  sea. 
MEED,  K.    [Sax.  med,  Gr.  ptnUos,  G.  miethe,  hire: 

Sans,  medha,  a  gift.] 
1.  Reward  ;  recompense ;  th.at  which  is  bestowed 

or  rendered  in  consideration  of  merit. 

Thanks  to  men 
Of  noble  minds  is  honorable  meed.  Shak. 

9.  Merit  or  desert.  [jVoe  used.]  Shah. 
MEEK,  a.  [Sw.  miu/.-,  soft,  tender;  Dan.  jiii/n- ;  Sp. 
merro  i  VoTt.  meitro  :  G,  ^etnach.  The  primary  sense 
is,  flowing,  liquid,  or  thin,  attenuated,  and  allied  to 
7nurh,  L.  mucus.  Eng.  mucilatre,  Heb.  and  Ch.  X\'0,  to 
melt.  Class  Mg,  i\o.  8.  See  also  Ho.  10,  and  No. 
2,  9,  13.] 

1.  Mild  of  temper ;  soft ;  gentle ;  not  easily  pro- 
voked or  irritated  ;  yielding ;  given  to  forbearance 
under  injuries. 

Now  the  man  Moses  was  very  meek,  above  all  men.  — Num.  xii. 

2.  .Appropriately,  bumble,  in  an  evangelical  sense ; 
submissive  to  the  divine  will;  not  proud,  self- 
sufficient,  or  refractory ;  not  peevish  and  apt 
to  complain  of  divine  dispensations.  Christ  says, 
"  Learn  of  me,  for  I  am  meek  and  lowly  in  heart,  and 
ye  shall  find  rest  to  your  souls."   MatL  xi. 

Blessed  are  the  meek,  for  they  shall  uilierit  the  earth.  —  Matt.  v. 

MEEK'EN,  fmeck'n,)  v.  t.  To  make  meek  ;  to  soft- 
en ;  to  remier  mild.  Thomsoit, 

MEEK'^;N-£D,  ;);).    Made  meek  ;  softened. 

MEEK'E5-£D,  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  eyes  indicating 
meekness.  Milton. 

MEEK'LY,  adv.  Mildly;  gently;  submissively; 
humbly;  not  proudly  or  roughly. 

And  this  niis-Beeming  disconi  meekly  lay  aside.  SpFn.<:rr. 

MEEK'NESS,  71.  Softness  of  temper;  mildness; 
gentleness;  forbearance  under  injuries  and  provo- 
cations. 

2.  In  an  exanj;eUcal  sense,  humility  ;  resignation  ; 
submission  to  the  divine  will,  without  murmuring 
or  peevishness  ;  opposed  to  Pride,  Arrogance,  and 
Refractoriness.    Oal.  v. 

I  beseech  ynn  by  the  meekness  of  Christ.  —  1  Cor.  x. 
MeekncKK  is  a  grace  which  Ji  siih  alone  inculcaliHi,  and  which  no 
ancient  philosopher  seems  to  have  uiidei^looil  or  n-comnieiid* 
cd.  Buckminster. 

MEER,  a.    Simple  ;  unmi.xed  ;  usually  written  Mere. 
MF.Hli.n.    A  lake  ;  a  bouiiilary.    [i^ee  Mere.] 
MEER'£D,  a.    Relating  to  a  bounclary.    [See  AIere.] 

Shak. 

MEER'SCII/VUM,  (meer'shoiim,)  71.  [O.,  sea-foam.] 
A  kind  of  clay  ctuisisling  of  a  hydrate  of  magnesia 
combined  witli  silex.  it  occurs  in  beds,  in  various 
parts  of  Eiirop",  but  parlicularly  in  Natolia,  ami, 
when  first  taken  out,  is  soil,  and  makes  lathtn',  like 
soap.  It  is  manufactured,  in  (Germany,  into  tobiicco- 
pines,  which  are  boiled  in  oil  or  wax,  and  baked. 

Cyc. 

9.  A  tobacco  pipe  made  of  this  mineral. 
MEET,  a.    [S.ix.  <remet,  with  a  prefix,  from  the  root 
of  melon,  gemclaii,  to  mrel,  to  find,  tliat  is,  to  come 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQI.F,  BQQK.— 


1^ 


MEG 


MEL 


MEL 


to,  to  come  together.  So  tlie  cquiviilcnt  word  con- 
venient is  from  L.  conpcnio.] 

Fit;  siiitahle ;  propir;  qualified;  convenient; 
adapted,  as  to  a  use  or  purirosc. 

Ye  shftll  pass  over  annf<l  before  your  brrthrcn,  Iho  children  of 
Ura^l,  oil  Uial  nrp  mftt  tur  the  wnr.  —  tK-iU.  iii. 

It  \va»  nwel  tliat  wo  fhoul.!  ni.ike  inerr>-.  —  I.ukc  x». 

Bring  (urth  fniiu  rfteet  lur  rrpt'iiLtiicp.  —  M.tlt.  iii. 

MEKT,  nj    A  meeting  of  buubimcn  for  coursing. 

MEET,  ».  U  ;  fret,  and  pp.  Met.  [Sax.  metan,  matan, 
gemctan,  to  meet,  to  find,  to  measure,  to  mete  ;  Goth. 
motyan;  D.  ontmocleii,  ffcmoetan,la  meet,  and  gemoet, 
a  meeting ;  S\v.  mota,  to  meet,  to  fall,  come,  or  liai>- 
pcn  ;  mo(f,  a  nieetini; ;  fflo(,  toward,  against ;  Ran. 
miidcr,  to  meet;  mode,  a  meeting;  inorl,  contrary, 
against,  toward.  The  scn-ic  is,  to  come  to,  to  fill  to 
or  happen,  to  reach  to;  Gr.  »<£rri,  with  ;  G.  mit,V>. 
met,  mede,  S\\.  and  Dan.  med,  with  or  by  ;  \V.  mrd, 
to  ;  Ch.  Syr.  Nao,  noo,  to  come  to,  to  arrive,  to  haiV 
pen  ;  Ileb.  Cli.  Eth.  NJO.  Uu.  \V.  amnwd,  a  cove- 
nant;  commod,  agreement.] 

1.  To  come  together,  approaching  in  opposite  or 
different  directiims;  to  come  face  to  face;  as,lo meet 
a  man  in  the  road. 

His  dauirhtcr  c;uiie  out  to  mtft  liiin  willt  UmbreU  and  with 
dances.  — Judj.  «  xi. 

2.  To  come  together  in  any  place ;  as,  we  met  many 
strangers  at  the  levee. 

3.  To  come  together  in  hostility  ;  to  encounter. 
The  armies  met  each  other  on  the  plains  of  I'har- 
salia. 

4.  To  encounter  unexpectctHy.  Milton. 

5.  To  come  together  in  extension  ;  to  come  in  con- 
tact ;  to  join.  The  line  A  meets  the  line  B  and  forms 
an  angle. 

6.  To  come  to  ;  to  find  ;  to  light  on  ;  to  receive. 
The  good  man  meets  his  reward  ;  the  criminal,  in 

due  time,  meets  the  punishment  he  deserves, 
of  vi«  or  virtue,  whetlier  blest  or  curst, 
Which  meets  ronleinpl,  or  which  conii).L>sion  first.  Pope. 

MEET,  V.  i.  To  come  together  or  to  approach  near,  or 
into  company  with.  Ilow  pleasant  it  is  for  friends 
to  inert  on  the  road  '.  still  more  pleasant  to  meet  in  a 
foreign  country. 

2.  To  come  together  in  hostility  ;  to  encounter. 
The  armies  met  at  \Vaterloo,  and  decided  the  fate  of 
Bonaparte. 

3.  To  assemble;  to  congregate.  The  council  met 
at  10  o'clock.  The  legislature  will  meet  on  the  first 
Wednesday  in  the  month. 

4.  To  come  together  by  being  extended  ;  to  come 
in  contact ;  to  join.  Two  converging  lines  will  meet 
in  a  point. 

To  meet  with  i  to  licht  on  ;  to  find  ;  to  come  to ; 
often  with  the  sense  of  an  unexpected  eveiiL 

We  met  vith  many  tliin^worthjr  of  observation.  Bacon. 

2.  To  join  ;  to  unite  in  company. 

FiibtalT  al  Out  ooJc  shall  meet  with  tu.  Shai. 

3.  To  suffer  unexpectedly  ;  as  to  meet  aitlt  a  fall ; 
to  meet  tcith  a  loss. 

4.  To  encounter;  to  be  subjected  to. 

Riiyat  mistrcn, 
Pp'pare  to  meet  le'tOt  more  than  bruLd  fury, 
Fr^tnt  tjie  tierce  prince.  Howe. 

5.  To  obviate  ;  a  Latinism.    [JVot  ii.-!e<J.]  Baton. 

To  meet  half  way ;  to  approach  from  an  equal  dis- 
tance and  meet ;  metaphorically,  to  make  mutual  and 
equal  concessions,  each  party  renouncing  some  pre- 
tensions. 

MEET'K.V,  r.  (.   To  render  meet  or  fit  for.  .Sah. 
MEET'EK,  n.    One  that  meets  another  ;  one  that  ac- 

coiits  another.  Shak. 
MEET'IXG,  ppr.    Coming  together;  encountering; 

joining :  assembling. 
MEET'I.N'G,  n.    A  coming  together;  an  interview; 

as,  a  happy  meeting  of  friends. 

2.  An  assembly  ;  a  congregation  ;  a  collection  of 
people  ;  a  convention.  The  meeting  was  numerous  ; 
the  meeting  was  clamorous  ;  the  meeting  was  dis- 
solved at  sunset. 

3.  A  contliix,  as  of  rivers  ;  a  joining,  as  of  lines. 

4.  In  England,  a  place  of  worship  for  dissenters. 

Smart. 

MEET'IXG-HOUSE,  >i.  A  place  of  worship;  a 
chtirch. 

MEET'LY,  adv.  [from  meet.]  Fitly  ;  suitably  ;  prop- 
erly. 

MEET'NESS,n.  [from  meet.]  Fitnesa;  suitableness; 

pnipriety.  Bp.  IlnlL 

MEG'.\-COS.M,  n.     [Gr.  pi}ai,  great,  and  Kocfioi, 

world.) 

I?"""  world.  Bp.  CrofL 

MEG-.V.I,K'SIA.\  GAMES,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  piy.n.]  A 
macnificent  Roman  exhibitiim  in  the  circus  in 
honor  of  Cybt  le. 

|-LO.N'YX,  ».    [Gr.  ,rfjaX;7,  great,  and  ovnf,  a 

\  large  quadruped,  now  extinct,  whose  bones  have 
been  found  m  Virginia,  allied  to  the  sloth.  Curier. 
city  ]         '"''"'""'' ''''  er^''*'. 

A  chief  city  ;  a  metropolis.  [A'ol  in  u^je.]  HerberL 


MEG-A-I,0-S^U'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  aAi)  and  aavpof, 
a  lizard.] 

A  gigantic  saurian  or  lizard,  who.se  fossil  remains 

have  been  found  in  En^lantl,  &c.    It  is  extinct. 

[Mko.ilosaur  is  also  used.] 
MEG'A-fJeoi'E,?!.    [Gr.  (irjut  and  rnroTrrr,..]    A  mod- 

ification  of  the  solar  niicro.scopo  for  viewing  bodies 

of  considerable  dimensions. 
MEG-A-THic'RI-UM,  n.    [Gr.  peyiij,  great,  and  Sij/ia, 

a  wild  beast.] 

*  A  gigantic  mammifcrous  quadruped,  now  extinct, 
but  whose  remains  have  been  found  in  South  .Amer- 
ica. It  was  nearly  allied  to  the  ant-eaters  and  sloths, 
and  was  larger  than  the  megalonyx.  P.  Cyc. 

Mic'Gltl.M,  n.  [Fr.  migraine,  corrupted  from  L.  and 
G.  hcmir.rania,  half  the  head.] 

Properly,  a  neuralgic  pain  in  the  side  of  the  head  ; 
headache,  characterized  by  a  veheiiii  iit  pain  con- 
fined to  one  side  of  tlie  head,  sonn  tiiii.  s  to  one 
side  of  the  forelieail,  niul  usually  perioilioal,  i.  e., 
either  e.xacerbating  and  remitting,  or  ab.solulely  in- 
tj>rmittent. 

Mf:IXK,  (nieen,)  v,  t.    [Sav.  mcvgan.'\ 

To  mingle.    [  Ofc.]  Chaucer. 

MP.INK,  (  n.    [See  Menhl.]    A  retinue  or  family  of 

.Ml-.'.N'Y,  i      servanu  ;  domestics.    [Obs.]  Shale. 

M  F.I.NT,  (inent,)  pp.    Mingled.  Spenser. 

.MEI'O-.NITE,  n.  [Gr.  pitojv,  smaller;  from  its  low 
pyramids.] 

A  varl<;ty  of  scapolile.  Dana. 
MEI-O'SIS,  lu    [Gr.  peitonii.l 

Diminution  ;  a  rhetorical  figure,  a  species  of  hyper- 
bole, representing  a  thing  less  than  it  is.  Beattie. 
Me'LAM,  n.   A  white,  insoluble  powder,  discovered 
by  Liebig.    It  is  prepared  by  fusing  sulphocyanid  of 
ammonia,  or  a  mixture  of  two  parts  of  sal  ammoniac, 
and  one  [Kirt  of  sulphocyanid  of  potassium.  Cooley. 
.MEL'A.M-l'ODE,  n.    [Gr.  piXapTrudtoy,  blackfoot.] 
The  black  hellelwre.  Spenser. 
ME-LAN'.V-GOGUE,  (me-lan'a-gog,)  n.    [Gr.  peXas, 
piX'ttos,  black,  and  a>'  ',  to  drive.) 
A  medicine  supposed  to  expel  black  bile  or  clioler. 

row.) 

MEL'A.V-CHOL-ie,  a.  [See  Melancholy.]  De- 
pressed in  spirits  ;  affected  with  gloom  ;  dejected  ; 
hypochondriac.  Grief  indulged  to  excess  has  a 
tendency  to  render  a  person  melancholic. 

2.  Produced  by  melancholy  ;  expressive  of  melan- 
choly ;  mournful ;  as,  melancholic  strains. 

Just  as  the  melancholic  eye 

Sees  fleets  and  arinies  in  the  sky.  Prior. 

3.  Unhappy  ;  unfortunate  ;  causing  sorrow  ;  as, 
accidents  and  melanclwlic  perplexities.  Clarendon. 

MEL'AN-CHOL-ie,  )i.    One  affected  with  a  gloomy 
state  of  mind.    [.Melancholian,  in  a  like  sense,  is 
not  used.]  Spenser. 
2.  A  gloomv  sLate  of  mind.  Clarendon. 
MEL'AN-£HOL-l-LY,  ado.    With  melancholy. 

Keepe. 

MEL'AN'-eHOI>-I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  melan- 
choly ;  disposition  to  indulge  gloominess  of  mind. 

Aabrctj. 

MEL-.\\-eiI6'LI-0US,  a.    Gloomy.    {Xot  in  use] 

Ootcer. 

MEL'AN'-CHOL-IST,  n-  One  affected  with  melan- 
choly. Olanville. 

MEL'AN-eilO-LIZE,  v.  i.  To  become  gloomy  in 
mind.  Barton. 

.MEL'AX  eilO-LIZE,  r.  L    To  make  melancholy. 
[  This  verb  is  rarely  or  never  used.]  [Jiloore. 

MEL'.\N-eHOL-Y,  n.  [Gr.  pcXav,  black,  and  x»><n, 
bile  ;  L.  metancJiolia.] 

1.  A  gloomy  state  of  mind,  often  a  gloomy  st.ate 
that  is  of  some  continuance,  or  habitual ;  depression 
of  spirits  induced  by  grief;  dejection  of  spirits. 
This  was  formerly  supposed  to  proceed  from  a 
redundance  of  black  bile.  .Melancholy,  when  ex- 
treme and  of  long  continuance,  is  a  disease  some- 
times accompanied  with  p.arti,al  insanity.  Cullen 
defines  it,  partial  insanity  without  dyspe|)sy. 

2.  In  nosology,  mental  alienation  restrained  to  a 
single  object  or  train  of  idcas^  in  distinction  from 
mania,  in  which  the  alienation  is  general.  Oood. 

Aloon-stnick  ni.-idn':s3,  moping  melancholy.  Milton. 

MEL'-\N-enOI.^Y,  a.  Gloomy ;  depressed  in  spirits  ; 
dejected  ;  applied  to  persons.  Overwhelming  grief 
has  made  me  mrlaneholu. 

2.  Dismal:  gloomy*;  habitually  dejected  ;  as,  a 
melancholy  temiJer. 

3.  Calamitous  ;  afflictive  ;  that  may  or  does  pro- 
duce great  evil  and  grief;  as,  a  melancholy  event. 
The  mrlanehoUj  fate  of  the  Albion  !  'I'lie  melancholy 
de.-^triictitm  of  Scio  anil  of  Missolonghi! 

.ME-LX.NGE',  fmi-Unzh',)  n.     [Fr.]     A  mixture. 

[.Vnt  F.ngli.th.]  Drummond. 
MEL'A.N-ITE,  n.    [Gr.  ,.eXai;  black.] 

A  black  variety  of  garnet.  Dana. 
MEI..-.\.\-IT'IC,  a.    Pertainine  to  melanite. 
.MEI.'A-.NI'RK,    )  n.    A  small  fish  of  the  Mediler- 
.MEI>-.\-.\0'llU.'^,  j     ranean,  a  species  of  Spams  or 

eilt-h.  ad.  .i.,A.    P.  Cyr. 

.MEI/A-PIITRE,  n.    A  variety  of  black  or  pvrox'enic 

iwrjihyry.  Jiumble. 


ME-I.AS'SES,  n.    See  .Molasses. 
ME-LAS'SIC  ACID,  n.    The  product  of  the  simulta- 
neous action  of  heat  and  alkalies  on  s(iliitioui>  of 
grape  sugar.  Graham. 
MF^LF.K',  (ma-la',)  n.    [Fr.]    A  ficht  in  which  the 

combatants  are  mingled  in  one  confused  mass. 
MIM.IC'ER-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  ;icAi<t-,...i5.] 

Noting  a  tumor  inclosed  in  a  cyst,  cimsi.sting  of 
matter  like  himey.  Uu.--ac.k. 
MEL'I-MTE,  n.    fGr.  yifXi,  honey,  and  \tfoi,  stone.] 
A  name  applied  to  small  yellow  cry  stals  found  in 
the  lavas  of  Vesuvius.  Dana. 
MEL'I-I.OT,  n.  [Fr.l  A  plant  of  the  genus  Trifuliiim, 

nearly  allied  to  the  long-rooted  citiver.  Farm.  F.ncyc. 
Mi?.L'l()R-ATE,  (inCl'yor-5te,)  v.  t.    [Fr.  ameliorer ; 
Sp.  mejorar;  It.  migliorare ;  from  I.,  melior,  better; 
W.  mall,  gain,  profit ;  Ir.  meall,  good.] 

To  make  better  ;  to  improve  ;  as,  to  meliorate  fruit 
by  grafting,  or  soil  by  cultivation.  Civilization  h.is 
done  much,  but  Christianity  more,  to  meliorate  the 
condition  of  men  in  society. 

Nature  liy  :»rt  we  nobly  mrtiornte.  Denham. 
JIi3;L'I0R-aTE,  r.  i.    To  grow  better. 
MkL'IOR-A-TEI),  pp.  or  a.    Made  better;  improved. 
MkL'IOR-a-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Improving;  advancing 
in  good  qualities. 

The  pure  and  beni^  light  of  revelation  has  had  a  meliorating 
influence  on  inaidiind. 

Wathington't  areolar,  June  18,  1783. 

Mif.L-IOR-A'TION,  n.    The  act  or  operation  of  making 

bett'-r  ;  improvement. 
MeL-IOR'I-TY,  n.   The  state  of  being  better.  [JVol 

in  use.]  Bacon. 
MELL,  r.  i.    [Fr.  mller.] 

To  mix  ;  to  meddle.    [A'ut  in  use.]  Spenstr. 
MELL,  n.    [L.  me/.] 

Iloni-v.    [JVut  Knglish.] 
MEL'LATE,  n.    [L.  mel,  honey,  Gr.  ;/tX(,  VV.  met.] 

A  combination  of  inellic  or  mellitic  acid  with  a 

MEL-^ije,  a.    See  Mellitic. 

MEL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  mel,  honey,  and  fero,  to 
produce.) 
Producing  honev. 
.MEL-LIF-I-eA'TIO.V,  n.    [L.  mellijieo.] 
The  making  or  pp  duction  of  honev. 
MEI^LIF'LU-E.VCE,  n.    [L.  mel,  htuiey,  and  fluo,  to 
flow.) 

A  flow  of  sweetness,  or  a  sweet,  smooth  flow. 

fVatls. 

MEL-LFF'LU-EXT,  I  a.  Flowing  with  honev  ;  smooth ; 
MEL-LIF'LU-OUS,  j     sweetly  flowing ;  as,  a  mc//(/- 
luons  voice. 

MEI^LIF'LU-E.XT-LY,  )    ,      „  o     •  , 

M  EL-LI  F'LU-OUS-LY,  Smoothly  ;  flowingly. 

MEI^LIG'E-XOUS,  a.  [Gr.  pL>,  honey,  and  ycvof, 
kind.) 

Having  the  qualities  of  honey. 
MEL-LI'GO,  n.    [L.  wiel.] 

Hone\  -dew,  which  see.  Tally. 
MEL'H'l',  n.    In  farrimj,  a  dry  scab  on  the  heel  of  a 
horse's  fore  foot,  cured  by  a  mixture  of  honey  and 
vinegar. 

MEL'LI-T.VTE,  n.  A  compound  of  mellitic  acid  with 
a  base.  OrtJtam. 

MEL'LITE,  n.    [L.  me/.] 

Honey-stone ;  a  mineral  of  a  honey  color,  found  in 
small  octahedral  crysttUs.  It  consists  of  mellic  acid 
and  alumina.  It  is  found  with  brown  coal,  and  is 
partly  the  result  of  vegcwble  decomposition.  Dana. 

MEL'Lie,       )  a.    Terms  applied  to  an  acid  first  dis- 

.MEL-LIT'ie,  i    covered  in  mellite  or  honey-stone. 

MEL'LOX,  H.  A  compound  of  carbon  and  nitrogen, 
in  the  form  of  a  yellow  powder.  Ure. 

MEL'LOW,  a.  [Sax.  melnre  ;  G.  mehl,  D.  Dan.  med, 
meal ;  G.  mehKg,  mchlicht,  mellow,  mealy  ;  Dan.  mee- 
lagtig,  mellow  ;  L.  mollis,  Fr.  mol,  molle,  soft,  Gr. 
paXaKo;  ;  W.  mall,  soft,  melting,  insipid,  evil,  and, 
as  a  noun,  a  malady.  The  Welsh  unites  the  worii 
with  L.  mains.  These  words  are  evidcWly  allied  to 
mild  and  melt,  and  meal  would  seem  to  be  connected 
\\M\  mill.  I  am  not  certain  which  is  the  primary 
word.    See  Class  Ml,  No.  2,  4,  9,  12.] 

1.  Soft  with  ripeness  ;  easily  yielding  to  pressure  ; 
as,  a  mellote  peach  or  apple  ;  vielloic  fruit. 

2.  Soft  to  tlie  ear ;  as,  a  mellow  sound  ;  a  mellow 
pipe. 

3.  Soft ;  well  pulverized  ;  not  indumted  or  com- 
pact ;  as,  mellow  ground  or  earth. 

4.  ."'oft  and  smiHith  to  the  taste  ;  as,  mellow  wine 

5.  Soft  with  liquor ;  intoxicated  ;  merry.  Additm 

6.  Soft  or  easy  to  the  eye. 

The  lender  flush,  whose  mellois  sLoin  iinUica 

Heaven  wiUl  all  frrrJu  of  li^hL  PenMoL 

MEL'LOW,  V.  t.  To  ripen  ;  to  bring  to  maturity ;  to 
soften  by  ripeuess  or  age. 

On  fon'ifn  mnunt.tins  mav  the  twn  refine 

The  grape's  fA  Juic«  and  nuUou  it  to  wine.  Addison, 

S.  To  soften  ;  to  pulverize.  Eartli  is  mellowed  by 
frost. 

3.  To  mature  ;  to  bring  to  perfection. 

This  episo<le — ntcUowed 
pvtn  It. 


lh.\t  rrputntiou  which  time  has 
DryUn. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITF-  — AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

89  ~"  Tai 


J 


MEL 

MEL'LoW,  V.  i.  To  become  soft  ;  to  be  ripened,  ma- 
tured, or  brought  to  perfection.  Fniit,  when  taken 
from  tlie  tree,  soon  nirllows.  Wine  mil!u«.i  with  age. 

MEL'LoW-EU, /!;).    Ripened;  brought  to  maturity. 
2.  liecome  soft,  as  fruit  when  ripe. 

MEL'LoW-LY,  ado.    In  a  mellow  manner. 

MEL'LoW-NESS,  n.  Softness  ;  the  quaiity  of  yield- 
ing easily  to  pressure  ;  ripeness,  as  of  fruit. 

2.  maturity  ;  softness  or  smoothness  from  age,  as 
of  wine. 

MEL'Lo\V-ToX-£D,  a.    Having  soft  tones. 

MEL'LoW-Y,  a.    Soft  ;  unctuous.  Drayton. 

MEL-O-eO-TON',  n.  [Sp.  mclocoton,  a  peach-tree 
grafted  into  a  quince-tree,  or  the  fruit  of  the  tree  ;  It. 
melocototpiOj  quince-tree  ;  L.  malain  cotuneuiit,  quince- 
apple.  "Cotoneum  is  probably  our  cotton,  and  the  Iruit 
so  named  from  its  pubescence.] 

A  quince.  But  the  name  is  sometimes  given  to  a 
large  kind  of  peach. 

ME-Lo'DI-OUS,  a.  [See  Melody.]  Containing  mel- 
ody ;  musical ;  agreeable  to  the  ear  by  ;i  sweet  suc- 
cession of  sounds  J  as,  a  inelodwus  voice  j  mclodivas 
strains. 

And  music  more  melodious  than  the  spheres.  Dryden. 

ME-Lo'DI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  melodious  manner ; 
musically. 

ME-Lo'DI-OUS-NES3,7!.  The  quality  of  being  agreea- 
ble to  the  ear  by  a  sweet  succession  of  sounds  ;  mu- 
sicalness. 

MEL'O-DIST,  n.  A  composer  and  singer  of  elegant 
melodies,  in  contradistinction  to  Harmonist. 

MEL'O-DIZE,  V.  t.    To  make  melodious. 

MEL'0-DJZ-£D,  pp.    Rendered  harmonious. 

MEL'O-DlZ-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  harmonious. 

MEL-O-DRA-MAT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  inelodramc. 

MEL-O-DRAM'A-TIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  melo- 
drames,  or  who  prepares  them. 

MEL'O-DR.XJIE,  n.    [Gr.  /icAuf,  a  song,  and  drama.] 
A  dramatic  performance  in  which  songs  are  inter- 
mixed. Chntmers. 

MEL'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  pt'Sui^ia  ;  ptXos,  a  limb,  or  a 
song,  and  (ot^^,  ah  ode  ;  L.  iridos.'j 

An  agreeable  succession  of  sounds  ;  a  succession 
of  sounds  so  regulated  and  modulated  as  to  please 
the  ear.  To  constitute  melody,  the  sounds  must  be 
arranged  according  to  the  laws  of  rhythmus,  meas- 
ure, or  the  due  proportion  of  the  movements  to  each 
other.  Melody  ditiers  from  harmony,  as  it  consists  in 
the  agreeable  succession  and  modulation  of  sounds 
by  a  single  voice  ;  whereas  harmony  consists  in  the 
accordance  of  different  voices  or  sounds.  JMody  is 
vocal  or  instrumental.  Hooker. 
2.  The  particular  air  or  tune  of  a  musical  piece. 

Kncyc.  .Am, 

To  make  melody  in  the  heart ;  to  praise  God  with  a 
joyful  and  thankful  disposititm,  ascribing  to  him  the 
honor  due  to  his  name.    Eph.  v. 

MEL'ON,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  me/a  ;  Sp.  melon  ;  It.  mel- 
lone,  a  melon;  Gr.  ficAoi',  an  apple;  D.  meloen  ;  G. 
melvne ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  melon  :  Slav,  tnlun.  This  word 
has  the  elements  of  mellow,  L.  mollis,  VV.  mall.] 

The  name  of  certain  plants  and  their  fruit ;  as  the 
waiter-melon,  the  mus\i-melon. 

MEL'ON-THIS'TLE,  (-this'l,)  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Cactus. 

MEL-PO.M'E-NE,  n.    [Gr.,  from  iic>iToiJLai.] 
The  muse  who  presides  over  tragedy. 

MEI/UCSE,  n.    [L.  mel  and  rosa.] 

Honey  of  roses.  Fordyce. 

MELT,  V.  t.  [Sax.  meltan  ;  Gr.  iiMus ;  D.  smellm  ;  G. 
schmctzen;  Sw.  smdlta  ;  Dan.  smelter;  whence  Eng. 
smelt,  smalL  We  have  in  these  words  decisive  evi- 
dence that  s,  in  smelten,  &c.,  is  a  prefix.  Melt,  in 
English,  is  regular,  forming  melted  for  its  past  tense 
and  passive  partici|)le.  The  old  participle,  molten,  is 
used  only  as  an  adjective.  This  verb  belongs  to  a 
numerous  class  of  words  in  Ml,  denoting  soft,  or 
softness.    See  Cla.s3  Ml,  No.  10,  18,  19.] 

1.  To  dissolve  ;  to  make  liquid  ;  to  liquefy  ;  to  re- 
duce from  a  solid  to  a  liquid  or  fltjwing  state  by 
heat ;  as,  to  melt  wax,  tallow,  or  lead  ;  to  melt  ice  or 
snow. 

2.  To  dissolve ;  to  reduce  to  first  principles. 

3.  To  .soften  to  love  or  tenderness.  [Burnet. 

Tor  pity  mtllt  the  mind  to  love.  Drydcn. 

4.  To  waste  away  ;  to  dissipate. 

In  j^en'-ral  riot  melted  down  thy  youth.  Slink. 
!>.  To  dishearten.    Josh.  xiv. 
MEl.T,  n.  /.    'i'o  beeouie  liquid;  to  dissolve;  to  be 
changed  from  u  fixed  or  solid  to  a  lluwiiig  state. 

And  whiliT  miow  in  minute*  melu  (iw:iy.  Dryden. 

52.  To  be  Ht)ft/'ned  to  love,  pity,  tendcrncsu,  or  syni- 
pathy  ;  to  become  tender,  mild,  or  gentle. 

MelUng  witli  tenil'TnfH  anri  mild  &jrnpaMian.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  disnolvod  ;  to  lose  substance. 

And  wli«t  n'i'in'"d  r.ftrpord, 
Melud  .11  l.riMil]  inuj  tin;  winil.  Shak. 
1.  To  bo  subdued  by  affliction  ;  to  sink  into  wcak- 
neiK. 

My  wul  mtluth  tor  licarlnnai — aurn^licn   tliou  nic.  —  Pi, 


MEM 

5.  To  faint ;  to  be  discouraged  or  disheartened. 

As  soon  as  we  heard  tJiese  Uiiii;;s,  our  Ijeart  melted.  — Josh.  ii. 

MELT'ED,  f^.  or  o.    Dissolved  ;  made  liquid ;  soft- 
ened ;  discouraged. 

MELT'ER,-n.    One  that  melts  any  thing.  Derham. 

MELT'IAG,  ppr.    Dissolving;  liquefying;  softening; 
discouraging. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  softon  ;  softening  into  tender- 
ness ;  as,  meltimr  eloquence. 

MELT'ING,  n.   The  act  of  softening  ;  the  act  of  ren- 
dering tender.  South. 

MELT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  melt  or  soften. 
2.  Like  something  melting.  Sidney. 

MELT'ING-NESS,  n.    The  power  of  melting  or  soft- 
ening. 

MEL'WEL,  n.    A  kind  of  codfish.  Jlsh. 
MEM'BEK,  7/.    [Fr.  viembre;  h.  mcmbrnm.] 

1.  A  limb  of  animal  bodies  ;  as  a  leg,  an  arm,  an 
ear,  a  finger,  that  is,  a  subordinate  part  of  the  main 
body. 

2.  A  part  of  a  discourse,  or  of  a  period  or  sentence  ; 
a  clause ;  a  part  of  a  verse.  Harmony  in  poetry  is 
produced  by  a  proportion  between  the  members  of 
the  same  verse,  or  between  the  members  of  different 
verses. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  subordinate  part  of  a  building, 
as  a  frieze  or  cornice  ;  sonietiuies  a  molding. 

4.  An  individual  of  a  community  or  society.  Ev- 
ery citizen  is  a  member  of  the  state  or  body  politic. 
So  the  individuals  of  a  club,  a  corporation,  or  con- 
federacy, are  called  its  members.  Students  of  an 
academy  or  college  are  its  members.  Professed  Chris 
tians  are  called  members  of  the  church. 

5.  The  appetites  and  passions,  considered  as  tempt 
ing  to  sin.    Rom.  vii.    Col.  in. 

ME.M'l!Ei:-KD,  a.    Having  limbs. 

MEJI'UER  SmP,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  member. 

2.  Community  ;  society.  Btaum.  S{  Fl. 

ME.VI'BRANE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  membrana  ;  Ir.  mcam- 
bram.  The  last  component  part  of  this  word  is  found 

in  the  Ethiopic  and  Amharic  ;  Eth.  bercana. 

parchment,  velhim,  from  barah,  to  shine  or  be 

clear.  {Ladolf,  Col.  231,  2.)  The  substance,  then,  is 
named  from  its  clearness  or  transparency.] 

In  anatomy,  a  thin,  white,  flexible  skin,  formed  by 
fibers  interwoven  like  net-work,  and  serving  to 
cover  some  part  of  the  body.  Encyc. 

The  term  is  applied  to  the  thin,  expanded  parts,  of 
various  texture,  lioth  in  animals  and  vegetables. 
MEM-URA'NE-OUS,      )  a.     Uelonging  to  a  niem- 
MEM'BRA-NOIJS,  .  - 

MEM-BRA-Na'CEOUS 
braneous  covering. 

Birds  of  prey  have  meT/iiranaceoiiS  stomachs,  not  muscular. 

Arbothnot. 

2.  In  botany,  a  membranaceous  leaf  has  no  distin- 
guishable pulp  between  the  two  surfaces.  In  gen- 
eral, it  denotes  flatted,  or  resembling  parchment. 

Martyn. 

MEM-BRa'NI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  mem- 
brane or  of  parchment. 
ME-.MEN'TO,  71.    [  L.,  from  memmi.    See  Memoht.] 
A  hint,  suggestion,  notice,  or  memorial  to  awaken 
memory  ;  that  which  reminds. 

lie  is  but  a  man,  and  seasonable  mementos  may  be  useful. 

Bacon. 

MF.-MFJ^'TO  MO'RT,  [L.]    Be  mindftil  of  death. 

ME.M'NON,  71.    [Gr.  Mi,,i>o}v.] 

The  name  of  a  celebrated  Egyptian  statue,  sup- 
posed to  have  the  property  of  emitting  a  harp-like 
sound  at  sunrise. 

MEM'OIR,  (mem'wor,)  n.    [Fr.  mcmoirc,  memorj'.] 

1.  A  species  of  history  written  by  a  perstui  who 
had  some  share  in  the  transactions  related.  Persons 
often  write  their  own  memoirs. 

2.  A  history  of  transactions  in  which  some  person 
had  a  principal  share,  is  called  his  memoirs,  though 
compiled  or  written  by  a  different  hand. 

3.  The  history  of  a  society,  or  the  journals  and 
proceedings  of  a  society;  as,  memoirs  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

4.  A  written  account ;  register  of  facts.  .Arbulhnot. 
MEM'OIR-IS'P,  71.    A  writer  of  memoirs.  Carlisle. 
MEM-O-KA-BII/I-A,  71. ;)/.    [L.]    Things  remarkable 

and  worthy  of  ri-uii'mbranre. 
ME.M-O-RA-BIL'I-TV,  7i.    The  slate  of  being  memo- 
ralile. 

MI'.M'O-RA-BLE,  o.    [Vt.,  from  \..  mem orabais.  See 
Mkmiiuv.] 

Worthy  to  be  remembered  ;  illustrious  ;  celebrated  ; 
dislingiiished. 

By  lonilM,  by  bool<K,  by  meinorahle  ilerds.  Dnviei. 

MEM'O-RA  BLY,  o(/«.    In  a  manner  worthy  to  be  re- 
niemberrd. 

ME.M-O  RAX'DUM,  71. ;  77/.  Mt.MonANOtjMS  or  Memo- 
randa.   |L.]    A  note  to  help  the  iiiciniiry. 

1  enten-d  a  memoraTulum  In  my  pockct-lwoli.  Qitardian. 

MEM'O-KSTE,  v.  u    To  mention  for  rcintmibrance. 
[  Oos.] 


J  a.     Belonging  to  a  niem- 
>      brane  ;     consisting  of 
,  )      membranes  ;  as,  a  mem- 


MEN 

ME.VrO-RA-TIVE,  a.  Adapted  or  tending  to  preserve 
the  memory  of  any  thing.  Hammond. 

ME-MO'RI-Ji  TEi'lI'A'I-CJl,ii.  [L.]  Literally,  tt:i:h- 
nical  memoiy:  any  contrivance  for  aiding  the 
memory. 

ME-Mo'RI-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  mcmorialis.  See 
Memorv.] 

1.  Preservative  of  memory. 

There  hio^li  in  itir  memcrinl  of  my  name, 

Fix  the  smootli  oar,  and  bid  me  Uve  to  f.une.  Poj^e. 

2.  Contained  in  memory  ;  as  memorial  possession. 

iralt.i. 

ME-Mc'RI-AIi,  71.  That  which  preserves  the  mem- 
ory of  somethmg ;  any  thing  that  serves  to  keep  in 
memory.  A  monument  is  a  memorial  of  a  deceased 
person,  or  of  an  event.  The  Lord's  su pper  is  a  7iie- 
morial  of  the  death  and  sufferings  of  Christ. 

Churches  have  names ;  some  as  memonals  of  pe.ice,  some  of 
wisdom,  some  of  the  'iVinity.  Hooker. 

2.  Any  note  or  hint  to  assist  the  memory. 
Memorials  written  with  King-  Edward's  hand  shall  \n-  the  ground 

of  this  history.  UayiBard. 

3.  A  written  representation  of  facts,  made  to  a 
legislative  or  other  body  as  the  ground  of  a  petition, 
or  a  representation  of  facts  accompanied  with  a  peti- 
tion. 

4.  In  diplomacy,  a  species  of  informal  state  paper, 
much  usetl  in  negotiation.  Brande. 

ME-Mo'RI-AL-IST,  n.    One  who  writes  a  memorial. 

Spectator. 

2.  One  who  presents  a  memorial  to  a  legislative  or 
any  other  body,  or  to  a  person.  United  States. 

ME-Mo'RI-ALiZE,  jj.  <.    To  present  a  memorial  to; 

to  petition  by  memorial.  United  States. 

MEMo'R1-AL-iZ-/:D,  pp.    Petitioned  by  memorial. 
ME.M'O-RIST,  n.    One  who  causes  to  be  remembered. 

[A'uf  vsed.]  Braicn. 
ME-.MOR'I-TER,  adv.    [L.]    By  memory. 
MEM'O-RIZE,  D.  (.  Torecord;  to  hand  down  to  mem- 
ory by  writing. 

Tliey  neglect  to  memorize  their  conquest  of  the  Indians. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  remembered. 

Tiiey  meant  to  memorize  another  Goljotha,  Shak. 
MEM'0-RIZ-£D,  pp.    Recorded ;  handed  down  to 
memory. 

MEM'O-KY,  71.  [L.  memoria;  Fr.  memoire;  Sw. 
minne ;  Ir.  meatnliair  i  or  meabhair,  meanma.  I'liis 
word  is  from  mcmini,  which  is  probably  corrupted 
from  the  Grt^ek  iiuaoftai,  to  remember,  from  pivos, 
mind,  or  the  same  root.    See  Mind.] 

1.  The  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it  retains  the 
knowledge  of  jiast  events,  or  ideas  which  are  past. 
A  distinction  is  made  between  memory  and  recollec- 
tion. Memory  retains  past  ideas  without  any,  or 
with  little  effort ;  recollection  implies  an  effort  to  re- 
call ideas  that  are  past.    Beattic.     Rcid.  Stewart. 

Memory  is  the  purveyor  of  reason.  Ramb'tr. 
9.  A  retaining  of  past  ideas  in  the  miud  ;  remem- 
brance.   Events  that  excite  little  attention  are  apt 
to  escape  from  memory. 

3.  Exemption  from  oblivion. 

That  ever  living  man  of  memory, 

Henry  the  Fifth.  Shak. 

4.  The  time  within  which  past  events  can  be  re- 
membered or  recollected,  or  the  time  within  which  a 
person  may  htive  knowleilge  of  what  is  past.  The  rev- 
olution in  England  was  before  my  memory;  the  revo- 
lution in  America  was  within  the  author's  memory. 

5.  Alemorial ;  monumental  record;  that  which 
calls  to  remembrance.  A  monument  in  London 
was  erectetl  in  memory  of  the  conflagration  in  Killli. 

li.  Rertection  ;  attention.  Shak. 
MEM'O-RV,  v.  L    To  Uiy  up  in  the  mind  or  memory. 

LATuf  usc.ll,]  Chaucer. 
MEM'PHI-.VN,  a.    [from  Memphis,  the  ancient  me- 
tropolis of  Egypt,  said  to  be  altered  frtjui  Menuf, 
Memf.  Ludolf.] 

Pertaining  to  Memphis ;  very  dark  ;  a  sense  bor- 
rowed from  the  darkness  of  Egy|)t  in  the  time  of 
Moses. 

MEiN,  71.  pL  of  Man.  Two  or  more  males,  individu- 
als of  tile  liumaii  race. 

2.  iMali's  of  a  lirave  spirit.  We  will  live  in  honor, 
or  die  like  men. 

3.  Persons  :  people  ;  mankind  ;  in  an  indefinite 
sens(}.  Men  arc^  apt  to  forget  the  benefiictor,  while 
they  riot  on  the  benefit. 

MEN' ACE,  V.  I.  [i'r.  mrnacer;  It.  minncciare ;  Sp. 
umrnazar :  L.  minor.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
rush,  throw,  or  push  fiirwaril.  The  sense  is  more 
clearly  expressed  liy  emineo  ami  prominru,  to  jut  for- 
ward, from  the  Kiimo  root.  See  Mind,  which  is  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  To  thri  .ili  ii  ;  to  express  or  show  a  disposition 
or  delermiiialion  lo  intlict  punishment  or  other  evil. 
'J'he  coiiiliiiKHl  powers  menaced  France  with  war  on 
every  side. 

2.  'I'o  show  or  manifest  the  probability  of  future 
evil  or  daiigi  r  to.  Tlii'  spirit  of  insubordiiialiun 
menaced  Sfcini  u  illi  the  luirrors  of  civil  w:ir. 

3.  'I'o  exhibit  the  appearance  of  any  catastrophe  to 


FATE,  FAH,  F^LL,  VyH*T.  — METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARtNE,  BIUI).  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  

7()6  ; 


MEN 


MEN 


MER 


come  ;  as,  a  han^ini;  rock  mfnaccs  a  fall,  or  jncnacc^ 
the  plain  or  tlio  iiiliabitants  below. 
MEN' ACE,  H.    A  tliri  al  or  lliri  atcniiig ;  tlir  declara- 
tion or  show  of  a  ilis|Kisitioii  or  delirmiiiation  to  in- 
flict an  evil  ;  used  of  persmis. 
2.  The  show  of  a  probable  evil  or  catastrophe  to 

COUU'. 

MEN'A-CED,  (mcn'astp,)  pp.  Threatened. 

ME.\'A-CER,  II.    One  that  threatens. 

ME-NACir.VN-ITE,  n.  .\  black  metallic  niinrnil. 
consisting  of  titanic  acid  and  n\\A  of  iron,  foiinil 
near  Meiiachan,  in  Cornwall,  Eiij;!aiul.  It  is  a  va- 
rii'ty  of  Ilincnite.  Dmn. 

Mi:.\-A-eilAN-IT'ie,  «.    Pertaining  to  inenachaiiite. 

iMEN'.\-CING,  ppr.  'I'hreatcniii!; ;  declaring  a  dispo- 
sition or  determination  to  inllict  evil. 

y.  o.  Exhibiting  the  danger  or  probability  of  an 
evil  or  catjistrophe  to  come  ;  as,  a  meiiachiir  attitude. 

1ME.\''.\-(;L\G-LY,  aih:    In  a  threatening  manner. 

J\IFJ^-AGE',  (men-Uzli',)  ii.  [I'r.,  a  family.  See 
Manace.] 

A  collection  of  brute  animals.  Addison. 
ME.\-AO'E-RIE,  (inen-azh'e-ic,  I  n.        [Fr.  innia- 
ME.\' A-GEK-Y,    men'a-jer-re,)  )     gcric  ;  It.  meiia- 
geria.] 

A  yard  or  pl.ice  in  which  wild  animals  are  kept ; 
also,  a  collection  of  wild  animals. 
ME.X'A-GOGUE,  (inen'a-gog,)  ii.    [Gr.  prims,  men- 
strua, and  ii)  u,  to  drive. j 

A  iiicdicine  that  promotes  the  menstrual  flux. 

MEND,  I',  t.  [L.  cmnuh  ;  Pr.  amnulir ;  U.  mcndare ; 
from  I.,  mntda,  a  fault,  spot,  or  blemish.  Mend  is 
contracteil  from  cmaido^  amvnd^  for  the  L.  negative  c, 
for  ej,  is  necessary  to  express  the  removal  of  a 
fault.] 

1.  To  repair,  as  a  breach  ;  to  supply  a  part  broken 
or  defective  ;  as,  to  mend  a  garment,  a  road,  a  mill- 
dam,  a  fence,  &c. 

2.  To  correct ;  to  set  right ;  to  alter  for  the  better; 
as,  to  mend  the  life  or  manners. 

3.  To  repair  ;  to  restore  to  a  sound  state  ;  as,  to 
mend  a  feeble  or  broken  constitution.  Loekr. 

4.  To  help ;  to  advance  ;  to  make  better.  This 
plausible  apology  does  not  mend  the  matter. 

Thonwli  in  some  lands  Ult:  ^-us  is  but  slu'rt,  yd  il  mends  sjanlcn 
llcrla  iXTid  Inut.  Mortimer. 

5.  To  improve ;  to  hasten. 

He  s.A\v  the  monster  Jixend  liis  paco.  Drylen. 
ME.XD,  V.  i.    To  grow  better;  to  advance  to  a  better 
state;  to  improve.    We  say,  a  feeble  constitution 
mends  daily  ;  a  sick  man  inendit,  or  is  ccnivalesccnt. 
.MKNl)'.\-HLE,  o.   Capable  of  being  mended. 
.ME\-Da'CI()US,  (-di'shus,)  a.    [L.  mcnJajr.] 
I.ving  ;  false. 

MEN-'UAC'I-TV,  (-das'cHe,)  n.  [L.  mcndai,  false, 
lying.    See  Class  .Mil,  Ko.  4.] 

Fiilscliood.  Brown. 
(The  proper  signification  of  this  word  would  be  a 
disposition  to  lie,  or  habitual  lying.] 
MEND'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Repaired;  made  better;  im- 
proveil. 

MEXD'ER,  It.   One  who  mends  or  repairs. 
MEND'I-CAN-CY,  n.    [L.  rncndicaiu.] 

Iteggary  ;  a  state  of  begging. 
ME.ND'i-e.A.NT,  n.    [E.  mendie.ans,  from  mendleo,  to 

bi  g,  Fr.  mendicr;  allied  to  L.  mando,  to  cuniniand, 

demand.] 

1.  Begging  ;  poor  to  a  state  of  beggary  ;  as,  re- 
duced to  a  mendicant  state. 

2.  I'racticing  beggary  ;  as,  a  mendieant  friar. 
MEND'I-CANT,  n.    A  beggar;  one  that  makes  it  his 

business  to  beg  alms  ;  one  of  the  begging  fraternity 
of  (he  Roman  Catholic  church. 
MEND'i  e.^TE,  V.  I.    To  beg,  or  practice  begging, 
f  JVof  tuted.'] 

MEX-UIC'l-TY,  (-dis'e-te,)  n.    [E.  mendicitas.] 
The  state  of  begging  ;  the  lite  of  a  beggar. 
MENU'l.XG,  ppr.  or  a.  Repairing. 

2.  Convalescing ;  recovering  from  sickness  ;  be- 
coming better  in  health. 
MEND'I.XG,B.  The  act  of  repairing  ;  applied  espuiaUy 
to  ffrtrtnent.^. 

MEXD'MENT,  for  Ame:«dme:«t.    [A'ot  in  use.] 

MEXDS,  for  Amends.    [.Vu(  i/.sc</.1  Shak. 

MEX-IIA'DE.X,  n.  A  salt-water  tish,  jj/nsa  menhaden 
of  Mitchell,  allied  to  the  alewife  and  shad,  and  imich 
used  fi.r  manure.  Sec.  Sittrer's  .Mass.  Rep. 

Mlc'NI-.\L,  a.  [iXorni.  mei^rnal,  meynal,  from  meigitee 
or  meiny,  a  family.  The  Norm,  has  also  me.tnie  and 
mesnee,  a  family,  household,  or  company,  and  incinei, 
many.  CJu.  the  root  of  viaison,  messuage,  or  of 
mantj.'] 

1.  len.aining  to  servants,  or  domestic  servants; 
low  ;  mean. 

The  woKKn  MlencIiaU  perform  only  Uie  most  mtnial  oISo-s. 

[Johnson  observes  on  this  passage,  that  Swifl 
seems  not  to  have  known  the  meaning  of  this  word. 
But  this  is  the  only  sense  in  which  it  is  now  used.] 

2.  Belonging  to  the  retinue  or  train  of  servants. 

Johnson* 

Two  rumal  doj«  l>-rore  Iheir  mnHer  preised.  Dryien. 


[If  this  definition  of  Johnson  is  correct,  it  indicates 
that  menial  is  from  meinei,  many,  rather  than  from 
viesnic,  family,    iliit  the  sense  may  be  honse-do*rs.] 
Wi5'NI-.\E,  «.     A  domestic  servant  of  the  lowest 
order.  Hence, 

2.  Figuralivchj,  a  jierson  of  a  servile  character  or 
disposition. 

MEN'I-EITE,  n.  A  brown,  impure  opal,  occurring  in 
llattened,  nodular  concretions,  at  Menil  Moiitaiit, 
near  Paris.  JJunu. 

iME-.XIN'OJKS,  71.  pi.  [Gr.]  In  anatomy,  the  two 
membranes  that  envelop  the  brain;  the  pia  mater 
and  dura  mater. 

ME-.XIS'CAE,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  meniscus. 

ME-NIS'eUS,  n.  i  pi.  iMkniscuses.  [Gr.  pTii'iaKOf,a 
little  moon  ] 

A  lens  convex  on  one  side  and  concave  on  the 
other,  having  the  concavity  loss  than  the  convexity. 

Olmsted. 

MEN-r  SPERM'ATE,  n.    A  compound  uf  inenisperm 

ic  acid  and  a  .salifiable  base. 
MEN-I-SPEIl.M'I€,  a.    The  menisperinic  acid  is  oh 
tained  from  the  seeds  of  the  Coccnlus  Indicus,  the 
Menisprrmnm  cocculns  of  Iiinnu)tis,  the  Anamirta 
pnnieulatn  of  later  botanists. 
MEN-I-.~i|'ER'iMI-.X.\,  )  n.     [E.  vienispermum,  from 
MEN-I-SPER'MI.XE,  |    Gr.  firji/i),  the  moon,  and 
an'.ppit,  a  seed.] 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  Anamirta  paniculata, 
once  c:Uled  Menispermum.    This  alkaloid  is  a  white, 
opaline,  crystalline  solid,  which  is  tasteless,  and  me- 
dicinally inert. 
MEX'I-VER,  n.    A  small,  white  animal  in  Russia,  or 
its  fur,  which  is  very  fine.  [See  Minerta.]  Chaucer. 
MEN'NON-ITES,  )  n.  pi.    A  small  denomination  of 
MEN'NON-ISTS,  )     Christians  who   reject  infant 
baptism,  but  do  not  insist  strenuously  on  immersion 
so  called  from  Simon  Menno,  their  founder  in  Ger- 
many. Haird. 
ME-N()I,'0-GY,       )  n.    [Gr.  jirir, /irji/ot,  month,  and 
MEN-O-Lo'GI  tJ^r,  i     Uyuf,  discourse.] 

1.  A  register  of  months.  Stillinirflect. 

2.  In  Ute  Orecl:  church,  martyrology,  or  a  brief  cal- 
endar of  the  lives  of  the  saints,  for  each  day  in  the 
year,  or  a  simple  remembrance  of  those  whose  lives 
are  not  written.  Lanier. 

MEN'oW,  71.    [Fr.  menu,  small.  Ou.] 

A  small,  fresh-water  fish,  the  minnow.  Bailey. 
MEN'-PI,r,..\S-ER,  71.    One  who  is  solicitous  to  please 

men,  rather  than  to  please  God,  by  obedience  to  his 

commands. 

MBJ^iSA  ET  TO'RO,  [L.]  A  phrase  applied  to  a 
kind  of  divorce  which  separates  husband  and  wife 
without  dissolving  the  marriage  relation.  Bonder. 

MEN'SAE,  a.    [E.  mcnsalis,  from  mensa^  a  table.] 

Belonging  to  the  table  ;  transacted  at  table.  [Lit- 
tle u-sf//,]  Clarissa. 

MEN'SkS,  tu  pi.  [L.,  months.]  The  catamenial  or 
menstrual  discharges. 

ME.X'STRIJ-AL,  o.  [Fr.,  from  L.  menstrwdis,  from 
mensis!,  month.] 

1.  Monthly ;  happening  once  a  month ;  as,  the 
menstrual  flux. 

2.  Lasting  a  month  ;  as,  tlie  menstrual  orbit  of  the 
moon.  Bcntlcy. 

X  Pertaining  to  a  menstruum.  Bacon. 
MEiX'STKU-ANT,  a.    Subject  to  monthly  flowings. 

Browiu 

MEN'STRU-OUS,  a.  [L.  menstruus,  from  mensis,  a 
month.] 

1.  Having  the  monthly  flow  or  discharge,  as  a 
female.  Sandys. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  monthly  flow  of  females. 

Brown* 

MEX'STRU-UM,  71. ;  p/.  Menstrl'ums  or  Mehstkua. 
[from  L.  mensii,  month.  The  use  of  this  word  is 
supposed  to  have  orginated  in  some  notion  of  the  old 
chemists  about  the  influence  of  the  moon  in  the 
preparation  of  dissolvents.  Johtison.] 

A  solvent ;  any  fluid  or  subtilized  substance  which 
dissolves  a  solid  body. 

All  liquon  are  cnllett  menttruumt  which  tar  used  u  dissolvents, 
or  to  extrdct  liic  vinucs  of  ingitnlicnts  by  infusion  or  ilecoc. 
tion.  Quincy. 

Inquire  what  la  the  proper  menttruum  to  dissolre  a  metit. 

Bacon. 

MEN-SU-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  mensuradU.]  Ca- 
pability of  bcin^  measured. 

ME.X'SG'-RA.HLE,  (men'shu-ra-bl,)  a.  [L.  mensnra, 
measure.  The  ti  is  probably  casual,  antl  the  word  is 
the  same  as  .Measl'rarle.] 

.Measurable  ;  capable  of  being  measured.  Holder. 

ME.N'."*U-RAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  measure. 

MEN'SU-RATE,  r.  t.    [L.  mcnsura,  measure.] 
To  measure.    [Litllr  used.] 

ME.X-SU-RA'TIO.X,  (men  shu-ru'shun,)  ti.    The  act, 
process,  or  art,  of  measuring,  or  taking  the  dimen- 
sions of  any  thing. 
2.  Measure  ;  the  result  of  measuring.  ArbuthnoU 

ME.X'T.\E,  a.  [IL  mentaU;  Fr.  mental ;  from  L.  (Tints, 
mind.] 

Pertaining  to  the  mind;  intellectual;  as,  menial 
faculties;  mental  operations;  mental  sight;  menial 
taste.  MUton.  Addisoiu 


MEN'TAE-EY,  ado.  Iiilellectiially  ;  in  the  mind  ;  in 
thought  or  meditation  ;  in  idea.  Bentley. 

ME.N"'i'IU.\,  TI.  [I'r.,  iVdiii  E.  mcTifio,  from  Gr. /iitia, 
from  ni'<ii,),lL  put  in  mind;  It.  menzione,  Sp.  tticti- 
cion  ;  Port,  ineneaa  ;  allied,  probably,  to  L.  moneo  and 
7Ti(Tu/.    Mention  is  a  throwing  out.] 

A  hint ;  a  siiggestitm  ;  a  brief  notice  or  remark 
expressed  in  words  or  writing ;  used  chiefly  after 
Make. 

Aliike  nn  mention  uf  otlier  gn<ls.  —  Josh,  xxiii, 
I  will  maJce  mrntion  ul  tliy  ri*tif'Ousn<'»s.  —  Ps.  Ixxl. 
Witliunt  censing  I  make  mention  of  yon  always  in  my  pnyen, 
—  Kom.  i. 

MEN'TION,  r.  f.  [ Fr.  77i^)i£i<7n7ier ;  It.  meniiojtare.] 
To  speak  ;  to  name  ;  to  utter  a  brief  remark  ;  to 
state  a  particular  fact,  "r  to  express  it  in  writing.  It 
is  applied  to  Sdiiietliing  thrown  in  or  ailili'd  inciden- 
tally in  a  discourse  or  writing,  ami  lluis  ililfrrs  from 
the  sense  tif  relate,  rrritr,  and  vnrrate.  I 
mcnd'oncii  to  liim  a  fai  t  that  fell  iindi  r  niy  own  ob- 
servation ;  in  the  course  of  conversation,  that  cir- 
cumstance was  mentioned. 

I  will  nieritinn  the  ]i)vin|;-I(iiuiiies9  of  tlic  Lonl.  —  Is.  Ixiii. 

MEN''J'IO.\-.'V-nLE,  o.  That  can  or  may  be  men- 
tioned. 

MEN'TION-KD,  pp.    Named  ;  stated. 
.MEN'TION-I.Xi;, /v»r.    .Naming;  uttering. 
MEN'TOK,  H.    [from  j\Iutt;r,  the  counselor  of  T.  lem- 
achus.]    A  wise  and  faithful  counselor  or  monitor. 

Encyr.  Am. 

MEN-To'RI-.\E,  a.  [from  Mentor.]  Containing  ad- 
vice or  admonition. 

ME-PIMT'IG,        I       rt  ii       ii  1 

ME-PIIIT'IC-AE,  i  "•         "•'■P'"^--''  "n     ^'"'  "■] 

Otfensive  to  the  smell  ;  foul  ;  poisonous  ;  noxious  ; 
pestilential ;  destructive  to  life.  Mrphilic  acid  is 
usu.allv  carbonic  acid. 

.ME-PIII'TIS,    )  71.    [E.  mephitis.]     Foul,  oflfensivc, 

MEPH'IT-IS.M,  j  or  noxious  exhalations  from  dis- 
solving substances,  filth,  or  other  .source;  iisiinlly 
containing  carbonic  and  gas.  Med.  Repos. 

ME-IlA'CIOUS,  (I.    [I.,  meracus.]    Strong  ;  rary. 

MER'CA-BLE,  a.  [h.  mercor.]  That  is  to  be  bought 
or  sitld. 

MER-eA.X-TAN'TE,  ti.    [It.  mercatante.] 

A  foreign  trader.    \J^ul  in  use.]  Shnl;. 
MER'CAN-TILE,  (-til,)  a.    [It.  and  Fr.,  from  L.  mer- 
cans,  viercor,  to  buy  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  niercnntil.] 

1.  Trading;  eominercial ;  carrying  on  coiumerce; 
as,  mercantile  nations  ;  the  mcrcnntde  class  of  men. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  couiinerce  or  trade  ;  as, 
mercantde  business. 

MER-C.AP'TAN,  ti.    [mercury  and  E.  ca;i(o,  to  seize.] 
A  liipiid  of  a  strong  garlic  odor,  conip.ised  of  sul- 
phur, carlxm,  and  hydrogen  ;  so  named  frtun  it<  en- 
ergetic artiDii  on  mercury.  BranUe.  Oraham. 
MER'CAT,  II.    [E.  mercatus.] 

Markel  ;  Iradc.    [Xnl  in  use.]  Sprat* 
MER-eA'TOR'S-CllAKT,  ti.    [from  Mcreator,  the  in- 
ventor.]    A  chart  constructed  on  the  principle  of 
Mercator's  projection.    [See  Projection.] 
MEK'CE-N.V-iU-LY,  adv.    In  a  mercenary  manner. 

Spcetalur. 

MER'CE-NA  RI-NESS,  ji.  [from  TTicrccnary.J  Ve- 
nality ;  regard  to  hire  or  rewaril.  Boyle. 

MEU'CE-NA-UY,  a.  [Vr.  mercenaire  ;  Ij.  mercenarius, 
from  merces,  reward,  wages  ;  mercor,  to  buy.] 

\.  Venal ;  that  may  be  hired  ;  actuated  by  the 
hope  of  reward  ;  moved  by  the  love  of  money  ;  as, 
a  mercenary  prince  or  judge. 

2.  Hired  ;  purcli.ased  by  money ;  as,  mercenary  ser- 
vices ;  mercenary  soldiers. 

3.  Sold  for  money  ;  as,  mercenary  blood.  Shak. 

4.  Greedy  of  gam  ;  mean  ;  selfish  ;  as,  a  mercenary 
disposititm. 

5.  Contracted  from  motives  of  gain  ;  as,  a  merce- 
nary marriage. 

MER'CE-N.\-RY,  n.     One  who  is  hired  ;  a  soldier 

that  is  hired  into  foreign  service  ;  a  hireling. 
AIER'CER,  n.    [Fr.  mereier ;   It,  merciaio ;   from  L. 
merr,  wares,  commodities.] 

One  wlio  deals  in  silks  and  woolen  cloths.  Smart. 
MER'CER-SIIIP,  n.   'I'he  business  of  a  mercer. 
MER'CER-Y,  71.    [Fr.  mercerie  ;  II.  jrirrrcria.] 

The  commodities  or  goods  in  which  a  mercer 
deals  ;  trade  of  mcrriTS.  OraunU 
MER'CIIANI),  r.  i.    [Fr.  TnarcAander.] 

To  trade.    [jVol  it»f</.]^  Bacon. 
MER'CIIAND  ISE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  marchand,  a  mer- 
chant, or  inarehander,  to  cheapen.] 

1.  The  objects  of  commerce  ;  wares,  goods,  com- 
modities, whatever  is  usually  bought  or  sold  in  tnide. 
Hut  provisions  daily  sold  in  market,  horses,  rattle, 
and  fuel,  are  not  usuidly  included  in  the  term,  ami 
real  estate  never. 

2.  Trade  ;  tratfic  ;  commerce.  Shak. 
MER'CH,\.XD-ISE,  v.  i.    To  trade  ;  to  carry  on  com- 
merce. 

.MER'CHAXD  T?  r.XG.rTTT.  oro.  Trading.  Moore. 
MER'CHAXU  RY,  n.    Trade;  commerce.    (AV  m 

use.]  Saundrrson. 
MER'CHANT,  n.     [Fr.  marchand;  It.  mfrcaiitr;  Sf<. 

mcrchante ;  Arm.  marehadour ;  from  Ij.  mercor,  to 

buy.] 


TO.XE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


707 


MER 


MER 


MER 


1.  A  mall  who  traffics  or  carries  on  trade  with 
foreign  countries,  or  %vlio  exports  and  imports  goods 
and  sells  them  by  wholesale. 

Q.  In  popular  usaae,  any  trader,  or  one  who  deals 
in  the  purclKise  and  sale  of  goods. 
3.  A  ship  in  trade.    [JVof  uscd.l 

MER'CHANT,  v.  i.    To  trade.    [JVb!  ;?i  vse.] 

MER'CHANT-A-BLE,  o.  Fit  for  market ;  such  as  is 
usually  sold  in  market,  or  such  as  will  bring  the  or- 
dinary price  ;  as,  merchantable  wheat  or  timber. 

MER'CHANT-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  merchant. 

MEIl'C'IIANT-MAN,n.  A  ship  or  vessel  employed  in 
the  transportation  of  goods,  as  distinguished  from  a 
ship  of  war. 

MER'CHANT  TaI'LOR,  t!.    A  tailor  who  keeps  a 

shop  containing  articles  used  in  his  trade. 
MER'CI-.\-BLE,  a.  Merciful.  [JVo£  in  use.]  Ooioer. 
MER'CI-FUL,  a.  [from  incrcij.]  Having  or  exer- 
cising mercy  ;  compassionate  ;  tender  ;  disposed  to 
pity  offenders  and  to  forgive  their  offences  ;  unwill- 
ing to  punish  for  injuries ;  applied  apprvpriately  to  the 
Supreme  Being, 

The  Lord  parsed  before  liim,  and  proclaimed,  Tlie  Lonl,  the 
Liml  God,  nierci/ul  ami  ffnicioiis,  Inng-suireriiij  and 
abundant  in  goodness  and  truth.  —  Ex.  xxxiv. 

2.  Compassionate  :  tender  ;  unwilling  to  give  pain  ; 
not  cruel.  A  merciful  man  will  be  merciful  to  his 
beast. 

IIER'CI-FUL-LY,  adv.  With  compassion  or  pity  ; 
tenderly  ;  mildlv. 

MER'CI-FUL-NESS,  n.  Tenderness  toward  offend- 
ers ;  willingness  to  forbear  punishment ;  readiness 
to  forgive.  Hammond. 

MER'CI-F?,  V.  U    To  pity.    [JVbt  in  rise.']  Spenser. 

MER'CI-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  mercy ;  unfeeling  ; 
pitiless  ;  hard-hearted  ;  cruel ;  as,  a  merciless  tyrant. 

Dryden. 

2.  Not  sparing ;  as,  the  merciless  vv'aves  or  tem- 
pest. 

MER'CI-LESS-LY,  ado.    In  a  manner  void  of  mercy 

or  pitv  ;  cruelly. 
MER'C'l-LESS-NESS,  n.   Want  of  mercy  or  pity. 
I\IER-€U'RI'AL,  a.    [from  Mercury  ;  L.  mercurialis.] 

1.  Formed  under  the  influence  of  Mercury  ;  active  ; 
sprightly  ;  full  of  fire  or  vigor  ;  as,  a  mercurial  youth  ; 
a  mercurial  nation.  Bacon.  Su^ift. 

2.  Pertaining  to  Mercury  as  god  of  trade ;  bonce, 
money-making ;  crafty. 

The  mercurial  wand  of  commerce.  J.  Q.  Adams. 

3.  Pertaining  to  quicksilver;  containing  quicksil- 
ver, or  consisting  of  mercury  ;  as,  mercurial  prepara- 
tions or  medicines. 

MER-€u'RI-AL-lST,  n.  One  under  the  influence  of 
Mercury,  or  one  resembling  Mercury  in  variety  of 
character. 

MER-Cu'RI-AL-TZE,  v.  i.   To  be  humorous  or  fantas- 
tic.   [JVot  in  use.] 
2.  In  medicine,  to  affect  the  system  with  mercury. 

MER-€u'RI-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  mercurial  manner. 

MER'eU-RI-ivD,  (-rid,)  pp.  Washed  with  a  prepara- 
tion of  mercury. 

MER-eU-RI-FI-CA'TlON,  n.  In  metallurn-ic  chemis- 
try, the  process  or  operation  of  obtaining  the  mer- 
cury from  metallic  minerals  in  its  fluid  form. 

En  eye 

2.  The  act  of  mixing  with  quicksilver.  Boyle. 

MER-€U'RI-F?,  V.  U  To  obtain  mercury  from  me- 
tallic miner.als,  which  may  be  done  by  any  appli- 
cation of  intense  he.at  that  expels  the  mercury  in 
fumes,  which  are  afterward  condensed.  Encyc. 

MER'eU-RY,  n.  [L.  Jlcrcurius,  said  to  be  formed 
from  merces  or  mercor.] 

1.  In  mythology,  the  messenger  and  interpreter  of 
the  gods,  and  the  god  of  eloquence  and  of  com- 
merce, called  by  the  Greeks  Hermes.  But  in  an- 
tir/uity,  there  were  several  persons  or  deities  of  this 
name. 

2.  Quicksilver;  a  metal  remarkable  for  its  fusi- 
bility, which  is  so  great  that  to  fix  or  congeal  it,  re- 
quires a  degree  of  coM  which  is  marked  on  Fahren- 
heit's scale  at  thirty-nine  degrees  below  zero.  Its 
sp(;cific  gravity  is  nearly  fourteen  times  that  of  water. 
Under  a  heal  of  C80  de^'rees,  it  rises  in  fumes,  anil 
is  gradually  converted  mto  a  red  oxyd.  Mercury 
is  useil  in  barometers  to  ascertain  the  weight  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  in  thermometers  to  determine  the 
temperature  of  the  air,  for  which  latter  purpose  it  is 
well  ada|ite<l  by  its  power  of  eouable  contraction  and 
expansion,  and  the  extensive  range  between  its 
freezing  aitd  boiling  points.  Preparations  of  this 
metal  are  among  the  mf)st  powerful  poisons,  and  are 
extensively  iisi:d  as  medicines.  The  preparation 
called  calomel  is  a  most  ellieacious  deobstruent. 

3.  Heat  of  constitutional  temperament;  spirit; 
uprightly  qualities.  Pope. 

4.  <Jne  of  a  genua  of  plants,  tho  Mercurialis,  of 
several  sp(!cies. 

5.  One  of  the  planets  nearest  the  sun.  It  is  3M0 
milcii  in  diameter,  and  revolves  rniind  thi'  sun  in 
nboi'i  eighty-fight  dnys.  IIh  mean  distance  from  the 
nun  IS  thirty-Hi:ven  millioiiH  of  miles.  Olmstrd. 

I'.  The  name  of  a  newspaper  or  periodical  publlca- 
tl  n. 


7.  A  messenger ;  a  news-carrier.  [From  the  office 
of  the  god  Mercury.]  Rich.  Diet. 

MER'CU-RY,  V.  t.  To  wash  with  a  preparation  of 
mercury.       •  B.  Jonson. 

MER'eU-RY'S  FIN"GER,  n.    Wild  saffron. 

MER'CY,  71.  [Fr.  merci\  iiorm.  merce,  mcer,  or  mers ; 
supposed  to  be  a  contraction  of  L.  viisericordia.  But 

Qu  Eth.  Cf^f}^^  mehera,  to  pity.] 

1.  That  benevolence,  mildness,  or  tenderness  of 
heart  which  disposes  a  person  to  overlook  injuries, 
or  to  treat  an  offender  better  than  he  deserves  ,  the 
disposition  that  tempers  justice,  and  induces  an  in- 
jured person  to  forgive  trespasses  and  injuries,  and 
to  forbear  punishment,  or  inflict  less  than  law  or 
justice  will  warrant.  In  this  sense,  there  is  perhaps 
no  word  in  our  language  precisely  synonymous  with 
mercy.  That  which  comes  nearest  to  it  is  grace.  It 
implies  benevolence,  tenderness,  niildness,  pity  or 
conipassirm,  and  clemency,  but  exercised  only  to- 
ward oflcnders.  Mercy  is  a  distinguishing  attribute 
of  the  Supreme  Being. 

The  Lord  is  lon^-siiHcrinj  and  of  ^reat  mercy,  for^vin^  iniquity 
and  transgression,  and  by  no  means  clearing  tlie  guilty.  — 
Num.  xiv. 

2.  An  act  or  exercise  of  mercy  or  favor.  It  is  a 
mercy  that  they  escaped. 

1  am  not  worthy  of  the  least  of  all  thy  meraes.  — Gen.  xxxii. 

3.  Pity ;  compassion  manifested  toward  a  person 
in  distress. 

And  he  said,  He  that  showed  mercy  on  him.  —  Luke  x. 

4.  Clemency  and  bounty. 

Mercy  and  truth  preserve  the  king  ;  and  bis  throne  is  upheld  by 
mercy.  — Prov.  xxviii. 

5.  Charity,  or  the  duties  of  charity  and  benevo- 
lence. 

I  will  have  mercy,  and  not  sacrifice.  —  Malt.  ix. 

6.  Grace  ;  favor.    I  Cor.  vii.   Jude  2. 

7.  Eternal  life,  the  fruit  of  mercy.   2  Tim.  i. 

8.  Pardon. 

I  cry  tiiee  mercy  with  all  my  heart.  Dryden. 

9.  The  act  of  sparing,  or  the  forbearance  of  a  vio- 
lent act  expected.    The  prisoner  cried  for  mercy. 

To  be,  or  to  lie  at  the  mercy  of;  to  have  no  means  of 
self-defense,  but  to  be  dependent  for  safety  on  the 
mercy  or  compassion  of  another,  or  in  the  power  of 
that  which  is  irresistible  ;  as,  to  be  at  the  mercy  of  a 
foe,  or  of  the  waves. 

MEII'CY-SkAT,  71.  The  propitiatory  ;  tho  covering 
of  the  ark  of  the  covenant  among  the  Jews.  This 
was  of  gold,  and  its  ends  were  fixed  to  two  cherubs, 
wliose  wings  extended  forward,  and  formed  a  kind 
of  throne  for  the  majesty  of  God,  who  is  represented 
in  Scripture  as  sitting  between  the  cherubs.  It  was 
from  this  seat  that  God  gave  his  oracles  to  IMoses,  or 
to  the  high  priest  who  consulted  him.  Calmct. 

MERD,  71.    [Fr.  merUe  ;  L.  mcrda.]    Ordure;  dung. 

Mere,  a.    [Li.  merus ;  It.  mero.]  [Burton. 
This  or  that  only  ;  distinct  from  any  thing  else. 

From  mere  success  nothing  can  be  concluded  in  favor  of  a  na- 

liipii.  Auerbury. 
Wh.a  if  the  head,  the  eye,  or  ear  repined 
To  serve  mere  engines  to  the  ruling  mind  ?  Pope. 

2.  Absolute  ;  entire.  Spenser. 
Mere,  71.    [Sax.  miere  or  Tncre,  a  pool,  lake,  or  the  sea ; 
D.meir;  L.  mare.    See  Moon.] 
A  pool  or  lake. 
Mere,  7^    [Snx.  7n<i;ra,  gemtrra i  Gl.  papco,  to  divide, 
or  Russ.  vnryu,  to  measure.] 

A  boundary  ;  used  chiefly  in  the  compound  Mebe- 
STONE.  Ba£on, 
MERE,  ».  t.    To  divide,  limit,  or  bound.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

MeRE'LY,  adv.  Purely  ;  only;  solely  ;  thus  and  no 
other  way  ;  for  this  and  no  other  purpose. 

Prize  not  your  life  for  other  ends 

Tlian  merely  to  oblige  your  friends.  Swi/L 

MER-E-TRI"CIOUS,  (-trish'us,)  a.  [L.  meretricius, 
from  meretriz,  a  prostitute.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  prostitutes  ;  such  as  is  practiced 
by  harlots  ;  as,  meretricious  arts. 

2.  Alluring  by  false  show  ;  worn  for  disguise  ;  hav- 
ing a  gaudy  but  ileceitfiil  appearance  ;  false  ;  as,  77icr- 
etrieions  dress  or  ornaments. 

MER-E-TKI"CIOUS-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of 
prostitutes;  w.tn  deceitful  enticements. 

MER-E-TRI"CIOUS-NESS,  ti.  The  arts  of  a  pro.sti- 
tiite  ;  deccitftil  enticements. 

MEIl-(;  AN'SER,  71.  [?[).  mcrgansar,  from  L.  mergo,  to 
dive.) 

A  water  fowl  of  the  genus  Mergus ;  called  also 
goosander, 
MERGE,  t).  (.    [1,.  merge] 

To  immerse  ;  to  cause  to  be  swallowed  up. 
The  plaintilt  Iiecaine  the  i)urchii*er,  and  merged  his  term  In  tlie 
fee.  Kent. 

MERtiE,  V.  i.    To  be  sunk,  swallowed,  or  lost. 

Imid  Term. 

MEItft'f'D,  ;<;>.    Imiuersed  ;  swallowed  U|). 
MERCER,  H.    (I,.  7ii(7(T(i,  to  merge.] 

In  lam,  a  merging  or  drowning  ol  a  less  estate  in  a 


greater  ;  as  when  a  reversion  in  fee-simple  descends 
to,  or  is  purchased  by,  a  tenant  of  the  same  estate 
for  years,  the  term  for  years  is  merged,  lost,  annihi- 
lated in  the  inheritance  or  fee-simple  estate. 

Black.-'tone. 

MERG'ING,  ppr.    Causing  to  be  swallowed  up ;  im 

mersing ;  sinking. 
ME-RID'I-AN,  71.    [Fr.  meridien;   It.  meridiano ;  L. 

meridies.     Qu.  Ir.  niir,  a  part ;  Gr.  iicino},  to  divide. 

Varro  testifies  that  this  word  was  originally  medidies, 

[midday,]  and  that  he  had  seen  it  so  written  on  a 

sundial.] 

1.  In  astronomy  and  geography,  a  great  circle  sup- 
posed to  be  drawn  or  to  pass  through  the  poles  of  the 
earth,  and  the  zenith  and  nadir  of  any  given  pl.ace, 
intersecting  the  equator  at  right  angles,  and  dividing 
the  hemisphere  into  eastern  and  western.  Every 
place  on  tlie  globe  has  its  meridian,  and  when  the 
sun  arrives  at  this  circle,  it  is  midday  or  noon, 
whence  the  name.  This  circle  may  be  considered 
to  be  drawn  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  or  it  may 
be  considered  as  a  circle  in  the  heavens  coinciding 
with  that  on  the  earth. 

2.  Midday ;  noon 

3.  The  highest  point ;  as,  the  meridian  of  life ;  the 
meridian  of  power  or  of  glory. 

4.  The  particular  place  or  state,  with  regard  to  lo- 
cal circumstances  or  things  that  distinguish  it  from 
others.  We  say,  a  book  is  adapted  to  the  meridian  of 
France  or  Italy  ;  a  measure  is  adapted  to  the  meridian 
of  London  or  VVashington. 

First  meridian :  the  meriilian  from  which  longitudes 
are  reckoned.  This,  in  England,  is  Greenwich  ;  in 
France,  Paris,  &,c.  Brande. 

Meridian  of  a  globe,  or  brass  meridian ;  a  graduated 
circular  ring  of  brass,  in  which  the  artificial  globe  is 
suspended  and  revolves. 

Magnetic  meridian  ;  a  great  circle,  parallel  with  the 
direction  of  the  magnetic  needle,  and  passing  through 
its  poles. 

ME-RIU'I-AN,  a.  Being  on  the  meridian,  or  at  mid- 
day. 

The  sun  sat  high  in  his  mtridian  tower.  Mlltnn. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  meridian,  or  to  midday;  as, 
the  sun's  meridian  heat  or  splendor. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  highest  point ;  as,  the  hero  en- 
joyed his  meridian  glory. 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  magnetic  meridian. 
ME-RID'I-ON-AL,  a.    [Fr.]    Peilaiuiiig  to  the  merid- 
ian. 

2.  Southern.  Brown. 

3.  Southeily;  having  a  southern  aspect.  IVotton. 
Meridional  distance,  is  tlie  distance  or  departure 

from  the  meridian,  or  easting  or  westing. 
ME-RID-I-ON-AL'I-TV,  7i.    The  state  of  being  in  the 
meridian. 

2.  Position  in  the  south  ;  aspect  toward  the  south. 

Johnson. 

ME-RID'I-ON-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  direction  of  the 
meridian.  Brown, 

MER'ILS,  71.  [Fr.  merelles.]  A  hoy's  play,  called  five 
penny  morris.    [See  Mobhis.] 

ME-Ri'i\0,  (me-rc'no,)  «.  [Sp.  merino,  moving  from 
pasture  to  pasture  ;  so  called  because  this  kind  of 
sheep  was  driven  at  certain  seasons  from  one  part  of 
Spain  to  another,  in  large  flocks,  for  pasturage.] 

A  term  denoting  a  variety  of  sheep  from  Spain,  or 
their  wool,  which  is  distinguished  for  its  fineness. 

ME-Rl'NO,  71.  A  thin,  woolen  fabric,  made  of  merino 
wool,  for  lailies'  wear. 

MER'IT,  re.  [L.  mcritum,  from  mereo,  to  earn  or  de- 
serve ;  It.  and  Sp.  mcrito  ;  Fr.  merite.] 

1.  Dessert ;  goodness  or  excellence  which  entitles 
one  to  honor  or  reward  ;  worth  ;  any  performance  or 
\s  orth  which  claims  regard  or  compensation  ;  applied 
to  morals,  to  excellence  in  writing,  or  to  valuable  ser- 
vices of  any  kind.  Thus  we  speak  of  tho  inability  of 
men  to  obtain  salvation  by  their  own  mrriLt.  We 
sjieak  of  the  merits  of  an  author ;  the  merits  of  a 
soldier,  &c. 

2.  Value ;  excellence  ;  applied  to  things ;  as,  the 
merits  of  an  essay  or  poi  in  ;  the  mrritj  of  a  paint- 
ing ;  the  merits  of  a  heroic  achievement. 

3.  Reward  deserved  ;  that  which  is  oaruod  or  mer- 
ited. 

Those  laurel  groves,  the  merits  of  tliy  youth.  Prior. 
MER'IT,  V.  t.    [Fr.  meriirr,  L.  mrrilo.] 

1.  To  deserve  ;  to  earn  by  active  service,  or  by 
any  valuable  performance  ;  to  have  a  right  to  claim 
reward  in  money,  regard,  homr,  or  happiness. 
Watts,  by  his  writings,  virri/rd  the  gr.Hitude  of  the 
whole  Christian  world.  The  faithful  laborer  merits 
his  wages. 

A  man  ut  best  U  incapable  of  mrriliri  jr  any  thing  from  God. 

South. 

2.  To  deserve;  to  have  a  just  title  to.  Fidelity 
vierits  and  usually  obtains  confidence. 

3.  To  deserve,  in  an  ill  scn.'ic  ;  to  have  a  just  title 
to.  Every  violation  of  law  7ii<'ri£j.-  punishment.  Ev- 
ery sin  merits  God's  dis|)leasure. 

MER'IT-A-HLE,  a.    Deserving  of  reward.    [JVot  in 

vsr.]  13.  Jonson, 

MER'IT-ED,  7>p.  or  o.    Earned;  deserved. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


708 


MES 


MES 


MET 


MER'IT-INO,  ppr.    EiiriiiiiK  ;  (loscrviiii:. 

Mt:R'ri'-.MON"(;Klt,  n.  One  who  advocntos  the 
doctrine  ul'  liiinian  mt-ril,  :is  entitled  tu  reward,  or 
(it'|K  lids  on  iiicrit  for  sa.Vation.  Miliier. 

MEK-I-']'C'Kl-OlIS,  a.  [It.  mmtorio  ;  Fr.  mirituire.] 
UcSLTViiij!  of  reward  or  of  notice,  regard,  fume, 
or  happiness,  or  of  tliat  which  shall  be  a  siiitahio  re- 
turn tor  services  or  excellence  of  any  kind.  We  ap- 
plaud the  mrriturious  services  of  the  laborer,  the  sol- 
dier, anil  the  seaman.  We  admire  the  meriturwus 
labors  of  a  Watts,  a  Doddridge,  a  Carey,  and  a 
Martyn.  We  rely  for  salvation  on  tlie  meritoriaua 
obedience  and  snffi  rings  of  Christ. 

MKR-I-TO'Ul-OUS-LY,  adv.  Ill  such  a  manner  as  to 
drserve  reward.  tVullvn. 

MKIM-'I'O'RI-UUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
dtserviiiK  a  reward  or  snilable  return. 

JlEU'1-TO-llY,  a.    Deserving  of  reward.   [.Yot  iLird.] 

Gt/tper, 

.'MER'I-TOT,  n.  A  kind  of  play  used  by  children,  in 
swintfins  themselves  on  ropes,  or  the  like,  till  they 
are  giddy. 

JIERLE,  n.    [L.  incri</o.] 

A  blackbird.  Drayton. 

MER'MN,  n.  [Fr.]  A  species  of  hawk  of  the  genus 
F:ilco. 

MER'LON,  n.    [Ft.  mcrlo  ;  Fr.  mrrlnu.] 

In  fvrtification,  that  part  of  a  jiaraiict  which  lies  be- 
tween two  embrasures.  Braiide. 

l\IER'iM.\ID,«.    [Fr.  mcr,  L.  mare,  the  sea,  and  maid.] 
A  supposed  marine  animal,  said  to  resemble  a 
woman  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  body,  and  a  fish  in 
the  lower  part.    The  male  is  called  the  Herman. 

Ml~;'ROrS,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  birds  called  Bee-eat- 
ers. 

MEIl'RI-LY,  orfij.  [from  mo-^!^]  With  mirth  ;  with 
payety  and  laughter;  jovially.  [See  Mirth  and 
Mebkv.] 

Alerrilt/  sing,  and  sport,  ond  piny.  OUineUU. 
MEK'UI-l^lAKE,  n.    [merry  and  make.]    A  meeting 

for  mirth;  a  festival;  mirth.  Spenaer. 
MER'RI-.M.^ KE,  v.  i.   To  be  merry  or  jovial ;  to  feast. 

Oaij. 

MER'RI-MEXT,  M.    Mirth  ;  Rayety  with  laupliter  or 

noise  ;  noisy  sports  ;  hilarity  ;  frolic.  Milton, 
JIER'RI-NESS,  II.    Mirth  ;  gayety  with  laughter. 

Shak. 


.MEll'IlY,  o.    [Sax.  viirige,myrig ;  At.  ^ 
rirlia,  to  be  joyful.    Class  Mr,  No.  10.]  ^ 

1.  Gay  and  noisy  ;  jovial ;  exhilarated  to  laujhter. 
Mun  is  tile  merrictt  Bpfcies  of  tlw  cp'ation.  Addiion. 
Th^y  ilniiiV,  and  wea*  merry  with  liiin. — Gen.  xliii. 

2.  Causing  laughter  or  mirth  ;  as,  a  mcmj  jest. 

3.  Brisk  ;  vigorous  ;  a.s,  a  merry  gale.  "  Fight  ye, 
my  merry  men."  [ThU  is  Hit  primary  sense  of  the 
word.]  Dnjden. 

4.  Pleasant ;  agreeable ;  delightful.  Chaucer. 
To  make  mernj  ;  to  be  jovial ;  to  indulge  in  hilar- 

ilv  ;  I"  feast  with  mirth.    Judges  ix. 
MER  RY-.V.N'DREW,  n.    A  buffoon  ;  a  zany  ;  one 
whose  business  is  to  make  sport  for  others ;  particu- 
larlij,  one  who  attends  a  mountebank  or  quack  doc- 
tor. 

[This  term  is  said  to  have  originated  from  one  An- 
drew Borde,  a  physician  in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII., 
who  attracted  attention  and  gained  patients  by  face- 
tious speeches  to  the  multitude.  Smart.] 
MER'RY-M.\K-ING,  a.    Producing  mirth. 

Mirth,  mtmtc,  mtrry~maJHng  motcNiy 

Spe«tl  the  li^ht  buure  no  nioir  atjiolj^rood.  //UMoujtf. 
MER'RY-MAK-ING,    )  n.    A  festival ;  a  meeting  for 
MER'RY-MEET-I.\G,  j     mirth.  Bp.  Tai/hr. 

MER'RV-THOUGHT,  (  thawl,)  n.  The  forket'l  bone 
of  a  fowPs  breast,  which  boys  and  girls  break  by 
pulling  each  one  side,  the  longest  part  broken  betok- 
ening priority  of  marriage.  Echard. 
MER'SION,  (mur'shun,)  n.  [L.  mersio,  from  mcrgo, 
to  dive  or  sink.] 

The  act  of  sinking  or  plunging  under  water.  But 
Immersion  is  generallv  used. 
ME-RO'LI-DANS,'  n.  pi.    [L.  merula,  merulus.] 

Birds  of  the  thrush  family.  Brandt, 
MES-A-RA'IC,  a,    [Gr.  pcuapaiov ;  pcaos,  middle,  and 
apoia,  intestines.] 

The  same  as  Mese.nteric  ;  pertaining  to  the  mes- 
entery. 

ME-SEEMS',  verb  impersonal,  [me  and  «eem.«.]  It 
seems  to  me.  U  is  used  also  in  the  past  tense,  me- 
srrmed.  Spenser. 

MES-E\-TER'te,  a.  [See  Mesentery.]  Pertaining 
to  the  ini'senlery  ;  as,  mesenteric  glands  or  arteries. 

ME8'EN'-TER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  )iCi7cvrrpiu>' ;  ficaus,  middle, 
and  ti-rfOMi.,  intestine.] 

A  membrane  in  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen,  at- 
tached to  the  lumbar  vertebra  posteriorly,  and  to  the 
nilestines  anteriorly.  It  is  formed  of  a  duplicatiire 
of  the  peritoneum,  and  contains  adipose  mailer,  l.ic- 
teals,  mesenteric  glands,  Ivnipb.-itics,  and  mesenteric 
arteries,  veins,  and  nerve's.  Its  use  is  to  ri  ttin  the 
intestines  and  tlieir  appendages  in  a  proper  position. 

Ifooptr. 


MUSH,  n.  [VV.  viasg,  net-work,  a  mesh  ;  D.  maas ;  G. 
ma.iche,  a  mesh  or  a  stitt  li.] 

1.  Tlic  opening  or  space  between  the  llireails  of  a 
net. 

2.  The  grains  or  wash  of  a  brewery. 

MESII,  II.  t.    To  catch  in  a  net  ;  tti  insiiare.  Draijton. 

MESII'f.'l),  (mesht,)  pp.    Caught  in  a  net ;  insiiared. 

.MESII'ING,  ppr.  Insnaring. 

MESIl'Y,  a.    Formed  like  net-work  ;  reticul.ited. 

Mk'SIAL,  (-zhal,)  a.    [Cr.  pcaos.]  [■J'liomson. 
A  mesial  tine,  in  anatomy,  is  a  longitiiilinal  line  di- 
viding the  body,  or  any  iiieinber  or  orgtm,  iiilo  two 
equal  parts.  Tully. 

MES'LIN,  ji.  [from  Fr.  meslcr,  mdcr,  to  mix,  or  L. 
7;iio;cf//miCU.*,  frtim  misceo,  to  mix.] 

A  mixture  of  (liffi  reiit  sorts  of  grain  ;  in  .America, 
n  miMurc  i.f  wheat  anil  rye. 

•M -M r.U'ie,       fa.    Pertaining  to  mesmerism,  or 

W  I'.S  .M  I.K'IC-AL,  i     being  under  its  intluence. 

MES'.MER-IS.M,  n.  [from  Mcsmer,  who  first  wrote  on 
the  subject.] 

The  art  of  communicating  a  species  of  sleep,  which 
is  supposed  to  affect  the  boily,  while  the  mind  or  iii- 
telleclual  [lower  is  active  and  intrlligeiit. 
MES'MER-isT,  n.    One  who  practices  or  believes  in 
niesnierisin. 

MES-MER-I-ZS'TION,  n.    The  act  of  mesmerizing. 

MES'MER-IZE,  v.  L  To  affect  with  a  kind  of  sleep 
called  sleep-waking,  a  state  in  which  the  external 
senses  are  closed,  while  the  mind  is  awake. 

MicSNE,  (ineen,)  a,  [Old  Fr.]  In /hm,  middle  ;  in- 
tervening ;  as.  a  mesne  lord,  that  is,  a  lord  who  holils 
land  of  a  superior,  but  grants  a  part  of  it  to  another 
person.  In  this  case,  he  is  a  tenant  to  the  superior, 
but  lord  or  superior  to  the  second  grantee,  and  calleil 
the  mesne  lord. 

Mesne  process :  that  part  of  the  proceedings  In  a 
suit  which  intervenes  between  the  original  process 
or  writ  and  the  final  issue,  and  which  issues,  pend- 
ing the  suit,  on  some  collateral  matter;  and  some- 
times it  is  understood  to  bo  the  whole  process  preced- 
ing the  execution.  Blackstone. 

Me.'.-ne  projiu ;  the  income  of  land  received  by  one 
who  is  wrongfully  in  possession,  anil  which  may  be 
recovered  by  the  rightful  owner  in  an  action  of  tres- 
pass. Bouvicr. 

MES'O-Co-LON,  71.    [Gr.  prco;,  middle,  and  colon.] 
In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  mesentery,  which, 
having  reached  the  extremity  of  the  ileum,  contracts, 
and  changes  its  name,  or  that  part  of  the  mesentery 
to  which  the  colon  is  attached.       Kneyc.  Hooper. 

MES'O-LABE,  7i.  [Gr.  pcaoi,  middle,  and  Xopffavu<, 
to  take.] 

An  instrument  employetl  by  the  ancients  for  find- 
ing two  mean  proportionals  between  two  given  lines, 
which  were  required  in  the  problem  of  the  duplica- 
tion of  the  cube.  Brnnde. 
MES'OLE,  71.    A  zeolitic  mineral  allied  to  mesotype. 

Dana. 

MES-O-LEO'CYS,  ju  [Gr.  jito-os,  middle,  and  Xcvkos, 
white.) 

A  precious  stone  with  a  streak  of  white  in  the 
middle.    [OAs.]  jish, 

MES'O-U'I  E,  71.    A  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family. 

MES-O-LOG'A-RITIl.M,  ru  [Gr.  pca^s,  middle,  and 
IvgariUim.] 

A  logarithm  of  the  cosines  and  cotangents.  [0A.«.] 
Kepler.  JIatton. 
ME-SO:\I'E-LAS,  71.    [Gr.  ptaof,  middle,  and  piXai, 
black.] 

A  precious  stone  with  a  black  vein  parting  every 
color  in  the  midst.    [Oi*.]  jJsA. 
MES'O-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  pmm;  and  trrrf/i/.n.] 

In  botany,  a  memorane  of  a  seed  synonymous  with 
seciindine,  the  second  membrane  from  the  surface. 

Lindley. 

MES-O-TIIO'R.'UC,  71.  [Gr.  pcais,  middle,  and  Ooipal, 
bre.Tst.] 

In  entomology,  the  middle  segment  of  the  thorax 
in  insects.  Brande.- 
MES'O-TVPE,  71.  [Gr.  /ifoof,  middle,  and  rtjirix,  form, 
tyi>e.] 

A  zeolitic  mineral,  occurring  in  slender  crj'st.ils, 
and  di  licately-radialed  concretions,  lately  subdivided 
into  the  species  Jfatrolile,  Seolecite,  and  Mesole.  They 
ctinsist  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime  or  soda,  with  10 
to  M  |H*r  cttnt.  of  water.  JiTatrolitc  is  a  soda  .Meso- 
tyjie,  and  Seolecite  a  lime  Jlcsolypc;  Mesole  contains 
both  lime  and  soda.  Dana. 
ME.S-PRISE',  ru    Contempt ;  a  J>VencA  tcorrf.    [jVot  in 


use.] 

MESS,  71.  [In  Fr.  meis  is  a  mess  of  meat,  perhaps  meat. 
In  Goth,  mrs  is  a  dish,  Ir.  mrLi.  In  Sax.  mese  is  a  ta- 
ble, Sp.  mesa,  I,,  mensa.  But  mets,  mess,  is  probably 
a  different  word.] 

1.  A  dish  or  a  quantity  of  food  prepared  or  set  on 
a  table  at  one  time  ;  as,  a  mess  of  pottage  ;  a  mess  of 
herbs  ;  a  mess  of  broth.  Milton.  Pope. 

2.  A  medley  ;  a  mixed  mass  ;  a  quantity. 

3.  As  much  provender  or  grain  as  is  given  to  a 
beast  at  once. 

4.  A  numlier  of  persons  who  eat  together  ;  among 
seamen  and  soldiers. 

ME.<S,  r.  i.    To  eat ;  to  feed. 


2.  Tn  associate  at  the  same  table  ;  to  cat  in  com- 
pany, as  seamen. 

MESS,  V.  t.   To  supply  with  a  mess. 

MF.S'S.VGE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  I,,  mijtms,  mitto,  to  send; 
Sp.  mensage.] 

1.  Any  notice,  word,  or  communication,  written 
or  verbal,  sent  from  one  person  to  another.  We  send 
a  servant  with  a  verbal  or  written  message. 

The  w.-lciiirio  meit(ii;e  liijid-,  was  soon  n  o  lir.  d.  Drylen. 

2.  An  official  writtrn  coiniiiuniration  of  facts  or 
opinions  .sent  by  a  chief  magistrate  to  the  tirn  houses 
of  a  legislature  or  other  deliberative  body.  Congress 
receives  a  message  from  the  presitleiit  of  the  United 
St.ites  at  the  opening  of  the  session.  The  povi'rnors 
of  some  of  the  States  communicate  to  the  legislature 
by  message,  others  by  address. 

3.  .All  offu-ial  verbal  communic.ition  from  one 
brani  h  of  a  legislature  to  the  other. 

.MHSS'A.I),  (mi  st,)  pp.    .Associ.ited  at  the  same  table. 
M  i;S'Sl'.\  t;  I'.R,  J /i.    [Fr.  messager;  It.  mes.iaggiere  t 
.M  i;S'S,\  l5lCl{,    \     Sp.  mcnsagero.    The  correct  or- 
tliogranliy  is  .Messaoer.] 

1.  fine  who  brars  a  message  or  an  errand  ;  the 
bearer  of  a  verbal  or  written  comiiiiinication,  imTice, 
or  invitation,  from  one  person  to  anothrr,  or  to  a  pub- 
lic body  ;  one  »  ho  conveys  dispatches  from  one  jiriiice 
or  court  to  another. 

2.  A  harbinger ;  a  forerunner ;  he  or  that  which 
foreshows. 

Yiiii  ^my  line*, 
That  fret  tlie  clouds,  are  meseengert  of  day.  ATioJtr. 

3.  Messenger ;  in  naral  language,  a  hawser,  or  small 
coble,  nbtiut  sixty  fithoms  long,  wound  rtiiiiid  the 
cupstern,  and  having  its  two  ends  lashed  togellier. 

Brandt. 

MES-SI'AII,  71.    [Ileh.  n<sr:3,  anointed.] 

Christ,  the  anointed  ;  the  Savior  of  the  world. 

I  know  th:it  wlicii  McMtinh  convlh,  who  is  called  Christ,  he  will 
tell  us  all  things.  Jesus  answered  tier,  1  that  speak  to  thee 
aiii  he.  — John  iv. 

MES-SI'AII-SHIP,  71.  The  character,  state,  or  office 
of  the  Savior. 

Josephiia  —  whose  pn-judices  were  a^nsl  tlic  Mettiahehip  iind 
religion  of  Ji-sus.  liuckmituUr. 

MF,S-SI-AN'ie,  a.    Relating  to  the  Messiah. 
MKS'SIF.URS,  .mesh'yerz,)  n.pL  [Fr. ;  pi.  of  monsieur, 
my  lord.] 

Sirs  ;  gentlemen  ;  abbreviated  to  Messrs. 
MESS'MaTE,  71.    An  associate  in  eating;  one  who 

eats  ordinarilv  at  the  same  table. 
MES'SUAGE,  (mes'swaje,)  ii.    [from  Old  Fr.  mcion, 
inrsonage,  a  house,  or  liouse-rtKim  ;  mesucnges,  liousc- 
holil.    The  French  now  write  maisnn.] 

In  law,  a  dwelling-house  and  adjoining  land,  ap- 
propriated to  the  use  of  the  houseludd,  including  the 
adjacent  buildings.  F.ncyc, 
MES-Tl'Zt),  n.    [Sp.,  mixed.]    In  Spanish  .America, 
the  child  of  a  Spaniard  or  Creole  and  a  native  Inilian. 

Brande, 

ME-SYM'.N'I-eUM,  71.    In  ancient  poetry,  a  repetition 

at  the  end  of  a  stanza. 
MET,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Mi  et. 

ME-TAIi'.\-SIS,  n.  [Gr.,  from  pcra,  beyond,  and 
(init  io,  to  go.] 

In  rhetoric,  transition ;  a  passing  from  one  thing  to 
another. 

ME-TAB'0-L.-\,7T.  [Gr. /icra/?oAij,from  ^cra,  beyond, 

and  lio\n,  a  casting.] 

In  medicine,  a  change  of  air,  time,  or  disease.  [Lil- 

tlc  used.]^  Diet. 
MET-A-Ho'LI-AX,  71.    [Gr.  pcraffoXr,,  a  change.] 

An  insect  which  itniiergties  a  metamorphosis.  The 

mrtabolians  ftirm  a  sub-class  of  insects.  Brande. 
MET-.\-eAR'P.\I.,  a.    [fwm  metacarpus.]  Belonging 

to  the  metacarpus. 
MET-A-C.\R'PUS,  71.     [Gr.  pfTaKapriov;  pcra,  be- 
yond, and  icciotioi,  the  wrist.] 

In  anatomy,  the  part  of  the  hand  between  the  wrist 

and  the  fingers. 
.ME  TAeU'RO-.MS.M,  n.  [Gr.-fitra,  beyond,  and  xpo- 

voi,  time.] 

An  error  in  chronology,  by  placing  an  event  after 

its  real  time. 

MET'.\-CIS.M,  71.  A  defect  in  pronouncing  the  let- 
ter m, 

Mk'T.-^OiE,  n.  [from  mete.]  Measurement  of  coal ; 
price  of  mrasiiring. 

MET-A CR AM'.MA-TIS.M,  71.  [Gr.  fcra,  beyond,  and 
)  pail)!  I,  a  letter.] 

.^na^rrammatism,  or  Metagrammatism ,  is  the  tmns- 
posiiion  of  the  letters  of  a  name  into  such  a  connec- 
tion as  to  express  some  perfect  sense  applicable  to  ti 
person  named.  Camden. 

-MET'jJI.,  (met'tl,)  n.  [Fr,  from  L.  metallum;  (ir.  iic- 
raXXoi' ;  Sw.  and  G.  metall :  D.  metaal :  Dan.  metal; 
Sp.  id. :  It.  melallo:  Ir.  miotal ;  W.  mettrl.] 

1.  A  simple,  fixed,  shining,  opaipie  body  or  sub- 
stance, having  a  peculiar  luster,  known  as  the  mrlat- 

.  lie  luster,  insoluble  in  water,  fusible  by  heal,  and  a 
good  conductor  of  heat  and  electricity.  Many  of  the 
metals  are  also  malleable  or  extensible  by  the  ham- 
mer, and  some  of  them  extremely  diirlile.  Mel.-Us 
are  mostly  fossil,  sometimes  found  native  or  pure. 


TONE,  BIJIJ,,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  :  S  as  '/  ;  ClI  oi  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


89' 


HHH 


MET 

but  more  generally  combineri  with  other  inatier. 
Some  metals  are  more  malleable  than  others  ;  and 
this  circumstance  gave  rise  to  the  distinction  of  jnc.t- 
aU  and  semi-inctaU  —  a  distinction  little  regarded  at 
the  present  day.  Recent  discoveries  have  enlarged 
the  list  of  the  metals.  Twelve  are  malleable,  viz., 
platinum,  gold,  silver,  mercury,  lead,  copper,  tin, 
iron,  zinc,  palladium,  nickel,  and  cadmium.  The 
following  sixteen  are  not  sufficiently  tenacious  to 
bi'ar  extension  by  beating;  viz.,  arsenic,  antimony, 
bismuth,  cobalt,  manganese,  tellurium,  titanium,  co- 
lumbiuni,  ninlybden,  tungsten,  chrome,  osmium,  irid- 
ium, rhiidiuni,  uranium,  and  cerium. 

Erteiic.    J\''ichaU-on,    Tkomson.    PhiUips.  Urp. 
To  these  may  be  added  potassium,  sodiutn,  barium, 
strontium,  calcium,  lithium,  and  several  others. 

Hcn-nj. 

2.  Courage  ;  spirit ;  so  written,  by  mistake,  for 
Mettle. 

3.  The  broken  stone  used  for  covering  macadam- 
ized roads.  [Eng.] 

MET-A-LEP'fIS,  n.  [Or.  ^'rdXtjiiic,  participation; 
/fc-n,  beyond,  and  ^ait'i(ii''\  to  take.] 

In  rhrforir,  the  continuation  of  a  trope  in  one 
word  through  a  succession  of  significatitms,  or  the 
union  of  two  or  more  tropes  of  a  different  kind  in 
one  word,  so  that  several  gradations  or  intervening 
senses  come  between  the  word  expressed  and  the  thing 
intended  by  it  ;  as,  "  in  one  Cesar  there  are  many 
Mariuses."  Here  Marius,  by  a  synecdoche  or  antnno- 
masia,  is  put  for  any  ambitious,  turbulent  man,  and 
this,  by  a  nir'tcniymy  of  the  cause,  for  the  ill  effects 
of  such  a  tcmpi'r  to  the  publ'c.        Bailcif.  Encijc. 

MET-A-LEP'Tie,  0.  Pertaining  to  a  nietalepsis  or 
participation  ;  translative. 

2.  Transverse  ;  as,  the  mclalcplic  motion  of  a  muscle. 

Bnilcy. 

3.  In  nalnrid  science,  denoting  the  substitution  of 
one  substance  for  another  which  is  displaced  or  re- 
moved. Dana, 

HE  T-A-LEP'TIC-AL-LY,  ado.    By  transposition. 

ME-TAL'Lie-AL,  1         l^^- mctulhcus.] 

Pertaining  to  a  metal  or  metals ;  consisting  of 
metal  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  metals  ;  like  a 
metal  ;  as,  a  7nctallic  substance  ;  metallic  ore ;  metallic 
briffhtness. 

MET-AL-LIE'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  metallum,  metal,  and 

fcro,  to  produce.] 

Producing  metals  ;  yielding  metals.  Kinran. 
JIE-TAL' LI-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  metals; 

like  metal.  Kinoan. 
MET'AE-LI.VE,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  metal ;  consisting 

of  metal. 

2.  Imjiregnated  with  metal  ;  as,  metalline  water. 

Bacon. 

MET'AL-LIST,  iu  A  worker  in  metals,  or  one  skilled 
in  metals.  .Mozoiu 

MET-AL-LI-Z.i'TIO\,  n.  The  ait  or  process  of 
forming  into  a  metal  ;  the  operation  wiiich  gives 
to  a  substance  its  proper  metallic  properties. 

Enctfc.  Diet. 

MET'AL-LTZE,  r.  U  To  form  into  metal ;  to  give  to 
a  substance  its  proper  metallic  properties.  Diet. 

MET'AE-I.IZ-KU,  p/).    Formed  into  metal. 

ME'r'Al,-LI7.-[.\'G,  ppr.    Forming  into  metal. 

MET-AL-LUG'RA  PlIV,  n.  [iir.  /ifruAAui,  metal, 
and  ypupri,  desci-iption.] 

An  account  of  metals,  or  a  treatise  on  metallic 
substances.  Diet. 

MET'AL-LOID,  n.    {met,il  and  Gr.  tin'r;?.] 

.\  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  metallic  bases  of 
the  alkalies  and  earths. 

ME  T-AL-LOID' AL,  a.  Having  a  form  or  appearance 
like  that  of  a  nn  tal. 

MET-AI/-LUIt'GIC,a.  [See  ]\lETALi,URGy.]  Pertain- 
ing to  metallurgy,  or  the  art  of  working  metals. 

MET'AIj-LITR-Ois  r,  ii.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
Work  metuls,  or  to  purify,  refine,  and  prej)are  metals 
for  use. 

MET'AL-LUR-OY,  n.  [Gr.  laraWov,  metal,  and 
cpy-v,  work.l 

The  art  of^  working  metals,  comprehending  the 
whole  process  of  se|)aratirig  them  from  other  matt(;rs 
in  the  ore,  smelting,  refining,  and  parting  them. 
Gilding  is  also  a  branch  of  metalluriry.  Hut  in  a 
more  limited  and  usual  sense,  mefallnriryi^  the  opera- 
tion of  si  parating  metals  from  their  ores.  Heberl. 

The  French  ini  lude  in  metallurgy  the  art  of  draw- 
ing metals  frotn  ihe  earlli.  Diet. 

MET'AI.-.M A.\,  n.    A  worker  in  metals ;  a  copper- 

~  Hmitli  or  tiniiian. 

.MET-A-.MOKI'II'IC,  o.  In  ireulnirij,  pertaining  to 
changes  which  minimis  or  rucks  inay  have  under 
gone  since  their  original  deposition  ;  usually  applied 
to  changes  whii  h  si  ilmn  ntary  roi  ks  have  under- 
gone thnincli  the  influence  of  heal.  Dana. 

MET-A-.MOKI'irm.M,  n.  In  geology,  the  state  or 
quality  of  lii  ing  mi  lnmiirphic.  J^".  Jl.  Rev. 

MP:T-A  MOItl'irtt.sJ.;,  v.  t.  [Cr.  /itr'i/io,)i/,o<j  ,•  pira,, 
over,  beyond,  and  fi-in'l'n,  form.] 

To  change  into  a  different  fiirm  ;  to  transform  ; 
particidarti/f  to  rliaiige  the  form  of  insects,  nn  from 
till;  larva  to  a  winged  animal.    The  ancients  pre- 


MET 

tended  that  Jupiter  was  metamorpkosed  into  a  bull, 
and  Lycaou  into  a  wolf. 

And  earlh  was  mftnufirjihosed  into  man.  Dryden. 

MET-.\-MORPH'0-S£D,;<;).  Changed  into  a  different 
form. 

MET-A-MORPII'O-SER,  n.  One  that  transforms  or 
changes  the  shape. 

MET-A-MORPH'O-SIC,  a.  Changing  the  form;  trans- 
forming. 

MET-A-MORPH'O-PING,  ppr.    Changing  the  shape. 

MET-A-MORPH'O-SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  Change  of  form 
or  shape  ;  transformation  ;  parlicularty,  a  change  in 
the  form  of  being;  as,  the  mrtamorphnsLi  of  an  in- 
sect from  the  aurelia  or  chrysalis  state  into  a  winged 
animal. 

2.  Any  change  of  form  or  shape. 

MET-A-MOR-PHOS'Tie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
effected  by  metamorphosis.  Pope 

MET'A-PHOK,  71.  [Gr.  ncralinpa,  from  ;ifTu0£/jcj,  to 
transfer;  pern,  over,  and  <ltciii,>,  to  carry.] 

A  short  similitude  ;  a  similitude  reduced  to  a  sin- 
gle word  ;  or  a  word  expressing  similitude  without 
the  signs  of  comparison.  Thus,  "  that  man  is  a  fox," 
is  a  metaphor;  but  "that  man  is  like  a  fox,"  is  a 
similitude  or  comparison.  So  when  I  say,  "  the 
soldiers  were  lions  in  combat,"  I  use  a  metaphor; 
but  when  I  say,  "the  soldiers  fought  like  lions," 
I  use  a  similitude.  In  metaphor,  the  similitude  is 
contained  in  the  name ;  a  man  is  a  foz,  means,  a 
man  is  as  crafty  as  a  fox.  So  we  say,  a  man  bridles 
his  anger,  that  is,  restrains  it  as  a  bridle  restrains  a 
horse.  Beauty  awakens  love  of  tender  passions  ;  op- 
position fires  courage. 

MET-.'V-PilOR'ie,       \  a.    Pertaining  to  metaphor  ; 

MET-A-PIIOR'IC-AL,  \  comprising  a  metaphor  ; 
not  literal  ;  as,  a  metaphorical  use  of  words  ;  a  meta- 
phorical expression  ;  a  metaphorical  sense. 

MET-.\  PHOR'te-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  metaphorical 
manner;  not  literally. 

MET'A-PIIOR-IST,  n.    One  that  makes  metaphors. 

Pope. 

MET'A-PHRaSE,  (met'a-fraze,)  n.  [Gr.  iicTaOfi^itn^  ; 
ptra,  over,  according  to,  or  with,  and  (ppaan,  phrase.] 
A  verbal  translation  ;  a  version  or  translation  of 
one  language  into  another,  word  for  word  ;  opposed 
to  Paraphrase.  Dryden. 

MET'A-PHRAST,  n.  A  person  who  translates  from 
one  language  into  another,  word  for  word.  Encyc. 

MET-A-PIU{AST'ie,a.    Close  or  literal  in  translation. 

MET-.-V-PHYS'ie,       j  a.  [See  Metai-hvsics.]  Per- 

MET-A-PHYS'IC-AL,  j  taining  or  relating  to  meta- 
physics. 

2.  According  to  rules  or  principles  of  metaphysics  ; 
as,  metaphysical  reasoning. 

3.  Preternatural  or  supernatural.    [JVu£  ■used.'] 

Shot.: 

MET-A-PHYS'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of 
metaphysical  science. 

MET-A-PHY-SI"CIAN,  (met-a-fe-zisli'an,)  n.  One 
who  is  verse<l  in  the  science  of  metaphysics. 

MET-A-PHYS'ieS,  n.  [Gr.  iicra,  afler,  and  ^vtriKr,, 
physics.  It  is  said  that  this  name  was  given  to  the 
science  by  Aristotle  or  his  followers,  who  considered 
the  science  of  natural  bodies,  physics,  as  the  first  in 
the  order  of  studies,  and  the  science  of  mind,  or  in- 
telligence, to  be  the  second.] 

The  science  of  the  principles  and  causes  of  all 
things  existing  ;  hence,  the  science  of  mind  or  intel- 
ligence. This  science  comprehends  ontoloinj,  or  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  nature,  essence,  and 
<|ualities,  or  attributes  of  being;  cosmototry,  the 
science  of  the  world,  which  treats  of  the  nature 
and  laws  of  matter  and  of  ntotion  ;  anthroposophy, 
which  treats  of  the  powers  of  m.an,  and  the  motions 
by  which  life  is  produced  ;  psycholuiry,  which  treats 
of  the  intellectual  soul  ;  pueumatnloiry,  or  the  science 
of  spirits  or  angels,  &c.  Metaphysical  theoloiry,  called 
by  Leibnitz  and  others  theodicy,  treats  of  the  exist- 
ence of  God,  his  essence  and  attributes.  Tliese 
divisions  of  the  science  of  metaphysics,  which  pre- 
vailed in  till'  ancient  schools,  are  now  not  much  re- 
gardcil  The  n;itural  division  of  things  that  exist 
is  into  body  and  mind,  things  material  and  immate- 
rial. The  former  belong  to  jihysics,  and  the  latter  to 
the  science  of  metajihysics.  Eiieye. 

MET'A  PI  ASM,  n.  [Gr.  /i£rHirAi(T/io,-,  transforma- 
tion ;  fCTn,  over,  and  TrXunm,),  to  form.] 

In  rriaminar,  a  change  madi;  in  a  word  by  the  aug- 
mentation, diminution,  or  immutatiun,  of  a  syllable 
or  letter. 

ME  TAS'TA-SIS,   n.     [Gr.  iieracrarn;,  mutation  ; 

pcra,  over,  an<l   iVrrz/K,  to  place.] 

A  translaliiui  or  removal  of  a  disease  from  one  part 

to  another,  or  such  an  alteration  as  is  succeeded  by  a 

snilltioil.  Core.  Kiifye. 

MET-A-TA R'SAL,  a.    [from  mcfatarsiw.]  Belonging 

to  the  metatarsus. 
MET-.A-TAIl'riUS,  n.    [Gr.  ;ifro,  beyond,  and  rapaof, 

tarsus.] 

The  middle  of  the  foot,  or  part  between  the  ankle 
and  the  toes.  Coze, 
ME-'I'ATII'E-SIS,  n.  ;  pi.  Mktatiiesei.    [Gr.  piraOii- 
(Tij iura,  over,  and  nOrjiHy  to  set.] 


MET 

1.  Transposition  ;  a  figure  by  which  the  letters  or 
syllables  of  a  word  are  transposed  ;  as  pistris  for  pris- 
tis.  F.neyc. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  change  or  removal  of  a  morbid 
cause,  without  expulsion.  Coze.  Enciic 

MET-.VTHo'RAX,  )i.  [Gr.  pcra,  after,  and  tfww.if. 
breast.] 

In  eniomoloffv,  the  last  or  posterior  segment  of  the 
tluirax  in  insects.  Brande. 

MET'.\-TOME,  n.    [L.  meiatus,  measured.] 

In  architerliire,  the  space  between  one  dentil,  or 
denticle,  and  another.  fjmcv. 

ME-Ta'VEU,  w.  [Fr.]  In  France  and //■a/i/,  a  farmer 
holding  land  on  condition  of  yii  Iding  half  the  prod- 
uce to  the  prtiprietor,  from  whom  he  receives  stock 
and  tools.  Brande. 

MkTE,  v.  t.  [Sax.  nietan,  amctan,  gemetan  :  D.  meeten  ; 
G.  messen  :  Sw.  matu  ;  Sp.  medir  ;  L.  mctior;  Gr.  ^tc- 
Tptu> ;  W.  mcidraw  ;  Cli.  and  Heb.  TTD,  to  measure  ; 


Ar.  madda,  to  extend.  See  Measure,  and  Class 
Md,  No.  2.] 

To  measure  ;  to  ascertain  quantity,  dimensions,  or 
capacity,  by  any  rule  or  standard,  \0lisolescc7it.] 
MeTE,  n.    [Sax.  mitta.] 

Measure;  limit;  boundary;  used  chiefly  in  the 
plural,  in  the  jihrase  metes  and  bounds. 
MkT'ED,  pp.  Measured. 

ME-TEMP'SY-eHOSE,  v.  t.   To  translate  from  one 

bodv  to  another,  as  the  soul. 
ME-TEMP-SY-CHo'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  ,-fTt/.i^t>x'.n"S  ;  pe- 

7a,  beyond,  and  xpvx'^ai^,  animation,  life;  i//vxoaj, 

to  animate.] 

Transmigration  ;  the  passing  of  the  soul  of  a  man 
after  death  into  some  other  animal  body.  Pytliagonis 
and  his  followers  held  that  after  death  the  souls  of 
men  pass  into  other  bodies;  and  this  doctrine  still 
prevails  in  some  parts  of  Asia,  particularly  in  India 
and  Cliina.  Eneyc. 

MET  EMP-To'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  pcra,  after,  tr,  in,  and 
TTI-TIO,  to  fall.] 

In  chronology,  the  solar. equation  necessary  to  pre- 
vent the  new  moon  from  happening  a  day  too  late, 
or  the  suppression  of  the  bissextile  once  in  131  years. 
The  opposite  to  this  is  the  Proemptosis,  or  the  addi- 
ticm  of  a  day  every  330  years,  and  another  every  2-100 
years.  Brande. 

Mli''i'E-OR,  71.    [Gr.  lUTCMnnf,  sublime,  lofty.] 

1.  In  a  nrnerul  sense,  a  I>ody  that  Ifies  or  floats  in 
the  air,  and  in  this  sense  it  includes  clouds,  rain, 
liail,  snow,  &c.  Burke. 

Hut  in  a  restricted  sense,  in  which  it  is  commonly 
understood, 

2.  A  fiery  or  luminous  body  or  appearance  flying 
or  floating  in  the  atmosphere,  or  in  a  more  elevated 
region.  We  give  this  name  to  the  brilliant  globes  or 
masses  of  matter  which  are  occasionally  seen  mov- 
ing rapidly  through  our  atmosphere,  and  which  throw 
off,  with  loud  explosions,  fragments  that  reach  the 
earth,  and  are  called  falling  stones.  We  call  by  the 
same  name  those  fire-balls  which  are  usually  denom- 
inated falling  stars  or  shooting  stars  :  also,  the  lights 
which  appear  over  moist  grounds  and  grave-yards, 
called  ignes  fatui. 

And,  77«Ieor-Uke,  flame  lawless  through  the  sky.  Pope. 

3.  Figuratively,  any  thing  that  transiently  dazzles 
or  strikes  with  wonder.  Smnrl. 

ME-TE-OR'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  meteors;  consisting 
of  meteors. 

2.  Proceeding  from  a  meteor  ;  as,  mcfcoric  stones. 
Meteoric  iron  I  iron  in  the  metallic  state,  as  found 
in  meteors. 

Meteoric  showers :  periodical  exhibitions  of  shooting 
stars,  occurring  about  the  9th  of  August  and  Kith  of 
November,  and  more  rarely  in  Aprd  and  December. 

Olmsted. 

MK'Tli-OR-lTE,  V.  A  solid  substance  or  body  falling 
from  the  high  regions  of  the  atmosphere,  jiluntell. 

Mf.'TE-QJl-IZE,  V.  i.  To  ascend  in  vapors.  [JVut 
used.]^^  Erelt/n. 

ME-TE-OR'O-IJTE,  n.  A  meteoric  stone  ;  a  .stoiie  or 
solid  compound  of  earthy  and  metallic  matter,  which 
falls  to  the  earth  after  the  displosion  of  a  luminous 
meteor  or  fire-ball ;  called  also  Aerolite. 

Cleareland. 

ME-TF^OR-O-LOG'ie,  (  a.  Pertaining  to  the  at- 
Mi;-'I"E-OR-O-Lo0'IC-.VL,  j  mosphere  and  its  phe- 
nomena. A  meteorological  table  or  register  is  iin  ac- 
count of  Ihe  state  of  the  air  and  its  temperature, 
weight,  dryness,  or  inoisiure,  winds,  &c.,  ascer- 
tained by  the  baroiiieier,  lln  riiioini  ter,  hygrometer, 
aneniometiT,  and  olher  meteorological  instruments. 
ME-TE-OR-OL,'0-GIS'i',  n.  A  p-'son  skilled  in  me- 
teorology. 

ME-TE-()R-OI,'O-0Y,  n.  [Gr.  pcrcupos,  lotty,  and 
Ao)  •'{,  discourse.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  atmosphere  and  its 
phi'uomena,  particularly  in  its  relation  to  heat  and 
moisture.  Olmsted. 
ME-TI>OR'0-MAN-CY,  n.    [Gr.  pCTCuipof,  a  meteor, 
and  /oii'rcoi,  ilivination.] 
A  species  of  diyiiialiun  by  meteors,  chiefly  by  thun- 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQEF,  BpQK.— 


710 


MET 

dcr  and  ligbtning,  held  iu  liigh  cstiiiiatiun  by  the  Ro- 
mans. F.HCIIC. 

M^-TE-01l'0-Set)PE,«.  An  instrument  fiirtakinsllie 
mii^nitndi!  and  distances  of  lieavonly  bodies.  [04.<.1 
ME-'rE-OR-OS'eU-l'Y,  ri.    [Ur.  utrcufioi,  Vidy,  and 
ffK'^TCf't,  to  view.] 

That  part  of  astronomy  which  treats  of  su!)linio 
heavenly  bodies,  distance' of  stars,  4i.c.  (JV»/  in  ujt.] 

IiaiU'}j. 

ME-Ti~;'OR-OUS,  a.   Having  the  nature  of  a  meteor. 

MiUun. 

Mk'TER,  n.    [from  mfecl    One  who  measures ;  used 

iji  compounds,  as  in  coal  mcfrr,  biud-mrfrr. 
Mk'TER,  j  n.    [Sax. racfer  ;  Yt.  metre;  L.  metrum;  fir. 
Mk'TKE,  (     n.-T-ooi-,  from  utrpw.,.] 

1.  -Measure;  verse;  arraii!;ement  of  poetical  feet, 
or  of  long  and  sliort  syllaliles  in  verse.  Hexameti-r 
is  a  mclrr  of  six  feet.'  Tliis  word  is  most  improp- 
erly written  Mktre.  How  very  absurd  to  write  the 
simple  word  in  lliis  manner,  but  in  all  its  numerous 
compounds  Mkter,  as  in  Uiamstee,  lltXAMEXEB, 
Thermometer,  &.C.  I 

2.  .\  French  measure  of  lenstb,  equal  to  ^^-^J^y 
Knglish  inches,  the  standard  of  linear  nuasure,  be- 
ins  the  ten  millionth  part  of  the  distance  from  the 
equator  to  the  north  pole,  ;is  ascertained  by  actual 
measurement  of  an  arc  of  the  nn.ridian.  Olin.-teJ. 

WkTE'\V.\N1),  II.  [mrte  and  tciintl.]  A  stall"  or  rod 
of  a  certain  length,  used  as  a  nii'asure.    [  Oli.i.] 

MkTE'YARI),  u.  mrt'/card.]  {jlnr/iam. 

.\  yard,  slalf,  or  rod,  used  as  a  measure.  [OA*.] 
[  If^c  iioip  use  Yard.] 

.ME-TIIEG'LIN,  ».  [\\'.  mezyirlin,  according  to  Owen, 
from  \V.  mezyif,  a  idiysician,  and  thfii,  water  :  a  me- 
dicinal liquor.  liut  mci  is  mead,  and  meiu  is  to  be 
strong  or  able.] 

.\  liquor  made  of  honey  and  water  boiled  and  fer- 
meutt;d,  often  enriched  with  spices.  Ennjc. 

ME-TIIINKS',  verb  impersomd  ;  ]>p.  SIethou<;ht.  [me 
and  (Ai;iA-.]  It  seems  to  me  ;  it  appears  to  me  ;  I 
think.  -Ue  is  here  in  the  dative.  The  word  is  not 
antiquated,  but  is  not  elegant. 

METH  OD,  n,  [L.  mcUwdus;  Gr.  iitOoioi  ;  jitra,  with, 
and  tdof,  way  .J 

1.  A  suitable  and  convenient  arrangement  of 
things,  proceedings,  or  ideas  ;  the  natural  or  regular 
disposition  of  separate  things  or  parts  ;  convenient 
order  for  trans.acting  business,  or  for  comprehending 
any  complicated  subject.  \Vilhf)Ut  imtkud^  business 
of  any  kind  will  fall  into  confusion.  To  carry  on 
farming  to  advantaje,  to  keep  uecounts  correctly, 
method  is  indispensable. 

2.  Way  ;  manner.  Let  us  know  the  nature  of  the 
disease,  and  the  method  of  cure. 

3.  Classification  ;  arransement  of  natural  bodies  ac- 
cordinc  to  their  comnum  characteristics  ;  as,  the  meth- 
od of  Theophrast;  the  ViicUiod  of  Ray  ;  the  Linnxan 
meUwd, 

In  natural  arrangements,  a  distinction  is  sometimes 
made  between  method  and  >'}i.-ftem.  Si/stein  is  an  ar- 
rangement founded,  throughout  all  its  parts, on  some 
one  principle.  Mctliod  is  an  arrausement  less  tised 
and  determinate,  and  founded  on  more  Hcuenil  rela- 
tions. Thus  wo  say,  the  natnrnl  method^  and  the  ar~ 
tificial  or  sexual  system  of  Linnaeus,  though  the  latter 
is  not  a  perfect  system,  Kd.  Eiicyc. 

ME-Tlion'ie,       )  a.    Arranged  in  convenient  or- 

M&THOI)'ie-AI,,  S  der  ;  di-posed  in  a  just  and  nat- 
ural manner,  or  in  a  manner  to  illustrate  a  subject, 
or  to  facilitate  pmctical  observations  ;  as,  the  mrlhod- 
icttl  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  a  discourse  or  of  ar- 
guments ;  a  methodical  trc:itise  ;  mrthmtieat  accounts. 

ME-Tll01)'ie-AI<-LY,  ade.  In  a  methodical  manner ; 
according  to  natural  or  convenient  order. 

METiroD-lS.M,  II.  The  doctrines  and  worship  of  the 
sect  of  c;iiristians  called  Mithodists. 

METIl'Ol)  1ST,  It.    One  that  observes  method. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Christians  foiiiiiled  by  Morgan, 
or  rather  by  John  Wi'sley,  and  so  called  from  the  ex- 
act regularity  of  their  lives,  and  the  strictness  of  Iheir 
principles  and  rules.  The  name  is  also  ftiven,  in 
England,  to  the  followers  of  Whitelield,  or  Calvin- 
istic  Methodi>ts. 
2.  A  physician  w  ho  practices  by  method  or  tlieor>'. 

Bnytr. 

4.  In  the  cant  of  irrrUtrious  men^  a  person  of  strict 
piety  ;  one  who  lives  in  the  exact  observance  of  re- 
liuioiis  duties. 

MF.'I  M-OU  IST'ie,  a.    Resenddins  the  Methodists; 

piirtaking  of  the  strictness  of  Methodists.    C/i.  Ohs. 
MEIll Oli-IST'ie,       (a.    Relating  to  method,  or 
Mh'.TH  Ol1-I>JT'ie-AT,,  i     the  MetliiMlists. 
M  K  rH-01)-IST'It>.\L-LY,  ado.   After  the  manner  of 

Methodists. 

METH'OMZE,  r.  U  To  reduce  to  method;  to  dis- 
pose in  due  order ;  t<i  arrange  in  a  convenient  manner. 

One  wlio  triiig?  »lih  liim  nny  olscrrjtliona  h<!  niado  in  n^|. 
ill?  l\v  puru,  will  fnul  his  own  nH'  Clious  mtUiottizid  mid 
rxpl.uncil  in  U»e  woric*  of  a  j^i  crilic.  Sptelator. 

METirOD  IZ-f:p,  pp.    Reduced  to  method. 
M  I-.  I  irflD  I'/.-I.N'G,  ppr.    Arranging  in  due  order. 
ME  THOUGHT',  (me-tbawt',)  prtt,  of  .Meth  INKS.  It 
seemed  to  me  ;  I  thought.  Milton.  Dryden. 


MET 

METH'Y-LENE,  n.    [Or.  prflo  and  v>n-] 

A  iiighly  volatile  and  iiitlammable  liquid,  procured 
by  destnictivo  distillation  of  wood.  Hrande. 

MET'IC,  H.    [Gr.  /i£ruiif(i5  ;  pfa  and  oikh^^  house.] 
In  ancient  Greece,  a  sojourner;  a  resident  stranger 
in  a  Grecian  city  or  place.  Jilitford. 

ME-TI€'i;-LOUS,  a.    [L.  mcticulosus.] 

Timid.    [Mil  usril]  Coles. 

MET'O  CHE,  n.  [Gr.  /<£i-'\(u.]  In  architecture,  the 
space  between  two  dentils.  Bruiidc. 

ME-TO.\'l€  (;?'eEE,  j/i.    Till-  cycle  of  the  moon, 

iMi;-TO.\'ie  Yl'.AR,  i  or  [leriod  of  nineteen  years, 
in  which  the  lunations  of  the  moon  return  to  the 
same  days  of  the  month  ;  so  called  from  its  discov- 
erer Metcm,  the  Atlieniau.  Kncne.  Baileii. 

MET-O-NY.M'IC,        (  a.    [See  Metonvmy.]  Used 

.MET-t)-NYM'lt;-AT,,  (  by  way  of  metonymy,  by 
purtin;;one  word  for  another. 

MET-O-XYM'IC-AL-EY,  ado.  By  putting  one  word 
liir  am»llier.  DioiirJd. 

M1;T'0-.NYM-Y  or  ME-TON'Y-MY,  n.  [Gr.  pir^o- 
wtnti;  /i'  T'i,  over,  beyond,  and  iwaiia,  name.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  trope  in  ^vhich  one  word  is  put  for 
another ;  a  change  of  names  which  have  some  rela- 
tion to  each  other ;  as  when  we  say,  "  a  man  keeps  n 
good  tii/ile,*'  instrafl  of  gooti  pmrisions.  *'  We  read 
yiriril,''!  that  is,  his  poems  or  tcritmirs.  '*  They  have 
Muses  and  the  prophets,"  that  is,  their  books  or  loril- 
inirs.  A  man  has  a  clear  head,  that  is,  understandin*f, 
intellect ;  a  w:irm  heart,  that  is,  ajeclions. 

MET'O-I'E,  (uiet'o-py,)  n.  [Gr.  ficroxn  ;  pern,  with, 
near,  or  by,  and  otii,  an  aperture  or  hollow.] 

In  architecture,  the  space  between  the  triglyphs  of 
the  Doric  frieze,  which,  among  the  ancients,  were 
often  adorned  with  carved  work.    Oloss.  of  .irchit. 

MET-0-I'Ot!'eO-l'IST,  n.  [Infra.]  One  versed  in 
phvsiogiiomv. 

ME'f-O-I'OS'eO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  /itruiroi',  the  forehead, 
and  (TKoiTLu,  to  view.] 

The  study  of  physiognomy  ;  the  art  of  discovering 
the  character  or  the  dispositions  of  men  by  their  fea- 
tures, or  the  lilies  of  the  face.       Encyc.  Lanier. 

Ml~.'TRF..    See  Meter. 

MET'RIO-AL,  a.    [Ij.  mctricxis ;  Tr.  mctriquc.'] 

1.  Pertaining  to  measure,  or  due  arrangement  or 
combination  of  long  and  short  syllables. 

2.  Consisting  of  verses  ;  as,  metrical  compositions. 
MET'lUe-AL,  a.    Having  the  diameter  of  a  French 

meter  ;  as  metrical  blocks. 
MET'RIC-AL-LY,  adv.    According  to  poetic  measure. 
Ml'-'TRIST,        In.    A  composer  of  verses.    [JVot  i« 
MB-TR1"CIAN,  (  vse.] 

ME-TllOL'O-GY,  n.  [GT.ptrpov,  measure,  and  Xoyof, 
discourse.] 

An  account  of  measures,  or  the  science  of  weights 
and  measures.  J.  Q.  JIdams. 

MET'RO-NoME,  n.  [Gr.  /ictoem  and  i/.j/n, division.] 
An  instrument,  which,  by  a  short  pendulum,  with 
a  sliding  weight,  and  set  in  motion  by  clock-work, 
serves  to  measure  time  in  music. 
ME-TRO.N'O-MY,  ii.  [Gr.  pcToao,  to  measure,  and 
yiipn,  division.]  The  measuring  time  by  an  in- 
strument. 

ME-TR01"0-LIS,  71,  [Ij.,  from  Gr.  fiijrooirfi.Vif ;  prima, 
mother,  and  iruAif,  city.    It  has  no  plural.] 

Literally,  the  mother  city,  that  is,  the  chief  city  or 
capital  of  a  kingdom,  state,  or  coiintrj-,  as  Paris  in 
France,  Madrid  in  Sp;iin,  London  in  Great  Britain. 
In  the  United  States,  Washington,  in  the  District  of 
Columbia,  is  the  metropolk,  as  being  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment ;  but  in  several  of  the  States,  the  largest  cit- 
ies are  not  the  seats  of  the  respective  governments. 
Yet  New  York  city,  in  the  State  of  that  name,  and 
Plill.adelphia,  in  Pennsylvania,  are  the  chief  citii^s, 
and  may  be  called  each  the  metropolis  tif  the  State 
in  which  it  is  situated,  though  neither  of  Ihem  is  the 
seat  of  covcrnment  in  the  .''tate. 

MET-RO-POL'I-TA.\,  a,  lielonging  to  a  metropolis, 
or  to  the  mother  church  ;  residing  in  the  chief  city. 

MET-RO-POL'I-TAN,  ii.  'J'ho  bishop  who  presiiles 
over  the  other  bishops  of  a  province.  In  tlic  Latin 
church,  the  same  as  archbishop;  in  the  Greek  church, 
one  whose  see  is  really  a  civil  inetro|H>lis.  Hook. 

ME TKOP'O-LITK,  n.    A  nn'tropolitan.    [JVot  used.] 

MET-RO-POL'I-TIC,       j  a.     Pertaining  to  a  me- 

MET-RO  PO-LIT'lC-AL,  i  trop<di3  ;  chief  or  prin- 
cipal of  cities;  pertaining  to  a  metropolitan,  or  to 
his  see,  KnuUcs.    Milner.  Selden. 

MET'TI^E,  (met'l,)  n,  [usually  supposed  to  be  cor- 
rupted from  metal.  Rut  it  may  be  from  W,  meziol  or 
meihicl,  mind,  connected  with  nirzu,  to  be  able,  and 
coinciding  with  the  rmit  of  the  Eng,  moody;  1),  moed, 
courage,  heart,  spirit ;  G,  mii(A,  mind,  courage  ;  met- 
tle ;  Sax.  mod  ;  .Sw,  inoJ  ;  Dan,  mod  or  mood  ;  Goth. 
mod,  angry.  The  Sax.  modig,  L.  animus,  animosus, 
furnish  an  analogy  in  point.  The  radical  sense  of 
mind  is,  to  advance,  to  push  forward,  whence  the 
sense  of  briskness,  ar<lor.] 

Spirit;  constitutional  ardor:  that  temperament 
which  is  susceptible  of  high  excitement.  It  is  not 
synonymous  with  Coubaos,  though  it  may  be  ac- 
companied with  it,  and  is  s<imetimes  used  for  it. 


Til''  wimr"*!  amrwr.  like  a  ppncruiu  liorw*, 
Sliowt  luual  inic  m*ttl*  wtion  you  ch«ck  tiia  courae. 


Pope. 


MIC 

MRT'TLKD,a.  High-spirited  ;  ardent ;  full  of  fire.  Pope- 
MET'TLE-SO.ME,  ( iiiet'tl-siim,)  a.     Full  of  spirit; 
possessing  constitutional  ardor;  brisk;  fier)' ;  as,  a 
mettlesome  horse.  Tatler. 
MET'TLE-SO.ME-LY,  adv.    With  sprightliness,  or 
high  spirit. 

ME1"TLE-S0ME-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  high- 
spirited. 

ME' UM  ET  TCUM,  [L.]    Mine  and  thine. 

MEW,  (mil,)  n.  [.Sax.  micio;  Dan.  maa^e  ;  D.  meeua  ; 
G.  mewe  ;  Fr.  monetlc.] 

A  sea-fowl  of  the  genus  Lariis  ;  a  gull. 

Ml-jW,  n.  [Fr.  mae :  Arm.  mm  ;  VV.  vtud,  a  wew  and 
mute  ;  D.  muite.  See  the  verb  to  mcic,  to  shed  feath- 
ers.] 

A  cage  for  birds  ;  an  inclosurc ;  a  place  of  con- 
finement. 

MEW,  D. [from  the  noun.]  To  shut  up;  to  in- 
close ;  to  coiifuie,  as  in  a  cage  or  other  iiiclosure. 

More  pity  llira  (lie  ra^Ii?  shoiilil  Ijo  mewH.  Stiak. 
Clwdc  meiocd  in  tlifir  Builaii*.  for  fcur  of  air.  Drylen. 

MEW,  r.  t.  [VV.  miw,  a  shedding  of  feathers  ;  It.  mu- 
ditre.  to  mew  ;  Fr.  inurr  ;  .Arm.  muia  ;  (J.  inaiuscn  ;  D. 
viiiiten,  to  mew  or  molt,  to  mutiny;  .^p.  i/iu'/u, change, 
alteration,  a  mute  b.-tter,  time  of  iiiolniig  or  shedding 
feathers,  roost  of  a  hawk  ;  Port,  mudur,  to  change,  to 
mew  or  cast  feathers  or  a  slough;  muda,  a  diiiiib 
woman,  the  mewing  or  molting  of  birds.  The  W. 
7nud,  a  mew,  is  also  removal,  a  pass  or  move,  a 
change  of  residence,  and  mute;  and  the  verb  mudaw 
is  to  change,  to  remove,  compreheiidinfi  the  L.  muto 
and  muto.  We  have,  Iheii.  clear  evidence  that  incic,  a 
cage,  mew,  to  moll,  and  the  L.  viiito,  moto, and  mittits, 
and  Eng.  mntiinj,  are  all  from  one  root.  The  primary 
sense  is, to  pressor  drive,  whence  to  move,  to  change, 
and  to  shut  up,  tint  is,  to  press  or  drive  close  ;  and 
this  is  the  sense  of  mute.  Mutiny  is  from  motion  or* 
change.] 

To  slii  d  or  cast ;  to  change  ;  to  molt.  The  hawk 
mewed  his  feathers. 

Nine  linios  tile  rnooii  had  meiced  her  liunii,  Dryden. 
MEW,  (mu,)  V.  i.  [W.  mewian;  G.  miauen;  coinciding 
prob.'ibly  with  L.  mugio.'] 
To  cry  as  a  cat. 
MEW,  e.  i.    To  change  ;  to  put  on  a  new  appearance. 
MEW'ING,  ppr,    Ciistiiig  the  leathers  or  skin  ;  crying. 
MEW'l.N'G,  (inii'ing,)  ii.    The  act  of  casting  thefeuth- 
ers  or  skin. 
2.  A  crying,  as  of  a  cat, 
MEWL,  (mule,)  V.  i.    [Fr.  miauler  ;  It.  miagolare  ;  Sp 
maiiUar  or  iiiayar  ;  coinciding  in  elements  with  L, 
mugio,  to  low  ;  G,  miicken  ;  Dan.  mukker,  to  mutter ; 
Gr.  pijKiiiip'it,  to  bleat;  Ir.  meigiollum;  \V.  migiaic] 
To  crv  from  une.'isiness,  as  a  child.  Ulia/i, 
MEWL'ER,  n.    One  that  inewls, 
MEWS,  (mu/.,)  n.  pi.    The  royal  stables  in  London, so 
called  because  built  where  the  king's  hawks  wer8 
once  mevved  or  confined.  Booth. 
ME-ZE'RE-ON,  n,     A  small  European  shrub,  the 
Daiiline  Me/.ereiiin,  whose  extremely  acrid  bark  is 
used  in  medicine,  P.  Ciic. 

ME/'ZA-MNE,  II.     [It,]     A  story  of  small  bight 
introduced  between  two  higher  ones.  Brande. 
2.  A  low  window,  less  in  hight  than  in  breadth. 

Bticltanan. 

MEZ'ZO,  (mcd'zo,)  [It.]  in  music,  denotes  middle, 
mean. 

MEZ'ZO-RE-LIkV'O,  (med'zo-re-lev'o,)  n.  [It.  mez- 
zortlicro.] 

A  middle  point  of  relief  In  figures,  between  high 
and  low  relief, 

MEZ-ZO-TINT'O,  (mez-zo-  or  med-zo-,)  n.  [It,  mez- 
zo, middle,  half,  and  linto,  L,  tinctus,  iiaintetl,] 

A  particular  manner  of  engraving  or  representation 
of  figures  on  copper,  in  imitation  of  p:iintiiig  in  India 
ink.  To  perform  this,  the  plate  is  scratched  equally 
in  every  direction,  so  as  to  remove  entirely  the  pollsli 
from  the  surface  ;  the  design  is  then  drawn  on  the 
face,  then  the  dents  and  furrows  arc  crjised  from  the 
parts  where  the  lights  of  the  piece  are  to  be;  the 
parts  which  are  to  represent  shades  being  left,  with 
more  or  less  of  the  rough  ground,  according  to  the  gr.i- 
d'ation  of  shade,    Mezzoti  \  r  is  also  ust^d.  Ilcbert. 

MEZ'ZO  yO'CE,  (med'zo-vu'chi,)  [lt.J  in  music,  with 
a  medium  fullness  of  sound, 

MI,  (me,)  The  third  note  in  the  musical  scale  between 
re  and  fa. 

MI'.'\:^.M,  II,    The  same  as  Miasma.  Harvey. 
MI-.\S'.\1.\,  n. ;       .Miasmata.    [Gr.,  from  /iiuii'iii,  to 
pollute.] 

Infecting  substances  flo.ating  in  the  air;  the  efflu- 
via or  tine  particles  of  any  putret>ing  bodies,  rising 
and  floating  in  the  ntmosphere,  and  considered  to  be 
n<ixioiis  to  health. 

MI-.\S'.M.-\L,  a.    Containing  miasma, 

MI-.'\S-.M.\T'1C,  a.  Pertaining  to  miasma  ;  partaking 
of  the  qualities  of  noxious  etHuvia, 

MI'e.A,  n.  [L,  mica,  a  grain  or  particle;  mieo,  to 
shine,] 

A  mineral  capable  of  being  cleaved  into  elastic 
plates  of  extreme  thinness.  It  is  either  colorless,  or 
presents  some  shade  of  light-brown,  gray-sniokv- 
browii,  black,  and  occasionally  green  or  violeu  It  is 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.-«AN"GER,  VI"CIQ|LrS — €  as  K;  O  as  J;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


711 


MIC 

generally  more  or  less  transparent,  and  is  used  li'ke 
glass  for  lanterns,  and  for  the  doors  of  stoves.  There 
are  three  or  four  species  of  mica,  differing  in  compo- 
sition and  crystalline  form,  called  hezagoiial  mica, 
obliijiit  or  cuiniuoii  mica,  rhombic  viica,  lit/ua  mica. 
This  last  is  of  a  lilac  color,  and  is  also  called  lepiUu- 
lite. 

Mica  is  an  essential  constituent  of  granite,  gneiss, 
and  mica  slate.  Dana. 
MI'e.A.-SeHIST,  )  n.    A  schistose  rock  consisting  of 
Mi'€A-SLaTE,  )     mica  and  quartz.  Dana. 
Mi-Ga'CEOL'S,  (-shus,)  a.     Pertaining  to  or  contain- 
ins  mica;  resembling  mica,  or  partaking  of  its  prop- 
erties. 

Mie'A-REL,  71.  A  species  of  argillaceous  earth  ;  a 
mineral  of  a  brownish  or  blackish-red  color,  com- 
monly crystallized  in  rhomboidul  prisms,  or  in  prisms 
of  six  sides.  DicL 

Mice,  71. ;  pl.  of  Mouse. 

MI'eii  A-EL-lTE,  ;i.  A  siib-variety  of  silicious  sin- 
ter, found  in  the  Isle  of  St.  Michael.  J.  IV.  Webster. 

Mieil'AEL-MAS,  71.    'I'he  feast  of  St.  Michael,  a  fes- 
tival of  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  celebrated  Sep- 
tember 29tli ;  hence, 
2.  In  coltoijuial  language,  autumn. 

MICHE,  (mich,)  v.  i.  [allied,  perhaps,  to  Sw.  maha, 
to  withdraw  ;  Sax.  smuisan,  to  creep.  Meeching  or 
Meaching  is  still  used  by  some  of  our  comnmn  peo- 
ple in  the  sense  of  mean,  cowardly,  retiring.] 

1.  To  lie  hid  ;  to  skulk  ;  to  retire  or  shrink  from 
view. 

2.  To  pilfer.    [Oi.--.]  S)iak. 
MICII'EK,  7!.    One  who  skulks,  or  creeps  out  of  sight; 

a  thief,    rois.]  Cliaticer.    Siilneij.  Shak. 

MICH'ER-Y,  71.    Theft;  cheating.    [Oh.i.]  Ouwer. 
MICH'ING,  piir.  or  a.    Retiring;  skulking;  creeping 

from  sight ;  mean  ;  cowardly.    [  VuUar.l 
MICK'LE,  o.    [Sax.  77ii<:('/,  mucrl ;  Scot,  mijclie,  mekyl, 

vnicJde    Sw.  viyckenr  ^p-  macho  ;  Gr.  jtcy  aj,  uA'/. 

See  .Much.] 

Much  ;  great.  [Obsolete,  but  retained  in  the  Scottish 
languatre.] 

Mi  eO,  71.  A  small  South  American  monkey,  with 
hair  shining  and  entirely  white,  the  tail  black,  and 
the  face  and  hands  of  a  deej)  rtesli-color.  Jardine. 

MI'CRO-eOS.M,  71.  [Gr.  /ii«/jos,  small,  and  Koapuf, 
world.] 

Literally,  the  little  world  •  hut  used  for  man,  sup- 
posed to  be  an  epitome  of  the  universe  or  great 
world.  Swift.  Encyc. 

Microeosmic  sahj  a  triple  salt  of  soda,  ammonia, 
and  phosphoric  acid,  originally  obtained  from  urine. 

Ure. 

MI-eRO-€OS'Mie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  micro- 
cosm. 

Mi  eUO-eOS-.MOG'RA-PIIY,  71.    [Gr.  fincpof,  «o<t/jos, 

and  )  r  apf'.] 
The  description  of  man  as  a  little  world. 
Mi  eUO  eOLIS'Tie,  n.  [Gr.  /<i«;jos,small,and  nKOuw, 

to  hear.] 

An  instrument  to  augment  small  sounds,  and  as- 
sist in  hearinz. 
Mi  eROG'RA-PHV,  71.    [Gr. /ii/tpos,  small,  and  yna- 
<liti),  to  describe.] 

'i'lie  description  of  objects  too  small  to  be  dis- 
cerned without  the  aid  of  a  microscope. 

Kncyr.  Grew. 
Mi  eRO.M'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  /iiicpos,  small,  and  larfiov, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  small  objects  or 
spaces,  by  the  help  of  which,  the  apparent  magni- 
tude of  objects  viewed  through  the  microscope  or  tel- 
escope is  measured  with  great  exactness.  Branile. 

MI  eUO-.MET'KIC-AI,,  a.  lielonging  to  the  microm- 
eter ;  marie  by  the  micrometer.  Humboldt. 

MI'eUO-PllONE,  71.  [Gr.  /iixpof,  small,  and  0ajn), 
sound.] 

An  instrument  to  augment  small  sounds ;  a  mlcro- 
coustic.  Bailey. 
MI'CRO-PSLE,  ji.    [Gr.  puKpos,  small,  and  noXrj, 
mouth.] 

In  botany,  the  mouth  of  the  fonimen  of  an  ovulum. 

Lindley. 

MI'eRO-SeOPE,  7t.  [Gr.  ;ji/i/)os,  small,  and  orrojttu, 
to  view.] 

An  optical  instrument,  consisting  of  lenses  or  mir- 
rorH,  which  magnify  objects,  and  thus  renchT  visible 
minute  objects,  which  can  nut  be  seen  by  the  naked 
eye,  or  enlarije  the  apparent  magnitude  of  small  vis- 
ible bodien. 

MI-CRO-.SCOP'IC,       1  a.    Made  by  the  aid  of  a  mi- 
MI-CRO-SC()P'IC-AL,  \     croscope  ;  as,  microscopic 
obHcrvation.  .Hrbathnol. 
ii.  Asuiiited  by  a  microscope. 

Kviuliiig  pvro  the  microtcojjic  eje.  TfiomMon. 

3.  Rencmbling  a  microscope  ;  capable  uf  seeing 
small  objects. 

Why  hill  not  man  ■  mtcrowropic  fyc  I  Pope. 
A,  Very  Hmall ;  vinible  only  by  the  aid  of  a  micro- 
sropi:  ;  ftH.  n  mirroHCopic  in>ieel. 
MI  CK<)-.«COP'l(;  AI.  I.Y,  a</B.    l)y  the  niicroscopo  ; 
I      with  iiiinutf?  iiiHiH.'Ction.  Good, 
MI'CRO-8€0-PIH'J',  71.    One  Hkilled  in  micrimcopy. 


MID 

MI-eROS'eO-PV,  71.    The  use  of  the  microscope. 
Ml'CRO-TINE,  (-tin,)  a.    [Gr.  „iKpo(,  small.] 

Having  or  consisting  of  small  cr^'stals.  Shspard. 
Mie-TU-RI"TION,  (-rish'un,)  71.    [L.  77i;rtuWo.] 

The  desire  of  making  water,  or  passing  the  urine. 

Danoin, 

MID,  a.  [Sax.  ?7iid(/,  middc;  L.  medius;  W.  mid,  an 
.  inclosure.] 

1.  Middle;  at  equal  distance  from  extremes;  as, 
the  mid  hour  of  night.  Rome. 

2.  Intervening. 


No  more  the  mountain  larks,  while  Daphne  sln^, 
Shall,  lifiing  in  mid  air,  suspend  their  wings. 


Pope. 


MI'D.A.,  71.     [Gr.  /ii^..{.] 

A  worm,  or  the  bean-fly.  Chambers. 
MID'-aGE,  h.    The  middle  of  life,  or  persons  of  that 

age.  Shak. 
MID'-GoURSE,  71.    Tii»-  middle  of  the  course  or  way. 

Milton. 

MID'DaY,  a.     Being  at  noon ;  meridional ;  as,  the 

midday  sun.  Addison. 
MID'DAY,  71.   The  middle  of  the  day  ;  noon. 

Donne. 

MID'DEN',  (mid'dn,)  71.    A  dunghill. 
MID'DEST,  a.    superl.  of  Mid. 

Among  the  ifuddesl  crowd.    [Not  used.]  Spenser. 

MID'DLE,  (mid'l,)  a.  [Sax.  middcl;  D.  middel ;  G. 
mittcl ;  Dan.  middel;  perhaps  77i/(Z  and  deel ;  Sans. 
vicdhi  and  madhyam  ;  L.  medius  i  Gr.  peao^  ;  It.  mez- 
zo ;  Sp.  medio ;  Port,  mayo,  mediano  ;  Ir.  modham, 
muadh ;  Fr.  7hiVi,  moyen,  [vtitan  obs.  ;]  Ch.  yiSD. 
This  word  has  the  elements  of  the  Sax.  mid,  D.  ?nede, 
Sw.  and  Dan.  mede,  G.  mit,  with  Gr.  /icrn,  which  is 
from  the  root  of  the  English  meet,  which  see.  Qu. 
has  not  the  L.  medius,  in  the  phrase  medius  Jidius,  the 
sense  of  with  or  by  :  by  or  with  my  faith.  In  VV.  mid 
signifies  an  inclosure,  a  hem  or  list  round  a  pitice.  In 
Russ.  mcjda  signifies  among.  See  Class  Ms,  No.  21, 
27.] 

1.  Equally  distant  from  the  extremes  ;  as,  the  viid- 
dle  point  of  a  line  or  circle  ;  the  middle  station  of 
life  ;  the  middle  path  or  course  is  most  safe. 

2.  Intermediate;  intervening. 

Will,  seeking  good,  finds  many  middle  ends.  Davies. 
Middle  aires ;  the  ages  or  period  of  time  about 
equally  distant  from  the  decline  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire and  the  revival  of  letters  in  Europe,  or  from 
the  eighth  to  the  fifteenth  century  of  the  Christian 
era. 

The  middle  term  of  a  syllogism  is  one  with  which 
the  two  extremes  are  separately  compared,  and  by 
means  of  which  they  are  brought  together  in  the 
conclusion.  Brande. 
MID'DLE,  71.  The  point  or  part  equally  distant  from 
the  extremities. 

See,  there  come  people  down  by  Uie  middle  of  the  land.  — 
Judges  ix. 

2.  The  time  that  passes,  or  events  that  happen, 
between  the  beginning  and  the  end.  Dryden. 

Middle  and  center  are  not  always  used  synony- 
mously. Center  is  most  properly  applied  to  circular, 
globular,  or  regular  bodies  ;  middle  is  used  with  less 
definiteness.  We  say,  the  center  of  a  circle  or  of 
the  solar  system  ;  the  middle  of  a  page,  the  middle  of 
the  night  or  of  the  month. 
M11)'DLE-aG-EI),  a.  Being  about  the  middle  of  the 
t)rtlinary  age  of  man.  A  middle-a<red  man  is  so  called 
from  the  age  of  thirty-five  or  forty  to  forty-five  or 
fifty. 

MID'DLE-DECK,  n.  The  deck  below  the  middle 
deck,  in  three-dt'ckers.  Toltcn. 

MID'DI.E-EAIITH,  (-erth,)  71.    [Sax.  middan-eard.] 
The  world.    [Ubs.]  S/mk. 

MlD'DLE-iMAN,  71.  An  agent  between  two  parties; 
particnlarlij,  in  Ireland,  one  who  takes  lantl  of  the 
proprietors  in  large  tracts,  and  then  rents  it  out  in 
small  portions  to  the  peasantry,  at  a  greatly  enhanced 
price. 

MiD'DLE-MoST,  a.  Being  in  the  middle,  orncarest 
the  middle,  of  a  number  of  things  that  are  near  the 
midiUe.  If  a  thing  is  in  the  mulille,  it  can  not  he 
more  so,  and  in  this  sense  the  wortl  is  iuiprttper. 
But,  when  two  or  more  things  are  near  the  middle, 
one  niav  he  nearer  than  another. 

MID'DMNCi,  a.    [Sax.  midlcn.j 

Of  middle  rank,  state,  size,  or  quality ;  about 
equally  distant  from  the  extremes  ;  moderate.  Thus 
wc  si>eak  of  people  of  the  middlini;  class  or  sort, 
neither  high  nor  low  ;  of  a  man  of  middling  capacity 
or  understanding  ;  a  man  of  middling  size  ;  fruit  of  a 
viiddtinir  ipiality. 

MID'DMNG-LY,  ai/ii.    Passably;  indiflerently. 

MI  D'DI,IN(;S>;,  71.        The  coarsi  r  part  of  Hour. 

MIDGl'l,  71,    [Sax.  myge,  mygire.] 
.\  gnat  or  llv. 

MID'-IIEA  V-KN,  (-hcv'n,)  71.  The  midille  of  the  sky 
or  heavi^n,  Milton. 

MID'I>ANI),a.  Being  in  the  Interior  country  ;  distant 
from  th(!  coast  or  uea-shore  ;  as,  midland  lo«'ns  or 
inhabitants.  Iloirell.  Hale. 

2.  Surrounded  by  the  sea;  mediterranean. 

And  on  tlif  mitllarul        the  Kn-iicli  h.«l  nwed.  Dn/flen. 


MIF 

MID'I.EG,  71.    Middle  of  the  leg.  Bacon. 

MID'LE.XT,  77.    The  middle  of  Lent. 

MID' LIKE,  71.    The  middle  of  life,  or  of  the  usual  age 

of  man.  Southey. 
MID'MoST,  <z.    Middle  ;  as,  the  midmost  battles. 

Dryden. 

MID'NiGHT,  (-nite,)  71.    The  middle  of  the  night; 

twelve  o'clock  at  night. 
MID'NIGHT,  (-nite,)  a.    Being  in  the  middle  of  the 

night ;  as,  midnight  studies.  Bacon, 
2.  Dark  as  midnight ;  very  dark  ;  as,  midnight 

gloom. 

MfD'RII!,n.  [mid,  middle,  and  rib.]  In  JuJniit/,  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  petiole,  extending  from  the  base  to 
the  apex  of  the  laminae  of  a  leaf.  Lindley. 

MID'IUFF,  71.  [Sax.  midlirife ;  mid  and  hrife,  the 
belly.] 

In  anatomy,  the  diaphragm  ;  the  respiratory  muscle 
which  divides  the  trunk  into  two  cavities,  the  thorax 
and  iibdomen.  '  Quincy. 

MID'Se.A,  71.    The  midst  of  the  sea.  Dryden. 

MID'SHIP,  a.  Being  or  belonging  to  the  middle  of  a 
ship  ;  as,  a  midship  beam. 

MID'SHIP-MAN,  71.  In  ships  of  tear,  a  kind  of  naval 
cadet,  whose  business  is  to  second  the  orders  of  the 
superior  officers,  and  assist  in  the  neces.sary  business 
of  the  ship,  particularly  in  managing  the  sails,  that 
he  may  be  trained  to  a  knowledge  of  the  machinery, 
discipline,  and  operations  of  ships  of  war,  and  qual- 
ified for  naval  service.  Mar.  Diet. 

Passed  midshipman  ;  one  who  has  passed  examina- 
tion, and  is  a  candidate  for  promotion  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant.  Totten. 

MID'SHIPS,  adv.  In  the  middle  of  a  ship  ;  properly, 
Amidships. 

MIDST,  71.  [Contracted  from  7niiZ</es«,  the  superlative 
of  mid.]    The  middle. 

There  is  nothhi^  said  or  done  in  the  midst  of  the  play,  which 
might  not  have  Ijecn  placed  in  the  begirniin^.  Dryden. 

The  phrase  in  the  midst  often  signifies,  involved 
in,  surrounded  or  overwhelmed  by,  or  in  the  thickest 
part,  or  in  the  depths  of;  as,  in  the  midst  of  afiiictions, 
troubles,  or  cares  ;  in  the  midst  of  our  contemphitions  ; 
1/1  the  midst  of  the  battle  ;  in  the  midst  of  pagan  dark- 
ness and  error;  in  the  midst  of  gospel  light  ;  in  the 
midst  of  the  ocean  ;  in  the  mitist  of  civil  th.-sscu-ions. 

from  the  midst ;  from  the  middle,  or  from  aiiiuiig. 
Deiit.  .xviii. 
MIDST,  ado.    In  the  middle. 

On  earth.  Join  all  ye  creatures  to  extol 

Ilim  fir^t,  liiui  Uist,  him  midst,  and  without  end.  Milton. 

MID'STRk.\M,  h.    The  middle  of  the  stream. 

Dryden. 

MID'SUM-MER,  71.  The  middle  of  summer  ;  the 
summer  solstice,  about  the  21st  of  June.  Swift.  Gay. 

MID'WARD,  ai/f.    INlidst.    [Mt  in  use.] 

MID'WaY,  71.   Tlie  middle  of  the  way  or  distance. 

Paths  indir-^ct,  or  in  the  midioay  faint.  million. 

MID'WaY,  a.  Being  in  the  middle  of  the  way  or  dis- 
tance ;  as,  the  midway  air.  Shak. 

MID'WaV,  adv.  In  the  middle  of  the  way  or  dis- 
tance ;  half  way. 

She  met  his  glance  mtdipay.  Dryden, 

MID'WIFE,  71.  [Supposed  by  Junius  and  Skinner  to 
be  mecdwife,  a  woman  that  has  a  reward.  This  is 
probably  a  mistake.  The  word  is  a  compound  of 
7nid,  with,  and  wif,  a  Woman  ;  in  analogy  with  the 
I,,  obstetru.,  from  obsto,  obsliti,  to  stand  before.  The 
Dutch  use  vroedcroinc,  a  wise  or  skillful  woman.  The 
Danish  equivalent  word  is  iordenwder,  earth-mother  ; 
the  Swedish,  iord-gumina.  The  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese word  is  comadre ;  co,  for  L.  cum,  with,  and 
mudre,  mother,  which  is  precisely  analogous  to  viid- 
leife,] 

A  woman  that  assists  other  women  in  childbirth. 
MID'WIFE,  D.  i.    To  perform  the  otlice  of  midwife. 
MID'WlFE,  1'.  (.    To  assist  in  childhirlh. 
MID'WIFE-RY,  71.    The  art  or  practice  of  assisting 
women  in  childbirth  ;  obsti  trics. 

2.  Assistance  at  childbirth. 

3.  Help  or  coiipi  ralion  in  production.  Stepney. 
MID'WI.N-TER,  H.  'i'he  middle  of  w  inter,  or  the  win- 
ter solstice,  December  21.  As  the  severity  of  winter 
in  North  America  falls  in  January  and  February,  the 
word  ordinarily  denotes  this  period,  or  some  weeks 
afti  r  the  winter  solstice. 

MID'WOOI),  n.    The  mitldle  of  the  wood.  Thomson. 

MI'E-Mf'l"E,  71.  Granular  mieuiite  is  a  variety  of  inag- 
nesian  limestone,  first  found  at  .Mirmo,  in  Tuscany. 
It  occurs  massive,  or  crystallizeil  in  Hat,  double, 
tliree-sidetl  pyramids.  Its  color  is  light  green  or 
greenish-whit'e.  Jame.-^on,    Cyc,  Dana, 

MIkN,  (meen,)  11.  [Fr.  TTiine;  Dan.  and  Sw.  tJ. ;  Arm. 
mail .'  Corn,  ini  iu,  the  face ;  Ice.  mind,  imago.  See 
Man.] 

Look;  air;  manner;  external  appearance;  car- 
riage ;  as,  a  lofty  mien ;  a  majestic  mien, 

H'uller,  Pope. 
MIFF,  n.    A  slight  degree  of  resentment.  [Colloquial,] 

Jfolloiray, 

MirF'/;D,  (mift,)  n.  Slightly  offended.  [In  Non'nan 
French,  mrfit  is  olfense  or  mi.sdeed,  and  meffet,  mi.t- 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WIl^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


712 


MIG 

(lone  ;  mes  and  faire :  wliiince  meffere,  to  do  niisciiicf. 
liiit  qii.  whetlmr  this  is  Ihu  Enelisli  miff.'l 

MKJUT,  (mite,)  ;)rf(.  of  MiV.  Mad  power  or  liberty. 
He  mtirht  go,  or  mttrht  have  gone. 

2.  It  sonu'liini'S  denotes,  ic(w  pos.^iblr^  implying  ig- 
norance of  tlie  fact  in  tlie  speal<er.  Orders  miglu  iiave 
been  given  for  the  purpose. 

MKillT,  (mite,)  h.  [Sax.  miV/if,  mr/il ,  G.wacht:  D. 
t^vv.  and  Oan.  mairt ;  from  tlie  root  of  may,  Sax.  ma- 
gan,  to  be  able  ;  Sans,  mahat,  ctrong.    See  Mav.j 

1.  Strength  ;  force  ;  power  ;  primarily  and  chirfly, 
bodily  strength  or  physical  power;  as,  to  work  or 
strive  with  all  one's  miaht. 

Thrre  ihull  be  no  might  in  lliy  liaiiil.—  Dciit.  xxviil. 

2.  Political  power  or  great  achievements. 

TlK  iici.  y  D.ivi.l  —  Willi  iill  Ilia  rcigii  ami  liU  naghl.  —  1  Cliroii. 
ixix.    1  Kings  XV. 

3.  National  strength  ;  physical  power  or  military 
force. 

We  hnve  no  imght  agninst  lliia  gpreat  company  Uial  Cometh 
against  us. — 'i  Cliron.  xx. 

4.  Valor,  with  bodily  strength  ;  military  prowess  ; 
as,  men  nf  mi^ht.    1  Chroii.  xii. 

.5.  Ability;  strength  or  application  of  means. 


I  have  prepi\rr<l  with  all  my  might  for  the  hon 
1  Chrm.  xxix. 


of  niy  God.  — 


C.  Strength  or  force  of  purpose. 

Like  him  was  no  king  that  turned  to  the  Lurtl  with  all  his  might. 

—  2  Kings  xxiii. 

7.  Strength  of  affection. 

Thou  Shalt  love  the  Lortl  lliy  God  with  alt  thine  heart,  and  with 
all  thy  soul,  and  willi  all  thy  might. —  Deut.  vi. 

8.  Strength  of  light ;  splendor;  effulgence. 

Let  lliein  that  love  hiiu  bu  tu  the  sun  when  he  gocth  Turth  in  his 
might.  — Judg.'5  V. 

Shakspeare  applies  the  word  to  an  oath.  "  An  oath 
of  mickle  miirlit."  This  application  is  obsolete.  We 
now  use  strrntrth  or  force  ;  as,  the  strcitgth  \3r  force  of 
an  oath  or  covenant. 

IVitli  might  and  main  :  with  the  utmost  strength  or 
bodily  exertion  ;  a  iautolorrical  phrase^  tts  both  wurtLi 
arf  from  the  same  roo(,  and  mean  the  same  thing. 
MICIIT'I-LY,  mlt'e-le,)  arfe.  [from  miV/i/,/.]  With 
great  power,  force,  or  strength  ;  vigorously  ;  as,  to 
strive  mighlHy. 

2.  Vehemently  ;  with  great  earnestness. 

Cry  ntiglitily  to  Goil.  —  Jonah  iii. 

3.  Powerfully  ;  with  great  energy. 

Whereto  I  also  blior,  striving  according  to  his  working,  which 
workelh  in  ine  mighti'y.  —Col,  i. 

4.  With  great  strength  of  argument. 

He  mighli'i/  convinced  the  Jews.  —  Acts  xviii. 
.5.  With  great  or  irresistible  force;  greatly  ;  exten- 
sively. 

So  migkdly  grew  the  word  of  God  and  prevailed.  —  Acta  xU. 

6.  With  strong  means  of  defense. 

Fortify  thy  power  mightily.  —  Nah.  ii. 

7.  Greatly  ;  to  a  great  degree  ;  very  much. 

I  waa  mighlHy  pleased  with  a  story  applitihle  to  this  piece  of 

phili'*,iphy.  Spectator, 
[Admissible  in  eoUoqttial  and  familiar  language.'] 
MTGHT'X-NESS,  n.    Power;  greatness;  hight  of  dig- 
nity. 

How  soon  this  migh6neis  meets  misery  I  Sfiak, 

2.  .\  title  of  dignity  ;  as,  their  high  mightinesses. 
MTGIIT'Y,  (mit'e,)  o.  '  j'Sax.  mihtig.] 

1.  Having  great  bodny strength  or  physical  power; 
very  strong  or  vigorous  ;  as,  a  mighty  arm. 

2.  Very  strong;  valiant;  bold;  as,  a  mighty  man 
of  valor.    Judges  vi. 

3.  Very  powerful ;  having  great  command. 

Gush  t^*^t  Nimrod  ;  he  began  to  be  a  mighty  one  on  the  earth. 

—  Oen.  X. 

4.  Very  strong  in  numbers  ;  as,  a  mighty  nation. 
Oen.  xviii. 

5.  Very  strong  or  great  in  corporeal  jKjwer ;  very 
able. 

Wo  to  them  that  are  mighty  to  drink  wine.  —  Is.  r, 

6.  Violent ;  very  loud  ;  as,  mighty  thundcrings. 
Ef.  \x.    Ps.  Ixviii. 

7.  Vehement ;  rushing  with  violence  ;  as,  a  mighty 
wind  or  tempest.    Kz.  x.    Rer.  vi. 

8.  Very  great ;  vast ;  as,  mighty  waters.    AV/i.  i.x. 

9.  Very  great  or  strong  ;  as,  mighty  power.  2 
Ornii.  xxvi. 

10.  Very  forcible ;  efficacious ;  as,  great  is  truth 
and  mighty.  Ksdras. 

11.  Very  great  or  eminent  in  intellect  or  acquire- 
ments ;  as,  the  mighty  Scaliger  and  Selden.  Echard. 

12.  Great ;  wonderful ;  performed  with  great  pow- 
er ;  as,  mighty  works.    Mutt.  xi. 

13.  Very  severe  and  distressing ;  as,  a  mighty  fam- 
ine.   Luke  XV. 

II.  Very  great,  large,  or  populous;  as,  a  mighty 
city.    Rrv.  xviii. 
Is.  Important ;  momentous. 

I'll  sinf  of  heroes  and  of  kinf^. 

In  mtfAfy  numbers  mighty  thmgs.  Couley. 


MIL 

MIGHT'V,  (mIt'e,)  adv.  In  a  great  degree  ;  very  ;  as, 
7«in-/i(y  wi.se  ;  mtir/Ky  thoughtful.  IColloiiuial.] 

Prior. 

MIG.V'IARD,  min'yard,)  a.    [Ft.  mignard.] 

Soft  ;  dainty  ;  delicate  ;  pretty.  H.  Jonson. 

MIGN-ON-.NICTTE',  (niin-yiiu-et',)  n.  [I'r.,  a  dimin- 
utive of  mignon,  darling.]  An  annual  llowering 
plant,  having  the  scent  of  r.i.«pberrics  ;  Ucscda  odo- 
rata.  Mason. 

MI'GUATE,  V.  i.    [L.  migro.] 

1.  To  pass  or  remove  from  one  country  or  from 
one  state  to  another,  with  a  view  to  permanent  resi- 
dence, or  resitlence  of  some  ct>ntinuance.  The  lirst 
settlers  of  New  England  migrated  first  to  Holland, 
and  afterward  to  America.  Sonic  species  of  birds 
migrate  in  autumn  to  a  warmer  climate  for  a  tempo- 
rary residence.  To  change  residence  in  the  same 
city  or  state  is  not  to  migrate. 

2.  To  pass  or  remove  from  one  region  or  district  to 
another  for  a  temporary  rt^sidence  ;  as,  the  Tartars 
viigratr-  f(tr  the  s:ike  of  linding  pasturage. 

MI'GRA-'J'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Keinoving  from  one  state 
to  another  for  a  permanent  residence.  The  people 
of  the  Eastern  States  arc  continually  migrating  to  the 
Western  States. 

MI-GKA'TION,  II.    [I,,  migratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  removing  from  one  kingdom  or  state 
to  another,  for  the  purpose  of  permanent  residence, 
or  a  resitlence  of  some  continuance. 

2.  Change  of  place  ;  removal ;  as,  the  migration  of 
the  center  of  gravity.  Woodtoard. 

Mi'(;KA-TO-KY,  a.  Removing  or  accustomed  to  re- 
move from  one  state  or  country  to  another  for  per- 
manent residence. 

2.  Roving  ;  w.andering  ;  occasionally  removing 
for  pasturage  ;  as,  the  migratory  Tartars. 

3.  P.assing  from  one  climate  to  another,  as  birds. 
MILCH,  a.    [Sax.  melee.    See  Milk.] 

1.  Giving  milk  ;  as,  a  milch  cow.  It  is  now  ap- 
plieil  only  to  beasts, 

2.  Soft;  tender;  merciful;  as,  "  miVcA-hearted." 

Shak. 

MILD,  a.  [Sax.  mild ;  G.  D.  Svv.  and  Dan.  id. ;  Riiss. 
inclatju,  to  pity.  The  primary  sense  is  soft  or  smooth, 
L.  mollis.  Eng.  mcllotc,  W.  mall;  allied  perhaps  to 
melt.    Cl.ass  MI,  No.  9,  16,  18.1 

1.  Soft ;  gently  and  ple.asantly  affecting  the  senses  ; 
not  violent ;  as,  a  tnild  aur ;  a  mild  sun ;  a  mild  tem- 
perature ;  a  mild  light. 

The  rosy  morn  resigns  her  light 

And  mii'/er- glory  to  tlie  noon.  Wallfr. 
And  Willi  a  milder  gleam  refreshed  the  sight.  Addison. 

2.  Not  acrid,  pungent,  corrosive,  or  drastic  ;  oper- 
ating gently  ;  not  acrimonious  ;  demulcent ;  mollify- 
ing ;  lenitive;  assuasive  ;  as,  a  vtild  liquor;  a  mild 
cataplasm  ;  a  mild  cathartic  or  emetic. 

3.  Tender  and  gentle  in  temper  or  disposition ; 
kind;  compassionate;  merciful;  clement;  indul- 
gent ;  not  severe  or  cruel. 

It  teaches  us  to  .viore  him  as  a  mitd  and  merciful  Being.  RogerM. 

4.  Not  fierce,  rough,  or  angry  ;  as,  mild  words. 

5.  Placid  ;  not  tierce  ;  not  stern ;  not  frowning ; 
as,  a  mild  look  or  aspect. 

6.  Not  sharp,  tart,  sour,  or  bitter  ;  moderately 
sweet  or  pleasant  to  the  taste  ;  as,  mild  fruit. 

7.  Calm  ;  tranquil.  When  passion  subsides,  the 
temper  becomes  mild, 

8.  Moderate ;  not  violent  or  intense ;  as,  a  mild 
heat. 

MILD'ER,  a.    More  mild. 
MILO'EST,  a.    Most  mild. 

MIL'DEW,  finilMu,)  n.    [Sax.  mildeaie ;  L.  melligo, 
from  mcl,  r.oiicy  ;  G. 
meal." 


mehllhau,  as  if  from  melil, 


A  thin,  whitish  coating,  with  which  the  leaves  of 
veget.al)les  are  sometimes  covered,  occasioning  dis- 
ea.se,  decay,  and  death.  It  is  also  found  on  paper, 
cloth,  &c.    It  consists  of  innumerable  minute  fungi. 

Gardner.  Brandt, 
MII/DEW,  r.  L    To  taint  with  mildew.  Shak, 
.MIL'DEW-f.n,  pp.    Tainted  or  injured  bv  mildew. 
MIL'I)EW-L\G,;>pr.    Tainting  with  mildew. 
.MILU'I.V.  adv.   Softly  ;  gently  ;  tenderly  ;  not  roughly 
or  violently  ;  moderately  ;  as,  to  speak  mildly ;  to 
burn  mildly:  to  operate  mildly. 
MILD'NES.s,  n.    Softness;  gentleness;  .as,  the  mild- 
ne-ss  of  words  or  speecn  ,  mildnejts  of  voice. 

2.  Tenderness  ;  mercy  ;  clemency  ;  as,  mildness  of 
temjier. 

3.  Gentleness  of  operation  ;  as,  the  mildness  of  a 
medicine. 

4.  Softness;  the  quality  that  affects  the  senses 
pleasantly  ;  as,  the  miltlness  of  fniit  or  of  liquors. 

5.  Temperateness  ;  moderate  state  ;  as,  the  ;in7J- 
Tie.is  of  weather. 

MTLD'-SPIR'IT-ED,  )  a.  Having  a  mild  temper. 
MILD'-TEM'PER-£D,  (  ,^rbuthnoU  Scott, 

MILE,  n.    (L.  mille  a  thousand  paci-a  ;  passus 

being  dropiied  in  cunimun  ns.ige,  the  word  became  a 

noun;  Sax.  ini7  :  Sw.  mil:  Dan.  miil :  G.  meilc;  D. 

myl:  Fr.  mif/<  ;  ^i).  milla  :  Port,  miiha  :  It,  miglio.] 
A  measure  of  length  or  distance.    The  English  or 

statute  mile  contains  8  furlongs,  320  rods,  poles, 


MIL 

or  pf;rclics,  I7(j0  yards,  5280  feet,  or  80  chains.  The 
English  geographical  mile  is  I-U)  of  a  degree  of  lati- 
tude, or  about  202.')  yards.  The  Roman  inile  was  a 
thousand  paces,  equal  to  IGI4  yards  English  measuro. 
'I'lie  German  short  mile  is  nearly  etpial  to  3  910 
English  miles  ;  the  German  long  mile  In  5  3-4  Eng- 
lish miles  ;  the  Prussian  and  Danish  mib^s  are  each 
about  4  7-1(1  English  miles;  the  Swedi.sh  mile  is 
alioiit  R  .1^  English  inilits.  Kelly. 

MILE'.\GE,  ri.    Fees  paid  for  travel  by  the  mile. 

MILE'STfj.NE,  n.  A  stone  set  to  mark  the  distance 
or  space  of  a  mile.  A  post  used  for  this  purpose  is 
called  a  mile-post, 

MIL'KOIL,  n.    [L.  millefolium,  a  thousand  leaves.] 
An  herb  of  tlie  genus  Achillea  ;  yarrow. 

MIL'IA-RY,  (  ya  re,)  a,  [¥r,  miliaire,  L.  miViiini,  mil- 
let.] 

1.  Resembling  millet  seeds  ;  as,  a  TniYwri/ eruption  ; 
miliary  glands.  The  miliary  glands  are  the  seba- 
ceous glands  of  the  skin.  Cote, 

2.  Accompanied  with  an  eniption  like  millet 
seeds  ;  .as,  a  miliary  fever. 

MIL-tCE',for  .Militia,  is  not  in  use. 

MIL'I-O-LITE,  71.    Fossil  remains  of  the  Miliola,  a 

genus  of  microscopic,  univalve  shells.    Ed.  Kncyc. 
MIL'l-TAN-CY,  n.    Warfare.    [LUtlc  used.] 

Mount/tgu, 

MIL'I-TANT,  a,    [L.  militaim,  milito,  to  fight.] 

1.  Fighting;  combating;  serving  as  a  soldier. 

Spenser, 

2.  The  church  militant  is  the  Christian  church  on 
earth,  which  is  supposed  to  be  engaged  in  a  constant 
warfare  against  its  enemies;  thus  distinguished 
from  the  church  triumphant,  or  in  heaven.  Honker, 

MIL'I-TA-UI-LY,  adr.    In  a  soldierly  manner. 

MIL'I-T.A-RY,  a.  [Fr.  mihlaire  :  L.  miiitans,  from 
viilcs,  a  soldier;  mdito,  to  fight;  Gr.  a/(<AAa,  con- 
test.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  soldiers  or  to  arms  ;  as,  a  military 
parade  or  appearance  ;  military  discipline. 

2.  Engaged  in  the  service  of  soldiers  or  arms  ;  as, 
a  viilitanj  man. 

3.  Warlike;  becoming  a  soldier;  as,  military  vir- 
tue ;  military  bravery. 

4.  Derivctl  from  the  services  or  exploits  of  a  sol- 
dier ;  as,  military  renown. 

5.  Conformable  to  the  customs  or  rules  of  armies 
or  militia.  The  conduct  of  the  oflicer  w.as  not  mili- 
tary, 

6.  Performed  or  made  by  soldiers  ;  as,  a  military 
election.  Bacon, 

Military  tenure:  a  tenure  of  land,  on  condition  of 
performing  military  service. 
MIL'I-TA-KY,  71.    The  whole  body  of  soldiers  ;  sol- 
diery; militia;  an  army.       United  Slates,  Mitford. 
MIL'I-TaTE,  v.  I.    [L.  milito,] 

To  militate  against,  is  to  oppose;  to  be  or  to  act  in 
opposition.  Smollett 

Paley  writes,  to  militate  with;  but  in  America, 
against  is  generallv  used. 
MI-LI"TIA,  (nie-lish'a,)  n,  [L.,from  7m7«,  a  soldier; 
Ir.  mal  or  mi7  ;  W.  tnihrr  ;  Gr.  (ir.iXif,  war;  ji'iAfw, 
to  fight  ;  n//(AAa,  coiiiliat,  contention.  The  primary 
sense  of  fighting  is,  to  strive,  struggle,  drive,  or  to 
strike,  to  beat.  Eng.  moil,  L.  molior,  Ileb.  Ch.  Syr. 
Sam.  and  Ar.  Soi',  to  labor  or  toil.  So  eicrcitiis, 
from  exi  rceo,  to  exert,  to  strive.    Class  IMI,  No.  15.] 

The  body  of  .soldiers  in  a  state  enrolled  for  disci- 
pline, but  not  engaged  in  actual  service  except  in 
emergencies  ;  as  distinguished  from  regular  troops, 
whose  sole  occupation  is  war  or  military  service. 
The  militia  of  a  country  arc  the  able-bodied  men  or- 
ganized into  companies,  regiments,  and  brigades, 
with  officers  of  all  grades,  and  required  by  law  to 
attend  military  exercises  on  certain  days  only,  but  at 
other  times  left  to  pursue  their  usual  ocrupaticins. 

In  England,  the  militia  consist  of  200,000  men, 
who  do  service  about  28  days  in  the  year.    P.  Cyc. 

Ill  tlie  Uiatcd  Slates,  the  militia  are  composed  of 
perstms  between  18  and  45  years. 
MI-LI"TIA-.MAN,  71.    One  who  belongs  to  the  mili- 
tia. 

MILK,  71.  [Sax.  mclce;  G.  milch;  D.  melk;  Sw.  mitllk ; 
Dan.  mtrik :  Kiiss.  mlrko,  or  moluko ;  Bohemian, 
7h/iV.o  ;  Ir.  mcilg.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  \  white  fiuid  or  liquor,  secreted  by  certain 
glands  in  female  animals,  and  drawn  from  the 
brea.sts  for  the  nourishmi  nt  of  their  young. 

2.  The  white  juice  of  certain  plants. 

3.  Emulsion  made  by  bruising  .seeds  ;  as,  the  7ni7A- 
of  almonds,  proiliiced  by  pounding  almonds  with 
siignr  and  water, 

MILK,  V.  f.  [Sax.  melcan,  meolcian:  G,  and  D.  melken; 
Sw.  miolka  :  Dan.  mirlkcr :  Russ.  melzya:  L.  mulgco  ; 
Gr.  a/irA;  i.i.] 

1.  To  draw  or  press  milk  from  the  breasts  by  the 
hand  ;  as,  to  miT^  a  cow. 

2.  To  suck.    [JVof  !/«(/.]  Shak. 
MILK'frn,  (inilkt,)  pp.    Drawn  from  the  breasts  by 

the  hand. 

MILK'AW,  a.    Consisting  of  milk.  [JVotused.] 

Temple, 

MILK'F.R.n.    One  tli.at  milks. 

MILK'-Fe-VEK,  n.    A  fever  which  ,— netimes  ac- 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


90 


HHH* 


713 


MIL 

rompnnips  the  first  secretion  of  milk  in  females 
nftiT  cliilclhirlll. 

MILK'-HCDOE,  ti.  A  shrub  growing  on  the  Coro- 
niaiiilel  coa-^t,  contninins  a  milky  juice. 

JIILK'I  LV,  ni/o.  Attertlie  manner  ol  niilk  ;  lacteally. 

1IIL,K'I-NESS,  71.  Qualities  like  those  of  milk  ;  soft- 
ness. Dryden. 

MILK'IXG,  ppr.  Drawing  milk  from  the  breasts  of 
an  anim;il  by  the  hand. 

.MILlv'I.VG,  n.  The  act  of  drawing  milk  from  the 
breasts  of  an  animal  by  tlie  hand. 

MILK'-LI\'^-ER-£D,  a.    Cowardly;  timorous 

ShaJi. 

MILIC'M.XfD,  n.  A  woman  that  milks  or  is  employed 
in  the  dair>-;  sometimes,  a  milkwonian. 

MILK'.MAN,  ;i.  A  man  that  sells  milk  or  carries  milk 
to  market. 

MILK'-P.^IL,  71.  A  pail  which  receives  the  milk 
drawn  from  cows. 

MILK'-P.\N,  71.    \  pan  in  which  milk  is  set. 

MtLK-POR'HIDGE,  )  n.    .\  species  of  food  composed 

MILK-POT'T.\(5E,  \  of  milk  or  milk  and  water, 
boiled  with  meal  or  flour.  Locke. 

MlLK'-SeoRE,  71.  An  account  of  milk  sold  or  pur- 
chased in  small  quantities,  scored  or  marked. 

Jiddison. 

MILIC'-SICK-NESS,  7i.  A  peculiar  and  most  malig- 
nant disease,  occurring  in  some  localities  of  the 
Western  United  States,  and  affecting  certain  kinds 
of  farm-stock,  and  persons  who  make  use  of  the 
meat  or  dairy  products  of  infected  cattle.  Its  cause 
is  unknown.  Farm.  Encyc. 

MILK'SOP,  71.  A  piece  of  bread  sopped  in  milk  ;  inore 
usually,  a  soft,  effeminate,  feeble-minded  man. 

Addison.  Prior. 

MILK'-THIS-TLE,  (-this'I,)  71.  An  esculent  Europe- 
an plant  of  the  thistle  kind,  havin";  the  veins  of  its 
leaves  of  a  milky  whiteness  —  Carduus  Marianus. 

P.  Cue. 

MILK'-TOOTH,  »i.  The  fore  tooth  of  a  foal,  which 
comes  at  the  age  of  about  three  months,  and  is  cast 
within  two  or  three  years.  Far.  Diet. 

.MILK'-TREE,  71.  A  name  common  to  several  trees 
yielding  a  milky  juice,  especially  to  those  in  which 
this  juice  is  fit  for  food,  as  the  cow-tree  of  South 
America.  Brande. 

MILK'-TRE'FOIL,  71.    A  plant,  said  to  be  a  Cytisus. 

Johnson. 

IMILK'VETCH,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  .Astragalus. 
MILK'WEED,  71.    An  herb  abounding  in  a  milky 

juice,  and  having  its  seeds  attached  to  a  long,  silky 

down,  the  Asdepias  Sitriaca. 
MILK'-WHITE,  a.    VVhite  as  milk.  Dryden. 
M1LK'\V0.M-.\N,  71.   A  woman  that  sells  milk. 

ArbnVinot. 

MILK'WORT,  71.     A  plant  of  the  genera  Polygala, 

Euphorbia,  &.c. 
MILK'Y,  a.    Made  of  milk. 

2.  Resembling  milk  ;  as,  mi/ty  sap  or  juice.  Pope. 

3.  Yielding  milk  ;  as,  milky  mothers.  Roscommon. 

4.  Soft  ;  mild  ;  gentle  :  timorous  ;  as,  a  milky  heart. 

Shak. 

MIEK'Y-WaY,  71.  The  galaxy ;  a  broad,  luminous 
path  or  circle  in  the  heavens,  supposed  to  be  the 
blended  light  of  innumerable  fixed  stars,  which  are 
not  distinguishable  with  ordinary  telescopes.  Harris. 

MILL,  71.    [L.  77ii;ie,  a  thousand.] 

.\  money  of  account  of  the  United  States,  value 
the  tenth  of  a  cent,  or  the  thousandth  of  a  dollar. 

MILL,  71.  [Sax.  7ni/7i ;  W.mehn;  Ir.  mfile  or  miiilean  ; 
Corn.  7nc/y7i ;  Arm.  mell  or  inrlin  ;  Vr.  moulin  ;  L. 
mola;  Gr.  /jdAtj,  //iiXuf  ;  (i.  miililc;  I),  molcn;  Sw. 
7710/ ;  Dan.  miille ;  Sp.  inolino  ;  It.  mulino ;  Russ.  mel- 
niua  ;  Goth.  vialaUy  to  grind,  Ir.  vieilim,  Fr.  inoudre^ 
for  mouhlre^  W.  7710/11,  Arm.  77ii2/a  or  mulcin^  Sp.  molrr, 
L.  molo,  G.  mahlen,  I),  mniilcn,  Sw.  mala,  Dan.  muler ; 
Port,  mofr,  by  contraction,  Russ.  mrhju.  It  is  not 
certain  which  is  the  original  word,  the  noun  or  the 
verb,  or  whether  both  are  from  a  prior  radical  sense. 
VVc  okserve  that  the  elements  of  this  word  coincide 
with  those  of  L.  mrl,  honey,  mollii,  Eng.  mellow, 
mild,  mold,  meal,  VV.  77111/;,  &.C.,  all  expressive  of  soft- 
ness. Grinding  is  now  breaking  by  friction  or  pres- 
sure, but  not  improbably  grain  was  pulverized  by 
beating  or  pounding  before  the  use  of  the  quern.  If 
so,  mill  may  coincide  in  origin  with  mallrt.  We  ob- 
serve that  this  word  is  in  the  languages  of  all  the 
great  European  families,  Celtic,  Teutonic,  and  Sla- 
vonic] 

1.  A  complicated  engine  or  machine  for  grinding 
and  reducing  to  fine  particles,  grain,  fruit,  or  other 
iiulK<tance,  or  for  pi  rforniing  other  operations  by 
meaim  of  whijnls  anil  a  circular  motion  ;  as,  a  prist- 
milJ,  for  grain  ;  a  coffee-i/ii// ;  a  culfiT-mill :  a  bark-mi//. 
The  original  purpose  of  mills  was  to  comminute  grain 
for  food,  but  the  word  mi//  is  now  extendi;!!  to  en- 
gines or  machines  moved  by  water,  wind,  or  steam, 
for  carrying  on  many  other  oiKTations.  We  have 
oit-mill<,  naw-milUt,  Hlittinn -mills,  Itark-milU,  falling- 
milLi.  &r. 

5.  The  house  or  building  that  containii  the  machia- 
ery  for  grinding,  Acr. 

MILL,  V.  I.  'I'd  grind  ;  to  comminute  j  to  reduce  to 
fine  pnrticlci  or  to  amnll  pieccii. 


MIL 

2.  In  coitiin<r,  to  make  a  raised  impression  round 
the  edges  of  a  piece  of  money,  to  prevent  the  clip- 
ping of  the  cgin. 

3.  To  pass  through  a  fulling-mill  ;  to  full,  as  cloth. 

4.  In  caiu  lan^natre,  to  beat  severely  with  the  fists, 
as  if  in  a  fulling-mill.  Smart. 

To  7711//  chocolate,  is  to  froth  it.    [See  Froth.] 

MILL'-COG,  71.    The  cog  of  a  mill-wheel.  Mortimer. 

MILL'-DAM,  71.  A  dam  or  mound  to  obstruct  a 
watercourse,  and  raise  the  water  to  an  altitude  suf- 
ficient to  turn  a  mill-wheel.  Mortimer. 

MILL'-HORSE,  71.    A  horse  that  turns  a  mill. 

MILL'-POND,  11.  A  pond  or  reservoir  of  water  raised 
for  driving  a  niill-wlieel. 

MILL'-RACE,  71.  The  current  of  water  that  drives  a 
mill-wheel,  or  the  canal  in  which  it  is  conveyed. 

Franklin. 

MILL'RkA,  )  7!.    A  coin  of  Portugal,  commonly  es- 

MILL'REE,  S  tiniated  at  5s.  sterling,  or  about  108 
cents;  though  a  small  gold  millrea  of  1755  was 
worth  onlv  3s.  2i/.  sterling.  P.  Cyc. 

MILL'-SIX'PENCE,  71.  An  old  English  coin,  first 
milled  in  1561,  being  one  of  the  earliest  that  was 
milled.  O.  S.  Faber.  Douce. 

MILL'SToXE,  77.    A  stone  used  for  grinding  grain. 
To  see  into  a  millstone  ;  to  see  with  acuteness,  or 
to  penetiTtte  into  abstruse  subjects.       Qiio?-t.  Rer. 

MILL'SToNE-GRIT,  71.  A  hard  and  coarse,  gritty 
sandstone.  Dana. 

MILL'-TOOTH,  71. ;  pi.  Mill-teeth.  A  grinder,  dens 
violaris.  Arbuthnot. 

MILL'-VVRIGHT,  (-rite,)  71.  A  mechanic  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  build  mills. 

MILL'£D,  (mild,)  pp.  or  a.  Passed  through  a  mill ; 
subjected  to  the  operation  of  milling,  as  a  coin  ; 
fulled  ;  soundly  beaten  with  the  fists. 

MIL-LE-Na'RI-AN,  a.  [Fr.  7nei;e7iaiVe.  See  Millen- 
nium.] 

Consisting  of  a  thousand  years  ;  pertaining  to  the 
millennium.  Encyc. 
MIL-LE-NA'RI-AN,  71.    A  chiliast ;  one  who  believes 
that  Christ  will  personally  reign  on  e.arth,  with  his 
saints,  a  thousand  years  before  the  end  of  the  world. 

Enciic. 

MIL-LE-Na'RI-AN-ISM,  77.  The  doctrine  of  miliena- 
rians. 

MIL'LE-NA-RY,  a.    [Fr.  771  i//cna ire.] 

Consisting  of  a  thousand.  Arbuthnot. 

MIL'LE-N.\-RY,  71.    The  space  of  a  thousand  years. 

MIL-LErV'NI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  millennium, 
or  to  a  thousand  years  ;  as,  millenniaX  period  ;  millen- 
nial happiness.  Burnet. 

MIL-LEN'NI-AL-IST,  7t.  One  who  believes  that 
Christ  will  reign  personally  on  earth  a  thousand 
years  ;  a  chiliast.  Sloioe. 

MIL'LEN-NIST,  71.  One  who  holds  to  the  millennium. 
[.Vut  used.]  Johnson. 

MlL-LEN'i\I-UM,  71.  [L.  mii/e,  a  thousand,  and  an- 
nus, year.] 

A  thousand  years ;  a  word  used  to  denote  the 
thousand  years  mentioned  in  Rcoelations  xx.,  during 
which  period  Satan  will  be  bound,  and  holiness  be- 
come triumphant  throughout  the  world.  During  this 
period,  as  some  believe,  Christ  will  reign  on  earth  in 
person  with  his  saints. 
MIL'LE-PED,  n.  [L.  77n7/e,  a  thousand,  and  pes, 
foot.] 

The  wood-louse,  an  insect  having  many  feet,  a 
species  of  Oniscus. 
MlL'LE-POllE,  71.    [L.  J7ii//c,  a  thousand,  and  porus, 
a  pore.] 

A  genus  of  corals,  having  the  surface  smooth,  and 
perforated  with  very  minute  punctures  or  cells.  It 
behmgs  to  the  madrepore  family.  Dana. 
MIL'LE-PO-IUTE,  7t.    Fossil  millepores. 
MILL'ER,  7!.    (from  7711//.]    One  whose  occupation  is 
to  attend  a  grist-mill. 

2.  7\n  insect  whose  wings  appear  as  if  covered 
with  white  dust  or  powder,  like  a  miller's  clothes. 
MILL'ERS'-THUMB,  71.    A  small  fish  found  in  small 
streams  in  Europe,  the  river  bull-head.  Coitus  frobio. 

P.  Cyc. 

MIL-LES'LM-AL,  a.  [L.  miltcsimus,  from  77ii/ie,  a 
thousand.] 

Thousandth  ;  consisting  of  a  thousand  parts  ;  as, 
millesimal  fractions.  IVatls. 
MIL'LET,  71.    [Fr.  millet  or  mil;  It.  miglio ;  Sp.  77iyo  ; 
L.  milium  ;  Sax.  7711/.] 

1.  A  plant,  or  the  grain  of  a  plant,  of  the  genus 
llolcus  or  Sorghum,  having  a  stalk  rosemliling  a 
jointed  reed,  and  classed  by  botanists  among  the 
grasses.  Various  species  are  used  as  food  for  men 
and  animals,  but  the  Indian  millet  is  the  most  com- 
mon. The  species  are  mostly  natives  of  warm  cli- 
mates. P.  Cyc. 

2.  Millet  grass,  or  millet ;  a  hardy  emss  of  the 
genus  Milium,  of  several  species.       Farm.  Encyc. 

MII^LI-ARI)',  71.  [Fr.]  A  thousand  niilliims. 
MIL'LI-A-RY,  n.    [  L.  milliarium,  a  milestone  ] 

Pertaining  to  a  mile  ;  denoting  a  mile  ;  a.s,  n  7nil- 
liani  column.  D^Anville. 
MIL'IjI-A  RY,  II.    Among  fAe /Jo77in7ij,  a  mile  stone. 
MIL'LI-GRA.M,       in.     [L.  Tuif/r,  a  thousand,  and 
MIl.'l.l-nRAMME,  \     Gr.  ^,oa,i,iu,  u  gmm.] 


MIM 

In  the  system  of  French  weiirhte  and  measures,  the 
thousandth  part  of  a  gramme,  equal  to  a  cubic  mil- 
limeter of  water.  Lunier. 

The  milligram  is  equal  to  .0154  English  grains, 
Troy  weight.  McCulloch. 
MIL-LIL'I-TER, )  71.     [L.  77ii//e,  a  thousand,  and 
MWLI-LI-TRE,  ]  liter.] 

A  French  measure  of  capacity,  containing  the 
thousandth  part  of  liter  or  cubic  decimeter,  equal  to 
.(IC103  decimals  of  a  cubic  inch  McCulloch. 
MIL-LIM'E-TER,  j  77.     [L.  mille,  a  thou- 

MIL'LI-ME-TRE,  (-ma'ter,)  j  sand,  and  77ic(?-u77i,  a 
measure.] 

A  French  lineal  me.asure,  containing  the  thousandth 
part  of  a  meter ;  equal  to  -03937  decimals  of  an  inch. 
It  is  the  least  measure  of  length. 

Lunier.  McCulloch. 
MIL'LIN-ER,  77.    [Johnson  supposes  this  word  to  be 
MiLANER,  from  .Milan,  in  Italy.] 

A  woman  who  makes  and  sells  head-dresses,  hats, 
or  bonnets,  &c.,  for  females. 
MIL'LIN  ER-Y,  71.  The  articles  made  or  sold  by  mil- 
liners, as  head-dresses,  hats  or  bonnets,  laces,  rib- 
bons, and  the  like. 
MILL'ING,  ppr.  Grinding  ;  reducing  to  small  pieces  ; 
fulling,  as  cloth  ;  stamping  on  the  edges,  as  coin  ; 
beating, 

MILL'ING,  71.  The  act  or  employment  of  grinding  or 
pa.ssing  through  a  mill. 

2.  In  coining,  the  act  of  making  raised  impressions 
on  the  edges  of  coin,  or  the  impressions  thus  made. 

Edin.  Encyc. 
3  In  cant  language,  a  beating  with  the  fists. 
MILL'ION,  (mil'yun,)  7?.     [Fr.  million;  It.  miliune ; 
Sp.  millon ;  Port,  milham ;  probably  from  L.  mille,  a 
thousand.] 

1.  The  number  of  ten  hundred  thousand,  or  a 
thousand  thousand.  It  is  used  as  a  noun  or  an  ad- 
jective ;  as,  a  million  of  men,  or  a  million  men.  As 
a  noun,  it  has  a  regular  plural,  millions. 

2.  In  common  usage,  a  very  great  number,  indefi- 
nitely. 

There  are  millions  of  tnilhs  that  men  are  not  conorneil  to 
iinow.  Locke. 

MILL'ION-AIRE,  71.    [Fr.]    A  man  worth  a  million. 

MILL'ION-.A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  millions  ;  consist- 
ing of  millions  ;  as,  the  millionary  chronology  of  the 
Pundits.  Piukerton. 

MILL'ION-ED,  a.  Multiplied  by  millions.  [A'ot 
used.]  Shak. 

MILL'IOXTH,  a.    The  ten  hundred  thousandth. 

MILT,  71.  [Sax.  7iii7£ ;  Dan.  and  D.  7ni7( ;  G.  7711/:  ;  Sw. 
midlte  ;  It.  7iii/:«  ;  probably  so  named  from  its  soft- 
ness, and  allied  to  mild,  mellorc,  melL] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  spleen  ;  a  viscus  situated  in  the 
left  hypochondrium,  under  the  diaphragm. 

2.  Ttie  soft  roe  of  fishes,  or  the  sper.-iiatic  part  of 
the  males.  E:;cyc. 

MILT,  V.  t.  To  impregnate  the  roe  or  spawn  of  the 
female  fish.  Johnson. 

MILT'ER,  71.    A  male  fish.  IValton. 

MILT'WCRT,  71.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Asplenium  ; 
spleen  wort. 

MI.ME,  71.    [See  Mimic.]   Among  the  ancients,  a  kind 
of  farce  or  dramatic  representation  in  v.  nich  real  char- 
acters were  depicted. 
2.  An  actor  in  such  representations. 

MIME,  7'.  i.  To  mimic,  or  play  the  buffoon.  [Ois.] 
[See  .Mimic.] 

Ml.M'ER,  71,    A  mimic.    [Obs.]    [See  Mimic.] 

MI-.Mk'SIS,  it.  [Gr.]  In  rhetoric,  imitation  of  the 
voice  or  gestures  of  another.  Encyc. 

MI.M'E-TENE,  71.  The  mineral  arseniate  of  lead,  oc- 
curring in  pale-yellow  or  brownish  hexagonal  crys- 
tals. 

Mi"-MET''ie-AL,i"-    [^r.  pi.nr.KO,.] 

Imitative  ;  as,  the  mimetic  arts  ;  apt  to  imitate  ;  giv- 
en to  aping  or  mimicry. 
MIM'ie,        la.    [L.  771177111?,  mimicus ;  Gt.  iiiiias,  ni- 
MIM'IC-AL,  i     fiiic'S ;  pintojitti,  to  imitate;  allied 
probably  to  /iw^juj.] 

1.  Imitative;  inclined  to  imitate  or  to  ape  ;  having 
the  practice  or  habit  of  imitating. 


2.  Consisting  of  imitation  ;  as,  711171111;  gestures. 
Mimic  implies  often  something  droll  or  ludicrous, 
or  less  dignified  than  imitative. 
MlM'lC,    ill.    One  who  imitates  or  mimics;  a  buf- 
MIM'ICK,  i     foon  who  attempts  to  excite  laughter  or 
derision  by  acting  or  speaking  in  the  manner  of  an- 
other. Prior. 
2.  A  mean  or  servile  imitator. 

Of  Fnincc  ttic  miinic  uiul  of  Spain  the  prey.  ^non. 
MIM'ie,    )v.L    To  imitate  or  ape  for  sport;  to  at- 
MIM'K-'K,  i    tempt  to  excite  laughter  or  derision  by 
acting  or  speaking  like  another ;  to  ridicule  by  imi- 
tation. 

Tlie  wi\ll(,  tlie  wonlii,  tlie  (fcHUire.  couM  supply, 

Tlw  liiil.il  mimic,  an.l  llie  inini  U-lie,  Dryden. 

MIM'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    In  an  imitative  or  npiii|,' nian- 


PATE,  FAR,  FrtLL,  WHAT.  — MJITE,  PR6V.  — PINK,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


714 


MIN 


MIN 


MIN 


lMl.M'I('K-f7D,  (mim'ikt,)  pp.    Iiiiitateil  for  sport. 
MLM'1(;K  E11,  II.    One  wlui  iiiiiiiics. 
MI.M'IC'K-INU,  ;j;ir.    Iiiiiuuiiig  for  spurt ;  ridiculing 
hy  imitation. 

MI.M'1€-RV,  n.    Ludicrous  imitation  for  sport  or  ridi- 
cule. Spectator. 
MI-MOG'RA-PirEU,  n.    [Gr.  mpos  and  >  pii(/,r,..] 

A  writer  of  farces  or  mimes.  llcrbrrt. 
MI'NA,  M.    [Gr.  uKU  ;  L.  miiia  ;  Ar.  Class  Mn,  No.  5, 

y.  7.]  . 

A  weight  or  denomination  of  moniiy.  The  mina 
of  tlio  Old  Testament  was  valued  at  fifty  sliekels. 
Tile  (ireek  or  Attic  mina  was  valued  at  a  hundied 
drachmas,  more  than  £;t  sterhnj;,  or  $11.  McCuUocli. 
MI-N.A'CIOUS,  (me-nfi'slius,)  a.  [L.  miiiaz,  from  mi- 
nor, to  threaten.] 

Threatenin;; ;  menacing.  Mare. 
MI-\AC'I-TV,  (nic-nas'e-te,)  n.    [L.  minaz.] 
Disposition  to  threaten.    [/Julc  used.] 
5  ,  , 

MIN'A-RET,  K.  [Ar.  8^LiL«  miinaraton,  a  lantern  ; 
W.  mwn,  a  spire.] 

A  slender,  lofty  turret  on  the  mosques  of  Moham- 
medan countries,  rising  by  dillerent  stages  or  stories, 
and  surrounded  hy  one  or  more  projecting  balconies 
from  which  the  people  are  summoned  to  prayer. 

ISrandc.  Owilt. 

IMIN-A-Td'RI-AL-I.V,  adv.    With  threats. 

MI.\'A-TO-RY,  a.    Threatening;  menacing.  Bacon. 

Mli\CE,  (mins,)  r.  t.  [Sa\.  »nin.<iuK,  from  tlie  root  of 
L.  minnn,  to  diminish  ;  W.  main.  Arm.  maim,  Fr.  me- 
Hii,  mince,  Ir.  mi/i,  mion,  small,  fine  ;  Li.  minor,  small- 
er ;  iiiiiinti,  to  ilimiuisli  ;  (ir.  /iu'ews,  small,  slender  ; 
fiit'v'Jo),  lo  diminish;  I,,  ininiitii.i,  minute;  &w.  jnin- 


ska,  to  diminish  ;  Ar.  manna,  to  weaken,  to  di- 

minish.   Class  .Mn,  No.  .5.] 

1.  To  cut  or  chop  into  very  small  pieces;  as,  to 
miner  meal.  Dryden. 

2.  To  diminish  in  speaking  ;  to  retrench,  cut  olf, 
or  omit  a  part  for  the  purpose  of  suppressing  the 
trutli ;  to  e.\tenuate  in  representation. 

1  know  no  way  to  mince  it  in  love,  but  to  sfty  directly,  I  love 

yuii.  i>luUc. 
Siirn,  now  mince  the  sin, 

And  mollify  iliimnmiun  with  n  phmsp.  Dryden. 

11,  to  minee  his  nipanin^,  ]  h.id  cithT  omitt''d  some  pari  of  wlial 
h»  or  tiikPii  from  Ihc  slrcnglh  of  his  rxprrssiDii,  1  cer^ 

Utinly  h;ul  wron^d  him.  Dryden. 

These  —  were  forced  to  mince  the  matter.  Woodward. 

3.  To  speak  with  affected  softness  ;  to  clip  words  ; 
not  t>>  utter  the  full  sound.  Shak. 

4.  To  walk  with  short  or  diminished  steps. 
MINCE,  r.  i.    To  walk  with  short  steps  :  to  walk  with 

affected  nicety;  to  affect  delicacy  in  manner. 
I'll  mm  two  mincing  steps 
Into  a  m.vuly  stride.  SJiak. 
B'jcansc  the  dniighteiv  of  Zion  tire  haughty  —  walking  and 
mincing  as  Uiey  vn,  —  Is,  iii. 

2.  To  speak  softly,  or  with  affected  nicety. 

Dn(iien, 

MIN'CKD,  (rainst,)  pp.  or  a.  Cut  or  chopped  into  very 

small  pieces. 
M  riVPF'-\l  i?  AT  > 

MIN'CED-.MgA'r,  j  <:hopped  very  fine. 

MIN(;E'-PTE,  )  n,  A  pie  made  with  minced 

Ml\'CKO-PIE,(minst-,)  )    meat  and  other  ingredients 

baketl  in  paste.  Spectator. 
MI.N'CING,  ppr.    Cutting  into  sm.all  pieces;  speaking 

or  walking  affectedly. 
Ml.V'Cl.N'G-LY,  a-tv.    In  small  parts  ;  not  fully. 

/looker, 

MIND,  n.  [Sax.  remind,  iremynde;  Ir.  mein,  mian ;  \V. 
mijn,  or  menie,  mind  or  will ;  govijn,  a  demand  ;  Dan. 
mindc,  mind,  vote,  consent ;  miiulcr,  to  remind  ;  !?w. 
miniie,  memory  ;  niiniui.s',  to  remember,  to  call  to 
mind,  as  L.  reminiscor;  L.  meiu;  Or.  ^veia,  mem- 
ory, mention;  /triKiiii,  to  remember;  fici"$,  mind, 
ardor  of  mind,  vehemence  ;  iiifii,  anger  ;  Sans,  man, 
.mana,  minil,  will,  heart,  thought ;  Zend-  meno.  Mind 
signifie'4  properly  intention,  a  reaching  or  inclining 
forward  to  an  object,  from  the  primary  sense  of  ex- 
tending, stretching,  or  inclining,  or  advancing  eager- 
ly, pushing  or  setting  forward,  whence  the  Greek 
sense  of  the  word,  in  analogy  with  the  Teutonic 
mod,  moed,  mulh,  mind,  courage,  spirit,  mettle.  So 
L.  aiiimiu,  animosus.  The  Russ.  has  pnminniju,  to 
mention,  to  remember  ;  pomin,  remembrance,  and 
umenie,  or  umeinie,  understanding,  (ill.  Minos,  Menu, 
Menes,  Mentor.    Class  Mn,  No.  1,  9.] 

1.  Intention ;  purpose  ;  design. 

Tlw  sacrifice  of  the  wicked  is  alwniinntlon  ;  how  much  more, 
when  he  bringeth  il  with  a  wicked  jmnd  I  —  Pror.  xxi. 

2.  Inclination  ;  will ;  desire  ;  a  sen.ie  much  iisrrf,  but 
expressing  less  than  settled  purpose;  as  in  the  common 

hrascs, '■  (  wish  to  know  your  mind:"  "Let  me 
now  your  mind  :"  "  He  had  a  minii  to  go  ;"  "  He 
has  a  partner  to  his  mind." 

3.  Opinion  ;  as,  to  express  one's  mind.  We  are  of 
one  mind. 

4.  Memory  ;  remembrance  ;  as,  to  put  one  in  mind  i 
to  call  to  mind;  the  fact  is  out  of  my  minii;  time  out 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— 


oTmind.  From  the  o|)eratioiis  of  the  intellect  in  man, 
this  H  t)rd  came  to  signify, 

5.  The  intellectual  or  intellii;ent  power  in  man  ; 
the  understanding ;  the  power  that  conceives,  judges, 
or  reasons. 

1  fear  I  am  not  in  my  perfect  mind.  Shak. 

So  wo  spt^ak  of  a  sound  niinrf,  a  disordered  mind, 
n  weak  niiKt^,  a  strong  mind,  with  reference  to  the  ac- 
tive powers  of  the  understanding  ;  and  in  a  passive 
sense,  it  denotes  capacity,  as  when  we  say,  the  mind 
can  not  comprehend  a  subject. 

ti.  The  heart  or  seat  of  affection. 

Wliictj  were  a  grief  of  jnii\tl  to  Isatic  and  Robekah.  — Gen.  xxvi. 

7.  'J'hc  will  and  affection ;  as,  readiness  of  inind. 
jJcfj-  xvii. 

8.  The  implanteil  principle  of  grace.    Rom.  vii. 
MINI),  V.  t.    'i'o  attend  to ;  to  fix  the  thoughUi  on  ;  to 

regard  with  attention. 

Oiise  to  rt^iiiest  me  ;  let  us  mirvf  our  way.  DryiUn. 
Nind  nut  high  Uliiigs.  —  Rom.  xii. 

2.  To  attend  to  or  regard  with  submission  ;  to  obey. 
Ills  father  told  him  to  desist,  but  he  would  not  mind 
him. 

3.  To  put  in  mind  ;  to  remind.    lObs.]  Locke. 

4.  To  intenil ;  to  mean.  Chapman. 
MIND,  V.  i.   To  be  inclined,  or  disposed  to  incline. 

When  otic  of  litem  nundelh  lo      itito  rebellion.  [Obs.] 

iipenser. 

MIND'ED,  a.    Disposed  ;  inclined. 

If  men  were  minrled  to  live  virutonsty.  Tillotson. 
Joseph  was  miniled  to  put  her  away  privily,  —  Malt,  i. 

Minded  is  much  used  in  composition  ;  as,  high- 
minded  ;  \o\\'-minded  ;  feeble-mi/ii/tt/ ,*  sober-niindct/ ; 
{^^^\\\\W-minded. 

MT.N'D'ED-NESS,  n.  Disposition;  inclination  toward 
any  thing  ;  as,  heavenlv  mindrdness.  Milner. 

MI.N'D'-FILL-ING,  a.    Filling  the  mind.  Mitford. 

MIND'FIJL,  n.  Attentive  ;  regariling  with  care  ;  bear- 
ing in  mind  ;  lieedful ;  observant. 

I  promise  to  I*  mindful  of  your  admonitions.  Hammond. 
VVhal  is  nun,  lhal  llion  art  mindful  al  hiin  f  —  Ps.  vii. 

MTND'FIJL-LY,  adv.    Attentively;  heedftilly. 
MI.N'D'F.iJL-NESS,  n.    Attention  ;  regard  ;  hecdful- 
II  ess. 

MTND'ING,  p/ir.    Regarding;  heeding. 
MINU'ING,  n.  Regard. 

MIND'LESS,  a.  Inattentive;  heedless;  forgetful; 
negligent ;  careless. 

Cursed  Athens,  mindless  of  tliy  worth.  Slidk. 

2.  Not  endueii  with  mind  or  intellectual  powers  ; 
as,  mindle.-is  bodies.  Davies. 

3,  Stupid  ;  unthinking  ;  as,  a  mindless  slave, 

Shak. 

MTND'-STRICK-£N,  a.    Moved  ;  affected  in  mind. 

iJVnt  useri.]  Sidnnj. 
NE,  a.  called  sometimes  a  pronominal  adj.  [Sax. 
mill ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  min  ;  Goth,  mcins ;  Fr.  moji ;  D. 
myn  ;  G.  meiu,  contracted  from  miiren  ;  for  me,  in 
Gothic,  is  mik,  Dan.  mitr»  G.  mick,  I'he  L.  vicus,  and 
Russ.  moi,  are  also  contracted.] 

My  ;  belonging  to  me.  It  was  formerly  used  be- 
fore nouns  beginning  with  vowels.  "  I  kept  myself 
from  mine  iniquity."  Ps.  xviii.  Hut  this  use  is  no 
longer  retained.  We  now  use  my  before  a  vowel  as 
well  as  before  an  articulation  ;  as,  my  iniquity.  In 
present  usage,  my  always  precedes  the  noun,  and 
rni'iic  follows  the  noun,  and  usually  the  verb  ;  as, 
this  is  my  hook;  this  book  is  mine ,'  it  is  called  my 
book  ;  the  book  is  called  mine ;  it  is  acknowledged  to 
be  mine. 

jUine  sometimes  supplies  the  place  of  a  noun. 
Your  sword  and  mine  are  different  in  construction. 
MINE,  n.  [Fr.  mine,  a  mine  or  ore,  when<:e  mineral; 
It.  mina,  minicra:  Sp.  mina,  a  mine,  a  conduit,  a 
subterraneous  canal,  a  spring  or  source  of  water; 
Port.  id. ;  Ir.  men,  mianach ;  Dan.  and  G.  mine ;  Sw. 
mina  ;  D.  myn  ;  W.  mjrn,  whence  mwnai,  money  ; 
Arm.  min.    The  radical  signilicaiion  is  not  obvious.] 

1.  .\  pit  or  excavation  in  the  earth,  from  which 
metallic  ores  or  other  mineral  substances  are  taken 
by  digging.  The  pits  from  which  stones  only  are 
taken  are  called  quarries. 

2.  Ill  tAf  military  art,  a  subterraneous  canal  or  pas- 
sase  dug  under  the  wall  or  rampart  of  a  fortilication, 
where  a  quantity  of  powder  m.ay  be  lodged  for  blow- 
ing up  the  works. 

3.  A  rich  source  of  wealth  or  other  good. 
MINE,  D.  i.   To  dig  a  mine  or  pit  in  the  earth. 

fyoodtoard, 

2.  To  form  a  subterraneous  canal  or  hole  by 
scratching;  to  form  a  burrow  or  lodge  in  the  earth, 
as  animals  ;  as,  the  minin/r  coney.  Wotton. 

3.  To  practice  secret  means  of  injury. 

MT.N'E,  r.  f.  To  sap;  to  undermine;  to  dig  away,  or 
otherwise  remove  the  substratum  or  foundation  ; 
hence,  to  ruin  or  destroy  by  slow  degrees  or  secret 
means. 

They  mined  the  walla.  Hayirard. 

In  a  metaphttrical  sense,  Under-mine  is  generally 
used. 

MI.\E'-DI(;-(:F,R,  n.    One  that  digs  mines. 


MTN'ER,  n.  One  that  digs  for  metals  and  other  min- 
erals, 

2.  One  who  digs  canals  or  passages  under  the 
walls  of  a  fort,  &c  Armies  have  sa|i]iers  and 
miners. 

MIN'Ell-AL,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  mineral;  Low  L.  mi- 
Tirrn,  a  matrix  or  vein  of  metals,  whence  mincralia; 
all  from  mine.] 

Any  natural  production  formed  by  the  action  of 
chemical  ntlinities,  and  organi/.ed,  when  bertmiing 
solitl,  by  the  powers  of  crystallization.  Dana. 

Minerals  were  formerly  divided  into  saJts,  earths, 
inflnmmnliles,  anil  ores ;  a  division  which  serves  for  a 
general  distribution  :  but  a  mere  scientific  arrange- 
ment into  classes,  orders,  frcnera,  species,  subspecies, 
and  varieties,  has  been  adopted  to  meet  the  more  pre- 
cise views  of  modern  mineralogists. 
MIN'ER-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  niineraU;  consisting  of 
niiner.als  ;  as,  the  mineral  kingdom. 

2.  Impregnated  with  minerals ;  as,  mineral  waters ; 
a  mineral  spring. 
MIN'ER-AL-IST,  n.     One  versed  or  employed  in 
minerals. 

MIN-ER-AL-I-7,.^'TION,  n.    [See  MiNr.KALiiE.] 

1.  The  process  of  forming  an  ore  by  combination 
with  another  substance;  the  natural  operation  of 
uniting  a  metallic  substance  with  another. 

2.  The  process  of  converting  into  a  luineral,  as  a 
bone  or  a  plant. 

3.  The  act  of  impregnating  with  a  mineral,  as 
water. 

MIN'ER-.AL-IZE,  ».  t.  [from  mineraW]  In  mineral- 
o!^y,  to  combine  with  a  metal  in  forming  an  ore  or 
mineral.    Sulphur  mineralizes  many  of  the  metals. 

2.  'I'o  convert  into  a  mineral. 

In  lliese  civerns,  the  biiiies  arx:  nol  mineralized.  Buckland. 

3.  To  impregnate  with  a  mineral  substance ;  as,  to 
mineralize  HTiter. 

MIN'ER-AL-I/.E,  r.  i.  To  go  on  an  excursion  for  ob- 
serving and  collecting  minerals.    [Recent.]  Dana. 

MIN^'ER-AL  I/.-AI),  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  its  usual 
properties  by  being  combined  with  another  substance 
or  ftirmed  into  an  ore ;  as,  metallic  substances  are 
mineralized. 

2.  Convertffd  into  a  mineral. 

3.  Impregnated  with  a  mineral. 
MIN'ER-.VL-lZ-ER,  n.    A  substance  which  mineral- 
izes another  or  combines  with  it  in  an  ore,  and  thus 
deprives  it  of  its  usual  and  peculiar  projierties.  Sul- 
phur is  one  of  the  most  ctiinnion  niincralizers. 

J^ieholson. 

MIN'ER-AL-TZ-ING,  ppr.    Combining  with  a  metal 

and  forming  an  ore. 

2.  Going  on  an  excursion  for  minerals. 
MIN'ER-AL-IZ-l.\t;,  a.    Adapted  to  combine  with  a 

metal  in  forming  an  ore. 
MIN  ER-AL-OCi'ie-AL,  a.    [See  Mineraloov.]  Per- 

taiiiinst  to  tlie  science  of  minerals  ;  as,  a  mineralog- 

icnl  table. 

MIN-ER-AL-OG'ie-AL-LV,  adv.    In  mineralogy. 

PhUiips. 

MIN-ER-AL'O-GIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  the 
science  of  minerals,  or  one  who  treats  or  discourses 
of  the  properties  of  mineral  bodies. 

MIN-ER-AL'(J-OY,  n.  [mineral,  and  Gr.  Xo)05,  dis- 
course.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  properties  of  min- 
eral substances,  and  teaches  us  to  characterize,  dis- 
tinguish, and  class  them  according  to  their  proper- 
ties. It  comprehends  the  study  or  science  of  all  in- 
organic substances  in  the  earth  or  on  its  surface. 

Encyc.  Cyc. 

MI-NER'VA,  71.  [L.]  In  mythology,  the  "goddess  of 
wistlnin,  of  war,  and  of  the  liberal  arts. 

MI.N'E-VER,  n.  An  animal,  said  by  Forby  to  be  the 
ermine,  or  his  skin  ;  white  fur  with  specks  of  black. 

MIN"GI.E,  (ming'gl,)  r.  t.  [.Sax.  mcnsan  or  mencirnn  ; 
G.  anil  D.  mengen.  This  word  seems  to  be  a  deriva- 
tive from  G.  menire,  Sax.  menijrn,  a  multitude,  or  from 
the  same  root.  Hence,  anion^r  signifies  mingled,  or  in 
the  crowd.] 

1.  To  mix  ;  to  blend  ;  to  unite  in  one  body  j  as,  to 
minirle  liqtiors  of  dillerent  kintt.s. 

2.  To  mix  or  blend  without  order,  or  promiscu- 
ously. 

There  was  f\n  mingled  with  hail.  —  Ex,  ix. 

3.  To  compound  ;  to  unite  in  a  mass,  as  solid  sub- 
stances ;  as,  to  min^rle  Hour,  sugar,  and  eggs  in  cook- 
ery. 

To  join  in  mutual  intercourse  or  in  society. 

The  holy  s<-ed  have  mingled  tlietnsclves  wiUi  the  people  of  those 
lands.  —  KjLra  ix,    Ps.  cvi. 

5.  To  contaminate ;  lo  render  impure  ;  to  debase 
by  mixture. 

The  td-st  of  lis  appear  coutentetl  with  a  mingled,  l!nperl''cl  vtitue. 

Kogtre. 

6,  To  confuse. 

There  ndngJe  broils.  Milton 
MIN"GLF,,  r.  i.   To  be  nii.xed  ;  to  be  united  with. 
She,  when  she  saw  l»er  sister  nymplis,  snppresacil 
II»-r  rising  f.Mni,  anil  mingled  with  the  n-»u  Addison. 

MIN"GI,E,  (ming'gl,)  n.  .Mixture;  medley;  promta- 
cuous  mass.    [-Vo(  used.]  Drydem, 

I 

I 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


MIN 

MIN"GLKD,  (ming'gid,)  pp.  or  a.     Mixed  ;  united 

promisciioMslv. 
ML\""GLKD-LV,  aJf.    Confusedly.  BarreL 
MI.\"OLE-MAN"GLE,  n.     A  '  medley  ;  a  hotch- 

pdtrli.  Hooker. 
MI.\"GLE-MENT,  (ining'gl-,)  ju    Act  of  mingling ; 

stTite  of  being  mixed. 
MI.\"GLER,  Ji.    One  that  mingles. 
Jll. \"(;  LI . \G,  ppr.    Mixing;  uniting  without  order 
MI\"(;L[NG-Ly,  ado.  Unitingly. 
MIN'IARD,  (min'yard,)  a.    [Fr.  miVnord.] 

Piift ;  dajnty.  "  [Little  used.] 
M[\'IARD-IZE,  V.  t.    To  render  soft,  delicate,  or 

daintv.  Howell. 
MI.N'IARD-IZ  £3),  pp.    Rendered  delicate. 
MIN'I-.aTE,  v.  t.    [It.  miniarCj  from  viinio,  L.  mmmm, 

red  lead  or  vermilion.] 
To  paint  or  tinge  witli  red  lead  or  vermilion. 

IVarton. 

MI.V'I-A-TED,  pp.    Painted  or  tinged  with  minium, 

red  lead,  or  vermiliun. 
MIN'IA-TURE,  finin'e-   or  min'e-a-)  n.     [It.  and 

Sp.  miniatura,  from   It.  miniare,  supra  ;  Fr.  miino- 

ture.] 

1.  .\  paintini  in  water  colors  on  vellum,  ivory,  or 
paper,  with  points  or  dots  i  srnnelinies  in  oil  colors. 
'I'lie  term  is  usually  applied  to  jiortraits  painted  on 
a  very  small  scale,  and  is  hence  used  adjectively,  to 
denote  very  small. 

2.  .\  picture  or  representation  in  a  small  compass, 
or  less  than  the  reality.  Encyc. 

X  Red  letter  ;  rubric  distinction.  Hickes. 
MIN'I.\-TURE,  (min'e-  or  min'e-a-)  a.    On  a  small 

scale  ;  as,  miniature  representation. 
MI.V'I-KIN,  a.    [Qu.  VV.  main,  small,  and  kin.] 
Small  ;  diminutive  ;  iLsrd  in  .ili^ht  contempt. 
MIN'I  KIN,  H.    A  small  sort  of  pins. 

9.  A  darling  ;  a  favorite.    [See  MiNior*.] 
MIN'IM,  n.     [W.  main,  small,  whence  L.  minimus. 
See  .Mince.]  Literally,  something  exceedingly  small. 
Hence, 

1.  A  little  man  or  being;  a  dwarf.  Milton. 

2.  One  of  a  certain  reformed  order  of  Franciscans 
or  Minimi.  IVrcrer. 

3.  A  note  in  music,  equal  to  half  a  .semibreve  or 
two  crotchets. 

4.  .\  short  poetical  encomium.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

5.  A  small  fish  ;  a  minnow.    [Local.]  Johnson. 

6.  The  smallest  liquid  measure  ;  a  single  drop. 

Brande. 

MIX'I-MENT,  71.   [(mm  muniment.]  Proof ;  testimony. 

Spenser. 

MIN'I-MUM,  71.  [L.]  The  least  quantity  assignable  in 

a  civeu  case,  Encyc. 
MIN'I-MUS,  7U    [L.l    A  being  of  the  smallest  size. 

Skak. 

MIX'ING,  p;7r.  Digging  into  the  earth,  as  for  fossils 
and  minerals  ;  sapping. 

2.  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  connected  with,  the  busi- 
ness of  digging  mines;  as,  the  mining  districts  of 
Siberia.  Sparks. 

MIN'ING,  71.  The  act  or  employment  of  digging 
mines. 

MIN'ION,  (min'yun,)  a.  Fine;  trim;  dainty.  [JVot 
used.] 

MIN'ION,  (min'yun,)  n.  [Tr.mi^non;  It.  mignone ; 
a  darling  ;  from  VV.  main,  Fr.  menu,  small ;  \V.  mwyn, 
tender,  gentle.] 

A  favorite  ;  a  darling;  particularly,  the  favorite  of 
a  prince,  on  whom  he  lavishes  his  favors  ;  one  who 
gains  favors  by  flattery  or  mean  adulation. 

Edward  B.'nt  fin  anny  into  Iretind,  not  for  conquest,  but  lo 
guani  thf:  person  of  Itis  minion,  Pieri  Uuveslou.  Daoies. 
Tlie  drowsy  tyntnl  by  his  minions  led.  Suoifi. 

MIN'IO.V,  (min'yun,)  n.  [VV.  main,  Fr.  menu,  small ; 
L.  minor.    .See  Mince.] 

A  small  kind  of  printing  types,  in  size  between 
brevier  and  nonpareil. 
MIN'ION-ING,  (min'yun-,)  n.    Kind  treatment. 

Marslon. 

iMIN'lON-SIIIP,  V.  State  of  bcins  a  minion. 
MIN'JOIJS,  (iniii'yust,)  «.    [from  L.  minium.] 

Of  the  color  of  red  lead  or  vermilion.  Brown. 
MliN'ISH,  V.  t.    [L,  minuo,  to  lessen.] 

To  Ic^Hcn  ;  to  diminish.    [Obs.]  [See  Diminish.] 

MIN'IS-TKK,   n.     [L.  j   probal.Iy  from   ^r.  ^^^^ 

mahnna^  lo  Bervn,  wail,  attr-nd,  Class  Mn,  ino.  2, 
and  S;ix.  Ktr.orr^  Iiidm,  direction  ;  .ttroran,  to  .stcrr.] 

1.  Proftrrhf,  a  chief  m^rvant ;  hf.Micc,  a!i  airrnt  aj)- 
pointed  to  transact  or  manage  business  under  the  au- 
thority of  another  ;  in  which  nense  it  is  a  word  of  very 
tztenjiive  ajtplication. 

Mo»^»  rt)v  lip,  nn<l  liii  minitUr  Joihna.  —  Exo<l.  xxW. 

2.  One  to  whom  a  king  or  prince  intnii^ts  the  di- 
rection of  nffairH  of  stale  j  aw,  minisler  of  stale  ;  the 
prniie  mknistrr.  In  modrrn  fforcrnmrnfjtj  the  secrt^ta- 
rieH  or  headM  of  iheHeveral  nepaitmenl-s  or  brancheH 
of  government,  are  the  ininistcrs  of  the  cliicf  ma|;iit- 
trate. 


WIN 

3.  A  magistrate  ;  an  executive  officer. 
For  he  is  the  minister  of  God  to  thee  for  gooil.  —  Rom.  siii, 
4  A  delegate ;  an  embassador ;  the  represent,ative 
of  a  sovereign  or  government  at  a  foreign  court ;  usu- 
ally such  as  is  resident  at  a  foreign  court,  but  not  re- 
stricted to  such. 

5.  One  who  serves  at  the  altar ;  one  who  performs 
sacerdotal  duties  ;  the  pastor  of  a  church  duly  au- 
thorized or  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  and  admin- 
ister the  sacraments.    Epli.  iii. 

6.  Christ  is  called  a  minister  of  the  sanctuary. 
Hcb.  viii. 

7.  An  angel ;  a  messenger  of  God. 

Wlio  makelh  liis  anjL-ls  spirits,  his  ministers  a  flaming  fire. — 
Ps.  civ. 

MINTS-TER,  r.  t.    [L.  TTiinisfT-o.] 
To  give  ;  to  afford  ;  to  supply. 

lie  that  minis(€re£A  seed  to  the  sower.  — 2  Cor.  ix. 
Tli.il  it  ni.ay  minuter  gr.ice  tu  the  hearers.  —  Kj.h.  iv. 

MIN'IS-TER,  V.  i.  To  attend  and  serve  ;  to  perform 
service  in  any  office,  sacred  or  secular. 

I  will  sanctify  also  both  Aaroa  and  his  sons,  to  minister  to  me  in 
tlie  priest's  otfice.  —  Ex.  xxix. 

2.  To  afford  supplies  ;  to  give  things  needful ;  to 
supply  the  means  of  relief;  to  relieve. 

Wlien  saw  we  thee  hiin^y,  or  thirsty,  or  a  stran^r,  or  naked, 
or  sick,  or  in  prison,  and  did  not  minister  lo  thee  ?  —  Matt. 

XXV. 

3.  To  give  medicines. 

Canst  thou  not  minisleT^  to  a  mind  diseased  i  Sliai. 
[In  this  sense  we  commonly  use  Administer.] 
MIHTIS-TER-KD,  pp.    Served  ;  afforded  ;  supplied. 
MIN-IS-Te'R[-AL,  a.    Attending  for  service ;  atten- 
dant ;  acting  at  command. 

Ehlightening  spirits  and  ministerial  flames.  Prior. 

2.  Acting  under  superior  authority ;  pertaining  to 
a  minister. 

For  the  ministerial  offices  in  court,  there  must  be  an  eye  to  them. 

Bacon. 

3.  Pertaining  to  executive  offices,  as  distinct  from 
judicial.  The  office  and  acts  of  a  sheriff  are  77ii7iiste- 
rial. 

4.  Sacerdotal  ;  pertaining  to  ministers  of  the  gos- 
pel ;  as,  ministerial  garments ;  ministerial  duties. 

Genuine  ministerial  prudence  keeps  back  no  important  tnith, 
listens  to  no  compromise  with  sm,  connives  at  no  fasliionable 
vice,  cringes  before  no  lordly  worldling.     H.  Humpltrey. 

5.  Pertaining  to  ministers  of  state  ;  as,  ministerial 
circles  ;  ministerial  benches.  Burke. 

MIN-IS-Te'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  ministeri.-il  manner 
or  character.  IVaterland. 

MIN'IS-TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Attending  and  serving 
as  a  subordinate  agent ;  serving  under  superior  au- 
thority.   Hcb.  i. 
2.  Affording  aid  or  supplies ;  administering  things 

MIN'IS-TER-Y.    See  Ministry.  fneedful. 

MIN'IS-TRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  minister!  [Little 
used.]  Johnson. 

MIN'IS-TRANT,  a.    Performing  service  as  a  minis- 
ter; attendance  on  service  ;  acting  under  command. 
Princedoms  and  doininations  minislrant.  Milton. 

MIN-IS-TRa'TION,  n.    [L.  »ni7ii.s(ratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  performing  service  as  a  subordinate 
agent ;  agency  ;  intervention  for  aid  or  service. 

Beciiuse  their  widows  were  neglected  ia  the  daily  TTUnufmfions. 
—  Acts  vi. 

2.  Office  of  a  minister ;  service ;  ecclesiastical 
function. 

As  soon  as  the  days  of  liis  mimslrttlion  were  ended. — Luke  i. 
MIN'IS-TRESS,  71.   A  female  that  ministers. 

Menside. 

MIN'IS-TRY,  71.    [L.  jni7iw«o-;iiJ7i.J 

1.  The  office,  duties,  or  functions  of  a  subordinate 
agent  of  any  kind. 

2.  Agency;  service;  aid;  interposition;  instru- 
mentality. 

He  directs  the  ntfairs  of  tliis  world  by  the  ordinary  ministry  of 
second  causes.  Atl£rliury. 

3.  Ecclesiastical  function  or  profession  ;  agency  or 
service  of  a  minister  of  the  gospel  or  clergymen  in 
the  moilern  church,  or  of  priests,  apostles,  and  evan- 
gelists in  the  ancient.  Jicts  i.  Rom.  xii.  2  Tim.  iv. 
JVum.  iv.    Also,  the  clergy,  taken  collectively. 

4.  Time  of  ministnition  ;  duration  of  the  office  of 
n  minister,  civil  or  ecclesi.astical.  The  war  with 
France  was  during  the  ministry  of  Pitt. 

5.  Persons  who  compose  the  executive  government 
or  the  council  of  a  supreme  magi.strate  ;  the  body  of 
ministers  of  state.  Swift. 

6.  Business ;  employment. 

lie  abhorred  Uie  wicked  T7iim«Iry  of  arms.  Dryden. 

MIN'IS-TRV-SIIIP,  for  Ministry,  is  little  used,  .ind 
hardly  proper.  Sic(fl. 

MIN'l-UW, 71.  [L.]  Lead,  exposed  to  air  while  melt- 
ing, is  covcrtMi  with  a  gray,  dusky  pellicle.  This, 
taken  olfnnd  agitated,  becomes  a  grei^nisli-gray  ptiw- 
dcr,  inclining  lo  yellow.  This  oxyd,  separated  by 
8il\ing  from  the  grams  of  load  which  it  contains, and 
exposed  to  a  more  intense  heat,  takes  a  deep  yellow 


MIN 

color,  and  in  this  state  it  is  called  massicot.  The  lat- 
ter, slowly  heated,  takes  a  beautiful  red  color,  and  is 
called  minium.  It  is  a  salt  composed  of  two  equiv- 
alents of  protoxyd  of  lead,  with  one  equivalent  of 
the  dentoxyd.  Fonrcroy. 

MINK,  71.  An  -American  and  European  quadruped  of 
the  weasel  tribe,  that  burrows  in  the  e.arth  on  the 
side  of  a  river  or  pond,  whose  fur  is  more  valuable 
than  that  of  the  miiskrat.  It  is  the  Jlustela  Lutre- 
ola,  (Linn.)  and  the  Putorius  Lutreola,  (Cuv.)  It  is 
very  often  called  Minx.  Belknap. 

MIN'NOCK,  used  by  Shakspeare,  is  supposed  by  John- 
son to  be  tlie  same  as  Minx.    [Qu.  77itmici.] 

MIN'NoVV,  )      r„  ,,  , 

MLN'OVV,    (  "•  small.] 

A  name  applied  to  several  species  of  very  small 
fresh-water  fish,  and  even  to  the  young  of  larger 
kinds.  The  minnow  of  England,  from  which  the 
term  is  derived,  is  a  species  of  tile  Cyprinus  of  Lin- 
nieus,  Leuciscus  pho.viiuis  of  Cuvier. 

Encyc.  Jlmer.    P.  Cyc. 

MI'NOR,  a.  [L. ;  the  comparative  degree  of  a  word 
not  found  in  that  language,  but  existing  in  the  Cel- 
tic dialects,  VV.  main,  .\im.  moan,  Ir.  7;i/»,  7711071,  the 
root  of  L.  TJiiiiuo,  to  diminish.    See  Mince.] 

1.  Less;  smaller;  sometimes  applied  to  the  bulk 
or  magnitude  of  a  single  object;  7iiore  generally,  to 
amount,  degree,  or  importance.  We  say,  the  minor 
divisions  of  a  body,  the  minor  part  of  a  body  ;  op- 
posed to  the  major  part.  We  say,  minor  sums,  7711- 
nor  faults,  minor  considerations,  minor  details  or  ar- 
guments In  the  latter  phrases,  minor  is  equivalent 
to  small,  petty,  inconsiderable,  not  principal,  impor- 
tant, or  weighty. 

2.  In  miLiic,  less  or  lower  by  a  lesser  semitone  ;  as, 
a  third  minor  Encyc. 

Minor  key,  in  music,  is  that  key,  or  arrangement  of 
tones  and  semitones,  which  is  chiefly  used  for  sol- 
emn and  mournful  subjects. 

The  minor  term  of  a  syllogism  is  that  one  which 
forms  the  subject  of  the  conclusion. 

.Ssia  Minor ;  the  Lesser  Asia,  that  part  of  Asia 
which  lies  between  the  Euxine  or  Black  Sea  on  the 
north,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the  south. 
Ml'NOIl,7i.  A  person  of  either  sex  under  age;  one 
who  is  under  the  authority  of  his  parents  or  guard- 
ians, or  who  is  not  permitted  by  law  to  make  con- 
tracts and  manage  his  own  property.  By  the  laws  of 
Great  Britain  and  of  the  Un.ted  States,  persons  are 
minors  till  they  are  twenty-one  years  of  age. 

2.  In  loiric,  that  premise  ivhich  contains  the  minor 
term  ;  it  is  the  second  proposition  of  a  regular  syl- 
logism, as  in  the  following  :  — 

livery  act  of  injustice  partakes  of  meanness. 

To  take  money  from  another  by  gaming,  or  repu- 
tation by  seduction,  are  acts  of  injustice. 

Therefore  the  taking  of  money  from  another  by 
gaming,  or  reputation  by  seduction,  partakes  of 
meanness. 

In  hypothetical  syllogisms,  the  categorical  premise  is 
the  minor  term. 

3.  A  Minorite,  a  Franciscan  friar. 
MT'NOR-aTE,  f.  t.    To  diminish.    [J^'^ot  used.] 
MI-NOR-a'TION,  71.    A  lessening;  diminution. 
Ml'NOR-ITE,  71.    A  Franciscan  IViar. 
MI-NOll'I-TV,  71.    [Fr.  minorite,  from  L.  TTiinor.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  under  age.    [See  Minor.] 

2.  The  smaller  number  ;  as^  the  minority  of  the 
senate  or  house  of  representatives  ;  opposed  to  Ma- 
jority. We  say,  the  minority  was  large  or  small  ; 
A.  B.  was  in  the  minority  ;  the  minority  must  be  rilled 

MI'NOS,  71.    [Gr.  MiKuj.]  [by  the  majority. 

In  cla.tsical  mytholorry,  a  celebrated  lawgiver,  the 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Eiiropa,  and  king  of  Crete.  He 
was  so  celebrated  for  his  justice  on  earth,  that  after 
his  death  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  infernal 
regions. 

MIN'O-TAUR,  n.     [Fr.  minotaure  ;   It.  minolauro  ; 
L.  minot'aurus ;  from  711071,  which  mu.st  have  been  in 
early  ages  a  Latin  word,  and  taurus,  a  bull.] 
a' fabled  monster,  half  man  and  half  bull. 

Ovid.    Virgil.  Shah. 
MIN'STER,  71.    [Sa.x.  minstre,  or  mynstcr.   See  Mon- 
astkry.] 

The  churrh  of  a  mona.stery,  or  one  to  which  a 
mon.istery  has  been  attached ;  sometimes,  a  cathedral 
church.  Oloss.  of  Archil. 

MIN'STREL,  n.  [Fr.  menttricr,  for  menestricr ;  Sp. 
ministril,  a  minstrel,  and  a  tipstaff,  or  petty  officer  of 
justice;  Port,  menestral ;  perhaps  a  derivative  from 
meucar,  to  move,  stir,  wag,  wield.  If  so,  the  word 
originally  signified  a  performer  on  n  musical  instru- 
ment, who  accimipanied  his  performances  with  ges- 
tures, like  the  hislrio  and  ji<cii/(i/or.] 

A  name  given  to  an  order  of  men,  in  the  middle 
ages,  who  subsisted  by  the  arts  of  poetry  and  music, 
and  sang  to  llio  harp  verses  composed  by  themselves 
or  others.  Their  attendance  was  sought  and  their 
performances  lavishly  rewarded  by  princes.  It  was 
in  the  character  of  a  minstrel  that  King  Alfred  en- 
tered the  camp  of  the  Dunes,  his  enemies,  and  explored 
their  siliialion.  Brande. 

MIN'STRELSV,  n.  The  arts  and  occupation,  of  min- 
strels; instruniciitnl  music. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T  MRTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


716 


MIN 

2  A  number  of  musicians. 

The  mimtrelsy  of  heaven.  Milton. 

MINT,  71.  [i'ax.  mynct,  money,  or  stamped  coin-;  D. 
7«i(«(,  mint,  coin  ;  (!.  rniinie  ;  Svv.  myiit ;  Dan.  mijr.ilt, 
coin.  This  word  is  doubtless  a  derivative  from 
viinc,  or  Ij.  monetae  from  tile  same  root.] 

1.  Tlic  place  where  money  is  coined  by  public 
authority.  In  Great  Britain,  formerly,  there  w  as  a 
jniiit  in  almost  every  county  ;  but  the  privilege  of 
coiniuR  is  now  considered  as  a  royal  prerogative  in 
that  country,  and  as  the  preroEativc  of  the  sovereign 
power  in  oilier  countries.  The  only  mint  now  in 
Great  Ilritain  is  in  the  Tower  of  I,ondon.  Tlie  first 
mint  in  the  United  States  was  in  IMiiladelphia. 

'J.  .\  place  of  invention  or  fabrication;  .a«,  a  mint 
of  |)hrases  ;  a  iniHi  of  calumny.      Ultak.  .Addison. 

3.  A  source  of  abundant  supply. 
MI.NT,  ii.  (.    [Sax.  viynrtiun.] 

1.  To  coin;  to  iniike  anil  stamp  money.  Bacon. 

2.  To  iiivi  nt ;  to  forge  ;  to  fabricate.  Bacim. 
MINT,  71.    [Sax.  7jiin( ;  Sw.  inijnta  ;  Dan.  mynir  ;  fl. 

vvimc,  \t.  mentliit :  It.  and  Sp.  mi  nta  ;  Fr.  vinitc ;  D. 
kriiistnunt,  crossiiiint ;  Ir.  viiontiis  ;  Arm.  mcndt  or 
vtintys.] 

An  aromatic  plant  of  the  genus  Mentha,  of  various 
species,  producing  by  distillation  a  highly  odorifer- 
ous and  pungent  essential  oil. 
MINT' AGE,  K.    That  which  is  coined  or  stamped. 

MUton. 

9.  The  duty  paid  for  coining. 

MINT'^O'LEl',  n.  A  drink  consisting  of  brandy, 
sugar,  and  pounded  ice,  llavorcd  with  sprigs  of 
mint.  [.America,] 

MINT'fTD,  pp.  Coined. 

IMIiN'T'ER,  H.    .>\  coiner  ;  also,  an  inventor. 

IMINT'INO,  ppr.    Coining  money. 

MI.NT'MAN,  II.  A  coiner;  one  skilled  in  coining  or 
in  coins. 

MI.NT'-M.\S-TER,  71.    The  master  or  superintendent 
of  a  mint.  Boyle. 
2.  One  who  invents  or  fabricates.  Locke. 
MIN'U-E.\I),  71.    [L.  minuendiis,  minuo,  to  lessen.] 
In  arithmetic,  the  number  from  which  another 
number  is  to  be  subtracted. 
MIN'II-ET,  71.    [Sp.  7iiin«f/o  ;  Fr.  7ncnuci,  from  tkctiu, 
small,  \V.  main.    See  Mince.] 

1.  A  slow,  graceful  dance,  consisting  of  a  coupee, 
a  high  step,  and  a  balance.  Eneyc. 

2.  A  tune  or  air  to  regulate  the  movements  in  the 
dance  so  called  ;  a  movement  of  three  crotchets  or 
three  quavers  in  a  bar. 

MIN'U.M,  H.    [from  W.  main,  Fr.  menu,  small.  See 

Ml  XCE.] 

1.  A  small  kind  of  printing  types;  now  written 
Minion 

2.  A  note  of  slow  time,  containing  two  crotchets; 
now  written  Minim,  which  see. 

m'NUS,  [L.]  Less.  In  a/o-,-4r<i,  the  sign  (  —  ),  de- 
noting miiiiw, orless,  is  prehxed  to  negative  quantities 
or  quantities  to  be  sublr.ictcd. 

MI-NOTE',  a,  [L.  77ii;iutu^',*  Fr.  mfnii,  \V.  mam,  small. 
See  Mince.] 

1.  Very  small,  little,  or  slender ;  of  very  small 
bulk  or  size  ;  small  in  consequence  ;  as,  a  minutt 
grain  of  sand ;  a  7ninii(t  filament.  The  blood  cir- 
culates through  very  minute  vitssels.  Minute  divis- 
ions of  a  subject  often  perplex  the  understanding. 
Minute  details  are  tedious. 

2.  .Attending  to  small  things  ;  criticiil ;  as,  7ni>iufe 
observation. 

MIN'UTE,  (min'it,)  7i.  [L.  Tninutum,  that  is,  a  small 
portion. 

1.  A  small  portion  of  time  or  duration,  being  the 
sixtieth  part  of  an  hour. 

Siiic«  you  are  Dot  lure  of  a  minute,  throw  not  away  an  hour. 

2.  In  ffcometrtj,  the  sixtieth  part  of  a  degree. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  sixtieth  part  of  the  lower 
diameter  of  a  column.  Oailt. 

4.  A  sp.ace  of  time  indefinitely  small.  I  will  be 
with  you  in  a  minute,  or  in  a  few  minutes,  that  is,  in 
a  short  time. 

5.  A  short  sketch  of  any  agreement  or  other  sub- 
ject, taken  in  writing  ;  a  note  to  preserve  the  inem- 
or>-  of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  take  minutes  of  a  contract ; 
to  take  minittes  of  a  conversation  or  debate. 

MIN'UTE,  (min'it,)  r.  (.  To  set  down  a  short  sketch 
or  note  of  any  agreement  or  other  subject  in  w  riting. 

Spectator. 

MIN'CTE-BOOK,  71.    A  book  of  short  hints. 

MIN'UTE-GLXSS,  n.  A  glass,  the  sand  of  which 
measures  a  minute. 

MIN'UTE-GU.\?,  n.  pL  Guns  discharged  every 
minute,  as  signals  of  distress  or  mourning. 

MIN'UTE-IIA.ND,  n.  The  hand  that  points  to  the 
mimik's  on  a  clock  or  watch. 

MIN'UTF^ACK,  «.  Another  name  for  jack  of  the 
dock-house,  or  a  figure  which  strikes  the  hour  of  a 
clock.  Sfiak. 

MI-NOTE'LY,  adu.  [from  Tninutt.]  To  a  small  ixiint 
of  tunc,  space,  or  matter ;  exactly  ;  nicely  ;  as,  to 
measure  the  length  of  any  thing  minutely ;  to  ascer- 
tain time  minutely  ;  to  relate  a  story  minuUly. 


MIR 

MIN'UTE-LY,  (iniii'it-ly,)  0.  Happening  every  minute. 

Hammond. 

MIN'UTE-LY,  (min'it-ly,)  ado.  [from  minute.]  Every 
minute  ;  with  very  little  time  intervening. 

As  if  It  were  minutely  proclaimed  in  Uiuiuler  from  ln-avrn. 

Hammond, 

MIN'UTE-MEN,  n.  pi.  Men  ready  at  a  minute's  no- 
tice ;  a  term  used  in  the  American  revolution. 

MI-NOTE'NESS,  71.  Extreme  smallncss,  fineness,  or 
slenderness  ;  as,  the  minuteness  of  the  particles  of 
air  or  of  a  fluid ;  the  minutentjis  of  the  filaments  of 
cotton  ;  the  minutmess  of  details  in  narration. 

2.  Attention  to  small  things  ;  critical  exactness  ; 
as,  the  minntenes.i  of  observation  or  distinction. 

MIN'UTE-VVATCII,  (min'it-wocb,)  71.  A  watch  that 
distinguishes  minutes  of  time,  or  on  which  minutes 
are  marked.  Boyle. 

MI-NO'TLT;,  71.  p/.   [L.l  The  smaller  particulars. 

ML\X,  71.    [Uu.  7nin«oc. J   A  pert,  wanton  girl.  Sliak. 

2.  A  she  puppy. 

3.  A  name  applied  in  America  to  the  Martes  Vison, 
and  to  Putorius  Lutreola,  two  weasel-like  quad- 
rupeds, or  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammals. 

MI.N'Y,  a.    [from  mine]    Abounding  with  mines. 

2.  ."^uliterraneous.  Thomson. 
MI'0-CE.\E,  a.    [Gr.  ficiiov,  less,  and  khh  oj,  recent.] 
Literally,  less  recent.    In  !;eoloiry,:\  term  applied  to 
the  middle  division  of  the  tertiary  strata,  containing 
fewer  fossil  shells  of  recent  species  than  the  pliocene, 
but  more  than  the  eocene.  Lyrll. 
MI-R.iB'1-LE  niC'TU,  [L.]  Wonderful  to  tell,  or 
be  told. 

MI'KA-IILE,  a.    Wonderful.    [JVVf  in  use.]  Shall. 
MIR'.'V-CLE,  (mir'a-kl,)  11.    [fr.,  from  li.  mintculum, 

from  mirur,  to  wonder ;  Arm.  mirct,  to  hold.  See 

Marvel.] 

1.  Literally,  a  wonder  or  wonderful  thing;  but 
appropriately, 

2.  In  theolorry,  an  event  or  effect  contrary  to  the 
established  constitution  and  course  of  things,  or  a 
deviation  from  the  known  laws  of  nature  ;  a  super- 
natural event.  Miracles  can  be  wrought  only  by 
almighty  power,  as  when  Christ  healed  lepers,  say- 
ing, "  I  will,  be  thou  clean  ; "  or  calmed  the  tempest, 
"  Peace,  be  still." 

They  consitleretl  not  the  nuracfe  of  the  loaves.  —  Marli  vl. 
A  man  approved  by  God  by  miracles  and  signs.  —  Acu  ii. 

3.  .Anciently,  a  spectacle  or  dramatic  representation 
exhibiting  the  lives  of  the  saints.  Chaucer. 

MIR'A-CLE,  V.  t.    To  make  wonderful.    [jVot  luscd.] 

Sliall. 

MIR'A-eLE-MON"GER,  71.  An  impostor  who  pre- 
tends to  work  miracles.  Jlalliiwcll. 

MI-R.'\€'lI-LOUS,  a.  Performed  supernaturally,  or 
by  a  power  beyond  the  ordinary  agency  of  natural 
laws ;  effected  by  the  direct  agency  of  almighty 
power,  and  not  by  natural  causes  ;  as,  the  miriicu- 
lous  healing  of  the  sick  or  raising  the  dead  by 
Christ. 

2.  Supern.atural ;  furnished  supern.aturally,  or  com- 
petent to  perform  miracles  ;  as,  the  miraculous  pow- 
ers of  the  apostles.  Miraculous,  applied  to  tlie extra- 
ordinary powers  of  the  apostles,  may  mean  conferred 
by  supernatural  agency,  or  competent  to  work  mir- 
acles. I  believe  it  is  generally  used  in  the  latter 
sense. 

3.  In  a  less  definite  sense,  wonderful ;  extraordi- 
nary. 

MI-R.\e'lZ-LOUS-LY,  ado.  By  miracle  ;  supernat- 
u  rally. 

^neaj,  wounded  as  he  was,  could  not  have  enea^l  him  in  iinele 
coiuUit,  unless  his  hurt  had  been  miraculously  heaUtl, 

Vryden. 

9.  Wonderfully  ;  by  extraordinary  means. 
MI-RA€'lI-LOU9-NESS,  71.    The  slate  of  being  ef- 
fected bv  miracle,  or  bv  supernatural  agency. 
MIR-A-DfiR',  71.    [Sp.,  from  L.  miror.] 

A  balcony  or  gallery  commanding  an  extensive 
view. 

MI-R.\GE',  (me-rAzhe',)  71.    [L.  miror.] 

An  optical  illusion  arising  from  an  unequal  refrac- 
tion in  the  lower  strata  of  the  atmosphere,  and  caus- 
ing remote  objects  to  be  seen  double,  as  if  reflected 
in  a  mirror,  or  to  appear  as  if  sus|)ended  in  the  air. 
It  is  frequently  seen  in  deserts,  presenting  the  ap- 
pearance of  water.  The  Fata  Morgana  and  Loom- 
ing are  species  of  mirage.  Brande. 

MIRE,  71.  [See  Class  Mr,  No.  16.]  Deep  mud  ;  earth 
so  wet  and  soft  as  to  yield  to  the  feet  and  to  wheels. 

MIRE,  r.  ^    To  plunge  and  fix  in  mire  ;  to  set  orstall 
in  mud.    We  say,  a  horse,  an  ox,  or  carriage,  is 
mired,  when  it  has  sunk  deep  into  mud,  and  its  prog- 
ress is  stopped. 
2.  To  soil  or  daub  with  mud  or  foul  matter.  Shak. 

MIRE,  V.  i.  To  sink  in  mud,  or  to  sink  so  deep  as  to 
be  unable  to  move  forward. 

MIRE.  71.    An  ant.    [Sec  Pismire.] 

MIllE'-CROW,  n.  '1  he  sea-crow  or  pewit  gull,  Larus 
ridibundus  of  Linnaiis.  P.  Cyc. 

MIR'KI),  pp.    Fixed  or  stalled  in  mud. 

MI-RIF'I-CENT,  a.    Causing  wonder. 

MIR'I-NESS,  71.  [from  ini7-y.|  The  state  of  consist- 
ing of  deep  mud. 


MIS 

MIUK,{murk,)a.    [Sax.  mirec]    Dark.    [OI13.]  'Sco 


Ml'llKV.l 

MlKK'SAAlE,  (iniirk'sum,)  a.    Dark  ;  obscure. 
MIltK'SOME-NESS,  71.    (Jbscurity.    [See  .Mlrkv.] 
MIR'ROR,  n.    [Fr.  7ntrwir;  Sp.  inirar,  Corn,  miroji,  to 
look  ;  L.  miror,  to  admire.] 

1.  A  looking  glass  or  speculum  ;  any  glass  or  pol- 
ished substance  that  forni-s  images  by  the  reflection 
of  rays  of  light. 

In  tlv;  clear  mirror  of  thy  niUnff  star 

1  i:\w,  alas  I  some  dreiul  event  driit-iid.  Pope. 

9.  A  p;\tti-rn  ;  an  exemplar;  that  on  which  men 
ought  to  fix  their  eyes  ;  that  which  gives  a  true  rep- 
resentation, or  in  which  a  true  image  may  be  seen. 

O  foddcss,  heavenly  brijfht, 

Mirror  of  grace  and  inajesljr  divine.  Spenstr, 

3.  In  architecture,  a  small  oval  ornament  cut  into 
deep  moldings,  and  separated  by  wreaths  of  flowers. 

Klines. 

MIR'ROR,  r.  (.    To  reflect  as  in  a  mirror. 
MIR'ROR-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Kellcicted  as  in  a  mirror. 
MIR'ROR.Ii\(;,  ppr.    Reflecting  as  in  a  mirror. 
MIR'KOR-SToNE,  71.    A  bright  stone.  [0(.s.] 
MIRTH,  (inurth,)  n.  [Sax.  mir/i(,  myrhth ;  mirig,  merry  ; 


Ar. 


maricha,  to  be  very  brisk  or  joyful.  Class 


Mr,  No.  10.] 

Social  merriment ;  hilarity  ;  high  excitement  of 
pleasurable  feelings  in  comjiany  ;  noisy  gayety ; 
jollity.  Mirth  differs  from  joy  and  cheerfulness,  as 
always  implying  noise. 

With  penial  joy  to  warm  tlv  sonl, 

Efifhl  lU-len  mix.il  a  rmrl*-iii»|iirins  l»wl.  Pops. 

1  will  ciuse  to  e<-asc  the  voice  of  mirth  from  Judah  and  Jerusa- 

lem. — Jer.  vii. 

MIRTII'FJJL,  (murth-,)  a.    Merry  ;  jovial ;  festive. 

'I'he  fei«l  was  served,  the  U)wl  was  crowned  ; 

To  the  kind's  ple.^iirc  went  the  mirlh/ul  round.  Prior. 

MIRTII'FIJI^LY,  adv.    In  a  jovial  manner. 
MIRTH'FlJL-NESd,  71.     State  or  quality  of  being 
mirthful. 

MIR  i'll'LESS,  a.    ^Vlthout  mirth  or  hilarity. 

MIRTil'LESS-NESS,  n.    .\bs.  nce  of  mirth. 

MIR'Y,a.    [from  mii-f.]    .\bounding  with  deep  mud  ; 
full  of  mire ;  as,  a  miry  road  ;  a  miry  lane.  Gay, 
2.  Consisting  of  mire.  Shak. 

MIR'Z.\,  n.    [Persic  Kinir-zadch,  son  of  the  prince.] 
The  common  style  of  honor  in  Persia,  when  it  pre- 
cedes the  surname  of  an  individual.    When  append- 
ed to  the  surname,  it  signifies  prince.  Brande. 

MIS,  a  prefix,  denotes  error,  or  erroneous,  wrong,  from 
the  verb  miss,  to  err,  to  go  wrung,  Goth.  mLisa  :  Sax. 
7ni.<,  from  mission,  to  err,  to  deviate  or  wander;  D. 
mis,misseni  (.i.  mis:t,  missen  ;  Dan.  mi>,  misfcr,-  Sw. 
mis,mista;  \V.  mSth,  »  failing,  a  miss;  Fr.  mes,  or 
we,  in  composition  ;  It.  viis. 

MIS-AC-CEP-Ta'TION,  71.  The  act  of  taking  or  uii- 
derstaiiding  in  a  wrong  sense. 

MIS-AD-VEN'TI'RE,  11.  Mischance;  misfortune  ;  ill 
luck  ;  an  unlucky  accident. 

2  In  law,  homicide  by  misadventure,  is  when  a 
man,  doing  a  lawful  art,  without  any  intention  of 
injury,  unfortunately  kills  another.  This  is  called 
excusable  homicide.  Bluckstone. 

MlS-Al)-VEN'Ti;R-f:D,  a.    Unfortunate.  Shak. 
M1S-.\D-VEN'TL;R-0US,  a.  Pertaining  to  misadven- 
ture. 

MIS-A1)-VIS'£D,  a.     [See  Advue.]     Ill  advised  ; 

ill  directed.  Johnson. 
MIS-AF-FE€T',  r. «.    To  di.slike. 
MIS-AF-FECT'ED,  a.  Ill-disposed. 
MIS-AF-FIR.M',  r.  t.    To  aflirm  incorrcctlv. 
.MIS  AF  KIR.M'iD,  pp.    Affirmed  incorrectly. 
MIS-AI.M'£D,  a.    Not  rightly  aimed  or  directed. 

Sptnser. 

MIS-AL-LEGE',  (mis-al-lej',)  r.  U  To  state  errone- 
oiislv. 

MIS-.U^LF.G'KD,  pp.    Stated  erroneously. 
M[S-.\l>-LI'.-G.i"riO.V,  n.    Erroneous  statement. 
MIS-AL-LT' AXCE,  n.    Improper  association. 
MI.-i-AL-LT'A.I),  n.    Ill  allied  or  associated.  Burkt. 
MIS-Al,-l,l)'r'\ir,NT,  n.    A  wrong  allotment. 
.MIS'AN  TIlltol'E,      In.  [Gr. /luni'Uptj-i'j  ;  piirfai, 
.MIS-.W  THRO  I'IST,  j  loliate.andai'OfitjTof,  man.] 

.\  baler  of  mankind.  SwifL 
MIS-AN-TIIROP'ie,       )  a.    Hating  or  having  a  dis- 
MIS-AN-TIIROP'IC-AL,  i     like  10  mankind.  fValsh. 
M1S-.\.\'THR<)-PY,  n.  Hatred  or  dislike  to  mankind; 

opposed  to  PmnNTHRopr. 
MIS-.AP-PLI-e.\'TIO.N,  71.    A  wrong  application;  an 

application  to  a  wrong  person  or  purpose. 
M1S-AP-PLI'A"D,  pp.    Applied  to  a  wrong  person  or 

purpose. 

MIS-.\P-PL?',  r.  t.  To  apply  to  a  wrong  person  or 
ptirjiose  ;  as,  to  misapply  a  name  or  title  ;  to  misapply 
our  talents  or  exertions  ;  to  miiapply  public  money. 

MIS-AP-PLf'lNG,  ppr.  Applying  to  a  wrong  person 
^ir  purpose. 

.MI.S-.\P-PRl-.'CI.A-TED,  «.    Improperly  appreciated. 
MIS-AP-PRE-HE.\D',  v.  U     To  misunderstand;  to 
lake  in  a  wrong  sense.  l^eke. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


90 


717 


MIS 


MIS 


MIS 


M[S-AP-PRE-riEND'ED,  pp.    Not  rishtly  understood. 

»riS-AP  PRE-I1END'I.\G,  ppr.  Misunderstanding. 

MIS-AP-PUE-HE.\'SIO\,  n.  A  mistaking  or  mis- 
take ;  wrong  apprehension  of  one's  meaning  or  of  a 
fact. 

MtS-AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY,  adv.  By  misapprehen- 
sion. 

MIS-AP-PRO-PRI-A'TION,  n.  Wrong  appropria- 
tion. 

MIS-AR-RaN(5E',  v.  t.  To  place  in  a  wrong  order, 
or  improper  manner. 

MIS-AR-Ra.\o'/;D,        Placed  in  a  wrong  order. 

MIS-AR-Ua\GE'MEi\'T,  71.    Wrong  arrangement. 

MIS-AR  R.XNG'ING,  ppr.     Placing  in  a  wrong  order. 

MLS-AS-eRlBE',  v.  t  To  ascribe  falsely  or  errone- 
ously. Boijle. 

MLS-AS-SlGN',  V.  t.  [See  Assign.]  To  assign  erro- 
neously. Bnyle. 

MIS-AT-TEXD',  r.  f.    To  disregard.  Milton. 

MIS-BE-eOJIE',  (mis-be-kum',)  r.  t.  [See  Become.] 
Not  to  become  ;  to  suit  ill ;  not  to  befit. 

Thy  f.ither  will  not  act  what  misbecomes  him.  Addison. 

MIS-BE-eOM'ING,  (-kum'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.  Unseemly ; 
unsuitable  ;  improper  ;  indecorous. 

MIS-BE-eO.M'IXG-LY,  adv.  In  an  unsuitable  man- 
ner. 

MIS-BE-eOM'I.XG-NESS,  n.  Unbecomingness  ;  un- 
suitablenoss.  Buyle. 

MIS-BE-FIT'TING,  a.    Not  befitting. 

MIS-BE-GOT',         )  pp.  or  a.    Unlawfully  or  irregu- 

MIS-BE-GOT'TEN,  \     larly  begotten. 

S/itih.  Dryden. 

MIS-BE-HaVE',  ».  i.  To  behave  ill ;  to  conduct  one's 
si  lf  improperly ;  often  useil  with  a  reciprocal  pro- 
noun. 

MIS-BE-HaV'£D,  a.  Guilty  of  ill  behavior ;  ill-bred  : 
rude.  Shall. 

MLS-BE-HaV'IOR,  (mis-he-hav'yur,)  n.  Ill  conduct ; 
improper,  jude,  or  uncivil  behavior.  .SdiUson. 

MIS-IiE-LlEF',  21.    Erroneous  belief;  false  religion. 

J\l(vssinger. 

MIS-BE-LIkVE',  r.  t.  To  believe  erroneously.  Shak. 
MIS-BE-LIeV'ER,  71.    One  who  believes  wrongly  ; 

one  who  holds  a  false  religion.  Dnjden. 
MIS-BE-LIeV'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Believing  erroneously  ; 

irreligious.  Sliak. 
MIS-BE-SEEM',  v.  t.    To  suit  ill. 
MIS-BE-PEE.M'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Ill-suiting. 
MIS-BE-SToW',  V.  t.    To  bestow  improperly.  Milton. 
JII.S-BE-SToW'i^D,  ppr.    Bestowed  improperly. 
MIS-RE-SToWING,  pp.    Bestowing  improperly. 
MIS'BOKN,  a.    Born  to  evil.  Spenser. 
MIS-C.VIi'eU-L.Kl'E,  v.  t.    To  calculate  erroneously. 

.^rbuthnot. 

RII.S-eAL'eU-LA-TEn,  pp.    Erroneously  calculated. 
MIS-eAL'eiJ-L.\-TIi\G,  ppr.    Conmiitting  errors  in 
calculation. 

MIS-CAL  GU-La'TION,  n.    Erroneous  calculation. 
MIS-GALL',  (mis-kavvl',)  v.  U   To  call  by  a  wrong 

name  ;  to  name  improperly. 
MLS-GALL'KD,  pp.  or  a.  .Aiisnamed. 
MlS-GALL'l.N'G,  ppr.  Misnaming. 
MIS-GAR'RIAGE,  (niis-kar'rij,)  Ji.  Unfortunate  event 

of  an  undertakmg;  failure. 

Whon  a  cnwnvViT,  to  s.(ve  himsf-lf, 

Woulil  l.i>  jitiscarruiges  upon  his  prince.  Dryden. 

2.  Ill  conduct ;  evil  or  improper  behavior  ;  as,  the 
failings  and  miscarriaires  of  the  righteous.  Rogers. 

3.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  before  the  time,  but 
so  late  that  the  young  are  capable  of  surviving. 

Eiicyc. 

MIS-GAR'RI-f.T),  (-kar'rid,)  pp.  Failed  of  the  intend- 
ed effect;  brought  forth  prematurely. 
MIS  eAR'RY,  I),  t.  To  fail  of  the  intended  effect ; 
not  to  succeed  ;  to  be  unsuccessful  ;  to  suffer  defeat  ; 
applied  to  persons  or  undertakings^  ami  tj>  t/iintrs.  We 
say,  a  project,  scheme,  design,  enterprise,  attempt, 
has  miscarried. 

Have  you  not  heard  of  Frederick,  the  jreat  soldier,  who  mis- 

carried  at  f  x  I  .S/iak. 
My  iihii«  h.tve  all  mitrarried.  Shale. 

2.  To  bring  forth  young  before  the  proper  time, 
hut  still  at  so  late  a  period  as  to  be  capable  of  surviv- 
ing. 

MI.S-t"AR'RY-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Failing  of  the  intended 

clTect ;  bringing  forth  prematurely.    IIos.  xx. 
MIS-GAST',  V.  t.    To  cast  or  reckon  erroneously. 

Brown. 

MIS-ex.'*T',  pp.    Erroneously  cist  or  reckoni'd. 
MIS  CAST',  71.    An  erroneous  cast  or  reckoning. 
MIS-GAST'i.N'G,  ppr.    Casting  or  reckoning  errone- 
ously. 

MI.S-CEI^LA-N^'Rl-AN,  a.  [See  Mucei.lanv.]  Be- 
longing to  miscellanii^s ;  of  miscellanies. 

MuceUanarian  aulhora.  Shaftsbury. 

MIH-CF,I/LA\  1ST,        )  n.    A  writer  of  niiscclla- 
MI.-<-CEI,-LA  NA'UI-AN,  (     nles.  Shn/Uhury. 
MIS'CEL  LANE,  n.    [I,,  mrscrllanea.-.] 

A  mixture  of  two  or  more  Horts  of  grain  ;  now 

rnllrrt  Mr.ii.IT>.  Hnmn. 
M(.S-CEr,-l,A'.NE-OUS,  <i.    [L.  minceUaneiLi,  from  mLi- 

ceo,  to  mix.] 


Mixed  ;  mingled  ;  consisting  of  several  kinds  ,  as, 
a  miscellaneous  publication  ;  a  miscellaneous  rabble. 

Milton. 

MIS-CEL-La:'NE-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  variety  or 
mixture. 

MIS-CEL-La'NE-OUS-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being 

mixed  ;  composition  of  various  kinds. 
MIS'CEL-LA-NY,  71.    fFr.  7nis«(;aiiee«  ;  Sp.  miscela- 

nea;  L.  miscellanea^  trom  misceo,  to  mix  j  Ch.  and 

Ar.  ><0,  to  mix.    Class  Ms,  No.  7.] 

1.  A  mass  or  mixture  of  various  kinds ;  particu- 
Urly, 

2.  A  book  or  pamphlet  containing  a  collection  of 
compositions  on  various  subjects,  or  a  collection  of 
various  kinds  of  compositions.  Pope.  Swift. 

MIS'CEL-LA-NY,  a.    Miscellaneous.    [Obs.]  Bacon. 
MIS-CEi\"TER,  )  71.  t.    To  place  amiss.    [JVot  in  tise.] 
MIS-CEN'TRE,  j  Donne. 
MIS-CHANCE', n.    Ill  luck;  ill  fortune  ;  misfortune; 
mishap ;  misadventure. 


It  is  a  man's  unhappin 
fault. 


,  his  mischance  or  calamity,  but  not  hit 
South. 


MIS-eilAR'AG-TER-IZE,  v.  t.  [See  Character.] 
To  characterize  falsely  or  erroneously ;  to  give  a 
wrong  character  to. 

They  tot.ally  mischaracterize  the  action.  Eton. 

MIS-CHARGE',  V.  t.  To  mistake  in  charging,  as  an 
account. 

MIS-CHARGE',  71.  A  mistake  in  charging,  as  an  ac- 
count ;  an  erroneous  entry  in  an  account. 

MIS-CIIaRG'£D,pp.    Charged  erroneously. 

MIS'CHIEF,  (mis'chif,)  n.  [Old  Fr.  me^^chrf;  mes, 
wron^,  anil  ckef,  head  or  end,  the  root  of  ucMcve,  Fr. 
achever.] 

1.  Harm  ;  hurt ;  injury  ;  damage  ;  evil,  whether 
intended  or  not.  A  new  law  is  made  to  remedy  the 
mischief. 

2.  Intentional  injury  ;  harm  or  damage  done  by 
design. 

Thy  ton^e  deviseth  mischief.  —  Ps.  lii. 

3.  inconsequence;  evil;  vexatious  affair. 

The  77iisc/iie/waa,  these  allies  would  never  allow  that  the  com- 
mon enemy  was  subdued.  Sieifl. 

MIS'CHIEF,  V.  t.    To  hurt ;  to  harm  ;  to  injure. 

Sprat. 

MIS'CHIEF-MaK-ER,  71.  One  who  makes  mis- 
chief; one  who  excites  or  instigates  quarrels  or  en- 
mity. 

MIS'CHIEF-MaK-ING,  a.  Causing  harm  ;  exciting 
enmity  or  quarrels.  Rome. 

MIS'CHIEV-OUS,  (mis'che-vous,)  a.  Harmful; 
hurtful;  injurious;  making  mischief;  of  persons; 
as,  a  mischievous  man  or  disposition. 

2.  Hurtful ;  noxious ;  as,  a  mischievous  thing. 

.^rlmthnoL 

3.  Inclined  to  do  harm  ;  as,  a  mischievous  boy. 
MIS'CHIEV-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  injury,  hurt,  loss, 

or  damage.    We  say,  the  law  operates  mischievously. 

2.  With  evil  intention  or  disposition.   The  injury 
was  done  mischievously. 
MIS'CHIEV-OUS-NESS,  71.    Hurtfulness;  noxious- 
ness. 

2.  Disposition  to  do  harm,  or  to  vex  or  annoy  ;  as, 
the  mischicvoiisness  of  youth. 

Mischief  denotes  injury,  harm,  or  damage  of  less 
malignity  and  magnitiule  than  what  are  usually 
called  crimes.  We  never  give  the  name  of  mis- 
chief to  thijfl,  robbery,  or  murder.  And  it  so  com- 
monly implies  intention  in  committing  petty  offenses, 
that  it  shocks  us  to  hear  the  word  applied  to  the  ca- 
lamities inflicted  by  Providence.  We  say,  a  tem- 
pest has  done  great  damage^  but  not  mischief.  In  like 
manner,  the  ailjective  mischievous  is  not  applied  to 
thieves,  pirates,  and  other  felons,  but  to  persons  com- 
mitting petty  trespasses  and  offenses. 

MISCH'NA,  (mish'na,)  7i.  The  te.vt  of  the  Jewish 
Talmud.    [See  Mishna.] 

MIS-CHOOSE',  (mis  chooz',)  v.  U  To  choose  wrong; 
to  make  a  wrong  choice.  Milton. 

MIS-ClloS'K.\.  pp.    Chosen  by  mistake. 

M1S-('I-HIL'I-TY,  n.    (Capability  of  being  mixed. 

.MIS'CI-BLE,  a.    f  Fr.,  from  L.  misceo,  to  mix.] 

That  m.iy  be  mixed.  Oil  and  water  are  not  mis- 
rilile. 

MIS -CT-T^ 'TION,  71.    A  wrong  citation;  erroneous 

quotation.  Collier. 
MI."<-CTTE',  V.  t.   To  cite  ;.-roneously  or  faKscly. 
MIS-CTT'EI),pp.    UiioIc:d  wrong. 
MIS-CLAIM',  71.    A  mistaken  claim  or  demand. 

i^are7i. 

MIS-COM-PU-TA'TION.Ti.  Erroneous  computation  ; 
false  reckoning.  Clarendon. 

MIS-COM-PuTE',  ».  t.  To  compute  or  reckon  erro- 
neously. 

MIS-COM-PriT'En,  pp.    Reckimed  erroneously. 

MIs  eoM-PfiT'INfJ,  ppr.    Reckoning  erroneously. 

MIS-CON-CKIT'.    St-e  Miscdnckption. 

MIS.eON-CKlVE',  t>.  (.  or  i.  To  receive  n  false  no- 
tion or  opinion  of  any  thing  ;  to  misjudge  ;  to  have 
an  erroneous  understanding  of  any  thing. 

To  yleM  to  othen  JuBt  nn<l  rrnnoiiahle  caniwi  of  thoM  thinffi, 
which,  for  w.uit  of  liue  conHideratlon  herelolijre,  they  liavc 
misconceived.  /looker. 


MIS-eON-CElV'i:D, pp.  Wrongly  understood;  mis- 
taken. 

MIS-eON-CElV'ING,  ppr.  Mistaking;  misunder- 
standing. 

MIS-CON-CEP'TION,  71.  Erroneous  conception  ; 
false  opinion ;  wrong  notion  or  understanding  of  a 
thing. 

Great  errors  and  dangers  result  from  a  misconception  of  the 
names  of  things.  Harvey. 

MIS-CON'DUCT,  71.    Wrong  conduct;  ill  behavior; 

ill  management,  .^ddiion. 
MIS-CON-DUGT',  v.  t.    To  conduct  amiss  ;  to  mis- 

manaue. 

MIS-€6X-ni:'eT',  v. To  behave  amiss. 
MlS  eO.V-DUeT'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Ill  managed;  badly 
conducted. 

MIS-CON-DUCT'ING,  ppr.  Mismanaging  ;  misbe- 
havin  g. 

MlS-CON-JECT'liRE,  71.  A  wrong  conjecture  or 
guess. 

MIS-eON-JECT'TTRE,  v.  t.  or  i.    To  guess  wrong. 

MIS-eON-JECT'llR-ZTD.  pp.    Guessed  wrong. 

MIS-CON-SE-CRA'TION,  71.    Wrong  consecration. 

MIS-eON-STRUG'TION,  71.  Wrong  interpretation 
of  words  or  things  ;  a  mistaking  of  the  true  mean- 
ing ;  as,  a  misconstruction  of  wtnds  or  actions. 

MIS-eON'STROE,  V.  t.  To  interpret  erroneously  ei- 
ther words  or  things.  It  is  important  not  to  miscon- 
strue the  Scripture. 

Do  not,  great  sir,  7mfrconslru<  his  intent.  Dryden. 
A  virtuous  emperor  was  much  alilcted  to  lind  his  aclious  77ti*- 
conslrued.  Addison. 

MIS-€ON'STRu-KD,  pp.    Erroneously  interpreted. 
MIS  eON'STRU-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  wrong  in- 
terpretation. 

MIS-CON'STRU-ING,  ppr.    Interpreting  wrongly. 
MIS-COiN-TIN'lI-ANCE,  71.  Cessation;  intermission. 

[Ohs.\ 

MIS-COR-RECT',  v.  t.  To  correct  erroneously  ;  to 
mistake  in  attempting  to  correct  another. 

He  passed  the  first  seven  years  of  his  life  at  Mantua,  not  seven- 
teen, as  Scalijer  miscorrecls  his  autfior.  Dryden. 

MIS-eOR-RECT'ED,  pp.  Corrected  erroneously  ; 
mistaken  in  the  attempt  to  correct. 

MIS-COUN'SEL,  r.  «.    To  advise  wrong.  Spenser. 

MIS-eOUN'SEL-£D,  pp.    Wrongly  advised. 

MIS-COUN'SEL-ING,  ppr.    Advising  wrongly. 

MIS-COUNT',  V.  t.  To  count  erroneously  ;  to  mis- 
take in  counting. 

MIS-COUNT',  V.  i.   To  make  wrong  reckoning. 

Bp.  Patrick. 

MIS-COUNT',  71,  An  erroneous  counting  or  number- 
ing. 

MIS-COUNT'ED,  pp.    Counted  erroneously. 

MIS-COUNT'ING,  ppr.    Counting  incorrectly. 

MIS'CRE-ANCE,  )  71.    [See  MlscREA^T.]  Unbelief; 

MIS'CRE-AN-CY,  j  false  faith  ;  adherence  to  a  false 
religion.    [Oijf.]  Spenser. 

MIS'CRE-ANT,  »i.  [Fr.  m6crinnt ;  Norm.  mescreau7it ; 
vtes,  wrong,  and  crcance^  belief,  from  L.  credcns,  cre- 
do.] 

1.  An  infidel,  or  one  who  embraces  a  false  failh. 

2.  A  vile  wretch  ;  an  unprincipled  fellow.  Jiddison. 
MIS-CRE-aTE',  )  a.  Formed  unnaturally  or  illegit- 
JHS-CRE-aT'ED,  \     imately  ;  deformed.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

MIS-CRE-A'TIVE,  0.    Tending  to  wrong  creation. 

MIS  DATE',  71.    A  wrong  date,  [Shelley. 

MIS-DaTE',  v.  i.    To  date  erroneously. 

MIS  DaT'ED,  pp.    D.ated  erroneously. 

MIS-DEED',  71.    An  evil  deed  ;  a  wicked  action. 

Evils  which  our  own  misdeeds  have  done.  Milton. 

MIS-DEE.M',  7).  (.  To  judge  erroneously  ;  to  misjudge  ; 
to  mistake  in  judging.  Spenser. 

MIS-DEE.M'KD,  pp.    Erroneously  judged. 

MIS-DEEiM'ING,  ppr.  Juilging  or  thinking  errone- 
ously. 

MIS-liE-Mif.AN',  7'.  (.   To  behave  ill.  .lhak. 

MlS-DE-MiiAN'OR,  n.  III  behavior;  evil  conduct; 
fault ;  mismanagement.  South. 

2.  In  law,  an  offense  of  a  less  atrocious  nature  than 
a  crime.  It  applies  to  all  offenses  inferior  to  felony, 
and  also  to  all  offenses  for  which  the  law  has  not 
providiMl  a  particular  remeily.  Bonder. 

Crimes  and  misdemeanors  are  mere  synonymous 
terms  ;  but,  in  common  nswre^  the  wonl  crime  is  made 
to  denote  offenses  of  a  deeper  and  more  atrocious 
dye,  while  small  faults  and  omissions  of  less  ctmse- 
quence  are  comprised  under  the  gentler  name  of  mis- 
(Iroi  ra  n  ors.  BlaelCston  e. 

MIS  DE  RIVE',  71.  f.    To  err  in  di'riving. 

MIS  Di;  srnrii'A'D,  a.    Erroneously  described. 

MIS  III;  SDR  T',  71.    HI  desert.  Spenser. 

MIS  DE-Vo'TION,  71.  False  devotion  ;  mistaken  pie- 
ty.   [Little  used.]  Donne. 

MIS  DI'ET,  71.    Improper  diet  or  food.    [ JVnt  7/.s«/.] 

Spenser. 

.MIS-DI  RECT',  r.  f.  To  give  a  wrong  direction  to; 
as,  to  misdirect  a  passenger. 

9.  To  direct  tt>  a  wrung  person  or  place  ;  as,  to  71115- 
dirrrt  a  li  tti  r. 

MIS-Dl-REC  T'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Directed  wrong,  or  to  a 
wrong  person  or  place. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T  METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


718 


MIS 


MIS 


MIS 


not  in  M.'fc.l  Siditcij.  Shak. 

MIS-UOL'UT',  (  Jout',)  ».    Suspicion  of  cri 


pp,  or  a.    Used  to  no  purpose,  or 


MIS-ni-RF.e'r'ING,  ppr.  Directing  wrong,  or  to  a 
wront;  porsoii  tir  place. 

MIS-DI-ltKe'TION,  II.  The  act  of  directing  wrongly. 
2.  In  lai^  an  erri>r  coiiunitled  l)y  a  judge  in  charg- 
ing; the  jury,  in  matters  of  hiw  or  of  fact.  Buuvtcr. 

M1S-I)IS-1'0-SI"TI0.\,  (-po-zish'un,)  n.  Disposiiion 
to  evil.    r.Viit  in  li.vc]  Bp.  Hull. 

MIS-I)I.S-TI.N"GUISII,  (-ting'gwish,)  v.  L  To  make 
wrong  distinctimis.  Hooker. 

MIS-DO',  0.  (.  or  I.  [See  Do.]  To  do  wrong  ;  to  do 
amiss  ;  to  commit  a  crime  or  fault.  Milton. 

MIS-DO'KIl,  n.  One  who  does  wrong;  one  who  com- 
mits a  fault  or  crime.  Spen.ier. 

MI.S-I)0'Ii\G,  ppr.  Doing  wrong;  committing  a  fault 
or  crime. 

MlS-Drt'ING,  H.    A  wrong  done  ;  a  fault  or  crime  ;  an 

ofTenso.  L^Estrantre. 
MIS-nOUBT',  ,mis-dout',)  r.  t.     [See  Dolrt.]  To 
suspect  of  deceit  or  danger.    [Jin  ill-formed  word,  and 

Dnjdi'n. 
crime  or  ilan- 
ger.  Shak. 
2.  Irresolution  ;  hesitation.    [JVot  nsed.']  Shak. 
!\IIS-nOlJltT'F(JI,,  (^Umt',)  a.    Klisgiving.  Spenser. 
MIS-DKKAO',  ('-'dred',)  n.    Dread  of  evil.    Bp.  Hall. 
Mli»K,  (meez,)  ji.    [Fr.  mis,  put,  laid,  pp.  of  mettrc,  L. 
initio  ;  Norm,  wiivc] 

1.  In  /iii/i,  an  issue  to  be  tried  at  the  grand  assize. 

2.  Expense  ;  cost. 

3.  .\  tax  or  tallage ;  in  Wales,  an  honorary  gift  of 
the  people  to  a  new  king  or  prince  of  Wales  ;  also,  a 
tribute  piid,  in  the  countij  Palatine  of  Clustir,  at  the 
cimiige  of  the  owner  of  the  earldoms.  Knctic 

MIS-EU'li-e.\-TED,  a.  Educated  in  a  wrong  inan- 
ni  r.  jVrs.  Montag-u. 

MIS-EM-PLOY',  i".  t.  To  employ  to  no  pur|K>se,  or  to 
a  bad  purpose;  as,  to  misemploy  time,  |K»wer,  advan- 
tages, tali  iits  &c.  Locke.  Mdiion. 

MI.-<-EM-I'I,OV'£D, 
to  a  had  one. 

MIS-EM-PLOY'I\G,  pjir.  Using  to  no  purpose,  or  to 
a  bad  one. 

MIS-EM-l'LOY'MENT,  n.    Ill  employment;  applica- 
tion to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  purpose.  Hale. 
MI.-^-EN'TEK-i^l),  pp.  Entered  wrong,  as  an  account. 
MIS-EN'TllY,  n.  .\n  erroneous  entry  or  charge,  as  of 

ail  account. 
MI'SEU,  II.    [L.,  miser,  miserable.] 

1.  .\  miserable  person  ;  one  wretched  or  afflicted. 
[06.<.1  Spevser. 
12.  .\  wretch  ;  a  mean  fellow.  [04i.]  Shak. 
n.  An  extremely  covetous  person  ;  a  sordid  wretch  ; 
a  niggard  ;  one  who  in  wealth  makes  himself  miser- 
able by  the  fear  of  jioverty.  [This  is  t/i«  only  sense  in 
vhick  it  is  now  nsed.] 

No  BiWor  K\iiits  by  ilyin*  miaert  ^ven.  Pope. 
MIS'F.R-A-BLE,  a.    [Fr".  miserable,  from  L.  miser,mis- 
erabilis.] 

1.  Very  unhappy  from  grief,  pain,  calamity,  pover- 
ty, apprehension  of  evil,  or  other  cause.  It,  however, 
expre.sses  somewhat  less  than  tcretched, 

WhOLi  hopcuMitiif  their,  mistrabte  maal  Dryden. 

2.  Very  poor ;  worthless. 

Miterabte  comfurlere  are  ye  all.  — Job  XTi. 

3.  Causing  unhappiness  or  miser}'. 

Whal't  more  miteniUe  than  discontent  I  Shale. 

4.  Ver>'  poor  or  mean  ;  as,  a  miserable  hut ;  miser- 
able clothing. 

5.  Very  poor  or  barren  ;  as,  a  miserable  soil. 

(I.  Very  low  or  despicable  ;  as,  a  miserable  person. 
MTS'ER-A-ULE-NESS,  71.    State  of  misery  ;  poorness. 
MIS'ER-A-BLY,  adv.    Unhappily  ;  calamitously. 

Tbc  fiflli  wiw  miserttiily  »ublj»Ki  to  death.  ^oulA, 

2.  Very  poorly  or  meanly ;  wretchedly.  They  were 
miserably  entertained.  Sidney. 

3.  In  misery  or  unhappiness. 
MIS-E-RE'RE,  n.    [L.,  have  mercy.] 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  psalm  usually  ap- 
pointed for  penitential  acts,  being  the  5Ist  psalin, 
which  commences  with  this  word. 

MI'SER-1,V,  a.  [See  Miser.]  Very  covetous;  sor- 
did ;  niggardly  ;  parsimonious. 

MIS'ER-Vi  n.    fL.  mUeria;  Fr.  misire.] 

1.  Great  unhappiness  ;  extreme  pain  of  body  or 
mind.  A  man  siilfers  misery  from  the  gout,  or  from 
great  afflictions,  distress,  calamity,  and  other  evils. 
Misery  expresses  somewhat  less  than  wretchedness. 

Mutry  m  aj  really  the  fnijl  of  lice  reijninff  In  the  heart,  a»  uiei 
arc  tlie  produce  of  urea  aown  in  tlic  field.      J.  Ltuhrop. 

2.  Calamity  ;  misfortune  ;  natural  evils  which  are 
the  cause  of  misery. 

And  mourn  the  mittrut  of  human  life.  Orydtn. 

3.  Covetoiisness.    [JVo(  ujjei]  Shak. 
MIS-ES'TI-MATE,  ».  ^   To  estimate  erroneously. 

Mitford. 

MIS-ES'TI-MA-TED,  pp.    Estimated  erroneously. 
J  explanation. 
MIS-L\-POUND',  V.  u   To  expound  erroneously. 

_„  ^  Hooker. 
MIJ-EX-PRES'SION,  (-presh'un,)  n.    Enoneous  ex- 
pression. Baxter. 


MIS  FALL',  (mis-fawl',)  v.  U    To  befall,  as  ill  luck  ; 

to  hafipen  to  Ullllickil>'.  Sf>ensrr. 
MIS-FALL'£N,  (-fawl'ii,)  pp.  Happened  uiiluckily. 
MIS-FaRE',  n.  Ill  fare  ;  iiiisfcirtiiiic.  Spender. 
MIS-FaRE',  I),  i.  To  be  in  an  ill  slate. 
MIS-FASiriON,  I),  t.  To  form  wrong.  Hiiketcill. 
MIS-Ff;.\'SAi\CE,  (  fS'zans,)  >i.    [Fr.  mes  and  fai- 

sance,  from  faire,  to  do.] 

In  law,  a  trespass ;  a  wrong  done.  Rncyc. 
MIS-FBIGN',  (mis-fane',)  v.  i.    To  feign  with  an  ill 

tiesign.  Spenser. 
MIS-FOR.M',  V,  U    To  make  an  ill  form  ;  to  put  in  an 

ill  shape.  Spenser. 
MIS-FORM-A'TIOJf,  71.  An  irregularity  of  formation. 
MIS-FOR.M'KD,  pp.    Made  of  an  ill  sliajie. 
MIS-FOU'TU-NATE,  a.    Producing  misfortune. 

//.  Taiilor. 

MIS-FOR'TUNE,  n.  Ill  fortune  ;  ill  luck  ;  calamity  ; 
an  evil  or  crt>ss  accident,  as  loss  of  property  at  sea  or 
by  tire. 

Consider  why  the  chnn^  waa  wrought, 

You'll  find  it'  hia  int«/brtune,  not  bis  fault.  Addison. 

MIS-FOR'TIIN-£D,  a.    Unfortunate.  MiUon. 
MIS-GIVE',  (mis-giv',)  7!.  f.  [See  Give.]   To  fill  with 
tloubt ;  to  tleprive  of  confidence  ;  to  fall ;  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  heart. 

So  doth  my  heart  mitgive  me.  Shak. 
His  heart  jnxtgave  liiiii.  Addison. 

9.  To  give  or  grant  amiss.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Laud. 
MIS-GIVING,  ppr.    Filling  with  doubt  or  distrust; 
failing. 

MIS-GIVING,  JI.  A  failing  of  confidence ;  doubt;  dis- 
trust. 

Doubta,  siisplciona,  and  misgivings.  South. 
MI.=!-GOT'TEN,  a.    Unjustly  obtained. 
.MIS-GOVERN,  (-giiv'ern,)  v.  t.    To  govern  ill ,  to 
administer  unfaithfully. 

Solvman  citarged  hint  bitterly  that  he  had  misgoosrned  the  state. 

A'noI'e«. 

MIS-GOVERN-.\NCE,  (-giiv'ern-ans,)  n.  Ill  govern- 
ment ;  disorder;  irregularity.  Spenser. 

MIS-GO  VERN-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Ill  governed  ;  badly  ad- 
ministered. 

9.   Rude ;  unrestrained  ;    as,  rude,  misgoverned 
hands.  Shak. 
MIS-GOV'ERN-MENT,  7i.    Ill  administration  of  pub- 
lic affairs.  Raleirh. 

2.  Ill  management  in  private  affairs.  Taylor. 

3.  Irregularity;  disoriler.  Sliak. 
MI.'S-GR.iiFF',  v.'l    To  graft  amiss. 
MIS-GRXFT'ED,  pp.    Grafted  amiss. 
MIS-GROUND'.  J),  t.    To  found  erroneously.  Hall. 
MIS-GUID'ANCE,  71.  Wrong  direction ;  guidance  into 

error.  South. 
MIS-GUIDE',  V.  L   To  lead  or  guide  into  error  ;  to  di- 
rect ill ;  as,  to  misguide  the  understanding  or  mind. 

Locke.  Pope. 

MIS-GUTD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Led  astray  by  evil  counsel 
or  wrong  direction  ;  as,  a  misguided  prince.  Prior. 

MIS-GUID'ING,  ppr.  Giving  wrong  direction  to ;  lead- 
ing into  ernir. 

MIS-GUID'ING,  71.    The  act  of  misleading. 

MIS-Gini)'ING-LY,  ailv.    In  a  way  to  mislead. 

MIS-I1.\P',  71.  Ill  chance;  evil  accident;  ill  luck; 
misfortune. 

Secure  from  worklty  chance*  and  mishaps.  Shak. 
MIS  HAP'PEN,  r.  I.  To  hapiien  ill.  Spenser. 
MIS-Hk.\R',  v.  u    To  mistake  in  hearing. 
MI.S-IIK.\RD',  pp.   Heard  mistakenly  or  imperfectly. 
MISH'.MASII,  71.    [Tent,  miseh^masch.] 

A  mingle,  or  hotchpt)tch. 
MISH'NA,  71.    [Heb.  njo^o,  iterated,  from  n:sr,  to  re- 
peat.] 

A  collection  or  digest  of  Jewish  traditions  and  ex- 
planations of  Scripture,  forming  the  text  of  the  Tal- 
mud. Miirdock. 
MISII'NIG,  a.    Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Mishna. 

F.njield.  Encyc. 
MIS-IM  PROVE',  (  proov',)  v.  t.  To  improve  to  a  bad 
purpose;  to  abuse;  as,  to  misimprove  lime,  talents, 
advantages. 

MIS-IM-PROV'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Used  to  a  bad  purpose. 
MIS-IM-PROVE'ME.N'T,  (-proov-,)  n.    Ill  use  or  era- 

ployiiioiil  ;  improvement  to  a  bail  purpose. 
MIS-LV-FER',  V.  L   To  draw  a  wrong  inference. 

Hooker. 

MIS-IN-FORM',  r.  f.  To  gi\T!  erroneous  information 
to  ;  to  communicate  an  incorrvct  statement  of  facts. 

MIS-IN-FORM-A'TION,  n.  Wrong  information  ;  false 
account  or  intelligence  received.      Bacon.  South, 

MIS-IN-FORM'ED,  ;ip.    Wrongly  informed. 

MIS-IN-FOR.M'ER,  n.  One  that  gives  wrong  inform- 
ation. 

MlS-I.\-FORM'ING, ppr.  Communicating  erroneous 
information  to. 

MIS-IN-STRUCT',  r.  t.    To  instruct  amiss.  Hooker. 

M I S- 1. \ -STRUCT' ED,  pp.    Instructeil  amiss. 

MIS-IN  STRUCTION,  «.    Wrong  instruction.  More. 

MIS-IN-TEL'LI-GENCE,  n.  Wrong  information  ;  dis- 
agreement. 

MIS-INTER'PRET,  r.  t  To  interpret  erroneously; 
to  understand  or  to  explain  in  a  wrong  sense. 

.^rbuthnoU 


MIS-IN  TER  PRET-A'TION,  n.   The  act  of  iiiler- 

jiri'tiiig  ericni-ously. 
.MIS-lN-TKIt'l'ltE'r  ED,  pp.  or  a.   Erroneously  undcr- 

sloiid  or  i'V|ilaiiii'd. 
.MIS-1N-TI;R'PRET-ER,  n.    One  who  interprets  cr- 

ronroiislv. 

MIS-IN-TER'PIlET-ING.ppr.  Erroneously  interpret- 
ing. 

MIS-JOIN',  r.  f.    To  join  unfitly  or  improperly. 

Milton.  Dryden. 

MIS-JOIN'DER,  71.  In  /aw,  the  joining  of  several  dis- 
tinct deiiiaiiils  in  a  declaration  which  can  not  by  law 
be  thus  uiiitrd.  Bouvier. 

MIS-JOI.N'ED,  pp.    Improperly  united. 

MIS-JOIN'I.VG,  ppr.   Joining  unfitly  or  improperly. 

MIS-JUUGE',  (-jiij',)  c.  t.  To  mistake  in  judging  of; 
to  judge  erroneously,  L^Estrange. 

MIS-JUDGE',  (  jiij',)  r.  t.  To  err  in  judgment;  to 
form  false  opinions  or  notions. 

MlS-JIJDG'f-"l),  pp.  or  a.    Judged  erroneously. 

MIS-JUDG  I.N'G,  ppr.  Judging  erroneously  of;  form- 
ing a  wrong  opiinoii  or  inference. 

MIS-JUDG'AIENT,  71.  A  wrong  or  unjust  determina- 
tion. JIale. 

MIS'KIN,  71.    A  little  bagpipe. 

MIS-KIN'DLE,  r.  U   To  kindle  amiss  ;  to  infiame  to 

a  bad  pur|)ose. 
MIS-La  1 1)',  pp.    Laid  in  a  wrong  place,  or  place  not 

recollected  ;  lost. 
MIS-LAY',  V.  t.   To  lay  in  a  wrong  place. 

Tlie  fault  is  ^nerally  rnistnid  upon  nature.  Locke. 
2.  To  lay  in  a  pl.ace  not  recollected  ;  to  lose. 
If  the  butler  be  the  tc'11'l.ale,  mislay  a  spoun  so  that  be  may  never 
find  it.  Smift. 

MIS-L.^Y'ER,  n.  One  that  lays  in  a  wrong  pl.ace  ;  one 
that  loses.  Bacon. 

MIS-L.\V'ING,  ppr.  Laying  in  a  wrong  pl.ace,  or 
place  not  remembered  ;  losing. 

MIS'LE,  (niiz'zl,)  v.  i.    [from  mi.st,and  properly,  Mis- 

TLE.] 

To  rain  in  very  fine  drops,  like  a  thick  mist. 

Oay.  Derham. 
MIS-LkAD',  v.  L  ,  prff.  and  pp.  Misled.  [Sec  Lead.] 
To  lead  into  a  wrong  way  or  path  ;  to  lead  astray  ; 
to  guide  into  error  ;  to  cause  to  mistake  ;  to  deceive. 

Trust  not  gerv:iut8  wlin  mislend  or  tnisinfunn  you.  Bacon. 

But  of  the  two,  li-iis  dangero'irt  is  the  olltiise,  ' 

To  lire  our  patience,  lliaii  mistead  our  sense.  Pope. 

MIS-Lf.AD'ER,  71.    One  who  leads  into  error. 
MIS-Li£,\D'L\G,  ppr.    Leading  into  ciTor  ;  causing 

to  err  ;  deceiving. 
MIS-Lf.AD'IN(;,  h.    a  misguiding. 
MIS-LEARN'EI),  (  li  ru'ed  or  -lernd',)  a.    Not  really 

or  properly  learned. 
MIS-LEU',  pp.  of  .Mislead.    Led  into  error;  led  a 

wrong  way. 

—  To  pi»e  due  li^bl 
To  the  misted  and  luucly  traveller.  Mdtan. 

MIS'LE-TOE,  n.    See  Mistletoe. 
MIS-LIKE',  r.  /.  or  i.    To  dislike  ;  to  disapprove  ;  to 
have  aversion  to ;  as,  to  mi^like  a  man  or  an  opinion. 

Ralegh.    Sidney.  Mtlton. 
[For  this  word  Dislike  ia"  generally  used.] 
MIS-LIKE',  11.    Dislike;  disappmbatiim  ;  aversion. 
.MiS-LIK'f.n,  (  likt',)  pp.    Di>lik.  d  ;  disapproved. 
MIS-LIK'EK,  71.    One  that  dislikes. 
MIS-LIK'I.\G,  ppr.    Disliking;  disapproving. 
.MKS'LIN.    See  .Meslin. 

MIS-LIVE',  (inis-liv'.)  e.  f.    To  live  amiss.  [Obs.] 
MI.-^-LUCK',  II.    Ill  luck  ;  misfortune. 
MIS'LY,  a.    [See  .Misle  and  Mist.]    Raining  in  very 
small  drops. 

MIS-M.'\.\'AGE,  1'.  U  To  manage  ill  ;  to  administer 
improperly  ;  as,  to  mismanage  public  affairs. 

MIS-M  A.N'.AGE,  r.  i.  To  behave  ill  ;  to  conduct  amiss. 

MIS-M.\N'A-Gf.'I),  pp.    Ill  managed  or  conducted. 

MIS-M.\N'.\GF,-.ME.\T,  71.  Ill  or  improp!-r  manage- 
ment ;  ill  conduct  ;  as,  the  mismanagement  of  public 
or  private  affairs. 

MIS-.MA.\'.\-GER,  71.    One  that  manages  ill.  Burke. 

MIS-MA\'A  GING,  ppr.    Managing  ill. 

.Ml.^-.MARK',  V.  t.  To  mark  wilh  the  wrong  token  ;  to 
mark  erroneoiislv.  Collier. 

MIS-MARK'KI),  (  luirkt',)  pp.    Wrongly  marked. 

MI.-5-.M.\RK'ING,  ppr.    .Marking  erroneously. 

MI.*-MATCII',  r.  (.    To  match  uiisiiiuihlv.  SoiifAcrn. 

MIS  .\IATCH'£D,  (  niactit',)  pp.  Unsuitably  matched  ; 
ill  joined. 

MIS-M.\TCH'I.NG,  ppr.  Matching  in  an  unsuitable 
manner. 

MIS-.\1EAS'I;RE,  r.  I.   To  measure  incorrectly. 
.MIS-N.aME',  r.  (.    To  call  by  the  wrong  name.  Boyle. 
M1S-\a.M'/-;D,  pp.    Called  by  a  wrung  name. 
MIS-.\.A.\I'I.\G,ppr.    Calling  by  a  wrong  name. 
MIS-NO'.MER,  71.    [Old  Fr.  7nM,  wrong,  and  nommer, 
to  name.] 

In  lam,  the  mistaking  of  the  true  name  of  a  per- 
son ;  a  misnaming.  (Missosmeb,  as  written  by 
Blackslone,  must  be  a  corrupt  orthography.  In  no 
dialect  has  name,  L.  nomen,  been  written  with  i,  un- 
less bv  mistake.] 
MIS-O-'BE'DI-ENCE,  n.  Erroneous  obedience,  or  dis- 
obedience.   [jVat  used.] 


Milton, 


TONE,  ByLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


719 


MIS 

MIS-OB-SEIIVE',  {-zcrv',)  v.  U  To  observe  inaccu- 
rately ;  to  mistake  in  observing.  Locke. 

MI-SOG'A-MIST,n.    [Gr.  ;ii«cu,  to  hate,  and  j  «;<os, 
nuirria^e.] 
A  hater  of  marriage. 

MI-SOG'A-iMY,  n.    Hatred  of  maiTiage. 

MI-SOO'Y-NIST,  (me-soj'e-nist,)  n.  [Gr.  ;;io£!j,  to 
hate,  and  j  "f^,  woman.] 

A  woman-hater.    [  Unusual.]  Fuller. 

MI-SO<i'Y-iNY,  It.  [Supra.]  Ilatred  of  the  female 
sex. 

JIIS-O-PIN'ION,  (-yun,)  7U   Erroneous  opinion. 

Bp.  HalL 

MIS-OR'DER,  r. «.  To  order  ill ;  to  manage  erroneous- 
ly.   [Obs.]  .^scham. 
9.  To  manage  ill  ;  to  conduct  badly.  [Obs.]  Shale. 

MIS-OR'DER,  71.  Irregularity  ;  disorderly  proceedings. 
[fVeiitnr  use  Disorder.]  Camden. 

M!S-OR'l)Ell-LY,  o.    Irregular  ;  disorderly,  .^scham. 

MIS-OR-DI-Na'TION.  n.    Wrong  ordination.  More. 

MIS-PELL',  MIS-PENU',  &c.  .See  Misspell,  Mis- 
spend. 

MIS-PER-SUaDE',  (-swade',)  r.  t.  To  persuade  amiss, 
or  to  lead  to  a  wrong  notion.  Ifiwker. 

MIS-PER-SU-a'SION,  (-swa'zhun,)  n.  A  false  per- 
suasion :  wrong  notion  or  opinion.    Decay  of  Piety. 

MIS-PICk'f;L,  V.  Arsenical  pyrites  ;  an  ore  of  arsen- 
ic, containing  this  metal  in  combination  with  iron, 
sometimes  found  in  cubic  crystals,  but  more  often 
without  any  regular  form.  Fourcroij. 

MIS-PLACE',  r.  L  To  put  in  a  wrong  place  ;  as,  the 
book  is  misplaced. 

2.  To  place  on  an  improper  object  j  as,  he  misjilaced 
his  confidence.  South. 

MIS-PL.aC'£D,  (  plast',)  pp.  or  a.  Put  in  a  wrong 
place,  or  on  an  improper  object. 

MIS-PL.XCE'MEi\T,  n.  The  act  of  putting  in  the 
wrong"  place. 

MIS-PLACING,  ppr.  Putting  in  a  wrong  place,  or 
on  a  wrong  object. 

MLS-PLf.AD',  «.  i.    To  err  in  pleading.  BlacLstonc. 

MIS-PLEAD'ING,  ppr.  Making  a  mistake  in  plead- 
ing. 

MIS-PLEAD'ING,  n.    A  mistake  in  pleading. 
MIS-POINT',  V.  t.    To  point  improperly;  to  err  in 

punctuation. 
MIS-POINT'ED,  pp.    Pointed  wrong. 
MIS-POL'I-CY,  n.    Wrons  policy  ;  impolicy. 
MIS-PRAC'TICE,  71.    Wrong  practice.  More. 
MIS-PRINT',  V.  t.    To  mistake  in  |>riiiting  ;  to  print 

wroni. 

MIS-PRINT',  «.    A  mistake  in  printing ;  a  deviation 

from  the  copy.  Ch.  Obs. 

MIS-PRINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Erroneously  printed. 
MIS-PRINT'IXG,  ppr.    Printing  wrong. 
MIS-PRINT'ING,  71.    The  act  of  printing  wrong;  a 

misprint.  Barter. 
MIS-PRISE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  meprendre,  mepris ;  mes,  wrong, 

and  prendre,  to  take.] 

To  mistake.  Sliak, 
MIS-PRIS'lON,  (mis-prizh'un,)  71.  [Supra.]  Neglect; 

contempt. 

2.  In  law,  any  high  offense  under  the  degree  of 
capital,  but  nearly  bordering  thereon.  Mi.-fprision  is 
contained  in  every  treason  and  felony.  Misprisions 
arc  divided  into  ne^at.ire  and  positirc ;  ncgalive,  which 
consist  in  the  concealmentof  something  which  ought 
to  be  revealed  ;  and  positive,  which  consist  in  the 
commission  of  something  which  ought  not  to  be 
done.  Mi-rprision  of  treason,  consists  in  a  bare  knowl- 
edge and  concealment  of  treason,  without  assenting 
to  it.  Blaehsti'ne. 

Maladministration  in  offices  of  high  public  trust, 
is  a  positive  inisprisifltt.  Blachstone, 

3.  Mistake  ;  oversight ;  contempt.    [JVot  in  uip.] 

Sliak. 

MIS-PRTZE',  «.  (.  [77!ii  and  pn'ie.]  To  slight  or  un- 
dervalue. 

O  fur  those  vanishrd  tioiirs,  so  miiclt  misprized.  Hillhoute. 

MIS-PRO-CEED'ING,  Ji.  Wrong  or  irregular  proceed- 
ing. Bacon. 

MIS-PRO-FESS',  r.  t.  To  make  a  false  profession  ;  to 
make  pretennions  to  skill  which  is  not  possessed. 

Dunne. 

MI3-PRO-NOUNCE',  (mis-pro-noiins',)  v.  t.  To  pro- 
nounce erroneously;  as,  to  mi.ipronuuncc  a  word,  a 
name,  &c. 

MIS-PRO-NOUNCE',  (mis-pro-nouns',)  v.  i.  To  pro- 
nounce incorrectly.  Millon, 

MIS-PRO-NOU.\C''/;D,(-pro-nounst',)p;7.  Pronounced 
inc7)rrrrllv. 

MIS.PItO  .Nt'N-CI-A'TIO.V,  n.  A  wrong  or  improper 
pronunrialion.  Sivift. 

MIS-PRO  ITjR'TION,  r.  (.  To  err  in  proportioning 
one  tiling  to  another  ;  to  join  without  due  propor- 
tion, 

MIS-Pltf)  POR'TION-KD,  pp.  Joined  without  due 
propr)rliiin. 

MIS  PKOIII)',  n.    Viciounly  proud.  [JVo(  lucJ.]  Sliak. 

MIS-Ui;0-'l'A'TION,  7u  An  erroneous  quotation  ;  the 
art  of  (piotiiig  wrong. 

MIS  fll/riTE',  V.  U  To  quote  erroncouiily  ;  to  cite  in- 
correctly. 


MIS 

MIS-QUoT'ED,  pp.    Incorrectly  quoted  or  cited. 
Ml.S-ClUoT'ING,  ppr.    Quoting  or  citing  erroneously. 
MIS-R.\TE',  V,  t.    To  rate  erroneously  ;  to  estimate 

falsely.   _  Barrow. 
MIS-RE-CkIVE',  v.  t    To  receive  erroneously. 
MIS-RE-ClT'AL,  7i.    An  inaccurate  recital. 
MIS-RE-CITE',  c.  (,  To  recite  erroneously.  BramhalU 
MtS-RE-flT'ED,  pp.    Recited  incorrectly. 
iMIS-RE-t'IT'ING,  ppr.    Reciting  erroneously. 
MIS-KECK' ON,  V.  t.   To  reckon  or  compute  wrong. 

SwifL 

MIS-RECK' ON-JO),  (-rek'nd,)pp.  Beckoned  or  com- 
puted erroneously. 

MIS-RECK' ON-ING,  ppr.  Reckoning  wrong;  and 
as  a  noun,  an  erroneous  computation. 

MIS-RE-LATE',  v.  L  To  relate  falsely  or  inaccurately. 

Bu,/te. 

MIS-RE-LaT'ED,  pp.    Erroneously  related  or  told. 
MIS-RE-LAT'ING,  ppr.    Relating  or  telling  errone- 
ously. 

MIS-RE-LA'TION,  jt.  Erroneous  relation  or  narra- 
tion. Bramhall. 

MIS-RE-MEM'BER,  v.  t.  To  mistake  in  remember- 
ing ;  not  to  remember  correctly.  Boyle. 

MIS-RE-MEM'liER-£D,  pp.  Inaccurately  recollected. 

MIS-RE-.MEM'RER-ING,  ppr.  Remembering  inaccu- 
rately. 

MIS-RE-PoRT',  V.  U  To  report  erroneously  ;  to  give 
an  incorrect  account  of.  Locke. 

MIS-RE-PoRT',  71.  An  erroneous  report;  a  false  or 
incorrect  account  given.  Denkam.  SouOi, 

MIS-RE-PoRT'EI),  pp.    Incorrectly  reported. 

MIS-KE-PORT'ING,  ppr.    Reporting  incorrectly. 

MIS-REP-RE-SEa\T',  v.  t.  To  represent  falsely  or  in- 
correctly ;  to  give  a  false  or  erroneous  representa- 
tion, either  maliciously,  ignorantly,  or  carelessly. 

Swift. 

MIS-REP-RE-SENT-A'TION,  7i.  The  act  of  giving  a 
false  or  erroneous  representation.  Swifl. 

2.  A  false  or  incorrect  account  given,  either  from 
mistake,  carelessness,  or  malice.  Merhury. 

JVote.  —  This  word  is  so  customarily  used  for  an 
eupliewiism,  or  as  a  softer  expression  for  lie  or  false- 
hood, as  to  convey  the  idea  generally  of  intentional 
falsehood.  This  signification,  however,  is  not  neces- 
sarily implied. 

MIS-liEP  KE-SENT'ED,  pp.  Falsely  or  erroneously 
represented. 

MIS-REP-RE-SENT'ER,  7!.    One  who  gives  a  false  or 

erroneous  account. 
MIS-REP-RE-SENT'ING,  ppr.   Giving  a  false  or  er-. 

roneous  representation. 
MIS-RE-PuTE',  !i.  t.    To  have  in  wrong  estimation. 
MIS-RE-POT'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Erroneously  reputed. 

Milton. 

MIS-RuLE',  n.  Disorder;  confusion;  tumult  from 
insubordination. 

Enormous  riot  and  mierule.  Pope. 
2.  Unjust  domination. 
Lord  of  misrule.    See  Lord. 
MIS-RU'LY,  a.  Unruly  ;  ungovernable;  turbulent.  Hall. 
MISS,  71.    [Supposed  by  Pailey  to  be  contracted  from 
mistress.    But  probably  it  is  from  the  .\rmoric  inesell, 
a  young  lady,  or  contracted  from  Fr.  demoiselle,  Sp. 
damisola.    See  Damsel.] 

1.  The  title  of  a  young  woman  or  girl ;  as,  little 
masters  and  misses.  Swifts 

2.  A  kept  mistress  ;  a  prostitute  retained  ;  a  con- 
cubine. Dnjuen. 

[When  this  title  is  applied  to  two  or  more  ladies  of 
the  same  name,  there  is  a  diversity  of  usage.  In  con- 
versation, we  say,  the  MLis  Smitlis,  and  tliis  was  for- 
merly the  custom  in  writing,  as  sliown  in  the  prac- 
tice of  Burke,  Boswell,  and  many  others.  Of  late, 
it  has  become  customary,  in  writinrr,  to  use  misses; 
as,  the  MLi.ies  SmiVt ;  and  although  there  is  still  some 
diversity,  this  may  be  considered  as  the  prevailing 
usage.  Such  are  the  statements  of  the  latest  English 
grammarians.  Ed] 
MISS,  r.  (.  [Sax.  Tjitwinn ;  D.  and  G.  missen;  Sw. 
mi.ila;  Dan.  77ii.<(«r;  allied  perhaps  to  L.  juitto,  viisi  i 
omitto,  omisi.  But  this  is  not  certain.  The  Welsh 
has  the  word  in  metliu,  to  fail,  to  miss,  to  become 
abortive,  to  miscarr>',  to  decay.  See  ('lass  Md,  No. 
8,  12,  13,  14,         Hence  the  prefix  7«is.] 

1.  To  fail  in  aim  ;  to  fail  of  reaching  the  object ; 
not  to  hit;  as,  to  7ni.«  the  mark;  lomiss  the  object 
intended. 

2.  To  fail  of  finding  the  right  way  ;  to  err  in  at- 
tempting to  find  ;  as,  to  miss  the  way  or  the  road. 

3.  To  fail  of  obtaining. 

Orifiilns  It'iiniil  nothing  Init  to  mu*  Parlhcnia.  Sidney. 

4.  To  learn  or  discover  that  .something  is  wanting, 
or  not  where  it  was  supposed  to  be ;  as,  to  miss  one's 
sniiir  box  ;  I  missed  the  first  voliiine  of  Livy. 

Ntfilhfr  miteed  we  any  thing.    Nothing  was  misted  of  all  that 
jirriauK-'d  to  him.  —  1  Sam.  xxv. 

5.  To  bo  without ;  as,  we  can  not  mbs  him.  [  Obs.] 

Skak. 

G.  To  omit ;  to  pass  by  ;  to  go  without ;  to  fail  to 
liave ;  as,  to  tiiu^  a  meal  of  victuals. 

Sh<'  woiil.l  nrvrr  mist  one  iliiy 

A  walk  so  fin.-,  a  sight  so  giiy.  Prior. 


MIS 

7.  To  perceive  the  want  of. 

What  hy  ine  thou  hast  lost,  thou  least  shall  snisg.  AfUlon. 
He  wlio  h-.is  a  fimi,  siitcerc  frieud,  may  wiuit  all  the  rest  u  iilioul 
missing  then.  Soulli. 

8.  To  fail  of  seeing  or  finding. 

MISS,  V.  i.    To  fail  to  hit;  to  fly  wide  ;  to  deviate  from 
the  true  direction. 

Flying  bullets  now, 
To  execute  his  rage,  appear  too  slow  ; 
They  miss,  or  sweep  but  common  souls  away.  Walter. 

2.  Not  to  succeed  ;  to  fail. 

Men  observe  when  things  hit,  and  not  when  tliey  miss.  Bacon. 

3.  To  fail ;  to  miscarry,  as  by  accident. 
The  invention  all  admired,  and  eacli  how  he 

To  be  tlie  inventor  missed.  Milton. 

4.  To  fail  to  obtain,  learn,  or  find ;  with  of. 

On  the  least  reflection,  we  can  not  miss  o/them.  Atterbury 

5.  To  full  ;  to  mistake.  Spenser. 
MISS,  71.    Loss;  want. 

Tiiere  will  be  no  gre^l  miss  of  tliose  which  are  Inst.  Locke. 

2.  Mistake ;  error. 

He  did  without  any  great  miss  In  the  hardest  points  of  ffratnmar. 
[Little  used.]  Asclia/n. 

3.  Harm  from  mistake.    [Ofts.]  Spenser. 
JIIS-SAID',  (-sed,)  pp.    Said  wrong. 
MIS'SAL,  71.    [It.  jne.^sale  ;  Fr.  missel.    See  Mass.] 

The  Rinnan  Catholic  mass-book.  Stillingflcrt. 
MIS-SAY',  V.  t.   To  say  wrong ;  to  slander.  [Little 

itsed.]  Spenser. 
MIS-SaY',  v.  i.  To  speak  ill.  Spenser. 
MIS-SaY'ING,  71.  Wrong  expression.  Milton. 
MISS'^D,  (mist,)  pp.    Failed  in  aim  or  in  reaching 

the  object. 

MIS-SEE.M',  V.  i.   To  make  a  false  appearance. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  misbecome.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
MIS'SEL,  j  71.    A  singing  bird,  the  largest  of 

MIS'SEL-ETRD,  j    the  European  thrushes,  Turdus 

viscivorus.  '  Kilin.  Encyc. 

MIS'SEL-DINE,  71.    The  mistletoe.    [04s.]  Barret. 
MIS-SE.M'BLANCE,  71.    False  resemblance. 

Spelman. 

MIS-SEND',  V.  t.    To  send  amiss  or  incorrectly. 
MIS-SENT',  preL  and  pp.  of  Missend. 
MIS-SERVE',  (niis-serv',)  0.  (.  To  serve  unfaithfully. 

..irbuthnot.' 

MIS-SERV'£D,  pp.    Served  unfaithfully. 
MIS-SHAPE',  V.  t.    [See  Shape.]    To  shape  ill  ;  to 
give  an  ill  form  to  ;  to  deform. 

Spenser. 


And  liorribly  missliapes  with  ugly  sights. 
A  jnisshnped  figure. 
^lisslLapen  mountains. 


BenUen. 


MIS-SHAP'™,  (-shapt,)    j  pp.  or  a.    Hl-forined  ;  de- 
MIS-SHAP'£N,  (-shap'n,)  )     formed;  ugly. 
SHS-SHAP'KN-LY,  ado.    In  a  misshapen  way. 
MIS-SHaP'£N-NESS,  71.   The  state  of  being  badly 
shaped. 

MIS-SHAP'ING,  ppr.   Giving  an  ill  shape  to. 

MI.S-SllKATH'ir;D,  a.    Sheathed  by  ini.stake.  S/i«7;. 

MIS'SILE,  (mis'sil,)  a.  [L.  mis.-iilis,  from  missus,  sent ; 
mitto,  to  send.] 

Thrown  or  sent,  or  that  may  be  thrown.  A  7111.5- 
sUe  weapon  is  one  that  is  thrown  by  the  hand,  or 
from  an  engine  in  war,  in  distinction  from  such  as 
are  held  or  retained  in  the  hand,  or  fixed.  An  ar- 
row, a  dart,  a  javelin,  a  stone,  a  bullet,  a  bomb,  are 
missile  weaptuis. 

MIS'SILE,  71.  A  weapon  thrown,  or  intended  to  be 
thrown,  for  doing  execution,  as  a  lance,  an  arrow, 
or  a  bullet. 

MISS'ING,  ppr.  [from  77iis.t.]  Failing  to  hit,  to  reach, 
or  to  finti ;  tliscovcting  to  be  wanting. 

2.  a.  Lost ;  absent  from  the  place  where  it  was  ex- 
pected to  be  found;  wanting.  My  horse  is  i/iwiiii^," 
my  pen  or  my  book  is  missing. 

VoT  a  time  caught  up  to  God,  as  once 

Most-s  was  in  tlie  mount,  and  missing  long.  Milton. 

MISS'IN(!-LY,  O'/n     At  intervals  ;  occasitmiilly.  Skal:. 
MIS'SION,  (mish'un,)  71.    [L.  TJiissio,  from  mitto,  to 
send.] 

1.  A  sending  or  being  sent,  usually  the  latter;  a 
being  sent  or  delegated  by  iiiilhurity,  with  certain 
powers  for  transacting  business  ;  commission  ;  as, 
sent  on  a  foreign  mission. 


How  to  bp*in,  how  to  accomplish  best 

His  end  ol  being  on  earth,  and  mission  high. 


Millon. 


2.  Persons  sent ;  any  number  of  persons  appointed 
by  authority  to  perfiirm  any  service  ;  particularly, 
the  persons  sent  to  propagate  religion  or  evangelize 
the  heathen.  The  societies  for  propagating  the  gos- 
pel have  missions  in  almost  every  couiiirj'.  l.ast 
week  a  misMOii  sailed  for  the  Sandwich  Isles.  We 
have  tlouK-'stic  missions  anti  foreign  missions. 

3.  A  station  of  missionaries. 

4.  Dismission;  discharge  from  service;  a  Roman 
use  of  the  irord ;  in  Entrlish,  obsolete.  Bacon. 

a.  Faction  ;  party.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
MIS'SION-A-RY,  11.    [Fr.  mis.Woiinirc] 

One  sent  to  propagate  religion.  Christian  7nt.v5ti77t- 
aries  are  calliMl  missionaries  of  the  cross. 


FATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  DQQK — 


780 


MIS 


MIS 


MIT 


MIS'SION-A-UY,  a.  I'ertriining  lo  missions  j  as,  a 
mi.<.fh>mii-t;  lllcoling  ;  u  missionary  fiintl. 

MIS'SION'-ATE,  i.  To  act  as  a  missionary.  [JVot 
irtll  niitliarizcit.) 

M1S'SI().\-ER,  for  MusiowAHY,  is  not  used. 

MIS'tfl  VE,  a.  [Fr.]  Siicli  as  is  sent ;  as,  a  letter  mis- 
si  vr, 

•J.  Tlirown  or  sent,  or  such  as  may  be  sent ;  aa,  n 
inissire  weapon.  Drtjcletu 

JUS'SIVE,  71.   A  letter  sent,  or  a  messenger. 

Bacon.  Shah, 

MIS-SPRAK',  V.  i.  [See  Speak.]  To  err  or  mistake 
in  speak ini;.  S/iak. 

MIS  iriPKAK',  r.       To  ntter  wronp.  Domic. 

IMl.-'-SI'ELL',  I).  I.  To  spell  wrong  ;  to  write  or  utter 
with  \vrong  letters. 

Ml.-^-SI'El.I/SD,  i  pp.    Spelled  wrong,  or  with  wrong 

JIIS-SPELT',      !  leltiis. 

MIS-Sl'ELL'ING,  ppr.    Spelling  wrong. 

MlS-Sl'ELL'lNG,  n.  A  wrong  spelling ;  false  orthog- 
raphy. 

MIS-SI'END',  V.  t.   To  spend  amiss  ;  to  waste  or  con- 
sume to  no  purpose,  or  lo  a  bad  one ;  as,  to  inisspnid 
time  or  money  ;  to  misspend  life.     Drijdcn.  Rogers. 
2.  To  waste. 

The  p-nml  moistiiro  duo 
To  apples  otherwise  tnisspeiids  ilsell'.  rhiUpf. 

MIS-SPEND'ER,  n.  One  that  consumes  prodigally  or 
improperly.  JVorris, 

MIS-SPEND'ING,  ppr.  Spending  to  no  purpose,  or 
to  a  had  one. 

Mltf-SPE.N'SE',  (niis-spens',)  n.  A  spending  improp- 
erly ;  a  wasting. 

M1S-8PENT',  pp.  or  a.  Ill  spent  ;  expended  or  con- 
sumed to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  one;  as,  misspent 
lime  or  life. 

M!s-sl'8K''/'"k  Uttered  or  spoken  amiss. 

MIS-ST.\TE',  u.  t.  To  slate  wrong  ;  to  make  an  er- 
roneous representation  of  facts ;  as,  to  mitstate  a 
question  in  debate.         ,  Sanderson. 

MIS-STaT'ED,  pp.    State'd  erroneously. 

MIS-STaTE'ME.\T,  n.  A  wrong  statement;  an  er- 
roneous representation,  verbal  or  written  ;  as,  a  mis- 
stjitement  of  fuels  in  testimony,  or  of  accounts  in  a 
report.  Jfamilton. 

MIS-STAT'ING,  ppr.    Stating  falsely  or  erroneously. 

MlS-STAY'iSD,  a.    Having  missed  Slavs,  as  asliip. 

MIS-SUM-Ma'TIO.\,  K.    Wrong  sununation.  Scotl. 

MIST,  71.  [Sax.  7niit;  U.  Tnist;  L.  7nutus,  7;ii.<(ii,'>',  from 
inisceo.  to  771  iz.] 

1.  Water  falling  in  very  numerous,  but  fine  and 
almost  imperceptible  drops. 

A  rniit  w  R  mulUlude  of  small  but  solid  globules,  wliich  tli'-refore 
descend.  Greta. 

2.  That  which  dims  or  darkens,  and  obscures  or 
intercepts  vision. 

tlis  piissioii  cast  a  mwf  berore  his  sense.  Dn/den. 
MIST,  V.  L  To  cloud  ;  to  cover  with  vapor.  Sliak. 
MIST,  V.  i.   To  rain  in  very  fine  drops ;  as  it  mists. 

.America, 

MIST-EX-eUM'BER-i:D,  o.    Loaded  with  mist. 

J.  Barlow, 

MIS-TaK'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  misconceived  or 
mistaken.  Brown. 

MIS-TAKE',  V.  t.  To  take  wrong ;  to  conceive  or  un- 
derstand erroneously  ;  to  misunderstand  or  misap- 
prehend. 

'Tis  to  mistake  them  costs  the  time  and  pain.  Pope, 

2.  To  take  one  thing  or  person  for  another. 

We  mistake  the  eloquenc«  of  sclf-apolo^  for  the  animation  of 

coii!>ciuus  inteffhly.  Buckirunsl^, 
A  nuui  may  mislnke  ihc  love  of  virtue  for  the  prucuc*'  of  iL 

Jo/inson. 

MIS-TAKE',  V.  i.   To  err  in  opinion  or  judgment. 

Servants  mtAtake,  and  someliiikes  occasion  niisundcrvtindin^ 
among  fneuds,  Su?(ft. 

MIS-TAKE',  71.  An  error  in  opinion  or  judgment; 
misconception. 

Iiifalhhility  is  an  absolute  s^urity  of  Uio  undcrslondinf  from  alt 
possibility  of  mistake.  TUIolson. 

3.  A  slip ;  a  fault ;  an  error.   There  is  a  mistake 
in  the  account  or  in  the  d.ite. 

MIS-TAK'E.\,  pp.  In  the  use  of  this  participle,  there 
is  a  peculiarity  which  ought  to  be  carefully  noticed. 
When  used  of  persons,  it  signifies  lo  be  in  an  error,  to 
be  wronfT ;  as,  lam  mistaken,  yt)ii  are  mistaken,  he  is 
mistaken.  But  when  used  of  things,  it  signifies  7ni,<- 
ytnderstood,  miseonceived ;  as,  the  sense  of  the  pas- 
»age  is  mistaken,  that  is,  not  rightly  understood. 
2.  Erroneons  ;  incorrect;  as,  a  7HistaAc7i  notion. 

MjS-TAK'KN-LY,  adv.    By  mistake. 

MIS-TAK'ER,  n.  One  that  mistakes  or  misunder- 
stands. 

MIS-TAK'ING,  ppr.    Making  a  mistake  j  erring  from 

the  truth  ;  misconceiving. 
J'l'^-J^K'ING,  n.    An  error ;  a  mistake.  Hall. 
J['';-.|^K'J>''G-L.Y,  oJc.  Erroneously  ;  falsely.  Bovle. 
Mls-IALGHT',  (mis-tawi',)  pp.     Wrunirlv  taught; 
.I?''.'.?™''''"'?*'  >"""'•  /.'Estrantre. 
.Ml.>- 1  KACH  ,  r.  t.    [See  Teach.]    To  tearh  wrong ; 


lo  instruct  erroneously. 


MI.^-TK.ACII'liS'G,  ppr.    Instrucliug  erroufuusly. 

MIS-TEI.l.',  r.  t.    [See  Tei.i..]    'I'o  ti  ll  .  rrumously. 

MIS-TE.M'PER,  )•.  (.    To  temper  ill  ;  to  disorder. 

MIS-TE.M'PEK-f;i),  p/i.    Tempered  ill.  [SMi. 

MIS'TER,  71.  [The  pronunciation  of  tliis  word  is  prob- 
ably from  the  \Vclsh,  German,  or  Uutch  dialect.  See 
IMaster.] 

The  common  title  of  address  lo  gentlemen,  and  to 
men  of  all  clas.ses.  In  writing,  it  is  expressed  by  the 
abbreviation  Mr, 

MIS'TER,  V.  t.  [Sw.  77i«fff.]  To  be  needful  or  of 
use.    [  Ofc.] 

As  for  my  name,  it  mistertth  not  to  tell.  Spenser. 

MIS-TERM',  V.  t.  To  term  or  denominate  errone- 
ously. Shr.k. 

MIS-TERM'KD,  pp.    Wrongly  denomin.aled. 

MIS-TERM'ING,  ppr.    Dencuniuating  erroneously. 

MIST'I'IJL,  a.    Clouded  with  mist. 

MIS-THINK',  17.  i.  [See  Tm.NK.]  To  think  wrong. 
[Little  used.]  Sliak. 

MIS-TIIOUGIIT',  (-lhawt',)  pp.  of  Misthink. 
Thought  wrong  of. 

Adam  mitllioughl  of  lier  to  thee  so  dear.  MilUin. 

MIST'I-LY,  adv.   Willi  mist ;  d.irkly  ;  obscurely. 

Smart. 

MIS  TIME',  !'.  (.  To  time  wrong  ;  not  to  adapt  lo 
the  tiuie. 

MIS-TIME',  I'.  1.    To  neglect  the  proper  lime. 
.M1S-TI.M'/:D,  pp.  01  a.    Ill-timed;  done  at  a  wrong 

lime.  , 
MIS-TIM'ING,  ppr.    Ill-timing;  doing  unseasonably. 
MIST'l-NESS,  71.     [See  Mist.]     A  slate  of  being 

misty  ;  a  state  of  tiiick  rain  in  very  siiiall  drops. 

Bacon. 

MIS'TION,  (inis'cliun,)  Tt.  [L.  mistus,  viiztus.  See 
Mix.] 

1.  A  state  of  being  mixed. 

2.  Mixture;  a  mingling.  Boyle. 
MIS-TI'TLE,  V.  t.    To  call  by  a  wrong  title  or  name. 
MIS-TI'TLKD,  pp.    Wrongly  named.  [H'arburtoii. 
MIS'TLE,  (miz'l,)  ».  i.    [from  nnVf.]    To  fall  in  very 

fine  drops,  as  rain.    [See  Misle.] 

MIS'TLE-ToE,  )  ,      ,1      N  (  71.   [Sax.  tnistelta  ;  Dan. 

MIS'LE-ToE,  jUn'Z'-'o.^j  jTii^tc/,  the  same  shrub, 
and  birdlime  ;  G.  id.] 

A  plant  or  shrub  tliat  grows  on  trees.  It  is  of  the 
genus  Viscuin.  The  berry  contains  a  gltitinous  sub- 
stance, and  the  shrub  is  said  to  be  propagati  il  by 
birds.  This  plant  was  held  in  great  veneration  by 
the  Druids.  Bacon,    Miller.  Enetjc. 

MIST'- LIKE,  0.    Kesembliug  mist.  Shuk. 

MIS-Tol.l)',  pp.    Erroneously  told.    [See  Tell.] 

MIS-TOOK',  prct,  of  Mistake. 

MlS-Tl'lAlN',  tj.  (.  To  train  or  educate  amiss.  Spenser, 
MIS-TR.VNS-LaTE',  i:  t.    To  translate  erroneously. 

Maeknight. 

MIS-TRANS-LST'ED,  pp.  Erroneously  rendered  in- 
to another  laniniage. 

MIS-TRANS-LAT'IXG,  ppr.   Translating  incorrectly. 

MIS-TRAi\S-La'TIO.\,  71.  An  erroneous  translation 
or  version. 

MIS-TRi":AT',  r.  t.    To  treat  amiss  ;  to  abuse. 
MIS'TRESS,  71.  [Fr.  maitrcsse  ;  It.  maestra,  maestressa ; 

Sp.  maestra;  L.  mairistra;  Ir.  maigh  is  trcas.  See 

Master.] 

1.  A  woman  who  governs ;  correlative  to  Serva  st, 
Slave,  or  Subject. 

My  mistress  here  lies  munlen^d  in  her  bed.  Shak. 

2.  The  fi  in.ale  head  of  a  family. 

3.  That  which  governs  ;  a  sovereign.  Rome  was 
mistress  of  the  world. 

4.  One  that  commands,  or  has  possession  and  sov- 
ereignty.   The  queen  is  mistress  of  the  Indies. 

3.  A  female  who  is  well  skilled  in  any  thing  ;  as, 
she  is  77iisfrej;s  of  aritliinelic. 
C.  A  woman  teacher ;  an  instructress  of  a  school. 

Swtft. 

7.  A  woman  beloved  and  courted.  Clarendon. 

8.  A  woman  in  keeping  for  lewd  purposes. 

9.  A  term  of  contempluoiis  atldress.  Sliak. 
MIS'TRESS,  V.  L    To  wait  Upon  a  mistress  ;  to  be 

courting.  Donne. 
MIS'TRESS-PIECE,  n.   A  chief  performance  of  a 

woman.  Lord  Herbert. 

MIS'TRESS-SIIIP,  n.    Female  rule  or  dominion. 

Hall. 

MIS-TRI'.AL,  71.  In  law,  a  trial  which  is  erroneous 
through  some  defect  in  the  process  or  tlie  trial. 

Bouvier. 

MIS-TRUST',  71.    [Dan.  mUriist.    Sec  Trust.] 

Want  of  confidence  or  trust ;  suspicion.  Milton. 
MIS-TRUST',  v.L    [Dan.  mi»(rofr;  Sw.  7/iijts(ro.  See 
Tbubt.] 

To  suspect;  to  doubt;  to  regard  with  jealousy  or 
suspicion. 

Fate  her  ovn  book  mUtrutttd  at  Iho  sight.  Coieley. 
MIS-TRUST'ED,  pp.  Suspected. 
MIS-TRUST'KIJL,  a.   Suspicious;  doubting ;  want- 
ing confidence  in.  li'aller. 
.MIS-TRUST'F};L-LY,  adv.   With  suspicion  or  doubt. 
MIS-TRUST'F^L-NESS,  n.   Suspicion  ;  doubt. 

Sidney. 


.MIS TRUST'ING,  ppr.  Suspecting;  having  no  con- 
ftdenci'  in. 

MIS-TRU.ST'L\0-LY,  adi).  With  distrust  or  suspi- 
rion. 

MIS-TRUST'LESS,  a.    Unsuspecting  ;  unsuspicious. 

Carew. 

MIS-Tf'N'iy,  r.  (,  To  tunc  wrong  or  erroneously  ;  to 
put  out  of  liini'.  Skclton. 

MISTON'W),  pp.    Put  out  of  tune. 

MIS-Tint.N',  7'.  f.    Topi  rvt  rl.    [A'ot  used.] 

MIS-Tfi'TOit,  7\  f.    To  insiriirt  amiss. 

MIS-TO'TOR  /CD,  pp.    Instructed  amiss. 

AII.**T'V,  a.  [frmii  »ii.<f.]  Overspread  with  mist ;  filled 
with  Very  luiiiule  drops  of  rain  ;  as,  misty  weather  ; 
a  mi.ily  iitmosiihere  ;  a  misty  night  or  day. 

Spenser.  Pope. 
2.  Dim  ;  obscure  ;  clouded  ;  as,  7ni.<(y  sight. 

ML-^-fN-DER-STAND',  v.  t.  To  misconceive  ;  to 
misttiko  ;  to  take  in  a  wrong  sense. 

Locke.  .Addison. 

MIP-UN-DER-STAND'ING,  ppr.  Mistaking  the  mean- 
ing. 

MlS-UN-I)HR-STAi\D'ING,  77.  Misconception;  mis- 
take of  tlie  meaning  ;  error.  Bacon. 

2.  Disagreement ;  ditl'erencc  ;  dissension  ;  some- 
times a  softer  name  for  Uuarrel.  Swift. 

MIS-lJi\-DER-STOOD',  pp.  Misconceived  ;  mistaken  ; 
understood  erroneously.  South. 

MIS-IJS'AGE,  (mis-yuz'aje,)  n.    Ill  usage;  abuse. 

MIS-US?E',  (mis-yuze'j)  v.  t.    [Fr.  mesuser.   See  Use.] 

1.  To  treat  or  use  improperly  ;  to  use  to  a  bad  pur- 
pose. Milton. 

2.  To  abuse  ;  to  treat  ill. 

MIS  i;SE',  (mis-yuse',)  71.  Ill  treatment ;  improper 
use  ;  eniployinent  lo  a  bad  purpose  ;  as,  the  7ni.vii»e  of 
mercies.  .^dduion. 

2.  Abuse  ;  ill  treatment.  Shak. 

3.  Wrong  applicatiim  ;  misapplication  ;  erroneous 
use  ;  as,  the  rai.<ii,«e  of  words.  Ij)cke. 

MIS-IJS'/;D,  (niis-yuzd',)  pp.  or  a.  Impropt  riy  used 
or  applied;  misapplied;  misemployed;  abused. 

MIP-US'ER,  71.  In /aui,  an  unlawful  use  of  a  right; 
or  a  neglect  of  using  it  in  a  proper  manner. 

Boui-ier. 

MI.S-i;s'ING,  (inis-yuz'ing,)  ppr.    Using  improperly  ; 

abusing  1  misapplying. 
MI.P- VOUCH',  V.  t.    To  vouch  falsely. 
MIS-WEAR',  e.  f.    To  wear  ill.    [Obs.]  Bacon. 
MIS-WED',  1'.  t.    To  wed  improperly. 
,M1S-WED'DED,  pp.  in-inalcbed. 
MIS-WEEN',  V.  i.    To  misjudge  ;  to  distrust. 

Spenser. 

MIS-WEND',  V.  i.    To  go  wrong.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
MIS-WRITE',  (-rite',)  v.  t.  [See  VVrite  ]    To  write 

incorri  i  tly.  Bp.  Cosin. 

MIS-WROUGHT',  (mis-rawt',)  a.    Badly  wrougliu 

Bacon. 

MIS  Y(")KE',  V.  t.   To  yoke  or  join  improperly. 
M1S-YoK'/';D,  (-yokt',)  pp.    Improperly  yoked. 
MI.S-YoK'ING,  ppr.    Yoking  improperly. 
MIS-ZEAL'OUS,  (mis-zel'us,)  a.    Actuated  by  false 

zeal.  Bp.  Hall. 

MITE,  71.    [Sax.  77iitc;  D.  7717/f;  Dan.  771U;  Fr.  mites 

Hcb.  and  Ch.  isyn,  small.    Class  Md,  No.  17.] 

1.  A  very  small  insect  of  the  genus  Acarus. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  small  piece  of  money,  the  quarter 
of  a  denarius,  or  about  seven  English  farthings. 

Encyc. 

3.  Any  thing  proverbially  very  small ;  a  very  little 
particle  or  quantity.  Dryden. 

4.  The  twentieth  part  of  a  grain.  .^rbuthnot. 
MI-TEL'LA,  71.    An  herb;  the  name  of  a  genus  of 

herbs  of  the  saxifrage  tribe. 
MI'TER,  j  71.    [It.  and  Sp.  77ii<ra;  Fr.  77i;trc  ;  Arm. 
MI'TRE,  i  7niiifr.] 

1.  A  crown  or  pontifical  ornament  worn  on  the 
head  by  archbishops  and  bishops,  and  sometimes  by 
abbots,  on  solemn  occasions.  /'.  Cyc 

2.  In  architecture,  an  angle  of  45  degrees.  OwtlL 

3.  In  Irish  history,  a  sort  of  base  money  or  coin. 

F.ncye. 

4.  Figuratively,  the  dignity  of  an  archbishop  or 
bishop,  sometimes  of  an  abbot. 

Mi'tRk'  I         '''''  ^  miter. 

2.  To  unite  at  an  anele  of  45  degrees. 
MI'TER-HOX,  (  n.    A  frame  for  cutting  off  any  thing 
.MI'TRE-UOX, )     at  an  angle  of  45  degrees. 

Buchanan. 

MT'TFR  pn  ) 

MI'TRfVoi  '  S  "''"""S 

2.  Honored  with  the  pririlcge  of  wearing  a  miter. 

3.  Cut  or  joined  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees. 
MITH'ie.    See  Mvtiiic. 

MITH'RI-DATE,  71.  In  pharmacy,  an  antidote  against 
poison,  or  a  com|)Osition  in  form  of  an  electuary,  stip- 
(Hised  to  serve  cither  as  a  remedy  or  a  preservative 
against  poison.  It  takes  its  name  from  jVi//iri<iat«, 
king  of  I'ontus,  the  supposed  inventor.  Encyc. 

MITH-RI-D  \T'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  inithridate,  or  iu 
inventor,  Mitliridales. 

.MIT'I-GA-RLE,  a.    That  mav  be  miticated.  Barrotc- 

MIT'I-GANT,  a.  [L.  mitigaw,  miUgo,  from  7iuti», 
mild  ;  W.  mezal,  soft) 


TONE,  BULL,  IJXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US,— C  as  K  ;  <S  as  J  ;  »  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MIX 


MOB 


MOC 


1.  Softening;  lenient;  lenitive. 
9.  Diminisliing ;  easing,  as  pnin. 
MIT'I-GaTE,  v.  U    [L.  mitiifo,  from  viitii,  soli,  mild, 

- 

W.  mezal,  Ir.  maotk^  muadh  ;  Ar.  ,  to  be  tender 
or  smooth.    Class  Md,  No.  1,  6,  25,  28.] 

1.  To  alleviate,  as  siiflering ;  to  assuage ;  to  lessen  ; 
as,  to  mitigate  pain  or  grief. 

And  counsel  mitigatei  tlie  greatest  smart.  Spenser. 

2.  To  make  less  severe ;  as,  to  mitigate  doom. 

Alilion. 

3.  To  abate  ;  to  make  less  rigorous ;  to  moderate  ; 
as,  to  mitigate  cold  ;  to  mitigate  the  severity  of  the 
season. 

4.  To  temper;  to  moderate ;  to  soften  in  harshness 
or  severity. 

We  could  wish  Uial  the  rigor  of  their  optaions  were  alhyed  and 
militated.  Hooker. 

5.  To  calm  ;  to  appease  ;  to  moderate  ;  as,  to  miti- 
gate the  fierceness  of  party.  Spectator. 

G.  To  diminish;  to  render  more  tolerable;  as,  to 
mitigate  the  evils  or  calamities  of  life ;  to  mitigate 
punishment. 

7.  To  reduce  in  amount  or  severity,  as  a  penalty. 

8.  To  so.''ten,  or  make  mild  and  accessible  ;  in  a 
literal  sense. 

It  was  this  opiii 
\Unustial.\ 

JIIT'I-Ga-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Softened  ;  alleviated  ; 
moderated  ;  diminished. 

M1T'1-Ga-T1NG,  ;)pr.  Softening;  alleviating  ;  tem- 
pering; moderating;  abating. 

MIT-I-Ga'T10N,  n.    [L.  mitigatio.'] 

Alleviation ;  abatement  or  diminution  of  any  thing 
painful,  harsh,  severe,  afflictive,  or  calamitous  ;  as, 
the  mitigation  of  pain,  grief,  rigor,  severity,  punish- 
ment, or  penalty. 

ISMT'I-GA-TI  VE,  a.    Lenitive  ;  tending  to  alleviate. 

MIT'I-Ga-TUR,  71.    He  or  that  which  mitigates. 

Mi'TRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  iiiitt-r ;  resembling  a 
miter ;  as,  the  mitral  valves  of  the  left  ventricle  of 
the  heart.  Forsijth. 

MI'TRE.    See  Miteh. 

MlT'Rl-FORM,  a.  In  botany,  conical,  hollow,  and 
open  at  the  top.  P.  Cyc. 

MIT'TEN,  n.  [Fr.  mitaine;  Ir.  mitog ;  perhaps  from 
m/itli,  the  hand.] 

1.  A  cover  for  the  hand,  worn  to  defend  it  from 
cold  or  other  injury.  It  dilT  rs  fmin  a  glove  in  not 
having  a  separate  cover  for  each  finger. 

2.  A  cover  for  the  arm  only. 

To  handle  without  mittens ;  to  treat  roughly  ;  a  pop- 
ular colloqaial  phrase. 
MIT'TE.VT,  a.    [L.  mittens,  from  mitto,  to  send.] 

Sending  forth  ;  emitting.  [J^ut  used,]  fViscman. 
MIT'TI-.\1US,  ji.  [L.,  \vi;  send.]  In /am,  a  precept  or 
command  in  writing,  under  the  hand,  or  hand  and 
seal,  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  or  other  proper  officer, 
directed  to  triie  keeper  of  a  prison,  letpiiring  him  to 
imprison  an  olfender;  a  wanant  of  commitment  to 
prison. 

2.  A  writ  for  removing  records  from  one  court  to 
another.  Brande. 

MITTS,  n.  pi.  Mittens  ;  particularly,  a  covering  for  the 
hand  or  arm  only,  and  not  for  the  ringers.  JkCulloch. 

MI'TLT,  K.  A  fowl  of  the  turkey  kind,  found  in 
Brazil. 

MI'TV,  a.  [from  mite.]  Having  or  abounding  with 
mites. 

MIX,!),  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Mixed  or  Mixt.  [Sax.  miscan  ; 
G.  mischen ;  Sj).  tnccer ;  Fort,  meter,  to  stir,  shake, 
mix;  Ij.  misceo,  mitturn ;  It.  misch  tare  i  Ir.  vieasgadh  ; 
\V.  mysga  ;  Arm.  gemcsga  ;  Russ.  meshayu.  The 
0».  piivuu  forms  pi^u.  These  words  seem  to  coin- 
cide with  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  ^D?D,  and  Ar.  ^vd^ 

mashaga,lo  mix.  The  Sanscrit  misra^to  mix,  may 
be  the  same  word.  The  radical  sense  is,  probably,  to 
stir,  shake,  or  agitate.] 

1.  To  unite  or  blend  promiscuously  two  or  more 
ingredients  into  a  mass  or  compound  ;  applied  both 
tu  solids  and  liquids  ;  as,  to  mix  flour  and  salt  ;  to 
mil  wines. 

2.  Ti'join;  toassociate;  to  unite  with  in  company. 

Kphraim,  he  lialh  mixed  himself  unioiig  the  people.  —  llu».  vii. 

.'!.  To  join  ;  to  mingle. 

You  ttUx  yuur  K^tihtcw  witti  »oiric  f-:ar.  Stutk. 

4.  To  unite  with  a  crowd  or  miiltifiide. 
MIX,  P.  i.  'I'o  become  united  or  blended  promiscuously 
In  a  muss  or  conipoiind.    Oil  and  water  will  not  inu 
without  till;  intervention  of  a  third  suhstanci!. 

2.  To  Le  joined  or  iissocialed  ;  us,  to  mix  with  the 
multitude,  or  to  mil.  in  Hociety. 
MIX'A  liI.E,  a.    (.'apahle  of  lii  ing  mixed. 
MIX'/'Jl),  (miknt,)  pp.    United  in  a  promiscuous  mass 
orcoiiipcund  ;  blended  ;  joined  ;  mingled  ;  asiiociati'd. 

2.  a.  rroiiiiHCUoUM  ;  consisling  iif  varioUM  kinds  or 
different  ihingH  ;  as,  a  miztd  multitude. 


MIX'ED-LY,  ado.    la  a  mingled,  promiscuous  man- 
ner. 

MIX'/;N,  n.    A  compost  heap.  Farm.  Encyc. 

MIX'ER,  )i.  .One  who  mixes  or  mingles. 

MIX'ING,  ppr.    Uniting  or  blending  in  a  mass  or  com- 
pound ;  joining  in  company  ;  associating. 

MIX-Tl-LIN'E-AL,  (  a.    [L.  mi.c£«i,  mixed,  and /mea, 

MIX-TI-LIN'E  AR,  j  line.] 

Containing  a  mixture  of  lines,  right,  curved,  &c.  ; 
as,  a  miiulincar  angle,  i.  e.,  an  angle  contained  by  a 
straight  line  and  a  curve.  Duncan. 

MIXT'ION,  (mixt'yun,)  n.    [Ft. ;  from  L.  mixtus.] 
Mixture  ;  promiscuous  assemblage.  Brown. 

MIXT'LY,  adv.    With  mixture.  Baoon. 

MIXT'URE,  (inixt'yur,)  ii.    [L.  miitura.] 

1.  The  act  of  mixing,  or  state  of  being  mixed. 
Compounds  are  made  by  the  mixture  of  different 
substances. 

2.  A  mass  or  compound,  consisting  of  different 
ingredients  blended  without  order.  In  this  life  there 
is  a  mixture  of  good  and  evil.  Most  wines  in  market 
are  base  mixtures. 

3.  The  ingredient  added  and  mixed.  Cicero 
doubted  whether  it  is  possible  for  a  community  to 
exist  without  a  prevailing  mixture  of  piety  in  its 
constitution. 

4.  In  pharmacy,  a  liquid  medicine  which  receives 
into  its  composition  not  only  substances  soluble  in 
water,  but  substances  not  soluble.  Encyc. 

5.  In  chemistry,  mixture  differs  from  combination. 
In  mere  mixture,  the  several  ingredients  are  blended 
without  an  alteration  of  the  substances,  each  of 
which  still  retains  its  own  nature  and  properties.  In 
strict  combination,  the  substances  unite  by  chemical 
attraction,  and,  losing  their  distinct  properties,  they 
form  a  compound,  difi'ering  in  its  properties  from 
either  of  the  ingredients. 

MIZ'MaZE,  n.    A  cant  word  for  a  maze  or  labyrinth. 

Locke. 

MIZ'ZEN,  (miz'n,)  n.  [It.  mezzana,  mizzen,  that  is, 
middle,  from  mezzo,  middle,  half.] 

In  sea  language,  the  aftermost  of  the  fixed  sails  of 
a  ship,  extended  sometimes  by  a  gaff,  and  sometimes 
by  a  yard  which  crosses  the  mast  obliquely. 

Mar.  Diet. 

MIZ'ZJUX-MAST,  71.    The  mast  which  supports  the 

aftersails,  and  stands  nearest  to  the  stern. 
MIZ'ZLE,  v.  i.    To  rain  in  very  fine  drops.  [See 

MisTLE.l  Spenjier. 
MIZ'ZLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Falling  in  very  fine  drops  ; 

.as,  mizzling  rain.  Spenser. 
MIZ'ZY,  71.  A  bog  or  quagmire.  Minsworth. 
M.\E-MO.\'I€,  (ne-inou'ik,)  a.    [Infra.]  Assisting 

tlie  memory. 

MNE-MON'ieS,  71.  [from  Or.  pvnpoviKos,  from 
pi'uofitit,  to  remember.] 

The  art  of  memory  ;  the  precepts  and  rules  in- 
tended to  teach  the  method  of  assisting  the  memory. 

Bailey. 

MNE-MOS'Y-NE,  71.  [Gr.]  In  mythology,  the  god- 
dess of  memory. 

MNk'MO-TECH-NY,  71.  [G.  ^1'7,/icji' and  «x>";-]  The 
same  as  Mnemonics. 

Mo,  a.  or  ado.    [Sax.  ma ;  Scot,  ttm.] 

More.    [OAs.]  Spaiser. 

Mo.-\N,  v.  t.  [Sax.  mtpnan  ,■  to  moan,  also  to  mean,  in- 
tend, signify.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  reach  or 
stretch  forward,  or  to  throw  out.] 

To  lament ;  to  deplore ;  to  bewail  with  an  audible 
voice. 

Ye  floods,  ye  woods,  ye  echoes,  moan 
My  dear  Culumbo  dead  iiii'l  l'"'"'  Prior, 
MoAN,  V.  i.    To  grieve  ;  to  make  lanieulutious. 

UnpiUed  and  unheard,  where  misery  moan*.  Thomson. 
MoAN,  ji.    Lamentation  ;  audible  expression  of  sor- 
row or  suffering ;  grief  expressed  in  words  or  cries. 
StiUei)  monns. 

Hollow  groans.  Pope. 

MoAN'Kr),pp.    Lamented;  deplored. 

MoA.N'FlJL,  o.    Sorrowful  ;  expressing  sorrow. 

I\ldAN'Ft)L-LY,  arfi).    With  lamentation. 

MoAN'lNG,  yi/ir.    Lamenting;  bewailing. 

MoAT,  71.  (Ir.  77io(a  ;  Sp.  id.;  Fr.  motte.  The  word 
signifies  a  bank  or  mound,  that  is,  a  mass  or  collec- 
tion. This  sense  is  transferred  to  the  ditch  adjoin- 
in;;,  as  dike  is  transferred  to  the  bank.] 

In  fortijication,  a  ditch  or  deep  trench  round  the 
rampart  of  a  castle  or  other  fortified  place.  It  is 
soiiietinies  filled  with  water.  Encyc. 

Mo.\T,  V.  t.  To  surround  with  a  ditch  for  defense  ; 
as,  a  moated  castle.  Drydcn. 

MOU,  71.    [from  L.  mobilis,  movable,  variable.] 

1.  A  crowd  or  promiscuous  multitude  of  people, 
rude,  tuniultuoiis,  and  disorderly. 

2.  A  disorderly  assembly. 

Had  every  Athenian  ciljz^'ii  liern  a  Socrates,  every  Atheniio 
afc*c'iiil)ly  would  still  have  lieen  a  mob. 

ycdsrtitiHt,  t^ltidison, 

3.  A  kind  of  female  undress  for  the  head. 

Johnson. 

MOIl,  1'.  t.    To  attack  in  a  disorderly  crowd  ;  to  harass 
tuiiiultiKiusly. 
2.  To  wrap  up  in  a  cowl  or  vail. 


MOIi'B£D,pp.    Attacked  by  a  disorderly  crowd.  I 
M0I!'B1.\(J,  j)pr.    Attacking  in  a  disorderly  crowd.  | 
MOB'BISII,  a.    Like  a  mob  ;  tumultuous  ;  mean  ; 
MOB'CAP,  71.    [D.  mop.]  [vulgar. 

A  plain  cap  or  head-dress  for  females. 
Mo'BlLE,  (mo'bil,)  a.    [Fr.]   Movable.    [.Vot  %Lsed.] 
Mo'BILE,  (mS'bil,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  mobilis.] 

The  mob  ;  the  populace.  South. 
MO-BlL'l-TY,  71.    [Fr.  mobilite  ;  L.  mobilitas,  from 
mooeo,  to  move.] 

1.  Susceptibility  of  motion  ;  capacity  of  being 
moved.  Wotton. 

2.  Aptitude  to  motion;  activity;  readiness  to 
move.  Jlrbuthnot 

3.  In  eant  language,  the  populace.  Drydcn. 

4.  Fickleness  ;  inconstancy.  Ainswurth. 
MOB'LE,  V.  t.  To  wrap  the  head  iff  a  hood.  Shak. 
MOB'L£D,  pp.  or  a.    .Muffled  ;  covered  with  a  coarse 

or  careless  head-dress.  Sliak.  Tonne. 

MOC'CA-SIN,  71.  [An  Indian  word.  Algonquin, 
mukisia.] 

1.  A  shoe  or  cover  for  the  feet,  made  of  deer-skin 
or  other  soft  leather,  without  a  sole,  and  ornamented 
on  the  upper  side  ;  the  customary  shoe  worn  by  the 
American  Indians. 

2.  A  poisonous  water  serpent  of  the  Southern 
United  States,  ttie  Trifronocephalus  piscivorus. 

MO'CHA-STONE,  71.    [from  Mocha,  in  Arabia.] 

Dendritic  agate  ;  a  mineral  in  the  interior  of  tvhicli 
appear  brown,  reddish-brown,  blackish  or  green  di;- 
lineations  of  shrubs  destitute  of  leaves.  These,  in 
some  cases,  may  have  been  produced  by  the  filtration 
of  the  oxyds  of  iron  and  manganese ;  but,  in  other 
cases,  they  appear  to  be  vegetable  fibers,  sometimes 
retaining  their  natural  form  and  color,  and  sometimes 
coated  by  oxyd  of  iron.  Clcticelaud. 

MOCK,  V.  t.  [Fr.  moquer ;  Gr.  /itoKaio  ;  W.  mociaw,  to 
mock,  and  71101;,  a  mimic  ;  Ir.  magatlh  or  mogadh,  a 
mocking  ;  Ch.  and  Syr.  piD.    Class  Mg,  No.  10.] 

1.  Properly,  to  imitate  ;  to  mimic  ;  hence,  to  imi- 
tate in  contempt  or  derision  ;  to  mimic  for  the  sake 
of  derision  ;  to  deride  by  mimicry. 

2.  To  deride  ;  to  laugh  at ;  to  ridicule  ;  to  treat 
with  scorn  or  contempt. 

As  he  was  going  up  by  the  way,  there  came  forth  little  children 
out  of  the  city,  and  mocked  him,  saying,  Go  up,  thou  tald 
head.  — 2  Kings  ii.    M.irk  x. 

3.  To  defeat;  to  illiide ;  to  disappoint ;  to  deceive; 
as,  to  mock  expectation. 

Tliou  hast  mocked  nie,  and  told  me  lies.  — Juilges  xvi. 

4.  To  fool ;  to  tantalize  ;  to  jilay  on  in  contempt. 

He  will  not 

Mock  us  with  his  blest  sight,  then  snatch  him  hence.  Milton. 

MOCK,  T.  i.  To  make  sport  in  contempt  or  in  jest,  or 
to  speak  jestingly. 

Whf  n  thou  mockest,  shall  ao  man  make  thee  ashamed  f  — 
Job  xi. 

MOCK,  71.  Ridicule;  derision;  sneer;  an  act  mani- 
festing contempt. 

Fools  mal{e  a  mock  at  sin.  — Prov.  xiv. 

What  sliall  be  the  portion  of  those  who  make  a  mock  at  every 
thing  sacred  ?  Tillolson. 

2.  Imitation;  mimicry.    [Little  used.]  Crashatc. 
MOCK,  a.    False;  counterfeit;  assumed;  imitating 
reality,  but  not  real. 

That  superior  greatness  and  Tnocit:  majesty.  Spectator. 
MOCK'A-BLE,  a.    Exposed  to  derision.    [Little  used.] 

Shale. 

MOCK'AGE,  71.    Mockery.    [JVot  iLscd.]  Elijut. 

MOCK'£13,  (mokt,)  pp.  Imitated  or  mimicked  in  de- 
rision ;  laughed  at  ;  ridiculed  ;  defeated  ;  illuded. 

MOCK'ER,7i.    One  that  mocks ;  ascorner;  nsrofli  r; 
a  derider.  South. 
2.  A  deceiver ;  an  impostor. 

MOCK'ER-Y,  71.  The  act  tif  deriding  and  exposing 
to  contempt,  by  mimicking  the  words  or  actions  of 
another. 

2.  Derision;  ridicule;  sportive  insult  or  contempt ; 
contemptuous  merriment  at  persons  or  things. 

Grace  at  meals  is  now  generally  so  p*Tfonne(t  .as  to  look  more 
like  mockery  upon  tTevotiun,  than  any  solemn  application  of 
the  mind  to  God.  Law, 

3.  Sport ;  subject  of  laughter. 

Of  the  holy  place  they  made  a  mockery,  Maccabees, 

4.  Vain  imitation  or  effort ;  that  which  deceives, 
disaii|ioints,  or  frustrates. 

It  is  as  the  air,  invuliiervble, 

And  our  vain  blows  malicious  tnockery.  Sliak. 

5.  Imitation  ;  counterfeit  appearance  ;  false  show. 

And  bt'ar  about  the  mockeiy  of  woo 

To  inidiiighl  dances.  Pope. 

MOCK'INtJ,  ppr.  Imitating  in  contempt ;  mimicking ; 
ridiculing  by  mimicry ;  treating  with  sneers  and 
scorn  ;  ili  feating  ;  deluding. 

MOCK'ING,  71.    Derision;  insult. 

MOCK'l.\(!-BIl!l),  II.  An  American  singing  bird  of 
the  thrush  kinil,  remarkable  for  its  exact  imitatit  lis 
of  tlii^  notes  of  other  birds  ;  the  Tardus  poiygloltiu 
of  l.inilieiis.  H'il.ton. 

MOCK'INU-LY,  ado.  By  way  of  derisitm  ;  in  con- 
tempt. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  —  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
^  - 


J 


I 


MOD 


MOD 


MOD 


IMOfK'ING-STOrK,  n.    A  butt  of  sport. 

M()("K'-I.l",\l),  (-led,)  j  n.  A  sulpliiiret  of  zinc,  tlie 
MOCK'-oUr.,  i     siiini"  as  I!lf.nd,  which  yi'f. 

Jl(JL"K'-l)U'A.\'C;i:,  H.    A  shrub  of  tlie  genus  I'iiila- 

(It'lphiis,  or  svriri!!a  kind. 
.MOCK'-PIUV'ET,  «.    A  slirub  of  tho  genus  Phil- 

Ivrca. 

M6'eO,  n.  A  South  .Amcriran  rodent  quadruped,  of 
tliu  genus  Kerudoii,  allied  to  tlie  Guinea  pig. 

F.  Ciivirr. 

Mo'DAL,  n.  [Sec  SIode.]  Cimsistins  in  mode  only  ; 
relating  to  form;  having  the  form  uiiliont  the  es- 
sence or  reality  ;  as,  the  muilal  diversity  of  the  fac- 
ulties of  the  soul.  Gliiiirillc. 

MO-DA l/I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  modal,  or 
lieins  in  form  only. 

MtlDE,  n.  [I'V.  mode;  L.  mtxliis !  Sp.  and  Ft.  morfo  ; 
\\'.  mui ;  Ir.  moilh  ;  Sax.  mrtc,  acmct  or  ffcmelt,  from 
metan,  •remclan,  to  mcot,  to  find,  to  measure  or  mftc, 
L.  mctiur.  The  primary  sense  of  moile  is  measure, 
hence  form.  Jtca.iure  is  from  extending,  the  extent ; 
hence  a  limit,  and  hence  the  derivative  sense  of  re- 
straining.   !<ee  Meet  and  Measlmie.] 

1.  .Manner  of  existing  or  being  ;  manner;  method; 
form;  fashion;  custom;  way;  as,  the  ram/f  of  speak- 
ing ;  the  mode  of  dressing;  modes  of  receiving  or  en- 
tertaining company. 

The  duty  of  iurif  ticing  resolved  on,  llic  mode  of  doinr  it  may 
be  e.isily  fuun4.  Tat/tor. 

It  is  applicable  to  particular  acts,  or  to  a  scries  of 
acts,  or  to  the  conunon  usage  of  a  city  or  nation. 
One  man  has  a  particular  mode  of  walking  ;  another 
has  a  singular  mode  of  drt^saing  his  hair.  We  find  it 
necessary  to  conform  in  some  measure  to  the  usual 
vtodes  of  dress. 

2.  Gradation ;  degree. 

Wb.xl  nuxUt'ot  nijjlil  Ijctwccii  each  wiJe  extrrnie  I  Pope. 

3.  State;  quality.  Slialc. 

4.  [n  metaplnjsies,  the  dependence  or  affection  of  a 
substance.  Such  comjilex  ideas  as  contain  not  in 
them  the  supposition  of  subsisting  by  themselves, 
but  are  considered  as  dependencies  or  affections  of 
substances,  Locke  calls  modc.t.  Of  these  he  makes 
two  kinds  ;  simiile  modes,  which  are  only  variations 
or  different  condiinations  of  tlie  same  idea,  as  a  dozen, 
\\  hii  h  consists  of  so  many  units  added  together ;  and 
mijid  modes,  which  are  compounded  of  sim|)le  ideas 
of  several  kinds,  as  beautij,  which  is  compounded  of 
color  and  figure. 

A  modt  i»  tliiil  which  cm  not  snbsixt  in  and  of  iUf  If,  but  is  es- 
b-eniftl  tvi  Ix-Uw^iis;  to  and  siilisisliiii;  liy  ill-'  liolp  of  Home 
BUlHtmce,  which  lor  lh.\t  le.ison  is  c;dled  its  subject.  Walls. 

a.  In  ancient  music,  the  order  of  tho  sounds,  form- 
in*;  u  h.at  may  he  c:illed.'in  modern  langua:;c,  the  dif- 
ferent .scales.  In  modern  music,  a  scale  of  intervals  ; 
the  same  as  Keit.  P.  Cyc. 

6.  In  frranimar,  a  particular  manner  of  conjugating 
ver!>s  to  ex|iress  manner  of  actiiui  or  biuuE,  as  atfirm- 
alion,  coinmand,  condition,  and  the  like;  usually, 
though  unfortunately,  written  Moon.  Mood  is  a 
word  of  different  signification.    [See  Moou.] 

7.  A  kind  of  silk. 

MOO' EL,  n.  [Pr.  modrlle  ;  L.  modulus,  from  modus,  a 
measure,  rule,  or  manner.] 

I.  .\  pattern  of  something  to  be  made  ;  any  thing 
of  a  particular  form,  shape,  or  construction,  intended 
for  imitation  ;  primarilij,  a  small  pattern  ;  a  form  in 
mini.alure  of  sonnthini  to  be  made  on  a  larger 
scale  ;  as,  the  model  of  a  building  ;  the  model  of  a 
fort, 

3.  A  mold  ;  something  intended  to  give  shape  to 
castings.  Shak. 

3.  Pattern ;  example  ;  as,  to  form  a  government 
on  the  model  of  the  British  or  .Vincrican  constitution. 

4.  Standard ;  that  by  which  a  thing  is  to  be  meas- 
ured. 

He  thtt  despairs  mcisnres  Providence  by  his  own  conlmcteil 
nvyUl.  South. 

5.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  that  which  is  to  be 
copied  or  imitated,  as  the  naked  human  form. 

6.  A  pattern  ;  any  thing  to  be  imitated.  Take 
Cicero,  Lord  Chatham,  or  Burke,  a.s  a  model  of  elo- 
quence;  take  Washington  as  a  model  of  prudence, 
Integrity,  and  patriotism  ;  above  all,  let  Christ  be  the 
model  of  our  benevolence,  humility,  obedience,  and 
patience. 

7.  .\  copy  ;  representation;  somethini  made  in  im- 
itation of  real  life  ;  as,  anatomical  models,  represent- 
ing the  parts  of  the  body.  General  Pfiffer  constructed 
n  model  of  the  mounminous  p,Trts  of  Switzerland. 

MOD'EL,  r.  (.    [Fr.  modeler.] 

To  plan  or  form  in  a  particular  manner ;  to  shape  ; 
to  imitate  in  planning  or  forming;  as,  to  moilel  a 
house  or  a  u'overiiment  ;  to  moilel  an  edifice  accord- 
ing to  the  plan  deline.tted. 

MOD'EL,  r.  (.  or  i.  In  the  fine  arts,  to  make  a  pattern 
from  which  some  work  is  to  be  executed.  .Mso,  to 
form  a  work  of  some  plastic  material ;  as,  to  model  in 

WILX. 

MOO'EL-KI),  pp.  Formed  according  to  a  model ; 
planned  ;  shaped  ;  formed. 


MOn'EIi-EK,  n.    A  planner;  a  contriver.  Spectator. 

MOD'EL-I.N'C,  ;>;ir.  Forming  according  to  a  model  ; 
planning  ;  forniiii!; ;  shaping. 

MOU'EI>-l\G,  II.  In  the  fine  arts,  the  making  of  a 
moilel  from  which  a  work  of  art  is  to  lie  exi  ciili  d 
Also,  the  formation  of  a  work  of  art  from  some  pl.os 
tic  material ;  as,  the  modeling  of  a  couiiti'iirinre  in 
wax.  Br'indr. 

MO-Di'c'NA,  71.    A  crimson-like  color.  Good. 

MOD'EK-ATE,  a.  [L.  modcratus,  from  modcror,  to 
limit,  from  modus,  a  limit.] 

1.  ii/cru//;/,  liinitril  ;  restrained  ;  hence,  temperate  ; 
observing  ri'asonalile  bounds  ill  indulgence  ;  as,  mod- 
crate  in  eating  or  drinking,  or  in  other  gratifications. 

2.  Limited  in  rpiantity  ;  not  excessive  or  expensive. 
He  keeps  a  inoilertite  table. 

3.  Restraiiieil  in  passion,  ardor,  or  temper;  not  vi- 
olent ;  as,  moderate  men  of  both  parties. 

4.  Not  extreme  in  opinion  ;  as,  a  moderate  Calvin- 
ist  or  Lutheran. 

5.  Placed  between  extremes  ;  holding  the  mean  or 
middle  place  ;  as,  reformation  of  a  moderate  kind. 

6.  Temperate ;  not  extreme,  viident,  or  rigorous  ; 
as,  moderate  wi^atlier  ;  a  moderate  winter;  moderate 
heat ;  a  moderate  breeze  of  wind. 

7.  Of  a  iniildle  rate  ;  as,  men  of  moderate  abilities. 

8.  Not  swift  ;  as,  a  moderate  walk. 
MOD'ER-A'l'E,  t'.  (.    To  restrain  from  excess  of  any 

kind  ;  to  reduce  from  a  state  of  violence ;  to  lessen  ; 
to  allay  ;  to  repress  ;  as,  to  moderate  rage,  action,  de- 
sires, &c. ;  to  moderate  heat  or  wind. 

2.  To  temper ;  to  make  temperate  ;  to  qualify. 

By  its  nstiingent  quality,  it  moderalee  tlic  itrhLxin?  quality  of 
warm  water.  Arbuthnot. 

MOD'ER-aTE,  v.  i.  To  become  less  violent,  severe, 
rigorous,  or  intense.  1'lie  cold  of  winter  usually 
moderates  in  March  ;  the  heat  of  sumiiier  moderates  in 
September. 

2.  To  preside  in  a  meeting.  Smart. 

MOI)'ER-A-TED,  pp.  Reduced  in  violence,  rigor,  or 
intensity  ;  allayed  ;  lessened  ;  tempered  ;  qualified. 

.MOD'ER-ATE-LY,  ado.  Temperately  ;  mildly  ;  with- 
out violence. 

2.  In  a  middle  degree ;  not  excessively  ;  as,  water 
moderately  warm. 

Each  nymph  but  moderately  fair.  Walter. 

MOn'ER-.VI'E-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  moderate; 
tempcrateness  ;  a  middle  state  between  extremes  ; 
as,  the  moderateness  of  the  weather;  used  commonly 
of  t/iiufrs,  as  moderation  is  of  persons.  Johnson. 

MOD'ER-.\-TING,  p/>r.  Reducing  in  violence  or  ex- 
cess; allaying  ;  tempering;  becoming  more  mild. 

MOD-ER-A'TION,  n.    [L.  moderatio.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  moderate,  or  keeping  a  due 
mean  between  extremes  or  excess  of  violence.  The 
general's  vioderation  after  victory  was  more  lionura- 
ble  than  the  victory  itself. 

In  miyleralion  niacin^  all  my  fflory, 

While  tories  call  me  wlii^,  and  whigs  a  tory.  Pope. 

2.  Restraint  of  violent  passions  or  indulgence  of 
appetite.  Eat  and  drink  with  moderation;  indulge 
with  moderation  in  pleasures  and  exercise. 

3.  Calmness  of  mind;  equanimity;  as,  to  bear 
prosperity  or  adversity  with  moderation, 

4.  Frugality  in  expenses.  .^intncortA. 
J\10I)-E-BA''1'0,  [It.]   In  mitsic,  denoting  movement 

between  andante  and  allegro. 
MOD'ER-A-TOR,  n.    He  or  that  which  moderates  or 
ri>strains.    Contemplation  is  an  excellent  moderator 
of  the  passions. 

2.  The  person  who  presides  over  a  meeting  or  as- 
sembly of  people  to  preserve  order,  propose  ques- 
tions, regulate  the  proceedings,  and  declare  the  vote  ; 
as,  the  moderator  of  a  town  meeting,  or  of  a  society. 

IVatts. 

3.  In  the  English  vniversities,  one  who  8U)>erin- 
tcnds  the  exercises  and  disputations  in  philosophy, 
and  the  examination  for  the  degree  of  D.  A. 

Cam.  Cat. 

MOD-ER-a'TOR-SIHP,  7u  The  office  of  a  moderator. 

Kliiot. 

MOn'ERN,  a.  [Fr.  modeme ;  It.  and  Sp.  moilenw. 
This  word  seems  to  be  formed  from  L.  mpt/o,  and  em, 
which  we  find  in  other  Latin  words  tli.at  have  refer- 
ence to  time,  as  in  hodiernus,  hestrrnus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  present  time,  or  time  not  long 
past;  late;  recent;  not  ancient  or  remote  in  past 
time;  as,  modern  d.ays,  ages,  or  time;  modem  au- 
thors; mot/cr/i  fashions ;  modern  taste;  modern  prac- 
tice. Bacon.  Prior, 

2.  Common ;  moan  ;  vulgar.  [JVot  i<..e</.]  Shak. 
.MOD'EIl.N,  n.    A  person  of  modern  times  ;  opposed 

to  an  .A  NCI  EXT. 

The  moderns  are  those  of  modern  nations,  or  of 
nations  which  arose  out  of  the  ruins  of  the  empires 
of  Greece  and  Rome,  the  people  of  which  are  called 
the  ancients.  Smart. 
.MOI)'ER.\-ISM,  n.  Modem  practice  ;  something  re- 
cently formed,  iKiniciilarly  in  writing.  Su'ift. 
MOD'ER.N  IST,  n.    One  who  admires  the  moderns. 

Suifi. 

MOD'ERN-IZE,  r.  t  To  render  modem ;  to  adapt 
ancient  compositions  to  modern  persons  or  things,  or 


rather  to  ada^it  the  ancient  style  or  idiom  to  modern 

style  and  taste. 
JIOD'ERN-IZ-f.D,  pp.  or  a.    Rendered  conformable  to 

modi  rn  usage  or  style. 
MOI)'ER\-I'/-ER,  n.    He  that  rendi  rs  modern. 
MOD'KRS  17,  ISC,  ppr.    U.  ndi  ring  modern. 
MOD'EKN-LY,  ado.    In  modern  limes.  [JVot  in  vse.] 

Milton, 

MOD'ERN-NESS,  M.    The  tpiality  of  being  modern; 

recentness  ;  novelty. 
MOD'IC-iT,  a,    [Tr.  modeste;  L.  modestus,  from  modus, 

a  limit.] 

1.  Properly,  restniiiicd  by  a  sense  of  propriety  ; 
hence,  not  forward  or  bold  ;  not  presumptuous  or  ar- 
rogant ;  not  boastful ;  as,  a  modest  youth  ;  a  modest 
man. 

2.  Not  bold  or  forward  ;  as,  a  modest  maid.  The 
word  may  be  thus  used  without  reference  to  chas- 
tity. 

The  blushing  beauties  of  a  moJeit  maid.  Drylen. 

3.  Not  loose  ;  not  lewd. 

•        Mrs.  Toni,  the  honest  woman,  tlic  mofUst  wife.  Shak. 

4.  Moderate  ;  not  excessive  or  extreme  ;  not  e.T- 
travagant ;  as,  a  modest  request ;  modest  joy  ;  a  mod- 
est computation.  .^ddi.ion, 

MOD'EST-LY,  ade.  Not  boldly  ;  not  arrogantly  or 
presumptuously  ;  with  due  respect.  He  modestlij  ex- 
pressed his  opinions 

2.  Not  loosely  or  wantonly  ;  decently ;  as,  to  be 
modestlij  attired  ;  to  behave  modestly, 

3.  Not  excessively  ;  not  extravagantly. 
MOD'EST-Y,  71.    [L.  modeslia.] 

1.  That  lowly  temper  which  accompanies  a  mod- 
erate estimate  of  one's  own  worth  and  importance. 
1'his  temper,  when  natural, springs  in  some  im  asiire 
from  timidity,  and  in  young  and  inexperienced  per- 
sons, is  allied  to  baslifiilness  and  diffidence.  In  per- 
sons who  have  seen  the  world,  and  lost  their  natural 
timidity,  modesty  springs  no  less  from  principle  than 
from  feeling,  and  is  manifested  by  retiring,  unobtru- 
sive manners,  assuming  less  to  itself  than  others  are 
willing  to  yield,  and  conceding  to  others  all  due  hon- 
or and  respect,  or  even  more  than  they  expect  or  re- 
quire. 

2.  Modesty,  as  an  act  or  series  of  acts,  consists  in 
humble,  unobtrusive  deportment,  as  opposed  to  ex- 
treme boldness,  forwardness,  arrogance,  presump- 
tion, audacity,  or  impudence.  Thus  we  say,  the  pe- 
titioner urged  his  claims  with  7no(ic.s(y ;  the  speaker 
addressed  the  audience  with  modesty. 

3.  Moderation  ;  decency.  Shal:. 

4.  In  females,  modesty  has  the  like  character  as  in 
males  ;  but  the  word  is  used  also  as  synonymous  with 
chastity,  or  purity  of  manners.  In  this  sense,  mod- 
esty results  i'rom  purity  of  niinti,  or  from  the  fear  o( 
disgrace  and  ignominy,  fortified  by  education  and 
principle.  Unaffected  modesty  is  the  sweetest  charm 
of  female  excellence,  the  richest  gem  in  the  diudem 
of  their  honors 

MOD'EST-Y-PIl";CE,  Ti.    A  narrow  lace  worn  by  fe- 
males over  the  bosom.  .Addison. 
MOD'I-CUM,  71.    [L.]    A  little ;  a  small  quantity. 

Dry  den. 

MOD'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.  [from  modify.]  That  may  be 
modified  or  diversifiecl  by  various  forms  and  differ- 
ences ;  as,  modifiable  matter.  Locke. 

MOD'I-FI-CaTE,  r.  (.    To  qualify.  Pearson. 

MOU-I-FI-e.\'TI0N,  71.  [from  vwdify.]  The  act  of 
modifying,  or  giving  to  any  thing  new  forms,  or  dif- 
ferences of  external  qualities  or  modes. 

If  these  powers  of  collation,  volition,  and  sensation,  are  not  in- 
herent in  matter  as  such,  nor  aaiuirublc  to  matter  by  any 
motion  or  tnodificalion  of  iu  Beniley. 

2.  Particular  form  or  manner  ;  as,  the  various  mod- 
ifications of  light  or  sound.  The  tre.ity,  in  several  of 
its  modificatioius,  was  held  to  be  objectionable.  Holder. 
MOD'l-FI-^;i),  pp.  or  a.  Changed  in  form  or  external 
qualities  ;  varied  ;  diversified. 

2.  Moderated  ;  tempered  ;  qualified  in  exceptiona- 
ble parts. 

.MOD'I-FI  ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  modifies. 
MOD'l-KV,  e.  (.   [Fr.  mo(/!/iVr  ;  It.  morfiAcurc;  Sp.  7ne- 

dtfiear:  Ij.  modificor ;  modus,  limit,  manner,  and  facto, 

to  make.] 

1.  To  change  the  form  or  external  qualities  of  a 
thing  ;  to  shape  ;  to  give  a  new  I'orni  of  being  to  ;  as, 
to  modify  matter,  light,  or  sound.    J^'cicton,  Holder. 

2.  To  vary  ;  to  give  a  new  form  to  any  thing  ;  as, 
to  modify  the  terms  of  a  contract.  A  prefi.x  modifies 
the  sense  of  a  verb. 

3.  To  moderate  ;  to  qualify  ;  to  reduce  in  extent  or 
degree. 

Of  hb  giw 

He  modifiet  his  fint  severe  decree.  Dryten. 

MOD'I-FV,  r.  i.    To  extenuate.  VEstittge. 

.MOD'I-FV-I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Changing  the  external 
qualities  ;  civing  a  new  form  to  ;  moderating. 

MO-DIL'LIO.\,  (ino-dil'yun,)  71.  [H.modiglwne ;  Fr. 
modillon  ;  from  1^.  modiolus,  from  modus,] 

In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  the  cornice  of  the 
Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Coinimsile  columns  ;  n  sort  of 
bracket  serving  to  support  the  projecture  of  the  lar- 
mier or  drip.  Brandt. 


TONE,  BULL,  IfNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  aa  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MOI 

Mfi'DI-O-LAR,  a.   Shaped  like  a  busliel  measure. 
MO'DISH,  o.    [from  viode.l    According  to  tlie  mode 

or  customary  niunner ;  fashionable  ;  as,  a  muiiish 

dress  ;  a  moiliih  feast.  Dnjtlen, 
MO'DISH-LY,  adv.    Fashionably;  in  the  custoniaiy 

mode.  Locke. 
JIO'DISH  NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  fashionable. 

2.  Affectation  of  the  fashion.  Johnsun, 
MOD'II-IjaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  modulur,  from  modus,  limit, 

measure.] 

1.  To  form  sound  to  a  certain  key,  or  to  a  certain 
proportion.  Jukuson.  Encijc. 

2.  To  vary  or  Inflect  sound  in  a  natural,  customa- 
ry, or  nuisical  maimer.  'J'hus  the  organs  of  speech 
modulate  the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking. 

Could  any  person  so  niodtilate  her  voice  as  to  deceive  so  many  ? 

Srouine, 

MOD'IJ-La-TED,  pp.  or  o.  Formed  to  a  certain  key  ; 
varied  ;  inflected. 

MOD'IJ-La-TING,  ppr.  Forming  to  a  certain  propor- 
tion ;  varying  ;  inflecting. 

MOD-1|-La'TIO.\,  71.    [L.  modulatio  ;  Fr.  modulation.] 

1.  The  act  of  forming  any  thing  to  a  certain  pro- 
portion ;  as,  the  different  proportion  and  mudalaliun 
of  matter.  IVoodward. 

2.  The  act  of  inflecting  or  varying  the  voice  in 
reading  or  speaking  j  a  rising  or  falling  of  the  voice. 

Eneyc. 

3.  In  music,  the  manner  of  ascertaining  and  man- 
aging the  modes  ;  or,  -nore  generally,  the  art  of  con- 
ducting the  harmony  and  air  through  several  modes, 
in  a  maimer  agreeable  to  the  ear  and  conformed  to 
rules.  Rousseau. 

The  transition  from  one  key  to  another.  Rush. 

4.  Sound  modulated  ;  melody.  Tliomson. 
MOU'U-lM-TOR,  71.    He  or  that  which  modulates. 

The  tongue  is  a  principal  modulator  of  the  human 
MOD'lJLE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  modulus.]  [voice. 

1.  A  model  or  representation. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  certain  measure  or  size  taken 
at  pleasure,  for  regulating  the  proportion  of  columns 
and  the  symmetry  or  disposition  of  the  whole  build- 
ing. The  usual  module  of  a  column  is  its  semi-diam- 
eter at  the  base  of  the  shaft,  though  sometimes  the 
diameter  is  taken.  This  is  divided  into  parts  or  min- 
utes. Gmlt.    P.  Cijc. 

MOD'tTLE,  t). «.  To  model;  to  shape;  to  modulate. 
[Little  used.] 

MOD'tT-LUS,  71.  [L.]  In  anahjsis,  the  constant  coef- 
ficient or  multiplier  in  a  function  of  a  variable  quan- 
tity, by  means  of  which  the  function  is  accuuiuioda- 
ted  to  a  particular  system  br  base.  ']'lius,  in  the  the- 
ory of  logarithms,  it  is  the  number  by  which  all  the 
logarithms  in  one  scale  of  notation  must  be  multiplied, 
to  adapt  them  to  the  same  number  in  another  scale. 

Brande. 

Mo'nUS,  71.  [L.]  A  compensation  for  tithes;  an 
equivalent  in  money,  or  other  certain  thing,  given  to 
a  parson  or  vicar  by  the  owners  of  land  in  lieu  of 
tithes.  The  whole  phrase  is  modus  dccimandi ;  but 
modus  alone  is  commonly  used.  Blackstonc. 

MO'DUS  OP-E-R^J\r'DI,[h.]   Manner  of  operating. 

MOD'VVALI.,  71.    A  bird  that  destroys  bees.  Smart. 

MoE,  71.  A  distorted  mouth.  Also,  as,  a  verb,  to  make 
mouths.    [See  Mow.]  Sluilc. 

MoE,  a.  or  adv.    More.    [JVoi  used.]  Hooker. 

MlK-SO-GOTH'ie,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Mceso-Goths, 
a  branch  of  the  Goths  who  settled  in  Moesia.  The 
Bible  was  translated  into  their  language  by  Ulphilas. 

P.  Cijc. 

MO-GUL',  71.  The  name  of  a  prince  or  emperor  of  the 
nation  in  Asia  called  Moiruls,  or  JMontruls. 

Mo' HAIR,  71.  [(5.  molir,  mohair  and  a  Moor;  Fr. 
moire;  Uuss.  Tnor.] 

The  hair  of  a  kind  of  goat  in  Turkey,  of  which 
nre  made  camlets,  which  are  sometimes  called  by  tlie 
same  name.  Encyc. 

Mo'HaIK-SHELL,  71.  In  conchology,  a  peculiar  spe- 
cies of  Voluta,  of  a  closely  and  finely  reticulated 
ti  xture,  resembling  on  the  surface  mohair,  or  a  close 
web  of  the  silk-worm.  Encyc. 

MO-IIAM'iMED-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Mohammed  or 
.Mahomet. 

MO-IIAM'MF.D-AN,  «.  A  follower  of  Mohammed, 
the  founder  of  the  religion  of  Arabia  and  I*crsia. 

MO-IIA.M'MED-ISM,        In.    The  religion,  or  doc- 

MO  IIAM'MEO-AN-ISM,  (  trines  and  precepts,  of 
Mohammed,  contained  in  the  Koran. 

MOIIAM'MED-IZE,       \v.t.    To  make  conforma- 

.MO-HAM'MED-A.V-IZE,  j  ble  to  the  principles,  or 
modes  and  rites,  of  Mohammed. 

MO'llAVVK,  I  n.  The  appellation  given  to  certain  ruf- 

.Mfi'llCiCK,  i  fians  who  infested  thi!  streets  of  Lon- 
don, HO  called  from  the  nation  of  Indians  of  that 
name  in  America.  Prior. 

Mr)'lli;il,  71.  A  British  Indian  gold  coin,  value  fifteen 
ru|iei-s.  Mulrom. 

MOI'l)(JRE,  n.  A  gold  coin  of  Portugal,  valued  ut  gfi, 
or  £  I  Tji.  Blerling. 

M<Jl'E-Ty,  71.  [Fr.  TTioitiii;  h.  mcdietiu ;  It.  metal  Sp. 
wilad.] 

'I'lii;  half ;  one  of  two  equal  parts  ;  ns,  n  violrly  of 
nn  cBtntc,  of  gmds,  or  of  prolils  ;  the  moiny  of  a  jury, 
or  of  n  nation.  Clarciulnn.  Jlildi^nn. 


MOL 

MOIL,  1'.  t.    [Fr.  mouiller.] 

1.  To  daub;  to  make  dirty.  [Little  used.]  Knolles. 

2.  To  weary.    [See  the  next  word.]  Chapman. 
MOIL,  V.  i.   [Gr.  iiu\:.i,  /kjA^s,  labor,  combat;  jiwAtui, 

to  strive,  to  fight;  L.  mu^'or,  and  miles;  At. 

amila,  to  work,  labor,  jierform,  to  strive,  to  war  ; 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.  Vny,  id.  Class  Ml,  No.  15, 
12-1 

To  labor ;  to  toil ;  to  work  with  painful  efforts. 
Now  he  must  moil  and  drudge  for  one  he  loathes.  Dryden. 
MOIL,  71.    A  spot.    [.'Jax.  mal.]    [JVb(  in  use] 
MOI'NE.\U,  (iHoy'iio,)  n.  A  small,  flat  bastion,  raised 
in  front  of  an  inleiided  fortification,  to  defend  it 
against  attacks  from  siiiall  arms.  Brnnde. 
MOIST,  a.    [Kr.  moitc,  (m  molite ;  .\tm.  mouej:t;  Russ. 
77!u!zit,  to  wet.    If  the  last  radical  letter  is  a  dental, 
this  word  mav  belong  to  the  family  of  L.  madco,  Gr. 
/iiifJiK.i.    See  Class  ,Ms,  No.  1,  and  'Class  Jld,  No.  1.] 

1.  Moderately  wet ;  damp;  as,  a  rnuiii  atmosphere 
or  air. 

Exhalation  dusk  and  moist.  Milton. 

2.  Containing  water  or  other  liquid  in  a  percepti- 
ble degree. 

MOIST,  as  a  verb,  is  obsolete. 

MOIST'£N,  (mois'n,)  ti.  £.    To  make  damp ;  to  wet  in 
a  small  degree. 

A  pipe  a  liule  moistened  on  the  inside.  Bacon. 
His  bones  arc  moistened  with  marrow.  —  Job  xxi. 

MOI.ST'SN-ED,  (mois'nd,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  wet  in  a 
small  degree. 

MOIST'EN-ER,  (mois'n-er,)  ti.     He  or  that  which 
moistens. 

M01ST'£N-ING,  (mois'n-ing,)  ppr.    Wetting  moder- 
ately. 

M01ST'-E?-£D,  (-ide,)  a.    Having  moist  eyes. 

Colcridtre, 

MOIST'FUL,  a.    Full  of  moisture.  Drayton. 
MOIST'NESS,  n.    Dampness ;  a  small  degree  of  wet- 
ness. Addison. 
MOIST'lJRE,  71.    [Fr.  moitetir.] 

I.  A  moderate  degree  of  wetness. 

Sel  such  plants  as  ^^^Juire  mucli  moislme  on  sandy,  dry  CTonnds. 

Bacoit. 

9.  A  small  quantity  of  any  liquid  ;  as,  the  moisture 
of  the  bodv.  Sliali. 
MOIST'lJRE-LESS,  a.    Without  moisture. 
MOlST'Y,  a.    Drizzling.    [JVot  in  use.] 
MoKES,  (of  a  net ;)  the  meshes.    [JVut  in  ttse.] 

.^iusworth. 

Mo'KY,  a.    [W.  miofr;  from  the  root  of  smoke.] 

Muggy;  dark;  murky.  [Oi/s.] 
Mo'LAR,     )       r,       ,    .  , 

mo'larIy,  i  '""'""^■J 

Having  power  to  grind;  grinding;  as,  the  molar 
teeth.  Bacon. 
Mci'L.^R,  71.    A  grinding  tooth,  or  grinder. 
MO-LXSSE',  71.     [L.  moilU,  soft.] 

A  soft  tertiary  sandstone  ;  applied  to  a  rock  occur- 
ring in  Switzerland.  Dana. 
MO-LXS'SES,  71.  sill"'.  .[It.  melassa  ;  Sp.  melaia  ;  Fr. 
melasse;  Port,  mcinfo  ;  from  Gr.  jitAi,  honey,  or  ^t.X'if, 
black.  The  orthography  Melasses,  used  by  Ed- 
wards, in  his  History  of  the  tVesl  Indies,  is  more  ac- 
cordant with  etymology.] 

The  sirup  which  drams  from  Muscovado  sugar 
when  cooling ;  treacle. 
M5LI),  )  71.  [Sax.  mold,  molda,  myl ;  W.  mol ;  D.  and 
Mould,  \  Dan.  mut;  Svv.  and  G.  mtcll;  jirobably  al- 
lied to  itip^/ow;  Ij.  mollis.  (See  Mellow,  Meal,  and 
Mill.)  The  prevalent  sptdling  is  Mould  ;  but  as  the 
«  has  been  omitted  in  the  other  words  of  this  class,  as 
bold,  gold,  old,  cold,  &c.,  it  seems  desirable  to  com- 
pli  te  the  analogy  by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as  was 
done  by  Spenser,  South,  and  many  others.] 

1.  Fine,  soft  earth,  or  earth  easily  pulverized,  such 
as  constitutes  soil ;  as,  black  mold. 

Edwards,  W.  Indies. 
A  mortal  siiljstanco  of  terreslrial  mold.  Iloole. 
9.  A  substance  like  down,  which  forms  on  bodies 
which  lie  long  in  warm  anti  damp  air.    The  micro- 
scope exhibits  this  substance  as  consisting  of  small 
plants.  Encyc. 

3.  Matter  of  which  any  thing  is  formed. 

Nature  formed  me  of  tier  softest  mold.  Addison. 
M6LD,  j  n.  [Sp.  molde,  a  mold  or  matrix  ,  moldar, 
MOULD,  i  amotdar,  to  cast ;  Port,  moldr,  moldar,  id. ; 
Fr.  moule;  Arm.  movl :  Dan.  mul,  nuld :  \V.  mold, 
whence  moldiuw,  to  mold,  work,  or  kni  ad.  This  may 
be  radically  the  same  word  as  mold,  fine  caith,  a  name 
taken  fniiii  the  material  oi  molds.  The  coniiecticui  of 
malrii  with  wia^iTiind  materia  fortifies  this  conjecture. 
For  spi-lling,  see  Mold,  above.] 

I.  The  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast  and  re- 
ceives its  form.  Molds  are  of  various  kinds.  Molds 
for  casting  cannon  and  various  vt'ssels  are  tomposed 
of  some  species  of  earth,  particularly  clay.  Molds  for 
other  purposes  consist  of  a  cavity  in  some  species  of 
ini  lal,  cut  or  formed  to  the  shape  designed,  or  are 
otherwise  formed,  each  for  its  particular  use. 


MOL 

2.  Cast ;  form  ;  as,  a  writer  of  vulgar  mold.  Wulht 
Cniwned  witli  an  architrave  of  antique  mold.  Pope. 

3.  The  suture  or  contexture  of  the  skull.  AinsmorUi. 

4.  The  body,  as  giving  shape  to  the  garments. 

Shuk. 

5.  In  ship-buildinir,  a  thin,  flexible  piece  of  timber, 
used  as  a  pattern  by  which  to  form  the  curves  of  the 
timbers  and  compassing  pieces.  Encyc. 

6.  Among  gold-beaters,  a  number  of  pieces  of  vel- 
lum, or  a  like  substance,  laid  over  one  another,  be- 
tween which  the  leaves  of  gold  and  silver  are  laid 
for  beating.  Encxjc. 

Mold,  \v.t.  [Forspelllng,  see  Mold,  above.]  To 
Mould,  j     cause  to  contract  mold.  Knolles. 

2.  'I'o  cover  with  mold  or  soil.  Edwards. 
Mold,    I  v.  L    To  contract  mold  ;  to  become  moldy. 
Mould,  Bacon. 
Mold,    j  v.  t.    To  form  into  a  particular  shape ;  to 
Mould,  (     shape  ;  to  model. 

He  fors^elh  and  molttelh  meLals.  Hall. 

Did  I  rtqnest  tliee,  Maker,  from  my  clay 

To  mold  me  man  i  Milton. 

2.  To  knead  ;  as,  to  mold  dough  or  bread. 

JlinsiPorth. 

MoLD'A-BLE,    \  a.   That  may  be  molded  or  formed. 
MOULD' A-liLE,  i  Bacon. 
MoLD'ED,    )pp.    Formed  into  a  particular  shape ; 
MOULD'ED,  \  kneaded. 

2.  Covered  with  mold. 
MdLD'ER,    )       I,      ,        ,j       r        ■  .  ■ 
MoULD'ER  i  "  forms  into  shape. 

JMoLD'ER,  Iv.i.  [Dan.  muJner  ;  Sw.  77iiJ(iia,  to  grow 
MoULD'ER,  I  moldy.] 

L  To  turn  to  dust  by  natural  decay  ;  to  crumble  ; 
to  perish  ;  to  waste  away  by  a  gradual  separation 
of  the  component  particles,  without  the  presence  of 
water.    In  this  manner,  animal  and  vegetable  sub- 
stances molder,  and  so  also  do  stones  and  shells. 
Wlieri  stiuues  molder,  and  when  arches  fall.  Prior. 
2.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  waste  away  gradually. 
If  lie  had  sat  stili,  tlie  enemy's  anny  would  have  moldered  to 
nothing.  Clarendon. 


I  1).  *.  To  turn  to  dust ;  to  crumble ;  to 
I  waste. 


MoLD'ER, 
MoULD'ER 

Some  felt  the  silent  slrolte  of  moldering  nge.  Pope, 
MoLD'ER-£D,    )  pp.  or  a.    Turned  to  dust;  wasted 
MoULD'ER-£D,  j  away. 

MoLD'ER-ING,    j  p;>r.  or  a.    Turning  to  dust ;  crum- 
MoULD'ER-LNG,  (     bling  ;  wasting  away. 
MoLD'I-NESS,    (71.  [{rmnmoldy.]  The  state  of  being 
.MoULD'I-NESS,  \     moldy.  Bacon. 
MoLD'ING,    I  ppr.  [from  «ioW.]  Forming  into  shape  ; 
MQULD'ING,  \  knetiding. 

MOLD'I.NG,    ill.    Any  thing  cast  in  3  mold,  or  which 

MoULD'LN'G,  (  appears  to  be  so  ;  hence,  in  architec- 
ture, a  projecture  beyond  the  wall,  column,  wainscoat, 
&c.,  an  assemblage  of  which  forms  a  cornice,  a  door 
case,  or  other  decoration.  Encyc. 

MoLD'WARP,    I  n.    [Sax.  ttioM  and  weorpan,  to  turn 

MoULD'VVAKP,  j     See  IMole.] 

A  mole;  a  sni.tll  animal  of  the  genus  Talpa,  that 
moves  under  ground,  and  turns  up  the  mold  or  siu 
face  of  the  earth.  Spenser.  Careic. 

MoLD'Y,    )  a.    [from  TiioJrf.]   Overgrown  with  inold. 

MoULD'Y,  (  Mdison. 

MOLE,  71.    [Sax.  mo'l,  mal ;  D.  7noo; ;  G.  mahl.] 

1.  A  spot,  mark,  or  small  permanent  protuberance 
on  the  human  body,  from  which  often  issue  one  or 
more  hairs. 

2.  [L.  mola.]  A  mass  of  fleshy  matter  of  a  spher- 
ical figure,  generated  in  the  uterus.  Encyc. 

MoLE,  71.  [L.  moles;  Fr.  mole;  W.  moci,  a  heap,  or 
mwl,  a  mass  ;  Gr.  iiuXos.] 

1.  A  mound  or  massive  work  formed  of  large 
stones  laid  in  the  sea  by  means  of  coffer  dams,  ex- 
tended either  in  a  right  line  or  an  arch  of  a  circle  be- 
fore a  port,  which  it  serves  to  defemi  frtun  the  vio- 
lent impulse  of  the  waves;  thus  protecting  ships  in 
a  harbor.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  for  the  har- 
bor itself.  Brande. 

2.  Among  the  Romans,  a  kind  of  mausoleum,  built 
like  a  round  tower  on  a  sipiare  base,  insulated,  en- 
compassed with  columns,  and  covered  with  a  dome. 

Encyc. 

MoLE,  7».  [O.  Tiioi;  G.  maulwurf,  moldwarp ;  Sw. 
mnllsork,  muHrad  or  vuill-warpcl ,  Dan.  muldvarp.] 

A  small  animal  of  the  genus  'I'alpa,  which,  in 
search  of  worms  or  other  insects,  forms  a  niad  just 
tindiT  the  surface  of  the  ground,  raising  Ifie  soil  into 
n  little  ridge  ;  from  which  circiiinstanri^  it  is  called  a 
mouldwarp,  or  mould-turner.  'The  mole  has  very  small 
eyes.  Ray. 
Irt'arn  of  the  mole  to  plow,  the  worm  to  weave.  Pojte. 

MOLE,  !•.  «.  To  clear  of  mole  hills,  [[.oral.]  Prggr. 
MoLI'.'-H.\T,  H.    A  fish  rescmliling  a  shapeless  lump 

of  flesh.  ./?.</!. 
M()LI"/-C.\ST,  71.    A  little  elevation  of  earth  made 

by  a  llltple.  Jilortimrr, 
MfiLE'-l 'ATCll-HR,  71.    One  whose  cm|iloyment  is 

to  cnfcll  moles.  Tiuser. 
MOLE'-CRICK-E  T,  71.    An  insect  of  the  genus  Gryl- 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WlI^T.  —  MRTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


7a4 


r 


MOL 


MON 


MON 


Ins,  or  Oryllotiilpa,  which  burrows  under  eroiind. 
nnil  is  s:ii(l  tii  ilevimr  the  roots  of  pl.iiits.      P.  Cijc. 
MU-LKCIJ-LAR,  a.    Ueloiiging  to  or  consisliiij;  of 

lllollTllIos.  Prullt. 

M6LK'Cl'LE,  n.    fFr.,  from  mo(c]    A  niinii?  given  to 
iiiiiiiUe  particles  of  winch  bodies  arc  snptNised  to 
br  cnniposed.  Dana, 
MOLI'.'-i;?  /■-"D,  (-Tde,)  a.    Having  very  small  eves; 
MOI.K'-IIIM.,  n.    [W.wuhir.]  [biiiid. 
A  lillle  hillock  or  elevation  of  earth  thrown  np  by 
moles  working  nnder  i:ronnd  ;  hi'wce,  pronrrbiuliij,  a 
very  snniU  hill,  or  other  small  thing,  conipurud  with 
a  larger. 

iiiiviii^  Icnpi'il  over  Buch  mounlniiiB,  lie  down  Ijefore  a  moie-hUl, 

South. 

MO  LEST',  B.  t.    [Fr.  mule.itrr  :  It.  wnlestare  ;  Sp.  mo- 
Ifsfiir ;  from  L.  iiKilr^tug^  troublesome  j  Sp.  mtj/er,  to 
grind,  to  molest,  to  vex,  L.  tiiolti.    See  Mill.] 
To  liouble  ;  to  disturb  ;  to  render  uneasy. 

They  li.ive  molested  tlic  ctiurcii  with  ueetlleas  opposition. 

ilooL-er. 

MOL-EST-.^'TIO.\,  n.     Disturbance  ;   annoyance  ; 

uneasiness  given.    [It  usually  expresses  less  than 

Vexation,]  Brown. 
MO-LEST'El),  pp.    Disturbed  ;  troubled;  annoyed. 
MO-LEST'ER,  «.    One  that  disturbs 
MO-LEST'FIJL,  a.  Troublesome. 
MO-LEST'I.N'O,  ppr.    Disturbing  ;  troubling. 
MoI>E'-TRACK,  «.    The  course  of  a  niole  nnder 

grouinl.  Mortimer. 
MolJV-WARP,  71.    A  mole.    [See  Mole  and  JIould- 

Warh.] 

Mo'Ll-EX,  w,    A  (lowering  tree  of  China.  Orosier. 

MO-LI.M'I-.NOUS,  o.    [from  L.  moUmCH.] 

V'rrv  important.    [JV^ef  iisril.]  More. 

Mo'l.l.N-IS.M,  ».  The  doctrines  of  the  Molinists, 
somewhat  resembling  the  tenets  of  tlie  Anninians. 

Mo'LIN-If^T,  «.  A  lolldwer  of  the  opinions  of  Mo- 
lina, a  Spanish  Jesuit,  in  respect  to  grace;  an  op- 
poser  of  the  Jansenisis. 

MOL'LAII,  II.  Tlie  title  of  the  higher  order  of  Turk- 
ish jllrtges. 

MOL'LI-E.VT,  a.  [L.  »noHicn.«, mn/Zio.  Sec  Mellow.] 
Softening;  assuaging;  lessening.  [See  Emolli- 
ent, which  is  generally  used.] 

Mt)l,'M-E.\T-LY,  ado.  Assuagingly. 

MOL'Ll-FI-A-liLE,  a.  [from  mullifij.]  That  may  bo 
softened. 

MOL-LI  FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  mollifying  or 
softening. 

2.  Mitication  ;  an  appeasing.  S/iak. 
MOL'M-FI  Kl),  pp.    .Softened:  appeased. 
MOI,'LI-FI-EU,  n.    That  which  softens,  appeases,  or 
mitigates. 

2.  He  that  softens,  mitiaates,  or  p.acificB. 
MOI/LI-F?,  (J.  t.    [L.  moUw  ;  Vr.  mulUr.    See  Mel- 
low.] 

1.  To  soften  ;  to  make  soft  or  tender. 

2.  To  assuage,  as  pain  or  irritation. 

3.  To  appease  ;  to  pacify  ;  to  calm  or  quiet. 

Vrtjilm. 

4.  To  qualify  ;  to  reduce  in  harshness  or  asperity. 

Claretidon. 

MOL'LI-F?-ING,  ppr.    Softening;  assuaging. 
MOl,'LI-F?-lNG,  o.    Adapted  to  mitigate,  soften,  or 
assuage. 

MOL-LnS'€A,  n.  pi.  [A  soft-shellcd  nut,  from  L. 
molli-t^  soft.] 

One  of  the  four  sub-kingdoms  into  which  animals 
are  divided,  comprising  species  whose  bodies  are 
soft  and  inarticulate.  .Some  of  them  are  naked, 
while  others  are  enveloped  in  a  sht  ll.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  a  single  family,  they  have  no  distinct  or- 
gan of  sense,  except  eyes,  and  these  arc  wanting  in 
some  species. 

This  division  includes  the  snail  and  oyster,  and 
the  whole  class  of  shell  animals,  together  with  the 
cuttle-fish  and  the  ascidis.  Dana. 
MOL-LUS'GAX,  n.    A  mollusk  ;  one  of  the  mollusca. 
MOL-LUS'eAiV,    (a.    Pertaining  to  the  mollusca,  or 
MOULUS'eOUS,  (      partaking  of  their  properties, 
f .MoLLU^^coiTs  is  used,  but  is  less  analogical  than 

NioLLUSCAN.] 

MOL'LUSK,  n.  One  of  the  mollusca.  [See  Mol- 
lcscaJ 

MO'LOCII,  (mo'lok,)  n.  In  Scripturr,  the  deity  of  the 
Ammonites,  to  whom  human  sacrilices  were  olFered 
in  the  valley  of  Tophet. 

MO-LOS'SUS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  Greek  and  Latin  verse,  a 
fiMit  of  three  long  syllables. 

'^'0';'';     /     i.    [W.  mot/,  bald,  bare,  also, a.s  a  noiin, 

MoUI/r,  (  a  heap,  pile,  o  conical  hill  with  a  smooth 
t.ip;  mof/i,  to  heap  or  pile,  to  make  bald,  .-^o  batd, 
in  Engli.sh,  seems  to  be  connected  wiih  AoW,  that  is, 
prnininent.  The  prevalent  sp.  lling  is  .Moi-lt  ;  but  as 
then  has  been  omitted  in  the.aher  words  of  this  class, 
as  W(,ci./(, (/«;(, &c.,  it  would  be  desirable  tocompl.  te 
the  analogy  by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as  many 
distinguished  writers  have  done.] 

To  shed  or  cast  the  hair,  feathers,  skin,  horns, 
&.C.,  .IS  an  animal.  Birds  molt  liy  losing  their  feath- 
ers, beasts  by  losing  their  hair,  serpents  bv  casting 
tlieir  skins,  and  deer  their  horns.  The  n'loltiiig  of 
llic  hawk  IS  called  meirimr. 


Is.  i. 


Mfil.T,  )  n.  The  act  or  process  of  changing  the  feath- 
iMAUI.T,  i     ers,  skin,  &c.  ;  moiling.  P.  die 

^lol/r'l  .\G.  I  ppr.  Casting  or  shedding  a  natural  cov- 
,MoI  l/r'liNG,  1  eiiii2,  as  h.iir,  feathers,  skin,  or  horns. 
iMoLT'l.N'G,  i  H.  The  act  or  itperation  by  wliieli  eer- 
MOUh'J''liN'(i,  \     tain  animals,  aiiiiiially  or  at  certain 

times,  cast  otf  or  lose  tlit;ir  hair,  feathers,  skins,  horns, 
MoI.T'K.N.  ;'/'.  of  .Melt.    Melted.    [Obs.]  [&.c. 

2.  n.  Melted  ;  iii;ide  of  melted  metal ;  as,  a  molten 
Mo'I.Y,  II.    [L.,  from  Gr.  (ii.iXe.]  [image. 
Wild  garlic,  a  jilaiit  having  a  bulbous  root ;  Allium 

Moly. 

MO-I.VIi'DATE,  n.  A  compound  of  molybdic  acid 
with  a  base. 

MO-IA'B-De'.\A,  n.  [Gr.  pnXv^iUti  a,  a  mass  of  lead.] 
An  or"  of  a  dark  lead  color,  occurring  in  (lexihle 
laminic,  like  pliiiiibago.  It  is  distinguished  from  this 
mineral  by  its  .sulphureous  odor  before  the  blow- 
pipe, a  lighter  shade  of  color,  and  a  more  greasy  feel. 
It  consists  of  sulphur  and  fnolybdeiium.  Dana. 

MO-I,YH'DE-.MTE,  ii.  Sulphuret  of  molybdena.  Dana. 

MO-LVH-Ue'NOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  iiiolybdena,  or 
obtained  from  it.  The  niolnbUenons  acid  of  Hucholz 
is  a  .salt,  the  bimolybdate  ot  the  deuto.xyd  of  molyb- 
denum. 

MO-LYli-Df.'NU.M,  n.  A  metal  which  has  not  been 
reduced  into  mas.ses  of  any  magnitude,  but  has  been 
obtained  only  in  sm.'dl,  separate  globules,  in  a  black- 
ish, brilliant  mass.  These  are  brittle  and  extremely 
infusible.  JSTicfwlson.  Vre. 

1'he  most  common  natural  compound  of  this 
metal  is  a  suluhuret.  Brandt. 

MO-LVU'I)IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  molybilena.  jVoUjbdic 
acid  is  an  acid  obtained  from  molybdalc  of  lead,  or 
by  acidifying  molybdena.  SiUwian. 

MoME,  II.    [Fr.  moraoii.    See  Mom.] 

A  dull,  silent  person  ;  a  stupid  tellow  ;  a  stock  ;  a 
post.  Johnson.  Spenser. 

Mo'MENT,  V.  [L.  womcntum.  This  word  is  con- 
trai'ted  from  rnotamen'.uin,  or  sfime  other  word,  the 
radical  verb  of  which  signifies  to  move,  rush,  drive, 
or  fall  suddenly,  which  sense  gives  that  of  force. 
The  sen.sc  of  an  instant  of  time  is  from  falling  or 
rushing,  which  accords  well  with  that  of  meet.] 

1.  The  most  minute  and  iudivisible  part  of  time  ; 
an  instant. 

Ill  ft  moment^  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye.  —  I  Cor.  XT. 

2.  Force ;  impulsive  po%ver. 

Toucli,  witii  lightest  77torr.int  of  impulse, 

Hit  Iree  will.  AfiJlon. 

Little  used  ;  but  hence, 

3.  Importance  in  intiuence  oreft'ect;  consequence; 
weight  or  value. 

It  ia  an  .-ilstrosc  speculation,  but  also  of  f.ir  less  momtnt  to  tu 
tli:\ii  the  otiicrs.  Benliey. 

MO-ME.\'T'AL,  a.    Important.    [JVot  in  use.] 
MO-ME.\T'AL-LY,  u.ie.    For  a  moment.  Brown. 
MO-MENT-A'NE-OUS,  iMO'.ME.\T-.V-.\y,  ml  used. 

See  Momentary. 
Mo'ME.VT-A-RI-LY,  arfr.    Every  moment.  Shenstone. 
MO'M  E.N'T-A-RY,  a.    Done  in  a  inoiiieiit ;  continuing 

only  a  moment ;  lusting  a  very  short  time  ;  as,  a  mu- 

mentary  pang. 

Moment/lTy  na  a  sound, 
Swift  as  a  sIluIuw,  short  as  any  dream.  Shak. 

MO'ME.\T-LY,  arfii.    For  a  moment. 

2.  In  a  moment;  every  moment.   We  momently 
expert  the  arrival  of  the  mail. 

MO-.ME.\T'OUS,  a.  Important;  weighty;  of  conse- 
quence. Let  no  false  step  be  made  in  the  momentous 
concerns  of  the  soul. 

MO-.ME.\T'OUS-LY,  a</r.    Weightily;  importantly. 

MO-.ME.N'T'OUS-NESri,  n.  State  of  being  of  great 
importance. 

MO-MEN'T'UM,  n.;  p;.  Momenta.  [L.]  In  mfc/inii- 
ics,  imjietiis  ;  the  qii.antity  of  motion  in  a  moving  body. 
This  is  always  projMirtioned  to  the  quantity  of  matter 
multiplied  into  the  velocity.  Olm.sted. 

MOM'I-F.R,  (inum'me-er,)  ii.  [Fr.]  A  name  some- 
times given  in  reproach  to  the  evangelical  Protestants 
of  France  and  Switzerland. 

M0M'.\1ER-Y.    See  Mum.mery. 

.MO'.MOT,  II.    The  name  of  certain  birds  in  South 
America,  so  named  from  their  monotonous  note. 
Their  habits  and  tongue  resemble  the  toucan'.s. 
Mo'.Mb'S,  a.    [Gr.  (loiiiot,  di  rision.]  [Sirainson. 

In  mntholoiry,  the  deity  of  ridicule  and  raillery. 
.MO.N'A-eilAL,  (mon'a-kal,)  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  mona- 
ehns,  Gr.  p  iav"$,  a  monk.] 

Pertainini  to  monks  or  a  monastic  life  ;  monastic. 
.MO.N'A-eillS.M,  (mon'a-kizm,)  ii.    [Fr.  moimcliUme  ; 
It.  monachi,ftno.    See  Monk.] 
The  state  of  monks;  a  mon.tstic  life. 
MO.N'.M),  h.    [Gr.  poi  tf,  unity,  from  /lor  i?,  sole.] 

1.  An  ultimate  atom,  or  simple,  unextended  point. 

Letbnitz. 

2.  An  indivisible  thing.  Good. 

3.  A  name  given  to  the  simplest  kind  of  minute 
animalcules.  Dana. 

MO.N-A-DEL'PHI-A,  n.  [Gr.  po^yf,  sole,  and  aicX- 
1^  .{,  brother.) 

In  botuny,  a  class  of  plants  whose  stamens  are 
united  m  one  body  by  the  tilaments.  Linnaus. 


MO.\-A-DF.L'PIII-AN,  (  a.   Having  the  stamens  nnit- 
MO.N'-A-DEL'PIIOUS,  )     ed  in  one  body  by  the  lila- 
mellls. 

MO-N.XD'IC,       >  a.    Having  the  nature  or  character 
MO-,\AD'ie-AL,  i     ofaiiKUiad.  Marr. 
MO-.N'.\.N'I)Kl-.\,  H.  [Gr.  ii      i,  i>iie,  and  ■mri",  a  male.] 
In  botany,  a  class  of  inonotlinous  plants,  having 
one  stamen  only,  not  at  all  connected  with  the  |iistil. 

fAiiintrits. 

.MO-NAX'DKI-A.N,  )  o.    Monodinous,   and  having 
MO-.\.\.\'l)R()IJS,  (    one  stamen    only,  not  con- 
nected with  the  pistil. 
MO.N'ARCII,  (iium'ark,)  n.    [It.  and  Sp.  monfrea  ;  Fr. 
monarijue  ;  Gr.  poi  ati\i}i  i  povoi,  sole,  and  a,y\"i,  a 
chief.] 

1.  The  prince  or  ruler  of  a  nation,  who  exercises 
all  the  powers  of  government  without  coiilrol,  or 
who  is  Vested  with  absolute  sovereign  power  ;  an 
emperor,  king  or  prince,  invested  witli  an  iiiiliiiiited 
power.    This  is  the  strict  sense  of  the  word. 

2.  A  king  or  prince,  the  supreme  magistrate  of  a 
nation,  whose  powers  are  in  some  respects  limited  by 
the  constitution  of  the  government.  Thus  w(;  call 
the  king  of  (>reat  Hritain  a  monareh,  allli(>iit:li  he 
can  make  no  law  witlioiit  the  consent  of  |iarli.'iiiieiit. 

3.  He  or  that  which  is  superior  to  oIliiTs  of  the 
same  kind  ;  .as,  an  oak  is  called  the  monarch  of  the 
forest ;  a  lion,  the  monarch  of  wild  beasts. 

4.  One  that  presiiles  ;  president  ;  as,  Bacchus, 
monarch  tif  the  vine.  Sbnk. 

MON'Aiteil, a.  Supreme;  ruling;  as, a monarc/i  sav- 
age. Pope. 

MO-.\AReH'.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  monarch  ;  suiting 
a  monarch  ;  sovereign  ;  regal ;  imperial. 


Sritan,  whom  now  lriiu»c*Mid'  iit  ^lory  raised 
AUive  liis  lelluws,  with  monarchal  pride. 


MilUn. 


MON'AR('H-ESS,  n.  A  female  monarch  ;  an  emprcii.s. 
MO-i\SI!Ciri€,  la.  Vested  in  a  single  ruler; 
MO-X.\  KCII'1C-.'\L,  i  as,  monarchical  goveriiiiieiit  or 
a.  I'l  rtainiiiK  to  monarchy.  [power. 
MON'.ARCH-I.S.M,  n.    The  "principles  of  monarchy  ; 

love  or  preference  of  monarchy.  Jefferson. 
MON'AKCII-IST,  II.    An  advocate  of  monarchy. 
MON'AReil-IZE,  V.  i.    To  play  the  king  ;  to  art  the 

monarch.  Sluik. 
MON'AReii  rZE,  r.  (.    To  rnle  ;  to  govern. 

2.  To  convert  to  a  monarcliy.  Milton. 
MON'ARCII-IZ  .KD,  pp.  Converted  to  a  monarchy 
MO.\'AReH-IZ-L\G,  p/ir.    Governing;  changing  to 

a  monarchy. 

MOi\"AReiI-Y,  71.    [Gr.  iirii/ap\ta.    See  Monarch.] 

1.  A  state  or  government  in  which  the  supreme 
power  is  lodged  in  the  hands  of  a  single  person. 
Such  a  st.ite  is  usually  called  an  empire  or  a  kin^'dom  ; 
and  we  usually  give  this  denomination  to  a  large 
state  only.  Hut  the  same  name  is  sometimes  given 
to  a  kinsdoin  or  state  in  which  the  power  of  the  king 
or  supreme  magistrate  is  limited  by  a  constitution,  or 
by  fundamental  laws.  Such  is  the  British  monarcliy. 
Ileiice  we  speak  of  absolute  or  despotic  manarchici, 
ami  of  limited  monarchies. 

A  InM!  ffoverumeiit  hits  n  jreat  advantage  over  a  simple  mon- 
archy. J.  Mamt. 

2.  A  kinitdom  ;  an  empire.  Shak. 
MON-.AS  Tk'RI-.AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  monastery. 
MO.\'AS-TER-Y,  ;i.     [Fr.  monastire ;  It.  mnnastcro  ; 

Sp.  mona.-<teriv  i  Low  L.  monasteriunt ;  Gr.  puvaari- 
pioi',  from  pof  '^,  sole,  separate;  W.  tnQn.] 

A  house  of  ri?ligious  retirement,  or  of  seclusion 
from  ordinary  temporal  concerns,  whether  an  abbey, 
a  priory,  or  a  nunnery.  The  word  is  usually  applied 
to  the  houses  of  monks,  mendicant  friars,  and  nuns. 

Kncyc. 

MO-NAS'Tie,        (a.    [Fr.  mono^dV/iic ;  It.  77i07i«.<(i- 
MO-NAS'Tie  .M..,  !     CO ;   Low   L.  monasticus ;  Gr. 
p  'facTTtKoij  frtiiii  p'ti^"i,  sole,  separate] 

Pertaining  to  monasteries,  monks,  and  nuns;  re- 
cluse ;  sccliiiled  frtuii  the  teinporal  concerns  of  life, 
and  devoted  to  religion  ;  as,  a  monastic  life  ;  monastic 
orders  Denhaau 
MO-.N'AS'Tie,  71.    A  monk. 

MO-NAS'Tie-AL  LY,  uiJr.  Rerhiscly ;  in  a  retired 
manner;  in  the  manner  of  monks.  Siriji. 

M()-.\'AS'TI-('1SM,  II.    .Mon.astic  life.  Milner. 

iMO-.\.\.'J''ri-eo.\,  11.  A  book  giving  an  account  of 
moiuL-iteries. 

.MO.VD.W,  (mun'dy,)  71.  [Sax.  monandir;  ;  \).  maan- 
datr:  G.  montn<r;  moon  and  day;  being  formerly  sa- 
cred to  that  planet.] 

The  second  day  of  the  week. 

MO.N'DK,  n.  [Fr.]  The  world  ;  also,  a  globe,  an  en- 
sicn  of  authority.  OrummontL 

MO-.M";'CIA.\  ond  MO-NE'CIOUS.  See  .Moi«e<.ias 
and  .MoNa-:ci'it  s. 

MO.N'ETA-RY,  (mun'e-ter-ry,;  o.  Pertaining  to  mon- 
ey or  consisting  in  mtiney.  Qnart.  Rec. 

MO.V'EV,  (inun'e,)  n. ;  ;i/.  Mi>nevs.  [Sax.  myiict ;  D. 
uiimt,  mint ;  G.  m"nze ;  Sw.  mynt ;  Dan.  myndt, 
money  or  mint;  Fr.  monnoie ;  It.  monailh  :  W. 
mienai ;  Sp.  monrda  :  Port,  mocda,  contnictcd  ;  L. 
and  It.  moneta.  Money  and  mint  are  the  same  word 
varied.] 

1.  Coin  ;  stamped  metal ;  any  piece  of  metal, 


TONE,  BIILL,  q.MTE.  — A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  .is  in  THIS. 


91 


1  I  I 


725 


MON 


MON 


MON 


usually  gold,  silver,  or  copper,  stamped  by  piililic 
atilhurity,  and  used  as  the  mrdiuin  of  cuniiuerce. 
\Ve  si>iuetiiiie3  give  the  nairie  of  mvnnj  to  other  coined 
metals,  and  to  any  other  material  whicli  rude  nations 
use  as  a  medium  of  trade.  But,  among  modern 
cominarcial  nations,  gold,  silver,  platiimm,  and  cop- 
per, are  the  only  metals  used  for  tins  purpose.  Gold, 
platinum,  and  silver,  ccmtaining  great  value  in  a 
small  compass,  and  being,  therefore,  of  easy  convey- 
ance, and  being,  also,  durable,  and  little  liable  to 
diminution  by  use,  are  the  most  convenient  metals 
for  coin  or  money,  which  is  the  representative  of 
commAlities  of  all  kinds,  of  lands,  and  of  every 
thing  that  is  capable  of  being  transferred  in  com- 
merce. 

2.  Bank  notes  or  bills  of  credit  issued  by  authority, 
and  exchangeable  for  coin,  or  redeemable,  are  also 
called  money:  as  such  notes,  in  moderii  times,  repre- 
sent coin,  and  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  it.  If  a 
man  pays  in  hand  for  goods  in  b.ank  notes  which  are 
current,  he  is  said  to  pay  in  ready  money. 

3.  Wealth ;  affluence. 

Siloiiey  cm  iieiilier  open  new  avenues  lo  pleasures,  nor  IiIocV  up 
the  pv-issjiges  of  an^iish.  Ra.'ib:er. 

MOX'EY-.AGE,  n.  ^ncinthj,  in  Enslnml,  a  general 
land  tax  levied  by  the  two  first  Norman  kings,  a 
shilling  on  each  hearth.  Hume. 

MON'Ey-B.\G,  n.    A  bag  or  purse  for  holdinz  money. 

^■ldiso7l. 

MO\'EY-BOX,  71.    A  box  or  till  to  hold  money. 
MOiV'EY-BRoK'ER,  n.  A  broker  w  ho  deals  in  money. 

Johiuon. 

MOX'EY-CHaNG'ER,  n.  A  broker  who  deals  in 
money  or  exchanges.  .^rbathnot. 

MO.\'EY-£n,  (mun'id,)  a.  Rich  in  money  ;  having 
money  ;  able  to  command  money  ;  used  often  in  op- 
position to  such  as  have  their  wealth  in  real  estate. 

hivile  moneyed  men  to  !"nd  to  the  merchants.  Bacon, 

2.  Consisting  in  money  ;  as,  moneyed  capital. 

HamiJtan^s  Report, 
MO\'EY-ER,  n,    A  banker ;  one  who  deals  in  money. 
[Little  ivicil,] 

2.  In  coinage,  a  responsible  and  authorized  manu- 
facturer of  coin.  Brande, 
MCi.\'EY-LE.\D'ER,  n.    One  who  lends  money. 
MO.N'EY-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  money  ;  ptnnyless. 

Swift. 

MO\'EY-M.\T'TER,  n.  .\n  account  consisting  of 
charges  of  money  ;  an  account  between  debtor  and 
creditor.  Jirhuthnot. 

MO.V'EY-SCRIVE'.NER,  (-skriv'ner,)  n.  .\  person 
who  raises  monev  for  others.  ArhuUmot. 

MO.\'EY-SPI.N'.\ER,  n.    A  small  spider. 

MON'EY'S-WORTH,  (inun'ez-w urtli,;  n  Simiething 
that  will  bring  money. 
2.  Full  value  ;  the  worth  of  a  thing  in  money. 

MOX'EY-U'OllT,  ?!.  An  evergreen  trailing  plant  of 
the  genus  Nuiumiilaria,  or  of  the  genus  Lysimacliia. 

Loudon. 

MOXG'-eORN,  n.  [among  and  corn.]  Mixed  corn. 
[Local.  ] 

Mo.\"GER,  (mung'ger,)  n.  [Sax.  mangere,  from  raan- 
gian,  lo  trade,  D.  manger.] 

A  trader ;  r  dealer ;  now  used  only  or  chiefly  in 
composition  ;    as,  fish-mongcrf  iron-monger,  news- 


[from  Sax.  mengan,  to 
Sirifl. 


MO.V'GREL,  (muiig'grel,)  o, 

mix.    See  Mimgle.] 
Of  a  mixed  breed  ;  of  different  kind.'^. 
MO-\"GREl.,  n.    An  animal  of  a  mixed  breed 
MO-NIL'l-FORM,  o.     [L.  monile,  a  necklace,  and 

form.  ] 

Like  a  necklace.  Eneyc. 
MON'I-.VIENT,  n.    [L.  Tnonimenlum,  from  moncu,  to 
admonish.] 

1.  inscription  ;  something  to  preserve  memory. 
[Ob.i.] 

a.  A  mark  ;  an  image  ;  a  superscri|)tion.  Sppitvcr. 
MO.N'ISH,  r.  (.    To  admonish  ;  to  warn.   [A''ot  used,] 

[See  Admonish.] 
MO.\"ISH-ER,  n.    An  admonisher,  which  see. 
MO.N'ISll-.ME.\T,  H.    Admonition.  [OI).i.] 
MO-.N'I"'riO.\,  (-ni!<h'un,)  n,    [Fr.,  from  I,.  mninVi'o.] 

1.  Warning;  instruction  given  by  way  of  cautiim  ; 
a.**,  the  monitions  of  a  friend.  StcifL 

2.  Information  ;  indication. 

We  h.iTe  no  ruiljle  nu}nitionM  of  othiT  periods,  such  as  we  have 
of  Uie  tl.-!/  hj  suc<:ei«ive  liifht  and  J.irltuess.  Holder. 

MO.N'I-TiVE,  a.  Admonitory;  conveying  admo- 
nition. Barrojo. 

MO.V'I  TOR,  II.  [I,.]  One  who  warns  of  fault.^  or 
inform-*  of  duty  ;  one  who  gives  advice  and  instruc- 
tion by  way  ol^  reproof  or  caution. 

You  nrt-U  not  be  m  monitor  to  the  kinj.  Baeon. 

2.  In  srhnoU  or  univergitirjiy  a  pupil  selected  to  look 
to  the  DCholarH  in  the  absence  i<{  the  instructor,  or  lo 
notice  the  absence  or  faults  of  the  scholars,  or  to 
initriict  a  division  or  claxi. 

3.  In  vtdlogy,  a  fcniin  of  li/.ariU  inhabiting  the 
warmer  iirirtii  of  the  c;L*<t<'rn  continent,  ho  called 
from  lieing  suppoacd  to  give  warning  of  the  virinity 
of  crocodile«.  Cijc. 


MO.\-r-To'RI-.'\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  monitor. 
9.  Performed  by  a  monitor. 

3.  Conducted  or  taught  by  monitors  ;  as,  a  monito- 
rial school ;  montturial  system. 

4.  Communicated  by  monitors;  as,  vwnitttrial  in- 
struction. 

.MOi\-I-TO'RI-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  monitorial  manner. 
IION'I-TO-RY,  a.     Giving  admouitiun ;  warning; 
instructing  by  way  of  caution. 

Losses,  miscarriages,  and  disappointments,  are  monitory  and  in- 
stnictive.  L'Bstrange. 

MON'I-TO-RY,  n.    Admonition  ;  warning.  Bacon. 

IMO\'I-TRESS,  n.    A  female  monitor. 

MO.N'K,  (inunk,)  n.  [Gr.  /joi-ax'-s,  from  itopnf,  W. 
viun,  sole,  separate  ;  whence  L.  monackus ;  Sax. 
monec,  muntic ;  Fr.  moine;  Ann.  mannach;  \Y.  my- 
na^  ;  Sans,  vtnni.] 

A  man  who  retires  frtmi  the  ordinary  temporal 
concerns  of  the  world,  and  devotes  himself  to  re- 
ligion. Monks  usually  live  in  monasteries,  on  enter- 
ing which  they  take  a  vow  to  observe  certain  rules. 
Some,  however,  live  as  hermits  in  solitude,  and  oth- 
ers have  lived  a  strolling  life,  without  any  fixed  res- 
idence. Eneyc. 

MO.\K'ER-Y,  n.  The  life  of  monks;  the  monastic 
life  ;  a  term  usually  applied  by  way  of  reproach. 

MO.N'K'EY,  (munk'e,)  n.i  pi.  IMo.ikevs.  [U.monicchio.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  the  ape  and  baboon.  But 
in  zoology,  monkey  is  more  properly  the  name  of 
those  animals,  of  the  genus  Simla,  which  have  long 
tails.  Ray  distributes  animals  of  this  kind  into  three 
classes^  apes,  which  have  no  tails  ;  monkeys,  with 
long  tails  ;  and  baboons,  with  short  tails.  Eneyc. 

2.  A  name  of  contempt,  or  of  slight  kindne.ss. 

Johnson. 

3.  The  weight  of  a  pile-driver ;  i.  e.,  a  very  heavy 
mass  of  iron,  which,  being  on  high,  descemls  with 
great  momentum  on  the  Iiead  of  the  pile,  and  forces 
it  into  the  eartli. 

MO.N  K'HOfpD,  n.  The  character  of  a  monk.  Merbtiry. 
Mfi.VK'ISH,  a.   Like  a  monk,  or  pertaining  to  monks  ; 

monastic  ;    as,  monkish  manners  ;  vionlii.-sk  dress  ; 

monkish  solitiitle. 
MO.\K'S'-UEAD,  (munks'hed,)  s.    A  plar.t  of  the 

cenus  Leontodon. 
MO-\K'S'-lIOOD,  n.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Act  nitum. 
MO.N'K'S-RHu'BXRB,  ii.    An  herb  of  the  genus  Ku- 

mex,  a  species  of  dock, 
iMO.\'-(J-€.>LR'DI-AN,  a.    [Gr.  ^i^'i-of  si.d  »aor5<a.] 
Having  a  single  heart,  as  &shes  and  reptiles.  It 

may  be  used  as  a  noun. 
MO.N-O-eAR'POUS,  a,    [Gr.  /loi/aj,  sole,  and  Kaorro;, 

fruit.] 

Bearing  fruit  but  once,  and  dying  after  fructifica- 
tion, as  wheat,  &c.  Lindley, 
MO-NOC'E-ROS,  n,  [Gr.  yiovoi,  sole,  and  /ttpaj,  horn.] 
The  unicorn. 

MOX-O-€HL.\.M-Y'D'E-0US,  a.  [Gr.  yiovos  and 
X'Saavi.] 

In  botany,  having  a  single  covering,  that  is,  a 
calyx  without  a  corol,  or  a  co?oi  without  a  calyx. 

Lindley. 

MOX'O-enORD,  (mon'o-kord,)  n.  [Gr.  ^loios,  sole, 
only,  and  xoiii^n,  chord.] 

A  musical  instrument  of  one  string,  used  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  and  demonstrating  the  rela- 
tive proportions  of  musical  sounds.  P.  Cyc. 

MON'O-eilRO.ME,  71.  [Gr. /tovjj,  sole,  and  x/^o>;ta, 
color.] 

.A  painting  with  a  single  color.  Elmes. 
MON-O  eilKO-.MAT'ie,  ff.    Consisting  of  one  color, 
or  presenting  rays  of  light  of  one  color  only. 

Quart.  Juurii.    Journ.  of  Science. 
MO-NOe'LI-N.\TE,  a.  [Gr.  /toi'nj,  one,  and  «Aii/<o,  to 
incline.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  term  applied  to  crystals  in  which 
one  of  the  axes  is  obliquely  inclined,  as  the  oblique 
rhombic  prism,  and  right  rhomboidal  prism. 
MO-.\OC'LI-NOLrS,fl.  [Gr.;ioi'os,one,amUXii'ri,bed.] 
In  botany,  hermaphrodite,  or  having  both  stamens 
and  pistils  in  every  flower. 
MOX'O-CO  TYLE,  )  a.  Having  only  one 

MO.\-0-CO-TYL-E'DON-0US,  j     seed-lobe  or  sem- 
inal leaf.  Jilartyn.  Milne. 
MON-O  eO-TYL-iS'DON,  n.    [Gr.  fiovos,  sole,  and 
KiiTv\n"'oi-,  a  hollow.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  with  only  one  cotyledon,  or  .seed- 

MO-NOC'R.\-SY,  n.  [Gr.  /lovoj,  sole,  and  Kparccj,  to 
govern.] 

Government  by  a  single  person. 
MON'O-CRAT,  n.    One  who  governs  alone. 
MO-,\oeMi-l,AR,    la.    [Gr.  /...roj,  sole,  and  L.  oo 
MU-NOC'U-LOUS,  (     utas,  eye.] 

Having  one  eye  only.  Jhwetl. 
MON'O-CULE,  71.    [Supra.]  An  insect  with  one  eye. 

Petinant. 

MON-O-nAC'TYL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  ,>ovoi  and  iaKTvXn-] 

Having  one  finger  or  toe  imly. 
MO.VO  DIST,  n.  One  w  ho  writes  a  monody.  Scott. 
MO.N'0-l)0.\,  n.    [Gr.  ;joi  o<!oiij,  having  one  tooth  or 
ahoot.] 

The  Hea-unicorn,  a  cetaceous  mammal,  t\  hich  has 
0  remarkable  horn  like  tusk  projecting  frimi  its  ht^ad. 


There  is  a  rudiment  of  another  tusk,  but  only  one  of 
them  is  usually  developed.  It  is  called  also  the 
Mo.xocERVs,  or  Horned  Narwhal.  Its  usual  size  is 
from  sixteen  to  twenty  feet.  Cuvier.  Eneyc. 

M0.\-0-I)RA-MAT'ie,  a.    Pertainin;;  to  a  inonodram. 

MON'O-URa.ME,  71.    [Gr.  /loi/o?  and  ^o-i^a.] 
A  dramatic  performance  by  a  single  person. 

MON'O-DY,  7t.  [Gr.  ;joi/(tc!ia;  (loi/oj,  sole,  and  <ySn, 
song.] 

A  species  of  poem  of  a  mournful  character,  in 
which  a  single  mourner  is  supposed  to  bewail  him- 
self. Brande. 

MO-NCE'CI.A,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  povoi  and  otxog.]  In  bot- 
any, a  class  of  plants  whose  stamens  and  pistils  are 
in  ilistinct  flowers  in  the  same  plant,  Linntrus. 

M0-Na3'CI.\N,  (-ne'shan,)   >  a.   [Gr,  ;ioi/oj,  sole,  and 

MO-NCE'CIOUS,  (-ne^shus,)  j     oik  house.] 

In  botany,  a  term  applied  to  a  class  of  plants  whose 
stamens  and  pistils  are  in  distinct  flowers,  both  grow- 
ing upon  the  same  individual. 

MON-O^A'MI-A,7t.p/.[Gr,  iionos,  sole,  and  yaiio;, 
marriage.] 

In  botany,  an  order  of  plants  having  a  simple  flow- 
er, though  the  anthers  are  united.    Linnceus.  Lee. 

M0i\-0-Ga'MI-A.\,  (  a.    In  botany,  pertaining  to  the 

MO-i\OG'A-MOUS,  j  order  Monogainia,  having  a 
simple  flower  with  united  anther.s.  Lee. 

MO-NOG'A-iMIST,  7!.  [Supra.]  One  who  disallows 
second  marriages.  Johnson. 

IIO-NOG'A-.MOUS,  a.  Having  one  wife  only,  and 
not  permitted  to  marry  a  second. 

MO-NOG'.A-M  Y,  71.  [Supra.]  The  marriage  of  one 
wife  only,  or  the  state  of  such  as  arc  restrained  to  a 
single  wife.  Bp.  Hall. 

M0N'0-GR.\:M,7i.  [Gr.  imvo;,  sole,  and  j  papji  i,  letter.] 
A  cliaracter  or  cipher  composed  of  one,  two,  or 
more  letters  interwoven,  being  an  abbreviation  of  a 
name  ;  used  on  seals,  &c.  Brande. 

MO-N'O-GR-AiU-MAL,  a.  Sketching  in  the  manner  of 
a  mcmogram.  Fothcrby. 

MON-0-GR.\M'Mie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  monogram. 

MON'O-GR.APH,  n.  [Gr.  pavos,  sole,  and  jpu^i;, 
description.] 

A  written  account  or  description  of  a  single  thing, 
or  class  of  things  ;  as,  a  monograph  of  violets  in  bot- 
any ;  a  monograph  of  an  Egyptian  mummy. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

MO-NOG'RA-PHER,  n,    A  writer  of  a  monograph. 

Purtin  irton. 

MON-O-GRAPH'ie,       )  a.    Drawn  in  lines  without 

MON-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  (     colors.      BaUey.  jlsh. 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  monogra]>Ii. 

MON-O-GR  APH'ie-AL-LY,  atlv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
monograph  ;  in  the  form  of  a  monogra|)h. 

MO-NOG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  writes  a  mono- 
graph, Keith. 

MO-NOG'RA-PHY,  7i.  [Gr, /tomf,  sole,  and  ),<ja0a), 
to  describe.] 

1.  A  description  drawn  in  lines  without  colors. 

2.  A  monograph,  or  written  account  of  some  sin- 
gle subject  or  class  of  things. 

MON-O-GYN'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  ijiipos,  sole,  and  yvvrija  fe- 
male.] 

In  botany,  an  order  of  plants  having  only  one  style 
or  stigma.  Smith. 
MON-O-GYNiX-AN,  )  a.    Pertaining  to  the  order  Mtm- 
MO-NOG'YN-OUS,  j    ogynia  ;  having  only  one  style 
or  stigma. 

MON'O-LITH,  n.    [Gr.  povos,  and  'XiBoi,  a  stone.] 

A  pillar,  column,  &c.,  consisting  of  a  single  stone. 
MON'-O-LITH'ie,  j  a.  Consisting  of  a  single  stone  ; 
MON'O-LITH-AL,  j    as,  monolithic  temples  of  Nubia. 

Russel. 

MO-NOL'O-GI.ST,  71.     [Gr.  povof,  sole,  and  Aojoj, 

At)  01,  to  speak.] 

One  who  soliloquizes. 
MON'O-LOGUE,  (mon'o-Iog,)  n.     [Gr.  povo\o)ia; 

povnf,  sole,  and  Aojos,  speech.] 

1.  A  solUoquy  ;  a  speech  uttered  by  a  person  alone. 

Drydejl. 

2.  A  poem,  song,  or  scene  composed  for  a  single 
performer.  Busby. 

JIO-NO.M' A-CHIST,  n.  One  who  fights  in  single  com- 
bat ;  a  duelist, 

MO-NO.M'.\-eHY,  (mo-nom'a-ke,)n.  [Gt.  povopaxia  ; 
pon'ii,  sole,  and  pnxri,  cimibat.] 
A  duel ;  a  single  combat, 

MON-O-i'MA'NI-A,  71.    [Gr.  /loi-of  and  fiavin.] 

Derangement  of  a  single  faculty  of  the  mind,  or 
with  regard  to  a  particular  subject,  the  other  faculties 
being  in  regular  exercise. 

MON-O-iMA'NI-Ae,  ii.  A  person  affected  by  mono- 
mania. 

MON-O-Ma'NI-AC,  «•    Afl'ectcd  with  monomania,  or 

partial  derangement  of  intellect. 
MON'OME,  n.    (Gr.  /loi  oc,  sole,  and  oi">f,.i,  name.] 
In  algebra,  a  quantity  that  has  one  term  only. 

Brande. 

MO-NOM'E-TER,  ti,  A  rhythmical  series,  consisting 

of  a  single  meter. 
MON-O-MET'RIC,  a.    [Gr.  (toioj,  one,  and  pirpov, 

measure.] 

In  mineralogy,  n  term  applied  to  crystals  with  the 
axes  equal  or  of  one  kind,  as  the  cube,  octahedron, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  rRBY.-lTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD, -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK,— 


726 


MON 

and  do(lcc!iliP(lroii.  Tlie  same  arc  also  called  Usstral 
solids. 

MO-.\o'.MI-AI,,  II.  Ill  algebra,  a  quantity  expressed 
l)y  imp  Iprm  mily.  lirauue. 

MO-.N()l".\-TUY",  II.  [Gr.  //"iwi-,  sole,  and  raJjUjSiif- 
fcrin;;.] 

S(ilit:ir>- siiirprini;  or  sensibility.  U'hillock. 
MO.V-O-PiyP'AI^OUS,  a.    [Gr. ^iJi'ot, only,  and  mra- 
A./i<,  llovvur  lcaf.] 

In  botuiiij,  having  only  one  petal,  or  a  one-pelaled 
corol  ;  as,  a  monojirtalou.^  corol  or  flower.  Martijn. 
MOX'OPII-TUONG,  n.  [Gr.  /lui/os,  sole.and  (fiOoyyos, 
sound.] 

A  li  tter  liavins  one  sound.  Beanie, 
MON-()I'H-'riI(JN"GAL,  a.    Consisting  of  or  having 

a  silicic  sound.  Rustli. 
M()-.\()PH'YL-LOUS,a.  [Gr. //onof.sole,  and  i/ivAAof, 

leaf  ) 

Having  one  Ipaf  only. 
MO-NOPll'Y-Sn'E,  n.    [Gr.  /icii'Os,  only,  and  i^uirij, 
nam  re.] 

One  of  a  sect,  in  the  ancient  church,  who  main- 
taiiipil  that  tlie  human  and  divine  natures  in  Jesus 
riirist  lu'came  sii  bli  nded  and  confounded  as  to  ron- 
stitutp  but  one  nature.  JUunlock. 

M()-.\(JI"()-L1.'<T,     j  w.     [Sp.  and  It.  mamiiwlUta. 

M0-\0P'01,I/,-ER,  I     Pee  Monopolize.] 

One  that  inonopiilizes  ;  a  person  who  engrosses  a 
cuuiinodity  by  purchasing  the  whole  of  that  article 
in  luarlcpt,  fur  tlic  purpose  of  selling  nt  an  advanced 
price  ;  or  one  who  has  a  license,  or  privilege  granted 
liy  aiiihorily,  for  the  sole  buying  or  selling  of  any 
ciiiiiiiuidity.  The  man  who  retains  in  his  hands  his 
own  prmluce  or  manufacture,  is  not  a  monopolist 
within  the  meaning  of  the  laws  for  preventing  mo- 
nopolies, 

MO-.\t)P'0-I,IZE,  V.  t.  [Gr.  fionoj,  sole,  and  moXeo>, 
to  sell  ;  Fr.  monupoler.] 

1.  To  purchase  or  obtain  possession  of  the  whole  of 
any  coniinodity  or  goods  in  market,  with  the  view  of 
spiling  Ihein  at  advanced  prices,  and  of  having  tlie 
power  of  coiiiiii.andiiig  the  prices;  as,  to  monupuliic 
sugar  or  tea. 

2.  'Po  engross  or  obtain  by  any  moans  the  exclu- 
sive right  of  trading  to  any  place,  and  the  sole  power 
of  vending  any  commodity  or  goods  in  a  particular 
place  or  country;  as,  to  monopolize  the  India  or  Le- 
vant trade. 

3.  Figuratively,  in  a  reider  sense,  to  engross  or  ob- 
tain the  whole  ;  as,  to  monopolize  advantages. 

Federalist,  Jttti. 

MO-NOP'O-MZ-KD,  pp.  Obtained  and  enjoyed  wlioUy 
or  ex(  lusivply  ;  eimrosscd. 

MO-.NOP'()-l,TZ-l  Nt;,  ppr.  or  a.  Engrossing  sole  pow- 
er or  exclusive  right ;  obtaining  possession  of  the 
whole  of  any  thing. 

M(1-.NC)I"0-LV,  h.  [fr.  monopole;  I.,  monopolium ; 
Gr.  (I'lii'jr'iiXiu  ,*  p^tv  >i  and  tijA^w.] 

The  sole  power  of  vending  any  species  of  goods, 
obia  lied  either  by  enEiossiiig  the  articles  in  market 
by  purchase,  or  by  a  liceiist'  from  the  government 
coiitiruiiiig  this  privilege.  Thus  the  East  India  f'oiii- 
paii\',  ill  Great  llritain,  once  had  a  monopottj  of  the 
trade  to  the  East  Indu  s,  granted  to  lliem  by  charter. 
Mottopfiltrs  by  individuals,  obtained  by  engrossing, 
are  an  ntf^-nse  prohibited  by  law.  Hut  a  man  has  by 
natural  right  the  exclusive  |itiwer  of  vending  his  own 
produce  Or  manufactures,  and  to  retain  that  exclusive 
ri^ht  is  not  a  monopoly  within  the  meaning  of  law. 

MO.N'-O-POL'Y-LOGLfE,  b.  [Gr. /iums,  iroAu(,  and 
Au)  {.] 

An  exhibition  in  which  an  actor  sustains  many 
characters. 

MO-.\(JP'TEK-.\L,  a.  or  ii.  [Gr.  povo(  and  irrtpor,  a 
wing] 

In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  n  temple  or  circular 
inclosure  of  columii'^,  without  a  cell. 
MO-.\OI"TO'PE,n.  [Gr.  (ion     only,  and  jrrwoif,  ctse.] 

A  noun  having  only  one  case.  Clarke. 
MON'0-IUI?.ME,  «.    [(Jr.  ,io.-.i{  and  fi'Opof,  rhyme.] 
A  composition  in  verse,  in  which  all  the  lines  end 
with  tlip  same  rlivmc. 
MO.\-0-SEP'AK)L'h!,  a.    [Gr.  povof  and  srpal.] 

■  laving  one  sepal,  that  is,  when  the  sepals  are  uni- 
ted at  the  margin.  LindUy. 
MON-O-i^PER.M'OUS,  a.    [Gr.  povo;,  only,  and  artp- 
ji'i,  seed.] 

Haviii!!  one  seed  only. 
MON-O-SPIlEll'ie-AL,  a.    [Gr.  povof  and  sphrre.] 
Coiisistiiis  of  one  sphere  only.  SimarL 
MO.N'O-STieil,  (mon'o-stik,)  n.     [Gr.  povoaTixov; 
P"^oi,  only,  and  aTt\n^,  verse.] 

A  coiiipositinn  consisting  of  one  verse  only. 
MON-O  STROPli'ICa.  [Gr.  /»jK)<rrpu0o{,  having  one 
Btrophe.] 

Having  one  strophe  only ;  not  varied  in  measure  ; 
written  in  unvaried  measure.  •Wiu-uii. 
MO.N'-O-SYULAB'ie,  a.  [See  .Mososvluble.I  Con- 
sisting of  one  syllable  ;  as,  a  moaosiillabic  word. 

2.  Consisting  of  words  of  one  syllable  ;  as,  a  mon- 
osiillabic  verse. 
MO.V  O-SYL'LA-BI.E,  n.    [Gr.  ^om{,  only,  and  auA- 
Xaliii,  a  syllable.] 
A  Word  of  one  syllable. 


MON 

MON-0-SYL'LA-BL£D,  a.  Formed  into  one  sylla- 
ble. CUaveland, 

MON-0-TIIAL'.\-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  /loi/xj,  only,  and 
0uAu;i<i;,  chamber.] 

One-chambered  ;  applied  to  cephalopods  having  n 
unilocular  slu  ll.  Ciic. 

MON'O-TllIMSM,  71.  [Gr.  povoi,  only,  and  Ocoj, 
God.] 

'I'hc  doctrine  or  belief  of  the  existence  of  one  God 
only.  .^sial.  Hen. 

MO.\'0-TtIE-IST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  one  God 
oiilv. 

MO.V'-O  THE-IST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  monotheism. 
MO-i\OTH'E-LITE,  n.    [Gr.  ponos,  one,  and  Ji.wjai $, 
will.] 

One  of  an  ancient  sect,  who  held  that  the  union  of 
two  natures  in  Christ  produced  but  one  will. 

Jilurtloclc. 

MO-NOTII'E-LIT-ISII,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  ino- 
nothelites. 

MO-NO'P'OiM-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  povo;  and  tc/h'm.] 

In  mineraloiry,  having  its  cleavage  distinct  only  in 

a  single  direction.  Slirpnnl. 
MO.N'O-TOiN'E,  II.    [See  Monotony.]    The  utteraiice 

of  successive  syllables  on  one  unvaried  key  or  line 

of  pitch.  E.  Porter. 

MO.\-()-'PON'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  iiionotinip. 
MO-.\OT'O-N0US,  a.    Continued  with  dull  iiiiiforin- 

itv. 

MO-NOT'O-NOUS-LY,  adv.  With  one  uniform  tone. 

A'dl-fj'. 

MO-N'OT'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  poi/orovia  ;  povoi,  sole,  and 
roro),  sound.] 

1.  A  freipipnt  recurrence  of  the  same  modifications 
of  tune  or  sound,  producing  a  dull  uniformity.  [It 
is  Uiit  the  same  with  the  monotone,  which  is  ofleii 
used  with  propriety  in  emphasis,  solemn  speaking, 
&c.] 

2.  Figuratively,  an  irksome  sameness  or  want  of 
variety. 

At  sw,  every  lliinj  th.'Xt  bpeiika  Uie  monotony  of  the  fitrToiiiiiliiig 
cxiKiiisc  ;iirr;icts  ultciilioii.  Iroiug. 

MON-O-TKE.M'A-TOUS,  a.  [Gr.  povoi  and  Tpi;;,a, 
pLrfoiatiou.] 

Having  only  one  external  opening  for  urine  and 
other  excrements,  as  certain  animals  of  the  order 
Eileiitata. 

M(>N■(^T1UG'I,YPII,  71.  A  kind  of  iiiterctilumniation 
in  which  only  one  triglyph  and  twouietopa  are  iiitro- 
ducpd.  Owilt. 

MO-NO.X'Y-I,ON,  71.    [Gr.  /i-i- .{  and  (nAor.] 

A  canop  or  boat  made  from  oiip  piece  of  timber. 

JlfOJV-S/K£7ft',  (iniis-sepr',)  71.  [Fr.]  Sir ;  Mr. ;  soiue- 
tiiues  used  for  a  Frenchman.  Johnson. 

MO.\-S(J(J.\',  71.  A  periodical  wind,  blowing  six 
months  from  the  same  quarter  or  point  of  the  com- 
pass, then  changing  and  blowing  the  same  time  from 
the  opjMisite  ipiarter.  'J'he  iiiuiisooiis  prevail  in  the 
East  Indies,  and  are  called  also  traile  winds,  lint 
we  usually  give  the  denomination  of  trade  winds  to 
those  which  blow  the  whole  year  from  the  same 
point,  as  the  winds  within  the  tropics  on  the  Atlan- 
tic. 

MO-V'STER,  71.  [L.  77ioii.-(ru7n,  from  77io7iitro,  to  show. 
So  we  say  in  English,  a  si^'lit.    See  .Muster.] 

1.  An  animal  produceil  with  a  shape  or  with  parts 
that  are  not  natural,  as  when  the  body  is  ill  foriiieil 
or  distorted,  or  llie  limbs  too  few  or  too  inaiiy,  or 
when  any  part  is  extravagantly  out  of  pro{iortioii, 
either  through  defect  or  excess. 

2.  Any  unnatural  production  ;  something  greatly 
dpi'oriiied.  Monsters  are  cumniun  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom.  Kncyc. 

3.  A  person  so  wicked  as  to  appear  horrible  ;  one 
nnnatiirally  wicked  or  mischievous.  Su  a  parricide 
is  called  a  monster. 

MON'STER,  V.  U    To  make  monstrous.    [JVot  nsej.] 

Sliak. 

MON'STER-TAM-ING,  a.   Taming  monsters. 

IJavtilton. 

MON'STRANTE,  n.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a 
framework  of  gold  orsilver,  in  which  the  consei  rated 
wafer  or  host  is  held  up  to  view  before  the  congre- 
gation. [See  Remomstrvnce.]  Gloss,  of  Jirchit. 
MON-STROS'I-TY,  ii.  The  state  of  being  monstrous, 
or  out  of  the  common  order  of  nature. 

We  often  reaii  of  ninnslroiia  biithi ;  but  we  *ee  a  ffrenter  mon- 
f  lro«ily  in  ediic-ition,  when  a  father  t)cp?t«  n  %on  uml  trims 
hull  up  liilu  a  beusu  ^'ouUi. 

2.  An  unnatural  production ;  that  which  is  inon- 
stnuis. 

Faliri  amnsre*  (iMtoriona,  ^hboaitica,  tumorB,  Ac,  in  the  c\i\»s 
of  niurlfilic  monstrotiti**,  Entyc. 

A  monstnuity  iiever  changes  the  name  or  aHecU  the  iiiiiiiut-tbU- 
lly  of  a  •pecic*.  Ailamon. 
MON'STROUS,  a.    [I,.  Tiioiisfrosiu.] 

1.  Unnatural  in  form  ;  deviating  greatly  from  the 
n.itunil  form  ;  out  of  the  coninuin  course  of  nature; 
OS,  a  monstrous  birth  or  production. 

2.  Strange  ;  very  woiHerfiil ;  generally  expressive 
of  dislike.  Shak. 

3.  Enormous;  huge;  extraordinary;  as,  a  mon- 
strous higjit  ;  a  monstroiii  tree  or  niuiinU'iin.  Pope. 

4.  Shocking  to  the  sight  or  other  senses;  hateful. 


MON 

MON'STROUS,  adv,  Kxceedingly  ;  very  much  ;  oa, 
mviutrous  h:irii  ;  monstrvus  thick. 

And  will  be  monstrouM  witiy  on  tlif*  poor.  J^ryden. 

[Thi^t  use     colKxpiinl  and  vulvar.] 

11  iiiHiiiU'r  out  of  thp  com- 
mon orilur  of  nature  ;  lience,  Khttckinpty  ;  trrnltly  ; 
hideoii.Hly  ;  horribly  ;  a.**,  a  man  vionstn/ushj  wickfd 

2.  To  a  great  det;ree  ;  enormously  ;  e.vtravaKantly. 

Who  with  Ilia  wift!  u  monstrously  in  luvc.  Dryden. 

MON'S'PROUS-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  mon- 
strous. 

2.  Eiiorinily  ;  irregular  nature  or  behavior.  Shak. 
MO.N'-TAiN  'IC,  a.  [  \i.  montanus,  from  ini/ii,v,  mountain.] 
Pertaining  to  mountains  ;  consisting  111  iiiiuiiitains. 

Kirican. 

MON'TAN-ISM,  71.    The  tenets  of  Moiitaiiii*. 

MO.\'T.\.\  IST,  n.  A  follower  of  .Moiilaiiiis,  a  Phryg- 
ian bishop  anil  enthusiast  of  thespniiid  cnitiiry,  w  ho 
claimed  that  tlii'  Holy  Spirit,  the  Parailete,  d»et  in 
him,  and  employed  him  as  an  instriiMii  nl  for  purifying 
anil  guiilinz  iiipii  111  the  (.'linstiaii  lifr.  Murdoch. 

AlON'-TA.N'-ISl'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  heresy  of 
Montanus. 

MON'T.ViN'-IZE,  r.  i.    To  follow  the  opinions  of  Mon- 
tanus. Hooker. 
MUNT'ANT,  71.    [Fr.,  from  7iioii(«r,  to  niouiit.] 

1.  A  term  in  fencing.  Shak. 

2.  .All  upright  piece  in  anv  framework. 
MO.YT  Dh:  PIKTE.    See  Lo.MnAno  Hot  sr. 
.MOIV'TEM,  71.    A  custom  among  the  scholars  at  Eton 

school,  England,  of  going  every  third  year,  011  Whit- 
Tuesday,  to  a  hillock,  (L.  ad  moniim,  whence  the 
name,)  and  pxactiiis;  nioiipy  from  all  passi-rs  by,  to 
support  at  the  university  tlie  senior  scholar  of  the 
school.  Brande. 

MO.\-Ti;'I!0,  11.    [Sp.  moiifcra.] 

.\  horst  niaii's  cap.  Bacon. 

MO.\-TETIl',  71.  A  vessel  in  which  glasses  are 
washed  ;  so  called  from  the  name  of  the  inventor. 

Kin-T. 

MONTH, (month,)  71.  [Sax.  i7io7iu(A,froin  mi)im,tlie  moon  ; 
D.  niaand ;  <i.  ntonath  ;  Sw.  manad ;  Dan.  nttmned ; 
\j.  mcushi ;  (Jr.  p'li',  a  mouth,  from  p'lvti,  the  moon.] 
A  space  or  period  of  time  coiistitiitiiig  one  of  the 
larger  divisions  uf  the  year.  Month  properly  signifies 
the  period  of  the  niooii's  revolution  from  any  point 
in  tlip  heavens  round  to  the  same  point  again,  called 
a  lunar  month.  One  species  of  this,  called  the  synodi- 
ca/ »iuii(/i,  is  the  time  from  one  conjunction  or  new 
moon  to  another,  a  period  of  29  days,  12  hours,  44 
minutes,  ami  3  seconds  ;  another  species,  called  the 
sidrriul  month,  is  the  time  between  the  niooiiVs  passing 
from  any  star  and  its  return  to  the  same  star  again, 
a  period  of  27  tiays,  7  hours,  43  minutes,  and  lU 
seconds.  The  term  j«i/ar  month  has  been  applied  to 
the  space  of  time  111  which  the  sun  p.asses  through 
one  siL'n,  or  a  twelfth  part  of  the  zodiac.  The 
mean  length  of  this  period  is  30  days,  10  hours,  29 
minutes,  4  seronds. 

In  popolnr  /iiiiiiiiairi',  four  \veeka  are  called  a  month, 
being  m  arly  the  h  iigth  of  the  lunar  month.  A  eal- 
endar  monUi  consists  of  twenty-eight,  twenty-nine, 
thirty,  or  thirty-one  days,  as  the  iiionllis  stand  in 
calriidars  or  almanacs.  Olmsted.  Burlow. 

Mfl.N'  l'll  Ll.\(;,  {iiiiiiilh-)  71.    The  being  of  a  month. 

MO.NTiri.V,  (iiiuutli'le,)  a.  Continued  a  iiKUith  or 
performed  111  a  iiiuiith  ;  as,  the  monUily  revolution  of 
the  moon. 

2.  Done  or  happening  once  a  month,  or  every  month ; 
as,  the  moiifldif  concert  of  prayer;  a  monUdy  visit. 
MONTH  LY,  11.    .\  publication  which  appears  regu- 
larly once  a  month, 
MO.N  Tll'LY,  iii/e.    Once  a  month;  in  every  month. 
The  moon  cli.anges  monthty. 

2.  As  if  iiniler  the  inHuence  of  the  moon  ;  in  the 
maiini  r  of  a  lunatic.    [JVof  u.»ci/.]  Middlrlon. 
MO.NTH'S'-MI.N'l),  71.  Earnest  desire  ;  strong  inclina- 
tion, lluilibras. 

This  phrase  originated  in  the  remembrance  days 
of  iiioiikisli  times,  when,  at  periodical  seasons,  the 
mind  or  memory  of  a  liouiitifiil  test:ttor  was  to  be 
kept  alive  hy  masses  and  prayers.  Smart. 
MO.N'Tl  CI.E,  11.  A  little  mount  ;  a  hillock  ;  some- 
times written  .Mn>iTit:fLE.  LucU. 
M(Ji\'-TIG'E-\OL'S,  a.    (I,.  Tiioiuand  Gr.  jtmf.] 

Produced  on  a  mountain. 
MO.NT-.MAR'TKITE,  71.    A  mineral  of  a  yellowish 
color,  occurring  massive,  and  found  at  .Moiilninrtre, 
near  Paris.    It  is  soft,  hut  resists  the  wealher.    It  is 
a  compound  uf  the  sulphate  and  carbonate  of  lime. 

Ure. 

MO.X'TOIR,  (mon'twor,)  n.   [Fr.]  In  AoricmaiuAip,  a 

stone  iisi'd  fur  aiding  to  mount  a  horse. 
MO.\-TKOSS'.    [See  .Matboss.] 

MO.\'Ti;itE,  71.  [Fr.]  Literally,  that  on  which  one 
is  mounted  ;  a  saddle  horse.         Spenser.  Toone. 

MON'l^-MENT,  71.  [L.  7iionui7irnru;/i,  from  Titoiieo,  to 
admonish  or  reiiiinu.] 

1.  Any  thing  by  which  the  memory  of  a  person  or 
an  event  is  preserved  or  perjietuated  ;  a  biiildinc, 
stone,  or  other  thing,  placed  or  erected  to  remiml 
nu  n  of  the  ptTson  who  raised  it,  or  of  a  person  de- 
ceased, or  uf  any  remarkable  event ;  as  a  mausoleum, 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS.  — e  u  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII  >  TH  as  in  TIMS 


727 


MOO 

a  pillnr,  a  pyramid,  a  trimiiphal  arch,  a  tniiilistone, 
and  llie  like.  A  pillar  of  2  10  feet  in  iiiiilit,  cojnposed 
of  Porll.ind  slone,  was  erected  in  London  as  a  tuonu- 
ment  to  preserve  tl»e  memory  of  tile  <;reat  conrta'jra- 
tion  in  IWiG.  A  monument  is  erected  on  Ranker  Hill 
to  commemorate  tiie  battle  of  June  17,  1775. 

9.  A  stone,  or  a  heap  of  stt)nes,  or  other  durable 
thing,  intended  to  mark  the  bounds  of  states,  towns, 
or  distinct  possessions,  and  preserve  the  memory  of 
divisional  lines.  AVw  Eu^laitd. 

3.  A  thins  that  reminds  or  ijivcs  notice. 
MON-U-.ME.\T'.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  monument; 
as,  a  monumental  inscription. 

2.  Serving  as  a  monument ;  memorial ;  preserving 
memory. 

Of  pine  or  nwntimtntnl  oalc.  MiUon. 
A  work  ooll.LSliiig  tnoriurnenlai  brass.  Pope. 

3.  Belonging  to  a  tomb  ;  as,  monumental  rest. 

Craslmw. 

MON-tl-MEXT'AL-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  memorial. 

Gaiiton. 

9.  By  means  of  monuments.  OUildou. 
MOO,  c.  i.   To  make  the  noise  of  a  cow ;  a  ckUd's 

word.  Smart. 
MOOD,  n.    [Ft.  mode  ;  L.  modus.    See  Mode.] 

1.  In  locricy  the  form  of  a  syllogistic  armimont ;  the 
regular  determination  of  propositions  accordins  to 
their  quantity,  as  universal  or  particular,  and  their 
quality,  as  atfirmative  or  negative,    n^atts.  F.ncijc. 

2.  Style  of  music.  Milton.  Knajc. 

3.  The  variation  of  a  rerb  to  e.\pres3  manner  of 
action  or  being.    [See  Mode.] 

In  theforesoing  senses,  and  in  all  cases,  this  word, 
when  derived  from  the  Latin  nwdus,  ought  to  be 
written  Mode,  it  being  a  distinct  word  from  the  fol- 
lowing. 

MOUD,  71.  [Goth,  mod,  anger  ;  Sax.  mod,  Sw.  mod, 
the  mind,  a  lofty  mind,  pride,  violence  ;  modi^, 
proud,  spirited  ;  G.  vintJi,  mind,  mood,  courage, 
mettle,  spirit  ;  D.  moed ;  Dan.  mood,  mod,  heart, 
courage,  mettle.  We  observe  these  words  unite  the 
sense  of  mmd  with  that  of  spirit,  courage,  anger, 
for  the  primary  sense  is  derived  from  moving,  driv- 
ing, or  rushinz  forward,  or  from  excitinz.  VVe  ob- 
serve .analogous  cases  in  the  L.  animus  and  Or.  Ovji  .5. 
Chiss  Md,  No.  19,  24,  25.] 

*  I.  Temper  of  mind  i  temporarj'  st.ate  of  the  mind 
in  regard  to  passion  or  feeling  ;  humor  ;  as,  a  melan- 
choly mood  ;  an  angry  inoodi  a  suppli;tnt  mood. 

Dnjden,  Addlton. 

2.  Anger  ;  heat  of  temper.  Hooker. 

[In  this  sense  little  used,  unless  qualified  by  an 
adjective.] 

MOOD'I-LY,  adc.    [from  moorf;/.]    Sadly.  [Obs.] 
MOOD'I-NESS,  «.    Anger;  peevishness. 
MOOD'Y,  a.    [Sax.  modiV,  angry.] 

1.  Angry  ;  peevish  ;  fretfcd  ;  out  of  humor. 

Every  peevish,  moo-ly  malcontent.  Roipe, 

2.  Mental ;  intellectual ;  as,  moodij  food.  [Obs.] 

3.  Sad  ;  pensive.  \Sliak. 

4.  Violent  ;  furious. 

MOON,  n.  [Sax.  mono  ;  Goth,  mena  ;  Dan.  maane  ; 
Sw.  mana  ;  D.  moan;  G.  moud  j  Or.  firifrj,  Doric, 
poll  a  ;  Lapponic,  mana.] 

1.  Th(!  heavenly  orb  which  revolves  round  the 
earth  ;  a  seccmdary  planet  or  satellite  of  the  earth, 
whose  light,  borrowed  from  the  sun,  is  reflected  to  the 
earth  and  serves  t(»  dispel  the  darkness  of  night. 
Its  mean  distance  fnun  the  earth  is  about  UO  seuii- 
diameters  of  the  earth,  or  238,545  miles.  '  [See 
Month.] 

2.  A  month.  This  is  the  sense  in  which  rude  na- 
tions use  the  name  of  the  moon  ;  as,  seven  moons. 

Half-moon  ;  in  forlijication,  a  figure  resend)ling  a 
crescent. 

MOO\'-IiE.\.M,  n.    A  ray  of  light  from  the  moon. 

Vriide.n. 

MOOX'-BLAST-ED,  o.  Blasted  by  the  influence  of 
the  moon.  Coleridge. 

MOON'-CXI.F,  (-kif,)  n.  A  monster;  a  false  con- 
cepticm.  Shak. 

■2.  A  mole  or  mass  of  fleshy  matter  generated  in 
the  uterus. 

3.  A  dolt  ;  a  stupi<l  fellow.  Dnjden. 
MOO.\'-ei;L'.MliN-A-'I'I.\r;,  a.    A  term  ap[ilied  to  a 

star  wtiieli  culminates  or  comes  to  the  meridian  at  or 

about  the  same  lime  with  the  moon.  K.  C.  Hi  rrick. 
MOON'KI),  a.    'I'akeu  for  the  moon.  Mdum. 
MOON'E  I'.  n.    A  little  moon.  Hall. 
Mf)0\'-KVi;,  n.    An  eye  affected  by  the  mimn. 
MOO.\'-i;9-f;[),  (  ide,)  a.    Having  eyes  affected  by 

the  revolutions  of  the  moon. 
2.  Dim-oyi-d  ;  purblind.  Jiimnriorth. 
MOf).\'-KI."'ll,  H.    A  fish  whose  tail  fin  is  shaped  like 

a  half  moim.  Grew. 
MOON'ISII,  a.    Like  the  moon  ;  variable.  Hhak. 
MOO.N'LES.-^,  n.  .\ot  favored  with  miKinlight.  Dn/den. 
MO(l.N''Lir;ilT,  n.    The  light  allnrdeil  by  the  nioon. 
MOr)N'LlGiri',  (  lite,)  a.    Illuminated  by  the  mi>on  ; 

at,  moonliirhl  rcveln.  Slink. 
M()f).N"LI.\<;,  n.     A  simpleton.  «.  .I.in.mn. 

MOOS'-lJjV-EU,  (-luvd,)  a.    I><jved  when  the  moon 

fdiineH.  Milton. 


MOO 

MOON'-SEED,  71.  A  climbing  plant  of  the  genus 
Menispermum,  so  called  from  tlie  crescent-like  form 
of  the  seeds.  P.  Cijc. 

MOON'SHEE,'77.  The  name  given,  in  /717/ia,  to  a 
Itlohammedaii  professor  or  teacher  of  language 

Malcom. 

MOON'SHINE.ji.   The  light  of  the  moon.  Dnjden. 

2.  Fitrarativehj,  show  witliout  substance  or  reality. 

3.  In  harle.^que,  a  month.  Shak. 
A  matter  of  moonshine ;  a  matter  of  no  consequence, 

or  of  indifference. 

MOON'SHlNE,  j  a.    Illuminated  by  the  moon  ;  as,  a 

MOON'SHlN-Y,  )     fair,  moonshine  night.  Clarendon. 
I  went  to  see  tliein  in  a  inoonshiny  ni^lit.  Addison. 

MOON'-SToNE,  71.  A  nearly  pellucid  variety  of  feld- 
spar, or  adularia,  showing  pearly  or  opaline  reflec- 
tiims  from  within.  It  is  cut  with  a  spheroidal  surface, 
and  emploved  as  a  gem.  Dana. 

MOOi\'STl{UCK,  a.  Affected  by  the  influence  of  the 
moon  ;  lunatic  ;  as,  moonstruck  m;tdness.  Milton. 

JIOOX'-TRl-.'FOlL,  71.  An  evergreen  shrub  of  South- 
ern Europe,  Medicago  arborea  ;  also  called  Tree- 
medic.  Loudon. 

MO().\'-U'ORT,  71.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Lunaria, 
often  called  Hosestv  ;  also,  a  fern  of  the  genus  Bo- 
tr\'clliiiui.  Loudon. 

MObX'V,  a.  Lunated  ;  having  a  crescent  for  a  stand- 
ard ;  in  resemblance  of  the  moon  ;  as,  the  moony 
troops,  or  moony  host,  of  the  sultans  of  Turkey. 

Philips.  Fenton. 

MOOR,  71.  [Sax.  77I07-,  a  mountain,  a  pool  or  lake,  a 
plain  ;  D.  moer;  G.  mohr ;  Fr.  77mrc  ;  Dan.  myre.] 

A  name  given  to  extensive  wastes  covered  with 
heath,  and  liaving  a  poor,  light  soil,  but  sometimes 
marshy,  and  abounding  in  peat.  P.  Cyc. 

MOOR,  71.  [D.  ;7iuor;  G.  mohr;  Fr.  77iaure,'  Gr.  aiiac- 
jjci,  owooi,  dark,  obscure.] 

A  native  of  the  northern  coast  of  Africa,  called  by 
the  Romans,  from  the  color  of  the  people.  Maurita- 
nia, the  country  of  dark-complexioned  people.  The 
same  country  is  now  called  Morocco,  Tunis,  Algiers, 
&c. 

MOOR,  V.  U  [Sp.  and  Port,  amarra,  a  cable,  and  a 
command  to  belay  or  fasten  ;  amurrar,  to  moor,  as  a 
ship;  Fr.  ainarrcr ;  .\nn.  amarra  ;  D.  maaren  i  allied 
probably  to  L.  moror ;  Fr.  demeurer,  to  delay.  It  is 
composed  of  the  same  elements  as  the  Saxon  mcrran, 
ainerran,  amyrran,  to  hinder,  to  mar.] 

To  confine  or  secure  a  ship  in  a  particular  station, 
as  by  cables  and  anchors,  or  by  chains,  or  weights 
beneath  the  water.  A  ship  is  never  said  to  he  moored 
when  she  rides  by  a  single  anchor.        Mar.  Diet. 

MOOR,  V.  i.   To  be  confined  by  cables  or  chains. 

On  oozy  grouiul  his  s.'\lleys  moor.  Dryden, 

MOOR'AGE,  7!.    A  place  for  mooring. 
MOOR'-t'OCK,  j  71.    Names  of  the  red  grouse  or  gor- 
iMOOR'-FOVVL,  )     cock  ;  Tetrao  Scoticusnf  Liiinants. 

P.  die.    Ed.  Encite. 
MOOR'-HEN,  71.    The  common  Enslish  name  for  the 

gallinule  or  water-hen  ;  Fulica  chlorojius  of  Linnteus. 
MOOR'-G.\ME,  71.    Grouse;  red-game.  [PCyc. 
MOOR' ED,  pp.    Made  fast  in  a  station  by  cables  or 

chains. 

MOOR'ING,  ppr.  Confining  to  a  station  by  cables  or 
chains. 

^lOOR'I.VG,  77.  In  senmen^s  tantruaire,  moorings  are 
the  anchors,  chains,  and  bridles,  laid  athwart  the 
bottiun  of  a  river  or  harbor  to  confine  a  ship. 

MOORISH,  a.    Marsiiy  ;  fenny;  watery. 

Alun^  tlie  jm>07j*-/i  fens.  Thomson. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  Moors  in  Africa. 

MOOR'LANU,  71.  A  marsh  or  tract  of  low,  watery 
ground.  Mortimer.  SwifL 

2.  Land  rising  into  moderate  hills,  foul,  cold,  and 
full  of  bogs,  as  in  Staffordshire,  England. 

MOOR'-STo.VE,  ».  A  species  of  English  granite,  used 
as  a  coarse  building  stone.  Qicdl. 

MOOR'Y,  a.    Marshy  ;  fenny  ;  boggy  ;  watery. 

As  wlien  tliicic  in'ula  arise  I'roin  moory  vaiea.  Fairfax. 

.MOOSE,  (moos,)  71.  [A  native  Indian  name;  Kniste- 
ne.aux,  mouswah;  Alitonquin,  mon.-te.  Mackenzie.] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  Ccrviis,  and  the  largest  of 
the  deer  kind,  growing  sometimes  to  the  hight  of  17 
hands,  and  weighing  I30U  |iounds.  This  animal  has 
a  short,  thick  neck,  and  an  upright  mane,  and  the 
body  is  covered  with  long,  coarse  hair.  The  mali- 
lias  lariie,  palmated  horns,  'i'he  eyes  are  small,  the 
ears  a  foot  long,  very  broad  and  slouching;  the  upper 
lip  is  sipiare,  han^s  over  the  lower  one,  and  has  a 
deep  sulcus  in  the  middle,  so  as  to  appear  bifid.  This 
animal  iiih.abits  cobl,  northern  climates,  being  finind 
in  till)  American  forests  of  (Canada  and  New  Eng- 
land, and  in  the  corresponding  latitudes  of  Europe 
and  Asia.    It  is  the  Elk  of  Europe.    Eneije.  Ainer. 

MOOT,  V.  I.  [.Sax.  motion,  to  meet,  to  debate  ;  Sw. 
m'ita,  to  ni(!(;t,  tti  fall,  to  come  to  or  on  ;  Goth,  motifan. 
(Hi-r  Meet,  of  which  this  word  is  a  ilill'ereiit  orthog- 
raphy.) Tin?  sense  of  fleb.ati!  is  from  meeting,  like 
encouiitrr,  fnun  the  French  ;  for  meeting  gives  rise  i«» 
the  sense  of  opposing,  and  the  D.an.  mod,  and  Sw. 
emot,  against,  a  preposition  answering  to  L.  contra, 
Fr.  contre,  is  from  this  root.] 


MOOT,  )  71. 

MOOT'-CaSE,  S 
MOOT'-POINT,  ) 


MOR 

To  debate;  to  discuss;  to  argue  for  and  against. 
The  word  is  applied  chiefly  to  the  disputes  of  stu- 
dents in  law,  who  state  a  qin^stion  and  discii.ss  it, 
by  way  of  exercise  to  qualify  themselves  for  arguing 
causes  in  court. 
MOOT,  V.  L    To  argue  or  plead  on  a  supposed  cause. 
MOOT,  ^     _     ^71.   A  point,  case,  or  (piestion,  to  be 
mooted  or  debated  ;  a  disputable 
case  ;  an  unsettled  question. 
In  lliis  77iooI-c£i««  your  jml^ment  to  refuse.  Dryden, 
BIOOT'A-RLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  mooted  or  debated. 
MOOT'-COURT.  71.  In  law  schools,  a  meeting  or  court 

held  for  the  purpose  of  discussing  points  of  law. 
MOOT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Debated  ;  disputed  ;  controvert- 
MOOT'ER,  77.    A  disputcr  of  a  mooted  case.  [ed. 
MOOT'-H  ALL,    i  71.  A  town  hall ;  hall  of  judgment. 
MOOT'-HOUSE,  i     [Obs.]  Wiclif 
MOOT'ING,  ppr.    Disputing  ;  debating  for  exercise. 
MOOT'ING,  7t.  The  exercise  of  disputing  or  debating. 
MOP,  71.    [VV.  777op,  or  mopa  ;  L.  mappa.] 

1.  A  piece  of  cloth,  or  a  collection  of  Ihriims  or 
coarse  yarn,  fastened  to  a  handle,  and  used  for  clean- 
ing floors.  Sieift. 

2.  A  wry  mouth.    [-Vof  used.]  Shak. 
MOP,     t.    'I'o  rub  or  wipe  with  a  mop. 

MOP,  K.  i.  To  m.ake  a  wrj- mouth.  [.Vot  7/.<tcrf.]  Shai. 
MoPE,  V.  i.    [I  have  not  found  this  word,  utilcss  in 

the  I),  moppen,  to  pout.] 
To  be  very  stupid  ;  to  be  very  dull ;  to  drowse  ;  to 

be  spiritless  or  gloomy. 

Demoniac  plirensy,  moping  melancholy.  Milton. 

Or  I'ut  a  siclily  pan  ol  one  true  sense 

Could  not  so  inope.  Shak. 

MoPE,  V.  U   To  make  stupid  or  spiritless. 

.MoPE,  77.    A  stupid  or  low-spirited  person  ;  a  drone. 

MoP'£D,  (mopt,)  pp.    Made  stupid. 

A  young,  luiv-spirited,  moped  creature.  Locke. 

MoPE'-EY-J:D,  (mr.pe'Ide.)  o.    [Qu.  Gr.  pvtox^.] 
Short-sighted  ;  purblind.  Bramhall. 

MoP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Affected  with  dullness;  spirit- 
less ;  gloomy. 

MoP'ISH,  a.    Dull;  spiritless;  stupid;  dejected. 

MoP'ISH-LY,  uiZc.   In  a  mopish  manner. 

MoP'lSH-NESS,  77.    Dejection  ;  dullness  ;  stupidity. 

MOP'P/CD,  (mopt,)  pp.    Rubbed  or  wiped  with  a  mop. 

MOP'PET,  )        re  T  1 

MOP'SEY  i        [''■°'"  ""P'  ^''PPi'.] 

A  rag  baby ;  a  puppet  made  of  cloth ;  a  fondling 
name  of  a  little  girl.  Dnjden. 

MOP'PING,  77;>r    Rubbing  or  drying  with  a  mop. 

MO'PUS,  n.    A  mope  ;  a  drone.  Swift. 

MO-RaINE',  77.  [Fr.]  A  term  applied  to  lines  of 
blocks  and  gravel  extending  along  the  sides  of  sep- 
arate glaciers,  and  along  the  middle  part  of  glaciers 
formed  by  the  union  of  one  or  more  separate  ones. 

MOR'.-VL,  a.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  moral;  It.  morale;  L.  mora- 
lis :  from  77IO.N-,  moris,  manner.  The  elements  of  this 
word  are  [)robably  Mr ;  but  I  know  not  the  primary 
sense.    The  word  coinciaes  in  elements  with  Ar. 


marra,  to  pass,  to  walk.   If  the  original  sense 

of  the  L.  mos,  moris,  was  settled  custom,  the  word 
may  be  from  the  root  of  77ioror,  to  stop,  delay  ;  Eng. 
dc777  i7r.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  practice,  manners,  or  conduct  of 
men,  as  social  beings,  in  relation  to  each  other,  and 
with  reference  to  right  and  wrong.  The  word  77iiirai 
is  applicable  to  actions  that  are  good  or  evil,  virtuous 
or  vicious,  and  has  reference  to  the  law  of  God  as 
the  standard  by  which  their  character  is  to  be  deter- 
mined. The  word,  however,  may  be  applied  to  ac- 
tions which  affect  only,  or  primarily  and  principally, 
a  person's  own  happiness. 

Keep  lU  tlie  least  wilhin  the  compass  of  moral  actions,  which 

have  ill  them  vice  or  virtue.  Jlooker. 
Mankiml  is  tjrokeii  louse  from  morai  bands.  Dryden. 

2.  Subject  to  the  moral  law,  and  capable  of  moral 
actions;  bound  to  perform  social  duties  ;  as,  a  77ioraI 
agent  or  being. 

3.  Supported  by  the  evidence  of  reason  or  prob.a- 
hility  ;  founded  on  experience  of  the  ordinary  course 
of  things;  as,  7«ora(  certainty,  distinguished  from 
physical  or  mathematical  certainty  or  demonstration. 

Physical  and  iiKithemalical  ftTlainty  may  !>■  slyle.l  inf.Jlible,  and 
moral  c«-'ruuiity  iiuay  tie  properly  styled  iiiduhiuiljle. 

Thin-m  of  a  TTiorot  nature  may  tje  proved  by  7710.0?  arjrninenls. 

71iUonon. 

4.  Conformed  to  rules  of  right,  or  to  the  divine  law 
respecting  social  duties  ;  virtuous  ;  just ;  as  when  we 
say,  a  particular  action  is  not  77iorn/. 

i).  Conformed  to  law  ami  right  in  exterior  deport- 
ment ;  as,  he  leads  a  pood  moral  life. 

fi.  Reasoning  or  instructing  with  regard  to  vice 
and  virtue. 

Whilst  thou,  ft  morfil  fool,  sii'nt  still  and  cri'sl.  SltaJc. 

7.  In  general,  moral  denotes  something  which  re- 
spects the  conduct  of  men,  and  their  relations  as  so- 
cial beiiias  whose  attious  have  a  bearing  on  each 
other's  rights  iiiid  ha|ipiiiess,  and  are  therefore  richt 
or  wrong,  virtuous  or  vicious;  wi^,  moral  character; 
moral  views;  moral  knowledge;  moral  sontiiiienta  ; 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  - 


788 


MOR 


MOR 


MOR 


moral  maxims  ;  moral  approbrition  ;  moral  doubts  ; 
miyrai  jiislicc  ;  moral  virtues  ;  moral  ohlisations,  &c. 
Or  maiat  denotes  soiiietliiiij;  wliicli  ri'S|)e(,iH  llio  intel- 
lectual powers  of  man,  as  distinct  from  his  pliysical 
powers.  Thus  we  speak  of  moral  evidence,  moral 
arguments,  moral  persuasion,  moral  certainty,  moral 
force,  which  operate  on  the  mind. 

Moral  law  ;  the  law  of  God,  which  prescribes  the 
moral  or  social  duties,  and  prohibits  the  transgression 
of  them. 

Moral  philosophy  ;  the  science  of  duty  ;  the  sci- 
ence which  treats  of  the  nature  and  condition  of 
man  as  a  social  being,  of  the  duties  which  result 
from  his  social  relations,  and  the  reasons  on  which 
tliev  arc  founded. 

Moral  sense ;  an  innate  or  natural  sense  of  right 
and  wrong ;  an  mstinclive  perception  of  what  is 
rlRht  or  wrong  in  moral  conduct,  which  approves 
some  actions  and  disapproves  others,  independent  of 
education  or  the  knowledge  of  any  positive  rule  or 
law.  But  the  existence  of  any  such  moral  sense  is 
very  nuich  doubted.  Paley.  Eiicijc. 

MOR'AL,  n.    Morality  ;  the  doctrine  or  practice  of  the 
duties  of  life.    [JVui  much  tuinl.]  Prior. 

2.  The  doctrine  inculcated  by  a  fiction  ;  the  ac- 
commodation of  a  fable  lo  form  the  morals. 

The  inorai  is  (hi-  finil  biuiitess  of  the  poel.  Drydtn. 
MOR'AL,  r.  i.    To  moralize.    [JVu(  in  tisf.] 
MOR'AL-ER,  71.    A  inorali/.er.    [ATvt  in  use.]  Sliak. 
MOR'AL-IST,  II.    [U.  moralista;  Fr.  moralistr.] 

1.  One  who  teaches  the  duties  of  life,  or  a  writer 
of  essays  intended  to  correct  vice  and  inculcate 
moral  duties.  J)ildison. 

3.  One  who  practices  moral  duties  ;  a  mere  moral 
person.  Hammond. 

MO-RAL't-TY,  n.    [Fr.  moraliti.] 

I.  The  doctrine  or  system  of  moral  duties,  or  the 
duties  of  men  in  their  social  character;  ethics. 

The  sysf-in  of  momlity  to  be  gnth'*red  from  the  wrililicrs  of  an- 
cient sages  tails  Tery  short  of  that  delivered  in  Uie  jpwivl. 

Swifl. 

9.  The  practice  of  the  moral  duties  ;  virtue.  We 
often  admire  the  politeness  of  men  whose  morality 
we  question. 

3.  The  quality  of  an  action  which  renders  it  good  ; 
the  conformity  of  an  act  to  the  divine  law,  or  to  the 
principles  of  rectitude.  This  conformity  implies 
that  the  act  must  be  performed  by  a  free  agent,  and 
from  a  motive  of  obedience  to  the  divine  will.  This 
is  the  strict  theological  and  scriptural  sense  of  mo- 
rality. But  we  often  apply  the  word  to  actions 
which  accord  with  justici'  and  human  laws,  without 
reference  to  the  motives  from  which  they  proceed. 

4.  A  kind  of  allegorical  play,  so  termed  because  it 
consisted  of  moral  discourses  in  praise  of  virtue,  be- 
tween such  characters  as  Charity,  Faith,  Death,  &c. 
Such  plays  were  occasionally  exhibited  as  late  as  the 
reign  of  llenrv  VIII.  F.ncyc.  Jimrr. 

MOR-AI,-I-7.A'TION,  ii.    Moral  reflections,  or  the  act 
of  making  moral  retlections.  lyarton, 
9.  Explanation  in  a  mora!  sense.  F.Uiot. 

MOR'AL-IZE,  r.  (.    [Fr.  moral ijcr  ;  Sp.  morali-.ar  ;  It. 
morahliarr.] 

1.  To  apply  to  a  moral  purpose,  or  to  explain  in  a 
moral  sense. 

This  fiiljle  is  mOTKilittd  in  a  common  proTerb.  V Estrange. 
Did  he  nut  moralize  this  spectacle  i  i>haJc. 

2.  To  furnish  with  manners  or  examples.  Spenser. 

3.  To  render  moral  or  virtuous  ;  to  correct  tlie 
morals  of. 

It  h  ill  »  l.^r*e  share  in  moro/isiny  the  poor  while  p<^ple  of  the 
country.  Itainatiy. 

[This  sense,  though  the  most  strictly  etymological, 
is  rare,  but  not  to  be  condemned.] 
MOIl'.M.-IZE,  f.  i.    To  speak  or  write  on  moral  sub- 
jects, or  to  make  moral  rellerliiuis. 
MOR'AL  r/.-KI),  pp.    .\pplied  to  a  moral  purpose,  or 
explained  in  a  moral  sense. 

9.  Renilered  moral  or  less  corrupt.  Ch.  Reli".  ..Appeal. 
MOR',\I,-I/,-ER,  n.    One  wlio  nuiralizes. 
MOIl'.\l,-IZ-I.\(;,  ppr.    Applying  to  a  moral  purpose, 
or  explaining  in  a  moral  sense. 
9.  Making  moral  rcflertions  in  words  or  writing. 
MOR'AU-tZ-I.NG,  n.     The  application  of  facts  to  a 
moral  purpose,  or  the  making  of  moral  retlections. 
His  morti/tzinfs  are  always  pleasant,  and  he  dues  not  spare, 
where  he  thinlts  it  ur.-fnl  to  moralue.  Ck.  Ob. 

MOP'.M,-LY,  O'/r.    In  a  moral  or  ethical  sense ;  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  morality. 

By  yooti,  morxUly  so  called,  Lonum  honestum  ought  chiefly  to  be 
inidrntoud.  .'ioulK. 

2.  Virtuously;  honestly;  according  to  moril  rules 
In  external  de|)ortment.    He  resolves  to  live  morallii. 

3.  According  to  the  rules  of  the  divine  law.  An 
action  is  not  in  strictness  morally  good,  which  docs 
not  proceed  from  good  motives,  or  a  principle  of  love 
and  obedience  to  the  divine  law  and  to  the  law- 
giver. Charity  bestowed  lo  gratifv  pride,  or  justice 
done  by  compulsion,  can  not  be  morally  good  in  the 
sight  of  God. 

4  According  to  the  evidence  of  human  reason,  or 
of  probabilities,  founded  on  facts  or  experience  ;  ac- 


cording to  tJie  usual  course  of  things  and  human 
judgment. 

It  is  morally  impossible  fur  a  hypocrite  to  keep  himself  ton?  on 
his  guard.  L' EHrange. 

From  tile  nature  of  things,  1  am  morally  certain  that  ji  luinj  free 
from  jKusion  and  prejudice  is  mure  fit  to  p.uis  u  true  judg- 
ment Uian  one  hiaaed  by  alTection  and  iiitelvst.  Wiikitm, 

MOR'ALS,  71.  pi.  The  practice  of  the  duties  of  life  ; 
as,  a  man  of  correct  morals. 

2.  Conduct;  behavior;  course  of  life,  in  regard  to 
good  and  evil. 

Some,  as  corrupt  In  their  mom/*  as  vice  cotiU!  make  them,  have 
been  Bulicilous  lo  have  their  childivn  virtuously  and  piously 
educaU'd.  Soitlh. 
What  can  laws  do  wilhoul  morals  7  Pranklin. 

MO-RASS',  71.    [D.  morrai,  from  mow,  a  marsh  ;  Sw. 
moras ;  G.  morast ;  Sax.  mersc ;  Fr.  marais ;  from 
viare  or  moor,  a  tract  of  level  ground.] 
A  marsh  ;  a  fell ;  a  tract  of  soft,  wet  ground. 

Watts.  Thomson. 

MO-RASS'Y,  a.    Marshy  ;  fenny.  Pennant. 
MO-RA' VI-AiV,  a.    Pertaining  to  Moravia,  or  to  the 

United  Hrethren. 
MO-RA'VI-.AiX,  n.    One  of  a  religious  sect,  called  the 

United  Brethren. 
MO-RA'VI-AN-ISM,  71.    The  religious  system  of  the 

Moravians. 

MOR'Bll),  a.  [L.  morbidus,  from  morbus,  a  disease, 
fnmi  the  root  i»f  morior,  to  die  ;  \V.  mono,  to  die, 
from  mar,  laid  flat.  The  sense  of  the  verb,  then,  is, 
to  fall,  fail,  or  sink  ;  Ir.  marbh,  W.  viano,  dead. 
In  Ch.  p-ip  is  to  be  sick.    Class  .Mr,  No.  12.] 

Diseasfii  ;  sickly  ;  not  sound  anil  healthful ;  as, 
morbid  hiimtirs;  ii  morbid  constitution;  a  morbid 
state  of  the  juices  of  a  plant ;  a  morbid  sensibility. 

MOR'llID-LV,  adv.    In  a  morbid  or  diseased  manner. 

MOR'BID-NESS,  n.  A  stale  of  being disi^ased,  sickly, 
or  unsound. 

MOR-BIF'I€,        )  a.     [Fr.  morbifique ;  L.  morbus, 
MOR-BIF'ie-.'VL,  i      disease,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
Causing  disease ;  generating  a  sickly  stale ;  as, 
morbi/if,  matter. 
MOR-lilL'LOUS,  a.    [L.  7norii/;i,  measles,  a  medical 
term,  from  morbus.] 

I'erlaiiiing  to  the  measles;  measly;  partaking  of 
the  nature  of  nii^asles,  or  rtiscmbliiig  the  eruptions  of 
MOR-BoSi;',  a.    [I>.  miirdosKs.]  [that  disease. 

Proceeding  from  disease;  unsound;  unhealiliy; 
as,  a  morbose  tumor  or  excrescence  in  plants.  Ray. 
MOR-BOS'I-TY,  71.    A  diseased  state.  Brown. 
MOR-CFJIU',  fnior-so',)  ii.    [Fr.]    A  bit  ;  a  morsel. 
.MOR-DA'CIOUS,  (-shiis,)  a,    [L.  mordai,  infra.] 

1.  Biting  ;  given  to  biting.  Evelyn. 
9.  FiiTuratively,  sarcastic.  Smart. 

MOR-DA'CIOUS-LV,  a«io.  In  a  biting  manner  ;  s.ar- 
castically.  }Vaterhouse. 

MOK-l)AC'I-TY,  (-das'e-te,)  7i.  [L.  7norJacitas,  from 
mordeo,  lo  bile.j 

Ti  e  quality  of  biting. 

MOR'DAXT,  a.    [Fr.]  Biting. 

MOK'DA.N'T,  n.  [Fr.,  biting.]  A  substance  which 
h.is  a  chemical  affinity  for  coloring  matter,  and 
serves  lo  fix  colors  ;  such  as  alum.  Fourcroy. 

2.  In  ifildinsr,  any  sticky  matter  by  which  the  gold 
leaf  is  made  lo  adhere. 

MOR'DAN'T,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  seizing  hold 

or  of  fixing  colors. 
MOR'DA.N'T-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  mordant. 
MOR'Dl-eAi\-CY,  71.    A  biting  quality  ;  corrosive- 

ness.  Kvelyn, 
MOR'l)I-eA\T,  o.    [Fr. ;  from  L.  mordeo,  to  bite.] 
Biting  ;  acrid  ;  as,  the  mordicajit  quality  of  a  body. 

Boyle. 

MOR-ni-eA'TIOX,  n.    [from  L.  mordeo,  to  bite.] 
The  act  of  biting  or  corruding  ;  corrosion. 
Anuther  CJiuse  is  the  morc/icolion  of  the  orifices,  especially  of  the 
mesentery  veins.  liacon. 

MORE,  a.  [Sax.  more,  mam,  or  mare,  more  or  greater  ; 
I),  meer ;  G.  mehr ;  Dan.  meere ;  Sw.  mer.  The 
Savon  ma  and  mo,  in  Cli.'iiicer,  have  the  same  sense. 
In  \V.  mawr,  Ir.  i/n/r,  signifies  irreat,  in  the  positive 
degree.  'I'Uc  word  may  be  contracted  from  nia^,  the 
rtxil  of  L.  mofeis  ;  mare,  fur  imitrer  ,*  but  this  is  con- 
jecture.] 

1.  Greater  in  quality,  degree,  or  amount ;  in  a  fen- 
erat  ien.ie ;  as,  more  land  ;  more  water;  more  cour- 
age ;  i7ior(  virtue ;  more  power  or  wisdom  ;  more 
love  ;  tnore  praise  ;  more  light.  It  is  apjilicable  to 
every  thing,  material  or  immalerial. 

2.  (irealer  in  number;  exceeding  in  numbers;  as, 
more  men  ;  more  virtues  ;  more  years. 

The  cliildr\-n  of  Israel  are  rnors  than  we.  —  Ex.  1. 

3.  Greater. 

The  more  part  knew  not  why  they  had  come  togetlier.  —  Acts 
zis. 

4.  Added  to  some  former  number  ;  additional. 

But  MonUi^ne  demands  one  labor  more.  Addison. 

MORE,  adc.   To  a  greater  degree. 

lsr»el  lovexl  Joseph  rnort  than  all  his  ctlildren.  — Gen.  xxxvii. 

2.  It  is  used  with  the. 

They  hated  him  yet  th*  more.  — Gen.  xxxvii. 

3.  It  is  used  lo  modify  an  adjective,  and  form  the 


comparative  degn^c,  having  the  same  force  and  ef- 
fect as  the  termination  er  in  monosyllahles  ;  as,  more 
wise  ;  more  illuslrioiis  ;  more  coiiteiiiplibte  ;  more  du- 
rable. It  may  be  used  before  all  adjectives  winch 
admit  of  comparison,  and  iniut  be  used  before  poly- 
syllables. 

4.  A  second  or  another  time  ;  again.  I  expected 
to  hear  of  him  no  more. 

The  dove  relume<l  nut  to  him  again  any  more.  —  Gen.  viti. 

JVo  7«ore  ;  not  continuing ;  existing  no  longer  ; 
gone  ;  deceased  or  destroyed.  Cassius  is  710  more. 
Troy  is  no  more. 

Jfo  more  is  used  in  commands,  in  an  elliptical  form 
of  address.  Ao  more!  that  is,  say  no  more;  let  me 
hear  710  more.  In  this  use,  however,  more,  when 
the  sentence  is  complete,  is  a  noun,  or  substitute 
for  a  noun. 

Much  more  ;  in  a  greater  degree,  or  with  more  read- 
iness; more  abundanlly. 
More  and  more;  with  continual  increase. 

Anion  trespassed  more  an/t  more.  —  '.2  Chnin.  xxxiil. 

MORE,  a  noun,  or  substitute  fora  noun.  A  greater  quan- 
tity, amount,  or  number.  • 

They  gathered  some  mare,  some  less.  —  Kx.  xvi. 

They  were  more  whi>  died  by  laii-stunes  than  they  whom  die 

1  hlhln-n  ul  Israel  slew  with  Ihe  swonl.  —  Josh.  x. 
Getl  do  so  lo  thee  and  more  also.  —  I  Sam.  iii. 
There  were  more  Ui.vn  forty  who  had  miuie  this  conspiracy.  — 
Acts  xxiii. 

2.  Greater  thing;  other  thing;  something  further. 
Here  we  rest  ;  we  can  do  no  more.    He  conijiiered 
his  enemies  ;  lie  did  more,  he  conquered  himself. 
More,  n.    [Sax.  Tnor.] 
1.  A  hill. 

9.  [Sax.  moran.]    .\  root.  Spenser. 
MORE,  r.  f.    To  make  more.    [Obs.]  Oouicr. 
MO-KEEN',  71.    A  stout  woolen  stitlf,  used  for  cur- 
tains, See. 

MOR'El,,  H.  An  edible  mushroom,  found  in  orchards, 
woods,  and  cinder  walks,  in  Europe.    It  is  called  by 
botanists  Morchrtla  escutcnta.    It  is  more  used  in  a 
dried  state  for  sauces  llian  when  fresh.  Loudon. 
9.  A  kind  of  cherry. 

MoRE'I.A.M).    See  .Moorland. 

MoRE'.XESS,  11.    Greatness.    [Obs.]  JTiclif. 

MoRE-O' VEI{,  a</r.  [coiiip.  ol  more  and  over.]  Be- 
yond what  has  been  said;  further;  besides;  also; 
likewise. 

Moreover,  by  them  is  thy  servant  warned.  —  Ps.  xtx. 
MO-RESaUE',  (ino-resk',)  a.    [Fr.,  from  It.  more.ieo, 
from  jMoro,  a  .Moor.] 

Done  after  the  ni-iiiner  of  the  Moors  ;  the  same  as 
Arabesque. 

MO-REStiUE',  71.  A  species  of  painting  or  carving 
done  after  the  Moorish  manner,  consisting  of  gro- 
tesque pieces  and  compartments  promiscuously  inter- 
spersed ;  arabi'sqiie.  Owilt. 

MOR-GAN-AT'ie-.MAR'RIA(3E,7i.  [from  the  Gothic 
morirjan.  to  shorten.]    See  Lekt-iiamded. 

MOR'G.^Y,  71.  A  s|)ecies  of  shark,  Scyllium  canicula, 
also  called  the  small-spotted  dotrjish,  or  bounce.  It  is 
widely  distributed,  and  is  represeiiletl  as  very  vora- 
cious. Its  ordinary  length  is  between  two  aiiiJ  three 
feet.  Jardine^s  .Xat.  Lib. 

MOR'GI.AY,  71.  [L.  mors,  death,  and  Celtic  glaive. 
sword.] 

A  deadly  weapon. 

MOROUF,,  (_nwt'i,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  place,  in  many  towns 
in  France,  where  the  botiies  of  persons  foiiiul  dead 
are  exposed,  that  they  may  he  recognized  bv  their 

MOR'I-BUM),  a.    In  a  .stale  of  dying.  [frieniU. 

MOiri-BUND,  n.    A  dying  person.  Cyc. 

MOR'ICE.    See  .\Iorisco. 

.MO-RIC'ER-ATE,  r.  I.    To  obey.    [J^'ot  ii.tfrf.] 

MO-KIO  EK-A'TION,  71.  [_See  .Morigerol-.s.]  Obse- 
quiousiiess  ;  obedience.    [Ofe.]  Bacon. 

MO-RICER-OCS,  a.  [L.  morigcrus ;  mos,  maris,  man- 
ner, and  irrrci,  to  carr>'.] 

Olietlient ;  obseipiious.    [Little  used.]  Diet. 

.MOR'II,,  71.  [Vr.mordle.] 

A  iiiiislirouni  of  the  size  of  a  walnut,  abounding 
with  liille  holes.    [Sec  Morel.]  F.nciic 

MQ-KIL'I.I-FOU.M,  a.  Having  the  form  of  the  moril, 
a  iiiiisliriHjm. 

MO-IUI/U>.\',  n.  The  golden  cyc,  a  species  of  the 
duck  family.  P.  Cyc. 

MO-lilN"G.-\,  71.  A  plant,  Hypcranthora  Moringa,  a 
native  of  Egypt  and  the  East  Indies.  It  has  been 
supposed  to  produce  Ihc  nephritic  wood. 

M0R'I-O.\,  71.    [Fr.,  from  lu  morione.] 

A  kind  of  open  heliiiet,  without  visor  or  beaver, 
soinewlial  reseiiihling  a  haU  Kncye.  Jim. 

MO-RIS'€0,  (  II.    [from  .Voor.l    A  term  variously  ap- 

MO  RISK,  i  plied  by  old  writers  tu  the  work  called 
moresque,  to  the  .Moorish  language,  also  to  a  dance, 
or  a  dancer  of  the  morris  or  -Moorish  dance.  [See 
MoKBu.l  Shak. 

MOR'KI.V,  n.  [Sw.  murken,  putrefied  ;  or  Fr.  iTiorf,  L. 
morfuu.N',  dead,  and  km,  kind.] 

.Among  hunters,  a  beast  that  has  died  by  sickncsj 
or  mischance.  Badey. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AVGER,  VI"CIOUe  G  as  K  ;  G  a«  J  ;  B  a«  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MOR 


MOR 


MOR 


MOR'LING,  )  ri-  ,  4  J  1 
MORT'LI.XG,  i"-    [!■  r- -ierid.] 

\V<i(tI  plucked  from  a  dead  sheep.  Jiinsicortk. 
MOR'. MO,  71.    [Gr.  ,,■,.> ii,.,.] 

A  ousbear  ;  false  terror.  Johiisoti. 
MOR  MOi\,  n.    The  name  of  a  sect  in  the  United 
States,  fullowers  of  one  Joseph  Sinitll,  who  clahned 
to  work  miracles,  and  to  liave  found  an  addition  to 
the  Bible,  engraved  on  golden  plates,  which  he  pub- 
lished under  the  name  of  the  Book  of  Mormon. 
2.  A  generic  name  of  the  puffins.  Illiger, 
MoK\,  n.  [Sax.  viariie^mariroie^mn-ffen^TnorgenjD^n. 
D.  and  G.  morgeti,  Sw.  morgan,  morn,  morning,  or 
morrow.    In  \V.  mory,  Ir.  marach,  is  morrow  ;  Scot. 
morn,  or  mnrne,  morrow.    In  Goth,  meryan  signifies 
to  pulilish,  tliat      to  open,  or  throw  forth  ;  Orient. 
"IDK.  In  Russ.  morgayu  signifies  to  wink  or  twinkle ; 
Ice.  mortrnor,  to  grow  light.] 

The  first  part  of  the  day ;  the  morning ;  a  word 
used  ctliejly  in  poetry. 

And  blooming  peace  shall  ever  bless  Ihy  morn.  Prior. 

MORN'ING,  n.    [Sax.  margent,  morgen.    See  JIobn.] 

1.  The  first  part  of  the  day,  beginning  at  twelve 
o'clock  at  night,  and  extending  to  twelve  at  noon. 
Thus  we  say,  a  star  rises  at  one  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing. In  a  more  limited  sense,  morning  is  the  lime  be- 
ginning an  hour  or  two  before  sunrise,  or  at  break  of 
day,  and  extending  to  the  hour  of  breakfast  and  of 
beginning  the  labors  of  the  day.  Among  men  of  busi- 
ness in  large  cities,  the  morning  extends  to  the  hour 
of  dining. 

2.  The  first  or  early  part. 

In  the  morning  of  life,  devote  youtself  to  the  service  of  the  Most 
Hi?li.  J.  Clarke. 

MORN'ING,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  first  part  or  early 
part  of  the  day  ;  being  in  the  early  part  of  the  day  ; 
as,  morning  dew  j  morning  light ;  morning  service. 

She  looks  as  clear 
As  morning  roses  newly  w.-ished  with  dew.  ShaJc. 

JIORN'ING-GOWN,  n.  A  gown  worn  in  the  morn- 
ing before  one  is  formally  dressed.  .Addison. 

MOliN'ING-STXR,  n.  The  planet  Venus,  when  it 
precedes  the  sun  in  rising,  and  shines  in  the  morning. 

MO-ROe'eO,  n.  .\  fine  kind  of  leather,  prepared 
commonly  from  goatskin,  (though  an  inferior  kind  is 
made  of  sheepskin,)  and  tanned  with  sumach;  said 
to  be  borrowed  from  the  Moors. 

MO-RO.N'£',  n.  A  deep-crimson  color.  [See  Ma- 
roon.] 

MO-RoSE',  a.  [L.  morosiis :  It.  and  Sp.  moroso,  slow, 
tardy.  In  Portuguese,  moroso  signifies  dwelling  on 
lewd  thoughts  ;  morosidadc,  the  act  of  dwelling  on 
such  thoughts.  Morose,  then,  is  from  the  root  of 
L.  moror,  to  delay,  stop,  hinder,  whence  comrnoror, 
to  dwell,  Fr.  demeurer.  Eng.  demur.  The  customary 
sense,  then,  is  derived  from  the  gloomy,  sullen  tem- 
per formed  by  habitually  fixing  the  thoughts  on  some 
object.] 

Of  a  sour  temper  ;  severe  ;  sullen  and  austere. 

Some  have  deserved  censure  for  a  morose  and  affected  taciturni- 
ty ;  otherj  have  iriade  speeches,  Uiou^h  they  had  nothing  to 
say.  Walts. 

MO-RoSE'LY,  nip.    Sourly  ;  with  sullen  austerity. 
MO-RoSE'NESS,  n.    Sourness  of  temper  ;  sullenness. 
Jijoroseness  is  not  precisely  peevishness  or  fretfulness, 
though  often  accompanied  with  it.    It  denotes  more 
of  silence  and  severity,  or  ill  humor,  than  the  irrita- 
tability  oi;  irritation  which  characterizes  peevishness. 
Leani  STOod  humor,  never  to  oppose  without  just  re;ison  ;  ahat« 
Biirne  deuces  of  pride  aud  mcroseness.  Walls. 

MO-ROS'I-TY,  n.    Moroseness.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
MO-ROX'lTE,  n.    [L.  ynorus,  a  miilli.  rry-tree.] 

A  variety  of  native  jjhosphate  of  lime,  of  a  mul- 
berry color. 

MO-ROX-YL'ie,  a.  Mororylic  acid  ;  a  vegetable  acid 
obtained  from  a  saline  exudation  from  the  Morus  al- 
ba, or  whitff  mulberry. 

.MOR'PIIE-Urt,  V.  [Gr.]  In  mythology,  the  god  of 
dreams.    In  the  cbissics,  pronounced  Alor'phcus. 

MOR'I'IIEW,  (mor'fu,)  «.    [It.  morfea.] 
A  scurf  on  the  face. 

MOU'PHEVV,  B.  «.    To  cover  with  scurf.    Bp.  I/all. 

MfHt'PIIl-NA,  ) 

MOR'I'Hl-A,    Sn.    [Gr. /iopcttvj,  the  god  of  Bleep.] 

mok'Imii.m:,  ) 

A  vegetable  alkaloid  extracted  from  opium,  of 
which  it  constitutes  one  of  the  narcotic  principles, 
Bigelow.  Ure. 
MOU  PirO-I,OG'IC-AL,  (1.  Pertaining  to  morphology. 
MOR-PII01/(J-GV,  n.    [Gr.  i,o,>,t,r,  and  \;yof.] 

In  hniany,  a  treatise  or  description  of  the  melamor- 
pho^i**  of  organs. 
MOIl'lll.'^,    j       ,.,  ,        „  , 

MOR'Uk/k  (       I' """■'•"7"'^ '  "om  Ji/uor.] 

1.  A  .Moorixh  dance  ;  a  dance  in  imilatiim  of  the 
Moom,  an  fmrnhnnds,  cliaciins,  <cc.,  usually  performed 
with  castanetH,  taiiihor.-t,  fcc,  by  youtig  men  in  their 
•  hirtii,  Willi  lii'lN  at  tin  ir  fi  et,  anil  ribbcinn  of  various 
colorH  tied  round  their  aroH  and  flung  acrosH  their 
sholllderi.  I'.nryr. 

y.  A  kind  of  game,  NometimeH  played  in  the  field, 
with  nine  hohnt  in  the  ground,  and  railed  nine  mrn*s 
morris;  sometitneti  played  on  a  board.  .Shak.  Forby. 


MOR'RIS-DXNCE,  71.    A  kind  of  dance.    [See  Mor- 
ris.] 

MOR'^RIS-DXN'CER,  n.    One  who  dances  a  morris- 
dance.         '  Temple. 

MOR'RtS-PIKE,  71.    A  Moorish  pike. 

MOR'RoVV,  71     [Sax.  morgen.    But  it  seems  rather  to 
be  the  Welsh  mory,  morrow.] 
I.  The  day  next  after  the  present. 


Till  Uiis  stormy  night  is  gone, 
And  til'  eternal  morrou)  dawn. 

This  word  is  often  preceded  by  on  or  to. 


CrfLsharo. 


Tlie  Lord  did  that  thing  on  Uie  morroiff.  — Ex.  ix. 
To-mcrrow  sli;dl  this  sign  be.  —  Ex.  viii. 

So  we  say  fo-night,  fo-day.    To-morrow  is  equiva- 
lent to  on  the  morrow. 
2.  The  next  day  subsequent  to  any  day  specified. 

But  if  the  sacrifice  of  his  oRering  sliall  be  a  vow  or  a  voluntary 
otlering,  it  sliall  be  eaten  the  same  day  tllal  he  otfereth  his 
sacrifice  ;  and  on  the  morroio  also  the  remainder  of  it  shall 
be  eaten. —  Lev.  vu. 

Oood  morrow ;  a  term  of  salutation ;  good  mom- 
MORSE,  (mors,)  n.  [Russ.  morj.]  ['ng. 
In  zoology,  the  sea-horse  or  walrus,  an  animal  of 
the  genus  Trichechus,  which  sometimes  grows  to  the 
length  of  eighteen  feet.  This  animal  has  a  round  head, 
small  mouth  and  eyes,  thick  lips,  ashort  neck,  and  a 
body  thick  in  the  middle,  and  tapering  toward  the 
tail.  His  skin  is  from  one  to  two  inches  thick,  and 
covered  with  close  hair.  His  legs  are  short  and 
loosely  articulated,  and  he  has  five  toes  on  each  foot, 
connected  by  webs.  The  tusks  usually  weigh  from 
five  to  ten  pounds  each,  and  are  from  fifteen  to  twen- 
ty inches  in  length,  though  they  are  sometimes  near- 
ly twice  this  size.  These  animals  are  gregarious, 
but  shy,  and  very  fierce  when  attacked.  They  in-, 
habit  the  shores  of  Spitzbergen,  Hudson's  Bay,  and 
other  places  in  high  northern  latitudes. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib.    P.  Cyc. 
MOR'SEL,  77.    [from  L.  Tnorsus,  a  bite,  from  mordeo.] 

1.  A  bite  ;  a  mouthful ;  a  small  piece  of  food. 
Every  morset  to  a  satisfied  hunger  is  oiUy  a  new  labor  to  a  tired 

digestion.  South. 

2.  A  piece  ;  9  meal ;  something  to  be  eaten. 

On  these  herbs,  and  (hiits,  and  flowers, 

Feed  first,  on  each  beast  next,  aud  fish  and  fowl, 

No  homely  morsels,  Rlilton. 

3.  A  small  quantity  of  something  not  eatable.  [Im- 
proper.] Boyle. 

MOR'SURE,  (mor'shur,)  n.    The  act  of  biting. 
MORT,  n.    [Fr.    See  Mortau]    A  tune  sounded  at 

the  death  of  game.  S/inA:. 
2.  A  salmon  in  his  third  year.  Todd. 
MOR'T.\L,  a.    [L.  mrrtalL^,  from  77iors,  death,  or  mo- 

rior,  to  die,  that  is,  to  fall  ;  W.  marw  ;  Fr.  mourir  ; 

Arm.  mervel ;  It.  morire ;  Sp.  morir.    See  Class  Mr, 

No.  12,  14.] 

1.  Subject  to  death  ;  destined  to  die.  Man  is  mortal. 

2.  Deadly ;  destructive  to  life ;  causing  death,  or 
that  must  cause  death  ;  as,  a  mortal  wound  ;  7nortal 
poison. 

The  fhiil 

Of  that  forbidden  tree  whose  mortal  taste 

Erouglit  deaUi  into  the  world,  and  all  our  woe,  J^JilLon. 

3.  Bringing  death ;  terminating  life. 

Safe  in  tfie  hand  of  one  disposing  power, 

Or  ui  the  natal  or  die  inorlal  hour.  Pope, 

4.  Deadly  in  malice  or  purpose  ;  as,  a  mortal  foe. 
In  colloquial  language,  a  mortal  foe  is  an  inveterate  foe. 

5.  Exposing  to  certain  death  ;  incurring  the  penalty 
of  death  ;  condemned  to  be  punished  with  death  ; 
not  venial  ;  as,  a  mortal  sin. 

6.  Human  ;  belonging  to  m.in  who  is  mortal ;  as, 
mortal  wit  or  knowledge  ;  mortal  power. 

The  voice  of  God 
To  mortal  car  is  dreadlul.  Afttton. 

7.  Extreme ;  violent ;  as,  a  mortal  fright.  [JVot  el- 
egant.] 

8.  Vexing ;  tormenting ;  as,  six  mortal  hours  did  I 
eniliire  hej  loquacity  ;  usu,ally  a  portion.  IValter  Scotl. 

'I'lie  nymph  grew  pale,  and  in  a  r,lortal  fright.  Dryden. 

MOR'TAL,  71.    Man  ;  a  being  subject  to  death  ;  a  hu- 
man being. 

Warn  poor  TTiortoft  left  bcltind.  Ticket, 

It  is  often  used  in  ludicrous  and  colloquial  lan- 
guage. 

1  car  behold  no  mortal  now.  Prior. 
MOR-TAL'I-TY,  71.    [L.  morUilitas.] 

1.  Subjection  to  death,  or  the  necessity  of  dying. 

Wlien  I  i.aw  lier  die, 
1  (lien  did  think  on  your  tnortaltty,  Carexe. 

2.  Death. 

Gladly  would  I  meet 
Morltitity,  niy  Bentencc.  Milton, 

3.  Frequency  of  death ;  actual  death  of  great 
numbers  of  men  or  beastn;  as,  a  time  of  great  mor- 
tality, QraunL 

4.  Human  n.-iture. 

Take  thi-te  ii-ftTi,  mortality's  lellef.  Pope. 

5.  Power  of  destruction. 

Morlalihj  and  mercy,  in  Vienna, 

Live  in  iliy  lunj^uv  (intl  lirart.  Shak, 


.MOR'TAI.-IZE,  T.  t.    To  make  mortal.  Broome. 
SIOR'TAL-!Z-£U,  pp.    Made  mortal. 
MOR'TAL-lZ-I.N'G,  ppr.    .Making  mortal. 
M01l'T.\L-LY,  oJi).    Irrecoverably;  in  a  manner  that 
must  cause  deilh  ;  as,  mortally  wounded.  Dryden, 
2.  In  the  highest  possible  degree. 
Adrian  mortalhj  envied  poets,  painters,  and  artificers,  in  works 
wherein  he  had  a  veui  to  excel.  Bacon. 

MOR'TAR,  71.  [L.  7!io7^a7i»77i ;  Ft.  mortier  ;  Sp.  77ior- 
tcro  ;  It.  mortaio  ;  I^an.  jnortcr ;  D.  mortier;  G.  vior- 
ser ;  Russ.  morter ;  Arm.  mortei ;  It.  moirteal ;  allied 
perhaps  to  Fr.  marteau  ;  Sp.  martillo,  a  hammer,  and 
named  from  beating.    See  Class  Mr,  No.  10,  IC,  25.] 

1.  A  vessel  of  wood,  metal,  stone,  glass,  &c.,  in 
form  of  an  inverted  bell,  in  which  substances  are 
pounded  or  bruised  with  a  pestle. 

2.  A  short  piece  of  ordnance,  thick  and  wide,  used 
for  throwing  bombs,  carcasses,  shells,  &c. ;  so  named 
from  its  resemblance  in  shape  to  the  utensil  above 
described. 

MOR'TAR,  71.  [D.  mortei;  Fr.  mortier;  G.mSrtel;  Sp. 
mortero  ;  It.  moirteal.  In  other  languages,  as  in  Eng- 
lish, the  orthography  of  this  word  and  of  the  last  is 
the  same,  and  perhaps  this  name  is  taken  from  beat- 
ing and  mixing.] 

A  mixture  of  lime  and  sand  with  water,  used  as  a 
cement  for  uniting  stones  and  bricks  in  walls.  If  the 
lime  is  recently  slaked,  and  the  materials  mixed  with 
lime-water,  the  cement  will  be  much  stronger. 

Tliomj'on. 

MORT  D'AjVCES-TOR,  [Fr.,  death  of  the  ances- 
tor.] In  law,  a  writ  of  assize,  by  which  a  demand- 
ant recovers  possession  of  an  estate  from  which  he 
lias  been  ousted,  on  the  death  of  his  ancestor. 

Blaclcstone. 

.MOR'TER,  71.    [Fr.  mortier.] 

A  chamber-lamp  or  light.    [06s.]  Chaucer. 
MORT'GAGE,  (mor'gaje,)  71.    [Fr.  7no7-f,  dead,  and 
gage,  pledge.] 

1.  Literally,  a  dead  pledge  ;  the  grant  of  an  estate 
in  fee  as  security  for  the  payment  of  money,  and  on 
the  condition  that  if  the  money  shall  be  paid  ac- 
cording to  the  contract,  the  grant  shall  be  void,  and 
the  mortgagee  shall  reconvey  file  estate  tt)  the 
mortgager.  Ft^rmerly  the  condition  was,  that  if  the 
mortgager  should  repay  the  money  at  the  day  speci- 
fied, he  might  then  re-enter  on  the  estate  granted  in 
pledge  ;  but  the  modern  practice  is  for  the  mortgagee, 
on  receiving  payment,  to  reconvey  the  land  ilo  the 
mortgager.  Before  the  time  specified  for  p.\vmeut, 
that  is,  between  the  time  of  contract  and  the  time 
limited  for  payment,  the  estate  is  conditional,  and  the 
mortgagee  is  called  tenant  in  mortgage  ;  but  on  fail- 
ure of  payment  at  the  time  limited,  the  estate  be- 
comes absolute  in  the  mortgagee.  But  in  this  case, 
courts  of  equity  interpose,  and  if  the  estate  is  of 
more  value  than  the  debt,  they  will,  on  application, 
grant  a  reasonable  time  for  the  mortgager  to  redeem 
the  estate.    This  is  called  the  equity  of  redemption. 

Blaclcstone. 

2.  The  state  of  being  jileiiged  ;  as,  lands  given  in 
mortgage. 

3.  ,\  pledge  of  goods  or  chattels  by  a  debtor  to  a 
creditor,  as  security  for  the  debt.  Kent. 

[This  use  is  of  modern  uriginj 
MORT'G.^GE,  (mor'gaje,)  v.  t.  To  grant  an  estate  in 
fee  as  security  for  money  lent  or  contracted  to  be  paid 
at  a  certain  time,  on  condition  that  if  the  debt  shall  be 
discharged  according  to  the  contract,  the  grant  shall  be 
void,  otherwise  to  remain  in  full  force.  It  is  custom- 
ary to  give  a  mortgage  for  securing  the  repayment  of 
money  lent,  or  the  payini  nt  of  the  purchase  money 
of  an  estate,  or  for  any  other  debt. 

2.  To  pledge ;  to  make  liable  to  the  payment  of 
any  debt  or  expenditure. 

AIn'ady  a  portion  of  tlie  entire  capital  of  the  nation  is  fnorf. 
gaged  for  tlie  support  of  drunkards.  L,  Betcher, 

M0RT'G.\G-F:D,  (mor'gajil,)  pp.  or  0.  Conveyed  in 
fee  as  security  for  the  payment  of  money. 

MORT'GAGE-DEEI),  (mor'gaje-deed,)  71.  A  deed 
given  by  way  of  mortgage. 

MORT-G.\-GEE',  (mor-ga-jee',)  n.  The  person  to 
whom  an  estate  is  mortgaged. 

MORT'GA-GER,  (inor'ga-jer,)  n.  [from  mortgage. 
MoRTCJAQoR  is  au  orthography  that  should  have  no 
countenance.  If  accented  on  the  Kast  syllable,  the 
spelling  should  be  .Mort<;aoeor.] 

'I'lie  [lerson  w  ho  grants  an  estate  as  security  for 
debt,  as  above  sjiecified. 

MOK'l"G.A-GING,  (mor'ga-jing,)  ppr.  Conveying  in 
fee  as  security  for  the  payment  of  money  ;  pledging. 

MOR-TIF'ER  'oUS,  a.  [L.  mortifer  ;  mors,  death,  and 
fcro,  to  bring.] 

Itriiiging  or  producing  death  ;  deadly  ;  fatal ;  de- 
struclive.  Hammond, 

MOR  TI-FI  Ca'TK)N,  71.    [Fr.    See  MonriKV.] 

I.  In  mediiine  and  surgery,  the  death  of  one  part 
of  an  aniiniil  body,  while  ibe  rest  is  alive;  or  the 
loss  of  vifalily  in  some  part  of  n  living  animal  ;  gan- 
grene; sphacelus.  Mortijication  is  the  local  death  of 
a  imrl  of  a  living  animal  body,  which,  if  not  arrcsttul, 
soon  extinguishes  life  in  the  whole  body.  We  usu- 
ally apply  murtijication  to  the  local  extinction  of  hfe 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PI.NE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK- — 


730 


MOR 


MOS 


MOT 


in  a  part  of  a  livliij  liiuly.  The  dissoliitiun  of  the 
vslitilc  lujih',  afit-r  (Ifalh,  is  called  pntnfactwn, 

2.  Jn  Scripture^  the  act  of  suhiltiiiig  the  passions 
and  appetites  by  penance,  ahstinence,  or  painfnl 
severities  inllicted  on  the  body.  'I'lie  mortificalion  of 
the  body  by  fasting  has  been  the  practice  of  almost 
all  nations,  and  the  mortijication  of  the  appetites  and 
passions  by  self-denial  is  always  a  Christian  duty. 

3.  Humiliation  or  vexation  ;  the  state  of  being 
humbled  or  depressed  by  disappointment,  vexation, 
crosses,  or  any  thing  that  wounds  or  abases  pride. 

It  u  one  of  the  vexatious  mortificationt  of  a  studious  mnn  to 
h.ive  his  thoughts  disortU'i^  by  a  tctlioiis  visit. 

VEslrange. 

We  ha<l  the  mortification  to  lose  si^ht  of  Munich,  Ai.^siiurj, 
and  Riitishoii.  AdJUon, 

4.  Destruction  of  active  qualities  ;  applied  to  met- 
als.   [See  MoRTirv,  but  [  believe  not  used.]  Bacon. 

5.  In  ScoUuli  law,  a  beipiest  lo  some  literary  or  re- 
ligious institution;  nearly  synonymous  with  Mmiv- 
MAiN.l  Brandc. 

MOR'TI-FT-Kn,  pp.  or  a.    Affected  by  sphacelus  or 
2.  Humbled  :  subdued  ;  abased.  [gangrene. 
MOR'TI-FI-i'U-.\ESS, n.    Humiliation;  subjection  of 

the  passions.  'I'ayhr. 
MOR'TI-FI-ER,  71.    He  or  that  which  mortifies. 
MOR'Tl-FV,  I),  t.    [Fr.  inorlifiir ;  It.  mortijicare. ;  Sp. 

viorlificar ;  L.  mors,  death,  and  fiuio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  destroy  the  organic  texture  and  vital  func- 
tions of  some  part  of  a  living  animal  ;  to  change  to 
sphacelus  or  gangrene.  Extreme  inrtammation  speed- 
ily mortijict  flesh. 

2.  To  subdue  or  bring  into  subjection,  as  the  bod- 
ily appetites  by  abstinence  or  rigorous  severities. 

\V<r  morti/if  ourspjvfs  with  (Ish.  JJrortin. 
Willi  t'.isiiuif  mortified,  wuiii  out  with  toara.  Ilarie. 

3.  To  subline  ;  to  abase  ;  to  humble  ;  to  reduce  ; 
to  restrain  ;  as  inordinate  passions. 

Worti/y  tliy  learned  Inst.  Prior. 
AlorttJ'y,  therefore,  your  members  wliich  are  upon  the  earth.  — 
Col.  iit. 

4.  To  humble ;  to  depress ;  to  affect  with  slight 
vextuion. 

How  often  is  the  ambitious  man  mortifieil  with  the  very  praise? 
he  receives,  if  they  do  not  rUe  so  high  tu  he  thinlts  tliey 
ought  I  Adfiison. 

He  is  coiitrwHed  by  a  nod,  mortified  by  a  frown,  and  truisported 
with  a  smile.  jirfiftion. 

5.  To  destroy  active  powers  or  essential  <iualities. 

He  mortified  pearls  in  vinemir.  lla]:eieili. 
Q,uiclisilvcr — mortified  w  ith  turpentine.  Baton. 
[I  believe  this  application  is  vot  notp  in  use.] 
MOR'TI-Fy,  V.  i.   To  lose  vitality,  as  flesh  ;  to  gan- 
grene. 

2.  To  be  subdued.  Jo/maon. 

3.  To  practice  severities  and  penance  from  religious 
motives. 

This  makes  him  give  alms  of  all  that  he  hath,  watch,  last,  and 
rnorti/y.  Lau. 

MOIl'TI-F?-IN'G,  pjrr.  Changing  from  soundness  to 
gangrene  or  sphacelus. 

2.  Subduing  ;  humbling  :  restraining. 

3.  a.  Humiliating;  tending  to  humble  or  abase. 
He  m  a  with  a  morlifijimr  repulse. 

MOR'TI-FY-IXG  LY,  mli.  Humiliatingly. 

MOR'TISE,  (mor'tis,)  n.  [Fr.  mortaise;  Arm.  mcrrtez; 
Sp.mortiija;  Ir.  mor(i.<.  The  Arinoric  mortct  signifies 
both  a  murtar  and  a  morti.^e,  an<l  the  Spanish  mnrlaja 
signifies  a  mortise  and  a  winding-sheet  or  shroud.  In 
the  latter  sense,  the  Portuguese  use  morlalha,  from 
mortal.  These  alliances  indicate  that  these  words 
are  all  from  the  root  of  mnr.j,  death,  which  may  be 
from  beating  or  throwing  down.] 

A  cut  or  hollow  place  made  in  timber  by  the  auger" 
and  chisel,  to  receive  the  tenon  of  another  piece  of 
timber. 

MOR'TISE,  r.  f.   To  cut  or  make  a  mortise  in. 

2.  To  join  limbers  by  a  tenon  and  mortise  ;  as,  to 
mnrti.^e  a  beam  into  a  po^t,  or  a  joist  into  a  girder. 

MOR'TIS-f;D,  (mor'tist,)  pp.  Having  a  mortise ;  joined 
by  a  mortise  and  tenon. 

MOR'TIS-I.\G,  ppr.  Making  a  mortise ;  uniting  by  a 
mortise  and  tenon. 

MORT'M.^IN',  n.  [Fr.  wort,  dead,  and  main,  h.and.] 
In  laiD,  possession  of  lands  or  tenements  in  dead 
hands,  or  hands  that  can  not  alienate.  Alien.alion 
in  mortmain  is  an  alienation  of  lands  or  tenements  to 
any  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  ecclesiastical  or 
temporal,  particularly  to  rrliiious  houses,  by  which 
the  estate  becomes  perpetually  mhercnt  in  the  corpo- 
ration, and  unalienable.  Blackstune. 

MORT'PaY,  n.  [Fr.  mart,  dead,  and  pay.]  Dead 
pay  :  payment  not  made.    [JVo(  lun/.l  Bacon. 

MOR'TRE.-iS,  n.  [from  mortar.)  A  dish  of  meat  of 
various  kinds,  beaten  together.    [jXot  i/.-rrf.]  Bacon. 

MOR'TU-A-RY,  ii.  [Fr.  morluaire,  pertaining  to  the 
dead.] 

1.  A  sort  of  ecclesiastical  heriot,  a  ciistomarv  gift  ' 
claimed  by  and  due  lo  the  minister  of  a  parish  on  the  | 
death  of  a  parishioner.  It  seems  to  have  been  orig-  I 
Inally  a  voluntary  bequest  or  donation,  intended  to  | 
make  amends  for  any  failure  in  the  pavinent  of  tithes  I 
of  which  the  deceased  had  been  guilty.  Black.-iane.  I 

3.  A  burial-place.  Hhillor.k.  I 


MOR'TU-.\-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  the  burial  of  the 
dead. 

MO'RUS  MUL-TI-e.\U'LIS,  ,1.  [I,.,  many-leafed  mul- 
berry.]   A  bort  of  mulberry,  called,  also,  the 
HKSK  AIoi.BEHiiy,  wliosc  leaves  are  mucli  used  for 
feetling  silk-worms. 

MO-SA'ie,  )  n.     [Fr.  mosaique!   It.  mosaico  ; 

MO-SA'IC-WORK,  i     Sp.  mosatjcoi  L.  miusivum.] 

An  assemblage  of  little  pieces  of  glass,  marble, 
precious  stones,  &.C.,  of  various  colors,  cut  square, 
and  cemented  on  a  ground  of  stucco,  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  imitate  the  colors  and  gradations  of  jiaintiiig. 

Kuctjc. 

MO-S.A'ie,       )  a.    [from  Mo.icj:.]    Pertaining  to  AIo- 

MO-SA'ie-AL,  (     ses,  the  leader  of  the  Israelites, 
as,  the  Mosaic  law,  rites,  or  institutions. 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  mosaic. 

MOS-A-SAU'RIIS,  ,1.  [L.  Mosa,  the  Latin  name  of 
Ma'Striclit,  and  Gr.  trutp  i^,  a  liy.ard.] 

The  name  of  a  saurian  reptile,  related  to  the  croc- 
odile, whose  remains  are  found  in  beds  of  clay,  near 
Maastricht,  in  Germany. 

MOS'CII A-TEL,  Ti.  [from  Gr.  poaxoi,  L.  muscas, 
musk.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Ado.xa,  hollow  root,  or  inglo- 
rious. There  is  one  species  orJy,  whose  leaves  and 
Howers  smell  like  niiisk  ;  and  hence  it  is  sometimes 
called  ,Mti9K-eBowFooT.  Encyc.  Loudon. 

MOS'LE.M,  n.  A  mussulman  ;  an  orthodox  Moham- 
medan. 

MOSUUE,  )  (mosk,)  n.  [Fr.  mosquie  ;  It.  moschca  ;  Sp. 
MOSlv,       \        S        u  ,  -  -  , 

viczquita  ,■  Ar.  *X.^Vma-^  masjidonj  from  ... 

snjaila,  to  bend,  bow,  adore.] 

A  iMoliammedan  temple  or  place  of  religious  wor- 
ship. Mosques  are  square  buildings,  generally  con- 
structed of  stone.  Before  the  chief  gate  is  a  square 
court  paved  with  white  marble,  and  surrounded  with 
a  low  gallery,  xvhose  roof  is  supported  by  pillars  of 
marble.  In  this  gallery,  the  worshipers  wash  tliem- 
selves  before  they  enter  the  mosque.  Encyc. 

MOS-QUl'TO,  (mos-ke'to,)  n.    See  MustiUETo. 

MOSS,  n.  [Sax.  jiieos  i  H.  moos  ;  D.  vtus  ;  Sw.  mossa  ; 
W.  intosioff,  from  mtos,  that  shoots  up,  and  of  a  strong 
scent ;  L.  musciLs  ;  Gr.  /iO(T\yf.  The  two  latter  sig- 
nify jnoss  and  musk,  both  from  shooting  out ;  hence, 
It.  musco,  miischio ;  Sp.  miLsco  ;  Port,  musgo ;  Fr. 
mousse.  The  Greek  word  signifies,  also,  a  young 
animal,  and  a  shoot  or  twig.  From  the  French 
viou.-ise  comes  mousscliiie,  muslin,  from  its  softness  or 
resemblance  to  moss.  Lunier  says  it  is  from  Jlossoul, 
a  city  of  Mesopotamia.] 

1.  The  mosses  are  one  of  the  families  or  classes 
into  which  all  vegetables  are  divided  by  Liiimeus,  in 
the  Philosophia  Botanica.  In  Ray's  inothod,  the 
mosses  form  the  third  class,  ami  in  Toiirnefort's, 
they  constitute  a  single  genus.  In  Ike  serual  system, 
they  are  the  second  order  of  the  class  Cryptogamia, 
which  contains  all  the  plants  in  which  the  parts  of 
the  flower  and  fruit  are  wanting  or  not  conspicuous. 

Milne. 

The  mosses,  musci,  form  a  natural  order  of  small 
plants,  with  leafy  stems,  and  narrow,  simple  leaves. 
Their  flowers  are  generally  moncecious  or  dioecious, 
and  their  seeds  are  contained  in  a  capsule  covered 
with  a  calyptra  or  bond.  FA.  Encyc. 

The  term  moss  is  also  popularly  applied  to  many 
other  small,  cryptogamic  plants,  particularly  lichetu, 
species  of  which  are  called  trcc-moss,  rock-moss,  coral- 
moss,  ice.  The  Jir-moss  and  club^ioss  are  of  the 
genus  Lycopodiuin. 

2.  [Sw.  mase.]  A  bog  ;  a  place  where  peat  is 
found. 

MOSS,  V.  L   To  cover  with  moss  by  natural  growth. 

An  oak  whose  bouglis  were  moeted  with  age.  Shnk. 
MOSS'-eAP-PSD,  (-kapt,)  a.  Capped  or  covered  with 

moss.  Mrs.  Butter. 

MOSS'-CLAD,  0.    Clad  or  covered  with  moss. 

I.Ulleton. 

MOSS'KD,  ^most,)  pp.    Overgrown  with  moss. 

MOSS'-GRoVVN,  a.  Overgrown  with  moss ;  as,moss- 
rrrown  towers. 

MOSS'I-NESS,  7u  [from  mossy.]  The  state  of  being 
overgrown  with  moss.  Bacon. 

MOSri'-L.\.\'I),  n.  Land  produced  by  the  accumula- 
tion of  aquatic  plants,  forming  peat-bogs  of  more  or 
less  consistency,  as  the  water  is  drained  off  or  re- 
tained in  its  pores.  p  q^^ 

MOSS'-TROOP-ER,  n.  [moss  and  trooper.]  A  term 
applied  to  certain  bandits  that  formerly  infested  the 
border  country  between  England  and  Scotland.  The 
name  is  derived  from  the  character  of  the  country 
over  which  they  "trooped,"  it  being  extensively  moss 
or  morass. 

MOSS'Y,  a.  Overgrown  with  moss  ;  abounding  with 
moss. 

Old  trees  are  more  mossy  than  younif.  Bacon. 

2.  Shaded  or  covered  with  moss,  or  bordered  with 
moss  ;  05,  mossy  brtH>ks  ;  mossy  fountains. 

Pope.  Cotctry. 
MfSST,  a. !  suprrt.  of  Moke.    [Sax.  most,  that  is,  mo 


and  eat ;  Goth,  maists ;  D.  and  Dan.  meest ;  G.  meiei  ; 
Sw.  mest,  mast.] 

1.  Consisting  of  the  greatest  number.  That 
Bchenie  of  life  ia  lo  be  preferred,  which  presents  a 
prospect  of  the  most  advantages  with  the  fewest  in- 
conveniences. 

Most  men  will  proclaim  every  one  his  own  goodness.  —  Prov. 

XX. 

2.  Consisting  of  the  greatest  quantity  ;  greatest ; 
as.  the  most  part  of  the  land  or  the  muiintain. 

MCST,  a/lo.  In  the  greatest  or  highest  degree.  Pur- 
sue that  course  of  life  which  vvill  most  tend  to  prt>- 
duce  [irivatc  hapjiiness  and  public  usefulness.  Con- 
templatiiins  on  the  works  of  (Jod  expand  the  mind 
and  tend  to  produce  most  sublime  views  of  his  power 
and  wisdom. 

As  most  is  used  to  express  the  superlative  degree, 
it  is  used  before  any  ailjectivc  ;  as,  inust  vile,  most 
wicked,  most  illustrious. 

Most,  n.  [Used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun,  when  the 
noun  is  omitted  or  understood.]  The  greatest  num- 
ber or  part. 


[This  use  seems  to  have  resulted  from  the  omis- 
sion of  part,  or  some  similar  word,  and  tnost,  in  this 
case,  signifies  irreatcst,  that  is,  the  jp'catest  part.] 

2.  The  most ;  the  greatest  value,  amount,  or  ad- 
vantage, or  the  utmost  in  extent,  degree,  or  effect. 

A  covetous  man  makes  tjit  most  of  what  he  tuts,  and  can  get. 

L^Estmnge. 

Jit  the  most ;  The  greatest  degree  or  quantity  ;  the 
utmost  extent.    Slock  brings  six  per  cent,  interest  at 
the  most,  ollfii  less. 
MOS'TIC,  n.    [<;.  mahlcrstock,  contracted.] 

A  maiilslick  or  painter's  staff  or  stick  on  which 
he  rests  his  hand  in  painting.  .^instrorth. 
Mo."*T'LV,  ailc.    For  the  greatest  part.    The  exports 
of  the  United  States  consist  mostly  of  cotton,  rice, 
t^ibacco,  Hour,  and  lumber. 
MoST'VVH.^T,  ode.    For  the  most  part.  [Obs.] 

Hammond. 

MOT,  [Fr.]  iiJCT-a%,  a  word  ;  hence,  a  motto.  Bp.  Hall. 

_  9.  A  note  or  brief  strain  on  a  bugle.      W.  Scott. 
MoTE,  in  Folkmote,  &c.,  signifies  a  meeting.  [Sax. 

mot,  trcmol.] 

MoTE,  n.  [Sax.  mot ;  Sp.  mota ;  W.  ysmot,  a  patch  or 
spot.] 

A  small  particle  ;  any  thing  proverbially  small ;  a 
spot. 

Why  lieholdest  Ihou  the  mote  in  thy  brother's  eye  ?  —  Matt.  vii. 
The  litlie  motes  in  tlie  sun  do  ever  stir,  though  there  is  no  wind. 

Bacon. 

MoTE,  for  MouoHT,  Might,  or  Must,  obsolete  Spenser, 
MO-TET',  71.    [Fr.]    A  musical  composition  of  a  sa- 
cred character,  consisting  of  from  one  to  eigl  t  parts. 

Brande. 

MOTH,  71.  [Sax.  moirlhe,  mohtli,  moth,  or  matha  i  Goth. 
matha  :  D.  mot ;  G.  matte.]  ' 

1.  .An  animal  of  the  genus  Phahena  of  Linnicus, 
which  breeds  In  yarn  and  garments,  and  often  does 
injury  by  eating  the  substance  anil  destroying  the 
texture.    Matt.  vi. 

The  name  is  also  applied  to  the  whole  genus. 

2.  Fignraticcly,  that  which  gradually  and  silently 
eats,  consumes,  or  wastes  any  thing.  Idle  persons 
are  a  viiitli  to  the  community. 

MO  TII'ICAT,  V.  L  [moth  and  eat.]  To  eat  or  prey 
upon,  as  a  moth  eats  a  garment.  Herbert 

MOTIl'if,.\T-/;N,  pp.  or  a.    Eaten  by  moths.   Job  xiii. 

MOTH'/'.W,  a.    Full  of  moths.    [jYut  in  use.]  Fulke. 

MOTIl'ER,  {niuth'cr,)  n.  [Sax.  modcr ;  D.  mocAcr, 
mother,  and  modder,  mud;  iaar-r/iocJcr,  the  womb ; 
mocr,  mother,  dam,  womb,  lees ;  moerspul,  hysterics  ; 
{mocr  seems  to  be  a  contraction  of  moedrr :)  moeder- 
naakt,  stark  naked  ;  G.  mutter,  mother,  and  the  thick, 
slimy  concretion  in  vinegar ;  barmutter,  the  womb  or 
matrix  ;  tnuttcr-Jichcr,  a  hysteric  fit ;  muttt-r-lamm  and 
mutter-scfiaf,  a  ewe  or  female  sheep;  mutter-ficcken 
and  muttrr-maJtl,  a  mole  ;  muttcr-pfrrd,  a  mare,  the 
female  of  the  horse  klml  ;  mnttcr-schicde,  the  vagina  ; 
mutter-nackl,  stark  naked  ;  modcr,  mud,  mold. 

Sw.  modcr,  mother  ;  vin-modcr,  mother  of  wine  ; 
modrrfall,  prtdapsus  uteri  ;  modcrlif,  the  womb  or 
matrix. 

Dan.  modcr,  mother ;  mnderskeede,  the  vagina  ; 
modcrcn  i  quinder,  the  matrix ;  madder  or  mudder, 
mud. 

Ir.  malhair,  a  mother,  and  matter,  pus. 

Gr.  parno,  mother,  and  pijriia,  matrix. 

L.  mater,  mother ;  matrii,  the  womb ;  metteria, 
matter,  stuff,  materials  of  which  any  thing  is  matle. 

It.  madre,  mother,  cause,  origin,  rtxil,  spring,  a 
mold  or  form  for  castings  ;  matrra  or  mofcria,  matter, 
subject,  cause  ;  matrice,  the  matrix. 

Sp.  madre,  mother,  matrix,  womb,  the  bed  of  a 
river,  a  sink  or  sewer  ;  madriz,  matrix  ;  materia,  mat- 
ter, purulent,  running. 

Port  madre,  a  mother,  the  matrix,  the  channel  of  a 
river  ;  materia,  matter,  pus. 

Pers.^.1       madnr,  a  mother. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  1;NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — e  «s  K;  G  m  J;  S  as  Z;  ClI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


731 


31  OT 

•Sans.  maf!a,  madra^  vLeddra^  or  mata^  motlier. 
Uuss.  M!<i!,  mater,  mother ;  viatlia,  a  female,  a 
matrix. 

Fr.  mere,  mother,  contrarted  from  the  Latin. 

\\'.  madrcz,  matter,  purulent  discharge. 

We  (  bser^'e  tliat  in  some  otlier  languages,  as  well 
as  in  English,  the  same  word  signifies  a  female 
parent,  and  the  thick  slime  formed  in  vinegar  ;  and 
in  all  t)ie  languages  of  Europe  here  cited,  the  orthog- 
raphy is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  mtid  and  matter. 
The  question  then  occurs,  whether  the  name  of  a  fe- 
male parent  originated  in  a  word  expressing  matter, 
mold  ;  either  the  soil  of  the  earth,  as  the  producer, 
or  the  like  substance,  when  shaped  and  fitted  as  a 
mold  for  castings  ;  or  whi  ther  the  name  is  con- 
nected with  the  opini(tn  that  the  earth  is  the  mother 
of  all  productions;  whence  the  word  mother-earth. 
We  are  informed  by  a  fragment  of  Sanchonialhon, 
that  the  ancient  Phenicians  considered  mud,  iuot,  to 
be  the  substance  from  which  all  things  were  formed. 
(See  Mud.)    The  word  matter  is  evidently  from  the 


Ar.  iX..*  madda,  to  secrete,  eject,  or  discharge  a 
purulent  substance;  and  I  think  can  not  have  any 
direct  connection  with  mud.  But  in  the  Italian, 
Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  the  same  word  madre  sig- 
nilies  mother,  and  a  mold  for  castings  ;  and  the 
niirthern  languages,  particularly  the  German  and 
Danish,  seem  to  establish  the  fact  that  the  proper 
sense  of  mother  is  matrix.  Hence  mother  of  pearl, 
the  matrix  of  pearl.  If  this  word  had  its  origin  in 
the  name  of  the  earth  used  for  the  forms  of  castings, 
it  would  not  be  a  singular  fact ;  for  our  word  mold, 
in  this  sense,  I  suppose  to  be  so  named  from  mold, 
fine  earth.    The  question  remains  sub  judice.] 

1.  A  female  parent ;  especially,  one  of  the  human 
race  ;  a  woman  who  has  borne  a  child  ;  correlative 
to  Siis  or  Daughter. 

2.  That  which  has  produced  any  thing. 


Alas  !  poor  country  !  il  cm  not 

Be  called  our  tiiblher^  but  our  graffe. 


So  our  native  bind  is  called  mother  country,  and  a 
plant  from  which  a  slip  or  cion  is  taken  is  called  the 
mother  plant.  In  this  use,  motJier  may  be  considered 
as  an  adjective. 

.1.  That  which  has  preceded  in  time  ;  the  oldest  or 
chief  of  any  thing  ;  as,  a  miit/ifr-church. 

4.  Hysterical  passion.    [JVot  used.]  Oraunt, 

.'>.  A  familiar  term  of  address  or  appellation  of  an 
old  woman  or  matron. 

C.  An  appellation  given  to  a  woman  who  exer- 
cisrs  care  and  tenderness  toward  another,  or  gives 
parental  advice  ;  as,  when  one  says,  a  "  woman  has 
been  a  mother  to  me." 

7.  .\  thick,  slimy  substance  concreted  in  liquors, 
particularly  in  vinegar,  very  different  from  scum  or 
common  lees, 

Mft  fH'ER  OF  PEARL,  (  perl,)  n.  The  hard,  silvery, 
brilliant,  internal  layer  of  several  kinds  of  shells, 
particularly  oysters,  which  is  often  variegated  with 
changing  purple  and  azure  colors.  Ure. 

MOTH'ER  OF  THYME,  n.  A  small  aromatic  plant, 
also  called  Wild  Thvme  ;  Thymus  serpyllum. 

P.  Cije. 

MOTH'ER,  (muth'er,)  a.  Native;  natural;  received 
by  birlh  ;  as,  moUier  wit. 

2.  Native  ;  vernacular ;  received  from  parents  or 
ancestors  ;  as,  mot/ier  tongue. 
MOTH'ER,  (mutfi'er,)  v.  i.    To  concrete,  as  the  thick 

niTitlcr  of  liquors.  Dryden. 
MO'i'H'EK,  V.  t.    To  adopt  as  a  son  or  daughter. 

Hoteell. 

MOTH'ER  e.A'REY'S  CHICK'EN,  n.    A  name  given 

by  sailors  to  the  storm-petrel. 
MOTH'ER-liOOD,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  mother. 

Donne. 

MOTU'ER-INf,,  Tu  To  go  a  mothering,  is  to  visit  pa- 
rents on  .Midlcnt  Sunday.   This  Is  also  called  Mio- 

LENTIWa. 

MOTH  ER-IN-LAW,  n.  The  mother  of  a  husband 
or  wif  •. 

JIOTH'ER-LAND,  n.  The  land  of  one's  mother  or 
Iiari-nls. 

MOTH'ER-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  mother;  having 

lo-l  a  mother  ;  as,  motherless  children. 
MOTH'ER-LY,   (muth'er-le.)  a.       Pertaining  to  a 
miither;  as,  motherly  [Kiwer  or  aiilhorily.  /looker. 

2.  Ileccimiiig  a  mother  ;  tender  ;  parental ;  as, 
motherly  Inve  t>r  care.  Jirbutknot, 
MOTH'ER-LY,  ailv.    In  the  manner  of  a  niolher. 

Donne. 

MOTH'ER-WA'TER,  n.  A  solurion  from  which 
rryMtaU  have  hern  obtained,  and  which  still  contains 
drllrineMcent  salts  and  impnrtties.  Ure. 

MOTli'ER-WIT,  n.    .N'niivt  wit;  common  sense. 

.MOTH'ER-WOHT,  (niiitli'i-r-wurt,)  n.  An  herb  of 
the  genus  LiMmurus,  of  a  bitter  taste,  used  popularly 
in  merlicine. 

MOTU'ER-Y,  (miith'er-'-,)  a.  Concreted;  resembling 
or  (Kirlaking  of  the  nature  of  mother;  as,  the  iBotA- 
m/  siilislance  in  liqnom. 

MOTH'.MUL-LEN,  n.    A  plant,  MiUer. 


MOT 

.MOTH'WORT,  (moth'wnrt,)  n.    A  plant. 

MOTH'Y,  a.  [from  7;ic;£/i.]  Full  of  moths;  as,  an 
old  mothy  saddle.  Sluik. 

MO-TIF'I€,  a.    [L.  motus  and /aria.] 

Producing  motion.  Oood. 

Mo'TION,  n.    [L.  motio  :  Fr.  motion.    See  Move.] 
L  The  act  or  process  of  changing  place  ;  change 
of  local  position  ;  the  passing  of  a  body  from  one 
place  to  another;  change  of  distance  between  bod- 
ies ;  opposed  to  Rest. 

Animal  motion  is  that  which  is  performed  by  ani- 
mals in  consequence  of  volition, or  an  act  ofthewill; 
but  how  the  will  operates  on  the  body  in  producing 
motion,  we  can  not  ex])lain.  Mechanical  motion  is 
elftcted  by  the  force  or  power  of  one  body  acting  on 
another.  Perpetual  motion  is  that  which  is  effected 
or  supplied  by  itself,  without  the  impulse  or  interven- 
tion of  any  external  cause.  HIthertf  it  has  been  ftiund 
impossible  to  invent  a  machine  that  has  this  principle. 

2.  Animal  life  and  action. 

Devoid  of  sense  and  motion.  I^lUlon. 

3.  M.anner  of  moving  the  body  ;  port ,  gait ;  air. 
Each  member  move  and  every  motion  guide.  Blackmore. 
A.  Change  of  posture  ;  action. 

Watching  the  motion  of  her  patron's  eye.  Dryden. 

5.  Military  march  or  movement.  MUton. 

6.  Agitation  ;  as,  the  motions  of  the  sea. 

7.  Internal  action  ;  excitement;  as,  the  motioris  of 
the  breast.  Oay. 

8.  Direction ;  tendency. 

In  our  proper  r^wtion  we  ascend.  ^filton. 

9.  The  effect  of  impulse  ;  action  proceeding  from 
any  cause,  external  or  internal.  In  the  growth  of 
plants  and  animals,  there  must  be  a  motion  of  the 
component  parts,  though  invisible.  Attraction  or 
chemical  aflinity  produces  sensible  motion  of  the  parts 
of  bodies.  Motions  of  the  mind,  ascribed  to  the 
invisible  agency  of  the  Supreme  Being,  are  called 
good  motiotis. 

Let  a  good  man  obey  every  good  motion  rising  in  his  heart, 
knowing  that  every  such  motion  proceeds  ironl  God.  South. 

10.  Proposal  made  ;  proposition  offered  ;  particu- 
larly, a  proposition  made  in  a  deliberative  assembly. 
A  motion  is  made  for  a  committee ;  a  motion  for  in- 
troducing a  bill  ;  a  iTiCtlon  to  adjourn. 

11.  A  puppet-show  or  puppet.  [Js^t  used."]  Shak, 
Mo'TION,  V.  U     To  propose.     \_Liltle  used.']  [See 

Move.] 

Mo'TION,  V.  i.  To  make  a  significant  movement  or 
gesture,  as  with  the  hand ;  as,  to  motion  to  one  to 
take  a  seat.  Walter  Scott. 

2.  To  make  proposal ;  to  offer  plans.    [Little  iised.] 

MUton. 

Mo'TION-ED,  pp.    Moved  ;  proposed. 
MO'TION-ER,  71.    A  mover.    [JVot  used.] 
MO'TION-ING,  ppr.  Proposing. 
Mo'TION-IST,  n.    One  who  makes  a  motion. 
MO'TION-LESS,  a.    Wanting  motion  ;  being  at  rest. 
I  grow  a  statue,  fixed  and  nwtionlest.  Dryden. 

M6'TIVE,a.  [See  the  noun.]  Causing  motion  ;  hav- 
ing power  to  move  or  tending  to  move  ;  as,  a  motive 
argument ;  motive  power.  Hooker.  Bentley. 

Mo'TIVE,  n.  [It.  Sp.  and  Port,  motivo ;  Fr.  motif. 
See  Move.] 

1.  Th.it  which  incites  to  action  ;  that  which  deter- 
mines the  choice,  or  moves  the  will.  Thus  we 
speak  of  good  moti-ves  and  bad  motives ;  strong  and 
weak  motives.  The  motive  to  continue  at  rest  is  ease 
or  satisfaction  ;  the  motive  to  change  is  uneasiness, 
or  the  prospect  of  good. 

2.  That  which  may  or  ought  to  incite  to  action  ; 
reason  ;  cause. 

3.  A  mover.  [JVot  in  itse.]  Shak. 
MO-TIV'I-TY,  71,    The  power  of  producing  motion. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  infiuenced  bv  motives. 

Dr.  Dwight. 

MOT'LEY,  fl.  [W.  ysmot,  a  spot ;  ysmotiaw,  to  spot, 
to  dapple  ;  Sp.  motear,  id. ;  Eng.  mote.] 

1.  Variegated  in  color  ;  consisting  of  different  col- 
ors ;  dappled  ;  as,  a  motley  co.at.  Shak. 

The  domestic  fool  of  tho  great  formerly  wore  a 
party-colored  coat  of  calfskin.  Hence,  in  ShaLtpearc, 
Lear  says, 

A  worthy  fool :  motley  *»  your  only  wear. 

2.  Composed  of  different  or  various  parts,  charac- 
ters, or  kinils  ;  iliversifioti ;  as,  a  motley  style. 

And  d.inhin  of  motley  hue.  Drytfen, 
[This  word  primarily  moans  trotted:  bnt  it  may 
signify,  also,  stri/trd.] 
MfJT'I.EY-MIND'ED,  a.     Having  diversified  views 

and  feelings.  Shak. 
Mo'TOIl,  n.    [L.  from  moveo,  to  move.]    A  mover. 

Tho  mclals  are  called  motors  of  eleclricit)'.  Volla. 
MO'TO-RY,  a.    Giving  motion  ;  as,  motory  muscles. 

Jiay. 

MOT'TLf.n,  (mot'tld,)  a.  Marked  with  spots  of  dif- 
ferent colors  or  sh.ades  of  color,  as  if  stained  ;  macu- 
lated. 

MOT'TO,'n. ;  ;>(.  Mottoes.  [It.  id;  Sp.  and  Port. 
molt!  Fr.  mol;  Sax.  m/rf/ic/an,  to  speak  ;  Jr.  mtai/Aoir, 


MOL 

talk,  discourse;  Goth.  matlUci,  id.;  Gr.  iiv6  s,  ii'>- 
Oc'H,),  jt^Se'jfj  ii.] 

Primarily,  a  word  ;  but  more  commonly,  a  sentence 
or  phrase  prefixed  to  an  essay  or  discourse,  contain- 
ing the  subject  of  it,  or  added  to  a  device. 

In  heraldry,  the  motto  is  carried  in  a  scroll,  allud- 
ing to  the  bearing  or  to  the  name  of  the  bearer,  or 
expressing  some  important  idea. 
MOUGHT,  (inowt,)  the  obsolete  preterite  of  May. 

We  now  use  Might 
MolILD,  I  71.  [Sax.  mold,  molda,  myl ;  W.  77in7 ;  D.  and 
Mold,  \  Dan.  77iM!;  Sw.  and  G.  mull;  probably  al- 
lied to  vtellotv;  L.  mollis.  (See  Mellow,  Meal,  and 
Mill.)  The  prevalent  spelling  is  Mould  ;  but  as  the 
u  has  been  omitted  in  the  other  words  of  this  class, 
as  bold,  gold,  I  Id,  cold,  &c.,  it  seems  desirable  to  com- 
plete the  analogy  by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as  was 
done  by  Spenser,  .Siuth,  and  many  others.] 

1.  Fine,  soft  earth,  or  earth  easily  pulverized,  such 
as  constitutes  soil ;  as,  black  mold, 

Eflicards,  Hist,  W.  Indies. 

A  mortal  subst^ince  of  terrestrial  mould.  Hoole. 

2.  A  substance  like  down,  which  forms  on  bodies 
which  he  long  in  warm  and  damp  air.  The  micro- 
scope exhibits  this  substance  as  consisting  of  small 
plants.  Encyc. 

3.  Matter  of  which  any  thing  is  formed. 

Nature  formed  me  of  her  softest  mould.  Addison. 

Mould,  J  7!.  [Sp.  moUe,  a  mold  or  matrix  ;  moldar. 
Mold,  \  amoUlar,  to  cast ;  Port,  molde,  ynoldar,  id. ; 
Fr.  moule ;  .Arm.  looul ;  Dan.  mul,  muld ;  VV.  mold, 
whence  moldiaw,  to  mold,  work, or  knead.  This  may 
be  radically  the  same  word  as  mold,  fine  earth,  a  name 
taken  from  the  material  of  molds.  The  connection  of 
TTiatric  with  mater  nnd  materia  foTl'ifies  this  conjecture. 
For  spelling,  see  .Mould,  above.] 

1.  The  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast  and  re- 
ceives its  form.  Molds  are  of  various  kinds.  Molds 
for  casting  cannon  and  various  vessels  are  composed 
of  some  species  of  earth,  particularly  clay.  Molds  for 
other  purposes  consist  of  a  cavity  in  some  species  of 
metal,  cut  or  formed  to  the  shape  designed,  or  are 
otherwise  formed,  each  for  its  particular  use. 

2.  Cast ;  form  ;  as,  a  writer  of  vulgar  mold.  Waller. 
Crowned  with  an  architrave  of  antique  mould.  Pope. 

3.  The  suture  or  contexture  of  the  skull. 

Jitnsicorth. 

4.  The  body  as  giving  shape  to  the  garments.  Shak. 

5.  In  ship-building,  a  thin,  flexible  piece  of  timber, 
used  as  a  pattern  by  which  to  form  the  curves  of  the 
timbers  and  compassing  pieces.  Encyc. 

6.  Amon^  gold-bcalers,  a  number  of  pieces  of  vel- 
lum, or  a  like  substance,  laid  over  one  another,  be- 
tween which  the  leaves  of  gold  and  silver  are  laid 
for  beating.  Encyc. 

MOULD, ;  I',  f.  [For  spelling,  see  Mould,  above.]  To 
Mold,    j     cause  to  contract  mold.  Knolles. 

2.  To  cover  with  mold  or  soil.  Edward-^. 
MOULD,  )  v.  i.    To  contract  mold  ;  to  become  moldy. 
MOLD,    j  Bacon. 
MoULD,  /  0.  t.    To  form  into  a  particular  shape ;  to 
MOLD,    i     shape  ;  to  model. 

He  forgeih  and  mouUUlh  meuals.  Hall. 

Did  1  p-quesl  thee,  Maker,  from  my  clay 

To  mould  me  man  (  MUlon. 

2.  To  knead  ;  as,  to  mold  dough  or  bread. 

Jjinsicorth. 

MoULD'A-BLE,  )  a.    That  may  be  molded  or  formed. 
MOLD'A-BLE,    j  Sacun. 
MOULD'ED,  /  pp.    Formed  into  a  particular  shape; 
MOLD'ED,    i  kneaded. 
2.  Covered  with  mold. 

MOmVi'R j  "®  ^v^o  molds  or  forms  into  shape. 
MolJLD'ER,  j  c.  i.  [Dan.  mulncr ;  Sw.  multna,  lo 
MoLD'ER,    j     grow  moldy.] 

1.  To  turn  to  dust  by  natural  decay  ;  to  crumble  ; 
to  perish  ;  to  waste  away  by  a  gradual  separation  of 
the  coinptment  particles,  without  the  presence  of  wa- 
ter. In  this  manner,  animal  and  vegetable  substances 
molder,  and  so  also  do  stones  and  shells. 

When  staiues  moulder,  and  when  arches  fall.  Prior. 

2.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  waste  away  gradually. 

If  he  hail  Btt  Btill,  the  enemy*!  army  would  have  mouldered  to 
nothing.  Clarention. 

MOI  JLD'ER,  (  V.  t.  To  turn  to  dust ;  to  crumble ;  to 
.MOLD'ER,    j  waste. 

Some  felt  Ihe  silent  stroke  of  mouldering  age.  Po]^. 

MOULD'ER-ZCD,  )  pp.  or  a.  Turned  to  dust ;  wasted 
MoI.D'ER-f.l),    i  away. 

MoULD'ER-ING,  \ppr.  or  a.    Turning  to  dust ;  criim- 

MoLD'ER-ING,    \     bling  ;  wasting  away. 

MOULI)'I-NESS,  (  71.    ( from  i7i«Wy.]  The  state  of  he- 

MOLO'l-NESS,    i     lug  moldy.  Bacon. 

MOULD'INtJ,  )  ppr.      [from   mold.]      Forming  into 

MOLD'INtJ,    1     shape;  kneading. 

'LD-ING, )  71.    Any  thing  cast  in  a  mold,  or  which 

MOLD'ING,  j  appears  to  be  so  ;  hence,  in  arcA/tcc- 
tiirc,  a  projecture  beyond  the  wall,  column,  wains- 
coat,  it-c,  an  assemblage  of  which  forms  a  cornice, 
a  dour  case,  or  other  decoration.  Encyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PBgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  l\QQK. — 


732 


MOU 


MOU 


MOU 


Mf)ITI/I)'-\VAUP,  (  II.  [S.1X.  mold  and  wcarpun,  to 
MOLD'-WAiU',    S     turn.    Pi-e  .M  'LK.] 

A  miile  ;  a  small  animal  iif  llie  |>ciiiis  Talpa,  that 
nuivt's  uinlcr  ground,  ami  turns  up  the  niuld  tir  sur- 
fare  of  the  earth.  Sprnser.  Carao. 

MoUl.D'Y,  (a.    [dom  mold.']    Overgrown  with  mold. 
MoLD'Y,    1  Mduion. 
MdUI/r,  j  V.  i.    [\V.  morl,  bald,  bare,  also  as  a  noun, 
MoLT,    i     a  he.ip,  pile,  or  ciuiical  hill  with  a  smooth 
tup  ;  morii,  to  heap  or  pile,  Ig  make  bald.    So  ftaW, 
in  Enu'lish,  seems  to  be  cunnectrd  with  buld,  that  is, 
prominent.    The  prevalent  spelliuR  is  Moult;  but 
as  tin:  u  has  been  omitted  in  the  other  words  of  this 
class,  as  butt,  dult^  cull,  &c.,  it  would  be  desirable  to 
complete  the  analoey  by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as 
many  distin$;nished  writers  liave  done.] 

To  shed  or  cast  the  hair,  feathers,  skin,  borns, 
&c.  ;  as  an  animal.    Hirds  molt  by  losinj;  their  feath- 
ers, beasts  by  losing  their  liair,  serpent.s  by  castinR 
their  skins,  and  deer  their  horns.    The  moltinj;  of 
the  hawk  is  calhid  mfwiitir. 
IMOl'I.T,  (  n.    The  an  or  process  of  chaneint;  the 
Mfil-T,    t     feathers,  skin,  &c.  ;  molting.     P.  Cijc. 
iMnni.T'lN'G,  j  ;</)r.     Casting  or  shedding  a  natural 
JICLT'ING,    )    covering,  !is  liair,  feathers,  skin,  or 
horns. 

MCULT'ING,  j  71.    Tile  act  or  operation   by  which 
MOIjT'ING,    )     certain  animals  aiimially  oi  at  cer- 
tain times,  cast  olf  or  lose  their  hair,  feathers,  skins, 
horns,  &.C. 

MOL'NCII,  (  r.  (.    To  chew.    [See  Munch.]  [Obs.] 
MAU\fH,i  C/mutcr. 
MOUND,™.  [Pax.  mund ;  W.  mwiU,  from  mien  ;  L. 
moju.    See  Mount.] 

Something  raised  as  a  defense  or  fortification,  usu- 
ally a  bank  of  earth  or  stone  j  a  bulwark  ;  a  rampart 
or  fence. 

God  Has  thrown 
Tli.\l  mo<lnl-\in  M  llis  IJiinlril  mound  (li^ti  rai^-d.  AJilton, 
To  Uiri<l  U»e  IhiclfeU  or  to  leup  tlie  mouiule.  Dryien. 

2.  Something  raised  ;  an  artificial  elevation  of 
earth. 

MOUXn, »'.  L   To  fortify  with  a  mound.  Johnson. 
MOU.ND'ED,    pp.     Surrounded    or    defended  by 
mounds. 

MOL'ND'ING,  ppr.    Defending  by  a  mound. 

MOUNT,  n.  [Fr.  monl:  Sax.  niunl;  It.  Port,  and  Pp. 
monU;  Arm.  meiif  i,  rae;ic ;  \V.  ni(/)n(,  a  mount,  moun- 
tain, or  mound,  a  heap;  L.  mnns,  literally  a  heap  or 
an  elevation  ;  Ir.  moin  or  muine ;  Hastpie,  meiidia, 
Ciu.  Gr.  tSovv  '{.] 

1.  A  mass  of  earth,  or  earth  and  rock,  rising  con- 
siderably above  the  common  surface  of  the  surrounrt- 
Hig  land.  Mount  is  useil  for  an  eminence  or  eleva. 
tion  of  earth,  indefinite  in  bight  or  size,  and  may  be 
a  hillock,  hill,  or  mountain.  We  apply  it  to  Jifount 
Blanc,  in  Switzerland,  to  Mount  Tom  and  Mount 
llidyoke,  in  Massach'usetts,  and  it  is  applied,  in 
Scripture,  to  the  small  hillocks  on  which  sacrifice 
was  4iffered,  as  well  as  to  Mount  Sinai.  Jacob  offered 
sacrifice  on  the  mount  or  heap  of  stones  raised  for  a 
witness  between  him  and  l.aban.    Grn.  xxxi. 

2.  A  mound  ;  a  bulwark  for  offense  or  defense. 

1(1  cast  K  mount  njnlnll  JcruioJem.  — 

3.  former/y,  a  bank  or  fund  of  money.  [0A.«.] 

Bacoju 

MOUNT,  r.  i.  [Fr.  monter;  It.  montare ;  Sp.  mon- 
tar.] 

1.  To  rise  on  high ;  to  ascend  ;  with  or  with- 
out up. 

Doth  the  ns\'-  mount  up  At  lliy  commiintl  f  —  Job  xxziz. 
The  lire  of  irpcs  and  homes  mouriu  on  high.  CowUy. 

9.  To  rise ;  to  ascend  ;  to  tower;  to  be  built  to  a 
great  altitude. 

Thoii^i  B.i)>>-lon  should  mourti  up  to  heaTen.  —  Jer.  Ji. 

3.  To  get  on  horseback.  Shak, 

4.  To  leap  upon  any  animal. 

5.  To  amount ;  to  rise  in  value. 


Briii^  th-n  th-^tr  b\<^m^  lo  n  strict  account. 
Make  tiiir  detUictioiis,  see  to  what  they  mount. 


Pope. 


MOUNT,  r.  f.    To  raise  aloft ;  to  lift  on  high. 

Wh.1t  power  is  it  which  mounts  nijr  lore  so  high  I  SfiaJi. 

3.  To  ascend  ;  to  climb  ;  to  get  upon  an  elevated 
place  ;  a.s,  to  mount  a  throne. 

3.  To  place  one's  self  on  horseback  ;  as,  to  mmint 
a  horse. 

•t.  To  furnish  with  horses;  as,  to  mount  a  troop. 
The  dragoons  were  well  nounlrd. 

S.  To  prepare  for  use ;  to  set  off  to  advantage  or 
embellish.  Thus,  lo  mount  a  sword  is  lo  furnish  it 
with  a  hilt,  scabbard,  &c. ;  to  mount  a  map  is  to  pre- 
pare it  for  use  by  attaching  it  to  canvas,  &c. ;  to 
niDUKf  a  diamond  is  to  set  it  in  framework. 

I).  To  carr>' ;  to  be  furnished  with  ;  as,  a  ship  of 
the  line  mounts  seventy-four  guns ;  a  fort  mounts  a 
liundred  cannon. 

7.  To  raise  and  place  on  a  carriage  ;  as,  to  mount 
a  cannon. 

To  mount  guard ;  to  take  the  station  and  do  the 
duty  of  a  sentinel. 


MOUNT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ascended  or 
mounted. 

MOUNT'AI.N,  (mount'in,)  n.  [Fr.  moTifoi'-nf  ;  Sp. 
montana  ;  It.  munlmrna  ;  I,,  (adjei  tive)  moiitnnu.i.] 

A  large  mass  of  (^•\rth  and  rock,  rising  above  the 
common  level  of  the  earth  or  adjacent  land,  but  of 
no  definite  altitude.  We  apply  mountain  to  the  larg- 
est eminences  on  the  globe  ;  but  soineliines  the  word 
is  used  for  a  large  hill.  In  general,  wiuunfn/re  denotes 
an  elevation  higher  and  larger  than  a  hill  ;  as,  the 
Altaic  mountaiiLs  in  Asia,  the  Alps  in  Switzerland, 
the  Andes  in  South  America,  the  Alleghany  inoun- 
tains  in  Virginia,  the  Kaatskill  in  New  York,  the 
White  mountains  in  New  Hampshire,  and  the  Green 
monnlains  in  Vermont.  The  word  is  applied  lo  a 
single  elevation  or  to  an  extended  range. 

MOUNT'AIN,  a.  Pertaining  lo  a  mountain;  found 
on  niuuntaiiis  ;  growing  or  dwelling  on  a  moun- 
tain ;  as,  mountuin  air;  vwunlain  pines;  mountain 
goats. 

MOUNT'AIN-ASII,  n.  An  ornamental  tree,  of  the 
genus  Pjrus  or  Sorbus,  with  beautiful  liuiiches  of 
red  berries.  Its  le.ives  are  pinnate,  and  its  flowers 
while,  growing  in  fragrant  clusters.  P.  Cije. 

MOUNT'AIN-ULOE,  ii.  Blue  malachite  or  carbonate 
of  copper. 

MOUNT'AL\-eORK,  n.  A  variety  of  asbcsliis,  re- 
sembling cork  in  its  texture.  Dana. 

MOUNT'AIN-DEW,  (moiint'in-du,)  n.  A  name  giv- 
en to  genuine  Scotch  whisky,  as  being  ofien  secretly 
distilled  in  the  mountains  of  Scotland.  F.ncyc.  Am. 

MOUNT-AIN-BEK',  j  «.    An  iuhabi'ant  of  a  mount- 

AlOUNT'AIN-Ell,     (  nin. 

9.  A  rustic  ;  a  freebooter  ;  a  savage.  Milton. 

MOU.NT'AIN-ET,  n,  A  small  mountain;  a  hillock. 
[JV*o(  H.vc(/.]  Sidnrtj. 

MOUNT' A  IN-GREEN,  n.  Green  malachite  or  car- 
bonate of  copper.  Dana. 

MOUNT'AIN-LEATU'ER,  (  leth'er,)  n.  A  variety 
of  asbestus,  resembling  leather  in  its  texture. 

Dana. 

MOUNT'.\IN-OUS,  a.  Full  of  mountains;  as,  the 
mountainous  country  of  the  Swiss. 

9.  L.arge  as  a  mountain  ;  huge  ;  as,  a  mountainous 
heap.  Prior. 
3.  Inhabiting  mountains.    [JVot  «,«<•</.]  Bacon. 

MOUN  T'AIN-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  full 
of  mountains.  Brcrewood. 

JlOUNT'AlN-PXRS'LEY.n.  A  European  herb,  Ath- 
amanta  oreoseliniim.  Forsyth. 

MOUNT'AI.N-UOSE,  n.    A  plant. 

MOUNT'AIN-saAP,  ii.  A  soft,  earthy  mineral,  of  a 
pale,  brownish-black  color.  It  is  u.scd  in  crayon- 
painting.  Urr. 

MOUNT'AIN-TAL'LOW,  n.  A  mineral,  found  in 
Sweden  and  Scotland,  which  melts  at  118'  Falir., 
and  is  soluble  in  alcohol.  Buclmnan, 

MOUNT'ANT,  a.    [Fr.  montant.] 

Rising  on  high.  Shak. 

MOUNT'E-BANK,  n.  [It.  montare,  to  mount,  and 
banco,  bench.] 

1.  One  who  mounts  a  bench  or  stage  in  the  market 
or  other  public  place,  bo.i.sts  of  his  skill  in  curing  dis- 
eases, vends  medicines  which  he  pretends  are  iirfcil- 
lible  remedies,  and  thus  deludes  llie  i^ocaiit  iinila- 
tiide.  Persons  of  this  character  may  be  iintictcd  and 
punished. 

2.  Any  boastful  and  false  pretender. 

Nothing  so  unpossible  la  nature  but  mounlcbanki  will  under- 
tiilte.  ArbudtnoL 

MOUNT'E-BANK,  r.  U   To  cheat  by  boasting  and 

false  pretenses  ;  to  gull.  Shak. 
MOUNT't^-BANK-Ell-Y,  n.    Quackery  ;  boastful  and 

vain  pretenses.  Hammond. 
MOUNT'EI),  pp.  or  a.    Raised  ;  seated  on  horseback  ; 

placed  on  a  carriage  ;  prepared  for  use  or  embellished  ; 

furnished  with  guns. 
MOUNT'EN-XUNCE,  n.    Amount  in  space.  [J^'ot 

used.'\  Spenser. 
MOUNT'ER,  n.   One  that  mounts  or  ascends. 

Suifl. 

MOUNT'ING,  ppr.  Rising;  soaring;  placing  on  horse- 
back ;  ascending  an  eminence  ;  preparing  for  use  or 
embellishing. 

MOUNT'ING,  n.  In  f^eneral,  the  act  of  mounting; 
as,  "  there  was  mouiilinir  in  hot  haste."  Byron. 

2.  The  act  of  preparing  for  use,  or  embellishing. 
[See  .Moi  NT,  r.  U,  No.  .V] 

3.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  prepared  for  use,  or 
set  off  to  advantage  ;  equipment ;  embellishment  ; 
as,  the  mountinif  of  a  sword  or  diamond. 

MoO.NT'ING-LY,  adu.    By  rising  or  ascending. 

MOITNT'Y,  n.    The  rise  of  a  hawk.  Sidney. 

M^^URN,  r.  i.  [Sax.  muman,  myrnan;  L.  mterco ;  al- 
lied perhagis  to  G.  and  I),  murren,  to  murmur ;  Fr. 
morne,  sad,  sullen.  Sec  Murmur,  and  the  root  of 
amar«.«,  bitter.    Class  Mr,  No.  7.] 

1.  To  express  grief  or  sorrow  ;  to  grieve  ;  to  be 
sorrowful.  Mourning  ni.ay  be  expressed  by  weeping 
or  audible  sounds,  or  by  sobs,  sighs,  or  inward,  sUent 
grief. 

At>r\hi\m  time  to  mourn  for  Sarah,  and  to  weep.  —  Gen,  xxiii. 
Jilcssr,!  are  ihejr  Uiat  mourn,  fur  they  ab.iJl  be  comforted.  — 
Matt.  T. 


9.  'I'o  wear  the  custoinury  habit  of  Borrow. 

We  mourn  in  liiiick.  Shidt, 
(jri'-VL-  lor  un  hour  pr-rhaps,  liieii  mourn  a  year.  J'o/M. 

MflURN,r.  (.  To  grieve  for  ;  to  lament.  But  there  Is 
an  ellipsis  of  for,  Ihe  verb  not  being  transitive.  When 
we  say,  we  mourn  a  friend  or  a  child,  Ihe  rral  sense 
and  complete  phrase  is,  we  mourn  for  a  friend,  or 
mourn  fur  the  loss  of  a  friend.  **  He  mourned  his  ri- 
val's ill  success,"  that  is,  he  mourned  for  his  rival's 
ill  success.  Addiiioiu 
2.  'i'o  utter  in  a  sorrowful  manner. 

The  loTe-lorn  iiiiftiltngile 
Nightly  to  thee  her  sad  song  mourneth  wcU.  Milton. 

M6UR.\E,  (morn,)  n.    [I'r.  mornr.] 

The  round  end  of  a  staff ;  the  part  of  a  lance  lo 
which  the  steel  is  fixed,  or  the  ferrule.    [J^ot  used.] 
Sidney.  Johnson, 
M6Un.\'f;D,  pp.    Bewailed;  lamented. 
MOUK.N'ER,  n.  One  that  mourns  or  is  grieved  at  any 
loss  or  misfortune. 

2.  One  that  follows  a  funeral  in  the  habit  of  mourn- 
ing U  Kgtranire. 

3.  Something  used  at  funerals. 

Til-:  tiwurner  yew  and  lyiiild'-r  oalt  were  thTe.  Dryden. 
MOUR.N'FJJL,  a.    Inteniled  lo  express  sorrow,  or  ex- 
hibiting the  appearance  of  grief ;  as,  a  mournful  bell ; 
mournful  music.  Shak.  Drijden. 

No  funeral  rites,  nor  man  in  mournful  weeds.  Shak. 

2.  Causing  sorrow  ;  sad  ;  calamitous  ;  as,  a  mourn- 
ful  death.  Shak. 

3.  Sorrowful ;  feeling  grief. 

Th^-  mourn/ul  Mr- 
Shall  Tisit  her  ilistiii^uishrd  um.  Prior. 
MOURN'FIJL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  expressive  of 

sorrow  ;  with  sorrow.    .Mnl.  iii. 
MfiUUN'FJJL-NESS,  n.     Sorrow  ;  griof  ;  slate  of 
mourning. 
2.  Appearance  or  expression  of  grief. 
MoUR.N'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    (Jrieving  ;  lamenting;  sor- 
rowing; wearing  the  afipearance  of  sorrow, 
MoUltN'ING,  n.    The  act  of  sorrowing  or  expressing 
grief;  lamentation;  sorrow. 

2.  Tile  dress  or  ciistumary  habit  worn  by  mourn- 
ers. 

And  e'en  the  pavements  were  with  mourmn;  hid.  Dryden. 

MoUR.\'I\G-I)OVE,  (  diiv,)  n.  .'V  species  of  dove 
found  in  the  I'liited  States,  the  Coliimba  Caroliiiien- 
sis,  so  named  from  its  plaintive  note  ;  also  called  the 
Caroli?(a  Turtle  Dove.       Peabody's  Mass.  Hep. 

MoURN'ING-LY,  adc.  With  the  appearance  of  sor- 
row. Shak. 

MOUSE,  n.  (  pi.  Mice.  [Sax.  mus ;  Sw.  mils ;  D.  niuis ; 
G.  niaus  :  Dan.  mu^',  muus ;  L.  mns ;  Gr.pif;  Russ. 
nnshe.  The  L.  mus  forms  muris  in  the  genitive,  and 
the  root  Is  not  obvious.] 

1.  A  small  rodent  quadruped,  of  the  genus  Mus, 
inhabiting  houses.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  many 
other  species  of  the  genus,  as  Ihe  jicld-mouse,  meadoa- 
mouse,  rock-mou.ie,  &.c. 

9.  Among  .seamen,  a  knob  formed  on  a  rope  by  spun 
yarn  or  parceling.  Man  DicL 

MOUSE,  (mouz,)  v.  i.    To  watch  for  and  catch  mice. 

Shak. 

2.  To  watch  for  or  pursue  in  a  sly  or  insidious  man- 
ner. John  Foster. 

MOUSE,  (mouz,)  v.  t.  To  tear,  as  a  cat  devours  a 
mouse. 

To  mouse  a  hook,  with  seamen,  is  to  fasten  a  small 
line  across  the  upper  part,  to  prevent  unlitKiking. 

Mar.  Did. 

MOUSE'-icAR,  (mous'er,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ilieraciiim  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Myosotis, 
called  likewise  mouse-ear  scorpion- irrass.  I'hey  are 
so  named  from  the  shape  and  velvety  surface  of  their 
leaves.  The  mouse-ear  chickweed  is  of  the  genus  Ce- 
rasiiiim.  London, 

M()l'.-^E'-II.\WK,  JI.    A  hawk  that  devours  mice. 

MOUSE'-IIoLE,  (nions'hole,)  n.  A  hole  where  mice 
enter  or  pass ;  a  very  small  hole  or  entrance. 

He  Citn  creep  in  at  a  mouee-helt.  Stillingjteet. 

.MOUSE'-HUNT,  n,    A  hunting  for  mice. 

9.  A  mouser;  tme  that  hunts  mice.  Shak. 

MOUS'ER,  (mouz'er,)  n.  One  that  catches  mice.  The 
cat  is  a  good  moiucr. 

MOUSE'-TaII.,  n.  An  annual  plant,  of  the  'enns 
Myostiriis,  whose  seeds  are  situated  on  a  long,  slen- 
der receptacle  resembling  the  tail  of  a  mouse. 

Loudsn, 

MOT'SE'-TRAP,  n.    A  trap  for  catching  mice.  Prior. 

MOUS'I.NG,  ppr.  Pursuing  or  catching  mice  ;  tearing, 
as  a  cat  devours  a  mouse. 

MOUS  TACHE'.    See  Mustache. 

MOUI'H,  n.  [Sax.  miitA.  As  this  %vord  does  not  oc- 
cur in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects,  and  as  n  is  some- 
times casually  intrtxliiced  into  words  liefore  dentals, 
it  is  not  improbable  lli.at  the  Goth.  mHnCA.<,  G.  and 
Dan.  mund,  Sw.  muii,  and  D.  mond,  may  be  Ihe  same 
word.  The  Saxon  mutA  coincides  in  elements  with 
mollo,  Gr.  /mU  {.) 

1.  'I'he  aperture  in  the  head  of  an  animal,  between 
the  lips,  by  which  he  utters  his  voice  and  receives 


TONE,  BJv'LL,  IJNITE.  — Xn"GER,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  .is  in  THIS. 


S2' 


JJJ 


7:w 


MOV 


MOV 


MUC 


food.  In  a  mnre  general  ticu^e,  tlie  month  consists  of 
the  lips,  tlie  giuns,  the  insides  of  the  cheeks,  the  pal- 
ate, the  saUval  glands,  the  uvula,  and  tonsils.  Eiieyc. 

2.  The  opening  of  a  vessel,  hy  which  it  is  filled  or 
emptied  ;  as,  tlie  mouth  of  a  jar  or  pitcher. 

3.  The  part  or  channel  of  a  river  hy  which  its  wa- 
ters are  discharged  into  the  ocean  or  into  a  lake.  The 
Mississippi  and  the  Nile  discharge  their  waters  by 
several  vioutlts, 

4.  The  opening  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  at  the  end, 
by  which  tlie  charge  issues. 

5.  The  aperture  of  a  vessel  in  animal  bodies,  by 
which  fluids  or  other  matter  is  received  or  discharged  ; 
as,  the  mouth  of  the  lacteals. 

6.  The  opening  or  entrance  of  a  cave,  pit,  well,  or 
den.    Dan.  viii. 

7.  The  instrument  of  speaking  ;  as,  the  story  is  in 
every  body's  mouth.  South.  Locke. 

8.  A  principal  speaker ;  one  that  utters  the  com- 
mon opinion. 

Every  colfre-hoiise  has  some  statesman  belonging  to  it,  who  is 
Uie  moutli  of  Uie  streel  where  he  lives.  Addison. 

9.  Cry ;  voice. 

The  f-.irful  Aop  divide  ; 
All  spend  their  mouUi  aloft,  but  none  abide.  Dryden. 

10.  In  Scripture,  words  uttered.  Job  xix.  Is.  xlix. 
Ps.  l.vxiii. 

11.  Desires;  necessities.    Ps.  ciii. 

13.  Freedom  and  boldness  of  speech;  force  of  ar- 
gument.   Luke  xxi. 

i;!.  Boasting;  vaunting.    Judges  \\. 

14.  Testiintmy.    Dcut.  xvii. 

15.  Reproaches;  calumnies.    Job  v. 

To  make  a  mouth  ;  i  to  distort  the  mouth  ;  to  make 
To  make  mouths ;  \     a  wry  face  ;  hence,  to  deride 
or  treat  with  scorn.  Shak.  ^ddisoiu 

2.  To  pout ;  to  treat  disdainfully. 
Down  in  tlie  mouth  ;  dejected  ;  mortifird. 

L' Kitrange. 

To  linre  Ond^s  law  in  the  mouth  ;  to  converse  much 
on  it,  and  delight  in  it.    Ezod.  xiii. 

To  draw  near  to  God  with  Vie  movth;  to  make  an 
external  appearance  of  devotion  and  worship,  while 
there  is  no  regard  to  him  in  the  heart.    /•;.  xxix. 

Ji  froward  mouth  i  contradictions  and  disobedience. 
Proc.  iv. 

Jl  smooth  mouth ;  soft  and  flattering  language. 
Proo.  v. 

To  stop  the  mouth  ;  to  silence  or  to  be  silent ;  to  put 
to  shame  ;  to  confountl.    Rom.  iii. 

To  lay  the  hand  on  the  mouth;  to  be  struck  silent 
with  shame.    J\Hc.  vii. 

To  set  Uie  mouth  against  the  kenvens;  to  speak  arro- 
gantly and  blasphemously.    Ps.  Ixxiii. 
MOUTH,  i\  I.    To  utter  with  a  voice  affectedly  big  or 
swelling  ;  as,  to  mouth  words  or  language. 

Twitched  by  the  sleeve,  he  mouths  it  more  and  more.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  take  into  the  mouth  ;  to  seize  with  the  mouth. 

Drijden. 

3.  To  chew  ;  to  grind,  as  food  ;  to  eat ;  to  devour. 

Shak. 

4.  To  form  by  the  mouth,  as  a  bear  her  cub.  [JVot 
used.]  Brown. 

5.  To  reproach  ;  to  insult.  Bluir. 
MOUTH,  1'.  i.    To  speak  with  a  full,  round,  or  loud, 

affected  voice  ;  to  vociferate  ;  to  rant ;  as,  a  moulhing 
actor.  Vrydcu. 
I'll  l<eIlow  out  for  Rome,  and  for  my  country. 
And  iiioulh  at  Cesar,  till  I  shake  the  senate.  Addison. 

MOUTII'£l),  pp.    Uttereil  with  a  full,  swelling,  aflect- 

2.  Taken  into  the  mouth  ;  chewed.        [eii  voice. 

3.  a.  Furnished  w  ith  a  inimth  ;  used  chiefly  in 
conipositit>n  ;  as,  well-mwizf/if*/ ;  finil-7ttoHf/(ff/,  ctintu- 
nielioiis,  reproachful,  or  obscene  ;  nicaly-7rtt^ufy/cf7, 
bashful,  reserved  in  speaking  the  plain  truth  ;  hard- 
mouthed,  as  a  horse  not  obedient  to  the  bit,  diflicult  to 
be  restraiiu;d  or  gr)vernod  by  the  bridle. 

4.  Home  down  or  overpowered  by  clamor. 
MOUTH'F.R,  71.     One  who  mouths;   an  affected 

."peaker  or  dcclaimcr.  SmarL 
MOUTH'-FKIK.'VI),  (-frrnd,)  n.    One  who  professes 
friendship  without  entertaining  it;  a  pretended  tiiend. 

Shok. 

MOUTII'FIIL,  n.  As  much  as  the  mouth  contains  at 
once. 

2.  A  quantity  proverbially  small  ;  a  omall  quantity. 

L^  I'lstrange.  Dryden. 

MOUTII'-IION-OR,  (-on-ur,)  n.  Civility  expressed 
without  "incerity.  Shak. 

MOUTiriNO,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  with  an  affected, 
BWtdlirig  voice. 

MOUTiriNO,  71.  The  utterance  of  words  with  an  af- 
fected fiilliieHS  of  sound. 

MOUTH'LKH.S,  a.    Destitute  of  a  month. 

MOUTII'-MADE,  o.  Expressed  without  sincerity  ; 
hypr)rritiral. 

MOUTiri'ircE,  II.    The  piece  of  a  musical  wind  in- 
strument t'>  which  the  mouth  is  applied. 
2.  One  who  tlelivr-rs  the  opinions  of  others. 

MOVA  BLE,  (moov'a  hi,)  a.  [fr  m  more.]  That  may 
be  moved  ;  thai  can  or  may  he  lifli'd,  rarrietl,  drawn, 
luriied,  or  conveyed,  or  in  any  way  made  to  change 
place  or  poature  ;  susceptible  of  motion. 


9.  That  may  or  does  change  from  one  time  to  an- 
other ;  as,  morahle  feasts,  i.  e.,  church  festivals  coin- 
menior.ating  ditl'erent  events  recorded  in  tlie  New 
Testament,' the  time  of  which  varies  from  year  to 
year. 

A  movable  letter,  in  Hebrew  grammar,  is  one  that  is 
pronounced,  as  opposed  to  one  that  is  quiescent. 

MOV'A-BLE-NESS,  ti.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
movable;  mobility;  susceptibility  of  motion. 

Me)V'A-BL£S,  (moov'a-bl/,,)  re.  pi.  Goods  ;  wares  ; 
commodities  ;  furniture  ;  any  species  of  property  not 
fixed,  and  thus  distinguished  from  houses  and  lands. 
The  singular,  movable,  is  sometimes  used. 

MOV'A-BLY,  ado.    So  tliat  it  may  be  moved.  <?rcio. 

MOVE,  (moov,)  v.  t.  [L.  moveo  ,•  It.  movere :  Sp.  mo- 
ver ;  Fr.  vioui'oir :  W.  mndaw.  It  is  probably  a  con- 
tracted vvortl.    Class  Md.] 

1.  To  impel ;  to  carry,  convey,  or  draw  from  one 
place  to  another ;  to  cause  to  change  place  or  posture 
in  any  manner  or  by  any  means.  The  wind  mooes  a 
ship  ;  the  cartnian  moves  goods  ;  the  horse  moves  a 
cart  or  carriage.  Mere  matter  can  not  move  itself. 
INIachines  are  moved  by  springs,  weights,  or  force  ap- 
plied. 

2.  To  excite  into  action  ;  to  affect ;  to  agitate  ;  to 
rouse  ;  as,  to  7;ioye  the  passions. 

3.  To  cause  to  act  or  determine ;  as,  to  77iotie  the 
will. 

4.  To  persuade ;  to  prevail  on ;  to  excite  from  a 
state  of  rest  or  indifference. 

Minds  desirous  of  revenue  were  not  moved  with  gold.  KnoUes. 

But  wh'-n  no  female  arts  his  mind  could  move, 

She  turned  to  furious  hate  her  impious  love.  Dryden. 

5.  To  excite  tenderness,  pity,  or  grief  in  the  heart ; 
to  aSect ;  to  touch  pathetically  ;  to  excite  feeling  in. 

The  use  of  images  in  orations  and  poetry  is  to  move  pity  or 
terror.  J^elton. 

When  lie  saw  the  multitudes,  he  was  moved  with  compassion  on 
them. —  Matt.  ix. 

6.  To  make  angry  ;  to  provoke  ;  to  irritate.  Shak. 

7.  To  excite  tumult  or  commotion. 


When  they  had  come  to  Bethtehe 
them.  —  Ruth  i.    Matt.  xxi. 


,  all  the  city  wtia  moved  about 


8.  To  influence  or  incite  by  secret  agency. 

God  moved  them  to  depart  from  Irim.  — 2  Chron.  xviiL   2  Pet.  i. 

9.  To  shake ;  to  agitate. 

The  kingdoms  were  moved.  — Ps.  ilvi.   Jer.  xlix. 

10.  To  propose  ;  to  offer  for  cc.isideration  and  de- 
termination ;  as,  to  move  a  resolution  in  a  delibera- 
tive assembly. 

11.  To  propose  ;  to  recommend. 

They  are  to  t>e  t)lamed  alike  who  move  and  who  decline  w.ar 
upon  particular  respects.  Ilayward. 

12.  To  prompt ;  to  incite  ;  to  instigate.  Jlcts  xvii. 
MOVE,  (moov,)  v.  i.    To  change  place  or  posture  ;  to 

stir ;  to  pass  or  go  in  any  manner  or  direction  from 
one  place  or  part  of  space  to  another.  The  planets 
move  in  their  orbits  ;  the  earth  moves  on  its  axis ;  a 
ship  moves  at  a  certain  rate  an  hour,  V\^e  move  by 
walking,  running,  or  turning ;  animals  move  by  creep- 
ing, swimming,  or  flying. 

On  the  green  bank  1  sat  and  listened  long, 

Nor  till  her  lay  was  ended  could  1  move.  Dryden. 

2.  To  have  action. 

In  him  we  live,  and  move,  and  have  our  being.  —  Acts  xvii. 

3.  To  have  the  power  of  action. 

Every  moving  thing  that  liveth  shidl  be  meal  for  you.  —  Geo.  ix. 

4.  To  walk. 

He  moves  with  manly  grace.  Dryden. 

5.  To  march.  The  army  moved,  and  took  a  posi- 
tion behind  a  wood. 

6.  To  tremble  ;  to  shake. 

The  foundations  also  of  the  hills  moved  nnd  were  shaken,  be- 
cause be  was  wroth.  — Ps.  xviii. 

7.  To  change  residence.  Men  777o»cwith  their  fam- 
ilies frtim  tine  house,  town,  or  state  to  antilher. 

8.  To  propose  something  to  an  organized  meeting 
for  consideration  and  dt-termi  nation. 

MOVE,  n.    The  act  of  moving  ;  a  movement  ;  the  act 

of  transferring  from  plac«  to  place,  as  in  chess. 
MOVA;!),  p/i.    Stirred  ;  excited.  [Comlry. 
MOVE'LESS,  a.    That  can  not  be  moved  ;  fixed. 

The  tJrecian  phalanx,  moveless  as  a  tower.  Pope. 

MOVE'MENT,  71.    [Fr.  7H0i/i!C7nfnt.] 

1.  Motion;  a  passing,  progression,  shaking,  turn- 
ing, or  fltiwing  ;  any  change  of  position  in  a  iiititerial 
body  ;  as,  the  moveninit  oi'  an  army  in  marching  or 
maneiivering  ;  the  movement  of  a  wheel  or  a  ma- 

2.  The  manner  of  moving.  [chine. 

3.  lOxciteinent ;  agilatitin  ;  as,  the  movement  of  the 
mind.  Pope. 

4.  In  music,  any  single  strain  or  part  having  Iho 
same  measure  or  time. 

Any  cliiinge  of  tune  la  ft  change  of  movemsnf.  Busby. 

r>.  Ill  hortdog^|,  tile  entire  wheel-work  of  a  clock  or 
watch  ;  all  except  the  case. 

(>.  In  Kurupenn  politics,  the  movrmnit  denotes  a  par- 
ty who  are  aiiiiiiig  at  coiitiniiiil  advances  toward 
the  I'stalilishnic  iil  of  popular  rights.  It  is  o|)poai'il  to 
the  conservative  party.  Brande. 


MO'VENT,  a.    [L.  mooens.] 

Moving  ;  not  quiescent.    [Little  used.]  Orenc. 
Mo'VENT,  71.   That  which  moves  any  thing.  [Little 

used.]  Glanville. 
MOVER,  n.    The  person  or  thing  that  gives  motion 

or  inifiels  to  action.  Shak.  Wilkius. 

2.  lie  or  that  which  moves. 

3.  A  proposer  ;  one  that  offers  a  proposition,  or  rec- 
ommends any  thing  for  consideration  or  adoption  ; 
as,  the  mover  of  a  resolution  in  a  legislative  botly. 

MOV'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Changing  place  or  posture  ;  caus- 
ing to  move  or  act ;  impelling ;  instigating  ;  persuad- 
ing ;  influencing. 

2.  a.  Exciting  the  passions  or  affections  ;  touch- 
ing ;  pathetic  ;  affecting  ;  adapted  to  excite  or  affect 
the  passions  ;  as,  a  moving  address  or  discourse. 

MOVING,  H.    Motive;  impulse.  South. 

MOVING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  excite  the  pas- 
sions or  affect  sensibility  ;  pathetically. 


His  air,  his  voice,  his  looks,  and  honest  soul. 
Speak  all  so  movingly  in  llis  behalf. 


Addison. 


MOV'ING-NESS,  71.  The  power  of  affecting,  as  the 
passions. 

MOW,  71.  [Sax.  mowe,  or  777«n'o ;  It.  mucchio,  a  heap 
or  mass  ;  Sp.  mucho,  much ;  Sw.  vitjcken,  many, 
much.] 

A  heap,  mass,  or  pile  of  hay ;  sheaves  of  grain  de- 
posited in  a  barn. 

[  IVe  never  give  this  name  to  hay  piled  in  the  field  or 
open  air.    The  latter  is  called  a  Stack  or  RicK.] 
MOW,  V.  t.    Tt)  lay  hay  or  siieaves  of  grain  in  a  heap 

or  mass  in  a  barn,  or  to  lay  it  in  a  suitable  manner. 
MOW,  (mo,) !'.  (. ;  prct.  Mowed  ;  jip.  Mowed  or  Mown. 

tSax.  mawan  ;  D.  maaijen  or  maayrn  Sw.  meija ; 
Ian.  7nejcr ;  G.  mdhen.  In  Sp.  and  Port,  mochar  is  to 
cut  off.  The  L.  has  vieto,  and  the  Gr.  apaoi,  to 
mow  or  reap.  The  last  radical  letter  is  not  as- 
certained.] 

1.  To  cut  down  with  a  scythe,  as  grass  or  other 
plants.    We  say,  to  mow  grass. 

2.  To  cut  the  grass  frtim  ;  as,  to  mow  a  meadow. 

3.  To  cut  down  with  speed  ;  to  cut  down  indis- 
criminately, or  in  great  numbers,  or  quantity.  W^e 
say,  a  discharge  of  grape  shot  mows  down  whole 
ranks  of  men.  Hence,  Saturn,  or  Time,  is  repre- 
sented with  a  scythe,  an  emblem  of  the  general  and 
indiscriminate  destruction  of  the  human  race  by 
death. 

MOW,  V.  i.  To  cut  grass  ;  to  practice  mowing  ;  to 
use  the  scythe.    Does  the  man  7111™  well 

2.  To  perform  the  business  of  mowing  ;  to  cut  and 
make  grass  into  hay  ;  to  gather  the  crop  of  grass,  or 
other  crop. 

[In  America,  71107c  is  not  applied  to  the  cutting  of 
wheat  or  rye.  When  these  are  cut  with  a  scytlie, 
they  are  said  to  he  Cradled.  Oats  and  barley  are 
sometimes  mowed.] 

MOW,  71.   [from  7;ioH(/<.]  A  wry  face.   [Obs.]  Shale 

MOW,  11.  i.    To  make  mouths.   [Obs.]  jlscham. 

MOW'BURN,  7;.  i.  To  heat  and  feiment  in  the  mow, 
as  hay  when  housed  too  green.  Mortimer. 

MOW'BURN-£D,  (-burnt,)  pp.  or  a.  Overheated  and 
fermented  in  the  mow. 

MOWE,!).  i.    To  be  able;  must;  may.  [Ois.] 

MOW'/';D,pp.    Put  into  a  mow.  [Chaucer. 

MoW'KD,  j 

MOWN,  i 

2.  Cleared  of  grass  with  a  scythe,  as  land. 

MOWER,  71.  One  who  mows  ;  a  man  dextrous  in  the 
use  of  the  scythe. 

MOWING, jjpr.    Putting  into  a  mow. 

MOWING,  p/ir.    Cutting  down  with  a  scythe. 

MOWING,  H.   The  act  of  cutting  with  a  scythe. 
2.  Land  from  which  grass  is  cut. 

MOX'A,  n.  The  down  of  the  nuigwort  of  China  ;  a 
soft  lanuginous  substance  prepared  in  Japan  from 
the  young  leaves  of  a  species  tif  Artemisia.  In  the 
Eastern  countries,  it  is  used  for  preventing  and  curing 
many  disorders,  hy  burning  it  on  the  skin.  This 
produces  a  dark  colored  spot,  the  ulceration  of  which 
is  promoted  by  applying  a  little  garlic.  Braodc. 

The  term  has  been  extended  to  any  substance 
whose  gradual  combustion  on  or  near  the  skin  is 
used  for  the  ri^lief  or  cure  of  disease.  P.  Cye. 

MOV'A,  71.  A  term  applied,  in  South  .America,  to  mud 
poured  out  from  volcanoes  during  eruptions.  Lycll. 

MOVl.E,  71.    An  old  spelling  of  moil,  and  also  of  mule. 

MR.  An  abbreviation  of  Tnis/cr,  the  commtui  title  pre- 
fixed to  the  names  of  men  of  all  classes.  [Sec 

MisTKB.] 

MRS.  An  abbreviation  of  77ii.'!(rr,t.9,  the  common  title 
prefixiul  to  the  name  of  every  married  laily,  and  col- 
loqtiitilly  ptiuioiinced  mis'.ies.  In  England,  the  title 
is  also  prefixed  to  the  names  of  elderly  uninaiTied 
latlies. 

MUt'II,  a.     [Sw.  myekrn;  Sp.  mucho;  It.  wucchio. 
(See  Mow.)    The  sense  is,  probably,  a  heap  or  mass, 
and  it  mny  be  allied  to  mickle,  great,  Gr.  pi)U  ] 
I.  Great  in  quantify  or  niiioiint. 

Thou  nhall  carry  much  seed  into  the  Held,  and  gatlier  but  little 

In. -Deui.  xxvni. 
ManasNi-li  wruuglit  much  wickedness  In  the  slight  of  the  Lord  10 

provoke  htiu  to  auj^-r.  —    Kings  xxi. 
Ileturn  with  mucli  riclii-s  to  your  tents, — Josh,  xxii. 


pp.  or  a.   Cut  with  a  scythe. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PUBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVpLF,  BQQK — 


MUC 


MUD 


MUG 


2.  Long  ill  (liirition.  IIow  mucA  time  is  spent  in 
triHins  amusements  ! 

3.  Many  in  number. 

Kilum  cune  out  n^.tinsl  liim  with  murA  p^oplt^,  —  Num.  xx. 
[IMiis  npplieation  of  imich  is  nu  Ituiper  used.] 
MUCH,  ado.  In  a  great  tlegrec  ;  liy  far;  qunlifiiing 
(uljf-ctives  of  Vie  comparatire  deg-rre  ;  as,  much  more, 
much  slmnRer,  much  lieavier,  much  more  splenilid, 
much  higher.  Ho  we  say,  miirA  less,  muck  smaller, 
miicA  less  distinguished,  much  weaker,  tnuch  finer. 

2.  To  a  great  degree  ore.\teiit ;  qucdifijing  verbs  and 
participles. 

Jonntlian,  Saul's  aon,  ilflijhtwl  much  in  D.^vid.  —  I  Sam.  xix. 
Tlie  ft^ul  ul  iIk*  pt'O)'!?  w.iM  much  ilidCouniveU  becutiae  uf  tlie 

\v;tv.  —  Num.  xxi. 
A  much  afflictt-il,  much  enduring^  man.  Pop*. 

3.  Oncn  or  long. 

Think  mucA,  ipciik  little.  Dryden. 

4.  Nearly. 

All  li-fl  tht  world  much  na  they  found  il.  Templt. 

5.  An  exclamation  of  contempt,  implying  a  sneer- 
ing disbelief  of  an  assertion. 

What  I  Willi  two  poiuu  in  your  shoulder  f   Much  I  ShaJc. 
MUCH,  n.   A  great  quantity  ;  a  great  deal. 

lie  thai  »alh''n'd  much  hiul  nulhing  ov.-r.  —  Ex.  xvi. 
To  whom  mucA  ij  given,  of  hini  much  will  be  irquired.  —  Luke 
xii. 

3.  More  than  enough  ;  a  heavy  service  or  burden. 

Hf  thought  not  much  to  clothe  his  enrniiea.  Milton. 
Who  thought  it  much  a  man  ahould  (lie  of  love.  Dryden. 

3.  An  uncommon  thing;  something  strange. 

It  was  mucA  lh:U  one  who  wal  so  great  a  lover  of  peace  should 
ije  hapjiy  in  war.  iJficon. 

.^n  much  ;  an  equal  quantity  ;  used  as  an  adjective  or 
noun.  Uelurn  as  much  hreail  ns  you  borrowed.  If 
you  borrow  money,  return  as  much  as  you  receive. 
So  »ve  say,  ticice  as  much,  Jive  times  as  much,  that  is, 
twice  or  five  tiini-s  the  quantity. 

2.  A  certain  or  suitable  quantity. 

Then  take  (u  much  aa  thy  soul  ilcsircth. —  1  Sam.  11. 

3.  To  an  equal  degree  ;  adrrrhinlly.  One  man 
loves  power  a.*  miicA  as  anolher  loves  gold. 

5(f  much  ;  an  equal  quantity,  or  a  certain  quantity, 
as  a  noun  ;  to  an  equal  degree,  or  to  a  certain  degree, 
as  an  adverb. 

of  sweet  cinnamon  half  to  much. —  Ex.  XIX. 
lu  nil  Isnu-l,  tliettf  was  none  to  be  to  much  praised  as  Absalom. 
—  '2  Sam.  xiv. 

Too  much  ;  an  e.Tce?sive  quantity,  as  a  noun  ;  to  an 
excessive  degree,  as  ajt  adverb. 

To  make  much  nf:  to  value  highly  ;  to  prize  or  to 
treat  with  great  kindness  and  attention.  JUitner. 

2.  To  fonille. 

.Much  at  one;  nearly  of  equal  value,  effect,  or  in- 
fltlPllCP.  Drydrru 
MUCir.NE.SS.  n.    anantity.  Whatehj. 
It  is  still  used  in  the  vulgar  phrase  much  of  a  macK- 
nr,---,  i.  p.,  iiiiirh  of  the  same  kind.  Smart. 
MUCII-RE-CRET'TEl),  a.    Deeply  regretted. 
MUCII'WHAT,  ado.    Nearly  ;  almost.  e/ej-ant.] 

Locke. 

MO'Cie,  a.  [from  miieiM.]  The  miicic  acid  is  the 
same  as  the  saccliolactic.  It  is  obtained  from  gums, 
&c.  {/re. 

MO'CID,  a.    [I.,  mucidu.1,  from  wiuceo.] 
Mii!<ly  ;  moldy  ;  slimy. 

MP'(,'in-NESS,  n.  Miistinesfi;  .sliminess.  Jtinsvoorlh, 

MC'CI-I.AOE,  n.  [Kr.,  from  I,,  mucus,  the  slimy  dis- 
charges frtim  the  nose  ;  muceo,  to  grow  ninldy  or 
musty  ;  It.  mucmatrcrine  ;  Sp.  mucdaso-  The  L. 
mucus,  in  Ir.,  is  A-murr;  :?mw^aim,  to  blow  the  nose. 
It  is  probably  allieil  to  Eng.  mi/cA  .-  Ileh.  Cli.  J^a  or 
piD,  to  dissolve,  to  putrefy.    Class  Mg,  No.  8,  in.] 

1.  In  chemij4tnt,  one  of  the  proximate  elements  of 
vegetables.  The  same  substance  is  a  gum  when 
solid,  and  a  mucilage  when  in  solution.  Thomson. 

Both  the  in^TTtlients  improve  one  anollier ;  for  tl)e  murilngt 
adds  tu  liie  lubricity  of  the  oil,  and  tlic  oil  preserves  llie  mu- 
cilnge  from  iuspiss;iliun.  /?ay. 

Mualage  is  ohiaineU  Irum  vegetable  or  animal  substances. 

A'ic/ioison. 

iJ.  The  liquor  which  moistens  and  lubricates  the 
ligaments  anil  cartilages  of  the  articulations  or  joints 
in  animal  bodies.  F.ncye. 
MU-Cl-LAG'I.\-OU.S,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  secreting 
mucilage  ;  as,  the  mucilaipnmui  glands.  Kneye. 

2.  Slimy  ;  ropy  ;  moist,  soft,  and  lubricous  ;  par- 
tokiiig  of  the  nature  of  mucilage  ;  as,  a  mucilairiuous 

.  KUm-  Grne. 

MU-CI-L.\G'I\-OUS-NESS,  n.  Sliminess  ;  the  slate 
of  being  mucilaginous. 

Jj'J-^fP'A-UOUS,  a.   Secreting  or  prtxlucing  mucus. 

.MUCK,  71.  [Sax.  meoz,  mioz ;  Dan.  mb>,  dung  ;  mu», 
mold,  soil;  L.  miiciu;  qu.  from  nioi.sture  or  putrefac- 
tion. In  W.  Tni«»  is  smoke,  which  may  be  allied  to 
Eng.  mujf (Tji,  from  dissolving,  wasting.  So  in  French 
fumrr,  to  smoke,  to  dung,  or  muck.  See  the  lleb. 
and  Cli.  verbs  under  Mi-cilage.  In  Riiss.  mochu  is 
to  moisten, and  makayu,  to  dip,  to  soak.] 

1.  Dung  in  a  moist  state,  or  a  mass  of  decaying  or 
putrefied  vegetable  matter. 

With  fattening  muck  besmear  the  roots.  Philipt. 


2.  Something  mean,  vjlr,  or  filthy. 
To  run  a  muck;  to  run  madly  anil  attack  all  we 
meet.  Hope.  Dnjdcn. 

Running  a  muck,  is  a  phrase  derived  from  the 
Mal.ays,  (in  who.se  language  amock  signifies  to  kill,) 
applied  to  desperate  persons  who  iiito.xirate  them- 
selves with  opium,  and  then  arm  themselves  with  a 
ilagger  and  nllempt  to  kill  ;ill  they  meet.  Kit.  Kncyc. 
MUCK,  I!.  (.    To  manure  with  muck.  Tu.iscr. 
MUCK'EN-DER,  n.    [Sp.  mocadero,  from  moco,  mucus  ; 
Fr.  inouchoir.] 
A  pocket  handkerchief.    [JVot  used.]  Dorset. 
MUCK'ER,  V.  t.    [from  muck.]    To  scrape  together 
money  by  mean  labor  or  shifts. 
[JVut  used  in  .dmerica.'j 
MUCK'ER-EK,  ;i.    A  miser ;  a  niggard.    [JVot  used.] 
MUCK'HkAP  )  Chaucer. 
MUCK'HIIlM        Aheapofmuck.  Burton. 
MUCK'I-.NESS,  n.    Filthiness  ;  nastincss.  Johnson. 
MUCK'LE,  a.    [Sax.  mycc/.] 

Much.  [Obs.] 
MUCK'RAKE,  n.    A  rake  for  turning  and  collecting 

muck.  Bunyan. 
MUCK'SWEAT,  (-swct,)  71.    Profuse  sweat.  .Minson. 
MUCK'U'OR.M,  (wurin,)  n.  A  worm  that  lives  in  muck. 
2.  A  miser ;  one  wlio  scrapes  together  money  by 
mean  labor  and  devices.  Bunyan. 
MUCK'Y,  a.    Filthy  ;  nasty.  Spenser. 
MO'eOR,  71.    [L.]    Moldiness.    A  genus  of  Fungi. 
All  mold  is  considered  to  consist  of  small  fungi  or 
mushrooms. 

MU-CO'SO-SAe'eilA-RINE,  (  rlne  or  -rin,)  a.  Par- 
taking of  the  qualities  of  mucilage'hnd  sugar. 

Fuurcroy. 

.MO'COUS,  (mu'kus,)  a.  [Sec  Mi'cus.]  Pertaining 
to  mucus  or  resembling  it ;  slimy,  ropy,  and  lubri- 
cous ;  as,  a  mucous  substance. 

2.  Secreting  a  slimy  substance  ;  as,  the  ttiucoiu 
membrane. 

The  mucous  membrane  lines  all  the  cavities  of  the 
body  which  open  externally,  and  secretes  the  llujd 
called  muciut.  Bichat. 
MCeOUS-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  mucous; 
sliminess. 

MC'CRO-NATE,  )  a.  [L.  mucronatus,  from  77ii«»-o, 
MO'eitO-NA-TED,  )    a  point.] 

Narrowed  to  a  point ;  terminating  in  a  point. 
MCeU-LENT,  n.    [L.  iTiucu/nifu.*.]  [Woodward. 

Slimy  ;  moist  ami  moderately  viscous. 
MO'CUS,  71.  [L.  Sec  Mt  ciLAOE  and  *Muck.]  A 
viscid  fluid  secreted  by  the  mucous  membrane,  which 
it  serves  to  moisten  and  defend,  ft  covers  the  lining 
membranes  of  all  the  cavities  which  open  external- 
ly, such  as  those  of  the  mouth,  n  se,  lungs,  intesti- 
nal canal,  urinary  passages,  &.c.  It  differs  from  gela- 
tine. Parr.  Urc. 
In  the  action  of  chewing,  the  thucus  mixelh  witlt  the  aliment. 

Arbulhnot. 

2.  This  term  has  also  been  applied  to  other  animal 
fluids  of  a  viscid  quality,  as  the  synovial  tluid,  which 
hibricites  the  cavities  of  the  joints. 

MUl),n.  [V).moddcr;G.moder.  (See  Mother.)  E< 
Tfiv  avTnv  avpirh'turji  Tov  irifcvparoi  tjfi'rro  poiT. 
Tout"  nt  tj  i^uciv  tXvf,  ut^c  v^aruSov^  t^i^cui  artxptv. 
Mot,  id  est,  mod :  riiirnices  ita  scribebant.  Bochart, 
I'hten.  lib.  2,  cap.  2. 

This  is  said  to  be  a  fragment  of  Sanchonianthon's 
Pheiiici.an  hislor>',  translated  by  Pliilo  and  preserved 
by  Eusebiiis.  i'liis  Phenician  word  mod,  /iwx,  ren- 
dered in  Gr.  iX"s,  is  precisely  the  F^nglish  mud,  the 
matter,  material,  or  substance  of  which,  according 
to  the  ancients,  all  things  were  formed.  See  Castel. 
(Col.aoiU,)and  the  woril  Muther.  Plutarch,  de  Iside, 
says  the  Egyptians  called  Isis  muUi,  that  is  mother. 
This  is  a  remarkable  fart,  and  proves  beyond  contro- 
versy the  common  origin  of  the  Phenician,  Celtic, 
and  Teuliuiic  nations.  Mud  may  (lerliaps  be  named 
from  wetness,  and  be  connected  with  L.  madeo,  Gr. 
ftv^ai<i,  W.  micydatr,  to  wet.] 

Moist  and  soft  earth  of  any  kind,  such  as  is  found 
in  marshes  and  swamps,  at  the  bottom  of  rivers  and 
ponds,  or  in  highways  after  rain. 

MUD,  r.  t.    To  bury  in  iiitiil  or  slime.  Shak. 
2.  To  make  turbid  or  foul  with  dirt ;  to  stir  the 
sediment  in  liquors.  Glanvillc. 

MUI)'1)1-A:I),  (iimd'did,)  pp.  or  a.  Soiled  with  mud; 
ri  ndered  turbid  ;  confused  in  mind. 

MUD'Dl-I.Y,  adv.  [from  miuWy.]  Turbidly ;  with 
foul  mixture ;  cluiiitily. 

I.ucilius  —  writ  loosely  and  muddUy.  Dryden, 

MUD'DI-.XESS,  n.    Tiirbidness;  foulness  caused  by 
mini,  dirt,  or  sediment;   as,  the  muddiness  of  a 
stream.  Jlddison. 
2.  Firruratively,  intellectual  cloudiness  or  dullness. 

MUD'DI.E,  V.  f.  [from  mud.]  To  make  foul,  turbid, 
or  muddy,  as  water. 

He  did  ill  to  muddlt  the  water.  L'Ettmnge. 
2.  To  intoxicate  partially;  to  cloud  or  stupefy,  par- 
ticularly with  liquor. 


lie  was  often  drunk,  always  mwidltd. 
Kpicurus  seems  tw  luve  had  his  braiiu  muddled. 


ArbnOinot. 
Bentley. 


MUD'DLED,  pp.  Made  turbid  ;  half  drunk;  stupefied. 


MUD'DM.N'O,  ;ipr.    Making  fi.iil  with  dirt  or  dregs; 

making  half  liriink  ;  stiipi  fyiiig. 
.MUD'DY,  a.     [fnmi  mud.]    Foul  with  dirt  or  fine 

earlliy  |iarticles ;  tiirbiil,  ns  water  or  other  fluids  ;  as, 

a  muddy  streiiiii.  Water  running  on  fine  clay  always 

appears  muddy. 
2.  Coiituiiiiiig  mud  ;  as,  a  muddy  ditch  ;  a  muildy 

road.  Shak. 
.3.  Dirty  ;  dashed, soiled, or  besmeared  with  mud; 

as,  muddy  boots. 

4.  Consisting  of  mud  or  earth  ;  gross  ;  impure  ;  as, 
this  muddy  vesture  of  decay.  Shak. 

5.  Dark  ;  of  the  color  of  mud;  as,  muddy  checks. 

SvotfU 

6.  Cloudy  in  mind  ;  dull ;  heavy  ;  stupid. 

Dost  think  1  am  so  muddy  t  Shak. 
MUD'DY,  r.  t.    To  soil  with  mud  ;  to  dirty  ;  to  render 
turbid. 

2.  To  cloud  ;  to  make  dull  or  heai'y.  Grew. 

MIJD'DY-I.N'G,  jrpr.  Soiling  with  mud;  rendering 
ttirbii]  ;  clouding. 

MUD'DY-HEAD'ED,  (  hcd'ed,)  a.  Having  adull  un- 
derstanding. 

MUD'DY-.MET'TLED,  a.    Dull-spirited.  Shak. 
MUD'-FISIl,  71.    A  fish,  a  species  of  the  ryprinus 

kind.  Diet.  JVuf.  Hist. 

MUD'-SII.L,  71.    In  bridges,  the  sill  that  is  laid  at  the 

botttun  of  a  river,  lake,  &.e.    [See  .Sill.] 
MUD'-SUCK-ER,  71     An  aquatic  fowl.  Derham. 
MUO'-\VAI,L,  n.    A  wall  composed  of  mud,  or  of 

materials  laitl  in  mud  without  mortar.  Soutk. 
2.  A  bird  ;  the  apiaster.  Ainsieorth, 
iMUD' -WALE-AD,  a.    Having  a  mud  wall.  Prior. 
.MI'D'WORT,  (miid'wurt,)  n.  A  species  of  Liuiosclla, 

the  least  water  plantain.  Lee. 
MCE.    See  .Mew. 

.MU-EZ'ZIN,  7u  A  .Mohammedan  crier  of  the  hour  of 
prayer. 

MUFF,  71.  [Dan.  muff  or  muffe  ;  D  77in/;  G.  muff;  Fr. 
moiijle,  mittens  ;  Sp.  mufias,  thick  glovi!s.] 

A  warm  cover  for  receiving  the  h;inds,  usually 
made  of  fur  or  dressed  skins.        Locke.  Dryden. 
MUF'FIN,  71.    A  light,  round,  spongy  cake,  baked  on 
a  griddle,  and  buttered  fur  the  less  substantial  meals. 

Siuurt. 

MUF'FLE,  V.  t.  [D.  moffrlen ;  G.  muffeln ;  It.  ca- 
muffare,  to  disguise  or  mask.] 

1.  'J'o  cover  from  the  weather  by  cloth,  fur,  or  any 
garment;  to  ctiver  close,  particularly  the  neck  and 
face. 

You  muBl  be  mujjted  up  like  ladies.  Dryden. 
The  face  lies  mujjled  up  wiUiin  tiie  garment.  Adaiton. 

2.  To  blindfold. 

Alas!  that  luve  whose  view  is  mu^erf  still.  Shak. 
He  muj/led  with  a  clontl  his  niournlul  eyes.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cover  ;  to  conceal  ;  to  involve. 


They  were  ui  former  n 


darkness  and  snpeixtitinn. 

Arl/utlinot. 


4.  In  seamanship,  to  put  matting  or  other  soft  sub- 
stance round  an  oar,  to  prevent  its  making  a  noise. 

5.  To  wind  something,  as  cloth,  &c.,  round  the 
strings  of  a  drum  to  prevent  a  sharp  sound,  or  to 
render  the  sound  grave  and  solemn. 

MUF'FI.E,  V.  i.  To  mutter;  to  speak  indistinctly,  or 
without  clear  articulation.  JIvtdcr, 

.MUF'FLE,  71.    [Sp.  miijla.] 

In  rhemistnt  and  vietallurrry,  an  oven-shaped  ves- 
sel, used  fur  the  purification  of  gtdd  and  silver  by 
means  of  a  cupel  made  of  bone  ashes.  Silliman. 

MUF'FL/CD,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  closely,  especially 
about  the  face  ;  involved  ;  blindfolded. 
Muffled  dram.    See  the  verb  .Mi  kkle. 

MUF'FLER,  71.  A  cover  for  the  face;  a  p,art  of  fe- 
male dress.  Shak.  Jirbutkiiot, 

MUF'FLING,  ppr.  Covering  closely,  especially  about 
the  face  ;  wrapping  close;  involving;  blindfolding. 

MUF'FLON,  71.    The  wild  sheep,  or  miismon. 

MUF'TI,  (muf'ly,)  n.  An  ofliiial  expoiinderof  .Moham- 
medan law,  in  Turkey.  There  is  one  in  every  large 
town,  and  over  all  these  the  Mufti  of  Constantinople 
exercises  an  influence  and  control.  P.  Cyc. 

.MUG,  71.  [I  know  not  whence  drriv(?d.]  A  kind  of 
earthen  or  nuttal  cup,  from  which  liquors  are  drank. 
In  .America,  the  word  is  applied  chiefly  or  solely  to 
an  earthen  cup. 

MUri'GARD,  a.  [See  MuaoT.]  SuUen  ;  displeased. 
IjVot  in  i/.*e.] 

MUG'GENT,  7u    A  species  of  wild  fresh-water  duck. 

DieU  A'al.  HUU 
MUG'GY,     j  a.    [W.  miecan,  a  cloud  of  fog  ;  mmg, 
MUG'GISH, )     smoke;  or  from  the  riwt  of  muck.] 

1.  Moist;  damp;  moldy;  as,  mu^^y  stniw. 

Mortimer, 

2.  Moist,  or  damp  and  close  ;  warm  and  unelastic; 
as,  muiTiry  air.  [  This  is  the  principal  use  of  iht  word 
in  .America.] 

MUG'IIOUSE,  71,    [from  tiiuo-.]    An  alehouse. 

Tickd. 

MO'GI-ENT,  a.    [I,,  mugio,  to  bellow.] 

Lowing  ;  bellowing.    [A'ot  used.]  Brown. 

MUG'WEED,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  V.alantia. 

MUG'WORT,  77.    [Sax.  muiTiri^.) 

An  herb  of  the  genus  .\rtemisia.  Pnrtingltn. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


735 


MUL 

MU-LAT'TO,  n. ;  pi.  Mvlattoes.  [Sp.  mulatn,  that 
is,  nulled,  of  a  mixed  breed,  from  mulo,  L.  viutus,  a 
mule  ;  Fr.  mu?/i(rc] 

A  person  tliat  is  the  offspring  of  a  negress  by  a 
white  man,  or  of  a  white  woman  by  a  negro. 
MUI/SKK-RY,  n.    [Sw.  mulbar  ;  G.  maulbeere.] 

The  berry  or  fruit  of  a  tree  of  the  genus  Morus  ; 
also,  the  tree. 

MUL'BER-RY-TREE,  n.   The  tree  which  produces 

the  mulberry. 
MULCH,  71.    [Heb.  T^'ya,  to  dissolve.] 

Half-rotten  straw.  Bailey. 
MULCT,  n.   {L.  inulcta,  OT  miilla.'] 

A  fine  imposed  on  a  person  guilty  of  some  offense 
or  misdemeanor,  usually  a  pecuniary  fine. 
MULCT,  I'.  «.    [L.  7nii/c(o  ;  Fr.  mulcter.] 

To  fine  ;  to  punish  for  an  offense  or  misdemeanor 
by  imposing  a  pecuniary  fine.  Bacon. 
MULC  T'ED,  pp.  Fined  ;  punished  by  a  pecuniary  fine. 
MULCT'li-A-RV,  a.    Imposing  a  pecuniary  penalty. 

Ovcrburij. 

MOLE,  n.  [Sp.  and  It.  mulo  ;  L.  mtilus  :  Sax.  mid  ;  D. 
7nm7,  or  muilezel ;  G.  maulesel :  Sw.  vitilasne  i  Dan. 
mule;  Fr.  id. :  Arm.  mitlrs  ;  Ir.innile;  W.  mul.  The 
latter  signifies  a  mule,  ami  basliful,  simple.] 

1.  A  (luadruped  of  a  inongn-l  breed,  usually  gener- 
ated between  an  ass  and  a  mare,  sometimes  lietween 
a  horse  and  a  she-ass.  liut  the  name  is  apiilied  to 
any  animal  produced  by  a  mi.\ture  of  different  spe- 
cies. Encijc. 

2.  A  plant  or  vegetable  produced  by  impregnating 
the  pistil  of  one  species  with  the  farin  or  fecundating 
dust  of  another.    This  is  called  also  a  HyBnio. 

Encijc.  J^Iartyn. 

3.  An  instrument  used  in  spinning  cotton ;  called 
also  a  Mule-jenny. 

Ml'LE'-SPIN-NER,  n.    One  who  spins  on  a  mule. 
MU-LET-EER',  «.    [It.  mulattiere  ;  Fr.  mulctier.] 

One  who  drives  mules. 
MC'LE'WORT,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Hemionilis. 
MU-LI-Eli'RI-TY,  71.    [from  L.  midiebris,  (rum  mulicr, 
a  woman.] 

Womanhood  ;  the  state  of  being  a  woman  ;  a  state 
in  females  corresponding  to  virility  in  man  ;  also,  ef- 
feminacy J  softness. 

MO'LI-ER,  7t.  [L.]  In /a;f,  lawful  issue  born  in  wed- 
lock, though  hejiullen  before.  Encyc. 

MPL'ISH,  a.    Like  a  mule  ;  sullen  ;  stubborn. 

MC'L'ISII-LY,  adi\    Slulibiirnly,  like  a  mule. 

MCL'I.SH-NES.S,  7(.  Obstinacy  or  stubbornness,  as  of 
a  mule. 

MULL,  V.  t.  [Qn.  L.  inollio,  to  soften,  or  W.  mwll, 
warm,  or  Sp.  iiittllir^  to  beat.] 

1.  To  soften,  or  bring  down  in  spirit ;  or  to  heat, 
sweeten,  and  enrich  with  spices  ;  as,  to  mull  wine. 

Drink  n?\v  cltlcr,  mulled  vvilh  ginger  warm.  Gay, 

9.  To  dispirit  (ir  deaden.  Shak. 
MULL,  n.  In  Sciitti.-:/!,  a  term  almost  synonymous  with 
Cape  itr  Headland. 

2.  A  snuff-box  made  of  the  small  end  of  a  horn. 
[Oft..-.] 

3.  Dirt  ;  rubbish.  [Obs.] 

MULL,  71.    A  thin,  soft  kind  of  muslin,  called  also 

Ml'LI.-MI'LL. 

MUL'  1^,  n.  The  name  of  a  priest  among  the  Tartars. 
Ml'L-L  \-C;A-TAVV'N'Y,  71.    Lilrralhj,  pepper-water; 

the  name  of  an  East  Indian  curry  soup.  Sinurt. 
MUL'LEN,  I  n.    [OU\  Fr.  molene;  probably  so  named 
MUL'LEI.\,  i     from  the  root  of  L.  moHu,  soft.  So  in 

Ger.  woll/:rfiut,  wind-plant.] 

A  well-known    plant  of  the  genus  Verbascum, 

growing  in  roads  and  neglected  fields. 
MUL'I^ER,  /'.    [Fr.  7jio/icre,  molctte ;  L..  molarii,  from 

mola,  a  inill-slone. ] 

1.  A  stone  he  ld  m  the  hand  with  which  colors  and 
other  matters  are  ground  on  another  stone  ;  used  by 
painters  and  apothecaries.  Bailri/.  Ilr/ierf. 

2.  An  instrument  used  by  glass-grinders,  being  a 
piece  of  wimxI  with  the  piece  of  glass  to  be  ground 
cemented  to  one  end,  either  convex  in  a  basin,  or 
concave  in  a  sphere  or  bowl.  Jlrbn-t. 

MUL'LET,  11.  [Fr.  mulel,  a  mullet, and  a  great  mule; 
Gr.  /iirAA  <5  ;  L.  mullu.t.] 

\.  A  fish  of  the  genus  .Mugil.  The  lips  arc  membra- 
naceous, ihe  inferior  one  carinated  inward  ;  it  has 
no  teeth,  and  the  body  is  of  a  whitish  color.  This 
fi.Hli  freqii(*nts  the  shore,  and  roots  in  the  sand  like  a 
hog.    It  is  an  excellent  fish  for  the  table.  Ennje. 

2.  In  hrraJdry,  a  figure  in  shape  like  the  rowel  of  a 
8piir,  iiHi.'il  as  Ihe  filial  distinction  of  tin:  third  son. 

MUL'LI-GRI.'IIS,  71.  A  twisting  of  the  intestines; 
snilclinesi.    [.^  Inm  word.] 

MUL'LIOX,  (iiiiil'yun  )  n.    [Fr.  TTioii/iirc.] 

An  upright  bar  or  division  in  a  window-frame. 

MUL'LIO.N,  V.  L  To  shape  into  divisions  by  mul- 
limis.  i'Wt. 

ML'L'LION  /,T),  pp.    Shaped  into  divisions  by  mul- 

MIIL'LOCK,  71.    Rubbish.  [lions. 

MULSE,  71.    [Ij.  vwhu.i.] 

Wine  boiled  and  mingled  with  honey, 

MULT-AN"<;i;  LAR,  o.  [  L.  7ii«(/u..,  many,  and  nn- 
gulut,  angle  ;  lioiiquc,  nwla,  a  iiiiiltituUe  ;  midUa, 
much  1 


MUL 

Having  many  ansles  ;  polygon.al.  Marlyn, 
MULT-AN"GU-LAR-LY,  (-aiig'gu-lar-le,)  ai/e.  With 

many  aiigles'or  corners.  Qrew. 
MULT-AN"GU-LAR-NESS,  n.    Tlie  state  of  being 

polygonal. 

MULT-AE-Tie'XJ-LATE,  a.    Having  many  joints. 

Brandr. 

MUL-Tk'I-TY,  ji.   The  state  of  being  many  ;  multi- 
plicity. C'olerulite. 
MUL-TI-CAP'SU-LAR,  o.     [L.  multas,  many,  and 
capsula^  a  chest.] 

In  butanii,  having  many  capsules.  Marlyn. 
MUL-TI-CA'VOUS,  a.  [L.  hii//(«s,  and  cacKS,  hollow.] 

Having  many  holes  or  cavities.  Vict. 
MUL-Tl-DEN'TATE,  a.    [L.  7k«/(hs  and  dens.] 

Armed  with  many  teeth. 
MUL-TI-Fa'RI-OUS,  <i.    [L.  77i«/((/i!rm5.   Qu.  Eoriiis.] 
Having  great  multiplicity;  having  great  diversity 
or  variety  ;  as,  mallifarious  artifice.  More. 
MUL-TI-Fa'RI-OUS-LY,  adn.   With  great  multiplici- 
ty and  diversity;  with  great  variety  of  modes  and  re- 
lations. Bentlet/. 
MUL-TI-Fa'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.    Multiplied  diversity. 
MUL'TI-FID,  a.    [L.  multifid"^  i  multus,  many,  and 
findo,  to  divide.]  ' 
Having  many  divisions  ;  many-cleft ;  divided  into 
several  parts  by  linear  sinuses  and  straigiit  margins  ; 
as,  a  multifid  I'  af  or  corol.  Marlyn, 
MUL-TIF'ID-OUS,  a.  Having  many  divisions  or  par- 
titions. 

MUL-TIF'LO-ROUS,  a.  [L.  inultus,  many,  and  fios, 
flower.] 

Many-floweied  ;  having  many  flowers.  Martyn, 
MUL'TI-FoLD,  a.    Many  limes  doubled  ;  manifbid  ; 
numerous. 

MUL'TI-FORM,  a.  [L.  muUiformis;  mukus,  many, 
and  ftirina,  form.] 

Having  many  forms,  shapes,  or  appearances;  as, 
the  midtifiirm  operations  of  the  air-pump.  Watts. 
MUL-TI-FOR.M'I-TY,  7i.    Diversity  of  forms  ;  variety 
of  shapes  or  appearances  in  the  same  thing.  Johnson, 
MUL-TI-FOR.M'OUS,  a.    Having  many  forms. 

Taylor. 

MUL-TI-GEN'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  multiffetius;  multas, 
many,  and  genus^  kind.] 

Having  many  kinds.  Diet. 
MUL-TI-Ju'GOUS,  a,    [L.  multus,  many,  and  juo-uTn, 
a  yoke,  a  pair.] 
Consisting  of  many  pairs. 
MUL-Tl-LAT'ER-AL,  a.    [L.  multus,  many,  and  la- 
tus,  side.] 

Having  many  sides.    A  multilateral  figure  must 

also  be  niuttangiihir. 
MUL-Tl-LIN'E-AL,  a.    Having  many  lines. 
MUL-Tl-LOC'U-LAR,  a.    [L.  multus,  many,  and  loc- 

ulus,  a  cell.] 

Having  many  cells  or  compartments ;  as,  a  multi- 
locular  shell. 

MUL-TIL'O-QUENCE,  ji.  Use  of  many  words  ;  talk- 
ativeness. Mams 

MUL-TIL'O-QUOUS,  a.    [L.  multus,  many,  and  lo- 
quirr,  to  speak.] 
Speakinfe  much  ;  very  talkative  ;  loquacious.  Diet. 

iMUL-Tl-N'0'I)ATE,  a.    Having  many  knots. 

MUL-Tl-NO'Ml-AL,  a.  or  71.    In  alfrebra.    See  Polv- 

NOMl  AL. 

■MUL-Tl-NOM'IN-AI,,  (  o.  [L.  miiZ(«s,  many,  and 
MUL-TI-NO;M'IN-OUS,  \     nomen,  name.] 

Having  many  names  or  terms.  Diet. 
MUL-TIP'A-ROUS,  o.    [L.  multus,  many,  and  pario, 
to  hear.] 

Producing  many  at  a  birth.    A  serpent  is  a  multip- 
araus  animal. 

MUL-TIP'AR-TITE,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and  parti- 
tas, divided.] 

Divided  into  many  parts  ;  having  several  parts. 

.MUL'TI-PED,  H.    [L.  multu.1,  many,  and  pes,  foot.] 
An  insert  that  has  many  feet. 

MUL'TI-PED,  (I.    Having  many  feet. 

MI'L'Tl-PLE,  (niul'te-pl,)  a.    [L.  multiplct;  multus, 
nian>',  and  plico,  to  fold.] 
Containing  many  times. 

MUL'TI-PLE,  71.  In  malhematics,  a  quantity  which 
contains  another  a  certain  number  of  times  without 
a  remainder.  A  common  multiple  of  two  (it  mure 
numbers  contains  each  of  them  a  certain  number  of 
times  exactly  ;  thus  24  is  a  common  mulliplc  of  3  and 
4.  Hut  the  least  common  multiple  is  the  least  number 
that  will  do  this;  thus  12  is  the  least  common  multiple 
of  3  and  4. 

iMULH  l-PLEX,  <j.  [L.]  Manyfold  ;  having  petals 
lying  over  each  other  in  folds.  Marltiu. 

MUL'TI-1'LI-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  Sec  Multiflv.]  'I'liat 
ma\'  be  nmltiplied. 

MUL  ri  I'LI'A-IILE-NESS,  n.  Capacity  of  being 
miilti|ilii  d. 

MUL' 11  I'LLCA  IlLE,  a.    That  may  be  multiplied. 
MUL-TI  I'LI-CAND',  71.  [U  multiplicandus.  See  Mul- 
TiPLy.] 

In  arillimrlic,  the  number  to  be  multiplied  by  an- 
other, which  is  culled  lh<'  multiplier. 
MUL'TI  PLI  CATE,  a.    [L.  muHiplir.ntus.] 

1.  (■onsjsiing  of  many,  or  more  than  one.  Drrham. 

2.  A  muUiplicate.  Ilower  is  a  sort  of  liiMiriant  flow- 


MUL 

er,  having  the  corol  multiplied  so  far  as  to  exclude 
only  some  of  the  stamens.  Martyn, 
MUL-TI-l'Li  eA'TKJN,  n.    [L.  multiplicalio.] 

1.  The  act  of  multiplying  or  of  increasing  number  ; 
as,  the  multiplication  of  the  human  species  by  natural 
generation. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  a  rule  or  operation  by  which  any 
given  numlier  may  be  repeated  or  added  to  itself  any 
number  of  times  proposed.  Thus  10  multiplied  by  5 
is  increased  to  .50. 

MUL'Tl-PLI-CA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  multiply  ; 
having  the  power  to  multiply  or  increase  numbers. 

Med.  Repos. 

MUL-TI-PLI-CA'TOR,  71.  The  number  by  which  an- 
other number  is  multiplied  ;  a  multiplier. 

.MUL-Tl-PLI"CIOUS,  (-plish'us,)  a.  Manifold.  [JVat 
used.^ 

MUL-Tl-PLIC'I-TY,  (-plis'e-te,)  n.  [Fr.  multiplicite, 
from  L.  multiple!.] 

1.  A  state  of  being  many ;  as,  a  multiplicity  of 
thoughts  or  objects. 

2.  Many  of  the  same  kind.  The  pagans  of  an- 
tiquity had  a  muhiplicUy  of  deities. 

MUL'Tl-PLI-£D,  ;7/i.  or  a.  Increased  in  numbers; 
repeated. 

2.  Numerous;  often  repeated  ;  as,  multiplied  ag- 
gressions. 

MUL'Tl-PLl-ER,  71.  One  who  multiplies,  or  in- 
creases number. 

2.  1'he  number  in  arithmetic  by  which  another  is 
multiplied. 

MUL'TI-PLY,  V,  t.  [L.  multiplico ;  multus,  many, 
and  plico,  to  fold  or  double,  Gr.  ttXcko),  W.  plygu, 
Fr.pUer,  multiplier.] 

1.  To  increase  in  number;  to  make  more  by  natu- 
ral generation  or  production,  or  by  addition  ;  as,  to 
multiply  men,  horses,  or  other  animals;  to  multiply 
evils. 

I  will  multiply  my  sijriis  and  wonders  in  E^pt.  —  Ex.  vii. 
Inipunitv  will  multiply  motives  tu  liisobedicnco.  Ames, 

2.  In  arithmetic,  to  repeat  or  add  to  itself  any 
given  number  as  many  limes  as  there  are  units  in 
any  other  given  number.  Thus  7  X  8  =  5(),  that  is,  7 
multiplied  by  8  produces  the  number  5li. 

MUL'TI-PL?,  V.  i.    To  grow  or  increase  in  number. 

Be  Ihiitful  and  multiply.  —  Gen.  i. 

Wlien  men  beg  in  to  multiply  oti  the  face  of  the  earth. — Gen.  vi. 

2.  To  increase  in  extent ;  to  extend ;  to  spread. 
The  wonl  of  Goil  grew  and  multiplied.  —  Acts  xU. 
MUL'TI-PLS*-ING,  ppr.    Increasing  in  number  ;  re- 
peating. 

2.  Growing  or  becoming  numerous. 

MUL'TI-PL-f-LNG-GLASS,  71.  A  glass  or  lens  which 
represents  a  single  object  to  the  eye  as  if  it  were 
many.  It  consists  of  several  plane  surf  ices,  dis- 
posed into  a  convex  form,  through  every  one  of 
which  the  object  is  seen.  llutton. 

iMUL-TIP'O-TEN'T,  a.  [L.  multipotens ;  multus,  many, 
much,  and  potens,  powerful.] 

Having  manifold  power,  or  power  to  do  many 
things  ;  as,  Jove  multipoteut.  S/iah. 

MUL-TI-FRES'ENCE,  71,  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
pneseutia,  presence.] 

The  power  or  act  of  being  present  in  many  places 
at  once,  or  in  more  places  than  one.  Hall. 

MUL-TLRA'Dl-ATE,  a.    Having  many  rays. 

MUL-TIS'CIOUS  (uml-tish'us,)  a.  [L.  multiscius.] 
Having  variety  of  knowledge. 

MUL-TI-SIL'I-UUOUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
sUi/jua,  a  pod.j 

ilaving  many  pods  or  seed-vessels.  Bailey, 

MUL-TIS'O-MOUS,  a.  fL.  multus,  many,  and  .^ouus, 
sound.] 

Haying  many  sounds,  or  sounding  much.  Bailey, 
MUL-Tl-SPI'R.'iL,  a     [I-.  multus  and  spirit.] 

In  conchology,  a  term  applied  to  the  opercula  of 
shells  which  exhibit  numerous  coils  rtmnd  a  sub- 
median  center.  Bruude. 
MUL-TI-STRT'ATE,  a.    Having  many  streaks. 
MUL-TI-SYL'LA-liLE,  >i.    A  word  of  many  sylla- 
bles ;  a  (xdysy  liable. 

[The  latter  is  mostly  used.] 
MUL'TI-TUDE,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  miitiitudo,  from 
multus,  many.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  many  ;  a  great  number. 

2.  A  number  collectively  ;  the  sum  of  many.  JIale. 

3.  A  great  number,  indefinitely. 

It  ia  (V  fault  in  a  multitude  t>(  preachcm,  Uiat  they. iilterly  ii'-glecl 
method  in  their  harunguns.  H'attt. 

4.  A  crowd  or  throng  ;  the  populace  ;  npidicd  to 
the  populace  when  asst  uibled  in  gn  at  numbers,  and 
to  the  mass  of  men  without  refej-enco  to  an  assem- 
blage. 

He  the  rnat  hiwtlnf;  multitude  adniirei.  Addifon. 
The  muttitud*  have  alwayk  been  creilnloui,  ahtl  the  few  artful, 

J.  Adatnt. 

MUL-TI-TO'DIN-A-RY,  a.  Multiliidinous  ;  mani- 
fold. 

MUL-TI-TC'DIN-OU'S,  a.    Consisting  of  a  multitude 
or  greal  number, 
a.  Having  Ihe  appiarauce  of  a  multitude;  as,  the 

Vlullitudinous  sea,  Slioli. 

3.  Manifoltl  ;  as,  Ihe  7»u//tff7r/i;rnt/,if  tongue.  Shak. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PUBY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


TS6 


MUM 


MUN 


MUR 


MUL-Tr  rC'DIN-OUS-LY,  adv  In  a  niullitudinous 
ttrmner. 

MUL-TIV'A-GAIVT,  )  „  ,.  i 
MUL-Tl  V'A-GOUS,  j       t^"  '"«'"<"'ST"-] 

Wiiiidcrinc  iiiiicii.    [JVot  ustd  J  CiX. 
MUI/TI-VAI.VE.  ?i.    [L.  7Bu(«U4-,  many,  and  valva, 
valvi'^,  Tolding  cloors.] 

A  inuUusk  which  has  a  shell  of  many  valves. 

(  mul'TI'-valv^u-lar,  i  «•  -"""y 

JIUI.-TIV'ER-SAiNT,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
t>er(o,  to  Turin.] 

I'rutenn ;  turning  into  many  shapes ;  assuming 
many  furnis.  Journ.  of  Sciencr. 

MUL-'I'IVI-OUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and  ria,  way.] 
Ilavinp  many  ways  or  roads.    [Little  u.<ed.]  Diet, 
MUL-TO'CA,n.    The  Turkish  code  of  law.  Bramle. 
MUI^TOe'li-LAK,  o.    [L.  »iu/(uj,  many,  and  oculuj, 
ey.-.] 

Having  many  cye.i,  or  more  eyes  tlian  two. 

Derham. 

MOL'TOM  IjV  PAR'VO.  [L.]  Much  in  a  little 
compnss. 

MIJLT-UN"GU-LATE,  a.    Having  tlie  hoof  divided 

into  more  than  two  parts.  Bramlr. 
MUL'TIIRE,  n.    [L.  Mo/itura,  a  grinding.    Pec  Mii.i.] 

1.  In  ScoLs  law,  the  toll  or  eiiiuluineiit  given  lu  thi' 
proprietor  of  a  mill  for  grinding  grain.  Eneyc. 

2.  A  grist  or  grinding. 

MUM,  a.    [See  Mumhle,  Mimm,  and  MLMsiEBr.] 

1.  Silent ;  not  spuaking. 

The  citizens  are  mum  ;  v\y  not  n  won].  SJiak. 
S.  As  an  exclamation  or  conunand  ;  be  silent ;  Ifush. 
Mum  then,  and  no  more  proco'd.  Shak, 

3.  As  a  W0U7I,  silence.  Hudibriu. 
MUM,  n.    [G.  and  Dan.  mi/mme;  D.  mom.] 

A  species  of  malt  liquor  much  used  in  Germany. 
It  is  made  of  the  malt  of  wheat,  seven  bushels,  with 
one  bushel  of  oatmeal  and  a  biisliel  of  ground 
beans,  or  in  the  same  proportion.  1'liis  is  brewetl 
with  133  gallons  of  water,  and  boiled  till  one  third  is 
evaix)nued.  Encxje. 

MU.M'-BUD6'ET,infcrj.  [mum  nnii  builirel,]  An  ex- 
pression denoting  secrecy  as  well  as  silence ;  used  in 
a  contemptuous  or  ludicrous  manner. 

MU.M'-CHANCE,  n.  A  game  of  hazard  with  cards. 
[Local.] 

2,  A  fool.  [Local.] 

MU.M'BLE,  r.  i.  [G.  mummcln  ;  D.  momelen,  mompe- 
len;  Sw.  mumla  ;  Dan.  mumlrr.  This  word  seems  to 
be  connected  with  mum,  in  the  sense  of  closeijess  of 
the  lips.] 

1.  To  mutter ;  to  speak  with  the  lips  or  other  or- 
gans p,irlly  closed,  .so  as  to  render  the  sounds  in.ir- 
ticulate  and  iraiierfect ;  to  utter  words  with  a  grum- 
bling tone. 

Pence,  you  mumbHng  fool.  Sha};, 
-  A  uriiikli-«l  hn^,  with  tig»*  grown  double. 
Picking  dry  sticks  and  mumitling  to  licnM-lf.  Oluiy. 

2.  To  chew  or  bite  softly  ;  to  eat  with  the  lips 
close.  Drij'lcn. 

.BIU.M'BLE,  t  U   To  utter  with  a  low,  inarticulate 
-  voice. 

He  with  mumlttcd  prayers  atones  the  di-iiy.  Dryten, 
Q.  To  mouth  gently,  or  to  eat  with  a  muttering 
sound.  Pope. 

3.  To  suppress  or  utter  imperfectly.  Dnjdrn, 
MUM'BI.f;i),  pp.  or  a.    Uttered  Willi  a  low,  inarticu- 
late voice;  chewed  softly,  or  with  a  low,  muttering 
sound. 

MU.M'BL&XEWS,  (-nu7.e,)  ii.    A  kind  of  Lilebearer. 

MU.M'BLER,  n.  One  that  speaks  with  a  low,  inar- 
ticulate voice. 

MU.M'BLIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  with  a  low,  inar- 
ticulate voice ;  chewing  .sotXly,  or  with  a  grumbling 
sound. 

MUM'BLING-LY,  arfe.  With  a  low,  inarticulate  ut- 
terance. 

[Mumble  and  mutter  are  not  always  synonymous  ; 
mutter  often  expresses  peevishness,  which  mumble 
does  noL] 

MUMM,  r.  t.  [Dan.  mumme,  a  mask  ;  D.  mommen,  to 
mask  }  G.  mumme,  a  mask  or  muffle;  mummeln,  to 
mask,  to  mumble  ;  Fr.  muvnner  ;  Sw.  fiirmumma,  to 
personate  ;  probably  allied  to  the  Gr.  )j>.i>ia(,  Momus, 
the  deity  of  sport  and  ridicule,  a  biilTuon  ;  for,  in 
Rabbinic,  this  word  is  used  fur  a  mask.  Buxt.  1219. 
The  primary  sense  of  this  word  and  mum  is  evi- 
dently to  close,  shut,  or  cover.] 

To  mask  ;  to  sport  or  make  diversion  in  a  m.isk  or 
disguise.  Hubbrrd'n  Tale. 

MUM'MER,!!.  One  who  masks  himself,  and  makes 
diversion  in  disguise  ;  ori/rinalhj,  one  who  made 
sport  by  gestures  without  sjieakiiig. 

iuzgien  and  dancers,  antics,  mummtrt.  ASUton. 

MUM'MER-Y,  n.     [Fr.  momeric ;  Sp.  momeria.  See 

Ml  MM.] 

I.  .Masking  :  sport ;  diversion  ;  frolirkingin  masks  ; 
low,  coutemplibic  amusement ,  buli'oonery. 

_    .  Your  hiheni 

Dudained  the  mummtry  o(  forei^i  strull.-re.  F>nlon. 


2.  Farcical  show  ;  hypocritical  disguise  and  parade 
to  delude  vulgar  inliids. 
MUM-MI-FI-Ca'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  into  a 
mumniy. 

MU.M'.MI-FI-KD,  pp.    Made  into  a  mummy. 

MU.M'.MI-F()I:M,  u.    Re>enihliiig  a  intiininy. 

MUM'MI-FY,  v.t.  To  einbaliii  and  dry  as  a  mummy; 
to  make  into  a  niuininy.  Journ.  of  Science. 

MUM'MI-FV-ING,  ppr.    Making  into  a  mummy. 

MUM'.MI.NG,  n.    Tlie  sports  of  mummers. 

MU.M'.MING,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sports  of  mum- 
mers. 

MUM'MY,  »i.    [It.  jnummia  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  momi'u.  In 


Arabic, 


momia,  is  wax,  bees-wax,  and  a 


mummy  ;  Pcrs. ^ mourn,  wax.] 

1.  A  dead  human  hotly  embalmed  and  dried  after 
the  manner  of  Ilie  ancii  iit  Egyptians  ;  a  name  per- 
haps given  to  it  from  the  substance  used  in  preserv- 
ing it.  The  term  mummy  has  been  extended  so  as  to 
int  lude  the  bodies  of  men,  and  sometimes  of  ani- 
mals, which  are,  by  any  means,  preserved  in  a  ilry 
slate  from  the  process  of  putrefaction.        /'.  Cyc. 

2.  Among  ganleners,  a  sort  of  xvax  used  in  graft- 
ing and  planting  trees.  Cluimberx. 

To  beat  to  a  mummy  ;  to  beat  soundly  or  to  a  sense- 
less mass. 

MUM'MY-CHOG,  ii.    A  small  fish  of  the  carp  kind. 

Pennant. 

MUMP,  V.  t.  or  i.  [D.  mompen.  See  Mum  and  Mum- 
ble.]' 

1.  To  move  the  lips  with  the  mouth  almost  closed  ; 
hence,  to  nibble  ;  to  chew  with  continued  motion  ; 
as,  a  mumping  squirrel.  Otieaij. 

2.  To  t  ilk  low  and  quick. 

3.  To  implore  with  a  beggar's  accent  and  motion 
of  the  mouth.  AinsworUi.  Burke. 

4.  To  deceive  ;  to  cheat. 

MUMP'ER,  II.    A  beggar.  Johnson. 
MUMP'ING,  ;u   Begging  tricks  ;  foolish  tricks  ;  mock- 
ery. 

MUiMP'I\G,  ;ipr.    Chewing  with  continued  motion; 
nibbling. 
2.  Begeing  with  false  pretense. 
MUMP'ISH,  a.    Dull ;  heavy  ;  sullen  ;  sour. 
MUMP'ISH-LY,  a<yc.    Dully;  wearily. 
MUMPS,  71,    [See  Mum,  Mumble,  .Mumm  ] 

1.  Sullenness;  silent  displeasure.    [Little  used.] 

Skinner. 

2.  A  disease  ;  a  peculiar  and  specific  unsuppu- 
rative  inflammation  of  the  parotid  glands. 

MUNCH,  V.  U  [Perhaps  Fr.  manger,  or  from  the  same 
root.] 

To  chew  by  great  mouthfiils.    [f^ulgar.]  Shak. 

MUNCH,  V.  i.  To  chew  eagerly  by  great  mniithfuls. 
f  Vulisar.  ]  Drydcn. 

iMUNCH'ER,  71.    One  that  munches.  Johnsoiu 

iMUNCH'ING,  ppr.    Chewing  by  great  mouthfuls. 

MUND  [Sax.  muiirf,  protection,  patronage,  pi  acc]  is 
found  in  old  laws  ;  as,  mundbrece,  that  is,  a  breaking 
or  violatiim  of  the  peace.  It  is  retained  in  names, 
as  in  Edmund,  Sax.  eadmund,  happy  peace,  as  in  Gr. 
Irenaus,  Ilesyciiius.  Oibson. 

MUN'DaNE,  o.  [L.  niuiu2anus,  from  mundus,  the 
world.] 

Belonging  to  the  world  ;  as,  mundane  sphere  ;  mun- 
dane space.  Bentieu. 
MUN-DAN'I-TY,  71.   \Vorldliness.  [Jfotused.] 

Mountagu. 

MUN-DA'TION,  n.    [L.  mundus,  clean.] 

The  act  of  cleansing.    [J^ot  used.] 
MUN'DA-TO-RY,  a.    [L.  mundo,  to  cleanse.] 

Cleansing ;  having  power  to  cleanse.  [Little 
used.] 

MUN'Die,  n.  The  name  given  by  the  Cornish  miners 
to  iron  or  arsenical  pyrites.  Ure. 

MUN-DIF'I-€.\NT,  a.  [L.  muiidui,  clean,  ani  facio, 
to  make.] 

A  term  applied  to  certain  healing  and  cleansing 
ointments. 

MUN-DI-FI-Ca'TION,  71.    [L.  mundus,  clean,  and 

facio,  to  make.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  cleansing  any  body  from 

dross  or  extraneous  matter.  Quincy. 
MUN-DIF'I  CA-TIVE,  a.    Cleansing;  having  the 

power  to  cleanse.  WUemnn. 
MUN-DIF'I  CA-TIVE,  ti.    A  medicine  that  has  the 

quality  of  cleansing. 
MUN'DI-FY,  V.  t,    [L.  mundus,  clean,  and  facio,  to 

make.] 

To  cleanse.    [J.ittle  used.]  Harney. 
MUN-DIV'A-GANT,  n.    [L.  vnndus  and  ra^or,  va- 
gans.] 

Wandering  over  the  world. 
MUN-DUN"GUS,  ti.    Tobacco  of  an  ill  smell. 
MO'NER-A-RY,  a.    [L.  munas,  a  gift.] 

Having  the  nature  of  a  gift.  [LitUe  used.]  Johnson. 
MP'XEU-ATE,  MU-NER-A'TION.    [.Vot  used.]  See 
Remunerate. 


MUN"G1(EI.,  71.  rSee  MonunEL.]  An  animal  gen- 
eratetl  between  (lilferent  varieties,  as  a  dog. 

MUN"GREI.,  a.  Generated  between  differe  nt  varie- 
ties ;  tiegenerate.  Sliak.    Ihnjden.  ' 

MU-NIC'1-PAI-,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  municipals,  from 
municrps,  a  person  who  enjoys  the  rights  of  a  free 
citizen  ;  muniu,  office,  duty,  and  capin,  to  tak<.'.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  corporation  or  city;  as,  mumei- 
pal  rights  ;  municipal  officers. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  state,  kingdom,  or  nation. 

Municipal  tnw  is  nruprrly  defined  to  I«  a  rule  of  ciril  conduct 
I>n-schl-tl  by  tlie  suiiicnic  jwwcr  in  a  state.  Black$U37\e. 

Municipal,  as  used  by  the  Romans,  originally  des- 
igiiateil  that  which  pertained  to  a  municipium,  a  free 
city  or  town.    It  still  retains  this  limited  sense  ;  but 
we  have  extended  it  to  what  belongs  to  a  state  or  na- 
tion, as  a  distinct,  independent  body.  Municipal 
law  or  regulation  respects  solely  the  citizens  of  a 
state,  and  is  thus  distinguished  from  commercial  law, 
political  law,  and  the  law  of  nations. 
MU-NIC-I-PA1,'1-TY,  71.    In  Prance,  a  municipal  dis- 
trict.   In  A'eiB  Orleans,  a  district  of  the  city  corre- 
sponding to  a  ward. 
MU-MF'I-CaTE,  r.  i.   To  enrich.    [Jfot  in  u.ie.] 
MU-NIF'I-CENCE,  ti.     [Fr.,  from  L.  muni/Icenfia  ; 
munus,  a  gift  or  favor,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  A  giving  or  bestowing  liberally  ;  bounty  ;  libe- 
rality. To  constitute  mun\ficence,  the  act  of  confer- 
ring must  he  free,  and  proceed  from  generous  motives. 

A  state  of  poverty  obscures  all  Uie  Tinues  of  liberality  and  Tnu. 
nificence.  Adduon. 

2.  In  S;)e7isfr,  fortification  or  Strength.  [L.  munio, 
to  fortify.]    f  A'uf  used. J 

MU-NIF'I-CE.NT,  a.  Liberal  in  giving  or  bestowing; 
generous  ;  as,  a  munificent  benefactor  or  patron. 

.^tterbury. 

MU-NIF'I-CE.\T-LY,  ailr.    Liberally  ;  generously. 
Mf''NI-.MENT,  n.    [L.  muniTHCTitum,  from  muTito,  to 
fortify.] 

1.  A  fortification  of  any  kind ;  a  strong  hold  ;  a 
place  of  defense. 

2.  Support ;  defense.  SAoit. 

3.  In  law,  a  record  ;  a  writing  by  which  claims 
and  rights  arc  dcfendeil  or  maintained. 

Juhnson^s  Rep, 

MU-NITE',  r.  (.    To  fortify.    [JVof  in  use.]  Bacon. 

MU-NI"TION,  (mu-nish'iin,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  muni- 
tio,  from  7nunio,  to  fortify.  The  primary  sense  'S, 
that  which  is  set  or  fixed,  or  tli.it  whicJi  defends, 
drives  back,  or  hinders.    Indeed,  both  senses  may 

be  from  the  same  root,  Ileb.  and  Ch.  J,':D,  Ar. 

manaa,  or  Heb.  |0K,  aTnc7i.    Class  Mn,  No.  10,  12.] 

1.  Fortification.    [Ob.i.]  Hale. 

2.  Ammunition  ;  whatever  materials  are  used  in 
war  for  defense,  or  for  annoying  an  enemy.  The 
word  includes  guns  of  all  kinds,  mortars,  &c.,  and 
their  loading.  , 

3.  Provisions  of  a  garrison  or  fortress,  or  for  ships 
of  war,  and  in  general  for  an  army  ;  stores  of  all 
kinds  for  a  fort,  an  .army,  or  nn\y. 

Munition  ships  ,  ships  which  convey  militarj- and 
naval  stores  of  any  kind,  and  attend  or  follow  a  fleet 
to  supply  ships  of  war. 

MO'NI-TY,  71.  Freedom  ;  security.  [J^'ot  used.]  [See 
Immunity.] 

MUN-JEET',  11.   A  kind  of  madder  in  India. 

MUNN'ION,  (niun'yon,)  n.  [See  Mumtiox.]  An 
upright  piece  of  timber  which  separates  the  several 
lights  in  a  window-frame.    [See  Mcllio.n.]  Moion. 

MuivDS  I  '^^'^  mouth  and  chops,  [yulgar.] 

MC'RAGE,  71.    [L.  muT-us,  a  wall.] 

Money  paid  for  keeping  walls  in  repair.  Vermes 
de  la  ley.  Johnson. 
MC'R.AL,  a.  [L.  muralis,  from  murus,  a  wall  ;  \V. 
mur,  that  which  is  fixed  or  tirm  ;  muriau) :  to  fix  or 
establish.  It  seems  to  belong  to  the  root  of  moor,  to 
make  fast,  as  a  ship.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 

Soon  repaired  her  murrd  breach.  JV/i/lon. 

S.  Resembling  a  wall ;  perpendicular  or  steep ;  as, 
a  mural  precipice. 

Mural  circle  i  in  tLstronomy,  a  graduated  circle,  usu- 
ally of  very  large  size,  fixed  permanently  in  the 
plane  of  the  meridian,  and  attached  firmly  to  a  per- 
pendicular wall ;  used  fur  measuring  arcs  of  the  me- 
ridian. Olmsted. 

Mural  crown  ;  among  the  ancient  Romans,  }  golden 
crown  or  circle  of  gold,  indented  and  embattled, 
bestowed  on  him  who  first  mounted  the  wall  of  a 
besieged  place,  and  there  lodged  a  standard.  Eneyc. 

Mural  quadrant ;  in  astronomy,  a  fourth  of  a  circle, 
sometimes  used  instead  of  the  mural  circle,  and  ad- 
justed in  the  same  manner.  Olmsted. 
MUR'CHI-SO.VITE,  Tt.  [from  .VurcAison.)  A  vari- 
ety of  feldspar. 
MUR'DER,  71.  [Sax.  morther,  from  mortJi,  death  ; 
myrthian,  to  murder;  D.  moord ;  G.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
mord  ;  Ir.  marbh  ;  L.  mors :  Sp.  muerte ;  It.  morte  ; 
Pehlavi,  murdan,  to  die;  Sans,  marana;  \V.  mano, 


TONE,  BU'LL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


93 


J  J  J* 


T,\7 


MUR 

lo  die,  which  seems  to  be  from  marth,  lying  flat  or 
plain  ;  martliu,  to  flatten,  to  deaden.  If  this  is  the 
sense,  the  primary  idea,  is  to  fail  or  fall,  or  to  heat 
down.    The  old  orthography,  Murther,  is  obsolete. 

1.  The  act  of  unlawfully  killing  a  human  being 
with  premeditated  malice,  by  a  person  of  sound 
mind.  To  constitute  murder  in  law,  the  person  kill- 
ing anotlier  must  be  of  sound  mind  or  in  possession 
of  his  reason,  and  the  act  must  be  done  with  malice 
prepense,  aforethought,  or  premeditated  ;  but  malice 
may  be  implied,  as  well  as  e.xpress. 

Ciike.  Blaclistone. 
9.  .An  exclamation  or  outcry,  when  life  is  in  danger. 
MUR'DEU,  V.  t.     [Sax.  myrtliian ;  D.  moordcn;  G. 
viordeii ;  S\v.  ittbrda.] 

1.  To  kill  a  human  being  with  premeditated  mal- 
ice.   [See  the  noun.] 

2.  'I'o  destroy  ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

Canst  lliou  murder  thy  breath  in  the  mitldle  of  a  word  ?  ShaJc. 

MUR'DER-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Slain  with  malice  prepense. 

MUR'DER-ER,  n.  A  person  who,  in  possession  of  his 
reason,  unlawfully  kills  a  human  being  with  pre- 
meditated malice. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  ordnance;  a  murdering-piece. 
MUR'DER-E!5S,  n.    A  female  who  commits  murder. 

Dryden. 

MUR'DER-ING,  ppr.  Killing  a  human  being  with 
malice  premeditated. 

MUR'DER-ING-PIkCE,  n.  A  small  piece  of  ord- 
nance. Sliak. 

MUR'DER-OUS,  a.  Guilty  of  murder ;  as,  the  7««r- 
derous  king.  Milton. 

9.  Consisting  in  murder;  done  with  murder; 
bloody  ;  cruel  ;  as,  murderous  rapine. 

3.  Bloody;  sanguinary;  committing  murder;  as, 
murderous  tyranny. 

4.  Premeditating  murder  ;  as,  murderous  intent  or 
design. 

MUR'DER-OUS-LY,  adv    In  a  murderous  or  cruel 

MORE,  «.    [L.  murus.]  [manner. 
A  wall.    [JVot  used.]  Uliak. 

MORE,  V.  U    [Fr.  murer.] 

To  inclose  in  walls  ;  to  wall.  Knolles. 
[But  Immure  is  chiefly  used.] 

Mu'REX,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  marine,  carnivorous 
mollusca.  P.  Ci/c. 

MO'RI-A,  71.  [L.,  sea-water,  brine  ;  amarus,  bitter. 
Ch.  Heb.  Syr.  Sam.  Eth.  Ar.  na  marar,  to  be  bitter. 
Class  Mr,  Na  7.] 

Sea-water  ;  salt  water  ;  brine.  In  chemistry,  the 
substance  from  which  are  extracted  various  agents. 

MU'RI-A-CITE,  n.  [See  Mi  ria.]  A  stone  composed 
of  salt,  sand,  and  gypsum. 

MC'RI-.ATE,  7!.  A  term  formerly  applied  to  the 
chlorids  before  their  true  composition  was  under- 
stood, and  while  they  were  erroneously  supposed  to 
be  compounds  of  an  acid  with  an  oxyd,  &.c. 

Mu'RI-A-TED,  a.    A  term  now  known  lo  be  equiva- 
lent to  chloridized,  but  originally  applied  umier  the 
BU|iposition  that  the  chlorids  were  compounds  of  an 
acid  and  an  oxydized  base. 
2.  Put  in  brine.  Evelyn. 

MU-RI-AT'ie,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  brine  or  salt 
water  ;  pertainmg  to  sea  salt.  The  muriatic  acid  is 
now  known  to  be  a  compound  of  one  equivalent  of 
hydrogen,  which  perforins  the  functions  of  a  base, 
and  one  equivalent  of  chlorine,  which  perforins  the 
functions  of  an  acidifier.  Tlie  name  which  correct- 
ly expresses  the  composition  of  this  acid  is  cldoruhy- 
dric  acid. 

MU-RI-A-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Producing  muriatic  sub- 
stances or  salt. 
MII-RI-CAI-'CTTE,  71.    Rhomb-spar.  Ure. 
.MCRI-GATE,     (a.    [l,.  muric  at  us,  from  murcx,  the 
MO'RI-€a-TED,  (     point  of  a  rock.] 

1.  Formed  with  sliarp  points;  full  of  sharp  points 
or  prickles. 

2.  In  botiiny,  having  the  surface  covered  with  sharp 
points,  or  armed  with  prickles.         Lre.  Murtyn, 

MO'RI-t'lTE,  n.  Fossil  remains  of  the  Miirex,  a  go 
nusof  shells  ;  the  mineral  Anhyilrite,  which  see. 

Dana. 

MO'RI-FORM,  a.    [L.  murus  and  forma.]    In  Iwlany, 
reseuibling  the  bricks  in  the  wall  of  a  house.  P.  Cyc. 
MO'RINE,  (imi'rin,)  a.    [L.  7iiuri7n«,  from  vius,  maris, 
a  mniisf.] 

Pertaining  to  a  mouse  or  to  mice. 
.MO'RI.N  T.K,  (  rill/.,)  71.         'J'he  name  of  a  tribe  of 
rodent  quadrupeds,  including  rats,  mice,  &c.  Brandt. 
Ml/RK,n.    [Sw.mifrkcr;  Unn.  jiiiirkhed  f  Riisa.  virak.] 

Darkness,    [/.iitlr.  used.]  Slutk. 
MURK'I-I^V,  a(/r.    D.irkly  ;  gloomily. 
MIJKK'V,  a.     [Dan.  TnSr*  ;  Sw.  777ar*,  dark,  obsnire, 
m«rAvi,  to  darki  n  ;  Russ.  77icr/,77M,  to  obscure  ;  allied 
perhaps  U>  Miiiir,;\n  African;  (Jr.  u/ioui/us.] 
Diirk  ;  obHCure  ;  gloomy. 

A  murky  •(orin  di-^p  lowrrini^  o'er  our  hrndi,  Ail'fiton. 

MTR'MI.'R,  71.  [I,.  See  the  verb.]  A  low  sound 
continued  or  coiilinuii  .ly  ri  |M  ated,  as  that  of  a  stream 
running  in  a  Ktoiiy  channel,  or  that  of  Ilaiiie. 


HIarli  mrlancholy  ilia, 
ynt  111'  murmur  ul  III"  OilliiiK  lluijcli, 
f  birntlif:*  n  bruwnrr  horror  on  the  wuo<)i. 


Popt. 


MUS 

2.  A  complaint  lialf  suppressed,  or  uttered  in  a 
low,  muttering  voice. 


Some  Uiscontenta  theie  ore,  some  idle  murmum.  Dryden. 

MUR'MUR,  V.  i.  [L.  murmuro ;  Gr.  fiopiivpi.i ;  Fr. 
murmurer  ;  Arm.  murmnli ;  Sp.  and  Port,  vuirinurur ; 
It.  mormorarc.  This  seems  to  be  a  duplication  of 
the  root,  which  is  retained  in  the  D.  morrcn,  G.  vtur- 
ren,  S\v.  mnrra,  Dan.  murrer,  to  mutter,  growl,  or 
murmur ;  Sp.  morro,  purring,  as  a  cat ;  Sw.  murr,  a 

grumbling;  At.  ^^j^  marmara.    Class  Sir,  No.  7. 

It  seems,  also,  to  be  connected  with  mourn,  Sax. 
muman,  murcnian,  to  murmur.] 

1.  To  make  a  low,  continued  noise,  like  the  hum 
of  bees,  a  stream  of  water,  rolling  waves,  or  like  the 
wind  in  a  forest ;  as,  the  murmuring  surge.  Shak. 

The  forests  murmur,  and  tlie  surges  roar.  Pope. 

2.  To  prumble  ;  to  complain  ;  to  utter  complaints 
in  a  low,  half-articulated  voice  ;  to  litter  sullen  dis- 
content ;  with  at  before  the  thing  which  is  the  cause 
of  discontent  ;  as,  murmur  not  at  sickness  ;  or  with 
at  or  asaiiuit  before  the  active  agent  which  produces 
the  evil. 

The  people  murmured  against  Moses.  —  Ex.  x iii. 

MUR'MUR-ER,  n.  One  who  murmurs ;  one  who 
complains  sullenly  ;  a  grumbler. 

MUR'MUR-Ii\'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  complaints  in  a 
low  voice  or  sullen  manner ;  grumbling  ;  complain- 
ing. 

MUR'MUR-ING,  71.  The  utterance  of  a  low  sound  ; 
complaint. 

MUR'MUR-ING-LY,  adv.  With  a  low  sound  ;  with 
complaints. 

MUR'MUR-OUS,  a.    Exciting  murmur  or  complaint. 

MURR,  71.    A  catarrh.    [JVo(  in  use.]  Oascui^ne. 

MUR'RAIN,  (mur'rin,)  7i.  [Sp.  morrina,  a  disease 
among  cattle  ;  sadness  ;  Port,  ninrrinha  ;  It.  moria, 
morire;  Port,  morrcr,  Sp.  morir,  L.  viorior,  to  die.] 

An  infectious  and  fatal  disease  among  cattle. 
Ezod.  ix.  Bacon.  Qartk. 

MURRE,  71.    A  kind  of  bird.  Carew. 

MUR'REY,  a.  [from  the  root  of  Jlfoor,  an  African.] 
Of  a  dark-red  color.  Bacon.  Boyle. 

MUR'RHINE,  (  rin,)  a.    [L.  77!!<7T*ini«.] 

Among  the  ancients,  an  epithet  given  to  a  delicate 
kind  of  ware,  made  of  lluor-spar  or  fluorid  of  cal- 
cium, brought  from  the  East ;  Pliny  says  from  Car- 
mania,  now  Kerinan,  in  Persia.    Kncyc.  Pinkerton. 

MUR'Rl-ON,  71.  [Port,  morriam ;  It  morione;  from 
the  root  of  L.  vnirus,  a  wall.    See  Moral.] 

A  hemlet ;  a  casque  ;  armor  for  the  head.  Written 
also  Morion.  ICin<r. 

MUR'ZA,  71.  The  hereditary  nobility  among  the  Tar- 
tars. The  word  must  not  be  confounded  with  the 
Persian  Mirza.  Brande. 

MO'SARD,  71.  [Fr.  See  Muse.]  A  dreamer ;  one 
who  is  apt  to  be  absent  in  miiitl.    [OA.v.]  Chaucer. 

MUS'CA-DEL,   \a.     [It.  moscalcllo ;   Port,  and  Sp. 

MUS'GA-DlNE,  >    moscatel ;   Fr.   muscat,  muscadin, 

I\1US'GA-TEL,  )  7iiii.scat/ct ;  from  It.  7noA-ca(/(7,  musk, 
or  muscata,  [nose  moscada,]  a  nutmeg,  Fr.  muscade, 
from  niitic.  Hence,  in  Italian,  vin  muscato,  muscat, 
or  muscadine  wine.] 

1.  An  appellation  given  to  a  kind  of  rich  wine,  and 
to  the  grapes  which  produce  it.    The  word  is  also 

2.  A  sweet  pear.  [used  as  a  noun. 
MUS'GAT,  71.    [Fr.]    A  sort  of  grape  and  of  wine. 

See  MuscADEL. 

MUSCII'EU-KALK,  71.  A  German  term  for  shell  lime- 
stone, wliose  strata  belong  lo  the  new  red  stinilstone 
formation.  Mantell. 

MUS'CI.E,  (mus'l,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  musculus,  a  mus- 
cle, and  a  littie  mouse  ;  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  muskel ;  G. 
muschcl ;  Gr.  iivs,  a  mouse,  and  a  muscle.] 

1.  In  anntiimi/,  the  muscles  are  the  organs  of  mo- 
tion, consisting  of  fibers,  or  bundles  of  hbers,  in- 
closed in  a  thin  cellular  membrane.  The  muscles 
are  susceptible  of  contraction  and  relaxation,  and  in 
a  heallhy  state  a  part  of  the  muscles  are  subject  to 
the  will,  and  are  called  vulunlnry  muscles.  But  olii- 
crs,  as  the  heart,  the  urinary  blailder,  the  stomach, 
&c.,  which  are  of  a  muscular  texture,  and  suscepti- 
ble of  contraction  and  tlilatation,  are  ntit  subject  to 
the  will,  and  are  therefore  called  involuntary  mus- 
cles. The  retl  ctiltir  of  the  muscles  is  owing  to  the 
blood-vessels  which  they  contain.  The  enils  of  the 
muscles  are  fastened  to  the  bom  s  whii  li  they  movtt, 
and  when  tht^y  act  in  opposition  to  each  other,  Ihey 
are  calleil  antamniisl.  Kncijr. 

Muscles  are  iliviiled  into  the  head,  bi  lly,  and  tail. 
The  head  is  Ihe  jiart  fixed  on  Ihe  imiiinviililo  joint 
ciilli'il  its  origin,  tiiiil  is  usually  tendiinius  ;  the  belly 
is  thi;  iiiidillr  lleshy  pari,  which  consists  of  the  true 
miisciihir  lilirrs  ;  ilic  tail  is  the  tendinous  |Mirtioii  iii- 
srrlt'il  into  the  pint  to  be  moved,  calletl  the  iii.viT^'fii  ; 
but  III  Ihe  tendon,  the  fibers  are  more  compact  Iliaii 
ill  the  bi  lly  i>|'i|i(.  muscle,  and  ilo  not  ailiiiit  tlie  retl 
globules.  Parr. 

2.  A  biviilviilar  shell  fish  of  Ihe  genus  Mytilus  of 
Linnieus  ;  HumrtimeH  written  Mushel, 


MUS 

MUS'eOlD,  a.    [Gr.  uoax'>(  and  ci6o;.] 
In  botany,  moss-like  ;  resembling  moss. 

MUS'GOID,  71.  A  moss-like  plant,  Howerless,  with  a 
distinct  stem  having  no  vascular  system,  but  often 
•eaves.  Ltndley. 

MUS-eOS'I-TY,  71.  Mossiness. 

MUS-eO-VA'DO,  71.  [Sp.  and  Port.  77ia5<:aW,),  com 
pounded  of  tnas,  more,  but,  and  acabni/a,  ended,  fin- 
ished. Mascabado  is  an  ailjective,  signifying,  fiiillii'r 
advanced  in  the  process  than  wheii  in  sirup,  or  im- 
perfectly finished  ;  from  acubar,  to  finish  ;  ad  and 
cabo,  head,  like  Fr.  uchi-cer.] 

Unrefined  sugar ;  the  raw  material  from  which 
loaf  and  lump  sugar  are  procured  by  refining.  Mus- 
covado is  obtained  from  the  juice  of  the  sugar-cane 
by  evaporation,  and  draining  off  the  liquid  part  called 
molasses.  Edwards. 

[This  word  is  used  either  as  a  noun  or  an  adjec- 
tive ;  primarily  an  adjective.] 

MUS'eO-VY-DUCK,  «.  A  species  of  duck,  jiiio.?  7710,5- 
c/ia(a  of  Linnajus,  larger  than  the  common  duck, 
often  raised  in  poultry  yards ;  sometimes  called  the 
MusK-DL'CK.  Edin.  Encijc. 

MUS'eO-VY-GLX.SS,  71.    Mica,  which  see. 

MUS'eU-LAR,  a.  [from  muscle.]  Pertaining  to  a 
muscle  ;  as,  muscular  fiber. 

2.  Performed  by  a  muscle  j  as,  muscular  motion. 

3.  Strong;  brawny;  vigorous;  as,  a  7<iiisc«/ar  body 
or  frame. 

MUS-eU-LAR'I-TY,  71.    The  state  of  being  muscular. 

Orew. 

MUS'eU-LAR-LY,  adv.  In  a  muscular  manner ; 
strongly. 

MUS'€U-LITE,  7!.    A  petrified  muscle  or  shell. 

Ktrwan. 

MUS'eU-LOUS,  a.    [L.  musculosus.] 

1.  Full  of  muscles. 

2.  .Strong  ;  brawny. 

_  3.  Pertaining  to  a  muscle  or  to  muscles. 
Muse,  71.    [L.  7«iij,-a;  Gr. /ioinra.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Properly,  song  ;  but  171  usa<te,  the  deity  or  power 
of  poetry.  Hence  poets,  in  modern  times,  as  in  an- 
cient, invoke  the  aid  of  the  Muse,  or,  in  other  words, 
the  genius  of  poetry.    [See  Moses. 1 


Granville  conmruitls  ;  yotir  aid,  O  Musts,  bring  : 
What  muse  tor  Granville  can  refuse  to  sin^.' 


Pope. 


2.  Deep  thought ;  close  attention  or  contemplation 
which  abstracts  the  mind  from  passing  scenes ; 
hence,  sometimes,  absence  of  mind. 


As  in  great  muse,  no  word  to  creature  spake. 

He  was  tilled 
With  admiration  and  deep  muse  lo  hear 
Of  tilings  so  high  and  strange. 


S],e„. 


MCSE,  7).  t.  [Fr.  musrr,  to  loiter  or  trifle  ;  It.  musarc, 
to  gaze,  to  stand  idle  ;  allied  to  this  word,  probably, 
are  L,.  musso  and  mussito,  to  mutter  or  iniirinnr,  to 
demur,  to  be  silent.  The  Greek  (ib(o  signifies  to 
press,  or  utter  sound  with  the  lips  compressed.  The 
latter  verb  belongs  to  Class  Mg  ;  for  put  i-a,  a  sound 
uttered  through  the  nose,  or  with  close  lips,  is  of  the 
same  family,  L.  mussitatio.  The  word,  then,  prima- 
rily denotes  what  we  call  humminfr,  to  Aiiin,  as  per 
sons  do  when  idle,  or  alone  and  steadily  01  copied 
If  the  elements  of  the  word  are  Jfs,  it  mav  oe  re 

ferred  to  the  Ar.  and  Syr.  jj^^i^^jfc  hamasa.  Class  Mi 
No.  35  ] 

1.  To  ponder ;  to  think  closely ;  to  study  in  bI 
lence. 

He  mused  upon  some  dangoroiis  plot.  Sidney, 
I  muse  on  the  works  of  lliy  hands.  —  Ps.  cxliii. 

2.  To  be  absent  in  mind  ;  to  be  so  occupied  in 
study  or  contempl.ition,  as  not  to  observe  passing 
scenes  or  things  present.  Sluik. 

3.  To  womler. 

Do  not  TTjujte  of  nte.    \ObB.]  Shak. 
MDSE,  71.       To  think  on  ;  lo  meditate  on.  Thomson. 
MVS' EU,  pp.    Mi  ilitaled  :  thought  on. 
Mf'SE'FlIL.  a.    Thinking  deeply  or  closely  ;  thought- 
ful, silently. 

Full  of  muse/ul  mopinga.  Dryden. 
Mf'Si!E'F!JI,-I,Y,  ni/i>.  Thoiightfuny. 
MuS E'LESS,  a.    Disregarding  the  power  of  poetry. 

Milton. 

MfS'ER,  71.    One  who  thinks  closely  in  silence,  or 

one  apt  lo  be  absent  in  mind.  John.'ion. 
MO'SES,  II. /)/.    [L.  Musie;Gr.  Monirni.]    In  niylhol- 

otrij,  the  nine  sister  goddesses,  supposed  lo  preside 

ovi  r  Ihe  l.bt  ral  arts. 
MO'SKT,  71.     A  gap  in  a  hedge  ;  the  place  through 

Hhicli  the  hare  goes  to  relief;  a  hunting  term. 

Bnilru. 

MU-SK'UM,  71.  [Gr. /<oii(7£ioi',  a  place  for  the  muses, 
or  for  study.] 

A  repository  of  naturnl,  scientific,  and  literary  cu- 
riosities, or  of  works  of  art.  GiriU. 
MUSII,  11.    [(;.  mus,  pap.] 

'I'lie  meal  of  iiial?.'-  boiled  in  water. 
MUSH'KOOM,  71.    [Fr.  7iiou.Mrro7i,  the  white  mush- 
room,  I'roin  uinnxsr,  iniiss,  or  the  same  root,  bearing 
the  sense  of  softness  or  nap.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII<LT  MRTE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


738 


MUS 


MUS 


MUT 


I.  Th**  commnn  name  of  immcrous  cr\*pl(>!ianiic 
piniits  of  the  iiutiiml  <irili'r  of  Fiiimi.  Some  ot  tliem 
are  esnileiil,  ulhers  ptiisoiums.  Mushrooms  )iui\v  on 
diinshills,  anil  in  niuUt,  rich  ;;ruun(l,  and  ullen  spring 
up  in  a  short  time. 

TUe  oripn  or  iiuin,  in  tti«  vi^w  of  (lie  nthrUl.  \9  the  HliTip'wilh 
th.il  i>r  Uiv  muMhrooin.  Dtright. 

The  teem  mushroom  is  sometimes  applied  to  distin- 
|!iiish  tlic  edible  fun;;!  from  tile  toadstools,  which  arc 
|H)isoiious. 

9.  An  ii|vsiart ;  one  tlial  rises  suddenly  from  a  low 
condition  in  life.  Bacon. 
MC'Sie,  II.    [L.  musica;  Gr.  fiovaiKi!  Fr.  musique. 
Sec  .MvsE.l 

1.  Melody  or  harmony  ;  any  succession  of  sounds 
so  modulated  as  to  please  the  ear,  or  any  combina- 
tion of  sinuiltaneous  sounds  in  accordance  or  har- 
mony. Music  is  coeal  or  vtslrutnental,  Vocnl  music 
is  the  melody  of  a  single  voice,  or  the  harmony  of 
two  or  more  voices  in  concert,  histrumnital  music 
IS  that  produced  by  one  or  more  instruments. 

By  mu$ic  miiula  an  rqiial  ti'inO'-r  kniiw.  Pope. 

S.  Any  entertainment  consisting  in  melody  or  har- 
mony. 

Wli.a  mu#if,  nn»l  (Inncin^,  nnil  ilivcnfioiis,  niul  soii^s  ftn»  If  many 
ill  world,  Um  iiriy'Ts,  tuid  devouur.3,  and  paiilim.  .iiv  lo 
you.  Lci^. 

3.  The  science  of  liarmonical  sounds,  which  treats 
of  the  principles  of  hariiioiiy,  or  the  properties,  de- 
pemlencies,  and  relations,  of  sounds  to  eai  li  other. 
This  may  be  called  .ipecitlative  or  Uuorctical  musk. 

Encyc. 

4.  The  art  of  combining  sounds  in  a  manner  to 
please  the  ear.  This  is  practical  music  or  coni|H)si- 
tion.  F.ncyc, 

.S.  Order ;  harmony  in  revolutions ;  as,  the  music 
of  the  spheres. 

.Wiisic  of  the  spheres :  the  harmony  supposed  by  the 
ancients  to  he  produced  by  the  accordant  movements 
of  the  c  lestial  orbs. 
MO'SIC-.\L,  a.    Belonjing  to  music;  as,  miwica;  pro- 
portion ;  a  miutical  instrument. 

2.  Producing  music  or  agreeable  sounds  ;  a.s,  a  mu- 
sical voice. 

3.  Melodious;  harmonious;  pleasing  to  the  ear; 
as,  musical  sounds  or  numbers. 

Musical  fflas.^'cs !  a  musical  instrument  consisting 
of  a  number  of  glass  goblets,  played  upon  with  the 
end  of  the  linger  damped. 

MC"SI€-AH.Y,  0//?.  !n  a  melodious  or  harmonious 
ninnner;  with  sweet  sounds. 

MO'SI€^AI^NESS.  n.  The  quality  of  being  melodi- 
ous or  linniionious. 

MP'Sie-HQOK,  n.  A  hook  containing  tunes  or  songs 
for  the  voice  or  for  instriiinenls. 

MII-SI"CI.VN,  (mu-/.ish'an,)  n.  One  that  sings  or 
perforuis  on  instruments  of  music  according  to  tlie 
rules  of  the  art. 

4.  A  person  skilled  in  the  science  of  music.  In 
this  sense,  it  has  commonly  some  qualifying  term ; 
as,  a  scientific  miuician.  SmarL 

MO'Sie-MXS-TEIl,  71.    One  who  teaches  music. 

.MC'Sie-STOOl,,  n.  A  stool  or  seal  for  one  who  per- 
forms on  a  piano-forte  or  similar  instrument. 

Mf'S'l.Nf!,  ppr.  or  a.    Meditating  in  silence. 

Mrs'l.NG,  ».    Medit.ation  ;  contemplation. 

MCS'IXG-LY,  aJr.    By  musing  ;  in  a  nnising  way. 

iMt':5K,  n.  [it,  miwctLs  ;  Gr.  n  "'\"Si  musk,  and  moss  ; 
It.  musco  and  mtuichio  ;  Pp.  mitsco  :  Fr.  and  Arm. 
mu-'c  :  VV.  mtes;.  The  latter  Owen  derives  from  mirs, 
which,  as  a  noun,  signifies  soinelliing  that  shoots 
out,  ettluvia,  and  as  an  adjective,  of  a  strong  scent. 
The  Arabic  word  coinciding  with  tliese  is  found  un- 
der M  u  masaka,  to  hold  or  contain,  and  the 
name  is  interpreted  to  signify  both  the  follicle  con- 
taining the  matter,  and  the  substance  contained.] 

A  strong-scented  substance,  obtained  from  a  cyst 
or  bag  near  the  navel  of  the  Thibet  musk,  Moschus 
mosckiferus^an  animal  that  inhabits  the  Asiatic  Alps, 
especially  the  .Altaic  chain.  This  animal  is  a  little 
more  than  three  feet  in  length  ;  the  head  resembles 
that  of  the  roe ;  the  fur  is  coarse,  like  that  of  the 
cervine  race,  but  thick,  erect,  smooth,  and  soft.  It 
has  no  horns,  but  the  male  has  two  long  tusks,  one 
on  each  side,  projecting  from  the  mouth.  The  female 
is  smaller  than  the  male,  and  has  neither  tusks  nor 
follicle.  The  cyst  of  the  male  is  about  the  size  of  a 
hen*s  egg,  oval.  Hat  on  one  side  and  rounded  on  the 
other,  havinu  a  small  orifice.  This  contains  a  clot- 
ted, oily,  friable  matter.of  a  dark  brown  color,  which 
is  the  true  musk,  one  of  the  :  troiigcst  odors  or  per- 
fumes in  n.iture.  We  give  tile  name  to  the  siib- 
h.aiice  and  to  the  animal.  Encijc.    P.  Cyc 

MUSK,  ».   Grape-hyacinth  or  gmpe-fluwei: 

Johnson. 

MUSK,  r.  t.   To  perfume  with  musk. 
MUSI<j-AP-I^I,E,  n.    A  particiilaV  kind  of  apple. 
Mt'SK'-€ AT,  «.    The  animal  called  musk,  which  see. 
MCSK'-CHKK-RY,  n.    A  kind  of  cherry. 
MUSK'-DEF.R,  n.   The  common  namc'of  the  animal 
called  musk.    [See  Mi-sn.]  p.  Cyc. 


MrSK'-BUCK,  II.    A  species  of  duck,  so  called  from 

its  musky  odor  ;  the  Muscovy  duck. 
ML'S'KKT,  II.    [It.  uioscliftfo:  Sp.  mostiurte  ;  Fr.  mous- 

qnrt.    It  seems  to  be  formed  from  Sp.  inosca,  L.  mus- 

ca,  a  fly.] 

1.  A  s|>ecies  of  fire-arms  used  in  war,  and  origi- 
nally fired  by  means  of  a  lighted  match.  This  man- 
ner of  firing  was  in  use  as  late  as  tlic  civil  war  in 
Kiigland.  The'  name  is  now  applied  to  fusees  or 
fire-lorks  fired  by  a  spring-lork.  Eucuc. 

2.  .\  male  liawk  of  a  small  kind,  the  femaie  of 
which  is  the  sparrow-hawk.       Dryden.  llanmrr. 

MUS-KET-IiEll',  K.    A  soldier  armed  w  ilh  a  musket. 

Clarendon. 

MUS-KF.T-00.\',  II.   [Fr.  moii.-Ji/Mffoii.    See  Mlsket.] 
1.  A  short,  Ihiek  musket,  carrying  five  ounces  of 
iron,  or  seven  and  a  half  of  lead  ;  the  shortest  kind 
of  blunderbuss.  Kncyc. 
9.  One  who  is  armed  with  a  miisketoon.  Herbert. 
MUS'KET-l'KtJOF,  a.    Capable  of  resisting  the  force 

of  a  musket-ball. 
MI'S'KET-UY,  II.    Muskets  in  genenil,  or  their  fire. 
ML'SK'I-NESS, M.    [from  miu'A.]    The  scent  of  iniisk. 

Johnson. 

ML'PK'MEI,-OV,  n.  [rau-.-it  and  mcJon.]  A  delicious 
species  of  melon  ;  named  probably  from  its  fragrance. 

.ML'."JK'-OX,  II.  The  Ovilms  nioscliatiis,  a  ruminant 
mammal  of  tlic  bovine  tribe,  which  inhabits  the 
country  about  lliiilsoii's  Hay.  It  has  large  horns 
united  at  the  .skull,  hut  tiiriud  downward  on  each 
side  of  the  head.  The  hair  uf  this  animal  is  very 
Uini:  anil  fine.  Eneyc.    P.  Cyc. 

MI'SK'-PEaR,  n.  A  fragrant  kind  of  pear.  Johnson. 

.M Lr.SK'U;\T,    j  71.    An  American  aiiiiiial,  the  ^'i6i-r 

MLFS'QUASII,  j  libethicus.  It  has  a  compressed, 
lanceolated  tail,  with  tix-s  separate.  It  has  the  smell 
of  musk  in  silinnier,  but  loses  it  in  winter.  The  fur 
is  used  by  hatters.  Its  popular  name  in  .America,  is 
Mi'stlUASH,  the  Indian  name.  Belknap. 

MliSK'-KfiSE,  71.  A  species  of  rose  ;  so  called  from 
its  fragrance.  Bacon.  MiUotu 

SIUSK'-SEEU,  71.  The  seed  of  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Hibiscus. 

MUSK'-VVQOD,  71.  The  wood  of  a  species  of  tree  of 
the  genus  'I'rK  liilia. 

MI'SK'Y,  a.    Having  the  odor  of  musk  ;  frasrant. 

MUS'LIN,n.  [Pr.  moussetine  i  U.  mussolinay  viussola  ; 
Sp.  moselina  or  mnsulina.  1'his,  if  a  compound 
word,  is  formed  of  Fr.  mous^Cj  moss,  or  its  root,  on 
account  of  its  soft  nap,  and  lin,  flax.  The  opinion 
of  Liinier,  that  it  is  named  from  Moussoul,  in  Mesopo- 
tamia, is  probably  unfounded.] 

A  sort  of  fine,  thin,  coltou  cloth,  which  bears  a 
downy  nap,  on  its  surface.  Braude. 

MPS'l.lX,  a.    Maile  of  muslin  ;  as,  a  mii-i/in  gown. 

ML'S'lJ.V  UE  LAI.N'E,  n.  [Fr.  7ii<mssc/<ii«  de  lame] 
Literally,  woolen  muslin  ;  a  woolen  fabric  of  ex- 
Iremelv  light  texture,  used  for  ladies'  dresses,  &c. 

MUS-Ll'N-ET',  n.    A  sort  of  coarse  cotton  cloth. 

MUS'.MON,    /  71,    An  animal  esteemed  a  species  of 

MUS'I-.MOM,  j  sheep,  described  by  the  ancienU  as 
common  in  Corsica,  Sardinia,  and  Barbary.  Biiffon, 
and  other  naturalists  consider  it  to  be  the  sheep  in  a 
wild  state.  Swainson. 

MUS'aUASII.    See  Mlskbat. 

MUS-ai.'VTO,  j  ,,„„..,,„,»  n-  [Sp.  and  Port. 
MUS-KE'TO,  H'n"s-Keio,j  j     mosquUo,  from  Sp. 

mosca,  L.  musca,  a  fly.] 
A  small  insect  of  tue  genus  Ciilex,  th.at  is  bred  in 

water;  a  species  of  gnat  that  abounds  in  marshes 

anil  hiw  lands,  and  whose  sting  is  peculiarly  painful 

and  vexatious. 
This  word  has  been  spelled  in  various  ways,  but 

Musqc'iTo  and  Mosqimto  are  most  prevalent,  though 

the  anglicized  form  Mi'seeto  would  be  preferable  to 

either. 

MUS'KOLE,  71.    [Fr.  'muserolle,  from  mu-seaii,  muzzle.] 

The  nose-band  of  a  horse's  bridle.  Bailey. 
Mrss,  71.    A  scramble  ;  a  confused  straggle.  Shall. 
.MI.'S'SKI,,  n.    A  bivalve  shell  fish.    (See  JIuscle.] 
.M  LTS'SITE,  71.    [from  tlie  valley  of  Jtttissa,  in  Pied- 
mouL] 

A  variety  of  pyroxene  of  a  greenish-white  color; 
otherwise  called' Diopside.  Diet.  MiL  Hist. 

MCS'SUI^MAN,7i. :  ;./.  .Mi-sst-LMAHfc  A  .Mohamme- 
dan, or  follower  of  .Mohammed. 

'I'his  word  is  said  to  signify  resiirncd  to  God.  It  is 
the  dii.al  number  of  moslem,  of  which  the  plural  is 
moslimim.  Brande. 

Ml.'.-J-SIIL-.M.\.\'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Mussulmans, 
or  like  them  or  their  customs.  Damns. 

Mrs'Sfl^MA.N'-ISIl,  a.    .Mohammedan.  Herbert. 

.MUS'SITI,-.MA.\-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  Mus- 
sulmans. ^ 

Ml'ST,  r.  I.  [Sax.  most ;  X).  moeten,  mnest ;  Sw.  maste : 
O.  miissen.  It  is  used  as  an  aiixdiary  verb,  and  has 
no  variation  to  express  person,  time,  or  number.  Its 
primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  lie  strong  or  able,  as  it  is 
rendered  in  Saxon  ;  from  pressing,  straining.  Class 
Ms,  No.  25.    Ch.  and  No.  31.] 

I.  To  Ik!  obliged  ;  to  be  necessitated.  It  expresses 
both  physical  and  moral  necessity.  A  man  must  eat 
for  nourishment,  and  he  utiut  sleep  for  refreshment. 
We  mitsr  submit  to  the  laws  or  bo  exposed  to  pun- 


ishment. A  bill  in  a  legislative  body  must  have  three 
readings  liefore  it  can  pass  lobe  enacted. 

2.  It  expresses  moral  fitness  or  propriety,  as  neces- 
sary or  essential  to  the  character  or  end  proposed. 
"  Deacons  77iu.<(  be  grave  ;  "  "a  bishop  iii«.s-(  have  a 
good  rejiort  of  them  that  are  without."  I  Tim.  iii. 
MU.-^T,  II.  [L.  mustum  ;  Sax.  must;  It.  Sp.  and  Port 
7ii».--(o  ;  Itiiss.  7iis( ;  Fr.  riioOf ;  I),  and  G.  most ;  llcb. 
anil  Cli.  ion,  to  ferment.    Class  Ms,  No.  3«<.] 

\Yiiie  pressed  from  the  grape  but  not  fermented. 

Brawte. 

flIt'ST,  V.  t.    [Fr.  TTtoim',  moldy  ;  Ir.  musgam,  to  be 

musty,    (lu.  W.  7iiie.«,  of  a  strong  scent.] 

To  make  moldy  and  sour.  Mortimer. 
MUST,  V.  i.    To  grow  moldy  and  sour;  to  contract  a 

fetid  smell. 
MirS'TAC,  71.    A  small  tuflcd  monkey. 
MU.S-TACHE',  (miis-tish',)  71.  s.  )  [Fr.  mouslaehes  ; 
MUS-TACH'ES,  71.  ;i(.  j      Sp.  7B<i.vtai-Ao,  a 

whisker;  It.  mostacchio;  Or.  /ivoruf,  the  upper  lip, 

and  the  hair  growing  on  it.] 
Lonz  hair  on  the  upper  lip. 
MUS-TxCiriO,  (miis-tish'o,)  71.  [It.]   The  same  as 

Ml'ST  M-HE. 

MUS-TACH'IO-ED,  a.    Having  miistacliios. 
MUS'TARI),  71.    [It.  mostarda  ;  Fr.  moularde :  Arm. 

mustard;  Port,  mo.itnrda  ;  Sp.  mo.stata  ;  W.  micstari ; 

mws,  that  has  a  strong  scent,  and  tan,  a  breaking 

out.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Pinapis,  and  its  seed,  which 
has  a  pungent  taste,  and  is  a  powerful  irritant.    It  is 
used  externally  in  cataplasms,  and  internally  as  a 
diuretic  and  irritant.  Encyc. 
MIIS-TEE',  )  n.    The  child  of  a  white  person  and  a 
MES-TEE',  (      quadroon.  West  Indies. 

iMUS'TE-LI.VE,  a.  [L.  musltlinas,  from  viustela,  a 
weasel. J 

Pertaining  to  the  tve.asel  or  animals  of  the  weasel 
family,  constituting  the  genus  .Mustela  of  Linna:us  ; 
as,  a  musteline  color. 
MUS'TEIl,  r.  t.  [G.  mruslem,  T).  monstereit,  Sw.  mtfn- 
stra,  Dan.  mynstrer,  to  muster;  It.  mnstrare,  Sp.  and 
Port,  mostrar,  Fr.  montrer,  L.  monstrn,  to  show. 
Either  71  has  been  lost  in  some  of  these  languages, 
or  it  is  not  radical  in  the  Latin.] 

1.  Properly,  to  collect  troops  for  review,  parade, 
and  exercise  ;  but,  in  general,  to  collect  or  assemble 
troops,  persons,  or  things.  The  officers  muster  their 
soldiers  regularly  ;  they  mn.«(er  all  their  forces.  The 
philosopher  mxLsters  all  the  wise  sayings  of  the 
ancients.  Spenser,    /.ocke.  Tillotson, 

2.  To  muster  up;  to  gather  or  obtain,  usually  with 
some  difficulty  ;  as,  to  iiin.v(cr  up  courage. 

To  muster  troops  into  .«crcice,  is  to  ins|)ect  and  enter 
them  on  the  muster-roll  of  the  army. —  To  muster 
troops  out  of  scrric',  is  to  inspect  and  enter  tbein  on 
a  muster-roll,  according  to  which  they  receive  pay 
for  the  last  time,  and  are  dismissed.  CutUr. 

MUS'TER,  r.  i.    To  assemble  ;  to  meet  in  one  place. 

MI'S'TEIl,  71.  [It.  and  Port.  i7io4-(ra,  a  show  or  muster ; 
Sp.  muestra,  a  pattern,  a  model,  a  muster-rvW  ;  G. 
muster,  a  pattern,  a  sample  ;  D.  monster ;  Dan.  myTi- 
ster ;  L.  monslrum,  a  show  or  prodigy.] 

1.  An  assembling  of  troops  for  review,  or  a  review 
of  troops  under  arms.  Encyc, 

2.  A  register  or  roll  of  troops  mustered. 

Ye  publish  Ihe  musUrt  of  your  ou-n  bonds.  Ilooktr. 

3.  A  collection,  or  the  act  of  collecting. 

.^instcorth. 

To  pass  muster  :  to  pass  without  censure  through  a 
muster  or  inspection.  SouiK. 
MUS'TER-BOOK,  71.    A  book  in  which  forces  are 

registered.  Shak. 
MUS'TER-KD,  ;ip.    Assembled,  .as  troops  for  review. 
MUS'TEll-FILE,  71.    The  same  as  a  muster-roll. 

Shak. 

MUS'TER-M.\S-TER,  n.  One  who  takes  an  account 
of  troops,  and  of  tlieir  anus  and  other  military  ap- 
paratus. The  chief  ofiicer  of  this  kind  is  called 
mu  ster-mastfr-^reneraL  Encyc. 

MCS'TEK-Rol.L,  71.  .A  roll  or  register  of  the  troops 
in  each  company,  troop,  or  regiment.  Brande, 

MUS'TI-LY,  n</r.'   [frnm  mit^fii.]    Kloldily  ;  sourly. 

.MUS'TI-NES.S,  II,  Tlie  quality  of  being  musty  or 
sour  ;  moldiiicss  ;  damp  foulness.  Evelyn. 

JIl'S'TA',  a.  [from  must.]  .Middy;  sour;  foul  and 
fetid  ;  as,  a  mwsty  cask  ;  musty  corn  or  straw  ;  7nii.<(y 

2.  Stale  ;  spoiled  by  age.  [books 

TIh*  proverb  is  tomcwhat  musly.  S^ok. 

3.  Having  an  ill  flavor ;  as,  musty  wine.  Popt. 

4.  Dull ;  heavy  ;  spiritless. 


JIU-TA-BIL'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  mutabiliti  ;  It.  mul^jbilitd 
L.  mutabttitas,  from  mutabilis,  muto,  to  change.] 

1.  Changeableness  ;  susceptibility  of  change  ;  the 
quality  of  being  subject  to  change  or  alteration,  either 
in  form,  state,  or  essential  qualities. 

Plalo  confi'SK-s  tlul  the  heaTcns  and  Ihe  frame  of  the  world  Sf* 
eoqwrcal,  and  therefore  stil-joa  lo  muLs^ily.  Suliing/lML 

2.  The  state  of  habitually  or  frequently  changing. 

3.  Changeableness,  as  of  mind,  disj>osition,or  will ; 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IIXITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  aa  K  :  G  as  J  :  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


MUT 


inconstancy  ;  instability  ;  as,  the  mulability  of  opin- 
jim  or  purpose. 
Mt''TA-BLE,a.   [ll.mutabiU  :  1,.  mutabiUs,frummuto, 
to  chanse,  \V'.  mudaic.    See  Mew.] 

1.  Subject  to  cliance  ;  changeable;  that  may  be  al- 
tered in  form,  qualities,  or  nature.  Almost  every 
thing  we  see  on  earth  is  mutuhle ;  substances  are 
mutable  in  their  form,  and  we  all  know  by  sad  ex- 
perience how  mvtable  are  the  conditions  {)f  life. 

2.  Inconstant ;  unsettled  ;  unstable  ;  susceptible 
of  change.  Our  opinions  and  our  purposes  are 
mutable. 

Mu'TA-BLE-NESSjTi.  Changeableness  ;  mutability; 
instability. 

MU'TA-BLY,  adv.  Changeably. 

Mu'TAGE,  71.  A  process  for  checking  the  fermenta- 
tion of  the  must  of  grapes.  Ure. 

MU-Ta'TION,  71.  [h.mutat!o.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  changing. 

2.  Change  ;  alteration,  either  in  form  or  qualities. 
The  vicissitude  or  tnulations  in  tiie  superior  globe  are  nu  lit  mat- 
ter tor  this  present  ar<jumcDl.  Bacon. 

MU-TJi'T/S  MU-TJJ^DIS,    [L.]     The  necessary 

changes  being  made. 
MOTE,  a.    [L.  mutus ;  W.  mtid  ;  Fr.  muet ;  It.  muto ; 

Sp.  mudo  ;  Ir.  muite ;  Arm.  mud  or  simudet.] 

1.  Silent ;  not  speaking  ;  not  uttering  words,  or 
not  having  the  power  of  utterance  ;  dumb.  Mute 
may  express  temporary  silence,  or  permanent  ina- 
bility to  speak. 

To  the  mute  my  speeeh  is  lost.  Dryden. 
In  this  phrase,  it  denotes  unable  to  utter  words. 
JUore  generally,  it  denotes  temporarily  silent ;  as,  all 
sat  mute. 

All  the  heavenly  choir  stood  mute.  Milton. 

2.  Uttering  no  sound  ;  as,  mute  sorrow. 

3.  Silent ;  not  pronounceil  ;  as,  a  TTiiife  letter. 
MCTE,  71.    A  person  who  can  not  speak,  or  who  re- 
mains silent ;  as,  a  mute  in  a  play. 

2.  In  law,  a  person  that  stands  speechless  when  he 
ought  to  answer  or  plead. 

3.  In  Turkey,  a  dumb  officer  who  acts  as  execu- 
tioner of  persons  of  high  rank.  Brande. 

4.  In  England,  a  person  employed  by  undertakers 
to  stand  before  the  door  of  a  house  in  which  there  is 
a  corpse. 

5.  In  grammar,  a  letter  that  represents  no  sound  ; 
a  close  articulation  which  intercepts  the  voice.  Mutes 
are  of  two  kinds,  pure  and  impure.  The  pure  mutes 
instantly  and  entirely  intercept  tiie  voice,  as,  k,  p, 
ond  t,  in  the  syllables  ek,  ep.  et.  The  impure  mutes 
intercept  the  voice  less  sutUlenly,  as  the  articulations 
are  less  close.  Such  are  *,  d,  and  g,  as  in  the  sylla- 
bles eb,  ed,  eg. 

6.  In  music,  a  little  utensil  of  wood  or  bross,  used 
on  a  violin  to  deaden  or  soften  tli«  sounds.  Busby. 

MCTE,  V.  i.    [Fr.  mutir.] 

To  eject  the  contents  of  the  bowels,  as  birds. 

B.  Jonson, 

MCTE.  71.    The  dung  of  birds.  Hudibras. 
MCTE'LY,  adv.    Silently  ;  without  uttering  words  or 

sounds.  JMiiton, 
MCTE'NESS,  n.    Silence;  forbearance  of  speaking. 
MC'Ti-LATE,  V.  t.    [L.midi/o,  probably  from  the  root 

or  meto,  to  cut  off :  Fr.  mutilcr ;  It.  mutilare.] 

1.  To  cut  off  a  limb  or  es-seiuiul  pitrt  of  on  animal 
body.  To  cut  off  the  hand  or  foot  is  to  mutilate  the 
body  or  the  person. 

2.  To  cut  or  break  off,  or  otherwise  separate  any 
important  part,  os  of  a  statue  or  building.  Kncyc. 

3.  To  retrench,  destroy,  or  remove  any  material 
part,  so  as  to  render  the  thing  imjjerfect ;  us,  to  mu- 
tilate the  poems  of  Homer,  or  the  orations  of  Cicero. 

Amonf?  ttie  mutilattd  poets  oT  aiitirpiiiv,  tliere  is  none  whose 
fragmcutA  arc  so  t)t-auiilul  as  tliose  oi  fjapptio.  Addison. 

MC'TI-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Deprived  of  a  limb,  or  of 

an  essential  part. 
MC'TI-I<A-TEU,  j  o.  In  botany,  the  reverse  of  Luxi'Ri- 
MC'TI-LATE,     (     ANT  ;  not  producing  a  corol,  when 

not  regularly  apetalous  ;  applied  to  Jlowers. 

J^cc.  .Martyn. 
MC'TI-LA-TIXG,  ppr.    Retrenching  a  limb,  or  an  e»- 

nentinl  part. 
MU-TI  I,A'TIO.\,  71.    [I.,  mutilnlio.] 

1.  The  act  of  mutilating;  deprivation  of  a  limb  or 
of  an  essential  part. 

2.  Mutilation  is  a  term  of  very  general  import,  ap- 
plied to  bodicf,  to  statues,  to  buildings,  nntl  to  wnt- 
ingi ;  but  appropriately,  it  denotes  the  retreiirliiiient 
ofo  human  limb  or  member,  and  jiarticularly  of  the 
mnlc  organs  of  gciierittion. 

WC'I'I  LA-TOIl,  71.    One  who  mtitilotcn. 
MOTI-LOUH,  a.   Miitiluted  ;  deleclive;  imperfect.  Itay. 
WC'I'INE,  a  iiiutiiiecr,  and  Mfc'TINE,  to  mutiny,  are 
iKil  in  use. 

Mi;-TI-NEER',  71.  [Sec  Mltinv.]  One  guilty  of 
mutiny  ;  u  pcr«<in  in  inihtiiry  or  naval  service,  who 
riBci  in  oppi^sition  to  the  niitlidnty  t,f  the  oHiccrs, 

who  openly  resists  the  goveriiii  t  of  the  army  or 

ntivv,  or  Dttcinpls  to  dcstrov  due  subordination. 

,Mf;T'I.N(i,  71.    The  dung  of  (iirds.  More. 

.M(;")'l-i\OUH.  a.    'I'lirbulenI ;  disposed   to  resist  the 


MUT 


authority  of  laws  and  regulations  in  an  army  or  na- 
vy, or  openly  resisting  such  authority. 
_  2.  Setiitious.    [.See  Mutinv.] 

Mu'TI-NOUS-IiY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  with  intent 
to  oppose  lawful  authority,  or  due  subordination  in 
military  or  naval  service. 

Mu'TI-NOUS-i\ESS,  ji.  The  state  of  being  muti- 
nous ;  opposition  to  lawful  authority  among  military 
men. 

Mu'TI-NY,  71.  [Fr.  mutin,  refractory,  stubborn,  mu- 
tiner,  to  mutiny  or  rise  in  arms  ;  mutincrie,  mutiny  ; 
Sp.  viotin,  a  mutiny  ;  amotinar,  to  excite  rebellion  ; 
It.  mutinarc,  to  mutiny  ;  Port,  motim  :  D.  mniten,  mu- 
tiny, and  .as  a  verb,  to  mutiny,  and  to  mew,  to  molt  or 
cast  the  feathers,  coinciding  with  the  Fr.  muer.  Eng. 
to  mew;  G.  meutercy,  nuitiny,  and  mausen,  to  mew 
or  molt  ;  Dan.  uiytfrie  ,-  Sw.  mytteri,  mutiny  ;  Arm. 
muza,  to  mew  or  molt.  We  see  that  these  words, 
mutiny  and  mew,  are  from  the  same  root  as  L.  muto, 
to  change,  VV.  inudaw,  which  is  radically  the  same 
word  as  L.  motn,  to  move.  Mutiny  is  formed  from 
the  French  mutin,  a  derivative  word,  and  7ncto  from 
the  root  or  verb.  So  matin,  in  Spanish,  is  a  deriva- 
tive, while  muda,  change,  and  Port,  mudar,  to  change 

feathers,  are  directly  from  the  verb ;  Eth. 

mit,  to  turn  ;  Ar.  matau,  to  move  or  drive, 

or  kU  77ia!ii,  to  drive.    Class  Md,  No.  14,  10.] 

An  insurrection  of  soldiers  or  seamen  against  the 
authority  of  their  commanders  ;  open  resistance  of 
officers,  or  opposition  to  their  authority.  A  mutiny  is 
jiroperly  the  art  of  numbers,  but  by  statutes  and  or- 
ders for  governing  the  army  and  navy  in  different 
countries,  the  acts  which  constitute  mutiny  are  mul- 
tiplied and  defined;  and  acts  of  individuals,  amount- 
ing to  a  resistance  of  the  authority  or  lawful  com- 
mands of  officers,  are  declared  to  be  mutiny.  Any 
attempt  to  excite  opposition  to  lawful  authority,  or 
any  act  of  contempt  toward  officers,  or  disobedience 
of  commands,  is  by  the  British  Mutiny  Act  declared 
to  be  mutiny.  Any  concealment  of  mutinous  acts, 
or  neglect  to  attempt  a  suppression  of  them,  is  de- 
clared also  to  be  mutiny. 

J^vte.  —  In  good  atithors  who  lived  a  centurj'  ago, 
mutiny  and  7niit/»oi/.s  were  applied  to  insurrection  anil 
sedition  in  civil  society.  But  I  believe  these  words 
are  now  applied  exclusively  to  soldiers  and  seamen. 

Mu'TI-NY,  V.  i.  To  rise  against  lawful  authority  in 
military  and  naval  service  ;  to  excite,  or  attempt  to 
excite,  opposition  to  the  lawful  commands  of  military 
and  naval  officers  ;  to  commit  some  act  which  tends 
to  bring  the  authority  of  officers  into  contempt,  or  in 
any  way  to  promote  insubordination. 

]\HJT'TER,  v.i.  [L.  mutio,  muitio,^\\A  musso,mussito ; 
allied  perhaps  to  muse,  which  see.] 

1.  To  utter  words  with  a  low  voice  and  compressed 
lips,  with  sullenness  or  in  complaint ;  to  grumble ;  to 
murmur. 

Meantime  your  filthy  foreigner  will  stare, 

And  mutter  to  himself.  Dryden. 

2.  To  sound  with  a  low,  rumbling  noise. 

Thick  lightnings  flash,  the  muttering  thunder  rolls.  Pope. 

MUT'TER,  V.  t.  To  utter  with  imperfect  articulations, 
or  with  a  low,  murmuring  voice. 

Your  lips  have  spoken  lies,  your  tongue  hath  muttered  perveise- 
ness.  —  Is.  Iix. 

They  in  sleep  will  mutter  their  affairs.  Shah. 

MUT'TER,  71.    Murmur;  obscure  utterance.  Milton, 
MUT'TER-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Uttered  in  a  low,  murmur- 
ing voice. 

MUT'TER-FR,  7i.    A  grumbler  ;  one  that  mutters. 

MUT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  with  a  low,  mur- 
muring voice  ;  gnimbling  ;  murmuring. 

MUT'TER-ING-LY,  at^D.  With  a  low  voice ;  without 
distinct  articulation. 

MUT'TON,  (mut'n,)  ti.  [Fr.  moutnn,  for  movlton :  W. 
mollt,  a  wether;  Arm.  maud;  Ir.  7noI(.    Qu.  Gr. 

/<r(Xor.] 

1.  The  flesh  of  sheep,  raw  or  dressed  for  food. 

2.  A  sheep.  \^But  this  sense  is  now  obsolete  or  ludi- 
crous.] Bacon. 

MUT'TON-CHOP,  7i.    A  rib  of  mutton  for  broiling, 
having  Ihe  hone  cut  or  chopped  off  at  the  small  end. 
MUT'TON-FIST,  n.    A  large,  red,  brawny  hand. 

Drtfden. 

MO'TU-AI,,  (mut'yu-al,)  a.  [Fr.mutuel;  h.  mututis, 
from  muto,  to  change.] 

Reciprocal;  interchanged;  each  acting  in  return 
or  correspondence  to  the  otlie>  ;  given  and  receiveil. 
Mutual  love  is  that  which  is  enlertained  by  t«'o  per- 
sons each  for  the  otIuT  ;  mutual  advantage  is  that 
which  U  conferred  by  one  )ierson  on  another,  and  re- 
ceived by  him  in  return.  So  wc  say,  miUuul  assist- 
unco  ;  mutual  uvertjiun. 

Anil,  what  should  most  excite  amulunt  (lame, 

Vuur  riinil  cum  and  pleusunrs  hit;  Uio  lame.  Pope. 

MU-TU-AL'I-TY,  n.    Reciprocation  ;  interchange. 

S/ialc 


MYR 


MO'TU-AL-LY,  (mQt'yu-al-le,)  adv.  Reciprocally; 
in  the  manner  of  giving  and  receiving. 

The  tongue  and  tlie  pen  mutually  assist  one  another.  Holder. 

J^ote. — Mutual  and  7Hiifaa/^i/ properly  refer  to  two 
persons,  or  their  intercourse  ;  but  they  may  be,  and 
often  aje,  applied  to  numbers  acting  together  or  in 
MU-TlJ-A''riO.\',  71.    [L.  mutuatio.]  [concert 

The  act  of  borrowing.    [Little  used.]  Hall. 
MU'TULE,  (mut'yule,)  ti.    [Fr.  mutule.] 

In  architecture,  a  projecting  block  under  the  corona 
of  the  Doric  cornice,  in  the  same  situation  as  the 
modillion  of  other  orders.  Oloss.  of  .Srchit. 

MUX,  71.    For  iMucK.    Dirt.  Orose. 
MIJX'Y,  a.    Dirty;  gloomy.  Lemon. 
WUZ'ZLE,  71.    [iFr.  7nitscflii,  muzzle  or  snout ;  Arm. 
musell;  probably  from  the  root  of  mout/t.] 

1.  The  month  of  a  thing;  the  extreme  or  end  for 
entrance  or  discharge;  applied  chiefly  to  the  end  of 
a  tube,  as  the  open  end  of  a  common  fusee  or  pistol, 
or  of  a  bellows. 

2.  The  projecting  mouth  and  nose  of  an  animal, 
as  of  a  horse. 

3.  A  fastening  for  the  mouth  which  hinders  from 
biting. 

With  gnldeo  muzzles  all  their  mouths  were  hound.  Dryden. 

MUZ'Zl.E,  V.  t.  To  hind  the  mouth  ;  to  fasten  the 
mouth  to  prevent  biting  or  eating. 

Tliou  Shalt  not  muzzle  Ule  ox  w  hen  he  treadeth  out  the  com. — 
Deul.  XXV, 

2.  To  fondle  with  the  mouth  close.  [Low.] 

3.  To  restrain  from  hurt. 

My  dagger  OTurj/ed.  Shak. 

MUZ'ZLE,  V.  I   To  bring  the  mouth  near. 

The  bear  muzzles  and  smells  to  him.  L'Estran^t. 

MUZ'ZL£D,  pp.  Fastened  by  the  mouth  to  prevent 
biting  or  eating. 

MUZ'ZLE-LASH'ING,  n.  The  lashing  by  which  the 
muzzle  of  a  gun  is  secured  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
port  in  a  ship. 

MUZ'ZLE-RLNG,  ti.  The  metalline  ring  or  circle 
that  surrounds  the  mouth  of  a  cannon  or  other  piece. 

MUZ'ZLl.NG,  ppr.    Fastening  the  mouth. 

MUZ'ZY,  a.  [from  muse.]  Absent  in  mind ;  be- 
wildered.   [JVot  in  use] 

MV,  [tronom.  adj.  [Contracted  from  migen,  mine.  Me 
was  originally  mig,  .ind  the  adjective  migen.  So  in 
L.  nteus.    See  Mine.] 

Belonging  to  me  ;  as,  this  is  7ny  book.  Formerly, 
mine  was  used  before  a  vowel,  and  my  before  a  con- 
sonant ;  7117/  is  now  used  before  both.  V\'e  say,  viy 
book  ;  my  own  book  ;  my  old  friend.  Mine  is  still 
used  after  a  verb  ;  as,  this  book  is  ntinc. 

JIVL'O-DO.V,  71.  An  extinct  edentate  animal,  allied 
to  the  megatherium.  Ltjcll, 

MYN'CIIEN,  71.    A  nun.  [Obs.] 

MYNCH'ER-Y,  7i.  The  Saxon  name  for  a  nunnery  ; 
a  term  still  applied  to  the  ruins  of  certain  nunneries 
in  England.  Gloss,  of  Archil. 

MYN-ilEER',  71,  [D.,  my  lord  or  master.]  A  Dutch- 
man. 

MY-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a,  [See  Mvographt,]  Per- 
taining to  a  description  of  the  muscles, 

MV-OG'RA-PHIST,  71,  One  who  describes  the  mus- 
cles of  animals, 

M?-0G'RA-PHY,  71,    [Gr,  pv;,  iivos,  a  muscle,  and 
ypaihto,  to  tiescribe,] 
A  description  of  the  muscles  of  the  body, 

M?-O-L0G'ie-AI,,  a.  [See  Mvolooy.]  'Pertaining 
to  the  description  and  doctrine  of  the  muscles. 

MV-OL'O-GIST,  71.  One  who  is  versed  in  myology, 
or  who  treats  of  the  subject. 

MY-OL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  fit;, /jvos,  muscle,  and  Aojoj, 
tliscoiirse.] 

A  description  of  the  muscles,  or  the  doctrine  of 
the  muscles  of  the  human  body.    Chcyne.  Encyc. 
MY'OPE,  71. ;  pi.  Mv'oPES.    [Gt.  pvtotp  >  /H)w,to  shut, 
and  <  Jt//,  the  eye.] 

A  short-sighted  person.  Adams. 
MY'O-PY,  71.  Short  sightedness.  Encyc. 
M9-0T'0-MY,  71.    [(Jr.  (jnf  and  ropri,  a  cutting.] 

A  dissection  of  the  muscles, 
MYR'I-AD,  (mir'e-ad,)  7i.  [Gr,  iivptof,  from  /H'oint, 
extreme,  innumerable  ;  W,  myr,  that  is,  infinite, 
fluctuating,  ants,  emmets;  7n!/r2,  infinity,  a  myriad, 
ten  thousand.  Here  we  see  the  origin  of  the  Gr, 
/iiin/oK,  pxofiril,  an  ant,  so  named  from  numbers  or 
motion.    See  Feuvent.] 

1,  The  number  of  ten  thousand. 

2.  An  immense  number,  indefinitely.  Milton. 
MYll'l-A-GKAJl,       (71.    [Gr.  ,/«oi.i,  ten  thousand, 
MYR'  I-A-aR/lMME,\     and  ;  ,,a/i|io.] 

A  French  weight  equal  to  ten  thoii.sand  grams  or 
ten  kilograms,  or22.01(i3  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Lanier.  McCulloch, 
MVR-I-AI/I-TER,  )  71,      [Gr,   pvpiu   and  Xirpa,  a 
MYIVI-.'l  [J-TllK,  )  pound.] 

A  French   measure  of  capacity  containing  ten 
tliiiiisaiid  liters,  or  C1II,2H0  cubic  inches,  about  42 
liogvhi  ads  of  English  wiiio  measure.  McCulloch. 
MVK-I  A.M'E TElt,  )  ii,    [Gr,    (ii/Ji.i,  ten 

MYR'l  .1  ME  I  HE,  (  mS-ter,)  (  thousand,  and /ji  r 
pi'V,  measure.] 


FATE,  FAB,  PALI',  WHAT — MfiTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQI-F,  BQQK,— 


740 


NAB 


NAC 


In  the  new  siptcm  of  French  mea-tiirrs,  the  length 
of  ten  thonsiinil  mi  ters,  equal  to  (i  miles,  1  fiirliing, 
and  '26  rods  of  our  long  measure.  McCuUocIl. 
MYlt'I  A-I'OI),  H.  [Gr. /^ufHu, ten  tliousand, and  noScs, 
feet.] 

One  of  an  order  or  class  of  insects  having  many 
feet  or  leys.  Bell. 

MYll'I-ARCH,  (mir'e-Urk,)  n.    [Gr.  (iupia,  ten  tliou- 
sand, and  <f)X«5,  chief.] 
A  captain  or  commander  often  thousand  men. 

MYR' hJIRE^  11.    [Gr.  ^vpiu  and  are,  L.  area.] 

A  Krencli  linear  measure  of  ten  thousand  acres,  or 
100,000  square  meters,  nearly  247  Knu'lish  acres. 

McCtilloch.  LunitT. 

MYR'I-CI\,  n.  The  substance  which  rtiiiiins  alter 
bees-wax,  or  the  wax  of  the  Myrica  cerifer.^  of  South 
Africa,  has  been  digested  in  alcohol.  It  is  in  fact 
one  of  the  proximate  principles  of  wax.  It  tlitfers 
IVcim  cerin,  the  other  proximate  principle,  in  being 
incapable  of  being  converted  into  a  soap  by  caustic 
polassa.  Dr.  John. 

MVR-I-0-I,OG'ie-AL,  a.    Relating  to  a  myriologue. 

MYK-I-OL'O-OIST,  n.  One  who  composes  or  sings  a 
mvriologiie,  usually  or  always  a  female. 

JlYk'I-O-LOGUE,  ji.  [Gr.  /icpicij,  e.xtreme,  and 
Xo,  .,J.] 

In  modern  Greece,  an  extemporary  funeral  song, 
comiMised  and  sung  on  the  death  of  a  friend. 
MVU-I-O-IlA'iMA,  n.    [Gr.  nvpiui,  infinite,  and  ooou, 
to  see.] 

Views  of  objects  in  numbers  indefinite  ;  sections 
so  contrived  that  they  may  be  combined  into  pictures 
to  an  indefinite  extent. 
MYR'.MI-DON,  (mur'nie-don,)  n.  [Gr.  fiviinid'y,  a 
multitude  of  ants;  W.  mifr  :  qu.  so  culled  from  their 
numbers  or  from  their  industry.] 

Primarily,  the  Myrmidons  are  said  to  have  been  a 
people  on  the  borders  of  Tliess.aly,  who  accompanied 
Achilles  to  the  war  against  Troy.  Hence  the  name 
came  to  signify  a  soldier  of  a  rough  character,  a  des- 
perate soldier  or  rnfiiaii  under  some  daring  leader. 
M  YR-iMI-Do'NI-AN,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  to  myrmi- 
dons. 

W  Y-ROB'A-LAN,  n.  [L.  tnyrobolanum  ;  Gr.  iivpo- 
liaXafof  ;  jiiio  ii',  unguent,  and  t^a\itt"i{,  a  nut.] 

A  tiried  fruit  which  is  a  drupe,  brought  from  the 
East  Indies,  of  which  there  are  several  sorts,  all 
slightly  purgative  and  astringent,  but  not  now  used 
in  medicine.  They  are  the  produce  of  several  species 
of  Teriniualia,  and  of  one  species  at  least  of  Pliyllan- 
"  thus.  The  term  myrobalan,  then,  comprehends  sev- 
enil  ditforent  fruits.  Parr.  Encyc. 

M  Y-ROP'O-LIST,  n.  [Gr.  nvpov,  unguent,  and  TrwAtd), 
to  sell.] 

One  that  sells  unguents.    [Little  used.] 
MYRRH,  (iiiur,)  n.    [L>.  myrrha  t  Gr.  ^vp/ia  or  (r^vpva  ; 


Sp.  and  It.  mirra ;   Ft.  mxjrrhe ;  Arabic,  from 
marra,  to  be  bitter.    Glass  Mr.] 

An  inspissated  sap  that  comes  in  the  form  of  drops 
or  globules  of  various  colors  and  *i7.es,  of  a  pretty 
strong  but  agreeable  smell,  and  of  a  bitter  taste.  It 
is  imported  from  Egypt,  but  chiefly  from  the  southern 
or  eastern  parts  of  Arabia.  As  a  medicine,  it  is  a 
good  stomachic,  antispasmodic,  and  cordial.  It  is 
the  produce  of  a  species  of  Balsamodendron. 

Parr.    Fimrcroy.  Encyc. 
MYR'RHl.N'E,  (-rin,)  a.    [L.  myrrhinus.] 

Made  of  the  murrliine  stone,  or  fluorid  of  calcium, 
1.  p.,  rtuor  spar.    [See  Murrhine.]  MiUoiu 
MYR'TI-FORM,  a.    [L.  myrta.s,  myrtle,  and/orm.] 

Resembling  myrtle  or  myrtle  berries. 
MYR'TLiE.  (mur'tl,)  n.    [L.  myrliu ;  Gr.  fivprof.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Mj-rtus,  of  several  species. 
The  common  myrtle  rises  with  a  shrubby,  upright 
stem,  eiglit  or  ten  feet  high.  Its  branches  form  a 
close,  full  head,  closely  garnished  with  ovate  or  lan- 


ceolate evergreen  leaves.  It  has  numerous  small, 
pale  flowers  from  (he  axils,  singly  on  each  footstalk. 
The  ancients  considered  it  sacred  to  Venus. 

P.  die.  Londoiu 

MYR'TI,r.-nER-RY,  n.    The  fruit  of  the  myrtle. 

MYR'TLE-VVA.X,  n.  A  concrete  oil  or  vegetable 
wax,  produced  by  certain  plants  called  Mvbica,  or 
Canoleberrv  mvrtle.  Encyc.  .^mcT. 

MVRUS,  71.  A  species  of  conger-eel,  found  in  the 
Mediterranean,  Angiiilla  inyriis.       Ash.    P.  Cyc. 

MY-SEIjF',  pron.  A  compound  of  my  and  .self,  used 
after  1,  to  express  emphasis,  marking  emphatically 
the  distinction  between  the  speaker  ami  another 
person  ;  as,  I  myself  will  do  it ;  1  have  done  it 
myself. 

2.  In  the  objective  case,  the  reciprocal  of /.  I  will 
defend  myself. 

3.  It  is  sometimes  used  without  /,  particularly  in 
poetry. 

Mytelf  slinll  mount  the  rostrum  in  hi*  fhvor.  Ad/liton. 

MYS-TA-GOG'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  interpre- 
tation of  mvsteries. 

MYS'TA-GOGUE,  (mys'ta-gog,)  n.  [Gr.  ;iii-ijf,  one 
initiated  in  mysteries,  and  ay  io)o^,  a  leader.] 

1.  One  who  inter|irets  niysterie.s.  Bailey. 

2.  One  that  keeps  church  relics,  and  shows  them 
to  strangers.  Bailey. 

MYS-T£'RI-AL,  a.    Containing  a  mystery  or  enigma. 

B.  Jon^on. 

MYS-TE'RI-XReil,  n.    [Gr.  (iurwioi',  mystery,  and 

a"Xo?,  chief.] 

One  presiding  over  mvsteries.  Johnson. 
MYS-Tk'RI-OUS,   a.     [See  Mvsterv.]     Obscure  ; 

hid  from  the  iimlerstanding  j  not  cli^iirly  understood. 

The  birth  and  connections  of  the  man  with  the  iron 

mask  in  France  are  mysterious,  and  have  never  been 

explained. 

2.  In  rcli/r.m,  ob'icnre ;  secret;  not  revealed  or 
erplained  ;  liidileii  from  human  understanding,  or 
uninte!!;:.'>'.'o  ;  soj'ond  hiinia;!  com(ireheiision.  Ap- 
plied to  the  divine  counsels  and  governim  nt,  the 
word  ofteii  iiiipli-^!;^  s.'tine^hing  awfully  obscure  ;  as, 
the  wavs  of  God  are  ofi.en  mysterious. 
MYS-Tii'RI-OUS-l.Y,  ,idv.  Obscurely  ,  enigmatic- 
ally. 

2.  In  a  manner  wonderfully  obscure  and  unintel- 
ligible. 

MYS-Te'RI-OUS-NESS,  n-    Obscurity,  the  quality 
of  being  hid  from  the  understanding,  and  calculated 
to  excite  curiosity  or  wonder 
2.  Artful  perplexity. 

MYS'TER  IZE,  I),  t.    To  express  m  enigmas. 

MYS'TER-TZ-KD,  p/>.    Expressed  enigmatically. 

MYS'TER-IZ-ING,  opr.    Expressing  in  enigmas. 

MYS'TER-Y,  n.  fL.  mystcrium,  Gr.  wuj-i.oioc,  a 
secret.  This  word  in  Greek  is  rendered  also  jnn- 
rinm  Intiliolum  i  but  probably  both  senses  are  from 
th.it  of  hiding  or  shutting  ;  Gr.  jjvtu,  to  shut,  to  con- 
ceal.] 

1.  A  profound  secret  i  something  wholly  unknown, 
or  something  kept  cautiously  concealed,  and  there- 
fore exciting  curiosity  or  wonder;  such  as  the  mys- 
tery of  the  man  with  the  iron  mask  in  France. 

2.  In  religion,  any  thing  in  the  character  or  attri- 
butes of  God,  or  in  the  economy  of  divine  provi- 
dence, which  is  not  revealed  to  man. 

President  Moore. 

3.  That  which  is  beyond  human  conip.'ehension 
until  explained.  In  this  sense,  wij/.N-tm/ often  conveys 
the  idea  of  something  awfully  sublime  or  important ; 
something  that  excites  wonder. 

Great  is  the  myttery  of  gtxflin.'as.  —  t  Tim.  iii. 

Having  m.-iili*  Kituwn  to  m  the  rnytUry  of  hifl  will. —  Rph.  L 

We  tpeiUf  the  wisdom  of  tiod  in  ii  mytury.  —  I  Cor.  ii. 

4.  An  enigma;  any  thing  artfully  made  difliciilt. 

5.  A  kind  of  rude  drama,  of  a  religious  chanirter, 
called  a  mystery,  or  miracle,  because  it  represented 


the  mysterious  doctrines  of  Christianity,  or  its  early 
niinicies.  Bp.  Percy, 

Ii.  A  trade  ;  a  calling  ;  any  mechaniial  orcnpniion 
which  siipi>ost!S  skill  or  knowledge  pt-f:iiliar  to  those 
who  carry  it  on,  and  therefore  a  secret  to  others. 

[The  wortlj  in  the  latter  sense,  has  been  supposed 
lo  have  a  diflerenl  origin  from  the  foregtiiiig,  vi/..,  Fr. 
metier.  Norm,  mestier,  business,  trade,  occtipalioii,  as 
if  from  Norm,  mestie,  master.  Hut  this  is  probably 
incorrect.] 

7.  The  mysteries,  among  the  ancienl.i,  were  a  kind 
of  secret  religious  wtirship,  to  whit-h  ntun^  were  ad- 
mitted except  those  who  had  been  initiated  by  certain 
prepanilory  ceremonies. 
MYS'TIC,  n.    One  who  holds  the  doctrines  of  mysli- 
MVS'TIC,       )  ,.  1  [cism. 

MYS'Tie  AE  i      [I'''"!''''"^''^' "'•/""'■'■"'"S'J 

1.  Obscure  ;  hid  ;  secret.  Dryden. 

2.  Sacredly  obscure  or  secret ;  remote  from  jiuman 
comprehensitm. 

Gutl  hixlh  rrvf.Tled  a  wny  mytdcnl  .ind  Bn|w*rimtural.  Hooker. 

3.  Involving  some  secret  meaning  ;  allecorical  ; 
emblematical  ;  a.s,  mystic  dance  ;  mystic  Itabyloii. 

Milton.  Burnet. 

MVS'Tie-.'\L-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  by  an  act  im- 
plying a  secret  meaning.  Donne. 

MYS'Tie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mystic- 
al, or  of  involving  some  secret  meaning. 

MYS'TI-UIS.M,  n.    Obscurity  of  doctrine. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  the  Mystics,  who  profess  a  pure, 
sublime,  anil  perfect  devotion,  wholly  disinterested, 
and  maintain  that  in  calm  and  holy  contemplation 
they  have  direct  inlercour.se  wilh  the  divine  ."Spirit, 
anil  acquire  a  knowletlge  in  divine  tilings  which  is 
unattainable  by  the  rea-soning  faculty.  Murduck. 

MYS'Ties,  n.  pi.  A  cla.ss  of  religions  people  who  pro- 
fess to  have  direct  intercourse  wilh  the  Spirit  of  Got] 
in  cttlm  and  holy  contemplation,  and  to  receive  such 
impressions  as  are  true  religious  knowledge. 

MYS-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  Uhc  act  of  rendering  any 
Ihinc  mysterious. 

.M YS'Tl-FI-fU,  pp.  Involved  in  mysterj-  so  as  to 
mislead. 

MYS'TI-F?,  V.  t.  To  involve  in  mystery  so  as  to 
mislead. 

M  YS'TI-FV-I.\G,  ;);ir.    Involving  in  mystery  so  as  to 
MYTH,  71.    [C.T.  ii'Oof.)  [mislead. 
A  fictitious  or  fanciful  narrative,  having  an  analo- 
gy more  or  less  renitite  to  some  real  event.  Fosbroke. 
MY'Tirie,         I         re        f-         n         r  ti  i 
MYTirie-AL  [f")in  Gr. /ivOff,  a  fable.] 

Fabulous.  Shuckford. 
MYTirie-AL-EY,  adv.    By  means  of  mythical  fables 
or  allegories. 

MY-TIIOG'RA-PMER,  n.    [Gr.  pvOoi  and  ypaqtio.] 

A  t-omposcr  of  fables. 
MYTII-O-LOG'IC,        la.    [See  Mvtholoov.]  Re- 
MYTH-0-LOG'ie-.\L,  (     lating  to  ni}  thology  ;  fabu- 
lous. 

MYTH-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  izrfii.     In  a  way  suited  to 

the  system  of  fablt^s. 
MY-THOL'O  GIST,  n.    One  versed  in  mythology; 

one  who  writes  on  mythology,  or  explains  the  fables 

of  the  ancient  pagans.  JVorris. 
MY-THOL'O-GIZE,  r.  i.     To  relate  or  explain  the 

fabulous  history  of  the  heathen. 
iMY  TIIOI/O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  iioil;f,  a  fable,  and  Aoyoj, 

discourse.] 

A  system  of  fables,  or  fabulous  opinions  and  doo 
trines,  respecting  the  deities  which  heathen  nations 
have  supposed  to  preside  over  the  world,  or  to  influ- 
ence the  affairs  of  it. 
M?'THO-Pl,AS.M,  71.    A  narration  of  mere  fable. 
MYT'l-EITE,  71.    [Gr.  ^.inXof,  a  kind  of  shell.] 

In  neology,  a  petrified  muscle  or  shell  of  the  genus 
Mvtiliis.  Kincan. 
MYX'ON,  n.    [Gr.  ,<"{«{.] 

A  fish  of  the  mullet  kind  jSsH. 


N. 


Nis  the  fourteenth  leilcr  of  the  English  alphabet,  and 
an  articulation  formed  by  placing  the  end  of  the 
timgiie  against  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth.  It  is  an 
imp'.'rfect  mute,  or  semi-vowel,  ami  a  nas.al  letter, 
the  articulation  being  accompanied  with  a  sound 
through  the  niwe.  It  has  one  sound  only,  anil  aOcr 
m  is  silent,  or  nearly  so,  a.s  in  hymn  and  condemn. 

N,  among  the  ancicnUt,  was  a  numeral  letter  signi- 
fying 9J0,  and  with  a  stroke  over  it,  N,  9000.  Amoni; 
the  lawyers,  M:  L.  stood  for  non  liquet,  the  case  is  not 
clear. 

N.  is  nscd  as  an  abbreviation  of  jiVtA.  N.  E. 
stands  for  north-eaM ;  N.  VV.  for  north-ioest ;  N.  N.  E. 
ft>r  nortk-norlh-easl ;  N.  N.  W.  for  ju>rtA-n<»r(A-i««t, 


In  ci77nmcrrc.  An.  is  an  abbreviation  of  the  French 
nombre,  and  stands  for  number. 

N.  11.  stands  fur  L.  nota  bene,  observe  well. 
N.  S.  stanils  for  nrto  .^tyle. 
NAB,  It.    The  summit  of  a  mountain  or  rock.  [Local.] 
N.\B,  D.  L    rsw.  nappa;  Dan.  nappcr  i  G.  and  D.  knap- 
pen.    See  K:<.\p.] 

To  catch  suddenly  ;  to  seize  by  a  sudden  grasp  or 
thrust  ;  a  word  little  used,  and  only  in  low  lanrruatfe. 
NAU'BKI),         Caught  suddenly. 
N.AB'BI.N'G,  ppr.    Seizing  suddenly. 
NA'BOB,  71.    A  deputy  or  viceroy  in  India  ;  properly, 
a  subordinate  provincial  governor  under  a  siibahdar ; 
hence, 

2.  A  man  of  great  wealth. 


NAC/V-RAT,  71.    (Sp.  namr,  mother  of  pearl.] 

1.  A  pale  red  color,  w  ith  a  cast  of  orange. 

2.  Fine  liiit-n  or  crape  dyed  of  this  color.  Ure, 
NACK'ER  or  Na'KER.    See  N.»cre. 

Na'CRE,  (ni'ker,)  n.  [Fr  ]  A  beautiful  iridescent 
substanre  which  lini's  the  interior  of  some  shells 
anti  is  most  perfect  in  the  mother-of-pearl. 

Buchanan. 

Na'CRF^OUS,  a.  [See  Nacre.]  Having  an  irides- 
cent luster  like  the  mother-of-pearl.  Brandr. 

Na'CRITE,  n.  [See  Nacre.]  A  mineral  consisting 
of  fine  pearly  scales,  and  havine  a  grea.sy  feel.  It 
resembles  stime  while  or  greenish  white  varieties  of 
Ltlc,  but  contains  alumina  In  combination  with  sili- 
ca, instead  of  mairnesia.  Dant 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.--AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


NAK 


NAM 


NAR 


Xa'DIR,  ji.    [Ai.jjJaj,  from jlai 

natara,  to  be 

like,  proportional,  correspondins  to,  opposite.] 

Thai  point  of  the  heavens  or  lower  hfinis|j!iere  di- 
rectly opposite  to  the  zenith  ;  the  point  directly  under 
th;  place  where  we  stand. 
NA'DI.E-STEIN,  n.    [G.  nadd  and  stein.] 

Needle-stone  ;  rutile.  Ure, 


N^EVE,  n.    [L.  luieus.] 
A  spot. 

N/E'VoSE,  a.    Spotted  ;  freckled. 


Dnjden. 


NAFF  i       ^  tufted  sea-fowl.  Chalmers. 

NAG,  7i.    A  small  horse  ;  a  liorse  in  general,  or  rather 
a  sprishtly  horse.  VKstranrre. 
2.  .\  paramour,  in  contempt,  Shak. 
NAG  GY,  a.    Contentious.  JV.  of  Eng. 

Na'IAD,  (na'yad,)  n.  [Gr.  vauiltf,  naiads,  from  t°iw, 
to  flow.] 

In  nujtliolorry,  a  water  nymph  ;  a  female  deity  that 
presides  over  rivers  and  springs. 
Na'I.\-Df.S,  (na'ya-deez,)  n.  pi.    Water  nymphs  ;  na- 
iads.   [See  Naiad.] 

2.  In  comhulogij,  a  family  of  fresh-water  bivalves. 

P.  Cijc. 

3.  In  botany,  an  order  of  indogenous  aquatic  plants. 

P.  Cue. 

NaIL,  71.  [Sax.  nicgel ;  Sw.  G.  and  D.  nagel :  Dan. 
nagle :  Russ.  natrot ;  Sans,  naga,  or  nakha.  If  the 
word  was  originally  applied  to  a  claw  or  talon,  the 
primary  sense  may  be  to  catch,  or  it  may  be  a 
shootj 

1.  The  claw  or  talon  of  a  bird  or  other  animal. 

2.  The  horny  substance  growing  at  the  end  of  the 
human  flngTs  and  toes. 

3.  A  small  pointed  piece  of  metal,  nsually  with  a 
head,  to  be  driven  into  a  hoard  or  other  pii  ce  of  tim- 
ber, and  serving  to  fasten  it  to  other  timber.  The 
larger  kinds  of  instruments  of  this  sort  are  called 
Spikes  ;  and  a  long,  thin  kind,  with  a  flattish  head, 
is  called  a  Rrad. 

4.  A  stud  or  boss  ;  a  short  nail  with  a  large,  broad 
bead.  Swift. 

5.  .\  measure  of  length,  being  two  inches  and  a 
quarter,  or  the  sixteenth  of  a  yard. 

On  Vie  nail ;  in  hand  ;  immediately  ;  without  de- 
lay or  time  of  credit ;  as,  to  pay  money  on  thr  nail. 

SicifL 

To  hit  the  nail  on  the  head ;  to  hit  or  touch  the  exact 
point. 

NAIL,  r.  t  To  fasten  with  nails;  to  unite,  close,  or 
make  compact  with  nails. 

2.  To  stud  with  nails. 

The  rivets  of  ;^our  anna  were  nailfd  with  ^old.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  stop  the  vent  of  a  cannon  ;  to  spike. 
NAIL' KD,  pp.    Fastened  with  nails  ;  studded. 
NAIL'ER,  n.    One  whose  occtipation  is  to  make  nails. 
NaIL'ER-Y,  n.  A  manufactory  where  nails  are  made. 
NAIL'ING,  p/>r.    Fastening  with  nails  ;  studding. 
NA'IVE,  (ni'eve,)  a.    [Fr.]    Having  native  or  unaf- 
fected simplicity  ;  ingenuous. 

NX'tVE-LV,  wiv.    (Fr.  naif,  from  L.  nativus.] 
With  native  or  unaffected  simplicity. 

M'A'lyF^TE,  (ni'ev-ti,)  n.  Native  simplicity;  unaf- 
fected plainness  or  ingenuousness.  Gray. 

NA'KED,  a.  [Sax.  nacod  ;  G.  naekct,  nackt :  D.  nmikt ; 
Sw.  naken  ;  Dan.  niigrn ;  Russ.  nairri,  nairost,  and 
nagota,  nakedness  ;  Ir.  nnclUa,  tipen,  discovereti  ; 
noclulai'rhp,  naked  ;  nockdaitrhim,  to  strip.  Class  Ng, 
No.  5.  10,  47,  and  1.5,  Ifi.J 

1.  Ni>l  covered  ;  hare  ;  having  no  clotlies  on  ;  as,  a 
naked  body,  or  a  naked  limb. 

2.  Unarmed  ;  defenseless  ;  open  ;  exposed  ;  having 
no  means  of  def.  nse  or  protectiim  against  an  ene- 
my's attack,  or  against  other  injury. 

Bchyld  my  bosom  netked  to  your  swonls.  A'titison. 

3.  Open  to  view  ;  not  concealed  ;  manifest.  Ilrb. 

4.  Destitute  of  worldly  goods.    Job  i  [iv. 

5.  Exposed  to  shame  and  disgrace.   Ezod.  xxxii. 

6.  Guilty  ami  exposed  to  divine  wrath.    Rer^.  iii. 

7.  Plain;  evident;  undisguised;  without  exagger- 
ation :  as,  the  naked  truth. 

8.  Mere  ;  bare  ;  simple  ;  wanting  the  necessary  ad- 
ditions. God  requires  of  man  sometliing  besides  tlic 
naked  belief  of  his  being  and  his  word. 

9.  In  Antaiii/,  destitute  of  the  customary  covering  ; 
as  a  flower  without  a  calyx,  a  stem  without 
leaves,  tec. 

|f(.  Not  assisted  by  glasses  ;  as,  the  nakeil  eye. 
Jii'aked  Jtiiiiring,  in  earpenlnj,  is  the  timber-work 
which  -iipports  a  fliMir.  OiniU. 
NA'KED-LY,  ailn.    Willioiit  covering. 

2.  Simply  ;  barely  ;  merely  ;  in  the  abstract. 

3.  Evidently.  [Il.dder. 
NA'KED-NEHS,  n.  Want  of  covering  or  clothing;  nu- 
dity ,  barrnesn. 


2.  Want  of  meanx  of  defenae. 
ye  ar^  •I'*''* ;  to  lee  Uie  naktdnttt  of  Ok  lArul  are  /e  c 
Ueii.  Ilii. 


3.  Phiinness  ;  openness  to  view,  Shak, 
To  uncover  nakeAne-s.f,  in  Scripture,  is  to  have  in- 
cestiiiius  or  uplawfiil  commerce  with  a  female. 
N.A'KEK,  n.    [Sp.  nacar ;  It.  nacrhrra :  Fr.  nacre,] 

.Mother  of  pearl  or  nacre,  wliicli  see. 
NA'KTR,  n,    A  wandering  [lain  passing  from  one  limb 

to  another.  Sclienk. 
NALL,  n.    [Dan.  naal,  a  needle.] 

An  awl,  such  as  collar-makers  or  shoemakers  use. 
[JVW  used,  or  heal.]  Johnson. 
NA.M'lfY-PA.M'BY,  ii.  or  a.    A  term  applied  to  that 
which  is  contemptible  fur  affected  prettiness. 

Stnart, 

Name,  71.  [Sax.  Tiama ;  D.  7iaam  ,*  G.  name  ;  Sw.  namn  ; 
Dan.  navn;  Ice.  nafn;  h.  nomen  ;  Gr.  ai^otin;  It.  and 
Port,  name  :  Sp.  noinbre  ;  Fr.  7iom  ;  Pers.  Tiam, 
naniah:  Sans,  and  Hindoo,  noma,  nom  :  Malay  and 
Bengalee,  namwa:  Ostiak,  neinen.    (iu.  Heb.  DK:.] 

1.  That  by  whicli  a  thing  is  called  ;  the  sound  or 
combinatitm  of  sounds  used  to  express  an  idea,  or 
any  material  substance,  quality,  or  act ;  an  appella- 
tion attached  to  a  thing  by  customary  use,  by  wliich 
it  may  be  vocally  distinguished  from  other  things.  A 
name  may  be  attached  to  an  individual  only,  and  is 
tlien  proper  or  appropriate,  iifi  .hhn,  Thomas,  London, 
Paris;  or  it  may  be  attached  to  a  species,  genus,  or 
class  of  things,  as  sheep,  goat,  horse,  tree,  animal, 
which  are  called  cojnmon  names,  sprctfc,  or  generic. 

2.  The  letters  or  characters,  written  or  engraved, 
expressing  tlie  sounds  by  which  a  person  or  thing  is 
known  and  distinguished. 

3.  A  person. 

They  list  with  women  each  degenerate  name.  Dryden. 

4.  Reputation  ;  character ;  that  which  is  commonly 
said  of  a  person  ;  as,  a  good  name  ;  a  bad  name. 

Clarendon. 

5.  Renown  ;  fame  ;  honor ;  celebrity  ;  eminence  ; 
praise  ;  distinction. 

Whiit  men  of  namt  r^soit  to  him  ?  Shdk. 
But  in  this  sense,  the  word  is  often  qualified  by  an 
epithet  ;  as,  a  great  name  ;  a  mighty  name. 

6.  Remembrance  ;  memory. 

The  Loni  slirji  blot  out  liia  natne  from  under  heaven.  —  Deul. 
xxix. 

7.  Appearance  only  ;  sound  only,  not  reality  ;  as, 
a  friend  in  name.    Rev.  iii. 

8.  Authority  ;  behalf ;  part ;  as,  in  the  7iame  of  the 
people.  Wlien  a  man  speaks  or  acts  in  the  7in»ic  of 
another,  he  does  it  by  their  authority  or  in  their  be- 
half, as  their  representative. 

9.  Assumed  character  of  another. 

Had  lor^d  a  treason  in  iny  patron's  name.  Dryden. 

10.  In  Scr/pff/re,  the  7iamcof  God  signifies  his  titles, 
his  attributes,  his  will  ttr  purpose,  his  lumi»r  and  glo- 
ry, his  word,  his  grace,  his  wisd  m,  power,  and  good- 
ness, his  worship  or  service,  or  God  himself. 

11.  Issue  ;  posterity  that  preserves  the  name. 
Dent.  XXV. 

12.  In  grammar,  a  noun. 

To  call  names :  to  apply  opprobrious  names  ;  to  call 
by  reproachful  appellations.  Sieifl, 

To  take  Oie  name  of  Qod  in  vain  ;  to  swear  falsely  or 
profanely,  or  to  use  the  name  of  God  with  levity  or 
contempt.    Eiod.  xx. 

To  know  by  name :  to  honor  by  a  particular  friend- 
ship or  familiarity.    Erod.  xxxiii. 

Christian  name  :  the  name  a  person  receives  by  bap- 
tism, as  distinguishetl  from  surname. 
N.A.ME,  17.  t.    [Sax.  naman,  nemnan,  Goth,  namnyan,  to 
call,  to  name,  to  invoke  ;  D.  noemen;  G.  nenncn;  Sw. 
ndmno  ;  Dan.  nan:ner.] 

1.  To  set  or  give  to  any  person  or  thing  a  sound  or 
combination  of  sounds  liy  whicli  it  may  be  known 
and  distinguished  ;  to  call ;  to  give  an  api>cllation  to. 

She  named  the  child  Ichaliod.—  I  Sam.  iv. 

Thos  was  the  Imildiiiir  I'  ft 
Ri<liculoua,  and  the  worit  confiieion  nauied.  Alilton, 

2.  To  mention  by  name  ;  to  litter  or  pronounce  the 
sound  or  sounds  by  which  a  person  or  thing  is  known 
and  distinguished. 

Neither  use  thyself  to  the  ruimin*  of  the  Holy  One.  Ecctut, 

3.  To  nominate ;  to  designate  for  any  purpose  by 
name. 

Thou  sh.ilt  anoint  to  me  him  whom  1  na*ru  to  tliee.  —  1  Sam. 
xvi. 

4.  To  entitle.  Milton. 
Tn  name  the  name  of  Christ ;  to  make  profession  of 

fiitli  in  him.   2  Tim.  iv. 
Na.M'A;1),  pp.     Called  ;  denominated;  designated  by 
name. 

N.\  M  E'LE.''S,  a.  Without  a  n.anic  ;  not  distinsniished 
by  an  aiipi  llation  ;  as,  a  nameless  star.  IVnller. 

2.  Noting  a  pi  rson  or  thing  whose  name  is  not 
known  or  mentiom  d.  j^iterbury. 

NAMF.'I.ESS-LY,  ndv.    In  a  nameless  manner. 

NA.ME'LY,  ai/e.    To  mention  by  name  ;  particularly. 

For  the  pxci'llency  of  Ihe  soul,  mmehj,  its  power  of  divining 
drejiini;  th.il  several  such  divinations  have  been  niiule.  -lone 
cm  question.  AddiMon. 

NAM'ER,  n.    One  that  names  or  calls  by  name. 
NA  ME'SaKE,  71,    One  that  has  the  same  name  as  an- 
other, .^lidison. 


NaM'ING,  ppr.  Calling;  nominating;  mentioning. 
NA.M'ING-LY,  adr.    By' name. 

N.^N  ;  a  Welsh  word  signifying  what,  used  as  an  inter- 
rogative. [This  woril  has  been  extensively  used 
witliin  my  memory  by  the  common  people  of  New 
England.] 

NWN'DU,  n.  The  American  ostrich,  Rhea  -Americana. 

Brandc. 

NAN-KEEN',  7i.    [JVanAin,  a  Chinese  word.] 

A  species  of  cloth,  of  a  firm  texture,  from  China, 
made  of  a  sort  of  cotton,  viz.,  Gossypium  religiosuin, 
that  is  naturally  of  a  kind  of  yellow  color,  which  is 
quite  indestructible  and  permanent.  This  cloth  is 
now  imitated  by  the  manufacturers  in  Great  Britain, 
though  with  far  less  permanency  of  color.  It  is  now 
made  in  Georgia  of  cotton  raised  in  that  State. 
N.*>P,  71.  [Sax.  hnuppian.  Qu.  its  connection  with 
hnepan,  to  lean,  that  is,  to  nod.] 

A  short  sleep  or  slumber.    [ColloqtiiaJ.]  Sidney. 
N.AP,  V.  i.    To  have  a  short  sleep  ;  to  be  (frowsy. 

2.  To  be  in  a  careless,  secure  state.  fViclif. 
N.AP,  ;i.    [Sax.  hnoppa,  nap ;  It.  nappa,  a  tassel ;  Ar. 
5  , 

i.  Al'^  kinabon.    Cl.ass  Nb,  No.  20.] 

1.  The  woolly  or  villous  substance  on  the  surface 
of  cloth. 

2.  The  downy,  or  soft,  hairy  substance  on  plants. 

3.  A  knop.    [See  K.nop.]  [Martyn. 


NAPE, 


[Sax.  c7tap,  a  knob  ;  Ar. 


kanaba. 


to  be  hard  or  callous,  whence  a  callus.  Class  Nb, 
No.  QO.] 

The  prominent  joint  of  the  neck  behind.  Bacon. 
NA'PER-Y.^  71.    [Fr.  nappe  ;  It.  nappa,  napparie.] 

Linen  for  the  table;  table-cloths  or  linen  cloth  in 
ireni-ral.    [0/w.]  Shelton. 
NA'PHEW,  (na'fu,)  7i.  [L.  Tiapas,  a  turnip  ;  Sax.  cTiirp, 
a  knob.] 

A  plant.    [See  Navew.] 
NAPH'THA,  (nap'tha,)  71.    [L.  Gr.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar., 

from  txij  nafata,  to  push  out,  as  pustules,  to  throw 
out,  to  boil,  to  be  angr\'.  In  Amharic,  veft,  or  nepht, 
from  this  sense,  signifies  a  ffiin  or  musket.] 

A  volatile,  limpid,  bituminous  liquiil,  of  a  strong, 
peculiar  oilor,  and  generally  of  a  light-yellow  color; 
but  it  may  be  rt  nilered  colorless  by  careful  di-tilla- 
tion.  It  is  very  infiamniable,  and  burns  with  a  white 
flame,  mixed  with  much  smoke.  It  is  insoluble  in 
water,  but  unites  in  every  proportion  with  absolute 
alcohol.  Turner.  By  hing  keeping  it  hardens  into 
a  substance  resembling  vegetable  resin, and  becomes 
blatk. 

Naphtha  exudes  from  the  earth  in  Persia,  and,  as 
is  said,  in  tlie  neighborhood  of  llabyl'^n.  Naphtha 
may  be  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  asph:iU  from 
the  Dead  Sea,  and  of  petroleum  from  Trinidad. 

Nafihtha  consists  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  equ.al 
eqiirvalents.  Thomson. 

NAPII-THAL'ie  ACID,  71.  A  crystalline  product,  in 
appearance  resembling  benzoic  acid,  obtained  from 
naplitlialiiie.  Brande. 

NAPH'THA-LINE,  (-lin,)  71.  A  peculiar,  white,  crys- 
tallizalile  substance,  deposited  from  naphtha  distilled 
from  coal  tar,  ctmsistins  of  hydrogen  and  carbon.  It 
is  heavier  than  water,  has  a  pungent,  aromatic  taste, 
and  a  peculiar,  faintly  aromatic  odor,  not  unlike  that 
of  the  .N'arcissus.  Brande. 

NA'Pl-FOR.M,  a.  [L.  napus,  a  turnip,  and  forma, 
form.] 

H.  iving  the  shape  of  a  turnip,  swelled  in  the  upper 
pari  and  becoming  more  slender  below.  Beck. 

N.AP'KIN,  71,  [Fr.  7iaj7f,  cloth;  of  which  napkin  is  a 
diminutive  ] 

I.  A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the  hands  ;  a  towel. 
2.  A  handkerchief.    [Oi.-.]  Shak. 

NAP'LESS,  a.    Without  nap  ;  threadbare.  Shnk. 
NA'PL/JS-YEL'I.oW,  71.    A  fine  yellow  pigment, 

used  in  oil  painting,  also  for  porcelain  and  enamel. 

It  has  long  been  prepared  in  Italy  by  a  secret  jirocess. 

Ure. 

NAP'PAL,  77.    Soap  rock.  Pinkerton. 

NAP'PI  NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  sleepy,  or  in- 
clined to  take  naps. 

2.  The  quality  of  having  a  nap;  abundance  of 
nap,  as  on  cloth. 

N.AP'PING,  ppr.    Havins  a  short  sleep. 

N.VP'PY,  a.  [from  7iBp.]  Frothy  ;  spumy  ;  as,  7inppy 
beer.  Oay. 

NAP'-TAK-ING,  a.    Taking  naps. 

NAP'-TAK-ING,  n.  A  taking  by  surprise,  as  when 
one  is  not  on  his  guard  ;  unexpected  onset,  when 
one  is  unprepared.  Carew. 

NXR,  a     Nearer.    [0*.'.]  Speiuer. 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  opium,  in  the  form  of  a 
white  crysuilline  solid,  with  a  slightly  bitter  and  gal- 
vanic taste. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T — METE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BiRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


748 


N  AR 

NXR-CIS'SUS,  n.    [I,.  ;  Gr.  i  ..j/tiiT^  >s.] 

1.  In  nnitlwluirij,  ii  bi  iiutiriil  youth  \vlii>  was  onam- 
orud  iif  Ills  iiwii  iiiiafio  a,"  m'i'II  hi  a  roiiiilaiii,  and 
wiui  clianavd  into  tlic  llowi  r  lallrd  liy  his  naimr. 

2.  In  biiluiiii,  a  m  inis  <il'  llii\v<  riiii.'  plants  tit  sev- 
eral spi'cirs,  i(ini|irisin[;  the  datlbilds,  jnnqiiils,  &c. 

•  Tlioy  are  linllmiis-niiiti'd,  prii'iinial  in  root,  but  witii 
niinnal  le  aves  and  lluwcr-stalks.  Eiiciic-.  ParUntitun. 

NAK-eO'SKS,  ,1.  [Or.,  infra.]  'I"he  tiruct  of  n  iiar- 
ci.tir,  whi'ther  medicinal  ur  poisonous. 

NAK-e()'l"IC,  II.  [tir.  i/,i,iKwr<<t  si  frui'i  ni/j<tnw,  to 
rt'inli  r  torpiil.J 

In  ini-dicinal  doses,  nllayinp  morbid  siisceptibihty, 
rolievine  pain,  and  producinc  sleep.  In  poLsonoiis 
doses,  producing  stn|ior,  coma,  and  ccmvulsiiiiis ; 
and,  \t  piislied  to  a  sufficient  extent,  death.  TiiUii. 

NXlteOT'IC,  n.  .\  medicine  which,  in  medicinal 
doses,  allays  morliid  susceptibility,  relieves  pain,  and 
produces  sleeji ;  but  wliicli,  in  puisunniis  doses,  pro- 
duces stupor,  coniu,  convulsions,  and,  if  pushed  far 
enoimh,  death.  Tally. 

NAI{-e()T'ie-.\L.-LY,  ado.  Operating  after  the  man- 
ner of  a  narctitic.  JVUttluck. 

NAIl-eOT'ie-NKSS,  71.  The  quality  of  opeiating  as 
a  narcotic.    [jVot  iisptlA 

NAK-COT'ie  O-AC'IMD,  a.  In  medicine,  acrid-nar- 
cotic ;  a  term  denoting  a  combination  of  acrid  and 
narcotic  properties. 

N.'iireOT-I.MC,  (-in,)  n.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from 
opium,  ami  one  of  its  active  narcotic  principles.  It 
is  a  white  crvi^alliiie  solid,  nearly  destitute  of  taste. 

NA  U'CO-TIS.M,  n.  The  elfect  of  a  narcotic,  whetlier 
medicinal  or  poisonous.    [Little  lued,] 

N.XUl),  n.  [I,,  nardiis,  nardum  ;  C,T.  vaii('of  ;  from  the 
.Arabic,  Phenician,  Syriac,  or  Persian,  probably  the 
latter.] 

1.  .\  jdant  usually  called  spikenard,  spica  nnrdi ; 
highly  vabieil  by  the  ancients,  both  as  an  article  of 
luxury  and  of  medicine.    It  is  odorous  or  aromatic. 

3.  An  unguent  prepared  from  the  plant. 
NAKDJJ.N'E,  (-in,)  a.    Pertaining  to  nard  ;  havins  the 

qualities  of  spikenard.  ^siat.  Kcs. 

NaKE,  n.    [I,,  nuri-.] 

The  nostril.    [JVut  iised.l  Iludibras. 
NAR'I-FOR.M,  a.    Formed  like  the  nose. 
N.\K'RA-HI>E,  (1.    [I,,  narriibilis.    See  Narrate.] 

That  may  be  rel.ited,  told,  or  narnited.    [jViit  iwerf.] 
NAR'RATE  or  NAlt-RATE',  v.  I.    [I,,  narro  :  It.  nur- 
riire;  Sp.  tiarnir ;  Ft.  narrrr.    Class  Nr,  No.  2,  .5,  tt.  ] 
1.  To  tell,  rehearse,  or  recite,  as  a  story  ;  to  relate 
tile  particulars  of  any  event  or  transaction,  or  any 
stories  of  incidents. 

a.  To  write,  as  the  particulars  of  a  story  or  histo- 
ry.   We  never  say,  to  narrate  a  sentence,  a  sermon, 
or  an  oration,  but  wc  narrate  a  story,  or  the  particu- 
lar events  which  have  fallen  under  our  observation, 
or  which  we  have  heard  related. 
NAR'Ra-TEI),  pp.    Krf.-ited  ,  told. 
NAR'Ra-TINH  ppr.    Ilehitiiig  ;  telling;  reciting. 
NAR-Ra'TION,  n.    [\..  narratia.] 

I.  The  act  of  telling  or  relating  the  particul.ars  of 
an  event  ;  rehearsal ;  recital. 

a.  Relation  ;  story  ;  history  -,  the  re.ation  in  words 
or  writing  of  the  particulars  of  any  transaction  or 
event,  or  of  any  series  of  transacti  lis  or  events. 

3.  In  wratori/,  that  pari  of  a  discourse  which  re- 
cites the  tiiiie,  manner,  or  consequences  of  an  ac- 
tion, or  simpiv  states  the  facts  connected  with  the 
NAR'RA-TI  VE,  o.    [Vr.  narralif.]  [subject. 
I.  Relating  the  particulars  of  an  event  or  transac- 
tion ;  giving  a  particular  or  continued  account. 

■J.  Apt  or  inclined  to  rebate  stories,  or  to  tell  partic- 
ulars of  events  ;  story  telling. 

Bill  \vi»p  ll^ru;i»h  lUiie  nmt  iiarraltL't  with  a^.  Pop*. 

NAR'R.A-TI VE,  M.  The  recital  of  a  story,  or  a  con- 
tinued account  of  the  particulars  of  ail  event  or 
transaction  ;  shiry. 

Cyiitiiio  w.id  niiidi  wllen  with  my  narrajivt.  TaVer, 

NAR'RA-TI VE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  nanation,  story, 
or  recital.  .^tiUffe. 

NAK-Ra'TOR,  n.  One  that  narrates;  one  that  re- 
lates a  seritrs  of  events  or  transactions.  If'attj. 

NAR'RA-TO-UY,  a.    (iiving  an  account  of  events. 

JhietU. 

NAR'RI-FV,  r.  L   To  relate ;  to  give  account  of. 

Slwk. 

N:\R'R^5\V,  a.  [Pax.  venra,  nearo,  nearn,  nearete.  I 
suspect  this  word  and  near  to  be  contracted  by  the 
Itiss  of  W.  ruV,  iiiirrow,  stniit  ;  iiii^iflir,  to  narrow  ; 
for  the  D.  has  iiaaiiir,  narrow,  close,  G.  grnnu,  with 
a  preflx.  In  this  ca.se,  the  word  belongs  to  the  root 
of  nitrh  ;  D.  uaakrn,  to  approach.] 

1.  0(  little  breaiith  ;  not  wide  or  bro.ad  ;  having 
little  distance  from  side  to  side  ;  as,  a  narrotc  boaril  ; 
a  narrow  street ;  a  narrow  sea  ;  a  narrow  hem  or  bor- 
der It  is  only  oi  chiefly  applied  to  the  surface  of 
flnl  or  level  tiodies. 

2.  Of  little  extent;  very  limited;  as,  a  narrow 
space  or  compass. 

3.  Fitptraltrely,  limited  as  to  means  ;  straitened  ; 
OS,  a  narroie  fortune. 

4.  Covetous ;  nut  liberal  or  bountiful ;  as,  a  nar- 
row heart. 


NAS 

5.  Cimtracted ;  of  confined  views  or  sentiments; 
very  limited. 

Tlic  "rvalcsl  uiKlcnnniitlilij^  in  narroio.  Greie. 

In  this  .sense  anil  the  former,  it  is  often  prefixed 
to  ininit  oi  soul,  &.c. ;  as,  Hurruic-ininiled  ;  nanow- 
soiiled  ;  »«mi;e- hearted. 

(i.  Near  ;  wtlhill  a  small  distance.  Drijdm. 

7.  Close;  near;  accurate;  scrutinizing;  as,  a 
narrow  search  ;  narrow  inspection. 

Near  ;  barely  sullicienl  to  avoid  evil ;  as,  a  nar- 
rnip  esciipe. 

N.\R'RO\V,  n.  (A  strait;  a  narrow  passage 
NAR'ROVVS,  n..p/.  (  through  a  mountain,  or  o  nar- 
row channel  of  water  between  one  sea  or  lake  and 
another;  a  sound.  It  is  usually  in  the  plural,  but 
sometimes  in  the  singular,  fyu^hintrton.  Mitford. 
NAR'RoW,  V.  t.  To  lessen  the  breadth  of;  to  con- 
trac 

a  jovorniiifnl,  Ijy  (ilicn.tting  tlic  nlToclioni  of  the  ppopir,  mnybr 
s  till  10  narrtiW  its  liutlulil.  I'emple. 

2.  To  contract  in  extent ;  as,  to  narrow  one's  in- 
fluence ;  to  narrow  the  faculties  or  capacity. 

3.  To  draw  into  a  smaller  compass  ;  to  contract  ; 
to  limit;  to  confine;  as,  to  narrow  our  views  or 
knowledge  ;  to  narrow  a  tpiesiion  in  discussion. 

4.  In  kaittins,  to  contract  the  size  of  a  stocking  by 
taking  two  stitches  into  one. 

N.Ml'ROW,  V.  i.  To  bei:(Uiie  less  broad  ;  to  contract 
in  breadth.  At  that  place,  the  sea  narrows  into  a  strait. 

2.  In  horsemanship,  a  horse  is  saitl  to  ?iarrow7,  when 
lie  does  not  take  ground  enough,  or  bear  out  enough 
to  the  ime  hand  or  tliir  other.  Far.  Dirt, 

3.  To  contract  the  size  of  a  stocking  by  taking  two 
stitches  into  one. 

N.Ml'RriW-f.'n,  pp.oro.  Contracted;  ni.ade  less  wide. 
NAR'IIC)\V-ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  narrows  or  con- 
tncls. 

NAR'RfiU'-ING,ppr.  Contr.acting  ;  making  less  broad. 
N.\R'I!oW-I.\(;,  II.    The  act  of  narrowing  or  con- 
tracting. 

2.  The  part  of  a  stocking  which  is  narrowed. 
NAR'R6\V-LY,  adv.    With  little  breadth. 

2.  Coniractedly  ;  without  much  extent. 

3.  Closely  ;  accurately  ;  with  minute  scrutiny  ;  as, 
to  look  or  watch  narrowbj,  lo  jiearch  narrowlii. 

4.  Nearly  ;  wilijiii  a  litUi  ;  by  a  small  distance  ; 

5.  Sparinglv.  Ifi-i,  he  narrowly  escaped. 
NAR'RoW-iMiND'ED,  a.     Illiberal;  mean-spirited; 

of  confined  views  or  sentiments. 
NAR'RoW-.MIND'EO-NESS,  n.    Confined  views  or 

sentiments  ;  illibenility. 
NAR'RoW-NESS,  n.    Smallness  of  bre.idth  or  dis- 
tance from  side  to  side  ;  as,  the  narrowness  of  cluth, 
of  a  street  or  highway,  of  a  stream  or  sea. 

a.  Smallness  of  extent;  conlractediiess  ;  as,  the 
TiarTww3iif.v.s- of  capacity  oreoniprehensioii ;  narrowness 
of  knowledge  or  attainments. 

.3.  Smallne.ss  of  estate  or  means  of  living  ;  pover- 
ty ;  as,  the  narrowness  of  fortune  or  of  circumstances. 

South. 

4.  Contractedness  ;  penuriousncss  ;  covetousness. 
as,  narrowne.fs  of  heart. 

5.  Illibenility ;  want  of  generous,  enlarged,  or 
charitable  views  or  sentiments;  as,  narrowness  of 
niiiiil  or  view.s. 

N'AH'ltoW-SIGHT'ED,  a.    Having  a  narrow  sight. 

NAR'WAL,    (        ,„  „, 

NXR'WllAl„r-    [G- nanrall.] 

The  Monodon  wonoceros,  a  cetaceous  mammal 
found  in  the  northern  seas,  which  prows  to  twenty 
feel  ill  length.  The  spinicle  of  this  animal  is  im  the 
anterior  p:irt  of  the  skull.  When  young  it  has  two 
tusks,  but  when  old  it  h.as  but  one,  which  projects 
from  the  upper  jaw,  and  is  straight.  From  this  cir- 
cumstance of  its  having  one  tusk  only,  it  lias  ob- 
tained Ihe  name  of  the  SzaUmcorn  or  Unicor.n 
Fish.  Pennant  F.neye. 

NA*,  for  Ne  HAS.    Has  not.    [Oi.--.]  Spenser. 

N.\'?AL,  a.    [L.  ?ia.v«.v,  nose;  It.  nasale.] 

Pertaining  ^o  the  nose  ;  formed  or  affected  by  the 
nose  ;  as,  a  nasal  soniitl  ;  a  nasal  letter. 

NA'SAL,  n.  A  letter  whose  sound  is  afTccted  by  the 
nose. 

a.  A  medicine  thai  operates  through  the  nose  :  an 
errhine.  Barton. 

N.ySAI/I-TY,  n.   The  state  or  quality  of  being  nas.al. 

N A'S.A L-T7.E,  r.  r.    To  rentier  na.s;tl,  as  stiiinil. 

NA'S.AI^IZ-KI),  (na'zal-Izd,)  pp.  or  a.  Rendered  na- 
sal, as  soiinil. 

Na'.«.AI,-I,Y,  adr.    In  a  nasal  manner;  by  the  nose. 

NAS'eAL.,n.    A  kind  of  pessary.  Ferrand. 
A  (wssary  made  of  wool  or  cotton,  to  raise  the  nose 
when  compressfd.  I'arr. 

N.A.'^'CEN-t'Y,  n.    The  beginning  of  production. 

N.\S'CE\T,  a.    [L.  na.scens,  nascor,  to  be  born.] 

1.  Reginning  to  exist  or  to  grow. 

2.  In  chemistry,  in  the  act  of  being  produced  or 
evolveil,  as  a  gas.  Black. 

NA?E'BKR-RY,  ii.  The  fruit  of  a  tropical  tree  of  the 
genus  Achras.  Loudon. 

N.\S'l-GOR-NOUS,  0.  [T<.  nasus,  nose,  and  corntL, 
horn.  ] 

Having  a  horn  growing  on  Ihe  nose.  Brown. 


NAT 

N  AS'l-FORM,  a.    [I.,  nojsus,  nose,  ond /iTrm.] 

Having  tht;  shape  of  the  nose. 
NAS'Tl  l.V,  n</ii.    [frum  nasty.]    In  a  nasty  manner , 
nilhilv  ;  dirtilv.  ' 
2   Obscen,  ly. 
NAS'Tl-i\ESS,   n.     Extreme  fillliiness  ;  dirtiness; 
filili. 

2.  Ob-^cenity  ;  ribaldry.  Sooth. 
N;\S-Tri!"ril'".M,  )  n.    [L.  na-iturtium  ;  quod  iia.siim 
NAS-TI  K'TION,  (     lorqiieal.  Farn,.] 

An  .AiiiiTican  annual  plant,  with  ptingi  nt  fruit, 
belonging  to  the  genus  Tropnroluiii  ,  1  iitliaii  cresses, 
llotaiiists  apply  the  name  nasturtium  to  tin'  water- 
cress anil  plants  allied  to  it.  P.  Cijc. 
NAS'TV,  (I.    (Origin  iiiikiiown.    Uu.  G.  vass,  wi't  1 
I.  Disgustingly  filthy  ;  very  dirty,  foul,  or  defiled  ; 
n:uise(ills.  Jlttrrbury. 
a.  Oliscene. 
NA'SlfTK,  a.    [L.  nasntus.] 

I'ritically  nice  ;  ctiptitiiis.  Bp.  Gauden. 

NA'TAI.,  a.    [L.  nulolu,  from  nascor,  to  be  born.] 

Pertaining  to  birth.  The  natal  tlay  is  the  tlay  of 
birth  or  nativity,  iso  we  say,  natal  hour  ;  natal  place. 

Camden.  Prior. 
NA-TAl,  r'TIAI,,  (-ish'al,)     )  a.   [L.  H«(u/ifiu.<,  from 
Na-TAI.-1"TIOUS,  (  ish'iis,)  j     nascor,  to  be  born.] 
Pertaining  to  one's  birth  or  birtlitlay,  or  consecra- 
ted to  one's  nativity.  Evelyn. 
Na'T.AI.S,  h.  /)/.    Time  and  place  of  nativity. 
NA'T.'WT,  «.    [I.,  nutans,  I'rriii  nato,  Iti  swim  ] 

III  botany,  su  inimiiig;  tloatiiig  on  the  surface  of 
water,  as  the  leaf  of  an  atpiatie  plaiil. 

Lee.  Martyn. 
Na'TA.N'T  I.Y,  adv.    Swimmingly  ;  tloatingly. 
NA-Ta'TI().\',  n.    [L.  uatutiu,  from  nolo,  to  swim.] 
A  swiiiiiiiiiig;  the  act  of  fioating  on  thir  water. 
\J-,ittle  used.]  Brown. 
Na-TA-To'RI-AI/,  tt.    In  oT7iiMn/nin(,  swimming,  or 
atlapteil  to  s\\-iiniiiiiig  ;  a  term  applied  to  such  birds 
as  li:iliititall\'  live  upon  the  water.  Stramson, 
NA'TA-TO  l!Y,  (/.    Eiialiliiig  to  swim.     Brit.  Crit. 
N.ATCIl,  n.  [fur  .Notch.]    The  part  of  an  ox  between 

the  loins,  near  the  rtinip.  Marshal. 
N.\Tiri..i;."^S,a</r.  [Sax.  nathclis  ;  na,  the,  and  Icjis,  not 
the  le.ss.] 

Nevertheless  ;   not   the   less  ;  notwithstanding 
[  Obs.  I  Mdton. 
NATII'.MoRF.,  adv.     [na,  the,  and  more.]     .Not  the 
-  more;  never  the  more.    [Obs.]  Spenser 
NA'TION,  71.    [L.  natio,  from  natus,  born  ;  nascor,  to 
be  btirn  ;  perhaps  lUh.  V-.J 

1.  A  body  of  people  iiibaliiting  the  same  country, 
or  uiiiteil  under  the  same  sovereign  or  government  ; 
as,  the  English  nation  ;  the  French  nation.  It  often 
happens  that  many  nations  are  subject  to  tme  govern- 
ment, in  which  case,  the  word  nation  usually  denotes 
a  hotly  of  people  s|ieaking  the  same  langimge,  or  a 
hotly  that  has  ftirmerly  been  under  a  distinct  govern- 
ment, but  has  been  conquered,  or  incorporated  with 
a  larger  nation.  Thus  the  empire  of  Russia  conipre- 
heiitls  many  nations,  as  ttid  ftirmerly  the  Roman  and 
Persian  empires.  Aafiaii,  as  its  et>  inology  iiiijitirts, 
originally  ilenoted  a  family  or  race  of  men  desceniled 
from  a  common  progenitor,  like  tribe,  lint  by  emigra- 
tion, coiiipiest,  and  intermixture  of  men  of  different 
families,  this  clistinction  is  in  most  countries  lost 

2.  A  great  number,  by  way  of  eniph.asis.  ynun^. 
Na'TION-AL,  (ni'sliun-al  or  uash'un-al,)  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  nation  ;  as,  national  customs,  dress,  or  lan- 
guage. 

2.  Public  ;  general ;  common  to  a  nation ;  as,  a 
national  calamity. 

3.  Attached,  or  unduly  attached,  to  one's  own 
country.  'I'lie  writer  manifested  much  national 
prejiiilice.    He  w.is  too  national  to  be  impartial. 

.Vational  guards  ;  in  France,  the  militia  of  the 
kiOL'tloin. 

Na'T10.N-.\I,-I¥Mj  (na'shiin- or  nash'un-,)  n.  The 
stale  of  being  national ;  nationalit\'. 

NA-TION-AL'I-'I'Y,  (na-shun-  or  iiash'iin-,)  ii.  Na- 
tional character  ;  also,  the  quality  of  being  national, 
or  stronglv  attacliert  to  one's  own  natiim.  Bostcell, 

.\A'TIO.\-.\l.-IZE,  (nS'shiin-  or  ii.ash'iin-,)  r.  (.  To 
make  national ;  to  give  to  one  Ihe  character  and 
habits  of  a  nation,  or  the  iHCiiliar  attachments  which 
belting  to  cill/.ens  of  the  same  nation. 

NA'TI0N-AI,-I7,-A;I),  pp.    Rendered  national. 

NA'TION-.\I.-I7,-I.N(;,  ;)/)r.  .Making  national;  giv- 
ing one  the  character  and  habits  of  a  nation. 

Na'TION- Al.-I.V,  (iii'shiin-  or  nash'un-,)  adv.  In 
regard  to  the  nation  ;  as  a  w  hole  iialitm. 

Thr  Jews  —  hL-iiig  nauonally  c»putiwtl  to  (lOtl  by  eovonnnt. 

South. 

Na'TIO.\-AI,-.NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  national. 
N.\'T1VE,  0.    [L.  nativus,  from  nascor,  naius,  to  be 
born.] 

1.  Produced  by  nature  ;  original ;  born  with  the 
being  ;  natural ;  not  acquired  ;  as,  natirc  genius  ;  na- 
tire  aflectitms  ;  a  nattrr  tab-lit  or  disposition  ;  natire 
cheerfiilne.ss ;  natire  simplicity. 

2.  Proiluceil  by  nature  ;  not  factitious  or  artificial ; 
as,  native  ore  ;  notice  color. 

3.  Conferred  bj^birtli ;  as,  native  rights  and  privi- 
leges. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


743 


NAT 

4.  Perti\ining  to  the  place  of  biitli  ;  as,  nutirc  soil  ; 
nafire  Cdiintry  ;  Nat(rc  praces.  Skak. 

5.  <  )n!;iiiiil ;  that  of  vvliicli  any  thing  is  made  ;  as, 
man's  itntu-e  dust.  Jt!UUm. 

6.  Rom  with  ;  consenial.  Shak. 
NA'TfVE,  ;i.    One  born  in  any  place  is  said  to  he  a 

native  of  thai  place,  whether  country,  city,  or  town, 

2.  OtTsprinc.    [AT/t  in  it.«p.]  "  Sliak 

3.  \n  natural  kift^ntj^  plants  and  animals  are  said  to 
be  Natives  of  that  country  or  place  froni  w  hich  they 
ori;;iually  came.  Thus,  the  guinea-pig  and  the  pota- 
to are  imtive.i  of  South  America.  Ena/c.  Jim. 

Na'TIVE-LV,  adv.    By  birth  ;  naturally  ;  originally. 

Tunlor.  Lirrht^fuot, 

NS'TIVE-NESS,  re.  State  of  being  produced  by  na- 
ture. Jo/inson. 

N.\-TrV'I-TY,  Ji.  Birth  ;  the  poming  into  hfe  or  the 
world.  The  feast  of  Christmas  is  observed  in  mem- 
ory of  Christ's  nativity. 

2.  Time,  place,  and  manner  of  birth. 

3.  State  or  place  of  being  produced. 

Tlii-sr,  ill  thi-ir  (l,\rk  jiativily,  Ih.^  ikep 

Sli;ill  yield  us  pi-egimiil  Willi  iiill?rii;U  flame.  Milton. 

4.  In  astrolotrti,  a  representation  of  tlie  positions  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  at  the  moment  of  one's  birth, 
supiiosed  to  indicate  his  future  destinies  ;  as,  to  cal- 
culate one's  nalivitij.  Braiidc. 

NAT'KA,  ;i.    A  bird,  a  species  of  slirike.  Pennant. 

Na'TRO-LiTE,  n.  A  zeolite,  occurring  generally  in 
implanted  groups  of  glassy,  acicular  crystals,  and  in 
fibrous  concretions.  It  consists  of  silica,  alumina, 
and  soda,  and  is  part  of  the  old  species  tnesotype. 

Dana. 

Na'TRON,  n.  Native  carbonate  of  soda;  another  of 
soda,  with  half  more  of  carbonic  acid,  is  called  Tbo- 
NA.  Dana. 

NAT'TF-LY,  adv.    In  a  natty  manner. 

NAT'TY,  a.    Neatly  fine  ;  spruce.  [Cnlloquial.] 

NAT'lT-RAL.  (nat'yu-ral,)  n.  [Fr.  nature!:  L.  natura- 
Zi.v,  from  nutura,  nature,  from  nascor,  to  be  born  or 
produced.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  nature  ;  produced  or  effected  by 
nature,  or  by  the  laws  of  growth,  formation,  or  mo- 
tion, impressed  on  bodies  or  beings  by  divine  power. 
Thus  we  speak  of  the  natural  growth  of  animals  or 
plants;  the  natural  motitm  of  a  gravitating  body; 
natural  strength  or  disposition  ;  the  natural  heat  of 
the  bt»dy  ;  natural  color  ;  natural  beauty.  In  this 
sense,  natural  is  ojjposed  to  artijiciul  or  acquired. 

2.  According  to  the  stated  course  of  thinj^s.  Pov- 
erty and  shame  are  the  natural  consequences  of  cer- 
tain vices. 

3.  Not  forced  ;  not  f  ir  fetched  ;  such  as  is  dictated 
by  nature.    The  gestures  of  the  orator  are  natural. 

4.  According  to  the  life  ;  as,  a  natural  representa- 
tion of  the  face. 

5.  Consonant  to  nature. 

Fire  and  wanmli  tog^tlirr,  atul  so  seem  to  carry  with  them  as 
natural  an  evijence  us  seH'-evident  IruUis  Ibeiiiselves. 

Locke. 

6.  Derived  from  nature,  as  opposed  to  Habitual. 
The  love  of  pleasure  is  natural;  the  love  of  study  is 
usually  habitual  or  acquireil. 

7.  Discoverable  by  reason  ;  not  revealed  ;  as,  natu- 
ral religion. 

8.  Produced  or  coming  in  the  ordinary  course  of 
things,  or  the  progress  of  animals  and  vegetables; 
as,  a  natural  death  ;  opposed  to  Violent  or  Piiema- 

TC'RE. 

9.  Tender ;  affectionate  by  nature.  Sliak. 

10.  Unaffected  ;  unassumed ;  according  to  truth 
and  reality. 

What  c:in  ly  more  natural  than  the  ciitiimslances  of  the  l>  lia- 
vior  (>r  those  woineii  wlio  had  lust  their  husbands  mi  tins 
fatiil  day  ?  Adilison. 

11.  IMi;gitiniate  ;  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  as,  a  natu- 
ral son. 

12.  Native  ;  vernacular ;  as,  one's  natural  language. 

'  Smifl. 

13.  Derived  from  the  study  of  the  works  of  nature ; 
as,  natural  knowledge.  Mdtson. 

11.  A  natural  note,  in  music,  is  th.at  which  is  ac- 
cording tf)  the  usual  order  of  the  scale  ;  opposed  to 
JUit  and  sharp  notes,  which  are  cal'ed  artificial. 

J^atural  history,  in  its  most  extensive  sense,  is  the 
description  of  whatever  is  created,  or  of  the  whole 
universe,  including  the  heavens  and  the  earth,  and 
nil  the  productions  of  the  earth.  Rut  more  t:enerally, 
natural  history  is  limited  to  a  dcscr4pIion  of  the  earth 
and  Us  productions,  including  zoology,  botany,  geol- 
ogy, mim  rabigy,  &c. 

Miiural  orders,  in  balany,  are  groups  of  genera  re- 
■embliiig  each  other. 

JVfitt/rrt/ 7;/it7o/(o/j/iy  originally  signified  the  study  of 
nature  in  general.  In  pre,ient  usage,  natural  or  me,- 
chanirat  philuiuphij  relates  to  the  phenomena  anil  laws 
of  masiCH  of  matter,  and  considers  those  elfectsonly 
which  are  not  alteniled  by  nny  change  of  nature,  as 
motion,  Slc.  It  is  di>lingiiislied  from  ehemistrij, 
which  relates  to  the  phcntimena  nnil  laws  of  parti- 
cles of  mailer,  anrLi-'iiibrncrK  their  changes  of  nrtttirc. 
Olmsted.  It  !•«  distingtiished  from  intellectual  and 
mural  philosophy,  which  resp^rl  the  minil  or  iindcr- 
•tanding  of  man,  und  the  qualities  of  actions. 


NAT 

NAT'tJ-RAL,  (nat'yu-ral  )  n.  An  idiot  ;  one  born 
without  the  usual  powers  of  reason  or  understand- 
ing.   Thi:j  is  probably  elliptical  for  natural  fuol.] 

2.  A  native ;  an  original  inhabitant,    \_J^ui  in  iise.] 

Raletrh. 

3.  Gift  of  nature  ;  natural  quality,    [JVot  in  use.'] 

B.  ./anson.  Wotton. 

4.  In  music,  a  character  used  to  restore  to  its  natu- 
ral tir  usual  sound  a  note  which,  according  to  a  pre- 

•  vioiis  character,  would  be  Hat  or  sharp. 

NAT'IJ-RAL-IS.M,  71.  Mere  state  of  nature.  Lavin<rton. 
2,  The  doctrine  of  those  who  deny  a  supernatural 
agency  in  the  miracles  and  revelations  recorded  in 
the  Bible,  and  in  the  grace  which  renews  and  sanc- 
tifies men,  J,  Murdoch. 

NAT'll-RAL-IST,  n.  One  that  studies  natural  his- 
tory and  philosophy,  or  [ihysics  ;  one  that  is  versed 
in  natural  history  or  philosophy.  It  is  more  sener- 
allv  applied  to  one  that  is  versed  in  natural  hiitory. 

NAT-U-RAL'I-TY,  71.  Tlie  state  of  being  natural, 
[Obs.] 

NAT-lT-RAL-I-Z.\'TION,7t.--'[Pee  Naturalize.]  The 
act  of  investing  an  alien  with  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  a  native  subject  or  citizen.  J^aturatization, 
in  Great  Britain,  is  only  by  act  of  parliament.  In 
the  United  States,  it  is  by  act  of  congress,  vesting 
certain  tribunals  with  the  power. 

NAT'lJ-RAL-IZE,  (nat'yu-ral-Ize,)  v.  t.  [from  natu- 
ral, nature.]  To  confer  on  an  alien  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  a  native  subject  or  citizen  ;  to  adopt 
foreigners  into  a  nation  or  state,  and  place  them  in 
the  condition  of  natural  btirn  sulijects. 

2.  To  make  natural ;  to  render  e.^sy  and  familiar 
by  custom  and  habit ;  as,  custom  naturalizes  labor  or 
stuiiy.         *  SoulA. 

3.  To  adapt ;  to  make  suitable  ;  to  acclimate  ;  as, 
to  naturalize  one  to  a  climate. 

4.  To  receive  or  adopt  as  native,  natural,  or  ver- 
nacular J  to  make  our  own  ;  as,  to  naturalize  foreign 
woriis. 

5.  To  accustom  ;  to  habitu.lte  ;  as,  to  naturalize  the 
vine  to  a  colil  climate.  Gibbon. 

NAT'U-RAL-rZ-£I),  pp.  or  a.  Invested  with  the  priv- 
ileges of  natives;  rendered  easy  and  familiar; 
adapted  to  a  climate ;  acclimated  ;  received  as  na- 
tive. 

NATTT-RAL-TZ-ING,  ppr.  Va»ting  with  the  rights 
of  native  subjects ;  making  easy  ;  acclimating  ; 
adoptins. 

NAT'Q-RAL-LY,  (nat'yn-ral-e,)  adv.  According  to 
nature  ;  by  the  force  or  impulse  of  nature  ;  not  by 
art  or  habit.    We  are  naturally  prone  to  evil. 

2.  According  to  nature  ;  without  affectation  ;  with 
just  representation  ;  according  to  life. 

3.  According  to  the  usual  course  of  things  ;  as,  the 
effect  or  consequence  naturally  follows. 

4.  Spimtaneously  ;  without  art  or  cultivation.  Ev- 
ery plant  must  have  grown  naturally  in  some  place  or 
other. 

NAT'i;-RAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  given  or 
produced  by  nature  ;  as,  the  naturalness  of  desire. 

South. 

Q.  Conformity  to  nature,  or  to  truth  and  reality  ; 
not  aftectation  ;  as,  the  naturalness  of  the  eyebrows. 

Drn/den. 

NAT'U-R  AI.S,  n.  pi.  Among  physicians,  wh.atever  be- 
longs naturally  to  an  animal  ;  opposed  to  Non-nat- 
VRALS.  [It  may,  perluips,  be  sumetimes  used  in  Vie 
sinrrular.] 

Na'TURE,  (nat'yur,)  n.  [Fr,  id. ;  I„  Sp,  and  It.  na- 
tura  ;  from  jtatus,  born,  produced,  from  nascor.] 

1.  In  a  treneral  sense,  whatever  is  made  or  pro- 
duced ;  a  word  that  ctimprehentls  all  the  works  of 
God  ;  the  universe.  Of  a  phenix  we  say,  there  is  no 
such  thing  in  nature. 

And  look  tlifon^li  nature  up  to  nature^g  God.  Pope. 

2.  By  a  metonymy  of  the  effect  for  the  cause,  na- 
ture is  used  for  the  agent,  creator,  author,  producer, 
of  things,  or  for  the  powers  that  produce  them.  By 
the  expression,  "  trees  and  fossils  are  produced  by 
nature,"  wo  mean,  they  are  formed  or  produced  by 
certain  inherent  powers  in  matter,  or  we  mean  that 
they  are  produced  by  God,  the  Creator,  the  Author  of 
whatever  is  made  or  produced.  The  opinion  that 
things  are  protluced  by  inherent  powers  of  matter, 
inilependent  of  a  supreme,  intelligent  Author,  is 
atheism.  But  generally,  men  mean  by  nature,  thus 
used,  the  Author  of  created  things,  or  the  operation 
of  his  power. 

3.  'I'he  essence,  essential  qualities,  or  attributes, 
of  a  tliiuL',  which  constitute  it  what  it  is;  as,  the 
nuture  of  tin;  soul  ;  the  nature  of  blood  ;  the  nature 
of  a  lliiid  ;  the  nature  of  plants,  tir  of  a  metal  ;  the 
nature  of  a  circle  or  an  nnglt;.  When  we  speak  of 
the  nndirc  of  man,  we  understand  the  peculiar  con- 
stitution of  his  body  or  mind,  or  the  qualities  of  the 
species  which  distinguish  him  from  other  animals. 
When  we  spt.-ak  of  the  nature  of  a  man,  or  an  indi- 
viilual  of  the  race,  we  mean  his  particular  tpialities 
or  constitution  ;  either  the  peculiar  temperniuent  of 
his  body,  or  the  affections  of  his  mind,  his  natural 
appetites,  passions,  disposition,  or  temper.  So  of 
irrntional  animals. 


NAU 

4.  The  eslablishetl  or  regular  course  of  things  ;  as 
when  we  say,  an  event  is  nt>t  according  to  nature,  or 
it  is  out  of  the  order  of  nature.  Boyle. 

5.  A  law  or  principle  i  f  action  or  motion  in  a  nat- 
ural body.    A  stone  by  nature  falls,  or  inclines  to  fall. 

Boyle. 

6.  Constitution  ;  aggregate  powers  of  a  body,  es- 
pecially a  living  one.  VV'e  say,  nature  is  strong  or 
Weak  ;  nature  is  almost  exhausted.  Boyle. 

7.  The  constitution  and  appearances  of  things. 

The  works,  whether  of  poets,  painters,  nioraiists,  or  historians, 
wliich  are  biiill  upon  general  rialure,  Uve  forever.  ReynoldM. 

8.  Natural  affection  or  reverence. 

Have  tve  not  seen 
The  murdering  son  ascend  his  parent's  bed, 
Through  violated  nature  force  his  way? 

9.  Sj  stem  of  created  tilings. 

He,  binding  nature  fusl  in  fate, 
Leil  conscience  tree  and  will. 

10.  Sort;  species;  kind;  particular  character. 

A  dispute  of  this  nature  causeti  mischief  to  a  king  and  an  arch- 
bishop. Drylen. 

11.  Sentiments  or  images  conformed  to  nature,  or 
to  truth  and  reality. 

Only  nature  Ciin  ple;\se  those  tastes  wliich  are  unprejudiced  and 

refined.  Addison. 
19.  Birth.    No  man  is  noble  by  nature. 
NA'TIJRE,  (nat'yur,)  v.  t.   To  endow  with  natural 

qualities.    UVoi  in  use.]  Oower. 
NA'TIiR-IS'r,  71.    One  who  ascribes  every  thing  to 

nature.  Boyle. 
NA-Tu'RI-TV,  71.    The  quality  or  state  of  being  pro- 
duced by  nature,    [ji  very  bad  word,  and  not  used.] 

Brown. 

NAU'FRAGE,  71.  [L.  naufragimn  ;  navis,  a  ship,  and 
frangn,  to  break.  See  Wreck,  which  is  from  the 
same  root,  break,  \j.  fractus.] 
Sliipwreck.    [JVot  in  tise.] 


Pope. 


Pope. 


Things  naught  and  things  indifferent. 
It  is  naught,  it  is  naught,  says  the  buye 


Brown. 

NAU'FRA-GOUS',  a.     Causing  shipwreck.  [Little 

vsed.]  Taylor, 
NAUGHT,  (nawt,)  n.  [Sax.  naht,  nauht,  compounded 
of  ne  and  aurrltt  or  wiht,  a  creature,  wight ;  Goth. 
niwaihi.  fVailit  coincides  with  wight,  L.  quid,  quod. 
(See  Aught.)  This  word  should  not  be  written 
Nought.] 
Nothing. 

Doth  Job  serve  God  for  naught  ?  —  Job  i. 
Thou  sellest  tliy  people  tor  naught.  —  Ps.  xliv. 

To  set  at  naught;  '.o  slight,  disregard,  or  despise. 

Ye  have  set  at  naught  all  iny  counsel.  —  Prov.  i. 

NAUGHT,  (nawt,)  adv.    In  no  degree. 

To  wealth  or  sovereign  power  be  naught  applied.  Fairfax, 

NAUGHT,  (nawt,)  a.    Bad  ;  worthless  ;  of  no  value 
or  account. 

Hoolter. 
Prov.  XX. 

NAUGHT'I-LY,  (nawt'i-ly,)  adv.    Wickedly;  cor- 
ruptly. 

NAUGHT'I-NESS,  (nawt'i-ness,)  71.  Badness;  wick- 
edness ;  evil  principle  or  purpose. 

1  know  thy  pride  and  the  naughtiness  of  thy  heart.  — •  1  Sam. 
xvii. 

2.  Slight  wickedness  of  children  ;  pcrverscness  ; 
miscbievousness.  Dniden.    Shak.  Sidney. 

NAUGHT'V,  (nawt'y,)  a.    Wicked  ;  corrupt. 

A  naughty  person,  a  wicked  man,  walketb  with  a  frowanl  mouth. 
—  i*rov.  vi. 

2.  Bad  ;  worthless. 

The  other  basket  had  very  naughty  figs.  —  Jer.  xxiv. 

3.  Mischievous;  perverse;  froward  ;  as,  a  7iauff*/y 
child.  It  is  now  seldom  used  except  in  the  latter 
sense,  as  applied  to  children,  or  in  ludicrous  cen- 

NAUL'AGE,  n.    [L.  nauhnn.]  [sure. 

The  freight  of  passengers  in  a  ship.    [Little  used.] 
NAU'MA-€IIY,  71.     [L.  naumachia;  Gr.  ►un/jax'u  i 
fai'i,  u  ship,  and  pa\n,  fight.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  show  or  spectacle 
representing  a  sea-fight. 

2.  Tlie  place  where  these  shows  were  exhibited. 

Kncyc. 

NAUS'CO-PY,  71.  [Gr,  vavg,  a  ship,  and  oKutriio,  to 
view.] 

The  art  of  discovering  the  approach  of  ships,  or 
the  vicinity  of  land,  at  a  distance.  JUaty. 

NAU'SEA,  "(naw'shea,)  n.  [L,,  from  Gr,  lavata, 
irom  I'ai'i,  a  sliip.l 

Originally  and  properly,  seasickness  ;  hence,  any 
Biinila~r  sickness  of  the  stomach,  acctmipanied  with  a 
propensity  to  vomit;  qualm;  loathing;  squeainisli- 
iie.ss  of  the  stomach. 

NAU'SE-A.NT,  (  she-ant,)  71.  A  substance  which 
I'lrodiices  nausea. 

NAU'SE-ATE,  (naw'she-Stc,)  7>.  i.    [L,  nnuito,] 

To  become  squeamish  i  to  feel  disgust;  to  1)0  In- 
clined to  rt  ject  from  the  stomach, 

N.'VU'SE-A'l'E,  (naw'she-ale,)  v.  t.  To  loathe  ;  to  re- 
ject with  disgust, 

I'he  patient  rutniiratct  and  loathes  wholesome  foo»U.  Bladmore. 
Old  iii-i-,  Willi  sill-tit  pao-,  conies  cn'<'ping  on, 
Sauseatea  the  prvise  which  in  ber  youUi  shu  won,  Drydtn. 
2,  To  affect  with  disgust.  Stoi/l. 


FATE,  FAH,  FALL,  VlHl^T — MRTE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARtNE,  DIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


744 


NAV 


NEA 


NEA 


NAIT'SE-A-TEl),  pp.    Ilejectod  willi  (iisRiist. 
NAI!'SE-A-T1NG, ppr.    Loatliing  j  rejecting  witli  dis- 

N  AI''SK-a'TION,  n.    Tlie  act  of  niuiseating. 

NAU'SEOLFS,  (iiaw'sliiis.,  a.  Lonthsoiiie  ;  disgust- 
ful ;  disgusting ;  n^garded  witli  ablioricnce ;  as,  a 
nau^eoiiji  drug  or  medicine. 

NAU'SEOUSi-LY,  B<iiJ.    Luathsnmciv  ;  disgnstfnlly. 

NAU'SEOIJS-NESS,  )i.  Loathsomeness  ;  quality  of 
exeitiiig  disgust;  as,  the  nauseousness  uf  a  drug  or 
medicine. 

The  naattoutnett  of  iucli  company  dUf  utU  a  rpivsonnM.-  inun. 

NAIJ'Tie,       )  a.    [L.  nnuticus,  from  nauta,  a  sea- 
N Al'''l'ie-.\L,  i     man,  from  navis,  a  sliip.  See 
Navv.] 

IVrtaining  to  seamen  or  navigation  ;  as,  nautical 
skill ;  n  iinitfical  almanac. 
NAU'TI-MTE,  H.    [from  L.  nautilus,  a  slicll-fisli.] 

A  fossil  nautilus.  Kiriran.  Dirt. 

NAU'TI  Loll),  a.  Resembling  the  nautilus  in  form 
or  sha|M>. 

NAI."TI-I.Oin,  71.    [A'autiliis  and  ci«lu<.] 

That  which  has  the  form  of  the  nautilus. 
N A IJ'TI-LL'S,  n.     [L. ;  Gr.  mvTiAut,  from  vans,  a 
shi|).  1 

1.  The  name  of  a  small  genus  of  ceplialnpodous 
molliisra.  The  animal  has  the  suck,  eyes,  parrot- 
heak,  and  funnel  of  the  other  ceplialopoils  ;  but  its 
month,  instead  of  the  large  arms  and  feet,  is  sur- 
rounded by  several  circh^s  of  numerous  small  tenta- 
cles without  cups.  The  shell  is  a  spiral,  symmetri- 
cal, and  chambered  shell,  i.  e.  divided  into  several 
cavities  by  partitions.  Its  laininie  cross  siiddtMily, 
even  in  the  last  turns  of  the  spine,  which  nut  only 
touch  the  preceding  ones,  but  envelop  them.  The 
siphon  occupies  the  center  of  eacli  partition. 

Curirr. 

9.  A  loose,  popular  name  applied  to  the  shells  of 
sevenii  different  genera  of  mollusca.  The  animal 
which  is  s -id  to  sail  in  its  shell  upon  the  surface  of 
the  water,  is  the  Argonaula  Argo,  very  dilferent 
from  the  nautilus.  I'erliaps  naiudas  may  be  said  to 
be  its  poetical  name. 

Learn  of  the  liule  nautilus  to  sail.  Popt. 

Na'V.\L,  a.    [L.  nnvalis,  from  nan'.*,  Gr.  >'  ii'?,  a  ship.] 

1.  Consisting  of  ships  ;  as,  a  nacal  force  or  arma- 
ment. 

2.  Pertaining  to  ships  or  to  a  navy  ;  as,  naiiai 
stores. 

N.\'VAL  OF'FI-CER,  n.  In  a  United  States  cuslom- 
huusr,  an  olficer  who  assists  the  collector  in  col- 
lecting the  customs  on  merchandise  imiHirted. 

HuUViCT. 

Na' V.^LS,  n.  pi.    Naval  affairs.    [ J^'ut 

Clarendon. 

Na'V.XRCH,  (nsi'vark,)  'n.    [Gr.  i/nun.ivoj.l 

In  ancient  Oreece,  llie  conmiander  of  a  fleet. 

Milford. 

Na'V'XR€FI-Y,  n.    (from  L.  nacarcAits,  an  admiral.] 
Knowledge  of  managing  ships.  Pilltj. 
NAVE,  n.    [Sax.  nufa,  nafu  ;  Dan.  nav  ;  G.  nabe ; 
""/•J 

1.  The  thick  piece  of  timber  in  the  center  of  a 
wheel,  in  which  the  spokes  are  inserted  ;  called  also 
the  Ilt'B  or  Hon. 

2.  The  middle  or  body  of  a  church,  extending 
from  the  baluster  or  rail  of  the  choir  to  the  pnnci[)al 
entrance.  Oirilt. 

NA'VKL,  (ni'vl,)  n.  [Pax.  nnfela,  from  nafa,  nave  ; 
D.  navel ;  G.  nabet ;  bw.  naJU ;  Dan.  nacle ;  Zend. 

n<{fo;  Pehlavi,  vnf,  Sans,  nabha;  Vers.  (_«U  no/.] 

The  center  of  the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen,  or 
the  point  where  the  umbilical  cord  passes  out  of  the 
fetus.  The  umbilical  cord  is  a  collection  of  vessels 
by  which  the  ft-tiis  of  an  nnitnal  ctmimuntcates 
with  the  parent  by  means  of  the  placenta,  to  which 
it  is  attached.  F.iieiic. 

»JA'VKL-<;aI,L,  n.  A  bruise  on  the  Sop  of  the  chine 
of  the  back  of  a  horse,  behind  the  sadille.  Jolmroiu 

NA'VKI^STKING,  n.  The  umbilical  cord.  [See 
Navel.] 

NA'VKl^W'ORT,  n.  A  succulent  plant  of  the  genus 
Cotyledon.    It  has  the  appearance  of  house-leek. 

Milter. 

Ni'VEW,  (na'vu,)  n.    [L.  napus ;  Sax.  n<rpc.] 

A  plant,  the  Brassica  Napus  ;  also  called  the 
French  (urnip.  It  has  a  spindle-shaped  root,  less 
than  the  turnip.  Eneye.  Miller. 

NA-VICq-LAR,  a.    (I.,  naricnla,  a  little  ship.] 

1.  Kcl.ating  to  small  ships  or  boats.  BniauU 

2.  Shaped  like  a  boat ;  cymbiform.  The  navicular 
bone  is  the  scaphoid  bone  of  the  wrist. 

C'trr.  Qui'ncy. 
NAV'I-G  A-BLE,  0.    [L.  navagabilis,  from  narigo,  to 
sail,  from  nai-w,  a  ship.] 

That  may  be  navigated  or  passed  in  ships  or  ves- 
sels ;  as,  a  nariftahtr  river. 
N^V'I  GA-I)I,E-NESS,  i  n.    The  nualitv  or  slate  of 
N^V-1  GA-niI,M-TV,    \     being  naviuai.le. 
NA V'i-GA-HLV,  adv.    In  a  navigable  manner. 


NAVIGATE,  r.  i.    [L.  navigo,  from  nacu,  a  ship ; 
Ir.  snamluiim,} 
To  pass  on  water  in  ships  ;  to  sail. 
The   Pheiiiciaiia  navigaud  to  the  exlreinitic*  of  the  Western 
Oce.in.  Arbuttinol. 

NAV'I-GATE,  V.  t.  To  pass  over  in  ships  ;  to  sail  on  ; 

as,  to  navigate  the  Atlantic. 
2.  To  steer,  direct,  or  manage  in  sailing ;  as,  to 

navigate  a  ship. 
NA V'l -GA-TEI),  pp.  or  a.     Steered  or  managed  in 

passinc  im  the  water  j  passed  over  in  sailing. 
NA  V"1-(;A-T1NG,  ppr.    Passing  on  or  over  in  sailing  ; 

steering  and  managing  in  sailing. 
NAV-I-GA'TION,  II.    [I-  nacigiilio.] 

1.  The  act  of  navigating ;  the  act  of  passing  on 
water  in  ships  or  other  vessels  ;  the  state  of  being 
navigable. 

2.  The  science  or  art  of  conducting  ships  or  ves- 
sels from  one  place  to  another.  This  comprehends 
not  only  the  managi  nieiit  of  the  sails,  but  the  direct- 
ing and  measuring  of  the  course  of  ships  by  the 
laws  of  geometry,  or  by  astronomical  principles  and 
observations.  Brandc. 

a.  Ships  in  general. 

.Serial  nurinatiun  :  the  sailing  or  floating  in  the  air 
by  means  of  balloons. 

Inland  navigation  ;  the  passing  of  boats  or  small 
vessels  on  rivers,  lakes,  or  canals,  in  the  interior  of 
a  country  ;  ctmveyancc  by  boats  or  vessels  in  the  in- 
terior of  a  country. 
NA V'I-GA-T()R,  n.  One  that  navicates  or  sails  ; 
c/iic/!y,  one  w ho  directs  the  course  of  a  ship,  or  one 
who  is  skillful  in  tile  art  of  navigation.  We  say,  a 
boltl  nuvigatuVf  an  experienced  navigator,  an  able 
nari^ratur. 

NA'VV,  n.  [L.  nacis;  Gr.  lai'f,  from  irt.i,  to  swim, 
Ij.  no,  vftto ;  Sans,  nan  ;  Armenian,  naw:  Pers.  nati- 
dan.  The  elements  tif  the  verb  are  prtibably  JVi/,  co- 
inciding with  Eng.  nod,  Ij.  nuto.  To  swim,  then,  is 
to  move  up  and  down.    Class  Nd,  No.  3,  9.) 

I.  A  fleet  of  ships;  an  assemblage  of  merchant- 
men, or  so  many  as  sail  in  company. 

The  muy  of  Hiram  brotight  Jul.l  from  Ophir.  —  1  Knipi  X. 

S.  The  whole  of  the  sliijis  of  war  belonging  to  a 
nation  tir  king.  The  navy  of  Great  Britain  is  the  de- 
fense of  the  kiiiiidom  anil  its  commerce.  This  is 
the  usual  acceptation  of  the  word. 

3.  The  oHicers  and  men  belonging  to  a  navy. 

Smart. 

NAWL,  71.    An  awl.    [JVof  in  itsc] 

NaY,  adv.     [A  contracted  word  ;  L.  neso!  Sw.  7i<'!/ 

or  ncj,  from  neka,  to  deny  ;  W.  nac,  from  naca,  to 

deny.] 

1.  No  ;  a  word  that  expresses  negation. 

1  tell  you  nay;  but  except  ye  repent,  yc  thaJl  tUl  Ukcwise  perUii. 
—  Luke  xiii. 

2.  It  expresses  also  refusal. 

He  that  will  not  wlifii  hp  may, 

When  he  woiiUl  he  sluill  liave  nny.  Proverb. 

[In  these  senses  it  is  now  rarely  used ;  Tto  being 
substituted.] 

3.  Not  only  so ;  not  this  alone  ;  intimating  that 
something  is  to  he  added  by  way  of  aiiiplilication. 
He  requested  an  answer;  nay,  he  urged  it. 

NAY,  n.    Denial  ;  refusal 


Shak. 


NAY,  r.  f.    To  refuse.  [JVotinv3e.^ 
NAY'WARD,  n.    Tendency  to  denial.  [JVot 


NAY"WORD,  (na'wurd,)  n.  A  by-word ;  a  proverbial 
reproaehj  a  watchword.    [04*.]  SliaJc. 

NA7.-A-I{I'".'AN,  (71.     One  of  a  sect  of  Jiidaizing 

N.\Z-A-Rf.NE',  \  Christians  in  the  second  century, 
who  observed  the  laws  of  Moses,  and  rejected  the 
commonly  received  Gosfiels,  holding  a  peculiar  one  of 
their  own.  Murdoch. 

NAZ-A-RkNE',  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Nazareth  ;  one 
of  the  early  converts  to  Christianity  ;  in  contempt. 
Acts  XX iv. 

NAZ'A-RITE,  71.  A  Jew  who  bound  himself  by  a 
vow  to  extraordinary  purity  of  life  and  devotion. 

Murdock. 

NAZ'A-RIT-ISM,  n.  The  vow  and  practice  of  a  Naz- 
arite.  Burdrr. 

NAZE,  71.  A  cliff  or  headland,  same  as  a  Ness.  Smart. 

tip,,  [Sax.]  not,  is  obsolete.  We  find  it  in  early 
English  writers,  prefixed  to  other  words  ;  as,  nill, 
for  ne  will,  will  not ;  nas,  for  lu  has,  has  not ;  nis, 
for  7i«  is,  is  not.  Spenser. 

NEAF,  (neef,)  n.    [Ice.  neji ;  Scot,  nieve.] 

_  The  fisL    [Obs.]  Shak. 

NkAI.,  (neel,)  r.  (.    [Sax.  anirtan,  to  kindle.] 

To  temper  and  retluce  tti  a  due  consistence  by 
heat.    But  Skai.  is  Huui  rarely  used,    [See  Anneal.] 

Nf.AL,  r.  i.  To  be  tem|)crcd  "by  heat.  [Little  used.] 
[Sff  Anneal,]  Bacon. 

Nk  AP,  (neep,)  n.    [This  word  may  belong  to  the  root 
of  neb,  nib:  Ice.  ntf,  nose  ;  Eth.  ana/.] 
The  tongue  or  pole  of  a  cart,  sled,  or  wagon. 

AVui  England. 

NEAP,  a.    [Sax.  hnipan,  to  incline,  to  fall.] 

I.4IW.  The  neap  tides  are  those  which  happen  near 
the  first  a.nd  last  quarters  of  the  moon,  when  llir  dif- 
ference between  liigli  and  low  water  is  less  than  at 


any  other  period  in  the  month.    They  are  oppoocil 

to  spring  tides. 
Nf.AP  n.    A  neap  tide.    [Sec  the  adjective.] 
Ni^AP'ED,  (noept,)        j  a.    U'fl  aground.   A  sliip  la 
BE-NEAP'yjl),  (-neept,)  j    said  to  be  neaped  when  left 
aground,  particularly  on  the  bight  of  a  spring  tide, 
so  that  she  will  not  float  tdl  the  return  of  the  next 
spring  tide.  Totten. 
NE-A-POI/I-TAN,  a.   Belonging  to  Naples,  in  Italy. 
NE-A-POI.'I-TAN,  71.    An  inhabitant  or  native  of  the 

kingdom  of  Naples. 
NkAP'-TIDE,  71.  A  name  given  to  certain  tides.  [See 
Neap,  a.] 

NkAR,  (neer,)  a.  [Pax.  Tier,  or  neara,  ntgher.  This 
seems  to  bo  a  contracted  word,  frtiiii  ntghrr,ihe  com- 
parative of  nek,  nih,  or  nirh,  I),  naauw,  G.  nahe,  Sw. 
nar,  Dan.  iiar,  VV.  nig,  strait,  narrow  ;  nigiaw,  to 
narrow.] 

1.  Nigh  ,  not  far  distant  in  pla(  »,  time,  or  degree. 
Regularly,  near  Bhoiild  be  followed  by  to,  but  this  is 
often  omittetl.  We  say,  a  house  stai.ds  near  a  river  ; 
a  friend  sits  near  me  ;  the  man  fell,  and  was  7icar  de- 
struction. 

Anil  Jacob  went  nenr  to  Isaac  his  father. .—  Gen.  ixvii. 

Now  is  our  Halvatiun  nearer  than  wlien  we  believeil.  —  Rom.  ziU. 

2.  Closely  related  by  blood. 

She  is  thy  father's  nrar  kinswoman.  —  Ij<v.  xviil. 

3.  Not  distant  in  affection,  support,  or  assistance; 
present ;  ready  ;  willing  to  aid. 

Call  upon  the  Lonl  while  he  is  ftear.  —  Is.  Iv. 

4.  Intimate  ;  united  in  clo.se  ties  of  affection  or  con- 
fidence ;  as,  a  neur  friend. 

5.  Dear;  affecting  one's  interest  or  feelings ;  as,  a 
near  concern. 

My  ntaresl  life.  Shak. 

6.  Close  ;  parsimonious. 

7.  Close  ;  not  loose,  free,  or  rambling ;  as,  a  version 
near  the  original. 

8.  Next  to  one  ;  on  the  left ;  opposed  to  OfF  ;  !is, 
the  near  horse  or  ox  in  a  team. 

NliAR, ni/i).  AlmoPt ;  within  a  little.  It  is  near  twelve 
o'cltick.  The  iiayiuer.t  of  sucli  a  sum  would  go  near 
to  ruin  him.  MdUon. 

Nv..\R,v.  t.  To  approach;  to  come  nearer;  :is,  the 
ship  neared  the  land  ;  a  seaman*3  phrase.  Also  used 
intransitively. 

NeAR'EST,  a.  [siiperl.  of  7ifarJ  Shortcut ;  most  di- 
rect ;  as,  the  nearest  way  to  London.  So  we  use 
Nearer  for  Shorter. 

[  This  use  of  these  words  is  not  correct,  but  very  eom- 
Tnoii.] 

NeAR'LY,  adv.    At  no  great  distance  ;  not  remotely. 

2.  Closely  ;  as,  two  persons  nearly  related  or  allied. 

3.  Intimately;  pressingly  ;  with  a  closL^elation  to 
one's  interest  or  liappiness.  It  nearly  concerns  us  to 
preserve  peace  with  our  neighbor. 

4.  Almost ;  within  a  little.  The  fact  is  nearly  de- 
monstrated. 

5.  In  a  parsimonious  or  niggnrdlv  manner. 
NEAR'NESS,  n.     Closeness;  small  distance.  The 

nearness  of  a  place  to  a  market  enhances  the  value 
of  lands. 

2.  Close  alliance  by  blood;  propinquity:  as,  the 
neatness  of  brothers  and  sisters,  parents  and  children. 

3.  Close  union  by  affection  ;  intimacy  of  friend- 
ship. 

4.  Parsimonv  ;  closeness  in  expcn.seg.  Bacon. 
NkAR'-SIGIIT'ED,  (ncer'sit'ed,)  o.  Short-sighted; 

seeing  at  a  small  ilistance  only. 
NeAR'-SIGIIT'ED-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being 
short-sighted. 

NEAT,  (neet,)  n.  [Sax.  neat,  nelen,  niten,  nyten  ;  Sw. 
7io£ ;  Dan.  nod.  In  Sax.  geneat  is  a  herdsman.  In 
Spanish,  ganodo  is  cattle,  and  vermin  ;  thmbtless  the 
same  word  with  a  prefix.  In  W.  inud  is  a  group. 
J^^eat  coincides  with  the  root  of  need  in  elements,  and 
if  connectetl  with  it,  the  sense  is,  a  herd,  or  collec- 
tion, from  crowding,  pressing  ;  but  this  is  doubtful,] 
1.  Cattle  of  the  bovine  genus,  ils  bulls,  oxen,  ana 
cows.  In  .America,  this  word  is  used  in  coniposition, 
as  in  ncnf'A'  tongue,  neal's-foot  oil,  and  tautologically 
in  ncaf-cattle. 

_  2.  A  single  cow.  TVsser. 
NkAT,  a.    ( It.  iiiffi) ;  Sp.  7irfo  ;  Fr.  net ;  Arm.  neat,  or 
7i*'ff :  I*,  nitidus,  niteo,  to  shine,  to  be  clean,  fair,  or 
fine;  W.  nith,  pure  ;  nithiatc,  to  purify,  to  winnow,] 

1.  Very  clean  ;  free  from  foul  or  extraneous  mat- 
ter ;  ns,  neat  chillies.  The  vessels  are  kept  wcat;  tlie 
woman  keeps  her  house  very  neat. 

2.  Pure  ;  free  from  impure  w  ords  and  phrases ;  as, 
a  neat  st)  le. 

3.  Cleanly  ;  presenting  neatness  ;  as,  a  nraf  woman. 

4.  Pure  ;  unadulterated  ;  as,  7i«at  wine.  [Ohs.] 

Chapman, 

5.  Free  from  tawdry  appendages,  and  well  ailjust- 
ed  ;  as,  a  neat  dre.ss. 

6.  Clear  of  the  ca.sk,  case,  bag,  box,  ke  ;  as,  neat 
weight.    It  is  usuallv  written  Net  or  -N'ett. 

NEAT'llERD,  n.    [Siiv.  nralhyrd.] 

A  person  who  has  the  care  of  cattle  ;  a  cow-keep- 
er. Dryden. 

Nk.AT'I.Y,  adv.  With  neatness;  in  a  neat  manner; 
in  a  cleiiiily  manner  ;  as,  a  garment  neatlii  wa.-'bed. 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  \8  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


94 


K  K  K 


743 


NEC 


NEC 


NEE 


2.  With  good  laste  ;  witliout  luwiliy  oinaiiieiits  ; 
as.  a  lady  neatly  ilressed. 

3.  Nicely  ;  liaiidsumtly  ;  as,  a  vessel  neatly  gilt. 
NicA'l"Ni;sS,  «.    Exact  cleanliness;  entire  freedom' 

from  foul  matter  ;  as,  llie  neutncss  of  a  tioor  or  of  a 
garment. 

2.  Purity  ;  freedom  from  ill  cliosen  words  ;  as,  the 
neutiie^^  of  style. 

3.  Freedom  from  useless  or  tawdry  ornaments  ; 
with  good  adjustment  of  the  several  parts;  as,  the 
i}catnegs  of  a  dress. 

NkAT'KESS,  h.  [from  neat,  cattle.]  A  female  who 
takes  care  of  cattle.    [JVot  used  in  the  United  States.] 

IVarner. 

NeAT'S'-FOOT  oil,  n.  The  oil  obtained  by  boiling 
calves'  feet.  Gardner. 

NEB,  It.  [Sax.  nrh,  or  nrbbe  ;  Ice.  nebhe,  or  nef;  Dan. 
neb,  nirh,  and,  with  a  prertx,  snabel;  Svv.  naf;  D.  neb, 
sHcb ;  G.  schmbel.  In  the  ditierent  dialects  it  signi- 
fies a  bill.  Leak,  the  nose,  or  the  face,  from  extend- 
ing, or  shooting.  See  Class  Nb,  No.  2,  3,  C,  8,  10,  13, 
15,  21,  24.    It  is  also  written  Njn.] 

The  nose ;  the  beak  of  a  bird ;  the  bill ;  the 
mouth. 

NEB'NEB,  n.    The  East  Indian  name  of  Bablah. 

NEB'lJ-LA,  71.;  pi.  Nebul.i:.  [L.  nebula;  Gr.  icpoi, 
vetpeXrj ;  G.  nebel ;  D.  need ;  It.  neall,  nettl,  by  contrac- 
tion ;  It.  nebbia  :  Sp.  niebin,  fog,  mist ;  Sans,  nabha, 
a  cloud.  Probably  the  primary  sense  is,  thick,  or 
mixed.] 

1.  A  white  spot,  or  a  slight  opacity  of  the  cornea. 

Cyc. 

a.  In  astronomy,  a  naine  given  to  faint,  misty  ap- 
pearances, which  are  dimly  seen  among  the  stars, 
resembling  a  comet  or  a  speck  of  fog.  They  are 
usually,  but  not  always,  resolved  by  the  telescope 
into  myriads  of  small  stars.  Olin^ited. 

3.  [In  heraldry,  it  is  used  to  describe  a  line  drawn 
with  undulations  resembling  the  form  of  clouds;  or 
a  shield  or  charge  divided  by  several  such  lines 
drawn  across  it.  —  E.  H.  Barker.] 
NEB'lI-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  nebula;. 

M'ebular  hypothesis ;  a  celebrated  hypothesis,  framed 
by  Laplace,  the  principles  of  which  are  as  follows  : 
It  supposes  that  the  bodies  composing  the  solar  sys- 
tem once  existed  in  the  form  of  a  nebula;  that  this 
had  a  revoluticm  on  its  own  axis  from  west  to  east ; 
that,  by  the  effect  of  gravity,  the  matter  composing  the 
nebula  gradually  became  condensed  toward  the  cen- 
ter;  tliat  the  exterior  portions  thus  had  the  velocity 
of  their  revolution  increased,  until  by  the  centrifugal 
force  they  were  separated  from  the  mass,  and  left 
behind  in  the  form  of  a  ring  ;  that  thus  the  material 
of  each  of  the  planets  was  separated,  while  the  main 
body  was  condensed  toward  the  center,  I'orniiiig  the 
sun  ;  and  finally,  that  each  of  the  planetary  rings,  by 
a  similar  process,  was  condensc^d  into  the  planet,  de- 
positing in  the  mean  time  rhigs  out  of  which  its  sec- 
ondaries were  formed.  Olmsted, 
NEB-t_T-LOS'l-TV',  n.  [from  nebulous.]  The  state  of 
being  cloudy  or  hazy.  Med.  Repos. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  name  given  to  the  faint,  misty 
appearances  surrounding  certain  stars.  Olmsted. 

NEB'U-LOUS,  o.    [L.  vebulosus.] 

1.  Cloudy  ;  hazy.    [See  Nebula.] 

2.  In  astronomy,  pertaining  to,  or  having  tlie  ap- 
pearance of,  a  nebula. 

NEC-ES-Sa'RI-AN,  n.  [See  Necessary.]  An  advo- 
cate for  the  doctrine  of  philosophical  necessity  ;  more 
properly,  Necessitahian.  Priestley. 

NEU'ES-SA-UIES,  (  riz,)  71.  pi.    See  Necessabv. 

NEC'ES-SA-UI-LY,  ado.  By  necessity  ;  in  such  a 
manner  that  it  "can  not  be  otliersvise.  Truth  is  neces- 
sarily opposite  to  falsehood.  A  square  is  necessarily 
different  from  a  circle. 

2.  Indispensably.  Most  men  are  neccssari/i/ occu- 
pied in  procuring  their  subsistence. 

3.  By  unavoidable  consequence.  Certain  infer- 
ences necessarily  result  from  particular  premises. 

NEC'ES-SA-Rl-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  neces- 
NEC'ES-SA-RY,  o.    ^L.  necessarius.]  [sary. 
I.  That  must  be;  that  can  not  be  otherwise  ;  in- 
dispensably requisite.  It  is  necessary  that  every  effect 
should  have  a  cause. 

2  Indispensable;  requisite;  essential;  that  can 
not  be  otherwise  without  preventing  the  piir|)ose  in- 
tended. Air  is  neccs.iartj  to  support  animal  life  ;  food 
is  neccssart/  to  nourish  the  body  ;  holiness  is  a  neces- 
tfflri/ cpialilication  for  happiui-ss  ;  health  is  necessary 
to  the  enjoyment  of  pleasure  ;  subjection  to  law  is 
neerssary  to  the  safety  of  persons  and  property. 

3.  Unavoidable  ;  as,  a  necessary  inference  or  con- 
fteqiiencc  fnjni  facts  or  arguments. 

4.  Acting  from  necessity  or  compulsion  ;  opposed 
10  FiiEE.  VVhether  man  is  a  necessary  or  a  free  agent 
is  a  question  much  diHCiissed. 

NEC'ES-SA-RY,  ».  [from  the  adjective.]  Something 
neccs-ary  or  indispensalile  to  some  purpose  ;  as,  u 
neresHnry  of  life  ;  more  caininonly  used  in  the  plural. 

NE(-"ES-SA  RV,  n.    A  privy. 

NE-CES-SI  'l  A'HI-AN,  j  n.    One  who  maintains  the 
NEC-ES-SA'Rl-AN,       (     doctrine  of  idiilosophical 
necensity  in  regard  to  the  origin  and  existence  of 
thingx.  Beallie, 


NE-CES'SI-TaTE,  v.  I.    [from  L.  necessitas.] 

To  make  necessary  or  indispensable;  to  render  un- 
avoidable ;  to  compel. 

The  Marquis  of  Newcastle,  Ijein^  pressed  on  both  sides,  was 

neceanilated  to  tiraw  all  liis  uniiy  into  York.  Clarendon. 
Sickiiesi  liii^lu  necessilate  liis  reniuv.il  Iruni  court.  i>outh. 

NE-CES'SI-Ta-TED,  pp.  Made  necessary,  indispen- 
sable, or  unavoidable. 

NE-CES'SI-Ta-TING,  p;)r.  Making  necessary  or  in- 
disjiensable. 

NE-CES-SI-Ta'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  neces- 
sary ;  coni[)iilsion.    ILitUe  used.]  Bramhall. 
NE-CES'SI-TI-/CD,  (-tid,)  a.    In  a  state  of  want. 

IJK^ot  in  use.] 

NE-CES'SI-'l  OUS,  a.  Very  needy  or  indigent ;  pressed 
with  poverty. 

There  are  multitudes  of  necessitous  heirs  and  penurious  parents. 

ArbaOinQt. 

2.  Narrow  ;  destitute  ;  pincliing  ;  as,  necessitous 
circu  mstances. 
NE-CES'SI-TOUS-LY,  ado.   In  a  necessitous  man- 
ner. 

NE-CES'SI-TOUS-NESS,  71.  Extreme  poverty  or  des- 
titution of  the  means  of  living  ;  pressing  want. 

Bamet. 

NE-CES'SI-TUDE,  71.   Necessitousness  ;  want.  [JVot 

used.  ]  Hale. 
NE-CES'SI-TY,  71.    [L.  7iccfss!(as.] 

1.  That  which  must  be  and  can  not  he  otherwise, 
or  the  cause  of  that  which  can  not  be  otherwise.  It 
is  of  necessity  that  a  thing  can  not  be  and  not  be  at 
the  same  time.  It  is  of  necessity  that  two  contradic- 
tory propositions  can  not  both  be  true. 

2.  Irresistible  power;  compulsive  force,  physical 
or  moral.  If  man's  actions  are  determined  by  causes 
bey(md  his  control,  he  acts  frimi  necessity,  and  is  not 
a  free  agent.  J^ecessity  compelled  the  general  to  act 
on  the  defensive. 

3.  Indispensahleness  ;  the  state  of  being  requisite. 
The  7tecessity  of  funds  to  support  public  credit,  no 
man  questions.  The  necessity  of  economy  in  domes- 
tic concerns  is  admitted.  No  man  can  plead  necessity 
in  excuse  for  crimes. 

4.  Extreme  indigence ;  pinching  poverty ;  pressing 
need. 

The  cause  of  nil  the  distn\ctions  in  his  court  or  army  proceeded 
from  the  extreme  poverty  and  necessity  liis  maj'-siy  was  in. 

Clarendon. 

5.  Unavoidahlencss  ;  inevitableness ;  as,  the  ne- 
cessity of  a  consetpience  from  certain  premises. 

6.  "  In  the  plural,  tilings  requisite  for  a  purpose. 


NECK,  71.  [Sax.  kneec,  hnecca,  necca ;  G.  nick,  genick, 
the  nape  of  the  neck  ;  D.  nek  ;  Sw.  naclce ;  Dan. 
nakke  :  It.  Port,  and  Sp.  tiuca.  This  word  is  properly 
the  nape  or  vertebra  of  the  neck  behind,  and  is  so 
rendered  in  other  languages,  L.  7iux,  tliat  is,  a  nob  or 
mass ;  VV.  cnioc] 

1.  The  part  of  an  animal's  body  which  is  between 
the  head  and  the  trunk,  and  connects  them.  In  man 
and  many  other  animals,  this  part  is  more  slender 
than  the  trunk  ;  hence, 

2.  A  long,  narrow  tract  of  land  projecting  from 
the  main  body,  or  a  narrow  tract  cimnecting  two 
larger  tracts  ;  as,  the  neck  of  land  between  Boston 
ami  Roxbiiry. 

Any  |).art  corresponding  to  a  neck  ;  the  long,  slen- 
der part  of  a  vessel,  as  a  retort ;  or  of  a  plant,  as  a 
gourd  ;  or  of  any  instrument,  as  a  guitar. 

j3  stiff  neck,  in  Scripture,  denotes  obstinacy  in  sin. 

On  the  neck  ;  immediately  after;  following  closely. 

First  Ijy  committing  one  sin  on  die  neck  of  another.  Perkins, 

[This  phrase  is  ntit  much  used.  We  more  fre- 
quently say,  on  the  heels,] 

To  break  the  neck  of  an  affair ;  to  hinder,  or  to  do 
the  principal  thing  to  prevent. 

'J'o  harden  the  neck ;  to  grow  obstinate ;  to  be  more 
anil  more  perverse  anti  rebellious.   JVeh.  ix. 
NECK'A-TEE,  71.    A  neckerchief.  [Obs.] 
NECK'UEEF,  71.    The  coarse  flesh  of  the  neck  of  cat- 
tle, sold  at  a  low  price. 

As  cheap  as  neckheef.  Swift. 

NECK'€LOTII,  n.    A  piece  of  cloth  worn  on  the  neck. 
NECK'KI),  (nekt,)  a.    Having  a  neck;  as  in  stiff- 
veelkcd. 

NECK'ER-CIIIEF,  (  chif,)  71.  A  gorget;  a  kerchief 
for  tilt;  neck  ;  it  was  formerly  applied  only  to  female 
attirt!.  Smart, 

NEt'K'LACE,  71.  A  string  of  beads,  or  precious  stones, 
worn  bv  women  on  the  neck.  .^rbathnot, 

NECK'LXC-i;i),  (neck'last,)  a.  Marked  as  with  a 
necklace.  Sir  fV,  Jones, 

NECK'LAND,  71.    A  neck  or  long  tract  of  land. 

Ilaketccll, 

NEt'K'-TVE,  71.  A  neckhandkercliief.  JIf.  F,  '/'upper, 
NECK'VIOKSi;,  n.    The  verse  formerly  read  to  entitle 
a  party  Ici  llic  benefit  of  clergy,  saiil  to  be  the  first 
verse  of  the  filly  first  Psalm,  "Miserere  7nri,"  S^c, 

Tindall. 

NECK'WEEI),  71.  Hemp  ;  in  ridicule,  because  used 
in  hanging  criminals. 


Ni;e'K(»  LITE,  ».    A  vaiiety  of  trachvte. 
NEe-RO-Ll^)(!i'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  giving  an 

account  of,  the  dead,  or  of  deaths. 
NEC  ROL'O-GIST,  n.    One  who  gives  an  account  of 

deaths. 

NEC  ROL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  veKpof,  dead,  and  \nyoi, 
discourse.] 

An  account  of  the  dead,  or  of  deaths  ;  a  registei  of 
deaths. 

NEe'RO-MAN  CER,7i.  [See  Necbomancv.]  Prop- 
erly, one  who  pretends  to  foretell  future  events  by 
holding  converse  with  departed  spirits.  Swift. 

2.  One  who  uses  enchantments  or  practices  stir- 
cery.  The  latter  is  now  the  more  usual  sense.  Smart, 

NECRO-MAN-CY,  ji.  [Gr.  i/to/aoj,  dead,  and  pavriia, 
divination.] 

1.  Properly,  the  art  of  revealing  future  events  by 
means  of  a  pretended  coiiiinunicatioii  with  the  dead. 
This  imposture  is  prohibited.    DeuX  win, 

2.  Enchantiiieiit ;  conjumtioii  This  is  now  the 
more  usual  sense.  Smart. 

NEC-RO-JlAN'Tie,  a.    Pertainij.g  to  necromancy; 

performed  bv  necromancy. 
NEe-R(J-.\IAN'Tie,  JI.    Trick  ;  conjuration.  Young. 
NEC-RO-MAN'Tie-AL-LY,  ado.    By  necromancy  or 

the  black  art ;  by  conjuration.  Oretrary. 
NEt;'R(J-NITE,  71.    [Gr.  i/fk^yos,  dead.] 

Fetid  feldspar,  a  mineral  which,  when  struck  or 
pounded,  exhales  a  fetid  odor  like  that  of  putrid  tiesh. 

llat/den. 

NEC-ROPH'A-GOUS,  a.    [Gr.  i/titpos  and  0a,  \.,.] 
Ealing  or  feeding  on  the  dead.  Kirby, 

NEG-ROP'O-LIS,  71.    [Gr.  kekjjuj  and  ttoXij.] 
A  city  of  the  dead. 

NEC-RO-SeOP'ie,  a.    [Gr.  i-fxonf  and  rrKoittu.] 
Relating  to  post-mortem  examinations. 

NE-CRO'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  tt^pMait..] 

1.  Among  physicians,  mortification  ;  the  dry  gan- 
grene. 

2.  Among  surgeons,  an  inflammation  of  a  bone 
terminating  in  its  death. 

3.  In  botany,  a  disease  of  plants,  consisting  of 
small  black  spots,  beneath  which  the  substance  of 
the  plant  decays.  Brandc. 

NECTAR,  71.    [L.,  from  the  Greek.]     In  mythologri 
and  poetry,  the  drink  of  the  gods  ;  hence, 
2.  Any  very  sweet  and  pleasant  drink. 
NEC-Ta'RE-AN,   j  a.     Resembling  nectar;  very 
NEC-TA'RE-OUS,  \      sweet  and  pleasant. 

Tlic  juice  TiecUircoas  and  tlie  baliny  dew.  Pope. 

NECTAR  KD,  a.  Imbued  with  nectar;  mingled  with 
nectar  ;  abminding  with  nectar.  Milton. 

NEe-TA'RE-UirS-LY,  a(/c.    In  a  nectareous  manner. 

NE€-Ta'RE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
nectareous. 

NEC-Ta'RI-AL,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  nectary  of  a 
plant. 


NEC-TAR-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [nectar  and  L.  fero,  to 
bear.] 

Producing  nectar  or  honey ;  as,  a  nectariferous 
glandule.  Lee, 
NECTAR  INE,  (  in,)  a.    Sweet  as  nectar.  Milton, 
NECTAR  INE,  n.    A  fruit  resembling  the  peach,  but 
with  a  sinootli  rind.    It  is  the  Persica  lajvis  of  De 
Candolle. 

NEe-TA'RI-UM,  71.  That  part  of  a  flower  which  se- 
cretes a  honey-like  substance  ;  the  nectary. 

NEG'TAR-IZE,  I',  f.    To  sweeten.  Cockeram. 

NECTAR-IZ-Kl),  pp.  Sweetened. 

NEC'I'AR-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Sweetening. 

NECTAR-OUS,  a.    Sweet  as  nectar.  Milton. 

NECTAR- Y,  n.  [from  iifcfar.]  In  Man;/,  the  mellif- 
erous part  of  a  vegetable,  peculiar  to  the  dower.  It 
usually  makes  a  part  of  the  corol,  but  is  sometimes 
distinct  from  it.  Sometimes  it  is  in  the  foini  of  a 
horn  or  spur  ;  sometimes  in  that  of  a  cup;  whence 
it  is  called  the  Honev-cup.  Martyn. 

NED'DER,  n.    IW.  nadyr  i  Sax.  nedilcr.] 
Anadtler.  [Oi.v.] 

NEED,  71.     [Sax.  7ica<i,  7ico<f,  nj/d ;  V.nood!  G.  noth  : 

Sv/.  7iod ;  Dan.  7i6't/ ;  Eth.  nadei,  to  be  in 

want.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  press.  Class  Nd,  No. 
7,  24.j 

1.  Want ;  occasion  for  something  ;  necessity  ;  a 
state  that  requires  sujiply  or  relief.  It  sometimes  ex- 
presses urgent  want;  pressing  exigency. 

Wlint  furtlier  med  liiive  we  of  witnesses  i  —  Matt.  xxvi. 
Kor  ye  liave  need  of  patience.  —  lielj.  X. 

2.  Want  of  the  means  of  subsistence  ;  poverty  ; 
indigence. 

1  Itnow  how  (0  alionnd  and  to  snlTer  need.  —  Phil.  iv. 
NEED,  I).  (.  [Sax.  geneadan,  genedan,  to  compel  ;  Dan. 
7iOf/rr.] 

To  want ;  to  lack  ;  to  require,  as  supply  or  relief. 
They  that  Ixj  whole  Tir«<i  not  u  pliystcian,  but  tliey  thitt  lire  sick. 
—  Matt.  Ix. 

NEED,  V.  i.    To  be  wanted  ;  to  bo  necessary 

Wlien  we  have  ilone  it,  we  lia»e  done  all  thai  Is  in  our  power, 
null  all  that  imill.    (.VoluMif.l  Locks. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  —  MfiTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BOQK. — 
746  ' 


NEG 


NEG 


NEG 


JVerii  is  nftt-n  used  as  nn  niixiliary,  or  at  least  with- 
out the  pLTsuiial  tt'rniiimiiuii. 

Aivl  lh«  Icmlrr  need  iiu(  fe^ix  lie  fluOl  be  iiiltiretl. 

Anacliartit,  Trant. 

NEED'ED,  pp.  or  a.  WantPii. 
NEF.D'F.U.  II.    One  that  wanLi. 

NEED'FJJL,  a.  Nccess^rj  ,  as  supply  or  relief ;  requi- 
site. 

All'thingi  n«*f/u/  for  dpfenic  abouod.  DryUn. 

NEF.n'FlJI^LY,  ado.    .Necessarily.         B.  Jomson. 
NEED'l-LY,  0(/r.     [from  needy.]     In  want  or  (hjv- 
trlv. 

NEF.D'I-XESS,  n.    [from  netdy.]    Want  ;  poverty  ; 

iiiillKfiice.  Bacon. 
NEEIt'I.\G,  ppr.    Wanting;  requiring,  as  supply  or 

reliif. 

NEE'DI.E.  n.  [.Sax.  nedl,  ntrdl ;  G.  naihl ;  Goth.  n«- 
thul :  .Ann.  iiailui :  It.  snallnid  i  W.  nijilieiir.,  friiin 
nwi/,  soinciliiiig  sharp  or  pointed.  It  may  be  allied 
to  nritlc.\ 

1.  .\  small  inslriiment  of  steel  pointed  M  one  end, 
with  an  rye  at  the  ntlier  to  recrive  a  thread  ;  used  in 
sewin;;  and  einliri)iiler>'.  Needles  are  also  used  by 
surgeons  in  sew  ini;  up  wounds. 

2.  A  small  (loiiited  piece  of  steel  used  in  the  mari- 
ner's compass,  which,  by  its  magnetic  quality,  is  at- 
tracted and  directed  to  the  pole,  and  thus  enables 
navigators  to  sti  er  their  ships  the  course  intended  ; 
often  calLd  the  Magxett  Necole. 

3.  .Any  crystallized  substance  in  the  form  of  a  nee- 
dle. 

Dipping  nfedlr.    See  Dipping  Needle. 
NEE'DLE,  r.      To  form  crystals  in  the  shape  of  a 
n-edle. 

NEE  1)1. E,  r.  I.  To  shoot  in  crx'slallization  into  the 
fnrin  of  iiffdl'-s  ,  as,  nPfillfd  prisms.  Faurcrmf. 

NEE'DLE-liQtJK,  ii.  A  place  for  slicking  needles  on 
cloth,  protected  by  covers  like  those  of  a  bcKik. 

Ciiwpfr. 

NEE'ni.ED,  (nec'dld,)  pp.  or  o.  Crystallized  in  the 
form  of  needles. 

NEE  DLE-FISII,  n.  A  name  of  certain  fishes  of  the 
family  Syngnathida",  or  old  genus  Syngnalhiis,  also 
call.-(i  PiPE-FisHEJ.  They  have  a  long  and  very  slen- 
der bedv.  Jiirdine^s  JVtl(.  Lib. 

NEE'DLE-F^L,  n.  As  much  thread  as  is  put  at 
ouce  in  a  ui'edle. 

NEE'DI.E- .MaK-ER,  J  n.     One  who  manufactures 

NEE'DI.EK,  i  needles. 

NEE'DLE-oRE,  n.    Aciciilar  ore  of  bismuth.  Dana. 

NEE'Dl,l-;-P( II .N  T-ED,  a.    Pointed  as  needles. 

NEE'ULE-STONE,  n.  A  mineral  of  the  zeidite  fam- 
ily. CtfavelantL 

NEE'DI.E-WORK,  (nee'dl-wurk,)  n.  Work  exe- 
cuted with  a  needle  ;  or  the  business  of  a  seamstress. 
It  is  us-'d  particnlarlv  for  embrotilerv. 

NEE'ni,E-\VOKK-KD,-o.    Worked  with  needles. 

NEE'DLE-'/K'O-l.tTE,  n.  A  species  of  zeolite  of  a 
crayisli-white  color.  Ure, 

NEED'LESS,  a.    Not  wanted  ;  unneres,s.nr)' ;  not  re- 
quisite ;  as,  nrrdUds  labi>r  ;  needless  expenses. 
2.  .Vol  wanting.    [Oft.-.J  Shak. 

NEED'I,ES.<-I,Y,  arfc.    Without  necessity. 

NEED'LESS-.N'ESS,  n.    L/iinecessariness.  I^cke. 

NEF.'DLI.VG,  ppr.    Forminc crystal.*  like  needles. 

NEEU'.MENT,  n.  Something  needed  or  wanted. 
J.V,.(  u.vr./.]  Sliok, 

NEEDS,  oi/r.    [from  iif«/;  Sax.  ncrftt.] 

Necessarily  ;  indispensably  ;  generally  used  with 
musL 

A  irvU  at  law  muit  needt  he  innocent  in  iU'-lf.  KeOitatU. 
NEED'Y,  a.    Necessitous;  indigent;  very  poor;  dis- 
lres.sed  by  want  of  the  means  of  living. 

To  rrli      tl>"  nec'/y  and  comlon  the  alHictcvl  are  dutiet  that  &11 

in  onr  way  rirtj  ilav.  AtidUon. 
Spnre  tlK-  liliiatica  uf  nttdy  menu  DieighL 

NEEI.'GHAt;,  It.    See  Ntlchap. 

NB'EK,  (Hare;)  a  contranitm  of  Neteii. 

NEESE,  (iieez,)  c.  i.    [G.  neesen  ;  D.  niezcn  ;  Sw.  ni- 

usa;  Dan.  ityser ;  Ar.  K>C«>J  nashaa  ;  hence,  sneeze. 
Class  Ns,  No.  31).]  ^ 
To  sneeze.  [0A.».] 

[See  SxEEiE,  which  is  formed  on  this  word.] 
NEE?E'WORT,  (neez'wiirt,)  n.    A  plant.  Sheneood. 
NEES'ING,  n.    A  snee/.ini;.  [Ohs.] 
JfE  KX'F.-^  r,  [L.]    In  /air,  a  writ  to  prevent  a  per- 
son from  going  out  of  the  country  without  a  license. 

Bouvirr, 

NEF,  K.  •The  nave  of  a  church.  [JVot  used.]  [See 
Nave.] 

NE-FA.N'DOUS,  a.    [L.  nrfar.du.;  not  to  be  spoken.] 
.Not  to  be  named  ;  abominable.  Shrtdon. 

NE-FX'RI-OL'S,  a.  [L.  nf/ariiw,  from  nrfas,  unlaw- 
ful, or  nf  and  fur,  fari,  to  Utter.] 

\V  icked  in  the  extreme ;  abominable  ;  atrociously 
sinful  or  villainous  ;  detestably  vile. 

NE-FA'RI-OL'S-LY,arfo.  With  extreme  wickedness  ; 
nboiiiinahly.  Mdlon. 

NE  FA  RI-OUS-.\ESS,  The  quality  of  being  nefa- 
niius. 

NE-GA'TION,  n.    [L.  lugatio,  from  nego,  to  deny, 


Sw.  nrkiu,  Dan.  nte<jtrr,  ^V.  imca,  nnrhn,  nagu,  Fr. 
ni>r,  frtmi  I.,  nr'ui.  The  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  slop  or 
re[K*l  .  fiir,  in  Italian,  nrtrare  is  to  tieiiy.  and  anurtrare 
is  to  deny,  and  to  drown,  to  stille  in  water;  Sp.  «r- 
gar,  to  deny  ;  annegavy  to  drown  or  inundate,  Fr. 
iioycr.l 

1.  Denial ;  a  declaration  that  something  Is  not ; 
opiKised  to  AFFinMATioM  :  as,  the  stiiil  is  nut  matter. 

2.  In  logic,  description  by  denial,  e.xclusion,  or  ex- 
ception. 

Negation  Is  the  nlia^nc!  of  tlmt  wliich  doei  not  belonr  to  t)ic 
lli!ii»  »i'  uri'  «p<.'.ikins  ol.  WatU. 

3.  Argument  drawn  from  denial. 

It  mjiv  lie  provfNi,  hjr  way  ot  miictuion,  that  they  came  not  from 
Kiirup-,  as  liavui^  no  reiiiaiiak-r  of  the  arts,  l>MriiiM;.  and 
civilities  of  iu  iJeylin. 

NEG'A-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.negatif:  L.  negalirti.s.] 

1.  Iiniilying  denial  or  negation  ;  opposed  to  Af- 
FiRMATivE,  as  a  negatire  proposition  is  that  which 
denies.    .Matter  is  not  spirit. 

2.  Implying  absence  ;  oppo.sed  to  Positive. 

There  is  a  ne-oftre  way  of  ii.-nying  Christ,  wlien  we  do  not 
ackiiouteilge  and  conli-ss  hiin.  .^oulA. 

3.  Having  the  |iower  of  stopping  or  restraining. 
A  negatipe  voici^,  in  legislatititi,  is  a  voice  or  vote  to 
prevent  the  passing  of  a  law  or  decree. 

JVegntire  sign  ;  in  algebra,  the  sign  of  subtraction, 
a  sinn,  thus,  — ,  which  indicates  that  the  qiiaiitily  to 
which  it  is  prefixeil  is  to  be  subtracted.  It  is  opposed 
to  Positive  tir  .•Vfkir.mati ve. 

JVegattce  t/uantitij;  in  a/^rr&rn,  a  quantity  ivliicli  is 
reqiiireil  to  bo  subtracted.  J.  Day. 

Negative  electricity,  according  to  Dr.  Franklin,  is  a 
deficiency  of  the  electric  rtiiid  in  a  substance,  or  less 
than  the  substance  naturally  contains. 
NEG'A-TIVE,  «.  A  prippositioii  by  which  something 
is  denied  ;  as,  matter  has  not  the  power  of  moving 
itself. 

2.  A  word  that  denies  ;  as,  not,  no. 

3.  In  legislation,  the  right  or  power  of  preventing 
the  enaction  of  a  law  or  decree.  The  governor  li-a-s 
not  a  negatice  on  the  proceedings  of  the  legislature, 
but  each  branch  has  a  ncgufire  on  the  other. 

J>regatire  pretrnant :  a  negation  of  one  thing,  im- 
plying the  afiinnation  of  another. 
NEG'.V  Tl VE,  c.  t    To  disprove;  to  prove  the  con- 
trary. 

Tlie  omission  or  Infreqneney  of  such  recitals  docs  not  ne-oiiee 
the  existence  of  niir.tcl'-s.  Paiey. 

2.  To  reject  by  vole  ;  to  refuse  to  enact  or  sanc- 
tion.   The  senate  ntgatireJ  the  hill. 

3.  Tti  resist  a  choice  or  what  is  proposed. 
NEG'A-TI V-KD,  pp.    Disproved  ;  rejected  by  vote. 
NEG'A-TIVE  LY,  adv.    With  or  by  denial;  as,  he 

aiiswereti  negaticeiy.  Boyle. 

2.  In  the  form  of  speech  implying  the  absence  of 
something;  op|Hi.sed  to  Positively. 

1  sltall  ihow  what  this  imasfe  of  tlo-l  in  man  is,  negaticeiy,  by 
sltt>utii?  whT-in  It  ilu''S  not  consist,  and  jXMjliv.'ly,  by 
showing  wlieieiit  it  doi-t  consist.  Soulh. 

3.  JVegaticely  charged  or  electrified ;  In  Dr.  Frank- 
tin's  theory  of  etectririiy,  having  a  deficiency  of  the 
electric  fliiiil.    [See  Positively.] 

NEG'A-T1VE-.\E6S,  n.  The  quality  of  being  nega- 
tive. 

NEG'A-TO-RY,  o.  That  denies;  belonging  to  nega- 
tion.   [Little  used,] 

NE(;-I.EeT',  c.  (.  [L.  neglectus,  from  negligo.  In  G. 
the  corresponding  wtird  is  nacldassen,  D.  nahiaten, 
ctiiniHitiiiils  of  nach,  na,  after,  and  lassen,  Inaten,  to 
lot,  to  leave,  to  siilTer  to  pass.  Eng.  let,  Fr.  taiiser. 
The  sense  of  the  latter  words,  then,  is,  to  leave  be- 
hiiiil,  or  p<frmit  to  remain  ;  Dan.  nachiiessig,  negli- 
gent. I  siisiK:ct  the  L.  neatigo  to  be  composed  of  the 
same  prefix,  neg  lor  nach,  atitt  linifuo,  Itctnm,  as  n  is 
not  radical  in  the  latter.  But  of  this  I  am  not  confi- 
dent.] 

1.  "To  omit  by  carelessness  or  design  ;  to  forbear  to 
do,  use,  employ,  promote,  or  attend  to;  as,  to  neg- 
lect duly  or  business  ;  to  neglect  to  pay  honest  debts  ; 
to  neglect  our  interest  or  policy  ;  to  neglect  the  means 
in  our  (Kiwer. 

2.  To  omit  to  receive  or  embrace ;  to  slight. 

How  sliall  we  escape,  if  we  ntglect  so  gn^i  laivation  ?  —  Ileb.  ». 

3.  To  slight ;  not  to  notice ;  to  forbear  to  treat 
with  alteniiiin  or  res|iect.  Among  people  of  good 
breeding,  strangers  seldom  complain  of  being  iicr- 
Ucled.  " 

4.  To  postptine.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
NEG-LEGT',  n.    Omission  ;  fnrbeitrancc  to  do  any 

thine  that  can  be  done  or  that  requires  to  be  done. 
Jv'eglect  may  be  from  carelessness  or  inattenlinn. 
The  neglect  of  business  is  the  cause  of  many  fail- 
ures ;  but  neglect  of  economy  is  more  frequent  and 
more  injurious. 

2.  Slight  ;  omission  of  attention  or  civilities. 
J^egleet  of  due  nmice  and  attention  to  strangers  is 
characteristic  of  ill  breeding. 

3.  Negligence;  habitii.il  want  of  regard. 

Age  lire^is  neglect  in  all.  Denham. 

4.  State  of  being  disregarded. 

Ri-sciie  my  pa>r  rrmstns  Irom  rile  neglect.  Prior. 


NEG-LECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Omitted  to  be  done  ;  slight- 

ed  ;  disreearded. 
NEC MX'T'ED-.VESS,  n.    .«tale  of  being  nech'Cled. 
NEG-M'.CT'Ell,  II.    One  that  neglects.  [M,n-e. 
NEG-LECT'FJJL,  a.    Heedless  ;  careless  ;  inalteiilivc. 

I^rke. 

2.  .Accustomed  or  apt  to  omit  what  may  or  niiglit 

3.  Treadnc  with  neglect  or  slight.       [lo  be  done. 

4.  Indicating  neglect,  slight,  or  iiidilfcrenc4' ;  as,  a 
rte*rtretftil  countenance.  Locke. 

NEG-I.ECT'Fj;i-l,Y,ai/e.  With  neslect ;  with  heed- 
less iiiatleiiliiiii ;  with  careless  intlilference. 

NEG-LECT'I.\G,  ;i;<r.  Omitling  ;  passing  by;  for- 
beariiiL'  to  do  :  slizlilini; ;  treating  Willi  inilifrerrnce. 

NEG-LECT'ING-LY,  adc.    Carelessly;  heedlessly. 

Slmk. 

NEG-I,Ee'T'0.\,  n.  The  state  of  being  negliL'eiit. 
r.\  «/  nsril.]  Shak. 

NKG-LECT'lVE,  a.  Inattentive;  regardless  of.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  K.  Charles. 

NEG-LI-CBE',  (neg-le-zha',)  n.    [Fr.  negtigf.] 

A  kind  of  gown  formerly  worn.  OoUlsmiUu 

NEG'hI-CENCE,  II.    [L.  negligenlia.] 

1.  Neclect  ;  omission  In  do.    J\lore  generally, 

2.  Ilabiliial  omission  of  that  which  ought  to  be 
done,  or  a  habit  of  oiiiiltiiig  lo  do  tilings  either  from 
carelessness  or  design.  J<'egli<rence  is  usually  the 
child  of  sloth  or  laziness,  and  the  parent  of  disorders 
in  business,  nften  of  poverty. 

NEG'Ll-GEN'T,  a.  Careless;  heedless;  apt  or  acciis- 
toineil  to  omit  what  ought  to  be  done  ;  inattentive  to 
business  or  necessary  concerns.  It  is  applied  to  a 
particular  instance  of  neglect,  or  it  denotes  habitual- 
ly careless  or  inalteiilivc.    2  Chron.  xxix.    2  Pet.  i. 

lie  tiMt  tjiiiiks  he  can  allbrd  to  be  negligent,  is  noi  Iax  fniin  heinj 

poor.  HatnhUr. 
2.  Regardless. 

Be  tiiou  negligent  of  fame.  Siei/t. 

NEG'I.I-GENT-LV,  adc.  Carelessly  ;  heedlessly  ; 
without  exactness  ;  as,  a  person  negligently  dresseil ; 
a  piece  negligently  written  ;  a  farm  negligently  culti- 
vated. 

2.  With  slight,  disregard,  or  inattention. 

NE-GO-TIA-I!lL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ne- 
gotiable or  transferable  by  indorsement. 

Scir«;/.  n'alsh. 

NE-GO'TI.\-ni,E,  0.  [from  iieo-o(ia(c.]  That  may  be 
transferred  by  as.sigiiment  or  indorsement ;  that  i:iay 
be  p.assed  from  the  owner  to  another  person  so  as  to 
vest  the  property  in  the  assignee  ,  as,  a  negotiable 
note  or  bill  of  exchange.  IValsh. 

NE-Go'TI.V.NT,  (ne-go'shant,)  n.  One  who  nego- 
tiates ;  a  negotiator.    [Aot  used.]  Ralegh, 

NE-GO'TIATE,  (ne-go'shile,)  v,  u  [L.  negotior ;  It. 
negoiiare  ;  Sp.  negociar ;  Fr.  negocier  ;  from  L.  nego- 
tiuiii,  business,  employment  ;  W  nege.i,  an  erranil, 
business  ;  nege.ieuit,  to  go  on  errands,  to  negotiate.] 

1.  To  transact  business  ;  to  treat  with  another  re- 
spectins  purchase  and  sale;  to  hold  intercourse  in 
bargaining  or  trade,  either  in  person  or  by  a  broker 
or  siibstitiile  ;  as,  to  negotiate  with  a  man  for  the  pur* 
ch.-tse  of  goods  or  a  farm. 

2.  To  hold  intercourse  with  another  respecting  a 
treaty,  league,  or  convention  ;  to  treat  with  respect- 
ing peace  or  commerce. 

It  is  a  crime  for  an  ambass.ador  to  betray  his  prince,  for  whom  he 
shouiil  negotiate.  Decay  of  tiety. 

.VE-G5'TIaTE,  (ne-go'shite,)  r.  u  To  procure  by 
mutual  intercourse  and  agreement  with  another  ;  as, 
to  negotiate  a  loan  of  money. 

Ship  brokers  and  inierpreters  negotiate  affr^i^tments.  H'aJeh. 

2.  To  procure,  make,  or  establish  by  mutual  inter- 
course and  agreement  with  others.  .Mr.  Jay  negotia- 
ted a  treaty  with  the  British  ministry  in  1794. 

3.  To  sell  ;  to  [lass  ;  to  transfer  for  a  valuable  con- 
sideration ;  ns,  to  negotiate  a  bill  of  exchange. 

The  notes  were  not  negotiated  to  litem  in  the  usual  eourae  of 
bnsinifs  or  tride.  Kent. 

NE-GO'TI.^-TED,  pp.  Procured  or  obtained  by  agree- 
ment Willi  anolher  ;  sold  or  transferred  for  a  valuable 
consiilenitiuii. 

NE-Go"ri.i-TI.\G,  ppr.  Treating  with  ;  transacting 
business. 

NE-(;0-TI-A'TION,  (-she-S'-,)  n.  The  net  of  necotia- 
tiiig  ;  the  transacting  of  business  in  traffic  ;  the  treat- 
ing with  another  respecting  sale  or  piirch.ase. 

2.  The  Iransactioii  of  business  between  nations; 
the  iiiiitual  intercourse  of  governments  by  their 
agents,  in  making  treaties  and  the  like  ;  as,  the 
negotiations  at  Ghent. 

NE-GO'TlA-T()R.  II.  One  th,at  negotiates;  one  that 
treats  wiih  others  either  as  principal  or  ogent,  in  re- 
spect to  purchase  and  sale,  or  public  compacts. 

SteifL 

Ne'GRESS,  n.  [See  Necho.]  A  female  of  the  black 
race  of  Africa. 

NE  GRO,  n.  [IL  and  Sp.  negro,  black,  from  I>.  niger.] 
A  native  or  ilesceiiilant  of  the  black  race  of  men 
in  .Africa.  The  word  is  never  applied  to  t'le  lawny 
or  olive-colored  inhabitants  of  the  northern  coiust  of 
Africa,  but  to  the  more  southern  race  of  men  who  are 
quite  black. 


Tt'.NE,  BULL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VT'CIOCS.  — C  as  K  ;  (5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CM  as  SIl  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


■47 


NEI 


NEP 


NER 


NE'GRO-LOrO,  o.    [jicnro  and  Gr.  £i(!u5.] 

Pertaining  to  ineu  vvlio  liave  a  resemblance  to  ne- 
frroes. 

Nk'GUS,  n.  A  liquor  made  of  wine,  water,  sugar, 
nutmeg,  and  lemon  juice  ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  from 
its  first  maker.  Colonel  JWotw. 

NeIF,  rneef,)  n.    [Ice.  >ip/.]' 

1.  Tlie  neaf  or  fist.    [JVot  xised.]  Sliak. 

2.  A  slave.    [JVuf  used.] 

NEIGH,  (na.)  v.  i.  [Sax.  hna^an;  S\v.  ^d^ga;  Dan. 
kniF-rrirar  ;  It.  annicchtarc.  In  \V.  cnccu  signifies  to 
jar  or  quarrel ;  cncc,  a  sharp  noise.] 

To  utter  the  voice  of  a  horse,  expressive  of  want 
or  desire  ;  to  whinny. 

NEIGH,  (na,)  n.    The  voice  of  a  horse  ;  a  whinnying. 

NEIGH'IKiK,  (na'bur,)  «.  [Sax.  nchbur,  nehgcbur,  a 
nigh  boor,  a  boor  or  countrj'man  living  ni(rli\  (see 
Nigh;)  G.  iiar.hbar ;  U.  nabuur ;  Sw.  nabo  ;  Dan.  iia- 
bae.  (See  Book.)  The  true  orthography,  as  tiiis 
Word  is  now  pronounced,  is  Nehboor;  Sax.  neJi, 
nigh,  and  boor.) 

1.  One  who  lives  near  another.  In  large  towns,  a 
neirrkbor  is  one  who  lives  within  a  few  doors.  In  the 
coiiutry,  a  ncifrhbor  may  live  at  a  greater  distance  ; 
and  in  new  settlements,  where  the  people  are  tliinlv 
scattered  over  the  country,  a  neighbor  may  be  distant 
several  miles.  Such  is  the  use  of  the  word  in  the 
United  States. 

2.  One  who  lives  in  familiarity  with  another ;  a 
word  of  civility.  Shak. 

3.  An  intimate  ;  a  confidant.    [JVu£  used.]  Sliuk. 

4.  A  fellow-being,    ^cts  vii. 

5.  One  of  the  human  race;  any  one  that  needs 
our  help,  or  to  whom  we  have  an  opportunity  of  do- 

6.  A  country  that  is  near.         [ing  good.    Luke  x. 
NEIGH'BOR,  (na'bur,)  a.    Near  to  another  ;  adjoin- 
ing ;  next.  Smart. 

NEIGH'BOR,  (na'bur,)  v.  t.  To  adjoin ;  to  confine  on 
or  be  near  to. 

These  grow  on  the  hills  that  neighbor  the  shore.  Sandys. 

2.  To  acquaint  with ;  to  make  near  to,  or  make 
familiar.    [Au«  used.]  Shak. 

Tu  neighbor  it ;  in  colloquial  language,  to  cultivate 
friendlv  Intercourse  by  mutual  visits. 
NEIGlI'iiOR-HOOD,  (na'bur-,)  n.    A  place  near;  vi- 
cinity ;  the  adjoining  district  or  any  place  not  distant. 
He  lives  in  my  neighborhood. 

2.  State  of  being  near  each  other ;  as,  several  states 
in  a  neighburhnod.  Swift. 

3.  The  inhabitants  who  live  in  the  vicinity  of  each 
other.    'J'lie  fire  alarmed  all  the  neighborhood. 

NEIGH'BOR-ING,  a.  Living  or  liemg  near;  as,  the 
neighboring  inhabitants  ;  neighboring  countries  or  na- 
tions. Paley. 

NEKJII'BOR-LI-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being 
neigliborly.  ScoU. 

NEIGH'BOR- LY,  a.  Becoming  a  neighbor;  kind; 
civil. 

Juil»e  if  this  be  neighborly  dealing.  Arbuthnot. 
2.  Cultivating  familiar  intercourse  ;  interchanging 

frequent  visits  ;  social.  Friend,  you  are  not /inV/iftuWi/. 
NEIGH'BOR-LY,  ado.    With  social  civility;  as,  to 

live  neighborly. 
NEIGH'BOR-SHIP,  71.  State  of  being  neighbors.  [JVur 

in  use.]  Miss  Baillie. 

NEIGH'I.N'G,  (na'ing,)  ppr.  Whinnying. 
NEIGH'LNG,  (na'ing,)  n.   The  voice  of  a  horse;  a 

whiimying.    Jnr.  viii. 
NkI'THER,  (ne'ther  or  nl'tfier.   The  former  is  given 

in  most  dictionaries,  and  still  prevails  in  America. 

The  latter  is  now  common  in  England,)  compimnd 

pronoun,  pronominal  adjective,  or  a  substitute.  [Sax. 

nather,  nutlior,  nauther,  or  nouther;  ne,  not,  and  r.itlier 

or  other,  not  eitlier,  or  not  other.    So  in  L.  neuter, 

nc  and  uler.] 
Not  either ;  not  the  one  or  the  other. 

1.  It  refers  to  individual  things  or  persons;  as, 
which  road  shall  I  take.'  JVcilhcr,  take  neither  road. 
The  njiright  judge  inclines  to  neitlier  party. 

It  is  used  as  a  substitute  ;  as,  the  upright  judge  in- 
clines to  neither  of  the  parties. 

He  neiOier  lores, 
Nor  cither  ctres  for  him.  Shak, 

2.  It  refers  to  a  sentence ;  as,  "  Ye  shall  not  cat  of 
it,  neither  shall  ye  touch  it ;  "  that  is,  ye  shall  not 
eat,  not  either  or  other  shall  ye  touch  it ;  ye  shall  not 
cat,  nor  shall  ye  do  the  other  thing  here  mentioned, 
that  is,  touch  it.    Gen.  iii. 

"  Fight  neither  with  Hiiiall  nor  great,  save  only  with 
the  king ; "  that  is,  figlil  nut,  eitlier  with  small  or 
great.    J  Kings  xxii. 

Jfeit/irr,  in  the  first  part  of  a  negative  sentence,  is 
followed  by  nor  in  the  8Ul)se<|uent  part,  it  is  neither 
the  one  nor  the  other.  But  or  would  be  most  proper, 
for  the  negative  in  neither  applies  to  both  parts  of  the 
sentence. 

It  is  often  used  in  the  last  member  of  a  negative 
sentence  iimtoad  of  nor,  as  in  the  passage  above 
cited.  "  Ve  shall  noteiit  it,  neither  shall  yi;  touch  it." 
Ilcrc  neither  is  improperly  useil  for  nar,  for  not  in  the 
firnt  clause  refers  only  to  that  clause,  and  the  second 
negative  refers  only  to  the  Mi;roiid  clause.  "  Ye  sJiull 
not  eat  It,  nor  shall  yo  touch  it." 


In  the  sentences  above,  neither  is  considered  to  be 
a  conjunction  or  connecting  word,  though  in  fact  it 
is  a  pronouit  or  representative  of  a  clause  of  a  sen- 
tence. 

3.  JVeither  primarily  refers  to  two ;  not  either  of  two. 
But  by  usage  it  is  applicable  to  any  number,  referring 
to  individuals  separately  considered.  Five  or  ten  per- 
sons being  charged  with  a  misdemeanor  or  riot,  each 
may  say,  neither  of  us  was  present. 

4.  JVeither  sometimes  closes  a  sentence  in  a  pecul- 
iar manner,  thus :  "  Men  come  not  to  the  knowledge 
of  ideas  thought  to  be  innate,  till  they  come  to  the 
use  of  reason  ;  nor  then  neither."  Locke. 

That  is,  not  either  when  they  come  to  the  use  of 
reason,  or  before. 

Formerly,  in  English,  as  in  Greek  and  French,  two 
negatives  were  used  for  one  negation.    But  in  such 
phrases  as  that  above,  good  speakers  now  use  cither ; 
"  nor  then  either.^' 
NE.M'A-LliXE,  a.    [Gr.  i-rj/w,  a  thread.] 

In  7nineralogy,  having  the  form  of  threads  ;  fibrous. 

SItepard. 

NEM'A-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  vrina,  thread,  and  Xidos, 
stone.] 

A  fibrous  hydrate  of  magnesia.  Dana. 
NEM.  CON.,  ftir  Nehine  Contbadicente,  [L.]  No 

one  contratiicting  or  opposing  ;  that  is,  unanimously  ; 

without  o;iposition. 
NEM.  DISS,  for  Nemine  Dissentiente,    [L.]  No 

one  dissenting. 
NE-Me'AN,  a.    Relating  to  Nemea,  in  Argolis,  where 

games  were  celebrated  every  third  year. 
NEM'O-LITE,  re.    [Gr.  ^£^05,  a  wood,  and  XiBus,  a 

stone.] 

An  arborized  stone.  DicL  JVat.  Hist. 

NEM'O-RAL,  a.    [L.  nemoralis,  from  nemus,  a  wood.] 

Pertaining  to  a  wood  or  grove.  Diet. 
NEM'O-ROUS,  a.  {Unemorosus.] 

Woody.  Evelyn. 
NEMP'NE,  V.  t.    [Sax.  nemnan,  to  name  or  call.] 

_  To  call.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
Ne'NI-A,  71.    [Gr.]   A  funeral  song ;  an  elegy.  [JVot 


used.] 
NEN'q-F 


PHAR,  Tt.   The  great  white  Water  Lily  of 
Europe,  or  Nymphaja  alba. 
NE-OD'A-MODE,  n.    [Gr.  veolajioiirn ;  vtof,  new, 
and  driijuidr]^,  popular  ;  6rniOi,  people.] 

In  ancient  Oreece,  a  person  newly  admitted  to  cit- 
izenship. Milford. 
NE-OG'A-MIST,  n,   [Gr.  viot,  new,  and  yapeu,  to 
marry.] 
A  person  recently  married. 
NE-0-L06'ie,        j  a.    [from  neology.]  Pertaining 
NE-0-L0(5'ie-AL,  j     to  neology;  employing  new 

words.  Chesterfield. 
NE-O-LOG'ie- AL-LY,  arfM.    In  a  neological  manner. 
NE-OL'O-GISM,  n.    The  introduction  of  new  words 
or  doctrines. 
2.  A  new  word,  expression,  or  doctrine. 
NE-OL'O-GIST,  7i.    One  who  introduces  new  words 
into  a  language.    Lavoisier  has  been  a  successful 
neologisU    [Disused.]  Med.  Repos. 

2.  An  Innovator  in  theology  ;  one  who  introduces 
rationalistic  views  subversive  of  revealed  truth. 
{This  is  now  the  prevailing  sense.]  Jilurdock. 
NE-0L-0-(5I-ZA'T10N,  ti.    The  act  of  neologizing. 

Ji^erson. 

NE-OL'O-OIZE,  V.  i.  To  introduce  or  use  new  terms. 
NE-OL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  vcoi,  new,  and  Xoyoi,  a  word.] 

1.  The  introduction  of  a  new  word,  or  of  new 
words,  into  a  language.  The  present  niunenclature 
of  chemistry  is  a  remarkable  instance  of  neology. 
[Disused.] 

2.  Rationalistic  views  in  theology  subversive  of  re- 
vealed truth.  The  term  is  applied  especially  to  the 
new  philosophical  theology  of  the  Germans.  [This 
is  note  Oie  prevailing  .vcitsc.j  JMurdvck. 

NE-O-No'MI-AN,  71.  [Gr.  wot,  new,  and  fnfi  ii,  law.] 
One  who  advocates  new  laws,  or  desires  God's 

law  to  be  altered.  Scvtt. 
Ne'O-PH^TE,  n.     [Gr.  ftoj,  new,  and  ijivrov,  a 

plant.] 

1.  A  new  convert  or  proselyte. 

2.  A  name  given  by  the  early  Christians,  and  still 
among  the  Roman  Catholics,  to  such  as  have  recent- 
ly embraced  the  Christian  faith,  and  been  admitted 
to  baptism.  Brunde. 

X  A  novice;  one  newly  ndniittcd  to  the  order  of 
priest,  or  into  a  monasti;ry. 
4.  A  tyro  ;  a  beginner  in  learning. 
NE-O-TER'ie,        la.    [Gr.  icr.irt/jiK'K,  young,  from 
NE-O-TER'IC-AL,  j      I'tos,  new  ;   Low  L.  ncotcr- 
icus.] 

New  ;  recent  in  origin  ;  modern.  Bacon. 
NE  O-TER'IC,  71.    One  of  inodcrn  limes.  Burton. 
NEP,  II.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Nepela ;  catmint,  or 
catnip. 

NE-PEN'TIIE,  71.  [Gt.  vriircvBris  ;  n;,  not,and  irtrOos, 
grief.l 

A  drug  or  medicine  that  relieves  pain  and  exhila- 
rates.   [Ulllr  u.^ed.]  Milton. 
NK  PICN'Tll  r;»,  n.    A  genus  of  remarkable  Asiatic 
plants,  having  a  kind  of  (  yliiidrical  urn  ciuinerted 
with  the  leaf,  usually  filled  with  sweet  and  limpid 


water,  and  closed  with  a  sort  of  lid  ;  also  called 
PiTcHER-i'LANTs.  Eticyc.  .^IIU    P.  Cyc. 

NEPH'E-LIN,  )  rr.  *  >  1  J  T 
NEPH'E-LINE,  \  "^'P^^n,  a  cloud.] 

A  mineral  occurring  in  glassy  crystals,  nearly  trans- 
parent, having  the  form  of  six-sided  prisms;  also,  in 
translucent  and  nearly  opaque  masses  of  grayish," 
greenish,  and  reddish  siiades  of  color,  having  a 
greasy  luster.  This  last  variety  has  been  called 
Elaolite,  from  t\aiov  oil.  The  first  occurs  in  the 
lavas  of  Vesuvius.  Dana. 
NEPH'EW,  (nef'u,)  n.  [Fr.  7ieiicu  ;  l..nepos;  ll.  ne- 
pote  ;  D.  neeff  G.  ncffbi  Sans,  naptri ;  W.  7iai,  con- 
tracted.] 

1.  The  son  of  a  brother  or  sister.  Dnjd^n. 

2.  A  grandson  ;  also,  a  descendant.  [JVot  iiiucA 
used.]  [English  authorities  pronounce  this  word 
7ieij'«.]  Hooker. 

NE-PHRAL'GI-A,  )  71.  Disease  or  pain  in  the  kid- 
NE-PllRAL'GY,    (  neys. 

NEPH'RiTE,  71.  [Gr.  vLiptiirin,  from  vcippos,  the  kid- 
neys.] 

The  same  mineral  with  Jade.  It  was  formerly 
worn  as  a  remedy  for  diseases  of  the  kidneys, 
whence  its  name.  Dana. 

NE-PHRIT'ie,        )  a.    [Gr.  i'£<));7iTiitos,from  ncipiios, 

NE-PHRIT'ie-AL,  (    the  kidneys.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  organs  of  urine ; 
as,  a  nephritic  disease. 

2.  Atiected  with  a  disease  of  the  kidneys  ;  as,  a 
nephritic  patient. 

3.  Relieving  disorders  of  the  kidneys  in  general ; 
as,  a  nephritic  medicine. 

JVqihritic  stone;  a  stone  of  the  silicious  kind, 
called  Jade. 

J\rcphritic  wood ;  a  species  of  compact  wood  of  a 
fine  grain,  brought  from  New  Spain,  which  gives  a 
blue  color  to  spirit  of  wine  and  to  water  ;  which  col- 
or is  changed  to  yellow  by  acids,  and  again  to  blue 
by  alkalies.  Supposed  to  be  the  Hyperanthera  Mo- 
ringa.  J^ichoUon.  Encyc. 

NE-PHRIT'ie,  II.  A  medicine  adapted  to  relieve  or 
cure  the  diseases  of  the  kidneys,  particularly  the 
gravel  or  stone  in  the  bladder.  Cyc. 

NE-PHRI'TIS,  11.  In  mcdiciue,an  inflammation  of  the 
kidnevs. 

NE-PIIROT'O-MY,  71.  [Gr.  veijipos,  a  kidney,  and 
Toiiri,  a  cutting.] 

In  surgery,  the  operation  of  extracting  a  stone  from 
the  kidney,  by  rutting.  Cyc. 

JVE  PLUS  UL'TRjI.  [L.,no  further.]  To  the  ut- 
most extent.  It  is  customary  to  omit  the  last  word, 
and  say,  JVe  plus. 

NEP'O-TISJI,  71.  [Fr.  JVepotisme,  from  L.  7iepos,  neph- 
ew.] 

1.  Fondness  for  nephews.  .Addison. 

2.  Undue  attachment  to  relations ;  favoritism 
shown  to  nephews  and  other  relations. 

NEP'O-TIST,  71.    One  who  practices  nepotism. 

NEP'TIJNE,  71.  [L.  JVe/ifiiiiiis.]  In  mi/t/io/onT,,  the  god 
of  the  ocean. 

2.  A  large  planet  beyond  Uranus,  discovered  in 
conseqiltnce  of  the  computations  of  Le  Verrier,  of 
Paris,  by  Galle,  of  Berlin,  September  23,  1846.  Its 
mean  distance  iVom  the  sun  is  about  285(1,000,000 
miles,  and  its  period  of  revolution  is  about  168  years. 

NEP-Tu'Nl-AN,  a.    [from  JVc/)(uiic.J 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  ocean  or  sea. 

2.  Formed  by  water  or  aqueous  solution ;  as,  nep- 
tunian  rocks. 

Jfeptunian  theory  ;  in  geology,  the  theory  of  Wer- 
ner, which  refers  the  formation  of  all  rocks  and  strata 
to  the  agency  of  water;  opposed  to  the  Ph'tonic 
theory.  Brande. 

NEP-TO'NI-AN, )  71.    One  who  adopts  the  theory  that 

NEP'TU-NIST,  !  the  whole  earth  was  once  covered 
with  water,  or  rather  that  the  substances  of  the  globe 
were  formed  from  aqueous  solution.  Pinkercon.  Good. 

JV£  QUID  JVi'MlS,  [L.]  Not  too  much ;  let  all  ex- 
cess be  avoided. 

Nk'RE-II),  II.  [Gr.  vriprii6cs,  pl-  of  i/rtpriis,  from 
Ni7(j(i>«,  a  marine  deity;  Sans,  iiara,  water;  Ar. 
and  lieb.  -in:,  to  flow.    See  Narrate.] 

In  mythology,  a  sea  nymph.  In  ancient  monuments, 
the  neroids  are  represented  as  riding  on  sea  horses, 
sometimes  with  the  human  form  entire,  and  some- 
times with  the  tail  of  a  fish,  'i'hey  were  the  daugh- 
ters of  Nereiis,  a  marine  deity,  and  constantly  at- 
tended Neptune.  i';iici/c.  Brande. 

NER'ITE,  n.  A  mollusk  of  the  genus  Nerita,  having 
a  uiiivalviilar  shell. 

NER'IT-iTK,  n.  A  petrified  shell  of  the  genus  Nerita. 
(JVot  iLsed.] 

NER'O-M,  71.  The  essential  oil  of  orange  flowers, 
procured  by  distillation.  Ure. 

N13RVI0,  (nerv,)  71.  [I,.  7if niu-s ;  Fr.  7icr/;  W.  7iertA, 
strength  ;  Gr.  I'tniooi-,  nerve  ;  probably  allied  to  avnp, 

a  man,  L.  vir ;  Pers.  nar,  the  male  of  any  an- 
imal ;  Sans,  nar,  a  man.  In  Welsh,  nSr,  denotes 
uno.  iliat  possesses  self-energy,  and  hence  an  epithet 
of  (iod.) 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  M RTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


748 


NES 

1.  All  oriiaii  or  st'iisnli<in  and  inutinn  ill  aiiiiiinls. 
Tlie  iiervt-s  are  priiloimalinns  iif  llie  nieiliillary  siili- 
stancv  of  die  brain,  spinal  cold,  and  si^niiliinar  ^an- 
(■lion,  wliicli  ramify  and  exluiid  [o  every  pari  of  Ilie 
Ijudy.  Kncijc.  Parr. 

y.  Strength;  firmness  of  body;  us,  a  man  of 
nerve. 

3.  Fortitude  ;  firmness  of  mind  ;  coumRe. 

4.  Strength  ;  force ;  authority  ;  as,  tlie  nrmes  of 
discipline.  Gibhon. 

5.  In  liatamj,  n  name  c'ven  to  parallel  vessels,  or 
fibers  extending  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  a  leaf. 

Lindtcy. 

Pope  has  used  nme  for  sinew  or  tendon. 
NEItVE,  r.  t.    To  give  strength  or  vigor  ;  to  arm  with 

furce  ;  as,  fear  iirrucit  his  arm.  jJmei. 
NFMV'KD,  pp.    Armed  with  strength. 

i!.  a.  In  bottimi,  having  vessels  simple  and  un- 
braiiclied,  extending  from  the  base  to  the  tip  ;  as,  a 
nertrnt  leaf. 

NKIIVE'LESS,  (iierv'less,)  a.    Destitute  of  strength  ; 

weak.  Pvite. 
NKltVE'-SIISK-KN,  a.    AfTi-ctod  by  a  shaking.  Scull. 

2.  Shocked  ;  overcome  or  oppressed  by  some  vio- 
lent inlliience,  impression,  or  sensation. 

NERVINE,  (nerv'in,)  a.    [Low  L.  Ticrcinii.'.] 

That  has  the  quality  of  acting  upon  tile  nerves. 
NERVINE,  71,    A  medicine  that  oj)erates  uiion  the 
NERVOUS,  (I.    [L.  nmiositj.-.]  [nerves. 
!.  Strong  ;  vigorous;  as,  a  nervous  arm. 

5.  Pertaining  tn  the  nerves  ;  seated  in  or  aflecting 
the  nerves  ;  as,  a  Jiervoius  disease  or  fever. 

3.  Having  the  nerves  alTected  ;  hence,  easily  agi- 
tated ;  a  colloquial  use  tif  ttir  irord. 

•1.  Possessing  or  manifesting  vigor  of  mind  ;  char- 
acterized by  strength  in  sentiment  or  style ;  as,  a 
nervou.1  liistorian.  Mams. 

NERv'o^e' i       Iniofany.    [See  NEnvED,  No.  2.] 
NKR  VOUiiLY,  adv.    With  strength  or  vigor. 

IVartm, 

2.  With  weakness  or  agitation  of  the  nerves.  [Cof- 

lomtial.'\ 

NERVOUS-NESS,  n.    Strength;  force;  vigor. 

IVarton. 

2.  The  state  of  being  composed  of  nerves. 

OoUlsmith. 

3.  Weakness  or  agitation  of  the  nerves.  [Co(/o- 
quinl.^ 

NER'Vl^RE,  n.  A  name  given,  in  botany,  to  the  veins 
of  leaves,  and,  in  entomology,  to  the  corneous  divis- 
ions in  the  wings  of  insects.  Buchanan. 

NERVY,  a.    Strong  ;  vigorous.  Shak. 

NES'CIENCE,  (nesh'ens,)  n.  [h.  nesciens,  nescio  ;  ne 
and  .mo.] 

Want  of  knowledge  ;  ignorance.         Bp.  JIalL 
NESir,  a.    [Sax.  jir«.)  .. 

Soft  ;  lender  ;  nice.    [A'nt  usfd.'j  Chaucer. 
NESS,  a  termination  of  names,  signifies  a  promontory, 

from  the  root  of  nose,  which  see. 
NESS,  a  termination   of  apinllalives,   [Sax.  vesse, 
mjsse,]  denotes  stale  or  quality,  as  in  goodness, 
creatness. 

NEST,  H.  [Sax.  nest;  G.  and  D.  nest;  Sw.  vtLite ;  W. 
?ii/tA  ;  L.  nidus  ;  Fr.  nid  ;  It.  and  Sp.  nido  ;  Arm.  neii ; 
It.  nead;  Kuss.  ffnr.dn;  Gr.  i/t.tffffoj,  i  tnarrtn,  i  torria, 
unless  the  latter  are  from  i-euj.  In  Persic,  nisim  is  a 
nest,  nashiman,  a  mansion,  and  nishas/Uan,  to  sit 
down,  to  dwell,  or  remain.] 

1.  'I'lie  place  or  bed  formed  or  used  by  a  bird  for 
incubation  or  the  mansion  of  lier  young,  until  they 
are  able  to  lly.  The  word  is  used  also  for  the  bed  in 
which  certain  insects  de|K>sit  llieir  eggs. 

2.  Any  place  where  irrational  animals  are  pro- 
duced. Bentley. 

3.  An  abode  ;  a  pKice  of  residence  ;  a  receptacle 
of  numbers,  or  the  collection  itself;  usually  in  an  lU 
sense  ;  as,  a  nest  of  rogues. 

4.  A  warm,  close  place  of  abode ;  generally  in 
contempt.  Spenser. 

.').  A  number  of  boxes,  cases,  or  the  like,  inserted 
in  each  other. 

6.  In  geolo^j,  an  aggregated  mass  of  any  ore  or 
mineral,  in  an  isolated  state,  within  a  rock.  Dana. 

N£ST,  r.  i.   To  build  anil  occupy  a  nest. 

The  king  of  bintt  wted  witli  iu  leaves,  JiotMtt. 

NEST'-EGO,  n.  An  eig  left  in  the  nest  to  prevent  the 

hen  from  forsaking  it.  JIudibras. 
NEST'LE,  (nes'l,)  v.  i.   To  settle  ;  to  harbor;  to  lie 
close  and  snug,  as  a  bird  in  her  nest. 

The  kiii^Ather  netttat  In  hollow  bunki.  L^Ettrangt. 
Their  purpose  waj  to  IbrJfv  in  lome  Krong  place  ol'  the  wild 
coiinin-,  ami  ihrre  n**Ue  till  auccors  canie,  £acoii. 

2,  To  move  about  In  one's  seat,  like  a  bird  when 
forrning  her  nest ;  as,  a  child  nestles. 
NEST'LE,  (nes'l,)  r.  u  To  house,  ius  in  a  nest,  Donne. 

2,  To  cherish,  as  n  bird  her  young.  Clmpman. 
NEST'l.ED,  pp.     Housed,  as  in  a  nest;  snugged 
closely. 

NEST'LINO,  ppr.    Lying  close  and  snug. 
NE.ST'LI.\G,  M.  A  young  bird  in  the  nest,  or  just  tak- 
en fnim  the  nest. 
2.  A  nest.    [Aot  used.]  Bacon. 


NEU 

NEST'LING,  a.  Newly  hatched;  being  yet  in  the 
nest,  Burrinirton. 

NES-TO'RI-AN,  n.  An  adherent  of  AV.v((/nu.<,  patri- 
arch of  CoiiHtanlinople,  in  the  filth  century,  who 
was  <lepos(fd  and  condemned  as  a  heretic  for  iiiaiii- 
tuiiiing  that  the  two  natures  in  Clirist  were  not  so 
blended  and  confounded  as  to  be  undistingiiishablc. 

Jilurdock. 

2.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  those  modern  Chris- 
tians of  Persia  and  India  who  are  the  remains  of  the 
Nesloriau  sect.  Murdoch. 
NET,  ji.  [Sax.  net,  vijt :  T>.  and  Dan.  net:  G.  neti ; 
Sw.  ndt,  nut  ;  Goth,  niiti,  from  the  root  of  knit.  Sax. 
cnyttan,  whence  knot ;  L,  nodus.] 

1.  An  instrument  f.  r  catching  fish  and  birds,  or 
%vild  beasts,  formed  with  twine  or  thread  interwoven 
with  meshes. 

2.  A  cunning  device  ;  a  snare.   Jllicah  vii. 

3.  Inextricable  ditficulty.   .lob  xviii. 

4.  Severe  afllictioiis.    Job  xix. 

NET,  i>.  £.    To  make  into  a  net  or  net-work.  Seward. 
NET,  a.    [Fr,  net  ;  It,  nello.    See  Neat.] 
L  Neat ;  jiure  ;  unadulterated,  as  wines. 

Brandc. 

2.  Being  williout  flaw  or  spot.    [Little  used.] 

3.  Ucing  beyond  all  charges  or  outlay ;  as,  net 
profits. 

4.  lieiiig  clear  of  all  tare  and  tret,  or  all  deductions  ; 
as,  net  weight.  It  is  soiiictimes  written  Nett,  but 
improperly.  jYet  is  properly  a  mercantile  appropria- 
tion of  tit-at. 

NET,  B,  (,   To  produce  clear  profit. 

NETH'ER,  a.  [Sax.  neothrr  :  G,  nieder  ;  D,  and  Dan. 
neder.  This  word  is  of  the  comparative  ilegree  ;  the 
positive  occurs  <mly  in  comjiosilion,  as  in  beneath. 
Sax.  neotJian.  It  is  used  only  in  implied  comparison, 
ns  in  the  nether  part,  the  nether  iiiillstoiie  ;  but  we 
never  say,  one  part  is  nether  than  another.] 

1.  Lower  ;  lying  or  being  beneath  or  in  the  lower 
part ;  opposed  to  Upper  ;  as,  the  nether  millstone. 

Disioncil  ftll  my  nether  iihupc  Uiu*  grew 

Traiistomied.  M'dlon. 

2.  In  a  lower  place. 

'Twixt  upixT,  rielAer,  and  surrounding;  fires.  Milton. 

3.  Belonging  to  the  regions  below.  Dnjden. 
NETU'ER-.MoST,  a.  Lowest;  as,  the  nedtermo.-t  hell ; 

tlie  nethermost  abyss.  South.  Milton. 

NETH'IN-I.M,  n.  pi.  Among  the  Jews,  .servants  of  the 
priests  and  Levites;  erroneously  written  Nethin- 

IM9. 

NE1''TED,  pp.  or  a,  Slade  into  a  net  or  net-work  ; 
reticulated. 

NET'TING,  n.  [from  vet.]  A  piece  of  net-work. 
2.  A  complication  of  ropes  fastened  across  each 
other,  to  be  stretched  along  the  iipiier  part  of  a  ship's 
quarter,  to  contain  hammocks.  Netting  is  also  em- 
ployed to  hold  the  fore  and  main-top  inast  sails  when 
stowed.  Netting  is  alsoextended  alonga  ship's  gun- 
wale in  engagements,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from 
boarding.  Mar.  Diet. 

NET''1'LE,  (net'l,)  n.  [Sax.  nrt/,  nrtf/e ;  D.  iiftci;  G. 
ncssct;  Sw.  nassla  ;  Gr.  Kftin,  from  the  root  of  xi-is'  ', 
KKuoi,  to  scratch.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Urtica,  whose  prickles  fret 
tlie  skin  and  occasion  very  painful  sensations. 

And  neHf  the  noisome  neole  blooms  die  rose.   Rambltr,  motlo. 
NET'TLE,  r.  U   To  fret  or  sting  ;  to  Irritate  or  vex  ; 
to  excite  sensations  of  displeasure  or  uneasiness,  not 
amounting  to  wrath  or  violent  anger. 

Tlie  princes  were  netlUd  al  the  scand.\l  of  Uiis  oiTronr. 

L^Kttrange. 

NET'TLKD,  jip.    Fretted  ;  irrit.ited. 

NET'TLER,  n.  One  tliat  provokes,  stings,  or  irritates. 

Milton. 

NET'TLE-RASH,  n.  An  eruptive  disease  resembling 
the  sting  of  a  nettle. 

NET'TLF.-TREE,  ii.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Celtis,  of 
which  there  are  several  species.  The  several  sorts 
of  nettle-tree  have  a  considerable  resemblance  to,  and 
a  near  affinity  wiili,  the  elms. 

NET'TLI.VG,  ppr.    Irritating;  vexing. 

NET'-WORK,  (-wiirk,)  n.  A  complication  of  threads, 
twine,  or  cords,  united  at  certain  distances,  forming 
meshes,  interstices,  or  open  s|iace9,  between  the 
knots  or  intersections  ;  reticulated  or  decussated 
work.  Mdisoiu 

NEll-R.\L'Gt-A, )  n.  [Gr.  vtvpov,  a  nerve,  and  oAv-os, 

NEU-RAL'GY,    I  pain.] 

An  idiopathic  pain  of  a  nerve  of  common  sensa- 
tion, i.  c.,  a  (Klin  not  preceded  or  occasioned  by  any 
other  disease.  TuUy. 

NEU-RAL'Gie,  a.    Pertaining  to  neuralgia. 

NEU-RO  LOG'ie-AL,  o.  [See  Neuroloot.]  Per- 
taining to  neurology,  or  to  a  description  of  the  nerves 
of  animals. 

NEU-ROL'O-CIST,  n.  One  who  describes  the  nerves 
of  animals. 

NEU-ROL'O-GY,  n.  [Cr.  rtvp'iv,  a  nerve,  and  Xo)  o$, 
discourse.] 

A  description  of  the  nerves  of  animal  bodies,  or 
the  doctrine  of  the  nerves. 
NEU-ROP'TER,  n.         \  [Gr.  vcvpov,  a  nerve,  and 
NEli-ROP'TER-A,  n,  pi.  (     rrt.ooe,  a  wing.] 


NEU 

The  neuropters  are  an  order  of  insects  having  four 
membranous,  transparent,  and  generally  naked 
wings,  reticulated  with  numerous  nerves,  as  llie 
dragon-rty. 

NEU-R(JP'TER-AL,    jo.    Belonging  to  the  order  of 
NEII-ROP'TER-OUS,  (    the  neuroptera. 
NEO'RO-SPAST,  n.    [Gr.  ticvpoanaTcui,  to  draw  with 
strings.] 

A  puppet ;  a  little  figure  put  in  motion.  More. 
NEU-RO'l'MC,  a.    [Gr.  vixmuv,  a  nerve.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  nerves  ;  seated  in  the  nerves  ; 
as,  a  neurotic  disease. 

2.  Useful  in  disorders  of  the  nerves. 
NEU-ROT'IC,  n.    A  disease  having  its  seat  in  the 

nerves. 

2.  A  medicine  useful  in  disorders  of  the  nerves. 

F.ncije. 

NEU-RO-TOM'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Neurotomt.]  Per- 
taining to  the  anatomy  or  dissection  of  nerves. 

NEU-R()1''0-MIST,  H.    One  who  dissects  the  nerves. 

NEU-R()T'0-M Y,  n.  [Gr.  vtviii>v,  a  nerve,  and  ro/jij, 
a  cutting.] 

1.  The  dissection  of  a  nerve.  Cozt. 

2.  The  art  or  practice  of  dissecting  the  nerves. 
NEu'TER,  (nu'ier,)  a.    [L.  ;  conipimiuled  of  ne  and 

uter,  not  either.] 

1.  Not  adhering  to  either  party;  taking  no  part 
with  either  side,  either  when  perstuis  are  euiitmding, 
or  questions  are  discussed.  It  may  be  synoiiy  inniis 
with  Imoikkerepit,  or  it  may  not.  'i'lie  United  Slates 
remained  neuter  during  the  French  revolution,  but 
very  few  of  the  people  were  indij/'rrcnt  as  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  parties  engaged.  A  man  may  be  neuter 
from  feeling,  and  he  is  then  indifferent :  but  hi^  may 
be  neuter  in  fad,  when  he  is  not  in  feeling  or  [irinci- 
ple.  A  judge  should  be  perfectly  neuter  in  feeling, 
that  he  may  decide  with  impartiality. 

2.  In  frrnmmar,  of  neither  gender  ;  an  epithet 
given  to  nouns  that  are  neither  masculine  nor 
feminine ;  primarily,  to  nouns  which  express  neither 
sex. 

3.  In  botany,  having  neither  stamens  nor  pistils. 
NEu'TER,  (nCi  ler,)  n.    A  person  that  takes  no  part 

in  a  contest  between  two  or  more  individuals  or 
n.ations  ;  a  ixTstm  who  is  cither  indifferent  to  the 
cause,  or  forbears  to  interfere. 

2.  An  animal  of  ni  itlier  sex,  or  incapable  of  propa- 
gation. The  working  bees  have  been  considered  neu- 
ters, but  are  really  iindevelopcti  females.  Iluhcr. 

3.  In  botany,  a  plant  having  neither  stamens  nor 
pistils. 

A''enter  verb :  in  rrrammar,  a  verb  which  expresses 
an  aciicm  or  state  limited  to  the  subject,  and  which 
is  not  followed  by  an  object  ;  as,  I  oo  ;  1  sit:  I  atn; 
I  run  :  I  mtlk.  It  is  better  ilenoininated  intninsitice. 
NEC'TRAL,  (nu'tral,)  a.  [Fr.  neutre ;  L.  neutralis, 
from  Hciifer.] 

1.  Not  engaged  on  either  side;  not  taking  an  ac- 
tive part  with  either  of  contending  parties.  It  is 
policy  for  a  nation  to  be  neutral  \\'lien  other  nations 
are  at  war.  Itelligerenls  often  obtain  supplies  from 
neutral  slates. 

2.  IndiU'erent ;  having  no  bias  in  favor  of  either 
side  or  party. 

.3.  Iiidilferent ;  neither  very  good  nor  bad. 

Some  tliinr*  ?"»oil,  nnd  some  thitip  ill  do  seem, 

And  neutrtiJ  AOme  in  her  lantaslic  e/e.  Dnviet. 

4.  In  botany,  a  proposed  English  substitute  for 
neuter  ;  having  neither  stamens  nor  pistils. 

A'eutrol  salt;  in  chemistrtj,  ti  salt  conqiosed  of  an 
equal  number  of  equivalents,  both  of  acid  and  base  ; 
a  salt  in  which  none  of  the  properties,  either  of  the 
aciil  or  base,  are  perceptible. 
NEO'TRAL,  (nfi'tral,)  n.  \  person  or  nation  that 
takes  no  part  in  a  contest  between  others. 

The  neutral,  as  far  as  his  comntcrce  extenils,  Incomes  a  piny  iu 
Uie  war.  H.  O.  Harper. 

NEfi'TRAL-IST.  n.    A  neutral.    [Little  used.] 
NEU-TRAL'I  T V,  n.    The  stale  of  being  unengaged 
ill  disputes  or  contests  between  others  ;  the  state  of 
taking  no  part  on  either  side.   Stales  <iften  arm  to 
maintain  their  neutrality. 

2.  A  state  of  iniliflerence  in  feeling  or  principle. 

3.  Inditrerence  in  quality  ;  a  state  neither  very  good 
nor  evil.    [Little  used.]  Donne. 

4.  A  combination  of  neutral  powers  or  states  ;  as, 
the  armed  neutrality. 

NEU-TRAI^l-7,.\'TIO\,  n.  [from  neutralize.]  The 
act  of  neutnili/.ing  or  destroying  the  jxculiar  prop- 
erties of  a  body  by  combination  with  aiuitlier  body 
or  substance. 

2.  The  act  of  reducing  to  o  state  of  indifiTercnce  or 
neulralitv. 

NEC'TR.A'I^IZE,  r.  t.  To  render  neutral  ;  to  reduce 
to  a  stale  of  inditrerence  between  dilfercnt  parties  or 
opinions. 

2.  In  chemistry,  to  destroy  or  render  inert  or  im- 
percejitihle  Ihe  (K>ciiliar  projierlies  of  a  body  by  com- 
bining it  with  a  different  substance.  Thus  to  hpu- 
tralize  acids  anil  alkalies,  is  to  combine  lliem  in  such 
proportions  thai  the  compound  will  not  exhibit  the 
qualities  of  either. 

3.  To  destroy  the  peculiar  properties  or  opposite 


TONE,  BJJLL,  XINITE.— AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.— C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  T H  as  in  THIS. 


i)4 


K  K  K  • 


749 


NEW 

dispositions  of  pr\rties  or  other  things,  or  reduce  them 
to  a  state  of  indifference  or  inactivity  ;  as,  to  neu- 
tralize parties  in  government ;  to  neutraliie  oppo- 
sition. 

The  tjeneiiu  of  universiUes  —  neutralized  by  moral  evils. 

Ch.  Obs. 

A  cloud  of  counter  citations  lliat  mutraUze  each  otJicr. 

E.  Everett. 

NEu'TRAL-lZ-ED,  (nu'tral-izd,)  pp.  or  a.  Reduced 
to  neiitralitv  or  inditTi-rence. 

NEU'TIIAL-'IZ-EK,  ii.  Tliat  wliich  neutralizes;  that 
whicli  destroys,  disfriiises,  or  renders  inert  tlie  pecu- 
liar properties  of  a  body. 

NEC'l'R.^L-lZ-liNG,  ppr.  Destroying  or  rendering 
inert  the  peculiar  properties  of  a  substance  ;  redu- 
cing to  indifierence  or  inactivity. 

NEO'TR.AL-IZ-l.\G,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  ren- 
dering neutral. 

NEu'TRAL-LV,  arfB.  Without  taking  part  with  either 
side;  inditfereMlly. 

NEO'TRAL-TI.N']',  n.  The  tint  or  purple  hue  which 
distanl  lnlls  assume. 

J\'-EU-V.nlJ\rEti>,  ,1.  pi.  [Fr.  Tifw/,  nine.]  \n  the  Ro- 
man Cutluilic  charcli,  prayetx  oti'ered  up  fur  nine  suc- 
cessive days.  Sranile. 

NEVER,  arfr.    [Sax.  7i<r/re  ;  nc,  not,  and  a-/rc,  ever.] 

1.  Not  ever;  not  at  any  time  ;  at  no  time.  It  re- 
fers to  the  past  or  the  future.  Tins  man  was  never 
at  Cali  iitta  ;  he  will  nceer  be  there. 

2.  It  has  a  particular  use  in  tlie  following  sen- 
tences. 

Ask  me  never  so  much  dower  and  s^ift.  —  Gen.  xxxiv. 

Which  will  not  hearken  to  the  voice  of  cliLinnere,  charming 

newer  so  wisely. —  Ps.  Iviii, 
A  fear  of  battery,  —  tiiuugh  net?er  so  well  grounded,  is  no  du. 

ress.  Blackstone. 

This  is  a  genuine  English  use  of  never,  found  in 
our  .Saxim  authors,  and  it  ought  to  be  retained. 
"  .-Vsk  me  so  much  (lower  as  never  was  done  ;"  that 
is,  dower  to  any  extent.  I'he  practice  of  using  ever 
in  such  phrases  is  corrupt.  It  not  only  destroys  the 
force  but  the  propriety  of  the  phrase. 

Burke.  Camden.  IVashiniftun.  OoliUmith.  Hooke. 

3.  In  no  degree  ;  not. 

Whoever  him  afriend  lo  guide  him,  may  carrj*  his  eyes  in  another 
man's  head,  and  yet  see  rieucr  the  worse.  South. 

4.  It  is  used  for  not.  He  answered  him  never  a 
word  ;  tlrat  is,  wof  ever.    This  use  is  not  common. 

5.  It  is  much  used  in  composition  ;  as,  in  never- 
ending,  nryer^failing,  Hcr^r-dyini',  nrufr -ceasing, 
nfrcr-fading  ;  but  ii>  all  such  compounds,  ncuer  re- 
tains its  true  meaning. 

NEV'EU-UE.VS-ING,  a.  Having  no  cessation  or 
IKUise. 

NEV"ER-PA-TED,  o.    Never  satisfied.  Kirbij. 

NEV-ER-TIIE-LE.SS',  [coinp.  of  weivr,  f/ie  and  lc<is.] 
Not  the  less  ;  notwiilistaiuling  ;  that  is,  in  opposi- 
tion to  any  thing,  or  without  regarding  it.  "  It  raine  I, 
neverthrless  we  proceeded  on  our  journey  ;  "  we  did 
not  the  lefts  prticeed  on  our  journey  ;  we  proceeded  in 
opposition  to  the  rain,  without  regarding  it,  or  with- 
out being  prevented. 

NEV'EK-TlR-lNG,  a.     Never  enduring  weariness. 

yei^lattck. 

NEW,  (nu,)  a.  [Sax.  neon>;  D.  nieuw ;  G.neu;-Sw. 
and  IJan.  ny ;  L.  ttovtis ;  It.  nuovo  ;  Sp.  niievo ;  Gr. 
vcoi  ;  Vr.  netif;  Arm.  rtevez ;  Ir.  nna,  nuatlk;  W. 
nea-yz  ;  Rtiss.  Tiovie ;  Hindoo,  nara,  ;iou  ,-  ISans.  nawa  ; 


Pers.  nau.\ 


1.  Lately  made,  invented,  produced,  or  come  into 
b.  ing  ;  that  has  existed  a  short  time  only  ;  recent  in 
origin  ;  novel ;  opjiosed  to  Old,  and  used  of  things  ; 
as,  a  neto  coat ;  a  nctp  house  ;  a  neio  botik  ;  a  neto 
fashi  n  ;  a  ncio  theory  ;  the  new  chemistry  ;  a  neto 
discovery. 

2.  Lately  introduced  to  our  knowledge  ;  not  before 
known  ;  recently  discovered  ;  as,  a  new  mc-tal ;  a 
new  species  of  animals  or  plants  found  in  foreign 
countries  ;  the  nra  continent. 

3.  .Modern  ;  not  ancient. 

4.  Recently  produced  by  change  ;  as,  a  new  life. 

Put  on  the  nets  man.  —  Eph.  ir. 

5.  Not  habituated  ;  not  familiar ;  unaccustomed, 
ileretici  and  such  as  insUU  their  poison  into  neta  minds. 

Jlooker, 

.Veuj  U)  the  plow,  impr.icliced  in  the  Inic^.  Pope. 

I'l.  Renovated  ;  repaired  so  as  to  recover  the  first 
Ntate. 

Mi-n,  after  lonj  emaciating  diets,  wax  plump,  f.it,  and  almost 
neu>.  Dacon. 

7.  Fresh  after  any  event. 

Sete  from  h'T  sickness  Uj  llwt  northern  air.  Drtjden. 

8.  Not  of  ancient  extraction  or  a  family  of  ancient 
diHtinrtion. 

By  superior  oipncily  and  esteiulve  knowledge,  a  n*u>  man  often 
niuuiits  to  favor.  Addieon. 

9.  Not  before  iificd  ;  utrnnge ;  unknown. 

Thry  sh.ill  speak  With  fieio  longne..  —  Mark  ivl. 

10.  IleciMitly  commenced  ;  an,  the  nrw  year. 


NEW 

11.  Having  passed  the  change  or  conjunction  with 
the  sun  ;  as,  the  new  mtion. 

12.  Not  cleared  and  cultivated,  or  lately  cleared  ; 
as,  new  land.  America. 

13.  That  has  lately  appeared  for  the  first  time  ;  as, 
a  new  star. 

JWzzj  is  nmch  used  in  composition  to  qualify  other 
Words,  and  always  bears  its  true  sense  of  late,  recent, 
novel,  fresh  ;  as,  in  ricuj-born,  HPw-made,  new-grown, 
new-fonned,  7ie7/i-found.  In  this  use,  new  may  be 
considered  as  adverbial,  or  as  a  part  of  the  compound. 

NEW,(iiu,)  e.  (.  To  make  new.    [JVot  usetl.]  Guwer. 

NE\V'-i;OR.\,  (nu'born,)  a.    Recently  born.  1  Pet.  ii. 

NEVV'-eoiN-£U,  a.  Fresh  from  the  mint ;  newly 
ftirmed. 

NEW'-COM'ER,  n.  One  who  has  lately  come.  Ircintr. 

NEVV^'EL,  (uu'el,)  n.  In  architectnrc,  the  upright  post 
about  which  are  formed  winding  stairs,  or  a  cylinder 
formed  by  the  end  of  the  steps  of  the  winding  stairs. 
2.  Novelty.    [JVot  usetl.]  Spenser. 

NEWER,  a.  coinp.  More  new;  more  recently  in- 
troduced. 

NEWEST,  a.  superl.  Most  new;  most  recently  in- 
troduced. 

NEW-FAB'RI-€a-TED,  a.  Newly  made.  Burke. 
NEW-FAN'CI  KI),  (nu-fan'sid,)  a.  Newly  fancied. 
NEVV-FAN"GLE,  (nu-fang'gl,)  ».  U    To  change  by 

introducing  novelties.  Milton. 
NEW-FAN-'GLAI),  (nu-fang'gid,)  o.    [new  and  fan- 

frle.]    New  made  ;  formed  with  the  affectation  of 

novelty ;  in  contempt. 

Setr-fangled  devices.  Alterbury. 
NEW-FAN"GL/;i)-.NESS,  )  (nu-fang'gl-,)  n.  Vain 
NEW-FAN"GL£-NES.S,     j     or  affected  fashion  or 

form.  Sidney.  Careip. 

NEW-FAPH'ION-ra,  (nu-fash'und,)  a.    Made  in  a 

new  form,  or  lately  come  into  fashion. 
NEW-FOUND',  a.    Newly  discovered. 
NEWING,  n.    Veast  or  barm.  .Minstcorth. 
NEW-IN-VENT'ED,  a.    Newly  invented. 
NEWISH,  a.    Somewhat  new  ;  nearly  new.  Bacon. 
NEWLY,  (nii'Ie,)  ado.    Lately  ;  freshly  ;  recently. 

He  ruhl»ed  it  o'er  with  netely  gathered  mint.  Drydm. 

2.  With  a  new  form,  different  from  the  former. 

And  the  refined  mind  doth  neuity  fashiou 

Into  a  fairer  fonn.  Spenser. 

3.  In  a  manner  not  existing  before. 
NEW'-MaDE,  a.    Newly  made  or  formed.  Moore. 
NEW-MOD'EL,  i>.  t.    To  give  a  new  form  to. 
NEW-MO[)'EI..-f;i),pp  or  a.  Formed  after  a  new  mod- 
NEW-.MOD'EL-ING,  p/)r.  Giving  a  new  form  to.  [el. 
NEWNESS,  n.    Lateness  of  origin  ;  recentne.ss  ;  state 

of  being  lately  invented  or  produced  ;  as,  tlie  neie- 
ncss  of  a  tlress  ;  the  newness  of  a  system. 

2.  Novelty ;  the  state  of  being  first  known  or  in- 
troduced.   The  newnes.^  of  the  scene  was  gratifying. 

3.  Innovation  ;  recent  change. 

A  happy  neioness  dial  intends  old  ri2:ht.  ShaJc. 

4.  Want  of  practice  or  familiarity. 

His  newness  shamed  most  of  the  others'  long  exercise.  Sulney. 

5.  Different  state  or  qualities  introduced  by  change 
or  regeneration. 

Even  so  we  also  should  walk  in  newness  of  life.  —  Rom.  Ti, 

NEW-RED-SAND'SToNE,  n.  In  peoh^j,  the  for- 
mation immediately  above  the  coal  measures  or 
strata.  Brande. 

NEWS,  (nuz,)  n.  [from  new  ;  Fr.  notivelles.  This 
word  ha.s  a  plural  form,  but  is  almost  always  united 
with  a  verb  in  the  singular.] 

1.  Recent  account ;  fresh  information  of  something 
that  has  l.ttely  taken  place  at  a  distance,  or  of  siune- 
thing  before  unknown  ;  tidings.  We  have  news 
from  Constantinople;  news  has  just  arrived;  this 
tietrs  is  favorable. 

F^vil  neiee  rides  hist,  while  good  news  baits.  Milton, 
It  is  no  news  for  die  weak  and  poor  to  be  a  prey  to  the  strong 
and  rich.  Estrange. 

2.  A  newspaper. 

NEWS'ISOY,  (nuz'boy,)  n.  A  boy  who  carries  and 
delivers  newspapers. 

NEWS'M0N"GER,  (nuz'mung-ger,)  71.  One  that 
deals  in  news ;  one  who  employs  much  time  in 
hearing  and  tt-lling  news.  .^rbiitlinot. 

NEWS'I'A-l'ER,  n.  A  sheet  of  paper  printed  and  dis- 
tributed, at  short  intervals,  for  conveying  intelligence 
of  passing  events  ;  a  public  print  that  citcidates 
ninvs,  advertisements,  proceedings  of  legislative  bod- 
ies, public  documents,  and  the  like. 

NEW-Sr?LE.  SeeSrvLE. 

NEVV«'-\'E.M)-ER,  71.    A  seller  of  newspapers. 

NEWT,  (nutc,)  71.    A  small  lizard  ;  an  eft.  F.nnjc. 

NEW  TEST'A-MENT,  71.  'I'liat  portion  of  the  Bi- 
ble which  coni|>rises  the  writings  of  the  apostles  and 
their  immediate  disciples. 

NEWTfi'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
or  formed  or  discovered  by  him  ;  as,  the  Jfcwtunian 
philoNonhy  or  system. 

NEW-To'NI-AN,  71.  A  follower  of  NcwKm  in  philos- 
ophy. 

NEW^'-YRAR'S  DXY,  n.  The  day  on  which  the  new 
year  commeiiceH. 


NIC 

NEW-YEAR'S  GIFT,  71.    A  present  made  on  the 

first  day  of  the  year. 
NEW  YURK'ER",  71.    A  native  or  inhabitant  of  New 

York. 

NEW  ZkA'LAND  flax,  71.  A  plant,  tlm 77/(07^7101771 
tenaz,  having  broad,  stiff  leaves  of  extraordinary 
strength,  whose  fibers  make  excellent  cordage. 

London. 

NEX'I-BLE,  (I.  [L.  nezibilU.]  That  may  be  knit  to- 
gether. 

NEXT,  a. ;  superl.  of  Nigh.  [Sax.  tick  or  neista,  from 
TicA,  neah,  nigh  ;  G.  nachst ;  D.  naast ;  Sw.  7ias( ;  Dan. 
ntes.] 

1.  Nearest  in  place  ;  that  has  no  object  intervening 
between  it  and  some  other;  immediately  preceding, 
or  preceding  in  order.  We  say,  the  ncit  person  be- 
fore or  after  another. 

Her  prir.cely  guest 
Was  neit  her  side  ;  in  order  s;\t  the  rest.  Dryden. 

2.  Nearest  in  time  ;  as,  the  next  day  or  hour  ;  the 
next  day  before  or  after  Easter. 

3.  Nearest  in  degree,  tpiality,  rank,  right,  or  rela- 
tion ;  as,  one  man  is  neit  to  another  in  exrellfnce  ; 
one  is  nezt  in  kindred  ;  one  is  neit  in  rank  or  dig- 
nity. Assign  the  property  to  him  who  has  the  7ifzt 
claim. 

NE.XT,  adv.  At  the  time  or  turn  nearest  or  imme- 
diately succeeding.  It  is  not  material  who  follows 
neit. 

Nf'.AS,  for  An  etas,  a  young  hawk.         B.  Jonson. 
Nllt,  71.    [Sax.  neb,  nebb.    See  Neb,  the  same  word 
differently  written.] 

1.  The  bill  or  beak  of  a  bird. 

2.  The  |)oint  of  any  thing,  particularly  of  a  pen. 
NIB'BKD,  (nibd,)  a.    Having  a  nib  or  point. 
NIB'BLE,  V.  t.    [from  nib.]    lo  bite  by  little  at  a 

time  ;  lo  eat  slowly  or  in  small  bits.  So  sheep  are 
said  to  nibble  the  grass.  Sliak. 

2.  To  bite,  as  a  fish  does  the  bait ;  to  carp  at ;  just 
to  catch  by  biting.  Gaii. 
NIB'BLE,  V.  i.    To  bite  at ;  as,  fishes  nibble  at  the  liait. 

Grnc. 

2.  To  carp  at ;  to  find  fault ;  to  censure  little 
faults. 

Instead  of  returning  a  full  answer  to  my  book,  he  manifestly 
nibbles  at  a  single  pass,tge.  TiiloUon. 

NIB'BLE,  71.    A  little  bite,  or  seizing  to  bite. 
NIB'BLER,  n.    One  that  bites  a  little  at  a  time;  a 
carper. 

NIB'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Biting  in  small  bits;  carping. 

NIB'BLING-LY,  a<h\    In  a  nibbling  manner. 

Nie-A-RA'GUA-WOOD,  71.  I'he  wood  of  the  Ca'sal- 
pinia  eciiinata,  a  tree  growing  in  Nicaragua,  in  Cen- 
tral America.    It  is  used  in  dyeing  red.  Ure. 

NICE,  a.  [Sax.  ne.tc  or  hnesc:  D.  nesck,  soft,  teniler; 
G.  naschen,  to  eat  dainties  or  sweetmeats  ;  Dan.  A-7i<E5, 
dainties.] 

1.  Properly,  soft ;  whence,  delicate  ;  tender  ;  dain- 
ty ;  sweet  or  very  pleasant  to  the  taste;  as,  a  7iice 
bit ;  nice  food. 

2.  Delicate;  fine;  minutely  elegant ;  applied  to  tex- 
ture, composition,  or  color  ;  as,  cloUi  of  a  7iice  texture  ; 
Tiice  tints  of  color. 

3.  Accurate  ;  exact ;  precise  ;  as,  nice  proportions  ; 
nice  symmetry  ;  nice  workmanship;  nice  rules. 

4.  Requiring  scrupulous  exactness  ;  as,  a  nice 
point. 

5.  Perceiving  the  smallest  difference  ;  distinguish- 
ing accurately  and  minutely  by  perception  ;  as,  a  per- 
son of  nice  taste  ;  hence, 

6.  Perceiving  accuratidy  the  smallest  faults,  errors, 
or  irregularities;  distinguishing  and  judging  with 
exactness ;  as,  a  nice  judge  of  a  subject ;  a  nice  dis- 
cernment. 

0\ir  author  happy  in  a  Judge  so  nicfl.  Pope. 

7.  Over  scrupulous  or  exact. 

Curious,  not  knowing  ;  not  exact,  but  nice.  Pope. 

8.  Delicate  ;  scrupulously  and  minutely  cautious. 
The  letter  was  not  nice,  but  full  of  charge 

01  dear  import.  Shak. 
Dear  luve,  continue  race  and  chaiite.  Donne, 

9.  Fastidious ;  squeamish. 

Anil  to  taste 

Think  not  1  shall  lie  nice.  ilUlon, 

10.  Delicate  ;  easily  injured. 

How  nice  the  r-pul-ition  of  the  maid  I  I\otcommon. 

11.  Refined  ;  as,  nice  and  subtle  happiness. 

Milton. 

12.  Having  lucky  hits.  [JYof  used.]  Slink. 
i:i.  Weak;  foolish;  effeminate.  [Obs.]  Ooirer. 
14.  Trivial  ;  unimporlanl.  Sliak. 
To  make  nice  ;  to  be  scriipulmn.  Sliuk. 

NICE'LY,  adv.  With  delicate  perceptiim  ;  as,  to  be 
nicely  sensible. 

2.  Accurately  ;  exarlly  ;  with  exact  order  or  pro- 
portion ;  as,  the  parts  of  a  mai  hino  or  building  nicely 
adjusted  ;  a  shape  nicely  proportioned  ;  a  dress  niVr'y 
fitted  lo  the  body  ;  tin:  ingredients  of  a  medicine 
nicely  proportioned  and  mixed. 

3.  \n  ndliit/uial  lantruaffe,  wvH  ;  rlc»erly  ;  dexlrous- 
ly  ;  haiidsomtdy  ;  in  the  best  manner;  as,  a  feat  is 
nierlii  done. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  

7r>o  ~ 


NIC 


NIG 


NIG 


NI'CENE,  a.  PrrtaiiiiiiK  to  Nice,  a  Km  ii  of  Asia 
Minor.  TIio  JVicrnr  creril  was  a  siiiniimry  of  Cltris- 
tian  faitti,  runi[)<tscMl  hy  tilt'  council  of  Nice  auainst 
Arianisin.  A.  I).  3'i5,  altered  and  conrirniud  by  llie 
council  of  Constantinople,  A.  1).  3SI.  'I'lie  cunncil 
of  Nice  was  the  first  and  most  important  Reneral 
Council  ever  held  by  the  Christian  chiirdi.  /'.  Cue. 

NIc;E'NESS,  n.  Delicacy  of  perception  .  the  (piality 
of  perceiving  small  diHerences;  as,  nicfncAi  of  taste. 

2.  Extreme  delicacy  ;  excess  of  scrupulousness  or 
exactness. 

Uiitilte  Ihc  nictnett  of  our  modern  damei.  Dryden. 

3.  Accuracy  ;  minute  exactness ;  as,  niceness  of 
work  ;  nicencsa  of  texture  or  proportion. 

■\Vhi'nr'»  now  tlic  liibored  niceiutt  in  lliy  drew  ?  Dryden, 
NI'CE-TY,  n.    Niceness  ;  delicacy  of  perception. 

2.  Excess  of  delicacy  j  fastidiousness  ;  squeamish- 
ness. 

So  love  dolh  loath)^  di*drtiiifii]  nieety,  Spenter. 

3.  Minute  ditferencc  ;  as,  the  niceties  of  words. 

4.  .Minuteness  of  observation  or  discrimination  ; 
precision.  Tlie  connoisseur  judges  of  tlie  beauties 
of  a  painting  with  great  nicety. 

5.  Delicate  management ;  exactness  in  treatment. 

Love  »ucli  nicely  niiuin'S, 

One  bki.l  wUl  pm  out  all  Ills  (iret.  Sai/L 

6.  JVicedVa ;  in  the  plural,  delicacies  for  food  ; 
dainties. 

NI'eilAR,  71.    A  plant.  Mtller. 
NICHE, H.    [Fr.uiclie:  Sp.  and  Port.  nicAo  ;  iUuiecUia, 
properly  a  utrnk,  corner,  and  ntcchio,  a  shell.    It  seems 
to  be  a  diflerent  orthography  of  Nook.] 

A  cavity,  hollow,  or  recess,  within  the  thickness 
of  a  wall,  for  a  statue,  bust,  or  other  erect  ornament. 

Pujie. 

NICFI'ED,  rnichl,)  a.    Placed  in  a  niche.  Scd^cick. 
NICK,  «.    In  Uic  niirthcrii  iinitholo^ni,  an  evil  spirit  of 

the  waters  ;  hence  the  modern  vulgar  phrase,  Old 

A'ick,  the  evil  one. 
NICK,  M.    [Sw.  nick:  Dan.  nik;  D.  knik,  a  nod  ;  G. 

nicken^  to  nod  ;  isenick^  the  nape  :  gcnicke,  .1  contin- 

ii.il  nodding.    The  word  seems  to  signify  a  point, 

from  siiooting  forward.] 

1.  The  exact  iioint  of  time  required  by  necessity  or 
convenience,  the  critical  time.  L' E-ttrnnge. 

9.  [G. /(nic/.-, a  flaw.]    A  notch  cut  into  something, 
and  hence  a  score  for  Keeping  an  account ;  a  reckon- 
ing. Skak, 
3.  A  winning  throw.  Prior. 
NICK,  B.  t.    'I'o  lilt ;  to  touch  luckily  ;  to  perform  by  a 
slight  artifice  used  at  the  lucky  time. 

The       Hc.iKoii  of  doing  ctiin^  inui^t  tie  nicked^  and  nil  accidents 
improved.  UEulrangt, 

2.  To  cut  in  nicks  or  notches,    [See  NoTcH.j^ 

3.  To  suit,  as  lattices'cut  in  nicks.  [Obs.] 

Camdm. 

4.  To  defeat  or  cozen,  as  at  dice  ;  to  disapiwint  by 
some  trick  or  unexpected  turn.    [OAi.]  Shak. 

NICK,  e.  I.    [G.  kiiicken,  to  Haw.] 

I'o  notch  or  make  an  incision  in  a  horse's  tail,  to 

make  him  c:irr\'  it  higher. 
NICK' AK-TKEE,  j  ii.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Gnilandina, 
NICK'EK-TKEE,  (     which  grows  in  the  East  and 

West  Indies,  and  bears  a  small  hard  nut  of  tile  size 

of  a  small  niitiiiog  ;  also  called  IIondlt. 
NICK'/;i),  (nikt,) /)/!.    Hit;  touched  luckily. 

•2.  Notched  ;  made  an  incision  in,  as  in  a  horse's 

tail. 

NK.'K'EL,  n.  A  metal  of  a  white  or  reddish-white 
color,  of  great  hardness,  very  dirliciilt  to  be  piirilird, 
always  magnetic,  and,  when  perfectly  pure,  mallea- 
ble and  ductile.  It  is  generally  obtained  from  its 
siilphnret. 

NICK'Eh-IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  containing  nickel. 
NICK'I-^R,  n.    One  who  watches  for  opportunities  to 
pilfer  or  practice  knavery.    [.4  caul  word.] 

ArbuthnoU 

NICK'ING,p;)r.    Hitting-,  touching  luckily  ;  notching; 

making  an  incision  in  a  Jiorse's  tail,  to  make  him 

carry  it  higher. 
NICK'ING,  n.    In  farriery,  an  operation  performed  on 

the  tail  of  a  horse,  to  make  him  carry  it  better. 

Farm.  F.naje, 

NICK'N.\CKS,  1.  pi.  Small  wares;  bawbles  ;  tri- 
rtes. 

NICK'N.^ME,  n.    [In  Fr.  ni/tnr  is  a  term  of  contempt. 
In  G.  necken  is  to  banter.    In  Ch.  T:n  signifies  to  sur- 
name, to  call  hy  a  name  of  reproach.] 
A  name  given  in  contempt,  derision,  or  rcpro.ach  ; 
"PPfohrious  appellation.  Bacon. 
NICK'.N'aME,  ».  I.    'I'o  give  a  name  of  reproach ;  to 
call  by  an  opprobrious  apiiellatiim. 

Yon  nidcnam4  firtur-  vice.  Shak. 
^;";K'^^(SM-£I),  pp.    Named  in  derision. 
NICK'NAM-ING,  ppr.   Calling  by  a  name  in  contempt 
or  derision. 

NIt;-0-LA'I-T.\N,  n.  A  term  applied  to  certain  cor- 
rupt (wrsons  in  the  early  church  at  Ephesus,  who  are 
censured  in  Rev.  ii.,  but  of  whom  little  can  be  known 
With  ceruiinty.  Murduck. 


NI-CO'TIAN,  a.  I'ertaining  to  or  deiiotiiii;  tobacco  ; 
and  as  n  noun,  tobacco  ;  so  called  from  Nicot,  who 
first  introduced  it  into  France,  A.  D.  l.'iilO. 

h  ran  fie. 

Nie-0-TI.\N'I  NA,  j  ji.  A  concrete  or  solid  oil  oh- 
NI-et*)'TI A-NI.\E,  (  tained  from  tobacco,  and  one 
of  its  active  principles.  It  smells  like  tobacco  smoke, 
ta-stes  bitterish  and  slightly  aromatic,  and  is  emi- 
nently fioisonoiis.  "  Tiithj. 
Nie'O-TIN,  71.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  tobacco, 
and  one  ol^  its  active  principles.  In  its  purest  state, 
it  is  in  small  crystalline  plates,  which  rapidly  absorb 
moisture  and  liquefy.  Its  t.'iste  is  very  acrid,  and 
continues  long  in  the  mouth.  It  is  eminently  poi- 
sonous. 

NIC'Ta'I'E,  v.  i.    [L.  7iic(o,  to  wink.] 

To  wink.  Ray. 
NIC'Ta-'I'INO,       )ppr.  or  a.    Winking.    The  iiic- 
Nie'TI-TA-TING,  i     titating  nienilirane  is  a  thin, 

pellucid  iiienibrane,  by  which  the  process  of  winking 

is  performed  in  certain  animals. 

Nle;Tf-TA''nbN, !  ""'■^'"e- 

NIUE,  71.    [L.  7iidii,T,  a  nest.] 

A  brood  ;  as,  a  nide  of  pheasants.    [JVet  in  use."] 

NIDO'E'."*,  11.    A  dast.-ird.    [jVo(  in  iwi?.]  Camden. 

NID'I-FI-CaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  nidijico,  from  nidus,  a  nest.] 
To  make  a  nest. 

NID-l-FI-eS'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  build- 
ing a  nest,  and  the  hatching  and  feeding  of  young  in 
the  nest.  Dcr/tam. 

NI'DING,  n.    [Sax.  nithini;  ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  niding.] 
A  despicable  cowaril  ;  a  dastard.  [06s.] 

NT'DOR,  H.    [L.l    Scent  ;  savor.  Hp.  Taylor. 

NI-I)()R-OS'l-TY,  71.  Eructation  with  the  taste  of 
iindigi  sted  roast  meat.  fluycr. 

NI'DOK-OUS,  a.  Uesembling  the  smell  or  taste  of 
roasted  meat.  Bacon, 

NID'IJ-LANT,  a.    [L.  nidulerr,  from  nidus,  nest.] 

Ill  botany,  nestling  ;  lying  loose  in  pulp  or  cotton, 
within  a  berry  or  pericarp.  .Martijii.  Lee. 

NID-Li-LA'TION,  n.  The  time  of  reniaining  in  the 
nest ;  as  of  a  bird.  Brown, 

NI'DLTS,  II.  [I..]  A  nest ;  a  repository  for  the  eggs 
of  birds,  insects,  &.c. 

NlI'ZCE,  (nese,)  n.    [Kr.  nii'ce ;  Arm.  nizes,  nyes;  W. 
tuth  ;  qu.    1'he  I),  lias  nifrf,  and  the  G.  nicfife,] 
The  daughter  qf  a  brotlier  or  sister.  Johnson, 

NI-EL'LO,  n.  [It.]  A  species  of  ornaiin  iital  en- 
graving used  by  the  Konians  and  the  modern  Ital- 
ians, somewhat  resembling  damask-work,  made  by 
enchasing  a  black  composition,  said  to  have  been 
composed  of  silver  and  lead,  into  cavities  in  wood 
anil  metals.  FAmes.    P.  Ciic. 

NIF'KE,  n.    [Norm.]    A  trifle.    [Ohs.]  Chaucer. 

NIG'GARD,  II.  [W.  ni^,  straight,  narrow,  or  G. 
knicker,  a  niggard,  and  a  nod  or  nodding;  knickern, 
to  haggle,  to  be  sordidly  parsimonious  ;  Dan.  gnier, 
for  irtiiker  or  irniirrr,  a  nigi^ard.  This  word  seems  to 
belong  to  the  family  of  I),  knikken,  C  nieken,  Dan. 
nikker,  to  nod.  and  this  to  Dan.  knikker,  to  crack  ; 
exhibiting  analogies  similar  to  those  of  icretch,  wreck, 
and  hatrirle.    Jlrd  is  a  termination,  as  in  dotard.] 

A  miser;  a  person  meanly  close  and  covetous;  a 
sordid  wretch  who  saves  every  cent,  or  spends 
grudgingly. 

S,TVe  iilin  an  a  ^idi^iti*  master, 

A»  n  p<-iMirioiiB  nigsard  ul  his  wealth.  MVtnn. 
Be  niggnrdt  of  advice  on  no  |ii\u-nse.  Pope, 

NIG'GARD,  a.    Miserly;  meanly  covetous;  sordidly 
parsimonious.  Dryden, 
2.  Sparing  ;  wary. 

MoHl  ttve  of  (^o'>»tinn,  tut  to  our  demands 

yiggnrd  in  litf  reply.  Shak. 

NIG'G.AKI),  V,  L    To  stint ;  to  supply  sparingly. 

[/.illle  used,]  Shak. 
NIG'GAUD-ISE,  n.    Niggardliness.    [AVit  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

NIG'G.ARD-ISII,  a.    Somewhat  covetous  or  niggardly. 

Johnson. 

NIG'G  ARD-LI-NESS,  n.  Mean  covetousness  ;  sordid 
parsimony;  extreme  avarice  manifested  in  sparing 
expense. 

Siggardlineit  b  not  good  husbandry.  Addieon. 
NIG'GARD-LY,  a.    Meanly  covetous  or  av,iricious  ; 
sordidly  parsimonious  ;  extremely  sparing  of  ex- 
pense. 

Where  the  owner  of  the  house  will  be  bountiful,  it  is  not  for  the 
stew:ml  to  be  niggarxUy.  Hail. 

2.  Sparing ;  wary  ;  cautiously  avoiding  profusion. 

Sidney, 

NIG'GARD-LY,  adv.    Sparingly;  with  cautious  p.r- 

simoiiv.  Shak. 
NIG'GARD-NESS,  n.   Niggardliness.    [Aot  used.] 

Sidney. 

NIG'GARD-Y,  n.    Niggardliness.    [Aol  used,] 
NIG'GLE,  ti.  t.  and  i.    To  mock  :  to  trifle  wiili.  [jVu( 

in  use.]  Beaum,  Fl, 

.MtJ'GLKD,  (nig'gid,)  pp.   Trifled  with. 
NIG'GLER,  71.    One  who  niggles  at  any  handiwork. 

^inarf. 

MG'GLING,  ppr.  Mocking. 

NI(;il,  (ni,)  a.    [Sax.  neah,  neahg,  neh,  for  nij ;  G. 


nahe,  nigh.  This  is  the  ii.  nach,  D.  jia,  a  preposition 
signifying  to,  on,  or  after,  that  is,  approaching, 
pressing  tin,  making  toward  ;  D.  naakcn,  to  approacti ; 
\V.  flfiv,  strait,  iiairow.] 

1.  Near ;  not  distant  or  remote  in  place  or  time. 

The  loud  tumult  shows  the  IkiiiI.?  nigh.  Prior. 
Wh'-u  III'-  (tg-tn-c  putleth  forltl  leaves,  ye  know  tliat  suiiiiiier  is 
nigh,  —  Matt.  xxiv. 

2.  Closely  allied  by  blood  ;  as,  a  ni^A  kinsman. 

Knolles. 

3.  Easy  to  be  obtained  or  learnt ;  of  easy  access. 

The  word  is  very  nigh  to  thee.  —  D'.'ut.  xxx. 

4.  Ready  to  support,  to  forgive,  or  to  aid  and 
defend. 

The  Lord  is  ni^ft  to  tlicm  who  arc  of  a  broken  heart, —  Ps. 
xxxiv. 

5.  Close  in  fellowship;  intimate  in  relation. 

Ye  are  mailt-  nigh  hy  the  blood  of  Chrint.  —  Kph.  ii. 

C,  Near  in  jirogress  or  condition.    Ilrb.  vi. 
NIGH,  (nl,)  u</i).    Near;  at  a  small  distance  in  place 
or  time,  or  in  the  course  of  events. 

He  was  sick,  nigh  to  death.  —  Phil.  IL 

2.  Near  to  a  place. 

He  drew  nigh.  Milton. 

3.  Almost ;  near.    He  wna  nirrh  dead. 

JViVA  is  never  a  preposition.  In  the  plir.-ise,  "  JVigli 
this  recess,  with  terror  they  survey,"  there  is  an  ellip- 
sis of  (0.    Thry,  7iio-/t  to  this  recess,  survey,  &c. 

NIGH,  (HI,)  V.  i.  To  approach  ;  to  advance  or  tiraw 
near.    [JVot  ii.-.rf/.]  I/uhbrrd, 

NIGH'LY,  (iii'ly,)  adv.    Nearly;  within  a  little. 


A  cube  and  a  sphere  nighly  of  tlic  same  bigni 


[Nol  usfif.) 
Locke. 


NIGII'NESS,  (ni'ness.)  n.  Nearness ;  proximity  in 
place,  time,  or  degree. 

NIGH'I",  (nite,)  n.  [Sav.  ni/i( ;  Goth,  nalils;  D.  na<rf ;. 
G.  nacht :  Sw.  vatt;  Dan,  uat,  cimtracteil  ;  E.  nor; 
Gr.  .-  .Sp,  noche  ;  Port.  nCite  ;  \t.  notte  :  Fr.  rtuit ; 
Ir.  nocht .-  Kiiss,  nneh  ;  Sl:iv.  nosch :  Sans,  ui.-icha, 
'J'he  sense  may  he  dark,  black,  or  it  may  be  the  de- 
cline tif  the  day,  from  (Jecliiiing,  departing,  like  the 
Sheiniiic  3->p.] 

1.  'I'liat  part  of  the  natural  day  when  the  siin  is 
beneath  the  horizon,  or  the  time  from  sunset  to  sun- 
rise. 

2.  The  time  after  the  close  of  life  ;  death.  John  ix. 

She  closed  ln-r  eyi-s  iu  evvrl  istin?  nigltl.  Drylen, 

3.  A  state  of  ignorance  ;  intt^llectiial  and  moral 
darkness;  heathenish  ignoranci\  Horn, 

4.  Adversity  ;  a  state  of  allliction  and  distress. 
Is.  xxi. 

5.  Obscurity  ;  .1  state  of  concealment  from  the  eye 
or  the  mind  ;  uiiinlelligibleiiess. 

Nature  and  nature's  works  lay  hid  in  night.  Pope. 

In  Ute  uiirht  ;  suddenly  ;  unexpectetlly.    Luke  xii. 
To  nttrhl :  in  this  night.    To-night  the  moon  will 
be  eclipseil. 

NIGH  r'-AN"GI.ING,  (nTte'ang'gling,)  n.     The  an- 
gling for  or  cat(-liiiig  fish  in  the  night.  F.nciic. 
NiGHT'-UIKD,  n.    A  bird  that  flies  only  in  the  iiight. 

Halt. 

NIGHT'-lil.OOM-I.VG,  a.    niooming  in  the  night. 
Nl(;HT'-liOR.\,  a.    Priidiici-d  in  ilarkness. 
NIGHT'-liKAW  1,-ER,  h.    One  who  excites  brawls, 

or  makes  a  tiiniiilt  at  night.  Sliak, 
NlGHT'eAP,  H,    A  cap  worn  in  bed  or  in  undres.s. 

SiDiJl. 

NIGirr'-€RoW,  n.    A  bird  that  cries  in  the  night. 

S'lu*. 

NIGIIT'-DEW,  71.    The  dew  formed  in  the  night. 

Driiden. 

NIGIIT'-DOG,  n,  A  dog  that  hunts  in  the  iiiglit,used 
bv  ileer-ste.-ili-rs.  Shak, 

.\TGiri''-DRESS,  II.    .-V  dress  worn  at  night.  Pope. 

NI(;ilT'EI).  (nit'ed,)  a.  Darkened;  clouded;  black. 
[Little  usrdA  Shak. 

NIGHT'KALL,  ii.    The  close  of  the  day  ;  evening. 

Sirijl, 

NIGHT'-FaR-I.\G,  a.    Traveling  in  the  night. 

Gail, 

NIGHT'-FIRE,  n.     Ignis  fatuiis  ;  Will-with-a-wisp  ; 
Jack-wlth-a-laiilern.  Herbert, 
2,  Fire  burning  in  the  niL'lit,  Irviiiy, 
NIGHT'-FLt,  H.    An  insect  that  flics  in  the  night. 

Shak, 

NIGHT'-FLt-ER,  n.  An  insect  that  flies  in  the 
n\'-hl, 

NI(;irr'-FOU.\D-ER-ED,  (iilt'found-crd,)  a.    Lost  or 

tlistressed  in  the  night.  JMUtoiu 
NKJHT'GOWN,  n.    A  loose  gown  used  for  undress. 

Jiddison, 

MGIIT'-II,\G,  n.  A  witch  supjiosed  to  waniler  in 
the  night.  .MUton. 

NIGHT'-HAWK,  n.  A  well-known  bird  of  the  Uni- 
ted Statt-s,  Caprimulgus  Americanus,  ntliril  to  tlie 
night-jar.  It  hiiiits  its  prey  toward  evening,  and 
often,  diving  ilowii  prrpendieularly,  protluces  a  hol- 
low, jarring  sound,  like  that  of  a  spiiiiiliii;-«  heel. 

NIGIIT'-IIEK-O.N,  «.  A  wailing  bird,  of  the  genin 
.Nycticorat,  l^.lrdrn,  I.inn.,)  allied  to  the  herons  and 


TONE,  BJJI.L,  yNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


751 


NIG 


NIN 


NIT 


liitterns.  It  seeks  its  food  in  tlie  evening,  when  it 
utters  a  disagreeable,  croaking  noise. 

P.  Cue.    Ellin.  Cyc. 
NTGHT'IN-GALE,  n.    [Sax.  nilde.^rdle :  Sw.  viiMcr- 
gal :   D.  na^rtpifaal ;  G.  vacliti<rall ;  Dan.  natter  gal 
composed  of  tiifrki  and  Sax.  galan,  to  sing.] 

1.  A  small  bird  that  sings  at  night,  of  tlie  genus 
Philomela  Molacilla  ;  Philomela,  or  Philomel.  It  is 
celebraTed  for  its  vocal  powers.        S/iak.  fValler. 

9.  A  \v<trd  of  endearment.  Shak. 
NIGHT'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  night,  or  attached  to 
llie  night. 

NIGIIT'-JXR,  n.  A  British  bird,  Caprimulgus  Enro- 
psti-*,  also  culled  Goat-sucker,  distinguished  by  the 
wide  gape  of  its  beak.  It  hunts  its  prey  in  the  dusk, 
and  is  remarkable  for  the  loud  sound  it  emits,  like 
the  jarrinv  of  a  spinning-wlieel.  It  is  allied  to  the 
night-hawk.  P.  Cyc. 

NIC MT' LESS,  a.    Having  no  night. 

NlGHT'LY,  a.  Done  by  night  ;  happening  in  the 
night,  or  appearing  in  the  night ;  as,  nigliUy  sports  ; 
nightly  dews. 

2.  Done  every  night.  The  watch  goes  his  nightly 
round. 

NlGHT'LY,  (nite'le,)  adv.    By  night. 


Th^p,  Sion 
NighUy  1  1 


iid  llie  flowery  bruoks  beneath, 


2.  Every  night.  Addison. 
NIGHT'-MAN,  n.    One  who  empties  privies  in  cities 
by  night. 

NlGIIT'iMARE,  n.  [night  and  Sax.  mora,  incubus, 
nightmare.  Mara  may  be  from  the  root  of  rnerran, 
to  stop,  to  hinder,  (see  Muor  ;)  or  it  may  be  the  Rab- 
binic N'"<13,  an  evil  spirit  or  demon.  The  cominim 
spelling,  nightmare,  is  erroneous,  and  tends  to  mis- 
lead the  reader.] 

Incubus  ;  a  sensation  in  sleep  resembling  the  pres- 
sure of  a  weight  on  the  breast,  generally  seeming  to  be 
that  of  Some  hideous  monster  or  phantom,  interrupt- 
ing the  sleep  with  violent  struggle  and  tremor. 

NTGHT'-PIeCE,  (nite'pees,)  n.  A  piece  of  painting 
so  c<dored  as  to  be  supposed  seen  by  candle-light. 

NIGHT'-KaIL,  n.  [night  and  Sax.  regl,  or  rather 
hra:gle,  a  garment  or  robe.] 

A  loose  robe  or  garment  worn  over  the  dress  at 
night.    rjVuJ  used.]  j9ddison. 

NIGHT'-RA-ViCN,  n.  A  bird  of  ill  omen  that  cries 
in  the  night ;  the  night-heron. 

Spenser.    SliaJi.    Kdin.  Encye.. 

NtGIIT'-REST,  n.    Rest  or  repose  at  night.  Shak. 

NIGHT'-ROB-BER,  n.  One  that  robs  or  steals  in  the 
night.  Spenser. 

NIGHT'-ROLE,  n.    A  tumult  or  frolic  in  the  night. 

NIGHT'SH.\DE,  71.  f.Sax.  nilitjscaUa.]  [Shak. 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Solannm.  The  deadly  night- 
shade is  of  the  genus  Atropa  ;  the  Mmrrican  night- 
shade of  tlie  genus  Phytolacca;  the  basturd  nighuhade 
of  the  genus  Rivina  ;  the  encfianter^s  nightihade  of  the 
genus  Circaia;  the  Malabar  nightshade  of  the  genus 
Basella ;  and  the  three-leaved  nightshade  of  the  genus 
Trillium.  Fam.  of  Planti. 

NIGHT'-SHIN-I.\G,  a.  Shining  in  the  night ;  lumi- 
nous in  darkness.  Wilkins. 

NIGHT'-SHRIkK,  (nlte'.shreek,)  n.  A  shriek  or  out- 
cry in  the  night.  Shak. 

NIGHT'-SOIL,  n.  The  contents  of  necessaries  ;  so 
called  because  collected  in  cities,  and  carried  away 
.as  a  manure  by  night. 

NIGHT'-SPELL,  7i.  A  charm  against  accidents  at 
night.  Chancer. 

NIGHT'-TRIP-PING,  a.  Tripping  about  in  tlie  night ; 
as,  a  night-triiijiing  fairv-  Shtdi. 

NI(;ilT'-VlS-UJN,  (iiite'vizh-un,)  n.  A  vision  at 
night. 

NKJIIT'-WaK-ING,  a.    Watching  in  the  night. 

NIGHT'-WALK,  (nite'wawk,)  71.  A  walk  in  the 
ev  fling  f»r  night.  IValttm. 

NIGiri''-VVALK-ER,  n.  One  that  walks  in  his  sleep ; 
a  somnambulist. 

2.  One  that  roves  about  in  the  night  for  evil  pur- 
poses.   J^i'rht-malkers  are  punishable  by  law. 

NIGHT'-WALK-ING,  a.    Roving  in  the  night. 

NIGHT'-VVALK-ING,  n.     Walking  in  one's  sleep; 
Bomuambulisrn. 
2.  A  roving  in  the  streets  at  night  with  evil  de- 

RigllS. 

NIGHT'-WAN-DER-ER,  n.    One  roving  at  night. 

Shak. 

NIGHT'-WAN-DER-ING,a.  Wandering  in  the  night. 

Shak. 

NTGIIT'-WAR-BLLNG,  a.    Warbling  or  singing  in 

the  night.  Millun. 
NIGIIT'WARD,  a.    Approaching  toward  night. 

Milljtn. 

NIGIIT'-WATCH,  (nite'wotch,)  71.    A  period  in  the 

night,  as  distinguished  by  the  change  of  the  watch. 

J^ighL-watrJics,  however.  In  the  Psalms,  seems  to  mean 

IJie  night,  or  time  of  sleep  in  geni^ral. 
2.  A  watch  or  guard  in  the  night. 
NtGHT'-WATCIl  ER,  n.    One  that  watches  in  the 

night  Willi  evil  designs. 
NIGHT'- WITCH,  n.    A  night-hag;  a  witch  that  np- 

liears  in  the  night. 


Nl-GRES'CENT,  a.    [L.  mgrescn,  to  grow  black.] 
Growing  black ;  changing  to  a  black  color ;  ap- 
proaching to  blackness. 

Nl'GRlIME,  71,  An  ore  of  titanium,  found  in  black 
grains  or  rolled  pieces.  Ure. 

JVI'HIL  AL'BUM,  n.  [L.,  white  nothing.]  In  chem- 
istry, a  name  formerly  given  to  the  flowers  or  white 
oxyd  of  zinc,  a  woolly-looking,  white  matter,  formed 
by  the  combustion  of  zinc,  and  so  minutely  divided 
as  to  be  carried  up  mechanically  and  float  in  the  air. 

Ure. 

j^t'HIL  DE'BET,  [L.,  he  owes  nothing.]  A  plea  de- 
nying a  debt. 

JVl'WL  DI'CfT,  [I..,  he  says  nothina.]  In  taw.  a 
judgment  by  nihd  dicit,  is  when  the  defendant  makes 
no  answer. 

Nl'HU.-lSM,  7t.    Nothingness  ;  nihility.  Dwight. 
NI-IIIL'I-TY,  71.   [L.  nihilutn,  nihil,  nothing;  ne  and 
hitum.] 

Nothingness  ;  a  state  of  being  nothing.  JVatts. 

mL  DES- P F.-RJIJ^' U UM,  [L.]  Let  there  be  no  de- 
spair.   The  phrase  was  originallv, 

J\riL  DES-PE-RAJf' nUM  DE  RF^PUB'LI-CA.  Let 
there  be  no  despair  respecting  the  commonwealth  or 
state. 

NILL,  V.  t.    [Sax.  nillan,  that  is.  Tie,  not,  and  willan,  to 

will  ;  L.  nolo  ;  ne  and  volv.] 

Not  to  will  ;  to  refuse  ;  to  reject.   [Oi«.]  Spenser, 
NILL,  V.  i.    To  be  unwilling.  Shak. 
NILL,  71.    The  shining  sparks  of  brass  in  trying  and 

melting  the  ore.  Johnson. 
NI-LO.M'E-TER,  71.    [Gr.  NtiX»s,  Nile,  and  /itrpue, 

measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  rise  of  water  in 
the  Nile  during  the  flood. 
Nl-LOT'ie,  o.     Pertaining  to  the   Kiver  Nile  in 
Egypt. 

NIM,  V.  t.    [Sax.  TiemflTi,  niman,  Goth,  niman,  J),  nee- 
men,  G.  nehmen,  to  take.] 
To  take  ;  to  steal ;  to  filch.  JOis.] 

Hadibras.  L^FjStrange. 
NIM'BLE,  a.    [du.  W.  nwtjv,  liveliness.   In  Dan.  nem 
is  sharp,  acute.] 

Light  and  quick  in  motion  ;  moving  with  ease  and 
celerity  ;  lively  ;  swift.    It  is  applied  chiefly  to  mo- 
tions of  the  feet  and  hands,  sometimes  to  other 
things;  as,  a  nimblehoy;  the  7iimA/e-footed  deer. 
Tiiroujli  tJie  mid  seas  Uie  nimble  pinnace  sails.  Pope. 

NliH'BLE-FOOT-ED,  a.  Running  with  speed  ;  light 
of  foot. 

Nl.M'BLE-NESS,  71.  Lightness  and  agility  in  motion  ; 
quickness;  celerity;  speed;  swiftness.  It  implies 
lightness  and  springiness. 

The  Blag  Ihoughl  il  better  10  trust  to  the  rdmbleneet  of  his  feet. 

Sidney. 

Ovid  ranged  over  Parnassus  with  great  nimblenese  and  ayil'ly. 

Addison. 

NIM'BLESS,  7!.    Nimbleness.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
NIM'BLE-WIT-TED,  a.    Quick  ;  ready  to  speak. 

Bacon. 

NIM'BLY,  adv.  With  agility ;  with  light,  quick  mo- 
tion. 

He  capers  mmhly  in  a  lady's  chamber.  Shak. 

NIM'BUS,  71.  [L.]  A  circle  or  disk  of  r.ays  of  light 
around  the  heads  of  divinities,  saints,  and  sovereigns, 
upon  medals,  pictures,  &c.  Brande. 

2.  In  meteorology,  a  name  given  to  the  rain-cloud, 
one  of  the  four  fundamental  clouds.  Olmsted. 
NI-MI'E-TY,  71.    [L.  nimietns.] 

The  state  of  being  too  much.    [JVot  in  use.] 
NIM'iMER,  ».    [Sax.  niman,  to  take.] 

A  thief     [JV'ot  in  use.]  Jfndibras. 
NIN'eo.M-POtJP,  71.    [Said  to  be  a  corruption  of  L. 
jton  compos,  not  of  sound  mind.] 

A  fool ;  a  blockhead  ;  a  trifling  dotard.  [A  low 
word.]  Addison. 
NINE,  a.  [Goth.  Tiiim  ;  G.veun;  Sw.  Tiijn  ,•  Dan.  Tti ; 
L.  nanus  ;  probably  ctmtracted,  as  the  Sax.  is  nigan, 
and  the  Dutch  nigen,  Hindoo  now,  Burmaii  no,  or 
nonaw.] 

Denoting  the  number  composed  of  eight  and  one  ; 
as,  nine  men  ;  7ii/ie  days. 
NIi\E,  71.    The  number  composed  of  eight  and  otie  ; 
or  the  number  less  by  a  unit  than  ten ;  three  times 
three. 

The  nine  ;  among  English  poets,  the  nine  Muses. 
NTN'E'KoLI),  n.    Nine  times  repeated.  Mdton. 
NI.\'E'-lloLES,  71.    A  game  in  which  noles  are  made 
in  llie  ground,  into  which  a  pellet  is  to  be  bowled. 

Drayton. 

N'lNE'-MEX'S-MOR'RIS,  n.    See  Monais. 
NI.VE'PENCE,  71.    A  silver  coin  of  the  value  of  nine 
pence. 

NLNE'-PINa,  71.  A  pl.ay,  originally,  with  nine  pins  or 
pit^ces  of  wood  set  on  end,  at  which  a  bowl  is  rolled 
fur  throwing  them  down.  We  say,  to  play  at  iimc- 
pins,  or  a  game  at  nine-pin.^.  In  the  United  States, 
ten  pins  are  soiiieliiiies  used  for  this  game. 

NINE'-.SCriUE,  a.  Noting  nine  times  twenty,  crone 
hundred  and  eighty.    [See  S<  ohe.] 

NTNE'-SeORE,  71.  'I'lie  number  of  nine  times 
twentv. 

NINE't EEN,  a.    [Sax  7n>a>ifi/;i<!  ] 


Noting  the  number  of  Tiine  and  ten  united;  as, 
nineteen  years. 
NIXE'TEENTH,  a.    [Sax.  nigantothe.] 

The  oriluial  of  nineteen;  designating  nineteen. 
NT\E'TI-ETH,  a.    The  ordinal  of  ninety. 
NliNE'TY,  o.   Nine  times  ten ;  as,  7a7tet^  years. 

5  --i  - 

NIN'NY,  71.  [Sp.  Tiino  ;  L.  nanus,  a  dwarf;  Ar.  Lj  Ij 
nana,  weak  in  mind.] 

A  fool  ;  a  simjileton.  Swift. 
NIN'NY-HAM-MER,  71.    A  simpleton.    [Little  «.vfd.] 

Arbuthnot. 

NINTH,  a.  [Sax.  nigetha,  nigotJia :  but  ninth  in  Eng- 
lish is  formed  directly  from  nine:  Sw.  nijnde.] 

The  orilinal  of  nine  ;  designating  Ihe  number  nine, 
the  next  preceding  ten  ;  as,  the  nintli  day  or  month. 

NINTH,  n.    A  ninth  part. 

2.  In  music,  an  interval  containing  an  octave,  with 
a  tone  or  semitone  additional. 

NlNTH'LY,  adv.    In  the  ninth  place. 

NI-o'BI-UM,  71.  [from  JVit;4c.]  A  metal  recently  dis- 
covered in  Cohimbite. 

NIP,  V.  I.  [D.  knippen,  to  nip,  to  clip,  to  pinch  ;  Sw. 
kuipa  ;  G.  kneif,  a  knife,  a  nipping  tool  ;  kneifen,  to  nip, 
to  cut  off",  to  pinch  ;  kniff,  a  pinch,  a  nipping:  knipp, 
a  fillip,  a  snap;  W.  cneiviaw,  to  clip.  I'liese  words 
coincide  with  knife.  Sax.  coif.  Ft.  ganif,  or  canif] 

1.  To  cut,  bite,  or  pinch  olT  the  end  or  nib,  or  to 
pinch  ofl"  with  the  ends  of  the  fingers.  The  word  is 
used  in  both  senses  ;  the  former  is  probably  the  true 
sense.  Hence, 

2.  To  cut  off"  the  end  of  any  thing;  to  clip,  as  with 
a  knife  or  scissors  ;  as,  to  nip  off  a  shoot  or  twig. 

3.  To  blast;  to  kill  or  (iestroy  the  end  of  any 
thing  ;  hence,  to  kill  ;  as,  the  frost  h.as  nipped  the 
corn  ;  the  leaves  are  nippeil:  the  plant  was  nipped  in 
the  bud.  Hence,  to  vip  in  the  bud,  is  to  kill  tir  de- 
stroy in  infancy  or  youth,  or  in  the  first  stage  of 
growth. 

4.  To  pinch,  bite,  or  affect  the  extremities  of  any 
thing  ;  as,  a  nipping  frost ;  hence,  to  pinch  or  bite  in 
general ;  to  check  growth. 

5.  To  check  circulation. 

When  blood  is  nipt.    [Unusual.]  Shak. 

6.  To  bite  ;  to  vex. 


And  sharp  remorse  his  heart  did  prick  and  nip.  Spenser. 

7.  To  satirize  keenly  ;  to  taunt  sarcastically. 

Hubberd. 

NIP,  71.  A  seizing  or  closing  in  upon  ;  as,  in  the  north- 
ern seas,  the  nip  of  the  ice. 

2.  A  pinch  with  the  nads  or  teeth.  Ascliam. 

3.  A  small  cut,  or  a  cutting  off'  the  end. 

4.  A  blast ;  a  killing  of  the  ends  of  plants  ;  de- 
struction by  frost. 

5.  A  biting  sarcasm  ;  a  taunt.  Stepney. 

6.  A  sip  or  small  draught  ;  as,  a  Tiiji  of  toddy.  [G. 
vippen,  Dan.  nipper,  to  sip.] 

NIP'P£D,  (nipt,)  (pp.  Pinched;  bit;  cropped;  blast- 
NIPT,  i  ed. 

NIP'PER,  71.    A  satirist.    [JVot  u.icd.]  Ascham. 

2.  A  fore  tooth  of  a  hiuse.   The  nippers  aie  four. 
NIP'PER-KIN,  71.    A  small  cup. 
NIP'PERS,  71.  pi.    Small  pincers. 

NIP'PING,  ppr.  or  a.    Pinching;  pinching  off";  biting 

off*  the  entl  ;  cropping;  dipping;  blasting;  killing. 
NIP'PING-LY,  arfe.  With  bitter  sarcasm.  Johnson. 
NIP'PLE,  n.    [Sax.  nypele  ;  dim.  of  7iiii,  neb.] 

1.  A  teat;  a  dug;  the  spongy  protuberance  by 
which  milk  is  drawn  from  the  breasts  of  feiiiali^s. 

Ray.  Encyc. 

2.  The  orifice  at  which  any  animal  liquor  is  sepa- 
rated. Derham. 

NIP'PLE- WORT,  71.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Lapsana, 
formerly  used  as  an  external  a])])Iication  to  the  breasts 
of  women.  Loudon. 

NIS,  [Sax.l    Is  not.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

Ni'SAN,  71.    [Ileb.  and  Ch.  ID>3.] 

A  month  of  the  Jewish  calendar,  the  first  month 
of  the  sacred  year,  and  seventh  of  the  civil  year,  an- 
swering to  the  latter  part  of  March  and  begiiiiiiiig  of 
April.  It  was  originally  called  Abib,  but  began  to  be 
calleil  JVUan  after  the  captivity. 

Gesenius.    P.  Cyc. 

NI'SI  PRI'US,  71.  [L.]  In  law,  a  writ  which  lies  in 
cases  where  the  jury,  being  impanneled  anil  returned 
before  the  justices  of  the  bench,  one  of  the  parties 
requests  to  have  this  writ  for  the  case  of  the  county, 
that  the  cause  in.iy  be  trietl  before  the  justices  of  the 
same  county.  'I'he  purport  of  the  writ  is,  that  Ihe 
sherift'  is  coinmaiiiled  to  bring  to  Westminster  llie 
men  impanneled  at  a  certain  day,  before  the  justices, 
7nVi  prius,  that  is,  unless  the  justices  shall  first  come 
into  the  county  to  take  assizes.  Hence  the  courts 
direcleil  to  try  matters  of  fact  in  the  several  counties 
are  called  Courts  of  JVisi  Privs,  or  J^isi  Prius  Courts. 
In  siiiiio  of  the  United  States,  similar  courts  arc  es- 
tablished, with  powers  defined  by  statute. 

NIT,  71.    [Sax.  hnitu :  G.  niss ;  D.  «fc£ ;  Sw.  ffnct;  Dan. 
gnid :  \V.  nezrn,  nC'z.] 
The  ogg  of  u  louse  or  other  small  insect. 

Vcrham. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 

7A9 


NO 


NOB 


NOD 


NI'TEN  CY,  71.    [friini  L.  uiteo,  to  sliinv.] 
1.  llriylitiioss  ,  liistrr.    [Litllc  useil.] 
a.  [I.,  iiilor,  to  strive.]    Kiidcuvur  j  effort;  spriiiR 
to  expand  itsi  ll".    [I.Lttle  nml.]  Buylc. 
NI'TEli,  I  n.   [I't.  nilre:  Sp.  and  [t.  nilro ;  L.  iiitrum  : 
NI'TIlli,  )     Gr.  uTiiof  ;  Hcb.  and  t-jr.  ">n3  ;  Ar. 

^j^j^lj  nitrona.  In  Hebrew,  the  verb  under  wliicli 

this  word  appears  signifioa  to  spring,  leap,  shalte, 
and  to  strip  or  loose ;  in  L'li.  to  .strip,  or  to  fall  ofT; 
in  Syriac,  the  same  ;  in  Sam.  to  keep,  to  watch  or 
guard  ;  in  .\r.  the  same  ;  in  Etii.  to  shine.l 

A  salt,  railed  also  Saltpeter,  [stone-salt,]  and  in 
the  modern  nomenclature  of  chemistry,  .Vitihtk  ok 
PoTASsA.  It  e.vists  in  large  quantities  on  or  near  the 
surface  of  the  earth  ;  and  is  continually  formed,  in 
inhabited  places,  on  walls  sheltered  from  rain,  and 
in  all  situations  where  animal  matters  arc  decom- 
posed, under  stables  and  barns,  &c.  It  is  of  great 
use  in  the  arts  ;  is  the  principal  ingredient  in  gun- 
powder, and  is  useful  in  medicine'^,  in  preser%ing 
meat,  butter,  &.r.  It  is  a  white  crystalline  salt,  and 
has  an  acrid,  bitterish  taste.       Hooper.  Fonrcroy. 

NITH'I.VG,  n.  [.Sax.]  A  coward  ;  a  dastard  ;  a  [kJ- 
troon.    [See  Nidi^g.J 

NIT'ID,  a.    [L.  Hitidits.] 

1.  Bright ;  lustrous  ;  shining.  Boyle. 

2.  Gay  ;  spruce  j  fine  ;  applied  to  persons.  [Little 
usetl.  ]  Reerr. 

NI'TR.VTE,  n.  Astilt  formed  by  the  union  of  the  nitric 
acid  with  a  base  ;  as,  nitrate  of  soda. 

LtirvLiier,  Fourcroy. 
NI'TR.A-TED.  a.    Combined  witli  nitric  acid. 
NI'TKE,  n.    See  Niteb. 

NI'TUie,  a.  Impregnated  with  nitric  acid.  JVifnc 
tuid  is  composed  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen  or  azote,  in 
the  proportions  of  tive  equivalents  of  the  former  to 
one  (if  the  latter. 

J\'itrie  ozyd  is  com|)osed  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen,  in 
the  proportion  of  two  equivalents  of  the  former  to  one 
of  the  latter. 

KT-TRI-Ki  e.A'TION,  n.    The  process  of  forming  or 

converting  into  niter. 
NI'TRi-K?,  V.  t.    [niter  and  L.  facio.] 

To  convert  into  niter. 
NI'TUITE,  n.    A  salt  formed  by  the  combination  of 

the  nitrous  acid  with  a  base. 
NI'TRO-GEN,  Ti.    [Gr.  uTO'ir,  niter,  and  j-tn'ou,  to 

produce.] 

That  element  which  is  the  basis  of  nitric  acid  and 
the  principal  ingredient  of  atmospheric  air.  In  a  pure 
stale,  it  is  a  colorless  gas,  wholly  devoid  of  smell  and 
taste.  It  was  tirst  noticed  by  Dr.  Rutherford,  in  the 
year  1772.    [See  .\iute.] 

Ni-TROG'E-NOUS,  a.  .  Pertaining  to  nitrogen. 

NI-'I'KO-LEC'Cie,  a.  Designating  a  supm'sed  acid, 
obtained  from  leucine  acted  on  by  nitric  acid.  It  is 
now  sup|)osed  to  be  a  compound  of  nitric  acid  and 
leucine,  and  therefore  is  not  properly  an  acid. 

BraconnoU 

NI-TRO.M'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  firpov  and  pcrpLoi,  to 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  quality  or  value 
of  niter.  Ure. 
NI-TRO-MU-RI-AT'ir,  a.  The  nilro-muriatic  acid  is 
formed  by  mixing  nitric  and  muriatic  (or  hydroch- 
loric) acid,  and  is  a  compound  Milrogen,  oxygen, 
and  clilohnc.  It  w;is  formerly  cilled  ai/ua  rtj/iu,  from 
its  solvent  power  over  gold,  the  king  of  the  metils. 

Brande. 

NT'TROUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  niter  ;  partaking  of  the 
qualities  of  niter,  or  resembling  it.  AV/rnKj  acid  is 
one  of  the  compounds  formed  of  nitrogen  and  oxy- 
gen, in  which  the  oxygen  is  in  a  lower  projiortion 
than  that  in  which  the  same  elements  form  nitric  acid, 
A'itrows  oryd  ;  sometimes,  from  it^  effects  on  the 
animal  system  when  inhaled,  calleit  ezhilarating  or 
laughing  gas ;  a  gas  coin|H)sed  of  one  equivalent  of 
oxygen  and  one  of  nitrogen. 

NI'TRV,  a.  Nitrous;  pertaining  to  niter;  producing 
niter.  Oati. 

NIT'TER,  n.  [from  nit.]  The  horse  bee,  that  de(>os- 
ils  nits  on  horses.  JUed.  Rrpos. 

NIT'TI-LY,  ode.    [(torn  nitty.]    Lousily.   lJ\ot  used.] 

liayward, 

NIT'TY,  a.    [from  niL]     Full  of  nits;  abounding 

with  nits.  Johnson. 
NI'VAL,  a.    [L.  nirdlii,  from  nix,  nivii,  snow.] 

Abounding  with  snow  ;  snowy.  [jVut  us<d.'\  DicL 
NIV'E-OLS,  a.    [L.  nicfits.] 

Snowy  ;  resembling  snow  ;  partaking  of  the  qual- 
ities of  snow.  Brown. 
NI-Z.\M',  n    The  title  of  one  of  the  native  sovereigns 
of  India. 

NO  ;  an  abbreviation  of  number,  Fr.  nombrt ;  as,  ^^o  8, 
Ab.  10. 

MO,  a</f.  [Sax.  no  or  ne ;  \V.  na ;  Rus?.  ne ;  Sans,  lut ; 
Pets.  Zend,  id.l 

1.  A  word  of  denial  or  refusal,  expressing  a  nega- 
tive, and  equivalent  to  nay  and  not.  When  it  ex- 
presiies  a  negative  answer,  it  is  opposed  to  Y£»  or 
Y«A.    Will  you  go .'  J\-o. 


It  is  frequently  used  in  denying  propositions,  and 
opposed  to  affirmation  or  concession.  "  That  I  may 
prove  them,  whether  they  will  walk  in  my  law  or 
no."  Hiod.  xvi.  A'u,  in  this  use,  is  deemed  less  el- 
gant  than  not,  but  the  use  is  very  general. 

2.  After  another  negative,  it  repeats  the  negation 
with  great  emphasis. 

There  is  none  righteous,  no,  not  one.  —  Rom.  Ul.    1  Cor.  t. 

Sometimes  it  follows  an  affirmative  proposition  in 
like  manner,  but  still  it  denies  witli  emphasis,  and 
gives  force  lu  the  following  negative. 

To  whom  we  ^vc  pUcc  \>J  cubJecUon,  no,  not  for  an  liour.-.- 
(ial.  ii. 

Sometimes  it  begins  a  sentence  with  n  like  cmphat- 
ical  signification,  strengthening  the  following  nega- 
tive. 

NOt  ntit  the  bc>w  which  so  ndonii  llie  «Viei, 

So  glorioui  is,  or  huaau  to  many  ily< «.  Waller. 

3.  Not  in  any  degree  ;  as,  no  longer  ;  no  shorter  ; 
no  more  ;  no  less. 

4.  When  no  is  repeated,  it  expresses  neg;ition  or 
refusal  with  emphasis  ;  as,  no,  no. 

NO,  a.    Not  any ;  none. 

Let  Ihcrc  lie  no  slrifc  between  Oiee  inti  me.  —  Gen.  xiil. 
Q.  Not  any  ;  not  one. 

Thou  shalt  worship  no  otlier  Go^l.  —  Ex.  xxiir. 
3.  ^^'hen  it  precedes  tohere,  as  in  no  where,  it  may 
be  considered  as  adverbial,  though  originally  an  ad- 
jective. 

N()-.\'eHI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Noah,  the  patriarch, 

or  to  his  time.  Phillips,  Geol. 

NOB,  n.    The  head.    [In  ridieule.    .4  low  word.] 
NO-BIL'I.\-RY,  )i.    [See  Noble.]    .•V  history  of  no- 

bl»*  families.  Kncyc. 
NO-BtL'I-T.\TE,  F.  (.    [L.  nobilito.    Set  .N'oble.J 

To  make  noble  ;  to  ennoble. 
NO-BIL-I-TA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  nol.lc. 

More. 

NO-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [L.  nobilitas.] 

1.  Dignity  of  mind  ;  greatness  ;  grandeur  ;  that 
elevation  of  soul  which  comprehends  braverj',  gen- 
erosity, magnanimity,  intrepidity,  and  contempt  of 
every  thing  that  dishonors  character. 

Thoiijrh  she  h:ited  Amphialus,  yet  the  nobility  of  her  courage 

|tr?T^le(l  oTer  it.  Sldrt£y. 
They  thought  it  »re;»l  their  soven-i^  to  control, 
And  ntuneu  their  pride,  nobility  of  soul.  Dryrten. 

2.  .\ntiquity  of  family  ;  descent  from  noble  ances- 
tors ;  distinction  by  blood,  usually  joined  with  riches. 

When  I  took  up  Boccnce  unawares,  I  fell  on  the  same  argument 
of  pn'Ierrinff  virtue  to  nobility  of  blooU  and  tilles,  in  the  story 
ol  aigisiiiuuda.  Drycieii. 

3.  The  qualities  which  constitute  distinction  of 
rank  in  civil  society,  according  to  the  customs  or  laws 
of  the  country;  that  eminence  or  dignity  which  a 
man  derives  from  birth  or  title  conferred,  and  which 
places  him  in  an  order  above  common  men.  In  Orcat 
Britain,  nobility  is  extended  to  five  ninks,  those  of 
duke,  marquis,  earl,  vi.scount,  and  baron. 

4.  The  persons  collectively  who  enjoy  rank  above 
commtmers  ;  the  peerage  ;  as,  the  English  nobility  ; 
French,  German,  Russian  nobility. 

NO'BLE,  a.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  noble;  Port,  no&re ;  IL  no- 
bilc ;  L.  nobuL-i,  from  nosco,  nori,  to  know.] 

1.  Great ;  elevated  ;  dignified  ;  being  above  every 
thing  th.at  can  dishonor  reputation  ;  as, a  noA/emind  ; 
a  noble  courage ;  noble  deeds  of  valor.  Jtlilion. 

2.  Exalted  ;  elevated  ;  sublime. 

St.-\tii..t.  with  win.ling  ivv  crvwned,  belong 

To  noWsr  poets  fcr  a  nob'.er  son  j.  Dryden. 

3.  Magnificent ;  stately  ;  splendid  ;  as,  aiioWc  par- 
ade ;  a  noble  edifice. 

4.  Of  an  ancient  and  splendid  family ;  as,  noble  by 
descent. 

5.  Distinguished  from  commoners  by  rank  and 
title  ;  as,  a  noble  [lersonage. 

6.  Free  ;  generous  ;  liberal  ;  as,  a  no4Z«  heart. 

7.  Principal ;  capital ;  as,  the  noble  parts  of  the 
body.  Johnson. 

8.  Ingenuous  ;  candid  ;  of  an  excellent  disposi- 
tion ;  ready  to  receive  truth.   Als  ivii. 

9.  Of  the  best  kind  ;  dioice  ;  excellent ;  as,  a  no- 
ble  vine.   Jer.  ii. 

Jk'oble  metals;  a  name  given  to  gold,  silver,  nnd 

Slatinum.  Ure. 
'BLE,  n.    A  person  of  rank  above  a  commoner  ;  a 
nobleman;  a  peer;  as,  a  duke,  marquis,  earl,  vis- 
count, or  baron. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  person  of  honomble  family,  or 
distinguished  by  station.    Kxod.  xxiv.    AVA.  vi. 

3.  Formerly,  a  gold  Coin,  but  now  a  money  of  ac- 
roiint,  value  lit.  M.  .sterling,  or  S1.4S  cts.  Camden. 

.NO'UI,E-SI.'\.\,  n.  .\  nolale  ;  a  peer;  one  who  enjoys 
rank  above  a  coininoner,  either  by  virtue  of  birth,  by 
office,  or  patent.  Dryden. 

NO'BLE-NESS,  n.  Greatness  ;  dignity  ;  ingenuous- 
ness ;  magnanimity  ;  elevation  of  mind  or  of  condi- 
tion, particularly  of  the  mind. 

His  purpo«-s  are  full  of  honesty,  nobleneMt,  and  inlegrilT. 

— '  if  mind  and  nobUntMM  tljeir  seat 


Build  in  her  lov.-|ie 
The  nobUntaM  of  Lie  is  to  do  tiiis. 


Milton. 
Sbai. 


{  2.  Distinction  by  birth  ;  honor  derived  from  a  n» 
I  NO'IILF.R,  a.    .More  noble.  | hie  ancestry. 

NO  I'I  kSSE'  j  from  Sp.  nobleia.] 

1.  The  nobility  ;  persons  of  noble  rank  cidlective- 
ly  ;  Including  males  and  females.  Dryden, 

2.  Dignity  ;  greatness  :  noble  birth  or  condition, 
r/rt  these  seiues,  not  now  used.]    Spenser.    B.  Joiisun. 

NO'BLEST,  a.    Most  noble, 
NO'ULE-W0.M-A.\,  n.    A  female  of  noble  rank. 

Cavendish. 

NO'BLY,  adv.  Of  noble  extraction  ;  diiscended  from 
a  family  of  rank  ;  as,  nobly  born  or  descended. 

I>ryden. 

2.  With  greatne.ss  of  soul ;  heroically  ;  with  mag- 
nanimity ;  as,  a  deed  noifydone.  He  noMy  preferred 
death  to  disgrace. 

3.  Splendidly  ;  magnificently.  He  was  noMy  en- 
tertained. 

Where  could  an  einpeiur's  ustiM  have  been  so  nobly  lod^d  ss 
in  the  niiilbt  of  bis  nietnpolis,  and  oit  tlie  lop  of  so  exalted  a 
nioiiuii-eut  i  Addison. 

NO'BOD-Y,  n.    [no  and  body.]    No  person  ;  no  one. 

Swift. 

NO'CENT,  a.  [L.  nocens,  from  noeeu,  to  hurl,  from 
striking.    See  A.xitov.] 

Hurtful  ;  mischievous  ;  injurious  ;  doing  hurt ;  as 
■nocent  qualities.  IVatts. 
NO'CENT-LY,  ajv.    Hiirtfiilly  ;  injuriously. 
NO'CIVE,  a.    [L.  nocivus.] 

Hurtful ;  injurious.  Hooker. 
NOCK,  n.    A  notch.    [Obs.]    [Sec  Notch.] 
NOCK,  V.  t.    To  place  in  the  notch.    [  Obs.] 

Chapman. 

NOe-TAM-BU-LS'TION,  ».    [L.  nox,  night,  and  am- 
buln,  to  walk.) 
A  rising  from  bed  and  walking  in  sleep.  Beddoes. 
N'Oe-TA.M'BU-LIsr,  «.     One  who  rises  from  bed 
and  walks  in  his  sleep.    Arbulhnot  uses  noctamkulo 
in  the  same  sense  ;  but  it  is  a  less  analogical  word. 
NOe-TID'I-AL,  n.    fL.  noz,  night,  and  rfif.*,  day.] 
Comprising  a  night  and  a  day.    [Little  used.] 

Holder. 

NOC-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  noz,  night,  and  /era,  to 
bring.]    Bringing  night.    [JVot  used.]  Did-. 

NOC-TlL'lJ-e.^,  «.  [L.  Tioi,  night,  and  lueea,  to 
shine.] 

A  species  of  phosphorus  which  shines  in  d.irknesa 
without  the  previous  aid  of  solar  rays.  F.ncye. 
NOe-TIL'lJ-eOUS,  a.  Shining  in  the  night.  Pennant. 
NO€-TIV'A-GANT,  )  a.    [L.  nuz,  night,  and  vagor, 
NOe-TIV'A-GOUS,  \     to  wander.] 

Wandering  in  the  night,  as  animals  for  prev. 
NOe-TIV-.VG.i'TION,  n.    A  roving  in  the  night. 

QaytoTi. 

NOe'TU-A-RY,  n.    [from  L.  nor,  night.] 

An  account  of  what  passes  in  the  night,  jlddison. 

NOC'TL'I.E,  n.    [from  L.  nox,  night.] 

A  hirge  species  of  bat.  Jardine's  Aof.  Lib. 

NOe'TURN,  n.    [L.  iioctumu.?,  by  night.] 

An  office  of  devotion,  or  religious  service  by  night. 

Stillingfleet. 

NOG-TURN'AL,  a.    [h.  noetumiis,  from  noz,  night.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  nipht ;  as,  noctunml  darkness. 

2.  Done  or  happening  at  night ;  as,  a  nocturnal  ex- 
pedition or  assault ;  a  nocturnal  visit. 

3.  Nightly ;  done  or  being  every  night. 

from  ^ildM  roofs  d'-pendin*  tamps  display 

\ociurnal  beams,  dial  eniulttle  the  d.iy.  Orydtn. 

NOe-TURN'AL,  n.  An  instrument  for  taking  the  al- 
titude of  the  stars,  &.C.,  formerly  used  at  sea.  [Obs.] 

Barlow. 

NOe-TUKN'.VL-LY,  adv.    By  night ;  nightly. 

NOG'U-^IENT,  n.  [L.  nocumentum,  from  noceo,  to 
hurt.'] 

Harm.    [A'ot  used.] 

NOe'tJ-OUS,  a.    [Ij.  noc«i«.]    Hurtful.  BaUty. 

NOe'lJ-OUS-LY,  atlc.    Hurtlully  ;  injuriously. 

NOD,  r.  i.  [L.  nufo;  Gr.  ft tu,  contracted  ;  W.  am- 
naid,  a  nod  ;  amncidiaw,  to  nod,  to  t>eckon,  from 
naid,  a  leap,  a  spring ;  neidiaw,  to  leap,  to  throb,  or 

beat,  as  the  pulse  ;  .Ar.  .2  Lj  nada,  to  nod,  to  shake ; 
Ileb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  lp,  to  move,  to  shake,  to  wander. 
It  coincides  in  elements  with  L.  nato,  to  swim. 
Cla*s  .\d.  No.  3,  9,  10.] 

1.  To  incline  the  bead  with  a  quick  motion,  either 
forward  or  sidewi.se,  as  persons  nod  in  sleep. 

2.  To  bend  or  incline  with  a  quick  motion  ;  as, 
nodding  plumes. 

The  nodding  Teidun  of  Its  brow.  Tlumson. 

3.  To  be  drowsy. 

Your  predecessors,  contraij  to  other  authon,  nerer  pleased  their 
readers  more  tb.m  when  they  were  nodding.  Addison. 

4.  To  make  a  slight  bow  ;  also,  to  beckon  with  a 
nod. 

NOD,  r.  f.    To  incline  or  bend  ;  to  shake.  Shak. 

2.  To  signify  by  a  nod  ;  as,  to  nod  approbation. 
NOD,  n.    A  quick  declination  of  the  head. 

A  look  or  a  nod  only  ou  jhl  to  correct  Ihcra  when  they  doami*. 


TO.VE,  BULL,  qNlTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — e  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  :  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


NOI 

2.  A  quick  declination  or  inclination. 

Like  a  dninken  sciiltT  on  a  masl, 

Ready  wilh  every  nod  to  lumljle  down.  ShaJc. 

3.  A  quiclc  inclination  of  the  head  in  drowsiness 
or  sleep.  Locke. 

4.  A  slight  obeisance.  Sliak. 

5.  A  command  ;  a.s  in  L.  numcn^  for  nulamen. 
NO'DA-TEL),  a.    [L.  nuJalus.] 

Knotted.  A  noduted  lij  perbola,  in  geometTy,  is  a 
curve  having  two  branchos  wliich  intersect  each 
other.  ji.  D.  Stanley. 

N0-1)A'T10N,  71.    [L.  nodatio,  from  nudo,  to  tie.] 

The  act  of  making  a  knot,  or  state  of  being  knot- 
ted.   [Little  iwfii.] 
NOD'DEO,  pp.    lltnt ;  inclined  ;  signified  by  a  nod. 
NU1)'DE.\,  a.    Bent ;  inclined.    [JVu£  in  use] 

TUotnson. 

NOD'DER,  n.    One  who  nods  ;  a  drowsy  person. 

Pope. 

NOD'DING,  ppr.  or  a.    Inclining  the  head  with  a 
short,  quick  motion  ;  signifying  by  a  nod. 

2.  In  botany,  a  substitute  for  the  term  )iii(on(  ; 
having  the  top  bent  downward. 
NOD'DLE,  n.  [Qu.  L.  iiodulus,  a  himpj  or  from  nod.] 
The  head,  in  contempt. 

Come,  master,  1  h-tve  a  project  in  my  noddle.       L' Estrange. 

NOD'DY,  n.    [ftu.  Gr.  vo>dni.] 

1.  A  simpleton  ;  a  fool. 

2.  A  sea  fowl  of  the  genus  Sterna,  verj'  simple 
and  easily  taken.  It  is  found  principally  along  tlie 
American  ctKists  in  warm  latitudes.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  A  game  at  cards.  B.  Jonson. 
Node,  «.    [L.  nodus.  Eng.  knot;  allied  probably  to 

knit.  Sax.  cnyttun.] 

1.  Properly,  a  knot ;  a  knob  ;  hence, 

2.  In  .turnery,  a  swelling  of  the  periosteum,  ten- 
dons, or  bones. 

3.  In  a.ttronnmy,  Ihe  point  where  the  orbit  of  a 
planet  intersects  the  ecliptic.  Tliese  points  are  two, 
and  tliat  where  a  planet  crosses  the  plane  of  the  eclip- 
tic from  south  to  north  is  called  the  asrendinir  node, 
or  draf^on^s  head ;  that  where  a  planet  crosses  it  from 
north  to  south,  is  called  the  descending  node,  or  drag- 
on^s  tail.  Barlow. 

4.  In  poetry,  the  knot,  intrigue,  or  plot  of  a  piece, 
or  the  principal  difficulty. 

5.  In  dialin/r,  a  point  or  hole  in  the  gnomon  of  a 
dial,  by  the  shadow  or  light  of  which,  either  the 
hour  of  the  day  in  dials  without  furniture,  or  the 
parallels  of  the  sun's  declination  and  his  place  in  the 
ecliptic,  &c.,  in  dials  with  furniture,  are  shown. 

6.  In  botany,  the  point  of  a  stem  from  which  leaves 
arise.  Lindley. 

J^Todes  or  JVodal  points  :  in  music,  the  fixed  points 
of  a  sonorous  chord,  at  which  it  divides  itself,  when 
it  vibrates  by  aliquot  parts,  and  produces  the  har- 
monic sounds  ;  as  the  strings  of  the  Eolian  harp. 
NO-DoSE',  a.    [L.  nudosns,  from  nodus,  knot.] 

Knotted  ;  having  knots  or  swelling  joints.  Martyn. 
NO-OOS'I  TY,  n.    Knottiness.  Brown. 
NOU'IT.LAR,  <i.    Pertaining  to,  or  in  the  form  of,  a 
NOD'ULE,  71.    [h.nodulus.]  [nodule  or  knot. 

A  rounded  mineral  mass  of  irregular  shape. 
NOD'IJI^ED,  a.  Having  little  knots  or  lumps.  Danoin. 
NO-ET'ie,  a.    [Gr.  i  /.£ri<  <,  from  fins,  the  mind.] 

Intellectual  ;  performed  by  the  understanding. 
NOG,  71.    [nbbrev.  of  noggin.]    A  little  pot  :  also,  ale. 

Hkinner.  Swift. 
NOG'GEN,  a.    Hard  ;  rough  ;  harsh.    [A-'ot  used.] 

Kinir  Charles. 
NOG'GIN,  71.    .\  small  mug  or  wooden  cup. 
NOG'GING,  71.    A  partition  of  scantlings  filled  with 

bricks.  Mason. 
NOI'ANCE,  71.   [See  AvNoy.l    Annoyance  j  trouble  ; 

mischief ;  inconvenience.    (JVot  used.]  Skak. 
NOIE,  for  AsNov 

'  are  not  in  use.  Tusser. 


NOIE,  for  AsNov,  \ 
NOI'ER,  for  Anvover,  [  : 
NOroUS,  troublesome,  ) 


NOISE,  (noiz,)  n.  [Fr.  noi.te,  strife,  squabble,  dispute  ; 
Arm.  jioe.i.  Class  Ns,  Ar.  II,  Syr.  24,  and  L.  jioza, 
noria.    Class  Ng,  No.  23.] 

1.  Sound  of  any  kind,  or  proceeding  from  any 
cause,  as  the  sound  made  by  Ihe  organs  of  speech, 
by  Ihe  wings  of  an  insect,  the  rushing  of  the  wind, 
or  the  roaring  of  the  sea,  of  cannon,  or  thunder,  a 
low  sound,  a  high  sound,  &.c. ;  a  word  of  general  sig- 
nijicatwn. 

2.  Outcry  ;  clamor ;  loud,  importunate,  or  contin- 
ued Uilk  expressive  of  boasting,  complaint,  or  quar- 
reling.   In  quarreling,  it  (expresses  less  than  uproar. 

Wbat  runte  hiiv  wi-  atjuut  Imntnlanttttion  of  liijcaJM'f  anil  tnin». 
fuiiun  of  blur.<l  I  Baker. 

3.  Frtupient  talk  ;  much  public  conversation. 

ttocrat'-a  \Wft\  In  Atl»<-ntt iluriiiff  Uie  yrvat  plague  which  ha*  niailc 
•o  much  twUe  in  all  ajfen,  and  ii(;V4T  caught  the  I'-ant  irif.-c 
tioii.  .*>)KCtalor. 

4.  Music,  in  general  ;  a  ctuircrt.    [Oba.]  Shak. 
NOISE,  (noi7.,)  V.  i.    To  sound  loud. 

Harm  Uio»^  tirrrora  dUl  nic  none,  ttiuii^h  noising  loud.  Milton. 

NOISE,  (noiz, J  tJ.  I.    To  spread  by  rumor  or  report. 

All  tl^ar  i.tyuif^  were  m/ieed  nliruAd.  —  I.uke  i. 

3.  I'o  disturb  with  noise.  [JVot  autlwriirjl,]  Drydtn. 


NOM 

NOIS'ED,  pp.   Spread  by  report  ;  much  talked  of. 

NOISE'FJJL,  (noiz'ful,)  a.  Loud;  clamorous;  mak- 
ing much  noise  or  talk.  Lh-yden. 

NOISE'LESS,  (noiz'less,)  a.  Making  no  noise  or 
bu£tle  ;  silent ;  as,  the  noiseless  foot  of  time.  Shak. 

So  noiseleBs  would  1  live.  Dryden. 

NOISE'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  noise  ;  silently. 

NOISE'LESS-NESS,  n.    A_ state  of  silence. 

NOISE'-MaK-ER,  (noiz'mak-er,)  71.  Onewhomakes 
a  clamor.  L'Estrange. 

NOIS'I-EY,  (noiz'e-le,)  aiiu.  With  noise  ;  with  mak- 
ing a  nt>ise. 

NOIS'I-NESS,  (noiz'e-ness,)  ti.  The  state  of  being 
noisy  ;  loudness  of  sound  ;  clamorousness. 

NOIS'ING,  (noiz'ing,)  ppr.    Spreading  by  report. 

NOI'SO.ME,  (rioi'sum,)  a.  [Norm,  noisife;  It.  nocivo, 
noioso.  This  word  is  formed  with  the  Teutonic 
sojne,  united  with  the  It.  noiare,  Fr.  nuire,  nuisant, 
frtun  the  L.  noza,  noceo,  to  hurt.    Class  Ng.] 

1.  Noxious  to  health  ;  hurtful;  mischievous;  un- 
wholesome; insalubrious;  destructive;  as,  noisome 
winds;  7iouio//te  ellluvia,  or  miasmata ;  noisome  ptjsti- 
lence.  Milton.  Dryden. 

2.  Noxious  ;  injurious. 

3.  Offensive  to  the  smell  or  other  senses  ;  disgust- 
ing ;  fetid. 

Foul  breath  is  noisome.  Shale. 
NOI'SOME-LY,  (noi'sum-le,)  adv.     With  a  fetid 

stench  ;  with  an  infectious  steam. 
NOI'SOME-NESS,  (noi'sum-ness,)  71.  Offensivcness 

to  the  smell  ;  quality  that  disgusts.  Sotitli. 
NOIS'Y,  (noiz'y,)  a.    [from  «i/ise.]    Making  a  loud 

sound. 

2.  Clamorous  ;  turbulent;  as,  the  noisy  crowd. 

3.  Full  of  noise. 

O  leave  the  noisy  town.  Dryden. 

JVO'LE-VS  yO'LE-VS,    [L.]    Unwilling  or  willing  ; 

whi  ther  he  will  or  not. 
J\rO' Li-ME-T.IM'' (i E-RR,  n.  [L.,  touch  me  not.] 
J.  A  plant  of  the  genus  fmpatiens,  called  also 
Balsa.mine,  so  named  because,  on  being  touched 
when  ripe,  it  discharges  its  seeds  from  the  capsule 
with  ctutsiderable  force  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Momoidica,  or  Ecbalium,  one  species  of  wliich  is 
called  the  w'dd  or  spurting  cucumber. 

LoiLdon.  Eiicyc. 
2.  Among  phjsicians,  an  ulcer  or  cancer,  a  species 
of  herpes.  Cuxc. 
NO-LI"TION,  (no-lish'un,)  7i.    [L.  nolo,  that  is,  7i<; 
volo,  I  will  not.] 

Unwillingness ;    opposed    to  Volition.  [Little 
used.]  Hale. 
NOI.L,  71.    [Sax.  hnol,  cnoll,  knoll.] 

The  he.ad  ;  the  noddle.    [JVot  used.] 
JVOL'LE  PROS' t>QUI,    [L.]    In  /uw,  these  words 
denote  th.at  a  plaintiff  or  attorney  for  the  public  with- 
draws a  suit. 

No'MAD,7i.  [Gr.  i/o/mf,  I'll/la!!"?,  living  on  pasturage, 
from  mixoi,  to  distribute  or  divide,  to  feed.  This 
verb  is  connected  with  fe/io^,  h.  nemus,  a  wood,  a 
place  overgrown  with  trees,  and  alstt  a  pasture,  the 
primary  sense  of  wliich  is,  probably,  to  spring  or 
shoot,  for  the  verb  rtjio)  signifies,  among  other 
things,  to  lt«p,  to  dance,  and  may  be  allied  to  Eng. 
nimble.  Cattle  originally  subsisted  by  browsing,  as 
they  still  do  in  new  settlements.] 

One  who  leads  a  wandering  life,  and  subsists  by 
tending  herds  of  cattle  which  graze  on  herbage  of 
spontaneous  growth.  Such  is  the  practice  at  this  day 
in  the  central  and  northern  parts  of  Asia,  and  the  Nu- 
midians  in  Africa  are  supposed  to  have  been  so  called 
from  this  practice.  Tooke.  Encyc. 

NO-iMAD'ie,  a.    [Gr.  i/-;(t-i<5ivoj.] 

Pastoral;  subsisting  by  the  tending  of  c.tttle,  and 
wanilering  for  the  sake  of  pasturage  ;  as,  the  nomad- 
ic tribes  of  Asia. 

Nfi'.'M  AO-ISM,  71.    The  state  of  being  a  nomad. 

NO'M  AU-I/E,  i>.  1.  To  wander  with  (locks  and  herds 
for  the  sake  of  finding  pasturage  ;  to  subsist  by  the 
grazing  of  herds  on  herbago  of  natural  growth. 

The  Vculeu  nojnadize  diiefly  about  the  Rivers  Irtish,  Oby,  Ka- 
ma, and  Vol^a.  Tooke. 
N6'MAI)-I'/-ING,  ppr.    Leading  a  pastoral  life,  and 

wandering  or  removing  from  place  to  place  for  the 

sake  of  finding  pintiirt!. 
No'MAN-CY,  71.    [Gr.  oiofiu,  L.  nomen,  name,  and 

pavTiiii,  divinatiiui.] 

Tlie  art  or  practice  of  divining  the  destiny  of  per- 
sons by  the  letters  which  form  their  names.  Diet. 
NOM'HLES,  (num'blz,)  71. [Fr.]    The  entrails  of 

a  deer.  .John.ton. 
NOM'BKIL,  71.  [Fr.,  the  navel.]    The  center  of  an  es- 

cutclieiui.  Ciic. 
JVOM'  DF.  GUERRE',  (iiom'de  gir',)  [Fr.]  Literal- 

III,  a  name  during  the  war;  a  fii  lilious  name,  or  one 
N6.ME,  11.    [<;r.  i  u/10,.]  [assumed  for  a  time. 

1.  A  pri>viiice  or  tr.'ict  of  country  ;  an  Egyptian 
govifrnmeut  or  division.  Maurice. 

2.  Ill  the  niicirnt  Greek  music,  any  melody  deter- 
mined by  invii>hibli'  rules.  Cyc. 

3.  II,.  immdi.]    In  rWirrira,  a  term,  which  see. 

4.  [(Jr.  1  i)i..>,  Id  eat.  I  In  .vuri'cry,  a  phagedenic  ul- 
cer, or  species  of  herpes.  Cyc. 


NON 

No'MEN-eLA-TOR,  71.  [L. ;  Fr.  namenclateur ;  L 
nomen,  name,  and  calo,  Gr.  KaXtf,  to  call.] 

1.  A  person  who  calls  things  or  persons  by  their 
names.  In  Rome,  candidates  for  office  were  attend- 
ed each  by  a  vomenclator,  who  informed  the  candi- 
date of  the  names  of  the  persons  they  met,  and  whose 
votes  they  wished  to  solicit.  Brande. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  a  person  who  gives  names  to 
tilings,  or  who  settles  and  ailjusts  the  names  of 
things  in  any  art  or  science. 

No'MEN-€La-TRESS,  71.    A  female  nomenclator. 

.^diliion. 

NO-MEN-CLa'TIJR-AL,  a.    Pertaining  or  according 

to  a  noinenclatiire.  Barton. 
No'MEN-CLA-TliUE,  71.    [L.  7!07ncnc;a(ura.    See  No- 

MENi  LATOR.] 

1.  A  list  or  catalogue  of  the  more  tisual  and  impor- 
tant words  in  a  lauguace,  with  their  significations  ; 
a  vocabulary  or  dictiimary. 

2.  The  names  of  tilings  in  any  art  t)r  scii-nre,  or 
the  whole  vocabulary  of  names  or  technical  terms 
which  are  appropriated  to  any  particular  branch  of 
science  ;  as,  the  nomenclature  of  botany  or  of  chem- 
istry ;  the  new  nomenclature  of  Lavoisier  and  bis  tis- 

No'MI  AL,  71.    [from  L.  nomen,  a  name.]  [sociates. 

In  algebra,  a  term,  which  see. 
NO.M'IN-.AL,  a,     [L,  nominalis,  from  nomen.  See 
Name.] 

1.  Titular;  existing  in  name  only;  as,  a  nominal 
distinction  or  difference  is  a  difference  in  name,  and 
not  in  reality. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  name  or  names;  consisting  in 
names. 

NO.M'L\-AL-IST,  j  v.  The  Nominalists  were  a  sect 
NO.M'IN-AL,  i  of  philosophers  in  the  middle 
agi.'S,  who  adopted  the  opinion  of  Rosctdin,  that  gen- 
erals, or  the  terms  useti  to  denote  the  genera  and 
species  of  things,  are  not  properly  designations  of 
things  that  exist,  but  mere  names  for  the  resemblances 
and  evidences  of  things.  They  were  the  founders  of 
the  universitv  of  Leipsic.  Murdock. 
NOiM'lN-AL  I's.M,  71.  The  principles  of  tile  Nomin- 
alists. 

NO.M'IN-AL-iZE,  v.  t.    To  convert  into  a  noun.  [M 

in  use,  and  ill  formed.] 
NO.M'IN-AL-LY,  adv.    By  name,  or  in  name  only. 
NO.M'IN-aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  nomino,  from  nomen,  name. 

See  Name.] 

1.  To  name  ;  to  mention  by  name.  Wntton. 

2.  To  call  ;  to  entitle  ;  to  tienominate.  Spenser. 

3.  To  name  or  designate  by  name  fiir  an  otHce  or 
place;  to  appoint;  as,  to  7io7Hi7iatt' an  heir  or  an  ex- 
ecutor, Locke. 

4.  Usually,  to  name  for  an  election,  choice,  or  ap- 
pointment ;  to  propose  by  name,  or  offer  the  name  of 
a  person  as  a  candidate  for  an  oflice  or  place.  This 
is  the  principal  use  of  the  word  in  the  United  States  ; 
as  in  a  public  assembly,  where  men  are  to  be  selected 
and  chosen  to  office,  any  member  i>f  the  assembly  or 
meeting  nominates,  that  is,  propo.ses  to  the  chairman 
the  name  of  a  person  whom  he  desires  to  have 
elected. 

NO.M'IN-A-TED,  pp.    Named  ;  mentiimed  by  name; 

designated  or  proposed  for  an  office,  or  for  election. 
NO.M'IN-ATE-LY,  ado.    By  name  ;  particularly. 

Spelman. 

NO.M'IN-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Naming;  proposing  lor 
an  office,  or  for  clioice  by  name. 

NOM-IN-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  naming  or  nomin- 
ating ;  the  .act  of  proposing  by  name  for  an  office. 

2.  The  power  of  nominating  or  appointing  to  of- 
fice. 

The  noininaUon  of  ]jersoiis  to  places  being  a  prerogative  of  the 
kin.r.  Clarendon. 

3.  The  state  of  being  nominated.  A  B  is  in  nom- 
ination for  governor. 

NOM'IN-A-TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  name  which 
pri  cedes  a  verb,  or  to  the  first  case  of  nouns  ;  as, 
the  nominative  case,  or  nominative  word. 

NO.VI'IN-.\-Tl  VE,  71.  In  grummar,  the  fir.st  case  of 
names  or  nouns,  andbf  adjectives  which  are  declina- 
ble. 

NO.M'IN-A-TIVE-LY,  ailv.    In  the  manner  of  the 

ntuni  native. 
NO.M'IN-A-TOR,  71.    One  that  nominates. 
NOM-IN-EE',  71.    In  law,  the  person  who  is  named  to 
receive  a  copy-bold  estate  on  surn  iider  of  it  to  the 
lord  ;  sometimes  called  the  surrenderee.  Blackstunc. 
2,  A  person  named  or  ilesigiiated  by  anoUit;r. 

Paliy. 

.3.  A  person  tm  whose  life  depi  iuls  an  annuity. 
NO.M'IN-OR,  71.    He  who  points  out  or  nominaies  to 
an  offict!,  &c. 

NO-MOG'UA-l'IlY,  71.  [Gr.  I'^i/ioi,  law,  and  jp"'/>"'> 
to  write.] 

A  treat  ian  <m  laws. 
NOM'O-TIIETI',,  II.    A  lawgiver.  Smiirf. 

SJ[:jl:^;TIll^'i;;il:AL,i«-  L<^--.»5"-] 

Legislative  ;  enacting  laws.  Bu.  Barlmei. 

NOy,adv.  [L.]  Nol.  This  word  is  useil  in  the  Eng- 
li-h  l.inguiige  lis  a  prefix  only,  for  giving  a  iiecntive 
sense  to  words,  as  in  mm-rcsidence,  nim-perforinaiico, 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WH^T.— MBTB,  PHfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  HIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


7R4 


N  ON 


NON 


NON 


noit -existence,  Tion-payinent,  Tioii-conciirrence,  no/i- 
adinissidii,  /loii-appearance,  iiuii-alUiiilancc,  non- 
coiifi'nuity,  7ion-cuiiipliance,  ncfi-coniinuniDii,  and 
111.'  liki'. 

NliN-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  A  want  of  aliilily  ;  in /nir,  r.n 
pxcpption  taken  aeninst  n  plaintilT  in  a  cause,  when 
he  in  iinahle  lecatlv  tu  coinnienco  a  suit. 

NO.\-Ae-('Kl)'l\«;,  a.    Not  nccedlni:. 

NO.N-AC'lI>,  a.    Not  having  the  qualities  of  nn  acid. 

NU.N-.\e-CiU.\INT'ANCE,  n.  Want  of  acquauit- 
ance.  Burnnr, 

NON'AfiE,  n.  [mm,  not,  and  nyc]  Minority  ;  the 
time  of  life  hetore  a  p<!rson,  accordiuc  to  tlie  laws  of 
his  country,  becomes  of  age  to  manage  his  own  con- 
cerns. Lejial  maturity  of  ajje  is  dilfcrent  in  dilferent 
countries.  In  this  country,  as  in  Great  liritain,  a 
man's  nonage  continues  till  he  has  completed  twen- 
ty-one years.  jYnnaae  is  sometimes  the  period  under 
fourteen  years  of  age,  as  in  case  uf  marriaj;e. 

Bailey.  Encyc. 

\0\-A-GE\-A'Rr-AN,  n.  One  ninety  years  old.' 

Nt>.\-A-GES'I-M.^L,  a.  and  n.  [L.  nonagcsimiui,  nine- 
tieth.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  highest  point  of  the  ecliptic 
above  the  hori/on. 
Nf)N'A  GOS,  n.    [L.  nanus,  nine,  and  Gr.  ywi  la,  an 
an;;le.] 

A  plane  figure  having  nine  sides  and  nine  angles. 

Brande. 

N()\-AP-PK.AR' ANCE,  n.    Default  of  appearance,  as 

in  court,  to  prosecute  or  defend. 
NON-Al'-FOINT'MENT,  n.  Neglect  of  apixiintment. 

Franklin, 

J^OJV-^S-SUMP'SIT,  [I..]  The  plea  of  the  defeiid- 
nnt,  in  an  action  of  assumpsit,  that  "  he  did  not  un- 
dertake and  promise,"  &c.  Buurier, 

NO.V-AT-TE.M)'ANt"E,  n.  A  failure  to  attend; 
omission  of  attendance. 

NO.V-AT-TE.N' TIO.V,  n.    Inattention.  Swift. 

NON-UlrTO'MlN-OUf ,  a.    Containing  no  hilninen. 

Junrn.  of  Science. 

NO.N'CE,  n.  [Corniption  of  once.]  For  Via  nonce,  for 
the  once  i  for  the  present  call  or  occasion.  [Ubsokte 
or  colhiifuiaL  ] 

NON'CHA-LXNCE',  (non'.sha-likns',)  71.  [I'r.]  In- 
dilference  ;  carelessness;  coolness. 

N(1.\'CHA-LANT',  (non'sha-lang',)  a.  [Fr.]  Indif- 
ferent ;  cari-less ;  cool. 

NO.N"-ei..Al.M,  n.  A  failure  to  make  claim  within  the 
time  liiniteil  by  law  ;  omission  of  claim.  Bailey. 

NON-eO-Hic'S'lON,  n.    Want  of  cohesion.  LiniUy. 

NO.N-CO-IN'CI-DE.NT,  a.    Not  coincident. 

NO.V-eO.M-MlS'SIO.X-fil),  a.  Not  having  a  commis- 
sion. J^on-commissioned  officers,  in  the  army,  are 
those  below  the  rank  of  ensign  or  cornet,  and  in 
ttie  narii,  those  h;'low  the  rank  of  lieutenant. 

NO.\-eOM-MIT'TAL,  11.  A  state  of  not  being  com- 
mitted or  pledged  ;  forbearance  of  omimlttinc  (me's 
self.  .American  politics. 

NO\-€OM-MC!\'IO\,  (-inun'yun,)  11.  Neglect  or 
failure  iif  rommiinioii.  B.  Trumbull. 

NO.N'-eo.M-Pl.T'AXt.E,  n.  Neglect  or  failure  of  com- 
pliance. 

NO.\-C<).M-PI.?'ING,  a.    Neglecting  or  refusing  to 

coinplv.  Hamilton. 
JfOJ^  CO.WPOS  MFJV'TIS,\[h.]     Not  of  s<iiind 
J\'OJ\r  CO.M' POS,  \     mind;   not  having 

the  regular  ii-^c  of  reason  ;  as  a  noun,  an  idiot ;  a  lu- 
natic .  one  devoid  of  reastin,  either  by  nature  or  by 
.\().\-e<).V.    See  .S'oN-Co.NiEMT.  [accidenU 
N().\'-CO.N-ei.Cl)'l.\G,  a.    Not  ending  or  closing. 

Barlrr. 

.N'<)\-CON-€l'R',  r.  i.   To  dissent  or  refuse  to  concur. 

.\()N-er).\'-erK'l!E\CE,  n.    A  refusal  to  concur. 

N(>.N-eo.\-l)i:e  P'l.NG,  a.  Not  conducting;  not 
tninsmilting  another  fiiiid.  Thus,  in  electricity, 
wax  is  a  non^funductina  substance. 

NON'-ro.N'-nrC'TID.V,  n.    A  non-condiictinc.  Ure. 

.N()\-t'0.\-l)i;e  r'OR,  «.  a  substance  wlitrh  does 
not  conduct,  (hat  is,  transmit  another  substance  or 
lliiid,  or  which  transmits  it  with  difficulty.  Thiiii 
wtMil  is  a  non~cnndur.tirr  of  heat ;  glass  and  dry  wood 
are  non-comlactnrs  of  the  electrical  fluid. 

NON-eON-FOU.M'l.-^T,  n.  One  who  does  not  corn- 
form  to  an  established  church  ;  particularly,  in  Fnff- 
laud,  one  who  refused  to  conform  to  the  established 
church  at  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 

Blackstone.  Stnfjt. 

NON-eON-FORM'I-TY,  n.  Neglect  or  failure  of  con- 
formity. 

2.  The  neelcct  or  refusal  to  unite  with  nn  estab- 
lished church  in  its  rites  and  mode  of  worship. 

BlacJistone. 

NOX-CON-Ta'GIOUS,  (-jus,)  a.    Not  contagious. 
NON-CON-TA'OIOIIS-NES.S,  n.  The  quality  or  state 

of  h  me  not  coininunicnble  from  a  diseased  to  a 

lienltliy  iHidy. 

NOX-et).\'-T'ENT',  n.  In  the  British  house  qf  lords, 
one  who  gives  a  negative  vote,  as  not  being  satisfied 
with  the  measure.  The  word  is  sometimes  abridged 
into  .\os-Co^,  and  applied  to  any  one  who  dis- 
sents iir  expresses  dissatisfaction.        John  Foster. 

NON-eo.\-TIUU'li-TING,  a.    Not  contributinc. 

Jrffrrson. 


NON-eO-TE.M-PO-IU  NE-OUS,  a.     Not  being  co- 

tempiirar}",  or  imt  of  coleiiiporarj'  (trigiii. 

Journ,  of  Science. 
NON-DE-LIVEK-Y,  n.    A  neglect  or  failure  of  de- 

liverv.  Blackstone. 
N(JN-i)EP-0  SI"TION,  (-zish'un,)  n.    A  failure  to 

deposit  or  throw  down. 
NON'-DE-SflUPT,  u.    [U  non,  not,  and  dcscriptus, 

desrribi'd.] 

-   'I'liat  lias  not  bi-en  described. 

N()N'-I)E  .SCUll'T,  n.  Any  thing  lliat  has  not  been 
described.  Thus  a  plant  or  animal  newly  discovered 
is  call(;d  a  nimdcscript. 

NON-l)E-VEL'OP-.MENT,  n.  A  failure  of  develop- 
ment. Lindlry, 

.\().\-l)I.>^-eOV'ER-Y,  II.    Want  of  discovery. 

Bucklnnd, 

NONE,  (none  or  nun,)  a.  [Sax.  Jtffn  ;  iic,  not,  and  ane, 
one.    'Vhe  l^atins  use  nemo,  neminis,  that  is,  ne  and 

771«H.l 

1.  Not  one  ;  used  of  persons  or  things. 

There  is  none  tiiat  (lo»*lli  ffinxl ;  no,  nnl  one.  —  Pm.  xi». 

3.  Not  any  ;  not  a  part ;  not  the  least  portion. 

Six  li  lyii  sti;»ll  ye  ^.olier  it,  but  on  tlie  •'•venlh  d-iy,  which  is  the 
S.iMmth,  in  it  llii-rt-  •hull  he  non*.  —  Kx.  xvi. 

3.  It  was  formerly  used  before  nouns  ;  as,  "Thou 
slialt  have  none  assurance  of  thy  life."  This  use  is 
obsolete  ;  we  now  use  7i»  ;  thou  shalt  have  no  assur- 
ance. "  This  is  »in7ie  other  but  the  house  of  God  ; " 
we  now  say,  ;io  other. 

4.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute,  the  noun  being  omit- 
ted. "  He  walkelli  through  dry  places,  seeking  rest 
anil  finding  none;"  that  is,  no  rest.    MntI,  xii. 

5.  Ill  thefollowing  phrase,  it  is  used  for  nothinir, or 
no  concern.  "  Israel  would  7ioiif  of  ine,"  lli.at  is,  Is- 
nel  w<iuld  not  listen  to  me  at  all  ;  they  would  have 
no  concern  with  me ;  they  utterly  rejected  my  coun- 
sels. 

C.  As  a  substitute,  7ione  has  a  plural  signification. 

Tcnns  of  Ix'-icr  wen:  nrtri*  vouclunfetl.  Mdlun. 

NON-E-LECT',  n.  [L.  71071,  not,  and  cleclus,  eWct- 
edj 

One  who  is  not  elected  or  chosen  to  salvation. 

Ilnntintrtan. 

NON-E-LEG'TION,  71.    Failure  of  election. 

.Jefferson. 

NON-E-LEC'TRie,  a.  Conducting  the  electric  fluid. 
NON-E-LEC'TRie,  71.    A  substance  that  is  not  an 

electric,  or  which  transmits  the  fluiil,  as  metals. 
NON-EM-PIIAT'lC,       (a.    Having  no  emphasis ; 
NON-EM-PHAT'ie-AT,,  j     uneniphatic.  Beattie. 
NON-EN'TI-TY,  71.    Non-existence ;  the  negati(m  of 

being.  Bcntlcy. 

2.  A  thing  not  existing. 

There  wns  nu  sncli  tiling  iU  rendering  cvit  fur  evil,  when  evil  wiu 
H  nonentuy.  Soulti, 

NON-F^PIS'eO-PAL,  a.  Not  Episcopal  ;  not  of  the 
Episcopal  church  or  denomination.     J.  M.  Mason. 

NUN-E-PI.S-eo-PA'I.l-AN,  71.  One  who  does  not 
belong  to  the  Episcopal  church  or  denomination. 

J.  M.  Mason, 

KCiTiF.S,  n.  pi.  [L.  nana;  |>erhaps  Goth.  niuTi,  Eng. 
71  inf.] 

1.  In  the  Roman  calendar,  the  fifth  day  of  the 
months  January,  February,  April,  June,  August, 
September,  Novembi  r,  and  December,  and  the 
seventh  day  of  March,  .May,  July,  and  Octttber. 
The  nones  were  nine  ilays  from  the  ides,  reckoning 
inclusively,  accordiuc  to  the  Roman  method. 

2.  Prayers,  formerly  so  called.  Todd. 
NON-E.'^-SE.V'TI AE,  n.     Non-<'ssentials  are  things 

not  essential  to  a  particular  purpose.    J.  M.  Mnson. 

JVOJ^  KST  tJ^  h'l'JVTUS,  [I..J  He  is  not  found. 
In  tote,  the  it  tiirn  of  the  sberilT  ona  writ,  when  the 
defendant  is  not  to  he  found.  Bourier. 

Nfi.M  E'8I,'(;H,  n.  [none  and  .»«£*.]  An  extraordinary 
thing  ;  a  thing  that  li.as  not  its  equal. 

2.  A  name  given  to  various  plants,  as  hlack  medic, 
a  variety  of  apple,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Lych- 
nis, &c. 

NO.\-E.\-eoM-M0'NI-eA-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to ex- 
commiinicatifui. 

NON-E.\-E  CO'TION,  71.  Neglect  of  execution; 
nonperformance. 

NpN-E.X-lST'ENCE,  (i  like  g-,)       Absence  of  ex- 
istence; the  negation  of  being. 
2.  A  thing  that  has  no  existence  or  being.  Brown. 

NON-E.\-IST'ENT,  (i  like  gi,)  a.  Not  having  ex- 
istence. B.  Oodirin. 

NON-E.X-POR-TA'TION,  71.  A  failure  of  exporta- 
titm  ;  a  not  exportins  gooils  or  commodities. 

NON-E.\-TE.N"sn,E,  a.   That  can  not  be  stretched. 

NON-EkA'*A.\('E.  n.    In  late,  a  failure  to  |KTforin. 

N0N-I1;L  FILL'MENT,  tu  Neglect  or  failure  to  ful- 
fill. 

NO-NII.L'ION,  (  yun,)  It.  [Jm  nanus,  nine,  and  7ni<- 
lion.  ] 

According  ta  the  Enirluh  notation,  the  number  pro- 
duced by  involving  a  million  to  the  ninth  power;  a 
unit  with  54  ciphers  annexed.  According  to  the 
French  notntion,  a  unit  with  30  ciphers  anne-xed. 
NON-IM-POR-Ta'TION,  n.  Want  or  failure  of  im- 
portation ;  a  not  importing  giMids. 


NO.N-IM-PORT'ING,  a.    Not  bringing  from  foreign 

countries. 

NO.\-J()I.\"l)ER,  71.  The  omission  of  some  person 
u  ho  ought  tu  have  been  made  u  plaintiff  or  defend- 
ant in  a  suit.  Bouvier. 

NO.N'-JOR'ING,  a.  [Ti.  non,  not,  and  juro,  to  swear.] 
Not  swearing  allegiance  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  the 
party  in  Great  liritain  that  would  not  swear  allegi- 
ance to  the  Hanoverian  family  and  government. 

NO.NJO'ROR,  n.  In  Great  Britain,  one  who  refused 
to  take  the  oalh  of  allegiance  to  the  government  and 
crown  of  I']ngland  at  the  revolution,  when  James  II. 
abdicated  the  throne,  and  tin;  Hanoverian  family 
was  inlrodiiced.  The  non-jurors  were  the  adhe- 
rents of  .lames. 

JVOAT  I.l'QUF/r,  [I,.]  It  is  not  clear  ;  a  term  used 
w  hen  n  person  votes  im  neither  side  of  a  question, 
because  undecided  in  his  mind. 

NOi\-.MA-LIG'N  A.N'T,  a.  Not  malignant,  as  a  diseaso. 

Miner. 

NON-MAN-i;-FAC'ri;R-ING,  a.  Not  carrying  oh 
manufactures  ;  uS  non-manufacturing  States. 

Hamilton. 

NON-MEM'RER,  n.    Not  a  member. 
NON-iME.M'liER-SIllP,  7<.  State  of  not  being  a  mem- 
ber. 

NON-ME-TAI/Eie,  a.    Not  consisting  of  metal. 

Coie''s  Orfila. 

NON-NAT'IT-RAI.S,  n.  p..    [I,,  non-nadiru/m.] 

In  medicine,  this  quaint  phrase  is  employetl  to  des- 
ignate deficiencies,  excesses,  and  irregularities:  1,  in 
sleeping  and  watching  ;  2,  in  exercise  and  rest;  m 
the  affections  anil  passions  ;  4,  in  the  secretions  and 
excretions  ;  .I,  in  eating,  drinking,  ;ind  ahstini^nce ; 
6,  in  exposure  to  vicissitudes  or  alternations  of  tem- 
perature :  these  are  all  that  were  reckoned  by  the 
ancients;  but,  to  the  same  class  of  agencies  belong 
undoubteilly,  7,  exposure  to  vicissitudes  or  alterna- 
tions of  drought  and  moisture;  and  8,  ex|Kisiire  to 
the  effluvia  or  exhalations  from  known  and  palpable 
dead  and  decomposing  matter;  or,  in  01  lii-r  words, 
fermenting  and  putrefying  vegetable  and  animal  sub- 
stances, as,  for  example,  cabbages,  onions,  &c.,  or  car- 
casses and  offals  of  markets  and  slaiighter-lionses, 
fish  used  as  a  mnniire,  &.C.,  the  ordinary  excretions 
from  living  animals  in  a  state  of  vitiation  from  ac- 
cumulation, confinement,  increased  tempenitiire,  and 
decomposition  ;  ns,  forcxaiiiple,  the  halitus  from  the 
lungs,  the  perspired  fluid,  the  urine,  and  the  intes- 
tinal discharges  ;  also,  from  more  simple  chemical 
actions,  which  extricate  copiously,  and  in  V(;ry  near- 
ly, if  not  quite  a  pure  state,  carbonic  acid  gas,  ni- 
trous acid  gas,  sulphohydrous  acid  gas,  chlorine  gas, 
&.C.  All  of  these  openite  in  the  same  manner,  and 
st.'ind  in  the  same  relation,  as  respects  the  causation 
of  disease. 

NON-O-Bic'DI-ENCE,  n.    Neglect  of  obedience. 

MUner. 

NON-OD-SERV'A.NCE,  71.  Neglect  or  failure  to  ob- 
serve or  fulfill. 

JVOjY  OB-STjIjY'TF.,  JL.!  Notwithstanding;  in 
opposition  to  what  has  been  stated,  or  is  to  be  stated 
or  admitted. 

A  clause  in  statutes  and  letters  patent,  importing  a 
license  from  the  king  to  do  a  thinj  which,  being  re- 
strained by  act  of  p.arlianient,  cannot  be  done  with- 
out such  license.  Encyc. 
NO.N-PA-REIL',  (non-pa-rel'j)  n.  [Fr.  non,  not  or  no, 
and  pareil,  equal.] 

1.  Excellence  iinequalcd.  Shak. 

2.  A  sort  of  apple. 

3.  A  sort  of  printing  type,  very  small,  and  the 
smallest  now  used  except  three,  viz.,  ruby,  pearl, 
and  diamond. 

NO,\-PA-REIL',  (non-pa-rcl')  a.    Having  no  equal; 

peerless.  H'liitluck. 
NON-PAY'MENT,  n.    Neglect  of  payment. 

.S.  E.  Ihriirhu 

NON-PER-FORM'ANCE,  n.    A  failure  to  \t,  rfi.rm. 
Nd.N'PEUS,  71.     [L.  non,  not,  and  plus,  more,  fur- 
ther.] 

Puzzle;  insuperable  difficulty;  a  state  in  which 
one  is  unable  to  proceed  or  decid  •.    Ijocke.  South. 
NON'PLU!*,  V.  L    To  |iu7./le  ;  to  confound  ;  to  put  10 
a  stand  ;  to  stop  by  embarrassment.  Drydea. 

Yonr  sittmtion  h.-u  nonpluttd  nie.  7*.  S'coCt. 

NON'PLUS-KD,  (non'plu.st,)p/7.  Puzzled;  put  to  a 
stand. 

NON-PON-DER-OS'I-TY,  n.    Destitution  of  «  eight ; 

levilv.  Black. 
NO.N-Pf)N'DER-Or.S,  a.    Having  no  weight. 
NO.\-PRO-DUe'TION,  n.     A  failure  to  produce  or 

exhibit. 

NO.N-PRO  FES'SIO\-AL,  (  pro-fesli'un-al,)  a.  Not 
belonging  to  a  profession  ;  not  d(uie  by  or  proceeding 
from  priifessiiuial  men.  Miner. 

N(J.\-PR0-FI"CM;.N-CV,  n.  Failiiri:  to  make  prog- 
ress. 

NON-PRO  FI"CIENT,  (-fish'enl.)  n.  One  who  has 
failed  to  improve  or  make  progress  in  any  stiidv  or 
pursuit.  Bp.  Hail. 

JVOA"  PROS.  [Contraction  of  I,,  non  pro.'ri/n.tur.) 
In  laic,  a  judgment  entered  agtiinsl  the  plaintiff  in  a 


TONE,  BI;LL,  unite.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US — e  as  K;  0  as  J;  8  as  Z;  Cll  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


7.t5 


NON 

BUit  where  he  does  not  appear  to  prosecute.    It  is 

used  also  as  a  verb. 
NON-PROS'SED,  (-prost,)  a.    Denoting  a  suit  which 

is  dropped,  not  prosecuted. 
NON-RE-GXRD'ANCE,  n.   Want  of  due  regard. 

Diet. 

NON-RE'GENT,  n.  In  the  English  universities,  a 
term  applied  to  those  masters  of  arts  whose  regency 
has  ceased.    [See  Rege>t.1 

NON-RE\-DI''TION,  (-dish'un,)  n.  Neglect  of  ren- 
dition ;  the  not  rendering  what  is  due. 

The  non-payTneiil  of  a  debt,  or  the  non-rerulitton  ofiv  lervice 
«  hich  is  due,  is  an  injury  for  whirh  the  sut^quent  repara- 
tion of  the  lo&s  sustained  —  is  an  atonement. 

S.  E.  Dxighl. 

NON-RE-SE.M'BL.\^'CE,  n.  Unlikeness;  dissimi- 
laritv. 

NO.V-RES'I-DEN'CE,  7?.  Failure  or  neglect  of  re- 
siding at  the  place  where  one  is  stationed,  or  where 
official  duties  require  one  to  reside,  or  on  one's  own 
lands.  Sjtift. 

NOX-RES'I-DEXT,  a.  Not  residing  in  a  particular 
place,  on  one's  own  estate,  or  in  one's  proper  place ; 
as,  a  nonresident  clergj'man  or  proprietor  of  lands. 

NON-RES'I-DENT,  ji.  One  who  does  not  reside  on 
one's  own  imds,  or  in  the  place  where  official 
duties  require.  In  England,  non-residetit  is  particu- 
larly applied  to  clergymen  wlio  live  away  from  their 
cures.  In  the  United  States,  lands  in  one  slate  or 
township  belonging  to  a  person  residing  in  another 
state  or  township,  are  called  the  lands  of  non-resi- 
dents. 

NON-RE-SIST'.\NCE,  7i.  The  omi-ssion  of  resist- 
ance ;  passive  obedience  ;  submission  to  authority, 
power,  or  usurpation  without  opposition. 

NON-RE-SIST'.-VNT,  a.  Making  no  resistance  to 
power  or  oppression.  JlrbuthnoL 

NON-RE-SIST'.^NT,  n.  One  who  maintains  that  no 
resistance  should  be  made  to  the  injuries  inflicted  by 
others. 

NON-S.INE',  a.    [L.  -non,  not,  and  sanus,  .sound.] 

Unsound;  not  perfect;  as,  a  person  of  non-sane 
memory.  Blackstone. 
NON'SENSE,  n.  No  sense  ;  words  or  language  which 
have  no  nteaning,  or  which  convey  no  jtist  ideas  ; 
absurdity.  Dryden. 
2.  Trifles  ;  things  of  no  importance.  Thomson. 
A^onsense  verses,  are  lines  made  solely  for  improve- 
ment in  versification,  by  taking  any  words  which 
occur,  without  reference  to  forming  any  connected 
sense. 

NOX-SENS'ie-.\L,  a.    Unmeaning;  absurd  ;  foolish. 

Ray. 

N0N-SENS'ie-.4L-LY,  adv.  Absurdly  ;  without 
meaning. 

NO.\-SENS'ie-AL-NEPS,  n.     Jargon  ;   absurdity  ; 

that  which  conveys  no  proper  ideas. 
NON-SEXS'l-TI\'E,  a.   Wanting  sense  or  perception. 

Fehham. 

JVO.V-S£Q'C7/-7't7R,  (-sek'we-tur,)  [L.]  It  does  not 
follow. 

In  logic,  an  inference  which  does  not  follow  from 
the  premises. 

XO.N-SLAVE'HoLD-IXG,  a.    Not  possessing  slaves. 
NOX-SO-Lu'TIOX,  n.    Failure  of  solution  or  expla- 
nation. Broome. 
NON-SOLV'EN-CY,  n.    Inability  to  pav  debts.  Swift. 
NON-SOLV'E.NT,  a.    Xot  able  to  pay  debts  ;  insolv- 

Johnson. 

.An  insolvent.  Smart. 
Sparing  none;  all-destroying; 

Shak, 

NON-SUB-MIS'.«I0X,  n.    Want  of  submission. 
NOX-SUB-MIS'SIVE,  a.    Xot  submissive. 
NO.W^HCH.    See  Xoxem  ch. 

NOX'SC'IT,  )i.  In  latr,  the  default,  neglect,  or  non- 
appearance of  the  plaintiff  in  a  suit,  when  called  in 
court,  by  which  the  plaintiff  signifies  his  intention 
to  drop  the  suit.  Hence,  a  nonsuit  amounts  to  a  stop- 
page of  the  suit.  A  nonsuit  differs  from  a  retraxit;  a 
nonsuit  is  the  default  or  neglect  of  the  plaintiff,  and 
after  this  he  may  bring  another  suit  for  the  same 
cause;  but  a  retraxit  is  an  open,  positive  renuncia- 
tion of  the  .suit,  by  which  he  forever  loses  his  action. 
[See  the  verb.]  Blackitonc. 

NOX'SC'IT,  r.  t.  To  determine  or  record  that  the 
plaintiff  drops  his  suit,  on  default  of  appearance 
when  called  in  court.  Wlien  a  plaintiff,  being 
called  in  court,  declines  to  answer,  or  when  he  neg- 
lects to  deliver  his  declaration,  he  is  supposed  to 
drop  his  suit;  he  is  therefore  non-TOi/fd,  that  is,  his 
non-appearance  is  entered  on  the  record,  and  this 
entry  amouuLi  to  a  judgment  of  the  court  that  the 
plaintiff  has  dropped  the  suit. 

When  two  are  Joined  in  a  writ,  and  one  is  nonguiUtl. 

7,.  Siiifi. 

NO.X'.SOIT, «.  Nonsuited. 

The  [.lalntift  inuit  b'-c/jme  nontuir.  7V"f Iffp. 

NOX'.SCIT-Ef),  pp.  Adjudged  to  have  deserted  the 
BUit  by  default  of  appearance  ;  an  a  plaintiff. 

NON'SCIT  I.N't;,  ppr.  Adjtidcing  to  have  abandoned 
the  Htill  by  nun-a|>pcarance,  or  other  neglect,  as  a 
plainliir. 

N0X-TE.\'I:RE,  n.    In  laa,  a  plea  of  a  defendant, 


enl. 

NO.V-SOLV'EXT,  n. 
NO.N-SPaR'IXG,  a. 
merciless. 


NOR 

that  he  did  not  hold  the  land,  as  affirmed  by  the 
plaintiff. 

NON'-TERM,  71.  A  vacation  between  two  terms  of  a 
court. 

NON-IJ'NI-FORM-IST,  n.  One  who  believes  that 
past  changes  in  the  structure  of  the  earth  have 
proceeded  from  causes  more  violent  than  are  now 
operating.  jJm.  Eclect. 

NON-liS'ANCE,  (nou-yu'zanse,)  n.  Neglect  of  using. 

Brown. 

NON-XTS'ER,  (non-yu'zer,)  n.   A  not  using ;  failure 
to  use  ;  neglect  of  official  duty  ;  default  of  perform- 
ing the  duties  and  services  required  of  an  officer. 
An  olfice  may  be  forfeited  by  misuser  or  ncn-user.  Bladistoru. 
2.  Neglect  or  omission  of  use. 
A  franchise  may  be  lost  by  misuser  or  i\on-user, 

i^preme  Court,  U.  S. 
NOO'DLE,  71.    A  simpleton.    [.^  vulgar  word.] 
NOOK,  71.    [See  Niche.]    A  corner  ;  a  narrow  place 
formed  by  an  angle  in  bodies  or  between  bodies  ;  as, 
a  hollow  nook.  JMilton. 
NOON,  71.    [Sax.  non  :  D.  noen ;  W.  7!a7r7i,  that  is,  at 
the  summit ;  said  to  be  from  naw,  that  is,  up  or  ulti- 
mate, that  limits,  also  nine.    It  has  been  supposed 
that  the  7iintA  hour,  among  the  Romans,  was  the 
time  of  eating  the  chief  meal ;  this  hour  was  three 
o'clock,  P.  M.   In  Danish,  none  is  an  after  nooning, 
a  collation.] 

1.  The  middle  of  the  day  ;  the  time  when  the  sun 
is  in  the  meridian  ;  twelve  o'clock. 

2.  Dryden  and  others  have  "tiooti  of  night,"  for 
midnight. 

NOON,  a.  Meridional. 

How  oft  the  noon  bell.  Young. 

NOON'D.W,  71.    Midday  ;  twelve  o'clock  in  the  day. 

Boyle. 

NOON'DAY,  a.    Pertaining  to  midday ;  meridional  ; 

as,  the  noonday  heat. 
NOON'IXG,  71.   Repose  at  noon  ;  sometimes,  repast  at 

noon.  Jjddison. 
NOON'STEAD,  (-sted,)  ti.    The  station  of  the  sun  at 

noon.  Drayton. 
NOON'TTDE,  71.    [See  Tide,  which  signifies  time.] 
The  time  of  noon  ;  midday.  Shak. 
NOON'TIDE,  a.    Pertaining  to  noon  ;  meridional. 

jMdton. 

NOOSE,  (nooz,)  71.  [Ir.  this,  a  band  or  tie;  nasgaim, 
to  bintl  or  tie.] 

A  running  knot,  which  binds  the  closer  the  more 
it  is  drawn. 

Where  the  hangman  does  dispose 

To  special  friend  the  knot  of  noose.  lludibras, 

NOOSE,  (nooz,)  v.  t.  To  tie  in  a  noose  ;  to  catch  in  a 
noose  ;  to  entrap  ;  to  insnare. 

NOOS'JED,  (noozd,)  pp.    Caught  in  a  noose. 

NOOTH'S  AP-PA-Ra'TUS,  71.  A  series  of  three 
glass  vessels,  placed  vertically,  for  the  purpose  of 
iinpregnating  water  with  carbonic  acid  gas.  Brande. 

No'PAL,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cactus,  or  Opuntia, 
from  which  the  cochineal  is  collected  in  Mexico ;  In- 
dian fig. 

XoPE,  n.   A  provincial  name  for  the  bullfinch. 

Edin.  Encyc. 

XOR,  connective,  [ne  and  or.]  A  word  that  denies  or 
renders  negative  the  second  or  subsequent  part  of  a 
proposition,  or  a  proposition  following  another  nega- 
tive proposition  ;  correlative  to  Neither  or  Not. 

1  neither  love  nor  fear  thee.  Shak. 

right  neither  with  small  nor  great.  —  1  Kinji  iiii. 

Eye  hath  not  seen,  nor  ear  heard.  — 1  Cor.  li. 

2.  JVor  sometimes  begins  a  sentence,  but  in  this 
case  a  negative  proposition  has  preceded  it  in  the 
foregoing  sentence. 

3.  In  some  cases,  usually  in  poetry,  neither  is 
omitted,  and  the  negation  which  it  would  express  is 
included  in  7ior. 

Simois  fior  Xanthui  shall  be  wanting  there.  Dryden. 
That  is,  neither  Simois  Tior  Xanthus. 

4.  Sometimes,  in  poetry,  7ior  is  used  for  neither,  in 
the  first  part  of  the  proposition. 

1  whom  nor  avarice  nor  pleasures  move.  Wat$h. 

NOR'FOLK  €RAG,  n.  In  geoUgy,  an  English  terti- 
ary formation,  consisting  of  irregular,  ferruginous, 
sandy  clay,  mixed  Willi  marine  shells.  Bucltanan. 

Nt^'RI-UM,  71.  A  metal  recently  discovered  in  Zircon. 

Nt)R'.MAL,  a.  [L.  nonnalis,  from  norma,  a  square,  a 
rule.] 

1.  According  to  a  square  or  rule  ;  perpendicular  ; 
forming  a  right  angle. 

2.  Regular ;  according  to  an  established  law,  nile, 
or  principle. 

3.  Relating  to  rudiments  or  elements  ;  teaching 
rudiments  or  first  principles ;  as,  normal  schools  in 
France. 

NOIl'MAL  GROUP,  in  geology,  is  a  group  of  certain 
rocks  taken  as  a  rule  or  Htanilnrd.  Lttell. 

NOR'.MAL,  n.  A  perjieiulicular.  In  the  geometry  qf 
curve  lines,  Ihe  normal  to  a  curve  at  any  point  is  a 
straight  line  perpendicular  to  the  tangent  at  that 
point,  and  included  between  the  curve  and  the  axis 
of  the  abscissa. 


NOS 

NOR'MAL  SCHOOL,  n.  An  institution  for  training 
up  persons  to  teach  common  schools. 

NOR'MAN,  71.  In  seameii's  language,  a  short,  wooden 
bar,  to  be  thru.st  into  a  hole  of  the  windlass,  on 
which  to  fasten  the  cable.  Mar.  Diet. 

NOR'MAN,  71.  [nor<A-m<!7i  or  7iorrf-nui7i.]  A  Norwe- 
gian, or  a  native  of  Normandy. 

NOR'MAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Normandy  or  to  the 
Normans  ;  as,  the  J^'orman  language. 

NORNS,  71.  pi.  In  Scandinavian  vnjthology,  the  three 
Fates,  past,  present,  and  future,  whose  decrees  were 
irrevocable. 

NOR'ROY,  71.  [7ior£;i  and  roy,  north  king.]  The  title 
of  the  third  of  the  three  kings  at  arms  or  provincial 
heralds.  Burke. 

NORSE,  71.    The  language  of  ancient  Scandinavia. 

NORTH,  71.  [Sax.  TiorfA  ;  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  nord;  D. 
noord ;  It.  norte ;  Fr.  Tiorif Arm.  id.  :  Sp.  nord,  the 
north  wind,  and  Tiorte,  north,  the  arctic  pole,  and  a 
rule  or  guide.  I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word, 
nor  its  primary  sense.  It  may  have  been  applied 
first  to  the  pole  star,  or  to  the  h  ind,  like  Boreas.] 

One  of  the  cardinal  points,  being  that  point  of  the 
horizon  which  is  directly  opposite  to  the  sun  in  the 
meridian,  on  the  left  hand,  when  we  stand  with  the 
face  to  the  east ;  or  it  is  that  point  of  intersection 
of  the  horizon  and  meridian  which  is  nearest  our 
pole.  Cye. 

NORTH,  a.  Being  in  the  north ;  as,  the  TiortA  polar 
star. 

NORTH-EAST',  n.  The  point  between  the  north  and 

east,  at  an  equal  distance  from  each. 
NORTH-K.\yT',  a.    Pertaining  to  the  north-east,  or 

proceeding  from  that  point ;  as,  a  north-east  wind. 
NORTH-kAST'ER-LY,  a.  Toward  the  north-east. 
XORTH-EAST'ERN,a.  Pertaining  to  or  being  in  the 

north-east,  or  in  a  direction  to  the  north-east 
NORTH'ER-LY,  a.    Being  toward  the  north. 
2.  From  the  north. 

[We  use  this  word  and  Northern  with  consider- 
able latitude.] 
NORTH'ER-LY,  adv.   Toward  the  north  ;  as,  to  sail 
northerly. 

2.  In  a  northern  direction  ;  as,  a  course  northerly. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  northern  point. 
NORTH'ERX,  a.    Being  in  the  north,  or  nearer  to 

that  point  than  to  the  east  or  west. 
2.  In  a  direction  toward  the  north,  or  a  point  near 

it ;  as,  to  steer  a  nort/iern  course. 
JVorthcrn  ligltts.    See  Aurora  Bore.alis. 
NORTH'ERX-ER,  n.    One  a  native  or  resident  in  the 

north  ;  in  the  United  St<ites,  opposed  to  Southerner. 
XORTH'ERN-LY,  adv.     Toward  the  north.  [JVot 

ii^^fd.]  Hakcwill, 
NORTH'ERX-MoST,  a.  Situated  at  the  point  furthest 

north. 

XORTH'ING,  n.  Distance  northward  from  any  point 
of  departure,  measured  on  a  meridian. 

NORTH'M.\N,  71. ;  pi.  Northmen.  A  name  given  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  north  of  Europe,  the  ancient 
Scandinavians ;  whence,  *^'b^ma^l. 

NORTH'-STXR,  7i.    The  ncHh  polar  star. 

NORTH'W.-VRD,  a.    [Sax.  north  and  weard.] 

Being  toward  the  north,  or  nearer  to  the  north  than 
to  the  east  and  west  points. 

NORTH'W.\RD,  adv.  Toward  the  north,  or  toward 
a  point  nearer  to  the  north  than  the  east  and  west 
points.  Bacon.  Dryden. 

NORTH'WARD-LY,  a.    Having  a  northern  direction. 

NORTH'WARD-LY,  adv.    In  a  northern  direction. 

NORTH-WEST',  «.  The  point  in  the  horizon  be- 
tween the  north  and  we.<t,  and  equally  distant  from 
each. 

NORTH-WEST',  a.  Pertaining  to  the  point  between 
the  north  and  west ;  being  in  the  north-west ;  as,  the 
north-west  coast. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  north-west ;  as,  a  itortA  west 
wind. 

NORTII-WEST'ER-LY,  a.   Toward  the  north-wesu 
2.  From  the  north-west,  as  a  wind. 

NORTH-WEST'ERN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  being  in 
the  north-west,  or  in  a  direction  to  the  north-west ;  as, 
a  north-western  course. 

NORTH'-WIND,  71.  The  wind  that  blows  from  the 
north.  IVntts. 

NOR-WE'6I-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  Norway.  Shak- 
speare  h.is  Norwevan. 

Nt1R-VVE'GI-.-\N,  71.    .\  native  of  Norway. 

NOSE,  71.  [Sax.  nose,  niFse,  nose;  G.  nose:  D.  neiis ; 
Sw.  ndsa  :  Dan.  no'se  :  L.  nasus  :  It.  7ia,«o  ;  Fr.  Tir: ; 
Russ.  7104- ;  Dalmatian,  nooss;  Sans.  7i<isa.  (Jr. 
vr)aoi,  an  i?l<'.  It  occurs  in  Peloponnesus,  the  proin- 
ontor>-  of  I'elops.  It  seems  to  bv  the  same  word,  or 
from  the  same  r(H)t,  as  nr.v.»,  in  Slieerncfs.] 

1.  The  prominent  part  of  the  face,  which  is  the 
organ  of  smell,  consisting  of  two  similar  cavitie.« 
called  nostrils.  The  nose  serves,  also,  to  modulate 
the  voire  in  speaking,  anil  to  discharge  the  tears 
which  flow  through  Ihe  lachrymal  ducts.  Tliroiigh 
this  organ,  al.so,  the  air  usually  passes  in  respiration, 
and  it  constitutes  no  small  part  of  the  beauty  of  the 
fare.  In  man,  the  nose  is  situtited  near  the  middle 
of  the  face  ;  but  in  quadrupeds,  the  nose  is  at  or  near 
the  lower  extremity  of  the  head. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


756 


NOT 

2.  The  end  of  any  tiling  ;  as,  the  nose  of  a  bellows. 

JIulder. 

3.  Scent ;  sagacity. 


To  lead  by  the  nose  ;  to  lead  blindly. 

To  be  led  bij  the  nose :  to  follow  another  obsequious- 
ly, or  to  be  led  without  resistance  or  inquiring  the 
reason. 

To  tfinist  one's  nose  into  t>ie  affairs  of  others ;  to 
meddle  ollicioiisly  in  other  people's  matters ;  to  be  a 
busybody.  > 

To  put  one's  nose  out  of  joint ;  to  alienate  the  affec- 
tions from  another. 
NoSE,  V.  t.    To  smell ;  to  scent.  Shak. 

2.  To  face  ;  to  oppose  to  the  face.  Wood. 
N6SE,  V.  i.    To  look  big ;  to  bluster.    [A'o(  used.] 

Shak. 

NOSE'-BAG,  n.    A  bag  to  be  tied  to  a  horse's  nose, 

rontainins  a  feed  of  oats,  maize,  &c. 
NasE'-BANI),  n.    That  part  of  the  headstall  of  a 

bridle  which  comes  over  a  horse's  nose. 

Funn.  Encye. 

NOSE'BLEED,  n.  A  hemorrhage  or  bleeding  at  the 
nose. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea. 
NOS'KO,  (nozd,)  a.    Having  a  nose  ;  as  in  long-noscrf. 

2.  Having  sagacity.  jMiddlrlnn. 
NOSE'-FISH,  n.    A  fish  of  the  leather-monthed  kind, 
with  a  Hat,  blunt  snout;  called,  also,  Bboad-snout. 

Diet.  JVaf.  HisU 
NOSE'G.XY,  n.    [nose  and  Celtic  ireac,  a  bough.] 

\  bunch  of  flowers  used  to  regale  the  sense  of 
smelling. 

-As  on  the  nosegay  in  her  brrast  reclined.  Pope. 
N5SE'LE.sS,  <i.    Destitute  of  a  nose.  Shak. 
NoSE'SMaRT,  71.    .\  plant,  Nasturtium  ;  cresses. 
NfiSE'THKIL.    See  Nostril. 

NO'SING,  n.    The  molding  or  part  of  the  tread-board 

of  a  stair,  which  projects  over  the  riser. 
NOS'LE,  (noz'/.l,)  n.    [from  nose]    A  little  nose ;  the 

extremity  of  a  thing  ;  as,  the  nosle  of  a  bellows. 

[See  .\o/.zi-E.l 
NO-SO  eOM'ie-AL,  a.    Relating  to  a  hospital. 
NO-SOG'RA-PHV,  II.    The  science  of  the  description 

of  diseases. 

NOS  O  LOG'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Nosology.]  Pertaining 
to  nosology,  or  a  systematic  classification  of  dis- 
eases. 

NO-SOL'O-GIST,  n.  One  who  classifies  diseases, 
arninges  them  in  order,  and  gives  them  suitable 
names. 

NO-SOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  voao;,  disease,  and  Xoyos, 
discourse.] 

1.  A  systematic  arrangement  or  classification  of 
diseases  with  names  and  definitions,  according  to 
the  distinctive  character  of  each  class,  order,  genus, 
and  species.  Encyc. 

2.  That  branch  of  medical  science  which  treats  of 
the  classification  of  diseases. 

NO-SO-1'O-ET'ie,  o.  [Gr.  loaof,  disease,  and  -oieu, 
to  produce.] 

Prodncine  diseases.    [Little  t/sprf.]  Jirbiithnot. 
NOS-TAl^'GI-A,  n.    [Gr.  ^o<J^£u,  to  return,  and  aXyai, 
grief] 

Homesickness  ;  a  species  of  melancholy,  resulting 
from  absence  from  one's  home  or  countr)-. 

Kncye.  Jim.  Brande. 
NOS-TAI/Cie,  o.    Pertaining  to  nostalgia. 
NOS'TRIL,  n.    [Sax.  nosethyrl,  rucesthyrl.    Thyrl,  or 
thirel^  is  an  opening  or  perforation  ;  thirlian,  thyrliaHy 
to  bore,  to  perforate,  to  Oirilt^  to  drill.    See  DriluJ 

All  aperture  or  passage  through  the  nose.  The 
nostrils  are  the  passages  through  which  air  is  inhaled 
and  exhaled  in  respiration. 
NOS'TRU.M,  n.    [L.,  from  noster,  ours.] 

A  medicine,  the  ingredients  of  wnich  are  kept 
secret  for  the  purpose  of  restricting  the  profits  of  sale 
to  the  inventor  or  proprietor  ;  a  quack  medicine. 

Pope. 

NOT,  adv.  [Sa.T.  naht  or  noht,  naught,  that  is,  ne  and 
awi/it,  not  any  thing  ;  D.  nieti  G.  nicht;  Russ.  nicf«  ,* 
Scot.  nochL    See  Navght.] 

1.  .\  word  that  expresses  negation,  denial,  or  re- 
fusal;  as,  he  will  not  go;  will  you  remain?  I  will 
"Of.  In  the  first  member  of  a  sentence,  it  may  be 
followed  by  nor  or  neiOter  ;  as,  not  for  a  price  nor  re- 
ward ;  I  was  not  in  safety,  neither  had  I  rest. 

2.  With  the  substantive  verb  in  the  following 
phrase,  it  denies  being,  or  denotes  extinction  of  ex- 
istence. 

TKin*  eyes  arc  open  upon  me,  and  1  dm  noL  — Job 

XO'TA  BE'J^'E,  [L.]  Observe  well ;  take  particular 
notice. 

N0''1'A-BLE,  a.  [Ft.  notable  ;  L.  notubilis,  from  notiu, 
known  ;  iio^co,  to  know.] 

1.  Worthy  of  notice;  remarkable;  memorable; 
noted  or  distinguished. 

2.  In  Scriptxre,  conspicuous  ;  sightly  ;  as,  a  notable 
horn.    Dan.  viii. 

3.  Notorious  ;  well  known.   MaU.  xxviii. 
A.  Terrible.    Jlets  ii. 

1.  Known  or  apparenL   .^et3  iv. 


NOT 

NOT'A-BI,E,  a.  Active;  industrious;  distingiiishid 
for  good  miinagement ;  as,  a  notable  woman  or  house- 
keeper. 

NO'TA-BLE,  n.    A  person  of  note  or  distinction. 

2.  In  Prance,  the  assembly  of  the  notables,  before 
the  revolution,  consisted  of  a  number  of  persons, 
chiefly  of  the  higher  orders,  appointed  by  the  king  to 
constitute  a  representative  body  of  the  kingdom. 

Rdin.  F.ncyc. 

NO'TA-BLE,  n.     A  thing  worthy  of  observation. 

[^Rare.]  Jlddison. 
NO'TA-liI,E-NESS,  n.  Remarkableness. 
NOT'A-BI.E-NESS,  n.   Bustling  activity  ;  industrious- 

ness.    [Little  vsed.] 
No'TA-TiLY,  adv.     Memorably;  remarkably;  emi- 
nently- Bacon. 
2.  VVith  show  of  consequence  or  importance. 

Jlililison. 

NOT'A-BLY,  ado.  With  bustling  activity  ;  industri- 
ously. 

NO-TX'RI-AL,  a.    [from  notary.]     Pertaining  to  a 
notary  ;  as,  a  notarial  seal ;  notarial  evidence  or  at- 
testation. 
2.  Done  or  taken  by  a  notary. 

NO-TS'RI-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  notarial  manner. 

NO'T.A  RY,  n.  [L.  notarius,  from  notus,  known,  from 
iiosco.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  person  employed  to  take  notes  of 
contracts,  trials,  and  proceedings,  in  courts  among 
the  Romans. 

2.  In  modem  usa>;e,  an  oflicer  authorized  to  attest 
and  protest  notes  and  contracts  or  writings  of  any 
kind,  to  cive  them  the  evidence  of  authenticity. 

NO'TA-RY  PUB'LIC,  n.  A  notary;  one  appointed 
to  attest  deeds  and  other  instruments,  to  protest  notes, 
and  certify  copies  of  agreement,  &c.  Bouricr. 

N0-TA'TI6N,  ;i.    [L.  notatio,  from  noto,  to  mark.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  recording  any  thing  by 
marks,  fijiures,  or  characters  ;  particularly,  in  ariVi- 
metic  and  alf^cbra,  the  expressing  of  numbers  and 
quantities  by  figures,  signs,  or  characters,  appropri- 
ate for  the  purpose. 

2.  Meaning;  signification. 

Consci'Mic,  acconiiiiff  lo  the  very  noUiUon  of  tlic  wonl,  iinporu 
a  double  ktiuwiedje.    [t/nusunl.J  6'oulA. 

NOTCH,  n.  [qu.  G.  knicken,  to  crack  or  flaw,  Dan. 
knikker.  It  seems  to  be  tlie  same  word  in  origin  as 
niche,  nick.    Class  Ng,  No.  49.] 

1.  A  hollow  cut  in  any  thing ;  a  nick  ;  an  indenta- 
tion. 

And  on  the  stick  ten  equal  notches  m;U<es.  StoifU 

2.  An  opening  or  narrow  pasmge  through  a  moun- 
tain or  hill.    Wo  say  the  notch  of  a  mountain. 

United  States. 

NOTCH,  V.  t.  To  cut  in  small  hollows  ;  as,  lo  nottA  a 
stick.  Pope. 

NOTCH'-BoARD,  n.  The  board  which  receives  the 
ends  of  the  steps  in  a  staircase. 

.N'OTCH'A;!),  (notchl,)  pp.    Cut  into  small  hollows. 

NOTCH'I.N'G,  ppr.    Cutting  into  small  hollows. 

NOTCH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  cutting  into  small  hol- 
lows :  also,  the  small  hollow,  or  hollows  cut. 

NOTCH'-WEED,  n.    A  plant  called  Okach.  Johnson. 

NOTE,  for  Ne  Wote  ;  knew  not,  or  could  not. 

Chaucer.  Spenser, 

NOTE,  n.  [L.  nola  ;  Fr.  note ;  W.  nod  ;  from  L.  notus, 
nosco,  to  know.] 

1.  A  mark  or  token  ;  something  by  which  a  thing 
may  be  known  ;  a  visible  sign. 

They  who  appertain  to  the  Tkiblc  church  have  all  th«  notet  of 
cilernal  profcMion.  }Iooktr. 

2.  A  mark  made  in  a  book,  indicating  something 
worthy  of  particular  notice. 

3.  A  short  remark  ;  a  passage  or  explanation  in  the 
margin  of  a  book. 

4.  A  minute,  memorandum,  or  short  writing  in- 
tended to  assist  the  memory. 

5.  Notice ;  heed. 

Give  onler  to  niy  lervanlj  that  they  lake 

No  nou  at  all  ui  our  licin^  al«eDt  hence.  Shak. 

n.  Reputation  ;  consequence  ;  distinction ;  as,  men 
of  II  off.   .^cts  xvi. 
7.  Stale  of  being  observed. 


Small  matters,  cuntinii.aily  i 


Hi  note.    [LiUie  used.] 

Bacon. 


8.  Tn  music,  a  character  which  marks  a  sound,  or 
the  sound  itself;  as,  a  semibreve,  a  minim,  &c. 
Ni  les  are  marks  of  sounds  in  relation  lo  elevation 
or  depression,  or  to  the  time  of  continuing  sounds. 

9.  A  sound  in  music;  tune;  voice;  harmonious, 
or  melodious  sounds. 

Milton. 
Dry  den. 

10.  Abbreviation  ;  symbol.  Baker. 

11.  A  short  letter  ;  a  billet.  Drydrn. 

12.  Annotation  ;  a  comment,  or  obserx-atioii  on  an 
author;  usually  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  page; 
as,  the  notes  in  Scott's  Bible ;  to  write  notes  on 
Homer. 

13.  .A  written  or  printed  paper  acknowledging  a 
debl  and  promising  |i:iymenl ;  as,  a  promissory  note  ; 
a  bank-note  ;  a  note  of  hand  ;  a  negotiable  note. 


NOT 

14.  JVufei,  pj. ;  a  writing;  a  written  discourse  ;  ap- 
plied equally  to  minutes  or  heads  of  a  diseoiirse  or 
argument,  or  to  a  discourse  fully  written.  The  ad- 
vocate often  has  notes  to  assist  his  memory,  and 
clergymen  preach  with  notct  or  without  them. 

15.  A  diplomatic  communication  in  writing;  an 
oflicial  paper  sent  from  a  minister  to  an  envoy,  or  an 
envoy  to  a  minister. 

My  note  of  January  lOlh  Btill  remains  unanswered.  Oattatin. 
NOTE,  V.  t.    [L.  noto.] 

1.  To  observe;  to  notice  with  particular  care;  to 
heed  ;  to  attend  to. 

No  more  of  that  ;  I  hare  itoterf  it  well.  Shak. 
Their  iiiunners  noted  and  llieir  sutes  surreyed.  Pope. 

2.  To  set  down  in  writing. 

Note  it  in  a  book.  —  Is.  xxx. 

3.  To  charge,  as  with  a  crime  ;  with  of  or  for. 

They  Wert;  iKilli  nore'J  o/inconlineiicy.    [Ofcf.J  Dryrten. 

To  note  a  hill  or  draft.    This  is  done  by  a  n  lary, 
who,  when  acceptance  is  refused,  notes  the  fact  on  the 
back  as  the  groiiuil  of  a  protest.  Brande. 
NOTE,  I'.  (.    [Sax.  hitiiaii.] 

To  butt  ;  to  push  with  the  horns.    [06*.]  Ray. 
N'OTE,  for  Ne  Wote;  did  not  know  how  to;  could 

not.  Spen.-irr. 
NOTE'-BQOK,  71.    A  book  in  which  memorandums 
are  written.  Shak. 
2.  A  book  in  which  notes  of  hand  are  registered. 
NoT'ED,  pp.    Set  down  in  writing. 

2.  Observed  ;  noticed. 

3.  a.  Remarkable;  much  known  by  reputation  or 
report ;  eminent ;  celebrated  ;  as,  a  noted  author  ;  a 
noted  commander  ;  a  noted  traveler. 

NOT'ED  IiY,  ado.    VV'ith  observation  or  notice.  Shak. 

NoT'ED-NESS,  n.  Conspiciiousness  ;  eminence  ; 
celebrity.  Boyle. 

NOTE'LESS.o.  Not  attracting  notice  ;  not  conspicu- 
ous. Decker. 

NOTE'LESS-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  noteless. 

Knowles. 

NOT'ER,  n.    One  who  takes  notice  ;  an  annotator. 

Oreffin-y. 

NoTE'WOR-THY,  (-wur'the,)  a.  Worthy  of  obser- 
vation or  notice.  Shaf{. 

NOTH'ING,  or  NOTH'ING,  n.  [no  and  thin^.]  Not 
any  thing;  not  any  being  or  existence  ;  a  word  that 
denies  the  existence  of  any  thing;  non-entity;  op- 
posed to  Something.  The  world  was  created  from 
notAtn^. 

2.  Non-existence  ;  a  state  of  annihilation.  Shak. 

3.  Not  any  thing  ;  not  any  particular  thing,  ileed, 
or  event.  JVvUimfr  was  done  to  redeem  our  char- 
acter. He  thought  not/ii'n^  done  while  any  thing  re- 
mained lo  be  done.  % 


A  del 


the 


to  choose  nothing 


4.  No  other  thing. 

Nothing  but  this  will  entitle  you  lo  Gorl's  acceptance.  Wake. 

5.  No  part,  portion,  quantity,  or  decree.  The 
troops  manifested  nothing  of  irresolution  in  the 
attack. 

Yet  had  his  aspect  nolAinf  of  seyerc.  Drydtn. 

6.  No  importance;  no  value;  no  use. 

Behold,  ye  ait:  of  nothing,  and  your  work  of  naughl.  — Is.  xli. 

7.  No  possession  of  estate  ;  a  low  condition. 

A  man  thai  from  very  nothing  is  jrown  lo  an  unspeakable  estate. 

Shali. 

8.  A  thing  of  no  proportion  to  something,  or  of 
trifling  value  or  advantage. 

The  charge  of  making  the  prouud,  and  otherwise,  is  gr'at,  iMll 
nottiiiig  Lu  Ore  prulit.  Baeon. 

9.  A  trifle  ;  a  thing  of  no  consideration  or  im- 
portance. 

'Tis  nothing,  says  the  fool  ;  but,  says  the  fri'-nd, 

This  nothing,  sir,  will  bring  you  to  yuur  en<l.  Drydtn. 

To  wake  nothing  of:  to  make  no  difficulty,  or  to 
consider  as  trifling,  light,  or  unimportant. 

We  are  inilustrious  lo  preserve  our  bod^  from  slavery,  but  we 
make  nol/dng  of  sutferiiig  our  souls  to  be  slaves  to  our  luiU. 

Ray. 

NOTH'ING  or  NOTH'ING,  ode.    In  no  degree  ;  not 
at  all. 

Adam,  with  such  coimsel  nothing  swaycvi.  Milton. 

In  the  phrase  nothing  irorlh,  the  words  are  trans- 
posed; the  natural  order  beinc,  vorth  nothinir. 
NOTII'ING-NESS  or  NOTH'ING-NESS,  n.  Nihility  ; 
non-<!xistence.  Dunne. 
9.  N  thing  ;  a  thing  of  no  value.  lludtbras. 
NO'TICE,  n.    [Er.,  from  L.  notitia,  from  nolo  or  notus.] 

1.  Observation  by  the  eye,  or  by  the  other  senses. 
We  take  notice  of  objects  passing  or  standing  before 
us  ;  we  take  notice  of  the  words  of  a  speaker  ;  we 
take  nofice  of  a  peculiar  taste  of  food,  or  of  the  smell 
of  an  orange,  and  of  our  peculiar  sensations.  No- 
tice, then,  is  the  act  by  which  we  have  knowledge 
of  something  within  the  "-irh  of  the  senses,  or 
the  efli'Ct  of  an  iiiipressv  .i  on  .some  of  the  senses. 

2.  Observation  by  the  mind  or  intellectual  |K)wer  ; 
as,  to  take  notiee  of  a  distinction  between  truth  and 
veracity. 


TPNE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOi;S  e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


95 


L  LL 


757 


NOT 

3.  Information  :  intelligence  by  whatever  means 
CffUiniiniicated  ;  knowledge  given  or  received  ;  as,  I 
received  notice  by  a  messenger  or  liy  letter.  He  gave 
notice  of  his  arrival.  The  bell  gives  notice  of  the 
hnnr  of  the  day.  The  merchant  gives  notice  that  a 
I'lll  of  exchange  is  not  accepted. 

4.  A  paper  that  communicates  information. 

5.  Attention  ;  respectful  treatment ;  civility. 

6.  Remark ;  observation. 

No'TICE,  V.  t.  To  observe ;  to  see.  We  noticed  the 
conduct  of  the  speaker  ;  we  noticed  no  improper 
conduct. 

2.  To  heed  ;  to  regard.  His  conduct  was  rude, 
but  I  did  not  notice  it. 

3.  To  remark;  to  mention  or  make  observations  on. 
This  pl.int  (lesprves  to  be  noticed  in  fliis  pl:\ce.  Tooke. 
Aiiotlir-r  circumswnce  wiis  noticed  in  connection  witli  llie  sii^- 

gi-slion  lasl  discussed.  Haynilton. 

4.  To  treat  with  attention  and  civilities ;  as,  to 
notice  strangers. 

5.  To  observe  intellectually. 
No'TICE-A-BLE,  a.    Tliat  may  be  observed  ;  worthy 

of  obso'vation. 

No'TIC-ED,  (no'tist,)  pp.  Observed;  seen;  remark- 
ed ;  treated  with  attention. 

No'TIC-I.NG,  ppr.  Observing  ;  seeing  ;  regarding  ; 
remarking  on  ;  treating  with  attention. 

No-TI-FI-eA'T10.\,  n.  [See  Notu  v.]  The  act  of 
notifying  or  giving  notice  ;  the  art  of  making  known, 
particularly  the  act  of  giving  official  notice  or  infor- 
mation to  the  public,  or  tt»  individuals,  corporations, 
companies,  or  societies,  by  words,  by  writing,  or  by 
other  means. 

2.  Notice  given  in  words  or  writing,  or  hy  signs. 

3.  The  writing  which  communicates  information  ; 
an  advertisement,  citation,  &c. 

No'TI-FI-£D,(no'tc-fide, );)/!.  Made  knovvn  ;  applied 
to  t/iinirs.  This  design  of  the  king  was  notified  to 
the  court  of  Berlin. 

2.  Informed  by  words,  writing,  or  other  means  ; 
applied  to  persons.  The  inhabitants  of  the  city  have 
been  notified  that  a  meeting  is  to  be  held  at  the  state 
house. 

No'TI-FV,  V.  U  [Tt.notificr;  It.  notificare ;  L.  notas, 
known,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

].  To  make  knt>wn  ;  to  declare  ;  to  publish  ;  often 
with  to  :  as,  to  notify  a  fact  to  a  person.  The  laws  of 
God  notify  to  man  his  will  and  our  duty. 

■I.  To  make  known  hy  private  communication  ;  to 
give  information  of.  The  allied  sovereigns  have  no- 
tified the  Spanish  court  of  their  purpose  of  maintain- 
ing legitimate  government. 

3.  To  give  notice  to  ;  to  inform  by  words  or  writ- 
ing, in  person  or  hy  message,  or  by  any  signs  which 
are  understood.  The  constable  has  notified  the  citi- 
zens to  meet  at  the  city  hall.  The  bell  iwtifits  us  of 
the  time  of  meeting. 

The  president  of  the  United  St\tes  has  notified  the  llonse  of 
HepreienLilives,  that  he  has  approved  ami  signed  the  aa. 

Jourrials  o/  iJie  Senate. 

Mite.  —  This  application  of  notify  h.as  been  con- 
demned ;  but  it  is  in  constant  good  use  in  the  United 
States,  and  in  perfect  accordance  with  the  use  of 
certify. 

No'TI-FV-ING,  ppr.  Making  known  ;  giving  notice 
to. 

NoT'ING,  ppr.    Setting  down  in  writing. 
NO'TIO.N',  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  notio,  from  notus,  known  ; 
noscOj  to  know.] 

1.  Conception  ;  mental  apprehension  of  whatever 
may  be  known  or  imagined.  VVe  may  have  a  just 
notion  of  power,  or  false  notions  respecting  spirit. 
"  .ATotion  and  idea  are  primarily  dilferent ;  idea  being 
the  conception  of  something  visible,  as  the  idea  of  a 
square  or  a  triangle  ;  and  notion  the  conception  of 
things  invisible  or  intellectual,  as  the  notwn  we  liave 
of  spirits.  But  from  ni^gligence  in  the  use  of  idea, 
the  two  words  arc  constantly  confounded. 

What  hath  txren  ^neritly  agreeti  on,  I  content  mytcif  to  .assnme 

under  the  notion  ot  principles.  Semton. 
Few  in  their  notion*  about  the**  wonls.  Cheyne. 

That  noticn  of  hiiii^r,  coldrsound,  color,  thotirhl,  ftTali,  or  li-ar, 
which  i»  in  the  mind,  iji  called  the  idea  ot  hunger,  cold,  Slc. 

Waits. 

2  Sentiment ;  opinion  ;  a.s,  the  extravagant  nolioius 
they  entertain  of  themselves.  JIdduon. 

3.  Sense ;  understtmding  ;  intellectual  power.  [J\'ot 
used.}  Slink. 

4.  Inclination  ;  in  vulgar  use  ;  as,  I  have  a  notion 
to  do  this  or  that. 

NO'TIO.N-AL,  a.  Imaginary  ;  ideal ;  existing  in  idea 
only  ;  visionary  ;  fantastical. 


T^ulinnnl  by  fancy  onW  made. 

A  notional  and  imaginary  thin". 


Prior. 
BenUrtj. 

2.  Dealing  in  imaginary  things;  whimsical ;  fanci- 
ful ;  as,  a  noltonat  man. 

NO  TIO.V-AL'I-Ty,  n.  Empty,  ungrounded  opinion. 
fAVrf  used.]  QIanrille. 

NO'TIO.\-AI--LV',  tulv.  In  mental  apprehension ;  in 
conception  ;  not  in  reality. 

Two  hcultJe*  nolionaUy  or  really  distinct.  Sortie. 

N0'TION-I6T,  n.  One  who  holds  to  an  ungrounded 
opinion.  Bp,  Hopkins. 


NOU 

No-TO-RI'E-TY,  n.  [Fr.  notorieU,  from  notoire.  See 
Notorious.] 

1.  Exposure  to  the  public  knowledge  ;  the  state  of 
being  publii;ly  or  generally  known  ;  as,  the  notoriety 

2.  Public  knowledge  [of  a  crime. 
Tbey  were  not  subjects  in  their  own  nature  so  exposed  to  public 

notoriety.  Addison. 
NO-To'RI-OUS,  a.    [It.  and  Sp.  notorin;  Fr.  notoire  ; 
from  Low  L.  Jiotoritis,  from  notus,  known.] 

1.  Publicly  known  ;  manifest  to  the  world  ;  evi- 
dent ;  usually,  known  to  disadvantage  ;  hence,  almost 
always  used  in  an  ill  sense;  as,  .a  nutoriotis  thief ;  a 
notorious  crime  or  vice  ;  a  man  notorious  for  lewd- 

2.  In  a  good  seiuse.  [ness  or  gaming. 

Your  goodness, 
Since  you  provoke  me,  shall  he  most  »rotoriou«.  Shak. 

NO-To'RI-OUS-LY,  adi\  Publicly  ;  openly  ;  in  a 
manner  to  be  known  or  manifest  beyond  denial. 

Sjpift.    Dry  den. 

NO-To'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  iipen  or 
known  beyond  denial ;  notoriety.  Occrbary. 

NOTT,  a.    [Sax.  knot.] 

Shorn.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

NOTT,  c.  t.    To  shear.    [OAs.]  Staioe. 

JVOTC/S,  n.    [L.]    The  south  wind.  Millon. 

NOT'WHf.AT,  n.    [Sax.  hiot,  smooth,  shorn.] 

Wheat  not  bearded.  Cnrew. 

NOT-WITH-STAND'ING  ;  the  participle  of  With- 
stand, with  not  prefixed,  and  signifying  not  opposing, 
nevertheless.  It  rt-tains  in  all  cases  its  participial  sig- 
nificatiini.  For  example:  "I  will  surely  rend  the 
kingdom  from  thee,  anil  will  give  it  to  thy  servant ; 
notwitlistfindinir,  in  thy  days  I  will  not  do  it,  for  Da- 
vid thy  father's  sake."  1  Kings  xi.  In  this  passage 
there  is  an  ellipsis  of  that  after  notwithstanding.  ThiU 
refers  to  the  former  part  of  the  sentence,  /  will  rend 
Ote  kingdom  from  theet  notwithstanding  that,  (decla- 
ration or  determination,)  in  lliy  days  I  will  not  do  it. 
In  this  and  in  all  cases,  nottrithslanding,  either  with 
or  without  thut  or  tliis,  constitutes  the  case  absolute 
or  independent. 

"  It  is  a  rainy  day,  but  notwithstanding  that,  the 
troops  must  be  reviewed;"  that  is,  the  rainy  day 
not  opposing  or  preventing.  Thut,  in  this  case,  is  a 
substitute  for  the  whole  first  clause  of  the  sentence. 
It  is  to  that  clause  what  a  relative  is  to  an  antecedent 
noun,  and  ic/iicA  may  be  used  in  the  place  of  it ;  mit- 
witlistanding  which,  that  is,  the  rainy  day. 

"  Christ  enjoined  on  his  followi^rs  not  to  publish 
the  curias  he  wroimht ;  hut  nutwillistauding  his  injunc- 
tions, they  proclaimed  them."  Here,  notirithslunding 
Aw  injunctions  is  the  case  independent  or  absolute  ; 
the  injunctitms  of  Christ  ntit  opposing  or  preventing. 

This  word  answers  precisely  to  the  Latin  non  ob- 
stante, and  both  are  used  with  nouns  or  with  substi- 
tutes for  nouns,  for  sentences  or  for  clauses  of  sen- 
tences. So  in  the  Latin  phrase,  hoc  non  obstante,  hoc 
may  refer  to  a  single  word,  to  a  sentence,  or  to  a  se- 
ries of  sentences. 

NOUGHT,  (nawt ;)  a  wrong  spelling.    See  Nai  ght. 

NOUL,  n.    [Sax.  A/to;.] 

The  top  of  the  head.    [J\*o(  in  use.]  Spenser. 

NOIJLD,  (niild.)    [ne  would.]    Would  not.  Spenser. 

NOU.\,  n.    [altered  from  L.  noinen,  name.] 

In  griiminar,  It  name;  that  sound  or  combination 
of  sounds  by  which  a  tiling  is  called,  whether  mate- 
rial or  imiu.'tterial.    [See  Name.] 

NOUR'ICE,  (nur'ris,)  n.    [Fr.  nourricc.] 

A  nurse.  Spepser. 

NOUR'ISH,  (niir'ish,)  v.  t.  [Ft.  nourrir  :  h.niitrire: 
Sp.  and  Port,  nutrir ;  from  L.  nntrio.  The  G.  na/tren, 
Sw.  ndra,  Dan.  narrr.  to  nourish,  can  not  be  the  same 
word  unless  they  have  lost  a  denttil,  which  may  per- 
haps he  the  fact.] 

1.  To  feed  ami  cause  to  grow  ;  to  supply  a  living 
or  organized  boily,  animal  or  vegetable,  with  matter 
which  increa.ses  its  hulk,  or  supplies  the  waste  occa- 
sioned by  any  of  its  functions;  to  supply  with  nutri- 
ment. 

2.  To  support ;  to  maintain  by  feeding.  GsruxivW. 
Whilst  I  in  Ir'Iand  nourish  a  mii^htv  band, 

I  » ill  BUr  up  in  Kngl.md  some  black  'slorm.  SkeJc. 

X  To  supply  the  means  of  support  and  increase; 
to  encourage  ;  as,  to  nourish  rebellion  ;  to  nourish  the 
virtues. 


NOV 


What  llBi 
tenli.j 


I  was  it,  with  such  proofs,  to  nourish  their  i 
JIaokct 


4.  To  cherish  ;  to  comfort.    James  v. 
.■).  To  educate  ;  to  instruct ;  to  promote  growth  in 
nltainiuents.    1  Tim.  iv. 
NOUit'lSlI,  (niir'ish,)  r.  i.    To  promote  growth. 

6niins  and  roott.  nouri*A  more  than  leaves,  [  Elliptical.)  Bacon. 

2.  To  gain  nourishment.    [Unusual.]  Bacon. 
NOUR'ISll.A-HLE,  (nur'ish-a-hl,)  a.    Sii.-ceptible  of 
nourishment;  as,  the  nourishahle  parts  of  the  body. 

Orcio. 

NOUR'ISII-KD,  (nur'isht,)  pp.  Fed;  supplied  with 
nutriment  ;  raiisi  il  to  grow. 

Nf)rK'lsil  Kit,  (uur'ish-er,)  n.  The  person  or  thing 
that  nourishes.  Bacon.  JUdton. 

NOI'll'l.^ll  l,\<;,  (nur'ish-ing,)  ppr.  Feeding;  supply- 
ing with  aliment  ;  supporting  with  food. 


2.  a.  Promoting  growth  ;  nutritious  ;  as,  a  nour- 
Lihing  diet. 

NOUR'ISH-ING-LY,  adi:    Nutritively;  cherishinglv. 

NOUR'ISH-MENT,  (nur'ish-nient,)  n.  'ihat  which 
serves  to  promote  the  growth  <if  animals  or  plants,  or 
to  repair  the  waste  of  animal  bodies ;  food  ;  suste- 
nance ;  nutriment.  Mewlon. 

2.  Nutrition  ;  support  of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies. 

Bluchinore. 

3.  Instruction,  or  that  which  promotes  growth  in 
attainments  ;  as,  nourishment  and  growth  in  grace. 

So  lliey  may  learn  to  seek  the  nourishment  of  their  souls. 

tJooker. 

NOUR'I-TURE.    See  Nurture. 

NOURS'LE,  V.  t.    To  nurse  up.  Speiuer. 

NOURS'LING.    See  NunsLi.'sG. 

JVOUS,  (nowse,)  ».  The  Greek  word  i"  I'j,  humorous- 
ly used  in  England  for  intellect  or  talent.  Smart. 

NdUS'LE,  i  (nuz'zl.)  [corrupted  from  noursle.]  To 

KOVS'EL,  \     nurse  up.  Shak. 

NOl'S'LE,  /  (nuz'zl,)  v.  t.    To  insnare  ;  to  entrap,  as 

NOUS'£L,  i     in  a  noose  or  trap. 

NO-VA€'U-LITE,  n.    [L.  noracula,  a  razor.] 

Razor-stone  ;  Turkey-hone  ;  coticular  schist ;  whet- 
slate,  a  variety  of  argillaceous  slate,  of  which  hones 
are  made  for  sharpening  razors.    Brongniart.  Ure. 

NO-Va'TIAN,  n.  In  church  history,  oiie  of  the  sect 
of  Movntiui,  or  Mtratiauus,  who  held  that  the  lapsed 
might  not  be  received  again  into  communion  with 
the  church,  and  th.at  second  marriages  are  unlawful. 

NO-Va'TI  AN-IS.M,  n.   The  opinionsof  the  Novaliaiis. 
One  Hypolitua,  a  Roman  presbyter,  had  been  seduced  into 
Kovatiaiiism.  Altlner. 

NO-Va'TIO.\.    See  Innovatios. 
NO-Va'TOR.    See  Innovator. 

NOVEL,  a.  [L.  novellas,  from  novus,  new  ;  It.  no- 
vetto  ;  Sp.  novel.] 

1.  New ;  of  recent  origin  or  introduction  ;  not 
ancient;  hence,  unusual;  as,  a  norel  heresy;  novel 
opinions.    The  proceedings  of  the  court  were  novel. 

2.  In  the  ciril  law,  the  novel  constitutions  are  those 
which  are  supplemental  to  the  code,  and  posterior  in 
time  to  the  other  books.  These  contained  new  de- 
crees of  successive  emperors. 

3.  In  the  common  law,  the  assize  of  novel  dis.seizin 
is  an  action  in  w  hich  the  demandant  recites  a  com- 
plaint of  the  disseizin  in  terms  of  direct  averment, 
whereupon  the  sheriff  is  commanded  to  reseize  the 
lanti  and  chattels  thereon,  anti  keep  the  s:ime  in 
custody  till  the  arrival  of  the  justices  of  assize. 

Btack.itone. 

NOVEL,  n.  A  new  or  supplemental  constitution,  or 
decree.    [See  the  adjective.] 

2.  A  fictitious  tale  or  narrative  in  prose,  intended 
to  exhibit  the  operation  of  the  passions,  and  particu- 
larly of  love. 

The  coxcomb's  novel,  and  the  drunkanPs  toast.  Prior. 
NOVEL-ISM,  71.  Innovatmn.  [Little  used.]  Bering. 
NOVEL  IST,  71.    An  innovator;  an  asserter  of  nov- 
elty. Bacon.  White. 

2.  A  writer  of  a  novel  or  of  novels.  fVurlon. 

3.  A  writer  of  news.    [Mat  u-ied  ]  Tatler. 
NOVEL  IZE,  !i.  i.    To  innovate.    [J^ot  in  use.] 
NOVEL-STUD-l-£D,a.  Studied  in  novels.  Tucker. 
NOVEL  TY,  71.    Newness ;  recentness  of  origin  or 

introduction.  Hooker. 
Novelty  is  the  great  parent  of  pleasure.  South. 
2.  A  new  or  strange  thing. 
NO-VE.^!'liEU,  n.    [L.  frtmi  novrm,  nine;  the  ninth 
month,  according  to  the  ancient  Roman  year,  begin- 
ning in  March.] 
The  eleventh  month  of  the  year. 
NO'VEN-A-KY,  n.    [L.  novcnarins.  from  novem,  nine.] 

The  number  nine  ;  nine  collectivi  ly. 
No'VE.\-.A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  number  nine. 
NO-VEN'NI-AL,  o.     [L.  novem,  nine,  and  annus, 
year.] 

Done  every  ninth  year.  Potter. 
NO-VER'CAL,  a.    [L.  norrrca,  a  step-mother.] 

Pertaining  to  a  sle|>-niother ;  suitable  to  a  step- 
mother;  in  the  manner  of  a  .«te|>-mother.  Drrham. 
NOVICE,  (nov'is,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  7iui;i(ius,  from 
novus,  new.] 

1.  One  who  is  new  in  any  business  ;  one  unac- 
quainted or  unskilled  ;  one  in  the  rudiments  ;  a  be- 
ginner. 

1  am  young,  a  lujviee  in  the  tmde.  Dryden. 

2.  One  that  has  entered  a  religious  house,  as  a 
convent  or  nunnery,  but  has  not  taken  the  vow  ; 
a  probationer.  Shak. 

3.  Oiu^  newly  plantetl  in  the  church,  or  one  newly 
converted  to  the  Christian  faith.    I  7'im.  iii. 

NO-VI-LO'NAR,  a.    [L.  iioi'iV;i«i«m.] 

Pertaininir  to  the  new  iniuin. 
NO-Vl"TIATE,  (no-vish'ate,)  71.    [Fr.  7ioriciot ;  It. 
mwiiitito.    See  Novice.] 

1.  The  state  or  time  of  learning  rudiments. 

2.  In  religious  house.-*,  as  convents  and  nunneries, 
n  year  or  other  time  of  probation  for  the  trial  of  n 
novice,  to  deterinini^  whether  he  has  the  nece.ssary 
i|iialities  for  living  up  to  the  rule  to  which  his  vow  is 
to  bind  him. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PUfiV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


758 


NOY 

3.  One  who  is  Roing  through  a  novitiate  or  period 

of  probiition  ;  a  novico.  AdduoH. 

NO-Vl"TI()l'S,  (no-vish'iis.)  a.  [L.  novMus.] 

Ni'wiv  iiiventLil.    [.\u£  iised.)  Pearson. 
NOV'I-'I'Y,  n.    [I,.  n«i-.(«..-.] 

Newness.    [A«t  used.]  Brown. 

Amons  Ike.  Romans,  ii  ili!sij;nalion  of  one  wlin  liail 
r.iisid  hiinself  from  ohscunty  to  distinction  witliout 
the  aid  of  family  connections. 
NOW,  u(/ii.    [t^ax.  vit,  U.  Sw.  Dan.  and  Gotli.  nu. 
The  G.  has  Gr.  mi',  L.  nunc] 

1.  At  tlie  present  time. 

1  hivt-  !i  ]iutlfiit  noip  living  iit  nn  ndv.-xnoHl  nge,  who  tlischjir^'d 


blooti  frtiin  liiii  iiiirty  yt'tyn  ngo. 

2.  A  little  while  aeo  ;  very  lately. 

Tlf-y  l\nn  bill  fioif,  tor  lioiior  ami  for  platf, 


.■IrbuOi  nut. 


MiuW  (III*  wa  l.liish  Willi  bl..od,  iv»i^n"Uicir  hiUfi.  WalUr. 

3.  JVow  —  MOM  ;  alternately  ;  at  one  time  —  at 
another  time. 

^'ou»  liiiTb,  now  low,  note  inaaler  up,  how  miM.  Pope. 

4.  JVom  sometimes  expresses  or  implies  a  connec- 
tion beHveen  tiie  snhscqnent  and  preceding  proposi- 
tion ;  often  it  introduces  an  inference  or  an  explana- 
tion of  what  preceiles. 

Nol  this  maiij  bui  BambUia ;  now  Barabbaa  wa*  a  robber. — 
Joliii  xviii. 

Then  K-iiil  Micuh,  Noio  1  know  that  the  Loni  will  do  me  good, 
wvin^  I  have  a  L''vile  for  my  pri'-at.  — Jnil^»  xvii. 

The  other  jrr-at  mischief  which  U-tatU  men,  is  by  Ihfir  beiiisr 
iniiip-preiiCiilcd.  A'ow,  by  cilliiig  evil  ^ooii,  u  man  is  inisr»-p- 
nted  to  olhera  in  the  way  ot  slander.  South. 

5.  After  this  ;  things  being  so. 

Hov.-  shall  any  iiiati  distinguish  now  betwi  xt  a  parasite  and  n  mao 
of  honor  1  L'Eitrauge. 

G.  In  supplication,  it  appears  to  be  somewhat  cm- 
phaticaU 

i  ln-seech  Ih-'e,  O  I.onI,  Tt- memh'T  now  how  I  Inve  walked  before 
Jliee  in  tnilh  and  with  a  perlect  hcarl.  — 2  Kings  xx. 

7.  A*!™  sometimes  refers  to  a  particular  time  past 
specified  or  understood,  and  may  be  defined,  at  tJuU 
timr.    lie  was  note  sensible  of  his  mistake. 

JV'oie  and  then  :  at  one  time  and  another,  indefi- 
nitely ;  occasionally  ;  not  often  ;  at  intervals. 

Thf-y  now  aiut  then  appear  in  otiices  of  relisrion.      _  Rogere. 
If  then-  wrn-  any  such  Ihinir  as  spontaneous  genemlioil,  a  new 
sp'cies  would  now  and  then  up|iear.  Anon. 

3.  Applied  to  places  which  appear  at  intervals  or 
in  succession. 

A  mead  here,  there  a  hcadi,  and  now  and  tfien  a  wooil. 

I>roylon. 

JVojc,  now,  repeated,  is  used  to  excite  attention  to 
something  iiiiinediali  ly  to  happen. 
NOW,  n.    The  present  time  or  moment. 

Cowley. 

NOW'A-D.\YS,  adv.    In  this  age. 

Whal  men  of  spirit  noiea/tnyt, 

Come  10  five  sober  juiij^nteiil  of  new  plays  f  Garrick. 
[  This  is  a  common  culloqtii'il  phrase,  but  not  elegant 
in  irritintr,  ttnless  of  the  more  familiar  kinds.] 
NO'W.W,    )  adr.    [no  and  ira;(.]    In  no  manner  or 
NO'WAYS,  i      degree.    (  These  can  hardly  be  con- 
sidered a^  compound  ^^'ords.] 
NOW'ED,  fnoo'.-d,)  a.    [Kr.  noiii!.] 

Knotted  i  tied  in  a  knot;  used  in  heraldry. 
NOW'EL,  M.    [Fr.  noel.]  [Kncije. 
A  shout  of  joy,  or  Christmas  song.  [Olti.] 

Chaucer. 

NOWES,  (nooz,)  n.    [Fr.  nou.1 

The  marriage  knot.    [0/».i.J  Crashato. 
NO'WIIERE,  [l  omp.  of  no  and  ip/irre  ;  Sax.  n/i-ir/i<rrf.] 
Not  in  any  place  or  state.    Happiness  is  nowhere  to 
be  found  but  in  the  pr.irtice  of  virtue. 

But  it  is  belter  to  write  no  and  tchere  as  separate 
words. 

NO'WTSE.  [eomp.  of  no  and  iciie ;  often  by  mistake 

written  Noways.] 

Not  in  any  manner  or  degree.  Beniley. 
NOX'IOUS,  (nok'shus,)  a.     [L.  noziu3,  from  noceo, 

to  hurt.] 

1.  Hurtful  ;  harmful  ;  baneful ;  pernicious  ;  de- 
structive ;  unwholesome  ;  insalubrious  ;  as,  noTiou.i 
air,  food,  climate  ;  pernicious  ;  corruptin,;  to  morals  ; 
as,  noTious  practices  or  examples  ;  nun'oiu  haunts  of 

S.  Guilty  ;  criminal.  [vice. 
Thuae  who  are  nosiont  in  llie  eye  of  the  law.    [LilL'e  luett.] 

OntmhaJi. 

3.  Unfavorable ;  injurious. 

Too  fntiuent  «ppear:ince  in  places  of  public  resort  !■  rum'ous  to 
spiritual  promotion.  A'wt/I. 

NOX'tOtrs-I,Y,  ado.    Iliirlfiiliv  ;  perniciously. 
NOX'IOUS-NESS,  n.    Hiirtfiiiness  ;  the  quality  that 

injures,  impairs,  or  destrii)s;  insalubrity;  as,  the 

iiorioii.viiM<  of  foul  air. 

2.  The  fjiiality  that  corrupts  or  perverts  ;  as,  the 
noTiausne.ts  of  doctrines, 

NOV.NOY'ANCE,  N()Y'ER,  NOY'FtJI.,  NOY'OUS, 
NOY'S.WCE.    See  Annot  and  Niiiance. 

NO'YAIJ,  (nS'yo,)  ».    [Fr  ,  the  nut  of  a  fruit,  as  of  a 
|ieach  or  cht  m  .] 
.\  cordial  flavored  with  the  kernel  of  the  nut  of 


NUL 

the  bitter  almond,  or  with  the  kernel  of  the  peach 
stone.  Brande. 

NOZ'Zl-E,  (noz'zd,)  )i.  [from  nose.]  The  nose  ;  the 
extremity  of  any  tiling ;  the  snout.  Jirbulhnot. 

NL'B'BIN,  n.    A  small  or  imperfect  ear  of  niai/.e. 

.America. 

NUR'HI-E,  V.  I.    [for  KNimni.E,  from  l.nob,  llii-  list.] 
To  beat  or  bruise  with  the  list.    [Aof  iwcd.] 

./lin.strorlh. 

NU-IIIF'F.R-OUS,  o.    [h.  nubifcr  ;  nubcs,  a  cloud  or 

fog,  anil  fern,  to  produce.] 

Bringing  or  pruducing  clouds.  Diet. 
NO'BILE,  (-bil,)a.    [Fr.,from  L.  nulii/iji,  from  nu6e,  to 

many.] 

Marriageable  ;  of  an  age  suitable  for  marriage. 

Prior, 

NU-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  marriageable. 

.^lez.  Walker. 
NO'BIL-OUS,  a.    [L.  nubilus,  from  nubcs.] 

Cloudy.  Bailni. 
NU-CIF'EK-0(Jf!,  «.    [T,.  nui,  nut,  and/tro,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  producing  nuts.  Diet. 
NU-eLi;'I-F()K.M,  a.    Formed  like  a  kernel. 
NO'CLE-lIS,  n.    [I,.,  from  nnz,  a  nut.] 

1.  Praprrhj,  the  ki  riiel  of  a  nut  ;  liiit  in  tisaire,  the 
central  part  of  any  body,  or  that  about  which  matter 
is  collected.  ^Voodward. 

2.  The  body  of  a  comet,  called  also  its  /ic«i/. 
NU-DA'TION,  n.    [L.  nudatto,  from  nudo,  to  make 

bare.] 

The  act  of  stripping,  or  making  bare,  or  naked. 
NODE,  a.    [L.  nudus.] 

1.  Bare. 

2.  In  Into,  void  ;  of  no  force;  as,  a  nurle  contract  or 
compact.    [See  Nl'uum  I'AeTiM.)  Blackstonr. 

NUDt^R,  c.  I.  To  touch  gently  as  with  the  elbow,  in 
order  to  call  altuntioii  or  convey  intiinalioii. 

Jiliss  PickeriHtr, 

NU-DMiRANCiri-ATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  order  of 
iniilltisi'iius  aiiiiiiuls  having  nu  shell  whatever. 

N0'1)I-'1"V,  n.    [L.  HudiUu^.] 

1.  Nakedness. 

2.  JVuditicsi  in  the  plural,  naked  parts  wliich  de- 
cency requires  to  be  concealed.  Dryden. 

3.  In  piiintinir  and  sculpture,  the  naked  parts  of  the 
human  figure,  or  parts  not  covered  witli  drapery; 
also,  nakeil  figures. 

JVD'DU.M  PJIC'TUM,  [L.]    In  la:r,  a  contract  made 
without  any  consideration, and  therefore  void, or  nut 
valid  according  to  the  laws  of  the  l;ind.  Bnurier. 
NU-GAC'I-TY,  V.         nugux,  from  nugic,  trilies.] 
Futility  ;  trilling  talk  or  behavior. 

More,  Johnson. 
NU-G.\'TION,  n.    [L.  nngor,  to  trifle.) 

The  act  or  practice  of  trifling.    [LiUle  used.] 

Bacon. 

NO'GA-TO-UY,  <i.    (L.  niio-afonits.] 

1.  Trilling;  vain  ;  futile;  insignificant.  Beniley, 

2.  Of  no  force ;  inoperative ;  inetfuctual.  The 
laws  are  sometimes  rendered  nugatory  by  inexeru- 
tiun.  Any  agreement  may  be  rendered  nurratory  by 
something  which  contravenes  its  execution. 

.\C'1'S.\.\CE,  (iiu'sans,)  n.  [Pr.  nuLiancr,  from  nuire, 
Ij.  noceo,  to  annoy.  BlacKsione  writes  Nusamce, 
and  it  is  desirable  that  his  example  may  be  follow- 
ed.] 

1.  That  which  annoys  or  gives  trouble  and  vexa- 
tion ;  that  which  is  offensive  or  noxious.  A  liar  is  a 
nuifance  to  society. 

2.  In  law,  that  which  incommodes  or  annoys; 
something  that  produces  inconvenience  or  damage. 
Nuisances  are  public  or  private  ;  public,  when  they 
annoy  citizens  in  gener.il,as  obstructions  of  the  high- 
way ;  private,  when  they  affect  intlividiials  only,  as 
when  one  man  erecLs  a  house  so  near  his  neighbor's 
as  to  throw  the  water  otf  the  roof  iiptin  his  neigh- 
bor's land  or  house,  or  to  intercept  the  light  that  his 
neighbor  before  enjoyi^d.  Blackstone. 

NUL,  in  law,  signifies  no,  not  any  ;  as,  nui  disseizin  ; 

n«f  tiid  rt;cord  ;  nttl  tort. 
NULIy.c.  f.    (L.  nullus:  ne  and  k//m.»,  not  any.] 

To  annul  ;  to  deprive  of  validity  ;  to  destroy.  [JVof 

much  used.]    [See  .\nxl'i-]  MiUan. 
NULL,  a.    [L.  ««//.«.] 

Void  ;  of  no  legal  or  binding  foVce  or  validity  ;  of 

no  efficacy  ;  invalid.    The  contract  of  a  minor  is  nuZi 

in  law,  except  for  iiecess<aries. 
NULL,  n.    Something  that  has  no  force  or  meaning. 

A  ciplU'r  is  called  a  nulL    [JVut  xised,]  Bacon, 
NUI.,-LI-FI-€A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  nullifying;  a 

rendering  void  and  of  no  eHTect,  or  of  no  legal  ef- 
fect. 

NUL-LI-FID'I-AN,  a.  [L.  nuUiu,  none,  and  Jidea, 
faith.] 

Of  no  faith  ;  of  no  religion  or  honesty.  [JVot  used,] 

Fellham. 

NI'I/LI-FI-KD,  (-fide,)  pp.    Annulled  ;  made  void. 
.NUL'LI-FI-ER,  Ti.    One  who  makes  void  ;  one  who 

maintains  the  right  to  nullify  a  contract  by  one  of  the 

parties. 

NUL'LI-F?,  e.  L  [L.  nullus,  none,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

To  annul ;  to  make  void  ;  to  render  invalid  ;  to 
deprive  of  legal  force  or  efficacy.  .^mes. 


NUM 

NUL'IjI-I*OUK,  n,  [h.  nullum,  none,  and  pnrug^  pore.] 
.'\  kind  (if  marine  pliiiit,  Hecrctine  linieun  lt.i  Mirfacc, 
mill  lit-nce  rc^iemblini;  cural.  It  wixh  formerly  con- 
Kidercd  a  kind  of  /.oupliite.  Duna. 

NUI/Ll-F?-li\G^  ppr.  ur  a.  Annulling ;  niakint^ 
void. 

Ndl/LI-TV,  n.  [It.  nullitd  ;  Fr.  nulliti  ;  from  U  nul- 
lum.] 

1.  Nothingness  ;  want  of  existence.  Bacon. 
S.  Want  uf  Jcgal  force;  that  which  wants  logul 
force. 

NUMIl,  (num,)  a.  [Sax.  nwrnrn,  the  participle  of  Hax. 
niiiianj  (Jolh.  jiiman^  to  take,  to  seize,  wlience  bent- 
man  or  bcitymajiy  to  deprive  ;  benurn,  benumeny  stupe- 
fied, that  Is,  seized,  arrested,  hehl,  stopped  ;  D,  nee- 
men  ;  ii.  nchmcn,    Clafs  Nui,  No.  7,  U.] 

1.  Torpid  ;  destitute  of  the  powt-r  of  sensation 
and  motion  ;  as,  tlie  fin;;er!i  or  limb.t  arc  numb  witli 
cold. 

2.  Prodnrinsmuinhncss  ;  benumbing  ;  as,  the  nnmby 
cold  innhl.    [J^Tot  usrdy  nur  prupcr.'\  Slink. 

NlTMIl,  (uum,)  V.  t.  'I'o  make  torpid;  to  deprive  nf 
the  power  of  sensation  or  motion  ;  to  deaden  ;  to  be- 
numb ;  to  stupefy. 

FfiT  Ui7.y  wiittiT  numbs  the  Inlioring'  hnnd.  Druden. 
Ami  ntti/ibiiig  cuMiicut  has  uiiil>r.icf'il  Un*  enr.  Prior. 

NUMII'/"!),  (nuiud,)  pp.    Kendcreil  torpid. 

NlJ.M'iiKK,  n  [i'r.  ttantbre  ;  L.  nnmrras  :  It,  f^p.  and 
l*ort.  nunnru ,  Arui.  and  \V.  wirpr;  It.  naimhir.  1 
know  not  whelner  tlie  elements  are  J^m  or  J^b. 
Probably  the  radical  sense  is,  to  speak,  name,  tirtell, 
as  our  word  rW/,  in  the  oilier  dialecLs,  is  to  number. 
J^umbcr  may  be  allied  lo  nnine.y  as  the  .*>panlards  use 
nombre  for  name,  and  the  French  word,  written  with 
the  same  leilrrs,  is  number.    Class  Nm,  Xo.  I.] 

1.  A  unit,  considered  in  reference  to  other  units, 
or  in  reckon^n^,  counting,  enumerating;  as,  one  is 
the  first  nuwbir;  a  simple  number. 

2.  An  asseinblaue  of  two  or  more  units.  Twoisa 
number  composed  of  one  and  one  added.  Five  and 
three  added  make  llnr  numbrr  eicht.  A'lnnbrr  may  be 
applied  to  any  collection  or  miiltitude  of  units  ur  in- 
dividuals, and  therefore  is  indefinite,  unless  defined 
by  other  words,  or  by  lif^urcs  or  bigns  of  definite  sig- 
nification. Hence, 

3.  Mure  than  one;  many. 

LailiL's  iin*  iiUvuys  of  gr>-nl  use  to  llio  parly  Ui-^y  tspoinu*,  ami 
never  I'iiil  lo  win  over  numbers.  Addison. 

4.  Multitude. 

Number  iiwlf  iinportelh  nol  innch  in  armies,  where  the  m^ii  are 
of  wciik  couni-fe.  Bacon. 

5.  In  poHnj,  measure ;  the  order  and  quantity  of 
syllables  constitutinK  feet,  which  render  verse  mu- 
sical to  the  ear.  The  harmony  of  verse  consists  in 
the  proper  distrtbution  of  the  long  and  short  sylla- 
bles, with  suitiible  pauses. 

In  oratanjy  a  judicious  disposition  of  words,  sylla- 
bles, and  cadences,  constitutei«i  a  kind  of  measure 
resembling  poetic  numbers, 

6.  Poetry  ;  verse. 

I  lUiv'd  in  numhtrs,  UtT  the  nuinhers  cam?.  Pope. 

Here  the  first  word  numbers  may  be  taken  (or  poet' 
ry  or  vrr-e,  and  the  second  for  measure. 

Yei  sh<iuld  ihe  MiiKCB  Lid  my  numbers  hjII.  Pope. 

7.  In  trrtunmar,  the  difference  of  termination  or 
form  of  a  word,  to  express  unity  or  plurality.  The 
termination  which  denotes  one,  or  an  individual^  is 
the  singular  number;  the  termination  that  denotes 
two  or  more  individuals,  or  units,  constitutes  the  plu- 
ral number.  Hence  we  s,iy,  a  noun,  an  adjective,  a 
pronoun,  or  a  verb,  is  in  the  singular  or  the  plural 
number. 

8.  In  fHrtrA/'ma(ic.'j,  number  is  variously  distinguish- 
ed. Cardinal  number:/  are  those  which  express  the 
amount  of  units  ;  as,  1,  2,  3,4,  5,  (1,  7,  8.  9,  10.  Or- 
dinal numbers  nre  those  whicli  express  order  ;  as,  first, 
sec<md,  third,  fourth,  &lc. 

Homoireneal  numbers^  are  those  referred  to  the  same 
units  \  those  referred  to  different  units  are  termed 
kcterotreneal. 

IVhvle  numbers,  are  called  inten-ers, 

A  rational  number^  is  one  connnensurable  with  uni- 
ty. A  numbrr  incommensurublu  with  unity,  is 
termed  irrational  or  surd. 

A  prime  or  primitive  number,  is  divisible  only  by 
unity  ;  as,  three,  five,  seven,  &c. 

A  perfect  number^  is  that  who^e  aliquot  |>arts  added 
together,  make  the  whide  number,  as  'it^,  whose  ali- 
quot iKirts,  14,  7,  4,  2,  1,  make  the  number  2d. 

An  imperfect  number,  is  that  whose  aliquot  parts, 
added  together,  make  more  or  less  than  the  number. 
This  is  abundant  or  dtrfective ;  abundant,  as  12, 
whose  aliquot  parts,  6,  4,  3,  2,  I,  make  16  ;  or  defec- 
tive, as  IG,  whose  aliquot  part^,  8,  4,  2,  I,  make  15 
only 

A  sijuare  number ^  is  the  product  of  a  nuinlwr  mul- 
tiplied by  itself;  as,  IG  is  the  square  number  of  4. 

A  cubic  number,  is  the  prorlnct  of  a  square  number 
by  its  rottt ;  as,  27  is  tlie  product  of  the  square  num- 
ber 9  by  its  nx)t  3.  Encyr. 

Golden  number:  a  number  showing  what  year  of 
the  lunar  cycle  any  given  year  is.  Barlute, 


TONE,  BULL,  IJXITE.  — AiV'GER,  VP'CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  0  a«  J  ;  S  as  Z    CH  a.<»  SB  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


750 


NUM 


NUR 


N  UT 


NUM'BER,  r.  (.    [L.  i,„mcro.] 

1.  To  count;  to  reckon  ;  to  ascertain  tlie  units  of 
any  sum,  collection,  or  multitude. 

If  a  man  c;lh  number  ilie  diist  of  ihe  earth,  Iheu  shall  thy  seed 
alao  be  numbered.  —  Gfii.  xiii. 

2.  To  reckon  as  one  of  a  collection  or  multitude. 

He  was  numbereil  witli  tlie  Irans^rtssors.  —  Is.  liii. 

NUM'BER-KD.pp.    Counted;  enumerated. 

NUM'BER-ER,  ji.    One  tiiat  numbers. 

NUM'BER-FUL,  a.    Jlany  in  number;  numerous. 

NUM'BER-lS'G,  ppr.  Counting  ;  ascertaining  the 
units  of  a  multitude  or  collection. 

NUM'BER-LESS,  o.  Tliat  can  not  be  counted  ;  in- 
numerable. .Milton. 

NUM'BERS,  n.  The  title  of  the  fourth  book  of  the 
Pentateuch. 

NU.M  H'ING,  (iium'mini,)  ppr.  or  a.    Making  torpid. 
NUM'BL£S,  71.  pi.    [Fr.  iwmbles.] 

The  entrails  of  a  deer.  Bailey. 
NUMIi'NESS,  (num'ness,)  n.    Torpor;  thatstateofa 
living  body  in  which  it  has  not  the  power  of  feel- 
ing or  motion,  as  when  paralytic  or  chilled  by  cold. 
NU'.MER-,\-BLE,  a.    [L.  numcrabili.'^.] 
That  may  be  numbered  or  counted. 
NU'A1ER-.\L,  a.    [Fr. ;  I.,  numeralis.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  number  ;  consisting  of  number. 

The  dependence  of  .i  Ion  j  miin  of  numeral  progressions.  LocKe. 

2.  Expressing  number  ;  representing  number  ; 
standing  as  a  substitute  for  figures  ;  as,  numeral  let- 
ters ;  as  X  for  10  ;  L  for  50  ;  C  for  lOU  ;  1)  for  500  ; 
M  for  1000. 

3.  Expressing  numbers ;  as,  numeral  characters. 
The  figures  we  now  use  to  express  numbers  are  1, 
2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  0.  They  are  said  to  be  of  Ara- 
bian origin  ;  but  the  Arabians  might  have  received 
them  from  India.    This  is  a  controverted  question. 

NO'MER-AL,  n.  A  figure  or  character  used  to  express 
a  nimiber  ;  as,  the  Arabic  numerals,  1,  2,  3,  etc. 

Nu'.MER-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  number  ;  in 
number. 

NO'MER-A-RY,  a.    Belonging  to  a  certain  number. 

A  sup'^rnumerary  canon,  when  he  obuiins  a  prebend,  b.  com'-s  a 
nuiiterary  canon,  Ayliffe, 

Nu'MER-aTE,  v.  t.  In  arithmetic,  to  divide  off  and 
read  according  to  the  rules  of  numeration  ;  as,  to  nu- 
merate a  row  of  figures. 

Nu'MER-a-TED,  pp.  Divided  off  and  read,  as  fig- 
ures. 

Nu'.MER-a-TING,  ppr.  Dividing  off  and  reading,  as 
figures. 

NU-MER-a'TION,  71.    [L.  numeralio.] 

1.  The  act  or  art  of  numbering. 

yumeration  is  but  still  tlie  adding  of  one  unit  more,  and  Fivin» 
to  llie  whole  a  new  najne  or  si^n.  Locke. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  the  act  or  art  of  dividing  off  a  se- 
ries of  figures  according  to  their  values,  and  express- 
ing them  in  words  ;  the  act  or  art  of  readmg  num- 
bers.   Thus,  for  50,  we  read  filly. 

NO'.MER-a-TOR,  ?i.    [I,.]    One  that  numbers. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  the  number  in  vulgar  fractions 

which  shows  how  many  parts  of  a  unit  are  taken. 

Thus,  when  a  unit  is  divided  into  i)  parts,  and  we 

take  5,  we  express  it  thus,  5-9,  that  is,  five  ninths  ; 

5  being  the  numerator,  and  9  the  denominator. 
KU-.MER'IC,        (a.     [It.  numerico ;  Fr.  numerique  i 
NU-.MER'ie-AE,  i     from  L.  numeru.-;  number.] 

1.  Belonging  to  number;  denoting  number  ;  con- 
sisting in  numbers  ;  as,  numerical  algebra  ;  numerical 
characters. 

2.  J^umerical  difference,  is  a  difference  in  respect  to 
number.  Thus,  there  m.'iy  he  a  numerical  difference 
between  things  vrhich,  in  other  respects,  are  not  dis- 
tinguishable. 

NU-MER'ie  AL-LY,  adv.  In  numbers  ;  as,  parts  of 
a  thing  numerically  expressed. 

2.  VVith  rpspect  to  numBer,  or  sameness  in  num- 
ber;  as,  a  thing  is  numerically  the  same,  or  «u»ncr- 
ica/Zi/  different. 

NO'MEIl-IriT,  n.  One  that  deals  in  numbers.  [JVot 
ntted.'\  Brown. 

NU-.MER-OS'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  numerous  ; 
harmony  ;  flow.    [JVwf  w-vff/.]  Brown. 

NO'.MER-OUS,  a.    [L.  numoo.v«s.l 

1.  Being  many,  or  consisting  of  a  great  number  of 
individuals  ;  as,  a  numerous  army  ;  a  numerous  body  ; 
a  numerous  people. 

2.  Consisting  of  poetic  numbers  ;  melodio  us  ;  imi- 
Bical.  In  prose,  a  style  becomes  numerous-,  by  the 
alternate  disposititm  or  intermixture  of  Iting  and 
short  syllables,  or  of  long  and  short  words  ;  or  by  a 
Judici  US  selection  and  (lispositioti  of  smooth,  Ihiw- 
Ing  words,  and  by  closing  the  periods  with  important 
or  well-sounding  words.  Kncyc. 

NO'MER-OIJH-LY,  orfr.  In  or  with  great  numbers; 
n-1.  a  meeting  numerowily  attendnl. 

NO'.MER-OU.S-NE.SH,  ;i.  'J'be  ipiality  of  being  nu- 
merous or  many  ;  Ihe  tpialily  tjf  consisting  of  n 
great  number  of  inilividuals  ;  as,  the  numcrouiineiia  o( 
an  army  or  of  nn  nssenibly. 

2.  The  qiialily  of  r^insisting  of  poetic  numbers; 
mehriliousneHH  ;  muslcalness.  Kncyc. 

NIJ-MIS-MAT'IC,  (nu-mi7,-mnt'ik,)  a.     [I.,  numuma. 


money,  coin  ;  Gr.  vuinaiin,  from  vofiii^io,  to  suppose, 
to  sanction,  from  vofioi,  law  or  custom.] 
Peitaininj;  to  money,  coin,  or  medals. 
NU-MIS-MAT'ieS,  n.     The  science  of  coins  and 
medals. 

NU-MIS-MA-TOL'O-GIST,  n.    One  versed  in  the 

knowledge  of  coins  and  medals. 
NU-MIS-iMA-TOL'O-OiY,  ii.    [Gr.  lopia^m,  coin,  and 
Ao>-"ff,  discourse.] 

The  branch  of  historical  science  which  treats  of 
coins  and  medals. 
NUM'MU-L.'VR,  a.    [L.  nummus,  a  coin.] 

Pertaining  to  coin  or  money.  Diet. 
NU.M'.M L'-LITE,  h.    [L.  nummus,  money,  from  its  re- 
semblance to  coin.] 

A  fossil  of  a  flattened  form,  resembling  a  small 
coin.  Ed.  Encyc. 

NUM-MU-LIT'ie,  a.     Composed  of  or  containing 

nummiilites. 
NU.MPS,  71.    A  dolt;  a  blockhead.    [JVof  used.] 

Parker. 

NU.M'SKULL,  «.  [numb  and  skull]  A  dunce;  a 
dolt;  a  stupid  fellow.  Prior. 

NU.\rSKULL-£D,  a.  Dull  in  intellect ;  stupid  ;  dolt- 
ish. Arbulhnot. 

NUN,  7!.  [Pax.  nunne:  Dan.  nunne  ;  D.  7io)i;  G.  nonne ; 
Sw.  nunna  ;  Fr.  nonne.] 

A  woman  devoted  to  a  religious  life,  and  who 
lives  in  a  cloister  or  ntinnery,  secluded  from  the 
world,  under  a  vow  of  perpetual  chastity. 

NUN,  n.  H'hite  nun  is  a  provincial  name  of  the  smew, 
a  Web-footed  water-fowl  of  the  size  of  a  duck,  with 
a  white  head  and  neck.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  blue  titmouse,  Parus  caeruleus.      P.  Cyc. 

NUN'CHION,  71.  A  portion  of  food  ta'ien  between 
meals.    [Clu.  from  noon,  or  a  corruption  of  luncheon.] 

Jiinsworth. 

NUN'CIA-TURE,  7!.  [See  Nuncio.]  The  otHce  of  a 
nuncio.  Clarendon. 

NUN'CIO,  (nun'shoj  a.  [It.  nunzio,  from  L.  nuncius, 
a  messenger.] 

1.  An  embassadt)r  from  the  pope  to  an  emperor  or 
kmg.  His  envoy  to  snuiller  courts  and  republics  is 
called  an  Int^hxuncio.  Encyc.  Am. 

2.  .\  messenger;  one  who  brings  intelligence. 
NUN'CU-PaTE,  r.  (.    [L.  nuncupo.]  [Shak. 

To  declare  publicly  or  solemnly.    [A"ut  u.-icd.] 

Barrow. 

NUN-CU-Pa'TIOX,  ji.    A  naming.  Chaucer. 
NUN-eC'P.A-TlVE,    la.    [H.  nuncupaHvo ;  Fr.  nun- 
NUN-CU'PA-TO-RY,  \     cupatif;  from  L.  nuncupo,  to 
declare.] 

1.  Nominal  ;  existing  only  in  nanfe.  Enctte. 

2.  Publicly  or  solemnly  declaratory.  Futherby. 

3.  Verbal,  not  written.  A  ytuncupatice  will  or  tes- 
tament is  one  which  is  made  by  the  verbal  declara- 
tion of  the  testator,  and  depends  merely  on  oral  testi- 
mony for  proof,  though  afterward  reduced  to  writing. 

Blackstone. 

NUN'DI-NAL,     )  a.     [L.  nundinatis,  from  nundina, 
NUN'DI-NA-RY,  i     a  fair  or  market,  quasi  7io!)f;n-di- 
vw,  every  nine  days.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  fair  or  to  a  market  day. 

2.  A  nundinal  letter,  among  the  Romans,  was  one 
of  the  first  eight  letters  of  the  alphabet,  which  were 
repeated  successively  from  the  first  to  the  last  d.iy  of 
the  year.  One  of  these  al  ways  expressed  the  market 
davs,  which  returned  every  nine  days. 

NUN'DI-NAL,  71.    A  nundinal  letter. 
NUN'DI-NaTE,  v.  i.    To  buy  and  sell  at  fairs.  [A'ot 
used.] 

NUN-DI-Na'TION,  71.   Tratlic  in  fairs.    [JVu«  used.] 
NUN-Na'TION,  ?i.      In  Mrabic  grammar,  from^the 

name  of  n,  tlie  pronunciation  of  n  at  the  end  of 

words. 

NUN'NE-RY,  71.  A  house  in  which  nuns  reside  ;  a 
cloister  in  which  females,  under  a  vow  of  chastity 
anil  devoted  to  religion,  reside  during  life. 

NUN'NISII-NESS,  7i.  The  habits  or  manners  of  nuns. 

For. 

NUP'TIAIj,  (nup'shal,)  a.  [L.  nuptialis,  from  nuptus, 
nubo,  to  marry.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marriage  ;  done  at  a  wedding  ;  as, 
nuptial  rites  and  ceremonies;  nuptial  torch. 

2.  Constituting  marriage  ;  as,  the  nuptial  knot  or 
band. 

riic  Bible  haa  mitigated  the  horrora  of  war;  it  has  ffiven  eflect- 
oal  oblijution  to  the  nuptial  vow.  (#.  S]fi-iug. 

NUP'TIALS,  n.  pi.  Marriage,  which  see.  Dniden. 
NURSE,  (nurs,)  71.     [Fr.  nourrice,  from  nounir,  to 
nourisli.] 

1.  A  woman  that  has  the  care  of  infants,  or  a  wo- 
man employed  to  tend  the  children  of  others. 

2.  A  \\  i>man  who  stickles  infants. 

3.  A  woman  that  has  the  care  of  a  sick  person. 

4.  A  man  who  has  the  care  of  Ihe  sick. 

5.  A  (icrson  that  breeds,  etiuctites,  or  protects; 
hence,  thai  which  breeds,  brings  up,  or  causes  to 
grow  i  as,  (Jrei  re,  the  7iur.vf  of  the  liberal  arts. 

(j.  An  olil  woman  ;  in  ct.iilempt.  Blackmnre. 

7.  The  slate  of  being  nursed  ;  us,  to  put  a  child  to 
nurse.  Cleavelund. 

8.  In  composition,  that  which  supplies  ffiod  ;  as,  a 
TiBr.if-pond.  /  H'alton. 


9.  In  horticulture,  a  shrub  or  tree  which  protects  a 
young  plant.  Gardner. 
NURSE,  (nurs,)  v.  t.    To  tend,  as  infants;  as,  to 
nurse  a  child. 

2.  To  suckle  ;  to  nourish  at  the  breast. 

3.  To  attend  anil  take  care  of  in  child-bed ;  as,  to 
nurse  a  woman  in  lier  illness. 

4.  To  tend  the  sick  ;  applied  to  males  and  females. 

5.  To  feed  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  bring  up.    Is.  Ix. 

(i.  To  cherish;  to  foster,  to  encourage;  to  pro- 
mote growth  in.  We  say,  to  nurse  a  feeble  animal 
or  plant. 

By  what  hands  has  vice  been  nursed  into  so  uncontrolled  a  do- 
minion f  Locke. 

7.  To  manage  with  care  and  economy,  with  a 
view  to  increase  ;  as,  to  nurse  our  national  re- 
sources. 

NURS'£D,  (niirst,)  pp.  Tended  in  infancy  or  sick- 
ness ;  nourished  from  the  breast ;  maintained  ;  cher- 
islied. 

NURS'ER,  71.  One  tliat  cherishes  or  encourages 
growth.  ^ 

NURS'ER-Y,  71.  The  place  or  ap.artment  in  a  notise 
appropriated  to  the  care  of  children.  Bacon. 

2.  .\  place  where  young  trees  are  propagated  for 
the  purpose  of  being  transplanted ;  a  plantation  of 
young  trees.  Bacon. 

3.  The  place  wliere  any  thin,^  is  fostered  and  the 
growth  promoted. 

To  see  fair  Padua,  nursery  of  arts.  Shall. 

So  we  say,  a  nursery  of  thieves  or  of  rogues.  Ale- 
houses and  dram-shops  are  the  7m«erics  of  intemper- 
ance. ^ 

Cliristian  families  Are  the  nurseries  of  the  church  on  earth,  as  she 
is  the  nursery  of  the  church  in  lieaveil.       J.  M.  Mason. 

4.  That  which  forms  and  educates.  Commerce  is 
the  itursery  of  seamen. 

5.  The  act  of  nursing.    [fJttle  used.]  Sluik. 
G.  That  which  is  the  object  of  a  nurse's  care. 

Mlton. 

NUR.S'ING,  ppr.    Tending ;  nourishing  at  the  breast ; 

educating;  maintaining. 
NURS'LING,  71.    .■\n  infant;  a  child.  Dryden. 

2.  One  that  is  nursed.  Spenser. 
NUR'TURE,  n.  [Fr.  nourriture  from  nourrir,  to  nour- 

ish.] 

1.  That  which  nourishes  ;  food  ;  diet.  Milton. 

2.  That  which  promotes  growth;  education;  in- 
struction.   Epb.  vi. 

NUR'TIJRE,  V.  t.    To  feed  ;  to  nourish. 
2.  To  educate  ;  to  bring  or  train  up. 

He  wits  nurtured  where  he  w;is  ooru.  trolfon. 

NUR'TUR-KD,  pp.  Nourished  ;  educated  ;  trained  up. 
NUS'TLE,  (nus'l,)  r.  t.    To  fondle  ;  to  cherish. 
NUT,  71.    [Sax.  hnut ;  D.  7iou( ;  G.  nuss  ;  Sw.  jiot ;  Dan 

nodd  i  Ir.  cnudit :  \V.  cna,  cnau.    It  seems  to  be  allied 

to  knot,  a  bunch  or  hard  lump.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  certain  trees  and  shrubs,  consisting 
of  a  hard  shell  inclosing  a  kernel.  Various  kinds  of 
nuts  are  distinguished  ;  as,  walnut,  chestnut,  hazelnut. 

2.  A  small  block,  of  metal  or  wood,  containing  a 
concave  or  female  screw  ;  called  also  a  Burr. 

3.  The  projection  near  the  eye  of  an  anchor. 

Mar.  Diet. 

NUT,  1'.  1.    To  gather  nuts.  fVood. 
N O'TANT,  n.    [ L.  nulajis. ] 

Nodding  ;  having  the  top  bent  downward. 
NU-Ta'TION,  71.    [L.  nutatio,  a  nodding,  from  7iu(o, 
to  nod.] 

In  astronomy,  a  vibratory  motion  of  the  earth's  ax- 
is, arising  from  perioilical  tluctualions  in  the  obliqui- 
ty of  the  eclijrtic.  Olmsted. 

NUT'-BREAK-ER,  11.  The  European  nut-hatch.  [See 
Nut-hatch. ]  £1/1/1.  Kncyc. 

NUT'-BROVVN,  a.  Brown  as  n  nut  long  kcpt'and 
dried.  Mdtoyi 

NU'J''-eRACK-ER,  71.  An  instiument  for  cracking 
nuts.  .Addison. 

2.  A  European  bird,  of  the  genus  Nucifraga,  be- 
longing to  the  crow  famil}'.  It  feeds  on  nuts,  in- 
sects, Slc.  p.  Cyc. 

NUT'GALL,  71.  An  excrescence  of  the  oak.  [See 
Gall.]'  Brown, 

NUT'-llATCH,  71.  The  common  naincof  birds  of  the 
genus  Silla,  having  much  of  the  habits  of  the  wood- 
pi  cki  r-',  anil  living  on  nuts,  inserts,  &c.  The  com- 
mon I'iuropean  nut-hatch  is  call  Mt  also  Nut-johiier, 
:ind  NuT-i'ECKKH.  P.  Cyc.  Johnson. 

NUT'-IIOpK,  11.  A  pole  with  a  hook  at  the  end,  to  j 
pull  down  boughs  for  galhering  Ihe  nuts  ;  also,  the  j 
name  given  to  a  Ihii  f  that  slob  goods  from  a  win- 
ilow  by  means  of  a  hook.  Shak. 

NUT'MEtl,  71.  [L.  nux-  moschabi  i  It.  noce  vioscada; 
Port.  7102  ntoscndu  ;  Fr.  mu.fcnde,  or  notx  muscade.  But 
it  may  he  qin^tioned  whither  the  last  syllable  in 
English  meg  is  not  from  E.  micis,  mace,  the  bark 
that  riivelops  llie  nut.] 

The  kernel  of  the  fruit  of  the  tree  called  Myristira 
mosrhata.  'I'liis  fruit  is  nearly  a  spherical  drupe,  of 
Ihe  size  and  somewhat  of  Ihe  shape  of  a  pear.  The 
llesliy  jiait  is  of  a  yellowish  color  without,  almost 
while  within,  and  four  or  live  lines  in  thickness,  and 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT — METE,  PIIBY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  

=================================== 


OAF 

opens  intii  two  nearly  rqnal,  lonsjiliulinal  valves,  pre- 
senting til  view  the  nut  siimnindiil  liy  its  arilliis, 
which  is  mace.  The  nut  (lr(i|is  <Mit,  anil  the  arilliis 
willu  rs.  The  nut  is  iival,  the  shell  viTy  hard,  and 
dai  k-liniwn.  Tins  immediately  envehips  the  kernel, 
which  is  the  juitmrir  as  connnonly  stild  in  the  shops. 
Tile  tree  pri>clitrin<;  this  fruit  prows  principally  in 
the  Islands  ofBanda,  in  the  Kast  Indies.  It  reaches 
the  height  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet,  producinp  nu- 
merous hranclies.  The  color  of  the  bark  of  the 
trunk  is  a  redilisli-brown  ;  that  of  the  youni; 
bninches  a  hright  green.  The  nutmeg  is  an  aro- 
matic, very  gnitel'ul  to  the  taste  and  smell,  and 
much  used  in  eook<'ry. 

NO'Tltl-A,  n.    [.^p.  nutria,  otter.] 

In  rtniniirrcfy  the  name  given  to  the  skins  o**  the 
My<>|>iitanms  Bonariensis,  a  native  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, resembling  the  beaver,  but  smaller.  J^idria  fur 
is  liirgelv  used  in  the  hat  manufacture.  McCulloch. 

NLT-TRI-eS'TION,  n.  Manner  of  feeding  ot  being 
'  fed.    UVot  in  iLse.) 

NO'TKI  KN'T,  q.    [I.,  iiutrio.] 

ITourishing  ;  promoting  growth. 

NO'TKI-KNT,  «.  Any  substance  which  nourishes  by 
proumting  the  growth  or  repairing  the  waste  of  ani- 
mal bodies.  Viirtcin. 

NO'TRI-iMF.NT,  ii.  [h.  nutrimentttm,  from  nutria,  to 
nourish.] 

1.  That  (vhich  nourishes;  that  which  promotes 
the  growth  or  repairs  the  natural  waste  of  animal 
bodies, or  that  which  promotes  the  growth  of  vegeta- 
bles ;  food  ;  aliuient.  South. 

3.  That  which  promotes  enlargement  or  improve- 
ment ;  as,  the  nutriment  of  the  mind. 
NU-TKI-.MCNT'AL,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  food  ; 

alinn'ntal.  Arbitthnot, 
NU-T1U"T10N',  (nu-trish'un,)  n.    [L.  nu(ri(io,  from 
nutria,  to  nourish.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  promoting  the  growth  or 
repairing  the  waste  of  animal  bodies  ;  the  act  or  pro- 
cess of  promoting  growth  in  vegetables.  Varmin 
•2.  That  whicli  nourishes  ;  nutriment. 
Fixrd  like  a  plant  on  his  p<'C)ili:tr  spot, 
Tu  <lr.«w  nuttlion,  pr^ty.igAH-,  litiil  rot.  Pope. 
Theix-  U  no  nutridnn  in  urtloiit  cptrits.  L.  Deecher. 

NU-TRI"TIOUS,  (nii-trish'us,)  a.    Nourishing  ;  pro- 


OAR 

moting  the  growth,  or  repairing  the  waste  of  animal 
bodies.    .Milk  is  very  nutritians. 
NU-TRl"T10i;S-LY,  (nu-trish'us-ly,)  ado.  Nourisli- 
ingly. 

NO''l'l!I-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  nourishing; 
niitrimental ;  alimi-ntal  ;  as,  a  nutritive  food. 

i\fi'TUI-Tl  VK-I.Y,  ni/e.  Noiirishingly. 

Nfl'TIU  TIVK-NEtfJ?,  n.  Quality  of  nourishing.  F.lli.i. 

iNO'TlU-Tl.UtK,  II.  The  ipjality  of  ntairishing.  [JVat 
u.<rd.  ]  Ifarvnj, 

NUT'SIIEM.,,  n.  The  liard  shell  of  a  nut ;  the  cov- 
ering of  the  kernel. 

2.  Proverbially,  a  thing  of  little  compass,  or  of  lit- 
tle value.  V  Estransre. 

NIIT'TALI.-ITE,  it.  [from  I'rof.  J<ruttull.]  A  mineral 
found  in  Dolton,  Mass.,  occurring  in  prismatic  crys- 
tals. It  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  identical  wilh 
ScAeoMTE.  Duna. 

Nl'T'TliN'G,  fpr.ma.    Gathering  nuts. 

NUT'TING,  n.    The  art  of  gathering  nuts. 

NIJT'-TUEE,  71.    A  tree  that  bears  nuts. 

NUX  VOM'I-eA,  H.  [I,.]  Thi^  fruit  of  a  tree  of  the 
genus  Strychnos,  growing  in  the  East  Indites.  It  is 
a  very  virulent  poi-^on.  P.  Oyc, 

NU/.'/EE,  1'.  (.  [Uu.  from  nourde.'\  To  suckle  ;  to 
ftisler,  <»r  nurse  up.    [ /-'u/ifur. ] 

NUZ'ZLE,  V,  i.  [(ill.  from  na^e  or  nours\e.'\  T<»  hide 
the  head,  as  a  cliilil  in  the  mother's  bosom.  Bailey. 

NUZ'ZEE,  II.  t.  [Uu.  nouro'Ic  or  nestle]  To  ncsilo  ; 
to  house,  OS  in  a  nest. 

NUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.    [Uu.  from  nose.]    To  work  with  the 
nose,  like  a  swine  in  the  mud  ;  as,  the  nuziling  eel. 
He  soni''timca  elmrifi'il  tliroiirli  an  nrniy  of  lawyrra  sword  in 
tkond,  and  loiiictinieii  nuzzltd  like  an  eel  in  Uie  iiaul. 

Arbuthnol's  Julin  Bull. 

2.  To  go  with  the  nose  thrust  out  and  down,  like 
a  swine. 

Sir  Roger  sliook  his  can  and  nuzzled  olon^,  well  satisfied  tliat 

he' was  iloiiip  a  cli.iritatile  work.  Arbul/inot. 
The  lilessed  benehl,  not  there  confined, 

Drops  to  the  thinl,  who  nuzzlet  cI<js«  behind.  Pope. 
NYG-TA-La'PI-A,  )  n.    [Or.  n  xruXwiria  ;  vv(,  night, 
NYG'TA-LO-PY,    (     and  t.n^,  the  eye.] 

A  disease  in  which  vision  is  painfully  acute  in  a 
strong  light,  but  clear  and  pleasant  in  a  dark  shade 
or  in  the  dusk  of  the  evening.  Goad. 


OAT 

NVe'TA-LOPS,  n.    [Gr.  ^UKTaXia\^.  ;  mf,  night,  and 

(jt^/,  the  eye.] 
One  alllirted  with  nycl.ilopia. 

NVE,  n.    A  brood  or  (lock  of  pheasants. 

NYE'GMAIJ,    \n.    A  riiiiiiiiaiil  mammal  of  the  Cap- 

NYI/GAI),      >    rid  tribe,  as  large  as  or  larger  than 

NEEI.'tJIIAIJ,  )  a  stag.  The  horns  are  short  anil 
bent  forward  ;  there  is  a  beard  under  the  middle  of 
the  neck  ;  the  hair  is  grayish  ;  there  are  strongly- 
marked  rings  on  all  the  feet,  ju>t  above  the  hoofs; 
the  fiMiiale  has  no  horii^.  It  is  the  Daiiialis  Kisia  of 
modern  naturalists,  and  the  Aiitilope  picta  of  the 
older  ones.    It  inhabits  N'ortlierii  Inilia. 

NY.MIMI,  (nimf,)  n.    (I,,  ninnplia  :  Or.  n'/zc/,!).] 

1.  Ill  mytlialoirij,  a  goildess  of  the  mountains,  for- 
ests, meadows,  or  waters.  Accoriling  to  the  ancients, 
all  the  worhl  was  full  of  nymidis,  some  terrestrial, 
others  celestial  ;  and  these  had  names  assigned  to 
them  according  to  their  place  of  residence,  or  the 
parts  of  the  world  over  which  they  were  supposed  to 
preside.  Brunile. 
Q.  In  pactry,  a  lady.  IVuller. 

NYMPH,     )  n.    .Aiiollier  name  of  the  jiiipa,  c'.rysa- 

NYMPIl'A,  i  lis,  or  aurelia  ;  the  second  stat  ,  of  an 
insect,  passing  to  its  perfect  fVirm. 

NYMPII-F;'.\.\,  a.  Pertaining  to  nymphs  ;  inhabited 
by  n)'mphs  ;  as,  a  nyinjihran  cave.  Fiiher. 

NYMPII'IC-AL,  (nimf'ik-al,)  a.  Pertaining  to  nymphs. 

Pausantas,  'Prans. 

NYMPII-IP'A-ROU.s!,  «.    [L.  nymplia  and  /;ario.l 
Producing  nyiiiphs. 

NYMPIl'ltill,  a.    Relating  to  nymphs ;  lady-like. 

Drayton. 

NYMp'l'T^^'^'^' (      '^''^^'"''''"B  ">''"1'''^-  Orayton. 

NYMPH-C)-.Ma'NI-A,  71.  Morbid  and  incontrollable 
sexual  desire  in  females,  breaking  the  bounds  of 
modest  demeanor;  ah\'a\s  attemled  with  agilation- 
both  of  bofly  and  mind,  and  ctwistituting  a  true  and 
proper  disease,  which  is  no  more  under  the  control 
of  the  will  than  tetanii.s. 

NYS,    [7IC  and  ii.]    None  is;  is  not.  [Oft.*.] 

Spenser. 

NY8-TAO'.Ml'S,  71.    [Gr.  vvara)  prnf.] 

Nictation  or  winking  of  the  eye,  as  in  a  drowsy 
person. 


Ois  the  fifteenth  letter,  and  the  fourth  vowel,  in  the 
English  al|diabet.  The  sha|)e  of  this  letter  seems 
to  have  been  taken  from  the  circular  configuration  of 
the  li|>s  in  uttering  the  sound.  It  corresponds  in 
figure  with  the  Coptic  0,  and  nearly  with  the  Syriac 
initial  ami  final  rati,  anil  the  Ethiopic  ain.  In  words 
denvetl  iVoin  the  Oriental  languages,  it  often  repre- 
sents the  rn^i  of  those  languages,  and  sometimes  tln^ 
ain  ;  the  original  sound  tif  the  latter  being  formed 
deep  in  the  throat,  and  with  .1  greater  aperture  of  the 
month. 

In  Knali.th,  O  has  a  long  soiin-'  as  in  foiie,  hone, 
f^aan,  cloak,  roll,  droll :  a  sliort  siiiind,  as  in  lot,  plod, 
rod,  Mnir,  lodire,  anil  the  sound  of  00,  or  the  Italian 
u,  ami  French  iim,  as  in  more,  prore.  This  stamd  is 
shortened  in  nortls  ending  in  a  close  articulation,  as 
in  book,  foot. 

The  long  sound  of  O  is  usually  denoted  by  e,  at 
the  end  of  a  word  or  syllable,  as  in  bone,  lonely;  or 
by  a  servile  a,  a-s  in  7;iea/),  foal.  It  is  generally  long 
before  //,  as  in  roll ;  but  it  is  short  in  doll,  loll,  and  in 
wortls  of  more  syllables  than  one,  as  in  fully,  rolley. 

As  a  numeral,  U  was  sometimes  used  by  the  an- 
cients for  11,  and,  with  a  dash  over  it,  (0,)  for 
11,001. 

Among  the  fruh,  O,  prefixed  to  the  name  of  a  fam- 
ily, denotes  progeiiv,  or  is  a  character  of  dignity  ;  as, 
O'.Neil  ;  O'Carrol.  ' 

Among  the  aiiciVn/.*,  O  was  a  mark  of  triple  time, 
from  the  notion  that  tlit^  ternary,  or  niimlter  3,  Is  the 
inost  perfect  of  numbers,  anil  properly  expresscil  by  a 
circle,  tlie  most  perfect  figure. 

O  is  often  used  as  an  exclamation,  expressing  a 
wish. 

O,  were  lie  pn'fnl  !  Dryden. 
It  mmetimes  expresses  surprise, 
^hakspeare  uses  C)  for  n  circle  or  oval. 
Witiiin  this  wooden  O. 
O.  P.  stanil  for  Old  Style. 
OAl),  (ode,)  for  Woad.    [JV'oI  used.] 
O.^F.  («fe,)  n.    [said  to  be  a  corruption  of  miph  or  elf, 
a  fairy  or  demon,  and  to  denote  a  foolish  child  left  hv 
fairies  in  the  place  of  one  of  better  intellects,  which 
Uipy  steal.  John.ion.] 

I.  A  changeling;  a  foolish  child  left  by  fairies  in 
the  place  of  another.  Drayton. 
a.  A  dolt ;  an  idiot ;  a  blockhead. 


<^AF'ISII,  a.    Stupid  ;  dull  ;  doltish.    [Little  used.] 
OAF'I.~ill-NESS, 71.   Stupidity  ;  dullness;  folly.  (Lit- 
tle used.  ] 

0.\K,  (oke,)  71.  [Sax.  ac,ac;  D.  eik,  or  eikboom;  G. 
eielie  or  eichbauin  ;  Sw.  ek :  nai\.  ee^e-trae,  oak-tree. 
It  is  probable  that  the  first  syllable,  oak,  was  origi- 
nally an  adjective  expressing  some  quality,  as  hard 
or  strong,  and,  by  the  disuse  of  tree,  oak  became  the 
name  of  the  tree.) 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Uiicrcus,  or  rather  the  popular 
name  of  the  genus  itself,  of  wliich  there  are  many 
species.  The  white  oak  grows  to  a  gre.at  size,  and 
fiiriiishi?s  a  most  valuable  timber ;  but  the  live  oak 
of  the  United  States  is  the  most  duniblc  timber  for 
ships.  In  Hartford  still  stands  the  venerable  oak,  in 
the  hollow  stem  of  which  was  ctincealed  and  pre- 
servetl  the  colonial  charter  of  Connecticut,  «'hen 
Sir  E.  Andros,  by  authority  of  a  writ  of  quo  war- 
ranto from  the  llritish  crown,  attempted  to  obtain 
possession  of  it,  in  iri87.  As  it  was  then  a  large 
tree,  it  must  now  be  nearly  three  hundred  years  old. 

OAK'-AP-PLE,  (oke'ap  pi,)  71.  A  kind  of  spongy  ex- 
crescence on  oak  leaves  or  tender  branches,  &c.,  pro- 
duced in  consequence  of  the  puncture  of  insects. 
It  is  called,  alst),  oak-leaf  irall.  Baron.  Kncyc. 

OAK'-ItARK,  71.  The  bark  of  the  oak-tree,  which  is 
preferred  to  all  others  for  the  purposes  of  tanning. 

OAK  O'PKN-I.NG,  n.  A  term  applied,  in  the  Western 
States,  to  op<'nings  or  tliinly-wiKided  sp.ices  in  oak 
forests,  whicli  are  free  from  underwood,  and  resem- 
ble an  English  park. 

OAK'ES,  (o'kn,)  a.  M.ade  of  oak  or  consisting  of 
oak  ;  as,  an  oaken  plank  or  bench  ;  an  oaken  bower. 

Milton. 

2.  Composed  of  branches  of  oak  ;  as,  an  oaken  gar- 
land. Addison. 

OAK'£N-PIN,  R.  An  apple,  so  called  from  its  hard- 
ness. Mortimer. 

OAK'I.ING,  n.    Ayoungo;ik.  Evelyn. 

OAK'U.M,  71.  [S.ix.  irceinfta,  ircti7n4<-,  tow.  The  latter 
part  of  the  word  ni.ay  be  Sax.  cemb,  a  comb.] 

The  substance  of  old  ropes  untwisted  and  pulled 
into  Iix)se  hemp;  used  for  calking  the  seams  of 
ships,  stopping  leaks,  kc.  That  formed  from  un- 
tarred  ropes  is  called  tcliite  oakum. 

O.AK'Y,  a.    [from  oo*.]   Hard  ;  ^  firm  ;  strong.  Jfall. 

C^.\li,  (ore,)  n.    [Sax.  or;  Sw.  ara  ;  Norm,  oircr.) 


An  instrument  for  rowing  boats,  being  a  piece  of 
timber  round  or  square  atone  entl,  and  fl.at  at  the 
other.  The  round  end  is  the  handle,  and  the  flat 
end  the  blade. 

'I'o  boat  the  oars  ;  in  seamanship,  to  cease  rowing, 
and  lay  the  oars  in  the  liii.at. 

To  ship  the  oars  ;  to  jilace  them  in  the  row -locks. 
To  unship  Vie  oars ;  to  take  them  out  of  the  row- 
locks. Mar.  Dicl. 
OAR,  r.  1.    To  row.  Pope. 
OAR.  r.  (.    To  impel  by  rowing.  Sluik. 
OAR'Kf), /ip.    Impelled  by  rowing. 

2.  Furnished  with  oars  ;  used  in  composition  ;  as,  a 
four-oared  boat. 
OAR'-FOOT-EU,  a.    Having  feet  for  oars,  as  certain 
animals. 

0 ARS'.M.\.V,  71.    One  who  rows  at  the  oar. 

O.VR'Y,  a.  Ilaving  the  form  or  use  of  an  oar;  as,  the 
swans  oary  feet,  Milton.  .Addison, 

0'/\-SIS,  M. ;  /)/.  Oases.  [I..]  A  fertile  place  in  a 
sandy  or  barren  desert.  This  name  is  particularly 
applieil  to  such  spots,  watered  by  springs,  in  the 
deserts  of  Egypt,  Lybia,  and  other  p.irts  of  Africa. 

RusselL    D'JliiVille.  Bruce. 

OAST,  ^ 

OST,    >  71.    [qii.  Gr.  earia,  or  L.  lutu;;.] 
OUST,) 

A  kiln  to  dry  hops  or  malt.  Mortimer, 
OAT,  71.    [Sax.  ate,  oat  or  cockle,  daniel ;  Russ.  ovea 

or  ovetzi!] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Avena,  and  more  usually  the 
seed  of  the  pl.-int.  The  word  is  coiniiumly  used  in 
the  plural,  ouLi.  This  plant  tlourislies  best  in  cold 
latitudes,  and  degenerates  in  the  warm.  The  meal 
of  this  grain,  oatmeal,  forms  a  consitlerable  and  very 
valuable  article  of  food  ftir  man  111  Scotland,  and 
every  where  oats  are  excellent  food  for  horses  and 
cattle. 

O.VT'-CaKE,  n.   A  cake  made  of  the  meal  of  oaLi. 

Pctuham. 

0.\T'*:N,  (iit'n,)  a.  Made  of  oatmeal  ;  as,  oatm 
cakes. 

2.  Consisting  of  nn  oat  straw  or  stem  ;  as,  an 
oaten  pipe.  MUtenu 
OATH,  (6th,)  n.    [Sax.  atA  ;  Goth,  aiths  ;  D.  ecd;  G. 
eid;  Sw.  ed ;  Dan.  arrf.] 

A  solemn  afiirmatimi  or  decl.anition,  made  with  an 


TONE,  B},'LL,  T;.MTE.  — .\N"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  'f  H  as  in  THIS. 


LLL» 


761 


OBE 


OBF 


OBJ 


1 


appeal  to  God  for  the  truth  of  what  is  affirmed. 
Tiie  appeal  to  God  in  an  oath  iiii]>lies  tliat  the  per- 
son imprecates  his  venjeance,  and  renounces  his 
favor,  if  the  declaration  is  false  ;  or,  if  the  declara- 
tion is  a  promise,  the  person  invokes  the  vengeance 
of  God  if  he  should  fail  to  fulfill  it.  A  false  oath  is 
called  perjurtj. 

OATH'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  having  an  oath  admin- 
istered to.    [AOit  uxeil.]  Sliali. 

O.A.TII'-BRE.^K-ING,  n.  The  violation  of  an  oatli ; 
perjurv.  Sliak. 

0.4.T'-MAIiT,  n.    Malt  made  of  oafs.  Mortimer. 

OAT'Mif..\L,  «.    Meal  of  oats  produced  by  grinding  or 
pounding.  Oay. 
2.  A  plant.    Wot  uxed.]  M. 

OAT'-THIS-TLE,  (-this'l,)  ji.    A  plant.  Mnsicorth. 

OB,  a  Latin  preposition,  signifies,  primarily,  in  front, 
before,  and  hence  against,  toward  ;  as  in  objicio,  to 
object,  that  is,  to  throw  against.  It  lias  also  the 
force  of  ill  or  on  ;  as  in  obtrude,  to  thrust  on.  In 
composition,  the  letter  b  is  often  chaimed  into  the  first 
letter  of  the  word  to  which  it  is  prefixed ;  as  in  occn- 
sion,  offer,  appose. 

OB-AM'15U-LaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  obambulo.] 

To  walk  about.    [JVot  used.]  Corkcram. 

OB-AJI-BU-La'TION,  n.  A  walking  about.  [JVoi 
jwf(/.]  DM. 

OB-BLI-GX'TO,  a.  [It.,  bound.]  Literally,  bound  or 
Confined  ;  a  musical  term  applied  to  a  composition  or 
movement  written  expressly  for  the  instruaient 
named ;  and  also  to  a  movement  restrained  by  cer- 
tain rules  to  a  particular  passage,  &:c.  Brandt. 

OB-eON'ie,        }a.    [ob -.inii  conic]    In  botany, -cc'A- 

OB-CON'ie-AL,  i  ical,  but  having  the  ape.Y  down- 
ward. 

OB-eORD'ATE,  a.    [L.,  from  ob  and  cor,  the  heart.] 
In  botany,  shaped  like  a  heart,  with  liie  ape.T 
downward  ;  as,  an  obcordate  petal  or  legume. 

Martiin. 

OB-DOR-MI"TION,  (-mish'un,)  n.    [L.  obdormio'.] 

Sleep  ;  sound  sleep.  [Little  useil.]  Hall. 
OB-DUCE',  V.  U    [L.  obduto  :  ob  and  dneo,  to  le.id.] 

To  draw  over,  ai  a  covering.  [Little  used.]  Hale. 
OB-DUCT',  V.  t.    [L.  obilaco.] 

To  draw  over  j  to  cover.    [AOyi  in  use.]  Brown. 
OB-DUe'TION,  71.    [L.  obdnclio.] 

The  act  of  drawnig  over,  as  a  covering  ;  the  act 
of  laying  over.  [Little  used.]  Cockeram. 
OB'DU-RA-CV  or  OB-DO'UA-CY,  n.  [See  Obdu- 
R\TE.]  Invincible  liardness  of  heart ;  impenitence 
that  can  not  be  subdued  ;  inflexible  persistency  in 
sin;  obstinacy  in  wickedness. 

God  may  by  almighty  grace  hinder  the  absolute  complelioii  of  sin 
ill  tinai  obduracy.  SouUi. 

OB'DU-RATE  or  OB-Du'R.'\TE,  a.  [L.  obduro,  to 
harden  ;  ob  and  duro.] 

1.  Hardened  in  heart ;  inflexibly  hard  ;  persisting 
obstinately  in  sin  or  impenitence. 

2.  Hardened  against  good  or  favor  ;  stubborn  ;  un- 
yielding ;  inflexible. 


The  custom  of  evil  makps  the  Iieirt  obdurate  ; 
iiis'.riiclions  to  the  contrary. 


gainst  whatsoever 
Houtcer. 


3.  Harsh ;  rugged ;  as,  an  obdurate  consonant. 
[Little  used.]  Swift. 

OB'DU-RATE,  r>.  t.    To  harden.    [JVot  used.]  More. 

OB'DU-RATE-LY  or  OB-Du'RATE-LY,  ado.  .Stub- 
bornly ;  inflexibly;  with  ohstinate  iinpenitenre. 

OB'DU-R.ATE-NES.S  or  OB-DO'R  ATE-NESS,  n. 
Stubhornness  ;  inflexible  persistenre  in  sin. 

OB-DU-RA'TION,  n.  Tlie  hardening  of  the  heart ; 
hardness  of  heart;  stubbornness. 

Hooker.  Havtmond. 

OB-DCRE',  V.  t.    [L.  obduro.] 

1.  To  harden ;  to  render  obstinate  in  sin.  [Little 
vsed.]  Herbert. 

2.  To  render  inflexible.    \ Little  xu:ed.]  Hall. 
OK-Dv^' Eli,  pp.  or  a.    Hardened  :  inflexible ;  impen- 
itent. Milton. 

OB-D0R'£D-NES.S,  n.  Hardness  of  heart ;  stiihborn- 
ness.    [Little  used.]  Hall. 

O'liE-AII,  71,  A  species  of  witchcraft  practiced  among 
the  African  negroes.  F.ncye, 

O-Bk'DI-ENCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  obedienlia.  See 
Obky.] 

C'ouipliance  with  a  command,  prohibition,  or 
known  Law  and  rule  of  duty  prescribed  ;  the  per- 
formance of  what  is  ri  (|iiircd  or  enjoined  by  author 
ity,  or  the  abstaining  from  wliat  is  prohibited,  in 
compliance  with  the  command  or  prohibition.  To 
constitute  obi  dionce,  the  act  or  forbearance  to  act 
must  be  in  suliinission  to  authority  ;  the  command 
rnunt  be  known  to  Ilie  person,  and  his  compliance 
must  be  in  ronsi'ipienre  of  it,  or  it  is  not  obedience. 
Obedience  is  not  synonymous  with  obsei/niausness ; 
the  lalt/  r  ofti  n  in)plying  mi^anness  or  servility,  and 
obedience;  bring  nu  rely  a  pro|ier  submission  to  au- 
thority. 'I'hat  which  duly  reciuirea  hnplies  dignity 
of  coniliict  rather  than  servility.  Obedience  may  be 
voluntary  or  inrolnnlnry.  Voluntary  obedience  alone 
can  be  ncceptuble  to  God. 

GoTemmrnt  inusl  compel  lh«  oh*ditnet  of  indlvhlualt ;  otlior- 
wlM  who  will  mv-.k  \u  pitrteclion  or  feiir  iirvcngcuiiCf  t 

Amtt, 


O-Be'DI-ENT,  «.    [L.  obcdicns.] 

Submissive  to  .authority  ;   yielding  compliance 
with  commands,  orders,  or  injunctions  ;  performing 
what  is  retjuij-ed,  or  abstaining  from  wliat  is  forbid. 
The  chief  his  onlers  fives  ;  the  ohedienl  band, 
M'itli  due  observance,  wiiii  the  chiej's  coiinnand.  Pope. 

O-BE-DI-EN'TIAL,  a.    [Fr.  obrdicncicl.] 

According  to  the  rule  of  obedience  ;  in  compli- 
ance with  commando  ;  as,  obediential  submission. 

Hammond. 

O-Be'DI-ENT-LY,  ado.  With  obedience;  with  due 
submission  to  commands  ;  witli  submission  or  com- 
pliance with  orders.  Tillotson. 

O-BeI'SANCE  or  O-BEI'SANCE,  n.  [Fr.  obeissance, 
from  obeir,  to  obey,  L.  obedio.] 

A  bow  or  courtesy  ;  an  act  of  reverence  made  by 
an  inclination  of  the  body  or  the  knee.  Oen. 
xxxvii. 

0-BEI'SANT  or  O-BEI'SANT,  a.  Reverent;  sub- 
missive. 

OB-E-LIS'GAL,  a.    In  the  form  of  an  obelisk. 

Stukcley. 

OB'E-LISK,  71.  [L.  obeliscus;  Gr.  o/JtXitrKos,  dim.  of 
o/it\os,  a  spit.] 

1.  A  tall,  four-sided  pillar,  gradually  tapering  as  it 
rises,  and  cut  otf  at  the  top  in  the  form  of  a  flat  pyra- 
mid. The  shaft  is  properly  made  of  one  entire  stone, 
as  in  the  Egyptian  obelisks,  which  are  also  often 
charged  witii  inscriptions  or  hieroglyphics.  Some 
ancient  obelisks  appear  to  have  beeji  erected  in  honor 
of  distinguished  peisims  or  their  achievemi'nts.  Ptol- 
emy Philadelphus  raised  one  of  88  cubits  high  in 
honor  of  Arsinoe.  Augustus  erected  one  in  the  Cam- 
pus IMartius  at  Rome,  which  served  to  mark  the 
liours  on  a  horizontal  dial  drawn  on  the  pavement. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  writinir  and  printing,  a  reference  or  mark  re- 
ferring the  reader  to  a  note  in  the  margin,  thus,  f. 
It  is  used  also  for  .a  mark  of  censure,  or  for  desig- 
nating obsolete  wortis,  or  for  other  puriioses,  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  writer. 

OB'E-LIZE,  V.  t.  To  designate  with  an  obelus;  to 
mark  as  dotibtfiil  or  spurious. 

OB'E-LUS,  71.  [Gr.  tificXi^i,  a  needle.]  In  ancient  man- 
vscripts,  a  marlt,  thus,  — ,  or  so  called  from  its  re- 
semblance to  a  needle.  It  was  used  by  Origen  in  his 
Hexapla,  to  mark  pnssages  of  the  Septuagint  which 
are  not  found  in  the  Hebrew.  Brande. 

OB-EQ'UI-TATE,  v.  i.  [h.  obcquito  i  ob  and  equito, 
to  ride  ;  equus,  a  liorse.] 

To  ride  about.    [JVof  used.]  Cockeram. 

OB-EU-UI-TA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  riding  about. 
[j\n/  used.]  Cockeram. 

Oli'E-ROX,  n.  The  king  of  tlie  fairies.  See  Sliak- 
spi\'tre's  JItdsuinmer  J\rifrlit^s  Dream. 

Oli-Eli-RA'TION,  71.  [L.  oberro  ;  ob  and  erro,  to  wan- 
der.] 

Tlie  act  of  wandering  about.    [Little  luied.] 
0-BeSE',  a.    [L.  obesus.]  [JoJinson. 

Fat ;  rteshv.    [Little  used.]  Oauton. 
0-Bi5SE'NESS,  )        rr      >.    •,  n 
O-BES'I-TY      i        ^  obcsitas.] 

Excessive  fatness ;  fleshiness ;  incumbrance  of 
flesh.  Orcw. 
O-BEY',  (o-ba',)  ».  t    [Fr.  obeir,  contracted  from  L. 
obedio,  It.  ubbidire  ;  supposeti  to  be  contracted  from 
ob  and  audio,  to  hear.    See  Gr.  f  Jak-oiiw.] 

1.  To  comply  with  the  commands,  orders,  or  in- 
structions of  a  superior,  or  with  the  requirements  of 
law,  moral,  political,  or  municipal ;  to  do  that  which 
is  commanded  or  required,  or  to  forbear  doing  that 
which  is  prohibited.  He  who  lias  learned  to  obey 
will  know  how  to  command. 

Cliildren,  obey  your  parents  in  tlie  Lord.  —  Kph.  v!. 
iServaiits,  obey  in  all  things  yonr  iniisters.  —  Col.  iii. 

2.  To  submit  to  iJie  government  of;  to  be  ruled  by. 

All  Israel  obeyed  Solomon.  —  1  Chroii.  ixil.    Dan.  vli. 

3.  To  submit  to  the  direction  or  control  of.  Sea- 
men s.ay,  the  ship  will  not  obey  the  helm. 

Let  not  sin  tlier  fore  rei^ii  in  your  mortal  body,  tliat  ye  sliould 
obey  it  in  the  lusts  Lliereof.  —  Itoin,  vi,    Jaines  iii. 

4.  To  yield  to  the  impulse,  power,  or  operation  of; 
as,  to  obey  stimulus.  Darwin. 

Relentless  Time,  destroyanfif  power, 
Whom  stone  and  brass  obey. 

OB^Y'/^D,  (o-bride',)  pp.  Complied  with;  per- 
formed ;  as  a  cotiiiiiand  ;  yielded  to. 

O-BIJY'EIl,  71.    One  who  yields  obedience. 

O-B jJY'I.N'G,  ppr.  Complying  with  commands;  sub- 
mitting to. 

O-HEY'ING-LY,  (o-ba'-,)  a.dv.  Complyingly  ;  submis- 
sivelv. 

OH-FIUM',  (ob-ferm',)  >  v.  I.   To  ni.ike  firm  ; 

OK- FIRM 'ATI;,  (ob-ferm'iito,)  \     to  harden  in  resolu- 

~    Hull.  Sheldon. 

ob  and  fusco,  to  obscure.] 
IVatrrhouse. 

OB-FU.S'CA-TEI),  pp.    Darkened  in  color.  Slicnstone. 
OB-FUS'Ca-TIN(;,  ppr.    Darkening  ;  obscuring. 
OB-FUS-CA'TION,  11.    The  art  of  darkening  or  ren- 
dering obscure ;  the  sttvto  of  being  darkened  ;  a 
clouding. 

Ob/ntfntiont  of  the  cornea.  Darwin, 


iiviir  A  I  r.,  ^ou-ieriu'ai 
tion.    [JV./f  used.] 
OII-FUS^Ca  I'E,  I.,  t.    [L.  0 
To  ilarken  ;  to  obscure. 


OB'IT,  7!.    [E.  obiit,  obivit ;  ob  and  eo,  to  go.] 

Properly,  death;  decease;  hence,  funeral  solemni- 
ties ;  also,  an  anniversary  service  for  the  soul  of  the 
tleceased  on  the  day  of  his  death.  Encyc.  Mountagu. 
OB'I-TER,  [L..]    In  passing;  incidentally;  as,  obiter 

dictum,  a  thing  incidentally  said. 
O-BIT'lJ-AL,  a.    [L.  obco,  to  die  ;  obittts,  death.] 

Pertaining  to  obits,  or  the  days  when  funeral  so- 
lemnities are  celebrated  ;  as,  obitual  days.  Encyc. 
0-B!T'U-A-RY,  71.    [Fr.  obituaire.] 

1.  An  account  of  persons  decetised  ;  notice  of  the 
death  of  a  person,  accompanied  vvilli  a  brief  bio- 
graphical sketch  of  his  cliaracter. 

S*.  Ill  tlic  Roman  Catholic  churck,  a  list  of  the  dead, 
or  a  register  of  obitual  anniversary  days,  when 
service  is  performed  for  the  dead.  Encyc. 
O-BIT'IJ-A-RI-L.Y,  ado.    In  the  manner  of  an  obit- 
uarv. 

O-Blt'lf-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  decease  of  a  per- 
son or  persons  ;  as,  an  obituary  notice. 

OB'JEGT,  71.  [Fr.  objct;  L.  objectum,  objectus.  See 
the  verb.] 

1.  That  about  which  any  power  or  faculty  is  em- 
ployed, or  something  apprehended  or  presented  to 
the  mind  by  sensation  or  imagination.  Thus  that 
quality  of  a  rose  which  is  perceived  by  the  sense  of 
smell,  is  an  object  of  perception.  When  tlie  object  is 
not  in  contact  with  the  organ  of  sense,  there  must 
be  some  medium  through  which  we  obtain  the  per- 
ception of  iL  The  impression  which  objects  make 
on  the  senses,  must  be  by  the  immediate  ttpplication 
of  them  to  the  organs  of  sense,  or  by  means  of  the 
medium  that  intervenes  between  the  organs  antl  the 
objects. 

2.  That  to  which  the  mind  is  directed  for  accom- 
plishment or  attainment ;  end  ;  ultimate  purpose. 
Happiness  is  the  object  of  every  man's  desires ;  we 
all  strive  to  attain  to  that  object.  Wealth  and  honor 
are  pursued  witli  eagerness  as  desirable  objects. 

3.  Something  presented  to  the  senses  or  the  mind, 
to  excite  emotion,  aflection,  or  passion. 

This  passenger  felt  some  degree  of  concern  at  the  sight  of  so 
nioviug  an  object.  AlUrbury. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  uttered  with  a  particular 
emphasis,  signifies  something  that  may  strongly 
move  our  pity,  abhorrence,  or  disgust.  VVhat  an  'ob- 
ject .' 

4.  In  grammar,  that  whirl)  is  produced,  influ- 
enced, or  acted  on  by  something  else;  that  which 
follows  a  transitive  verb.  ^VIlen  we  say,  "  (iod 
created  the  world,"  world  denotes  the  thing  pro- 
duced, and  is  the  object  after  the  verb  created. 
When  we  say,  "  The  light  alVects  the  eye,"  eye  de- 
notes that  which  is  attected  or  acted  on.  When  we 
say,  "Instruction  directs  the  mind  or  opinions," 
mind  and  opinioyis  are  the  objects  influenced. 

OB'JECT-GLaSS,  71.    In  a  telescope  or  microscope,  the 

glass  placed  at  the  end  of  a  tube  next  the  object. 

its  oflice  is  to  forni  an  im.age  of  the  object,  which  is 

then  viewed  by  the  eye-glass. 
OB-JEGT',  V.  t.    [L.  objicio;  ob  und  jacio,  to  throw 

against.] 

I.  To  oppose ;  to  present  in  opposition. 


Pallas  to  their  eyes 
The  mist  objected,  and  condensed  the  skies. 


Pope. 


2.  To  present  or  offer  in  opposition,  as  a  charge 
crimin.al,  or  .as  a  reason  adverse  to  something  sup- 
posed to  be  erroneous  or  wrong  ;  with  to  or  against. 

The  book  —  jpveth  liberty  to  ohjecl  any  crime  against  such  as  are 
to  lie  onk'red.  WJiitgij'te. 

The  adversaries  of  religion  ottject  against  professora  Uie  irivgu- 
hirily  of  their  lives,  anil  too  often  with  justice.  ^Inon, 

There  was  this  simple  fault,  that  Krasmus,  though  an  enemy, 
could  object  to  liiin.  .itterbury. 

3.  To  ofler  ;  to  exhibit.  [Little  itscd.]  ffarburton. 
OB-JEGT',  J),  t.    To  o[ipose  in  words  or  arguments; 

to  olfer  reasons  against.    The  counsel  objected  to  the 

admission  of  the  plaintiff" 's  witnesses. 
OB-JEGT',  a.  Opposed  ;  presented  in  opposition.  [JVot 

used.]  Sandys. 
OB-JECT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  opposed.  Taylor. 
OB-JEGT'ED,  pp.    Opposed  in  words ;  offered  reasons 

against. 

OB-JECT'ING,  ppr.     Opposing  ;   offering  reasons 
against. 

OBjEC'TION,  77.    [L.  objectio.] 

1.  The  act  of  objecting. 

2.  That  which  is  presented  in  opposition  ;  adverse 
reason  or  nrgiiinent.  The  defi  ndtiiit  urged  several 
objections  to  the  pliiiiitin''s  claims.  The  plaintiff"  has 
removed  or  overthrown  those  objeelinns. 

.').  That  whirli  may  be  ort"eied  in  opposition  ;  rea- 
stm  existing,  tlioiiKh  not  oll'cred,  against  a  measure 
or  an  opinion.  \\"e  oflcii  have  object-ions  in  our  minds 
which  wi^  never  o(l"i  r  or  pri  si  nl  in  opposition. 

4.  Criminal  cliariie  ;  fiiilt  I'ouiul. 
OB-JKC'TIt)N-A-ltI,E,  a.    Justly  liable  lo  objections  ; 

such  as  mav  be  olijerled  against. 
Oli-J  EGT'I  VE,  n.    ( Fr.  objrclif.  ] 

Literally,  pertaining  or  relating  to  an  object. 
Hence, 

1.  In  pliilosopby,  an  epithet  applied  to  wlialovcr  is 
exterior  lo  the  mind,  or  which  is  the  object  of  llioiigbt 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY.  —  PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK.— 
7fi8~  .  ^    - 


015  L 

or  feeling ;  oiitwnrd  ;  external.  It  is  opposed  to  Sub- 
JECTIVE,  wliich  see  fur  a  fuller  explanation. 

Olijectii^e  ceruiiuy  Is  \vlu*n  the  propuaitloii  ia  crrtxinl?  true  in 
it8i?lf ;  and  nuifl'-ctive,  wli'-ii  wi*  ure  certniii  of  tiic  trtilh  of  it. 
The  one  is  in  lliinp.^  t)i>;  other  in  our  niindi.  Vf'all*. 
2.  In  jrrammar,  the  objcctioe  case  is  that  wliich  fol- 
lows a  transitive  vi^rb  or  a  preposition  ;  that  case  in 
which  the  object  of  the  verh  is  placed,  when  produced 
or  alfectcd  hy  the  act  ex|>ressed  by  the  verb.  This 
case  in  English  answers  to  the  oblique  cases  of  the 
Latin.  Lowlli. 
OB-JRCT'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  an  objective  manner;  as, 
a  determinate  idea  ohjcct'wrhj  in  the  mind.  Lucke. 
•J.  In  the  state  of  an  object.  Brown. 
OB-JEeT'lVr.  NESS,  n.    Tlie  state  of  bcinR  objective. 
l8  thfn'  such  a  niotiou  or  objcctivcmea  of  external  bodies,  which 
pnvlucolh  light  I  lli^c. 
Oll-JEe-TI  V'l-TY,  n.    The  .state  of  being  objective. 
Olt'JECT-I.DSS,  a.    Having  no  object.  Colcriil^r. 
OB-JEGT'OK,  n.    One  that  objects;  one  that  offers 
arguments  or  reasons  in  opposition  to  a  proposition 
or  measure.  BciUleij. 
OD-JUR'GaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  objurgo;  ob  and  jur^'o,  to 
chide.] 

To  chide ;  to  reprove.  [JVot  iiscrf.] 
OB-JUR-G.\'TIO.\,  71.    ri,.  objuTsatio.] 

The  act  of  chiding  by  way  of  censure;  reproof; 
reprehension,    [lyiulc  us(:d.\  Bramhall. 
OB-JUR'GA-TO-llY,  a.    Containing  censure  or  re- 
proof; culpatory.    [Little  u-ted.}  JIuicelt. 
OB-  LATE',  a.   [  ij.  oblnliis,  offcro ;  ob  and  fcro,  to  bear.] 
In  geomtlnj,  flattened  or  depressed  at  the  poles  ; 
as,  an  obluto  spheroid,  which  is  the  figure  of  the 
earth.  Clicyne. 
OB-I,.aTE'NES!?,  n.   The  quality  or  state  of  beinj.'  ob- 
late. Flemimr. 
OB-I,.\'TIO.\',  n.    [I,,  oblat  'w,  from  offcro ;  ob  and  fero, 
to  bear  or  bring.] 

1.  Any  Ihing  offered  or  presented  in  worship  or  sa- 
cred service;  an  ollering  ;  a  .sacrifice. 

Bring  no  more  Vitin  obiadons.  —  Is.  I. 

2.  In  llie  early  Clirislian  church,  a  gift  or  contribu- 
tion for  the  expenses  of  the  eucharist,  or  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  clemy  and  the  poor.  Hook. 

OB-L.v'TIO.\-ER,  Ti.    One  who  makes  an  offering  as 
an  act  of  worship  or  reverence. 

OB-r,l'.e'TATE,  r.  (.    [I.,  ohlrelo.] 

To  delieht ;  to  pletise  highly.    [JVot  used.] 

OB  I.EG-Ta'TIO.N,  11.   The  act  of  pleasing  highly  ; 
delight.  Fcltham. 

OB'I.I-G ATE,  V.  t.  [L.  oWin-»  r  ob  and  lirro,  to  bind.] 
To  bind,  as  one's  self,  in  a  moral  and  legal  sense  ; 
to  impose  on,  as  a  duty  which  the  law  or  good  faith 
may  enforce.  A  man  may  obligate  himself  to  pay 
money,  or  erect  a  house,  either  by  bond,  by  cove- 
nant, or  by  a  verbal  pHimise.  A  man  obligates  him- 
self only  by  a  positive  act  of  his  own.  AVe  never 
eay,  a  man  obligates  his  heirs  or  executors.  Until  re- 
cently, the  sense  of  this  word  has  been  restricted  to 
positive  and  personal  acts  ;  and  when  moral  duty  or 
law  binds  a  person  to  do  something,  the  word  Oblige 
has  been  used.  But  this  distinction  ia  not  now  ob- 
served. 

The  millions  of  mnnkind,  as  one  vast  fratemitr,  should  f.-el  oh- 
lignted  l>y  a  sense  of  duty  and  the  irnpniee  of  allVction,  to 
realize  Ihe  ciiual  rights  and  to  suUcivc  the  iKst  interests  of 
e.»cli  ol(v>r.  Proudfil. 

Thit's  your  trtie  plan,  to  obtigate 

The  pivsrnt  nunister  of  state.  OiurdiiU. 

On'LI-GA-TED,  pp.    Bound  by  contract  or  promise. 
OB'I,I-0.\-TIXG,  ppr  Binding  by  covenant,  contract, 

promise,  or  bond. 
OB-I>I-Oa'TI().\,  11.   [L.  obligatio.] 

1.  The  bintling  power  of  a  vow,  promise,  oath,  or 
contract,  or  tif  l;iw,  civil,  political,  or  moral,  inde- 
pendent of^  promise;  that  which  constitutes  legal 
or  moral  duty,  and  which  renders  a  p;  rsiin  liable  to 
coercion  and  punishment  for  neglecting  it.  The  laws 
and  commands  of  God  impose  on  us  an  obligation  to 
love  him  supremely,  and  our  neishbor  as  ourselves. 
Ever)-  citizen  is  nntler  an  obligation  to  obey  the  laws 
of  the  state.  .Moral  obligation  binds  men  without 
promise  or  conlnict. 

2.  The  binding  force  of  civility,  kindness,  or  grati- 
tude, when  the  performance  of  a  duly  can  not  be 
enforced  by  law.  Favors  conferred  impose  on  men 
an  obligation  to  make  suitable  returns. 

3.  Any  act  by  which  a  person  becomes  bound  to 
do  something  to  or  for  another,  or  to  forbear  some 
thing.  Taylor. 

4.  In  Into,  a  bond  with  a  condition  annexed,  and  a 
penally  for  non-fiilfillmeni. 

OB  U  nA'TO.    See  Obbligato. 

OB'I.I-G.A-TO-RY,  a.  Binding  in  law  or  conscience  ; 
imposing  duty  :  requiring  performance  or  forbearance 
of  some  act ;  folluwed  by  on  :  to  is  obsolete. 

As  long  as  law  u  obligatory,  so  long  our  obedience  Is  due. 

Taijlor. 

O-BLIGE',  (pronounced  as  vritten,  not  o-bleej',)  v.  t 
[Fr.  obliger ;  It  obbligarc  ;  gp.  obligor ;  from  L.  obli- 
go ;  ob  and  tigo,  to  bind  ;  Unss.  oblagaiju,  or  oblegayu, 
to  encompass  or  .surround.] 

1.  To  constrain  by  necessity  ;  to  compel  by  phys- 


OBL 

icnl  force.  An  admiral  may  be  obliged  to  surrender  his 
Bhips,  or  he  may  be  obliged  by  adverse  winds  to  de- 
lay sailing. 

2.  To  constrain  by  legal  force ;  to  bind  in  law. 
We  are  oblij/ed  to  pay  toll  for  supporting  roads  and 
bridges. 

3.  'i'o  bind  or  constrain  by  moral  force.  We  are 
obliged  to  believe  positive  and  unsuspected  testi- 
mony. 

4.  To  bind  in  conscience  or  honor ;  to  constrain  by 
a  sense  of  jirnpriety.  We  are  orten  obliged  to  con- 
form to  established  customs,  rites,  or  ceremonies. 
To  be  obliged  to  yield  to  fashion  is  often  the  worst 
species  of  tyranny. 

5.  'i'o  do  a  favor  to;  to  lay  under  olili^atitm  of 
gratitude  ;  as,  to  oblige  one  with  a  loan  of  money. 

C.  To  ill)  a  favor  to ;  to  please  ;  to  gratify.  Oblige 
us  with  >'our  company  at  dinner. 
7.  To  bring  nntler  obligation. 

To  those  hills  we  are  ob^i^ed  for  all  our  meeils.  BtvUey. 
0-BLIG'/;i),  pp.  Bound  in  duty  or  in  law  ;  compellt^d  ; 

constraiiu^l ;  favored;  indidited. 
OB-t.l-GI0i;',  71.    The  person  to  whom  another  is 
bound,  or  tlie  person  to  wliom  a  bond  is  given. 

BlacUstone. 

O-BLIGE'MEN'T,  ii.    Obligation.    [I.iUlt  used.] 

MiUon.  Drydcn. 

O-BLI'OiER,  71.   One  that  obliges. 
0-BLI'OI.\G,  ppr.     Binding  in  law  or  conscience  ; 
2.  Doing  a  favor  to.      [compelling;  constraining. 

No  man  cjul  long  be  Ihc  enemy  of  one  whom  he  is  in  the  liahit 
of  obtiging.  11.  ilumphTCy. 

O-BM'GIN'G,  0.    [Fr.  obUgeant.] 

Having  the  disposition  to  ilo  favors,  or  actually 
conferring  them  ;  as,  an  obliging  man  ;  a  man  of  an 
oWijfing- disposition ;  hence,  civil ;  complaisant :  kind. 
Mons.  Stroizi  h:is  many  curiosities,  and  is  very  obti^ng  to  a 
slruigiT  that  di-siiT-s  the  sight  of  Uieni.  AdiUaon. 

O-BM'GING-LY,  adv.    With  civility  ;  kindly  ;  rom- 

plaisantly.  AddLion.  Stoift. 

O-BLI'OING-NESS,  ti.    Obligation.    [Liule  used.] 

Hammond. 

2.  Civility  ;  complaisanc*  ;  disposition  to  exercise 
kindness.  JVallon, 

OR-LI-GOR',  V.  The  person  who  binds  himself,  or 
gives  liis  bonil  to  another.  Blackstonc. 

Oli-LI-CiUA'TION,  71.  [L.  obliquo,  from  obliquus,  ob- 
lique.] 

1.  Ueclin.ation  from  a  straight  line  or  course;  a 
turning  to  one  sitle  ;  as,  the  obliquation  of  the  eyes. 

2.  Deviation  from  mtiial  rectitude.        f  J\'Vicfoii. 
OB-I,TGUE',  (ob-like'  or  ob-leek',)  a.    [L.  obliquiu ; 

Ft.  obliqtie.] 

1.  Deviating  from  a  right  line ;  not  direct ;  not 
perpendicular ;  not  parallel ;  aslant. 

It  lias  a  direction  oblujue  to  that  of  the  former  motion.  Clieyne. 

An  oblique  angle  is  either  acute  or  obtuse ;  any  an- 
gle except  a  right  angle. 

An  oblique  line  is  one  that,  falling  on  another,  makes 
oblique  angles  with  it. 

Oblique  planes,  in  dialing,  are  those  which  decline 
from  the  zenith,  or  incline  tow.ard  the  horizon. 

Oblique  sailing,  is  when  a  ship  sails  upon  some 
rhumb  between  the  four  cardinal  points,  making  an 
oblitpie  angle  with  the  meridian.    Brande.  Encyc. 

2.  Indirect;  by  a  side  glance ;  as,  an  oblique  hint. 

Shak. 

3.  In  grammar,  an  oblique  case  is  any  case  except 
the  nominative. 

OB-IJaUE'-A.\"GI,En,  a.    Having  oblique  angles; 

as,  an  obiuiue-angled  triangle. 
OB-IilCiUEXY,  adc.    In  a  line  deviating  from  a  right 

line ;  not  directly ;  not  perpendicularly. 


Declining  from  the  noon  of  day, 

The  sun  obliquely  shoots  bis  bunung  ray. 


Pope. 


2  Indirectly;  by  a  side  glance;  by  an  allusion; 
not  in  the  direct  or  plain  meaning. 

His  dLecourse  lends  oWi^iie/y  to  Uie  detracting  from  others. 

AdJiton, 

OB-I,raUE'.\ESS,  n.  Obliquity. 
OB-I>ia'UI-TY,  (ob-lik'we-te,)  »i.    [L.  obliquitas ;  Fr. 
ottiquitc.] 

1.  Deviation  from  a  right  line;  deviation  from  par- 
allelism or  perpendicularity  ;  as,  tlie  obliquity  of  the 
ecli{itic  to  the  equator. 

2.  Deviation  from  moral  rectitude. 

To  dis<»bey  fiotl,  or  oppose  hii  will  in  any  tiling,  imports  a  moral 
obivjmty.  South, 

3.  IrreEularitv  ;  deviation  from  ordinary  rules. 
bB-LIT'ER-ATli,  v.  t.    [L.  obtiUro  ;  ob  and  litera,  let- 
ter.] 

1.  To  efface  ;  to  erase  or  blot  out  any  thing  writ- 
ten ;  or  to  efface  any  thing  engraved.  A  writing  may 
be  obliterated  by  erasure,  liy  blotting,  or  by  the  slow 
operation  of  time  or  natural  causes. 

2.  To  efface  ;  to  wear  out ;  to  destroy  by  time  or 
other  means  ;  as,  to  obliterate  ideas  or  impressions  ; 
to  oblilrrale  the  monuments  of  antitpiity  ;  to  obliter- 
ate reproach.  Hale.  Locke. 

3.  i'o  reduce  to  a  very  low  or  imperceptible  state. 
The  torpor  of  the  vascular  system  and  oblittTOted  pnlg... 

Mfd.  Repot. 


OBS 

OB-LIT'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Effaced  ;  erased  ;  worn 

out ;  destroyed. 
OH-I.IT'ER-A-TINO,  ppr.    Effacing;  wearing  out; 

destroying. 

f)ll-LIT-EK-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  effacing ;  efface- 
nient ;  a  blotting  out  or  wearing  out ;  extinction. 

Hale. 

OB-LIV'ION,  n.    [I,,  obtivio.] 

1.  Forgetful  ness  ;  cessation  of  remembrance. 
Among  our  crimes  oblivion  may  be  s''t.  DryUn. 

2.  A  forgetting  of  offenses,  or  remission  of  punish- 
ment. An  act  of  oblirinn  is  an  amin^sly,  or  general 
pardciii  of  crimes  anil  idfi  nses,  granted  by  a  sovereign, 
iiv  whirh  punishment  is  remitted. 

OB-MV'I-OUS.a.    [L.  obliviosus.] 

1.  Causing  forgetfulness.  Shak. 
The  obliviout  calm  of  indilTerence,  J,  M.  Moron. 
E':liold  the  wondeni  of  Ul'  obtiviooa  lake.  Poyt. 

2.  Forgetful.  Cavendish. 
OB-LIV'I-OUS-LY,  alio,  torgetfullv. 
OB-LOCQ-TOR,  n.    A  giiinsayer.    [jVot  in  use.] 

BuU. 

OB'I.O.N'G,  a.    [Fr.,  from  i,.  oblongtis.] 

lionijer  than  broad.  Harris. 
OU'LO.NG,  71.     A  figure  which  is  longer  than  it  ia 
broad. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  rectangle  which  is  longer  than  it 
is  broad. 

OB'LO.NC-IPII,  a.    Pomewhat  oblong. 
01!'I,f  )N(;-LV,  a.    In  an  oblong  form.  Chmne. 
OB'LO.\G-NES.-*,  71.    The  state  of  being  longer  than 
broad. 

OB'LONG-o'VATE,  a.  In  botany,  between  oblong 
and  ovate,  but  inclined  to  the  latter.  Marlyn. 

OI!-Lo'(iIJI-OUS,  a.  [See  OuLotii  v.]  Containing 
obloipiy  ;  reproachful.    [Little  used.]  JVauntun. 

OB'LO-CiL'Y,  71.  [L.  obloquor ;  oh  and  loquor,  to 
speak.] 

1.  Censorious  speech  ;  reproachful  lansuage ;  lan- 
guage that  casts  contempt  on  men  or  their  actions. 

Shalt  names  that  made  your  city  the  glory  ol  the  earth,  b»»  men- 
tioncd  with  obloquy  and  detraction  ?  Additon. 

2.  Cause  of  reproach  ;  disgrace.    [JVot  Ksed.] 

Shak 

On-LUe-TA'TION,  71.  [L.  oblactor ;  ob  and  luetor,  to 
struggle.] 

A  struggle  or  striving  against ;  resistance.  [Little 
vsed.]  Fatherby. 
OB-MlJ-TES'CEN"CE,  ti.    [L.  obmulcsco,  to  be  silent.] 

1.  Loss  of  speech  ;  silence.  Broten. 

2.  A  keeping  silence.  Palcy. 
OB-NOX'IOUS,  (ob-nok'shus,)  a.    [L.  oiiiojri'its ;  ob 

and  norius,  liurtfiil,  from  noceo.] 

1.  Subject ;  answerable. 

The  writin<rs  of  lawyers,  which  are  lied  and  obnoxioua  to  tlieir 
parliciilar  Laws.  liaeon. 

2.  Liable  ;  subject  to  cognizance  or  punishment. 
We  know  ouraelves  obnolious  to  God's  severe  ju.stice.  Calamy. 

3.  Liable ;  exposed ;  as,  friendship  obnoxious  to 
jealousies.  Homrurd. 

4.  Reprehensible ;  censurable  ;  not  approved  ;  as, 
obnoxious  authors.  Fell. 

5.  Odious  ;  hateful ;  offensive  :  with  to  ;  as,  the 
minister  was  obnoxious  to  the  whigs.  Burke. 

f>.  Hurtful  ;  noxious.  Milton 
0I!-NOX'IOL'S-LY,  adv.    In  a  state  of  subjection  or 
liability. 

2.  Keprehensiblv  ;  odioiislv  ;  offensivelv. 
OB-NOX'IOUt;-.\E:iS,  n.    Subjection  or  liableness  to 
punishment.  HaU. 

2.  Odiotisness  ;  offensivene.ss.    The  obnoxiousness 
of  the  law  rendercil  the  legislature  unfiopular. 
OB-i\U'BI-LATE,  r.  f.     [L.  obnubilor;  ob  and  nubile ; 
nuhcs,  mist,  cloud.] 
To  cloud  ;  to  obscure.  Burton. 
OB-NO'Bl-LA-TED,         Clouded;  obscured. 
OB-NU-BI-LA'TION,  n.    The  act  or  ojieratitm  of 

making  dark  or  obscure.     Beddoes.  fVaterhouse, 
5'BO-E,  II.   [It.]   .\  wind-instrument  of  music  sound- 
ed through  a  reed  ;  also  written  IlAUTBor. 
OB'OLE,  n.    [L.  obolus.] 

In  pharmacy,  llie  weight  of  twelve  grains  ;  some 
sav,  ten  craiiis.  .Ssh. 
OB'b-LUS,  II.    [L.,  from  Gr.  o/?oAo5.] 

A  small  silver  coin  of  Athens,  the  sixth  part  of  n 
drachma,  about  two  cents  in  value,  or  a  penny  far- 
thing sterling. 
2.  .An  ancient  weiclit,  the  sixth  part  of  a  drachm. 
OB-C V.A'l'i;,  a.    In  bulimy,  inversely  ovate  ;  having 
the  narrow  end  downward  ;  as,  an  oborate  leaf. 

Mnrlyn. 

OB-REP'TIO.N',  ».  [L.  obrepo ;  ob  and  rrpo,  to 
creep.  ] 

The  act  of  creeping  on  with  secrecy  or  by  surprise. 

Cud  worth. 

OB-REP-TI"TIOL'S,  (-tish'us,)a.  [Supra.]  Doncor 
obtained  by  surprise  ;  with  sccrcsy,  or  by  conceal- 
ment of  the  truth.  Encyc 

OB'RO-GA'l'E,  r.  L    [L.  obrogo.] 

To  pro|iose  or  proclaim  a  new  and  contrary  law, 
instead  nf  annulling  the  old  one.    [jVoJ  in  use.] 

OB-SCKiN'E',  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  obsca-nus.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  —  AiV'GER,  VI"CIOUS  e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


OI?S 

J.  offensive  lo  <  li:i?tily  anii  delicacy  ;  im;mre  ;  cx- 
pressin*T  or  presenting  to  the  mind  or  view  some- 
thing! whicli  delicacy,  purity,  and  decencj'  forbid  lo 
be  exposed  ;  a.s,  obscrne  language  ;  obscene  pictures. 

2.  Foul ;  filtliy  ;  offensive  ;  disgusting. 

A  ginlle  foul  with  grease  Ijinds  his  obscene  attire.  Dryden. 

3.  Inauspicious  J  ill-otnened. 

At  the  cheerful  li^hl, 
The  groaning  ghosts  and  birvls  obscene  Utile  fiiglit.  Dryden. 

OB-SCEi\E'LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  offensive  to  chas- 
tity or  purity  ;  impurely  ;  uncliastely.  Milton. 
0B-SCE.\E'NESS,   (  !i.     [Fr.  obscct'iite;  L.  obseani- 
OB-SCE.\'I-TY,       i  tas.] 

1.  Impurity  in  expression  or  representation  ;  that 
quality  in  words  or  tilings  which  presents  what  is 
offensive  to  chastity  or  purity  of  mind  ;  ribaldry. 

Cowjey  asserts  plainly  Uiat  obscenity  has  no  place  in  wit. 

Lhy^en. 

Those  fables  were  temprretl  with  the  iL-ilian  severity,  and  ttte 

from  any  note  of  iiitamy  or  obfcenenest.  Drvien. 
No  pafilon  vile  obscenity  should  find.  Pope. 

2.  Unchaste  actions ;  lewdness. 

To  wash  til'  obscetuues  of  ni,?lit  away.  Drydeiu 

OB-SeU-R.5'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  obscuralio.'^ 

1.  The  act  of  d.arkenmg. 

2.  The  state  of  being  tlarkened  or  obscured  ;  as,  the 
obscuration  of  the  moon  ill  an  eclipse. 

OB-SeORE',  a.    [L.  obscurus;  It.  oscuro.] 

1.  Dark  ;  destitute  of  liglit. 

Whoso  cuTv?th  his  faUier  or  mother,  his  lamp  shall  be  put  oat  in 
obscure  darkness.  —  Prov.  xx. 

2.  Living  in  darkness  ;  as,  the  obscure  bird.  Shak. 

3.  Not  easily  understood ;  not  ob\'iously  intelligi- 
ble ;  abstruse  ;  as,  an  obscure  passage  in  a  writing. 

Drtjflen. 

4.  Not  much  known  or  observed  ;  retired  ;  remote 
from  observation  ;  as.  an  obscure  retreat. 

Not  noted;  unknown;  unnoticed;  humble; 
mean  ;  as,  an  obscure  person  ;  a  person  of  obscitre 
birth.  AtUrbury. 

6.  Not  easily  legible  ;  as,  an  obscure  inscription. 

7.  Not  clear,  full,  or  distinct;  imperfect;  as,  an 
obscure  view  of  remote  objects. 

OB-S€URE',  V.  t.    [L.  obsniro.] 

1.  To  darken  ;  to  make  dark.  The  shadow  of  the 
earth  obscures  the  moon,  and  the  body  of  the  moon 
obscures  the  sun,  in  an  eclipse. 

2.  To  cloud  ;  to  make  partially  dark.  Thick  clouds 
obscure  the  day. 

3.  To  hide  from  the  view  ;  as,  clouds  obscurr  the 

4.  To  make  less  visible.  [sun. 

Why,  'tis  an  ollice  of  discovei>*,  love, 

And  1  shonl*!  be  obscured.  Shak. 

5.  To  make  less  legible  ;  as,  time  has  obscured  the 
writing. 

6.  To  make  less  intelligible. 

There  is  sc^irce  any  duty  which  has  been  so  o&scurerf  by  the 
writings  of  the  learned  its  this.  IVake, 

7.  To  make  less  glorious,  beautiful,  or  illustrious. 
And  seest  not  sin  obscures  thy  godlike  frame  ?  Uryden. 

8.  To  conceal  ;  to  make  unknown.  Milton, 

9.  To  tarnish  ;  as,  to  obscure  brightness. 
OB-SCl  R'EU,  pp.    Clouded,  or  made  partiaHy  dark  ; 

concealed, 

OB-SeCRE'LY,  ailc.    Darkly  ;  not  clearly  ;  imperfect- 
ly ;  as,  an  object  obscurehj  seen  ;  obscurely  visible. 

2.  Out  of  sight ;  in  a  state  not  to  be  noticed  ;  pri- 
vately ;  in  retirement ;  not  conspicuously. 

There  live  retired  ; 
Content  thyself  lo  be  obscurely  good,  A&lison. 

3.  Not  clearly;  not  plainly  to  the  mind;  darkly; 
as,  future  events  obscurely  revealed. 

4.  Not  pl.iinlv  ;  indirectly  :  by  hints  or  allusion. 
OB-.=ieCRE'NF,Si-,  ;       „     .  -,1 
OB-SeC'RI-TY,  [L.  oi««ril*r.] 

1.  Darkness  ;  want  of  light. 

We  wait  lor  light,  biit  behold  obseurity. — It,  IJx. 

2.  A  state  of  retirement  from  the  world  ;  a  state  of 
being  iinnoticed  ;  privacy. 

You  are  not  for  obscurity  designed.  Dryden. 

3.  DarkYicss  of  meaning ;  unintelligibleness;  as, 
the  obscurity  of  writings,  or  of  a  particul.ir  passage. 

4.  Illegibleness  ;  as,  the  obscurily  of  letters,  or  of 
an  inscription. 

5.  A  slate  of  being  unknown  to  fame;  humble 
condition  ;  as,  the  obscuritit  of  hirtli  or  parentage. 

OB-8eOR'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  ob.scures  or  dark- 
ens. IjitiI. 

OB-S^Cf'R'I.NG,  ppr.    Darkening  ;  making  less  visible 
or  int"  lltgilile  ;  tarnishing. 

OB'.^E  CRATE,  r.  1.    (I,,  ob^ecru.] 

To  beseech;  to  entreat;  lo  supplicate;  to  pray 
fnme«lly.  Corkeram. 

OB'SE  CRATED,  pp.    Entreated;  prayed  oorneslly. 

OB'.'<E-CR A-TI.N(;,  ppr.    HiipplicalinB ';  birseeching. 

OB-SE-CKA'TION,  n.    Entreaty  ;  Nuppliration. 

SliUinirfircl. 

2.  A  figure  of  rhetoric,  in  which  the  orator  implores 
the  ttii«i"tance  of  God  or  man.  Kncyc. 
OB'HE-CiUENT,  a.    (I,,  ob^eqans.] 

Obedient ;  aubmi'Sivc  to.    [Little  useii.]  Folkerby. 


OBS 

Oli'SE-aUIES,  {ob'se-kwiz,1  n.  pi.  [Fr.  obsdgucs, 
from  h.  obscquium,  complaisance,  from  obsepior,  to 
follow.] 

Funeral  rites  and  solemnities  ;  the  last  duties  per- 
formed to  a  deceased  person.  Drtideti. 

[Jililton  uses  the  tcord  OiisKt^uv,  in  the  singular,  but 
the  comtnon  usaire  is  different.] 
OB-SK'QUI-OUS,  a.     [from  L,  obsequium,  complai- 
sance, from  ubset/uor,  to  follow  ;  ob  and  sequor.] 

1.  Promptly  oliedieiit  or  submissive  to  the  will  of 
another  ;  compliant ;  yielding  to  the  desires  of  oth- 
ers, properfi/  to  the  will  or  command  of  a  superior  ; 
but  in  actual  use,  it  often  signifies  yielding  to  the  will 
or  desires  of  such  as  have  no  right  to  control. 

His  servanu  weeping. 
Obsequious  to  his  ortlers,  be;tr  liini  liiliier.  Ad/lison. 

9.  Servilely  or  meanly  condescending  ;  compli.ant 
to  excess  ;  as,  an  obsequious  Ilalterer,  minion,  or  par- 
asite. 

3.  Funereal  ;  pert;iining  to  funeral  rites.  [JVbt 
used.]  Sitak. 
OB-Se'QUI-OUS-LY,  adu.   With  ready  obedience  ; 
with  prompt  compliance. 

They  rise,  and  with  respectful  awe, 

At  the  worti  given,  obsequiously  withdraw.  Dryden. 

2.  With  reverence  for  the  dead.    [JVot  used.] 

Sliak. 

OB-SK'aUI-OUS-NE."?,  71.  Ready  obedience  ;  prompt 
compliance  with  the  orders  of  a  superior. 

2.  Servile  submission  ;  mean  or  excessive  com- 
plaisance. 

They  apply  themselves  both  to  his  interest  and  humor,  with  all 
Uie  arts  of  Qattery  and  obsequiousness.  South. 

OB'SE-aUY,  li.    Funeral  rite.    [See  Obseqcies.] 
2.  Obsequiousness.    [vVof  in  use.]       B.  Jonson. 

OB'SE-RaTE,  v.  U    [L.  obsero.] 
To  lock  up.    [»Vo(  ttscd.] 

OB'SE-R.X-TED,  pp.    Locked  up. 

OB'SE-RA-TING,  ppr.    Locking  up. 

OB-SERV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Observe.]  That  may  be 
observed  or  noticed. 

2.  Worthy  of  observation  or  of  particular  notice  ; 
remarkable. 

1  took  a  just  account  of  every  observable  circumstance  of  the 
earth,  stone,  metal,  or  oUter  matter.  Woodtsard, 

OB-SERV'A-BLY,  adv.   In  a  manner  worthy  of  note. 

Brou>n. 

OB-SERV'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  See  Obsehve.]  The  act 
of  observing;  the  act  of  keeping  or  adhering  to  in 
practice ;  performance  ;  as,  the  observance  of  rules, 
riles,  ceremonies,  or  laws. 

Love  rigid  honesty, 
And  strict  obscrvtijtce  of  imp.artial  laws.  Roscommon, 

2.  Respect ;  ceremonial  reverence  in  practice. 
To  do  oijerixi7ice  on  the  mum  of  May.  Shak. 

3.  Performance  of  rites,  religious  ceremonies,  or 
external  service. 

Some  represent  to  themselves  the  whole  of  religion  as  consisting 
in  a  few  e.'jv  observances.  Hogers. 

4.  Rule  of  practice  ;  things  to  be  observed.  Shak. 

5.  Observatitm  ;  attention  to.  [Liuie  used.]  Hale. 
G.  Obedient  regard  or  attention. 

Havin?  h:ul  experience  of  his  fidelity  and  observance  al>ro.td. 
[.Vol  used.]  WoUon. 

OB-SER-V.\N'D.\,  n.  pL  [L.]  Things  to  be  observed. 

OB-SERVANT,  o.  Taking  notice  ;  attentively  view- 
ing or  noticing ;  as,  an  obscrcant  sjiecttitor  or  trav- 
eler. 

2.  Obedient ;  adhering  to  in  practice  ;  with  of.  He 
is  very  observant  of  the  rules  of  his  order. 

We  are  told  how  observant  Alexander  waa  o/  his  master, 
Aristotle.  Digby. 

3.  Carefullv  attentive  ;  submissive.  Ralegh. 
OB-SERV'ANT,n.  A  slavish  attendant.  [JVol  in  use.] 

Shak. 

2.  A  diligent  observer.  Hooker. 

3.  Among  monks,  one  of  a  community  which  pro- 
ft'sses  to  observe  perfectly  the  rule  of  the  order  as 
originally  established.  Jffurdoek. 

OB-SERV'ANT-LY,  adv.  In  an  observant  manner ; 
attPiiIivelv. 

OB-SERV-X'TION,  n.  [I,,  obsnratlo.  See  Observe.] 

1.  The  act  of  nbserving  or  taking  notice  ;  the  act 
of  seeing  or  of  fixing  the  mind  on  any  thing.  We 
apply  the  word  to  simple  vision,  as  when  one  says, 
a  spot  on  the  sun's  disk  did  not  fall  under  his  oivcr- 
latinn  ;  or  lo  the  notice  or  cognizance  of  the  mind, 

.  as  when  one  says,  the  distinction  made  by  the  orator 
escapi'il  his  observation.  When,  however,  it  exjiress- 
es  vision,  it  often  represents  a  more  fixed  or  particu- 
lar view  than  a  mere  transient  sight ;  as,  an  astro- 
nomical obsrrrnlion. 

2.  Notion  gained  by  observing ;  the  effect  or  result 
of  (teeing  or  taking  cognizance  in  the  mind,  and 
either  reUiiiied  in  the  ininil  or  expressed  in  words; 
inference,  or  something  arising  out  of  the  act  of  see- 
ing tir  noticing,  or  that  which  is  produced  by  think- 
ing and  rellecling  on  a  subject ;  mile  ;  remark  ;  ani- 
madversion. We  often  say,  I  made  the  ohserrnlion 
ill  my  own  mind  ;  but  properly  an  ob.iervalion  is  th.it 


OBS 

which  is  expressed  as  the  result  of  viewing  or  of 
thinking. 

In  matters  of  human  prudence,  we  sh.all  find  the  greatest  advan- 
tage by  making  wise  observations  on  our  conduct.  M'atts. 

3.  Observance  :  adherence  lo  in  practice,  perform- 
ance of  what  is  prescribed. 

lie  freetl  the  Christian  church  from  the  external  observation  and 
oljedience  of  legtil  precepts  not  formally  moral.  Wfiile. 

4.  In  a.^tronomy,  an  angular  measurement  of  any 
space  on  the  celestial  sphere.  Olmsted. 

OB-SER  V-a'TION-.\L,  o.  Consisting  of  or  containing 

remarks  or  observations.  SlartetanL 
OB-SERV-a'TOR,  n.    [Fr.  obsenateur.] 

1.  One  that  observes  or  takes  notice.  Hale. 

2.  A  reinarker.  Dryden. 
OB-SERV'A-TO-RY,  ji.    [Fr.  obsercatoire.] 

A  place  or  building  for  making  observations  on  the 
heavenly  bodies  ;  as,  the  royal  observatory  at  Green- 
wich. 

OB-SERVE',  (ob-zerv',)  v.  U  [L.  obscrvo ;  ob  and 
servo,  to  keep  or  hold.  The  sense  is,  to  hold  in 
view,  or  to  keej)  the  eyes  on.  See  Class  Sr,  No.  34, 
38,  45,  and  Class  Dr,  No.  32.] 

1.  'fo  see  or  behold  with  some  attention  ;  to  no- 
tice ;  as,  to  observe  a  halo  round  the  moon  ;  I  observed 
a  siugul.ir  phenomenon  ;  we  observe  strangers  or  their 
dress.  I  saw  the  figure,  but  observed  nothing  pecu- 
liar in  it. 

2.  To  take  notice  or  cognizance  of  by  the  intellect. 
We  observe  nice  distinctions  in  arguments,  oi  a  pecu- 
liar delicacy  of  thought. 

3.  To  utter  or  express,  as  a  remark,  opinion,  or 
sentiment ;  lo  remark.  He  observed  tliat  no  man  ap- 
pears great  to  his  domestics. 

4.  To  keep  re'igiously  ;  to  celebrate. 

A  night  to  lie  much  observed  to  the  Lord.  —  Ex.  xii. 

Ye  shall  observe  the  feast  of  unleavened  bread.  —  Ex.  xii. 

Ye  observe  days,  and  nionllis,  and  times,  and  yeiirs.  —  Gal.  iv. 

5.  To  keep  or  adhere  to  in  practice;  to  comply 
with  ;  to  obey;  .as,  to  observe  the  laws  of  the  sl;ite ; 
to  observe  the  rules  and  regulations  of  a  society. 

Teaching  them  to  observe  all  things  whatsoever  1  have  com- 
manded .vou.  —  Matt,  xxviti. 

6.  To  practice. 

In  the  days  of  Enoch,  the  people  observed  not  circumcision  i 


the  Sabballl. 


White. 


OB-SERVE',  (ob-zerv',)  v.  i.    To  remark.    I  have 
heard  the  gentleman's  arguments,  and  shall  here- 
.after  observe  upon  them. 
2.  To  be  attentive. 
OB-SERV'£»,  pp.    Noticed  by  the  eye  or  the  mind. 

2.  Kept  religiously  ;  celebrated  ;  pr.acticed. 
OB-SERVER,  n.    One  who  observes;  one  lliat  takes 
notice  ;  particularly,  one  who  looks  to  with  care,  at- 
tention, or  vigilance. 

Careful  observers  may  foretell  the  hour. 

By  sure  progiKwtic,  when  to  dread  a  shower.  Sivi/t. 

Creditors  are  great  observers  of  set  days  ajid  times.  Franklin. 

2.  A  beholder  ;  a  looker  on  ;  a  spectator.  South, 

3.  One  who  keeps  any  law,  custom,  regulation,  or 
rile  ;  one  who  atiheres  lo  any  thing  in  practice  ;  one 
who  perforins  ;  as,  a  great  observer  of  forms  ;  an  ob- 
server of  old  customs.  ■  Bacon. 

4.  One  who  fulfills  or  performs  ;  as,  he  is  a  strict 
observer  of  his  word  or  promise.  Prior. 

5.  One  who  keeps  religiously  ;  as,  an  ob.trrrer  of 
the  Sabhath.  JiUerbury. 

OB-SERVl.NG,  ppr.  Taking  notice  by  the  eye  or  the 
intellecl. 

2.  Remarking. 

3.  Keeping;  .adhering  to  in  practice;  fulfilling. 

4.  a.  Giving  particular  attention;  haliilu:illy  tak- 
ing notice  ;  attentive  to  what  passes.  He  is  an  o*- 
serviwr  man. 

Oli-SERVING-LY,   ado'.     Attentively;  carefully; 

with  close  obser\";ilion.  Shak. 
OB-SESS',  r.  I.    [L.  obsideo,  obsessus ;  ob  and  scdeo,  to 

sitJ 

To  besiege.    [A''ot  used.]  Elyot. 
OB-SES'Sl()N,  (-scsh'un,)  n.    [L.  obsessio.] 

1.  The  act  of  besieging. 

2.  The  slate  of  a  person  vexed  or  besieged  by  an 
evil  spirit,  antecedent  to  possession,    ll.ittlr  u.srd.] 

Burton. 

OB-SID'I-AN,  n.  A  kind  of  glass  produced  by  volca- 
noes. It  is  usually  of  a  black  color,  and  op.iiiue,  ex- 
cept in  thin  splinters.  A  variety  of  it  has  a  bluish  or 
grayish  color,  and  a  pearly  luster,  and  is  c;illed 
I'EtKLsToNE.  Dana. 

Oli-SlD'l-ON-AL,  a.  [L.  ohsidionnlis ;  ob  and  sedco, 
to  sit.] 

I't  rtaiiiing  to  a  siege  ;  as,  an  obsidional  crown,  one 
bestowed  upon  a  general  who  raised  the  siege  of  a 
beleaguered  place.    It  was  formed  of  grass  growing 
on  the  rampart. 
OB-SIG  IL  LA'TION,  n.    [L.  ob  and  .«V,v/„.] 

.\  sealing  up.    [jV<i(  in  i/.«c] 
OB-.'^IO'NATE,  V.  t    [L.  obst/rno  ;  ob  and  signo,  10 
seal.] 

To  seal  up;  lo  ratify.    [Little  used.]  Barrow. 
OB-SIG-iN'A'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  sealing  ;  rutiflcation 
by  Hraliiig  ;  coiifirnialinn.  Taylor. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


764 


OBS 


OBT 


OBV 


On-SlG'NA-TO-RY,  a.  Ratifying  ;  confirininK  by 

sealinj;.  Wanl. 

on -yO-LES'CENCE,  n.  The  slate  of  liecoinins  obso- 
lete. Cnnnbic, 

OU-SO-LES'CENT,  o.  [L.  obsoleseo,  lo  go  out  of 
use.] 

Going  out  of  use  ;  passing;  into  desuetude. 

All  tin'  wonlu  coinnoMniit'it  of  llfre  niitl  a  pn-pysition,  fxcfpt 
UtreaytKT^  hpt  oUulelo  or  otio.'rifftfnfc  "  Campbell. 

OB'SO-I.kTE,  o.    [L.  obsoktus.] 

1.  Gone  into  disuse  ;  disused  ;  neglected  ;  as,  an  ob- 
svlelii  word  ;  an  obsolete  statute  ;  applied  chiefly  to 
words  or  writings.  Dnjih-n.  Strift, 

2.  In  nuliiral  history,  obscure;  not  very  distinct; 
ruiliint-ntal. 

OII'^O-Lk  I  E-NEPS,  n.  Tin?  state  of  being  neglected 
in  use  ;  a  state  of  desuetude.  Juhnsoii. 

2.  In  natural  hiftonj,  inilistinctness ;  want  of  de- 
velopment. 

OB'STA  PRLV-CIP'I-IS,  [L.]  Resist  tlie  begin- 
nings. 

OIl'ST.\-€I,E,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  obsto,  to  withstand  ; 
ob  anil  sto.] 

That  wliicli  opposes;  any  thing  that  stands  in  the 
way  and  hinders  progress  ;  liinderance  ;  obstruction, 
either  in  a  physical  or  moral  sense.  An  army  may 
meet  with  oiislade.'i  on  its  march  ;  bad  roads  are  ob- 
staclfs  to  traveling  ;  prejudice  is  an  obstacle  to  im- 
provement ;  want  of  union  is  often  an  insuperable 
ob'liicic  to  bi  neticial  measures. 
OU'STAi\-CY,  11.    [I,,  obstaiitia  ;  ob  and  sto.] 

Opposition  ;  impediment ;  obstruction.  [vV.it  !(.■.<■</.] 
B.  Jonson, 

Oll-STET'Rie,  a.  [L.  obstctriz,  a  midwife;  ob  and 
sto^  to  stand  before.] 

I'eii.iining  to  niidwiferj',  or  the  delivery  of  women 
in  cliiliibed  ;  as,  the  obstetric  art. 
Oli-STKT'RI-e.^TE,  V.  i.     [Sec  OnsxETaic.]  To 
pi^rform  the  ortice  of  a  midwife.    \^Little  used.] 

Kveh/n. 

OI!-.''TET'Rr-CATE,  v.  t.    To  assist  as  a  midwife. 

\  Little  iisetl,]  Waterhouse. 
On-STET-RI-CA'TION,  n.   The  act  of  assisting  as  a 

midwife. 

2.  The  office  of  a  midwife.  Hull. 
0B-STET-RI"CIA.\',  C-rish'an,>  n.     One  skilled  in 
the  art  of  assisting  women  in  parturition. 

Med.  Repos. 

On-STET'RieS,  n.  The  science  of  midwifery  ;  the 
an  of  assisting  women  in  partiirilioii.  Kncijc. 

OB'STI-N  \-CY,  It.  [L.  obstinutio,  from  obsto,  to  stand 
against,  lo  opjiose  ;  ob  and  sto.] 

1.  A  fixedness  in  opinion  or  resolr.lion  that  can 
not  be  shaken  at  all,  or  not  witlioul  great  difliriilty  ; 
firm  and  usually  nnre.asonalile  adherence  lo  an  opin- 
ion, purpose,  or  system  ;  a  fixedness  that  will  not 
yield  to  persuasion,  argilinents,  or  other  mfans.  Ob- 
alinatij  may  not  always  eimvey  the  idea  of  unreason- 
able ur  unjustifiable  firmness;  as  when  we  say,  sol- 
diers fight  with  obstinocii.  liut  often,  and  perhaps 
usually,  till!  word  denotes  a  fixedness  of  resolution 
which  is  not  to  be  vindicat' d  iiiidi  r  the  circum- 
stances; stubbornness;  perlinacily  ;  persistency. 

2.  Fixedness  that  will  not  yield  In  a|iplication,  or 
that  yields  with  difiiculty ;  as',  the  obstinacy  of  a  dis- 
ease or  evil. 

OB'STl-.NATE,  a.    [I,,  obstinatas.] 

1.  Stubborn  ;  pertin.acionsly  adhering  lo  an  opin- 
ion or  piir|K>se  ;  fixed  firmly  in  resolution  ;  not  yield- 
ing to  reason,  arguments,  or  other  means. 

1  hai^c  liiiowti  j:r»  at  ciin-a  ili/iif  liy  olj€tiiuue  rtaoluUous  of  ilrinlt. 

in*  no  wine.  Temple. 
Ko  an  to  iiiifk,  no  on  ao  ol^linnte.  Pijje, 

2.  Not  yielding,  or  not  easily  subdued  or  removed  ; 
ns,  an  obstinate  fever :  obstinate  obstructions ;  an  ob. 
tttinate  cough. 

OB'STI-iVATE-I,y,^i'.  Ptubhornly  ;  pertinaciously  ; 
with  fixedness  of  purpose  not  to  be  shaken,  or  not 
willioiit  difiiculty  ;  as,  a  sinner  obstinately  bent  on 
his  own  destruction. 

Infloxibti-  to  ill  and  obstinate'tf  Juau  Additon. 

OD'STI-N'.VrE-XESS,  n.  Stubbornness;  pertinacity 
in  opinion  or  purjiose ;  fixed  deterinin.ation.  Halt. 

OB-STI-Pa'TIO»V,  n,  [L.  vbstipo :  ob  and  stipo,  to 
crowd.) 

1.  The  act  of  stopping  up  ;  as,  a  passage. 

2.  In  medicine.,  costix'eness. 
OB-STREI"ER-OIJ.-<,  n.  [L.  ob.itrepcrus,  from  nbstrepo, 

to  roar  ;  ob  and  .<!trrpo.] 

Loud;  noisy;  clamorous;  vociferous  ;  making  a 
tumultuous  noise. 


The  pUrrn  do  not  only 

tjon,  bill  R-pair  at  tht-ir 


at  tii^  otntrep*TouM  appmlrt- 
n  Cfat  uii.ttuver  tlamni^a  he 
Additon, 


OB-^TREP'ER-OUP-LY,  ado.    Loudly  ;  clamorously  ; 

with  litinulliioiis  noise.  • 
OB-STREP'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.    Loudness;  clamor; 

Ooisv  turbulence. 
OB-StRie'TIO\,  n.     [L.  obstrictus,  obstrin^o ;  ob 

and  sirinj^o,  to  strain.] 
Ohligatiim ;  bond.  Milton 
0B-STRU€T',  b.  t.     [L.  obatruo;  ob  and  atruo,  to 

set.] 


1.  1'o  block  up  ;  to  stop  up  or  close,  ns  a  way  or 
passage  ;  to  fill  with  obstacles  or  impediments  that 
prevent  passing  ;  as,  to  obstruct  a  road,  highway,  or 
cliannel  ;  to  obstruct  the  canals  or  fine  vessels  of  the 
body. 

2.  To  slop;  to  impede;  to  hinder  in  passing;  as, 
the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  obstructs  the  eii- 
tr.'ince  of  ships  ;  clouds  obstruct  the  liglit  of  the  sun. 

3.  To  retard  ;  to  iiiternipt ;  to  render  slow.  Prog- 
ress is  often  obstructed  by  diincultics,  though  not  cn- 
lirelv  slopped. 

OB-.«tRI'eT'ED,  pp.  or  o.  Blocked  up  ;  stoiiiioil  ;  as 
2.  Hindered;  impeded;  as  progress.  [a  passage. 
;i.  Retarded  ;  interruiited. 

Oll-STRUCT'ER,  n.    One  that  obstrurts  or  hinilers. 

OB-STRUCT'IiNG,  ;v>r.  Blocking  up;  stopping;  im- 
ped 112  ;  interrupting. 

OB-STRUe'TIO.\,  11.    [L.  obstructio.] 

1.  The  act  t>f  obstructing. 

2.  Obsticle  ;  impediment ;  any  thing  that  stops  or 
closes  a  way  or  channel.  Bars  of  sand  at  the  mouths 
of  rivers  are  often  obstructions  to  navigation. 

3.  That  which  impedes  progress  ;  hindemnce. 
Disunion  and  party  spirit  are  often  obstructions  lo 
legislative  measures  and  to  public  prosperity. 

4.  .\  heap.    [.Xot  proper.]  Slink. 
OB-STRUCT'IVE,  n.    [Fr.  abstruetif;  It.  osstruttiro.] 

Presenting  obstacles  ;  hindering  ;  causing  imjiedi- 
ment.  Huinmond. 
OI)-STRUeT'IVE,  n.    Obstacle  ;  impediment.  [Lit- 

tie  used.]  Hammond. 
()ll-.«TIUJeT'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  xvay  of  ohstruction. 
OB'STRU-ENT,  a.    [  I,,  obstrucns.] 

Blocking  up  ;  hindering. 
OB'STRU-ENT,  ii.    Any  thing  that  obstructs  the  nat- 
ural passages  in  the  hnily.  Quincy. 
OB-fTU-PE-FAe'TION,  ii.    [L.  obstupefacio.] 

The  act  of  making  stupid  or  insensible.  [See 
Sxt'eKFACTioN,  wliich  is  generally  used.] 
OB-STU-PE-FAC'TI  VK,  a.    [L.  obstupefacio.] 

Stupefying;  reiulering  insensible,  torpid,  or  inert. 
JLittle  used.]    [See  Stltefactive.]  .^bbot. 
OB-STO'PE-FY,  I'.  (.    To  stupefy.    [J\'ot  used.] 
OB-TAIN',  r.  (.    [L.  oblmeo ;  ob  and  tcnco,  to  hold; 
Fr.  obtcnir  ;  It.  o((ciicrf.] 

1.  To  get ;  to  gain  ;  to  procure  ;  in  o  general  sense, 
to  gain  possession  of  a  thing,  whether  temporary  or 
permanent ;  to  acipiire.  This  word  usually  implies 
exertion  to  get  possessitm,  and  in  this  it  dillers  from 
Receive  which  may  or  may  not  imply  exertion.  It 
dilfers  from  Acquire,  as  genus  from  species;  acipiire 
being  properly  applied  only  to  things  |ierinanenlly 
possessed  ;  but  obtain  is  applied  both  to  things  of 
temporary  and  of  pcrinaiieiit  possession.  \Ve  obtain 
loans  of  money  on  application  ;  we  obtain  answers  to 
letters;  we  o^rai'ii  spirit  from  litjuors  by  distillation, 
and  salts  by  evajioralion.  We  obtain  by  seeking  ; 
we  often  rcceire  without  seeking.  W'e  acquire  or 
obtain  a  good  title  lo  lands  by  deed,  or  by  a  judgment 
of  court ;  but  we  do  not  acquire  spirit  by  distillation  ; 
nor  do  we  acquire  an  answer  to  a  letter  or  an  appli- 
cation. 

lie  ehall  o&fiin  the  liin^'lom  by  flatfries.  —  Pan.  xU 
III  whom  we  tiave  o6latiiecl  an  iohentaiic«.  —  Kph.  i. 

Q.  To  keep  ;  to  hold.  Milton. 
OB-TaI.\',  r.  i.   To  be  received  in  customary  or  com- 
mon use ;  lo  continue  in  use ;  to  be  established  in 
praclice. 

Tlw!  Theo<Iosian  co<le,  trvcnl  hnndmd  yeare  aflrr  Justinian 'a 
time, ^o6lained  in  Uie  western  parta  of  llie  empire.  Baker. 

2.  To  be  established  ;  to  subsist  in  nature. 

The  gx*neral  lawa  of  tinidity,  elaaticity,  and  gravity,  ohinin  in 
aniinal  and  nianiiiiate  tiitjea.  '  Cheyne. 

3.  To  prevail ;  to  succeed.   [Little  used.]  Bacon. 
OB-TaIN'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  obtained  ;  that 

may  be  procured  or  gained,  .^r'buthnot.  Kettlcusell. 
OB-T.^  IN'/'M),  ;i/i.    (>ained  ;  prticiired  ;  acquired. 
OB-TaIN'ER,  h.    One  who  obtains. 
OB-T.Al.\'I.\G,  ppr.    Gaining;  procuring  ;  acquiring. 
OB-T.Al\'.ME.\T,  H.    The  act  of  obtaining.  Milton. 
OB-TECT'ED,  a.    [L.  obtectus.] 
Covered. 

OB-TEM'PER-ATE,  I),  t.  [L.]  To  obey.  [JVotuscd.] 
OB-TEND',  r.  t.    [L.  obtcndo ;  ob  and  tendo;  lUerally, 
lo  stretch  against  or  before.] 

1.  ToopiKise;  to  hold  out  in  opposition.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  pretend  ;  to  olfer  as  the  reason  of  any  thing. 
[.V./(  u.sed.]  Drydcn. 

[This  jpord  is  rarelii  used.] 
OB-TEN-E-BRA'TION,  ii.    [from  L.  06  and  tcnebra, 
darkness.] 

\  darkening  ;  act  of  darkening  ;  darkness. 

In  every  meyriin  or  vertigo  tliere  jx  an  obterubralton  Joined  with 
a  seniMancc  of  tiinuii^  niiind.    [LitUe  ueed.\  Bacon. 

On-TEN'SION,  n.  The  act  of  oblending.  [.Vot  used.] 
OB-TEST',  V  U    [L.  obtestor !  ob  and  ttslor,  to  wit- 
ness.) 

To  beseech  ;  lo  supplicate. 

OtfUit  hii»  cleinencjr.  Dryilen. 
OB-TEST',  e.  i.  To  protest.  mtrrhouse. 
OB-TEST-A'TION,  n.   Supplication;  enlr«alv. 

2.  Solemn  injunction.  [Elynt. 


OB-TEST'I.VG,  ;rpr.    Beseeching;  supplicating. 
OB-TREC-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  obtrectatio,  from  obtreeto  ; 
ob  ami  trncto,] 
Slander  ;  detraction  ;  calumny.    [Little  used.] 

Burrow. 

OB-TRODE',  V.  t.    fL.  obtruilo  ;  ob  and  trudii,  Eng.  lo 

thrust.] 

1.  '1  o  thrust  in  or  on  ;  to  throw,  crowd,  or  thrust, 
into  any  pl.'ice  or  state  by  force  or  iiiipositiiin,  or 
without  s))licilation.  iMen  oiti-ut/ctlieir  vain  specula- 
tions upon  the  world. 

A  caiiae  of  connnun  ermr  ia  the  credulity  of  men,  that  i«,  nn  eaay 
nMenl  10  wlrtl  in  olitrwted.  Brown. 

'Die  ol>j'-cl»  of  »<ir  aeiih  'tf  ottlrude  their  particular  liteaa  upon  our 
iiiiiiiU,  wh'  ttifT  we  will  or  not.  Locke. 

2.  To  offer  with  unreasonable  importunity ;  to  urge 
upon  against  thi:  will. 

NVIiy  shoiiMiit  thmi  then  obtruile  tliia  diliwcnco 
In  v.iin,  when-'  no  acc-pttnw"  ilc^tii  find  f  Chiton. 
To  obtrude  one's  self;  to  enter  a  place  where  one  is 
not  desired  ;  to  thrust  one's  self  in  uninvited,  or 
against  the  will  of  the  conipanv. 
OB-TRf'DE',  11.  i.    To  enter  when  not  invited. 

2.  To  thrust  or  be  thrust  iipnn. 
OB-TRuD'ED,  pp.    Thrust  in  liv  force,  or  unsolicited. 
OB-TRl"D'ER,  71.    One  who  olitrudes.  Boyle. 
OB-TRuD'ING,  ppr.    Thrusting  in  or  on  ;  entering 
uninvited. 

OB-TROD'ING,  71.  A  Ihrusling  in,  or  entrance  with- 
out right  or  invitation. 

OB-TRUNe'ATE,  r.  t.  [I,,  ohtrunco  ;  ob  and  trunco, 
to  cut  ofl'.] 

To  deprive  of  a  limb  ;  to  lop.    [Little  used.] 

Cockerom. 

OB-TRUN-Ca'TION,  B.   The  act  of  lopping  or  cut- 
ting oIK    [Little  n.ied.]  Cockeram, 
OB-TRU'SION,  (-/hiin,)  n.    [h.  obtrado,  obtrusus.] 
The  act  of  olitrutling  ;  a  thriisliiig  upon  others  by- 
force  or  unsolicited  ;  as,  the  ebtnusion  of  crude  opin- 
ions on  the  world. 
OB-TRO'SIYE,  a.    Disposed  to  obtrude  any  thing 
upon  others  ;  inclineil  to  intrude  or  thrust  one's  self 
-  among  others,  or  to  enter  uninvited. 

Not  obvious,  not  o6lru<ive,  hut  n.tirc<l, 
The  iiion;  desirable.  iVi,'ton. 
OR-TRu'SlVE-LY,  ado.    By  way  of  obtrusion,  or 

thrusting  upon  others,  or  t'nferiiig  unsolicited. 
OB-TUND',  V.  t.    [T,.  ubtundo  ;  ob  and  tundo,  to  beat.] 
To  dull  ;  to  bhiiil  ;  l..  quell  ;  to  deaden  ;  to  reduce 
the  edge,  pungency,  tir  violent  action  of  any  thing; 
as,  lo  ubtund  the  acrimony  of  Ihe  gall.  Harrcy. 
OB-TUNI)'El),  pp.    Blunted  ;  quelled  ;  deadened. 
OB-TUND'ENT,  u.    In  medicine,  a  siibslanee  which 
sheathes  or  blunts  irritation,  usually  .some  bland, 
oily,  or  mucilaginous  matter;  much  the  same  with 
Demilcent.  For.tijth. 
OB-TIJ-RA'TION,  n.    [L.  obturatus,  from  oblUro,  to 
stop  up.) 

The  act  of  slopping  by  spreading  over  or  covering. 
OB  TU-Ra'TOR,  II.    In  nnntomii,  the  obturators  are 
muscles  which  rise  from  the  outer  and  inner  side  of 
the  pelvis  around  Ihe  foramen  thyroideiim,  and  are 
rotators  of  the  thigh.  '   IVistar.  Core. 

OB-TCS-AN"GU-l,AIi,  a.    [obtuse  and  uii<rii/nr.] 

Having  angles  th;it  :ire  obtuse,  or  larger  than  right 
.angles. 

OB-TCSE',  a.  [L.  obtusus,  from  ubtundo,  to  beat 
against.) 

1.  Blunt;  not  pointed  or  acute.  .Applied  lo  angles, 
it  denotes  out:  that  is  larger  than  a  right  angle,  or 
more  than  ninety  decrees. 

2.  Dull ;  not  having  acute  sensibility  ;  as,  obtuse 
senses.  Milton. 

3.  Not  sharp  or  shrill ;  dull ;  obscure ;  as,  obtuse 
sound. 

OB-TuSE'-AN"GLf;D,  a.    H.iving  an  obtuse  angle  ; 

as,  an  obtuse-anirled  triangle. 
OB-TC'SE'LY,  «</o.    Without  a  sharp  point. 

0.  Dully  ;  sttipiilly. 
OB-T0SE'NE.SS,  n.    Blunlness  ;  as,  the  obtuseness  o{ 

an  edge  or  a  point. 

2.  Dullness ;  want  of  quick  sensibility ;  as,  the 
obtuseness  of  the  senses. 

3.  Dullness  of  sound. 

OB-TC'SION,  (  zlitin,)  11.    The  act  of  making  blunt. 
2.  The  slate  of  being  dulled  or  blunted;  as,  the 

obtusion  fif  the  senses. 
OB-U.M'BRaTE,  r.  t.    [L.  obundiro  ;  ob  and  umbra,  n 

shade.  1 

To  shade;  lo  darken  ;  to  chnid.    [Little  used.] 

lloweU. 

OB-UM-BRa'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  darkening  or  ob- 
scurim;. 

0B-VE.\'TI0N,  n.     [L.  oboenio ;  ob  and  vonio,  to 

come.)  • 

Stunelhing  occasional  ;  that  which  happens  not 

reL'iilarly,  but  incidentally.    [.YVil  used.]  Spenser. 
OB-VERS'ANT,  a.    [L.  obvcrsans,  obvcrsor ;  ob  and 

vcnor,  to  turn.) 
Conversant ;  familiar.    j'A'ol  used.]  Bacon. 
OB- VERSE',  (ob-vers',)  a.    In  botany,  having  Ihe  b.-ise 

narrower  than  the  top,  .ns  a  leaf. 
OB'VERSE,  n.    The  fiice  of  a  coin;  opjioscd  10  Ri- 

VER»E. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — G  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


96' 


7G5 


occ 


occ 


OCH 


op  VKKSE'LY,  ailv.    In  an  obverse  form  or  manner. 

OB-VEKT',  I',  t.    [L.  ubverto;  ob  and  vcrto,  to  turn.] 
To  turn  toward.  WatU. 

OB-VERT'ED,  pp.    Turned  toward. 

OB-VEKT'ING,  ppr.    Turning  tow.ird. 

OB'VI-aTE,  ».  (.  [FT.obmer;  iLovviarc;  Sp.  obviar; 
from  L.  obi:ius ;  ob  and  tn'a,  way.] 

Properly,  to  meet  in  the  way  ;  to  oppose  ;  hence, 
to  prevent  by  interception,  or  to  remove  at  the  bf  gin- 
ning or  in  the  outset ;  lience,  in  pregritt^  iisa^re,  to  re- 
move in  general,  as  difficulties  or  objections  ;  to  clear 
the  way  of  obstaclej  in  reasoning,  deliberating,  or 
planning. 

To  lay  down  every  tiling"  iu  its  full  light,  so  as  to  obviate  nil  ex- 
ceptions. Woodward. 

OB'VI-A-TED,  pp.  Renjoved,  as  objections  or  difli- 
culties. 

OB'VI-A-TING,  ppr.   Removing,  as  objections  in  rea- 
soning or  planning. 
OB'VI-OUS,  a.    [L.  ohnus.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Meeting ;  oj>posed  in  front 

I  to  the  evil  turn 
My  obvious  breast.    [iVot  now  used."]  Milton. 

2.  Open ;  exposed.    [Little  used.']  Milton. 

3.  Plain  ;  evident;  easily  discovered,  seen,  or  un- 
derstood J  readily  perceived  by  the  eye  or  the  intel- 
lect. We  say,  a  phenomenon  obvious  to  the  sight,  or 
a  truth  obvious  to  the  mind.         Milton.  I>njden. 

OB'VI-OUS-LY,  adv.    Evidently  ;  plainly  ;  apparent- 
ly ;  manifestly.    Men  do  ntjt  always  pursue  what  is 
obviously  their  interest. 
9.  Naturally.  Holydmj, 
3.  Easily  to  be  fouild.  Seldcn. 
OB'VI-OUS-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  plain  or  evident 

to  the  eve  or  the  mind.  Boyle. 
OB'VO-LUTE,     )  a.    [L.  obvolutjLs,  obvolvo  ;  ob  and 
OB'VO-LU-TED,  j     volvo,  to  roll.] 

In  botany,  obvolute  foliation  is  when  the  margins  of 
the  leaves  alternately  embrace  the  straight  margin  of 
the  opposite  leaf.  Martyn. 
Oe-CA'SION,  (ok-ka'zhiin,)  ?!.    [L.  oceasio,  from  occi- 
do,  to  fall  ;  ob  and  cado.] 

1.  Properly,  a  falling,  happening,  or  coming  to  ;  an 
occurrence,  ca>"tKdty,  incident  ;  something  distinct 
from  the  ordinary  course  or  regular  order  of  things. 

ILiokcr. 

2.  Opportunity ;  convenience  ;  favorable  time,  sea- 
son, or  circumstances. 

I'll  take  tir  occasion  which  he  pves  to  bring 
Him  to  his  death.  Walltr. 
Use  not  liberty  for  an  occasion  to  the  flesh.  — Gal.  v. 
Sin,  taking  occasion  by  the  comniaudinent,  deceived  me.  — 
Rom.  vii. 

3.  -Accidental  cause  ;  incident,  event,  or  fact,  giv- 
ing rise  to  sometliing  else.  What  was  the  occasion 
of  this  custom  ? 

Her  beauty  Wiis  the  occasion  of  the  war.  Dryden. 

4.  Incidental  need  ;  casual  e.vigency  ;  opportunity 
accompanied  with  need  or  demand.  So  we  say,  we 
have  occasion  for  all  our  resources.  We  have  frequent 
occasions  for  assisting  each  other. 

Tlie  ancient  canons  were  well  fitted  for  the  occasion  of  the  church 
in  its  purer  ages.  Baker. 

My  occasions  have  ibund  time  to  use  them  towarxj  a  suj>ply  of 
money.  Sl^ak. 

Oe-CA'SION,  V.  t.    [Fr.  oerjisionncr.'] 

1.  To  cause  incidentally ;  to  cause  ;  to  produce. 
The  expectation  of  war  occasions  a  depression  in  the 
price  of  stocks.  Consumptions  are  often  occasioned 
by  coltls.  Indigestion  occa.sions  pain  in  the  head. 
Heat  occasions  lassitude. 

2.  To  influence  ;  to  cause. 

If  we  inquire  what  it  is  that  occasions  men  to  mike  scvrnl  com- 
binations of  simple  ideas  into  tiistinct  ntod-.s.  Locke. 

Oe-GA'SION-A-BLE,  n.    That  may  be  caused  or  oc- 
casioned.   [Little  used.]  Barrow. 
Oe-eA'SlON-AL,  a.    [Fr.  oecasionnd.] 

1.  Incidental ;  casual ;  occurring  at  times,  but  not 
regular  or  systematic  ;  made  or  happening  as  oppor- 
tunity requires  or  admits.  We  make  occasional  re- 
marks on  the  events  of  tlic  age. 

9.  Produced  by  accident;  as,  the  occasiovat  origin 
of  a  thing.  Broton. 

3.  Produced  or  made  on  some  sp_cial  eveiit ;  as,  an 
occasional  discourse. 

An  occasional  causCy  in  metaphysics,  is  some  circnm- 
Btanco  preceding  an  elTect,  which,  without  being  the 
real  cause,  becomes  the  occasion  of  the  eflcrt's  being 
produced  by  a  truly  efficient  cause.  Thus,  the  act  of 
touching  gunpowder  with  fire  is  the  ouasional,  but 
not  the  efficient  cause  of  the  explosion. 

Oe-GA'SION-AL-ISM,  n.  The  system  of  occasional 
causes  ;  a  nami:  given  to  certain  theories  of  the  Car- 
t/'sian  school  of  philo<<ophers,  by  \*l)ich  they  account 
for  the  apparent  action  of  the  soul  on  the  boily,  as  in 
voliinlary  action.  lirniult. 

Oe  CA'SION  Al,-I.y,  «/Zb.  According  to  incidental 
exigence  ;  at  limen,  tut  conveiiitmco  reipiires  or  op- 
portunity ofTers  ;  not  regularly.  lie  was  occasionally 
present  at  our  meetings.  Wo  have  occasionally  \vnl 
our  aid. 

Oe  CA'8I0N-/;D,  pp.  caused  incidentally  ;  caiiHcd  ; 
produced. 


OC-eA'SION-ER,  n.    One  that  causes  or  produces, 
either  incidentally  or  otherwise. 

He  was  thp  occasioner  of  loss  to  his  neighbor.  Sanderson. 

Oe  eX'SION-ING,  ppr.    Causing  incidentally  or  oth- 
erwise. 

Oe-€.\'SIVE,  a.    Falling  ;  descending ;  western ;  per- 
taining to  the  setting  sun. 

Auipiilude  is  ortive  or  occasive.  Encyc. 

Oe-CE-CA'TION,  n.    [L.  oceacalio;  ob  and  caico,  to 
blind.] 

The  act  of  making  blind.  [Little  jwerf.]  Sanderson. 
Oe'CI-DE.\T,  7!.    [L.  occidens,  occido,  to  fall  ;  ob  and 
cado.] 

The  west ;  the  western  quarter  of  the  hemisphere  ; 
so  called  from  the  decline  or  fall  of  the  sun.  Encyc. 
Oe-CI-l)ENT'AL,  a.    [L.  occidentalis.] 

Western  ;  opposed  to  Oriental  ;  pertaining  to  the 
western  quarter  of  the  hemisphere,  or  to  some  part 
of  the  earth  westward  of  the  speiiker  or  spectator; 
as,  occidental  climates ;  occidental  pearl ;  occidental 
gold.  Enciic.  Howell. 

Oe-CID'TJ-OUS,  a.    [L.  occido,  occiduus'.] 

Western.    [Little  used.] 
Oe-CIP'IT-AL,  a.    [from  L.  occiput,  the  back  part  of 
the  head  ;  ob  and  caput.] 

Pertaining  to  the  back  part  of  the  head,  or  to  the 
occiput. 

Oe'CI-PUT,  71.    [L.  oh  and  caput,  head.] 

The  hinder  part  of  the  head,  or  that  part  of  the 
skull  which  forms  the  hind  part  of  the  head. 
0€-CiS'IO>i,  (ok-sizli'un,)  7i.    [L.  occisio,  from  occido, 
to  kill  ;  ob  and  ca:do.] 

A  killing  ;  the  act  of  killing.    [JVo<  used.]  Hall. 
OC-eLODE',  V.  U    [L.  occludo ;  ob  and  cludo,  claudo, 
to  shut.] 

To  shut  up;  to  close.    [Little  used.]  Brovm. 
Oe-CLOSE',  a     [L.  occlusus.] 

!^hut  ;  closed.    [Little  used.]  Holder. 
Oe-€Lu'SION,  (ok-km'zhun,)  71.    [L.  occlusio.] 

A  shutting  up  ;  a  closing.  Howell. 

[This  is  an  elegant  word,  though  little  used.] 
OC-CULT',  a.    [L.  occultus,  occulo ;  ob  and  celo,  to 
conceal.] 

Hidden  from  the  eye  or  understanding  ;  invisible  ; 
secret ;  unknown  ;  undiscovered  ;  undetected  ;  as, 
the  occult  qualities  of  matter.  JVewton. 

The  occult  sciences,  in  tke  middle  ages,  were  magic, 
alchemy,  necromaacy,  &c. 

Occult  line  ;  in  geometry,  a  dry  or  obscure  line  which 
is  drawn  as  a  necessary  part  of  the  construction  of  a 
figure  or  problem,  but  which  is  not  intended  to  appear 
after  the  plan  is  finished.  Barlow. 
Oe-eULT-A'TION,  71.    [L.  occultatio.] 

1.  A  hiding. 

9.  In  astronomy,  the  hidingof  a  heavenly  body  from 
our  sight  by  the  intervention  of  some  other  of  the 
heavenly  bodies. 
Oe-eu'LT'EO,  o.    Hid;  secret.    [^JVot  used.]  ShaJi. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  term  applied  to  a  heavenly  body 
hid  or  concealed  by  the  intervention  of  some  other 
heavenly  bodv.  Brande. 

Oe  eULT'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  concealed 

from  view  ;  secretness. 
OCeU-PAN-CY,  71.    [L.  occupo,  to  take  or  seize ;  ob 

and  cfipio  to  seize.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  or  holding  possession. 

9.  In  late,  the  taking  possession  of  a  thing  not  be- 
longing to  any  per-son.  The  person  who  first  takes 
possession  of  land,  is  said  to  liave  or  hold  it  by  right 
of  occupancy. 

Occujmncy  gave  the  original  right  to  the  property  in  the  sub- 
stance  of  Uie  earth  itself.  Blnckslone. 

Oe'eU-P.\NT,  71.    He  that  occupies  or  takes  posses- 
siim  ;  he  thai  has  possession. 

2.  In  lair,tmc  that  first  takes  possession  of  that 
which  has  no  legal  owner.  The  right  of  property, 
either  in  wild  beasts  and  fowls,  or  in  land  belonging 
to  no  person,  vests  in  the  first  occupants  The  iirop- 
ortv  in  these  cases  follows  the  possession. 

OCeU-PATE,  ». «.    [L.  occupo.] 

To  hold  ;  to  possess  ;  to  lake  up.    [JVot  used.] 

Bacon. 

OC-eU-PA'TION,  77.    [L.  oecupatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  possession.  Baron. 

2.  Possessiim  ;  a  holding  or  keeping  ;  tenure  ;  use  ; 
as,  lands  in  the  occupniion  of  A  I!. 

3.  That  which  eng.iges  the  time  and  attention; 
employment;  business.  He  devotes  to  study  all  the 
time  that  his  other  occupations  will  permit. 

4.  The  principal  business  of  one's  life  ;  vocation  ; 
calling  ;  traile  ;  the  business  which  a  man  follows  to 
procure  a  living  or  obtain  wealth.  Agriculture,  man- 
ufaclures,  and  coinnu.'rce,  furnish  the  most  general 
occnpntiinis  of  life.  Painting,  statuary,  music,  are 
agreeable  occupations.  .Men  not  engaged  in  some 
ust.'l'nl  orcniiation  commonly  fall  into  vicious  courses. 

0(;'CIJ-l'I-/;l),  ;)/).    Possessed  ;  used  ;  employed. 
OC'ClJ-l'I-Elt,  71.    One  thai  occupies  or  takes  posses- 
Bion.  Ralegh. 

2.  One  H  ho  holds  possession. 

3.  One  w  ho  follows  an  emjiloymenl.  F.iek.  xxvii. 
OO'CIJ-I'Y,  1).  I.    [L.  occupo  ;  ob  and  capio,  to  seize  or 

take.] 


1.  To  take  possession.  The  person  who  first  oc- 
cupies land  wliich  lias  no  owner,  has  tlie  right  of 
property. 

2.  To  keep  in  possession  ;  to  possess;  to  hold  or 
keep  for  use.  The  tenant  occupies  a  farm  under  a 
lease  of  twenty-one  years.  .\  lodger  occupies  an 
apartment;  a  man  occupies  the  chair  in  which  he 
sits. 

3.  To  take  up  ;  to  possess  ;  to  cover  or  fill.  The 
camp  occupies  five  acres  of  ground.  Air  may  be  so 
rarefied  as  to  occupy  a  vast  space.  The  writing  occu- 
pies a  sheet  of  paper,  or  it  occupies  five  lines  only. 

4.  To  employ  ;  to  use. 

are  chaplains  than 
Eng.  Statute. 


The  archbishop  may  have  occtsioa  to  occupy  r 
six. 


5.  To  employ  ;  to  busy  one's  self.    Every  man 
should  be  occupitd,  or  should  occupy  himself,  in  some 
(i.  To  follow,  as  business.  [useful  labor. 

All  the  ships  of  the  sea  with  their  mariners  were  in  tliee  to  oc- 
cupy thy  merchandise.  —  Kzek.  xxvii. 

7.  To  use  ;  to  expend. 

All  the  gold  that  w.as  occupied  for  the  work.  —  Ex.  xxxviii. 
[Not  now  in  use.] 

Oe'€U-Py,  V.  i.    To  follow  business ;  to  negotiate. 

Occupy  till  I  come.  —  Luke  xix. 
OG'GU-PY-ING,  ppr.   Taking  or  keeping  possession  ; 
employing. 

Oe-€UR',  V.  i.    [L.  occurro:  ob  and  curro,  to  run.] 

1.  Primarily,  to  meet  ;  to  strike  against ;  to  clash  ; 
and  so  used  by  Bcntlcy,  but  this  application  is  obsolete. 

2.  To  meet  or  come  to  the  mind  ;  to  be  presented 
to  the  mind,  imagination,  or  memory.  We  say,  no 
better  plan  occurs  to  me,  or  to  my  mind  ;  it  does  nut 
occur  to  my  recollection ;  the  thought  did  not  occur 
to  me. 


any  1 


of  this  exiierhnent  for 
Bacon. 


There  doth  not  occur  to 
profit. 

3.  To  appear;  to  meet  the  eye;  to  be  found  here 
and  there.  This  word  occurs  in  twenty  places  in 
the  Scriptures  ;  the  other  word  does  not  occur  in  a 
single  place  ;  it  does  not  occur  ill  the  sense  sug- 
gested. 

4.  To  oppose  ;  to  obviate.    [A''ot  used.]  Bentleij. 
Oe  eUR'RENCE,  71.    [Fr.]     Literally,  a  coining  or 

happening ;  hence,  any  incident  or  accidental  event ; 
that  which  happens  without  being  designed  or  ex- 
pected ;  any  single  event.    We  speak  of  an  unusual 
occurrence,  or  of  the  ordinary  occurrences  of  life. 
9.  Occasional  presentation. 

Voyages  detain  the  mintl  by  the  perpetual  occurrence  and  ex* 
fjtxlalion  of  suinetbiiig  new.  H"(i;(s. 

0€-eUR'KENT,  71.  Incident ;  any  thing  that  hap- 
pens.   [  Obs.]  Bacon. 

OC-CUR'SION,  71.  [L.  occursio,  from  occurro,  to  mt^ct.] 
A  meeting  of  bodies  ;  a  clash.  Bmjle. 

O'CEAN,  (o'shun,)  71.  [L.  orcanus;  Gr.  <0Kcavui;  Fr. 
ocean  ;  Ir.  ocein,  aiirein  ;  W.  eigiaien,  aig,  or  eigion. 
In  Welsh,  the  W'ord  is  rendered,  the  great  .source,  the 
middle,  the  abyss,  or  great  deep,  and  is  allied  in  or- 
thography to  eigian,  force,  or  a  forcing  out,  a  produ- 
cing ;  eigiaw,  to  bring  forth,  from  aig,  w  hat  brings 
forth,  the  female,  the  womb,  the  sea,  a  shoal  of  fish- 
es, a  Hock  or  herd.  Bochart  cites  many  authorities 
to  prove  that  the  ancients  understood  the  ocean  to 
encompass  the  earth  ;  and  he  supposes  it  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  lleb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  >\^.  hog,  to  eiiroiii- 
pass,  whence  a  circle.  This  is  pri>l)ably  an  error. 
The  word  seems  to  have  for  its  origin  greatness  or 
extent.] 

1.  The  vast  body  of  water  which  covers  more  than 
three  fifths  of  the  surface  of  the  globe,  called  also  the 
Sea,  or  Grkat  Sea.  It  is  cu.stoniary  to  speak  of  the 
ocean  as  if  divided  into  five  parts;  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the  Inilian  Ocean,  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  the  Antarctic  Ocean  ;  but  the 
ocean  is  one  mass  or  body,  partially  separated  by  the 
continents  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  on  one  side, 
and  by  America  on  the  other. 

2.  An  immense  expanse  ;  as,  the  boundless  ocean 
of  eternity  ;  oceans  o{  iluiatitm  and  space.  Locke. 

f)'CE.'\N,  (5'shun,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  main  or  great 
sea;  as,  the  occiin  wave  ;  occflii  stream.  Milton. 

O-CE-AN'ie,  (o-she-an'ik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ocean  ; 
found  or  formed  in  the  ocean.  Conk. 

O'CEL-La-TEI),  a.  [L.  occllatus,  from  ocellus,  a  little 
eye.] 

1.  Resembling  an  eye.  Derham. 

2.  Formed  with  the  figures  of  little  ryes. 
O'CE-LOT,  71.    The  French  jnipular  name  of  a  digiti- 

grade  carnivorous  mammal,  of  the  cat  kind.  It  is 
the  Frl'is  Pardalis  of  Linna'us,  and  it  inhabits  Mexi- 
co. It  is  likewise  the  French  popular  name  of  sev- 
eral other  nearly  allied  .'Vmericaii  species  of  Felis. 

O'CIIER,  ( (o'kcr,)  n.    [Fr.  ocrc :  L.  ochra;  Gr.  tiixpa, 

cell  RE,  S     from  jiale.] 

A  variety  of  fine  clay,  dee|ily  colored  bj-  the  scs- 
qiioxyd  of  iron.  It  is  of  various  colors  ;  as  yellow, 
(which  is  most  common,)  red,  green,  blue, and  black. 
It  is  used  ;is  a  pigment. 

O'GIIEK OI'S,  j  (I.    Consisting  of  oclier  ;  containing 

O'CIIHE oils,  (     oclier  ;  as,  ocherous  matter. 
2.  Kesembliiig  oclier  ;  as,  nn  ocherous  color. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METK,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQIC  — 


766 


JL 


OCT 

0'€lli;il-Y, )  a.    I'crtaiiiini!  to  ocbcr  ;  containing  or 

O'eilllV,     i     reseiiil)lin|>  oclier.  Ure. 

0€1I'1-.MY,  (oli'p-ini^,)  n.    [corrupted  from  alchtv.ij.] 
A  niixt'd  liasi!  mi'tnl.  Johnaan.  Todd. 

OeM-l.<)t"RA-CV,  71.    [Gr.  oxXi>Kp<tTia  \  o\Xos,  tlio 
Itetiplo  or  a  niullitiulo,  and  Knunw,  lo  govern.] 

A  (iirni  of  povcrninunt  in  wliicli  tin:  nuiltilude  or 
riiriiinnii  jwople  rulf.  F.naic  Junes. 

0-€I11!.X'i;F.ML'S,  (  slius,)  a.    Of  an  oclicr  color,  or 
yi  llo"'  runninp  into  brown.  Lindtcy. 

O'fcllRK-A,  ji.    In  Ootanii,  a  term  npplii-d  to  two  stip- 
ules nnitid  round  tlio  s't<  ni  in  a  Itind  of  sln-atli. 

Oeil'UO  I  l'i;,  11.    Cerite  i  wliicl)  sec.  [Dccand. 

u'CltA,  II.    Siic  Okba. 

OC'TA-CIIORl),  tt.  An  in.strnuicnt  or  system  of  eiglit 
sounds.  Biuibtj. 

Oe'TA-(;O.N',  ri.    (Gr.  oktu,  eight,  and  yoivin,  anglc.l 
1.  In  neomctry,  a  plane  fisure  of  eijilit  sides  and 
oight  angles.    \\'lu  n  thi-  sides  and  angles  are  equal, 
it  is  a  regular  octagon  wliicli  may  be  inscrilicd  in  a 
Circle.  Brande. 

3.  In  fortification,  a  place  with  eight  sides  or  bas- 
tions. Brandt. 

Oe-T.\G'OX-.\L,  a.    Having  ciglit  sides  and  eight 
angles. 

Oe-'l'A-Ili5'DRAL,  a.    [See  OcTAHEonofi.]  Having 

eight  eipial  faces  or  sides. 
Oe-T.A-HS'DRITIC,  n.    Anatase,  an  ore  of  titanium, 

occurring  in  octahedral  crystals.  Dana 
Oe-TA-llE'DRON,  n.    [Gr.  oktw,  eight,  and  cHiia  a 

base.] 

In  ■rromelni,  a  solid  contained  by  eight  equal  and 
equilateral  triangles.  It  is  one  of  the  live  regular 
li.idies.  J.  Day. 

Oe-TAN"DRI-A,  n.     [Gr.  osru,  eight,  and  an),u,  a 
male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  nionoclinous  or  hermaphrodite 
plants,  having  eight  stamens,  which  are  distinct  from 
each  oilier,  and  ilistinct  from  the  pislil.  Linmtus. 
Oe-'I'A.N'DRI-A.V,  j  (I.    Pertaining  to  the  class  Octan- 
OC-T.XN'DKOUS,  j     dria;  having  eight  distinct  sta- 
mens. 

Oe-TAN"GU-LAR,  a.    [L.  octo,  eight,  and  angular.] 

Having  right  angles. 
OC-'rA\"'GU-LAR-"NES.S,  n.   The  qu;ility  of  having 
eight  angles. 

OC'T.V.NT,  >i.    [L.  oclans,  an  eighth  part,  from  octo, 
eight.] 

1.  In  geometry,  the  eighth  part  of  a  circle,  contain- 
.  ing  -13  degrees. 

'J.  In  astronomy,  the  point  in  the  orbit  of  a  heav- 
enly body  wliich  lies  half  way  between  the  conjunc- 
tions, or  <>p|xisitions,  and  the  quadratures. 
Oe''r.-\-f<TYi.r.,  «.    see  Octostvi.e. 
0('"r  A-TEOeil,  (ok'ta-tuke,)  n.  The  first  eight  books 
of  the  Old  Testament.  Hanmer. 

[  Thii  is  an  impruptr  leierd ;  tliere  bein/r  no  alliance  in 
the  Jirst  eight  books  more  than  in  the  first  ten  or  fifteen 
books.'\ 

'TAVE,  o.    [Infra.]    Denoting  eight.  Dnjden. 

of.tavit.'t,  eighth.] 
ay  alter  a  church  festival,  the  festi 
val  itself  being  included.  Brandc. 
'  9.  Kight  days  together  after  a  church  festival,  the 
festival  itself  being  included.  Ainsworlh. 

3.  In  music,  an  eighth,  or  an  inter\'al  of  seven  de- 
grees or  twelve  semitones.  The  octave  is  the  most 
perfect  of  the  chords,  consisting  of  six  full  tones 
and  two  semitones  major.  It  contains  the  whole  di- 
atonic scale.  P.  Cijc. 
Oe-T.\'VO,  n.    [L.  octavus,  eighth.] 

.\  book  or  form  in  which  a  sheet  is  folded  into 
eight  leaves.    The  word  is  used  as  a  noun  or  an  ad- 
jective.   We  say,  an  octavo,  or  an  octaco  volume. 
The  tnie  phrase  is,  a  book  in  octavo. 
Oe-TE.\'.NI-.\L.,  a.    [L.  octo,  eight,  and  annus,  year.] 

1.  Happening  every  eighth  year. 

2.  Listing  eight  years. 
Oe-Tr.\'.\'I-.\I.-LY',  adr.    Once  in  eight  years. 
OC'TII.E,  n.    The  same  !ls  Octant,  supra. 
Oe-TIL'LION,  71.    According  lo  the  En^rlL^h  notation, 

the  number  produced  by  involving  a  million  to  the 
eighth  [Kiwer  ;  a  unit  with  forty-eight  ciphers  an- 
nexed. 

According  to  Me  French  notation,  a  unit  with  twen- 
ty-seven ciphers  annexed. 
0€-TO'BF.R,  71.     [L.,  from  octo,  eight;  the  eighth 
month  of  tlie  primitive  Roman  year,  which  began  in 
March.] 

The  tenth  month  of  the  year,  in  our  calendar, 
which  follows  tli.tt  of  .N'uma  and  Julius  Ciesar. 
2.  .\  kind  of  ale,  jocoselv  so  called. 
Oe-TO-UEC'I-.MAL,  a.    [L.  octo,  eight,  and  decern, 
ten.] 

In  erystallo/rriphy,  a  term  designating  a  crystal 
whose  prisms,  or  the  middle  part,  has  eight  faces, 
and  the  two  summits together  ten  faces. 
Oe-T()-l)EC'l-MO,  a.    [I.,  oclodccim,  eighteen.] 

Having  or  consistmg  of  eighteen  leaves  to  a  sheet. 
OC-T(  l-OKC  I-MO,  M.    A  book  in  which  each  sheet  is 

folded  imn  eighteen  leaves. 
Oe-TC)  DK.N'TATE,  a.   [L.  octo,  eight,  and  dentatus, 
toothed.] 
Having  eight  teeth. 


000K.S.1 

OG'TAVE,  o.    [Infra.]  Hem 
Oe'TAVE,  71.    tl'r.,  from  L. . 
1.  The  eighth  day  after  a  ( 


ODD 

I  Oe'TO-EU),  a.    111.  octo,  eight,  and  fmdo,  to  cleave.] 
In  botany,  clell  or  separated  into  eight  segments  ; 
as  a  calyx.  Martyn. 
Oe-TO-C:'E-,\A'RI-AN,  \  71.    A  person  eighty  years  of 
Oe'TO-CE-.N'A-UY,      i     age.  J.  Mam.i. 

Oe'TO-GE-N.\-RY,  a.    [L.  oclogenarius,  from  octogc- 
711,  eighty.] 
or  eighty  years  of  ago. 
Oe'TO-CE-NA-RY,  n.  An  instrument  of  eight  string.1. 
OC-TO-L.OC'U-L.'VU,  a.     [I,,  octo,  eight,  and  lucus, 
place.] 

In  botany,  having  <,'iglit  cells  for  seeds. 
Oe'Tt)-N.\-'KV,  a.    [I,,  octonarins.] 

iielonging  to  the  number  eight. 
Oe-'i'0-NO€'li-L.\R,  a.    [L.  octo,  eight,  and  oculus, 
eye.] 

Having  eight  eves.  Dcrharn. 
Oe-TO-I'iiT'AL-O'US,  a.    [Gr.  okj-cj,  eight,  and  irtr- 
a.\i'i',  a  pet.il.] 

Having  eight  petals  or  flower-leaves.  Dirt. 
Oe'TO-roi),  11.    [Gr.  oKTM,  eight,  and  ttovs,  foot.] 
A  mollusk  or  insect  having  ciglit  feet  or  legs. 

Kirbjj. 

OC-TO-Ra'UI-a-TED,  0.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  radius, 
ray.] 

Having  eight  lays 
Oe-TO-SI'ER.\roUS,  o.    [Gr.  OKTCO,  eight,  and  a-cp- 
;io,  seed.] 

(Umtaiiiing  eight  seeds. 
Oe'TO-ST?LE,  71.     [Gr.  oicroi,  eight,  and  arvSos, 
style.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a  term  denoting  an  edifice 
or  portico  adorned  with  eight  columns,  or  a  range  of 
eight  columns.  Encyc. 
Oe-TO-SYI.rL.\H'ie,  a.    [L.  octo,  eight,  and  syllaba, 
.syllable.] 
Consisting  of  eight  syllables. 
[OeTosvLLARl-E  has  been  i/sci/.J 
OC-T/iO/',  (ok-trwA',),  71.    [Fr.]    A  tax  levied  at  llie 
gates  of  French  cities  on  articles  brought  in. 

Diet,  de  VJlend. 
OC'TU-PLE,  a,    [L.  octuplus ;  octo,  eight,  and  pUco, 
to  fold.] 

Kiglitfold.  Diet. 
Oe'lJ-LAK,  a.    [Fr.  ocnlaire ;  L.  ocularius,  from  oc«- 
iii.?,  eye.] 

depending  on  the  eye  ;  known  by  the  eye  ;  received 
by  actual  sight ;  as,  ocular  proof  j  ocular  dcnionslra- 
tiim  or  evidi'uce. 
0CIJ-L.\U-LY,  ade.     By  the  eye,  sight,  or  actual 

view.  Brown. 
Oe'll-L.VTE,  a.    [L.  oculatics.] 

Furnished  with  eyes  ;  knowing  by  tlie  eye. 

Juhnsnv. 

Oe'll-LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  oculus,  eye,  and /urma,  form.] 
In  the  form  of  an  eye;  resembling  the  eye  in  form  ; 
as,  an  ocnliform  pebble.  Fourcroy. 
Oe'U-LIST,  71.    [from  L.  oc«?i«,  the  eye.] 

One  skilled  in  diseases  of  the  eyes,  or  one  who 
professes  to  cure  them. 
O'DjI-USQUK,  71..  [Turkish  odah,  a  chamber.] 

The  name  of  the  female  slaves  or  concubines  in 
the  harem  of  the  Turkish  sultan.  The  word  is  proji- 
crly  Odah-lic.  Encyc.  ^m. 

ODD,  a,  [Sw.  udda,  odd,  and  udd,  udde,  a  point ;  Dan. 
odd,  n  point  or  tip.  In  W.od  \si  notable,  singular, 
and  odid  a  rarity.    In  Russ.  odin  or  odno  is  one.] 

1.  Not  even  ;  not  divisible  into  two  equal  whole 
numbers  ;  as  one,  tlirec,  five,  seven,  &c. 

Goofl  ludl  lies  in  odd  iiumticn.  Shak. 

2.  Left  or  remaining  after  the  union,  estimate,  or 
use  of  even  numbers  ;  or  remaining  after  round  num- 
bers, or  any  number  specified ;  as,  the  odd  number ; 
the  odd  man. 

Sixlcon  huntlrtKl  an'l  odd  years  after  the  eajnh  was  miuV,  it  wtu 
deslrvycil  by  a  ilflugu.  liurntt. 

3.  Singular;  extraordinary  ;  diflTering  from  wh.it  is 
usual  ;  strange  ;  as,  an  odd  phenomenon.  JVcmtoii. 

It  sometimes  implies  dislike  or  contempt ;  as,  an 
odd  fellow. 

4.  Not  noted  ;  niihecded  ;  not  taken  into  the  com- 
mon account. 

There  are  yet  iniising  lome  few  odd  IjuU  that  you  lemember  not. 

Shak. 

5.  Uncommon  ;  particular. 

The  odd  man  to  perform  all  three  perfectly  U  Joannes  Sturmiiis. 

Atcham. 

n.  Uncommon  ;  in  appearance  improper,  or  not 
likely  to  answer  the  purpose.  This  is  an  odd  way  of 
doing  things. 

I*ocl£e*i  FluaT  wouM  he  an  odd  book  for  a  man  lo  make  himself 
mnjUT  01,  wlw  woulil  gtt  a  imputation  by  Ijis  critical  writings. 

Speclalor. 

7.  Sep.irate  from  that  which  is  regularly  occupied  ; 
remaining  unemployed.    I  will  t.ake  some  odd  tune 
to  do  this  business.    He  may  do  it  at  odd  times. 
ODD'EST,  o.  .super/.    Most  odd. 

OI)I)'-FEL'I,o\VS,  n.  pi.  The  name  of  a  secret  soci- 
1     eiy  for  social  enjoyment  and  mutual  assistance. 

OI)i)'I  TY,  71.  Singularity  ;  strangeness  ;  as,  the  odd- 
I  ity  of  dress,  manners,  or  shape ;  oddity  of  appear- 
I  aiice. 


ODO 

2.  A  singular  person ;  in  eolloquial  language,  Tliis 
man  is  an  oddity. 
ODD'-LOQK-ING,  a.    Having  a  singular  look. 
ODD'LY',  urfe.    Not  evenly.    [I .title  used.] 

2.  Strangely  ;  unusually  ;  irregularly  ;  singularly  ; 
uiicoiitldy  ;  as,  oddly  dressed  ;  oddly  formed. 

A  ti^iiri^  oddly  turned.  Locke. 
A  bhick  suUunce  lying  on  the  ground  very  oddly  sliapeit. 

Hictft. 

ODD'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  not  even. 

2.  Singularity;  strangeness;  particularity;  irregu- 
larity ;  iincouthness  ;  as,  the  oddness  of  ilress  or 
shape  ;  the  oddness  of  an  event  or  accident. 

Drydcm.  Swift 
ODDS,  71.    [It  is  used  both  in  the  singular  and  plural.] 

1.  Inequality  ;  excess  of  either  compared  with  the 
other;  ditlurencc  in  favor  of  one  and  again.sl  an- 
other. 

Piveminenl  by  so  much  od/lB.  Milton. 
In  this  exam|de,  much  marks  the  singular  number, 
and  tnany  can  not  be  used. 

Cromwell,  wiUi  odd*  of  numtier  and  of  fate.  Waller. 
All  tlic  odde  k'tweei)  them  has  bci-n  Uie  diirerenl  scope  given  to 

their  iinclenttittulinga  to  ring.;  in,  fx/cke. 
Judging  it*  balancing  an  uccuuut  and  determining  on  which  Hide 

the  odds  lie.  Locke, 
There  appeared  at  least  four  to  one  odda  against  them.  Siei/t. 

2.  Advantage;  superiority.  Iludibras. 

3.  Cluarrel ;  dispute  ;  debate.  Shak, 
Jt  is  odds;  more  likely  than  the  contrary. 

It  it  odde  that  he  will  find  a  shrewd  temptation,  Sovth. 
At  odds ;  in  dispute  ;  at  variance  ;  in  controversy 
or  quarrel. 

Tliey  set  ns  all  at  odiU.  Stiak. 
Or  they  must  always  be  at  odtls.  £>'irt/t. 

ODE,  71.    [J..ode;  Gr.  w<5ij.] 

A  short  poem  orsjiig;  a  poetical  composition  prop- 
er to  be  set  to  music  or  sung  ;  a  lyric  poem.  Tlie  oile 
is  of  the  greater  or  less  kind  ;  the  less  is  characterized 
by  swcetuess  anil  ease;  the  greater  by  sublimity,  rap- 
ture, and  quickness  of  transition.  Johnson. 

Pindar  has  left  Olympic  odes,  Pythian  odes,  Ncme- 
aii  odes,  and  Isthmian  odes. 

Tlie  ode  consists  of  unequal  verses  in  i-taiiias  or  strophes. 

Baetry. 

0-Di5'0N,  71.   [Gr.  whiov,  from  Mi'n,  a  song.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a  kind  of  theater  ill  Greece, 
in  which  poets  and  musicians  submitted  their  works 
to  the  approval  of  the  public,  and  contended  for 
prizes.  Elmcs. 
O'DI-HLE,  a.    [L.  odi,  I  hate,] 

Il.iteful  ;  that  may  excite  hatred. 
O'DI.N',  71.    A  Scandinavian  deity ;  the  Wodes  of  the 
Saxons. 

O'DI-OUS,  a.    [L.  odiosus,  from  odi,  I  bated.  Eng. 
/la(c.] 

1.  Hateful ;  deserving  hatred.  It  expresses  some- 
thing less  than  Detestable  and  Aiiominable  ;  us, 
an  odious  name  ;  odious  vice. 

.411  wickedness  is  oiitous.  i}\^raX. 

2.  OITensive  to  the  senses ;  disgusting ;  as,  an  odi- 
ous sight ;  an  odious  smell. 

3.  Causing  hate  ;  invidious  ;  as,  to  utter  odious 

4.  £x|iosed  to  hatied  ;  hated.  [truth. 
He  n^iidered  liiinsell'  odious  to  the  parli.am«ot.  Clarendon, 

O'DI-OUS-I.Y,  adi:    Hatefully  ;  in  a  manner  to  de- 
serve or  excite  hatred.  Milton. 
2.  Invidiously;  so  as  to  cause  hate.  Dryden. 
O'DI-OUS-NESS,  71.     Ilatefiilness  ;  the  quality  timt 
deserves  or  may  excite  hatred  ;  as,  the  odiousnrss  of 
sin.  lyake, 
2.  The  state  of  being  hated.  [JVot  usual.]  Sidney, 
O'DI-U.M,  71.    [L.l    Hatred  ;  dislike.    This  measure 
brought  a  general  odium  on  his  government. 
2.  The  quality  that  provokes  hatred  ;  oflensivene.ss. 
She  Uirew  the  odium  of  tlio  fact  on  me.  Dryrlen. 
0>DI-VM  TIIF^O-LO&I-CUM,    [L.]  The  hatred  of 

contending  theologians. 
O-DO.M'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  ojo?  and  lurnov.] 

An  instrument  attached  to  the  wheel  ot  a  carriage, 
to  measure  distance  in  traveling.  Jefferson. 
0-DO-MET'Rie-.\L,  a.   Pertaining  to  an  odometer  or 

its  me.isurement. 
0-DO.\-TAL'(!;l-.V,  j  n.    [Gr.  oJoej,  tooth,  and  a,\)Of, 
O'DO.V-TAL-fiY,    j  pain.] 
Toothache. 

0-DO.\-TAL'c;ie,  a,-    Pertaining  to  the  toothache. 
O-DOX-TAI/Gie,  71.    .\  remedy  for  the  tootluiche. 
O-DON'TA-UTE,  n.    A  petrified  tooth  or  bone. 
O-DO.N'TOID,  a.    [Gr.  o6ovs,  tooUi,  and  tidoj,  like- 
ness.] 
Toiith-like. 

O-DON-TOL'O-GV,  71.    [Gr.  olovi  and  Xo,  of.] 

That  branch  of  anatomical  science  which  treats  of 
the  teeth. 

O'DOR,  71.    [L.]    Smell;  scent;  fragrance;  a  sweet 
or  an  ofiensive  smell ;  perfume.       Bacon.  Addison, 
To  be  ill  bad  odor  ;  to  be  out  of  favor.  Burke, 
G'DOR-A-MEXT,  n.    [L.  oii(/ra77ie7ilii77i.] 

.'\  perfume  ;  a  strong  scent.  Burton^ 
O'DOR-.VTE,  a.    [I.,  odoratus.] 

Scented  ;  having  a  strong  scent,  fetid  or  fragrant. 

y^iiferi. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  G  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  .ts  in  THIS. 


7fi7 


OF 

OFF 

0  F  F 

0'l)<iK-A-TI.\f!,  a.    IJifliising  udor  or  scent ;  fnisr  iiit. 
0-l)()R-lK'EU-OUS,  a.    [L.  odunjcrus  ;  odor  aiid/cro, 
to  bear.] 

1.  Giving  scent ;  diffusing  fragrance  ;  fragrant  ; 
piTfnnied  ;  usually,  sweet  of  scent;  as,  odoriferous 
spices  :  odoriferous  flowers. 

2.  Bearing  scent ;  as,  odoriferous  gales. 
O-DOIl-IF'ER-OUS-LY,  ado. '  In  tlie  manner  of  pro- 
ducing odtir. 

O-DOU-lF'EIt-OUS-NESS,  71.    Tlie  quality  of  diffus- 
ing scent ;  fragrance  ;  s\\'eetness  of  scent. 

O'DOR-IN,  n.    [L.  odur.\ 

A  priuluct  uf  \W  redistillation  of  the  volatile  oil 
olitained  h\  ili-tillin^'  bone.  It  has  a  very  concentra- 
ted and  (iiii'ii.-iM-  .  iiipyreuniatic  odor.  Braitde. 

0'I)OR-LE.-f^,  a.    Free  from  odor. 

O'UOK-OUS,  0.    Sweet  of  scent ;  fragrant. 

Spenser.  JValler, 

O'nOR-OUS-LY,  adv.    Sweetly  ;  fragrantly. 

O'n0R-OUS-N'ES.S,  71.   Fragrance  ;  the  quality  of  dif- 
fusing scent,  or  of  exciting  the  sensation  of  smell. 

OD'YS-.SEV',  H.    An  epic  poem  attributed  to  Homer; 
the  subject  is  the  return  of  Ulysses  from  Troy  to 
Ithaca. 

CE,  the  Greek  diphthong,  has  the  sound  of  c,  and  in 
this  work  it  is  to  some  extent  omitted,  and  E  substi- 
tuted. 

CE-eO-NOM'ie-AL,   CE-eON'O-MY,  CE-eU-MEN'- 
le-AL,  CE-DE.M'A-TOUS,  CE-SOFH'.\-GLrS.  See 
Economical,  Economy,  Ecumenical,  Edematous, 
Esophagus. 

CE-IL'IAD,  (e-il'yad,)n.  [Fr.  aiUade,  from  (ri/,  the  eye.] 
A  glance  ;  a  wink.    [JVof  Entfli^ikf  nor  ascd.]  Skak. 
CE-NAN'THie,  a.    [Gr.  oicos,  wine,  and  auUus,  flow- 
er.] 

(Enantliic  etlirr,  is  an  oily  liquid  which  gives  to  wine 
its  characteristic  odor. 

(Enantliic  acid,  is  an  acid  obtained  from  icnantliic 
ether.  Qraftam. 
O'ER  ;  contracted  from  Over,  which  see. 
OF,  (.IV,)  prep.    [Sax.  nf:  G.  ah  ;  Sw.  Ice.  Dan.  and  D. 
af:  L.  ab,  but  originally  a/;  Gr.  ano.    Tlie  primary 
sense  is  departing,  issuinsr,  or  proceeding  from;  but 
this  sense  has  been  modified  by  usage.] 

From  or  out  of ;  proceeding  from,  as  the  cause, 
source,  means,  author,  or  agent  bestowing. 

1  luive  received  o/Uie  Lonl  Uial  which  (Use  I  delivered  to  you,  — 
1  Cor.  xi. 

For  il  W!is  of  the  Lord  to  harden  pieir  hearts.  —  Josh.  xi. 

It  is  of  the  tiord's  inercir-s  that  w^'  arc  not  consumed.  —  Lum.  Ui. 

The  whole  disposing  thereof  is  o/the  Lord.  —  Prov.  xvi. 

Go,  inquire  of  the  Lor.)  for  me.  — 2  Ciiron.  xxxiv. 

That  lioly  thiii^  tint  sh^ll  be  boni  o/thee.  — Luke  i. 

Hence  of  is  the  sign  of  tiie  genitive  case,  the  case 
that  denotes  production  ;  as,  the  Son  c/man,  the  son 
proceeding  from  man,  producetl  from  man.  This  is 
the  primary  sense,  although  we  now  say,  produced 
by  man.  "  Part  o/these  were  slain  ; "  that  is,  a  num- 
ber separate,  for  port  denotes  a  division  ;  the  sense 
then  is,  a  number /j  otji  or  out  uf  the  whtde  were  slain. 
So,  also,  "  some  of  these  were  slain  ;  "  that  is,  some 
/7-om  or  out  of  the  others.  "  I  have  known  him  of 
old,  or  of  a  child  ;"  that  is,  from  old  times, //oin  a 
chilli.  "He  is  0/ the  race  of  kings  ;  "  that  is,  de- 
scended from  kind's.  "  He  is  of  noble  blood  or  birth, 
or  of  ignoble  origin."  "  Ko  particle  of  matter,  or  no 
body,  can  moveo/ilself ;  "  that  is,  by  force  orstrcngth 
procerdtntr  from  itself,  tleriveil  from  itself. 

"  Tile  quarrel  is  not  now  of  fame  and  tribute,  or  of 
wrongs  done  ;"  that  is,  from  fame  or  wrongs,  as  the 
cause,  and  we  may  render  it,  concerning,  about,  rc- 
latinir  to. 

"O/tliis  little  he  had  some  to  spare  ; "  that  is,  some 
from  the  whtde.    It  m.ay  be  rendered  out  uf. 

"0/ all  our  heroes  thou  canst  boast  alone;"  that 
is,  thou  alone  from  the  number  of  heroes.  This  may 
be  rendered  amonir. 

"  The  best  of  men,  the  most  renowned  of  all  ;  " 
that  is,  the  best  from  the  number  of  men,  the  most 
renowned  from  the  whole  ;  denoting  primiirily  scpa- 
ratitm,  like  part. 

"  I  was  well  entertained  of  the  English  consul :" 
th.at  is,  entertained  from  the  ctmsul ;  my  entertain- 
ment was  from  the  consul.  'I'his  use  is  obsulete, 
and  we  use  by  in  lieu  of  it. 

"This  does  of  right  belong  to  us  ; "  that  is,  from 
riu'ht,  de  jure  ;  our  title  procee  Is  from  right. 

"  The  chariot  was  all  of  cedar that  is,  made 
from  cedar.  So  we  say,  made  of  gold,  made  11/ clay  ; 
an  application  correspimding  with  our  modern  use  of 
from  ;  manufactured  from  wool,  or  from  raw  materi- 
als. Hence  we  say,  cloth  consisting  of  wool  "  This 
is  a  scheme  of  his  own  devising;  "  that  is^  from  his 
own  devising  or  deviC'-.  "  If  any  man  minister,  let 
him  do  it  as  <'/ the  ability  which  God  giveth  ;"  that 
is,  as  from  the  ability,  as  the  source  of  action. 

"  Of  li;ippy,  he  is  bi  roinc  miserable  ; "  that  in,  from 
happy  ;  from  being  happy,  be  has  passed  to  being  mis- 
erable. "0/  necessity  this  must  jirove  ruinous  ;  " 
that  is, /rom  necessity,  as  the  cause  or  source.  "0/ 
a  hiindre-d  take  fifty  ;  that  in,  from  a  hundred,  or  out 
of  n  hundred,  from  among  a  liiinrlreil. 

Of  sometiiries  implies  a  part  or  share. 

It  \t  a  dutjr  to  cotTitnuiiicdtc  0/  those  bleuiiigc  we  hnv*  received. 

/VanJt/ifi. 

From  is,  then,  the  primary  sense  of  this  preposition  ; 
a  sense  retained  in  off,  the  same  word  differently 
written  for  distinction.  13ut  tliis  sense  is  appropri- 
ately lost  in  many  of  its  apfilications  ;  as,  a  man  of 
genius,  a  man  of  courage,  a  man  of  rare  endow- 
ments, a  fossil  of  a  reti  color,  or  c/  a  hexagonal  fig- 
ure. He  lost  ail  hope  of  relief.  This  is  an  affair  of 
the  cabinet.  He  is  :i  man  of  decayed  fortune.  \\'hat 
is  the  price  of  corn  We  say  that  of,  in  these  and 
similar  phrases,  denotes  property  or  possession,  mak- 
ing of  the  sign  of  the  genitive  or  possessive  case. 
1'hese  applications,  however,  all  proceeded  from  the 
same  primary  sense.  That  which  proceeds  from,  or  is 
produced  by,  a  person,  is  naturally  the  prtiperty  or  pos- 
session of  tb.at  pi'rson  ;  as,  the  son  of  John  ;  and  this 
idea  of  property,  in  the  course  of  time,  would  pass 
to  things  not  thus  produced,  but  still  bearing  a  rela- 
tion to  another  thing.  Thus  we  say,  the  father  of  a 
son,  as  well  as  the  son  of  a  father.  In  both  senses, 
other  languages  also  use  the  same  word,  as  in  the 
French  de,  dela,  and  Italian,  di,  deU.  Of,  then,  has 
one  primary  li&n^e,  from,  departing,  issuing,  proceed- 
ing from  or  out  of,  and  a  derivative  sense  denoting 
possession  or  property. 

OFF,  a.    Jlost  distant ;  as  the  off  horse  in  a  team. 

OFF,  adv.  From,  noting  distance.  The  liousc  is  a 
mile  off. 

2.  From,  with  the  actitm  of  removing  or  sepa- 
rating; as,  to  take  off'lhe  bat  or  cloak.    So  we  say, 
to  cut  off,  to  pare  off,  to  clip  off,  to  peel  off,  to  tear  off, 
to  march  off,  to  tly  off 

3.  From,  noting  separation  ;  as,  the  match  is  off. 

4.  From,  denoting  departure,  abatement,  remis- 
sion, or  a  leaving.    The  fever  goes  off;  the  pain  goes 
off 

5.  In  painting,  it  denotes  projection  or  relief. 

This  comes  oj"  well  and  excellent.  Shak. 

6.  From  ;  away;  not  toward;  as,  to  look  off;  op- 
posed to  On  or  Toward, 

7.  On  the  opposite  side  of  a  question, 

Tlie  questions  no  way  touch  upon  Puritanism,  either  ojT  or  on, 

Saitderson. 

Offhnnd;  without  study  or  preparation.  She  plays 
a  tune  off  hand.    He  speaks  fluently  off  hand. 

Off  and  on;  at  one  time  applying  and  engaged, 
then  absent  or  remiss. 

To  be  off;  in  colloquial  langnaire,  to  depart  or  to 
recede  from  an  agreement  or  design. 

To  come  off;  to  escape,  or  to  fare  in  the  event, 

2.  To  take  place,  as  an  exhibition. 

To  get  off;  to  alight ;  to  come  down. 

2.  To  make  esca|)C. 

To  no  off;  to  depart ;  to  desert. 

2.  To  take  fire  ;  to  be  discharged,  as  a  gun. 

To  taJce  off;  to  take  away. 

2.  To  iniuiic  t)r  personate. 

Well  off,  ill  off,  badly  off;  having  good  or  ill  suc- 
cess. 

OFF,  prep.    Not  on  ;  as,  to  be  off  one's  legs.    He  was 
not  off  the  bed  the  whole  day, 

2,  Distant  from  ;  as,  about  two  miles  e^this  town. 
[JVot  now  used.']  Jjddison. 

OFF,  as  an  eiclumation,  is  a  command  to  de|ittrt,  ei- 
ther with  or  without  contempt  or-flabborrence. 

OF'FAL,  77.     [0.  afeal;  af  and  rallen,  to  fall;  G. 
ulifall :  Dan.  affald  ;  Sw.  affall ;  off  niiA  full.] 

1.  Waste  meat ;  the  parts  of  an  tinimal  butchered 
which  are  unfit  for  use  or  rejected.  Jlrbuthnot. 

2.  ('arrion;  coarse  meat.             Milton.  Shah. 

3.  Refuse  ;  that  which  is  thrown  away  as  of  no 
value,  or  fit  only  for  beasts.      Dryden.  Mortimer. 

4.  Any  thing  of  no  value  ;  rubbish.  Slmk. 
OF-FENCE',  ji.    [L.  affensus,  offensa;  It.  offesa ;  Sp. 

ofcnsa ;  Fr.  offense.] 

1.  Displeasure  ;  anger,  or  moderate  anger.  He 
gave  them  just  cause  of  offence  ;  he  took  offence. 

2.  Scandal ;  cause  of  stumbling.    Christ  is  called 
a  stone  of  stumbling  and  rock  of  offence  to  both  the 
houses  of  Israel.    Ps.  viii. 

3.  Any  transgression  of  law,  divine  or  human  ;  a 
crime;  sin;  act  uf  wickedness  or  omission  of 
duty, 

Christ  was  delivered  for  onr  qfcnces,  and  raised  a^jalii  for  our 
Jualilication.  —  Rom.  iv. 

4.  An  injury. 

1  have  piven  niy  opinion  B^ainlt  th'^  authority  of  two  preat  men, 
Imt  1  hope  without  ojfifoce  to  their  memories.  l)ryden. 

5.  Attack  ;  assault ;  as,  a  weapon  of  offence. 

Richardson. 

6.  Impediment.    Malt,  xvi, 

[For  remarks  on  the  spelling  of  this  word,  see  O1-- 

FENSK.j 

OF  FENCE'FIJL,  0.  Giving  displeasure;  iniurious. 
[Mil  used.]  '  'shah. 

OF-FENCE'LESS,  a.  Unoffending;  inntjcent ;  inof- 
fensive. Milton. 

OF  FEND',  7!.  f.  [l..offendo;  oh  and  frndo,  [ohs.]  tn 
strike,  hit,  meet,  or  thrust  against.  Wo  use  the  sim- 
ple verb  in  fend,  to  fend  off,  to  fence.] 

1.  To  attack  ;  to  assail.    [JVof  used.]  Sidney. 

2.  To  disjilease;  to  make  angry;  to  affront;  it 
expresses  rather  less  than  make  angnj,  and,  without 

any  motlif)'ing  word,  it  is  nearly  synonymous  wilh 
Displease.    We  are  offended  by  rutleness,  incivility, 
and  harsh  language.    Children  offend  their  pariMils 
by  disobedience,  and  parents  offend  tlieir  children  by 
unreasonable  austerity  or  restraint. 

The  emperor  w.as  ^rievoiis'y  offeiuLtd  wilh  them  who  hail  kept 

such  ne^ii^enl  watch.  KnoU'8. 
A  broih'T  offended  is  harder  to  be  won  tliau  a  strong  city.  — 
Prov.  xviii. 

3.  To  shock ;  to  wound ;  as,  to  offend  the  con- 
science. Lam. 

4.  To  pain  ;  to  annoy  ;  to  injure ;  as,  a  strong 
light  offends  w'eak  eyes. 

5.  To  transgress  ;  to  violate  ;  as,  to  offend  the  laws. 
But  we  generally  use  the  intransitive  verb  ii;  this 
sense,  with  airuinst ;  to  offend  against  the  law. 

C.  To  disturb,  annoy,  or  cause  to  fall  or  stumble. 

Great  pence  iiave  they  that  love  thy  law,  and  nothing  shall 
ojfeiid  Uiem.  —  Ps.  cxix. 

7.  To  draw  to  evil,  or  hinder  in  obedience  ;  to 
cause  to  sin  or  neglect  duty. 

If  tlw  riirht  eye  ojfend  thee,  pluck  it  out  —  if  thy  right  hand 
ojfeitd  thee,  cut  it  oil.  —  Malt.  v. 

OF-FEND',  V.  i.    To  transgress  the  moral  or  divine 
law  ;  to  sin  ;  to  commit  a  crime. 

\yhoever  shall  keep  the  whole  law,  and  yet  ojfejid  in  one  pohit, 

is  guilty  of  all  James  ii. 

In  many  tilings  we  all  o_^em/.  —  James  iii. 

2.  To  cause  dislike  or  anger. 

I  shall  offend,  either  to  detain  or  to  give  it.  Sluik. 

But  this  phrase  is  really  elliptical,  some  person  be- 
ing understood. 

3,  To  be  scandalized  ;  to  be  stumbled. 

If  meat  make  niy  brother  to  ojfeiid.  —  I  Cor.  viii. 

To  offend  against ;  to  act  injuriously  or  unjusti}'. 

Nor  yet  against  Cesar  have  I  o^ettded  any  thing  at  all.  —  Acts 

XXV. 

9.  To  transgress  ;  to  violate  ;  as,  to  offend  against 
the  laws  of  society,  the  laws  of  God,  or  the  rules  of 
civility  or  propriety. 

We  have  offeojdcd  against  the  Lord  already.  —  2  Cliron.  xxvili. 

OF-FEND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  .Displeased, 

OF-FEND'ER,  71.  One  that  oflends  ;  one  that  violates 
any  law,  divine  or  human  ;  a  criminal ;  a  trespasser ; 
a  transgressor  ;  one  that  does  an  injury.  The  man 
who  robs,  steals,  or  commits  an  assault,  is  an  of- 
fender. 

OF-FEND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Disple.asing ;  making  an- 
gry ;  causing  to  stumble  ;  committing  sin. 

0F-"FE.\I)'RESS,  71.    A  female  that  offends.  Shah. 

OF-FE.\SE',  77.  [L.  offensus,  offensa;  It.  offesa;  Sp, 
ofcnsa ;  Fi.  offense.] 

1.  Displeasure  ;  anger,  or  moderate  anger.  He 
gave  them  just  cause  of  offense ;  he  took  offense. 

2.  Scandal;  cau.se  of  stumbling.    Christ  is  called 
a  stone  of  stumbling  and  rock  of  offense  to  both  the 
houses  of  Israel.    Ps.  viii. 

3.  Any  transgression  of  law,  divine  or  human  ;  a 
crime  ;  sin  ;  act  of  wickedness  or  omission  of  duty, 

Christ  was  delivered  for  our  a^tnaes,  and  raised  again  for  our 
justilic;aion. — Rom.  iv. 

4.  An  injury, 

I  have  s^iven  my  opinion  against  the  authority  of  two  ffrrat  men, 
but  1  hope  without  offtuge  to  their  memories.  Uryden. 

5.  Attack ;  assault ;  as,  a  weapon  of  offense. 

Richardson. 

fi.  Impediment.    Matt.  xvi. 

[This  Word,  like  eipense,  has,  till  of  late,  been 
spelled  with  a  c.  It  ought,  however,  to  undergo  the 
same  chance  with  erprnse,  the  reasons  being  the 
same,  viz.,  that  s  must  be  used  in  offrnsiec  as  in  e.r- 
pensire,  and  is  found  in  the  Latin  offensio,  and  the 
French  offense.] 

OF-FENSi'/FyL,  a.  Giving  displeasure;  injurious. 
[Md  used.]  "  Shak. 

01''-FENSEa.ESS,  a.  Unoffending;  innocent;  in- 
offensive. Milton. 

OF-FENS'IVE,  a.  [Fr.  offcnsif;  It.  offensii'o ;  Sp. 
ofcnsieo.] 

1.  Causing  displeasure  or  some  degree  of  anger  ; 
displeasing.  All  sin  is  offensirc  to  God  ;  rude  behavior 
is  offensicc  to  men  ;  good  breeding  forbids  us  to  use 
offensive  words. 

2.  Disgusting  ;  giving  pain  or  unpleasant  sensa- 
tions ;  disagreeable  ;  as,  an  offensive  taste  or  smell ; 
an  offensive  sight ;  discordant  sounds  arp  offensive  lo 
the  car. 

3.  Injurious, 

It  Is  an  excellent  opener  for  the  liver,  but  ofensivt  to  the  stom- 
ach. Bacon. 

4.  Assailant;  used  in  attack  ;  opposed  to  Defen- 
sive ;  as,  an  offensive  weapon  or  en:;ine.  fVilkins. 

5.  Assailant;  invading;  making  the  first  attack; 
op|>osed  lo  Dekessive  ;  as,  an  offcnsirr  war. 

A  leagnr  offensive  and  drfcnsivr,  is  oiii'  that  requires 
both  or  all  parties  to  make  war  logellier  against  a 
nation,  and  each  party  to  defend  the  other  in  case  of 
being  attacked. 
OF-KE.NS'I VE,  71.    The  part  of  attacking;  as,  to  act 
on  the  offensive. 

•                        FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PllBY  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIKD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

OFF 


OFF 


OOE 


OF-FENS'IVE-IiY.aJw.  In  a  manner  to  give  displeas- 
ure ;  as,  laneiiaso  ofrnxivHij  harsli  or  sarcastir. 

2.  Injuriously  ;  mischievously.  Iluoker. 

3.  liy  way  of  invasion  or  first  attack.  The  enemy 
was  not  in  a  condition  to  act  offeiiswcly. 

4.  Unpleasantly  to  the  senses. 
OF-FENS'IVf;-NE?S,  n.    The  quality  that  offends  or 

displeases  ;  as,  the  o£insivencss  of  riule  language  or 
hehavior. 

2.  Injuriousness  ;  mischief. 

3.  Cause  of  disfiust ;  the  quality  that  gives  pain  to 
the  senses,  or  unplea:>.'int  sensations  j  as,  the  offeius- 
irenrss  of  smell  or  taste. 

OF'FER,  v.L    [L.  cffrro  ;  oh  and  fero,  to  bring.] 

1.  iiJcraWii,  to  bring  to  or  before  ;  hence,  to  present 
for  acceptance  or  rejectitui ;  to  exhibit  something  tliat 
may  be  taken  or  received  or  not.  Me  offered  nie  a 
sum  of  money ;  he  offrrcd  me  liis  umbrella  to  defend 
me  from  the  rain. 

The  hfiUhcn  wonirn,  under  111**  Mos^iil,  offer  UieiowlvM  to  tho 
fl:niict  At.  U)i>  (lt\(th  ul  tliuir  liusUituId.  CoUur, 

2.  To  present  in  words ;  to  proffer ;  to  make  a  pro- 
posal to. 

I  (yfcT  tfiote  thrt-c  tiling.  — 2  Sam.  xxiv. 

3.  To  present,  as  an  act  of  worship  ;  to  immolate  ; 
to  sacrifice  ;  often  with  u;i. 

Thou  Shalt  offer  cviry  day  a  bullock  ai  ft  siii-ofll'rinff  for  Rlone- 

ment.  —  Kx.  xxix. 
The  one  lanih  eiialt  Ihou  offer  in  the  nioniiii?.  —  Ex.  xxix. 
A  holy  prienlhuoii  ici  ojfer  up  spiritual  sacriilces.  —  1  Pel.  11. 

4.  To  present  in  prayer  or  devotion. 

Offer  to  Cio.!  thantsfiviiig.  —  Ps.  1. 

5.  To  bid,  as  a  price,  reward,  or  wages ;  as,  to  offer 
ten  eagles  for  a  ring ;  to  offrr  a  hundred  dollars  a  year 
for  a  laborer ;  to  vffer  a  .salary. 

fi.  To  present  to  the  view  or  to  the  mind  ;  as,  ideas 
which  sense  or  ntlection  offrm  to  the  mind.  Locke. 

To  offer  riolcncc ;  to  a.ssault ;  to  attack  or  com- 
mence attack. 
OF'FER,  V.  i.    To  present  itself;  to  be  at  Imnd. 

Th'  occuioii  qffris,  and  the  youlli  coni]iIi*'s.  On/Icn. 

2.  To  preisent  verbally ;  to  declare  a  wiliin'.'ii"S?. 
He  offered  to  accompanj-  his  brother. 

3.  To  make  an  attempt. 

We  caine  ckKe  to  the  ehon^,  and  offered  to  land.  Baron. 
Fornterly  witli  at. 
1  will  not  o^<fer  a<  t!i.it  I  cin  not  inaHtrr.    [Oiw.]  Bacon. 

OF'FER,  n.    [Fr.  offre.] 

1.  .\  proposal  to  be  accepted  or  rejected  ;  presenta- 
tion to  choice.  The  prince  made  liberal  offers,  but 
they  were  rejected. 

Wh'-n  offers  an  distlaincd,  and  love  denied.  Pojte. 

2.  First  advance. 

Korce  compels  Ihis  offer.  Shak, 

3.  The  act  of  bidding  a  price,  or  the  sum  bid.  By 
an  offer,  we  manifest  a  desire  to  buy.  When  the 
seller  declines  accepting,  he  manifests  that  he  thinks 
the  offrr  not  sullicicilt. 

4.  Attempt ;  endeavor ;  essay. 

U  is  in  (lie  power  o('  even'  one  to  make  tome  enay,  totiie  q^er 
and  atieiitpu    [Searly  obsolete.]  South. 

OF'FER-.^-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  offered. 

.^[ounU^Irn. 

OF'FER-fH),  pp.  or  a.  Presented  for  acceptance  or  re- 
jection ;  presented  in  worship  or  ilevotion  ;  immo- 
lated ,  bid  J  presented  to  the  eye  or  the  mind. 

OF'FER-KR,  H.  One  that  ofiVrs  ,  one  that  sacrifices 
or  dedicates  m  worship.  Chapman.  Iluoker, 

OF'FER-I.N'G,  ppr.  Presenting;  pro|>osing  ;  sacrific- 
ing ;  bidding  ;  presenting  to  the  eye  or  mind. 

OF'FER-I.N'G,  ji.  That  which  is  pri  sented  in  divine 
service  ;  an  animal  or  a  portion  of  bread  or  corn,  or 
of  gold  and  silver,  or  other  valuable  articles,  pre- 
sented to  God  as  an  atonement  for  sin,  or  as  a  return 
of  thanks  for  his  favors,  or  for  other  religiotis  pur- 
pose ;  a  sacrifice  ;  an  oblation.  In  the  .Mo.saic  econ- 
omy there  were  burnt-<)^<Ti/io-.s,  sin-o/Tcrin^ji,  peaco- 
offerin^Sf  trespass-o^eri«;:r.<,  thankw>/r<'eifjfr.*,  wave- 
offeriiigs,  and  wood-ejriri.'ijr.s-.  Pagan  natituis  also 
present  offerings  to  their  deities.  Christ,  by  the  of- 
fering of  himself,  has  superseded  the  use  of  all  other 
offerings,  having  made  atonement  for  all  men. 

When  thou  shall  make  his  soul  an  offering  tot  sin,  ho  sllAlI  tee 
his  teed.  —  Is.  liii. 

OF'FER-TO-RY,  n.    (Fr.  offcr>oire.\ 

1.  The  act  of  offering  or  the  thing  offered.  [Lit- 
'""'■]  Bacon.  Fell. 

2.  Ill  the  Roman  CatJtolie  church,  an  anthem  chanted 
oravoliinui'y  playedon  the  orL-a*  during  the  otfi  ring 
and  a  part  of  the  mass  ;  also,  that  part  of  the  mass 
in  which  the  priest  prepares  the  elements  for  conse- 
cration. 

3.  In  Die  church  of  F.nrrland,  certain  sentences  in 
the  communion-office,  read  while  tlie  alms  arc  col- 
lecting. Brantle 

OF'FER-TITRE,  n.  Offer  ;  proposal.  [jVot  used.]  ' - 
,  A'.  Charles. 

Uhf  HAND,  a.  and  od».  [off  ani  hand.]  Without 
ncsiuitioii  or  prsvious  preparation. 


OF'FICE,  (of  fis,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  offtciam  ;  oli  and 
faeio,  to  make  or  do.] 

1.  \  parliciilar  duly,  cliargi-,  or  trust,  cnnfrrrcd  by 
public  authority  and  for  a  public  purpose  ;  an  em- 
ployment undertaken  by  commission  or  authority 
from  government  or  those  administer  it.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the  ofjiee  of  secretary  of  state,  of  treas- 
urer, of  a  judge,  of  a  sheriff,  of.  a  justice  of  the 
pence,  &c.  Offices  are  civil,  judicial,  ministerial,  ex- 
ecutive, legislative,  political,  municipal,  diplomatic, 
military,  ecclesiastical,  &c. 

2.  A  duty,  charge,  or  trust,  of  a  sacred  nature, 
conferred  by  God  hiinst  lf ;  as,  the  office  of  priest,  in 
the  Old  Testament ;  and  that  of  the  apostles,  in  tlie 
New  Testament. 

Inasniudi  as  I  ani  tlie  aposUc  of  llie  Gentiles,  I  mn^^nify  luino 
office.  -  Houi.  xi. 

3.  Duty  or  einiiloynient  of  a  private  n.ature  ;  as, 
the  ojlicc  of  a  niidivife.    F.i.  i. 

4.  That  which  is  performed,  intended,  or  assigned 
to  be  dime,  by  a  particular  thing,  or  tliat  which  any 
thing  is  fitted  to  perform  ;  answering  to  iluly  in  intel- 
ligent beings.  We  enjoy  health  when  the  several 
organs  of  tlie  body  perform  their  respective  offices. 

In  this  experiment,  the  several  intervals  of  the  teeth  of  ihe  co.iib 
do  the  office  ut  to  many  prisms.  Newton. 

5.  Business ;  particular  employment. 

Iles]v'rus,  whose  offre  is  to  bring 

Twilif^hl  upon  llip'  e.inli.  M.lton, 

G.  Act  of  good  or  ill  voluntarily  tendered  :  vsualhj 
in  a  good  sense ;  as,  kind  offices offices  of  pity  ;  pious 
offces. 

7.  ."^ct  of  worship.  Slial:. 

8.  Formulary  of  devotion. 

The  LoM's  prayer,  the  ten  comntandnionls,  und  the  creed,  is  a 
very  ^ood  office  toe  children  if  lliey  arc  not  fiiusl  for  more 
n-gular  offices,  Thylor, 

9.  A  house  or  apartment  in  which  public  officers 
and  others  tran.sact  business  ;  as,  the  register's  of- 
fice :  a  lawyer's  offce, 

10.  In  architecture,  a  name  given  to  the  apartments 
in  which  the  domestics  discharge  the  several  duties 
attached  to  the  service  of  a  house,  as  kitchens,  pan- 
tries, &c.  Gwilt. 

11.  In  tkc  canon  law,  a  benefice  which  has  no  juris- 
diction annexed  to  it.  Kneyc. 

12.  The  person  or  persons  intrusted  with  particular 
duties  of  a  public  nature. 

This  office  [of  quartermaster-general]  not  to  have  Uie  disT*)t.d 
of  public  ntoney,  except  small  uccosioaaj  sums.  Marsliall. 

OF'FICE,  V,  t.  To  perform ;  to  do  ;  to  discharge. 
rA«£  u.-ietl.]  Shak. 

OF'FICE-I5EaR-ER,  n.  One  who  holds  office  ;  used 
chiefly  in  the  Presbyterian  church. 

OF'FI-CER,  71.  A  person  commissioned  or  authorized 
to  perform  any  public  duty.  O/Ziccrs  are  civil,  mili- 
tary, or  ecclesiastical.  There  are  great  offcers  of 
state,  and  subordinate  officers.  Military  and  n.ival 
officers  of  the  same  grade  usually  take  rank  accord- 
ing to  the  dates  of  their  coniiiiissioiis.  Non-com- 
missioned officers  are  n  imin.atcd  by  their  captains, 
and  appointed  by  the  commanding  officers  of  regi- 
ments. 

OF'KI-CER,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  officers  ;  toappoint 
officers  over. 

Count  Pulaski  raised  a  legionary  corpt,  wbicb  he  offieered  priu- 
cii>ally  with  foa-igncrs.  Atarshail. 

OF'FI-CER-ED,  pp.    Furnished  with  officers. 

Jiildison, 

OF-FI"CIAL,  (-fish'al,)  a.    [Fr.  officiel ;  from  office.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  an  office  or  public  trust.  The  sec- 
retary is  engaged  in  official  duties. 

2.  Derived  from  the  proper  office  or  officer,  or  from 
the  proper  authority  ;  made  or  communicated  by  vir- 
tue of  authority  ;  as,  an  official  statement  or  report. 
We  have  official  intelligence  of  the  battle. 

3.  Conducive  by  virtue  of  appropriate  powers. 
The  stontach  and  other  paru  o,^ciai  to  nutrition.  {Unusual.} 

Broicn. 

OF-FI"CI.\L,  n.  An  ecclesiastical  judge  appointed 
byajiishop,  chapter,  archdeacon,  &.C.,  with  charge 
of  the  spiritual  jurisdiction.  Blackslone. 

2.  In  a  ttider  sense,  a  subordinate  executive  offi- 
cer or  attendant. 

OF-FI"CIAI--LY,  adr.  By  the  proper  officer  ;  by  vir- 
tue of  the  pro|ier  authority  ;  in  pursuance  of  the 
special  powers  vested  ;  as,  accounts  or  reports  of- 
ficially verified  or  renilered  ;  letters  officially  conimu- 
iiicnted  ;  persons  officially  notified. 

OF-FI"CIAL-TY,  (-fish'al-te,)  n.  The  charge  or  of- 
fice of  an  offici.al.  jiyliffe. 

OF-FI"CI.XTE,  (-fish'ite,)  v.  i.  To  act  .as  an  officer 
in  his  office  ;  to  trans.ict  the  appropriate  business  of 
an  oliice  or  public  trust.  At  this  court  the  chief  jus- 
tice officiated. 

The  Ixshopj  and  priou  offtaUe  at  the  altir.  StUlingfteet. 

2.  To  perform  the  appmpriale  official  duties  of  an- 
other. 

OF-FI"CIATE,  V,  U  To  give  in  consequence  of  of- 
fice. 

The  stars  offidnu  light.    {Improper.]  MiUon. 


Given  in  consequence  of  of- 
of  an  office,  or  the  office 


OI'-FI"CIA-TEI), 

fice. 

2.  I'erfiirmcd  the  ilulii 
of  another. 

OF-FI"CIA-TING,  ppr,  or  a.  Pi  rforming  the  appro- 
priate duties  of  an  office  ;  performing  the  office  of 
another. 

OF-FIC'I-NAI,,  a.    [Fr.,  from  T..  nfficina,  a  shop.] 

Used  in  a  shop,  or  belonging  ti>  it.  Officinal  drugs, 
medicines,  and  simples,  are  such  as  are  required  to 
be  constantly  kept  in  the  shops  of  apothecaries. 

Brande. 

OF-FI'TIOUS,  (.fish'us,)  a.    [T-.  nfjicio.-m.-,.] 

1.  Kind;  obliging;  doing  kind  offices. 

Yrl  not  to  earUi  are  tlioto  bright  luminaries 

Offtciout.  Milton. 

2.  Excessively  for<vard  in  kindness ;  importunate- 
ly interposing  services. 

Voii  are  loo  officious 
In  her  behalf  that  scorns  your  services.  ShaJt. 

3.  Busy  ;  intermeddling  in  affairs  in  which  one 
has  no  concern. 

OF-FI"CIOUS-LY,  adr.  Kindly ;  with  solicitous 
care. 

I^et  iLy  ffoatj  officioutly  lie  nursed.  Dryden. 

2.  With  importunate  or  excessive  forwardness. 

Flalleriii;^  crowds  officiously  appear, 

To  give  llicni8''lves,  nut  yuu,  a  liappy  year.  Uryi'en. 

3.  In  a  busy,  meddling  manner. 
OF.FI"CIOU.S-NES.«,  ;i.    Eagerness  to  serve  ;  ttin/ai- 

ly,  an  excess  of  zeal  to  serve  others,  or  improiK;r  for- 
wardness, interposing  in  affairs  without  being  de- 
sired, or  with  a  disposition  to  meddle  with  the  con- 
cerns of  others. 
2.  Service.    [Little  u-ied.]  Broirn. 

OFF'ING,  n.  [from  ujf.]  That  part  of  the  sea  which 
is  at  a  good  tlistaiice  from  the  shore,  or  at  a  comfjc- ' 
tent  distance,  where  there  is  deep  water,  and  no 
need  of  a  pilot.    We  saw  a  ship  in  the  offing. 

Mar.  Dirt.  Encvc. 

OFF'SeOUR-ING,  n.  [..jfand  scour.]  That  which 
is  scoured  off;  hence,  refuse;  rejected  matter;  that 
which  is  vile  or  despised.    Liim.  iii.    I  Cur.  iv. 

OFF'PCUM,  ri.    Refuse  ;  offscouriiig;  filth. 

OFF'SeiJ M,  o.  ■  Refuse  ;  vile.  Traus.  of  Boe. 

OFF'.'^ET,  n.  [off  and  set.]  A  shoot ;  a  sprout  or 
bulb  from  the  roots  of  a  plant.  Locke,  Ray, 

2.  A  flat  surface  or  terrace  on  a  hill  side. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  horizontal  ledge  on  the  face  of 
a  wall,  formed  by  a  diminution  of  the  thickness  of 
the  wall. 

4.  In  surveying,  a  perpendicular  let  fall  from  the 
stationary  lines  to  the  liedge,  fence,  or  extremity  of 
an  inclosure. 

5.  In  accounts,  a  sum,  account,  or  value  set  off 
against  anothirr  sum  or  account,  as  an  equivalent. 

O.  WolcoU. 

[This  is  also  written  Srt-ofi-.] 

OFf'SET,  V.  U  To  set  one  account  against  another; 
to  make  the  account  of  one  party  pay  the  demand  of 
another.  Judge  Srwall. 

OFF'SET-STAFF,  n.  A  light  rod,  ten  chains  long, 
used  by  surveyors  in  making  off-sets.  Buchanan, 

OFF'SPKING,  71.  [off  auii  spring.]  A  child  or  chil- 
dren ;  a  descendant  or  descendants,  however  re- 
mote from  the  stock,   .^cts  xvii.    Rev,  xxii. 

2.  Propagation  ;  generation.  Hooker. 

3.  Production  of  anv  kind.  Denham, 
OF-FUS'CaTE,  OF-FUS-Ca'TION.     See  Odiu.- 

CATE,  ObfUSCATIoN. 

OFF'WARD,  adc.    [off  and  learrf.]    Leaning  off,  as  a 

ship  on  shore. 
OFT,  adc.    [Sax.  ofti  Sw.  ofta;  Dan.  o/(c.J 

Often  ;  Irequently  ;  not  rarely.  It  was  formerly 
used  in  prose,  and  may  be  so  used  still,  but  is  uiore 
generally  used  in  poetry. 

Oft  slie  rejects,  but  never  once  offends.  Pope. 

OFT'EN,  (of'n,)  adv.  :  comp.  Ottk:<ck;  supcrl.  Orj- 
ENrsT.    [Sax.  o/l;  Goth.  u/M.] 
Frequently  ;  many  times  ;  nut  seldom.  Addison. 
OFT'F.S,  (orn,)  a.    Frequent.  [Improper.] 
OFT'£N-eOM-ER,  n.  One  who  comes  frequently. 

Taylor. 

OFT'£N-NESS,  (ofn-ncss,)  n.  Frequency.  [jYot 
used.]  Hooker. 

OFT'iN-TI.MES,  (ofn-timz,)  adv.  [i^cn  and  times,] 
Frequently  ;  often  ;  many  times. 

Hooker,  .^tterbiiry. 

OFT'TIMES,  adc.  [oft  and  tii7i«.]  Frequently  ;  oft- 
en. Milton. 

OG.    See  Okee. 

OG-DO-AS'TieH,  (-as'tik,)  n.  [Gr.  oj  iJoos,  eighth, 
and  T'X'ii,  a  verse.] 

A  poem  of  eight  lines.    [Little  used.]  Selden.' 
O-GEE',  (o-je',)  n.    [Fr.  ogive,  augive.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  molding  consisting  of  two 
members,  the  one  concave,  the  other  convex,  or  of  a 
round  and  a  hollow,  somewhat  like  an  S. 

Gloss,  of  ArchiL 

2.  In  gunnery,  an  omament.al  molding  in  the 
shape  of  on  S,  used  on  guns,  mortars,  and  howit- 
zers. Cyc. 


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97 


MM  M 


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OLL 


OG-GA-NI"TION,  (-nish'un,)  n.  [L.  obgannio,  ogga- 
nio,  to  growl.] 

The  nu'rmuring  of  a  dog  ;  a  grumbling  or  snarl- 
ing.   [JVo<  luerf.]  Mounlaipi. 
OG'HAM,  n.    A  particular  kind  of  stenograpliy,  or 
waiting  in  cipher,  practiced  by  the  ancient  Irish. 

JiitU.  Brande. 
O'GIVE,  (o'jiv,)  n.    In  architecture,  a  term  used  by 
French  arcliitects  to  denote  tlie  Gothic  vault,  vvitli 
its  ribs  and  cross  springers,  &c.  Gwilt. 
O'GLE,  (6'gl,)  V.  t.    [from  D.  oog,  the  eye,  Sax.  eag, 
L.  ocuius.    See  Eve.] 

To  view  with  side  glances,  as  in  fondness,  or  with 
a  design  to  attract  notice. 

Ami  ogling  all  their  avulteno?,  then  tlicy  sjx'ak.  Dryden. 
O'GLE,  7!.    A  side  glance  or  look.  Jlililison. 
O'GLER,  n.    One  tliat  ogles.  Addison. 
O'GLIiVG,  ppr.    Viewing  with  side  glances. 
O'GLING,  n.    Tlie  act  of  viewing  with  side  glances. 
OG'LI-O,  fo'le-o  ;)  now  written  Olio,  which  see. 
O'GRE,  (5'gur,)  n.    [Fr.  oin-c] 

An  imaginary  monster  or  hideous  giant  of  fairy 
tales,  who  lived  on  human  beings.    Arabian  J\nghLs. 
O'GRES.S,  n.    A  female  ogre. 

O'GRESS,  71.    In  heraldry,  a  cannon-ball  of  a  black 
color.  Ashmole. 
[A  black  roundel.  —  E.  IJ.  Burlier.} 
O-GYCI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Ogyges,  the  most  an- 
cient monarch  in  Greece,  and  to  a  great  deluge  in 
Attica  in  his  days. 
2.  Of  great  and  dark  anti<iuity.  Lempriere. 
OH,  ezclain.  denoting  surprise,  pain,  sorrow,  or  anx- 
iety. 

OIL,  71.  [Sax.  al.  It  seems  to  be  named  from  its  in- 
flammabiliy,  for  alan  is  to  kindle,  and  to  oil; 
lience,  analan^  to  anneal ;  a-led,  lire  ;  Dan.  ihl,  whence 
the  name  of  Hildebrand,  Dan.  Ildehnmd,  lirobrand  ; 
D.  oly ;  G.  od ;  Sw.  olja;  Dan.  olic ;  Fr.  /mite;  It. 
olio  i  L.  oleum;  Gr.  eXatOf ;  VV.  olea ;  Ir.  ola ;  Arm. 
Sp.  and  Port,  oleo.] 

An  unctuous  substance  expressed  or  drawn  from 
various  animal  and  vegetable  substances.  The  dis- 
tinctive characters  of  oil  aro  inflammability,  fluidity, 
and  insolubility  in  water.  Oils  are  fixed  and  greasy, 
fixed  and  essential,  and  volatile  and  essential.  They 
have  a  smooth  feel,  and  most  of  them  have  little 
taste  or  smell.  Animal  oil  is  found  in  all  animal 
substances.  Vegetaiile  oils  are  produced  by  expres- 
sion, infusion,  or  distillation.     Kncyc.  JiTiclwhun. 

Oil  of  vitriol ;  sulphuric  acid. 

Oil  of  wine  ;  a  name  given  to  two  oils  obtained  by 
the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  alcohol.  Ethereal  oil 
of  wine  is  (£nantliic  ether.  Oraham. 

OIL,  V.  U  To  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil ;  to  lubricate 
with  oil  ;  to  anoitit  with  oil.  Wotton.  Swift. 

OIL'-BAG,  71.  A  bag,  cyst,  or  gland  in  animals  con- 
taining oil. 

OIL'-CaKE,  71.  A  cake  or  mass  of  compressed  flax- 
seed from  which  oil  has  been  extracted. 

OIL'-CLOTH,  n.  Clotli  oiled  or  painted  for  covering 
floors. 

OIL'-e5L-OR,  71.    A  color  made  by  grinding  a  color- 
ing substance  in  oil.  Boyle. 
01L'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Smeared  or  anointed  with  oil. 

Huloet. 

OIL'ER,  71.  One  who  deals  in  oils  ;  formerly,  one  who 
dealt  in  oils  and  pickles. 

OIL'-GAS,  71.  Inrtammahlo  gas  procured  from  oil, 
and  used  for  lighting  streets  and  apartments  in  budd- 
ings. 

OIL'I-NESS,  71.  The  (pialily  of  being  oily  ;  unctuous- 
ness  ;  greasiness  ;  a  (jii.'ility  approaching  that  of  oil. 

Bacon.  Jirltathnot. 
OIL'IXG,  ppr.    Smearing  or  anointing  with  oil. 
f)IL'-MAN,  n.    One  who  dt:als  in  oils.  .lohnson. 
OIL'-.NUT,  71.    The  butternut  of  North  Anu  rica. 

Carot^r. 

2.  A  North  American  shrub,  Ilamiltunia  oleifera 
of  Muhlenberg. 
OIL'-.MIIT,    f  n.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Ririnus,  the 
OIL'-TREK,  (      Palrna  (;iiristi,  from  which  is  pro- 
cured ca-Jtor-ftil.  Fani.  of  PUints.  Encyc. 
OIL'-PaINT-LVG,  71.     The  art  of  painting  in  oil- 
colors. 

2.  A  picture  painted  in  oil-colors. 
OIL'-SMOP,  71.    A  shop  where  oils  arc  sold. 
OII.'Y,  a.    Consi-itiiig  of  oil  ;  loiitaiiiing  oil;  having 
the  qualities  (d*  od  ;  as,  oily  matter  or  stilislance. 

Bfuon. 

2.  Resembling  oil  ;  .as,  an  oily  a(ii)earance. 
:t.  Fally  ;  greasy.  Shalt. 
OIL'Y-GU AI.V,  n.     A  plant,  sesame  or  «(^satntini, 

whic  h  see.  Miller. 
OII/V-I'AL.M,  71.    A  palm-tree  of  the  genus  Elieis, 
-from  the  fruit  of  which  palm  oil  i.i  ulitaiiied. 

P.  Cyc. 

OI.NT,  r.  t.  [Fr.  oindre,  oini ;  Sp.  and  Port.  unMr. 
The  French  oiviire  is  formi'd  from  tfie  I.,  ango,  like 
jotndrr,  from  jttngo.\ 

'Y<t  anoint ;  to  HUiear  with  an  unctiioiifl  Hubstanctf. 

'V\\fy  otnt  Ihi'ir  ii:ikc<l  lliiilni  witll  iiiuUiTrrd  oil.  Drtjilen. 

OINT'EI),  pp.  Auoiiit<;d  ;  miieured  with  an  oily  or 
grcaoy  matter. 


£,  he  sliuuld  have  aUl  turning  of 
Sliak. 


OINT'ING,  ppr.  Anointing. 

OINT'MENT,  71.  Unguent ;  any  soft,  unctuous  sub- 
stance or  compound,  used  for  smearing,  particularly 
the  body  Or  a  diseased  part. 

OIS'.\-NITE,  11.    The  same  mineral  with  Anatase, 

_  which  see.  Dana. 

OKE,  71.  An  Egyptian  and  Turkish  weight,  equal  to 
about  two  pounds  and  three  quarters,  English  avoir- 
dupois weight.  Eton. 

O'KER.    See  Ocher. 

O'KRA, )  71.    An  annual  plant.  Hibiscus  esculentus, 
O'KRO,  j     whose  green   pods,  abounding  in  nutri- 
tious mucilage,  are  much  used  in  the  West  Indies, 
&c.,  for  soups  or  pickles.     Farm.  Encyc.    P.  Cyc. 
OLD,  a.    [Sax.  eald;  G.  alt;  D.  oud;  Dan.  teldc,  old 
age.] 

1.  .Advanced  far  in  years  or  life  ;  having  lived  be- 
yond the  middle  period,  or  rather  toward  the  end  of 
life,  or  toward  the  end  of  the  ordinary  term  of  living  ; 
applied  to  animals  or  plants  ;  as,  an  old  man  ;  an  old 
age  ;  an  old  camel  or  horse  ;  an  old  tree.  This  ad- 
jective is  placed  after  the  noun  that  designates  the 
time  lived. 

Abraham  was  seventy-five  years  old  wlien  he  departed  from 
Hiiran.  — Gen.  xii. 

2.  Having  been  long  made  or  used  ;  decayed  by 
time  ;  as,  an  old  garment ;  an  old  house. 

3.  Being  of  long  continuance;  begun  long  ago; 
as,  an  old  acquaintance. 

4.  Having  been  long  made  ;  not  new  or  fresh  ;  as, 
old  wine. 

5.  Being  of  a  former  year's  growth  ;  not  of  the  last 
crop  ;  as,  old  wheat  ;  old  hay. 

fi.  Ancient;  that  existed  in  former  ages;  as,  the 
old  inhabitants  of  Britain  ;  the  old  Romans. 

7.  Of  any  duration  whtttever ;  as,  a  year  old; 
seven  years  oltL    How  old  art  thou  ? 

8.  Subsisting  before  something  else.  He  built  a 
new  house  on  the  site  of  the  old  one.  The  old  law 
is  repealed  by  the  new. 

9.  Long  practiced.  He  is  grown  old  in  vice.  He 
is  an  old  oflender. 

10.  That  has  been  long  cultivated  ;  as,  old  hind  ; 
an  old  farm  ;  opposed  to  new  land,  land  lately  cleared 
and  cultivated.  .America. 

11.  iMore  than  enough;  great. 

If  a  man  were  porter  of  hellj 
llie  key. 

12.  In  vulirar  language,  crafty  ;  cunning. 

Of  old;  long  ago;  from  ancient  times  ;  as,  in  days 
of  old.  Dryden. 

We  apply  old  chiefly  to  things  subject  to  decay. 
We  never  say,  the  old  sun,  or  an  old  mountain. 
6LD'-aGE,  71.    Advanced  years ;  the  latter  period  of 
life.  ^ 

OLD  BACH'E-LOR,  71.    An  unmarried  man  some- 
what advanced  in  years. 
OLD'A'N,  a.    Old  ;  ancient.  Shak. 
OLD'ER,  a.  comp.    More  old. 
OLD'EST,  a.  superl.    Most  oid. 

OLD-FASH'ION-£D,  a.  Formed  according  to  obso- 
lete fashion  or  custom  ;  as,  an  old-fashioned  dress. 

OUl-faeliioned  men  of  wit.  Addison. 

OLD-GEN'TLE-MAN-LY,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  old 
gentleman,  or  like  one. 

f)LD'If<H,  a.    Somewhat  old.  Sherwood. 

OLD  MAID,  71.  An  unmarried  female,  somewhat  ad- 
vanced in  years. 

OLD'NESS,  71.  Old  age  ;  an  advanced  state  of  life  or 
existence ;  as,  the  oldness  of  a  man,  of  an  elephant, 
or  a  tree. 

2.  The  state  of  being  old,  or  of  a  long  continuance  ; 
as,  the  oldness  of  a  building  or  a  garment. 
:i.  Antiquity  ;  as,  the  oldnes.i  of  monuments. 
OLD-IIED-SAND'STONE,  7i.    In  geology,  a  series  of 

red  sandstone  rocks,  lying  below  the  coal  foruiittion. 
OLD'-ST^LE.    See  Stvle.  [Brande. 
OLD-TEST' A-MENT,  71.     That  part  of  the  Bible 
which  contains  the  collected  works  of  the  iiis|iired 
writers  previous  to  Christ.  Brande. 
OLD'WIFE,  71.    A  contemptuous  name  for  an  old 
prating  woman.    1  Tim.  iv. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  wr.isse  kind,  or  genus  Labrus, 
and  anolluTof  the  genus  Balistes.  Encyc. 
O-LE- AG'IN-OIJ.'*,  a.    [L.  olenginus,  from  oleum,  oil.] 
Having  the  qualities  of  oil  ;  oily  ;  unctuous. 

.Srbuthnot. 

O-LE-AG'IN  OUS-NESS,  71.    Oiliness.  Boyle. 

0-LE-AN'l)KR,  71.  .A  plant  of  the  genus  Nerium,  the 
rosebay  or  South  Si'a  rose  :  a  beautiful  evergreen 
shrub  with  flowers  in  clusters,  of  a  fine  color,  but  of 
an  indifferent  smell.  'I'hc  [ilant,  especially  the  bark 
of  the  root,  is  mt-'dicinal,  and  of  course  poisonous. 

Encyc.  Loudon. 

O  LE  AS'TER,  71.    [1,.,  from  olea,  the  olive-tree.] 

A  slinili  or  tree  of  the  genus  Elieagnus,  nmch  re- 
Hembling  the  (dive.  Partington. 

CLE- ATI;,  H.  A  compound  of  oleic  acid  with  a  sali- 
fiable base.  Chcoreul. 

O'LE-FI-ANT,  a.    [L.  oleo,  olfncio.] 

Ifleli.iiit  gas  is  a  compcniiid  of  two  cipiivalents  of 
carbon,  and  two  of  hydrogen.  It  was  discovered  in 
17Uli.    It  is  colorless,  tasteless,  and  coiiibustihli^ 


Olejiant  gas,  is  so  called  from  its  property  of  form- 

_  ing  with  chlorine  a  compound  resembling  oil. 

O'LE-ie,  a.  [from  01/.]  The  oleic  acid  is  obtained 
from  a  soap  made  by  digesting  hog's  lard  in  potash 
lye.  Ckeitreul. 

O-LE-IF'ER-OUS,  a.     Producing  oil;  as,  oleiferous 

_  seeds. 

O'LE-IN,  71.    The  thin,  oily  part  of  fats. 
O-LE-OM'E-TER,  n.    [oleum  and  lurpuv.] 

An  instrument  to  ascertain  the  weight  and  purity 
of  oil.    This  term  should  have  been  Eleu-ueter, 
_  from  Gr.  tAuiw,  oil,  &c. 

O'LE-ON,  71.  A  peculiar  liquid  obtained  by  the  distil- 
latitm  of  a  mixture  of  oleic  acid  and  lime. 

O-LE-O-KES'IN,  71.  A  natural  mij'iire  of  a  terebin- 
thinate  oil  and  a  resin. 

0-LE-0-S.\e'€HA-RUM,  71.    A  mixture  of  oil  and 

_  sugar.    More  properly,  Eleosaccharum.  Ure. 

O'LE-OSE,  *       rr     I  1 

O'LE-OUS,  \ 

Oily.    {Little  used.]  Ray 

OL-E-Ra'CEOUS,  f-shus,)  a.  [L.  oleraceus,  from 
olu.'i,  oleri.^i,  pot-herns.] 

Pertaining  to  pot-herbs  ;  of  the  nature  or  qualities 
of  herbs  for  cookery.  Lee.  Brown. 

OL-FAGT',  V.  t.  [L.  olfaclo,  olfacio ;  oleo,  to  smell, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

To  smell ;  used  in  burlesque,  but  not  otherwise 
authorized.  Iludibras. 

OL-FA€T'0-RY,  a.    [L.  olfacio,  supra.] 

Pertaining  to  smelling  ;  having  the  sense  of  smell- 
ing ;  as,  olfactory  nerves.  Locke. 


O-LIB'A-NUM,  )  71. 
OL'I-BAN, 


[Ar. 


U 


lubanon  ;  with  the 


adjective  al,  the,  corrupted  into  ol.  The  word  signi- 
fies, then,  frankincense,  and  it  is  so  named  from  its 
whiteness.] 

An  inspissated  sap  obtained  from  the  tree  called 
BoswelUa  scrrala.  It  is  in  semi-transparent  globules, 
of  a  pink  color,  brittle,  and  adhesive  when  warm  ; 
its  taste  is  bitterish,  stunewliat  pungent,  :ind  aro- 
matic. It  burns  for  a  long  time,  with  tin  agreeable 
odor,  and  a  steady,  clear  light,  and  is  tlie  fiaiikiii- 
cense  (Miw)  of  the  ancients.  It  is  not  easily  extin- 
guished. It  is  brought  from  Central  India.  In  -Ara- 
bia, /i//ia/i  is  applietl  to  benzoin,  which  is  generally 
used  for  incensi;,  and  oliban  is  called  condur,  whence 
Gr.  X'lff^oof.  In  medicine  it  is  used  in  fumigations  as 
a  resolvent.  Fourcroij.  Encyc. 

OL'in'oUS  I ''^   [L.  o'k'i-'',  from  ii/co,  to  smell.] 

Fetid  ;  having  a  strong,  disagreeable  smell.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Boyle.  Brown. 

OI^l-GARCH'AL,       )  a.     [See  Oligarchy.]  Per- 

OL-I-GaRG1I'1G-AL,  j     taining  to  oligarchy,  or  gov- 
ernment by  a  few.  Burke. 

OL'l-GARCH-Y,  77.    [Gr.  oXij'upxiu  ;  oAiyof,  few,  and 
at}\ti,  rule.] 

A  form  of  government  in  which  the  supreme  pow- 
er is  placed  in  a  few  hands ;  a  species  of  aristocracy. 

Sici/£. 

SI:^l:G[IT''ie,  i  °^'>'5-"^' 

Specular  irtm  ore,  presenting  a  steel-gray  color  and 
a  brilliant  luster  when  in  crystals.  Dana. 
O'LI-O,  71.    [It.,  from  Sp.  olla:  Port,  olha,  a  dish  of 
meat  boiled  or  .stewed  ;  L.  olla,  a  pot.] 

1.  A  mixture  ;  a  metlley.  Dryden. 

2.  A  miscellany  ;  a  collection  of  various  pieces  ; 
applied  to  musical  collections. 

OL'I-TO-RY,  a.    [L.  alitor,  a  gardener,  from  olus,  pot- 
herbs.] 

Belonging  to  a  kitchen-garden  ;  as,  olitory  seeds. 

Evelyn. 

[It  may  perhaps  be  used  as  a  noun.] 

OL-I-VA'CEOUS,  a.    [from  L.  <i/ii>a,  olive.] 

Of  the  color  of  the  olive;  olive-green  ;  green  mixed 
with  brown.  Lindley.  Pennant. 

OL-I-VAS'TER,  a.    [Fr.  olivdtre,  from  L.  o/icn,  olive.] 
Of  the  color  of  the  olive  ;  tawny.  Bacon. 

OL'IVE,  71.    [L.  olii'a,  from  olea,  an  olive-tree;  Fr. 
olive;  Gr.  cXaia.    See  On..] 

A  plant  or  tree  of  the  genus  Olea,  the  emblem  of 
peace.  The  common  olive-tree  grows  in  warm  cli- 
mates, and  rises  to  the  height  of  twenty  or  thirty 
feet,  having  an  upright  stem  with  niiineious  branches. 
This  tree  is  much  cultivated,  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
fiir  its  fruit,  also  callcil  the  o/iucj  from  which  is  ex- 
pressed the  olive  oil,  and  which  is  used  also  for  pick- 
les. Brande. 

01/1 VIO-BRXNCII,  71.    A  branch  of  the  olive-tree; 
the  emblem  of  petice. 

f)L'I V-/;l),  a.    Decmated  with  idive-trecs.  IVarton. 

OL'I-VEN-ITE,  11.    An  olive-greon  ore  of  copper,  coM- 
ttiiniiig  arsenic  acid.  Dana. 

OL'IVE- YARD,  71.    An  inclosure  or  piece  of  ground 
in  which  olives  arc^  ciillivtiled.    Ktod.  xxiii. 

OL'I-VILE,  71.    A  peculiar  aiiiylaceous  or  crystallilio 
substance  obtained  from  llu;  gum  of  the  titive  tree. 

OL'I-VIN,    In.    Ifroiii  e/oT.J    A  variety  of  Chryso- 

()l,'l  VINE,  (     lUe,  wliich  see.  Vamu 

OL'LA,  71.    An  tilio. 


PATK,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  MC'l'E,  PKBY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


OMI 


OMP 


ON 


OL'LA-PO-DKI'DA,  n.  [Sp.]  A  favorite  f|>!inish 
dish,  consisiiiiK  i.f  a  mixture  of  nil  kinds  of  meat 
clioppi'd  liii'',  :iiid  slewed  with  vej;etahh:s.  Ileiice, 
tile  term  is  used  inetaphoricnily,  fur  any  incungniuus 
nu'laiige. 

CltAPII.    See  Hdi-'  Ohaph. 

O-liYM'1'I-Al),  «.  [l,.  Oliimpias  ;  Or.  OXvpse  ij,  frnni 
l)Ai')iTrri{,  OJynipus,  a  luoiintain  of  Macedonia.] 

A  pi  riod  oi'  fo\ir  years  reckoned  fn  ni  one  celt  hra- 
tion  of  the  Olympic  pimcs  to  another,  anil  ronsiiint 
ing  an  important  epoch  in  history  and  chri  noloay. 
'I'lie  hrsl  (JIvrnpiail  commenced  771!  years  liefore  the 
birlli  of  Christ,  and  years  lirfore  the  I'onndalion  of 
Home.  'I'he  computation  by  Olympiads  ceaseil  at  tin- 
tliree  Inimlri'd  and  si.vty  fourth  Olympiad,  m  the  year 
nil  id"  the  Christian  era.  Enciic.  Am. 

O-I.Y.M'I'I- A.V,  (I.  Pertaining  to  Olympus  ;  o/  to  Olyni- 
pia,  a  town  in  Greece. 

Olympic  gnnirji,  or  Olijmpie.i :  solemn  pame-s  amonR 
the  ancient  Greeks,  dedicated  to  Olym|iian  .lupitcr, 
and  celebrated  once  in  four  years  at  Olyuipia.  [See 

OlVMI'IAD.] 

OM'nUE'  (  "■    f *"'"''■<''         ^-  A"™""-] 
A  (Tame  at  cards,  borrowed  from  the  Spaniards, 
usually  playeil  by  three  persons,  though  souu  lunes 
bv  two  or  live.  Knajc. 

cm'  l!RO.M'E-TER,  n.  [Or.  ofiffpos,  rain,  and  yn  Tfiov, 
measure.] 

\  machine  or  instrument  to  measure  tlie  quantity 
of  rain  that  falls  ;  a  rain-fiauge.  Brande. 

O-Mk'GA,  II.    [Cr.,  great  (>.] 

The  name  of  the  last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet, 
as  Alpha,  .\,  is  llie  first.  Ilenre,  in  Scripture,  .4//1/111 
and  Omrita,  denotes  llie  first  and  the  last,  the  begin- 
nini  and  the  ending.  Rrr. 

O.M'K  I.E'I',  n.    [Fr.  omrMti-.] 

A  kinil  of  pancake  or  fritter  made  with  eggs  and 
other  ingredients.  Brande. 

O'.MK.V,  n.  (L.  omen;  but,  according  to  Varro,  it  was 
originally  osmen,  that  which  is  uttered  by  the  mouth, 
denoting  wish  or  vow,  ar  J  with  him  agree  Festus 
and  Nonius,  says  Vossius.  Another  author  derives 
the  word  from  the  Heb.  ?:)?,  an  augur.  Cicero  as- 
signs to  the  word  the  same  origin  as  Varro.  '*  Voces 
honiinuiii,  qiUT  vocent  omina."  lint  the  word  came 
at^erward  to  deiiolp  thinss  rather  than  words.] 

A  sign  or  indication  of  some  future  event ;  a  prog- 
nostic. Superstition  and  ignorance  multiply  omeiii  ; 
philosophy  and  truth  reject  all  omcn.<,  except  such  as 
may  be  called  causes  of  the  events.  Vvithout  a  mira- 
cle, how  can  one  event  be  the  omen  of  anotiier  with 
which  it  has  no  connection 

0'MEN-£D,  a.    Containing  an  omen  or  prognostic. 

Pope. 

0-MEN'TUM,  n.  [L.]  In  niia/«iii!/,  the  ca\il  or  epip- 
loon ;  a  membranaceous"  covering  of  the  bowels,  at- 
tached to  the  stomach,  and  lying  im  the  anterior  sur- 
face oC  the  intestines.  Forsijih.  Brande. 

O'.MEU,!!.  [Heb.]  A  Hebrew  measure,  the  tenth  of 
an  epiia.    Kiml.  .\vi.  31). 

O.M-I-I.ET'IC-AL,  a.    [Gr.  .i^iXF,ri»o5.] 

.Atfable  ;  |iolite ;  gifted  in  conversation.  [JVut  in 
ii.-fc]  Farindon, 

0.M'JN'-.\TE,  r.  t.    [li.  omiiior,  from  oini^ii.] 

To  presage ;  lo  foreshow ;  lo  foretoken.  [Liulc 
«.«<•'/.  1  Decaii  of  Piety. 

OM'I.N  aTE,  r.  i.    To  foretoken. 

O.M-IN-.X'TION,  n.  .\  fuicboding ;  a  presaging ;  prog- 
nostic.   [Lillte  used.]  Brown. 

OM'I.\-OlJS,  a.    [1,.  ominosu.1.] 

1.  Foreboding  or  pre.'<aging  evil ;  indicating  a  fu- 
ture evil  event ;  inauspicious. 

lu  the  h**n()H'it  worship  of  Gtxl,  a  sacrificft  without  11  hi^.-irl  wiu 
accDiHitcil  oimnotu.  South. 


3.  Foreshowing  or  e.\hibiting  signs  of  good. 

Though  he  h-id  a  good  oininout  n.tmc  lo  h.iT«  nwrlc  pracc, 
nothing  rollownl.  Bacon. 

OM'IN-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  good  or  bad  omens. 

Fotherby. 

OM'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.   The  quality  of  being  omin- 
ous. Burnet, 

O-.MIS'SI-BLE,  a.    [L.  omLisus.    See  Omit.] 

That  may  be  omitte  J.  Parkhurst. 

O-MIS'SIOX,  (o-mish'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  omissio, 
from  omitto^  omis^xt^.] 

1.  Neglect  or  failure  to  do  something  which  a  per- 
son had  powei  to  do,  or  which  duty  rcipiired  to  be 
done.  Omission  may  be  innocent  or  criminal ;  inno- 
cent when  no  duty  demands  performance,  but  chm- 
inal  when  duty  is  neglected. 

The  moit  naltinil  dirutun  of  all  offense*  is  into  those  of  omission 
Hid  tho»j  of  oonimtssion.  -  Adihgon. 

2.  A  leaving  out;  neglect  or  failure  lo  insert  or 
mention  ;  xs,  the  omission  of  a  word  or  clause. 

O  .MIS'SH'E,  o.    Leaving  out.  Stackhouse. 
OMIS'SIVB-LY,  (u/p.    By  leaving  out. 
^'■^"T',     t    [L.  omiUo  ;  ob  and  mi«o,  to  send.] 

1.  To  leave,  pass  by,  or  neglect ;  to  fail  or  forbear 
»o  do  01  to  use  J  as,  to  omil  an  opportunity  of  writing 
t  let'ir.   To  omit  known  duty  is  criminal. 

n.  Ill  leave  out ;  not  to  insert  or  mention  ;  as,  to 
onit  hJi  important  word  in  a  deed  ;  to  omit  invidious 


comparisons ;  to  omil  a  passage  in  reading  or  tran- 
scribing. 

0-MI'I'''I'.V.NCE,?i.  Forbearance  ;  neglect.  [J^Totused.] 

Shnk. 

O-MIT'TED,  )tp.    Neglected;  passed  by;  left  out. 
0-:Mrr''l'lN(;,  ppr.  Ni^glecting  or  failing  to  do  or  use; 

passing  by  ;  leaving  out. 
O.M'M-IIUS,  n.    [L.  plural  dative, /nr  all,  from  oiniits, 

all.] 

A  covered  vehicle,  ciimiiionly  a  large  carriage  with 
seats  running  lengthwise,  used  for  conveying  passen- 
gers a  short  ilistance,  in  a  city,  or  from  village  to  vil- 
lage, or  from  a  city  to  its  environs. 
OM-Nl-I'A'ltI  Oi;.-<,  0.    [I,ow  L.  OTiiMi/rtriiia.l 

Of  all  varieties,  forms,  or  kinds.  Bentlcy. 
0.\l-NlF'EK-OUy,  a.    [L.  omn^fer ;  omnu,  all,  and 
/cro,  to  bear.] 

All-hearing;  producing  all  kinds.  Diet, 
OM-i\II"'l€,  a.    [L.  omnis,  all,  and  j'acio,  to  make.] 
All<re:iting. 

Thou  <l<Tp,  peace ! 
Sail!  then  th'  omn\/ic  woni,  >'uur  ilisconl  end.  Milton, 

OM'NI-FORM,  a.    [L.  omnit,  all,  and  foT-ma,  form.] 
Having  every  form  or  slnipe.  2-)ict. 
OM-.\I-FOIl.M'I-TY,  II.    The  quality  of  having  every 

form.  Jifure. 
CM-NIC'EN-OUP,  a.    [L.  omniirntus ;  omnis,  all,  ev- 
ery, and  irenus^  kind.] 

('(insisting  of  all  kinds.  Diet. 
OiM-NI-PAll'I-TY,  n.    [L.  otnuit,  all,  and  par,  ecpial.] 

General  equalitv.  White. 
Oi\I-Nl-PKK-CIP'I-ENCE,  n.    [L.  omnis  and  percipi- 
ciis,  iHTceiving.] 

Perception  of  every  tiling.  More. 
O.M-Nl-PER-CIP'I-ENT,  a.    Perceiving  every  thing. 

jViire. 

O.M-NIP'O-TENCF,,  in.  [1,.  omnipoten.n  omnis,  M, 
O.M-i\IP'0-TEN-C;V,  (     and  polrns,  ixiwerful.] 

1.  .Almighty  power  ;  unlimited  or  infinite  jKiwer  ; 
a  word  in  strictness  applicable  only  to  God.  Hence 
it  is  sometimes  used  for  Goo.  'l"lic  works  of  creation 
demonstrate  the  omnipotence  of  God. 


Will  Omnipotence  neffli'Ct  to  1 
The  sutleriiig  virtue  ol"  Ihc  wiii 


Pope. 


2.  Unlimited  power  over  particular  things  ;  as,  the 
omnipotence  of  love. 
0.M-NIP'O-TENT,a.  [Supra.]  Almighty;  possessing 
unlimited  power  ;  all-iHiwerful.  The  Ueing  that  can 
create  worlds  must  be  omnipotent. 

2.  Having  unlimited  power  of  a  particular  kind; 
as,  omnipotent  love.  S/iak. 
OM-i\IP'0-TENT-LY,  ado.    With  almighty  power. 

yeuTi;^. 

OM-NI-PRES'ENCE,  n.      [li.   omnis  and  jrresens, 
present.] 

Pri'sence  in  every  place  at  the  same  time  ;  un- 
bounded or  universal  presence  ;  ubiquity.  Oinni- 
presrncc  is  an  attribute  peculiar  to  (;od. 
OiM-Nl-PRES'ENT,  a.    Present  in  all  places  at  the 
same  time  ;  nbiqiiitarv  ;  as,  the  omnipresent  Jehovah. 
O.M-NI-PRE-SEN'TIAI.,  (-zen'shal,)  a.  Implying 

universal  presence.  South. 
OM-NIS'ClE.\CE,  j  n.    [L.  omnu,  all,  and  scuntia, 
OM-NIS'CIEN-CY,  j  knowledge.) 

The  quality  of  knowing  all  things  at  once ;  uni- 
versal knowledge ;  knowledge  unbounded  or  infinite. 
Omnitcirnce  is  an  attribute  peculiar  to  God. 
OM-NIS'CIENT,  o.    Having  universal  knowledge  or 
knowledge  of  all  things;  infinitely  knowing;  all- 
sei  ine  ;  as,  the  omniscient  God. 
OM-M.*!'CIENT-LY,  ado.    Hy  omniscience. 
O.M-NIS'CIOU.S,  a.    f  L.  omiii.s,  all,  and  scio,  to  know.] 

All-knowing.    [JV"o<  tised.]  Hakeioitl. 
OM'.Vl-UM,  n.    [L.  omiiii.all.] 

The  aggregate  of  cert.-iiii  portions  of  different  stocks 
in  the  public  funds  ;  a  word  in  use  ajnonff  dealers  in 
tJie  AJiij-ZijA  stocks. 

Omnium  denotes  all  the  particulars  included  in  the 
contract  between  government  and  tlie  public  for  a 
loan.  Ci/c 
O.M'NI-UM-G.Vf  H'ER-UM,  n.    A  cant  name  for  a 
inis(»;llaneous  collection  of  things  or  persons. 

Selden. 

OSI-NIV'A-GANT,  a.    [L.  omnis  and  ra^-or.] 
Wandcrinc  any  where  and  every  wlicrc. 
0M-NIV'O-KOUrf,a,    [L.  tunnicaruu.^;  oi/inu-,  all, and 
voro,  to  eat.] 

All-devouring ;  eating  everything  indiscriminately. 

Burke. 

aM'O-PLATE,  n.    [Gr.  o.;<o$,  shoulder,  and  irAurts, 
broad.] 

The  shoulder  blade  or  scapul.i. 
OM'PH.\-CI.\E,  (oin'fa-siu,)  a,    [Gr.  oji^rixii'of, from 
o;i</i'i{,  unripe  fruit.] 

Pertaining  to  or  eiprcsscd  from  unripe  fruit. 
Otnphacine  oil,  or  omphncine,  is  a  viscous  brown 
juice  extracted  from  green  olives.  With  this  the 
wrestlers  in  the  ancient  gy  mnastic  exercises  used 
to  anoint  their  bodies.  Kncyc. 
O.M'PII.\-CITE,  n.    A  variety  of  augite  of  a  pale 

leek-green  color.  Dana. 
O.M-PllAI,'ie,  a.    [Gr.  o/i0aXnj,  the  navel.] 

Pertaining  to  the  navel.  .isiaU  Res. 


OM'rilA-LO-CKLE,  n.  [Gr.  op<(,aXo{,  navel,  uiii 
<tiAi),  tumor.] 

A  rupture  at  the  navel.  Core. 

OM-PIIA-LOP'SY-eHITE,n.  [Gr.  o/j0u>u{,  the  navel, 
and  \lfvx>},  spirit.] 

One  of  a  sect  which  pretended  to  derive  pleasure 
from  sitting  with  their  eyes  fixed  on  the  navel. 

Bib.  Repos,  2,  2-19. 

OM-rilA-T.OP'TER,  )  n.    [Gr.  o/ic/xiAoj,  navel,  and 

OM-PHA  l.OP'Tie,  !      oirriicos,  optic] 

An  optical  glass  that  is  convex  on  both  sides; 
commonly  called  a  convex  Ifiis.  Ilulton. 

OM-PIIA  LOT'O-.MY,  n.  [Gr.  o(i0aA(-f,  the  navel, 
and  Tipi  f.i,  to  cut.] 

The  oiieration  of  dividing  the  navel-siring. 

5'MY,  a.    Wi-llow  ;  as  land.    [jVul  in  use.]  Ray, 

ON,  prep.  [(J.  an  ;  U.  aan  ;  Golli.  ana  ;  Gr.  'n't.' ;  L. 
Ill ;  Gr.  fi'.  The  Sax.  iii  is  our  in,  and  «n  is  a  nega- 
tive ;  but  probably  all  these  words  are  RidJciilly  the 
same.  The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  from  which 
these  words  must  be  derived,  is  to  pass,  to  afiproach, 
to  come  to,  or  to  meet.  Hence,  they  tieiiote  near- 
ness, closeness,  or  contiguity,  and  from  mi;eting  the 
Latin  i«  and  the  English  u«  have  their  power  of 
negation  or  opposing.] 

1.  Being  in  contact  with  the  surface  or  upper  part 
of  a  thing  and  supported  by  it ;  placed  or  lying  in 
contact  with  the  surface  ;  as,  my  book  is  on  the  table  ; 
the  table  .stands  on  the  Moor  ;  the  house  rests  on  its 
foundation  ;  we  lie  on  a  bed,  or  stand  on  the  t^arth. 

2.  Coining  or  falling  to  the  surface  of  any  thing  ; 
as,  rain  falls  on  the  earth. 

Whosoever  shull  fiUl  on  this  stone,  sinii  be  brolteii.  —  Mult.  xx\. 

3.  Performing  or  acting  by  contact  with  the  sur- 
face, upper  part,  or  outside  of  any  thing ;  as,  to  play 
on  a  harp,  a  violin,  or  a  driini. 

4.  Noting  addition  ;  as,  heaps  on  heaps;  mischief 
on  mischief;  loss  on  loss. 

5.  At  or  near.  \\"lieii  we  say  a  vessel  is  on  shore, 
we  mean  that  she  is  aground  ;  hut  when  we  say,  a 
fleet  or  a  ship  is  on  the  .American  coast,  or  an  isle  is 
situated  on  the  coast  of  England,  we  mean  only  that 
it  is  near  the  coast.  So  we  say,  on  each  side  stands 
an  armed  man,  that  is,  at  or  near  each  side. 

So  we  say,  Philadelphia  is  situated  on  the  Dela- 
ware ;  Miildlebiiry  is  on  the  Otter  Creek  ;  (iuilford 
stands  on  the  Sound  ;  that  is,  near  tlie  river  or  sound, 
instead  of  on  the  bank,  side,  or  shore. 

C.  It  denotes  resting  for  support ;  as,  to  depend  on, 
to  rely  on  ;  hence,  the  groiinii  of  any  thing  ;  as,  he 
will  covenant  on  certain  considerations  or  condi 
tions ;  the  considerations  being  the  support  of  the 
covenant. 

7.  At  or  in  the  time  of ;  as,  on  the  Sabbath  we  ab- 
stain l"rom  labor.  We  usually  say,  at  the  hour,  on  or 
in  the  day,  in  or  oii  the  week,  month,  or  year. 

8.  .At  the  time  of,  with  some  reference  to  cause  or 
motive.  On  public  occasions,  the  otfieers  appear  in 
full  dress  or  uniform. 

9.  It  is  put  before  the  object  of  some  p.assion,  with 
the  sense  of  toward  or  for.  Have  pity  or  compassion 
on  him. 

10.  At  the  peril  of,  or  for  the  safety  of. 

Hence,  on  thy  life.  Dryden. 

11.  Denoting  a  pledge  or  engagement,  or  put  be- 
fore the  thing  pledged,  lie  alhrnied  or  promised  on 
liis  word,  or  on  his  honor. 

12.  Noting  imprecation  or  invocation,  or  coming 
to,  falling,  or  resting  on.    On  us  be  all  the  blame. 

His  hlood  he  on  us,  anil  on  our  chiltln'n.  —  M.ut.  xxvii. 

13.  In  consequence  of,  or  immediately  after.  On 
the  ratification  of  the  treaty,  the  armies  were  dis- 
banded. 

14.  Noting  part,  distinction,  or  oppositiim  ;  as,  on 
one  side  and  on  the  other.  On  our  part,  cx|iect 
punctuality. 

On  IJic  miy,  on  the  road,  ilenote  proceeding,  trav- 
eling, journeyine,  or  making  progress. 

On  the  alert;  in  a  state  of  vigilance  or  activity. 

On  high  ;  in  an  elevated  place  ;  sublimely. 

On  fire;  in  a  state  of  burning,  or  inllauimation  ; 
and  metaphorically,  in  a  rage  or  p:ission. 

On  a  sudden  ;  suddenly. 

On  the  iring ;  in  flight  ;  flying  ;  metaphorically,  de- 
parting. 

On  if,  on'f,  is  used  fur  of  it.    I  heard  nothing  en'f. 
The  gamester  has  a  poor  tmdc  on'f.    [  This  use  is 
now  vul^rar.] 

Upon  is  used  in  the  same  sense  with  on,  often  with 
elegance,  and  frequently  without  necessity  or  advan- 
tage. 

0.\,  adv.  Forward,  in  progression  ;  as,  move  on ; 
go  on. 

2.  Forward,  in  siicci'ssion.  From  father  lo  stin, 
frtiin  the  son  lo  the  grandsiui,  and  so  on. 

3.  In  coiitiiMiaiice  ;  ivtllioiit  interruption  or  ceas- 
ins;  as,  sleep  on,  lake  your  case  ;  say  on;  sing  on; 
write  nil. 

4.  Adhering;  not  ofl";  as  in  the  phrase,  "He  is 
neither  on  nor  off,"  that  is,  he  is  not  steady ;  he  is 
irresolute. 

5.  Aiuached  to  the  body  ;  as,  his  clothes  are  not  on. 


TONE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ONE 


ONS 


OPA 


Ta  put  on  ;  to  attach  to  tlie  body,  as  clothes  or  anns. 
On,  when  it  expresses  contact  with  the  surface  of 

a  thin;;,  is  opposed  to  Under,  Off,  or  Within,  and 

wlien  it  expresses  contact  with  the  side  of  a  thing,  is 

opposed  to  Off. 

On  is  sometimes  used  as  an  exclamation,  or  rather 

as  a  command  to  move  or  proceed,  some  verb  being 

understood  ;  as,  cheerly  on, courageous  friends;  tliat 

is  iro  on,  move  on. 
ON'A-GEll,  n.   [L.]   The  wild  ass,  Eqnus  Asinus,  a 

SdliptJ  pacliydermatous  mammal,  originally  inhabit- 

■jig  the  great  deserts  of  Central  Asia,  and  still  found 

there  in  its  wild  state. 
C'N'.^X-IS.M,  n.  [from  Onan,  in  Scripture.]  The  crime 

of  self-pollution. 
ONCE,  (wuns,)  adv.  ^from  one.  So  D.  eens,  from  een, 

and  G.  einsl,  from  cm,  one-l 

1.  One  time. 

Trees  that  t»e.-\r  mast  are  fruitful  but  once  In  two  years.  Bacon. 

2.  One  time,  though  no  more.  The  mind  once 
tainted  with  \Vice  is  prone  to  grow  worse  and 
worse. 

3.  At  one  former  time ;  formerly. 

My  soul  had  once  some  foolish  fondnes*  for  thee  ; 

But  hence  'tis  ^one.  .id/lison. 

4.  At  the  same  point  of  time  ;  not  gradually. 

At  onct  the  winds  arise, 
The  thiiuilera  roll.  Dryden. 

M  once  ;  at  the  same  lime  ;  as,  they  all  moved  at 

once ;  hence,  when  it  refers  to  two  or  more,  Ihc  sense 

is,  toiretker^  as  one. 

This  hath  all  its  force  at  once,  on  the  first  impression.  Auerbury. 
Once  is  used  as  a  noun,  when  preceded  by  tliis  or 

that ;  as,  this  once,  that  once. 
ONCE,  (ons,)  n.    [Fr.]    Felis  Uncia,  a  digitigrade, 

carnivorous  mammal,  of  the  cat  kind.    It  has  a  long 

tail,  and  a  whitish  boiiy,  covered  with  irregular, 

simple,  black  spots.    It  inhabits  Persia. 
O.V  Dir,  (on'de,)  [Ff.]     Tliey  say,  or  it  ia  said  ; 

hence,  a  flying  rumor. 
ONE,  (wun,)  a.    [Sax.  an,  <rn;  D.  een;  G.  fin;  Sw. 

en  ;  Dan.  en  or  een  ;  Ice.  einn  ;  W.  un  or  yn ;  L.  unus ; 

Gr.  if ;  It.  and  Sp.  uno ;  Port,  hian  ;  Fr.  un;  Arm. 

unan  ;  Ir.  an,  aon.] 

1.  Single  in  number;  individual;  as,  one  man; 
one  book.  There  is  one  sun  only  in  our  system  of 
planets. 

2.  Inilefinitebj,  some  or  any.  You  will  one  day  re- 
pent of  your  iblly.  But,  in  this  plirase,  one  day  is 
equivalent  lo  some  future  time. 

3.  It  follows  any. 

When  any  one  heareth  the  word  of  the  kingdom.  —  Matt.  xiii. 

4.  Different;  diverse  ;  opposed  to  Another.  It  is 
one  thing  to  promise,  and  another  to  fulfill. 

5.  It  is  used  with  another,  to  denote  mutuality  or 
reciprocation.    lie  kind  and  assist  one  another. 

6.  It  is  used  with  another,  to  denote  average  or 
mean  proportion.  The  coins,  one  with  another,  weigh 
seven  penny  weight  each. 

7.  One  of  two;  opposed  to  Other. 

Ask  from  one  side  of  lioaven  to  the  oOier.  —  Deut.  it. 

8.  Single  by  union  ;  undivided ;  the  same. 

The  church  ia  therefore  one,  though  the  memticrs  may  iw  many. 

Pearson. 

9.  Single  in  kind  ;  the  same. 

One  plague  was  on  you  all  and  on  your  lords.  —  1  Sam.  iv. 
One  day ;  on  a  certain  or  particular  day,  referring 
to  lime  past. 

One  dm/  when  Phtube  fair 
With  all  her  hand  was  following  the  ch.i3e.  Spenser. 

2.  Referring  lo  future  time ;  at  a  future  time,  in- 
definitely.   [.See  One,  No.  2.] 

Ml  one ;  just  the  same  ;  as,  it  is  all  one  what  course 
you  take. 

At  one ;  in  union  ;  in  agreement  or  concord. 
The  kin»  resolv.-d  to  keep  Ferdinand  and  Philip  at  one  wiUi 
lhein»elv's.  Bacon. 

In  one ;  in  union  ;  in  one  united  body. 

One,  like  many  other  adjectives,  is  n.sed  without  a 
noun,  and  is  to  be  considered  as  a  substitute  for 
some  noun  understood.  Let  the  men  depart  one  by 
one;  cotmt  thi.'m  one  by  one  ;  every  one  has  his  pecri- 
liar  habits  ;  we  learn  of  ojie  another,  that  is,  we 
learn,  one  of  us  learns  of  another. 

In  thiB  use,  as  a  substitute,  one  may  be  in  the  plu- 
ral ;  an,  the  great  ones  of  the  earth  ;  they  came  with 
their  little  ones. 

It  al.Ho  denote!)  union,  a  united  body. 

Ye  are  all  ont  In  Chri*t  Jesui.  —  fJal.  iil. 

One  o'clock  ;  one  hour  of  the  clock,  that  is,  ns  sig- 
nified or  represented  by  the  clock. 

One  is  used  indefinitely  for  any  person;  as,  one 
•CCB  ;  one  knows  ;  all(?r  the  rrench  mtinner,  on  vint. 
Our  ancestors  used  man  in  this  manner;  man  wen  ; 
man  knows  ;  "  man  brohte,"  man  brought,  that  is,  they 
brought.  [Saion.] 

This  word  we  have  received   from  the  Latin, 
through  the  Italian  and  French.    'I'ho  same  Word, 
frtim  our  Hnxon  ancentor^,  wo  write  An. 
ONE'-XKCII-i-'l),  {wiin'ilrcht,)  a.    Having  one  arch. 


ONE'-BER-RY,  (wun'ber-ry,)  n.     An  herb  of  the 

genus  Paris  ;  true  love.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

ONE'-EY-£D,  (wun'ide,)  a.    Having  one  eye  only. 

Dryden. 

0-NEI-RO-€RIT'ie,  n.    \Gt.  oveipuKpniKOi ;  Ofitpov, 

a  dream,  and  KpiTiKoi,  discerning.] 
An  interpreter  of  dreams  ;  one  who  judges  what 

is  signified  by  dreams.  Warburton.  Addixon. 

0-NEl-RO-€RIT'ieS,  n.  fl.    The  act  of  interpreting 

dreams.  Warburton. 
O-NEl-RO-CRIT'ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  lo  the  inter- 
O-NEI-RO-CRIT'ie-AL,  >    pretation  of  dreams,  or 
O-Nr-RO-CRIT'ie,         )    pretending  to  judge  of 

future  events  signified  by  dreams. 

My  oneirocrilicat  correspondent.  Addison. 

O-NEt'RO-MAN-CY,  n.    [Gr.  opcipov,  a  dream,  and 
liitvrcta,  divination.] 
Divination  by  dreams.  Spenser. 

ONE'iMENT,  (wun'menl,)  7i.  Slate  of  being  one. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

ONE'NESS,  (wiin'ness,)  n.  [from  one.]  Singleness 
in  number;  individuality;  unity;  the  quality  of  be- 
ing one. 

Our  God  is  one,  or  rather  very  oneness.  Hooker. 

ON'ER-A-RY,  a.  [L.  onerarius,  from  onus,  a  load  ; 
onero,  to  load.] 

Fitted  or  intended  for  the  carriage  of  burdens  ; 
comprising  a  burden. 
ON'ER-aTE,  v.  t.    [h.  onero,  from  onus,  a  burden.] 

To  load  ;  to  burden. 
ON'ER-a-TED,  pp.    Loaded;  burdened. 
ON-ER-A'TION,  n.   The  act  of  loading. 
ON'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  oncrosus,  from  onus,  a  load.] 

1.  Burdensome  ;  oppressive.      Ayliffe.  Burton. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  being  for  the  advantage  of  both 
parties  ;  as,  an  onerous  contract ;  opposed  to  Gratu- 

ITOUS. 

ON'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.  Oppressively. 

ONE'-SiD-ED,  (wun-,)  a.  Having  one  side  only ; 
hence,  limited  to  one  side ;  partial ;  as,  a  one-sided 
view  or  statement. 

ONE-SID'ED-NESS,  (wun-,)  n.  State  of  being  one- 
sided. JVcst.  Rev. 

ON'EY-ER,  n.    An  accountant  of  the  exchequer. 

Shall. 

ON'ION,  (un'yun,)  n.  [Fr.  o^-non ;  Ann.  ouiirnoun; 
Ir.  vinnium.    In  W.  ceninen  is  a  leek.] 

A  well-known  plant  of  the  genus  Allium  ;  and 
particularly,  its  bulbous  root,  much  used  as  an  article 
of  food. 

ON-KOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  o)  kos,  tumor,  and  rf/ifoj,  lo 
cut.] 

In  surgery,  the  opening  of  a  tumor  or  abscess. 

Encyc. 

ON'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  alone.  J.  Howe. 
ON'LY,  a.    [Sax.  irnh'c,  one-like.] 

1.  Single  ;  one  alone ;  as,  John  was  the  only  man 
present. 

2.  This  and  no  other.    This  is  an  only  child. 

3.  This  above  all  others.  He  is  the  only  man  for 
music.  Johnson. 

ON'LY,  atZo.  Singly;  merely;  barely;  in  one  manner 
or  for  one  purpose  alone. 

Bnrnet. 
Dryden. 


I  propose  my  thoughts  only  as  conjectures. 
And,  to  be  loved  hmiself,  needs  only  to  b&  known. 


2.  Thisflnd  no  other  wise. 

Every  imagination  of  tlie  Ihougiits  of  his  heart  was  only  evil 
continually.  —  Geo.  vi. 

3.  Singly;  without  more ;  as,  on/y  begotten. 
ON'O-MAN-CY,  n.    [Gr.  ovopa,  name,  and  pnvrcta, 

divination.] 
Divination  by  the  letters  of  a  name. 
Destinies  were  superstitiously,  by  onomancy,  deciphered  out  of 
names.  Camden. 

ON-O-MAN'Tie,  j  a.  Predicting  by  names,  or 
0.\-0-M  AN'Tie-AL,  j  the  letters  composing  names. 
ON-O-lMAS'TI-eON,  n.    [Gr.  oi'o;;,..]  [Camden. 

A  dictionary  ;  a  common-place  book. 
ON-0-.MA-TE€H'NY,  n.    [Gr.  ovnmi  and  rcxfl-l 

Prognostication  by  the  letters  of  a  name. 
ON-O-M.VTOL'O-GIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  history 

of  names.  Coleman. 
ON-O-MA-TOL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  omixara  and  Xo)  of] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  names,  or  the  history  of 
the  names  of  persons. 
ON-O-JIA-TO-PCE'IA,  n.    [Gr.  rij/Ofjaroiroiia  ;  ni>oita, 
name,  and  note<,>,  to  make.] 

1.  In  /rrammar  and  rhetoric,  a  figure  in  which 
words  are  formed  lo  resemble  the  sound  made  by  the 
thing  signified  ;  as,  lo  bun,  as  bees  ;  to  crackle,  as 
burning  thorns  or  brush.  Encyc. 

2.  A  word  whose  sound  corresponds  to  the  sound 
t)f  the  thing  signified. 

O-NOM-A  TO-PO  ET'ie,  a.  Formed  to  re.<iemble  the 
sound  of  the  thing  signified.  Robinson. 

ON'SETjM.  [onnndsrf.l  A  nishing  or  setting  uptm  ; 
a  violent  attack  ;  assault  ;  a  storming  ;  appropriatrhj, 
the  asstiuli  of  an  army  or  body  of  troops  tipon  an  en- 
emy or  a  fort. 

The  shout 

Of  hadtn  now  l>en^n,  and  rushinK  souml 

Of  oMfl.  A/i/ton. 


2.  An  attack  of  any  kind ;  as,  the  impetuous  onset 
of  grief.  Philips. 
ON'SET,  0.  t.    To  assault ;  lo  begin     [JVot  used.] 

Carcw. 

ON-SET'TING,  n.    A  rushing  or  assaulting. 

ON'SLAUGIIT,  (on'slawt,)  n.  [Sax.  onslaigan,  to 
strike,  to  dash  against.] 

Att,ack  ;  onset ;  aggression  ;  assault.  Hudibras. 

ON'.STEAD,  (-sted,)  n.    A  single  farm-house.  Grose. 

ON-TO-LOG'ie,       )  a.    [See  Ontologv.]  Pertain- 

ON-TO  LOG'ie-AL,  i  ing  to  the  science  of  being  in 
general  and  its  attributes. 

Ontoloirical  proof;  the  a  priori  argument  for  the 
being  of  God,  derived  I'roni  tlie  necessary  existence 
of  time  and  space,  and  hence  the  necessary  existence 
of  some  being  to  fill  and  occupy  them.  Encyc.  Am. 

ON-TO-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  ou- 
tolog)-. 

ON-TOL'O-GIST,  n.  One  who  treats  of  or  considers 
the  nature  and  qualities  of  being  in  general. 

0N-T0L'0-6Y,  n.  [Gr.  utra,  from  cipt,  and  Xoyos, 
discourse.] 

That  part  of  the  science  of  metaphysics  which  in- 
vestigates and  explains  the  nature  and  essence  of  all 
beings,  their  qualities  and  attributes.     Encyc.  Am. 

O'JVUS,  n.    [L.]    The  burden. 

O'J^US  PRO-BAJfDT,  [L.]    The  burden  of  proof. 

ON'WARD,  adv.  [Sax.  ondward,  andweard ;  on  and 
weard,  L.  versus.] 

1.  Toward  the  point  before  or  in  front;  forward; 
progressively  ;  in  advance  ;  as,  to  move  onward. 

Not  one  looks  backward ;  onward  still  lie  goes.  Pope, 

2.  In  a  state  of  ailvanced  progression. 

3.  A  little  further  or  forward. 

ON'WARD,  a.  Advanced  or  advancing;  as,  an  on- 
ward course. 

2.  Increased  ;  improved.  Sidney. 

3.  Conducting ;  leading  forward  to  perfectitm. 

Nome. 

ON'Y-CHA,  n.    [from  Gr.  ofvl.] 

The  shell  or  cover  of  a  species  of  muscle,  found  in 
the  lakes  of  India  where  the  nard  grows,  and  which, 
when  burned,  emits  a  musky  odor.    Ezud.  xxx. 

Qesenius. 

ON'Y-CHITE,  71.  A  kind  of  marble  or  alabaster. 
[OAs.]  Ash. 

O'NY-eHO-MAN.CY,  n.    Divination  by  the  nails. 

O'NYX,  n.    [Gr.  onf,  a  nail  ;  L.  onyx.] 

Chalcedony  consisting  of  parallel  layers  of  differ- 
ent shades  of  color,  and  used  for  making  cameos, 
the  figure  being  cut  in  one  layer  upon  the  next,  as  a 
basis  or  background.  Dana. 

O'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  aov,  an  egg,  and  ,\i0oj,  stone, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  roes  of  fislu] 

A  variety  of  limestone  consisting  of  round  grains, 
as  small  as  the  roe  of  a  fish.  It  sometimes  constitutes 
extensive  beds.  The  proper  oolite  formation  belongs 
to  the  medial  secondary,  in  the  geological  series,  be- 
tween the  chalk,  and  the  lias.  Dana. 

0-O-LIT'ie,  o.  Pertaining  to  oiilite  ;  composed  of  or 
resembling  oolite. 

OOZE,  (ooz,)  ji.  i.    [The  origin  of  this  word  is  not 

easily  ascertained.    In  Eth.  signifies  to 

flow.   In  Ainliaric,  ®H0  signifies  to  sweat.  In 

Ethiopic,  signifies  lo  issue,  to  come  or  go 

out,  and  this  is  the  Heb.  NS\  In  .^ax.  wws  is  water,  G. 
wasscr.  These  words  seems  lo  be  nearly  allied.  See 
Issue.] 

To  (low  gently  ;  to  percol.ate,  as  a  liquid  through 
the  pores  of  a  substance,  or  thrtmgli  small  openings. 
Water  ooics  from  the  earth  and  througli  a  filter. 

The  latent  rill,  scarce  oozing  throujli  the  grass.  Thornton. 
0035E,  n.    Soft  mud  or  slime  ;  earth  so  wet  as  lo  flow 
gently,  or  easily  yield  lo  pressure.  Carew. 

2.  Soft  flow  ;  spring.  Prior. 

3.  The  liquor  of  a  tan-vat. 
OOZ'ING,  ;i;)r.    Flowing  gently  ;  percolating. 
OOZ'INGS,  n.  ;>;.    Issues  of  a  fluid.  AVnf.%-. 
OOZ'Y,  a.    Miry;  containing  soft  muil ;  resembling 

ooze  ;  as,  the  00:1/  bed  of  a  river.  Pope. 
O'PA-CaTE  or  O-Pa'CaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  o;wco.] 

To  shade ;  to  ilarken  ;  to  obscure ;  to  cloud.  [JVot 

usril.]  Boyle. 
O-PAC'I-TY,  (o-pas'e-te,)  n.    [L.  opacitas.] 

1.  OpMqueiiess  ;  the  qutility  of  a  body  which  ren- 
ders it  impervious  to  llio  rays  of  light;  want  of 
transparency.  Opacity  may  exist  in  bodies  of  any 
color. 

2.  Darkness  ;  obscurity.  Olanville. 
O-PA'COIJS,  II.    [L.  oparus.] 

1.  Not  pervious  to  the  rays  of  light ;  not  trans- 
parent. 

2.  Dark  ;  obscure.    ['Pec  Opake.] 
O-PA'eOUS-NESri,  71.    Iniperviousness  lo  light. 

Evelyn. 

O'PAII,  n.  A  largo  sea-fish,  Lampris  guttntus,  also 
called  the  ICino  fish.  Us  back  is  of  a  steel-blue 
color,  its  flanks  of  a  rich  green,  and  its  abdomen  of 
a  rose  color.  Jardinc's  JVaL  Lib. 

O-PAKE'.   See  Oi-AquE. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  UOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


772 


OPE 

O'PAL,  71.  [L.  opnlns  or  opaluni.] 

A  iniiUTiil  consisting  of  sili'X  and  a  few  percent,  of 
water.  The  jrreciuiis  opal  presents  a  peculiar  play  of 
colors  of  delicate  tints,  and  is  lii^lily  esteemed  as  a 
gem.  The  fire  opal  is  less  transparent,  and  the  col- 
ors are  like  the  red  and  yellow  of  Hanie.  Ctrmmon  opal 
has  a  milky  appearance.  Menilite  is  a  brown,  im- 
pure variety,  occurring  in  concretions  at  Menil-Jlon- 
tant,  near  haris.  Dana. 

O-PAL-KSCE',  (-ess',)  o.  t.    To  give  forth  a  play  of 
colors,  like  the  opal.  Cltavcland. 

0-PAL-KS'(:i:NCE,  ».     \  reflection  of  a  milky  or 
pearly  lislil  from  the  interior  of  a  mineral.  Dana. 

O-l'.AL  ES'CK.NT,  a.     llellecting  a  milky  or  peiirly 
lisht  from  the  interior.  Kirwan. 

f)'l'.\L-I.N'E,  a.    PertaininsT  to  or  like  opal. 

O'P.AL-IZE,  V.  t.    To  convert  into  a  suhstaiice  like 
opal. 

0'PAL-I7.-f;D,  pp.  or  a.    Copverted  into  a  substance 
resembling  opal  j  as,  opalized  wood.  CUavrlanil. 

^"p^|^|;,^  *  I  a.    [L.  opacus ;  Fr.  opaque] 

1.  Impervious  to  the  rays  of  light ;  not  transpa- 
rent.   Chalk  is  an  opaque  substance.    [This  is  the 
word  itoto  generally  used.] 
•X  Dark  ;  obscure. 

O-P.mi'E^XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  impervious 
to  light ;  want  of  transparency  ;  ci)acity. 

OPE,  o.    Open.    [Obs.    In  Sax.  vppe  is  open,  mani- 
fest, rjppan,  to  oiK'n  ;  to  disclose.] 

OPE,  v.  L    To  o|x>n  ;  used  only  in  poetry,  and  proba- 
bly a  contracted  word. 

Q'l'i'.S,  (o'pn,)  a.    [Sax.  open ;  D.  open ;  G.  offen  ;  Sw. 
iipen  ;  Dan.  aahen.] 

1.  L'nclosed  ;  not  shut :  as,  the  gate  is  opm  an 
open  door  or  window  ;  an  open  book  ;  open  eyes. 

2.  t^pread  ;  expanded.  He  received  his  son  with 
open  arms. 

3.  I'nsealed  ;  as,  an  open  letter. 

4.  \ot  shut  or  fast ;  as,  an  open  hand. 

a.  Not  covered  ;  as,  the  open  air  ;  an  open  vessel. 

6.  Not  covered  with  trees ;  clear ;  as,  an  open 
country  or  field. 

7.  Not  stopped  ;  as,  an  opeti  bottle. 

8.  Not  fenced  or  obstructed  ;  as,  an  open  road. 

9.  Not  frosty ;  warmer  than  usual ;  not  freezing 
severely  ;  as,  an  open  winter. 

An  open  and  warm  winter  ponendeth  a  hot  and  drjr  summer. 

Bacon. 

Johnson  interprets  open,  in  this  passage,  by  not 
cloudy,  not  gloomy.  I  think  the  definition  wrong. 
In  AmrricOy  an  open  winter  is  one  in  which  the 
earth  is  not  bound  with  frost  and  covered  with 
snow. 

10.  Public;  before  a  court  and  its  suitors.  His  tes- 
timony was  given  in  open  court. 

11.  Admitting  all  persons  without  restraint;  free 
to  all  comers.    He  keeps  open  house  at  the  election. 

12  Clear  of  ice  ;  as,  the  river  or  the  harbor  is 
open, 

13.  Plain  ;  apparent ;  evident ;  public  :  not  secret 
or  concealed  ;  as,  an  open  declaration  ;  open  avowal ; 
open  shame  ;  open  defiance.  The  nations  contend  in 
open  war,  or  in  open  arms. 

14.  Not  wearing  disguise;  frank;  sincere;  unre- 
served ;  candid ;  artless. 

He  WM  lipid  B  man  open  and  of  guod  fiith.  Bneon, 
Hu  gencrotu,  open,  uodcsigiiing  heatt.  Additon. 

15.  Not  clouded;  not  contracted  or  frowning; 
having  an  air  of  frankness  and  sincerity;  as,  an  open 
look. 

Wilh  ftipect  open  ahnli  erect  hie  head.  Pope. 

16.  Not  hidden  ;  exposed  to  view. 

We  are  to  exeiets^*  our  Uiou^hu  and  laj  open  Uje  ueiunret  of 
dirine  Inuh.  Burnet. 

17.  Ready  to  hear  or  receive  what  is  offered. 

Hij  ear»  are  open  to  Uieir  CIT.  —  P».  zxxiv. 

18.  Free  to  be  employed  for  redress ;  not  restrained 
or  denied  ;  not  precluding  any  person. 

Tlic  I.IW  is  open.  —  Act*  six. 

19.  Exposed  ;  not  protected  ;  without  defense.  The 
country  is  open  to  invaders. 

Halh  left  me  open  to  all  injmiea.  SftalC. 

SO.  Attentive  ;  employed  in  inspection. 
Thine  eye*  are  open  upon  all  the  way*  of  the  aona  of  men.  — 
Jer.  xxxii. 

21.  Clear  ;  unobstructed  ;  as,  an  open  view. 

22.  Unsettled  ;  not  balanced  or  closed ;  as,  an  open 
account. 

Optn  auouDU  trlween  merchants.  Johnson's  Jiep. 

23.  Not  closed  ;  free  to  be  debated  ;  as,  a  question 
open  for  discussion. 

24.  In  music,  an  open  note  is  that  which  a  siring  is 
tuned  to  produce.  Busby. 

O'P £N,  (o'pn,)  r.  L    [Sax.  openian ;   D.  oprnen ;  G. 

tiffnen ;  Sw.  Bpna  ;  Dan.  aabner ;  Ar.  •  L)  bona  or 
bauna.    Class  Bn,  No.  3.]  ^ 

1.  To  unclose   to  unbar ;  to  unlock  ;  to  remove 


OPE 

any  fastening  or  cover  and  .set  open;  as,  to  open  a 
dotir  or  gate  ;  to  open  a  desk. 

2.  To  break  the  seal  of  a  letter  and  unfold  it. 

3.  To  separate  parts  that  arc  close  ;  as,  to  open  the 
lips  ;  to  o7)CH  the  mouth,  or  eyes,  or  eyelids  ;  to  open 
a  book. 

4.  To  remove  a  covering  from  ;  as,  to  open  a  pit. 

5.  To  cut  through  ;  to  perforate  ;  to  lance  ;  us,  to 
opni  the  skin  ;  to  open  an  abscess. 

0.  To  break  ;  to  divide;  to  split  or  rf'.;  as,  the 
earth  was  opened  in  many  places  by  an  (.„thquako; 
a  rock  is  opened  by  blasting. 

7.  To  clear  ;  to  make  by  removing  obstructions ; 
as,  to  opf«  a  road  ;  to  open  .1  passage  ;  the  iieat  of 
spring  opcHj  rivers  bound  with  ice. 

8.  To  spread  ;  to  expaml  ;  as,  ti>  open  the  hand. 

9.  To  unstop  ;  as,  to  open  a  bottle. 

10.  To  begin  ;  to  make  the  first  exhibition.  The 
attorney-general  opens  the  cause  on  the  part  of  the 
king  or  the  i^tale.  Homer  opens  his  poem  with  the 
utmost  simplicity  and  modesty. 

11.  To  show  ;  to  bring  to  view  or  knowledge. 
The  Kiiirlish  did  advenlun  far  to  open  the  nor.h  p:\rts  of 

America.  Abbol. 

12.  To  interpret ;  to  explain. 

While  he  opened  lo  ut  the  Scriptur's.  —  f^ukc  xxie. 

13.  To  reveal ;  to  disclose.  He  opened  his  mind 
very  freely. 

14.  To  make  liberal ;  as,  to  open  the  heart. 

1. ').  'I'o  make  the  first  discharge  of  artillery  ;  as,  to 
open  a  heavy  fire  on  the  enemy. 

lf>.  To  enter  on  or  begin  ;  as,  to  open  a  negotiation 
or  correspondence  ;  to  open  a  trade  with  tlie  Indies. 

17.  Tt>  begin  to  see  by  the  removal  t>f  something 
that  intercepted  the  view  ;  as,  we  sailed  round  the 
point,  nnd  opened  the  harbor. 
0'P£N,  (o'pn,)  V.  1.   To  unclose  itself;  to  be  unclosed  ; 
to  be  parted. 

The  earth  opened  and  swallowetl  up  Datliau,  and  covered  the 
conipany  of  AUintm.  —  Ps.  cvi. 

2.  To  begin  to  appear.  As  we  sailed  round  the 
point,  the  liarbor  opened  lo  our  view. 

3.  "To  crmmence  ;  to  begin.  S;Uc3  of  slock  opened 
at  par. 

4.  To  bark  on  scent  or  view  of  the  game ;  a  term 
in  hunting. 

0'P£N-£)D,  (o'pnd,)  pp.  Unclosed  ;  unbarred ;  un- 
sealed ;  uncovered  ;  revealed  ;  disclosed  ;  made 
plain  ;  freed  from  obstruction. 

0'P£.\-ER,  (o'pn-er,)  n.  One  that  opens  or  removes 
any  fastening  or  covering.  jMilion. 

2.  One  that  explains  ;  an  interpreter.  S/iak. 

3.  Tliat  which  separates ;  that  which  rends. 

Boijle. 

4.  An  aperient  in  medicine. 
0'P/;.\-E?-KD,  (S'pn-ide,)  0.    Watchful;  vigilant. 

Shak. 

OT£N-HAND'ED,  (5'pn-hani'ed,) a.  Generous;  lib- 
eral ;  munificent.  Rottr. 

0'P£N-HEXRT'ED,  (o'pn-hurt'cd,)  a.  Candid  ; 
frank  ;  generous.  Dryden. 

O'P^N-IIE.KRT'ED-LY,  adv.  Wilh  frankness ;  with- 
out reserve.  Ch.  Relii'.  .Appeal. 

0'P/';N-IIE.\IIT'ED-NESS,  n.  Frankness;  candor; 
sincerity  ;  munificence  ;  generosity.  Johnson. 

0'P£.V-ING,  (6'pn-ing,)  ppr.    Unclosing;  unsealing; 
uncovering  ;  revealing  ;  interpreting. 
2.  o.  First  in  order ;  as,  an  opuiing  speech. 

o'PfTK-ING,  (6'pn-ing,)  n.  A  breach  ;  an  aperture ;  a 
hole  or  perforation. 

2.  A  place  admitting  entrance,  as  a  bay  or  creek. 

3.  Beginning  ;  commencement ;  first  appearance  ; 
as,  the  opening  of  a  speech. 

The  openin--  of  your  glory  was  like  that  of  light.  Dryden. 
O'Pf'N-LY,  (o'pn-ly,)  adc.    Publicly  ;  not  in  private  ; 
without  secrecy ;  as,  to  avow  our  sins  and  follies 
openly. 

How  crossly  and  openly  do  many  of  us  contradict  the  precepts 
of  the  gospel  by  our  ungodliness  and  worldly  lusu  1 

TilloUon. 

2.  Plainly;  evidently;  without  reserve  or  disguise. 

0'PE.V-MOUTII-£I),  (r.'pn-)  a.  Greedy;  clamor- 
ous :  as,  an  open-mouthed  lion.  /.'Estrange. 

0'P£N-NESS,  (6'pn-ness,)  n.  Freedom  from  covering 
or  obstructitm  ;  as,  the  openness  of  a  country. 

2.  Plainness ;  clearness  ;  freedom  from  obscurity 
or  ambiguity  ;  as,  deliver  your  answers  with  more 
openness.  shak. 

3.  Freedom  from  disguise;  unreservedncss ;  plain- 
ness. FWfon. 

4.  Expression  of  frankness  or  candor ;  as,  openness 
of  countenance. 

5.  Unusual  mildness  ;  freedom  from  snow  ami 
frost  ;  as,  the  openness  of  a  winter. 

OP'E-RA,  n.  [lu  l<p.  and  Fr.,  from  L.  opera,  work, 
labor.] 

A  dramatic  comtiositinn,  set  to  mii.-ic  and  sung  on 
the  stagi-,  accompanied  wilh  musical  instruments, 
nnd  enriched  with  magnificent  dresses,  machines, 
dancing,  &c.  Encyc. 

OP|ER-A-liI.E,  a.    Practicable.    [Aot  ii^ed.]  Broirn. 

OP'E-R.\-<;i,.\S8,  ti.    .\  small  perspective  glass  used 


OPE 

in  theaters,  operas,  &c.  One  kind  is  sim|>ly  a  spy- 
gl:iss.  Another  kind  is  designed  for  seeing  objects 
that  do  not  lie  directly  before  the  eye  ;  it  has  a  hole 
in  its  side,  through  which  the  rays  coming  from  the 
object  are  received  on  a  |)lanc  mirror  placed  oblique- 
ly within  the  tube,  and  tlience  rellecleil  to  the  eye  at 
the  end  of  llie  tube.  Hrunde.  J/uttun. 

OP'E-KA-IIOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  theater  for  the  rep- 
resentation of  operas. 

OP-E-KAM'E-TER,  n.    [L.  opera  and  Cr.  pcrpot.] 
An  apimcatus  for  ascertaining  the  numU'r  of  rota- 
tions made  by  a  machine  or  wheel  in  manufacturing 
cloth.  Ure. 

OP'ER-ANT,  a.  [See  Operate.]  Having  power  to 
produce  an  ciTect.  [Aof  ascd.  VVc  now  use  Oi'era- 
TivK.]  Shak. 

OP'ER-.\NT,  n.    One  who  operates.  Coleridge. 

OP'EU-aTE,  r.  I,    [L.  operor  i  Sp.  operar  ;  Fr.  opereri 

Elh.  gaber,  to  make,  do,  form,  or  ordain  ;  de- 

riv.  tagabar,  to  work,  to  operate,  to  labor,  lo 

till  ;  W.  goberu,  to  operate  ;  Arm.  ober  or  gober,  to 
make ;  ober  or  eu^r,  work  ;  Ir.  of»air ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
obra  ;  Fr.  ffurre,  outrage.  The  corres|K)ndiiig  verb  in 
Hebrew  and  Clialdce  "laj,  signifies  to  be  strong,  to 
prevail,  and  in  Arabic,  to  bind  fast,  to  consolidate,  to 
repair.  The  primary  sense  is  to  strain  or  press,  to 
exert  force.    Class  Br,  No.  14.] 

1.  To  act ;  to  exert  power  or  strength,  physical  or 
mechanical.  External  bodies  operate  fin  animals  by 
means  of  jierceplion  ;  sound  operates  upon  the  audi- 
tory nerves  through  the  medium  of  air ;  medicines 
operate  on  the  body  by  increasing  or  diminishing  or- 
ganic action. 

2.  To  act  or  produce  ctfect  on  the  mind  ;  to  exert 
moral  power  or  infitience.  Motives  operate  on  the 
mind  in  determining  the  judgment ;  examples  operate 
in  producing  imitation. 

The  vinues  of  prirate  persons  operute  lajt  on  a  few.  Auei^ury. 
A  plain,  convincing  reiiaon  operates  on  tlie  niiud  txHh  of  a  Ipnmed 
and  an  ignorant  hearer  as  loug  as  he  lives.  Stei/t. 

3.  In  surgery,  to  i)erform  some  manual  act  in  a 
methodical  manner  u(>on  a  human  body,  and  usually 
with  instruments,  with  a  view  to  restore  soundness 
or  health,  as  in  amputation,  lithotomy,  and  the  like. 

4.  To  act ;  to  have  agency  ;  to  produce  any  effect. 
OP'ER-aTE,  v.  L    To  effect ;  to  produce  by  agency. 

The  some  cause  would  operate  a  diniinulion  ol  the  value  of  stock. 

Jiainiltun. 

[This  use  is  not  frequent,  and  can  hardly  be  said  to 

be  icelt  autJioriied,] 
OP-E-R.Vr'ie,       )  a.   Pertaining  to  the  opera  ;  re- 
OP-E-RAT'ie-AL,  S     senibling  the  opera;  a  word 

used  by  mitsicians.  Busbt/, 
OP'ER-A-TIN(i,  ppr.     Acting;  exerting  agency  or 

power;  performing  some  manual  act  in  surgery. 
OP-ER-A'TION,  n.    [I,,  oprrafio.] 

1.  T/ie  act  or  process  of  operating ;  agency ;  the 
exertion  of  power,  physical,  mechanical,  or  mof^l. 

Speculative  painting,  without  the  assisunce  of  maiuia]  operation, 
can  never  ntuin  to  perkction.  Oryien. 

The  pain  and  sickness  caused  by  manna  are  the  effects  nl  its  op- 
eration on  the  sloniach.  Locke. 

So  we  speak  of  the  operation  of  motives,  reasons, 
or  arguments,  on  the  mind,  the  operatioa  of  caus- 

2.  Action ;  effect.  "  [es,  to. 
Many  medicin.al  dnigs  of  rare  operolion.  //eyfin. 

3.  Process  ;  manipulation  ;  series  of  acts  in  exper- 
iments ;  as  in  chemistry  or  metallurgy. 

4.  In  surgery,  any  methodical  action  of  the  hand, 
or  of  the  lianil  with  instruments,  on  the  human 
body,  with  a  view  to  heal  a  part  diseased,  fractured, 
or  dislocated,  as  in  amputation,  &c. 

5.  Action  or  movements  of  an  army  or  fleet ;  as, 
military  or  naval  operations. 

6.  Movements  of  machinery. 

7.  Movements  of  any  physical  body. 
OP'ER-.\-TIV  E,  a.    Having  the  power  of  acting  ;  ex- 
erting force,  physical  or  moral ;  having  or  exerting 
agency  ;  active  in  the  production  of  etfects. 

In  actions  of  reli^on  we  should  he  xeolous,  active,  and  qperntivs, 

so  far  as  pnfd'Mice  will  jwrnul.  Taylor. 
It  holds  in  all  opemace  pnucipli-s,  especially  in  morality.  South. 

2.  Eflicacioiis  ;  prtMlucing  the  effect. 
OP'ER-A-TIVE,  n.    A  laboring  man  ;  a  laborer,  arti- 
san, or  workman  in  mamifactories. 
OP'ER-A-TOR,  n.    He  or  that  which  operates;  be  or 
that  which  produces  an  elfect. 

2.  In  surgery,  the  person  who  perforins  some  act 
upon  the  liiinian  body  by  means  of  the  hand,  or  wilh 
instnimeiils  ;  as,  a  skillful  operator. 
O-PER'eU-L.VrE,     (o.    [L-opercti/afiu,  from  operio, 
0-PER'eU-L.\-TED,  (     to  cover.] 

In  botany,  having  a  lid  or  cover,  as  a  capsule. 

Martytu 

O-PER'eU-LI-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  operctdum,  a  lid,  and 

form.  ] 

Having  the  form  of  a  lid  or  cover.  Say, 
O-PER'CU-LIJM,  n.  [l^,  a  lid  or  cover.]  Partwularly, 

1.  In  botany,  the  lid  of  a  pitcher-form  leaf. 

2.  The  cover  of  the  seed-vessel  of  certain  moss- 
like plants. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


97* 


MMM' 


773 


OPl 


OPI 


OFF 


;i.  In  concholospj,  the  linrny  or  stony  piece  with 
whicli  the  animal  of  a  univalve  closes  its  shtll  on 
retractini;  itsi-If. 

4.  In  ichtltijuluiry,  the  apjiaratus  supported  hy  bones 
which  protects  the  gills  of  fishes.  Bramle. 
OP-ER-OSE',  a.    [L.  oprrosn.i,  from  opera,  operur.] 
Laborious  ;  attended  with  labor  ;  tedious. 

Burnet, 

OP-ER-oSE'N'ESS,  n.    The  state  of  beinj;  laborious. 

More. 

OP-ER-Ofi'I-TY,  n.    Laboriousness.    [JVo«  used.} 
OPE'TlUE,  n.    [ope.  and  tide.]    'J'he  ancient  time  of 
niarria^e,  from  Epiphany  to  Ash-Wednesday. 

Bp.  IlaU. 

OPII'i  eLElDE,  K.    [Gr.  n,l„s  and  /fAji?.] 

The  lariiest  br.ass  wind  instrument  of  the  trumpet 
kind,  used  in  the  orchestra.  It  has  a  compass  of 
three  octaves. 
O-PHID'l-AN,  (-fid'e-an,)  n.  [Gr.  o0if,  a  serpent.] 
An  animal  of  the  serpent  kind,  as  the  boa,  rat- 
tlesnake, adder,  and  viper.  Tlie  order  is  called 
Ophidia. 

O-PHID'I-AN,  a.    [Gr.  o0if,  a  serpent.] 

Pertaining  to  serpents  ;  designatins  an  order  of 
vertebral  animals  destitute  of  feet  or  fins. 
O-PHID'I-ON,  n.    [Gr.,  from  a  serpent.] 

A  fish  of  the  anguillilbrm  kind,  resembling  the 
common  eel,  but  shorter,  more  depressed,  and  of  a 
paler  color ;  found  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Diet.  JSTat.  Hist. 

0™tio%\c-Al.,  i  «•    P'^rt^ining  ophiology. 
O-PHI-OL'O-GIST, n.    One  versed  in  the  natural  his- 

t(trv  of  serpents. 
O-Plil-OL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  o0is,  serpent,  and  Xoyos, 

discourse.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  ser- 
pents, or  which  arranges  and  describes  the  several 

_  kinds.  Eiicyc. 

0'PH[-0-MAN-CY,  n.    [Gr.  oipti,  a  serpent,  and  iiai/- 
TCta,  divination.] 

In  antiiiiiitij,  the  art  of  divining  or  predicting  events 
by  serpents,  as  by  their  manner  of  eating  or  by  their 
roil-!.  Encyc. 

O-PHI-O-MORPirOUS,  a.     [Gr.  o0is  and  popipri, 
form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  serpent.  Ray. 
0-PHI-OPH'A-GOUS,  a.    [Gr.  cj0i?,  a  serpent,  and 
(pa-)      to  eat.] 

Eating  or  feeding  on  serpents.  Brown. 
Q'PHITE,  a.    [Gr.  (>0i{,  a  serpent.] 

Pertaining  to  a  serpent.  Holwell. 
O'PIIITE,  71.    [Gr.  i.iAcs,  a  serpent,  whence  o0ir^s,  a 
stone  spotted  like  a  serpent.] 

Green  porphyry,  or  serpentine  ;  a  variety  of  green- 
stone of  a  dusky  green  color  of  different  shades, 
sprinkled  with  spots  of  a  lighter  green  ;  in  other 
words,  containing  greenish-white  crystals  of  feldspar. 

Chaveland, 

O'PHITES,  n.  pi.    One  of  the  Gnostic  sects  of  the 
second  century,  who  paid  worship  to  a  serjient. 

Mitrdock. 

O-PHI-lI'eHUS,  Ji.    [Gr.  «0ir»ix"s;  O01S,  a  serpent, 

and  tx'o,  to  have.] 

A  constell.-ition  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 
OPII-THAE'MI-A.    See  Ophthalmv.  [Milton. 
OI'H-TllAL'Mie,  (of-thal'mik,)  a.  [See Ophthalmv.] 

Pertaining  to  the  eye. 
OPII-THAL-MOS'eO-Py,  71.    [Gr.  of,OuXfios,  the  eye, 

and  cKonroi,  to  view.] 

A  branch  of  physiognomy  which  deduces  the 

knowledge  of  a  man's  temper  and  manner  from  the 

appearance  of  the  eves.  E}icyc. 
OPII TIlAL-MO-TOL'O-GtST,  77.  One  versed  in  oph- 

tlialiiiotologv. 

oni  THAL-.\IO-TOI/0  GY,  n.    Science  of  ophthal- 
mia, or  a  treatise  on  it.  Med.  Joum. 
OPll'THAL-MY,  (of'thal-me,)  n.  [Gr.  oipdaXpia,  from 
i/t/iflaX/ios,  the  eye.] 

Inflammation  of  the  eye  or  its  appendages.  Good. 
O'l'I-ATE,  ji.    [from  o;(/i7i7i.]    Primarily,  a  medicine 
(if  a  thicker  consistence  than  sirup,  prepared  with 
opium.  Encyc. 
A  soft  electuary. 

H'-ctii.^ric»  wh<;n  lofl  nrr  c.illpd  opinui.  Parr. 
I'.ut  in  moilern  usage,  generally, 
9.  Any  medicine  that  contains  opium,  and  has  the 
cpi.ality  of  inducing  sleep  or  repose;  a  narcotic. 

Encyc. 

3.  That  which  induces  rest  or  inaction  j  that 
which  (piiets  uneasiness. 

Tlii-y  clioBT  HUi'-ism  a«  an  ojiinte.  Dentley. 
O'Pl-ATE,  a.    Inducing  alecp;  soporiferous  ;  somnif- 
erous ;  narcotic.  Bacon. 
2,  CJauMing  n'st  or  inaction.  Milton. 
O'PI-A-TEl),  a.    .Mixed  with  opiates  ;  under  the  inllu- 

cnre  of  opiates. 
0-PIF'ER-Oi;s,  a.    [li.  ops,  opit,  and  fero.] 

H'inging  help. 
OP'I-EH^i,  71.    [I..  opi/ietH77i.]  Workmanship. 
0-PIF'I-CI-;K,  n.    [L.  opifei ;  opus,  work,  and /ocio, 
lo  do.] 

One  wlio  performs  any  work.  [JVht  usal.]  Bentlry. 


O-PIN'A-BLE,  a     [L.  apinor.] 

That  may  be  thought.    [JVoi  u.-ied.]  Diet. 
OP-I-Na'TION,  n.    Act  of  thinking  ;  opinion.  [JV'ut 

used.]  '  Diet. 

O-PIN'A-TIVE,  a.    Stiff  in  opinion.    [JVot  used.] 

Burton. 

OP-I-Na'TOR,  71.    One  fond  of  his  own  opinions ; 

one  who  holds  an  opinion.  [Aut  iti  use.]  Olanvillc. 
O-l'INE',  r.  i.    [L.  opinor.] 

To  think  ;  to  suppose.   ^Obsolete  or  quaint.]  Soutli. 
O-Tjyi'EV),  pp.    'I'hought;  conceived.  [Obs.] 
0-I'ii\"ER,  n.    One  who  thinks  or  holds  an  opinion. 
[Obs.]    Taylor. 


O-PlN-iAS'TER,  ) 
O-l'IA'-lAS'TUOUS,  >a.    [Fr.  opini&tre. 
O-PIN-IA'TKE,  > 

Unduly  attached  to  one's  own  opinion,  or  stiff  in 
adherini;  to  it.    [Obs.]  Ralegh. 
O-PIN'I.iTE,  (o-piu'yite,)  v.  t.    To  maintain  one's 

opinion  with  obstinacy.    [Oi"*'.]  Barrow. 
O-PIX'lA-TED,  a.     Unduly  attached  to  one's  own 

opinions.  Shensfone. 
O-l'IX-lA'TER,  )  a.    S''    m  opinion  ;  obstinate. 
O-PIN-i-A'TRE,  i  Barrow. 
0-Pli\'lA-TIVE,  a.    Very  stiff  in  adherence  to  pre- 
conceived notions.  Sandys, 
9.  Imaginetl  ;  not  proved.  OlanoiUe. 
O-PIN'IA-TIVE-NESS,  71.    Undue  stiffness  in  opin- 
ion. Ralegh. 
O-PIN-lA'TOR,  )  71.    One  unduly  attached  to  liis'own 
O-PIN-IA'TRE,  j     opinion.  [Obs.] 
O-PIN'IA-TRY,  7^     Unreasonable    attachment  to 
one's  own  notions;  obstinacy  in  opinions.  [Obs.] 

Brown. 

O-PIN'ING,  ppr.    Thinking.  [Obs.] 
O-PlN'lNG,  n.    Opinion  ;  notion.    [Obs.]  Taylor. 
O-1'IN'XON,  (o-piii'yun,)  n.    [Fr.  id,;  L.  opinio,  from 

—  c 

opinor,  to  think,  Gr.  einvocoi,  or  Ar.  abana,  to 

think,  to  suspect.  The  primary  sense  is  to  set,  to  fix 
in  the  mind,  as  in  L.  snpponn.] 

J.  Tlie  judgment  which  the  mind  forms  of  any 
proposition,  statement,  theory,  or  event,  the  truth  or 
falsehood  of  which  is  siipjiorted  by  a  degree  of  evi- 
dence that  renders  it  probable,  but  does  not  produce 
absolute  know  ledge  or  certainty.  It  has  been  a  re- 
ceived opinion  that  all  matter  is  comprised  in  four 
elements.  This  opinion  is  proved  by  many  discov- 
eries to  be  false.  From  circumstances  we  form  opin- 
ions respecting  future  events. 

Opinion  is  when  the  assent  of  the  untierslaiidin^  is  so  Htr  gained 
by  evidence  of  prohabilily,  that  it  ratlier  inclines  lo  one  per- 
suixsiiin  than  to  ivnoUier,  yet  not  without  a  mixture  of  uncer- 
tainty or  donltling.  hate. 

2.  The  judgment  or  sentiments  which  the  mind 
forms  of  persons  or  their  tpiatities.  We  speak  of  a 
good  opinion,  a  favorable  opinion,  a  bad  opimion,  a  pri- 
vate opinion,  and  public  or  general  opinion,  &c. 

rriendship  ffives  a  man  a  peculi;ir  riglit  and  claim  to  the  eood 
opinion  ol  his  friend.  SouUi. 

3.  Settled  judgment  or  persuasion ;  as,  religious 
opinions;  political  opinion. 

4-  Favorable  judgment ;  estimation. 

In  actions  of  .-irnis,  small  mattcci  are  of  ^ri-at  moment,  csjiecially 
when  they  serve  to  fiiise  an  opinion  of  coniinaud'Ts. 

}lay:card. 

Itowever,  I  have  no  opinion  of  Uiese  thinp-s.  Ltacon. 

O-PFN'ION,  7!.  t.    To  think.    [A'iii  used.]  Brown. 
O-PI.V'ION-ATE,     la.    Stiff  in  opinion;  firmly  or 
O-PIN'ION-A-TED,  \     unduly  adhering  to  one's  own 

opinitm  ;  obstinate  in  opinion.  Bedell. 
O-PIN'ION-ATE-LY,  ado.    Obstinately  ;  conceitedly. 

Fcltham, 

O-PIN'ION-A-TIVE,  a.    Fond  of  preconceived  no- 
tions; unduly  attached  to  one's  own  opinions. 

Burnet, 

0-PIN'ION-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    With  undue  fondness 
for  one's  own  opinions  ;  stiibbtirnlv. 

O-I'IX'ION-A-TIVE-NESS,   71.      Excessive  attach- 
ment tu  one's  own  opinitms  ;  obstinacy  in  opinion. 

0-PIN'K)N-£D,.a.    Attached  to  particular  opinions; 
conceited.  South. 

O-PIN'ION-IST,  71.    One  fond  of  his  own  notions,  or 
one  iiniliily  attached  to  his  own  opinions.  Glanrillc. 

O  ril"A-lt()US,  a.    [\j.  opipurius.]    Sumptuous.  Diet. 

O-i'IP'A  ROtlS-LY,  ado.    Sumptuously  ;  abuiidanllv. 

0-Plri'TlIO-I)0.\lE,  n.    [Gr.  ojriofJioj,  that  is  bcliinii, 
and  i'lpof,  housi-.] 

In  Ortece,  a  building  in  the  rear  of  a  temple,  for 
containing  its  treasures.  Smith\H  Diet, 

O  PIT-i;  l.A'TION,  n.    Help.    [JVot  used.] 

O'I'I  IIM,  71.  IE.  opium  :  Gr.  ottioi',  from  orrof,  juice.] 
f>piuiii  is  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  Papaver  som- 
niferiiin,  or  somniferous  poppy,  with  tvhieli  the  fields 
in  Asia  Minor  are  sown,  as  ours  are  with  whe  at  and 
ryt?.  It  Hows  from  incisions  maile  in  the  heads  of 
tile  plant,  and  the  best  Hows  from  the  first  incision. 
It  is  imported  into  Europe  and  America  chietly  from 
the  Ei  vanl.  It  is  brought  in  caki^s  or  masses  weigh- 
ing from  right  ounces  lo  a  pound.  It  is  heavy,  t>f  a 
dense  texture,  of  a  brownish-yellow  color,  not  per- 
fectly dry,  but  easily  receiving  an  impression  from 


the  finger;  it  has  a  faint  smell,  and  its  ttiste  is  bitter 
_  and  acrid.    Opium  is  of  great  use  as  a  medicine. 
O'PLE-TREE,  n,    [L.  opulus.]  [Brande.  Ure. 

The  witch-hazel.    [Obs.]  AinsworVi. 
O-PO-UAL'SAM,  71.    [L. ;  Gr.  owof,  juice,  and  L.  bab- 

saotuni.] 

The  balm  or  balsam  of  Gilead.  It  has  a  yellowish 
or  greenish-yellow  color,  a  warm,  bitterish,  aromatic 
taste,  and  an  acidulous,  fragrant  smell.  It  is  held  in 
esteem  as  a  medicine  and  as  an  odoriferous  unguent 
and  cosmetic.  'I'lie  shrub  or  tree  producing  this  bal- 
sam is  Balsamodendron  Gileadense,  which  grows 
spontaneously  in  Arabia  Felix.  Encyc. 
O-PO-DEL'UO'e,  71.  The  name  of  a  plaster,  said  to 
have  been  invented  by  Alindererus ;  but,  in  modem 
usage, 

2.  A  saponaceous  camphorated  liniment;  a  solu- 
tion of  soap  in  ardent  spirits,  with  the  addition  of 
camphor  and  essential  oils.  J\nckolson. 
O-POP' A-N AX,  71.    [L. ;  Gr.  oiruf ,  juice,  and  jrui/af,  a 
plant.] 

An  inspissated  juice  of  a  tolerably  firm  texture, 
brought  in  loose  granules  or  drops,  sometimes  in 
larger  masses.  This  substance  on  the  outside  is  of  a 
brownish-red  color,  with  specks  of  white,  and  within 
of  a  dusky-yellow  or  whitish  color.  It  has  a  strong 
smell  and  an  acrid  taste.  It  is  obtained  from  the 
root  of  an  umbelliferous  plant,  the  Opopanax  Chiro- 
nium,  and  is  brought  from  Turkey  and  the  East  In- 
dies. Encyc,  Parr, 

O-POS'SUM,  71.  [This  name  is  pronounced  possum, 
which  perhaps  may  be  its  true  orthography.] 

The  popular  name  of  several  species  of  Didelphis, 
a  genus  of  marsupiate,  carnivorous  mammals.  One 
species  only  of  seventeen  inhabits  the  United  States, 
and  this  is  one  of  the  six  species  whose  females 
have  an  abdominal  pouch,  in  which  they  protect 
and  carry  their  young.  The  Didelphis  Virginiana  lias 
a  prelieiisilc  tail  by  which  it  easily  suspends  itself. 

01"i*l-l)Ai\,  71.  [L.  oppidanus,  from  oppidum,  acity  or 
town.] 

1.  An  inhaliitant  of  a  town.    [JVot  used,]  Wood, 

2.  An  a|>|iellation  given  to  those  students  of  Eton 
school,  in  England,  who  board  in  tlie  town. 

Rich.  Diet. 

OP'PI-DAN,  a.   Pertaining  to  a  town.    [A'o«  used.] 

Howell. 

OP-PIG'JJER-aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  opjiigncro  ;  ob  and  pig- 
nero,  to  pledge,  from  pignus,  pledge.] 
To  pledge  ;  to  pawn.    [Au£  iji  7i«'.]  Bacon, 
OP'PI-E.vTE,  V,  I,    [L,  oppilo  :  oh  anil  pilo,  to  drive.] 

To  crowd  together  ;  to  fill  with  obstructions. 
OP'Pl-LA-TEl),  pp.    Crowded  together. 
OP'PI-LA-TliN'G,  ppr,    Filliiis  with  obstructions. 
OP-PI  La'TION,  71.    The  act  <if  filling  or  crowding 
together;  a  slop|iing  by  redundant  matter;  obstruc- 
tions, particulaily  in  the  lower  intestines. 

Encyc,  Harcey, 

OP'PI-EA-TIVE,  a,    [Fr.  oppilntif,] 

Obstriirtive.  Shcncood. 
OP-PLf.T'ED,  a,    [L.  opplctus.] 

Filli!d  ;  crowded.    [JViit  1/1  use.] 
OP-PoNE',  V.  t.    [Li.  oppono;  ob  and  /(0710,  to  put.] 

'J'o  oppose.    [JVbi  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

OP-Po'NEN-CY,  71.  [See  Opponent.]  The  opening 
of  an  acailemical  disputation  ;  the  proposition  of  ob- 
jections to  a  teni't ;  an  exercise  for  a  degree.  [/ be- 
liere^  not  used  in  Jimerica.]  Todd. 
OP-PO'NENT,  a.  [L.  opponens,  oppono  ;  ob  and  pono, 
to  set,  put,  or  lay,  that  is,  to  thrust  against ;  Ileb. 
Syr.  I'll,  and  Ar.  n33,  to  build,  that  is,  to  set,  to  found, 
L.  /undo.] 

That  opposes  ,  opposite;  atlverse.  Prior. 

OP-Po'NE.N  T,  71.  One  that  opposes  ;  partlrnlurly,  one 
that  opposes  in  controversy,  disputation,  or  argument. 
It  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  person  that  begins  a 
dispute  by  raising  objections  to  a  tenet  or  doctrine, 
and  is  correlative  to  Defendant  or  Respondent. 
In  common  usage,  however,  it  is  applicable  to  either 
party  in  a  controversy,  denoting  any  person  who  op- 
poses another  or  his  cause.  Opponent  may  sometimes 
be  useti  for  adversary, nmi  for  antMgoni.sl,  but  not  with 
strict  propriety,  as  the  word  dots  not  necessarily  im- 
ply enmily  niir  bodily  strife.  Nor  is  it  well  used  in 
the  senst!  of  riral  or  competitor. 
[Op'po-nenI  is  incorrect.] 

OP-POR-TONE',  a.  [L.  ojiportunus  ;  ob  nntl  porta,  lo 
bear,  or  bring ;  probably  from  the  root  oI'V'ti',  or  por- 
ta, to  bear.  'I'he  sensi-'of  the  verb  opporto  woiiltl  be, 
to  bring  to  or  upon.  (See  Impout,  Impout';  ^E.)  In 
this  and  all  Words  of  like  significatior,  the  primary 
sense  is,  to  fall,  come,  or  bring  to  See  Luck,  For- 
tune, Season.] 

Properlii,  having  come  or  being  present  at  a  proiier 
time  ;  heiice,  seasonable  ;  timely  ;  well  timeil.  It 
agrees  with  Seasonaim.e  rather  than  with  Conveni- 
ent, though  the  sense  of  the  latter  may  be  included 
in  it. 

Perhaps  in  view 
Of  those  hri,^hl  confines,  whenc*-,  with  neij^hhoring  nrnii, 
And  opportune  excursion,  wc  may  chance 
lle  enler  heaven.  A/il(on. 

OP  POR-TON'E'l.Y,  adv.    Reasonably;  at  a  time  fh- 
vorable  for  the  purposp.   It  has  been  applied  lo  place, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T  METE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLr^  BQQK — 


OPP 


OR 


as  well  as  to  time,  but  its  proper  application  is  to  lime, 
and  hence  it  accords  with  Skasunauly,  rather  llian 

with  CoSVEMENTLV. 

OP  rOU-TONK'NKt'S,  ;i.   In  seasonable  time. 
Or-POK-TC'NI-TY,  rt     [L.  «;),<or(u«i(<«.) 

1.  Fit  or  convenient  Inne  ;  a  time  favoniblc  for  the 
purpose  ;  suitable  lime  conibuied  with  other  favora- 
ble circiunstanccs.  Suitableness  of  time  is  llu;  pre- 
dominant sifjuification,  but  it  includes  generally  cir- 
cumstances of  place  and  other  cunvenicnces  adapted 
to  the  end  desired. 

A  wiac  nifin  will  mnk«  morr  ttpportuniliet  than  he  finds.  Bacon, 
1  li'iil  an  ojijwrlitiiity  In  Kce  (lie  cloud  ik>SC«iI<l.  Brown, 
N-'^lrcl  llu  api'Ol  tittitty  of  iluinif  ffood.  Attrrbury. 

0.  Convriiirnt  nutans.  I  had  an  opportunity  of 
soiuliiiff  the  letter,  or  no  oppurtiuiitit  to  send  it.  Op- 
portunities rarely  ocnir,  or  frequentiv'  olfer. 

OP  rfl.S'A-ULE,  II.    'I'liat  may  or  can  be  opposed. 

OP-Pt').«'.\L,  n.    OpiKWition.  '  [J^iit  K.ied.]  Herbert. 

OP-POSE',  r.  /.  [Kr.  nppo/er  ;  oh  and  poser,  to  set  ;  I.. 
oppono,  oppo.-fui.  It  is  doubtful  wlu'Ilier  Ft.  po.^er, 
and  the  preterit  and  participle  p.assive  of  the  Latin 
verb  belcUL'  to  ;i(i»«.  The  chansre  of  n  into  .«  is  un- 
usual. Two  ditTeront  verbs  may  be  used,  as  in  I.. 
fcro,  tuli.    Sec  Pose.] 

1.  To  set  acainst ;  to  put  in  oppositi(»n,  with  a  view 
to  counterbalance  or  countervail,  and  thus  to  hinder, 
defeat,  destroy,  or  prevent  eflect;  as,  lo  oppose  one 
argument  to  another. 

1  inay  wilhont  prrsiimimon  oppose  my  iliijle  o|iin!an  to  hi». 

Locke. 

2.  To  act  asainst ;  to  resist,  cither  liy  physical 
means,  by  arsuiiieiils,  or  other  means.  The  army 
opposed  the  proiiress  of  the  enemy,  but  without  suc- 
cess. Severil  members  of  the  house  strentiously  op- 
posed the  bill,  but  it  pitssed. 

3.  To  check  ;  to  resist  etfectiially.  The  army  was 
not  able  to  oppose  the  progress  of  the  enemy. 

4.  To  place  in  front ;  to  set  opposite.  Sliak. 

5.  To  act  asainsi,  as  a  competitor. 
OP-POSE',  r.  i.    'I'a  act  adversely  ;  with  airainst ;  as, 

a  servant  opposed  airainst  the  act.  [.Xol  used.]  Shak. 

0.  To  object  or  act  against  in  controversy. 

Johnson, 

OP-PM'ED,  pp.    Set  in  opposition  ;  resisted. 

•2.  a.  Dcing  in  opposition  in  principle  or  in  act  i 
adverse. 

Ccnnin  chantct^ra  wrre  formerly  opposed  to  it.  Federalist,  Jay. 
OP-POSE'LESS,  a.    Not  to  be  opposed ;  irresistible. 

[Mil  in  use,]  Shak, 
OP-POS'EIl,  71.  One  that  opjKises ;  an  opponent  in 
party,  in  principle,  in  controversy,  or  argument.  VV'e 
speak  of  the  opposers  of  public  measures  ;  the  oppos- 
ers  of  ecclesiastical  discipline  ;  an  opposer  of  Chris- 
tianity, or  of  orthodoxy. 

•2.  One  who  acts  iu  op|>osition  ;  one  who  resists ; 
as,  an  opposer  of  law,  or  of  the  execution  of  law. 

'^,  -An  antagonist ;  an  atlversary  ;  an  enemy  ;  a 
rival. 

OP-POS'INO,  ppr.oTo,    Acting  against ;  resisting. 
OP'PO-SITE,  (-/.it,)  a.    [Kr.,  from  I,.  opposUus.] 

1.  Standing  or  situated  in  front ;  facing ;  as,  an 
edifice  npposite  to  the  Exchange.  Brooklyn  lies  oppo- 
site to  New  York,  or  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

a.  Adverse  ;  repugnant. 

NovrU,  by  which  liif  rcml'T  ii  tntsWI  inio  anotli^r  lort  of  plea*, 
imr  opposixe  to  Uul  <t.-sitptctl  in  an  c)iic  poi'm.  Dryden. 

3.  Contrary  ;  .as,  worils  of  opposite  significations  ; 
oppo.nte  terms.    The  medicine  had  an  ertect  opposite 
to  what  w.u  expected. 
OP'PO-SITE,  (-/.it,)  n.    .An  opponent ;  an  adversary  ; 
an  enemy  ;  an  anLagonist.  Shak,  Dryden. 

0.  That  which  is  opposed  or  conlniry. 
OP'PO-SITI-^LY,  adv.  In  front ;  in  a  situation  to  face 

each  other.  Grcir. 

2.  Adversely  ;  against  e.ich  other. 

Wiiiii*  from  ntl  quartcri  oppositely  Wow.  May. 

OP'PO-SITE-XESS,  n.  The  state  oif  being  opposite 
or  contrary. 

OP-POS  I-f  I-FO'LI-OUS,  0.  [L.  oppositus  and  foli- 
um, a  leaf.} 

In  6<>(<uiv,  opposite  to  the  leaf;  us,  an  opposUifoUous 
peduncle.  /^e, 
OP-PO-SI"TIO.\,  (op-iK>-/.ish'un,)  •?.    [I,.  opposUio,] 

1.  Situation  so  as  to  fr.ilit  something  else;  a  stand- 
ing over  azainst ;  as,  the  oppotiition  ol  two  mountains 
or  buildings. 

2.  The  act  of  opposing  ;  attempt  to  check,  restrain, 
or  defeat.  He  makes  opposition  to  the  measure  ;  the 
bill  passed  without  opposition.  Will  any  otipositioa 
be  made  to  the  suit,  to  the  claim  or  demand 

3.  Obstacle.  The  river  meets  with  no  opposition 
in  Its  courst-  to  the  ocean. 

i.  Resistance ;  as,  the  opposition  of  enemies.  Vir- 
tue will  hreak  through  all  oppo.^ition. 

5.  Contrariety  ;  repugnance  in  principle ;  as,  the 
appo.ni,on  of  the  heart  to  the  laws  of  GcmI. 

6.  (Contrariety  of  interests,  measures,  or  designs. 
The  two  parties  are  in  opposition  to  each  other. 

1.  (ontrariety  or  diversity  of  meaning;  as,  ono 
term  used  m  opposition  to  another. 
8.  Contradiction  ;  inconsistency.  Loeke. 


9.  The  collective  body  of  opposers;  in  England, 
the  party  in  parliament  which  opposes  the  ministry  ; 
in  America,  the  party  that  opposes  the  existing  admin- 
istration. 

ItJ.  In  astronomy,  the  situation  of  two  heavenly 
bodies,  whi  n  distant  from  each  other  ISO". 
01'-P0-SI"TK).\-IST,  n.    f)ne  that  belongs  to  the 

party  opposii^g  the  admiiii.stration. 
OP-POS'1-Tl  VE,  a.    That  may  be  imt  in  opposition. 

Hall. 

OP-PRESS',  V.  t.  [Fr.  oppresser :  L.  opprcssus,  from 
opprimo  ;  oh  and  premo,  to  press.] 

1.  To  load  or  burden  with  unreasonable  imposi- 
tions ;  to  treat  with  unjust  severity,  rigor,  or  hard- 
ship ;  as,  to  oppress  a  nation  with  taxes  or  contribu- 
tions;  to  (i/»;ir<i.<  one  by  compelling  him  to  perform 
unreasonable  service. 

2.  To  overpower  ;  to  overburden  ;  !LS,  to  be  op- 
pressed with  grief. 

3.  To  sit  or  lie  lieavy  on  ;  as,  excess  of  food  op- 
presses the  stomach. 

OP-I'RESS'^;U,  (op-prest',)  pp.  or  a.  Burdened  with 
unreasonable  impositions  ;  over|)OWered  ;  overbur- 
deneil  ;  depressed. 

OP-l'KK.'^S'l  .\<;,  ppr.  Overburdening. 

01'-1'KES'.SI(J.\',  (  presh'un,)  ii.  The  act  of  oppress- 
ing ;  the  imposition  of  unreasonable  burdens,  eilJier 
in  liLxes  or  services  ;  cruelly  ;  severity. 

2.  The  state  of  being  oppressed  or  overburdened  ; 
misery.  Shall, 

Tlic  Lonl  —  s.-\w  the  oppression  of  Israet.  —  2  Kin^  xiii. 

3.  Hardship  ;  calamity.  Md'ison. 

4.  Depression ;  dullness  of  spirits  ;  lassitude  of 
body.  .^rbulhiot. 

5.  .V  sense  of  heaviness  or  weight  in  the  bre;ist,  &c. 
OP-PRESS'IVE,  a.     Unreasonably  burdensome  ;  un- 
justly severe  ;  aa,  oppressive  taxes ;   oppressive  ex- 
actions of  service. 

2.  Tyr.xnnical  ;  as,  an  oppressire  government. 

3.  Heavy  ;  overpowering  ;  overwhelming  ;  as,  op- 
pressire grief  or  woe. 

OI'-I'KES.-^'I VIM.Y,  adp.  In  a  manner  to  oppress; 
with  unreasonable  severity.  Burke. 

OP-PRE:^S'IVE-i\ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  op- 
pressive. 

OP-PRESS'OR,  n.  One  tlmt  oppresses  ;  one  that  im- 
poses unjust  burdens  on  others;  one  that  harasses 
others  with  unjust  laws  or  unreasonable  severity. 

Pg\%vr,  wliLMi  employed  to  relieve  the  oppreased  and  to  punish 
the  oi'pressor,  becomes  a  gre.il  Uesoiit^.  i>'.^J't. 

OP-PRO'nRI-OUS,  a.  [See  OppRonnii-M.]  Repro-ach- 
fiil  and  coiittMiiptuous  ;  scurrilous ;  as,  opprobrious 
language  ;  opprobrious  words  or  terms. 

2.  Blasted  with  infamy;  despised  ;  rendered  hate- 
ful ;  as,  an  opprobrious  name.        Jililton.  Dnniel. 

OP-PRo'BRI-OUS-LY,  nrfc.  With  reproach  mingled 
with  rnntempt  ;  scurrilously.  Shak. 

OP  PRO'BRI-OlJS-NES!>,  n.  Reproachfulness  min- 
gled with  contempt;  scurrility. 

OP-PRo'BRI-U.M,  n.    [L.  oh  aiid  probrum,  disgrace.] 
Reproach  mingled  with  contempt  or  disdain. 

OP-PUo'BRV,  71.    O|iprobriuiii.    [jVot  u-w/.] 

OP-PC'(5N',  (op-pune',)  v.  t.  [L.  oppugno ;  ob  and 
puo-no,  to  fight,  frtiin  pugnus,  the  fist,  Sp.  puno,  I'r. 
poino.] 

To  attack  ;  to  oppose  ;  to  resist. 

They  Kxid  the  in-inner  of  Uieir  Impeachment  they  couM  not  hot 

cone,  ivc  did  ojrpugn  the  ri^tiu  of  pArli:uiieuL  Oarendon. 
[It  is  never  used  in  the  literal  sense,  to /(/J^.] 
OP-PUG'.\AN-CY,  71.    OpiKisition  ;  resistance.  Shak. 
OP  PCtJ'NA.NT,  a.    Opposing;  resisting. 
OP-Pi;c:-.\.:^'TI().\,  71.   Opposition  ;  resistance.  Ilall. 
OP-PC'(;.\'f;n,  (op-pund',)  pp.    Opposed;  resisted. 
OP-Pf'0\'ER,  (op-pun'er  ,)  71.     One  who  opposes  or 

attacks  ;  that  which  opposes.  Boyle. 
OP-PCGN'I.Nc;,  (op-puu'ing,)  ppr.    Attacking ;  op- 
posiiic. 

OP-SI.M'A-THY,  71.  [Gr.  oi^/i^iaJtia;  ot^'t,  late,  and 
pav^avi'i,  to  learn.] 

Late  education ;  education  late  in  life.  [Little 
used.]  Hales. 
OP-SI-OM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  oii/ij  and  ptrpm,.] 

An  mstmment  for  measuring  the  extent  of  the 
limits  of  distinct  vision  in  different  individuals,  and 
from  that  to  determine  the  focal  Ic'ngth  of  a  li^ns  ne- 
cessary to  correct  imperfect  sight.  Brande. 
OP-SO-NA'TIO.\,  ti.    [L.  obsono,  to  cater.] 

.\  catering  ;  a  buving  of  provisions.    [Aof  u-ied.] 
OP'T.V-BLE,  a.    [I.,  optahilis,  from  opto,  to  desire.] 

Desinible.    [A%t  used.] 
OP'T.aTE,  c.  i.    [L.  opto.]    To  choose;  to  wish  for; 

to  desire.  Cotisrave. 
0P-T.\'TI0N,  iu    [L.  opfafio.] 

A  desiring  ;  the  expression  of  a  wish.  Penehnm. 
OP'TA-TIVE,  a.    [L.  optatirus,  from  opto,  to  desire. 
Expressing  desire  or  wish.    The  optative  mode,  in 
grammar,  is  that  form  of  the  verb  in  which  wish  or 
desire  is  expressed. 
OP'T.\-TIVE,  n.    Something  to  be  desired.  [Litde 

•"'",''•1  Bacon. 
OP  TIC,       )  a,    [Gr.  oirTiirot,  from  'urTouni,  to  see ; 
OP'TIC-AL.  i     -..t/,,  the  eye.] 

1.  Relating  or  pertiiining  to  vision  or  sight. 


2.  Relating  to  the  science  of  optics. 

Optic  antrte,  is  the  angle  incluiled  between  the  two 
rays  drawn  from  tlit;  tu'o  extreme  points  of  an  tdijcct 
to  the  center  of  the  pupil  of  the  eye  ;  also  called  vis- 
ual anirle.  Hutton. 

Optic  axis,  is  a  line  drawn  through  the  center  of  the 
eye  ficrpendicular  to  its  anterior  and  posterior  surfaces. 

Olm.^led. 

OP'TIC,  n.    An  organ  of  sight.  TrumiuU. 
OP'TIC- A  L-I.y,  adv.    lly  optics  or  sight. 
OP-TI"('I.A.\',  (op-tisli'an,)  7i.    A  person  skilled  in  the 

science  of  optics.    [Little  u.ied.]  Smith, 
2.  One  who  makes  or  sells  optic  glasses  and  in- 

stniinents.  Mams. 
OP'TIC.*^,  n.    The  science  which  treats  of  light  and 

vision.  Brande. 
OP'Tl CR.VPII,  71.    [G.  oTrr-'pni,  to  see,  and  ypa'l>i,i, 

to  write.] 

A  telescope  made  for  the  purpose  of  copying  land- 
scapes. Edin.  Kncyc. 
OP'TI-M.\-CY,  71.    [L.  optimiitra,  grandees,  from  oji- 
timvs,  best.] 

The  bodv  of  nobles  ;  the  nobility.  Howell. 

OP-TI-.MA'TK,^,v.  pi.  [\..]  The  Roman  nobility; 
and  hence  a  nobilily  in  genenl. 

OP'  J'I-.MR,  71.  'J'he  title  of  those  who  stand  in  the 
second  rank  of  honors,  iinuieiliately  after  the  wran- 
glers, in  tin:  L'niversily  of  ('anibridge,  Eng.  They 
are  divided  into  senior  and  junior  optimes. 

OP'TI-.MLS.M,  «.    [L.  optiuiiis,  best  ] 

'J'he  opinion  or  doctrine  that  every  thing  in  nature 
is  ordered  for  the  best  ;  or  the  onler  of  things  in  the 
universe  that  Is  adapted  to  produec  the  most  good. 

The  true  and  aini^dije  pliiltw.phy  of  optimism.  Walsh. 
A  iVkt-in  of  ttrict  optiihisin  in.iy  tjo  the  real  system  in  lioth 
tisis.  Foley. 

OP'TI-MIST,  71.  Ono  who  holds  the  opinion  that  aH 
events  are  ordered  for  the  best.  Stewurt.- 

OP-TI  M'l TY,  71.    The  state  of  being  best. 

OP'TIO.N',  Ji.  [L.  optio,  frtun  opto,  to  wish  or  de- 
sire.] 

1.  The  power  of  choosing  ;  the  right  of  choice  or 
election  ;  as.  the  archbishop's  option  in  collating  to  a 
vacant  benefice. 

There  is  an  option  left  to  the  UiiiU'd  States  of  Atneiicn,  whether 
they  will  be  rT?8ppct.-ibIe  and  prosperous,  or  conteii.plible  and 
uiis/jralile,  as  a  nation.  Washington. 

2.  The  power  of  wishing  ;  wish. 

3.  (,'lioice  ;  election;  jireference.  lie  ought  not  to 
complain  of  his  lot ;  it  was  his  own  option.  We 
leave  Ihis  to  your  own  optivn. 

4.  In  the  stock  ezchan<Te,  a  percentage  paid  for  the 
"  optitin  "  of  selling  or  of  buying  stock  at  a  certain 
price,  and  at  a  given  future  time.  Brande. 

OP'TIO.V-.M,,  (1.    Left  to  one's  wish  or  choice;  de- 
pending on  choice  or  preference.    It  is  optional  with 
you  to  go  tir  stay. 
2.  Leaving  something  to  choice. 
Ori^iia!  writs  are  either  optional  or  peremptory.  Blaekstnne. 

OP'TION-AL-LY,  adr.    With  the  privilege  of  choice. 

OP-TO.M'E-TER,  n.  .An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  limits  of  direct  vision.  Buchanan. 

OP'II-LE.N'CE,  71.    [L.  opulentia,  (torn  opes,  wealth.] 
Wealth;  riches;  aflluence.    [Opllescv  ix  h«/e 
used.]  SicifL 

OP'C-LENT,  a,    [L.  opulnitiis.] 

\Vealtby  ;  rich  ;  affluent ;  having  a  large  estate  or 
properlv.  Bacon.  South. 

0P'T;-I,E.\T-LY,  adv.    Richlv  ;  with  abundance  or 

0-PLrrf'ei;i.E,  ,1.    [L.  opuscuium.]  [splendor. 
A  smrill  work.  Jones. 

O'PVS  OP-H-RA'TU.^r,  [L.,  the  thing  done.]  In 
tlieolo^j,  an  expression  applied  to  the  mere  out\\'ard 
administration  of  a  sacrament  or  rile,  which  is  sup- 
posed by  many  to  be  in  all  cases  attended  with  a 
spiritual  efTect.  Hook. 

OR,  a  termination  of  Latin  nouns,  is  a  contraction  of 
vir,  a  man,  or  from  the  s;iine  radix.  'J'he  same  word, 
vir,  is  in  our  mother  tongue,  7rcr,  and  from  this  we 
have  the  English  termination  rr. 

It  denotes  an  agent,  as  in  actor,  creditor.  ^Ve  an- 
nex it  to  many  words  of  English  origin,  as  in  lessor; 
as  we  dt>  tr  to  words  of  Latin  anil  Gr.  origin,  as  in 
ttstronomer,  laborer.  In  general,  i»r  is  annexed  to 
words  of  Latin,  and  rr  to  those  of  English,  origin. 

OR,  CO  nj.  [Sax.  iifAcr;  Coder.  It  seems  that  or  is  a 
contraction  of  other.  "  Tell  us  by  what  anrtorilie 
thou  iloesl  these  thynges.  Other  who  is  he  that 
gave  the  thys  aiictoriie  ?  "  T)tndale's  A'ew  Te.^lomeot.] 
A  connective  that  marks  an  alternative.  "  You 
may  reail  or  may  write  ; "  that  is,  you  may  do  one 
of  the  things  at  your  pleasure,  hut  not  bolh.  It  cor- 
responds to  eitlier.  A'oii  may  eiUirr  ride  to  I.ondon, 
ITT  to  Windsor.  It  often  connects  a  series  of  words  or 
propositions,  presenting  a  choice  of  either.  He  m.ay 
study  law,  or  medicine,  or  divinity,  or  he  may  enter 
into  trade. 

Or  sometimes  begins  a  sentence,  but  in  this  case 
it  expresses  an  niternative  «  ilh  the  foregoing  sen- 
tence.   ^Viiff.  vii.  and  ix.  ^ 

In  poetry,  or  is  sometimes  used  for  either. 

For  thy  vast  bounli'D  are  to  noml»T|.-«s, 

Th.U  them  or  to  eonceni  or  clw-  to  ^ 

Is  e<inally  iiop(i«sit-le.  (hmtmf. 


TONE,  B!;LL,  unite. -A\"GER,  VI"CIOUS._e  ns  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ORA 


ORB 


ORD 


Or  is  often  used  to  express  an  alternative  of  terms, 
definitions,  or  exijIanatioMS  of  llie  sajne  tiling  in  dif- 
ferent words.  Tims  we  say,  a  thins  is  a  square,  or 
a  fisure  under  fijiii  equal  sides  and  anjxles. 

Or  ever.    In  lliii  phrase,  &r  is  a  corruption  of  ere, 
Sax.  iBre,  before  ;  that  is,  hrfore  ever. 
OR,  in  heraldry,  pold.   [Fr.  or,  L.  aurum.'\  [Expressed 

in  engraving  by  dots.  —  E.  II.  Bnrkcr.] 
0'R.\,H.    A  money  of  account  among  the  Anglo-Sa.x- 
ons,  valued  in  the  Doomsday  Book  at  twenty  pence 
sterling.  P.  C)jc. 

OR'ACH,  )  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Atriplux,  some- 
OR'R.\CH,  \     times  used  as  a  substitute  for  spinagc. 

Partington. 
Wild  orach  is  of  the  genus  Chenopodium. 
OR'A-CLE,  (or'a-kl,)  ji.    [Fr.,  from  L.  oraculum,  from 
ore,  to  utter  ;  Sp.  oracuto ;  It.  oraculo.] 

1.  Among  pa:.'au.i,  the  answer  of  a  god,  or  some 
person  reputed  to  be  a  god,  to  an  inquiry  made  re- 
specting some  affair  of  importance,  usually  respect- 
ing some  future  event,  as  the  success  of  an  enter- 
prise or  battle. 

2.  'J'he  deity  who  gave,  or  was  supposed  to  give, 
answers  to  inquiries  ;  as,  the  Delphic  orach. 

3.  The  place  wliere  the  answers  were  given. 

Brande. 

4.  Among  Christians,  oracles,  in  the  plural,  denotes 
the  communications,  revelations,  or  messages  deliv- 
ered by  God  to  prophets.  In  this  sense,  it  is  rarely 
used  in  the  singular  ;  but  we  say,  the  oracles  of  God, 
divine  oracles,  meaning  the  Scriptures. 

5.  The  sanctuary,  or  most  holy  place  in  the  temple, 
in  which  was  deposited  the  ark  of  the  covenant. 
1  Kinirs  vi. 

6.  Any  person  or  place  where  certain  decisions 
are  obtained.  Pope. 

7.  Any  person  reputed  uncommonly  wise,  whose 
determinations  are  not  disputed,  or  whose  opinions 
are  of  great  authority. 

8.  A  wise  sentence  or  decision  of  great  authority. 
OR'A-CLE,  r.       To  utter  oracles.  .Mdlon. 
O-RAC'U-L.AR,    )  c.    Uttering  oracles  ;  as,  an  orac- 
O-UAC'lJ-LOUS,  i      ular  tongue. 

Tlie  oraculoue  seer.  Pope. 

9.  Grave  ;  venerable  ;  like  an  oracle ;  as,  an  orae- 
nlar  shade. 

They  have  sometliing  venerable  and  oracular  iii  that  unaHorned 
gravity  and  shortness  in  the  expression.  Pope. 

3.  Positive  ;  authoritative  ;  magisterial ;  as,  oracu- 
lous  expressions  of  sentiments.  Olanville. 

4.  Obscure  ;  ambiguous,  like  the  oracles  of  pagan 
deities.  Kin<T, 

0-R.'\e'r-LAR-LY,  )  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an 
O-RACU-LOl'S-LY,  \      oracle.  Brown. 

Q.  Authoritatively  ;  positively.  Burke. 
O-RAC'U-LOUS-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  orac- 
ular. 

OIl'.\l-SOX,  (or'e-zun,)  n.    [Fr.  oraison;  L.  oratio.} 
Prayer ;  verbal  supplication,  or  oral  worship  ;  now 
written  Orison.  Shah.  Dryden. 

O'R.^L,  «.    [Fr.,  from  L.  os,  o?-i>,  the  mouth.] 

Pertaining  to  the  mouth  ;  iitlered  by  the  month,  or 
in  words;  spoken,  nut  written;  as,  oral  traditions; 
oral  testimony  ;  oral  law.  Jiddison. 

O'RAlr-LY,  adv.  I!y  mouth  ;  in  words,  without  writ- 
ing :  as,  traditions  derived  orally  from  ancestors. 

OR'.ANCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  aurantium ;  so  named 
from  aurnm,  gold,  which  the  orange  resembles  in 
color ;  It.  arancio ;  Pp.  miranjo  ;  Port,  laranja ;  D. 
oranje ;  G.  oran<re.'\ 

The  fruit  of  a  species  of  Citrus  which  (flows  in 
warm  climates.  The  fruit  is  round  and  depressed  ; 
it  has  a  rough  rind,  which,  when  ripe,  is  yellow. 
This  contains  a  vesicular  pulp  inclosi;d  in  nine  cells 
for  seeds.  Tlie  tree  produoing  oranges  grows  to  the 
liight  of  ten  or  twelve  feet,  and  bears  the  same 
name. 

OR'AXGE,  o.  Pertaining  to  an  orange;  of  the  color 
of  an  orange. 

OR'AXCiE-ADE',  71.  A  drink  made  of  orange  juice, 
corresponding  to  lemimade  ;  orange  sherbet. 

Smart.    Knctie.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

OR'Ji.^'-dE.aT,  (or'an-zhat,)  [Fr.]  Orange  peel  cov- 
ered with  candy. 
2.  Orangeade.  Encyc.  Dom,  Econ, 

OR'ANGt^eOI.'OR-rn,  (  kul'lurd,)  a.  Having  the 
color  of  an  cirange. 

OR'ANfiE-.ME.V,  71.  pi.  The  name  given  to  an  Irish 
Protestant  six  iely  which  was  siippri-sued  in  183G. 

OR'AN6rC-MfSK,  71.    A  »fM:cies  of  pear. 

OR' ANtJE-PI'.Ef,,  7i.  The  rind  of  an  orange  separated 
from  the  fruit. 

OR'AN-6EU-Y,  71.    [Fr.  orangrrie.'] 

A  place  for  raijiing  oranges ;  a  plantation  of  orange- 
trees. 

OR'ANftE-TAW'NY,  a.  Of  a  color  between  yellow 
anil  brown.  Smart. 

OR'ANftE-TAWNY,  71.  A  color  b.lween  yellow 
and  brown.  Smart. 

OR'ANGFl-VVIFE,  71.    A  woman  that  si  lls  or.inges. 

6  RA.\(;'-OI,' TA.\(;',  n.  [Orang  is  naul  to  be  the 
jMnhiy  for  man,  that  iH,  reanonnble  beiiig,  tind  nutang 
la  aaid  to  be  the  Malay  of  wild,  that  ix,  of  the  woods.] 


A  qimdrumanous  mammal,  the  Pythecus  Satyrus, 
orSiniiaSatyrus.  This  animal  seems  to  be  confined 
to  Borneo,  Sumatra,  and  Malacca.  It  approaches 
the  most  ne.'lrly  to  man  of  any  animal  of  its  tribe. 
It  is  utterly  incai)able  of  walking  in  a  perfectly  erect 
posture.  Its  body  is  covered  with  coarse  hair  of  a 
brownish  red  color.  In  some  places  on  its  back  it  is 
six  inches  long,  and  on  its  arms  five  inches.  The 
hight  of  the  adult  animal  is  not  known.  A  single 
specimen  supposed  to  be  of  this  species  has  been 
killed,  which  measured  at  kast  six  feet.  It  eats  both 
animal  and  vegetable  food. 

The  African  animal  r.'^scmbling  it,  is  the  chim- 
panzee, (Simla  troglodytes,  or  Troglodytes  niger.) 

Cuvicr. 

O-Ra'TION,  7!.    [L.  oratio,  from  oro,  to  pray,  to  utter.] 

1.  A  speech  or  discourse  composed  according  to 
the  rules  of  oratory,  and  spoken  in  public.  Orations 
may  be  reduced  to  three  kinds  ;  demonstrative,  de- 
liberative, and  judicial.  Encyc. 

9.  In  modern  usage,  an  oration  differs  from  a  ser- 
mon, from  an  argument  at  the  bar,  antl  from  a  speech 
before  a  deliberative  assembly.  The  word  is  now 
applied  chiefl\'  to  discourses  pronfi'unceil  on  special 
occasions,  as  a  funeral  oration,  an  oration  on  some 
anniversar}',  &.C.,  and  to  academic  declamations. 
3.  A  harangue  ;  a  public  speech  or  address. 
OR'A-TOR,  71.  [L.]  A  public  speaker.  In  ancient 
Rome,  orators  were  advocates  for  clients  in  the  ftirum, 
and  before  the  senate  and  people.  They  were  em- 
ployed in  causes  of  iuiportance  instead  of  the  com- 
mon iiation.  Encyc. 

2.  In  modem  nsage,  a  person  wlio  pronounces  a 
discourse  publicly  on  some  special  occasion,  as  on 
the  celebration  of  some  memorable  event. 

3.  An  eloquent  [lublic  speaker  ;  a  speaker,  by  way 
of  eminence.  We  say,  a  man  writes  and  reasons 
well,  but  is  no  orator.  Lord  Chatham  was  an 
orator. 

4.  In  France,  a  speaker  in  debate  in  a  legislative 

5.  In  chancery,  a  petitioner.  [body. 

6.  An  officer  in  tiie  universities  in  England. 
OR-A-To'RI-AL,    j  a.    Pertaining  to  an  orator  or  to 
OR-A-TOR'ie-.^L,  i      oratory  ;  rhetoric.il ;  becoming 

an  orator.  \Ve  say,  a  man  has  many  oratorical 
flourishes,  or  he  speaks  in  an  oratorical  wav. 

VCntt?. 

OR-A-To'RI-AL-LY,    (  adv.  In  a  rhetorical  manner. 

OR-A-TOR'ie-AL-LY,  (  Taylor. 

OK-A-To'RI-0, 7i.  [It.]  A  sacred  musical  composi- 
tion, consisting  of  airs,  recitatives,  tluets,  trios, 
choruses,  &:c.  The  subjects  are  mostly  taken  from 
the  Scriptures.  The  text  is  usually  in  a  dramatic 
form,  sometimes  in  the  form  of  a  narrative.  Brande. 
2.  A  place  of  worship  ;  a  chapel. 

OR'.\-TO-RY,  71.    [Low  L.  oratorio,  from  orator.] 

1.  The  art  of  speaking  well,  or  of  speaking  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  rhetoric,  in  order  to  persuade. 
To  constitute  oratory,  the  speaking  must  be  just  and 
pertinent  to  the  subject  ;  it  must  be  methodical,  all 
parts  of  the  discourse  being  disposed  in  due  order 
and  connection  ;  and  it  must  be  embellished  with 
the  beauties  of  language  and  pronounced  with  elo- 
quence. Oratory  consists  of  four  parts,  invention, 
disposition,  elacntion,  and  pronunciation.  Encyc.  Cyc. 

2.  Exercise  of  eloquence.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Among  the  Roman  Catholics,  a  close  apartment 
near  a  bed-chamber,  furnished  with  an  altar,  a  cru- 
cifix, &c.,  for  private  devotions. 

4.  A  small  chapel  or  place  allotted  for  social  prayer. 

Hooker.  Taylor. 
Priests  of  the  oratory  ;  among  Roman  Catholics,  ec- 
clesiastical persons  living  in  community  without 
being  bound  by  any  special  vow.  Brande. 

OR'A-TIlfx^'  j  "■    ^  female  orator.  M'arner. 
ORli,  71.    [l!  orliis:  Fr.  It.  and  Sp.  orhr.] 

1.  A  spherical  body  ;  as,  the  celestial  orlis. 

2.  In  oUl  astronomy,  a  hollow  globe  or  sphere. 

Brande. 

3.  A  wheel  ;  a  circular  body  that  revolves  or  rolls ; 
as,  the  orbs  of  a  chariot.  Milton, 

4  A  circle:  a  sphere  defined  by  a  line;  as,  he 
moves  111  a  larger  orb.  ILdiday.  Sluik. 

!5.  A  circle  described  by  any  mundane  sphere  ;  an 
orbit.  Dryden. 

().  Period  ;  revolution  of  time.  Shak. 

7.  The  eye.  Mdton. 

8.  In  tactics,  the  circular  form  of  a  body  of  troops, 
or  a  circular  body  of  troops.  Encyc. 

The  aiii  ieiit  astronomers  conceived  the  heavens 
ns  CKiisisting  of  several  vast  azure  traiispanuil  orbs 
or  sph'  T'  s  im  losing  one  another,  and  including  the 
biiilli-s  of  the  lil.llletK.  Ilnllon. 
Ollli,  r.  f.    To  form  into  a  circle.  Milton. 
OU'liATK,  n.    I  I,,  orlmlus.] 

lii  iravi  il  ;  rulii  rb  ss  ;  childless. 
OR-HA'TIO.N,  II.    [I,,  orhatio.  from  orho,  to  bereave.] 
Privation  ijf  parents  or  children,  or  privation  in 
genrral.    [A'ot  n.ird.] 
ORlt'/;|i,  n.    Round;  circular;  orbicular.  Shah, 

2.  Formed  into  a  circular  or  round  shape.  Milton. 

3.  Roiindeil  or  covered  on  ilw  exterior. 

•I'he  tvli-.  l»  were  orlf./ «  nil  ffaiil.  Adilitan. 


ORB'ie,  a.    Spherical.  Bacon, 

UR-nie'I|-LAK,  a.   [Fr.  orbiculaire,  from  L.  orbiculws.'] 
Spherical ;  circular  ;  in  the  form  of  an  orb. 

Milton,  jiddison. 

OR-Bie'TJ-LAR-LY,  adv.  Sphericallv. 

OK-Bie'U-LAR-NESS,  71.  Sphericity;  the  state  of 
being  orbicular. 

OR-nie'U-LATE,     )        rr      i.-    7  ,  i 

OR-Bie'U-LA-TED,  i  "rbicuUUus.] 

Made  or  being  in  the  form  of  an  orb.  In  botany, 
an  orbiculate  or  orbicular  leaf  is  one  that  has  the 
periphery  of  a  circle,  or  both  its  longitudinal  and 
transverse  diameters  equal.  Martiin. 

0R-We-lI-L.A'T10.\,  71.  The  state  of  being  maile  in 
the  form  of  an  orb.  More, 

ORB'I.NG,  ppr.    Forming  into  a  circle. 

ORB'IS,       i  71.   A  fish  of  a  circular  form,  the  c/ii£(o 

ORB'-FISII,  (  don  orbis  of  Gmelin,  inhabiting  the 
Indian  seas.  It  is  covered  with  a  firm,  hard  skin,  full 
of  small  prickles,  but  is  destitute  of  sc.-iles.  It  ia 
unfit  tor  food.  Diet.  .Vat.  Jlist. 

OKB'IT,  71.  [Fr.  orUte  ;  L.  orbita,  a  trace  or  track, 
from  oriis,  a  wheel.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  the  path  described  by  a  heavenly 
body  in  its  periodical  revolution ;  as,  the  orbit  of 
Jupiter  or  Mercury.  The  orbit  of  the  earth  is  nearly 
one  hundred  antl  ninety  millions  of  miles  in  dianr- 
eter.  The  orbit  of  the  moon  is  four  hundred  and 
eighty  thousand  miles  in  diameter.  Tlie  orbits  of  the 
planets  are  elliptical. 

2.  A  small  orb.    [JVot  proper.]  Young. 

3.  In  antdon.y,  the  cavity  in  wliicli  the  eye  is  situ- 
ated. 

4.  In  ornitlwlvgy,  the  skin  which  surrounds  the 
eve. 

ORR'IT-.AL,     I  a.    Pertaining  to  the  orbit. 
ORB-IT'lT-AL,  S  Med.  Repos,  Hooper. 

[Orbital  is  tlie  preferable  word.] 

ORB'I-TY,       (       l^-  '^'""^•J 

Bereavement  by  loss  of  parents  or  children.  [LH- 
tle  used.]  Him. 
ORR'I.IKE,  a.   Resembling  an  orb. 
ORH'Y,  a.   [from  ur4.]   Resembling  an  orb.  Chapman, 
one,  71.    [L.  orca  :  Gr.  nov}  a.] 

.\  cetaceous  mammal  of  uncertain  and  unsettled 
character  ;  a  species  of  whale.  Drayton. 
The  Delpliinus  orca  of  Liunieus  is  the  grampus. 
OR'CliAL,  ) 

OR'CHEL,  >     See  Archil. 
OR'ClllL,  ) 

OR'€H.\-^'ET,  71.    A  plant,  Anchusa  tinctoria. 

Ainsworth. 

OR'CHARD,  74.  [Sax.  ortgeard  ;  Goth,  aurtigards ; 
Dan.  urtegaard ;  Sw.  'drtegard ;  that  is,  wort-yard,  a 
yard  for  herbs.  The  Germans  call  it  baumgartcn, 
tree-garden,  and  the  Dutch  boomgaard,  tree-yard. 
See  Yari).] 

An  iiiclosure  or  assemblage  of  fruit-trees.  In 
Great  Britain,  a  department  of  the  garden  appropri- 
ated to  fruit-trees  of  all  kinds,  but  chiefly  to  apple- 
trees.  In  .America,  any  piece  of  land  set  with  apple- 
trees  is  called  an  orchard :  and  orchards  are  usually 
cultivated  land,  being  either  grounds  for  mowing  or 
tillage.  In  some  parts  of  the  country,  a  piece  of 
giuuiid  planted  with  peach-trees,  is  called  apeach-or- 
etiard.  But  in  most  cases,  I  believe  the  orchard  in 
both  countries  is  distinct  from  the  garden. 
OR'Cll.\lll)-lXG,  71.   The  cultivation  of  orchards. 

Evelyn. 

2.  Orchards  in  general.  United  States. 

OR't^lIARU-IST,  71.    One  that  cultivates  orchards. 
OK'eHES-TR.\,  (or'kes-tra,)  r  71.    [h.  orchestra  :  Gr. 
OR'eilES-TER,  (or'kes-ter,H    op-cijoTpu,  from  00- 
OR'eilES-TRE,  (or'kes-ter,)  (    ynorno,    a  dancer, 

from  np\'  I'nai,  to  dance  ;  originally,  the  place  for  the 

chorus  of  dancers.] 

1.  The  part  of  a  theater  or  other  public  place  appro- 
priated to  the  musicians.  In  tJie  Grecian  theaters,  the 
orchestra  was  a  circular  level  space  between  the 
spectators  and  the  stage,  and  was  used  by  the  chorus 
fur  its  evolutions  and  dances.  In  the  Roman  theaters, 
it  was  no  part  of  the  scene,  but  was  situated  in 
front  of  the  stage,  and  was  occupied  by  senators 
and  other  persons  of  distinction.         SmitJi\i  Diet. 

2.  The  body  of  performers  in  the  orchestra. 

Busby. 

OR'CHES  TRAL,  17.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  an  or- 
che'stra  ;  suitable  for  or  performed  in  the  orcliestra. 

Busby. 

OR-CHI-DA'CEOUS,  ((7r-ke-dri'slms,)  <i.  Pertaining 

to  that  LTOup  of  plants  of  which  Orchis  is  the  type. 
OK  ('lllD'F.-Ol'S,  71.  riiifia.]  Pertaining  to  Orchis. 
Dli'CllIS,  (or'kis,)  71.    [L.  orchix:  Gr.  o<i\ic.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  many  of  which  have  fragrant 
and  beautiful  flowers  of  singular  forms.      /'.  Cyc. 
OR'CliN,  11.    A  cryslalli/.able  coloring  matter  obtained 

frmii  a  species  of  lichen. 
ORI),  71-    [Sax.]    An  edge  or  point,  ns  in  oreMc/m, 

Ord  signifies  beginiiiiig,  ns  in  ords  and  ends. 
OR  D.^IN',  r.  I.    [I.,  ordino,  from  ordo,  order  ;  Fr.  or- 
donnrr:  It.  ovdinare :  Sp.  ordcnar :  Ir.  orduighim.] 
I.  Properly,  to  set ;  to  establish  in  a  particular 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


ORD 

office  or  order  ;  liencc,  to  invest  with  a  niiniiilerial 
fiiiii'tion  or  saciTilotal  power  ;  to  intrmliice  anil  es- 
talilisli  or  iicitle  in  Ilie  pastoral  ollirc-  with  the  custom- 
ary forms  and  solemnities  ;  as,  to  ordain  a  minister 
of  the  gospel.  In  America,  nu  n  arc  onlaineit  over  a 
particular  church  anil  congregation,  or  as  evantielists 
without  the  charRC  of  a  particular  ciiurch,  or  as  ilea- 
cuns  in  the  Episcopal  church. 

2.  To  appoint ;  to  decree. 

JcrolHjnin  ordauttd  a  fouil  iii  the.  ctghlh  month.  —  I  Kin<^  xii. 
A»  many  aa  were  ordcuntd  to  eternal  life  iMrlii'vcU.  —  Acta  xiii. 

The  faetl  teiitp 
The  icene  of  death  and  place  ordaintd  lor  pniilahment. 

Dn/dtn. 

3.  To  set ;  to  establish  ;  to  institute  ;  to  constitute. 

Miilmuliiis 

Ordaintd  our  hivv«.  Shai. 

4.  To  set  apart  for  an  office  ;  to  appoint. 

Jemw  ordairud  twelve,  tli.tt  Uiey  should  be  witli  him. —  Mark  iii. 

5.  To  appoint ;  to  prepare. 

For  Toplii't  in  orrfrtiiii./  of  old.  —  la.  xxz, 

OU-OALVA-lil-E,  o.    That  may  be  appointed.  iriiU. 

Oll-l>.\l.N'/'JU,  or  a.  .Appointed;  instituted;  es- 
tablished ;  invested  with  ministerial  or  pastoral 
functions  ;  settled. 

Oll-D.AlN'ER,  II.  One  who  ordains,  appoints,  or  in- 
vests with  sacerdotal  powers. 

OU-l).\lN'INtJ, /)/ir.  Appointins  ;  establishing;  in- 
vestinu  with  sacerdotal  or  pastoral  functions. 

OR-DaI.V'I.NG,  a.  That  ordains,  or  that  has  the 
right  or  power  to  ordain  ;  as,  an  urdaininir  council. 

Oll-D.^IN'.MENT,  II.    The  act  of  ordaining.  Burke. 

OR'DE-AL,  n.  [Sax.  ordal  or  ordicl  ;  G.  urtheil :  D. 
orderl.  The  last  syllable  is  deal,  to  divide  or  distrib- 
ute. The  sense  of  the  prefix  is  less  ubvjous.  VVil- 
kins  supposes  or  to  signify  wit/wut,  as  in  some  Snxtm 
words  it  has  that  sense,  and  ordeal  to  signify  without 
dillVri'iice  or  distinction  of  persons,  entire  judgment. 
In  Saxoii,  nrd  signilies  origin,  cause,  beginning, 
prime.  In  G.  ur  signifies  prime,  very,  original ;  ur- 
trort^  primitive  word,  'n  Dutch,  o«r  is  the  i-iir  ;  oorlo^y 
war.  Itut  this  prefix  would  seem  to  be  the  same  as 
in  furloWf  (fiirlout:!)  ;)  for,  in  G.  urUub^  D.  otirtuf^ 
Dan.  or/«i',  S-w.  orlnf,  is  a  furlow,  and  this  indicates 
that  or  is  a  corruption  of  far  or  fur.  In  Welsh,  this 
word  is  gurdal,  which  Dweii  c,>iiipi>iinds  of  gor, 
high,  snperior,  extreme,  above,  and  t&l,  reward,  re- 
quital ;  aiitl  gordal  signilies  not  only  ordeal^  but  an 
over-payment, a  making  satisfaction  over  and  above. 
Or  then,  may  signify  out,  away,  and  in  ordeal  may 
denote  ultimate,  final.  But  the  riral  sense  is  not  ob- 
vious. The  pr.ictice  of  ordeal,  liiiwcver,  seems  to 
have  had  its  origin  in  the  belief  that  the  substances 
used  had  each  its  particular  presiding  deity,  that  li.td 
perfect  control  over  it.] 

1.  i\n  ancient  form  of  trial  to  determine  guilt  or 
innocence,  pr.-utieed  by  the  rude  nations  of  Europe, 
and  still  practici'd  in  the  East  Indies.  In  England, 
the  ordeal  was  of  two  sorts,  fire-ordeal  and  icater-or- 
deiil  :  the  f<ii  nier  being  conliued  to  persons  of  higher 
rank,  the  latter  to  the  coiiiinon  people,  lloth  might 
be  perfiriii  'd  by  deputy,  but  the  [irincipal  wo^i  to  an- 
swer for  the  success  oi'  the  trial. 

Firenirdral  was  perfcn  ined  either  by  taking  in  the 
hand  a  piece  of  rcd-hnt  iron,  or  by  walking  barefoot 
and  blindfolil  over  nine  red-hot  plowshares,  laid 
lengthwise,  at  iinetpial  distances;  and  if  the  person 
escii|HMl  unhurt,  li.:  was  adjudged  innocent  ;  other- 
wise he  was  cundemned  as  guilty. 

H'atrr-iirdenl  was  performed,  either  by  plunging 
the  bare  arm  to  the  elbow  in  boiling  water,  or  by 
casting  the  person  suspected  into  a  river  or  pond  t>f 
colil^ater,  and  if  he  lloated  without  an  etfort  to 
swim,  it  was  an  evidence  of  guilt,  but  if  he  sunk  he 
»vas  acipiitted. 

Ilolh  ill  England  and  Sweden,  the  clergy  presided 
at  this  trial.  It  was  .at  last  condemned  .as  unlawful 
by  the  canon  law,  and  in  England  it  was  abolished 
by  an  order  in  council  of  Henry  III.  Blaekslone. 

It  is  probable  our  proverbial  phrase,  to  sa  throuffh 
fire  and  water,  denoting  severe  trial  or  danger,  is  de- 
rived from  the  ordeal  ;  .as  also  the  trial  of  witches  by 
3.  Severe  trial ;  accurate  scrutiny.  [water. 

OR'DER,  n.    [L.  ordo;  (qu.  Pers.  riubiA,  order, 

series  ;)  Fr.  ordre ;  It.  orjiiie  ;  Pp.  orden  :  Sw.  Dan. 
O.  and  Russ.  id. ;  Ir.  ord ;  but  all  from  the  Latin  ex- 
cept the  Persian.] 

1.  Regular  dis|x>sition  or  methodical  arrangement 
of  things ;  a  word  of  extensive  application  ;  as,  the 
order  of  troops  on  parade  ;  the  order  of  books  in  a 
library  ;  the  order  of  proceedings  in  a  legislative  as- 
»embly.    Order  is  the  life  of  business. 

Ciooil  oritT  ia  the  loumLvion  of  all  g^l  Uiiiifi.  Burke. 

2.  Proper  state  ;  as,  the  muskets  arc  all  in  good 
order.  When  the  bodily  organs  are  in  order,  a  |)er- 
•on  is  in  health  ;  when  they  are  out  of  order,  he  is 
Indisposed. 

3.  .Adherence  to  the  point  in  discussion,  according 
to  established  rules  of  debate  ;  as,  the  member  is  not 
in  order,  that  ia,  he  wanders  from  the  question. 


ORD 

4.  Established  mode  of  proceeding.  Tho  motion 
is  not  in  order. 

5.  Regularity  ;  settled  mode  of  operation.  This 
fact  could  not  occur  in  the  order  of  nature  ;  it  Is 
against  the  natural  order  of  things. 

6.  Mandate  ;  precept ;  cominainl ;  authoritative  di- 
rection. I  have  received  an  order  frttni  the  ccun- 
niander-in-chief.  The  general  gave  orders  to  march. 
Tliere  is  an  order  of  council  to  issue  letters  of 
marque. 

7.  Rule  :  regulation  ;  as,  the  rules  and  orders  of  a 
legisl.itive  house. 

8.  Regular  government  or  discipline.  It  is  neces- 
sary for  society  that  good  order  should  be  observed. 
The  meeting  was  turbulent;  it  was  impossible  to 
keep  order. 

9.  Rank  ;  class  ;  division  of  men  ;  as,  the  order  of 
nobles  ;  the  order  of  priests  ;  the  higher  orders  of  so- 
ciety ;  men  of  the  lowest  order;  order  of  knights  ; 
military  orders,  ice. 

10.  A  religious  fraternity  ;  as,  the  order  of  Bene- 
dictines. 

11.  A  division  of  natural  objects,  generally  inler- 
medi.ate  between  class  and  genus.  The  classes,  in 
the  Liinnxan  artificial  system,  are  divided  into  or- 
ders, which  include  one  or  more  genera.  Linnieus 
also  arranged  vegetables,  in  his  natural  system,  into 
groups  (if  genera,  called  orders.  In  the  natural  sys- 
tem of  Jussieu,  orders  are  subdivisions  of  classes. 

12.  Measures  ;  care.  Take  some  ort/er  for  the  safe- 
ty and  supiwrt  of  the  soldiers. 

Provide  iiie  soldien 
Whilst  1  t."vke  order  for  my  own  allaira.  ShnJ:. 

13.  In  rhetoric,  the  pl.acing  of  words  and  members 
in  a  sentence  in  such  a  inaniier  as  to  contribute  to 
force  and  beauty  of  expression,  or  to  the  clear  illus- 
tration of  the  subject.  Eneye. 

14.  The  title  of  certain  ancient  hooks  containing 
the  divine  office,  and  manner  of  its  performance. 

Kncitc 

15.  In  architecture,  a  system  of  several  members, 
ornaments,  and  proportions  of  coluiiiiis  and  pilas- 
ters ;  or  a  regular  arraugeinent  of  the  projecting 
parts  of  a  building,  especially  of  the  columns,  so  as 
to  form  one  beautiful  whole.  The  orders  are  five, 
the  Tuscan,  Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Compos- 
ite. The  order  consists  of  two  principal  members, 
the  column  and  the  entablature,  each  of  which  is 
composed  of  three  principal  parts.  Those  of  the 
column  are  the  base,  the  shaft,  and  the  capital  ; 
those  of  the  entablature  are  the  architrave,  the 
frieze,  and  the  cornice.  The  hight  of  the  Tu.scan 
column  is  14  modules  or  seinidianieters  of  the  shaft 
at  the  bottom,  and  that  of  the  entablature  3  1-2. 
The  hight  of  the  Doric  order  is  16  modules,  and  that 
of  the  entablature  nearly  4  ;  that  of  the  Ionic  is  18 
modules,  and  that  of  the  entablature  4  2-3  ;  that  of 
the  Corinthian  order  is  20  modules,  and  that  of  the 
ent.ablatiire  5.  The  hight  of  the  Composite  order 
agrees  with  that  of  the  Corinthian.  QwUl. 

Order  of  the  day ;  in  dehberatice  assemblies,  the  par- 
ticular business  previously  assigned  for  the  day. 

In  order;  for  the  purpose;  to  the  end;  as  means 
to  an  end.  The  best  knowledge  is  that  which  is 
of  the  greatest  use  in  order  to  our  eternal  happi- 
ness. 

General  orders ;  the  commands  or  notices  which  a 
military  commander-in-chief  issues  to  tho  troops  un- 
der his  comiiiand. 

Holy  orders;  in  the  Episcopal  church,  the  Christian 
ministry. 

/n  orders ;  in  the  Episcopal  church,  ordained  ;  in  the 
sacred  office. 

To  take  orders :  in  the  Episcopal  church,  to  be  or- 
dained ;  to  enter  into  the  sacred  ministry. 
OR'DER,  r.  (.  To  regulate  ;  to  methodize  ;  to  system- 
ize  ;  to  adjust ;  to  subject  to  system  in  management 
and  execution  ;  as,  to  order  domestic  allairs  with 
prudence. 

2.  To  lead ;  to  conduct ;  to  subject  to  rules  or 
laws. 

To  him  th.-tt  ordertth  hia  coiiversatJon  aright,  will  ]  show  tiie 
salralion  of  God.  —  Ps.  I. 

3.  To  direct ;  to  command.  The  general  ordered 
his  troops  to  advance. 

4.  To  manage ;  to  treat. 

How  shall  we  order  the  child  f  —  Judges  jtiii. 

5.  To  ordain  ;  to  put  into  holy  orders. 

Com.  Prayer. 

6.  To  direct ;  to  dispose  in  any  particular  manner. 

Ordtr  my  steps  in  Uiy  word.  —  Ps.  cxix. 
OR'DER,  r.  i.    To  give  command  or  direction. 

Jlilton. 

OR'DER-KD,  pp.    Regulated  ;  methodized  ;  disposed  ; 
cominaridetl  ;  managed. 

OR'DER-ER,  n.    One  that  gives  orders. 
2.  One  that  methodizes  or  regulates. 

OR'DER-ING,  ppr.     Regulating;  systcmizing ;  com- 
manding; disposing. 

OR'DER-I.S'G,  71.    Disposition  ;  distribution  ;  manage- 
ment.   2  Citron,  xxiv. 

OR'DER-LESS,  o.    Without  regularity  ;  disorderly; 
out  of  rule.  Shak. 


ORD 

OR'I)ER  I,l-NESS,  n.     [from  orderly.]    ReKUlarily ; 
a  state  of  being  meilioilii  al. 
2.  The  st.ate  of  being  orderly. 
OR'l)ER-LY,  a.    Methodical  ;  regular.  Hooker. 

2.  Ob.servant  of  order  or  nieihdd  Chapman. 

3.  Well-regulated  ;  |M-rfiiriiied  in  good  oriler  ;  not 
tumultuous  ;  as,  an  orderly  niarcli.  Clarendon. 

4.  According  to  established  method.  tlt-nker. 

5.  Not  unruly  ;  not  inclined  to  break  from  inclo- 
aures  ;  peaceable.    We  say,  cattle  are  urderlij 

G.  Ileiiig  on  duty  ;  as,  orJcr/i/ nlfirer,  the  officer  of 
the  day.  Campbrll'.-i  Md.  Diet. 

Orderly  book;  in  military  affairs,  a  book  for  every 
company,  in  which  the  sergeants  write  general  and 
regimental  orders.  Ci/c. 

Orderly  serireant;  a  military  otFicer  who  attends  on 
a  supiTior  ollicer. 
OR'DEK-I.V,  (ii/e.     Methodically;   according  to  due 

order;  rrgiilarlv  ;  aecoriliiig  to  rule.  Sliak. 
OR-DI-NA-UII,'i-rV,  n.    Capability  of  being  appoint- 
ed.   iJVut  nsrd.]  Hull. 
OR'DI-NA-BLE,  a.    Such  as  ni.iy  be  apiK.iiited.  [AVt 

used.]  Hammond. 
OR'DI-.N'AL,  a.    [I.,  ordinahs ;  fr.  ordinal.] 

Noting  order  ;  as,  the  ordinal  numbers,  first,  sec- 
ond, third,  ^c. 
OR'DI-N.AL,  n.    A  number  noting  order. 

2.  A  book  containing  the  ordination  service,  aa 
prescribed  in  the  English  church  Murdoch. 
OR'DI-iNANCE,  II.    [It.  or(/iiia'i:a  ;  Fr.  on/o/nia/icf.] 

1.  .A  rule  establislieil  by  authority  ;  a  permanent 
nile  of  action.  An  ordinance  may  be  a  law  or  stat- 
ute of  sovereign  power.  In  this  sense  it  is  ofleii  used 
in  the  Scriptures.  Krod.  xv.  JVum.  x.  E:ra  iii.  It 
may  also  signify  a  decree,  edict,  or  rescript,  and  the 
word  has  sometimes  been  applied  to  the  statutes  of 
parliament ;  but  these  are  usually  called  act..t  or  laws. 
In  the  United  States,  it  is  never  a  plied  to  the  acts  of 
Congress,  or  of  a  Statii  legislature 

2.  Observance  commanded.  Taylor. 

3.  .Appoiiitiiiriit.  Shak. 

4.  E>talitistied  rite  or  ceremony.  Heb.  ix.  In  this 
sea.se,  baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper  arc  denomi- 
nated oriliiiances. 

5.  Ordinance,  a  cannon,  is  now  written  Ord- 
nance. 

OR'l)l-.\A.\D,  M.    One  about  to  be  ordained. 

OR'DI-.VANT,  n.    One  who  ordains. 

OR'DI-NANT,  a.    [L.  ordinan.i.] 

Ordaining  ;  decreeing.    [JVof  used.]  Shak. 

OR'Dl-N  A-RI-LY,  (irfti.  Primarily,  according  to  estab- 
lished rules  or  settled  method  ;  hence,  commonly  ; 
usually  ;  in  most  cases  ;  as,  a  winter  more  than  or- 
dinarily severe.  Olanotlle. 

OR'DI-NA-RY,  a.    [L.  ordinarius.] 

1.  According  to  established  order  ;  methodical  ; 
regular  ;  customary  ;  as,  the  ordinary  forms  of  law 
or  justice.  Mdisou 

2.  Common  ;  usual. 

Method  is  not  less  retjuiaite  in  ordinary  convera.ition  than  in 
writing.  AiUlidon. 

3.  Of  common  rank  ;  not  distinguished  by  superi- 
or excellence  ;  as,  an  ordinary  reader ;  men  of  ordi- 
nary judgiiieiit.  Hooker. 

4.  Plain  ;  not  handsome  ;  as,  an  ordinary  woman  ; 
a  (lerson  of  an  ordinary  form  ;  an  ordinary  face. 

5.  Inferior;  of  little  merit ;  as,  the  book  is  an  or- 
dinary performance. 

6.  An  ordinary  seaman  i.s  one  not  expert  or  fully 
skilled,  and  hence  ranking  below  a  seaman. 

OR'DI-NA-RY,  n.  In  the  iommon  antl  canon  law,  one 
who  h.as  ordinary  or  immediate  jurisdiction  in  mat- 
ters ecclesiastical ;  an  ecclesiastical  judge.  In  Eng- 
land, the  bisiiop  of  the  diocese  is  comiiiiuily  the  or- 
dinary, antl  the  archbishop  is  the  ordinary  of  the 
whole  province.  The  ordinary  of  assizes  and  ses- 
sions was  formerly  a  deputy  of  the  bishop  ap|Miinted 
to  give  malefactors  their  neck-verses.  The  ordinary 
of  Newgate  is  a  clergyman  who  attends  on  con- 
demned malefactors  to  prepare  them  for  death. 

Encyc.  Brande. 

2.  Settled  establishment.  Bacon. 

3.  Regular  price  of  a  meal.  Shak. 

4.  A  place  of  eating  where  the  prices  are  settled. 

Swifl^ 

5.  In  the  nary,  the  establishment  of  the  shipping 
not  in  actual  service,  but  laid  up  under  the  charge  of 
officers.  Brande. 

Jn  ordinary;  In  actual  and  constant  service  ;  stat- 
edly atleiiding  and  serving  ;  a.s,  a  physician  or  chap- 
lain in  ordinary.  An  embassador  in  ordinary,  is  one 
constantly  resident  at  a  foreign  court. 

OR'DI-NARY',  ri.  In  Afra/i/ri/,  a  portion  of  the  escutch- 
eon comprised  between  straight  or  other  lines.  It  ia 
the  .simplest  species  of  charge.  Brande. 

[They  are  divided  into  ^cu/n- ort/i'/irtnV^,  which  are 
the  pale,  the  bend,  the  fess,  the  chief,  the  cross,  the 
saltier,  the  chevron,  and  the  border  ;  and  lestrr  ordi- 
naries, as  the  fleur-de-lis,  the  annulet,  the  lozenge, 
the  martlet,  &c.  —  E.  H.  Barke^ 

OR'DI-.VaTE,  r.  (.    To  appoint.    [.Vol  lurti.] 

OR'DI-.NATE,  a.    [L.  ordinalaj.] 

Regular  ;  methodical.    An  ordinate  figure  is  one 
whose  sides  ond  angles  are  equal.  B  ■». 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN  'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  aa  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  os  SU  ;  Til  a-s  in  THIS. 


98 


777 


ORG 

OR'DI-NATE,  n.  In  geomclnj,  :i  straifilit  line  drawn 
from  any  point  in  a  curve  perpendicular  to  another 
straieht  line  culled  the  ahscUsa.  Branile. 

OR'Dl-NATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  regular,  methodical  man- 
ner. Skdton. 

Oll-DI-NX'TrON,  )i.    [L.  orilumth.l 

1.  The  state  of  beinj;  ordained  or  appointed  ;  es- 
tiWished  order  or  tendency  consequent  on  a  decree. 

Virtue  and  vice  have  a  natural  ordination  to  the  happiness  and 
misery  of  life  rcspt'Ctively.  Norris. 

2.  In  the  Episcopal  church,  the  act  of  conferring 
holy  orders  or  sacerdotal  power;  called  also  Cunse- 
cBiTioN.  Encyc. 

^  3*  In  the  Presbyterian  and  Cnnirrf  rTational  churches, 
thoact  of  settlinj  or  establisliini;  a  licensed  clergy- 
man over  a  church  ami  congregation  with  pastoral 
charge  and  authority  ;  also,  the  act  of  conferring  on 
a  clergyman  the  powers  of  a  settled  minister  of  the 
gospel,  without  the  charge  or  oversight  of  a  particu- 
lar churcli,  but  with  the  general  powers  of  an  evan- 
gelist, who  is  antliorized  to  form  churches  and  admin- 
ister the  sacraments  of  baptism  and  the  Lord's  sup- 
per, wherever  he  may  be  called  to  officiate 
OR'DI-NA-TIVE,  0.    Directing;  giving  order. 

Cottrrave. 

OR'DI-Na-TOR,  n.    One  who  ordains  or  establishes. 

Baxter. 

ORD'NANCE,  7i.  [from  onlinxnce.']  Cannon  or  great 
guns,  mortars,  and  hovv'itzers  ;  artillery. 

0R'D0J^-Jir.'3.\'CE,  n.  [Fr.]  In  art.,-,  the  disposition 
of  the  parts  either  in  regard  to  the  whole  piece  or  to 
the  several  parts.  Etmes. 

OR'DIJKE,  71.    [Fr.]    Dung;  excrements.  Shall. 

ORE,  71.  [Sax.  ure,ora;  D.  erts ;  G.  en,  du.  h.  as, 
itris,  brass  ;  Rabbinic,  "MJJ,  a  mineral.] 

1.  The  compound  of  a  metal  and  some  other  sub- 
stance, as  oxyzen,  sulphur,  or  carbon,  called  its  jdiii- 
eralizer,  by  which  its  properties  are  disguised  or  lost. 
Metals  found  free  from  such  combination,  and  exhib- 
iting naturally  tlieir  appropriate  character,  are  not 
called  ores,  but  natire  metals.  Vlm.'itcd. 
9.  Metal ;  as,  the  liijuid  ore.  Jililton. 

O'RE-AD,  II. ;  pi.  Oreads,    [from  Gr.  npof,  mountain.] 
A  mountain  nymph.  Milton. 

ORE'-WEEI),  )       „  J     r,,..      ji  ^ 

hRE'-WOOD  i       ^s''-™^*"-    [•^"'  Carew. 

O'RE  TE'j^US,  [L.]    By  word  of  month. 

ORF'GILD,  «.    [Sax.  orf,  cattle,  and  ireld,  payment.] 
The  restitution  of  goods  or  money  stolen,  if  taken 
in  the  davlinie.  Ainswortli. 

OR'FRaYS,  II.    [Fr.  orfroi.] 

Fringe  of  gold  ;  gold  embroidery.  Chaucer. 

OR'GAIi,  n.    Argal  ;  unrefined  or  crude  tartar.  Ure. 

OR'GAX,  71.  [ L.  orfri/7ni7/i ;  Gr.  o,'/}  ai"ji' ;  Sp.  and  It. 
ortrano  ;  Fr.  orirane ;  D.  and  G.  ortrel ;  Pers.  and  Ar. 
ariraiwn.] 

1.  A  natural  instrument  of  action  or  operation,  or 
by  which  some  process  is  carried  on.  Thus  the  arte- 
ries and  Veins  of  animal  bodies  are  orjaiw  of  circu- 
lation ;  the  lungs  are  iirirans  of  respiration  ;  the  nerves 
are  organs  of  perception  and  sensation  ;  the  muscles 
are  or<rans  of  motion  ;  the  ears  are  organs  of  hearing; 
the  tongue  is  the  organ  of  speech. 

2.  The  instrument  or  means  of  conveyance  or  com- 
munication. A  secretary  of  state  is  the  organ  of 
communication  between  the  government  and  a  for- 
eign power. 

3.  The  largest  and  most  harmonious  of  wind  in- 
struments of  music,  consisting  of  pipes  which  are 
filled  with  wind,  and  stops  touthed  by  the  fingers. 
It  is  blown  by  a  bellows.  Johnson.  Enaic. 

OR'GAN-BLriED'EU,  (  bild'er,)  n.    An  artist  vvlioso 

occupation  is  to  construct  organs. 
OR-OAN'ie, 
OR-GAN'ie-AL, 

1.  Pertaining  to  an  organ  or  to  organs  ;  consisting 
of  organs  or  containing  them  ;  as,  the  organic  struc- 
ture of  the  human  body  or  of  plants. 

2.  Produced  by  the  organs  ;  as,  organic  pleasure. 

^'  Kanirs. 
X  Instrumental ;  acting  as  instniments  of  nature 
or  art  to  a  certain  end  ;  as,  organic  arts.  JItllon. 

Organic  liodirs,  are  such  as  possess  orsans,  on  the 
action  of  which  depend  their  growth  and  perfection  ; 
as  animals  and  plants. 

Organic  Huhstances,  are  substances  which  proceed 
from  or  constitute  organic  bodies. 

Organic  remniun,  are  the  remains  of  animals  or 
vegctahli  H  pelrifietj  or  inilicdded  in  stone. 

Organiral  description  <)f  a  curve  ;  in  geometry,  the 
description  of  a  curve  on  a  plane,  by  means  of  in- 
striinients.  [irande. 
OR-GA.\'I€  AI,-I,Y,  ni/r.    With  organs  ;  with  organ- 
leal  structure  or  disposition  of  parls.    The  bodies  of 
animals  anil  plants  are  organically  framed. 
9.  Uy  means  of  orijans. 
OR-liAN'ie-AL-NE.S.S,  ».    The  state  of  being  organ- 

ical.  Joltnjfon. 
OR'GAN'-ISM,  71.    Organical  structure  ;  us,  the  organ- 
'  itm  of  bodies.  Ctrcw, 
OR'GA.N-IS'I',  II.    0»!e  who  plays  on  the  organ. 

Boyle. 

2.  One  who  sung  in  [larts  ;  an  old  musical  lue  of  the 
word. 


[L.  organicus.] 


ORl 

OR-GAN-I-Za'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  form- 
ing organs  or  instruments  of  action. 

2.  The  act  of  forming  or  arranging  the  parts  of  a 
compound  or-complex  body  in  a  suitable  manner  for 
use  or  service  ;  the  act  of  distributing  into  suitable 
divisions  and  appointing  the  proper  oliicers,  as  an  ar- 
my or  a  government. 

The  first  organization  of  the  general  government.  Pickering. 

3.  .Structure  ;  form  ;  suitable  disposition  of  parts 
whicli  are  to  act  together  in  a  compound  body. 

Locke. 

OR'GAN-IZE,  ?!.  I.  [Fr.  organiser;  It.  organiizare ; 
Sp.  or^aili:(ir.] 

1.  To  form  with  suitable  organs  ;  to  construct  so 
that  one  part  may  cooperate  with  another. 

Tliese  noliier  faculties  of  the  soul  orgnniztd  matter  could  never 
proiluce.  Ray. 

2.  To  sing  in  parts  ;  as,  to  organize  the  halleluiah. 

Busby. 

3.  To  distribute  into  suitable  parts,  and  appoint 
proper  officers,  that  the  whole  may  act  as  one  body  ; 
as,  to  organize  an  army.  So  we  say,  to  organize  the 
house  of  representatives,  which  is  dcme  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  oliicers  antl  verification  of  the  powers 
of  the  several  members.  So  we  say,  a  club,  a  party, 
or  a  faction  is  organized,  when  it  takes  a  systemized 
form. 

This  original  ard  ftupieme  will  organizts  the  government. 

W.  Cranch. 

OR'GAN-IZ-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Formed  with  organs  ;  con- 
structed organically  ;  systemized  ;  reduced  to  a  form 
in  which  all  the  parts  may  act  together  to  one  end. 
Animals  and  plants  are  organized  bodies.  Minerals 
are  not  organized  bodies. 

OR'GAN-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Constructing  with  suitable  or- 
gans ;  reducing  to  system  in  order  to  produce  united 
action  to  one  end. 

OR'G.\N-LOFT,  n.    The  loft  where  an  organ  stands. 

Tatlcr. 

OR-GAN-O-GRAPH'ie,       \  a.    Pertaining  to  organ- 
OR-GAN-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  )  ography. 
OR-GAN-OG'RA-PHIST,  ii.    One  who  describes  the 

organs  of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies.  Lindley. 
OR-GAN-OG'RA-PIIV,  n.    [Gr.  op}afr,v  and  ),oai4o).] 
In  botany,  a  description  of  the  organs  of  plants,  or 

of  the  names  antl  kinds  of  their  organs.  De  Cand. 
OR-GAN-OL'O-GY,  n.     That  branch  of  physiology 

which  treats,  in  particular,  of  the  dilTerent  organs 

of  animals,  especially  of  the  human  species. 

Encyc.  ,^m, 

OR'G.\-NON,  [Gr.]  )  »t.    In  philosophical  language,  a 

OR'GA-NU.M,  [L.]  )  term  nearly  synonymous  with 
IMethod,  and  implying  a  body  of  rules  aiul  canons 
for  scientific  investigation.  Brande, 

OR'GAN-PiPE,  71.  The  pipe  of  a  musical  organ.  Shak. 

OR'GAN-REST,  71.  [In  heraldry,  a  figure  of  uncer- 
tain origin,  borne  by  the  Granvilies  and  other  ancient 
families.  —  E.  II.  Barker.] 

OR'GAN-STOP,  71.  The  stop  of  an  organ,  or  any  col- 
lection of  pipes  under  one  general  name.  Busby. 

OR'GA-NY.    See  Origan. 

OK'GAN-ZINE,  (-zin,)  n.    Thrown  silk  ;  that  is,  silk 
twisted  like  a  rope  with  diflerent  strands,  so  as  to  in- 
crease its  strength.  Encyc.  Dom.  Econ. 
OR'GASM,  n.    [Gr.  ooyair/iOf,  from  opj  ou,  to  swell ; 
opya(^iAi,  to  irritate.] 

Immoderate  excitement  or  action  ;  as,  the  orgasm 
of  the  blood  or  spirits.  Blackmore.  Derham. 

OR'GEAT,  (or'zhat,)  ri.    [Fr.,  from  orge,  barley.] 
A  liquor  extracted  from  barley  and  sweet  almonds. 

Mason. 

OR'OE-IS,  71.    A  fish,  called  also  Organ-lino;  sup- 
posed to  be  from  Orkneys,  on  the  coast  of  which  it  is 
taken.  Johnson. 
OR'GIES,  (or'jiz,)  n.  pi.    [Gr.  ooj  io,  from  opyaa,  to 
swell ;  u/iyri,  fury;  L.  orgia;  Fr.  orgies.] 

1.  Frantic  nocturnal  revels  at  the  feast  in  honor  of 
Bacchus,  or  the  feast  itself.  Hence, 
9.  Drunken  revelry,  chiefly  by  night. 
OR'GIL-EOUS,  a.    [Fr.  urgurilleux,  from  orgueil.  Sax. 
or.'srl,  pride,  haughtiness;  Gr.  iipynw,  to  swell.] 
I'roiiil ;  haughty.    [.Yot  used,]  Shak. 
OR(;i;iOS5,  (org/,)  11.    [Fr.]    In  the  military  art,  ii>t\t;, 
thick  pieces  of  timber,  poin'ed  and  shod  with  iron, 
anil  hung  over  a  gateway,  to  be  let  down  in  case  of 
attack.  Brande. 

9.  The  term  also  denotes  n  machine  composed  of 
several  musket  barrels  united,  by  means  of  which 
several  explosions  are  inaile  at  once  to  defend 
breaches.  Brande. 
OR-I-dlAL'eUM,  )  71.  [L.  orichalcnm,  mounttiin 
OR'l-CIIALeU,  (  brass;  Gr.  opui  and  xaJ^«"«>' 
or  aurichalcum,  gold-brass.] 

A  metallic  substance,  resembling  gold  in  color,  but 
inferior  in  value  ;  a  mixed  metal  of  the  ancii'nts,  re- 
Nemliling  brass.  Spenser.  Brande. 

O'KI-EI,,  )  ,,,,  ,  „  .  ,  , 
O'RI-OI,,  i  "■    L'"''  """'0 

1.  In  Oiithic  nrchilretnrr,  a  bay  window.  Brande. 
9.  A  Niiiall  aparlmeiit  next  a  hall,  where  particular 
persons  dine  ;  a  sort  of  recess.    VObs.]  Cowrll, 
0'RI-E.N-CY,7i.  [Seo  Orient.]  Brightness  or  strength 
of  color.    [Little  used.]  U'atcrhonse. 


ORl 

O'RI-ENT,  a.    [L.  orie.ns,  from  orior,  to  arise.] 

1.  Rising,  as  the  sun. 

Moon,  that  now  meel'st  tlie  orienl  sun.  Milton. 
Tlie  orienl  morn.  MUton. 

2.  Eastern ;  oriental. 

3.  Bright;  shining;  glittering;  as,  orient  pearls. 

Dryden. 

O'RI-EXT,  71.  The  east ;  the  part  of  the  horizon  where 

_  the  sun  first  apjiears  in  the  morning. 

O'RI-ENT,  V.  t.  In  sun^eying,  to  orient  a  plan  signi- 
fies to  mark  its  situation  or  bearing  with  respect  to 
the  fiiur  cardinal  points.  Brande. 

O-RI-ENT'AL,  o.  Eastern  ;  situated  in  the  east  ;  par- 
ticularly, in  or  about  Asia  ;  as,  oriental  seas  or  coun- 
tries. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  east :  as,  the  oriental  radia- 
tions of  the  sun.  Brown. 

O-RI-ENT'AL,  71.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  some 
eastern  part  of  the  world.  VYe  give  the  appellatiim 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Asia,  from  the  Hellespont  and 
Mediterranean  to  Japan. 

0-RI-ENT'AL-!SM,  11.  A  term  applied  to  doctrines  or 
idioms  of  the  Asiatic  nations. 

O-RI-ENT'AL-IST,  71.  An  inhabitant  of  the  eastern 
parts  of  the  world.  Peters. 

2.  One  versed  in  the  eastern  languages  and  litera- 
ture. Uuselcti. 

O-RI-ENT-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  tirieiital 
or  eastern.     [JVot  used.]  Brown. 

OR'I-FICE,  (or'e-fis,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  orificium;  os, 
ori.i,  mouth,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

The  mouth  or  aperture  of  a  tube,  pipe,  or  other  cav- 
ity ;  as,  the  orifice  of  an  artery  or  vein  ;  the  orifice  of 
a  wound. 

The  orifice  of  £lna.  Ad'lison. 

OR'I-FLAMME,  t  r„  ■„  ^ 
OR'I-FLAMB,  VP"- orxftamme,-] 

The  ancient  royal  standard  of  France,  .^insworth, 
OR'I-GAN,        I        r,    f       ^  1 
O-RIG'A-NUM,  i        t^^-'  ^""^  ".■"lo-"'-] 

Marjoram,  a  genus  of  plants.  One  species  of  this 
genus  is  a  rich  aromatic,  e.xcellent  for  culinaiy  pur- 
poses. 

OR'l-GEN-ISM,  n.  The  opinions  of  Origen  of  Alex- 
andria, one  of  the  earliest  anil  most  karneil  of  the 
Greek  fathers.  He  supposed  that  hiiiiian  souls  ex- 
isted before  their  union  with  bodies  ;  that  they  were 
originally  holy,  but  became  sinful  in  the  preexislent 
state  ;  that  ail  men,  probably,  will  at  last  be  saved  ; 
and  that  Christ  is  again  to  die  for  the  salvation  of 
devils,  &c.  Murdoch. 

OR'I-GEN-IST,  71.  A  follower  of  the  opinions  of  Or- 
igen. 

OR'l-GIN,7i.  [Fr.  and  It.  OT-iViiif ;  Sp.  origen;  1..  urigo.] 

1.  The  first  existence  oi'  beginning  of  any  thing  ; 
as,  the  origin  of  Rome.  In  history,  it  is  necessary, 
if  practicable,  to  trace  all  events  to  their  origin. 

2.  Fountain  ;  source  ;  cause  ;  that  from  which  any 
thing  primarily  proceeds  ;  that  which  gives  existence 
or  beginning.  The  apostasy  is  believed  to  have  been 
the  origin  of  moral  evil.  'J'he  oriisin  of  many  of  our 
customs  is  lost  in  antiquity.  Nations,  likc^  iudiviil- 
nals,  are  ambitious  to  trace  their  descent  from  an 
honorable  origin. 

0-RlG'IN-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  originated. 

0-Rl6'IN-.\L,  71.  Origin.  [See  Obkjin,  with  wliich 
it  accords  in  signification.] 

9.  First  copy ;  archetype  ;  that  from  which  any 
thing  is  transcribed  or  translated,  or  from  which  a 
likeness  is  made  by  the  pencil,  press,  or  otherwise. 
Thus  we  say,  the  translation  is  not  equal  to  the  origi- 
nal. If  the  original  can  not  be  produced,  we  arc  per- 
mitted to  offer  an  authenticated  copy.  „ 

O-RlG'IN-AL,  a.    [Fr.  <>i-i>iii(( ;  h.  driginalL^.]9 

1.  First  in  order  ;  preceding  all  01  hers  ;  as,  the  orig- 
inal state  of  men  ;  the  original  laws  of  a  ctuintry  ;  orig- 
inal rights  or  powers ;  the  original  qiiestitm  in  debate. 

2.  Primitive ;  pristine  ;  as,  the  original  perfection 
of  Adam. 

Original  sin,  as  applied  to  Jldam,  was  his  first  act 
of  disobetlience  in  eating  the  furbitlden  fruit ;  as  ap- 
plied to  his  posterity,  it  is  iiiiilersttiod  to  mean  eilher 
the  sin  of  Atlam  inqmtetl  to  his  posterity,  or  that  cor- 
riijilion  of  nature,  or  total  depravity,  which  has  been 
derivetl  from  him  in  consetpience  of  his  apostasy. 
On  this  subject  divines  are  not  agreed. 

In  strictness,  original  sin  is  an  improper  use  of 
words,  as  sin,  ez  vi  termini,  implies  volititin  and  the 
transgression  of  a  known  rule  of  duty  by  a  mural 
agent,  lint  this  application  of  the  words  lias  been  i!s- 
ttiblished  by  long  use,  and  it  serves  to  express  itleas 
which  many  wise  and  good  men  entertain  '^n  this 
su  bject. 

;i.  Having  the  power  to  originate  new  thoughts  or 
couibinalioiis  of  thought ;  as,  an  original  genius. 
O-RIG-lN-.AL'l-TY,  n.    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
original. 

9.  The  power  of  originating  or  producing  new 
thouglils,  or  uncommon  combinations  of  thought; 
as,  originalitn  of  genius. 
O-RIC'IN  AL-LY,  uiio.    Primarily;  from  the  begin- 
ning or  origin. 

Cod  is  nnginally  holy  in  himscir.  Puarton. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B(JQK.— 


OKN 

2.  At  first;  at  the  origin.  iVoodicaril. 

3.  By  the  first  author ;  as,  a  book  originally  written 
by  another  hand.  Rnscommoii. 

O-RIC'IN-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  slate  of  being 
original. 

0-IU(5MN-A-RY,  a.    [Fr.  ori^inairc] 

1.  rrodnctive  ;  causing  existence. 

Thr  prv>ilnclioii  of  nniireiU  in  (lie  origiixary  way,  rrq'nr»»  i>  cci' 
Ulii  JrgKH  of  wiiriiith.  Olieiinc. 

2.  Primitive  ;  nrieinal.  Sandijs. 
[Tlii--  irnril  is  little.  uscd.\ 

O-RIG'IN-aTE,  v.  t.  To  cause  to  be ;  to  bring  into  ex- 
istence ;  to  produce  what  is  new 

The  chan^p  ta  lo  Ix*  i-ll'fctfd  wilhonl  »  rif-composition  of  the  whole 
civii  .mil  jmliucnlTiutsi,  for  llie  |iiiriio»e  u!  originalinj  a  new 
civil  onler  oill  of  the  elenienu  of  society.  Bnrke. 
That  nmtter,  whicli  can  not  think,  will,  or  oriyinale  niolion, 
fhoiilil  communicate  thought,  voliuon,  ami  mouvity,  is  pi  nnly 
ImpoKihlo.  Drnght. 
O-UKS'I.N-ATE,  V.  i.    To  take  first  existence ;  to  have 
ori;;in  ;  to  be  begun.  The  scheme  oriirinatrd  with  tlie 
governor  and  council.    It  originated  in  pure  bcnevo- 
U'nre. 

0-RIG'I-N*-TED,  pp.    Uronght  into  existence. 
0-RI<5'I-Na-TI.\(;,  ppr.  or  u.  liringing  into  existence. 
O-RtG-IN-A'TION,  H.    Tlie  act  of  bringing  or  coming 
into  existence  ;  first  production. 

D-jBCartes  fir-it  introihicil  the  fancy  of  mnkinw  a  world,  and  d<.- 
tlnciiisr  the  Qtigiiuitiun  of  the  universe  from  mechanical 
phnciplea.  Krit. 

2.  Mode  of  production  or  bringing  into  being. 
This  enica  is  propa^ted  by  animal  tvirentJ,  to  wit,  biitterfiies, 

after  the  common  ori^natiofi  of  all  Citterpillara.  Hay. 

O-RIG'IN-J-TOR,  n.  A  person  who  originates  or 
coinmimces. 

O-RIL'LON,  n.  FFr.]  In  fortification,  a  rounding  of 
earth,  faced  Willi  a  wall,  raised  on  the  shoulder  of 
those  bastions  that  have  casemates,  lo  rover  the  can- 
non in  the  retired  Hank,  and  prevent  their  being  dis- 
mounted. Encyc.  Brandc. 

O'RI-OIjE,  n.  The  popular  name  of  several  species  of 
birds  allied  t  >  the  thrushes,  having  their  plumage  of 
a  golden-yellow  mixed  with  black.  Partimrtnn. 

O-RI'ON,  n.  [Gr.  <.<ijuov  ;  unfortunately  accented  by 
the  poets  on  the  second  syllable.] 

A  large  and  bright  constellation  on  both  sides  of 
the  equinocti.tl.  Brandc. 

O  RIS-MO-LOC'IC-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  orisniology. 

O-RllS-MOI/O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ooiirjios,  a  term,  and  Ao- 
)  u?,  a  discourse.] 

In  natural  M.^tarij,  that  department  wh'ch  treats  of 
terms,  whether  descriptive  or  denominative. 

OR'I-SOX,  II.    [Fr.  oraison,  from  L.  oratio,  from  oro.] 
.\  prayer  or  supplication. 

Irf,wlT  Ihey  Iwwivl  adorinsf,  and  b-'^an 

Their  orwon*,  e.ach  mo.rning  duly  paid.  Milton. 

ORK,  n.    [L.  orcffl.l 

A  species  of  wtiale.    [Sep  One.] 
ORI.E,  n.    [Infra.]    In  hernldrii,  an  ordinary  in  the 
form  of  a  hllet,  round  the  shield. 

[An  inescutctieon  voided.  —      //.  Barker.] 

^^n/j'^i-T.  I  [Fr.  ourlet.  It.  orlo,  a  hem.  Uu.  Ileb. 
Cr'LoJ'S    ^W,  and  Ch.  Syr.] 

In  architecture,  a  fillet  under  the  ovolo  of  a  capital. 
OP.'LOP,  n.    [I),  ovcrloop,  a  running  over  or  overtlow- 

ing,  an  orlop,  that  is,  a  spreading  over.] 
The  lower  Afck  of  a  ship  of  the  line ;  or  that,  in 

all  vessels,  on  which  the  cables  are  stowed.  Toltm. 
OR-.MO-LO',  n.    [Fr.]    Brass  which  by  a  chemical 

process  is  made  to  assume  the  appt^arance  of  being 

gill.    It  is  used  in  making  lamps,  girandoles,  &c. 
OR'.N'A-MEXT,  n.     [L.  ornnmrntum,  from  orno,  to 

adorn.    Varro  informs  us  that  this  was  primitively 

osnamrntum :  but  this  is  improbable.    See  Adohn.] 
1.  That  which  embellishes  ;  something  which, 

added  to  another  thing,  renders  it  more  beautiful 

lo  the  eye. 

The  chains,  and  the  hracelrts,  and  the  mulHen,  the  bonnets,  and 
t)ie  orriamenlt  of  the  le^.  —  la.  iii. 

3.  In  architecture,  ornaments  are  sculpture  or  carved 
work. 

3.  Embellishment ;  decoration  ;  additional  beauty. 

Tlie  oemlment  of  a  meek  and  qntet  spirit,  which  is  in  the  sight 
of  liu<l  of  greiil  pna-.  —  I  Fet.  iii. 
OR'NA-.MENT,  v.  t.    To  adorn;  to  deck;  to  embel- 
lish. IVarburtoii. 
OH-N.VME\T'AL,  a.    Serving  to  decorate;  giving 
additional  beauty  ;  embellishing. 
Some  think  it  miw.  ornnrnentnl  to  wear  their  braceletj  on  their 
wmu  ;  oth  ers  aLont  ih'-ir  ankles.  Broun. 

OR-NA-MENT'AL-I,Y,  adv.    In  such  a  n^anner  as  to 

add  emhellishment. 
OR'.\  A . M E.\T-ED,  pp. or  <.  Decorated  ;  embellished  ; 

beautified.  Shenstonr. 
OR'.VA-ME.Vr-INO,  ppr.   Decorating;  embellishing. 
OR'X.ITE,  r.  t.    [U  orno.] 

To  adorn. 
OR'N.^TE,  a.    [L.  omatiw.] 

Ailorned  ;  decorated  ;  beautiful.  Milton. 
OR'.Na-TEI),  pp.    Adorned;  ornamented. 
OR'.NaTE  !,Y,  odr.    With  decoration.  Skelton. 
OR'X.\TE-.\ESS,  lu   Slate  of  being  adorned. 


ORR 

OR'NA-TING,  pi>r.  Embellishing. 
OR'NA-TURE,  n.    Decoration.    [Little  used.] 
OR-N'IS-GOP'ICS,  It.    Divination  by  the  observation 

of  birds.  Bailey. 
OR-NIS'CO-PIST,  n.    [Gr.  opvii,  a  bird,  and  trKjirito, 

to  view.] 

One  who  views  the  flight  of  birds  in  order  lo  fore- 
tell future  events  by  their  manner  of  flight.  [Little 
used.]  Johnson. 

Oll-NITH  TCir.MTE,  n.  [Gr.  opi'ij,  a  bird,  and 
iX"i'i,  a  track.] 

In  ireolo'nt,  a  name  given  to  the  foot-marks  of  birds, 
occurring  in  dill'i^rent  strata  of  stone.  Hitelicock. 

OR-NITirO-MTE,  n.  A  name  givt-n  to  fossil  birils, 
and  also  lo  stones  of  various  colors  bearing  the 
figure  of  birds.  Buchanan. 

OR-.\I-TII()-l,OG'ie-AL,a.  Pertainingtoornilliologv. 

OR  i\l-Tll()L'l)-GIST,  n.  [St;e  Ohnitholoov.]  A 
person  who  is  skilled  in  the  natural  history  of  birds 
who  unilerstniids  their  form,  structure,  habits,  and 
uses;  one  who  iloscribes  birds. 

0R-NI-TI10L'0-GY,n.  [Gr.  o/ivij,  a  bird,  and  Xoj  oj, 
discourse.] 

Thcscienceof  birds,  which  comprises  a  knowledge 
of  their  form,  structure,  habils,  and  uses. 

OR-NITH'O-MA.N-CY,  n.  [Gr.  opi/i{,  a  bird,  and 
pat'Tiia,  divination.] 

Augury,  a  species  of  divination  by  means  of  birds, 
their  flight,  &c.  Brandc. 

OR'iM-THO.X,  n.  [Gr.,  an  aviary.]  A  building  for 
the  keeping  of  bints.  Elnic.f. 

OR'Nl-TllO-RIIYiNeirUS,  n.  [Gr.  opuf,  ouvitios, 
a  bird,  and  /5ry\oi,  a  beak.] 

An  eflodienl  monotremalous  mammal,  with  ahorny 
beak  resembling  that  of  a  duck,  and  two  merely 
fibrous  cheek-teeth  on  each  sitle  of  both  jaws,  not 
fixeil  in  any  bone,  but  only  in  the  gum  ;  with  pen- 
tadactyloiis  paws  webbed  like  the  feet  of  a  biril  and 
formed  for  swimming,  and  with  a  spur  behinil  in  the 
hinder  feet,  emitting  a  poisonous  liquid  from  a  reser- 
voir in  the  sole  of  the  foot,  supplied  by  a  gland  situa- 
ted above  the  pelvis,  and  by  the  side  of  the  spine. 
1'lie  animal  is  covered  with  a  brown  fur.  It  is 
found  only  in  New  Holland,  and  is  sometimes  called 
Watek  Mole. 

OR-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Orolouy.]  Pertaining 
to  a  descriptiiui  of  mountains. 

O-ROL'O-GIST,  II.    A  describer  of  mountains. 

O  ROL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  o.oof,  a  mountain,  and  Aojos, 
discourse.] 
Tile  science  or  description  of  inoiintaiirs. 

O'RO-TUNll,  7!.  [L.  OS  and  rolundum.]  A  mode  of 
inton.ation  directly  from  the  larynx,  which  has  a  full- 
ness, cletirness,  strength,  smoothness,  and  ringing, 
or  musical  quality,  which  form  the  highest  perfec- 
tion of  the  human  voice.  Hu.<:h. 

OR'l'HAN,  n.    [Gr.  oo  Aui/of  ;  It.  orf.ino  ;  Fr.  oriihelin.] 
A  child  who  is  bereaved  of  father  or  mother, 
or  boUi. 

OR'PII.\N,  a.    Bereaved  of  parents.  Sidney. 
OR'PIIAN-AGE,  j  n.    The  sUile  of  an  orphan. 
OR'1'HAiN-IS.M,  i  Sherwood. 
OR'PHAN-£D,  a.    Bereft  of  parents  or  friends. 

i'ounrr. 

OR  PIIAN-OT'RO-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  o,o<;,ai.o«,  orphan, 
and  Tp(if:n,  food.) 

A  hospital  for  orphans.  Chulmers. 
OR'PII.\.\S-ef)URT,  II.  A  court,  in  some  of  the  states 
of  the  Union,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  estates  and 
persons  of  orphans.  Bouvicr. 
OR'PHIVAN, )  a.    Pert.aining  to  Orpheus,  the  poet 
OR4'IIie,      j     and  musician  ;  as,  Orphic  hymns. 

Bryant. 

OR'PHE-US,  n.    [Gr.  Ootff v;.] 

Ill  classical  mytholorry,  a  poet  who  is  represented  as 
having  had  the  power  of  moving  inanini.ate  bodies 
by  the  music  of  his  lyre.    [In  the  chussics,  Oriphens.] 

OR'PI-MEXT,  n.  [L,  aunpig-meiUuin;  aurum,  goltl, 
and  pi>rmenfum.] 

Sesquistilpliiiret  of  arsenic,  found  native,  and  then 
an  ore  of  arsenic,  or  artificially  composed.  The 
native  orpiinent  appears  in  yeilow,  brilliant,  and 
seemingly  t.alcky  masses  of  various  sizes.  The  reii 
orpiinent  is  called  Realoar,  and  is  a  protosulphiirtt 
of  arsenic.  It  is  more  or  less  lively  and  transparent, 
and  often  crystallized  in  bright  needles.  In  this  form 
it  is  called  KtiRX  ok  Arsh.nic. 

Fourcroy.    jVtckolson.    Encyc  Vre. 

OR'PIX,  n.  [Fr.]  .\  yellow  color  of  various  degrees 
of  intensity,  approaching  also  to  red.  Brandc. 

OR'Pl.N'E,  (or'pin,)  n.    [Fr.  orpin.] 

A  sitcnilent  plant  of  the  genus  Sediim,  lesser 
houseleek,  or  live-long.  Also,  a  plant  of  Soutln-rn 
Europe  belonging  lo  the  genus  Telephium.  The 
bastard  orpine  Is  of  the  genus  .-Xudmchne  ;  the  lesser 
erjiiiif  of  the  genus  Cnissula.  Partinnton.  Loudon. 

OR'RAril.    See  Orach. 

OR'RE-RY,  n.  An  astronomical  machine  for  exhibit- 
ing the  several  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 
This  machine  was  invented  by  George  Gr,-iliani,  but 
Rowley,  a  workman,  Ixirrowed  one  from  him,  and 
made  a  copy  for  iho  earl  of  Orrery,  after  whom  it 
was  named  by  Sir  Richard  Steele.  Similar  machines 
ore  called  also  Plane i  ariuhs.  Barloip. 


ORT 

OR'RI.S,  n.  The  plant  irii,  of  which  orria  seems  to  be 
a  corruption  ;  fleur-de-lis,  or  flag  Mower.  Its  root 
bas  an  agreeable  odor,  rcseiiibliiig  that  of  vitdets. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  sort  of  gold  or  silver  lace.    Ciu.  Or/rays. 

.Ivhtuon. 

ORSE'DEW,  (  dii,)  n.    Dutch  gtdd,  which  see 
OR'I",  n.    A  fragment ;  a  refuse.  Sttak. 
OR'TIIITE,  II.    [(Jr.  -.,/;„{,  straight.] 

A  variety  of  Allanite,  an  ore  of  cerium,  occurring 
in  long  ariciilar  crystals,  of  a  brownish  black  color, 
and  semi-inetallic  appearances.  Dana. 
OR-THO-CER'A-TITE,  )  n.pl.    [Gr.  ooO.f,  straight, 
OR-TIIO-CER'A-TA,      (      and  At..a{,  a  horn.] 

Terms  applieil  to  an  extinct  genus  of  i  -jiSili  pods, 
Inhabiting  straight,  niany-chambi  red  shells.  /'.  Cyc. 
OR'TII()-I)(l.\',  a.  [See  ( iiiriioooi v.]  S..;in,l  In 
the  Christian  faitli  ;  believing  tl„  gcn-iine  doc- 
trines taught  In  the  Scriptures  ;  opposed  lo  HEUEri- 
CAL  ;  as,  an  orthoilnx  Chrislian. 

2.  According  with  the  doctrines  of  Scripture;  as, 
an  orthodox  creed  or  faith. 
OR'THO-UOX-LY,  adc.    With  soundness  of  faith. 

Bacon. 

OR'TIIO-DO.X-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sound 
in  the  faith,  or  of  according  with  the  doctrines  of 
Scripture. 

OR'TllU-l)OX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  o.o9o,io{ia  ;  ',„0of,  right, 
true,  and  6olo,  opinion,  from  liunc  i,  to  think.] 

1.  Soundness  of  faith  ;  a  belief  In  the  genuine  doc- 
trines taught  in  the  Scriptures. 

Baail  bears  full  and  clear  testiii.uny  to  Gn'-rory's  orlAo^ory. 

Wauriand. 

2.  Consonance  to  genuine  scriptural  doctrines ;  as, 
the  orUindoTii  of  a  creed. 

OR-THO-l)RO.M'ie,  a.  [See  Obthodbomv.]  Per- 
taining to  orllioflriimv. 

OR-TllO-l)R().M'ies,  n.  The  art  of  sailing  in  a  direct 
course,  or  on  the  arc  of  a  gn  at  circle,  which  is  the 
shortest  distance  between  any  two  points  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  gkibe.  Brandc. 

OR'TIIO-DRO-MY,  11.  [Gr.  oo9o{,  right,  and  ipopof, 
course.] 

The  sailing  In  a  straight  coiir.se. 
OR-TII()-EP'I€-AL,  H.    Pertaining  to  orthoepy. 
OR'TIIO-E-PIST,  ;i.     [See  Orthoepv.]    One  who 

pronounces  words  correctly,  or  who  is  well  skilled 

in  pronunciation. 
OR'TIIO-E-PV,  n.    [Gr.  "oOotirt.a  ,•  o/iOuj,  right,  and 

fTT'K,  Word,  or  e-f>>,  to  speak.] 
The  art  of  uileriiig  words  with  propriety  ;  a  correct 

pronunciation  of  words.  J^ares. 
OR'TIIO-GOi\,  n.     [Gr.  opO.is,  right,  and  joji-io, 

angle.] 

.■\  rectangiil.ar  figure,  or  one  which  has  all  Its  angles 
richt  angles.  Peacham. 
OR-TIIO(i'ON-AL,  a.    Right-angled  ;  rectangular. 

Scldm. 

OR-TIIOG'RA-PIIER,  )  n.      [See  Obtho^raphv.] 
OR-TIIOG'RA-Plll.-^T,  (       One  that  siiells  words 
correctly  or  properly,  according  to  common  usage. 

Shak. 

OR-THO-OUAPII'If;,       I   a.       Correctly  spelled  ; 
OR-TIIO  (JRAPII'IC-AL,  (      writleii  with  the  prop- 
er letters. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  spelling  of  words ;  as,  to 
make  an  orthoirraphical  mistake. 

Orthographic  projection  ;  In  treometry,  the  projection 
of  points  on  a  plane  by  straight  lines  at  right  angles 
to  the  plane.  Brandc. 

Orthoirraphic  projection  of  tfie  ifphere ;  a  delineation 
of  the  sphere  upon  a  plane  that  cuts  it  in  the  middle, 
the  eye  being  suppo.sed  to  be  placed  at  an  infinite 
distance  from  il.  Barlow. 
OR-THO  GRAPirie-AL-LY,  a</c.  According  lo  (he 
rules  of  proper  spi  lling. 

0.  In  the  manner  (if  an  ortliogra|»hic  projection. 
OR-THO(;'RA  PIIV,   n.     [Or.   o.,«o) pa/-iu  ;  opOuf, 

right,  and  j  o  k/  i;.  wriling.] 

1.  The  art  of  writing  words  with  the  proper  letters, 
-according  to  common  usage. 

2.  The  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of  the  nature 
and  properties  of  letters,  and  of  the  art  of  wriling 
words  correctly.  Encyc. 

3.  The  practice  of  spelling  or  writing  words  wilh 
the  proper  li  tiers.  Swift. 

4.  In  srenmetry,  the  art  of  delineating  or  drawing 
the  fniiit  of  an  object,  and  exhibiting  the  bights  or 
ell  vations  of  the  several  parts  ;  so  called  because  it 
delermines  things  by  perpendicular  lines  falling  on 
the  geoinetrlral  plane.  Barloir.  CHtilt. 

OR  THOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  onOof,  right,  and  Xo,o{, 
discourse.] 

The  right  description  of  things.  Fothtrby. 
OR-TIIO.\n;-'i'RV,  n.    [Gr.  ooVoi,  right,  and  ptrnut, 
measurt\] 

The  act  or  practice  of  constnicting  verse  corrertly  ; 

the  laws  of  ctirrect  versification.  S.  Jones. 

OR-THOP-XCE'A,  )  n.  [Gr.  (io«  Tri  oia  ;  oo"os,  right, 
OR-TIIOP'.N'Y,      j      erect,  and  iri/oi;,  breath  ;  iruiu, 

to  breathe.] 

1.  A  disease  in  which  respiration  can  be  performed 
only  In  an  erect  iKisiure.  Harrey. 

2.  Any  dirtinilly  of  breathing.  Parr. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  aj  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  Tilia 


779 


osc 

OR-TIIOP'TKR-A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  o.oOus,  straight,  and 
Trrtpoi/,  wing.] 

An  order  of  insects,  so  named  from  the  straight  or 
longitudinal  foliling  of  their  wings.  'J'he  grasshop- 
pers, cocl<roaclies,  and  crickets,  are  examples  of  this 
order.  Partintrton.    P.  Cijc. 

OR-THOP'TER-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  order  Or- 
thoptera  ;  folding  the  wings  straight. 

OR''I'H(J-ST.'\DE,  It.  [Gr.  o/jflus,  straight,  and  Ira^iai, 
to  stand.] 

In  ancient  cnstnme,  a  long  and  ample  tunic,  with 
strainht  or  upright  folds.  Elmcs. 
OR-THOT'RO-FOUS,  «.    [Gr.  f)p0n?  and  Tpe-rio.] 

In  hnianv,  erect  on  the  embryo  of  a  plant.  L'mdley. 
OR-THOT'Y-POUS,  o.    [Gr.  u/;8o{,  straight,  and  ru- 
iTfjc,  form.] 

In  miiieraloffy,  having  a  perpendicular  cleavage. 

Shepard. 

OR'TIVE,  a.  [L.  or(it'ii.s,  from  ortus,  nrior,  to  rise.] 
Rising  or  ea-^tern.  The  ortine  amplitude  of  a  plan- 
et is  an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  between  the 
point  where  a  star  rises,  and  the  east  point  of  the 
horizon.  Brande. 
OR'TO-LAN,  n.  [It.  ortolano,  a  gardener,  an  ortolan, 
h.  hortidanus,  from  kortiis,  a  garden.] 

A  singing-bird,  the  Emberiza  hortulana,  about  the 
size  of  the  lark,  with  black  wings.  It  is  found  in 
Sunthcrn  Europe,  feeds  on  seeds,  and  is  delicious 
food.  P.  Cyc. 

ORTi?,  n.  pi.  Fragments;  pieces;  refuse.  [See  Okt.] 
OR'VAL,  n.    [Fr.  orvale.] 

The  herb  clary.  Dkt. 
OR-VI-E'TAN,  71.    [It.  orvietarw,  so  named  from  a 
mountebank  at  Orvielo.] 
An  antidote  or  counter  poison.    [JVot  used.] 

Brajide. 

OR-ye-TOG-NOS'Tie,  a.  Pertaining  to  oryctognosy. 

Kirtpan. 

OR-YC-TOG'NO-SY,  n.  [Gr.  opvKTo;,  fossil,  andyi/a- 
at(,  knoVledge.] 

The  science  which  has  for  its  object  the  descrip- 
tion and  classification  of  minerals,  according  to  well- 
ascertained  characters,  and  under  appropriate  denom- 
inations ;  mineralogy. 

Or?/cfi)^M.«?/ consists  in  the  description  of  minerals, 
the  determination  of  their  nomenclature,  and  the 
systematic  arrangement  of  their  different  species. 
It  coinciiles  nearly  with  Mineralogy,  in  its  mod- 
ern acceptation.  Cleacdand, 
OR-ye-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  opvKTos,  fossil,  and 
ypwiiws  to  describe.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  in  which  fossils  are 
described.  Cyc. 
OR-Y'e-TO-LOG'ie-AI.,,  a.    Pertaining  to  oryctology. 

flumble, 

OR-Ye  TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  upi/cro5,  fossil,  and  Xuyof, 
discourse.] 

Tliat  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  fossils. 

Cyc. 

OR,  n.    [L.]    A  bone.  [Technical.'] 
OS'CIIE-O-CeLE,  n.    [Gr.  oax'h  the  scrotum,  and 
KriXr],  a  tumor.] 
Any  tumor  of  the  scrotum  ;  a  scrotal  hernia. 

Cyc.  Core. 

OS-CIL-LS'RI-A,  n.  ;>/.    See  Oscillatori  a. 

OS'CIL-LaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  oscillo,  from  ant.  cillo,  Gr. 
««>Af-j,  to  move.] 

To  swing ;  to  move  backward  and  forward  ;  to 
vibrate.  Chambers. 

OS-CIL-LS'TION,  n.    [L.  oscillatlo.] 

Vibration  ;  a  moving  backward  and  forward,  or 
swinging  like  a  pendulum. 

OS-dL-L.VTo'RI-A,  n.  pi.  In  natural  history,  a  group 
of  minute,  filamentous,  organized  beings  which  have 
oscillatory  motions.  It  was  at  first  dotibted  whether 
they  belong  to  the  anim.'il  or  vegetable  kingdom. 

OS'<;iL-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Moving  backward  and  for- 
ward like  a  pendulum  ;  swinging;  as,  an  onrillatury 
motion.  JirbiLtknut. 

OS'(,'l-TAN-("Y,  n.  [L.  oscito,  to  yawn,  from  o.s-,  the 
mf)Uth.] 

I    The  act  of  gaping  or  yawning. 

2.  Unustial  sleepiness  ;  drowsiness  ;  dullness. 

It  rrii^hl  proceed  from  the  oacitaury  of  tranacribptfl.  Addison. 

OS'CI-TANT,  a.    Yawning  ;  gaping. 
2.  Sleepy  ;  drowsy  ;  dull ;  sluggish. 

Decay  if  Piety. 

OS'i;i-TA.S'T-LY,  ailv.    Carelessly.  More. 

OS'Cj-TA'l  E,  o.  i.    [I.,  oscilo.] 

Til  yawn  ;  to  gape  with  sleepiness. 

OS-CI-TA'TU).\,  n.  The  act  of  yawning  or  E^pinR 
from  HleepiricsH. 

OS'eU-LANT,  a.  That  adheres  closely;  that  em- 
lirHci'<i ;  applied  to  certain  creeping  animals,  as  cat- 
erpillarn.  Kirby. 

OS-CIM.A'TION  n.    [I>.  osrulaiio,  a  kissing.] 

In  eriimrtni,  the  contact  betwei^n  any  given  curve 
and  its  iwciilritory  circle,  that  is,  a  circle  of  the  same 
ciifvalure  with  the  given  curve  at  the  point  of  con- 
tact. Barlow. 

OS't;iM-A-TO  RY,  a.  An  otcntalory  circle,  in  grom- 
etrii,  in  a  circle  having  the  same  curvature  with  any 
curve  at  any  given  (M>inL  Bartow. 


OST 

OS'eU-LA-TO-RY,  n.  In  church  history,  a  tablet  or 
board,  with  the  picture  of  Christ,  or  the  Virgin,  &c., 
which  is  kissed  by  the  priest,  and  then  delivered  to 
the  people'for  the  same  purpose.  Cyc. 

OS'CULE,  71.    [L.  osculum,  a  small  mouth.] 
A  small  hi-labiate  aperture. 

O'SIER,  (6'zher,)  7!.    [Yr.  osier ;  Sa\.  hos.  Qu.] 

A  species  of  willow,  or  water-willow,  or  the  twig 

_  of  the  willow,  used  in  making  baskets.  Pope. 

6'SIER-KI),  a.    Covered  or  adorned  with  osiers. 

O'SIER-HoLT,  71.    [Sax.  holt,  a  wood.] 

In  England,  a  place  where  willows  for  basket-work 
are  cultivated.  Hooker's  Brit.  Flora. 

OS'MA-ZO.ME,  71.  [Gr.  onpii,  odor,  and  ^uipof, 
juice.] 

A  substance  of  an  aromatic  flavor,  obtained  from 
muscular  fiber.  It  is  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  is 
soluble  both  in  water  and  alcohol,  whether  cold  or 
hot,  but  it  does  not  form  a  jelly  by  concentration.  It 
gives  the  characteristic  odor  and  taste  of  soup. 

Thejiard. 

OS'MI-UM,  71.    [Gr. -j(T,,i;,  odor.] 

A  metal  contained  in  the  ore  of  platinum.  A  na- 
tive alloy  of  this  metal  with  iridium  is  found  in 
grains  along  the  rivers  in  South  America.  Osmi- 
um has  a  dark-gray  color;  it  is  not  volatile  when 
heated  in  close  vessels,  but  heated  in  the  open  air, 
it  absorbs  oxygen  and  forms  a  volatile  oxyd,  or  rath- 
er acid,  which  is  insoluble  in  the  acids,  readily  solu- 
ble in  potassa,  and  very  volatile.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  singular  smell  of  this  oxyd  or  acid.  Cyc. 

OS'MUND,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Osmunda.  'The 
most  remarkable  species  is  the  osmund  royal  or  flow- 
ering fern,  growing  in  shady  bogs,  the  root  of  which 
boiled  is  very  slimy,  and  is  used  in  stiffening  linen. 

Kncyc.  Forsyth. 

OS'NA-BURG,  (oz'na-burg,)  71.  A  species  of  coarse 
linen  imported  originally  from  Osnaburg,  in  Ger- 
many. 

OS'PRAY,  71.  [L.  ossifrnaa  ;  os,  a  bone,  and  frango, 
to  break  ;  the  bone-breaker.] 

The  fishing-eagle,  or  bald  buzzard,  Faico  or  Pan- 
dion  halitpttis.  This  is  our  fish-hawk.  It  feetis  on 
fish,  which  it  takes  by  suddenly  darting  upon  them 
when  near  the  surface  of  the  water.  P.  Cyc. 

The  name  has  also  been  given  to  the  sea-eagle. 
[See  OsstFRAGE.]  Edin.  Encyc. 

OS'SE-LET,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  os,  ossis,  a  bone.l 

A  hard  substance  growing  on  the  inside  of  a  horse's 
knee,  among  the  small  bones.  Far.  Diet. 

OS'SE-OUS.  a.    [L.  osseus,  from  os,  a  bone.] 
Bony  ;  composed  of  bone  ;  resembling  hone. 

Parkhitrst. 

Osseous  breccia  ;  a  breccia  made  up  of  fragments  of 
bone,  found  in  certain  caverns  and  fissures  of  rocks. 

Brande. 

OS'SI-CLE,  (os'se-kl,)  71.    [L.  ossiculum.] 

A  small  hone.  Holder. 
OS-SIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.      a  bone,  and /ei-o,  to  pro- 
duce.] 

Producing  or  furnishing  bones.  Buckland. 
OS-SIF'ie,  a.    [L.  OS,  a  bone,  and  fncio,  to  make.] 
Having  power  to  ossify  or  cliange  carneoiis  and 
meuibrantius  substances  to  bone.  Wiseman. 
OS-SI-FI-e.A'TIO.\,  n.    [Uom  ossify.]   The  change  or 
process  of  changing  from  flesh  or  other  matter  of  an- 
imal bodies  into  a  biuiy  substance;  as,  the  ossification 
of  an  artery.  Sluirp. 
9.  The  formation  of  bones  in  animals. 
OS'SI-FI-KD,  (-fide,)  pp.  or  a.    Converted  into  bone, 

or  a  hard  substance  like  bone. 
OS'SI-FRAtiE,  71.    [l..  ossifraga.    See  Ospray.] 

Tfie  sea-eagle,  Atpiila  ossifraga  of  Brisson,  now 
considered  the  young  of  the  white-tailed  or  cinereous 
eagle,  Falco  or  Aqiiila  albicilla.  In  Leviticus  xi.  13, 
it  denotes  a  different  bird,  supposed  to  be  the  Lam- 
mergeir,  Gypaitos  barbtitus.  Kitto's  Cyc.  P.  Cyc. 
OS'SI-F?,  t>.  t.    [L.  OS,  bone,  and  facio,  to  form.] 

To  form  bone;  to  change  from  a  soft  animal  sub- 
stance into  btuie,  or  convert  into  a  substance  of  the 
hardness  of  bones.  This  is  done  by  the  deposition 
of  calcareous  phosphate  or  carbonate  on  the  i>art. 

S/mrp.  Ure. 

O.S'SI-FY,  V.  i.  To  become  bone  ;  to  change  from  soft 
matter  into  a  substance  of  bony  hardness. 

OS'.SI-FV-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Changing  into  bone;  be- 
coming bone. 

OS-SI  V'O-ROUS,  a.    [L.  os,  bone,  and  voro,  to  eat.] 
Feeding  on  bones  ;  eating  bones ;  as,  ossivorous 

quadrupeds.  Derham. 
OS'SU-A  RY,  (osh'yu-,i-ry,)  71.    [L.  ossuarimn.] 

A  charnel-htiiise  ;  a  place  where  the  bones  of  the 

dead  are  deposited.  Diet. 
OST,    ( 71.    A  kiln  for  drying  hops  or  malt.  [Sec 
0(JS1\j     Oast.)  Diet.  Ens. 

OS-TEN-SI-nil/l-TY,  71.    [Seo  Ostensible.]  The 

ipiality  or  state  of  appearing  or  being  shown. 
OS-TEN'Sl-liI,E,  a.    [It.  osten^ibilc,  from  L.  ostendo, 

to  show.] 

1.  That  may  be  shown  ;  proper  or  intended  to  be 
shown.  Warton. 

2.  PlaiiMibIc  ;  colorable.  Pownall. 

3.  Appearing  ;  seeming ;  shown,  declared  or  avow- 
eil.    We  Hay,  the  ostensible  reason  or  motive  for  a 


OST 

measure  may  be  the  real  one,  or  very  different  from 
the  real  one.  This  is  the  common,  and  I  helieve  the 
only  sense  in  which  the  word  is  used  in  America 

ds  on  which  the  proprietors  hid  ob- 
ftamsny, 

OS-TEN'SI-BLY,  adv.  In  appearance  ;  in  a  manner 
that  is  declared  or  pretended. 

An  embargo  aiwl  nori-iiit*'rcouroe  which  totally  defeat  thp  interests 
they  are  ostensibly  (iestiiied  to  promote.  IValsh. 

OS-TEN'SIVE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ostendo.] 
Showing;  exhibiting. 

Ostensice   demonstration,  in   mathematics,   is  one 
which  plainly  and  directly  demonstnites  the  truth 
of  a  proposition,  as  opposed  to  the  apagosricnl  or  in- 
direct method.  Hutton. 
OS'TENT,  71.    [L.  ostentum,  from  ostendo.] 

1.  Appearance  ;  air ;  manner ;  mien.    [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

2.  Show  ;  manifestation  ;  token.    [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

3.  A  prodigy;  a  portent;  any  thing  ominous. 
[Little  used.^  Chapman.  Dnjden. 

OS'TENT-aTE,  7'.  (.    [L.  oslenlo.] 

To  make  an  ambitious  display  of ;  to  show  or  ex- 
hibit boastingly.    [JV«£  used.]  Taylor. 
OS-TENT-A'TION,  n.    [L.  ostevtatio.] 

1.  Outward  show  or  appearance.  Shak. 

2.  Ambitious  display;  vain  show;  display  of  any 
thing  dictated  by  vanity,  or  intended  to  invite  praise 
or  flattery.  Ostentation  of  endowments  is  made  by 
boasting  or  self-commendation.  Ostentation  often 
appears  in  works  of  art,  and  sometimes  in  acts  of 
charity. 

He  knew  IhM  "rootl  and  bountiful  minds  arc  Bometimes  inclined 
to  o«f«nf(Tt/on.  Atterbury. 

The  painter  is  to  make  no  oetgntalion  of  the  menns  by  whicll  lie 
strikes  the  ima^itiiition.  Reyttotds. 

3.  A  show  or  spectacle.    [J^Tot  used.]  Shak. 
OS-TENT-A'TIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     Making  a  display 

from  vanity  ;  boastful  ;  fond  of  presenting  one's  eii- 
dowinents  or  works  to  others  in  an  advantageous 
light. 

Your  modesty  is  so  far  from  bcin^  OFttntatioua  of  the  efood  you 
tlo.  D'ryiUn. 

2.  Showy:  gaudy;  intended  for  vain  display;  as 
ostentatious  ornaments. 
0S-TENT-.5'T101TS-LY,  adv.     With  vain  di.splay  ; 
boastfully. 

OS-TENT-A'TIOUS-NESS,  7t.  Vain  display  ;  boast- 
fulness  ;  vanity. 

OS-TENT-A'TOR,  71.  [L.]  One  who  makes  a  vain 
show  ;  a  boaster,    [f.iltle  used.]  Sherwood. 

OS-TENT'OUS,  a.  Fond  of  making  a  show.  [Liltli 
used.]  Feltham. 

OS-TE-O-eOL'LA,  71.  [Gr.  oareov,  a  bone,  and  toAAn, 
glue.] 

1.  A  carbonate  of  lime  incrusting  the  stem  of  a 
plant.  It  takes  its  name  from  an  opinion  that  it  has 
the  quality  of  uniting  fractured  bones.  [Obs.] 

J^ichihion.  Cleareland. 

2.  An  inferior  kind  of  glue  obtained  from  bones. 

Ure. 

OS'TE-O-eOPE,  71.  [Gr.  oaren,;  a  bone,  and  norroj, 
labor,  uneasiness.] 

Pain  in  the  bones  ;  a  violent,  fixed  pain  in  any 
part  of  a  hone.  Quincy.  Core. 

OS-TE-OC;'E-NV,  n.    [Gr.  oirrenv,  a  bone,  and  jci- 
vai't,  to  generate.] 
The  formatitm  or  growth  of  bone.  Brande. 

OS-TE-OL'O  CER,  )  71.      [See    Osteology.]  One 

OS-TE-OL'O-GIST,  (  who  describes  the  bones  of 
animals.  Smith. 

0S-TE-0-I,06'ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  descrip- 

OS-TE-O-LOG'ie-AL,  ]     tion  of  the  bones. 

OS-TE-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  oste- 
ology. Lairrenee,  Led. 

OS-TE-OL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  oittcoi',  a  bone,  and  Aojof, 
discourse.] 

1.  A  description  of  the  hones;  that  part  of  anato- 
my which  treats  of  the  bones.  Encyc. 

2.  The  system  of  animal  bones. 
O.S-THEX'Y,  71.    [Gr.]    The  ossification  of  snft  parts 
OS'Tl-A-RY,  71.    [L.  04(111771,  111  iiith.]       [of  the  body. 

Tl»e  mouth  or  opening  by  which  a  river  discharges 
its  waters  into  the  sea,  or  into  a  lake.  Brown. 
OST'LER.    See  Hostler. 
OST'LER-Y.    See  Hostleht. 

O.ST'MEN, /I.  pi.  E.ist  men  ;  Danish  settlers  in  Ire- 
land, so  called.  Lyttleton. 

OS-TRa'CEANS,  (-shiinz,)  n.  pi.  A  family  of  biv.alvo 
shell  fish,  of  which  the  oyster  is  the  tvpe.  Brande. 

OS'TRA-CISM,  71.  [Gr.  .mrpiu-iir/ius,  I'rom  oarpaKnv, 
a  shell,  .ir  potter's  ware.] 

1.  In  Grecian  antiquity,  banishment  by  tlif  people 
of  Athens,  of  a  person  whose  merit  and  influence 
gave  umbrage  to  them.  It  takes  this  name  from  the 
shell  on  which  the  name  or  the  note  of  acqiiiltil  or 
condemnation  was  written.  It  is,  however,  most 
probable  that  this  shell  was  a  piece  of  baked  earth, 
rendered  by  the  Latins  fc,«(/i.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Ilaiiishiucnt ;  expulsion  ;  separation. 

Sentrnced  to  a  nerpettml  ojtlnu^irrn  from  the  enteeni,  And  confi- 
dence, and  lionora,  atul  cinuluinenu  of  his  countrv. 

rVcferoinf,  l/amillon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PHBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK  


780 


OTH 


OUR 


OUT 


OS'TUA-CITE,  71.  [Gr.  oo-r/JUKin/s,  from  oaTpaKOv,  a 
shell.] 

An  ovster-sliell  in  its  fossil  state.  [Obs.] 
OS'TRA-t'tZE,  i\  t.    [See  0»triiohm.]    To  hanisli 
by  the  popular  voice,  purticittarhf  a  person  eminent 
for  public  services,  but  wlio  lias  lost  liis  popularity. 

Marvel. 

OS'TRA-CIZ-ED,  pp.  nanislicd  by  tlie  popular 
voice. 

OS'TUA-CIZ-ING,  ppr.  nanisliing  or  ciiielling  by 
the  popular  voice. 

O.S'TKICII,  n.  [Fr.  autntche;  Sp.  avestniz;  Port. 
jbpstruz :  It.  striizzo  :  G.  strauss ;  D.  fttruis  or  jrfruw- 
rntrfl ;  Dan.  stnul^i :  Sw.  stn(:f.< ;  L.  Mruthio-cavtclus  ; 
GrT  ■'Til  f,  n  sparrow,  aiul  an  ostrich.  The  niean- 
iiij  of  this  name  is  not  obvious.  The  wont  s(rau,«,  in 
German,  sijinifies  a  bush,  a  tuft,  a  bunch  ;  but  the 
latter  p  irt  of  this  name,  .>(r«2,  strwls,  strauss,  coin- 
cides also  with  the  Eng.  strut,  Dan.  strutter,  G.  strnt- 
zen  :  and  this  is  the  L.  struthio,  Gr.  fTrooii3"f.  'J'he 
first  part  of  the  word  in  l"r.  !*p.  and  Port,  is  from  L. 
aput.  The  primary  sense  of  struz,  strutkio,  &.C.,  is  to 
reach,  stretch,  evtend,  or  erect ;  but  whether  this 
name  was  given  to  the  fowl  from  its  stately  walk  or 
ap[>eanince,  or  from  some  part  of  its  plumage,  let 
the  reader  judL'<'. ] 

'I'he  popular  iianie  of  a  bird,  which  is  one  of  the  f  pe- 
des of  tlif  genus  Slrutluo.  The  true  ostrich,  a  native  of 
Africa  and  .Arabia,  is  the  largest  of  all  birds,  beingfoiir 
feel  high  from  the  ground  to  the  top  of  the  b.ick,  and 
seven,  eight,  anil  it  is  said  even  ten,  to  the  top  of  the 
head,  when  standing  erect.  Its  thighs  and  the  sides 
of  the  body  are  naked,  and  the  wings  are  so  short  as 
to  be  unlit  for  Hying.  The  plumage  is  elegant,  and 
much  used  in  nrnamental  and  showy  dress.  The 
speed  of  this  bird  in  running  exceeds  that  of  the 
fleetest  horse.  P.  Ci/c.  Parlini'ton. 

OS'TRO-GOTH,  n.  One  of  the  eastern  Goilis,'as  dis- 
tinsuished  from  the  Visigoths,  or  western  Goths. 

OT-.\-eoUS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  ojra,  ears,  and  axouui,  to 
hear.] 

Assisiing  the  sense  of  hearing;  as,  an  olacoustU 
inslriinicni. 

OT-AetJCf'Tre,        )n.  Aninstnimenttofaciliune 

OT-A-COUti'TI-€ON,  j     hearing,  as  an  car-trumpet. 

O  TAL'GI-A,  (  ,      .  „„.    .    „, .  ,„  [Barloio. 

O-T  \I  'GY     i  P 

O'TA-KY,  II.    [Gr.  oi's,  wr  .c,  the  ear.] 

Kared  seal ;  a  name  given  to  all  those  animals  of 

.  the  seal  family  which  have  external  eare. 

Janiiiie's  .N'at.  Lib. 

OTIl'F.R,  (utti'cr.)  o.  [Sax.  otArr;  Coder:  Gr.  trr- 
fj-'<  ;  (loth,  anthar ;  G.  anilrr.  Clu.  Pp.  otro.  If  the 
radical  letters  are  Tr,  qu.  Heb.  and  Ch.  "^n^,  residue. 
Till'  Frenc  h  autre  is  frcun  the  Latin  alter.] 

1.  Not  the  same  ;  dilferent ;  not  this  or  these. 

'I'll-  n  ihe  othtr  company  which  is  l<*fl  shall  Mcapc.  —  Gen.  xxxii. 
B"hvM,  it  wM  liinu'il  again,  as  his  oilier  tlesii.  —  Ex.  iv. 
Otfter  lunls  lirsi'lcs  Ihev  have  hail  floiiiiiiiun  orer  us.  — la,  xxvt. 
There  is  one  Gixl,  ami  there  is  none  o£A<r  but  he.  —  Marii  xii. 

2.  \ot  this,  but  the  contrary  ;  as,  on  this  side  of 
the  river  stands  Troy,  on  the  other  side  stands  Al- 
bany. 

Whoaoever  shall  smite  thee  on  thy  right  cheelt,  tnm  to  him  the 
ot/ter  also.  —  Matt.  r. 

3.  Noting  something  besides.  To  the  knowledge 
of  the  Latin  and  Greek,  join  as  much  other  learning 
as  you  can. 

4.  Correlative  to  «iicA,  and  applicable  to  any  num- 
ber of  individuals. 

They  asked  eaeA  othtr  of  ih-ir  welfare.  —  Ex.  xviii. 

5.  Opposed  to  Some  ;  as,  "  some  fell  among  thorns 
—  but  olAfr  fell  into  good  ground."    MatL  .xiii. 

G.  The  ne.xt.  Shale 
7.  The  third  part.  B.  Jonson. 

Other  is  used  .as  a  substitute  for  a  noun,  and  in 

this  use  has  the  plural  number  and  the  sign  of  the 

possessive  case. 

The  fool  ami  the  bnitiih  person  die,  and  leave  their  wealth  to 

otflrrs.  —  Ps.  xllx. 
Wluw  <lo  y  more  than  ortrrs  7  —  Matt. 
We  wep.  cliililren  of  u  R\ih  even  ns  olhert.  —  Eph.  ii. 
TiK  confusion  arises,  *hcn  the  one  will  put  Ur'ix  »icltle  into  the 

othtr't  harvest.  Lettty. 

Willi  the  sign  of  the  possessive,  other  is  preceded 
by  the,  as  in  the  last  example. 

Other  is  sometimes  put  elliptically  for  ofAfr  fAin-^. 
From  such  a  man  we  can  expect  no  other. 

The  olhrr  day  ;  at  a  certain  time  past,  not  distant, 
but  indefinite  ;  not  long  ag< 


OTII'ER-GSTES,  (uth'er-,)  nrfr.    [otAer  and  eate,  for 
way,  manner.]    In  another  manner.    [Oft,«.f  Shak.\ 
OTll'ER-GUISE,  ado.     [ofAcr  and  gnuie,  manner.] 
[Coi 


[Obs.]  Shak. 
uv.     ivuicr  iiiiti  guise,  manner.^ 
Of  another  kind.      [Corruptly  pnmiuinced  ofAer- 

>rHes.-t.\ 

OTH'ER-WIIBRE,  orfr.    [otArr  and  uiA«-e.]    In  some 

other  place  ;  or  in  other  places.  Milton. 
fiTII'ER-WIIILE,    lailc.      [other   and   while.]  At 
Oril'ER-WIIILES,  i     other  limes. 
Of  ll'ER-\VI?E,  (uth'er-wi7.e,)  adv.    [other  and  loije., 
manner.]    In  a  ditTerent  manner. 

Thy  father  was  a  worthy  prince, 
And  merite,!,  alas  I  a  Ijetter  fate ; 
But  Heaven  thoufht  olAerinse.  Addiion. 


3.  By  other  causes. 

Sir  John  Norris  failed  In  the  attempt  of  Lisbon,  and  relumed 
Willi  the  toss,  by  sickness  and  olMrwitt,  of  8000  men. 

Baleeh. 

3.  In  other  respects. 

It  is  said  truly,  that  the  best  men  olherwUt  are  not  alwavs  die 
b«-s(  in  n-gard  to  society.  Hooker. 

O'TI-UM  CUM  DIO-JVi-TA'TE,  (8'shc-um-,)  [L.] 
Dignified  leisure. 

S  o 

OT'TAR,  )  , 

OT'TO,    i        [from  Ar.  ^W**  denoting  aroma.] 

The  aromatic  principle ;  as,  the  "  ottar  of  roses,"  a 
hiulily  fragrant  concrete  oil  obtained  from  the  petals 
of  the  rose  ;  spelled  also  Attar.   Custrll.  .^siat.  Res. 

OT'TER,  n.  [Sax.  oter,  otar,  or  offer;  G.  otter,  an  ot- 
ter, an  adder  or  viper  ;  1).  offer ;  Sw.  Mffcr.  The  Lat- 
in Intra,  Fr.  lontrc.  It.  Inntra,  Sp.  nutria,  may  possi- 
bly be  the  same  word  varied  in  dialect.] 

The  popular  name  of  digitisrade  carnivorous  mam- 
mals, of  the  genus  Lutra,  of  which  about  nine  spe- 
cies are  described.  They  all  have  large,  llattish 
he.ads,  short  ears,  webbed  toes,  crooked  nails,  and 
tails  slightly  flattened  horizontally.  They  are  atiuat- 
ic,  and  feed  on  tish. 

OT'TER,  n.  A  colored  farinaceous  pulp,  in  a  dry 
state,  wliicli  surrounds  the  seeds  within  the  peri- 
carp, of  Ihe  Uixa  Orellana,  a  small  tree  or  shrub  in- 
digeno.'s  !o  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  This  sub- 
stance is  called  Ururo,  or  by  contniction  Rocon, 
and  also  Arnotto  and  .^notta.  It  is  much  used  to 
give  a  kind  of  salmon  color,  and  it  is  reputed  to  be 
medicinal. 

OT'TO,  n.    Essential  oil  of  roses.    [See  Ottar.] 

OT'TO-M.AN,  a.  Designating  something  that  pertains 
to  the  Turks  or  to  their  government ;  as,  the  Offoman 
power  or  empire.  The  word  originated  in  Othinan 
or  Osnian,  tlie  name  of  a  sultan  who  assumed  the 
government  about  the  year  1300.  Eton. 

OT'TO- .MAN,  H.  A  sort  of  ihick-stutTcd  mat  used  in 
i2.  A  stool  with  a  stiitTed  seat.  [Turkey. 

OU-BLI-KTTES',  ((><)-h\e-H',)  n.  pi.  [Fr.]  A  dun- 
geon with  an  opening  only  at  the  lop,  for  persons 
contlemned  to  perpetual  imprisonment,  or  to  perish 
secretly.  Diet,  dc  VJlcad. 

OUCH,  n.  A  bezil  or  .socket  in  which  a  precious  stone 
or  seal  is  set.    Eiod.  xxxix. 

2.  A  carcanet  or  ornament  of  gold.  Fosbroke. 

3.  The  blow  given  by  a  boar's  tusk.  [Ois.] 

Jiiiisworth, 

OUGHT.   See  Aught,  the  true  orthography. 

OUGHT,  (awl,)  V.  imperfect.  [This  word  seems  to  be 
the  preterit  tense  of  the  original  verb  to  owe,  that  is, 
Sax.  aitan,  Goth.  ai*ran,  Sw.  U'ja,  to  have  or  possess, 
the  radical  sense  being  to  hold,  to  restrain  or  stop ; 
hence  the  passive  participle  would  signify  held, 
bound.  In  this  sense  it  was  used  by  S|)elinan  and 
Dryilen.  But  ouirht,  as  used,  is  irregular,  being  used 
in  all  persons,  butli  in  the  present  and  past  tenses  ; 
as,  /  ouirlu,  tlwa  oughtest,  he  ought ;  we,  ye,  Vicij 
ouffht.) 

1.  To  be  held  or  bound  in  duty  or  moral  obliga- 
tion. 

These  oiit[fil  ye  to  have  done,  and  not  to  leave  the  other  imdonc. 
—  Mall,  xxiii. 

\Ve  that  are  strong  ou?A(  to  bear  the  infirmities  of  the  weak.  — 
Rom.  XV. 


2.  To  be  necessary  ;  to  behoove. 

Ought  not  Christ  to  have  suOered  these  Utings,  and  to  enter  into 
glory  i  —  Luke  xxiv. 

3.  To  be  fit  or  expedient  in  a  moral  view. 

My  brethren,  these  tilings  ought  not  lo  to  be.  —  James  iii. 

4.  As  a  participle,  owed  ;  being  indebted  for. 

The  love  and  duty  I  Iniig  have  on^hl  you.  Spetman. 
That  followetl,  sir,  which  to  niyscli'  1  oughL  Dryden. 

[In  thi9  sense,  obsolete.] 

5.  In  Chaucer's  time,  it  was  used  imperson.ally. 
"  VVel  ought  us  wcrke,"  that  is,  well  it  behooveth  us 
to  work. 

OU.N'CE,  (ouns,)  n.  [L.  uticiVi,  the  twelfth  part  of  any 
thing  ;  Gr.  ovy;  tn  ;  nut  Ihe  Greek  is  frtun  tlie  Latin  ; 
Fr.  once;  It,  oncia,  an  ounce,  and  an  inch  ;  Sp.  onza  ; 
D.  once  :  G.  unze.  fnrh  is  from  the  same  root,  being 
the  twelfth  |Kirt  of  a  fiMit.J 

1.  .\  weight,  the  iwelfih  part  of  a  pound  troy, 
and  the  sixteenth  of  a  pound  avoirdii|Kiis.  In  troy 
weisht,  the  ounce  is  twenty  pennyweights,  each  of 
twenty-four  grains. 

2.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Fells.    [See  O^CE.^ 

OUND'ING,  (       [Fr.  onde ;  L.  undo.] 

Waving.    [Aof  used.]  Chaucer. 
OUPIIE,  (oof,)  n.    [Teutonic  a«J7";  but  probably  con- 
I     traded  from  elf,  G.  alp.  ] 

I        A  fairv ;  a  goblin ;  an  elf.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
'  OUPH'£.N,  (oofn,)  fl.    Elfish.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
OUR,  a.    [Sa.x.  ure ;  in  the  oblique  cases,  urum,  urne, 
whence  our  vulgar  oum  ;  Sw.  ror;  Dan.  vor,  Ir.  ar  ; 
Basque,  gure.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  us ;  as,  our  country  j 
our  rights  ;  our  troops. 


2.  Ours,  which  is  primarily  the  possessive  case  of 
our,  is  never  iisetl  as  an  ailjective,  but  as  a  substitute 
for  the  adjective  and  the  noun  to  which  it  belongs. 
Your  house  is  on  a  plain  ;  our.«  is  on  a  lull.  This  is 
good  English,  but  certainly  ours  must  be  tlie  nuini- 
iiative  to  is,  or  it  has  nunc. 

Their  orirana  an-  lu  tl'T  disfMjsed  than  otirs  for  receivlncr  rrateful 
iiiil'n-uioiis  fniiii  sensible  objects.  Atlerbury. 

Here  oiirj  stands  in  the  place  of  our  organs,  and 
can  not,  in  conformity  with  any  rule  of  construction, 
be  in  the  possessive  case. 

The  same  thing  was  tlone  by  them  tn  suing  in  their  courts,  which 
is  now  ilone  by  us  in  suing  in  ours.  KeUltworlh. 

OU-RANG'-OIJ-TANG',  n.    See  ORANO-ouTArio. 
OU-RA-NOG'RA-PH Y,  ;i.    [Gr.  uvoatio!,  heaven,  and 
yniffiri,  descri|)tii>n.] 
A  description  of  the  heavens.  //i.s-f.  Roy.  Society. 

(See  UnA?fooiiAPi!Y,  the  more  common  term.] 
{OL'O-GY,   I       r„  ,  ,  1 

OU-ROS'CO-PY  i  "■  ["f- <"'."'"""'"  A'/y"j  or  0(c  iTTto). J 

The  judgment  of  diseases  from  an  examination  of 
the  urine. 

OUR-SELF',  proji.  rcciproca/.  [onr  anA  self.]  This  is 
added  after  ice  and  ws,  and  som<'times  is  used  with- 
out eithtT,  for  myself,  in  the  regal  style  only  j  as,  we 
ourself  will  follow.  SAu/>. 

Uuless  we  would  denude  ourieif  of  all  force  to  defend  us. 

Cltirendon, 

OUR-SELVES',  pi.  of  Oi„  rself.    Wc  or  us,  not  oth- 
ers ;  addetl  lo  ice  by  way  of  emphasis  or  opposition. 

We  ourgelvet  might  dislinclly  number  iu  words  a  great  deal 

f.irtlier  than  we  iisu.ally  do.  Locke. 
S.ife  in  ourtetvta,  white  on  ourtelvtt  we  stand.  Dryden. 

OUSE.    See  Oozi:. 

OUS'iJL,  (ooz'l,)  n.    [Sax.  osle.] 

A  name  common  to  several  species  of  birds  of  the 
thrush  family.  One  of  them  is  the  European  black- 
bird. Sliak, 

OUST,  V.  t.  [Fr.  bter,  for  <w.«f<T.  It  seems  to  be  a 
contracted  word,  for  in  Norman,  oghsta  is  ousted.  I 
take  this  to  be  our  vulgar  oust,  used  in  the  .sense  of 
lift.  The  usual  signification,  then,  will  be  that  of 
the  Latin  tnllo,  sustuli.] 

1.  To  take  aw.iy  ;  to  remove. 

Multiplications  of  actions  upon  the  case  were  rire  lorinerly,  and 
Uiereby  wager  of  law  outled.  Hall. 

2.  To  eject;  to  disseize. 

Afterwarxl  the  lessor,  reversioner,  or  remainder-man,  or  any 
stranger,  llolb  ejtxt  or  oust  the  lessee  of  his  b-rm. 

H^ackttone. 

OUST'ED,  pp.    Taken  away  ;  removed  ;  ejected. 
OUST'ER,  ti.    Removed  from  possession  ;  disseizin  ; 
dispossession  ;  ejection.  Blaclistone. 

Ouster  of  the  freehold  is  effectetl  by  abatement,  in- 
trusion, disseizin,  discontinuance,  or  deforcement. 

Blackstone. 

Ouster  le  main,  [ouster  and  Fr.  te  main,  the  hand.] 
A  deliver)'  of  lands  out  of  the  hands  of  a  guard- 
ian, or  out  of  the  king's  hands  ;  or  a  judgment  given 
for  that  purpose.  Blackstone.  Eneyc. 

OUST'ING,  ;»/ir.    Taking  away  ;  remorini ;  ejecting. 
OUT,  adc.    (Sax.  iif;   1).  uit  ;'g.  aus ;  Dan.  uJ;  Sw. 
ut.    In  Scotland,  it  is  used  as  a  verb,  to  Lay  out.  The 
primary  sen.se  of  the  verb  must  be  to  issue  forth,  to 
depart.    In  Russ.  ot  signifies  from.] 

1.  Without ;  on  the  outside  ;  not  within  ;  on  the 
exterior  or  beyond  the  limits  of  any  inclosed  pl.ace  or 
given  line  ;  opposed  to  In  or  Within  ;  as,  lo  go  out 
and  come  in;  to  rush  out, 

2.  Abroad;  noiathome.  The  master  of  the  house 
is  oiif;  a  colloquial  phrase  {m  gone  ouL 

3.  In  a  state  of  disclosure  or  discovery.  The  .se- 
cret is  out,  thai  is,  has  come  out,  is  disclosed.  We 
shall  find  oitf  the  rtigue. 

4.  Not  concealed. 

When  these  ar"  gone, 
The  woman  will     out.  .Shak. 

.*>.  In  a  slate  of  extinction.  The  candle  or  the  fire 
is  ouL 

6.  In  a  st.ate  of  being  exhausted.    The  wine  is  out. 

7.  In  a  state  of  destitution.  We  are  out  of  bread 
corn. 

8.  Not  in  office  or  employment.  I  care  not  who  is 
in  tir  who  is  out.    He  is  out  of  business. 

9.  Abroad  or  from  htmie,  in  a  party,  at  church,  in 
a  parade,  &c.  He  w.as  not  out  to-day.  The  militia 
companies  are  out.  The  man  was  out  in  a  frolic  last 

10.  To  the  end.  [nighl. 

Hear  me  out.  I>rytien. 

11.  Ijoudly  ;  without  restmint ;  as,  to  laugh  out, 

12.  Not  in  the  hands  of  the  owner.  The  land  li 
ouf  upon  a  lease. 

13.  In  an  error. 

As  a  musician  that  wilt  always  play, 

And  yet  is  always  oul  at  Uie  same  note.  Rotcommon. 

14.  At  a  loss ;  in  a  puzzle. 

I  have  forgot  my  part,  and  1  am  ouf.  Shak. 

15.  Uncovered  ;  with  clothes  torn  ;  as,  to  be  out  >t 
the  knees  or  elbows. 

16.  Away,  .so  ns  to  consume  ;  as,  to  sleep  out  the 
best  time  in  the  morning. 


TONE,  B^LL,  IGNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


OUT 


OUT 


OUT 


17.  Deficient ;  hiving  expended.  He  was  out  of 
pocket ;  lie  was  out  fifty  pounds.  Fell. 

18.  It  is  used  as  an  exclamation,  with  the  force 
of  command  ;  away;  begone;  as,  out  with  tlie  dng. 

S/ialc. 

Out  upon  yoii,  out  upon  it ;  expressions  ^of  dislike 
or  contempt. 

Out  is  much  used  as  a  modifier  of  verbs ;  as,  to 
come  nut,  to  go  out,  to  lead  out,  to  run  out,  to  leak 
out,  to  creep  out,  to  How  out,  to  pass  out,  to  look  out, 
to  burn  out,  to  cut  out,  to  saw  out,  to  grow  out,  to 
spin  out,  to  write  out,  to  boil  out,  to  beat  ovt,  &.C., 
bearing  the  sense  of  issuing,  extending,  drawing 
from,  separating,  bringing  to  open  view,  or,  in  short, 
the  passing  uf  a  limit  that  incloses  or  restrains  ;  or 
bearing  the  metaphorical  sense  of  vanishing,  coming 
to  an  end. 

Out  of.  In  this  connection,  out  may  be  considered 
as  an  adverb,  and  uf  as  a  preposition. 

1.  Proceeding  from  ;  as  produce.  Plants  grow  out 
of  the  earth  ;  he  paid  me  out  o/his  own  funds. 

Keep  tliy  heart  with  all  diligence,  for  out  of  it  are  the  issues  of 
life.  —  Prov.  iv. 

Out  of  tile  same  mouth  proceedeth  blessing  and  cuising. — 

2.  From  or  proceeding  from  a  place,  or  the  interior 
of  a  place  ;  as,  to  lake  any  thing  out  of  the  house. 
Jtlark  xiii. 

3.  Beyond  ;  as,  out  of  the  power  of  fortune. 

They  were  astonished  out  of  measure. — Mark  x. 

4.  From,  noting  taking  or  derivation. 

To  whom  he  expounded  and  testified  the  kinjtlom  of  God,  per- 
Buadin^  them  concernin?  Jesns,  both  out  of  the  law  of  Mo- 
ses, and  out  of  tite  prophets. —  Acts  xxviii. 

5.  JVot  in,  noting  extraordinary  exertion. 

Be  instant  in  season,  out  o/ season.  —2  Tim.  iv. 

6.  Not  in,  noting  exclusion,  dismission,  departure, 
absence,  or  dereliction  ;  as,  out  o/ favor  ;  out  of  use  ; 
out  o/ place  ;  out  o/ fashion. 

7.  Not  in,  noting  unfitness  or  impropriety.  He  is 
witty  out  o/ season  ;  the  seed  was  sown  out  of  season. 

8.  Not  within,  noting  extraordinary  delay;  as,  a 
sliip  out  of  time. 

9.  Not  within  ;  abroad  :  as,  out  of  the  door  or 
house. 

10.  From,  noting  copy  from  an  original ;  as,  to  cite 
or  copy  out  of  Horace. 

11.  From,  noting  rescue  or  liberation  ;  as,  to  be  de- 
livered out  of  afilictions. 

Cliristiauity  recovered  tlie  law  of  nature  out  of  all  those  errors. 

Addiaon. 

12.  Not  in,  noting  deviation,  exorbitance,  or  ir- 
regularity. This  is  <)ii(  (/all  method  ;  out  ofaW  rule  ; 
he  goes  out  of  his  way  to  find  cause  of  censure  ;  he 
is  out  of  order. 

13.  From,  noting  dereliction  or  departure.  He  will 
not  be  flattered  or  frightened  out  of  his  duty;  he  at- 
tempted to  laugh  men  out  of  virtue. 

11.  From,  noting  loss  or  change  of  state.  The 
mouth  is  out  </ taste  ;  the  instrument  is  out  «/tune. 

Bacon, 

15.  Not  according  to,  noting  deviation  ;  as,  he  acts 
or  speaks  out  of  character. 

16.  Beyond;  not  within  the  limits  of ;  as,  tobeo«« 
of  hearing,  out  of  sight,  out  of  reach.  Time  out  of 
mind,  is  time  beyond  tiie  reach  of  memory. 

17.  Noting  loss  or  exhaustion  ;  as,  to  be  out  of 
breath. 

18.  Noting  loss  ;  as,  out  of  hope. 

19.  By  means  of. 

Out  of  that  will  I  cause  those  of  Cyprus  to  mutiny.  Shnh. 

20.  In  consequence  of,  noting  the  motive,  source, 
or  reason. 

What  they  do  not  ffr^nt  out  of  the  ^nerosily  of  their  na'.nre, 
they  may  grant  out  of  mere  impatience.  Smalridgf. 

fo  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  out  of  envy,  spite,  or 
ambition. 

Out  of  hand;  immediately,  as  that  is  easily  used 
which  is  ready  in  the  hand. 

Gather  we  our  fores  out  o/hand.  S?taJ:. 

Out  if  print,  denotes  that  a  hook  is  not  in  market, 
cr  to  be  purchased ;  the  copies  printed  having  been 
nil  sold. 

OUT,  V.  L    To  eject;  to  expel;  to  deprive  by  expul- 
sion. 

The  Trench  have  been  outed  of  their  holds.  Hrylin. 
In  composition,  out  signifies  beyond,  more,  ejection, 
or  exti^nsion. 

[For  the  participles  of  the  following  compounds, 
ICC  the  Hiniplo  verbs.] 
OUT-ACT',  V.  t.    To  do  beyond  ;  to  exceed  in  net. 

Me  hns  made  me  heir  (o  tremtun-B, 

Woulil  make  me  ouUtct  n  n.-al  widow's  whining.  Otway, 

OUT-XR'GOF.,  r.  (.    To  argue  better  than  another. 
OUT-BAI,'ANCK,  v.  t.    To  outweigh;  to  exceed  in 
weight  »r  eflect 

!.et  dull  Alax  tjear  sway  my  riffhl, 

When  all  Ilia  days  ouOjalartte  Uiu  one  night.  Dryltn. 

OUT-BAI/AN  (;^;i),  (  bal'anm,)  pp.  Outweighed. 
OUT-BAR',  ».  f.   'i'o  Hhiit  out  by  bars  or  fortificntion. 

Tti^^e  to  oulbar  with  painful  plcmlngm.  Sprnter. 


OUT-KXR'R£D,  pp.    Shut  out  by  bars. 
OUT-BID',  V.  t.    To  bid  more  than  another ;  to  offer  a 
higher  price. 

For  Indian  spices,  for  Penivian  ^old, 

Prevent  tlie  greedy  and  outbid  the  bold.  Pope. 

OUT-BID',         )  pp.     Exceeded  in  the  price  of- 
OUT-BID'D£N,  i  fered. 
OUT-BID'DER,  7!.    One  that  outbids. 
OUT-BID'DING,  ppr.    Bidding  a  price  beyond  an- 
other. 

OUT-BLoWN',  pp.    Inflated  ;  swelled  with  wind. 

Dnfdcn. 

OUT-BLUSH',  V.  t.    To  exceed  in  rosy  color. 

Skipman. 

OUT'BORN,  a.    Foreign  ;  not  native.    [Little  used.] 
OUT'BOU.\D,  a.     Destined   or  proceeding  from  a 
country  or  harbor  to  a  distant  country  or  port ;  as,  an 
outbound  ship.  Dryden. 
[The  usual  phrase  among  seamen  is  Oijtward- 

BOUND.] 

OUT-BRaVE',  v.  t.   To  bear  down  by  more  daring 
or  insolent  conduct. 


I  would  otilstare  the  sternest  eyes  that  look, 
Ottlbraue  the  heart  most  daring  on  the  earth, 
To  win  thee,  lady. 


Sholt. 


2.  To  exceed  in  splendid  appearance. 

The  towers  as  well  as  men  outbrave  the  sky.  Cowley. 
OUT-BR.\Z'£.V,  II.  t.    To  bear  down  with  a  brazen 

face  or  impudence. 
OUT'BREAK,  n.    A  bursting  forth  ;  eruption. 

The  flash  and  outbreak  of  a  fiery  mind.  Shak. 
OUT'BREAK-ING,  n.    That  which  bursts  forth. 

Herbert. 

OUT-BReATHE',  v.  U    To  weary  by  having  better 
breath.  Sliak. 
2.  To  expire.  Spenser. 
OUT-BUD',  V.  i.    To  sprout  forth.  Spen.ser. 
OUT-BUlLD',  (out-bild',)  v.  t.   To  exceed  in  build- 
ing, or  in  durability  of  building. 
OUT-BURN',  r.  t.  or  i.    To  exceed  in  burning. 

Jliantell. 

OUT'BURST,  71.  [out  and  burst.]  A  breaking  or 
bursting  out. 

OUT-CANT'  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  canting.  Pope. 
OUT'CAST,  pp.  or  a.    [Sw.  utkasta,  to  cast  out.] 
Cast  out ;  thrown  away ;  rejected  as  useless. 

Spenser. 

OUT'CAST,  71.    One  who  is  cast  out  or  expelled  ;  an 

exile  ;  one  driven  from  home  or  country.    Jsa.  xvi. 
OUT-CEPT',  for  Except,  is  not  in  use.    B.  Jonson. 
0UT-CHK.\T',  ?'.  t.    To  exceed  in  che.ating. 
OUT-CHkAT'ED,  pp.    Exceeded  in  cheating. 
OUT-CHeAT'ING,  ppr.    Surpassing  in  cheating. 
OIJT-CI.I.MB',  II.  £.    To  climb  beyond.  Davenant. 
OUT-CO.\1'PASS,  V.  t.    To  exceed  due  bounds. 

Bacon. 

OUT-CRAFT',  II. «.   To  exceed  in  cunning.  Slitik. 

OUT'CROP,  n.  In  gcolomj,  the  coming  out  of  a 
stratum  to  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Lyell. 

OUT'CROP,  II.  1.  In  geology,  to  come  out  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  ;  applied  to  strata. 

OUT'CRS*,  71.  A  vehement  or  loud  cry;  cry  of  dis- 
tress. Denkam. 

2.  Clamor;  noisy  opposition  or  destestation. 

South, 

3.  Sale  at  public  auction.  jlinswortli. 
OUT-DARE',  ti.  (.    To  dare  or  venture  beyond.  Shak. 
OUT-DATE',  V.  t.    To  antiquate ;  as,  out-dated  cere- 
monies.   [JVot  used.]  Hammond. 

OUT-DAZ'ZLE,  v.  t.    To  surpass  in  dazzling. 
OUT-DAZ'ZLJ2D,7)p.    Surpassed  in  dazzling. 
OUT-DO',  V,  t. ;  prct.  Outdid;  pp.  Ot;TD0NE.  [See 
Do.J 

1  o  excel ;  to  surpass  ;  to  perform  beyond  another. 

An  imposture  outdoes  the  original.  L'Estrnnge, 
I  grieve  to  be  outdone  by  Oay.  .S'lci/t. 

OUT-DO'ING, ppr.  Excelling;  surpassing  in  perform- 
ance. 

OUT-DO'ING,  71.    Excess  in  performance.  Pope. 
OUT-DONE',  pp.  of  Outdo. 
OUT  DOOR',  a.    Being  without  the  house. 
OUT-D()()RS',  adv.    Abroad  ;  out  of  the  house. 
OUT-DRINK',  V,  t,    [See  Dri.nk.]    To  exceed  in 

drinking.  Donne, 
OUT-DWELL',  V.  t.    To  dwell  or  stay  beyond. 

Sludc. 

OUT'ED,  a.    Put  out ;  extinguished  ;  ended. 

Hudibras. 

OUT'ER,  a.  [conip.  of  Out.]  Being  on  the  outside  ; 
external  ;  opposed  to  Innek  ;  as,  the  outer  wall;  the 
outer  part  of  a  tiling  ;  the  wiifrr  court  or  gate. 

OUT'ER-LV,  ado.    Toward  the  outside.  Oreio, 

OUT'EK-MoST,  0.  [superl.  from  outer.]  Being  on 
the  extreme  external  part ;  remotest  from  the  midst; 
as,  the  oNlermiist  row.  Boyle. 

OUT-FACE',  r.  ^  To  brave;  to  bear  down  wiih  an 
imposing  front,  or  with  impudence  ;  to  stari'  down. 

Shak.  lialegk. 

OUT'FALL,  71.    A  fall  of  water  ;  a  canal. 

OU'l'-FAVVN',  D.  t.  To  exceed  in  fawning  or  adula- 
tion. Uudihrns. 

OUT-FllAST'.  V.  (.    To  succeed  in  feasting.  Taylor, 


OUT-FitAT',  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  performing. 

OUT'FIT,  71.  A  fitting  out,  as  of  a  ship  for  a  voyage  ; 
usually  in  the  plural.  Outfits,  the  expenses  incurred, 
or  the  articles  employed,  in  equipping  and  furnishing 
a  ship  for  a  voyage. 

2.  An  allowance  equal  to  one  year's  salai-y,  made 
to  a  public  minister,  going  to  a  foreign  country,  be- 
yontl  his  salary.  United  States. 

OUT-FLANK',  v.  L  To  extend  the  flank  of  one  ar- 
my beyond  that  of  another. 

OUt-FLASH',  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  flashing. 

OUT-FLASH'ING,  pi>r.    Surpassing  in  flashing. 

OUT-FLY',  7'.  t.  To  fly  faster  than  another  ;  to  ad- 
vance before  in  flight  or  progress.  Oartlt. 

OUT-FOOL',  71.  t.    To  exceed  in  folly.  Young, 

OUT'FORM,  71.    Extern.tl  appearance.     B.  Jonson, 

OUT-FROWN',  I'.  (.  To  frown  down;  to  overbear 
by  frowning.  Shak. 

OUT'GaTE,  ;i.    An  outlet;  a  passage  outward. 

Spenser. 

OUT-GEN'ER-AL,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in  generalship ;  to 
gain  atlvantage  over  by  superior  military  skill. 

Chesterfield. 

OUT-GEN'ER-AL-ED,  pp.  Exceeded  in  military 
skill. 

OUT-GIVE',  (out-giv',)  v,  t.    To  surpass  in  giving. 

JDryden, 

OUT-Go',  V.  t.  [See  Go.]  To  go  beyond  ;  to  ad- 
vance before  in  going  ;  to  go  faster. 

2.  To  surpass  ;  to  excel.  Carew,  Dryden. 

3.  To  circumvent ;  to  overreach.  Dcnham, 
OUT-Go'ING,  ppr.    Going  beyond. 
OUT-Go'ING,  71.    The  act  of  going  out. 

2.  The  state  of  going  out.    Ps.  jxv. 

3.  Utmost  border  ;  extreme  limit.    Josh.  xvii. 
OUT-GONE',  (out-gawn',)  pp.    Gone  beyond. 
OUT-GRIN',  7).  t.    To  surpass  in  grinning.  Mdison, 
OUT-GRoW',  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  growth. 

9.  To  grow  too  great  or  too  old  for  any  thing.  Chil- 
dren outgrow  their  garments,  and  men  outgrow  their 
usefulness. 

OUT-GRoWN',  pp.  of  Outorow. 

OUT'GUARD,  71.  A  guard  at  a  distance  from  the 
main  body  of  an  army  ;  or  a  guard  at  the  farthest 
distance  ;  any  thing  fur  defense  placed  at  a  distance 
from  the  thing  to  be  defended.       Dryden.  South. 

OUT-HER'OD,  71.  (.  To  overact  tlie  character  of 
Herod,  which,  in  the  old  plays,  was  always  a  vio- 
lent one.  Smart. 

OUT-HER'OD-ED,  pp.    Surpa.ssed  in  cruelty. 

OUT'HOUSE,  71.  A  small  house  or  building  at  a  lit- 
tle distance  from  the  main  house. 

OUT'ING,  71.  Agoing  from  home;  an  airing.  [Lo- 
cal.] 

OUT-JEST',  71.  t.    To  overpower  by  jesting.  Shak. 
OUT-JEST'ED,  pp.    Overpowered  bv  jesting. 
OUT-JUG'GLE,  7'.  f.    To  .surpass  in  juggling.  Hall. 
OUT-KNaVE',  (out-nave',)  i-.  t.  To  surpass  in  knave- 
ry. L'Estrangc. 
OUT'LAND,  a.    [Sax.  utlande,  a  foreigner.] 

Foreign.    [Obs.]  Strutt. 
OUT'LAND-ER,  n.  A  foreigner ;  not  a  native.  [Obs.] 

n'ood. 

OUT-LAND'ISH,  a.    [Sa.x.  utUendisc ;  out  and  laud.] 

1.  Foreign  ;  not  native.  Donne. 

Nevertheless,  even  him  did  outtandieh  women  cause  to  sin, — 
Nc-h.  xui. 

2.  Born  or  produced  in  the  interior  country,  or 
among  rude  people;  hence,  vulgar;  rustic;  rude; 
clownish. 

[  This  is  the  sense  in  which  the  word  is  among  us  most 

generallii  used.] 
OUT-LAST',  V.  t.    To  last  longer  than  something 

else  ;  to  exceed  in  duration.    Candles  laid  in  bran 

will  outlast  others  of  the  same  stufl".  Baron. 
OUT-LAST'ED,pp.    Lasted  longer  than  something 

else. 

OUT'LAVV,  71.    [Sax.  ullaga;  out  and  law.] 

A  person  excluded  from  the  benefit  of  the  law,  or 
deprived  of  its  protection.  Formerly  any  person 
might  kill  an  outlaw  ;  but  it  is  now  held  unlawful 
for  any  person  to  put  to  death  an  outlaw,  except  Ihe 
slierifl',  who  has  a  warrant  for  that  purpose. 

Blaekstone. 

OUT'LAW,  V.  t.    [Sax.  vllagiun.] 

To  (I'eprive  of  the  benefit  and  protection  of  law  ; 

to  proscribe.  Blaekstone. 
OUT'LAW-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Excluded  from  tJio  benefit 

of  law. 

OUT'LAW-ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  benefit  of 
law. 

OUT'LAW-RY,  n.  The  putting  a  man  out  of  the  pro- 
tection of  law,  or  the  process  by  which  a  man  is  de- 
prived of  that  protection  ;  the  punishmciit  of  a  man 
who,  when  called  into  court,  contemptuously  refuses 
to  appear.  Blaekstone. 

OUT'LAY,  71.  A  laying  out  or  expending;  expendi- 
ture. 

OUT-Li5AP',  II.  t.  To  leap  beyond  ;  to  pass  by  leap- 
ing. 

OUT'Ll"  AP,  71.    Sally  ;  flight ;  escape.  Locke. 
OUT-LkAP'KI),  (  lecpt  or  -lept,)  pp.  Leaped  beyond. 
OUT-LiiAP'IIVG,  ppr.    Leaping  beyond. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,'VVHAT — METE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.- 


782 


OUT 

OUT'LET,  ?i.  Passnge  outward  ;  the  place  or  the 
means  by  which  any  thing  escapes  or  is  discharged. 
A  i^ate  is  tlie  outlet  uf  a  city  or  fort.  Tlio  mouth  of  a 
river  is  its  outlet.  Colonies  are  llie  outlets  of  a  pupu- 
liins  nation.  Bacon. 

OUT'MUK-ER,  n.  \n  ships,  a  small  piece  of  limber 
fasti  ni'il  to  the  top  of  the  poop. 

OUT-LIIV,  c.  (.    To  exceed  in  lying.  JIall. 

OUT'lJ  EK,  u.  One  wlio  does  not  reside  in  tlie  place 
with  which  his  otiice  or  duly  connects  him.  Frrweii. 

2.  .A  part  of  a  rock  or  stratum  lying  without,  or 
beyond  the  main  budv.  MaiitrU. 

OUT 'LI.VE,  II.  Contour;  the  line  by  which  a  ligure 
is  defined  ;  the  exterior  line. 

2.  'I'he  first  sketch  of  a  figure. 

3.  Kirst  general  sketch  of  any  scheme  or  design. 
OUT'l.I.N'E,  ti.  (.    To  draw  the  exterior  line;  to  de- 

lini-iite  ;  to  sketch. 

OUT'l.r.V-KD,  i>p.    Marked  with  an  outline. 

OUT-LIVE',  (onl-liv',)  i:  I.  To  live  beyond  ;  to  sur- 
vive ;  to  live  after  something  has  ceased;  as,  a  man 
may  outlive  his  children  ;  a  person  may  outlive  his 
estate,  his  fame,  and  his  usefulness. 

Tlicy  live  100  lonj  who  happincu  ou.'.'l'w«.  Dryilcn. 

2.  To  live  better,  or  to  better  purpose.  Scott. 
OUT-MV'KD,  ;>/).    Survived;  lived  beyond. 
OUT-LIVER,  n.    A  survivor. 
OUT-Ll\"l.\G,  ;i;ir.    Living  beyond  another's  life. 
OUT-LOOK',  c.  U    To  face  down  ;  to  browlieat.  Sliak. 

2.  'lV>  select.    [.A'ot  iii  use."] 
OUT'LOQK,  H.    Vigilant  watch  ;  foresight.  Young. 


[But  Look-out  is  generally  used.] 


OIjt-LOOK'£:D,  (  Iwkt,)  pp.  Faced  down ;  brow- 
lie.-Uen. 

OUT'LOPE,  It,  [See  Lops  and  Leap.]  An  excur- 
sion.   \jVot  w.<c</.]  Florio. 

OUT-LUS'TEU,  (  e.  (.   To  excel  in  brightness. 

OUT-LUS'TKE,  i  Shak. 

OUT-LY'l.\(J,  a.  Lying  or  being  at  a  distance  from 
the  main  body  or  design.  Temple.  JlMisoit. 

2.  Being  on  the  exterior  or  frontier.  Oibbon. 

OUT-:MA-NEC'VEIt,  Iv.t.    To  surpass  in  maneu- 

OUT-.MA-.\(EU'VKE,  (  vering. 

OUT-MXRCir,  r.  t.  To  march  faster  than  ;  to  march 
so  as  to  leave  behind. 

Tlie  liorae  ouCnarched  the  foot.  Clarendon. 

OUT-MXUCirA;D,  pp.    Left  behind  in  a  march. 
OUT-.ME.\S'URE,  (oul-mezh'ur,)  o.  (.    To  exceed  in 
.  measure  or  extent.  Brown. 
OUT-.MEAS'i;R-/;D,  pp.    Exceeded  in  extent. 
OUT'.MfiST,  a.    Farthest  outward  ;  most  remote  from 

the  middle.  JilUtou. 
0UT-.N.\.\1E',  n. «.   To  exceed  in  naming  or  describ- 
ing. 

OUT-NIIM'BER,  r.  t.   To  exceed  in  number.  The 

troops  outnumbered  those 4if  the  enemy. 
OUT-.NU,M'BER-£D,  ;i;i.    Exceeded  in  number. 
OUT-P.\CE',  V.  L    To  outgo;  to  leave  behind. 

Chapman. 

OUT-PAR'A-.MOUR,  r.  t.  [See  Pa»4Mour.]  To  e.x- 
ceed  in  keeping  mistresses.  SliaJi. 

OUT'P.\R-lsn,  n.  A  parish  lying  without  the  watls, 
or  on  the  border.  Oraunt. 

OUT'l'XRT,  II.  .4  part  remote  from  the  center  or 
main  part.  Jlijliffe. 

OUT-PASS',  V.  t.  To  pass  beyond  ;  to  exceed  in  prog- 
ress. Kinpan, 

OUT-PEER',  V.  t.   To  surpass  or  excel.  Shak. 

OUT-POISE',  (out-poiz',)  t.  t.   To  outweigh.  HoweU. 

OUT'PORCII,  11.    An  entrance.  Milton. 

OUT'PORT,  n.  In  Orcot  Britain,  a  port  at  some  dis- 
tance from  the  city  of  lAindon.  .^sh. 

OUT'  POST,  II.  .\  post  or  station  without  the  limits  of 
a  camp,  or  at  a  distance  from  the  main  body  uf  an 
army. 

2.  The  troops  placed  at  such  a  station.  MarshaU, 
OUT-POUR',  V.  L    To  pour  out;  to  send  forth  in  a 
stream.  MiUon. 
2.  To  effuse. 
OUT-POUR'AD,  pp.    Sent  forth  in  a  stream. 
OUT'POUR-ING,  II.    .\  pouring  out  ;  etfusion. 

Jililn^.  BogMC 
OUT-PR  .\V,  V.  t.    To  exceed  in  prayer  or  in  earnest- 
ness of  entreaty.  ScjtL 
OUT-PRi;.\CH',  c.  U    To  surpa-is  in  prciching ;  to 
produce  more  effect  in  inculcating  lessons  or  truth. 
Anil  for  n  vilLiin's  quick  conrrnion 

A  pillory  CAu  oulprtath  a  panun.  /.  TVum&uU. 

OUT-PRIZE',  F.  (.  To  exceed  in  value  or  estimated 
worth.  Shak, 

OUT'RAOE,  r.  (,  [Fr.  outrager:  .Krm.  outrachi,  nut- 
ragi :  It.  oitrasgiare  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  ultrajar ;  from 
the  L.  ultra,  beyond.  It.  oltre,  with  the  Common  ter- 
mination age;  or  more  probably  it  is  a  compound  of 
uUa,  oltra,  outre,  with  the  Sp.  ajar,  to  sp<iil,  to  mar, 
to  abuse  with  injurious  language.] 

To  treat  with  violence  and  wrong ;  to  abuse  by 
rude  or  insolent  language  ;  to  imure  by  roueb,  rude 
treatment  of  any  kind. 

Blue  «IH|  iiuolrtii  miniU  o<Ura[t  men,  when  Ihey  h.i»e  hopM  of 

d.j.nj  1  .,Ui.nn  ,  rrlnni.  AlUrbury. 
Till.  int.  r»le«  ouim^ .t  lul  dcctncj.  Bmoni. 


OUT 

OUT'R.VGE,  e.  t.  To  commit  exorbitances;  to  be 
guilty  of  violent  rudeness.  .^scham. 

OUT'RAOE,  n.  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  oltraggio  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
u(Ira)>.] 

Injurious  violence  offered  to  persons  or  things ; 
excessive  abuse  ;  wanton  mischief.  Rude,  abusive 
language,  scurrility,  or  opprobrious  and  contemptu 
oils  words,  may  be  an  outrage  to  persons,  or  to  de- 
cency and  civility.  A  violent  attack  upon  person 
or  property  is  an  outrage. 

lie  wroujlit  great  oulro^c*,  wiistiiij  all  the  country  where  he 
Weill.  Speiuer. 

OUT'R.\-GKD,  pp.  or  a.     Treated  with  violence  or 

wrong;  abused  by  insolent  language. 
OU'J'-Ra'OEOUS,  a.    [  It.  oltraggioso  ;  Fr.  outrngeuj.] 

1.  Violent;  furious;  exorbitant;  exceeding  all 
bounds  of  moderation  ;  as,  outraffeou-)  villainies  ; 
outraiTcous  Ui\k  ;  outrageous  abuse.  iSidnetj.  Spenser. 

2.  Excessive ;  exceeding  reason  or  decency  ;  as, 
outrageous  panegyric.  JJrijdeu. 

3.  Enormous;  atrociou?;  as,  oufra^coiu  crimes. 

4.  Tumultuous  ;  turbulent.  [S/iaA-. 
OUT-Ra'CEOUS-LY,  adv.    With  great  violence; 

furiously  ;  excessively.  Spenser.  South. 

OUT-Ra'GEOUS-NESS,  n.    Fury;  violence;  enor- 
mity. _  Dnjdcn. 
OUT-R.aZE',  r.  t.   To  raz.e  to  extermination.  Sandys. 
OU-TRE',  (oo-tri',)  a.    [Fr.]    Being  out  of  the  com- 
mon course  or  limits  ;  extnivagant.  Oeddrs. 
OUT-RkACII',  r.  (.    To  go  or  extend  beyond.  Brown. 
OIIT-RP.ACH'KD,  (-reccht',)7ip.    Reached  beyond. 
OUT-Ri5.\S'ON,  (-rC'zn,)  v.  t.    To  excel  or  surpass  in 

reasoning.  South. 
OUT-Rf;.\?'0>r-iJD,  pp.    Snrpas.scd  in  reasoning. 
OUT-RECK' OiV,  V.  L    To  exceed  in  assumed  compu- 
tation. Penrson. 
OUT-RECK' ON-fJR,  pp.    Excelled  in  computation. 
OUT-REIGN',  0.  t.   To  reign  through  the  whole  of. 

Spenser. 

OUT-RIDE',  ti.  f.   To  pass  by  riding;  to  ride  faster 

than.  Hall. 
OUT-RIDE',  V.  1.   To  travel  about  on  horseback,  or 

in  a  vehicle.  Mdison. 
OUT'RID-ER,  II.    .\  sumnioner  whose  ollice  is  to 
cite  men  before  the  sheriff.    [JVut  used.']  DicL 

2.  One  who  Iravi-ls  about  on  horseback. 

3.  .\  servant  on  horseback  who  attends  a  carriage. 
OUT'RIG-GER,  ii.    In  seamen's  language,  any  project- 
ing spar  or  piece  of  timber  for  extending  ropes  or 
sails,  or  for  other  temporary  purposes.  Brande. 

OUT'RIGIIT,  (out'rite,)  adv.    Immediately  ;  without 
delay  ;  at  once.  Jirbiithnot. 
2.  Completely.  .Addison. 
OUT-RI'V.AL,  v.  t.    To  surpass  in  excellence.  .Addison. 
OUT-ROAR',  II.  t.   To  cxcued  in  roaring.  Shak. 
OUT-Ro.\R'£D,pp.    Surpassed  in  roaring. 
OUT'RoDE,  M.    An  excursion.    I  Maec.  xv. 
OUT-ROOT', B.  f.   To  eradicate  ;  to  extirpate.  Rome. 
OUT-RUN',  V.  L   To  exceed  in  running  ;  to  leave 
behind  in  running.  Drtjden. 
2.  To  exceed  ;  .as,  to  OKtruii  one's  income.  Jiddison. 
OUT-S.XIL',  V.  L    To  sail  faster  than  ;  to  leave  behind 

in  sailing.  Broome. 
OUT-SaIL'KD,  pp.    Sailed  faster  than. 
OUT-SaII,'I.\'G,  ppr.    Leaving  behind  in  sailing. 
OUT'SCaPE,  II.    Power  of  escaping.    [Mt  used.] 

Chapman. 

OUT-SeORN',  r.  t.    To  bear  down  or  confront  by 

contempt ;  to  despise. 
OUT-SeoUR'INGS,  n.  pi.    [out  and  scour.]  Sub- 
stances washed  or  scoured  out.  Buckland, 
OUT-SELL',  r.  t.    To  exceed  in  amount  of  sales. 

2.  To  exceed  in  the  prices  of  things  sold. 

3.  To  gain  a  higher  price.  Sliak. 
OUT'SET,  ru    Beginning ;  first  entrance  on  any 

business.  Mason.  Smith. 

Every  thing  nlmost  dependi  upoQ  giving  a  proper  diirction  to 
Uiij  ouuet  of  life.  J.  Uauiet. 

OUT-SIIINE',  e.  t.   To  send  forth  brightness  or  lus- 
ter. Shal:. 

2.  To  excel  in  luster  or  excellence;  as,  Homer 
outshines  all  other  poets.  Jiddi^on. 
OUT-SHOOT',  r.  (.    To  exceed  in  shooting.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  To  shoot  beyond.  JVorris. 
OUT-SHUT',  o.  t.    To  shut  out  or  exclude.  Donne. 
OUT-SIDE',  n.    The  external  part  of  a  thing  ;  the 
part,  end,  or  side  which  forms  the  surface  or  super- 
ficies. Bacon.  Drydcn. 

2.  Superficial  appearance;  exterior;  tis, the  outside 
of  a  man  or  of  manners. 

CrrAtcd  being!  ice  ooUiing  but  our  ouuide.  Axlditon. 

3.  Persorf ;  external  man.  Shak.  Bacon. 
A.  The  part  or  place  that  lies  without  or  beyond  an 

inclosure. 

1  threw  open  the  door  of  mj  chamber,  and  fouDd  the  family  stnud- 
iiig  uii  tlie  oulride.  Spectator. 

5.  The  utmost.  Mortimer. 
OUT'SIDE,  a.  On  the  outside  ;  exterior;  external. 
OUT-SIN',  r.  t.  I'o  sin  beyond.  KUIcnbecl:. 
OUT-SIT',  r.  t.  To  sit  beyond  the  time  of  any  thing. 
OUT-SKIP',  r.  t.  To  avoid  by  rtighL  B.  Joiison. 
OUT'SKIRT,  n.    Border  ;  outpost ;  suburb. 


OUT 

OUT-SLEEP',  V.  U    To  sleep  beyond.  iViafc 
OUT  SOAll',  II.  (.    To  soar  beyond. 

Gov.  uf  the  Tongue, 
OUT-SOUND',  ti.  «.    To  surpa.ss  in  sound,  llnmmond. 
OUT  SPARK'LE,  v.  L    To  exceed  in  sparkling. 
0UT-SP.\1{K'L^;D,  ;'p.    Surpassed  in  sparkling. 
OUT-Sl'AKK'LING,  ppr.    Surp-issing  in  sparkling. 
OUT-SI'i;.\K',  ti.  (.    To  speak  something  beyond  ;  to 

••xceeil.  Shah. 
OUT-SPORT',  V.  t.   To  sport  beyond  ;  to  <.utdo  in 

spurting.  Shuk. 
OUT-SPREAD',  (out-spred',)  r.  I.    To  extend  ;  to 

spread  ;  to  diffuse.  Pope. 
OUT'SPREAD,  (out'spred,)    pp.  or  a.     Extended  ; 

expanded. 

OUl'-SI'READ'INR,  ppr.    Extending;  diffusing. 
OUT-SPREAD'I.NG,  ii.    The  act  of  spreading  over  or 
diffusing. 

OUT-STAND',  V.  t.  To  resist  en"eclually  ;  to  with- 
stand ;  to  sustain  without  yielding.    [Little  used.] 

IVoodward. 

2.  To  stand  beyond  the  proper  time.  Shak. 
OUT-STAND',  I',  i.    To  project  outward  from  the 
main  bodv. 

OUT-STAND'ING,  ppr.  or  n.  Resisting  effectually. 
[Little  used.] 

2.  Projecting  outward. 

3.  Not  collected  ;  unpaid  ;  as,  outstanding  debts. 
The  whole  amount  af  revenue*  —  as  well  ouutatuling  ;i«  cullecwd. 

Ilatnitlon. 

OUT-STaRE',  p.  t.  To  face  down  ;  to  browbeat ;  to 
outface  with  effrontery ;  as  we  say,  to  stare  out  of 
countenance.  Shak. 

OUT-STaR'A;D,  pp.    Outfaced  with  effrontery. 

OI;T-STaRT'1.\G,  a.    Starling  out.  Coleridge. 

OUT-STEP',  V.  t.    To  step  or  go  beyond  ;  to  exceed. 

Cuiii/iir/aiu^* 

OUT-STEP' P£D,  (-slept,)  pp.  Stepped  beyond. 
OUT-STOR.M',  V.  t.    To  overbear  by  storming. 

InsultA  die  tempest  and  outslonnt  the  skies,  J.  Bartow. 

OUT'STREET,  n.  A  street  in  the  extremities  of  a 
town. 

OUT-STRETCH',  r.  (.  To  extend;  to  stretch  or 
spread  out  ;  to  expand.  Milton. 

OUT-STRETCH'/;i),  pp.  ora.  Extended;  spread  out. 

OUT-STIIETCH'ING,  ppr.  Spreading  out;  expand- 
ing. 

OUT-STRIDE',  II.  t.    To  surpass  in  striding. 

B.  .lonson, 

OUT-STRIP',  V.  U  To  outgo  ;  to  outrun  ;  to  advance 
beyond.  South.  Dryden. 

OUt-STRIP'P£D,  (-slript',)  pp.  Outrun. 

OUT-SVVEAR',  r.  (.  To  exceed  in  swearing ;  to  over- 
power bv  swearing.  Shak. 

OUT-SWEET'£N,  t'.  U    To  exceed  in  sweetness. 

Shak. 

OUT-SWELL',  V.  t.  To  overflow  ;  to  exceed  in  swell- 
ing. 

OUT-TALK',  (out-tawk',)  r.  t.  To  overpower  by 
talking;  to  exceed  in  talking.  Shak. 

OUT-TALK'i'D,  (-tawkt',)  pp.  Over|K)wered  by  talk- 
in  g. 

OUT-THROW',  V.  t.  To  throw  out  or  beyond.  Swifl. 
OUT-TOIL',  V.  U   To  toil  to  a  degree  beyond  another. 
OUT-TONGUE',  (out  lung',)  v.t.    To  bear  down  by 

talk,  clamor,  or  noise.  Sh»k. 
OUT-TOP',  V.  t.  To  overtop.  [JVlit  used.]  Williams. 
OUT-VAL'UE,  V.  t.    To  exceed  in  price  or  value. 

Boyle. 

OUT-VE\'OM,  r.  (.    To  exceed  in  poison.  Shak. 
OUT-VIE',  V.  I.   To  exceed  ;  to  surpass. 

Dryden.  .Sddison. 
OUT-VIL'LAIN,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  villainy.  S/iak. 
OUT-VOICE',  (oiil-vois',)  v.  t.    To  e-xcccd  in  roaring 

or  clamor.    [.\tit  usn/.]  Shak. 
OUT-VOTE',  r.  f.    To  exceed  in  the  number  of  votes 

given  ;  to  defeat  by  plurality  of  sutfniges.  South. 
OUT-VoT'ED,  pp.    Defeated  by  plurality  of  suffrages. 
OUT-WALK',  (out-wawk',)  r.  t.  To  walk  faster  than  ; 

to  leave  behind  in  walking. 
2.  To  exceed  the  walking  of  a  specter.  B.  Jonson. 
OUT-WALK'£D,  (oul-wawkt',)  pp.    Left  behind  in 

walking. 

OUT'WALL,  n.  The  exterior  wall  of  a  building  or 
fortress. 

2.  Superficial  appearance.    [Umumal.]  Shot. 
OUT'W.\RI),  a.    [."'ax.  udctard,  or  a(<iccar</ ;  111,  out, 
antl  wrard,  L.  rcrj-iiji.] 

1.  External  ;   exterior  ;   forming  the  superficial 
part ;  as,  the  outtcard  coat  of  an  onion  ;  an  outaard  I 
garment. 

2.  Exiernol ;  visible  ;  opposed  to  I.vwaro  ;  as,  out- 
tcard hate. 

3.  Extrinsic ;  adventitious. 

An  outieartt  honor  fur  an  {nwarxl  toil.  Shot. 

4.  Foreign  ;  not  intestine ;  as,  an  outward  war. 
[Aof  nolo  used.]  We  now  say,  eitemal  or  foreign 
war.  IJatfieard, 

5.  Tending  to  the  exterior  part. 

The  fire  will  force  iu  oiilimrd  W-ay.  Drytttn. 

'       6.  In  Scripture,  civil ;  public  ;  as  opposed  to  Rilio- 
I     I0U9.    1  Chron.  xxvi. 


TONE,  BlvLL,  IGNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


7S3 


OVA 


OVE 


OVE 


7.  In  tlievlcifii,  carnal  ;  fleslily ;  corporeal  j  not 
spiritual ;  as,  tlie  oiilward  man. 
OIJT'WARD,  H.    External  forin.  Shak. 
OUT'WARD,  adv.    To  the  outer  parts  ;  tending  or  di- 
rected toward  the  exterior. 

The  light  f.iIUiig  on  Ui^m  [black  boilies]  is  Dot  reflected  outward. 

Newton. 

2.  From  a  port  or  cotmtry ;  as,  a  ship  bound  out- 
wnrd. 

OtJT'\V,\RD-BOUND',  a.  Proceeding  from  a  port  or 
countrv. 

OUT'U'ARD-LY,  adv.  Externally;  opposed  to  In- 
WARDLV  ;  as,  outwardly  content,  but  iiticardly  un- 
easy. 

•2.  \n  appearance  ;  not  sincerely.    Many  may  in- 
wardly reverence  the  goodness  which  they  outucardly 
seem  to  despise. 
OUT-WASH',  (-wosh',)  v.  U  To  wash  out ;  to  cleanse 

from.    [Little  used.']  Donne. 
OUT-\V.\TCH',  V.  t    To  surpass  in  watchini;. 

B.  Jiinson. 

OUT-WE.aR',  r.  t.  To  wear  out.  [A'ot  used.]  Donne. 

2.  To  pass  tediously  to  the  end. 

By  the  stream,  if  I  the  night  outwear.  Pope, 

3.  To  last  longer  than  something  else.  [Tills  is 
the  common  signification.] 

OUT-WEED',  V.  U  To  weed  out ;  to  extirpate,  as  a 
weed.  Spender. 

OUT-AVEEP',  II.  t.    To  exceed  in  wee|iine.  Dryden. 

OUT-WEIGH',  (out-wi',)  v.  U    [See  Weigh.]  To 
exceed  in  weight.  fVilkins. 
2.  To  exceed  in  value,  influence,  or  importance. 

One  self-approving  hour  whole  yeare  outieeighs 

Of  stupid  st;irer&  and  of  loud  liuzus.  Pope. 

OUT-WEIGH'ED,  (out-wade',)  pp.  E.xceeded  in 
weight,  value,  or  importance. 

OUT-WEIGH'IXG,  (out-wa'ing,)  ppr.  Exceeding  in 
weight,  value,  or  influence. 

OUT-WELL',  V.  t.  or  i.    To  pour  out.    [JVuf  used.] 

OI'T-WE.NT',  prct.  of  Ovtgo.  [.Spenser. 

OUT-WHoRE',  1-.  (.    To  exceed  in  lewdness.  Pope. 

OUT-WIN',  II.  (.    To  get  out  of.   [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

OUT-WIXL)',  1-.  (.  To  extricate  by  winding;  to  un- 
loose. More. 

OUT-WL\G',  r.  t.  To  move  faster  on  the  wing  ;  to 
outstrip.  Oartlt. 

OUT-WIT',  V.  L  To  surpass  in  design  or  strauigem  ; 
to  overreach  ;  to  defeat  or  frustrate  by  superior  inge- 
niiitv.  Dryden. 

OUT-WIT'TED,  pp.  Overreached  ;  defeated  by  strat- 
aseni,  or  by  superior  ingenuity. 

OUT- WORK',  (out-wurk',)  v.'u  To  surpass  in  work 
or  labor. 

OUT' WORK,  n.  A  term  applied  to  all  works  of  a  for- 
tress which  are  situated  without  the  principal  wall, 
within  or  bejond  the  principal  ditch. 

Knevc.  .^m.  Bacon. 

OUT-WoRX',  pp.  [See  Weak.]  Worn  out;  con- 
sumed bv  u«e.  .Milton. 

OUT-WORTH',  (-wurth',)  v.  U    To  exceed  in  value. 

OUT-WREST',  (out-rest',)  v.  t.  To  extort ;  to  draw 
from  or  forth  by  violence.  Spenser. 

OUT-WRITE',  ^out-rlte',)  r.  t.  To  surpa-ss  in  writing. 

.Addison. 

OUT-WROUGHT',  (out-rawt',)  pp.  [See  W'onn.]  Out- 
done :  exceeded  in  act  or  efficacy. 
OUT-Za'NY,  E.  t.    [See  Zasv.]'  To  exceed  in  buf- 
OUZE,  n.    See  Ooze.  [foonery. 
O'V'AL,  a.    [Ft.  ovale,  from  L.  ovum,  an  egg.f 

1.  Of  the  shape  or  figure  of  an  egg;  oblong  and 
curvilinear,  wilii  both  ends  of  the  same  bre.idth  ; 
resembling  the  longitudinal  section  of  an  egg. 

Brande.  Lindley. 

2.  Pertaining  to  eggs ;  done  in  the  egg ;  as,  oral 
conceptions.  Brown. 

O'VAL,  n.  A  body  or  figure  in  the  shape  of  an  egg, 
or  of  an  ellipse.  Wafts. 

CV  .^I^HO'MEN,  n.    The  albinnen  or  while  of  an  egg. 

5'VAI,-LV,  orfc.    So  as  to  be  oval.  [Brande. 

0'VAI^SllAl'-£D,  (-shipt,)  a.  Oval. 

0-Va'III-A\,  a.    ilclonging  to  the  female  ovarj". 

O-VA'RI-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  eggs;  as,  marious 
f(un\.  Thomson. 

O-yJi'Rr-UJI,  n, ;  pU  OvAKtA.  [L.]  An  ovary,  which 
pee. 

O'VA-Uy,  71.  [Fr.  ovaire  :  L.  ovarium,  from  ovum,  an 
egg.] 

1.  The  part  of  a  female  animal  in  which  the  eggs 
nre  formed  or  lodged  ;  or  the  part  in  which  the  fetus 
is  HUppo-ied  to  be  formed.  Kncyc.  Core. 

2.  In  botany,  a  hollow  case  or  covering  inclosing 
ovules.    It  contains  one  or  more  cavities  called  cdU. 

I.mdlry. 

O'VA-Tlll)  1       t  •  "'""'"i  ff"m  ovum,  an  egg.] 

Egg-Hhaped,  with  the  lower  extremities  broadest ; 

HH,  an  ovate  leaf. 
O'V  n'E-LA.V'fE-O-LATE,  a.    Ilctwecn  ovate  and 

lanreolale.  Jilartyn. 
O'VATE-rtUU'IJ-LATE,  a.    Between  ovate  und  «ub- 

ulnte. 

O-VA'TION,  n.    [L.  matio.] 

In  Raman  antiquity,  a  IcHiicr  triumph  allowed  to  ■ 


commander  for  a  victory  not  deserving  a  triumph,  in 
the  strict  sense.  P.  Ci/c. 

O-VA-TO-OB'LONG,  a.    Between  ovate  and  oblong. 

Jilartt/n. 

OV'ES,  (uv'n,)  71.  [Sax.  ofen  ;  G.  ofen :  D.  obcti  ;  Dan. 
ovn.  Uu.  Gr.  itkos,  Sw.  u<rn.  In  Russ.  ovini  are 
small  wooden  kilns  for  dryiUL'  corn.  Tooke.] 

1.  A  place  arched  over  with  brick  or  stone  work, 
for  baking,  heating,  or  drying  any  substance.  Ovens 
are  made  in  chimneys  or  set  in  the  open  air. 

2.  The  term  has  been  extended  so  as  to  include 
various  apparatus  for  baking  or  drying;  as.  a  tin 
oven.  Ilebert. 

O'VER,  prep.  [Sax.  olier,ofrr;  Goth,  vfar  ;  G.  iiber  ; 
D.  and  Dan.  oven  Sw.  ofcer ;  Gr.  irrco,  whence, 
probably,  L.  super ;  Arm.  uvar,  var,  oar,  ar  ;  Ir.  ar, 
formerly  fair  or  fer ;  W.  ar :  Corn.  war.  Ciu.  Gr. 
rtaua.  This  word  corresponds  in  sense  with  i^y  in 
the  Shemitic  dialects,  signifying  to  pass,  in  almost 
any  manner  ;  to  pass  over,  as  a  river,  to  pass  beyond, 
to  pass  away,  to  pass  by  ;  in  short,  to  move,  dt-part, 
or  go.  Sax.  faran,  to  fare.  Hence  the  derivative 
sense  of  beyond,  either  on  the  other  side  or  above  ; 
hence  the  sense  of  excess,  which  supposes  the  pass- 
ing of  a  limit ;  hence  the  sense  of  opposite  or  arrainst, 
in  the  Gr.  iireo,  for  the  further  side  of  a  river  is  the 
opposite  side.  We  do  not  use  the  word  in  this  sense, 
except  with  against    See  Class  Br,  No.  23.  The 

Persian  corresponding  word  is  \jS  fara,  which  co- 
incides nearly  with  the  Greek  Traoa,  and  both  seem 

-  'C 

to  be  more  directly  from  the  Ar.  abara,  to  go 
beyond.    Class  Br,  No.  37.] 

1.  Across ;  from  side  to  side  ;  implying  a  passing 
or  moving  either  above  the  substance  or  thing,  or  on 
the  surface  of  it.  Thus  we  say,  a  dog  leaps  over  a 
stream,  or  over  a  table  ;  a  boat  sails  over  a  lake. 

2.  Above  in  place  or  position  ;  opposed  to  Below  ; 
as,  the  clouds  over  our  heads.  The  smoke  rises  over 
the  city. 

The  rnercy-seat  that  is  over  the  testimony.  —  Ex.  xxr. 

3.  Above,  denoting  superiority  in  excellence,  dig- 
nity, or  v.alue ;  as,  the  advantages  which  the  Chris- 
tian world  has  over  the  heathen.  Sicift. 

Young  Pallds  shone  conspicuous  o'er  the  rest.  Dryden. 

4.  Above  in  authority,  implying  the  right  or  power 
of  superintending  or  governing  ;  opposed  to  Under. 

Thon  shalt  be  orer  my  hoiisf*.  —  Gen.  xli. 

I  will  make  thee  ruler  oper  niLiny  things.  —  Matt.  xxv. 

5.  Upon  the  surface  or  whole  surface ;  through 
the  whole  extent ;  as,  to  wander  over  the  earth  ;  to 
walk  over  a  field,  or  over  a  city. 

6.  Upon.   ^Vatch  over  your  children. 
Dost  tliou  not  watch  over  my  sin  ?  — Job  xip. 

His  tender  mercies  are  oyer  ail  his  works.  —  Ps.  cxlv. 

7.  During  the  whole  time  ;  from  beginning  to  end  ; 
as,  to  keep  any  thing  over  night ;  to  keep  corn  over 
winter. 

8.  Above  the  top;  covering;  immersing;  as,  the 
water  is  over  the  shoes  or  boots. 

Over  night.  To  do  a  thing  over  night  is  to  do  it  on 
the  evening  previous,  or  before  retiring  to  rest  for  the 
night ;  as,  when  preparing  for  a  journey,  we  pro- 
vide things  necessary  over  night. 

Over,  in  poetry,  is  often  contnicled  into  o'er. 
O'VER,  adv.    From  side  to  side  ;  as,  a  board  a  foot 
over;  a  tree  a  foot  over,  a  foot  in  diameter. 

2.  On  the  opposite  side.    The  boat  is  s.tfe  over. 

3.  From  one  to  another  by  passing;  as,  to  deliver 
over  poods  to  another. 

4.  From  one  country  to  another  by  passing  ;  as,  to 
carry  any  thing  over  to  France,  or  to  bring  any  thing 
over  to  Englantl.  Bacon. 

5.  On  the  surface. 

6.  Above  the  top. 

Goofl  mensnre,  pn-ssed  down,  and  shaken  together,  and  ninnm* 
orer,  shill  men  give  into  your  bosom.  —  Luke  vi. 

7.  More  than  the  quantity  assigned  beyond  a 
limit. 

He  that  g:itliered  much  had  nothing  orer.  —  Ex.  xvi. 

8.  Throughout  ;  from  beginning  to  end  ;  com- 
pletely ;  as,  to  read  over  a  book  ;  to  argue  a  question 
over  again. 

Over  and  over;  repeatedly  ;  once  and  again. 

And  every  night  reviewed  it  o'er  and  o'er.  JIarle. 
Over  again  ;  once  more  ;  with  repetition. 

O,  kill  not  all  my  kindred  o'er  asain.  Dryden. 
Over  and  above;  besides  ;  beyond  what  is  supposed 
or  limited. 


He  (gained,  over  and  above,  the  food  will  of  the  people. 

L'kt: 

Over  against ;  opposite  ;  in  front. 


trange. 


Over  againgt  thii  church  slanilj  a  large  hotplUil.  AdfUton. 

Over  in  used  with  rolling  or  turning  from  side  to 
•Jde  ;  an,  to  turn  over;  to  mil  over. 

To  give  over ;  to  ceaNO  from  ;  as,  to  ffive  over  an 
enterprise. 


a.  To  consider  as  in  a  hopeless  state ;  as,  the  phy- 
sicians have  given  over  Ibeir  patient. 

Over,  in  composition,  dent  les  spreading,  covering 
above  ;  as  in  overcast,  overflow ;  or  across,  as  to  over- 
hear ;  or  above,  as  to  overhang  ;  or  turning,  changing 
sides,  as  in  i7rer(itrH  ;  or,  more  generally,  beyond,  im- 
plying excess  or  superiority,  as  in  overact,  overcome. 
O'VER,  o.  Past. 

The  Olympic  gtimes  were  over.  Milner. 
2.  Upper;  covering;  as,  orcr-shoes ;  oj;fr-Ieather. 
O-VER-A-BOUND',  r.  i.     'J'o  abound  more  than 

enough  :  to  be  superabundant.  Pope. 
0-VER-.\eT',  V.  U    To  act  or  perforin  to  excess  ;  as, 

he  overacted  his  part.  .^Uerbury. 
0-VER-.\€T',  V.  i.    To  act  more  than  is  necessary. 

B.  Jonson. 

O-VER-ACT'ED,  pp.    Acted  to  excess. 
O-VER-ACT'ING,  ppr.    Performing  more  than  is  ne- 
cessarv. 

O-VER-AG'I-TaTE,  r.  t.  To  agitate  or  discuss  be- 
yond what  is  expeiiient.  Hall. 

O'VER  ALLS,  71.  pi.    A  kind  of  trowsers  worn  over 

O-VER-.^XX'IOUS,  fl.    Anxious  to  excess.  [others. 

O-VER-aRCH',  v.  t.  To  arch  over;  to  cover  with  an 
arch. 

Brown  with  o'erarcking  shades.  Pope. 
O-VER-AWE',  (o-ver-aw',)  v.  t.    To  restrain  by  awe, 
fear,  or  superior  influence. 

The  king  was  present  in  person  to  overlook  the  magistrates  and 
overawe  the  subjects  with  the  terror  of  his  sword,  Speneer. 

0-VER-AW'J!D,  pp.    Restrained  by  awe. 

O-VER-BAL'AIVCE,  r.  t.  To  weigh  down;  to  ex- 
ceed in  weight,  value,  or  importance.  The  evil, 
which  spring  from  vice  ovi-rbalanre  all  its  pleasures. 

O-VER-BAL'ANCE,  71.  Excess  of  weight  or  value  ; 
something  more  than  an  equivalent;  as,  an  oB<*r4o(- 
ance  of  exports  ;  an  overbalance  of  probabilities. 

Temple.  Locke. 

0-VER-BAL'A\C-ED,  (-b.il'anst,)  pp.  Weighed 
down  ;  exceeded  in  weight  or  importance. 

O-VER-BAL'ANC-ING,  ppr.  Exceeding  in  weight, 
value,  or  importance. 

O-VER-B AT'TLE,  a.  [Qu.  from  the  root  of  batten,  to 
fatten.] 

Too  fruitful  ;  exuberant.    [JVot  used.]  Hooker. 
O-VER-BEaR',  i;.  f.    [See  Bear.]    To  bear  down; 
to  repress  ;  to  subdue. 

The  point  of  reputation,  when  the  news  first  came  of  die  battle 

lost,  did  overbear  the  re:ison  of  war.  Bacon. 
Yet  fortune,  valor,  all  is  operborfie 

By  nurnlters.  Derham, 
Till  overborne  with  weight  the  Cyprians  fell.  Ih-ydcn. 

O-VER-BEaR'ING,  ppr.    Bearing  down  ;  repressing. 
9.  a.    Haughty  and  dogmatical  ;   disposed  or 
tending  to  repress  or  subdue  by  insolence  or  cft"ront- 
ery. 

0-VER-BEaR'ING-LY,  adv.  Haughtily;  dogmatic- 
allv. 

O-VER-BEXD',  V.  t.    To  bend  or  stretch  to  excess. 

Donne. 

O-VER-BID',  V.  t.    To  bid  or  offer  beyond. 

.  2.  To  bid  or  offer  more  than  an  equivalent. 
O-VER-BLoVV,  V.  i.    To  blow  with  loo  much  vio- 
lence ;  a  seaman^s  phrase. 

2.  To  blow  over,  or  be  past  its  violence.  [JVot 
used.] 

O-VER-BLoW'',  r.  t.  To  blow  away  ;  to  dissipate  by 
wind.  Waller. 

O-VER-BLoWN',  pp.    Blown  by  and  gone  ;  blown 
away  ;  driven  by  ;  past.  Dryden. 
Anti  when  this  cloud  of  sorrow 's  ower6/oti>n.  Waller. 

5'VER-BOARD,  adv.    [over  and  Fr.  bord,  side.] 

Literally,  over  the  side  of  a  ship  ;  hence,  out  of  a 
ship  or  from  on  board  ;  as,  to  fall  overboard  ;  which, 
of  course,  is  to  fall  into  the  water.         JMar.  Diet. 
O-VER-BROVV,  7'.  (.    To  hang  over.  Collins. 
O-VER  HUILT',  (o-ver-hilt',)  pp.    Built  over.  Milton. 
O-VER-BULK',  V.  t.    To  oppress  by  bulk.  [jVot  used.] 

Shak. 

0-VER-BUR'DJt;N,  v.  t.     To  load  with   too  great 

weight.  Sidney. 
O-VER  BUR'DRN-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Overloaded. 
O-VER-BUR'DKN-IXG,  ppr.  Overloading. 
0-VER-niM!\',  »i.  (.    To  burn  too  nmch.  Mortimer. 
O-VEK-BUS'V,  (o-ver-biz'zy,)  a.  Too  busy  ;  officious. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
O-VER-BUV,  r.  I.  To  buy  at  too  dear  a  r.ite.  Dryden. 
0-VER-e.\X'0-PV,  V.  t.    To  cover  as  with  a  canopy- 

Shnk. 

o'VER-GaRE,  n.    Excessive  care  or  anxiety.  Dryden. 
O-VER-C.^RE'FIIL,  a.    Careful  to  exc.  ss. 
O-VER-CAR'RI-KI),  (-kar'rid,)  pp.    Carried  too  far. 
O-VER-CAR'RV,  «'.  (.    To  carry  too  far  ;  to  carry  or 

urge  beytiiiil  (he  prtiper  ptiint.  Hatiward. 
O-VER-CAST',  V.  t.    To  cloud  ;  to  darken  ;  to  cover 

with  gloom. 

The  clouds  that  oi^rroasl  our  mom  ihall  fir.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cast  or  compute  at  too  high  a  rate  ;  to  rate 
too  high. 

The  kinp,  In  his  account  of  peaco  and  udms,  did  much  overetut 
his  lonunei,  Uacon. 

3.  To  sew  over. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


784 


OVE 

O-VER-exST',  pp.  Clouded  ;  overspread  with  clouds 
or  gloum. 

The  (lawn  is  overcast,  Atltlison. 
Our  days  ot  agu  urt;  K;ut  aiiil  oturaut.  Hategh. 

9.  Sewed  over. 
O-VER-esST'ING,  ppr.    OvcrspreadinR  with  clouds 

or  sliioin  ;  sewin;:  over. 
O-VEK-CAU'TlOUri,  (-slius,)  a.  Cautious  or  pruilent 

to  excess".  Mdisim. 
O-VER-eAtJ'TIOUS-IA',  adv.    Cautiously  to  excess. 
0-VER-CHARCE',  v.  U    To  charge  or  load  to  excess  ; 

to  cloy  ;  to  oppress. 


9.  To  crowd  too  much. 

Our  Iniigufiyo  is  oi'trcharged  wilh  consoiiauu.  Addison. 

3.  To  burden.  '  S/in'.. 

■1.  To  till  to  excess  ;  to  surcharge  ;  as,  to  overcliurge 
the  lueuiory.  Locke. 
5.  To  load  with  too  great  a  charge,  as  a  gun. 

Dcnham. 

C.  To  charge  too  much  ;  to  enter  in  an  account 
more  than  is  just. 
0' VER-CHARiiE,  n.    An  excessive  load  or  burden. 

2.  A  charge  iu  an  account  of  more  than  is  just. 

3.  An  excessive  charge,  as  of  a  gun. 
0-VER-CHARO'KD,  pp.  or  a.     Loaded  to  excess; 

charged  more  than  is  proper. 
0-VEU-CLlMU',  (-klime',)  ».  f.    To  climb  over. 

Si/rre7/. 

O-VER-CLOUU',  V.  t.  To  cover  or  overspread  with 
clouds.  XicUel. 

0-VI',R-ei.Otin'ED,  pp.    Overspread  with  clouds. 

O-VER  eiX)V'<  e.  (.    To  fill  beyond  satiety.  Slink. 

0-VKR-€oLI)',  n.    Cold  to  excess.  merman. 

O-VEK-CO.ME',  (  kum',)  r.  r.  [See  Come.]  To  con- 
quer ;  to  vanquish  ;  to  subdue ;  as,  to  overcome  ene- 
mies iu  battle. 

*2.  To  surmount ;  to  gel  the  better  of;  as,  to  oycr- 
cume  dilficnities  or  obstacles. 

3.  To  overflow  ;  to  surcharge.    [JVo«  used.] 

ruiUps. 

4.  To  come  upon  ;  to  invade.    [A"o(  used.] 
O-VER-eO.ME',  (-kum',)  v.  i.    To  gain  the  superi- 
ority ;  to  W-  victorious.    Rovt.  iii. 

O-VKR-CO.M'ER,  n.  One  who  vanquishes  or  sur- 
mounts. 

O-VKR-COM'ING,  ppr.  or  fl.    Vanquishing;  subdu- 

fng  :  getting  the  belter  of. 
O-VER-e0.M'l.\G-I.Y,  a/e.    With  superiority.  More. 
()  VER-CON'FI-DENCE,  ii.    Excessive  confidence. 
O  VER  CON'FI-OENT.  n.    Confident  to  excess. 
()  Vi;R-eON'FI-l)Ei\T-LY,  adv.     With  too  much 

confidence.  Baxter. 
O-V  i;R  eOR\',  r.  t.  To  corn  to  excess.  Mdison. 
O  VEU-eOUiN'T',  V.  t.  .To  rate  above  the  true  value. 

Shak. 

0-VER-COU\T'En,  pp.    R.ated  above  the  value. 
O  VER-COVER,  r.  (.    To  cover  completely.  Shak. 
O  VER-CRED'IJ-EOUS,  ii.    Too  apt  to  believe.  Shak. 
O-VER-CRoW',  r.  f.   To  crow  as  in  triumph. 
O- VER-eO'RlOUS,  a.    Curious  or  nice  to  excess. 

Bacon. 

O-VER-DaTE',  r.  (.    Tod.ate  beyond  the  proper  pe- 
riod. Milion. 
O  VER-DTfiHT',  (-dite',)  «.    Covered  over.  [Obs.] 
O-VER  1)1  L'1-6ENT,  a.    Diligent  to  excess. 
O- VER-DO',  V.  t.    To  do  or  perform  too  much.  Shale. 
Q.  To  haniss  ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  oppress  by  too  much 
action  or  labor. 
3.  To  boil,  hake,  or  roast  too  nuich.  .Swi/J. 
O-VER-DO',  V.  i.    To  labor  too  hard  ;  to  do  too  nmch. 

Grew?. 

O-VER-DO'INO,  n.    Excessive  labor  or  exertion. 
0-VER-L)(i'I.\(;,  ppr.    Doing  to  excess. 
0-VER-DO.\E',  (-dun',)  pp.    Overacted  ;  acted  to  ei- 

2.  Wearied  or  (vppressed  by  too  much  labor,  [cess. 

3.  Roiled,  baked,  or  roasted  too  much.  Swift. 
O'VER-OoSE,  n.    Too  great  a  dose. 
0-VER-DRAW',  r.  t.    To  draw  beyond  the  proper 

limits  ;  to  draw  an  order  for  a  larger  sum  than  is  due, 
or  for  a  6um  beyond  one's  credit  in  the  books  of  a 
company  ;  as,  to  overdraip  the  sum  standing  to  one's 
credit  in  the  books  of  a  banking  company. 

0-VER-DRAW'IN"G,  ppr.  Beyond  the  proper  limits  ; 
drawine  fiir  more  than  one  is  entitled  to  receive. 

O-VER-DRAW.N"',  pp.  Drawn  beyond  the  proper 
limits ;  drawn  upon  beyond  the  credit  or  funds  of 
the  drawer. 

O-VER-DRESS',  r.  t.    To  dress  to  excess ;  to  adorn 

loo  much.  Pope. 
O-VER  I)RESS'£D,  (-drest',)  pp.    Adorned  to  excess. 
0-VER  DRl.VK',  r.  t.   To  drii.k  to  excess. 
O  VER  DRIVE',  r.  (.    To  drive  too  hard,  or  beyond 

strrn'jih.    Oen.  xxxiii. 
(>  VKR  I)R1V'£N,  pp.    Driven  too  hard. 
(I  VER  OR?',  e.  !.    To  dry  too  much.  Burton. 
O-VER-DCE',  o.    Past  the  time  of  payment ;  as,  an 

orrrdur  note. 
OVER-EA'GER, 

sire. 


Too  eager;  too  vehement  in  de- 
_  ^  Goodman. 

i>  i'L-o  ndr.   With  excessive  eagerness. 

O-v  ER-KA'GER-NESS,  n.    Excess  of  earnestness. 


OVE 

O-VER-P.AT',  V.  t.    To  eat  to  excess. 
0-VER-l".A'r'KN,  pp.  or  a.    Having  eaten  too  much. 
0-VER-EI/E-<;  ANT,  a.    Elegant  to  excess.  Johnson. 
0-VER  E.Ml"TV,  V.  I.    To  make  too  empty.  Carew. 
O-VER-E.S'TI-.MATE,  r.  t.    To  estimate  too  highly. 
0-VEK-I-:S'TI.I\IATE,  it.    An  estimate  that  is  too 
0-VER-E.\-CIT'ED,  a.    Too  much  excited.  (high. 
0-VER-EX-CITE'ME.\T,  ii.    Excess  of  excitement. 
O-VER-EVE',  (6-ver-i',)  v.  U    To  superintend  ;  to  in- 
spect.   {Little  used.] 
9.  To  observe  ;  to  remark.  Shak. 
O'VER-FALL,  «.    A  cataract;  the  fall  of  a  river. 

lialeirh. 

O-VER  FA-TIGUE',  (o  ver-fa-tceg',)  ii.  Excessive 
fatigue. 

O-VER-FA-TIGUE',  (o-ver-fa-teeg',)  ».  U    To  fatigue 

to  excess.  WatttK 
O-VER-FED',  pp.    Fed  to  excess. 
O-VER-FEED',  f.  t.    To  li  ed  to  excess.  Dnjden. 
O-VER-FILL',  v.  t.    To  fill  to  excess  ;  to  surcharge. 

Dniden. 

O-VER-FL0.\T',  V.  t.    To  overflow  ;  to  inund.ale. 

Dn}den, 

O-VER-FLOUR'ISH,  (o-ver-flur'ish,)  r.  t.  To  make 
excessive  display  or  flourish.  Collier. 

O-VER-FLOW',  ».  t.  To  spread  over,  as  water;  to 
inundate  ;  to  cover  with  water  or  other  fluid. 

2.  To  fill  beyond  tiie  brim. 

3.  To  deluge ;  to  overwhelm  ;  to  cover,  a.s  with 
numbers. 

The  iiorthrm  nnlions  Qverjtovied  all  Chrislendom.  SUpemer. 
O-VER-FLOW,  V.  i.   To  run  over;  to  swell  and  run 
over  the  brim  or  banks.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  be  abundant ;  to  abound  ;  to  c.xnberate  ;  as, 
orerjlotrinir  plenty.  Roirer.^. 
O'VER-FLOW,  n.    An  inundation  ;  also,  snperabun- 

dance.  Bacon. 
O-VER-F'L0W'£D, pp.  Run  or  spread  over,  as  water  ; 
deluged. 

O-VER-FL0W'I\G,  ppr.    Spreading  over,  as  a  fluid  ; 

inundating  ;  running  over  the  brim  or  banks. 
O-VER-FLOW'ING,  a.    Abundant  ;  copious  ;  e.xu- 

berant. 

O-V'ER-FLOW'ING,  n.    Exuberance  ;  copiousness. 

Denham. 

O-VER-FLoW'ING-LY,  adv.  E.xuberantly  ;  in  great 
abundance.  Boiflc. 

O-VER-FLUSH',  v.  t.    To  flush  to  excess. 

0-VER-FLUSH'£»,  (-flusht',)  pp.  Flushed  to  excess ; 
reddened  to  excess. 
2.  Elated  to  excess.  Mdison. 

O-VER-FLt',  V.  t.    I'o  pass  over  or  cross  by  flijlit. 

O-VER-FONO',  a.    Fond  to  excess.  [Drydoi. 

O-VER-FOR'WARD,  a.    Forward  to  excess. 

0-VER-FOR'WARD-i\ESS,  n.  Too  great  forward- 
ness or  readiness  ;  officiousness.  Hale. 

0-VER-FRElGHT',(o-ver-frite',)t>.  £.  [See  Freight.] 
To  load  too  heavily  ;  to  fill  with  too  great  quantity 
or  numbers  :  as,  to  overfreight  a  boat. 

0-VER-FRCIT'F}JL,  a.  Too  rich  ;  producing  super- 
abundant crops.  Drydeit. 

O  VER-FULL',  a.    Too  full. 

O-VER-GET',  V.  L    To  reach  ;  to  overtake.  [Mt 

u.-ied.J  Sidney. 
0-VER:-GILD',  v.  L   To  gdd  over  ;  to  varnish. 
O-VER-GIKD',  V.  U    To  gird  or  bind  too  closely. 

Milton. 

O-VER-GLXNCE',  r.  t.   To  glance  over ;  to  run  over 

with  the  eye.  Shak. 
0-VER-GO',  t).  t.   To  exceed  ;  to  surpass.  Sidney. 

2.  To  cover.    [JVotxised.]  Chapman. 
0-VER-GON'E',  (o-ver-gawn',)  pp.    Injured  ;  ruined. 

S/iak. 

0-VER-GORGE',  (o-ver-gorj',)  o.  U  To  gorge  to  ex- 
cess. SItak. 

0-VER-GRASS'f;D,  (-grist',)  a.  Overstocked  with 
gr.ass  ;  overgrown  with  grass.  Spenser. 

O-VER-GRE.^  T',  n.    Too  great.  Locke. 

O-VER-GROW,  I),  t.   To  cover  with  growth  or  herb- 
age. Spenser, 
2.  To  grow  beyond  ;  to  rise  above.  Mortimer. 

O  VER-GROW',  V.  i.  To  grow  beyond  the  fit  or  nat- 
ural size  ;  as,  a  huge,  overgroien  ox.  L'Estransre. 

0-VER-G  ROVVN',  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  herbage; 
2.  Grown  beyond  the  natural  size.     [risen  above. 

f)'VER-(;ROVV'l'H,n.  Exuberant  or  excessive  growth. 

O-VER-IIALE'.    See  Overhaul.  [Bacon. 

0-VER-HA.\D'LE,  v.  I.  To  handle  loo  much  ;  to 
mention  too  often.  Shak. 

0-VER-H.\NG',  f.  t.    To  impend  or  hang  over. 

9.  To  jut  or  project  over.  Milton. 

0-VER-H,\NG',  r.  i.    To  jut  over.  Milton. 

0-VER-IL\.\G'ING,ppr.ora.   Hangingover  orabove. 

0-VER-HARD'£.\,  r.  L  To  harden  loo  much;  to 
make  too  hard.  Boyle. 

O-VER-IIaSTE',  n.    Too  great  haste. 

O-VER-llAST'l-I.V,  arfr.    In  too  much  haste.  Hales. 

O-VER-IIAST'I-NESS,  n.  Too  much  haste  ;  precipi- 
talion.  Rcresty. 

O-VER-HaST'V,  a.    Too  h.isty  ;  precipitate. 

Ifammond. 

O-VER-HAUL',  V.  t   To  spread  over.  Spoiscr. 
2.  To  turn  over  for  examination  ;  to  examine  or 
inspect. 


OVE 

3.  To  draw  over. 

4.  To  examine  again,  as  one'a  accounts. 
.*).  To  gain  upon  in  a  chase  ;  to  overtake. 

0-VER-UA(JL'i;D,  pp.  Turned  over  for  eiamlno- 
tion. 

2.  Overtaken  in  a  chase. 

0-VER-llEAD',  (o-ver-hed',)  adv.  Aloft;  above;  in 
the  zenith  or  ceiling.  Milton.  .Addison. 

O-VER-IIkAR',  I).  U  To  hear  by  accident;  to  hear 
wli.at  is  not  addressed  to  the  hearer,  or  not  intended 
to  he  heard  by  him.  fVotton.  Milton. 

O-VER-IIEARD',  (-herd',)  pp.    Heard  by  accident. 

O-VER-Ilif.AT',  e.  t.    To  heat  to  excess.  Addison. 

O-VKR  Hk.AT'/^D,  pp.  or  a.    Heated  to  excess. 

0-VER-HF;LE',  e.  t.   To  cover  over.  [JVb«u.«rf.] 

B.  Jon.mn. 

O  VER  IlEN'D',  r.  f.    To  overtake.    [J^ol  used.] 
0-VER-I!l'.\<;',  pp.    Hung  over.  [Spenser. 

•?..  Covered  or  overcast,  as  with  clouds. 
O-VER-IS'.SIIE,  (  isli'sliu,)  n.    An  issuing  to  excess  ; 
as,  the  ovcri.-isues  of  bank  notes,  an  issuing  notes  be- 
yond the  capital  stock,  or  beyond  the  public  wants. 

^Boston  Resolutions. 
O-VER  JOV,  v.  t.   To  give  great  joy  to  ;  to  transport 

witli  gladness.  Taylor. 
(I'VER-JdV,  n.   Joy  to  excess ;  transport. 
O-VER-JOV'f.'D,  pp.'   Transported  with  gladness. 
O-VER-La'HOR,  r.  I.    To  harass  with  toil.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  execute  with  too  much  care. 
0-VER-LA'liOR-A"D,  pp.  or  a.    Labored  to  excess. 

ScoU. 

0-VER-LaDE',  v.  t.  To  load  wilh  too  great  a  cargo 
or  other  burden. 

0-VER-LAD'i':.\,  pp.  Overburdened;  loaded  to  ex- 
cess. 

0-VER-L5ID',  pp.    [.SeeOvcni-AV.]    Oppressed  wilh 

weight ;  smotlared  ;  covered  over. 
0'VER-L.\N'D,  a.    Passing  by  land;  as,  an  overland 

journey. 

O-VER-LAP'.  r. «.   To  lap  over.  [Tatitological.'] 
O-VER-LARGE',  a.    Too  large  ;  loo  great.  CoUicr. 
O-VER-LARGE'NESS,  71.    Excess  of  size. 
O-VER-LASH',  v.  i.    To  exaggerate.    [Little  U.W.] 

Burrme. 

9.  To  proceed  to  excess.    [Lillle  used.]  Boyle. 
O-VER-LASH'ING-LY,  adv.    With  exaggeraliou. 
0-VER-L.\V'ISH,  a.    Lavish  to  excess. 
O-VER-LaY',  t).  (.  To  lay  too  much  upon  ;  to  oppress 
with  incumbent  weight;  as,  a  country  overlaid  with 
inhabitants.  Ralegh, 
Our  sins  h.aTf7  oveWatr£  our  hopes.  K,  Charlet. 

2.  To  cover  or  spread  over  the  surface ;  as,  to  over- 
lay capitals  of  columns  with  silver  ;  cedar  overlaid 
wilh  gold. 

3.  To'smother  with  close  covering  ;  as,  to  orerlay 
an  infant.  Milton. 

4.  To  overwhelm  ;  to  smother. 

A  heap  of  ashes  lhat  o'trlays  your  fire.  Orydrn, 

5.  To  cloud  ;  to  overcast. 

As  when  K  cloud  his  i)ram  dolh  overlay.  Sptnser. 
G.  To  cover ;  to  join  two  opposite  sides  by  a  cover. 


And  overlay 

With  this  porl*?nlous  bridge  tlie  dark  ahysj. 


MiUon. 


O-VER-LAY'ING,  n.  A  superficial  covering.  Exoi, 
xxxyiii. 

O-VER-LkAP',  r.  t.  To  leap  over  ;  to  pass  or  move 
from  side  to  side  by  leaping;  as,  to  overleap  a  ditch 
or  a  fence.  Drtjden. 

0-VER-LEAP'ia),(-leepl'or-lept',)pp.  Leaped  over; 
passed  by  leapin::. 

O'VER-LEATII  ER,  (  lelh-cr,)  n.  The  leather  which 
forms,  or  is  intentled  to  form,  the  uppt:r  part  of  a 
shoe  ;  lhat  which  is  over  the  foot.  [With  us,  this  is 
called  Upperleather.]  Shak, 

O-VER-LE.W'f-'N,  (o-ver-Iev'n.)  r.  t.  To  leaven  too 
much  ;  to  cause  to  rise  and  swell  too  much. 

B.  Jonson, 

9.  To  mix  too  much  with  ;  to  comipt.  Shak. 
0-VER-LIB'ER-AL,  a.    Too  liberal ;  too  free  ;  abun- 
dant to  excess  ;  as,  overlibcrnl  diet.  Bacon. 
0-VER-LIE',  r.  I.    To  lie  over  or  upon  something. 

ManUU. 

0-VER-LIGHT',  (-lite',)  n.   Too  strong  a  light. 

O-VER-LIVE',  (o-ver-liv',)  B.  (.  To  outlive  ;  to  live 
longer  than  another ;  to  survive.  [We  generally  use 
Outlive.]  Sidney, 

O-VER-LIVE',  (o-vcr-liv',)  v.  L   To  live  too  long. 

Mdion. 

O-VER-LIV'ER,  It.  One  that  lives  longest ;  a  survi- 
vor. Bacon. 

0-VER  Lo.\n',  r.  (.  To  load  with  too  heavy  a  burden 
or  cargo  ;  to  fill  to  excess  ;  as,  lo overload  the  stomach 
or  a  vehicle. 

0-VER-LO.\D'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Loaded  loo  heavily ;  filled 
to  excess. 

O-VER-L0,\D'IN'G,  ppr.  Putting  on  too  hea\7  a  bur- 
den ;  filling  to  excess. 

O-VER-LO.VG',  a.    Too  long.  Boyle. 

O-VER-LQOK',  r.  1.  To  view  from  o  higher  place; 
applied  to  persons  :  as,  to  stand  on  a  hill  and  overlook 
a  city. 

9.  To  stand  in  a  more  elevated  place,  or  to  rise  to 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  — A.\"OER,  VI"CIOLS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


99 


NNN* 


O  VE 


OVE 


OVE 


bich  as  to  afford  tlie  means  of  looking  down  on ;  a-p- 
paed  to  things.    The  tower  overlooked  the  town. 

3  To  see  from  behind  or  over  the  shoulder  of 
another ;  to  see  from  a  higher  position ;  as,  to  oxer- 
look  a  paper  when  one  is  writing.  Dryden. 

4.  To  view  fully  ;  to  peruse.  Sliak. 

5.  To  inspect ;  to  superintend  ;  to  oversee  ;  imply- 
ing care  and  watchfulness. 

He  was  present  in  person  lo  overlook  tlie  magistrates.  Spenser. 

6.  To  review ;  to  examine  a  second  time  or  with 
care. 

The  time  and  care  that  are  required 

To  ouertook,  and  file  and  polish  well.  Jioscommon. 

7.  To  pass  by  indulgently  ;  to  excuse ;  not  to  pun- 
ish or  censure  ;  as,  to  overlook  faults.  Addison. 

8.  To  neglect ;  to  slight. 

They  overlook  truth  in  the  judgment  they  pass  on  adversity  and 
prosperity.  Atterbury, 

0-VER-LOOK'£D,  (-lygkt',)  pp.  Viewed  from  a 
higher  place;  seen  from  over  the  shoulder;  passed 
by  indulgently  ;  neglected  ;  slighted. 

0-VER-LOOK'ER,  n.  One  that  overlooks  ;  a  super- 
intendent.' 

O'VER-LOOP  ;  now  written  Orlop,  which  see. 
O-VER-LOVE',  (-luv',)  v.t.    To  love  to  excess;  to 

prize  or  value  too  much.  HaXl. 
O'VER-LV,  a.    [Sax.  oferlice.] 

Careless;  negligent:  inattentive.  [JVotitsei/.] 

Hall. 

O-VER-L^^'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Lying  over. 
O-VER-MXST',  ji.  (.    To  furnish  with  a  mast  or  with 

masts  that  are  too  long  or  too  lieavy  for  the  weight  of 

keel. 

0-VER-M.\ST'ED,  pp.  Having  masts  too  long  or  too 
heavy  for  the  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

O-VEli MXS'TER,  ti.  t.  To  overpower  ;  to  subdue  ; 
to  vanquish  ;  to  govern.  Milton. 

O-VER-MATCH',  v.  t.  To  he  too  powerful  for;  to 
conquer ;  to  subdue ;  to  suppress  by  superior  force. 

lyryden. 

O-VER-MATCH',  n.  One  superior  in  power ;  one  able 
to  overcome.  Milton.  j9ddison. 

0-VER-MATCH'£D,  (-macht',)  pp.  or  o.  Exceeded 
in  power. 

O-VER-MEAS'TJRE,  (o-ver-mezh'ur,)  v.  t.  To  meas- 
ure or  estim.ite  too  largely.  Bacon. 

O-VER-MEAS'lIRE,  (o-ver-mezh'ur,)  n.  Excess  of 
measure  ;  something  that  exceeds  the  measure  pro- 
posed. 

O-VER-MIX',  V.  t.    To  mix  with  too  much.  Creech, 
O-VER-MOD'EST,  a.    Modest  to  excess ;  bashful. 

Hales. 

O'VER-MoST,  a.  Highest ;  over  the  rest  in  authority. 

Amsworth. 

O-VER-MUCH',  a.    Too  much  ;  exceeding  wh.it  is 

necessary  or  proper.  Locke, 
O-VER-MUCH',  adv.  In  too  great  a  degree.  Hooker. 
O-VER-MUCH',  n.  More  than  sufficient.  Milton. 
O-VER-MUCH'NESS,    n.     Superabundance.  [JVot 

used^  and  barbarou.'f.]  B,  Jonson. 

O-VER-MUL'TI-TUUE,  ».  t.   To  exceed  in  number. 

[Aof  itsed.  J  Milton. 
O-VeR-Na.ME',  v.  i.    To  name  over  or  in  a  series. 

[JVot  used.]  Shak. 
O-VER-NeAT',  a.  Excessively  neat.  Spectator. 
O-VER-NIGHT',  f-nlte',)  n.    Night  before  bed-time. 

[See  Over,  prep.]  Skak. 
O-VER-NOISE',  (0-ver-noiz',)  v.  t.    To  overpower  by 

noise.  Cowley. 
O-VER-OF-FEND'ED,  a.    Offended  to  excess.  Steele. 
O-VER-OF'FICE,  v.  t.    To  lord  by  virtue  of  an  office. 

[JiTol  used.\  ShiJi. 
0-VER-OF-FI"CrOUS,  (-fish'us,)  a.    Too  busy  ;  too 

re.idy  to  intermeddle  ;  too  importunate.  Collier. 
O-VEK-I'AlD',  pp.    Paid  more  than  is  due. 

2.  Rewarded  beyond  merit. 
0-VER-I'Al.\T',  V.  t.  To  color  or  describe  too  strongly. 

Hill. 

O-VER-PAP.S',  t).  (.    To  cross  ;  to  go  over.  Dnjdcn, 

2.  To  overlook  ;  to  p.xss  without  regard. 

Milton,  flooker. 

3.  To  omit,  as  in  reckoning.  Rnteah. 

4.  To  omit ;  not  to  receive  or  include.  Hooker. 
O-VF^R-PASS'tD,  )  pp.    Passed  by  ;   passed  away  ; 
O-VER  i'A.ST',      i      gone  ;  past.  Shak. 
0-VER-PAS'SIO.\-ATE,  a.    Passionate  to  excess. 
0-VEK-PA3'SI0.\-ATE-LV,  adv.     With  too  much 

pa!i8ion. 

0-VER-PA'TIE.\T,  (  shent,)  a.    Patient  to  excess. 
O-VER-PA Y',  I).  (.    I'o  pay  too  much,  or  more  than  is 
due. 

Q.  To  reward  beyond  the  price  or  merit  Prior. 
O-VER-PEER',  r.  t.  To  overlook  ;  to  hover  over.  [J^ot 

yued.]  Shak. 
O-VER-PkO'PLE,  ij.  (.  To  overstock  with  inhahiliiuts. 

O-VER-PRO'PLfiU,  pp.  or  a.  Overstocked  with  in- 
hnhilanm. 

O-VER-PERCM',  r.  (.  To  perch  over  or  obove  ;  to  fly 
over.  Shak. 

O  VER  PER'EMP  TO  RY,  a.    Too  |,r  r.  nipIorv. 

O-VEU  PER  SIUDE',  r.  I.  To  p,  r-u.ide  or  lulliience 
aguiiiitt  one'a  inclination  or  opinion.  Pope. 


O-VER-PER-SUaD'ED,  pp.  Influenced  beyond  one's 

inclination  or  opinion. 
O-VER-PlC'TqRE,  V.  t.   To  exceed  the  representa- 
tion or  pictul-e.  Shak. 
O'VER-PLUS,  n.    [over  and  L.  plas,  more,  or  perhaps 
G.  vberfiuss,  overflow.] 

Surplus  ;  that  which  remains  after  a  supply,  or  be- 
yond a  quantity  pro|)osed.  Take  what  is  wanted, 
and  return  the  overplus. 

It  would  look  like  a  f.ible  to  report  that  this  gentleman  gives 
away  all  wliich  is  the  overplus  of  a  great  iortune.  Addison. 

O-VER-PLY',  V.  t.    To  ply  to  excess  ;  to  exert  with 

too  miu  h  vigor.  Milton. 
0-VER-POI$E',  (o-ver-poiz',)  v.  t.    To  outweigh. 

Broicn. 

O'VER-POISE,  n.    Preponderant  weight.  Dryden, 
0-*ER-P0L'ISH,  V,  t.    To  polish  too  much. 

Blackwall. 

O-VER-PON'DER-OUS,  a.  Too  heavy  ;  too  depress- 
ing. Milton. 

O-VER-PoST',  1).  t.    To  hasten  over  quickly.  Shak. 

O  VER-POVV'ER,  v.  t.  To  affect  with  a  power  or 
force  that  can  not  be  borne  ;  as,  the  light  overpowers 
the  eyes. 

2.  To  vanquish  by  force  ;  to  subdue  ;  to  reduce  to 
silence  in  action  or  submission  ;  to  defeat. 

Dryden.  Watts. 
0-VER-POW'ER-£D,  pp.    Vanquished  by  superior 
force. 

O-VER-POW'ER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Subduing  ;  redu- 
cing to  submission. 

O-VER-POW'ER-ING-LY,  adv.    With  superior  force. 

O-VEK  PRESS',  v.  t.    To  hear  upon  with  irresistible 
force;  to  crush  ;  to  overwhelm.       Sidney,  Swift, 
2.  To  overcome  by  iruporlunity. 

O-VER-PRIZE',  V.  t.  To  value  or  prize  at  too  high  a 
rate.  Wotton. 

O-VER-PROMPT',  a.  Too  prompt;  too  ready  or 
eager. 

O-VER-PROMPT'NESS,  n.  Excessive  promptness; 
precipitation. 

O-VER-PRO-PoR'TION,  v,  t.  To  make  of  too  great 
proportion. 

O-VER-aUl'ET-NESS,  ti.    Too  much  quietness. 

Brown, 

O-VER-RAKE',  v.  t.  To  break  in  upon  a  ship.  When 
the  waves  break  in  upon  a  ship  at  anchor,  with  her 
head  to  the  sea,  it  is  said,  they  ovcrrake  her,  or  she 
is  ovcrraked.  Mar.  Diet. 

O  VER-RANK',  a.    Too  rank  or  luxuriant.  Mortimer. 

O-VER-RaTE',  v.  t.  To  rate  at  too  much  ;  to  esti- 
mate at  a  value  or  amount  beyond  the  truth. 

Dryden, 

O-VER-RAT'EI),  pp.    Estimated  at  too  high  a  rate. 

O-VER-RAT'ING,  ppr.    Placing  too  high  a  value  on. 

O-VER-ReACH',  0.  t.  To  reach  beyond  in  any  di- 
rection ;  to  rise  above  ;  to  extend  beyontl.  Burnet. 

2.  To  deceive  by  cunning,  artifice,  or  sagacity  ;  to 
cheat.  Tillot<on. 

O-VER-ReACH',  v.  i.  Applied  to  horsex,  to  strike  the 
toe  of  the  hind  foot  against  the  heel  or  shoe  of  the 
fore  foot. 

O'VER-ReACH,  n.  The  act  of  striking  the  heel  of 
the  fore  foot  with  the  toe  of  the  hind  foot.  Kncyc. 

O-VER-ReACH'ER,  ji.  One  that  overreaches  ;  one 
th.it  deceives. 

O-VER-ReACH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Reaching  beyond  ; 
cheating. 

0-VER-Ri?,ACH'ING,  n.    The  act  of  deceiving;  a 

re:tching_too  far. 
O-VER-ReAD',  ».  i.    To  read  over;  to  peruse.  [JVot 

used,  ]  Shak. 
O  VER-REAn'M.Y,  a</».    With  too  much  readuiess. 
0-VEH-ltEAI)'l-NESS,  n.    Excess  of  readiness. 
O  VER-READ'Y,  (-red'de,)  a.    Too  ready. 
O  VER-RED',  <!.  «.    To  smear  with  a  red  color.  [JVot 

used.'^  Shak. 

8;  VER.Rm'biCN,  i 

0-VER-RII)E',  ».  t.    To  ride  over.    [J^ot  jised.] 

Chancer, 

2.  To  ride  too  much  ;  to  ride  beyond  the  strength 

of  the  horse. 
O-VEK-Uri'E',  a.    Matured  to  excess. 
O-VER-RIP'/'JN,  c. /.    To  make  too  ripe.  Shak. 
0-VEK-Rf)AS'l'',  jj.  J.    To  roast  too  uuich.  Shak, 
O-VElt  ROLE',  ».  t.    To  influence  or  control  by  pre- 

doiiiintint  power;  to  subject  to  superior  authority. 

The  law  must  overrule  all  private  opinions  of  right 

and  wrong. 

Hu  p;muiii  and  animosity  overruled  his  coDscience.  Clarttvlon. 

2.  'I'o  govern  with  high  authority.  Hayivard. 

3.  In  lam,  to  supersede  or  ri^ject ;  as,  the  plea  Was 
orrrnitrit  by  the  court. 

O  VER  KOli' /■;!),  pp.     Influenced  by  predominant 

|)owtr. 
2.  Supi  THeded  or  rejected. 
0-VER-RCI,'Ell,  71.     One  who  controls,  directs,  or 

governs.  Sidney. 
O-VER-R0L'I.\'(;,  ppr.    Controlling;  subjecting  to 

authority. 

2.  a.  Exerting  superior  and  controlling  power ; 
tu,  an  overruling  I'rovidi  nee. 


O-VER-ROL'ING  LY,  adv.  Controllingly. 

O-VER-RUN',  J!.  (.  To  run  or  spread  over;  to  grow 
over ;  to  cover  all  over.  The  sluggard's  farm  is 
overrun  with  weeds.  Some  plants  unchecked  will 
soon  overrun  a  field.  The  Canada  tliisUe  is  overrun- 
ning the  northern  parts  of  New  England,  as  it  has 
overrun  Normandy. 

2.  To  march  or  rove  over  ;  to  harass  by  hostile  in- 
cursions ;  to  ravage.  The  south  of  Europe  was  for- 
merly overrun  by  the  Goths,  Vandals,  and  other  bar- 
barians. 

3.  To  outrun  ;  to  run  faster  than  another  and 
leave  him  behind. 

.ihiimaz  ran  hy  the  way  of  the  plain,  and  overran  Cushi.  —2 

4.  To  overspread  with  numbers.  Were  it  not  for 
the  ibis,  it  has  been  supposed  Egypt  would  be  over- 
run with  crocodiles. 

5.  To  injure  by  treading  down. 

6.  Among  printers,  to  change  the  disposition  of 
types,  and  carry  those  of  one  line  into  another,  either 
in  correction,  or  in  the  contraction  or  extension  of 
columns. 

O  VER-RUN',  V.  i.    To  overflow  ;  to  run  over.  Smith. 

O-VER-RUN',  pp.  Run  or  spread  over ;  grown  over  ; 
injured  by  treailiiig  down. 

O-VER-RUN'NER,  ji.    One  that  overruns. 

O-VER-RUN'NING,  pjir.  or  a.  Spreading  over  ;  rava- 
ging ;  changing  the  disposititm  of  types. 

O-VER-RUN'NlNG,  n.  The  act  of  overflowing  or 
running  over. 

O  VER-SAT'lJ-RSTE,  r.  t.    To  saturate  to  excess. 

O-VER-SAT't'-RA-TED,  pp.    .More  than  saturated. 

O-VER-SAT'U-RA-TING,  ppr.  Saturaling  to  ex- 
cess. 

O-VER-SeRO'PU-LOUS,  a.    Scrupulous  to  excess. 

Mitford. 

O-VER-SCRU-PU-LOS'I-TY,     )  n.    Excess  of  scru- 
O-VER-SrRU'PU-I.OUS-NESS,  (  puloiisness. 
O-VER-.'^kA',  a.    Foreign  ,  from  beyond  sea.  Wilson. 
O-VER-SEE',  V.  t.    To  superintend  ;  to  overlook,  im- 
plying care. 

a.  To  pass  unheeded  ;  to  omit ;  to  neglect.  [JVut 
I'.-n/.]  Hudibras. 
O-VER-PEEN',  pp.  Superintended. 

2.  .Mistaken  .  deceived.    [jVol  used.]  Honker. 
O-VER-SEER',  V.    One  who  overlooks  ;  a  superinten- 
dent ;  a  supervisor. 

2.  An  officer  who  has  the  care  of  the  poor  or  of  an 
idiot,  &c. 

O-VER-SEE'ING,  ;);)r.    Superintending;  overlooking. 

O-VER-SET',  V.  t.  To  turn  from  the  proper  position 
or  basis;  to  turn  upon  the  side,  or  to  turn  bottom 
upward  ;  as,  to  overset  a  coach,  a  ship,  or  a  buililitig. 

2.  To  subvert  ;  to  overthrow  ;  as,  lo  overset  the 
constitution  of  a  stale ;  to  overset  a  scheme  of  pol- 
icy. 

3.  To  throw  off  the  proper  foundation.  Dryden, 
O-VER-SET',  V.  i.    To  turn  or  be  turned  over;  to 

turn  or  fall  off  the  basis  or  bottom.    A  crank  vessel 

is  liable  to  overset. 
O-VER-SET'TING,  ppr.    Turning  upon  the  side,  or 

bottom  upward  ;  subverting  ;  overthrowing. 
0-VER-SHAI)E',  V.  t.    To  cover  with  shade  ;  to  cover 

with  any  thing  that  causes  darkness  ;  to  render  tlark 

or  gloomy.  Bacon.  Dryden. 

O-VER-SllAD'oW,  ».  t.    To  throw  a  shadow  over; 

to  overshade.  Milton. 
2.  To  shelter ;  to  protect ;  to  cover  with  protecting 

influence.  Milton. 
0-VER-SHAD'oW-£D,  pp.    Overshaded  ;  sheltered  ; 

protected. 

O-VER-SHAD'oW-ER,  n.  One  that  throws  a  shade 
over  any  thing.  Bacon. 

O-VER-SHAD'OW-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Throwing  a  shade 
over ;  protecting. 

O-VER-SHOOT',  V,  U   To  shoot  beyond  the  mark. 

TilloL-^on. 

2.  To  pass  swiftly  over.  Harte. 
To  overshoot  one's  self;  to  venture  too  far  ;  to  as- 
sert too  much.  Hooker. 
O-VEU-SIIOOT',  V.  i.    To  fly  beyond  the  mark. 
O  VER-SHOT',  />;<.    Shot  beyond.         .  [Collin: 
O'VER-SllOT-VVIIEEL',?!.  A  wheel  which  is  turned 
by  water  which  shoots  over,  or  flows  on  to  the  top 
of  it. 

O'VElt-SIGHT,  (-site,)  M.   Superintendence  ;  watch- 
ful care.    1  Pet.  v. 
2.  Mistake  ;  an  overlooking  ;  omission  ;  error. 

Pope. 

O-VER-SIZE',  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  bulk  or  size.  [JVot 
much  u.ied.]  Sandys. 
2.  To  cover  with  viscid  matter.  Shak. 

O-VER-SKII",  1).  /.  To  skip  or  leap  over ;  to  pass  by 
leaping.  Hooker, 

2.  'i'o  pass  over.  Donne, 

3.  1'o  esriipe.  Shak, 
0-VlCR-Sl,l",EI",  V.  t.    To  sleep  too  long  ;  as,  to  over- 
sleep the  usiiiil  litnir  of  rising. 

O  VER  Sl-EI'T',  pp.    Slept  too  long. 

O-VER-SLll",  I',  f.  To  slip  or  pass  without  notice; 
to  pass  undone,  unnoticed,  or  unused  ;  to  omit;  to 
neglect ;  us,  to  ovcrsUp  time  or  opportunity. 

Hammond. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MftTE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


OVE 


OVE 


OVU 


O-VF.R-SLfiW',  r.  t  To  render  slow  ;  to  rherk  ;  to 
ciirh.    \.\'ttt  used.]  Ilniiimnnil. 

O-VEU-SiNOW,  V.  I.  To  cover  with  snow.  [jVot 
mack  ugril.]  Dnidnt. 

O-VER-POI.I)',  pp.    Sold  nt  too  liigh  a  price.  j)rtiilni. 

U-VER-SOON'  <i./b.    Too  soon.  Siilnex/. 

O-VEll-SOR'RoVV,  V.  U  To  grieve  or  afflict  to  ex- 
cess. JMiUvn. 

O-VER-PPAN',  V.  t.    To  reach  or  extend  over. 

O-VER-SPkAK',  v.  L  To  speak  too  inucli  :  to  use 
too  many  words.  llalcs. 

0-VER-Sl'E.\T',  pp.  [See  Spend.]  Harassed  or  fa- 
tietied  to  an  extreme  nepree.  Dnj'ten, 

0-VEK  srREAU',  (o-ver-spred',)  f.  t     To  spread 
over  ;  to  cover  over.     Tile  deluge  overspread  the 
earth. 
•J.  To  scatter  over. 

O-VER-SPREAD',  (o-ver-spred',)  i).  i.  To  be  spread 
or  scattered  over. 

0-VER-.STAND',  ti.  t.  To  stand  too  much  on  price  or 
conditions;  to  lose  a  sale  hy  holding  the  price  too 
hiirh.  Dnjden. 

O-VER-STARE',  t'.  (.    To  stare  wildly.    [JVot  used.] 

J3seham, 

O-VER-STaTE',  v.  t.  To  exaggerate  in  statement ; 
to  state  in  too  strong  terms.  D.  fVeOsler. 

O-VER-STEP',  V.  t.  To  step  over  or  beyond  ;  to  ex- 
ceed. Sliak. 

O-VER-STEP'PED,  (-steptj'pp.  Exceeded  or  stept  be- 
yond propiT  bounds. 

O-VEIl-STOCK',  II.  Superabundance;  more  than  is 
suftieient.  7^utttyr. 

O-VER-STOCK',  V.  t.  To  fill  too  full  ;  to  crowd  ;  to 
supply  with  more  than  is  »  antid.  The  world  may 
be  overstocked  with  inhabitants  ;  the  market  is  often 
overstocked  with  goods. 

2.  To  furnish  with  more  cattle  than  are  wanted  ; 
as,  to  overstock  a  farm. 

3.  To  supply  with  more  seed  than  is  wanted  ;  as, 
to  over-stock  land  with  clover. 

O-VER  STOCK'AB,  (  stokt',)  pp.  or  a.     Filled  too 
full ;  crowded  ;  furnished  with  more  cattle  than  are 
wanted,  as  a  farm. 
O-VER-SToRE',  V.  t.    To  store  with  too  much  ;  to 

supply  or  fill  with  superabundance.  Hale. 
0' VER-STo-RY,  n.    The  clear-story  or  upper  story. 

Gloss,  ofjircliit. 
To  strain  to  excess  ;  to  make 
Vnjdeii. 

To  stretch  too  far.  .^tjliffe. 
To  spread  or  scatter  over. 

Shak. 

To  strike  beyond.  Spenser. 
Spread  or  scattered  over. 

J.  BarUiW. 

O-VER-STUFF'ED,  (-stuft',)  a.    StiifTeti  to  excess. 

O-VER-SUP-PL?',  V.  L  To  furnish  more  than  is  suf- 
ficient. Jlelmotli. 

O-VER-PWARM'ING,  a.    Swarming  to  excess. 

O-VER-SVVaY',  v.  t.  To  overrule  ;  to  bear  down  ;  to 
control.  Hooker. 

O-VER-SWELL',  v.  L  To  swell  or  rise  above  ;  to 
overflow.  Sliak. 

O-VER-SVVELL'KD,  pp.    Swelled  to  excess. 

O'VERT,  a.  [Fr.  ouvert,  from  ouvrir,  to  open,  It. 
aprire^  L.  aperio.] 

Open  to  view  ;  public  ;  apparent ;  as,  overt  virtues  ; 
an  overt  essay.  But  the  word  is  now  used  chielly  in 
law.  Thus,  an  overt  act  of  treason  is  distinguished 
from  secret  design  or  intention  not  carried  into  effect, 
and  even  from  words  spoken.  A  market  o»crt  is  a 
place  where  goods  are  publicly  exposed  to  sale.  A 
pound  overt  is  one  open  overhead,  aa  distinguished 
from  a  pound  covert  or  close.  Blackstone. 

O-VER-T.aKE',  r.  t  To  come  up  with  in  a  course, 
pursuit,  progress,  or  motion  ;  to  catch. 

The  eiiciiiy  s;iul,  I  will  pnreiip,  1  will  ojfertake.  —  Ex.  xt. 

2.  To  come  upon  ;  to  fall  on  afterward.  Vengeance 
shall  overtake  the  wicked. 

3.  'i'o  take  by  surprise. 

Bn-lhrrn,  lift  m;\n  be  overiaken  in  n  frtiilt,  ye  which  are  apiritual, 
n-slotv  such  an  one  in  the  epiril  of  iiieekiicw.  — Oal.  ri 

O-VER-TaK'KN,  pp.     Come  up  with  in  pursuit; 

cauclit ;  taken  by  surprise. 
0-VER-T.\SK',  1'.  t.    To  impose  too  heavy  a  task  or 

injunction  on.  Harvetj. 
O  VER-TXSK'£D,  (  taskt',)  pp.  or  a.    Tasked  too 
heavily. 


O-VER-STRaFN',  v.  1. 

too  violent  efforts. 
0-VER-STR,\IN',  V.  t. 
O-VER-S'I'REW,  )  f.  (. 
O-VEU-STRaW,  ( 
O-VER-S  I  RIKE',  V.  t. 
O-VER-STRoVVN',  pp. 


0-VER-TAX',  V.  (.    To  tax  too  heavily. 
0-VER-Tk'I)I-OUS,  o.    Too  tedious. 
O-VER-THROW,  v.  U    [See  Throw.] 
side  down. 


To  turn  up- 

Hii  wife  overlhrtte  the  Ubie.  Taylor. 
2.  To  throw  down. 
3  To  ruin  ;  to  demolish. 

When  ihe  walls  of  Tbcbes  he  overthrttt.  Dryden. 

4.  To  defeat;  to  conquer;  to  vanish  ,  as,  to  over- 
VtTote  an  army  or  on  enemy. 

5.  To  subvert ;  to  destroy ;  as,  to  overthroa  the 
/•  I b""-"""-"'         '      ooerlhrow  religion. 

C.  VER-TllRriW,  M.   The  state  of  being  overturned 
or  turned  off  the  basis. 


2.  Ruin  ;  destruction ;  subversion  ;  as,  the  mer- 
tlirow  of  the  state. 

3.  Defeat ;  disconifituro  ;  as,  the  overthrow  of  ene- 
mies. Dnidriu 

A.  Decradation.  Sliak. 

O-VER-TIIROVV'ER,  n.  One  that  overthrows,  de- 
feats, or  destriH's. 

O-VER-TIIROVV'ING,  ppr.  Turning  upside  down; 
throwing  down  ;  ruining  ;  subverting. 

0-VER-THRavVN',  p;;.  Turned  upside  down  ;  de- 
inolishi'd  ;  defeated. 

O-VER-TUVVART',  a.  Opposite;  being  over  the  way 
or  street.       "  Shak. 

2.  Crossing  at  right  angles. 

3.  Cross;  perverse;  adverse;  contradictious. 

Clarendon. 

0-VER-TII\VART',  prep.  Across  ;  from  side  to  side. 
O-VER-TinVART'LY,  a</p.    Across;  transversely. 

Peachajiu 

9.  Perversely. 

0-VER-'l  lI\VART'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 
athwart  or  lying  across. 
2.  Perverseness  ;  pervicacity.  Johnson. 
O-VER-TIRE',  V.  U   To  tire  to  excess;  to  subdue  by 

fatiiiue.  Milton. 
O-VER-TI'TLE,  v.  t.    To  give  too  high  a  title  to. 

Fuller. 

0'VERT-I,Y,  ttdv    Openly  ;  in  open  view  ;  publicly. 
O-VER-TQOK',  prt(.  of  Overtake. 
O-VER-TOP',  V.  t.    To  rise  above  the  top.  Shale. 

2.  To  excel  ;  to  surpass.  Harvey. 

3.  To  obscure  ;  to  iiKike  of  less  importance  by  su- 
perior excellence.  Sicift. 

O-VER  TOP'PKD,  f-topt',)  pp.    Risen  above  the  top; 

excelled  ;  ohscurea. 
0-Vi;i!-T()\V'ER,  f.  f.    To  soar  too  high.  Fuller. 
O-VER-TRaDE',  v.  i.    To  trade  beycuid  capital,  or  to 

purchase  goods  beyond  the  means  of  payment,  or  be- 

yimd  the  wants  of  the  community. 
O-VER-TRaD'ING,  ppr.    Trading  to  excess,  beyond 

capital  or  the  public  wants, 
0-VER-TRaI)'Ii\(;,  71.    The  act  or  practice  of  buying 

goods  beyond  the  means  of  payment,  or  beyond  the 

wants  of  the  coniniuiiity. 
O-VER-TRIP',  V.  t.    To  trip  over;  to  walk  nimbly 

over.  Shak. 
O-VER-TRUST',  v.  t.    To  trust  with  too  much  con- 
fidence. Hall. 
O'VER-TqRE,  n.    [Fr.  ouverture.    See  Overt.] 

1.  Opening;  disclosure;  discovery.  Shak. 
[In  tkii  literal  sejuiCj  little  used.] 

2.  Proposal  ;  something  offered  for  consideration, 
acceptance,  or  rejection.  The  prince  made  overtures 
of  peace,  which  were  accepted. 

3.  A  kind  of  musical  prologue  or  composition,  for 
a  full  instrumental  band,  introductory  to  an  oratorio, 
opera,  or  ballet.  P.  Cyc. 

O'VEK-TIJRE,  V.  U    In  the  Pre.^byterian  church,  to  lay 

before  an  ecclesiastical  body  an  overture  or  subject 

for  consideration. 
O-VER-TUUN',  V.  U   To  overset;  to  turn  or  throw 

from  a  basis  or  foundation  ;  as,  to  overturn  a  carriage 

or  a  building. 

2.  To  subvert ;  to  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

Locke.  AUerhunj. 

3.  To  overpower ;  to  conquer.  Milton. 
O'VER  TURN,  n.    State  of  being  overturned  or  sub- 
verted ;  overthrow. 

0-VER-TUR.\'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  overturned. 

[JVot  much  used.] 
O-VER-TLfRN'KII,  pp.    Overset;  overthrown. 
O-VER-TURN'ER,  n.    One  that  overturns  orsubverts. 

Swift. 

0-VER-TURN"ING,  ppr.  Oversetting;  overthrow- 
ing ;  subverting. 

O-VER-TIJRN'ING,  H.  An  oversetting;  subversion; 
change  ;  revolution. 

O-VER-VaII,',  I  v.  t.    To  cover;  to  spread  over. 

O-VER- VEIL',  j  Sliak. 

O-VER-VAL'UE,  v.  U    To  rate  at  too  high  a  price. 

Hooker. 

O-VER-VAL'TJ-En,  pp.    Placed  too  high  a  value  on. 

O-VER-VAE'tj-lNG,  ppr.    Valuing  loo  liighlv. 

O'VER-VOTE',  r.  t.  To  outvote;  to  outnumber  in 
votes  given.  K.  Charles. 

O-VER-VVATCH',  (-woch',)  v.  L  To  watch  to  ex- 
cess ;  to  sui.i!:!e  bv  long  want  of  rest.  Dn/den. 

0-VER-\VATCH'£D,  (  wocilf  ,)  pp.  or  a.  Tired  by  too 
much  watching.  Sidney. 

O-VER-WicAK',  (I.    Too  weak  ;  too  feeble.  Kalc'irh. 

O-VER-WeA'RY,  v.  t.    To  subdue  with  fatigue." 

Dnjden. 

O-VER-WEATH'ER,  (o-ver-weth'er,)  v.  t.  [See 
Weather.]  To  bruise  or  batter  by  violence  of 
weather. 

O-VER-VVEE.V,  V.  i.  [Ween  is  obsolete  except  in 
composition.    See  the  word.] 

1.  To  think  too  highly;  to  think  arrogantly  or 
conceitedly. 

2.  To  reach  beyond  the  truth  in  thought ;  to  think 
too  favorably.  Shak.  Mdton. 

O-VER-VVEEN'ING,  ppr.  Thinking  too  highly  or 
conceitedly 

2.  a.  That  thinks  too  highly,  particularly  of  one's 


self ;  conceited  ;  vain  ;  as,  overweening  pride  ;  nil 
ovrnreenin 'f  bmin.  hoeke. 
O-VER-VVEEN'ING-LY,  adv.    With  too  much  vanity 
or  conceit. 

O-VER-W'EIGII',  (-wa',)  v.  U  To  exceed  in  weight  : 
to  cause  to  preponderate  ;  to  outweigh  ;  to  over- 
balance. Hooker. 

0' VER- WEIGHT,  (-wate,)  n.  Greater  weight ;  pre- 
pondtTaiice.  Bacon. 

0-VER-VVIIEI,M',  V.  I.  To  overspread  or  crush  be- 
neath something  violent  and  weighty,  that  covers 
or  encompasses  the  whole  ;  as,  to  overwhelm  with 
waves. 

2.  To  immerse  and  bear  down  ;  in  a  fipurative 
sense  ;  as,  to  be  overwhelmed  with  cares,  afliictions, 
or  business. 

3.  To  overlook  gloomily,  Shak. 

4.  To  put  over.    [JVot  u.ied.] 
O'VER-VVHELM,  n.    The  act  of  overwhelming. 

0-VER-WHELM'£D,  pp.  Crushed  with  weight  or 
numbers. 

O-VER-WHELM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Crushing  with 
weiirht  or  numbers. 

0-VER-VVHEl,.M'h\G  LY,arft!.  In  a  manner  to  over- 
whelm. 

O-VER-WING',  r.  t.  To  outflank  ;  to  extend  beyond 
the  wing  of  an  army,  Milton. 

O-VER-WISE',  II,    Wise  to  affectation.  F.ccliis. 

O-VER-VVISE'NESS,  n.  Pretended  or  affected  wis- 
dom. Iiatr^,h. 

O-VER-WORn',  (-word',)  v.  (,    To  say  too  iniirli. 

O-VER-WOKK',  (-wiirk',)  v.  U  To  work  beyond  Ihe 
strength  ;  to  cause  to  labor  tiK)  much  ;  to  tire.  South. 

O'VER-WORK,  (6'ver-wurk,)  >i.  Work  done  beyond 
the  amount  required  by  stipulation. 

0-VER-WORK'f;i),  pp.  or  a.  Worked  beyond  strength. 

O  VER  WOltK'lNG,  ppr.    Working  to  excess. 

O-VER-WOR.N',  a.    Worn  out  ;  subdued  by  toil. 

Dritden. 

2.  Spoiled  bv  time.  Sliak. 
O-VER-WRES'TLE,  (o-ver-res'l,)  v.  t.    To  subdue  by 

wrestlini.  Spenser. 
O-VER-VVROUGIIT',  (o  vcr-rawt',)  pp.    Labored  to 
excess.  Dryden. 

2.  Worked  all  over ;  as,  overwrought  with  orna- 
ments. Pope. 
0-VER-YeAR'£D,  a.    Too  old.    [JVot  used.J 

Jiairfaz. 

0-VER-ZeAL'£D,  0.    Too  much  excited  with  zeal; 

ruled  by  too  much  zeal.  Fuller. 
O-VER-ZE.AL'OUS,  (o-ver-zcl'us,)  a.    Too  zealous  ; 

eager  to  excess.  Locke, 
O-VIC'IJ-LAR,  a.    [from  L.  ovum,  an  egg.] 

Pertaining  to  an  egg,  Bryant. 
0-VID'I-,\N,  a.    Belonging  to  or  resembling  tlic  Latin 

poet  Ovid. 

0' VI-DL'CT,  n.    [L.  oriim,  an  egg,  and  ductus,  a  duct.] 
In  animals,  a  passage  for  the  ovum  or  egg  from  the 
ovary  to  the  womb,  or  to  an  external  outlet. 

Brande. 

O-VIF'ER-OUS,  )       rj  ,  ,  , 

O-VIG'ER-OUS  j       l^"  ^""■>  °^  ""■"•J 

Egg-bearing  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  certain  recepta- 
cles for  eggs,  after  being  excluded  from  the  formative 
organs. 

O'VI-FORM,  a.    [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  forma,  form.] 

Having  the  form  or  figure  of  an  egg,  Burnet. 
O'VINE,  a.    [L,  ociiiits,  from  oiu.<,  sheep,] 

Pertaining  to  sheep;  consisting  of  sheep. 
O-VIP'A-ROLIS,   a.     [L.   ovum,  egg,  and  pario,  to 
produce.] 

Producing  eggs,  or  producing  young  from  eggs, 
which  are  developed  after  exclusion  from  the  body. 
Fowls  and  reptiles  are  oviparou.s  animals. 

O-VI-POS'IT,  ti.  t.  A  term  applied  to  the  act  of  in- 
sects, &c..  in  depositing  their  eggs. 

0-VI-PO-?r"TION,  j  n.    [L,  ociim,  egg,  and  positio, 

O-VI-POS'IT-ING,  j     a  depositing,] 

The  l.ayini!  or  dejiositing  of  eggs,  Kvrby. 

O-VI-POS'lT-OR,  lu  [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  positor,  a 
pl.acer,] 

The  organ  by  which  cgis  arc  deposited.    In  some 
ichneumons  it  is  long  and  fitteil  to  pierce  the  eggs  or 
larves  of  insects,  in  order  to  lay  their  own  eggs  with- 
in the  same,  Dana. 
0'VI-S.\e,  n.    [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  saccus,  sack.] 

The  cavity  in  an  ovary  which  contains  the  egg  or 
ovum, 

O'VOID,  )  a.  [L.  arum,  egg,  and  Gr,  ttSos, 
O-VOID'AL,  1  form.] 

1,  Having  a  shape  resembling  that  of  an  egg. 

2.  In  botany,  terete  and  swelling  toward  the  base, 
or  with  the  outline  of  an  entire  egg  of  the  dunghill 
fowl, 

O'VO-LO,  n.  In  architecture,  a  round  molding,  Ihe 
quarter  of  a  circle  ;  called  also  the  Q.uabtcr  Rou.'vd. 

Eneyc. 

O-VO-VI-VIP'AR-OUS,  a.  [L,  ovum,  egg,  rioe,  to 
live,  and  pario,  to  produce,] 

Producing  a  living  fetus,  by  excluding  it  from  an 
egg-covering,  as  the  marsupials, 

O'VU-LU.M,  i        tfroni  L,  ovum.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a.'i  in  THIS. 


787 


OWN 


OXY 


OYE 


In  botany,  a  body  borne  by  the  placenta  of  a  plant, 
and  destined  to  become  a  seed.  It  is  inclosed  or 
naked.  It  is  composed  of  two  sacs,  one  within 
another,  which  are  called  primine  and  secundine, 
ind  of  a  nucleus  within  the  sacs.  Lindley. 

6'VU-LlTE,  n.    A  fossil  egg. 

O'VUxM,  71. ;  pi.  Ova.  [L.,  an  egg.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  body  formed  by  the  female,  in 
which,  after  impregnation,  the  development  of  the 
fetus  takes  place. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  ornaments  in 
the  shape  of  an  egg,  into  which  the  echinus  or  ovolo 
is  often  carved.  OwitCs  Encyc.  of  Jjrch. 

OWE,  (6,)  V.  t.  [A  regular  verb,  prrt,  and  jip.  Owed  ; 
used  with  the  auxiliary  have,  had,  but  not  with  the 
substantive  verb  to  be.  The  verb  is  doubtless  the 
Sa.x.  agan,  Goth,  aigan,  Sw.  dga.  Ice.  eg,  to  have  or 
possess,  that  is,  to  hold,  or  retain,  coinciding  with 
the  Gr.  cxui.  The  Sax.  participle  agai,  Dan.  egen,  is 
the  English  own.  Ought  is  a  derivative  tense,  and 
was  formerly  used  in  the  sense  of  owed.  The 
proper  sense  of  oxoe,  is  to  be  held,  or  bound  tn  pay  ; 
nearly  as  we  now  use  have  in  the  phrases,  "  I  have 
to  pay  a  sum  of  money  to-morrow,"  "  I  have  to  go 
to  town  to-day."] 

1.  To  be  indebted  ;  to  be  obliged  or  bound  to  pay. 
The  merchants  owe  a  large  sum  to  foreigners. 

A  son  oires  help  and  honor  to  his  father.  Holyd/iy. 
One  was  brouslit  10  him  who  owed  Jiim  ten  tliyusantl  ulentB.  — 
Matl.  xviii. 

Owe  no  man  any  thing,  but  to  lo^e  one  another.  —  Rom.  xiii. 

2.  To  be  obliged  to  ascribe  to  ;  to  be  obliged  for  ; 
as,  that  he  may  owe  to  me  all  his  deliverance. 

Milton. 

3.  To  possess ;  to  have  ;  to  be  the  owner  of. 
[This  is  the  original  sense,  but  now  obsolete.  In 

place  of  it,  we  use  Own,  from  the  participle.  See 
Own.] 

Thou  dort  here  usurp 
The  name  thou  oiaest  not.  Shak. 

4.  To  be  due  or  owing. 

O,  deem  thy  fall  not  owed  to  man's  decree.  Pope. 
[This  passive  form  is  not  now  used.] 
OWE,  i>.  I.    To  be  bound  or  obliged.        Bp.  Fisher. 
OW'EL-TY,  71.    The  difference  which  is  paid  or  re- 
ceived by  one  coparcener  to  another,  for  the  purpose 
of  equalizing  a  partition.  Bouvier. 
OW'ING,  ppr.    [This  is  used  in  a  passive  form,  con- 
trary to  analogy,  for  Oweh  or  Owed.    But  the  use  is 
inveterately  established.] 

1.  Due  ;  that  moral  obligation  requires  to  be  paid  ; 
as,  the  money  owing  to  a  laborer  for  services,  or  to 
another  country  for  goods. 

2.  Consequential ;  ascribable  to  as  the  cause.  Mis- 
fortunes are  often  owing  to  vices  or  miscalculations. 

3.  Imputable  to  as  an  agent.  His  recovery  from 
sickness  is  owing  less  to  his  physician  than  to  the 
strength  of  his  constitution. 

OWL,  71.  [Sax.  ula,  ule ;  D.  ml ;  G.  eule ;  Sw.  u^la,  or 
uggla ;  L.  utula.  The  orthography,  except  m  the 
Swedish,  coincides  with  howl,  L.  ululo  ;  but  the 
radical  letters  are  not  obvious.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Strix,  that  flies  chiefly  in  the 
night.  The  popular  name  of  a  group  of  nocturnal 
accipitrine  birds,  comprehended  under  the  Linnaean 
genus  Strix,  which  has  been  subdivided  by  later 
naturalists. 

0WL'ER,7i.    [On.  from  owl,  or  from  wool.]    One  that 

conveys  contraband  goods.  Swift. 
OWL'ET,  71.    [Ft.  hulolte.] 

An  owl,  which  see. 
OWL'-Ef-£D,  (-i'le,)  o.    Having  eyes  like  an  owl's. 
OWL'ING,  71.    The  offense  of  transporting  wool  or 
sheep  out  of  England,  contrary  to  the  statute. 

Blac/cst^ne. 

[This  explanation  of  oioling  favors  the  derivation  of 

the  word  from  wool.] 
OWL'ISH,  a.    Resembling  an  owl.  Oray. 
OWL'-LIGHT,  (-lite,)  7i.    Glimmering  or  imperfect 

light.  Warburlon. 
OWL'-LIKE,  a.    Like  an  owl  in  look  and  habits. 
OWN,  a.    [Sax.  agcn;  Sw.  and  Dan.  egen;  D.  and 

G.  eigm ;  the  participle  of  Sax.  agan,  to  possess. 

See  Owe  and  Ought.] 

1.  Belonging  to;  possessed;  peculiar;  usually  ex- 
pressing property  with  emphasis,  or  in  express  exclu- 
sion of  others.  It  follows  my,  your,  his,  their,  thy, 
her.  God  created  man  in  his  own  image.  Adam 
begat  a  son  in  his  own  likeness.  Lot  them  fall  by 
their  own  r^iunscl.  Ho  washed  us  from  our  sins  in 
his  own  blood.  Scripture. 

In  the  phranes,  his  oi/m  nation,  his  own  country, 
the  word  own  denotes  that  the  person  belongs  to  the. 
nation  or  country. 

2.  0am  often  follows  a  verb  ;  as,  the  book  ia  not 
my  mm,  that  is,  my  oitti  book. 

3.  It  ii  UHed  an  a  nubstituto. 

TiMl  Uyjr  m«7  rtwrll  In  a  pl«M  of  tiielr  own.  —  2  flam. 
In  thix  use,  a  noun  ran  not  follow  own. 

4.  "  He  cainc  to  his  own,  and  his  own  received  him 
not,"  that  U,  his  own  nation  or  people  ;  own  being 
here  used  at  a  nubstiluto,  like  many  other  adjec- 
tive*. 


OWN,  V.  t.  [from  the  adjective.]  To  have  the  legal 
or  rightful  title  to  ;  to  have  the  exclusive  right  of  pos- 
session and  use.  A  freeholder  in  the  United  States 
owns  his  farm.  Men  often  own  land  or  goods  which 
are  not  in  their  possession. 

2.  To  have  the  legal  right  to,  without  the  exclusive 
right  to  use  ;  as,  a  man  owns  the  land  in  front  of  bis 
farm  to  the  midtlle  of  the  highway. 

3.  To  acknowledge  to  belong  to;  to  avow  or  admit 
that  the  property  belongs  to. 

When  you  come,  find  me  out 

And  own  me  for  your  son.  Dryden. 

4.  To  avow  ;  to  confess,  as  a  fault,  crime,  or  other 
act ;  that  is,  to  acknowledge  that  one  has  done  the 
act ;  as,  to  own  the  faults  of  youth  ;  to  own  our 
guilt.  The  man  is  charged  with  theft,  but  he  has 
not  owned  it. 

5.  In  general,  to  acknowledge  ;  to  confess  ;  to 
avow  ;  to  admit  to  be  true  ;  not  to  deny  ;  as,  to  own 
our  weakness  and  frailty. 

Many  own  the  gospel  of  Ealvation  more  from  custom  than  con- 
viction. M.  Mason. 

oWN'irnj,  pp.    The  legal  title  being  vested  in  ;  as,  the 

property  is  owned  by  a  company. 
2.  Acknowledged  ;  avowed  ;  confessed. 
OWN'ER.Ji.    The  rightful  proprietor;  one  who  has 

the  legal  or  rightful  title,  whether  he  is  the  possessor 

or  not. 

The  ox  knoweth  his  orcmer.  —  Is.  i. 

The  centurion  lielievei.1  the  master  anj  ovmer  of  the  ship.  —  Acts 

OWN'ER-SHIP,  71.  Property;  proprietorship;  exclu- 
sive right  of  possession  ;  legal  or  just  claim  or  title. 
The  ownership  of  the  estate  is  in  A ;  the  possession 
is  in  B. 

OWN'ING,  ppr.    Having  the  legal  or  just  title  to. 
2.  Acknowledging;  avowing;  confessing. 

OWKE,  (our,)  11.    [L.  urus.] 

A  bea<t  not  accurately  known,  larger  than  a  buf- 
falo.   [JVof  used.]  Smart. 

OWSE,  71.  Bark  of  oak  beaten  or  ground  to  small 
pieces.  jlsh. 

OW'SER,7i.    Bark  and  water  mixed  in  a  tan-pit.  jSsA. 

OX,  71. ;  pi.  Oxen,  (ox'n.)  [Sax.  oxa:  G.  oclis,  ochse ;  D. 
OS ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  orei'  Ssliis.  uksha,  or  uzanj  W. 
ych  ;  Erse,  agh  ;  Arm.  os.] 

The  male  of  the  bovine  genus  of  quadrupeds,  cas- 
trated and  grown  to  its  size,  or  nearly  so.  The  young 
male  is  called  in  America  a  steer.  The  same  animal, 
not  castrated,  is  called  a  bull.  These  distinctions  are 
well  established  with  us  in  regard  to  domestic  ani- 
mals of  this  genus.  When  we  speak  of  wild  ani- 
mals of  this  kind,  ox  is  sometimes  applied  both  to 
the  male  and  female  ;  and  in  zoology,  the  same  prac- 
tice exists  in  regard  to  the  domestic  animals.  So  in 
common  usage,  a  pair  of  bulls  yoked  may  be  some- 
times called  oxen.  We  never  apply  the  name  ox  to 
the  cow  or  female  of  the  domestic  kind.  Oxen,  in 
the  plural,  may  comprehend  both  the  male  and  fe- 
male. 

OX'A-LATE,  71.  [See  Oxalic]  In  chemistry,  a  salt 
formed  by  a  combination  of  the  oxalic  acid  with  a 
base. 

OX-AL'ie,  a.  [Gr.  o(aXt<:,  sorrel,  from  oft)?,  acid.] 
Pertaining  to  sorrel.  The  oxalic  acid  is  the  acid  of 
sorrel.  It  is  composed  of  two  equivalents  of  carbon, 
and  three  of  oxygen.  It  is  cpmmonly  manufactured 
by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  saccharine  and  far- 
inaceous substances.  Sillimaiu 

OX'BANE,  71.    A  plant,  Bujihonos.  Jiinsioorth. 

OX'-BoW,  71.  A  curved  piece  of  wood  encircling  an 
ox's  neck  when  yoked. 

OX'-EVE,  (-i,)  71.  [ox  and  eye.]  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Buphthalmum  ;  another  of  the  genus  Authemis  ;  also, 
the  ox-eye  daisy  or  Chrysanthemum.  Loudon. 

OX'Ef-JCD,  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  large,  full  eyes,  like 
those  of  an  ox.  Burton, 

OX'FLV,  71.   A  fly  hatched  under  the  skin  of  cattle 

OX'GANG,  71.  (ox  and  gang,  going.]  In  ancient 
laws,  as  much  land  as  an  ox  can  plow  in  a  year ; 
said  to  be  fifteen  acres,  or,  as  others  allege,  twenty 
acres. 

OX'iliiAL,  71.  A  plant,  bear's  foot,  settcrwort,  or 
stinking  hellebore,  Hellcborus  foetidas.  Booth. 

OX-I-OD'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of,  a 
compound  of  oxygen  and  iodine.   Webster's  Manual. 

OX'LIKE,  a.    [ox  and  lUcc]    Resembling  an  ox. 

Sandys. 

OX'LIP,  71.    A  plant,  the  Primula  clatior. 
OX'STALL,  71.    A  stall  or  stand  for  oxen. 
OX'TEli,  71.    [Sax.  oxtan.]    The  armpit. 
O.X'TONGUE,  (ox'tung,)  7i.    A  plant  of  the  genus 
PIcris. 

OX'V-€RATE,  71.  [Gr.  ojvj,  acid,  and  Kcpaoi,  to 
mix.] 

A  mixture  of  water  and  vinegar.    [Little  lued.] 

fy'uieman. 

OX'YD,  71.  [Gr.  ofiif,  ncid,  sharp  ;  ofuf,  vinegar.  The 
true  orthography  of  this  word  is  oryd,  aa  originally 
written  by  Lavoisier  and  his  associates.  No  analogy 
in  the  language  is  better  established  than  the  uniform 
translation  of  the  Greek  v  into  the  English  y,  as  in 
Latin,  and  it  is  very  absurd  to  pri^erve  this  analogy 


ill  oxygen,  oxymuriate  and  hydrogen,  and  depart  from 

it  in  oxyd.] 

In  chemistry,  a  compound  of  oxygen  and  a  base 
destitute  of  acid  and  salif>'ing  properties. 

OX-YD-A-UIL'I-TY,  n.  The  capability  of  being  con- 
verted into  an  oxyd.  Meji.  Repos. 

OX'YD- A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  converted  into  an 
oxyd. 

OX'YD-ATE,  V.  t.  To  convert  into  an  oxyd,  as  met- 
als and  other  substances,  by  combination  with  oxy- 
gen. It  dilTers  from  acidify,  to  make  acid,  or  to  con- 
vert into  an  acid,  as  in  oxydation  the  oxygen  that 
enters  into  combination  is  not  sufficient  to  form  an 
acid. 

OX'YD-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Converted  into  an  oxyd. 

OX'YD-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Converting  into  an  oxyd. 

OX-YD-a'TION,  H.  'J'he  operation  or  process  of  con- 
verting into  an  oxyd,  as  metals  or  other  substances, 
by  combining  with  them  a  certain  portion  of  oxygen. 

Lavoisier.  Ure. 

OX'YD-A-TOR,  71.  A  contrivance  for  causing  the  ex- 
ternal current  of  air  to  impinge  on  the  flame  of  the 
Argand  lamp. 

OX'YD-IZE,  v.  t.    To  oxydate,  which  see. 

OX'YD-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Oxydated. 

OX'YD-tZE-JIENT,  71.  Oxydation. 

OX'YD-IZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Oxydating. 

[OxYDizE,  and  its  derivatives,  are  now  more  gen- 
erally used  than  Oxydate,  though  there  seems  to  be 
no  ground  for  the  preference.] 

OX'Y-GEN,  )i.  [Gr.  o^vs,  acid,  and  ycvvaw,  to  gen- 
erate.] 

In  chemistry,  an  electro-negative  basifying  and 
acidifying  elementary  principle.  It  is  the  vital  part 
of  the  atmosphere,  and  the  supporter  of  ordinary 
combustion.  It  was  named  from  its  property  of  gen- 
erating acids.  Modern  experiments  prove  th.it  it  is 
not  necessary  in  all  eases  to  combustion  or  to  acidi- 
ty. Oxygen  is  a  permanently  elastic  fluid,  invisible, 
inodorous,  and  a  little  heavier  than  atmospheric  air. 
In  union  with  azote  or  nitrogen,  it  forms  atmospheric 
air,  of  which  it  constitutes  about  a  filth  part.  VVater 
contains  about  89  jier  cent,  of  it,  and  it  exists  in 
most  vegetable  and  animal  products,  acids,  salts,  and 
oxyds. 

OX'Y-GEN-aTE,  v.  t.  To  unite  or  cause  to  combine 
with  oxygen. 

OX'Y-GE'N-a-TED,  pp.  or  a.    United  with  oxvgen. 

OX'Y-GEN-A-TING,p/7r.    Uniting  with  oxygen. 

OX-Y-GEN-A'TION,  n.  The  act,  operation,  or  pro- 
cess of  combining  with  oxygen. 

OX'Y-GEN-IZ-A-BLE,  o.  Capable  of  being  oxygen- 
ized. 

OX'Y-GEN-IZE,  V.  t.    To  oxygenate,  which  see. 
OX'Y-GEN-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Oxygenated. 
OX'Y-GEN-IZE-MENT,  71.  Oxygenation. 
OX'Y-GEN-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Oxygenating. 
OX-YG'EN-OUS,a.  Pertaining  to  oxygen,  or  obtained 
from  it. 

OX'Y-GON,  71.    [Gr.  ojvj,  sharp,  and  jeoria,  an  an- 

A  triangle  having  three  acute  angles.  Brande. 
OX-Y^O'NI^Ai    i       I^*^'""  "cute  angles.  Bartow. 
OX-Y-H5'DRO-GEN,  o.    A  name  given  to  a  certain 
kind  of  blow|)ipe,  in  which  oxygen  and  hydrogen 
gases  are  burned  together  in  order  to  produce  an  in- 
tense heat ;  also,  to  a  kind  of  microscope. 
OX-Y-I'O-DINE,  71.    In  chemistry,  a  compound  of  the 

chloriodic  and  oxiodic  acids.  Davy. 
OX'Y-MEL,  71.    [Cir.  o(i's,  acid,  and  /itXi,  honey.] 

A  mixture  of  vinegar  and  honey.  MrbulhnoU 
OX-Y-Mo'RON,  71.    [Gr.  o(i'/iu/i;ii',  a  smart  saying, 
which  at  first  view  appears  foolish.] 

A  rhetorical  figure,  in  which  an  epithet  of  a  quite 
contrary  signification  is  added  to  a  word  ;  as,  cruel 
OX-Y-]\I0'RI-ATE,  11.    Chloiid.  [kindness. 
OX-Y-MU-RI-AT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  niv(  and  Lat.  muria.] 
An  epithet  given  to  an  acid ,  now  called  Chlo- 
rine. 

OX-Y-PRilS'Sie  ACID,  71.  An  incorrect  and  ex- 
ploded name  for  the  protochlorid  of  cyanogen,  which 
is  entirely  destitute  of  any  acid  or  salifyiiig  pioper- 
tie-s. 

OX-YR'RIIO-DINE,  (ox-ir'ro-din,)  n.  [Coinpoiindeif 
of  Gr.  o\vi,  arid,  and  (iotioi',  rose.] 

A  mixture  of  two  parts  of  the  oil  of  roses  with  one 
of  the  vinegar  of  roses.  h'loyrr. 

OX'Y-SALT,  /  II.    In  chrmi.itry,  a  coinpmind  of  an 

OX'Y-SEL,  )  acid  and  a  base,  both  of  which  con- 
tain oxygen.  Siiliman. 

OX'V-TONE,  a.    [Gr.         sharp,  and  roi  oV,  tone.] 
Having  an  .acute  sound.  Walker. 

OX'Y-TONE,  71.    An  aeu\k  sound. 

O'YER,  71.    [Norm,  oyer,  hearing  ;  Fr.  o»ir,  to  bear.] 

1.  lu  law,  a  hearing  or  trial  of  causes.  A  court  of 
oyer  and  teriiitner  is  rtuistitiited  by  a  commission  to 
inquire,  hear,  and  determine  all  trea.soiis,  felonies, 
and  misdemeanors.  Blackatone. 

2.  The  hearing,  as  of  a  writ,  bond,  niili^,  or  other 
Bpecialty  ;  us  when  a  defendant  in  court  prays  oyerot 
a  writing.  Blackstone. 

OYEZ,  [I'r.  oiiei,  hear  ye.] 

This  wortl  is  used  by  the  shcrifl"  or  his  Bubstituta 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MKTE,  PRfiV — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


T68 


PAC 


PAC 


PAC 


in  mnkinR  proclamation  in  court,  rcqiiirini;  silence 
and  atti  ntiori.  It  is  lliricu  repealed,  and  commonly 
pronounced  O  yes. 

OY'LET-IIOLE.   See  Evei,et-Hole. 

OYS'TKR,  n.  [G.  austcr ;  D.  oestcr;  Sw.  ostra;  Ian. 
'6ster  ;  Fr.  huttre  ;  Arm.  kutrenn  or  ehtrcn  ;  Rnss. 
ystrili ;  Corn,  eslrm  ;  L.  ostrea;  Gr.  orpffi'  proba- 
bly connected  in  origin  with  i/reuf)  t>onc,  and  named 
from  its  hardness.] 


A  hivalviilar  testaceous  niiinial,  found  adhermg  to 
rocks  or  otiu  r  lixed  substances  in  salt  water  which  is 
shallow,  or  in  the  mouths  of  rivers.  Oysters  are 
deemed  nourishin"  and  deliciou.s  food. 
OYS''l'EK-l'LANT,  71.  Salsafy  ;  a  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus trago|K)gon,  so  called  from  its  taste  when 
cooked. 

OYS'TER-SHELL,  n.    The  hard  covering  or  shell  of 
the  oyster. 


OY.^'TER-WE.N'CH,  in.    A  woman  whose  occniMi- 
OYS'TER-WIFE,       S    tioii  is  to  sell  oysters  ;  a  low 
OYS'TER-VVO.VI-AN, )     woman.  Skak. 
UZ.;  an  abbreviation  used  for  ounce  or  ounces. 
0-Zl";'NA,  n.    [Ur.  u^aifa.]  A  fetid  ulcer  in  Ihc  nos- 
tril. 

OZ'O-CENTE,  n.    A  fossil  wax. 
O-Zo  eii'RrJ'E,  n.     A  mineral  like  resinous  wax, 
which  is  sometimes  made  into  candles.  Dana. 


P. 


Pis  the  sixteenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
and  a  labi.il  articulation  fornu-d  by  a  close  com- 
pression of  the  anterior  part  of  the  lii)s,  as  in  rp.  It 
is  convertible  into  b  and  /,  sometimes  into  y,  and  in 
Greek  into  ./>.  This  letter  is  found  in  the  oriental 
languages,  from  which  it  was  received  into  the 
Greek  and  Latin ;  except,  however,  the  Arabic, 
which  has  not  this  letter,  and  the  .Arabians  can  not 
easily  pronounce  it.  In  some  words,  which  we  have 
borrowed  from  the  Greek,  p  is  mute,  as  in  psalm, 
ptLian  ;  but  is  not  silent  in  English  words,  unless 
it  may  be  in  receipt,  and  a  few  irregular  words.  P 
aspirated,  or  followed  by  It,  represents  the  Greek  0, 
wliicli  answers  to  the  English  /,  as  in  philo..iuphy. 

As  an  abbremation,  P.  stands  for  Publius,  pondo, 
&.C.  ;  P.  A.  DIG.  for  patricia  dig-nilas  ;  P.  C.  for  pa- 
tres  coiuicripti ;  P.  F.  for  Publius  Fabiti.^  ;  P.  P.  for 
prupositum  publice ;  P.  R.  for  pupulus  Rntnanus ;  P. 
R.  S.  for  prataris  sententia ;  P.  11.  £3.  P.  for  pnescs 
provincite. 

P.  M.  stands  for  post  mcri/iiem,  afternoon. 

.As  a  numeral,  P,  like  G,  stands  for  one  hundred, 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  P,  for  four  hundred  thou- 
sand. 

.Among  physicians,  P.  stands  for  puiril,  or  the 
eighth  part  of  a  handful  ;  P.  JE.  for  partes  aqnalrs, 
equal  parts  of  the  ingredients  ;  P.  P.  for  pnlcis  pa- 
trum,  or  the  Jesuits'  bark  in  powder;  and  ppt.  for 
pra:paratus,  prepared.  Forsyth.  Encyc. 

PA'.XGE,  ;i.    [Norm,  paa^^e,  payment.    See  Pay.] 
A  toll  for  passage  over  another  person's  grounds. 
used.]  Burke. 
PAU'y-LAR,  a.    FL.  pabulum,  food.] 

Pertaining  tn  food  ;  affording  food  or  aliment. 
P.AB-II-LA'TION,  n.    [L.  pabulatio,  from  pabular,  to 
feed.] 

'J'he  art  of  feeding- or  procuring  provender. 
PAB't'-LOUS,  B.    [L.  TjaAii/um,  food.]  [Cockeram. 

Affording  aliment  or  food  ;  alimental.  Brown. 
PAB'IJ-LU.M,  n.    [L.]    Food  ;  aliment ;  that  which 
feeds. 

2.  Fuel  J  that  which  supplies  the  means  of  com- 
bustion. Encyc. 
Pa'CA,  71.  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  two  species 
of  rodent  mammals,  Celogenys  subnigra  and  C. 
fulva,  sm.iU  animals,  the  one  brown,  the  other  ful- 
vous, and  both  spotted  with  white,  which  inh.abit 
South  America,  particularly  Brazil  and  Paraguay. 
They  are  nearly  allied  to  "the  Agouti,  the  Guinea- 
pig,  &c. 

PA-e.^NE',  71.    A  species  of  hickory.    See  Pecan. 
PA'CATE,  «.    [I.,  pacatus.] 

Peaceful  ;  tranquil.    [Jfot  tised.'\ 
PA'€A-'rED,  a.    Appeased.    [Little  used.]  Bailey. 
PA-CA'TION,  77.    [L.  paco,  to  calm  or  appease.] 

The  act  of  appeasing. 
PACE,  77.    [Fr.  pas:  It.  passo ;  Sp.  paso ;  h.  passus, 
from  panda,  to  open,  or  Gr.  irurtoj,  lo  tread.  See 
Pass.] 

1.  .A  step. 

2.  The  space  between  the  two  feet  in  walking,  es- 
timated at  two  feet  and  a  h.ilf.  But  the  geometrical 
pace  is  five  feet,  or  the  whole  space  passed  over  by 
the  same  foot  from  one  step  to  anothi'r.  Encyc. 

3.  Manner  of  walking  ;  cait ;  as,  a  languishing 
pace;  a  heavy  pace;  a  quick  or  slow  pace. 

.^ddi.<ton, 

4.  Step;  gradation  in  business.    [Liule  vsrd.] 

Temple. 

5.  A  mode  of  stepping  among  horses,  in  which 
the  legs  on  the  same  side  are  lilted  together.  In  a 
/general  setise,  the  word  may  be  applied  to  any  other 
mode  of  stepping. 

6.  Degree  of  celerity.    Let  him  mend  his  pace. 
To  niorrow,  und  (o-monrow,  and  to-morrow, 

Crc«p«  ill  Uiii  fn-tly  poet  from  day  10  day.  ShaJc. 

To  keep  or  hold  pace ;  to  keep  up  ;  to  go  or  move  as 
fast  as  something  else, 
f  ACE,  e.  i.   To  go ;  to  walk  ;  to  move. 

Spenser.  Shak* 

2.  To  go,  move,  or  walk  slowly. 
3-  To  move  by  lifting  the  legs  on  the  same  side 
together,  as  a  horse. 


PACE,  V.  t.   To  measure  by  steps ;  as,  to  poee  a  piece 
of  ground. 
2.  To  regulate  in  motion. 

If  you  can,  pact  your  wisdom 

111  tliut  good  paUi  tlifU  I  would  wiih  it  go.  Shak. 

PAC'f-D,  (past,)  a.  Having  a  particular  gait ;  used 
chiefly  in  composition  ;  as,  slow-/iocfi/. 

2.  In  composUiun,  going  all  lengths  ;  as,  a  thorough- 
pnrrd  intriguer. 
Pa'CEK,  71.    One  that  paces  ;  a  horse  that  paces. 
PA-CllA',  (pa-sl'aW.)    [Fr.]    See  Pashaw. 
PA-CIIAL'IC,  a.    PerUiining  to  the  government  of  a 

pacha.    [See  Pashawlic] 
PAeiI-Y-I)Ae'TYL,  71.  [Gr.  iraxvs,  thick,  and  Suktv- 
Xoi,  a  toe.] 
A  bird  or  other  animal  having  thick  toes. 

Hitchcock. 

PACII'Y-DERM,  71.  [Gr.  naxvi,  thick,  and  6cppa, 
skill.] 

A  non-ruminant  hoofed  animal. 

PACH-Y-DERM'A-TA,  71.  pi.  In  zoolo^irV,  an  order  of 
mammals  which  have  hoofs,  but  do  not  ruminate, 
distinguished  for  the  thickness  of  their  skins,  in- 
cluding the  elephant,  mastodon,  hippopotamus,  rhi- 
noceros, tapir,  horse,  hog,  &c. 

PACII-Y-DER.M'A-TOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pachy- 
derm, or  to  the  order  Parliydermala. 

PA-CIF'ie,  a.  [L.  pacijicus,  from  pacifico,  to  make 
peace.    See  Peace.] 

1.  Peacemaking;  conciliatory;  suited  to  make  or 
restore  peace  ;  adapted  to  reconcile  ditferenccs  ; 
mild  ;  appeasing  ;  as,  to  offer  pacific  propositions  to  a 
belligerent  power.  The  measures  proposed  are  in 
their  nature  pacific. 

2.  Calm  ;  tranquil  ;  as,  a  pacific  state  of  things. 
P.A-CIF'IC,  71.     The  appellation  given  to  the  ocean 

situated  between  America  on  the  west  and  Asia  ;  so 
called  on  account  of  its  exemption  from  violent  tem- 
pests. 

PA-CIF-I€-A'TION,  71.    [L.  pacificatio.    See  Pacify.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  peace  between  nations  or 
parties  at  variance.  Bacon,  South. 

2.  The  act  of  appeasing  or  pacifying  wrath. 

Hooker. 

PA-CIF'ie-A-TOR,  71.  [L.]  A  peaci-maker ;  one 
that  restores  amity  between  contending  parties  or 
nations.  Bacon. 

PA-CIF'ie-A-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  make  peace  ; 
conciliatory.  Barrow. 

PAC I-FI-^ri),  (-fide,)  p;7.    Appeased;  tranquilized. 

PAC'I-FI-ER,  71.    One  who  pacifies. 

PAC'I-FV,  V.  U  [Fr.  pacifier  ;  Sp.  paeificar  ;  It.  pacifi- 
eare ;  L.  pacifico ;  pax,  paeis,  peace,  and  facio,  to 
makej 

1.  To  appease,  as  wrath  or  other  violent  passion  or 
appetite  ;  to  calm  ;  to  still  ;  to  quiet ;  to  allay  agit.i- 
tion  or  excitement ;  as,  to  pacify  a  man  when  angry, 
or  to  pacify  his  wrath  or  rage;  the  word  being  ap- 
plied both  to  the  person  and  to  the  passion.  So  we 
say,  to  pacify  hunger,  to  pacify  importunate  de- 
mands. 

2.  To  restore  peace  to ;  lo  tranquilize ;  as,  to  pacify 
countries  in  contention.  Bacon. 

PAC'I-FV-I.\G,  i>pr.    Appeasing  ;  tranquilizing- 
PAC'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Measuring  by  steps  ;  ambling, 
as  a  horse. 

PACK,  71.    [D.  pak  ;  G.  and  Sw.  pack.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  bundle  of  any  thing  inclosed  in  a  cover  or 
bound  fast  with  cords  ;  a  bale;  as,  a  pacli  of  goods 
or  cloth.  The  soldier  bears  a  pack  on  his  back.  .A 
pack  of  wool  is  a  horse-load,  or  240  pounds.  Smart. 

2.  A  burden  or  load  ;  as,  a  pack  of  sorrows.  Shak. 

3.  A  number  of  cards,  or  the  number  used  in 
games  ;  so  called  from  being  inclosed  together. 

.Addison. 

4.  .\  number  of  hounds  or  dogs,  hunting  or  kept 
together,  that  is,  a  crowd  or  assemblage  united. 

Dryden. 

5.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  a  bad  design  or 
practice  ;  as,  a  pack  of  thieves  or  knaves.  Swift. 

6.  A  great  number  crowded  together;  as,  a  pack  of 
tniubles.    [A*,  t  lued.]  .ainsworth. 

7.  A  loose  or  lewd  person ;  one  who  deceives  by 


false  appearances.  [Sax.  paean,  to  deceive.  [JVot 
used.]  Skelton. 
PACK,  V.  t.  [D.  pakken  ;  G.  packen  ;  Sw.  paeka  ;  L. 
pango,  pactum,  pactum;  impingo,  compiniro  ;  Gr.  irriy- 
vvui.  Trust's,  ir//}  I'j  ;  Dan.  pagt,  a  covenant,  a  farm  ; 
hence,  ditpatch,  to  send  away.  I'he  sense  is,  to 
send,  to  drive,  whence  to  press,  to  make  compact. 
Hence  we  say,  to  pack  off,  Sw.  packa,  that  is,  to  de- 


part with  speed  ;  Ar. 


bakka,  to  be  compressed, 


to  press,  Ch.  p3N.  Class  Bg,  No.  18.  See  also  No. 
33,  6r.,  32.1 

1.  To  place  and  press  together;  to  place  in  close 
order  ;  as,  to  pack  goods  in  a  box  or  chest. 

2.  To  put  together  and  bind  fast ;  as,  to  pack  any 
thing  for  carriage  with  cords  or  straps. 

3.  To  put  in  close  order  with  salt  intermixed  ;  as, 
to  pack  meat  or  fish  in  barrels. 

4.  To  send  in  haste.  Shak. 

5.  To  put  together,  as  cards,  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  secure  the  game ;  to  put  together  in  sorts  with  a 
fraudulent  design,  as  cards  ;  hence,  to  unite  persons 
iniquitously,  with  a  view  to  some  private  interest ; 
as,  to  pack  a  jury,  that  is,  to  select  persons  for  a  jury 
who  may  favor  a  party  ;  to  pack  a  parliament ;  to 
pack  an  assembly  of  bishops. 

Pope.    Butler.  Alterbury. 
PACK,  V.  i.   To  be  pressed  or  close ;  as,  the  goods 
pack  well. 

2.  'l"o  close  ;  to  shut.  Clcavcland. 

3.  To  depart  in  haste  ;  with  off. 

Poor  Stella  must  pack  off  to  town.  Swift. 

4.  To  unite  in  bad  measures ;  to  confederate  for  ill 
purposes;  to  join  in  collusion. 

Go,  pack  witii  liim.  Shak. 

PACK'AGE,  71.    A  bundle  or  bale  ;  a  quantity  pressed 

or  bound  together  ;  as,  a  packase  of  cloth. 
2.  A  charge  inatlc  for  packing  goods. 
PACK'eLOTH,  71.    A  cloth  lor  packing  goods,  or  in 

which  they  are  tied. 
PACK'/;!),  (pakt,)  pp.  or  a.  Put  together  and  pressed  ; 

tied  or  bound  in  a  bundle  ;  put  down  and  salted,  as 

meat;  sent  off;  united  iniquitously. 
PACK'ER,  77.    One  that  packs  ;  an  officer  apjTointcd 

to  pack  meat,  as  beef,  pork,  fish,  &c.  Stat,  of  Conn. 
PACK'ET,  71.    [  Fr-  paquet ;  Sp.  and  Port,  paqucte ; 

from  pact.] 

1.  A  small  pack  or  package;  a  little  bundle  or  par- 
cel ;  as,  a  packet  of  letters.  Bacon. 

2.  A  dispatch-vessel ;  a  ship  or  other  vessel  em- 
ployed by  government  to  convey  letters  from  country 
to  country,  or  from  port  to  port.  [Originally,  packet- 
boat,  Sp.  paque-botc,  Fr.  paqueboL] 

3.  A  vessel  employed  in  conveying  dispatches  and 
passengers  from  place  to  place,  or  to  carry  passengers 
and  goods  co.astwise.  United  States. 

PACK'ET,  V.  i.  To  ply  with  a  packet  or  dispatch- 
vessel.  United  States. 

PACK'ET-BoAT.    See  Packet. 

PACK'ET-SHIP,  71.  A  ship  that  sails  regularly  be- 
tween distant  countries  for  the  conveyance  of  dis- 
patches, letters,  passengers,  &c. 

PACK'FO.NG,ii.  The  Chinese  name  of  the  alloy  called 
white  copper,  or  Ocmtan  silver.  Ure. 

PACK'HOllSE,  71.     A  horse  employed  in  carrying 
packs,  or  gooils  and  baggage.  Locke. 
2.  .\  beast  of  burden. 

PACK'I.N'G,  ppr.  Laying  together  in  close  order; 
binding  in  a  bundle ;  putting  in  barrels  with  salt, 
Sec.  ;  uniting,  as  men  for  a  fraudulent  purpose. 

To  send  packinir,  is  to  bundle  a  person  off,  or  to 
dismiss  him  without  ceremony. 

PACK'l.VG,  n.    Any  material  used  in  parking  or  mak- 
ing close,  as  the  substance  around  the  piston  of  a 
pump  or  other  tube,  tn  make  it  water  or  air  tight. 
2.  .A  trick  ;  collusion.    [Obs.]  Bale. 

PACK'MA.N,  77.    A  peddler. 

PACK'S  A  D-DLE,  71  A  saddle  on  which  packs  or 
burdens  are  laid  for  conveyance. 

PACK'STAFF,  71.  A  staff  on  which  a  traveler  occa- 
sionally supports  his  pack.  Bp.  HalL 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


99' 


•1 


789 


PAD 


PAG 


PAJ 


PACK'THREAD,  (tlired,)  n.  Strong  thread  or  twine 
used  in  tying  up  parcels. 

PACK'\V  AX,  H.  A  large  tendon  or  cartilage  in  the 
neck  of  an  animal ;  called  also  Paxwax.  Kay. 

PA't'O,    ;  n.    'J'lie  Alpaca,  a  ruminant  ninmmal  of  the 

PA'GOtf,  t  Camel  tribe,  the  Auchenia  Paco,  inhabit- 
ing tlie  Peruvian  and  Uhdian  Andes.  It  has  been 
domesticated,  and  it  remains  also  in  a  wild  state.  Its 
leniith  is  about  three  feet ;  its  hair  is  long,  soft,  and 
woolly,  of  a  delicacy  and  elasticity  approaciiing  to  that 
of  the  Angora  goat.  Its  tlesh  is  an  excellent  article 
of  food.    [See  Alpaca.] 

2.  The  Peruvian  name  of  an  earthy-looking  ore, 
consisting  of  brown  oxyd  of  iron  with  minute  parti- 
cles of  native  silver.  Ure. 

PACT,  n.    [Fr. ;  L.  pactum,  from  pango.    See  Pack.] 
A  contract ;  an  agreement,  or  covenant.  Bacoiu 

PAe'TION,  n.    [L.  pactio.    See  Pack.] 

An  agreement  or  contract.  Hayward. 

P.'ifc'TION-AL,  o.    By  way  of  agreement. 

Sanderson, 

P.\e-TI"TIOUS,  (-tish'us,)  a.    Settled  by  agreement 

or  stipulation. 
P.\G-To'LI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Pactolus,  a  liver  in 

Lydia,  famous  fijr  its  golden  sanils. 
PAl),  n.    (Sax.  paad,  for  puUi.    See  Path.] 

1.  A  foot-path  ;  a  road.    [JVut  71070  itverf.]  Prior, 

2.  Aneasy-paced  hor.se.  Addison.  Pope. 

3.  A  robber  that  infests  the  road  on  foot ;  usually 
called  a  Foot-pad. 

PAD,  71.  Any  thing  flattened  or  laid  flat,  as  a  pad  of 
straw.  Rich.  Diet. 

2.  A  soft  saddle,  cushion,  or  bolster  stutfed  with 
straw,  hair,  or  other  soft  substance.  Caindcn. 
PAD,  r.  t.    To  stuir  or  furnish  with  padding. 

2.  To  imbue  cloth  equally  with  a  mordant.  Ure. 
PAD,  t'.  i.    |Gr.  ir.iTf.,).    See  Path.] 

1.  To  travel  slow  ly. 

2.  To  rob  on  foot. 

3.  To  beat  a  way  smooth  and  level. 
PAD'AR,  n.    Grouts  ;  coarse  flour  or  meal.  Wotton. 

[JV«!  used  in  the  United  Stntr.^.] 
PAD'DED,  pp.  or  a.    Stutfed  with  a  soft  substance. 
PAD'DER,  71.    A  robber  on  foot ;  a  highwayman. 

Dry  den. 

PAD'DIXG,  71.  The  impregnation  of  cloth  with  a  mor- 
dant. 

2.  The  material  with  which  a  saddle,  garment,  &c., 
are  stuffed. 

PAD'DLE,  t!.  7.  [The  French  patriiTiiVirr  signifies  to 
puic,  to  paddle,  and  hence  the  English  patrol.  This 
word  seems  to  be  from  patlr,  a  paw,  allied  perhaps  to 
L.  pes,  pedi^,  the  fciot,  and  this  is  allied  to  the  Gr. 
rare  ■ ,  to  tread.  To  paddle,  then,  is  to  use  the  paw. 
But  perhaps  it  is  from  the  noun,  which  see.] 

J.  To  row  ;  to  beat  the  water,  as  with  oars.  Oay. 

2.  'I'o  play  in  the  water  with  the  hands,  as  chil- 
dren ;  or  with  the  feet,  as  water  fowls  or  other  ani- 
mals. 

3.  To  finger.  S/iai. 
PAD'DLE,  r.  U    To  propel  by  an  oar  or  paddle. 
P.\D'DLE,  71.    [In  L.  fta«i;/us  is  a  paddle-staff";  in  Gr. 

TTurraXit^  is  a  p()le  ;  in  VV.  padetl  is  a  pan.  The  lat- 
ter would  express  the  broad  part  of  an  oar ;  but  it 
may  have  no  connection  with  parfrf/c] 

1.  An  oar,  but  not  a  large  oar.  It  is  now  applied 
to  a  sort  of  short  oar  with  a  broad  blade,  used  in  pro- 
pelling and  steering  canoes  and  boats. 

2.  The  blade  or  the  broad  part  of  an  oar  or 
weapon. 

Thou  Bhalt  ha»p  a  paddle  on  Oiy  weapon.  —  Deul.  xjtiii. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  the  broad  boards  at  the  cir- 
cumference of  a  water-wheel. 

4.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  feet  of  tortoises, 
crocodiles,  &c. 

PAD'DLE-BOX,  71.  A  term  applied  to  the  wooden 
projections  on  each  side  of  a  steamboat,  within  which 
are  the  paddle-wheels. 

PAI)'I)LA;D,  pp.    Propelled  by  an  oar  or  paddle. 

PAD'DLER,  71.    One  that  paddles. 

PAD'DLE-STAFF,  n.  A  staff"  headed  with  broad 
iron,  used  by  plowmen  to  free  the  share  from  earth, 
slubble,  &c.  Hull. 

PAD'DLE-WMEEL,  n.  A  water-wheel  used  in  pro- 
pelling steamboats. 

PAD'D(J(,'K,  n.    [.Sax.  pnrfo  or  pad :  D.  pad,  paddrr.] 
A  large  toad  or  frog.  Wnltim.  Dryden. 

PAD'DOCK,  71.  [Said  to  be  corrupted  from  Sax.  par- 
nir,  park.] 

1.  A  Hinall  inrlosure  under  pasture,  immediately 
adjoining  the  Hlables  of  a  dom.im.  Brande. 

2.  Formerly,  an  inclosurc  for  races,  with  hounds, 
ice.  Hrande. 

3.  A  toail.  [OA5.]  Spen.ier. 
PAD'IHXJK-PIPE,  71.    A  plant,  Equisctum  palustrc. 

JiooUi. 

P.M)'DO(;K-ST()f)I,,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Agar- 

irui ;  a  niiishpHun,  vulgarly  tomhtool. 
PAD'DY,  n.    A  cant  worrl  for  nn  Irishman. 

2.  In  the  Fjut  Indien,  rice  not  divested  of  the  husk. 

MaUom. 

PAD-E  LI'ON,  n.    fFr.  pan  de  lion,  lion's  fool.] 

An  herb,  lion's  iimjI.  Jlnh. 


PA-DiS'HA,  71.  A  title  of  the  Turkish  sultan  and  the 
Persian  shah,  denoting  protector,  or  tkrone  prince. 

Brande. 

PAD'LOCK,  n,  [Qu.  D.  padde,  a  toad,  from  its 
shape.] 

A  lock  to  be  hung  on  a  staple  and  held  by  a  link. 

Prior. 

PAD'LOCK,  V.  U   To  fasten  with  a  padlock  ;  to  stop ; 

to  shut ;  to  confine.  Bull.  Milton. 

PAD'NAG,  7!.    An  ambling  nag.  Dr.  Pope. 

PAD'OVV-PIPE,  71.    A  plant.    [See  Paddock-pipe.] 
PX'DRA,  71.    A  kind  of  black  tea  of  superior  quality. 
PAD-IJ-A-SOY',  71.    [from  Padua,  in  Italy,  and  Fr. 

soic,  silk.] 

A  particular  kind  of  silk  stuflf. 
VM'AN,  \  71.     [Gr.  ir.iini'.]     Among  the  ancients,  a 
Pk'AN,  )     song  of  rejoicing  in   honor  of  Apollo; 

hence,  a  loud  and  joyous  song  ;  a  song  of  triumph. 

Pope. 

P^'ON,  71.  [Gr.  irniwi-.]  In  ancient  poetry,  a  foot  of 
four  syllables  ;  written  also,  though  less  correctly, 
P.'jiAN.  Of  this  there  are  four  kinds  ;  the  first  consist- 
ing of  one  bpiig  and  three  short  syllables,  or  a  trochee 
and  a  pj  rrliic,  as /cm//(5r1l6ii.v ;  the  second,  of  a  short 
syllable,  a  long  and  two  short,  or  an  iambus  and  a 
pyrrhic,  as  puicntid  :  the  third,  of  two  short  syllables, 
a  long  and  a  short  one,  or  a  pyrrhic  and  a  trochee, 
as  antoidtus  ;  tiie  fourth,  of  tiireesliort  syllables  and 
a  long  one,  or  a  pyrrhic  and  iambus,  as  celSritiis. 

Brande. 

P.a'GAN,  71.  [L.  parranus,  a,  peasant  or  countryman, 
from  pasfus,  a  vill:ige.] 

A  heathen  ;  .a  Gentile  ;  an  idolater  ;  one  who  wor- 
ships false  gods.  This  word  was  originally  applied 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  country,  who,  in  the  early 
ages  of  the  church,  adhered  to  the  worship  of  false 
gods,  or  refused  to  receive  Christianity,  after  it  had 
been  received  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  cities.  In 
like  manner,  heathen  signifies  an  inhabitant  of  the 
heath  or  woods,  and  caffer,  in  Arabic,  signifies  the  ill- 
habitant  of  a  hut  or  cottage,  and  one  that  does  not 
receive  the  religion  of  Mohammed.  Patron  is  used 
to  distinguish  one  from  a  Christian  and  a  jNIohani- 
inedan. 

Pa'GAN,  a.    Heathen  ;  heathenish  ;  Gentile  ;  noting 
a  person  who  worships  false  gods. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  worship  of  false  gods. 
Pa'GAN-ISH,  a.    [Sax.  po);anisc.] 

Heathenish  ;  pertaining  to  pagans.  ^i7ig-. 
Pa'GAN-IS.M,  71,    [Fy.  pairanismc  ;  \\..  paitanesimo.] 
Heathenism;  tile  worship  of  I'alse  gods,  or  the 
system  of  religious  opinions  and  worship  maintained 
by  pagans.  Addison.  Hooker. 

Men  instruciPd  fifom  their  infancy  in  the  principles  and  duties  of 
Chriitianily,  never  sink  to  the  degradation  ot  paganUm. 

O.  Spring. 

Pa'GAN-IZE,  v.  t.  To  render  heathenish  ;  to  convert 
to  healht^nism.  Ch  Obs. 

Pa'GAN-I7.E,  71.  1.    To  behave  like  pagans.  Miltnn. 

PA'GAi\-IZ-f,'D,  pp.  or  a.    Rendering  hcathi  nish. 

Pa'GAN-iZ-ING,  ppr.  Rendered  hratlieiii-h  ;  behav- 
ing like  pagans ;  adopting  heathen  principles  and 
practice. 

PAGE,  71.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  pojc  ;  It.  paagio  ;  Port,  pairem  ; 
Arm.  paich  ;  Sw.  poike  ;  Dan.  poir  ;  Russ.  paj,  a  boy, 
a  page.  The  Gr.  ir^is,  a  boy,  is  undoubtedly  a  rim- 
tnicted  form  of  the  same  word  ;  for  iini;;<ii,  from 
TTiif,  fiirins  rnif  .',  Trii  yHtis;  hence  it  m.ay  be  in- 
ferred that  iraif  was  originally  rai\i;.  The  Eiia.boy 
is  a  contractitm  of  this  word  ;  VV.  ba^o-en,  a  boy,  a 
o  , 

child,  from  Aaf,  small;  Pers.  «aO /I'liT'')  ^  fi^'ot- 
man  or  lackey.]  CT 

1.  A  boy  attentling  on  a  great  person,  rather  for 
formality  or  show  than  for  servitude. 

He  had  two  pages  ot  liniior,  on  eithiT  h.ind  one.  Bacon. 

2.  A  boy  or  man  that  attends  on  a  legislative  body. 
In  Mii.ssar.husrtL<,  the  pnire  is  a  boy  that  conveys  pa- 
pers from  the  members  of  the  house  of  reprcsi-nta- 
tives  to  the  .speaker,  and  from  the  speaker  or  clerk  to 
the  members. 

Pa6E,  71.    [L.  pas-inn;  Fr.  page.'] 

1.  One  side  of  a  leaf  of  a  book.  mitts. 

2.  A  book  or  writing,  or  writings;  as,  the  pa/^c  of 
history. 

3.  Paircs,  in  the  plural,  signifies  also  books  or 
writings  ;  as,  the  sacred  pages. 

PAGE,  ti.  (.    To  mark  or  number  the  pages  of  a  book 

or  manuscript. 

2.  To  attend,  as  a  page.  Shak. 
PA'CEANT,  (pS'jent  or  jwj'ent,)  n.    [T,.  petrma;  Gr. 

mi)  ii'i,  something  showy  carried  in  triumph.] 

1.  A  statue  in  show,  or  n  triumphal  car,  chariot, 
arch,  or  olher  pompous  thing,  decorated  with  flags, 
&.C.,  and  carried  in  |iublic  shows  and  processions. 

Cyc. 

2.  A  show  ;  a  spectacle  of  entertainment ;  some- 
thing intenileil  for  pomp. 

I'll  pl.iy  niy  jian  in  fitrvmp't  pagtant.  JShaJc. 

3.  Any  thing  showy,  without  stability  or  duration. 

Thnm  uidrunenled  p.ui«  the  proud  awny, 

t'tie  giiv  of  iools,  and  pageant  ot  a  day.  Pop*. 


PA'GEANT  or  PAG'EANT,  o    Showy;  pompous; 

o.stentatioiis.  Dryden. 
PA'GE.VNT,  I'.  (.    To  exhibit  in  show  ;  to  represent. 

Shak. 

PA'GEANT-RY  or  PAG'EANT-RY,  71.  Show  ;  pom- 
pous exhibition  or  spectacle. 

Snchpa^mnln/  be  to  the  people  shown.  Dryden. 

PaG'£D,  (pajd,)  pp.  Marked  or  numbered,  as  the 
pages  of  a  book. 

PAGE'HOOD,  71.    The  st.ite  of  a  page. 

PAG'I-NAL,  a.    Consisting  of  pages.  Brown. 

P.xG'ING,  71.    The  marking  of  the  pages  of  a  book. 

Pa'GOD,     \  71.     [Pers.  pout  ghod,  or  boot  hhodn,  a 

PA-Go'D.'\,  (  house  of  idols,  or  abode  of  God  ;  Hind. 
boot  kuda.    Thomson.  Fryer.] 

1.  A  temple  in  the  East  Indies  in  which  idols  are 
worshiped.  Pope. 

2.  An  idol;  an  image  of  some  supposed  deity. 

StiUingfleet. 

PA-Go'DA,  71.  A  gold  or  silver  coin  current  in  Hin- 
dustan, of  tliff"erent  values  in  different  parts  of  India, 
from  $  1  75  cts.  to  S  2,  or  from  8  to  9.<.  sterling. 

Pa'GOD-iTE,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  mineral  of 
which  the  Chinese  make  their  pagodas.  It  is  called 
Jllso  lardite,  horeite,  and  agahnatultte. 

Paid,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Pav  ;  paid  for  payed. 

P.U'tJLE,  I  n.    A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Pri- 

Pa'GIL,    i     inula  or  primrose  ;  cowslip-primrose. 

PAIL,  »i.    [\V.  paeol;  Gr.  rrcXyn.]    [Fam.  of  Plants. 
An  open  vessel  of  wood,  tin,  &c.,  used  in  families 
for  carrying  liquids,  as  water  and  milk,  usually  con- 
Jaining  from  eight  to  twelve  quarts. 

PaIL'FIJL,  71.    The  quantity  that  a  pail  will  hold. 

PAIL-MAIL'.    See  Pallmall. 

PAIL-LASSE',  (pal-yas',)  71.  [Fr.]  An  under  bed  of 
straw.  Encyc.  of  Doin.  Econ. 

PAIN,  71.  [W.  pocii;  Corn.  Ann.  poan  ;  Ir.  piaji ;  Fr. 
peine  ;  Norm,  pene,  peine ;  D.  pyn  ;  Sax.  piii  or  pine  : 
G.  pcin  ;  Dan.  pine ;  Sw.  pina  ;  It,  Sp.  and  Port,  pena ; 
h.  pana  i  Gr.  irovy,  penalty,  and  ttoi-os,  pain,  labor; 


Sans,  poiio  ;  Ar.  ^3  fanna,  to  drive,  afflict,  distress. 

Class  Bn,  No.  22,  23,  26.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  An  uneasy  sensation  in  animal  bodies,  of  any 
degree  from  slight  uneasiness  to  extreme  distress  or 
torture,  proceeding  from  pressure,  tension,  or  spasm, 
separation  of  parts  by  violence,  or  any  derangement 
of  functions.  Thus  violent  pressure  or  stretching  of 
a  limb  gives  pain;  inflammation  produces  pain; 
wounds,  bruises,  and  incisions  give  poin. 

2.  Labor;  work;  toil;  laborious  effort.  In  this 
sense,  the  plural  only  is  used  ;  as,  to  take  pains  ;  to 
be  at  the  pains. 

Hi^li  without  laliinw  pains  to  rise.  M'alter. 
The  s-mie  with;;<ii«*  we  Jain,  but  lose  with  ease.  Pujte. 

3.  Labor;  toilsome  efiTort ;  task;  in  the  singular. 
[JVwt  7i"io  used.]  Spenser.  Waller. 

4.  Uneasiness  of  mind;  disquietude;  anxiety; 
solicitude  for  the  future  ;  grief,  sorrow  for  the  past. 
We  stifl'er  pain  when  we  fear  or  expect  evil ;  wc  feel 
pain  at  lilt*  loss  of  friends  or  properly. 

5.  The  throes  or  distress  of  travail  or  childbirth. 


She  howed  herself  and  travailed,  for  herpaiiif  c 
I  Sam.  iv. 


J  upon  her. 


6.  Penalty ;  punishment  sufl"eri  d  or  denounced  ; 
suft'ering  or  evil  infficted  as  a  punishment  for  a 
crime,  or  annexed  to  the  coniiiiissiou  of  a  crime. 

None  shall  pn'suine  to  fly  under  pain  of  death.  Addison. 
Interpose,  on  ;«iin  ot  my  displeasure, 

Br  twixt  their  swords.  Dryden. 

PAIN,  V.  t.  [W.  poeni ;  Norm,  pflincr ;  Fr.  pciwrr  ,■  Sp. 
penar :  It.  penarc;  D.  pynen:  Dan.  piner  ;  Sw.  piiin  ; 
Sax.  pinan  ;  Gr.  TT-ncto,  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
strain,  urge,  press.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  make  uneasy  or  to  disquiet ;  to  cause  uneasy 
sensations  in  the  hotly,  of  any  degree  of  intensity  ; 
to  make  simply  uneasy,  or  to  distress,  to  torment. 
The  pressure  of  fetters  may  paiii  a  limb  ;  the  rack 
pains  the  bod.v. 

2.  To  artlict;  to  render  uneasy  in  mind  ;  to  dis- 
quiet ;  to  distress.  We  are  pained  at  the  death  of  a 
frieuti  ;  grief  pains  the  heart  ;  we  are  often  pained 
with  fear  or  solicitude. 

1  am  jyiined  at  my  very  heart.  —  Jer.  iv. 

3.  Reciproeally,  to  pain  one's  se(f ;  to  labor ;  to 
make  toilsome  etforls.    [Little  utsed.]  Spenser. 

PAIN'f.'D,  pp.    Disquicleil  ;  afflicted. 
PAIN'FIIL,  «.    Giving  pain,  uneasiness,  or  distress  to 
tlK^  body  ;  as,  a  painful  operation  in  surgery. 

2.  Giving  pain  to  the  mind  ;  afflictive  ;  disquieting ; 
distressing. 

F'vili  havi-  lieen  more  pain/ttt  to  us  In  the  prospect  than  In  the 
actual  pressure.  Ad'liton, 

3.  Full  of  pain  ;  producing  misery  or  affliction. 

Milton. 

4.  Requiring  labor  or  toil ;  difficult ;  executed  with 
laborious  efl'ort ;  as,  a  painful  service.  The  army 
had  a  painful  march. 

.'1.  Laborious;  exercising  labor;  undergoing  toil; 
industrious. 

Nor  nnMl  the  pnin/ul  luislmndmnn  be  tiled.  Dryfttn 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQIC  — 


PAI 


PAL 


PAL 


PAIN'FIJL-LV,  adv.  With  siifleriiiR  of  body  ;  with 
afflictio:i,  iinfiisiness,  or  distress  of  mind. 

2.  Lnl)oriously  j  with  toil ;  with  laborious  effort  or 
diliEenco.  Ruleglt. 
PaIN'FUL-NESS,  71.    Uneasiness  or  distress  of  body. 

South. 

2.  Alliction  ;  sorrow;  grief;  disquietude  or  dis- 
tress of  mind. 

3.  lalxirious  eflbrt  or  diliRence  ;  toil.  Hookn-. 
PaI'NIM,  It.    [Norm,  puj/nim  ;  Fr.  pai'en;  contracted 

from  ;mi,'nii.] 

A  pupin  ;  iin  infidel.    [JVul  used.]  Pencham. 
PaI'N'IM,(I.    Pafian;  infidel.    [.Yut  used.)  Millon. 
PAIN'IN'C,  ppr.    Making  uneasy  ;  afflicting. 
PAIN'l.ESS,  n.    Free  from  pain.  Fell. 

2.  Free  from  trouble.  Dnjden. 
PaINS'TAK-F.I{,  71.  A  laborious  person.  (lay. 
PAINS'TAK-ING,  a.    Laborious;  industrious. 

Harris. 

PAINS'TAK-ING,  71.    Labor  ;  gre.it  industry. 

PAINT,  V.  L  [Fr.  peindre,  peigiiant,  peint ;  L.  piniro, 
picttis  ;  i*p.  ptntar  ;  It.  pigtiere  or  /u/i^rrp,  to  throw, 
to  push,  to  paint.  The  elements  are  probably  Pg  or 
/*/,•,  as  in  fn^rnj  fctiU'i,] 

1.  To  cover  or  bi'smear  with  color  or  colors,  eitlier 
with  or  witliout  figures  ;  as,  to  paint  a  cloth  ;  to  paint 
a  house. 

2.  To  form  a  figure  or  likeness  in  colors ;  as,  to 
paint  a  hero  or  a  landscape. 

3.  To  represent  by  colors  or  images  ;  to  exhibit  in 
form. 

When  folly  growg  ronmntic,  w«  must  paint  it.  Pope. 

4.  To  represent  or  exhibit  to  the  mind  ;  to  present 
in  form  or  likeness  to  the  intellectual  view ;  to 
describe. 

Disloynl  1 

The  word  is  too  footl  to  paint  out  Ut  wickt'dncss.  Shak. 

5.  To  color;  to  diversify  with  colors.  Spenser. 
C.  To  lay  on  artifici.1l  color  for  ornament. 
Jt^ipbel  painted  her  rice  nml  tired  her  li'-ad.  — 2  Kiii^  ix 

PAINT,  T.  i.    To  lay  colors  on  the  face.    It  is  said  the 

ladies  in  France  paint. 
2.  To  practice  painting.    The  artist  patTit*  well. 
PAINT,  n.    A  coloring  substance;  a  substance  used 

in  (lainting,  either  simple  or  compound  ;  as,  a  white 

paint,  or  reti  paint, 

2.  Color  laid  on  canvas  or  other  material ;  color 
representing  any  thing.  Pope.  .^ddi.-^on. 

3.  Color  laid  on  the  face  ;  rouge.  Youn'j. 
PAINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Colori^d  ;  rubbed  over  with 

paint;  as,  n  painted  house  or  cloth. 

2.  Represented  in  form  by  colors. 

3.  Described. 

PAINT'ER,  71.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  paint ;  one 

skilled  in  representing  things  in  colors. 
PAINT'ER,  71.    [qu.  Ir.  painter,  a  snJire,  that  which 

holds.] 

A  rope  at  the  bow  of  a  boat,  used  to  fasten  it  to  a 
ship  or  other  object.  Totten. 

PAlNT'ERS-COL'ie,  71.  A  peculiar  disease,  usu.ally 
terminating  in  palsy  and  mental  imbecility,  to  which 
painters  are  subject,  and  also  others  who  iiandle  lead 
poisons.  Brande. 

PAINT'ER-STAIN'ER,  ji.  A  painter  of  coats  of 
arms.  Buchanan. 

PA I.NT'ING, ppr.  Representing  in  colors;  laying  on 
colors. 

PAINT'ING,  71.  The  act  or  employment  of  laying  on 
colors. 

2.  The  art  of  forming  figures  or  resembling  objects 
in  colors  on  canvas  or  other  material,  or  the  art  t>f 
representing  to  the  eye,  by  means  of  figures  and  col- 
ors, any  object  of  sight,  and  sometimes  the  emotitms 
of  the  mind.  Eneyc. 

3.  A  picture  ;  a  likeness  or  resemblance  in  colors. 

Shak. 

4.  Colors  laid  on.  Shak. 
PAI.NT'RESS,  n    A  female  who  paints. 
PaINT'I.'RE,  71.    [Ft.  pciiiture.] 

The  art  of  painting.  Dryden. 
PAIR,  n.  [Fr.  pair;  L.  Sp.  and  Port,  par:  It.  pari: 
Arm.  par ;  D.  paar :  G.  par,  paar  ;  Sw.  par  :  Norm. 
par  or  pciri  Ir.  prire  :  Sax.  ere/era,  with  a  prefix.  In 
W.  par  signifies  what  is  contigntius  or  in  continuity, 
a  state  of  readiness  or  preparedness,  a  pair,  fellow, 
match,  or  couple,  and  para  signifies  to  endure,  to 
continue,  to  persevere  ;  parti,  to  couple  or  jinn.  In 
this  language,  as  in  Spanish,  par,  pair,  is  shown  to 
be  connected  with  the  L.  pnro,  to  prepare.  Now,  in 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Eth.  "On  signifies  to  Join,  couple, 
or  associate,  and  the  noun,  an  associate,  evidently 
this  very  word,  which  goes  far  to  prove  that  "(in  is  a 
derivative  of  the  root  K-i3,  from  which  the  Latins 
probably  have  paro.  See  Class  Br,  No.  19.  The 
primar}'  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  throw,  strain, and  ex- 
tend, and  hence  par,  equal,  is,  extended  to,  near,  con- 
tiguous, or  equally  extended.] 

1.  Two  things  of  a  kind,  similar  in  form,  applied 
to  the  same  purpose,  and  suited  to  each  other  or  used 
together  ;  as,  a  pair  of  gloves  ttr  stockings  ;  a  pair  of 
shoes  ;  a  pair  of  oxen  or  horses. 

2.  1'wo  of  a  sort ;  a  couple  ;  a  brace  ;  as,  a  pair  of 
nerves  ;  a  pair  of  doves.    Luke  ii. 


PAIR,  1).  I.  To  be  Joined  in  pairs  ;  to  couple  ;  as  birds 
pair  in  stiminer. 

9.  To  suit ;  to  fit ;  as  a  counterpart. 

Klhrlindn, 

My  heart  wiu  made  to  fit  and  pair  with  thine.  Rotce, 

PAIR,  V.  t.    To  unite  in  couples;  as,  minds  paired  in 
heaven.  Dryden. 
2.  To  unite  as  correspondent,  or  rather  to  contrast. 
GlosHy  Jet  is  paired  willi  shiiiinf^  wliite.  Pope. 

PAIR,  V.  t.    To  impair.    [See  Impair.] 

PAIR'iJD,         Joined  in  couples  ;  fitted  ;  suited. 

Pa  I  R'ING,  ;vir.    Uniting  in  pairs;  fitting. 

P.\IR'ING-(>FF,  71.  In  le (ri.slative  bodies,  a  practice 
by  which  two  members  of  opposite  political  opinions 
agree  to  absent  themselves  from  voting  during  a 
stated  period.  I'his  practice  is  said  to  have  origi- 
nated in  the  lime  of  Cromwell. 

PAIR'ING-I  I.ME,  7t.    The  time  when  birds  couple. 

Smart. 

PAIR-OFF',  V.  I.  To  separ,ate  and  depart  from  a  com- 
pany in  pairs  or  couplets. 

2.  In  leaislnlivc  bodies,  two  members  are  said  to 
paie  off  when,  being  of  opposite  parties,  they  agree 
to  he  absent  when  the  vote  is  taken.    [See  Pairi.no- 

()7K.) 

PAIX'IIAN  GUN,  71.  [from  the  name  of  the  invent- 
or.] A  howitzer  of  great  weight  and  strength,  for 
throwing  shells  of  a  very  large  size.  Park. 

PAL' ACE,  71.  [Fr.  palais :  L.  palatium  :  It.  palni-.o ; 
Sp.  palacio  ;  G.  pfali,  whence  pfalzirraf,  palsgrave  ; 
\\\  pals  :  Rnss,  pa/iifa.] 

1.  A  magnificent  house  in  which  an  emperor,  a 
king,  or  other  distinguished  person,  resides  ;  as,  an 
imperi.al  pntar.e ;  a  royal  palace;  a  pontifical  palace: 
a  ducal  palace. 

2.  A  spli^ndid  place  of  residence  ;  as,  the  sun's 
bright  paluee.  Addison. 

PAL'ACE-CoIIRT,  71.  The  domestic  court  of  the 
kings  of  Great  Britain,  which  administers  Justice  be- 
tween the  king's  domestic  servants.  It  is  held  once 
a  week  before  tile  steward  of  the  household  anil 
knight  marshal;  its  Jurisdiction  extending  twelve 
miles  in  circtiit  from  his  majesty's  palace. 

Blackstone. 

PA-LA'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     [from  palace.]     Royal  ; 

noble  ;  magnificent.    [JVot  nsed.)  Graunt. 
PAL'A-DLV,  71.    A  knight  errant. 
PA  L/E'O  or  PA-LF.'O  ;  initial  syllables,  from  the 

Greek  Tr(i>(ii"5.  See  Paleographv,  Paleolooy,  &c. 
PA  L/ES'TRA.    See  Palkstra. 

PAL-AN  KEEN',  )  i  7!.     [In  Hindoo, 

PAL  AN-UUtN',  t  (Pal  an-keen',)  j  ^J.^^^  apparent- 
ly  from  Sans,  paluk,  a  couch.  But  it  accords  better 
with  Sp.  anti  It.  palanca,  a  pole,  Port,  palanfjur.) 

A  covered  carriage  used  in  India,  China,  &c., 
borne  on  the  shoulders  of  men,  and  in  which  a  sin- 
gle person  is  conveyed  from  place  to  place. 

P/VL'.^-TA-BLE,  a.    [(mm  palate..]    Agreeable  to  the 
taste  ;  savory.  Addison. 
2.  That  is  relished. 

PAL' A-TA-BLE  .NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
agreeable  to  the  taste  ;  relish.  Aikin. 

PAL'A-T.\-BLY,  otio.  In  a  palatable  manner;  agree- 
ably. 

PAL'A-TAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  palate  ;  uttered  by 

the  aid  of  the  palate. 
P.\I.'A-T.\L,  71.    A  letter  pronounced  hy  the  aid  of  the 

palate,  or  an  articulation  of  the  root  of  the  tongue 

with  tlie  roof  of  the  mouth  ;  as  g  and  k,  in  eg,  ek. 
P.M.'ATE,  71.    [L.  palatum,  properly  the  iirch  or  cope 

of  heaven.] 

1.  The  roof  or  upper  part  of  the  mouth.  In  7iia7i, 
it  is  comjiosed  of  two  parts,  one  of  which,  called  the 
hard  palate,  fiirms  an  arch  in  the  anterior  part  of  the 
mouth,  and  the  other,  called  the  .ioji  palate,  lying  in 
the  posterior  part  of  the  mouth,  consists  of  a  inem- 
bninoiis  curtain  of  muscular  antl  cellular  tissue,  from 
the  middle  of  which  hangs  the  uvula.        P.  Cyc. 

2.  Taste. 

Hani  Inslt  to  liit  tlie  pctlatet  of  snch  guests.  Pope. 

[This  signification  of  the  word  originated  in  the 
opinion  that  the  p,alate  is  the  instrument  of  taste. 
This  is  a  mistake.  In  itself,  it  has  no  power  of 
taste.l 

3.  Mental  relish  ;  intellectual  taste. 

Men  of  nice  palnlta  could  not  rt'lish  Aristode,  as  dressed  up  by 
die  schtHjhi.fn.  Baker. 

4.  In  botany,  the  convex  base  of  the  lower  lip  of  a 
personate  corolla.  Brande. 

PAL'ATE,e.  t.    To  perceive  by  the  taste.    [J^ot  nsed.] 

Shak. 

PA-LA'TIAL,  (-sh.al,)  a.  [from  palate.]  Pertaining 
to  the  palate  ;  as,  the  palatial  retraction  of  the  tongue. 

Barrow. 

PA-LA'TI.\L,  a.    [from  L.  pa/a(iu77i,  palace.] 

Pertaiuing  to  a  palace  ;  becoming  a  palace  ;  mag- 
nificenu  Drummond. 
PAL'A-Tie  or  PA-LAT'ie,  a.    Belonging  to  the  p.al- 

ate.  Huhtcr. 
PA-LAT'I.\-ATE,  71.  [It.  palatinato,  from  L.  palatinus. 
See  Palat'ie.J 
The  p   vince  or  seignnry  of  a  palatine ;  a  name 


given  to  two  states  of  the  old  German  empire,  called 
the  tapper  and  Lower  Palatinate.  P.  Cite. 

PAL'A-TINE,  (tin)  a.  [Fr.  palatin  :  It.  palatine ; 
from  Ij.  palatinus,  frnin  piuatiuin,  palace.] 

Pertaining  to  a  palace  ;  an  epithet  applied  origi- 
nally to  persons  holding  an  olfice  or  employment  in 
the  king's  palace ;  hence  it  imports  possessing  rt>yal 
privileges  ;  as.  a  count  palatine. 

In  England,  formerly,  were  three  counties  palatine, 
Chiwter,  Durham,  and  Lancaster;  the  two  foriiiir  by 
prescription,  the  latter  by  giant  of  Edward  1 1 1.  They 
were  so  called,  because  the  proprietors,  the  earl  of 
Chester,  the  bishop  of  Durham,  and  the  duke  of 
Lancaster,  possessed  royal  rights,  as  fully  as  the 
king  in  his  palace.  Of  these,  the  county  of  Durham 
is  the  only  one  now  remaining  in  the  hands  of  a  sub- 
ject Blackstone. 

PAL'A-TINE,  71.  One  invested  with  royal  privileges 
and  rights.  A  palatine,  or  count  palatine,  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe,  was  originally  one  delegated  by  a 
prince  to  hold  courts  of  Justice  in  a  province,  or  one 
who  had  a  palace  and  a  court  of  Justice  in  his  own 
house.  P.  Cyc. 

P/VL'A-TIVE,  a.    Pleasing  to  the  taste.    [Mit  used.] 

Brown. 

P.V-LA'VER,  71.  [."^p.  pulabra.  Port,  pnlarra,  a  word, 
tin.  \V.  tluvar,  iitlerancc  ;  with  a  prefix.] 

1.  ldl<  talk. 

2.  Talk  intended  to  deceive;  fiattery  ;  adulation. 
This  is  used  With  us  in  the  vulgar  dialect. 

3.  A  conference  or  delilierntion  ;  a  sense  used  in 
Africa,  as  appears  by  the  relations  of  missionaries. 

PA-LX'VER,  u.  I.  ore.  i.  To  deceive  hy  words;  to 
Hatter  ;  to  use  idle,  deceitful  talk  ;  to  hold  a  palaver. 

PA-LX'VER-ER,  77.    One  who  palavers. 

PALE,  a.  [Fr.  pale,  jialir :  L.  palleo,  pallidus  :  Russ. 
bielie,  white  ;  bielijn,to  whiten.  It  is  prnb.'ihlv  allied 
to  Sax.  fnletve,  fenin,  fallow,  pale  red  or  yellow,  D. 
vaal,  from  the  sense  of  failiwr,  withering;  W'.paWu. 
to  fail.  .Si!e  Class  Bl,  No.  (>,  7,  13,  IS.] 

1.  White  or  whitish  ;  wan;  deficient  in  color;  not 
ruddy  or  fresh  of  color  ;  as,  a  pale  face  or  skin  ;  pale 
chet;ks.  We  say,  also,  a  pale  red,  a  pale,  blue,  that 
is,  a  whitish  red  or  blue.  Pale  is  not  precisely  synon- 
ymous with  white,  as  it  usually  denotes  what  we 
call  iron,  a  darkish  dun  white. 

2.  Not  bright;  not  shining;  of  a  faint  luster; 
dim  ;  as,  the  pale  light  of  the  moon. 

Tlie  ni^ht,  inetliinks,  is  but  the  daylight  sick  ; 

It  looks  a  lillle  paler.  Shak. 

PALE,  J),  i.    To  turn  pale.  [Poetical] 

Jilits  Pickering. 

PALE,  V.  t.    To  make  pale.  Shali.  Prior. 

PALE,  71.  [.Sax.  pal;  G.  pfahl :  G.  paal :  Sw.  pile: 
Dan.  pitl :  W'.pnwl:  ]j.  patus  :  ctiinciiting  with  Eng. 
pole,  as  well  as  pale  :  Russ.  palil:,  a  stick  or  club.  It 
has  the  elements  of  L.  pala,  a  spade  or  shovel,  and 
the  radical  sense  is,  probably,  an  extended  thing,  or  a 

shoot.  Qu.  .\r.  VjkJ  nabala,  to  dart.  Class  Bl,  No. 
18.]  • 

1.  A  narrow  board,  pointed  or  sharpened  at  one 
end,  used  in  fencing  or  inclosing.  This  is  with  us 
more  generally  called  a  Pk  ket. 

2.  A  pointed  stake  ;  hence,  to  empale,  which  see. 

3.  An  inclosiire  ;  properly,  that  which  incloses,  like 
Fence,  Limit;  hence,  the  space  inclosed.  He  was 
born  within  the  pale  of  the  church  ;  within  the  pale 
of  Christianity.  Atlerbury. 

4.  District ;  limited  territory.  Clarendon. 

5.  In  heraldry,  one  of  the  greater  ordinaries,  being 
a  broad,  perpendicular  stripe  in  an  escutcheon. — 
F.  II.  Barker.] 

PALE,  v.  t.    [D.  paalen  :  G.  pfdhlen.] 

1.  To  incltise  with  pales  or  stakes.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  inclose  ;  to  encompass.  Shak. 
PA-LE-A'CEOUS,  (  shus,)  a.    [  L.  palea,  straw,  chaff.] 

1.  Clialfy  ;  reseiiihling  chaff,  or  consisting  of  it ; 
as,  a  paleaceous  pappus.  Lee. 

2.  Chaffy;  furnished  with  chaff;  as,  a  paleaceous 
receptacle.  Martyn. 

PaL'KI),  pp.    Inclosed  with  pales  or  pickets. 
2.  Striped. 

PALE'-EV-f.D,  (  Ide,)  a.  Having  eyes  dim.  Milton. 
P.aLE'-FAC-£D,  (fiste,)  a.    Having  a  pale  or  wan 
face. 

2.  Causing  paleness  of  face  ;  tis,  pale-faced  fear. 

Slink. 

PaLE'-IIE.XRT'ED,  a.    Dispirited.  Shak. 
PA  LE'LY,  o'/r.    Wanly;  not  freshlv,or  niddilv. 
P.\L'E.N-DAR,  71.    A  kind  of  coasting  vessel.  [Ohs.] 

Knollrs. 

PALE'NESS,  71.    Wanness  ;  defect  of  color  ;  want  of 
freshness  or  ruddiness  ;  a  sickly  whiteness  of  look. 
The  blooil  Ihe  vir^n's  cheek  forsook, 

A  livi.l  palenttt  sproaits  o'er  all  her  look.  Pope. 

2.  Want  of  color  or  luster ;  as,  the  palenest  of  a 
flower.  Shak. 
PA-LE-OG'RA-PHER,  71.    One  skilled  in  paleogra- 
phv. 

P.A-LE-O-GRAPH'ie,  (a.  Pertaining  to  paleog- 
PA-LE-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  i  raphy. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — A.\"GER,  VI"C10US.  — e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


r9i 


PAL 


PAL 


PAL 


[Gr.  iroAuiof,  ancient,  and 


Pa-LE-OG'RA-PHY, 
)  paij>ri,  writiiig.J 

1.  The  study  of  ancient  writings  ;  the  art  of  de- 
ciphering ancient  writings. 

2.  An  ancient  manner  of  writing  ;  as,  Punic  pale- 
osraphy.  E.  Stiles. 

PA-LE-dL'O-GlST,  n.    One  who  writes  on  antiquity, 

or  one  conversant  with  antiquity.  Good. 
PA-LE-OL'O-GY,  71.     [Gr.  TaA'ii'^s,  ancient,  and 

"Xoyos,  discourse.] 
.\  discourse  or  treatise  on  .intiquities,  or  the 

knowledge  of  ancient  thinss.  , 
PA-LE-ON-TO-LOO'ie-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  paleon- 

toloev. 

Pa-LE-ON-TOL'O-GIST,  )i.  One  versed  in  paleon- 
tology. 

Pa-LE-0iV-T0L;0-6Y,  h.  [Gr.  ;r.iA,M05,  ancient,  and 
ontolo^j^  the  science  of  being.] 

The  science  of  ancient  beings  or  creatures  ;  applied 
to  the  science  of  the  fossil  remains  of  animals  and 
plants  now  extinct.       Journ.  of  Science.  JtlanteU. 
Pa-LE-O-SAU'RUS,  n.     [Gr.  ^raXaiof  and  aavonf.] 
A  genti-i  of  fossil  saurians  found  in  magnesian 
limestone. 

Pa-LE-0-THe'RI-A\,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  paleo- 
therium. 

Pa-LE-O-THr'RI-UM,  )  71.  [Gr.  T7a\'unf,  ancient, 
Pa'LE-O-THkRE,        i     and  Onoinv,  beast.] 

A  quadruped  of  the  pachydermatous  order,  re- 
sembling the  pig  or  tapir,  but  of  a  very  large  size, 
now  extinct.  Lyell. 

In  gcolosnj,  a  term  denoting  the  lowest  fossiliferous 
strata  ;  and  also,  the  earliest  forms  of  life.  Dana. 
Pa'LE-OUS,  a.    [L  paica,  cliaffj 

Chaffy  ;_like  chaff.  Brown. 
PA-LE-O-Zo'ie,  a.    [Gr.  naXaio;,  ancient,  and  ^wav, 
animal.] 

FA-LES'TRA,  71.  [Gr.  iroXairpn,  from  TraXr;,  wrest- 
ling.] 

A  wrestling  ;  the  place  of  wrestling;  exercises  of 
wrestling  ;  a  place  for  athletic  exercises  in  Greece. 
PA-LES'TRI-.^.V,    )u.    [Gr.  jrnX..<-pi»ot,from7ruA»), 
PA-LES'TRie,        >     a  strugsling  or  wrestling;  n-o- 
PA-LES'TRie-AL,  )    A.iim,  to  wrestle,  to  strive.] 

Pertaining  to  the  exercise  of  wrestling.  Bryant. 
PAL'ET,  71.    [Kr. /if/uff,  a  ball.] 

The  crown  of  the  head.    [JV'ot  used.'l  Skclton. 
PAL'ETTE.    See  Pallet. 

PAL'FREY,  (pawl'fre,)  n.  [Fr.  palcfroi  ;  It.  palafreno  : 
Sp.  palafren  ;  Port,  palafrem  ;  VV.  palvrc.  Ainsworth 
gives  for  the  original  word,  in  Low  Latin,  paravercdi^ 
(plur.  of  rcredu-f,)  horses  of  a  large  size,  used  for 
carrying  the  baggage  of  an  army.  Spelman  says  the 
parafredus  Was  a  post-horse.  The  last  syllable  is 
from  Lat.  vereJus.] 

1.  A  horse  used  by  noblemen  and  others  for  state, 
distinguished  from  a  war  horse.  Encyc. 

2.  A  small  hot^e  fit  for  ladies.  .Tohnson.  Spectator. 
PAL'FREY-Kn,  (pawl'fred,)  n.    Riding  on  a  palfrey. 
PAL-l-FI-eA'TION,  71.    [from  L.  palus,  a  stake  or 

post.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  driving  piles  or  posts  into 
the  ground  for  making  it  firm.  fVolton. 
PA-LIL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  jraX-i-  and  Xiys.] 

In  rhetoric,  the  repetition  of  a  word  or  part  of  a  sen- 
tence for  the  sake  of  greater  energv. 
Pa'LLMP-SE.ST,  71.    [Gr.  naXiv  and  ^.r,..] 

A  parchment  from  which  one  writing  has  been 
erased,  and  on  which  another  has  been  written. 
PAL'IN-l)RO.ME,n.    [Gr.  -  ,\,vf,oo,,i  i;  rr.iAii', again, 
and  foi.pcoi,  or  6iHp<>,  to  run,  di-ntsed.'] 

A  word,  verse,  or  sentence,  that  is  the  same  when 
read  backward  or  forward  ;  as,  madam,  or  Boma  tibi 
suhit/f  motibus  ibit  amor,  Johnson.  Encyc. 

PSL'ING,  p/w.    Inclosing  with  pales. 
PaL'ING,  71.    Pales  in  general,  or  a  fence  formed  with 
piles. 

PAL-L\-6E-NK'$I-A,  (  7U    [Gr.  jraA-yvtitrrri.]  A 

PAL-I.\-(5E.\'E-?Y,  (  new  birth  or  transition  from 
one  st.ate  to  another  ;  a  regeneration. 

PAL'IN-ODFi,  )  71.    [Gr.  iruXiK.ifim ;   iraXii',  again, 

PAL'l.N-O-DY,  j     and  ..,?-/,  a  song.] 

A  recantation,  or  declaration  contrary  to  a  former 
one.  Encitc.  Sandys. 

PAI,  I-.«aDE',  71.  [Fr.  palisaade  ;  i'p.' pali-.ada  :  It. 
piiliizitfa  ;  friun  pale  or  the  same  r()ot.  The  Welsh 
has  palis,  a  thin  partition  of  boards,  or  laths,  a  wain- 
scot ;  pulitavi.  In  wainscot.] 

A  fence  or  furtifir;iiioii  consisting  of  a  row  of  stakes 
or  pfwts  aharp' lied,  and  set  firmly  in  the  ground.  In 
fortijictilion,  the  posLn  are  si  t  two  or  three  inches 
apart,  parallel  to  the  paraiiet  in  ihe  covered  way,  to 
prevent  a  surprise.  Palisades  serve  al.so  to  fortify 
the  avenues  of  open  furla,  gorges,  half  moons,  the 
bolloin  of  ditches,  &c.  Encye. 

PAL  I  SA  l)E',  r.  (.  To  surround,  inclose,  or  fortify, 
with  stakes  or  itfists. 

P.AL-l-SAD'El),  pp.    Kortifi<-il  with  slakes  or  post*. 

PAL  I  ."^AD'I.N'f;,  p/fr.    Kortifv  iiig  with  [losts. 

PAL  I  SA'UO,  n.    Palisade,  wliii  h  see. 

PA  L'lJ^II,  o.  (from  pn/c]  Somewhat  pale  or  wan  j 
as,  a  pa^wA  blue.  Jlrbulhnot, 

PAI'L,  n.  [L.  pallium;  Hax.  ptrlle;  lU  pallia;  Arm. 
palU.n ;  Ir.  prall.] 


1.  A  cloak  ;  a  mantle  of  .state.  Mhon. 

2.  The  mantle  of  an  archbishop.  .Ayliffe. 

3.  The  cloth  thrown  over  a  dead  body  at  funerals. 

Dryden, 

4.  A  detent  or  click,  i.  e.,a  small  piece  of  metal  or 
wood,  which  falls  between  the  teeth  of  a  rachet 
wheel,  or  of  a  windlass,  to  prevent  its  revolving 
backward. 

PALL,  71.    In  heraldry,  a  figure  like  tho  Greek  Y. 

Encvc. 

PALL,  II.  t.    To  cloak  ;  to  cover  or  invest.  S/mk. 
PALL,  V.  i.    [\V.  pallu,  to  fall ;  allied  to  pale,  and  to 

Gr.  TT.iAiiioc,  old  ;  Heb.  Ch.  and  Ar.        ;  Heb.  "72:. 

(See  F.»iL.)    Class  BI,  N'o.  R,  18,  21.] 

1.  To  become  vapid  ;  to  lose  strength,  life,  spirit, 
or  taste  ;  to  become  insipid  ;  as,  the  liquor  palls. 

Be.iulj  soon  jrows  faniilinr  lo  tlie  lover, 

Fades  in  die  eye,  and  palls  upon  the  sense.  Addipon. 

PALL,  V.  t.    To  make  vapid  or  insipid. 

Reason  and  reflection — blunt  tlie  edge  of  the  keenest  desires, 
and  paU  all  his  enjoyments.  Atierbury. 

2.  To  make  spiritless  ;  to  dispirit ;  to  depress. 

The  more  we  raise  oiir  love, 
The  more  we  pall,  and  coo],  and  kill  his  ardor.  Dryden. 

3.  To  weaken  ;  to  impair ;  as,  to  pall  fortune. 

Shak. 

4.  To  cloy  ;  as,  the  palled  appetite.  Taller. 
PALL,  71.  Nausea  or  nauseating.  Shaftesbnrt/. 
PALL'-BE.AR-ER,  ji.    A  term  applied  to  those  who 

attend  the  coflin  at  a  funeral,  so  called  from  the  pall 

or  covering  of  the  body  which  they  formerly  carried. 
PAL'L.\,  71.   [L.]    Among  the  Bomans,  a  large  upper 

robe  worn  by  ladies.  Elmes. 
PAL-La'DI-UM,  ;i.    [Gr.  iruAAatJiui',  from  Pallas,  the 

goddess.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  statue  of  the  goddess  Pallas,  which 
represented  lier  as  sitting  with  a  pike  in  her  right 
hand,  and  in  her  left  a  distaff  and  spindle.  On  the 
preservation  of  this  statue  depended  the  safety  of 
Troy.  Hence, 

2.  Something  that  affords  effectual  defense,  pro- 
tection, and  safety  ;  as  when  we  say,  the  trial  by  jury 
is  the  palladium  of  our  civil  rights.   '  Blackstone. 

3.  A  metal  discovered  in  1803  by  Wollaston,  and 
found  in  very  small  grains,  of  a  steel-gray  color  and 
fibrous  structure,  in  auriferous  and  plaliniferons  sand. 
It  is  infusible  by  ordinary  heat,  and  when  native,  is 
alloyed  with  a  little  platinum  and  iridium. 

Diet.  A^at.  Hist. 
PAL'L.\S,  71.    [Gr.]    In  mytholnsry,  the  Grecian  god- 
dess of  wisdom,  identified,  at  a  later  period,  with 
the  Roman  Minerva.  Brande. 

2.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  small  planets  or  aster- 
oids which  revolve  between  the  orbits  of  INlars  and 
Jnpiter. 

PALL'ir;D,  pp.  or  a.    Made  insipid. 
PAL'LET,  71.    [Fr.  palette:  It.  paletta,  a  fire-shovel; 
Sp.  paleta  ;  from  L  pula,  \V.  pal,  a  shovel,  a  pcf/.] 

1.  Among  paiiilfri,  a  little  oval  table  or  hoard,  or 
piece  of  ivory,  on  which  the  painter  places  the 
colors  to  be  ii.sed.  On  the  middle  the  colors  are 
mixed,  to  obtain  the  tints  required.  Encye. 

2.  Among  potters,  crucible  makers,  &.C.,  a  wooden 
instrument  fiir  forming,  heating,  and  rounding  their 
works.    It  is  oval,  round,  &.c.  Encye. 

3.  In  gildiniT,  an  instrument  made  of  a  squirrel's 
tail,  to  take  up  the  gold  leaves  from  the  pillow,  and 
to  apply  and  extend  tliein.  Encyc. 

4.  In  heraldry,  a  small  pale.    [See  Pale.] 

5.  A  term  applied  to  the  pieces  connected  with  the 
pendulum  of  a  clock,  or  the  bahince  of  a  watch, 
which  receive  the  immediate  Impulse  of  the  swing- 
wheel,  or  balance-wheel.  It  is  sometimes  written 
Pallat.  Brande. 

6.  A  measure  formerly  used  by  surgeons,  contain- 
ing three  ounces.  llakewill. 

PAL'LET,  II.  [paillet,  Chaucer;  Fr.  paiUe,  L.  palea, 
straw;  Ir.  praW,  a  couch.] 

A  small  bed.  Milton. 
PAL'LI-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  mantle,  especially  the 

mantle  of  shell  fishes.  Smart. 
PAL'LI-A-MENT,  71.    [L.  pallium,  a  cloak.] 

.\  dress  ;  a  robe.    [A'wi;  used.]  Shak. 
PAL'LIARI),  (pal'yard,)  71.   [Fr.]   A  lecher  ;  a  lewd 

person.    [JV«(  used,  nor  English.] 
PAL'LIAUb-ISE,  11.    Fornication.    [A'o(  used.] 

Buck. 

PAL  LIASSE',  (pal-yas',)  71.  [Fr.]  An  under  bed  of 
straw.    [See  Paillasse.] 

PAL'LI-STE,  f.  t.  [Fr.  pallicr ;  Sp.  paliar ;  It.  pal- 
mare :  from  Low  L.  pallio,  from  pallium,  n  cloak  or 
robe.l^ 

1.  To  clothe.  [Obs.] 

2.  To  cover  with  excuse  ;  to  conceal  the  enormity 
of  offenses  by  excuses  and  apologies  ;  hence,  to  ex- 
tenuate ;  to  lessen  ;  to  soften  by  favorable  repre- 
nentations  ;  as,  lo  palliate  faults,  olfenses,  crimes,  or 
vices.  Dryden. 

3.  To  reduce  in  violence  ;  to  mitigate ;  to  lessen  or 
abate  ;  as,  to  palliate  a  dise.a.se. 

PAL'L!-ATI'.,  a.    Eased ;  initig.ated.  [Jfoluted.] 
PAL'LI-A-TEI),  pp.    Covered  by  excuses;  extenu- 
ated ,  Hoflened. 


PAL'LI-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Concealing  the  enormity 
or  most  censurable  part  of  conduct ;  extenuating ; 
softening. 

PAL-LI-A'TION,  71.    The  act  of  palliating  ;  conceal- 
ment of  the  most  flagrant  circumstances  of  an  of- 
fense ;  e.vtenuation  by  favorable  representation  ;  as, 
the  pallialion  of  faults,  offenses,  vices,  or  crimes. 
2.  Jlitigatiiin ;  alleviation;  abatement;  as  of  a 

PAL'LI-A-TIVE,  a.    [Ft.  pal liatif.]  [disease. 

1.  Extenuating  ;  serving  to  extenuate  by  e.xcuses 
or  favorable  representation.  fVarton, 

2.  Mitigating  ;  alleviating  j  as  pain  or  disease. 

Arbulhnot. 

PAL'Lr-A-TIVK,  71.    That  which  extenuates. 

2.  That  whicli  mitigates,  alleviates,  or  abates  the 

violence  of  pain,  di-ease,  or  other  evil.  Swift. 
PAL'LID,  a.    [L.  pallidas,  from  palleo,  to  become  pale. 

See  Pale.] 

Pale  ;  wan  ;  deficient  in  color ;  not  high  colored  ; 
as,  a  pallid  countenance  ;  pallid  blue. 

Spenser.    Thomson.  Harte. 
PAL-LID't-TY,  71.  Paleness. 

PAL'LID-LY,  adv.    Palely  ;  wanly.  Taylor. 

PAL'LID-NESS,  71.    Paleness;  wanness. 

PALL'IXG,  p;;r.  or  a.    Cloving;  making  insipid. 

PALL'ING,  71.    State  of  being  cloyed.  Buheer. 

PAL'LI-UM,  n.  [L.]  In  tlic  Boman  Catholic  church  a. 
short,  white  cloak,  with  a  red  cross,  encircling  the 
neck  and  shoulders,  and  falling  011  the  bru  k.  Brande. 

PALL-.MALL',  (pel-mel',)  11.  [L.  pila,  a  ball,  and  mal- 
leus, mallet  ;  It.  palla,  a  ball,  ami  viallro,  a  hammer.] 

1.  A  play  in  which  a  ball  is  driven  through  an  iron 
ring  by  a  mallet ;  also,  the  mallet.  Johnson. 

2.  A  street  in  Lonilon,  so  called  from  its  having 
once  been  the  place  for  playing  the  game  called 
pallmall. 

PAL'LOR,  71.    [L.]    Paleness.  Taylor. 
PALM,  (pirn,)  71.    [L.  pa(ma;  VV.  palv  ;  from  spread- 
ing.] 

1.  The  inner  part  of  the  hand. 

2.  A  hand  or  hand's  breadth  ;  a  lineal  measure  of 
three  inches.  The  gre.at  Roman  palm  was  the  length 
of  the  hand,  or  about  8j  inches.  Barluie. 

3.  The  broad,  triangular  part  of  an  anchor  at  the 
end  of  the  arms. 

4.  The  name  of  many  species  of  plants,  but  par- 
ticularly of  the  date-tree  or  great  palm,  a  native  of 
Asia  and  Africa. 

The  palms  constitute  a  natural  order  of  monccot- 
yledonous  plants,  with  a  straight  unbranching  cylin- 
dric  stem,  terminating  in  a  crown  tif  leaves,  with- 
in which  rises  a  tuft  of  flowers  and  fruits  ;  all  n.a- 
tives  of  warm  climates.  They  vary  in  size  from  2 
to  more  than  100  feet  in  hight.  Jussieu.  Linnaeus. 

5.  Bninches  of  the  palm,  being  worn  in  token  of 
victory  ;  hence  the  word  signifies  superiority,  victory, 
triumph.  The  palm  was  adopted  as  an  emblem  of 
victory,  it  is  said,  because  the  tree  is  so  elastic  as, 
when  pressed,  to  rise  and  recover  its  correct  position. 

£7icyc. 

Namur  sulxlued  is  England's  palm  alone.  Drydtn. 

6.  Among  sfamPTi,  an  instrument  fitted  to  the  hand, 
and  used  in  sewing  canvas,  instead  of  a  thimble. 

PAL.M,  (pim,)  V.  t.  To  conceal  in  the  palm  of  the 
hand. 

They  palmed  Ihe  tricV  that  lost  the  game.  Prior. 

2.  To  impose  by  fraud. 

For  you  may  palm  upon  us  new  for  old.  Dryden, 

3.  To  handle.  Prior. 

4.  To  stroke  with  the  hand.  Ainsieorth, 
PA  LM'-OIL,  (pim'oil,)  n.    A  vegetable  oil,  obtained 

from  the  fruit  of  several  species  of  palms,  and  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  soap  and  candles.  McCulloeh, 

PALM'-SU.\-I)AY,  (pim'siin-dy,)  71.  The  Sunday 
next  before  Easter  ;  so  called  in  coinmeinor.ation  of 
our  Savior's  triumphal  entry  into  Jerusalem,  when 
the  multitude  strewed  palm  branches  in  the  way. 

PAL.M'-TREE,  (puin'tree,)  71.  The  name  of  many 
species  of  trees  belonging  to  the  natural  order  of 
palms.    [See  Palm.] 

PAL'M.\  CHRIS'TI,  tu  [L.]  An  annual  plant, 
whose  seeds  furnish  the  well-known  castor-oil  of 
medicine.  Loudon. 

PAL'.MAR,  a.    (L.  pa/mark.] 

Of  the  breadth  of  the  hand.  Lee, 

PAL'MA-RV,  a,    [L,  palmari.^,] 

Chief;  princi|)al.  Bp,  Home, 

PXLM'A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  palm. 

-  !  <!•    [L.  pa/madij,  from  pa/ma,  palm.] 

1  .Aij  jM  A- 1  r.ll,  ) 

1.  llavinc  the  shape  of  tire  hand;  resembling  a 
hanil  with  the  fingers  spread  ;  an,  palmated  leaves  or 
stones.  Encyc. 

2.  Entirely  webbed  ;  as,  the  palmated  feet  of 
aquatic  fowls. 

PXl-.M'/;!),  (pAind,)  pp.    Imposed  by  fraud. 

PALM'ER,  (|Klin'er,)  71.  One  that  returned  from  the 
Itoly  Laml  bearing  branches  of  palm  ;  a  pilgrim  or 
criL^'adir.  Pope. 

PALM'ER-WORM,  (pim'er-wurm,)  ii.  A  worm  cov- 
ered with  hair  ;  sup|H)sed  to  be  so  called  because  he 
wanders  over  all  plants.    Joel  i.  Johnson. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MftTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


7!>2 


PAL 

PAL  MET'TO,  II.  A  spi'i  iis  of  p:ilm-tr('0  (.'niwinj;  in 
tile  West  Indies  and  !?outliern  United  States,  of  llie 
genus  Clianiiurops.  Thomson. 

PAL'Mie  AU'IU,  n.  A  kind  of  acid  obtained  from 
palniine. 

PAL-.MIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  palma  and/iro,  to  bear.] 
Ilearine  palms.  Diet. 
PAI.'.MINE,  (-niin,)  n.    A  white,  waxy  substance, 

obtained  from  castor-oil, 
PXIj.M'ING,  ppr.    Imposing  by  fraud. 
PAI,'MI-PED,  a.    [L.  jm/iim  and  pes,  foot.] 

Web-footed  ;  liavingllie  toes  connected  by  a  mem- 
brane ;  as  a  water  fowl. 
P.M/MI-PEI),  n.    A  swimming  bird;  one  tbat  lias 

webbed  feet,  or  the  toes  connected  by  a  membrane. 
PAI,'.MIS-TER,  n,    \h.  palma.]  [Brandc. 
(Ine  who  de.ils  in  palmistry,  or  pretends  to  tell 
fortunes  by  the  p.ilm  of  the  hand. 
PAI/MIS-TIJY,  H.    [L.  palma,  palm.] 

1.  The  art  or  practice  of  iliviniiig  or  telling  for- 
tunes by  the  lines  and  marks  in  the  palm  of  the 
hand  ;  a  trick  of  imposture,  much  practiced  by  gip- 
sies. 

2.  Addison  uses  it  humorously  for  the  action  of 
the  baud.  Spectator. 

PALM'Y,  (pUm'y,)  a.  Bearing  palms.  Shak. 
Hence, 

2  Flourishing ;  prosperous  ;  victorious. 

PAl:Tt%.p/.i[L- 

A  jointed,  sensiferous  organ,  attached  in  pairs  to 
the  back  or  side  of  the  lower  jaw  in  many  insects  ; 

PAI.P,  II.  (.    To  feel.    [JViit  nut/ioriici/.]        [a  feeler. 

PAI,  PA-BIL'l-TY,  n.  [(rum  palpable.]  The  quality 
of  being  perceptible  by  the  touch.  .SrbulhnoL 

PAI,'PA-BLE,  a.  [F*,  from  I.,,  palpor,  to  feel;  It. 
palpabile.] 

1.  Perceptible  by  the  touch  ;  that  may  be  felt ;  as, 
a  palpable  substance  ;  palpable  darkness.  Shak. 

2.  Gross  ;  coarse ;  easily  perceived  and  detected  ; 
as,  a  palpable  absurdity.  Titlotson. 

3.  Plain  ;  obvious  ;  easily  perceptible  ;  as,  palpable 
phenomena ;  ;)ii//J«6(e  proof.       Hooker.  Oluncille. 

PAL'P.\-BI,E:-i\EtfS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  palpa- 
ble ;  plainness  ;  obviousness  ;  grossness. 

P.\L'PA-IiLY,  arfe.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  be  per- 
ceived by  the  touch. 
2.  Grossly  ;  plainly  ;  obviously. 

Cludiiis  WM  ncquiURd  by  «  corrupt  jury  that  IlftJ  pa!j)ah!y  taken 
shorei  of  iiioii?y.  Bacon. 

PAL  P.\'TION,  n.  [L.  palpatio,  from  pa//)0,  to  feci,  to 
stroke,  from  the  root  of  frel,  and  Gr.  7r.iAA<.i,  to  shake. 
Probably  the  primary  sense  is  to  beat  or  strike  gently, 
or  to  touch,  or  to  spring,  to  leap,  allied  to  Gr.  (iaX\u>, 
Fr.  bailer.] 
The  ,act  of  feeling. 

P.\I/PE-BRAI,,  n.    Pertaining  to  the  eyebrow. 

PAI/PE-i!R()l'S,  a.    Having  large  eyebrows.  Smart. 

PAI/PI-FOI!.M,«.  Having  the  form  of  p;ilpi  or  feelers. 

PAE-I'IO'EK-OUS,  a.    Bearing  palpi  or  feelers.  Kirbij. 

P.\I>'PI-TaTE,  r.  i.  [h.  palpitn,  (mm  palpo.  Palpito 
illustrates  the  primary  sense  of  patpo.] 

To  beat  gently  ;  to  beat,  as  the  heart ;  to  flutter, 
that  is,  to  move  with  little  throws  ;  as  we  say,  to  go 
pit-a-put ;  applied  particularly  to  a  preternatural  or 
excited  movement  of  the  heart. 

PAI/PI-TA-TI.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Beating  gently;  flutter- 
ing:. 

PAL  PI-Ta'TIO\,  n.    [L.  palpitatio.] 

1.  .\  beating  of  the  heart;  particalarly,  a  preter- 
natural beating  or  pulsation  e.\cited  by  violent  action 
of  the  body,  by  fear,  fright,  or  disease. 

Ilarofy.  .^rbuthnot. 

2.  A  violent,  irregular  motion  of  the  heart. 

Cullen.  Parr. 
PAI.S'GllAVE,  (pawlz'grave,)  n.    [G.  pfaligraf,  from 
pfali,  contracted  from  L.  palatium,  piilnce,  and  •Ta/, 
an  enri  ;  D.  palts^aaf ;  Sax.  gcrcfa,  a  reeve,  whence 
sheriff.] 

.\  count  or  carl  who  has  the  superintendence  of 
the  king's  iKilace.  Diet. 
PAI.S'GllA-VI.NE,  ji.    The  consort  or  widow  of  a 
palsnrave. 

PAi/St|-eAL,  a.  [frompaijy.]  Affected  with  pal.sy  ; 
parah  tic. 

PAL'Si-f;D,  (pawl'zid,)  pp.  or  a.    [from  palsy.]  Af- 
fected with  palsy. 
PAL'SY,  n.    [Supposed  to  be  contracted  from  Gr. 
ra.iu  Vi'iT  $,  relaxation  ;  ir  i'iaXn  .',  to  loosen  or  relax.] 
.\n  abolition  of  function,  whether  of  intellect, 
Bjiccial  sensation,  voluntary  motion,  common  sensa- 
tion, or  sympathetic  motion. 
PAL'SY,  c.  t.    To  paralyze  ;  to  destroy  function. 

a.  To  destroy  action  or  energy.  -\  Dwight. 
PAL'SY-I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Destroying  function. 
PAL'  TER,  r.  i.    [Probably  allied  to /aiiiter  or /a/ttr, 
\V.  ;iaUii,  Eng./ui7  ;  Sp.  and  Pon.fatlar,  to  want,  to 
fail,  to  miss,  to  balk,  to  come  short.   See  Fail  and 
Paul.] 

To  shift ;  to  dodge  ;  to  play  tricks.  Johtuon. 
Rather,  to  fail ;  to  come  short ;  to  balk. 

Romant,  lhal  haTc  tpoke  the  wonl, 
And  will  not  poller.  ShaX-. 


PAN 

PAL'TER,  u.t.    To  squander.    Qu.    [JVut  used.] 

AintttDorth. 

PAL'TF.R-ER,  n.    One  that  palters,  fails,  or  falls  short 

PAL'TRI-LY,  a</i>.    Despicably;  meanly. 

PAL'TRI-NESS,  n.  [from  paltry.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing paltry,  vile,  or  worthless. 

PAL'TRY,  a.  f.Sw.  palta,  plur.  pa/(or,  rags ;  Dan. 
pialt,  a  rag  ;  ptalted,  ragged  ;  Scot  paltrie  or  peltrie, 
vile  trash  ;  It.  paltone,  a  vagabond.  It  may  be  allied 
to  Gr.  ijiaoXoi,  vile,  and  to  fail.  Q.u.  Fr.  piilre,  a 
contnictc'd  word.] 

Ragged  ;  mean  ;  vile  ;  worthless  ;  despicable  ;  as, 
a  paltry  boy  ;  a  paltry  slave  ;  a  pallnj  trifle. 

Sliak.  Mdison. 

PA-LO'DAL,  a.    [L.  pahis.] 

Pertaining  to  marshes  ;  marshy. 
PAL-i;-I)I'NA,  II.    [L.  pains,  a  pool.] 

A  genus  of  fresh-water  snails.  Mantcll. 
PA-L0'DIN-O(JS,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  paludina. 
Pa'LY,  a.    [from  pale]    Pale;  wanting  color;  used 

only  in  poetry.  Shak.  Gay. 

2.  In  heraldry,  divided  by  pales  into  four  eipial 

parts.  Kncyc. 
PA.M,?!.    [Supposed  to  be  from  paZm,  victory.]  The 

knave  of  clubs.  Pope. 
P.ViM'PAS,  71.  pi.   The  name  given  to  vast  prairies 

in  the  southern  part  of  Buenos  Ayres  in  South 

America.  Enryc.  Jim. 

PA.M'PER,  V.  t.    [from  It  pambere,  bread  and  drink  : 

pamberato,  pampered,  well  fed  ;  pane,  bread,  aim 

bere,  to  drink,  L.  bibo.] 

1.  To  feed  to  the  full ;  to  glut ;  to  saginato  ;  to  feed 
luxuriously  ;  as,  to  pamper  the  body  or  the  appetite. 

Spenser. 

Wfl  are  prond  of  a  hotly  fattening  for  wonnj  ami  jMtnpered  for 
cornij)liun  unci  Uic  gr.ivc.  Vieishl. 

2.  To  gratify  to  tho  full  ;  to  furnish  with  that 
which  delights  ;  as,  to  pam/ifr  the  imagination. 

PAM'PER-/iD,  pp.  ox  a.  Fed  high;  glutted  or  grati- 
fied to  the  full. 

PAIM'PEK-ING,  p;>r.  Glutting  ;  feeding  luxuriously; 
gratifying  to  the  full. 

PAM'PEK-ING,  71.    Luxiiriancv.  Fulkr. 

PAM'PIILET,  (pam'flet,)  n.  [Sp.  paprlon,  from  paprl, 
paper.  The  word  signifies  both  a  pamphlet  and  a 
bill  posted.  Sp.  papalcta,  a  slip  of  paper  on  which 
any  thing  is  written  ;  papcl  volante,  a  small  pam- 
phlet. It  has  also  been  deduced  from  paunfiet,  pa- 
jrina  Jilala,  a  word  said  to  liave  been  used  by  Cax- 
ton.] 

A  small  book  consisting  of  a  sheet  of  paper,  or  of 
sheets  stitched  together,  but  not  bound. 
PAM'PHLET,  V.  L  To  write  a  pamiihlet  or  pamphlets. 

J{ou:ell. 

PAM-PHLET-EER',  (pani-flet-eer',)  «.  A  writer  of 
pamphlets  ;  a  scribbler.  Taller. 

PAM-PHLET-EER'LNG,  a.  Writing  and  publishing 
pamphlets. 

2.  n.    The  writing  .and  publishing  of  pamphlets. 

PAM'PRE,  71.  [Fr.]  In  S^u/pdirf,  an  ornament  com- 
posed of  vine  leaves  and  bunches  of  grapes  ;  used 
for  decorating  columns.  Owilt. 

PAN,  11.  [Sa.x.  paii.ia;  Svv.  paano;  G.  jj/annc ;  D.  pa7i  ; 
W.  id.] 

1.  A  vessel  broad  nnd  somewhat  hollow  or  de- 
pressed in  the  middle,  or  with  a  raised  border ;  used 
for  setting  milk  and  other  domestic  purposes. 

Drydcn. 

2.  The  part  of  a  giin-Iock  or  other  fire-.irins 
which  holds  the  priming  that  communicates  witli 
the  charge. 

3.  Something  hollow  ;  as,  the  brain  paTi. 

4.  Among  farmers,  the  hard  stratum  of  earth  that 
lies  below  tlie  soil ;  called  the  hard  pan. 

5.  The  top  of  the  head.  Chaucer. 
PAN,  t).  t   To  join  ;  to  close  together.  \_Local.] 

Bailey. 

PAN,  71.    [Gr.]    In  mytlwlogy,  the  deity  of  shepherds. 

[See  Pamc.J 
PAN'A-RASE,  71.    [Gr.  irai'  and  base.] 

A  gray  copper  ore. 
PAN-A-CE'A,  71.    [L.,  from  Gr.  iravuictia  ;  iiai',  all, 

and  iiKEu/Kii,  to  cure.]  . 

1.  A  remedy  fur  all  diseases  ;  a  universal  medicine. 

Warton. 

2.  _An  herb.  Ainsworth. 
P.A-.\ a'D.A,  j  lu    [Fr.  panadf,  from  L.  vanis,  Sp.  pa7i, 
PA-NA'DO,  i     It.  pane,  bread.]' 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  boiling  bread  in  water  to 
the  consistence  of  pulp,  and  sweetened.  }¥iseman. 
PA.N".\-RY,  a.  [Upaiiw.] 

Pertaining  to  bread. 
P.AN'CaKE,  71.   A  thin  cake  fried  in  a  pan  or  baked 
on  an  iron  plate. 

Some  folki  thinl<  it  will  ncTcr  be  good  time*  till  lionafi  arc  tiled 
wiUl  pancaJctt.  Frankiin. 

P.VN'exRTE,  it,  A  royal  charter  confirming  to  a  sub- 
ject all  his  (Kissessions.  Brandt. 

PANCH,  It.    [W.  panii,  to  form  a  texture,  to  full.] 

Among  sramrn,  n  thick  nnd  strong  mat,  to  be  fast- 
eneil  on  >  arils  to  prevent  friction. 

P.\.\CH'W.\Y,  71.  A  Bengal  four-oared  boat  for  pas- 
sen  trers.  Jtfalcom. 


PAN 

PA.\-eRAT'ie.  (a.  (Gr.  rue,  all,  and  icpuTnj, 
PAN-eRA'/''ie-AL,  i  strength.] 

Excelling  in  all  gymnastic  exercises  ;  very  strong 

or  robust.  Brown. 
PA.\'€KA-TIST,  7U    One  who  excels  in  gymnastic 

exercisi!3. 

PAN  eRA'TI-U.M,  (-she-um,)  n.    [Gr.  irui-  and  upa- 

Tt(tu] 

Among  tlie  ancients,  an  athletic  contest  which 
combiiieil  boxing  and  wrestling. 

PAN'CRl-^AS,  n.    [(;r.  no  ,  all.  and  irof.ij,  flesh.] 

A  gland  of  the  lioily  situated  between  the  bottom 
of  the  stoni.icli  and  the  vertebra;  of  the  loins,  reach- 
ing from  the  liver  to  the  spleen,  and  allaclied  to  the 
peritoneum.  It  is  two  fingers  in  bretiillli,  and  six  in 
length,  soft  and  supple.  It  secretes  a  kind  of  saliva, 
ami  |M)Urs  it  into  the  iliiodeniim.      (iuincy.  Coze. 

PA.N'-eUE-.AT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pancreas;  as, 
pancreatic  juice.  ArbuthnoU 

PAN'CY.    See  Panst. 

PAN-UIC'AN  PIPES,  71.  p?.  A  wind  instrument  of  an- 
tiquity made  of  reeds  fastened  together  side  by  side, 
gradually  le.ssening,  and  tuned  to  each  other. 

PAN'DECT,  71.  [L.  pandiclir,  from  Gr.  rrui/^t/trijf  ( 
Trail,  all,  and  h\oiiai,  to  contain,  to  take.] 

1.  A  treatise  wliich  contains  the  whole  of  any  sci- 
ence. Sicijl. 

2.  Pandretjt,  in  the  plural,  the  digest  or  collection  of 
civil  or  Roman  law,  inatle  by  order  of  the  emperor 
Justinian,  and  containing  .'>34  decisions  or  judgments 
of  lawyers,  to  which  the  emperor  gave  the  force  and 
authority  of  law.  This  com|iilation  consists  of  fifty 
books,  forming  the  first  part  of  the  civil  law. 

PAN-OE.M'ie,  a.    [Gr.  Trai-,  all,  and  fr|^,o(,  people.] 
Incident  to  a  whole  people;  epidemic;  as,  a  pan- 
demic disease.  J/arveii.  Parr. 
PAN-DE-MO'NI-UM,  71.    [Gr.  iraj,  irai/,  all,  and  liai- 
P'^'f,  a  demon.] 

In  fabulous  story,  the  great  hall  or  council-chamber 
of  demons  or  evil  >pirils.  JItlton. 
PAN'UEU,  71.    [Uu.  It  pandere,  to  set  abroad,  or  Pan- 
o   ^  o  J 

dams,  in  Chaucer.    In  Pers.  j\,>,ij  bandar,  is  the 

keeper  of  a  warehouse  or  granary,  a  forestaller  who 
buys  and  hoards  goods  to  enhance  the  price  ;  an- 
swering to  L.  main'o.  But  the  real  origin  of  the 
word  is  not  obvious.] 

A  pimp  ;  a  procurer ;  a  male  bawd  ;  a  mean,  profli- 
gate wretch,  who  caters  for  the  lust  of  others. 

Dryden.  Shak. 
PAN'DER,  ti.  t    To  pimp;  to  procure  lewd  women 

for  others.  Shak. 
PAN'DER,  ».  i.    To  act  as  agent  for  the  lusts  of 
2.  To  be  subservient  to  lust  or  passion.  [others. 
P.\N'DER-AGE,  71.  A  procuring  of  sexual  connection. 

Ch.  Bcliir.  Appeal. 
PAN'DER-IS.M,  71.    The  employment  or  vices  of  a 

pander;  a  pimping.  Swift. 
P.\N'DER-I,Y,  a.    Pimping ;  acting  the  pander.  Shak. 
PAX-Die-U-LA'TION,  71.    [L.  paudiculor,  to  yawn, 
to  stretch.] 

A  yawning  ;  a  stretching  ;  the  tension  of  the  sol- 
ids th.1t  accompanies  yawning,  or  that  restlessness 
and  stretching  that  accompany  the  cold  fit  of  an 
intermittent.  Eneyc.  Floyer. 

PAN'DIT,  I       T    ir-  I     .        I         I  T,  K 
PUN'DIT  i  Jundoostan,  a  learned  Brahmin. 

P.AN'DOOR,  71.  A  name  given  to  a  kind  of  light-in- 
fantry soldiers  in  the  Austrian  service.  llrande. 

PAN-Do'RA,  Tt.    [Gr.  rrae,  .ill,  and  <i..ii).ii.,  a  gift.] 
In  mytholoiry,  a  fabled  female  who  received  a  va- 
riety of  gifts.   Jupiter  gave  her  a  box  for  her  hus- 
band, who  opened  it,  and  out  rushed  a  multitude  of 
evils.  Lcmpriere. 

PAN'DORE,      )        rr:        ^  1 

PAN'DO-R.\.\,  5        t^"^"  ""''""vP"-] 

An  instrument  of  music  of  the  lute  kind  ;  a  ban- 
dore. Drayton. 

PAN-DO'RI-FORM,  a.    [L.  pa77ifiira,  from  the  Gr.] 
In  botany,  obovate,  with  a  deep  recess  or  sinus  on 
each  side,  like  the  body  of  a  fiddle  or  violin. 

PANE,  71.  [fr.  pan,  from  extending,  whence  pa777irau, 
a  panel  ;  Arm.  pniieH  ;  Sp.  entrrpunv ;  D.  paneel.] 

1.  A  stiuare  of  glass. 

2.  A  piece  of  any  thing  in  variegated  works. 

Donne. 

PAN-E-GYR'ie,  71.  [Fr.  pane/ryrique :  It  and  Sp. 
panetririeo :  It.  panffryriciis,  from  the  Gr.  'avnyvft^. 
a  public  meeting  or  celebration  ;  7ra;,  iruf,  oJi,  and 
o)  vfiii,  an  assembly.] 

1.  An  oration  or  eiilogj' in  praise  of  some  distin- 
guished persiui  or  achievement ;  a  formal  or  elabo- 
rate encomium.  "  Stillinirfleet. 

2.  An  encomium  ;  praise  bestowed  on  some  emi- 
nent persim,  action,  or  virtue.  Dryden. 

PAN-E-ft  YR'ie,       (a.  Containing  praise  or  eulogy ; 

PAN-E-GYR'ie-AL,  (  encomiastic. 

P.'VN-EG'V-RIS,  n.  [Gr.  Trunj>  cpi  j.]  A  festival  ;  B 
public  meeting.  JMUton. 

PA.\-E^6YR'IST,  71.  One  who  bestows  praise  ;  a 
eulogist ;  an  encomiast,  either  by  writing  or  speak- 
ing. Camden. 


TONE,  B5JLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


100 


ooo 


7»3 


PAN 

rAN'E-GY-RiZE,  r.  t.  To  praise  liii^lily ;  to  write  or 
pronounce  a  eulogv  on.  Ch.  Obs. 

PAN'E-GY-KIZE,  b.  i.    To  bestow  praises.  Mitford. 

PAN'E-GY-KlZ-KO,  jip.    Hi);lily  praised  or  eulogized. 

PAN'K-c'JY-RlZ-IiNG,  ppr.  Praising  IiiglUy ;  eulo- 
gizing. 

PAN'EL,  71.  [Fr.  panneau  :  Sw.  paiina,  pan  ;  pannela, 
to  wainscot;  Russ.  panel,  ceiling,  or  wainscot; 
probably  named  from  breadth,  extension.] 

1.  A  piece  of  board  whose  edges  are  inserted  into 
the  groove  of  a  thicker  surrounding  frame  ;  as,  the 
panel  of  a  door.  Addison.  Swift. 

2.  .\  piece  of  parchment  or  schedule,  containing 
the  names  of  persons  summoned  by  the  slierilf". 
Hence,  more  aeneralUj, 

3.  The  whole  jury. 

4.  In  Scuu  law,  a  prisoner  at  the  bar.  Encyc.  Am. 
P.\N'EL,  I'.  £.    To  form  with  panels  ;  as,  to  panel  a 

wainscot.  Pennant. 

PAN'EL-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Formed  with  panels. 

PaXE'LESS,  a.    Without  panes  of  glass.  Skenstone. 

P.\N'EL-1NG,  ppr.    Forming  into  panels. 

P.\NG,  71.  [D.  pynigen,  G.  peinirren,  to  torture,  from 
pyn,  pein,  p:iUi  ;  Sa.x.  pinan.    See  Pain.] 

Extreme  pain  ;  anguish  ;  agony  of  body  ;  particu- 
larly, a  sudden  paroxysm  of  extreme  pain,  as  in 
spasm,  or  childbirth.   Is.  xxi. 


I  saw  the  hoary  traitor 
Grin  m  llie  partes  of  dealii,  aud  bite  the  ^onnd. 


Addison. 


PANG,  c  fc    To  torture ;  to  give  extreme  pain  to. 

Shak. 

PAN'GO-LIN,  71.  A  name  applied  to  two  species  of 
Manis,  a  genus  of  edentate  maninials,  the  one  in- 
habiting Bengal,  and  the  other  Central  Africa.  They 
are  reptile-like,  and  their  bodies  are  covered  with 
hard  scales  or  plates,  and  can  be  rolled  into  a  spheri- 
cal shape. 

PAN-HEL-Lk'NI-UM,  71.    [Gr.  TraftWrft'if.] 
The  national  council  or  congress  of  Greece. 

Anderson. 

PAN'ie,  71.  [Sp.  and  It.  panico;  Fr.  panique :  Gr. 
nii-iKKt  ;  W.pannu,  to  cause  to  sink,  to  depress  or 
hollow,  to  cause  a  panic.  The  primary  sense  is  in- 
transitive, to  shrink,  or  transitive,  to  cause  to  shrink  ; 
hence  the  fabled  Pan,  the  frightful  deity  of  the 
woods  or  shepherds.] 

A  sudden  fright ;  particularly,  a  sudden  fright  with- 
out real  cause,  or  terror  inspired  by  a  trifling  cause 
or  misapprehension  of  danger ;  as,  the  troops  were 
seized  with  a  panic;  they  Hed  in  a  pariic. 

PAN'IC,  a.  Extreme  or  sudden  ;  applied  to  friirht ;  as, 
panic  fear. 

P.VN'ie,  11.    The  grain  of  the  panic  grass. 

P.V.N'ie  GRASS,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Panicum. 

P.^X'I-CLE,  71.  [L.  j)aiiicii/a,  down  upon  reeds,  cat's 
tail,  allied  to  L.  pa/mus,  cloth  ;  W.  pan,  nap,  down, 
the  fulling  of  cloth  ;  panu,  to  cover  with  nap,  to  full 
or  mill  cloth,  to  beat,  to  bang.  The  primary  sense 
is,  to  drive,  strike,  or  press  ;  hence,  to  full  or  make 
thick.] 

In  botany,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  in  which  the 
flowers  or  fruits  are  scattered  on  peduncles  variously 
subdivided,  as  in  oats  and  some  of  the  grasses.  'I'he 
panicle  is  of  various  kinds,  as  the  dense  or  close,  the 
spiked,  the  squeezed,  the  spreading,  the  diffused,  the 
divaricating.  Martyn. 

PAN'I-CI.EI),  a.    Furnished  with  panicles.  Eaton. 

P.\.\'I€^TRUCK,  a.  Struck  with  a  jianic,  or  sudden 
fear. 

P,\-Nie'IT-I-.\TE,     )  a.    Having  branches  variously 
PA-Xie'lj-LA-TED,  i    subdivided;  as,  a  paniculate 
stem. 

2.  Having  the  flowers  in  panicles;  as,  a  paniculate 
inflorescence.  Lee. 
PA-.\1V'0-ROUS,  a.    [I,,  panis  and  voro.] 

Eating  bread  ;  subsisting  on  bread. 
PAN-NaUE',  7!.  The  curvet  of  a  horse.  [SeePiSic] 

Ainsicortlt. 

PAN'.\.\6E,  71.    [from  L.  panh.] 

The  food  of  swine  in  the  woods ;  as  beach-nuts, 
acorns,  &.C.,  called,  also,  pawns;  also,  the  money 
taken  by  agistors  for  the  ni.ast  of  the  king's  forest. 
*  CoweL 
PAN'NEL,  71.    [VV.  panel,  something  plaited  or  mat- 
ted j  ij.  pannui,  cloth.] 

1.  A  kind  of  rustic  saddle.  Tusser. 

2.  The  stomach  of  a  hawk.  Aiiunrortlu 


[For  other  senses,  see  Paskl.] 


PAN-NEI.-I.A'TIO.V,  7i.    The  act  of  impanneling  n 

jury.    [JVot  u.t«'.]  IVood. 
PAN.S''IER,  (pan'ycr,)  71.   [Ft.panirri  it.  paniera;  Sp. 
panrra,  a  pannier,  and  a  granary ;  from  L.  panis, 
bread.] 

A  wicker  basket  ;  primarily,  a  breatl-basket,  but 
uw.-d  for  carry  ing  fruit  or  other  things  on  a  horse. 

Addigon. 

2.  In  architecture,  the  same  as  corbel,  which  see. 

Owill. 

PAN'NI-K£L,  71.  The  brain  pan  or  skull.  [JVnj  in 
lur^,]  Upenser, 

PAN'O-PI.If.l),  (  plid,)  a.    Completely  armed. 

PA.N'O  PI.V,  n.  [Gr.  irafsir^ia  ,'  itav,  all,  and  oirAa, 
nrinH.j 


PAN 

Complete  armor  or  defense. 

We  had  need  to  take  tlie  Cluisliait  panoply,  to  put  on  the  whole 
armor  of  God.  Ray. 

P.\N-OP'TI-eON,  71.  A  prison  so  constructed  that  the 
inspector  can  see  each  of  the  prisoners  at  all  times, 
without  being  seen  by  them.  J.  Bentliam. 

PAN-U-RA'.MA,  71.  [Gr.  nui,  all,  and  o^apa,  view, 
from  npuhi,  to  see.] 

1.  Literally,  a  complete  or  entire  view  in  every  di- 
rection. 

2.  A  picture  presenting  from  a  central  point  a  view 
of  objects  in  every  direction,  represented  on  the  in- 
terior surface  of  a  cylindrical  wall  or  rotunda.  It  is 
lighted  from  above,  and  viewed  from  a  platform  in 
the  center. 

PAN-O-RAM'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  a  panorama, 

or  complete  view. 
PAN-SOPil'ie-AL,  a.    [See  Passophy.]  Pretending 

to  have  a  knowledge  ot  every  thing.  iVortlnntrton. 
PAN'SO-PIIY,  71.    [Gr.  jiav,  all,  and  ao  '^ia,  wisdom.] 
Universal  wisdom  or  knowledge.    {^Little  used.} 

Hartlib. 

PAN-PTe-RE-O-RX'MA,  71.   A  model  of  a  town  or 
country  in  wood,  cork,  pasteboard,  or  other  sub- 
stance, showing  every  part  in  relief.  Brande. 
P.-iN'SY,  71.    [Fr.  pensee,  fancy  or  thought,  from  pen- 
ser,  to  think.] 

A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Viola ;  the  Viola 
tricolor,  or  garden  violet;  also  called  Heart's-ease. 

Brande, 

PXXT,  t'.  t.  [Fr.  panteUr,  probably  from  the  root  of 
W.  ;m;iu,  to  beat.    See  Panicle,  and  qu.  Gr.  tti/coj.] 

1.  To  palpit.ite  ;  to  beat  with  preternatural  vio- 
lence or  rapidity,  as  the  heart  in  terror,  or  after  hard 
labor,  or  in  an.xious  desire  or  suspense. 

Yet  mi^iit  her  piteous  heart  \je  seen  to  panl  .-uid  qtialte. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  have  the  breast  heaving,  as  in  short  respira- 
tion or  want  of  breath. 

Pluto  panis  for  brcatli  from  out  Ills  cell.  Dryden. 

3.  To  play  with  intermission  or  declining  strength. 

The  whispering  bre'.'ze 
Pants  on  the  leaves  and  dies  upon  Uie  tree*.  Pope. 

4.  To  long ;  to  desire  ardently. 

Wl.o  pants  for  ^lory  finds  but  short  p-pose.  Pope. 
As  the  liart  panledi  !tfi/_T  the  water-brooivs,  BO  panleth  niy  soul 
afUT  tliee,  O  God.  —  Ps.  xlii. 

PaNT,  71.    Palpitation  of  the  heart.  Shak. 
PAN'TA-GRAPH,  71.    See  Pantograph. 
PAN-TA-LETS',  ?i.  pi.  Loose  drawers,  resembling  pan- 

taUions,  worn  by  females  and  children. 
P.-VN-TA-LOON',  71.'  [Fr.  pantalon,    Qu.  W.  paiiTiK, 

to  involve,  or  panu,  to  cover,  and  Fr.  talon,  the 

heel.] 

1.  A  garment  for  males,  in  which  breeches  and 
stockings  are  in  a  piece.  [Oi>5.] 

2.  In  the  plural,  pantaloons,  a  species  of  close,  long 
trowsers. 

3.  A  ridiculous  character  in  the  Italian  comedy, 
pnntalone,  and  a  burtoon  in  pantomimes ;  so  called 
from  his  close  dress.  Addison, 

PAN-TA-MORPH'ie,  a.   [Gr.  t.ij,  Travra,  and  po,,ipn.] 

Taking  all  forms. 
PAN-TE€H'Nl-eON,  7i.    [Trai-  and  rf\M).]    .-V  place 
where  every  species  of  workmanship  is  collected 
and  exjiosed  for  sale.  Brande, 
PaNT'ER,  71.    One  that  pants. 
PA.\T'ER,  71.    [Ir.  painter,  a  snare.] 

A  net.  Chaucer. 
PA  NT'ESS,  71.    [from  pant,]    The  difliculty  of  breath- 
ing in  a  hawk.  Ainsworth. 
PAN'TIIE-ISM,  71.    [Gr.  Trai-,  all,  and  eioi,  God, 
whence  theism.] 

The  doctrine  that  the  universe  is  God,  or  the  sys- 
tem of  theology  in  which  it  is  maintained  that  the 
universe  is  the  supreme  (Jod.    Encyc.    Asiat.  Bes. 
PAN'THE-IST,  71.    One  that  believes  the  universe  to 
be  God  ;  a  name  given  to  the  followers  of  Sjiinosa. 
The  earliest  Grecian  pantlieitt  of  whom  we  read  is  Orpheus. 

Encyc. 

PAN-THE-IST'IC,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  pantheism  ; 

PAN-THE-IST'ie-AL,  j  confounding  God  with  the 
universe.  Enfield.  U'uterland. 

2.  In  sculpture,  a  term  applied  to  statues  and  fig- 
ures which  bear  the  symbols  of  several  deities  to- 
gitlier.  Brande. 

PA.\-Tlli"'ON,  71.  [Gr.  was,  rrai;  all,  and  Ocoi, 
God.] 

A  temple  or  magnificent  edifice  at  Rome,  dedi- 
cated to  all  the  gods.  It  is  now  converted  into  a 
church.  It  was  built  or  embellished  by  Agrippa, 
son-ill  biw  to  Augustus,  is  of  a  round  or  cyliuilriral 
form,  Willi  a  spherical  dome,  and  1  11  feet  in  diam- 
eter. Brande. 

In  tlir  clas.iics,  pronounced  pan'Oie-on 
PAN'TIIEU,  71.    [I,.,  from  Gr.  navOnp.    Ciu.  Onp,  a 
wild  be.'iHl.] 

A  fierce,  carnivorous  quadruped  and  digitigrado 
mammal,  the  Felis  Pardiis,  of  the  size  of  a  large 
dog,  with  short  hair,  of  a  yellow  color,  diversified 
with  roundish,  black  spots.  This  animal  will  climb 
trees  in  pursuit  of  small  aiiiiiials.    It  is  a  iiativi!  of 


PAP 

.Africa.    The  name  is  also  applied  to  other  species  of 
the  genus,  as  the  cougar. 
P.\.\'TILE,  71.    [qu.  W.  pantu,  to  dimple,  to  sink  in, 
to  become  hollow ;  pan,  a  bowl,  a  pan  ;  or  Fr.  pente, 
a  bending.] 

A  tile  with  a  curved  or  hollow  surface.  But  qu. 
pcntite. 

PANT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     [See  Pant.]     Palpitating ; 

breathing  with  a  rapid  succession  of  inspirations  and 

expirations  ;  longing. 
PANT'ING,  71.  Palpitation  ;  rapid  bre.ithing;  longing. 
PXNT'ING-LY,  ade.      With  palpitation  or  rapid 

breathing. 

PANT'LER,  71.  [Fr.  panetier,  from  pain,  L.  panis, 
bread.] 

The  officer  in  a  great  family  who  lias  charge  of  the 
bread.  Sltak. 
PAN-TO-eilRO-NOM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  nav,  XP"""!, 
and  pcTpiiv.] 

An  instrument  which  combines  the  properties  of 
the  compass,  sun-dial,  and  the  universal  time-dial, 
and  used  for  all  three  of  them.  Brande. 
PAN-TO'FLE,  (pan-too'fl,)7!.    [Fr.  pantoufle;  It.  pa7i- 
tofoln,  a  slipper ;  Sp.  pantuflo  ;  Sw.  toffla,  toffel,  a  slip- 
per or  sandal  ;  Dan.  tiifel ;  Russ.  tufel.] 
A  slipper  for  the  foot. 
PAN'TO-GRAPH,  n.    [Gr.  nai/ra,  all,  and  joa^n,  de- 
scription.] 

An  instrument  for  copying,  reducing,  or  enlarging 
maps,  plans,  and  figures.  P.  Cyc. 

PAN-TO-GRAPH'ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  panto- 
PAN-TO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  j    graph  ;  performed  by  a 
pantograph. 

PAN-TOG'R.\-PHY,  71.    General  description;  view 

of  an  entire  thing. 
PAN-T0-L06'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  pantology. 
PA.N-TOL'O-GIST,  «.    One  writing  on  or  conversant 

with  paiitolog\'. 
PAN-TOL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  irns  and  Xoy.)f.] 

A  work  of  universal  information  ;  a  systematic 

view  of  all  branches  of  human  knowledge. 
PA.\-TOM'E-TER,  71.    [Gr.  trai^ra,  all,  and  pcrp'.io, 

to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  all  sorts  of  elevations, 
angles,  and  distances.    [JVot  used.]  Buileti. 
PAN-TO .M'E-TRY,  71.   Universal  measurement.  [.Vot 
used.] 

P.\.\''I  0-MI.ME,  71.  [1..  pantomimus ;  Gr.navToptpos; 
Tra.,  rraf,  all,  and  /jt/ioj,  a  mimic. ]^ 

1.  One  that  imitates  all  sorts  ot  actions  and  char- 
acters without  speaking  ;  one  that  expresses  his 
meaning  by  mute  action.  The  pantomimes  of  an- 
tiquity used  to  express  in  gestures  and  action  wli.it- 
ever  the  chorus  sung,  changing  their  countenance 
and  behavior  as  the  subject  of  the  song  varied. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  scene  or  representation  in  dumb  show. 

3.  .A  species  of  musical  entertainment  connected 
with  dumb  show.  Busby. 

PAN'TO-Ml.ME,  a.  Representing  only  in  mute  action. 

Smith. 

PAN-TO-MIM'ie,       i  a.     Pertaining  to  the  panto- 
PAN-TO-MI.M'ie-.\Ij,  S     mime  ;  representing  char- 
acters and  actions  by  dumb  show. 
PAN-TO-.MIM'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  pan- 
tomime. 

PAN'TO-MIM-IST,  71.  One  who  acts  in  pantomime. 
PAN'TON,  (  71.     [an.  L.  pando,  to 

PAN'TON-SHOE,  (-shoo,)  (  open.] 

A  horseshoe  contrived  to  recover  a  narrow  and 

hoof-boniid  heel.  Far.  Diet. 

PAN-TOPH'A-GIST,  71.    An  animal  or  person  that 

eats  every  thing. 
PAN'TllY,  71.    [Fr.  pniirtiere,  a  shepherd's  scrip;  L. 

panarinm,  from  panis,  bread.] 

An  apartment  or  closet  in  which  provisions  are 

kept. 

PAN'UR-GY,  71.  [Gr.  nafovpyia ;  Trav,  all,  and  tpj  m , 
work.l 

Skill  in  all  kinds  of  work  or  business ;  craft. 

Bailey. 

PAP,  71.    [L.  papilla.] 

A  nipple  of  the  breast ;  a  teat.  Dryden. 
P.\P,  71.    [Low  Ij.  pupa ;  It.  pappa  ;  D.  pap  ;  Pers.  hob, 
food.] 

1.  A  soft  food  for  infants,  made  with  bread  boiled 
or  softened  with  water.  Boyle. 

2.  'I'he  pulp  of  fruit.  Ainsicorth. 
PAP,  V.  t.    To  fcH-d  with  pap. 

PA-PA',  17.  [L.  and  Fr.  papa :  1).  anil  G.  id. ;  Gr.  n-.iT- 
irtis ;  It.  and  Sp.  papa,  the  pope:  a  word  used  by  the 
ancient  Scythians,  as  also  in  the  Syriac  and  Clial 
daic] 

Father;  a  word  with  us  used  by  children.  Stcift. 
PA'P.A  ("Y,  71.    [W.  papauti ;  It.  pnpato  ;  from  pnpa, 
the  pope.] 

1.  The  office  and  dignity  of  the  pope  or  pontiff  of 
Rome  J  hence,  the  popes,  taken  collectively. 

Bacon. 

2.  Papal  authority  or  jurisdiction ;  popedom. 

.Milne. 

PA'P.M.,  a.    [Fr.,  from  ;"i;if,  the  pope.] 

1.  lieloiigiiii:  to  the  popi'  or  poiitirt'  of  Rome  ;  pop- 
ish ;  as,  papal  aiilliority  ;  the  papal  chair 


KATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WHAT  METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  ItlltD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


794 


PAP 


PAR 


PAR 


2.  I'ruct'eding  fnim  tlic  poiie  j  as,  a  papal  license  or 
indulgence  ;  a  papal  edict. 
;>.  Annexed  to  tile  bishopric  of  Rome. 

I'A'I'A-LIN,  Ji.    A  papist.    LYut  tiaeil.]  Herbert.. 

l'A'rAI<-lST,  n.  One  who  lavora  papal  power  or  doc- 
trines. Baxter. 

I'A'1'AL-IZE,  r.  f.   To  make  papal.  * 

I'A'l'AIi-IZE,  ».  I.    To  conform  to  popcrj'.  Cowpcr. 

I'A'r AL-Iii',  adv.    Tn  a  papal  manner  ;  popishly. 

P.\-l'.\V-KR-A'("EOUS,  a.    liclonginj;  to  the  poppy. 

PA  I'AV'ER-OU:?,  a.  [U  papavfrciufj  from  pupacer^  a 
P'M'I'.v.l 

Keseinbling  the  poppy  ;  of  tlie  nature  or  qualities 
of  poppies.  Bruwn. 
I*.\-1*.\\V',  Ti.    [Fr.  papatjcr.'] 

1.  A  tree  and  its  fruit.  The  Carica  papaya  grows, 
in  warm  climates,  to  the  height  of  eighteen  or  twenty 
feet,  with  a  soil,  herbaceous  stem,  naked  nearly  to 
the  top,  where  the  leaves  issue,  on  every  side,  on 
long  footstalks.  Between  the  leaves  grow  the  How- 
er  and  the  fruit,  which  is  of  the  si/.e  of  a  melon. 
The  juice  is  acrid  and  milky,  hut  the  fruit,  when 
boiled,  is  eaten  with  meat,  like  other  vegetables. 

Kiieifc.    P.  Cijc. 

2.  The  papaw  of  North  America  belongs  to  the  ge- 
nus Anona  or  custard  apple. 

I'Al'l',,  ».    The  pope.  [Obsulrtc] 

r.A'PER,  n.  [Fr.  ^)«;nVr  ;  It.  pa;jiro  ;  Port,  and  Pp.  pa- 
pfl  i  D.  and  C  papirr  ;  W.  papijr :  Gr.  Tr<mi'/j'/5  ,*  L. 
papyru.1,  the  name  of  an  Egyptian  plant,  from  which 
was  made  a  kind  of  paper.  'I'liis  word  is  saiil  to  be 
formed  from  irutj,  to  feed,  and  rvp,  fire,  from  the  use 
of  the  plant  as  fuel.    Elme.i.  Qu.] 

1.  A  substance  formed  into  thin  sheets,  on  which 
letters  and  figures  are  written  or  printed.  Paper  is 
made  of  dillVrent  materials  ;  but  among  us  it  is  usu- 
ally made  of  linen  or  cotton  rags.  A  fine  paper  is 
made  of  silk,  particularly  for  bank  notes,  wliich  re- 
quire to  be  very  thin. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper.  Locke. 

3.  A  single  sheet  printed  or  written  ;  as,  a  daily 
paper;  a  weekly  pn/)fr  ;  a  periodical  paper;  referring 
to  essays,  journals,  newspapers,  &c. 

4.  Any  written  instrument,  whi^ther  note,  receipt, 
bill,  invoice,  biuid,  memorial,  deed,  and  the  like. 
The  papers  lie  on  the  speaker's  table. 


Tht-y  brought  n  paper  tu  ine  10  Ix;  signed. 


Dryden, 


5.  A  promissory  note  ornotes,  or  a  bill  of  exchange ; 
as,  negotiable  paper.  Kent. 

6.  Hangings  printed  or  stamped  ;  paper  for  cover- 
ing the  walls  of  rooms. 

Pa'PEK,  a.    Made  of  paper;  consisting  of  paper. 

9.  Thin  ;  slight ;  as,  a  paper  wall.  iSurnet. 
P.\'PEU,  V.  t.    To  cover  vvitli  paper;  to  furnish  with 
paper-hangings  ;  as,  to  paper  a  room  or  a  house. 

2.  To  register.    [JVut  iiscd.]  Shak. 

3.  To  fold  or  inclose  in  paper. 
P.\'PER-eRElVlT,  n.    Evidences  of  debt ;  promisso- 
ry notes,  &.C.,  passing  current  in  commercial  transac- 
tions. 

2.  Notes  or  bills  emitted  by  public  authority,  prom- 
ising the  payment  of  money.  The  revolution  in 
North  America  was  carried  on  by  means  of  paper- 
credit. 

P.v'PER-fTD,  pp.  or  a.   Covered  witli  paper. 

Pa'PER-FaC-£D,  (-niste,)  a.  Having  a  face  as  white 
as  paper.  Shalt. 

P.a'PER-HANG'IXGS,  n.  pt.  Paper  ornamented  with 
colored  figures,  pasted  against  the  walls  of  apart- 
n)ents,  &£.c.  Tlie  term  hanirijtirs  was  originally  ap- 
plied to  the  woven  or  embroidered  tapestry  with 
which  the  walls  of  elegant  rooms  were  covered. 

P.  Ci/c 

P.a'PER-KITE,  n.  .\  light  frame  covered  with  paper, 
for  rtying  in  the  air  like  a  kite.  fVarton, 

P.\'PER-.\IaK'ER,  II.    One  that  manufactures  paper. 

Pa'PER-.M.^K'ING,  II.  The  art  or  business  of  manu- 
facturing paper. 

Pa'PER-MILL,  h.  a  mill  in  which  paper  is  manufac- 
tured. 

PA'PER-.MON'EY,  (-mun'ne,)  n.  Notes  or  bills  issued 
by  authority,  and  promising  the  payment  of  money, 
circulated  as  the  representative  of  coin.  We  apply 
the  word  usually  to  notes  or  bills  issued  by  a  State, 
or  by  an  anthori/.ed  banking  corporation. 

Pa'PER-STaIN'ER,  71.  One  that  stains,  colors,  or 
stamps  paper  for  hangings. 

PA-PES'CENT,  a.  [from  pap.]  Containing  pap  ;  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  pap.  ArbuthnoU 

PS'PES.^,  n.    A  female  pope.  Hall. 

P.IPF.TKRrE,  (pap'tree,)  n.  [Fr.]  An  orn.amented 
case  or  box  containing  paper  and  other  materials  for 
writing. 

P.X'PIII-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  rites  of  Venus. 

P.^P'IF.R-.}rA'CHF.,  (pap'yi-ml'shS,)  n.  [Fr.]  A 
hard  substance  made  of  a  pulp  from  rags  or  paper 
mixed  with  size  or  glue,  and  cast  in  a  mold.  It  is 
used  for  large  tea-boards,  travs,  and  various  orna- 
mental works.  Kncyc.  of  Hum.  Fxon. 

PA-PII.'IJi,  n.    [L.]    A  small  pap  or  nipple. 

2.  Papilla,  pi.,  are  minute,  projecting  filaments,  be- 
ing the  termination  of  nerves,  as  on  the  tongtic, 
skin,&.c.  "  ' 


PA-PIL'IO,  (pa-pil'yo,)  n.  [h.]  A  Imtterny.  In  lo- 
tf/(ifn/,  a  genus  of  insects  of  numerous  species.  Tlieso 
insects  are  produced  from  tlii^  caterpillar.  The  chrys- 
alis is  the  tomb  of  the  caterpillar  and  the  cradle  of 
the  bulti  rllv.  Barbot. 

PA-PI  L-IO-NaTEOU.S,  (-shus,)  a.  Resembling  the 
biitterfiy  ;  a  term  in  botany,  used  to  describe  the  enr- 
ols of  plants  wliii  h  have  the  shape  of  a  bnttertly, 
such  as  that  of  tho  pea.  The  papilionaceous  plants 
are  of  tin;  legniuinons  kind.        F.neijr.  Qtiincif. 

The  papilionaceous  rorcil  is  usually  four-pelaled, 
having  an  iippi  r  spreading  petal,  called  the  iaiiiirr, 
two  side  petals  called  iciii^'.v,  and  a  lower  petal  called 
the  fieri,  Marttjn. 

P A  I'M  l.-I.A-UY, )  a.    Pert.aining  to  or  resembling  the 

P.\P'IIj-l.i)l'S,  j  nipple  or  the  papilla;  ;  covered 
with  p:ipill;e.  Derham. 

PAP'IIj-EaTE,  1'.  I.    To  grow  into  a  nipple.  Fleming. 

PAP'lL-EOt^E,  u.  Nipply  ;  covered  with  Meshy  dots 
or  points  ;  verriicose  ;  warly  ;  as,  a  papilh.ie  leaf. 

Martijn. 

2.  Coyercd  with  soft  tubercles,  as  the  ice-jilant. 

Smith. 

PAP'IL-LOTE,  71.  [Fr.]  The  name  of  small  pieces 
of  pajn  r  on  wliicli  ladies  roll  uj)  their  hair. 

PA'PIS.M,  n.    [fidin  t'r.  pope,  pope.] 

Popery.  Brdrll. 

PA'PIST,  n.  [Vt.  papi-ite ;  It.  papi.ita;  from  I'r.  papc, 
pope.] 

A  Roman  Catholic  ;  one  that  adheres  to  the  church 
of  Rome  and  the  authority  of  the  pope.  Clarendon. 
PA-PIST'lC        j  rt.    Popish;  pertaining  to  popery; 
P.\  PIST'IC  AL,  i     adlieroiit  to  the  church  of  Rome 

and  its  doctrines  and  ceremonie'S.  lVhit<Tifte. 
Pa'P1.^T-RY,  n.    Popery;  the  doctrines  and  ceremo- 
nies of  the  church  of  Rome.    Jlirluim.  fVliitgiflc. 
Pa'PIZ-£D,  (-pizd,)  a.    Conformed  to  popery. 

Fuller. 

PAP-POOSE',  71.     Among  the  votive  Indians  of  JWic 

Kn'/land,  a  babe  or  young  child. 
PAP'POI'."J,  a.    [from  E.  pappits  ;  Gr.  irarroc] 

Downy  ;  furnished  with  a  pappus,  as  the  seeds  of 
certain  plants,  such  as  thistles,  dandelions,  &,c. 

Raij. 

PAP'PUS,  77.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Trnmrnf,  an  old  man  or 
grandfather  ;  lience,  a  substance  resembling  gray 
hairs.] 

The  hairy,  feathery,  or  membranous  calyx  of  the 
individual  florets,  in  certain  compound  flowers  be- 
longing to  the  Linua"an  class  Syngenesia. 
PAP'PY,  a.    [from  pap.]    Like  pap  ;  soft ;  succulent. 

Bornet. 

¥.\V'\[-liJP.,n.  pi.  [L.]  Pimples;  a  sort  of  eruption 
on  the  skin,  consisting  of  small,  acuminated  eleva- 
timis  of  the  cuticle,  not  containing  a  fluid,  nor  tend- 
ing to  suppuration  ;  commonly  terminating  in  scurf. 

PAP'IJ-LOSE,  a.  Covered  with  papula;;  as,  a  papu- 
lose leaf.  JIartijn. 

PAP'U-LOUS,  a.    Full  of  pimples. 

PAP-Y-Ra'CEOUS,  ;  a.    Belonging  to  the  papyrus  or 

PA-PYR'E-AN,        j  papyri. 

P.-\-P?'RUS,  71.  [I,.]  An  Egyptian  plant,  a  kind  of 
reed,  of  which  the  ancients  niaile  a  material  for  writ- 
ing. 

2.  Papyri,  pi. ;  a  manuscript  written  on  membranes 
of  the  papyrus.  Qliddon. 
PAR,  71.  [E.  par,  equal  :  \V.  par,  that  is  iiixm  or  con- 
tiguous, that  is  in  continuity,  a  state  of  readiness  or 
preparedness,  a  pair,  a  fellow.  Eng.  peer.  The  word 
seems  to  be  fonn'Ml  on  the  root  of  E.  paro,  and  the 
Sheniitic  and  the  primary  sense,  to  extend  or 

reach.] 

1.  Mate  of  equality  ;  equal  value  ;  equivalence 
without  discount  or  premium.  Bills  of  exchange 
are  at  par,  above  par,  or  below  par.  Bills  are  at 
Tiar  when  they  are  sold  at  their  nominal  amount 
for  coin  or  its  equivalent. 

2.  Equality  in  condition. 

PJ)-RA',  71.  in  Turkish  money,  the  fortieth  part  of  a 
piaster,  or  about  one  fourth  of  a  cent.  McCullach. 

PAR'A-BEE,  a.    [E.  paralmi.<.] 

Easily  procured.    [J\'ot  u.ied.]  Brmen. 

PAR'A-BEE,  71.  [Fr.  parabole,  from  L.  parabola;  Gr. 
Tr'iod'y.jAi/,  from  ir'i.jii/iaX^iu,  to  throw  forward  or 
against,  to  compare  ;  Trann,  to  or  against,  and  .^.lAAi.i, 
to  throw  ;  as  in  confero,  collatutu,  to  set  together,  or 
one  thing  with  another.]  * 

A  fable  or  allegorical  relation  or  representation  of 
something  real  in  life  or  nature,  from  which  a  moral 
is  drawn  for  instruction  ;  such  as  the  parable  of  the 
trees  choosing  a  king.  Judges  ix.  ;  the  parable  of  the 
poor  man  and  his  lanih,  2  Sam.  xii. ;  the  parable  of 
the  ten  virgins.  Malt.  xxv. 

PAR'A-IlEi;,  V.  U    To  represent  by  fiction  or  fable. 

JUilton. 

PAR'A-BEEI),  pp.    Reiircsented  bv  fable. 

PA-RAB'O-EA,  n.  (E.  Pec  Paba'bi.i:.]  A  conic  sec- 
tion arising  from  cutting  a  cone  hy  a  plane  parallel 
to  one  of  its  sides.  Barlow. 

PA-RAB'O-EE,  n.  [See  Parable.]  In  oratori/,  simili- 
tude ;  comparison.  Eneuc. 

PAR-A  BOE'ie,        )  a.     Expressed   bv  parable  or 

PAR-A-BOI,'IC-.\E,  i  allegorical  representation  ; 
as,  parabolical  instruction  or  description.  Brown. 


S.  [from  paniAii/a.]  Having  the  form  of  a  parabola ; 
as,  a  parabolic  curve.  Clieyne. 

3.  Generated  by  the  revolution  of  a  parabola ;  as,  o 
parabolic  conoid. 
PAR-A-UOL'IC-AL-LY,  ado.     By  way  of  parable. 

Browtu 

2.  In  the  form  of  a  jiarabola. 
PAR-A-BOE'l-FORJI,  a.    Resembling  a  parabola  in 
form. 

PA-R.\H'0-EISM,  n.  [from  parabola.]  In  algebra, 
the  division  of  the  terms  of  an  eipiation  by  a  known 
quantity  that  is  involved  or  multiplied  in  the  first 
term.    {A'ot  used.]  Vict, 

PA-R.VB'O-LOlU,  It.  [Gr.  napa/ioXn  and  itios, 
form.] 

1.  The  solid  generated  by  the  rotation  of  a  parab- 
ola about  its  axis  ;  a  parabolic  conoid.  Brande. 

2.  The  term  /(flra/m/i/ii/ has  sometimes  been  applied 
to  the  parabolas  of  the  higher  orders.  Hutton. 

P.\R-A-CEI,'SIA.\,  71.  A  physician  who  follows  the 
practice  of  Paracelsus,  a  Swiss  |ihysieian  of  celebrity, 
who  Hveil  at  the  close  of  the  filYeenth  century. 

Ferrand. 

PAR-A-CEI.'SIAN,  (  slian,)  a.    Denoting  the  medical 

practice  itf  Paracelsus.  Hakcwill. 
FAR-.A-CEN-TE'SIS,  71.     [Gr.  TTapuKtvTiicti ;  irapa, 
through,  and  kcvt(o),  to  pierce.] 

In  .lurgery,  the  perforation  of  a  cavity  of  the  body 
either  with  a  trocar,  I  incet,  or  other  suitable  instru- 
ment, for  the  evacuation  of  any  etTused  fluid. 

Kncye. 

PAR-A-CE\'TRie,  )  a.  [Gr.  irnno,  bevond,  and 
PAR-A-CEN'TRIC-AL,  (      nevrpo,;  center.] 

Deviating  from  circularity.  Cheyne. 
Paracentric  motion  ;  the  spare  by  which  a  rirvolving 
planet  approaches  nearer  to,  and  recedes  further  from, 
the  sun,  or  center  of  attraction.  Hutton. 
P.\  RACII'RO-NIS.M,  71.    [Gr.   napa,  beyond,  and 
X/K'KK,  time.] 

An  error  in  chronology  ;  the  mistake  of  making 
the  date  of  an  event  later  than  it  was  in  reality. 

iCiicyc. 

PAR'A-eilRoSE,  a.    [Gr.  napnxpu>m(.] 

In  mineralogy,  changing  color,  by  exposure  to  the 
weather.         '  Mohs. 

PAR'A-OiHJTE,  (par'a-shute,)  71.  [Gr.  napa,  against, 
and  Fr.  chute,  a  fall.] 

In  aerostation,  ail  iuslruiii'-nt  in  the  form  of  an 
umbr«-'lta,  to  jirrveiit  the  rapidity  of  descent. 

PAR'A-CLkTE,  ;i.  [Gr.  it'i/"!/,  A;;rus,  from  -a/  okiiXcu  ; 
jTafi,  to,  and  K  A'f.',  to  call.] 

Property,  an  advocate  ;  one  called  to  aid  or  sup- 
port ;  hence,  the  consoler,  comforter,  or  intercessor, 
a  term  applied  to  the  Holy  Spirit.    Pearson.  Bale. 

P.\R  A  CLoSE,  71.  A  screen  separating  a  chapel  from 
the  body  of  a  church.  Hook. 

P.\R-.-\-ClU)S'Tie,  71.  A  poetical  composition  in 
which  the  first  verse  contains,  in  order,  all  the  let- 
ters wliicli  coniiiieiice  the  remaining  verses  of  the 
poem.  Brande. 

PAR-A-CY-A.N'O-GE.X,  71.    [C,r.  jrnpn  and  cyanogen.] 
A  brnwiiisli  black  insolunle  substance,  which  re- 
mains alter  the  decomposition  of  the  cyaiiid  of  mer- 
cury by  heat.    It  is  apparently  isonitiric  with  cyan- 
ogen. B.  Sitliinan,  jr. 

PA-RAnE',7i.  [Fr.  parade,  parade,  and  a  parrying; 
It.  parata:  Sji.  paraila,  a  stop,  or  stopping,  halt,  end 
of  a  course,  a  fold  for  cattle,  a  relay  of  horses,  a 
dam  or  bank,  a  stake,  bet  or  wager,  a  parade. 
This  is  from  the  root  of  L.  paro,  Sp.  parar,  to  pre- 
pare.] 

1.  In  military  affairs,  the  place  where  troops  as- 
semble for  e.iercise,  mounting  guard,  or  other  pur- 
pose. Brande. 

2.  Show  ;  ostentation  ;  display. 

Be  ricli,  Imt  of  your  wealth  malie  noparade.  Ste\fl. 

3.  Pompous  iirocession. 

Tlic  rim  perfiirined,  Ihe  p-irson  psid, 

In  slate  rvuirni-d  llie  gr.vii*i  paratte.  Swijt. 

4.  llilitarj-  order  ;  array  ;  as,  warlike  parndt 

Milton 

5.  State  of  preparation  or  defense.  Locke 
fi.  The  action  of  parrying  a  thrust.  [Fr.]  F.ncyc 

PA  RADE',  r.  r.  To  assemble  and  array  or  marshal 
ill  military  order.  The  general  gave  oriiers  to  parade 
the  troops.  The  trtxips  were  paraded  at  the  usual 
hour. 

2.  To  exhibit  in  a  showy  or  ostentatious  manner. 
PA-KaI)E',  r.  i.    To  assemble  and  be  marshaled  in 
military  ordi  r. 

2.  To  go  about  in  military  procession.  Seott. 

3.  To  walk  about  for  show. 
P.\-RaI)'EI),  ;i/<.    Assembled  and  arrayed. 
P.\R'.\-I)IGM,  (par'a-dim,)  11.    [Gr.  -.i^iiii!fi>/in ;  napa 

and  i^'ij  /I'l,  example,  from  ^tiKvvpt,  to  show.] 

,\n  example  ;  a  model.  In  ffranimar,  an  example 
of  a  verb  conjugated  in  the  several  mode.*,  tenses, 
and  jierxiiis. 

PAR  A  KIG-MAT'ie,       j  o.    Exemplary.  [LitlU 
P.\R-A-DIG  .MAT'ie-AL,  1      used.]  M«re. 
PAR  A-Dli;-MAT'ie,  n.    In  church  history,  a  writer 
of  the  nii  inoirs  of  religious  persons,  by  way  of  ex- 
amples of  Christian  excellence. 


TCNE,  B{JLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  .as  7, ;  ClI  a-s  Sll  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR-A-DI(i'MA-TI7.E,  i..  t.  To  set  forlll  as  a  iiKidd, 
(>r  example.    [Little  ineiL]  Hammond. 

PA-RaD'ING,  ppr.  Assembling  and  arraying  in  due 
order;  inaking  an  ostentatious  sliow, 

PA-UaD'ING,  n.    The  act  of  making  a  parade. 

PAR'A-DlSE,  n.    [Gr.  irnpa-'tm.-f.] 

1.  Tlie  garden  of  Eden,  in  which  Adam  and  Eve 
were  placed  immediately  after  their  creation. 

Milton. 

2.  A  place  of  bliss  ;  a  region  of  supreme  felicity  or 
delight. 

The  parth 

Shall  all  be  paradise.  Hfiilon. 

3.  Heaven,  the  blissful  seat  of  sanctified  souls  after 
death. 

This  day  shalt  thou  be  jv'ith  me  in  paradise.  —  Luke  xxiii. 

4.  Primarily,  in  Persia,  a  pleasure-garden,  with 
parks  and  other  appendages.  Mitford. 

PAR-A-DlS'E-.\,  71.  A  genus  of  passerine  birds, 
called,  in  English,  birds  of  paradise,  natives  of  the 
isles  in  the  East  Indies,  and  of  New  Guinea.  P.  Cite. 

PAR-A-DI-SI'Ae-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  Eden  or  para- 
dise, or  to  a  place  of  felicity. 
2.  Suiting  paradise  ;  like  paradise. 

PAR-.\-DIS'E-AN,  PAR-A-DI-SA'ie,  PAR-A-DIS'IG, 
and  P.\R-A-DIS'I-AL,  are  not  used. 

P.\R'A-DOX,  n.  [Fr.  paraiioze ;  It.  paradosso ;  Gr. 
rriip'if'ojia  ;  irapa,  beyond,  and  ^uja,  opinion  ;  (5oic£w, 
to  think  or  suppose.] 

A  tenet  or  proposition  contrary  to  received  opinion, 
or  seemingly  ab.surd,yet  true  in  fact. 

A  gluss  Ihfre  is  to  color  thai  paradox,  and  make  it  appear  in 
show  not  to  be  altogt-lher  unre:isoiiab]e.  Huolcer. 

PAR-A-DOX'ie-AL,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  a  par- 
ado.\.  Brown.  Jv'orris. 

2.  Inclined  to  tenets  or  notions  contrary  to  received 
opinions  ;  applied  to  persons. 

PAR-A-DOX'ie-AI.-LY,  adv.  In  a  paradoxical  man- 
ner, or  in  a  iiiaiim-r  seemingly  absurd.  Collier. 

PAR-.\-DOX'ie-.\L-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  para- 
doxical. 

PAR-A-DOX-OL'O-GY,  n.  [paradox  and  Gr.  Aoj  bj, 
discourse.] 

The  use  of  paradoxes.    [JVo(  used.]  Brown. 
PAR'A-DROME,  n.    [Gr.  Ttnp  t^i>n,,„.] 

A  gallery  or  passage  without  any  covering  over- 
head. jJ.<A. 
PAR'.VF-FINE,  71.  [L.  parum,  little,  and  affinis,  akin.] 
A  substance  contained  in  the  products  of  the  dis- 
tillation of  the  tar  of  beech-wood  ;  a  tasteless,  inodo- 
rous, fatty  matter,  fusible  at  112°,  and  resisting  the 
action  of  acids  and  alkalies.    It  is  so  named  frtim  its 
little  affinity  for  other  substances.  Brande. 
P.\R-A-GO'<j!E,  71.    [Gr.  Tra/zO)  cj^ij,  a  drawing  out; 
77a/"i  and  m.] 

The  addition  of  a  letter  or  syllable  to  the  end  of  a 
word  ;  as  dicier  for  dici.    This  is  called  a  figure  in 
grammar.  Encyc. 
P,\R-.A-GO(5'ie,       (  a.    Pertaining  to  a  parasioge  ; 
PAR-A-GOG'ie  .M,,  i     lengthening  a  word  by  the 

addition  of  a  letter  or  syllable.    Parkhnr.it.  Milton. 
P.AR'.\-GO.\,  71.  [f'r.  paru/in-on,  comparison,  a  pattern  ; 
It.  paravane,  frtim  paroiririo,  comparison  ;  Sp.  para- 
gon, model  ;  from  L.  par,  equal.] 

A  model  or  pattern  ;  a  model  by  way  of  distinc- 
tion, implying  superior  excellence  or  jierfection  ;  as, 
a  parniTon  of  beauty  or  eloquence. 

2.  A  companion  ;  a  fellow.    [  06s.]  Spenser. 

3.  Emulation;  a  match  for  trial.  [Olts.]  Spenser. 
P.\R'A-GO.\,  V.  t.    [?p.  paraironar ;  It.  paragonare,  to 

compare,  to  equal  ;  Fr.  parangonncr.'\ 

1.  To  compare  ;  to  parallel 

The  pictiif  of  P.iin'^b,  in  little  form,  he  wore  in  a  Inljlet,  pnr- 
posinir  tf»  jiaragon  the  little  one  with  Arteaia's  length.  {Litr 
tie  uaed.\  Sidney. 

2.  To  equal.    [Little  i/,?erf.]  Slmk. 
P.\R' A-GON,  V.  i.    To  pretenil  comparison  or  equality. 

[  LitjJe  u.srd.]  Scott. 

PAR'A-GKAM,  71.    [Gr.  ir.ifaypaiipa.] 

A  plav  upon  word**,  or  a  pun.  .Addison. 

PAR-A-GRAM'MA-TIST,  71.    A  punster.  Mduon. 

PAR'A-GIIAPH,  71.  [It.  pnrairrufo;  Fr.  paragraphe ; 
Gr.  rTiip'iypapr,  a  marginal  note;  wapu)  piit"i>,  to 
write  near  or  beyond  the  text ;  wapa,  beyond,  and 
ypa'li     to  write.] 

A  distinct  p;irl  of  a  discourse  or  writing  ;  any 
portion  or  section  of  a  writing  or  chapter  which  re- 
lates til  a  particular  point,  whether  consisting  of  one 
BCnlence  or  many  sentences.  A  paragraph  in  some- 
times marki'd  thus,  IT.  lint  more  generally,  a  para- 
graph in  di-tinguiahed  only  by  a  break  in  the  compo- 
sition r»r  lincH. 

P.\R'A-GK APII,  r.  (.    To  form  or  write  paragraphB. 

PAR'A  (;KAPII  KI),  (p-ir'a-graft,)  pp.  Formed  or 
written  in  piir-'inraphn. 

PAR-A-(iII  APII'IC,       (a.  Coniisting  of  paragraphs 

PAR  A  GKAPU'IC-AI,,  I  or  short  divisions  with 
break  H. 

PAR  A  (iRAPiriC  AI.,-T,Y,    arfr.     liy  paragraphs; 

Willi  ilistincl  bri  akii  or  divisiona. 
PAR-A-LEtP'SI.S,  j  71.     [Gr.  rr.in.iXtiti/it,  omisninn  ; 
PAR-A-I.IP'HIS,    I     iraoii,  beyond  or  by,  and  Aiiiroi, 

to  leave.  ] 


In  rhetoric,  a  pretended  or  apparent  omission  ;  a 
figure  by  which  a  speaker  pretends  to  pass  by  what 
at  the  same  time  he  really  mentions.  Encyc. 

PAR-A-LI-Pa.M'E-NA,  7i.  pi.  [Gr.  TraoaXfiitu,  to 
omit ;  TTiipo,  beyond,  and  AtiTrto,  to  leave.] 

Things  omitted  ;  a  supplement  containing  things 
omitted  in  the  preceding  work.  The  books  of  Chron- 
icles are  so  called.  Brande. 

PAIl-.\L-LAt  'Tie,        j  a.    [See  Parallax.]  Per- 

PAR-AL-L  AC'Tie-AL,  \  taining  to  the  parallax  of  a 
heavenly  body. 

PAR'AL-L.\X,  n.  [Gr.  Trap'iXAaf  if,  from  Tra/wAXatriri.), 
to  vary,  to  decline  or  wander,  jrapu,  beyond,  and 
aX\<t(Tiyto,  to  change.] 

In  astronomy,  the  change  of  place  in  a  heavenly 
body  in  consequence  of  being  viewed  from  different 
points. 

Diurnal  parallax ;  the  difference  between  the  place 
of  a  celestial  hotly,  as  seen  from  the  surface,  and 
from  the  center  of  the  earth,  at  the  same  instant. 

Annual  parallax  ;  the  change  of  place  in  a  heavenly 
body,  in  consequence  of  being  viewed  at  opposite 
extremities  of  the  earth's  orbit.  Olmsted. 
P.\R'.\L-LEL,  a.    [Gr.  TraoaWriXus  ;  vapa,  against  or 
opposite,  and  oAXr/Xwr,  one  the  other.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  term  applied  to  lines  or  surfaces 
extended  in  the  same  direction,  and  in  all  parts 
equally  distant.  One  surface  or  line  is  parallel  to 
another,  when  the  surfaces  or  lines  are  at  an  equal 
distaut  e  throughout  the  whole  length. 

2.  Having  the  same  direction  or  tendency;  run- 
ning in  accordance  with  something. 

When  honor  runs  parallel  with  the  laws  of  God  and  our  coun- 
try, it  can  not  be  too  much  cherished.  Addison. 

3.  Continuing  a  resemblance  through  many  partic- 
ulars ;  like  ;  similar  ;  equal  in  all  essential  parts  ; 
as,  a  parallel  case  ;  a  parallel  passage  in  the  evangel- 
ists. Watts. 

P.\R'.'\L-LEL,  71.  A  line  which,  throughout  its  whole 
extent,  is  equidistant  from  another  line  ;  as,  parallels 
of  latitude. 


Who  made  the  spider  parallels  desiini, 
S\ire  as  De  Moivre,  without  rule  orliue  ? 


Pope. 


9.  .\  line  on  the  2lobe  inaking  the  latitude. 

3.  Direction  conformable  to  that  of  another  line. 

Oartli. 

4.  Conformity  continued  through  many  particulars 
or  in  all  essential  points  ;  resemblance  ;  likeness. 

'Twixt  earthly  f'-maies  and  the  moon 

Al[  parallels  exactly  run.  S-jii/l. 

5.  Comparison  made ;  as,  to  draw  a  parallel  be- 
tween two  characters.  .Addison. 

6.  Any  thing  equal  to  or  resembling  another  in  all 
essential  particulars. 

None  but  thyself  can  be  tliy  parallel.  Pops. 
PAR'.AL-LEL,  7).  f.    To  place  so  as  to  keep  the  same 
direction,  and  at  an  equal  distance  from  something 
else.  Broipn. 

2.  To  level  ;  to  equal.  Fell.  Shall. 

3.  To  correspond  to.  Burnet. 

4.  To  be  equal  to  ;  to  resemble  in  all  essential 
points.  Dryden. 

^.  To  compare.  Locke. 
PAR'AL-LEI.,-A-BLE,  a.      That   may  be  equaled. 

[.Wit  muck  used.]  Hull. 
PAR'AL-LEL-TJD,  pp.  I^eveled  ;  equaled  ;  compared. 
PAR'AE-LEL-ISM,  it.    State  of  being  parallel.  Mure. 

2.  Resemblance  ;  eqnaMty  of  state  ;  comparison. 
PAR'AL-LEL-LY,  «(/».    In  a  parallel  manner;  with 

parallelism.  Scott. 
PAR-AL-LEL'O-GRAM,   7i.     [Gr.  iraoaXXijXos  and 

ynitijpa.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  right-lined  quadrilateral  figure, 
whose  opposite  sides  are  parallel,  and  consequently 
etpial.  Barlow. 

2.  In  r(M7i77iOTi  use,  this  word  is  applied  to  quadrilat- 
eral figures  of  more  length  than  breadth,  and  this  is  its 
sense  in  the  passage  cited  by  Johnson  from  Brown. 

Parallelogram  of  forces  :' a  phrase  denoting  the 
coin[Kisition  of  forces,  or  the  finding  of  a  single  force 
which  shall  be  equivalent  totwo  or  more  given  forces 
when  acting  in  given  directions.  Ifelitrt. 
PAR-Al.-l.EL-O-GRA.M'ie,  jo-  Having  the  prop- 
PAR-AI,-LEI,-0-GRAM'ie-AL,  (  erties  of  a  paral- 
lelogram. 

PAIl-AI,-I,EI.-0-PI'PEn,  71.  [parallel  and  Gr.  tiri, 
on,  and  rffV.i ,  a  plain.] 

In  geomrtrtj,  a  regular  solid  comprehended  untler 
six  paralli  liigrama,  the  opposite  ones  of  which  are 
similai^  parallel,  and  equal  to  each  other ;  or  it  is  a 
prism  wiiose  base  is  a  parallelogram.  It  is  always 
triple  to  a  pyramid  of  the  same  base  and  hight.  Or 
n  parallelopiped  is  a  solid  figure  boundi  d  by  six  faces, 
parallel  to  each  othrr,  two  and  two.  Barlore.  P.  Ci/c. 

PAR-AL  I.EI^O  PIP'ED-ON,  7i.  A  parallelopiped, 
which  nee.  JIutton. 

PA  RAL'O  GISM,  71.  [(Jr.  waoaXoyiapns  ;  Trupn,  be- 
ytJiid,  and  Xo)tapoi,  ri'asoning ;  Xv)ui,  discourse, 
reason.] 

In  logic,  B  reasoning  which  is  false  in  point  of 
form  ;  i.  e.,  in  which  n  conclusion  is  drawn  from 

Xremiseii  wliirli  do  not  logically  warrant  it.  Brande. 
-RAI.'0-GI/,E,  t).  i.    To  reason  falsely.  J»»A. 


PA-RAI.'0-<5Y,  71.  False  reasoning.  [Supra.]  Brown. 

P.VRAL'Y-SIS,  7!.  [Gr.  TrapaXvaif,  from  napaXvu. ,  to 
loosen,  dissolve,  or  weaken  ;  nana  and  Xiuo.] 

An  abolition  of  function,  whether  of  intellect, 
special  sensation,  voluntary  motion,  common  sensa- 
tion, or  sympathetic  motion. 

?AR:a:ly?tc'aL,  i  «■   Affected  with  palsy. 

2.  Inclined  or  tending  to  palsy. 
PAR-A-LYT'ie,  71.  A  person  affected  with  palsy.  IMl. 
PAR'.'\-L'?ZE,  V.  t.    [Gr.  JtopaXi'w,  -apaXvatf'.] 

To  affect  with  palsy. 
PAR'.^-LYZ-J^D,  pp.  or  a.    Affected  with  palsy. 
PAR'A-LS*Z-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Palsying;  destroying 
function. 

PA-RAM'E-TER,  7i.    [from  Gr.  TrapapcTpei  :] 

1.  In  conic  section.^,  a  third  proportional  to  any  di- 
ameter and  its  conjugate.  In  the  parubol.i,  a  third 
proportional  to  any  absciss  and  its  ordinate.  The 
parameter  is  sometimes  called  the  latus  rectum. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  in  geometry,  a  constant  quan- 
tity whicli  enters  into  the  equation  of  a  curve. 

Brande. 

PAR'A-MOUNT,  a.  [Norm,  peramont ;  per  and  mou;if, 
amont  or  munter,  to  ascend.] 

1.  Superior  to  all  others  ;  possessing  the  highest 
title  or  jurisdiction  ;  as,  lord  paramount,  the  chief 
lord  of  the  fee,  or  of  lands,  tenements,  and  heredit- 
aments. In  England,  the  king  is  lord  paramount,  of 
whom  all  the  land  in  the  kingdom  is  supposed  tti  be 
held.  Hut  in  some  cases  the  lord  of  several  manors 
is  called  the  lord  paramount.  Blackstone. 

2.  Eminent  ;  of  the  higliest  order.  Bacon. 

3.  Superior  to  all  others  ;  as,  private  interest  is 
usually  paramount  to  all  other  considerations. 

PAR'A-MOUNT,  ti.  The  chief;  the  highest  in  rank 
or  order.  Milton. 

P.4R' A-MOUR,  71.  [Fr.  par,  L.  per,  and  amour ;  Norm. 
paraimer,  to  love  affectionately.] 

1.  A  lover;  a  wooer.  Milton. 

2.  A  mi.sfress.  Sliak. 
PAR-A-NAPH'TIIA-LINE,  (  lin,)  ti.    [Gr.  irapo  and 

naphthaline.'] 

A  substance  closely  resembling  naphthaline,  and 
apparentlv  a  mixture  of  paraffine  and  naphthaline. 

PA-RAN'THINE.    [See  Scapolitf..]  [Brande. 

PAR'A-NYiMPH,  7i.  [Gr.  napa,  by,  and  H'p^n,  a 
bride  or  spouse.] 

1.  A  brideman ;  one  who  leads  the  bride  to  her 
marriage.  Milton. 

2.  One  who  countenances  and  supports  another. 

Taylor. 

PAR'A-PEGM,  (par'a-pem,)  n.  [Gr.  Traoairr;;  p,i.] 
A  bra/.en  table  fixed  to  a  pillar,  on  which  laws 
and  proclamations  were  anciently  engraved  ;  also,  a 
table  set  in  a  public  place,  containing  an  account  of 
the  rising  and  setting  of  the  stars,  eclipses,  seasons, 
&c.  Phillips. 
PAR'A-PET,  71.  [Fr.  Sp.  parapcto  ;  It.  parapctto ; 
para,  for,  and  petto,  breast,  L.  pectus.] 

In  fortification,  literally,  a  wall  or  rampart  to  the 
breast,  or  breast  high  ;  hut  in  practice,  a  wall,  ram- 
part, or  elevation  of  earth  for  covering  soldiers  from 
an  enemy's  shot. 

2.  In  common  /an  n-i/n.jf,  a  breast-wall,  raised  on  the 
edge  of  a  bridge,  quay,  &c.,  to  prevent  people  from 
falling  over.  Brande. 
V.WV.M'U,  (par'af,)  n.  [Gr.  irnon  and  nrrrt.i,  to  touch.] 
The  figure  or  flourish  made  by  a  pen  under  one's 
signature,  formerly  used  to  provide  against  forgery. 
PAR-A-PI1ER'N.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in 

parapherna  ;  as,  paraphernal  property.  Kent. 
PAR-A-PIIER-NA'Ll-A,  I  7i.  pi.     [Gr.   nanuipippii ; 
PAR-A-PIIER'NA,         (    7ropii,  beyond,  and  iftpn;, 
dower.] 

1.  The  articles  which  a  wife  brings  with  her  at. 
her  marriage,  or  which  she  possesses  beyond  her 
dower  or  jointure,  and  which  remain  at  her  disposal 
after  her  husband's  death.  Such  are  her  apparel 
and  her  ornaments,  over  which  the  cxecutiirs  have 
no  control,  unless  when  the  assets  are  insufficient  to 
pay  the  debts.  Blacksto7ie. 

ilence, 

2.  Appendages  ;  ornaments  ;  trappings. 
PAR-A-PIII-MO'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  7Tapo,p,p,.,(,i.] 

A  disease  when  the  prepuce  can  not  be  drawn 
over  the  glans. 
PAR-A-PIIO'NI-A,  71.    [Gr.  irnpa  and  (^nui/i;.] 

An  alteration  of  voice. 
PAR'A-PIIR.^SE,  n.     [Gr.  iriipoc/ipacrij ;   Tr.ipn,  be- 
yond, and  i/ipnaif,  phrase.] 

An  explanation  of  some  text  or  passage  in  n  book, 
in  a  more  clear  and  ample  manner  than  is  expressed 
in  the  words  of  the  author.  Such  as  the  paraphrase 
of  the  New  Testament  by  Erasmus. 

In  pataphrnse,  or  trnnnlntion  with  latitmie,  Uie  ftutlior's  wonll 
are  nut  so  sirictly  followed  aa  hi«  sense.  Vryden. 

PAR'A-PIIR.A.«E,  V.  I.  To  explain,  interpret,  or 
traiisliite  with  latitude  ;  to  unfold  the  .sense  of  an 
aullior  with  more  clearness  and  particularity  limn  it 
is  expressed  in  his  own  words. 

P.\R'.\-I'lllt  ASK,  r.  i.  To  interpret  or  explain  amply ; 
to  make  a  paniphrase.  Fclton. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHi^T.— METE,  PRBV — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


796 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PAll'A-J'HRAS-A'D,  pp.  Amply  explaineJ  or  trans- 
lated. 

PAIl'A-PHRAS-ING,  ppr.  Explaining  or  translating 
amply  and  Irt'oly. 

PAIl'A-l'URAST,  (1.    [Gr.  wnp.i,l>,iaT<n-] 

One  that  paraphrases  ;  one  that  explains  or  trans- 
lates in  words  more  anigile  and  clear  than  the  words 
of  the  nnthor.  Hooker. 

PAll-A-PURAST'ie,       )  a.    Free,  clear,  and  ample 

PAU-A-PllUAST'ie-AL,  j  in  explanation  ;  explain- 
ing or  translatins  in  words  more  clear  and  ample 
than  tliose  of  the  author ;  not  verbal  or  lilcral. 

PAR-A-PIJRAST'16-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  paraphrastic 
manner.  Howell. 

PAR-A-PIIRE-NI'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  napa  and  (/.pe^iris, 
delirium.] 

An  inflammation  of  the  diaphragm.  jlrbutlmat. 
P.VR-A-PI-K'GI-.V,  I  n.     [Gr.    nai>:i,    beyond,  and 
PAR'A-PLE-GY,    j     nXriyn,  stroke;    irAijffira),  to 
smite.] 

That  kind  of  palsy  which  affects  the  lower  part  of 
the  body.  Good. 
PAR-A-CiUET',  (par-a-kct',)    (  n.  A  small  species  of 
PAR-.\-tiUI'TO,  (par-a-ke'to,)  i  parrot.  [See  Pabba- 

KEET.]  .  Shale. 

PAR'.\-SANG,  n.  A  Persian  measure  of  lensth, 
which  Herodotus  states  to  be  thirty  stadia,  nearly 
four  English  miles  ;  but  in  dilTerent  times  and  places, 
it  has  been  thirty,  forty,  or  sixty  stadi.i. 

Herod.  Etiterp.    P.  Cyc. 

PAR-\-SCfNE'  ) 

PAR-A-SCri'.NI-'lIM  \  "■    t*^'"'  <?«'/!";.] 

Among  Vie  Jiomnns,  an  apartment  in  the  back  part 
of  a  theater,  used  by  the  actors  for  robing  and  unrob- 
ina  themselves.  Klmes. 
PAR-A-SCEU-AS'Tie,  (  su-as'tik,)  a.  Preparatory. 
PA-RA-SCE' VE,  n.    |Gr.  irn(ja<r<t£M7)  preparation.] 
Preparation ;  the  Sabbath-eve  of  ine  Jews. 

_  Chalmers. 
PAR-.VSE-Lk'.N'E,  n. ;  pi.  Pakaselen*:.    [Gr.  irapa, 
about  or  near,  and  cnXn'  t,  the  moon.] 

A  mock  moon  ;  a  luminous  ring  or  circle  encom- 
pa-ssing  the  moon,  in  wliich  sometimes  are  other 
bright  spots  bearing  some  resemblance  to  the  moon. 

Kncijc. 

PAR'A-SITE,  71.  [Fr.  parasite;  It.  parassitc ;  Sp. 
parasito;  L.parasitas  from  Gr.  TrapaatTo} ;  Tapa,  by, 
and  (T(ro<,  corn.] 

1.  Literallij,  one  who  dines  with  others.  In  Greece, 
the  term  was  fir^t  applied  to  one  whose  otiice  was  to 
gather  of  the  husbandmen  the  corn  allotted  for  public 
sacrifices.  It  had  "afterward  the  modern  senses. 
The  public  storehouse  in  which  this  corn  was  depos- 
ited was  called  roo  ititoi'.  The  parasites  also  super- 
intended the  sacrifices.  PolterU  JIntiq. 

9.  In  moflerii  awfjfre,  a  trencher  friend  ;  one  that 
I'requents  the  tables  of  the  rich  and  earns  his  wel- 
come by  (lattery  ;  a  hanger  on  ;  a  fawning  flatterer. 

Miltoa.  Dnjilen. 

3.  In  botany,  a  plant  without  the  means  of  provid- 
ing nutriment  for  itself,  or  of  elaboratnig  crude  sap 
into  proper  sap,  but  obtaining  nourislnnent  innnedi- 
ately  from  other  plants  to  which  it  att.aches  itself, 
and  whose  juices  It  absorbs.  A  parasite  is  dilTerent 
from  an  epiphyte,  —  which  see. 

4.  In  entomology,  parasites  are  insects  which,  in 
some  stage  of  their  existence,  eat  the  bodies  or  the 
egas  of  other  insects,  and  frequently  destroy  them. 

5.  In  loohoy,  a  term  applied  to  aninnils  which 
live  on  the  bodies  of  other  animals,  as  lice,  &c.,  and 
also  as  a  paraiitic  animal,  to  those  birds  which  seize 
on  the  nests  of  other  birds  for  their  habitation. 

PAR-A-SlT'ie,  la.  Flattering ;  wheedling  :  fawn- 
PAR-A-.Sn"I€>AL,  i     ing  for  bread  or  favors. 

2.  Growing  as  a  parisiie  grows. 

3.  Living  on  some  other  body  ;  as,  a  parasitic  ani- 
mal. 

PAR-A-SIT'ie-AI^LY, a(/n.  In  a  flatteringor  wheed- 
ling manner  ;  by  dependence  on  another. 

PAR^A-SIT-IS-M,  ji.  The  behavior  or  manners  of  a 
parasite.  Milton. 

PAR'A-SOI,,  n.  [Fr.  Sp. ;  It.  parasole;  Gr.  iro»a, 
against,  or  It.  parare,  to  parry,  and  L.  sol,  Fr.  soleil. 
It.  sole,  the  sun.] 

A  small  umbrella  used  by  ladies  to  defend  them- 
selves from  rain, .or  their  faces  from  the  sun's  niys. 

PAR-A-SOI^ETTE',  n.  A  small  parasol  or  sun- 
shade. 

PAR-A-SY-NEX'IS,  n.    [Gr.]    An  unlawful  meeting. 

PAR-A-TAX'IS,  n.  [Gr.]  The  opposite  of /tstax  ; 
the  mere  ranging  of  propositions  one  after  another, 
without  connection  or  dependence.  Brande. 

PA-RATH'E-SIS,   n.     [Gr.   Trouaitatc  ;    tt  iob  and 

1.  In  jTomnuir,  the  placing  of  two  or  more  nouns  in 
the  same  case  or  in  apposition.  Jones. 

2.  A  parenthetical  notice,  printed  thus  [  ]. 
P.\-R.\T'0-.MOUS,  a.    [Gr.  Troo.i,  about,  and  tcuvu, 

to  cleave.] 

In  mineraloiry,  having  the  facerof  cleavage  of  an 
indeterininate  number.  Shrpard. 
PAR-.X-VaIL',  a.    [.Norm,  par,  by,  and  araile,  profit.] 
In  feudal  law,  the  ten;Mit  paravail,  is  the  lowest 
tenant  holding  under  a  mean  or  mediate  lord,  as  dis- 


tinguished from  a  tenant  in  capite,  who  holds  imme- 
diately of  the  king.  Blackstone. 
PAR'A-VANT  I 

PAR'A-VXUNT  [Fr.  par  and  ni'anf,  before.] 

In  front ;  publicly.    [JVut  i'.nglish,  nor  used.) 

Spenser. 

PXR'BOII,,  ?).  t.  [Vx.  parbouillir.  Bouilllr  is  to  boil, 
and  in  Arm.  porboUen  is  a  |>ustule  or  little  push.] 

1.  To  boil  in  part ;  to  boil  in  a  moderate  degree. 

2.  To  cause  little  vesicles  on  the  skin  by  means  of 
heat ;  as,  parboiled  wretches.  Donne. 

PXR'150IL-£D,  pp.  or  o.  Boiled  moderately  or  in 
part. 

PAR'IIREaK,  ».  i.  or  0.  t.    [See  Break.]    To  vomit. 

[Obs.]  Skelton. 

PXR'HREAK,  n.    Vomit.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

PAR'ItUCK-LE,  lu  Among  seamen,  a  purchase  formed 
of  a  single  rope  around  any  weighty  body,  as  a  spar 
or  cask,  by  which  it  is  lowered  or  hoisted.  As  a 
verb,  to  hoist  or  lower  by  means  of  a  parbuckle. 

'J'otten. 

PAR'CEL,  n.  [Fr.  parcelle,  contracted  probably  from 
L.  particula,  particle,  from  pars,  part.] 

1.  A  part ;  a  portion  of  any  thing  taken  separately. 
The  Himc  experiments  luccccd  on  two  parctlt  of  die  white  of  an 

egj.  ArbttUinot. 

2.  A  quantity  j  any  mass.  JVewton. 

3.  A  part  belonging  to  a  whole  ;  as,  in  law,  one 
piece  of  ground  is  [lart  and  parcel  of  a  greater  piece. 

4.  A  sm.'ill  bundle  or  package  of  goods. 

5.  A  niimbiT  of  persons,  in  coji(cm;)(.  Shale. 

6.  A  number  or  quantity,  in  contempt ;  as,  a  parcel 
of  fair  words.  UEstrantre. 

PXR'CEL, !?.  f.  To  divide  into  parts  or  portions  ;  as, 
lo  parcel  an  estate  among  heirs. 

Tht-se  ghostly  Itiii^  wuulil  parcel  out  my  power.  Dryden. 
2.  To  make  up  into  a  mass.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 
To  parcel  a  rope,  in  seamcn^s  lanffua^c,  to  wind 
tightly  around  it  strips  of  tarred  canvas.  Totten. 

PAR'CEL,  a.  Part  or  lialf;  as,  a  parcel  bawd,  a 
parcel  poet. 

PAR'CELi-/;D,  pp.    Divided  into  portions. 

PAR'CEL-ING,  ppr.    Dividing  into  portions. 

PAR'CEL-ING,  re.  Among  seamen,  long,  n.arrow  slips 
of  canvas  daubed  with  tar  and  boiiiul  about  a  rope 
like  a  bandage,  before  it  is  sewed.  It  is  used  also  to 
raise  a  mouse  on  tlie  stays,  «Stc.  Mar.  Diet, 

PAR'CE-NA-RY,  n.    [Norm,  parcenin-.] 

Co-heirshipj  the  holding  or  occupation  of  lands  of 
inheritance  by  two  or  more  persons.  It  diirers  fnun 
joint-tenancy,  which  is  created  by  deed  or  devise  ; 
whereas  parcenary,  or  co-parcenary,  is  created  by  the 
descent  of  lands  from  an  ancestor.  Blackstone. 

PAR'OE-NER,  n.  [Scot,  parsenere;  Norm,  parcon- 
nier  ;  from  part,  L.  pars.] 

Parcener,  or  co-parcener,  is  a  co-heir,  or  one  who 
holds  lands  by  descent  from  an  ancestor  in  common 
with  another,  or  with  others  ;  as  when  land  descends 
to  a  man's  daughters,  sisters,  aunt.s,  cousins,  or  their 
representatives.  In  this  case,  all  the  lieirs  inherit  as 
parceners  or  co-heirs.  Blackstone. 

PARCH,  V.  t.  [1  know  not  from  what  source  we  have 
received  this  word.  It  corresponds  in  elements  with 
the  Italian  bruciarc,  to  burn  or  roast.  -Uu.  L./jfrurcscu.] 

1.  To  burn  the  surface  of  a  thing  ;  to  scorch  ;  as, 
lo  parch  the  skin  ;  to  parch  corn. 

2.  To  dr}'  to  cxireniity  ;  as,  the  heat  of  the  sun's 
rays  paretics  the  ground  j  the  mouth  is  parched  with 
thirst.  Miltun.  Dryden. 

PARCH,  r.  i.    To  be  scorched  or  superficially  burnt ; 

as,  corn  will  dry  and  parch  into  barley.  Mortimer. 
2.  To  become  very  dry. 
PARCH'£D,  (piircht,)  pp.  or  a.   Scorched;  dried  to 

extremity. 

PARCH'E1)-NESS,  n.  The  st.ite  of  being  scorched  or 
dried  to  extremity. 

P.\RCH'L\G, /jjir.    Scorching;  drying  to  extremity. 
2.  0.    Having  the  quality  of  burning  or  diying  ;  as, 
the  parehirtfr  heat  of  African  sands. 

PARC1I'I.\G-LY,  ado.  Scorcliingly. 

PAUCH'.ME.NT,  n.  [Fr.  parchemm;  It.  par^ameno  ; 
S\}.  partramino  ;  Arm.  purich  or  parichcmin  ;  D.  pnrke- 
mcnt;  G.  pergament ;  L.  per^amena ;  supposed  to 
bo  from  Peraamus,  lo  whose  king  Eumenes  the 
invention  has  been  ascribed.  This  is  probably  a 
mere  conjecture,  originating  in  a  resemblance  of  or- 
thography ;  such  conjectures  being  very  common. 
In  Spanish,  parche  is  parchment,  and  a  piece  of  linen 
covered  Willi  ointment  or  pl.isler.  It  is  more  prob.a- 
ble  that  the  first  syllable  is  from  .some  root  that  sig- 
nifies to  cleanse,  purify,  or  make  clear,  perhaps  the 
root  of  L.  purgo,  or  the  Oriental  pi3  or  (See 
Memdrame.)  See  Class  Br,  No.  9,  and  Class  Brg, 
No.  4,  5.] 

The  skin  of  a  sheep  or  goat  dressed  or  prepared 
and  rendered  fit  for  writing  on.  This  is  done  by  sep- 
arating all  the  tlesh  and  hair,  rubbing  the  skin  with 
pumice-stone,  and  reducing  its  thickness  with  a  sharp 
instrument.  Vellum  is  made  of  the  skins  of  lambs, 
kids,  or  vervyouns  calves.  Ure. 

PARCII'.MEr<iT-.MAK'ER,  n.  One  who  dresses  skina 
for  parchment. 

PAR'CI-TY,  ;i.  Spnringness. 


PARD,  ;i.  [Ia.  pardas  ;  Gr.  1lilp^■n  ;  Syr.  bardona.  The 
word  signifies  spotted,  from  113,10  hail,  properly,  to 
scatter  orsprinkli^,  as  with  hail.] 

The  leopard  ;  or,  in  poetry,  any  spotted  beast.  In- 
stead of  pard,  wv  generally  use  Lcupakd,  the  lion- 
pard.    Pahoalg,  from  the  ]<atiii  pardnlis,  is  not  used. 

PAR'DON,  (par'dn,)  p.  (.  [Fr.  /jari^u/i/irr  ;  H.  prrdo- 
nare  ;  Sp.  perdonar  ;  l\trX.  perdoar ;  Ij.  /»rr  and  dono, 
to  give  ;  per  having  the  sense  of  the  Englisli  fi/r  in 
forifirc,  and  re  in  L.  rcmitto,  jiroperly,  to  give  back  or 
away.l 

1.  'lo  forgive;  to  remit;  as  an  ofiense  or  crime. 
Guilt  imjilies  a  being  bound  or  subjected  lo  censure, 
penalty,  or  piinislinient.  To  pardon  is  to  jriee  up 
this  obligation,  and  release  the  otfender.  V\  e  apply 
the  word  to  the  crime  or  to  the  iiersoii.  We  pardon 
an  offense,  when  we  remove  it  from  the  offi-nder  and 
consider  liim  as  not  guilty  ;  we  pardvn  the  oflV-iider, 
when  we  release  or  absolve  him  from  his  liability  lo 
suffer  punisliment. 

1  pn>y  tliee,  pardon  my  tin.  —  1  Sam.  XT. 

2.  To  remit,  as  a  penalty. 

1  pardon  thee  lliy  life  U-forc  thou  ask  it.  STiaJc. 

3.  To  excuse,  as  for  a  fault.  Dryden. 

4.  Pardon  me,  is  a  phrase  used  when  one  a.sks  for 
excuse,  or  makes  an  apology,  and  it  is  often  ii.sed  in 
this  sense,  when  a  pi  r.-^on  means  civilly  to  deny  or 
contradict  what  another  affirms. 

PAR'DON,  n.  Forgiveness;  the  release  of  an  offense, 
or  of  the  obligation  of  the  olleiider  to  sufrt;r  a  penal- 
ty, or  to  bear  the  displeasure  of  the  offeiidi  d  party. 
VVe  seek  llie  jmrdon  of  sins,  IransgressKuis,  and  of 
fenses. 

Q.  Remission  of  a  penalty.  An  amnesty  is  a  gen- 
eral pardon. 

3.  Forgiveness  received.  SoiifA. 
PXR'DON-A-HLE,  a.  That  may  be  pardoned  ;  applied 
to  persons.    'J'he  offender  is  pardonable. 

2.  Venial ;  excusable  ;  that  may  be  forgiven,  over- 
looked, or  passed  by  ;  applied  to  things  ;  as,  a  pardot^ 
able  offense. 

PAR'DON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
pardonable  ;  X'enialiiess  ;  susceptibility  of  forgive- 
ness ;  as,  the  pardonableness  v(  sin.  HalL 

PXR'DON-.\-BLY,  uJr.  In  a  manner  admitting  of 
pardon  ;  venially  ;  excusably.  Dryden. 

PAR'D0.\-K1),  pp.  or  a.    Forgiven  ;  excused. 

PAR'DO.N-ER,  ;i.    One  that  forgives;  one  that  ab- 
solves an  od'ender. 
2.  One  that  sells  the  pope's  indulgences,  Cowell. 

PAR'DONING,  ;>/>r.  Forgiving;  remitting  an  offense 
or  crime;  absolving  from  punishment. 

PAR'DON  ING,  a.    Disposed  to  pardon;  forgiving; 
as,  a  pardoning  God. 
2.  Tliut  has  the  right  or  power  to  pardon. 

I  feel  the  ulinoHl  anxi-'ty,  when  the  jxirdonine  pijwer  It  nppenled 
to,  on  such  ucca^ioiis,  CiiiUon. 


PARE,  ».  f.  [Fr.  parer;  Arm.  para,  to  dress,  to  trim, 
to  parry  or  ward  off,  to  stop  ;  Sp.  anil  Port,  parar,  to 
parry,  to  stop,  to  prepare:  Port,  aparnr,  to  parr,  and 
lo  parry  ;  L.  paro  ;  \V.  par,  .a  sLite  of  readiness,  also 
a  pair;  para,  to  continue,  to  persevere,  to  List,  to  en- 
dure ;  Fr.  parer  des  cuirs,  lo  dress  or  curry  leather  ; 
parer  le  pied  d'an  chccal,  lo  pare  a  horse's  foot  or 
o  ,  J 

hoof;  Pers.  J^»Xj poridan,  to  pare  oi  cut  off; 

? 

(qu.  Gr.  wripof,  lame  ;  irji.ooto,  to  mutilate  ;)  Ar. 

to  be  free,  to  free,  liberate,  or  absolve,  lo  dismiss,  to 
remit,  to  create  ;  lleb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.  K"i3,  to  cre- 
ate ;  Ilcb.  and  Ch.  id.,  lo  ciil  off.  The  primary  .'<ense 
is  to  thrust  or  drive  ;  hence,  to  drive  off,  to  separate, 
to  stop  by  setting  or  repelling,  as  in  parry,  or  lo  drive 
off  or  out,  as  in  separating  or  producing.  In  Portu- 
guese and  Welsh,  it  has  the  sense  of  slrelcliing,  ex- 
tending, and  tile  Welsh  unites  par,  equal,  a  pair, 
with  the  root  of  this  word  ;  par,  a  pair,  what  is  con- 
tinued to  or  contiguous.  See  and  K"i3,  Class 
Dr,  No.  13,  7,  8,  10.] 

1.  To  cut  off,  as  the  superficial  sub.stance  or  ex- 
tremities of  a  thing ;  to  shave  off  with  a  sharp  in- 
strument ;  a-s,  to  pare  an  apple  or  an  orange ;  to  pare 
the  nails  ;  to  pare  a  horse's  hoof;  to  ;>arc  land  in  ag- 
riculture. 

2.  To  diminish  by  little  and  little. 

The  king  brgrin  to  ;>nr«  a  htlle  the  privilege  of  clergy.  Bawn. 

When  pare  is  followed  by  the  thing  diminished, 
the  noun  is  in  the  objective  case  ;  ;us,  to  pare  the 
nails.  When  the  thing  separated  is  the  object,  pare 
is  followed  by  off  or  ateay  ;  as,  lo  pare  off  the  rind  of 
fruit  ;  to  pare  away  redundances. 
PAR'/;D,  pp.  or  a.    Freed  from  anything  superfluous 

on  the  surface  or  at  the  extremities. 
PAR-E-GOR'ie,  a.    [Gr.  rrupijopiitos,  from  xapn- 
yopei.t,  to  niitig.ate.] 

Slitigatins  ;  assuaging  pain  ;  a.s,  paregoric  elixir. 
PAR-F.-(;<5R'ie,  71.    A  medicine  that  mitigates  pain  , 
an  anodyne.  Eneye. 

Parrgoric,  or  paregoric  elirir,  a  camphorated  tinc- 
ture of  opium  tinetiired  with  aruniatics. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  liNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


100' 


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797 


r 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PA-REL'CON,  n.    [Gr.  mio^A/t     to  draw  out.] 

In  grammar,  the  addition  of  a  syllable  or  particle 
to  the  end  of  a  prunoun,  verb,  or  adverb. 
PA-REM'BO-LE,  n.    [Gr.  itaocfiffoXn,  insertion.] 

In  rhetoric,  the  insertion  of  something  relating  to 
the  subject  in  the  middle  of  a  period,  with  which  it 
does  not  grammatically  cohere.  It  differs  from  the 
parenthesis  only  in  this:  the  puronWr  relates  to  the 
subject,  the  parenthesis  is  foreign  from  it. 

Encyc.  Vossius. 
PA-REN'ertY-MA,  (pa-ren'ke-ma,)  n.     [Gr.  ira,-t7- 
X^i'a,  from  jrnptjxtn.j,  to  suffuse.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  solid  and  interior  part  of  the 
viscera,  or  the  substance  contained  in  the  interstices 
between  the  blood-vessels  of  the  viscera ;  a  spongy 
substance.  Cuze.    P.  Cyc. 

Parenchyma  is  the  substance  or  basis  of  the  glands. 

Cyc. 

2.  In  botany,  the  pith  or  pulp  of  plants.  Encyc. 
PAR-E.N-eilYM'A-TA,  n.  pi.    The  order  of  Entozoa, 

comprising  those  species  in  which  the  body  is  filled 
with  a  cellular  substance,  or  even  with  a  continuous 
parencliyma,  the  only  alimentary  organ  it  contains 
being  ramified  canals,  which  distribute  nourishment 
to  its  different  points,  and  w  hich,  in  most  of  them, 
originate  from  suckers  visible  externally. 
PAR-EX-€HY.M'A-TOUS,  (  a.  [See  the  noun.]  Per- 
PA-REN'eilY-MOUS,        (    taining  to  parenchyma  ; 

spongy  ;  soft ;  porous.  Grew.  Cliryne. 

P,\-REN'E-SIS,  7i.  [Gr.  napaiveais  ;  napatneui,  to  ex- 
hort.] 

Persuasion  ;  exhortation.    [Little  used."]  Did. 

PAR-E-.\ET'ie,        (a.    Hortatory ;  encouraging. 

P.\R-E-NET'ie-AL,  j  Poller. 

PaR'ENT,  n.  [L.  parenn,  from  pario,  to  prodiice  or 
bringforth.  The  regular  participle  of  pario  is  paricns, 
and  parens  is  the  regular  participle  of  ;;rtrfo,  to  ap- 
pear. But  both  verbs  probably  belong  to  one  fami- 
ly ;  Eth.  fori  or  feri,  to  bear ;  Class  Br,  No. 
35;  Heb.  r\-^t>  farah,  id.  No.  33.] 

1.  A  father  or  mother;  he  or  she  that  produces 
young.  The  duties  of  parents  to  their  children  are 
to  maintain,  protect,  and  educate  them. 

Wh-  n  parents  are  wauling  in  authority,  chiliir«n  arc  wanting  in 
duty.  Amcs. 

3.  That  which  produces;  cause;  source.  Idle- 
ness is  the  parent  of  vice. 

Rp^il.ir  industry  is  the  jxlrenl  of  B'jl)ri  :ty.  Channing. 

The  pronunciation  pay'rent  is  erroneous. 
PaR'ENT-AGE,  n.    [Fr.]    Extraction  ;  birth  ;  cimdi- 
tion  with  respect  to  the  rank  of  parents;  as,  a  man 
of  mean  parentage ;  a  gentleman  of  noble  parentage. 

Shak. 

PA-RENT'.\L,  a.    [It.  parentalc.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  parents;  as,  parental  govern- 
ment. 

2.  Becoming  parents  ;  tender  ;  affectionate  ;  as, 
parental  care  or  solicitude. 

PA-RENT'AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  tender  or  parental  man- 
ner. 

PAR-ENT-.\'TI0N,  n.    [from  L.  parcnto.] 

Something  done  or  said  in  honor  of  the  dead. 

Potter.  Johnson. 
PA-REN'TIIE-PIS,  71.    [Gr.  Tro.otiSrcnj ;   rtap^t  and 
e^Tli'l^ll,  to  insert.] 

A  sentence,  or  certain  words  inserted  in  a  sentence, 
which  interrupt  the  sense  or  natural  conneclitm  of 
words,  but  serve  to  explain  or  qtialify  the  sense  of 
the  principal  sentence.  The  parenthesis  is  usually 
included  in  hooks  or  curved  lines,  th'iis  (  ). 

Thcs^  offiwrB,  whom  Ufy  still  call  bishopn,  are  to  be  cl'^cted  to  a 
proviiiion  companitivply  nii^in,  Uiroii^h  Ihf  Famn  art*,  {that 
u,  etectionecrmg  arts,)  ]iy  meo  of  all  religious  (/-nets  liiat 
an;  known  or  can  be  invenle<l.  Burke. 
Do  not  siiri'T  every  occasionaj  thought  to  carry  you  away  into  a 
lung  jjarenthetit.  Watts. 

PAR-EN-TIIET'ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  paren- 

PAR-EN-THET'ie-AL,  j     thesis ;  expressed  in  a  pa- 
renthesis. JIales. 
2.  losing  parentheses. 

PAR-EN-TIIET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  or 
f'rni  iii  a  paretithesis  ;  by  parenthesis.  CainpbctL 

PA-RENT'I-CIDE,  n.    [L.  parens  and  eado.] 

r)ne  who  kills  a  parent.  Bailey, 

P.XR'ENT-I.ESS,  a.    Deprived  of  parents. 

P^R'ER,  71.  [Uompare.]  lie  or  that  which  pares  ;  an 
instrument  for  paring.  Tiuscr. 

PAK'EK-6Y,  71.  [Gr.  Ttapa,  beyond,  and  tpynv, 
work.] 

Konii  thing  unimportant,  or  done  by  the  by.  [JVot 
ufied.  ]  Broiim. 
PAR't; AS-TTE,  n.  [from  the  Isle  Pargas,  in  Finland.l 
A  mineral  of  a  grayish  or  bluish  green,  in  rounded 
grain',  having  much  luster.    It  is  a  variety  of  horn- 
MtiA<: 

PAH'OI'.T,  n.  [8p.  parehe,  a  plaster;  emparchar,  to 
pla«t'  r.  Ciii.] 

1.  fjypsiim  or  filasler  Ktone.    fOAji.J  Encyc. 

2.  Plaster  laid  ■  n  roofn  or  walla.  [Obs.]  Spen.irr. 

3.  I'aint.    [Obs.]  Oraijlon. 
A.  In  present  arrhitectural  u^age,  parget  denuiet*  the 

rough  planter  uacd  for  lining  chimney  llueii. 

(heilt.  Brandt. 


PAR'GET,  1. 1.    To  plaster  walls. 

2.  To  paint ;  to  cover  with  paint.        S.  Jonson. 
PAR'CET-El),y;>.    Plastered;  stuccoed. 
PA  R'GET-ER,  71.    A  plasterer. 

PAR'GET-ING,'ppr.  Plastering,  as  a  noun,  plaster 
or  stucco. 

PAR-HkL'ION,  (par-hcl'yun,)  71. ;  pi.  Parhelia.  [Gr. 

TTiipa,  near,  and  I'/Aim,  the  sun.] 
A  mock  sun  or  meteor,  appearing  in  the  form  of  a 

bright  light  near  the  sun  ;  sometimes  tinged  with 

colors  like  the  rainbow,  with  a  luminous  train. 
Pa'RI-AII,  71.    The  name  of  the  lowest  class  of  people 

in  Hindoostan,  who  have,  properly  speaking,  no  cast ; 

an  otitcast. 

PA  RI' A  L,  /  71.  Three  of  a  sort  in  certain  games 

PAIR'-ROY'AL,  (     of  cards.  Butirr. 

Pa'R!-A.\,  a.  Pertaining  to  Paros,  an  isle  in  the  Ege- 
an  Sea  ;  as,  Parian  marble. 

Parian  chronicle  ;  a  chronicle  of  the  city  of  Athens, 
engraven  on  marble  in  capital  letters  in  the  Isle  of 
Paros.  It  contained  a  chronological  account  of 
events  from  Cecrops,  1582  years  before  Christ,  to  the 
archonship  of  Diognetus,  2t)4  years  before  Christ; 
but  the  chronicle  of  the  last  90  years  is  lost.  This 
marble  was  iirocured  from  Asia  Minor  in  1627,  by 
the  earl  of  Arundel,  and,  being  broken,  the  pieces 
are  called  .Srnndelion  marbles.  They  are  now  depos- 
ited in  the  University  of  Oxford.  The  antitjuity  of 
the  inscription  has  been  disputed. 

P.  Cyc.    Edin.  Encyc. 

PA-RI'E-TAL,  a.  [from  L.  paries,  a  wall,  propeily  a 
partition  wall,  from  the  root  of  part  or  pare] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 

2.  The  parietal  bones  form  the  sides  and  upper  part 
of  the  skull.  They  are  so  called  because  they  defend 
the  brain  like  walls.  Parr. 

3.  In  botany,  a  terra  applied  to  any  organ  which 
grows  from  the  inner  lining  or  wall  of  another. 

Lindley. 

PA-Rl'E-TA-RY,  71.  [Fr.  pa ric(air(!,  from  L.  panes,  a 
wall.] 

A  plant,  the  pellitory  of  the  wall,  of  the  genus 
Parietaria. 
PA-RI'E-TINE,  71.    [L.  paries,  wall.] 

A  pii^ce  of  a  wall.    [JVoJ  used.]  Burton. 
PaR'ING,  ppr.    Cutting  or  shaving  off  the  extremities 
of  a  thing. 

PaR'IiN'G,  n.    That  which  is  pared  off ;  rind  separated 

from  fruit ;  a  piece  clipped  off.      Mortimer.  Pope. 
2.  The  act  or  practice  of  cutting  off  the  surface  of 

grass  land,  for  tillage. 
PJi'RI  PMS'SU,    [L.]    With  equal  pace,  or  progress. 
PAR'IS,  n.    A  plant,  herb  Paris  or  true-love,  or  rather 

a  genus  of  plants  of  two  species,  at  least,  if  not 

more. 

PAR'ISII,  n.  [Fr.  paroisse;  It-  parroechia:  Sp.  parro- 
quia  ;  Arm.  parres ;  Ix.parraiste;  usually  tieduced  from 
the  l^ow  h. parochia,  Gr.  napoiKta,  a  dwelling  tir  near 
residence  ;  napa,  near,  and  f)U"«r,  lunise  or  o(K£oi,  to 
dwell  ;  or  more  probably  Prom  the  Greek  Tranoxt,  a 
salary  or  largess,  an  allowance  for  support,  from  nopi- 
Xdj,  to  afford,  yield,  or  supply,  whence  L.  paroeha,  en- 
tertainment given  to  embassadors  at  the  public  e.\- 
pensc  ;  U'hence  It.  parroeehii.  \f parish  is  to  be  deduced 
fiiim  either  of  these  sources,  it  Is  probably  from  the 
latter,  ami  parish  is  equivalent  to  benefice,  living,  as 
prebend,  from  L.  prirbeo.  In  German,  pfarre  signi- 
fies a  benefice  or  parish  ;  pfarrer,  or  pfarrherr,  a  jjar- 
snn,  the  lord  of  a  living  or  parish,  and  this  is  evi- 
dently from  the  same  root  as  parson.  I  know  not 
the  origin  of  pfarre,  but  it  coincides  in  elements  with 
the  W.  pari,  to  tir^7.c.  Corn,  peuri,  L.  voro,  Gr.  /V  loa. 
The  Italian  and  Spanish  words  are  nmloubtrdly  from 
the  Latin  and  Greek,  and  the  French  paroissc  may 
be  from  the  same  source.] 

1.  The  precinct  or  territorial  jurisdiction  of  a  secu- 
lar priest  or  ecclesiastical  society,  or  the  precinct, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  belong  to  the  same  church. 

2.  In  some  of  the  Jimrriean  States,  parish  is  an 
ecclesiastical  society  not  boundeti  by  territorial  lim- 
it.s  ;  but  the  inhabitants  of  a  t^wn  belonging  to  one 
church,  though  residing  promiscuously  anumg  the 
people  Iiclougin:!  to  anotiier  church,  are  called  a  yiar- 

This  is  partiiMilarly  the  case  in  Alassachusetts. 
In  Connecticut,  the  legal  appellalittn  of  such  a  society 
is  eretesiastieal  sonrty.  In  Liiiiisi.'ina,  the  State  is 
divided  into  parishes  w  hich  correspond  to  counties. 

Bouvier. 

PAR'ISII,  a.  Belonging  to  a  parish ;  as,  a  parish 
church  ;  parish  records. 

2.  Helougitig  to  a  parish  ;  employed  in  the  spiritual 
or  ecclt;siastical  concerns  of  a  parish ;  as,  n  parish 
priest.  Dryden. 

3.  Maintained  bv  the  parish  ;  as,  parish  poor.  Gati. 
PAR'ISII  CI,i;i(K,'n.    A  layman  who  leails  in  tlie 

responses  and  otherwise  assists  in  the  Episcopal 
service. 

PA-RISII'ION-Ell,  n.    One  that  belongs  to  a  parish. 

.Addison. 

PA-RISi'I  AN,  71.    A  native  or  resident  of  Paris. 
PAR-I-SVI,  I.AH'IC,        la.    [  I,,  pnr,  ei|ual,  and 
I'AU  l-SYI-  LAlt'lC-AE,  (     lain,  syllable.] 

A  term  applied  to  n  word  which  has  the  same 
number  of  syllables  in  all  its  inllection.s. 


PAR'I-TOR,  71.  [for  apparitor.'\  A  beadle;  a  sum- 
moner  of  llie  courts  of  civil  law.  hri/den. 

PAR'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  pariti ;  It.  paritd ;  from  L.  pai-, 
equal.    See  Pair  and  Peer.] 

1.  Equality;  as,  parifi/ of  reason.  South. 

2.  Equality  ;  like  state  or  degree  ;  as,  a  parity  of 
orders  or  persons. 

PARK,  71.  [Sax.  parruc,  pearruc;  Scot,  parrok;  VV. 
pairc  ;  Fr.  id. ;  It.  pareo ;  Sp.  parque  ;  Ir.  pairc  ;  G. 
and  Sw.  pari;  D.  perk.  It  coincides  in  elements 
with  L.  parcus,  saving,  and  the  Teutonic  bergen,  to 
keep.] 

1 .  A  large  piece  of  ground  inclosed  for  chase  or  other 
purposes  of  pleasure.  Parks,  in  England,  were  origi- 
nally grants  out  of  forest  lands  Willi  privileges  which 
lasted  only  while  they  w©*e  kept  incltised.  Smart. 

2.  An  inclosed  place  in  cities  for  exercise  or 
amusement. 

Park  of  artillery  or  artillery  park  ;  a  place  in  the 
rear  of  both  lines  of  an  army  for  encamping  the  artil- 
lery, which  is  formed  in  lines,  the  guns  in  front,  the 
ammunition  wagons  behind  the  guns,  and  the  pim- 
toons  and  tumbrils  forming  the  third  line.  The 
whole  is  surrounded  with  a  rope.  The  gunners  and 
matrosses  encamp  on  the  flanks  ;  the  bombardiers, 
pontoon-men,  and  artificers  in  the  rear.  Encyc. 

Also,  the  whole  train  of  artillery  belonging  to  an 
army  or  division  of  troops. 

Park  of  provisions  ;  the  place  where  the  sutlers  pitch 
their  tents  and  sell  provisions,  and  that  where  the 
bread  wagons  are  stationed. 

P.^RK,  V.  t.    To  inclose  in  a  park.  Shak. 
2.  To  bring  together  in  a  pari  or  compact  body  ;  as, 
to  park  the  artillery.  Cutler. 

PARK'iCD,  (pirkt,)  pp.    Inclosed  in  a  park. 
2.  Brought  together  in  a  park,  as  artillery. 

PARK'ER,  71.    The  keeper  of  a  park. 

PARK'LeAVES,  71.  A  plant,  Hypericum  Androsa- 
nium,  also  called  Tutsan.  Booth. 

PAR'LANCE,  71.  [Norm.,  from  Fr.  parler,  to  speak; 
part,  par/anf.  It.  paWaii^c] 

Conversation  ;  discourse  ;  talk.  Woodeson. 

PARLE,  (pari)  71.  Conversation;  talk  :  or.al  treaty  or 
discussion,    [JVot  used.'\    [See  Parley. 1  Shak. 

PARLE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  parler.]  To  talk  ;  to  converse  ;  to 
discuss  any  thing  orally.  Shak. 

PAR'LEY,  V.  i.  [Fr.  parler,  It.  parlare,  Sp.  porlar,  W. 
parliair,  to  s[>eak  ;  Ir.  bearla,  language,  frtun  bearadh, 
or  beirim,  to  speak,  to  tell,  relatt;,  narrate,  to  bear,  to 
carry  ;  Goth,  bairan,  Sax.  ba^ran,  to  bear,  L.  fero,  or 
pario.    So  wc  have  report,  from  L.  porta.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  speak  with  another;  to  dis- 
course ;  but  appropriately,  to  confer  with  on  stune 
point  of  mutual  concern  ;  to  discuss  orally  ;  hence, 
to  confer  with  an  enemy  ;  to  treat  with  by  words  ; 
as  on  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  on  a  cessation  of 
arms,  or  the  subject  of  peace.      Knoltes.  Broome. 

PAR'LEY,  71.  Aliitual  discourse  or  conversation  ;  dis- 
cussion ;  but  appropriately,  a  conference  with  an 
enemy  in  war. 

We  yickl  onpar/ey,  but  are  stormed  in  vain.  Dryden. 

To  beat  a  parley  ;  in  military  language,  to  beat  a 
drum  or  sound  a  trumpet,  as  a  signal  for  holding  a 
conlrrrnce  with  the  enemy. 
PAR'LI.V-.MENT,  (p.lr'le-inent,)  71.  [Fr.  parlement ; 
Sp.  It.  and  Port,  parlamento  ;  Arm.  parlainand ;  com- 
posed of  Fr.  parler,  Sp.  parlar,  to  speak,  and  the  ter- 
mination Tneiit,  as  in  complement,  &c.,  noting  slate. 
Sec  Parley.] 

1.  Literally,  a  speaking,  conference,  mutual  dis- 
course or  consultation  ;  hence, 

2.  In  Great  Britain,  the  grand  assembly  of  the 
three  estates,  the  lords  spiritual,  lorils  temporal,  anil 
the  ciuiimons ;  the  general  council  of  the  nation 
constituting  the  Icgishiture,  summoned  by  the  king's 
authority  to  consult  on  the  affairs  of  the  natiiui,  and 
to  enact  and  repeal  law.s.  Primarily,  the  king  may 
be  considered  as  a  constituent  branch  of  parliament ; 
but  the  word  is  generally  used  to  denote  the  three 
estates  .above  named,  cimsisting  of  two  distinct 
branches,  the  house  of  lords  and  litmse  of  commns. 

The  word  parliament  was  introduced  into  England 
uniler  the  Norman  kings.  The  supreme  council  of 
the  nation  was  ctilled,  iinderthe  Saxon  kings,  wittena- 
gemote,  llie  iiieetiug  of  wise  men  or  sages. 

3.  The  supreme  council  of  Sweden,  consisting  of 
four  estates  ;  the  nobility  and  representatives  of  the 
gently  ;  the  clergy,  one  of  which  body  is  elected 
from  every  rural'  deanery  of  ten  parishes ;  the 
burghers,  elected  by  the  magistrates  and  council  of 
every  corporation  ;  and  the  peasants,  elected  by  per- 
sons of  their  own  order. 

4.  In  h'ronee.  before  the  rfi'd/ufinii,  the  title  of  cer- 
tain high  <  ris  of  justice.  Brande. 

PAK-I.IA-MI'.NT-A'KI  .AN,  j  71.    One  of  those  who 

PAR  LIA-MENT-EEK',  \  adhered  to  the  parlia- 
inent  in  the  lime  of  (/'liarles  I.  Jinbrry. 

PAR  LIA-ME.\'T-A'RI  A.\,  a.  Serving  the  jmrlin- 
ineiil,  in  op[)osiIion  lo  King  Charles  I.  Wood. 

PAR  LIA-.MI'..\T'.\  liV,  0.  Pertaining  to  parliament ; 
as,  porliumentory  aiilliorily. 

2.  J'.micted  or  done  liy  parliament ;  as,  a  parlia- 
mentary net. 


FATE,  PAR,  Ff^hL,  WH.^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


7!)8 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


3.  Accoriling  to  ihe  rules  and  iisaji  sof  parliament, 
or  to  the  rules  and  customs  of  lejiislativc  bodies. 

PAR' LOU,  n.  [Ft.  parluir ;  II.  and  Sp.  pnrliitorio  : 
\V.  parltiipr ;  from  Fr.  partrr,  Sp.  parhtr^  to  speak.] 

Primarily,  the  npartuient  in  a  nunnery  wliere  the 
nuns  arc  permitted  to  meet  and  converse  with  e.ach 
other;  hence,  with  us,  tile  room  in  a  house  which 
the  family  usually  occupy,  and  where  they  receive 
comniou  visitors,  as  dislinffuished  from  a  drawing- 
room  set  apart  for  the  reception  of  comiKiny,  or  from 
a  <linin^-room,  when  a  distinct  apartment  is  allotted 
for  that  purpose.  In  many  houses,  the  parlor  is  also 
the  dinins-room. 

PAK'I.DUS,  u.    [from  Fr.  parler,  to  speak. 1 

Kicn  ;  sprialitly  ;  wasjish.    [JVut  used.]  Dryilen. 

PAR'I.OUS-NES.S,  71.  Ciuickness  ;  keenness  of  tem- 
per. 

PAll-MA-CIT'V,  n.    Ppermaceli.    [Ohs.]  Shnk. 

PXK-.MK  SA.X'  ('IIF.ESE,  «.  Adelicnte  kindof  clieese 
made  at  Parma,  in  Italy. 

PAK-.\AS'SI-A.\,  (-nash'e-an,)  o.  Pertaining  to  Par- 
nassus. 

PAK-N.\S'SUS,  n.  A  celebrated  mountain  in  Greece, 
considered  in  mythology  ius  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the 
Muses. 

PAR'NEL,  n.  [The  diminutive  of  It.  pctronci/a.]  A 
wanton,  immodest  f;irl ;  a  slut. 

P.\-l!o'€llI-AI.,  a.    [from  L.  parocliia,] 

llelouging  to  a  parish;  as,  paruc/ii«Z  clergy ;  paro- 
c/iiri/ dulies.  .^Itcrbunj. 

PA-RO-eill-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  paro- 
chial. Jlttiriot, 

PA-l!ryf:iII-AI--LY,  (i/fii.    In  a  p.irisli ;  by  a  parish. 

PA  l!o'€lIl-.\.\,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  parish.  Bacon. 

P.\-K6  CI11-AN,  n    [Supra.]    A  parishioner. 

Burirktei/. 

PA-ROD'IC,       )  a.    [See  Parody.]    Copying  aller 
PA-l!()I)'lt;-.\L,  i     the  manner  of  parody.  H'arton. 
P.VR'O-UIST,  n.    One  who  writes  a  parody. 

Ciilcridge. 

P.VR'O-DY,  71,  [Fr.  parodie;  Gr.  iropwrliii ;  Trapi  and 
(.vV/,  ode.] 

I.  A  kind  of  writing  in  which  the  words  of  an 
author  or  his  thoughts  are,  bysomeslielit  alterations, 
adapted  to  a  ditfcrent  purpose;  a  kind  of  poetical 
pleasantry,  in  which  verses  written  on  luie  subject 
are  altered  and  applied  to  another  by  way  of  bur- 
lesque. Johnson.  F.ncyc. 
9.  .\  popular  maxim,  adage,  or  proverb.  Encyc. 
PAU'O-DY,  V.  t.   To  alter,  as  verses  or  words,  and 
apply  to  a  purpose  different  from  that  of  the  original. 
1  h  ive  tmnslnleil,  or  ratlier  parodied,  a  poem  of  Ilonice.  Pope. 
PA-RoL',    /  71.  [W.paryl;  It.  parola  ;  Fr.  prirole,  from 
P.A-ROLE',  \     parler,  to  speak  ;  or  contracted  from  L. 
parttl/ola.] 

1.  ProperUj,  a  word  ;  hence,  in  a  legal  sense,  words 
or  or.il  declaration  ;  word  of  mouth.  Formerly,  con- 
veyances were  made  by  parol,  or  word  of  mouth, 
only.  Blachstone. 

2.  Pleadings  in  a  suit ;  as  anciently  all  pleadings 
were  viva  voce,  or  ore  tenus. 

The  parol  may  demur.  Blackstone. 
PA-RoL',    )  a.    Given  by  word  of  mouth  ;  oral;  not 
PA-RoLE',  i     written  ;  as,  parol  evidence. 

Blarkstone. 

[It  would  be  well  to  write  this  word  parole,  in  uni- 
formity with  the  following,  there  being  no  good  rea- 
son for  a  distinction.]^ 
P.\-RoLE',  71.  [See  Parol.]  Word  of  mouth.  In 
military  affairs,  a  promise  given  by  a  prisoner  of  war, 
when  he  has  leave  to  depart  from  custody,  that  lie 
will  return  at  the  time  appointed,  unless  discharged. 
.\  parole  is  properly  a  verbal  or  unwritten  promise  ; 
but  I  believe  it  is  customary  to  take  a  promise  in 
writing. 

2,  A  word  given  out  every  day  in  orders  by  a  com- 
manding officer,  in  camp  or  garrison,  by  which 
friends  mav  he  distinguished  from  enemies.  Encyc. 

PAR  O-\0-.SlA'SlA, ;  n.      [from  Gr.  -acai'rpiu,  to 

PAR-0-NO.M'A-.SY,  (     transgress  law  or  rule.] 

A  play  U|)on  words  ;  a  rhetorical  figure,  by  which 
the  same  word  is  used  in  different  senses,  or  words 
similar  in  sound  are  set  in  opposition  to  each  other, 
so  as  to  give  a  kind  of  antithetical  force  to  the  sen- 
tence. Brandc. 

PAR-O-XO-MAS'Tie,       )  a.     Pertaining  to  paro- 

PAR-O-NO-.MAS'Tie-AL,  5  nomasy  ;  consisting  in 
a  plav  upon  words.  .More. 

P.\R-0-.\VeH'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  irapoii'VX"^ !  to"".  •)>■. 
and  on  f,  the  nail.] 

In  surcrmi,  a  whitlow  or  felon.  Quincy. 

PA-ROi\'Y-.MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  napuvvpos !  ttuoh  and 
oni^'i ,  name.] 

A  term  applied  to  words  of  the  same  derivation; 
kindreil  ;  as,  man,  manhood,  mankind.  fVaWt. 

PAR'd-aUET, )  71.    A  sm.iU  species  of  parrot.  [See 

PAU'OKET,     j     Parrakset.]  Grew. 

PA-ROT'ip,  0.    [Gr.  rraon,  near,  and  o>-f,  i.ira,  ear.] 
Pertaining  to  or  denoting  certain  glands  below  and 
before  the  ears,  or  near  the  articul.ation  of  the  lower 
jaw.    The  p,-vrotid  glands  secrete  a  portion  of  the 

„fa''''l-  Parr.    Core.  Orea. 

PA  RO'TIS,  7U    [Gr.  rraeoiTif.    See  Parotid.] 


The  parotiil  gland  ;  a  secreting  salivary  conglum- 
enite  j;land  below  and  before  the  ear.  Parr. 

PAR'O.X-VSM,  71.  [Gr.  7tap  i(v<iiiof,  from  Trnpu^vi/ui, 
to  excite  or  sharpen  ;  irn/  u,  and  o{i  f,  sharp.] 

A  fit  of  any  disease.  When  n  disease  occurs  by 
fits  with  perfect  inti  rmissions  or  suspensions,  such 
fits  arc  termed  parorysmt.  A  paroxysm  is  always 
to  he  distinguished  from  an  exacerbation. 

P.Ml-OX-YS'.\l.'\L,  n.  Pertaining  to  paroxysm  ;  as,  a 
paroxysmal  disposition.  .^siat.  Res. 

2.  t'aused  by  paroxysms  or  fits.  JJitclicock. 

PAR'aUET-RY,  71.    [from  Fr.  jwryiirt.] 

A  species  of  joinery  or  cabinet  work,  consisting  in 
making  an  inlaid  floor  composed  of  small  pieces  of 
wood,  of  dilfereiit  figures  Elmes. 

P.KRR,  H.  A  name  applied,  ill  most  parts  of  England 
and  Scotlauil,  to  the  young  of  the  salmon,  up  to  near 
the  end  of  their  second  vear.  Brandc. 

PAU'RA-KEET,  71.    A  small  species  of  parrot. 

PAR'RHL,  71.  [Port.  <i;i<7rriAo,  from  aparrlhar,  to  pre- 
pare ;  Sp.  aparrjo,  from  tackle  and  rigging,  from  apare- 
jar,  to  prepare,  L.  paro.  It  coincides  with  apparel, 
which  see.] 

Among  seamen,  an  apparatus  or  frame  made  of 
ropes,  trucks,  and  ribs,  so  contrived  as  to  go  round  the 
mast,  and,  being  fastened  at  both  ends  to  a  yard, 
serves  to  hoist  it.  Encyc. 
P.\R-RIlE'SIA,  71.  [Gr.]  Boldness  or  freedom  of 
speech. 

PAR  RI-CI'DAL,  j  a.  [See  Parricide.]  Pertain- 
PAR-IU  CID'I-OUS,  j     ing  to  parricide;  containing 

the  crime  of  murdi-riiig  a  parent  orjiatron. 
2.  (Jtimmitling  parricide. 
PAR'RI-CIDE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  parricida,  from  paler, 

father,  and  aedo,  to  kill.] 

1.  A  person  who  murders  his  father  or  mother. 

2.  One  who  murders  an  ancestor,  or  any  one  to 
whom  he  owes  reverence,  lilackstoiie  applies  tlie 
word  to  one  who  kills  his  child. 

3.  The  murder  of  a  parent,  or  one  to  whom  rever- 
ence is  due.  Bacon. 

4.  One  who  invades  or  destroys  any  to  whom  he 
owi  s  particular  reverence,  as  his  country  or  palron. 

PAR'RI-£I),  (par'rid,)  pp.  [Sec  Paruv.]  Warded 
ofl';  driven  aside.  Juhiuion. 

P.\R'RO('K,  71.    [Sax.  ;>a7Tuc.] 

A  croft  or  small  field  ;  now  comipted  into  paiZJoct. 
[Local.'] 

PAR'ROT,  71.    [Supposed  to  be  conttuctcd  from  Fr. 

perroquet.] 

A  name  applied  to  various  species  of  scansorial  birds 
of  the  Psittacid  tribe,  but  more  especially  to  those 
which  belong  to  the  genus  Psittaciis.  The  bill  is 
hooked  and  rounded  on  all  sides.  The  hooked  bill 
of  the  parrot  is  used  in  climbing.  These  birds  are 
found  almost  every  where  in  tropical  climates.  They 
breed  in  hollow  trees,  and  subsist  on  fruits  and 
seeds.  They  are  also  remarkable  for  the  brilliancy 
of  their  colors  and  their  faculty  of  making  indistinct 
articulations  of  words,  in  imitation  of  the  human 
voice. 

PAR'ROT-FISII,  71.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Scams,  in- 
habiting the  tropical  seas  ;  so  named  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  parrot  in  the  brilliancy  of  its  colors  and 
the  peculiar  form  of  its  jaws.     P.  Cyc.  Swainson. 

P.\R'ROT-IlY,  71.  Acting  the  part  of  a  parrot ;  servile 
imitation,  Coleridge. 

PAR'RY,  V.  U  [Fr.  parer;  It.  parare,  to  adorn,  to 
parr}' ;  Sp.  parar,  to  stop  ;  Port,  id.,  to  stop,  to  parry  ; 
from  the  root  of  pare,  to  cut  ofl",  to  separate.  See 
Pare.] 

1.  In  fencing,  to  ward  off ;  to  stop  or  to  put  or  turn 
by  ;  as,  to  parry  a  thrust. 

2.  To  ward  off;  to  turn  aside ;  to  prevent  a  blow 

3.  To  avoid  ;  to  shift  off.  [from  taking  effect. 
The  French  government  \a»  parried  the  p-iyment  of  our  claims. 

E.  Everett. 

PAR'RY,  r.  1,  To  ward  off;  to  put  by  thrusts  or 
strokes  ;  to  fence.  Locke. 

P.-VK'RY-ING,  ppr.    Warding  off,  as  a  thrust  or  blow. 

PARSE,  (pArs,)  V.  t.  [from  E.  pars,  part,  or  one  of  the 
Sliemitic  roots,  D'^fl,  to  divide,  or  B^'^D,  to  spread.] 

In  grammar,  to  resolve  a  sentence  into  its  ele- 
ments, or  to  show  the  several  part.s  of  speech  com- 
posing a  sentence,  and  their  relation  to  each  other  by 
government  or  agreement. 

PXR'SEE,  77.  A  name  given  to  the  Persian  fire-wor- 
shipers living  in  India..  In  Persia,  they  are  called, 
by  the  Mohammedans,  Guerers,  or  Guebres,  (i.  e., 
giaours,  infidels.)  Their  s.icred  books  are  called  the 
Zend -.^ vesta.  The  Parsees,  who  reside  near  Surat 
and  Dombav,  are  an  honest,  thrifty  people,  and  num- 
ber about  71)0,000.  jMurdoek. 

PAR'SEE-ISM,  n.  The  religion  of  the  Parsees,  which 
is  siibstaiitiallv  that  of  the  ancient  Persians. 

PAR-SI-Mo'NI-OL'S,  a.    [See  Parsimoxv.]  Sparing 
in  the  use  or  expenditure  of  money  ;  covetous  ;  near ; 
close.  It  differs  from  Frugal  in  implying  more  close- 
ness or  narrowness  of  mind,  or  an  attachment  to 
property  somewhat  excessive,  or  a  disposition  to 
spend  less  money  than  is  necessary  or  honorable. 
Extraorvliiianr  fi.n,U  for  one  ctinp.-»i?n  may  sfvin*  tis  ihr  ctpoiijw 
of  ni.\ny  y»-ari  ;  when'ai  ti  ionfir,  paTttinoiiioat  war  will 
druii  u*  of  more  lii'-n  ami  mon'-y.  AddiMon. 


[It  is  sometimes. used,  in  a  good  sense,  for  Fnu- 


OAL.l 

AR-SI-M 


PAR-Sl-M6'NI-OUS-T,Y,  adv.    With  a  very  sparing 

uso  of  money  ;  covetously. 
PAR-SI-.MO'.NI-OUS-NESS,  71.    A  ver)-  sparing  use  of 

money,  or  a  dispositiim  to  save  expense. 
PAR'SI-.MO-.NY,  71.  [L.  paraimnnia,  from  parcitv,  sav- 
ing ;  literally,  close.  Parens  seems  to  be  from  the 
root  of  Ihe  (!.  I),  bergrn.  Sax.  beorgan,  to  save  or 
keep,  Eng.  park.  So  in  Riiss.  bcregu  is  to  keep  or 
save,  whence  berejlivei,  parsimonious.  And  this 
seems  to  be  the  root  u{  burg,  a  borough,  originally 
a  fortified  hill  or  castle.] 

Closeness  or  sparingne.ss  in  the  use  or  expenditure 
of  money  ;  sometimes  used,  perh.aps,  in  a  good  sense, 
implying  due  or  justifiable  caution  in  expenditure,  in 
which  sense  it  differs  lillle  from  Frurality  and 
Economy.  More  generally,  it  denotes  an  excessive 
caution  or  closeness;  in  which  case,  it  is  allied  to 
CovETousNKss,  bill  it  implies  less  meanness  than 
NincARDLiNEss.  It  generally  implies  some  want  of 
honorable  liberality. 

The  wavB  to  riirich  are  many  ;  parBimony  is  one  of  Che  beat,  and 
yot  is  not  innocent,  for  it  willilioliitth  men  Iroin  works  of  Iil>. 
cnilily.  Bacon. 

P.XKS'ING,  ppr.  Resolving  a  sentence  into  its  ele- 
ments. 

PARS'ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  resolving  u  sentence 
into  its  elements, 

PARS'I.EY,  71,  [Fr,  persil ;  Sp.  pereiil :  Port,  perrezil ; 
ll.  pctroselino,  coTr\i]tled  to  petroseniolo  ;  Sax.  petersc- 
ligc ;  G.  prtrrsilie  ;  U.  pietersclie  ;  Sw.  persdia  ;  Dan. 
petcrsiUe,  pcrsille  ;  \r.  peirsil ;  W.perllysi  h.  petroscl- 
inon;  Gr.  trcrpoceXivof  ;  TTcrpof,  a  stone,  and  (7'  Ai- 
voi',  parsley  ;  stone-parsley,  a  plant  growing  among 
rocks.] 

A  plant  of  Ihe  genus  Pelroscliiiiim.  The  leaves  of 
parsley  are  used  in  cookery,  and  the  root  is  an  aperi- 
ent medicine. 

PARS'NEP,  71.    [The  last  syllable  of  this  word  is  the 

Sax.  lurpe,  L.  rtapus,  which  occurs  also  in  turnip.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Pastinaca.    The  root  of  the 

garden  parsuep  is  deeiiiiMl  a  valuable  esculent. 
PAR'S  ON,  (p.ir'sn,)  71.    [G.  ;i/urr/irrr,  ;i/arrrr,  lord  of 

the  pfarre,  benefice  or  living.  I  know  not  from  what 

root  pfarre  is  derived.    See  Parish.] 

1.  The  priest  of  a  parish  or  ecclesia-^tical  society  ; 
the  rector  or  incumbent  of  a  parish,  who  has  the  pa- 
rochial charge  or  cure  of  souls.  It  is  used  in  this 
sense  by  all  tienomiiiations  of  Christians  ;  but  among 
Independents  or  Congrcgationalists  it  is  merely  acol- 
Io(]uiaI  word. 

2.  A  clergyman  ;  a  man  that  is  in  orders,  or  has 
been  licensed  to  preach.  Shak. 

In  EniffcA/oK),  four  requisites  arc  necessary  to  con- 
stitute a  parson  ;  viz.,  holy  orders,  presentation,  insti- 
tution, and  induction.  Brande. 

PAR'SON-.\GE,  71,  In  jJmmca,  the  glebe  and  house 
belonaing  to  a  parish  or  ecclesiastical  society,  and  ap- 
propriated to  the  maintenance  of  the  incumbent  or 
settled  pastor  of  a  church. 

2.  In  Enaland,  the  benefice  of  a  parisli,  or  the  house 
appropriated  to  the  residence  of  the  incumbent. 

Addi.-ion.  Oray. 

PAR-SON'ie-AL-LY,  in  Chesterfield,  is  not  an  au- 
thorized word. 

PART,  71.  [  L.  pars,  parli.i ,  Fr.  part ;  Sp.  It.  par« ;  W 
parlh  ;  from  or  mB,  or  ilD,  which,  in  the  She 
mitic  languages,  signify,  to  separate,  to  break.] 

1.  A  portion,  piece,  or  fragment,  separated  from 
a  whole  thing ;  as,  to  divide  an  orange  into  five 

pai-ta". 

2.  A  portion  or  quantity  of  a  thing  not  separated 
in  fact,  but  considered  or  mentioned  by  itself.  In 
what  part  of  England  is  Oxford  situated .'  So  we 
say,  tile  up|H'r  part,  or  lower  part,  the  fore  part,  a 
rem(7lo  part,  a  small  part,  or  a  great  part. 

The  people  alooti  at  llic  nrlhcr  pari  of  the  inuui^.  —  Ex.  xix. 

3.  .\  portion  of  number,  separated  or  considered 
by  it.'self ;  as,  a  part  of  the  nation  or  congregation. 

4.  A  portion  or  component  particle  ;  as,  the  com- 
ponent pari.*  of  a  fo,ssil  or  metal. 

5.  A  ixirtion  of  man  ;  lus,  the  material  part  or  body, 
or  the  intellectual  part,  the  soul  or  understanding ; 
the  perishable  port ;  the  immortal  part 

6.  A  member. 

All  the  rwrls  were  formeil  in  his  mind  into  one  harmoitions  body. 

Locke. 

7.  Particular  division  ;  distinct  species  or  sort  be- 
longing to  a  whole  ;  as,  all  the  part*  of  domestic 
business,  or  of  a  manufacture. 

8.  In:redient  in  a  mingled  mass;  a  portion  in  a 
compound. 

9.  That  which  falls  to  each  in  division ;  share  ;  as, 
let  me  bear  my  part  of  the  danger.  Dryden. 

10.  Proportional  quantity  ;  as,  four  partj  of  lime 
with  three  of  sand. 

11.  Share;  concern  ;  interest. 

Shcha  s^iid.  We  h.»»e  no  pan  in  D  iviM.  —  2  Sam.  xx. 

12.  Side  ;  party  ;  interest ;  faction. 

And  make  who!--  kingiloms  take  her  bro  n.  i*«  part.  ir<i.V«r. 

13.  Something  relating  or  belonging  to  ;  that  which 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tINITE.  — A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PAR 


PAR 


FAR 


concerns ;  as,  for  your  part ;  for  his  part ;  for  her 
parL 

For  my  part  I  have  no  servile  end  in  my  labor.  WoKon. 

14.  Share  of  labor,  action,  or  influence ;  particular 
office  or  business. 

Accnse  not  Nature  ;  she  hath  done  her  part ; 

bo  tliou  btit  tliiiie.  Milton. 

15.  Character  appropriated  in  a  play.  The  parts  of 
the  comedy  were  judiciously  cast  and  admirably  per- 
formed. 

16.  In  music,  one  of  the  divisions  which  make  up 
the  harmony  or  tune,  as  the  treble,  base,  tenor,  &c. 

17.  Action  ;  conduct.  Shak. 

18.  In  mathematics,  such  a  portion  of  any  quantity, 
as,  when  taken  a  certain  number  of  times,  will  exact- 
ly make  that  quantity.  Thus  3  is  a  part  of  12.  It  is 
the  opposite  of  AU-ltiple. 

Parts ;  in  tlie  plural,  qualities ;  powers ;  faculties  ; 
accom|)lishnients. 

Such  licentious  parts  tend  for  tlie  most  part  to  the  hurt  of  the 
En^hsh.  Spenser, 

Parts,  applied  to  place,  signifies  quarters,  regions, 
districts. 

When  he  had  gone  over  those  parte,  and  had  given  them  much 

exhortation,  he  came  into  Grpece.  —  Acts  xx. 
All  parts  resound  with  tumults,  pLuuts,  and  fears,  Dryden, 

In  general,  parts  is  used  fur  excellent  or  superior 
endowments,  or  more  than  ordinarj'  talents.  This 
is  what  we  understand  by  the  phrase  a  man  of 
parts. 

In  good  part :  as  well  done  ;  favorably  ;  acceptably  ; 
in  a  friendly  manner;  not  in  displeasure. 

God  accepteth  it  in  good  part  at  Uie  hands  of  faithful  man. 

JJooker. 

In  ill  part ;  as  ill  done  ;  unfavorably ;  with  dis- 
pleasure. 

For  the  most  part ;  commonly  ;  oftener  than  other- 
wise. Heijlin. 

In  part ;  in  some  degree  or  extent :  partly. 

Logical  part ;  among  schoolmen,  a  division  of  some 
universal  as  its  whole  ;  in  which  sense,  species  are 
parts  of  a  genus,  and  individuals  are  parts  of  a  spe- 
cies. Encyc. 

Physical  parts,  are  of  two  kinds,  homogeneous  and 
heterogeneous  :  the  first  is  of  the  same  denomination  ; 
the  second  of  different  ones. 

Mijuot  part,  is  such  a  part  of  a  number  or  quantity 
as  is  contained  in  it  a  certain  number  of  times,  with- 
out a  remainder.    Thus  6  is  an  aliquot  part  of  24. 

Aliquant  part,  is  a  part  of  a  number  or  quantity 
which  will  not  exactly  divide  it ;  as,  5  is  an  aliquant 
part  of  17.  Barlow. 

Part  of  speech ;  in  grammar,  a  sort  or  class  of  words 
of  a  particular  character.  Thus  the  noun  is  a  part  of 
speech  denoting  the  names  of  things,  or  those  vocal 
sounds  whirh  usage  has  alttrhed  to  things.  The 
verb  is  a.  part  of  speech  e-ipressing  motion,  action,  or 
being. 

PART,  K.  t.    [L.  partio  ;  Fr.  parlir;  W.  parthu.] 

1.  To  divide,  to  separate,  or  break  ;  to  sever  into 
two  or  more  pieces.  * 

2.  To  diviiie  into  sha»s  ;  to  distribute.    Acts  ii. 

3.  To  separate  or  disunite,  as  things  w  Inch  are  near 
each  other.    Huth  i. 

4.  To  keep  asunder ;  to  separate.  .\  narrow  sea 
parts  England  from  France. 

5.  To  separate,  as  combatants.  Night  parted  the 
armies. 

6.  To  secern  ;  to  secrete. 

Tlie  livf^r  minds  his  own  afl".»ir, 

And  parts  and  fttnuiis  lite  vital  Juices.  Prior. 

7.  In  sea7nen^s  language,  to  break ;  as,  the  ship 
parted  her  cables. 

8.  To  separate  metals. 

PART,  V.  i.    To  be  separated,  removed,  or  detached. 
Pewerfol  h-^nds  will  not  part 
E.^sif^  from  possession  won  witli  arms.  Milton. 

2.  To  quit  each  other. 

He  wrnn^  Bauanio'i  hand,  nnd  so  they  parted.  ShaJc. 
X  To  take  or  bid  farewell.  Steift. 

4.  To  have  a  share. 

Tli<-y  shall  part  alike.  —  1  Sam.  xxx. 

5.  [Fr.  partir.]    To  go  away  ;  to  depart. 

Thv  father 

KmbraoHl  me,  parting  for  th*  Etriiriitn  land.  Dryden. 
C.  To  break  ;  to  be  torn  asunder.   The  cable  parted. 
To  part  with ;  to  quit ;  to  resign  ;  to  lose ;  to  be 
separated  from  ;  as,  to  part  witA  near  friends. 


t>lii,  tir  thy  sakv,  I  part 

U'itA  oil  that  gnrw  so  n»:ar  my  heart. 


WaUer. 


PA  RT'  A-  n  I.K.    Bee  Pa  DTI  n  le. 

PART'AOK,  71.  Oiviainn ;  severance;  the  act  of  di- 
"Viding  or  nharing  ;  a  French  aord.    [Little  usriL] 

lAicke. 

PAR-TAKF,',  r.  i. ;  pret.   Pahtooe  ;  jtp,  Partakew. 
[part  and  take.] 

I.  To  lake  a  part,  portion,  or  share  In  common 
with  olherw  ;  to  have  n  share  or  part ;  to  pnrtit-ipate  ; 
usually  followed  by  of,  sonietlmes  less  prnjK-rly  by 
tn.    All  men  partake  of  the  common  bounties  of 


Providence.  Clodius  was  at  the  feast,  but  could 
not  partake  of  the  enjoyments. 

2.  To  have  something  of  the  property,  nature, 
claim,  or  right. 

The  attorney  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  partakes  partly  of  a 
judge,  and  partly  of  an  attorney-general.  Bacon, 

3.  To  be  admitted  ;  not  to  be  excluded.  Shak, 
PAR-TaKE',  V,  t.    To  have  a  part  in ;  to  share. 

My  royal  father  lives  ; 
Let  every  one  partake  tlie  general  joy.  Dryden. 
[This  is  probably  elliptical,  of  being  omitted.] 
2.  To  admit  to  a  part.    [J\'"u£  used.]  Shak, 
?KR-TaK'ES,  pp.    Shared  with  others  ;  participated. 
PAR-TAK'ER,  re.    One  who  has  or  t.ikes  a  part,  share, 
or  portion,  in  common  with  others  ;  a  sharer;  a  par- 
ticipator ;  usually  followed  by  of. 

If  tlie  Gentiles  have  been  made  partakers  of  their  spiritual  things. 
—  Rum.  XV. 

Sometimes  followed  by  iru 

Wish  me  partaker  in  thy  happiness,  SJtak. 
If  we  had  b  -en  in  llie  days  of  our  fathers,  we  would  not  have 

been  partakers  with  them  in  the  blood  of  the  prophets. — 

Mau,  xxiii, 

2.  An  accomplice ;  an  associate. 

When  thou  sawest  a  thief,  thou  conscntedst  with  hint,  and  hast 
been  partaker  with  adulterers,  — Ps.  1. 

PAR-TaK'IXG,  ppr.  Sharing  with  others  ;  partici- 
pating, 

PAR-TaK'ING,  ji-  An  associating;  combination  in 
an  evil  design.  Hale. 

P.KRT'ED, ;)/).  or  a.    Separated;  divided;  severed. 

P.jlKT'ER,  Ji.    One  that  parts  or  separates.  [Sidney, 

PAR-TERRE',  (par-tar',)  ;i.  [Fr.]  In  gardening,  a 
system  of  beds  of  different  shapes  and  sizes,  in 
which  flowers  are  cultivated,  connected  together, 
with  inter\'ening  spaces  of  gravel  or  turf  fur  walk- 
ing on.  Brande, 
a.  The  pit  of  a  theater.  Brande, 

PAR-THEX'ie,  a,    [Gr.  -andevm;,'] 

Pertaining  to  the  Spartan  Partheniae  or  sons  of 
vircins. 

PAR'THE-NON,  n.    [Gr.  TrapB'vnc,  a  virgin,] 

A  celebraletl  temple  of  Minerva,  at  Athens  in 
Greece. 

PAR'TIAL,  (par'shal,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pars ;  It.  par- 
liale,] 

1.  Biased  to  one  party  ;  inclined  to  f  ivor  one  party 
in  a  cause,  or  one  side  of  a  question,  more  than  the 
other;  not  indifferent.  It  is  important  to  justice 
that  a  judge  should  not  be  partial. 

Self-love  will  make  men  partial  to  themselves  and  friends. 

Locke. 

2.  Inclined  to  favor  without  reason.  Authors  are 
partial  to  their  wit,  and  critics  to  their  judgment. 

3.  Affecting  a  part  only  ;  not  general  or  universal ; 
not  total.  It  has  been  much  disputed  whether  the 
deluge  was  partial  or  total. 

All  partial  evil,  universal  good.  Pope. 

4.  More  strongly  inclined  to  one  thing  than  to 
others.  [Colloquial,] 

5.  \n  botany,  subordinate;  applied  to  subdivisions; 
as,  a  partial  umbel  or  umliellule  ;  a  partial  peduncle. 
A  partial  involucre  is  placed  at  the  foot  of  a  partial 
umbel. 

PAU'TIAL-IST,  71.    One  who  is  partial.  [Unusual.] 

Bp.  .Morton. 

9.  One  who  holds  that  the  atonement  was  inade 
onlv  for  a  part  of  mankind,  i.  e.,  the  elect,  Murdock. 
PAR-TIAL'l-TY,  (par-shal'e-te,)  n.  Inclination  to 
favor  one  party  or  one  side  of  a  question  more  than 
the  other;  an  undue  bias  of  mind  toward  one 
party  or  side,  which  is  apt  to  warp  the  judgment, 
/"urtio/ify  springs  from  tile  will  and  allections,  rather 
than  from  a  love  of  truth  and  justice. 

2.  A  stronger  inclination  to  one  thing  than  to  oth- 
ers ;  as,  a  partiality  (or  poetry  or  painting;  a  collo- 
quial use. 

PAR'TIAL-IZE,  c.  J.    To  render  partial.    [.Yat  used.] 

Shak. 

PAR'TIAL-LY,  adv.  With  undue  bias  of  mind  to 
one  party  or  side  ;  with  unjust  favor  or  dislike;  as, 
to  juilge  partially. 

2.  In  jiart ;  not  totally  ;  as,  the  story  may  be 
partially  true  ;  the  body  may  be  partially  affi  ctcd  with 
diseiise  ;  the  sun  and  moon  are  often  partially 
eclipsed. 

PART-I-I)IL'I-TY,  71.  [Sec  Pabtiiile.]  Su.sceptibil- 
ity  of  division,  partition,  or  severance  ;  separability  ; 
as,  the  partibilitq  of  an  iiihi  ritance. 

PAKT'I-lil.E,  a.  '  [It.  partibile,  pnrlire,  to  part,] 

Divisible  ;  scjiarable  ;  susceptible  of  .severance  or 
pariition  ;  as,  an  estate  of  inheritance  may  be  parti- 
ble. Blackstone. 

PAR'TI-CF.PS  Cnurr-mS,  [L.]  a  partaker  in  a 
crimt?  ;  an  accttmplice. 

PAR-TIC'I-PA-IILE  a.  [See  Participate.]  That 
may  hi^  iiartiripaled  or  shared.  A'orris, 

PAR-TIC'M'ANT,  n.  [.><ce  Participate.]  Sharing; 
having  a  share  or  part  ;  followed  by  of. 

The  prinf/*  nw  he  stwiuld  coiifi-r  with  ono  pardapantof  more 
tlian  moiildili  spi^iilulions,  Vi'ullon, 


PAR-TIC'I-PA.\T,  71.  A  partaker;  one  having  a 
share  or  part.  Bacon, 

PAR-TIC'I-PAXT-LY,  adv.  In  a  participating'man- 
ner. 

PAR-TIC'I-PaTE,  V,  i.  [L.  participo  ;  pars,  part,  and 
capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  partaKe ;  to  have  a  share  in  common  with 
others.  The  heart  of  sensibility  participates  in  the 
sufferings  of  a  friend.    It  is  sometimes  followed  by  of. 

He  would  participate  o/ their  wants.  Hay  ward, 

2.  To  have  part  of  more  things  than  one. 

Few  creatures  participate  of  the  nature  of  plants  and  metab 
both,  Bacon, 
PAR-TIC'1-PaTE,  V,  U    To  partake;  to  share;  to 
receive  a  part  of. 

Fellowship 
Such  as  I  seek,  fit  to  parti(ij.ate 

All  rational  delight.  Mdton, 

PAR-TIC'I-Pa-TED,  pp.    Shared  in  common  with 

others  ;  partaken. 
PAR-TlC'l-PA-TING,p;>r.    Having  a  part  or  share  ; 

partaking. 

PAR-TIC-1-Pa'TION,  7u  The  state  of  sharing  in 
common  with  others  ;  as,  a  participation  of  joys  or 
sorrows. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  receiving  or  having  part  of 
something. 

Those  deities  ai«  bo  by  parddpation,  and  subordinate  to  the 
Supreme.  StUlingJIeet. 

3,  Distribution  ;  division  into  shares.  Ralrah. 
PAR-TIC'I-P.\-TIVE,  a.  Capable  of  participating. 
PAR-TIC'I-Pa-TOR,  n.     One  who  partakes  with 

another.  - 

PaR-TI-CIP'I-AL,  a.  [L.  participialis.  See  Parti- 
ciple.] 

1.  Haring  the  nature  and  use  of  a  participle. 

2.  Formed  from  a  participle  ;  as,  a  participial  noun. 
PAR-TI-CIP'I-AL-LY,  adu.   In  the  sense  or  manner 

of  a  participle. 
PAR'TI-CI-l'LE,  71.    [L.  participium,  from  participo; 
pars,  part,  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  In  grammar,  a  word  so  called  because  it  partakes 
of  the  properties  of  a  noun  and  of  a  verb  ;  as,  hav- 
ing, making,  in  English  ;  habens,  facials,  in  Latin. 
The  English  participles  having,  making,  become 
nouns  by  prefixing  the  to  them  ;  as,  the  having  of 
property  ;  tJie  making  of  instruments.  But  all  parti- 
ciples do  not  partake  of  the  properties  of  a  noun,  as 
the  passive  participles,  for  example,  had,  made. 

Participles  sometimes  lose  the  properties  of  a  verb 
and  become  adjectives  ;  as,  willing,  in  the  phrase,  a 
willing  heart  ;  engaging,  as  engaging  manners  ;  ac- 
complished, as,  an  accomplished  orator. 

2.  Any  thing  that  participates  of  diflerent  things. 
[.Vo(  used.  ]  Bacon. 

PAR'TI-CLE,  (plr'te-kl,)  71.  [U.  particola  ;  Fr.  parti- 
cule  ;  L.  particula,  from  pars,  part.] 

1.  A  minute  part  or  portion  of  matter;  as,  :i parti- 
cle of  sand,  of  lime,  or  of  light. 

2.  In  physici,  a  minute  part  of  a  body,  an  aggrega- 
tion or  collection  of  which  constitutes  the  whole 
body  or  mass.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  in  the 
same  sense  as  atom,  in  the  ancient  Epicurean  phi- 
losophy, and  corpuscle  in  the  latter.  In  this  sense, 
particles  are  the  elements  or  constituent  parts  of 
bodies.  Encyc. 

3.  Any  very  small  portion  or  part ;  as,  he  has  not 
a  particle  of  patrititisin  or  virtue ;  he  would  not  re- 
sign a  particle  of  his  properly. 

4.  In  the  Roman  Catliolic  church,  a  cruinb  or  little 
piece  of  consecrated  bread.  Also,  the  smaller  breads 
distributed  in  the  communion  of  the  laity. 

Fitzpatrick. 

5.  In  grammar,  a  word  that  is  not  varied  or  in- 
flected, as  a  preposition. 

Organic  particles ;  very  minute  moving  bodies, 
perceptible  only  by  the  help  of  the  microscoi)e,  dis- 
coveretl  in  the  semen  of  animals.  Encyc. 
PAR-Tie'll-LAR,  a,  [Sp.  and  Port,  id.;  It.  ;«ir(,co- 
lare ;  Fr.  particalicr ;  Low  L.  particuUiris,  from  par- 
ticula,] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  single  person  or  thing  ;  not  gen- 
eral ;  as,  this  remark  has  a  particular  application. 

2.  Individii.al ;  noting  or  (Icsignating  n  single  thing 
by  way  of  distinction.  Each  plant  has  its  jwriicttlar 
nutriment ;  most  |R>rsons  have  a  particular  trait  of 
character  ;  he  alludes  to  a  particular  person, 

3.  Noting  some  properly  or  thing  jieculiar. 

Of  this  prince  there  is  little  jtarUcutar  meinory.  Bacon. 

4.  Attentive  to  things  single  or  distinct;  ininiiti:. 
I  have  been  particular  in  examining  the  reiusons  of 
this  law. 

5.  Single  ;  not  general. 

li.  Odd  ;  singular;  having  something  that  emi- 
nently distinguishes  one  from  others. 

7.  Singularly  nit:e  in  taste  ;  as,  a  man  very  partic- 
ular in  his  diet  or  dress. 

8.  Special :  more  than  ordinar}'.  He  has  brought 
no  particular  news. 

9.  Containing  a  part  only  ;  as,  a  particular  estate, 
precedent  to  llie  estate  in  remainder.  Blackstone, 

in.  Iltililing  a  particular  estate  ;  as,  n  particular 
tenant,  Blackstone. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK,— 

Son  ■  ~ 


PAR 

II.  In  Iheoloiry,  lliis  term  wns  fnriiierly  used  in 
rt'fi'rence  to  tlio  I'iirticiil;irisls,  or  tliiisc  who  lu  ld  tlie 
doctrine  of  particular  election,  &.C.,  and  is  still  re- 
tained in  the  n|ipullatiun  Pai  ticutur  itaptists. 

Brands. 

PXK-Tie'll-LAR,  n.  A  single  instance;  a  single 
point. 

1  must  reserve  Boine  parUcular$,  which  it  i*  not  I.iwfiil  for  nio 
to  n^vciil.  Damn. 

2.  A  distinct,  separate,  or  minute  part ;  as,  lie  told 
me  all  the  parliculars  of  the  story.  Mdi.wn. 
An  individual  ;  a  private  person.  VKstranac. 

4.  Private  interest ;  as,  they  apply  their  minds  to 
those  branches  of  public  prayer,  wherein  their  own 
par/icidar  is  m(»ved.    [JVot  in  usf.]  Iluoker. 

5.  Private  character;  state  of  an  individual. 
Por  hia  porticiitar,  I  will  receive  him  gUdly.    \Not  in  utr.\ 

.Shtdc. 

C.  A  minute  detail  of  things  singly  enumerated. 
The  mailer  hnii  a  jmrticulnr  of  the  bouka  wherein  this  law  waa 
wrilten.    [.Vol  in  usi.\  AyliJ'e. 

In  particular :  specially ;  peculiarly ;  distinctly. 

Tliis,  in  particufar^  happena  to  tlie  lungs.  B!acki7tore, 

PXR-Tie'tJ-LAR-IS.M,  n.  Tlic  doctrine  of  particular 
election.  Xlvrdnch. 

PAR-Tie'U-I.AR-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  the  doc- 
trine of  God's  particular  decrees  of  salvation  and 
reprobaticm. 

PXR-Tie-q-LAR'I  TY,  n.  Distinct  notice  or  specifi- 
cation of  particulars. 

tveii  desceiuliug  to  parlicularititt,  wh>it  kingdoms  hf  s'tould 
overcome.  Siilttey. 

2.  Singleness  ;  individuality  ;  sinj-'le  act ;  single 
case.  Hooker. 

3.  Petty  account ;  minute  incident. 

To  ace  the  titl'^a  Ihiil  wen*  most  agreeable  to  aucli  an  emperor  — 
with  the  like  particit[<u-itie».  Addidon. 

4.  Something  belonging  to  single  persons.  SItalc. 

5.  Something  peculiar  or  singular. 


I  I 


iw  an  old  heathen  alLir  with  this  ;«rfieu/on(w,  tli  »t  it  w; 
holioweil  like  a  diah  at  one  end,  but  not  the  end  on  wliich  tlie 


He  related  the  story  with 


aicrilice  was  laid. 

6.  Minuteness  in  detail 
great  particulitrittf, 
PXR-Tie-U-LAR-'I-ZA'TION,  ii.    The  act  of  particu- 
larizing. 

PXR-TIC'tJ-LAU-IZE,  r.  t.  To  mention  distinctly  or 
hi  particulars  ;  to  enumerate  or  specify  in  detail. 

He  not  only  boasts  ol"  his  parental'  as  an  Iar.U-'lile,  b\it  pardcii- 
larizea  his  descent  (Voni  Benjamin,  AtUrbury. 

PXR-Tie'lT-LAR-IZE,  r.  i.  To  be  iittcntive  to  single 
things.  Ilerhi-rl. 

PXR-Tie  IJ-LAR-IZ-Kn,  piK    Enumerated  in  d.  tail. 

PXR-Tie'i;-I.AR-IZ-I.\G,  ppr.  Specifying  minutely 
or  ill  detail. 

P.\K-Tie'q-LAR-LY,  o</o.    Distinctly;  singly. 

South. 

2.  In  an  especial  manner. 

This  exact  pi^priety  of  Virgil  1  pardcularly  regarded  na  a  groat 
part  of  his  character.  Drydnn. 

PXR-TICrr-L.^TE,  to  mention,  is  not  in  use. 
PA  RT'ING,  p;ir.    [horn  part.]    Dividing  ;  separating ; 
breaking  in  pieci  s. 

2.  a.  Given  at  separation  ;  as,  a  parting  kiss  or 
look. 

3.  Departing  ;  declining  ;  as,  the  parting  day. 

Pope. 

PXRT'IN'G,  n.    Division  ;  separation.    Ezek.  x\i. 

•2.  In  chemLitrtj,  an  operation  or  process  by  which 
gold  and  silver  are  separatetl  from  each  other.  Urc. 

3.  In  seanien^s  tan^iutgey  the  breaking  of  a  cable 
hv  violence. 
PXil'TI-SA.V,  n.    [Fr.,  from  parti,  partir.] 

1.  .An  adherent  to  a  party  or  faction.  Addison. 

2.  In  war,  the  commander  of  a  corps  ttf  light 
troops  designed  to  surprise  the  enemy,  and  carry  on 
a  desultory  warfare. 

3.  By  lony  o/rfistinction,  a  person  able  in  command- 
ing a  party,  or  dextrous  in  obtaining  intelligence,  in- 
tercepting convoys,  or  otherwise  annoying  an  enemy. 

4.  A  commander's  leading  staff".  Ainswnrth. 

5.  A  kind  of  halberd.  [Kr.  pcrtuisane;  lU  partigi- 
ano.l 

PXR'TI-SAN,  a.  Denoting  those  engaged  in  irregular 
warfare  on  outposts  ;  as,  a  partisan  otflcer  or  corps. 

PXR'TI-SA.\-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  partisans ; 
adherence  to  a  party. 

PXR'TTTE,  a.  [L.  partitus,  from  partis,  to  divide. 
See  Part.] 

In  botany,  divided  nearly  to  the  base.  A  partite 
leaf  is  a  simple  leaf  separated  down  nearly  to  the 
l>ase.  Lindleo.  Lee. 

PX  R-TI"TION,  (-tish'un,)  n.  [L.  partilio,  from  parlio, 
to  divide.] 

1.  The  act  of  dividing,  or  state  of  being  divided. 

2.  Division  ;  separation  ;  distinction. 

And  good  from  bad  find  no  partition.  Stiak. 

3.  Separate  part;  sis,  lodged  in  a  small  partition. 
,  „  Mdton. 

4.  That  by  which  dilTerent  parts  are  separated  ;  as, 
a  partition  of  wood  or  stone  in  a  building. 


PAR 

5.  Part  wliure  separation  is  made. 

No  higlit  ro'ild  pass 
Betwixt  the  nice  parlilionn  of  the  gnuia.  Dryden. 
C.  Division  of  an  estate  into  severalty,  which  is 
done  by  deed  (jf  partition.  Blackstone. 
PXKTl"TIO.\,  ».  t.    To  ilivide  Into  distinct  parts; 
as,  to  partition  the  floor  of  a  house. 

2.  To  divide  into  shares  ;  as,  to  partition  an  estate. 
PXR-T1"T10N-KI),  (par-tish'und,)  pp.    Divided  into 

distinct  parts  t)r  shares. 
P.\ R-'I'I"TI()N-IN'C,   ppr.      Dividing  into  distinct 
parts. 

I'XR'TI-TIVE,  a.  In  (p-ammar,  distributive;  as,  a 
noun  partitive.    It  is  often  used  as  a  noun. 

PXR'Tl-'I'l  VE-LY,  ado.  In  a  partitive  inaiiner  ;  dis- 
tribiitivily.  Lilltj. 

PART' LET,  71.  [frtmi  ;i<irf.]  A  rufT;  a  band  or  col- 
lar for  the  neck,  formerly  worn  by  women  ;  so  called 
because  it  was  the  parting  between  the  lieail-dress 
nntl  body-dress.    [Ot'^-J  //"'/■  Smart. 

2.  A  hen  ;  so  calleil  Iroin  the  ruflling  of  her  feath- 
ers.   [04s.]  Shuk.  Smart. 

PXRT'LY,  aril).  In  part ;  in  some  ine;isure  or  degree  ; 
not  wholly. 

P.\RT'i\ER,  n.  [from  part.]  One  who  partakes  or 
shares  with  another;  a  partaker;  an  associate;  as, 
she  is  the  partner  of  my  life,  of  iny  joys,  of  my 
griefs. 

Those  of  the  race  of  Sliein  were  no  pa  inert  in  the  unh'-Iieving 
work  of  the  tower.  ttiUcgh. 

9.  An  associate  in  any  business  or  occupation  ;  a 
joint  owner  of  stock  or  capital,  employed  in  coni- 
inercc,  manufactures,  or  other  business.  Men  are 
sometimes  partners  in  a  single  voyage  or  adventure, 
sometimes  in  a  firm  or  stantling  company. 

3.  One  who  dances  with  another,  either  male  or 
female,  as  in  a  contra  dance. 

4.  A  husband  or  wile. 

PXRT'NER,  I'.  /.  To  join;  to  associate  with  a  part- 
ner.   [Little  jised.]  Sliak. 

PXRT'NERS,  71.  In  a  skip,  a  framcwi.rk  of  short 
timber  fitted  to  the  hole  in  a  deck,  to  receive  the 
heel  of  a  mast  or  pump,  &c.  H.  Jf.  Dana,  Jr. 

PART'^iER-SlIIP,  71.  'i'he  associatitin  of  two  or  more 
persons  for  the  purpose  of  undertaking  and  prose- 
cuting any  business,  particularly  trade  or  manufac- 
tures, at  their  joint  e.\pense.  In  this  case,  the  con- 
nectitm  is  formed  by  contract ;  each  partner  furnishing 
a  part  of  the  capital  stock,  and  being  entitled  to  a 
proportional  share  of  profit,  or  subject  to  a  propor- 
tional share  of  loss  ;  or  one  or  more  of  the  partners 
may  fiiriiisli  money  or  stock,  and  the  titlier  or  others 
contribute  their  services.  The  duratiim  of  the  part- 
nership may  be  limited  by  the  ctintract,  tir  it  may  be 
left  indefinite,  subject  to  bo  dissolvetl  Uy  mutual 
agreement.  A  partnership  or  association  of  this  kind 
is  a  standing  or  permanent  company,  and  is  denom- 
inated a  Jirni  or  house.  \Vc  say,  A  and  H  entered 
into  parf//rr.</j(;;  for  the  importation  and  sale  of  goods, 
or  for  manufacturing  cotton  or  glass. 

Partnerships  may  be  and  usually  are  associations 
of  private  persons,  not  incorporated.  In  other  cases, 
the  company  is  incorporated.  Ranking  companies, 
in  the  United  States,  are  usually  incorporated,  and 
are  essentially  partnerships,  but  do  not  bear  that 
name.  Manufacturing  companies  arc  also  frefpicntly 
incorporated. 
2.  Joint  interest  or  property.  Dnjdrn. 

PXR-TOOK',  pret.  of  Partare. 

PAR'Till'DGE,  71.  [Fr.  perdrii;  U.  peniice  ;  prr- 
diz ;  I,,  prrdix  ;  Gr.  ;t£,'J(  J  ;  D.  pafrijs  ;  Ir.  patri.^tr,] 

A  vague,  popular  name  of  a  consitlerable  niiiiilier 
of  species  of  gallinaceous  birds  of  the  tetraonid 
tribe,  some  of  which  belong  to  the  genus  Perdix, 
some  to  Aliagis,  some  to  Orlyx,  stinie  to  Tetrao,  &.C. 
Within  small  sections  of  country,  even  in  New  Eng- 
land, this  name  is  differently  and  variously  applied, 
so  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  exactly  to  wliat  bird  it 
properly  belongs. 
PXR'TRinC;E-\VOOD,77.  A  variegated  tropical  wood, 
much  esteemed  in  England  for  cabinet  work.  P.  Cyc. 
PARTS,  71.  pi.    Faculties;  talents;  mental  powers; 
often,  uncommon  powers  of  mind. 
2.  Jlptilied  to  place,  regitui  ;  district  of  country. 
PAR-TO'RI-aTE,  r.  i.     [L.  parturio,  from  partus, 
birth,  from  pario,  to  bear.\ 

To  bring  forth  young.    [Little  itsrrf.] 
PXR-TO'RI-l'..\T,  a.    [I,,  parturiens.^ 

Bringing  forth,  or  about  to  bring  (tirth  young. 
PXR-TU-Rr'TIO.N,  (  risli'uii,)  „.    [I,.  parfiinV.] 

The  act  of  bringing  forth,  or  being  delivered  of 
young.  Encye. 
PAR'TY,  II.    [Fr.  partie,  from  L.  pars.    See  Part.] 

1.  A  numhi-r  of  persons  united  in  opinion  or  de- 
sign, in  opposition  to  others  in  the  community.  It 
differs  from  F  .ctiom,  in  implying  a  less  dishonorable 
a.ssociation,  or  more  justifiable  designs.  Parties  ex\sl 
in  all  governments  ;  and  free  governments  arc  the 
hot-hi  ds  of  party.  The  political  parties  in  England 
are  called  ifAij-v  and  torics, 

2.  On>-  of  two  litigants  ;  tlie  plaintiff  or  defendant 
in  a  lawsuit. 

The  canse  of  botii  partita  kIiaII  come  before  the  Judgea.  —  Ex. 


PAH 

3.  One  concerned  or  interested  in  an  affair.  Thia 
man  was  not  a  party  to  the  trespass  or  affray.  He  ik 
not  a  party  to  the  contract  or  agreement. 

4.  Side  ;  pirrsons  engaged  against  each  other. 

The  peace  both  partitt  want  la  like  to  last.  Dryrlen. 
Small  parlies  make  up  in  diligence  wtiai  tliej  want  in  iiiiin(>>ra. 

Joltnson. 

5.  Cause ;  side. 

Alijle  came  in  to  make  their  parly  good.  Dryd*n. 

6.  A  select  company  invited  to  an  entertainment; 
as,  a  dining  party ;  a  tea  party  ;  an  evening  party. 

7.  A  company  inaiie  up  for  a  given  occasion  ;  as,  a 
riding  par^y ;  a  fishing  part^. 

8.  A  single  person  distinct  from  or  opposed  to  an- 
otlier. 

If  the  ]ury  fonnd  that  tlio  party  alain  waa  of  Knglish  mce,  it  hul 
Iwcn  adjudgvd  lelony.  Daoiet. 

9.  In  military  affairs,  a  detachment  or  small  num- 
ber of  troops  sent  on  a  particular  duty,  as  to  inter- 
cept the  enemy's  convoy,  to  reconnoiter,  to  seek 
forage,  to  Hank  the  enemy,  itc. 

Party  is  used  to  (pialify  other  words,  and  may  be 
considered  either  as  part  of  a  coin|)ouiid  word,  or  as 
an  adjective;  as,  party  man,  party  rage,  parfy  dis- 
putes, &c. 

PXR'TY-eOL'OR-£D,  (  kul'lurd,)  a.  Having  divers 
colors  ;  as,  a  party-colored  flower. 

PAH'TY-FEi\L'K-WALI/,  n.  A  wall  separating  tllC 
vacant  ground  in  one  occupation  from  that  in  an- 
other. Oirilf. 

PAR'TY-IS^I,  71.    Devotion  to  party.  [JVew.] 

PXR'TY-.irt-RY,  71.  A  jury  consisting  of  half  natives 
antl  half  foreigners. 

PXR'TY-MAN,  71.  One  of  a  party;  usually  a  factious 
man  ;  a  man  of  violent  party  principles;  an  abettor 
of  a  party. 

PAR'TY-SPIR'IT,  n.  The  spirit  that  supports  a 
party. 

PXR'  i'Y-WALIj,  71.  A  wall  tliat  separates  one  house 
from  the  next.  jVoion. 

PA-RO'LIS,  71.    A  gum  boil.  Brandr. 

PAR'VE-.N'u',  71.  [Fr.]  An  upstart,  or  one  newly 
risen  into  notice. 

PAR'VIS,  71.  [Fr.]  A  church  porch  ;  also,  a  room 
over  the  church  porch  for  a  school,  &c.  [JVol  used.] 
Cluiuccr.  Owilt. 

PXR'VI-TUDE,  )  ...  , 

PAR'Vl-TV        i  "■    Littleness.    [JVot  used.] 

PAS,  (pi,)  «'.    [Fr.  pas,  a  step.] 

1.  .-^tep. 

2.  Right  of  going  foremost;  precedence.  [JV'of 
used.]  Arbuthnot. 

P.\seil,  (pask,)  71.    [Gr.  Tvacxa.]    The  passover  ;  the 

feast  of  I'iaster. 
P.AS'CIIAL,  (pas'kal,)  a.     [L.  pascha ;  Gr.  traaxn; 
from  til.-  lleb.] 

Pertaining  to  the  passov^T,  or  to  Easter. 
Paschal  fiower.    See  Pashue  Flower. 
P.A!^€H'-EGG,  (pask'egg,)  n.    An  eL'g  stained  and 
present,  d  to  voung  persons,  about  the  time  of  Easier, 
PA.seH'-FLO\V-ER.    Sec  Pas.iue  Flower. 
PASII,  71.    [Sp.  /,;:,  L.  fades,  face.] 

1.  .\  face.    [A'l/t  used.]  Ilanmer. 
.\  blow.    [.Vut  used.] 
P.A.SII,  f.  (.    To  strike  ;  to -strike  down.    [JVol  used.] 
^  ^  Dryden, 

PA-SIIAW,  71.    [Pcrs.  Lib  pashaw.] 

In  the  Turkish  dominions,  a  viceroy,  governor,  or 
commander  ;  a  b.asliaw.  Castle.  Kalon. 

PA-SIIAW'UC,  II.    The  jurisdiction  of  a  pasliaw. 
PA-SIG'RA-PHV,  71.    [Gr.  7ru$,  and  ) /ja.pr,.] 

A  system  of  universal  writing,  or  a  manner  of 
writing  that  may  be  understood  and  used  by  all  na- 
tions. '  Good. 
PASQUE'-FI.OW-ER,  (p,ask'floiv-er,)  n.  A  flower,  a 
species  of  Anemone,  Anemone  Pulsatilla,  growing 
ill  Europe,  and  usually  flowering  about  Easter. 

P.  Cyc. 

PAS'OUIL,  (pas'kwil,)  ti.  and  c.  t.  Sometimes  used 
for  Pasqcin. 

PAS'aUIL-AN'T,  n.    A  lampooner.  Coleridge. 

P.\S'ai'Ib-ER,  71.    A  lampooner.  Burton. 

PAS'UL'I.N',  71.  .\  mutilated  statue  at  Rome,  in  a  cor- 
ner of  the  palace  of  Ursini,  so  called  from  a  cobbler 
of  that  name  who  was  remarkable  for  his  sneers  and 
gibes,  and  near  whose  shop  the  statue  was  dug  up. 
On  this  statue  it  has  been  customary  to  paste  satiric 
papers.    Hence,  a  lampoon.  Kncyc.  .tmer. 

P.A.'^'tifJIiV,  (  V.  t.    To  lampoon  ;  to  satirize. 

PAS-(1UI.N-.aDE',  j  Burton. 

PAS-ftUIN-ADE',  71.    A  lampoon  or  satirical  writing. 

Toiler. 

PASS,  V.  i.  [Fr.  passer,  IL  passare,  Sp.  pasar.  Port, 
passar,  to  pass  ;  G.  pass,  tit,  which  is  the  Eng.  pat, 
and  as  a  noun,  a  pa.<,>,  a  defile,  an  ambling,  pace  ; 
passcn,  to  be  fit,  to  suit ;  D.  pas,  a  pace,  a  step,  a  pa^, 
a  pass.ige,  a  defile,  time,  season  ;  I'aTi  pas,  fit,  con- 
venient, pat  in  time  ;  passen,  to  fit,  to  try,  to  mind, 
tend,  or  wait  on,  to  make  ready,  to  pass ;  Dan.  pas,  a 
pass  or  pa.<sport,  a  mode  or  medium  ;  passer,  to  be 
fit,  to  suit,  to  be  applicable  ;  pa.iserrr,  to  pa-ss,  to 
come  or  go  over  ;  Sw.  pas,<,  a  pass  or  passage,  a  pass- 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — e  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


101 


PAS 


PAS 


port ;  passa,  to  fit,  to  suit,  to  adapt,  to  become  ;  pas- 
scra,  to  pass  ;  W.  p&s,  tliat  iS,  expulsive,  that  causes 
to  pass,  a  pass,  an  exit,  a  cough,  hooping-cough  ; 
pasiav),  to  pass,  to  cause  an  exit,  to  expel  ;  Sp.  pasar, 
to  pass,  to  go  or  travel,  to  bring  or  convey,  to  pene- 
trate, to  exceed  or  surpass,  to  depart,  to  suffer,  bear, 
undergo,  (I.,  patior,  whence  pansiiin,)  to  happen  or 
come  to  pass  \  pajear,  to  walk  ;  paseo,  a  walking  ;  a 
gait;  pa.*;o,  a  pace,  a  step,  gait,  (Or.  Tzarcco  ;)  It.  pas- 
sare,  to  pass  ;  passo,  a  pace,  a  step  ;  passabile,  tolera- 
ble ;  passibile,  suffering.  \Ve  observe  that  this  word 
unites  pass,  the  L.  patior,  to  suffer,  and  peto,  competo, 
in  the  sense  of  ft.  The  Gr.  irartaj,  to  walk  or  step, 
and  Toirxa),  to  suffer,  are  from  the  same  root.  The 
word  pass  coincides  with  L.  passus,  a  step,  and  this 
is  from  pando,  to  extend  ;  n  being  casual,  the  original 
word  waspado.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  stretch,  reach, 
extend,  to  open  ;  a  pace  is  the  reach  of  the  foot,  and 
Jilness  is  from  reaching  or  coming  to,  like  convenient. 
We  learn  from  this  word  that  the  sense  of  sufferiiiir 
is  from  extending,  holding  on,  or  continuing.  See 

in  the  Introduction.  Ar.  ,Il>Ls  fata,  to  pass;  Heb. 
noB,  pero,  Ch.  yss ;  Class  Bd,  No.  45,  G4,  and  Bs  or 
Bz,  No.  52,  53,  70.] 

1.  To  move,  in  almost  any  manner ;  to  go ;  to  pro- 
ceed from  one  place  to  another.  A  man  may  pass  on 
font,  on  horseback,  or  in  a  carriage  ;  a  bird  and  a 
meteor  pass  through  the  air ;  a  ship  passes  on  or 
through  the  water  ;  light  passes  from  the  sun  to  the 
planets  ;  it  passes  from  the  sun  to  the  earth  in  about 
eight  minutes. 

2.  To  move  from  one  state  to  another  ;  to  alter  or 
change,  or  to  be  changed  in  condition  ;  as,  to  pass 
from  health  to  sickness  ;  to  pass  from  just  to  unjust. 

Temple. 

3.  To  vanish  ;  to  disappear ;  to  be  lost.  In  this 
sense,  we  usually  say,  to  pass  away. 

Beauly  is  a  charm,  but  soon  the  charm  will  pass.  Drydtn. 

4.  To  be  spent ;  to  go  on  or  away  progressively. 

The  lime  when  the  thin?  existed  is  llie  idea  of  ih.^l  space  of 
diimtion  whidi  passed  between  some  fixed  period  .and  the 
beiii^  of  th.it  thill'.  Locke. 

5.  To  die  ;  to  depart  from  life.   [Little  tttfrf.]  Shale. 

6.  To  be  in  any  state;  to  undergo;  with  under; 
as,  to  pass  under  the  rod. 

7.  To  be  enacted  ;  to  receive  the  sanction  of  a 
legislative  house  or  body  by  a  majority  of  votes. 

Neither  of  these  bills  has  yel  pasted  the  house  of  commons. 

Smfl. 

8.  To  be  current ;  to  gain  reception,  or  to  be  gen- 
erally received.  Bank  bills  pas.*  as  a  substitute  for  coin. 

False  eloquence  jMsseth  only  where  true  is  not  understood. 

Felan. 

9.  To  be  regarded  ;  to  be  received  in  opinion  or  es- 
timation. 

'I'his  will  not  pass  for  a  fault  in  him,  till  it  is  proved  to  be  one  iu 
us.  AlUrbury. 

10.  To  occur  ;  to  be  present ;  to  take  place  ;  as,  to 
notice  what  passes  in  the  mind.  Watts. 

11.  To  be  done. 

Provided  no  indirect  act  pass  ujion  uur  prayers  to  delile  them. 

Taylor. 

12.  To  determine  ;  to  give  judgment  or  sentence. 

Though  well  we  may  not  pass  upon  his  life.  SkaJc. 

13.  To  thrust ;  to  make  a  push  in  fencing  or  fight- 
ing. Shak. 

14.  Toomit ;  to  suffer  to  go  unheeded  or  neglected. 
We  saw  the  act,  hut  let  it  pass. 

15.  To  move  through  any  duct  or  opening,  as 
substances  in  the  stomach  that  will  not  pass,  nor  be 
converted  into  aliment.  Miuthnot. 

16.  To  percolate  ;  to  be  secreted,  as  juices  that 
pass  from  the  glnods  into  the  mouth. 

17.  To  be  in  a  tolerable  state. 

A  midillinsf  son  of  man  was  left  well  enough  by  hie  fiither  to 
pnss,  Cm  he  could  never  Uiiiik  he  had  enough,  so  long  as 
any  had  more.  Eslrange. 

18.  To  be  transferred  from  one  owner  to  another. 
The  land  article  patscd  by  livery  and  seizin. 

lU.  To  go  beyond  bounds.  [04k.]  For  this  we 
generally  use  Surpash.  Shah. 

20.  To  run  or  extend,  as  a  line  or  other  thing. 
The  north  limit  of  MiLsnachusetts  piu.<cj;  three  miles 
north  of  the  .Mcrrimac. 

To  come  to  pass;  to  happen  ;  to  arrive  ;  to  come  ; 
to  be  ;  Ut  exist ;  a  phrase  much  used  in  the  Scriptures. 

To  pass  away  ;  to  move  from  sight ;  to  vanish. 

2.  To  be  spent  ;  to  be  lost. 

k  fooil  part  of  th<-ir  liv.-a  passes  nxtay  without  tiunV\ng.  Loeke. 
To  pass  by  ;  to  move  near  and  beyond.    lie  passed 
hy  aj  we  Htood  in  the  road. 
To  pass  on;  to  proceird. 

To  pass  over  ;  to  go  or  move  from  side  to  side  ;  to 
croflM  ;  an,  to  pass  over  In  the  otlu-r  nidi-. 

To  pass  into;  to  unite  and  bli-iid, aw  (wn substances 
orcolom,  in  Hiirh  n  manner  that  it  in  IniptMslhlo  to 
tell  where  one  ends  and  the  o  lii'r  heginn. 
PAl^H,  r.  t.  To  g(»  bi-y4irid.  'I  lie  kuu  Iklh  passed  the 
in  -ridian.  The  young  man  has  not  passed  the  age 
of  frivoluiimiexs. 


2.  To  go  tlirough  or  over  ;  as,  to  pass  a  river. 

3.  To  spend  ;  to  live  through  ;  as,  lo  pa.ts  time  ;  to 
pass  the  night  in  revelry,  and  the  day  in  sleep. 

4.  To  cause  to  move  ;  to  send  ;  as,  to  pa.is  the 
bottle  from  one  guest  to  another  -,  to  pass  a  pauper 
from  one  town  to  another  ;  to  pass  a  rope  round  a 
yard  ;  to  pass  the  blood  from  the  right  to  the  left 
ventricle  of  the  heart.  Derham. 

5.  To  cause  to  move  hastily. 

1  had  only  time  to  pass  my  eye  over  the  medals,  which  are  in 
great  number.  Afidison. 

6.  To  transfer  from  one  owner  to  another ;  to  sell 
or  assign  ;  as,  to  pass  land  from  A  to  B  by  deed  ;  to 
pass  a  note  or  bill. 

7.  To  strain  ;  to  cause  to  percolate  ;  as,  to  pass 
wine  through  a  filter.  Bacon. 

8.  To  utter ;  to  pronounce  ;  as,  to  pass  compli- 
ments ;  to  pass  sentence  or  judgment ;  to  piu^s  cen- 
sure on  another's  works.  IVatts. 

9.  To  procure  or  cause  to  go. 

Waller  passed  over  five  thousand  horse  and  fool  by  Newbridge. 

Clarendon. 

10.  To  put  an  end  to. 

This  night 

We'll  ^xiss  Ihe  business  privately  and  well.  ShaJi. 

11.  To  omit ;  to  neglect  either  to  do  or  to  mention. 

I  pass  their  w;ulike  pomp,  their  proud  amy.  Dryden. 

12.  To  transcend  ;  to  transgress  or  go  beyond  ;  as, 
to  pass  the  bonne's  of  moderation. 

13.  To  admit ;  to  allow  ;  to  approve  and  receive 
as  valid  or  just;  as,  to  pass  an  account  at  the 
war-oHice. 

14.  To  approve  or  sanction  by  a  constitutional  or 
legal  majority  of  votes  ;  as,  the  house  of  representa- 
tives passeil  the  bill.  Hence, 

15.  To  enact  ;  to  carry  through  all  the  forms 
necessary  to  give  validity  ;  as,  the  legislature  posse*/ 
the  bill  into  a  law. 

16.  To  impose  fraudulently  ;  as,  she  pa.ssed  the 
child  on  her  husband  for  a  boy.  Dnjden. 

17.  To  practice  artfully  ;  t.i  cause  to  succeed  ;  as, 
to  pass  a  trick  on  one. 

18.  To  surpass  ;  to  excel ;  to  exceed. 

19.  To  thrust ;  to  make  a  push  in  fencing. 

To  see  thee  fight,  to  see  Ihee  pass  thy  piinclo,  ShaJc. 
To  pass  away  ;  to  spend  ;  to  waste  ;  as,  to  pass 
away  the  flower  i  f  life  in  idleness. 
To  pais  by  ;  to  pass  near  and  beyond. 

2.  To  overlook;  to  excuse;  to  forgive;  not  to 
censure  or  punish  ;  as,  to  />ass  by  a  crime  or  fault. 

3.  To  neglect  ;  to  disregard. 

Certain  passages  of  Scnpture  we  can  not  pass  by  without  injury 
to  Uulh.  Surtiel. 

To  pass  over  ;  to  move  from  side  to  side  ;  to  cross  ; 
as,  to  pass  over  a  river  or  mountain. 

2.  To  omit  ;  to  overlook  or  disregard.    He  passed 
over  one  charge  without  a  reply. 
PXSS,n.    [W.  pSs.] 

1.  A  narrow  pa.ssage,  entrance,  or  avenue  ;  a  nar- 
row or  difficult  place  of  entrance  and  exit ;  as,  a  pass 
between  nioiiut;iins.  Encyc.  Clarendon. 

2.  A  passage  ;  a  road.  Ralegh, 

3.  Permission  to  pass,  to  go  or  to  come;  a  license 
to  pass ;  a  passport. 

A  gentleman  had  a  pass  to  go  beyond  the  Sena.  Clarendon. 
A  ship  sailing  under  the  flag  and  pass  of  .an  enemy.  Kent. 

4.  An  order  for  sending  vagrants  or  impotent  per- 
sons to  their  place  of  abode.  Johnson. 

5.  In  fencing  and  fgliting,  a  thrust ;  a  push  ;  at- 
tempt to  stab  or  strike ;  as,  to  make  a  pass  at  an 
antagonist.  Hence, 

6.  A  term  applied  to  the  manipulations  of  an  oper- 
ator in  mesmerism. 

7.  State;  condition  or  extreme  case;  extremity. 

To  what  a  pass  an"  our  minds  brought.  Sidney. 
Matters  have  been  brought  to  tliis  pass.  Soitln. 

PAPS'-BOOK,  71.  A  hook  in  which  a  merchant  or 
trader  enters  the  articles  bought  on  credit,  for  the 
information  of  the  purchaser.  Bouvirr. 

PASS-PA-UflLI-y,  It.  [pass  and  parole."]  In  military 
affairs,  a  conimand  given  at  the  ht:ad  of  an  army  ami 
communicated  by  word  of  mouth  to  the  rear. 

Kncyc. 

PASS'-WOUD,  71.    A  word  to  be  given  before  a" per- 
son is  allowed  to  pass  ;  a  watch-word. 
PASS'A-ltI,i;,  n.    [U.  passalide.] 

1.  That  >iiay  be  passed,  traveled,  or  navigated. 
The  roads  are  not  passable.  The  stream  is  passa- 
ble in  boats. 

2.  That  may  be  penetrated  ;  as,  a  substance  passa- 
ble by  a  Miilil. 

3.  (■urriiil  ;  receivable;  that  maybe  or  is  trans- 
ferred from  hand  to  hanil  ;  as,  hills  passable  in  lieu 
of  coin.    False  coin  is  not  pa.'t.inJjlr. 

4.  Popular  ;  well  received.  Bacon. 

5.  'roleralile  ;  moderate  ;  as,  passable  beauty. 
PASS'A-lll,Y,<«/o.  Tolerably. 

p.\^  ^2  IIP'  1 

PAS  SA'Ilo;!  «■    A  push  or  thrust. 

P,\S-SAI)i;',  n.  [Fr.]  In //ic  mniie<re,  a  turn  or  course 
of  n  horse  backward  or  forward  on  the  same  spot  of 
groiintl.  y.nryc. 


PAS'SAGE,  71.    [Fr.  passage;  .Sp.  pasage;  It.  passag- 

1.  The  act  of  passing  or  moving  by  laud  or  water, 
or  through  the  air  or  other  substance  ;  as,  the  passage. 
of  a  man  or  a  carriage  ;  t\iepa.i.-<ase  of  a  slop  or  a  fowl ; 
the  pas.iarrc  of  light  or  a  meteor  ;  the  passage  of 
fluids  through  the  pores  of  the  body,  or  from  the 
glands.    Clouds  intercept  the  passa:re  of  solar  rays. 

2.  The  time  of  passing  from  one  place  to  another. 
What  passage  had  you  V\'e  had  a  passage  of 
twenty-five  days  to  Havre  de  Grace,  and  of  thirty- 
eight  days  from  England. 

3.  Road  ;  way  ;  avenue  ;  a  place  where  men  or 
things  may  pass  or  be  conveyed.  Temple. 

And  with  his  pointed  (Larl 
Explores  Ihe  nei^tetl  passage  to  his  heart.  Dryden. 

4.  A  pass  or  encounter ;  as,  a  passage  at  arms. 

Sir  IV.  Scott. 

5.  Entrance  or  exit 

What  1  are  my  doors  opposed  agiiinst  my  ;xwsa»e?  SJutk. 

6.  Right  of  passing  ;  as,  to  engage  a  passage  on 
board  a  ship  bound  to  India. 

7.  Occurrence  ;  event ;  incident ;  that  which  hap- 
pens ;  as,  a  remarkable pos.vau-c  in  the  life  of  New- 
ton. [See  the  Spanish  verb,  supra.  This  sense  is 
obsolescent.] 

8.  A  pas.'-ing  away  ;  decay.   [Little  used.]  Shak. 

9.  Intellectual  admittance  ;  mental  reception. 

Among  whom  1  expect  this  In'atise  will  have  a  faii>T  passage 
tllan  among  those  deeply  imbued  with  otiier  principl.  s. 

ilijiy. 

10.  Manner  of  being  conducted  ;  management. 

On  considerauon  of  ihe  conduct  and  passage  of  alfairs  in  former 
liii.es.  .  Davies. 

11.  Part  of  a  book  or  writing  ;  a  single  clause, 
place,  or  part,  of  indefinite  extent. 

How  coniiiientaturs  each  dary  passage  shun.  Youn^. 

12.  In  music,  a  short  portion  of  an  air  or  tune. 

13.  Eiiacliiient ;  the  act  of  carrying  through  all 
the  regular  forms  necessary  to  give  validity  ;  as,  the 
passage  of  a  law,  or  of  a  bill  into  a  law,  by  a  legis- 
lative body.  Hopkinson,    H'heaton*s  Rfp. 

His  agency  in  procuring  the  passage  of  the  suunp  act  was  inor^ 
th.m  suspected.  Hosack. 

14.  The  part  of  a  building  allotted  for  giving  ac 
cess  to  the  diflVreiit  apartineiits.  Brnnde. 

Bird  vf  passage  :  a  bird  that  passes  at  cert.nin  sea- 
sons from  one  climate  to  another,  as  in  autumn  to 
the  south  to  avoid  the  winter's  cold,  and  in  spring 
to  the  north  for  breeding.  Hence,  the  phrase  is 
sometimes  applied  to  a  man  who  has  no  fixed 
residence. 

PAS'S,\-<!;ER,  71.    [Fr.,  from  pcs.'sage  ;  It.  passaggiere.] 
The  regular  orthography  of  Passenger,  which 
see. 

PAS'SANT,  a.    In  heraldry,  walking,  from  Fr.  pos- 
snnt,  a  passenger,  traveler. 

2.  Cursory  ;  careless.  Barrow. 
On  a  passant  review  of  wh-at  I  wrote  to  the  bishop. 

Sir  Peter  Pell's  Pre/ace  10  Bp.  Barloif*s  Gen.  Uemnins. 

En  passant,  (an-pis'siug,)  [Fr.]     By  the  way ; 
slightly  ;  in  haste 
PASS'A'D,  I  pp.  or  a.    Gone  by  ;  done ;  accomplished  ; 
PAST,      i  ended. 

2.  Enacted  ;  having  received  all  the  formalities 
necessary  lo  constitute  a  law. 
PAS'SEN-GER,  71.  Literally,  one  who  passes;  as, 
passengers  over  a  bridge.  Usually,  one  who  travels 
in  some  established  conveyance,  as  a  stage-coach, 
steamboat,  &.C. 

Passenger  falcon;  a  kind  of  migratory  hawk. 

.Ainsicorth. 

PXS.^'ER,  77.    One  that  p.asses  ;  a  passenger.  Rowe. 
PASS'ER-BV,  71.    One  who  goes  by  or  near. 
P.\S'SER-KS,  71.  pi.     [L.,  sparrows.]    See  Passer- 
ines. 

PAS'SER-iNE,  (-in,)  a.    [L.  passer,  a  sparrow.] 

Pertaining  to  sparrows,  or  to  the  order  of  birds  to 
wliicii  sparrows  belong,  the  Passeres. 
PAS'SER-l.N'ES,  71.  pi.  The  order  of  birds  to  which 
the  sparrows  belong.  They  usu.ally  feed  on  inserts, 
fruit,  or  grain.  Brandt: 
PAS-SI-1!II,'I-TV,  71.  [Fr.  passibititi,  from  passible. 
See  Passiov.] 

The  quality  or  capacity  of  receiving  impressions 
from  external  agents  ;  aptness  to  feel  or  suffer. 

Ifalcewill. 

P.\S'SI-I!I,E,  a.     [Fr.  passible;   It.  passibile.  See 

Pas-Hon.] 

Susceptible  of  feeling  or  of  impressions  from  ex- 
ternal agents. 

Apullinarius  held  even  Deity  lo  lie  passible.  Hooker. 

P.\S'SI-liI,E  NESS.    The  same  as  Passidilitt. 
PjIS'SI.M,  [I,.]    Here  and  there  ;  every  where. 
PA."^.->'IN(;,  ;'/ir.  or  (I.   Moving;  proceeding;  going  by 

2.  a.  Exceeding;  surpassing;  eminent.  Fatrfaz. 

3.  Adverbially  used  to  enforce  or  enhance  the 
meaning  t>f  another  word  ;  exceedingly  ;  as,  passing 
fair  ;  passing  strange. 

P.\.-<S'I  ,N'0,  71.    The  act  (>f  passing  or  going  past. 
I'\SS'IN(;-I!EI,I-,  71.    'l  lie  bell  that  rings  iit  the  hour 


FATK,  FAR,  Pf^Lh,  WH^T.  — M£TE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


PAS 


PAS 


PAT 


of  ri(*alh  til  obtain  prnycrs  for  the  jmssini,'  sonl.  U  is 
also  iisL-d  I'ur  tho  bell  thai  rings  immediately  after 
nealli. 

PXSS'ING  LY,  arfo.    Exceedingly.    [Ob.i.]  IVichf. 

l*>iSS'IN<^NoTE,  V.  In  niu.-nc.,  a  note  introduced  be- 
iween  two  others  for  the  purpose  of  soflt:nint!  a  dis- 
tance or  melodizing  a  passage.  Biisby. 

P.^S'SION,  (pasii'un,)  «.  [L.  pussio,  from  patior,  to 
sulIVr.] 

I.  'i'he  impression  or  effect  of  an  external  agent 
upon  a  body  ;  that  which  is  suffered  or  received. 

A  boiiy  al  n'st  allonis  us  no  idcft  of  any  «clivc  power  to  move, 
nnil  when  set  in  motion,  it  is  rather  r.  ;«**'io«  llian  an  acli..n 
in  iu  Locke. 

•2.  Snsccptibility  of  impressions  from  external 
agents. 

Till!  dirTcrencfs  of  moldablp  and  not  moldable,  Ac,  and  many 
otli'  T  jMasions  of  inatter,  are  pleU-ian  noiionii.  [LitUe 
\tstd.  I  Bacon. 

3.  Sutferingj  empAaticaUi/,  the  last  suffering  of  the 
Savior. 

To  whom  also  he  Bhowed  himself  alive  after  bis  passion,  by  many 
iiifillible  prooft.  —  Acts  i. 

4.  The  feeling  of  the  mind,  or  the  sensible  effect  of 
impression  ;  excitement,  perturbation,  or  agitation  of 
mind,  as  desire,  fear,  hope,  joy,  urief,  love,  hatred. 
The  eloquence  of  the  orator  is  einpli^ycd  to  move  the 
pa.-tsion.'f. 

5.  Violent  agitation  or  excitement  of  mind,  partic- 
ularly such  as  is  occasioned  by  an  offense,  injury,  or 
insult ;  hence,  violent  an::er.  Watts, 

6.  Zeal  i  ardor ;  vehement  desire. 

Wh'-ii  atil.'smeji  are  riilf'd  by  faciion  and  interest,  they  can  Iwve 
no  pateion  for  the  giory  of  tiieir  (Muntry.  Adiluon. 

7.  Love. 

He  owned  hispa««ion  for  Ameatria,  Rove. 

S.  Eager  desire ;  as,  a  violent  pa.fsion  for  fine 
clothes.  Srclft. 

PAS'SION,  (pash'un,)K.  i.  To  be  e.xtremely  agit,ated. 
[JV^(i(  tt.v/"rf.  1  Shak. 

PA.'S'SIO.V-FLOW-ER,  n.  A  flower  and  plant  of  the 
genus  Passiflora.  This  genus  was  so  named  from 
beini  supposed  to  represent,  in  the  appendages  of  its 
flower,  the  passion  of  our  Savior.  I.imiton. 

PAS'SION-WEEK,  n.  The  week  immediately  pre- 
ceding the  festival  of  Easter  ;  so  called  because  in 
that  week  our  Savior's  passion  and  death  took  place. 

PAS'SION-A-RY,  n.  A  book  in  which  are  described 
the  sufferings  of  saints  ami  martyrs.  fVartun. 

PAg'SION-ATE,  a.    [h.  pas.^-iotiato :  Fr.  ptLisioimi.] 

1.  Easily  nioved  to  anger  ;  easily  excited  or  agi- 
tated by  injury  or  insult ;  applied  to  persons. 

Homer's  Achilles  is  haughty  and  passionale.  Prior. 

2.  Highly  excited  ;  vehement  ;  warm  ;  applied  to 
thinrrx;  as,  pas.-iionatc  afCKCllon ;  passionate  desire; 
pa.^-sioiiate  concern. 

3.  Expressing  strong  emotion  ;  animated;  as,pas- 
sionntr.  eloquence. 

PAS'SION-aTE,  p.  t.    To  affect  with  passion  ;  to  ex- 
press passionately.    [JW>(  «>-e^/.]      Spenser.  Shak, 
PAS'810N-ATE-I1Y,  adv.  With  passion  ;  with  strong 
feeling ;  ardently  ;   vehemently  ;   as,  to  covet  any 
thing  pas.<tinnately  i  to  be  pa^sionatehi  fond. 

2.  Angrily;  with  vehement  resentment;  as,  to 
speak  pas-tionat-elii. 
PAS'SIO.S'-ATE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  subject  to 
passion  or  auger. 
2.  Vehemence  of  mind.  Bm/lr.. 
PAS'SION-£D,  (pash'und,)  a.    Disordered  ;  violently 
affected.  Spe.n.ier. 
2.  Expressing  passion.  Spiniser. 
PAS'SION-LESS,  a.    Not  easily  excited  to  anger  ;  of 
a  calm  tem|ier.  Shelton. 
2.  Void  of  passion. 
P.^S'SrVE,  a.    [IL  passive  I  Sp.  pa-Hvo ;  Fr.  passif;  L. 
passipiut,  frotn  passiui,  patitn-y  to  suffer.] 

1.  Suffering  ;  not  acting  ;  not  receiving  or  capable 
of  receiving  impressions  from  external  agents.  We 
were  passive  spectators,  not  actors  in  the  scene. 

The  mind  is  wholly  passive  in  the  reception  of  all  its  simple  ideas. 

Locke. 

God  is  not  in  any  respect  passive.  Bradwardine. 

2.  Unresisting;  not  opposing;  receiving  or  suffer- 
ing without  resistance;  as,  pasiioe  obedience ;  pas- 
sive submission  to  the  laws. 

Pa.isice  verb,  in  grammar,  is  a  verb  which  expresses 
passion,  or  the  elfecl  of  an  action  of  some  agent ; 
as,  in  L.  doceor,  I  am  taught ;  in  English,  she  is  loced 
and  admired  by  her  friends  ;  he  fs  assailed  by  slander. 

Passive  obedience^  as  used  by  writers  on  govern* 
menl,  denotes  not  only  quiet,  unresisting  submission 
to  power,  but  implies  the  denial  of  the  right  of  re- 
sistance, or  the  recognition  of  the  duty  to  submit,  in 
all  cases,  to  the  existing  government. 

Pa.isive  prayer,  among  mystic  divines,  is  a  sus- 
pension of  the  activity  of  the  soul  or  intellectual 
faculties,  the  soul  remaining  quiet  and  yielding  only 
to  the  impulses  of  grace.  Kncyc. 

Pa.-tsive  commerce  :  trade  in  which  the  proiluctions 
of  a  country  are  carried  by  foreigners  in  their  own 
bottoms.    [See  Active  Commerce.] 
PAS'S!  VE-IiY,  (k/p.    With  a  p.assive  nature  or  tem- 


per ;  with  a  temper  disposed  to  subinil  to  ihi!  acts  of 
external  agi'nls,  without  resistance.  Dryilcn. 

2.  Without  agency.  Pearson. 

3.  After  the  for  f  the  passive  verb.  Lilly. 

PAS'SIVE-NESS,  71.  Cluality  of  receiving  impres- 
sions from  external  agents  or  causes ;  as,  the  pas- 
siveness  of  matter. 

2.  Passibility  ;  capacity  of  suffering. 

Wy  shall  lose  our  ;ia«iitiene«s  wlUi  our  bein*.  Decay  of  Piety, 

3.  Patience  ;  calmness  ;  unresisting  submission. 

Fell. 

PAS-SIV'I-TY,  71.  Passiveness,  which  sec.  [Little 
iised.'\  Cheyne. 

2.  The  tendency  of  a  body  to  persevere  in  a  given 
state,  either  of  motion  or  rest,  till  disturbed  by  an- 
other body.  Good. 

PASS'-KEY,  (  ke,)  n.  A  key  for  opening  many 
locks. 

PASS'TjESS,  n.    Having  no  pass  or  passage.  Cmvley. 

PXSS'O-VEa,  n.  [pa.is  and  fver.]  A  fi;a.st  of  the 
Jews,  instituted  to  commemorate  the  providential 
escape  of  the  Hebrews,  in  Egypt,  when  God,  smiting 
the  first-born  of  the  Egyptians,  passed  over  the 
liouses  of  the  Israelites,  which  were  marked  with 
the  bltHid  of  the  paschal  lamb. 

2.  The  sacrifice  offered  at  the  feast  of  the  pass- 
over. 

P.XSS'PoRT,  71.  [Fr.  passepnrl;  passer,  to  p.ass,  and 
porter,  to  carry;  It.  pa.i.tapurto  ;  S^p.  pasaporlc.] 

1.  A  written  license  from  a  king,  or  other  proper 
authority,  granting  permission  or  safe  conduct  for 
one  to  p.ass  through  his  territories,  or  to  pass  from 
one  country  to  another,  or  to  navigate  a  particular 
sea  without  hinderance  or  molestation. 

2.  A  license  for  importing  or  ex|)orting  contraband 
goods  or  movables  without  paying  the  usual  duties. 

3.  That  which  enables  one  to  pass  with  safety  or 
certainty. 

His  passport  is  his  innocence  anil  gnicr.  Dryden. 
PAS'SY-MEAS'tTRE,  (-mezh'ur,)  n.    [It.  passameiio, 
middle  pace  or  slop.] 

An  old  stately  kind  of  dance ;  a  cinque-pace. 
[Obs.]  Shak. 
PAST,  pp.  or  a.  from  Pass.    Gone  by  or  beyond  ;  not 
present  ;  not  future. 
2.  Spent ;  ended  ;  accomplished. 
PAST,  71.    Elliptically,  past  lime;  as,  indemnity  for  the 

past.  Fenton. 
PAST,  prep.    Beyond  in  time.    Heb.  li. 

2.  Having  lost;  not  possessing;  as,  he  was  past 
sense  of  feeling. 

3.  Beyond  ;  out  of  reach  of ;  as,  he  was  past  cure 
or  help. 

Love,  when  once  pa^t  government,  is  consequently  past  shame. 

L*  Estrange. 

4.  Beyond  ;  further  than  ;  as,  past  the  boundary. 

5.  Above  ;  more  than. 

The  northern  Irish  Scuts  have  bows  not  past  three  quarters  of  a 
yanl  long.  Spenser. 

[JVrtf  now  \tsed.'\ 

6.  A  ter;  beyond  in  time.  The  company  assem- 
bled al  half  past  seven,  that  is,  at  half  an  hour  after 
seven. 

PASTE,  71.  [Fr.  pSfe,  for  paste  ;  It.  and  Sp.pa.«(a.  Qu. 
L.  pistus,  or  Gr.  n-airtri.i,  to  sprinkle,  or  some  root 
which  signifies  to  mix  and  knead.] 

1.  A  soft  composition  of  substances,  as  flonr  moist- 
ened with  water  or  milk  and  kneaded,  or  any  kind 
of  earth  moistened  and  formed  to  the  consistence  of 
dough,  as  in  making  poller's  ware. 

2  A  kind  of  cen;;  made  of  flour  and  water 
boiled,  u.sed  for  uniting  paper  or  other  substances. 

3.  A  fine  and  brilliant  kind  of  glass  used  in  mak- 
ing imitations  of  precious  stones  or  gems. 

4.  In  mineraloiry,  the  mineral  substance  in  which 
other  minerals  are  imbedded. 

PASTE,  p.  f.  To  unite  or  cement  with  paste  ;  to  fas- 
ten tvith  paste.  H^atts. 

PASTE'liOARD,  71.  A  species  of  thick  paper,  formed 
of  seveml  single  sheets  pasted  one  U[Min  another,  or 
by  maceniling  paper  and  casting  it  in  molds,  &.c.  It 
is  used  for  the  covering  of  hooks,  for  bonnets,  &c. 

PAST'EU,  pp.  or  a.    Cemented  with  paste. 

PAS'TEL,  71.  [Fr.]  A  plant  afl'ording  a  blue  dye,  the 
wood  f.tatis  tinctoria.  Ed,  Encyc.  Ure, 

2  [Sp.]    A  colort!d  crayon.    [See  PastiuJ 

PAS'TERN,  71.    [Fr.  pHuron.} 

1.  The  part  of  a  horse's  leg  between  the  joint  next 
the  fool  and  the  coronet  of  the  hoof.  Farm.  Kncyc 

2.  The  human  leg,  in  contempt.  Drndeiu 
PAS'TERN-JOINI',  n.    The  joint  in  a  horse's  leg 

next  the  fool. 

PAS-TIC'CIO,  (pls-lich'y6,)  i«.  [It.]  A  medley;  an 
olio.  Sttinbume. 

2.  In  painting,  a  picture  painted  by  a  master  in  a 
style  dissimilar  to  that  which  he  usually  adopted. 

Brande, 

PAS'TIL,       )  n.    [U  pastiUu.1 ;  lU  pa.itigUa :  Fr.  pas- 

PAS-TILI.E',  i     tille.    .See  Pa.ste.J 

1.  .\  roll  of  paste,  or  a  kind  of  paste  made  of  dif- 
ferent colors  grountl  with  gum-water,  and  used  like 
a  crayon.  Encyc. 


2.  In  pharmncy,  a  dry  composition  of  Hweel-«mell- 
iiig  resins,  aniuiatic  woods,  4i.c.,  burnt  to  ch  ar  and 
scent  the  air  of  a  room.  Heberl 

3.  An  agreeable  kind  of  sugar  confectionery. 
PAS'TI.^IE,  71.    [pass  t\tu\  time,]    Sjiort ;  amusement; 

diversion  ;  that  which  amuses  and  serves  to  make 
lime  pass  agreeably.  Milton.  Watts. 

PAS'TI.ME,  p.  i.  To  sport ;  to  use  diversion.  [Liule 
nsril.  1 

PA.ST'ING,  ppr.    Cementing  with  p.aste. 

PAS'TOR,  71.  [L.,  from  pa-ico,  pastum,  to  feed,  Gr. 
fififTKi-y,  \V.  prsiri,  Arm.  pasya,  Fr.  paitre,  for  paistre, 
like  na'ilre,  from  L.  7ia.'*eo  pastoviLyn,  pasu.  It 

seems  to  be  allied  to  bu.ih,  I),  bosch,  G.  biuch,  Sw. 
buskn,  Dan.  busk,  as  brutsse  is  to  brash ;  lU  brusca  ; 
Gr.  HoM^K-.] 

1.  A  shepherd  ;  one  that  has  the  care  of  flocks  and 
herds.  Dryden. 

2.  A  minister  of  the  gospel  who  has  the  charge  of 
a  church  and  concrecation,  whose  duly  is  to  watch 
over  the  people  of  his  charge,  and  in>lrucl  them  in 
the  saeretl  doctrines  of  the  Clirislian  religion. 

PAS'TOK-AI.,  a.    [L.  pa.-<torali.i.]      [South,  Swift, 

1.  Pertaining  to  shepherds  ;  as,  a  pastoral  life  ;  pas- 
toral manners. 

2.  Descriptive  of  the  life  of  shepherds;  a-s,  a  pas- 
toral poem. 

3.  Relating  to  the  care  of  souls,  or  to  the  pastor  of 
a  church  ;  vla,  pastoral  care  or  duties  ;  a  pastoral  letter. 

Hooker.  Dryden, 
Piety  is  the  life  and  soul  of  pastoral  fidelity.    H.  Humphrey. 
PXS'TOR-AL,  71.    A  poem  describing  the  life  and 
manners  of  shepherds,  or  a  imicui  in  imitation  of  the 
action  of  a  shepherd,  and  in  wliirh  the  speakers  lake 
upon  themselves  the  character  of  shepherds;  an  id>l ; 
a  bucolic.  Pope. 
A  pastoral  is  a  poem  in  which  any  action  or  passion  is  repr©- 
seiitrd  by  iu  elfects  on  a  country  life.  Rambler. 

PAS-TO-RA'LE,  n.  [It.]  A  musical  composition, 
generally  in  measures  of  6-4  and  6-8  time,  in  a  sooth- 
ins,  tender  stvle. 

PAS'TOR-ATE,  71.  The  oflice,  state,  or  jurisdiction, 
of  a  spiritual  pastor.  President  Sides,  Tooke. 

PAS'TOR-LESS,  a.    Having  no  pastor. 

PAS'TOR-LIKE  ) 

PAS'TOR  I  Y     '  I       I'^'^<"'''''i!  "  pastor.  Milton, 
PAS'TOR-SaiP,  71.    The  office  or  rank  of  pastor. 

Bull, 

PaS'TRY,  71.  [from  paste]  Articles  of  food  in  gen- 
eral which  are  made  of  paste  or  dough,  or  of  w  hich 
paste  constitutes  a  principal  ingredient,  as  pies,  tarts, 
cake,  and  the  like. 
2.  The  place  where  pastry  is  made.  Shak, 
PaS'TRY-COOK,  71.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  and  sell  articles  of  food  made  of  paste. 

Arbnthnot, 

PXS'TTJR-A-BLE,a.  [from  pa.vtiirc.]  Fit  for  pasture. 
PAS'TliR-AGE,  71.    [Vi  pniura'rc.    See  Pasture.] 

1.  The  business  of  feeding  or  grazing  cattle. 

Spenser, 

2.  Grazing  ground  ;  land  appropriated  to  grazing. 

-iitdi.son. 

3.  Gr.ass  for  feed.  .IrbuthnoU 
PAS'TIJllE,  71.    [Fr.  pdtnre,  for  pasture,  from  L.  pas- 

co,  pa.-'-tum,  to  feed,  (Jr.  /inaKw.] 

1.  Grass  for  the  food  of  cattle  ;  the  food  of  cattle 
taken  by  grazing.  Brmen. 

2.  Ground  covered  with  grass,  to  be  eaten  on  the 
spot  by  cattle,  horses,  &c.  The  farmer  has  a  hun- 
dred acres  of  pasture.    It  is  sometimes  called  Pas- 

TURE-LAr*D.  ^ 

3.  Human  culture ;  education.    [Aot  used,'] 

Dryden, 

Common  of  pasture,  is  the  right  of  feeding  cattle  on 

another's  ground. 
PAS'TURE,  r.  t.    To  feed  on  grass,  or  to  supply  grass 

for  food.    We  apply  the  word  to  persons  :  as,  the 

farmer  pastures  fifty  oxen  ;  or  totrrounJ  ;  as,  the  land 

will  pa,sture  fifty  oven. 
PAS'TI'RE,  V.  i.    To  graze;  to  take  food  by  eating 

grass  from  the  ground.  Milton, 
PAS'TIIR-/;D,  pp.    Fed  on  grass. 
PAS'TI;RE-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  p.-i.sture. 
PAS'TUK-IN'G,  ppr.    .Supplying  with  gr.ass  for  food. 
PAS'TY,  a.    Like  paste  ;  of  the  consistence  of  paste. 

Cooper, 

PAS'TY,  ri.  [from  pa.'tc.]  A  pie  made  of  paste  and 
baked  wilhoul  a  tlish.  Pnpe.  King, 

P.\T,  a,    [G.  puss  :  D.  pas.    See  Fit  and  Pass.] 

Fit;  convenient;  exactly  suitable  either  as  to  time 
or  place. 

[iS'ol  an  elegant  word,  admissible  in  burlesque.] 
AUcrbnry.  Swift 

PAT,  adv.    Fitly  ;  conveniently.  Shak, 
PAT,  n.    [W.  fat,  a  blow  ;  /<jtia»,  to  strike  lightly,  to 
pat,    Qii.  Fr.  paltc] 

1.  A  light,  quick  blow,  or  stroke  with  the  fingers  or 
hand. 

2.  A  small  mass  which  is  beat  into  shape  by  pats; 
as,  a  pat  of  biitti  r.    [F.n<rlL<h  use]  Smart, 

P.\T,  r.  f.  To  strike  gently  with  the  fingers  or  hand  ; 
to  lap. 

Uay  pats  my  BhoiiMer,  nntt  you  vonbh  quite.  Pops. 


TONE.  BfJLL,  tTNlTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


PAT 

PA-TX'CA,       i  n.    [from  the  Sp.]    A  Spanish  coin 

PAT-A-€OON',  (  of  the  value  of  4s.  8d.  sterling,  or 
about  SI. 04  cents.  Sp.  Diet. 

PA-TXCHE',  (pa-tish',)  71.  [Sp.]  A  tender  or  small 
vessel  employed  in  conveying  men  or  orders  from  one 
ship  or  place  to  another.  Sp.  Diet. 

PAT-A-VJi\'I-TY,  n.  The  use  of  local  words,  or  the 
peculiar  style  or  diction  of  Livy,  tlie  Rontan  histori- 
an ;  so  denominated  from  Patavitnn  or  Padna,  the 
place  of  his  nativity.  Brande.  Lempricre. 

PATCH,  7!.  [It.  pezza,  a  piece,  Fr.  piece,  Ann.  pei,  Sp. 
pieza.  (iu.J 

1.  A  piece  of  cloth  ecwed  on  a  garment  to  repair 
it,  Dnjden. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  any  thing  used  to  repair  a 
breach. 

3.  A  small  piece  of  silk  used  to  cover  a  defect  on 
the  face,  or  to  add  a  charm. 

4.  A  piece  inserted  in  mosaic  or  variegated  work. 

Locke. 

5.  A  small  piece  of  ground,  or  a  small  detached 
piece.  S/iak. 

6.  A  paltry  fellow.    This  use  is  sometimes  heard 
in  vulgar  language  ;  as,  a  ctoss-patch. 

PATCH,  V.  t.    To  mend  by  sewing  on  a  piece  or 
pieces  ;  as,  to  patch  a  coat. 
2.  To  adorn  with  a  patch  or  with  patches. 


In  Ut!  middle  boxes  were  E 
of  their  faces. 


eral  ladies  who  patcjied  bolh  side! 

SpeclaUir. 


3.  To  mend  with  pieces  ;  to  repair  clumsily.  Shak. 

4.  To  repair  with  pieces  fastened  on  ;  as,  to  patch. 
the  roof  of  a  house. 

5.  To  make  up  of  pieces  and  shreds.  Rahfrh. 

6.  To  dress  in  a  party-colored  coat.  Shuk. 

7.  To  make  suddenly  or  hastily  ;  to  make  without 
regard  to  forms  ;  as,  to  patch  up  a  piece. 

PATCH'£D,  (patcht,)  pp.  or  a.    Mended  with  a  patch 

or  patches  ;  mended  clumsily. 
PATCH'ER,  n.    One  that  patches  or  botches. 
PATCH'ER-Y,n.  Bungling  work  ;  botcherv  ;  forgery. 

Skak. 

PATCH'ING, ppr.  Mending  with  a  piece  or  pieces; 
botching. 

PATCH'WORK,   (-wurk,)  7i.     Work   composed  of 
pieces  of  various  figures  sewed  together.  Swift. 
2.  Work  composed  of  pieces  clumsily  put  together. 

Swift. 

PATE,  n.  [Qu.  Ir.  bathos,  a  top  ;  or  Sp.  and  It.  patma.] 

1.  The  head,  or  rather  the  top  of  the  head.  Applied 
to  persons,  it  is  now  used  in  contempt  or  ridicide. 

2.  The  skin  of  a  calf's  head. 

3.  In  fortification,  a  kind  of  platform  resembling 
what  is  called  a  horse-shoe.  Encyc. 

PAT'ED,  a.  In  composition,  having  a  pate ;  as,  long- 
paled,  cunning;  shallow-j;ate<i,  having  weak  intel- 
lect. 

PA-TEE',    )  n.    In  heraldnj,  a  cross  small  in  the  cen- 

PAT  TEE',  i  ter,  and  widening  to  the  extremities, 
which  are  broad.  Brande. 

PAT-E-FACTION,  n.  [L.  patefactio  ;  patco,  to  open, 
and  facin,  to  make] 

The  act  of  opening  or  manifesting  ;  open  declara- 
tion. Pearson. 

PA-TEL'LA,  n.  [L.]  The  knee-pan  or  cap  of  the 
knee. 

2.  A  univalvnlar  shell-fish  ;  the  limpet. 

3.  A  small  vase. 

PA-TEI/LI-FORM,  a.    [L.  patella,  a  dish,  and  form.] 

Of  the  form  of  a  dish  or  saucer.  Barton. 
PAT'EL-LITE,  n.    Fussil  remains  of  the  patella  ;  a 
PAT'EX,  j  „     rj  ,  [shell. 

PAT'IN,  j  P"^"^"-! 

1.  A  plate.    [JVotused.]  Shak. 

2.  The  plate  or  vessel  on  which  the  consecrated 
bread  in  the  eucharist  is  planed.  In  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic church,  it  is  usually  small,  and  so  formed  as  to  fit 
the  chalice  or  cup  as  a  cover.  Smyth. 

PAT'ENT,  a.    [Ft.,  from  L.  patens,  from  patco,  to 
open  ;  Or.  rtra'.i,  Ch.  nns,  to  open,  dilate,  or  ex- 
pand ;  Syr.  and  Sam.  id.    Class  Bd,  No.  63,  &».  C6.] 
Open  ;  spread  ;  expanded. 

1.  In  botany,  spreading;  forming  an  acute  angle 
nearly  approaching  to  a  right  angle  with  the  stem  or 
branch  ;  as,  a  patent  leaf.  Martyn. 

2.  Open  to  the  perusal  of  all ;  as,  letters  patent. 
[See  Letteh.] 

3.  Appropriated  by  letters  patent. 

Madd'T  —  In  the  Uiiie  of  Cliarlcs  Iho  FiiTt,  was  mnde  (i  patent 
coRirnodity.  Mortimer. 

4.  Apparent :  cnnspicuoiifl.  Uorsley. 
PAT'E.NT,  V.  A  writing,  given  by  the  proper  author- 
ity and  duly  authenticated,  granting  a  privilege  to 
Home  perrton  or  perHons.  Ily  patent,  or  letters  patent, 
that  iH,  open  li  tterx,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  grants 
landH,  honorn,  and  francliiHcs. 

2.  A  Himilar  writing  Hccuring  to  a  person,  for  a 
term  of  yearn,  the  exclusive  right  lo  nn  invention. 
PAT'EN'I ,  r.  1.    To  grant  liy  patent. 

2.  To  Hccurc  the  exclusive  right  of  a  thing  ton  per- 
t4nn  ;  nH.  tri  patent  an  invention. 
PAT'E.NT-A-in,E,  a.    That  ran  be  patented. 
P.\T'E.\T  EI),  pp.  or  a.    (Jrnnti  d  by  patent ;  secured 
by  patent  or  by  law  nn  nn  excliixive  privilege. 


PAT 

PAT-ENT-EE',  n.    One  to  whom  a  grant  is  made  or 

a  privilege  secured  by  patent  or  by  law. 
PAT'ENT-ING,  jpr.    Granting  by  patent;  securing 

as  a  privilege.' 
PAT'ENT-OF'FICE,  n.    An  office  for  the  granting  of 

patents  for  inventions. 
PAT'EN'T-RoLLS,  n.  pi.   The  records  or  registers  of 

patents. 

PA-TER'NAL,  a.  [Fr.  patemel ;  L.  paternus,  from  pa- 
ter, father.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  lather ;  fatherly  ;  as,  paternal 
care  or  affection  ;  paternal  favor  or  admonition. 

2.  Derived  from  the  father;  hereditary;  as,  apa- 
ternal  estate.  Drydcn.  Addison. 

PA-TER'N.\I.,-LY,  adv.   In  a  paternal  manner. 
PA-TER'NI-TY,  n.    [Fr.  paternite  ;  It.  paternitd.] 

Fathership ;  the  relation  of  a  father. 

The  world,  while  it  had  scarcity  of  people,  underwent  no  other 
doiiiiiiion  Uian  pa.teriuty  and  eiuersliip.  Jtalegh. 

Pa'TER-NOS'TER,  ji.  [L.,  our  Father.]  The  Lord's 
]>raver. 

Pji'TER  PA'TRI-.S:,  [L.]  The  father  of  his  coun- 
trv. 

PXTH,  n. ;  pi.  Paths.  [Sax.  path,  path,  or  paad,  paat ; 
D.  pad;  G.  pfad ;  Sans,  patha  ;  Gr.  naro^,  from  Trureoi, 
to  tread.  The  sense  of  path  is,  beaten,  (rod  ;  but  the 
primary  sense  of  treading,  stepping,  is  probably  to 
open,  stretch,  extend.] 

1.  A  way  beaten  or  trodden  by  the  feet  of  man  or 
beast,  or  made  hard  by  wheels  ;  that  part  of  a  high- 
way on  which  animals  or  carriages  ordinarily  pass  ; 
applied  to  the  ground  only,  and  never  to  a  paved  street 
in  a  city. 

2.  Any  narrow  way  beaten  by  the  foot. 

3.  The  way,  course,  or  track,  where  a  body  moves 
in  the  atmosphere  or  in  space  ;  as,  ihe  path  of  a  plan- 
et or  comet ;  the  path  of  a  meteor. 

4.  A  v\'ay  or  passage. 

5.  Course  of  life. 

He  marlieth  all  my  paths.  —  Job  xxxiii. 

6.  Precepts  ;  rules  prescribed. 

tjphold  my  goings  in  thy /jfifAff.  —  Pa.  jvii. 

7.  Course  of  providential  dealings;  moral  govern- 
ment. 

All  the  paths  of  the  Lord  are  mercy  and  truth  to  such  as  keep 
his  covenant. —  Ps.  xxv. 

PATH,  V.  t.    [Sax.  pcththian.] 

1.  To  make  a  path  by  treading  ;  to  beat  a  path,  as 
in  snow.  United  States. 

2.  To  push  forward  ;  to  cause  to  go ;  to  make  way 
for.  Shak. 

PATH,  V.  i.    To  walk  abroad.  Shak. 

PA'f  H'i^U,  (pathd,)  pp.    Beaten  into  a  path. 

PATH-E-MAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  TuO^i/ia,  what  is  suffered.] 
Pertaining  to  or  designating  affection,  or  that  which 
is  suffered.  Mackintosh. 

PA-THET'ie,       )  0.     [Gr.  TtaOnriKOf,  from  ir-iOof, 

PA-THET'IC-AL,  (     passion  ;  iraaxoi,  to  suffer.] 
Affecting  or  moving  the  passions,  particularly  pity, 
sorrow,  grief,  or  other  tender  emotion  ;  as,  a  pathetic 
song  or  discourse  ;  pathetic  expostulation.  Spectator. 


PA-THET'ie,  n.  Style  or  manner  adapted  to  awaken 
the  passions,  especially  tender  emotions. 

A  musician  at  Venice  is  said  to  have  so  excelled  in  the  pathetic, 
as  to  be  able  to  play  any  of  his  auditors  into  distraction. 

Encyc. 

PA-THET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
excite  the  tender  passions. 

PA-THET'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  moving 
the  tender  passions. 

PATH'E-TISM,  7t.    [Gr.  naOos.] 

The  agency  by  which  one  person,  by  manipula- 
tion, produces  emotion,  feeling,  passion,  or  other 
physical  or  mental  effect,  in  the  system  of  another; 
suscejuiliility  of  emotion  or  feeling,  of  any  kind, 
from  physical  contact,  or  symp.athy  with  the  will 
of  another;  another  name  for  Mesmerism. 

Sunderland. 

PXTH'-FI,V,  71.    A  flv  found  in  foot-p.aths. 

PATII'lC,  71.    [from  tiic  Gr.  miOoi.] 

A  catamite ;  a  male  that  submits  to  the  crime 
against  nature.  Gillies. 

PXTH'-KEEP-ING,  a.    Keeping  in  the  path. 

PATH'LESS,  a.  Having  no  beaten  way  ;  untrodden  ; 
as,  a  pathless  forest ;  a  pathless  coast.  Prior. 

PA-THOG-NO-MON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  iTaBoyvo>i,i,p,Ko(  ; 
iT'iOo^,  passion  or  suffering,  and'  yft'yp''>u,  from  ;  i- 
iK,taK''>,  to  know.] 

Indicating  that  which  is  inseparable  from  a  disease, 
being  found  in  that  and  in  no  other ;  hence,  indicat- 
ing th.at  by  which  a  disease  may  he  certainly  known  ; 
characteristic  ;  as,  pathoirnomonic  symptoms. 

PA  TIIOG'NO-MY,  71.  [Gr.  n-iiOos  "and  signi- 
fication.] 

Expression  of  the  passions;  the  science  of  the 
signs  by  which  human  passions  are  indicated. 

Good. 

PATH-O  I,OG'I€,  )  a.  [See  Pathoi.oov.]  IVr- 
PATH-0-I,()G'I€-AI,,  j    taming  to  pathology. 


PAT 

PATH-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  jia- 
thology. 

PA-THOL'O-GIST,  71.    One  who  treats  of  pathologv. 
PA-THOL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  iraOos,  passion,  suffering, 
and  Aoyof,  discourse.] 

That  part  of  medicine  which  explains  the  nature 
of  diseases,  their  causes  and  symptoms  ;  or  the  doc- 
trine of  the  causes  and  nature  of  diseases,  compre- 
hending nosology,  etiology,  symptomatology,  and 
therapeutics.  Encyc.  Coxe. 

PATH-O-PCE'IA,  7!.  [Gr.  irnfloTroiio  ;  from  iraOof,  pas- 
sion, and  TT')t€(ij,  to  make.] 

A  speech,  or  figure  of  speech,  contrived  to  move 
the  passions.  Smart. 
PA'THOS,  71.    [Gr.,  from  naaxto,  to  suffer.] 

Passion;  warmth  or  vehemence,  in  a  speaker;  or 
in  language,  that  which  excites  emotions  and  pas- 
sions. Mason.- 

The  term  is  now  chiefly  restricted  to  that  which 
awakens  tender  emotions.  Rich.  Diet. 

PXTH'WAY,  71.    A  path  ;  usually,  a  narrow  way  to 
be  passed  on  foot.  Gay. 
2.  A  way  ;  a  course  of  life.    Prov.  xii. 
PAT'I-BLE,  a.    [L.  patibilis,  from  potior,  to  suffer.] 
Siifferable  ;  tolerable  ;  that  may  be  endured.  [JVot 
used.]  Diet. 
PA-TIB'U-LA-RY,  a.    [Fr.  patibulaire,  from  L.  patib- 
ulnm,  a  gallows.] 

Belonging  to  the  gallows,  or  to  execution  on  the 
cross.  Diet.. 
PA'TIENCE,  (pa'shens,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  patientia, 
from  pallor,  to  suffer ;  It.  pazienza  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  pa- 
cieneia.  The  primary  sense  is,  continuance,  holding 
out,  from  extending.  Hence  we  see  the  connection 
between  pass,  and  Ij.  pando,  passus,  and  Gr.  Ttarf  to. 
See  Pass.] 

1.  The  suffering  of  afflictions,  pain,  toil,  calamity, 
provocation,  or  other  evil,  with  a  calm,  unruffled  tem- 
per ;  endurance  without  murmuring  or  frelfulness. 
Patience  may  spring  from  ctmstitutional  fortitude,  from 
a  kind  of  heroic  pride,  or  from  Christian  submission 
to  the  divine  will. 

2.  A  calm  temper,  which  bears  evils  without  mur- 
muring or  discontent. 

3.  The  act  or  quality  of  Wiiiting  long  for  justice  or 
expected  good  without  discontent. 

Have  patience  with  me,  and  I  will  pay  tliee  all.  —  Malt,  xviii. 

4.  Perseverance  ;  constancy  in  labor  or  exertion. 
He  learnt  with  patience,  and  with  meekness  tan  jM.  Harte. 

5.  The  quality  of  bearing  offenses  and  injuries 
without  anger  or  revenge.  " 

His  rn^e  was  kindled  and  his  patience  gone.  Harte. 

6.  Sufferance ;  permission.  [JVot  used.]  Hooker. 

7.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Riimex  or  dock.  Loudon. 
PA'TIENT,  (pa'shent,)  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  patiens.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  enduring  evils  without 
murmuring  or  fretfulness  ;  sustaining  afflictions  of 
body  or  mind  with  fortitude,  calmness,  or  Christian 
submission  to  the  divine  will ;  as,  a  patient  person, 
or  a  person  of  patient  temper.  It  is  followed  by  of 
before  the  evil  endured  ;  as,  patient  of  labor  or  pain  ; 
j)afic«(  o/ heat  or  cold.  Ray. 

2.  Not  easily  provoked  ;  calm  under  the  suffer- 
ance of  injuries  or  offenses  ;  not  revengeful. 

Be  patietit  toward  all  men.  —  I  Thess.  Y. 

3.  Persevering;  constant  in  pursuit  or  exertion  ; 
calmly  diligent. 

Whatever  1  have  done  is  due  to  patient  thought.  Neiplon. 

4.  Not  hasty  ;  not  over  eager  or  impetuous  ; 
waiting  'or  expecting  with  calmness  or  without 
discontent. 

Not  patient  to  expect  the  ttirns  of  fate.  Prior. 
PA'TIENT,  71.    A  person  or  thing  that  receives  im- 
pressions from  external  agents  ;  he  or  that  which  ig 
passively  affected. 

Malice  h  a  passion  so  impetuous  and  precipittxle,  that  it  often 
involves  the  agent  ami  tiK  patient.     Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  A  person  diseased  or  suffering  bodily  indisposi- 
tion. It  is  used  in  relation  to  the  physician  :  as,  the 
phvsician  visits  his  patient  morning  and  evening. 

3.  It  is  sometimes  used  absolutely  for  a  sick  person. 
It  is  wonderful  to  observe  how  inapprclicnsivo  those  palicntu  arc 

of  their  disi-aje.  Blaekmoi  e. 

PA'TIENT,  V.  t.    To  compose  one's  self.    [JVnf  used.] 

Shak. 

PA'TIENT-I.Y,  adv.  With  calmness  or  composure  ; 
without  discontent  or  murmuring.  Submit  patiently 
to  the  unavoid.able  evils  of  life. 

2.  Willi  calm  and  con.stant  diligence;  as,  to  ex- 
amine a  subject  patirnlly. 

3.  Wilhout  agitation,  uneasiness,  or  discontent  ; 
without  undue  baste  or  eagerness ;  as,  to  wait 
patienttii  for  more  favorable  events. 

PA-TI'N.A,  71.  [It.]  AuKuig  nr(i.«f,*,  the  color  or  incrus- 
tation which  age  givi^s  to  works  of  art.  Jllgarolti. 
PAT'IN.    See  Paten. 

PAT'l.Y,  nrfii.   [from /inf.]    Fitly  ;  conveniently. 
PAT'NESS,  71.  [from  ;i«(.]  Fitness;  suitableness; 

convcnieiict'.  Barrow. 
PATOIS',  (pat-wavv',)  71.  [Fr.]   A  dialect  peculiar  U) 

the  lower  classes  ;  a  provincialism. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY  PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK. 


804 


PAT 


PAT 


PAV 


PA-TdNCE'.    See  Pomme. 

PA'TKI-AKCII,  II.  ri>.  patriarcha;  (Jr.  :rnrfttap\r}i ; 
TT'ir/'i'i,  a  family,  uoin  ra:r,y>,  father,  and  .t/>xo5,  a 
(■hicf.l 

1.  The  father  and  ruler  of  a  funnily",  one  'vho 
governs  by  paternal  right.  It  is  iisiiaily  applied  to 
the  progenitors  of  the  Israi'lites,  Abraham,  Isaac, 
Jacob,  and  the  sons  of  Jacob,  or  to  the  licads  of 
families  before  the  flood  ;  as,  the  antediluvian 
patriarchs. 

S.  A  learned  and  disting^uisbed  diameter  among 
the  Jews. 

X  In  the  Eastn-n  churches,  a  dignitary  superior  to 
the  order  of  archbishops  ;  as,  the  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantincjple,  of  Alexandria,  or  of'Ephcsus. 
Pa-TIU-XI{€H'AL,  (  o.     lielonsing  to  patriarchs; 
M-'riM-.\UeH'ie,  i      possessed  by  patriarchs;  as, 
patriarchal  power  or  jurisdiction  ;  a  patriarchal  see. 
a.  Subject  to  a  patriarch  ;  as,  a  patriarchal  church. 
Patriarchal  cross,  in  heraldry,  is  that  where  the 
shaft  is  twice  crossed,  tlie  lower  arms  beinc  longer 
than  th(r  upper  ones.  Enciic 
PA-'I'lU-AUeH'ATE,  II.   The  office,  dignity,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  patriarch  or  ccclesiiistical  superior. 

SMcn. 

2.  The  residence  of  a  patriarch. 

Jifis.^innanj  Ifernhl. 

PA'TRI-Xnen-I?.M,  n.  ttovernment  by  a  patriarch, 
or  the  head  of  a  family,  who  was  both  ruler  and 
priest,  as  Noah,  Abraham,  and  Jacob. 

Pa'TIU-XRCII-SIIIP,  n.  The  office,  dignity,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  p.itri.arch.  Aiilifc. 

PA'TRt-AUeil-Y,  71.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  patriarch  ; 
a  patriarchate.  Brrrewood, 

P.\-TKI"(;iAN,  (pa-frisb'an,)  a.  [Ft.  patricicn ;  L. 
jiatricin.'Hy  from  pater,  father.] 

Senatorial ;  noble ;  not  plebeian.  This  epithet  is 
derived  from  the  Roman  patres,  fathers,  the  title  of 
Roman  senators  ;  as,  patrician  birth  or  blood  ;  patri- 
cian families.  j6l(ldison. 

PA-TRI"CI.\N,  71.  A  nobleman.  In  the  Roman  slate, 
the  jiatricians  were  the  descendants  of  the  first 
Roman  senators. 

PAT-RI-MO'NI-AL,  o.  [Fr.  See  P ^Tn.MONv.]  Per- 
taining to  a  patrimony  ;  inherited  friun  ancestors  ; 
as,  a  patrimonial  estate. 

PAT-Rl-Mo'NI-AL-LY,  adv.    By  inheritance. 

Dairenant. 

P.VT'RI-MO-NY,  71.  [L.  patrimonium,  from  pater, 
father.] 

1.  A  right  or  estate  inherited  from  one's  ancestors. 

T)rijdcn. 

Q.  A  church  estate  or  revenue ;  as,  St.  Peter's 
patrimanif. 

Pa'TRI-OT  or  PAT'RI-OT,  ii.  [Fr.  patriate,  from  L. 
palria,  one's  native  country,  from  pater,  father.] 

A  person  wlio  loyes  his  country,  and  zealously 
supports  and  defends  it  and  its  interests. 

Such  le.ir»  aa  patriots  shcil  for  dying  laws.  Pope. 

Pa'TRI-OT  or  PAT'RI-OT,  a.  Patriotic  ;  devoted  to 
the  welfare  of  one's  country  ;  as,  patriot  zeal. 

P,VTRI-OT'ie  or  PAT-RI-OT'ie,  a.  Full  of  patriot- 
ism ;  actuated  by  the  love  of  one's  country  ;  as,  a 
patriotic  hero  or  statesman. 

2.  Inspired  by  the  love  of  one's  country  ;  directed 
to  the  public  safety  and  welfare  ;  as.  patriotic  zeal. 

Pa'TRI-OT-ISM  or  PAT'RI-OT-ISM,  n.  Love  of 
one's  coiintry  ;  the  passion  which  aims  to  serve  one's 
country,  either  in  defending  it  from  invasion,  or 
protecting  its  rights,  and  maintaining  its  laws  and 
institutions  in  vigor  and  purity.  Patriotism  is  the 
characteristic  of  a  good  citizen,  the  noblest  passiun 
that  animates  a  man  in  the  character  of  a  citizen. 

PA-TRI-PAS'SIAN?,  ti.  pi.    [L.  pater  and  pa-ssio.] 
An  ancient  sect,  who  taught  that  God  the  Father 
sulfered  with  Christ.  J\lurdock. 

PA-TIUS'Tie,       )  a.    rf^om  L.  pater,  patres,  fa- 

PA-TRIS'Tie-AL,  j  thers.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ancient  fathers  of  the  Christian 
church.  j>/.  SluarL 

PA-TROC'I-NaTE,  v.  L    To  patronize.    [JVot  used.] 

PA-TR0C-I-.\a'T10N,  ji.  Countenance  ;  support. 
[jVoI  used.]  Hall. 

PA-TROL',  n.  [Fr.  patrouille ;  Sp.  patrulla ;  Port. 
patrullm.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  In  irar,  a  round  ;  a  walking  or  marching  round 
by  a  guard  in  the  niglit,  to  watch  and  observe  wh:it 
pjusses,  and  to  secure  the  peace  and  safety  of  a  camp 
or  other  place. 

2.  The  guard  or  persons  who  go  the  rounds  for  ob- 
servation ;  a  detachment  whose  duty  is  to  patrol. 

In  Krjnce,  there  U  an  amiy  of  patrolt  to  •cctire  her  fiscal  n-gii- 
latioiif.  IlamLlon. 

PA-TRoI.',  e.  i.  [Fr.  pairouiUer,  to  paddle  or  pud- 
dle, to  patrol,  to  fumble  ;  Sp.  patrullar.  Hence  the 
word  seems  to  bo  formed  from  the  name  of  the  fool, 
pad,  or  ped,  paw.  In  our  vulgar  dialect,  pad  is  used 
in  the  sense  of  walking  or  stepping  about.  It  seems 
to  be  allied  to  Gr.  irartM.] 

To  go  the  rounds  in  a  camp  or  garrison  ;  to  march 
about  and  observe  what  passes,  as  a  guard. 

Eneiie. 

PA-TRfiLL'ING,  ppr.   Going  the  rounds,  as  a  guard. 


PA'TRO.X  or  PAT'RON,  n.  [L.  palronun  ;  Gr.  ita- 
r;i'.'i ,  from  ir'irr/,  ,  father.] 

1.  Anicmg  the  Romans,  a  master  who  had  freed  his 
slave,  and  retained  some  rights  over  him  after  his 
emancipation  ;  also,  a  man  of  distinction  under 
whose  protection  another  placed  himself.  Hence, 

2.  One  who  countenances,  supports,  and  protects 
either  a  person  or  a  work.  Prior. 

3.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  patron  saint  is 
one  reg.'irde<i  as  the  peculiar  protector  of  a  countrj*, 
community,  profession,  &c.,  or  of  an  individual. 

Bra  nde. 

A.  In  the  canon  or  common  taw,  one  who  has  the 
gift  and  disposition  of  a  benelice,  F.ncyc. 

.5.  An  advocate  ;  a  defeniler  ;  one  that  specially 
countenanct;s  and  supports,  or  lends  aid  to  advance  ; 
as,  patrons  of  Hie  arts  ;  a  patron  of  useful  under- 
takings ;  the  patrons  of  virtue.  Locke. 

6,  in  seamen's  lamriiase,  the  commander  of  a  small 
vessel  or  passage-boat ;  also,  one  who  steers  a  ship's 
long-boat. 

P.\T'R()N-AGE,  71.  Special  counten:ince  or  support  ; 
favor  or  aid  alforded  to  second  the  views  of  a  person 
or  to  pronicitc  a  design.  Sidneij. 

2.  Guardianship,  as  of  a  saint.  Jlddison. 

3.  .-Xdvowson  ;  the  right  of  presentation  to  a  church 
or  ecclesiastical  benefice.  Eiicifc. 

PAT'ROi\-,VGE,  ».  4.  To  patronize  or  support.  '[jXol 
used.  ]  Shak. 

P.\T'R()N-AI/,  n.  Doing  the  otTice  of  a  p.alron  ;  pro- 
tecting; supporting;  favoring;  defeiitiing.  [LHIle 
used.]  Brown. 

Pa'  TRD.N'-ESS  or  P.Vr'RO\-ESS,  n.  A  female  that 
favors,  countenances,  or  supports. 

Ninv  i,i;l,t  c:\iiic  ihiu  n.  nn.l  rose  full  sonn 

'I  hat  palromet  of  ruijUL-s,  tin-  moon.     TruinbutVt  ^S'F^ngal. 

2.  A  female  guardian  saint. 

3.  A  female  that  has  the  right  of  presenting  to  a 
church  living. 

P.VT'RON-IZE,  ».  t.  To  support;  to  countenance; 
to  defend  ;  as  a  patron  his  client. 

2.  To  favor ;  to  lend  aid  to  promote  ;  as  an  under- 
taking. Dnjden. 

3.  To  maintain  ;  to  defend  ;  to  support. 

Tills  iil'-a  li.ui  Uvn  jntronized  hy  two  »Uvu  t  only.  Hamillon. 

PAT'RON-TZ-KD,  pp.  Defended  ;  supported  ;  fa- 
vored ;  promoted. 

P.VT'RON-IZ-ER,  II.  One  that  supports,  counte- 
nances, or  favors. 

P.\'i''RON-IZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Defending;  supporting; 
favoring  ;  promoting. 

aS'TKON-LESS  or  PAT'RON-LESS,  a.  Destitute 
of  a  patron.  Shafteibunj. 

PAT-RO-NO-MA-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  jtutiip,  o„o,,a, 
and  \'>;  "5.] 

An  essay  on  the  origin  of  the  namt^s  of  men,  il- 
lustrating their  relation  to  the  arts,  professions,  (pial- 
ities,  or  other  facts  or  circunist;inces  from  which  they 
originated.  The  name  of  Smith,  from  smite,  denoting 
a  beater  or  striker  of  metals,  is  more  general  than 
any  other;  proving  that  the  art  of  working  on  met- 
als was  one  of  the  fust  arts  practiced  by  men,  and 
one  of  the  most  ronimon. 
P.VI'-RO-NY.M'ie,  II.  [Gr.  raT.oi.invictns  ;  L.  pairo- 
nymirus  :  from  Gr.  ir  ir^o,  father,  anil  oi  o/i.i,  name.] 

A  name  of  men  or  women  derived  from  that  of 
their  parents  or  ancestors  ;  as,  Tydidrs,  the  son  of 
Tydeus  ;  Pclidcs,  the  son  of  Peleus,  that  is,  Achilles. 

P.  Cijc. 

PA-TROO.\',7i.  [D.  pn'roim,  a  protector.]  The  name 
given  in  the  State  of  New  York  to  the  first  proprie- 
tors of  certain  tract-s  of  land  with  manorial  jirivi- 
leges,  and  descending  with  the  property  to  the  oldest 
son. 

PAT'TED,  pp.    Struck  gently  with  the  fingers. 
P.VT'TEN,  II.    [Fr.  patiii,  probably  from  the  name  of 
the  foot.] 

1.  The  base  of  a  column  or  pillar.  Ainaionrth. 

2.  A  wtMiden  shoe  with  an  iron  ring,  worn  to  keep 
the  shoes  from  the  dirt  or  mud.       Camden.  Ony. 

PAT'TEN-.MaK  ER,  n.    One  that  makes  p.attcns. 
PAT'TER,  tj.  i.    [from  pat,  to  strike  gently ;  or  Fr. 
pa((e,  the  foot.  ] 

To  strike,  as  falling  drops  of  water  or  hail,  with  a 
quick  succession  of  small  sounds  ;  as,  patierintr  hail. 

Drydeiu 

The  Bteaiing  ihower  ii  scarce  to  patter  he.ini.  Thomson. 

PAT'TER- KD,  pp.  Struck  with  a  quick  succession  of 
small  sounds. 

P.\T'TER-I.\G,  ppr.  or  o.  Striking  with  a  ipiick  suc- 
cession of  small  sounds. 

P.\T'TER-I.N'G,  n.  A  striking  with  a  quick  succes- 
sion of  small  sounds. 

PAT'TER.V,  71.  [Fr.  patron;  Ann.  patroum  ;  D.  pa- 
troon.    See  Patihin.] 

1.  An  origin.al  or  model  proposi-d  for  imitation; 
the  archetype;  an  exemplar;  that  which  is  to  be 
copii'd  or  imitated,  either  in  things  or  in  actions  ;  as, 
the  pattern  of  a  maebine;  a  pattern  of  patience. 
Christ  was  tin-  most  perfect  poltern  of  rectitude,  pa- 
tience, anil  submission,  ever  exhibited  on  earth. 

2.  A  siKcimen  ;  a  sample  ;  a  part  showing  the  fig- 


ure or  quality  of  the  whole  ;  as,  a  pattern  of  silk  or 
cloth. 

X  Figure  or  style  of  ornamental  execution  ;  as, 
chintz  of  a  beautiful  pnltrrn. 

4.  A  quantity  of  cloth  suflicicnt  fur  a  garment ;  as, 
a  vest  pattern. 

5.  An  instance  ;  an  example.  Hooker. 

C.  Any  thing  cut  or  formed  into  the  shape  of 
something  to  be  made  after  it. 
PAT''1'ERN,  r.  t.   To  make  in  imitation  of  some 
model  ;  to  copy.  Sluik. 

2.  To  serve  as  an  example  to  be  followed.  Shak. 

To  pattern  after  ;  to  imitate  ;  to  follow. 
P.\T'TERN-^:I),  pp.    Copied  ;  made  in  imitation  of. 
PAT'TERN-ING,  ppr.    Imitating;  following. 
PAT'TY,  71.    [Fr.  p^le,  paste.] 

A  little  pie. 

P.\T'TY-PAN,  71.    A  pan  to  bake  a  little  pie  in. 
PAT'lJ-LOUS,  a.  [L.  piilulns,  from  patco,  to  be  open.] 
Spreading  ;  as,  a  pataloiis  calyx  ;  bearing  the  flow- 
ers loose  or  dispersed  ;  as,  a  patulous  peduncle. 

Lee.  Martyn. 
PAU-CIL'O-QUY,  71.    [L.  paucus,  few,  and  loquor,  to 
speak.] 

The  utterance  of  few  words.    [Little  used,] 
PAU'CI-TY,  71.    [L.  paucitas,  from  paucus,  few.] 

1.  Fewness ;  sinalliicss  of  number  ;  as,  the  paucity 
of  schools.  Hooker. 

2.  Smallness  of  quantity ;  as,  paucity  of  blood. 

Brown. 

PAU'LTiVE,  a.    Pertaining  to  Paul.  Ee.  Rir. 

PA  UM,  I'.  U  To  impose  by  fraud  ;  a  corruption  o( palm. 
PAUNCE,  71.    A  pan.sy.    [See  Pansy. 1  [Swi/t. 
PAL'NCH,  71.    [Fr.  pause:  It.  and  trp.  panza ;  Port. 

pan(a  ;  I),  pens  ;  Basque,  pantza  ;  L.  pantex.  Uu. 

G.  waii.s-r.] 
The  belly  and  its  contents. 

The  paunch,  in  ruminating  quadrupeds,  is  the  first 
and  largest  stomach,  into  w  hich  the  food  is  received 
before  rumination.  Monro. 
PAU>'CII,  ti.  t.    To  pierce  or  rip  the  belly;  to  eviscer- 
ate ;  to  take  out  the  contents  of  the  bellv. 

ShtH.  Garth. 

PAUNCH'ING,  ppr.    Eviscerating;  taking  out  the 

contents  of  the  belly. 
PAU'PER,  K.    \h.  pauper;  Fr.  pauvre  ;  Sp.  polnrr  ;  It. 

povero.] 

A  poor  person  ;  particularly,  one  so  indigent  as  to 
depend  on  the  parish  or  town  for  maintenance. 

PAU'PER-IS.M,  71.  The  state  of  being  poorer  desti- 
tute of  the  means  of  support  ;  the  state  of  indigent 
persons  requiring  support  from  the  community,  'i'he 
increase  of  pauperism  is  an  alariiiiiig  evil. 

PAU-PER-I-Za'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  re- 
(liicing  to  pauperism" 

PAU'PER-IZE,  I',  t.    To  reduce  to  pauperism. 

PA("Pr.R-TZ-KI),  pp.    Reduced  to  pauperism. 

PAU'PER-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  the  condition  of 
a  pauper. 

PAUSE,  (paw'z,)  n.  [L.  Sp.  and  It.  pausa  :  Fr.  paii«  ; 
I),  poos;  Sw.  paus ;  G.  and  Dan.  pause;  Gr.  ruuuij, 
from  Travot,  to  cease,  or  cause  to  rest.] 

1.  A  stop;  a  cessation  or  intermission  of  action, 
of  speaking,  singing,  playing,  or  the  like  ;  a  tempo- 
rary stop  or  rest.  Hooker.  Ijtcke. 

2.  Cessation  proceeding  from  doubt ;  suspcii.se. 

1  suiiut  in  pauit  where  I  sliall  first  l<e^n.  Slink. 

3.  Break  or  paragraph  in  writing.  Locke, 

4.  A  temporary  cessation  in  reading.  The  use  of 
punctuation  is  to  mark  the  pauses  in  writing.  In 
verse,  there  are  two  kinds  of  pauses,  the  cesural  and 
the  final.  The  cesural  pause  divides  the  verse  ;  the 
final  pause  closes  it.  The  pauses  which  mark  the 
sense,  and  which  may  be  called  scntmtial,  are  the 
same  in  prose  and  verse. 

5.  A  mark  of  cessation  or  intemission  of  the 
voice  ;  a  point. 

PAUSE,  (pawz,)  V.  t.   To  make  a  short  stop ;  to  cease 
to  speak  for  a  time ;  to  intermit  speaking  or  action. 
Paining  a  while,  thu*  to  hervrlf  ^he  mused.  Milton. 

2.  To  stop ;  to  wait ;  to  forbear  for  a  time. 

Tarry,  pause  a  d.ay  or  two. 
Before  you  ii;u.ird.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  intermitted.    The  music  pauses. 

To  pause  upon  ;  to  deliberate.       ShaJi.  ICnoUes. 
PAUS'ER,  71.    One  who  p;iuses  ;  one  who  deliberates. 

Shak, 

PAUS'IXG,  ppr.     Stopping  for  a  time;  ceasing  to 

"speak  or  act  ;  deliberating. 
PAU:^'I.\G-EY,  arfe.    After  a  pause  ;  by  breaks.  .^Aa*. 
P.\-V.\DE',  n.    A  short  dagger. 

P.\V'.\N,  71.    [Sp.  jMi'oiia,  from  paron,  L.  poro,  a  pea- 
cock.] j 
.\  grave  dance  among  the  Spaniards.    In  this  : 
dance,  the  pcrfonners  make  a  kind  of  w  heel  before  ! 
each  other,  the  gentlemen  dancing  with  rap  and 
sword,  princes  with  long  robes,  and  the  Ladies  with 
long  trails  ;  the  motions  resembling  the  st.ately  steps 
of  the  peacock.  Eneyc.    Sp.  Diet,    Shak.  j 

PA-VE',  (\A-vi',)  71.    [Fr.]    'J  he  pavement. 

PAVE,  0.  L    [Fr.  paecr  ;  L.  pavio  ;  Gr.  :rai(j,  lo  beat,  | 
to  strike.] 

1.  To  lay  or  cover  with  stone  or  brick  so  ns  '.o 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJN'ITE.  — AN"GF.R,  VI"CIOirs — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  ns  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ini  ♦ 


ppp 


805 


PAW 


PAY 


PEA 


make  a  level  or  ctmvenient  surface  fur  liorses,  car- 
riajjes,  or  foot  passengers  ;  lo  floor  with  brick,  stone, 
or  oilier  solid  material ;  as,  to  pave  a  street ;  to  paw 
a  sidewalk. 

2.  To  prepare  a  passage  ;  to  facilitate  the  introduc- 
tion of.  The  invention  of  printing  paced  the  way 
for  intellectual  improvement. 

PXV'KO,  pp.  or  a.  Laid  over  with  stones,  bricks,  or 
other  solul  material ;  prepared  ;  as  a  wa}'. 

PAVE'iMENT,  n.    [L.  pacimentum.] 

A  floor  or  covering  consisting  of  stones,  bricks,  or 
other  solid  material,  laid  on  the  earth  in  such  a  man- 
ner .as  to  make  a  hard  and  convenient  passage  ;  as,  a 
paremeiit  of  pebbles,  of  bricks,  or  of  marble. 

P.^VE'ME.\T,  V.  t.  To  pave;  to  floor  with  stone  or 
brick.    I  Unusual.]  Bp.  Hull. 

PAVER,  j  n.    One  who  lays  stones  for  a 

PaV'IER,  (pav'yer,)  (  floor,  or  whose  occupation  is 
to  pave.  Gtty. 

Pa'VI-AGE,  n.  A  contributiou  or  tax  for  paving  the 
streets  or  highways.  Boucier. 

PA  V  [  D,  a.    i  L.  pai-iilus.] 
Timid     fjVut  ujed.] 

PA-VIIi'l-TY,  n.    Fearfiilness.  [Motusril.] 

PA-VIL'IO.N',  (pa-vil'yun,)  ji.  [Fr.  puoillon  :  Sp.  pa- 
bellon  ;  Port.  pavUham  ;  Arm.  pavilhoti  ;  W.  pabell  i 
It.  pavialione  and  padigliune  ;  L.  papdio,  a  buttL-rfly, 
and  a  paviliim.  According  to  Owen,  the  Welsh 
pabell  signifies  a  moving  habitation.] 

1.  A  tent ;  a  temporary  movable  habitation. 

2.  In  ardiileclure,  a  kind  of  turret  or  building, 
usually  insulated  and  contained  under  a  single  roof ; 
sometimes  square  and  sometimes  in  the  form  of  a 
dome.  Sometimes  a  pavilion  is  a  projecting  part  in 
the  front  of  a  building  ;  sometimes  it  tianks  a  corner. 

Gioilt. 

The  name  is  sometimes,  though  improperly,  given 
to  a  summer-house  in  a  garden.  Brande. 
j  3.  In  mUitury  affair.-!,  a  tent  raised  on  posts.  The 

!  .     word  is  sometimes  used  for  a  flag,  colors,  ensign,  or 
banner. 

4.  In  kegaldrij,  a  covering  in  form  of  a  tent,  invest- 
ing the  armories  of  kings. 

.5.  Among  jewelers,  the  under  side  and  corner  of 
brilliants,  lying  between  the  girdle  and  collet. 
PA-VIL'IO.\,  f.  t.    To  furnish  with  tents.  JUlton. 

2.  To  shelter  with  a  tent.  Pope. 
PA-VI L'IO.\-£D,  pp.     Furnished  with  pavilions; 

shf-llered  by  a  tent. 
Pa  V'I.\(t,  ppr.    Flooring  with  stones  or  bricks. 
PaV'I.VG,  n.    The  act  of  laying  a  pavement. 

2.  Pavement  ;  a  floor  of  stones  or  bricks. 
PaVIOK,  (pav'yur,)  n.    One  that  paves. 
PA'VO,  n.    [L.,  a  peacock  ;  W.  paw,  spreading.] 

A  constellation  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  south 
of  Sagittarius. 
PA-Vo.\'E',  n.    [h.  pavo.] 

.\  peacock.    [J^of.  used.]  Spenser. 
F.W'O-NiiN'E,  a.     [L.  pavonimis,  from  pavo,  a  pea- 
cock.] 

Resembling  the  tail  of  a  peacock  ;  iridescent. 

Cleaueland, 

PAW,  Ti.    [W.  pawcn,  a  paw,  a  hoof ;  Arm.  pau  ;  Hin- 
o  ^ 

doc,  pauie ;  Pers.  pai,  the  foot ;  perhaps  con- 

tracted from  pad  or  pal,  as  the  Dutch  have  pool,  and 
the  Fr.  patie.  If  so,  the  word  coincides  in  elements 
with  I*,  pes,  pedit,  Gr.  n-""?,  Eng.  foot.  Or.  TraTCM.] 

1.  The  foot  of  beasts  of  prey  having  claws,  as  the 
lion,  the  tiger,  the  dog,  cat,  &,c.   Lcc.  xi. 

2.  The  hand,  in  contempt.  Dnjdrn. 
PAW,  V.  i.    Til  draw  the  fore  foot  along  the  ground  ; 

to  scrape  with  the  fore  foot ;  as,  a  tiery  horse  paming 
with  his  hoof.  Susift. 
Hp  patstth  in  tlie  valley,  — Job  xxxix. 
PAW,  r.  U    To  scrape  »vitli  the  fore  foot. 

His  hot  touTmr  pawed  Ui'  Hiiiig.iri.iii  pl.iin.  Tickel. 

5.  To  handle  roughly  ;  to  scratch, 

3.  To  fawn ;  to  llattcr.  Ainsworth. 
PAW'KI),  pp.   Scraped  with  the  fore  foot. 

2.  a.  Ilaving  paws. 

3.  Hroad  fooled.  Johnson. 
PAW'I.NG,  ppr.    Scraping  with  the  fore  foot. 
PAWK'Y,  a.    [from  Sax.  pircan,  to  deceive.] 

Arch  i  cunning,    [hie.al.]  Grose. 
PAWL,  n.    [ W.  ;>u«>/.  Eng.  po/f,  L. />n/«<.   See  Polk. 1 
Among  «c<imcn,  a  short  bar  of  wood  or  iron  fixed 
clo"C  to  the  capstan  or  windl.ass  of  a  ship  to  jirfVcnt 
it  from  rolling  hack  or  giving  way.         Mar.  Okl. 
PAWN,  n.    [U.pand;  G.  pfand ;  Sw.  pant;  Port. 
hor  i  It.  pe^no  ;  Sp.  empeiio  ;  L.  pirrnus.    The  sense 
may  be  that  which  is  laid  down  or  deposited.] 
1.  Something  given  or  defM>Miied  an  security  for  the 
'        paymriil  of  money  burrowed  ;  a  pledge.    Pau>n  is 
applied  only  lo  goodn  '.hatielH,  or  money,  and  not  to 
I       real  cutatc. 

I  M  n  will  not  I'k'  pauru  wltli'nit  Bacon. 

Q.  A  pledge  f;r  the  fiilflllinent  of  n  promlKe.  Shak, 
3.  A  coniini.n  man  at  cIichs.    [>^«c  pKofi.]  Cowlei), 
In  paicn,  at  pawn  ;  the  Bt;ite  of  being  pledged. 
I  Hwen  wifff,  my  honor  |4  tu  paun.  Shak. 


PAWN,  w.  i.  [D.  panden  ;  Sp.  empenar  ;  Port,  cntpen- 
har ;  It.  impeintare  ;  L,.  pi<rnero.] 

1.  To  give  or  deposit  in  pledge,  or  as  security  for 
the  payment  vf  money  borrowed ;  to  pledge  ;  as,  she 
pawned  the  last  piece  of  plate. 

,2.  To  pledge  for  the  fulfillment  of  a  promise  ;  as, 
to  paxDn  one's  word  or  honor  that  an  agreement  shall 
be  fulfilled. 

PAWN'BRoK-ER,  n.  One  who  lends  money  on 
pledse  or  the  deposit  of  goods.  jirbutUnot, 

PAWN'BlloK-lNG,  n.  The  business  of  a  pawn- 
broker. 

PAW.\'£D,  pp.    Pledged  ;  given  in  security, 
PAWN-EE',  n.    The  person  to  whom  a  pawn  is  de- 
livered as  security  ;  one  that  takes  any  thing  in  pawn. 

If  ttie  pawn  is  laid  up  and       paumee  roblicd,  he  is  nut  answer- 
aljie.  Encyc. 

PAWN'ER,  n.  One  that  pledges  any  thing  as  se- 
curity for  the  payment  of  borrowed  money. 

PAWN'ING,  ppr.  Pledging,  as  goods;  giving  as  se- 
curity. 

PAX,  n,    [L.  pax,  pe.ace.] 

A  small  plate  of  gold,  silver,  &c.,  with  the  image 
of  Christ  on  the  cross  on  it,  wliich  people,  before  the 
reformation,  used  to  kiss  after  the  service  ;  the  cer- 
emony being  considered  as  the  kiss  of  peace.  Todd. 

PA.WVAX,  n.  A  name  given  by  English  butchers  to 
a  strong,  stiff*  cartilage  running  along  the  sides  of  a 
large  quadruped  to  the  middle  of  the  back,  as  in  an 
ox  or  horse.  It  seems  intended  to  support  the  head 
in  a  horizontal  position.  Paley. 

P.aY,  t!.  (.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Paid.  [Fr.  payer.  Norm,  pair, 
contracted  from  It.  paijnre.  Port,  and  Sp.  patsar. 
Arm.  paca.  Class  Rg.  From  the  different  applica- 
tions of  pay,  the  sense  appears  to  be,  to  semi  or 
send  to  ;  for,  in  our  vulgar  language,  to  pay  on,  is 
to  strike,  lo  beat  ;  and  to  pay  with  pitch,  is  lo  put  on 
or  rub  over.  In  the  sense  tif  strike,  this  coincides 
with  the  Greek  rau.),  titnatM,  W.  pmyaw.  In  an- 
other seamen's  phrase,  the  word  signifies  to  loosen 
or  slacken,  as  to  pay  out  cable,  that  is,  to  send  or  ex- 
tend, liiil  this  word  can  not  belong  to  the  root  of 
the  Greek  and  Welsh  words,  unless  these  are  con- 
trarled  from  Pir  or  Pk.] 

1.  To  discharge  a  debt;  to  deliver  to  a  creditor 
the  value  of  the  debt,  either  in  money  or  goods,  to 
his  acceptance  or  s,atisfaction,  by  which  the  obliga- 
tion of  the  debtor  is  discharged. 

2.  To  discharge  a  duty  created  by  promise,  or  by 
custom,  or  by  the  moral  law  ;  as,  to  pay  a  debt  of 
honor  or  of  kindness. 

You  liave  paid  vlown 
M'ln"  penitence,  lli.xn  done  tresp.iss.  Shak. 

3.  To  fulfill  ;  to  perform  what  is  promised  ;  as,  lo 
pay  one's  vows.  Scripture. 

4.  To  lender  what  is  due  to  a  superior,  or  rie- 
mandetl  by  civility  or  courtesy  ;  as,  lo  puy  respect  to 

,    a  magistrate  ;  lo  pay  due  honor  to  parents, 

5.  To  retort  upon  another  an  injury  received  ;  as, 
I  will  pay  you  for  this  trick.  Hence,  it  sometimes 
implies,  to  beat. 

For  wlucli,  or  pay  me  quickly,  or  I'll  pay  yuu.       B.  Jonson. 

6.  To  reward  ;  to  recompense  ;  as,  to  pay  for  kind- 
ness Willi  neglect.  Dryilin. 

To  pay  for:  lo  make  amends  ;  to  atone  by  suffer- 
ing. .Men  often  ;ifi;(  for  their  mistakes  with  loss  of 
property  or  repiilaliou,  sonietiiiies  with  life. 

2.  To  give  an  equivalent  for  any  thing  purchasetl. 

To  pay,  or  pay  over  ;  in  .seamen^s  lano-uaire,  to  daub 
or  besmear  the  surface  of  any  body,  to  presi'rve  it 
from  injury  by  water  or  weather. 

To  pny  llie  bottom  of  a  re.<sel :  to  Cover  it  with  a 
composition  of  tallow,  sulphur,  resin,  Slc.  :  to  bre.iiu. 

To  pay  a  mast  or  yard;  to  besmear  it  with  tar,  tur- 
pentine, resin,  tallow,  or  varnish. 

To  pay  a  seam :  to  pour  melted  pitch  along  it,  so  as 
to  defend  the  oakum. 

To  pay  off;  to  make  compensation  to  and  dis- 
charge ;  as.  111  pay  off  [he  crew  of  a  ship. 

To  pay  out:  to  slacken,  extend,  or  cause  In  run 
out ;  as,  to  pay  oat  more  cable.  Jttar,  Diet. 

VaY,  v.  i.    To  recompense. 

To  pay  off,  among  seamen,  is  to  fall  to  leeward,  as 
the  head  of  a  ship.  .Vor.  Diet. 

To  pail  on  ;  to  beat  with  vigor  ;  to  redouble  blows. 
^C«//("/i<iVi'.] 

PaY,  n.  Compensation;  recompense;  an  ecpiivalenl 
givi*n  for  money  diu!,  goods  purchased,  or  services 
perfiiriiied  ;  salary  or  wages  for  services  ;  hire.  The 
merchant  receives  pdi/  for  goods  sold  ;  the  soldier  re- 
ceives pay  for  his  services  ;  but  the  soldiers  of  the 
American  revoliilion  never  received  full  pay. 

2.  Coiiipi;nsalion  ;  reward. 

li'-re  only  nirrit  conitant  pay  rrceivea.  Pope. 
PAY'A-BI.E,  n.  [Fr.]  That  may  or  ought  to  be  paid. 
In  oeneral,  money  is  payable  as  noon  as  it  is  due,  or 
at  the  time  payment  is  stipulated,  or  at  the  ex|iiration 
of  the  credit ,  but,  by  the  iisaco  of  meri  liants,  three 
or  more  days  of  graci-  are  allowed  to  the  debtor,  and 
a  ntilo  dne  at  Ihe  day  when  payiiient  is  promised  is 
not  panable  nil  the  expiration  of  the  days  of  grace. 

3.  That  can  be  paid  ,  that  there  is  power  to  pay, 
Thniiki  arr  n  triljiite  jiai/aljle  by  the  poore»l.  South. 


PaY'-BILL,  71,  A  bill  of  money  to  be  paid  lo  the  sol- 
diers of  a  company, 

PaY'-DaY,  n.  The  day  when  payment  is  to  be  made 
or  debts  discharged  ;  the  day  on  which  wages  or 
money  is  stipulated  to  he  paid.  Locke. 

PAY-EE',  n.  The  person  lo  whom  money  is  to  be 
paid  ;  the  person  named  in  a  bill  or  note  to  whom 
the  amount  is  promised  or  directed  lo  be  paid. 

PAY'ER,  n.  One  that  p.iys.  In  bUls  of  exchange,  the 
person  on  whom  the  bill  is  drawn,  and  who  is  di- 
rected to  pay  this  money  to  the  holder. 

PAY'ING,  ppr.  Discharging  a  debt ;  fulfilling  a  prom- 
ise ;  rewarding. 

PAY'MSS-TER,  n.  One  who  is  to  pay;  one  from 
whom  wages  or  reward  is  received.  Taylor. 

2.  In  Ute  army,  an  otficer  whose  duly  is  to  pay  the 
officers  and  soldiers  Iheir  wages,  and  who  is  intrusted 
with  money  for  this  purpose. 

PAY'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  paying  or  giving  compen- 
sation. Bacon. 

2.  The  thing  given  in  discharge  of  a  debt  or  fulfill- 
ment of  a  promise.  Skak. 

3.  Reward  ;  recompense.  South. 

4.  Chastisement ;  sound  beating.    [JVot  u.ied.] 
PAY'NIM.    See  Pai.mlm.  [.Sinsworth. 
PA  Y'-OF-FI("E,  71.    A  place  or  office  wliere  payment 

is  made  of  public  debts. 

PAYSE,  PAYS'ER,  for  Poise,  Poiseb,  are  not  used. 
_  '  Speiuier. 

VK.K,  71.  [Sax.  pisa ;  Fr.  pais  ;  It.  pisello ;  L.  pisum  ; 
Gr.  iTiO'iv  ;  W.  pys,  pysen  ;  Ir.  pis.] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Pisum,  of  many 
varieties,  much  cultivated  for  food.  This  pbint  has 
a  papilionaceous  flower,  and  the  pericarp  is  a  legume, 
called  in  popular  language  a  pod.  In  tke  plural,  we 
write  peas,  for  two  or  more  individual  seeds;  but 
pease  for  an  indefinite  number  in  quantity  or  bulk. 
We  write  two,  tiiree,  or  four  peas,  but  a  bushel  of 
pease.    [  This  practice  is  arbitrary  and  improper.] 

PP.ACE,  (pese,)  n.  [Sax.  pa*;," ;  Norm,  pais  ;  Fr.  paiz; 
It.  pace  i  Sp.  ami  Port,  paz  ;  Arm.  peoch,from  peoh; 
L.  pax.  Ciu.  Riiss.  pokoi.  The  elemenls  are  /'if,  or 
their  cognates ;  for  the  L.  has  paco,  to  appease,  coin- 
ciding with  the  root  of  pack,  and  signifying  to  press 
or  to  stop.] 

1.  Ill  general  setvie,  a  .state  of  quiet  or  tranquillity  ; 
freedom  from  dii^irbance  or  agitation  ;  applicable  to 
society,  to  individuals,  or  to  the  temper  of  the 
mind. 

2.  Freedom  from  war  with  a  foreign  nation  ;  pub- 
lic quiet. 

3.  Freedom  from  internal  commotion  or  civil 
war. 

4.  Freedom  from  private  quarrels,  suits,  or  dis- 
turbance. 

5.  Freedom  from  agitation  or  disturbance  by  the 
passions,  as  from  fear,  terror,  anger,  anxiety,  or  Ihe 
like;  quietness  of  mind;  tranquillity;  calmness; 
quiet  of  conscience. 

GriMt  pea^e  have  they  th.it  love  thy  law,  —  Ps.  cxix. 

6.  Heavenly  rest ;  the  happiness  of  heaven. 

Is.  Ivii, 

7.  Il.armony ;  concord  ;  a  st.ale  of  reconciliation 
between  parties  at  variance, 

8.  Public  traiiqiiillily  ;  that  quiet,  order,  and  secu- 
rity winch  is  guarantied  by  the  laws  ;  as  to  keep  the 
peace;  lo  break  the  peace. 

S).  This  word  is  ii>ed  in  commanding  silence  or 
tpiiet ;  as,  peace  to  this  troubled  soul. 

Peace  t  tlie  lovers  are  asleep.  Crashatg. 

To  be  at  peace ;  to  be  reconciled  ;  to  live  in  har- 
mony. 

To  make  peace  ;  to  reconcile,  as  parlies  at  variance. 

7'o  liidd  the  peace  :  to  be  sdent ;  to  suppress  one's 
Ihoiiglils  ;  nol  to  speak. 
Pr,.\CE'.\-llI,E,  a.    Free  from  war,  tumult,  or  public 
commotion.    V\*e  live  in  peaceable  times.    The  ref- 
uniiation  was  introduced  in  a  peaceable  manner. 

2.  Free  from  private  feuds  or  quarrels.  The  neigh- 
bors are  peaceable.    These  men  arc  peaceable. 

3.  (I'lict;  uiiilistiirlied  ;  nut  agitated  with  passion. 
His  mind  is  very  peaceable. 

4.  Not  violent,  bloody,  or  unnatural;  as  to  die  a 
peoeeiible  death, 

PkACE'A-IILE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  peace- 
able ;  quietness. 

2.  Disposition  to  peace.  Hammond. 
Pf,.\CE'A-I1I.Y,  adr.    VVitliont  war;  without  tumult 
or  commolion  ;  without  private  feuds  and  (lunrrels. 

2,  Wilhoul  di.stiirbance ;  quietly;  without  agita- 
tion ;  without  interniption, 
PicACE'-BREAK-ER,  ;i.  One  that  violates  or  disturbs 
public  pence. 

P|f..\(;E'F!JL,  a.  (luiet;  undisturbed  ;  not  in  n  .«tate 
of  war  or  commotion  ;  as,  a  peaceful  time  ;  n  peaceful 
country. 

2.  Pacific  ;  mild  ;  calm  ;  as,  pexuefal  words ;  a 
peaceful  temper. 

3.  Removed  from  noise  or  tumuli ;  still ;  iindis- 
lurlied  ;  ns,  the  peaceful  cotluge;  the  gicaceful  scenes 
of  ruriil  life. 

PP.ACE'FjJL-LY,  adv.    Without  war  or  cominotiun. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT,— MiETE,  PUBY,~PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


806 


PEA 


PEB 


PEC 


2.  Uuietly  ;  witiiout  distiirhsiiice. 

Uiir  lyvcd  iMrili,  wIiltc  jjeacc/u/^y  wc  nli'pt.  Dnj'Un. 
X  Mildlv;  L'eiitly. 
PRAC'b'-'Kt.'L-NUSS,  n.    Quiet;  freedom  from  unr, 
liiiiiiill,  (iisuirbancc,  or  discord. 

2.  I'ryedoiii  from  luriilal  perturlialion  ;  as,  jicaceful- 
vfs.t  of  mtiul. 

rp.ACK'l.l'^S^!,  «.    VVithoiit  pence  ;  distiirlied.  Sandiju. 
PRACK'MaK-KR,  II.    One  wliu  iiinlieii  peace  by  lec- 
oiu'iliii;!  parlies  tliat  are  nt  variance. 

BIrsw-d  lire  llu-  t)ra£e:nakert,  for  lhcy»li;dl  be  called  tlie  ciiiUlren 
of  IJot).  —  NI.iu.  V. 

PP.ACE'-OF-FER-ING,  n.  Amone  the  Jews,  n  volun- 
tary oti'eriiiK  to  God,  in  thankfulness  for  liis  licncfits, 
or  to  ask  favors  from  liini,  or  merely  to  satisfy  the 
desires  of  a  devout  mind  and  give  honor  to  God. 

2.  In  common  lisajr,  satisfaction  offered  to  an  of- 
fended person,  especially  to  a  su|ierior. 

PEAUIi'-UK-FI-UKK,  n.  A  civil  olticer  whose  duty 
is  to  preserve  the  public  peace,  to  prevent  or  punish 
riots,  &c. ;  .is  a  sheriff,  or  constable. 

Pr:AUE'-P.\RT-ED,  a.  Dismissed  from  the  world  in 
peace.  Shak. 

PkACE'-PA  R-TY,  n.  A  party  that  favors  peace,  or  the 
making  of  peace.  Mitford. 

PEACH,  n.    [yt.]ilthr,:  It.  pt<ca;  Arm.  ppc/icse«.] 

A  tree  anu  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Persica  or  Aniyg- 
dalus,  of  many  varieties.  This  is  a  delicious  fruit, 
the  produce  of  warm  ()r  temjierate  climates.  In 
America,  the  peach  thrives  and  comes  ti»  perf  ction 
in  the  neigliborhuud  of  lloston,  northsvard  of  wliicli 
_it  usually  fails. 

Pi'.Al'll,  for  Impeacm,  is  not  used.  Dnjdcn. 

PlcACH'-CCil.-OR,  (peech'kul-lur,)  n.  The  pale-rcd 
Color  of  the  (leacti  blossuni. 

PP.At;il'-eOI.-()K-f.D,  (peech'kul-lurd,)  a.  Of  the 
Color  of  a  pt%ach  blossom.  S/tak. 

Pl'^ACII'Ell,  II.    An  accuser.    [.Vot.  used.]  Fox. 

Pk.\'UU1CK,  m.  The  chicken  or  young  of  the  pea- 
cock. Sottthern. 

Pl2;,\CH'-T!lEE,  n.  The  tree  that  produces  the  peach. 

PiC.A'eOGK,  II.  [Pea,  in  this  word,  is  from  L.  pavo. 
Sax.  jtaipa;  Fr.  paon,  contracted  iVom  paconis ;  IL 
panone;  put'on ;  D.  paanw ;  G.  pfauf  VV.  pawan, 
from  ;i<iie,  spreading,  extending.] 

A  large  and  beautiful  gallinaceous  fowl  of  the 
genus  Pavo,  properly  the  male  of  the  species,  but  in 
usage  the  name  is  applied  to  the  species  in  general. 
The  feathers  of  this  fowl's  tail  are  very  long,  and 
variegated  with  rich  and  elegant  colors.  The  pea- 
cock is  a  native  of  India. 

PKA'eOCK-FISIl,  II.  A  beautiful  fish  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, Labrus  Pavo  of  Liniia;us. 

PLl.'V'IiE.N,  II.    [pr.  pfuuheitne  or  pfaucti ;  D.  paauwin.] 
The  In  n  or  femaic  of  the  peacock. 

PkA'-J  ACK-ET,  «.  A  thick  woolen  jacket  worn  by 
seamen,  &c. 

PkAK,  (peek,)  II.  [Sax.pcac;  W.pig;  \r.peac;  Eng. 
pihe,heak;  Vr.  pique;  \l.  becco ;  pico.  These  are 
of  one  family,  .signifying  a  point,  from  shooting  or 
thrustini;.] 

1.  The  lop  of  a  hill  nr  mountain,  ending  in  a  point ; 
as,  the  prnk  of  Tenerilfe. 

2.  A  point ;  the  end  of  any  thing  that  terminates 
in  a  point. 

3.  The  upper,  outer  corner  of  a  sail  which  is  ex- 
tenilcd  by  a  gaff  or  yard  j  also,  the  e.xtreinity  of  the 
yard  or  gaff.  Mar.  Diet. 

Pii.AK,  e.  i.    To  look  sickly  or  thin.  [A"<im.-C(i.]  Shak. 
2.  To  make  a  mean  figure  ;  to  sneak.    [Au(  lu^ed.] 

Shak. 

Pi5AK,  r.  t  To  raise  a  gaff  or  yard  more  obliquely  to 
the  mast.  -War.  Dtct. 

PEAK'EI),  (pfl'kcd  or  peekt,)  a.  Pointed  ;  ending  in 
a  point. 

PkAK'IN'G,  a.    Mean  ;  sneaking  ;  poor.  [Fiii/rnr.] 
Pic.'VK'ISlI,  a.  Denoted  or  belonging  loan  acuminated 
situation.  Drayton. 

2.  Having  features  that  seem  thin  or  sharp,  as  from 
sickness.    [Colloquial.]  Smart. 

PEAL,  (peel,)  n.  [from  L.  pello,  whence  appetlo,  to 
appeal.  The  sense  is,  to  drive  ;  a  peal  is  a  driving  of 
sound.  This  word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of 
L.  balo,  and  Eng.  to  bawl,  jubilee,  bell,  &.C.] 

A  loud  sound,  usually  a  succession  of  loud  sounds, 
as  of  bells,  thunder,  cannon,  shouts  of  a  multitude, 
Jcc.  Bacon.    .Mttton.  J^ddison, 

PE.\L,  r.  I.    To  utter  loud  and  solemn  sounds  ;  as  the 

prating  organ.  Mdlun. 
PeAL,  v.  u    To  assail  with  noise. 

Nor  wus  his  ear  less  ptttted.  MUton. 
S.  To  cause  to  ring  or  sound  ;  to  celebrate-. 

The  warrior's  name 
Though  pealed  atid  chimed  on  all  the  tongues  of  fam^. 

J.  BarUna. 

3.  To  Stir  or  agitate.    [J^ot  used.]  Ainswerrth. 
PEAL'/rn,  pp.     Assailed  with  sound  ;  resounded  ; 

celebrated. 

Pk.\L'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Uttering  a  loud  sound  or  suc- 
cessive sounds  ;  resounding. 
PE'.XN,  Ti.    [I,,  paan ;  Gr.  ir.iiai/. 
.\  song  of  praise  or  triumph. 


Pj?'AN-I?.M,  II.    The  song  or  shouts  of  praise  or  tif 

battle;  shouts  of  frininph.  Alitford. 
Pi".A'Nl,'T,  11.    The  Aracliis  Hypogtea,  or  ground  nut, 

sometimes  called  Pimoir. 
PE.X'-oKK,  II.    .\n  argillaceous  oxyd  of  iron,  oecur- 

rinj:  in  round  grains  of  the  size  tif  n  pra.  /fumble. 
PKAIt,  (pan-,)  II.    [.^ax. /icrii ;  t'p.  Port,  anil  It.  ;iirii; 

1).  peer;  G.  birn ;  Sw.  parun;   Dan.  ptert ;  Arm. 

perm;  W.  per  ;  Ij.  pyruui.) 

The  well  kntiwn  fruif  of  the  Pyrus  communis,  of 

many  varieties,  some  of  which  are  delicious  to  the 

taste. 

PEARCir  (iicrch.)    See  Pepch. 

PEARL,  (perl,)  II.  [Fr.  ;ifWc ;  If.  and  Pp.  pn-la;  Ir. 
pearla;  Sax.  pearl;  Sw.  pdrla  ;  1).  paitrl ;  G.  perlc ; 
W.  perli/n.  This  may  be  radically  the  same  word  as 
beryl,  ami  so  named  from  its  clearness.] 

1.  A  wh'to,  hard,  (Smooth,  shining  body,  usually 
roundish,  found  in  certain  testaceous  fish  of  fhe 
oyster  kind.  It  is  fotintl  in  the  Persian  seas,  tin  the 
coast  of  Ceylon,  anti  in  many  parts  of  the  ocean 
which  washes  the  shores  of  Arabia  and  the  ctuif  inent 
and  isles  of  Asia,  and  is  taken  by  divers.  Pearls  are 
of  different  sizes  and  colors;  the  larger  ones  appri>acli 
to  the  figure  of  a  pear  ;  some  have  been  foiinti  intire 
than  an  inch  in  lengili.  They  are  valued  according 
to  their  size,  their  rountlness,  and  their  luster  or  pu- 
rify, which  appears  in  a  bright,  fraiisliicent,  silvery 
whiteness.  MeCultneli.    P.  Cye. 

2.  PuelieuUy,  something  round  and  clear,  as  a  drop 
of  water  or  tiew.  Drayton. 

3.  A  white  speck  or  film  growing  on  the  eye. 

.^tnsjrarth. 

PEARL,  (perl,)  v.  t.    To  set  or  adorn  with  pearls. 

PEARL,  (perl,)  r.  i.    To  resemble  pearls.  Sprn.'ier. 

PEARL  A'CEOUS,  o.    Resembling  niothi  r-of  pearl. 

PEARL'ASII,  (perl'ash,)  n.  A  soinevvhaf  impure  car- 
bonate of  potassa,  obtained  by  calcining  potashes  up- 
on a  reverbi  ratory  hearth.  f'rc. 

PEAKL'-DIV-ER,  n.    One  who  dives  for  pearls. 

Carli.iU. 

PEARL'JED,  (perld,)  a.    Set  or  adorned  with  pearls. 

Milton.  . 

PEARL'-E?-£D,  (perl'Ide,)  a.  Having  a  speck  in  the 
eye.  Johiuion. 

PEARL'-OYS-TER,  n.  The  oyster  which  yields 
pearls. 

PEARL'-SIN-TER,  n.  Fiorite  ;  a  variety  of  silicious 
sinter,  the  color  grav  antl  white.  Ure. 

PEARL'-SP;^R,  (perl'spiir,)  ii.    Brown  sjiar. 

PEARL'-SToN'E,  ii.  A  variety  of  obsidian,  of  a  blu- 
ish or  graj'ish  color,  and  pearly  luster.  Dana, 

PEARL-STUD  DED,  a.    Studded  with  pearls.  Scott. 

PEARL'-WIll  TE,  II.  A  white  powder  precipitated 
from  the  nitrate  of  bismuth  by  a  solution  of  sea-salt. 

Ure. 

PEARL'-WORT,  )  «.    An  annual  plant  of  the  genus 

PEARL'-GRASS,  (     Sagina.  Loudon.  Fum.  of  Plants. 

PEARL'Y,  (pcrl'c,)  a.  Ctmlaining  pearls  ;  abounding 
with  pearls  ;  as,  pearly  shells  ;  a  pearly  shore. 

2.  Resembling  pearls;  clear;  pure;  transparent; 
as,  the  pearly  flood  ;  pearly  dew.  Drai/ton.  Drydcn. 

PEaU'MaIN,  !!.    .\  variety  of  the  apple. 

PE.^R'-TREE,  n.    The  tree  that  produces  pears. 

PEAS'ANT,  (pez'ant,)  ii.  [Fr.  paysan  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
paisano;  from  the  name  of  country  ;  Fr.  paij',  or  pays, 
Sp.  and  Port,  /iiii.v.  It.  paese  ;  W.  pens,  a  place  tif 
rest,  a  country,  from  pau,  coinciding  with  Gr.  na\jut, 
to  rest.] 

A  coiintrj'man  ;  one  whose  business  is  rural  labor. 
PEA.*'.ANT,  (pez'ant,)  a.    Rustic  ;  rural.  Spen.ier. 
PEA?'AN'T-LIKE,  (  a.    Rude;  clownish;  illiterate; 
PEA?'ANT-LY,      j     re.sembling  peasants.  Mdton. 
PE.'\S'ANT-RY,  (pcz'ant-ry,)  71.    Peasants;  rustics; 
the  body  of  couiilry  people.  Locke. 
2.  Rusticity.    [JVot  used.]  Butler. 
Pr.AS'-COD,    j  II.  The  legume  or  pericarp  of  the  pea. 
PkA'-SIIELL,  j  fValton.  Oay. 

Pf'.A'-SToNE,  11.    Pisolite,  which  sec. 
PEASE,  (|>ee/.,)  n.  pi.    Peas  collectively,  or  used  as 

food.    [See  Pea.]  JlrbuthnoU 
PkAT,  n.    [G.  p/ti/:p,  a  bog.] 

A  substance  of  vegetable  origin,  always  found 
more  or  less  saturated  with  water.  It  coiisisU;  of 
roots  and  fibers  in  ever)'  stage  of  decomposition, 
from  the  natural  wood  to  the  completely  black 
vegetable  mold.  When  dried,  it  furins  a  valuable 
kinil  of  fuel.  P.  Cyc. 

PEAT,  n.    [Ft.  petit.] 

A  small,  delicate  person.  Halliirell. 
Pli.AT'-MOSS,  n.  [ ;ii;at  and  moss.]  The  same  as  Peat, 
which  see. 

2.  A  fen  producing  peat. 
PEAT'Y,  a.    Composed  of  peat ;  resembling  peat. 

Brande. 

PFB'BI  E  / 

PEB'BLElsTa.VE,  (       f^"^"  P"*"*!  popotjfaiia.] 

1.  In  popular  usaire,  a  roundish  sttme,  of  any  kind, 
from  the  size  of  a  nut  to  that  of  a  man's  heati. 

2.  Among  opliciaiis,  transparent  and  colorless  rock- 
cr\stal.  Brande. 

PEU'BLE-GRYS'TAL,  n.  A  crystal  in  form  of  nod- 
ules, found  in  earthy  stratums,  and  irregular  in 
shape.  JVoodu-ard. 


PEH'BLATl),  a.    Abonmling  with  pebbles.  Thomson. 

PEII'IILY,  n.  Full  of  pebbles;  abounding  with  small, 
roundish  stones. 

PE-CA.N',    i  II.    A  species  of  hickory,  ("arya  olivifor- 

PE-f;X'N.\,  (  mis,  and  its  fruit,  growing  in  North 
.America.  The  niils  are  oblong,  very  sinooin,  an 
inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  bmg,  with  thin  shells, 
anil  fciriu  a  small  article  of  tratle  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  vallev  of  the  Mississippi.  P.  Cyc. 

PI'C'  A  I!  V,  II.    See  Peccauv. 

PE€  CA  HIL'I-TV,  71.    [from  npccaWe.]    SUite  of  b<;- 

ing  subject  to  sin  ;  capacity  of  sinning. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
PEe'CA-ltLE,  a.    [from  L.  peeco,  Ir.  pcachadh,  W.  pee, 

pecowd,  sin  ;  pccu,  to  sin  ;  Fr.  pecker ;  It.  peccare  ;  Sp. 

pecar.] 

Liable  to  sin  ;  subject  to  transgress  the  divine  law. 

Prir..!tley. 

PEC-CA-DII/LO,  II.  rsp.,  dim.  from  pecado,  L.  peeea- 
turn  ;  Fr.  pecraddle.    See  Peccable.] 

1.  A  slight  trespass  or  offense ;  a  petty  crime  or 
fault.  Drtiden. 

2.  A  sort  of  stiff  ruff.  B.  Taylor. 
PECeA.V-t'Y,  71.    [from  peccant.]    Bad  qualify  ;  as, 

the  prcrnney  of  the  humors.  fVi.<eman. 
2.  Otf.'iise.  Mounlnirtu 
PEe'C.\.\T,  a.    [L.  peccans  ;  Fr.  peccant.    See  Pecca- 

DLE.] 

1.  Sinning;  giiiify  of  sin  or  transgression:  crim- 
inal ;  as,  peccant  angels.  Milton. 

2.  Miirbiil  ;  bad  .  corrupt ;  not  healthy  ;  as,  peccant 
humors.  Jirbuthuol. 

3.  Wrong  :  had  ;  defective  ;  informal  ;  as,  a  peccant 
citation.    [JVol  used.]  JlyUffe. 

PEC'CA.VT,  II.    An  offender.    [JVof  ii.ii-rf.]  Wl'ntlock. 

PKC  e A.N'T-LY,  adr.    Siiiliilly  ;  tnmsgressingly. 

PEe'e.\-ltV,  II.  The  po|iiilar  name  of  a  pacliyilerina- 
tous  iiiaminal,  belonging  to  fhe  genus  Dicotyli;s.  It 
is  nearly  rehileil  to  the  hog.  There  are  fwo  s|«-cres, 
the  one  iiiliabiliiiL'  fhe  ea>tern  side  of  Soutli  .Ameri- 
ca, antt  fhe  other  Paraguay.  There  is  an  opening  on 
the  back,  from  which  is  extracted  a  felid  liunior  se- 
creted within. 

PEe  C.A'VI,  [L.,  I  have  offended.]  A  colloquial  word 
used  to  express  confession  or  acknuwledginmt  of  an 
otfensi'.  Aubrey. 

PECII'liLE\DE,ii.  [G.pech,  pitch, and  blende,  blend.] 
Pitchblende,  \vliich  see. 

PECK,  II.    [Arm.  pir/.-,  a  fourth  ;  Fr.  piciidn.] 

1.  The  fourth  [lart  of  a  bushel  ;  a  ilry  measure  of 
eight  quarts  ;  as,  a  peck  of  wheat  or  oats. 

2.  In  line  lantruaire,  a  great  deal  ;  as,  to  be  in  a  peck 
of  troubles.    On.  pack. 

PECK,  v.t.  [\X.  beccare  ;  S\t.  picar  :  Vr.  beequeter  ;  D. 
jiiAcii ;  G.  pickm ;  Dan.  pUiker.  This  verb  is  connect- 
ed with  the  nouns  beak  and  pike.] 

1.  To  strike  with  the  beak  ;  to  thrust  the  beak  in- 
to ;  as,  a  bird  that  pecks  a  hole  in  a  tree. 

2.  To  strike  with  a  pointed  instrtinient,  nr  to  delve 
or  dig  with  any  thing  pointed,  as  with  a  pick-ax. 

Carcio. 

3.  To  pick  up  food  with  the  beak.  Dniden, 

4.  'i'o  strike  wllh  small  anti  repeated  blows;  to 
strike  in  a  manner  to  make  small  impressions.  In 
this  sense,  the  verb  is  generally  intransitive.  We 
say,  to  peck  at.  South. 

[This  verb  and  Pick  are  radically  the  same.] 
PECK'i'^D,  (pekf,)  71/1.    Struck  or  penetrated  wilh  a 

beak  or  jitiintetl  instrument. 
PECK'ER,  II.  One  that  pecks  ;  a  bird  that  pecks  holes 

in  trees  ;  a  wooil  pecker.  Drydcn. 
PECK'LN'G,  p;ir.    Striking  with  the  bill  ;  tliriisl'ing  the 

beak  into :  iliriisting  into  with  a  pointed  instrument; 

taking  up  food  with  the  beak. 
PECK'LED,  for  Speckleo,  is  not  used.  Walton. 
PECTATE,  71.    A  cimipound  of  pectic  acid  with  a 

base. 

PEG'TE.X,  n.  [L.]  A  vascular  membrane  on  the  eyes 
of  birds. 

2.  A  genus  of  bivalves  ;  the  clam.  Brande. 
PEC'Tie  ACID,  n.    [Gr.  -annTif,  coagnliiin.] 

The  aciil  of  many  species  of  vegetables,  so  called 
from  its  tendency  to  form  a  jelly.   It  may  be  obtained 
by  the  action  of  an  alkali  on  pectin.  Ure. 
PEC'TIN,  71.    [Gr.  n/Ar.is.] 

The  gelatinizing  principle  of  certain  vegetables, 
as  apples. 

PECTIN-.AL,  a.    [L.  pecten,  a  coinb  ;  pecto,  to  comb. 

Gr.  ffi«rff.>,  from  riA'-.J 
Pertaining  to  a  ciunb  ;  resembling  a  comb. 
PEG'TLN-AL,  11.    A  fish  whose  bones  resemble  the 

feefh  of  a  comb.  Brown. 
PPf^'TIN  ATF  i 

PEC'TIN  A-TFI)  i       f'''""  ^-  pf^ten,  a  comb.] 

Having  resemldance  to  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  In 
botany,  a  pectinate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  pinnate  leaf,  ill 
w  hich  the  leaflets  are  luothed  like  a  comb. 

Marttfn. 

A  mineral  is  pectinated,  when  it  presents  short  fila- 
ments, crj  stals,  or  branches,  nearly  parallel  and  equi- 
distant. '  Philhp.1. 
PECTIN-ATE  LY,  adr.    In  a  pectinate  manm  r. 
PEOTIN-A'TION,  71.    The  stale  of  being  pectinated. 
2.  A  combing;  fhe  cniiibinc  t»f  the  heati.  Cyc 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  a.<i  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TII  as  in  TIII.S. 


HD7 


PED 


PED 


PEE 


PEe-TIN-I-BRANCH'I-ATE,  a.  [L.  yectm  and  branch- 
id.'] 

In  malncoloirii,  having  pectinated  pills. 
PEe'TlN-lTE,  71.    [L.  pecten,  a  comb.] 

.\  fossil  Pecten  or  scallop.    [Ob^.]  Kirtcan. 
PEC'TO-RAL,  a.    f  L.  pecturalis,  from  pntu.i,  breast.] 
Pertaininn  to  the  breast ;  as,  the  pcctural  muscles  ; 
pectm-al  medicines.  Milton. 

Tile  pectoral  fins,  or  pectorals,  of  a  fish,  are  situated 
on  the  sides  of  the  fish,  behind  the  gills. 
PEC'TO-R.AL,  ;i.    A  breastplate.    Enci/c.  Johnson. 

2.  A  sacerdotal  habit  or  vestment  worn  by  the  Jew- 
ish high  priest,  called,  in  our  version  of  the  Bible,  a 
Breastplate.  Kncijc. 

3.  medicine  adapted  to  cure  or  relieve  complaints 
of  the  breast  and  lungs. 

4.  In  ichthvoloieii,  a  pectoral  fin. 
PEe-TO-Rl-Lo'aUI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  of  the 

nature  of  pectoriloquy. 
PEe-TO-UIL'O-aUY,  n.    [L.  ppctai,  the  hreast,  and 
loqtior,  to  speak  ;  a  speakin<;  from  the  breast.] 

In  mcdiciite,  when  a  patient's  voice,  distinctly  ar- 
ticulated, seems  to  proceed  from  the  point  of  the 
chest  on  whicli  the  ear  or  a  stethoscope  is  placed, 
there  is  said  to  be  pcctorilotpiy.  Collin. 

An  e.xalted  decree  of  bronchophony,  resembling 
the  sound  heard  by  placing  a  stethoscope  on  the 
trachea  when  a  person  speaks.  Hall. 
PEe-TUNC'lI-LUS,  71.  [L.]  .A  genus  of  marine  bi- 
valves, having  the  hinge  of  the  shell  arched,  with 
numerous  narrow  teeth,  JMantell. 
PEG'li-L.ATE,  (I.  i.  [L.  ptculatus,  peculor,  from  pccu- 
lium,  private  property,  from  pccus,  cattle.] 

1.  To  defraud  the  public  of  money  or  goods  in- 
trusted to  one's  care,  by  appropriating  the  property  to 
one's  own  use  ;  to  defraud  by  embezzlement. 
9.  Among  civilians,  to  steal.  Kncyc. 
PEe'U-LA-TING,  ppr.    Defrauding  the  public  of 

money  or  goods. 
PEe-I^'-LA'TION,  71.  The  act,  practice,  or  crime  of 
defrauding  the  public  by  appropriating  to  one's  own 
use  the  money  or  goods  intrusted  to  one's  care  for 
management  or  disbursement ;  embezzlement  of  pub- 
lic money  or  goods. 
PEe'U-LA-TOR,  71.  [L.]  One  that  defrauds  the  pub- 
lic by  appropriating  to  his  own  use  money  intrusted 
to  his  care. 

PE-GOL'IAR,  (pe-kul'var,)  a.  [1..  peculiaris,  from  pe- 
culiuin,  one's  own  property,  from  ptcns,  cattle.] 

1.  .Appropriate;  belonging  to  a  person,  and  to  him 
only.  Almost  every  writer  has  a  peculiar  style. 
Most  men  have  manners  peculiar  to  themselves. 

2.  Singular ;  particular.  The  man  has  something 
peculiar  ill  his  deportment. 

3.  I'.irticular ;  special. 

My  Tjlc  is  Juno's  moit.  peculiar  Mre.  Dn/den. 

[Most  can  not,  in  strict  propriety,  be  prefixed  to 
peculiar,  but  it  is  used  to  give  emphasis  to  the  word.] 

4.  Belonging  to  a  nation,  system,  or  other  thing, 
and  not  to  others. 

PE-€CL'IAU,  II.  Exclusive  property  ;  that  which  be- 
longs to  a  person  in  exclusion  of  others.  Milton. 

2.  In  ttte  Knglisk  canon  laiv,  a  particular  parish  or 
church  which  has  the  probate  of  wills  within  itself, 
exempt  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  ordinary  or  bish- 
op's court.  Encijc. 

Court  of  peculiars,  in  Englanil,  is  a  branch  of  the 
court  of  arches.  It  has  jurisdiction  over  all  the  par- 
ishes dis()ersed  through  the  province  of  Canterbury, 
in  the  midst  of  other  dioceses,  which  are  exempt 
from  the  ordinary  jurisdiction,  and  subject  to  the 
metropolitan  only.  Blnrkslone. 

PE-eCL-IAU'I-TY,  (pe-kul-yar'e-te,)  71.  Sometliiug 
peculiar  to  a  person  or  thing  ;  that  which  belongs  to, 
ur  is  found  in,  one  person  or  thing,  and  in  no  other; 
as,  a  peculiority  of  style  or  luannt^r  of  thinking;  pe- 
cnltarity  in  dress. 

PE-eCL'IAR-IZE,  V.  t.  To  appropriate ;  to  make  pe- 
culiar. Smit'i. 

PE-eOL'IAR-IZ-£D,  pp.  Appropriated ;  made  pe- 
culiar. 

PE-eOL'IAR-IZ-I.NT,,  ppr.  Making  peculiar. 
PE-eC'L'IAR-LY,  ado.    Particularly;  sinsily. 

fi'ooiltrard. 

2.  In  a  manner  not  common  to  others.  JMnjton. 
PE-Kfl/IARNESH,  71.    'I'hc  state  of  being  peculiar ; 

appropriation.    [Little  usrtl.]  Male. 
PE-CC'M-L'.M,  71.    [L.]    In  (Ac  fiomiin  //JIB,  the  prop 
erty  whicli  a  slave  might  acquire  independently  of 
the  ronlrol  of  hi^  inaxter.  Brandc. 
PE  CON'I A-RI-LV,  adv.    In  a  pecuniary  manner. 

West.  Rev. 

PE-eON'IA-RV,  (pe-kun'ya-rc,)  a.  [Fr.  picumairc; 
It.  pecmiiale  ;  I.,  pccuniarius,  from  ;iccuriu,  money, 
from  peruK,  cattle.] 

1.  Relating  to  money ;  as,  pecuniary  alTaira  or 
loHHe.s. 

2.  Conaiiiting  of  money  ;  an,  a  pecuniary  mulct  or 
penally.  Bacon. 

PE  CO'NI-OUS,  a.    Full  of  money.    [Xui  tu.ed.] 

Shmeiood. 

PED,  n.    f  for  Pad.]    A  •mull  pack-saddle.  Tunnrr. 
2.  A  bOKket ;  a  hain|HT.  Spen.'^rr. 


PED-.\-GOd'ie,        f  a.    rfrom  pedagofpie.}  Suiting 

PED-A-COG'ie-AL,  (  or' belonging  to  a  teacher  of 
children,  or  to  a  pedagoiue. 

PED'A-GOG-IS..M,  71.  The  business,  character,  or  man- 
ners of  a  pedagogue. 

PED'A-GOGUE,  (ped'a-gog,)  71.  [Gr.  Trai^u)  oj  ; 
TTUff,  a  child,  and  a;  (■),  to  lead.] 

1.  A  teacher  of  children  ;  one  whose  occupation  is 
to  instruct  young  children  ;  a  schoolmaster. 

2.  A  ^ledant. 

PED'A-GOGUE,  v.  t.  To  teach  with  the  air  of  a  ped- 
agogue ;  to  instruct  superciliously.  Prior. 

PEb'A-GO-GY,  n.  Instruction  in  the  first  rudiments  ; 
jirep.aratory  discipline.  Soutk. 

PE'D.\L,  a.    [L.  pedalis,  from  pes,  pedis,  foot.] 
Pertaining  to  a  foot. 

PED'.AL,  h.    a  contrivance  attached  to  the  harp,  or- 
gan, piano-forte,  &c.,  acted  upon  by  the  foot,  (whence 
the  name,)  and  designed  to  modify  the  tone  or  swell 
of  the  instrument. 
2.  A  fixed  or  stationary  base.  Busby. 

PED' AL-No TE,  71.    In  music,  a  holding-note.  Busby. 

PE-Da'NE-OUS,  o.   [L.  pedaneus,  from  pes,  the  foot.] 
Going  on  foot  ;  walking.  Diet. 

PED'ANT,  n.  [Fr.  pedant;  It.  Sp.  aild  Port.  pn/a;i£c. 
See  PEDAG0{;t'E.] 

1.  A  schoolmaster.  Shak. 

2.  A  person  who  makes  a  vain  display  of  his 
learning.  .Addison. 

PE-DAXT'ie,        I   a.     Ostentatious  of  learning; 

PE  D.\N'T'ie-AL,  j  vainly  displaying  or  making  a 
show  of  knowledge  ;  applied  to  persons  or  thtntrs;  as, 
a  pedantic  writer  or  scholar  ;  a  pedantic  description  or 
expression. 

PE-DANT'ie-AL-LY,  aJo.  With  a  vain  or  boastful 
displav  of  learning. 

PED'A.\T-IZE,  v.  i.  To  pl.iy  the  pedant;  to  domi- 
neer over  lads  ;  to  use  pedantic  expressions. 

PED'Ai\T-RY,  a.    [Ft.  pedanterie.]  [Cotirrare. 
Vain  ostentation  of  learning  ;  a  boastful  display  of 
knowledge  of  any  kind. 

Ilomce  has  enlictd  nie  into  ihis  pedantry  of  quotation.  Coteley. 
Pedantry  is  llie  unseasonable  O6t'--iit;tlion  of  leaniiiij.  Rambler. 

PE-Da'RI-.\N,  71.  One  of  the  pedarii  in  the  Roman 
senate,  who  were  not  really  senators,  but  only  enti- 
tled to  a  seat  by  the  office  which  they  held,  and  who, 
not  being  authorized  to  vote,  expressed  their  prefe- 
rence by  walking  over  to  the  party  they  wished  to  join. 

Smithes  Diet. 

PED'ATE,  a.    [L.  pcdatus,  from  pes,  the  foot  ] 

In  botany,  wlicii  tile  footstalk  of  a  leaf  is  divided 
at  the  top,  with  a  leaflet  in  the  fork,  and  several 
leaflets  on  each  division,  it  is  said  to  be  pcdate, 

PE-D.\T'1-FID,  <i.    [L.  pes,  foot,  anilfindo,  to  divide.] 
A  pedatifid  leaf,  in  botany,  is  one  whose  parts  are 
not  entirely  separate,  but  divided  in  a  pedate  man- 
ner. Mnrtyn. 

PED'DLE,  r.  1.  [Perhaps  from  the  root  of  petty,  \V. 
pitw,  Fr.  petit,  small.] 

1.  To  be  busy  about  trifles. 

2.  To  travel  about  the  country  and  retail  goods. 
He  peddles  for  a  living. 

PED'DLE,  V.  t.    To  sell  or  retail,  usually  by  traveling 

about  the  country. 
PED'DLER,  71.    [from  peddle,  to  sell  by  traveling;  or 
from  L.  pes,  pedis,  the  lout.] 

A  traveling  foot-tradi.r ;  one  that  carries  about 
small  commodities  on  his  back,  or  in  a  cart  or  wagon, 
and  sells  them.  Spenser.  SwtTt. 

PEO'OEER-ESS,  I!.    A  female  peddler.  Om-rbury. 
PED'OLER-Y,  n.    Small  wares  sold  or  carried  about 

for  sale  by  peddlers. 
PEO'DLING,  ppr.    Traveling  about  and  selling  small 
2.  a.  Trifling;  unimportant.  [wares. 
PEIVE-RAST,  71.    [Gr.  -aioef.aaTCs,  from  Ttais,  a  boy, 
and  epoii,  love.] 

A  sodomite.  Encyc. 
PED  E  RAST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  pederasty. 
PEL)'E-R.\ST-Y,  71.   Sodomy;  the  crime  against  na- 
ture; 

PED-E-RP.'RO,  71.    [Sp.  pedrcrn,  from  picdra,  a  stone, 
L.  pctra,  Gr.  mro  s  ;  so  named  from  tiie  use  of  stones 
in  the  cliarne,  before  the  invention  of  iron  balls.] 
A  swivel  gun;  sometimes  written  paterero. 

PE1)'F,.S-T.\L,  71.  [Sp.pfrff.vta/;  It.  piedejtullo;  Fr. 
piedestal  i  L.  pes,  the  foot,  aiid  Teut.  stall;  G.  stcllen, 
to  set.] 

In  architecture,  the  lowest  part  of  a  column  or  pil- 
lar;  the  purt  which  sustains  a  coliiiiin  or  serves  as 
its  foitt.  It  consists  of  three  jiarts,  the  base,  the  die, 
and  the  cornice.  Mdi-con.  Qwilt. 

PE-ltES'Tlil-AI,,  n.  [\,.pedestris.] 

Pertaining  to  the  fiiot.  Mnselry. 
PE-I)ES'TK1-A.\,  a    II,.  pedestris,  from  pes,  the  foot.] 
Going  on  foot ;  walking;  performed  on  foot  ;  as,  a 
pedestrian  journey. 
PE  I)ES'TRI-A.\,  71.    One  that  walks  or  journeys  on 
foot. 

2.  One  that  walks  for  a  wager;  a  remarkable 
walker. 

PE-I)ES'TRI-AN-IS.M,  71.  A  walking;  usu:illy  fur  a 
wager. 

2.  The  practice  of  walking. 


PE-DE?'TRI-AX-IZE,  v.  i.    To  practice  walking. 
PE-DES'TRI-OUS,  a.    Going  on  foot ;  not  winged. 

^riiu;  71. 

PED'I  GLe'  I  P^'^'cw^"^,  from  pes,  the  foot.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  ultimate  division  of  a  coninuui 
peduncle ;  the  stalk  that  supports  one  flower  only, 
when  there  are  several  on  a  peduncle.  Any  short 
and  small  footstalk,  although  it  does  not  -stand  upon 
another  footstalk,  is  likewise  called  a  pedicel. 

Martyn. 

2.  In  zoolotpi,  a  footstalk  or  stem  by  which  certain 
animals  t>f  the  lower  orders  are  attached.  Dana. 

PED'I-CEL-L.\TE,  a.  Having  a  pedicel,  or  supported 
by  a  pedicel. 

PE-DIG'l[-L.AR,  \a.  [Tj.  pedicularis,  from  pediculus, 
PE-DIG'U-LOUS,  i     a  louse.] 

Lousv:  having  the  lousv  distemper, 
PE-DlG'ER-OUS,  a.    [h.  pes  and  gero.] 

Having  feet, 

PED'I-GREE,  77,  [Probably  from  L.  pes,  pedis,  foot, 
like  D.  stam,  G.  stannn,  stem,  stock,  degree.] 

1,  Lineage  ;  line  of  ancestors  from  which  a  person 
or  tribe  descends  ;  genealogy, 

Allcmioiis  of  surnames  —  have  obscured  Ihe  truth  of  onr  pedi- 
grees,  Camden. 

2.  .\n  account  or  register  of  a  line  of  ancestors. 

Tlie  Jews  preserved  the  pedigrees  of  tJieir  several  trily's. 

Auerbury, 

PED'I-LU-VY,  71.    [L,  pes,  foot,  and  lavo,  to  wash,] 

The  bathing  of  the  feet ;  a  bath  for  the  feet, 
PED'I-.MENT,  71,    [from  L,  pes,  the  foot.] 

In  architecture,  an  ornament  that  finishes  the  fronts 
of  buildings,  and  serves  as  a  decoration  over  gates, 
windows,  and  niches.  It  is  of  two  forms,  triangular 
and  circular.  A  pediment  is  properly  the  representa- 
tion of  the  roof.  Encyc.  Brande. 
PEU'I-PALP,  71.    [L.  pes  and  palpo.] 

One  of  an  order  of  Arachnidans  or  spiders,  whose 
feelers  are  extended  before  the  head,  armed  with  a 
forceps. 

PED-I-PALP'OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  pedipalps. 
PED'I-RE.ME,  71.    [L.  pes,  a  foot,  and  remit.?,  an  oar  ] 
.\  crustaceous  animal,  whose  feet  serve  the  purpose 
of  oars. 
PED'LER.    See  Peddler. 

PE-DO-BAPTIS.M,  ii.  [Gr.  irais,  vaiioi,  a  child,  and 
/)(iT7iT/iii,  baptism.] 

The  baptism  of  infants  or  of  children. 

PE-DO-BAP'TIST,  71.  One  that  holds  to  infant  bap- 
tism ;  one  that  practices  the  baptism  of  children. 
Most  denominations  of  Christians  are  pedobaptists. 

PE-DOM'E-TER,  71.  [L.  pes,  the  foot,  and  Gr.  pirooi  , 
measure.] 

An  instrument  by  which  paces  are  numbered  as  a 
person  walks,  and  the  distance  from  place  to  place 
ascertained.  It  also  marks  the  revolutions  of  wheels. 
This  is  done  by  means  of  wheels  with  teeth,  and  a 
chain  or  string  fastened  to  the  foot  or  to  the  wheel 
of  a  carriage  ;  the  wheels  advancing  a  notch  at  every 
step,  or  at  every  revolution  of  the  carriage  wheel, 

Ilebert. 

PED-O-MET'Rie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  measured 

bv,  a  pedometer, 
PE-DUN'C1,E,  (pe-dunk'l,)  71.    [L.  pes,  the  foot.] 

1.  Ill  botany,  the  stem  or  stalk  that  supports  the 
fructification  of  a  plant,  i.  e.,  the  flower  and  the 
fruit.  Martyn. 

•2.  In  eoncholorry,  a  sort  of  stem,  by  which  certain 
shells  are  attached  to  wood  or  other  objects. 

Humble. 

PE-DUNG'U-L  AR,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  peduncle  ;  grow- 
ing from  a  peduncle;  as,  a  peduncular  tendril. 

Martyn. 

PE-DI'.\G'II-LATE,     la.  Having  a  peduncle  ;  grow- 

PE-1)UNG'U-L.\-TED,  j  ing  on  a  peduncle  ;  as,  a 
pedunculate  flower. 

PEE,  p.  i.    To  look  with  one  eye.    [JVot  itserf.]  Bay. 

PEED,  a.    Blind  of  one  eye.    [Mt  used.]  '  Ray. 

PEEK,  in  our  popular  dialect,  is  the  same  as  Peei",  to 
look  through  a  crevice. 

PEEL,  t'.  t.  [Fr.  pelrr,  piller:  Sp.  pelar,  pillar:  Port. 
pclar,  pilhar;  It.  pigliurc;  L.  pilo,  to  pull  off  hair 
and  to  pilla'je  ;  Arm.  piVAu  ;  VV.  piliair,  to  take  otf  Ihe 
surface  or  rind.  The  first  verb  pelrr,  pelar,  seems  lo 
be  formed  from  L.  pilus,  the  hair.  'I'he  Eng.  peel  ii 
tlierefori?  from  the  other  verb.  See  Pill.  Class  III, 
No.  32,  41,  51.] 

1.  To  strip  otf  skin,  bark,  or  rind,  without  a  cut- 
ting instriiiiient ;  lo  strip  by  drawing  or  t.  anug  ofl' 
the  skill  ;  lo  hark  ;  to  flay  ;  to  decortirale.  When  a 
knife  ii!  used,  we  call  it  parinir.  Thus  we  say,  to 
peel  a  tree,  to  peel  an  orange  ;  but  we  say,  to  pare  an 
apple,  to  pare  land. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  to  remove  the  skin,  bark,  or 
rind,  evi  u  with  an  iiistriinient. 

3.  To  strip;  lo  plunder;  to  pillage;  as,  to  peel  a 
province  or  conquered  people.      .Milton.  Dryden. 

PEEL,  r.  i.    To  lose  the  skin,  bark,  or  rind.  Umart. 
PEEL,  71,    [L.  pcllis,  Fr.  peau,  G.  fell,  D,  vcl,  skin; 

from  peelinir.] 
The  skin  or  rind  of  any  thing ;  aa,  the  peel  of  an 

orange. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII,>T.  —  METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK,— 


1^(18 


PEG 

PKKI,,  ?i.  [I'r.  ptllr:  \..  Sp.  ami  It.  pala;  W.  put, 
prohably  Iroiii  tlii'iistiii<;,  thruwiii^,  L.  pdto ;  Gr. 
lia\XM,  like  Kng.  j>7iui(7,  from  sliocc;  or  from  spread- 
ing.] 

.\  kind  of  woollen  shovel,  used  by  bakers,  with  a 
hrond  palm  and  lung  handle  ;  hence,  in  popular  use 
in  America,  any  large  fire-shovel. 
PEEL'iCD,  pp.  or  a.    Stripped  of  skin,  bark,  or  rind  ; 

plundered  ;  pillaged. 
PEEL'EU,  n.    One  lhat  peels,  strips,  or  flays. 

3.  A  plunderer ;  a  pillager. 
PEEL'ING,  ppr.    Stripping  off  skin  or  bark  ;  plunder- 
ing. 

PEEP,  V.  i.  [Ir.  piobam,  to  pipe,  to  peep  ;  D.  pieptji,  to 
pipe,  to  chirp;  G.  pfeifrm  S\v.  pipa;  Dan.  piper, 
pipprr ;  L.  pipio.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  open  or  to 
shuul,  to  thrust  out  or  forth  ;  Dan.  pippcr  /rem,  to 
sprout,  to  bud.  Tiiis  coincides  with  i>ipc,  Jife,  &c., 
lleb.  aa'',  to  cry  out,  j94i6,  &c.] 

1.  To  liegin  to  appear ;  to  make  the  first  appear- 
ance ;  to  i^sue  or  come  forth  from  concealuunt,  as 
through  a  narrow  avenue. 

I  c-iii  lee  his  pritle 
Pfep  ihroii^h  facti  pan  ol  liiin.  Shnk. 
WIk'ii  flowcnj  tint  peejHd.  Drydeu. 

2.  To  look  through  a  crevice ;  to  look  narrowly, 
closely,  or  slily. 

A  fool  will  jieep  in  nt  the  iloor.  Eccltta. 
TUou  an  a  niaiil,  anj  must  lu-t  peep.  Prior. 

3.  To  cry,  as  chickens ;  to  utter  a  fine,  shrill  sound, 
as  through  u  crevice ;  usually  written  Pip,  but  with- 
out reason,  as  it  is  the  same  word  as  is  here  defined, 
and,  in  .\merica,  is  usually  pronounced  peep. 

PEEP,  «.    First  appearance  ;  as,  the  pecii  of  day. 

2.  A  sly  look,  (»r  a  look  through  a  crevice.  ^ic{ft. 

3.  The  cry  of  a  chicken. 

PEEP'EK,  n.   A  chicken  just  breaking  the  shell. 

Bram:iton. 

2.  fn  familiar  language,  the  ej'C. 
PEEH'-IIOLE,       i  II.    A  hole  or  crevice  through 
PEEl'TiNG-lloI.E,  j     u  hich  one  may  peep  or  look 

without  being  discovered. 
PEEP'ING,  ppr.    Looking  tlirough  a  crevice. 

2.  Crying,  like  a  chicken. 
PEEK,  «.    [Fr.  pair;  L.  par;  It.  pari;  Sp.  pur.  See 
Pa  I  It.] 

1.  An  equal ;  one  of  the  same  rank.  A  man  may 
be  familiar  with  his  peers. 

2.  An  equal  in  excellence  or  endowments. 

Ill  BOnj  he  never  had  liis  peer.  Dnjden. 

3.  A  companion  ;  a  fellow  ;  an  associate. 

He  all  his  peert  in  beauty  diil  BUrpas*.  Sjtenter. 

4.  A  nobleman  ;  as,  a  peer  of  the  realm  ;  the  house 
of  peers,  so  called  because  noblemen  and  barons 
were  originally  ctmsidered  as  the  ctunpanioiis  of  the 
king,  like  L.  comes,  count.  In  England,  persons 
belonging  to  the  five  degrees  of  nobility  are  all  peers. 

PEER,  e.  I.    [L.pareo;  Norm,  perer.    See  A r pea b.] 

1.  To  come  just  in  sight ;  to  appear ;  a  poetic  word. 
So  lianor  peereth  in  the  meanest  hahit.  Sliak. 
See  how  his  5or<^t  jieers  above  his  gown.  B.  Jonton. 

2.  To  look  narrowly ;  to  peep ;  as,  the  peering 
day.  MiUon. 

Peering  in  maps  for  ports,  and  picra,  and  roads.  SfiaJt. 
PEER' AGE,  71.    [See  Peer,  an  equal.]    The  rank  or 
dignity  of  a  peer  or  nobleman.  Blaetcstmie. 
2.  The  body  of  |)eers.  Drijden. 
PEER'DOM,  (peer'dum,)  n.    Peerage.  [J^''otused.] 
PEBIl'ESS,  n.    The  consort  of  a  peer ;  a  noble  laily. 

Pupe. 

PEER'I.ES.S,  n.    Unequaled  ;  having  no  peer  or  equal ; 

as.  prerle.-<s  beautv  or  majesty.  Dryden. 
PEER'LESS-LY,  ailv.    Without  an  equal. 
PEER'I,ES.S-NESS,  ii.    The  state  of  having  no  equal. 
PEE'V'ISH,  a.    [In  Scot,  pew  is  to  ctiniplain  or  nmtter. 

It  is  probably  a  contracted  word,  and  i>erhaps  from 

the  rotit  (»f  pet,  petulant.] 

1.  Fretful;  petulant;  apt  to  mutter  and  complain  ; 
easily  vexed  or  fretted  ;  querulous  ;  hard  to  please. 

She  is  peeviih,  sullen,  froward.  ShaJc. 

2.  Expressing  discontent  and  fretftilness. 

1  will  not  presume 
To  send  such  peevuih  tokens  to  a  kiii^.  Shak. 

3.  Silly  ;  childish.  S/mk. 
PEE'VISII-LY,  aJu.    Fretfully;  petulantly;  with  dis- 
content and  mtiriiiuring.  Jfatrward. 

PEE'VISH-NES.S,  M.  Fretfulness;  petulance  ;  dispo- 
sition to  murmur;  sourness  of  temper;  as,  childish 
peevis/iuess. 

When  peeoithneet  and  spleeu  succeed.  Siei/t. 

PEG,  n.  [This  is  prohably  from  the  root  of  L.  pango, 
parous,  Gr.  :rr(>i/ii/ii  ;  denoting  that  which  fastens,  or 
allied  to  beak  and  picket.] 

1.  A  small,  pointed  piece  of  wood,  used  in  fasten- 
ing boards  or  other  work  of  wood,  &c.  It  docs  the 
olfice  of  a  nail.  The  word  is  applied  only  to  small 
pieces  of  wood  |iointed  ;  to  the  larger  pieces,  thus 
pointed,  we  give  the  name  of  pins,  and  pins,  in  ship 
cnriH-ntry,  are  called  tree-nails  or  trenails.  Coxe,  in 
his  Travels  in  Russia,  speaks  of  poles  or  beams, 
fastened  into  the  ground  with  pegs. 


PEL 

2.  The  pins  of  an  instrument,  on  which  the  strings 
are  strained.  Sliak. 

3.  A  nickname  for  Margaret. 

V'u  talie  a  peg  lower ;  to  come  down  ;  to  sink. 

JIudihras. 

PEG,  V.  I.    To  fasten  with  pegs.  Krehtn. 
PEG'A-SUS,  7t.    [1,..  from  Gr.  ll^ijoTuf.]  In/abaluus 
historij,  a  winguil  horse. 

2.  In  astronomy,  imt:  of  the  northern  constellations. 

3.  In  loblogij,  a  genus  of  fishes  with  large  pectoral 
fins,  by  means  of  which  they  lake  short  Mights  or 
leaps  thrniiL'h  the  air. 

PEG'GKD,  pp.  or  a.    Fastened  or  furnished  with  pegs. 
PEG'GER,  H.   One  that  fastens  with  pegs.  Sliericood. 
PEG'GI.NG,  ;;pr.    Securing  with  pegs. 
PkG.M,  (pCiii,)  n.    [(Jr.  rr,,,  ,,„.] 

A  sort  of  moving  machine  in  the  old  pagenntu, 

B.  Jonson. 

PEG'.MA-TITE,  v.  A  variety  of  granite,  composed 
cs.sentially  of  lamellar  fiidspar  and  quartz  ;  I'letiiient- 
ly  with  a  mixture  of  mica.  In  it  are  found  kaolin, 
tin,  tourmalin,  beryl,  columbile,  tungsten,  and  other 
valuable  minerals.  Fr.  Diet.  ofjVat.  IJisl. 

PEI  R.AM'E-TI'.R,  Ji.  An  iustiiiment  for  measuring 
the  amount  of  resistance  to  wheel  carriages  on  roads 
of  dillVrent  construction.  Franeis. 

PEI-KAS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  ircipariA"S,  from  irti/jatu,  to 
strain,  to  attempt.] 

1.  Attempting;  making  trial. 

2.  Treating  of  or  representing  trials  or  attempts  ; 
as.  the  prirastic  dialogues  of  Plato.  Enjicld. 

PEIS5E.    See  Poise. 

PEIC'AX,  «.  A  carnivorous  quadruped  of  the  weasel 
family,  Mustela  Canadensis,  found  in  Canada  and 
the  Northern  United  States  ;  also  called  the  Fisher. 
It  grows  to  the  length  of  from  three  to  four  ftret. 

tlncyc.  Jim. 

PEK'uE,  i>.    A  kind  of  black  tea,  said  to  be  scented 

with  a  shrub  called  pekoe, 
PEL'.AtiE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  piVu.s,  hair.] 

The  Vesture  or  covering  of  wild  beasts,  consisting 

of  hair,  fur,  or  wool.  Bacon. 

Pertaining  to  tlio  sea,  or  deej)  sea  ;  as,  pelagian 
shells.  Juurn.  of  Science. 

PE  L.\'GI-.AN,  n.  [from  Pelagiu.i,  a  native  of  Great 
Britain,  who  lived  in  the  fourth  century.] 

A  follower  of  I'elagius,  a  monk  of  Banclior  or 
Bangor,  who  denit-d  original  sin,  and  asserted  the 
doctrine  of  free  will  and  the  merit  of  good  works. 

Bp.  Hall. 

PE-La'GI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Pelagius  and  his  doc- 
trines. South. 
PE-La'GI-Ai\-ISJI,  n.    The  doctrines  of  Pelagius. 

South. 

PEL-XR-Go'M-UiM,  n.    [Gr.  ireX.ip)  "?,  a  stork.] 

A  genus  of  ornamental  plants  allieti  to  the  gera- 
nium, and  belonging  to  the  same  natural  order. 

PEL'E-RINE,  n.  A  lady's  long  cape,  with  ends  com- 
ing down  lii'fore. 

PELF,  n.  [Probably  allied  to  pilfer.]  Money  ;  riches  ; 
but  it  often  conveys  the  idea  of  something  ill  gotten 
or  worthless.    It  lias  no  plural. 

PEL'FRV  or  PEL'FKAV;  formerly  used  for  Pelf. 

PEL'I-eAN,  n.  [Low  L.  pelecanus ;  Gr.  l^tA^Ku^  ;  Fr. 
pelican.] 

1.  A  palmiped  water  fowl  of  the  genus  Pelecanus. 
It  is  larger  than  the  swan,  and  remarkable  for  its 
enormous  bill,  to  the  lower  edges  of  the  under  rhop 
of  which  is  attached  a  pouch  or  bag,  capable  of  being 
distended  9o  as  to  hold  many  quarts  of  water.  In 
Uiis  bag  the  fowl  deposits  the  fish  it  takes  for  fiioil. 

P.  Cijc. 

2.  A  chemical  glass  vessel  or  alembic  with  a  tubu- 
lated capit:d,  from  which  two  opposite  and  crtmked 
beaks  pass  out  and  enter  again  at  the  Ix  lly  of  the 
cucurbit.  It  is  designed  for  continued  distillation 
and  coliobation  ;  the  volatUe  parts  of  the  substance 
distilling,  rising  into  the  capital,  and  returning 
through  the  beaks  into  the  cucurbit.  JViclioLson. 

Pk'LI  OM,  >i.    [Gr.  irtAito/ii;,  black  color.] 

.\  mineral,  a  variety  of  iolitc.  Cleavcland. 

PE-LYSSE',  (pe-lees',)  n.    [Fr.,  fiom  L.  pellis,  skin.] 
Originally,  a  furred  robe  or  coat.    But  the  name  is 
now  given  to  a  silk  co.at  or  habit  worn  by  ladies. 

PELL,  n.    [L.  pelli.i.  It.  pcUc,  a  skin.] 

1.  A  skin  or  hide. 

2.  A  roll  of  pjirchment. 

Clerk  of  the  pells  ;  in  England,  an  officer  of  the  ex- 
chequer, who  enters  every  teller's  bill  on  the  parch- 
ment rolls,  the  roll  of  receipts,  antl  the  roll  of  dis- 
bursements. 

PEL'LET,  II.  [Fr.  peloU;  W.  pellcn,  tiom  L.  pila,  a 
ball:  It.pn/;a.] 

1.  A  little  ball ;  as,  a  ptllcl  of  wax  or  lint. 

Bacon.  IViseman. 

2.  A  bullet ;  a  ball  for  fire-arms.    [Ao(  noie  u.^ed.] 

Bacon.  Ray. 

PEI.'LET-ED,  a.    Consisting  of  bullets.  Shak. 
PEL'LI-ei.E,  (pel'le  kl,)  n.    [L.  pellicula,  dim.  of  pel- 
lis,  shin.] 

1.  .\  thin  skin  or  film.  Sharp.  F.ucyc 

2.  Among  chemislj,  a  thin,  saline  crust  formed  on 


PEN 

the  surface  of  a  solution  of  salt  evuponitetl  to  a  i.er- 
tain  dirgree.    This  pellicle  consists  of  saline  parti- 
cles crystallized.  JVtchoL^on.  Ilrande. 
PEL'LI-TU  RY,  n.     [Sp.  prlitre ;  corrupted  perhaps 
from  L.  parietaria,  the  wall  plant,  from  panes.] 

The  name  of  several  plants  of  different  genera, 
sometimes  used  in  medicine.  The  pellilory  of  the 
wall,  or  common  peililury,  is  of  the  genus  Parietaria  ; 
the  bastard  pellilory,  of  the  genus  Achillea;  and  the 
pellitory  of  Spain,  is  the  Anthemis  pyrethriim. 

Lee.  Parr. 

PELL-MELL',  ado.    With  confused  violence. 

Shak.  /fadibraj. 

PELLS,  71.  pL    Clerk  of  the  pells.    [See  Pell.] 

PEL-I.u'CIU,  a.  [L.  petlucidiis  ;  per  and  luciilws,  very 
briL'lit.    See  Lichv.] 

Perfectly  clear ;  transparent ;  not  opaque ;  as,  a 
body  as  pellucid  as  cry  stal.  }Vt>odu:ard. 

PEI^LU-(;II)'1-TY,  (71.     Perfect  clearness;  trans- 

PEL-LO'CID-NESS,  j  parcncy  ;  as,  the  pellueidily 
of  the  air  ;  the  peUiieidness  of  a  gem.  Locke.  JCeil. 

PEL-LO'CII)-I,Y,  adv.    '"-'insparently  ;  clearly. 

PE-Lo'l'I-LTM,  71.  A  nietai  ccently  cliscovereil  in  Co- 
in nibite.  Juurn.  of  Science.. 

PEL-O-PON'-NE'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Pelopimne- 
sus. 

PEL-O-POX-NE'SUS,  71.  [Gr.  nrXoiropujiroi,  island 
of  Pelops.]  A  celebrated  peninsula,  comprehending 
the  southern  part  of  Greece  ;  now  calleil  Jilorea. 

PELT,  n.    [ii,  pell ;  S\i.  pelaila  i  Ij.  pellis.    See  Fell.] 

1.  The  skin  of  a  beiLst  v/ith  the  hair  on  it ;  a  raw 
hide.  Brown. 

2.  The  quarry  of  a  hawk  all  torn.  Jlinsaortli. 

3.  A  blow  or  stroke  from  something  thrown.  [In- 
fra.] 

PELT,  V.  t.  [Fr.  peloler,  from  pehite,  a  ball ;  or  con- 
trdcteil  from  pellet.  In  S\v.  bulla  is  to  beat.  The 
word  is  from  Fr.  pclvte,  a  little  ball,  or  from  h.  peUo, 

Gr.  lSan'o.\ 

1.  Properhj,  to  strike  with  something  thrown, 
driven,  or  falling;  as,  to  pelt  with  stouts;  pcllxd 
with  hail. 

The  chi'lin^  billows  seem  to  pelt  the  cloudn.  ShaSc. 

2.  To  drive  by  throwing  something.  Merbiiry. 
PELT'-WQOL,  II.    Wool  plucked  Iroin  the  |Rlts  or 

skins  of  sheep  after  they  are  dead. 

pilfl'-lTEI),  I  "■    [ J"-""'  " 

Fixed  to  the  stalk  by  the  center,  or  by  some  point 

distinctlv  within  the  margin.  jVurtyn. 
PELT'.ATE-LY,  adc.  In  a  peltate  manner.  Katon. 
PELT'EI),  pp.     Struck  with  something  thrown  or 

driven. 

PELT'ER,  n.  One  that  jielts  ;  also,  a  pinchpenny  ;  a 
mean,  sordid  person.  Iluloel, 

PEI.T'ING,  ppr.  Striking  with  something  thrown  or 
driven. 

PELT'IN'G,  71.    An  assault  with  any  thing  thrown. 

Shak. 

PELT'IXG,  a.  In  Shaksrprare,  mean  ;  paltry.  [Im- 
proper. ] 

PELr'-MO.\"GER,  (  inung'ger,)  h.  A  dealer  in  |>ells 
or  raw  hitles. 

PELT'UY,  71.    [from  pc/(,  a  skin.]    The  skins  of  ani- 
mals proilucing  fur;  skins  in  general,  with  the  fur 
oil  them  ;  furs  in  general.  SntolUtt. 
PEL'V  IC,  o.    Pertaining  to  the  pelvis.  Lawrence 
PEL-VIM'E-TER,  7i.      [L.  pctcis  and   Gr.  ptrpuv, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  to  measure  the  dimensions  of  the 
female  pelvis.  Coxe. 

PEL'VIS,  71.    [L.  pelvLt,  n  basin.] 

The  cavity  of  the  body  formed  by  the  os  sacrum, 
OS  coccygis,  and  ossa  innomiuata,  constituting  the 
lower  part  of  the  abdomen. 

PE.M'.MI-G.\.\,  77.  Meat  cured,  pulverized,  and  mixed 
with  fat.  It  contains  much  niitrimeut  in  sm  11  com- 
pass, and  is  of  great  use  in  long  voyages  of  exjilorn- 
tion. 

PE.V,  71.  [L.  penna  ;  Sax.  pinn  ;  D.  pen  ;  It.  peiina,  a 
feather,  a  pen,  anil  a  top ;  W.  pen,  top,  summit, 
head;  Ir.  icaiiii,  Jciiiii,  written  also  iirn.  The  Celtic 
nations  called  the  peak  of  a  mountain  ben  or  prn. 
Hence,  the  name  .Ipennine,  applied  to  the  mountains 
of  Italy.  It  may  belong  to  the  same  rout  as  L,  pinna, 
a  fin,  that  is,  a  shoot  or  point.] 

1.  An  instrument  used  ftir  writing,  usually  made 
of  the  (luill  of  a  goose  or  other  bird  ;  but  it  may  be  uf 
any  other  material,  as  of  steel,  gold,  ice. 

2.  .\  feather  ;  a  wing.    [AVt  used.]  Spenser. 
PEN,  r.  U  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Pemnep.    To  write  ;  to  com- 
pose and  commit  to  paper.  Mdison. 

PEN,  11.    [Sax.  piiian,  to  pres.',  or  pyndan,  to  pound  or 
shut  up  ;  both  probably  from  one  root.] 
A  small  inclosure  for  beasts,  as  for  cows  or  sheep. 

PEN,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Pe.n^eu  or  Pemt.  To  shut  in 
a  pen  ;  to  confine  in  a  small  inclosure  :  to  c<H>p  ;  to 
confine  in  a  narrow  place ;  usually  followeil  by  up, 
which  is  rediindanL  Boyle.  Milton. 

PEN'-CUT-TER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  pens. 

Pe'NAL,  o.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  id. ;  lU  pmah :  from  L. 
p<r7«i,  Gr.  roim,  p:un,  punishment.    See  Paim  I 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE — A.\"GEK,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  TIIIS. 


102 


PPP 


800 


PEN 


PEN 


PEN 


1.  Enacting  punishment ;  denouncing  the  punish- 
ment of  offenses ;  as,  a  peiuil  law  or  statute  ;  ilie  pe- 
nal code.    Peiuil  statutes  must  be  construed  strictly. 

Blackntone. 

2.  Inflicting  punishment. 

Ad.imiuiline  chains  and  jwmZ  fire.  r*rdton. 

3.  Incurring  punishment ;  subject  to  a  penalty ;  as, 
a  penal  act  or  offense. 

PE-XALT-TY,  71.  Liableness  or  condemnation  to 
punisliment.    [JVut  usciL]  Brown. 

Pe'.\AL-LY,  ado.    In  a  penal  manner. 

PEN'AL-TY,  n.  [ll.  penaldd  ;  Sf.  jienalidad.  See  Pe- 
nal.] 

1.  Thesufferin?  in  person  or  property  which  is  an- 
nexed by  law  or  juilicial  decision  to  tlie  commission 
of  a  crime,  offense,  or  trespass,  as  a  punishment.  A 
fine  is  a  pecuniary  peiiahy.  The  usual  pejialtics  in- 
flicted on  the  person  are  whipping,  cropping,  brand- 
ing, imprisonment,  hard  labor,  transportiition,  or 
de.ith. 

2.  The  suffering  to  which  a  person  subjects  himself 
by  covenant  or  agreement,  in  case  of  non-fulfill- 
ment of  his  stipulations;  the  forfeiture  or  sum  to  be 
forfeited  for  non-payment,  or  for  non-compliance 
with  an  agreement ;  as,  the  penalty  of  a  bond. 

PE\'.\NCE,  ji.  fSp.  ptnanU,  from  penar.  It.  pcnare, 
to  suffer  pain.  SeePAi!».] 

1.  The  suffering,  labor,  or  pain  to  which  a  person 
Tolunt.arily  subjects  himself,  or  which  is  imposed  on 
him  by  authority  as  a  punishment  for  his  faults,  or 
as  an  expression  of  penitence  ;  such  as  fasting,  flag- 
ellation, wearing  chains,  &c.  Prnance  is  one  of  the 
seven  sacraments  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Rncyc. 

2.  Repentance.    [Ois.]  Wulif. 
PE-Na'TeS,  71.  pi.    [L.]    The  household  gods  of  the 

ancient  Italians. 
PENCE,  (pense,)  ti.    The  plural  of  Penny,  when 

used  of  a  sum  of  money  or  value.    When  pieces  of 

coin  are  mentioned,  we  use  Pennies. 
PEN-CHaNT',  (pin-shing',)  71.    [Fr.]  Inclination. 
PEN'CIIj,  n.    [Fr.  pincrau  ;  Sp.  pincel ;  L.  penicillu.s.'] 

1.  A  small  brush  used  by  painters  for  laying  on  col- 
ors. Hence,  Jigurativcly,  the  art  of  painting.  The 
proper  pencils  are  made  of  fine  hair  or  bristles,  as  of 
camels,  badgers,  or  squirrels,  or  of  the  down  of 
swans,  inclosed  in  a  quill.  The  larger  pencils, 
made  of  swine's  bristles,  are  called  Brushes. 

En  r  ye. 

2.  .\ny  instrument  formed  of  black  lead  or  red 
chalk,  with  a  point  at  one  end,  used  for  writing  and 
drawing.  Encyc. 

3.  Any  instrument  of  writing  without  ink. 

Jrluuion. 

4.  In  opticj),  an  aggregate  or  collection  of  lays  of 
light. 

PE.N'CIL,  v.  t.   To  paint  or  draw  ;  to  write  or  mark 

with  a  pencil.  Skak.  Ihrie. 

PEX'(^II<-£T),  pp.  or  a.    Painted,  drawn,  or  marked 

vvilh  a  pencil. 
2.  Radiated  ;  having  pencils  of  rays. 
PEN'CIL-ING,  ;>;7r.    Painting,  drawing,  or  marking 

with  a  pencil. 
PEN'CIL-INf;,  71.    The  act  of  painting  or  sketching. 
PEX'CIL-.«HaP-£D,  (-shipt,)  a.  Havingthe  shape  of 

a  pencil. 

PEN'eU.'^FT,  n.    Penmanship  ;  cliirography.  Bruce. 
PEND'ANT,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  pcndeu,  to  hang,  or  Sp. 
pendon.    S^ee  Pennon.] 

1.  An  ornament  or  jewel  hanging  at  the  ear,  usu- 
ally composed  of  pearl  or  some  precious  stone.  Pope. 

2.  A  hanging  ornament  on  roofs,  ceilings,  &c., 
much  used  in  Gothic  architecture.     Oloss.  ofJlrckiU 

3.  Any  thing  hanging  by  way  of  ornament. 

IValler. 

4.  In  the  Jin  c  arts,a.  picture  or  print  which,  from 
uniformity  of  size  and  subject,  hangs  as  a  companion 
of  another.  Brandr. 

h.  In  he raldrij,  a  part  hanging  from  the  label,  re- 
sen)bling  the  drops  in  the  Doric  frieze.  Eiieyc. 

G.  A  lone,  narrow  i)iece  of  bunting,  worn  at  the 
masHieads  of  vessels  of  war.    [See  Pennant.] 

Tutlcn. 

The  broad  pendant  is  a  square  piece,  carried  in  the 
same  way,  in  a  commodore's  vessc-l. 

R.  11.  Dana,  Jr. 

7.  A  rope  to  which  a  purchase  is  hooked. 

There  are  many  other  pendants  consisting  of  a  rope 
or  ropes,  to  whose  lower  c.vlremity  is  attached  a  block 
or  tackle.  The  rudder-pendant  i«  a  rope  made  fast 
to  the  rudiler  by  a  chain,  to  prevent  the  loss  of  the 
rudder  when  unshipped.    [Sec  Pennant.] 

Mar.  Diet. 

8.  A  pendulum.    [A'oJ  i/.^rj.]  Di^by, 
PEND'E.N'CE,  71.    [  L.  pcndcnn,  pciulco,  to  hang.] 

SliiiH! ;  inclination.  Ifuttun. 
PE.N'U'EN  CY,  71.    [li.  prndrnxj  pendeo,  sujira.] 

Hu»pense  ;  the  utate  of  beuig  undecided  ;  ns,  to 
wait  liuring  the  pendency  of  a  suit  or  petition. 
PEXD'E.NT,  a.    fl'-  pendniK.] 

I.  Hanging  ;  liuitenod  ul  one  end,  the  utiier  being 

Wtlh  riUxm»p«fid«fii,  Unruif  MMut  her  heiul.  Stiak. 


2.  Jutting  over  ;  projecting ;  as,  a  pendent  rock. 

Shak. 

3.  Supported  above  the  ground.  Milton. 
PE^r-DK^T'  TE  .LP  TE,  [L.]    Pending  the  suit  or  ac- 
tion. 

PE.\-DEXT'IVE,  n.  In  architecture,  the  portion  of  a 
vault  between  the  arches  under  a  dome. 

PEND'ENT-LY,  ade.  In  a  pendent  or  projecting  man- 
ner. 

PEND'ING,  ppr.    [L.  pendco,  to  hang  ;  pendente  lite.] 
Uet)ending  ;  remaining  undecided  ;  not  termina- 
ted.   This  was  done,  pending  the  suit. 

PEXDTLE,  7/.    A  pendulum.  Evelyn. 

PEND-li-LOS'I-TY,      i  7t.    [See  Pendulous.]  "The 

PEND'Ii-LOUS-NESS,  (  state  of  hanging ;  suspen- 
sion. 

[  The  latter  is  the  prrferahle  word.] 
PEND'LJ-LOUS,  a.     [L.  pendulus,  from  pendeo,  to 
liang.] 

Hanging  ;  swinging;  fastened  at  one  end,  the  oth- 
er being  movable.  The  dewlap  of  an  animal  is  pcnd- 
vlous. 

PEND'U-LUM,  71.    [L.  pendulu.^,  pendulum.] 

A  body  suspended  by  a  right  line  from  a  fixed 
point,  and  moving  freely  about  that  point  as  a  cen- 
ter; as,  the  pendulum  of  a  clock.  The  oscillations 
of  a  pendulum  depend  on  gravity,  and  are  always 
performed  in  nearly  equal  times,  supposing  the 
length  of  the  pendulum  and  the  gravity  to  remain  the 
same. 

Ballistic  pendulum  ;  a  pendulum  used  to  ascertain 
the  momentum  of  cannon  or  musket  balls.  It  usu- 
ally consists  of  a  heavy  log  of  wood  suspended  so  as 
to  move  freely. 

Compmsation  pendulum ;  a  pendulum  containing 
some  contrivance  for  counteracting  the  expansion  of 
the  rod  by  heat,  and  its  contraction  by  cold,  so  as  to 
keep  the  pendulum  always  of  the  same  effective 
■  length.  Qlmated. 

Gridiron  pendulum;  a  species  of  compensation  pen- 
dulum, consistiu2  of  parallel  bars  of  different  metals, 
so  arranged  that  the  length  of  the  jiendulum  remains 
unaltered  by  changes  of  temperature. 

Mirrnrial  pendulum;  a  species  of  compensation 
pendulum,  having  the  rod  made  of  steel,  and  the 
weight  formed  by  a  glass  vessel  filled  with  mercury, 
which,  by  its  expansiiui  or  contraction,  compens.ales 
for  Ihe  changes  in  the  leiigtli  of  the  rod.  Brande. 
PEi\-E-TRA-I!IL'I-TY,  71.  [from  peiirtrablc.]  Sus- 
ceptibility of  being  penetrated,  or  of  being  entered 
or  passed  through  by  another  body, 

TliL-re  beinj  no  mean  between  penelrabiti/^  and  impenetrability, 

Clityne. 

PEN'E-TRA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  1,,  peurfraiife.  See 
Penethate.] 

1,  That  may  be  penetrated,  entered,  or  pierced  by 
another  body. 

I.»t  him  try  thy  ilart, 
And  pierce  his  only  penetrohie  part.  Di-yden. 

2.  Susceptible  of  moral  or  intellectual  impres- 
sion. 

1  am  not  made  of  filone, 
Bnt  penetrable  to  yoar  kind  eiitr,.'aties.  Shak. 

PEJ\r-E-TRA' LI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  The  recesses  or  in- 
nermost parts  of  any  place,  as  of  a  temple,  palace, 
&c.  ;  hence,  the  hidden  things  or  secrets.  The  an- 
glicized form,  Penetrail,  is  not  used. 

PE.\"E-TRAN-CY,  71.    [L.  penetrans.] 

Power  of  entering  or  piercing  ;  as,  the  pcnctrancy 
of  subtile  effluvia. 

PEN'E-TRANT,  a.    [L.  penetrans.] 

Having  the  power  to  enter  or  pierce ;  sharp ;  suli- 
tile  ;  as,  ;)e«c/.r<iH£  spirit ;  food  subtilized  and  renilered 
fluid  and  penetrant.  Boyle.  Rati- 

PEN'E-TR.aTE,  v.  I.  [L.  penetro,  from  the  root  of 
pen,  a  point.] 

1.  To  enter  or  pierce  ;  to  make  way  into  another 
body  ;  as,  a  sword  or  dart  penetrates  the  body  ;  oil 
penrtrairs  wood ;  luiirrow,  the  most  penetrating  of 
oily  substances.  .Hrbuthnot. 

1.  'J'o  aft'ect  the  mind  ;  to  cause  to  feel.  I  am  pen- 
etrated with  a  lively  sense  of  your  generosity. 

;t.  To  reach  by  the  intellect ;  to  understand  ;  as,  to 
penetrate  the  nu^auing  or  dt^sigu  of  any  thing. 

4.  To  enter ;  to  pass  into  the  interior;  as,  to  jjC7i- 
etrate  a  country. 

PEN'E-TRaTE,  v.  i.   To  pass  ;  to  make  way. 

Burn  wlu'ie  Ileaveii'ii  influence  BC;vrco  can  penetrate.  Pope. 

2.  To  make  way  intellectually.  He  had  not  pen- 
etrated into  the  desisns  of  the  [irince. 

PKN'E-TKa  T|;|),  pp.  Entered;  jiicrced ;  under- 
stood ;  falhciiued. 

rE.\'F-'l'KA-TI.\(;,  ;);)r.  Entering;  piercing;  under- 
sl.'tiiding. 

2.  a.  Having  the  power  of  entering  or  piercing 
another  body  ;  shaiii ;  subtile.  Oil  is  a  penetrating 
Hubslance. 

3.  Acute  ;  discerning  ;  quick  to  understand  ;  as,  a 
penetrating  mind. 

PE.\'E-TUA-TING-LY,  adv.  Piercingly  ;  discern- 
inslv. 

PEN-E-TRA''I"K)N,  71.    Thoact  of  entering  a  body. 

Milton. 


2.  Alcntal  entrance  into  any  thing  abstruse  ;  as,  a 
penetration  into  the  abstruse  diliiculties  of  alL'ehra. 

Watts. 

3.  Acuteness;  sagacity;  as,  a  man  of  great  or 
nice  penetration, 

PEiV'E-TRA-TIVE,  a.    Piercing;  sharp;  subtile. 

2.  Acute  ;  sagacious  ;  discerning  ;  as,  penetrative 
wisdom.  Smift. 

3.  Having  the  power  to  affect  or  impress  the  mind  ; 
as,  petietratire  shame.  Shak. 

PEN'E-TRA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
penetrative. 

PEN'FISH,  71.  A  kind  of  eelpoul  without  a  smooth 
skin.  Diet.  A'at.  Hist. 

PEN'GUIN,  (pen'gwin,)  77.  [W.  pen,  head,  and  gwyn, 
white  ;  or  L.  pinguidine,  with  fatness,] 

1,  The  penguins  constitute  a  genus  of  sea  fowls, 
.Spteiwdylcs,  allied  to  the  Auks.  One  species  of  pen- 
guin is  an  a(Juatic  fowl  with  very  short  legs,  with 
four  toes,  three  of  wliich  are  webbed;  the  body  is 
clothed  with  short  feathers,  .set  as  compactly  as  the 
scales  of  a  fish  ;  the  wings  are  small  like  fins,  and 
covered  with  short,  scale-like  feathers,  so  that  they 
are  useless  in  flight.  Penguins  seldom  go  on  shore, 
except  in  the  season  of  breeding,  when  they  burrow 
like  rabbits.  On  land  tliey  stand  erect ;  they  are 
tame,  and  may  be  driven  like  a  flock  of  sheep.  In 
water  they  swim  and  dive  with  rapidity,  being  .as- 
sisted with  their  wings.  The  penguins  are  found  only 
in  the  southern  latitudes.  Encyc.  Amer.  Partington. 

2.  A  species  of  West  India  fruit.  Miller. 
PEN'I-CIL,  7t.    [L.  penieitlus.]    Among  physicians,  a 

tent  or  pledget  for  wounds  or  ulcers. 
2,  A  species  of  shell. 
PEN-I-C1L'L.\TE,  a.    [L.  penicillus,  a  pencil  or  small 
brush.] 

In  natural  history,  having  the  form  of  a  pencil ; 
consisting  of  a  bundle  of  short,  compact,  or  close 
fibers. 

PEN-IN'SU-LA,  71.  [L.  pene,  almost,  and  insula,  an 
isle  ;  It.  pcncsolo.] 

1.  A  portion  of  land,  connected  with  a  continent 
by  a  narrow  neck  or  isthmus,  but  nearly  surrounded 
with  water.    Thus  iiosttm  stands  on  a  peninsula. 

2.  A  large  extent  of  country  joining  the  main  land 
by  a  part  narrower  than  the  tract  itself.  Thus  Spain 
and  Portugal  are  said  to  be  situated  on  a  peninsula. 

PEN-IN'SU-LAR,  a.  In  the  form  or  state  of  a  p  nin- 
sula  ;  pertaining  to  a  peninsula ;  inhabiting  a  penin- 
sula. 

PEN-IN'SU-LaTE,  v.  t.  To  encompass  almost  with 
water  ;  to  form  a  peninsula. 

Sonlh  Rivfr  pemusulatas  Castle  Hill  farm,  and  at  hiirli  tides  sni^ 
rounds  it.  BerUley's  Iliet.  CoU. 

PEN-IN'SU-La-TED,  pp.  Almost  surrounded  with 
water. 

PE.\'-Ii\'SU-LA-TING,  ;i;)r.  Nearly  surrounding  with 
water. 

Pf.'XIS,  77.    [L.]    The  male  organ  of  generation. 

PEN'I-TENCE,   j  77.    [Fr.  ;)(«>«oicr,  from  h.  paniten- 

PEN'I-TEN-CY,  i  tin,  from  pa'niteo,  from  pa  na,  pain, 
punishment.    See  Pain.] 

Repentance  ;  pain  ;  sorrow  or  grief  of  heart  for 
sins  or  oflenses  ;  ctinlrition.  Real  penitence  springs 
from  a  conviction  of  guilt  and  ingratitude  to  God, 
and  is  followed  bv  amendment  of  life. 

PEN'I-TENT,  a.    '[Fr.,  from  E.  pa'nilens.] 

Siitlering  pain  or  sorrow  of  heart  on  account  of 
sins,  crimes,  or  t)flenses  ;  ctmtrite  ;  sincerely  alferted 
by  a  sense  of  guilt  and  resolving  an  amendment  of  life. 

Tlie  proud  liff  tamed,  the  2>enitenl  fic  cheer*.-*!.  ■  Dryden. 

PEN'I-TENT,  n.  One  that  repents  of  sin  ;  one  sor- 
rowful on  acftitint  of  his  transgressions. 

2.  One  under  church  censure,  but  .admitted  to 
penance.  Stillingjleet. 

3.  One  under  the  direction  of  a  confessor. 

Penitent.i  is  an  appellation  given  to  certain  frater- 
nities in  Roman  Catholic  countries,  distinguished  by 
their  habits  and  employed  in  charitable  acts.  F.neyc. 

Order  of  penitents  ;  a  religious  order  established  by 
one  liernard  of  .Marseilles,  about  the  year  I27J,  for 
the  reception  of  reformt^d  courtesan.s.  The  congre- 
gation of  peuitents,al  Paris,  was  founded  with  a  sim- 
ilar view.  Encyc. 

PEN-I-TEN'TIAE,  (pen  e-tcu'shal,)  a.  [Fr.  peniten- 
tiel ;  It.  penitenzialr.] 

Proceeding  from  or  expressing  penitence  or  contri- 
tion of  heart  ;  as,  penitential  sorrow  or  tears.  Soutli. 

PEN-l-TEN''i'I.\E,  71.  Among  llie  Roman  Catholics, 
a  book  containing  the  rules  which  relate  to  penance 
and  the  rertuirihation  of  penitents.  Encyc. 

PE.V-l-'rKN'TI.\l.-I.Y,  ado.    In  a  contrite  manner. 

PEN-I-TEN'TI  A-RY,  (-xlia-re,)  a.  R.  lating  to  pen- 
ance, or  to  the  rules  and  measures  of  penance. 

Bromhall. 

PEN-I-TEN'TIA-RY,  71.  One  that  pre.scribt^s  the 
rules  and  measures  of  penance.     Bacon.  Ayl{fe. 

2.  .\  penitent  ;  lUie  that  does  penance.  Jlaniinond, 

3.  Al  the  court  of  Rome,  an  ollice  in  whicii  are  ex- 
amined anil  di  livered  out  the  secret  bulls,  graces,  or 
dispi.nsatiims  relating  to  cases  of  conscience,  con- 
fcv-isiiin,  <tc.  Encyc. 

■1.  .\n  olficer  in    some  cathedrals,  vested  with 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T  M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

'  810 


jH»\vcr  I'roiii  llie  hishop  to  absDlvo  ill  ciisrs  reserved 
to  hill).  'I'lic  pope  lias  ;i  griiiul  pt'iiiti'iiliiir}',  who 
is  a  cui'cliiial  and  is  chief  of  tlic-  otiicr  peniiuntiu- 
rit's.  Kncijc. 

5.  A  house  of  correction  in  which  olTendcrs  are 
conliiu'd  for  punishini'iit  and  reformation,  and  coni- 
liill.il  to  labor;  a  work-house.  .\  state  prison  is  a 
{iniitnitiiirtl, 

PE.\''l-'i;i;.\T-I,Y,  ai/f.    With  jieniteiice;  with  re- 

peniaiu'e,  sorrow,  »)r  contrition  for  sin. 
PEN'KMFi;,  (  iiif-s)  «.    [See  Pen  and  Knife.]  A 

small  knife  used  for  making  and  mendini;  pens. 
PEN'.MAN,  II. ;  ;</.  Pexmem.    [See  Pe.v  and  M.vN.] 

1.  .\  man  that  professes  or  te.iclies  the  art  of 
writin;:.    More  ircnrrallii, 

2.  Ouo  that  writes  a  iiood  hand. 

3.  All  author  j  a  « riler  ;  as,  tlie  sacred  penmrn. 

«4(^(/lS0rt. 

PEX'.M A.\-SIIIP,  n.    The  use  of  th>!  pen  in  writing ; 
the  art  of  writing. 
2.  .Manner  of  writing  ;  as,  good  or  had  pnimanship. 

Pl",.\'X.VC'll-/:U,  (peii'nasht,)   a.     [I'r.  prmwclie  or 
puiiacfiCy  from  pannche^  a  plume  or  bunch  ol'  feathers.] 
K:uliated  ;  diversified  with  natural  stripes  of  vari- 
ous colors,  as  a  flower.    [IMtle  usdl.\  Krvhjn. 

PE.\'NANT,  I  K.    [Fr. /u//i('/i,  pniniin;  It.  pcnitone  ; 

PE.N'N'OX,  j  Sp.  j)( «(/<;«  ;  W.  pnucn  ;  liulU.  fiiiia  ; 
L.  pa/iHit-,  a  cloth.] 

1.  A  small  rtag  ;  a  banner. 

2.  In  nnral  (i/fliir.i,  a  1oii2,  narrow  piece  of  bunting, 
worn  at  the  mast  heads  of  vessels  of  war.  TvUtn. 

Broad  prnnaiit,  is  a  square  piece,  carried  in  the 
same  way,  in  a  commodore's  vessel. 

li.  II.  nana,  Jr. 

3.  A  rope  or  strap  to  wluch  a  purchase  is  hooked. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr. 
PE\'N.\TE,     ill.    [L.  peniiofiw,  winged,  from  pcnna, 
PE.V'Na-TEI),  i     a  iiuill  or  wing.] 

1.  Wiiised. 

2.  In  buliinii,  a  pennate  leaf  is  a  compound  Ie;if  in 
which  a  simple  petiole  has  several  leaflets  attaclied 
to  each  side  of  it.    [See  Pinn.\te.] 

PE.N'NKD,  pp.  Wrilten. 

PE.VNKD,  a.    Winged  ;  having  plumes.  lIulocL 
PE.V.NER,  II.    A  writer. 

9.  .\  pen-case.    [Local.]  .^iiisirorth. 
PE.VNI-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  ;K/iiia,  a  feather  or  quill,  and 
farm,  ] 

Having  the  form  of  a  quill  or  feather.  Enctjc. 
PE.N'-NKi'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  peniia  and  <fcro.] 

Hearing  feathers  or  quills. 
PEN'N'I-LESS,  a.  [from  pennij.]  Monej  less ;  desti- 
tute of  monrv  ;  poor.  ^rbutJinot. 
PEN'XI-LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  money- 
PK.N'.NI.Nl!,  ;</»r.  Couiniitting  to  writing.  [less. 
l'i;.\'.\l  N(;,  n.  Composition;  style  of  writing.  Sliak. 
Pi;.\'.NO.\.    See  Pes-vant. 

PE.N'.NV,  n. ;  pL  Penmes  or  Pe.'^ce.  Pennies  denotes 
the  number  of  coins  ;  pence  the  amount  of  pennies  in 
vahie.  [Sax.  pcnig  ;  D.  and  Sw.  penning  i  G.  pfen- 
nvj ;  Pan.  pcntre^  money.] 

1.  .An  ancient  English  silver  coin;  but  now  a 
copper  one,  twelve  of  which  are  eipial  to  a  shilling. 
It  is  the  radical  denomination  from  which  English 
coin  is  nuinberi'd.  Johnson. 

2.  Ill  ancient  English  statutes,  any  or  all  silver 
money. 

3.  Provrrbially,  a  small  sum.    He  will  not  lend  a 

4.  .Money  in  general.  [penny. 

Bl-  pun.'  to  turn  Uie  penny.  Drytlen. 

PEN'NY-A-LI\'ER,  n.  A  term  of  contempt  for 
those  who  furnish  matter  for  public  Journals  at  a 
penny  a  linf. 

PE.N'NY-I'oST,  n.  .\  post  that  carries  letters  from 
the  post  otlicc  anil  delivers  them  to  the  proper  per- 
sons for  a  pennv  or  other  small  compensation. 

PE.\-\V-R'  iV'AL,  ».    An  aromatic  herb. 

The  English  pennyroyal  is  the  .Mentha  piilegium  ; 
the  North  American  i>ennyroyal  is  the  Iledeoma 
piilccioiiles.  Purr.  Bi"rloir. 

PEN'.W-WEIOllT,  (-wfite,)  n.  A  troy  weight  con- 
taining twenty-four  grains,  each  grain  being  equal  in 
weight  to  a  grain  of  wheat  from  the  iniilille  of  the 
car,  well  dried.  It  was  anciently  the  weight  of  a 
silver  penny,  whence  the  name.  Twenty  pennii- 
wri^hts  make  an  ounce  troy. 

PE.N'.N  Y-WlSE,  a.  Saving' small  sums  at  the  hazard 
of  larger:  nisnardlv  on  important  occasions.  Bacon. 

rF,.\'.\  V-WORTH,  (  wurth,) «.  As  much  as  is  bought 
for  a  penny. 

2.  .\ity  purchase ;  any  thing  bought  or  sold  for 
money  ;  that  which  is  worth  the  money  given. 

South. 

3.  A  good  bargain ;  something  advantageously 
purchased,  or  for  less  than  it  is  worth.  Dryilrn. 

4.  A  small  quantity.  SwifL 
PF^\0-LOC'ie-AL,  a.   Pertaining  to  public  punish- 
ment. 

PE-NOl/O-OY,  Ti.    [Gr.  votftj,  L.  po-na,  pain,  and 

)iO  'i,  discourse.] 
The  science  which  treats  of  public  punishments, 

ns  Jhey  resju-ct  the  public  and  the  sufferer. 
PEN'SILE,  (-sil,)  a.  [L.  pen.filis,  from  prnileo,  to  hang.] 


PEN 

1.  Hanging  ;  suspended  ;  as,  n  pensile  bell. 

Bacon.  Prior. 

2.  Supported  above  the  ground  ;  as,  a  pensile  gar- 
den. Prior. 

PE.\'SII,E-i\ESS,  n.    The  state  nf  hanging.  «uro;i. 
PE.N'SIO.N,  (-shun.)  ii.    [Fr.  and  ."^p.  «/. ;  It.  pcnsione  ; 
Ironi  Ii.  pcn.fio,  from  pentlu,  pensnm,  to  pay.] 

1.  All  annu.'il  allowance  of  a  sum  of  money  to  a 
person  by  government  in  consideration  of  past  ser- 
vices, civil  or  military.  Men  orti  n  receive  pensions 
for  eminent  services  on  retiring  I'rom  otiice.  lint  in 
particular,  officers,  soldiers,  and  seaiiien,  ri  ceive  ;<e;i- 
sioiis  when  they  are  disabk'd  for  fiirfiirr  services. 

2.  All  annual  )>aynieiit  by  an  inditidual  to  an  old 
or  disabled  servant. 

3.  An  niiniial  allowance  made  by  government  to 
indigent  widows  of  otiicers  killed  or  dying  in  public 
service. 

4.  Payment  of  money  ;  rent.    1  Kmlras. 

5.  A  yearly  payment  in  the  inns  of  ci  nrt.  f^n"-. 
C.  A  certain  sum  of  money  paid  to  a  clergyman  in 

lieu  of  tithes.  Cyr. 

7.  An  allowance  or  annu.'il  p:iyment,  considered  in 
the  light  of  a  bribe. 

PEN'SIO.V,  V.  t.  To  gr.int  a  pension  to;  to  grant  an 
annual  allowance  from  the  public  treasury  to  a  per- 
son for  past  services,  ttr  on  account  of  disability  in- 
curred in  public  servic,  or  of  old  age. 

PE.N''SION-A-liY,  a.  Maintained  by  a  pension ;  re- 
ceiving a  pension  ;  as,  pen.^ionary  spies,  Donne. 

2.  Consisting  in  a  (tension  ;  as,  a  pensionary  pro- 
vision for  maintenance, 

PEN'SION-A-RY,  n.  A  person  who  receives  a  pen- 
sion from  government  for  [last  services,  or  a  yearly 
allowance  from  !i<iiiie  prince,  company,  or  individual. 

2.  Formerly,  the  first  magistrate  of  the  state  or  re- 
public of  Holland  ;  commonly  called  the  <rrand  pen- 
sionary. The  name  was  also  given  to  the  cfiief 
iiiuniripal  magistrates  of  the  towns  in  Holland  and 
Zealand.  /*.  Cyc. 

Pr..\'Sl(J.\'-7CI),  pp.  or  a.    Having  a  pension. 

PEN'SION-ER,  >i.  One  to  whom  an  annual  sum  of 
money  is  paid  by  government  in  coiisiilera'ioii  of 
past  services. 

2.  One  who  receives  an  annual  allowance  for  ser- 
vices. 

3.  A  dependent. 

4.  In  the  (JnirersiiyofCamhriilijp,  Knslanil,aiid  inlhat 
of  Dublin,  a  student  of  the  secoii  l  rank,  (correspond- 
ing to  Commoner  at  Oxford.)  who  is  not  dependent 
oil  the  foundation  for  support,  but  pays  for  his  board 
and  other  charges.  [Fr.  pensiunnairr,  one  «  ho  pays 
for  his  board.]  Brandr.  Iliibrr. 

5.  One  of  an  honor;ible  band  of  gentleiiien  who 
attend  on  the  king  of  England,  and  receive  a  pen- 
sion or  an  annual  allowance  of  a  hundred  pounds. 
This  banil  was  instituted  by  Henry  VII.  Their  duty 
is  to  guard  the  king's  person  in  his  own  house. 

Kncyc.  Cyc. 

PEX't^IOX-I-XO,  7»;ir.  Granting  an  annual  allowance 
for  past  services. 

PEN'SIVE,  fl.  [I*.,  pensico,  pensieroso  :  Sp.  pntsatiro  ; 
Fr.  prn.^if,  (nm  prn.irr,  to  think  or  reflect;  L.  pcnso, 
to  weiuh,  to  consider  ;  prndo,  to  weigh.] 

1.  /,i/cr«//i/,  thonglitfiil  ;  employed  in  serious  study 
or  reflection  ;  but  it  often  implies  some  degree  of 
sorrow,  anxiety,  depre  ssion,  or  gloom  of  mind  ; 
thoughtful  and  sad,  or  sorrowful. 

Anxious  circs  llie/>cniire  iijinpti  opjircsscd.  Pope. 

2,  Expressing  tliouglitfulness  with  sadness ;  as, 
ppjtsire  niiinbers  ;  pensire  strains.  Prior. 

PE.\"SIVE-I.V,  adc.  With  tliouglitfulness  :  with 
gloomy  seriousness  or  some  degree  of  melancholy. 

Spenser. 

PEN'SIVE-XESS,  ji.  Gloomy  thoughtfulness  ;  mel- 
ancholy ;  seriousness  from  depressed  spiriLs. 

Nookcr. 

PEN'STOCK,  n.  [;icn  and  s/oct.l  A  narrow  or  con- 
fined place  formed  by  a  frame  of  timber  planked  or 
boarded,  for  holding  or  ccuiducting  the  water  of  a 
mill-pond  to  a  wheel,  and  furnished  with  a  flood-gate 
which  may  be  shut  or  opened  at  pleasure.  The  up- 
right post  of  a  pnmii,  in  which  the  piston  plays,  and 
through  which  ilii'  water  passes  u|l 

2.  The  handle  used  with  a  metallic  or  other  pen. 

PENT,  ;»/>.  or  n.  [from  ;>cn.]  Shut  up;  closely  con- 
finerl  ;  often  with  up. 

PEN'TA-ClIOUl),  n.    [Gr.  mirf,  five,  and  chord.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  music  with  five  strings. 

2.  An  order  or  svstein  of  five  sounds.  Bu.il»i. 
PE.VTA-COC'COI'S,  a.     [Gr.  rcirr,  five,  and"  L. 

coccus,  a  berry.] 

Having  or  containing  five  grains  or  seeds,  or  hav- 
ing five  united  cells  with  one  seed  in  each. 

.Martyn. 

PEN-TAe'RI-NITE,  n.    [Gr.  h.'.tc,  five,  and 
lily.] 

A  fossil,  allied  to  the  encrinite,  so  called  from  the 
pentaironal  form  of  its  jointed  pedicel.  Dana. 
PEN-TA-GROS'Tie,  a.   [Gr.  rn  r,,  five,  and  acrosUc] 
Containing  five  acrostics  of  the  .same  name  in  five 
divisions  of  each  verse, 
PE.N'-TA-CROS'Tie,  n.    A  set  of  verses  so  dis|M>sed 


PEN 

as  to  have  five  acrostics  of  the  same  name  in  five 
divisions  of  each  verse,  Encyc. 
PE.N'-TA-DAC'TYL,  «.  [Gr.  vcfrc,  five,  and  (JaxruAos, 
finger.] 

1.  In  ftnlani/,  a  plant  called  Five  FiNOEns  ;  a  name 
given  to  the  Ricinus  or  Palma  Cliristi,  from  the  shape 
of  its  leaf.  Encyc.  | 

2.  In  ichthiiolniry,  the  five-fingered  fish  ;  a  Iiaiiic  j 
given  to  a  fish  ciiiniiion  in  the  East  Indian  seas,  i 
which  has  five  black  streaks  on  each  side,  resembling  ' 
the  prints  of  live  fingers,  Encyc.  j 

PE.N"TA-(;ON,  iu     [Gr,  ncvTt,  five,  and  jojuu,  n 
corner.]  j 

1.  In  geometry,  n  plane  figure  having  five  angles, 
and  consequeiiily  live  sides.  Ilntlon. 

2.  In  forlilicnliun,  a  fort  with  five  bastions.  1 
PEN-TAG'().\-AI,,  )  a.  Having  five  corners  or  an-  I 
PEN-'PAG'ON-OUS,  j      gles.  | 

IVoodward.    Lee.    Jifartyn:  ; 
PEN-TAG'ON-AL-LY,  adr.    With  five  angles.  j 
PE.V'T.\-(;il.\PII,  «.    An  instruiiieiit  for  copying,  re-  , 
ducing,orenlargiiig,  plans  and  figures.    [This  word, 
from  its  derivation,  is  more  properly  written  Pa.nto- 
cmeii.] 

PEN-TA  GRAPH'IC,       I  a.    Pertaining  to  a  pen- 
PEN-TA-GRAPIl'IC-AL,  S     tagraiih  ;  performed  by 
a  pentagrapli. 

PEN-TA-GY.N'I-A,  n.    [Gr.  rrcprc,  five,  and  >  .  i-/;,  a 
female.] 

In  botany,  an  order  of  plants,  having  five  style-s. 

Linnieu.^. 

PE\-T.\-ftY\'I-AN,  )  a.      In   botany,   having  five 
PE.\-TA(5'VN-()I'S,  !  styles. 
I'HN-TA  lll^'DRAI,,    t        „  c  ,  , 

PEN-TA-llfo'DROrs,  )        ""^'"S  <-'l"''' 
PEN-TA-lli";'l)RON,  >i.    [Gr.  jrcirf,  five,  and  tSpa,a 

side  or  base.] 

A  solid  figure  having  five  equal  sides. 
PEN-rA-HEX-A-Hic'UKAL,  a.    [Gr.  ruTt,  five,  and 

hcrafifdrol.] 

In  crystallogrnphy,  exhibiting  five  ranges  of  faces 
one  above  another,  e.acli  range  coiilainin!!  six  faces. 

Clrurrland. 

PE.X-TA.M'E-TER,  n,    [Gr.  r.'i/rt,  five,  and  pnp.n; 
measure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  of  five  feel.  The  two 
first  feet  may  be  either  dactyls  or  spondees  ;  the  third 
is  alwais  a  spondee,  and  file  two  last,  anapest.s.  A 
pentameter  verse  subjoined  to  a  hexameter  con- 
stitutes what  is  called  tleiriae.  Encyc. 
P1:N-TA.M'E-TER,  a.  Having  five  metrical  feet, 
PEX-TAN'DRl-A,  71,  [Gr.  vcvre,  five,  and  uiij/,,  a 
male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  lieriiiaplirodite  plants  having 
five  stamens  with  distinct  filaments  not  connected 
with  the  pistil, 
PF.N-TAX'DRI-AN,  j  a.    Hermaphrodite,  having  five 
PE.X-T.V.V'DROCS,  \      stamens  with   distinct  fila- 
ments not  ci'iiiiected  wiih  the  pistil. 
PE.\-T.\N"(;i;-LAR,  a.  [Gr.  irt i/rt,  five,and  angular.] 

Ilaviii!;  five  corners  or  angles.  Orrw. 
PEX-TA-PET'AI,-OL'S,  a.      [Gr.   kuti,   five,  and 
fffriiAot',  a  petal.] 

Having  five  petals  or  flower  leaves.  Encye. 
PE.X-TAPII'VL-U)L'S,  o.     TGr.  Trtsrc,  five,  and 
0iiAX(»i  ,  a  leaf.] 
Having  five  leaves. 
PEX'TARCH-Y,  «.    [Gr,  Trn  rr,  five,  and  np\,,,  rule  | 
A  government  in  the  hands  of  five  persons. 

Brewer. 

PEX'TA-SPAST,  H,    [Gr,  rrwrt,  five,  and  airuw,  to 
draw.] 

.\ii  eii:in('  with  five  pulleys.  DicU 
PEX-T.\-Sri;RM'OUS,  a.      [Gr.   -tirt,   five,  and 
arrci'iKi,  seed.] 

Conlaiiiiiii;  five  seeds.  Encyc 
PE.X'TA-STieil,  (  stik,)  n,     [Gr.  irtrrr,  five,  and 
T'X'S}  verse.] 

A  coni|K>sition  consisting  of  five  \'erses.  DicL 
PEX'T.-\-.STSLE,  11.    [Gr.  mirt,  five,  and  r'iA"S,  a 
cohiiiin.] 

In  urchitceture,  an  edifice  having  five  columns  in 
front.  Elmts. 
PEX'TA-TECCH,  (  tuke,)  n.    (Gr.  irfrrr,  five,  and 
T£i'\"s,  a  book  or  composition. j 
The  first  five  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 
PEN'TE-eo.X-TER,  n,  [from  the  Greek.]   A  Grecian 
vessel  of  fifty  oars,  smaller  than  a  trireme. 

MUford. 

PEX'TE-eOST,  n.     [Gr.   nevTCKoarr,,  T;ivTiK.,aTou 
fittielh.] 

1.  .\  solemn  festival  of  the  Jews,  so  called  because 
celebrated  on  the  fiilielh  d.ay  after  the  fe.ast  of  the 
passover.  It  was  called  the  feast  of  weeks,  because 
it  was  celebrated  seven  weeks  after  the  sixteenth 
day  of  .Xisaii,  or  third  day  of  the  passover.  It  was 
instituted  to  oblige  the  people  to  repair  to  the  temple 
of  the  Lord,  there  to  acknowledge  his  absolute 
doininioii  over  the  country,  and  oiler  him  the  first 
fruits  of  their  harvest ;  also,  that  they  might  call  to 
mind  and  give  thanks  to  God  for  the  law  which  he 
had  given  them  at  Sinai  on  the  fiftieth  day  from  their 
deparliire  from  Eg\'pt.  Catmet.  Kitto. 

2.  Whitsuntide,'a  festival  of  the  Roman  Catholic 


TO.XE,  BIJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VrCfOUS — C  aa  K ;  G  tis  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


811 


I'EO 


PER 


PER 


and  other  churches,  in  comnieninration  of  ths  (le- 
seunt  of  the  IIolv  Spirit  on  tlie  apostles.    jlct.i  ii. 

rEN-TE-eOST'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  Pentecost,  or 
to  Wliifsuntide.  Sanilerso7t. 

P£N-TE-eOST'ALS,  n.  pi.  Oblations  formerly  made 
by  parishioners  to  tlie  parish  priest  at  ^Vhitsuntide, 
and  sometimes  by  inferior  churches  to  the  mother 
church.  Cowel. 

PE.\'TE-eOS-TER,  n.  [Gr.]  In  ancient  Greece,  a 
military  officer  commanding  fifty  men  ;  but  the  num- 
I'er  varied.  SUitford. 

PE.\'TE-€OS-TYSl,  n.  [Gr.]  A  body  of  fifty  sol- 
diers ;  but  the  number  varied.  .MUford. 

PE.\T' HOUSE,  ji.  [Fr.  ;)ent«,  a  slope  and  house.  In 
Welsh,  pentii.] 

A  shed  standing  aslope  from  the  main  wall  or 
building. 

PEN'TICE,  Ti.  [It.  pendice,  a  declivity,  from  L.  pcndo, 
to  bend.] 

A  sloping  roof.    [Little  used.]  Wutton. 
PE.X'TTLE,  IK    See  Pantile. 

PE.V'TRE-.MITE,  n.  A  fossil,  allied  to  the  encrinites. 
PE.NT'ROOF,  71.    A  roof  all  of  whose  slope  is  on  one 

side.  Buchanait. 
Pe'XULT,  n.    [L.  penultimus ;  pene,  almost,  and  utti- 

mus,  last.] 

The  last  svllable  of  a  word  except  one. 
PE-NULT'I-MA,  «.  The  same  as  Penult. 
PE-.\ULT'I-MATE,  a.    [Supra.]    The  last  but  one  ; 

a  word  used  of  the  last  syllable  of  a  word  e-\cept 

one.    It  may  be  sometimes  used  as  a  noun. 
FE-XU.M'BRA,  71.    [L.pfne,  almost,  and  iimira,  shade.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  a  partial  shadow  or  obscurity  on 
the  margin  of  tiie  perfect  shadow  in  an  eclipse,  or 
between  the  perfect  shadow,  whore  the  light  is  en- 
tirely intercepted,  and  the  full  light.  IlaUon. 

2.  In  painttng,  the  point  of  a  picture  where  the 
shade  blends  with  the  light.  ,  Elmes. 

PI>-NU'RI-OUS,  a.  [It.  penurioso,  from  L.  penuria, 
scarcity,  want ;  Gr.  irti'vs,  poor,  UTaj-nj,  rare.] 

1.  Excessively  saving  or  sparing  in  the  use  of 
money  ;  parsimonious  to  a  fault ;  sordid  ;  as,  a  penu- 
rious man.  It  expresses  somewhat  less  than  Nig- 
gardly. 

2.  Scanty;  affording  little  ;  as,  a  penurious  spring. 

Mdisun. 

PE-NC'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  saving  or  parsimonious 

manner;  with  scanty  supply. 
PE-.\u'R[-OU.S-NESS,  71.    Parsimony  ;  a  sordid  dis- 
position to  save  money.  Mdison. 
2.  Scantiness  ;  not  plenty. 
PEX'U-RY,  71     [L.  penuria,  from  Gr.  vtvrif,  needy.] 
Want  of  property  ;  indigence;  extreme  poverty. 
All  innocent,  tlicy  were  exposed  to  hardship  and  penury.  Sprat. 
PK'ON,  71.    In  Hindostan,  a  foot-soldier,  or  a  footman 
armed  with  sword  and  target ;  said  to  be  corrupted 
from  piatlah.    [(Xu.  h.  pes,  pedis.]  Hence, 

2.  In  France,  a  common  man  in  chess  ;  usually 
written  and  called  Pawn. 
P£'0-\Y,  71.    [L.  ptsonia;  Gr.  rratwi'tu,  from  Traiojv, 
Apollo.] 

.\  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Pa!onia. 
PkO'PLE,  (pee'pl,)  71.  [Fr.  pcuple;  L.  populusfW. 
pnwb,  pob,  each,  ever)'  one  ;  poblac,  common  people  ; 
G.  pobcl ;  Ir.  pupal,  pobal ;  Sp.  pueblo  ;  Russ.  bobiel,  a 
peasant.  This  word  coincides  in  elements  with  babe 
and  pupil;  and  perhaps  originally  signified  the  chil- 
dren of  a  family,  like  i^ens.] 

1.  The  body  of  persons  who  compose  a  commu- 
nity, Uiwn,  city,  or  nation.  We  say,  the  people  of  a 
town  ;  the  people  of  London  or  Paris  ;  the  English 
penple.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is  not  used  in  the 
plural,  but  it  comprehends  all  classes  of  inhabitants, 
consiilered  as  a  collective  body,  or  any  portion  of  the 
inhabitants  of  a  city  or  country. 

2.  The  vulgar ;  the  mass  of  illiterate  persons. 
Tlic  linowing  arti*t  may  iK-lu-r  than  Uie  people.  M'aller. 

3.  The  commonalty,  as  distinct  from  men  of  rank. 

Myifrlf  »hiUI  mount  the  rostrum  in  his  favor, 

AiI<I  Btrire  to  g.un  his  par.ivn  from  the  people.  Addison. 

4.  Persons  of  a  particular  class  ;  a  part  of  a  nation 
or  community  ;  as,  country  people. 

.">.  Pi'rsons  in  general ;  any  persons  indefinitely  ; 
like  on  in  French,  and  man  in  Saxon. 

PeopU  were  u^npted  to  lend  by  g^cal  premium*  and  larjre  In- 
UiniL  Suff/t, 

6.  A  collection  or  community  of  animals. 

The  anu  pp-  a  people  not  ilron«,  y  l  ihey  prepare  Ihcir  meat  in 
the  lummer.  —  Prov.  xxi. 

7.  When  prjiple  signifies  a  separate  nation  or  tribe, 
it  lias  the  plural  number. 

IVfu  niiitt  proplf  ay  ug*jii  Ijefore  niaiiy  peojtltM.  —  Rev.  z. 

8.  In  Scripture,  fathers  or  kindred.    Oen,  xxv. 

9.  Tlie  Gentiles. 

T«  him  •h.^II  the  ^.itherinf  of  the  ptoptn  lie.  —  Uen.  xtiz. 
rnO'PI-E,  r.  t.    [Ft.  prupler.] 

To  Hltick  Willi  inhabilaniK.    Emigrants  from  Eu- 
rope havi:  pcAtplejl  the  Uiiilcd  States. 
VP.()'V\.F.\),  pp.  ox  a.    Stocked  or  fiirniHhcd  with  in- 
hahitanL*!. 

PEfJ'PLING,  ppr.   Htockini!  with  inhabitants. 


PkO'PI,ISH,  a.    Vulgar.  Chaucer. 
PE-PAS'Tie,  71.   [Gr.  rrcTiaww,  to  concoct  or  mature.] 
A  medicine  used  to  promote  proper  suppuration 
and  granulati/)n  in  wounds  not  healed  by  the  first 
intention,  and  in  ulcers. 
PEP-ER-l'NO,  71.    [It.]    A  volcanic  rock,  formed  by 
the  cementing  together  of  sand,  cinders,  &c. 

Brande. 

PEP'PER,  71.  [L.  piper;  Sax.  pepor ;  D.  pepper;  Sw. 
peppar ;  G.  pfeffcr ;  Dan.  prber  ;  Fr.  poivre  ;  lu  pepe  ; 
Gr.  neirepi;  UmAoo,pipel;  Sanscrit,  pipali;  Pels. 
pUpit.] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Piper,  of  which 
there  are  very  numerous  species.  The  stem  of  the 
black  pepper  plant  is  a  vine  requiring  a  prop,  which 
is  usually  a  tree.  The  leaves  are  oval  and  the  tiower 
white.  We  have  four  kinds  of  pepper,  the  black, 
the  white,  the  Ions,  and  cubebs.  'J  lie  black  pepper 
is  the  produce  of  Java,  Sumatra,  Ceylon,  and  other 
Asiatic  countries  ;  the  white  pepper  is  the  black  pep- 
per deciiiticated  ;  the  long  pepper  is  the  fruit  of  a 
diflerent  species,  also  from  the  East  Indies.  It  con- 
sists of  numerous  grains  attached  to  a  common  foot- 
stalk. Cubebs  are  brought  from  Java,  Nepal,  Sierra 
Leone,  and  the  Isle  of  France.  Pepper  has  a  strong, 
aromatic  smell  and  a  pungent  taste. 

^siat.  Res.    P.  Cijc. 
[See  also  Caye.nne  Pepper  and  Guinea  Pepper.] 

PEP'PER,  V.  t.    To  sprinkle  with  pepper. 

2.  To  beat ;  to  pelt  with  shot  ;  to  mangle  with 
bloH-5.  Shak. 

PEP'PER-BOX,  71.  A  small  box  with  a  perforated 
lid,  iiseil  for  sprinkling  pulverized  pepper  on  food. 

PEP'PER-e.^KE,  71.  A  kind  of  spiced  cake  or  gin- 
gerbread. 

PEP'PER-eORN,  71.  The  berry  or  fruit  of  the  pepper- 
plant. 

2.  Something  of  inconsiderable  value;  as,  lands 
held  at  tlie  rent  of  a  pepper-corn. 
PEP'PER-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Sprinkled  with  pepper ; 

pelted  ;  spotted. 
PEP'PER-GIN'OER-nREAD,  (-bred,)  n.    A  kind  of 

cake  made  in  England. 
PEP'PER-GRaSS,  71.  A  trailing  plant  of  the  genus 
Pilularia  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Lepidium,  a 
kinil  of  cress,  sometimes  cultivated  for  the  table. 
PEP'PER-IDGE,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  tupelo  or 
black  gum,  a  tree  with  very  tough  wood,  belonging 
to  the  genus  Nyssa. 

Pepperidge  bask  ;  the  barberry,  a  shrub. 
PEP'PER-ING,  ;i;>j-.    Sprinkling  with  pepper ;  pelting. 

2.  a.  Hot ;  pungent ;  angry.  Sici/£. 
PEP'PER-ING,  11.    A  pelting  with  shot  or  blows. 

SmarL 

PEP'PER-MINT,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  .Mentha. 

It  is  aroin;itic  and  pungent.    Also,  a  liquor  distilled 

from  the  plant. 
PEP'PER-MINT-TREE,  71.    The  Eucalyptus  piperita, 

an  indigenous  tree,  native  of  New  South  Wales. 

P.  Cyc. 

PEP'PER-WA'TER,  71.  A  liquor  prepared  from  pow- 
dered black  pepper;  used  in  microscopical  observa- 
tions. Eneyc. 

PEP'PER-U'ORT,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Lepidium. 

PEP'PER-Y,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  pepper. 

PEP'SIN,  71.  [Gr.  TTti^ij,  digestion,  from  -caao>  or 
jrcriTui,  to  digest.] 

A  substance  secreted  by  the  stomach  of  animals, 
and  present  in  the  gastric  juice.  It  is  prepared  arti- 
ficially from  rennet.  Graham. 

PEP'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  TrtTriicos,  from  irtTrrai,  to  digest.] 
Promoting  digestion  ;  relating  to  digestion  ;  as, 
peptic  precepts.  Kitchener. 

PER ;  a  Latin  preposition,  denoting  through,  passing, 
or  over  the  whole  extent,  as  in  perambulo.  Hence  it 
is  sometimes  equivalent  to  10-1/  in  English,  as  in 
pcrucutus,  very  sharp.  As  a  prefix,  in  English,  it 
retains  ihese  significations;  and,  in  chemistry,  it  is 
used  to  denote  verii  or  fully,  to  the  utmo.st  extent,  as  in 
perozyd,  a  substance  oxydated  to  the  utmost  degret; ; 
so  also  perchlorid,  &c. 

Per  is  used  also  for  by;  as,  per  bearer,  by  the 
bearer. 

PER-AeT',  7).  t.    To  perform  ;  to  practice. 
PER-A-eOTE',  a.    [L.  peracutus;  per,  through,  and 
acutus,  sharj).] 

Very  sharp ;  very  violent ;  as,  a  peracute  fever. 
[lAttlr  used.]  Harvey. 
PER-AI)-VEN'TI;RE,  adv.    [Ft.  par  aventurc ;  par, 
by,  and  aventure,  I'rom  L.  renio,  to  come.] 

By  chance  ;  perhaps  ;  it  may  be.  Hooker. 
It  has  been  used  as  a  noun  for  doubt  or  (piestion, 
but  rather  improperly.    The  word  is  obsolescent  and 
inelegant. 

PER'A-GRATE,  f.  1.  [L.  peragro  ;  per,  through,  over, 
and  oyer,  a  field.] 

To  travel  over  or  through  ;  to  wander  ;  to  ramble. 
[LillJe  M..erf.] 

PER-A-GRA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  passing  through 
any  space  ;  as,  the  prmirralion  of  the  moon  in  her 
iiionlhly  revolutKui.  [Little  tLied.]    Hrmrn.  Holder. 

PER  A.M'DL'  LA'I  E,  ».  U     [L.  perambulo;  per  and 
ambuJo,  to  walk.] 
To  walk  through  or  over ;  properly  and  technical- 


ly, to  pass  through  or  over  for  the  purpose  of  sur- 
veying or  examining  something;  to  visit  as  over- 
seers ;  as,  to  perambulate  a  parish.  So,  in  New 
England,  Ihe  laws  require  the  selectmen  of  towns 
to  appoint  suitable  persons,  annually,  to  perambulate 
the  borders  or  bounds  of  the  township,  and  renew 
the  boundaries,  or  see  that  the  old  ones  are  in  a  good 
slate. 

PER-AM'BU-La-TED,P7>.  Passed  over  ;  inspected. 
PER-AM'BU-L.A-TING,;ipr.    Passing  over  or  through 

for  the  purpose  of  inspection. 
PER-All-BU-LA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  passing  or 

walking  through  or  over.  Bacon. 

2.  A  traveling  survey  or  inspection.  Howell. 

3.  A  district  within  which  a  person  has  the  right 
of  inspection  ;  jurisdiction.  Holiday. 

4.  Annual  survey  of  the  bounds  of  a  parish  in 
England,  or  of  a  township  in  .America. 

PER-AM'BU-LA-TOR,  71.  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring distances.  It  consists  of  a  wheel,  with  an 
apparatus  of  clock-work,  and  a  dial-plate,  upon 
which  the  distance  traveled  over  is  shown  by  an 
index.  p.  Cyc. 

PER  M'WUM,    [L.]    By  the  year;  in  each  year 


successively. 
PER  CAP'I-TJi, 
PER-CASE',  ado. 


L.]    By  the  head  or  poll. 
^per  and  case,  bv  case.] 
Perhaps  ;  perchance.    [.Vot  koti/.]  Bacon. 
PER'CE-ANT,  o.    [Fr.  per^anU] 

Piercing;  penetrating.  '[Aof  iiscrf.]  Spenser. 
PER-CEIV'A-BLE,  a.  [Sce  Perceive.]  Perceptible; 
that  may  be  perceived  ;  that  may  fall  under  percej)- 
tion,  or  the  cognizance  of  the  senses;  that  may  be 
felt,  seen,  heard,  smelt,  or  tasted.  We  say, "the 
roughness  of  cloth  is  perceivable :  the  dawn  of  the 
morning  is  perceivable ;  the  sound  of  a  bell  is  per- 
ceivable; the  scent  of  an  orange  is  perceivable;  the 
difference  of  taste  in  an  apple  and  an  orange  is  per- 
ceivable. 

2.  That  may  be  known,  understood,  or  conceived. 

[Lcssjiroper.] 

PER-CeI  V'A-BLY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  be 

percejyed. 

PER-(;iiIV'ANCE,  71.    Power  of  perceiving.    [Ji'ot  in 

use.]  _  Milton. 
PER-CkIVE',  c.  f.  [\j.  percipio  ;  pcrand  cii;>io,  tt>  take.] 

1.  To  have  knttwiedge  or  receive  impressions  01 
external  objects,  through  the  medium  or  in.^trunient- 
ality  of  the  senses  or  bodily  organs  ;  as,  to  perceive 
light  or  color  ;  to  perceive  the  cold  of  ice  or  the  taste 
of  honey. 

2.  To  know  ;  to  understand  ;  to  observe. 


Till  \ 


A*n  eyes,  and  perceive  it  hy  01 
1  the  dark.  Locke. 


own  unuet%t:inunig,  we  are  i 

3.  To  be  affected  by  ;  to  receive  impressions  from. 

The  upper  rvglons  of  tin-  air  perceive  the  collection  of  llie  matter 
oi  tempest*  before  tlie  air  below.  Bacon. 

PER-CeIV'£D,  (-seevd',)  pp.  or  a.  Known  by  the 
Senses  ;  felt :  understootl ;  observed. 

PER-CEIV'ER,  71.  One  who  perceives,  feels,  or  ob- 
serves. 

PER  CENT'AGE,  71.  [from  the  Latin  percentum,  per 
cent.] 

In  commerce,  the  allowance,  duty,  or  commission 
on  a  hundred. 

Per  centum,  per  cent-,  [L.]    By  the  hundred. 
PER-CEP-Tl-BIL'I-TY,  71.    The  state  or  quality  of 
being  perceptible;  as,  the  perceptibility  of  light  or 
color. 

2.  Perception.    [Less  proper.]  More. 
PER-CE1"T1-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  ;  from  L.  percipio,  percep- 
tus.] 

1.  That  may  be  perceived  ;  that  may  impress  the 
bodily  organs  ;  that  may  Come  under  the  cognizance 
of  the  senses  ;  as,  a  perceptible  degree  of  heat  or 
ciiltl  ;  a  prrcrplible  odor ;  a  perceptible  sound.  A 
tiling  in;\y  be  too  minute  to  be  perceptible  to  the 

2.  Tliiit  may  be  known  or  conceived  of.  [touch. 
PER-CEP'TI-li'LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  M  be  per- 
ceived. 

The  woman  decays  percejttiUt/  every  week.  Pope. 

PER  (^EP'TION,  71.    [L.  prrceptio.    Sce  Perceive.] 

1.  The  act  of  perceiving,  or  of  receiving  the 
knowledge  of  external  objects  by  impressions  or  ! 
the  senses  ;  or  that  act  or  process  of  the  mind  which 
makes  known  an  external  object.  In  other  words, 
the  notice  which  the  mind  takes  of  external  objects. 
We  gain  a  knowledge  of  the  coldness  and  smooth- 
ness of  marlilt^  by  perception. 

2.  In  philosophy,  the  faculty  of  perceiving  ;  the 
faculty  or  peculi;ir  part  of  man's  constitution,  by 
which  he  has  knowledge  through  the  medium  or  in- 
.striiinenlalily  of  the  bodily  organs.    Rrid.  Encyc. 

:).  Intellectual  discernment  of  apprehension  ;  idea  ; 
notitin  ;  as,  a  nice  perception  of  tlitlerences.  Ifall. 

4.  'i'he  slate  of  being  alfected,  or  capable  of  being 
affected  by  something  external. 

This  experiment  discovers  percepUon  in  plants.  ilncon. 

PER-CEP'TIVE,  «.  Having  the  faculty  of  perceiving. 

Glanville. 

PER-CF.P-TIV'I-TY,  11.  The  power  of  perception  or 
thinking.  Locke. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.— METE,  PEfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


PER 


PER 


PER 


I'EKCll,  ;i.  [Fr.  perclie ;  h-  jierca  ;  (5r.  rrtuKij;  G.  bars, 
a  pertli,  and  bar.-ch,  sharp,  keen,  pungent;  D.baurs; 
Svv.  abbore  ;  Dan.  uburre.  It  would  seem  from  the 
(Jeinian,  that  this  lish  is  named  from  its  jiriclily 
spines,  and  the  name  allied  to  perk.] 

'J'he  popular  name  of  several  species  of  n  genus  of 
acaiitliopterygious  tishes,  called  by  naturalists  Perca. 
Tliey  liave  powerful  dorsal  fins,  with  strong  and 
sharp  spines.  The  scales  are  nioilenitely  largo,  with 
the  posterior  edge  toothed.  They  all  feed  on  marine 
insects,  and  inhabit  fresh  water. 

PERCH,  71.  [I'r.  jierche  ;  L.  perlica  ;  W.  perc  ;  Arm. 
pirclicn  ;  probably  allied  to  the  former  word  in  the 
sense  of  sharpness,  shooting,  or  extending.  See 
Pehk.] 

1.  .\  p'llc  ;  hence,  a  roost  for  fowls,  which  is  often 
a  pole  ;  also,  any  thing  on  which  they  light. 

2.  A  measure  of  length  containing  five  yards  and 
a  half;  a  rod.  In  the  popular  language  of  America, 
rod  is  chiefly  used  ;  but  rod,  pole,  ami  perch,  all  sig- 
nifying the  same  thing,  may  be  used  indifferenlly. 

3.  In  land  or  square  measure,  a  square  rod  ;  thtr  for- 
tieth part  of  a  rood.  [This  sense  is  more  common 
than  the  second.] 

•I.  In  solid  measure,  a  mass  ICJ  feet  each  way. 
PERCH,  V.  i.    To  sit  or  roost,  as  a  bird. 

2.  To  light  or  settle  on  a  fixed  body,  .as  a  bird. 
PEUCII,  B.  (.    To  place  on  a  fi.xed  object  or  perch. 

More. 

PER-CHXNCE',  adv.  [per  and  ehancc.]  By  chance  ; 
perhaps.  If'vUon. 

PIORCII'KI),  (pcrcht,)  pp.    Placed  on  a  perch. 

PERCH'ER,  ji.  One  of  an  order  of  birds  which  perch 
or  light  on  trees,  &c.  These  have  four  toes,  three 
before  and  one  behind.  Kirbij. 

PERCH'ERS,  n.  pi.  Paris  candles  anciently  used  in 
England  ;  also,  a  larger  sort  of  wax  candles  which 
were  usually  set  on  the  altar.  Bailey. 

PERCiriNG,  ppr.    Placing  on  a  perch. 

PER-e|ILO'R.\TE,  n.  A  compound  of  perchloric 
acid  willi_  a  b;ise. 

PER-eilLO'Rie,  a.  Perchloric  acid  is  chlorine  con- 
verted into  au  acid  by  combining  with  a  maxinnim 
of  oxvgen.  Silliman. 

PEK-eilLO'RID,  n.  That  chlorid  of  a  given  base 
which  contains  the  greatest  quantity  of  chlorine  ;  as, 
perclUorid  of  gold  ;  pcrcklorid  of  phosphorus, 

Graham. 

PERCH'PEST,  n.  A  small,  cnistaceous  animal  that 
attaches  itself  to  the  mouth  of  a  perch.  Kirbij. 

PER-CIP'I-ENCE,  M.    Act  of  perceiving;  perception. 

PER-CIP'l-ENT,  a.    [1,.  percipiens.]  [Ilaslam. 
Perceiving  ;  having  the  faculty  of  perception.  An- 
imals are  percipient  beings  ;  mere  matter  is  not  per- 
cipient. Bentley. 

PER-CIP'l-ENT,  V.  One  that  perceives  or  has  the 
facnltv  of  perception.  .  More. 

PEK  CLOSE',  7?.    Conclusion.  [Ji'ot  used.]  Ralcnh. 

PER'eOIU,  a.    (Gr.  ttcpki,  perch,  and  ticiof,  form.] 
In  ichOitjologij,  resembling  the  perch  ;  of  the  perch 
famdy.  Jardine.    P.  Cijc. 

PER'CO-LATE,  v.  t.  [L.  percolo  ;  per  and  colo,  to 
strain  ;  Fr.  coulcr,  to  flow  or  run.] 

To  strain  through  ;  to  cause  to  pass  through  small 
interstices,  as  a  liquor  ;  to  filter.  Hale. 

PER'€0-LaTE,  v.  i.  To  pass  through  small  inter- 
stices ;  to  filter ;  as,  water  percolates  through  a  porous 
stone. 

PER'CO-La-TED,  pp.  Filtered  ;  passed  through  small 
PER'€0-La-TING,  irpr.    Filtering.  [interstices. 
PER-eO-LA'TIO.\,  n.    The  act  of  straining  or  filter- 
ing; filtration;  the  act  of  passing  through  small  in- 
terstices, as  liquor  through  felt  or  a  porous  stone. 
Pereolalion  is  infriuled  for  the  puhficntion  of  liquora.  Bacon. 

PER'eO-I,.^-TOR,  71.  A  filtering  machine.  Francis. 
PER-eUR'SO-RY,  0.    [E.  percursus.] 

Cursor)' ;  running  over  slightly  or  in  haste. 
PER-CUSS',  V.  t.     [L.  percussus,  from  peraUio,  to 
strike.] 

To  strike  forcibly  ;  particularly,  to  strike  upon,  in 
order  to  ascertain  the  resulting  sound.  Bacon. 
PER-eUS'SION,  (-kush'un,)  n.    [E.  percussio.] 

1.  The  act  of  striking  one  body  against  another, 
with  some  violence  ;  as,  the  vibrations  excited  in  the 
air  by  percussion.  J^ewton, 

2.  The  shock  produced  by  the  collision  of  bodies. 

Barlow. 

3.  The  impression  or  eflfcct  of  sound  on  the  ear. 

Rymer. 

Center  of  percussion  ;  in  a  movina  body,  the  point 
about  which  the  impetus  of  the  parts  is  balanced  on 
every  side,  so  that  it  may  be  stopped  by  an  immova- 
ble obstacle  at  this  point,  and  re^t  on  it.  Barlow. 

PER-CUS'SION-CAP,  ti.  A  small  cop|)er  cap  or  cup, 
containing  fulminating  powder,  and  used  in  a  per- 
cussion-lock to  explnde  gunpowder. 

PER-€US'SION-EOCK,  it.  A  lock  of  a  gun  in  which 
gunpowder  is  exploded  by  fire  obtained  from  the 
percussion  of  fulminating  powder.  IV.  II.  O. 

PER-CIIS'SIVE,  a.  Striking  against ;  as,  percussive 
force. 

PER-CO'TIENT,  (-shent.)  71.    [L.  percutiens.] 

That  which  strikes,  or  has  power  to  strike.  Bacon. 


PF.R  I)l'IJ\I,  [L.]    Ily  the  day. 
PER'DI-FOIL,  71.     [L.  perdo,  to  lose,  and  /ulm77i, 
leaf.] 

A  plant  that  annually  loses  or  drops  its  leaves  ;  op- 
posed to  Evergreen. 

The  jvuwion-llowfr  of  Amcrici  nnd  the  Jntmine  of  MaliOjar, 
which  «re  cvcrjjivciia  in  Uicir  n:\livc  cliinuU'C,  bfcotiip  pfrdi- 
/oilt  when  Uiiiii4pl;iiiu-(1  into  UriLtiii.  Barton. 

PER-I)I"TI0N,  (-dish'un,)  7t.  [L.  perditio,  from 
pcrdo,  to  lose,  to  ruin.     Ciu.  per  and  do,  or  Gr. 

TTtpOo,.] 

1.  Entire  loss  or  ruin  ;  utter  destruction  ;  as,  the 
perdition  of  the  Turkish  fleet.  Shah. 

[Ill  this  sense,  the  word  is  now  nearly  or  wholly 
obsolete.] 

2.  The  utter  loss  of  the  soul,  or  of  final  happiness 
in  a  future  state  ;  future  misery  or  eternal  death. 
The  impenitent  sinner  is  condemned  to  final  perdi- 
tion. 

If  we  rc]f  ct  the  truth,  we  sc;il  our  own  perdiiion.  J.  M.  Maton. 

3.  Loss.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
PER-DC,    I  ado.  [Fr.  pcrrfa,  lost,  from  pcrt/rc,  to  lose, 
PER-DOE',  i     L.  perdo.] 

Close ;  in  concealment. 

The  motliTAtor,  out  of  view, 

I3e'Mciilh  the  desk  hivd  lain  perdue.       TVumbuiyB  M'Pingal. 

PER-I)0',  71.   One  that  is  placed  on  the  watch  or  in 

ambush.  Sliak. 
PER  DO',  a.     Abandoned  ;  employed  on  desperate 
purposes;  accustomed  to  desperate  purposes  or  en- 
terprises. Beanm.  ^'  Fletcher. 
PER'DU-LOUS,  a.    [Fr.  perdu,  from  L.  pcrdo.] 

Lost ;  thrown  away.    [JVot  tist.d.]  Bramhalt. 
PER-DO'RA-IiLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  perduro  :  j>er  and 
duru.  to  last.] 

Very  durable;  lasting;  continuing  long.  [JVot 
used.]  Shak.  Drayton. 

PER-DO'RA-BLY,  adv.    Very  durably.    [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 

PER-DU-Ra'TION,  71.     Long  continuance.  [JVot 

used.}  .dinsworth. 
PER'DV,  adv.    [Fr.  par  Dicu.] 

Certainly;  verily;  in  truth.    [Ohs.]  Spenser. 
PER'E-GAL,  a.    [Fr.  per  and  egal  equal.] 

Equal.    [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 
PER'E-GRIN-aTE,  v.  i.     [L.  pcre^inor,  from  pere- 
ffriitiu!,  a  traveler  or  stranger  ;  pera^n-u,  to  wander ; 
per  and  acrer.] 

To  travel  from  place  to  place,  or  from  one  country 
to  another  ;  to  live  in  a  foreign  country.  Diet. 
PER-E-GRIi\-A'TION,  71.     A  traveling  from  one 
country  to  another ;  a  wandering  ;  abode  in  foreign 
countries.  Hammond.  Bentley. 

PER'E-GRIN-a-TOR,  71.     A  traveler  into  foreign 

countries.  Casaubon. 
PER'E-GRINE,  (-grin,)  a.    [L.  pere^inus.] 

Foreign  ;  not  native.    [Little  used.]  Baron. 
Peregrine  falcon :  a  species  of  hawk  or  falcon, 
Faico  peregrinus,  found  in  America,  Europe,  and 
Asia,  and  which  wanders  in  sununer  to  the  Arctic 
circle.  Pennant. 
PER-E-GRIN'I-TY,  71.   Strangeness.    [JVot  used.] 

Cook. 

PER-EMPT',  r.  t.    [Ij.  peremptus,  perimo,  to  kill.] 
In  law,  to  kill ;  to  crush  or  destroy.    [JVot  used.] 

.dyliffe- 

PER-EMP'TION,  77.    [L.  peremptio.] 

A  killing  i  a  quashing ;  nonsuit.    [JVot  used.] 

Ayliffe. 

PER'EMP-TO-RI-LY,  adv.  [from  peremptory.]  Ab- 
solutely ;  positively  ;  in  a  decisive  manner  ;  so  as  to 
preclude  further  debate. 

Never  juil^'  peremptorily  on  fint  appe.intDcei.  Ctarista. 
PER'EMP-TO-RI-NESS,  ti.     Positivcness ;  absolute 
decision ;  dogmatism. 

PertmpUnineft  is  of  two  sorts ;  one,  a  ma^sterialness  in  matters 
of  opinion  ;  the  other,  a  posiliveness  iti  ni.ut'-D  ot  fiict. 

Goo.  o/  the  Ton^e, 
PER'EMP-TO-RY,  a.    [Fr.  prremptoire;  it.  perentorio  ; 
L.  perevtptorius,  from  peremptus,  taken  away,  killed.] 

1.  Express;  positive;  absolute;  decisive;  authori- 
tative ;  in  a  manner  to  preclude  ilebate  or  expostula- 
tion.   The  orders  of  the  commander  are  peremptory. 

2.  Positive  in  opinion  or  judgment.  The  genuine 
effect  of  sound  learning  is  to  make  men  less  peremp- 
tory in  their  determinations. 

3.  Final;  determinate;  as,  a  peremptory  9n\e. 

4.  Peremptory  challenge,  in  taw,  a  challenge,  or 
right  of  challenging  jurors,  without  showing  cause. 

PER-E\'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  perennisf  per  and  annus,  a 
year.  ] 

1.  Lasting  or  continuing  without  cessation  through 
the  year.  Chryne. 

2.  Perpetual;  unceasing;  never  failing.  Harvey. 

3.  In  botany,  continuing  more  than  two  years;  as, 
a  perennial  stem  or  rtwt.  Martyn. 

4.  Continuing  without  intermission,  as  a  fever. 

Coze, 

PER-EN'NI-AL,  n.  In  botany,  a  plant  which  lives  or 
continues  more  than  two  years,  whether  it  retains 
its  leaves  gr  not.  That  which  retains  its  leaves 
during  winter  is  called  an  evrrrrreen ;  that  which 
casts  its  leaves,  deciduous,  or  a  perdifoU. 


PER-EN'NI-AL-LY,  adv.  Continually ;  without  ceas- 
ing. 

PER-EN'NT-TY,  ti.    [L.  permnitas.] 

An  enduring  or  continuing  through  the  whole  year 

without  ceasing,  Derham. 
PER-ER-RA'TIUN,  7i.    [L.  percrro ;  per  and  crro,  to 

wander.] 

A  wandering  or  rambling  through  various  place's. 

Howell. 

PER  FjIS  F.T  JVfi'fVJS,    [L.]    Through  or  by  right 

and  wrong;  by  any  means. 
PER'Fi;cr,  a.     [L.  perfectus,  perfcio,  to  comiiletc; 

per  and  facw,  to  do  or  make  through,  to  carry  to  the 

eml.] 

1.  Finished  ;  complete  ;  consuininnte  ;  not  defec- 
tive ;  having  all  that  is  requisite  to  its  nature  nnd 
kind  ;  as,  a  perfect  statue  ;  a  perfect  likeness  ;  a  per- 
fect work  ;  a  perfect  system. 

As  full,  us  perfect  in  a  hair  as  heart.  Pope. 

2.  Fully  informed  ;  completely  skilled  ;  as,  men 
perfect  in  the  use  of  arms  ;  perfect  in  discipline. 

3.  Complete  in  moral  excellences. 

Be  ye  lliert-forc  perfect,  even  us  your  Fatlicr  which  Is  in  hcaren 
ic  per/eel.  —  Alittt.  v. 

4.  Manifesting  perfection. 

My  Blren^h  is  inutle  perfect  in  weakness.  —  2  CVr.  jtli. 
Perfect  chord;  in  music,  a  concord  or  union  of 
sounds  which  is  perfectly  coalesccnt  and  agri;enblc 
to  the  car,  as  the  fifth  and  the  octave ;  a  perfect 
consonance. 

./i  perfect  flower,  in  botany,  has  both  stamen  and 
pistil,  or  at  least  anther  anil  stigma.  Murlyn. 

Perfect  number ;  in  arithmetic,  a  number  eipial  to 
the  sum  of  all  its  divisors,  as  the  number  (i. 

^rrtiirfc. 

Perfect  tense ;  in  grammar,  the  preterit  tense ;  a 
tense  which  expresses  an  act  completed. 
PER'FECT,  or  PER  FECT',  v.  U    [L.  perfectus,  per- 
ficio.] 

1.  To  finish  or  counilete,  so  as  to  leave  nothing 
wanting  ;  to  give  to  any  thing  all  that  is  requisite  tu 
its  nature  and  kinil  ;  as,  to  perfect  a  picture  or 
statue.    2  Chron.  viii. 

Inquire  into  tlie  nature  and  properties  ot  Uiings,  an-I  tiiereby 
perfect  our  iileas  of  distinct  species.  iMcke. 

If  we  love  one  anyUier,  Gud  dyrelleth  in  us,  and  his  love  '\»ptr- 
/acted  in  us.  —  I  Ji>!m  iv. 

2.  To  instruct  fully  ;  to  make  fully  skillful ;  as,  to 
perfect  one's  self  in  the  rules  of  iniisic  or  archi- 
tecture ;  to  perfect  sohlicrs  in  discipline. 

PER'FECT-EI),  pp.  or  u.    Finished  ;  coni[>letcd. 
PER'FECT-ER,  n.    One  that  makes  perfect. 

Broome. 

PER-FECT-I-1!IL'I-TY,  7i.  [from  perfectible.]  The 
capabilitv  of  becoming  or  being  made  perfect. 

PER-FECT'l-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  becoming  or  being 
niaile  perfect,  or  of  arriving  at  the  utmost  perfection 
of  the  species, 

PER'FECT-LN'G,  ppr.  Finishing;  completing;  con- 
summaliiig. 

PER-FEC'TIO.N,  (-shun,)  71.    [L.  perfcctio.] 

K  The  st.ate  of  being  perfect  or  complete,  so  that 
nothing  requisite  is  wanting  ;  as,  perfection  in  an  art 
or  science  ;  perfection  in  a  system  of  morals. 

2.  Physical  perfection,  is  when  a  natural  object  has 
all  its  powers,  faculties,  or  qualities  entire  and  in 
full  vigor,  nnd  all  its  parts  in  due  proportion.  Kncye. 

3.  jMetaphysical  or  transcendental  perfection,  is  the 
possession  of  all  the  essential  attributes,  or  all  the 
parts  necessary  to  the  integrity  of  a  substance.  This 
is  absolute,  where  all  defect  is  precluded,  such  as  the 
perfection  of  God ;  or  according  to  its  kind,  as  in 
created  things.  Kncye. 

4.  Moral  perfection,  is  the  complete  possession  of 
all  moral  excellence,  as  in  the  tSupri  ine  IJi  iiiL' ;  or 
the  possession  of  such  moral  qualities  and  virlui.j  aa 
a  thing  is  capable  of. 

5.  A  quality,  endowment,  or  acquirement  com- 
pleti  ly  excellent,  or  of  great  worth. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  has  a  plural.] 

\Vh.it  tuni^ue  c:in  her  Jterfectiont  tell  ?  Svlney. 

6.  An  inherent  or  essential  attribute  of  supreme  or 
infinite  excellence;  or  one  perfect  in  iLs  kind;  as, 
the  perfections  of  God.  The  infinite  power,  holiness, 
justice,  benevolence,  and  wisdom  of  Got!  are  de- 
nominated his  perfection.'!. 

To  perfection ;  iierfci  tly  ;  in  the  highest  degree  of 
excellence  ;  as,  to  imitate  a  model  to  perfection. 

PER-FRC'TIO.X,  r.  (.    To  complete  ;  U.  make  perfect. 

PEK-FEC'TIO.N-;VL,  a.    Made  completa,  Pearson. 

PER-FEe'TIO,\-.\TE,  used  by  Dryden  and  Tookc,  in 
lieu  of  the  verb  to  Perkect,  is  a  useless  word. 

PER-FEC'TI0.\-A;I),  pp.    ,Made  pt-rfect. 

PER-FEC'TI().\.IN(;,  ppr.    Making  perfect, 

PER-FEC'TION-IS.M,  7i.  The  doctrine  of  the  per- 
fectionists, 

PER-FEC'TION-IST,  71,  One  pretending  to  perfec- 
tion;  an  enlhusi.ast  in  relieion.  South. 

2.  One  who  believes  that  some  persons  actually 
attain  to  moral  perfection  in  the  present  life. 
PER-FEC'TION-MENT,  »i.    State  of  being  perfect 

/.  Taylor. 


I 


TO.NE,  BIJLL,  IINITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a.s  in  THIS. 


1^1 :5 


PE 


PER-FE€T'IVE,  a.  Condiiciii!;  to  make  perfect  or 
bring  to  perfection  ;  followed  by  of. 

Pmise  ami  ruionilioii  are  actions  perfective  of  the  soul.  More. 

PER-FECT'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  brings 
to  perffctioii.  Orew. 

PER'FEeT-LY,  adc.  In  the  highest  degree  of  excel- 
lence. 

2.  Totally  ;  completely  ;  as,  work  perfectly  exe- 
cuted or  performed  ;  a  tiling  perfertly  new. 

3.  Exactly ;  accurately ;  as,  a  proposition  perfectly 
understood. 

FER'FECT-NESS,  )i.  Completeness;  consummate 
_  excellence ;  perfection, 

2.  The  highest  degree  of  goodness  or  holiness  of 
which  man  is  capable  in  this  life. 

And  above  all  Uiiii^  pirt  on  charily,  which  is  the  bond  of  per- 
Jectiiess.  —  CuT.  iu. 

3.  Accurate  skill.  Shak. 
PER-F1"CIENT,  (  lish'ent,)  n.    [L.  perficiens.] 

One  who  endows  a  charity. 
PER-FID'I-OUS,  a.    [L.  perfdus ;  per  and  fdus,  faith- 
ful.   Per,  in  this  word,  signifies  through,  beyond,  or 
by,  asi'h'.'] 

1.  Violating  good  faith  or  vows;  false  to  trustor 
confidence  reposed  ;  treacherous ;  as,  a  perjidioics 
agent;  a  per/iriio«;i  friend.    [See  Perfidy.] 

2.  Proceeding  from  treachery,  or  consisting  in 
breach  of  filth  ;  n=,  a  pirfiilious  act. 

3.  Guilty  iiC  vi  -111.  il  all.  'jiance  ;  as,  a  perfidious  citi- 
»en  :  a  nim  /./-./,,,„,  to  country. 

PER-FID'I-UL>;-LV,  Treacherously;  traitorous- 
ly- ;  by  breach  of  faith  or  allegiance.  Sicift. 

PER-FID'I-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
perfidious  ;  treacher}-  ;  traitorousness  ;  breach  of 
faith,  of  vows  or  all  niaifc 

PER'FI-DY,  n.  [  h.  />. ,;;;,/,«  ;  per  and  .^tto,  faith.] 
The  act  of  violating  failh,  a  promise,  vow,  or 
allegiance  ;  treachery ;  the  violation  of  a  trust  re- 
posed. Perfidy  is  not  applied  to  violations  of  con- 
tracts in  ordinary  pecuniary  transactions,  but  to 
violations  nf  faith  or  trust  in  friendship,  in  agency 
and  office,  in  allegiance,  in  connubial  engagements, 
and  in  the  transactions  of  kings. 

PER'FLA-BLE,  a.    [L.  perfio.] 

That  may  be  blown  through.    [JVot  used.] 

PER-FLaTE',  7).  (.    [L.  perfto  ;  per  an.I.'o,  to  blow.] 
To  blow  through.  Harvey. 

PER-FL.a'TEI),  pp.    Blown  through. 

PER-FLa'TION,  n.    The  act  of  blowing  through. 

Woodward. 

PER-Fo'LI-ATE,  a.    [L.  per  an&  folium,  a  leaf.] 

In  botany,  a  perfoliate  leaf  is  one  that  has  the  base 
entirely  surrounding  the  stem  transversely. 

Martini. 

PER'PO-RaTE,  v.  t  [L.  perfuro;  per  and  /uro.  Eng. 
to  bore.] 

1.  To  bore  through. 

2.  To  pierce  with  a  pointed  instrument ,  to  make 
a  hole  or  holes  through  any  thing  by  boring  or 
driving;  as,  to  perforate  the  bottom  of  a  vessel. 

PER'FO-Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Bored  or  pierced  through  ; 
pierced. 

PER'FO-Ra-TING,  p;)r.  Boring  or  piercing  through; 
piercing. 

PER-FO-Ra'TION,  «.  The  act  of  boring  or  piercing 
through. 

2.  A  hole  or  aperture  passing  through  any  thing,  or 
into  the  interior  of  a  substance,  whether  natural  or 
made  l)v  an  instrument. 

PER'FO-RA-TIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  pierce,  a? 
an  instrument. 

PEE'FO-Ra-TOR,  n.  An  instniment  that  bores  or 
perforates.  Sharp. 

PER-FoRCE',  adv.  [pfr  and  force.]  By  force  or  vio- 
lence. Sfiali. 

PER-FOR.M',  V.  t.    [L.  per  and  formo,  to  make.] 

1.  To  do  ;  to  execute  ;  to  accomplish  ;  as,  to  prr- 
forrii  two  days'  labor  in  one  day  ;  to  perform  a  noble 
deed  or  achievement. 

2.  To  execute  ;  to  discharge  ;  as,  to  perform  a  duty 
or  office. 

3.  To  fulfill ;  as,  to  perform  a  covenant,  promise, 
or  contract ;  to  perform  a  vow. 

PER-FOR.M',  r.  i.  To  do  ;  to  act  a  part.  The  player 
performs  well  in  different  characters.  The  nmsician 
performs  well  on  the  organ. 

PER-FOR.M'A-liLi;,  a.  Tliat  may  be  done, executed, 
or  fulfilled  ;  practicable.  Brown. 

PER-FORM'AN'CE,  ji.  Execution  or  completitm  of 
any  lliing  ;  a  doing  ;  as,  the  performnnee  of  work  or 
of  an  nnilerlaking  ;  the  performance  of  duty. 

2.  Action  ;  dited  ;  thing  done.  S/ioA. 

3.  The  acting  or  exhibition  nf  character  on  the 
Blage.  Garrick  was  celebrated  for  his  theatrical 
perfirrmanr.fs. 

■i.  (;om(Kji<ition  ;  work  written. 

K»rw  of  o.ir  cjiiiic  per/ttrmaneee  ^tc  pood  cxnmpic*. 

Claritea. 

!>.  The  acting  or  exhibition  of  feats  ;  as,  perform- 
ances tif  htirNtfinanstiip. 

PKR  FOItM'KI),  p/>.    Done;  executed;  (Hsrhnrged. 

PEK  FOR.M'Elt,  n.  One  that  performn  any  thing,  pnr- 
licnl.'irly  in  an  art ;  as,  n  good  performer  on  the  violin 


PER 

or  organ  ;  a  celebrated  performer  in  comedy  or  trage- 
dy, or  in  the  circus. 
PER-FORiVING,  ppr.    Doing;  executing;  accom- 
plishing. 

PER-FORJI'ING,  71.  Act  done;  deed;  act  of  execu- 
ting. Swift. 

PER'FRI-CaTE,  v.  U    [L.  perfrico.'] 
To  rub  over. 

PER'FRI-Ca-TED,  jra.    Rubbed  over. 

PER'FRl-e.\-TIXG,  ppr.    Rubbing  over. 

PER-FU'AIA-TO-RY,  a.  [from  perfume.]  That  per- 
fumes. Lei<rlt. 

PER-FuME'  or  PER'FUME,  ti.  [Fr.  parfum:  It. 
profumo  ;  Sp.  perfume ;  h.  per  and  fumus,  smoke,  or 
fumo,  to  fumiL'ate.] 

1.  A  substance  that  emits  a  scent  or  odor  which 
afltcts  agreeably  the  organs  of  smelling,  as  musk, 
civet,  spices,  or  aromatics  of  any  kind ;  or  any  com- 
position of  aromatic  substances. 

2.  The  scent,  odor,  or  volatile  particles  emitted 
from  sweet-smelling  substances. 

No  ricli  perfumes  refresh  the  fruitful  lield.  Pope. 
PER-FulNIE',  7\  t.    To  scent;  to  fill  or  impregnate 
with  a  grateful  odor;  as,  to  perfume  an  apartment; 
to  perfume  a  garment. 

And  Carmel's  flowery  top  perfumes  llie  skies.  Pope. 
PER-FuM'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Scented  ;  impregnated  with 

fragrant  odors. 
PER-Fu.M'ER,  71.    He  or  that  which  perfumes. 

2.  One  whose  trade  is  to  sell  perfumes.  Bacon. 
PER-FuM'ER-Y,  7t.    Perfumes  in  general. 

2.  The  preparation  of  perfumes. 
PER-Fu.M'IXG,  ppr.   Scenting;  impregnating  with 
sweet  odors. 

PER-FUJ<e'TO-RI-LY,  ado.  [L.  pcrfunctorie,  from 
pcrfungor :  per  and  funmr,  to  do  or  to  execute.] 

Carelessly  ;  negligently  ;  in  a  manner  to  satisfy 
external  fortu.  Clarendon. 
PER-FUNe'TO-RI-NESS,  7i.  Negligent  performance ; 

carelessness.  Whitloek. 
PER-FUNC'TO-RY,  a.    [Supra.]    Slight;  careless; 
negligent.  JVoodward. 
2.  Done  only  for  the  sake  of  getting  rid  of  the  duty. 

Bickersteth. 

PER-FuSE',  V.  t.    [L.  perfusus,  perfundo ;  per  and 

fundo,  to  pour.] 

To  sprinkle,  pour,  or  spread  over.  Harvey. 
PER-FPS'JJD,  pp.    Poured  or  spread  over. 
PER-Fu'SIVE,  a.    Sprinkling;  adapted  to  spread  or 

sprinkle.  _ 

PER-GA-Mk'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  pern-aincna,  parchment.] 
Like  parchment. 

PER'GO-LA,  71.    [It.]    See  Pergula. 

PER'GU-LA,  71.  [L.]  In  ancient  architecture,  a  sort 
of  gallery  or  balcony  in  a  house.  Some  suppose  it 
to  be  an  arbor  in  a  garden,  or  a  terrace  overiianging 
one.  Brande. 

PER  HAPS',  adp.  [per  and  hap.  See  II.ipfen.]  By 
chance  ;  it  may  be. 

Perhaps  her  love,  perhaps  her  Idngtlom  charmed  him.  Smith. 

Pk'RI,  71.  In  Persian  mythologij,  an  imaginary  being 
like  an  elf  or  fairy,  represented  as  a  descendant  of 
fallen  angels  excluded  from  paradise  till  their  penance 
is  accomplished. 

PER'I-ANTH,  71.    [Gr.  trcoi,  about,  and  avd'H,  flower.] 
That  calyx  which  envelops  only  a  single  flower, 
and  is  immediately  contiguous  to  it. 

PER'l-APT,  71.    [Gr.  TrtpiKTrrto,  to  fit  or  tie  to.] 

An  amulet;  a  charm  worn  to  defend  against  dis- 
ease or  inisrhief.    [Mt  used.]        Uanmcr.  Shak. 

PE-IUB'O-EOS,  71.  [Gr.  irrpi  and  /?aXX(.>.]  A  court 
entirely  round  a  temple,  surrounded  by  a  wall. 

Brande. 

PER-I-GSR'DI-AN,  o.   Rel.ating  to  the  pericardium. 
PER-t-CAR'DI-U.M.Tu    [Gr.  irtpi,  around,  and  Kaoiia, 
the  heart.] 

A  membrane  that  incloses  the  heart.    It  contains 
a  liquor  which  prevents  the  surface  of  the  heart 
from  becoming  dry  by  its  continual  motion.  Qiiincii. 
PER'i  exRP,  71.    [Gr.  Trot,  about,  and  Kiiimni,  fruit.] 
The  seed-vessel  of  a  plant ;  a  general  name,  in- 
cluding the  capsule,  legume,  silique,  follicle,  drupe, 
pome,  berry,  &.c.  Jilartyn. 
PER-I-e.^RP'I-.\E,  (I.    Belonging  to  a  pericarp. 

Lintllnf. 

PE-RI  CII/F.'TIAT,,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pericbtrtilim. 

PE-RI-eil.H'TIIlM,  n.  [Gr.  irtrii  and  A«iri;.l  A  term 
applied  to  certain  narrow  and  pointed  leanots,  (dif- 
ferent from  the  other  leaves  of  the  plant,)  which 
Biirround  the  bulbous  base  of  Ihcsctn,  which  usually 
elevates  llie  spornmrium  or  Ihrca,  (a  hollow,  urn-like 
body,)  which  contains  the  sporulcs  of  the  Bryacctc 
and  Jlndriroceit.  T\ib  perichatium  has  been  consid- 
ered as  a  sort  of  calyx,  and  has  been  called  an  invol- 
uere. 

PER'I-CE.^SE,  n.  [Gr.  trfni,  around,  and  jcAnffij,  frac- 
ture.] 

A  minernl  from  Vesuvius,  occurring  in  greenish 
octahedrons,  niiil  sn|iposed  to  be  pure  magnesia. 
PE  RIC'I.I T.^TE,  V.  t.    [L.  pcriclil.or.] 
To  cndangtv. 


PER 

PE-Rie-LI-TA'TION,  7i.   A  hazarding  or  exposing  to 
peril. 

PER-I-CRa'NI-UM,  71.    [Gr.  itepi,  about,  and  Kpaviau, 
the  skull.] 

The  periosteum,  or  membrane  that  invests  the 
skull.  Coie. 
PE-Rie'II-LOUS,  a.    ['h.  penculosus.   See  Peril.] 
Dangerous  ;  hazardous.  Broicn. 
PER-I-DO-DEe-A-HE'DRAL,  a.    [Gr.  Trtpi  and  dodee- 
ahedral.] 

A  term  designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four-sided  prism,  and  in  its  secimdary  form  is 
converted  into  a  prism  of  twelve  sides. 

Cleaveland. 

PER'I-DOT,  71.    [Fr.]    Tile  same  with  Chrysolite, 

which  see.  Dana. 
PER'I-DRO.ME,  71.    [Gr.  rcoi  and  ioofOf,  course.] 
In  architecturf,  that  part  of  a  perijitery,  which,  in 
form  of  a  gallery  or  alley,  was  left  between  the  col- 
umns and  the  walls  ;  used  as  a  i)roinenade.  Elmes. 
PER-I-E'CIAN,  71.    [Gr.  7r£pi.ii-f.,s'.j 

An  inhabitant  of  the  opposite  side  of  the  globe,  in 
the  same  parallel  of  latitutle. 
PER-I-ER'GY,  h.    [Gr.  r-oi  and  epyof.] 

Needless  caution  or  diligence. 
PER'I-GEE,      j  71.     [Gr.  TTcpi,  about,  and  j  i?,  the 
PER-I-Gi2'UM,  i  earth.] 

That  point  in  the  orbit  of  the  sun  or  moon  in  which 
it  is  at  the  least  distance  from  the  earth ;  opposed  to 
Apogee.  Hutton. 
PER'I-GRAPH,  rt.    [Gr.  trtpi,  about,  and  ypaijiri,  a 
writing.] 

1.  A  careless  or  inaccurate  delineation  of  any 
thing. 

2.  The  white  lines  or  impressions  that  appear  on 
the  musciilus  rectus  of  the  abdomen.  Encye. 

PE-RIG'YN-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  rtoi,  about,  and  >  ii  r,,  fe- 
male.] 

Growing  upon  some  body  that  surrounds  the  ova- 
rium. Botanists  are  in  the  habit  of  saying  that  the 
stamens  are  iusertetl  into  the  calyx  or  corolla,  i.  e., 
are  perigynons,  though  they  always  originate  from 
the  space  between  the  base  of  the  petals  and  the 
base  of  the  ovary.  Lindley. 

PER-I-Hf.L'ION,  \n.    [Gr.  TTcpi,  about,  and  iiXtof, 

PER-I-HE'LI-rM,  i    the  sun.] 

That  part  of  the  orbit  of  a  planet  or  comet,  in 
which  it  is  at  its  least  distance  from  the  sun  ;  o\y- 
posed  to  Aphelion.  Brande. 

PER-I-HEX-A-HE'DRAL,  a.    [Gr.  ncoi  and  hciahe- 
dral.] 

A  tenn  designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  fi)rm 
is  a  four-sided  prism,  and  in  the  secondary  form  is 
converted  into  a  prism  of  six  sides.  Cleaveland. 
PER'IL,  71.  [Fr.  ;  It.  peri  alio  ;  Sp.  pcligro  ;  fort,  peri- 
go ;  from  L.  pcricuhim,  from  Gr.  Tfi,on'.>,  to  try,  to 
attempt,  that  is,  to  strain;  Trtion,  an  attempt,  dan- 
ger, hazard  ;  allied  to  -tipoi,  lo  pass,  to  thrust  iu  or 
transfix  ;  -etna  is  also  the  point  or  edge  of  a  sword, 
coinciding  with  W.  ber  and  per,  a  spit,  a  spcor  or 
pike.  Hence  L.  eiperior.  Eng.  eri>crience.  The 
Greek  irtifiaro  is  expressed  in  Dutch  by  raaren,  to  go, 
to  sail,  to  fare ;  gei-aar,  danger,  peril  ;  G.  gcfahr, 
from  fahrcn.  These  words  are  all  of  one  family. 
(See  Pirate.)  The  primary  sense  of  ;ipri7  is  an  ad- 
vance, a  pushing  or  going  forward  ;  the  radical  sense 
of  boldness.  The  Welsh  has  perig,  perilous,  from 
ptr,  and  peri,  to  bid  or  command,  the  root  of  L.  im- 
pcro,  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  Danger;  risk;  hazard;  jeopardy;  particular 
exposure  of  person  or  properly  to  injury,  loss,  or 
destruction  from  any  cause  vvliatever. 

I  n  perils  of  waters ;  in  perils  of  robl)ers.  —  2  Cor.  xi. 

2.  Danger  denounced  ;  particular  exposure.  You 
do  it  at  your  pen/,  or  at  the  peril  of  your  father's  dis- 
pleasure. 

PER'II,,  t).  i.    To  be  in  danger.  Milton. 
PER'IL,  V.  t.    To  hazard  ;  to  risk  ;  to  expose  to  dan- 
ger. 

PERTL-ED,  pp.    Exposed  to  danger  or  loss. 
PER'IL-ING,  ppr.    Hazarding;  risking. 
PER'IL-OUS,  n.    [Vr.  perilenz.] 

1.  Dangerous  ;  hazardous;  full  of  risk  ;  as,  a  per- 
ilous undertaking  ;  a  perilous  situatitm. 

2.  Vulgariy  used  for  Very,  like  mighty  ;  as,  peril- 
ous shrewd.    [Obs.]  Iludibras. 

3.  Smart  ;  witty  ;  as,  a  perilous  [parlous]  boy. 
[  Vulirar  and  obsolete.] 

PER'IL-OUS-LY,  aifo.    Dangerously;  with  hazard. 
PER'IL-OUS-NESS,  7i.  Dangerousness  ;  danger ;  haz- 
ard. 

PE-RIM'E-TER,  71.    [Gr.  irt/ji,  about,  and  pirpov, 
measure.] 

In  geometry,  outer  boundary  of  a  body  or  figure, 
or  the  sum  of  all  thi;  sides,  'i'lie  perimeters  of  sur- 
faces or  figures  are  lines ;  those  of  bodies  are  surfact|S. 
In  circular  figures,  instead  v{  perimeter,  we  use  cir- 
cumference or  prriplteru.  Barlow. 
PER-i  OC-TA-Hr;'nR.\L,  a.  [Gr.  7rc,ii  and  octahe- 
dral.] 

.\  liTin  designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  fiiiir  sided  prism,  and  in  its  secondary  form  is 
converted  into  a  pri.sm  of  eight  sides. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL\T.  -  .MRTR,  PKEY.— PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


814 


PER 


PER 


rE'RI-OD,  H.  [Xj.  periodtLS !  Fr.  pcrluile  ;  It.  Pp.  and 
I'ort.  periotloi  Gr.  ttc/jiooos  ;  n-fui,  abuut,  and  6(^5, 
way.] 

1.  Propirly,  a  circuit ;  hence,  tlie  time  which  is 
taken  up  by  a  planet  or  comet  in  makinji;  its  revolu- 
tion round  tlie  sun,  or  tlie  duration  of  its  conr^^e  till 
it  returns  to  the  puiiit  of  its  orl)it  wlu'rc  it  began. 
Thus,  tlie  period  of  the  eartli,  or  its  annual  revolu- 
tion, is  'Mi\  tlays.  ^  Barlow. 

2.  In  chronoloirii,  a  .stated  nnniber  of  years  ;  a  rev- 
olution or  series  of  years  by  which  time  is  measured  ; 
as,  the  Calippic  period;  the  Dyonisian  period;  the 
Julian  period. 

3.  Any  series  of  years  or  of  days  in  which  a  revo- 
lution is  completed,  and  the  same  course  is  to  be  be- 
gun. 

4.  Any  specified  portion  of  time,  designated  by 
years,  months,  days,  or  hours,  omiplete  ;  as,  a  pe- 
riod of  a  thousand  years  ;  the  period  of  a  year ;  the 
period  of  a  day. 

5.  Knd  ;  conclusion.  Death  puts  a  pfi-iod  to  a  state 
of  probation. 

6.  An  indefinite  portion  of  any  continued  state, 
e.xistence,  or  series  of  events  ;  as,  the  first  period  of 
life  ;  the  last  period  of  a  king's  reign  ;  the  early  pe- 
riods of  histor}'. 

7.  State  at  which  any  thinfr  terminates  ;  limit. 

8.  Length  or  usual  length  of  duration. 

Some  experinipiils  wotilil  b*"  matle  how  liy  ar(  to  nialf?  plants 
more  Listing  iImii  tJu-ir  oniinary  period.  Bacon. 

9.  A  complete  sentence  from  one  full  stop  to  an- 
other. 

Periods  are  beautirul  when  they  are  not  too  \ong.   B.  Jonson. 

10.  The  point  that  marks  the  end  of  a  complete 
sentence  j  a  fidl  stop,  thus  [ .  ]. 

11.  In  ar(t/jmf(fc,  a  distinction  made  by  .1  point  or 
comma  placed  regularly  after  a  certain  numbcrof  fig- 
ures ;  used  in  notation,  in  the  extraction  of  rtiots,  antl 
in  circulating  decimals.  .4.  D.  Stanley. 

12.  In  niediciue,  the  time  of  the  exacerbation  and 
remission  of  a  disease,  or  of  the  paroxysm  and  inter- 
mission. F.ncye. 

Julian  period;  in  chroiioIorru,ii  period  of  79S0  years  ; 
a  number  produced  by  nuiitiplying  28,  the  years  of 
the  solar  cycle,  into  19,  the  years  of  the  lunar  cycle, 
and  their  product  by  15,  the  years  of  the  Roman  in- 
diction. 

r  F.'lil-On,  r.  £.  To  put  an  end  to.  [jVo(  used.]  Slmk. 
PE-rI-OD'IO-'aL  I       [It- P^"<"'"^";  I"r.  penWiyuc] 

1.  Performed  in  a  circuit,  or  in  a  regular  revolution 
in  a  certain  time,  or  in  a  series  of  successive  circuits  j 
as,  the  periodical  motion  of  the  pltmcts  rouiul  the  sun  j 
the  periodical  motion  of  tho  moon  round  the  earth. 

rVaUs. 

2.  Happening,  by  revolution,  at  a  stated  time  ;  as, 
the  conjunction  of  the  sun  and  moon  \s  perioilical. 

3.  Happening  or  returning  regularly  in  a  ccrt.ain 
period  of  time.  The  Olympiads,  among  the  Greeks, 
were  periodical,  a<  was  the  Jubilee  of  the  Jews. 

4.  Performing  some  action  at  a  stated  time ;  as, 
the  periodical  fountains  in  Su  il/.erlund,  which  issue 
only  at  a  particular  hour  of  the  day.  Addvfon. 

5.  Pertaining  to  a  period  ;  constituting  a  complete 
sentence.  .^dams^s  Led. 

6.  Pertaining  to  a  revolution  or  regular  circuit. 

Brown. 

PER-I-OD'ie  .VC'ID,  n.  An  acid  analogous  to  per- 
chloric acid,  and  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  iotliue 
with  seven  of  oxygen.  Brande. 

PE-RI-OI)'ie-.\L,  ji.  A  magazine  or  other  publication 
that  is  published  at  stated  or  regular  periods. 

PE-RI-OD'ie-AI^IST,  71,  One  who  publishes  a  peri- 
odical. 

PE-RI-OD'ie-AI^LY,  adr.    At  stated  periods;  as,  a 

festiv;il  celebrated  periodicallii. 
PE-RI-O-DIC'I-TV,  n.    The  state  of  having  regular 

periods  in  changes  or  conditions.  IVhewelL 

PEU-'^CE'Clf j  "•  P'-    ^<"^  PEBtECIiN. 
PER-l-Od'TE-UiM,  II.    [Gr.  -reoi,  about,  and  orco", 
bone.] 

A  nervous,  vascular  membrane  immediately  invest- 
ing the  bones  of  animals.  Encyc.  Core. 

The  periosUum  has  very  little  sensibility  in  a  sound 
stata,  but  in  some  cases  of  disease  it  appears  to  be 
very  sensible.  fVhtar. 
PER-I-PA-TET'1€,  a.   [Gr.  irro.jr-irijnicof,  from  vtpi- 
7rar£(.»,  to  walk  about ;  Treqi  and  n-tirfr,).] 

Pertaining  to  Aristotle's  system  of  philosophy,  or 
to  the  sect  of  his  followers. 
PER-I-PA-TET'I€,  n.  A  follower  of  Aristotle,  so 
called  because  tlie  fminder  of  this  philosophy  taught, 
or  his  followers  disputed  questions,  walkins  in  the 
Lyceum  at  Athens.  P.  Cye. 

2.  It  is  ludicrously  applied  to  one  who  is  obliged  to 
walk,  or  can  not  afford  to  ride.  Toiler. 
PER  I-PA-TET'I-CISM,  n.     The  notions  or  philo- 
sophical system  of  Aristotle  and  his  followers. 

Barrotr. 

PE-RIPH'ER-AL,  a.   Peripheric.  Flnninrr. 
PEIl-I-PIIER'IC       (  o.    Pertaining  to  a  peripherj-; 
PEU  l-PUER'ie-AL,  (     constituting  a  periphery. 


PE-IUPH'E-RY,  n.  [Or.  irtpi,  around,  and  i/ic/iw,  to 
bear.] 

The  circumference  of  a  circle,  ellipsis,  or  other  reg- 
ular curvilinear  figure.  Braodr. 

PER'I-PIIR.^SE,  II.  [Gr.  ^rcpi^ppavis  I  ^'p',  about,  and 
(/to. 1^0),  to  speak.] 

Circumlocution  ;  a  circuit  of  words ;  the  use  of 
more  words  than  are  necessary  to  express  the  idea  ; 
a  figure  of  rhetoric  employed  to  avoid  a  common  and 
trite  manner  of  expression.  Kncyc. 

PER'l-PIIItASK,  I).  U   To  express  by  circumlocution. 

PK1!'I-PIIU.\.'SE,  V.  i.    To  use  circumlocution. 

Pi;i!'I-l'lllt.K.S-KI),  ;>;>.    Expressed  by  circumlocution. 

PER'l-PIllt.^S-lNG,  ppr.  Exjiressing  by  circumlocu- 
tion. 

PIO-RIPU'RA-SIS.    See  PEnii>Hn»sE. 
PF,R-l-PHK.\S'Tie,       jo.  Circumlocutory ;  exprcsa- 
PER-l-PllR.\S'Tie-.AL,  i    ing  or  expressed  in  more 

words  than  are  necessary  ;  expressing  the  sense  of 

one  word  in  many. 
PER-I-PHRAS'TlC-AL-LY,  adv.    With  circumlocu- 
tion. Boswell. 
PER'I-PLUS,  71.    [Gr.  ttcpitXovs  ;  r.tnt,  about,  and 

ttX'm,  to  sail.] 
Circumnavigation ;  a  voyage  round  a  certain  sea 

or  sea-coast.  Vincent. 
PER-lP-NEU-MON'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  peripneumo- 

ny  ;  consisting  in  an  innaniination  of  the  lungs. 
PER-IP-NEO'MO-NY,  71.    [Gr.  ttcoi,  about,  and  tvcv- 

poH',  the  lungs.] 
An  inflammation  of  the  lungs.    An  old  and  not 

very  correct  term,  for  which  Pneumonitis  is  now 

substituted. 

PER-I-PO-LYG'ON-AL,  a.    [Gr.  ttco,  and  pohgon.] 
In  crtisrutlotrrap/iy,  having  a  gn'at  luiniber  of  sides. 

PE-RIP'TER-AL,  a.  [Infra.]  A  term  applied  to  an 
edifice  having  a  range  of  columns  all  around. 

PE-RIP'TER-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  -!.n  and  -rvoi.] 
Feathered  on  all  sides. 

PE-RIP'  TER-Y,  71.  [Gr.  jrtoi,  and  Trrcpov,  a  wing,  and 
TT;  Tto,  to  expand.] 

In  architecture,  an  edifice  or  temple  environed,  on 
its  exterior  circumference,  by  a  range  of  insulated 
columns,  distant  from  the  wall  to  the  e.xtent  of  the 
intercolumni.ation.  Elmes. 

PE-RIP'CIAN,  (pe-rish'yan,)  7!.  )    [L.  Pcriscii ;  Gr. 

PE-RIS'CI-T,  (pe-rish'e-i,)  n.  pi.  \  rrcpicKioi  ;  trepi^ 
around,  and  o-;ciu,  shadow.] 

An  inhabitant  of  a  frigid  zone  or  within  a  polar 
circle,  whose  shadow  moves  round,  and,  in  the 
course  of  the  day,  falls  in  every  point  of  compass. 
The  Latin  word  Perineii,  in  the  plural,  is  generally 
used  in  geographies ;  but  the  English  word  is  pref- 
erable. 

PE-RI.S'CIAN,  a.  Having  the  shadow  moving  all 
around. 

PER'l-SeOPE,  71.    [Gr.  irtpt  and  o-xotem.] 
.\  general  view. 

PER-I-SCOP'IC,  a.  Viewing  on  all  sides  ;  a  term  ap- 
plied to  spectacles  having  concavo-convex  glasses, 
for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  distinctness  of  ob- 
jects when  viewed  obliquely.  Olmsted. 

PER'ISH,  I'.  J.  [Fr.  perir,  perissant;  It.  perire  ;  Sp. 
perecer:  from  h.  pcrco,  supposed  to  be  compounded 
of  per  and  eo,  to  go  ;  literally,  to  depart  wholly. j 

1.  To  die  ;  to  lose  life  in  any  manner;  applied  to 
animals.  Jlen  perish  by  disease  or  decay,  by  the 
sword,  by  drowning,  by  hunger,  or  famine,  &c. 

2.  To  die  ;  to  wither  and  decay  ;  applietl  to  plants. 

3.  To  waste  away  ;  as,  a  leg  or  an  arm  has  per- 
ished. 

4.  To  be  in  a  state  of  decay  or  passing  away. 
Dunlioii,  and  time,  which  is  a  pari  of  il,  Is  the  idea  wc  have  of 

periihing  iiist;uice.  Locke, 

5.  To  be  destroyed  ;  to  come  to  nothing. 

Perish  Uie  lore  Uiat  deadens  younsj  desire.  Anon. 
fi.  To  fail  entirely,  or  to  be  extirpated.  2  STin^s 

7.  To  be  burst  or  ruined ;  as,  the  bottles  shall" 
perish.    Luke  v. 

8.  To  be  wasted  or  rendered  useless.   Jer.  ix. 

9.  To  be  injured  or  tormented.    1  Cor.  viii. 

10.  To  be  lost  eternally  ;  to  be  sentenced  to  endless 
miserv.   2  Pet.  ii. 

PER'I.^H,  c.  f.    To  destroy.    [.Vot  leiriiimale.} 
PER-ISH-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.'  Perishableiiess. 
PER'ISH-A-BLE,  a.    Liable  to  perish  ;  subject  to  de- 
cay and  destruction.    The  bodies  of  animals  and 
plants  are  perishable ;  the  souls  of  men  are  not  perish- 
able. 

2.  Subject  to  speedy  decay. 

Property  of  a  perishnble  nature,  i.aTed  from  a  wreck,  may  be 
sold  williin  a  year  and  a  day.  Stat,  o/  Conn. 

PER'ISH-A-BLE-NESS,  71.  Liableness  to  decay  or 
destruction.  Locke. 

PER'ISH-.\-BLY,  adi:    In  a  perishing  manner. 

PER'ISH-KD,  (pcr'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Decayed;  wasted 
away  ;  destroyed. 

PER'ISII-1\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Dying;  decaying;  coming 
to  ntilhin!!. 

PER'I-SPER.M,  71.  [Gr.  rtpi,  around,  and  aneppa, 
seed.) 

A  thick,  farinaceous,  fleshy,  homy,  woody,  or 
bony  part  of  the  seed  of  plants,  cither  entirely  or 


only  partially  surrounding  the  embryo,  and  inclosed 
within  the  investing  membrane.  It  is  the  albumen  of 
(Ijrrtner.  Juasicu,  Smith. 

PER  l-SPllER'ie,  a.    [Gr.  irtoi  and  a:,atpa.] 
Globular;  having  the  form  of  a  ball. 

Journ.  of  Science. 
PER-IS-SO-LOG'I€^AL,  a.    Redundant  in  words. 
PER-IS-.SOL'O-GY,  n,    [Gr.  ripicijoXo)  ta  ;  ::cptir<rai, 
reiliindant,  and  X'tyo^,  discourse.] 

Siipertluous  words;  much  talk  to  little  purpose. 
[LilUe  used.]  Camphcll. 
PEII-I-.STAL'TIC,  a.    [Gr.  ncpiraXriK'.i,  from  irt- 
pircAA'i),  to  involve.) 

Spiral ;  vermicular  or  worm-like.  The  peristaltic 
motion  of  the  intestines  is  performed  by  the  conlnc- 
tion  of  the  circular  anil  longitudinal  fibres  composing 
their  fleshy  coats,  by  which  the  chyle  is  carried 
downward  to  the  orilices  of  the  lacteals,  and  the 
excrements  are  protruded  towani  the  anus.  Encyc. 
PER-IS-Tb'RI-0,\,  h.    [Gr.]    'I'he  herb  vervain.' 

Diet. 

PER-I-STREPH'I€,  a.  [Gr.  Trcpi  and  arpeipw.]  Turn- 
ins  round,  or  rotary,  revolving. 

PER'1-.STVLE,  71.  [Gr.  Trtpts-vXov ;  rrepi,  about,  and 
trruAur,  a  column.] 

A  range  of  columns  round  a  building  or  square,  or 
a  building  encompassed  with  a  row  of  columns  on 
the  outside.  Johnson.  OtcUt. 

PER-I-SYS'TO-LE,  n.  [Gr.  Kepi,  about,  and  auroAi), 
contractitui.] 

The  pause  or  interval  between  the  sj  stole  or  con- 
traction, and  the  diastole  or  dilatation,  of  the  heart. 

Q^uincy, 

PE-RITE',  a.  \h.peritus.] 

Skillful.    ^ Little  used.]  JVhitaker. 
PE-RIT'O-MOUS,  a.    [Gr.  Tr£/>i,  around,  and  rcpfoi, 
to  cleave.] 

In  viineraloiry,  cleaving  in  more  directions  than  one 
parallel  to  the  axis,  the  faces  being  all  of  one  quality. 

Shepard. 

PER-I-TO-Nl".' AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  peritoneum. 

PEll-I-TO-Ni<;'U.M,  n.  [Gr.  Tr^jATovuiop  ;  ncp,,  about, 
and  Tofooi,  to  stretch.] 

A  thin,  smooth,  serous  membrane,  investing  the 
whole  internal  surface  of  the  abdomen,  and  more  or 
less  completely  all  the  viscera  contained  in  it. 

Encyc.  Parr. 

PE-RI-TRd'eill-UM.    See  Axis  in  Pebitbochio. 

PER-I-TRo'PAL,  a.    [Gr.  -tpi  and  rooiri,-] 
Rotarv  ;  circuitous. 

PER'I  VViG,  Ji.  [Ir.  pereabhic.  Q.\i.  D.  paruik;  G. 
perr^fcke ;  Dan.  perryk  :  Fr.  pcrruque ;  It.  parrucca,'] 

A  small  wig  ;  a  kind  of  close  cap  formed  by  an  in- 
tertcxtiire  of  false  hair,  worn  by  men  for  ornament 
or  to  conceal  baldness.  Periwigs  were  in  fashion  in 
the  days  of  Addison. 

PER'I-VVIG,  V.  t.  To  dress  with  a  periwig,  or  with 
false  hair,  or  with  any  thing  in  like  form.  Swifi. 

PER'l-U'INK-LE,  (per'e-wiuk-l,)  ti.  [Sax.  perulnce  ; 
It.  perrinca  ;  Fr.  pervenche;  L.  vinca;  Sax.  icincle,  a 
shell  fish.  If  71  is  casual,  i-i/ica  may  be  and  probably 
is  the  W.  trioic,  for  wic,  a  squeak,  whence  gwiciad,  a 
periwinkle.] 

1.  A  sea  snail,  or  small  shell  fish,  Turbo  littoreus  of 
Linna;tis. 

2.  A  flowering  plant  of  the  genus  Vinca. 
PER'JURE,  (per'jur,)  B.  t.    [L.  per/tiro  ;  per  and  juro, 

to  swear ;  that  is,  to  swear  aside  or  beyond.) 

Willfully  to  make  a  false  oath  when  administered 
by  lawful  authority  or  in  a  court  of  justice;  to  for- 
swear ;  as,  the  witness  perjured  himself. 
PER'JURE,  71.    A  perjured  person.    [JVot  jtsei/.] 

Shak. 

PER'JUR-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Guilty  of  perjury ;  having 
sworn  falsely. 

PER'JUR-ER,  n.  One  that  willfully  takes  a  false  oath 
lawfully  administered. 

PER'JUR-IN'G,  ppr.  Taking  a  false  oath  lawfully  ad- 
ministered. 

PER-Ju'RI-OUS,  a.    Guilty  of  perjury;  containing 

perjury.  Coke. 
PER'JU-RY,  71.    [L.  perjurium.] 

The  act  or  crime  of  willfully  making  a  false  o;Uh, 
when  lawfully  administered  ;  cr  a  crime  committed 
when  a  lawful  oath  is  administered  in  some  judicial 
proceedina,  to  a  person  who  swears  willfully,  abso- 
lutely, and  falsely,  in  a  matter  material  to  the  issue. 

Coke. 

PERK,  a.    [W.  prrc,  compact,  trim,  perk  ;  as  a  noun, 
something  that  is  close,  compact,  trim,  and  a  perch.] 
Properly,  erect  ;  hence,  smart ;  trim. 
PERK,  I',  i.    [W.  pcrcu,  to  trim,  to  make  smart.] 

To  hold  up  the  head  with  aflected  smartness.  Pope. 
Thai  Edwanl's  miss  thus  perkg  it  in  your  face.  Pope. 

PERK,  V.  L  To  dress  up ;  to  make  trim  or  smart ;  to 
prank.  Shak. 

PER'KI.V,  n.  Ciderkin  :  a  kind  of  weak  cider,  made 
bv  steeping  the  refuse  pumice  in  water.  Encyc. 

PER'L.VTE  ACID,  the  acidulous  phosph.-itc  of  soda. 

Chemistry.  J^'icholson. 

PER'La-TED  AC'ID,  or  PU-RET'IC  ;  biphosphate  of 
s.ida. 

PER'LOUS,  for  PsRiLotis,  is  not  used.  Spenser. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TJNITE.  —  Ai\"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  asK;0asJ;Sa3Z;CHas  SHj  111  as  in  THIS. 


PER 


PER-LUS-TRa'TION,  n.  [L.  perlmtro ;  per  and 
ItL-^trOj  to  survey.] 

Tile  art  of  viewiiiff  all  over.  Howell. 

PER'.M.A-6V,  71.    A  little  Turkish  boat.  Diet. 

PER'.M.V-NEN'CE,  (  n.    [See  Perma.nest.]  Contin- 

PER'MA-NE.\-CV,  j  uance  in  the  same  .state,  or 
without  a  change  that  destroys  tlie  form  or  nature 
of  a  thing:  duration  ;  fixedness  ;  as,  the  permanence 
of  a  government  or  state  ;  the  -permanence  of  institu- 
tions or  of  a  system  of  principles. 
%  Continuance  in  the  same  place,  or  at  rest. 

PER'^IA-XENT,  a,  [L.  permanens,  pcrinaneo ;  per  and 
viairen,  to  remain.    Class  .Mn.] 

Durable  ;  lasting  ;  continuing  in  the  same  state,  or 
without  any  change  that  destroys  the  form  or  nature 
of  the  thing.  The  laws,  like  the  character  of  God, 
are  unalterably  pfrmanfni.  Human  laws  and  institu- 
tions may  be  to  a  degree  permanent,  but  they  are  sub- 
ject to  change  and  overthrow.  We  speak  of  a  per- 
manent wall  or  building,  a  permanent  bridge,  when 
they  are  so  constructed  as  to  endure  long;  in  which 
examples,  permanent  is  equivalent  to  durable  or  last- 
ing^ but  not  to  undecayinff  or  unalterable.  So  we  say, 
a  permanent  residence,  a  permanent  intercourse,  per- 
manent friendship,  when  it  continues  a  long  time 
Avithout  interruption. 

PER'M.\-NE.XT-LY,  adv.  With  long  continuance  ; 
durably  ;  in  a  fixed  state  or  place  ;  as,  a  government 
permanently  established. 

PEC-.M  A.\'SIO.\,  (-shun,)  n.    [L.  permansio.] 

Continuance.    [JVot  ttserf.]  Brown. 

PER-.ME-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Infra.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  permeable,  Journ.  of  Science. 

PER'.ME-,\-BLE,  a.  [L.  permeu  ;  per  and  meo,  to  pass 
or  glide.] 

^hat  may  be  passed  through  without  rupture  or 
displacement  of  its  parts,  as  solid  matter  ;  applied 
particularly  to  substances  that  admit  the  passage  of 
fluids.  Thus  cloth,  leather,  wood,  are  permeable  to 
water  and  oil ;  glass  is  permeable  to  light,  but  not  to 
water. 

PER'ME-.A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  permeable  manner. 
PER'.ME-AXT,  a.    [Supra,]    Passing  through 

Brown. 

PER'ME-aTE,  r.  t.  [L.  permeo ;  per  and  meo,  to  glide, 
flow,  or  p.ass.] 

To  pass  through  the  pores  or  interstices  of  a  body  ; 
to  penetrate  and  pass  through  a  substance  without 
rupture  or  displacement  of  its  parts  ;  applied  particu- 
larly to  fluids  which  pass  through  substances  of  loose 
texture  ;  as,  water  permeates  sand  or  a  filtering  stone  ; 
light  permeates  glass. 
PER'.ME  A-TED,  pp.  Passed  through,  as  bv  a  fluid. 
PER'ME-.\-TL\G,  ppr.    Passing  through  the  pores  or 

interstices  of  a  substance. 
PER-ME-A'TION,  71.    The  act  of  passing  through  the 

pores  or  interstices  of  a  body, 
PER-MIS'CI-BLE,  a.    [L,  pcrmisceo;  per  and  misceo, 
to  mix.] 


Thnt'may  be  mi.xed.  [Little  used.} 
~  "         '~   !  Permit,] 

permitted  or  allowed. 


PER-.MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  [See 


That  may  be 


PER-MIS'SI-BLY,  adv.    In  the  way  of  permission, 
PER-MIS'SION,  {-mish'un,)  7(.     [L.  permissio,  from 
permitto,  to  permit.] 

1,  The  act  of  permitting  or  allowing, 

2,  Allowance;  license  or  liberty  granted. 

You  have  given  me  your  _per77iis«on  for  Uiis  address.  Dri/den. 

PEa-MIS'SIVE,  a.    Granting  liberty ;  allowing. 

Milton. 

2,  Granted  ;  suffered  without  hinderanoe. 

Thus  I  cmtjoldencd  spak-p,  and  freedom  used 

Permissia,  and  acccpuiice  found.  Milton. 

PER-MIS'SIVE-LY,  adv.     By  allowance;  without 

prohibition  or  hindcrancc, 
PEK-MIS'TI().\,  (-mist'yun,)  j  n,    [li.  permistio,  per- 
PER -MIX'TKl.V,  (  mixt'yun,)  (  mtztin.^ 

Till-  act  of  mixing  ;  the  state  of  being  mingled. 
PER-MIT',  J'.  (,    [L,  permittv  ;  per  and  77iit!o,  to  send  ; 

Fr,  permellre  ;  It.  permctlere ;  Sp.  permilir.] 

1.  To  allow  ;  to  grant  leave  or  liberty  to  by  ex- 
press consent.  He  asked  my  leave,  and  I  permitted 
iiim.  ' 

»  2.  To  allow  by  silent  consent,  or  by  not  prohibit- 
ing ;  to  suffer  without  giving  express  authority.  The 
laws  permit  US  to  do  What  is  not  expressly  or  impli- 
edly forbid. 

Whst  f;o<l  neither  CMmmandj  nor  forbids,  he  permilM  wUh  ftp* 
probation  to  be  done  or  left  undone.  Hooker. 

3,  To  afford  ability  or  means.  Old  ape  docs  not 
permit  us  to  retain  the  vigor  of  youth.  The  man's 
indigence  liocg  not  permit  him  to  indulge  in  luxu- 
ries. 

4,  To  leave  ;  to  give  or  resign, 
JM  US  not  «f  trravate  our  sorrows, 

Dill  to  the  ifuds  ptrmU  the  ctcdi  of  thin^.  A'tiliton. 
[The  latter  m-nso  U  obsolete  or  obsolescent.] 
PER-MIT'  or  PER'.MIT,  n.     A  written  license  or  pcr- 
MiiflMion  from  the  cuBtom-house  t)ffirer,  or  other  prop- 
er HUlhorily,  til  cx|K>n  or  Ininnpurt  goods,  or  to  land 
gtKida  or  (iirrnons. 

2,  Warrant;  leave;  pcrminsion. 


PER-MIT'TANCE,  n.  Allowance;  forbearance  of 
prohibition  ;  permission.  Derliam. 

PER-MIT'TER,  71.  He  who  permits.  Permittee, 
ftir  the  one  permitted,  is  rare. 

PER-.MIX'TION.    See  Permistion, 

PER-Wu'TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  changed  one  for 
the  other. 

PER-Mu'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  permu- 
table, 

PER-Mu'TA-BLY,  adv.    By  interchange, 
PER-MU-Ta'TIO.\,  71,    [L.  permuOitio,  permuto  ;  per 
and  muto,  to  change.] 

1.  In  co);imerce,  exchange  of  one  thing  for  another; 
barter.  Bacon. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  the  exchange  of  one  benefice 
for  another.  Enciic. 

3.  In  algebra,  the  arrangement  of  any  determinate 
number  of  things  or  letters,  in  all  possible  orders, 
one  after  the  other,  Brande. 

PER-MuTE',  v.  U  [Ij.  permuto;  per  and  mutu,  to 
change.] 

To  exchange  ;  to  barter,    [JVoJ  used.'] 
PER-MuT'ER,  71,    One  that  exchanges.    [:Kot  used.'] 
PER'NAN-CY,  71,    [Xorm.  perner,  to  take.] 

A  taking  or  reception,  as  the  receiving  of  rents  or 
tithes  in  kind.  Blackstone. 
PER-NI"CIOUS,  (-nish'iis,)  a.  [L.  pernic'wsus,  from 
pernicies ;  perneco,  to  kill ;  77cr  and  7iec,  necis,  death.] 
1,  Destructive  ;  having  the  quality  of  killing,  de- 
stroying or  injuring ;  very  injurious  or  mischievous. 
Food,  drink,  or  air  may  be  pernicious  to  life  or 
health, 

Q,  Destructive  ;  tending  to  injure  or  destroy.  Evil 
examples  are  pernicious  to  morals.  Intemperance  is 
a  pernicious  vice, 

3.  [L.  perniz.]    Quick.    [J\^ot  used.]  Milton. 
PER-Nr'CIO[JS-LY,  oiZc,    Destructively  ;  with  ruin- 
ous tendency  or  effects.  Jlseham. 
PER-NI"CIOijS-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  very 

injurious,  mischievous,  or  destructive. 
PER-NIC'I-TY,  7!.    [L.  pernicitas,  from  pemiz.] 

Swiftness  of  motion  ;  celerity,    [Little  tused.]  Ray. 
PER-NOt^TA'TION,  71,    [L.  pemocto  ;  per  and  noz, 
night.] 

The  act  of  passing  the  whole  night ;  a  remaining 
all  night.  Tavlor. 
PE-RoGUE'.    See  Pirogue. 

PER'O-XATE,  a.  In  botany,  laid  thickly  over  with  a 
wooly  siilistance  ending  In  a  sort  of  meal.    P.  Cm. 

PER-O-Ra'TIOX,  71,  [ij.  peroratio,  ixam  pcroro  ;  per 
and  oro,  to  pray.] 

The  concluding  part  of  an  oration,  in  which  the 
speaker  recapitulates  the  principal  points  of  his  dis- 
course or  argument,  and  urges  tliem  with  greater 
earnestness  and  force,  with  a  view  to  make  a  deep 
impression  on  his  hearers.  Enct/c. 

PER-OX'YD,  71,  [per  and  ozyd.]  That  oxyd  of  a  given 
base  which  contains  the  greatest  quantity  of  oxygen  ; 
a  bad  term,  which  ought  to  be  entirely  rejected,  since 
different  peroxyds  do  not  always  contain  the  same 
quantity  of  o.xygen,  the  peroxyd  of  mercury  being  a 
protoxyd,  the  peroxyd  of  iron  a  sesquoxyd,  the  per- 
oxyd of  tin  a  deutoxyd,  and  the  peroxyd  of  gold  a 
tritoxvd, 

PER-OX'YD-lZE,  V.  L  To  oxydize  to  the  utmost  de- 
gree, Cntbush. 

PER  PAIS.  [Norm,  French,]  In  law,  by  the  coun- 
try, that  is,  by  a  jury, 

PER  PA' RES.    By  the  peers  or  one's  peers, 

PER-PE.\'D',  V.  t.  [L,  perpcndo  ;  per  and  pendo,  to 
weigh.] 

To  weigh  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  attentively, 

[Liitle  used.]  Sliak.  Brown. 

^^^^0^^,\^-  l^'-Vrpain,^ 

A  large  stone  reaching  through  a  wall  so  as  to  ap- 
pear on  both  sides  of  it,  and  therefore  having  the  ends 
smooth.  Gloss,  ofJlrchit. 

PER.PEN'DI-GLE,  (-pen'de-kl,)  n.  (Fr,  perpcndicule, 
from  L.  jierpendiculum.] 

Something  hanging  down  in  a  direct  line  ;  a  plumb 
line.  J)iet. 

PER-PE\-Die'i;-LAR,  a.  [L.  perpendicularis,  from 
pcrpcndictUum,  a  plumb  line  ;  perpcndeo  ;  per  and  pen- 
dco,  to  hang,] 

1.  Hanging  or  extending  in  a  right  line  from  any 
point  toward  the  center  of  the  earth  or  of  gravity,  or 
at  right  angles  with  the  plane  of  the  horizon, 

2.  In  geometry,  a  term  applied  to  a  line  or  surface 
.at  right  angles  to  another  line  or  surface.  'J'lie  line 
A  is  prrprndirnlar  to  the  line  B. 

PER-Pi:.\-l)IC'tJ.I,AR,  71,  A  line  falling  at  right  an- 
gles on  the  plane  of  the  horizon,  that  is,  extending 
from  some  point  in  a  right  line  toward  the  center  of 
the  earth  or  center  of  gravity,  or  any  body  standing 
in  that  direction, 

2.  In  geometry,  a  line  falling  at  right  angles  on  an- 
other line,  or  making  ctpial  angles  with  it  on  each 
Hide.  Barlow. 

PEU-PE.V  I)IC-q-L.\R'I-TY,  71.  The  state  of  being 
perpeiiilicular,  fVatti. 

PER-I'EN  Dlf'IT  EAR  LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  fall 
on  nnolhrr  lint-  at  right  anglt's, 
2  tio  a*  to  fall  on  the  plane  of  the  horizon  at  right 


angles  ;  in  a  direction  toward  the  center  of  the  earth 
or  of  gravity, 
PER-PE.X'SION,  71.    [L.  perpendo.] 

Consideration.    [JVot  used.]  Brown. 
PER-PES'SION,  (-pesh'un,)  n.  [L.  perpcssio,  perpetwr, 
to  suffer ;  per  and  potior.] 

Sufferina ;  endurance,    [JVot  used.]  Pearson. 
PERTE-TRaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  perpetro;  per  and  patro, 
to  go  through,  to  finish,] 

To  do  ;  to  commit ;  to  perform  ;  in  an  ill  sense, 
that  is,  always  used  to  express  an  evil  act;  as,  to 
perpetrate  a  crime  or  an  evil  design,  Dryden. 
PER'PE-TRa-TED,  pj7.    Done;  committed;  as  an 
evil  act, 

PER'PE-TRa-TING,  ppr.  Committing,  as  a  crime 
or  evil  act, 

PER-PE-TRa'TION,  n.    The  act  of  committing  a 
crime.  IVolton. 
2.  An  evil  action,  S.  Charles. 

PER'PE-TR.a-TOR,  71,    One  that  commits  a  crime, 
PER-PET'IJ-.\L,  a.  [Fr,  pcrpeturl;  L,  pcrpetuits,  frnm 
perpcs,  perpctis ;  per  and  pes,  from  a  root  signifying 
to  pass.] 

1.  Never  ceasing ;  continuing  forever  in  future 
time  ;  destined  to  be  eternal  ;  as,  a  perpetual  cove- 
nant ;  a  perpetual  statute.  [Literally  true  with  re- 
spect to  the  decrees  of  the  Supreme  Being.] 

2.  Continuing  or  continued  without  intermission  : 
uninterrupted;  as,  a  perpetual  stream;  the  pe77»etuat 
action  of  the  heart  and  arteries, 

3.  Permanent ;  fixed  ;  not  temporary  ;  as,  a  per- 
petual law  or  edict ;  perpetual  love  or  amity  ;  perpet- 
ual incense.'  Ezod,  xxx. 

4.  Everlasting ;  endless, 

DesiToctioiis  are  come  to  a  perpetual  end.  —  Ps.  ii. 

5.  During  the  legal  dispensation.    Ex.  xxix. 
Perpetual  curacy,  is  where  all  the  tithes  are  appro- 
priated and  no  vicarage  is  endowed.  Blackstone. 

Perpetual  motion  ;  a  motion  that  is  supplied  and  re- 
newed from  itself,  without  the  intervention  of  any 
external  cause,  Hutlon. 

Perpetual  screw  ;  a  screw  that  acts  against  the  teeth 
of  a  wheel,  and  continues  its  action  without  end, 

H'ilkms. 

PER-PET'U-AL-LY,  adv.  Constantly  ;  continually  ; 
applied  to  tilings  which  proceed  without  intermis- 
sion, or  which  occur  frequently  or  at  intervals,  with- 
out limitation.  A  perennial  spring  flows  perpetually ; 
the  weather  varies  perpetually. 

The  Bible  and  Common  Prayer  Book  in  the  vulvar  tongue,  bein* 
perpetually  read  in  churches,  have  proved  a  kind  of  slaml- 
ard  for  language.  Stci/t. 

PER-PET'II-aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  perpetuo.] 

1,  To  make  perpetual  ;  to  eternize, 

2,  To  cause  to  endure  or  to  be  continued  indefinite- 
ly, to  preserve  from  extinction  or  oblivion  ;  as,  to 
perpetuate  the  remembrance  of  a  great  event  or  of  an 
illustrious  character.  The  monument  in  London 
perpetuates  the  remembrance  of  the  conflagration  in 
16GG,    Medals  may  perpetuate  the  glories  of  a  prince, 

.addison. 

3,  To  continue  by  repetition  without  limitation, 
PER-PET'U-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    .Made  perpetual  ;  con- 
tinued through  eternity,  or  for  an  indefinite  time. 

PER-PET'lT-A-TING,  ppr.  Continuing  forever  or  in- 
definitely. 

PER-PET-IJ-5'TION,  71.  The  act  of  making  perpetu- 
al, or  of  preserving  from  extinction  or  oblivion 
through  an  endless  existence,  or  for  an  indefinite  pe- 
riod of  time.  Blown. 

PER-PE-Tu'I-TY,  77.    [h.  perpetnitas.] 

1,  Endless  duration  ;  continuance  to  eternity, 

2.  Continued,  uninterrupted  existence,  or  duration 
for  an  indefinite  period  of  time  ;  as,  the  perpetuity  of 
laws  and  institutions  ;  the  perpetuity  of  fame. 

3,  Something  of  which  there  will  be  no  end. 

South. 

4.  In  f7i<  doctrine  of  aniiuities,  the  number  of  years 
in  which  the  simple  interest  of  any  sum  becomes 
equal  to  the  principal ;  also,  the  sum  which  will  pur- 
chase an  annuitv  to  continue  forever. 

PER-PHOS'PHA'i'E,  71.  A  phosphate  in  which  the 
phosphoric  acid  is  combined  with  an  o.xyd  .at  the  max- 
imum of  oxydation. 

PER-PLEX',  V.  t.  [L.  pcrjderus,  perplcxor ;  per  and 
plcctor,  to  twist,  from  the  root  of  Gr.  TrAticw,  L.  plico, 
to  fold.] 

1.  To  make  intricate  ;  to  involve  ;  to  entangle  ;  to 
make  complicated  and  diflicult  to  be  understood  or 
unraveled. 

vvns  lliouplit  obscure,  perplexed,  and  too  hard  for  ourwenk 
paru,  will  lie  OJK'U  to  the  undcrsUndiiig  in  a  fair  view. 

Locke. 

2.  To  embarrass;  to  puzzle;  to  distract;  to  tease 
with  suspense,  anxiety,  or  ambiguity, 

\Ve  can  ilisUiiguipih  no  general  truths,  or  ul  least  i.h;dl  lie  apt  to 

perplex  ihe  miiul.  I,or*«. 
We  iirv  jterjtlexed,  but  not  In  despair.  —  2  Cor.  Iv. 

3.  To  plague  ;  to  vex,  Olanville. 
PER-PLEX',  o.    Intricate  ;  difficult,    [JVot  used.] 

Olaninlle. 

PER-PLEX'KD,  (-plext',)  pp.  or  a.  Made  intricate; 
embarrassed  ;  puzzled. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRfiV,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK,— 


R16 


PER 


PER 


PER 


PER  riiEX'KO-I<Y,  mh:  Intricately  ;  with  involution. 

[.Miltdn  h:is  Pkhplexly.] 
I'Elt-l'L,EX'Kl)-.\ESS,  H.    Intricacy  ;  clifticulty  from 
want  of  orilcr  or  precision. 

2.  Enibarntssnicnt  of  mind  from  doubt  or  uncer- 
tainty. 

PEK-PLEX'INO,  ppr.    Stalling  intricate  or  perplexed. 

a.  a.    Troublesome  ;  embarrassing. 
PER-PLEX'I-TY,7i.    Intricacy ;  entanglement.  The 
jury  were  embarrassed  by  tlie  prrplnitij  of  the  case. 

2.  Embarrassment  of  mind  ;  disturbance  from  doubt, 
confusion,  difficulty,  or  anxiety. 

Perplexity  no(  iiifforliis  them  to  Iw  Ullc,  they  think  and  do,  u  it 
were,  in  a  plirensy.  Hooker. 

PER-PO-T.\'TK)N,  n.    [L.  ptr  and  poto.] 

The  act  of  drinking  largely. 
PER'UUI-SITE,  (per'kwe-zit,")  n.  [L.  perquisitus,  prr- 
qitiro  ;  per  and  ijiupro^  to  seek.] 

A  fee  or  pecuniary  allowance  to  an  officer  for  ser- 
vices, beyond  his  ordinary  salary  or  settled  wages; 
or  a  fee  allowed  by  law  to  an  olticcr  for  a  specific 
service,  in  lieu  of  an  annual  salary. 

[  The  latter  is  the  common  acceptation  of  the  word  in 
America.] 

PER'aUI-SIT-ED,  a.    Supplied  with  perquisites. 

[.^  bad  iDord^  and  not  Ufcd.]  \^SavaffP, 
PER-aUI-SI"TION,  (per-kwe-zish'un,)  n.    [V.  pcr- 
qui^iitus.'] 

An  accurate  inquiry  or  search.  .SmMrurM. 
PER'RON,  n.    [Fr.]    A  staircase  outside  of  a  build- 
ing, or  a  flight  of  steps  leading  into  the  first  story. 

OmUt. 

PER-RO-aUET',  n.    [Fr.]    A  parrakeet,  which  see. 

Ash. 

5.  Perroqiirt  auk  :  the  Alca  Psittacnia,  an  aquatic 
fowl  inhabiting  Kamtschatka  and  other  northern  re- 
gions. P.  Cijc. 
PEK'KV,  71.    [Fr.  poird,  from  poire,  W.  pfr,  a  pear.] 

The  fernienled  juice  of  pears,  prepared  in  the  same 
PER  SAL'TUM,  [l,.]    By  a  leap.         [way  as  cider. 
PER-SCRU-TA'TIO.N,  71.  [L.  prrscrutatw,  perscmtm:] 
A  searching  thoroughly  ;  minute  search  or  inquiry. 
PER  SE,  [L.]  By  itself;  by  himself,  &.C. ;  apart  from 
others. 

PER'SE-eOT,  n.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of  cordial,  made  of 
the  kernels  of  apricots,  nectarines,  &c.,  with  refined 
spirit.  Encyc.  Dom.  Econ. 

PER'SE-eOTE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  persccuter :  It.  perseguitare  ; 
Sp.  perseg-uir ;  L.  per.sequor  ;  per  and  seqaor,  to  pur- 
sue.   See  Seek  and  Essay.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  pursue  in  a  manner  to  in- 
jure, vex,  or  adlict ;  to  harass  with  unjust  punish- 
ment or  penalties  for  supposed  offenses;  to  inflict 
pain  from  hatred  or  malignity. 

a.  Apprupriatelij,  to  afflict,  harass,  or  destroy,  for 
adherence  to  a  particular  creed  or  system  of  religious 
principles,  or  to  a  mode  of  worship.  Thus  Nero  prr- 
secuted  the  Christians  by  crucifying  some,  burning 
others,  and  condemning  others  to  be  worried  by  dogs. 
See  Acts  xxii. 

3.  To  harass  with  solicitations  or  importimity. 
PER'SE-CO-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Harassed  by  troubles  or 

punishments  unjustly  inflicted,  particularly  for  relig- 
ious opinions. 

PEU'SE-eO-TI.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Pursuing  with  enmity 
or  vengeance,  particularly  for  adhering  to  a  particu- 
lar religion. 

PER-SE-eO'TION,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  perse- 
cuting; the  infliction  of  pain,  punishment,  or  death, 
upon  others  unjustly,  particularly  for  adhering  to  a 
religious  creed  or  mode  of  worship,  either  by  w!iy  of 
penalty,  or  for  compelling  them  to  renounce  their 
principles.  Historians  enumerate  ten  persecutions 
suffered  by  the  Christians,  beginning  with  lhat  of 
Nero,  about  A.  D.  (>4,  and  ending  with  that  of  Di- 
ocletian, A.  D.  303  to  311. 

2.  The  state  of  being  persecuted. 

Our  necks  are  under perx^rulion ;  we  latwr  and  have  no  rcit. — 

PF.R-SEC'U-TIVE,  a.    Following;  persecuting. 
PER'SE  eU-TOR,  71.    One  that  persecutes  ;  one  that 
pursues  another  unjustly  and  vexatiously,  particu- 
larly on  account  of  religious  principles. 

Henry  rejected  the  pope'a  Buprvin.icy,  but  retained  every  cqr- 
rupliun  beside,  and  ltec;une  n  cruel  ptrsecutur.  Sa{/t^ 

PER'SE-US,  71.    [Gr.  n.pircvs.] 

1.  A  famous  Grecian  hero  who  slew  Medusa. 

2.  A  constellation,  situated  north  of  the  Pleiades, 
containing  Algol,  Algenib,  and  several  other  bright 
stars.    [In  the  classics,  Pcr'seus.] 

PER  SE-VkR'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  perseverantia. 
See  Persevere.] 

1.  Persistence  m  anything  undertaken  ;  continued 
pursuit  or  prosecution  of  .any  business  or  enterpr4se 
begun  ;  applied  alike  to  good  and  evil. 

Pertevtranet  lieepa  honor  bright.  Shalt. 
Patience  and  peracoemnce  overcome  the  |^;itC8t  diffxnltiea. 

Clarissa. 

2.  In  lhrolo<r\j,  continuance  in  a  state  of  grace  to  a 
Btitle  of  glory  ;  sometimes  called  final  persrrrrancr. 

Hammond. 

PER-SF^VeR'ANT,  a.  Constant  in  pursuit  of  an  un 
dertakmg.    [JVot  used.]  A,nsm,rth. 


PEK-SE-VkKE',  r.  I.  [L.  persecero.  The  last  comiHi 
nent  part  of  this  word,  srerro,  nmst  be  the  same  its 
in  asscvno,  witli  the  radical  sense  ii{  set,  Jij-rd,  or  con- 
tinued. So  pcr.iist  is  formed  with  per  iind  sisto,  to 
stand.  Cojistant  and  continue  have  a  like  primary 
sense.    So  we  say,  to  hold  on.] 

To  persist  in  any  business  or  enterprise  nndertak- 
eo ;  to  pursue  steadily  any  design  or  course  com- 
menced ;  not  to  give  over  or  abandon  what  is  under- 
taken ;  applied  alike  to  good  and  evil. 

Thrice  happy,  if  tliey  know 
Their  happiness,  and  persevere  upri;fhtl  Milton. 
To  perseoere  in  any  evil  course  makes  you  unhappy  in  tiiin  lile. 

Wake. 

PER-SE-VkR'ING,  ppr.    Persisting  in  any  business 

or  course  begun. 
2.  a.    Constant  in  the  execution  of  a  purpose  or 

enterprise  ;  as,  a  persetjerinrr  student. 
PER-SE-VkR'ING-LY,  adx>.    With  perseverance  or 

continued  pursuit  of  what  is  undertaken. 

PER'Sie^'  I       P'^rt:''"'"?  Tersla. 

PER'SIAN-BER'RY,  7!.  A  sort  of  berry  used  in  dye- 
ing yellow.  It  comi'S  from  Persia,  and  is  s.iid,  like 
file  Frenrh  herrj-,  to  be  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  buck- 
thorn called  Rhamtius  infectorius.     Ure.    P.  Cyc. 

PER'SI.\.\-VVIIEEL,  7!.  In  7nfcAa7iic.t,  a  contrivance 
for  raising  water  to  some  liiglil  above  the  level  of  a 
stream,  by  means  of  a  wheel  with  buckets  on  its 
rim.  Brande. 

PER'Sie,  71.    The  Persian  language. 

PER'Sl-FLAdE,  (par'se-fluzh,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  pcr- 
sifler.] 

Liglit  talk,  in  which  all  subjects  are  treated  with 
banter.  //.  More. 

PER-SI.M'MON,  71.  A  tree  and  its  fruit,  a  species  of 
Oiospyros,  a  native  of  the  States  south  of  New  York. 
The  fruit  is  like  a  plum,  and,  whi  n  not  ripe,  very 
harsh  and  astringent,  but,  when  ripe,  luscious  and 
highly  ntitritioiis.  J\!easr.    Farm.  Encyc. 

PEli-SIST',  i>.  i.  [\u  pcrsisto  ;  per  ani  sistu,  to  stand 
or  be  fixetl.] 

To  continue  steadily  and  firmly  in  the  pursuit  of 
any  business  or  course  commenced  ;  to  persevere. 

\_Persist  is  nearly  synonymous  with  pfr.sTi'rri; ;  but 
persist  frequently  implies  more  obstinacy  than  perse- 
vere, particularly  in  that  which  is  evil  or  injurious  to 
others.] 

If  they  persist  in  pointing  their  batteries  ajfainst  particular  per- 
sons, no  laws  of  war  forbid  Uie  making  reprisals.  Addison. 

PER-SIST'ENCE,  j  n.  The  state  of  persisting ;  steady 
PER-SIST'EN-CY,  j     pursuit  of  what  is  undertaken  ; 
perseverance  in  a  good  or  evil  course,  more  generally 
in  that  which  is  evil,  and  injurious  to  others,  or  un- 
advisable. 

2.  Obstinacy  ;  contumacy.  Shak. 

3.  In  natural  philosophy,  the  continuance  of  an  ef- 
fect after  the  cause  which  first  g!ive  rise  to  it  is  re- 
moved ;  as,  the  persistence  of  the  impression  of  light 
on  the  eye,  after  the  luminous  object  is  withdrawn  ; 
the  persistence  of  the  motion  of  an  object,  after  the 
moving  force  is  withdrawn.  Olmsted. 

PER-SIST'ENT,  j  a.    In  botany,  not  falling  off,  but 

PER-SIST'ING,  i  remaining  green  until  the  part 
which  bears  it  is  wholly  matured,  as  the  leaves 
of  evergreen  plants;  opposed  to  Caducous.  Lindley. 

PER-SIST'Ii\G,  ppr.  Continuing  in  the  prosecution 
of  an  undertaking  ;  persevering. 

PER-SIST'ING-LY,  arfc.    Perseveringlv  ;  steadily. 

PER-SIST'IVE,  a.  Steady  in  pursuit ;  not  receding 
from  a  purpose  or  undertaking  ;  persevering.  Shak. 

PER'SON,  (per'sn,)  n.  [L.  persona;  said  to  be  com- 
pounded of  per,  through  or  by,  and  sonus,  sound  ;  a 
Latin  word  signifying  primarily  a  mask  used  by  act- 
ors on  the  stage.] 

1.  An  individual  human  being  consisting  of  body 
and  soul.  We  apply  the  word  to  livin<r  beings  only, 
posse.ssed  of  a  rational  nature;  the  body  when  dead 
is  not  called  a  person.  It  is  ajiplied  alike  to  a  man, 
woman,  or  child. 

A  person  is  a  thinking,  intelligent  being.  Locke. 

2.  A  man,  woman,  or  child,  considered  as  opposed 
to  things,  or  distinct  from  them. 

A  teal  for  persons  is  far  more  easy  to  be  perverted,  than  a  zeal 
focthings.  Sprat. 

3.  A  hum.an  being,  considered  with  respect  to  the 
living  body  or  corporeal  existence  only.  The  form 
of  her  person  is  elegant. 

Vou'Il  find  her  person  difficult  to  rain.  Dryrlen. 
The  irW\s  maintained  tlie  fight  lor  a  small  time,  and  fOr  iheir 
persons  sliowed  no  want  of  courage.  Bacon. 

4.  A  human  being,  indefinitely  ;  one;  a  man.  Let 
a  person^s  attainments  be  never  so  great,  he  should 
remember  he  is  frail  and  imperfect. 

5.  A  human  being  represented  in  dialogue,  fiction, 
or  on  the  stage  ;  character.  A  player  appears  in  the 
person  of  King  Lear. 

These  L-iUes,  Cicero  pronounced  under  tlie  person  of  CmRsus, 
were  of  more  use  and  autlioiity  tbao  all  the  books  of  the 
philosophers.  Baker. 

6.  Character  of  office. 

How  different  is  the  same  man  from  himself,  as  he  sustains  the 
person  of  aynagisLrate  and  Uial  of  a  friend  I  Houlh. 


1.  Formerly,  the  parson  or  minister  of  a  parish. 

SmarU 

8.  In  trraminar,  the  subject  of  a  verb  ;  the  agent 
that  performs  or  the  patient  that  suffers  any  thing  af- 
firmed by  a  verb  ;  as,  /  write  ;  he.  is  smitten  ;  .ihe  is 
beluvt'tl  ;  the  rain  descends  in  torrents.  /,  thou  or 
you,  he,  she,  or  it,  are  called  the  first,  second,  and 
third  persons.  Hence  we  apply  the  word  person  to 
the  termination  or  modified  form  of  the  verb  used  in 
connection  witb  the  persons  ;  as,  the  first  or  third 
person  of  the  verb  ;  the  verb  is  in  the  second  person. 

9.  In  law,  an  artificial  person  is  a  cor[)oration  or 
body  politic.  Blackstone. 

In  person  :  by  one's  self;  with  bodily  presence ;  not 
by  representative. 

The  king  ifi  person  visits  all  around.  Dryden. 

PER'SO.N,  V.  t.  To  represent  as  a  person  ;  to  make  to 
resemble  ;  to  image.    [Ao«  in  use.]  Miltnn. 

PER'SO.\-A-BLE,  a.  Having  a  well-formed  body  or 
person  ;  graceful ;  of  good  appearance  ;  as,  a  personr 
ahle  man  or  woman.  Ralegh, 

2.  In  law,  enabled  to  maintain  pleas  in  court. 

Cornel. 

3.  Having  capacity  to  t.ike  any  thing  granted  or 
given.  Ploirdcn. 

[  The  ttco  latter  sense.'i,  I  heliere,  are  little  itsed.] 
PER'SO.N-AGE,  71.    [Fr.  persimnage.] 

1.  A  man  or  woman  of  distinction  ;  as,  an  illustri- 
ous personaire. 

2.  Exterior  appearance ;  stature  ;  air ;  as,  a  UiH 
personarre    a  sUitely  personage.      Shak,  Nayicard, 

3.  Character  assumed. 

The  Venetians,  naturally  p-ave,  love  to  give  In  to  the  follies  of 
such  se;isons,  when  duguised  in  a  false  personage. 

Addison. 

4.  Character  represented. 

Some  persons  must  be  tound,  already  known  in  history,  whom 
we  may  make  the  actors  and  personages  of  this  I'.tUe. 

PER'SON-AL,  a.    [I..  per-^anaJLi.] 

1.  Belonging  to  men  or  women,  not  to  things  ;  not 
real. 

Every  man  so  termed  by  way  of  personal  difference  only. 

Ilooktr. 

2.  Relating  to  an  individual ;  affecting  individuals  ; 
peculiar  or  proper  to  him  or  her,  or  to  private  actions 
or  character. 

The  words  are  conditional,  —  If  thou  doest  well,  —  and  so  personal 
to  Cain.  Locke. 

Character  and  success  d-pend  mor«  on  personat  effort  than  on 
any  external  advantages,  J.  Hawes. 

So  we  speak  of  prrsonal  pride. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  corporal  nature  ;  exterior;  cor- 
poral ;  as,  personal  charms  or  accomplisliinenls. 

Addison, 

4.  Direct  or  in  person  ;  without  the  intervention  of 
another  ;  as,  a  personal  interview. 

Tiie  immediate  and  personal  speaking  of  God  Almighty  to  Abra- 
ham, Job,  and  Nioses.  H'/.iie. 

5.  Applying  to  the  char.acter  and  conduct  of  indi- 
viduals in  a  disparaging  manner;  as,  personaZ  reflec- 
tions or  remarks. 

6.  Denoting  the  person  ;  having  the  modifications 
of  the  three  grammatical  persons ;  as,  a  personal  pro- 
noun ;  a  personal  verb. 

Personal  estate  or  property  ;  in  law,  movables  ;  chat- 
tels ;  things  belonging  lotiie  person  ;  as  money,  jew- 
els, furniture,  &c.,  as  distinguished  from  real  est.ate 
in  land  and  honses. 

Personal  action  ;  in  law.,  a  suit  or  action  by  which 
a  man  claims  a  debt  or  personal  duty,  or  damages  in 
lieu  of  it ;  or  wherein  he  claims  satisfaction  in  dam- 
ages for  an  injury  to  his  person  or  property  ;  on  ac- 
tion founded  on  contract  or  on  tort  or  wrong  ;  as  an 
action  on  a  debt  or  promise,  or  an  action  for  a  tres- 
pass, assault,  or  defamatory  words  ;  opposed  to  real 
actions,  or  such  as  concern  real  property. 

Black.'lonf, 

Personal  identity  ;  in  metaphysics,  sameness  of  be- 
ing, of  which  consciousness  is  the  evidence. 
PER'.-JO\-.\L,  71.    A  movable.    (Ao£  in  lisr.] 
PER-SO.\-AL'I-TY,  7i.  That  which  constitutes  an  in- 
dividual a  distinct  person,  or  that  which  constitutes 
individuality. 

The  personality  of  an  intelligent  being  extends  itself  tieyood 
present  existence  to  what  is  past,  only  by  conscioiuneas. 

Lodce. 

2.  An  application  of  remarks  to  the  conduct  and 
character  of  individuals  by  way  of  disparagement. 
Avoid  personalities. 

PER'SON-AI^IZE,  V.  U   To  make  personal. 

PER'SON-AI--LY,  arfr.  In  person  ;  by  bodily  pres- 
ence ;  not  by  representative  or  substitute  ;  as,  to  be 
personally  present  ;  to  deliver  a  letter  personaUy. 
They  personally  declared  their  assent  to  the  meas- 
ure. 

2.  With  respect  to  an  individual ;  particularly. 
She  bop;  a  morlnl  hattvd  to  the  house  of  Lancaster,  and  persom 

ally  to  the  king.  Baton, 

3.  With  regard  to  numerical  existence. 

The  converted  m.m  is  personallu  the  same  he  Taa  before. 

Rogers. 

PER'SON-AL-TY,  n.    Person.al  estate. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


103 


QQQ 


817 


PER 

PER'SON-aTE,  v.  U  To  represent  by  a  fictitious  or 
assumed  character,  so  as  to  pass  for  the  person  repre 
sented.  Bacon. 

2.  To  represent  by  action  or  appearance ;  to  as- 
sume the  cliaracter  and  act  the  part  of  another. 

3.  To  pretend  hypocritically.    [Little  used.] 

Smft. 

4.  To  counterfeit ;  to  feign  ;  as,  a  personated  devo- 
tion. Hammond. 

5.  To  resemble. 

Tlie  lofty  cedar  personates  tliee,  Shak. 
G.   To  malie  a  representation  of  as  in  picture. 
[  Obs.]  Shak. 

7.  To  describe.    [  Ohs.}  Shalt. 

8.  To  celebrate  loudly.    [L.  persona.]    [JVot  itsed.] 

jMdtoit. 

PER'SON-ATE,  a.    [L.  prrsmia,  a  mask.] 

IMasked  ;  a  term  applied  to  a  nionopetalous  corol, 
the  limb  of  which  is  unequally  divided,  the  upper 
division  or  lip  being  arched,  tlie  lower  prominent 
and  pressed  against  it,  so  that,  when  compressed, 
the  whole  resembles  tlie  moutli  of  a  gaping  animal. 

Lindlctj. 

PER'SON-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Represented  by  an  as- 
sumed character. 

PER'SON-A-TL\G,  ppr.  Counterfeiting  of  another 
person  ;  resembling. 

PER-SON-A'TION,  n.  The  counterfeiting  of  the  per- 
son or  character  of  another.  Bacon. 

PER'SON-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  assumes  the  charac- 
ter of  another.  B.  Jonson. 
2.  One  tliat  acts  or  performs.  B.  Jonson. 

PER-SON-I-Fl-CA'TION,  [from  pcrsonifij.]  The 
giving  to  an  inanimate  being  tlie  figure  or  tlie  senti- 
ments and  language  of  a  rational  being  j  prosopopceia  ; 
as,  **  Coiffitsion  heard  his  voice."  Milton. 

PER-SON'"l-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  jip.  Represented  with  the 
attributes  of  a  person. 

PER-SON'I-F-?,  V.  t.    [L.  persona  and  facin.] 

To  give  animation  to  inanimate  objpcts  ;  to  ascribe 
to  an  inaniniAte  being  the  sentiments,  actions,  or 
language,  of  a  rational  being  or  person,  or  to  repre- 
sent an  inanimate  being  with  the  affections  and  ac- 
tions of  a  person.  Thus  we  say,  the  plants  thirst  for 
rain. 

Tlie  u-eps  said  to  tlie  fi»-tree,  Come  thou,  and  rei^i  over  us.  — 
Juilg5s  ijt. 

PER-SON'I-FY-IXG,  ppr.    Giving  to  an  inanimate 

being  the  attributes  of  a  person. 
PER'SON-IZE,  V.  t.    To  personify.    [JVoi  mnch  used.] 

Richardson. 

PER-SOJV-J^EL' ,  (par-so-ncl',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  term  de- 
noting the  persons  employed  in  some  public  service, 
as  the  army,  navy,  &c.,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Materiel.  Diet,  de  VAcad. 

PER-SPEG'TIVE,  a.    [Infra.]    Pertaining  to  the  sci- 
ence of  optics  ;  optical.  Bacon. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  perspective.  Encyc. 

PER-SPEC'TIVE,  n.  [Fr.  ;  h.  perspettioa ;  Sp.  per- 
spectica  ;  from  L.  perspicio  ;  per  and  specio^  to  see.] 

1.  A  glass  through  which  objects  are  viewed. 

Temple. 

2.  Tlie  appliratiim  of  geometrical  principles  to 
drawing  on  a  plane  surface  true  resemblances  or 
pictures  of  objects,  as  the  objects  appear  to  the  eye 
from  any  given  distance  and  situation,  real  or  imagi- 
nary ;  as,  the  rules  of  ;>erA7icc(/YT.     P.  Cijc.  Brande. 

3.  A  representation  of  objects  in  perspective. 

Ell  eye. 

4.  View  ;  vista ;  as,  perspectives  of  pleasant  shades. 

Dryden. 

5.  A  kind  of  painting,  often  seen  in  gardens,  and 
at  the  end  of  a  gallery,  designed  expressly  to  deceive 
the  sight  by  representing  the  continuation  of  an  al- 
ley, a  building,  a  landscape,  or  the  like. 

Mrial  perspective ;  the  art  of  giving  due  (Uminii- 
tion  to  the  strength  of  light,  shade,  and  color^rof  ob- 
jects, according  to  their  distances  and  the  quantity 
of  light  falling  on  them,  and  to  the  medium  through 
which  they  are  seen.  Encyc. 

Isumetrieal  per.t!)cclive,  is  the  art  of  drawing  in  per- 
spective, as  a  building,  for  instance,  with  each  part 
of  the  same  relative  size,  the  more  distant  objects 
being  undiminished  by  distance,  as  in  ordinary  per- 
spective. Ifaldrntan. 
PER  SI'EC'TIVE-LY,    adv.     Optically  ;  through  a 
glass.  Shali. 
2.  According  to  the  rules  of  perspective. 
PER  SPi;C'T()-(;UAPIl,  n.    An  instniriient  for  oh 
taining,  or  transferring  to  a  picture,  the  pciinis  and 
oiittineM  of  original  objects.   Various  iii.^trunii'iitH  are 
called  by  tliid  name.  Bi"elow. 
PKR'SPI  eA-ni.F,,  n.    Discernible.  Ikrhrrt. 
PER-.SPI-CA'CIOUa,  (-ki'shus,)  a.     [L.  ;i<T,.;i(caz, 
from  prrnpicin.] 

J.  (tnii  k  sighted  ;  iiharp  of  sight. 
2.  Of  acute  discernment.  finnili. 
PRK-SPf-CA'C'IOU.S-NE.'^H,  n.    Acuteness  of  «iglil. 
PER  SPI-CA<-"I-'1Y,  n.    [I..  prrs,>ir.acila.i.] 

1.  AcutcneNfl  of  Hight ;  qiiirkiifrMS  of  Hight. 

2.  Acuteni.'KH  of  diitcemment  or  iinderNtanding. 
PER'.'<PI-(;A-CV',  rt.    Acutcneiig  of  aight  or  iliscr'm 

nient.  B.  Jonnon. 


PER 

PER-SPI"CIENCE,  (-spish'ens,)  n.   [L.  perspicientia.] 

The  act  of  looking  with  sharpness. 
PER'SPl-CIL,  n.    IL.  per  and  speculum,  a  glass.] 

An  optic  glass.    [Little  used.]    Crashaw.  Olanr.ille. 
PER-SPI-eO't-TY,  71.    [Fr.  perspicuite ;  L.  pcrspicui- 
tus,  from  perspicio.] 

1.  Transparency  ;  clearness  ;  that  quality  of  a  sub- 
stance which  renders  objects  visible  through  it. 
[Little  used.]  Brown. 

2.  Clearness  to  mental  vision  ;  e.isiness  to  be  under- 
stood ;  freedom  from  obscurity  or  ambiguity ;  that 
quality  of  writing  or  language  which  readily  presents 
to  the  mind  of  another  the  precise  ideas  of  the  au- 
thor. Perspicuity  is  the  first  excellence  of  writing  or 
speaking. 

PER  SPie'U-OUS,  a.    [L.  perspieuus.] 

1.  Transparent ;  translucent.    [Little  used.] 

Peacham. 

2.  Clear  to  the  understanding ;  that  may  be  clearly 
understood  ;  not  obscure  or  ambiguous.  Language 
is  perspicuous  when  it  readily  presents  to  the  reader 
or  hearer  the  precise  ideas  which  are  intended  to  be 
expressed.  Meaning,  sense,  or  signification  is  per- 
spicuous, when  it  is  clearly  anti  easily  conipie- 
hendeil. 

PER-SPie'U-OUS-LY,  adv.    Clearly ;  plainly  ;  in  a 

manner  to  be  easily  understood.  Bacon. 
PER-SPie'tl-OUS-NESS,  71.   Clearness  to  intellectual 
vision  ;  plainness  ;  freedom  from  obscurity. 

[We  generally  apply  Perspicuous  to  objects  of  in- 
tellect, and  CoiT3PicuoU3  to  objects  of  ocular  sight.] 
PER-SPI-RA-BIL'I-TV,  n.    [from  perspirable.]  The 

quality  of  being  perspirable. 
PER-SPIR'A-BLE,  a.    [from  L.  perspiro.    See  Per- 


PIRE.] 

1.  Thi 


hat  may  be  perspired  ;  that  may  be  evacuated 
through  the  pores  of  the  skin.  .^rbuthnot. 
2.  Emitting  perspiration.    [JVot  proper.]  Bacon. 
PER-SPI-Ra'TION,  ji.    [U  perspiro.    See  Perspire.] 

1.  The  act  of  perspiring  ;  excretion  by  the  cuticu- 
lar  exhalents  not  condensed  into  sensible  moisture 
on  the  surface  ;  insensible  evacuation  of  the  fiuids 
of  the  body  through  the  e.xcretories  of  the  skin. 

2.  Matter  perspired.  [Encuc.  Arbuthnot. 
PER-SPIR'A-TIVE,  a.    Performing  the  act  of  perspi- 
ration. 

PER-SPiR'A-TO-RY,  a.    Perspirative.  Berkeley. 
PER-SPiRE',  71.  !.    [L.  per  and  spiro,  to  breathe.] 

1.  To  evacuate  the  fluids  of  the  body  through  the 
excretories  of  the  skin  without  sensible  condensation 
of  moisture  upon  the  surface  ;  as,  a  person  perspires 
freely. 

2.  To  be  evacuated  or  excreted  insensibly  through 
the  excretories  of  the  skin  ;  as,  a  fluid  pei'spires. 

PER-SPIRE',  71.  (.    To  emit  or  evacuate  insensibly 

through  the  excretories  of  the  skin.  Smollett. 
PER-SPIR'£D,  (per-spird',)  pp.     E.xcreted  through 

the  pores  of  the  skin. 
PER-SPIR'ING,  ppr.    Emitting  moisture  through  the 

pores  of  the  skin. 
PER-STRliNGE',  (per-strinj',)  v.  t.     [L.  pcrstringo  ; 

per  and  stringo,  to  graze  or  brush.] 

To  graze  ;  to  glance  on.  Burton. 
PER-SUaD'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Persuade.]    That  may 

be  persuaded. 
PER-SIJaD'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  persuaded. 
PER-SUaDE',  (per-swiide',)  v.  t.    [L.  persuadeo ;  per 

and  suadeo,  to  urge  or  incite.] 

1.  To  influence  by  argument,  advice,  entreaty,  or 
expostulation  ;  to  draw  or  incline  the  will  to  a  deter- 
mination by  presenting  motives  to  the  mind. 

1  should  lie  glad  if  I  could  persuade  him  to  write  bucIi  another 

critic  on  any  thing  of  mine.  Dryden. 
Almost  thou  persMulest  me  to  be  a  Christian.  —  Acts  xxvi. 

2.  To  convince  by  argument,  or  reasons  offered  ; 
or  to  convince  by  reasons  suggested  by  reflection  or 
deliberation,  or  by  evidence  presented  in  any  man- 
ner to  the  mind. 

B'-loved,  we  are  persuaAed  better  tilings  of  you.  —  Ileb.  vi, 

3.  To  inculcate  by  argument  or  expostulation. 
[Little  used.]  Taylor. 

4.  To  treat  by  persuasion.    [JVo(  in  use.]  Shak. 
PER-S1J.\1)'EI),  pp.    influenced  or  drawn  to  an  opin- 

i(ui  or  deteriiiiiiatitui  by  argument,  advice,  or  reasons 
siiugested  ;  ciiiivinced  ;  intliici-d. 
PER  SIJaD'F.R,  H.    One  that  persuades  or  influences 
anollier.  Bacon. 
2.  That  which  incites. 

Hini<rer  and  thirst  nt  onco 
Powerful  persun/lers  I  Milton. 

PER  SlT.^D'liNG,  ppr.     Influencing  by  motives  pre- 
sented, 

PER-SUA-SI-niL'I-TV,  n.    Capability  of  being  per- 
suadi'd.  IlallyiDiil. 

PER  .-^n.X'SI-HEE,  a.    [L.  pcrsuasihllis.] 

That  may  be  persuaded  or  influenced  by  reasons 
ollVrcd. 

PER  SIIA'SI-BEE  NESH,  n.     The  quality  of  being 

inlliii  nceil  liv  pcrsiiasicui. 
PER  SIlA'SICiN,  (perxwa'zhun,)  71.     [Fr.,  from  L. 

/"■'■•'""""■I 

1.  'I'lie  art  of  persuading ;  tho  act  of  influencing 
the  mind  by  arguments  or  reasons  oflered,  or  by  any 


PER 

thing  that  moves  the  mind  or  passions,  or  inclines 
the  will  to  a  determination 

For  ihou  h^^st  all  the  arts  of  fine  persuasion.  Otujay. 

2.  The  state  of  being  persuaded  or  convinced  ; 
settled  opinion  or  conviction  proceeding  from  argu- 
ments and  reasons  offered  by  others,  or  suggested  by 
one's  own  reflections. 

When  we  have  no  other  certainty  of  bein^  in  the  right,  but  our 
ou  n  persuasion  that  we  are  so.         Gov.  of  die  Tongue. 

3.  A  creed  or  belief;  or  a  sect  or  party  adhering  to 
a  creed  or  system  of  opinions  ;  as,  men  of  the  same 
persua.fion  ;  all  persuasions  concur  in  the  measure. 

PER-SUa'SI  VE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  persuading  ; 
influencing  the  mind  or  passions  ;  as,  persuasive  elo- 
quence ;  persuasive  evidence.         Hooker.  South. 

PER-SUA'SIVE,  71.  That  which  persuades;  an  in- 
citement ;  an  exhortation. 

PER-SUa'SIVE-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
persuade  or  convince.  Milton. 

PER-SUA'SIVE-NESS,-n.  The  quality  of  having  in- 
fluence on  the  mind  or  passions.  Taylor. 

PER-SU.i'SO-RY,  (-swa'so-ry,)  c  Having  power  or 
tendency  to  persuade.  Brown. 

PER-SUL'PHATE,  7t.  A  combination  of  sulphuric 
acid  with  a  peroxyd.  Silliman. 

PER-SUL-Ta'TION,  77.    [L.  persulto.] 

An  eruption  of  the  blood  from  an  artery. 

PERT,  a.  [VV.  pert,  smart,  spruce  ;  probably  allied  to 
perk,  primarily,  erect,  from  shooting  up  or  forward.] 

1.  Lively  ;  brisk  ;  smart. 

Awalie  the  pert  and  nimble  spirit  of  mirth.  ShaJc. 
On  tlie  lawny  sands  and  shi  Wes, 

Trip  the  perl  fairies,  and  the  dapper  elves.  fifilton. 

2.  Forward  ;  saucy  ;  bold  ;  indecorously  free. 
a  lady  bids  iiie  m  a  very  pert  maaner  mind  my  own  alllurs. 

^  Addison. 

PERT,  n.    An  assuming,  over-forward,  or  impertinent 

person.  Goldsmith. 
PERT,  7).  i.    To  behave  with  pertness ;  to  be  saucy. 

Bp.  Oauden. 

PER-TaIN',  v.  7.  [L.  pertineo ;  per  and  teneo,  to  hold  ; 
It.  pertcnere.] 

1.  To  belong ;  to  be  the  property,  right,  or  duty  of 

Men  hate  those  who  alTect  honor  by  ambition,  which  perlaineUi 

not  to  them.  Hayioard. 
He  took  the  fortified  cities  which  pertained  to  Judah.  —  2  Kings 

\l.  pertains  to  the  governor  to  open  the  ports  by  proclamatiou. 

Anon. 

2.  To  have  relatiqn  to.    Acts  \, 
PER-TER-E-BRa'TION,  7!.    [L.  per  and  terebratio.] 

The  act  of  boring  through.  Ain-^worth, 
PER-TI-Na'CIOUS,  (per-te-ni'shus,)  a.  [L.  perlinax  ; 
per  and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  Holding  or  adhering  to  any  opinion,  purpose,  or 
design  with  obstinacy  ;  obstinate  ;  perversely  reso- 
lute ;  as,  pertinacious  in  opinion  ;  a  man  of  pertina- 
cious confidence.  Walton. 

2.  Resolute  ;  firm  ;  constant ;  steady. 

Diligence  is  a  steady,  constant,  pertinacious  sluily.  South. 
[This  word  often  implies  a  censurable  degree  of 
firmness  or  constancy,  like  obstinacy.] 
PER-Tl-NA'ClOUS  LY,  adv.   Obstinately  ;  with  firm 
or  perverse  adherence  to  opinion  or  purpose.  He 
pertinaciously  maintains  his  first  opinions. 
PER  TI  WAC'I  TY  ) 
PER-Tl-NA'CIOUS'-NESS,  \        LL.  pertinacia.] 

1.  Firm  or  unyielding  adherence  to  opinion  or 
purpose ;  obstinacy.    He  pursues  his  scheme  with 

3.  Resolution  ;  constancy.  [pertinacity. 
PER'TI-NA-CY,  71.    [Su^ra.]    Obstinacy ;  stubborn- 
ness ;  persistency;  resolution;  steadiness.  [Little 
used.]  Taylor. 

PER'TI-NENCE,  )  71.  [L.  pertinens,  pertineo;  per 
PER'TI-NEN-CY,  (      and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

Justness  of  relation  to  the  subject  or  matter  in 
hand;  fitness;  appositeness  ;  suitableness. 

1  have  shown  the  fitness  and  pertinency  of  tiie  apostle's  discourBO 
to  the  pi-njoiis  he  aildrcssed.  Bentley. 

PER'TI-NENT,  a.    [L.  pertinens.] 

1.  Related  to  the  subject  or  matter  in  hand  ;  just  to 
the  purpose  ;  adapted  to  the  end  proposed  ;  apposite  ; 
not  fiiroign  to  the  thing  intended.  We  say,  he  usetl 
an  argument  not  pertinent  to  his  subject  or  design. 
The  discourse  aliounds  with  pertinent  remarks.  He 
gave  perlinrni  answers  to  the  tiuestions. 

2.  Regarding  ;  concerning  ;  belonging.  [Little 
used.]  Hooker. 

PER''1T-NENT-I,Y,  adv.     Appositely  ;  to  the  pur- 
pose.   Uf  answi'red  pertinently. 
PER'TI-NE.N'T-NE.SS,  11.  Appositi^ness. 
PER  'I'IN'OENT,  a.    [L.  perlingeus.] 
Reaching  to. 

PERT'LV,  ai/i).  Briskly;  smartly;  wilh  iiruuipl  bold- 
ness. 

2.  Saucily  ;  with  indecorous  confidence  or  bold- 
ness. Sw{/1. 
PERT'NE.''S,  71.    Briskness;  smartness. 

2.  Sauciiiess  ;  forward  proiuptiiess  or  boldness  j 
ifn|ilying  less  than  Ekkhonterv  or  Impuoence. 
Pertness  and  Ignorance  may  ask  a  question  in  lhn*e  lines,  which 
it  will  cost  learnuif  and  ingenuity  Ihilly  pages  to  aimwer. 

O.  Sjtring. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  IHQQK — 


ft18 


I 


PER 

3.  Pttty  liveliness;  spriglitliness  witliuut  force, 
dignity,  or  solidity. 

Then'  is  ill  Sh.LlU:«bury 's  works  a  live)/  pertness  and  ti  pnrulc  of 
liUTUure.  Watli. 
PKR-TURU',         \  v.t.    [L.  perturbo;  per  and  turbo, 
1'EK''I'U1U!-aTE,  i      properly,  to  turn,  or  to  stir  by 
turnins.] 

1.  'I'o  disturb;  to  agitate  ;  to  disquiet. 

2.  'i'o  disorder  ;  to  'conl'use.  Brown, 
[This  verb  is  little  used.    The  ((iirticiple  is  in  use.] 

I'EK-TUIIB-A'TION,  n.    [U.  perlurbalio.] 

1.  Disquiet  or  agitation  of  mind.  Milton. 
9.  Restlessness  of  passions  j  great  uneasiness. 

3.  Disturbance  ;  disorder  ;  conunotion  in  public 
air.iirs.  Bacon. 

■I.  Disturbance  of  passions  ;  commotion  of  spirit. 
5.  Cause  of  disquiet.  [B.  Jonsoii. 

O  polished  perturbation,  ^Idcn  care  I  S/iaJi. 
C.  In  astronomtj,  an  irregularity  in  the  motion  of  a 
lieavenlv  body  through  its  orbit.  D.  Olmsted. 

PKIl'TUlUi-A-TOR,  j  II.    One  that  disturbs  or  raises 
I'l'.R  TURH'ER,        j      commotion.    [LMh  ii.vti/.l 
PER-TURU'£U,  pp.  or  o.    Uisturhi;d  ;  agitated  ;  dis- 
quieted. 

Real,  test,  ptrturbtd  spirit.  Shale. 

PKR-TURB'ING,  ppr.    Disturbing;  agitating. 
PHR-Tl'.-'E',     )  a.    [L.  perln.^us,  pertunilo;  per  and 
PliR-TCS'£D,  (      (Hiirfo,  to  beat.) 

1.  Punched  ;  pierced  with  holes. 

2.  In  botany,  perforated  or  pierced  irregularly  with 
holes.  Liiullcy. 

PEU-TO'SION,  n.    [L.  pn-titsus,  perlundo.] 

1.  The  act  of  punching,  piercing,  or  thrusting 
through  with  a  pointed  instrument. 

Tlie  niiimier  of  opt-ning  a  Tcin  in  Hippocnlcs's  limp,  wrs  by 
st^l>l>in^  or /i«rIu«ion.  Arbuthtkot. 

2.  A  little  hole  made  by  punching  ;  a  perforation. 

^acoii. 

PKR'UKE,  (per'ruke,)  n.    [Fr.  prmiqtic  ;  It.  pcrritrca; 

Hp.  pcluca  :  D.  paruik  :  G.  perrilcke  ;  Sw.  pcruk.] 
i\n  artificial  cap  of  hair  ;  a  periwig.  fViseman. 
PF.R'UKE,  I),  i.    To  dress  in  adscititious  hair.  [LitHc 

u.^ril.  ] 

PER'UKE-MAK'ER,  n.   A  maker  of  perukes;  a  wig- 
m:iker. 

PE-RO'SAL,  n.    [from  peruse.]    The  act  of  reading. 

Tills  Irealise  requires  HpplicaUoii  in  the  perusal.  Woodtoard. 
2.  Careful  view  or  examination.  [Unusual.] 

Taller. 

PE-RC'SE',  V.  I.    [Probably  L.  per  and  utor,  ustis.] 

1.  To  read,  or  to  read  with  attention.  Mdison. 

2.  To  observe  ;  to  examine  with  careful  survey. 
[  Obs'.] 

1  hare  jterused  her  well.  Shak. 

Myseli^  I  tlien  perused,  mid  limli  by  limb 

Stirreyed.  MUlon. 

PE-Rl'S'KD,  pp.   Kead  ;  observed  ;  examined. 
PE-RuS'ER,  «.    One  that  reads  or  examines. 

IVoodicard. 

PE-RCS'ING,  ppr.    Reading  ;  examining. 
PE-Ru'VI-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  Peru,  in  South 
America. 

Prrucian  balsam.    See  Balsam  of  Pert. 

Peruvian  bark,  the  bark  of  several  species  of  Cin- 
chona, trees  of  Peru  ;  called  also  Jesuits^  bark. 
The  Uiste  is  bitter  anil  astringent,  and  it  is  used 
as  a  tonic,  in  cases  of  debility,  and  particularly  in 
intermittents. 

PER-V.\DE',  v.  U    [L.  pcriiado  ;  per  and  vado,  to  go. 
Eng.  to  wade.] 

1.  To  pass  through  an  aperture,  pore,  or  interstice ; 
to  permeate  ;  as,  liquors  that  percade  the  pores. 

J^ewton. 

2.  To  pass  or  spread  through  the  whole  extent  of 
a  thing  and  into  every  minute  part. 

Wh  il  but  God 

Pervades,  adjusts,  and  a^Lttes  Uie  whole  i  Thomson. 

3.  We  use  this  verb  in  a  transitive  form  to  express 
a  passive  or  an  intransitive  signification.  Thus 
when  we  say,  *'  the  electric  tiuid  pervades  the 
earth,"  or  "  ether  pervades  the  universe,"  we  mean 
only  that  the  fluid  is  diffused  through  the  earth  or 
universe,  or  exists  in  all  parts  of  them.  So,  when 
we  say,  "  a  spirit  of  conciliation  pervade!  all  classes 
of  men,"  we  may  mean  that  such  a  spirit  passes 
ihruntrh  all  classes,  or  it  exists  among  nil  classes. 

PER-VAD'ED,  pp.    Passed  through  ;  permeated;  pen- 
etrated in  every  part. 

PER-VaD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Passing  through  or  extend- 
ing to  ever\'  part  of  a  thing. 

PER-V'A'S|6N,  (-va'zhun,)  n.    The  act  of  pervading 
or  passing  through  the  whole  extent  of  a  thing. 

Boyle. 

PER-VA'SIVE,  0,   Tending,  or  having  power  to  per- 
vade. 

PER-VERSE',  (per-vers',)  0.  [L-peraerjiw.  See  Per- 

TERT.l 

1.  Literally,  turned  aside  ;  hence,  distorted  from 
the  right.  Mdton. 

2.  Obstinate  in  the  wrong  ;  disposed  to  be  con- 
trary :  stubborn  ;  untractablc. 

To  so  perttrje  &  sex  all  grace  is  Tain.  OrytUn. 


PES 

3.  Cross  ;  petulant ;  peevish  ;  disposed  to  cross 
and  vex. 

I'll  Irown  and  bo  perveree,  and  say  Uiee  nay.  ShnJt. 

PER-VEUSE'LY,  adv.  With  intent  to  vex  ;  crossly; 
peevishly  ;  obstinately  in  the  wrong.  Aoctr.  Swift. 

PEll-VER.'^E'NE.SS,  71.  Disposition  to  cross  or  vex  ; 
untraetableness  ;  crossness  of  temper;  a  disposition 
uncomplying,  unaccommodating,  or  acting  in  oppo- 
sition to  what  is  proper  or  what  is  desired  by  others. 

ll'T  whom  li-  wish'-s  moat,  ih;dt  seldom  gaiu 

Through  lii-r  perventetie^s.  Milton. 

2.  Perversiim.    [JVu(  used.]  Bacon. 

PER-VER'SIO.\,  71.    [l"r.,  from  L.  perrfr.^iw.] 

The  act  of  perverting ;  a  turning  from  truth  or 
propriety  ;  a  divi  rting from  the  true  intent  or  obji'ct ; 
change  to  something  worse.  We  speak  of  the  per- 
version of  the  laws,  when  they  are  misinterpreted  or 
misapplied  ;  a  perversion  of  reason,  when  it  is  mis- 
employed ;  a  prrver.'iion  of  J<cripture,  when  it  is  will- 
fully misinterpreted  or  misapplied,  &.c. 

PEK-VER.S'I-TV,  H.  Perversoness ;  crossness;  dis- 
position to  thwart  or  cross.  JVurris. 

PER- VKKS'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  pervert  or  corrupt. 

PER-VERT',  V.  (.  [L.  perverto  ;  per  and  verto,  to 
turn.] 

1.  To  turn  from  truth,  propriety,  or  from  its  proper 
purpose  ;  to  distort  from  its  true  use  or  end  ;  as,  to 
pervert  rea-son  by  misdirecting  it  ;  to  pervert  the  laws 
by  misinterpreting  and  misapplying  them  ;  to  pervert 
justice  ;  to  pervert  the  meaning  of  an  author  ;  to 
pfrccrf  nature  ;  to  pcri'fr<  truth.    Mdlim.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  turn  from  the  right  ;  to  corrupt. 

He  in  Uie  serpent  had  perverted  Eve.  Afdton. 
PER-VERT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Turned  from  right  to 
wrong  ;  distorted  ;  corrupted  ;  misinterpreted  ;  mis- 
employed. 

PER-VERT'ER,  n.  One  that  perverts  or  turns  from 
right  to  wrong ;  one  that  distorts,  misinterprets,  or 
misapplies. 

PER-VERT'I-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  perverted. 

.^insicorth. 

PER-VERT'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  <i.  Turning  from  right  to 
wrong;  distorting;  misinterpreting;  misapplying; 
corrupting. 

[Pervert,  when  used  of  persons,  usually  implies 
evil  design.] 

PER-VES'TI-GaTE,  v.  I.  [L.  pervesligo  i  per  and 
vestiiro,  to  tmce  ;  vestitriujn,  a  track.] 

To  find  out  by  research.  Coekeram. 

PER-VES-TI-Ga"'TION,  71.  Diligent  inquiry  ;  thorough 
research.  Chill  in<Tirvrth. 

PER-VM-Ca'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [L.  perviear.  ;  com- 
posed perhaps  of  per  and  Teutonic  wigan,  to  strive 
or  contend.] 

Very  obstinate;  stubborn;  willfully  contrary  or 
refractorv.  Deuham. 
PER-VI-CA'CIOUS-LY.adB.    With  willful  ohstinacv. 
PER-VI-Ca'CIOUS-NESS,  i  n.    .stubbornness  ;  wiil- 
PER-VI-CAC'I-Ty,  i      ful  obstinacy.  [Little 

vsed.] 

PER-VIG-IL-A'TIOX,  ti.    [L.  pcrviffHalio,  pemigilo.] 

.\  careful  watching. 
PER'VI-OUS,  a.    [L.  perrius ;  per  and  via,  way,  or 
from  the  root  of  that  word.] 

1.  Admitting  passage;  that  may  be  penetrated  by 
another  body  or  substance  ;  jieriueable ;  penetrable. 
We  say.  glass  is  pervious  to  light;  a  porous  stone  is 
percmtis  to  water  ;  a  wood  is  pervious  or  not  pervious 
to  a  body  of  troops. 

A  coiuitry  pervious  to  the  anna  and  authority  of  a  conqu'Tor. 

OiWwn. 

2.  That  may  be  penetrated  by  the  mental  sight. 

By  darkness  they  mean  Go^i,  whose  secrets  aro  pervious  l«  no 
eye.  I'itylur. 

3.  Pervading;  permeating;  as, prrn'oits  lire.  [JVot 
proper.]  Prior. 

PER'Vl-OU.S-XESS,  It.  The  quality  of  admitting 
passage,  or  of  being  penetrated  ;  as,  the  perviousness 
of  glass  to  light.  Boyle. 

PE-S.\I)E',  n.    [Fr.  pa.'^sadr.    See  Pass.] 

The  motion  of  a  horse  when  ho  raises  his  fore 
quarters,  ki^eping  his  hind  feet  on  the  ground  with- 
out adv.-tnciiig.  Far.  Diet. 

PEri'S.\-RY,  II.   [Fr.  pe.^saire ;  It.  pes:fario  ;  h.  pes.-ius.] 
An  instrument  that  is  introduced  into  the  female 
vagina  to  support  the  iniuitli  and  neck  of  the  uterus. 
It  is  made  of  wood,  caoutchouc,  waved  linen,  &c. 

Hooper.  Cooper. 

PES'SI-MIST,  n.  One  who  complains  of  every  thing 
as  being  for  the  worst;  opjiosed  to  an  Oi-timist. 
[Rare.]  Smart. 

PE.-i'SO-.MAN-CY,  It.    Divination  by  pebbles.  Smart. 

PEST,  n.  (Fr.  peste ;  L.  pestis ;  It.  pesic,  whence 
appe.-itare,  to  infect  or  corrupt,  Sp.  apestar.  These 
words  may  be  allied  to  the  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Eth. 
c'N3,  to  be  fetid,  Ar.  to  beat  or  throw  down,  or  to  a 
verb  of  that  family.  The  primary  sense  is  probably 
to  strike  or  beat,  hence  a  stroke.  See  Class  Bs,  Nt>. 
25,  39,  •If.) 

1.  Plague;  pestilence;  a  fatal  epidemic  disease. 

LiCl  fierce  Achilles 
The  god  propiljAte,  and  the  pen  assuage.  Pope. 


PET 

2.  Any  thing  very  noxious,  mischievous,  or  de- 
structive, 'i'hc  talebearer,  the  gambler,  the  liliertine, 
the  drunkard,  are  pests  to  society. 

Of  all  Tirtues,  Justice  is  the  beat  ; 

VuJor  wiUiout  It  is  a  common  pttt.  Waller. 

PEST'ER,  V.  t.    [Fr.  pt.itrr.] 

1.  To  trouble;  to  disturb;  to  annoy;  to  harass 
with  little  vexations. 

We  nrr  pestered  with  mice  and  rals.  More. 
A  nmltitudc  of  scribblers  daily  pester  the  world  with  their  insuf 
ferable  Hull'.  Dryden. 

9.  To  encumber.  Milton. 
PEST'ER-KD,  pp.    Troubled;  disturbed;  annoyed. 
PE.ST'ER-ER,  II.    One  that  troubles  or  harasses  with 
vexation. 

PEST'ER-ING,  ppr.    Troubling;  disturbing. 
PEST'ER-OL'S,  u.  Encumbering;  burdensome,  [tit- 

tle  its-n/.]  Bacon. 
PEST'-IIOUSE,  71.    A  house  or  hospital  for  persons 

infected  with  any  contagious  and  mortal  disease. 
PEST' I. DUCT,  71.    [E.  pestis  and  dueo  ] 

That  which  conveys  contagion  or  infections. 
PEST-IF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  pestis,  plague,  and  fero,  to 

produce.] 

1.  Pestilential;  noxious  to  health ;  malignant;  in- 
fectious ;  contagious.  Jlrbuthnot. 

2.  Noxious  to  pe.acc,  to  morals,  or  to  society  ;  mis- 
chievous ;  destructive. 

3.  Troublesome  ;  vexatious.  Shak. 
PEST-IF'ER-OUS-LY,arfB.  Pestilentially;  noxiously. 
PEST'I-LENCE,  71.     [L.  pesttlcntia,  from  pestilenj  i 

pestis,  plague.] 

1.  Plague,  appropriately  so  called  ;  but,  in  a  general 
sense,  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  that  is 

■  epidemic  and  mortal.  Shak. 

2.  Corruption  or  moral  disease  destructive  to  hap- 
piness. 

Proflijate  habits  carry  petliUnct  into  the  bosom  of  domestic 
society.  J.  M.  Alason' 

PEST'I-LENT,  a.    [L.  peslilens  ;  from  pestis,  plague.] 

1.  Producing  the  plague,  or  other  in,alignaiil,  con- 
tagious disease ;  noxious  to  health  and  life  ;  as,  a 
pestilent  air  or  climate.  Bacon. 

2.  Mischievous  ;  noxious  to  morals  or  society  ;  de- 
structive ;  ill  a  general  sense  ;  as,  pestilent  books. 

3.  Troublesome  ;  mischievous  ;  making  disturb- 
ance ;  corrupt  ;  as,  a  pestilent  fellow,    .lets  xxiv. 

PEST-l-LEN'TlAL,  (-shal,)  a.  Partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  plague,  or  other  infectious  disease  ;  as,  a 
pestilential  fever. 

2.  Producing,  or  tending  to  produce,  infectious 
disease  ;  as,  pestilential  vapors. 

3.  Mischievous;  destructive;  pernicious.  South. 
PEST'I-LEi\T-LY,ariB.  Mischievously:  destructively. 
PES-TIL-La'TION,  71.  [from  L.  pistillum,FA\^.  pestle.] 

The  act  of  pounding  and  bruising  in  a  mortar. 
[Little  used.]  Brown. 
PLS'TLE,  (pes'l,)  n.    [L.  pistillum,  and  probably  pinj 
for  pi.-o,  to  pound  or  beat ;  Sw.  piska,  to  strike.  S 
Pest.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  pounding  and  breaking  sub- 
stances in  a  mortar.  LorMe. 

2.  A  short  bludgeon,  (so  called  from  its  shape,) 
formerly  carried  by  officers  of  the  peace.  Toone. 

Pestle  of  pork ;  a  leg  of  pork,  so  called  fnmi  its 
shape.  Toone. 
PET,  n.  [This  word  may  he  contracted  from  petulant, 
or  belong  to  the  root  of  that  \yord.  Peevish,  which 
is  evidently  a  contracted  word,  may  be  from  the 
same  root.] 

A  slight  fit  of  peevishness  or  fretful  discontent. 
Life  ffiven  fnr  noble  purposes  must  not  be  tlirown  awny  in  a  pel, 
nor  whined  away  in  love.  Collier. 

PET,  71.  [Formerly  Peat.  Uu.  W.  pftA,  a  little  ;  pf/Aan, 
a  babe  or  little  thing;  D.  iout,  a  duck  or  dear;  Ir. 
baidJi,  love;  L.  pcCa,  or  Gr.  itoiiof,  voOtu.    In  Pcrs. 


cXj  bat,  is  an  idol,  a  dear  friend,  a  mistress.  In 

Russ.  pitamt  signifies  to  feed,  nourish,  or  bring  up 
The  real  origin  of  the  word  is  doubtful.] 

1.  A  cade  lamb  ;  a  lamb  brought  up  by  hand. 

2.  A  fondling ;  any  little  animal  fondled  and  in 
dtilgcd.  Tatler. 

PET,  r.  t.    To  treat  as  a  pet   to  fondle  ;  to  indulge. 
PET'AL,  or  Pf;'TAI„  n.    ,  Fr.  prta7<  ;  Gr.  rtruAov, 
from  ircracj,  to  cx|>and,  L.  pateo.    Class  Bd,  No.  C5, 

&.C.] 

111  hotavy,  a  flower  leaf;  a  term  applied  lo  the 
separate  p:irts  of  a  corol.  When  a  corol  consists  ttf 
but  one  piece,  it  is  said  to  be  monojietalous ;  when 
of  two  pieces,  dipetaloiis,  &c. 
PET'AL-£D,  la.  Having  petals  ;  as,  a  prta/cd  flow- 
PET'AL-OUS,  i  er  ;  op|H)sed  to  Apetalovs.  This 
word  is  much  used  in  compounds;  as,  onc-petaled : 
Xhree-petalrd. 

PET'AL-INE,  (-in,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  petal ;  attached 
to  a  petal ;  as,  a  petaline  nectary.  Barton. 

PET'AL-IS.M,  I!.    [Gt.  7nT,t\i(Tiin(.    Sec  Petau] 

A  form  of  sentence  among  the  ancient  Syr.acusans, 
by  which  they  banished  for  five  years  tt  citizen 
whose  wealth  or  popularity  alarmed  their  jealousy, 


inso, 
See 


TONE,  B5JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.— C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


PET 


PET 


PHA 


or  who  was  suspected  of  aspiring  to  sovereign 
power.  The  mode  was  to  sive  tlieir  votes  by  writins 
his  name  on  a  leaf.  Pctalism  in  Syracuse  answered 
nearlv  to  ostracism  in  Athens.  Brandc. 

PET'AI^ITE,  n.    [Gr.  -t-a\ov,  a  leaf] 

A  rare  mineral,  occurring  in  masses,  having  a 
foliated  structure  ;  its  color  milk-white,  or  shaded 
with  gray,  red,  or  green.  The  alkali  litliia  was 
first  discovered  in  this  mineral.  Clcavcland. 

PET'Ab-OID,  a.    [petal  and  Gr.  eifof,  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  petal.   Barton.  Rafinesque. 

PET'.\L-SHaP-£:D,  a.    Having  the  shape  of  a  petal. 

PE  TARD',  /  n.    [It.  and  Sp.  prtardo ;  Fr.  petard.] 

PE-TaR',  j  An  engine  of  war  made  of  metal, 
nearly  in  the  shape  of  a  hat,  to  be  loaded  with 
powder  and  fixed  on  a  madrier  or  plank,  and  former- 
ly used  to  break  gates,  barricades,  dniw-bridges,  and 
the  like,  by  explosion.    [Petar  is  o4s.]  Brarule. 

PET'A-SUS,  n.    [L. ;  Gr. -craaui.] 

The  winged  cap  of  Mercury  i  a  broad-brimmed  hat. 

PE-TAU'RIST,  71.    [Gr.  -era;<  and  01,0a.] 

Une  of  a  genus  of  marsupial  animals,  which  take 
short  flights  in  the  air  by  extending  the  folds  between 
the  fore  and  hind  extremities,  and  by  an  expanded 
tail,  as  the  flying  squirrel.  Brande. 

PE-TEe'eHI-!(E,  n.  pi.    [It.  petccchia  ;  Sp.  petequia.] 
Purple  spots,  which  appear  on  the  skin  in  malig- 
nant fevers. 

PE-TEC'CHI-AL,  a.    [It.  petecchiale ;  Pp.  petequial.] 
Spotted.    A  petec^hial  fever  is  a  maliiinant  fever, 
accompanied  with  purple  spots  on  the  skin. 

P£'TRe'  I  Saltpeter. 
PET'ER-EL,  n.    See  Petrel. 

Pe'TER  PE.NCE,  n.  An  annual  tax  or  tribute,  for- 
merly paid  by  the  English  people  to  the  pope  ;  being 
a  penny  for  every  house,  payable  at  Lammas-day. 
_It  was  called  also  Rojnejcot.  Hall. 

Pe'TER-\VORT,  n.  A  plant.  [See  Saint  Peter's 
Wort.] 

PET'I-O-LAR,     )  0.    Pertaining  to  a  petiole,  or  pro- 
PET'I-O-L-VRY,  j     ceeding  from  it ;  as  a  petiolar 
tendril. 

2.  Formed  from  a  petiole  ;  as,  a  petiolar  bud. 

3.  Growing  on  a  petiole  ;  as,  a  petiolar  gland. 
PET'I-O-LATE,  (  a.    Having  a  petiole  ;  as,  a  petiolaU 
PET'I-O-LiCD,    i     leaf.  .Martyn. 
PET'l-OLE,  71.    [L.  petiolus,  probably  a  diminutive 

from  pes,  pedis.] 

In  botany,  a  leaf-stalk ;  the  foot-stalk  of  a  leaf, 
connecting  the  blade  with  the  stem.  Martyn. 
PET'I-O-LULE,  71.    A  small  petiole. 
PET'IT,  (pet'ty,)  a.    [Fr.    Sec  Petty  ] 

Small;  little;  mean.  South. 

[This  word  petit  is  now  generally  written  Petty.] 

Petit  constable  :  an  inferior  civil  ollicer,  subordinate 
to  the  high  constable. 

Petit  jury;  a  jury  of  twelve  citizens,  who  are 
empanneled  to  try  causes  at  the  bar  of  a  court ;  so 
called  in  distinction  from  the  grand  jury,  which 
tries  the  truth  of  indictments. 

Petit  larceny ;  the  stealing  of  goods  of  the  value  of 
twelve  pence,  or  under  that  amount,  in  England,  or 
twenty-five  dollars  in  New  York ;  opposed  to  ^and 
larceny. 

Petit  srrgeantry ;  in  English  lav,  the  tenure  of  lands 
of  the  king,  by  the  service  nf  rendering  to  him 
annually  some  implement  of  war,  as  a  bow,  an 
arrow,  a  sword,  lance,  &c. 

Petit  treason;  the  crime  of  killing  a  person,  to 
whom  the  otfender  owes  duty  or  subjection.  Thus, 
it  is  petit  treason  for  a  wife  to  kill  her  husband,  or  a 
servant  his  lord  or  master.  Blackstone. 
PET'IT-MAI'TRE,  (pet'te-ma'tr,)  n.  [Fr.,  a  little 
master.] 

A  spruce  fellow  that  dangles  about  females ;  a 
fop  ;  a  coxcomb.  Mdison, 
PE-TI"TION,  (pe-tish'un,)  71,  [L.  petitio,  from  peto, 
to  ask,  properly  to  urge  or  press,  Sax.  hiddan,  Goth. 
bidyan,  G.  bitten,  D.  bidden,  Sw.  bedia,  Dan.  beder,  Sp. 
pedir,  Ann.  pidi,  Ir.  impidhim.  Corn,  pidiha.  Qu.  Cii. 
ts^o,  to  supplicate.    See  Class  Bd,  No.  57,  63,  64.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  request,  supplication,  or 
prayer  ;  but  chiefly  and  appropriately,  a  solemn  or  for- 
mal supplication  ;  a  prayer  addressed  by  a  person  to 
the  Supreme  Being,  lor  something  needed  or  desired, 
or  a  branch  or  particular  article  of  prayer.  Law. 

2.  A  formal  request  or  supplication,  verbal  or 
written  ;  particularly,  a  written  supplication  from  an 
inferior  to  a  sujierior,  cither  to  a  single  person  clothed 
with  power,  or  to  a  legislative  or  other  body,  solicit- 
ing Home  fav(»r,  grant,  right,  or  mercy. 

3.  The  paper  containing  a  supplication  or  solicita- 
tion. .Much  of  the  lime  of  our  legislative  bodies  is 
consumed  in  attending  to  private  petUiuns.  The 
upcaker's  table  is  often  loailed  with  petitions.  Peti- 
tions to  the  king  of  Gn  at  liritain  must  contain  noth- 
ing ri  fli  cting  on  the  ndmini4iration.  JCncyc. 

Pi:-TI"TI(J.\,  r.  L  To  make  a  request  to  ;  to  ask 
from  ;  to  solicit ;  particularly,  to  make  supplication 
to  a  superior  for  luime  favor  or  right ;  n»,  to  petition 
the  legislature  ;  lo  petition  a  court  of  chancery. 

The  iiwjlhpr  pttuiowi  ttrr  ^oildeM  10  lieitow  on  them  Ihr  ifTcat- 
eit  gill  UiMl  could  IM  fl*tti.  Aliiison. 


PE-TI  'TION-A-RI-LY,  ailv.  By  way  of  begging  the 
question.  Broitn. 

PE-TI"TION-A-RY,  a.  Supplicatory ;  coming  with  a 
petition. 

Pardon  thj  peTidonary  countrymen.  Shak. 
9.  Containing  a  petition  or  request ;  as,  a  petitiona- 
ni  praver  ;  a  petitionary  epistle.        Hooker.  Swi/L 
PE;TI"tlON-£D,  pp.    Asked  as  a  favor ;  solicited. 
PE-TI"TION-EE',  71.  A  person  cited  to  defend  against 
a  petition. 

PE-Tl"TIOX-ER,  71.  One  that  presents  a  petition, 
either  verbal  or  written. 

PE-TI"TIO.\-IXG,  ppr.  Asking  as  a  favor,  grant, 
right,  or  mercv  ;  supplicating. 

PE-TI"TION-ING,  71.  The  act  of  asking  or  solicit- 
ing ;  solicitation  ;  supplication.  Tumultuous  peti- 
tioning is  made  penal  by  statute. 

PE-TI"Tl-0  PR/.V-CIP'I-I,  (  tish'e-o,)  [L.]  A  beg- 
ging of  the  question  ;  a  tacit  assumption  of  the 
proposition  to  be  proved  as  a  premise  in  the  argu- 
ment by  which  it  is  to  be  proved. 

PET'I-TO-RY,  a.    Petitioning  ;  soHciting.  [JTotused.] 

Breicer. 

PE-TONG',  71.    The  Chinese  white  copper,  an  alloy  of 

cojiper  and  nickel.  Brande. 
PE-TKR'.AN,  a.    [L.  petra,  a  rock.] 

Pertaining  to  rock  or  stone.  Faber. 
PET'REL,  71.    A  name  common  to  the  long-winged, 
web-footed  sea-fowls,  constituting  the  Linnaean  ge- 
nus Procellaria. 
PE-TRES'CENCE,  n.    The  process  of  changing  into 

stone.  Kirwan. 
PE-TIIES'CEXT,  a.    [Gr.  Trtrioj,  a  stone,  L.  petra.] 
Converting  into  stone ;  changing  into  stony  hard- 
ness. Boyle. 
PET-RI-F.\e'TION,  71.     [See  Petrify.]    The  pro- 
cess of  changing  into  stone  ;  the  conversion  of  wood 
or  any  animal  or  vegetable  substance  into  stone  or 
a  bo(iy  of  stony  hardness.    This  is  effected  by  the 
gradual  displacement  of  the  particles  of  the  sub- 
stance said  to  be  petrified,  and  the  infiltration  of  sili- 
cious  earth,  or  lime  in  composition  with  iron  or  iron 
pyrites.  Bell. 
When  the  water  in  which  wood  is  lodged  is  slightly  impregnated 
with  petrescenl  particles,  the  petrifacuon  very  slowly  tiikes 
place.  Kirccan. 

2.  That  which  is  converted  from  animal  or  vege- 
table substance  into  stone. 

Tlie  cilcaieous  pelsifaction  called  osteocolla,  JQrtuan. 
An  organized  body  rendered  liard  by  depositions 
of  stony  matter  in  its  cavities.  Ure. 

3.  In  popular  usage,  a  body  incrusted  with  stony 
matter  ;  an  incnistation.  Ed.  Encyc. 

PET-RI-FAC'TIVE,  a.    Pertaining  to  petrifaction. 
2.  Having  power  to  convert  vegetable  or  animal 
substances  into  stone.  Brown. 
PE-TRIF'ie,  a.    Having  power  to  convert  into  stone. 

Milton. 

The  cold,  dry,  pelrific  mace  of  a  false  and  unfeeling  philosophy. 

Burte. 

PET'RI-FI-eXTE,  V.  t.   To  petrify.    [A'ut  used.] 

Hall. 

PET-RI-FI-Ca'TION,  71,    The  process  of  petrifying. 

2.  That  which  is  petrified  ;  a  petrifaction.  [The 
latter  word  is  generally  used.] 

3.  Obduracy;  callousness.  Hallywell. 
PET'RI-FI-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Changed  into  stone. 

2.  Fixed  in  amazement. 
PET'RI-Ft,  V.  I.    [L.  petra,  Gr.  Trcrpoj,  a  stone  or 
rock,  and  /aci«,  to  make.] 

1.  To  convert  to  stone  or  stony  substance,  as  an 
animal  or  vegetable  substance. 

North  of  (luito,  there  is  a  river  that  pelrijie3  any  sort  of  wood  or 
leaves.  Kinran. 

2.  To  make  callous  or  obdurate  ;  as,  to  petrify  the 
heart. 

And  ^e£ri/"y  a  genius  to  a  dunce.  Pope. 

3.  To  fix  ;  as,  to  petrify  one  with  astonishment. 
PET'RI-F?,  r.  i.    To  become  stone,  or  of  a  sttmy 

hardness,  as  animal  or  vegetable  substances  by 
means  of  calcareous  or  other  depositions  in  their 
cavities. 

PET'UI-F?-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Converting  into  stone; 

as,  prt_rifying  operation.  Kirwan. 
PE-TUo'LE-U-M,  71.    [Fr.  prtrole,  from  Gr.  irtrouj,  a 

stone,  and  t^autf,  oil  ;  quasi  prtrolaion.] 

Hock  oil,  a  liquid,  inliammable  substance  or  bitii- 

mi  ii  exuding  from  the  earth  and  colli'ctcd  on  the 

surface  of  the  water  in  wells  and  fountains,  in  various 

parts  of  the  world,  or  oo/.iiig  from  Ctavities  in  rocks. 

It  IS  essentially  composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 

[Pkiuol  has  bumetiiiies  bi  en  used.] 

Foitrcroii.    Kinrnn.  Ci/c. 
PET'RO-UNE,  (-lin,)  71.    A  sniistance  obtained  by 

distilling  Ibe  petrolimm  of  Rangoon.  Brande. 
PE'l''KO-NEI,,  n.    A  kind  of  carabine  or  large  hor.se- 

man's  pistid. 

PET  KO-SI'LEX,  n.    [L.  petra,  Gr.  irtrpos,  a  stone, 

and  siler.  Hint. ] 

Rock  stone  ;  rock  (lint,  or  compact  feldspar. 
PET-UO-.SI-LI"CIOt'S,  f-se-lish'us,)  a.  Consisting 

of  petrosilex  ;  on,  petrosilicious  breccias.  Kirwan^ 


Pe'TROUS,  a.    [L.  prtT-a,  astone.] 

Like  stone  ;  hard  :  stonv.  Hooper. 

PET'TED,  pp.  or  a.    Treated  as  a  pet ;  fondled. 

PET'TI-CoAT,  n.    [Fr.  p,tit,  petty,  and  coat.] 

A  loose  under  garment  worn  liy  females,  and  cov- 
ering the  lower  limbs. 

PET'TI-FOG,  V.  i,    [Fr.  petit,  small,  and  vaguer,  to 
row.    But  in  Norman,  voguer  is  rendered  to  call 
again,  to  return,  as  if  from  L.  voco,  like  advocate.] 
To  do  small  business,  as  a  lawyer.  [f^ul<rar.] 

PET'TI-FOG-GER,  n.  An  inferior  attorney  or  law- 
yer who  is  employed  in  small  or  mean  business. 

PET'TI-FOG-GER-Y,  71.  The  practice  of  a  pettifog- 
ger;  tricks  ;  quibbles.  Milton. 

PET'TI-NESS,  71.  [from  petty.]  Smallness  ;  little- 
ness. Shak. 

PET'TING,  ppr.    Fondling;  indulging. 

PET'TISH,  a.  [from  pet.]  Fretful  ;  peevish  ;  sub- 
ject to  freaks  of  ill  temper.  Creech. 

PET'TISH-LY,  adv.  In  a  pet ;  with  a  freak  of  ill 
temper. 

PET'TISH-NESS,  71.  Fretfnlness  ;  petulance  ;  peev- 
ishness. Collier. 

£ET'TI-ToES,  77.  pi.  Iprlty  and  taes.]  The  toes  or 
feet  of  a  pig,  often  used  as  food  ;  sometimes  used  for 
the  human  feet,  in  cimtempt.  Sliak. 

PET'TO,  71.    [It.,  from  L.  pectus,  the  breast.] 

The  breast ;  hence,  in  petto,  in  secrecy  ;  in  re- 
serve. Chesterfield. 

PET'TY,  a.    [Fr.  petit.] 

1.  Small  ;  little ;  trifling ;  inconsiderable ;  as,  a 
petty  trespass  ;  a  petty  crime.  Milton. 

2.  Inferior  ;  as,  a  petty  prince.  Denham- 
We  usually  write  petty  constable,  pefty  jury,  petty 

larceny,  pf!(i/ treason.    [See  Petit.] 

PET'TY-CHAPS,  71.  A  small  singing  bird,  found  in 
various  parts  of  Europe.  It  lives  chiefly  on  insects, 
and  belongs  with  the  nightingale  to  the  genus  Sylvia 
of  Latham.  Ed.  Enciic. 

PET'TY-eOY,  n.    An  herb.  .^inswor'th. 

PET'lJ-LANCE,  )        rr      ,  7    ,■     r       ,  ;  i 

PET'IJ-L\N-CY  \        iL*.  petulantia ;  Ft.  petulance,] 

Freakish  passion  ;  peevishness  ;  pettisliness  ;  sau- 
ciness.  Peevishness  is  not  precisely  synonymous 
with  petulance ;  the  former  implying  more  perma- 
nence of  a  sour,  fretful  temper  ;  the  latter  more  tem- 
porary or  capricious  irritation. 

That  wliich  looked  like  pride  in  some,  and  petulance  in  others. 

Ctaren'Ion. 

The  pride  and  petulance  of  youth.  Waus. 

PET'TJ-LANT,  a.    [L.  pctutans.] 

1.  Saucy  ;  pert  or  forward  with  fretfulness  or  sour- 
Jiess  of  temper  ;  as,  a  petulant  youth. 

2.  Manifesting  petulance  ;  proceeding  from  pettish- 
ness  ;  as,  a  petulant  demancl ;  a  petulant  answer. 

3.  Wanton  ;  freakish  in  passion. 
PET'IJ-L.'VNT-LY,  adv.   With  petulance ;  with  .saucy 

pertness. 

PE-TUNSE',    )  (71.    A  Chinese  name  for 

PE-TIJNTSE',  >  (pe-tuns',)  J  fresh  or  undecomposed 
PE-TUNTZE', )  I    feldspar  ground  ver)' 

fine,  and  used  witli  kaolin  to  form  porcelain. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 
PECR'MI-CAN,  71.  Potted  beef.  [See  Pemmican.] 
PEW,  (pu,)  71.    [D.  puye ;  L.  podium.] 

An  inclosed  seat  in  a  church.  Pews  were  for- 
merly made  square  ;  i«  modern  churches,  in  .America, 
they  are  generally  long  and  narrow,  and  sometimes 
called  Slips. 

PEW,j!.t.  To  furnish  with  pews.  [Little  used.]  .4,-tA. 
PEW'-FEL-LoW,  7u  A  companion.  Bp.  Halt. 
Pi^'WIT  J 

PE'WET  !  "■  '^''^  lapwing  or  green  plover. 

2.  Pewit  gull,  or  Pewit ;  the  sea  crow,  or  mire  crow. 

PEW'TER,  (pu'ter,)  71.  [It.  peltro  ;  Sp.  pcltre,  from 
which  peicter  is  formed  by  a  change  of  {  into  w,  as 
the  French  change  belle  into  beau.  We  receive  the 
word  from  the  Norm,  peautre.] 

1.  A  composition  of  factitious  metal,  consisting 
mainly  of  tin  and  lead.  Tin  alloyed  with  small 
quantities  of  antimony,  copper,  and  bismuth,  forms 
the  best  pewter.  Inferior  sorts  contain  a  large  pro- 
portion of  lead.  Pewter  was  formerly  in  extensive 
use  in  domestic  utensils  or  vessels ;  but  being  a  soft 
composition,  ami  easily  melted,  is  now  less  used. 

2.  Vessels  or  utensils  made  of  pewter,  as  plates, 
dishes,  [Kirringcrs,  and  the  like.  MdLion. 

PEW'TER-ER,  71.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

vessels  and  utensils  of  pewter.  Boyle. 
PI'.\V'T1",R-Y,  a.    Belonging  to  pewter  ;  as,  a  pewlrry 
PEX'I-TY,  n.    The  nap  of  cloth.  [taste. 
PHa'E  'I'().\,  71.    [Gr.,  from  d>n,v(o,  to  shine.] 

1.  In  mi/thology,  the  son  of  Phcrbus  and  Clyniene, 
or  of  Ccphalus  and  Aurora,  that  is,  the  son  of  light, 
or  of  the  sun.  This  aspiring  youth  begged  of  Phoe- 
bus that  he  would  permit  him  to  guide  the  chariot  of 
tlh'  sun,  in  doing  which  he  manifi  sted  want  of  skill, 
and  being  struck  with  a  tliunilrrbolt  by  Jupiter,  he 
was  hurled  heatlltuig  Into  tlw  Kivi>r  Po.  This  fable 
probably  originated  in  the  ap(M-araiicc  of  a  comet 
with  a  splriidiil  train,  which  passed  from  the  sight 
in  the  north-west  of  Italy  and  Greece. 

2.  .An  open  carriage  like  a  chaise,  on  four  wheels, 
and  drawn  by  two  horses. 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^Lh,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


PHA 


PHA 


PHI 


3.  In  orniViology,  a  genus  of  palmiped  birds,  the 
tropic  bird. 
PHAG-E-Dk'NA,  n.    [Gr.  (A(i)f(!(ian.] 

A  spreading,  obstinate  ulcer  ;  a  canine  appetite. 
PIIA(i-t;-DEj\'ie,  a.    [Gr.  0a)£(!aivi<tos,  from  ijiayia, 
to  eat.] 

Pertaining  to  phagedena  ;  of  the  nature  and  char- 
acter of  pliagedena;  as,  a  phagedenic  ulcer  or  medi- 
cine. 

Phagedenic  water,  is  made  from  (juick-litnc  and 
corrosive  sublimate,  and  therefore  is  composed  of 
rlilorid  of  calcium  and  red  oxyd  of  mercury. 

PII.\G-E-DE.\'ie,  n.  A  medicine  or  application  tli  it 
causes  the  absorption,  or  the  deatli  and  slousihins  of 
fiinsous  flesh.  F.nnjc.  lluojirr. 

PlIA(5-E-DK'NOUS,a.  Causing  absorption  of  tlie  tlesh, 
as  in  phagedena  i  of  the  nature  of  pliagedena. 

P1IA-LAN"GAL,  )  a.     lielouging  to  the  iihutnngns, 

Pll  A-L.AN'GI-AL,  S  or  small  bones  of  the  lingers 
and  toes. 

PIIA-LAN'GER,  n.  [from  phalanx,  phalamrrs.]  A 
name  common  to  several  species  of  marsupial  cpiad- 
rupeds,  of  the  genus  Phalarista,  inhabiting  New  Hol- 
land, Van  Diemen's  Land,  and  the  islands  north  of 
New  Holland.  The  hinder  feel  have  a  large  oppo- 
sable thumb,  which  is  nailless,  with  four  toes  aruu-d 
with  claws,  and  the  two  innermost  of  the  toes  are 
joined  together  almost  to  the  extremity.  They  are 
nocturnal  in  their  habits,  and  live  in  trees. 

Jardinc^s  J^at.  Lib. 

PHA-LAN'Cf.S,  n.  pi.  [from  phalanx.]  In  anatumij, 
the  small  bones  of  the  hngers  and  toes. 

PIIA-LAN'GI-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  ipaXayyiov,  a  kind  of 
spider,  from  0(iX(i) 

Pertaining  to  the  genua  of  spiders  denominated 
(t'aXat  1  loi ,  ph.alangium.  Brown. 

PHAL'AN-GITE,  n.  [Gr.  i(,a\ayynrif,  a  legionary 
soldier.] 

A  soldier  belonging  to  a  phalanx.  Milford. 

PIIAL-AN-STe'RI-A.V,  n.  A  friend  of  social  science, 
the  new  philosophy  of  Fourier. 

Pll  AL-AN-STif,'RI  AN,  a.  Relating  to  phalansterian- 
ism,  or  the  doctrine  of  association. 

PHAL-AN-STE'Rl-AN-IS.M,n.  The  system  of  Charles 
Fourier,  whose  leading  inculcation  is,  that  the  evils 
which  mainly  afflict  mankind  are  social  in  their  na- 
ture, and  that  their  only  remedy  is  in  a  reorganiz.a- 
tion  of  society  upon  principles  analogous  to  those  of 
a  joint-stock  company;  each  community  to  consist 
of  from  500  to  2000  persons,  living  in  one  spacious 
edifice,  cultivating  a  large  domain,  prosecuting  in- 
dustry in  common,  but  sharing  its  proceeds  according 
to  their  capital,  skill,  and  labor.  Orcelcij. 

PIIAL'AN-STE-RY,  n.  [from  phalanx.]  A  name 
given  to  the  grand  edifice  which  is  to  be  the  ctun- 
mon  dwelling  of  all  the  inhabitants  or  members  of 
an  association,  according  to  the  theory  and  projection 
of  Charles  Fourier. 

PHAL'ANX,  (fal'anks,)  n.    [L.  ;  Gr.  <pa\a^  (.] 

1.  In  Grecian  antiquity,  a  square  battalion  or  body 
of  soldiers,  formed  in  ranks  and  files  close  and  deep, 
with  their  shields  joined  and  pikes  crossing  each  other, 
so  as  to  render  it  almost  impossible  to  break  it.  The 
Macedonian  phalanx,  celebrated  for  its  force,  con- 
sisted of  8000  men  ;  but  smaller  bodies  of  soldiers 
were  called  by  the  same  name.     Encyc.  Mitford. 

2.  Any  body  of  troops  or  men  formed  in  close 
array,  or  any  combination  of  people  distinguished  for 
firmness  and  solidity  of  union. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  rows  of  small  bones  forming 
the  fingers,  or  the  toes. 

PH.XL'.VROPE,  n.  The  name  of  several  species  of 
wading  birds  of  the  genus  Phalaropus.  They  are 
chiefly  northern  in  locality,  breed  on  the  sea-shores, 
and  freely  swim,  sometimes  venturing  far  out  to  sea. 

Jar  dine. 

PHAN-E-RO-Ga'MI-AN,  )  a.     [Gr.  <t,avepos,  man- 

PlIAN-E-RO-GAM'ie,     }     ifest,  and  ya,(oj,  mar- 

PHAN-E-ROG'A-MOUS,  )  riage.] 

Plants  having  visible  flowers,  containing  stamens 
and  pistils,  are  called  phanerogamic  or  phanerogamous. 

PHAN'T.VS.M,  (fan'tazm,)  n.  [Gr.  ipavraciia,  from 
0(inra;w,  to  show,  from  the  root  of  ^aifu,  to  shine  j 
ipaiv  'itat,  to  appear.] 

That  which  appears  to  the  mind  ;  the  image  of  an 
external  object ;  hence,  an  idea  or  notion.  It  usu- 
ally denotes  a  vain  or  airy  appearance;  sonictliing 
imagined. 

All  the  interim  Ii 
Like  a  phajibum,  or  a  hideoua  dream.  Sliok. 
PIIAN-TAS-MA-GO'RI-A, )  n,     [Gr.  ((lavraGaa  and 
i'llAN'-TAS'MA-GO-RY,    j  aynpao^a,.] 

A  term  applied  to  representations  made  by  a  magic 
lantern  ;  also,  a  magic  lantern. 
Pll  AX-TAS-MA-GO'RI-AL,  a.  RelaUng  to  the  optical 

exhibition  called  phanlasmagoria. 
PIIAN'-TAS'TIS,  f   a     i>  av 
Pll  \N'TA-!3Y      I         Fantastic  and  Fahct. 

PIIAX'TOM,  n.  [Fr.  fantime,  corrupted  from  L. 
phantjiitma.] 

1.  Something  that  appears  ;  an  apparition  ;  a 
siwcter. 

SlringY^  phantoTnt  riling  aa  Uie  mist«  ariae.  Pop*. 

2.  A  fancied  vision.  Pope. 


P1Ia'R.\-ON,  ;i.  The  name  of  a  game  of  chance; 
now  written  Faro. 

PIlAR-A-0\'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Pharaohs  or 
kings  of  Egvpt,  or  to  the  old  Egyptians.  J^irbuhr. 

PHAR-I-SS'ie,       j  a.     (from  Pharisee.]  P.rtain- 

PHAH-I-SA'ie-.\L,  (  ing  to  the  Pharisees  ;  r('sem- 
bling  the  Pharisees,  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  distin- 
guished by  their  zeal  for  the  traditions  of  the  elders, 
and  by  their  exact  observance  of  these  traditions  and 
the  ritual  law.  Hence  pharisaic  denotes  addicted 
to  external  forms  and  ceremonies  ;  making  a  show 
of  religion  without  the  spirit  of  it;  as,  pharisaic  holi- 
ness. Bacon. 

PIlAR-I-SA'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  Phar- 
isees. 

Pll.\R-I-SA'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  Devotion  to  external 
riles  and  ceremonies  ;  external  show  of  religion 
without  the  spirit  of  it. 

PHAll'l-SA-ISM,  II.  The  notions,  doctrines,  and  con- 
duct of  the  Pharisees,  as  a  sect. 

2.  Rigid  observance  of  external  forms  of  religion 
without  genuine  piety  ;  liypocrisy  in  religion. 

Knciic.  Milner. 

PIIAR-I  Se'AN,  a.  Following  the  practice  of  the 
Pharisees.  Mdlon. 

PH  AR'I-SEE,  71.    [Ileb.  DID,  to  separate.] 

One  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  whose  religion 
consisted  in  a  strict  observance  of  rites  and  cereuio- 
nics  and  of  the  traditions  of  the  elders,  and  whose 
pretended  holiness  led  them  to  separate  themselves 
as  a  sect,  considering  themselves  as  more  righteous 
than  other  J(!Ws. 

PH.\R-.M.\-CEO'Tie,        )  a.     [Gr.  ipapaaKCvrtKos, 

PIl.\R-.M.V-CEO'Tie-AL,  i  from  limppaKivio,  to 
practice  witchcraft,  or  use  medicine  ;  ijiajjuaKon, 
poison,  or  medicine.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Knowledge  or  art  of  pharmacy, 
or  to  the  art  of  pre'pariiig  medicines. 

PH.\R-.M.\-CEu'Tie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of 
pharmacy. 

PHXR-.MA-CEO'TieS,  (-su'tiks,)  n.  The  science  of 
preparing  medicines.  Parr. 

PIIXR-MA-CEO'TIST,  n.  One  who  prepares  medi- 
cines, 

PHAR-MACO-LtTE,  n.  Native  arseniate  of  lime, 
snow  white,  or  milk  white,  inclining  to  reddish  or 
yellowish  white.  It  occurs  in  small,  reniform,  bot- 
ryoidal,  and  globular  masses,  and  has  a  silky  luster. 

Did. 

PHXR-MA-eOL'O-CIST,  n.  [Gr.  (papjtaKov  and 
Xeyat.] 

One  th.at  is  well  skilled  in  or  writes  on  drugs,  or 
the  composition  and  preparation  of  medicines. 

tVoodtoard. 

PIIAR-MA-€OL'0-GY,  n.  [Supra.]  The  science  or 
knowledge  of  drugs,  or  the  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. 

2.  A  treatise  on  the  art  of  preparing  medicines. 

Encye. 

PHXR-MA-eO-PCE'IA,  n.  [Gr.  (papiiaKov  and  ttouoi, 
to  make.] 

A  dispensatory ;  a  book  or  treatise  describing  the 
preparations  of  the  several  kinds  of  medicines, 
either  with  or  without  their  uses  and  manner  of 
application. 

PIlXR-MA-eOP'0-LIST,n.  [Gr.  dapuaKOv  and  iruAfcj, 
to  sell.] 

One  th.at  sells  medicines  ;  an  apothecary. 

PIIXR'M.\-CY,  71.  [Gr.  <p  ippaKcia,  a  medicament, 
whether  salutary  or  poisonous.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  prep,iring,  preserving,  and 
compounding  substances,  whether  vegetable,  mineral, 
or  animal,  for  the  purposes  of  medicine ;  the  occupa- 
tiim  of  an  apothecary.  Kneyc. 

PII.\'ROS,  II.  [Gr.  ipupof.  This  word  is  generally 
supposed  to  be  taken  from  the  name  of  a  small 
isle,  near  Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  But  qu.  is  not  the 
word  from  the  root  of  f.re,  or  from  the  Celtic  fairim, 
to  watch,  and  the  isle  so  called  from  the  tower 
upon  it ] 

1.  A  lighthouse  or  tower  which  anciently  stood 
on  a  small  isle  of  that  name,  adjoining  the  Egyptian 
shore,  over  against  Alexandria.  It  consisted  of  sev- 
eral stories  and  galleries,  with  a  lantern  on  the  top, 
which  was  kept  burning  at  night  as  a  guide  to  sea- 
men. Encyc.  .inter.  Jlrbert. 

2.  Any  lighthouse  for  the  direction  of  seamen  ; 
a  watchtower  ;  a  beacon. 

PlIA  RVN'CE-AL,  0.  Belonginglo  or  connected  with 
the  pharvnx. 

PHAR-YN-GOT'0-MY,n.  [Gr.  fapvy{,lhe  muscular 
and  glandular  bag  that  le.ads  to  the  esophagus,  and 
rniv  ■,  to  cut.] 

The  operation  of  making  an  incision  into  the 
pharynx,  to  remove  a  tumor  or  any  thing  that  ob- 
structs the  passage.  Coxe, 

PHAR'Y.NX,  (far'inks,)  n.  [Gr.]  The  upper  part  of 
the  esophagus ;  or  a  muscular  bag  leading  to  the 
esophagus. 

PHASE,    )  n. ;  pi.  Phmt.).    [Gr.  (^uirif,  from  (^aiKJ, 

PHA'SIS,  j     0a<,i,  to  shine.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  an  appearance  ;  that  which 
is  exhibited  to  the  eye;  appropriately,  any  a|)pear- 
ance  or  quantity  of  illumination  of  the  moon  or 


otliiT  planet.  The  moon  presents  dilTercnt  phases  at 
the  full  and  the  fpiailraliire. 

•2.  In  miiieru^oj!.';/,  lnins|iarent  green  quartz.  Cye. 
PII.A'SEL,  71.    [(;r.  •liaatiSiif  or  di'iaiuXof.] 

The  French  bean  or  kidney  bean. 

pil  to;  w  I 

PHAS'.m\  (  "■  (^luiKW,  0110),  supra.] 

Appearance  ;  fancied  apparition  ;  phantom.  [Lit- 
tle used.  ]  Hammond. 

PHAS'SA-CHSTE,  ji.  The  lead-colored  agate.  [See 
-Agate.]  Encyc. 

PHEAS'A.N'T,  (fez'ant,)  lu  [Fr. /ai.van  ;  U.  fag'iano  ; 
^\*.  /aijsan  ;  L.  pha.'iianus ;  Gr.  ipaaiui  o^;  Russ.  pha- 
zan  ;  sup|M)sed  to  be  so  named  from  the  River  Phasis, 
ill  Asia.  Itut  is  it  not  from  some  root  signifying  to 
be  spoiled  ?    See  Class  Us,  No.  34  ] 

A  name  common  to  several  species  of  gallinaceous 
birds,  principally  of  the  genus  Phasiaiiiis.  They  are 
highly  esteeiiieil  lor  the  beauty  of  their  plumage,  the 
elegance  of  llieir  forms,  and  the  delicacy  of  their 
flesh.    All  the  known  species  are  natives  of  Asi.a. 

Partington. 

PIIEAS'ANT-RY,  n.  A  building  or  place  for  keeping 
and  rearing  pheasants.  Gteilt. 

PHEER,  n.  A  companion,  [flax,  gefera.]  [SeePr.EH.] 

PHEESE,  r.  t.    To  comb.    [See  Fease.J 

PHEE.<5'KI),  pp.    Combed;  fleeced. 

PlIEN'GITE,  71.  [Gr.  ipcyyirns,  from  (fcyyu,  to 
shine.] 

A  beautiful  species  of  alabaster,  superior  in  bright- 
ness to  most  species  of  marbles.  Encyc, 
PHEN'I-CIN,  71.    [Gr.  ^oii-f {,  purple.] 

A  purple  powder  precipitated  when  a  sulphuric  so- 
lution of  indigo  is  diluted  with  water. 
PIlE.\-I-eOP'TER,  71.  [Gr.  ^oiniruTrrtp-ij,  red-winged, 
ipoti'tK"(,  red,  and  tttcoki',  wing.] 

A  gnillati.ry  bird  of  the  genus  Pha?nicopteriis,  the 
flamingo,  inhabiting  the  warm  latitudes  of  both  con- 
tinents. HakewiU.  ■ 
PIlic'Nl.X,  (fe'niks,)  n.    [Gr.  ?io<n{;  L.  plurnii,  the 
palm  or  date  tree,  and  a  fowl.] 

1.  The  fabulous  bird  which  is  said  to  exist  single, 
and  to  rise  again  from  its  own  ashes  ;  hence,  used  as 
an  einblein  of  immortality.  Locke 

2.  A  person  of  singular  distinction. 

3.  A  southern  constellation,  near  Achernar. 
PHE.V-O-Ga'.MI-AN,  ) 

PHEN-O-GA.M'ie,     >a.    [Gr.  0aii'w  and  vopos.] 
PlIE-.\OG'A-M()IIS,  ) 

In  botany,  having  stamens  and  pistils  distinctly 
visible. 

PHE-NOM'F^NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  phenomenon, 
or  appearance.  Btb.  Hep. 

PIIE-NOM'E-NAlj-LY,  arfr.    As  a  phenomenon. 

PHE-NOM-E-NOL'O-CY,  7t.     [phenomenon  and  Gr. 
A  .)  Of,  a  discourse.] 
A  description  or  history  of  phenomena.  Encyc. 

PHE-NO.M'E-NON,  n. ;  pi.  Phenomena.  [Gr.  0ai- 
vopcfov,  from  tpatvopai,  to  appear.] 

In  a  general  sense,  an  appearance  ;  any  thing  risi- 
ble ;  whatever  is  presented  to  the  eye  by  observation 
or  experiment,  or  whatever  is  discovered  to  exist; 
as,  the  phenomena  of  the  natural  world  ;  the  phenome- 
na of  heavenly  bodies,  or  of  terrestrial  substances ; 
the  phenomena  of  heat  or  of  color.  It  sometimes  de- 
notes a  remarkable  or  unusual  appearance,  or  an  ap- 
pearance whose  cause  is  not  iiiinied Lately  obvious. 

Pll  IC  ON,  71,  In  heraldry,  the  barbed  iron  head  of  a 
dart. 

PHI'AI,,  (fi'.al,)  71.  [L.  phiala;  Gr.  0iaXij;  Pers.  pia- 
lah  ]  It.  fiale  :  Fr.  fiole.] 

1.  .\  glass  vessel  or  bottle  ;  in  common  usage,  a 
small  glass  vessel  used  for  holding  liijuors,  and  par- 
tienlarly  liquid  medicines.  It  is  often  written  and 
pronounced  Vial. 

2.  A  large  vessel  or  bottle  made  of  glass ;  as,  the 
Lnjden  phial,  which  is  a  glass  vessel  partly  coated 
with  tin  foil,  to  be  used  in  electrical  experiments. 

PHI'AL,  r.  I.    To  put  or  keep  in  a  phial.  Shenslone, 
PH[I.-A-I1EI/P1I1-AN,  a.    [Gr.        4  and  af,X,i'  j.] 
Pertaining  to  Philadelphia,  or  to  Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phiis. 

PllIL-A-DEL'PHI-AN,  n.  One  of  the  Family  of  Love. 

Taller, 

PHIL-AN-THROP'ie,       (a.    [See  Philanthropt.] 

PllIl>-A.\-THl!OP'ie-AL,  I     Possessing  general  be- 
nevolence ;  entertaining  g(M»d  will  toward  all  men  ; 
2.  Directed  to  the  general  go<}d.   [loving  mankind. 

PHII^AN-THROP'ie-AL-LY, a<ip.  With  philanthro- 
py ;  benevulentlv. 

PHi-LA.\'THRO-PIST,  ti.  A  person  of  general  be- 
nevolence ;  one  who  loves  or  wishes  well  to  his  ffl- 
low-meii,  and  who  exerts  himself  in  doing  them  good. 

PHI-LAN'TIIRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  0i>£...,  to  love,  or  <p,- 
Ar)s  ,  a  friend,  and  ai^fhum  >f,  man.] 

'I'he  love  of  mankind  ;  benevolence  toward  the 
whole  human  family  ;  universal  good  will.  It  iliflers 
from  Frienuship,  as  the  latter  is  an  affection  for  in- 
dividuals. Encyc.  .Addison. 

PlIimxR-MON'ie,  a.    Loving  harmony  or  music 

PHIL-HEL'LE.\-UST,  n.    [Gr.  and  'EXA'/iij.] 

A  friend  of  Greece  ;  one  who  supports  the  cause 
and  interests  of  the  Greeks  ;  particularly  one  who 
supported  them  in  their  late  struggle  with  the  Turks. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — G  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


103' 


QQQ- 


821 


PHI 


PHL 


PHO 


PHIL'I-BEG,  n.    A  plaid  or  garment  reaching  only  to 

the  knees.  [Scotck.] 
PHIL-IP  Pie,  n.  An  oration  of  Demosthenes,  the 
Grecian  orator,  against  Phihp,  kin«  of  Macedon,  In 
which  the  orator  aroused  the  Athenians  from  their 
indolence.  Hence,  the  word  is  used  to  denote  any 
discourse  or  declamation  full  of  acrimonious  invec- 
tive. The  fourteen  orations  of  Cicero  against  Mark 
Antonv  are  also  called  Philippics. 
PHIL'IP-PIZE,  r.  i.  To  write  or  utter  invective;  to 
declaim  against.    [Unw,'iial.]  Burhe. 

2.  To  side  with  Philip;  to  support  or  advocate 
Philip.  Strift. 
I    PHIL-IS'TIXE,  (-tin,)  n.    An  inhabitant  of  Palestine, 
I       now  Syria. 

PHIL-IS'TIN-ISM,  n.   Manners  of  the  Philistines. 

Carhile. 

PHIL'LIPS-ITE,  n.    [from  W.  Phillips.]    A  mineral 
allied  to  Harinotone,  from  which  it  aifTers  in  cun- 
tainin;;  lime  instead  of  barj  ta.  Dana. 
PHI-LOL'O-GER,  )  n.  One  versed  in  the  history  and 
PHI-LOL'O-GIST,  (     construction  of  language.  Phi- 
lologist is  generally  used. 
PHIL-O-LOG'ie,       j  a.     [Pee  Philology.]  Per- 
PHIL-O  LOG'ie-AL, )     taining  to  philology,  or  to 

the  study  and  knowledge  of  languase.  fVatt.'s. 
PHIL-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  philological  man- 
ner. 

PH[-LOL'0-GIZE,  V.  i.  To  offer  criticisms.  [Little 
used.]  Erelijii. 

PHI-LOL'0-6Y,  n.  [Gr.  $i>oXo>ia;  0iA£a),  to  love, 
and  Aoj  oj,  a  word.] 

1.  Primarilij,  a  love  of  words,  or  a  desire  to  know 
the  origin  and  construction  of  language.  In  a  more 
general  sense^ 

2.  That  branch  of  literature  which  comprehends  a 
knowledge  of  the  etymology  or  origin  and  combina- 
tion of  words ;  grammar,  the  construction  of  sen- 
tences or  use  of  words  in  language  ;  criticism,  the 
interpretation  of  authors,  the  athnities  of  different 
languages,  and  whatever  relates  to  the  history  or 
present  state  of  languages.  It  sometimes  includes 
rhetoric,  poetry,  history,  and  antiquities. 

PHI'LO-.MATH,  71.    [Gr.  ipiXo)ialiiii ;  tpiXos,  a  lover, 
and  iiaiSavu,  to  learn.] 
A  lover  of  learning. 

PHI-LO-MATH'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  love  of  learn- 
ing. 

a.  Having  a  love  of  letters.  Rrpos. 
PHIL'O-.MATH-Y,  n.    The  love  of  learning. 
PHI'LO-.MEL,      j  n.     [from  Philomela,  daughter  of 
PIIIL-O-.Me'LA,  j     Pandion,  king  of  Athens,  who 
was  changed  into  a  nightingale.] 
The  nightingale.  Pape. 
PHIL'O-.MOT,  a.    [Corrupted  from  Fr.  fcuille  murte,  a 
dead  leaf.] 

Of  the  color  of  a  dead  leaf.  Aildlson. 

PHIL-O-Mp'Sie-AL,  a.    Loving  music.  Busbtj. 

PHIIi-O  Pk'aVA,  n.  A  email  present  made  in  accord- 
ance with  a  custom  said  to  have  been  introduced 
from  Germany.  A  person  who,  in  eating  almonds, 
finds  one  containing  two  kernels,  presents  one  of 
tli  -in  to  a  person  of  the  opposite  sex,  and  whichever, 
when  they  next  meet,  shall  first  say,  Philopena,  is  en- 
titled to  receive  from  the  other  a  present  bearing  this 
name.  The  expression  in  German  is  viel  liebcken, 
much  loved,  pronounced  somewhat  like  phil-ip'ken. 
Some,  therefore,  suppose  this  to  be  the  origin  of  the 
word,  by  a  change  of  termination  into  pena,  (L. 
pirna,)  from  an  idea  that  the  gift  was  a  pi  nalty. 
Others  would  derive  it  directly  from  ipiXus,  a  friend, 
and  pirna,  penalty.  —  Ed. 

PHlL-O-PO-LEM'ie,  a.  [Gr.  <pi\'is,  a  lover,  and 
TTvA  iiiKof,  warlike.] 

Killing  over  opposite  or  contending  natures;  an 
epithi  t  of  Minerva.  Pausanias,  Trans. 

PHI  LO-PKO  GE.N'I-TIVE-N'EPS,  n.  Among  phre- 
jiidogislj,  the  love  of  offspring  or  of  young  children. 

PHI-LOS'O-I'HAS-TER,  n.  A  pretender  to  philoso- 
phy. 

PH1-I,0S'0-PHATE,  ».  i.  [I-.,  pkilosophor,  philosopha- 
tus.j 

'lo  play  the  philoaopher  ;  to  moralize.    [JVof  used.] 

Barrow. 

PHr-I,OS-0-PHA'TIO\,  n.    Philosophical  discussion. 

[.Vr)(  iLied.]  Petty. 
PHI  I.OS'O-PHEME,  R.    [Gr.  (j.^oni^^a.] 

Prinripli'  of  reasoning  ;  a  theorem.    [Little  used.] 
PI1I-I,()S'0-PIIF,R,  n.    [See  Philos  jphv.]    A  person 
versed  in  philosophy,  or  in  the  principles  of  nature 
and  morality  ;  one  who  devotes  liimself  to  the  study 
'       of  physics,  or  of  moral  or  Intellectual  science. 

2.  In  n  general  <nu<,  one  who  is  profoundly  versed 
in  any  science. 

Philosopher's  sttrmi  a  Stone  or  preparation  which 
the  alchemiKts  formerly  sought,  as  the  instrument  of 
rrmverting  the  bajer  metals  into  (iiire  gold. 
PHII^O  SOPH'IC,        ja.    Pert-uning  to  iihiloflophy  ; 
PHII.-f)-SOPH'!e-AL,  I     as,  a  philosophical  experi- 
ment or  problem. 

■i.  Proceeding  from  philosophy  ;  as,  philosophic 
pride. 

.'I.  .Suitable  to  philosophy  ;  arcording  lo  philoso- 
j       phy  ;  as, /f/iiio«opAj««i  reasoning  or  arguments. 


FAT^,  FAR,  F^I'L,  WHAT.  — 


4.  Skilled  in  philosophy;  as,  a  philosophical  histo- 
rian. 

5.  Given  to  philosophy  ;  as,  a  philosophical  mind. 

6.  Regulated  by  philosophy  or  the  rules  of  reason  ; 
as,  philosophic  fare.  Onidcn. 

7.  Calm ;  cool  ;  temperate ;  rational  ;  such  as 
characterizes  a  philosopher. 

PHIL-O-SOPH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  philosophical 
manner  ;  according  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  phi- 
losophy ;  as,  to  argue  philosophicully. 
2.  Calmlv  :  wisely  ;  rationally. 

PHI-LOS'O-PHIS.M,  71.  [Gr.  iji.Xos,  a  lover,  and  ao- 
ipiopi  ,  sophism.] 

1.  The  love  of  fallacious  arguments  or  false  rea- 
soning. 

2.  The  practice  of  sophistn'.  Ch.  Obs. 
PHI-LOS'O-PHIST,  71.    A  lover  of  sophistry;  one 

who  prnctici'.;  sophi-tiy.  Porleus. 
PHI-LOS-O-PIUS  T'IC,        i  a.  Pertaining  to  the  1.  ve 
PHI-LOS-O-PlllST'ie-AL,  (     or  practice  of  sophis- 

trj-. 

PHI-LOS'O-PIIIZE,  V.  i.  [from  philosophy.]  To  rea- 
son like  a  philosopher  ;  to  search  into  the  reason  and 
nature  of  things  ;  to  investigate  phenomena  and  as- 
sign rational  causes  for  their  existence.  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  lays  down  four  rules  for  philosophizing. 

Two  doctors  of  the  schools  were  phUosophizing  on  thi*  arlv.tn- 
ta^-s  of  mankind  above  all  other  cnjiitures.    U Estrange. 

PHI  LOS'O-PHIZ-ER,  n.    One  who  philosophizes. 
PHI-LOS'O-PHIZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Searching  into  the 

reasons  of  things  ;  assigning  reasons  for  phenomena. 
PHI-LOS'O-PHY,  71.    [L.  philosophia  ;  Gr.  0iXoto0.u  ; 

<l>tXia,  love  ;  (pi\eo),  to  love,  and  rru0in,  wisdom.] 

1.  Literally,  the  love  of  wisdom.  But  in  modern 
acceptation,  philosophy  is  a  general  term  denoting  an 
explaiiaticm  of  the  reasons  of  things  ;  or  an  investi- 
gation of  the  causes  of  all  phenomena,  both  of  mind 
and  of  matter.  When  applied  to  any  particular  de- 
partment of  knowledge,  it  denotes  the  collection  of 
general  laws  or  principles  under  which  all  the  sub- 
ordinate phenomena  or  facts  relating  to  that  subject 
are  comprehended.  Thus,  that  branch  of  philosophy 
which  treats  of  God,  &c.,  is  called  thcolorry  ;  th.at 
which  treats  of  nature  is  called  physics,  including 
natural  philosophy  and  natural  history;  that  whicli 
treats  of  man  is  called /o^'-j'c  and  ethics,  or  moral  phi- 
losophy: that  which  treats  of  the  mind  is  called  intel- 
lectual or  mental  philosophy,  or  metaphysics. 

The  objects  of  philosophy  are  to  ascertain  facts  or 
truth,  antl  the  causes  of  things  or  their  phenomena  ; 
to  enlarge  our  views  of  God  and  his  works,  and  to 
render  our  knowledge  of  both  practically  useful,  and 
subservient  to  human  happiness. 

Truf  r'li^on  and  true  philosophy  must  ultimately  arrive  at  the 
Biinie  principle.  S.  S.  Smitli. 

2.  Hypothesis  or  system  on  which  natural  effects 
are  explained. 

We  shall  ill  vain  interpret  tlieir  words  by  the  notions  of  our 
philosophy  and  the  doctrines  in  our  schools.  Locke. 

X  Reasoning  ;  argumentation.  Milton. 
4.  Course  of  sciences  read  in  the  schools.  Johnson. 
PHIL-O-TECH'iMe,  a.     Having  an  attachment  to 
the  arts. 

PHIL'TER,  (fil'ter,)  ti.  [Fr.  philtre;  h.  phillra;  Gr. 
ipiXrtiov,  from  ■/hXcoj,  to  love,  onJiAos.] 

1.  A  potion  intended  or  adapted  to  excite  love. 

Addison. 

2.  A  charm  to  excite  love. 

PHIL'TER,  0.  t.  To  impregnate  with  a  love  potion  ; 
as,  to  philter  a  draught. 

2.  To  charm  to  love;  to  excite  to  love  or  animal 
desire  by  a  potion. 

PHIL'TEil-/;D,  pp.    Impregnated  with  a  love  potion. 

PHIZ,  (fiz,)  ji.  [Supposed  to  be  a  contraction  u{ physi- 
ognomy.] 

The  face  or  visage,  in  contempt.  Strpneii. 
PHLE-BOT'O-MIST,  71.    [See  Phlebotomy.]  One 

that  opens  a  vein  for  letting  blood  ;  a  blootl-lclter. 
PHLE-liOT'O-MIZE,  v.  t.    To  let  blood  from  a  vein. 

Ifowcfl. 

PHI,E-BOT'0-MIZ-£D,pp.  Having  blood  let  from  a 
vein. 

PHLE-BOT'O-MIZ-ING,  ppr.  Letting  blood  from  a 
vein. 

PHLE-ROT'O-MY,  n.     [Gi.  ^Xt0oropta ;  ^Act/-,  a 

vein,  and  tciipm,  to  cut.] 
The  act  or  practrce  of  opening  a  vein  for  letting 

blood  for  the  cure  of  diseases  or  preserving  health. 
PHLEGM,  fflciii,)  71.    [Gr.  (^Atj /vt,  intlaninirition,  and 

pitiiitous  matter,  from  ib^'y"'^,  to  burn  ;  hence,  the 

word  must  have  originally  expressed  the  matter 

formed  by  suppuration.] 

1.  ('olii  animal  fluid  ;  watery  matter;  one  of  the 
four  humors  of  which  the  ancients  supposed  the 
blood  to  be  composed.  Core.  F.ncye. 

2.  In  common  iisa^e,  hronchi.al  mucus;  the  thick, 
vise  d  matter  serri  ted  in  the  throat. 

3.  Among  c/iciTiijts,  water,  or  the  water  of  distilla- 
tion.   [Obs.]  Core. 

4.  Dullness ;  coldness ;  sluggishness  ;  indiffer- 
ence. 

PHLEG'MA  GOGIJE,  f phleg'ma-gog,)  71.  [(Ir.  </,Ar> /la, 
phlegm,  and  ay  10,  to  drive.] 


A  term  anciently  used  to  denote  a  medicine  sup- 
posed to  possess  the  property  of  expelling  phlegm. 
[Obs.]  Encyc.  Floyer. 

PHLEG-MAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  (bXtypariK.^f.] 

1.  Abounding  in  phlegm;  as,  phlegmatic  humors; 
a  phleo-matic  constitution.  Harveu. 

2.  Generating  phlegm ;  as,  plegmatic  meat.  Shall. 

3.  Watery.  J^Tnoton. 

4.  Cold;  dull;  sluggish;  heavy;  not  easily  ex- 
cited into  action  or  passion  ;  as,  a  phlegmatic  temper 
or  temperament.  .Addison. 

PHLEG-MAT'I€-AL-LY,  adi7.   Coldly;  heavily. 

ff'arburton. 

PHLEG'MON,  71.  [Gr.  tpXcypovri,  '"rom  liXtyo,,  to  burn.] 
A  specific,  cutaneous,  hemispheric,  and  defineii 
inflammatory  tumor,  red,  tensive,  glabrous,  painful, 
polarized,  suppurating,  pus  perfect,  bursting  at  the 
pole.  Tullii. 

PHLEG'MON-OUS,  a.  Having  the  nature  or  proper- 
tii  s  of  a  phlegmon  ;  being  of  the  same  specific  inflam- 
mation as  a  phlegmon  ;  as,  a  phlegmonous  Pneumoni- 
tis. Harvey. 

PHLicME,  71.  [Arm.  Jlemm,  a  sharp  point.]  See 
Fleam. 

PHLO-GIS'TIAN,  (flo-jist'yan,)  n.    A  believer  in  the 

existence  of  phlogiston. 
PHI.n-GIS'Tie,  a.    [See  Phlogiston.]    In  chemistry, 

partaking  of  phlogiston  ;  inflaming.  jldams. 
2.  Ill  medicine,  entonic  or  sthenic,  that  is,  attended 

with  a  preternatural  degree  of  vital  energy  and 

strength  of  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 
PHLO-GIS'TIC-aTE,  v.  t.    To  combine  phlogiston 

with. 

PHLO-GIS'Tie-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Combined  with 
]ihlogistoii. 

PHLO-GIS-TI€-A'TION,  ti.  The  act  or  process  of 
combining  with  phlogiston. 

PHLO-GIS'TON,  (flo-jis'ton,)  71.  [Gr.  (pXoyi^o;,  firom 
<pXo)  1^(0,  to  burn  or  inflame  ;  ^Acj  w,  to  burn.] 

The  principle  of  intlaminability ;  the  matter  of  fire 
in  composition  with  other  bodies.  Stahl  gave  this 
name  to  a  hypothetical  element,  which  he  supposed  to 
be  pure  fire  fixed  in  combustible  bodies,  in  order  to 
distinguish  it  from  fire  in  action  or  in  a  state  of  lib- 
eilv.  Burtram. 

PlILO-RID'ZIN,  71.  [Gr.  0Xoios,  0A»os,  bark,  and 
ptv'i,  root.] 

A  rrysiallizable  substance  closely  alliei  to  salicin, 
of  a  hitler,  astringent  taste,  obtained  from  the  bark  of 
the  root  of  the  apple,  pear,  and  some  other  trees. 

Graham. 

PHo'GA,  71.  [Gr.  and  L.,  a  seal.]  In  zo'dloiry,  a  genus 
of  niiijiiiinls;  the  seal;  sea-bear;  sea-calf! 

PHO-Cl'.'XlN',  «.    [Gr.  c/iM>t,iiin,  a  porpoise.] 

A  fatty  substance  contained  in  the  oil  of  the  por- 
poise.   By  saponification,  phocenic  acid  is  formed. 

PHo'CINE,  (-sin,)  a.    Pertaining  to  the  seal  tribe. 

PHCE'BUS,  (fu'bus,)  71.  In  mytlwlogy,  a  name  of  Apollo, 
often  used  to  signify  tl»;  sun. 

PIKU'NIX.  SeePHENix. 

PHo'LA-DTTE,  71.  A  petrified  bivalve  shell  of  the 
geliiis  Pholas.  Jameson. 

PHO-i\ET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ipufririKos,  vocal,  from  <t>o)i>Ti, 
sound.] 

1.  Vocal.  Russell. 

2.  Representing  sounds  ;  as,  phonetic  characters, 
which  stand  for  sounds  ;  opposed  to  Iueogbaphic. 

PHO-NET'IOAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  expressive 
of  sounds  or  letters.  Oliddon. 

pliox'res!*^^'  I 

1.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  sounds,  especially 
those  i>f  the  human  voice.  Brande. 

2.  The  art  of  combining  musical  sounds.  .  Busby. 
PHO-NO-CAMP'Tie,  o.     [Gr.  ifnovri,  sound,  and 

Kuii-Tio,  to  inflect.] 

Ilaviiiii  the  power  to  inflect  sound,  or  turn  it  from 

its  direction,  and  thus  to  alter  it.  Derham. 
PIIO-.\0-GRAPIl'ie,       )  a.     Descriptive  of  the 
PIIO-NO-GRAPII'ie-.A.L,  i      sounds  of  the  voice. 
PHO-NOG'RA-PHIST,  71.  One  who  explains  the  kiws 

of  the  voice. 
PHO-NOG'RA-PHY,  77.    [Gr  (txovri  and  ;  oaij^r,.] 

1.  ,\  description  of  the  laws  of  the  human  voice, 
or  of  sounds  utlrred  by  the  organs  of  speech. 

2.  .\  representation  of  sounds,  each  by  its  distinct- 
ive chararter. 

PIl(")'XO-LITE,  71.  [Gr.  i^aii'7;,  sound,  and  AiS's", 
stone.] 

Sounding  stone  ;  a  name  proposed  as  &  (lubstiliite 
for  Ci  INK8TONE.  Dana. 

PIIO-.N'O  LOG'IC-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  phonology. 

PHO-NOL'O-GIST,  71.    One  versed  in  phiinology. 

PIK)-XOL'0-GY,  71.  [Gr.  (piovn,  sound,  voice,  and 
Ao)  Of,  discoiirsiT.] 

A  treatise  on  sounds,  or  the  science  or  doctrine  of 
the  elementary  sounds  utleri'd  by  the  human  voice 
in  speech,  including  its  various  distinctions  or  subdi- 
visions of  tones.  7)11  Ponceau. 

PH(')'\0-TYP-Y,  71.  A  projiosed  mode  of  printing,  in 
which  each  sound  of  the  voice  shall  be  represented 
by  a  dislinci  letter  or  type. 

PIIOR-O  NOM'ICR,  71.    [Gr.  (fcm.i  and  i-o/.d?.] 

'I'he  science  of  motion  ;  an  old  term  for  Mechakici. 


METE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


^22 


PHO 


PHT 


PHY 


rilOS'CEN,  a.     [(Jr.  0<os,  light,  and  j-tn'ow,  to 

gc'iicratt'.  ] 

(JemiiUinff  liclil.  riio^eeii  gas  is  gciicratcii  by 
t)ic  action  iif  liiitit  on  chlorini*  and  carbonic  o\yd  gas. 
It  is  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  carbon,  one  of 
oxygen,  and  one  of  chlorine;  and  is  now  called 
CHLoBo-rARBoNir  Ai  iD,  llio  name  of  Phosm;w  G\» 
havini;  fallen  into  disuse.  Sillimaii. 
PllOS'l'll.Vri;,  »i.     [^ee  Piiosi-iion  and  rno»PHo- 

BL'S.] 

A  snlt  formed  by  n  combination  of  jdiosidioric  acid 
with  a  salifiable  base.  Lacui-iicr. 

PlIOS'PlirrE,  71.  A  salt  formed  by  a  combination  of 
|ihos|ihorous  acid  with  a  salili.'ihlo  base.  Lacuuicr. 

PlloS'l'llO-LlTE,  71.  [plwxpltor  and  Gr.  AiWo,-,  a 
stone.] 

.■^n  earth  united  with  phosphoric  acid.  Klrican. 
PIIOS'PIIOK,  (fos'for,5  «.    [Gr.,)u.o./.r, rfx  )?,  liuht, 
from  1^11(0,  to  shine,  and  (/i£//u,  to  bring.   Sue  Phos- 
phorus.] 

The  morning  star  or  Lucifer;  Venus,  when  it 
precedes  the;  sun  arul  sliinesin  the  morning  In  this 
sense,  it  is  also  u'ritten  PMosPHonfs.  Pope. 

PHnS'PIIOR-ATi:,  t).  <.  To  combine  or  impregnate 
with  phosphorus. 

PH()S'I'IK)R-A-TF.D,  jip.  or  a.  Combined  or  impreg- 
nated with  phosphorus. 

PIl()S'PHOK-A-'l'lNG,  ppr.  Combining  with  plios- 
j>horus. 

PHO.-^-PIIOR-ESCE',  (fos-for-css,')  v.  i.    [See  Phos- 

PHORt'S.] 

To  shine,  as  phosphorus,  by  e\hibiting  a  faint 
light  without  sensible  heat. 

Aiv'iiac«*uiis  liincBtone  phvephoretcet  in  the  dark,  when  scr\)ird 
Willi  a  knife.  Kirican. 

PIIOS-PIIOU-ES'CENCE,  7i.  A  faint  lii-ht  or  liimi- 
nousncss  of  a  body,  unaccompanied  with  sensible 
heat.  It  is  exhibited  by  certain  animals,  as  well  as 
by  vcgettible  and  miiu'ral  substances. 

Plli)s!-PII()K-i:s'(;R.\T,  II.  Sliming  with  a  faint 
li^lit ;  luminous  without  sensilite  brat. 

PlIO.S-PIIOIl-Eri'CIN'G,  ppr.  Exhibiting  light  without 
sensible  beat.  ClmrelaniL 

PHDS-PllOK'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from 
phosiihorus.  The  phosphoric  acid  is  formed  by  a 
combination  of  phosphorus  with  oxygon  to  satura- 
tion. 

PIIOS'PIIOR  TTE,  71.  A  variety  of  apatite.  Dana. 
PIlOS-PHOK-IT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  phosphorite,  or 

of  the  nature  of  phosphorite.  Spiitfiinzaiii. 
PllOt-'PHOR-OUS,  a.  The  phosphorous  acid  is  formed 

by  a  combination  of  phosphorus  with  oxygen,  in  the 

proportion  of  two  equivalents  of  phosphorus  to  three 

<if  oxygen. 

PII()S'i>llOR-US,  )  71.  [L.,  from  the  Greek.  See 
PIIOS'PIIOR,       (  Phosphor.] 

1.  The  morning  star. 

2.  Plio.ipkorus :  in  ■rhnnistni,  a  combustible  sub- 
stance, hitherto  undecouiposed.  It  is  of  a  yellowish 
color,  and  semi-transparent,  reseniblinc  fine  wax.  It 
burns  in  common  air  with  great  rapiility,  and  in  ox- 
ygen gas  with  the  greatest  vehemence.  Even  at  the 
common  temperature,  it  ctnnbines  with  oxygen,  un- 
dergoing a  slow  combustion  and  emitting  a  luminous 
vajKir.  It  was  originally  obtaini^d  from  iiriuc  :  but  it 
is  now  manufactured  fr<uii  bones,  which  consist  in 
part  of  phosphate  of  lime.  Olmsted, 

PIIOS'PIIU-RET,  n.  A  combination  of  phosphorus 
with  a  base ;  as,  pho.ip/iuni  of  iron  or  copper. 

f/oflper. 

PFIOP'PIUT-RET-ED,  a.  Combined  with  phospliorns. 
PlIO'Tl-ZtTE,  71.    A  mineral,  an  oxyd  of  manganese. 

PhUlips. 

PHO-Tflj6E.\''ie,  a.  [Gr.  i/iojs,  foiros,  light,  and 
ysvi  ai^f  to  generate.] 

Producing  light,  or  converting  black  into  white. 
The  word  is  applied  to  the  drawing  or  taking  of  a 
picture  by  means  of  the  action  of  the  sun's  rays  on 
a  cheiiiicallv-prepared  ground. 

PHO-TOG'Ei\-Y,  n.  The  art  of  taking  pictures  by  the 
action  of  light  on  a  chemically-prepared  ground.  It 
was  inv<'nted  by  Mr.  Fox  Talbot.  Buchanan. 

PIIO'TO-GR.APII,  71.  A  picture  obtained  by  photog- 
raphy. 

PIIO-TO-GRAPII're,        )  a.    Pertaining  to  photog- 
PIIO-TO-GRAPH'IC-AL,  )  rapliy. 
PIIO-TOG'RA-PIUST,  71.    One  who  practices  photog- 
raphy. 

PIU)  TOG'RA-PIIY,  71.  [Gr.  ^ws,  0(jrot,  light,  and 
}  hOip  .J,  to  describe.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  fixing  images  of  the  camera 
obscnra  on  plates  of  copper,  covered  with  a  thin 
coating  of  silver.    [See  Heliooraphy.]  Dafruerre. 

PHO-TO-LO(5'ie,       j  a.    [See  Photologv.]  Per- 

PHO-TO-L()G'ie-AL,  (  taining  to  pliotology,  or  the 
doctrine  of  light. 

PHO-TOL'O-GY,  It.  [Gr.  rfiut,  light,  and  Xojos,  dis- 
course.] 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  light,  e.xplaining  its  na- 
ture and  phenomena.  MuchiU. 
PHO-TO.M'E-TER,  71.    [Gr.  duf,  light,  and  piirpm, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  relative  intensi- 
ties of  light.  Ramforil.  LesUe. 


PIlO-TO-MET'Rie,       I  a.    Pertaining  to  or  made 
PIIO-TO-.MET'ltlC-AL,  (     by  a  photometer. 
PIIO-TU.M'E-TKY,  11.    [Gr.  <y.i(  and  jitr.joi.] 

'J'he  science  which  treat:!  of  the  measurement  of 
light. 

PIK)-T()-PIIt"5'ni-A,  71.    [Gr.        and  tlin/h,.'.] 

A  dread  or  iiitiderance  of  light ;  a  syniptuui  of  in- 
ternal oplithalmy.  Bramlr. 
PIIO-TOP'SY,  71.    [Gr.         light,  and  '<\pii,  sight.] 
An  allection  of  the  eye,  in  wliich  the  patient  per- 
ceives luminous  rays,  ignited  lines,  coruscations,  &.c. 
PHRASE,  11.    [Gr.  foaats,  from  0  a^r.i,  to  speak.] 

1.  A  short  sentence  or  expression.  A  phrase  may 
be  complete,  as  when  it  conveys  complete  sense  ;  as, 
humanum  est  rrrare,  to  err  is  human  ;  or  it  may  be 
incomplete,  as  when  it  consists  of  several  words  with- 
out aliirniing  any  thing,  or  when  the  noun  and  the 
verb  do  the  ollice  of  a  noun  only  ;  as,  that  which  is 
true,  that  is,  truth,  satisfies  the  mind.  F.neix. 

2.  A  particular  mode  of  speech  ;  a  peculiar  sen- 
tence, or  short,  idiomatic  expression-;  as,  a  Hebrew 
phriL^c  ;  an  Italian  ;i/iru.sc. 

3.  Style ;  expression. 

Thou  epcak'st 
In  better rose.  Shak. 

4.  In  T711WIC,  any  regular,  symmetrical  course  of 
notes  which  begin  and  complete  the  intended  e.x- 
pr.ssiim.  Busby. 

PI1K.\#E,  V.  t.  To  call ;  to  style  ;  to  express  in  words 
or  in  peculiar  words. 

TliPse  snn8, 

For  80  Ihey  phrase  iIhmh.  Shak. 
PIIRASE'-BQOK,  71.     A  book  in  which  difficult 

phrast's  are  explained. 
PIIR.AS'fil),  pp.    Styled  ;  expres,sed  in  peculiar  words. 
PIIR.aSE'LESS,  a.    Not  to  be  expressed  or  described. 
PlIKA-SE-O-EOG'ie,        (a.   Peculiar  in  expression; 
PIIRa  SE-O-L()0'ie-AL,  \     consisting  of  a  peculiar 

form  of  words. 
PIIR.A-SE-OL'O-CY,  n.     [Gr.  ipnaais,  phrase,  and 

At;  01,  to  speakj 

1.  Manm  r  of  expression ;  peculiar  words  used  in 
a  sentence  ;  diction. 

2.  A  collection  of  phrases  in  a  language.  F.neyc. 
PIIRE-NET'ie,  71.    [Gr.  ^oficnit"?.    See  Phrensv.] 

Subject  to  strong  or  violent  sallies  of  iiiiaginatiou 
or  excitement,  which  in  some  measure  pervert  the 
judgment,  and  cause  the  person  to  act  in  a  manner 
different  from  the  more  rational  part  of  mankind  ; 
wild  and  erratic  ;  partially  mad.  [It  has  been  some- 
times written  Phrentic,  but  is  now  generally  writ- 
ten FranticJ 

PIIKE-NET'IG,  71.  A  p«rson  who  is  wild  and  crnitic 
in  his  imagination.  Ifoodwaril. 

PHRE-NET'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  fren- 
zy or  delirium, 

PllKEN'ie,  a.    [from  Gr,  ipncvti,  the  diaphragm.] 
Ilelouging  to  the  diaphragm  ;  as,  a  phrenic  vein. 

PIIRE-M'TIS,  71.  [Gr.  (fotiint,  from  ipotiv,  the 
mind.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  of  this  word 
is,  to  move,  advance,  or  rush  fonvard  ;  as  in  L.  aiii- 
77iu,v,  animosuii,  and  the  Teiitimic  mud,  Eng.  771170//.] 

1.  In  meilicine,  an  inflammation  of  the  brain,  or 
of  the  meninges  of  the  brain,  attended  with  acute 
fever  and  delirium.  Fursylh. 

2.  Delirium  ;  phrensy.  [It  is  generally  written 
in  English,  Phremsy  or  Frenzy.] 

PilRE-.NO  LOG'ie-AL,  o.    Pertaining  to  phrenology. 
PllRE-NO-LOC'ie-AL-L.Y,  aih.    liy  the  principles  of 
phrenology. 

PURE  N(1L'0-GIST,  71.    One  versed  in  phrenology. 
PIIRE-NOL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  ^/jiji-,  the  mind,  and  Xo- 
yoi,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  the  human  mind  as  connected  with 
the  supposed  organs  of  thought  and  passion  in  the 
brain,  maintained  by  Gall,  who  supposed  each  fac- 
ulty or  propensity  to  have  a  particular  organ,  and 
this  manifested  in  the  form  of  the  skull ;  craniology. 
PIIRE-NO-.M.\G'NET-lS.M,  71.  [Gr.  (^..o/i.,  the  mind, 
and  77ia^iifti,f7n-] 

The  |M)wer  of  exciting  the  organs  of  the  brain 
through  magnetic  influence. 
PIIRE.N'SY,  (fren'ze,)  71.  [Supra.]  "Madness  ;  delir- 
ium, or  that  partial  madness  which  manifests  itself 
in  wild  and  erratic  siillies  of  the  iniaghiation.  It  is 
written,  also,  Fre.'»zy. 

Demoniac  Pftrfrwy ;  moping  Mctaiiclioty.  Milton. 
PIIRON'TIS-TER-Y,  n.     [Gr.  ^pt/iriffrTipioi/,  from 
iPiJincid,  to  think  ;  (f-'if,  mind.] 

A  school  or  seminary  of  learning.    [JiTot  uned.] 
PIIRYG'I-A.N,  a.    [from  Phryeia,  in  Asia  .Minor. ]^ 
Pertaining  to  Phrygia  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  a 
sprightly,  animating  kind  of  music.  Jirbuthnnt. 

Phrygian  stone  ;  a  stone  described  by  the  ancients, 
used  in  dyeing;  a  light,  spongy  stone,  resembling  a 
pumice,  said  to  be  drying  and  astringent. 

Pliny.  Dioscorides. 
PIlTHIS'ie,  (tiz'zik,)  ».  A  mere  conversion  of  the 
term  phthisu  into  English,  and  hence  its  synonym. 
This  term  is  sometimes  applied  popularly,  but  erro- 
neously, to  any  diflicillty  of  bnathiiig,  and  more 
especially  to  chronic  dyspnira,  from  the  mistaken 
notion  that  these  affections  are  much  itie  same  as  i 
phthisis.    [/.lU/c  used.]  I 


PIITIIIS'ie-AL,  (tiz'zi-kal,)  a.  [Gr.  ^fliomot.  See 
Phthmm.] 

Having  or  belonging  to  the  phthisic  ;  breathing 
haril  ;  as,  a  p'lthisiciU  consumption.  ilnrriy, 

PHTIIIS'I(,'K-Y,  ^tiz'zik-e,)  a.  Having  or  |)ertaining 
to  till'  pilthisic. 

PHTHI'SIS,  (thi'sis,)  71.  [Gr.  ipthoii,  from  ^fliu, 
00  61,  to  consume.] 

A  disease  of  some  jiart  of  the  pulmonary  appara- 
tus, marked  by  cough,  gradually  progressive  emacia- 
tion and  exhaustion,  hectic,  and  usually  copious  ex- 
pecforation. 

PH?-e(J-.MA'TER,  71.    [Gr,  ili.itof  and  /iijrri;,,] 

The  gelatine  in  which  tlie  spurules  of  algaccoiis 

plants  first  vegetate,  Brande, 
PHY  LAC'TER,  71,    See  Phylactery, 
PIIY-EAe'TER-/';D,a,  Wearing  a  phylactery  ;  dressed 

like  the  Pharisees,  Green, 
PIlY-LAe'TER-IC,       jo.     Pertaining  to  pliylac- 
PHY-LA€-TER'1C-AL,  (    teries.  Mduson. 
PHY-L.AC'TER-V,  71.    [Gr,  ifvXaKrrioiof,  from  ij>«\uir- 

co>,  to  defend  or  guard.] 

1.  In  a  ffriieriU  sense,  any  chann,  spell,  or  amulet, 
worn  as  a  preservative  from  danger  or  disease. 

2.  Among  l/ie  Jews,  a  slip  of  parchment  011  whinjl 
was  written  some  text  of  Scripture,  particularly  of 
the  decalogue,  worn  by  devout  persons  on  the  fore- 
bead,  breast,  or  neck,  as  a  mark  of  their  religion. 

kneyc. 

3.  Among  the  primitive  Christians,  a  case  in  which 
they  inclosed  the  relics  of  the  deail.  Knciic. 

PI1?'L.\RCII,  n.    [Gr.  ./nAr/,  tribe,  and  apxi>  rule.] 
The  chief  or  governor  of  a  tribe  or  clan. 

Robinson, 

PII?'LaRCII-Y,  11.    Government  of  a  tribe  or  clan. 
PIIYL'EITE,  71.    [Gr.  <pvXX,f,  a  leaf,  and  AiWuj,  a 
stone.] 

A  petrified  leaf,  or  a  mineral  having  the  figure  of  a 
leaf.  Lunier.  ■ 

PIIVL-I.O'DI-I'.M,  77.    [Gr.  t/i.i.XAoi..] 

In  lioianii,  a  petiole  without  a  lamina,  but  so  much 
developed  in  some  way,  as  to  pel  form  the  functions 
of  a  perfect  le.if.  I.inilltti, 
PHYE-EOPII'O-ROL'S,  a,    [Gr,  ipvXXov,  a  leaf,  iind 
0'/>'.i,  to  bear.] 

Leaf-liearing  ;  jirodiicing  leaves. 
PHVL'LO-POI),  71.    [(;r.     A-X.n  and  toi  {.] 

One  of  a  tribi;  of  crustaceans  w  hose  feet  have  a 
flattened  form,  like  tli.it  of  a  leaf. 
PHVS'.\-LITE,  71.    [Gr.  ^icai',  to  swell  or  inflate, 
and  AiWm{,  a  stone.] 

A  mineral  of  a  greenish-white  color,  a  subspecies 
of  prismatic  tojiaz  ;  called  also  Pvrophvsalite,  as  it 
intiiniesces  in  heat.  Jameson,  Phillips. 

PIIYS'ETER.    See  Cachalot. 

PHVS  I-AiN'TIIUO-PY,  71.  [Gr.  ifnims,  nature,  .and 
avHnu)i:'n;,  man.] 

The  philosophy  of  human  life,  or  the  doctrine  of 
the  constitution  and  diseases  of  man,  and  the  reme- 
dies. J\Ird.  Repos. 

PHVS'IG,  71,  [Gr,  0uui«r/,  from  ijivais,  nature;  ^tw.', 
to  [irodiice,] 

1.  The  art  of  healing  disease*.  This  is  now  gen- 
erally called  Meuk-ine,  Encijc, 

2.  .Medicines;  remedies  for  diseases.  We  desire 
physic  only  for  the  sake  of  health.  Hooker. 

3.  In  i^puliir  language,  a  medicine  that  purges  ;  a 
pnrg*  ;  a  cathartic,  [in  technical  and  elegant  lan- 
guage, this  sense  is  not  used.] 

PIlYS'ie,  V.  t.    To  treat  with  physic ;  to  evacuate  the 
bowels  with  a  cathartic  ;  to  purge.  Shak. 
2.  To  cure.  Shak. 

PHYS'IC-AI.,  a.  Pertaining  to  nature  or  natural  pro- 
ductions, or  to  material  things,  as  opposed  to  things 
rnor;il  or  imaginary.  We  speak  of  physical  force  or 
power,  with  reference  to  material  things;  armies 
and  navies  are  the  physical  force  of  a  n.-ition  ; 
where.as  wisdom,  knowledge,  skill,  &c,,  constitute 
77i()ra;  force,  A  physical  point  is  a  real  point,  in 
distinction  from  a  mathematical  or  imaginary  poinL 
A  physical  bod)'  or  substance  is  a  material  body  or 
substance,  in  distinction  from  spirit,  or  metaphysical 
substance. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  material  part  or  structure  of 
an  organized  being,  particularly  man;  as,  physical 
strencih. 

3.  External ;  perceptible  to  the  senses ;  as,  the 
physical  characters  of  a  mineral ;  opposed  to  chemical. 

Phillips. 

4.  Relating  to  the  art  of  healing;  as,  a  physical 
treatise. 

5.  Having  the  property  of  evacuating  the  bowels; 
as,  physical  herbs. 

t>.  Medicinal  ;  promoting  the  cure  of  diseases. 
7.  Rescnibling  physic  ;  im,  a  physical  tasic. 

Johnson, 

[In  the  three  latter  senses,  nearly  obsolete  among 
prolVssionaJ  men.] 

Physical  education  ;  the  education  which  is  directed 
to  the  object  of  giving  strkngth,  health,  and  vigor  to 
the  bodily  organs  and  powers. 
PIIV?'ie-AI,-LY,  arfr.  According  to  nature  ;  by  nat- 
ural power,  or  the  operation  of  natural  laws  in  the 
material  system  of  things,  as  distinguished  from 


TtNE,  BJJLL.  UNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SlI ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PHY 

vtoral  power  or  influence.    We  suppose  pi.'rpL-tii:il 

motion  to  be  physically  impossible. 

1  am  not  now  mating  phyBtmlly  of  li^ht  or  colors.  Locke. 
9.  .\ccordin  g  to  the  art  or  rules  of  medicine.  [  04s.] 
He  that  lives  physically,  must  live  miserably.  Cheyne. 

PHY-SI"CIAN,  (fe-zisli'an,)  n.  A  person  skilled  in 
tlie  art  of  hi-aling ;  one  whose  profession  is  to  pre- 
scril>e  remedies  for  diseases. 

9.  Ill  a  sjyiritual  sense^  one  that  heals  moral  dis- 
eases ;  as,  a  physician  of  the  soul. 

PHY?'I-€0-L06'ie,  ?i.  Logic  illustrated  by  natural 
philosophy. 

PHVS'I-eu-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  physico- 
loaic.    [Little  useil.]  -  Swifi. 

PHYS'I-eO-THE-OL'O-GY,  n.  [physic,  or  physical, 
ami  theolofry.] 

Theolog)'  or  divinity  illustrated  or  enforced  by 
physics  or  natural  philosophy. 

PHYS'ieS,  n.  In  its  most  extensive  sense,  the  science 
of  nature  or  of  natural  objects,  comprehending  the 
study  or  knowledge  of  whatever  exists. 

9.  In  the  usual  and  more  limited  sense,  the  science 
of  the  material  system,  including  natural  history  and 
phihisophy.  This  science  is  of  vast  extent,  compre- 
hending whatever  can  be  discovered  of  the  nature 
and  properties  of  bodies,  their  causes,  effects,  affec- 
tions, operations,  phenomena,  and  laws, 

PHYS-I-OG'\0-MER.    See  Physiognomist. 

PHYS-I-OG-NOM'ie,        )  a.    [See  Physiognomy.] 

PHYS-I-OG-NOM'I€-AL,  (  Pertaining  to  physiog- 
nomy ;  expressing  the  temper,  disposition,  or  other 
qualities  of  the  mind,  by  signs  in  the  countenance; 
or  drawing  a  knowledge  of  the  state  of  the  mind 
from  the  features  of  the  face. 

PH VS-I.OG-NO.M'ieS,  n.  Among  physicians,  signs 
in  the  countenance,  which  indicate  the  state,  tem- 
perament, or  constitution  of  the  body  and  mind. 

Enctfc. 

PHYS-I-OG'NO-MIST,  n.  One  that  is  skilled  in 
physiognomy  ;  one  that  is  able  to  judge  of  the  par- 
ticular temper  or  other  qualities  of  the  mind,  by 
signs  in  the  countenance.  Dryilr.n. 

PHYS-I-OG'NO-MY,  n.  [Or.  ipvinoyiiapoi'ta  i  fvai^, 
nature,  and  ji/w/iokikos,  knowing;  j  n'wd/toj,  to 
know.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  discerning  the  character 
of  the  mind  from  the  features  of  the  face  .  or  the 
art  of  discovering  the  predominant  temper,  or  other 
characteristic  qualities  of  the  mind,  by  the  form  of 
the  body,  but  especially  by  the  external  signs  of  the 
countenance,  or  the  combination  of  the  fehtures. 

Bacon.  Lnvater. 

9.  The  face  or  countenance,  with  respect  to  the 
temjier  of  the  mind  ;  particular  configuration,  cast, 
or  expression  of  countenance.  Dryden. 

[This  worri   formerly  comprehended  the   art  of 
foretelling  the  future  fortunes  of  persons  by  indica- 
tions of  the  countenance.] 
PHYS-I-O-GKAPII'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  physiog- 
raphy. 

PHYS-I-OG'RA-PMY,  n.  [Gr.  ^utris,  nature,  and 
ypu'l)(<i,  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  nature,  or  the  science  of  natural 
objects.  Journal  of  Science. 

PHYS-I-OL'O-GER,  n.    A  physiologist. 
[The  latter  is  generally  used.] 

PHYS-I-O-LOG'ie,       )  a.    [See  Physiology.] 

PHYS-I-O-LOG'ie-AL,  (  Pertaining  to  physiology  ; 
relating  to  the  science  of  the  properties  and  functions 
of  living  beings. 

PHVS-l-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the 
principles  of  physiology.  Lawrence^s  Led. 

P11Y?-I-0L'0-GIST,  71.    One  who  is  versed  in  the 
science  of  living  beings,  or  in  the  properties  and 
functions  of  animals  and  plants. 
9.  One  that  treats  of  physiology. 

PIIYS-I-OL'O-GY,  7?.  [Gr.  fvaLuXoyia ;  ipvan,  na- 
ture, and  Af)  oj,  to  discourse.] 

1.  According  to  the  Greek,  this  word  signifies  a 
discourse  or  treatise  of  nature;  but  the  moderns  use 
the  word  in  a  more  limited  sense,  for  the  science  of 
the  functions  of  all  the  different  parts  or  organs  of 
animals  and  plants,  or,  in  other  words,  the  offices 
which  they  perform  in  the  economy  of  the  individual. 

9.  The  science  of  the  mind,  of  its  various  phe- 
nomena, affections,  and  powers.  Brown. 

PI!YS!'NOMY  for  Physi'ignomy,  is  not  used. 

PHYfS'O-GIlAOE,  n.    [Gr.  ,p,mii  and  \j.  /rradior.] 
One  of  a  tribe  of  zoophytes,  which  swim  by  means 
of  air-bladders. 

PIIVS'V,  for  Fusee.    [J^Tot  used.]  Locke. 

PIIVTIV'O-KOUS,  o.  [Gr.  forov,  a  plant,  and  L. 
voro,  to  eat.] 

Feeding  on  plants  or  herbage  ;  as,  phyiivorous  ani- 
mali.  Ruy. 

PIIV-'I'Oril'I  MY,  n.    The  cheinistr)-  of  plants. 

PllV-Tf)G'E  NY,  n.  The  dogtrine  of  the  generation 
of  plantH. 

PIlV-TO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  de- 

Kcription  of  plantH. 
PIIV-TOO'RA-PIIY,  n.     [Gr.  ijivroi',  a  plant,  and 

yl/afn,  dcncription.) 


PIC 

1.  The  science  of  describing  plants  in  a  systematic 
manner. 
9.  A  description  of  plants. 
PIIY'TO-LlTK,  71.    [Gr.  ijivrov,  a  plant,  and  \i6oi,  a 
stone.] 

A  plant  petrified,  or  fossil  vegetable. 
PHY-TO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  phytology; 

botanical.  Lyell. 
PHS-TOL'O-GIST,  r.     [See   Phytology.]  One 
versed  in  plants,  or  skilled  in  phytology  ;  a  botanist. 

Evelyn. 

PHY-TOL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  fi>Tov,?i  plant,  and  Aojof, 
discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  plants,  or  the  doctrine 
of  plants  ;  description  of  the  kinds  and  properties  of 
plants ;  botany. 
PHy-TON'O-MY,  71.    [Gr.  <t>VTnv  and  1/0^05.] 

The  science  of  the  origin  and  growth  of  plants. 
PIIS-TOPH'A-GOUS,  a.    [Gr.  0uroi',  a  plant,  and 
011)  (0,  to  eat.] 
Eating,  or  subsisting  on,  plants. 
PII5-TO-Zo'ON,  71,    )     [Gr.   d,vTov,   a  plant,  and 
PII5-TO-Zo'A,  71.  pi.  \       <;oioi>,  an  animal.] 

Terms  applied  to  zoophytes  ;  also  to  certain  ma- 
rine animalcules  living  in  the  tissues  of  plants. 

Dana. 

PI,  71.  A  term  applied  to  printers'  types,  when  con- 
fusedly mixed  or  unsorted. 

PI'jl  JMA'TER,  [L.]  In  anatomy,  3l  thin  membrane 
immediately  investing  the  brain,  Coxe. 

PI-.^'BA,  71,  A  small,  fresh-water  fish  of  Brazil,  about 
the  size  of  the  minnow,  much  esteemed  for  food. 

Encyc. 

Pl'A-€LE,  (pi'a-kl,)  n.    [L.  piacidum.'] 

An  enormous  crime.    [JVo«  used.']  Howell. 
PI-A€'II-LAR,    /  a.    [L.  piacularis,  from  pio,  to  expi- 
PI-Ae'U-LOUS,  S  ale.] 

1.  Expiatory;  having  power  to  atone. 

2.  Uei|uiring  expi.-ition.  Broion. 

3.  Criiniiial  ;  alrticiously  bad.  GlanviUe. 
[These  words  are  little  used.] 

Pi'A-NET,  71.    [  L.  pica  or  picas.] 
1.  The  magpie. 

9.  A  bird,  the  lesser  woodpecker.    \_Obs.]  Bailey. 
Pl-.a-JVIS' SI-MO.    In  77!«*ic,  very  soft. 
PI-X'NIST,  71.    A  performer  on  the  forte-piano,  or  one 

well  skilled  in  it.  Busby. 
PI-A'J^O.    In  music,  soft. 

PI-S'NO-FOR'TE,  71.  [It.  piano,  from  L.  planus, 
plain,  smooth,  and  It. ^rte,  h.fortis,  strong.] 

A  keyed  musical  instrument,  of  German  origin, 
and  of  the  harpsichord  kind  ;  so  called  from  its  softer 
notes  or  expressions.  Its  tones  are  produced  by 
hammers  instead  of  quills,  and  of  all  the  keyed  instru- 
ments it  seems  to  deserve  the  preference  on  account 
of  the  superior  tone,  sweetness,  and  variety,  of 
which  it  is  susceptible.  P.  Cyc.  Hchert. 

PI-.AS'TER,  71.  [It.  ;iias(ra,  a  thin  plate  of  metal,  or  a 
dollar.    See  Plate.] 

An  Italian  coin  of^  about  80  cents  value,  or  ,3s.  Id. 
sterling.  But  the  value  is  diflerent  in  different  states 
or  countries.  It  is  called,  also,  a  Piece  of  Eight. 
The  Spani:sh  piaster  is  the  same  as  the  Spanish  or 
American  dollar.  The  Turkish  pi.aster,  formerly 
worth  9.'i  cents,  is  now  worth  only  about  8  cents. 

PI-A''l'ION,  71.    [L.piatio.]  [McCulluch. 
The  act  of  making  atonement. 

PI-.^Z'ZA,  n.  [It.  for  plana;  Sp.plaia;  Port  prafa, 
for  pluca;  Fr.  place;  Eng.  id.;  D.  plaats;  G.  plati ; 
Dan.  plads  ;  Sw.  plats.] 

I,  In  building,  a  portico  or  covered  walk  supported 
by  arches  or  columns.  P.  Cyc. 

9.  In  /to^iin,  it  denotes  a  square  open  space  sur- 
rounded by  buildings.  Owill. 

PIIi'-eORN,  71,  [W,,  pipe-horn,]  Among <;i«  Wris/i, 
a  wind  instrument  or  pipe  with  a  horn  at  each 
end, 

PI'BKOGII,  71.  [Gael.  jiio6aircfl<;A(/,  pipe-music  ;  Celtic, 
pib,  piob,  a  |)i|)e,] 

A  wild,  irregular  species  of  music,  peculiar  to  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland,  It  is  performed  on  a  bag- 
pipe, and  adapted  to  excite  or  assuage  passion,  and 
particularly  to  rouse  u  martial  spirit  among  troops 
going  to  battle,  Encyc  Jamieson. 

PI'CA,  71.    In  ornithology,  the  pie  or  magpie. 

9.  In  mrr/iciiif,  a  vitiated  appetite  which  makes  the 
patient  crave  what  is  unfit  for  food,  as  chalk,  ashes, 
coal,  &c. 

'i.  A  printing  type,  of  two  sizes,  small  pica  and 
TJiVtt,  the  former  of  which  is  next  in  size  above  long 
prirner  ;  probably  named  from  litera  picata,  a  great 
bl.ack  letter  at  the  beginning  of  some  new  order  in 
the  liturgy  ;  hence, 

4.  Pica,  pi/e,  or  pic;  formerly,  an  ordinary,  a  table, 
or  directory  for  devotiimal  services  ;  also,  an  alpha- 
betical catalogue  of  names  and  things  in  rolls  and 
rc:cords.  Encyc. 

PI'C\  iM  A  in'NA,7i.  The  sea-pye  or  oyster-catcher ; 
n  grallatory  aquatic  fowl,  the  Ilicmatopus  ostrnlegus. 
'i'liis  f'livvl  feeds  on  oysters,  limpets,  and  marine  in- 
sects. 

PICA  .M Alt,  n.    [L.  pix  and  umnruw.] 

The  billcr  principle  of  pilch,  an  oil-like,  transpa- 
rent IIiikI. 


PIC 

Pie-A-ROON',  71.  [Fr.  picoreur,  from  picorer,  to  plun- 
der ;  Scot.  pUiary,  rapine  ;  from  the  root  o{piclc,peck, 
Sp.  picar.] 

A  plunderer  ;  a  pirate.  This  word  is  not  applied 
to  a  highway  robber,  but  to  pirates  and  plunderers  of 
wrecks. 

In  all  wars,  Corsica  and  Majorca  liave  been  nests  of  picaroons. 

Temple. 

Pie-A-YONE',  71.  A  small  coin  of  the  value  of  6] 
cents. 

Pie'eA-DIL,       )  7!,    [Probably  from  the  root  of  ^e, 
PI€'eA-DIL-LY,  }    peak.]    A  high  collar,  or  a  kind 
PICK'AR-DIL,     )     ofrufl:  fVitson. 
Pie'GAGE,  71.    [Norm,  pecker,  to  break  open  ;  from 
the  root  of  pick,  peck.] 
Money  paid  at  fairs  for  breaking  ground  for  booths. 

j9insiDorth. 

PICK,  V.  t.  [Sax,  pycan ;  D.  pikken  ;  G.  picken  ;  Dan. 
pikkcr ;  Sw.  pirj^-a  ;  W.  pigaw,  to  pick  or  peck ;  Sp. 
picar;  Fr.  piquer ;  Gr.  nc^oi  or  ttciku  ;  Ij.pccto  The 
verb  may  be  radical,  (see  Class  Bg,  No.  61,  G9,  G5,) 
or  derived  from  the  use  of  the  beak  or  any  pointed 
instrument.  It  belongs  to  a  numerous  family  of 
words,  at  least  if  connected  with  beak,  pike,  Sli-.] 

1.  To  pull  olT  or  pluck  with  the  fingers  something 
that  grows  or  adheres  to  another  thing  ;  to  separate 
by  the  hand,  as  fruit  from  trees  ;  as,  to  pick  apples  or 
oranges;  to picfc  strawberries. 

9.  To  pull  off  or  separate  with  the  teeth,  beak,  or 
claws  ;  as,  to  pick  flesh  from  a  bone  ;  hence, 

3.  To  clean  by  the  teeth,  fingers,  or  claws,  or  by  a 
small  instrument,  by  separating  something  that  ad- 
heres ;  as,  to  pick  a  bone,  to  pick  the  ears. 

4.  To  take  up  ;  to  cause  or  seek  industriously  ;  as, 
to  pick  a  quarrel. 

5.  To  separate  or  pull  asunder;  to  pull  into  small 
parcels  by  the  fingers  ;  to  separate  locks  for  loosening 
and  cleaning ;  as,  to  pick  wool. 

6.  To  pierce  ;  to  strike  with  a  pointed  instrument; 
as,  to  pick  an  apple  with  a  pin.  Bacon. 

7.  To  strike  with  the  bill  or  beak;  to  punctufe. 
In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  peck. 

8.  To  steal  by  taking  out  with  the  fingers  or  hands  ; 
as,  to  pick  the  pocket.  South. 

9.  To  open  by  a  pointed  instrument ;  as,  to  pick  a 
lock. 

10.  Toselect;  tocnll;  to  separate  particular  things 
from  others  ;  as,  to  pick  the  best  men  from  a  com- 
pany. In  tliis  sense,  the  word  is  often  followed  by 
out. 

11.  To  pitch  or  cast.    [OAs.]  Shak. 
To  pick  off;  to  separate  by  the  fingers  or  by  a  small 

pointed  instrument. 

To  pick  out;  to  select;  to  separate  individuals  from 
numbers. 

To  pick  up ;  to  take  up  with  the  fingers  or  beak  ; 
also,  to  take  particular  things  here  and  there  ;  to 
gather  ;  to  glean. 

To  pick  a  hole  in  one''s  coat ;  to  find  fault. 
PICK,  V.  i.    To  eat  slowly  or  by  morsels ;  to  nibble. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  do  any  thing  nicely,  or  by  attending  to  small 
things.  Dryden. 

PICK,  71.    [Fr.  ;ii'jKi; ;  D.  pik.] 

1.  A  sharp-pointed  tool  for  digging  or  removing  in 
small  quantities. 

What  Uie  niinenj  call  chert  and  whem  —  is  so  hard  that  the  pick§ 
will  not  touch  it.  Woodward. 

2.  Choice ;  right  of  selection.  You  may  have 
your  pick. 

3.  Among  printers,  foul  matter  which  collects  on 
printing  types  from  the  balls,  bad  ink,  or  from  the 
paper  impressed.  ^ 

PICK'A-P.\CK,  udv.  In  manner  of  a  pack." Tulwar.] 

L'Estranjre. 

PICK'AX,  71.  [pick  and  ax.]  An  ax  with  a  sharp 
point  at  one  end  and  a  broad  blade  at  the  other. 

Milton. 

PICK'BACK,  a.    On  the  back.  Hudibras. 
I'ICK'KD,  (pikt,)  2)p.  or  a.    Plucked  off  by  the  fingers, 

teeth,  or  claws  ;  cleaned  by  picking;  opened  by  an 

instrument ;  selected. 

PIK'EI)"'  i       I'"'"'*^''  i  ^''•"'l'- 

Ijet  the  stake  be  made  picked  at  the  lop.  Mortimer. 
2.  In  old  authors,  sprucely  or  foppishly  dressed.  [  OJ.'!.] 
PICK'ED-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  pointed  at  the 
end  ;  sharpness. 
9.  Foppery  ;  spruccness.  Johnson. 
PICK-EEll',  ji.  (.    [  Fr.  picorer ;  from  pick.] 

1.  To  pillage  ;  to  pirate.  HiuUbras. 

2.  To  skirmish,  as  soldiers  on  tho  outpost  of  an 
army,  or  in  pillaging  parties. 

PICK'EK,  n.    One  that  picks  or  culls.  Mortimer. 
2.  A  pickax  or  instrument  for  picking  or  separating. 

Mortimer. 

;).  One  that  excites  a  quarrel  between  himself  and 
another. 

PICK'EU  F.I.,  71.  [from  pike.]  A  name  somewhat 
loosely  ap|ilii  (l  to  several  sjiecies  of  fresh-water  fish 
beliuiging  lo  the  ;'ike  fiimily. 

PR'K'Ell  El.-\VEi;i),  H.  A  water  plant,  bo  called  be- 
cause It  was  supposed  to  breed  pickerels.  fVatton. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


624 


PIC 


PIL 


PIE 


PlCK'I'lt-Y,  II.    Pelly  theft.  /»'.  Scott. 

PICK'lVr,  H.    [Fr.  pii/uet ;  Kilss.  bfkrt.] 

1.  A  !>Uike  8li:tr|ieiictl  ur  poiiiteil,  used  in  fortlfi- 
catiuii  and  encniii|iiiieiits. 

3.  .'\  narrow  buard  pointed,  nsed  in  making  fence. 

3.  A  Riiard  posted  in  front  of  an  army  to  pive  no- 
tice of  tlie  approacli  of  tlie  enemy.  Marshall. 

4.  A  game  at  carda.    [Sec  Piuuet.] 

ft.  A  punisliment  whicli  consists  m  making  the 
otfender  stand  witJi  one  foot  im  a  pointed  slake. 
Plt'K'ET,  p.  I.    To  fortify  with  [winled  stakes. 

2.  To  inclose  or  fence  with  narrow,  pointed  boards. 

3.  To  ftisten  to  a  picket.  Moure 

4.  To  torture  hy  cunipellin;  to  stand  witli  one  foot 
on  a  pointed  stake. 

PICK'I;T-KI).        Fortified  or  inclosed  with  pickets. 

PICK'K  I'-GrXIlD,  ».  In  nn  armi/,  a  guard  of  iiorse 
and  foot  always  in  reailiness  in  case  of  alarm. 

PI('K'ET-IN(i,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  fortifying  with  pick- 
et^. 

PICK'ET-I.\G,  n.  A  kind  of  tortnre  hy  forcing  a  per- 
son to  stand  with  one  foot  on  a  pointed  stake. 

PICK'ING,  ppr.  Pulling  olf  w  ith  the  fingers  or  teeth  j 
selecting. 

PIirK'l.Vt;,  n.    The  act  of  plucking;  selection;  gath- 
ering ;  gleaning. 
PICK'LE,  (pik'l,)  n.    [D.  pekel ;  G.  pSket.] 

1.  Urine  ;  a  solution  of  salt  and  water  or  of  vine- 
gar, sometimes  impre<:nated  with  spices,  in  which 
tlesli,  tish,  or  other  substance,  is  preserved  ;  as,  pickle 
foi  beef;  pickle  for  capers  or  for  cucumbers;  picJile 
for  herring. 

2.  A  vegetable  or  fruit  preserved  in  pickle. 

3.  A  state  or  condition  of  dillicnity  or  disorder  ;  a 
word  used  in  ridicule  or  contempt.  You  are  in  a  fine 
pickle. 

How  cam  V  thou  in  this  pickle  ?  Shak, 

4.  A  parcel  of  land  inclosed  with  a  hedse.  [Local.] 
PICK'LE,  r.  t.    To  preserve  io  brine  or  pickle  ;  a--,  to 

a.  To  season  in  pickle.  [pickle  herring. 

3.  To  imbue  liigiily  with  any  thing  bad  ;  as,  a 
pickled  rogue. 
PU'K'LKI),  pp.  or  a.    Preserved  in  brine  or  pickle. 
PICK'LE-IIElt'lUNG,  n.    A  merry  Andrew  ;  a  zany  ; 

a  biilfoon.  Spectator. 
PICK'1.I.\G,  ppr.    Seasoning  in  pickle. 
HCK'LIN'G,  n.    The  preservation  of  vegetables  or 

nirats  in  vinegar  or  brine.  ■  Gardner. 
PK'K'LOCK,  n.    [pick  and  lock.]    An  instrument  for 
opening  locks  without  the  key. 

.^rbuthnoL  L*Estrangc. 

5.  A  person  who  picks  locks. 
PICK'NK.'K.    See  PicMc. 

PICK'POCK-ET,  n.  One  who  steals  from  the  pocket 
of  another.  Jlrbutknot. 

PICK'Pt'RSE,  n.  One  that  steals  from  the  purse  of 
another.  Swift. 

PICK'THA\K,n.  An  officious  fellow  who  doeswhat 
he  is  not  desired  to  do,  for  the  sake  of  gaining  favor ; 
a  whisperin:  parasite.  Snath. 

PICK'TOOTH,  n.  An  instniment  for  picking  or 
cleaning  the  teeth.  [But  Toothpick  is  more  gener- 
ally used.] 

P1€'.\IC,  n.  Oriiriiiallii,  an  entertainment  at  which 
each  person  coiitribiiied  some  dish  or  article  fur  the 
genenil  table.  The  term  is  now  applied  to  an  enter- 
Lninment  carried  with  them  by  a  jKirty  on  an  excur- 
sion of  pleasure  into  tlie  country,  aiid  also  to  the 
party  itself 

PCCO,  n.    [Sp.  See  Peak.]    A  peak;  the  pointed 

h  'ad  of  a  mountain. 
PI  CR A,  n.    [Or.  Uoit  TrtKfui,  sacred  bitter.] 

Thej||(iMlar  name  of  the  otiicinal  '■'■Poirder  of  Maes 

\rith    Canelln"  which   is  composed  of  a!oes  one 

pound,  cd/icUa  three  ounces.    It  is  employed  as 

cat  hart  rc. 

Pie'RO  LlTE,  n.  [Qu.  Or.  jrirp^jf,  bitter,  and  Xifluj, 
stone. 1 

A  filimiis  varietv  of  serpentine.  Dajia. 
riC'RO-.MEL,  n.    fGr.  iri.poj,  bitter.] 

The  characteristic  principle  of  bile.  Ure. 
PIG-ROS'MLS'E,  n.     [Gr.  Trorpos,  bitter,  and  oo-pij, 
smell.] 

.\n  order  of  minerals,  which,  when  moistened, 
have  an  argillaceous  smell.  Shrpard. 

.Also,  a  greenish  magnesian  mineral  characterized 
bv  this  order.  Dana. 
Pie-RO-ToX'IN.n.    [Gr.  riirpof,  bitter,  and  L.  (axi- 

Cu»l.] 

,\  white  crystalline  substance  obtained  from  the 
fniit  of  Anainirta  panicniata,  ^commonly  called  cuc- 
ciilus  Indieiu,)  and  perh.aps  ol  Cocciilus  siilierosiis, 
and  one  of  their  active  principles.  It  is  composed  of 
carbim,  hydrogen,  and  o,xygen,  and  apin  ars  to  be  a 
feeble  acid;  and,  as  such,  it  is  called  Pichotoiic 
PICT,  n.    [L.  pictiu,  pinffo.]  [.\ctD. 

A  person  whose  boily  is  painted. 
PIC  rs,  n.  pt.    A  tribe  of  Scythians  or  Germans  who 

seliled  in  Scotland. 
'''*'-'|"<">'R'-AL,  a.    [h.  pictor,  a  painter.] 

Piriainiii!!   to  pictures;  illiistnted    by  pictures; 
n.  Vi'llS, .""■""*'  !  as.  apidffrin;  Imaaination 
Plt  -rO  Rl-AULV,  ode.    With  pictures. 


Pie'Ti;R-.\L,  71.    A  representation.    [J\ut  in  use.] 

Spensrr. 

Pie'T^UE,  (pikt'ynr,)  n.  [L.  pictiira,  from  pinjfo,  to 
paint ;  It.  pittura.] 

1.  A  painting  or  drawing  exhibiting  tlic  resem- 
blance of  any  thing  ;  a  likeness  drawn  in  colors. 

Pictures  iiiiit  kh.ipcs  .-ire  bin  »ccoiulary  oljJ«-cu.  Bacon, 

2.  The  works  of  painters  ;  painting. 

Quiiitiliiin,  v,-i\fn  h"  8:tw  any  w.-lI.rxprrM'**!  image  of  ^ft, 
piUi'-r  ill  picture  or  sculplure,  woiil.l  iisii<ill}*  weep.  WoUun. 

3.  Any  resemblance  or  representation,  either  to 
the  eye  or  to  the  understanding.  Thus  we  say,  a 
child  is  the  picture  of  his  father,  the  poet  has  drawn 
an  exipiisite  picture  of  grief. 

Pie'TIJRE,  V.  I.    To  paint  a  resemblance. 

Lovp  is  Wke  a  painlT  wlio,  in  dr.nvin^  the  picliire  of  a  fri''ntl 
hiiviii;'  II  lili-iiiii>tl  ill  one  eye,  would  picture  only  ttw  otiier 
siile  o?  tilt*  litce.  £>'oul/i. 

2.  To  represent ;  to  form  or  present  an  ideal  like- 
ness. 

I  do  picture  it  in  iny  mind.  Spenser. 

Pie'TUR-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Painted  in  resemblance  ; 
drawn  in  colors ;  represented. 

PIC'TURK^FR.^.ME,  n.  A  frame,  more  or  less  orna- 
mented, » Inch  surrounds  a  picture,  and  sets  it  off  to 
advantase. 

PI0'TI;RI;-GAI,'LER-Y,  n.  a  gallery  or  large  ap- 
p:irtnient  ill  which  pictures  are  hung  up  for  exhibi- 
tion. 

PIC'TlIRE-LiKE,  a.   After  the  manner  of  a  picture. 

Sliak. 

PIC-TT;R-F..''ai'E',  (pikt-yur-esk',)a.  [Fr.  pitte>rr.-.iiue ; 
It.  pitloreseu  :  from  the  I*,  ptctura  or  pictor.  In  Eng- 
lish this  woiilil  be  picfiirislt.] 

Expri  ssing  that  peculiar  kind  of  beauty  which  is 
agreeable  in  a  picture,  natural  or  artificial;  striking 
the  ininil  with  great  |Miwer  or  pleasure  in  reprt:sent- 
iim  objects  of  vision,  and  in  |>aiiitiiig  to  the  imagina- 
tion any  cii  ciiinstance  or  event  as  clearly  as  if  deline- 
ated in  a  picture.  Oraii. 

Pie-TliR  FXiL  E'LY,  (pikt-yur-esk'ly,)  a<7e.  In  a 
pictiire-ipie  nianiier.  Mont^omenj. 

PI€-T(;R-ESUUE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pic- 
tiiresipie.  Price, 

PIC'UL,  n.  In  China,  a  weight  of  133',  lbs.  It  is 
divided  into  lOU  catties,  or  1000  tacls.  The  Chinese 
call  it  Tan.  Malcum. 

PID'DLE,  v.  i.  [This  is  a  ditfcrent  spelling  of  Pludle, 
or  from  the  same  source.] 

1.  To  deal  in  trilies  ;  to  spend  time  in  trifling  oh- 
jocts  ;  to  attend  to  trivial  concerns  or  the  small  parLs 
rather  than  to  the  main.  Jlinsinorth. 

2.  To  pick  at  table ;  to  eat  or  drink  squeamishly 
or  without  ridish.  Sicift. 

This  word   is  now  scarcely  used,  except  as  a 
child's  word,  in  the  sense,  to  make  water.  Smart. 
PID'DLER,  n.    One  who  busies  himself  about  little 
things. 

2.  One  that  eats  squeamishly  or  without  appetite. 
PIE,  (pi,)  n.    [It.  pi^rhe,  perhaps  from  tlie  paste  ;  Gr. 
Tiaxu^,  thick  ;  or  from  mixing.] 

An  article  of  food  consisting  of  paste  baked  with 
something  in  it  or  under  it,  as  apple,  minced  meat, 
&c. 

PIE,  71.    [L.  pica  ;  W.  pios.] 

1.  The  magpie,  a  party-colored  bird,  or  Pica.  It  is 
sonietiiiies  written  Pvt. 

2.  The  oltl  Roman  Catholic  service-book,  supposed 
to  be  so  called  from  the  dillerent  color  of  the  text  and 
rubric,  or  from  tttera  picata,  a  large  black  letter,  used 
at  the  beginning  of  each  order. 

3.  Printers'  tyjies  mixed  or  unsorted. 

Cock  and  pic;  an  adjuration  by  the  pie  or  service- 
book,  and  by  the  sacred  name  of  the  Ueity  cornipted. 

Skak. 

PIE'R.AI.n,  a.    [Sp.  pio,  of  various  colors.] 

of  various  colors;  diversified  in  color;  as,  a  pie- 

bahl  horse.  Pope. 
PIE'-PLANT,       )  n.    The  garden  rhubarb,  used  asa 
PIE'-RUO'liARR,  t     substitute  fur  apples  in  making 

pies. 

PIP.CE,  (peese,)  71.  [Fr.  piice;  It.  peiio;  Sp.  pieza; 
Porl.p«fa;  Ir.  pinsa  ;  Arm.  pr;.  If  tJie  elements  of 
this  word  are  Bz,  11  may  be  from  tile  lleb.  Ch.  Syr. 
and  Ar.  ys3,  to  cut  olf  or  clip.  ] 

1.  A  fragmeni  or  part  of  any  thing  separated  from 
the  whole,  in  any  manner,  by  cuttiiii:,  splitting, 
breakini!,  or  tearing;  as,  to  cut  in  piecM,  break  in 
picrr.v,  tear  in  pieee.-i,  pull  in  pieces,  &c. ;  a  piece  of  a 
rock  ;  a  piece  of  paper. 

2.  A  part  of  any  thing,  though  not  separated,  or 
separated  only  in  idea  ;  not  the  whole  ;  a  portion  ; 
as,  a  piece  of  excellent  know  ledi'C.  TiUotson. 

3.  ,\  distini'l  p.irt  or  ipiantity  ;  a  part  considered 
by  itself,  or  sejinrated  from  tile  rest  only  by  a  boun- 
dary or  divisional  line  ;  an,  a  piece  of  land  in  the 
meadow  or  on  the  mountain. 

4.  A  separate  part ;  a  thing  or  portion  distinct 
from  others  of  a  like  kind  ;  as,  a  pi'ce  of  timber  ;  a 
piece  of  cloth  ;  a  piece  of  pap  •p-lianiriiiss. 

5.  A  composition,  essay,  or  wriline,  of  no  gre.nt 
lenstli ;  as,  a  piece  of  poetry  or  prose ;  a  pi*c«  of 


(".  A  separate  performance ;  a  distinct  portion  of 
labor  ;  as,  a  piece  of  work. 

7.  A  picture  or  painting. 

If  unnAtiiral,  the  Hnesl  colon  are  but  daubing,  and  Ibe  pisrs  ta  ■ 
Ijcauulul  nioiitt^T  at  the  beat.  Dryden. 

8.  A  coin  ;  as,  a  piece  of  eight. 

9.  A  gun  or  single  part  of  ordnance.  We  apply 
the  word  to  a  cannon,  a  mortar,  or  a  musket.  Large 
giins  are  called  battering  pieces;  smaller  guns  are 
called  field  pieces. 

10.  In  hcraldrij,  an  ordinary  or  charge.  The  fess, 
the  bend,  the  pale,  the  bar,  the  cross,  the  saltier,  the 
chevron,  are  called  honorable  pieces. 

11.  Ill  ridicule  or  contempt.  A  piece  of  a  lawyer 
is  a  siiiatlcrer. 

12.  A  castle  ;  a  building.  [M'ot  in  use.]  Sprnser. 
.Apiece;  to  each  ;  as,  he  paid  the  men  a  dollar  apifce. 
0/  a  piece  ;  like  ;  of  the  same  sort,  as  if  taken  t'roiii 

the  same  whole.  They  seemed  all  of  a  piece.  Some- 
times followed  by  icitli. 

Tlie  poet  must  be  of  a  piece  iritA  the  apcctaton,  to  fain  r-pula- 
Uun.  Dtyden. 

Piece  of  eight ;  a  piaster,  which  see. 
PIkCE,  v.  t.    To  enlarge  or  mend  by  the  addition  of  a 

piece  ;  to  patch  ;  as,  to  piece  a  garnicnt  ;  to  piece  the 

time.  Shak. 
To  piece  out ;  to  extend  or  enlarge  by  addition  of  a 

piece  or  pieces.  Temple^ 
PlicCE,  r.  i.    To  unite  by  a  ci<alesccncc  of  parts;  to 

b^  compacted,  as  parts  intt  a  whole.  Baron. 
PIkC'I-.'L),  (peest,)  pp.  or  a.    Mended  or  enlarged  by  a 

piece  or  pieces. 
PIkCE'LESS,  a.    Not  made  of  pieces;  consisting  of 

an  entire  thing.  Donne. 
PIECI-'-MRAL,  arft».    [piece  and  Sax.  tnc{,  time.  Uu.] 

1.  In  pieces ;  in  fragments. 

On  whicli  ii  piecemeci  broke.  t^hapjrjln. 

2.  By  pieces ;  by  little  and  little  in  succession. 

P'leccmenl  they  win  ihi*  acr-  first,  thi'n  th.it.  Pope. 

PIkCE'.Mk.VL,  a.    Single;  separate;  made  of  parts 

or  pieces.  South, 
P1E(3e'.M£.\L-ED,  a.    Divided  into  small  pieces. 

Col^ave, 

PIl~r'i;R.  n.    One  that  pieces  ;  a  patrlier. 

PiKt'E  \\  ORK,  ".    Work  done  by  the  piece  or  job. 

PIRCI.Nti,  ppr.    Enlarging;  patching. 

PIEI),  (pide,)  a.  [.Allied  pr"b,ibly  to  pic,  in  piebald,  and 

a  contracted  word,  perhaps  from  the  root  of  L. 

pictius.] 

Variegated  with  spots  of  different  colors  ;  spotted. 
We  now  apply  the  wurd  chiefiy  or  wholly  to  animals 
which  are  marked  w  itii  large  spots  of  different 
colors.  If  the  spots  are  small,  we  use  SeE<  klld. 
This  distinction  was  not  formerly  observed,  anil  in 
some  cases,  pied  is  elegantly  used  to  express  a  diver- 
sity of  colors  in  small  spots. 

Meadows  trim  with  iluisics  pici.  Alitlon. 

PIED'XESS,  n.    Diversity  of  colors  in  spots.  Shak. 

PIE  DROIT,  (pee  drwi,)!!.    [Fr.]    In  architecture, 
pier  or  square  pillar,  without  base  or  capitid,  [lartly 
hid  within  a  wall.  Braniie. 

PlKL'f;n,  (peeld)  a.    [See  Peel.]    Bald  ;  bare. 

l'IE'POI.'-l)RE,  I  71.     [Fr.  pird,  foot,  and  poudreuz, 

PIE'POW-DER,  i  dusty,  from  poudre,  dust;  or  pied 
puldreaiLz,  a  peddler.] 

An  ancient  court  of  record  in  England,  incident 
to  every  fair  ami  market,  of  which  the  steward  of 
him  who  owns  or  has  the  toll  is  the  judge.  It  had 
jurisdiction  of  all  causes  arising  in  the  fair  or  market. 

BlacL.'ti'ne. 

PIeR,  n.  [Sax.  per,  pere  ;  D.  ifrr,  steene  beer.  If  this 
word  is  from  the  French  pierre,  it  is  a  contraction  of 
L.  pctra.  But  more  probably  it  is  not  from  the 
French.] 

1.  A  mass  of  solid  stone-work  for  supporting  an 
arch  or  the  timbers  of  a  bridge  or  other  huildini!. 

2.  A  mass  of  stone-work,  or  a  mole,  projecting  in- 
to the  sea,  for  breaking  the  force  of  tlie  waves  and 
making  a  safe  harbor. 

3.  A  projecting  wharf  or  landing-place. 

4.  A  part  of  the  "all  of  a  house  between  windows 
or  doors  of  a  building. 

PIlf.R'AGE,  n.    Toll  for  using  a  marine  pier.  Smart. 
PIER'-<;LXSS,  n.  A  mirror  or  glass  hanging  U'tween 
windows, 

PIl":R'-TA-BLE,  n.  A  table  standing  between  win- 
dows. 

Pll";RCE,  (peers.)  r.  f.  [Fr.  prreer:  Gr.  rtipt.'.  The 
primary  sense  is  prohahfy,  to  thrust  or  drive,  and  the 
word  may  be  connected  in  origin  with  the  W.  ber,  ur 
pfr,  a  spit,  a  Mprar,  Ir.  bior.\ 

1.  To  thrust  into  with  a  pointed  instniment ;  as, 
to  pi>rrf  the  body  Willi  a  sword  or  spear  ;  to  pierce  tbe 
side  with  a  thorn. 

2.  To  penetrate  ;  to  enter  ;  to  force  a  way  into  ;  as, 
a  column  of  troops  pierced  the  main  body  of  the  en- 
emy ;  a  shot  pierced  the  ship. 

3.  To  penetrate  the  heart  deeply  ;  to  touch  the  pas- 
sions ;  to  excite  or  itirect  the  passions.    1  T tin.  vi. 

4.  To  dive  or  [x-in  traie  into,  as  a  secret  or  puriiose. 
PIERCE,  r.  i.    To  enter,  .as  a  (lointed  mstriiiin  ni. 

2.  To  penetrate  ,  to  force  a  way  into  or  Ihroiigb 


TC.VE,  BI,LL,  U.MTE.— AX"GER,  yi"CIOt'S.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


im 


PIG 


PIL 


PIL 


any  thing.  The  shot  pierced  through  the  side  of  the 
ship. 

Her  teara  will  pierce  into  a  marble  heart.  ShaJe. 

3.  To  enter ;  to  dive  or  penetrate,  as  into  a  secret. 

She  wtHilil  not  pierce  furtlier  inw      lueauing  than  himsell  sliotild 
decLire,  Sidney, 

4.  To  atTect  deeply. 

PiKRCE'A-IiLE,  a.    Tliat  may  be  pierced.  Spenser. 

PI£KC'£D,  (peerst,)  pp.  or  a.  Perforated  ;  penetrated  ; 
entered  by  force  ;  transfixed. 

PIERCER,  71.  An  instrument  that  pierces,  penetrates, 
or  bores. 
9.  One  that  pierces  or  perforates. 

PIkRC'IN'G,  ppr.  Penetrating  ;  perforating;  entering, 
as  a  pointed  instrument ;  making  a  way  by  force  in- 
to anotlier  body. 

2.  Affecting  deeply  ;  as,  eloquence  piercing  the 
heart. 

3.  a.    Affecting;  cutting;  keen. 
PFkUC'ING,  n.    'J'lie  act  of  penetrating  with  force. 
PIkRC'ING-LY,  adv.    Witli  penetrating  force  or  ef- 
fect :  sharply. 

PIRRC'ING-N'ESS,  71.    The  power  of  piercing  or  pen- 
etrating; sharpness;  keenness.  Derham. 
Pl-E'lU-A.\,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  muses. 

Drink  deep,  or  taste  not  the  Pierian  spring.  Pope. 

Pt'ET  or  PI'OT,  7!.    [from  pie.]    A  magpie. 

Pi'E-TISM,  71.  [See  Pietv.]  The  fervent  religion  of 
tile  German  Pietists 

PI'E-TIST,  71.  An  appellation  given  to  Spener,  Franke, 
and  other  German  reformers,  wlin  endeavored  to  re- 
vive piety  in  the  Lutheran  churches,  neiir  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century.  They  published  many 
books  on  experimental  and  practical  religion,  estab- 
lished the  Orphan  House  at  Halle,  educatetl  many 
pious  ministers  for  Germany,  and  raised  up  mission- 
aries f  >r  the  East  Indies,  and  for  the  United  States. 
But  iiKiuy  ilisliked  and  opposed  them,  and  the  name 
of  Piilisi  bi  caine,  in  Germany,  nearly  equivalent  to 
that  of  Mrtliodijt  in  England.  Murdoch. 

Pi  IJ-TlST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Pietists. 

PI'E-TY,  71.  [Ij.  pietas,  from  piits,  or  its  root,  probably 
a  contracted  woid  ;  Fr.  piete  ,*  it.  pietd,  piety,  and 
pity;  Sp.  piedfulj  piety,  pity,  charity.] 

J.  Piety  in  principle,  i»  a  comptiiind  of  veneration 
or  reverence  of  the  Supreme  Being  and  love  of  his 
character,  or  veneration  accompanied  with  love  ;  and 
piel-ij  in  practice,  is  the  exercise  of  these  affections  in 
obedience  to  his  will  and  devotion  to  his  service. 

Pieli/  a  the  only  proper  and  adequate  relief  of  decayinsj  m'tn. 

Jiainbler. 

2.  Reverence  of  parents  or  friends,  accompanied 
with  affection  and  devotion  to  their  honor  and  hap- 
Iiiness. 

PI-E-ZOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  jri£{;w,  to  press,  and  per- 
pov,  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  compressibility 
of  water,  and  the  degree  of  such  compressibility  un- 
der any  given  weight.  Perkins. 

PIG,  71.  [0.  big.  In  Sax.  piVa,  Dan.  pige,\s  a  little 
girl ;  Sw.  piga,  a  maid  servant.  The  word  signilies 
a  little  one,  or  issue.] 

1.  The  young  of  swine,  male  or  female. 

2.  An  oblong  mass  of  iinforged  iron,  lead,  or  other 
metal.  A  pig  of  lead  is  the  eighth  of  a  futlu  r,  or  250 
pounds.  Kncyc. 

PIG,  1).  (.  or  i.    To  bring  forth  pigs. 

2.  To  lie  togethrr  like  pigs.  Burke. 
PIG'-E?  KD,  (-idc,)  a.    Having  small  eyes  sunk  deep 
in  the  head. 

PIG'-I  R0.\,  (  I-urn,)  71.  Iron  in  pigs,  or  as  first  ex- 
tracted from  the  ore. 

PIG'-LEAD,  (-led,)  71.  Lead  in  pigs,  or  as  first  ex- 
tracted from  the  ore. 

PIG'EO.N,  (pij'iin,)  n.  [Fr.  iW.  ;.It.  piccione.  This 
word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of  pick,  peck, 
pic,  pica.] 

A  gallinaceous  bird,  of  the  genus  Columba,  of  sev- 
eral species,  as  the  stock-dove,  the  ring-dove,  the  tur- 
tle-dove, and  the  migratory  or  wild  pigeon  of  Amer- 
ica. The  domestic  pigeon  breeds  in  a  box,  often  at- 
tached to  a  building,  called  a  dove-cote  or  pigcon- 
hiiujtr.  'J'he  wild  pigeon  builds  a  nest  on  a  tree  in 
the  forest. 

[To  pigeon,  \9  a  cant  word  for  to /«fc«,  or  strip  of 
money  by  the  arts  of  gambling.  Smart.] 
PIG'EO.N-FOQT,  71.    A  jilant.  Mnmnorth. 
PIG'EO.N-llfcxRT'EI),  o.    Timid;  easily  frightened. 

JirMvm. 

prC'EOX-IIOLE,  71.    A  hole  for  pigeons  to  enter  their 
dwi'lliiig.  ilcnce, 
2.  A  little  opening  or  division  in  n  case  for  papers. 

PlC'EON-llrtLEa,  71.  pt.  An  old  English  game  in 
wliir.h  balls  were  rolled  through  little  cavities  or 
arches.  Strcvens. 

PIC'EO,\-LIV'EU-f:D,  a.  Mild  in  temper  ;  «oft  ;  gen- 
tle. Skak. 

PIfi'P,O.N'-PEA,  71.    A  plant  and  its  seed,  a  kind  of 

fiulse,  used  for  food  in  the  K.'ist  and  West  liidios.  It 
K  the  (.'ytlHiiM  Cabin  (»f  Linnieiis.    P.  Cijc.  /^tudan. 
PIG'GER-V,  71.    All  ini'iosure  containing  a  collection 


of  Hiiiall  NticK  for  HWiiie. 


tlu.  Rrv. 


PICGIN,  71.  [Scot.,  a  milking  pail.]  A  small  wood- 
en vessel  with  an  erect  handle,  used  as  a  dipper. 

PIG'-HEAD-ED,  (-hed-ed,)  a.  Having  a  large  head  ; 
stupid.         '  B.  Jonson. 

PiGHT,  (pite,)  p/i.  [Scot.  pio-At,  or picAt;  from  j)i£cA, 
W.  piciaw.] 

Pitched  ;  fixed  ;  determined.    [06s.]  SfiaJt. 
PiGHT,  (pite,)  B  «.  [W.pigaw.] 

To  pierce.    [  0*s.]  WicUf. 
PIGH'TEL,  71.    A  little  inclosure.  [Locah] 
PIG-Mk'AN,  a.    [from  pigmy.]    Very  small  ;  like  a 
pigmy  ;  as,  an  image  of  pigmean  size.    [See  Pygme- 
an.] Parkhurst. 
PIG'iME\T,  71.  [L.  pigmentum,  from  the  root  of  pingo, 
to  paint.] 

Paint ;  a  preparation  used  by  painters,  &.C.,  to  im- 
part colors  to  bodies.  •  Encyc. 
PIG-MEiNT'AL,  a.   Pertaining  to  pigments. 

Priichard. 

PIG'MY,  71.  [It.  Sp.  and  Port,  pigmrjj ;  L.  pygnucus ; 
Gr.  Trt'j/iuiuf,  from  iro) /n;,  tlie  fist.] 

A  dwarf;  a  person  of  very  small  stature  ;  a  name 
applied  to  a  fabled  nation  said  to  have  been  devoured 
by  cranes. 

PIG'MY,  a.  Very  small  in  size;  mean;  feeble;  in- 
considerable. 

PIG-NO-Ra'TION,  n.    [L.  pignero,  to  pledge.] 
The  act  of  pledging  or  pawning. 

PIG'NO-RA-TIVE,  a.  Pledging;  pawning.  [Little 
used.]  Diet. 

PIG'-NUT,  71.  [pin' and  7iii«.]  The  ground-nut ;  the 
root  of  a  plant  of  the  genus  Bunium ;  al.so,  a  tree 
and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Carya,  a  species  of  hick- 
ory. 

PIGS'NEY,  71.    [Sax.  piga,  a  little  girl.] 

A  word  of  endearment  to  a  girl.    [Little  used.] 

Hudibras. 

PIG'-STV,  71.    A  sty  or  pen  for  pigs. 
PIG'TaIL,  71.    [piV  and  till/.]    The  tail  of  a  pig. 

2.  A  cue  ;  the  hair  of  the  head  tied  in  the  form  of 
a  pig's  tail. 

3.  A  small  roll  of  tobacco. 
PIG-WID'GEON,  (-vvid'jun,)  71.    [pig  anA  widgeon.] 

A  fairy  ;  a  cant  worJ  for  any  thing  very  small. 
PIKE,  71.  [This  word  belongs  to  a  numerous  family  of 
words  expressing  somet.'iing  pointed,  or  a  sharp  point, 
or,  as  verbs,  to  dart,  to  thrust,  to  prick  ;  Sav.  piic,  a 
small  needle ;  W.  pig,  a  point,  a  pike  ;  pigato,  to 
prick  ;  piciaw,  to  dart ;  It.  pica,  a  pike  ;  piccare,  to 
prick  or  sling  ;  Sp.  pica,  picar ;  Fr.  pique,  piquer ; 
Arm.  picq,  picqat ;  D.  pick  i  G.  pieke ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
pUc ;  Eng.  peak,  beak,  &c.    Class  Bg.l 

1.  A  military  weapon  consisting  of  a  long  wooden 
shaft  or  staff,  with  a  flat  steel  head  pointed,  called 
the  spear.  This  weapon  was  formerly  used  by  in- 
fantry, but  its  use  is  now  limited  to  officers,  and  it  is 
called  a  Sponton,  or  Sfontoo?t.  Its  use  among  sol- 
diers is  superseded  by  the  bayonet. 

2.  A  fork  used  in  husbandry  ;  but  we  now  use 
Fork,  or  Pitchfork.  Tusser. 

3.  Among  turners,  the  iron  sprigs  used  to  fasten 
any  thing  to  be  turned.  Mnzon. 

4.  In  icluhyologii,  a  fish  of  the  genus  Esox,  so 
named  from  its  long  shape,  or  from  the  form  of 
its  snout.  It  is  a  fresh-water  fish,  living  in  deep 
water,  and  very  voracious,  but  very  palatable  food. 

The  pike,  llie  tyrant  of  the  Sood.  Pope. 

PIK'El),  (pikt,)  a.  Ending  in  a  point ;  acuminated. 
PIKI'/LE  T,  )  11.  A  light  cake  or  muffin.  [  Camden. 
PTKE'MN,  S  Seward's /^erit. 

PIKE'iMAN,  71.    A  soldier  armed  with  a  pike. 

KnoUes. 

PIKE'STAFF,  71.    The  staff  or  shaft  of  a  pike. 

Tatler. 

PIK'RO-LITE,  71.  [au.  Gr.  ttikpos,  bitter,  and  XtOos, 
a  stone.] 

A  variety  of  serpentine.    [See  Picrolite.] 

Cleaveland. 

PI-LAS'TER,  71.  [ll.pilastro;  Yt.pilaslre;  Sp.  pilas- 
tra,  from  pila,  a  pile,  whence  pillar.] 

A  .square  column,  sometimes  insulated  ;  but  usual- 
ly set  within  a  wall,  and  projecting  only  a  fourth  or 
fifth  of  its  diameter.  Their  bases,  capitals,  and  en- 
tablatures, have  the  same  parts  as  those  of  columns. 

GwiU. 

PI-LAS'TER-f:n,  a.    Furnished  with  pilasters. 

PILCH,  71.  [It.  pelticcia  ;  Fr.  pelisse  ;  Sax.  pylca,pij- 
lece  :  L.  pilli.i,  a  skin.] 

A  furred  gown  or  case  ;  something  lined  with  fur. 
[.,V<.(  used.]  ClMucer.  Sliak. 

P1L'(;HARI),  71.    [Ir.  pihcir.] 

A  fish  resembling  the  herring,  but  thicker  and 
rounder  ;  the  nose  is  shorter,  and  turns  up  ;  the  un- 
der jaw  is  shorter;  the  back  more  elevated,  and  the 
belly  less  sharp.  These  fishes  are  caught  on  the 
Cornish  const,  in  England,  about  the  middle  of  July, 
in  immense  numbers,  and  furnish  n  considerable  ar- 
ticle of  commerce.        I'.  Cijc.    .Jardine's  J^'nl.  Lib. 

PILCII'ER,  71.    Any  thing  lined  with  fur,  us  a  gown. 
2.  A  fiih.    (Sic  I'li.ciiiiiii.]  Milton. 

PILE,  71.  [Sp.  anil  ll.  pila  ,  I'urt.  pilha  ;  Fr.  pile  1  from 
L.  pUa  ;  (Jr.  TriXu«.  'J'he  iin/ri,  mentioned  by  Pau- 
Biinias,  were  heaps  of  stimes.] 


1.  A  heap ;  a  mass  or  collection  of  things  in  a 
roundish  or  elevated  form;  as,  a  pile  of  stones;  a 
piVf  of  bricks  ;  a  pile  of  wood  or  timber  ;  a  pile  of 
ruins. 

2.  A  collection  of  combustibles  for  burning  a  dead 
body  ;  as,  a  funeral  pile. 

3.  A  large  building  or  mass  of  buildings  ;  an 
edifice. 

The  pile  o'erlooked  the  town  and  di«w  the  sight.  Dryden. 

4.  A  heap  of  balls  or  shot  laid  in  horizontal  courses, 
rising  into  a  pyramidical  fcrm. 

Pile,  n.  [D.  paal;  G.  pfakl;  Sw.  and  Dan.  pol,  a 
pole ;  L.  palus  ;  D.  pyl,  an  arrow  or  dart ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  pi7,  id. ;  W.  pill,  a  stem.  These  have  the  same 
elements  and  the  lilse  radical  meaning,  that  of  a 
shoot  or  extended  thing.] 

1.  A  large  stake  or  piece  of  timber,  pointed  and 
driven  into  the  earth,  as  at  the  bottom  of  a  river,  or 
in  a  harbor  where  the  ground  is  soft,  for  the  support 
of  a  building  or  other  superstructure.  The  stadthouse 
in  Amsterdam  is  supported  by  piles. 

2.  One  side  of  a  coin  ;  originally,  a  punch  or 
puncheon  used  in  stamping  figures  on  coins,  and 
containing  the  figures  to  be  impressed.  Hence  the 
arms-side  of  a  coin  is  called  the  pile,  and  the  head 
the  cross,  which  was  formerly  in  the  place  of  the 
head.    Hence,  cross  and  pile.  Encyc. 

3.  In  heraldry,  [one  of  the  lesser  ordinaries,  re- 
sembling a  pile  used  in  laying  the  foundatiims  of 
buildings  in  watery  places,  whence  it  has  its  name.  — 
E.  //.  Barker.] 

PILE,  71.    [D.  pyl ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  pil;  L.  pilum.] 

The  head  of  an  arrow. 
Pile,  71.    [h.pilus;  G.  boll;  Hindoo,  bal ;  Gipsey, 
ballow.] 

Properly,  a  hair  ;  hence,  the  fiber  of  wool,  cotton, 
and  the  like  ;  hence,  the  nap,  the  fine  hairy  sub- 
stance of  the  surface  of  cloth. 
PILE,  e.  t.    To  lay  or  throw  into  a  heap;  to  collect 
many  things  into  a  in;iss  ;  as,  to  pile  wood  or  stones. 

2.  To  bring  into  an  aggregate;  to  accumulate; 
as,  to  pile  quotations  or  comments. 

Jltterbury.  Frlton. 

3.  To  fill  with  something  heaped.  Jlbbot. 

4.  To  fill  above  the  brim  or  top. 

5.  To  break  off  the  awns  of  threshed  barley. 
[Local] 

6.  To  drive  piles. 

Sheet  pile;  to  drive  a  piling  of  planks  edge  to 
edge.    Whence  the  noun  sheet-piling. 
PIL'E-ATE,     i        rr     -1  i 
PIL'E-A-TED,  i       [L.  piieus,  a  cap.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  cap  or  cover  for  the  head. 
PiL'i'.T),  pp.    Heaped.  [H'oodward. 
PILE'-DRIV-ER,  )  71.    An  engine  for  driving  down 
PiLE'-EN-GINE,  (      piles.  Brande. 
PILE'MENT,  71.    An  accumulation.    [JVot  tised.] 

Hall. 

PIL'ER,  71.  [from  pile,  a  heap.]  One  who  piles  or 
forms  a  heap. 

PILES,  n.  pt.  The  hemorrhoids,  a  disease  consisting  in 
tumors  formed  by  the  dilatation  of  the  blood-vessels 
about  the  veriie  of  the  anus.  They  nre  called  bleed- 
mg-ptles,  when  there  is  a  discharge  of  blood,  and 
blind  piles  when  there  is  none.  Forsyth. 

PiLE'WORM,  71.    A  worm  found  in  piles  in  Holland. 

PiLE'WORT,  (-vvurt,)  71.  A  plant.  Ranunculus  ficaria 
of  Linna'us,  whose  tuberous  roots  have  been  used  in 
poultices  as  a  specific  for  the  piles.  Eorsijlh. 

PIL'FER,  I',  i.  [W.  yspriliata,  la  pilfer;  yspriliaw,  to 
spoil,  to  ravage  ;  Sp.  pellizcur,  to  pinch,  to  pilfer,  to 
take  little  food.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  peel,  pillage.] 
To  steal  in  small  quantities;  to  prq^ice  petty 
theft  ;  as,  a  boy  accustomed  to  pilfer. 

A  pilfering  hand.  Dryden. 

PIL'FER,  V.  t.  To  steal  or  gain  by  petty  theft;  to 
filch. 

He  would  not  pUfer  the  victory,  and  the  defeat  was  easy. 

Bacon. 

PIL'FER-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Stolen  in  small  parcels. 
I'lL'I'ER  EIl,  71.    One  that  pilfers  or  practices  petty 

theft.  )'«ii)i;r'. 
PIL'I"ER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Stealing;  practicing  petty 

thefts. 

PIL'FER-ING,  71.    Petty  theft. 

Pilfering  was  so  unlveml  in  all  the  Sonth  Sea  TBlan<ls,  that  ll 
wan  hardly  recognued  In  the  tnorul  cutlc  of  Uie  nacivrs  as  au 
otVeiiKe,  much  Wim  a  crime.  J.  Sjxtrkf. 

PIL'FER-ING-LV,  arfi'.    With  iwtly  theft  ;  filchingly. 

PIL-(;.\R'Lie,  (71.    [pilled,  prrhd, -.mii  giirlic] 

PILL  KD-GXR'Lie,  j  One  who  has  lost  his  hair  by 
disease  ;  a  poor  forsaken  wretch.  Steve.-ui. 

PIL'GRI.M,  n.  [G.  pilgrr  ;  Fr.  pelcrin  ;  It.  pellegtino  ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  peregrino ;  L.  peregrinus.  (lu.  L. 
peragrn,  to  wander.  In  \V.  pererin  is  a  pilgrim,  and 
pelliinig  is  wiiiiilering,  far-roaming,  from  pellau,  to 
remove  far.  coinciding  with  the  L.  palor.  The  Corn. 
pirgrin  anil  Arm.  pirchirtn  seem  to  he  the  L.  pert 
gnnus.  The  I),  palsrok,  a  pilgrim's  coat,  and  paister- 
.slok,  n  pilgrim's  staff,  indicate  that  the  first  syllable 
in  fnim  the  root  of  L.  palor,  to  wander.  The  uncer- 
tainly of  the  true  original  orthography  renders  the 
derivation  uncertain.] 


FATE,  FXR,  Fy^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  —  PtNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


PIL 

1.  A  wanderer  ;  a  traveler  ;  particiilarlij,  one  that 
travels  to  a  distance  from  his  own  country  ti>  visit  a 
holy  place,  or  to  pay  his  devotion  to  the  remains  of 
dead  saints.    [See  Pil(;r[Ma(jk.] 

2.  In  Scripture,  one  that  lias  only  a  temporary  resi- 
dence on  earth.    Heb.  xi. 

riL'GRIM,  0.  i.    To  wander  or  ramble.    [JVot  Jtsed.] 

Grea. 

PII/GRUf-AGE,  n.  A  long  jonrney,  particularltj  a 
journey  to  some  place  deemed  sacred  and  venerable, 
in  order  to  pay  devotion  to  the  relics  of  some  de- 
ceased saint.  Thus,  in  the  middle  ages,  kinjs, 
princes,  bishops,  and  others,  made  pil^riwairfs  to 
Jerusalem,  in  pions  devotion  to  the  .*avior.  Pilsrims 
now  resort  to  I.oretto,  in  Italy,  to  visit  the  chamber 
of  the  blessed  Virsin,  and  the  .Mohammedans  mal<e 
pilgrimages  to  Mecca,  where  their  pro|ihct  was 
buried. 

9.  In  Scripture,  the  journey  of  human  life.  Oen. 
xlvii. 

3.  Time  irksomely  spent.  S/m/f. 
PIL'GRI.M-IZE,  V.  i.    To  wander  about  as  a  piliirim. 

[A'o'  iisrtf.]  B.  Joiison, 

PI-I,IF'BU-Oi;S,  a.    Bearing  hairs.  Loudon. 
PI-LKVER-OUS,  a.    [L.  pilu.i  and  jero.] 

Hearing  hair;  covered  with  hair. 
Pll/IXn,  ppr.  Heaping. 

PILL,  n.  [  L.  pilii,  a  ball  ;  piliila,  a  little  ball  ;  W.  pel, 
a  ball ;  Ir.  pillim,  to  roll.  It  is  probable  that  this 
word  and  ball  are  of  the  same  family.] 

1.  In  pliiirmari!,  a  medicine  in  the  form  of  a  little 
ball  or  small  round  mass,  to  be  swallowed  whole. 

Bacon. 

9.  Any  thing  nauseous.  Youa<r. 
PILL,  1-.  (.    [Fr.  pilirr:  It.  pigliare  :  Sp.  pillar.] 

To  roh  ;  to  plunder  ;  to  pillage,  that  is,  to  prcl,  to 
strip.    [See  Peel,  the  same  word  in  the  proper  Eng- 
lish orthography.] 
PILL,  i:  i.    To  be  peeled  ;  to  come  off  in  flakes. 

Shak.  Dryden. 

9.  To  rob.    [See  Peei..] 
PIL'LAGE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  piUrr,  to  strip  or  peel.] 

1.  Plunder  ;  spoil  ;  that  which  is  taken  from 
another  by  open  force,  particularly  and  chiefly  from 
enemies  in  war. 

2.  The  act  of  plundering. 

PIL'L.\GE,  V.  t.  To  strip  of  money  or  poods  by  open 
violence  ;  as,  troops  pillage  the  camp  or  towns  of  an 
enemy  ;  to  plunder  ;  to  spoil.  It  differs  from  steal- 
ing, as  it  implies  open  viidence,  and  from  rubbery, 
which  may  be  committed  by  one  individual  on 
another:  whereas  pillaging  is  usually  the  act  of 
bands  or  numbers.  To  pillage  i\ni\  to  rob  are,  how- 
ever, S(mietimes  used  synonymously. 

PIL'LA-GKD,  pp.    Plundered'  by  open  force. 

PIL'LA-GER,  K,  One  that  plunders  by  open  violence  ; 
a  plunderer. 

PIL'LA  GL\G,  ppr.    Plundering;  stripping. 

PIL'LAR,  n.  [Fr.  pilier :  Sp.  and  Port,  pilar;  It.  pila 
or  ptiirre :  L.  pila,  a  pile,  a  pillar,  a  m()rt;tr  and  pestle. 
The  L.  pila  denotes  a  heap,  or  things  thrown,  put, 
or  driven  together  ;  W.  pilrr  ;  Ir.  pUeir ;  Sw.  pclare  ; 
D:\n.pillf;  D.  piilanr  :  O.  pfriler.] 
Literally,  a  pile  or  heap.  Hence, 

1.  A  kind  of  irregular  column,  round  and  insulate, 
but  deviating  from  the  proportions  of  a  just  cuhunn. 
Pillars  are  either  too  massive  or  too  slender  for  regu- 
lar architecture  ;  they  are  not  restricted  to  any  rules, 
and  their  parts  and  proportions  are  arbitrary.  A 
square  pillar  is  a  massive  work,  called  also  a  Pier  or 
PiEDRoiT,  serving  to  support  arches,  &c. 

Otailt.    Olonn.  ofArchit. 
9.  A  supporter  ;  that  which  sustains  or  upholds  ; 
that  ott  which  some  superstructure  rests,    Qal.  ii. 

Shak. 

3.  A  monument  raised  to  commemorate  any  per- 
son or  remarkable  transaction  j  it  may  be  a  single 
stone. 

Ami  Jacob  B€t  a  pttlar  on  her  grurc. — Gen.  IXX7.   2  Sam. 
xviii. 

4.  Something  resembling  a  pillar;  as,  a  pillar  of 
salL    Grn,  \\\. 

So  a  pillar  of  cloud,  a  pillar  of  fire.    Ezod.  xiii. 

5.  Foundation  ;  support.    Job  ix. 

6.  In  ships,  a  stanchion  of  woikI  or  iron  fixed  per- 
pendicularly under  the  middle  of  the  beams  for  sup- 
porting the  decks.  Cye. 

7.  In  tlie  mamge,  the  center  of  the  volta,  rim,  or 
manege  ground,  aruunil  which  a  horse  turns.  There 
are  also  pillars  on  the  circumference  or  side,  placed 
at  certain  distances  by  two  and  two. 

PIL'LAR-ED.o,    Supported  by  pillars.  Milton. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  pillar.  Thom.ion. 
PIL'LAR-IST,  n,    [from  pillar.]    A  stylite  ;  one  of  an 

ancient  sect  of  Christians  who  stood  continually  on 
a  pillar,  by  way  of  mortification,  or  for  a  trial  of  their 
patience.    [See  Stvlite.]  Coleman. 
PIL-LAU',  n.    Boiled  rice  and  mutton  fat,  a  Turkish 
dish. 

PILL'FD,  (pild,)  pp.    Robbed  ;  peeled. 
PIL'LER,  n.    One  that  pills  or  plunders.    [A'ot  used.] 

Chaucer. 

PIL'LER- Y,n.  Plunder  ;  pillage  ;  rapine.  [JVut  i;i  inf.] 

JIuloet. 


PIM 

PIL'I.IOX,  (pil'yuu,)  n.  [Ir.  pilliii  :  from  pile,  L.  pilus, 
hair,  or  from  stuffing.    See  Pillow.] 

1.  A  cushion  for  a  woman  to  rule  on  behind  a  per- 
son on  horseback.  Sirifl. 

2.  A  pad  ;  a  p.innel ;  a  low  saddle.  Spenser. 

3.  The  pad  of  a  saddle  that  rests  on  the  horse's 
PIL'LO-RI-£D,  a.  Put  in  a  pillory.  [back. 
PIL'LO  Uy,  71.     [Ir.  pilori,  pioluir;  Fr.  pilori;  Arm. 

houilhnur;  from  the  root  of  L.  pnlus,  a  stake,  a  pile, 
G.  pfakl.    .^n  den  pfahl  stellen,  to  put  in  the  ptllonj.] 

A  frame  of  wood  erected  on  posts,  with  movable 
boards  and  holes,  through  whirh  are  put  the  head 
and  hands  of  a  criminal  fur  ptinislinient. 
PIL'LO-KV,  V.  t.    To  punish  with  the  pillory. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 
PIL'I.OW,  n.    [i^nx.  pile,  OT  pyle  ;  \r.  pilliur ;  h.  pulvi- 
iiar  ;  from  L.  pilu.t,  hair,  or  from  stulfing.] 

1.  A  long  cushion  to  support  the  head  of  a  person 
when  reposing  on  a  bed  ;  a  sack  or  case  filled  with 
feathers,  down,  or  other  soft  material. 

2.  In  a  .ihip,  the  block  on  which  the  inner  end  of 
a  bowsprit  is  supported.  Mnr.  Diet. 

The  pillow  of  a  plojr,  is  a  cross  piece  of  wood 
which  serves  to  raise  or  lower  the  beam.  Cye. 

PIL' LOW,  p.  (.    To  rest  or  lay  on  for  support.  Milton. 

PI  L'l,0\V-nil?.R,  j  ji.     The  movable  case  or  sack 

PIL'LO\V-€.aSE,  i  which  is  drawn  over  a  pillow. 
Pillow -/jirr  is  the  pillow-Afar/r. 

PIL'I  OU'-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Supported  by  a  pillow. 

PI l/L6VV-I.N'G,  ppr.    Resting  or  laying  on  a  pillow. 

PlL'LoW-Y,  a.    Like  a  pillow.  Soutkey. 

Pl'l'or'^  *  I  ^    f^'  P'^"*'"***  '"ro"*  pilu3,  hair.] 

Hairy.  A  pilose  leaf,  in  botany,  is  one  covered 
with  loiiz,  distinct  hairs.  A  pilose  receptacle  has 
hairs  bftween  the  florets.  Mnrlyn. 

PT  LOS'l-TY,  n.    [Supra.]    Hairiness.  Bacon. 

PI'LOT,  n.  [Fr.  pilute  ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  pilotn.  The 
French  woni  piloter  sicuifies  to  drive  in  piles,  as 
well  as  to  pilot,  and  pilotage  is  a  piling,  pile-work,  a 
foundation  of  piles.  .Ann.  pilochn,  to  drive  piles. 
The  O.  loutA,  G.  lothse,  and  Dan.  lods,  are  from  lead; 
the  pilot,  then,  is  the  lead-man,  he  that  throws  the 
lead.] 

1.  One  who  steers  a  ship  in  a  dangerous  naviga- 
tion, or  rather  one  whose  ofiice  or  occupation  is  to 
steer  ships,  particularly  along  a  coast,  or  into  and 
out  of  a  harbor,  bay,  or  river,  where  navigation  is 
dangerous. 

2.  A  guide ;  a  director  of  the  course  of  another 
pers(Ui.    [/«  collo([uial  iise.] 

PI'LOT,  r.  (.  To  direct  the  course  of  a  ship  in  any 
place  where  navigation  is  dangerous. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  guide  one  through  dangers  or 
difficulties. 

PI'LOT-AGE,  71.  The  compensation  made  or  allowed 
to  one  who  directs  the  course  of  a  ship. 

2.  The  pilot's  skill  or  knowledge  of  coasts,  rocks, 
bars,  and  channels.    [JVut  now  used,]  Raleirh. 

PI'LOT-FISH,  77.  A  fish  of  the  mackerel  family  and 
genus  Naucrates,  of  an  oblong  shape  ;  so  named  be- 
cause it  often  accompanies  ships;  and  as  this  is  also 
done  by  sharks,  it  has  been  said  that  tlie  former  acts 
as  a  guide  or  pilot  to  the  latter.  Buchanan. 

PI'LOT-ING,  ppr.  Steering,  as  a  ship  in  dangerous 
navigation. 

PI'LOT  L\G,  77.    The  act  of  steering  a  ship. 
PI'LOT  ISM,  (7^    Pilotage  ;  skill  in  piloting.  [Xol 
PI'LOT-RY,   (  i/.W.] 
PI'LOIJS,  a.    [L.  pilosns.    See  Pilose.] 

1.  Hairy  ;  abounding  with  hair.  Robinson. 

2.  Consisting  of  hair. 

PIL'SER,  71.    The  moth  or  fly  that  runs  into  a  flame. 

j9inswvrtA. 

PI.M  E-LTTE,  71.    [Gr.  murXr,,  fat,  and  Xr(/  t,  stone.] 
A  green  clay  or  earth,  colored  by  the  ovyd  of 
nickel.  IMna. 

PI'  M  E.N'T,  77.    Wine  with  a  mixture  of  spice  or  honey. 

PI-ME.N'TO,  )  ■   ■    ,   ^  [Chaucer. 

P1-iMEN'Ta!  j  "•    [^'P- P'""«'"a-]  *■ 

Jamaica  pepper,  popularly  called  Allspice.  The 
tree  producing  this  spice  is  the  Myrtus  Pimenta  of 
Linnipus,  and  the  Eugenia  Pimenta  of  De  Candolle. 
It  grows  spontaneously  in  Jamaica  in  great  abun- 
dance, p.  Cyc. 

PIMP,  71.  A  man  who  provides  gmtifications  for  the 
lust  of  others  ;  a  procurer  j  a  pander.  Mdison. 

PIMP,  B.  i.  To  pander;  to  procure  lewd  women  for 
the  cratification  of  others. 

PIM'PKR-.VEL,  (   71.      [U  pimpinella;    Fr.  pimpre- 

PIM'PI-NEL,      j  7if/;«.] 

The  name  of  several  plants  of  different  genera. 
The  scarlet  pimpernel  is  of  the  genus  Anagallis,  the 
trafcr  pimpernel  of  the  genus  Veronica,  and  the  yel- 
low pimpernel  of  the  genus  Lysiinachia.  Lee. 

PI.M'PIL-LO,  77.  A  plant  of  the  order  Cactaceffi,  or 
Indian  fig  family. 

PIM-PI-NEL'L.\,  II.  A  genus  of  plants,  including 
tlie.bifrnet  saxifrane  and  the  anise.  London. 

PIMP'I.NG,  ppr.  Pandering;  procuring  lewd  women 
fur  i>thers. 

PI.MP'I.NG,  a.    Little;  petty.  Skinner. 
PI.M'PLE,  (pim'pl,)  71.     [Sax.  pinpel;  probably  from 
pin,  or  its  root.] 


PIN 

A  suinll,  acniuinateil  elevation  of  the  cuticle,  not 
containing  a  fluid,  nor  tending  to  s  ippurativn  ;  com- 
monly tenntii;itlng  in  scurf.  Good. 
PIM'PLA.I),  a.    Having  pimples  on  the  skin;  full  of 
pini[)les. 

PI, MP' LIKE,  a.    Like  a  pimp ;  vile  ;  infamous  ;  mean. 

PI.M'PLY,  «.    Pimpled;  having  pimples. 

PI.\,  71.  [\V.  7>iii,  a  pin  or  pen  ;  piner,  piniaw,  to  pin  ; 
Ir.  pion  ;  Sw.  pinne,  whence  pinn-suin,  pin-swine,  the 
porcupine;  Dan.  pind,  a  sprig;  pind.-tviin,  the  porcu- 
pine ;  Purl,  pino,  a  peg  ;  D.  77^/1,  penne,  a  ;7i/t  or  peg  ; 
G.  pinne.  a  pin  ;  pinsel,  a  pencil  ;  Fr.  epine,  a  .fi>iHe, 
and  qu.  epingle,  a  pin  ;  L.  penna,  pinna  ;  \V.  pen,  a 
siiMimit  ;  Sax.  ;7i7i,  a  pen,  and  pinn-treow,  the  pine- 
tree.  (See  Pi>  E,  Fi  M,  ami  PoBci  pi  Nr.)  This  word 
denotes  a  sharp  point  or  end,  or  that  which  fastens  ; 
Sax.  pinnn,  pyndan.  If  the  sense  is  a  point,  it  is  a 
shoot.    From  this  is  funned  spine,  W.  yspin.] 

1.  A  small  pointed  instrument  made  of  brass  wire 
and  headed  ;  used  chiefly  by  females  for  fastening 
their  clothes. 

2.  A  piece  of  wood  or  metal  sharpened  or  pointed, 
used  to  fasten  together  boards,  plank,  or  other  tim- 
ber. I'he  larger  pins  of  metal  are  usiiallj'  called 
bolts,  and  the  wooden  pins  used  in  ship-buildiiig  are 
called  treenails,  (trunnels.)  A  small  wooden  pin  is 
called  a  peg. 

3.  A  thing  of  little  value.  It  is  not  a  pin's  matter. 
I  care  not  a  ;/i7i. 

4.  A  linchpin. 

5.  The  central  part.  Shak. 

fi.  A  peg  used  in  musical  instruments  in  straining 
and  relaxing  the  strings. 

7.  A  note  or  strain.    [Vulgar,  and  not  a..vrf.] 

L' Estrange. 

8.  A  horny  induration  of  the  membranes  of  the 
eye.  J/anmer. 

9.  A  cylindrical  roller  made  of  wood.  Corbet, 

10.  A  noxious  humor  in  a  hawk's  foot.  Ainsworlk. 

11.  The  pill  of  a  block  is  the  axis  of  the  sheave. 
PIN,  !■.  t.    I  \V.  piniaw.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  pin  or  with  pins  of  any  kind  ; 
as,  to  ;7(/i  the  clothes  ;  t(»  pin  boards  or  timbers. 

2.  "To  fasten  ;  to  make  fast ;  or  to  join  and  fasten 
together. 

Our  ^.\ip%  —  we  havr  but  jiinned  with  mslif^a.  Shak. 
She  fifi'-ii  the  piiiicesa  Irum  ilic  earth,  and  »o  lockt  her  in  em- 
bracing, as  if  she  would  pin  her  to  her  he;vrl.  SkaJc. 

3.  To  inclose  ;  to  confine.  Hooker. 
[Sec  the  verbs  Pe.v  and  Pound.] 

PIN,  71.    In  China,  a  petitiim  or  address  of  foreigners 

to  the  emperor,  or  any  of  his  deputies. 
PI.\'A-FORE,  71.    An  apron  for  the  front  part  of  the 

body. 

PI-.\AS'TER,  77.  [L.  See  Pine. J  The  specific  name 
of  the  Cluster-Pine  of  the  south  of  Europe, 

PIN'CaSE,  71.    A  case  for  holding  pins. 

PIN'CERS,  77.  71/.  The  French  pincer  being  converted 
into  pinch,  in  English,  the  noun  derived  from  it  reg- 
ularly is  PixcHERs,  which  is  the  word  commonly 
and  properly  used. 

Pl.N't'll,  I'.  (.  [Fr.  pincer,  formerly /7!7i.s-n- ;  Arm.  pinfia  ; 
Sp.  pizrar  ;  it.  pilzarc,  pizzicure.  These  are  evidently 
from  the  root  of  IL  piccare,  to  prick,  smart,  itch,  to 
peck,  to  provoke,  Sp.  and  Port,  picar,  to  sting  or 
prick,  to  peck,  to  dig,  to  bite  or  pinch,  as  cold.  The 
rout,  then,  is  that  of  peck,  pickj  pike;  and  y7i7icA  is 
primardy  to  press  between  two  sharp  points,  or  to 
prick.  Hence,  its  peculiar  application  to  pressure 
between  the  fingers.] 

1.  To  press  hard  or  squeeze  between  the  ends  of 
the  fingers,  tlie  teeth,  claws,  or  with  an  instru- 
ment. &c. 

2.  To  squeeze  or  compress  between  any  two  hard 

bodies. 

3.  To  squeeze  the  flesh  till  it  is  pained  or  livid. 

4.  To  gripe  ;  to  .straiten  ;  to  oppress  with  w  ant ; 
as,  to  /;i7if/i  a  nation  ;  to  piiicA  the  belly  ;  to  be  pinclied 
for  want  of  food. 

5.  To  pain  by  constriction  ;  to  distress  ;  as,  piiicA- 
ing  colli.    The  winter  pinches. 

(i.  To  press  ;  to  straiten  by  difficulties  ;  as,  the  ar- 
gument pinches  the  objector. 

The  resjwndent  is  pinched  with  a  Btrong  ol.jnction.  Watts. 

7.  To  press  hard  ;  to  try  thoroughly.  Collier. 
PI.XCII,  r.  I.  To  act  with  pressing  force;  to  bear  hard  ; 
to  be  puzzling.    You  see  where  the  reasons  pinch, 

Dryden, 

2.  To  spare  ;  to  be  straitened  ;  to  be  covetous. 

The  wretch  whom  avaiice  bids  to  ptnc/t  and  spare, 

Sunre,  steal,  and  pilfer,  U>  enrich  an  heir.  fVofi*.'in. 

PINCH,  n.  A  close  compression  with  the  ends  of  the 
fingers  ;  also,  that  which  is  taken  between  the  ends 
of  the  fingers.  Dryden. 

2.  A  gripe  ;  a  pang.  Sltak. 

3.  Distress  inflicted  or  suffered  ;  pressure  ;  op- 
pression ;  as,  necessity's  sharp  pinch.  Shak, 

4.  Straits  ;  difficulty  ;  time  of  distress  from  want. 

Bacon, 

PIXCH'BECK,  71.  [Said  to  be  from  the  name  of  the 
inventor.] 

An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  resembling  gold  In  its 


TC'NE,  Bl'Ll,,  IGNITE.  — AN'  GER,  VT'CIOIS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


827 


PIN 


PIN 


PIO 


appep.rance.  The  proportion  of  zinc  is  greater  than 
iti  brass.  Ure. 

Pl.VCH'KR,  n.    He  or  that  which  pinches. 

PtN'CU'ERS,  n.  yl.  [from  pinch,  not  t'rom  the  French 
pincette. '\ 

All  iiislniinent  for  drawing  nails  from  boards  and 
the  V'Ma,  or  fir  griping  tilings  to  be  lield  fast. 

[Tliis  spelling  would  be  preferable  to  Pincers,  be- 
cause it  truly  represents  the  common  pronunciation 
of  the  wont. J 

PI.NX'II'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Compressing  with  the  ends  of 
the  fingers  ;  pressing;  causing  pain  by  constrictioif, 
a.s  cold  or  hunger. 

Pl.VCII'ING,  n.  The  act  of  compressing  with  the  fin- 
gers. 

2.  In  rreneral,  the  act  of  squeezing  or  pressing. 
PI\CII'[.\G-LV,  adv.    In  a  pinching  way. 
PIN'€LSH-ION,  n.    A  small  case  stuffed  with  some 

soft  material,  in  which  females  stick  pins  for  safety 

and  preservation. 
PIX'UAR,  n.     I'he  Jirachis  hijpogtca,  or  ground-nut; 

tile  pea-nut. 

PL\-L).\R'ie,  a.  After  the  style  and  manner  of  Pin- 
dar. 

PIN-DAR'ie,  n.  An  ode  in  imitation  of  the  odes  of 
Pindar,  the  Grecian,  and  prince  of  the  lyric  poets ;  an 
irrei!ular  ode.  .Addison, 

PIN'-DU.ST,  71.  Small  particles  of  metal  made  by 
_^poiuting  pins.  Ditrby, 

Pl.\K,  II.  [Kr.  pin;  Sp.  and  It.  pino  ;  L.  pinus;  Sax. 
pinntrcnw,  pin-tree  ;  D.  pynbuovi^  W.  pin-bren,  pin- 
tree,  and  pin/rwyz,  pin-wood.  'I'hese  words  nidicate 
that  this  name  is  from  the  leaves  of  the  pine,  which 
resemble  //i/i.-f.  But  the  Welsh  has  also  femid-wyz^ 
from  feinid,  a  rising  to  a  point,  from  fain,  a  cone, 
and  gwyi,  wood.  The  latter  name  is  from  the 
cones.] 

1.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Pinus,  of  many  species,  some 
of  which  furnish  timber  of  the  most  valuable  kind. 
The  species  wiiicli  usually  bear  this  name  in  tlie 
United  States,  are  the  white  pine,  Pinus  strobus,  the 
prince  cf  our  forests  ;  the  yellow  pine,  Pinus  resi- 
nosa  ;  ai.d  the  pitch  pine,  Pinus  rigida. 

9.  In  England,  the  terra  pines  is  often  applied  to 
pine,-apples. 

PIXE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  pinan,  to  pain  or  torture,  and  to 
pine  or  languish.  'J'his  verb,  in  the  sense  of  pain,  is 
found  in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects,  but  not  in  the 
sense  of  languishing.    The  latter  sense  is  found  in 


the  Gr.  rreivaut,  T£f  &).    See  Ar.         fanna,  Class  Bn, 

No.  23,  and  ^yii,  No.  25,  and  ^\  No.  29.] 

1.  To  languish  ;  to  lose  flesh  or  wear  away  under 
any  distress  or  anxiety  of  mind  ;  to  grow  lean  ;  fol- 
lo«  ed  sometimes  by  away. 

Ye  ahull  not  mourn  nor  weep,  but  ye  shall  pine  away  for  your 
iniquities.  —  Ezek.  xrir. 

2.  To  languish  with  desire  ;  to  waste  away  with 
longing  for  something  ;  usually  followed  by  for. 

Unknowing  that  she  pined  for  yuur  n-lurn.  Dryden. 
PINE,  V.  t.   To  wear  out ;  to  make  to  languish. 

Where  shivering  cwld  and  sickness  pinet  the  cliuics.  Shak. 
Beroe  pined  wiui  pain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  grieve  for ;  to  bemoan  in  silence. 

Abashed  the  devil  8too<i  — 
Virtue,  in  her  own  slmpe  how  lovely,  saw, 
Anil /An«i  his  loss.  Milton. 

[In  the  transitive  sense  this  verb  is  now  seldom 
used,  and  this  use  is  improper  except  by  ellipsi.s.] 
PINE,  n.     [Sax.  pin,  D.  pyn,  pain;  Gr.  Trcnopai, 
troll  c] 

Woe  ;  want ;  penury  ;  misery.  Spenser. 
[This  is  obsolete.    See  Paim  ] 
PIN'E-AL,  a.    [Fr.  pineaU,  from  L.  pim/ji.] 

The  pineal  gland  is  a  part  of  the  brain,  a  heart- 
like substance,  about  the  bieneas  of  a  pea,  situated 
immediately  over  the  corpora  qiiadrigemina,  and 
hanging  from  the  tlialami  nervorum  opticorum,  by 
two  crura  or  peduncles.  It  wa-s  so  called  from  its 
shape,  resembling  a  pine-apple.  It  was  considered 
by  ncHrartf's  as  the  scat  of  tin?  soul.  Jfooper. 
PI.VE'-AP-PI>E,  (-ap'pl,)  H.  The  jinanas  salivua  of 
Si'liultcH,  and  the  Bromelia  .^nanan  of  Linnieiis, 
a  tropical  plant  and  il^  fruit,  so  called  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  latter  to  the  cone  of  the  pine-tree. 

Miller.  I.ncke. 
PINE-n.AR'RE.V,  7U    Tract  of  barren  land,  producing 

pineH.  United  States. 

PI.VK'-CLAn,  )  a.  Clad  or  crowned  with  pinc- 

PT.VK'-CIIOVVN-ED,  (     trees.  Jlenmn.i. 
PI.N'E'FIJL,  a.    Full  of  woe.    \ J^Tot  used.]  Hall. 
]'  PLVE-liV, n.    A  place  where  pine-apples  arc  riised. 
I  Todd. 
PTV'EY,  n.    The  tallow  tree,  which  see. 
Pl.S'-FEATH  ER,  (  fetfi'er,)  n     A  smaJI  or  short 
feathe>. 


PIN'-FEATH-ER-jBD,  a.  Having  the  feathers  only 
beginning  to  shoot ;  not  fully  Hedge  d.  Dryden. 

PIN'FoLI),  71.  [pin,  or  pen,  and  fold  ;  Dan.  pindan. 
Eng.  to  pound.] 

A  place  in  which  beasts  are  confined.  We  now 
call  it  a  Pound. 

PIN"GLE,  71.    A  small  close.    [Mot  used.]  Jlinsworth. 

p'nX'TE^'^'  i       [Dutch.]  Whitsuntide. 
P1N"GUID,  (ping'gwid,)  a.    [L.  pinguis ;  Gr.  iraxt'S, 

compact,  L.  pactus.  Eng.  pack.] 

Fat ;  unctutius.    [J^Tot  used.]  Jtlortimer. 
PIN-GUID'IN'-OUS,  a.    Containing  fat. 
PIN"GUI-TUDE,  n.    Fatness  ;  a  growing  fat. 
PIN'HoLD,  7U  A  place  at  which  a  pin  holds,  or  makes 

last.  _  Smart. 
PIN'HoLE,  71.    A  small  hole  made  by  the  puncture  or 

perforation  of  a  pin  ;  a  very  small  aperture. 

Jfl^emaju 

PTN'ING,  ppr.    Languishing;  wasting  away. 

Pl.\'ING,  7i.    A  state  of  languishing  or  waslingaway. 

PIN'ION,  (pin'yon,)  71.  [Fr.  piVnun,  the  cope  of  the 
ridge  of  a  house  ;  Norm,  id.,  a  pen  ;  Sp.  piritm,  pin- 
ion ;  from  Celtic  pen,  top,  summit.] 

J.  The  joint  of  a  bird's  wing  remotest  from  the 
body. 

2.  A  feather ;  a  quill.  Shak. 

3.  A  wing. 

Hope  humbly  then,  on  trembling  pinion*  soar.  Pope. 

4.  A  smaller  wheel  with  notches  or  teeth  playing 
into  the  teeth  of  a  larger  wheel.  Hutton. 

5.  A  term  applied  to  fetters  or  bands  for  the  arms. 

.^tnsworth. 

PIN'ION,  (pin'yon,)  v.  t.  To  bind  or  confine  the 
wings.  Bacon. 

2.  To  confine  by  binding  the  wings. 

3.  To  cut  otf  the  first  joint  of  tlie  wing. 

4.  To  bind  or  confine  the  arm  or  arms  to  the  body. 

Dryden. 

5.  To  confine;  to  shackle;  to  chain;  as,  to  be 
pinioned  by  formal  rules  of  state.  J^orris. 

6.  To  bind  ;  to  fasten  to.  Pope. 
PIN'ION-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Confined  by  the  wings; 

shackled. 

2.  a.    Furnished  with  wings.  Dryden. 
PIN'ION-ING,  ppr.    Shackling;  confining  the  wings 
or  arms. 

PIN'ION-IST,  71.  A  winged  animal ;  a  bird.  [JVot 
iisett/]  Brown. 

PlN'lTE,  71.  [from  Pini,  a  mine  in  Saxony.]  A  min- 
eral holding  a  middle  pl.ace  between  steatite  and  mi- 
ca ;  the  micarel  of  Kirwan.  It  is  found  in  prismatic 
crystals  of  a  greenish-white  color,  brown,  or  deep 
red.    It  occurs  also  massive.  Diet.  JV"u(.  Ifist. 

PINK,  n.  [In  Welsh,  piJic  signifies  smart,  fine,  gay, 
and  a  ^7ic/i,  and  pinciaw,  to  sprig.  This  is  by  Owen 
formed  from  pin,  a  pen  or  pin.  But  in  Portuguese, 
picar,  to  sting,  to  prick,  to  peck,  to  nip,  to  pinch,  to 
dig,  to  spur,  and  picado,  ]ir'icked,  pinked,  as  cloth,  are 
from  the  root  of  peck,  pick,  pico,  beak,  pike,  Sp.  picar. 
It.  piccare.  The  latter  would,  with  7i  casual,  give 
pink,  a  little  eye  or  perforation,  and  the  sense  of 
pink,  in  pink-stemcd.  The  Welsli  gives  pi;iA',  a 
llower.] 

1.  An  eye,  or  a  small  eye  ;  but  now  disused  ex- 
cept in  composition,  as  in  pink-eyed,  pink-eye.  S/iak. 

2.  A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Dianthus,  com- 
mon in  our  gardens. 

3.  A  light  red  color  used  by  painters  ;  from  the  col- 
or of  the  riower.  Dryden. 

4.  Any  thing  supremely  excellent. 

5.  A  ship  with  a  very  narrow  stern.  [Fr.  pinque, 
D.  pink,  that  is,  pilied,  n  being  casual ;  hence,  piiii- 
stcrned.] 

R.  A  fish,  the  minnow.  .^insworth. 
PINK,  ti.  t.    To  work  in  eyelet-holes  ;  to  pierce  with 
small  holes.  Carew.  Prior. 

2.  To  stall ;  to  pierce.  Addison. 
PINK,  r.  1.    [1).  pi/itoi.] 

To  wink.    [jVut  used.]  VEstrange. 
PINK'/;D,  (pinkt,)  pp.     Pierced  with  small  holes; 
stabbed. 

PINK'-E?-£D,  (-Ide,)  a.    Having  small  eyes. 

Holland. 

PINK'-NEE-DLE,  ti.    A  shepherd's  bodkin. 

Sherwood. 

PI.\'K'-R00T,  71.  The  root  of  the  plant  called  India 
pink,  or  Carolina  pink,  Spigelia  Marilandica,  used  in 
medicine  as  a  Vermifuge.         Fursi/tli.  C.Dewey. 

PINK'-STEKN-£1),  a.  Having  a  very  narrow  sti  rn, 
ns  a  sh  i  p.  Mar.  Diet. 

PI.\'-MAK-ER,  n.  One  who.se  occupation  is  to  make 
pinn. 

PIN'-MO.\-EY,  (  tnun-ne,)  ti.  .\  sum  of  money 
allowed  or  settled  on  a  wife  for  her  private  expenses. 

Addison. 

PIN'N  ACE,  71.    [Sp.  pinaza  ;  Fr.  pinns.ie  :  Port,  pinafa.] 
A  small  vessel  navigated  with  oars  and  sails,  and 
having  geiii  rally  two  masts  ringed  like  those  of  a 
Bcliooncr  ;  also,  a  boat  usually  rowcil  with  eight  oars. 

Mar.  Diet. 

PIN'N  A-CI.E,  71.  [Fr.  pinaele  ;  It.  pinai  olo  ;  W.pmy 
ipjl,  from  Celtic  prn,  summit,  L.  pi7iii«.] 


1.  .A  slender  turret,  or  part  of  a  building  elevated 
above  the  main  budding. 

Some  metropolis 
With  plistering  spires  and  pinnacles  adorned.  Chiton. 

2.  A  high,  spiring  point ;  summit.  Cowley. 
PIN'NA-CLE,  V.  t.    To  build  or  furnish  with  pinna- 
cles. yVartcn. 

PIN'NA-€L£D,  pp.    Furnished  with  pinnacles. 
PIN'NA-CLING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  pinnacles. 
PIN-  .\.\GE,  71.  Poundage  of  cattle.    [J^Tolused.]  [See 

PoiTNO.j 

PI.N'NAl  E,     \a.    [L.piTiTiatui,  from  piimo,  a  feather, 

PIN'NA-TED,  \     or  fin.] 

In  butany,  a  pinnate  leaf  is  a  species  of  compound 
leaf,  wherein  a  single  petiole  has  several  leaflets  at- 
taclied  to  each  side  of  it.  Martvn. 

PIN-N.\T'I-FID,  0.  [L.  pinna,  a  feather,  anifindo,  to 
cleave.] 

In  botany,  feather  -cleft.  A  pinnatifid  leaf  is  a  spe- 
cies (jf  simple  leaf,  divided  transversely  by  oblong, 
horizontal  segments  or  jags,  not  extending  to  the 
midrib.  Martyn. 

PIN-NAT'I-PED,  a     [L.  pinna  and  pes,  foot.] 

Fin-footed;  having  the  toes  bordered  by  mem- 
branes. Latham. 

PlK'y ED,  pp.    Fastened  with  pins;  confined. 

PIN'NER,  n.  One  that  pins  or  fastens  ;  also,  a  pound- 
er of  cattle,  or  the  pound-keeper. 

2.  A  pill-maker. 

3.  The  lappet  of  a  head  which  flies  loose.  Gai^. 
PIN'NI-PED,  n.    [L.  pinna  and  pes.] 

One  of  a  class  of  crabs  having  the  last  pair  of  feet, 
or  more,  terminated  by  a  flattened  joint  fitted  for 
swimming. 

PIN'NITE,  71.  Fossil  remains  of  the  Pinna,  a  genus 
of  bivalves,  allied  to  the  muscles.    [JVut  tised.] 

PIN'NOCK,  71.    A  small  bird,  the  tomtit.  Ainsworth. 

PIN'NU-LATE,  a.  A  pinnulate  leaf  is  one  in  which 
each  pinna  is  subdivided.  Martyn. 

PIN'NULE,  n.  One  of  the  branchlets  of  a  pinnate 
frimd  or  leaf. 

PINT,  n.    [D.  pint;  Fr.  pinte ;  Sp.pinta.] 

Half  a  quart,  or  four  gills.  In  medicine,  twelve 
ounces.    It  is  applied  both  to  liquid  and  dry  measure. 

PIN'TaIL,  71.  A  water-fowl  of  the  duck  family, 
Dafla  candacuta,  (Anas  acuta.  Linn.,)  with  a  long, 
wedge-shaped,  acute  tail.  It  is  found  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  America,  and  is  esteemed  excellent 
food.  P.  Cyc. 

PLN'TLE,  (pin'tl,)  ti.  A  little  pin.  In  artillery,  a 
long  iron  bolt. 

PIN'ULES,  n.  p?.  In  aitronomi/,  the  sights  of  an  as- 
trolabe.   [  Obs.]  DicL 

PI'NY,  a.    .\bounding  with  pines. 

PI-0-.\EER',  ti.  L  To  go  before  and  prepare  a  way 
for  others. 

PI-O-NEER',  71.  [Fr.  pionnier,  contracted  from  pioch- 
nier,  from  pioche,  a  pickax,  piocher,  to  dij;,  that  is,  to 
peck,  W.  pigaw,  Sp.  and  Port,  picar.  The  Italians 
use  guastatore,  Sp.  gastadnr,  from  guastare,  gastar, 
to  waste,  to  wear  away.  The  Germans  use  schaiiz- 
grabcr,  ti.  schansgraaver,  a  trench-digger.] 

1.  Ill  the  art  and  practice  of  war,  one  whose  business 
is  to  march  with  or  before  an  army,  to  repair  the  road 
or  clear  it  of  obstructions,  work  at  intrencliments, 
or  form  mines  for  destroying  an  enemy's  works. 

Bacon. 

2.  One  that  goes  before  to  remove  obstructions  or 
prepare  the  way  for  another. 

Pt-O-NEER'^;!),  pp.    Preceded  and  prepared. 
PI'O-NIKl),  (-nid,)  a.    Abounding  in  pioiiies. 
Pl'0-NI.\G,  71.    The  work  of  pioneers.    [JVo(  used.] 
PI'O-NV,  j  n.    [Sax.  pionie,  from  L.  paoniaa  Gr.  trai- 
Pit'O-NY,  \     toi>ia,  from  iraitui',  Apollo,  a  physician, 
and  a  hymn.] 

An  herbaceous,  perennial  plant,  Pa;onia  otTicinalis, 
with  tuberous  roots,  and  bearing  large,  beautiful,  red 
flowers.  Also,  the  popular  name  of  all  the  species  of 
the  genus  Pieonia,  the  individual  species  being  dis- 
tinguished by  prefixing  some  appropriate  descriptive 
('[lilhet.  Eneye. 
PI'OUS,  a.  [L.  pins  ;  Fr.  pi'ux  ;  Sp,  It,  and  Port,  pio. 
In  ."^p.  and  It.  the  word  signifies  not  only  pious,  but 
milil  and  compassionate,  and  7)i<y  and  piety  am  ex- 
pressed bv  one  and  the  same  wortl.    See  PiTv,] 

1,  Godly  ;  reverencing  and  honoring  the  Supreme 
Being  in  iieart  anil  in  the  practice  of  the  dirties  he 
has  enjoined  ;  having  due  veneration  and  aff"ection 
for  the  character  of  God,  and  habitually  obeying  his 
commands ;  religious ;  devoted  to  the  service  of 
God  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2,  Dirtateil  by  reverence  to  God  ;  proceeding  from 
piety;  applied  to  tilings;  as,  pious  awe;  pious  ser- 
vices or  affections  ;  pioiLi  norrow, 

X  Having  due  respect  and  afleclion  for  parents  or 
olher  relatives  ;  practicing  the  duties  of  respect  and 
allection  toward  parents  or  oilier  near  relative-i. 

Taylor.  Pope. 

4.  Practiced  under  the  pretense  of  religion  ;  as, 
pinus  frauds. 

prOUS-I.Y,  ni/e.  In  a  pious  manner ;  with  reverence 
mill  afleclion  for  (Jod  ;  religiously;  with  due  regard 
to  sacred  things  or  to  the  tluties  God  has  enjoined, 

Hammond. 


FATE,  FAK,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  UtRU,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
_ 


PIQ 


PIS 


PIS 


2.  With  due  repird  to  niitiiral  or  civil  relntions, 
and  to  till-  iluties  wliicli  spring  from  tlieiii.  Addison. 
PrfJUS-MIND'Ef),  a.    Of  a  pious  disposition. 
I'll',  n.    [0.  flip  ;  Fr.  pqiic] 

1.  A  disease  of  fowls  ;  a  horny  pellicle  that  grows 
on  tlie  tip  of  their  tongue.       Juhiuson.  Htuiibras. 

2.  .\  Spot  on  cards.  Additon. 

3.  The  seed  of  an  apple,  orange,  or  similar  fruit. 

Sout/uy. 

PIP,  V.  i.    fL.  pipio  !  W.  pipinn  ;  Dan.  piper.] 

To  cry  or  chirp,  as  a  chicken ;  commonly  pro- 
nounced peep.  Boyle. 

PIPE,  71.  [Sax.  pipe;  W.pib;  Ir.  pib,  piob ;  S\v.  pip, 
pipa;  D.pyp;  G.  p/ci/c,  whence  Eng.>/c;  Dan.  pi4c; 
Port.  It.  aiid  Sp.  pipa ;  Fr.  pipe  ;  Ann.  pip  or  pimp.] 

1.  A  win/I  instrument  of  music,  consisting  ot  a 
loiiK  tiihe  of  wood  or  metal ;  as,  a  rural  pipe  The 
word,  I  believe,  is  not  now  the  proper  technical  name 
of  any  particular  instrument,  but  is  applicable  to  any 
tubular  wind  instrument,  and  it  occurs  in  bagpipe. 

2.  A  Ions  tube  or  hollow  body  ;  applied  to  the 
veins  and  arteries  of  the  body,  and  to  many  hollow 
bodies,  particularly  such  as  are  used  for  conductors 
of  water  or  other  fluids. 

3.  A  tube  of  clay  with  a  bowl  at  one  end,  used  in 
smokins  tobacco. 

4.  The  organs  of  voice  and  respiration  ;  as  in 
windpipe.  Peacham. 

5.  The  key  or  sound  of  the  voice.  Shale. 

6.  (n  Kmrhind,  a  roll  in  the  exchequer,  or  the  ex- 
chequer itself.  Hence,  pipe-office  is  an  otlice  in  which 
the  clerk  of  the  pipe  makes  out  leases  of  crown 
lands,  accounts  of  sheriffs,  &c. 

7.  A  cask  usually  containing  two  hogsheads  or 
126  gallons,  used  for  wine ;  or  the  quantity  which  it 
contains. 

8.  In  minina,  a  pipe  is  where  the  ore  runs  forward 
endwise  in  a  hole,  and  does  not  sink  downward  or 
ill  a  vein.  Encyc. 

PIPE,  V.  i.    To  play  on  a  pipe,  fife,  flute,  or  other 
tubular  wind  instrument  of  music.  JDryden.  Swift. 
We  hitve  piped  lo  you,  and  ye  have  not  dinccd.  —  Malt.  xi. 
2.  To  have  a  shrill  sound  ;  to  whistle.  ShaJc. 
PIPE,  V.  t.    To  play  on  a  wind  instrument    1  Cor. 
xiv. 

PIPE'-CLaY,  n.  A  species  of  white  clay,  used  in 
making  tobacco  pipes  and  various  kinds  of  earthen 
ware.  Brande. 

PIP'£D,  (pipt,)  a.    Formed  with  a  tube  ;  tubular. 

Encyc. 

PIPE'FISII,  71.  A  fish  having  a  long  and  very  slender 
body,  with  an  elongated,  tubular  snout,  the  whole 
covered  with  bony  plates,  like  a  coat  of  mail.  The 
pipefishes  constitute  the  Linnsan  genus  Syngnathus. 

Jardme's  JVuA.  Lib. 

PIP'ER,  n.  One  who  plays  on  a  pipe  or  wind  instru- 
nienL 

PIP'ER-IDGE,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  tnpclo  or  black 
gum,  a  tree  with  very  tough  wood,  belonging  to  the 
genus  Nyssa. 

2.  Piperidge  bush ;  a  shrub,  the  barberry.  [See 
Pepperidge.] 

PIP'Ell-IN,  71.  A  peculiar  crystalline  substance,  ex- 
tracted from  black  popper.  The  crystals  of  piperin 
are  transparent,  and  they  assume  the  tetraliedral, 
prismatic  form,  with  oblique  summits.  Carpenter. 

PIPE'-TREE,  n.    The  lilac. 

PiP'lNG,  ppr.    Playing  on  a  pipe. 

2.  a.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  sickly ;  from  the  weak  or 
piping  voice  of  the  sick;  as,  these  piping  times  of 
peace,  SItok. 

3.  Very  hot ;  boiling ;  froa  the  sound  of  boiling 
fluids. 

[  U.^ed  in  vulgar  language.] 
PI-PIS'TREL,  71.    A  small  bat,  the  common  bat  of 
Eiicland. 

PIP'KIN,  71.    [Jim.  of  pipe.]    A  small  earthen  boiler. 

Pope. 

PIP'PIN,  71.    [D.  pippeling.] 

A  kind  of  apple  ;  a  tart  apple.   This  name,  in 

America,  is  given  to  sevenil  kinds  of  apples,  as  to 

the  Newtown  pippin,  an  excellent  winter  apple,  and 

the  summer  pippin,  a  large  apple,  but  more  perishable 

than  the  Newtown  pippin. 
PIQU'AN-CY,  (pik'aiisy,)  it.    [Infra.]  Sharpness; 

pungf  ncv  ;  tartness  ;  severity.  Barrow. 
PiaU' A.\T,  (pik'kant,)  a.    [  Fr.,  from  piquer,  to  prick 

or  sting.  It.  piccare,  Sp.  and  Port.  pCcar,  from  the  root 

of  pike,  peak.] 

1.  Pricking;  stimulating  to  the  tongue;  as,  it  is 
as  piquant  to  the  tongue  as  salt.  .iddison. 

2.  Sharp;  tart;  pungent;  severe  ;  as,  piquant  rail- 
leries. Oov.  of  the  Tongue. 

PltlU' ANT-LY,  fpik'ant-ly,)  adv.   With  sharpness  or 

pungency  ;  tartly.  Lockr. 
PIQUE,  (peek.l  n.  [Fr.  See  PiiirANT.]  An  oflense 
taken  ;  usually,  slight  anger,  irritation,  or  displeas- 
ure, at  persons,  rather  temporary  tlian  permanent, 
and  distinguished,  either  in  degree  or  teniporariness, 
from  settled  enmity  or  malevolence. 

Out  of  penonal  puju4  lo  thoie  in  •enrich,  he  lUnda  aa  a  looker 

on,  when  ihe  f  oremnient  ii  aluckcd.  A-iditon. 
2.  A  strong  passion.  JIudibras. 


3.  Point;  nicety;  punctilio. 

Adtl  loiip  prencriplion  ol  estal-linlied  law*, 

Anil  pitjue  ot  honor  (u  iiiuinuuii  a  cause.  Dryden. 

PtQUE,  (peek,)  u.  «.    [VT.piquer.    See  Piiiuant.] 

1.  To  otTend  ;  to  nettle  ;  to  irritate  ;  to  sting  ;  to 
fret ;  to  excite  a  degree  of  anger.  It  expresses  less 
than  ExAsPEUATE. 

The  lady  waa  piqued  for  her  indifference.      FVmale  Quixote. 

2.  To  stimulate  ;  to  excite  to  action ;  to  touch  with 
envy,  jealousy,  or  other  passion. 


Piqued  hy  Pro! 
Froiri  Co  to  Rhod. 


I  ApcUea  came. 


Prior. 


3.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  pride  or  value 
one's  self. 

Men  pique  themselves  on  their  skill  in  the  learned  lanjiias^ei. 

Locke. 

VXCIVEV,  (peekt,)  pp.   Irritated  ;  nettled  ;  oflendcd  ; 

excited. 
PKllJ-EER'.    See  Pickeeb. 

PiaU-EER'ER,  n.    A  plunderer ;  a  freebooter.  [See 

Pickeerer.]  Swift. 
PiaU'ET.    See  Picket. 

Pl-UUE'l",  (pe-ket',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  game  at  cards  pinycd 
between  two  persons,  witli  only  thirty-two  cards  ; 
all  the  deuces,  threes,  fours,  fives,  and  sixes,  being 
set  aside.  Ennic. 

PIUU'ING,  (peek'ing,)  ppr.  Irritating;  offending; 
priding. 

PI'RA-CY,  71.  [Fr.  piraterie ;  L.  piratica,  from  Gr. 
TTfiparein,  from  Treipaio,  to  attempt,  to  dare,  to  enter- 
prise, whence  L.  periculum,  erperior.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  run,  rush,  or  drive  forward  ; 
allied  to  Sax./aran,  Eng.  to  fare.    Cliuss  Hr.] 

1.  The  act,  practice,  or  crime,  of  robbing  on  the 
high  seas  ;  the  taking  of  [iropcrty  from  others  by 
open  violence  and  without  authority,  on  the  sea ;  a 
crime  that  answers  to  robbery  on  land. 

IValler.  Arbuthnot. 
Other  acts  than  robbery  on  the  high  si  as  are  de- 
clared by  statute  to  be  piracy.    See  act  of  congress, 
April  30,  1790. 

2.  An  infringement  of  the  law  of  copyright,  or  the 
publishing  of  the  writings  of  another  without  per- 
mission. 

PI'RATE,  71.  [IX.pirato;  L.  and  Sp.  pirata;  Gr.  ttfi- 
parnt:,  from  iretpaoi.  (See  Piracy.)  Formerly  this 
word  signified  a  ship  or  sea  soldier,  answering  to 
the  marine  of  the  present  day.] 

1.  A  robber  on  the  high  seas  ;  one  that  hy  open 
violence  takes  the  property  of  another  on  the  high 
seas.  In  s(ric£np.w,  the  word  pirate  is  one  who  makes 
it  his  business  to  cruise  for  robbery  or  plunder;  a 
freebooter  on  the  seas. 

2.  An  armed  ship  or  vessel  which  sails  without  a 
legal  commission,  for  the  purpose  of  plundering 
other  vessels  indiscriminately  on  the  high  seas. 

3.  One  who  infringes  the  law  of  copyright,  or 
publishes  the  writings  of  other  men  without  permis- 
sion. Johnson. 

PI'RATE,  p.  t.    To  rob  on  the  high  seas.  Arbullwot. 
PI'RATE,  r.t.    To  take  by  theft  or  without  right  or 
permission,  as  books  or  writings. 

They  adrcrliaed  they  would  pirate  hia  edition.  Pope. 

PT'RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Taken  by  theft  or  without 
right. 

PI-RAT'ie-AL,  a.    [L.  piraticu.'^.] 

1.  Robbing  or  plundering  by  0])en  violence  on  the 
high  se.as ;  as,  a  piratical  commander  or  ship. 

2.  Consisting  in  piracy  ;  predatory ;  robbing  ;  as, 
a  piraticM.1  trade  or  occupation. 

3.  Practicing  literary  theft. 

The  errora  of  the  presa  were  niultiptied  by  piratical  printera. 

Pope. 

PT-RAT'ie-AL-LY,  adr.    By  piracy.  Bryant. 

PI'RA-Tl.NG,  pirr.  Robbing  on  the  high  seas  ;  taking 
without  right,  as  a  book  or  writing. 

2.  o.  Undertaken  for  the  sake  of  piracy  ;  as,  a 
pirating  expedition.  Mitford. 

PI-ROGUE',  (pe-rog',)       j  ii.     [Sp.  piragua.  This 

PI-RA'GUA,  (pe-raw'ga,)  (  word  is  variously  writ- 
ten, Periaoi'a  or  PiRoouE.  The  former  is  the  spell- 
ing of  Washington  and  Jefferson;  the  latter  of 
Charlevoix.] 

1.  A  canoe  formed  out  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  or 
two  canoes  united.  Charlevoir. 

2.  In  modern  usage  in  America,  a  narrow  ferry-boat 
carrying  two  masts  and  a  leeboard. 

PIR-OU-ETTE',  (pir-ot>-et',)n.  [Fr.]  A  whirling,  or 
turning  about  on  the  toes  in  dancing. 

2.  The  circumvolution  of  a  horse  on  the  same 
ground. 

PIR'RY,  71.   A  rough  gale  of  wind  ;  a  storm.  [JVot 

used.]  Ebiot. 
PIS'e.A-RY,  71.    [It.  pescheria,  from  p«eare,to  fish,  Sp. 

pescar;  Fr.  ptchrrie,  from  pecker,  to  fish  ;  L.  piscis,  a 

fish  ;  piscor,  to  fish.] 

In  laic,  the  right  or  privilege  of  fishing  in  another 

man's  waters.  Blackstone. 
PIS-CA'TION,  It.     [L.  piscatio.     See  Pucart  and 

Fish.) 

The  act  or  practice  of  fishing.  Broum. 


Relating  to  fishes  or  to  fishing  ;  as,  a  pifcalory 
Inglie.  Addison, 
PIS'CKS,  71.  p/.    [1..  pi.icis.] 

In  astronomy,  the  Fishes,  the  twelfth  sign  or  con- 
stellation in  the  zodiac. 
PIS'CI-NAL,  a.    Belonging  to  a  fish-pond. 
PIS'C'INE,  (-sin,)  a.    [L.  pincis,  a  fish.] 

Pertaining  to  fish  or  fishes;  as,  piscine  remains. 

Kirwan. 

PIS-CIV'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  piscis,  a  fish,  and  vara,  to 
eat.] 

Feeding  or  subsisting  on  fishes.  Many  species  of 
aquatic  fowls  are  piscivorous. 
Pi' SE,  {\K'v.i)  n.  [Fr.]  A  species  of  wall  made  of 
stiff  earth  or  clay  rammed  in  between  molds  as  it  is 
carried  up.  Oicdu 
PISH,  eielam.  [Perhaps  the  Oriental  CO  or  no. 
Class  l)s.  No.  2,  3.] 

A  word  expressing  contempt;  sometimes  spoken 
and  written  Pshaw. 
PISH  V.  i.    To  express  contempt.  Pope. 
PI'SI  FORM,  a.    [L.  pisum,  a  pea,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  pea. 

Masses  of  pisl/orm  argillaceous  iron  ore.  Kirwan. 

PIS'MIRE,  71.    [The  last  syllable  is  the  Sw.  myra, 
Dan.  mijre,  D.  7nifr,  an  ant  ;  Sax.  myra,  tender.  I 
know  not  the  origin  or  meaning  of  the  fir»t  syllable.] 
The  insect  called  the  Ant  or  Emmet. 

Prior.  Mortimer. 
PI'SO-LITE,  71.     [Gr.  Tttoov,  a  pea,  and  AiUof,  a 
stone.] 

A  calcareous  stone,  made  up  of  globular  concre- 
tions of  the  size  of  a  pea  ;  also  called  Peastone. 
Oolite  is  similar  in  structure,  but  the  concretions  are 
as  small  as  the  roe  of  a  fish.  Dana. 

PT-SO-LIT'IG,  a.  In  mineralogy,  resembling  in  struc- 
ture peas  agglutinated.  .VantcU. 

PIS'0-PH.\L'r,  71.  Pea-mineral  or  mineral-pea;  a 
soft  liituiiien,  black,  and  of  a  strong,  pungent  smell. 
It  appears  to  he  petroleum  passing  to  as|ihalt.  It  holds 
a  middle  place  between  petrol,  which  is  liquid,  and 
asphalt,  which  is  dry  and  brittle.     Diet.  j\'ai.  Hut. 

[A  mistaken  orthography  of  Pusasphalt,  and  not 
at  all  derived  from  tiuov,  a  pea.] 

PISS,  V.  I.  [D.  and  G.  pisscn  ;  Dan.  pisser;  Sw.  pissa; 
Fr.  pisser;  W.  pisaic ;  Basque,  pisye  ;   It.  pisciart; 


Pers.^l.iX. 


piskar,  urine.    Class  Br,  No.  61,  69.] 


To  discharge  the  liquor  secreted  by  the  kidneys 
and  lodged  in  the  urinary  bladder. 
PISS,  71.  Urine;  the  liquor  secreted  by  tho  kidinys 
into  the  bladder  of  an  animal  and  discharged  through 
the  proper  channel. 
PISS'.V-IiEn,  n.  The  vulgnr  name  of  a  yellow 
flower,  grow  ing  among  grass,  the  dandelion. 

London. 

PIS'SAS-PIIALT,   71.      [Gr.    -ittaaodiaXr-v:  Tnaaa, 
turpentine,  and  airJiaXros,  asphalt ;  Sp.  pL<a.-^faUii.] 

Eiirth-piti  li  ;  a  soft  bitumen  of  the  consi>ii  nce  of 
tar,  black,  and  of  a  strong  smell.  It  is  inflaiiiniable, 
and  intermediate  between  petroleum  and  asphalt, 
and  appears  to  be  a  conihiniition  of  naphtha  and 
asphalt.  It  is  now  considered  as  a  mere  variety  of 
petroleum.     De|irive(l  of  its  naphtha,  a.splialt  re- 

PISS'BUR.NT,  a.    Stained  with  urine.  [mains. 

PIST,    )  71.    [ Fr.  pi.vff,  from  Sp.  and  Port.  pi,vta,  from 

PISTE,  \     Sp.  pistar,  to  beat,  or  pisonar,  to  ram  or 
drive.] 

The  track  or  footprint  of  a  horseman  on  the 
ground  he  goes  over.  Johnson. 
PIS-TA'CHIO,  (pis-ta'sho,)  n.    [Fr.  pistache;  It.  pii- 

tacchioi  L.  pistaehia;  Gr,  irij-a^cta  ;  ^rs. 

S  ,tj  3 
Ar.  v_juA«.i  fostalion.] 

The  nut  of  the  Pistacia  vera,  a  kind  of  turpentine- 
tree,  containing  a  kernel  of  a  pale  greenish  color, 
of  a  iili  asant  taste,  resembling  that  of  the  almond, 
and  yielding  a  well-ta.sted  oil.  It  is  wholesome 
and  nutritive.  The  tree  grows  in  Syria,  Arabia,  and 
Persia,  and  also  in  Sic.ly.  Brande. 

PIs't  vZITe'  I    ^''^  Epidoti. 

P1S-TA-REE.\'',  71.    A  silver  coin  of  tha  value  of  17  or 
18  cents,  or  !W.  sterling. 

PIS'TIL,  71.    [L.  pistdlum,  a  pestle.] 

In  botany,  the  female  sexual  organ  of  all  phenog- 
amous  plants.  It  is  situated  in  the  center  of  all 
hermaphrodite  and  female  flowers,  iind  generally 
consists  of  an  ovary,  one  or  more  styles,  and  one 
or  more  stigmas  ;  but  the  style  is  not  essential. 

PIS-TlL-I,A'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  o.  Growing  on  the  pi»- 
til  of  a  llower.  Barton. 

PIS'TII^LATE,  a.    Having  a  pistil. 

PIS-TIL-LA'TION  n.    [L.  pisuUum,  a  pestle,  that  is, 
a  beater  or  driver.] 
The  act  of  pounding  in  a  mortar.    [LUtle  used.] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE,  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


RRR 


829 


PIT 

PIS-TIL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [jiistU  and  L.  fcro,  to 
bear.] 

Having  a  pistil  witliout  stamens,  as  a  female 
flower. 

PIS'TOL,  n.  [Ft.  pistale,  pistolet ;  It.  and  Sp.  pistola, 
a  pistol.  This  word,  like  pisto7i  and  pestU,  signifies 
a  driver,  or  a  canal  or  spout,  from  the  same  root. 
Class  Bs,] 

A  small  fire-arm,  or  the  smallest  fire-arm  used,dif 
fering  from  a  musket  chiefly  in  size.  Pistols  are  of 
different  lenfjths,  and  borne  by  horsemen,  in  cases  at 
the  saddle-bow,  or  by  a  girdle.  Small  pistols  are  car- 
ried in  the  pocket. 

PIS'TOL,  ti.  (.    [Fr.  pistoler.] 
To  shoot  with  a  pistol. 

Prs-TOLE',  71.  [Fr.]  A  gold  coin  of  Spain,  worth 
anoul  16  shillings  sterling,  or  $3.60  cents.  In  other 
countries,  it  varies  from  $3  to  $5.  JUcCulloch. 

PIS'TOL-£D,  pp.    Shot  with  a  pistol. 

PIS'TO-LET,  n.    [Fr.]    A  little  pistol. 

PIS'TOL-ING,  ppr.    Shooting  with  a  pistol. 

PIS'TO.V,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  pLilon,  from  the  root  of  Sp. 
pisar,  pistar :  L.  pinsa,  the  primary  sense  of  wl  ich  is, 
to  pri-ss,  send,  drive,  thrust,  or  strike,  like  en.bulus, 
from  Gr.  cplS.iXXt,,,  [i^W,,,.] 

A  short  cylinder  of  metal  or  other  solid  substance, 
whii  h  fits  exactly  the  cavity  of  a  pump  or  barrel, 
and  works  up  and  down  in  it  alternately.  It  is  used 
ill  pumps  and  other  engines  or  machines,  for  various 
purposes.  Brande. 

PIS'TO.>I-UOD,  71.  The  rod  attaching  the  piston  to 
the  adjoining  machinery.  Haldeman. 

PIT,  n.  [Sax.  pit  or  pyl;  D.  put ;  W.pyd;  Ir.  pi<;  L. 
puteus  ;  Sans,  put^  pnttit ;  W.  pydaw,  a  well  or  spring, 
an  oozini!  fluid.  It  is  uncertain  whether  this  word 
originally  signified  a  hollow  place  dug  in  the  earth, 
or  a  natural  spring  of  water  and  its  basin.    See  Ar. 

laxi  to  spring,  and  Class  Bd,  No.  58,  59,  C3.] 

1.  An  artificial  cavity  made  in  the  earth  by  dig- 
ging ;  a  deep  hole  in  the  earth.         Bacon.  SImk. 

2.  A  deep  place  ;  an  abyss  ;  profundity. 

Into  whiil  pit  tliou  seest 
From  what  highl  i.iilen.  MUlon. 

3.  The  grave.    Ps.  xxviii,  and  xxx. 

4.  The  area  for  cock-fighting  ;  whence  the  phrase, 
to  jiy  the  pit.  Locke.  Hudibras. 

5.  In  a  thratrr,  the  part  on  the  ground  floor  be- 
tween the  lower  range  of  boxes  and  the  stfige. 

Chcilt. 

6.  The  hollow  of  the  body  at  the  stomach.  We 
say,  the  pit  of  the  stomach. 

7.  The  cavity  under  the  shoulder  ;  as,  the  arm-pit. 

8.  A  dint  made  by  impression  on  a  soft  substance, 
as  by  the  finger,  &c. 

9.  A  little  hollow  in  the  flesh,  made  by  a  pustule, 
as  in  the  small-pox. 

10.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth  excavated  for 
catching  wild  beasts  ;  hence,  in  Scripture^  whatever 
insnares  and  brings  into  calamity  or  misery,  from 
which  it  is  diflicult  to  escape.  Ps.  vii.  Prov.  xxii. 
and  xxiii. 

11.  Great  distress  and  misery,  temporal,  spiritual, 
or  eternal.    Is.  xxxviii.    Ps.  xl. 

12.  Hell ;  as,  the  bottomless  pit.    Rm.  xx. 

13.  [Dutch.]  The  kernel  of  fruit,  as  of  a  cher- 
ry, &.C. 

PIT,  1'.  r.    To  indent ;  to  press  into  hollows. 

•2.  To  mark  with  little  hollows,  as  by  variolous 
pustules ;  as,  the  face  pitted  by  the  small-pox. 
3.  To  set  in  competition,  as  in  combat. 

FederiilUt,  Madi-^on. 
PIT-A-IIS'YA,  n.    A  shrub  of  California,  which  yields 
a  di-licious  fruit,  the  Cactus  Pitajaya  of  Jacipiin,  or 
Ceriis  Pitajaya  of  Oe  Candolle.  Enajc^ 
PIT'A-P.VT,  adr.  [Probably  allied  to  brat.]    In  a  flut- 
ter; with  palpitation  or  quick  succession  of  beats; 
a'J,  his  heart  went  pitjipat. 
PIT' A-PAT,  K.    A  light,  quick  step. 

Now  1  heir  the  pitapat  ol  a  pretty  fool,  through  Uie  d  irk 

Dryflen. 

PITCH,  n.  [Sax.  pic ;  T>.  pik  ;  G.  pcch  ;  Sw.  beck  ;  Dan. 
br.rr^  or  brpir ;  Ir.  pic,  or  peek;  \V.  piji;  i  Sp.  pezt  It. 
peer;  Ir.  poiz  ;  L.  p'lx  ;  Gr.  ntnntt^  or  ?rj  rr^t ;  most 
jvobably  nainetl  from  its  thickness  or  inspissation, 
frtim  the  root  ofTTfj^w,  irrjvfvw,  TTf/traaj,  Vt.Jigo.  See 
Class  Bg,  No.  23,  24,  33,  fiR.] 

1.  A  thick,  black  substance  obtained  by  boiling 
down  tar,  used  in  calking  ships,  tc. 

2.  A  thick,  ten.acioiis  substance,  the  Juice  of  the 
filver  fir  of  Central  and  Southern  Kiirope,  Abies  pi- 
ci  n,  obtained  by  incision  from  the  bark  of  the  tri:C. 
When  melted  and  pressed  in  bags  of  clolh,  it  is  re- 
ceived into  barrela.    This  is  Burgundy  pitch. 

Fonrcroy. 

Mi nfrral  pitch,    flefl  Bitumew  and  Asphalt. 
PITCH,  n.    [from  the  root  of  pike,  peak,  W.  pig.  Sec 
the  verb.] 

1.  hilrratly,  a  point ;  hence,  any  point  or  degree  of 
elevation  ,  as,  a  high  pitch;  lowest  pitch. 

How  hl^h  I  piKh  hli  r^.l  ilun  wnra  I  .^aJc. 
Aicitji-vf'-t  wn*  ofir  ofllie  l^at  unitor*  of  hit  nj^,  nolwlthRt.-iiiHiii^ 
h<!  hvd  when  Ifnrnlnf  wiia  lU  its  hi^hi'st  pitch.  Attdiion. 


PIT 

2.  Highest  rise.  Shak. 

3.  Size  ;  stature. 

So  like  in  person,  ^arb,  and  pilch.  Hutbbrat. 

4.  Degree  ;  Tate. 

No  pitch  of  glory  from  the  ^re  b  free.  WaUer. 

5.  The  point  where  a  declivity  begins,  or  the  de- 
clivity itself ;  descent ;  slope  ;  as,  the  pitch  of  a  hill. 

6.  The  degree  of  descent  or  declivity. 

7.  A  descent ;  a  fall  ;  a  thrusting  down. 

8.  Degree  of  elevation  of  the  key-note  of  a  tune, 
or  of  any  note. 

PITCH,  I',  t.  [Formerly  Pight  ;  W.  picihro,  to  dart, 
from  pig,  a  point,  a  pike  ;  D.  ptkken,  to  peck,  to  pick, 
to  pitch;  G.  pichcn;  Fr.Jicher;  Arm.  Jicha;  coincid- 
ing with  L.  Jigo,  to  Jiz,  and  uniting  pike,  pique,  with 
fix,  Sp.  picar.  It.  piccare,  to  prick  or  sting.] 

1.  To  throw  or  thrust,  and  primarily,  to  thrust  a 
long  or  pointed  object;  hence,  to  fix  ;  to  plant;  to 
set ;  as,  to  pitch  a  tent  or  pavilion  ;  that  is,  to  set  the 
stakes.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  throw  at  a  point ;  as,  to  pitch  quoits. 

3.  To  throw  headlong ;  as,  to  pitch  one  in  the  mire 
or  down  a  precipice. 

4.  To  throw  with  a  fork  ;  as,  to  pitch  hay  or  sheaves 
of  corn. 

5.  To  regulate  or  set  the  key-note  of  a  tune  in 
music. 

6.  To  set  in  array  ;  to  marshal  or  arrange  in  order ; 
used  chiefly  in  the  participle  ;  as,  a  pitched  battle. 

7.  [from  ;<i(c/i.]  To  smear  or  pay  over  with  pitch  ; 
as,  to  pitch  the  seams  of  a  ship. 

PITCH,  V.  i.  To  light ;  to  settle ;  to  come  to  rest  from 
flight. 

Take  a  branch  of  the  tree  on  which  llie  bees  pitch,  and  wipe  the 
hive.  Morlirner. 

2.  To  fall  headlong  ;  as,  to  pitch  from  a  precipice  ; 
to  pitch  on  the  head.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  plunge  ;  as,  to  pitch  into  a  river. 

4.  To  fall  J  to  fix  choice  ;  with  on  or  upon. 

Pitch  upon  the  best  course  of  life,  and  custom  will  render  it  the 
most  eusy.  TiLloUon. 

5.  To  fix  a  tent  or  temporary  habitation  ;  to  en- 
camp. 

Laban  with  his  brethren  pitched  in  the  Mount  of  Gilead,  — Gen. 
xxxi, 

6.  In  navigation,  to  rise  and  fall,  as  the  head  and 
stern  of  a  ship  passing  over  waves. 

V.  To  flow  or  fall  precipitously,  as  a  river. 
Over  '.his  rock  the  river  pitches  in  one  entire  sheet.  B.  TrumbuU. 

riTCH'-BLACK,  a.    Black  as  pitch. 

PITCH'BLENDE,  n.  An  ore  of  uranium,  of  a  black 
or  brownish  color,  and  semi-metallic  luster.  It  af- 
fords an  orange  color  in  painting.  Dana. 

PITCH'£D,  fpitcht,)  pp.  or  «.  Set;  planted;  fixed; 
thriiivii  heatllong  ;  set  in  array ;  smeared  with  pitch. 

PITCH'ER,  n.  [Arm.  picher ;  Basque,  pe^ar  ,•  from  its 
spout,  or  from  throwing.] 

1.  An  earthen  vessel  with  a  spout  for  pouring  out 
liquors.  This  is  its  present  signification.  It  seems 
formerly  to  have  signified  a  water-pot,  jug,  or  jar, 
with  ears.  Shak. 

2.  An  instrument  for  piercing  the  ground. 

Mortimer. 

3.  One  who  pitches  any  thing,  as  hay,  quoits,  &c. 
PITCH'EK-PLANT,  n.    See  Nepenthls. 
PITCH'-FXR-THIiNG,  n.    A  play  in  which  copper 

coin  is  pitched  into  a  hole  ;  called  also  Chuck-Fak- 
TtriNo,  from  the  root  of  choke. 
PITCH'FORK,  n.    [W.  picfor^.] 

A  fork  or  farming  utensil  used  in  throwing  hay  or 
sheaves  of  grain,  in  loading  or  unloading  carls  and 
wagons. 

PITCH'I-NESS,  n.    [from  pitcA.]    Blackness;  dark- 


ness. [Little  used.' 
'ITCH'ING, 


PITCH' 1  NG,  ;>pr.  Setting;  planting  or  fixing  ;  throw- 
ing headlong;  plunging;  daubing  with  ])itch  ;  set- 
ting, as  a  tune. 
2.  a.  Declivous  ;  descending  ;  .sloping  ;  as  a  hill. 
PITCII'I.NG,  M.  In  nat>i4>-a(ion,  the  rising  and  falling 
of  the  head  and  stern  of  a  ship,  as  she  moves  over 
waves  ;  or  the  vertical  vibration  of  a  .ship  about  her 
center  of  gravity.  Mur.  Diet. 

PITClI'-fjRE,  n.  Pitchblende,  an  ore  of  tiraniiiin. 
PITCH'-PIPK,  M.  A  wind  instrument  used  by  choris- 
ters in  regulating  the  pitch  or  elevation  of  Ihe  key  or 
leading  note  of  a  tune.  Sperlator. 
PITCH '-.^Tf^NK,  M.  A  variety  of  obsidian,  being  an 
unstratifii.'d  and  volcanic  rock,  having  the  appear- 
ance of  indurated  pitch.  [See  Obsidian.]  It  occurs 
in  large  beds,  and  sometimes  forms  whole  mountains. 

LyelL 

PITCH'Y,  o.    Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  pitch  ; 
like  pilch.  Woodward. 

2.  Smeared  with  pitch.  Drydrn. 

3.  Black  ;  dark  ;  dismal ;  as,  the  pitchy  mantle  of 
night.  ishak. 

PIT'-COAL,  n.  Mineral  coal ;  coal  dug  from  the  earth. 
PIT'E-OUS,  n.    [See  PiTv.]    Sorrowful ;  mournliil  ; 

that  may  excite  pily  ;  as,  npitruus  look. 

2.  Wretched;  iiiiHcrable ;  deserving  compassion; 

nf*,n  piteous  ctindilion. 


PIT 

3.  Compassionate  ;  aff'ected  by  |)ity.  Prior,  pope. 

4.  Pitiful;  paltry;  poor;  as,  pKeoii,',- amends. 

Milton. 

PIT'E-OUS-LY,  adv.   In  a  piteous  manner ;  with 
compassion.  Shak. 
2.  Sorrowfully  ;  mournfully. 
PIT'E-OUS-NESS,  n.  Sorrowfulness. 

2.  Tenderness  ;  compassion. 
PIT'FALL,  71.    A  pit  slightly  covered  for  concealment, 

and  intended  to  catch  wild  beasts  or  men. 
PIT'FALL,  V.  t.    To  lead  into  a  pitfall.  Milton. 
PITH,'h.    [Sax.  pitha  ;  D.  pit,  pith,  kernel.] 

1.  The  soft,  spongy  substance  in  the  center  of 
plants  and  trees.  Bacon.  Eucyc. 

2.  In  animals,  the  spinal  cord.  Buy. 

3.  Strength  or  force.  Shak. 

4.  Energy  ;  cogency  ;  concentrated  force ;  close- 
ness and  vigor  of  thought  and  style. 

5.  Condensed  substance  or  matter;  quintessence. 
The  summary  contains  the  pith  of  the  original. 

b.  Weight;  moment;  inqiortance. 

Enterprises  of  g-real  pith  and  moment.  Shak. 

PITH,  V.  t.  To  sever  the  spinal  cord  or  marrow,  as  by 
thrusting  in  a  knife.  A  mode  of  putting  animals  to 
death.  Library  of  Entertaining  Knowledge. 

PITH'I-LY,  a/ic.  With  strength;  with  close  or  con- 
centrated force  ;  cogently  ;  with  energy. 

PITH'I-NESS,  n.  Strength;  concentrated  force;  as, 
the  pithiness  of  a  reply.  Spenser. 

PITH'LE.SS,  o.    Destitute  of  pith;  wanting  strength. 
2.  VVaiitiiig  cogency  or  concentrated  force. 

PIT'-HoLE,  71.    A  mark  made  by  disease.  [Obs.] 

Bcamn.  Jj-  Ft. 

PITH'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  pith  ;  containing  pith ; 
ahountling  with  pith  ;  as,  a  pitky  substance  ;  a  pithy 
stem. 

2.  Containing  concentrated  force  ;  forcible  ;  ener- 
getic ;  as,  a  pithy  word  or  expression. 

This  pitbi^  speech  prevaileil,  and  ajl  agreed.  DrycUn. 

3.  Uttering  energetic  words  or  expressions. 

In  all  these,  Goodman  fact  was  very  short,  but  pithy.  Addison. 

PIT'I-A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  pitoyable ;  from  pity.] 

Deserving  pity  ;  worthy  of  compassion  ;  misera- 
ble ;  as,  pitiable  persons  ;  a  pitiable  condition. 

Jltterbury. 

PIT'I-A-BLE-NESS,  ti.  State  of  deserving  compas- 
sion. KettlcwclL 

PIT'I-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  deserving  pity  ;  mis- 
erably. 

PIT'I-iD,  (pit'id,)  pp.    Compassionated.     [See  the 

verb  to  Pitv.] 
PIT'I-KD-LY,  adv.    In  a  situation  to  be  pitied. 
PIT'I-FUL,  a.    [See  Pitv.]    Full  of  pity;  tender; 

compassionate  ;  having  a  heart  to  feel  sorrow  and 

sympathy  for  the  distressed.    James  v.    1  Pet.  iii. 

[  This  is  the  proper  sen.-ie  of  the  word.  ] 

2.  INliserable ;  moving  compassion  ;  as,  a  sight 
most  p/ti/ii^;  a  pU//h/ condition.  Shale.  Ray. 

[This  is  a  very  improper  use  of  pitiful  for  pitiable.] 

3.  To  be  pitied  for  its  littleness  or  meanness  ;  pal- 
try ;  contemptible ;  despicable. 

Thai's  vilhinoiTS,  and  shows  a  most  pit^/al  ambition  in  ttie  fool 
tlial  uses  it.  Sl:ak. 

4.  Very  small ;  insignificant. 
PIT'I-F(JL-LY,  adv.    With  pity  ;  compassionately. 

Pitifully  lichold  the  sorrows  ol  our  hearts.        Com.  P^yer, 

2.  In  a  manner  to  excite  pity. 

They  would  sigh  and  ffroan  as  pitifully  as  other  men. 

TUloleon. 

3.  Contemptibly  ;  with  meanness.  Richardson. 
PIT'I-FlJUNIiSS,  71.    Tenderness  of  heart  thai  dis- 
poses to  pity  ;  mercy  ;  compassion.  Sidnctj. 

2.  Contemptibleness. 
PIT'I-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  pity  ;  hard-hearted  ;  ap- 
plied to  persons  i  as,  a  pitiless  master. 
2.  Exciting  no  pity  ;  as,  a  pitiless  state. 
PIT'l-Li;.SS-LY,  adv.    Without  mercy  or  compassion. 
PIT'I  LIOSS-NESS,  71.    Unmercifulness  ;  insensibility 

to  the  distresses  of  others. 
PIT'MAN,  71.    The  man  that  stands  in  a  pit  when 
sawing  timber  with  another  man  who  stands  above. 

Moron. 

2.  The  piece  of  timber  which  connects  the  lower 
end  of  a  mill-saw  with  the  wheel  that  moves  it. 

PIT'SAW,  71.  A  large  .saw  used  in  dividing  timber, 
and  used  by  two  men,  one  of  whom  stands  in  a  pit 
below.  Moron. 

PIT'TA-GAL,  71.  [Gr.  Trirra,  pilch,  and  aoAAoj, 
beauty.] 

A  dark-blue,  solid  substance,  somewhat  like  indi- 
go, obtained  from  wood  tar.  Ure. 
PIT'TANCi;,  71.  v[Fr.  pitance  ;  It.  pietama  ;  Port,  pi- 
lAii^a.  The  word  signifies,  primarily,  a  porlitm  of 
food  allowed  to  a  monk.  The  Spanish  has  pilar,  to 
dislriliiite  allowances  of  meat,  and  pitanccro,  a  per- 
son who  distributes  allowances,  or  a  friar  who  lives 
on  charity.] 

1.  ,\n  allowance  of  meat  In  a  monastery. 

2.  A  very  small  portion  allowed  or  assigned.  Shak. 

3.  A  very  small  (|uantity,  as  of  money,  &.c. 

^rhiithnoL 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PIIfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


8ao 


PLA 


PIT'TF.n,  j>p.  or  a.    [from  pit.]    Marked  with  little 

luillows  ;  set  in  coniprtitioii,  lis  in  combat. 
Pri''TING,  ppr.    Marking  witll  little  liollows  ;  setting 

in  C(uiipetition. 
PIT'TI-ZITE,  n.    [Gr.  TTiaaa  or  ttitth,  pitch.] 

Pitcliy  iron  ore.  Ure. 
PI-TO'I-TA-RY,  a.    [L.  pituita,  phlegm,  rheum  ;  Gr. 
Trrt'w,  to  spit.] 

Th.it  socretea  phlegm  or  mucus  j  as,  the  pituitanj 
niemhranc.  Jile.d.  Repos. 

The  pituitary  glavd  is  a  small  oval  hody  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  brain,  erroneously  suppo^^ed  by  the 
ancients  to  secrete  tlie  mucus  of  the  nostrils. 

Parr,  ^uiney. 
PIT'y-ITE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  pituita.] 
Mucus. 

PI-TO'I-TOUS,  a.    [L.  pituitosus.] 

Consistinu  of  mucus,  or  resembling  it  in  qualities. 

PIT'Y,  n.  [Fr.  pitie ;  It.  picld,  pity  and  piety;  Pp. 
pictail,  pily  and  piety  ;  Port,  pietlaile,  id.  The  Latin, 
Italiui,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  languages  unite 
pity  and  piety  in  the  same  word,  and  the  word  may 
be  from  the  root  of  compassion  ;  h.  potior,  to  suffer  ; 
It.  compatire,  Sp.  and  Port,  compadeccrse,  to  pily-j 

1.  The  feeling  or  suffering  of  one  person,  excited 
by  the  distresses  of  another;  sympathy  with  the 
grief  or  misery  of  another ;  compassion  or  fellow- 
suffering. 

He  th:it  hath  pity  upon  the  poorlendcth  to  the  Lord.  —  Prov.  six. 

In  Scripture,  however,  the  word  pity  usually  in- 
cludes compassion  accompanied  with  some  act  of 
charily  or  benevolence,  and  not  simply  a  fellow-feel- 
ing of  distress. 

Pity  in  alwnyt  p&inrul,  yel  alwayi  agreeable.  Kamta. 

2.  The  ground  or  subject  of  pity  ;  cause  of  grief ; 
thing  to  be  regretted. 

Wh:\t  pily  is  it 

That  we  can  (lie  but  once  to  it-rve  our  country  (  Addison. 
That  lie  i£  old,  the  more  ia  the  pily,  bin  white  hairs  do  witix-ss  iL 

iVio*. 

In  this  sense  the  word  has  a  plural.  It  is  a  thou- 
sand pities  he  should  w.iste  his  estate  in  prodigality. 
PIT'Y,         [Ft.  pitmier.] 

To  feel  pain  or  grief  for  one  in  distress  ;  to  have 
sympathy  for ;  to  compassionate  ;  to  have  tender 
feelings  for  one,  excited  by  his  unhappiness. 

Lilte  R8  a  fathT  pilieth  his  children,  go  the  Lord  pilteth  them 

that  fenr  hiin.  —  Pa.  ciii. 
Taojrht  by  Uiat  Power  who  pities  me, 
1  learn  to  pily  them.  Goldsmilh, 

PIT'Y,  V.  i.    To  be  compassionate  ;  to  exercise  pity. 
1  will  not  ;>ity,  uor  spare,  nor  have  mercy.  — Jer.  xiii. 
{But  this  may  be  considered  as  an  elliptical  phrase.] 
PIT'Y-li\G,  ppr.    Compassionating  ;  sympathizing. 
PIT'Y-ING-LY,  adv.    Sympathizingly ;  compassion- 
ately. 

PIU,  [It.]    In  music,  a  little. 

PI  V'O'P,  71.  [Fr.  In  Italian,  pivolo,  or  piulo,  is  a  peg 
or  pin.] 

1.  A  pin  or  short  shaft  on  which  any  thing  ttirns. 

Dnjden. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  the  officer  or  soldier  upon 
whom  the  different  wheelings  are  made  in  the  vari- 
ous evolutions  of  the  drill.  Brande. 

PIX,  n.    [L.  pijzis.] 

1.  A  little  box  or  chest  in  which  the  consecrated 
host  is  kept  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Hamner, 

2.  A  box  used,  in  English  coinage,  for  the  trial  of 
gold  and  silver  coin.  Brande. 

PIX'Y,  n.    A  fairy.    [Local  in  EntrJand.]  Hulloway. 
PIZ'ZLE,  71.    [D.  pees,  a  tendon  or  string.] 

In  certain  t/i^udrupeds,  the  pait  which  is  official  to 
generation  and  the  discharge  of  urine.  Brown. 
PLA-eA-lilL'l-TY,    )  71.    [from  p/acaWe.]  The  qual- 
PLa'C  A-BLE-NESS,  (     ity  of  being  appeasable ;  sus- 

ceptiliilitv  of  being  pacified. 
PLA'CA-HLE,  a.    [It.  placabile  ;  Bp.  placable :  L.  p?.i- 
cabilis,  from  placo,  to  pacify  ;  probably  formed  on  the 
root  of  lay.    See  Please.] 

That  may  be  appeaseii  or  pacified  ;  appeasable ; 
admitting  its  passions  or  irritations  to  be  allayed; 
willing  to  forgive. 

Methoo^hl  I  saw  him  placable  and  mild.  MUton, 

PLA-e.\RD',  71.  [Fr.  placard ;  Sp.  placarte  ;  D.  plakaat ; 
plakken,  to  pa.ste  or  stick  ;  G.  and  Dan.  placat ;  Fr. 
plaquer,  to  clap  on.  Arm.  placna.  According  to  the 
French  orthography,  this  word  is  composed  o(  pla- 
quer, to  lay  or  clap  on,  and  carte,  card.] 

Properly,  a  written  or  printed  paper  posted  in  a 
public  place.  It  seems  to  have  been  formerly  the 
name  of  an  edict,  proclamation,  or  manifesto,  issued 
by  authority  ;  but  this  sense  is,  I  believe,  seldom  or 
never  annexed  to  the  word.  A  placard  now  is  an 
advertisement,  or  a  libel,  or  a  paper  intended  to  cen- 
sure public  or  private  characters,  or  public  niea.sures, 
posted  in  a  public  pl.ace.  In  the  case  of  libels  or  pa- 
pers intended  to  censure  public  or  private  characters, 
or  the  measures  of  government,  these  papers  are 
usually  pa.sted  up  at  night  for  secrecy.  It  is  used 
also  for  any  paper  posted  to  give  public  notice,  as  an 
advertisement. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJiMTE.— 


PLA 


PLA-eXUI)',  V.  t.    To  post,  as  a  writing  i^r  lihel,  in  a 
public  place.    It  is  sometimes  used  in  a  good  sen.-ie. 
2.  To  notify  publicly. 

PI.A-exRn'KI),  pp.  Posted  in  a  public  pl.ace  j  noti- 
fying publicly. 

PL.\-t'A RD'ING,  ppr.    Posting  in  a  public  place. 

PLa'CaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  placo,  to  appease.] 

To  appease  or  pacify  ;  to  conciliate.  Forbes. 

PLACE,  71.  [Fr.  1^/. ;  Sp.  plaza;  Port,  praf « ;  It.  piVii- 
za,  for  piazza;  Arm.  plafz ;  D.  plaaLt ;  (».  plutz  ;  S\v. 
plats;  Dau.  plads.  Words  of  this  signilicatioii  have 
for  their  mdical  sense,  to  lay.] 

1.  A  particular  portion  of  space  of  indefinite  ex- 
tent, occupied,  or  intended  to  be  occupied,  by  any 
person  or  thing,  and  coiisitleretl  as  the  space  where 
a  person  or  thing  does  or  may  rest  or  has  rested,  as 
distinct  from  space  in  general. 

Look  I'roin  the  place  where  thou  art.  — (Jen.  xiii. 

Tlie  place  wlii-r  on  Uiou  standest  is  holy  ^ruuiut.  —  Ex.  iii. 

Kvcrv  p'acc  wlii-reon  tile  solfS  ot  your  lect  shall  tread  shall  be 

yo.irs.  -  l).-ul.  xi. 
David's  place  was  empty.  —  1  Sain.  xx. 

2.  Any  portion  of  space,  as  distinct  from  space  in 
general. 

Enlarfreincnt  and  deliverance  shall  arise  to  Uie  Jews  from 
another  place. —  Ksih.  iv. 

3.  Local  existence. 

From  whiae  face  ttie  earth  and  the  heaven  fled  away,  and  there 
was  fouiul  no  place  for  them.  —  Ilev.  xx. 

4.  Separate  division,  room,  or  apartment. 

ills  ciiuilojiie  had  an  especial  place  for  sequestered  divines. 

yell. 

5.  Seat ;  residence  ;  mansion. 

The  Romans  shall  come  and  take  away  both  our  place  and  na- 
tion. —  John  xi. 

6.  A  portion  or  passage  of  writing  or  of  a  book. 

Th--  place  of  the  Scripture  which  he  read  was  this.  —  Acts  viii. 

7.  Point  or  degree  in  order  of  proceeding  ;  as,  in 
the  first  place ;  in  the  second  place ;  in  the  last  place. 
Hence, 

8.  Riink  ;  order  of  priority,  dignity,  or  imjiortance. 
lie  htilds  the  first  place  in  society,  or  in  the  affections 
of  the  people. 

9.  Office  ;  employment ;  official  station.  The  man 
has  a.  place  under  the  government. 

Do  you  your  otlice,  or  ^ve  up  your  place.  SliaJc. 

10.  Ground  ;  room. 

There  is  no  place  of  doubting  but  that  it  is  the  very  same. 

HaTjimond, 

11.  Sf.ttion  in  life  ;  calling;  occupation  ;  condition. 
All,  in  their  several  places,  perform  their  duty. 

12.  .A  city  ;  a  town  ;  a  village.  In  what  p/ace  does 
he  reside?  lie  arrived  at  iMxa  place  in  the  mail-coach. 
Qcn.  xviii. 

13.  In  military  affairs,  a  fortified  town  or  post;  a 
fortress  ;  a  fort ;  as,  a  strong  place  ;  a  place  easily  tie- 
fended.    The  place  was  taken  by  assault. 

14.  A  country  ;  a  kingdom.    England  is  the  place 

15.  Space  in  general.  [of  his  birth. 
But  she  all  place  within  herself  confines.  Davies. 

16.  Room  ;  stead  ;  with  the  sense  of  substitution. 
And  Joseph  said  to  them,  Fear  not ;  for  I  am  in  the  pfoce  of  Go<l. 

—  Ucn.  1. 

17.  Room  ;  kind  reception. 

My  wonl  hath  no  place  in  you.  — John  viii. 

18.  The  place  of  a  heavenly  body,  in  astronomy,  is 
the  sign  and  degree  of  the  zodiac  in  which  it  is  at 
any  given  time  ;  usually  expressed  either  by  its  lati- 
tutle  and  longitude,  or  by  its  right  ascension  and  dec- 
lination. Mutton. 

To  take  place;  to  come  ;  to  happen;  to  corte  into 
actual  existence  or  operation  ;  as  when  we  say,  this 
or  that  event  will  or  will  not  take  place.  The  perfect 
exemption  of  man  from  calamity  can  never  take  place 
in  this  st.ite  of  existence. 

2.  To  take  the  precedence  or  priority. 

.Addison.  Locke. 

To  take  the  place,  but  sometimes  to  take  place,  omit- 
ting the  article,  is  to  occupy  the  place  or  station  of 
another. 

To  have  place ;  to  have  a  station,  room,  or  seat. 
Such  desires  can  hare  no  place  in  a  good  heart. 
2.  To  have  actual  existence. 

To  give  place ;  to  make  room  or  way.  Give  place  to 
your  superiors. 

2.  T<i  give  room  ;  to  give  advantage  ;  to  yield  to 
the  influence  of;  to  listen  to. 

Neither  give  place  to  the  devil. —  Eph.  iv. 

3.  To  give  way ;  to  yield  to  and  suffer  to  pass 
away. 

High  place ;  in  Scripture,  a  mount  on  which  sacri- 
fices were  offered. 
PLACE,  11.  (.    [Fr.  placer.] 

1.  To  put  or  set  in  a  p.articular  part  of  space,  or  in 
a  particular  part  of  the  earth,  or  in  something  on  its 
surface  ;  to  locate  ;  as,  to  place  a  house  by  the  side  of 
a  stream  ;  to  place  a  book  on  the  shelf ;  to  place  a 
body  of  cavalry  on  each  flank  of  an  army. 

2.  To  appoint,  set,  induct,  or  establish,  in  an  of- 
fice. 

Thou  shall  provide  out  of  til  the  people  able  men,  such  u  fear 


PLA 


ljo<l,  men  of  truth,  hatiiit;  cov"tousness ;  mid  place  such 
ov.-r  (hem  to  b*-  rulers  of  ttiousixnds.  &c.  —  Kx.  xviti. 
It  Is  u  liifrh  mtiral  duly  of  *ov..r-ii;iis  anil  siiprr-in*-  in  .(jislrifs 
and  councils,  to  place  in  olhce  men  of  uiiquestiopaM'-  virtuo 
and  Lileiits.  .liiori. 

3.  To  put  or  set  in  any  particular  rank,  state,  or 
condition.  Some  men  are  placed  in  a  condition  of 
rank  and  opulence,  others  are  placed  in  low  or  nar- 
row circumst,'inces ;  but  in  whatever  sphere  men  are 
placed,  contentment  will  insure  to  them  a  large  por- 
tion of  happlncs.s. 

4.  To  set ;  to  fix  ;  as,  to  place  one's  affections  on 
an  object;  lo  place  confidence  in  a  friend. 

5.  To  put ;  to  invest ;  as,  to  place  money  in  the 
funds  or  in  a  bank. 

C.  To  put  out  at  interest ;  to  lend  ;  as,  to  place 
money  in  good  hands  or  in  good  security. 
PUi-C£'BO,  n.    [L.  placeo.] 

1.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  vesper  hymn 
for  the  dead,  beginning,  "  Placebo  Domino." 

Fosbroke, 

2.  In  medicine,  a  prescription  more  to  please  than 
benefit  the  patient.  Forsyth. 

PLAC'/!,'!),  (plast,)  pp.  Set;  fixed;  located;  estab- 
lished. 

PLACE'.MAN,  n.  One  that  has  an  office  under  a  gov- 
ernment. 

PLA-CE.V'TA,  71.  [L. ;  probably  from  the  root  of  D. 
plakken;  Fr.  plai/uer,  to  stick  or  clap  together.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  tile  substance  that  connects  the 
ovum  to  the  womb,  a  soft,  roundish  mass  or  cake 
by  which  the  principal  connection  is  maintained  be- 
tween the  parent  and  the  fetus.       Cuie.  Quincy. 

2.  The  part  of  a  plant  or  fruit  to  which  the  seeds 
are  attached.  Coze.  Parr. 

PL.VCE.N'TAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  placenta. 

It'ati^rhause. 

PLAC-EN-TA'TIO.\,  71.    In  botany,  the  disposition  of 
the  cotyledons  or  lobes  in  the  vegetation  or  germina- 
tion of  seeds.  Marti/n. 
PLAC-E.VTIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [h.  placenta  and  Jlro.] 
In  botany,  bearing  or  producing  a  placenta. 

Lindteij. 

PLa'CER,  71.    One  who  places,  locates,  or  sets. 

Spenser. 

PL.AC'ID,  a.    [L.  placidus,  from  placo,  to  appease.] 

1.  Gentle;  quiet;  undisturbed;  equable;  as,  a 
placid  motion  of  the  spirits.  Bacon. 

2.  Serene  ;  mild  ;  unrutHed  ;  indicating  peace  of 
mind  ;  as,  a  placid  countenance  or  smile. 

3.  Calm ;  tranquil  ;  serene  ;  not  stormy  ;  as,  a 
placid  sky. 

4.  Calm  ;  quiet ;  unruffled  ;  as,  a  placid  stream. 
PL.AC'ID-LY,  adv.    Mildly  ;  calmly  ;  quietly  ;  without 

disturbance  or  passion. 
PLAC'ID-NESS,  )  71.    Calmness  ;  quiet;  tranquillity  ; 
PLA-CI1)'I-TY,   (     unrurtled  state. 

2.  Mildness  ;  gentleness  ;  sweetness  of  disposition. 

Chandler. 

PLACING,  ppr.    Setting;  fixing;  establishing. 
PLAC  IT,  (plas'it,)  71.   [L.placitum,  that  which  pleases, 
a  decree,  from  placeo,  to  please.] 
A  decree  or  determination.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Olanville. 

PLAC'I-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  pleas  or  pleading  in 
courts  of  law.  Clayton. 

PLACK'ET,  n.  [from  the  Fr.  plaquer,  to  cliip  on. 
See  Placard.] 

A  petticoat.  If  this  is  the  sense  of  the  word  in 
Sliakspeare,  it  is  derivative.  1'he  word  .'signifies  the 
opening  of  the  garment;  but  it  is  nearly  or  wholly 
obsolete. 

PL.\-eOID'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  placoidians. 
PLA-eOID'I-ANS,  n.  pL    [Gr.  TrAuf,  a  plate,  and 
£!(!■)?,  form.] 

The  first  order  of  fishes  in  the  arrangement  of 
Agassiz,  having  the  skin  covered  with  enameled 
plates,  as  the  sharks,  rays,  lampreys,  &.c. 
PLA-FOND',71.  [Fr.]   The  ceiling  of  a  room,  whether 

flat  or  arched  ;  any  soflit. 
PLA'GAL,  a.    [Gr.  rAaj  inc.] 

Platral  melodies,  in  jnnsir,  are  such  as  have  their 
principal  notes  lying  between  the  fifth  of  the  key 
and  its  octave  or  twelfth.    [See  Authentic.] 

Brande. 

PLA'GI-A-RISM,  71.    [from  plaipanj.] 

The  act  of  purloining  another  man's  litemry  works, 
or  introducing  passages  from  another  man's  writings, 
and  putting  them  off  as  one's  own  ;  literary  theft. 

Sieift. 

PLa'GI-A-RIST,  71.  One  that  purloins  the  writings 
of  another,  and  puts  them  off  as  his  own. 

PLA'GI  A-KIZE,  V.  t.  To  steal  or  purloin  from  the 
writings  of  another. 

PLA'GI-A-RIZ-£D,  pp.  Stolen  from  the  writings  of 
another. 

PLa'GI-.\-RIZ-ING,  ppr.  Purloining  from  the  writ- 
ings of  another. 

PLA'GI-.\-RY,  71.  [L.  platrium,  a  kidnapping,  prob- 
ably from  plagir,  neLs,  toil,  that  which  is  layrd  or 
spread,  from  the  root  of  Eng.  lay.  The  I.,  plaga,  a 
stroke,  is  the  same  word  differently  applied,  a  laying 
on.] 

1.  A  thief  in  literature  ;  one  that  purloins  anoth- 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOtJ3.  — e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  aa  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PLA 


PLA 


PLA 


er's  writings,  and  offers  them  to  the  public  as  his 
own.  Snath.  Dryden. 

2.  The  crime  of  literarj-  theft.   [J^ot  used.] 

Brown, 

PLa'G[-.A.-RY,  a.   Stealing  men;  kidnappinc.  [J\*k( 
ILseil.  1  Brown. 
9.  Practicini  literai-y  theft.  Hall. 

PLa'GI-O.N  ITE,  n.    [Gr- 'r^") '"fi  oblique,  alluding 
to  llie  cry«tulli/..ition.J 
A  blockish,  lead-gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead. 

PLaGUE,  (pi.!?,)  11.  [Sp.  plam  or //((jro,  a  wound,  a 
plat'ue  ;  It.  pia^a,  for  plaga  ;  G.  and  Dan.  plage ;  Sw. 
plaira  :  VV.  pla^  plague  ;  llac,  a  slap  ;  Vaciaw^  to  strike, 
to  lick,  to  cudgel  ;  Ir.  ;>/«/>  ;  L.  pla^a,  a  stroke,  Gr. 
■rXri)  n.  (See  Lick  and  Lay.)  The  primary  si  iise 
is,  a  stroke  or  strikiu!!.  So  afflict  is  from  the  root  of 
fiog,  and  probably  of  the  same  family  as  plague.] 

1.  Any  thing  troublesome  or  vexatious;  but,  in 
this  sense,  applied  t'^  the  vexations  we  suffer  from 
m?n,  and  not  to  the  unavoidable  evils  indicted  on 
us  by  divine  Providence.  The  application  of  the 
word  to  the  latter  would  now  be  irreverent  and  re- 
proachful. 

9.  .A  pestilential  disease  ;  an  acute,  malignant, 
febrile  disease,  that  often  prevails  in  Egyjit,  Syria, 
and  Turkey,  and  has  at  times  prevailed  in  the  large 
cities  of  Europe,  with  frightful  mortality. 

3.  A  state  of  misery.    Ps.  xxxviii. 

4.  Any  great  natural  evil  or  calamity ;  as,  the  ten 
p1a^ue.<  of  Egj'pt. 

PL.aGUE,  (plip,)  r.  U  [Sp.  plagar;  W.  placaw ;  It. 
pia^rare ;  G.  plagai;  Dan.  plager;  Sw,  ptaga;  from 
the  noun.] 

1.  To  infest  with  disease,  calamity,  or  natural  evil 
of  any  kind. 

Thus  were  they  plagued 
And  worn  with  r.imine.      '  Milton. 

2.  To  vex  ;  to  tease ;  to  harass  ;  to  trouble  ;  to  em- 
barrass ;  a  very  general  and  indcjinite  jiigiiijicatioti. 

If  her  nnuire  b?  so, 
Then  she  will  plague  ihe  inan  Uwl  loves  her  most.  Spenser. 

PLaGUE'FUL,  a.  Abounding  with  plagues;  infect- 
ed with  plagues. 

PLaGUE'LESS,  a.    Free  from  plagues  or  the  plagiie. 

PL.^GU'l-LY,  (plag'e-le,)  adv.  V'evatiously  ;  in  a 
manner  t<»  vex,  harass,  or  embarrass  ;  greatly  ;  hor- 
ribly,   r/rt  vulfrar  u.<e.]  Swift.  Dryden. 

PLaGIJ'Y,  (plig'e,)  a.  Vexatious;  troublesome;  tor- 
nienting.    [Vulgar.]  Hndibras. 

PLaICE,  j  n.    [Fr.  plie;  Sp.  platija;  G.  ptalt.eise  ;  Dan. 

PL.\ISE,  i     plat-ask,  flat-fish  ;  from  plot,  fl.at.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Platessa,  (Pleuronectes,  Linn.,) 
allied  to  this  flounder,  and  growing  to  the  size  of 
eiL'Iit  or  ten  pounds  or  more.  This  fish  is  more  flat 
and  square  than  the  halibut. 

PL.^II'E'.MOU'I'H,  n.    A  wry  mouth.       B.  Jonson. 

PLAID,  (plad,)7i.  [Cin.  VV.  plaiil,  a  partition;  diver- 
sity of  colors  being  often  named  from  dividing.] 

A  striped  or  variegated  cloth,  worn  as  an  over- 
garment by  the  Highlanders  in  Scotland.  It  is  a 
narrow  woolen  stuff,  worn  round  the  waist  or  on  the 
shijiilders,  reaching  to  the  knees,  and,  in  cold  weath- 
er, to  the  feet.    It  is  worn  by  both  sexes.  Pennant. 

PLAIN,  a.  [Fr.  plain;  It.  piano;  Sp.  piano,  tlano ; 
Port,  piano,  from  L.  planus;  G.  and  Sw.  plan;  D. 
plein;  Sw.  Dau.  D.  and  G.  plan,  a  plan  or  scheme; 
\V.  plan,  a  plane,  a  plantation,  a  shoot  or  cion,  a  ray 
of  light,  whence  plant,  children,  issue;  plciniaw,  to 
radiate  ;  plenig,  radiant,  splendid,  whence  y.-ylan, 
clear,  bright,  splendid,  and  ysptandcr,  L.  splendor. 
The  Gr.  ~uii'a(,),  to  wander,  is  from  the  same  root. 
Here  we  have  decisive  evidence,  that  plain,  plan, 
plant,  and  splendor,  are  from  the  same  radix.  (See 
Plant.)    Class  Ln,  No.  4,  6,  7.] 

1.  Smooth  ;  even  ;  level  ;  flat ;  without  elevations 
and  depressions ;  not  rough  ;  as,  plain  ground  or 
land  ;   a  plain  surface.     In  this  sense,  in  philo- 
sophical writings,  it  is  written  Plane. 
9.  Open;  clear;  unencumbered;  fair. 
Our  iroopi  b<-.it  an  luiny  in  plain  li^hl  and  open  field.  F^;lton. 

3.  Void  of  beauty  or  ornament ;  simple ;  as,  a 
plain  dress. 

Plain  wiUiout  pomp,  and  rich  without  a  shovr,  Drylen. 

4.  Artliiss  ;  simple  ;  unlearned  ;  without  disginse, 
cnniiiirg,  or  aff_clation ;  without  refinement;  as, 
men  of  the  plainer  sort.    Ocn.  xxv.  Bacon. 

Plain,  hut  pioui  Christiana.  Hammond. 

5.  ArtleM  ;  simple  ;  unaffected  ;  unembellislied  ; 
as,  a  plain  tale  or  narration. 

<>,  lloneKily  undisguised;  open;  frank;  sincere; 
unreserved,    I  will  tell  you  the  plain  truth, 

Gi*c  me  leave  to  be  jttain  witli  you.  Bacon. 

7.  .Mere  ;  baru;  as,  a  plain  knave  or  fool. 

S/tuk.  Pope. 

8.  Evident  to  the  understanding  ;  clear ;  manifest ; 
not  oliHciire  ;  uh,  plum  words  or  language;  a  plain 
difference  ;  a  plain  argument. 

It  u  platn  in  the  history,  th.it  tUiu  wns  never  tulj' ct  to  Jncob. 

Locke. 

9.  Not  much  varied  by  modulations  ;  as,  a  plain 
(oiiK  or  (line.  I 


1 1.  Not  high  seasoned  ;  not  rich  ;  not  luxuriously 
dressed  ;  as,  a  plain  diet. 

II.  Not  ornamented  with  figures ;  as,  j)2am muslin, 
19,  Not  dyetjl, 

13.  Not  diliicult ;  not  embarrassing ;  as,  a  plain 
case  in  law. 

14.  Easily  seen  or  discovered  ;  not  obscure  or 
ditlicult  to  be  found,  as,  a  plain  road  or  path.  Our 
course  is  very  plain.    Ps.  xxvii. 

PLAIN,  adv.  Not  obscurely ;  in  a  manner  to  be  easily 
understood. 

2.  Distinctly  ;  articulately  ;  as,  to  speak  plain. 
Mark  vii. 

3.  With  simplicity;  artlessly;  bluntly. 

PLAIN,  n.  [Ir.cluaiH;  W'.lUin;  Fr.  plaine.  See  the 
adjective.] 

1.  Level  land ;  usually,  an  open  field  with  an 
even  surface,  or  a  surface  little  varied  by  inequali- 
ties ;  as,  all  the  plain  of  Jordan.    Oeji.  xiii. 

2.  Field  of  battle.  Arbuthnot. 
PLAIN,  I'.  (.    To  level ;  to  make  plain  or  even  on  the 

surface.  Hayward. 
2.  To  lament  or  wail ;  as,  to  plain  one's  case. 

Spenser. 

PLAIN,  r,  i.    [Ft.  plaindre ;  L.plango.] 

To  lament  or  bewail.  [A'ut  used.]  [bee  Complain.] 
PLaIN'-CMaNT,  h.    See  Plain  Song, 
PLaIN'-Di;.\L-ER,  ti.     One  who  speaks  out  his 

views  with  great  plainness. 
PLaIN'-DeAL-ING,  a.    [plain  and  deal.] 

Dealing  or  communicating  with  frankness  and 
sincerity  ;  honest ;  open  ;  speaking  and  acting  with- 
out art ;  as,  a /i/mn-dea/iH^  man.  Sliak.  L' Estrange. 
PLaIN'-Df.AL-ING,  n.  A  speaking  or  communi- 
cating with  openness  and  sincerity;  management 
without  art,  stratagem,  or  disguise ;  sincerity. 

Dryden. 

PLAIN'-HEXRT'ED,  a.  Having  a  sincere  heart  ; 
communicating  without  art,  reserve,  or  hypocrisy; 
of  a  frank  disposition.  Milton. 

PLAIN'-HEXRT'ED-NESS,  n.  Frankness  of  dispo- 
sition ;  sincerity.  Hullywell. 

PLAIN'ING,  71,    Complaint.    [Ohs.]  Shak. 

PLAIN'LY,  ai/u.    With  a  level  surface,    [Little  used.] 

2.  Without  cunning  or  disguise, 

3.  Without  ornament  or  artificial  embellishment ; 
as,  to  be  plainly  clad, 

4.  Frankly  ;  honestly  ;  sincerely  ;  as,  deal  plainly 
with  me.  Pope. 

5.  In  earnest ;  fairly.  Clarendon. 

6.  In  a  manner  to  be  easily  seen  or  comprehended. 

Thou  Shalt  write  on  the  stones  all  tlie  woltls  of  this  law  very 
plainly.  —  Deut.  xxvii. 

7.  Evidently  ;  clearly  ;  not  obscurely.  The  doc- 
trines of  grace  are  plainly  taught  in  the  Scri|itiires. 

PLaIN'NESS,  n.    Levelness  ;  evenness  of  surface. 

2,  Want  of  ornament ;  want  of  artificial  show. 
So  modest  plainness  sets  off  sprightly  wit.  Pope. 

3,  Openness ;  rough,  blunt,  or  unrefined  frank- 
ness. 

Your  plainness  and  your  sliortncss  please  me  well.  ShaJe. 

4.  Artlessness;  simplicity;  candor;  as,  unthink- 
ing plainness.  Dryden. 

5.  Clearness ;  openness  ;  sincerity. 

Seeing,  then,  we  have  such  hope,  we  use  great  plainness  of 
speech.  —  2  Cor.  iii. 

PLXIN'-SONG,  n.  An  ecclesiastical  chant  in  duple 
measure  with  notes  of  equal  length,  and  rarely  ex- 
tending bevimd  the  com|iass  of  an  octave.  P.  Cyc. 

PLaIN'-SPoK-£N,  a.  Speaking  with  plain,  unre- 
served sincerity.  Drijden. 

PLAINT, 71.  [Fr.  p/aintc,  from  plainrfrc,  to  lament,  from 
L.  plango,  to  strike,  to  beat,  to  lament,  whence  com- 
plaint; Gr.  nAiiTTi,>,jrAr)rTu),  to  strike,  from  the  root 
7rAr,> f.p,  r/ijfui-rrf,  whence  TrAm  r7,  a  stroke,  L.  plaga. 
Eng.  plague  :  Gulh.  flekan,  to  lament ;  Sp.  plahir,  frtmi 
the  Latin.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  strike,  that  is,  to 
drive  or  thrust,  applietl  to  the  hand  or  to  the  voice  ; 
or  the  sense  of  complaint  and  lamentation  is  from 
beating  the  breast,  as  in  violent  grief ;  Sw.  plagga, 
to  beat.] 

1.  Lamentation;  complaint;  audible  expression  of 
sorrow. 

From  inwnrti  grief 
His  burbling  paasion  into  plaints  tlivis  poured.  Milton. 

2.  Complaint;  representation  made  of  injury  or 
wrong  done. 

There  are  iliree  Just  grounds  of  war  with  Spain  ;  one  ofn^ninl* ; 
two  upon  delens".'.  JJacon. 

3.  In  law,  n  private  memorial  tendered  to  a  court, 
in  which  the  person  sets  forth  his  cause  of  action. 

Blaekstone. 

4.  In  law,  a  complaint ;  a  formal  accusation  exhib- 
ited by  a  private  persim  against  an  offender  for  a 
breach  of  law  or  a  public  offense. 

Laip.i  of  JVeio  York  and  Conn. 
PLAINT'FJJL,  a.    Complaining;  expressing  sorrow 
with  an  audible  voice  ;  as,  my  plainlful  tongue, 

Sidney. 

PLAINT'IFF,  n.  [Fr.  plainlif,  inournful,  making 
coinirlaiiit.j 

In  luir,  the  person  who  coiiiinencea  a  suit  before  a 


tribunal,  for  the  recovery  of  a  claim  ;  opposed  to  De- 
fendant, 

[Prior  eses  this  word  as  an  adjective,  in  the 
French  sense,  lor  plaintive,  but  the  use  is  not  au- 
thorized.] 
PLAINT'IVE,  a,    [Fr.  plaintlf] 

1,  Lamenting;  complaining;  expressive  of  sor- 
row ;  as,  a  plaintive  sound  or  song,  Dryden. 

2,  Complaining;  expressing  sorrow  or  grief;  re- 
pining. 

To  soothe  the  sorrows  of  her  plaintive  ton.  Dryden. 

PLaINT'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  expressive  of 
grief. 

PLaINT'IVE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  or  state  of  ex- 
pressing grief. 

PLA!.\T'LESS,  a.    Without  complaint ;  unrepining. 

PLAIN'-WORK,  (-wiirk,)  71.  Plain  needlework,  as 
distinguished  from  embroider)'.  Pope. 

PLAIT,  71.  [W.  ;>/f(/i,  a  plait  or  fold  ;  p/rt/iii,  to  plait 
or  braid,  from  lletli;  Sw.  fldta,  Dan.  flettcr,  to  plait, 
braid,  twist,  Riiss.  plctu,  oplctayu,  Fr.  plisser,  with 
a  dialectical  change  of  t  to  s.  Ciu,  Gr,  kXojOui,  to 
twist,] 

1,  A  fold  ;  a  doubling  ;  as  of  cloth. 

It  is  very  tlitTicult  to  trace  out  the  figure  of  a  rest  through  all  the 
plaits  and  folding  of  the  dr.ipery.  Atldison. 

2.  A  braid,  as  of  hair  or  straw. 

PLaIT,  v.  t.  To  fold  ;  to  double  in  narrow  streaks ; 
as,  to  plait  a  gown  or  a  sleeve.  Gay. 

2.  To  braitl ;  to  interweave  strands;  as,  to  plait 
the  hair. 

3.  To  entangle  ;  to  involve.  Shak. 
PLa  IT'ED,  p/>.  or  a.    Folded;  braided;  interwoven. 
PLAIT'ER,  71,    One  that  plaits  or  braids. 
PLaIT'ING,  p;>r.    Folding;  doubling;  braiding. 
PLAN,  71.    [Fr.  G.  D.  Dan.  Sw.  and  Russ.  plan.  The 

Italian  has  pianta,  a  plant,  and  a  plan,  and  in  Welsh, 
plan  is  a  shoot,  cion,  plantation,  or  planting,  and  a 
plane.  Hence  plan,  plain,  plane,  ami  plant,  are  from 
one  root.  The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  is  to  ex- 
tend.] 

1.  A  draught  or  form  ;  properly,  the  representation 
of  any  thing  drawn  on  a  plane,  as  a  map  or  chart, 
which  is  a  representation  of  some  portion  of  land  or 
water.  But  the  word  is  applied  particularly  to  the 
model  of  a  building,  showing  the  form,  extent,  and 
divisions  in  miniature,  and  it  may  be  applied  to  the 
draught  or  representation  of  any  projected  work  on 
paper,  or  on  a  plane  surface  ;  as,  the  ;i/a7i  of  a  town 
or  city,  or  of  a  harbor  or  fort.  The  form  of  a  ma- 
chine in  miniature  is  called  a  Model. 

2.  A  scheme  devised  ;  a  project  ;  the  form  of  some- 
thing to  be  diuie  existing  in  the  mind,  with  the  sev- 
eral parts  adjusted  in  idea,  expressed  in  words  or 
coinuiilted  to  writing  ;  as,  the  plan  of  a  constitution 
of  government ;  the  plan  of  a  treaty  ;  the  plan  of  an 
expt'dilitui. 

PLAN,  (.  To  form  a  draught  or  representation  of 
any  intended  work, 

2.  To  scheme  ;  to  devise  ;  to  form  in  design  ;  as, 
to  plan  the  conquest  of  a  country  ;  to  plan  a  reduc- 
tion of  taxes,  or  of  the  national  tjebt. 

PLa'NA-RY,  (7.    Pertaining  to  a  plane.  Diet 

PLANCH,  !■.  t.    [Fr.  planelie,  a  plank.    See  Plank.] 
To  plank  ;  to  cover  with  planks  or  boartls.  Gorges. 

PLANCH'/;D,  (plancht,)  pp.  Covered  or  made  of 
planks  or  lioartis. 

PLANCII'ER,  71.    A  floor.  Bacon. 

PLANCH'ET,  71.    [Fr.  pi anchette.    See  Plank.] 
A  flat  piece  of  metal  or  coin,  F.nrvc. 

PLANCH'hVG,  71.  The  laying  of  floors  in  a  biiiltling; 
also,  a  floor  of  boards  or  planks,  Carew. 

PLa.N'E,  a.  [L.  planus.  See  Plain.]  Without  ele- 
vations or  depressions  ;  even  ;  level ;  flat ;  as,  a  plane 
surface. 

Plane  chart ;  a  chart  constructed  on  the  supposition 
of  the  earth  and  sea  being  an  extended  plane  surface, 
with  the  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  every 
where  equal. 

A  plane  figure,  in  geometry,  is  a  surface  in  which, 
if  any  two  points  are  taken,  the  straight  line  which 
joins  them  lies  wholly  in  that  surface. 

A  plane  angle,  is  one  contained  between  two  lines 
or  surfaces,  in  contradistinction  to  a  solid  angle.  Encye. 

Plane  sailing ;  in  navigation,  the  art  of  determining 
the  ship's  place,  on  the  supposition  that  sne  is  mov- 
ing on  a  plane.  Brande. 
PLA.N'E,  71,  .[from  L.  planus.    See  Plain.] 

1.  In  irf,))ji,(ry,  an  even  or  level  surface,  like  plain 
in  popular  language, 

2.  In  astronomy,  an  imaginary  surface  .supposed 
to  pass  through  any  of  the  curves  ilescribed  im  the 
celestial  sphere;  as,  Ihe  plane  of  the  ecliptic;  the 
plane  of  a  planet's  orbit ;  the  plane  of  a  great  circle, 

3.  In  mechanics.    See  Plane  Fii:i'nE. 

4.  In  joinery  and  cabinet  work,  an  instrument  con- 
sisting of  a  smooth  piece  of  wood,  wilh  an  aperture, 
through  which  passes  obliquely  a  piece  of  edged  steel 
or  chisel,  used  in  paring  or  smoothing  boards  or  wood 
of  any  kind. 

A  linri-.onlal  plane  is  parallel  to  the  horizon. 
An  inchnrd  plane  is  any  plane  inclined  to  the  hori- 
zon, by  whatever  angle. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBV,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK,  — 

__  _  . 


PLA 


PLA 


PLA 


PLANE,  !;.  t.    To  ni;»kc  smooth;  to  pare  off  tin;  in- 
eiiualities  of  the  surface  of  a  board  or  other  piece  of 
wood  by  the  use  of  a  plane. 
9.  To  free  from  iiiecpialities  of  surface,  ^rbiithnot. 

PL.aN'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  smooth  with  a  plane  ;  Isv- 
elcd. 

PLAN'ET,  )i.  [Fr.  planete:  Si.  pianeta;  L.  Sp.  and 
Port.  p;iiH((a  ;  vV.  planed;  Gr.  irX  ii'j/Tijf,  wandering, 
from  tAukiu,  to  wander,  allied  to  L.  planus,  Ft.  loin. 
See  Plant.] 

A  celestial  body  which  revolves  about  the  sun, 
in  an  orbit  of  a  moderate  dejrec  of  eccentricity,  in 
distinction  from  a  comet,  which  liss  a  very  eccentric 
orbit.  The  planets  arc  sometimes  called  primarij 
planets,  in  distinction  from  those  bodies  called  sec- 
ondary planets,  moons,  or  satellites,  which  revolve 
about  some  planet  as  their  center,  and  with  that  re- 
volve about  the  sun.  The  primary  planets  are  named 
Mercury, Venus,  Earth,  Mars,  Jupiter,Saturn, Uranus, 
and  Neptune.  Five  smaller  planets,  denominated  by 
some  asteroiih;  namely,  Ceres,  Palliis,  Juno,  Vesta, 
and  Astra;a,  have  recently  been  discovered  between 
the  orbits  of  .Mars  and  Jupiter.  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn, 
Uranus,  and  Neptune,  being  without  the  earth's  orbit, 
are  sometimes  called  thesupcrior  planets  ;  Venus  ami 
Mercury,  being  within  the  earth's  orbit,  are  called 
inferior  planets.  The  planets  are  opaque  bodies,  which 
receive  their  light  from  the  sun.  They  are  so  named 
from  their  motion  or  revolution,  in  distinction  from 
the  fixed  stars,  and  are  distinguished  from  the  latter 
bv  tlieir  not  twinkling. 

PLXNE'-Ta-BLE,  71.  An  instrument  or  board  marked 
off  into  degrees  from  the  center,  used  in  surveying 
land,  by  which  the  draught  or  plan  is  tiiken  on  the 
spot  during  the  progress  of  the  survey.  lluUon. 

PLAN-ET-.^'RI-UM,  n.  An  astronomical  machine 
which,  by  the  movement  of  its  parts,  represents  the 
motions  and  orbits  of  the  planets,  agreeable  to  the 
Copernican  system.  Barlow. 

PLAN  ET-A-RV,  a.    [Fr.  planetaire.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  planets;  as, p^anetcz-y  inhabit- 
ants ;  planetary  motions. 

•2.  Consisting  of  planets  ;  as,  a  planetani  system. 
3.  Under  the  dominion  or  influence  of  a  planet ; 
as,  a  planetary  hour.    [Astrology.']  Dryden. 

•1.  Produced  by  planets  ;  as,  planetary  plague  or  in- 
fluence. Sliak. 
5.  Having  the  nature  of  a  planet ;  erratic  or  re- 
.vtilving.  Blackniore. 
Planetary  days ;  the  days  of  the  week  as  shared 
among  the  planets,  each  having  its  day,  as  we  name 
the  davs  of  the  week  after  the  planets.  Hutton. 

PLAN'ET-EI),  a.    Belonging  to  planets.  Young. 

PLA-.\ET'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  planets.  [J^oluscd.] 

Brown. 

PL.^XE'-TREE,  71.  [L.  plalanus;  Fr.  plane,  jilatanc.] 
A  tree  of  the  genus  Platanus.  The  oriental  plane- 
tree  is  a  n.ative  of  Asia  ;  it  rises  with  a  straight, 
smooth,  branching  stem  to  a  great  hight,  with  pal- 
inated  leaves,  and  long,  pendulous  peduncles,  sus- 
taining several  heads  of  small,  close-sitting  flowers. 
The  seeds  are  downy,  and  collected  into  round, 
rough,  hard  balls.  The  occidental  plane-tree,  which 
grows  to  a  great  hight,  is  a  native  of  North  Ameri- 
ca; it  is  called  also  Button-wood  and  Button- 
tree. 

PLAN'ET-STRUCK,  a.  Affected  by  the  influence  of 
planets  ;  blasted.  Suckling. 

PLA.N'ET-UI-E,  77.    A  little  planet.  Conybeare. 

PEAN-I-.MET'Rie,        la.    Pertaining  to  the  mensu- 

PLAN-I-MET'Rie-AL.  (     ration  of  plane  surfaces. 

PLA-NI.M'E-TRV,  71.  [L.  planus,  plain,  and  Gr.  pcr- 
ptoj,  to  measure.] 

Tlie  niensuratio7i  of  plane  surfaces.  Hutton. 

PL.\.\'ISH,  p.  (.  [froi7i  p/a7ie.]  To  render  a  metallic 
surface  level  and  smooth,  by  pounding  it  gently  with 
a  smooth-faced  hammer;  as,  to  planish  silver  tea- 
spoons or  tin  plate.  Heiiry''s  Cltem. 

PLAN'ISI1-£D,  (plan'isht,)  pp.  Made  smooth  by 
hammering. 

PLAN'ISH-ING,  ppr.    Making  smooth  bv  hammering. 
PLAN'I-SPUicRE,  71.    [L.  planus,  plain,  and  sphere.] 
A  sphere  projected  on  a  plane.    In  this  sense,  maps 
in  which  are  exhibited  the  meridians  and  other  cir- 
cles are  planispheres.  Hutton. 
PLANK,  71.    [Fr.  planche  ;  Arm.  plancquenn,  pi.  plench ; 
W.  plane;  D.  plank;   G.  and  Dan.  planke  ;  Sw. 
^lanka;  Russ.  plac/ia,  :i  board  or  plank.    Probably  n 
IS  casual,  and  the  word  belongs  to  Class  Lg.] 

A  broad  piece  of  sawed  timber,  differing  from  a 
board  only  in  being  thicker.  In  America,  broad 
pieces  of  sawed  timber,  which  are  not  more  than  an 
inch  or  an  inch  and  a  quarter  thick,  are  called  boards ; 
like  pieces,  from  an  inch  and  a  h.alf  to  three  or  four 
inches  thick,  are  called  planks.  Sometimes  pieces 
more  than  four  inches  thick  are  called  planks. 
PL.\NK,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  lay  with  planks  ;  as,  to 
plank  a  floor  or  a  ship. 


PL.A.N'NER,  n.   One  who  plana  or  forms  a  plan;  a 
projector. 


PIiA.\'NI.\G,  ppr.  Scheming;  devising  ;  making  a 
plan. 

PLA'NO-eON'e.\VE,  a.  Flat  on  one  side  and  con- 
cave on  the  other. 

PI,A'NO-CON'ie-AL,  a.  [plain  anA  conical.]  Plane 
or  level  on  one  side  and  conical  on  the  other. 

Qrem. 

PLA'NO-eON'VEX,  a.  [plain  and  convex.]  Plane 
or  fl.at  on  one  side  and  convex  on  the  other ;  as,  a 
plaiio-conrrr.  lens.  J^ewton. 

PLA'NO-HOR-I-ZON'TAL,  a.  Having  a  level  hori- 
zontal surface  or  position.  Lee^ 

PL.\-NOR'BIS,  71.    [L.  planus  and  orbis.] 

A  genus  of  fresh-water  snails,  having  shells  of  a 
discoidal  form.  Alantcll. 

PI.A'NO-SUB'y-LATE.a.  [See  Subulate.]  Smooth 
and  awl-shaped. 

PLANT,  71.  [Fr.  pi  ante ;  It.  pianta ;  L.  Sp.  Port,  and 
Sw.  pianta;  Ir.  pluunda;  I),  plant;  O.  pfianie ;  Dan. 
phnite  ;  Arm.  plantenn  ;  \V.  plant,  issue,  offspring, 
children,  from  ;)^a7i,  a  ray,  a  shoot,  a  plantation  or 
planting,  a  plane  ;  planed,  a  shotting  body,  a  planet; 
plfiniaic,  to  radiate  ;  plenig,  radiant,  S]}lendid  ;  pleiit, 
that  is  rayed  ;  plentyn,  a  child  ;  pianta,  to  beget  or  to 
bear  children.  In  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  pianta  signifies  a 
plant  and  a  plan.  Here  we  fnul  plan,  plane,  plant, 
planet,  all  from  one  stock,  and  the  Welsh  pleiniaw,  to 
radiate,  shows  that  the  L.  splendeo,  splendor,  are  of 
the  same  famil}'.  The  Celtic  ciaii  is  probably  the 
\Velsh  plan,  plant,  with  a  different  prefix.  The  radi- 
cal sense  is  obvious,  to  shoot,  to  extend.] 

1.  A  vegetable;  anorganic  body,  destitute  of  sense 
and  spontaneous  motion,  adhering  to  another  body 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  draw  from  it  its  nourishment, 
and  having  the  power  of  propag.ating  itself  by  seeds  ; 
"  w!jose  seed  is  in  itself."  Oen.  i.  This  definition 
may  not  be  perfectly  correct,  as  it  respects  all  plants, 
for  some  aquatic  plants  grow  without  being  attached 
to  any  fixed  body. 

The  woody  or  dicotyledonous  plants  consist  of 
three  jiarts  ;  the  bark  or  exterior  coat  which  covers 
the  wood  ;  the  wood,  which  is  hard,  and  constitutes 
the  principal  part ;  and  the  pith  or  center  of  the  stem. 
In  monocotyledonous  plants,  the  ligneous  or  fibrous 
parts,  and  the  pithy  or  parenchymatous,  are  equally 
distributed  through  the  whole  internal  substance  ; 
and  in  the  lower  plants,  fungi,  sea-weed.  Sec,  the 
substance  is  altogether  parenchymatous.  By  means 
of  proper  vessels,  the  nourishing  juices  are  distrib- 
uted to  every  part  of  the  plant.  In  its  most  general 
sense,  plant  comprehends  all  vegetables,  trees,  shrubs, 
herbs,  grasses,  6cC.  In  popular  laniruage,  the  word 
is  generally  applied  to  the  smaller  species  of  vege- 
tables. 

2.  A  sapling.  Dnjden. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  child  ;  a  descendant ;  the  inhab- 
itant of  a  country.    Ps.  cxliv.   Jer.  xlviii. 

4.  The  sole  of  the  foot.    [Little  used.] 

5.  The  fixtures  and  tools  necessary  to  carry  on  any 
trade  or  mechanical  business.  [Locai.] 

Sea-plant ;  a  plant  that  grows  on  the  sea  or  in  salt 
water ;  sea-weed. 

Sensitive  plant ;  a  plant  that  shrinks  on  being 
touched  ;  a  species  of  the  .Mimos.a. 
PL.\NT,  V.  t.    To  put  in  the  ground  and  cover,  as  seed 
for  growth  ;  as,  to  p/a7i«  maize. 

2.  To  set  in  the  ground  for  growth,  as  a  young  tree 
or  a  vegetable  with  roots. 

3.  To  engender ;  to  set  the  germ  of  any  thing  that 
may  increase. 

It  engenders  choler,  ptanttlh  anger.  Sliak. 

4.  To  set  firmly ;  to  fix. 

His  standard  planted  on  Laurentum's  towers.  Dryden. 

5.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  the  first  inhabitants  ;  to  estab- 
lish ;  as,  to  plant  a  colony. 

6.  To  furnish  with  plants  ;  to  lay  out  and  prepare 
with  plants  ;  as,  to  plant  a  garden  or  an  orchard, 

7.  To  set  and  direct  or  point ;  as,  to  plant  cannon 
against  a  fort. 

8.  To  introduce  and  establish  ;  as,  to  plant  Chris- 
tianity among  the  heathen. 

1  have  planted,  Apolloa  watered,  but  God  gave  the  increase.  — 
1  Cor.  iii. 

9.  To  unite  to  Christ,  and  fix  in  a  state  of  fellow- 
ship with  him.    Ps.  xcii. 

PLANT,  r.  i.   To  perform  the  act  of  planting.  Pope. 
PLANT' A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  planted. 

Edwards,  If  'esl  Indies. 
PLANT' AGE,  71.    [L.  plantago.] 

An  herb,  or  herbs  in  general.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

PLANT'AIN,  (plant'in,)  71.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  plantago; 
It.  piantaggiite,] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Plantago,  of  m.iny  species. 
The  common  plantain  is  found  near  the  abode  of 
civilized  man  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  icalcr 
plantain  is  of  the  genus  Alisma.  Loudon. 

PLANT'AIN,  )        ro      1  .  1 

PL  ANT' AIN-TREE,  (       t^P"  ?'«"""'•] 

A  tropical  tree  of  the  genus  Musa,  the  most  re- 
markable species  of  which  are,  the  paradisiaca  or 
plantain,  and  the  sapientum  or  banana-tree.  The 


plantain  rises  with  a  soft  stem,  fifteen  or  twenty  feet 
liigh,  and  the  fruit  is  a  substitute  for  bread. 

Kncye.  Jim. 

PLANT'AL,  a.    Belonging  to  plants.    [JVot  u-sci/.l 

G/a7tri7/ff. 

PLANT-A'TION,  n.  [L.  plantatio,  from  planlo,  to 
plant.] 

1.  The  act  of  planting  or  setting  in  the  earth  for 
growth. 

2.  The  place  planted  ;  applied  to  ground  planted 
with  trees,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  timber,  or 
for  ornament,  &c.  Adtluon. 

3.  In  the  United  States  and  the  If'est  Indies,  a  large 
estate,  cultivated  chiefly  by  negroes,  either  slaves  or 
free,  who  live  in  a  distinct  community  on  the  est.atc, 
under  the  control  of  the  proprietor  or  master. 

4.  An  original  settlement  in  a  new  country  ;  a 
town  or  village  planted. 

Wlule  these  pLantatiojia  were  rumiiiig  in  Conncc'icut. 

B.  TrumbM. 

5.  A  colony.  Bacon. 

6.  A  first  planting;  introduction;  establishment; 
as,  the  plantation  o(  Chi  istiauity  in  England. 

K.  Charles. 

PLANT'-CANE, n.  In  the  fVcst  Indiej,  a  term  applied 
to  the  original  plants  of  the  sugar-cane,  proiUiced 
from  genus  placed  in  the  ground  ;  or  canes  of  the 
first  growth,  in  distinction  from  the  ratoons,  or 
sprouts  from  the  roots  of  canes  which  have  been  cut. 

Edwards,  IV.  Indies. 

PLANT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Set  in  the  earth  for  propagation ; 
set;  fixed;  introduced;  established. 

2.  Furnished  w  ith  seeds  or  plants  for  growth  ;  as, 
a  planted  field. 

3.  Furnished  with  the  first  inhabitants;  settled; 
as,  territory  planted  with  ctjionists. 

4.  Filled  or  furnished  with  what  is  new. 

A  man  in  all  tlie  world's  new  ias\i\oix  planted..    [Sec  Def.^^  . 

PL.\.\T'ER,  71.  One  that  plants,  sets,  introduces,  or 
establishes  ;  as,  a  planter  of  maize  ;  a  planter  of 
vines  ;  the  planters  of  a  colony. 

2.  One  that  settles  in  a  new  or  uncultivated  terri- 
tory ;  as,  the  first  planters  in  Virginia. 

3.  One  who  owns  a  plantation  ;  used  in  Ute  West 
Indies  and  Southern  States  of  Jlmerica. 

4.  One  th.at  introduces  and  establishes. 
Tiie  apostles  were  tlie  first  planhera  of  Christiaiiily. 

kelson.  Ail'Uson, 

PLANT'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  business  of  a  planter,  or 
the  management  of  a  plantation,  as  in  the  West 
Indies.  Kncyc. 

PLANT'I-ei.E,  (plant'e-kl,)  71.  A  young  plant,  or 
plant  in  embryo.  Darwin. 

PLANT'I-GRADE,  71.  [L.  pianta,  the  sole  of  the  foot, 
and  gradior,  to  walk.] 

An  animal  that  walks  or  steps  on  the  sole  of  the 
foot,  as  the  bear.  Bill. 

PLANT'I-GRADE,  a.  Walking  on  the  sole  of  the 
foot. 

PLA.VT'ING,  ppr.  Setting  in  the  earth  for  propaga- 
tion ;  setting;  settling;  introducing;  establishmg. 

2.  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  planters  ;  as,  a 
planting  community.  U.  States. 

PL.\NT'IN(;,  71.  Tiie  act  or  operation  of  setting  in 
the  ground  for  propagation,  as  seeds,  trees,  shrubs, 
&c. 

2.  In  England,  the  art  of  forming  plantations  of 
trees.  Brande. 

PLANT'T-ET,  77.    A  little  plant.  Keith. 

PLA.NT'-LOUSE,  71.  An  insect  that  infests  plants; 
a  vine-fretter  ;  tlie  puceron. 

PLA.NT'ULE,  71.    The  embryo  of  a  plant. 

PLASH,  71.  [D.  plus,  a  puddle  ;  G.  pliUschrm,  to 
plash,  to  dabble  ;  Dan.  plasker,  to  plash  ;  Gr.  TrXa^of, 
superabundant  moisture,    (iu.  TruAdCTo-'.i.] 

1.  A  small  collection  of  standing  water  ;  a  puddle. 

Bacon.  Pope, 

2.  The  branch  of  a  tree  partly  cut  or  lopped  and 
bound  to  other  branches.  Mortimer. 

PL.\SII,  V.  i.  To  dabble  in  water  ;  usually  Splash. 
PL.\SH,  ».  f.    [Ft.  plisser.  fSee  Plait.)  But  perhaps 

originally  pleach,  from  L.  ptico,  to  fold.] 
To  interweave  branches  ;  as,  to  plash  a  hedge  or 

quicksets. 

[In  JVeio  England,  to  Splice.] 
PL.'VSH'f;!),  (plasht,)  pp.    Interwoven,  as  branches. 
PL.\SH'ING,  ppr.     Cutting  and  interweaving,  as 

branches  in  a  hedge. 
PL.\SII'ING,  71.   The  .act  or  operation  of  cutting  small 

trees  half  through  and  interweaving  them,  as  in 

hedges.  Brande. 
2.  The  dashing  or  sprinkling  of  coloring  matter 

on  the  walls  of  buildings,  as  an  imitation  of  granite, 

&c. 

PL.ASH'Y,  a.    Watery  ;  abounding  with  puddles. 

Sandys. 

PL.ASM,  n.    [Gr.  nXaapa,  from  TrXaaao),  to  form.] 
A  mold  or  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast  or 
formed  to  a  particular  shape.    [LiiUe  used.] 

fVoodipard. 

PL.AS'."^l.\,  71.  A  variety  of  quartz,  of  a  color  be- 
tween grass-green  and  leek-green,  occurring  in  an- 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  OS  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


10,5 


RRR* 


PLA 

gular  pieces  in  beds,  associated  with  common  chal- 
cedony, and  among  tlie  ruins  of  Rome. 

Dana.  Ure. 

PLAS-MAT'ie,  )  a.  Giving  shape ;  having  the 
Pi.AS-MA'J''ie-AL.  j     power  of  giving  form. 

JSIore. 

PLXS'TER,?!.  ro.  pfiaster;  D.  pleistre;  Sw.  plaster  ; 
Dan.  plaster;  Fr.  platrt.:  Arm.  plaslr :  \V.  plastijr ; 
Ir.  plastar^  plastratl ;  Sp.  emplasto  ;  Port,  irf.,  or  cm- 
prasto  i  It.  iatpiastro  ;  Li.  cmplastrum;  Gr.  SftT:\u^piii', 
from  crTrA'irTcrw,  to  dault  or  smear,  properly  to  lay  or 
spread  on  ;  TrXaaaw,  to  daub,  or  to  fashion,  mold,  or 
sliape.] 

1.  A  composition  of  lime,  water,  and  sand,  well 
mixed  into  a  kind  of  paste  and  used  for  coating  walls 
and  partitions  of  houses.  This  composition,  when 
dry,  becomes  hard,  but  still  retains  the  name  of 
plaslFr.  Plaster  is  sometimes  made  of  ditTerent  ma- 
terials, as  chalk,  eypsum,  ike,  and  is  sometimes  used 
to  cover  the  whole  surface  of  a  building.  The 
term  plaster  is  also  applied  to  tlie  material  composed 
of  plaster  of  Paris,  of  which  ornaments,  figures, 
moldings,  &c.,  are  made. 

2.  In  pharmacij,  an  external  application  of  a  liarder 
consistence  than  an  ointment,  to  be  spread,  accord- 
ing to  diflercut  circumstances,  either  on  linen  or 
leather.  Enajc. 

Plaster  of  Paris;  a  composition  of  several  species 
of  gypsum,  dug  at  IMontmartre,  near  Paris,  in 
France,  used  in  building  and  in  casting  busts  and 
statues.  In  popular  lan/riia^'e,  this  name  is  applied 
improperly  to  plaster-stone,  or  to  any  species  of 
gypsum. 

PLXS'TEU,  V.  L  To  overlay  with  plaster,  as  the  par- 
titions of  a  house,  walls,  &.c. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  plaster,  as  a  wound. 

3.  In  popular  laii<ruage,  to  smooth  over ;  to  cover 
or  conceal  defects  or  irregularities. 

PLA.S'TER-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Overlaid  with  plaster. 
PLXS'TER-ER,  ii.    One  that  overlays  with  plaster. 

2.  One  that  makes  figures  in  plaster.  IVolton. 
PLAS'TER-ING,  py/r.    Covering  with  or  laying  on 
plaster. 

PLaS'TER-ING,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  over- 
laying Willi  plaster. 

2.  The  i)laster-work  of  a  building ;  a  covering  of 
plaster. 

PLXS'TER-STciNE,  n.  Gypsum,  which  see.  This, 
when  pulverized,  is  extensively  used  as  a  manure. 

PLA.S'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  irAaj-Kcof,  from  jrAatrCTw,  to 
form.] 

1.  Having  the  power  to  give  form  or  fashion  to  a 
mass  of  matter;  as,  the  7i//j4(ic  hand  of  tlie  Creator; 
the  plastic  virtue  of  Tialure.      Prior.  JVoodicard. 

2.  Capable  of  being  molded,  formed,  or  modeled  ; 
as,  plastic  mattrrial. 

Plastic  chill ;  one  of  the  beds  of  the  eocene 
period,  so  called  because  used  in  making  potttrv. 

Lyell. 

PLAS-TIC'I-TY,  ;i.    The  quality  of  giving  form  or 
shape  to  matter.  Encyc. 
2.  Capability  of  being  molded,  formed,  or  modeled. 

PLAS-TOG'R.V-PIIV,  71.  The  act  of  forming  figures 
in  plaster. 

PL.A.S'TRON,  71.  [See  Plaster.]  A  piece  of  leather 
stuffed  ;  used  by  fencers  to  defend  the  body  against 
pushes.  Drydeii. 

PLAT,  V.  t.  [from  plait,  or  plat,  flat.]  To  weave  ;  to 
form  by  texture.    J\Intt.  ,\xvii.        Ray.  Spectator. 

PL.\T,  (  n.    Work  done  by  jilattiug  or  inter- 

PLAT'TIXG,  i  weaving. 

PLAT,  ri.  [Dan.  and  D.  plaf,  flat ;  Fr.  id.;  G.  platt; 
W.  plad,  plas  ;  Gr.  tAhtds,  broad,  Jj.  latus  ;  or  from 
the  root  of  place,  G.  plati.  (See  Plot,  the  same  word 
dilTerently  written.)  liut  probably  these  are  all  of  one 
family.    The  sense  is,  laid,  spread.] 

A  small  piece  of  ground,  usually  a  portion  of  flat, 
even  ground  ;  as,  a  llowery  plat ;  a  plat  of  willows. 

JliUoiu  Spectator, 
PLAT,  a.  Plriin  ;  flat.  [JVot  med.]  Chaucer. 
PLAT,  adv.    Plainly ;  flatly ;  dywiiright.    [Ao(  used.] 

Chaucer. 

2.  .Smoothly  ;  evenly.  [JVue  used.']  Dram. 
PLAT'A.VE,  n.    [Ij.  platanus.]   The  plane-tree,  which 

sec.  Milton. 
PLAT'BA.VD,  71.    A  border  of  flowers  in  a  garden, 

along  a  wall  or  the  side  of  a  parterre ;  hence,  a 

bordi'r. 

2.  In  archilr.cture,  a  fl.il,  square  molding,  whose 
higbt  mm  li  exceeds  its  projecture,  such  its  liie  faces 
of  un  architrave. 

The  lintel  of  a  door  or  window. 

4.  A  list  or  fillet  between  the  Hillings  of  a  coliiinii. 

Cue 

PLATE,  n.  [I).  ;)/««(,(;. /(/fiz/c,  plate  ;  Pw.  plait:  ban. 
and  II.  plot,  (J.  plait,  Hal  ,  II.  piatto,  flat,  and  pia.itra  ; 
Hp.  plata  :  Ir.  id.  ;  \V.  plad,  a  plale  ;  probably  allied 
t^i  Gr.  TA^iri>{,  L.  tutus,  with  the  radical  sense  of 
lai//,  yprrad.] 

1.  A  piece  of  rncLal,  flat,  or  extended  in  breadth. 

Bacon.  South. 

2.  Armor  of  plate,  c«nipo«cd  of  bruad  pli-ces,  and 
thUK  diiilln|;ui>ihed  from  .Mail.  Spenarr. 


PLA 

3.  The  name  commonly  given  to  gold  and  silver 
wrought  into  articles  of  household  furniture. 

JlcCalloch. 

4.  A  small,  shallow  vessel,  made  of  silver  or  other 
metal,  or  of  earth  glared  and  baked,  from  which  pro- 
visicms  are  eaten  at  table. 

A  wooden  i>l,ale  is  called  a  Trescheii. 

5.  The  prize  given  for  the  best  horse  in  a  race. 

6.  In  architecture,  the  piece  of  timber  which  sup- 
ports the  ends  of  the  rafters. 

7.  For  copperplate,  a  printed  representation  or  im- 
pression from  an  enirraved  plate. 

<  8.  .\  paga  of  stereotype  or  fixed  metallic  types  for 
printing. 

9.  [In  heraldry,  a  roundel  of  silver  E.  II.  Bar- 
ker.] 

PLa'I  E,  71.  t.  To  cover  or  overlay  with  plate  or  with 
metal;  used  particularly  of  silver;  as, />/a/crf  vessels. 

2.  To  arm  with  plate  or  metal  for  defense  ;  as,  to 
plate  sin  with  gold.  Shale. 

Why  plated^  habiliments  of  war  ?  Shak. 

3.  To  adorn  with  plate  ;  as,  a  plated  harness. 

4.  To  beat  into  thin,  flat  pieces  or  lainin.'e. 

Dntden.  J^ewton. 

PLaTE'-GLASS,  71.  A  fine  kind  of  glass,  cast  in 
thick  plates,  and  used  for  mirrors  and  the  best  win- 
dows. Francis. 

PLA-TEAU',  (pll-to',)  71.    [Fr.,  a  platter.] 

1.  A  plain  ;  a  flat  surface. 

2.  A  large  ornamental  dish  for  the  center  of  a 
table.  Smart. 

PLaT'ED,  pj).  or  a.    Covered  or  adorned  with  plate  ; 

armed  with  plate  ;  beaten  into  plates. 
PLAT'EN,  71.    [from  its  flatness.]    Among  printers, 

the  flat  part  of  a  press  by  which  the  impression  is 

made. 

PLaTE'Y,  a.    Like  a  plate  ;  flat.  Gregory. 

PLATTOR.M,7i.  [p/««,  flat,  and /)rm.]  The  sketch 
of  any  thing  horizontally  delineated;  the  ichnogra- 
phy.  Sandys. 

2.  A  iilace  laid  out  after  any  model.  Pope. 

3.  Ill  the  military  art,  an  elevation  of  earth  or  a 
floor  of  wood  or  stone,  on  which  cannons  are 
inounled  to  fire  on  an  enemy.  Encyc. 

4.  In  architrcturc,  an  assemblage  of  timbers  for 
carrying  the  flat  covering  of  a  house,  or  the  flat  cov- 
ering itself.  Oieilt. 

h.  .\  kind  of  terrace,  or  broad,  smooth,  ojien  walk 
on  the  top  of  a  building,  as  in  the  oriental  houses. 

Gwill. 

G.  In  ships,  the  orlop.    [See  Orlop.] 

7.  Any  number  of  planks  or  other  materials  form- 
ing a  floor  for  any  purpose.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

8.  A  plan  ;  a  scheme  ;  groundwork.  Bacon. 

n.  In  some  of  the  JVcw  England  States,  an  ecclesi- 
astical constitution,  or  a  plan  for  the  government 
of  churches ;  as,  the  Cambridge  or  Saybrook  plat- 
form. 

PLA'']'ie  AS'PECT,  71.  In  aerology,  a  ray  cast  from 
one  planet,  to  another,  not  exactly,  but  within  the 
orbit  of  its  own  light.  Bailey. 

PLAT'I-NA.    See  Platinum. 

PLaT'ING,  ppr.  Overlaying  with  plate  or  with  a 
metal ;  beating  into  thin  laminie. 

PLAT'ING,  7!.  Tlie  art  or  operation  of  covering  any 
thing  with  plate,  or  with  a  metal,  particularly  of 
overlaying  a  baser  metal  with  a  thin  plate  of  silver. 
The  coating  of  silver  is  soldered  to  the  metal  with 
tin,  or  a  mixture  of  tliri.e  jiarts  of  silver  with  one  of 
brass. 

PLAT-I-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [platinum  and  L.  fcro,  to 
produce.] 

Producing  platinum  ;  as,  platiniferons  sand. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 
PLAT'I-i\UM,  71.    [Sp.  p7a(;»a,  from  plata,  silver.] 

A  metal  discovered  ill  17-11,  in  the  mines  of  Choco, 
in  Peru,  by  Charles  Wood,  assay-master,  Jamaica, 
nearly  of  the  color  of  silver,  but  less  bright,  and  the 
heaviest  of  the  metals.  Its  sjiecific  gravity  is  to  that 
of  water  as  20  to  I,  and  may  he  increased  by  heat 
and  pressure  till  it  becomes  as  21.5  to  1.  It  is  harder 
than  iron,  undergoes  no  alteration  in  air,  resists  the 
action  of  acids  and  alkalies,  is  very  ductile,  and  ca- 
pable of  being  rolled  into  thin  plates.         P.  Cijc. 

This  metal  has  since  been  found  in  Brazil,  also 
near  Cartliagena,  in  Aniioquia,  in  St.  Domingo,  and 
on  the  Uralian  Mountains.  It  was  first  called  Plat,- 
inum  by  Linna'us,  and  has  been  so  called  by  nearly 
all  the  chemists  since  his  time. 

Spongy  platinum,  or  platinum  trpongc  ;  metallic  jilat- 
iniiiii  in  the  form  of  a  porims,  dull,  brown  mass.  It 
is  much  used  in  clii  inii  al  experiments. 

Philiiiuni  bhicl; :  nii  lMllic  platinum  in  the  form  of  a 
black  powder,  obtained  by  decomposing  a  weak  solu- 
tion of  chlorid  of  platiiiuiii  by  the  agency  of  galvan- 
ism. B.  Silliman,  .Ir. 
PLAT'I-TUDE,  71.  [Fr.]  Flatness;  dullness;  insi- 
pidity. 

PLA-TON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Plato  the  philosopher, 
or  to  his  philosophy,  his  school,  or  his  opinions. 

The  Platonic  bodiis,  arc  the  live  regular  geoinatriral 
•nlids,  viz. :  the  tetraiii'dron,  hexahedron  or  cube,  oc- 
tahedron, dodecahedron,  and  icosahcdron. 


PLA 

Platonic  love,  is  a  pure,  spiritual  afltction  subsist- 
ing between  the  sexes,  unmixed  with  carnal  desires, 
and  regarding  the  mind  only  and  its  excellences; 
a  species  of  love  for  which  Plato  was  a  warm  advo- 
cate. 

Platonic  year;  the  great  year,  or  a  period  of  time 
determined  by  the  revolution  of  the  equinoxes,  or  the 
space  of  time  in  which  the  stars  and  constellations 
return  to  their  former  places  in  respect  to  the  equi- 
noxes. This  revolution,  which  is  calculated  by  the 
precession  of  the  equinoxes,  is  accomplished  in  about 
2G,000  years.  Barloir. 

PLA-TON'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  the 
Platonists.  mitto7t. 

PLa'TO-NISM,  71.  The  doctrines  of  Plato  and  his  fol- 
lowers. Plato  believed  God  to  he  an  infinitely  wise, 
just,  and  powerful  Spirit ;  and  that  he  formed  the 
visible  universe  out  of  preexistent  amorphous  mat- 
ter, according  to  perfect  patterns  or  ideas  eternally 
existent  in  his  own  mind.  Philosophy  he  considered 
as  being  a  knowledge  of  the  true  nature  of  things,  as 
discoverable  in  those  eternal  ideas  after  which  all 
things  were  fashioned.  In  other  words,  it  is  the 
knowledge  of  what  is  eternal,  exists  necessarily,  and 
is  unchangeable  ;  not  of  the  temporary,  the  depend- 
ent, and  changeable ;  and  of  course  it  is  not  ob- 
tained through  the  senses  ;  neither  is  it  the  product 
of  the  understanding,  which  concerns  itself  only 
with  the  variable  and  the  transitory  ;  nor  is  it  the 
result  of  experience  and  observation.  But  it  is  the 
product  of  our  reason,  which,  as  partakiiis  of  the  di- 
vine nature,  has  innate  ideas  resembling  the  eternal 
ideas  of  God.  By  contemplating  these  Innate  ideas, 
reasoning  about  them,  and  comparing  them  with  their 
copies  in  the  visible  universe,  reason  can  altain  that 
Iriie  knowledge  of  things  which  is  called  philosophy. 
Such  appears  to  have  been  the  system  of  Plato  him- 
self, so  far  as  it  can  be  gathered  from  his  Dialogues, 
which  are  not  systematic  treatises,  but  free  conver- 
sations. His  professed  followers,  the  Academics  and 
the  New  Pla'onists,  differed  considerably  fr<un  him, 
vet  are  called  Platonists:  Murdoch. 

PLa'TO-MST,     >  n.    One  that  professes  to  be  a  fol- 

PLA'TO-NIZ-ER,  j  lower  of  Plato,  and  to  philoso- 
phize as  he  did.  Hammond. 

PLA'TO-iMZE,  V.  i.  To  adopt  the  opinions  of  the 
Platonic  school.  Milner. 

PLA'TO-NIZE,  V.  t.  To  explain  on  the  principles  of 
the  Platonic  school,  or  to  accommodate  to  those  prin- 
ciples.    _  Enfield. 

PLa'TO-NiZ-JED,  pp.  Conformed  to  the  views  of 
Pl^atonists.  En  Held. 

PLa'TO-NIZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Adopting  the  views  of 
the  Platonists.  Enfield. 

PLA-TOOM',  71.    [Fr.  peloton,  a  ball  of  thread,  a  knot 
of  men,  from  pelotc,  a  ball  ;  Sp.  peloton.    See  Ball.] 
Formerly,  XI  fmM  body  of  soldiers  or  musketeers, 
drawn  out  of  a  battalion  of  foot  when  they  form  a 
holktw  square,  to  slren«:then  the  angles. 

In  present  usage,  two  files  forming  a  subdivision 
of  a  company. 

PLAT''i'ER,  71.  [from  plate.]  A  large,  shallow  dish 
for  holding  the  provisions  of  a  table.  Dryden. 

2.  One  that  plats  or  forms  by  weaving.  [See 
Plat.] 

PLAT'TER-FaC-£D,  (-faste,)  a.  H.tving  a  broad 
face. 

PLAT'TING,  ppr.    Weaving ;  formed  by  texture. 
PLAT'TING,  n.    Slips  of  bast,  cane,  straw,  &c., 
woven  or  plaited  for  making  into  hats,  &c. 

Mc  Culloch. 

PLAT'Y-PCS,  71.  [Gr.  -Aart>s,  broad,  and  ttoi.j, 
foot.] 

A  name  given  to  two  quadrupeds  of  New  Hol- 
land, now  called  OrniUiorhynchus  paradoxus  and  0. 
fuscus.  They  are  monotreinatous  edentate  mam- 
mals, the  body  covered  with  hair,  a  bill  like  a  duck, 
teeth  planted  in  a  kind  of  gums,  webbed  feet  with  a 
Venomous  spur  on  the  hinder  leg,  connected  with  a 
reservoir  of  poison  in  the  soles  of  the  feet,  which 
is  supplied  by  glands  situated  by  the  side  of  the 
spine,  just  above  the  pelvis. 
PLAUD'IT,  7L  [L.  plando,  to  praise,  said  to  be  taken 
from  plaudite,  a  demand  of  applause  by  players, 
when  they  left  the  sta;:(^] 

Api>laiise  ;  jiraise  besto\ved.  Denham. 
PLAUD'IT-O-RY,  a.    Applauding  ;  commending. 
PLAUi!-I-BIL'I-TY,  71.    [See  Plausihlk.] 

Speciousness  ;  superficial  appearance  of  right 

Su  ifl. 

PIjAUS'I-RLE,  a.  [L. /i^aMsiJiVis,  from  plando,  to  clap 
blinds  in  token  of  approbation  ;  W.  l/lorz,  an  oiKrry  ; 
blorziaw,  to  shout ;  lilo'.ist,  ajiplanse,  acclamation  ; 
Ir.  bladli,  blaodh;  from  the  root  of  Gr.  (fAtiu,  L.  laus, 
laudo.  Eng.  loud.] 

1.  That  may  be  applauded;  lhat  may  gain  favor 
or  approbation;  hence,  superficially  pleasing ;  ap- 
parently right;  specious;  popular;  as,  11  plausible 
argument ;  a  jdausihle  pretext  ;   a  plausible  uoctrino. 

2.  Using  specious  arguments  or  discourse;  as,  a 
plausible  man. 

PI.AUS'I-BI.I'.-NESS,  71.  Speciousness;  show  of 
right  or  propriety  ;  as,  the  plausibleucss  of  Arminian- 
isni.  Sanderson. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


TLA 


PLE 


PLi: 


PLAUS'T-DLY,  adi\    Willi  fiiir  show  ;  sptciously  ;  in 
a  manner  adapted  to  giiiri  favor  or  approbation. 

'I'hev  could  talk  vlautiljly  iittuiil  whiit  Uifv  <liU  not  uiulTst  iml. 

CoUUr. 

PLAU'SIVn,  fl.    Applauding  ;  manifesting  praise. 
"2.  Plausible.  Sliiik. 

PLAY,  t>.  1.  [Sax.  plfiraii,  ple«-ian,  II  ,)l!iy,  to  joke,  to 
perform  on  an  inslruinrnt  of  music  to  move  or  vi- 
brate, to  clap  or  applaud,  to  deride  or  make  sport  of; 
pletrtran^  to  ply  or  bend  to,  or  to  lean  or  lie  on  ;  ffc- 
pUetrau^  to  play,  and  to  dance  or  lenp.  The  Sw.  teka^ 
Dan.  Icgrr,  to  play,  nre  the  same  word  without  a  pre- 
fix, and  in  the  nurlhern  counties  of  England,  leka  is 
used  as  it  is  in  Sweden.  This  word  sccnis  to  be 
formed  on  the  same  root  a.s  taij.] 

1.  To  use  any  exercise  for  pleasure  or  recreation  ; 
to  do  somi'thinR  not  ns  a  task  or  for  profit,  but  for 
amusement ;  as,  to  ptay  at  cricket. 

'I'lu'^copli'  8:U  liown  to  cut  unU  to  drink,  and  rose  up  u>  ptay. — 

2.  To  sport ;  to  frolic  ;  to  frisk. 

Tiv  Iiiiiib  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to-day, 

Ilatl  ho  thy  n-;uon,  would  he  bkip  and        7  Pope. 

3.  To  toy  ;  to  act  with  levity.  Milton. 

4.  To  trifle  j  to  act  wantonly  and  thoughtlessly. 
Men  lire  iipt  to  vtay  with  Ihcir  hcivIUia  and  their  livci  as  tliry  do 

with  ihcir  clotlu-a.  Temple, 

5.  To  do  something  fanciful  ;  to  give  a  fanciful 
turn  to  ;  as,  to  platj  upon  words.  Slial:. 

6.  'J'o  make  sport,  or  practice  sarcastic  merriment. 
1  woiiM  tnnlte  use  of  it  nitlier  to  ptay  upon  tlioae  1  despise,  than 

trille  with  Uiose  1  love.  Pope. 

7.  To  mock  ;  to  practice  illusion. 

Art  thou  alive, 
Or  is  it  fancy  playt  upon  our  eyesight }  S'lak. 

8.  To  contend  in  a  game  ;  as,  to  plnij  at  cards  or 
dice  ;  to  play  for  diversion  ;  to  play  for  money. 

9.  To  practice  a  trick  or  deception. 

His  mother  played  Ulic  with  a  smith.  Shak. 

10.  To  perforin  on  an  iuslniment  of  music;  as,  to 
play  on  a  tlute,  a  violin,  or  a  harpsichord. 

Play,  my  friend,  anil  charm  the  charmer.  Oranville. 

11.  To  move,  or  to  move  with  alternate  dilatation 
and  contraction. 

The  heart  beats,  the  blooil  ciituliites,  the  lungs  play.  Cheyne. 
13.  To  operate  ;  to  act.   The  engines  play  against 
a  fire.  Dryden. 

13.  To  move  irregularly ;  to  wanton. 

Even  ns  the  waving  sedges  play  with  wind.  Shak. 
The  setlin^  sun 

Playg  on  their  shining  arms  and  burnished  helmets.  Addison, 
All  lame  is  Ibreigu  but  of  true  desi-rt, 

Playi  ivund  the  head,  but  comes  nut  to  the  heart.  Pope. 

14.  To  act  a  part  on  the  stage ;  to  personate  a  char- 
acter. 

A  lonl  will  hear  you  play  to-night.  SltaJc. 

15.  To  represent  a  standing  character. 

Courts  are  the-aters  where  some  men  play.  Donne. 

16.  To  act  in  any  particular  character  ;  as,  to  play 
the  fool ;  to  pUy  the  woman  ;  to  play  the  man. 

S/iak. 

17.  To  move  in  any  manner ;  to  move  one  way 
and  another,  as  any  part  of  a  machine. 

18.  To  gamble. 

PL.XV,  II.  (.  To  put  in  action  or  motion  ;  as,  to  play 
cannon  or  a  fire-engine. 

2.  To  use  an  instrument  of  music  ;  as,  to  play  Ihe 
flute  or  the  organ.    [Elliptical.]  Gay. 

3.  To  act  a  sportive  part  or  character. 

Nature  here 
Wantoned  ns  in  her  prime,  and  played  at  will 
Her  virgin  (inicies,  Afdton. 

4.  To  act  or  perform  by  representing  a  character  ; 
as,  to  play  a  comedy  ;  to  play  the  part  of  King  Lear. 

5.  To  act ;  to  perform  ;  as,  to  play  our  parts  well 
on  the  stage  of  lilV. 

6.  To  perfonn  in  contest  for  amusement  or  for  a 
prize  ;  as,  to  play  a  game  at  whist. 

To  ptay  off:  to  display  ;  to  show ;  to  put  in  exer- 
cise ;  a-s,  to  ptay  o/ftricks. 

To  ptay  on  or  upon  to  deceive  ;  to  mock  or  to  trifle 
with. 

2.  To  give  a  fanciful  turn  to. 
PLaY,  h.    Any  exercise  or  series  of  actions  intended 
for  pleasure,  amusement,  or  diversion,  as  at  cricket 
or  quoit,  or  at  blind  man's  biifl". 

2.  Amusement;  sport;  frolic;  gambols.  Spenser. 

Two  gentle  fawns  at  play.  _  Milton. 

3.  Game;  gaming;  practice  of  contending  for  vic- 
tory, for  .imusement,  or  for  a  prize,  as  at  dice,  cards, 
or  biliarils. 

4.  Practice  in  any  contest ;  a.s,  sword-play. 

He  was  resolved  not  to  speak  distinctly,  knowing  his  best  play  to 

l)e  in  the  dark.  Tillouon. 
John  naturally  loved  iwugh  play.  Arbuthnot. 

5.  Action  ;  use  ;  employment ;  office. 

But  Jiutifies  the  next  who  comes  in  play.  Dryden. 

6.  Practice  ;  action  ;  manner  of  acting  in  contest 
or  negotiation  ;  as,  fair  play  :  foul  play. 


7.  .\  dnimatic  composition  ;  a  ciuin^dy  or  tragedy  ; 
a  compositiim  in  which  characters  are  represented 
by  dialogue  and  action. 

A  plaij  oiii^ht  111  be  n  Just  image  of  human  nature.  Dryden. 

8.  Representation  or  exhibition  of  a  comeily  or 
tragedy  ;  as,  to  be  at  the  play.  Ho  attends  every 
play. 

9.  Performance  on  an  instniinent  of  music. 

11).  iMolitm  ;  movement,  regular  or  irregular ;  ns, 
the  play  of  a  wheel  or  piston. 

11.  State  of  agitation  or  discussion. 
M;\iiy  have  been  savnl,  and  mnny  may, 

Who  never  heanl  lliis  question  brought  in  play,  Dryden. 

12.  Room  for  motion. 

The  Joints  arc  let  exactly  into  one  another,  thai  they  have  no 
play  between  them.  Moxon. 

13.  Liberty  of  acting ;  room  for  enlargement  tir  dis- 
play ;  scope  ;  as,  to  give  full  play  to  mirth.  Let  the 
genius  liave  free  play. 

Play  of  cator.-y ;  an  appearance  of  several  prismatic 
colors  in  rapid  succession  on  turning  an  object,  as  a 
diamond.  Dana. 

PLAY' HI LL,  71.  A  printed  advertisement  of  a  play, 
with  the  parts  assigned  to  the  actors. 

PLAY'-IIOOK,  II.    A  book  of  dramatic  compositions. 

PLaY'-1)A  V,  H.  A  ilay  given  to  play  or  diversion  ;  a 
day  exempt  from  work.  Swifl. 

PLAY'-UElJT,{pli'det,)  n.  A  debt  contracted  by  gam- 
ing. ^rbiiOinot, 

PLa  V'A'O,  ;>;!.    Acted  ;  performed  ;  put  in  tnotion. 

PLAY'ER,  II.    One  who  plays  in  any  game  or  sport. 

2.  An  idler.  Sliak, 

3.  An  .actor  of  dramatic  scenes  ;  one  whoso  occupa- 
tion is  to  iinilate  characters  on  the  stage.  Bacon. 

4.  A  mimic.  Dryden. 

5.  One  who  performs  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

6.  A  gamester. 

7.  One  that  acts  a  part  in  a  certain  manner. 

Carew. 

PLA Y'FEL-LC\V,  n.  A  companion  in  amusements 
or  sports.  Sidney. 

PLaV'I'kRE,  n.  [play  and  fere.  See  Febe.]  A 
playfellow. 

PLAY'KIJL,  (I.  Sportive;  given  to  levity;  as,  a  play- 
ful child.  Spcctattir. 

9.  Indulging  a  sportive  fancy ;  as,  a  playful 
genius. 

PLAY'FIJL-LY,  ado.    In  a  sportive  manner. 
PLAY'Fi;L-i\ESS,  n.  Sportivencss. 
PL.AY'-OA.ME,  n.    Play  of  children.  Locke. 
PLa  Y'-i;o-ER,  II.    One  who  fretpients  plays. 
PL.AY'-Go-LN'U,  1.  Frequenting  the  e.xliibilioiisof  the 
stage. 

PL.\  Y'-HOIISE,  71.  A  house  appropriated  to  the  exhi- 
bition of  dramatic  compositions  ;  a  theater. 

Pope.  Dryden. 

PLAY'ING,  ji^ir.    Acting;  performing;  sporting. 

PLAY'l.NO,  n.  The  act  of  playing;  particularly  of 
performing  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

PLAY'.MaTE,  n.  A  playfellow  ;  a  companion  in  di- 
versions. More. 

PLAY'-PLEAS-IJRE,  (pla'p!ezh-ur,)  B.  Idle  amuse- 
ment.   [A'ol  u.ied.]  Bacon. 

PLAY'tfOME,  (pli'sum,)  a.   Playful ;  wanton. 

Slieltan. 

PLaY'SOIIE-NESS,  n.    Playfulness  ;  wantonness. 
PLAY'THIiN'G,  n.    A  toy;  any  thing  that  serves  to 
amuse. 

a  child  knows  his  nurse,  and  by  degrees  the  plaything*  of  a  little 
more  advanced  age.  Locke. 

PLAY'WRlGlIT,  (rite,)  n.  A  maker  of  plays.  Pope. 

PI.kA,  (plee,)  II.  [Sorm.  plait,  plct,  plaid,  pie :  p].  pliz, 
pUiifzi  Ft.  plaider,  to  plead;  ptaidoycr,  a  plea;  It. 
Tiiufo,  a  plea ;  piatire,Xo  plead;  Sp.  pteytn,  dispute; 
pleytear,  to  plead  ;  pteylcador,  a  pleader  ;  Port,  plcito, 
plcitrar  t  I),  pl'  it,  pttilen.  The  i^panish  word  pleyto 
signifies  a  dispute,  contest,  debate,  lawsuit,  and  a 
covenant,  contract,  or  bargain,  and  plryta  is  a  plaited 
strand  of  l>ra-s.  The  Portuguese  verb  pteitear  signi- 
fies to  plead,  to  go  to  law,  to  strive  or  vie.  The  ele- 
ments of  this  word  are  probably  Ld  or  PId.  In  the 
sense  of  pleading,  the  word  accords  with  the  Gr. 
Airi),  and  in  that  of  striving,  with  the  L.  ii.>-,  iitw.] 

1.  In  law,  that  which  is  alleged  by  a  party  in  sup- 
port of  his  ilemand  ;  but  in  a  mirre  limited  and  techni- 
cal sense,  Ihe  answer  of  the  defendant  to  the  plain- 
titl's  declarition  and  demand.  That  which  the 
plaintitl'  alleges  in  his  declaration  is  answered  and 
repelled  or  justified  by  Ihe  defendant's  plea.  Pleas 
are  dttatonr,  or  pleas  to  Ote  action.  Dilatory  pleas  are 
to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  to  the  disability  of 
the  plaintiff,  or  in  abatement.  Pleas  to  the  aetitm  are 
an  answer  to  the  merils  of  the  complaint,  which 
confesses  or  denies  it.  Pleas  that  deny  the  plaiiilifrs 
complaint  or  demand,  are  the  general  issue,  w  hich 
denies  Ihe  whole  declaration  ;  or  special  pleas  in  bar, 
which  slate  something  which  precludes  Ihe  plaintitTs 
right  of  recovery.  Blackstone. 

2.  A  cause  in  court:  a  law.siiit,  or  a  criminal 
process ;  as,  ilic  pleas  of  the  crown  ;  the  court  of 
coniiiion  pleas. 

The  suprenle  Judicial  court  shall  have  cognisance  of  pleat  real, 
penonal,  and  mixed.  Larrt  <if  Mate. 


3.  That  which  is  alleged  in  defense  or  justifica- 
tion ;  an  excuse ;  an  apology  ;  as,  the  tyrant's  plea. 

When  such  occ:uliius  are, 
No  plea  must  serve ;  'tis  cruelly  u>  spare.  Uenham. 

4.  Urgent  praver  or  entreaty. 

PLEACH,  f.  (.    [Fr.  pltsser,  or  from  the  root  of  L. 

ptieo,  Gr.  n\iKt,i.j 

To  bend  ;  to  interweave  branches  of  trees.  [JVo( 

iie_H.ve.]  Shak. 
PLK.\I),  v.  I.    [See  Plea.]    In  a  gmeral  sense,  to 

argue  in  support  of  a  claim,  or  in  defense  against  the 

claim  of  another. 

2.  In  late,  to  jiresent  nn  answer  to  Ihe  declaration 
nfa  plaiiitiir;  to  deny  the  plaintiff's  declaration  and 
demand,  or  to  allege  facts  wliich  show  that  he 
ought  not  to  recover  in  the  suit.  The  plaintiff  de- 
clares or  alleges  ;  the  defenilaiil  pleads  to  his  declara- 
tion. The  king  or  the  state  prosecutes  an  offender, 
and  the  oli'eiider  pleads  not  guilty,  or  confesses  the 
charge.  Blacli.<tiine. 

3.  'I'o  urge  reasons  for  or  against ;  to  attempt  to 
persuade  one  by  argument  or  supplication  ;  as,  to 
plead  for  the  life  of  a  criiiiiiial  ;  to  plead  in  his  favor  ; 
to  plead  with  a  judge  or  with  a  father. 

0  that  one  mi^ht  jtlead  for  a  man  with  God,  us  a  man  pteadeth 

for  his  neighbor  I  —  Job  xvi. 

4.  To  supplicate  with  earnestness. 

5.  To  urge  ;  to  press  by  operating  on  the  pas- 
sions. 

since  you  can  love,  nnd  yet  your  error  see, 

The  same  resistless  power  may  plead  for  me.  Dryden. 

PLEAD,  V.  t.  To  discuss,  defend,  and  attempt  to 
maint.-iin  by  arguments  or  resisoiis  offered  to  the 
tribunal  or  person  who  has  the  power  of  determin- 
ing; as,  to  plead  a  cause  before  a  court  or  jury.  In 
this  sense,  Argue  is  more  generally  used  by  law- 
yers. 

2.  To  allege  or  adduce  in  proof,  support,  or  vindi- 
cation. The  law  of  nations  may  be  pleaded  in  favor 
of  the  rights  of  emb.i-ssadors. 

3.  'i'o  offer  in  excuse. 

1  will  neither  ^/eiui  my  age  nor  sickness  in  excuse  of  Kulu. 

Vryilen. 

4.  To  .illege  and  offer  in  a  legal  plea  or  defense, 
or  for  repelling  a  demand  in  law  ;  us, to  plead  usury; 
to  plead  a  staliite  of  liiiiitations.  C/i.  Kent. 

5.  In  Scripture,  to  plead  Ihe  cause  of  the  righteous, 
as  God  is  to  avenge  or  vindicate  them  against 
enemies,  or  to  redress  their  grievances.  h:  li. 

PLKAD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pitsided  ;  that  may 
be  alleged  in  proof,  defense,  or  vindication ;  as,  a 
right  or  privilege,  pleadal/lc  at  law.  Dn/den. 

PLkAD'EI),  ;)/<.  Oilered  or  urged  in  defense  ;  alleged 
in  proof  or  sujiport. 

PLkAD'ER,  71.    [Fr.  ;</i7»/riir.] 

1.  One  who  argues  in  a  court  of  justice.  Sicift. 

2.  One  that  forms  pleas  or  jjleadings  ;  as,  a  special 
pleader. 

3.  One  that  offers  reasons  for  c:  against ;  one  tlial 
attempts  to  maintain  by  arguments. 

So  fair  a  pleader  any  ciuse  may  gain.  Dryden. 

PLE.AD'ING,  ppr.  Offering  in  defense  ;  supporting 
by  arguments  or  reastms  ;  supplicating. 

PLkAO'ING,  n.  The  act  of  supporting  by  arguments, 
or  of  reasoning  to  [K'rsiiade. 

PLeAD'I.\G-LY,  adr.    Uy  supplication. 

PLkAD'UVGS,  II.  pi.  In  late,  ilie  mutual  altercations 
between  the  plaintiff  and  defendant,  or  written 
statements  of  the  parlies  in  support  of  their  chtinis, 
comprehending  the  declaration,  count,  or  narration 
of  the  plainllfl",  the  plen  of  the  defendant  in  reply, 
the  replication  of  the  plaintiff  to  tht^  defendant's 
plea,  the  defendant's  rejoinder,  the  plainliff 's  surre- 
joinder, the  del'eiidaiit's  rebutter,  the  plainliff 's  sur- 
rebutter, &.C.,  till  the  que.'ition  is  brought  to  issue, 
that  is,  to  rest  on  a  single  poinL  Blackstone. 

PLEAS'.\.N'CE,  (plez'ance,)  ii.  [Fr.  plaisance.  See 
Please.] 

Gayety  ;  pleasantrj  ;  merriment.    [  Obs.] 

Spcn.ier.  Shak. 
PLEAS'A.NT,  (plez'ant,)  a.     [Fr.   plaisant.  See 
Please.] 

1.  Pleasing  ;  agreeable  ;  grateful  to  the  mind  or  to 
the  senses  ;  as,  a  pleiisant  rifle  ;  a  plea.-iant  voyage  ;  a 
pleasant  view.  Light  is  pleasant  to  the  eye  ;  an  or- 
ange is  pleasant  to  the  taste  ;  harmony  is  pleasant  to 
the  ear  ;  a  rose  is  pleasant  to  the  smell. 


2.  Cheerful ;  enlivening ;  as,  pleasant  society  or 
company. 

3.  Gay  ;  lively  ;  humorous  ;  sportive  ;  ns,  a  pUat- 
anl  fellow.  Mdison. 

4.  Trifling  ;  adapted  rather  to  mirth  than  use. 

Locke. 

5.  Giving  pleasure  ;  gratifying. 

|This  word  expresses  less  lhan  Delightful,  to  the 
mind,  and  Delicious,  to  the  t;isle.] 
PLEA.«'A.\T-LY,  (plez'nnt  ly,)  ode.    In  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  pleast^  or  gratify. 

2.  Gayly  ;  merrily  ;  in  good  humor.  Clarendon. 

3.  Lightly  ;  ludicrously.  Broome, 


TONE,  BfJLL,  ITXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


835 


PLE 


PLE 


PLEAS'ANT-NESS,  (plez'ant-ness,)  n.  State  of  be- 
ing pleasant  or  agreeable ;  ais,  the  pteasantxess  of  a 
situation.  Sidneij. 

2.  Cheerfulness ;  gayety ;  merriment;  as,  the  pleas- 
antness of  youth. 

PLE.\S'ANT-RY,  (plez'ant-rj,)  n.    [Fr.  plaisanterie.] 

1.  Gayety ;  merriment. 

The  iiarehness  of  reasoning  is  not  a  litlle  softened  and  smoothed 
by  the  infusions  of  jnirlii  and  pleasantry.  Addison. 

2.  Sprightly  saying  ;  lively  talk ;  effusion  of  hu- 
mor. 


The  grave  abound 
points  o(  wit. 


plensantrUa,  the  dull  in  repartees  and 
Addison. 

Hav- 


PLEAS'ANT-TONGU-£D,  (plez'ant-tungd,)  o. 

iiic  pleasinj:  speech. 
PLeASE,  (pleeze,)  v.  t.    [Fr.  plaire,  plaisant,  from  L. 

placere.,  placeo  ;  Arm.  plifrca.,  pUtreout  i  It.  piacere  ;  Sp. 

placer  ;  Corn,  plezia ;  formed,  perhaps,  on  the  root  of 

like.    Class  Lg.] 

1.  To  excite  agreeable  sensations  or  emotions  in  ; 
to  gratify ;  as,  to  please  the  taste ;  to  please  the  mind. 

Their  words  pleaded  Hamor,  and  Shechem,  Hajnor's  son.  — 
Gen.  xxiv. 

Leave  such  to  trifle  with  more  ^race  than  ease, 

Whom  folly  pleases^  and  whose  follies p/«ase.  Pope. 

2.  To  satisfy  ;  to  content. 

What  next  I  bring  shall  pietwe 
Thy  wish  exactly  to  thy  heart's  desire.  liTUton. 

3.  To  prefer;  to  have  satisfaction  in  ;  to  like ;  to 
choose. 

Many  of  our  most  skillful  painters  were  pleased  to  recommend 
Uiis  author  to  me.  Dryden. 

To  be  pleased  in  or  with  ;  to  approve  ;  to  have  com- 
placency in.   Matl.  iii. 

To  please  Ood,  is  to  love  Ills  character  and  law, 
and  perform  his  will,  so  as  to  become  the  object  of 
his  approbation. 

They  that  are  in  the  flesh  can  not  pkase  God.  —  Rom.  viii. 
PLE.4SE,  V.  i.    To  like ;  to  clioose ;  to  prefer. 

Spirits,  freed  from  mortal  laws,  with  ease 

Assume  what  s<;xes  and  what  shapes  they  please.  Pope, 

Q.  To  condescend  ;  to  comply  ;  to  be  pleased ;  a 
word  of  ceremony. 

Please  you,  lonls. 
In  sight  of  both  our  battles  we  may  meet.  SlinJc. 
The  fitst  wonis  that  I  le.arnt  were  to  express  my  desire  that  he 
would  j>/case  to  give  me  my  liberty.  Swi/l. 

Please  expresses  less  gratification  than  delight, 
PLeAS'BD,  (pleczd,)  pp.  or  a.     Gratified;  affected 

«ith  agreeable  sensations  or  emotions. 
PLeAS'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  way  to  be  pleased. 

Felthnm, 

PLeASS'ED-NESS,  n.   The  state  of  being  pleased. 

J.  Efhcards. 

PLe.\SE'MAN,  71.  An  officious  person  who  courts 
favor  servilely  ;  a  pickthank.  Slialc. 

PLE.\S'ER,  71.  One  that  pleases  or  gratifies  ;  one 
that  courts  favor  hy  huuioring  or  flattering  compli- 
ances, or  a  show  of  obedience  ;  as,  mcn-pleasers. 
Epit.  vi.    Col.  iii. 

PLeAS'ING,  ppr.  Gratifying  ;  exciting  agreeable 
sensations  or  emotions  in. 

PLeAS'ING,  a.     Giving  pleasure  or  satisfaction ; 
agreeable  to  the  senses  or  to  the  mind  ;  as,  a  pleasing 
prospect ;  a  pleasing  reflection  ;  pleasing  manners. 
2.  Gaining  approbation.    1  John  iii. 

PLeAS'ING,  71.    'J'he  act  of  gratifying. 

PLEAS'li\G-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  give 
pleasure.  Dnjden. 

PLE.\S'Ii\G-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  giving  pleas- 
ure. 

PLEAS'lIR-A-HLE,  (plezh'ur-a-bl,)  a.  [from  plea.i- 
ure.] 

Pleasing;  giving  plea-sure  ;  affording  gratification. 

Planting  of  orchards  is  very  profiuible, 

PLEAS'UR-A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  giving 
plea.sure.  FelVinm, 

PLE.\S'IJR-A-BLY,  flrfn.  With  pleasure  ;  with  grati- 
fication r>f  the  senses  or  the  mind.  Harris. 

PLEAS'I^RE,  (piczh'ur,)  71.  [Fr.  plnisir ;  Arm.  pli- 
geadur :  It.  piacere  f  Sp.  placer ;  Port,  prazer.  See 
Please.] 

1.  The  gratification  of  the  senses  or  of  the  mind  ; 
agreeable  scnxations  or  emotiims  ;  the  excitement, 
relish,  or  happiness  produced  by  enjoyment  or  the 
expectation  of  good  ;  opptised  In  I'ain.  We  receive 
pleasure  from  the  indulgence  of  appetite  ;  from  the 
view  of  a  bi  autil'ul  landscape  ;  from  the  harmony 
of  Kounds  ;  from  agrwable  so<  iety  ;  frnni  the  expec- 
tation of  seeing  an  absent  friend  ;  from  the  prospect 
of  gain  or  miccesa  of  any  kind.  I'lrasure,  bodily  tind 
fnontal,  carnal  and  spiritual,  constitutcH  the  whole 
of  positive  happini;«ii,  as  jmin  constitutes  the  whole 
of  misery. 

Pleanarr  is  properly  positive  excilcmenl  of  the  pas- 
lions  or^lle  mini!  ;  hut  we  give  the  name  also  to  Ihc 
absi  nre  of  excitement,  when  that  excitement  is 
painful  ;  as  when  we  ceaso  to  l.ib(»r,  or  repttse  after 
fatigue,  or  v/hen  the  mind  is  tranqiiilized  aller  anx- 
iety or  agilation. 

i'leaturc  in  xuiiceptiblc  of  Increase  lo  any  degree; 


but  the  word,  when  unqualified,  expresses  less  ex- 
citement or  happiness  than  delight  or  joy, 
Q.  Sensual  or  sexual  gratification. 

3.  Approbation. 

The  Lord  taketh  pleasure  in  his  people.  —  Ps.  cxivii.  and  cxiix. 

4.  What  the  will  dictates  or  prefers  ;  will ;  choice  ; 
purpose ;  intention  ;  command  ;  as,  use  your  pleas- 
ure. Shak. 

Cynis,  he  is  my  shepherd,  and  shall  perform  all  my  pUasnre.  — 
Is.  xliv. 

My  counsel  shall  stand,  and  I  will  do  all  my  pleature,  —  la. 
xliv. 

5.  A  favor ;  that  which  pleases. 

Festus,  willing  to  do  the  Jews  a  pleasure,  answered  Paul. — 

Acts  XXV. 

6.  Arbitrary  will  or  choice.  He  can  vary  his 
scheme  at  pleasure, 

PLE.AS'IJRE,  (plezh'ur,)  v,  t.  To  give  or  afford 
pleasure  to  ;  to  please  ;  to  gratify.     Bacon,  Shak, 

[A  word  authorized  by  some  good  writers,  but  super- 
Jinous  and  not  jnuch  itsed,] 

PLEAS'IlRE-BoAT,  n.  A  boat  appropriated  to  sail- 
ing for  amusement. 

PLEAS'URE-CAR'RIAGE,  71.  A  carriage  for  pleasure. 

PLEAS'ljRE-FlJL,  a.  Pleasant ;  agreeable.  [Little 
used.]  MboU 

PLEAS'URE-GROUND,  71.  Ground  laid  out  in  an 
ornamental  manner,  and  appropriated  to  pleasure  or 
amusement.  Graves. 

PLEAS' UR-IST,  71.  A  person  devoted  to  worldly 
pleasure.    [Little  used.]  Browju 

PLE-BE'IAN,  (ple-bS'yan,)  a.  [It.  plebcio;  Sp.  ple- 
beyo  :  L.  plebeitts,  from  plcbs,  the  common  people.] 

1,  Pertaining  to  the  common  people;  vulgar;  as, 
plebeian  minds  ;  plebeian  sports. 

2.  Consisting  of  common  people  ;  as,  a  plebeian 
throng. 

PLE-BE'IAN,  71.  One  of  the  common  people  or  lower 
ranks  of  men.  Swift, 

[Usually  applied  to  the  common  people  of  ancient 
Rome.] 

PLE-Be'I  ANCE,  71.  The  common  people.  [JVot  in  use,] 
PLE-He'IAN-IS.M,  n.    The  conduct  of  plebeians. 
PLEe'TOG-NATHES,  )  n.  pi,  [Gr.  ttXckoi,  toconnect, 
PLEG-TOG'NA-TIII,   i     and  jKiHos,  a  jaw.] 

An  order  of  fishes  having  the  maxillary  bones  stiff- 
ly adhering  to  the  sides  of  the  intermaxillaries,  which 
alone  form  the  jaws,  as  the  file-fish.  Brande, 
PLEC-TOG-NATH'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  i\der  of 

fislies  described  above. 
PLECTRUM,  7t.    [L.]    A  small  instrument,  com- 
monly of  ivory,  with  which  the  ancients  struck  the 
lyre. 

PLEDGE,  (plej,)  7t.  [Yr.pleige:  \t,  pieggeria:  Norm. 
plegg.  'J'liis  is  evitlently  the  Celtic  form  of  the  Teu- 
tonic plight.  Sax.  ;j/iA(,  plihlan,  (See  Plight.)  It 
coincides  with  h.plico,  Gr.  -XeKu,  W.  plygu,  to  fold, 
properly  to  lay  to,  to  put  or  throw  to  or  on.  A  pledge 
is  that  which  is  laid  or  deposited.] 

1.  Something  put  in  pawn ;  that  which  is  depos- 
ited with  another  as  security  for  the  repnj'inent  of 
money  borrowed,  or  for  the  performance  of  some 
agreement  or  obligation  ;  a  pawn.  A  borrows  ten 
pounds  of  B,  and  deposits  his  watch  as  a  pledge  that 
the  nu>ney  shall  be  repaid  ;  and  by  the  repayment  of 
the  money,  .\  redeems  the  pledge. 

2.  Any  thing  given  or  consitfered  as  a  security  for 
the  performance  of  an  act.  Thus  a  man  gives  his 
word  or  makes  a  promise  to  another,  which  js  re- 
ceived as  a  pledge  for  fulfillment.  The  mutual  affec- 
tion i>f  husband  and  wife  is  a  pledge  for  the  faithful 
performance  of  the  marriage  covenant.  IMutual  in- 
terest is  the  best  pledge  for  the  performance  of 
treaties. 

3.  A  surety  ;  a  hostage.  Ralegh.  Dnjden. 

4.  In  law, ii  gage  or  security,  real  or  personal,  given 
for  the  repayment  of  money.  It  is  of  two  kinds  ; 
vadium  vivuiit,  a  living  pledge,  as  when  a  man  btir- 
rows  money  and  grants  an  estate  to  be  lield  by  the 
pledgee,  till  the  rents  and  profits  shall  refund  the 
money,  in  which  case  the  lantl  or  pledge  is  said  to  be 
living;  or  it  is  vadium  mortunm,  a  dead  pledge,  called 
a  MoiiTOAGK.    [See  iMoRxriAOE.]  BlaeLsf^me, 

5.  In  law,  bail  ;  surety  given  fiir  the  prosecution  of 
a  suit,  or  fiir  the  appearance  of  a  defendant,  or  for 
restoring  goods  taken  in  distress  and  replevied.  The 
distress  itself  is  also  called  a  pledge,  and  the  glove 
formerly  thrown  down  by  a  champion  in  trial  by 
battle,  was  a  pledge  by  which  the  champion  stipu- 
lated to  encounter  his  antagonist  in  that  trial. 

Blarlcstane. 

6.  /V  drinking  of  health  to  another.  See  verb, 
To  put  in  pledge;  to  pawn.  [Nos.  5  anti  (i. 
To  hold  in  pledge;  to  keep  as  aectirity. 

PLEDGE,  7>.  t.    [fr.pleiger.    See  Plight.] 

1.  'J'o  deposit  in  pawn  ;  to  deposit  or  leave  in  pos- 
session of  a  person  something  which  is  to  secure  the 
repayment  of  nioni'v  borrowed,  or  the  perform- 
ance of  some  art.  (This  word  is  applied  chiefly  to 
the  de|Kisiting  of  goods  or  personal  property.  When 
real  estate  is  givitn  as  security,  wc  usually  apply  the 
word  MonroAiii:.] 

2.  To  give  as  a  warrant  or  security  ;  as,  to  pledge 
one's  word  or  honor ;  to  pledge  one's  veracity. 


3.  To  secure  by  a  pledge. 

I  accept  her. 

And  here,  io pledge  my  vow,  I  give  my  hand.  [Unusu/il.]  ShaJc. 

4.  To  engage  for  by  promise  or  declaration  ;  as,  to 
pledge  the  performance  of  a  thing. 

5.  Formerly,  to  invite  to  drink  by  drinking  of  the 
cup  first,  antI  then  handing  it  to  another,  as  a 
pledge  of  good  will  and  kindness.  This  practice 
originated  among  our  ancestors  in  their  rude  stale, 
and  was  intended  to  secure  the  person  from  being 
slabbed  while  drinking,  or  from  being  poisoned  by 
the  liquor.  The  person  drinking  pledged  his  guest  by 
drinking  first, and  then  handing  the  cup  to  his  guest. 
The  practice  is  frequent  among  the  common  people 
in  America  to  this  day;  the  owner  of  the  liquor, 
taking  the  cup,  says  to  his  friend,  /  pledge  you,  ami 
drinks,  then  hands  the  cup  to  his  guest ;  a  remark- 
able instance  of  the  power  of  habit,  as  the  reason  of 
the  custom  has  long  since  ceased. 

6.  In  present  usage,  simply  to  drink  to  the  health 
of  another  as  a  pledge  of  interest. 

Pledge  me,  my  friend,  and  drink  till  thou  be'st  wise.  Cowley. 

PLEDG'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Deposited  as  security  ;  given  in 
warrant. 

PLEDG-EE',  71.  The  person  to  whom  any  thing  is 
pledged. 

PLEDG'ER,  71.  One  that  pledges  or  pawns  any  thing ; 
one  that  warrants  or  secures.  [Pledgor,  in  Black- 
stone,  is  not  to  be  countenanced.] 

2.  One  who  invites  another  to  drink  by  drinking 
first. 

3.  One  who  drinks  the  health  of  another. 
PLEDG'ER-Y,  71.   A  pledging ;  suretiship.    [JVot  in 

use.]  Kncyc, 

PLEDG'ET,  71.  [from  folding  or  layiyig.]  In  surgery, 
a  compress,  or  small,  flat  tent  of  lint,  laid  over  a 
wound  to  imbibe  the  matter  discharged  and  keep  it 
clean.  Encyc, 

PLEDG'INQ,  jrpr.  Depositing  in  pawn  or  as  security  ; 
giving  as  a  warrant  for  security  or  safetv. 

PLe'IADS^  (plC'yadz,)        In.pl.    [L.  ' Pleiades :  Gr. 

PLe'IA-DeS,  (pis'ya-dez,)  \  r:\tiadr.(,  supposed  to 
be  formed  fnmi  -Atm,  to  sail,  as  the  rising  of  the 
seven  stars  indicated  the  time  of  safe  navigation.] 

In  astronomy,  ihe  seven  stars,  situated  in  the  neck 
of  the  constellation  Taurus.  The  Latins  called  them 
Vebgili.=e,  from  ver,  spring,  because  of  their  rising 
about  the  vernal  equinox.  [Pleiad,  in  the  sino'w/ar, 
is  sometimes  used.]^  Encyc,  Ainsworth, 

PLe'NAL,  a.    [See  Plenary.]    Full.    [Xot  used.] 

Beaumont, 

PLe'NA-RI-LY,  adv.  [from  plenary.]  Fullv ;  com- 
pletely. Ayliffe. 

PLl-.'N  A-RI-NESS,  )'.    Fullness  ;  completeness. 

PLEN'.VR-TY,  n.  The  state  of  a  benefice  when  occu- 
pied. Blackstone. 

PLE'.\.\-RY,  a.  [L.  plemis;  Fr.  plein :  It.  plenarin, 
pieno  ;  Sp.  plena,  lleno  ;  W.  Ihiwn  ;  Ir.  lain,  Ian  ;  Arm. 
lean.  The  Russ.  h.as /w/nri  and  polon,  full,  and  with 
a  prefix,  napalniayu,  to  fill.  Uu.  the  radical  letters, 
and  the  identity  of  the  Russ.  with  the  others.] 

Full ;  entire  ;  ctimplcte  ;  as,  a  plenary  license  ;  ple- 
nary consent ;  plenary  indulgence.  The  plenary  iiirlul- 
gence  of  the  pope  is  an  entire  remission  of  penalties 
due  to  all  sins.  '  Encyc, 

PLe'N.V-RY,  71.    Decisive  procedure.    [JVot  used,] 

Aylife, 

PLEN-I-Ll.''N'.\R,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  full  moon. 
PLEN-I-L0'N.\-RY,  a.    Relating  to  the  full  moon. 

Broirn, 

PLEN'I-LUNE,  71.    [L.  p!e7ii7iiniiim  ;  pJenitJ,  full,  and 

luna,  moon.] 

The  full  moon.    [JVot  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

PLE  N'IP'0-T£NCE,7i.    [L.  planus,  full,  and  potaitia, 

power.] 

Fullness  or  completeness  of  power.  Mlton. 
PLE-NIP'O-TENT,  a.    [L.  plenipotcns,  supra.l 

Possessing  full  power.  .ifilton. 
PLEN-I-PO-TEN'TIA-RY,  71.     [Fr.  plenipotentiare. 
See  Plenipotence.] 

A  person  invested  with  full  power  to  transact  any 
business ;    tLiualh/j  an  embassador  or  envoy  to  a 
foreign  court,  furnished  with  full  power  to  negotiate 
a  treaty  or  to  transact  other  business. 
PLEi\-I-PO-TE.N'TI.\-RY,  a.   Containing  full  power; 

as,  plenipolentiani  license  or  authority. 
PLEN'ISII,  for  Rei'lenish,  is  not  used. 
PLl":'MST,  71.    [L.  plenus.] 

One  who  maintains  that  all  space  is  full  of  matter. 

Botde. 

PLEN'LTUDE,  71.    [L.  plrnitudo,  from  plenus,  full.] 

1.  Fullness;  as,  the //fcnidoM  of  space.  Bentley, 

2.  Repletion;  animal  fullne.ss ;  plethora;  redun 
dancy  of  blood  and  humors  in  the  animal  biulies. 

Encyc, 

3.  Fullnesis ;  complete  competence  ;  as,  the  plem 
tude  of  the  pope's  [xiwer.  Bacon, 

4.  Complotcncss  ;  as,  the  plenitude  of  a  man's  fame 

Prior, 

PLE.\'TE-OUS,  a.  [Umn  plenty,]  Abundant  ;  copi 
Otis;  ptfiitiful  ;  sulVicieiit  for  every  purpose;  as,  a 
plenteous  supply  of  provisions  ;  a  plcnteoiui  crop. 

Millon, 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^LL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQOK.— 


836 


PLE 

2  Vielding  ubun(l:iiico  ;  as,  a  plenteous  fountain. 
The  seven  plenteout  year*.  —  Gen.  xlL. 

3.  Having  an  abundance. 

The  Lord  itlmll  niiiko  Ihoc  plenteous  In  ^oJb.  —  Dent,  xxviii. 

4.  Possessing  in  abnnilance,  and  ready  to  bestow 
libi-rally.    Ps.  Ixxxvi. 

[This  word  is  less  used  tlian  Plentiful.] 
PLEN'TE-OUS  LY,  adt).    In  almndance  ;  copiously  ; 

ploulifully.  Milton. 
PI,E.\'Tt>OUS-r{ESS,  n.    Abundance;  copious  sup- 
ply ;  plenty ;  as,  tlie  seven  years  of  plenteuuxnens  in 
Ei;vpt. 

PLE.N'TI-FIJL,  a.  [from  plenty.]  Copious;  abun- 
dant ;  adequate  to  every  purpose  ;  as,  a  plentiful  crop 
of  erain  ;  a  plrnliful  barvest ;  a  plentiful  supply  of 
water;  a /i/iviti/u/ fortune. 

•2.  Yielding  abundant  crops ;  affording  ample  sup- 
ply ;  fruitful  ;  as,  a  plentiful  year.  Bacon. 

Pl>i:N''l'r-KlJL-LY,  adv.  Copiously;  abundantly; 
witb  ample  supply.  AMison. 

PLEN'T1-F!.IL-NE"SS,  n.    The  state  of  being  plenti- 
ful ;  abundance. 
9.  'I'lie  quality  of  adording  full  supply. 

PLEX'TY,  n.    [from  L.  pleniu-.] 

1.  Abundance  ;  copiousness  ;  full  or  adequate  sup- 
ply ;  as,  we  have  a  plenty  of  corn  for  bread  ;  the 
garrison  has  a  pienfy  of  provisions.  Its  application  to 
persons,  as  a  plenty  of  buyers  or  sellers,  is  inelegant. 

2.  Fruitfulness ;  a  poetic  use. 

The  teeming  cloixts 
Di'sccnil  in  gladsome  plenty  o'er  Uie  world.  Thornton. 

PLEN'TY,  a.    Plentiful ;  being  in  abundance. 

Wh'-re  water  is /)/enfy.  Tusser. 
If  n';»Nnns  were  iis  Tilentt/  n«  blacl(l>errie».  SttaJ;. 
Ill  every  country  where  llclnors  ait;  plenty.  Hiet.  Cotteetione. 
Tlie  coininoi)  sorn  of  towfa  uiid  tlie  scvcml  g^alliiiLiceoiis  spi-ciet 

i\re  plenty.  Tooke,  Jiuss.  Emp. 

A  v;inely  of  other  herbs  :inil  roots  which  nn;  plenty.  Adair. 
'I'hey  seem  formeil  for  Ulo«e  countries  where  shruhs  are  plenty 

and  water  8Ci»rce.  Goldsmith. 
Wh'-ii  l.ibon'rs  aK  plenty,  ttieir  wa^-s  will  be  low.  FmnttUn. 
In  the  country,  where  wood  is  more  plenty,  they  make  their 

beams  stronger.  Encyc. 

[The  use  of  this  .word  as  an  adjective  seems  too 
well  aulhiirized  to  be  rejected.  It  is  universal  in 
coininim  parlance  in  the  United  States.] 

PLl';'.NU.M,  71.  [L.]  Fidlness  of  matter  in  space; 
opposed  to  Vacccm.  Descartes. 

PI>T'.'0-N  ASM,  n.  [li.  plfonasmus ;  Gr.  -Scovaapoi, 
from  the  root  of  n-X;o>,  full,  nXciup,  more,  L.  pleo,  in 
implcOj  to  fit,] 

Kediintlancy  of  words  in  speaking  or  writing  ;  the 
use  of  more  wortis,  tt>  express  ideas,  than  are  neces- 
sary. This  may  be  justifiable  when  wo  intend  to 
jirescnt  thotights  with  particular  perspicuity  tu*  ftirce. 

Pl.K.'O-NASTE,  n.  [Gr.  tX  o:  ii-./j,  abuntlant ;  from 
its  four  fleets,  sometinics  found  on  each  solid  angle 
of  the  octahedron.] 

A  mineral,  commonly  considered  as  a  variety  of 
the  spiuell-'  ruh\'.    [t^ce  Cevlamtk.] 

PLi;-0-.\ A.-^'Tie',        (  a.    Pertaining  to  pleonasm; 

PI,i;-()-NA.S'Tie-AL,  j  partaking  uf  pleonasm  ;  re- 
dundant. Bluekwiill. 

PLF.-(1  i\.\S'Tie-AL-LY,  ado.  With  redundancy  of 
words. 

ri.E  UOPH'O-UY,  H.  [Gr.  TrX^o'ifonia  ;  7T\ni>m,  full, 
and  (/i        to  bear.] 

Full  persuasion  or  confidence.  [Little  useil.]  Hall. 

PI>E.-;iI,  for  Plash.    [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

PLF.-SI-0-.MORPH'IS.M,  n.    [Gr.  jrXrjtTinjand  nop,y,.] 
Thi!  slate  of  crystallized  substances  which  nearly 
resemble  each  other  in  form,  hut  still  are  different. 

PLE-^I-t)-.MORPH'OUS,  a.    Nearly  alike  in  form. 

PLE  SI-O-SAL'RUS,  71.  [Gr.  -knctis,  next,  and 
(ranoo;,  a  lizard.] 

A  genus  of  extinct  marine  animals,  allied  to  the 
lizard  and  crocodile,  having  the  neck  very  long,  and 
the  'ail  short;  also  written  Plesiosaur.  Conybeare. 

PLETIl'O-RA,  7t.  [Gr.  TtXrfit^fa,  from  nXr,%i,  full- 
ness.] 

1.  Literally,  fullness. 

2.  In  meiticinef  fullness  of  blood  ;  excess  of  blood  ; 
repletion  ;  the  state  of  the  ves.«els  of  the  human 
body,  when  they  are  too  full,  or  overloath  d  with 
fltiids.  Core.    Parr.  Enryc. 

PLETII'O-Rie,  a.  Having  a  full  habit  of  body,  or 
the  vessels  overcharged  with  fluids.  .drbut.'inot. 

PLETII'O-RY.   See  Plethora. 

PLETll'RON,  )       rr.      >  (1  1 

PLETIPRU.VI,  i  "•  l^f- 

Among  Vie  Oreeks,  a  long  measure  of  100  feet; 
also,  a  square  measure  of  10,000  feet.  Smith's  Diet, 

PLEO'RA,  n.    [Gr.,  the  side.] 

In  anatomy,  a  thin  membrane,  which  covers  the 
inside  of  the  thorax,  and  also  invests  the  lungs. 

PLEO'RI-SY,  71.  [Gr.  TrXci'.urti,  from  irAtipu,  the 
side;  Ft.  pleuresie  ;  ll.  plcurisia.] 

An  inflammation  of  the  pleura,  or  membrane  thai 
covers  the  inside  of  the  thorax.  It  is  accompanied 
with  fever,  pain,  difficult  resiiiration,  and  cough. 

PI.EI.'-RIT'ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  pleurisy;  as, 

PI.EU-RIT'ie-.\L,  J  pleuritic  symptoms  or  affec- 
tions. 

2.  Diseased  with  pleurisy.  .^rbuthnoL 


PLI 

PLEV'IN,  71.    [Uld  Fr.]    A  »varrant  of  assurance. 

[Oi.T.l 

PLE.\'l-FORM,  a.    [li.  pteTU.<t,  a  fold,  and  form.] 

In  the  form  of  net-work  ;  conqilicated.  Quinci/. 
PIjEX'U.-*,  71.    [Ij.]    Any  union  of  vessels,  nerves,  or 

fibers,  in  (he  form  of  net  work.  Coze. 
PLI-A-HII/I-TY,  71.    [from  pliable.] 

The  quality  of  bending  or  yielding  to  pressure  or 

force  without  rupture;  Ilexib)lity  ;  pliablcuess. 
PLI'.\-BEE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  plirr,to  bend,  to  fold;  E. 

pliro,  Gr.  rrVfAf.',  W.  ply^u.  It.  pieirare,  to  fold; 

picifhevolc,  pliable.] 

1.  Easy  to  be  bent ;  that  readily  yields  to  pressure 
without  rupture ;  flexible ;  as,  willow  is  a  pliable 
plant. 

2.  Flexible  in  disposition  ;  readily  yielding  to  moral 
influence,  argumenis,  persuasion,  or  discipline;  as, 
a  pliable  youth. 

PL!'A-nLE-NESS,  77.  Flexibility ;  the  quality  of 
yielding  to  fiirce  or  to  moral  influence;  pliability; 
as  the  plinlilrness  of  a  plant  or  of  the  disposition. 

PliT'A-ltLY,  afiv.    So  as  to  be  pliable.  [JIammond. 

PLI'A.N-CY,  71.    [(mm  pliant.] 

1.  Easiness  to  he  bent,  in  a  physical  sense;  as,  the 
plianni  of  a  rod,  of  ctirtlage,  or  of  limbs  Addison. 

2.  Readiness  to  yield  to  mural  intluence;  as, 
pliaiint  of  tempter. 

PLI'AiVT,  a.  [Fr.]  That  may  be  easily  bent ;  readily 
yielding  to  force  or  presstire  without  breaking;  flexi- 
ble; flexile;  lithe;  limber;  as,  a ;j2ia7it  thread. 

Spectator. 

Q.  That  may  be  easily  formed  or  molded  to  a 
different  shape  ;  as,  ;(/iu7it  wax. 

3.  Easily  yielding  to  moral  influence;  easy  to  be 
persuaded  ;  ductile. 

The  will  was  then  more  ductile  and  pliant  to  right  reason. 

South. 

PLI'ANT-EY,  adv.    Yieldingly  ;  flexibly. 

PI,r'ANT-NESS,  71.    Flexibility.  Baeon. 

PLI'CA,  n.    [E.,  a  fiild.l 

Trichosis  plica  is  a  (lisease  of  the  hair,  peculiar  to 
Poland  and  the  neighboring  countries.  In  this  dis- 
ease, the  hair  of  the  liead  is  vascuhirly  thickened, 
matted,  or  harletl,  by  means  of  a  glutinous  fluid 
secreted  from  its  root.  It  sometimes,  but  rarely, 
aff(,'cts  the  beard,  the  hair  of  the  pudenda,  and  of 
the  rest  of  the  surface  of  the  body.  It  seems  to  pre- 
vail in  Poland  as  an  endemic  disease. 

p|^j,^^7|.'pp  I  a.    [L.  plicatus  ;  plico,  to  fold.] 

Plaited ;  folded  like  a  fan  ;  as,  a  plicate  leaf. 

Lre.  Marlyn. 

PET'CATE  T,Y,  adv.    In  a  plicate  or  folded  inanuer. 

PLl-e.A'TIO.N,  n.    [from  L.  plUo.] 
A  foliling  tir  ft>lil. 

PLIC'A-TI.;rE,  ».    [I,.  pUcatnra  ;  plico,  to  fold.] 
.'\  fold  ;  a  doubling. 

n.l'F.n,  (plide,)  pp.  .Applied  to  closely;  employed 
(liligenllv;  urged.    [Pee  Ply.] 

i'LI'ERS,'n.  pi.    [  Fr.  plirr,  to  fold.    See  Ply.] 

A  kind  of  pincers,  by  wliich  any  small  thing  is 
sei/.etl  and  benl.  Moxon. 

PEI'FORM,  n.    [Fr.  pli,  a  fold,  and/orm.] 

In  the  form  of  a  fohl  or  doubling.  Pennant. 

PETGIIT,  (plTte,)  1:  I.  [Sax.  plihiati,  to  pledge,  and  to 
exptise  to  danger,  or  rather,  perhaps,  to  perplexity  ; 
Sw.  beplichta,  to  bind;  D.  pHi;t,  duty,  mortgage; 
G.  pfticht,  duty,  pletlge  ;  llan.  pli!^t,  duly,  obligation  ; 
pli'jtiiT,  bound,  obliged  ;  Sw.  plicht.  This  seems  to 
be  the  Teutonic  form  of  the  Celtic  pledge,  Fr.  plcige, 
plciirrr,  L.  plico,  (Jr.  irXeKot,  It.  piegare,  Sp.  plegar, 
Fr.  plier,  .Arm.  pletra,  W.  ply^u,  to  fold  ;  Sp.  pleijto, 
a  covenant  or  contract ;  and  the  G.flechten,  to  brairi, 
coincitling  with  the  E.  flertu,  ttt  bend,  appears  to  be 
of  the  same  family.  If  the  elements  are  Ls,  as  I 
suspect,  pledge  and  pli^rhi  are  formed  on  the  root  of 
lay,  Ann.  tacqnat.  To  pledge  or  plight  is  to  lay  down, 
throw  down,  set,  or  deposit.  Plight  may,  however, 
be  more  directly  from  the  root  of  L.  ligo,  but  this  is 
of  the  same  family.    See  .Alloy  and  Ply.] 

1.  To  pledge  ;  to  give  as  security  for  the  perform- 
ance of  some  act  ;  but  nerer  applied  to  property  or 
goods.  We  say,  he  plighted  his  hand,  his  faith,  his 
vows,  his  honor,  his  truth  or  troth.  Pledge  is  ap- 
plied to  property  as  well  as  to  word,  faith,  tnith, 
iionor,  &c.  To  plight  faith  is,  as  it  were,  to  deposit 
it  in  pledge  for  the  performance  of  an  act,  on  the 
non  performance  of  which,  the  pledge  is  forfeited. 

2.  To  weave  ;  to  braid.  Spenser.  Milton. 
.-[This  is  the  primary  sense  of  the  word,  h.  plico, 

but  now  obsolete.] 
PEKJHT,  (plitc,)  71.  Literally,  a  st,ite  of  being  in-, 
volved,  [L.  plicatus,  iniplicatus,  implioitus:]  hence, 
perplexity,  distress,  or  a  distressed  state  or  condition  ; 
as,  a  miserable  plight.  But  the  word,  by  itself,  does 
not  ordinarily  imply  distress.  Hence, 

2.  Condition  ;  state  ;  and  sometimes  good  case ; 
as,  to  keep  cattle  in  plight. 

[In  most  cases,  this  word  is  now  accompanied  { 
with  an  adjective,  which  determines  its  significiition  ; 
as,  bad  plight;  miserable  or  icretchcd  pliirht;  good: 
plighL] 

3.  rlotlge  ;  gage.  j 
Th  ■  I,i>r>I,  wliow"  hand  must  take  my  plight,  Shak.  \ 


PLO 

4.  A  fold,  [E.  plica ;]  a  double ;  a  plait. 
All  III  n  silhen  Camus,  lily  white, 

Purtled  njton  with  many  a  fuUled  plight.      [Obs.]  Sptnstr. 

■S.  A  garment.    [JVut  uted  ]  Chapman, 

PEIGIIT'EI),  (plit'ed,) pp.  or  a.  Pledged. 

PEIGIIT'ER,  (plit'ur,)  71.  One  that  pledges;  that 
which  plights.  ^ 

PEIGHT'ING,  (pllt'ing,)  ppr.  Pledging. 

PEI.M,  e.  1.    To  swell.    [.Yi.r  in  h.sv.J  Grose. 

PLINTH,  71.  [Gr.  rAirOuj,  a  brick  or  tile  ;  L.  plinthus.] 
In  arehileclurr,  a  fl.it,  sipiare  member,  in  fiirin  of  a 
brick,  which  serves  as  the  fiiiiiiil.itiiiii  of  a  column  ; 
being  the  (lat,  squtire  table  uniler  the  inoliliiig  of  the 
base  and  pede.stal,  at  tin:  bottom  of  the  order.  Vi- 
triivitis  gives  the  name  to  the  abacus,  or  upper  pari 
of  the  Tuscan  order,  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
plinth. 

Plinth  of  a  statue  is  i  base,  flat,  round,  or  square. 

Kncyc. 

Plinth  of  a  trail :  two  or  three  rows  of  bricks  ad- 
vanced from  li.e  wall,  in  form  of  a  jilatbaud  ;  and, 
in  general,  any  Ihil,  liii:h  mohling,  iluit  serves  in  a 
front  wall  to  mark  the  Hours,  to  su.stain  the  eaves  of 
a  wall  or  the  larmier  of  a  chimney.  Encye. 
PLI'O-CENE,  a.  [Gr.  -rXeiiov,  more,  and  xuiio;,  re- 
cent.] 

In  geology,  a  term  applied  to  the  most  modern 
tertiary  deposit,  in  which  most  of  Ihe  fossil  shells 
are  of  recent  species.  Lyell. 
PLOD,  V.  L    [0.  plots,  dull,  heav'^y.  Qu.] 

1.  To  tr.avel  01  work  slowly,  or  with  steady,  labori- 
ous diligence. 

A  plodding  diligence  brinn  us  sooner  to  our  Journey's  end,  lhau 

a  H'ltlering  way  of  auvaiiciiig  by  surts.        L  Estrange. 
Some  stupid,  plodding,  niuney.luviiig  wighl.  Young. 

2.  To  study  heavily,  with  steady  diligence. 

Sliak.  Swift. 

3.  To  toil ;  to  drudge. 

PLOD'OER,  71.    A  dull,  heavy,  laborious  person. 

Shak. 

PLOD'DING,  ppr.  Traveling  or  laboring  with  slow 
movement  and  steady  diligence;  studying  chisely 
but  heavily. 

2.  a.  Industrious;  ililigcnt,  but  slow  in  contriv- 
ance or  execution. 

PLOD'DING,  71.  Slow  movement  or  study  with  stead- 
iness or  persevering  inilustry.  Prideauz. 

PLOD'DING-LY,  o</p.    Industriously;  diligently. 

PLOT,  71.    [.A  tlifl'orent  oitliogr;iphy  of  Plat.] 

1.  A  plat  or  small  extent  of  ground  ;  as,  a  garden 
plot.  Locke. 

It  w;ts  a  chosen  j>/0(  of  fertile  Land.  Spenser. 

When  we  mean  to  build. 
We  first  survey  the  plot.  Sltak. 

2.  A  plantation  laid  out.  Sidney. 

3.  A  plan  or  scheme.    [Qu.  the  ne.xt  word.] 

Sprnsrr, 

4.  In  surveying,  a  plan  or  draught  of  a  field  or 
piece  of  land,  work,  &c.,  surveyed  and  tlelint^ated 
on  paper. 

PLOT,  71.  [The  French  retain  this  word  in  the  com- 
pounds complot,  complotcr ;  Arm.  complod,  contplodi. 
It  may  be  from  the  root  of  ;j^ait,  to  weave,  Rnss. 
plelu,  whence  oplelayu,  to  plait,  to  twist,  to  deceive  ; 
oplid,  a  hedge.    See  Plait.] 

1.  Any  scheme,  -stratagem,  or  plan  of  a  complica- 
ted nature,  or  consisting  of  many  pans,  ndapti^d  to 
the  accompltshnient  of  some  purpose,  usually  a  mis- 
chievous one.  A  plot  may  be  formed  by  a  single 
person  or  by  numbers.  In  ihe  laller  case,  it  is  a  con- 
spiracy or  an  intrigue.  The  latter  word  nnire  gener- 
ally denotes  a  scheme  directed  against  individuals  ; 
the  former  against  the  government.  But  this  dis- 
tinction is  not  always  observed. 

O,  think  whnC  nnxtous  moments  pass  between 

Ttie  birth  of  plots,  and  their  last  fatal  periods  I  Addison. 

2.  In  dramatic  writings,  the  knot  or  intrigue  ;  the 
story  of  a  play,  comprising  a  complication  of  inci- 
dents which  arc  at  last  unfolded  by  unexpected 
means. 

U  the  plot  or  Intrigue  must  be  n.atural,  and  such  ns  springi  from 
the  8Til.J"ct,  Uie  winding  up  of  the  plot  must  be  a  probnble 
consequence  of  nil  th.at  went  Uforv.  Pope. 

3.  Contrivance  ;  deep  reach  of  thought ;  ability  to 
plot. 

A  man  of  much  plot.  Denham. 

PLOT,  V.  i.  To  form  a  scheme  of  mischief  agaiost 
anoilier,  or  against  a  government  or  those  who  ad- 
minister it.    A  traitor  plots  against  his  king. 

The  wicked  plollelh  ng^iinst  thcjuft.  —  Ps.  xxxvU. 
2.  To  contrive  a  plan  ;  to  scheme. 

The  prince  did  />^ol  to  tie  secretly  gone.  Wotton, 

PLOT,  V.  I,   To  plan  ;  to  devise  ;  to  contrive  ;  as,  to 
plot  an  unprofitable  crime.  Drydeiu 
2.  To  make  a  plan  of;  to  delineate.  Carca, 

PLOT'FIJL,  a.    Abounding  willi  plots. 

PLOT'TED,  pp.    Contrived  ;  planned  ;  delineated. 

PLOT'TER,  n.    One  that  plots  or  contrives;  a  con- 
triver. Shak, 
9.  A  conspirator.  Dryden. 

PLOT'TI.XG,  ;i;)r.  Contriving;  planning;  forming  an 
evil  design  ;  delineating. 


TONE,  BULL,  ITMTE — AN"GER,  VI"tTOnS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


105  • 


837 


PLU 

PLOT'TING,  71,  The  act  of  contriving  or  forming 
schemes. 

3.  Tlie  act  of  laj  ing  down  a  survey. 

PLOT'TING-^■e.AL'E,?l.  A  mathematical  instrument 
used  in  plotting,  or  setting  orf  the  lengtlis  of  lines  in 
surveying.  Brande. 

PLOUGH.    See  Plow. 

PLOVER,  (phiv'er,)  n.  [Fr.  pluvicr,  the  water  bird, 
from  L.  plnvialis,  rainy  :  p!uo,  to  rain.] 

The  common  name  of  several  species  of  birds  that 
frequent  the  banks  of  rivers  and  the  sea-shore,  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Charadrius  of  Linn^us.  Their 
flesh  is  excellent  food.  Partington. 

PLOW,      )  (plou,)  71.    [Norm,  ploge  ;  Sax.  ploge;  D. 

PLOUGH,  j  plueg;  G.  pjliig ;  Dan.  p!o«^,  plov  :  Ice. 
plog  :  Sw.  (V.  i  Russ.  plug ;  Polish, pii/^ ;  Scot,  pleur.li, 
pleugli.  It  corresponds  in  elements  with  plug,  and 
both  perhaps  from  tflrusting.] 

1.  In  agriculture,  an  instrument  for  turning  up, 
breaijing,  and  preparing  the  ground  for  receiving  the 
seed-  It  is  drawn  by  oxen  or  iiorses,  and  saves  the 
labor  of  digging;  it  is  therefore  the  most  useful  in- 
strument in  agriculture. 

The  emperor  hiys  hold  of  ihe  plow  and  turus  \ip  several  furrows. 

Orosier,  Trans, 

Where  fern  succeeds,  uns;raleful  to  the  plote.  Drydtn. 

2.  Figuratively,  tillage ;  culture  of  the  eartii ;  ag- 
riculture. 

3.  A  joiner's  instrument  for  grooving. 

[Plow  is  the  spelling  of  the  English  Bible,  and  is 
preferable  as  more  naturally  representing  the  sound.] 

PLOW,      I  v.t.    To  trench  and  turn  up  with  a  plow  ; 

PLOUGH,  i  as,  to  plow  the  ground  for  wheat;  to 
plow  it  into  ridges. 

2.  Tofurrow  ;  todivide  ;  to  run  through  in  sailing. 

With  speed  we  jilou)  Uie  watery  wave.  Pope. 

3.  To  tear ;  to  furrow.  Shak. 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  labor  in  any  calling. 

He  lhi\l  ploireth  sluiuld  ploia  in  hope. —  1  Cor.  ix. 

To  plow  on  the  back  :  to  scourge  ;  to  mangle,  or  to 
persecute  and  torment.    P.«.  cxxix. 

To  plow  with  one^s  heifrr  ;  to  deal  with  the  wife  to 
obtain  sometiiing  from  the  Inisb.and.   .fudges  xiv. 

To  plow  iniquity  or  wiclcednes.-t,  and  reap  it  i  to  devise 
and  practice  it,  and  at  last  sulTer  the  punishment  of 
it.   Job  xiv.    Hos.  X. 

To  plow  in;  to  cover  by  plowing  ;  as,  to  ploic  in 
wheat. 

To  plow  up  or  out;  to  turn  out  of  the  ground  by 
plowing. 

To  put  one^s  hand  to  the  plow  and  look  back,  is  to  en- 
ter on  the  service  of  Christ  and  afterward  abandon  it. 
Luke  ix. 

[The  difference  of  orthography  often  made  be- 
tween the  noun  and  verb  is  wlioily  unwarr.mtalile, 
and  contrary  to  settled  analogy  in  our  lan^iiaue. 
Such  a  difference  is  never  made  in  changing  into 
verbs  plot,  harrow,  notice,  question,  and  most  other 
worils.    See  Practice.] 

plough'a'^ble,  I     '"""^  '"'•y    P'"'^*"*  > 

PLOW'-.^LMS,  (  (-im/.,)  «.  .V  [lennv  fiirmerlv  paid 
PLOUGH'-ALMS,  j   by  every  plowland  to  the  church. 

Cowel. 

PLOW'-noTE,  1  71.  In  Engli.sh  law,  wood  or  tim- 
PLOUGH'-BoTE,  (     ber  allowed  to  a  tenant  for  the 

repair  of  instrumi.-nts  of  husbandry. 
PLOW'BOY,      1  n.    .\  boy  that  drives  or  guides  a 
PLOUGH'BOV,  j     team  in  plowing  ;  a  rustic  buy. 

PI,OW'f:D,  )  pp.  or  a.  Turned  up  with  a  plow; 
PLOUGII'A'D,  j  furrowed. 

PLOW'l'R,     (  71.    One  that  plows  land  ;  a  cultiva- 
I'l.'Jl'GII'ER,  j     tor.  Spenser. 
i  PLOWING,      I  ppr.    Turning  up  with  a  plow  ;  ftir- 
PLOIJGiriNG,  j  rowing. 

PLOWING,  I  71.  The  operation  of  turning  up 
PLOUGH'LNG,  i     ground  with  a  plow;  as,  the  first 

and  second  plowings  ;  thn^e  plowings. 
PLOW'-LA.\D,     )  71.    Land  tiiat  is  plowed,  or  suit- 
PLOUGH'-LAND,  )     able  for  tillage. 
2.  Tillage  ground. 

plou'gii'aian  I      0"«  "i™' P'""'^    ''"'''^  "  P'""- 

At  lost,  the  robber  binds  the  plowirutn,  and  carries  him  off  with 
Uie  oxen.  iipeftiuin. 

2.  A  cultivator  of  grain  ;  a  husbaiulnian.  Temple. 

3.  A  rustic  ;  a  countryman  ;  a  hanly  Idln'rcr. 

SImk.  Jlrbnihiiol. 
PLO\V'-M0\-I)AY,      )  (-mun  de,)  n.    The  .Mcuidav 
PLOUGH'-MON-DAY,  |     aft.  r  Twelftlidav.  Tusse'r. 
PLOW.'^IIAKi;,      /  71.    [Sec  SiiKAn.]    'I  he  part  of  a 
PLOUGII'SIIARE,  i     plow  which  cuts  the  ground  nt 

the  liolloin  of  the  furrow,  and  raises  the  slice  to  the 

mold -board,  which  luruM  it  over. 
PLOWTAIL,      (       Ti    1     1      .  r 
PLOIJGII'TAIL  i        '  he  hind  part  of  a  plow. 
PLUCK,  r.  I.    [Sax.  plurcian,  which  nccmn  to  be  Ihe 

name  word,  with  a  prefix,  aH  lycran  or  alnran,  nine- 

MR,  to  pull  off  or  out ;  (i.  pjl*irkrn  ;  U.  iilnkken;  Dan. 

pluiiker  ;  Sw,  plocka  ;    Fr.  qUuchcr ;   W.  pticiaw,  to 

pluck,  to  peed  ;  plig,  n  |>eel.) 


PLU 

1.  To  pull  with  sudden  force  or  effort,  or  to  pull 
off,  out,  or  from,  with  a  twitch.  Thus  we  say,  to 
pluck  feathers  from  a  fowl ;  to  pluck  hair  or  wool 
from  a  skin  ;■  to  pluck  grapes  or  other  fruit. 

Thpy  pluck  the  f.\Uierles3  from  the  bR'.ast.  —  Job  xxW. 

2.  To  strip  by  plucking  ;  as,  to  pluck  a  fowl. 

They  that  pass  by  do  pluck  her.  ■ — Ps.  Ixxx. 

The  sense  of  this  verb  is  modified  by  particles. 

To  pluck  away;  to  pull  away,  or  to  separate  by 
pulling ;  to  tear  away. 

He  shall  jiluck  away  his  crop  with  his  feathers.  —  Lev.  i. 

To  pluck  down;  to  pull  down  ;  to  demolish  ;  or  to 
reduce  to  a  lower  state.  Shak. 

To  pluck  off,  is  to  pull  or  tear  off;  as,  to  plucic  off 
the  skin.   Mic.  iii. 

To  pluck  on  ;  to  pull  or  draw  on.    [06s.]  Shak. 

To  pluck  up  ;  to  tear  up  by  the  roots  or  from  the 
foundation;  to  eradicate;  to  exterminate;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  pluck  up  a  plant ;  to  pluck  up  a  nation. 
Jer.  xii. 

To  pluck  out ;"  to  draw  out  suddenly,  or  to  tear  out ; 
as,  to  pluck  out  the  eyes ;  to  pluck  out  the  hand  from 
the  bosom.    Ps.  Ixxiv. 

To  pluck  up  ;  to  resume  courage  ;  properly,  to  pluck 
up  the  heart.    [J^Tot  elegant.]  Knollcs. 
PLUCK,  71.    The  heart,  liver,  and  lights  of  an  animal. 

2.  In  loie,  figurative  language,  courage.  Smart. 
PhUCK'EU,  (plukt,)  pp.  or  a.    Pulled  off;  stripped  of 
feathers  or  hair. 

2.  .\  cant  term  at  the  English  universities,  applied 
to  those  who,  for  want  of  scholarship,  are  refused 
their  testimonials  fur  a  degree.  Oxford  Ouide. 

PLUCK'ER,  7!.    One  that  plucks.  Mortimer. 
PLUCK'ING,  Pulling  off ;  stripping. 

PLUG,  71.  [D.pbig;  Dan.plijg;  Sw.  pligg;  G.pflock; 
W.  ploc,  a  block  ;  plociaw,  to  block,  to  plug.  It 
seems  to  be  the  same  word  radically  as  block,  W. 
Hoc] 

A  stopple ;  any  piece  of  pointed  wood  or  other 
substance  used  to  stop  a  hole,  but  larger  than  a  peg 
or  spile.  Boyle.  Swift. 

Hawse-plug ;  in  viarine  affairs,  a  plug  to  stop  a 
hawse-hole. 

Slwl-plug;  a  plug  to  stop  a  breach  made  by  a  can- 
non-ball in  the  side  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

PLUG,  V.  t.  To  stop  with  a  plug  ;  to  make  tight  by 
stuppiuE  a  hole. 

PI.UG'GLVG,  ppr.    Stopping  with  a  plug. 

PLUG'GING,  ;i.    Act  of  stopping  with  a  plug. 

PLU.M,  71.  [Sax.  plume;  G.  pflaume ;  Dan.  blomme ; 
^\v.  plommon  ;  Con^.  pUwian  ;  Ir.  plunia.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus  Pru- 
nus.  The  fruit  is  a  drupe,  containing  a  nut  or  stone 
with  prominent  sutures,  and  inclosing  a  kernel. 
The  varieties  of  the  plum  are  numerous  and  well 
known 

2.  A  grape  dried  in  the  sun  ;  a  raisin. 

3.  The  sum  of  £100,000  sterling.  England. 

4.  A  kind  of  play.  Minsworth. 
[Dr.  Johnson    remarks  that  this  word  is  often 

written  improperly  Plumh.] 
PLO'iMAGE,  71.    [Fr.,  frotu  plume.]    The  feathers  that 

cover  a  bird. 

Sinit  witli  ht'r  varyin<f  plumage,  spare  the  dove.  Pope. 
PLU.MB,  (plum,)  n.  [Fr.  plomh  :  Sp.  pinmo  ;  It.  piombo  ; 

W.  plwni ;  L.  plumbum,  lead  ;   probably  a  clump  or 

lump.] 

.\  mass  of  lead  attached  to  a  line,  and  used  to  as- 
certain a  perpendicular  position  of  biiililings  and  the 
like.  But  the  word  as  a  noun  is  seldom  used,  ex- 
cept in  composition.  [See  Plumk-Lime.] 
PLUiMB,  (plum,)  a.  Perpendiculiir,  that  is,  standing 
according  to  a  plumb-line.  The  post  of  the  house  or 
the  wall  is  plumb. 

[This  IS  the  common  language  of  our  meehnnics.] 
PLUiMH,  (plum,)  adv.    In  a  perpendicubir  direction  ; 
in  a  line  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 
The  wall  stands  plumb. 

Plumb  tlnwn  he  falls.  AfHton. 
2.  Directly  ;  suddenly;  at  once;  as  a  falling 
mass;  usually  pronounced  plump.  He  fell  plumb 
into  tile  water. 
PLUMB,  (plum,)  t>.  (.  To  adjust  by  a  plumb-line  ;  to 
set  in  a  perpendicular  direction  ;  as,  to  plumb  a 
building  or  a  wall. 

2.  [W.  phimiaw.]    To  simnd  with  a  plummet,  as 
the  di  pih  of'' water.    [Little  used.]  Swift. 
PI.UM-I1,\'(';1N,  n.  A  crysiallizable  substance  extract- 
ed fr(uii  tlif  root  of  the  plumbago. 
PLU.M-BAG'IN  OUS,  «.    Rt'si  inbling  plumbago  ;  con- 
sisting of"  plumbago,  or  partaking  of  its  properties. 
PLUM  I'.A'GO,  «.    [L.]    A  mineral  ciuisisting  of  car- 
bon, usually,  but  not  necessarily,  with  a  little  iron  ; 
with  the  exce|)ti(in  of  diamond,  it  is  one  of  the 
purest  forms  of  carbon  ever  founil  in  nature.    It  is 
usetl  for  pencils,  &c.,  and  is  popularly  called  Black 
Li:ai>. 

PL(I.M'11E-AN,  )  a.  Consisting  of  lead  ;  resembling 
PLU.M'IU:  OUS,  j     lead.  Ellis. 

2.  Dull  ;  heavy;  stiipiil.  ./.  P.  Smith. 

PLU.MB'y.'U,  (iilumil,)  /)/-.  Ailjusted  by  a  plumb- 
line. 


PLU 

PLUMB'ER,  (plum'mer,)  n.  One  who  works  in  lead. 
PLUMB'ER-Y,  (plum'mer-y,)  71.     Works  in  lead  ; 

manufactures  of  lead ;  the  place  where  lead  is 

wrought. 

2.  The  art  of  casting  and  working  lead,  or  of 

making  sheets  and  pipes  of  lead. 
PLU.M'lilC,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  containing  lead. 
PLUALBIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.plumbutn,  lead,  and  fero, 

to  produce.] 

Producing  or  containing  lead.  Kirwan. 
PLU.MB'ING,  (plum'ming,)  ppr.     Adjusting  by  a 
plumb-line. 

PLUMB'ING,  71.  The  art  of  casting  and  working  in 
lead,  and  using  it  in  building.  Gwilt. 

PLUMB'-LlNE,  (plum'line.)  71.  A  line  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  or  a  line  directed  to 
the  center  of  gravity  in  the  earth. 

2.  A  line  having  a  weight  attached  to  its  end,  used 
to  determine  a  perpendicular  ;  a  plummet. 

PLUMIi'-IluLE,7i.  A  narrow  board  having  a  plumb- 
line  suspended  from  its  top,  and  a  perpendicular 
mark  through  its  middle,  used  by  builders  to  deter- 
mine a  perpendicular. 

PLUM'-CAKE,  71.  Cake  containing  raisins,  currants, 
or  other  fruit. 

PLuME,  71.  [Fr.  plume  ;  L.  and  Sp.  pluma  ;  It.  piuma  ; 
W.  plu,  pluv.] 

1.  The  feather  of  a  bird,  particu/aWy  a  large  feather. 

Shak. 

2.  A  feather  worn  as  an  ornament,  particularly  an 
ostrich's  feather. 

And  his  Wig\i  plume,  that  nodded  o'er  his  head.  Dryden. 

3.  Pride  ;  towering  mien.  Shak. 

4.  Token  of  honor ;  prize  of  contest. 

Arabidous  to  win  from  me  some  plume.  M'dlon. 
PLUME,  )  71.  In  botany,  the  ascending  scaly  part 
PLu'MULE,  )  of  the  corculum  or  heart  of  a  seed  ; 
the  scaly  part  of  the  embryo  plant  within  the  seed, 
which  rises  and  becomes  the  stem  or  body.  It  ex- 
tends itself  into  the  cavity  of  the  lobes,  antl  is  termi- 
nated by  a  small  branch  resembling  a  feather,  from 
\vhich  it  derives  its  name.  Murtyn.  Milne. 

PLuME,  V.  t.    To  pick  and  adjust  plumes  or  feathers. 
Swans  must  be  kept  in  some  inclos-'d  pon  t,  where  they  may  have 
room  to  come  on  shore  and  plunte  theuisi'lves.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  strip  of  feathers.  Carnivorous  animals  will 
not  take  pains  to  plume  the  birds  they  devour. 

3.  To  strip ;  to  peel.  Bacon. 

4.  To  set,  as  a  plume  ;  to  set  erect. 

His  stature  reached  the  sky  ;  and  on  his  crest 

Sat  honor  ;'/ul/ler£.  MilUin. 

5.  To  adorn  with  feathers  or  plumes.  Shak. 

6.  To  pride  ;  to  value  ;  to  boast.  He  plumes  him- 
self on  his  skill  or  liis  prowess. 

PLO.ME-AL'UM,  ji.    [L.  alumen  plumosum.]  Feath- 
ery or  fibrous  alum. 
PLC'ME'LESS,  a.    Without  feathers  or  plumes. 

Eusden. 

PLuME'LET,  71.    .\  small  plume.  Kirby. 

2.  A  little  plumule. 
PLU-MIG'ER-OUS,  a.   [L.  pluma,  a  feather,  and  gero, 
to  wetir.] 

Feathered  ;  having  feathers.  Diet. 
PLU-MIL'I-FORM,  a.    Having  the  shape  of  a  pluine 

or  feather.  Dunn. 
PLu'RII-PEn,  o.    [Infra.]    Having  feet  covered  with 

feathers. 

PLu'M  l-PED,  71.        pluma,  feather,  and  pes,  foot.] 
A  bird  I  bat  has  feathers  on  its  feet.  Diet. 
PLU.M'.MET,  h.    [Sp.  plomada.    See  Pli'mb.] 

1.  A  lonj;  piece  of  lead  attached  to  a  line,  used  in 
soundins  the  depth  of  water. 

2.  .^n  instrument  used  by  carpenters,  masons,  &c., 
in  adjusting  erections  to  a  perpenilicular  line,  anil 
with  a  square,  to  determine  a  horizonlal  line.  It  con- 
sists of  a  piece  of  lead  fastened  to  a  line. 

3.  Any  weigbt.  IVilkins. 

4.  .\  piece  of  lead  used  by  schoolboys  to  rule  their 
pa|)fr  for  writing. 

PLUiM'iMI.N'c;,  71.  Among  miners,  the  operation  of 
fiiidint;,  by  means  of  a  mine  dial,  the  place  where  to 
sink  an  air-shaft,  or  to  bring  an  adit  to  the  work,  or 
to  find  which  way  the  lode  inclines.  Encye. 

plE'mSus',!-  [L-p'— •] 

1.  Feathery;  resembling  feathers. 

2.  In  botany,  a  plumose  bristle,  is  one  that  has  hairs 
growing  on  the  sides  of  the  main  bri-stle.  A  plumose 
pappus  is  coinpased  of  feathery  hairs.  .Marlyn. 

PLU-.MOS'1-TY,  71.    The  state  of  having  featln  rs. 
PLU.MP,  a.     [Dan.  plomp,  plump,  bliiiil,  unhandy, 

clownish,  rude  ;  Sw.  plump  ;   1).  plonip  ;  G.  plump. 

Tlitr  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  thick,  as  if  allied  to 

inHi;<  and  clump.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  Full ;  swelled  with  fit  or  flesh  to  the  full  size  ; 
fat;  having  a  full  skin  ;  round  ;  as,  a  plump,  boy  ;  n 
plump  habit  of  body. 

The  fainiBlieil  cn)W  grows  plump  and  round.  Swt/l. 

2.  Full;  blunt;  unreserved;  unnnalilicd  ;  as,  a 
pliniip  lie. 

PLU.MP,  11.  A  knot;  a  cluster;  a  clump;  a  number 
of  tilings  closely  united  or  standing  together;  as,  a 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WIIijLT.  —  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


PLU 

plump  of  trees ;  a  plump  nf  fowls ;  a  plump  of  horse- 
men. Bacon.    IliiijwariL  Drijiieu, 

['J'llis  word  is  not  now  used  in  tliis  sense ;  l)ut  the 
use  of  it  formerly  is  good  evidence  llint  plump  is 
clump,  with  a  dilPerent  prefix,  and  both  are  radically 
one  word  with  tump.  Plumb  (L.  plumbum)  is  the 
same  word,  a  lump  or  ni:uss. ] 
PLUMP,  I).  (.  [from  tlie  adjective.]  To  swell;  to 
extend  to  fullne.^s  ;  to  dilate  ;  to  fatten. 

The  p.(.rticlcs  of  air,  expaniiiiig  lhcnui'We»,  plump  out  the  •kle» 

ol"  tin-  blAiiilrr.  Boyie. 
A  weililiiiir  ut  our  houM  will  plump  mo  up  wlUi  ff<>oi!  cliet-r. 
1  CuUo<iuuii.\  L'Btlrange. 

2.  To  plump  a  vote.    See  Plumper. 
Pr.U.MP,  r.  1.  [from  the  noiin  ;  G.  plampcn,!).  plompen, 
Dan.  plumper,  to  plunge.] 

1.  To  pliinje  or  fall  like  a  heavy  mass  or  lump  of 
dead  matter ;  to  full  suddenly  or  at  once. 

9.  To  enlarge  to  fullness  ;  tu  he  swelled.  Ainsitnrth. 
PLUMP,  aiiv.    Suddenly  ;  heavily  ;  at  once,  or  with  a 

sudden,  heavy  fall.  B.  Jonson. 

PLU.MP'M),  (plunipt,)  pp.    Swelled  ;  extended  in 

fullne.ss. 

PLUMP'ER,  n.  Something  carried  in  the  mouth  to 
dilate  the  cheeks;  anything  intended  to  swell  out 
something  else.  Swijl. 

2.  In  English  elections,  a  vole  given  to  one  candi- 
date only,  when  two  or  more  are  to  be  elected,  tints 
giving  him  the  advantage  over  the  others.  He  who 
gives  his  vote  thus,  is  said  to  plump  his  vote.  Smart. 

X  A  full,  un(|ualilied  lie.    [In  vulgar  mm-.] 
PLU.M'-PlK,  (-pi,)  71.    A  pie  containing  plums 
PLU.MP'LV,  ailr.    Fully  ;  roundly  ;  without  reserve  ; 
as,  to  assert  a  thing  plumply  ;  a  icord  in  common  popu- 
lar use. 

PLU.MP'NESS,  n.  Fnllness  of  skin;  distention  to 
roundness  ;  as,  the  plumpncts  of  a  boy  ;  plumpness  of 
llie  eye  or  cheek.  JVraton. 

PLU.M-POK'KIUGE,  n.   PoiTidge  with  plums. 

.^tiilison. 

PLUM-PIJD'DING,  n.  Pudding  containing  raisins  or 
currants. 

PLUiMP'Y,  o.    Plump  ;  fat ;  jollv.    [J^ot  etcg-ant.] 
PLU.M'-TRF.E,  n.    [^ax.  plum-trcow.]  [Sliak. 

.\  tree  that  produces  plums. 
PLO'.MULE,  n.    [L.  plumula.] 

The  ascending  scaly  part  of  the  embryo  plant, 
which  becomes  the  stein.    [See  Ph',me.] 
PLO.M'Y,  a.     [from  plume.]     Feathered ;  covered 
with  feathers.  .Milton. 
2.  Adorned  with  plumes;  as,  a  plamij  crest. 

..SMison. 

PLU.\'DF,R,  e.  t.  [G.  pbtnilern  ;  D.  plunilcrcn  ;  Sw. 
plundra ;  Dan.  phjndrer.    Clu.  the  rotit  of  eloiirn.] 

1.  To  pillage  ;  to  spoil  ;  to  strip  ;  to  take  the  goods 
of  an  enemy  by  open  force.  Nebuchadnezzar  plun- 
dercil  the  temple  of  the-3ews. 

2.  To  take  by  pillage  or  open  force.  The  enemy 
plundered  all  the  goods  they  found.  Wc  saj-,  he 
plundered  the  tent,  or  he  plundered  the  gotxls  of  the 
tent.    The  first  is  the  proprr  use  of  the  word. 

3.  To  rob,  as  a  thief;  to  lak«  from  ;  to  strip  ;  as, 
the  thief  plundered  the  luuise  ;  the  roi)ber  plundered 
a  man  of  his  money  and  watch  ;  pirates  plunder 
ships  and  men. 

PLUN'OEli,  II.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy 
by  force  ;  pillage  ;  prey  ;  spoil. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  by  theft,  robbery,  or 
fraud. 

PLU.\'DF,R-AGE,  71.  In  taic,  the  embezzlement  of 
goods  on  board  a  ship.  Bouvicr. 

PLU.\'1)ER-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Pillaged  ;  robbed. 

PLUN'DER-ER,  ii.    A  hostile  pillager;  a  spoiler. 
2.  .\  thief ;  a  robber.  Jlddison. 

PLUN'DER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Pillaging;  robbing. 

PLUNGE,!).  (.  [Fr.  plunger:  Arm.  plungea  or  p/u- 
"•ein;  VV.  plwng,  a  plunge,  from  the  same  root  as 
llmtc  or  llujng,  the  gullet,  a  gulp  or  swallow  ;  proba- 
bly connected  with  luncheon.] 

1.  To  thrust  into  water  or  other  tluid  substance,  or 
into  any  substance  that  is  penetrable  ;  to  immerse  in 
a  fluid  ;  to  drive  into  tlesh,  mire,  or  earth,  &.C. ;  as, 
to  plunge  the  body  in  water  ;  to  plunge  the  arm  into 
fire  or  llame ;  to  plunge  a  dagger  into  the  breast. 

Mdton.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  To  thrust  or  drive  into  any  state  in  which  the 
thing  is  considered  as  enveloped  or  surrounded;  as, 
to  plunge  one's  self  into  ditiiculties  or  distress  ;  to 
plunge  a  nation  into  war. 

3.  To  baptize  liy  immersion. 

PLUNGE,  r.  i.  To  pitch  ;  to  thrust  or  drive  one's  self 
into  water,  or  a  fluid  ;  to  dive,  or  to  rush  in.  He 
plunged  into  the  river.  The  troops  plunged  into  the 
stream. 

Hi*  courser  plugged. 
And  threw  him  off;  Uie  wave's  whehncl  over  him.  Dryden. 

2.  To  fall  or  rusli  fnto  distress,  or  any  state  or  cir- 
cumstances in  which  the  person  or  thing  is  envil- 
opeil,  inclosed,  or  overwhelmed  ;  as,  to  plunge  into  a 
gulf;  to  plunge  into  debt  or  enibarrassnienls  ;  to 
plunge  into  war  ;  a  body  of  cavalry  plunged  into  the 
midst  of  the  enemy. 

3.  To  pitch  or  throw  one's  self  headlong,  as  a 
horse. 


PLU 

PLUN6E,  II.    The  act  of  thru.sting  into  water  or  any 

penetrable  substance. 

2.  'I'lie  act  of  pitching  or  throwing  one's  self  head- 
long, like  an  unruly  horse. 

X  Dilheulty  ;  strait;  distress;  a  state  of  being  sur- 
rounded or  overwhelmed  with  dilhculties. 

Peoplf',  when  put  to  a  plunge,  cry  out  lo  Iletwcn  for  help. 

L'Etlrange. 

Anil  wilt  thou  not  mtcli  out  a  frieu<!Iy  arm, 

To  misc  ine  from  aiiiiditt  llun  ptuugt  of  Morrow  ?  AdJison. 


r/ii  this  sense,  the  word  is  now  little  used.] 
PLU.NG'A'D,  pp.    Thrust  into  a  lluiil  or  other  )>enetra- 

ble  substance  ;  immersed  ;  involved  in  straits. 
PLUN'GKU.V,  n.    A  sea  fowl,  the  diver,  .liusaorth. 
PLUNG'EU,  n.    One  that  plunges  ;  a  diver. 

2.  A  long,  solid  cylinder  used  as  a  forcer  in 
pumps. 

PLUNG'ING,  p;)r.  or  a.  Immersing;  diving;  rushing 
headlong. 

In  war,  a  plunging  fire  is  one  poured  down  upon 
an  enemy  from  some  eminence  above. 

PLUNG'V,  u.    Wet.    [.Vot  !«/•(/.]  Chaucer. 

PLUNK'ET,  71.    .\  kind  of  blue  color.  ^in.fieorth. 

PLI'-PKR'FECT,  a.  The  pluperfect  tense,  in  gram- 
mar, is  the  tense  which  denotes  that  an  action  or 
event  took  place  previous  to  another  past  action  or 
event. 

PLU'R.'\L,  a.    [L.  plurnlh,  from  plus,  pluri.i,  more.] 

1.  Containing  more  than  one  ;  consisting  of  two 
or  more,  or  designating  two  or  more  ;  as,  a  plural 
word. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  plural  number  is  that  which 
design.ates  more  than  one,  that  is,  any  number  ex- 
cept one.  Thus,  in  most  languages,  a  word  in  the 
plural  number  expresses  two  or  more.  Hut  the  (Jreek 
lias  a  duid  number  to  express  two  ;  and  the  plural  ex- 
presses more  than  two. 

PLO'R.\L-IST,  II.  A  clerk  or  clergyman  who  holds 
more  ecclesiastical  benefices  than  one,  with  cure  of 
souls.  Johnson. 

PLU-RAL'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  plurnlite,  from  L.  plurnlis.] 

1.  A  number  consisting  tif  two  or  more  of  the  same 
kind  ;  as,  a  plurulity  of  gods  ;  a  plurahty  of  worlds. 

F.ncyc. 

2.  A  greater  number ;  a  state  of  being  or  having  a 
greater  number. 

3.  In  clcction.1,  a  plurality  of  vote3\s  when  one  can- 
didate has  more  votes  than  any  other,  hut  less  than 
half  u(  the  whole  number  of  votes  given.  It  is  thus 
distinguished  from  a  majority,  which  is  more  thanhalf 
of  the  whole  number. 

4.  Plurality  of  benefices,  is  where  the  same  clergy- 
man is  possessed  of  more  benefices  than  one,  with 
cure  of  souls.  Tn  this  case,  each  benefice  thus  held 
is  called  a  plurality. 

PLC"RAL-IZE,  V.  t.  To  make  plural  by  using  the  ter- 
mination of  the  plural  number. 

PLC'RAL-LY,  adu.  In  a  sense  implying  more  than 
one. 

PLO-RI-LIT'ER-AL,  a.    [L.  plus  and  litera,  letter.] 

Containing  more  letters  than  three. 
PLu-RI-LIT'i;il-.\L,  71.    A  word  consisting  of  more 

letters  than  three. 
PLC'RI-SY,  Ji.    [L.  plus,  pluris.] 

Superabundance.    [A'ot  used!]  Shak. 
PLUS,  [L.,  more.]    In  algebra,  a  character  marked 

thus,  -{-,  used  as  a  si<:n  of  addition. 
PLUSH,  71.     [G.  plilseh,  shag;  D.  pluis,  flock,  nap, 

plush  ;  plui-.cn,  to  fray,  pick,  carp,  fleece.    Uu  Fr. 

peluchc.    The  Italian  peluzzo  signifies  a  little  hair  or 

down,  from  pelo,  hair,  L.  pilus.] 

A  species  of  shaggy  cloth  or  stuff,  with  a  velvet 

nap  on  one  side,  composed  regularly  of  a  woof  of  a 

single  thread  and  a  double  warp ;  the  one,  wool  of 

two  threads  twisted,  the  other  of  goat's  or  camel's 

hair.  But  some  plushes  are  made  wholly  of  worsted, 

others  wholly  of  hair.  Ure. 
PLUSII'ER,  71.    A  marine  fish,  somewhat  like  the 

dog-fish.  Carew. 
PLO'TO,  71.  [L. :  Gr.  T-XotPToie.]  In  mythology,  tlie  god 

of  the  infernal  region'. 
PLU-To'.\I-AN,  II.    Plutonic,  which  see. 
PLU-To'NI-A.\,  71.    One  who  maintains  the  origin  of 

mountains,  &c.,  to  he  from  fire.    Journ.  of  Science. 
The  Plutonian  theory  of  the  formation  of  rocks 

and  mountains  is  opposed  to  tifc  J^eptunian. 
PLU-TON'ie,  a.    [from  Pluto.] 

Pertaining  to  or  designating  the  system  of  the 

Plutonists;  igneous;  as,  the  /"/utunic'theory. 

Kirican, 

Plutonic  action  ;  in  geologii,  the  influence  of  vol- 
canic heat  and  other  subterranean  causes  under  pres- 
sure. LyclL 

Plutonic  rocks  ;  in  geology,  granite,  porphyrj',  and 
other  igneous  rocks,  supposed  to  h.ave  consolidated 
from  a  melted  stale  at  a  great  depth  from  the  sur- 
face. l,,,ell. 
PLC'TO  NI.'M,  n.    The  doctrines  of  the  Plutonists. 
PLO'TO-NIST,  71.    One  who  adopts  the  theory  of 
the  formatiim  of  the  world  in  its  present  state  from 
igneous  fusion.  Oood. 
PLf  'VI-AL,    I  1.     [L.  nluvialls,  from  p/unn,  rain; 
PLC'VIOUS,  j     Fr.  anil  It.  pluviale :  Sp.  p(«i-m/.] 
Rainy  ;  humid.  Broirn. 


PNE 

PLO'VI-AL,  71.    [Ft.  plui'ial.] 

A  priest's  coiw.  .Oinsxrorth. 

PLO-VI-A.M'E-TER,  n.  [L.  plucia,  rain,  and  Gr. 
pcroov,  measure.] 

A  rain-gage,  an  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
quantity  of  water  thai  falls  in  rain,  or  in  rain  and 
snow,  in  anv  particular  climate  or  place. 

PLO-VI-A-.MET'Uie-AL,  o.  Pertaiiiing  to  a  phivi- 
ametcr;  naoe  or  ascertained  by  a  pluviameter. 

.tourn.  of  Science, 

PLT,  r.  t,  [Fr.  plier,  to  bend  or  fold,  formerly  written 
player,  whouct;  employ  ;  Arm.  plegu,\\.  plug  u,  It.  pie  ga- 
ve, i>\i.plegar,  Vorl.  pregar ;  L.  /j/ic«,  Gr.  -  A '-«:''),  toCild  ; 
^ax.plrggan,  to  play  and  to  lie  on  ;  D.  plccgeu,  to  use, 
to  exercise  ;  Dan.  plejer,  to  exercise,  to  perform  an  of- 
fice, to  tend,  to  nurse  ;  G.  pflegen,  id.  ;  Sw.  plaga, 
Tliat  these  words  are  from  the  root  of  lie,  lay,  is  ob- 
vious, for  in  G.  liegen,  to  lie,  signifies  also  lo  ply,  lo 
apply.  The  prefix  p  may  be  used  for  the  Teutonic 
be;  Ac-Zicg-cn,  to  lie  close,  to  bend  lo.  See  L.iy  and 
Lit;  f 

1.  To  lay  on ;  to  put  to  or  on  with  force  and  repeti- 
tion ;  to  apply  to  closely,  witii  continuation  of  efforU 
or  urgency. 

And  pliet  him  with  redoubled  stroke*.  Dryden. 

Tlie  hero  fruni  afir 
Plic$  liim  wiUi  ilartu  anil  »Iunc8.  Dryden. 

We  retain  the  precise  sense  in  the  plir;u«e  to  lay 
on,  to  put  it  on  him. 

2.  To  employ  with  diligence  ;  lo  apply  clttsely  and 
steadily  ;  to  keep  busy. 

tier  ^iitle  wit  she  plitt.  Spfnaer. 
The  wearieil  Trojans  ply  their  shatlen.-d  oan.  Dryden. 

3.  To  practice  or  perform  with  diligence. 

Th^ir  blooily  L-uk,  unwearieil,  still  they  ply.  Waller. 

4.  To  urge  ;  to  solicit  with  pressing  or  persevering 
importunity. 

lie  p!ie»  Uie  duke  nt  morning  and  at  nlgtit.  Shai, 

5.  To  urge  ;  to  press ;  to  strain  ;  lo  force. 
PLV,  V.  i.    To  bend  ;  to  yield. 

Thi;  willow  plied  and  ^ive  way  to  tlic  gust,        T.' ICttrangt. 

2.  To  work  steadily. 

lie  w;ui  forced  lo  ply  in  the  streeta.  S}itetator. 

3.  To  go  in  haste. 

Thither  he  plies  undaunted.  Milton. 

4.  To  busy  one's  self;  to  be  steadily  employed. 

Vrtiden. 

5.  To  endeavor  to  make  way  against  the  wiml. 

Mar.  Diet. 

PL?,  71.    A  fold  ;  a  plait.  .SrbuthnoL 
2.  Bent ;  turn  ;  direction  ;  bias. 
Tiie  late  learners  can  not  so  well  tike  the  ply.  Baeon. 

PLY'ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  plies.  In  fortification, 
plyers  ilenotcs  a  kind  of  brdance  used  in  raising  and 
letting  down  a  drawbridge  ctmsisting  of  timbers 
joined  in  the  form  of  St.  Antirew's  cross. 

PLV'ING,  ppr.  Laying  on  with  .steadiness  or  repeti- 
tion ;  applying  closely  ;  employing  ;  performing  ;  urg- 
ing ;  pressing  or  attempting  to  make  way  against  Uie 
wind. 

PL?'I.N'G,  77.    Urgent  solicitation.  Hammond. 

2.  Etlort  to  make  wav  against  the  wind. 
P.VEP-MAT'ie,        )  (nu-mat-',)  a.    [Gr.  zicvpart- 
PNEu-MAT'ie-AL,  (  from   rn'cx.pa,  breath, 

spirit ;  Trvtin,  to  breathe  or  blow.] 

1.  Consisting  of  air,  .as  a  thin,  compressible  sub- 
stance ;  opposed  to  De.nse  or  Solid  substances. 

The  pneumatic  suUitancc  being,  in  some  bodies,  iho  native  spirit 
of  Uie  body.  Baeon. 

^2.  Pertaining  to  air,  or  to  the  philosophy  of  its 
properties  ;  as,  pneumatic  experiments  ;  a  pneumatic 
engine.  /Mke.  Encyc. 

3.  .Moved  or  played  by  means  of  air  ;  as,  a  piicu- 
watic  instrument  of  music. 

PNEO-MAT'ieS,  71.  The  science  of  elastic  fluids.  In 
ehemi-.try,  it  treats  of  the  peculiar  or  specific  proper- 
ties of  the  various  gases  anil  vapors  ;  in  mechanical 
philosophy,  it  treats  of  the  motion  and  pressure  of 
elastic  fluids  in  general,  but  chiefly  of  air  and 
steam.  Olmsted. 

2.  In  the  schools,  the  doctrine  of  spiritual  sub- 
stances, as  God,  angels,  and  the  souls  of  men. 

DicL 

PNEu-.MAT'O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  -icrpa,  air,  and  «ri)Xi|, 
a  tumor.] 

In  suracry,  a  distention  of  the  scrotum  by  air. 
°  Coie. 
PNE0-iMA-TO-LO6'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  pnea- 

matolosv.  Dary. 
PNE0-MA-TOL'O-6IST,  n.    One  versed  in  pneumn- 
tologv. 

PNEO-'MA-TOL'O-GY,  7L  [Gr.  n  tupu,  air,  and  Xayof, 
discourse. 1 

1.  The  doctrine  of  the  properties  of  elastic  fluids, 
or  of  spiritual  substances. 

2.  A  treatise  on  clastic  fluids,  or  on  spiritual  sub- 
stances. 

P.\EU-MO'NI-.\,  I  n.  [Gr.  zi  tv/K.ii',  the  lungs,  from 
PNEO'M()-NY,    (     ri/tM,  to  breathe.]- 

In  medicine,  an  inflammation  of  the  lungs. 


TONE,  B^LL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — €  tis  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


POC 


POE 


POl 


PNEu-MO.\'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  lungs  ;  pul- 
monic. 

PNEu-MON'ie,  n.  A  medicine  for  affections  of  the 
lunffs.  Coze. 

PNEO-MO-NIT'ie,  a.    Portainins  to  pneumonitis. 

PNEu-MO-NI'TIS,  n.  Intiaminaiion  of  tlie  lungs. 
This  is  the  most  correct  and  ai)proi)riate  term  for 
this  disease. 

PO'A,  71.    [Gr.  rva.] 

A  botanic  name  of  certain  grasses. 

Poach,  v.  t.  [Fr.  puchrr.  In  Fr.  poche  is  a  pocket,  a 
bag  or  purse  net ;  poclictcr  des  fruits,  to  mellow  fruit 
in  the  pocket ;  Ir.  boucquaat  is  to  soften  ;  Sax.  pocca^ 
a  pouch.] 

1.  To  cook,  a5  eggs,  by  breaking  them  into  a  ves- 
sel of  boiling  water.  They  are  also  frequently  broken 
into  a  saucepan,  with  butter,  and  constantly  stirred 
while  over  the  lire,  until  cooked. 

2.  To  begin  and  not  complete.  Bacon. 

3.  To  tread  soft  ground,  or  snow  and  water,  as 
cattle,  whose  feet  penetrate  the  soil  or  soft  substance 
and  leave  deep  tracks.  jVcio  England. 

4.  To  steal  game  j  properly,  to  pocket  game,  or 
steal  it  and  convey  it  away  in  a  bag.  England. 

5.  To  steal ;  to  plunder  by  stealth. 

Tliey  pocuh  Parnassus,  and  lay  claim  for  praise.  Garth. 
PO.\CH,  V.  t.  [Corn,  pokkia,  to  thrust ;  perhaps  Fr. 
packer.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  Eng.  poke,  poker. 
Norm,  ponchon,  a  puncheon.  If  so,  it  is  from  the 
root  of  L.  pungo,  Eng.  to  punch ;  G.  pochen,  to 
knock.] 

To  stab  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  spear ;  as,  to  poach  fish. 

England. 

P6ACH,  V.  i.  To  be  trodden  with  deep  tracks,  as  soft 
ground.  We  say,  the  ground  is  soft  in  spring,  and 
poaches  badly. 

Clialky  and  clay  lands  burn  in  hot  weather,  chap  in  summer,  and 
poach  in  winter.  Alortimtr. 

PoACH'ARD,  )  7!.    [from  poacA.]    The  English  name 

PoCH'ARD,  \  of  certain  species  of  diving  ducks 
belonging  to  the  genus  Fuligula  of  Ray.  The  can- 
vas-back duck  of  North  America,  so  well  known  as 
a  luxury  of  the  table,  is  of  this  genns.  The  pochards 
are  properly  fresh-water  ducks,  but,  in  winter,  are 
found  on  the  sea-coasts.         Jnrdine.  Partington. 

PoACH'£D,  (poclit,)  pp.  or  a.  Slightly  boiled  or  soft- 
ened ;  trodden  with  deep  footsteps  ;  stolen. 

PoACH'ER,  71.    One  that  steals  game.  More. 

PoAClI'I-NES.S,  71.  Wetness  and  softness  ;  the  state 
of  being  easily  penetrable  by  the  feet  of  beasts  ;  ap- 
plied to  land. 

PO.ACH'ING,  ppr.    Slishtlv  boiling;  stealing  game. 

PoACH'l.N'G,  n.    Act  of  stealing  game. 

PoACH'Y,  a.  Wet  and  soft ;  such  as  the  feet  of  cat- 
tle will  penetrate  to  some  depth  ;  applied  to  land  or 
ground  of  anij  kind. 

POCK,  71.  [Sax.  poc,  or  pocc  ;  O.pok;  G.pocke;  Dan. 
pukkel ;  W.  pwg,  that  swells  out  ;  Ir.  bocam,  to  swell, 
coinciding  with  G.  hauch,  D  huik,  Dan.  bug,  the  bel- 
ly, Eng.  big,  &c.  ;  probably  all  of  otie  family.] 

A  pustule  raised  on  the  surface  of  the  body  in  the 
variolous  and  vaccine  diseases,  named,  from  the  pus- 
tules, smalf'por. 

POCK'AR  R£D.    See  Po''KFRETTE^c. 

POCK'ET,  71.  [Fr.  pochette,  from  poche,  pocket,  pouch  ; 
Sax.  pocca.] 

1.  A  small  bag  inserted  in  a  garment,  for  carrj'ing 
small  articles. 

2.  A  small  bag  or  net  to  receive  the  balls  in  bil- 
liards. 

3.  A  certain  quantity  ;  as,  a  pocket  of  hops,  (about 
160  lbs.,)  as  in  other  cases  we  use  Sack.  [JVot  used 
in  Jimerica.']  Johnson. 

POCK'ET,  V.  t.   To  put  or  conceal  in  the  pocket;  as, 
to  pocket  a  penknife. 
2.  To  take  clanilestinely. 

To  pocket  an  insult  or  affront :  to  receive  it  without 
resenting  it,  or  at  least  without  seeking  redress.  [In 
popular  use.] 

POCK'ET-liOOK,  71.  A  small  book  of  paper  cov- 
ered with  leather;  used  for  carrying  papers  in  the 
pocket. 

POCK'ET-ED,  pp.    Put  or  concealed  in  the  pocket. 

POCK'ET-GI.AS.S,  n.    A  portable  looking-glass. 

POCK'ET-I16IjE,  II.   The  opening  into  a  pocket. 

POCK'KT  l.\G,  ppr.    Putting  in  the  pocket. 

POCK'E'l'-MI).  II.    Tlie  Hap  over  the  pocket-hole. 

POCK'ET- .\ir).\'EV,  (  rn.in'ne,)  71.  Money  for  the 
(KM  kct,  or  for  occa.sion:d  expenses. 

POCK'KUET-TK.N',  a.    Pitted  with  the  small  pox. 

PO("K'-lir)LE,  71.    The  pit  or  scar  made  bv  a  pock. 

POCK'I-.VES.'^,  n.    'I'lic  ^tate  of  being  pocky. 

PO(^K'-.M  A  UK,  71.  Mark  or  scar  made  by  the  small- 
pox. 

POi.'K'WQOn,  n.   Gnnlacum  officinale,  or  lignum  vi- 

Vf.,  a  very  hard  wood. 
POCK'Y,  a.    (from  pock.]    Infected  with  the  small- 
pox ;  full  of  por  k". 

2.  Vile;  roacally  ;  niiacliicvoua;  contemptible.  [In 
vulgar  !/«/.] 
PO'CO,  [ It.)    In  I71IMIC,  a  little. 
PO-eO'.SO.V,  71.   Uecluiiiied  iiiarah.  [yirginia.] 

Washington. 


POe'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  poculentus,  from  poculum,  a 
cup.] 

Fit  for  drinlf.    [JVot  iised.] 
POe'lJ-LI-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  poculum,  a  cup,  and  forma, 
form.] 
Cup-shaped. 

POD,  71.  [In  \V.  podi  signifies  to  take  in  or  compre- 
hend ;  but  I  know  not  from  what  source  we  have 
this  word.] 

A  vague  term  applied  to  a  considerable  number  of 
different  specific  pericarps  or  seed-vessels  of  plants, 
such  as  the  legume,  the  loment,  the  silique,  the  sili- 
cic, the  foUicle,  the  conceptacle,  and  even  the  cap- 
sule, itc. 

POD,  V.  i.    To  swell ;  to  fill  ;  also,  to  produce  pods. 
PO-DAG'Rie,        )a.     [L.  podagra;  Gr.  7ro<!u)  pa  ; 
PO-DAG'Rie-AL,  j    irouj,  the  foot,  and  aypa,  a  seiz- 
ure.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  gout ;  gouty;  partaking  of  the 
gout. 

9.  .\fflicted  with  the  gout.  Brown. 
POD'DED,  pp.  or  a.  Having  its  pods  formed  ;  furnished 

with  pods. 
POO'DEK,  71.    A  g.athererof  pods. 
PO-DES'TX,  K.    One  of  the  chief  magistrates  of  Genoa 

and  Venice. 

PODGE,  11.    A  puddle  ;  a  plash.  Skinner. 
PO'DI-U.M,  71.    [L.]    In  architecture,  the  part  in  an 
amphitheater  projecting  over  the  arena.  Brande. 

2.  Also,  a  balcony  or  open  gallery.  Ehnes. 
POD-0-GVN'[-UM,  n.    The  same  as  Basigtnium. 
POD'O-SPER.M,  71.    [Gr.  ttov^  and  nvegpa.] 

In  bolantj,  the  umbilical  cord  of  an  ovule  ;  a  little 
thread  connecting  an  ovule  with  its  placenta. 

Lindley, 

PO-DRI'DA,  71.    fSp.]    Otla  podrida,  a  miscellaneous 

dish  of  meats.    [See  Olla  Podkida.] 
PCE'CIL-ITE,  71.    [Infra.]    A  term  applied,  from  its 

variegated  appearance,  to  the  new  red  san(istone. 
PCE  CIL-IT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  ^.miAof,  variegated.] 

In  geology,  an  epithet'applied,  from  its  variegated 
appearance,  to  the  new  red  sandstone  formation. 

Dana. 

PCE-CIL'O-POD,  71.  [Gr.  ttukiAoj,  various,  and  ttocj, 
foot.] 

A  crustaceous  animal  having  various  kinds  of  feet ; 
viz.,  prehensory,  ambulatory,  branchial,  and  nata- 
tory. Kirby. 
Po'EM,  71.  [L.  poeina  1  Gr.  7roir,n;i,  from  Troiff-',  to 
make,  to  comjiose  songs.  In  Russ.  poyu  signifies  to 
sing.    The  radical  sense  is  the  same,  to  strain.] 

1.  A  metrical  composition  ;  a  composition  in  which 
the  verses  crmsist  of  certain  measures,  whether  in 
blank  verse  or  in  rhyme;  as,  the  poeuis  of  Homer  or 
of  Milton  ;  opposed  to  Prose.  Dryden. 

2.  This  term  is  also  applied  to  some  couipo.iitions 
in  which  the  language  is  that  of  excited  imagination  ; 
as,  the  poems  of  Ossian. 

Po'E-SY,  71.  [Fr.  poesie  ;  L.  pocsis  ;  Gr.  Troiijaij,  from 
ffoif.',  to  make.] 

1.  I'lie  art  or  skill  of  composing  poems  ;  as,  the 
heavenly  gift  of  poesy.  Dryden. 

2.  Poetry  ;  metrical  composition. 

Music  and  poesy  used  10  quicken  you.  ShoJc. 

3.  A  short  conceit  engraved  on  a  ring  or  other 
thing.  Shak. 

PO'ET,  71.  [Fr.  poete;  L.  Sp.  and  It.  pacta;  Gr.  iruir;- 
rns.    See  Poem.] 

1.  The  author  of  a  poem  ;  the  inventor  or  maker 
of  a  metrical  composition. 

A  ;)oeI  is  a  maker,  as  the  word  signifies  ;  and  he  who  can  not 
uiidie,  thai  in,  invent,  haUi  his  n.ame  for  nothing.  Dryden. 

2.  One  skilled  in  making  poetry,  or  who  has  a  p,ar- 
ticular  genius  for  metrical  composition  ;  one  distin- 
guished for  poetic  talents.  Many  write  verses  who 
can  not  be  called  poets. 

Po'ET-AS-TER,  71.    A  petty  poet;  a  pitiful  rhymer  or 

writer  of  verses.  Roscommon. 
PO'E  T- ESS,  71.    A  female  poet.  Hall. 
PO-ET'ie,        jo.    [Gr.  rii/jrcjtoj ;  L.  poclicus;  Fr. 
PO-ET'ie-AL,  i  pr.f(ii7iif.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  poi  try  ;  suitable  to  poetry  ;  as,  a 
poetical  genius  ;  poetic  turn  or  talent  ;  poetic  license. 

2.  Expressed  in  poetry  or  measure  ;  as,  a  poetical 
composition. 

3.  Possessing  the  peculiar  beauties  of  poetry  :  sub- 
lime ;  as,  a  composition  tir  passage  highly  poetical. 

PO-E  r'ie-AI,-EV,  ado.  With  the  qualities  of  poetry  ; 
by  the  art  of  poetry  ;  by  fiction.  Dryden. 

P()-ET'ICS,  11.    The  doctrine  of  poetry.  K'arton. 

P(5'ET-I/E,  V,  i.    [Fr.  poetiser.] 
^     To  write  as  a  poet ;  to  compose  verso.  Donne. 
Tri'ET-IZ-lNG,  ppr.    Making  poetry. 

PO'ET-LAU'UE-.\TE,  71.  A  poet  employed  to  com- 
pose pot- ms  for  the  birthdays  of  a  prince,  or  other 
special  occasion. 

PO'ET-MU-SI"(;iAN,  r-zish'an,)  71.  An  appellation 
given  to  the  hard  and  lyrist  of  former  ages,  as  uniting 
the  professions  of  poetry  and  music.  Busby. 

Pri'ET-KESS,  71.    A  female  poet ;  a  poetess.  [Bad.] 

PO'ET-KY,  n.    [Gr.  7r...,,rpiii.] 

1.  Metrical  composition  ;  vorao  ;  ns,  heroic  poetry ; 
dramatic  poetry  ;  lyric  or  Pindaric  poetry. 


2.  The  art  or  practice  of  composing  in  verse.  He 
excels  in  poetry, 

3.  Poems  ;  poetical  composition.  We  take  pleas- 
ure in  reading  poetry. 

4.  This  term  is  also  applied  to  the  language  of  ex- 
cited iinanination  and  feeling. 

Po'ET-SIIlP,  71.    The  state  of  a  poet. 

POG'GY,  71.  A  salt-water  fish,  highly  esteemed  for 
food  ;  written,  also  Porgee  and  Porgv,  which  see. 

POIGN'AN-CY,  (poin'an-sy,)  71.  [.See  Poignast.] 
Sharpness  ;  the  power  of  stimulating  the  organs  of 
taste.  .  Swift. 

2.  Point  ;  sharpness ;  keenness ;  the  power  of  ir- 
ritation ;  asperity ;  as,  the  poignancy  of  wit  or  sar- 

3.  Severity  ;  acuteness.  [casm. 
POIGN'ANT,  (poin'ant,)  a.    [Fr.  poignant,  participle 

of  poindre,  from  L.  pungere,  pungo,  to  prick.] 

1.  Sharp ;  stimulating  the  organs  of  taste ;  as, 
poignant  sauce.  Dryden. 

2.  Pointed  ;  keen ;  bitter ;  irritating ;  satirical ;  as, 
poignant  wit. 

3.  Severe ;  piercing ;  very  painful  or  acute ;  as, 
poignant  pain  or  grief.  JVorris.  South. 

PUIGN'.\NT-LY,  (poin'nnt-ly,)  adv.  In  a  stimulating, 
piercing,  or  irritating  manner;  with  keenness  or 
point. 

P01-KIL-IT'I€.    See  Pcecilitic. 

POINT,  71,  [Fr.,  from  poind;  Sp.  and  It.  punto,punta; 
W.  pwnc;  from  L.  punctum,  from  pungo,  to  prick, 
properly,  to  thrust,  pret.  pepugi,  showing  that  71  is  not 
radical.  Hence  it  accords  with  Norm,  pouchon,  a 
puncheon,  Fr.  poingon,  Eng.  to  punch,  and  with  poke, 
poker,  Gr.  Trrjyvvoi,  &lc.] 

1.  The  sharp  end  of  any  instrument  or  body  ;  as, 
the  2'oint  of  a  knife,  of  a  sword,  or  of  a  thorn. 
Hence,  a  steel  instrument  having  a  sharp  point  or 
end,  used  by  engravers,  etchers,  &c. 

2.  A  string  with  a  tag  ;  as,  a  silken  poiiif.  Sliak. 

3.  A  small  cape,  headland,  or  promontory;  a  tract 
of  land  extending  into  the  sea,  a  lake,  or  river,  be- 
yond the  line  of  the  shore,  and  becoming  narrow  at 
the  end  ;  as.  Point  Judith  ;  Montauk  Point.  It  is 
smaller  than  a  cape. 

4.  The  sting  of  an  epigram  ;  a  lively  turn  of 
thought  or  expression  that  strikes  with  force  and 
agreeable  surprise. 

With  periods,  points,  and  tropes,  he  slurs  his  crimes.  Dryden. 

5.  .^n  indivisible  part  of  time  or  space.  We  say, 
a  point  of  time,  a  point  of  space.    Locke.  Davies. 

G.  A  small  space  ;  as,  a  small  point  of  land.  Prior. 

7.  Punctilio  ;  nicety  ;  exactness  of  ceremony  ;  a-s, 
points  of  precedence. 

S.  Place  near,  next,  or  continuous  to  ;  verge  ;  eve. 
He  is  on  the  point  of  departure,  or  at  the  point  of 
death. 

9.  Exact  place.  He  left  off  at  the  ^loint  where  he 
began. 

10.  Degree  ;  .=tate  of  elevation,  depression,  or  ex- 
tension ;  as,  he  has  reactu-d  an  extraordinarj'  point  of 
excellence.  He  Jias  fallen  to  the  lowest  point  of 
degradation. 

11.  A  character  used  to  mark  the  divisions  of  writ- 
ing, or  the  pauses  to  be  observed  in  rcadinL'  orspenk- 
ing  ;  as  the  comma,  semicolon,  colon,  aiul  pi'riod. 
The  period  is  called  a  full  stop,  as  it  marks  the  close 
of  a  sentence. 

12.  A  spot ;  a  part  of  a  surface  divided  by  spots 
or  lines  ;  as,  the  ace  point. 

13.  In  geometry,  that  which  has  neither  parts  nor 
magnitude.  Euclid. 

A  point  is  Uiat  which  has  position,  but  not  magnitude.  Plaij/air. 
A  point  is  a  limit  tenniuaung^  a  line.  Legendi  e. 

14.  In  7IIIWIC,  a  dot  or  mark  anciently  used,  like  our 
note,  to  distinguish  tones  or  sounds.  Hence,  simple 
counterpoint  is  when  a  note  of  the  lower  part  answers 
exactly  to  that  of  the  upper  ;  and  figurative  counter- 
point is  when  a  note  is  syncopated,  and  one  of  the 
parts  makes  several  notes  or  intluctions  of  the  voice, 
while  the  other  holds  on  one.  Knryc. 

1,').  In  modern  music,  a  dot  placed  at  the  right  hand 
of  a  note  to  raise  its  value  or  prolong  its  time  by  one 
half,  so  as  to  make  a  semibrevo  equal  to  three  min- 
ims, a  minim  equal  to  three  quavers,  &c. 

Iti.  In  astronomy,  a  division  of  the  great  circles  of 
the  horizon,  and'  of  the  mariner's  compass.  The 
four  cardinal  points  are  the  east,  west,  north,  and 
south.  On  the  space  between  two  of  these  points, 
making  a  quadrant  or  quarter  of  a  circle,  the  com- 
pass is  marked  with  subordinate  divisions,  the  whole 
number  being  thirty-two  points. 

17.  In  astronomy,  a  certain  place  marked  in  the 
heavens,  or  distinguished  for  its  importance  in  ns- 
trtuiomical  calculations.  The  zenith  and  nadir  are 
called  vertical  points ;  the  nodes  are  the  point.t  where 
the  orbits  of  the  plaiu'ts  intersect  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic  ;  the  places  where  the  equator  and  ecliptic 
intersect  are  called  ei/uinoctial  poinU ;  the  points  of 
the  ecliptic  at  which  the  departure  of  the  sun  from 
the  equator,  north  and  south,  is  terminated,  are  called 
solstitial  points. 

18.  In  prr.sprcriiic,  a  certain  pole  or  place  with  re- 
gard to  the  perspective  plane.  Encyc. 

19.  In  manufactories,  a  lace  or  work  wrought  by 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PKfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

H4  > 


POI 

the  needle  ;  as,  point  It  Vtnict^  point  de  Qevoa^  &c, 
Soiiiftimes  the  wuril  is  used  for  luce  woven  with 
bulil)iiis. 

QO.  The  phicc  to  which  any  thinp  is  directed,  or 
tlie  direction  in  which  an  olyect  is  presented  to  the 
eye.  We  say,  in  this  point  of  view  an  object  ap- 
pears to  advantage.  In  this  or  that  point  of  view 
the  evidence  is  important. 

21.  Particular;  single  thinp  or  subject.  In  what 
point  do  we  differ?  All  points  of  contriwersy  bo 
twecn  the  parties  arc  adjusted.  We  say,  in  point  of 
antiquity,  in  point  of  fact,  in  point  of  excellence. 
The  letter,  in  every  point,  is  admirable.  The  treaty 
is  executeii  in  every  point. 

iH.  Aim  ;  purpose  ;  thing  to  be  reached  or  accom- 
plished ;  as,  to  pain  one's  point. 

S23.  The  act  of  aiming  or  striking. 

WlKit  II  point  your  fujcon  made  I  ShaJt. 

94.  A  single  position  ;  a  single  assertion  ;  a  single 
part  of  a  complicated  question,  or  of  a  whole. 
'I'hese  arguments  are  not  sulRcient  to  prove  the 
point, 

Slmn^e  point  and  new  ! 
Doctrine  which  we  would  know  whcncu  learned.  Milton. 

25.  A  note  or  tune. 


Turning  your  toncfue  divine 
To  a  loud  truinp' t,  and  a  jtoint  of  war. 


Sliak. 


2fi.  In  heraldry,  points  are  the  several  different 
parts  of  the  escutcheon,  denoting  the  local  positions 
of  figures.  Encyc. 

27!  In  eUclricity,  the  acute  termination  of  a  body 
which  facilitates  the  passage  of  the  lluid  to  or  from 
the  body.  Kncijc. 

2S.  In  rrttnnery,  point-blank  shot  denotes  the  shot  of 
a  gun  leveled  horizontally.  The  point-blank  ran^e 
is  the  extent  of  the  apparent  right  line  of  a  ball  dis- 
charged. In  .shooting  point-blank,  the  ball  is  sup- 
posed to  move  directly  to  the  object,  without  a  curve. 
Hence,  adverbially,  the  word  is  equivalent  to  directlij. 

29.  In  marine  ianfrua^re,  points  are  flat  pieces  of 
braided  cordage,  tapering  from  the  middle  toward 
each  end  ;  used  in  reefing  the  courses  and  top-sails 
of  squiire-rigged  vessels.  Mar.  Diet. 

Votcel-points,  in  ike  Hebrew  and  oOter  F.a.-<trrn  lan- 
(raa<re.<,  are  certain  marks  placed  above  or  below  the 
consonants,  or  attached  to  them,  as  in  the  Ethiopic, 
representing  the  vocal  sounds  or  vowels,  wliich  pre- 
cede or  follow  the  articulations. 

The  point;  the  subject;  the  main  question;  the 
precise  thing  to  be  considered,  determined,  or  ac- 
complished. This  argument  may  be  true,  but  it  is 
not  to  the  point. 
POINT,  II.  t.  To  sharpen  ;  to  cut,  forge,  grind,  or  file 
to  an  acute  end  ;  as,  to  point  a  dart  or  a  pin. 

2.  To  direct  toward  an  object  or  place,  to  shoAV  its 
position,  or  excite  attention  to  it ;  as,  to  point  the  fin- 
ger at  an  object ;  to  point  the  finger  of  scorn  at  one. 

Shak. 

3.  To  direct  the  eye  or  notice. 

Whosoever  sliniilil  he  ffuided  tliron<jii  his  battles  by  Minerva, 
and  pointed  to  evorj  scone  of  llicni,  woulil  see  nolliin?  but 
flulijccls  of  surj.rise.  Pope. 

A.  To  aim  ;  to  direct  toward  an  object ;  as,  to 
point  a  musket  at  a  wolf;  to  point  a  cannon  at  a 
gate. 

5.  To  mark  with  cliaracters  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
tinguishing the  members  of  a  sentence,  and  desig- 
nating the  pauses;  as,  to  point  a  written  composi- 
tion. 

6.  To  mark  with  vowel-points. 

7.  To  appoint.    [JVvt  in  u.vc]  Spenser. 

8.  To  fill  the  joints  of  with  mortar,  and  smooth 
them  with  the  point  of  a  trowel ;  as,  to  point  a  wall. 

To  point  out ;  to  show  by  the  finger  or  by  other 
means. 

To  point  a  rope:  to  cause  it  to  t.aper  at  the  end,  as 
by  taking  out  a  few  of  its  yarns  and  with  these 
working  a  mat  over  it,  so  that  it  may  pass  cosily 
through  a  hole. 

To  point  a  sail;  to  affix  points  through  the  eyelet 
holes  of  the  reefs. 

To  point  the  yards  of  a  nessel :  to  brace  them  so  that 
the  wind  shall  strike  them  obliquely.  Tntten. 
POINT,  I).  I.    To  direct  the  finger  fur  desigiuiting  an 
object,  and  exciting  attention  to  it ;  with  at. 

Now  mukt  the  world  point  tit  poor  Catharine.  Shak, 
Point  at  the  tattered  coat  and  ragged  shoe.  Drydtn, 

2.  To  indicate,  as  dogs  do  to  sportsmen. 

He  tn^ads  with  caution,  and  he  poinlg  with  fL-.ar.  Gay, 

3.  To  show  distinctly  by  any  means. 

To  point  at  what  time  the  balance  of  power  was  most  eqti-illy 
hi-td  bt'tween  the  lords  and  commons  at  Rome,  wjuld  per- 
h  ipi  admit  a  controversy.  Sury/t, 

4.  To  fill  the  joints  or  crevices  of  a  wall  with 
mortar. 

To  point  at ;  to  treat  with  scorn  or  contempt  by 

pointing  or  directing  attention  to. 
POI.NT'.\L,  71.    In  botan>i,  the  pistil  of  a  plant. 
POI.NT'-BLANK,  n.    [Fr.]    In  eunnn-y,  having  a 

horizoiiUiI  direction  ;  as,  a  point-blank  shot.  Hence, 

2.  Direct;  as,  a  point-Afflii*  dt;nial. 

3.  adi:    Horizontally  ;  directly. 


POI 

POhVT  D'.9P'PUr,  (pwi-d.i|i'piiC,)  [Fr.]  Point  of 
support;  basis;  a  fixed  point  at  which  triio|is  form, 
and  on  wh  ch  operations  re>t. 

POLYT  /)I'^yr.>IK',  [Fr.]   Urifinatly,  a  particular  sort 
of  p:itterned  lace,  or  a  device  worked  with  a  point 
or  nixdle  ;  hence,  sometiiing  uncommonly  nice  and  \ 
exact.  Shak,  Smart, 

POINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Sharpened  ;  formed  to  a  [mint ; 
directed;  aimed;  marked  with  points;  filled  with 
mortar,  as  crevices. 

2.  Aimed  at  a  particular  person  or  transaction. 

3.  a.  Sharp  ;  liaving  a  sharp  point ;  as,  a  pointed 
rock. 

4.  Characterized  by  keenness,  or  epigraminatical 
smartness  ;  as,  a  pointed  rebuke  ;  pointed  wit. 

POIi\T'ED-LY,  a<ie.  In  a  pointed  manner;  with 
lively  turns  of  thought  or  expression. 

He  often  wrote  too  jtointedly  for  his  subject.  Dryden, 
2.  With  direct  assertion  ;  with  direct  reference  to 
a  subject ;  with  explicitness ;  as,  he  declared  point- 
edly he  would  accede  to  the  proposition. 
POhNT'ED-NESS,  71.     Sharpness;  pickednoss  with 
asperity.  Johnson. 
2.  Epigrammatical  keenness  or  smartness. 
Ill  Oils  you  excel  Horace,  that  you  add  pointtdnest  of  thought. 

Vrydcn. 

POINT'EL,  71.    Something  on  a  point. 

These  poises  or  poinlelt  are,  for  the  most  part,  little  balls  set  at 
the  lop  of  a  slender  stalk,  wliich  lliey  can  move  every  way 
at  pleasure.  Dertiam, 

2.  A  kind  of  pencil  or  style.  Wiclif. 
POINT'Ell,  n.    Any  thing  that  points. 

2.  The  hand  of  a  timepiece.  Watts. 

3.  A  variety  of  dog,  trained  to  stop  and  point  out 
the  game  to  siittrtsmen.  Gay. 

POLVT'ING,  ppr.  Directing  the  finger;  showing; 
directing. 

2.  Marking  with  points,  as  a  writing. 

3.  Filling  the  joints  and  crevices  of  a  wall  with 
mortar  or  cement. 

POINT'ING,  11.  The  art  of  making  the  divisions  of 
a  writing  ;  punctuation. 

2.  The  state  of  being  pointed  with  marks  or 
points. 

3.  The  act  of  filling  the  crevices  of  a  wall  with 
mortar,  &.c. ;  or  the  material  with  which  they  are 
filled. 

POINT'ING-STOCK,  7i.  An  object  of  ridicule  or 
scorn.  Shak. 

POINT'LESS,  a.    Having  no  point  ;  blunt  ;  obtuse  ; 
as,  a  pointless  sword. 
2.  Ilaving  no  smartness  or  keenness. 

POISE,  (poiz,)  71.  [W.  pwys,  weight;  Arm.  poes ; 
Fr.  poids.    See  the  verb.  J 

1.  Weight;  gravity  ;  that  which  causes  a  body  to 
descend  tir  tend  to  the  center.  Spenser. 

2.  The  weight  or  mass  of  metal  used  in  weighing 
with  steelyards,  to  balance  the  substance  weighed. 

3.  Balance  ;  equilibrium  ;  a  state  in  which  things 
are  balanced  by  equal  weight  or  power  ;  etpiipoise. 
The  mind  may  rest  in  a  poise  between  two  opinions. 

The  particles  liirminw  the  earth  miiit  convene  from  all  qnartens 
towani  the  middle,  which  wotdd  make  the  whole  conipt>und 
rvst  in  a  poise.  Bentiey, 

4.  A  regulating  power  ;  that  which  balances. 
Men  of  an  unbounded  unaginatioii  often  want  tlie  potse  of  judg- 
ment. IJryden. 

POISE,  (poiz,)  1'.  (.  [W.  pwysaw,  to  throw  down,  to 
press,  to  lean,  or  incline,  to  weigh  ;  Arm.  paesa  ;  It. 
pesare ;  Sp.  and  Port,  pesar;  Corn,  pnza  ;  Fr.  pc.vcr. ] 

1.  To  balance  in  weight ;  to  make  of  equal  weight ; 
as,  to  poise  the  scales  of  a  balance. 

2.  To  hold  or  place  in  equilibrium  or  cquipon- 
derance. 

Our  nation,  with  united  interest  blest, 

Not  now  content  to  poise,  shall  sway  the  rest.  Dryden, 

3.  To  load  with  weight  fur  balancing. 
Where  couM  thev  find  another  fonn  so  fit 

To  poi«  with  solid  sense  a  sprighlly  wit  ?  Drylen. 

4.  To  examine  or  ascertain,  as  by  the  balance  ;  to 
weigh. 

He  can  not  consider  the  stren^Ii,  poise  the  weight,  and  discern 
the  evidence  of  the  clearest  argumentations,  when*  they 
would  conclude  against  his  desires.  SotiVi, 

5.  To  oppress  ;  to  weigh  down. 

Lest  leaden  slumber  poue  me  down  to-morrow, 

When  1  should  mount  on  wings  of  victory.  Shak, 

POIS'KD,  (poizd,)  pp.    Balanced  ;  made  equal  in 

weight ;  resting  in  equilibrium. 
POIS'I.VG,  ppr.  Balancing. 

POIS'ON,  (iKiiz'n,)  71.  [Fr.  poison;  Arm.  empoesoun, 
ponUon  i  Sp.pnnzona  ;  Port.pefoiiAo.  Clu.  its  alliance 
to  L.  pus.    Sec  Cla.ss  Us,  No.  25.] 

I.  Any  agent  capable  of  producing  a  morbid,  nox- 
ious, or  dangerous  effect  upon  any  thing  endowed 
with  life.  All  medicines  possessing  sutlicient  ac- 
tivity to  be  of  much  value,  are  always  poisons  in 
inorilinate  or  excessive  quantities;  and  every  thing 
poisonous  is  capable  of  proving  medicinal  in  suitably 
reduced  qiianlities.  The  ancient  Greeks  employed 
the  same  word  h<ith  for  a  medicine  and  a  poison. 
There  are  as  many  different  modes  in  which  poisons 


POL 

operate  as  there  are  different  and  distinct  medicinal 
powers  of  any  material  ai  tiviiy.  According  to  the 
popii|:ir  tiolioii,  those  arlicb'S  only  arc  polMinnus, 
which  are  capable  of  producing  niorbiit,  iioxiiitis, 
or  dangerous  effects,  in  comparalivcly  small  quan- 
tities ;  but  there  is  no  Ju.st  foundation  for  such  a 
distinction. 

2.  Any  thing  infectious  or  malignant ;  as,  tlie  poiaon 
of  pestilential  tliseases. 

3.  That  which  taints  or  destroys  moral  purity  or 
health  ;  as,  the  poison  of  evil  example;  the  poiian  of 
sill.  South, 

POIS'O.N,  V.  t.  To  infect  with  any  thing  fatal  to  life  ; 
as,  to  poison  an  arrow. 

2.  To  attack,  injure,  or  kill,  by  poison. 

He  was  so  dUcouraeed  that  lie  poi^ori^d  himself  ami  died.  — 
2  Mace. 

3.  To  taint ;  to  mar ;  to  lmp.air ;  as,  discontent 
poisons  the  liuppiness  of  life. 

Hut  thou  not 

With  thy  false  arts  poisoned  his  people's  loyidty  t  Uotee. 

4.  To  corrupt.  Our  youth  are  pniioned  with  false 
notions  of  honor,  or  with  pernicious  muxiiiis  of  gov- 
ernment. 

To  sutliT  the  thoughts  to  be  vitiated,  Is  to  poison  tlie  fouiilidns  of 
niomliiy.  U/tmbler. 

POIS'ON-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  poi.soned. 
POIS'tlN-ZilJ,  pp.  or  a.      Infected  or  destroyed  by 
[Hiison. 

POIS'ON-ER,  71.    One  who  poisons  or  cornipts  ;  that 

which  corrupts. 
POIS'O.N-Fl.  L,  a.    Replete  with  poison. 
P(JIS'ON-ING,  ppr.    Infecting  with  poison;  corrtipt- 

iiig. 

POIS'ON-OUS,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  poison; 

corrupting  ;  impairing  soiiiidiipss  or  purity. 
POIS'ON-OUS-LY,  adit.     V\iih  fatal  or  injurious 

effects. 

POIS'ON-OUS-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  fatal 
tir  injurious  to  health  and  stiiiiidiiess, 

POlS'0N-TlU;E,n.  A  tree  that  poisons.  This  name 
is  given  to  llliiis-venenata,  or  Swaiiip-siiiiiac,  lihiis- 
toxiciiiti'iKlroii,  or  Cliiiibiiig-siimac,  and  Khus-piiinila, 
or  Uwarf-suiiiac,  of  the  United  States  ;  to  Kliiis- 
veriiicifera,  or  the  Variiisli-siimac,  and  Rhtis-siicce- 
danea,  of  Japan  ;  to  Ithtis-perniciosa,  Klius-jiiglan- 
difolia,  and  Ilippomane-muiiciiiella,  or  Maiichiiieel 
tree  of  South  America  ;  to  Strychiios-tieiitt;,  and 
Antiaris-toxicaria,  the  two  Bohun  I'pas  of  Java,  &c. 
All  of  tlit;se  are  valuable  medicines.  The  active 
principle  of  the  most  active  of  the  poison  trees  of 
Java,  has  long  been  kept  in  the  shops,  and  is  exten- 
sively used  by  physicians. 

POI'TREL,  n.  [Fr.  poitrail,  from  L.  peclorale,  from 
pectws,  the  breast.] 

1.  Armor  for  the  breast  of  a  horse.  Skinner. 

2.  A  graving  tool.    [(in.  poinlel.]  Jlinswiirtli. 
POI/E.    All  tild  spi  lling  of  Poue.    [See  Poisk.] 
Poke,  n,    [Sax.  pocca,  polut;  Fr.  poclic,  a  {Kiuch  or 

bag.] 

A  pocket ;  a  small  bag  ;  as,  a  pig  in  a  poke. 

Cam/In:.  Spectator. 
Poke,  j  71.    The  popular  name  of  a  North 

PoKE'-WEED,  (  American  lierbnceons  plant,  bear- 
ing dark  purple  juicy  berries,  the  Phytolacca  decandra, 
ollierwise  called  Pocan,  Coccm,  and  (;*rget.  As  a 
medicine,  it  has  emetic,  cathartic,  narcotic,  and  even 
more  important  qualities,  antt  it  has  had  some  repu- 
tation as  a  reinedv'  for  rlieumalism,  &c. 
POKE,  V.  t.  [Corn,  pokkia,  to  thrust  or  push.  In 
Arinoric,  pochan  is  one  tintt  dives  or  plunges.] 

1.  Proprrly,  to  thrust  ;  to  push  against  with  any 
thing  pointed  ;  hence,  to  feel  or  search  for  with  a 
long  instrument.  Brown. 

2.  To  thrust  at  with  the  horns,  as  an  ox  ;  a  popular 
use  of  the  word  in  AVw  Knirland. 

POKE,  f.  I.    To  grope,  as  in  the  dark.  Prior. 
To  poke  at ;  to  thrust  the  horns  at. 

POKE,  n.  In  jVeto  England,  a  machine  to  prevent  un- 
ruly beasts  from  leaping  or  breaking  throiigli  fences, 
consisting  of  a  yoke  with  a  pole  inserted,  pointing 
forward. 

POKE,  V.  L    To  put  a  poke  on  ;  as,  to  poke  an  ox. 

J\>ir  F.ntrland. 

PoK'ER,  71.  [from  pote.]  An  iron  bar  used  in  stirring 
the  fire  when  coal  is  used  for  fuel.  Strifl. 

PoK'ER,  71.  [Dan.  pukkcr,  the  dense ;  W.  pirea,  a  hob- 
goblin ;  bwir,  id. ;  bic^an,  a  bugbear ;  Air,  terror, 
fright.  These  words  seem  to  be  allietl  to  buir,  buwc, 
an  ox  or  cow,  I.,  bos,  bovis,  and  all  perhaps  from  the 
bellowing  of  hulls.] 

Any  frightful  object,  especially  in  the  dark  ;  a 
bugbear  ;  a  word  in  common  popuUir  use  in  .America. 
Hence  has  been  formed  the  atljective  Pukeriih. 

POK'ING,  ppr.  Feeling  in  the  dark;  stirring  with  a 
poker;  thrusting  at  with  the  horns;  putting  a 
poke  on. 

PoK'ING,  a.    Drudging  ;  servile.  [ Cotlo{niial  ]  Gray 
POK'I.NG-STICK,  n.    An  instrument  formerly  used 
in  ailjusting  the  plaits  of  ruffs  then  worn. 

Middtrton.  Shak. 
PO-I,  AG'C  A,  I  n.    [Sp.  polacre  ;  Port.  polacJi,  poUiacra , 
PO-LA'CRE,  i     Fr.  polacre,  pola-iue.] 


TONE,  BI;LL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


106 


841 


POL 


POL 


POL 


A  vessel  with  tliroe  masts,  used  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. Tlie  masts  are  usually  of  one  piece,  so  that 
they  have  neither  tops,  caps,  nor  cross-trees,  nor 
horses  to  tlieir  upper  yards.  Mar.  Vict,  Euajc. 
Po'L.^R,  a.  [Er.pulairc,  It.  polare;  Sp.  polar.  See 
Pole.] 

1  PertaininK  to  the  poles  of  the  earth,  north  and 
south,  or  to  the  poles  of  artificial  globes  ;  situated 
near  one  of  tlie  poles  ;  as,  polar  regions  ;  polar  seas  ; 
polar  ice  or  climates. 

2.  Proceeding  from  one  of  the  regions  near  the 
poles  ;  as,  polar  winds. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  magnetic  pole,  or  to  the  point 
to  which  the  magnetic  needle  is  directed. 

POL'.Mi  eHY,  n.    [Gr.  roXuv  and  apx^.] 
Government  by  a  number  of  persons. 
Po-LAR  IZ'.A-BLE,  a.    Susceptible  of  polarization. 
PO-LAR'I-SCOPE,  n.  {puJar,  pule,  and  Gr.  cK^mtui,  to 
view.] 

.An  ulstrnment  used  in  exhibiting  the  phenomena 
of  the  polarization  of  light.  Francis. 

PO-L.\R'I-TY,  n.  That  quality  of  a  body  in  virtue  of 
which  peculiar  properties  reside  in  certain  points  ; 
usually,  as  in  electrified  or  magnetized  bodies,  prop- 
erties of  attraction  or  repulsion,  or  the  power  of  tak- 
ing a  certain  direction.  Thus  we  speak  of  the  po- 
larity of  the  magnet  or  magnetic  needle,  whose  pole 
is  not  always  that  of  tiio  earth,  but  a  point  somewhat 
easterly  or  westerly  ;  and  the  deviation  of  the  needle 
from  a  north  and  south  line  is  called  its  variation. 
A  mineral  is  said  to  possess  polariln,  when  it  attracts 
one  pola  of  a  magnetic  needle  and  repels  the  other. 

PC-LAR-I-Za'TION,  71.  The  act  of  giving  polarity  to 
a  body  ;  the  state  of  having  polarity. 

Polariiation  of  light ;  a  change  produced  upon 
light  by  the  action  of  certain  media,  by  which  it 
exhibits  the  appearance  of  having  polaritij,  or  poles 
possessing  dilferent  properties.  This  i)roparty  of 
ligiit  was  first  discovered  by  Hiiy;; '  lis  in  Ins  investi- 
g.ation  of  the  cause  of  double  reliaclion,  as  seen  in 
the  Iceland  crystal.  The  attention  of  opticians  was 
more  particularly  directed  toward  it  by  the  discov- 
eries of  Mains,  iSIO.  The  knowledge  oi'  this  singu- 
lar property  of  light  has  afforded  an  explanation  of 
several  vei-y  intricate  |>lieuunieua  in  optics. 

Po'LAR-IZE,  V.  t.    To  communicate  pularity  to. 

PO'LAR-IZ-£D,  jip.  or  a.  Having  polarity  commu- 
nicated to. 

Po'LAR-IZ-IXG,  ppr.    Giving  polarity  to. 
P(5'L.\R-Y,  a.    [See  Polar.J     Tending  to  a  pole ; 

having  a  direction  to  a  pole.  Crown. 
POL'DER,  71.    [D.]    In  Holland  and  Bdmitm,  ti  tnct 

of  low  laiud  reclaimed  from  the  sea  by  means  of  high 

enibankmor.ts.  P.  Cue. 

POLE,  77.    [Sax.  710?,  pal;  G.  pfahl;  D.  paal ;  Sw. 

pale:  Dan.  ;j(r/ ;  W.pawl;  h.  palus.    See  Pale.] 

1.  A  long,  slender  |)icce  of  wood,  or  the  stem  of  a 
small  tree  deprived  of  its  branches.  Thus  seamen 
use  poles  f(ir  setting  or  driving  boats  in  shallow 
water  ;  the  stems  of  s^iiall  trees  are  used  for  hoops, 
and  called  Hoop-poles  ;  the  stems  of  small,  but  t;ill, 
straight  tre(ts,  are  used  as  poles  for  supporting  the 
scaffolding  in  building. 

2.  A  rod  ;  a  jierch  ;  a  measure  of  length  of  5i  yards, 
or  a  square  measure  of  30',  square  yards. 

3.  Au  instrument  for  measuring.  Bacon. 
Bare  poles:  a  ship  is  under  bare  poles  when  her 

sails  are  all  furled.  Mar.  Diet. 

Pol-E,  71.  [Fr.  pule;  It.  and  Sp.  polo;  G.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  pnl ;  I),  pool  i  Ij.  polus ;  Gr.  ~oXos,  from  7rjA£a7, 
to  turn.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  extremities  of  the  axis 
on  which  the  sphere  revolves.  These  two  points 
are  called  the  pole^  vf  the  world. 

2.  In  spherics,  u  point  equally  distant  from  every 
part  of  the  circiiml'crcnce  of  a  great  circle  <.f  the 
sphere  ;  or  it  is  a  point  90°  distant  from  the  plane  of 
a  circle,  and  in  a  line  passing  per|i(;ndicularly  througli 
the  center,  called  the  azis.  'I'hus  the  zenith  and 
nadir  arc  the  poles  of  the  horizon. 

3.  In  giotrraphij,  the  extremity  of  the  earth's  axis, 
or  one  of  the  points  on  the  surface  of  our  globe 
through  wli'ich  the  axis  passes. 

4.  The  star  which  is  vertical  to  the  pole  of  the 
earth  ;  the  pole-ntnr. 

Poles  ' f  the  eeliplic,  are  two  points  on  the  celestial 
i'plii  re,  90'  from  the  ecliptic.  They  are  23°  3U'  dis- 
tant from  the  poles  of  the  world. 

Maijnetic  poles:  two  points  in  a  magnet  in  which 
the  power  seems  to  be  chiefly  concentrated. 

Ohnsted. 

Pni.F,,  71.    [(mm  PolaM.]    A  native  of  Poland. 
POLE,  ».  t    To  furnish  with  poles  for  snpi>ort  ;  as,  to 
pair,  beari'l. 

2.  To  bear  or  convey  on  poles  ;  as,  to  77(iic  hay  into 
a  bi'im, 

3.  To  Impel  by  poles,  as  a  boat ;  to  push  forward 
by  the  use  of  poles. 

POLe'-AX,  71.  An  ax  fixed  to  a  pole  or  handle;  or 
rather  a  Hort  of  halchi  t  with  n  handle  about  fifteen 
inchcH  in  length,  and  a  point  or  daw  bending  down- 
ward from  the  back  of  its  head.  It  is  prim  ipally 
UHed  in  actions  at  iiea,  to  cut  nw.iy  the  rigging  of  the 
enemy  attom|>ting  to  board  ;  Hoinetimes  it  in  Ihruat 


into  the  side  of  a  ship  to  assist  in  mounting  the  ene- 
my's ship,  and  it  is  sometimes  called  a  Boaiiding-ax. 

J\Iar.  Diet.  Kucijc. 

PoLE'€.\T,  7!.  •  [Fr.  povle,  a  hen,  and  chat,  a  cat, 
i.  e. ^hen-cat,  because  it  feeds  on  poultry,  eggs,  &c.] 
The  popular  name  of  two  digitigrade  carnivorous 
mammals,  the  Puturius  communis  and  the  Putorius 
alpinus.  These  are  small  qiiadtupeds  of  Europe, 
nearly  allied  to  the  weasel.  They  have  small  glands 
secreting  a  fetid  liipior  somewhat  like  that  of  the 
American  skunk.    The  fitchew  or  fitchet. 

PoLE'D.WY,  ».    A  sort  of  coarse  cloth. 

Jiinsworth, 

POL'E-.M.KRen,  71.  [Gr.  T!o\tttaox>'i  S  rroXepos,  war, 
and  apxrj,  rule,  or  ii'>\us,  chief.] 

In  Jlthcns,  originallti,  the  military  commander-in- 
chief  ;  but  afterwards,  a  civil  magistrate  who  had 
under  his  care  all  strangers  and  sojourners  in  the 
city.  There  were  also  in  Sparta,  Thebes,  and  other 
paits  of  Greece,  pnleinarelu-i,  who  were  high  officers, 
exercising  both  military  and  civil  functions. 

Smithes  Diet. 

PO-LEM'I€,  /  a.  [Gr.  TruAijuicof,  from  -oAc/zoj, 
PO-LEM'ie-AL,  S  war.] 

1.  Controversial;  disputative;  intended  to  main- 
tain an  opinion  or  system  in  opposition  to  others  ;  as, 
a  polemic  treatise,  discourse,  essay,  or  book  ;  polemic 
divinity. 

2.  Engaged  in  supporting  an  opinion  or  system  by 
controversy;  ai,  a  polemic  wnter.  South. 

PO-EE.M'IG,  71.  A  disputant;  a  controvertist ;  one 
wlio  writes  in  sujiport  of  an  opinion  or  system  in  op- 
position to  another.  Pope. 

PO-LEJl'ICS,  71.  Contest  or  controversy,  especially 
on  religious  subjects.  - 

PO-LE.M'0-SeOP£,  71.  [Gr.  -uXr^i  if,  war,  and  <r<o- 
77£t.i,  to  view.] 

.\n  oblique  perspective  glass  contrived  for  seeing 
objects  that  do  not  lie  directly  before  the  eye.  It  is 
called  diairiinal  or  .<i,le  opcra-<rlass,  Ifutfon. 

PO-LEJv''TA,  n.  [It.]  In /(a/;/,  pudding  made  of  the 
Hour  of  maize,  or  Indian  meal ;  formerly  ground 
chestnuts  \vere  used.  .^rtoni. 

PoLE'-STaR,  71.    A  star  which  is  vertical,  or  nearly 
so,  to  the  pole  of  the  earth  ;  a  lode-star.  The  northern 
pole-star  is  of  great  use  to  navigators  in  the  northern 
liemisphere. 
2.  That  which  serves  as  a  guide  or  director. 

Burton. 

Po'LEY-GRaSS,  71.    A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Lythrum. 

J''<i7ii.  of  Plunt^. 

Po'LEY-MOUNT-AIN,  n.  A  plant  of  the  geims 
Teucrium.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

PO-LI-AN'THICS,  71.  [Gr.  jro>i?,  a  city,  and  ivOof,  a 
flower,  i.  e.,  cily-flovver,  because  it  is  much  culti- 
vated in  cities.  ] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  one  species  of 
whidi,  viz.,  Polianthe-s  tuhero^a,  is  cultivated  for  its 
flowers  under  the  absurd  name  of  Tuberose,  which 
is  merely  a  vicious  pronunciation  of  its  specific 
name. 

PO-l.lCE',  (po-lees',)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  politia;  Gr.  no- 
Xtret  t,  from  rroAij,  city.] 

1.  The  gcwernnient  of  a  city  or  town  ;  the  admin- 
istration of  the  laws  and  regulations  of  a  city  or  in- 
corporated town  or  borough  :  as,  the /lofice  of  London, 
of  New  York,  or  IJoston,  The  word  is  applied  also 
to  the  government  of  all  towns  in  New  England, 
which  are  made  corporations  by  a  general  statute,  for 
certain  purposes. 

2.  The  internal  regulation  and  government  of  a 
kingdom  or  state.  Blackstone. 

3.  A  body  of  civil  officers,  especially  in  cities,  for 
enforcing  the  laws. 

PO-LtC'KI),  (po-leest'j)  )   a.      Regulated    by  laws  ; 
POL'1-CI-iCl),  (-Sid,)      !      furnished  with  a  n  gular 
svstem  of  laws  ami  administration.     Baton.  Burke. 
PO'-LICE'-MAN,  II.    One  of  the  ordinary  police. 

Si7ia7*f. 

PO-LtCE'-OF'FI-CER,  7i.    An  officer  intrusted  with 

the  execution  of  the  laws  of  a  city. 
POL'I-CY,  71.    [Fr.  police:  Jj.  politia  f  Gr.  -oXircia, 

from  rroXi^,  city,  Sans,  pahja.] 

1.  Polictj,  in  its  primary  significatiim,  is  the  same 
as  polttij,  comprehending  the  fundaiiRulal  constitu- 
tion or  frame  of  civil  government  in  ablate  or  king- 
dom. Hut  by  usatre,  piiheij  is  now  more  generally 
used  to  denote  what  is  included  under  lc<rislation 
and  nilministration,  and  may  be  defined,  tlie  art  or 
manner  of  governing  a  nation  ;  or  tli.at  system  of 
measures  which  the  sovereign  of  a  country  adopts 
and  pursues,  as  the  best  adapted  to  the  interests  of 
the  nation,  'i'lius  we  speak  of  domestic  policy,  or  the 
system  of  internal  regulations  in  a  nation  ; /(7rc^5^i 
policij,  or  the  measures  which  respect  foreign  na- 
tions ;  commercial  policy,  or  the  measures  which  re- 
Hjiect  coinmercc. 

2.  'I'lie  course  or  mnnagcment  of  public  affairs, 
with  respect  either  to  loreigti  powers,  or  to  iulernal 
arrangement.  It  has  bi'en  Ihe  ;ie/ii-i/  of  France  to 
preclude  females  from  Ihe  throne.  It  has  bi  en  the 
policy  of  (Jreat  llritain  to  encourage  her  navy,  by 
Keeping  her  carrying  trade  in  her  own  hands.  In 
this  she  nianifesis  sound  policy.    Formerly,  England 


permitted  wool  to  be  exported  and  manufactured  in 
the  Low  Countries,  which  was  very  bad  policy. 

The  policy  of  all  lave  has  made  some  forms  nec^ss-iry  in  the 
wording  of  !asl  wills  and  leslaments.  Bliickslone. 

All  violeut;>o;icy  defeats  '.self.  Hariiiiton. 

3.  In  comm4)n  usarre,  prudence  or  wisdom,  in  rulers 
or  iiidiviiluals,  in  tlie  management  of  public  or  pri- 
vate concerns. 

4.  Stratagem;  cunning;  dexterity  of  management. 
.5.  A  ticket  or  warrant  for  money  in  the  public 

funds,    [ll.  poliiza.] 

G.  [Sp.  ;7o/izrt.]  PoZicy ;  in  co77i77iercf,  the  writing  or 
instruction  by  which  a  contract  of  indemnity  is  effect- 
ed between  the  insurer  and  the  insured ;  or  the  in- 
strument containing  the  terms  or  conditions  on 
which  a  person  or  company  undertakes  to  indemnify 
another  person  or  company  against  losses  of  property 
exposed  to  peculiar  hazards,  as  houses  or  goods  ex- 
posed to  fire,  or  ships  and  goods  exposed  to  destruc- 
tion on  the  high  seas.  This  writing  is  subscribed  by 
the  insurer,  who  is  called  the  umlerm-itrr.  The 
terms  policy  of  insurance,  or  assurance,  are  also  used 
for  the  contract  between  the  insured  and  the  under- 
writer. 

Policies  are  valued  or  open  ;  valued,  when  the  prop- 
erty or  goods  insured  are  valued  at  [irime  cost ;  open, 
when  the  goods  are  not  valued,  but,  if  lost,  their 
value  must  be  proved.  Park.  Blarkstone. 

Wagering  policies,  which  insure  sums  of  money, 
interest  or  no  interest,  are  illegal. 

All  insurances,  interest  or  no  interest,  or  without  further  proof  of 
interest  than  tiie  policy  itself,  are  null  and  void. 

li'.aeksUine. 

The  word  policy  is  used  also  for  the  writing  which 
insures  against  other  events,  as  well  as  against  loss 
of  property. 

7.  In  Scotland,  the  pleasure-ground  about  a  gentle- 
jnau's  seat. 

PoL'ING,  71.  In  gardening,  the  operation  of  dispersing 
the  worm-casts  all  over  the  walks,  with  long  ash 
poles.  This  destroys  the  worm-casts,  and  is  bene- 
ficial to  the  walks.  Cyc. 

PCL'ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  poles  for  support. 

2.  Hearing  on  j)()les. 

3.  Pushing  forward  with  poles,  as  a  boat. 
Po'LISH,  a.    [from  Slav,  pole,  a  plain,  whence  Po- 
land.   See  the  verb.] 

Pertaining  to  Poland,  a  level  country  on  the  south 
of  Russia  and  the  IJaltic. 
POL'ISH,  i!.       [Fr.  polir,  polissnnt ;  .Arm.  pouti^za  ; 
It.  polire  or  pulire  :  Sp.  polir,  putir:      polio;  IJau. 
polercr ;  Sw.  polera;  Russ.  polirityu;  W.  caboli,  with 

a  prefix  ;  Ar.  cluifula,  to  imlish.    Clu.  its  alli- 

ance to  file] 

1.  To  make  smooth  and  glossy,  usually  by  friction  ; 
as,  to  polisli  glass,  marble,  metals,  and  the  like. 

2.  To  refine  ;  to  wear  off  rudeness,  nisticity,  and 
coarseness  ;  to  make  elegant  and  polite ;  as,  to  polish 
life  or  manners.  Jililton. 

The  Greeks  were  poUs\ed  by  the  Asiatics  ami  KjypLi.ms. 

'5.  .y.  Siitilh. 

POL'ISH,  1'.  i.  To  become  smooth  ;  to  receive  a  gloss ; 
to  take  a  smooth  and  glossy  surface. 

Steel  will  polish  almost  as  wliite  asid  bright  as  silver.  Bcxon. 

POL'ISH,  71.  A  smooth,  glossy  surface,  produced  by 
friction. 

Another  prism  of  dealer  glass  and  better  polish  seemed  free  from 
veins,  Neioton. 

2.  Refinement ;  elegance  of  manners. 
What  are  these  wondrous  civilizing  nru, 
'I'his  Koinan  ;)o^/t  ?  Addison. 
POL'ISH-A-IiLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  polished. 
POI.'ISII-KII,  (iTol'isht,)  pp.  or  a.    .Made  smooth  and 

gloss\'  ;  rellned  ;  polite. 
POL'lSll-FD-XESS,  11.    State  of  being  polished,  or  of 

being  rcHncil  ami  elegant.  Donne.  Coventry. 

P01,'1SII-ER,  71.     The  person  or  instrument  that 

polishes.  .Addison. 
POL'ISII-ING,  ;i;ir.  or  a.    Making  smooth  and  glossy  ; 
refining. 

P()L'1SII-IN(;,  71.    The  act  of  making  smooth  and 
glossy,  or  of  refining  manners. 
2.  Smoothness ;  glossiness ;  refinement. 

Gohls^nith. 

POL'ISH-MENT,  7i.    Refinement.  Wnlerhonse. 
PO-LITE',  a.    [L.  politus,  polished,  from  /7()/ii),  supra.] 

1.  I.itrrally,  smoolh,  glossy  ;  and  used  in  this 
sense  till  within  a  century. 

liays  of  lijrht  f.JIin;?  on  a  polite  suiface.  Neicton. 

[This  application  of  the  word  is,  I  believe,  entirely 
obsolrte.] 

2.  Ueing  polished  or  elegant  in  manners ;  refined 
in  behavior  ;  well  bred. 

He  marries,  IjowH  ut  court,  and  prows  poUle.  Pojie. 

3.  Courteous;  complaisant;  obliging. 

His  inanners  were  warm  without  insincerity,  itnd  potilt  without 
jioiiip,  Anon. 

Pf)-LTTE'LY,  ni/e.  With  elegance  of  manners;  gcn- 
tia  lly  ;  courteously. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi^T.  —  METE,  PUBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  RQQK — 

«42  "  ~ 


POL 

PO-MTE'NESS,  II.  I'olisli  or  elegance  of  inniiners; 
■[i  Mlilily  i  goml  lirfi  diiig  ;  ease  •and  gracefulness  of 
iii;iiUK  rs,  iiiuti'd  wilti  a  desire  to  please  others,  and 
a  can  l'iil  atlenlinn  lu  their  wants  and  w  ishes. 

2.  Courteousuess ;  complaisance ;  obliging  atten- 
tions. 

PO/, /-7'KSS£',  (-tess',)  n.    [Fr.l  Politeness. 

[.\n  ivrt'ceted  H  iird,  nnless  wlien  applieil  by  way 
of  conti'iiipt  to  over-acted  politeness.  Umart.] 

rOL'l-Tl€,  a.  [L.  politkux;  Or.  hoXctikhs,  from 
TTuAini.i,  from  jr. An,  a  city.  This  word,  in  its 
origin,  is  the  same  as  Political,  and  was  formerly 
used  «s  synonymous  with  it.  It  is  so  still  in  the 
phrase  baiiu  politic.  Burke  used  politic  distinction 
for  puliliiu'l  distinction,  but  present  usage  does  not 
warrant  this  application.] 

1.  Wise;  prudent  and  sagacious  in  devising  and 
pursuing  in.  asuies  adapted  to  promote  the  public 
Welfare  ;  nppticd  la  persons ;  as,  a  politic  prince. 

2.  VWII  devised,  and  adapted  to  the  public  pros- 
perity ;  applied  to  thiii^rs. 

Tills  Itiiil  Wiis  fiiinously  rnrichcj 

Willi  politic  giave  cyunecl.  Shak. 

;i.  Ingenious  in  devising  and  pursuing  any  scheme 
of  personal  or  national  aggrandizement,  without 
regard  to  the  morality  of  the  measure;  cunning; 
artful ;  sagacious  in  adapting  means  to  the  end, 
whether  good  or  evil. 


4.  Well  devised  ;  adapted  to  its  end,  right  or 
wrong. 

PO-MT'ie-AL,  a.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  policy,  or 
to  civil  government  and  its  adininistr;ition.  Political 
measures  or  alfairs  are  measures  that  respect  the 
government  of  a  nation  or  state.  So  we  say,  political 
jiower  or  authority ;  political  wisdom ;  a  political 
scheme ;  political  opinions.  A  good  jirince  is  the 
pnlitieal  father  of  his  people.  The  founders  of  a 
state,  and  wise  senators,  are  also  called  political 
fathers. 

Q.  Pertaining  to  a  nation  or  state,  or  to  nations  or 
states,  as  distinguished  from  cinii  or  municipal;  as  in 
the  phr.ise  political  and  civil  rights,  the  former  com- 
prehending rights  that  belong  to  a  nation,  or  perhaps 
to  a  citi/.i'ii  as  an  individual  of  a  nation;  and  the 
latter  comprehending  the  local  rights  of  a  corpora- 
tion, or  any  niumber  of  it. 

Sjx-akin*  of  the  poUdcat  suite  of  Kiirope,  we  nrc  ncctigtomcd  to 
lay  it(  Swciicii,  sbe  loat  her  iiborty  Ijy  Uie  revuluLioii. 

•  Paley. 

3.  Public  ;  derived  from  office  or  connection  with 
government ;  as,  political  character.  ^ 

4.  Artful ;  skillful,    [.^ee  PoLiflc.] 

5.  Treating  of  politics  or  government  j  as,  a  political 
writer.  '  Paleij. 

Political  arithmetic;  the  art  of  reasoning  by  figures, 
or  of  making  arithinotieal  calnilalions  ou  matters 
relating  to  a  nation,  its  revenues,  value  of  lands  and 
eflects,  produce  of  lands  or  niauufaclurcs,  popula- 
tion, «cc. 

Political  econnmy;  the  administration  of  the  reve- 
nues of  a  nation  ;  or  the  management  and  regu- 
lation of  its  resources  and  productive  property  and 
labor.  Political  economy  comprehends  all  the  meas- 
ures hy  which  the  properly  and  labor  of  citizens  are 
directed  in  the  best  manner  to  the  success  of  indi- 
vidual industry  and  ellterpri^e,  and  to  the  public 
prosperity.  Political  economy  is  now  considered  as 
a  science. 

PO-LIT'ie-.\I.-I.Y,  adv.  With  relation  to  the  govern- 
ment of  a  nation  or  state. 

2.  With  relation  to  politics. 

3.  Artfully  ;  with  address.    [OJs.]  Knolles. 
PO-I.IT'ie-AS-TKK,  n.    A  petty  politician  ;  a  pre- 
tender to  politics.  L* Estranse. 

POI,-I-TI"C[.AN,  a.  Cunning;  using  artifice.  [Obs.] 
POLnI-Tl"CIA\,  (pol-e-tish'an,)  n.    [Ft.  polilicien.] 

1.  One  versed  in  tlie  science  of  government  and 
the  art  of  governing;  one  devoted  to  politics. 

Drijden.  Pope. 

2.  A  man  of  artifice  or  deep  contrivance.  SiiiitA. 
POL'I-TIC-I.Y,  adr.  Artfully.  SItak. 
POL'I-'i'ies,  n.    [Fr.  politique;  Gr.  ffoXiniti;.  Sec 

PoLICV.] 

The  science  of  government ;  that  part  of  ethics 
which  consists  in  the  regulation  and  government  of 
a  nation  or  state,  for  the  preservation  of  its  safety, 
peace,  and  prosperity  ;  compreheiuling  the  defense 
of  its  existence  and  rights  against  foreign  control  or 
conquest,  the  augmentation  of  its  stren£!th  and  re- 
sources, and  the  protection  of  its  citizens  in  their 
rights,  with  the  preservation  and  improvement  of 
their  morals.  Politics,  as  a  science  or  an  art,  is  a 
subject  of  vast  extent  and  importance. 

2.  In  a  looser  tense,  political  affairs,  or  the  contests 
of  parties  for  power. 
POL'I-TIZE,  t.  L   To  play  the  politician.    [JVot  in 

^  Mdton. 
POL'I-TURE,  n.    [See  Poluh.]     Polish  ;  the  gloss 

given  by  polishing.    [JVut  u.ied.]  Donne.. 
POI,'I-TY,  71.    [Or.  TroXTtm.) 

1.  The  form  or  constitution  of  ci\il  government  of 


a  nation  or  state  ;  and  in  free  st.ntes,  the  frame  or 
fundamental  system  by  wliieh  the  several  branches 
of  giivei iiment  are  established,  and  the  powers  and 
duties  of  each  designated  and  defined. 

Every  bniiicli  of  our  civil  polilif  support*  ami  ia  aupnurled,  rrgu- 
liit-m  ami  u  re^iililtetl,  by  Ihe  n-at.  iUackslonc. 

With  ri'siiect  10  lj»*ir  inl'Tior  jiolily,  our  coloiil.*!  i\n'  jirop-rly  'rf 
thn  i-  svrt^  proviiicul  e»t.ibli«liiii('iiu,  pruprk-l.iry  ^'ovcrii- 
nu'DU,  atiTcliarter  go?'_+iinieiib*.  Blftdtttoiie. 

The  word  seems  also  to  embrace  legislation  and 
administration  of  government. 

2.  The  eoiislitutioii  or  general  fundameiit.tl  princi- 
ples of  governiiieiit  of  any  class  of  citizens,  consid- 
ered in  an  appropriate  character,  or  as  a  subordinate 
state. 

Wen^  til.-  wliole  Cliriittian  worlil  to  riJvert  bock  lo  the  orlf^iiuit 
liioil'-l,  bow  f.ir  Inure  BliKple,  unilorni,  and  beautirul  wunl.  I  llie 
chiircli  app«*ur,  »i»ii  how  far  mow  Hjreeftble  lo  tlie  eccl-  i»ia»- 
ticiU  polity  iiiHtituted  by  tbe  holy  upostira  !   Presideiil  Suite. 

PoL'KA,  »i.    A  fashionable  Hungarian  dance. 
I'oLL,  II.    [D.  bol,  a  hall,  bowl,  crown,  poll,  pate, 
bulb.] 

1.  The  head  of  a  jierson,  or  the  hack  part  of  the 
head  ;  and  in  ciunpositiun,  applied  to  the  head  of  a 
beast,  as  in  poll-eril. 

2.  .\  register  of  heads,  that  is,  of  persons.  Sliak. 

3.  'J'he  entry  of  llie  names  of  electors  who  vote 
for  civil  ofiicers.  Hence, 

4.  An  election  of  civil  officers,  or  the  place  of  elec- 
tion. 

Our  citizens  say,  at  the  opening  or  close  of  the 
poll,  that  is,  at  the  beginning  of  the  register  of  voters 
and  reception  of  votes,  or  the  close  of  the  same. 
They  say  also,  we  are  going  to  the  pulls ;  many  voters 
appeareil  at  the  AV  w  York. 

5.  A  fish  called  a  I'lii'B  orCHEViN.  [See  Pollakd.] 
POLL,  r.  (.    To  lop  the  tops  of  trees.  Bacon. 

2.  To  clip  ;  to  cut  off  the  ends  ;  to  cut  off  hair  or 
wool  ;  to  sliear.  'i'he  phrases,  to  poll  the  hair,  and  to 
poll  tlie  head,  have  been  used,  'i'he  latter  is  used  in 
2  Sam.  xiv.  2U.  To  poll  a  deed,  is  a  phrase  still  used 
in  law  language.  iC.  Swift. 

3.  To  mow  ;  to  crop.    [.Vof  used.']  Shak. 

4.  To  peel;  to  strip;  to  plunder.  [Obs.] 

Bacon.  Spenser. 

5.  To  lake  a  list  or  register  of  persons  ;  lo  enter 
names  in  a  list. 

6.  To  enter  one's  name  in  a  list  or  register. 

JJriiden. 

7.  To  insert  into  a  number  as  a  voter.  Ticket. 

8.  To  bring  to  the  p<ills  ;  as,  to  poll  votes. 
POL'LACK,  j  n.    A  salt  water  fish  of  the  cod  family, 
POIi'LOCK,  i     closely  allied  to  the  whiting  and  coal- 
fish. 

POI.'LARD,  n.  [from  poll.]  ,\tree  having  its  top  cut 
oft'  at  some  liight  above  the  ground,  that  il  may  throw 
out  branches.  Bacon. 

2.  .\  clipped  coin.  Camden. 

3.  The  chub  fish.  jliii.stcorlh. 

4.  A  stag  that  has  cast  his  horns. 

5.  A  mixture  of  bran  and  meal.  .^inxworth. 
POI.'LAUl),  r.  t.  To  lop  the  tops  of  trees  ;  to  poll. 
POL'I.AItI)-EU,  yi/i.  Lopped.  [Krcli/n. 
PoLL'/'.'I), ;)/!.    Lopped,  as  tops  of  trees,    [bee  Poll.] 

2.  liroiight  to  the  poll,  as  votes. 
POL'LE.N,  II.    [l^  pollen,  pollis,  fine  flour;  Russ.  pil, 
jiif/,  dust,  Ij.  pulvis.]  • 

1.  The  fecundating  dust  or  fine  substance,  like 
flour  or  meal,  contained  in  the  anther  of  fiowers, 
which  is  dispersed  on  the  stigma  for  impregn.ation  ; 
farina.  Enctje.    J[Iilnc.  jilartijn. 

2.  Fine  bran.  Baiicy. 

POL-LI:.\-.aT>I  OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  me.nl. 

POL'LE.N  GEK,  n.    liriishwood.    [Obs.]  Tusscr. 

POL'LE.V-I.N,  II.  [from  pollen.]  A  substance  ob- 
tained from  the  pollen  of  plants.  Pollenin  is  various, 
as  obtained  from  different  plants,  and  docs  not  ap- 
pear, in  any  casi',  to  be  a  distinct  proximate  princi- 
ple, and  therefore  is  not  entitled  to  an  appellation 
appropri.ated  to  such  proximate  principles. 

POLL'EK,  71.  [from  poll.]  One  that  shaves  jierSona  ; 
a  barber.    [.Vo(  used.] 

2.  One  that  lops  or  polls  trees. 

3.  A  pillager ;  a  plunderer ;  one  that  fleeces  by  ex- 
action.   [.Vof  used.]  Bacon. 

4.  One  that  registers  voters,  or  one  that  enters  his 
name  as  a  voter. 

POLL'-ic-V/L,  71.  [poll  and  criV.]  A  swelling  or 
aposteme  on  a  horse's  head,  or  on  the  nape  of  the 
neck  between  tbe  ears.  Farrier's  Did. 

POULIC-I-TA'TIO.V,  II.    [L.  polliciiatio.] 

A  promise  ;  a  voluntary  engagement,  or  a  paper 
containina  it.  Henry's  Britain. 

POL-LI.Ne'TOR,  71.  [I,.]  One  that  prepares  materi- 
als for  embalming  the  dead  ;  a  kind  of  undeitaker. 

OreenhiU. 

POLL'INO,  ppr.    Lopping  ;  as  the  tops  of  trees. 

2.  Registering  one's  name  as  a  voter.    [See  Pou-] 
.3.  Ilrincini:  to  the  poll,  as  votes. 
POL-LI-.MF'ER-OUS,  o.    [h.  pollen  and /(TO,  to  pro- 
duce.] 

Prodiicinc  pollen. 
POL'LI-\VI(;,  n.    A  tadpole.    Forby.     In  Jlmerica, 
Polluvoo.    Forby  thinks  il  to  be  from  periirig. 


POL 

POL'LOCK,  n.    A  fish,  the  Pollack,  which  see. 

POLL'-TAX,  71.  A  tax  levied  by  the  liead  or  poll ;  a 
capitation  t<ix. 

POL  LOTE',  V.  U  [L.  polluo;  Fr.  polluer.  If  thin 
word  is  compound,  as  I  susjiect,  it  seems  to  be  com- 
posed of  the  preposition  ;iu,  which  is  in  the  Russian 
langu.'tge  and  retained  in  the  Ij.  polliicco  and  poasidco, 
and  according  lo  Ainsworth,  of  laco.  Uut  this  com- 
bination would  nut  naturally  give  the  signification. 
If  the  word  is  simple,  the  first  syllable  coincides 
with  foul.  Itut  neither  is  this  etymology  satisfactory. 
Clii.  Gr.  /loAi'f  bj.] 

1.  To  defile  ;  to  make  foul  or  unclean  ;  in  a  gen- 
eral sense.  But  appropriately,  among  the  Jews,  to 
make  unclean  or  ini|iure,  in  a  legal  or  ceremonious 
sense,  so  tus  to  disqualify  a  person  for  sacred  services, 
or  to  render  things  unfit  for  sacred  uses.  A'um. 
xviii.  Kxod.  XX.  2  Kin^s  xxiii.  2  Chron.  xxivi, 
3.  To  taint  with  guilt. 

Ye  potluu  youi*,-lvc»  wiUi  till  your  \i\oU.  —  Ei^k.  xx. 

3.  To  profane  ;  to  use  for  cam.al  or  idolatrous  pur- 
poses. 

My  Sabbatlis  Uiey  greatly  poUuUd.     Ez/'k.  xx. 

4.  To  corrupt  or  iinjiair  by  mixture  of  ill,  moral  or 
physical. 


Envy  you  my  prai*.»,  nnd  would  d.*Btroy 
With  grief  my  pleoxurca,  and  polluVt  my  Joy  ? 


Dryden. 


5.  To  violate  bv  illegal  sexu.'il  commerce. 
POL-LCTE',  a.    Polluted  ;  defiled.  Milton. 
POL- LOT' El),  p/i.  or  a.    Defiled  ;  rendered  unclean; 

tainted  with  gtiilt;  impaired  ;  profaned. 
POL-LOT'ED-LY,  adc.    In  a  sUite  of  |Hillution. 

Jliiiicuod. 

POL-LOT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  I'lollulcd  ; 
defih  nient. 

POL-LCT'ER,  n.  A  defiler ;  one  that  pollutes  or  pro- 
fanes. 

POL-LOT'ING,  ppr.    Defiling;  rendering  unclean; 

corrupting ;  profaning. 
2.  a.    Adapted  or  tending  to  defile  or  infect. 
POL-Ll'T'LNG-LY,  aiU:  CorruplinEly. 
POL-LC'TIO.V,  71.    [L.  polUitio;  Fr.  pollution;  Sp. 

polucion  ;  It.  polluzioitc] 

1.  The  act  of  polluting. 

2.  Defilement ;  uiiclcanness  ;  impurity  ;  the  state 
of  being  |iolluled. 

3.  In  iJie  Jewish  economy,  legal  or  ceremonial  un- 
cleanness,  which  disqualified  a  person  for  sacred 
services  or  for  common  intercourse  with  the  people, 
or  rendered  any  thing  unfit  for  sacred  use. 

4.  In  medicine,  the  emission  of  semen  in  sleep. 

5.  In  u  religious  sense,  guilt,  the  efltct  of  sin ; 
idolatry,  &c. 

POL'LUX,7i.    [L.]    A  fixed  star  of  the  second  mag- 
nitude, in  the  constellation  Gemini,  or  the  Twins. 
2.  See  Castor.  [Braiuie. 

PO-LO-.NaISE',  (  II.    A  robe  or  dress  adopted  from 

PO  LO-.\KSE',  j  the  fashion  of  the  Poles;  some- 
liuies  worn  by  ladies. 

PO-LO-.\KSE',  II.    The  Polish  language.  £iicyc. 

PO-LO- NOISE',  (po-lo-inize',)  n.  In  music,  a  move- 
ment of  three  crotchets  in  a  bar,  with  the  rhythm- 
ical ca;sura  on  the  last.  Busby. 

PoLT,  H.    [Sw.  bulla,  to  beat.] 

A  blow,  stroke,  or  striking  ;  a  reord  in  common  use 
111  A'l  ic  F.nirlaud.  IlalliiceU, 

PoLT'-FOOT,  71.    A  distorted  foot.    [JVut  in  u.ie.] 

Herbert 

PoLT'-FQOT-ED,  a.  Having  distorted  feeL  [JYof 
171  use.]  B.  JonsoH, 

POI.-TROON',  71.  [Fr.  poltron  ;  It.  poltront,  an  idle 
fellow,  a  coward  ;  poltrire,  to  sleep,  to  be  idle,  to 
loiter  ;  Sp.  pvltron,  idle,  lazy,  easy,  commodious  ; 
Port,  poltram,  an  idler  ;  pultram,  pollrona,  lazy,  cow- 
ardly ;  .Arm.  poultroun ;  certainly  not  from  pollice 
truHcato.  The  primary  sense  is,  idle,  at  ease,  whence 
lazy  ;  perhaps  from  the  root  of  fail,  W.  pailu.] 

An  arrant  coH  ard  ;  a  dastard  ;  a  wretch  without 
spirit  or  courage.  Dryden. 

POL-TROO.N',  a.    Base;  vile;  contemptible. 

Hammond, 

POL-TROON'ER-Y,  n.     Cowardice  ;    baseness  of 

mind  ;  want  of  spirit. 
POL'VE-RI.N'E,  71.    [L.  pi</n«,  dust  ;  It.  polrerino.] 
The  calcined  ashes  of  a  plant,  of  the  nature  of  pot 
and  pearl  ashes,  brought  fnun  the  Levant  and  Syria. 
In  the  manufacture  i  f  gl.ass,  it  is  preferred  to  other 
ashes,  as  the  glass  made  with  it  is  perfectly  white 

Kncye. 

PiTLY,  in.  [h.  polium;  Gr.  -oXior,  from  iroXiof, 
PO'LEY,  (  white.] 

.An  evergreen  undersiirub  of  the  genus  Teucrium, 
found  near  the  Mcdileiianean.  Loudvn. 
The  grass  poley  is  of  the  genus  Lythruin. 

Dricci/s  .Mass.  Hep. 
POL'Y,  in  compound  words,  is  from  the  Greek  roAi  <, 
and  signifies  many  ;  as  in  polygon,  a  figure  of  many 
angles. 

POL-Y-A-COUS'TIC.  o  [Gr.  ro,\vf,  many,  and 
aitovf.i,  to  hear.] 

That  multiplies  m  magnifies  sound.  As  a  nmi*, 
an  instrument  to  multiply  sounds. 


TOXE,  BJJLL,  IjmTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CU  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


843 


POL 

POI^Y-A-OKI/PHI-A,  n.     [Gr.  ^roAws,  many,  and 

oc£A0o,-.  brollier.] 
In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  stamens  united 

in  three  or  more  bodies  or  bundles  by  the  filaments. 
I'OL-V-A-DEL'PHI-AN, )  o.    Having  stamens  united 
I'OL-Y-A-DEL'PHOUS,  \     in  three  or  more  bundles. 
POL-Y-AN'DRI-A,  n.    [Gr.  jtoAdj,  many,  and  avnp, 

a  male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  monoclinous  or  hermaphro- 
dite plants,  having  many  stamens,  or  any  number 
above  twenty,  inserted  in  the  receptacle. 

POL-Y-A.V'ORI-AN,  I  a.    Having  many  stamens,  that 

POL-Y-A.N'DROUS,  j  is,  any  number  above  twen- 
ty, inserted  in  the  receptacle. 

POL-Y-AN'DRY,  n.  [J-upra.]  The  practice  of  fe- 
males having  more  husbands  than  one  at  the  same 
time  ;  plur.alitv  of  husbands.  Forsttr's  Obs. 

POL-Y-AN'THDS,  71.  [Gr  ttoAvs,  many,  and  ai-tfos,  a 
flower.] 

An  ornamental  plant  of  the  genus  Primula  or 
primrose,  whose  flower-€talks  produce  flowers  in 
clusters.  Loudon. 
POL'Y-XRCH-Y,  n.    [Gr.  iro\vs  and  ao\r,.] 

A  government  by  many  persons,  of  whatever  order 
or  chiss. 

POL-V-AU-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  noXvs,  many,  av- 
ro5,  he  himself,  and  ypuj/to,  to  write.] 

I'he  act  or  practice  of  multiplying  copies  of  one's 
own  handwriting  or  of  manuscripts,  by  engraving  on 
stone  ;  a  species  of  lithograpliy. 

Delastnjrie.    Med.  Repos. 
PO-LYB'A-SlTE,  n.    [Gr.  iroAuj,  many,  and  jjaais, 
base.] 

An  iron -black  ore  of  silver,  consisting  of  silver, 
sulphur,  and  antimony,  with  some  copper  and  ar- 
senic. 

POL'Y-CHORD,  a.    [Gr.  toXv;,  many,  and  chord.] 
Having  many  chords  or  strings. 

CA.  Relig.  Jlppeal. 
POL'Y-CHREST,  n.    [Gr.  ito\vs,  many,  and  xiniaroi, 
useful.] 

1  ri  pharmacy,  a  medicine  that  serves  for  many  uses, 
or  that  cures  many  diseases.  [Obs.] 

Polychrest  salt,  among  old  chemists,  was  the  sul- 
phate of  potassa.  Brandc. 
POL'Y-eHRO-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  iroAvs,  many,  and  xpoi^oi, 
to  color.] 

The  coloring  matter  of  saffron.  Vre. 
POL,-Y-eHRO-JI.\T'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ttoAi;,  many,  and 
X.o-i^.i,  color.] 

In  mineralogy,  exhibiting  a  play  of  colors.  Mohs. 
POL-Y-eO-TYL-K'DO.X,  n.    [Gr.  nuAuj,  many,  and 
KOTv},r)6(ov,  a  cavity.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  that  has  many  or  more  than  two 
cotyledons  or  lobes  to  the  seed.  Martyn. 
POL-Y-eO-TYL-ii'UON-OUS,  a.    Having  more  than 

two  lobes  to  the  seed. 
POL-Y-E'DRON,    (  See  Polyhedron  and  PoLTHt;- 
POL-Y-E'DROL'S.  \  ORAL. 

POI.r-Y-GA'.MI-.-\,  ;i.  [Gr.  TroAtif,  many,  and  yapof, 
marriage.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  bearing  hermaphrodite 
flowers,  with  male  i>r  female  flowers,  or  both,  not 
inclosed  in  the  same  counnon  calyx,  but  scattered 
either  on  the  same  plant,  or  on  two  or  three  distinct 
individuals,  in  diflerenl  flowers.  Martyn. 
POI--Y-Ga'.\II-A.\,  la.  In  Aotani;,  producing  herniaph- 
PO-LYG'A-MOUS,  j     rodite  flowers,  with  male  or 

female  flowers,  or  both. 
PO-LYG'A-MIST,  n.     [See  Polyramv.]    A  person 
who  practices  polygamy,  or  maintains  its  lawfulness. 

Hammond. 

PO-LYG'A-.MOUS,  a.    Consisting  of  polygamy. 

Encyc. 

2.  Inclined  to  polygamy;  having  a  plurality  of 
wives. 

PO-LYG'A-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ttoXvs,  many,  and  ja^o?. 
marriage.] 

A  plurality  of  wives  or  husbands  at  the  same  time  ; 
or  the  having  of  such  plurality.  When  a  man  has 
more  wives  than  one,  or  a  woman  more  husbnnils 
than  (me,  at  the  same  time,  the  offender  is  punisha- 
ble fur  polygamy.  Such  is  ihe  fact  in  (Christian  coun- 
tries. But  polygamy  is  allowed  in  some  countries,  as 
in  Turkey. 

POL'Y-GAR,  71.  In  inndoslan,  an  inhabitant  of  the 
woods. 

rOI-  Y-GAS'TRie,  a.  [Gr.  voXvs,  many,  and  yaarnp, 

dtomarh.  ] 

Having  many  stomachs. 
POI^Y-GAH'TRie,  n.     An  animal  having  many 

■lomnchH,  as  some  of  the  infusorics.  Belt. 
PO-LYO'E-NOUS,  a.    [Gr  iruAuf,  many,  and  yevof, 

kind.] 

CnnsiMting  of  many  kinds  ;  n<i,  a  polyacnona  moun- 
tain, which  is  composed  of  strata  of  diflerent  species 
of  Ktone.  Kiriran. 
P<)I,'Y-(;L0T,  a.     [Gr.  iroAnj,  many,  and  j  Awrra, 
tongue.) 

Having  or  containing  many  languages  ;  ns,  a  poly- 
elul  lexicon  or  Iliblo. 
POI/Y-GI,OT,  n.      ,\  brxth   containing  many  lan- 
guageH,  particularly  the  Ilible  containing  the  Hcrip- 
turcK  in  Hcverttl  Janguagc*. 


POL 

2.  One  who  understands  many  languages.  [J\'u( 
in  use.]  Howell. 
POL'Y-GON,  7t.,    [Gr.  rroAuf,  many,  and  yionta,  an 
angle.] 

In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  of  many  angles,  and 
consequently  of  many  sides  ;  particularly,  one  whose 
perimeter  consists  of  more  than  four  sides.  Brande. 
PO-LYG'ON-AL,    >         „    ■  ,  , 

PO-LYG'ON-OLS  (        H'l^'ing  "ifny  angles,  iee. 

Polygonal  numbers ;  in  arithmetic,  the  successive 
sums  of  a  series  of  numbers  in  arithmetical  progres- 
sion. Brande. 
POL-Y-GON-OJI'E-TRY,  7t.    [polygon  and  Gr.  iter- 

The  doctrine  of  polygons.  Brande. 
PO-LYG'OX-UM,  7i.     [Gr.  -oArj,  many,  and  j  oi/u, 
knee  or  knot.] 

A  genus  of  plants  so  named  from  the  numerous 
joints  in  the  stem.  Some  of  the  most  remarkable 
species  of  polygonum  are  the  three  sorts  of  buck- 
wheat, Ihe  medicinal  bistort,  the  water-pepper,  &.c. 
POL'Y-GRAM,  71.  [Gr.  TToAns,  many,  and  j  pu/ijiu,  a 
writing.] 

A  figure  consisting  of  many  lines.  Barlow. 
POL'Y-GRAPH,  n.    [See  Polvgraphy.]    An  instru- 
ment fir  multiplying  copies  of  a  writing  with  ease 
and  expeditiim. 
POL-Y-GRAPH'ie,       j  a.     Pertaining  to  polygra- 
POL-Y-GRAPH'ie-AL,  j     phy  ;  as,  a  polygraphic  in- 
strument. 

Q.  Done  with  a  polygraph  ;  as,  a  polygraphic  copy 
or  writing. 

PO-LVG'RA-PHY,  7i.  [Gr.  ttoAus,  many,  and  ypaifiti, 
a  writmg  ;  j  oiii/x.),  to  write.] 

The  art  of  writing  in  various  ciphers,  and  of  deei- 
phering  the  same.  Diet.  Encyc. 

POL'Y-CYN,  fi.  j  [Gr.  ttoAhj,  many,  and  yvuri, 

POL-Y-GYN'I-A,  77.  pi.  \     a  female.] 

In  botany,  an  order  of  plants  having  many  styles. 
POL-Y-GYPi'I-AN,  (  a.     In   botany,  having  many 
PO-LYG'YN-OUS,  i  styles. 

PO-LYG'Y-NY,  71.  [Gr.  noXvs,  many,  and  yvi  r/,  a  fe- 
male.] 

The  practice  of  having  more  wives  than  one  at 
the  same  time.  Eorster^s  Obs. 

P0-L5'HA-LiTE,  ti.  [Gr.  ttoXvs,  many,  and  uAs, 
salt.] 

A  mineral  or  salt  occurring  in  masses  of  a  fibrous 
structure,  of  a  brick-red  color,  being  tinged  with 
iron.  It  contains  sulphate  of  lime,  of  magnesia,  of 
potash,  and  of  soda.  Cleaveland. 
POL,-Y-HlC'DRAL,  I  a.  [See  Polyhedron.]  Hav- 
POL-Y-Hk'DROUS,  \  ing  many  sides,  as  a  solid 
body. 

POL-Y-He'DRON,  71.  [Gr.  ^jAtif,  many,  and  eSpa, 
side.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  body  or  solid  contained  by  many 
sides  or  planes. 

2.  In  optics,  a  polyscope  or  multiplying  glass. 

Hutton. 

PO-LYL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  TroAut,  many,  and  Xoyos,  dis- 
course.] 

A  talking  much  ;  talkativeness  ;  garrulity.  [JVo« 
171  use.]  Granger. 
POL-Y-MATH'ie,  a.    [See  Polymathy.]  Pertaining 
to  polyinathy. 

PO-LY.M'A-THY,  ii.  [Gr.  TJoXvf,  many,  and  padnats, 
learning  ;  iiuvD'Ivm,  to  learn.] 

The  knowledge  of  many  arts  and  sciences;  ac- 
quaintance with  many  branches  of  learning,  or  with 
various  subjects.  Johnson.  Encyc. 

POL-Y-.MIG'NITE,  71.  [Gr.  TnAus,  many,  and  piyvv- 
pt,  to  mix  ] 

.\  black,  shining  mineral,  containing  titanic  acid, 
zirconia,  yitria,  oxyds  of  cerium  and  iron,  &c.  Dana. 
POl/YM-NITE,  n.     [st.uie  of  many  marshes.]  A 
stone  marked  \vith  dendrites  and  black  lines,  and  so 
disposed  as  to  represent  rivers,  marshes,  and  ponds. 

Diet.  J\rat.  Hist. 
POL'Y-MORPH,  n.    [Gr.  ttuAus,  many,  and  pop^n, 
foriu.] 

A  name  given  by  Soldani  to  a  numerous  tribe  or 
series  of  shells,  whicli  are  very  small,  irregular,  and 
singular  in  form,  and  which  can  not  be  referred  to 
any  knnwn  genus.  Diet-  JVat.  Hist. 

POI,.Y-SIORPIl'OUS,  a.  [Supra.]  Having  many 
forms.  Bi'rrlow. 

POL'Y-NEME,  71.  A  sea-fish  of  the  genus  Polyne- 
mus,  belonu'ing  to  the  perch  family,  having  a  scaly, 
compressed  head,  with  a  blunt,  prominent  nose,  and 
[iliform  appendages  to  Ihe  pectoral  fins.  Pennant. 

POL-Y-i\ic'SIA,  71.  [Gr.  iruAi;{,  many,  and  viiuoi,,  isle.] 
A  term  in  geography,  used  to  designate  numerous 
groups  of  isles  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  especially  near 
the  tropics  j  as  the  Pelew  Isles,  the  Ladrones,  the 
Caroline^',  the  Sandwich  Isles,  the  Marquesas,  the 
Hociely  Lsles,  and  the  Friendly  Isles. 

Dr  Brasses.  Pinherton, 

POL-Y-NR'SIAN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Polynesia. 

POI,-Y-N0'MI-AL,  71.    [Gr.  jt.-Akj,  many,  and 
name.] 

Ill  ulgrhrn,  n  quantity  cimsisting  of  many  terms. 
POI<-Y-No'.M1-AIj,  a.     Containing  many  names  or 
terms. 


POL 

POL-Y'-ON'0-,MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ttoXvs,  many,  and  ovo- 
pa,  name.] 

Having  many  names  or  titles  ;  many-titled. 

Sir  fV.  Jones. 

POL-Y-Oi\'0-MY,  71.  [Supra.]  Variety  of  difi^erent 
names.  Faber. 

POL-Y-OP'TRON,  )  71.    [Gr.  jroAus,  many,  and  ottto- 

POL-Y-OP'TRUM,  !     ^ai,  to  see.] 

A  glass  through  which  objects  appear  multiplied, 
but  diminished.  Hutton.  Brande. 

POL-Y"  0-RS'MA,  71.    [Gr.  toAi.;  and  opa/iu.] 
A  view  of  many  objects. 

POL' YP,  71.  An  aqu.itic  animal  of  the  Radiate  type,  hav- 
ing, in  general,  a  cylindrical  body,  at  tme  extremity  of 
which  there  is  a  mouth,  surrounded  by  one  or  more  se- 
ries of  arms  or  tentacles.  It  has  no  special  organs  of 
sefise,  and  is  capable  of  multiplying  by  buds  and  ar- 
tificial sections  as  well  as  by  ova.  The  name  is 
sometimes  used  in  a  restricted  sense  for  the  Hydra 
polyp,  but  properly  includes  the  animals  of  all  zoo- 
phytes. These  animals  form  coral  by  the  secretion 
of  calcareous  matter.  //una. 

POL'Y-PA-RY,  71.    [poltrp  and  L.  pario,  to  produce.] 
A  name  given  to  coral,  because  formed  by  polyp's. 

Z>a7ia. 

POL-Y-PET'AL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  noXv{,  many,  and  -cr- 
aXof,  a  petal.] 

In  botany,  having  many  petals ;  as,  a  polypetalous 
corol.  Martyti. 
PO-LYPH'A-GOUS,  a.    [Gr.  ttoXv;  and  fa,  w.] 

Eating  or  subsisting  on  many  things,  or  kinds  of 
food. 

POL-Y-PHS.R'MA-CY,n.  [Gr.TroAus  and  fappaKcca.] 

Medicines  of  many  ingredients. 
POL-Y-PHON'ie,     (a.  [Infra.]  Having  or  consisting 
PO-LYPH'O-NOUS,  (    of  many  voices  or  sounds. 
PO-LYPH'O-NISM,  ( 71.    [Gr.  jruAu;,  many,  and  diM- 
PO-LYPH'O-NY,     !     vri,  sound.] 

Multiplicity  of  sounds,  as  in  the  reverberations  of 

an  echo.  Derham. 
PO-LYPH'O-NIST,  71.    One  who  professes  the  art  of 

multiplying  sounds,  or  who  makes   a  variety  of 

sounds  ;  a  ventriloquist. 
PO-LYPH'YL-LOUS,  a.    [Gr.  xoXvs,  many,  and  d,v\- 

Xiw,  leaf.] 

In  botany,  many-leafed  ;  as,  a  polyphyllous  calys  or 
perianth. 

PO-LYP'I-DOM,  n.    [polyp  and  Gr.  A'/ioj,  house.] 

Literally,  a  house  or  hive  of  polyps  ;  a  name  some- 
times given  to  coral.  The  term  is  incoriect,  as  coral 
is  an  internal  secretion.  Dana. 

PO-LYP'I-ER,{po-\\ple-3.,)n.  [Fr.]  Polypary,  which 
see. 

POI^Y-PIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [polyp  and  fero  ]  Produ- 

cini;  polyps.] 
POL'Y-PODE,  71.    [Gr.  roXvs  and  irouf.] 

-■Vn  animal  having  many  feef;  the  milleped  or 

wood-louse.  Coxe. 
PO-LYP'O-DY,  71.    [L.  polypodium,  from  the  Greek. 

See  Polyp.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Polypodium,  of  the  order  of 
Filices  or  ferns.  The  fructifications  are  in  roundish 
points,  scattered  over  the  inferior  disk  of  the  frons 
or  leaf    There  are  numerous  species.  Loudon. 

POL'Y-POUS,a.  [fwm  polypus.]  Having  the  nature 
of  the  polypus  ;  having  many  feet  or  roots,  like  the 
polypus  ;  as,  a  poliipous  concretion.  Jirbuthnol. 

POL-Y-PRIS-MAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ttoAus,  many,  and 
prismatic] 

In  cry..itallography,  a  term  applied  to  a  prismatic 
crjstal,  haying  many  lateral,  secondary  planes,  with 
or  without  the  primary  planes.  Dana. 
POIi'Y-PUS,  71.    [Gr.  :ruAt);ruti5 ;  jroAus,  many,  and 

TTOl'S,  foot.] 

1.  Something  that  has  many  feet  or  roots. 

2.  In  loulogy,  a  polyp,  which  see. 

3.  A  tumor  with  a  narrow  base,  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  pear  ;  found  in  the  nose,  uterus,  &c.  Cooper. 

POL'Y-seoPE,  11.  [Gr.  ttoAdj,  many,  and  oko-jicui,  to 
view.] 

A  glass  which  makes  a  single  object  appear  as 
many  ;  a  multiph  ing  glass,  which  sec.  Iluttun. 
POL-V'-SEP'A-l.O'US,  a.    In  botany,  a  polysepalous 
calyx  is  that  which  has  more  than  one  sepal.  Lindlcy. 
POIi'Y-SP.^ST,  71.    [Sp.  polispastos  ;  Gr.  iroAis,  many, 
and  (777(1(0,  to  draw.] 

A  marhine  consisting  of  many  pulleys.  Diet. 
POI/Y-SPERM,  71.    [Gr.  iruAws,  many,  and  a-eopa, 
seed.] 

A  tree  whose  fruit  contains  many  seeds.  Evelyn. 
POL-Y-!>PERM'OUS,  a.    Containing  many  seeds  ;  as, 

a  pohispermous  capsule  or  berry.  Martyn. 
POL'V-.STYLE,  71.    [(ir.  ir>Ai  j  and  arvAoj.] 

An  edifice  whose  columns  are  too  numerous  to  be 

readily  counted.  F.lmej. 
P<JL-Y  .SYL  I.AB'ie,       j  a.  [from  poft/.ti/W«WcJ  I'er- 
POl.-Y-SYL-I,AB'ie-AI,,  j    taining  t<i  a  |)oly«y liable  ; 

consisting  of  many  syllables,  or  of  more  than  Ihree. 
POL'Y-SYL-LA-IILE,  71.    [Gr.  iroAir$,  many,  and  a\iX- 

Xalhi,  n  syllable.] 
A  word  of  many  syllables,  that  is,  consisting  of 

more  syllables  than  three,  for  words  of  a  less  number 

than  four  are  called  iiKUiosyllables,  dissyllables,  and 

trisyllabli^s.  F.ncye. 


FATE,  PAR.  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PUBV.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK — 


844 


POM 

I'nL-Y.tfYN''l)t;-TON,  n.    [Or.  wuXvamdcraf  i  iruAuj, 

many,  and  uvvi'ieT'x:^  connecting.] 
A  fiiiiire  of  rhetoric,  by  which  the  copulative  is 

oftsn  repeated  ;  as,  "  We  have  ships,  and  men,  and 

money,  and  stores. 
I'OL  Y-TEeirN'ie,  a.    [Gr.  ttoXvs,  many,  and  rcxi''/, 

art.] 

Cdmprehendins  many  arts;  applied  particularly  to 
n  school  in  wliich  many  brandies  of  urt  or  science 
are  tiiight. 

POL-Y-TIIAI/A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  iroXuf,  many,  and 
y<iAn(i')<,  chamber.] 

Many  cliambered  ;  applied  to  ceplialopods  having 
mnltilocular  shells.  P.  Cyc. 

POL'Y-TIIE-ISM,  n.  [Fr.  pohjtheisme ;  Gr.  ttuXuj, 
many,  and  Sfis,  S'ld.] 

The  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  gods  or  invisible  be- 
ings superior  to  man,  and  having  an  agency  in  the 
government  of  the  world.  StiUinitflrct. 
POL,'Y-THE-[f!T,  71.    A  person  who  believes  in  or 

maintains  the  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  gods. 
POI,-Y-THE-IST'IC,        I  a.    Pertaining  to  polvthe- 
POL-Y-TIIE-IST'ie-AL,  1     ism;  as,  polytlicisUc  be- 
lief or  worship. 

2.  Holding  a  plurality  of  gods  ;  as,  a  pohjthcisiic 
writer.  Milner.  Kncyc. 

P01,-Y-T»E-rST'ie-AL-LY,  aiZo.    In  the  manner  of 

polytheism. 
POL-Y-ZO'NAL,  a.    [Gr.  noXi-s  and  ^cwri.] 

Consisting  of  many  zones  or  rings;  as,  apohjzanal 
lens.  Brewster. 
POM'ACE,  (pum'ase,)  71.    [from  L.  pomum,  an  apple, 
It.  powc,  Sp.  porno,  Fr.  pomtne.] 

The  substance  of  apiiles  or  of  similar  fruit  crushed 
by  grinding.    In  America,  it  is  so  called  before  and 
after  being  pressed.    [See  Pomp  and  Pommel.] 
PO-M.A'CEOUS,  (  shus,)  a.    Consisting  of  apples ; 
as,  pomaceoiis  harvests.  Philips. 
2.  Like  pomace. 
PO-MABE',  71.    [Ft.  pommadc :  It.  pirmata;  Sp.pomada, 
either  from  pnmo,  fruit,  or  from  perfuming  ;  poma  sig- 
nifying, in  Spanish,  a  |)erfiime-liox.] 
Perfumed  ointment.    [Litth  «^frf.] 
PO-MAN'DER,  71.    [Vr.  pomme  (Vanibre.  Johnson.] 
A  sweet  ball ;  a  perfumed  ball  or  powder. 

Bacon.  Shak. 
PO-Ma'TTTM,  71.    [Fr.  pommade  ;  It.  pomata;  Sp.  po- 
vtada.    See  Pomaoe.] 

A  perfumed  unguent  or  composition  used  in  dress- 
ing the  hair.    It  is  also  used  in  medicine.  Enajc 
PO-Ma'TUM,  71.  (.    To  apply  pomatum  to  the  hair. 
PC.ME,  71.    [L.pomum.]  [Diet. 

1.  In  botanij,  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  pericarp  without 
valves,  containing  a  capsule  or  capsules,  as  the  apple, 
pear,  &.c.  Martyii. 

2.  A  name  given  in  America  to  baked  cakes  of 
maize  or  Indian  meal,-nbout  the  size  of  an  apple. 

PO.ME,  ».  i.    [Vr.  pommcr.] 

To  grow  to  a  head,  or  form  a  head  in  growing. 

[Mit  u.ied.]  ma. 

POME-CIT'kON,  71.    A  citron  apple.       B.  ./on-ion. 
POME-GRA.V'ATE,  (piim-gran'nate,)  n.    [h.  pomum, 

an  apple,  and  granatum,  grained.    See  Grain  and 

Granate.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus 
Punica.  This  fruit  is  as  large  as  an  orange,  having 
a  hard  rind  filled  with  a  soft  pulp  and  numerous 
seeds.    It  is  of  a  reddish  color. 

2.  The  tree  that  produces  pomegranates. 

3.  An  ornament  resembling  a  pomegranate,  on  the 
robe  and  ephod  of  the  .lewish  high  priest. 

POME-GRAN'ATE-TUEE,  71.  The  tree  which  pro- 
duces pomegranates. 

POME'ROY,  (pum'roy,)  )  n.     Roval  apple;  a 

POME-ROY'AL,  (pum-roy'al,)  j  particular  sort  of 
apple.  Jiinswirrth. 

POME'-WA-TER,  7?.    A  sort  of  apple.  Shah. 

PO.M'EY,  71.  [In  heraldry,  a  green  roundel.  —  E.  H. 
Barker.] 

PO-.MIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  pomum,  an  apple,  and  fero, 
to  produce.] 

Apple-bearing  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  plants  which 
bear  the  larger  fruits,  such  as  melons,  gounls,  pump- 
kins, cucumbers,  &c.,  in  distinction  from  the  baccif- 
erous  or  berry-bearing  plants.       Rny.  Jtrbuthnul. 

POMME,  I  71.    In  heraldrii,  [never  occur  alone, 

POM-METTE',  i  but  only  in  union  with  cross ;  as,  a 
cross  pomme,  a  cross  of  which  the  ends  terminate  in 
three  half  circlets  resembling  apples.  There  are 
several  crosses  of  various  forms  ;  as,  the  cross  moUne, 
the  cross  paUmce  E.  H.  Barker.] 

POM'MAGE,  (pum'-)  n.    See  Pomace. 

POM'MEL,  Cpum'mel,)  71.  [Fr.  poraiTieoii ;  It.  7>nmo,  an 
apple  ;  porno  delta  spada,  the  pommel  of  a  hilt  ;  Sp. 
porno,  L.  pomum,  an  apple,  or  a  similar  fruit  ;  \V. 
ptemp,  a  round  mass  or  lump.] 

1.  A  knob  or  ball;  any  ornament  of  a  globular 
form.    2  Chron.  iv. 

2.  The  knob  on  the  hilt  of  a  sword  ;  the  protuber- 
ant pan  of  a  saddle-bow ;  the  round  knob  on  the 
frame  of  a  chair,  to. 

POM'MEL,  (pum'mel,)  v.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To 
beat  as  with  a  pommel,  that  is,  with  something  thick 
or  bulky ;  to  bruise. 


P  ON 

[The  French  se  pommelir,  to  grow  dapple,  to  cur- 
dle, is  from  the  same  source ;  hut  the  sense  is  to 
make  knobs  or  lumps,  and  hence  to  variegate,  or 
make  spots  like  knobs.  The  Welsh  have  from  the 
same  rot)t,  or  pwtnp,  a  mass,  pwmpiaw,  to  form  a 
round  mass,  ami  to  ttumip,  to  bang.  Eng.  to  hiiwp.] 
POM'MEI^£D,  (puui'meld,)  pp.  lieaten  ;  bruised. 
2.  a.  Ill  heraldry,  having  pommels,  as  a  sword  or 
dagger. 

POM'.MEL-ING,ppr.  Heating. 
POM'iMEL-ING,  71.    A  beating  or  bruising. 
POM-MkL'ION,  (-mel'yuii,)  71.    [from /lommcf.]  The 
cascubel  or  hindmost  knob  of  a  cannon. 

JV/ar.  DicL 

PO-HIO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  pomology. 
P()-MOL'0-GIST,  71.    One  interested  in  pomology. 
PO-:\IOL'0-GY,  71.     Tlie  art  or  science  of  raising 
fruit." 

POMP,  71.  [L.  pompa  ;  Fr.  pompe;  Arm.  pomp;  pom- 
padi,  to  boast  ;  It.  and  Sp.  pompa ;  Sw.  pomp  ;  1).  pomp, 
a  pump,  and  pompocn,  a  gourd,  a  pumpkin  ;  Q.  pomp, 
show,  and  pumpe,  a  pump.  'J'hese  words  appear  to 
be  all  of  one  family,  coinciding  with  L.  bmnbus,  Sp. 
bomba.  Eng.  bomb,  bombast.  The  radical  sense  is,  to 
swell  or  dilate;  Gr.  tt  ■p!:ri,  no^iwcia,  rroiirrsiini.] 

1.  A  procession  distinguished  by  ostentation  of 
grandeur  and  splendor ;  as,  the  po/np  of  a  Roman 
triumph. 

2.  Show  of  magnificence  ;  parade;  splendor. 

Hearts  form.-d  lor  love,  bul  ilomiir-il  in  v.iin  lo  glow 

In  prisonetl  pojn^,  ami  weep  in  niiU-ndid  woe.    D.  IJuinphreye. 

POMP-.\T'ie,  a.    [liOW  L.  pompaticus,  pompatus.] 
Pompous  ;  splendid  ;  ostent;itious.    [JVot  111  use.] 

Burrow, 

POMP'ET,  71.  The  ball  which  printers  use  to  black 
the  types.  Cotgravc. 

POM'PIIO-LYX,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  7ro„7rr,Xi)[  ;  to,,^o?, 
a  tumor  ;  7rr;/(/iif,  a  blast,  a  puff,  a  bubble,  a  pustule. 
See  Pomp.] 

The  white  oxyd  which  sublimes  during  the 
combustion  of  zinc,  called  flowers  of  zinc.  It 
rises  and  adheres  to  the  dome  of  the  furnace  and 
the  covers  of  the  crucibles.  Hill.  JiTicliolson.  Ure. 
PO.MP'I-ON,  (piimp'e-on,)  71.  [D.  pompoeu,a  pumpkin, 
a  gourd  ;  Sw.  pnmpa.    See  Pomp  and  Pomace.] 

A  pumpkin ;  a  plant  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Cu- 
cnrbita. 

POM'PIRE,  71.    [L.  pomum,  apple,  and  pynis,  pear.] 
A  sort  of  pearmain.  .^inswortli. 

POM-POS'I-TY,  71.    [It.  pomposild.] 

Pompousness  ;  ostentation  ;  boasting.  .^iltin. 

POM-Pn'SO,  [It.]    In  music,  grand  and  dignified. 

POMP'OUS,  a.    [Fr.  pompeux  ;  It.  pomposo.] 

1.  Displaying  pomp  ;  showy  with  grandeur;  splen- 
did ;  magnificent;  as,  a  pompous  procession  ;  a  pom- 
pous triumph. 

2.  Ostentatious  ;  boastful ;  as,  a  pompous  account 
of  private  adventures. 

PO.MP'OUS-LY,  arfu.  With  great  parade  or  display  ; 
magnificently  ;  splendidly;  ostentatiously.  Dryden. 

PO.MP'OUS-NESS,  11.  The  state  of  being  pompous; 
magnificence  ;  splendor  ;  great  display  of  show  ;  os- 
tentatiousness.  Addison. 

PO.M'-WA-TER,  71.    The  name  of  a  large  api)le. 

Diet. 

POND,  71.  [Pp.  Port,  and  It.  pnnlano,  a  pool  of  stag- 
nant water,  also  in  Sp.  liinderance,  obstacle,  diffi- 
culty. The  name  imports  standing  water,  from  set- 
ting or  confining.  It  may  be  allied  to  L.  pono ;  Sa.\. 
pyndan,  to  pound,  to  pen,  to  restrain,  and  L.  pontus, 
the  sea,  may  be  of  the  same  family.] 

1.  A  body  of  stagnant  water  without  an  outlet, 
larger  than  a  puddle,  and  smaller  than  a  lake  ;  or  a 
like  body  of  water  with  a  small  outlet.  In  the  United 
.States,  we  give  this  name  to  collections  of  water  in 
the  interior  country,  which  are  fed  by  springs,  and 
from  which  issues  a  small  stream.  These  ponds  are 
often  a  mile  or  two,  or  even  more,  in  length,  and  the 
current  issuing  from  them  is  used  to  drive  the  wheels 
of  mills  and  furnaces. 

2.  A  collection  of  water  raised  in  a  river  by  a  dam, 
for  the  purpose  of  propelling  mill-wheels.  Tliese 
artificial  ponds  are  called  Mii,i,-pond9. 

Pond,  for  fi-^h.    See  Fish-Pond. 
PONU.r.  t.    [from  the  noun.]    To  make  a  pond  ;  to 

collect  in  a  pond  by  stopping  the  current  of  a  river. 
POND,  r.  (.  To  pimder.  [JVot  in  u.ie.]  Spen.ier. 
PON'DER,  V.  t.     [L.  pondero,  from  pondo,  pondu.t, 

a    pound;   pcndeo,  pendo,   to  weigh;    and  Pers. 

ujk/U\k\*j  pindaskatan,  and  ^"^ »Xj^ \ JsjL)  iaii- 

dazidan,  to  think,  to  consider.] 

1.  To  weigh  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  and  com- 
pare the  circumstances  or  consequences  of  an  event, 
or  the  importance  of  the  reasons  for  or  against  a  de- 
cisi(m. 

M.iry  kept  nil  lh<ae  Uiingi,  «ud  pondered  Ihem  In  her  heart.  — 
Luke  ii. 

2.  To  view  with  deliberation  ;  to  e.xamine. 

Ponder  the  puih  of  thy  feeu  —  Prov,  iv. 
'i'lte  Lorvl  potutenth  tiic  heart*.  —  ProT.  xxl. 


PON 

7*17  ponder  on,  is  sometimes  used,  but  is  not  to  be 
countenanced. 
PO.\-I)EK-A-IiILy-TY,  n.   The  state  of  being  pon- 
derable. 

PO.N'DER-A-IILE,  a.  That  may  be  weighed  ;  capa- 
ble of  being  wtighi  d.  Brown. 

PON'DER-AL,  a.    [from  L.  pondus,  weight.] 

Estimated  or  asci  rlained  by  weight,  as  distin- 
guished from  Numeral;  as,  a  pondtral  drachma. 

JlrhuOlooL 

PON'DER-ANCE,  71.    Weight  ;  gravity.  are^rory. 
PON'DEK-.^'I'E,  7'.  t.    To  weigh  in  the  mind  ;  to  con- 

siilcr.    [A'ut  in  use.]  Ch.  Rrli".  Appeal. 

PON-UEIl-A'TION,  71.    The  act  of  weighing. 

Arbuihnot. 

PON'DER-ra,  pp.    Weighing  in  the  mind  ;  consid- 
ered ;  examined  by  intellectual  operatiim. 
PON'DER-ER,  11.    One  that  weighs  in  his  mind. 

n'hiltocl:. 

PON'DER-ING,  ppr.  Weighing  intellectually  ;  consid- 
ering ;  deliberating  on. 

PON'DEK-ING-LY,  adv.  With  consideration  or  de- 
liberation. HummvjiiL 

PON-DER-OS'I-TY,  71.    Weight ;  gravity  ;  heaviness. 

Brown.  Huij. 

PON'DER-OUS,  a.  [L.  ponrfcrasua  ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port. 
ponderoso.] 

1.  Very  heavy;  weighty;  as,  a  ponderous  shield; 
a  ponderous  load. 

2.  Important ;  momentous  ;  as,  a  ponderous  pro- 
ject.   [This  application  of  the -word  is  unusitol.j 

Forcible;  strcuigly  impulsive;  as,  a  motion  ve- 
hement or  ponderous  ;  a  ponderous  blow. 

Bacon.  Dryden. 
Ponderous  frpnr  ;  heavy  spar,  or  barytes. 
PON'DER-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  great  weight. 
PON'DER-OUS-NESS,  71.  Weight;  heaviness;  grav- 
ity. Boyle. 
PO.\D'-WEED,  71.     [pond  and  weed.]     An  aquatic 
herb  of  the  genus  Potamogeton.    The  triple-headed 
pond-weed  is  of  the  genus  Zannichellia. 
PO'NENT,  a.    [H.  poncnte,  the  west;  li.  ponens,  from 
pono,  to  set.] 

Western  ;  as,  the  ponent  winds.    [Little  used.] 

MUon. 

PON-GEE',  71.    An  inferior  kind  of  India  silk. 

PON"GO,  71.  The  name  poniro  was  applied  by  IJiifTon 
to  a  large  species  of  orang  oiitang,  wliii  h  is  now  as- 
ceitained  to  have  been  an  imaginary  animal.  It  is 
applied  by  Cuvier  to  the  largest  species  of  ape  known, 
which  inhabits  Borneo,  and  resemliles  the  true  orang 
outang  in  its  general  form  and  erect  position,  but  has 
the  cheek  pouches  and  lengthened  muzzle  of  the 
baboon.  It  has  also  been  applied  (fjl.  Kncyc.)  to  the 
Simia  troirtodytcs  or  chimpanzee  of  Cuvier,  a  native 
of  Western  Africa.  Cuvier.    Ed.  Encyc. 

PON'IARD,  (pon'yaid,)  71.  [Fr.  poignard  ;  It.  pu- 
gnalc;  Sp.puhal:  Port,  punhal.  There  is  an  appear- 
ance of  the  formation  of  this  word  from  the  name  of 
the  fist,  Fr.  poing,  Sp  puho.  It.  pugno,  L.  pugnus  ; 
but  this  is  not  obvious.] 

A  small  dagger;  a  pointed  instrument  for  stab- 
bing, borne  in  the  hand,  or  at  the  girdle,  or  in  the 
pocket.  Encyc. 

POX'I.\RD,  (pon'yard,)  ».  fc  To  pierce  with  a  poii- 
iartl  ;  lo  slab. 

PON  'f  ARD-ED,  pp.  Pierced  with  a  poniard  ;  stabbed. 
PO.NK,  II.     [qu.  W.  pwca,  bwg,  a  hobgoblin ;  Ice. 
puke.  ] 

.\  nocturnal  spirit ;  a  hag.    [JVo(  in  vst.]  Shale. 
PON'T.\e,  71.    A  fine  species  of  claret  wine. 
PO.VTAGE,  71.    [L.  pons,  ponlis,  a  bridge,  Sp.  puente, 
W.  pont.] 

A  duty  paid  for  repairing  bridges.  Ayliffe. 

PON-TEE',  n.  In  glass  works,  an  iron  instrument  used 
to  stick  the  glass  at  the  bottom,  for  the  more  conven- 
ient fashioning  the  neck  of  it.  Cyc. 

PON'Tie,  a.      [L.   Pontus,  the  Eusine  Sea,  ilr. 

TTOiTO^.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Pontus,  Euxine,  or  Black  Sea. 

J.  Bartow. 

PON'TIFF,  71.  [Fr.  pontifc;  L.  pontifez:  said  to  be 
from  pons,  a  bridge,  and  facio,  to  make.  The  sec- 
ond /  would  more  properly  be  omitted  in  this  word, 
as  it  is  in  the  derivatives.] 

A  high  priest.  The  Romans  had  a  college  of  pon- 
tiffs; the  Jews  had  their  pontiffs;  and  in  inotlem 
times,  the  pope  is  called  pontiff,  or  sovereign  pontiff. 

Encyc 

PON-TIF'ie,  a.    Relating  to  priests  ;  popish. 

M'dton.  Shensttnu 
PON-TIF'ie-AL,  a.    [L.  pontifiealis.] 

1.  Belonging  to  a  high  priest ;  as,  poiKi/Icai  author- 
ity ;  hence,  belonging  to  the  pope  ;  popish.  Ralegh. 

2.  Splendid  ;  magnificent.  Shak. 

3.  llritlge-building.    [Abt  used.]  Milton. 
PON-Tl  F'IG-AL,  71.    A  book  containing  rites  and  cer 

emonies  ecclesiastical.  SoutJi.  StdlintrJUet. 

PON-TlF-ie-AL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  and  government 

of  the  pope  ;  the  papacy.  [A'ot  used.]  Usher. 
PON-Tl F'le-Al^LY,  adv.  In  a  pontifical  manner. 
PON-Tl  F'le-ALS,  71.  pL    The  dress  and  ornamcnU  of 

a  priest  or  bishop.  LowtA. 
PON-Tl F'le- ATE,  71.    [L.  pontificatiLs.] 


TONE,  BULL.  l^NtTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  »  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


106" 


SSS" 


643 


POO 


POP 


POP 


1.  The  state  or  dignity  of  a  high  priest ;  particu- 
larbj,  tile  ctlice  or  dignity  of  the  pope. 

He  turned  hermit  in  the  view  of  licing  advanced  to  the  poiitifi- 
cfUe.  Addison, 

2.  The  reign  of  a  pope. 

Painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture,  may  all  recover  tliemselvea 
under  the  present  pontificate.  Addison. 

/•ONT'I-FIt'E,  (poiit'f-fis,)  71.    Bridgo-work  ;  struc- 

ttirf  or  edifirp  of  a  hriil^e.  [Little  used.]  Milton. 
PO.\-TI-FI"CIAL,  (  fisli'al,)  a.     Pertaining  to  the 

pope.  Burton. 
PON-TI-FI"CIAN,  (-fish'an,)  a.     Pertaining  to  the 

IH.pp.  Hall. 
PO.V-'i'I-FI'TIAN,  71.    One  tliat  adheres  to  tlie  pope; 

:i  III  iii  ui  Catholic.  Mountagu. 

POMP'-nNE,  i  °-         P""''""'  a 

A  term  designating  a  large  marsh  between  Rome 
and  Naples:. 

PONT'LE-VIS,  7t.    In  horsemanship,  a  disorderly  re- 
sisting of  a  horse  by  rearing  repeatedly  on  liis  hind 
legs,  so  as  to  be  in  danger  of  coming  over.  Bailey. 
POX-TO-Nlf;R',    ;  «.     A  term  applied  to  suld'iers 
PON'-TO.\-i\lER',  j     having  the  charge  of  construct- 
ing bridses. 

PON-TOON',  71.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  ponton,  from  Fr.  pont, 
L.  pons,  a  bridge,  probably  from  the  root  of  pono,  to 
lay.] 

1.  A  fiat-bottomed  boat,  whose  frame  of  wood  is 
covered  and  lined  with  tin,  or  covered  witli  copper; 
used  in  forming  bridges  over  rivers  for  armies. 

P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  lighter;  a  low,  flat  vessel,  resembling  a 
barge,  furnished  with  cranes,  capstans,  and  other 
machinery ;  used  in  cajeening  ships,  chiefly  in  the 
mediterranean.  Mar.  Diet. 

Pontoon  bridge,  is  a  bridge  formed  with  pontoons, 
anchored  or  made  fast  in  two  parallel  lines,  a  few 
feet  asunder.  P.  Ctjc. 

Pontoon  carriaire,  is  made  with  two  wheels  (inly, 
and  two  long  side  pieces,  whose  fore  ends  are  sup- 
ported by  timbers.  Cyc. 

Po'NY,  /(. ;       Po.viES.    A  small  horse. 

poor),  11.  .4  Russian  weight,  equal  to  40  Russian  or 
3fi  English  pounds  avoirdupois. 

POO'DLE,  71.  A  small  dog,  resembling  the  water  dog, 
covered  with  long,  silky  hair,  either  wln»lly  white  or 
u'ith  black  patches.  Parfini'ton. 

POOL,  H.  [i'ax.pol,pul!  D.poel:  G.pfuhl;  Uxn.pal: 
W.  picll,  a  pool  or  pit ;  Arm.  pout;  Ij.  palus:  Cir.  tt./- 
Xof  ;  probably  from  setting,  standing,  like  L.  stag- 
num,  or  from  issuing,  as  a  spring.] 

A  small  collection  of  water  in  a  li.illow  place,  sup- 
plied by  a  spring,  and  discharging  its  surplus  water 
by  an  outlet.  It  is  smaller  than  a  lake,  and,  in  New 
England,  is  never  confounded  with  pond  ur.lalie.  It 
signifies,  with  us,  a  spring  with  a  small  basin  or  res- 
ervoir, on  the  surface  of  the  earth.  It  is  used  by 
writers  with  more  latitude,  and  sometimes  signifies 
a  body  of  stagnant  water.  Milton.  Encyc.  Bacon. 

POOL,     )         rr?  ,  ^ 

POm.E,         [Fr- J'""''"-] 

The  stakes  played  for  in  certain  games  of  cards. 

POOI/ER,  71.    An  instrument  to  stir  a  tan  vat. 

POOP,".  [Ft.  pnujyf  ;  ll,  pnppa  ;  Sp.popa;  Ij.  puppis ; 
probably  a  projection.] 

The  highest  and  aftermost  part  of  a  ship,  reaching 
forward  to  the  miz/.en  mast.  Tottcn. 

POOP,  i>.  t.    To  strike  upon  the  stern,  as  a  heavy  sea. 
2.  To  strike  the  stern,  as  one  vessel  that  runs  her 
stem  against  another's  stern.  Mar.  Diet. 

POOP' /CD,  (poopt,)  pp.  or  a.  Having  a  poop ;  struck 
on  the  poop  by  a  heavy  stia. 

POOP' INC,  71.  The  shock  of  a  he.avy  sea  on  the  stern 
or  tpiarter  of  a  ship,  when  scudding  in  a  tempest ; 
also,  the  action  of  one  shiji's  runniiiL'  h(T  stem 
against  another's  stern.  Mar.  Diet. 

POOR,  fl.  [L.  pauper:  Fr.  pauvre  ;  Pp.  pabre;  It.  po- 
vero  :  Antt.  paour  ;  Norm,  pour,  power.] 

1.  Wholly  destitute  of  property,  or  not  having 
profi'Tty  Huflicient  for  a  comfortalile  subsistence  ; 
needy.  It  is  often  synonymous  with  Inoioent,  and 
with  .\KCEs»iTnu», denoting  extreme  want;  it  is  .also 
applied  tt)  persons  who  are  not  entirely  destitute  of 
propr  rty,  but  are  not  rich  ;  as,  n.poor  man  or  woman  ; 
pa  r  people. 

2.  In  law,  so  destitute  of  property  as  to  be  entitled 
Iti  maintenance  from  the  public. 

;t.  Destitute  of  strength,  beauty,  or  dignity;  bar- 
ren ;  mean  ;  jejune  ;  as,  a  poor  composition  ;  a  poor 
essay  ;  a  poor  discourse. 

4.  Destitute  of  value,  worth,  or  importance ;  of 
little  use  ;  trifling. 

'J'iiat  I  have  wronged  no  man,  will  bo  a  jioor  pica  or  nrn\r,^\  at 
the  hul  day.  OiUur.y. 

5.  Paltry  ;  mean  ;  of  little  value  ;  as,  a  poor  coat ; 
n  poor  house. 

6.  Destitute  of  fertility  ;  barren  ;  exhausted  ;  09, 
poor  land.    The  ground  is  becomtr  poor, 

7.  Of  little  worth ;  unimportant ;  as,  in  my  poor 
opinion.  Swift. 

8.  Unhappy ;  pitiable. 

Vexed  nallon  cnnie  the  rain 
For  which  p<>or  •hcplierli  prayed  In  vain.  H'nltrr, 


9.  Mean  ;  depressed  ;  low  ;  dejected  ;  destitute  of 
spirit. 

A  £of  Ihsayer  made  Antonius  believe  that  his  renins,  which  was 
otherwisa  brave,  was,  in  the  presence  of  Octavianus,  7>oor 
and  cowardly.  Bacon. 

10.  Lean  ;  emaciated ;  as,  a  poor  horse  ;  the  ox  Is 
poor. 

11.  Small,  or  of  a  bad  quality  ;  as,  a  poor  crop  ;  a 
pour  harvest. 

13.  Uncomfortable;  restless;  ill.  The  patient  has 
hatl  a  poor  night. 

13.  Destitute  of  saving  grace.    Rev.  iii. 

14.  //(  irencral,  wanting  good  qualities,  or  the  qual- 
ities which  lender  a  thing  valuable,  excellent, 
proper,  or  suflicient  for  its  purpose  ;  as,  a  poor  pen  ; 
a  jioor  ship  ;  a  poor  carriage  ;  poor  fruit ;  poor  bread  ; 
poor  wine,  &:c. 

15.  A  word  of  tenderness  or  pity;  dear. 

Poor,  little,  pretty,  fluttering  thing.  Prior, 
IG.  A  word  of  slight  contempt ;  wretched. 
The  poor  monk  never  saw  many  of  the  decrees  and  councils  he 
hail  occasion  to  use.  Baker. 

17.  The  poor,  collectively,  used  as  a  noun ;  those 
who  are  destitute  of  property  ;  the  indigent ;  the 
needy.  In  a  legal  ,mise,  tiiose  who  depend  on  char- 
ity or  maintenance  by  the  public. 

1  have  observed  the  more  puhlic  provisions  are  m.ade  for  the  ;JOor, 
the  less  tliey  provide  lor  tliemselves.  FVanlclin, 

Poor  in  spirit ;  in  a  scriptural  .nense,  humble  ;  con- 
trite ;  abased  in  one's  own  sight  by  a  sense  of  guilt. 
Mntl.  V. 

POOR'ER,  a.  coinp.    More  poor. 

POOR'EST,  o.  supcrl.    Most  poor. 

POOR'-IIOUSE,  n.    A  public  establishment  for  the 

support  of  the  poor. 
POOU'JOllN,  (  jon,)  7i.    A  fish  of  the  cod  family,  the 

common  iiake,  Merluccius  vulgaris. 

Jardine^s  J\rat.  Lib. 
POOR'-LAWS,  71.  pi.    Laws  for  the  support  of  the 

poor. 

POOR'LY,  adv.  Without  wealth ;  in  indigence  or 
want  of  the  conveniences  and  comforts  of  life  ;  as, 
to  live  poorly.  Sidney, 

2.  With  little  or  no  success  ;  with  little  growth, 
priifit,  (ir  atlvantage  ;  as,  wheat  grows  poorly  on  the 
Atlantic  borders  of  New  England  ;  these  men  have 
succeeded  poorly  in  business. 

3.  Meanly  ;  vvithout  spirit. 

Nor  is  their  courage  or  their  wealth  so  low, 

That  from  his  wai-s  they  poorly  would  retire.  Dryden. 

4.  Without  excellence  or  dignity.  He  performs 
poorly  in  elevated  characters. 

POOR'LY,  a.  Somewhat  ill  ;  indisposed  ;  not  in 
health.  [Familiar.] 

For  three  or  iuur  weeks  past  I  have  lost  ground,  haviniT  heen 
poorly  ill  health.  T,  ScoU. 

POOR'NESS,  11.    Destitution  of  property  ;  indigence  ; 
poverty  ;  want ;  as,  the  poorness  of  the  exchequer. 
No  less  I  hate  him  than  the  gates  of  hell, 
That  poorness  can  force  an  untruth  to  tell.  Chajjjnan, 

[In  this  sense  we  gener.ally  use  Povertv.] 

2.  Meanness  ;  lowness ;  want  of  dignity ;  as,  the 
poorne'!s  of  language. 

3.  \Vant  of  spirit ;  as,  poorness  and  degeneracy  of 
spirit.  .Addison. 

4.  Barrenness;  sterility;  as,  the  poorness  of  land 
or  soil. 

5.  Unproductiveness  ;  want  of  the  metallic  sub- 
stance ;  as,  the  poorncis  of  ore. 

G.  Smallness  or  b  id  quality ;  as,  the  poorness  of 
crops  or  of  grain. 

7.  Want  of  value  or  importance;  as,  the  poorness 
of  a  plea. 

8.  Want  of  good  qualities,  or  the  proper  qualities 
which  constitute  a  thing  good  in  its  kind  ;  as,  the 
poorness  of  a  ship  or  of  cloth. 

9.  Narrowness  ;  barrenness  ;  want  of  capacity. 

Spectator, 

Poorness  of  spirit ;  in  a  theological  sense,  true  liii- 

inilitv  or  contrition  of  heart  on  account  of  sin. 
POOR-SPIR'IT-IiD,  a.    Of  a  mean  spirit ;  cowardly  ; 

base.  Denham. 
POOR-RPIR'IT-ED-NESS,  n.    Meanness  or  baseness 

of  spirit ;  cowardice.  South. 
POP,  n.    [D.  poep.    The  primary  sense  is,  to  drive  or 

thrust.] 

A  small,  smart,  quick  sound  or  report.  Spectator. 
POP,  11.  1.    To  enter  or  issue  forth  with  a  quick,  sud- 
den niotiun. 

1  slurlh'd  ut  U'\n  Jjopping  upon  mc  unexpectedly.  Addison, 

2.  To  dart ;  to  start  from  place  to  place  suddenly. 

Stri,ft. 

POP,  II.  (.  To  thrust  or  push  suddenly  with  a  ipiick 
motion 

He  popj'td  a  paper  Into  his  hand.  MtUon, 

DitUt  ih  ju  never  pOTi 
Thy  hrad  into  a  tiinnan'.  .hop  /  Prior. 

To  pop  off:  to  thrust  away  ;  to  shift  ofC.  Lnelce. 
POP,  ado.    .Suddenly;  with  sudden  entrance  or  ap- 
pearance. 

Pfil'l'.,  II.  [Or.  Tiiirii,  irnirirus,  irnirTiof  ;  Low  L.  papa; 
lliiiiloo,  bab  ;  Turkish,  baba  ;  Bitliynian,  poppas  ; 


[from  L.  poples,  the  ham.] 


It.  and  Port,  papa;  Fr.  pape;  Scythian,  papa.  The 
word  denotes  father,  and  is  among  the  first  words 
arlictihited  by  children.] 

1.  The  bishop  of  Rome,  the  head  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  church.  Encyc. 

2.  A  small  fislrof  the  perch  family,  called  also  a 
Ri'FF.  WalUtn. 

PoPE'DO.M,  71.    The  place,  office,  or  dignity  of  the 
pope  ;  [lapal  dignity.  Shah. 
2.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  pope. 
PoPE'-JoAN',  (-jopc',)  71.    A  game  of  cards.  Jenner. 
PoPE'LlNCi,  «.    An  ailherent  of  the  pope. 
PoP'ER-Y,  7!.    The  religion  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  comprehending  doctrines  and  practices. 

Swift.  Encyc. 
PoPE'S'-EVE,  71.    [pope  and  eye.]    The  gland  sur- 
rounded with  fat  in  the  middle  of  the  thigh. 

Johnson, 

PoPE'S'-IIEAD,  (-hed,)  ti.  A  large,  round  brush, 
witli  a  long  handle,  for  dusting  ceilings.  Hullimcll. 

POP'GUN,  n.  A  small  gun  or  tube  used  by  children 
to  shoot  wads  and  make  a  noise.  Ckcyne. 

POP'IN-Ja  Y,  11.  [Sp.  papagayo ;  papa  and  gayo  ;  Port. 
id.  i  It.  pappagallo.] 

1.  A  pariotT  Grew. 

2.  A  woodpecker,  a  bird  with  a  gay  head. 

Peachain. 

The  green  woodpecker,  a  bird  with  a  scarlet 
crown,  a  native  of  Europe.  Ed.  Encyc. 

3.  A  gay,  trifling  young  man ;  a  fop  or  coxcomb. 

SItak. 

PoP'ISH,  a.  Relating  to  the  pope  ;  taught  by  the 
[lope  ;  pertaining  to  the  pope  or  the  Roman  Catholic 
church  ;  \\^,  popish  tenets  or  ceremonies. 

PoP'ISH-LY,  aiie.  In  a  popish  manner;  with  a  ten- 
dency to  popery ;  as,  to  be  popisldy  affected  or  in- 
clined. 

POP'L.'VR,  71.     [L.  populus  i  Fr.  peuplier ;  It.  pio]>po  ; 

D.  poputier ;  G.  pappel,  poplar  and  mallows ;  Sw. 

poppel-trad :  Ir.  pobhlar.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Populus,  of  several  species, 

as  the  abele,  the  white  poplar,  the  black  poplar,  the 

aspen-tree,  &,c.    The  species  are  all  of  rapid  growth, 

with  sofl  wood.  Loudon. 
POP'LIN,  71.    A  stufl"  made  of  silk  and  worsted.  It 

contains  more  silk  than  bombazine. 
POP-LIT'E-AL, 
POP  LIT'ie, 

Pertaining  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  knee  joint 

or  ham.  Brandc.    Med.  Repos. 

POP'PKD,  (popt,)  pp.    Darted  in  or  out  suddenly. 
POP'PET.    See  Puppet. 

POP'PING,  ppr.  Entering  or  issuing  forth  with  a 
quick,  sudtlen  motion. 

POP'PY,  71.  [Sax.  popeg ;  W.pabi;  Fr.  pavot;  L.  pa- 
paver  :  It.  papavero.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Papaver,  of  several  species, 
from  one  of  which,  the  P.  somniferum,  or  white  poppy, 
is  collected  opium.  This  is  the  milky  juice  of  the 
capsule  when  half  grown,  or  of  any  other  part  of  the 
plant  which  exudes  from  incisions  in  the  cortical 
part,  is  scraped  otf,  and  worked  in  the  sun's  heat  till 
it  is  of  a  consistence  to  form  cakes.  Encyc. 

POP'lJ-LACE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  It.  popaeuccio,  from 
populus.    See  People.] 

The  common  people;  the  vulgar ;  the  multitude, 
comprehending  all  persons  not  distinguished  by 
rank,  education,  oliice,  profession,  or  erudition. 

Pope.  Sicift,. 

POP'l|-LA-CY,  71.    The  populace  or  common  people. 

jr.  Charles. 

POP'U-LAR,  a.  [Fr.  populaire  ;  It.  pojwlare ;  Sp.  popu- 
lar: h.  popularis.    See  People.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common  people;  as,  the  popu- 
lar voice  ;  popular  elections. 

So  the  pojyular  vote  inclines.  ^ruton. 

2.  Suitable  to  common  people  ;  familiar  ;  plain  ; 
easy  to  be  compreheiided  ;  not  critical  or  abstruse. 

Hoiuiliea  art-  plain  and  popular  instructions.  Hooker. 

3.  Beloved  by  the  people  ;  enjoying  the  favor  of 
the  people  ;  pk'asing  to  people  in  general  ;  as,  a  ;)(>/l- 
Jl^llr  governor  ;  a  poyiiikr  preacher ;  a  popular  minis- 
try; a  popular  discourse;  a  popu/nr  administration  ; 
a  popular  war  or  pe.ace.  Suspi'ct  the  man  who  en- 
deavors to  make  that  popular  which  is  wrong. 

4.  Ambitious  ;  studious  of  the  favor  of  the  people. 
A  popular  man  is  in  tnith  no  better  than  a  prostitute  to  connnon 

I'luie  and  to  the  people.  Dryden. 

[This  sense  is  not  usual.  It  is  more  customary  to 
apply  this  epiOict  to  a  person  who  has  already  gained  the 
fatuir  of  the  people.] 

5.  Prevailing  among  the  people  ;  extensively  prev- 
alent ;  as,  a  popular  disease. 

(5.  In  law,  a  popular  action  is  one  which  gives  a 
penalty  to  the  person  that  sues  for  the  same. 

BlacLitone. 

Jfote, —  Popular,  nl  least  in  the  United  States,  is  not 
synonymous  with  vulgar:  the  lalliT  being  ap|ilied  to 
the  lower  classes  of  people,  the  illiterate  and  low- 
bred ;  the  former  is  applieil  to  all  classes,  or  to  the 
boily  of  the  jieople,  including  a  great  portion,  at 
least,  of  well-educateil  citizens. 


FATE,  FAK,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  IlIKD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


H4<i 


POR 


POR 


POR 


Pni'-q-LAK'I-TY,  ti.    [L.  in,,,uluril,Ls:] 

1.  t'livor  of  111**  people  ;  llie  stale  of  possessinj;  the 
alffclions  and  cunfulence  of  the  people  in  geitoral  ; 
ns,  the  piipidaritij  <pf  the  ministry  ;  the  popiilaritij  of  a 
piililic  olficer,  or  of  a  preacher.  It  is  applied  also  to 
things  ;  as,  the  popularitij  of  a  law  or  public  meas- 
ure ;  the  pnpularity  of  a  book  or  poem.  The  most 
vuliialile  trait  in  a  patriot's  character  is  to  forbear  all 
irjiproper  eompliances  for  Ruining  popularUij. 

I  luivi'  lonir  Binw  iciirncti  llii.*  lilllc  valup  which  i«  10  b*^  plac^'l  in 
poputai-ity-  ftcquirt'ii  by  any  otlier  way  than  virtmr ;  I  liuve 
altio  K-anieU  tliat  it  is  ol'leii  otjtaim-d  hv  uiIkt  means. 

P.  Ileiiry,  Wirl't  ^•keldte: 

The  man  whrsc  ruling  principle  is  dnty  —  is  ncvrr  piTiilexed 
with  anxious,  comHilMg  calculations  of  ililcrt-st  anti  jiopu- 
larity.  J.  IJatees. 

2.  Uepre.spntation  suited  to  viilaar  or  common  con- 
ception ;  that  which  is  intended  or  adapted  to  pro- 
cure the  favor  of  the  people.    [Little  iiseil.]  Bnrou. 

I'Or'lJ-L.\K-IZE,  )'.  <.  To  make  common  or  suitable 
to  the  mind  ;  to  spread  among  the  peo|)le ;  as,  to 
popularize  philosophy  t)r  phj'sics ;  to  pitpularize  a 
knowledj^e  of  rhemical  principles.    Brddor^.  Urc. 

POP'tl-LAR-rZ-ED,  pp.  Made  popular,  or  introduced 
among  the  people. 

POP'U-L.\R-lZ-l.\G,  ppr.  Making  popular,  or  intro- 
ducing anuuig  the  people. 

POP'tJ-I...\R-LY,  adv.  In  a  popular  manner  ;  so  as  to 
please  the  populace. 

The  victor  lini^ht, 
Bareheaded,  popularly  low  li.ul  bovveil.        •  Dnj'len. 

2.  According  to  the  conceptions  of  the  common 
people.  Briiwn. 
POPMT-L.5TE,  V.  i.    [It.  popolare,  from  L.  populus.] 
To  breed  people  ;  to  propagate. 
When  there     great  siioiUa  of  poojile  wiiicti  go  on  to  jiopulate. 

POP'IT-LSTE,  *t).  U  To  people;  to  furnish  with  in- 
habitants, either  by  natural  increase,  or  by  immigra- 
tion or  colon  iz.ation. 

POP'U-r.ATE,  for  Populous,  is  not  now  in  use. 

POP'IT-La-TED,  jip.  Furnished  with  inhabitants; 
peopled. 

POP'U-La-TING,  ppr.  Peopling. 
PUP-n-L.\'T10N,  71.    The  act  or  operation  of  peo- 
pling or  furnishing  with  inhabitants  ;  miiltiplieation 
of  inhabitants.    The  value  of  our  western  lands  is 
auntin'ly  enhanced  hy  papulation.       Unitrd  Statc.-^. 

2.  The  whole  number  of  people  or  inhabitants  in  a 
country,  or  portion  of  a  country.  The  population  of 
Englanil  IS  estimated  at  ten  millions  of  souls  ;  that 
of  the  United  States,  in  1823,  was  ten  millions. 

A  country  may  have  a  great  population,  and  ycl  not  hp  popu- 
lous. "  Toulce. 

The  stnte  of  a  country  with  regard  to  its  num- 
ber of  inhabitants,  or  rather  with  regard  to  its  num- 
bers compareti  with  tlieir  expenses,  consumption  of 
goods,  and  productions  and  earnings. 

Neither  is  the  population  to  be  reckoned  only  by  number ;  for  a 
smaller  nuniix'r  that  sp^'inl  more,  and  earn  less,  do  wear  out 
an  estate  soou-ir  tlian  a  greater  number  that  live  lower  and 
gather  niuiv.  Ba^on. 

POP'IJ-LIN,  n.  A  crj'stallizable  substance  separated 
from  the  bark  of  the  Populus  tremula,  or  aspen. 

Braude. 

POP-II-LOS'I-TY,  n.    Populousncss.    [JVu{  used.] 

Brotcn. 

POP'IT-I.OUS,  a.    [L.  popiao:>u^.] 

Full  of  inhabitants  ;  containing  many  inhabitants 
in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  the  country.  A  terri- 
tory containing  fifteen  or  twenty  inhabitants  to  a 
square  mile,  is  not  a  populous  country.  The  Nether- 
lands, and  some  parts  of  Italy,  containing  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile,  are 
deemetl  populous. 

POP'U-L()U.S-LY,  adv.  With  many  inhabitants  in 
proportion  to  the  extent  of  coiintrv. 

POP'IT-LOUS-NE-SS,  jt.  The  state  of  having  many 
inhabitants  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  country.  ' 

By  populousness,  in  contrailLstinction  to  jtopvtlfition,  is  nnder- 
Blooil  the  proportion  tlie  number  bears  to  the  surf.ic  of  liie 
ground  Ihr-y  live  on.  Tooke. 

POR'l!if,.\.GLE,  I  71.    A  species  of  shark;  the  Lamna 

PRC'BkA-GLE,  !     cornubica.  Yarrell. 

POR'CATE,     )        ri  j  i 

POR'eA-TEI),  1  "    [L- P""",  n  ndge.] 

Riilged  ;  formed  in  ridges.  .^siat.  Jles. 

POR'CE-LAIN,  71.  [Pp.  and  Port,  porcclana:  It.  por- 
cfllana,  signifjing  porcelain  and  purslain,  a  plant  ; 
Fr.  porceJaiur,  porcelain,  the  se.a-snail,  the  purple 
fish,  and  prrrslain  ;  Ann.  pourcelinnen.  Our  ;)nr.t/ai;i  is 
doubtless  from  the  Latin portulaca^na  Pliny  writes  it, 
otporculata,  as  others  write  it  But  I  know  not  the 
reason  of  the  name.] 

1.  The  finest  species  of  earthen  ware,  originallv 
manufactured  in  China  and  Ja[>an  hut  now  made  in 
several  European  countries.     All  earthen  wares 
which  are  white  and  semi-transparent,  are  called  , 
-porcelains:  but  they  differ  much  in  their  fineness  j 
and  betiiity.    The  porcelain  of  China  is  comimsed  I 
essentially  of  two  substances,  petuntse,  which  is  ' 
fusible,  and  kaolin,  which  is  not  fusible,  or  net  with  ■ 
the  degree  of  heat  which  fuses  the  petuntse  ;  anil  in 
porcelain  the  substances  are  only  semi-vitrified,  or 


one  substance  only  is  vitiifietl,  the  other  not.  Hence 
it  is  com-hitletl  Ihttt  porcehiin  is  an  intermetliate  sub- 
stance between  eaitli  anil  glass.  Hence  the  second 
degree  of  fusibility,  of  which  cmullrsccnce  is  the  first, 
is  called  by  Kiru'an  the  poretlain. state. 

JViclti>tsuu.    Kincan.  Khnes. 
S.  The  plant  called  Purslain,  which  see. 

.^iu.9irnrth. 

POR-CEL-La'NE-OUS,  a.  [from  porcelain.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  porcelain  ;  as,  porcellaneous 
shells.  Kalchell. 

POR'CEIrLA-NITE,  /!.  A  semi-vitrified  clay  orslialc, 
somewhat  resembling  jasper.  Dana. 

PoRCIl,  n.  [Fr,  porche,  frtiin  L.  porticus,  from  porta, 
a  gate,  entrance,  ttr  passage,  or  frtiiii  partus,  a  shelter.] 

1.  In  areliiteelure,  a  kind  of  vestibule  at  the  en- 
trance of  temples,  hulls,  churches,  or  other  build- 
ings. Braude. 

2.  A  portico  ;  a  covered  walk. 

3.  Ity  way  of  distinction,  the  porch  was  a  public 
portico  in  Athens,  where  Zeno,  the  philosopher, 
taught  his  disciples.  It  was  called  -uikiXii,  the 
painted  (itircii,  from  the  pictures  of  Polj'gnotus  and 
other  eminent  painters,  with  which  it  was  adorned. 
Hence,  the  porch  is  equivalent  to  the  school  of  the 
Stoics.  .  Kojield. 

POR'CINE,  a.   [L.  pnrcinas,  from  ;)07-n/.s-.   See  Pork.] 
Pertaining  to  swine  ;  as,  thi^;7orcine  species  of 
animals.  Orcironj. 

POR'CU-PINE,  71.  [It.  poreo-spinosOy  the  spinous  hog, 
or  spine-hog  ;  L.  porcus,  \V.  pore,  a  pig, and  L.  spina, 
a  spine  or  thorn.  So  in  French,  porc-epie,  the  spike- 
ho'T :  Sp.  purrco-espin  ;  Port,  porco-espiuho  ;  D.  yicr- 
varken,  iron-hog  ;  G.  stachelschwein,  thorn-swine  ; 
Sw.  pin.svin,  Dan.  pinds-viin,  pin-s«  inc.] 

In  loHlouy,  a  rodent  quadruped  of  the  genus  Ilys- 
trix  of  Linnwiis,  furnished  with  pines  or  tpiills  upon 
the  body,  covcreil  with  [irickles  which  are  very 
sharp,  and  someoflheni  twelve  inches  long;  these 
he  can  erect  at  pleasure.  When  attacktul,  he  rolls 
his  body  into  a  roiiiitl  form,  in  \\'hich  position  the 
prickles  are  presented  in  every  direction  to  the  en- 
emy. This  species  is  a  native  of  Africa  and  Asia, 
anti  is  also  ftniiul  in  Italy.    Kneiic.  Jimer.    P.  Cue. 

POR'eU-PINE-FISlI,  71.  A  fish'of  the  tropical  seas, 
which  is  covered  with  sjiines  or  prickles  capable  of 
being  erected  by  its  inflating  the  hotly.  It  is  the 
Diotlon  hystrix'  of  liloch.  Jurdint's  JVu(.  Lib. 

PoRE,  71.  [  Fr.  pore  ;■  Sp.  and  It.  poro ;  Gr.  ir^fjof,  from 
the  root  of  ^rnotDouui,  to  go,  to  pass,  Sax.  faran. 
Eng.  to  fare.  See  Far£.  The  word,  then,  signifies  a 
passatre.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  minute  interstice  in  the  skin  of 
an  animal,  through  which  the  perspirable  matter 
passes  to  the  surface  or  is  excreted. 

2.  .\  small  spiracle,  opening,  or  passage,  in  other 
substances  ;  as,  the  pores  of  plants  or  of  stones. 

Q«i/ic//.  Drtidcn. 
PoRE,  1). !.    [Qu.  Gr.  tfopa,  cijJopiiej,  to  inspect.  In 
Sp.  porrear  is  to  dwell  long  on,  to  persist  imper- 
tunately ;  porro,  dull  ;  W.  para,  to  continue,  to 
pefsevere.] 

To  look  with  steady,  continued  attention  or  appli- 
cation. To  pore  on,  is  to  read  or  examine  with 
steady  perseverance,  to  dwell  on  ;  anil  the  word 
seems  to  be  limited  in  its  apiilication  to  the  slow, 
patient  reading  or  examination  of  books,  or  something 
written  or  engraved. 


Painfully  to  ;jore  upon  a  lx>olr. 

With  sharpened  siglit  pale  anliiiuarics  j>or«. 


Sl'oJi. 
Pope. 


PUR'BLtM),    i        L*^"-  '^'^.""f-J 

Near-sighted  :  short-sighted.  Bacon. 
PoR'ER,  71.    One  who  pores  or  studies  diligently. 

Temple. 

POR'GEE,  )  71.     A  salt-water  fish  of  the  gilt-head 

POR'GY,  \  kind,  much  esteemed  for  food  ;  also 
written  PoncY. 

Po'RI-FOR.M,  a.  Resembling  a  pore  or  small  puncture. 

PoR'l-NESS,  71.  [from  porij.]  The  state  of  being 
pory,  or  having  numeious  pores.  Wiseman. 

PoR'I.N'G,  ppr.  Looking  with  steady,  continued  ap- 
plication. 

P(")'KI.«M,7i.  [Gr.  TT'i/jiirnof,  acquisition,  from  Tropi^ru, 
to  gain,  tVom  -orjoj,  a  passing;  Toofie/^jai,  to  pass.] 

1.  In  geoinctrij,  a  pro[)osition  affirming  the  possi- 
bility of  finding  such  conditions  as  will  rentier  a 
certain  problem  indeterminate  or  capable  of  innumer- 
able .solutions.  Plaiifair. 

2.  The  term  porism  was  also  used  by  the  Greek 
geometricians  in  the  sense  of  cortillary.  Brande. 

PO  Kli«-MAT'ie,  1  a.    Pertaining  to  a  porism  ;  seek- 
PCVRIS'Tie,        \      ing  to  determine  by  what  means 
PO-RIS'Tie-AL,  )     and  in  how  many  ways  a  prob- 
lem may  be  solved. 
Po'RTTE,  71.;  pi.  PoRiTEs.    A  name  given  to  those 
ciirals  which  have  the  surface  covered  with  very 
shallow  or  superficial  cells,  which  are  quite  small 
anil  every  where  contiguous.    They  grow  often  to 
a  very  large  size,  and  are  among  the  most  important 
constituents  of  coral  reefs.  Dana. 
P6RK,  71.    [L.  parens,  a  hog  or  pig;  Fr.  pore:  W. 
porf;  .\rm.  purcq,  porchcll.    Qu.  from  the  shape  of 


his  back,  lj.pnrca,a  ridge;  or  from  bis  snout  and 
rooting     In  Sax.  brrga  is  a  barrow.] 

'I'he  flesh  of  swine,  fresh  or  salted,  used  for  fixid 
PORK'-kAT-ER,  71.    One  that  feeds  on  swine's  Mesh. 

Shak. 

PoRK'ER,  n.    A  hog.  ff.  ScotL 

2.  A  young  pig  for  roasting. 

Encye.  Dom.  Kcon. 

PdUK'ET,  71.    A  young  hog.  Dri/den, 

I'OltK'LI.Mt;,  71.    A  pig.  7'J..fr. 

P()-RO.S'I-TY,  71.  [from  porous.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  having  pores  or  interstices  ;  opjxiseil  to 
J)ensitv.  Bacon. 

PO'ROUS,  a.  [from  pore.]  Having  interstices  in  the 
skin  or  substance  of  tl«!  body  ;  having  spir.acles  or 
passages  for  fluids ;  as,  a  porous  skin  ;  porous  wood  ; 
porous  earth.  Jlldton.  Chapman. 

Po'ROUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  porous  manner. 

Po'ROUS-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  having  pores; 
porosity  ;  as,       porousness  of  the  skin  of  an  animal, 
or  of  wood,  or  of  fossils. 
2.  The  porous  parts.    [JVot  a7i(/ior/:frf.]  Diirbii. 

POR-PIIY-RIT'ie,        )  a.     (See  Porphyrv.]'  Per- 

POR-PIIY  UA'CEOUS,  i  taining  to  porphyry  ;  re- 
sembling porphyry  ;  containing  distinct  feldspar 
crystals  uniformly  dis.scminated,  as  granite. 

2.  Containing  or  composed  of  jiorphyry  ;  as,  por- 
phirraceous  mountains.  Kincan. 

POR'PH  Y-RIZE,  t'.  (.  To  cause  to  resemble  porphyry ; 
to  make  spotted  in  its  composition.  Cooper. 

POR'PH Y-RIZ-i!D,  pp.  or  a.  Caused  to  resemble  por- 
phyry. 

POR'PIIY-RY,  71.  [Gr.  Troo^voor,  purple  ;  L.  porphy- 
rites  ;  Fr.  porphyre  ;  It.  ami  Sp.  porjido.] 

A  rock  consisting  of  a  compact  feldspathic  base, 
through  which  crystals  of  feldspar  are  disseminatt^d. 
The  crystals  are  of  a  lighter  tint  than  the  b.ase,  and 
often  white.  There  are  red,  purple,  and  green 
varie_ties,  which  are  highly  esteemed  as  marbles. 

Dana. 

POR'PHY-RY-SIIELL,  n.  A  univalve  shell  of  the 
genus  Miirex. 

POR'l'OISE,  (por'piis,)  71.  [It.  porco,  a  hog,  and  peisce, 
fish  ;  hog-fish,  called,  by  other  nations,  sea-hog,  G. 
vteerschwein,  Vr.marsouin.  Dan.  and  Sw.  Norwegian, 
■marsvin,  Sw.  hufssi-in.  In  W.  worhirc,  sea-hog,  is 
the  name  of  the  dol[)liin  and  grampus,  from  the  re- 
semblance of  these  animals  to  the  hog,  probabli  from 
the  roundness  of  the  back,  as  tliey  appear  in  the  wa- 
ter. PoRPKss,  according  to  the  derivation,  wtjultl  be 
a  better  spelling.] 

In  loiilorrii,  a  term  applied  to  cetaceous  mammals 
of  the  genus  Delgiliinus  of  Linnajus,  but  of  the  genus 
Pliocieiia  of  more  recent  naturalists,  of  which  about 
five  species  are  known.  There  is  one  species  whose 
back  is  usually  blackish  or  brown,  whence  it  is  called, 
in  Dutch,  bruinrisch,  brown-fish  ;  the  body  is  thick 
toward  the  head,  but  more  slender  toward  the  tail, 
which  is  seniibinar.  This  mammal  preys  on  fish, 
and  seeks  food  not  only  by  swimming,  but  by  root- 
ing like  a  hog  in  the  sand  and  mud,  whence  some 
persons  suppose  the  name  has  been  given  to  it. 

Of  cetaceous  fish,  we  ratt  wilh  porpoises,  or,  as  some  sailors  caII 
them,  sea-hugs.  Kaim's  Travels. 

N.atiiralists  do  not  consider  the  Cetacea  as  fishes. 
POR-Ra'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.    [L.  perrraceas,  from  por- 
rum,  a  leek  or  onion.] 

Greenish  ;  resembling  the  leek  in  color.  Wiseman. 
POR-RECT',  a.  In  -.oology,  denoting  a  part  which  ex- 
tends forth  luirizontall}". 
POR-RECTION,  II.    [L.  porrrctio,  porrl<To  ;  per,  or 
jwr.  Eng.  for,  fore,  anti  reiro,  Eng.  to  reach.] 
The  act  of  stretching  forth.    [A'ot  used.] 
POR'RET,  71.    [L.  porrum  ;  It.  porro,  porrctta,  a  leek.] 

A  scallion  ;  a  leek  or  small  onion.  Brown. 
POR'RIDGE,  71.    [Uu.  pottage,  by  corruption,  or  Ii. 
farrago,  or  from  porrum,  a  leek.] 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  boiling  meat  in  water; 
broth.  Johnson. 

This  mixture  is  usually  called  in  America  broth  or 
soup,  but  not  porridge.  With  us,  porridge  is  a  mix- 
ture of  meal  or  flour  boiled  with  water.  Perhaps 
this  distinction  is  not  always  obser\'ed. 
POR'RIDGE-POT,  71.  The  pot  in  which  porridge  is 
boiled. 

POR'RIN'-GER,  71.  [Qu.  porridge,  or  Fr.  potager;  Corn. 
podlhcr.] 

1.  .\  small  mct.il  vessel  in  which  children  eat  por- 
ridge or  milk,  or  used  in  the  nursery  for  warming 
liquors. 

2.  A  head-dress  in  the  shape  of  a  porringer,  in  con- 
tempt. Shak. 

PORT,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  porfiw,  Sp.  pufi^o  ;  It.  porta; 
.Arm.  pori;  W.  porth  :  from  I^.  porta,  to  carry,  Gr. 
(fi  •nci^',  L./cr<7,  Eng.  to  bear.  The  Welsh  porth  unites 
the  sigiiitications  of  L.  porta  and  partus,  and  the  Gr. 
(j>'pc(.i  and  -i7ptiioi/oi  are  probably  of  one  family. 
The  primary  sense  of  L.  partus.  Eng.  port,  is  prob- 
ably an  entrance,  place  of  entrance,  or  passage.] 

1.  A  harbtir  ;  a  haven  ;  any  bay,  cove,  inlet,  or  re- 
cess of  the  sea,  or  of  a  lake,  or  the  mouth  of  a  river, 
which  ships  or  vessels  can  enter,  and  where  they 
can  lie  safe  iVom  injury  by  storms.    Ports  may  be 


TONE,  BULL.  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US  €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ,  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


P47 


POR 

natural  or  artificial^  and  sometimes  works  of  art,  as 
piers  and  moles,  are  added  to  tile  natural  shores  of  a 
place  to  render  a  harbor  more  safe.  Tlie  word  port 
is  generally  applied  to  spacious  harbors  much  resorted 
to  by  ships  ;  as,  the  purt  of  London  or  of  Boston,  and 
not  to  small  bays  or  coves  which  are  entered  occa- 
sionally, oT  in  stress  of  weather  only,  Uarbor  in- 
cludes all  places  of  safety  for  shipping. 

2.  A  gate.    [L.  porta,'] 

From  their  ivory  part  Uie  cherubim 

Funli  issued.  Milton, 

3.  An  embrasure  or  opening  in  the  side  of  a  ship 
of  war,  through  which  cannon  are  discliarged ;  a 
port-hole.  Raleah. 

4.  The  lid  which  shuts  a  port-hole.     Mar.  Diet. 

5.  Carriage  ;  air  ;  mien  ;  manner  of  movement  or 
walk  ;  demeanor ;  external  appearance  ;  as,  a  proud 
port;  the  port  of  a  gentleman. 

Tlieir  port  was  more  lhan  human.  ^fUton. 

vVitli  more  terrilic  jjort 
Thou  wjikcil.  PhiUps. 

6.  In  settmen^s  lana-ua^e,  the  larboard  or  left  side  of 
a  ship  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  "  the  ship  heels  to  port." 
"  Port  the  helm,"  is  an  order  to  put  the  helm  to  the 
larboard  side. 

7.  A  dark-purple,  astringent  wine,  made  in  Portu- 
gal ;  so  called  from  Oporto,  wlience  it  is  shipped. 

McCiiUuck. 

Port  of  entry ;  a  port  where  a  custom-house  is  es- 
tablished for  tile  entry  of  goods. 

Port  of  the  voice  ;  in  miisiCf  the  faculty  or  habit  of 
making  the  shakes,  passages,  and  diminutions,  in 
which  the  beauty  of  a  song  consists.  Encyc. 
roK  T,  V.  t.    To  carry  in  form ;  as,  ported  spears. 

Milton. 

2.  To  turn  or  put  to  the  left  or  larboard  side  of  a 
ship.  (See  the  noun,  No.  6.)  It  is  used  in  the  imper- 
ative. 

PoRT-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Fitness  to  be  carried.  [But 

FciRTABLENEss  is  mostly  used.] 
PORT'.^-BLE,  a.     [It.  portabile,  from  L.  porta,  to 

carry.] 

1.  That  may  be  carried  by  the  hand  or  about  the 
person,  on  horseback,  or  in  a  traveling  vehicle  ;  not 
bulky  or  heavy  ;  that  may  be  easily  conveyed  from 
place  to  place  with  one's  traveling  baggage  ;  as,  a 
portable  bureau  or  secretary. 

9.  That  may  be  carried  from  place  to  place. 

3.  That  may  be  borne  along  with  one. 

The  pleasure  of  the  religious  man  is  aii  easy  and  porUihle 
pleasure.  South. 

4.  Sufferable  ;  supportable.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
PoRT'A-ELE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  port- 
able. 

PoRT'AGE,  n.  [Fr.  Pee  Port.]  The  act  of  carrying. 

2.  The  price  of  carriage.  Fell. 

3.  A  port-hole.    [Unusual.]  SJiab. 

4.  A  carrying  place  over  land  between  navigable 
waters.  Jrffcr.<on.  Gallatin. 

PORT'AL,  n.    [U.  portella  ;  Fr.  portuil.] 

1.  In  architecture,  the  lesser  gate,  where  there  are 
two  gati  s  of  different  dimensions.  GwilL 

2.  Formerlij,  a  little  square  corner  of  a  room,  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  by  a  wainscot,  and  forming  a 
short  passage  into  a  room.  Owilt. 

3.  Tlie  frame-work  or  arch  of  a  door  or  gate. 

Gwilt. 

4.  A  gate  ;  an  opening  for  entrance  ;  as,  the  portals 
of  lieaven. 

PORT'ANCE,  n.    [from  Fr.  porter,  to  caiTV.] 

Air ;  micu  ;  carriage  ;  port ;  demeanor.    [  Obs.] 
Spenser,  Shale. 

PoRT'ASS,  n.  A  breviary  ;  a  prayer-book.  [  purtuis, 
parf/iosc]  \JVot  usefl.]    Spenser.  Camden.  Chaucer. 

PoRT'A-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  porlatf.] 

Portable.    [Aot  used.]  Chaucer. 

PoRT'-BA  R,  n.  A  bar  to  secure  the  ports  of  a  ship  In 
a  gale  of  wind. 

PoRT-GAN'O.V,  n.  A  kind  of  boot,  or  rather  boot- 
tijp,  covering  the  knees.  Toone. 

P0RT-ClIARi;'ES5,  n.  pi.  In  coinmcrce,  charges  to 
which  a  ship  or  its  cargo  is  subjected  in  a  liarbor, 
as  wharfage,  &,c. 

Pf)RT'-CRAY-O.V,  71.  A  small  metallic  handle  with 
a  chusp  for  holding  a  crayon  when  used  in  draw- 
ing, &.C.  F.noic. 

PORT-eUI/LIS,  71.  r coulisse,  in  French,  is  from  coii- 
ter,  to  Mow  or  slip  down.  It  signifies  a  groove  or 
gutter.    I  think  it  can  not  be  from  L.  clauxus.] 

1.  In  forlijicntinn,  an  assemblage  of  timbers  Joined 
across  one  another,  like  those  of  a  harrow,  and  each 
pointed  with  iron,  liiitig  over  the  gateway  of  a  forti- 
fied town,  to  be  let  ilown  in  case  of  surprise,  to  pre- 
vent the  i  nlrance  of  an  (  nemy.  Brande. 

2.  Ill  heraldry.    [.See  Puhsl'ivaht.] 
rORT-CUL'LIS,  r.  U    To  shut ;  to  bar  ;  to  obstnict. 

Shak. 

P0RT-eUL'LI8-^;D,  (  kul'llst,)  a.  Having  a  portcul- 
lis. Sheufitone. 

PORTE,  n.  The  government  of  the  Turkish  empire, 
oflirially  railed  tho  Homlimc  Porte,  from  the  gate 
{port)  of  the  snllan'H  palace  where  Justice  was  ad- 
iiiiniHtcrud. 


POR 

PORTE  CROIX,  (-krvva,)  n.    In  heraldry.    [See  PuR- 

SI'IVANT.] 

PORT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Having  gates.    [JVot  used.] 

B,  Jonson, 

2.  Borne  in  a  certain  or  regular  order.  Jones. 
PORTE-FKUIL'LE,  (port-ful'ye,)   [Fr.]    A  portfolio 
or  place  for  holding  papers,'  drawings,  &c.  Hence, 
2.  The  office  or  functions  of  a  minister  of  state. 

Diet,  de  f.^cad. 
POR-TEND',  V.  U    [L.  portendo ;  por.  Eng.  fore,  and 
tendo,  to  stretch.] 

To  foreshow  ;  to  foretoken  ;  to  indicate  something 
future  by  jirevious  signs. 

A  moist  and  cool  summer  portends  a  hard  winter.  Bacon. 
POR-TEND'ED,  pp.    Foreshown  ;  previously  indica- 
ted by  signs. 
POR-TEND'ING,  ppr.  Foreshowing. 
POR-TEN'SION,  (-shun,)  n.  The  act  of  foreshowing. 

[JV(j(  in  use.]  Brown. 
POR-TENT',  n.    [L.  portentum.] 

An  omen  of  ill  ;  any  previous  sign  or  prodigy  in- 
dicating the  approach  of  evil  or  calamity. 

My  loss  by  dire  portents  the  god  foretold.  Dryden. 
POR-TENT'OUS,  a.    [L.  portentosus.] 

1.  Ominous  ;  foreshowing  ill.  Ignorance  and  su- 
perstition hold  meteors  to  be  portentous.  • 

2.  fllonstrous  ;  prodigious  ;  wonderful ;  in  an  ill 
sense. 

No  beast  of  more  portentous  size, 

In  tlie  Hercyiii.in  forest  lies.  Roscommon. 

POR-TENT'OUS-LY,  adv.  Ominously. 
PoRT'ER,  71.    [It.  portiere;  Fr.  portier;  Sp.  portero; 
from  L.  porta,  a  gate.] 

1.  .\  man  that  has  the  charge  of  a  door  or  gate  ;  a 
door-keei>er.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  One  that  waits  at  the  door  to  receive  messages. 

Pope. 

3.  [Fr.  porteur,  from  porter,  to  carry,  L.  porta.]  A 
carrier  ;  a  person  who  carries  or  conveys  burdens  for 
hire.  Howell.  JVutL<. 

4.  A  malt-liquor,  of  a  dark-brown  color,  and  motl- 
eratcly  bitter  taste,  and  possessing  tonic  and  intoxi- 
cating qutilities.  Ure. 

PoRT'ER-AGE,  71.    Money  charged  or  paid  for  the 
carria:;e  of  burdens  by  a  porter.  Tooke. 
2.  The  business  of  a  porter  or  door-keeper. 

C/<iirc/n7;. 

PoRT'ER-LY,  a.    Coarse  ;  vulgar.    [LitUe  used.] 

Bray. 

PORT' ESSE,  71.  A  breviary  or  portable  book  of 
prayers. 

PoRT'-FIRE,  71.  A  composition  for  setting  fire  to 
powder,  &c.,  frequently  used  in  preference  to  a 
match.  It  is  composed  of  saltpeter,  siilphtir,  and 
mealed  powder,  mixed  and  sifted,  well  rubbed,  and 
driven  into  a  case  of  strong  paper  for  use. 

CampbeWs  Mil.  Diet. 

PORT-FO'LIO,  (-fol'yo,)  ti.  [Fr.  porte-feuille  ;  porter, 
to  carry,  anil /e«i7(i?,  a  leaf,  L. /u/iit/«.] 

A  case  of  tile  size  of  a  large  book,  to  keep  loose 
papers  in. 

To  have  or  hold  the  portfolio,  is  to  hold  the  office  of 
minister  of  foreign  affairs.  E.  Eorrctt. 

PoRT'GLaVE,7i.  [Fr.  porter,  to  cany,  ami  W.  glaiv, 
a  crooked  sword  ;  ttoir,  a  shave,  Ceitic] 

A  sword-bearer.    [JV'ot  in  use.]  .liinsirortli. 
PoRT'GRaVE,  )  71.    [L.portus,  a  port,  and  G.  ^n-af, 
PoRT'GRf.VE,  >      D.  graaf.  Sax.  gerefa,  a  count,  an 
PORT'REEVE,  )  earl.] 

Formerly,  the  chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or  maritime 
Uivvn.    This  officer  is  now  called  Mavor  or  Bailiff. 
PoRT'-HoLE,  n,    [port  and  hole.]    Tlie  embrasure 

of  a  ship  of  war.    [See  Port.] 
PoR'TI-CO,  71.    [It.  portico  ;  L.  porticus,  from  porta  or 
port  us.] 

Ill  architecture,  originally,  a  colonnade  or  covered 
ambulatory;  but  at  ;)rc4-c«(,  a  covered  space,  inclosed 
by  coliiiniis  at  the  entrance  of  a  building.    P.  Cyc. 
PoR'TlON,  71.    [L.  piirtio,  from  partio,  to  divide,  from 
par.-t,  part.    See  Part.] 

1.  In  general,  a  part  of  any  thing  sejiarated  from  it. 
Hence, 

2.  A  part,  though  not  actually  divided,  but  con- 
sidered by  itself. 

Th''5e  uTr  p;\rta  ol  his  ways ;  but  how  little  a  portion  is  hciud  «f 
liiiii  I  -  Job  xxvi. 

3.  A  part  assigned  ;  an  allotment;  a  dividend. 

How  Kinall 

A  portion  to  your  share  would  fall  I  WfiJIer. 
'I'lic  pri'-sUi  had  a  ;*o;Iion  assigned  them  by  Pliaraoli.  — (_ien. 
xlvii, 

4.  The  part  of  an  estate  given  to  a  child  or  heir,  or 
descending  lo  liiin  |jy  law,  and  distributed  to  him  in 
the  settlciiient  of  the  estate. 

.1.  A  wife's  fortune. 
POR'TION,  D.  (.    To  divide;  to  parcel;  to  allot  a 
share  or  shares. 

Pope. 


And  portion  to  hi 
S.  To  endow. 

Illm  portiotitd  m 


trib<<i  thi^  wide  don 


idi,  approntic-'d  orphans  bleat.  Pope. 

Divided  into  shares  or  parts. 


POR'TION-AT)  pp. 

2.  Endoweil ;  furnished  with  a  portion 


POS 

PoR'TION-ER,  71.  One  who  divides  or  assigns  in 
shares. 

POR'TION-ING,  pjir.    Dividing;  endowing. 
PoR'TlON-IST,  71.  One  who  has  a  certain  academical 
allowance  or  portion.    [See  Postmaster,  No.  3.] 

2.  The  incumbent  of  a  benefice  which  has  more 
rectors  or  vicars  than  one.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

PoR'TlON-LESS,  a.    Having  no  portion. 
PORT'LAND-SToNE,  71.    A  yellowish-white  calca- 
reous freestone  from  the  Isle  of  Portland,  in  England, 
much  used  in  building.  P.  Cyc. 

PoRT'LSST,  )        ~,  1     f     ,  ■ 

POR'TOISE,  (por'tiz,)  |  B"n^v=''e  of  a  sh>P. 

To  lower  the  yards  a  portlast,  is  to  lower  them  tu 
the  gunwale. 

To  ride  a  portoise,  is  to  have  the  lower  yards  and 
top-masts  struck  or  lowered  down,  when  at  anchor 
in  a  gale  of  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

PORT'-LID,  71.    The  lid  that  closes  a  port-hole. 

Mar.  Diet. 

PoRT'LI-NESS,  71.    [from  portiy.]    Dignity  of  mien 
or  of  personal  appearance,  consisting  in  size  and 
symmetry  of  body,  with  dignified  manners  and 
demeanor.  Camden. 
PoRT'LY,  a.    [from  port.]    Grand  or  dignified  in 
mien  ;  of  a  noble  appearance  and  carriage.  Shak. 
Q.  Bulky  ;  corpulent.  Shak. 
PoRT'MAN,  71.    [port  and  7«i27i.]    An  inhabitant  or 

burgess,  as  of  a  cinque  port. 
PORT-MAN'TEAU,  71.    [Fr.  por(c-ra<77i(eau,  from  por- 
ter, to  carry,  and  vianteau,  a  cloak,  L.  vtantcle.  It. 
inantello.    It  is  often  pronounced  portinantle.] 

A  bag  usually  made  of  leather,  for  carrying  ap- 
parel and  other  furniture  on  journeys,  par'icularly 
on  horseback. 
PoRT'JIOTE,  71.    [poH  and  Sax.  77io«,  a  meeting.] 
Anciently,  a  court  held  in  a  port  town. 

Blackstone. 

PoR'TOISE.    See  Portlast. 

POR'TRaIT,  n.  [Fr.  portrait,  from  portraire,  to  draw, 
Eng.  to  portray;  pour.  Eng.  for,  fore,  and  traire,  L. 
trahere,  Eng.  to  draw  ;  Arm.  pourtrezi.  The  Italian 
is  ritratlo,  Sp.  and  Port,  relralo,  from  L.  re  and 
tracto.] 

A  picture  or  representation  of  a  person,  and  es- 
pecially of  a  face,  drawn  from  the  life.  It  is  some- 
times applied  to  the  picture  of  any  animal. 

In  portraits^  the  grace,  and  we  may  add,  the  likeness,  consist* 
more  in  the  general  air  than  in  Ute^xucl  similitude  of  every 
feature.  Reynolds. 

POR'TRaIT,  v.  t.    To  portray  ;  to  draw.    [JVof  used.] 

Spenser. 

PoR'TRaIT-PaINT'ER,  71.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  paint  portraits. 

PoR'TRAIT-PAINT'ING,  7i.  The  painting  of  por- 
traits. 

POR'TR.^IT-l;RE,  71.  [Fr.]  A  portrait ;  painted  re- 
senibhince.  Milton.  Pope. 

2.  The  drawing  of  portraits.  H'alpole. 
POR-TRAY',  1'.  (.    [Vr.  portraire.    Sec  Portrait.) 

1.  To  paint  or  iliaw  the  likeness  of  any  thing  in 
colors;  as,  to  portray  a  king  on  llorseback  ;  to  por- 
tray a  city  or  leinple  with  a  pencil  or  with  chalk. 

2.  To  ilescribe  in  words.  It  belongs  to  the  histo- 
rian to  portray  the  character  of  Alexander  of  Russia. 
Homer  portraijs  the  character  and  achievements  of 
his  heroes  in  glowing  colors. 

3.  To  adorn  with  pictures  ;  as,  shields  porfrni/fii. 

JI/l/£U71. 

PoR-TRaY'AL,  71.   The  act  of  portraying. 

PoR-TRa Y'KD,  (por-trade',)  pp.  Painted  or  drawn 
lo  the  life  ;  described. 

PoR-TRA Y'F'R,  n.  One  who  paints,  draws  to  the 
jife,  or  describes. 

PoR-TR.aY'ING, /ipr.  Painting  or  drawing  the  like- 
ness of ;  describing. 

POK'TREi^S,     )  71.    [from  porter.]    A  female  giiar- 

PoR'TER-ES.'^,  j     dian  of  a  gate.  Miltoti. 

PoR'l''REE  VE,  71.    I^The  modern  orthography  of  Port- 
GRF.i  E,  which  see  ] 
The  chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or  maritime  town. 

PoRT'-ROPE,  71.    A  rope  to  draw  up  a  portlul. 

Mar.  Diet. 

PORT'-VVINE.    See  Pokt,  n.  No.  7. 

POR'WIG-I.E,  (-wig'l,)  71.    A  tadpole  ;  a  young  frog. 
used.]  Brown. 

POR'V,  a.  [from  pore]  Full  of  pores  or  small  inter- 
stices. Drijdeu, 

I'o.*l'l,  II.  [See  the  verb.]  In  heraldry,  a  lii^n,  horse, 
or  other  beast  standing  still,  with  all  his  feet  on  the 
ground.  F.ncijc. 

POSE,  71.    [Snx.  srpose.^ 

A  stuffing  of  tlio  head,  catarrh.  [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

POSE,  r.  t.  [\V  postaio,  to  pose,  to  make  an  incre- 
ment, to  gatlier  k 'lowledge,  to  investigatCj  to  inter- 
rogate ;  pos,  a  neap,  increment,  growth,  increase  ; 
poif?,  curdled  milk,  posset;  Sax.  geposc,  heaviness, 
stuffing  of  the  head.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  set  or 
fix,  from  thrusting  or  pressing,  L.  posui,  Sp.  posar, 
Fr.  piwrr  ;  lienre  the  sense  of  colli;cting  into  a  liiinp 
or  fixed  mass,  Cli.  and  .Syr.  V3n,  to  press,  compress, 
collect,  coagulate.  Class  "s,  No.  24.  See  also 
Ar.  No.  21,  31,  and  No.  32,  33,  35,  and  othi-rs  in 
that  class.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH/iT  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


«4H 


POS 


1.  To  puzzle,  [a  word  of  the  same  origin  ;]  to  set ; 
to  put  to  a  stand  or  stop ;  to  gravel. 

Iji-nmiiij  wiu  ftoted,  phtluanphy  wiu  art,  Herbtrt. 
1  delimit  not  to  pote  ttieiu  wilti  thoie  coninion  eni^maii  ut  mng< 
iK'lisin.  Glaneiile. 

2.  To  puzzle  or  put  to  a  stand  by  asking  difficult 
questions  ;  t(t  set  by  (juestions  ;  hence,  to  interrogate 
clo-^ely,  or  with  a  view  to  scrutiny.  Bacon. 

POS'EI),  pp.  Puzzled;  put  to  a  stand;  interrogated 
closely. 

PoS'EIl,  n.  One  that  puzzles  by  asking  difficult  ques- 
tions ;  a  close  examiner. 

9.  Something,  as  a  question,  argument,  S^c.,  that 
puzzl's  or  silences. 

PoS'INfi,  ppr.ottt.  Puzzling ;  putting  to  a  stand ;  ques- 
tifiniui!  closely. 

Pt'iiS'lN'G  i.Y,tulB.  Puzzlingly. 

POS  IT-KI),  a.  [L.  pnsilHj,  from  pono,  to  put;  per- 
haps, however,  pono  is  a  different  root,  and  positus 
from  the  r(K>t  of  po^e.] 

Put ;  set  ;  placed.  Hiilr. 

PO-SI"TI()N,  (po-zish'un,)  ii.  [I.,  jiositio,  from  poMus. 
See  P(HE  and  Posited.] 

1.  iSt.ite  of  being  placed  ;  situation  ;  often  with 
reference  to  other  objects,  or  to  different  parts  of  the 
same  object. 

We  ti.ivc  ililTpnMU  pros[ycta  of  the  same  ttiinj  nccordin?  to  our 
ilillerem  ponitiung  lo  ii.  Locke. 

2.  Manner  of  standing  or  being  placed  ;  attitude  ; 
as,  an  inclining  po.iiiion. 

3.  Principle  laid  down  ;  proposition  advanced  or 
affirmed  as  a  fixed  principle,  or  stated  as  the  ground 
of  reasoning,  or  to  be  provetl. 

f.('t  not  the  proof  of  imy  position  depend  on  the  positions  thut 
follow,  lull  alw.iysoii  tlio«c  wliicii  prcccile.  iVnns, 

4.  The  advancement  of  any  principle.  Brown. 

5.  State ;  condition. 

Grwit  Brii:iin,  iit  tlie  p»*ncc  of  1763,  Btood  In  a  position  lo  prc- 
■cnbc  hiT  own  teniis,  .imes. 

6.  Slate  in  relation  to  others  or  to  some  subject ; 
as,  to  be  in  a  false  position;  to  define  one's  po.iition. 

7.  In  irrammar,  the  state  of  a  vowel  placed  before 
two  consonants,  as  in  pompous^  or  before  a  double 
consonant,  as  in  nile.  In  prosody,  vowels  are  said 
lo  be  long  by  position. 

8.  In  ariUiinftic,  a  method  of  solving  a  problem  by 
one  or  two  suppositions;  called  also  the  ru!c  of  trial 
anil  error.  Bratltle. 

Pd-Sr'TIO.V-.Mj,  (  zish'un-al,)  a.  Respecting  posi- 
tiim.    fjVo(  used.]  Brotcn. 

POS'l-TIVE.o,  [It.  posaieo ;  Fr.  positif;  how  L.  pos- 
itit^u.-t.  ] 

1.  Properly,  set;  laid  down;  expressed;  direct: 
explicit  ;  opposed  to  Implied  ;  as.  be  told  us  in  po.ti- 
tive.  words  ;  we  have  his  positive  declaration  to  the 
fact  ;  the  testimony  is  positive. 

2.  Absolute;  express;  not  admitting  any  condi- 
tion or  discretion.  The  commands  of  the  admiral 
are  positive. 

3.  Absolute ;  real  ;  existing  in  fact ;  opposed  to 
Neoati  .  e  ;  as,  positive  good,  which  exists  by  itself, 
whereas  negative  good  is  merely  the  .absence  of  evil  ; 
or  opposed  lo  IIelati  ve  or  Arhitrabv  ;  as,  br-aiity  is 
not  a  positive  thing,  but  depends  on  the  different 
tastes  of  people.  Locke.  Encijc. 

4.  Direct;  express;  opposed  to  Circumstantial  ; 
as,  positive  proof,  Blackstone. 

5.  Confident  ;  fully  assured  ;  applied  to  person.':. 
The  witness  is  very  positive  tliat  he  is  correct  in  his 
testimony. 

6.  Dogmatic ;  over-confident  in  opinion  or  asser- 
tion. 

Some  positive  prm>tinff  fops  we  know, 

Thiit,  It'  one-*  wroiij,  w^ll  iiroda  be  iiiwuys  ao.  Pope. 

7.  Settled  by  arbitrary  appointment ;  opposed  to 
Natural  or  Inbred. 

In  ItivvB,  ih:tt  wliicli  la  natural  trindeth  unlTcnallj  ;  that  which 
is  positive,  not  bo.  Hooker. 

Atthoii^li  no  lawB  hot  posidoe  are  mutubtc,  yet  alt  are  not  inuta- 
bl<-  which  art'  positive.  Hooker. 

8.  Having  power  to  act  directly  ;  as,  a  pctitive 
voice  in  legislation.  Sioift. 

Positive  degree,  in  grammar,  is  the  state  of  an  ad- 
jective which  denotes  simple  or  absolute  quality, 
without  comparison  or  relation  to  increase  or  diminu- 
tion ;  as,  wi.-<e,  noble. 

Positive  electricity;  according  to  Dr.  Franklin,  the 
electricity  which  a  body  contains  above  its  natural 
share. 

Positive  quantity  :  in  algebra,  an  affirmative  quan- 
litv,  or  one  to  be  added. 
POS'l-TIVE,  n.    What  is  capable  of  being  affirmed  ; 
reality.  South. 
3.  That  which  settles  by  absolute  appointment. 

Hinterland 

3.  In  grammar,  a  word  that  affirms  or  asserts  ex- 
istence. Harris. 
POS'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.    Absolutely  ;  by  itself,  inde- 
pendent of  any  thing  else  ;  not  comparatively. 

Gooil  and  evil  removal  m:iy  be  esteemed  good  or  evil  comp.ira- 
lively,  and  not  posidoely  or  umply.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  negatively  ;  reallv  ;  in  its  own  nature  :  di- 
rectly ;  inherently.    A  thing  is  positively  craiil  when 


TONE,  DIv'LL,  UNITE.— 


POS 


it  produces  h.-ipjiiiiess  by  its  own  qualities  or  opera- 
tion. It  is  neirativet.i  good  when  it  prevents  an 
evil,  or  dues  not  produce  it.  • 

3.  Certainly  ;  indubitably.  This  is  positively  your 
handwriting. 

4.  Directly  ;  explicitly  ;  expressly.  The  witness 
testified  po.iitively  to  the  fact. 

5.  Peremptorily  ;  in  strong  terms. 

'Die  divine  Xavt  posiAvtly  n*quiiea  huiiiijity  and  meekneas. 

Siirat. 

6.  With  full  confidence  or  assurance.  I  can  not 
speak  positively  in  regard  to  the  fart. 

Positively  electrified.  According  to  Dr.  Franklin,  a 
body  is /)o»;ti;>c/«  electrified,  when  it  contains  more 
than  its  natural  share  of  electricity,  and  nenntivrly 
electrified,  when  it  contains  less  than  its  natural 
share.  Olin.il.ed. 
POS'I-TIVE-NESS,  n,  Actualness ;  reality  of  exist- 
ence ;  nut  mere  negation. 

Till'  posilivencSB  of  jiii*  of  commission  lies  loth  in  the  hnHuide 
of  III-'  will  iintl  III  llie  exrciili'd  act  -.no;  liie  posttivrness  of 
sins  of  oinia^ion  is  in  the  habitude  ol  tile  wilt  only.  Sorris. 

2.  Undoubting  assurance  ;  full  confidence  ;  per- 
emptoriness  ;  as,  the  man  related  the  fads  with  posi- 
tiveness.    In  matters  of  opinion,  positiueness  is  not 
an  inilicatiiin  of  prudence. 
POS-I-TIV'I-TY,  ji.    Peremploriness,    [JVot  iL^ed.] 

H'nils. 

POS't-TlJRE,  for  Posture,  is  not  in  use,    [See  Pos- 

Tl'RE.] 

POS'NET.  n.    [W.  posmed,  from  posintri.    See  Pose.] 
A  little  basin  ;  a  porringer,  skillet,  or  sauceptin. 

Otccn. 

POS-O-LOG'IG-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  posolll!r^^ 
POS-OL'O  GY,  n.    [Cr,    .orif,  how  much,  and  Aoj  05, 
discourse.] 

In  medicine,  the  science  or  doctrine  of  doses. 

Jlnier.  Dispen.tatortt. 
POS'PO-T.TTE,  w.    A  kindof  militia  in  Poland,  which, 
in  case  of  invasion,  was  summoned  to  arms  fur  the 
defense  of  the  ctiiintrv.  FAin.  F.nrtic. 

POSS,  !J.  t.  'I'll  d  ish  aiioiit.  l/alliivell. 
POS'SK  €OM-i  rA'TlIS,  [L.]  In  law,  the  power  of 
the  county,  or  the  citizens  who  are  siinimoned  to 
assist  an  olficcr  in  suppressing  a  riot,  or  executing 
any  legal  precept  which  is  f.irribly  opposed.  The 
word  cninitntas  is  often  omilted,  and  pos-ie  alone  is 
used  in  the  same  sense,  Bliu.k.-slm>e. 

2.  In  loio  language,  a  number  or  crowd  of  people; 
a  rabble. 

POS  SESS',  V.  t.  [Ij.  pos.ie.isus,  po.isideo,  a  compound 
of  po,  a  Russian  preposition,  perhaps  //;/,  and  scdro, 
to  sit ;  to  sit  in  or  on.  We  have  this  word  from  the 
Latin,  but  the  same  compound  is  in  our  tnother 
tongue.  Sax.  besittan,  to  ptissess  ;  be,  by,  and  sittnn, 
to  sit ;  gesittun,  besettan,  gr.iettan,  are  .ilso  used  ;  I). 
beiitten  ;  G.  be.iitzen  ;  Dan.  besiildrr ;  Sw.  besittn  ;  Fr. 
possedfr  ;  Arm.  pof  icr/i ;  Sp  po.^eer  ;  It.  po.isejerr.] 

1.  To  have  the  just  and  leaal  title,  ownership, 
or  properly  of  a  tliiii!; ;  to  own  ;  to  hulii  the  title  of, 
as  the  rightful  proprietor,  or  to  hold  both  the  title 
and  the  thing.  A  man  may  possess  the  farm  whit:h 
he  cultivates,  or  he  may  po.i.iess  an  estate  in  a  foreicn 
country,  not  in  his  own  ticcupation.  He  m.ay  posse.is 
■lany  farms  which  are  occupied  by  tenants.  In 
this,  as  in  other  cases,  the  original  sense  of  the  word 
is  enlarged,  the  holdini;  or  tenure  being  applied  to 
the  title  or  right,  as  well  as  to  the  thini;  itself. 

2.  To  hold  ;  to  occujiy  without  title  or  owner- 
ship. 

1  raise  up  the  Chahleans  to  possess  Oie  dwellirg-placra  that  are 
not  ttieirs.  —  Ifiiti.  i. 

Neither  aaid  any  of  them  that  aii^ht  of  die  thing*  which  he  pos- 
sessed w.ft  Ills  own.  —  Acts  iv. 

3  To  have ;  to  occupy.  The  love  of  the  world 
usually  pnsses.ies  the  heart. 

4.  To  seize  ;  to  gain  ;  to  obtain  the  occupation  of. 
The  Kn^lish  ni»rcln'<l  lowani  the  River  t'ske,  iiilentlin^  10  pos- 
sess a  hill  cidk'd  UiuliT-f^ke.  Haijwnrd. 

5.  To  have  power  over  j  as  an  invisible  agent  or 
spirit.    Luke  viii. 

Beware  what  spirit  r^irea  In  your  breaal ; 

For  ton  inspired,  ten  tTiousand  are  possessed.  Roscommon. 

6.  To  affect  by  some  power, 

I.et  not  your  eara  despise  my  tonjtie, 

Which  shall  possess  tli'-m  with  Uie  heaviest  souod 

That  ever  ytl  they  hcanl.  Stsifl. 

To  possess  of,  or  with,  more  properly  to  possess  of, 
is  to  give  possession,  command,  or  occu{>ancy, 

O  f  fortune's  fMOT  \onz  possessed.  Dryrten. 
This  possesses  us  0/ Uke  must  valuable  bleasin^  of  human  life, 
friendship.  O'oo.  0/  the  Tongue. 

To  po.ise..is  one'.v  self  of ;  to  take  or  gain  possession 
or  command  ;  to  make  one's  self  master  of. 

We  possessed  ourselves  of  the  kingtlom  of  Naples.  Addison. 

To  po.i.iess  vith  :  to  furnish  or  fill  with  something 
permanent ;  or  to  be  retained, 

h  is  of  unspeakable  ailvantagc  to  possess  our  minds  with  a 

bafiitual  yoo«l  i'lt^iilioii.  Addison. 
tf  lle  y      possessed  with  honest  minds.  Addison. 

POS-SESS'KD.  pp.    Held  by  lawful  title  ;  occupied ; 
enjoyed  ;  nffi  cti  il  by  demons  or  invisible  as-ents. 


POS 


POS-SESS'(.\(J, />pr.  Having  or  holding  by  absoliils 
right  or  title  ;  occupying;  enjiniiie. 

PfJ.-^-SES'.-slO.V.  (-scsii'iiri,)  11.  'I'lie  haviuE,  holdinc, 
or  detention  tif  property  In  one's  power  or  C4>niiii:iiid  ; 
actual  seizin  tir  occupancy,  eiffier  rightful  or  wrong- 
ful. One  man  may  have  the  pinte.iston  of  a  thing, 
and  another  may  have  the  right  of  posse.i3ion  or 
properly. 

If  the  possession  Is  severe*!  from  'he  property  ;  If  A  has  the 
riirlil  of  properly,  anil  B  be  nn.awfol  ineiMis  hiis  jiin.-d 
poisessxon,  tiiu  is  all  injury  to  A.  'I'bis  Is  a  l>ir*-  or  naked 
possession  Blnekstune. 

In  bailment,  the  bailee  who  receives  goods  to  con- 
vey, or  to  keep  for  a  tune,  has  the  pos.^ession  of  the 
goods,  and  a  temporary  riuht  over  tlieiii,  but  not  the 
property.  Propertn  01  posse.isin't,  ineliiiles  buiti  the 
right  and  the  m  riipatiiin.  Unig  undieiurbed  po.i.ies- 
sion  is  presumptive  proof  of  rigiit  or  property  in  the 
possessor.  ' 

2.  The  thine  possessed  ;  land,  estate,  or  goods 
owned  ;  as,  foreign  po.isessious. 

The  lioiise  of  Jacob  shall  poasi-M  their  possessions.  —  Ofiad.  17. 
Wlieii  the  yoMii^  man  he.lr^l  llial  sty  iiif,  li**  went  away  sorrow- 
ful, for  he  had  ifreal  jtossessions.  —  Mall.  Xl«. 

3.  Any  Ihint;  vtiliiable  possessed  or  enjoyed.  Chris- 
tian peace  of  inliiil  is  the  nest  possession  of  life. 

4.  The  state  of  being  under  the  |Kiwer  of  demons 
or  invisible  beings;  madness;  lunacy;  as,  demo- 
niacal possession. 

IVrit  of  possr.isinn  :  a  precept  directina  a  sheriff  to 
put  a  person  in  peaceable  jHissession  t-f  property'  re- 
covered in  ejertment.  Blackstone. 

To  take,  posse.ision  ;  to  enter  on,  or  to  brifig  tvithin 
one's  power  or  occupancy. 

To  give  possession  ;  to  put  in  another's  power  or 
occiiprincv. 

POS  SES'S'ION,  (  sesh'iin,)  v.  t.  To  invest  with  prnp- 
ert>'.    [JVot  nsril.]  Coreio. 

Pf).s!-'sEs'SI().N'-EK,  71.  One  that  has  pos.sessiiui  of  a 
thing,  or  power  over  it.    [Little  u.ied.\  Sidney. 

POS  SESS'I  VE,  a.    [I..  pn.iie-i.iira.i.] 

Pertainiiic  to  possessinii ;  haviiit!  possession. 
Po.i.ie.ssive  case,  in  f^tgl/sh  gramnnir,  is  the  L'cnitive 
case,  or  case  of  nouns  and  proiioiins,  which  express- 
es, 1st,  possession,  ownership  ;  as,  ./olni^s  book  ,  or 
2dly,  some  relation  of  one  thing  to  another  ;  as,  /fo- 
rier\i  admirers. 

POS-SESS'I  V'E-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  denoting  pos- 
session. 

POS-SESS'OR,  n.  An  occupant ;  one  that  h.as  po>i- 
session  ;  a  person  who  holtis  in  his  hands  or  power 
any  species  of  properl)',  real  or  personal.  The  own- 
er or  projirietor  of  properly  is  the  permanent  posses.i- 
or  by  local  right ;  the  lessee  of  land,  ninl  the  bailee 
of  goods,  are  temporary  posses.iors  by  riirht ;  the 
disseizor  of  land  and  the  thief  are  wrongful  pos- 
sessors. 

2.  One  that  has,  holds,  or  enjoys  any  good  or  other 
thing. 

Think  of  the  happin'*sa  of  ihe  pronh'-ts  and  apoMlcs,  sainia  and 

martyrs,  jtossessors  of  eu'rnal  glory.  Laia. 

POS-SESS'O-RY,  a.  Having  possession  ;  as,  a  pos- 
sessory lord.  ffowell. 

Possr.isory  action  ;  in  //iir,  an  action  or  suit  in  which 
the  riL'ht  of  possession  only,  and  not  thai  of  property, 
is  contested,  Blaekstune. 

POS'SET,  n.  [W,  pnsel,  frnm  the  root  nf  pose,  VV, 
posiam,  to  gather.  The  L,  posca  may  have  the  same 
orirm.J 

Milk  curdled  with  wine  or  other  liquor. 

Drtjden.  .^rbuthnot. 

POS'SET,  r.  ^    To  curdle  ;  to  turn'.  Shak. 

POS'SF.T-ED,  pp.    Curdled  ,  luni.  d. 

POS'SET-INC,  ;ipr.    CiirdlinE,  as  milk. 

POS  SI-lllI,'l-TV,  n.  [from  possible:  Fr.  pos.iibiM.] 
The  power  of  beine  or  existnis  ;  the  power  of  hap- 
penins;  ;  llie  state  of  beini  possible.  It  often  implies 
impriibaliility  or  sreat  uncertainty.  There  is  a  pos- 
sibilitv  that  a  new  star  may  appear  this  nichl.  There 
is  a  possibility  of  a  hard  frost  in  July  in  our  latitude. 
It  is  not  exiiedieiil  to  hazard  much  on  the  bare  pos- 
sibility of  success.  It  is  |inident  to  reduce  contracts 
lo  writing,  and  to  render  them  so  explicit  as  lo  pre- 
clude the  po.isibilitti  of  mistake  or  controversy. 

POS'SI-IU.E,  <i.  [Fr.  ;  ll.  po.i.iihile  :  Sp.  posiWe ;  from 
L.  po.«.ii6i/i.<,  from  pos.ie.    See  Power.] 

That  may  be  or  exist  ;  that  may  be  now,  or  may 
happen  or  come  to  pass  ;  thai  ni.ay  be  done  ;  not  con- 
trary to  the  naliire  of  things.  It  is  po.isible  that  the 
Greeks  and  Turks  may  now  be  engaged  in  b.altle.  It 
is  possible  the  peace  of  Fiiirope  may  continue  a  centu- 
r>'.  It  is  not  physically  pos.iiblc  that  a  stretim  should 
ascend  a  moniitain,  but  it  is  possible  lhat  the  Su- 
preme Being  may  suspend  a  law  of  nature,  that  is. 
Ills  usual  course  of  proceedin*!.  It  is  not  possible 
that  2  and  3  should  be  7,  or  Ih.il  the  same  action  should 
be  morally  right  andjnorally  wrong. 

This  word,  when  pronounced  with  a  certain  em- 
phasis, implies  improbability.  A  thing  is  possible, 
but  very  improbable. 

POS'SI-DI.Y,  adv.  By  nnv  power,  moral  or  physi- 
cal, really  existing.  Ix;a"rn  all  lhat  can  possibly  be 
known. 

Can  we  pcssiUy  hu  love  desert !  Miluxi. 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOLS.  — e  as  K  ;      as  J  ,  S  at  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


107 


POS 


POS 


POS 


2.  Perliaps ;  without  involving  impossibility  or  ab- 
S'lrdily. 

Arbilrary  power  lends  to  make  a  man  a  bad  noverei^,  who 
miffhl  possibly  have  been  a  ffotxl  one,  had  he  been  invested 
wiUi  auUiority  cin:uinschhed  oy  law's.  Addison. 

POS'SUM.    See  Opossum: 

To  play  poiium,  to  act  possum,  is  applied  to  a  per- 
son who,  when  caught,  feigns  liiniself  dead,  from  a 
characteristic  of  the  opossum.  Jiuierica. 

POST,  a.    [from  Fr.  aposter.'\ 

Suborned ;  hired  to  do  what  is  wrong.  [JVoi  in 
tlse.'\  Sandtis. 

Post,  n.  [VV.  pSst D.  Dan.  and  Sw.  post ;  G.  pfoste, 
pusten,  and  post :  Fr.  poste  ;  Sp.  poste,  posta  ;  It.  posta, 
posto  ;  L.  pustis,  from  positus,  tlie  given  participle  of 
po/io,  to  place,  but  coinciding  with  Sp.  posar,  It. 
posare,  to  put  <tr  set.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber  set  upright,  usually  larger 
than  a  stake,  and  intended  to  support  something 
else;  as,  the  post^  of  a  house;  the  posts  of  a  door ; 
the  posts  of  a  gate  ;  the  posts  of  a  fence. 

2.  A  military  station  ;  tlie  place  vvliere  a  single  sol- 
dier or  a  body  of  troops  is  stationed.  The  sentinel 
must  not  desert  his  post.  The  troops  are  ordered  to 
defend  tlie  post.  Hence, 

3.  The  troops  stationed  at  a  particular  place,  or  the 
ground  they  occupy.  Jtlar.<liall.  Encyc. 

4.  A  public  olfice  or  employment,  that  is,  a  fixed 
place  or  station. 

When  vice  prevails  and  impious  men  liear  sway, 

The  posL  of  honor  is  a  private  station.  Addison. 

5.  A  messenger,  or  a  carrier  of  letters  and  papers  ; 
one  that  goes  at  stated  times  to  convey  tlie  mail  or 
dispatches.  This  sense  also  denotes  fixedness,  ei- 
ther from  the  practice  of  using  relays  of  horses  sta- 
tioned at  piirticular  places,  or  of  stationing  men  for 
carrying  dispatches,  or  from  the  fixed  stages  where 
they  were  to  be  supplied  with  refreshments.  [See 
Stage.]  Xenophon  informs  us  that  Cyrus,  king  of 
Persia,  established  such  stations  or  houses. 

6.  A  seal  or  situation.  Burnet. 

7.  A  sort  of  writing  paper,  such  as  is  used  for  let- 
ters ;  letter  paper. 

8.  An  olil  game  at  cards. 

9.  In  archilecturc  and  .iculpture,  a  term  applied  to 
certain  ornaments  shaped  after  the  manner  of  rolls 
or  wreathiugs.  Elmes. 

To  ride  post:  to  be  employed  to  carry  dispatches 
and  papers,  and  as  such  carriers  rode  in  haste,  hence 
the  plirase  signifies  to  ride  in  haste,  to  pass  with  ex- 
pedition. Post  is  used  also,  adverbially,  for  swiftly, 
e.xpeditiously,  or  expressly. 

Sent  from  Media  post  to  Egypt.  Milton, 

Hence,  to  travel  post,  is  to  travel  expeditiously  by 
the  use  of  fresh  horses  taken  at  certain  stations. 
Knight  of  the  post.    See  Knight. 
POST,  V.  i.    [Fr.  poster;  Sp.  postear.] 

1.  To  travel  with  post-horses  ;  hence, 

2.  To  travel  with  speed. 

And  post  o'er  lanti  and  ocean  without  rest.  bTillon. 

POST,  r.  t.  To  fix  to  a  post ;  as,  to  post  a  notifica- 
tion. 

2.  To  expose  to  public  reproach  by  fixing  the  name 
to  a  post ;  to  expose  to  opprobrium  by  some  public 
action  ;  as,  to  post  a  coward. 

3.  To  advertise  on  a  post  or  in  a  public  place  ;  as, 
to  post  a  stray  horse.  Laws  o/JVeio  Englantl. 

4.  To  set ;  to  place  ;  to  station  ;  as,  to  post  troops 
on  a  hill,  or  in  front  or  on  the  flank  of  an  army. 

5.  To  pl.ice  in  the  post-oflice ;  as,  to  post  letters. 
[Enn.]  Orf.  Guide. 

6.  In  book-kcepinrr,  to  carry  accounts  from  the 
waste-book  or  journal  to  the  ledger. 

To  post  bff;  to  put  off;  to  delay.    [JV'ot  used.] 

Shall. 

POST  ;  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  after.  It  is 
used  in  this  sense  in  composition  in  many  English 
words. 

POST'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  carried.    [JVot  uscrf.] 

Jiloantuirn. 

POST'ACE,  n.  The  price  established  by  law  tii  be  p;iid 
for  the  conveyance  of  a  letter  or  parcel  in  a  public 
mail. 

2.  A  portige.    [JVot  used.']  Smollett. 
POST'-IilLL,  n.    A  bill  of  letters  mailed  by  a  pust- 
inaster. 

POST'-BOY,  n.    A  boy  that  rides  as  post ;  a  courier. 

POST'-CirSISE,  )  n.     [Sec    CuAm:.]      A  carriage 
POST'-eOACIl,  (     with  four  wheels,  for  the  con- 
vevaiice  (if  travelers  who  travel  with  pout-horses. 
PO.ST'-DATE,  V.  U    [L.  post,  after,  and  dale,  1..  da- 
tum.] 

To  date  after  the  real  time  ;  as,  to  post-date,  a  con- 
tract, that  is,  to  date  it  after  the  true  lime  of  making 
the  contract. 

PO.ST'-I)AT-ED,  pp.    Dated  after  the  real  lime. 

Pr).-<T'-[)AT-ING,  ppr.    I):iliiii;  aftt^r  the  real  time. 

POST'-DAY,  n.  A  day  on  which  the  mail  arrives  or 
departs. 

POST-DI  LP'VI-AI,,  j  a.  VL.  pout,  after,  and  d^luin 
PO.ST-DI  LO'VI-AN,  t    urn,  the  deluge.] 


Being  or  happening  posterior  to  the  flood  in  Noah's 
days.  TVoodtoard.  Bitckland. 

POST-DI-LO'VI-AN,  71.  A  person  who  lived  tifler 
tlie  flood,  or  who  has  lived  since  that  event.  Orew. 

POST-DIS-SkI'ZIN,  n.  A  subsequent  disseizin.  A 
writ  of  post-disseizin  is  intended  to  put  in  possession 
a  person  who  has  been  disseized  after  a  judgment  to 
recover  the  same  lands  of  the  same  person,  under 
the  statute  of  Mertim.  Blackstone. 

POST-DIS-Sf.I'ZOR,  ji.  a  person  who  disseizes  an- 
other of  lands  which  he  had  before  recovered  of  the 
same  person.  Blackstone. 

POST'E-,\,  n.  [L.]  The  record  of  what  is  done  in  a 
cause  subsequent  to  the  joining  of  issue  and  award- 
ing of  trial.  Blackstone. 

PoST'ED,  pp.    Placed  ;  stationed. 

2.  Exposed  on  a  post  or  by  public  notice. 

3.  Carried  to  a  ledger,  as  accounts. 
POST'-EN-TRY,  n.  A  second  or  subsequent  entry,  at 

the  custom-house,  of  goods  which  had  been  omitted 
by  mistake. 

2.  In  book-keeping,  an  additional  or  subsequent 
entry.  McCnUoch. 
PoST'ER,  71.    One  who  posts;  also,  a  courier;  one 
that  travels  expeditiously. 
2.  A  large  bill  posted  for  advertising. 
POS-Te'RI-OR,  a.      [from  L.  posterus,  from  post, 
after  ;  Fr.  posterieur.'] 
1.  Later  or  subsequent  in  time. 

Hesiod  was  posterior  to  liomer.  Broome. 
9.  Later  in  the  order  of  proceeding  or  moving; 
coming  after.  [Unfrcqnent.] 
P0S-TE"-RI-0R'1-TY,  n.    [Fr.  pnsteriorite.] 

The  state  of  being  later  or  subsequent ;  as,  posteri- 
oritij  of  time  or  of  an  event ;  opposed  to  Priohitv. 

Hale. 

POS-Tk'RI-OR-LY,  adr.    Subsequentiv  in  time. 

POS-Tk'RI-ORS,  71.  p/.  The  hinder  parts  of  an  ani- 
mal body.  Swift. 

POS-TER'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  posteriti  ;  L.  postcriUis,  from 
posterus,  from  post,  after.] 

1.  Descendants  ;  children,  chiltlren's  children,  &c., 
indefinitely  ;  the  race  that  proceeds  from  a  progeni- 
tor. The  whole  human  race  are  the  posterity  of  Adam. 

2.  In  a  aeneral  sense,  succeeding  generations  ;  op- 
posed to  A.NCESTORS. 


To  the  uiihnppy,  ttiat  imiustly  hVM, 
Heaven  ^ves  jtosUrily  t  avenge  the  deed. 


Pope. 


PoS'TERN,  71.  [Fr.  pOterne,  for  posternc,  from  L. 
post,  behind.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  back  door  or  gate  ;  a  private  en- 
trance ;  hence,  any  small  door  or  gate. 

Drydcn.  Locke. 

2.  In  fortif  cation,  a  small  gate,  usually  in  the  angle 
of  the  flank  tjf  a  bastion,  or  in  that  of  the  oirtain  or 
near  the  orillon,  descentling  into  the  ditch.  Encyc. 

POS'TERN,  0.   Back  ;  being  behind  ;  private. 

Drydcn. 

POST-EX-IST'ENCE,  7i.  Subsequent  or  future  exist- 
ence. Mdison. 

POST'-FACT,  a.    [L.  post  factum.'] 

Relating  to  a  fai^t  th.at  occurs  after  another  ;  or,  as 
a  711)111),  a  fact  th.at  occurs  after  another. 

PoST'-FINE,  71.  In  English  law,  a  fine  due  to  the 
king  by  prerogative,  after  a  licentia  covcordandi 
given  in  a  fine  of  lanils  and  tenements  ;  called  also 
the  King's  silver.  Blackstone. 

Po-ST'FIX,  71.    [L.  post,  after,  and^r.] 

In  grammar,  a  letter,  syllable,  or  xvord,  added  to  the 
end  of  another  word  ;  a  siillix.  Parkhnrst. 

POST-FlX',  V.  t.  To  add  or  annex  a  letter,  syllable, 
or  word,  to  the  end  of  another  or  principal  word. 

Parkhnrst. 

PoST-FIX'f:D,  pp.    Added  to  the  end  of  a  word. 

rn.-^'l'-FlX'ING,  ppr.    Adding  to  the  end  of  a  word. 

l'o.-iT-llACK'i\'EY,  71.  [jwst  and  hackney.]  A  hired 
piist-horse.  (Votton. 

PoST'-lHSTE,  71.  Haste  or  speed  in  traveling,  like 
that  of  a  post  or  courier.  Shak. 

Po.ST'-HaSTE,  adv.  With  speed  or  expedition.  He 
traveled  post-haste,  that  is,  by  an  ellipsis,  witk  post- 
haste. 

Po.'^T'-IlORN,  71  [post  and  horn.]  A  horn  or  trum- 
pet carrietl  and  blown  by  a  carrier  of  the  public  mail, 
or  by  a  coachman.  Cotrper. 

PoST'-llORSE,  71.  A  term  applied  to  horses  stalioned 
at  certain  distances  on  a  road  for  the  rapid  convey- 
ance of  couriers,  passengiTs.  &.c.  Sidney. 

PoST'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where  a  post-oflice  is 
ki;pt  for  receiving  and  dispatching  letters  by  public 
mails  ;  a  post-ollice.  [  The  latter  toord  is  now  in  gener- 
al use.] 

2.  A  house  where  post-horses  are  kept. 
POST' I lU. ME,  a.    Posthumous.    [JVot  used.]  rf'alt,i. 
POST'HU-iM(  iVfi,  a.  [L.  post,  after,  and  liuinus,  earth  ; 
humatus,  buru-d.] 

1.  Horn  after  the  death  of  the  father,  or  taken 
from  the  dead  hotly  of  the  mother  ;  as,  a  posthumous 
son  or  daughter.  Blackstone. 

2.  I'ublishid  after  the  diNitli  of  the  author;  as, 
posthumous  works. 

3.  Being  after  one's  dtrcease ;  ns,  a  posthumous 
charncti^r.  Mdison. 


POST'HU-MOUS-LY,  adv.    After  one's  decease. 
POS'Tie,  a.    [L.  posticus.] 

Backward.  [JVot  used.]  Brown. 
POS'TIL,  71.    [It.  postilla ;  Sp.  posUla ;  from  L.  posU] 

1.  A  marginal  note  ;  originally,  a  note  in  the  mar- 
gin of  the  Bible,  so  called  because  written  after  the 
te.xt.  Encyc. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran  churches,  a 
homily  to  be  read  in  public  by  clergymen  who  are 
incompetent  to  teach.  The  first  postils  were  com- 
posed by  order  of  Charlemagne.  Luther  also  wrote 
postils.  The  books  of  homilies  in  the  English  church 
were  postiU  under  another  name.  jMurdock. 

POS'TIL,  V.  t.    [It.  postillare.] 

To  write  marginal  notes ;  to  gloss ;  to  illustrate 

with  marginal  notes.  Bacon. 
POS'TIL-iCD,  pp.  Illustrated  with  marginal  notes. 
POS'TIL-ER,  H.    One  wlio  writes  marginal  notes; 

one  who  illustrates  the  text  of  a  book  by  notes  in  the 

margin. 

POS'TIL-ING,  ppr.   Writing  in  marginal  notes. 
POS'TIL-LaTE,  v.  i.  or  t.    Formerly,  to  preach  by 

expounding  Scripture,  verse  by  verse,  in  regular 

onler. 

POS-TII^La'TION,  71.  Exposition  of  Scripture  in 
preaching. 

POS'TIL-La-TOR,  71.  One  who  e.xponnds  Scripture, 
verse  by  verse.  Henry,  Brit. 

Poa-TILL'ION,  (pos-tll'yun,)  n.  [Fr.  postilion,  a 
post-boy,  from  poste.  ] 

One  that  rides  anil  guides  the  first  pair  of  horses  in 
a  coach  or  other  carriage  ;  also,  one  that  rides  one  of 
the  horses,  when  one  pair  only  is  used,  either  in  a 
coach  or  post-chaise. 

PoST'ING,  pp?-.  Setting  up  on  a  post;  exposing  the 
name  or  character  to  reproach  by  public  advertise- 
ment. 

2.  Placing  :  stationing. 

3.  Transferring  accounts  to  a  ledger. 

4.  Traveling  with  post-horses. 

POST'ING,  71.  The  transferring  of  accounts  to  a 
ledger. 

2.  The  traveling  post,  or  with  post-horses. 

POS'TlCiUE,  71.  An  ornament  of  sculpture  superadded 
after  the  original  design  has  been  completed. 

POST-LI-MIN'I-AR,    I    a.      [See  Postliminium.] 

PO-ST-LI-.^UN'I-OUS,  i  Contrived,  done,  or  existing 
subsequently  ;  as,  a. postliminivus  ajiplication. 

POST-LI-MIN'I-UJI,  I  n.    [L.  post,  after,  and  limen, 

POST-Ll.M'I-NY,       S     end,  limit.] 

Pustliminium,  among  the  Romans,  was  the  return 
of  a  jierson  to  his  own  country  who  had  gone  to  so- 
journ in  a  foreign  country,  or  had  been  banished  or 
taki-n  by  an  enemy. 

In  the  modern  law  of  nations,  the  right  of  postliminy 
is  tliat  by  virtue  of  which  persons  and  things,  taken 
by  an  enemy  in  war,  are  restored  to  tlieir  former 
state,  when  coming  again  under  the  power  of  the 
nation  to  which  they  belonged.  The  sovereign  of  a 
country  is  bound  to  protect  the  person  and  the  prop- 
erty of  his  subjects  ;  and  a  subject  who  has  sutl'ered 
tlie  loss  of  his  property  by  the  violence  of  war,  on 
being  restored  to  liis  country,  can  claim  to  be  rciistab- 
lislied  ill  all  his  rights,  and  to  recover  his  property. 
But  this  right  does  not  extend,  in  all  cases,  to  person- 
al etfects  or  movables,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of 
ascertaining  their  identity.      Vattcl.    Du  Ponceau. 

POST'iMAN,  n.   A  post  or  courier  ;  a  letter-carrier.  - 

Granger. 

POST'MARK,  71.  The  mark  or  stamp  of  a  post-oflice 
on  a  letter. 

POST'.MARK,  V.  t.    To  affix  the  stamp  or  mark  of  the 

post-ollice,  as  to  letters,  &c. 
PoST'MAS-TER,  71.    The  officer  %vho  has  the  su])er- 

intendence  and  direction  of  a  post-office. 

2.  On  the  continent  of  Europe,  one  who  provides 
post-horses- 

3.  In  Merton  College,  Oxford,  the  scholars  who 
are  supported  on  the  foundatitui  are  called  Post- 
masters or  PoRTioNisTs,  (PortionistiF.)     Oif.  Guide. 

Postmaster-general  is  the  chief  officer  of  the  post- 
oflice  department,  whose  duty  is  to  make  contracts 
for  the  ctmveyance  of  the  public  mails  and  see  that 
they  are  executed,  and  who  receives  the  moneys 
arising  from  the  postage  of  haters,  pays  the  expenses, 
keeps  the  accounts  of  the  oflice,  and  superintends  the 
wlnde  tlepartment. 
POST-JIE-RIU'I-AN,  a.  [L.  postmeridianus.  See 
Meridian.] 

Being  or  belonging  to  the  afternoon  ;  as  postmeridi- 
an sleep.  Bacon. 
POST-.MOR'TEJit,  after  death.     A  post-mortem  ex- 
amination of  a  body  is  one  made  after  the  death  of 
the  patient. 

POST'NATE,  a.    [L.  post,  after,  and  Tiotus,  born.] 
Snbsi  queul.    [Lilllc  used.]  Taylor. 

POST'-NoTE,  71.  [post  and  note.]  In  commerce,  a 
promissory  note  issued  by  a  bank,  and  made  payable 
to  oriler  at  some  future  specified  time  ;  whence  its 
name  pnsr-nofe. 

POST-NIJP'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  [po.-rt  and  niiptin!.]  Be- 
ing or  happening  after  niamape  ;  as,  a  postnuptial 
siitlemenl  on  n  wile.  Kent. 

POST-Oli'lT,  71.    [I..  po.vl  and  obilus.] 


FATE,  FAH,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PKBY.  — PINE,  MAIltNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


POS 

1.  A  bond  in  whidi  the  obligor,  in  consiili  rntion  of 
having  received  a  certain  sum  of  money,  binds  liim- 
self  to  pay  a  larger  sum,  on  unusual  interest,  on  the 
death  of  some  specified  individual  from  whom  he  has 
expectations.  Boitiiur. 

2.  Post-obit  is  used  by  physicians  precisely  like 
pnst-'inortrni. 

POST'-OF-FICE,  ju  An  office  or  house  where  letters 
are  received  for  di'livery  to  the  persons  to  whom 
they  are  addressed,  or  to  be  transniilted  to  other 
places  in  the  public  mails. 

POST'-PAID,  0.  Having  the  postage  paid,  aa  a 
letter. 

Port'I'-l'ON'K',  V.  L  [L.  postpono;  post,  after,  and  pono, 
to  put.] 

1.  To  put  otT;  to  defer  to  a  future  or  later  time  ; 
to  delay  ;  as,  to  postpone  the  consideration  of  a  bill 
or  question  to  the  afternoon,  or  to  the  following 
dav. 

2.  To  set  bolow  something  else  in  value  or  impor- 
tance. 

All  other  conisiilcniUons  should  give  way  and  be  postponed  to 
this.  Locke. 
PoST  Po.N''KO,  pp.    Delayed;  deferred  to  a  future 

time  ;  set  below  in  value. 
POST-PoNE'MI:NT,  «.    The  act  of  deferring  to  a 
future  time  ;  temporary  delay  of  business. 

T.  Pichermg.  Kent. 
PoST-PON'ENCE,  n.    Dislike.    [jYot  in  iwc] 

Johnson, 

PoST-Po\'ER,  n.    One  who  postpones. 
Pf)ST-PoN''IN(!,  ppr.    Deferring  to  a  future  time. 
P0ST-P0-S1"T10N,  (-/.ish'un,)  n.  [post  and  position.] 
The  state  of  being  put  back  or  out  of  the  regular 

place.  Mtilr. 
Po.<r-POS'I-TlVE,  a.    Placed  after  something  else, 

as  a  word. 

PoST-UE  MoTE',  a.  [post  and  remote]  More  re- 
mote in  subsi  qiient  time  or  order.  Darwin. 

PoST-.SCt-.'NI-U.M,  n.    The  back  part  of  the  stage. 

PoST'SCRIPT,  n.  [L.  post,  after,  and  scriptam,  writ- 
ten.] 

.\  paragraph  added  to  a  letter  after  it  is  concluded 
and  si-iued  by  the  writer;  or  any  addition  made  to  a 
book  or  composition  after  it  had  been  supposed  to  be 
finished,  containing  something  omitted,  or  something 
new  occurring  to  the  writer.  Locke.  ..Addison. 
PoST'SeillPT-ED,  0.    Addud  in  a  postscript. 

J.  Q.  Mnms. 

POST'-TOWN,  n.    A  town  in  which  a  post-ortice  is 

established  by  law. 
2.  A  town  in  which  post-liorscs  are  kept. 
POSTMJ-LANT,  n.     [See  Postulate.]     One  who 

makes  a  request  or  demand. 
POST'T.T-LATE,  77.    [L.  postulatum,  from  postulo,  to 

demand,  from  the  root  of  posco,  to  ask  or  demand. 

The  sense  is,  to  urge  or  push.] 

1.  A  position  or  supposition  assumed  without 
proof,  or  one  which  is  considered  as  .self-evident,  or 
too  plain  to  refjuire  illustration.  Kncyc. 

2.  In  mathematics,  a  self-evident  problem,  answer- 
ing to  axiom,  which  is  a  self-evident  theorem. 

Olmsted. 

POST'tT-LSTE,  V.  t.  [Supra.]  To  beg  or  assume 
without  proof.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

2.  To  invite  ;  to  solicit;  to  require  by  entreaty. 

Burnet. 

3.  To  assume  ;  to  take  without  positive  consent. 

The  Bytinlinc  rinperon  appear  to  h.-we  exercised,  or  at  Ic.ipt  to 
h^ve  poetoUUed,  a  tort  of  phrainouiit  supremacy  ovr  ihii 
nation.  Toolee. 
POST'lJ-LA-TED,  pp.    Assumed  without  proof;  in- 
vited. 

POST'lJ-LA-TING,  ppr.  Assuming;  inviting;  solic- 
iting. 

POST-TT.L5'TIOX,  n.    [L.  po.'Hulatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  supposing  without  proof ;  gratuitous 
assumption.  Hale. 

2.  Supplication;  intercession;  also,  suit;  cause. 

Pear.ton.  Burnet. 
POST'IT-LA-TO-RY,  n.    Assuming  without  proof. 

2.  Assumed  withotit  proof.  Brown. 
POST-IJ-LA'TUM,  n.    [L.]    A  postulate,  which  see. 

.Addison. 

POS'TIJRE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  I.,  po.iilura  ;  pono,  positiui.] 

1.  In  painlintr  and  seu'ptnrr,  attitude  ;  the  situation 
of  a  figure  with  regard  to  the  eye,  and  of  the  several 
principal  members  with  regard  to  each  other,  by 
which  action  is  expressed.  Postures  should  be  ac- 
commodated to  the  character  of  the  figure,  and  the 
posture  of  each  menibi  r  to  its  olfice.  Postures  are 
n.ttiiral  or  artificial.  JVatural  postures  are  such  as 
our  ordinary  actions  and  the  decisions  of  life  lead 
us  to  exhibit ;  artificial  postures  are  such  as  are  as- 
sumed or  learnt  for  particular  purposes,  or  in  partic- 
ular occupations,  as  in  dancing,  fencing,  &c. 

.Hddiion  ■  F.ncye. 

2.  Situation  ;  condition  ;  particular  slate  with  re- 
(tard  to  sotnclhing  else  ;  as,  the  posture  of  public  af- 
fairs before  or  after  a  war. 

3.  Situation  of  the  body  ;  as,  an  abject  posture. 

.Milton. 

4.  Stale ;  condition.  The  fort  is  in  a  posture  of 
defense. 


POT 

5.  The  situation  or  disposition  of  the  several  parts 
of  the  body  with  respect  to  each  other,  or  with  re- 
spect to  a  particular  purpose. 

He  castA 

His  eyes  B^niiiBl  ftie  moon  in  most  itlrui^e  pofturee.  SltaJc, 
Tlie  posture  ui  a  (joetic  figure  is  a  tlescripuon  of  Uic  henvs  in  tin' 
performance  of  such  or  such  an  action.  IJryden. 

G.  Disposition  ;  frame  ;  as,  the  posture  of  the  soul. 

Bailnj. 

POS'TURE,  V.  t.  To  place  in  a  particular  manner  ;  to 
dispose  the  parts  of  a  body  fur  a  particular  puijjose. 

He  was  r.iw  with  poBturing  liiuiself  according  to  Uie  direction 
of  till-  cliirur^i  ons.  lii  ook. 

POS'TtTR-CT),  pp.    Placed  in  a  particular  manner. 

POS''J'liUE-.M,\.'^-TER,  n.  One  that  teaches  or  prac- 
tices arlillrial  po.stures  of  the  body.  Spertator. 

POS'TIJli  ppr.  Disposing  the  parts  of  the  body 
fur  a  particular  ptirposc. 

Po'SY,  n.  [Uu.  pocsij ;  or  a  collection,  a  cluster,  from 
the  \V.  posiatn,  to  collect.    See  Pose.] 

1.  A  motto  itiscribed  on  a  ring,  &c.  Mdison. 

2.  A  bunch  of  fiowers.  Spenser. 
POT,  71.    [Fr.  pot;  Arm.  pod;  It.  pota  ;  Sw.  potta; 

Dati.  polte  :  VV.  pot,  a  put,  and  pntcl,  a  bottle  ;  poten,  a 
])Udiling,  the  paunch,  something  bulging  ;  D.  pot,  a 
pot,  ;i  stake,  a  hoard  ;  potten,  tu  hoard.] 

1.  .\  vessel  more  deep  than  broad,  made  of  earth, 
or  iron,  or  other  metal,  itsed  for  several  domestic  pur- 
poses ,  as,  an  iron  pot  for  boiling  meat  or  vegetables  ; 
a  pot  for  holding  liquors  ;  a  cup ;  as,  a  pot  of  ale ;  an 
earthen  pot  for  plants,  calb-d  a  flower  pot,  &c. 

2.  The  quantity  contained  in  a  pot;  as,  a  pot  of 
ale,  i.  e.,  a  (|uart. 

3.  A  sort  of  paper  of  small-sized  sheets. 

To  o'o  to  pot:  to  be  destroyed,  ruined,  wasted,  or 
expended.        loic  phra.-<e.] 
POT,  V.  t.    To  preserve  seasoned  in  pots ;  as,  potted 
fowl  and  fish.  Drijdcu. 

2.  To  inclusc  or  cover  in  pots  of  earth.  jVortimer. 

3.  To  put  in  casks  for  draining :  as,  to  put  sugar, 
by  taking  it  from  the  cooler  and  placing  it  in  hogs- 
heads with  perforated  heads,  from  which  the  molas- 
ses percolates  tlirough  the  spongy  .stalk  of  a  plantain 
leaf.  Kdwards,  If.  Indiei. 

PO'TA-RLE,  a.  [Fr.  ;  Low  L.  potabilis  ;  It.  potubile  ; 
from  I/,  poto,  to  drink  ;  polus,  drink,  Gr.  tot-os,  from 
TTU'w,  Tio//'i(,  to  drink.] 

Driukalile;  that  may  be  drank;  as,  water  fresh 
and  potable.  Bacon. 

Uivers  run  polabte  ^uld.  lijilton. 

PO'TA-BLE,  71.   Something  that  may  be  drank. 

Philips. 

Po'TA-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  diiuk- 
able. 

POT'.AGE,  71.    See  Pottage. 

POT'.'\-GER,  71.    [from  polagr.]    A  porringer.  Grrir. 
PO-T.AG'RO,  (  71.    ,\  kind  of  pickle  imported  from  the 
PO-TXR'GO,  i     West  Indies.  King. 
POT'aLE,  71.    [pot  and  ale.]    A  name  in  some  places 

given  to  the  refuse  from  a  grdiii  distillery,  used  to 

fatten  swine. 

POT-A-.MOI/O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  jrora/ioj,  a  river,  and 
Ao> ./{,  discourse.] 
A  treatise  on  rivers. 

PO'TANCE,  71.  With  watchmakers,  the  stud  in  which 
the  lower  pivot  of  the  verge  is  placed,  .^sh.  Scott. 

POT'.ASH,  71.  [pot  and  ashes  ;  1).  potasch  ;  G.  puttas- 
che  ;  Dan.  potaske  ;  Fr.  potasse.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  vegetable  fixed  alkali  in 
an  impure  state,  procured  from  the  ashes  of  plants 
by  lixiviation  and  evaporation.  Tlie  matter  remain- 
ing after  evajioration  is  refined  in  a  crucible  or  fur- 
nace, and  the  extractive  substance  burnt  off  or  dis- 
sipated. Potash  refined  by  heat  is  called  Pearlash. 
The  plants  which  yield  the  greatest  (luantity  of  pot- 
ash are  wornnvood  and  fumitory. 

Kiriran,    yicUolson,  Kncyc. 
By  the  discoveries  of  Sir  II.  Davy,  it  appears  that 
the  essential  jiart  of  pottish  is  a  metallic  o.xyd  ;  the 
metal  is  called  Povassii'm,  and  the  alkali,  in  books 
of  science,  is  called  Potassa. 

PO-T.^S'SA,  71.  The  scientific  name  of  pure  potash 
or  protoxvil  of  potassium. 

PO-TAS'si-UM,  71.  The  metallic  basis  of  pure  potash. 
According  to  Dr.  Davy,  lUO  parts  of  potassa  consist 
of  8C.1  parts  of  the  basis,  and  13.9  of  oxygen. 

jiled.  Repos. 

Potassium  has  the  most  powerful  affinity  for  oxy- 
gen of  all  substances  known  ;  it  takes  it  from  every 
other  comiKiiind,  and  hence  is  a  most  important 
agent  in  chemical  analysis. 
PO-TA'TIO.\,  71.    [l..potntio.    See  Potable.] 

1.  A  drinking  or  drinking  bout. 

2.  A  draught.  Shak, 

3.  A  species  of  drink.  Shak. 
PO-TA'TO,  7..    [Ind.  batatas.] 

A  plant  and  the  esculent  part  of  the  root  of  the 
Solaniim  tuberosum,  a  uativc  of  South  America. 
The  wberoiis  i>art  of  the  root  of  this  plant,  which 
is  usually  called  potato,  constitutes  one  of  the  cheap- 
est and  most  nourishing  species  of  vegetable  food  ; 
it  is  the  principal  food  of  the  poor  in  some  countries, 
and  has  olteu  contributed  to  prevent  famine.    It  w.is 


POT 

introduced  into  the  British  dominions  by  Sir  Walter 
Ralegh  or  other  adventurers  in  the  ItJtli  century  ;  but 
it  came  slowly  into  use,  and  at  this  dtiy  is  not  much 
cultivated  and  used  in  some  countries  of  Europe.  In 
the  British  dominions  and  in  the  United  States,  it 
has  proved  one  of  the  greatest  blessings  bestowed  on 
man  by  the  (Jreator. 
Po'TA-'i'O-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  drinking  j  as,  pota- 
tory power 

POT'-BEL-LI-KD,  a.    Having  a  prominent  belly. 
POT'-BEL-LY,  71.    A  protuberant  belly. 
I'OT'-BOY,  71.    A  menial  in  a  public  house. 
POTCH,  V.  t.    [Fr.  poeher.  Eng.  to  poke.] 

1.  To  thrust  J  to  push.    [J\'ot  used.]  Shak. 

2.  To  poach ;  to  boil  slightly.    [A'ot  used.] 

IViseman. 

POT-eOI\I-PAN'ION,  71.  An  associate  or  companion 
in  drinking;  applied  generally  to  habitual  liard  drink- 

PO-TEE.N',  71.    Irish  whiskev.  f<T.v. 

PO'TE-LOT,  n.  [Qu.  G.  p'ottloth,  D.  potlood,  black 
lead.] 

The  .sulphuret  of  molybdenum.  Foureroy. 

PO'TENCE,  71.  [Fr.]  In  heraldry,  a  cross  whose 
ends  resemble  tue  head  of  a  crutch  ;  also  called  a 
Cross  Potence.  Eneyc. 

PO'TEN-C"Y,  77.  [L.  potcntia,  from  potent;  possum, 
posse.    See  Power.] 

1.  Power ;  physical  power,  energy,  or  efficacy ; 
strength.  Shak. 

2.  Sloral  power ;  influence ;  authority. 

Now  arriving 

At  place  of  potency  and  sway  o'  Ih'  state.  ShaJc. 
PO'TENT,  a.  [l..potni.i.] 

1.  Powerful ;  physicjilly  strong  ;  forcible  ;  effica- 
cious ;  as,  a  potent  medicine. 

Motes  once  mote  tils  potent  rod  extends.  Milton. 
9.  Powerful,  17!  a  moral  sense;  having  great  influ- 
ence ;  as,  potent  interest ;  a  potent  argument. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Having  great  authority,  control,  or  dominion  ; 
as,  a  potent  prince.  Shali. 

PO'TENT,  71.    A  prince  ;  a  potentate.    [.Vot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

2.  A  walking-staff'  or  cnitch.  [JVot  used.]  Chaucer 
PO'TENT-A-CY,  71.    Sovereignty.    [JVot  used.] 

Barrotc. 

PO'TENT-,\TE,  71.    [Fr.  potentat:  It.  potentato.] 

A  person  who  possesses  great  power  or  sway ;  a 
prince  ;  a  sovereign  ;  nn  emperor,  king,  or  monarch. 

Exalting  him  not  only  aI«ovc  earthly  princ-s  and  potentates,  but 
al.ovc  tiie  highest  of  the  cclesti.ij  hierarchy.  Boyle. 

PO-TEN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  0.    [L.  pofoitia;i.t.] 

1.  Iliiving  power  to  impress  on  us  the  ideas  of  cer 
tain  qualities,  though  the  qualities  are  not  inherent 
in  the  thing  ;  as,  potential  heat  or  cold.  F.ncye. 

2.  Existing  in  possibility,  not  in  act. 

This  potential  and  im.aginary  materia  prima,  can  not  exi«l  with- 
out fonii.  Jiategh. 

3.  Efficacious  ;  powerful.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
Potential  cautery,  ifi  surgcni,  is  the  destruction  of 

vitality,  and  the  production  of  an  eschar  in  any  part 
of  the  body  by  an  alkaline  or  metallic  salt,  &.c.,  in- 
stead of  a  rcii-liot  iron,  the  use  of  which  is  called 
actual  cautery.  Fueyc. 

Potential  mode,  in  grammar,  is  that  form  of  the  verb 
which  is  used  to  express  the  pov.  er,  possibility,  lib 
erty,  or  necessity,  of  an  action  or  of  being  ;  as,  I  may 
go;  he  can  write.  This,  in  English,  is  not  strictly  a 
distinct  mode,  but  the  indicative  or  declarative  mode 
atfirming  the  power  to  act,  instead  of  the  act  itself.  1 
may  go,  or  can  go,  are  equivalent  to,  I  have  power  to 

Ptf-TEN'TIAL,  71.   Any  thing  that  may  be  possible. 

Bacon. 

PO-TEN-TI.\L'I-TY,  71.    Possibility;  not  actuality. 

Taylor.  BentXey. 
PO-TEN'TIAI^LY,  adii.    In  possibility;  not  in  act; 
not  positively. 

This  duration  of  human  souls  is  on\y  potentiaUy  infinite, 

Benlley. 

2.  In  efficacy,  not  in  actuality ;  as,  potentially  cold. 

Boyle. 

PO'TENT-LY,  aiic.  Powerfully ;  with  great  force  or 
energy. 

You  are  potently  opposed. 


PO'TENT-NESS,  n. 


Shot:. 

Powerfulnesa ;  strength ;  migbL 


[Little  ii.tfrf.] 
PO-TES'TA-TIVE,  a.    [from  L.  poteitas.] 

.\nthorit.ative.    [JS'ot  used.]  Pearson. 
POT'Gi;.\,  lor  PopGL'n.    [J\'ot  used.]  Swift. 
POT'-Il  ANG  ER,  n.    [pot  and  Aan/rrr.]    A  pot-hook. 
POTIl'E  e.\-RY  ;  contracted  from  Apothecary,  and 

ven,-  vulgar.    [See  the  latter] 
POTH'ER,  n.     [This  word  is  vulgarly  pronounced 
botAer.    Its  origin  and  affinities  are  not  ascertained.] 
1.  Bustle;  Confusion;  tumult;  flutter,  [/^iir.] 
Shak.  Siri/L 

9.  A  RUflbcnling  cloud.  Drayton. 
POTH'ER,  r.  i.    To  make  a  blustering,  ineffectual  ef- 
fort ;  to  make  a  stir. 
POTH'ER,  V.  U   To  harass  and  perplex  ;  to  puzzle. 

Locke. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  Vr"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

"851 


POU 


POU 


POW 


POT' -HERB,  n.  A  term  applied  to  herbs  which  are 
adrted  to  soups,  stews,  and  various  dishes,  to  increase 
their  nutritious  qualities,  or  to  give  them  flavor,  as 
par^ilt'v,  &c.  Encyc.  of  Dom.  Eicon. 

roTU'ER-Kn,  pp.    Harassed  and  perplexed. 

rOTU'ER  IN'G,  ppr.    Perplexing;  pu/,/,lin<,'. 

POT'-HOOK,  71.  A  hook  on  which  pots  and  kettles 
are  hun;;  over  the  fire. 

2.  A  letter  or  character  like  a  pot-hook  ;  a  scrawled 
letter.  JDnfden. 

POT'-HOUSE,  n.    An  ale-house.  fVarton. 
PO'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  jintio  :  poto,  to  drink.] 
A  draught ;  usually,  a  liquid  medicine  ;  a  dose. 

Bacon.  Milton. 

POT'-LID,  n.    The  lid  or  cover  of  a  pot.  Derliam. 
Pt)T'LIJCK,  71.    What  may  chance  to  be  provided  for 
POT'-.MAN,  71.    A  pot-companion.  [dinner. 
POT'-MET-j?L,  71.     A  name  vulgarly  given  to  the 
metal  frinn  which  iron  pots  are  made,  fnim  an  erro- 
neous idea  that  it  is  something  different  from  com- 
mon pi^  iron.  IVilcox. 
POT'.-^HERD,  )  71.    [pot  and  Sax.  sceard,  a  fracment, 
POT'SH  A  RE,  \     from  scearan,  to  shear  ;  D.  poUsclierf; 
G.  .ickerhr.] 

A  piece  or  fragment  of  a  broken  pot.   Joh  ii. 
POT'.«ToNE,  71.    Potstone  is  a  variety  of  .steatite, 
sometimas  manufactured  into  culinary  vessels. 

Clcafdand.  Brands. 
P0T'TA6E,  71.    [from  pot :  Fr.  td. :  It.  pota-ra-h :  Port. 
potaicm  :  VV.  pote.i  i  Arm.  piu/mcli.    The  early  orthog- 
raphy PoTAGE  woultl  be  [iri-f -raltie.] 

A  species  of  food  ma(le  of  meat  boiled  to  softness 
in  water,  usually  with  some  vegetables  or  sweet 
herbs. 

POT'TED,  pp.  or  a.    Preserved  or  inclosed  in  a  pot ; 

dr.'iin'Ml  in  a  cask.  Edwards. 
POT'TF;R.7i.    [friim  pot.]    One  whose  occupation  is 

to  make  earthen  vessels.  Dryden.  Mortimer. 

POT'TER.    Pe.-  PuDDER. 

•POT'TERN-oRE,  71.  A  species  of  ore,  which,  from 
its  aptness  to  vitrify  like  the  glazing  of  potter's  ware, 
tlni  miners  call  bv  this  name.  Boijlc. 

POT'TEK'S-eLA  Y,  71.  A  variety  of  clay  used  by  pot- 
t-'t''. 

POT''JER-Y,  71.    [Fr.  polerie. ;  from  pot.] 

1.  7^he  vessels  or  ware  made  by  potters ;  earthen 
ware,  gla/ed  and  baked. 

9.  The  place  where  earthen  vessels  are  manufac- 
tured. 

PO  T'TING,  71.    [frompn*.]    Drinking  ;  tippling.  S/inA. 
9,  .'\  placing  or  preserving  in  a  pot. 

3.  In  the  lVc.it  [lulies,  the  process  of  putting  sugar 
in  casks  for  draining.  Edioards. 

POT'TING,  p;)7-.     Placing  or  preserving  in  a  pot; 

draining,  as  above  ;  drinking. 
POT'TLEi  71.    [VV.  potel,  a  bottle  ;  from  poL] 

1.  A  liquid  measure  of  four  pints. 

2.  A  vessel ;  a  pot  or  tankard. 

3.  More  commonly  noi/j,  a  vessel  or  small  basket  for 
holding  fruit.  Smart. 

POT'q-LE.VT,  a.    [L.  potnlcntus.] 

1.  Ni'arly  (trunk;  rather  tipsy. 

2.  Fit  to  drink. 

J'OT-V.'\L'IANT,  a.  [po(  and  i-a/i'anf.]  Courageous 
over  the  cup  ;  heated  to  valor  by  strong  drink. 

.Addison. 

••OT-WAL'LOP-ER,  77.  A  term  applied  to  voters,  in 
certain  boroughs  in  England,  where  all  svlio  I/oil  (wal- 
lop) a  pot  are  entitled  to  vote.  Enci/c.  .Sm. 

eOT-VVAI/LOP-ING,  a.  A  term  applied  to  certain 
boroughs  in  England,  where  all  who  boiled  a  pot 
were  entitled  to  vote. 

POUCH,  77.  [Fr.  poche,  a  pocket  or  ia^,  a  purse-net, 
the  paunch  ;  Ir.  ptuan  :  (J.  l/auck,  D.  bnilc,  Sw.  biik, 
Uan.  6115,  the  belly,  from  bulging  and  extending.] 

1.  A  small  bag  ;  usually  a  leathern  bag  to  be  car- 
ried in  the  pocket.  Swift. 

2.  A  protuberant  belly. 

3.  The  bag  or  sack  of  a  bird,  as  that  of  the  peli- 
can. 

POUCH,  V.  t.    To  pocket  ;  to  save.  Tunfer. 

2.  To  swallow  ;  used  of  fowls,  whose  crop  is  called 
in  French  por.hc.  Dcrliam. 

3.  To  pout.     [JSTnt  used.]  Ainsworth. 
POU(;il'f;i),  (poucht,)  pp.    Pocketed  ;  swallowed. 
POITCII'I.NG,  ;»;7r.    Pocketing;  saving;  swallowing. 
POUCH'-.MOU'f  Il-AD,  a.  lilubber-lipped.  [M<t  used.] 

.^tnstrorth. 

POU-rilONG',  (poo  shong',)  n.  A  kind  <^f  black  tea. 
POU-DUETTE',  71.  [Fr.]  A  very  powerful  manure, 
made  from  the  contents  of  necessaries  dried  and 
mixed  with  charcoal,  gypsum,  &c.  (tardner. 
P6UI/-I)A  VIS,  71.  A  sort  of  sail  cloth.  [JVu(  u.«</.] 
POUI-E.  See  Pooi„  [Jlimworlli. 
POUI.P,  71.    IFr.  pr.ii/pe.l 

The  English  name  of  an  eight-footed  dibranchiate 
ccphnlopod,  the  oclopun,  nearly  allied  to  the  sepia,  or 
roiiinion  cuttle  fub.  Kirby. 
POULT,  71.    [Ft.poulcL    See  PouLTiiv.l 

A  young  chicken,  partridge,  &c.    [Zittie  uarA.] 

Kinff. 

POUt,'TKU-ER,  71.    [Norm.  po/««iM.    See  Poultkv.] 
I.  One  who  makes  it  hiH  bumnciis  to  null  fowU  for 
the  Uiblc. 


2.  Formerly,  in  England,  an  officer  of  the  king's 
household  who  had  the  charge  of  the  poultry. 

Phakspeareuses  PouLTER. 
PoUL'TICE,  71.    [It.  poUa,  pap,  L.  puis,  puUis,  Gr. 
770X705.] 

A  cataplasm  ;  a  soft  composition  of  meal,  bran,  or 
the  like  substance,  to  be  applied  to  sores,  inflamed 
parts  of  the  body,  &c.  Bacon. 

PoUL'TICE,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  a  cataplasm. 

PoUL'TIC-£:D,  (pol'tist,)  pp.  Covered  with  a  cata- 
plasm or  poultice. 

PoUL'TIC-ING,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  poultice. 

POUL'TIVE,  for  Poultice,  is  not  used.  Temple. 

PoULT'RY,  71.  [from  Fr.  poule,  a  hen,  dim.  poidet; 
It.  polio,  a  chicken  ;  pullame,  poultry  ;  Sp.  polta  ;  L. 
pnllus,  a  chicken,  or  other  young  animal;  allied  to 
Eng.  foal ;  VV.  ebawl,  cboles,  a  filly  or  colt ;  It.  pollare, 
to  sprout,  L.  piiltulo.] 

Domestic  fowls  which  are  propagated  and  fed  for 
the  table,  and  for  their  eggs,  feathers,  &c.,  such  as 
cocks  and  hens,  capons,  turkeys,  ducks,  and  geese. 

POULT'RY-YXRD,  n.  A  yard  or  place  where  fowls 
are  kept  for  the  use  of  the  table. 

POU.NCE,  (pouns,)  77.  [Fr.  pierre-ponce,  pumice-stone  ; 
poiicer,  to  rub  with  pumice-stone  ;  Arm.  maen-punci, 
pumice-stone.] 

\.  A  fine  powder  used  to  prevent  ink  from  spread- 
ing on  paper,  as  saniiarach  pulverized. 

2  Charcoal  dust  inclosed  in  some  open  sli^if,  as 
muslin,  &c.,  to  be  passed  over  holes  pricked  m  the 
work,  to  mark  the  lines  or  designs  on  a  pajier  under- 
neath. This  kind  of  pounce  is  used  by  embroiderers 
to  transfer  their  patterns  upon  their  stuffs,  also  by 
lace-makers,  and  sometimes  by  engravers.  It  is  also 
used  in  varnishing.  Cyc. 

3.  Cloth  worked  in  eyelet-holes.  Todd. 
POUNCE,  V.  t.    To  sprinkle  or  rub  with  pounce. 
POUNCE,  77.   [This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with 

the  It.  punzome,  a  bodkin,  a  punch,  a  push,  which  is 
from  the  L.  pnn<ro,  whence  Sp.  punzar.] 
The  claw  or  talon  of  a  bird  of  prey. 

POUNCE,  V.  i.  To  fall  on  suddenly  ;  to  fall  on  and 
seize  with  the  claws ;  with  <i7i  or  up^n ;  as,  a  rapa- 
cious bird  poaiices  on  a  chicken. 

POUNCE'-liOX,  71.  A  small  box  with  a  perforated 
lid,  used  fur  sprinkling  pounce  on  pa|)er.  Skak. 

POUNCED,  (pownst,)  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  claws 
or  talons.  Thomson. 
2.  Sprinkled  with  pounce. 

POUN'CET-BOX,  77.  A  small  box  with  perforations 
on  the  top,  to  hold  perfume  for  smelling. 

Shak.  Toone. 

POUN'OING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  claws. 

2.  Falling  suddenly  on,  and  seizing  with  the 
claws. 

3.  Sprinkling  with  pounce. 

POUND,  71.  [Sax.  puiiii ;  Goth.  Sw.  and  Dan.  pjind; 
D.  pond :  G.  pfand  ;  L.  pondo,  pondus,  weight,  a  pound  ; 
pendo,  to  weigh,  to  bend.] 

1.  A  standard  weight  consisting  of  twelve  ounces 
troy,  or  sixteen  ounces  avoirdupois.  144 /.ouni/^  av- 
oirdupois are  equal  to  175  pounds  troy  weight. 

McCulloch. 

2.  A  money  of  account,  consisting  of  Iweiiiy  shil- 
lings, the  value  of  which  is  different  in  different 
Countries.     The  pound  sterling  is  equivalent  to 

$4.44j~,  money  of  the  United  States.  In  New 
England  anil  Virginia,  the  pound  is  equal  to  $3.33| ; 
in  New  York,  to  S2.50. 

POUND,  71.    [Sax.  pyndan,  pindrni,  to  confine.] 

An  inclosure,  erected  by  authority,  in  which  cattle 
or  other  beasts  are  confined  when  taken  in  trespass- 
ing, or  going  at  large  in  violatiiui  of  law  ;  a  piufidd. 

POIJiNI),  V.  t.    To  confine  in  a  iiublic  ground. 

POU.ND,  V.  U  [Sax.  punian ;  W.  pwniatB,  to  beat  and 
to  loail.] 

1.  To  beat ;  to  strike  with  some  heavy  instrument, 
and  with  repeated  blows,  so  as  to  make  an  impres- 
sion. 

With  cruel  blows  she  pounds  lier  blubl)creil  cheeks.  Dryden. 

2.  To  comminute  and  pulverize  by  beating;  to 
bruise  or  break  into  fine  |Kirts  by  a  heavy  instru- 
ment ;  as,  to  pound  spice  or  salt. 

1.  tmil  sinikcH  wiUi  pounding  spice  llie  fiibric  reml.  Oarth. 
POII.'VD'AGE,  71.    [from  pound.]    A  sum  deducted 

from  a  pound,  or  a  certain  sum  paid  for  each 
pound.  Sioifl. 

2.  In  Enalnnd,  a  subsidy  of  12(/.  in  the  pound,  for- 
merly granted  lo  the  crt)vvn  on  all  goods  exported  or 
imported,  and  if  by  aliens,  more.  Blackstone. 

POUND'-liRl-.ACII,  71.  The  breaking  of  a  public 
pound  for  releasing  beasts  confined  in  it. 

Blackstone. 

POUND'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Deafen  or  bruised  with  a  heavy 
insfrumi'iit  :  piilverizeil  or  broken  by  pounding. 
2.  Ciuifined  in  a  pound  ;  impounded. 
POUND'I'.lt,  II.  A  pestle;  the  instrument  of  ptxinding. 
2.  A  person  or  thing  denominated  frmii  a  certain 
number  of  poiiiiils  ;  as,  a  cannon  is  called  a  twelve- 
poondrr  ;  n  |ierson  of  ten  pounds  annual  inciuno  is 
called  a  ton  poutujer.  Johmion. 
I        3.  A  large  pear.  Dryden. 


POUND  FOOL'ISH.  The  phrase  penny  wise  and 
pound  foolish,  signifies  negligent  in  tlie  care  of  large 
sums,  but  careful  to  save  small  sums. 

POUND'ING,  ppr.  Beating;  bruising;  pulverizing; 
impounding. 

POUND'-KEEP-ER,  71.  One  who  has  the  care  of  a 
pound. 

POUP'E-TON,  71.    [Fr.  poupce.] 

A  puppet,  or  little  baby. 
POU'PICS,  71.    In  cookenj,  a  mess  of  victuals  made  of 

veal  steaks  and  slices  of  bacon.  Bailey. 
PoUR,  V.  t.    [VV.  bwrw,  to  cast,  send,  throw,  thrust.] 

1.  To  throw,  as  a  fluid,  in  a  stream,  either  out  of  a 
vessel  or  into  it ;  as,  to  piiiir  water/rojii  a  pail,  or  out 
of  a  pail ;  to  pour  wine  int^  a  decanter.  Pour  is  ap- 
propriately, but  not  exclusively,  applied  to  fluids,  and 
signifies  merely  to  cast  or  throw,  and  this  sense  is 
modified  by  out,  from,  in,  into,  aaninst,  on,  upon,  un- 
der, &c.  It  is  applied  not  only  to  liquors,  but  to  oth- 
er fluids,  and  to  substances  consisting  of  fine  parti- 
cles ;  as,  to  pour  a  stream  of  gas  or  air  upon  a  fire  ; 
to  pour  out  sand.  It  expresses  particularly  the  be- 
stowing or  sending  forth  in  copious  abundance. 

1  will  pour  out  my  spirit  upon  all  flesh.  —  Joel  ii. 
To  jtour  out  dust.  —  Lev.  xiv. 

2.  To  emit ;  to  send  forth  in  a  stream  or  continued 
succession. 

London  doth  pour  out  her  citizens.  Sliak. 

3.  To  send  forth  ;  as,  to  poiiT-  out  words,  prayers, 
or  sighs  ;  to  pour  out  the  heart  or  soul.    Ps.  Ixii. 

4.  To  throw  in  profusion  or  with  overwhelming 
force. 

I  will  shortly  pour  out  my  fury  on  thee.  —  Ezek.  vii. 
PoUR,  (pore,)  v.  L  To  flow  ;  to  issue  forth  in  a  stream, 
or  continued  succession  of  parts;  to  move  or  rush, 
asaciirrent.  The  torrent  poiir.<  down  from  the  moun- 
tain, or  along  the  sleep  descent. 

2.  To  rush  in  a  crowd  or  continued  procession. 

A  ^hitstly  bivnd  of  ^ants, 
All  pouring  down  the  moiriiiain,  crowd  tlie  sliore.  Pope. 

PoUR'JCD,  pp.    Sent  forth  ;  thrown,  as  a  fluid. 
PoUR'ER,  71.    One  tlint  pours. 

PoUR'ING,  ppr.    Seniling,  as  a  fluid  ;  driving  in  a 

current  or  continued  stream. 
POUR'LIEU.    See  Purlieu. 

POUR-PRES'TIJRE,  71.  [Fr.  pour,  for,  and  prts. 
taken.] 

In  law,  a  wrongful  inclosure  or  encroachment  on 
another's  property.  Encyc.  Cowel. 

POUR'SUt-VANT.    See  PuR-uivinr. 
POUR-VEY'ANCE.    See  Purvevance. 
P(JU.-^SE  ;  corrupted  from  Pul9e,  peas.  Spenser. 
POUT,  71.    A  sea-fish,  of  the  Cod  kind,  about  a  foot 
in  length;  also  called  t\\e  whitinir  pout.    It  has  the 
power  of  inflating  a  membrane  which  covers  the 
eyes  and  neighboring  parts  of  the  head. 

Partington.  Yarrell. 
2  A  species  of  bird.  Carew. 

3.  A  fit  of  sullenness.  [Colloquial.] 

POUT,  7'.  I.  [Fr.  bonder  :  allied  probably  to  bud,  pud- 
ding, Gr.  liiTJvny  W.potni;  from  the  sense  of  bulg- 
ing or  pushing  out.] 

1.  To  thrust  out  the  lips,  ,is  in  sullenness,  contempt, 
or  displeasure  ;  hence,  to  look  sullen.  Sliuk. 

2  To  shoot  out ;  to  be  prominent ;  as,  pouting  lips. 

Dryden. 

POUT'ING,  ppr.    Shooting  out,  as  the  lips. 

2.  Looking  sullen. 
POUT'ING,  71.    Childish  sullenness. 
POUT'L\G-LY,  adn.    In  a  pouting  or  sullen  manner. 
POV'ER-TY,  71.     [Norm,  pnurrti :  Fr.  paurrcte  ;  It. 

povertd  ;  Sj).  and  Port,  pobrcza ;  L.  paupertas.  See 
Poor.] 

1.  Destitution  of  property  ;  indigence ;  want  of 
convenient  means  of  subsistence.  The  consequence 
of  poverty  is  dependence. 

Tlie  drunkard  and  the  glutton  shall  come  lo  poverty.  —  Prov. 

2.  Barrenness  of  sentiment  or  ornament ;  defect ; 
as,  the  poverty  of  a  composition. 

3.  Want ;  defect  of  words  ;  as,  the  poverty  of  lan- 
guage. 

POWDER,  71.  [Fr.  pourfrp,  contracted  from  /iniiWrf  ; 
Arm.  poultra  ;  It.  polocre  ;  Sp.  polro  :  L.  pufvis.  The 
G.  has  pudrr,  and  the  D.  pocdrr,  but  whether  frcun 
the  same  source  I  know  not.  Pulvis  is  probably  Oom 
pulso,  pulto,  to  beat.] 

1.  Any  dry  substance  composed  of  minute  parti- 
cles, whether  natural  or  artificial  ;  more  genrr.illy,  a 
substance  comminuted  or  triturated  to  fine  particles. 
Thus  dust  is  the  powder  of  earth  ;  flour  is  the  powder 
of  grain.  But  the  word  is  particularly  applied  10 
substances  reduced  to  fine  particles  for  medicinal 
purposes. 

2.  A  composition  of  saltpeter,  sulphur,  and  char- 
coal, mixed  and  granulated  ;  gunpowder. 

,'1.  Hair-powder;  pulverized  starch. 

Powder  uf  .^Igarolli.    See  Ai.oaboth. 
POVV'DI'.R,  V.  t.    To  reduce  to  fine  particliTs ;  to  com- 
minute ;  to  pulverize  ;  to  triturate  ;  to  pound,  grind, 
or  rub  into  fine  particles, 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  powder;  as,  to  powder  th« 
hair. 


FATE^  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PKfiV  PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

.IS 


POW 


POZ 


PRA 


POWDER,  V.  i.    To  come  violently. 


3.  To  sprinkle  wilb  aolt ;  to  corn,  as  meat. 

Bacon. 

[Xot  ll,«rf.] 

VRtitranse. 
A  box  in  which  hair-powder  is 
Oay. 

A  cart  that  carries  powder  and 


POWDER-BOX,  n. 
kept. 

POU  'DER-eXRT,  n, 

shut  for  artillorv. 
POWDER-CHEST,  it. 


A  small  box  or  case  charged 
with  piiwder,  old  liails,  &c.,  fastened  to  the  side  of  a 
slirp,  to  be  discharged  at  an  enemy  attempting  to 
h..ard.  ^^ar.  Dirt. 

PO\V'l)RR-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  powder ;  sprink- 
led wiih  iKiwder  ;  corned  ;  salted. 
P()Wl)ER-FLXt*K,  n.    A  flask  in  which  gunpowder 
i<  carried. 

POWDER-HORN,  it.  A  horn  in  which  gunpowder 
is  carried  liv  sportsmen.  Swift. 

POWDER-I'NG,  ppr.  Pulverizing  ;  sprinkling  with 
powder;  cornine;  salting. 

POWDER-Ii\G-TUB,  ii.  A  tub  or  vessel  in  which 
meat  is  corned  or  salted. 

2.  Tile  place  where  an  infected  lecher  is  cured. 

Shnk. 

POWDER-MILL,  71.  A  mill  in  which  gunpowder  is 
made.  JirbuVinot. 

POWDER-MINE,  n.  A  cave  or  hollow  in  which 
powder  is  placed  to  be  fired  at  a  proper  time. 

Rtiirlry. 

POWDER-ROOM,  n.  The  apartment  in  a  ship  where 

gunjwwder  is  kept.  IValler. 
POWDER-Y,  a.    Friable  ;  easily  crumbling  to  pieces. 

3.  Diistv  ;  sprinkled  with  powder. 
3.  Rcsrmbhng  powder. 

POWDIKE,  n.  ,\  marsh  or  fen  dike.  [ImcoL] 
POWER,  n.  [Fr.  poutoir  ;  Jiotm.  potare  ;  from  the 
root  of  l?p.  and  Port. /»«/fr,  II.  pni/frc  ;  or  rather  the 
same  word  varied  in  orthography.  The  l^aiin  has 
possPy  pnssumj  pottSy  pateiitm.  The  primary  sense  of 
the  verb  is,  to  strain,  or  exert  force.] 

1.  In  a  pktlosnphical  sense^  the  faculty  of  doing  or 
performing  any  thing  ;  the  faculty  of  moving  or  of 
producing  a  change  in  something ;  ability  or  strength. 
A  man  raises  his  hand  by  his  own  power,  or  by  pow- 
er moves  another  body.  The  exertion  of  ptiwer  pro- 
ceeds from  the  will,  and,  in  strictness,  no  being  des- 
titute of  will  or  intelligence  can  exert  pom  r.  Pow 
er  in  man  is  active  or  ^peculaticr.  .Retire  poireristhat 
which  moves  the  body  ;  speculative  power  is  that  by 
which  we  see,  judge,  remember,  or,  in  general,  by 
whirl)  we  think. 

Power  may  exist  without  exertion.  We  have  pow- 
er to  speak  when  we  are  silent.        Loeke.  Rrid. 

Power  has  been  distinguished  also  into  nrlicc  and 
pasgire,  the  power  ofthitiir  or  morin^, and  the  power 
of  receiving  impressions  or  of  siiffrritifr.  In  .vfrici- 
^f^^■,  pa.^.v/c*  power  is  ah  absurdity  in  terms.  To  say 
thrit  gold  li.xs  a  power  to  be  meltt;d,  is  improper  lan- 
guage ;  yet  for  want  of  a  more  appropriate  word,  pow- 
er is  often  used  in  a  passive  sense,  and  is  considered 
as  twofold  ;  viz.,  as  able  to  make,  or  able  to  receive, 
any  change.  Cj/c. 

2.  Force  ;  animal  strength  ;  as,  the  power  of  the 
arm,  exerted  in  lifting,  throwing,  or  holding. 

3.  Force ;  strength  ;  energy  ;  as,  the  power  of  the 
mind,  of  the  imagination,  of  the  fancy.  He  has  not 
powers:  of  genius  adequate  to  the  work. 

4.  Faculty  of  the  mind,  as  manifested  by  a  partic- 
ular mode  of  operation  ;  as,  the  power  of  thinking, 
comparing,  and  judging  ;  the  reasoning  powers. 

5.  Ability,  natural  or  moral.  We  .say,  a  man  has 
the  power  of  doini  good  ;  his  property  gives  him  the 
power  of  relieving  the  distressed  ;  or,  he  has  the  pow- 
er to  persuade  others  to  do  good  ;  or,  it  is  not  in  his 
power  to  pay  his  debts.  The  moral  power  of  man  is 
also  his  power  of  judging  or  discerning  in  moral  sub- 
jects. 

6.  In  mechanic!,  that  which  produces,  or  tends  to 
produce,  motion.  It  is  op|K>sed  to  the  weijrht,  or  that 
which  is  acted  upon.  [See  also  Mccha.mcal  Pow- 
ers.] 

7.  In  optici,  the  degree  to  which  a  convex  lens,  or 
concave  mirror,  magnifies.  Olmsted. 

8.  Force.  The  great  power  of  the  screw  is  of  ex- 
tensive use  in  compression.  The  power  of  steam  is 
iniinrnse. 

9.  That  quality  "in  any  natural  body  which  pro- 
duces a  change,  or  makes  an  impression  on  another 
body  ;  as,  the  power  of  medicine  ;  the  power  of  heat ; 
the  power  of  sound. 

10.  Force  ;  strength  ;  momentum  ;  as,  the  power 
of  the  wind,  which  propels  a  ship  or  overturns  a 
building. 

11  Influence;  that  which  may  prove  the  mind; 
as,  the  power  of  arguments  or  of  persuasi(m. 

19.  Command  ;  the  right  of  governing,  or  actual 
govcrnmi  nt  ;  dominion  ;  rule  ;  sway  ;  authority.  A 
large  portion  of  Asia  is  under  the  power  of  the'Rus- 
sian  empeior.  The  poir«-  of  the  British  monarch  is 
limited  by  law.  The  power.i  of  government  are  leg- 
islative, executive,  judicial,  and  ministerial. 

PoaxT  ii  no  UnslDg  in  iwlf,  but  when  it  U  employed  to  prot<^t 
IIM?  innocent.  Siri/L 


Under  this  sense  may  be  comprehended  civil,  po- 
litical, ecclesiastical,  and  military  power. 

13.  A  sovereign,  whether  emjM^ror,  king,  or  gov- 
erning prince,  or  the  legislature  of  a  Stale  ;  as,  the 
powers  of  Europe  ;  the  great  powers  :  the  smaller 
powers.  In  this  sense,  the  state  or  nation  governed 
seems  to  be  included  in  the  word  power.  Creat 
Britain  is  a  great  naval  power. 

14.  One  invested  with  authority;  a  ruler;  a  civil 
magistrate.    Rom.  xiii. 

15.  Divinity  ;  a  celestial  or  invisible  being  or  agent 
supposed  to  have  dominion  over  some  part  of  crea- 
tion ;  as,  celestial  powers  ;  the  powers  of  darkness. 

IG.  That  which  has  physical  power;  an  army;  a 
navy  ;  a  host ;  a  military  force. 

Ni-v.T  such  a  ;>oi«i  

levied  iu  the  l«»ly  ul  u  land.  Shak. 

17.  Legal  authority ;  warrant ;  as,  a  power  of  at- 
torney ;  an  agent  invested  with  ample  power.  The 
envoy  lias  full  powers  to  negotiate  a  treaty. 

18.  In  arilhmetic  and  altreUra,  the  product  arising 
from  the  multiplication  of  a  number  into  itself;  as, 
a  cube  is  the  third  power;  the  hiquadrate  is  the  fourth 
power.  Any  number  is  called  the  first  power  of  it- 
self, llutton, 

19.  In  Scripture,  right ;  privilege.  John  i.  1 
Cor.  ix. 

20.  Angels,  good  or  bad.    Col.  i.   Eph.  vi. 

21.  Violence  ;  force  ;  compulsion.    Eiek.  iv. 

22.  Christ  is  called  the  po-er  ef  Ooil,  as  through 
him  and  his  gospel.  Cod  disnlays  his  power  and  au- 
thority in  ransoming  and  saviiij  sinners.    1  Cor.  i. 

23.  The  powers  of  heaven  I.iay  denote  the  celestial 
luminaries.    Matt.  xxiv. 

24.  Satan  is  said  to  have  the  power  of  death,  as  he 
introduced  sin,  the  cause  of  death,  temporal  and  eter- 
nal, and  torments  men  with  the  fear  of  death  and  fu- 
ture misery. 

25.  In  eulaar  lanipiage,  a  large  quantity  ;  a  great 
number;  as,  a  power  of  good  things. 

[This  is,  I  believe,  obsolete,  even  among  our  com- 
mon people.] 

Power  of  attorney;  a  written  authority  given  to  a 
person  to  act  for  another. 
POWEK-FUL,  a.    Having  great  physical  or  mechan- 
ical power  ;  strong  ;  forcible  ;  mighty  ;  as,  a  power- 
ful army  or  navy  ;  a  powerful  engine. 

2.  Having  great  moral  power  ;  forcible  to  persuade 
or  convince  the  mind  ;  as,  a  powerful  reason  or  ar- 
gument. 

3.  Possessing  great  political  and  military  power ; 
strong  in  extent  of  dominion  or  national  resources  ; 
piit(*nt ;  as,  a  powerful  monarch  or  prince;  a  power- 
ful nation. 

4.  Etficacious ;  possessing  or  exerting  great  force 
or  producing  great  effects  ;  as,  a  powerful  medicine. 

.').  In  general,  able  to  produce  great  effects  ;  exert- 
ing great  force  or  energy  ;  as,  powerful  eloquence. 
The  word  of  tiod  U  quick  and  poufer/ul.  —  Heb.  [r. 
6.  Strong  ;  intense  ;  as,  a  powerful  heat  or  light. 
POWER-FIJL-LY,  adv.    With  great  force  or  energy; 
potently  ;  mightily  ;  with  great  effect  ;  forcibly  ;  ci- 
ther in  a  physical  or  moral  sense.  Certain  medicines 
operate  powerfullij  on  the  stomach  ;  the  practice  of 
virtue  is  powrrfuihi  recommended  bv  iU  utility. 
POWER-FIJL-.N  ESS,  71.    The  quality  of  having  or 
exerting  great  power ;  force ;  power ;  might. 

HakeirUl. 

POWER-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  power,  force,  or  en- 
ergy ;  weak  ;  impotent ;  not  able  to  produce  any  ef- 
fect. Shak. 

POWER-LESS-NESS,  n.    Destitution  of  power. 

Chalmers. 

POWER-LOOM,  n.  .\  loom  worked  by  water,  steam, 

or  some  merhanical  power. 
POWER-PRESS,  n.    A  printing  press  worked  by 

steam,  water,  or  other  power. 
POWL'DRO.V,  n.    [Uu.  Fr.  epauh,  the  shoulder.] 
In  heraldry,  that  part  of  armor  which  covers  the 

shoulders.  Sandys. 
POWTER, )  n.    A  variety  of  the  common  domestic 
POU'TER,  )     pigeon,  with  an  infl.ated  breast. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

POWWOW,  )  n.  .\mong  tJie  A*or(A  .American  Indians, 
PA  WW  AW,  (     a  priest,  or  C(mjHrer.  Hence, 

2.  Conjuration  iM-rfitrmed  for  the  cure  of  diseases 
and  other  purposes,  aitended  with  great  noise  and 
confusitin,  and  ollen  with  dancing.  Career. 
POX,  n.  [A  corruption  of  pocks,  Sax.  poc  or  pace,  D. 
pok,  that  is,  a  push,  eruption,  or  pustule.  It  is  prop- 
erly a  plural  word,  but  by  usage  is  singular.] 

Strictly,  pustules  or  eruptions  of  any  kind,  hut 
chiefly  or  whcdiy  restricted  to  three  or  four  diseas<:8, 
the  small-pox,  chicken-pox,  the  v.acciiie,  and  the 
venereal  diseases.  Poi,  when  used  without  an  e|>- 
ithet,  signifies  the  lalter,  lues  renrrea. 
POY,  n.  [Sp.  apoyo,  a  prop  or  stay,  Fr.  appuL  The 
verb  signifies,  to  bear  or  lean  upon,  from  the  root  of 
poitf.] 

A  rope-dancer's  pole. 
P07.E,  for  Pose,  to  puzzle.    [See  Pose.] 
P07,-ZU  O-LA'.NA,  j  n.    Volcanic  ashes,  used  in  the 
P07,-Z0-LX'.\A,      j     inanufactureofmortir,  which 


hardens  under  water.  They  are  from  Po/ziioli,  in 
Italv.  Brandt.    P.  Cye. 

PRAG'Tie,  for  Pbaciical,  is  not  in  use.  It  was  for- 
merly used  fi>r  Practical;  and  Spenser  uses  it  in 
the  sense  of  artful. 

PRAA.M,  (prilni,)  n.  [D.]  A  flat-liottiinud  boat  or 
lighter;  used  in  Holland  and  the  Hnltir  for  c<»nvey- 
ing  goods  to  and  from  a  vessel,  in  loading  and  un- 
loading. 

PRAC-TI-rA-nil/I-TY,  )  n.  [from  praetlenhle.l 
PRAe'TI-CA-HI,E-.\ESS,  j     The  quality  or  state  of 

being  prai  ticable  ;  feasibility. 
PRAe'TI-€A-HLE,  a.  I  Fr.  pratficaJfc  ;  Xl.  praeticabilt ; 

Sp.  prnrlicable.    See  Practice.] 

1.  That  may  be  done,  effected,  or  perforuied  by 
human  means,  or  by  powers  that  can  be  applictl.  It 
is  sometimes  synonymous  with  Po^sihli:,  but  the 
words  differ  in  this  ;  possible  is  applied  to  that  which 
might  be  jHrformed,  if  the  necessar)  |K'Uers  or 
means  could  be  obtained  ;  practicable  is  limited  in  \li 
application  to  things  which  are  to  be  performed  by 
the  means  given,  or  which  may  be  "pplieil.  It  was 
possible  for  Archimedes  to  lift  the  \  .orld,  but  it  was 
not  practicable. 

2.  That  may  be  practiced  ;  as,  a  practicable  virtue 

Dryden. 

3.  That  admits  of  use,  or  that  may  be  passed  or 
traveled  ;  as,  a  practicable  road.  In  mdttnry  offairs, 
a  practicable  breach  is  one  that  can  be  entered  by 
troops.  .Milford. 

Where  the  poMage  over  the  Euphntea  i«  most  praclicable. 

Murjihy. 

PRAC'TI-eA-BLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  may 
be  performed.  **  A  rule  prncticably  applied  before  his 
eyes,"  is  not  correct  language.  It  is  probably  a  mis- 
take fitr  pructically.  Rogers. 

PRAG'TI-CAL,  a.  [L.  practicus ;  It.  pratico ;  Ft. 
pratique  ;  Sp.  practico.    See  Practice.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  practice  or  action. 

2.  (.'apable  of  practice  or  active  use  ;  opfiosed  to 
Speculative  ;  as,  a  practical  understanding. 

^'ouCA, 

3.  That  may  be  used  in  practice  ;  that  may  be  ap- 
plied to  use  ;  as,  practical  knowledge.  TdluUon. 

4.  That  reduces  his  knowledge  or  theories  to  actu- 
al use  ;  as,  a  practical  man. 

5.  Derived  from  practice  or  experience ;  as,  practi- 
eal  skill  or  knowleilge. 

PR.Ae''l'I-e.\L  J6KE,  n.  A  trick  played  uptui  some 
one,  usually  to  the  injury  or  annoyance  of  his  per- 
son. 

PR.\e'TI-eAL-LY,  adv.    In  relation  to  practice. 

2.  By  means  of  practice  or  use ;  by  experiment ; 
as,  practically  wise  or  skillful. 

3.  In  pnictice  or  use;  as,  a  medicine  prarticatly 
safe  ;  theoreticallv  wrong,  but  praclicallii  right. 

PRAe'Tl-CAL-.NESS,  (  n.  The  quality  of  being  prac- 
PRAe-TI-eAL'I-rY,  (  tlcal. 

PRAG'TICE,  (prak'tis,)  n.  fSp.  prartica  ;  It.  pra/ica  ; 
Fr.  pratique  ;  (Ir.  rrpa«ri«ri,  from  the  root  of  ttooo  m, 
wpiirru,  to  act,  to  do,  to  make.  The  root  of  this 
verb  is  njjay,  or  Tronic,  as  appears  by  the  derivatives 
rpaj/iu,  rrouitriifj),  and  from  the  same  root,  in  other 
languages,  are  formed  G.  brauchen,  to  use,  brauch, 
use,  practice  ;  D.  gebruiken,  to  use,  employ,  enjoy  ; 
bruikir,  a  tenant,  one  that  occupies  a  farm  ;  Sax.  iru- 
can,  to  use,  to  enjoy,  to  eat ;  whence  Eng.  to  brook, 
and  broker ;  Dan.  bruger,  to  use  or  employ  ;  brug, 
use,  practice,  Sw.  bruka;  L.  fruor,  for  frugor,  or 

frucor,  whence  fruetus,  contracted  into  fruit ;  It. 

freacair,  use,  pritctice,  frequency  ;  L.  frrquens.  The 
W.  pratth,  practice,  preithiaw,  to  practice,  may  be 
the  same  word,  with  the  loss  of  the  palatal  letter 
c  or  g.] 

1.  Frequent  or  customary  actions  ;  a  succession  of 
acts  of  a  similar  kind  or  in  a  like  employment ;  as, 
the  practice  of  rising  early  or  of  dining  late;  the 
practice  of  reading  a  portion  of  Scripture  morning 
and  evening  ;  the  practice  of  making  regular  entries 
of  accounts  ;  the  practice  of  virtue  or  vice.  Habit 
is  the  effect  of  practice. 

2.  Use  ;  customary  use. 

Ob«olflr  wonU  in^y  he  revived  when  they  ore  more  •oun<Iln j  or 
fi^iificaiil  Ulan  those  in  pracuct.  Dnflen. 

3.  Dexterity  acquired  by  use.    [Uniuiial.]  Shak. 

4.  .Vctual  performance;  distinguished  from  The- 
oRy. 

Then*  are  two  fiinctioni  of  the  toul,  contemplntion  an<l  praeiet, 
aceonlin^  to  the  ^nera)  divtuon  of  objicta,  some  ol  uhtch 
only  eiitenain  our  speculatlona,  etben  euipluy  our  acudiia. 

Soulh. 

.').  .Application  of  remedies  ;  medical  treatment  of 
diseases.  Two  physicians  may  differ  widely  in  their 
practice. 

I).  Exercise  of  any  profession  ;  as,  the  practice  of 
law  or  of  medicine ;  the  practice  of  arms. 

7.  Frequent  use  ;  exercise  for  instruction  or  disci- 
pline.   The  trtxips  are  daily  called  out  fi>r  practice. 

8.  Skillful  or  artful  management ;  dexterity  in  con- 
trivance or  the  use  of  means;  art ;  stratagem  ;  arti- 
fice ;  usually  in  a  bad  sense. 


[This  use  of  the  word  li  genuine ;  Sp.  praciteo, 


TONE,  BULL,  IT.MTE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


TTT 


853 


PRA 


PRA 


PRA 


skillful,  It.  pratico  .*  like  expert^  from  L.  erperUtr.  It 
is  not  !i  iiiist;ike,  as  Johnson  supposes.  See  the  verb.] 
9.  A  rule  in  arithmetic,  by  which  the  operations  of 
tlie  EtMicral  rules  are  abridsed  in  use. 
PR.'^e'TICE,  j\  «.  [Frou)  the  noun.  The orthosraphy 
of  the  verl)  ou{;ht  to  he  the  same  as  that  of  the  noun  ; 
as  in  nntice  and  to  tinticf.] 

1.  To  do  or  perform  frequently,  customarily,  or  ha- 
bitually ;  to  perform  by  a  succession  of  acts  ;  as,  to 
practice  gamin<! ;  to  practice  fraud  or  deception  ;  to 
practice  the  virtues  of  charity  and  beneficence;  to 
practice  hypocrisy.    Is.  xxxii. 

Many  pr.iise  viniie  wlio  do  not  practice  it.  Anon, 

2.  To  use  or  exercise  any  profession  or  art  ;  as,  to 
practice  law  or  medicine  j  to  practice  gunnery  or  sur- 
veying. 

3.  To  use  or  exercise  for  instruction,  discipline,  or 
dexterity. 

[In  this  sense^  the  verb  is  usually  intra;isitive.] 

4.  To  commit ;  to  perpetrate ;  as,  the  liorrors  prac- 
ticed at  VVyoiuiiig.  JiJarshalL 

5.  To  use;  as,  a  practiced  road.  lUnusuaL] 

Milford. 

PRACTICE,  V.  i.  To  perform  certain  acts  frequently 
or  customarily,  either  for  instruction,  profit,  or  tiinuse- 
meiit ;  as,  to  practice  with  the  broadsword  ;  to  prac- 
tice with  the  rifle. 

2.  To  form  a  habit  of  acting  in  any  manner. 

They  sliall  practice  how  to  live  secure.  JiJUlon. 

3.  To  transact  or  negotiate  secretly. 

I  have  practiced  with  him, 
And  found  me.ans  lo  let  the  victor  know 

That  Syphax  and  Seuiproutua  are  his  friends.  Addison, 

4.  To  try  artifices. 
Olhere,  hy  guilty  artifice  and  arts 

Of  promised  kimhiess,  practiced  on  our  hearts.  Granville. 

5.  To  use  evil  arts  or  stratagems. 

If  you  there 
Did  practice  on  my  sute. 

6.  To  use  medical  methods  or  experiments. 

1  am  little  inclined  to  practice  on  others,  and  as  little  that  others 
shuiiKl  practice  on  me.  Temple. 

7.  To  exercise  any  employment  or  profession.  A 
physician  has  practiced  many  years  with  success. 

PR.\e'TIC-£D,  (prak'tist,)  /;;).  Uone  by  a  repetition 
of  acts;  customarily  i»erformed  or  used. 

2.  a.  Having  had  much  practice ;  as,  a  practiced 
orator. 

PK.\e'TI-CER,  n.  One  that  practices  ;  one  that  cus- 
tomarily performs  certain  acts. 

2.  One  who  exercises  a  profession.  In  this  sense 
PRACTtTioNER  is  generally  used. 

PR.4e'TI-CI.\G,;(p)-.  Performing  or  using  customarily; 
exercisini;,  as  an  art  or  profession. 

PR.AG'TI-CING,  a.  Engaged  in  the  use  or  exercise 
of  any  profession  ;  as,  a  practicing  physician  or  at- 
torney. 

PRAC'TI-SANT,  7!.    An  agent.    [J<i-ot  used.]  Sliak. 

PRAC'TItfE,  V.  t.  and  i.    .'^ec  Phautick. 

[There  is  no  reason  why  the  noun  and  verb  should 
not  both  be  spelled  with  c,  as  in  notice^  sacrifice.^  ap- 
prentice., and  all  like  cases  where  the  accent  precedes 
the  last  sylbible.  The  distinction  in  spelling  between 
the  noun  and  the  verb  properly  belongs  only  to 
words  which  are  accented  on  the  last  syllable,  as 
device  and  deri.ie,  where  the  verb  has  the  sound  of 
izc.  The  spelling  practise  tends  to  give  it  the  same 
sound,  as  we  see  in  uneducated  persons  ;  and  hence 
it  is  desinible  to  follow  the  regular  analogy  and  write 
the  noun  and  verb  alike.] 

PRAe-TI"TION-ER,  (prak-tish'un-er,)  w.  One  who 
is  engaged  in  the  actual  use  or  exercise  of  any  art  or 
profession,  particularly  in  law  or  medicine. 

2.  One  who  does  any  thing  customarily  or  habitu- 
ally, 'miitgiftc. 

3.  One  that  practices  sly  or  dangerous  arts.  South. 
PR/EC'I-PE,  (prcs'i-py,)  71.    [L.]   In  law,  a  writ  com- 

maniling  something  to  be  done,  or  requiring  a  reason 
for  neglecting  it. 
PR/E-eOG'M-TA,  Tt.  pi.  [L.,  before  known.]  Things 
previously  known  in  oraer  to  understand  something 
else,  'i'hus  a  knowledge  of  the  structure  of  the  liu- 
mttn  body  is.one  of  the  prwcognita  of  medical  science 
and  skill. 

PR/E.VI-IJ-NI'RE,  (preni-yu-nl're)  n.  [A  corruption 
of  tile  L,,  pru-niunerCj  to  pre-adiiioiiisli.J 

1  A  writ,  or  the  offense  for  which  it  is  granted. 
The  offense  consists  in  introducing  a  foreign  auth<»r- 
ily  or  power  into  England  ;  tlitit  is,  iiitniduciiig  and 
niaint.'iining  the  papal  jituver,  creatinfvitnperium  in 
iinperio.and  yieltling  that  obedience  to  the  miindtites 
of  the  \i'i\ir,  which  eoiiHtitutioiially  belongs  to  the 
king,  ilotli  the  offense  and  the  writ  are  so  denomi- 
nati'il  from  the  worils  used  in  the  writ,  prirnmnire 
fiuia.1,  caiMe  A  II  to  be  forewarniMl  to  appear  before 
UK  to  answer  the  contempt  wherewith  he  stands 
charged.  Blaclutone.  Kncyc. 

2.  'I'hc  penalty  incurred  by  infringing  a  statute. 

.SV/u(/j. 

PRJE-J\rr)'MFJ\r,  n.  [L.l  Among  the  Hmnans,  the 
first  name  of  a  |H!r«on,  liy  which  individuals  of  the 
name  family  were  distinguliihed. 


PR/E-TEX'TA,  n.  [L.]  A  white  robe  with  a  purple 
border,  worn  by  a  Roman  boy  before  he  was  entitled 
to  wear  the  toga  virilis,or  until  about  the  completion 
of  his  fourteenth  year.  It  was  worn  by  girls  until 
their  marriage.  Smitlt's  Diet. 

PR^'TOR.  71."   See  Phetob. 

PR.C-To'RI-UJI,  71.  [from  prator.]  That  part  of  a 
Roman  camp  in  which  the  general's  tent  stood. 

Srande. 

2.  A  hall  of  justice  in  Rome;  also,  a  patrician's 
seat  or  manor  house.  Elmes. 
PRAG-MAT'ie,       )a.    [h.  pragmaticus  ;  Gr.  iro.iy- 
PRAG-MAT'ie-AL,  (     ;/ar.«es,  from  irp.ij  busi- 
ness ;  7rpiirT<r(.i,  to  do.    See  Phactice.] 

1.  Forward  to  intermeddle ;  meddling ;  imperti- 
nently busy  or  officious  in  the  concerns  of  others, 
without  leave  or  invitation. 

The  feUow  grew  so  pra^natical,  that  he  took  upon  him  the  Gfov- 
ut  of  niy  whole  family.  ArbuthnoC. 


2.  In  Grrman  7criters,  a  pratrmatic  history  is  a  his- 
tory which  exhibits  clearly  the  causes  anil  the  coii- 
setpiences  of  events.  JMarduck. 

Pratrmatic  sanction  ;  a  term  derived  from  the  By- 
zantine empire,  denoting  a  solemn  ordinance  or  de- 
cree of  the  head  or  legislature  of  a  state  upon  weighty 
matters.  In  European  history,  two  decrees  under 
this  name  are  particularly  celebrated.  One  of  these, 
issued  by  Charles  VII.  of  France,  A.  D.  1«8,  was 
the  fountiation  of  the  liberties  of  the  Gallican  church  ; 
the  other,  issued  by  Charles  VI.  of  Germany,  A.  D. 
17Q4,  settled  his  hereditary  dominions  on  his  eldest 
dauiihter,  the  archduchess  Alaria  Theres.a.  P.  Cifc. 

PRAG-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  meddling  manner  ; 
impertinently. 

2.  In  a  manner  that  displays  the  connection  and 
causes  of  ocrtirrences.  JMurdock. 

PRAG-MAT'ie-AL-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  inter- 
niedilling  without  right  or  invitation. 

PRAG'iM.'V-TIST,  77.  One  who  is  impertinently  busy 
or  ineildling.  Reynolds. 

PRAI'RIE,  (pra're,)  77.    [Fr.  prairie.] 

An  extensive  tract  of  land,  mostly  level,  destitute 
of  trees,  and  covered  with  tall,  coarse  grass.  These 
prairies  are  numerous  in  the  United  States,  west  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  especially  between  the 
Ohio,  Mississippi,  and  the  great  lakes. 

PRaI'RIE-DOG,  71.  A  small  rodent  animal,  the 
sperniophilus  ludivicianus,  allied  to  the  marmot,  and 
found  on  the  prairies  west  of  the  Mississippi.  These 
animals  live  beneath  the  ground,  in  large  warrens, 
containing  many  hundred,  and  are  characterized  by  a 
sharp  bark,  like  that  of  a  small  dog.  Kirby.  W.  Irring. 

PRaIS'A-BLE,  (praz'a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be  praised. 
[Md  used.]  IViclif. 

PR-\ISE,  (praze,)  71.  [D.  p7T/s,  praise  and  price;  G. 
preis,  praise,  price,  prize,  value  ;  Dan.  priis,  Sw. 
pris,  id.  ;  W.  pris,  price,  value  ;  Fr.  prix  :  It.  prczzo ; 
Sp.  precio,  price,  value  ;  presa,  a  prize  ;  VV.  prid  ;  L. 
pretium ;  Sp.  prez,  glory,  praise ;  Scot.  prySj  praise 
and  prize.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Commendation  bestowed  on  a  person  for  his 
personal  virtues  or  worthy  actions,  on  meritorious 
actions  themselves,  or  on  any  thing  valuable  ;  appro- 
bation expressed  in  words  or  song.  Praise  may  be 
expressed  by  an  individual,  and  in  this  circumstance 
differs  from  Fame,  Renown,  and  Celebrity,  which 
are  the  expression  of  the  approbation  of  numbers,  or 
public  commendation.  When  praise  is  applied  to 
the  expression  of  public  approbation,  it  may  be 
synonymous  with  Renown,  or  nearly  so.  A  man 
may  deserve  the  praise  of  an  individual,  or  of  a 
nation. 

There  are  men  wlio  always  confound  the  j/raise  of  goodness  widi 
Uie  practice.  JtatiUtler. 

2.  The  expression  of  gratitude  for  personal  favors 
conferred  ;  a  glorifying  or  extolling. 

He  h;Uh  put  a  new  song  into  my  inoutli,  even  praise  to  our  God. 
-Ps.  il. 

3.  The  object,  ground,  or  reason,  of  praise. 

He  is  thy  praise,  and  he  is  thy  God.  —  Dent.  x. 

PRaISE,  ».  t.  [D,  prtjzcn,  to  praise;  pnjzceren,  to 
estimate  or  value  ;  G.  prrisen,  to  praise  ;  Dan.  pru^er, 
to  praise,  extol,  or  lift  up;  Sw.  ;irisa  :  VV.  prisiam  : 
Arm.  7<rc,<a  ;  Fr.  priser,  to  prize,  to  valiiC  ;  It.  ]trez- 
zare  ;  Sp.  preciar  ;  Port,  prczar,  to  estimate  prezarse, 
to  botist  or  glory.  It  appears  tliat  praise,  price,  prize, 
are  all  from  one  root,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is, 
to  lift,  to  r.'iise,  or  rather  to  strain.  So  from  L.  totlo, 
er.tollo,  we  have  eitol.  Now,  in  Dan.  roser,  Sw.  rasa, 
signifies  to  praise,  and  it  may  bo  questioned  whether 
this  is  praue  without  a  prefix,  'i'lie  Latin  pretium, 
W.  prid,  is  probably  from  the  same  root,  denoting 
that  which  is  (nArn  for  a  thing  solil,  or  the  risiiin- or 
amount,  as  we  use  Ai;rA ;  a  high  value  or  price  ;  corn 
o  

is  high.     In  Pcrs.  afaraz,  is  high,  lofty  ; 

u  -  - 

^tXjj|^\  afruzidan,  to  cxtul.  Clu.  Fr.  prflTier, 
for  prosner.] 


1.  To  commend  ;  to  applaud  ;  to  express  approba- 
tion of  personal  worth  or  actions. 

We  praise  not  Hector,  llioug^h  his  name  we  know 

Is  ^eat  in  arms  ;  'tis  hard  to  praise  a  foe.  Dryden. 

2.  To  extol  in  words  or  song  ;  to  magnify  ;  to 
glorify  on  account  of  perfections  or  excellent  works. 

Praise  him,  all  his  an jels ;  praise  ye  liim,  ail  his  hosts.  —  Ps. 

3.  To  express  gratitude  for  personal  favors.  Ps. 
cxxxviii. 

4.  To  do  honor  to  ;  to  display  the  excellence  of. 
All  thy  works  shall  praise  thee,  O  Lord.  —  Pa.  cxlv. 

PRaIS'ED,  (prazd,) pp.    Commended;  extolled. 
PRaISE'F.Ol,  a.    Laudable ;  commendable.  [JVo! 

M.<tf7/.]  Sidney. 
PR.aIS'ER,  7!.  One  who  praises,  commends,  or  extols ; 

an  applaiider  ;  a  comineiider.        Sidney.  Donne. 
PRaISE'LESS,  a.    Without  praise  oricommendation, 

Sidney, 

PRSrsE'WOR-TIII-LV,  (priize'wur-tfie-le,)  adv.  In 
a  m.inner  deserving  of  coniiiiendation.  Spenser. 

PRaISE'WOR-THI-iNESS,  77.  The  quality  of  deserv- 
ing rommendatiii\i.  Smith. 

PRaISE'VVOR-TIIY,  (praze'wur-the,)  a.  Deserving 
of  pritise  or  applause ;  commendable ;  as,  a  praise- 
worthy action.  Mrbuthnot. 

PRaIS'IJs'G,  ppr.    Commending;  extolling  in  words 

PRAM,    }  T  Tor  song. 

PUAME,i        [D.  praam.]  L 

1.  A  flat-bottomed  boat  or  lighter ;  used  in  Holland 
for  conveying  goods  to  or  from  a  ship  in  loading  or 
unloading.    [See  Praam.]  Encyc. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  a  kind  of  floating  battery  or 
fiat-bottomed  vessel,  mounting  several  cannon  ;  used 
in  covering  the  disembarkation  of  troops.  Encyc. 

PR.\NCE,  (prUns,)  v.  i.  [W.  pranciaw,  to  frolic,  to 
play  a  prank,  fiom  rhanc,  a  reaching  or  craving,  the 
same  as  7-a7t/i:  ,*  Ir.  rincim,  to  dance ;  Port,  brincar,  to 
sport ;  Sp.  brincar,  to  leap.  It  is  allied  to  prank, 
which  see.] 

1.  To  spring  or  bound,  as  a  horse  in  high  mettle. 

Now  nile  liiy  prancing  steed.  Gay. 

2.  To  ride  with  bounding  movements ;  to  ride 
ostentatiously. 

Tl/  insulting  tyrant  prancing  o'er  the  field.  Addison. 

3.  To  walk  or  strut  about  in  a  showy  manner  or 
with  warlike  parade.  StcifU 

PR.HNC'ING,  (prans'ing,)  ppr.  or  <r.  Springing; 
bounding  ;  riding  with  gallant  show. 

PR.^N'C'IXG,  11.  A  springing  or  bounding,  as  of  a 
high-spirited  horse.   .Judg.  v. 

PR.\NK,  V.  t.  [If  71  is  not  radical,  this  word  coincides 
with  G.  prachl,  D.  and  Dan.  ;ira^(,Sw.  prackt,  pomp, 
magnificence  ;  also  with  G.  prungcn,  to  shine,  to 
make  a  show  ;  D.  pronkcn,  to  shine  or  make  a  show, 
to  be  adorned,  to  strut;  Dan.  prnnger,  to  prance,  to 
make  a  show,  to  sell  by  retail ;  the  latter  sense  per- 
haps from  breaking  ;  Sw.  prunka.  So  in  Port. 
brincar,  to  sport ;  Sp.  id.  to  leap.  These  are  evidently 

the  Ar.  O^J  baraka,  to  adorn,  to  lighten.    Prink  is 

probably  from  the  same  root.] 

To  adorn  in  a  showy  manner ;  to  dress  or  adjust 
to  ostentation. 

In  sumptuous  tin*  slie  joyed  herself  to  prank.  l^fdton. 
It  is  often  followed  by  iq>. 

And  me,  poor  lowly  maid, 
Most  godde»s-IikcpranA-(  up.  Shak. 

PRANK,  71.    [W.  pranc] 

1.  Propfr/i/,  a  sudden  start  or  .sally.  [Sec  Pbance.] 
Hence,  a  wild  flight ;  a  capering  ;  a  gambol. 

2.  A  capricious  action  ;  a  ludicrous  or  merry  trick, 
or  a  mischievous  act,  rather  for  sport  than  injury. 
Children  often  play  their  pranks  on  each  other. 

In  came  Uie  harpies  and  played  their  accustoinctl  pranks. 

nalegh. 

PRANK,  a.     Frolicsome  ;  full  of  gambols  or  tricks. 

Brewer. 

PR  \NK'I^'^'  i         ^'^"""^^     "  showy  manner. 
PKANK'IOR,  71.    One  that  dresses  ostentatiously. 
PRANK'ING,  ppr.    Setting  off  or  adorning  for  display. 
PRANK'ING,  71.    Ostentatious  display  of  dress. 
PRA.MK'ISII,  a.    Full  of  pranks.  {Jlare. 
PRASE,  ji.  A  silicious  mineral ;  a  subspecies  of  quartz, 

of  a  leek  green  color.  Cleavdand. 
PRAS'I-NfJUS,  a.    [L.  prasinus.] 

Grass  green  ;  clear  lively  green,  without  any  mix- 
ture. Lindley, 
PRA'SON,  (pra'sn,)  n.    [Gr.  nuaaov.] 

A  leek  ;  also,  a  sea-wccd  green  as  a  leek. 

Bailey. 

PRATE,  V.  i.  [D.  praaten,  to  prate  ;  Sw.  prala,  to 
tattle  ;  Gr.  fpaiaoi.  Uu,  allied  perhaps  to  Sax.  rad, 
speech.] 

To  talk  much  and  without  weight,  or  to  little  pur- 
pose ;  to  be  lo<iuaciouj  ;  as  the  vulpur  express  it,  to 
run  on. 

To  praui  nnd  talk  for  life  and  honor.  Stiak. 
Antl  iniike  a  fool  premnne  to  prats  of  love.  Dryden. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — MCTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.- 


PRA 


PRE 


PRE 


PKATE,  V.  U    To  utter  foolislily. 

WhiU  nonsonm' wonKl  ihf  fool,  thy  maalT,  pmtt, 

\Vln-ii  th«u,  liU  kiiuve,  Ciuial  u^lk'ut  such  a  r.ite  1  DryUn. 

PRATE,  71.    Ciintinued  talk  to  little  purpose  ;  trifiing 

talk  ;  uuineanini;  li«|Uiicity.  Sliak.  Denham. 

PKaT'ER,  n.    One  that  talks  imicli  to  little  purpose, 

or  on  trifling  subjects.  Southrrn. 
Pll.\T'IiNO,  /)/"••  or  a.    Talking  niucli  on  a  trilling 

subject ;  talking  idlv. 
PRST'ING,  n.    Foolish,  idle  talk. 
PRAT'INU-LY,  adv.     With  much  idle  talk  ;  with 

loi;uacity. 

PRAT'tUUE,  (prat'eek,)  n.    [U.  ■pratica ;  Sp.praelica  ; 
i't.  praliqiic.    See  Piuctice.] 

In  commerce,  primarily,  converse  ;  intercourse  ; 
the  comntuniiaticui  between  a  ship  and  the  port  in 
which  she  arrives.  Hence,  a  license  or  permission 
to  hold  intercourse  and  trade  with  the  inhabitants  of 
a  place,  after  having  |H'rformed  <|uarantinc,  or  npon 
a  certificate  that  the  ship  did  not  come  from  an  in- 
fected place  ;  a  term  used  particularly  in  the  south 
of  Europe,  where  vessels  coming  from  countries  in- 
fected with  contagious  diseases  are  subjected  to 
quarantine. 

PR.XT'TLE,  II.  i.    [dim.  ofpro^!!.]    To  talk  much  and 
idly  ;  to  be  loquacious  on  trilling  subjects. 

Locke,  Addison, 
This  word  is  particularly  applied  to  the  talk  of 
children. 

PRAT'TLE,  n.    Trifling  talk  ;  loquacity  on  trivial 
subject.s. 

Mfre  pmUltt  without  practice, 
Is      liis  soUlii-nhip.  Shalt. 

PRAT'TLE-MEXT,  n.    Prattle.  Ha^iteij, 
PRAT'TLER,  n.    An  idle  talker.  Ilerlrrt. 
PRAT'TUNG,  ppr,  or  a.    Talking  much  on  trivial 
alfairs. 

PRAV'I-TY,  n.    [L.  pravitas,  from  praviis,  crooked, 
evil.] 

Deviation  from  right ;  moral  perversion  ;  want  of 
rectitude ;  corrupt  state  ;  as,  the  praritif  of  human 
nature;  the  j^rarify  of  the  will.  Jlifttm.  Smttli. 
PRAWN,  )i.  A  small,  crustaceous  animal  of  the 
siirimp  family,  with  a  serrated  beak  or  snout  bend- 
ing upward.  It  is  highly  prized  for  food.  P.  Cyc. 
PRAX'IS,  n,    [Gr.    See  Practice.]    Use ;  practice. 

Coventry. 

2.  An  example  or  form  to  teach  practice.  Loirlh. 
PRAY,  V.  I.  [Fr.  prier ;  It.  prepare  :  L.  precor  ;  Russ. 
prochu;  allied,  perhaps,  to  the  Sax.  frwj^aan,  G.  fra- 
gcn,  D.  vraarren,  ^w.fraga,  to  ask,  L.  proco.  This 
word  belongs  to  the  same  family  as  preach  and  rc- 
proacli,  Heb.  Cli.  Syr.  Eth.  and  Ar.  113,  to  bless,  to 
reproach  ;  rendered  in  Job  ii.  9,  to  curse  ;  properly,  to 
reprtKicli,  to  rail  at,  or  u|)braid,  W.  rhcftu.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  throw,  to  pour  forth  sounds  or 

words ;  for  the  same  word  in  Arabic,  baraka, 

signifies  to  pour  out  water,  as  in  violent  rain,  Gr. 
^ioc\w.  (See  Rain.)  As  the  oriental  word  signifies 
to  bless,  and  to  reproach  or  curse,  so,  in  Latin,  the 
same  word,  precor,  signifies  to  supplicate  good  or 
evil,  and  precis  signifies  a  prayer  and  a  curse.  (See 
Imhrkcate.)  Class  Brg,  No.  3,  and  see  No.  4,  li, 
7,  8.] 

1.  To  ask  with  earnestness  or  zeal,  as  for  a  favor, 
or  for  something  desirable ;  to  entreat ;  to  supplicate. 

Pray  for  llicm  wlio  despitefully  use  you  and  persecute  you.  — 
Alatt.  r. 

2.  To  petition  ;  to  ask,  as  for  a  favor;  as  in  appli- 
cation to  a  legislative  body. 

3.  In  worship,  to  address  the  Supreme  Being  with 
solemnity  and  reverence,  with  adoration,  confessitm 
of  sins,  supplication  for  mercy,  and  thanksgiving  for 
blessings  received. 

Wlien  thou  prtiyest.  cntT  into  Ihy  clowt,  sntl  when  tJiou  h.'vsl 
tliut  thy  door,  pray  to  thy  Fiitltcr,  which  i*  in  spcrel,  unj  tli; 
Katlier,  wliioh  sec-Ui  iu  secret,  will  rcwtutl  tliee  opculy.  - 
Malt.  vi. 

4.  I  pray,  that  is,  /  pray  you  tell  me,  or  let  me  know, 
is  a  common  mode  of  introducing  a  question. 

PRAY,  r.  t.    To  supplicate  ;  to  entreat ;  to  urge 

We  pray  you  in  Christ's  stead,  be  ye  rccouciied  to  God. — 2 
Cor.  ». 

2.  In  worship,  to  supplicate;  to  implore;  to  ask 
with  reverence  and  humility. 

Repent  therefore  of  this  thy  wicke<hie*s,  and  p'-ayOod,  if  per. 
b»ps  tlm  thought  ut  Uuac  licart  nuty  te  forgiven  tlicc.  — Acts 
viii. 

3.  To  petition.  The  plaintiff  prays  judgment  of 
the  court. 

He  th»l  will  hare  the  benefit  of  this  oct,  mus*  pray  a  prohibition 
before  a  sentence  in  the  ccclesiasticnj  court.  AytiJ^t. 

4.  To  ask  or  entreat  in  ceremony  or  form. 
Pray  niy  colleafrue,  Antonitis,  I  may  speak  with  him. 

B.  Jonton. 

[In  most  instances,  this  verb  is  transitive  only  by 
ellipsis.  To  pray  Qod,  is  used  for  to  pray  to  God ;  to 
pray  a  prohibition,  is  to  pray  for  a  prolMUion,  &c.] 

To  pray  in  aid,  in  iaio,  is  to  call  in  for  help  one  who 
has  interest  in  the  cause. 


PRAY'A.'D,  (prade,)  prrt.  and  pp.  of  Pbav.  j 
PRA  V'EK,  /I.    In  a  ireneral  srn.-ie,  the  act  of  asking  for 
a  favor,  and  particularly  with  earnestness. 

9.  In  worship,  a  solemn  adtlress  to  the  Supremo 
Being,  cunsisling  of  adoration,  or  an  expression  of 
our  sense  of  Goil's  glorious  [lerfections,  confession  of 
our  sins,  supplication  for  mercy  and  forgiveness,  inter- 
cession for  blessings  on  others,  and  thanksifirini^r,  or 
an  expression  of  gratitude  to  God  for  his  mercies  and 
benefits.  A  prayer,  however,  may  consist  Of  a  single 
petition,  and  it  may  be  extemporaneous,  written,  or 
printed. 

3.  A  formula  of  church  service,  or  of  worship, 
public  or  private. 

4.  Practice  of  supplication. 

As  he  is  f.uned  for  initdiicss,  peac/-,  .tnd  prayer.  Sltnk. 

5.  That  part  of  a  memorial  or  petition  to  a  public 
body  which  specifies  the  retpiest  or  thing  desired  to 
be  done  or  granted,  as  distinct  from  the  recital  of 
facts  or  reasons  for  the  grant ;  the  thing  askeil  or  re- 
quested. We  say,  the  prnyer  of  the  petition  is,  that 
the  petitioner  may  be  discharged  from  arrest. 

PRAY'ER-IIOOK,  «.  A  bt>ok  containing  prayers  or 
the  forms  of  tlevolion,  public  or  private.  iiieifl. 

PRA Y'ER-I'lJIj,  a.    Devotional;  given  to  prayer;  as, 
a.  prayerful  Inline  of  mind. 
■2.  Using  much  praver. 

PRAY'ER-FIjL-EY,  a'dr.   With  much  prayer. 

PKAV'ER-FIJI^NESS,  n.    The  use  of  much  praver. 

PRAY'Ell-l.ESS,  a.  Not  using  prayer;  habitually 
neglecting  the  duty  of  prayer  to  Goil ;  as,  a  prayer- 
less  family. 

Tlte  next  time  you  go  prayerleaa  to  bed.  Baxter. 

PRAY'ER-LES?-EY,  adv.    In  a  praverlcss  manner. 

PRaY'ER-LESS-NESS,  n.  Tot.al  or  habitual  neglect 
of  prayer.  T.  II.  Skinner, 

VilA\''\NCw,  ppr.    Asking;  supplicating. 

a.  a.  Given  to  prayer;  as,  a  praytnir  mother. 

PRAY'ING-LV,  ado.    With  supplicatit'n  to  God. 

PRE,  an  English  prefix,  is  the  E.  prie,  before,  probably 
a  contracteil  word;  Riiss.  pred.  It  expresses  priority 
of  time  or  rank.  It  may  he  radically  the  same  as  the 
Italian  ;)ro(/u,  the  proio  of  a  ship;  prode,  profit,  also 
valiant,  whence  protress,  from  some  root  signifying 
to  adcnnce.  It  soiiii-tiines  signifies  beyond,  and  may 
be  rendered  vrru,  as  in  prepotent, 

PRE'-.\e-eU-S-A'TION,  n.    Previous  accusation. 

l.ce. 

PREACH,  (preech,)  v.  i.  [D.  prreken ;  Fr.  prtcher,  for 
prescher ;  Ann.  preirnein  or  prezeey  ;  W.  pre*,  a  greet- 
ing ;  pre^eth,  a  sermon  ;  pre^cthu,  to  preach,  derived 
from  the  noun,  and  the  noun  from  rhea,  a  sending 
out,  utterance,  a  gift,  a  curse,  imprecation  ;  rhciru,  to 
send  out,  to  give  or  consign,  to  curse  ;  Heb.  Ch.  and 
Ar.  T<3  baraka,  E.  prmco,  a  crier.  Sax.  frieca  or  frye- 
cca,  a  crier.  This  is  from  the  same  root  as  prnw,  L. 
precor,  and,  with  s  prefixed,  gives  the  G.  sprcchcn, 
D.  spreeken,  P  w.  spraka,  to  speak  ;  Dan.  sjtrofr,  speech. 
Class  Brg,  No.  2,  3,  4,  5.] 

1.  To  pronounce  a  public  discourse  on  a  religious 
subject,  or  from  a  text  of  Scripture.  The  word  is 
usually  ap[)lied  to  such  discourses  as  are  formed  from 
a  text  of  Scripture.  This  is  the  modem  sense  of 
preach. 

9,  To  discourse  on  the  gospel  way  of  salvation,  and 
exhort  to  repentance  ;  to  tliscoiirse  t)n  evangelical 
truths,  and  exhort  to  a  belief  of  them  and  acceptance 
of  the  terms  of  salvation.  This  was  the  extempora- 
neous manner  of  preaching  pursued  by  Christ  and 
h|s  apostles.  Malt.  iv.  x.  Acts  x.  xiv. 
PRk.ACH,  r.  (.  To  proclaim;  to  publish  in  religious 
discourses. 


The  lAini  hath  aiioiuted  me  to  preach  good  tidiogB  to  the  meek. 
—  Is.  Ixi, 

2.  To  inculcate  in  public  discourses. 

1  have  preached  riglileousuess  in  the  great  congTcgatioo.  —  Ps. 
xl. 

He  oft  to  them  preached 
Conversiou  aiul  R-jTcnLuice.  AJUton. 

3.  To  deliver  or  pronounce ;  as,  to  preach  a  ser- 
mon. 

To  preach  Christ  or  Christ  crucified;  to  announce 
Christ  as  the  only  Savior,  and  his  atonement  as  the 
only  ground  of  acceptance  with  God.    I  Cor.  i. 
To  preach  up  i  to  tliscourse  in  favor  of. 

Can  they  preach  up  equality  of  birth  ?  Dryden. 
f  REACH,  n.    A  religious  discourse.    [JVot  used.] 

_  Jlooker, 
PRE.VCH'ED,  pp,  or  a.    (pp.  pronounced  preeclit,  and 
a.  preech'ed.)    Proclaimed ;  announced  in  public 
discourse  ;  inculcated. 
PRkACH'ER,  n.    One  who  discourses  publicly  on  re- 
ligious subjects.  Bacon. 
•2.  One  that  inculcates  any  thing  with  earnestness. 
No  preacher  b  listened  to  but  time.  Stet/t. 

PREACII'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  preacher. 
f.Vol  ii.r</.]  Jlall. 

PRf:ACH'I.\G,  ppr.  Proclaiming;  publishing  in  dis- 
course ;  inculcating. 


PRicACH'tNG,  n.   The  act  of  preaching;  a  public 

religious  discourse.  Jiluner 
PUkACH'.MAN,  n.   A  preacher,  in  conteni"' 

J/oieell. 

PRE,\(;H'iMENT,  71.  A  disconrao  or  sern.jn,  in  con- 
tempt ;  a  discourse  affectedly  Rilirnin.  Shuk, 

PRE-AC-UUAINT'ANCE,  n.  Previous  acquaintance 
or  knowledge.  Harris, 

PRE-AC-aUAINT'ED,  a.    Previously  acquainted. 

Shertdan. 

PRE-AD-AM'ie,  a.    Prior  to  Adam.  J.Taylor. 
PRE-AD'A.M  ITE,  n     [pre,  l.eft>re  and  .4</aw.]  An 
inhabitant  of  the  eartn  that  liveil  before  Ailam. 

Pereyra. 

PRE-AD-A.M-IT'ie,  a.  An  epithet  designating  what 
existed  before  Adam  ;  as,  fictitious,  pre-adumitic  pe- 
rit>ds.  Kirwan, 

PRE-AD-.MIN-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  Previous  adininis- 
tratiiin.  Pennwn. 

PRE-AD  Mf)N'ISH,  v.  t.    To  admonish  previously. 

PRE-AU-.MUN'ISI1-£D,  (-ad-mon'isht,)  pp.  Previ- 
ously atlmonished. 

PRE-AD-.MON'ISII-ING,  ppr.  Admonishing  before- 
hand. 

PRE-AD-JIO  NI"TION,  (-mo-nish'un,)  n.  Previous 

warning  or  admonition. 
PRE'A.M-BLE,  K.    [It.  preamio/o  ;  Sp.  preambulo  ;  Fr. 

prcambide  ;  L,  prcc,  before,  and  ambulo,  to  go.] 

1.  Something  previous  ;  introduction  to  a  discourse 
or  writing. 

2.  The  introductory  part  of  a  st.atute,  which  states 
the  reasons  and  intent  of  the  law.    Encyc.  Dryden, 

PRe'A.M-BI.E,  v.  t.  To  preface;  to  introduce  with 
previous  remarks.  Fcltham. 

PRe'AM-BL/;D,  pp.  Introduced  with  previous  re- 
marks. 

PRE-A.M'BU-LA-RY,  )  a.     Previous;  introductory. 
PRE-A.\I'BU-I,<)US,   j     [J^otused.]  Brown, 
PRE-AM'liU-LATE,  v.  i.    [L.  pro;,  before,  and  umiu- 

10,  to  walk.] 

To  walk  or  go  before.  Jordan. 
PRE-AM  BU-LA'TION,  ji.     A  preamble.     [J>.'ot  in 

11. sT.]  CAauccr. 
2.  A  walking  or  going  before. 

PRE-A.M'BU-L.\-TO-RY,a.  Goingbefore;  preceding. 

Taylor. 

PRE-AN-TE-PE-NULT'I-MATE,  a.    A  term  indi- 
cating the  fourth  syllable  from  the  end  of  a  word. 
PRE-AP-POINT',  V.  t.    To  appoint  previously. 
PRE-AP-POINT'iMENT,  n.    Previous  appoin'tment. 

Tucker. 

PRE-AP-PRE-HEN'SION,  n,  [.See  Ai-prehemd.] 
.^n  opinion  formed  before  examination.  Brown. 

PRi5.\SE,  (prCz,)  71.  Press  ;  crowd.  [Ml  used.]  [See 
Press.]  Chapman, 

PREAS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Crowding.    [JVot  used.] 

Spenser. 

PRE-AS-SOR'ANCE,  (-ash-shur'ans,)  71.  Previous 
assurance.  Coleriilge. 

PRE-AU'DI-E.\CE,n.  [See  Axjdiewce.]  Precetlenco 
or  rank  at  the  bar  among  lawyers  ;  right  of  previous 
audience.  Blaekstone. 

PREB'END,  71.  [It.  prebenda,  prebend,  provision  ; 
Sp.  prebenda ;  Fr.  prebende,  from  L.  prcebeo,  to  afford, 
to  allow.] 

1.  The  stipend  or  maintenance  granted  to  a  preb- 
endary out  of  the  estate  of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate 
cliurcii.  Prebends  are  simple  or  dignttary  ;  simple, 
when  they  are  restricted  tivthe  revenue  only  ;  and 
diirnitary,  when  they  have  jurisdiction  annexed  to 
them.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  prebendary.    [.Vo(  in  use.]  Bacon. 
PRE-BEND'.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  prebend. 

Chesterfield. 

PREB'END-A-RY,  71.    [Fl.  prcbendier.] 

.\n  ecclesiastic  who  enjoys  a  prebend  ;  the  stipen- 
diary of  a  c  ithedral  or  collegiate  church.  SwifL 

A  prebendary  differs  from  a  canon  in  this;  the 
prebendary  receives  his  prebenrl  in  consitleration  of 
his  ortieialing  in  the  church  ;  the  canon  has  his  sti- 
pend merely  in  consequence  of  his  being  received 
into  the  cathedral  or  college.  Eneye. 

PREB'END  A-RY-SUIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  prebend- 
ary ;  a  canonry.  fyvtton. 

PRF.-e.\'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  precarius,  from  precor,  to 
pray  or  entreat ;  primardy,  depending  on  request,  or 
on  the  will  of  another.] 

1.  Depending  on  the  will  or  pleasure  of  another; 
held  by  courtesy  ;  liable  to  be  changed  or  lost  at  the 
pleasure  of  another.  A  privilege  depending  on 
another's  will  is  precarious,  or  held  by  a  precarious 
tenure.  Addison. 

2.  Uncertain  ;  held  by  a  doubtful  tenure  ;  depend- 
ing on  unknown  or  unforeseen  causes  or  evmLs. 
'f'emporal  prosperity  is  precarious  ;  personal  advan- 
tages, health,  strength,  and  beauty,  are  all  prrearious, 
depending  on  a  thousand  .accidents.  Rogers. 

We  say  also,  the  weather  is  precarious  ;  a  phrase 
in  which  we  depart  not  more  from  the  primnrir  sense 
of  the  word,  than  we  do  in  a  large  part  of  all  the 
words  in  the  language. 
PRE-CA'RI-OUS-LY,  adr.  At  the  will  or  pleasure  of 
others;  dependentJy ;  by  an  uncertain  tenure;  as, 
he  subsists  precariously.  Lesley.  Pope. 


TONE,  BfJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE-CA'Rr-OUS-NESS,  n.  Uncenaimy ;  depend- 
ence on  the  win  or  pleasure  of  otlier:^,  or  unknown 
events  ;  ,15,  the  precariousness  of  life  or  health. 

PRECA-TO-RY,  i       [L.  precor,  to  pray.] 

Si:i»pli:int  ;  beseeching.  Harris,  Hopkins. 

PRE-eAU'TIO.V,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  yrincautus,  -praca- 
veo  ;  prtF,  belore,  and  eaceo^  to  take  care.] 

Previous  raution  or  care  ;  caution  previously  em- 
ployed to  prevent  mischief  or  secure  good  in  posses- 
sion. MilL'on. 
PRE  CAU'TION,  V.  t    To  warn  or  advise  beforehand 

for  preventing  mischief  or  securing  ^ood.  Locke, 
PRE-€AU'T10N-AL,  a.    Preventive  "of  mischief. 

Montairuc, 

PRE-CAU'TION-A-RY,  o.  Containing  previous  cau- 
tion ;  a-S  precautionary  advice  or  admonition. 

2.  Proceeiling  from  previous  caution  ;  adapted  to 
prevent  mischief  or  secure  good;  as,  prccautioitary 
measures. 

PRE-eAtJ'TIO\-ED,pp.   Warned  beforehand. 
PRE-CAU'TIO.\-ING,  ppr.    Previously  .advising. 
PRE-eXU'TIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.    Taking  precautious  or 

preventive  measures. 
PRE  CAU'TIOUS-LY,  air.    With  precaution. 
PRE-CE-D.A'.\E-OUS,  a.    [from  precede,  L.  pracedo.] 
Preceding  ;  antecedent ;  an'erior.  [jYotuscd.]  Hale. 
PRE-CkDE',  i;.  L    Ih.  prtBcedo  ;  prie,  before,  and  ccdo, 

to  move.] 

1.  To  go  before  in  the  order  of  time.  The  cor- 
ruption of  morals  precedes  the  ruin  of  a  state. 

2.  To  go  before  in  rank  or  importance. 

3.  To  cause  something  to  go  before  ;  to  maVe  to 
take  place  in  prior  time. 

It  is  ri3n:tl  to  precede  hostUiUes  hj  a  public  decIajaLon.  [Unu- 
tiuti.]  Kent. 

PRE-Cf.D'ED,  pp.    Being  gone  before. 
PRE-CKf)'E.\CE,   ( 71.    The  act  or  state  of  going  be- 
PRE-CeD'E.N-CY,  i    fore;  priority  in  time;  as,  the 
precedence  of  one  event  to  another. 

2.  The  state  of  going  or  being  before  in  rank  or 
dignity  or  the  place  of  honor  ;  the  right  to  a  more 
honorable  place  in  public  processicms,  in  se.ats,  or  in 
the  civilities  of  life.  Precedence  depends  on  the  or- 
der of  nature  or  rank  estjiblislied  by  God  himself,  as 
that  due  to  age  ;  or  on  courtesy,  custom,  or  political 
distinction,  as  that  due  to  a  governor  or  seiialt>r, 
wild,  though  younger  in  years,  takes  rank  of  a  sub- 
ordinate otiicer,  though  older;  or  it  is  settled  by 
authority,  as  in  Great  Britain.  In  the  latter  case,  a 
violation  of  the  right  of  precedence  is  actionable. 

Precedence  went  in  micW, 
And  lie  w.-u  competenl  whuse  purse  was  so.  Copper, 

3.  The  foremost  in  ceremony.  .Milton. 

4.  Superiority  ;  superior  importance  or  influence. 
"Whicii  of  liie  different  desires  has  precedency  in  determining  the 

will  to  ttie  next  action  i  LocKe. 

PRE-CkD'ENT,  a.  Going  before  in  time  ;  anterior  ; 
antecedent ;  as,  precedent  services ;  a  precedent  fault 
of  the  will. 

Tiie  woHd,  or  any  part  thereof,  could  not  be  precedtnt  to  the 
creiilioii  of  iTutn.  Hale. 

.^precedent  condition,  in  law,  is  a  condition  which 
must  happen  or  be  performed  before  an  estate  or 
some  right  can  vest,  and  on  failure  of  which  the 
estate  or  right  is  defeated.  Blackstone. 
PREC'E-DENT,  7i.  Something  done  or  said  that  may 
serve  or  be  adduced  as  an  example  to  authorize  a 
subsequent  act  of  the  like  kind. 

Examples  for  cases  can  but  direct  as  precedents  only.  Hooker. 

2.  In  lam,  a  judicial  decision,  interlocutory  or  final, 
which  serves  as  a  nile  for  future  determinations  in 
similar  or  analogous  cases  ;  or  any  proceeding,  or 
course  of  proceedings,  which  may  serve  for  a  rule  in 
subsequent  cases  of  a  like  nature. 

PREC'E-DE.VT-ED,  o.  Having  a  precedent ;  author- 
ized by  au  example  of  a  like  kind. 

PRE-Cr;'DE.\T-LY,<uir.    Beforehand;  antecedently. 

PRE-CkD'I.VG,  ppr,  or  o.  Going  before  in  time,  rank, 
or  iiiiiiortance. 

PRE-CEL'LE.\CE,  n.    Excellence.    [JVut  in  use.] 

Sheldon, 

PRE  CE\'TOR,  n.  fLow  L.  prcecentor;  Fr.  precen- 
teur :  It.  precrntore ;  L.  prtp,  befttre,  and  canto,  to  sing.] 

1.  The  leader  of  the  choir  in  a  cathedral  ;  called 
also  the  clianttr  or  master  of  the  choir.  Hook. 

2.  'i'he  leader  of  the  congregation  in  the  psalmody 
of  Scottish  churches. 

PRE-(;E.\'T0R-SHIP,  n.  The  employment  or  oflice 
of  a  precentor. 

PRF:'(;EI'T,  n.  [Fr.  precrjile ;  Sp.  precepto:  It.  pre- 
cetiu  :  L.  pntceptam,  from  pra:cipio,  to  command  ; 
prtr,,  before,  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  In  a  jtenrraX  sense,  any  commantlment  or  order 
intended  as  an  authoritative  rule  of  action  ;  but  ap- 
plied particularly  lo  commands  respecling  moral 
conrlurl.  The  ten  commandiiieiils  are  sfi  many  prc- 
cept-t  fur  the  regulation  of  our  mural  conduct. 

N«  nrt*  urn  without  Uieir  j/rerrpU.  Dnjden. 

Q  In  law,  a  command  or  mandate  in  writing. 

h'.HCIJC, 


PRE-CEP'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.    Consisting  of  precepts. 

[.VeJ  in  use.]  SiMk. 
PRE-CEP'TION,  71.    A  precept.    [JX'ot  m  use.]  Hall. 
PRE-CEP'TIVE,  a.    [L.  praceptivus.] 

1.  Giving  precepts  or  coiiiuiands  for  the  regulation 
of  moral  conduct ;  containing  precepts  ;  as,  thepre- 
ceptive  parts  of  the  Scriptures. 

2.  Directing  in  moral  conduct;  giving  rules  or  di- 
reclioiis ;  didactic. 

The  i^on  ^iven  us  here  is  preceptive  to  us.  L'Estrang:e. 
Preceplice  poetry.  Encyc. 

PRE-CEP'TOR,  77.    [L.  prccceplor.    See  Precept.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  teacher  ;  an  instructor. 

2.  In  a  restricted  sense,  the  teacher  of  a  school  ; 
sometimes  the  principal  teacher  of  an  academy  or 
other  seminar}'. 

3.  .\mong  the  knights  templar,  the  head  of  a  pre- 
ceptorv.  Gloss,  of  Jirchit, 

PRE-CEP-To'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  preceptor. 

Lit,  Magazine. 

PRE-CEP'TO-RY,  a.    Giving  precepts.  Jinderson. 

PRE-CEP'TO-RY,  n.  A  manor  or  estate  of  the 
knights  templar,  on  which  were  erected  2  church 
and  a  dwelling-house.  The  preceptories  were  reli- 
gious houses,  subordinate  to  the  temple  or  principal 
house  of  the  knignts.  OwilU 

PRE-CEP'TUESS,  71.    A  female  teacher. 

PRE-CE.S'SION,  (-sesh'iin,)  n.  [Fr.  precession ;  It. 
prccessione ;  from  the  L.  priBcessus,  prt£cedo,  to  go 
uefore.] 

I       1.  Literally,  the  act  of  going  before. 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes  is  a 
slow  but  continual  shifting  of  the  equinoctial  points 
from  east  to  west.  The  amount  of  precession  annu- 
ally is  50  seconds.  Hence  it  appears  that  the 
equinoctial  points  will  make  an  entire  revolution  in 
about  23,868  years.  Olmsted. 
PRe'CTN'CT,  71.  [L.  prcecinctus,  priecinno,  to  encom- 
pass; pr(E  and  cingo,  to  surroiintl  or  gird.] 

1.  The  limit,  bound,  or  exterior  line  encompassing 
a  place  ;  as,  the  precincts  of  light.  Milton. 

2.  Bounds  of  jurisdiction,  or  the  whole  territory 
comprehended  within  the  limits  of  authority. 

Taiie  the  body  of  A  B,  if  to  he  found  within  your  precincts. 

TeciLnicaL  Laws. 

3.  A  territorial  district  or  division. 

[It  is  to  be  observed  that  this  word  is  generally 
used  in  the  pliinil,  except  in  the  third  sense.] 

In  case  of  noti-.icccpl.iiice  [of  the  colleclorl       parish  or  precinct 
sh;ill  proC"*ed  lo  a  new  choice.     Lat£s  of  MassachuseUs. 

PRE-Cl-OS'I-TY,  for  Preciousness,  or  value,  is  not 
used.  Brown.  More. 

PRE"CIOUS,  (presh'us,)  a.  [Fr.  precitux ;  L.  pretio- 
sus,  from  pretinm,  price.    See  Praise.] 

1.  Of  great  price  ;  costly  ;  as,  a  precious  stone. 

2.  Of  great  value  or  worth  ;  very  valuable. 

she  is  more  precious  tlian  rubies.  —  Piov.  iii. 

3.  Highly  valued  ;  much  esteemed. 

The  word  of  the  Lord  was  precious  in  those  days ;  there  was  no 
I'pen  vision.  —  I  S;^m.  iii. 

4.  Worthless;  contemptible;  as,  this  is  a  precious 
mockery  ;  in  irony  and  contempt.  Burke. 

Precious  metals ;  gold  and  silver,  so  called  on  ac- 
count of  their  value. 
PRE"C10US-EY,  adv.    Valuably  ;  to  a  great  price. 

2.  Content ptiblv  ;  in  ironti. 
PRE"CIOUS-.\ESS,  (presh'us-,)  n,    Valualileness  ; 

great  value  ;  high  price.  WUkins. 
PREC'I-PE,  (pres'e-py,)  n.    [L.  pracipio.    See  Pre- 
cept.] 

In  law,  a  writ  commanding  the  defendant  to  do  a 
certain  thing,  or  to  show  cause  to  the  contrary  ;  giv- 
ing him  his  choice  to  redress  the  injury  or  to  stand 
the  suit  Blackstone. 
PREC'I  PICE,  (pres'e-pis,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pro'cipi- 
tium,  from  prmceps,  headlong  ;  prui,  forward,  and  ceps, 
for  c/i/iMf,  head.    See  <-hiei".] 

1.  Strictly,  a  falling  headlong;  hence,  a  steep  de- 
scent uf  land  ;  a  fall  or  descent  of  laud,  perpendic- 
ular or  nearly  so. 

Wh'T«  wealth,  like  fruit,  en  jn-ed;>ices  sr«w.  Dryden. 

2.  A  steep  descent  in  general. 

In  ih"  breakiiio^  of  the  waves  there  is  ever  a  precipice.  Bacon. 
Swift  ilown  t)i"e  j^-ecijnce  of  time  it  ^i"-8.  Dryden. 

PRE-C1P'I-E.\T,  a.    [L.  prucipicns.    See  Precept.] 
Commanding;  directing. 

PRE-(,'IP-I-  rA-llII,'I-TY,  H.  [from  precipitable.]  The 
(|iialily  or  state  of  being  precipitable. 

PRE-Cll"I-T.\-liLE,  a.  [from  L.  prweipito,  from  prcc- 
ccps,  lieadlcjiig.] 

Tliat  may  be  precipitated  or  cast  to  the  bottom,  as 
a  substance  in  siilutioii. 

Plti;-CII"l  TANCE,   In.    [Uom  precipitnnt.]  Ilead- 

PRE  CM"! TA.N-CY,  j  long  hurry  ;  rash  haste  ;  haste 
in  resolving,  roniiing  an  opinion,  or  executing  a  pur- 
pose, without  due  deliberation. 

Smn. 
Watts. 

2.  Hurry;  great  haste  in  going.  Milton. 
PRE-(-'II"l -TA.NT,  a.    [L.  pnrcipilans,  prmcipitn,  from 
prtpcrp.^,  lieatllDiig.]  I 


Jlurrii-rl  on  by  tU^  precipilnnce  of  youth. 
HioiliiieM  nitii  prectpilance  of  Ju<lgu)ent. 


1.  Falling  or  rushing  headlong ;  rushing  down 
with  velocity. 

They  leave  their  little  lives 
Above  the  clouds,  precipilant  u>  earth.  Phiiips. 

2.  Hasty  ;  urged  with  violent  haste. 
Sliould  he  return,  that  troop  so  blithe  and  bold, 
Precipitant  in  fear,  would  winsf  their  Ilight.  Pope. 

3.  Rashly  hurried  or  hasty  ;  as,  precipitant  rebel- 
lion. K.  Charles. 

4.  Unexpectedly  brought  on  or  hastened.  Taylor, 
PRE-CIP'I-T.ANT.  71.    In  chemistry,  a  liquor  which, 

when  poured  on  a  solution,  separates  what  is  dis- 
solved, and  makes  it  precipitate,  or  fall  to  the  bottom 
in  a  concrete  st.ate.  Encyc 
PRE-CIP'I-TANT-LY,  ai/ii.    With  great  haste;  with 
rash,  unadvised  haste  ;  with  tumultuous  hurry. 

Milton. 

PRE-CIP'I-TaTE,  V,  U    [L.  pracipito,  from  pra-ccps, 
headlong.    See  Precipice.] 

1.  To  throw  headlong;  as,  he  precipitated  himself 
from  a  rock.  Milton.  Dryden. 

2.  To  urge  or  press  with  eagerness  or  violence  ; 
as,  to  precipitate  a  flight.  Dryden. 

i.  I'o  hasten. 

Short  iiitcrniiilent  and  swift  recurrent  pains  do  precipitate  padents 
into  coiisumplions.  Harvey. 

4.  To  hurry  blindly  or  rashly. 


5.  To  throw  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  as  a  sub- 
stance in  solution. 


All  mei;\ls  m.ty  be  precipitated  by  alkaliue  salts. 
PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  V,  i.    To  fall  headlong. 


Encyc. 
Shak, 

2.  To  fall  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  as  sediment, 
or  any  substance  in  solution.  Baeim. 

3.  To  hasten  without  preparation.  Bacon. 
PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  a.    Falling,  flowing,  or  rushing, 

with  steep  descent. 

Precipitate  the  furious  torrent  flows.  Prior. 

2.  Headlong  ;  over-hasty  ;  rashly  hasty  ;  as,  the 
king  was  too  precipitate  in  declaring  war. 

3.  Adopted  with  h.aste  or  without  due  deliberation  ; 
hasty  ;  as,  a  precipitate  measure. 

4.  Ha-sty  ;  violent  ;  terminating  speedily  in  death  ; 
as,  a  precipitate  case  of  tlisease.  .^rbulhnut. 

PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  11.  A  substance  which,  having 
been  dissolved,  is  again  separated  from  its  solvent, 
and  thrown  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  by  ptiuriug 
another  liquor  upon  it. 

Red  prccipitutr ;  the  red  ovyd  or  protoxyd  of  mer- 
cury, prepared  either  by  beating  the  nitrate  tif  mer- 
cury till  it  is  decomposed,  or  by  beating  metallic 
mercury.  Prepared  in  the  latter  mode,  it  is  the  pre- 
cipitate per  se.  B.  SiUiman,  Jr. 

PKE-CIP'I-Ta-TED,  pp.  Hurried;  hastened  rashly; 
thrown  headlong;  thrown  down. 

PRE-CIP'I-TATE-LV,  aif.  Headlong;  with  steep 
descent. 

2.  Hastily  ;  with  rash  haste  ;  without  due  caution. 
Neither  praise  nor  censure  preeipitatelti. 

PRE-CIP'I-Ta-TING, /)/>r.  Throwing  headlong;  hur- 
rying; hastening  raslilv. 

PRE-CIP-l-T.A'TIO.V,  n.    [h.  pnscipitotio,] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  headlong.  Shak. 

2.  A  falling,  flowing,  or  rushing  down  with  vio- 
lence and  rapidity. 


3.  Great  hurry ;  rash,  tumultuous  haste ;  rapid 
movement. 


4.  The  act  or  operation  of  throwing  to  the  bottom 
of  a  vessel  any  substance  hehl  in  solution.  Precipi- 
tation is  often  eflecied  by  a  double  elective  attraction. 

F.ncyc. 

PRE-CIP'I-Ta-TOR,  71.    One  that  urges  on  with"  ve- 
hemence or  rasluu!ss.  Hammond. 
PRE-Cll"l-TOUS,  a.    [l^.  pro'ceps.] 

1.  Very  steep  ;  as,  a  precipitous  cliflf"  or  mountain. 

2.  Headlong;  directly  or  rapidly  descending;  us, 
a  precipitous  f;ill.  K.  Charles. 

X  Hasty  ;  rash  ;  heady. 

Advic.'  inis;ife,  precipitous,  and  Ipold.  D'yden. 

PRE-CIP'I-TOUS-LY,  adv.    With  steep  descent ;  in 

violent  baste. 
PRE-CIP'I-TOUS-NESS,  n.    Steepness  of  descent. 

2.  Rash  haste.  Hammond. 
PRE-CISE',  17.    [E.  pnreisus,  from  prircido,  to  cut  olf ; 

prai  and  ccrdo:  literally,  cut  or  pared  away,  that  is, 

pared  to  smoothness  or  exactness.] 

I.  Exact;  nice;  definite;  having  determinate  lim- 

iLations  ;  not  loose,  vague,  uncertain,  or  equivocal  ; 

as,  precise  rules  uf  morality;  precise  directions  for 

life  and  conduct. 

The  law  in  this  point  Is  precise.  Bacon. 

For  ihe  hour  precise 
Kxacts  uur  ixaniri^.  ^Filton. 

a.  Formal  ;    siiperstitioiisly    exact  ;  excessively 
nice  ;  punctilious  in  conduct  or  certuntuiy.  .^ddi-ion. 
PHE-CI.siE'EY,  aiti:    Exactly  ;  nicely  ;  ac'eiirately  i  in 


FATF-,  FAR,  FAI.E,  WHAT.  — MP.TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


«S6 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


exact  conformity  to  trutli,  or  to  a  inoilel.  Tim  ideas 
are  precisely  expressed.  'I'lie  time  of  an  eclipse  may 
be  precisely  determined  by  calculation. 

When  iiiorp  of  thfsc  onl'T*  ihnn  one  fire  to  be  let  In  acreral 
glories,  tlicre  must      mil  CKquuitu  cure  to  plucc  ttie  cohiiiinl 
precisely  one  over  aiiolher.  tVoflon. 
2.  With  excess  of  formality  ;  with  scrnpiilous  ex- 
HclneHs  or  piiiictiliuiiMness  in  behavior  or  ceremony. 
PUK-CISK'NESS,  «.     Exactness;  rigid  nicety;  as, 
the  prcciseness  of  words  or  expressions. 

I  will  (listiiigumli  th-'  cnwa;  thoiij^li  give  me  leavi-,  in  Imndlin* 
ch-ni,  iiol  lu  ievcr  Uieni  with  too  much  preciseneaa.  Bacon. 
•2.  Excessive  regard  to  forms  or  rules;  rigid  for- 
mal itv. 

PRr,-fi"S[.'\N,  (prc-sizh'an,)  «.  One  that  limits  or 
restrains.  Sliul:. 

2.  One  who  is  rigidly  or  ceremoniously  exact  in 
111-  oliservanoe  of  rules.  Drayton.  Watts. 

PKE-l'I"S(A.\-ISM,  (pre-sizh'an-izm,)  n.  Excessive 
exactness  ;  superstitious  rigor.  Mtlton. 

[  Tih  so  two  words  are,  1  believe,  little  used,  or  not 
at  all.] 

PKE-Cr'SIOX,  (pre-sizh'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  pm- 

Evact  limitation  ;  exactness  ;  accuracy.  PrecLiion 
in  the  use  of  words  is  a  prime  excellence  in  dis- 
course ;  it  is  indispensable  in  controversy,  in  leiial 
instruments,  and  in  mathematical  calcuhititins.  Nei- 
ther prspicuity  nor />rei;i>'i(in  should  be  sacrificed  to 
orn:im"iit. 

PIIIO-CI'SI  VE,  a.  Exactly  limiting  by  separating 
wh;it  is  not  relative  to  the  purpose  ;  as,  preci-.ifc  ab- 
straction. Ifatts. 

PRE-ei.ODE',  r.  t.  [h.  prwcludo  ;  prw,  before,  and 
cliiilo,  daadu,  to  shut.] 

I.  To  prevent  from  entering  by  previously  shiit- 
tins  the  passage,  or  by  any  previous  nirasures  ; 
henee.  to  hinder  from  access,  possession,  or  enjoy- 
ment. Sin,  by  its  very  nature,  prectadps  Ilie  sinner 
from  heaven  ;  it  precluiles  the  enjoyment  of  God's 
favor  ;  or  it  pr'-clmtc^  the  favor  of  (lod. 

Tlie  v;iltfe8  precLwU  the  tiluutl  frotii  rnt'-nii*  ilif  veins.  Darwin, 
9.  To  pre-eiit  fnmi  happening  or  taking  place. 

PI! E-eLOD'ED,  /)/).  Hindered  from  entering  or  en- 
jii\'m:-nt ;  dv;barrcd  from  something  by  previous  ob- 
stacles. 

PRE-ehuD'ING,  ppr.  Shutting  out ;  preventing  from 
access  or  posstission,  or  from  liaving  place. 

PIIE  ei.C'SIO.V,  (pre-klu'/.Imn,)  n.  The  act  of  shut- 
ting out  or  preventing  from  access  or  posse-sinn  ;  the 
state  of  being  prevented  tVom  entering,  possession, 
or  enjo\-ment.  Rainhlrr. 

PIU;-eLO'SI  VE,  a.  Shutting  out,  or  tending  to  pre- 
clude; hindering  bv  previous  obstacles.  Burke. 

PKE-CLO'SIVE-LY,' aiiu.  With  hindcrance  by  anti- 
cipation. 

PKE  OO'CIOUS,  {-ko'sHiis,)  a.  [L.  pracox ;  prm,  be- 
fore, and  cntjito^  to  cook  or  prepare.] 

1.  Ripe  before  the  proper  or  natur.d  time  ;  as,  prc- 
cociotis  trees.  Brown. 

2.  Premature. 

PRE-eo'(.'I(iUS  LY,  adv.    With  premature  ripeness 

or  forward:iess. 
PRE  eO't'IOL?S-NESS,  j  n.    Rapid  growth  and  ripe- 
PRE-eoc'I-TY,  j  ness  before  the  usual  time  ; 

preinatiireness.  HoweU. 
1  c^m  not  leiirn  that  he  ^ve,  in  hl«  youth,  any  evidence  ol  that 
precorily  which  sonii:lintea  (liillie;^<uhei  nnconnnuii  ^-nini. 

Virt'.  Llje  of  P.  Htliry. 

PRE-eOG'I-TATE,  v.  U  [L.  prxcogito;  pra  and 
coffito.  ] 

To  consider  or  contrive  beforehand.    [Little  usetL] 

Sfiertooud. 

PRE-eO(5-r-TJ'TrON,  n.  Previous  thought  or  con- 
sideration. DicL 

PRE-COt;  NI-T.A.    See  Pm.coortiTA. 

PRE  eoo  .\l"TION,  (  kog  nish'un,)  n.  [L.  pr<8,  be- 
fore, and  co^nitin,  knowledge.] 

1.  Previous  knowledge ;  antecedent  examination. 

Fvtherby. 

2.  In  ScoLi  law,  an  examinatitm  of  witnesses  to  a 
criminal  act,  before  a  juilge,  justice  of  the  |ieace,  or 
sherifT,  before  the  prt>secutinn  of  the  offender,  in  or- 
der to  know  whether  there  is  ground  of  trial,  and  to 
enable  the  prosecutor  to  set  forth  the  facts  in  the 
libel.  £;ici(C. 

PRE-€OL-LEe'TION,  n.     A  collection  previi'msly 

made.  Bp.  of  Chichester. 

PRE-eOM  POSE',  V.  L    [See  Compose.]    To  com- 
pose beforelianil.  Johnson. 
PRR-eOM-P0S'/:D,  pp.  or  a.    Composed  beforehand. 
PRE-eO.M-PoS'l.\G,  p;ir.    Composing  beforeliind. 
PRE  eo.N-CElT',  71.    [See  Prkconceive.]    .An  opin- 
ion or  notion  previouslv  formed.  Hooker, 
PRE-eON-CElVE',  (-sjve',)  t>.  U    [L.  pr<r,  before, 
and  concipio^  to  ctuiceive.] 

To  form  a  conception  or  opinion  beforehand  ;  to 
form  a  previous  notion  or  idea. 

In  a  ite».l  plain,  the  w.\y  teems  the  longer,  brcnuac  the  eye  haa 
prwttnceieed  it  shuner  Uiap  tlic  truth.  Bacun. 

PRE-eON-CF.IV'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Conceived  before- 
hand ;  previously  forinetl  ;  as,  preconceived  opinions  ; 
precoHceiced  enils  or  piiriinses.  South. 


PRR-eO.\-CEIV'ING,  ppr.  Conceiving  or  forming 
befiireliand. 

PRlVeO.V-CEP'TION,  n.  Conception  or  o[)inion  pre- 
viously formed.  Ilnkririll. 

PRE-CO.V'CERT,  ti.  (.  [;"■«  and  concert.]  To  con- 
cert beforehand  ;  to  settle  by  previous  agreement. 

PI!E-e'J.\'-CEI[T',  n.    A  previous  agreement. 

PRE-eO.\-CEKT'EU,  pp.  or  a.  Previously  concerted 
tir  settled.  H'arton. 

PRE-eoN-CERT'ED-LY,  arfii.    Ilv  preconcert. 

PRR-eO.V-CEKT'l.NG,  ppr.  Contriving  and  settling 
beforehand. 

PRE-eON-CER'TION,  n.  Act  of  concerting  before- 
liaml.  Ownrht. 

PRE-CON-DEM-N.^'TION,  n.  Condemnation  pre- 
vious to  exertion,  or  by  preileslinalion. 

PllE-eo.\-I-ZA'TIOM,  H.  [Ij.  pricconiuin,  from  praco, 
a  crier.] 

A  publishing  by  proclamation,  or  a  proclamation. 

fJVof  used.]  Hall. 
PRE-eO.V-SrC.N',  (-kon-slne',)  r.  t.    [pre  and  con- 

si<rn.]    To  consign  beforehand  ;  to  make  a  previous 

consiL'nment  tif. 
PRE-eo.N-SI(i.\'KD,  pp.    Consigned  beforehand. 
PKE-eO.\-SI(;.\'l.\G,  ppr.    Making  a  previous  con- 

siL'urnent  of. 

PRE  eO.\-SOL'ID-A-TED,  a.  Consolidated  before- 
h  inii.  Phillips. 

PRE  eON'STI-TOTE,  i'.  L    [pre  and  con.slUulc.] 
To  constitute  or  estalilish  beforehand. 

PRE-eo\'STI-TO-TEU,  pp  or  o.  Previously  estab- 
lished. Paley. 

PRE-eoN"STI-Tu-TI.\G,  ppr.  Constituting  bel'ore- 
liand. 

PRE-eOX'TRACT,  71.  [pre  and  contraeW]  A  con- 
tract previous  to  another.  SA<i/>'. 

PRE-CU.V-TRACr',  II.  u  To  contract  or  stipulate 
previoii-lv. 

PRE-Ct).N-  rRAeT',  V.  i.  To  imke  a  previous  con- 
tract or  imreem-nt. 

PRE-CO.V-TRACT'ED,  pp.  Previously  contracted  or 
stipulated  ;  previously  engagtMl  by  ctintracl  ;  as,  a 
vviiiuaii  prrcontriicfrd  to  aiiiitlier  man.  .^iilijfc.  - 

PRE  ei.).N'  TRACT'I.NG,  ppr.  Stipulating  or  covc- 
naiitini:  liefureli.aiid. 

PRE  COKD'I.M.,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  prscordia,  or 
parls  bi  f  Te  the  heart. 

PRE-eURS'.\-RI  I.Y,  ndr.  In  a  manner  indicating 
lliat  something  1.-  to  r,.llow. 

PRE-CURSE',  (pre-kiirs',)  n.  [h.  pmcursus,  pracurro ; 
prue  anil  curro,  to  run.] 

A  forerunning.    [A'ij«  used.]  Shah. 

PRE-CUR'SOR,  n.    [L.  pnrcnrsor,  supra.] 

A  forerunner;  a  harbinger;  lie  or  that  which  pre- 
ceiles  an  event,  anil  inilicatcs  its  approach  ;  lus, 
Jove's  lightnings,  the  precursors  of  tliuiitlcr.  Shak. 

Evil  thun^hu  ,ire  llie  invinihlc,  airy  precurtore  of  all  the  morma 
and  teiiipeHU  of  Uie  huuI,  Buckrniiuter. 

PRE-CUR'SO-RY,  n.  Preceding  as  the  harbinger  ; 
indictiting  something  to  follow  ;  as, />rrrur.ser;/ symp- 
toms of  a  fever.  Med.  Repo.<. 

PRE-CUR'SO-RY,  71.    An  introduction.    [JVot  u..rd.] 

flaminond. 

PRE-Da'CEAN,  (-shan,)  n.    A  carnivorous  animal. 

Klrh,/. 

PRE-Da'CEOUS,  f-shus,)  a.  [L.  prcedaceus,  from 
prirda,  prey,  spoil.] 

Living  by  prey.  Derham. 
PRe'D.M.,  a.    [  I.,  prirda,  prey.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  prey. 

2.  Practiciiii;  plunder.  Bonle. 
PREI)'A-TO-RI-LV,  adv.    In  a  predatory  maniit-r. 
PREl)'A-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  pritdalorius,  from  pricda, 

prey.] 

1.  Plundering;  pillaging;  characterized  by  plun- 
dering; practicing  rapine;  as,  a  iireilntory  war;  a 
predatjiry  excursion  ;  a  predatory  party. 

2.  Hungry;  ravenous;  a^,  prcduLvry  sjiirits  or  ap- 
petite,   [/fiirdly  allowable.]  Bacon. 

PRE-DE-CEASE',  (I.  i.  [pre  and  decease.]  To  die 
before.  Shak. 

PRE-DE-CeAS'KD,  (-seest',)  a.    Dead  before.  Shatc. 

PREI)-E-CES'S()R,  71.  [Ft.  predecesseur ;  L.  prte  and 
decedOj  to  depart.] 

A  person  who  has  preceded  another  in  the  same 
office.  The  king,  the  president,  the  judge,  or  the 
magistrate,  follows  the  steps  of  his  predecessor,  or  he 
does  not  iniil.ate  the  example  of  his  prrjeressors.  It 
is  distinguished  from  .Aucestoii,  who  is  of  the  same 
blood  ;  but  it  may  perhaps  be  sometimes  used  for  iL 
Uookrr.  JIddt.-ion. 

PRE-nE-CLAR'icn,  a.    Declared  beforehand.  Burke. 

PRE  DE-I.IN-E-A'TION,  71.    Previous  delincatiim. 

PRE-I)E-SIG.\',  (-sine'  or  -zinc',)  v.  t.  To  design  or 
piirfiose  beforehand  ;  to  preileterminc. 

PRE-DE-SrGN'f;D,(-slnd'  or -zind',) ;>p.  Purposed  or 
determined  previously.  Mitford. 

PRE-I)i;-SIGN'I.\G,  ppr.    Designing  previously. 

PRE-I)ES-T1-.\A'RI-A.\,  »i.  [See  Pkeukstisate.] 
One  that  believes  in  the  doctrine  of  predestination. 

H'alton. 

PRE-DES-TI-.\A'RI-AN,  0.  Pertaining  to  predesti- 
nation. 


PRB-DES'TI-N'ATB,  a.  Predestinated  ;  forpnrdained. 

Huriiet. 

PRE-DES'TI-NATE,  v.  I.    [It.  prrdeslinare ,  Er.  pre- 
destinrr  :  I.,  proidi-.^liuo  ;  prie  anil  drt.ltiiit,  tu  app4iint.] 
To  pretletenniiie  or  fiiretinl.tin  ,  to  appniiil  or  or- 
dain beforehand  by  an  uncliungeable  purpose. 

Whom  he  did  fun'know,  \v  alao  did  prtilegarMU  lu  t«  conbrmed 

10  the  iin.iffe  ol  Ilia  .Sun.. —  lioitj.  viii. 
llaviii?  preiteatinnttd  iia  to  Uie  oilupnun  of  children  by  Jeaua 
Cliriat  ui  hiiiiatrll.  —  Kph.  I. 

PRE-DES'TI-.N'ATED    pp.  or  a.  Predetermined; 

fiireorilaiiH-tl  ;  deereeil, 
PRE-DES'TI  .\A  'I'l.VC,  ;i;ir.    ForcordaininB  ;  d.-cree- 

ing ,   appointing   beforehand  by  an  uncbungeable 

purpose. 
2.  Holding  predestination. 

Anil  pricka  up  liia  firefltaUiuiting  enra.  Dryden. 

PRE-DE.-^-TI-.N'A'TIO.N,  71.  The  act  of  decreeing  or 
foreorilaiiiiUL'  events  ,  the  decree  of  God  by  wlin  h 
he  hath,  rroin  eternity,  uncbangealily  a|ipiiinieil  or 
(letermincti  whatever  comes  t(,  (i.iss.  It  is  us.  d  par- 
tieiil.irly  in  theology  to  denote  the  ^reorilinaliiui  of 
men  to  everlasting  happiness  or  tiiisrry.  F.ncyc. 

Prrdestinalion  is  a  part  of  the  lllieli;ingealile*plan 
of  the  tlivine  government ;  or,  in  other  wortls,  the 
nncliangeable  purpose  of  an  iinehangeablc  God. 

PRE-l)ES'TI-NA-TOR,  71.  Properly,  uue  that  foreor- 
dain.s. 

2.  One  that  holds  to  predestination.  Cowla/. 
PRE-I)ES'TI.\E,  (-tin,)  v.  I.    To  decree  befurehaiid  ; 
to  foreordain. 


I  fall. 


Prior. 


And  bid  predemned  empires  riac 

PRE-DES'TI.\-KI), ;./).  or  a.    Decreed  beforehand. 

PRE-DES'TI.V  I.NG,  ppr.  Foreordaiiiiiig. 

PRE-I)E-TER,\l'l.\'-A  I'E,.i.  Deti  riiiiiieil  hif,ireliand  ; 
as,  tile  predrtrrniiiintr  counsel  of  (■oil.  Parkhtirst. 

PRE-I)E-TER.\1-I.\-A'T1<J.\,  n.  [.See  Pukukteb- 
MiNE.j  Previous  iletenninatiim  ;  purpose  fnrnied 
beforehand  ;  as,  the  predetermination  of  (Joil's  will. 

/luniniond. 

2.  Preinntiiin  ;  that  concurrence  of  God  which  de- 
teriiilnes  men  111  their  artums.  Kncyc. 
PRE-l)i;-TER.\ri.\E,  e.  (.    [pre  and  </f(er77iine.] '  To 
determine    beforehand;    to   settle   in   purpose  or 
counsel. 

If  God  foreacea  events,  he  muat  have  prtiUlerirunxd  tfiein. 

Hale. 

2.  To  doom  by  previous  decree. 
PRE-nE-TER.M'IN-£;i),  pp.  or  a.    Previously  deter- 
nnned. 

PRE  DE-TER.M'IN-ING,  ppr.  Determining  bcfore- 
li.and. 

PRk.'I)I-AL,  a.  [Sp.  predial,  from  L.  pradium,  a  farm 
or  estate.] 

1.  (^insisting  of  land  or  farms ;  as,  predial  estate, 
i.  e.,  real  est.iti;.  Jlyhffe. 

2.  Attached  to  land  or  farms  ;  a-s,  predial  slaves. 

Braiidr, 

3.  Growing  or  issuing  from  land  ;  as,  predial 
tithes. 

PRED  I-eA-RII,'I-TY,  71.  (from  predicalile.]  The 
quality  of  being  predicalile,  or  ca)iable  of  being 
aliirnied  of  something,  or  attributed  to  sometliiii:,'. 

•  Krid. 

PRED'l-CA-lil.E,  a.  [I.,  pra-dicabiiu,  from  priedieu,  to 
nftirin  ,  prir  and  dicn,  to  say  ] 

Th.it  nia)'  be  atfirnied  of  something  ;  that  may  he 
attributed  lit.  Animal  is  predicMble  of  man.  intelli- 
gence is  not  predicjihle  of  (tlaiits.  .More  or  less  is  not 
predicahlr  of  a  cirtie  or  of  a  sipiare.  Whiteness  is 
ind  predic.uhle  of  time. 

PREDI-eA-liLE,  «.  One  of  the  five  tilings  which  can 
be  atfirmetl  of"  any  thing.  (>eiius,  species,  ilitler- 
cnce,  prupert>  ,  and  accident  are  the  five  preilicnhles. 

Halts. 

PRE-DIC'A-ME.N'T,  77.  [Fr.,  from  E.  jrradicamentam, 
from  prtedico,  to  affirm. [ 

1.  In  lii^ir,  a  name  given  to  a  certain  number  of 
general  heads  or  classes,  called  by  the  (Ireeks  Cate- 
GOftiEs,  anil  b)'  the  l.aiiiis  PREuieA.MEms,  iiniler 
some  one  of  uliuii  ever>'  term  may  be  arrani:ed, 
Aristotle  made  ten  categories,  vi/..,  substance,  ipian- 
tity,  ipiality,  reliilion,  action,  passion,  tune,  place, 
situation,  and  habit.  brande. 

2.  CliLss  or  kind  ilescribed  by  any  definite  marks; 
tience,  condition  ;  particular  sitiiatitm  or  slate. 

Sliak. 

3.  Som;ti77iM,  a  bad  condition  or  position.  [CvUo- 
qitinl.]  Soiiirt, 

We  say  the  country  is  in  a  singular  predieammt, 
PRE-DIC-.V-.MENT'AL.,  o.    PerUining  to  a  predica- 
ment. Hale. 
PRED'I-CA.N'T,  71.    [U  prirdican.i,  priedieo.] 

One  that  affirms  anv  thing. 
PRED'I-CaTE,  e.  t.    [L.  pnedico;  pra  and  dvo,  to 
say.] 

To  affirm  one  thing  of  another;  as,  to  jredictt* 
whiteness  of  snow.  Reason  may  be  pre  .icaird  of 
man. 

[It  is  a  gre.tt  but  common  error  to  give  this  word 
the  sense  of  found:  as,  to  predicate  an  arguiiicnt  on 
certain  principles. —  Fjl.] 


TO.VE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN  'GER,  VI"CIOCS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


108 


TTT* 


h:.7 


PRE 

rilED'l-eATE,  I',  i.  To  aHirm  ;  to  comprise  an  afRr- 
malion.  Hale. 

PRED'i  eATE,  71.  In  lo^c,  tliat  which,  in  a  proposi- 
tion, is  affirmed  or  denied  of  tlie  suliject.  In  these 
propositions,  paper  is  white"  ink  w  not  white  ^''^ 
wliiteness  is  the  predicate  affirmed  of  paper  and  de- 
nied of  inlt.  IVatts. 

PRED'l-CATE,  a.    Predicated.  Marshall. 

PRED'I-Ca-TED,  pp.    Affirmed  of  another  thins. 

PRED'I-e.5-TING,  ppr.    .Affirming  of  another  thing. 

PRE0-I-€a'TION,  h.    [L.  pnedicatio.] 

Alhrmation  of  sonietlnng,  or  the  act  of  affirming 
one  thing  of  another.  Locke 

PRED'I-eA-TO-RY,  a.    Affirmative  ;  positive. 

Bp.  Hall. 

PRE-DieT',  V.  I.  [L.  pricdictus,  pradico  ;  pne,  before, 
and  dice,  to  tel!.] 

To  foretell ;  to  tell  beforehand  something  that  is 
to  happen.  Jloses  predicted  the  dispersion  of  the 
Israelites.  Christ  predicted  the  destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

PRE-DieT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Foretold ;  told  before  the 
event. 

PRE-niCT'IXG,  ppr.  Foretelling. 
PRE-DIC'TION",  (-shun,)  n.    [L.  prmdictio.] 

A  foretelling  ;  a  previous  declaration  of  a  future 
event ;  prophecy.  The  fullillment  of  the  predictions  of 
the  prophets  is  considered  to  be  a. 'Strong  argument  in 
favor  of  the  divine  origin  of  the  Scriptures. 
PRE-DICT'tVE,  a.    Foretelling ;  prophetic.  More. 
PRE-DIGT'OR,  n.    A  foreteller ;  one  who  prophesies. 

Swift. 

PRE-DI-GES'TIOX,  (-dc-jes'clmn,)  n.  [pre  and  diges- 
tion.]   Too  hasty  digestion. 

Predigcstion  fills  llie  botly  with  crudities.  Bficon. 

PRE-r>I-LEe'TI0N,7i.  [Fr. ;  It.  predilezione  ;  h.  pne, 
before,  and  dilectus,  diluro,  to  love] 

.\  previous  liking ;  a  prepossession  of  mind  in  favor 
of  soniething.  IVarton. 

PRE-DI.-^-Pn'NEXT,  n.    That  which  predispose.'!. 

PRE-UI.S-1'OSE',  r.  «.  [pre  a.rtA  di.'tpose.]  To  incline 
beforehand  ;  to  give  a  previous  disposition  to  ;  as,  to 
predispose  the  mind  or  lemper  to  friendship.  South. 

2.  To  fit  or  adapt  previously  ;  as,  debility  predis- 
poses the  iiody  to  disease. 

PRE-DIS-PoS''£D,  pp.  Previously  inclined  or  .adapt- 
ed. 

PRE-DIS-PoS'ING,  ppr.  Inclining  or  adapting  before- 
hand. 

2.  0.    Tending  or  able  to  give  predisposition  or 
liableness  ;  as,  the  prcdisposinir  causes  of  disease. 
PRE-DIS-PO-SI"TION,  (-zish'un,)  n.    Previous  in- 
clination or  propensity  to  any  thing;  applied  to  tJte 
mind. 

9.  Previous  fitness  or  adaptation  to  any  change, 
impression,  or  purpose  ;  applied  to  ir.ailer  ;  as,  the  pre- 
disposition  of  the  body  to  disease  ;  the  predisposition 
of  the  seasons  to  generate  diseases. 

Wiseman.  Bacon. 
PRE  DOM'IX-ANCE,  )  n.  [See  I'redominvst.] 
PRE-I)O.M'IN-AN-CY,  \  Prevalence  over  others  ; 
superiority  in  strength,  power,  influence,  orauthority ; 
ascendency  ;  as,  the  predominance  of  a  red  color  in 
a  body  of  various  colors  ;  the  predominance  of  love  or 
anger  among  the  passions;  the  predominance  of  self- 
interest  over  all  other  considerations  ;  tiie  predomi- 
nance of  imperial  authority  in  the  conft.'deracy. 

2.  In  aslrolorry,  the  superit)r  influence  of  a  planet. 
PRE-DO.M'IN-ANT,  a.    [  I'r.  predominant ;  It.  pridomi- 
nante  ;  L.  prm  and  dominans,  dotninnr,  to  rule.] 

Prevalent  over  others  ;  superior  in  strength,  influ- 
ence, or  authority ;  ascendant;  ruling;  controlling; 
as,  a  predominant  color  ;  predominant  beauty  or  excel- 
lence ;  a  predominant  passion. 

Those  helps  —  were  pretiomin(tnt  in  the  king's  mind.  Bacon. 

You\  Bubornatioii  is  prr'lomiitant.  Shak. 
PRE-DOM'IN-Ai\T-LY,  ado.    With  superior  strength 

or  influence.  Brown. 
PRE-DOM'IN-JTn,  ^j.  1.     [Fr.  predominer  ;  Sp.  jrre- 
dominar ;  It.  predominare  t  E.  /)r(C,  before,  and  dom- 
inor,  to  rule,  from  dominus,  lord.] 

To  prevail ;  to  surpass  in  strength,  influence,  or 
authority  ;  to  be  Biiperinr ;  to  have  controlling  influ- 
ence. In  some  persons,  the  love  <tf  money  predom- 
inates over  all  other  pa.ssions;  in  others,  ambition  or 
the  love  of  fame  predominates ;  in  most  men,  self- 
interest  predominates  over  patriotism  and  philan- 
thropy. 

So  much  (11(1  love  to  her  cxeent/^fl  lord 

Preflominate  iti  lliis  f.iir  My*s  iieart.  IMnle!. 
The  rays  reflected  least  oUlqiiciy  in.Hy  predominate  over  the  rest. 

PRE-DOM'IN-ATE,  v.  U    To  rule  over. 

PRtMMJM'IN-.^-TEI),  pp.    Prev.iiled  or  ruled  over. 

PRE-DOM'I.V-A-Tl.Nt;,  ppr.  or  a.  Having  superior 
strength  or  influence;  ruling;  cimlrolling. 

PRE-DO.M-IN-A'TIO.V,  71.  Superior  btrcnglh  or  in- 
fluence. Browne. 

PRE-lJOOM'f:D,o.    Antecedently  doomed.  Coleridge. 

PRf^E-I.ECT',  71.  t.  [pre  and  elect.]  To  choime  or 
elect  befnri'hand  Did. 

PRF^I>I,Ef;T'i;i),  pp.    Elected  beforehand. 

PRII-E-LECTION',  ti.  Chuicu  or  election  by  previous 
determination  of  the  will.  I'rideauz. 


PRE 

PllE-EM'I-NENOE,  ji.     [Fr. ;   li.  preeminenia  :  pre  \ 
and  eminence.] 

I  Superiority  in  excellence  ;  distinction  in  some- 
thing commendable  ;  as,  pre-eminence  in  honor  or 
virtue  ;  pre-eminence  in  eloquence,  in  legal  attain- 
ments, or  in  medical  skill. 

The  jire-embunce  of  Christianity  to  any  other  religious  scheme. 

AddiBon. 

2.  Precedence ;  priority  of  place  ;  superiority  in 
rank  or  dignity. 

That  in  all  tilings  he  mi^ht  have  the  7>re-e77iin«;ice.  —  Col.  i. 
Painfiii  jire-emtnence  I  yonrs-  if  to  view 

Above  liie's  weakness  and  its  comforts  too.  Pope. 

3.  Superiority  of  power  or  influence.  Hooker. 

4.  Sometimes  in  a  bad  sense  f  Tis,  pre-eminence  in 
guilt  or  crime.  , 

PRE-EM'l-NENT,  a.  [Fr.  ;  pre  and  eminent;  L.  pric, 
before,  and  eminens,  emineo.    See  Menace.] 

1.  Superior  in  excellence  ;  distinguished  lor  some- 
thing commendable  or  honorable. 

In  goodness  and  in  power  pre-eminent.  Milton. 
9.  Surpassing  others  in  evil  or  bad  qualifies ;  as, 
pre-eminent  in  crime  or  guilt. 
PRE-EJl'I-NENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  pre-eminent  degree; 
with  superiority  or  distinction  above  others ;  as,  pre- 
eminenthj  wise  or  good. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense ;  as,  pre-eminently  gniltv. 
PRE-E.MP'TION,  (-shun,)  71.    [L.  prm,  before,  and 

emplio.  a  buying ;  emo,  to  buy.] 

1.  The  act  of  purchasing  bef'ore  others. 

2.  The  right  of  purchasing  before  others. 

3.  The  right  of  a  squatter  on  the  lands  of  the 
United  States  to  purchase  in  preference  to  others, 
when  the  land  is  sold. 

4.  Formerly,  in  England,  the  privilege  or  preroga- 
tive enjoyed  by  tne  king  of  buying  provisions  for  his 
houseliold  in  preference  to  others,  abolished  by  stat- 
ute 19  Charles  II. 

PREE.V,  71.  [Scot,  prein,  prin,  a  pen  ;  Dan.  preen,  the 
point  of  a  graving  tool,  a  bodkin  ;  D.  priem,  a  pin,  a 
spike  ;  G.  pfrirme,  a  punch.  Tliese  are  probably  the 
same  word,  a  little  varied.] 

A  forked  instrument  used  by  clothiers  in  dressing 
cloth. 

PREE.\,  71.  [Scot,  proyiic,  pru7ii,'ie  ;  Chancer,  proinc. 
This  word  is  probably  the  s.ame  as  the  foregoing,  de- 
noting the  use  of  the  beak  in  cleaning  and  compos- 
ing the  feathers.  So  pikith,  in  Chaucer,  is  from 
piLr,  pick. 

He  kembith  him  ;  he  proinilh  him  and  pikith. 

Ciinf.  Tales,  9885. 

If  not,  the  word  may  be  contracted  from  the  Fr. 
provigner,  to  propagate  vines  by  laying'  cuttings  in 
the  ground.] 

To  clean,  compose,  and  dress  the  feathers,  Jis  birds, 
to  enable  them  to  gliile  more  easily  through  the  air 
or  water.  For  this  purpose  tin  y  are  furnished  with 
two  glands  on  their  rump,  which  secrete  an  oily  sub- 
stance into  a  bag,  from  which  they  draw  it  with  the 
bill  and  spread  it  over  their  feathers. 

Bailey.    P.  Cyc. 
PRC-EN'-GaOE',  7'.  (.    [pre  axii  engage.]    To  engage 
by  previous  contract. 

To  Cipsens  by  his  fi  lends  his  suit  he  moved, 

Bat  he  was  pre-engaged  by  former  lies.  Dryden. 

2.  To  engage  or  attach  by  previous  influence. 

'i'he  world  1i.ts  the  unhappy  udvanljige     pre-engaginz  o^r  pas- 
sious.  Uogers. 

3.  To  etigage  beforehand. 
PRE-EN-Ga6'/:D,  pp.    Previously  engaged  by  con- 
tract or  infliiencp. 

PRE-Ei\'-G.^GE'.MENT,  77.  Prior  engagement ;  ashy 
stipulation  or  promise.  A  woulil  accept  my  invita- 
tion, but  ft)r  his  pre-engngrment  to  li. 

2.  Any  previous  attachment  binding  the  will  or  af- 
fections. 

My  pre-engagemente  to  other  themes  were  not  unknown  to  those 
lor  whom  I  was  to  write.  Boyle. 

PUE-EN-GAtj'ING,  ppr.    Previously  engaging. 
PKKEN'ING,  ppr.  Cleaning  and  composing  the  feath- 
ers, as  birds. 

PRi;-ES-TAH'LISFl,  7!.  [pre  ani  estahli.^h.]  To 
(•..fablish  <ir  s.  ttle  lieliirehand.  Coeenlrii. 

PIM:-ES-TAll'LI.-<ll-/;i),  (-es-tab'lisht,)  ;i;).  or  a.  Pre- 
viously estalilishctl. 

PR i;-ES-TA H'LISH-ING,  ppr.    Settling  or  ordaining 

PRE-E-S-TAit'EISII-MENT,  71.  Settlement  before- 
hand. 

PRE-EX-AM-IN-/\'TIOi\,  71.    Previous  exaniin.ation. 

PUI"--i:X-AM'tNE,  7).  t.    'i'o  examine  beforehand. 

PRE-I'.X-AM'li\-KI),  pp.    Previously  examined. 

I'|{i:-EX-AM'I.\-ING,  ppr.    Examining  beforehand. 

Pi£E-i;.\-IST',  (  egz-ist',)  ».  i.  [pre  and  exist.]  To 
exist  bcforehanil  or  before  something  else.  It  has 
been  belioveil  by  many  philosophers,  that  the  souls 
of  men  pre-exist,  that  is,  exist  before  the  formation  of 
the  body. 

PRi;-EX-IST'E\CE, f-egK-ist'cns,)  n.  Existence  pre- 
vious to  something  else.  ' 

WImloin  ileclar-s  her  antiouity  and  pre-eristence  to  all  the  works 
of  tbi.  e„rlli.  Ilornel. 


PRE 

2.  Exi.steuce  of  the  soul  before  its  union  vath  the 
botly,  or  before  the  body  is  formed  ;  a  tenet  of  llastem 
sages.  Addison. 

PRE-EX-IST'ENT,  a.  Existing  beforehand  ;  preced- 
ing in  existence. 

What  mortal  knows  his  pre-exisUnt  state  f  Pope. 

PRE-EX-IST-I-MA'TION,  71.  Previous  esteem.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Brown. 

PRE-EX-IST'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Previously  existing. 

PRE-E.X-PEeT-A'TlON,  71.  Previous  expectation. 
[Q.U.  is  not  this  tautology  .']  Oerard. 

PREF'ACE,  71.  [Fr.,  from'L.  prafatio  ;  pne,  before,  and 
for,fari,futus,  to  speak.] 

Something  spoken  as  introductory  to  a  discourse, 
or  written  its  introductory  to  a  book  or  essay,  in- 
tended to  inform  the  hearer  01  reader  of  the  main 
design,  or,  in  general,  of  whatever  is  necessary  to  the 
understanding  of  the  discourse,  book,  or  ess.ay  ;  a 
proem ;  an  introduction  or  series  of  preliminary  re- 
marks. Milton. 

PREF'ACE,  V.  t.  To  introduce  by  preliminary  re- 
marks; as,  to  preface  a  book  or  discourse.  The 
advocate  pi-e/aced  his  arguments  with  a  history  of  ihn 
case. 

2.  To  face  ;  to  cover ;  a  ludicrous  sense. 

Not  prefacing  old  ra^  with  plush.  Cleaveia)vl. 
PREF'ACE,  V.  i.   To  say  something  introductory. 

iipectator. 

PREF'A-CJ:D,  (pref ist,)  pp.  Introduced  with  pre- 
liminary observations. 

PREF'A-CER,  )i.    The  writer  of  a  preface.  Dnidm. 

PREF'A-CING,  ppr.  Introducing  with  preliminary 
remarks. 

PREF'A-TO-RI-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  preface. 

PREF'A-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pieface ;  intro- 
ductory to  a  book,  essay,  or  discourse.  Dryden 

PRE'FECT,  n.  [L.  praifectus ;  pro",  before,  and 
foetus,  made ;  but  directly  from  pnrficwr,  prctfectns.] 

1.  A  name  given  to  several  Roman  oflicers.  The 
prefect  or  warden  of  the  city  at  fit^l  exercised  within 
the  city  the  powers  of  the  king  or  ctmsuls  tluring  their 
absence;  afterward,  as  a  permanent  magistrate,  he 
was  empowered  to  maintain  peace  and  order  in  the 
city.  The  pretorian  prefect  was  the  commander  of 
the  pretorian  guards.  Under  Constantine,  the  pre- 
fects became  governors  of  provinces.     Smithes  Diet. 

2.  In  France,  a  superintendent  of  a  department  or 
division  of  the  kingdom,  w  ho  has  the  direction  of  its 
police  establishment,  together  with  extensive  powers 
of  tnuniripal  reguhttion.  Urande. 

PR1j;.'FE€:T-SH[P,  j  11.  The  office  of  a  chief  magis- 
PRli'FEeT-iyRE,  (     trate,  commander,  or  viceroy. 

2.  .Iiirisdiction  of  a  prelect. 
PRE-FER',  V.  t.    [h.  prtifero  ;  pr(E,  before,  and  fcro, 

to  bear  or  carry  ;  Fr.  prcferer  ;  It.  preferire ;  Sp.  pre- 

ferir.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bear  or  carry  in  advance,  in  the 
mintl,  affections,  or  choice  ;  hence,  to  regard  more 
than  another  ;  to  fiomir  or  esteem  above  another. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  above,  before,  or  to. 

If  I  prefer  not  Jerusalem  aboce  my  clii  -f  joy. —  Ps.  cxxxvii. 
lie  tnat  coiiielli  after  me  is  preferred  before  me.  — John  i. 

2.  To  advance,  as  to  an  office  or  dignity  ;  to  raise! 
to  exalt ;  as,  to  prefer  one  to  a  bishopric ;  to  prefer  an 
officer  to  the  rank  of  general. 

3.  To  offer  ;  to  present ;  to  exhibit ;  usually,  with 
solemnity,  or  to  a  public  body.  It  is  our  privilege 
to  enjoy  the  right  of  preferring  petitions  to  rulers  for 
redress  of  wrongs. 

My  vows  and  pntyers  to  ih^G  preferred.  Sandys. 
Prefer  a  bill  against  uU  kings  and  parliaments  since  the  conquest. 

Collier. 

4.  To  offer  or  present  ceremoniously,  or  in  ordinary 
familiar  language;  lo  proffer. 

lie  spake,  and  to  her  baud  preferred  the  bowl.  Pipe. 
[This  is  allowable,  at  least  in  poetry,  though  not 
usual.] 

PREF'ER-.\-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Worthy  to  be  preferred 
or  chosen  before  something  else  ;  more  eligible  ; 
more  desirable.  Virtue  is  fur  preferable  to  vice,  even 
for  its  pleasures  in  this  life. 

2.  IMore  excellent ;  of  better  quality;  as,  Madeira 
wine  is  preferable  to  claret. 
PREF'ER-A-HLE-NESS,  fi.    The  quality  or  state  of 

being  preferable.  Mountagu. 
PREF'ER-A-BLY,  adv.     In  preference ;   in  such  a 
manner  as  to  prefer  one  thing  to  another. 

How  cimies  ho  to  choose  Plautus  preferably  to  Terence  I 

Denn'ta. 

PREF'ER-ENCE,  71.  The  act  tif  preferring  one  thing 
before  another;  estimation  of  one  thing  above  an- 
other; ciiuice  of  one  thing  rafher  than  another. 

Leave  the  critics  on  either  side  to  contend  about  the  preference 
due  to  tins  or  that  M.rt  of  poetry.  Dnj'ten. 

It  has  fr>,  above,  before,  or  over,  before  the  thing 
postponeil.  All  men  give  the  preference  to  Homer  as 
an  epic  poet.  'J'he  human  botly  has  the  preflretice 
above  or  before  those  of  brutes. 

The  kiiowled.'re  of  tbinjrn  e'oiie  pives  a  value  to  our  Tftwinlngi, 
and  preferenee  of  one  man's  knowledge  over  uiioUier' 


2.  The  state  of  being  preferred. 


Z.<icilt>. 


FATE,  FiR,  F/VLL,  WI1.>T.  — METE,  PRBY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  nOVE,  .MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


r  K  i  ■ 


PRE 


PRE-FER'MEN'T,  n.    [U.  prrfrrimmto.] 

1.  Ailvanconiriit  td  a  liigln:r  office,  (lifinity,  or  stn- 
tion.  Cli;iii!;(!  of  manners,  and  even  of  diameter, 
often  follows  prrfrrmntt.  A  prolligiUe  life  should  be 
considered  a  disqiialifiration  for  prrfcrment,  no  less 
than  waiu  of  ahilily- 

2.  Superior  place  or  office.  All  preferments  should 
be  given  to  ctunpcteiU  men. 

3.  Preft'rence.    [jVuf  ii  w/.l  Brown. 
PRE-FF.R'RKI),  pp.    Regarded  above  others  ;  elevated 
PRE-FEK'UICR,  ii.    One  who  prefers.        [in  station. 
PRF.-FKR'KI.\(;,  ppr.    Regarding  above  others;  ad- 
vancing to  a  higher  station  ;  offering  ;  presenting. 

PREF'I-DENCt;,  n.  A  previous  trusting.  Baxter. 
PIIEF'I-DE.NT,  a.  Trusting  previously.  Baxter. 
PRE-FIG'1!-RaTE,  v.  t.     [See  Pbefiguhe.]  To 

show  Iiv  antecedent  representation.    [LitUe  used.] 
PRE-FlG-y-R.\'T10N,  ;i.    Antecedent  representation 
by  similitude. 

A  variety  of  prophecies  niul  prefiguralion/i  hnil  llicir  punctual 
accomplishineiil  in  the  aulliur  of  this  inslitulioii.  Aorriji. 

PRE-FIG'tJ-RA-TIVE,  a.    Showing  by  previous  fig- 
ures, tyjies,  or  similitude.     The   sacrifice  of  the 
paschal  lamb  was  pretJiptrtitive  of  the  death  of  Christ. 
PRE-FIO'lJKE,  (-fig'yur,)  v.  L    [L.  pnc,  before,  and 
Jignro,  to  fashion.] 

To  exhibit  by  antecedent  representation,  or  by 
types  and  similitude. 

Id  the  01<l  Testament,  tliiugs  are  pr^gurtd,  which  are  performed 
in  the  New.  Hooker, 

PRE-FIG'lIR-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Exhibited  by  antecedent 

signs,  types,  or  similitude. 
PRE-FIG'lJR-ING,  ppr.     Showing  antecedently  by 

similkudc. 

PRE-FI.NE',  r.  t.    [L.  pri^nio ;  pro;,  before,  and/nio, 

to  limit ;  Jtiiit,  limit.] 

To  limit  beforehand.    [Little  useil.']  Kiwlles. 
PREF-I-NI"T10N,  (-nish'un,)  n.    Previous  limitation. 

[lAnle  uied.]  Folhtrby. 
PRE  FIX',  V.  t.    [L.  prcrfigo  ;  pra,  before,  and  Jim,  to 

fix.] 

1.  To  put  or  fix  before,  or  at  the  beginning  of  an- 
other thing  ;  as,  to  prefix  a  syllable  to  a  wonl  ;  to  pre- 
fix an  advertisement  to  a  hook,  or  an  epithet  to  a  title. 

2.  To  set  or  appoint  helbreliand  j  as,  to  prefix  the 
hour  of  meeting. 

A  time  7»re_/Ir,  and  tliliik  of  me  at  last.  SaitJys. 
X  To  settle  ;  to  establish. 

]  would  prefix  some  certain  bountl,\ry  between  the  old  Ftitntes 
and  the  new.  Hale. 

PUr.'FIX,  n.  A  letter,  syllable,  or  word,  put  to  the 
beginning  of  a  word,  usually  to  vary  its  signification. 
A  prefix  is  united  with  the  word,  forming  a  part  of 
it ;  hence  it  is  distinguished  from  a  preposition  ;  as,. 
pre  in  prefix;  con  in'conptre,  with  in  viitlistnnd.  Pre- 
fixes are  sometimes  calletl  particles,  or  inseparable 
prepositions. 

PRE-FIX'ED,  (-fixt',)pp.  Set  before;  appointed  be- 
forehand ;  settled. 

PRE-FIX'IN(3,  p/ir.  Putting  before;  previously  ap- 
pointing ;  establishing. 

PRE-FIX'ION,  (-vun,)  ;i.    The  act  of  prefixing. 

PRE-FLO-Ra'TION,  n.  In  botany,  the  manner  in 
which  the  tlortil  envelopes  are  arranged  in  a  flower 
befiire  thev  expand  ;  estivation.  Lindlnr. 

PRE-FOKM',  r.  u  [pre  and  farm.]  To  form  before- 
hand. Skak. 

PUF.-F0RM'A-TIVE,  n.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  form- 
alice.] 

A  formative  letter  at  the  beginning  of  a  word. 

Jil.  Stuart. 

PRE-FORM'SO,  pp.    Formed  beforehand. 
PRE-FOR.M'I.XG,  ppr.    Forming  beforehand. 
PRE-FU'L'l5E.\-CY,  n.    [L.  pr<r/u;»cns ;  pr<e,  before, 

and/ii/^i-co,  to  shine.] 

Superior  brightness  or  effulgency.  Barrow. 
PREG'NA-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  prenable.] 

That  may  be  taken  or  won  by  force;  exptignnble. 

r  Little  iLsed.]  Cotgrare. 
PREG'XA.\-CY,  n.    [See  PRro:»AST.]    The  state  of 

a  female  who  has  conceived,  or  is  with  child.  Ray. 

2.  Fertility  ;  fruitfulness  ;  inventive  power;  as, 
the  pregnancy  of  wit  or  invention.  Prior. 

Pkc<;mancc,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  used. 
PREG'XANT,  a.    [L.  pr<rg-nans  ;  supposed  to  be  com- 
pounded of  pTO,  before,  and  geno,  Gr.  yeni'aa],  to 
beget  ;  It.  prcgnante  ;  Sp.  prehado.] 

I.  Being  with  young,  as  a  female;  breeding; 
teeming. 

Fruitful ;  fertile  ;  impregnating  ;  as,  pregnant 
streams.  Vryden. 

3.  Full  of  consequence  ;  as,  a  pregnant  instance  of 
infatuation. 

All  c^^oiis  and  pregnant  instance  how  far  virtue  iurpai<aei 
in^tiinty.  W'ooduard. 

4.  Easy  to  admit  or  receive. 

I  am  ;<re;nnnj  to  ^ood  pity.      |.Vo( proper.)  Shak. 

5.  Free  ;  kind  ;  ready  ;  witty  ;  apt.    [J\'ot  proper.] 

ShaJi. 

6.  Plain  ;  clear;  evident;  full.    [A'o«  in  use.] 

Shak. 


A  pregnant  construction,  or  construclio  prtsgnans,  is 
one  in  which  more  is  implied  than  is  said  or  seem.') ; 
as,  the  hoasi,  trembled  fortli  from  tlieir  dens,  i.  e., 
came  forth  trrnihling. 
PREG'NA.NT  l.Y,  ade.  Fruitfully. 

2.  Fully  ;  plainly  ;  clearly.    [Js  used.] 

Shak.  South. 
PRi":'GRA-V.aTE,  1'.  (.    [I-  pro'gravo.] 

To  hoar  down  ;  to  depress.    [A'ut  in  use.]  Hall. 
PRE-GRAV'I-TATE,  n.  i.    To  descend  by  gravity. 

Boyle. 

PRE-GUST'ANT,  a.    [L.  pra:gustans.] 

Tasting  beforehand.  Ed.  Rev. 

PRE-GIJS-TA'TION,  n.  [I.,  pra  and  gusto,  to 
taste.] 

The  act  of  tasting  before  another.  Diet. 
PRE-IIE.V'SI-BLE,  a.    That  may  bo  seized. 

iMWrenr.e, 

PRE-IIE\'SII.E,  {a.  [L.  prf/inido,  to  take  or  seize  ; 
PRE-IIE\'SO-RV,  j  prehensus.] 

Seizing ;  grasping ;  adapted  to  seize  or  grasp. 
The  tails  of  some  monkeys  are  prehensile. 

.Xnt.  Ili.lL  Eneyc. 
PRE-HEX'SIOX,  (-shun,)  n.    A  taking  hold  ;  a  seiz- 
ing; as  with  the  hand  or  other  limb.  Lawrence. 
PREIIN'I'l'E,  (pren'ite,)  n.    [from  Prehn,  the  name 
of  the  person  who  first  brought  tliis  stone  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Mope.] 

A  pale  green  mineral,  of  a  vitreous  luster,  occurring 
in  bntryoidal  and  mamillary  concretion.s,  and  in 
small  prismatic  crystals,  usually  appearing  as  if 
made  up  of  a  series  of  snutii  tables.  It  consists  of 
silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  wj;!;  soui.i  water.  It  is 
usually  found  associated  willi  the  zeolites  in  amyg- 
daloid, but  occasionally  in  granite  and  gneiss. 

Dana. 

PRE-IN-STRIJCT',  r.  L  [pre  and  instruct.]  To  in- 
struct previou.slv.  Jlorc. 

PRE-LV-STRUet'ED,  pp.  Previously  instructed  or 
directed. 

PRE-IN-STRtlCT'IXG, ppr.    Previously  instructing. 
PRE-IN-TI-.Ma'TIO.\,  «.    [pre  and  intimation.]  Pre- 
vious intimation  ;  a  suggestion  beforehand. 

T.  Scott. 

PRE-JUDGE',  (pre-judj',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  prejugcr ;  L.  prtc 
and  jndico,  to  judge.] 

1.  To  juilgo  in  a  cause  before  it  is  heard,  or  before 
the  arguments  and  facts  in  the  case  aro  fully 
known. 

The  committee  of  council  lialh  prejudged  the  whole  wse,  by 
ttllid^  liie  unit'd  sense  of  both  houses  of  parIi;uii'Mit  a 
uuivcrs:il  cUmor.  Sirifl. 

9.  To  judge  and  determine  before  the  cause  is 
heard  ;  hence,  sometimes,  to  condemn  beforehn.nd  or 

•unheard.  .Milton. 

PRE-JUDG'JCI),  pp.  Judged  beforehand  ;  determined 
unheard. 

PRE-JUUfi'ING,  ppr.  Judging  or  determining  with- 
out a  liearin;;  or  before  the  case  is  l"iilly  understood. 

PRE-JUDC'M  E.N'T,  n.  Jiiilgment  in  a  case  without  a 
hearing  or  full  examination.  Knot. 

PREJU'DI-e.\-CY,  n.  Prejudice  ;  prepossession. 
[JV'ot  used.]  Blount. 

PRE-JO'DI-e.^TE,  B.  L  [L.  prat,  before,  and  judico, 
to  judge.] 

To  prejudge  ;  to  determine  beforehand  to  disad- 
vantage. 

Our  d'-aresl  friend 
Prejitfticales  tlr?  busiue!*.s.  S^iat.: 

PRE-JP'Di  eATE,  V.  i.  Toform  a  judgment  vvilliotit 
due  examination  of  the  facts  and  arguments  in  the 
case.  Siditri/ 

PRE-JO'DI-e.\TE,  a.  Formed  before  due  examina- 
tion. Watts. 

2.  Prejudiced  ;  biased  by  opinions  formed  prema- 
turely ;  as,  a  prejudicatc  reader.    [Little  used.] 

Brotcn. 

PRE-JP'DI-e.\-TED,  pp.  Prejudied. 
PRR-JU'ni-€.A-Tl.\G,  ppr.  Prejudging. 
PRE-JU  DI-Ca'TIO.X,  n.    The  act  of  judging  with- 
out due  examination  of  facts  and  evidence. 

Shencood. 

2.  In  Roman  oratoni,  prejudications  were  of  three 
kinds  ;  first,  precedents  or  adjudged  cases,  involving 
the  same  points  of  law  ;  second,  previous  decisions 
on  the  same  ijiiestion  between  other  parties;  third, 
decisions  of  the  same  cause  and  between  the  same 
parties,  before  tribunals  of  inferior  jurisdiction. 

.Idams's  Led. 

PRE-JO'UI  CA-TIVE,  a.  Forming  an  opinion  or 
judgment  without  examination.  Jilore. 

PREJ'q-UICE,  (pred'jii-dis,)  n.  [Fr.,  fr  mi  L.  preju- 
dicium  :  prte  and  jtulico.] 

1.  Prejudemenl ;  an  opinion  or  decision  of  mind, 
formed  without  due  examination  of  the  facts  or  ar- 
guments which  are  necessary  to  a  just  and  impartial 
determination.  It  is  used  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 
Innumerable  are  the  jirrjudices  of  etlucttion  ;  we  are 
accustomed  to  believe  what  we  are  taught,  and  to 
receive  opinions  from  others  without  examining  ihe 
grounds  by  (vhich  they  can  be  supported.  A  man 
has  strong  prejudices  m  favor  of  his  country  or  his 
party,  or  Ih'-  chiirrli  in  which  he  has  been  educated  ; 
and  often  our  prejudices  are  unreasonable.    A  judge 


should  disabuse  himself  of  pre/iufice  in  favor  of  either 
party  in  a  suit. 

My  i-oiiifort  is.  that  their  manifest  prejudice  to  my  cau*!  will  rcn. 
d.  r  their  Judgment  of  h-ss  authority.  Urylen. 

2.  A  previous  bent  or  bl.ia  of  mind  for  or  against 
any  person  or  thing;  prepossession. 

Tli-n<  \e  an  unaccountable  prejudice  to  projeclon  of  all  kinds. 

Atlditon. 

X  Mischief;  hurt;  damage;  injury.    Violent  fac- 
tions arc  a  prejudice  to  the  authority  of  the  sovereign. 
How  plain  this  abuse  is,  and  what  prejudict  It  doea  to  the  nnder. 
standing  of  Uie  aacred  Scripiurea  !  Locke. 

[  This  is  a  sense  of  the  word  too  veil  established  to  be 

condemned.] 

PREJ'I^-DICE,  r.  t.  To  prepossess  with  unexamined 
opinions,  or  opinions  formed  without  due  knowledge 
of  the  facts  and  circumstances  attending  the  tpies- 
tion  ;  to  bias  tlie  mind  by  hasty  and  inctirrect  no- 
tions, and  give  it  an  unreasonable  bent  to  one  side 
or  other  of  a  cause. 

Sutler  not  any  beloved  study  to  prejudice  your  mind  so  far  as  to 
<l'  spise  all  oilier  learning.  It'atls. 

2.  To  obstrtict  or  injure  by  prejudices,  or  an  tiitdiie 
previous  bias  of  the  mind  ;  or  to  hurt;  to  damage; 
to  diminish  ;  to  impair  ;  in  a  very  general  sense.  The 
advocate  who  attempts  to  prove  too  much  may  prej 
udice  his  cause. 

1  am  n(jl  to  prejudice  the  cause  of  my  fellow-poets,  thourh  I 
abandon  my  own  defense.  DrytUn. 

PREJ't7-DIC-KD,  (pred'ju-dist,) pp.  or  a.  Prcposscs<ed 
bv  unexamined  opinions;  bia.sed. 

PR'EJ-IJ-I)I"CIAL,  (pred-ju-dish'al,)  a.  Biased  or 
blind(!d  by  prejudices ;  as,  a  prejudicial  eye.  [JVuf 
in  use.]  Hooker. 

2.  Ilurtful  ;  mischievous  ;  injurious  ;  disadvan- 
tageous ;  detrimental  ;  tending  to  obstruct  or  im- 
pair. A  high  rate  of  interest  is  prejudicial  to  trade 
and  manufactures.  Intemperance  is  prejudicial  to 
health. 


His  going  away  the  next  morning,  with  all  hia  Iroone,  w.aa  most 
jfrejudiciat  to  the  king's  atfiiri.  Clarendon. 

One  of  the  young  la<lies  n'ads  while  the  others  are  at  work  ;  so 
that  the  learning  ol  tlie  laraily  ij  not  at  uU  prejudiriat  to  ilj 
manufactures.  AdcUson. 

PREJ-i;-DI"CIAL.-LY,  adv.  Injuriously  ;  disadvan- 
taecouslv. 

PRFJ-lJ-dl"CIAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  prej- 
udicial ;  injuriniisness. 

PREJ'H-DIC-ING,  ppr.    Prepossessing;  biasing. 

PRE-KNOVVL'EDGE,  (pre-nol'lej,)  n.  Prior  knowl- 
edge. 

PREIV.V-CY  or  PRk'LA-CY,  71.  [from prc/ote.]  The 
office  or  dignity  of  a  prelate. 

Prelaeiee  m.ay  be  termed  the  greater  benefices.  Ayl^Je. 

2.  Episcopacy  ;  the  order  of  bishops. 

How  many  are  there  that  call  tliems'-lves  Protestants,  who  put 
pre'.tuy  and  pojtery  togetlier  as  terms  convertible  1  Swijl. 

3.  Bishops  collectively. 

Divers  of  the  reven^nd  pre.'ffey.  Hooker. 
PREL'ATE  or  PRic'LATE,  n.    [Fr.  jirelat :  H.prelato  ; 
from  I.,  pradaliui,  pnrfero.] 

A  clergyman  of  a  superior  order,  having  authority 
over  the  lower  clergy,  as  an  archbishop,  bishop,  &c. ; 
a  dignitnrv  of  the  church.  Bacon. 
PREL'ATE-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  prelate. 

ffarmar. 

PRE-I,.\T'ir,       )  17.    Pertaining  tn  prelates  or  prcl- 
PRE-EAT'ie-AE,  i      acv  ;  as,  prrlatiral  aiithoritv. 
PRE-L.\T'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  With  reference  to  prelates. 

JilortOH. 

PRE-LS'TION,  n.    [I.,  pratatio,  prirfero.] 

Preference ;  the  setting  of  one  above  another. 

[Little  used.]  Hale. 
PREL'A-TIS.M,  n.  Prelacy  ;  episcopacy.  Milton. 
PREL'.\-TIST,  n.    [from  prelate.]    An  advocate  for 

prelacy  or  the  government  of  tile  church  by  bishops ; 

a  high  churchman. 

I  am  an  Kpi:iCopalian,  but  not  a  prelatiet.  T.  SeoU. 

PREI/A-TURE,  )  „     rp,  ™,„,„„  1 

prei.'a-tureIsiup,  )  P^*'"""-'-] 

'I'lic  slate  or  dignity  of  a  prelate.  Diet. 
PREL'A-TY,  71.    Episcopacy  ;  prelacy.    [JVo(  in  use.] 

Milton. 

PRE-LECT',  r.  f.    [L.  pra:Uctus,  preclego ;  pro:,  before, 
and  lego,  to  read.] 
To  read  a  lecture  or  public  discourse.  Horslty. 

PRE-I-EC'TfON,  n.    [L.  pralectio.] 

A  lecture  or  discourse  read  in  public  or  to  a  select 
company.  Hale. 

PRE-LEC'TOR,  n.  A  reader  of  discourses  ;  a  lec- 
turer. Sheldon. 

PRE-I,I-Ba'TION,  n.  [from  L.  prrlibo;  pros,  before, 
and  libo,  to  taste.] 

1.  Foretaste  ;  a  tasting  beforehand  or  by  anticipa- 
tion. The  joy  that  proceeds  from  a  beUef  of  pardon 
is  a  prelibation  of  heavenly  bliss. 

2.  An  ctTusion  previous  to  tasting.  Qu. 

Johnson. 

PRE-LIM'I.\-.\-RI  LY,  ado.  In  a  preliminary  man- 
ner. 

PRE-LIM'IN-A-RY,  o.     [Fr.  preUminaire  :   It.  preJi- 


TONE,  Bl,'LL,  UNITE  AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SU  ;  Tll  as  in  THIS. 

869" 


■  adv. 


Tliomson. 
Previously  ;  introductorily. 


PRE 

rMtiare  :  Pp.  prrlinuiiar ;  L. /ito,  before,  and  limen, 
liiresliliiilil  or  liiiiil.] 

Iiilroductdry  ;  previous  ;  proemial  ;  that  precedes 
the  main  discourse  or  business;  as, /(rc/fwuHary  ob- 
servations to  a  discourse  or  book  ;  preUmtnary  arti- 
cles to  a  treaty  ;  preUminarit  measures. 

PRE  [.IM'IN-A-RY,  n.  Thai  wliicli  precedes  the 
niain  discourse,  work,  design,  or  business ;  some- 
tliin^  previous  or  preparatory  ;  as,  llie  preliminaries 
to  a  neErotiation  or  treaty  ;  the  preliminaries  to  a  com- 
b:it.    The  parties  met  t(»  settle  tlie  pretiniinuries. 

PRK'I.L'DE  or  I'REL'tJDE,  n.  [Fr.  id.  ;  It.  and  Sp. 
prehii/io  ;  Low  L.  prcelwiiuni^  from  prceludo ;  pra,  be- 
fore, and  IdJo,  to  play.] 

1.  A  short  rii(.'hl  of  music,  or  irregular  air  played 
by  a  musician  before  he  begins  the  piece  to  be  played, 
or  before  a  full  concert.  Encyc.  Yotincr. 

2.  Something  introductory,  or  that  shows  what  is 
to  follow  ;  something  preceding  wliich  bears  some 
relation  or  resemblance  to  that  which  is  to  follow. 

The  last  George  waa  a  good  prelwU  to  the  ^iieia.  Addison. 

3.  A  forerunner;  something  which  indicates  a 
future  event. 

PKE-1-.C'DB',  ?'.  L  To  introduce  with  a  previous  per- 
formance ;  to  play  before ;  as,  to  prelude  a  concert 
with  a  lively  air. 

2.  To  precede,  as  an  introductory  piece  ;  as,  a 
lively  air  preludes  the  concert. 
PRE-LC'DE',  V.  i.    To  serve  as  an  introduction  to. 

Dniden. 

PRE-LPD'EI),  pp.  Preceded  by  an  introductory  per- 
fiiruianre  ;  preceded. 

PRE-LC'D'ER,  «.  One  that  plays  a  prelude,  or  intro- 
duces by  a  previous  irregular  piece  of  nuisic. 

PRE  LOli'I.NG,  ppr.  Playing  an  introductoiy  air ; 
preceiling. 

PRE-LO'DI  OUS,  a.    Previous;  introductory. 

Cleareland. 

PRE-Lu'Dr-UM,  n.   [Low  L.]  A  prelude.  Drijdrn. 
PRE-LP'SI VE,  a.     Previous;  introductory;  indica- 
ting that  something  of  a  like  knid  is  to  t(>llow  ;  as, 
vrelujiive  tlrops. 
PRE-LP'PIVE-LV, 
PKE-LC'SO-RI-LY, 

Previous  ;  introductory  ;  prelu- 
Baeon, 

PRE-.MA-TuRE',  a.  [Fr.  premature,  from  L.  pr<ema- 
turujs  :  prtE,  before,  anti  viaturus,  ripe.] 

1.  Ripe  before  the  natural  or  proper  time  ;  as,  the 
premature  fruits  of  a  hot-bed. 

2.  Happening,  arriving,  performed,  or  adopted  be- 
fore the  projier  time  ;  as,  a  premature  t'all  of  siu)W  in 
autumn  ;  a  premature  birth  ;  a  premature  opinion  ;  a 
premature  measure. 

3.  Arriving  or  received  without  due  authentication 
or  evidence  ;  as,  premature  report,  news,  or  intelli- 
gence. 

PRE-.M  A-Tl'RE'LY,  adx\  Too  soon  ;  too  early;  be- 
fore the  pr(tper  t  nie  ;  as,  fruits  prematurely  ripened  ; 
opmious  prematurely  formed  ;  measures  prematurely 
taken. 

2.  Without  due  evidence  or  authentication ;  as, 
intelligence  prematurely  received. 
PRE-.MA  Tf'RE'NESS,  /  n.    Ripeness  before  the  nat- 
PRE-.M A-TC'Rl-TV,      j     ural  or  proper  time. 
2.  Too  great  haste  ;  unseasonable  earliness. 

Warton, 

PRE-.MED'I-TaTE,  c.  t.  [Ft.  premediter  ;  It.  premedi- 
titrf  ;  L.  pmmeditor ;  pra,  before,  and  meditur,  to 
m>-ditate.] 

To  think  on  and  revolve  in  the  mind  beforehand  . 
Ill  contrive  and  design  previously  ;  as,  to  premeditate 
theft  or  robbery. 

With  wonis  premtditated  thus  he  said.  Dryden. 

PRE-MEIJ'I-TaTE,  v.  i.  To  think,  consider,  or  re- 
volve In  the  mind  beforehand  ;  to  deliberate ;  to 
have  formed  in  the  mind  by  previous  thought  or 
uieditntion.  llovker. 

l'i;E-.MEt)'l-TATE,  a.  Contrived  by  previous  medi- 
tation. Burnet. 

PRE-.\1E1)'I-TA-TEU,  pp.  or  a.  Previously  consid- 
ered or  meditated. 

2.  Previously  contrived,  designed,  or  intended; 
deliberate  ;  willful  ;  an,  prcinedUated  murder. 

I'llE-.MEIt'I-T.ATE  LY,  odj).  With  previous  medita- 
liui.  Filtham. 

I'UEMEn  i-TS-TI.VO,  ppr.  Previously  meditating; 
l  ontriving  or  intending  beforehand. 

PRE-.MElJ-l-'rA'TION,  n.    [  L.  pramedrtatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  medilating  beforehand  ;  previous 
deliberation. 


PRE-LO'SO-RY,  a. 
sive. 


Hlildrli  (tinitrhl  may  l«-  hi^h'^r  than  nalUPf 
Jiretntdliation. 


«  mine  without 
Dryden. 

2.  Previous  rxjntrivance  or  design  formed  ;  as,  the 

nretnrditatinn  of  a  cruiM!. 

PRi; MKR'IT,  o.  t.    [pre  and  m«-i(.]    To  merit  or  de- 

Mirve  hcfnriliand.    [l.itlle  u^cd.]  K.Charles. 
PREM'I  ('Ef«,  n.  1)1.    (  Fr.,  from  h.  primitin,  primus.] 
FIr-I  Irilitn.  used.]  Dryden. 

PREM'I  Kit,  (preiii'yer,)  a.  J  Fr  ,  from  l,.primus,  first.] 
FuMt  ;  clili'f,  principal;  as,  the  premier  place; 
premier  iiiiniNter.  Camden.  Sw^ft. 


PRE 

PRE.M'IER,  (prrm'yer,)  n.  The  first  minister  of  state  , 
the  prime  minister. 

PRE.M'IER-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  the  first 
minister  of  state. 

PRE-.MIL-I.EN'I-AL,  a.   Previous  to  the  millennium. 

PRE-,MISE',  V.  U  [L.  priemissus,  pra:niitto,  to  send  be- 
fore.] 

1.  To  speak  or  write  before,  or  as  introductory  to 
the  main  sutyect;  to  offer  previously,  as  something 
to  explain  or  aid  in  understanding  what  follows, 

1  premise  these  paniciil.irs  that  the  rfader  may  know  th:it  !  enter 
upon  it  as  a  very  iiti^rateful  task.  Adlison. 

2.  To  send  before  the  time.    [JV'ot  in  u.5f.]  Shak. 

3.  To  lay  down  premises  or  first  propositions,  on 
which  rest  the  subsequent  reasonings.  Burnet. 

4.  To  use  or  ajiply  previously. 

If  venesection  and  a  carthartic  t)e  premised.  Darioin. 


PRE-WISE',  V.  i.    To  state  antecedent  propositions. 

SaifL 

PREM'IPE,  (prem'is,)  n.    See  Pbemises. 
PRE-.MIS'/CU,  pp.    .Spoken  or  written  before,  as  intro- 
ductory to  the  main  subject. 
PRE.M'1-SE$,  n.  p/.    [Fr.  prf7ni>ses  ;  Ij.  pritmissa.] 

1.  In  ;.->n-ic,  the  two  first  propositions  of  a  syllo- 
gism, from  which  the  inference  or  conclusion  is 
drawn  ;  as. 

All  sinners  deserve  punishment; 
A  B  Is  a  sinner. 

These  propositions,  which  are  the  premhes,  being 
true  or  admitted,  the  conclusion  follows,  tliat  A  B 
deserves  puiilslinient. 

2.  Propositiims  antecedently  supposed  or  proved. 

While  the  jrremiecs  stand  firm,  it  is  impossible  to  shape  the  con- 
clusion. Decay  of  Piely. 

3.  In  law,  circumstances  premised  or  set  forth  pre- 
vious to  the  coven:ints,  &.c.  Also,  the  hou.ses,  lands, 
tfec,  proposed  tti  be  conveyed  by  deed,  &c.  Hence, 
tile  term  is  applied  to  a  building  with  its  ailjuncts. 

PRE-.MIS'ING,  ppr.  Speaking  or  writing  before;  lay- 
ing tio\\'n  the  premises. 

PRE.M'IdS,  ;i.    A  premise.    [See  Premises.] 

Whatebj.  Watts. 

PRi:'M[-UM,  7!.  [L.l  Properly,  a  reward  or  recom- 
pfiise  ;  a  pri/.e  to  be  won  by  competition  ;  the  re- 
ward or  prize  to  be  adjudged  to  the  best  performance 
or  proiliictitm. 

2.  The  recompense  or  prize  ofl^ired  for  a  specific 
discovery,  or  for  success  in  an  enterprise  :  as  fur  the 
discovery  of  the  longitude,  or  of  a  north-west  passage 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

3.  A  bounty  ;  something  offered  or  given  for  the 
loan  of  money,  usually,  a  sum  beyond  the  interest. 

4.  The  recompense  to  underwriters  for  insurance, 
or  fur  undertaking  to  indemnify  for  losses  of  any 
kind. 

5.  It  is  sometimes  .synonymous  with  Interest,  but 
generally,  in  obtaining  loans,  it  is  a  sum  percent, 
distinct  from  the  Interest.  The  bank  lends  money 
to  government  at  a  premium  of  2  per  cent. 

6.  A  bounty. 


PRE-MOiV'ISH,  u.  <.  [L.  pramoneu ;  prts  and  moneo, 
to  U'arn.] 

Tti  ftirewam  ;  to  admonish  beforehand. 

PRE-MO\'iSH-/:i),  (-mon'isht,)  pp.  Forewarned. 

PRE-.MOi\'l!SH-li\r.,  ppr.    Admonishing  bi  forehand. 

PRE-.MON'lt?H-MENT,  71.  Previous  warning  or  ad- 
monition ;  previous  inforinatitm. 

PRE-M0-NI"T10N,  (-ini>-nish'tin,)  ti.  Previous  warn- 
ing, notice,  or  information.  Christ  gave  to  Ills  disci- 
ples premonitions  of  their  sufferings. 

PRE-i\ION'l-TO-RI-LY,a(/i).    By  way  of  premonition. 

PRE-iMON'I-TO-RY,  a.  Giving  previous  warning  or 
notice. 

PRE-MON'STRANTS,  n.  pi.    [L.  prmnonstrans.] 

A  religious  order  of  regular  canttns  or  monks  of 
Premoiure  in  PIcardy,  instituted  by  Norbert  In  1120. 
They  are  called  also  White  Canons.  These  monks 
were  poor  at  first,  but  within  thirty  years  they  had 
more  than  one  hundred  abbeys  in  France  and  Ger- 
many, and  in  time  they  were  established  in  all  parts 
of  Clirlsteniloni.  Encyc, 

PRE-MON'STRATE,  c.  ^  [L.  prmnonstro ;  pris,  be- 
fore, and  mon.itro,  to  show. J 

To  show  beforehand.    [^Little  used.]  Herbert. 

PRE-MON-STRA'TION,  n.  A  showing  beforehand. 
[Little  u.ied.]  Shelf ord. 

PRE-MORSE',  (pre-mors',)  a.     [L.  prtcmordeo,  pra- 
viorsiis  :  pra  and  nwrdeo,  to  gnaw.] 
As  if  bitten  off. 

Prcmurse  roots  or  leaves,  in  botany,  are  such  as  have 
an  abrupt,  ragged,  and  irregular  tcrniinution,  as  if 
bitten  off  sliort.  Lindley. 

PKE-IMO'TION,  n.  [pre  and  Tnolion.]  Previous  mo- 
tion or  excitement  to  action.  Knryc. 

rREM.lJ-NI'RE,  71.  [.See  Pn,T.ML'NiRE.]  [If  really 
anglicized,  premunire  is  the  regular  orthography.  But 
this  is  not  yet  settled.] 

I.  In  law,  the  offense  of  introducing  foreign  nu- 
tliorlly  into  England,  and  the  writ  which  is  grounded 
on  the  offense. 


PRE 

2.  Tile  penalty  incurred  by  the  offense  above  de- 
scribed. 

Wolsey  incurred  ajw«mumre,  and  forfeited  his  honor,  estate,  and 
life.  South 

PRE-1\1U-NITE',  V.  t.    To  guard  against  objection  ;  to 

fortify.  [Obs.] 
l'RE-iMU-Nl"TION,  (-nish'un,)  n.     [L.  pnemunitio, 

from  prtemunio.] 

An  anticipation  of  objections.  Diet, 
PRE-NO'.ME.\,  71.    [L.  pru^nomen.] 

Among  the  Runians,  a  name  prefixed  to  the  family 

name,  tmsvvering  to  our  Cliristian  name  ;  as  Caius, 

Lucius,  .Marcus,  &.c. 
PRE-NO.M'L\-aTE,  0  t.   Ih.priB  and  7t077!i;iO.] 

To  forename. 
PRE-i\O.M'IN-ATE,  a.    Forenamed.  SliaJc. 
PRE  NO.M'lN-A-TEn,  pp.  Forenamed. 
PRE  NO.M'l.\-.A-Tl.\(;,  ppr.  Foienaming. 
PUE-NOM-l.N-A'TIO.N,  71.     Tlie  privilege  of  being 

named  first.  Brown, 
PRE-No'TION,  71.    [L.  prcenotio    prtB  and  nosco,  to 

know.] 

A  notice  or  notion  which  precedes  something  else 
in  time  ;  previous  notion  or  thought ;  foreknowledge. 

Bacon.  Brown. 
PREN-Sa'TION,  71.     [L.  prensatio,  from  prenso,  to 
seize.] 

'i'he  act  of  seizing  with  violence.    [Little  used.] 

Barrow. 

PREN'TICE  ;  a  colloquial  contraction  of  Apprentice, 
which  see. 

PREN'TICE-SHIP  ;  a  contraction  of  Apprenticeship, 
which  see.  Pope. 

PRE-NUM-CI-a'TION,  71.  [L.  pranuncio ;  prce  and 
nuncio,  to  tell.] 

The  act  of  telling  before.    [JVoi  used.]  Diet. 

PRE-OB-TaI.N'',  r.  £.    To  obtain  beforehand. 

PRE-Oli-T.^LN'KD,  7»p.    Previously  obtained. 

PRE-Oe  eU-PAN-CY,  71.    [L.  prwoccupans.] 

1.  The  act  of  takinc  possession  before  another. 
The  property  of  unoccupied  land  is  vested  by  pre- 
occupancy. 

2.  The  right  of  taking  possession  before  others. 
The  first  discoverer  of  unoccupied  land  has  the  pre- 
oceupnncij  of  it,  by  the  law  of  nature  and  nations. 

PRE-OCCU-PATE,  v,  t,  [h.  pr<Eoccupo  i  pro:  and  oc~ 
cupo,  to  seize.] 

1.  To  anticipate  ;  to  take  before.  Bacon. 

2.  To  pre|)ossess  ;  to  fill  with  prejudices.  IVotton. 
[Instead  of  this,  Preoi  ci-pv  is  used.] 

PRE-Oe  eU-PA'TION,  n.  A  taking  possession  before 
another ;  prior  occupation. 

2.  Anticipation. 

3.  Prepossession.  Barrinrrton, 

4.  Anticipation  of  olijcctions.  South, 
PRE-OC't :U-PI-£:i),  (-pide,)  pp.  or  a.    Taken  pos- 
session tif  beforehand  ;  prepossessed. 

PRE-OG'GU-PY ,  V,  t.  [L.  prieoccupo  ;  prtE,  before, 
and  occnpo,  to  seize.] 

1.  To  take  possession  before  another;  as,  to  prcoc- 
cupy  a  country  or  land  not  before  occupied. 

2.  To  prepossess ;  to  occupy  by  anticipation  or 
prejtidiceti. 

I  think  it  more  respectful  to  the  render  to  leave  somethin*  to  re- 
flections, than  U)  preoccupy  his  jndguienu  Arbudtno, 

PRE  OCeU-PV-ING,  ppr.  Taking  possession  of  be- 
forehand ;  occupying  by  anticipation. 

PRE-O.M'IN-ATE,  v.  t,  [L.  prce  and  ominor,  to  prog- 
nosticate.] 

To  prognosticate  :  to  gather  from  omens  any  future 
event.  Brown. 

PRE-O-PIN'ION,  (-yun,)  77.  [pre  and  opinion.]  Opin- 
ion previously  formed  ;  prepossession.  Brown. 

PRt:-OP'TION,  71.  [pre  and  option.]  The  right  of 
first  choice.  Stuclchouse. 

PRE-OR  DAIN',  i>.  t.  [pre  and  orrfain.]  To  ordain 
or  appoint  beforehand  ;  to  predi  terinine.  All  thingai 
are  supposed  to  he  preordained  by  (>od. 

PRE-OR-DAIN'£D, pp.  or  a.  Antecedently  ordained 
or  determined. 

PRE-OR-DAIN'ING,  ppr.    Ordaining  beforehand. 

PRE-OR'DI-NA.\CE,  71.  [pre  and  orrfinunrc]  Ante- 
cedent decree  or  determination.  Shall. 

PRE-OR'ni-NATE,  a.    Foreordained.    [Little  used.] 

PRE-OR-UI-NA'TION,  77.  The  act  of  foreorilaining  ; 
previous  deternilnatitin.  Futhnby. 

PR P;-PA ID',  pp.  or  a.  Paid  in  advance,  as  postage  of 
letters. 

PRE-PAR'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Prepare.]    That  may  be 

prepared.  Boyle. 
PREP-A-RA'TION,  71.   [h.  pra-parntio.  Sec  Prei'are.] 

1.  The  act  or  operatiim  of  preparing  or  fitting  for  a 
particular  piirptise,  use,  service,  or  ctintlitlon  ,  as, 
the  prejiaratinn  of  land  for  a  crop  of  wlii:at ;  the 
preparation  of  troops  for  a  campaign  ;  the  preparation 
of  a  nation  for  war  ;  the  preparation  of  men  for  fu- 
ture happiness.  Preparation  is  Intended  to  prevent 
evil  or  secure  good. 

2.  Previous  measures  of  adaptation. 

1  will  allow  what  prtparalionB  there  wci«  In  nature  for  this  ilU- 
luluUoii.  Burnet. 

3.  Ceremonituis  introduction.    [Unusual,]  Shak, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  Mi?.TE,  PRfiY.  — MNE,  MARINE,  BIRI).  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK — 


H60 


PRE 


PRE 


4.  'I'lKit  which  is  |>rc|uired,  mude,  or  coiiipcuiided 
for  n  p:irlicuhir  purpose. 

1  wish  til'-  cin'miutii  had  been  more  sparing,  who  nmirnify  (heir 
jireparatioiis.  Ih-ovn, 

5.  The  state  of  heiiig  prepared  or  in  readiness  ;  as, 
a  nation  in  piod  prrparntion  for  attack  or  defense. 

U.  Acconiplislinient  i  qualitication.    [JW  in  lue.] 

S/iak. 

7.  In  pliarmaqi,  any  medicinal  substance  fitted  for 
the  use  of  the  patient.  Kiiciic 

8.  In  aiialomii,  a  name  given  to  the  parts  of  animal 
bodies  prepared  and  preserved  for  anatomical  uses. 

F.neijc. 

Preparation  nf  (lissontintes,  in  music,  is  their  dispo- 
sition in  harmony  in  such  a  manner  that  by  sonie- 
thinL'  coneenial  in  what  precedes,  they  may  be  ren- 
dered less  harsh  to  the  ear  than  they  would  be  with- 
out such  pn  paration.  Eiicyc. 

Prrparation  of  medicines;  tlie  process  of  fitting  any 
substance  for  use  in  the  art  of  healin". 
PKI'M'.AR'A-TIVE,  a.    [It.  preparatico !  Fr.  prepara- 
tif-] 

Tending  to  prepare  or  make  ready  ;  having  the 
power  of  preparing,  qualifying,  or  titling  lor  any 
thing  :  prC|)aratory. 

He  fifvnt  much  lime  in  quest  of  knowliMlge  preparatioe  to  this 
ujrii.  South. 

PRE-P.\U'.\-TIVE,  n.  That  which  has  the  power  of 
preparing  or  previously  fitting  for  a  purpose ;  that 
which  prepares. 

Resolvr'iiiicw  in  sin  can  with  no  rc.ison  bo  ima^ned  a  prepare.. 
Uve  lo  F'-uiissiun.  Decay  of  Fitly. 

2.  That  which  is  done  to  prevent  an  evil  or  secure 
some  good. 

Tlie  miserirs  we  suflt-r  may  l)e  preiwradpe  of  future  blessinss. 

K.  aar'.t,. 

3.  Preparation  ;  as,  to  make  the  necessary  prepara- 
tires  for  a  vovage.  i)ri/tli  n. 

PRE-PAtt'A-TIVE-LY,  orfr.    By  way  of  prep.-iration. 

PRK-PAR'A-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  and  Sp.  preparatorio ; 
Fr.  prrparatoire.'\ 

1.  Previously  necessary;  useful  or  (iiinlifying; 
preparing  the  way  for  any  thing  by  previous  ine.as- 
nies  of  adajttation^  TliK  practice  of  virtue  and  piety 
is  preparatnrti  to  the  Iiappiness  of  heaven. 

2.  introiluctory  ;  previous  ;  antecedent  and  adapted 
to  what  follows.  Hale. 

PRE-P.^RE',  V.  t.    [Fr.  preparer;  It.  preparare  ;  Pp. 
and  Port,  preparar  ;  from  L.  pnrparo  ;  prtp.  and  paro  ; 
Russ.  ubirayu  ;  W.  parodi.    I'he  L.  paro  is  probably 
5  — 

the  Shemitic  Ki3,  \jj  to  create  or  bring  forth,  co- 
inciding with  English  bear;  and  frtim  the  I,,  are 
derived  Fr.  parer,  Sp'.  and  Port,  parar,  It.  parare. 
The  sense  of  /»r/»/i«rf  is  derivetl  from  many  kinds  of 
actions.    See        in  the  Iiitrtxinction.j 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  fit,  adapt,  or  qualify  for  a 
particular  purpose,  end,  use,  service,  or  state,  by 
any  means  whatever.  We  prepare  ground  for  seed 
by  tillage  ;  we  prepare  cloth  for  tise  by  dressing  ;  we 
prepare  medicines  by  pulverization,  mixture,  &.c. ; 
we  prepare  ytmng  men  for  college  by  previous  in- 
structit)n  ;  men  are  prepared  for  professions  by  suita- 
ble study  ;  holiness  of  heart  is  necessary  to  prepare 
men  for  the  enjoyment  of  happiness  with  holy  be- 
ings. 

2.  To  make  ready  ;  as,  to  prepare  the  table  for  en- 
tertaining company. 

3.  Tti  provitle  ;  to  procure  as  suitable  ;  as,  to  pre- 
pare arms,  ammiiniticm,  and  provisions  for  troops; 
to  prepare  ships  for  defense. 

Alsiitom  j/rejiarrd  him  churiots  and  horses,  and  fifty  men  to  run 
Ivfon-  him. — 'i  Siim.  xv. 

4.  To  set ;  to  establish. 

The  l.ord  hsth  prejiared  bis  throne  in  the  he.iveii8.  —  Ps.  ciii. 

5.  To  appoint 

It  sh.tll  be  jiven  to  them  for  whom  it  is  jrrepared.  —  Matt.  ix. 

6.  To  guide,  direct,  or  establish.    I  Chron.  xxix. 
PREi-PSRE',  ».  i.    To  make  all  things  re.ady  ;  to  put 

things  ill  suitable  order;  as,  prepare  for  dinner. 

Shak. 

2.  To  take  the  necessary  previous  measures. 

Dull)  prejxirin^  to  kill  herself.  Peacha'n. 

3.  To  make  one's  self  ready. 

Prejiare  to  meet  thy  God,  O  Isriel.  —  Anios  Iv, 

PRE-P.\RE',  n.    Preparation.    [JVuf  in  ii.sc]  Shak. 

PRK-PaR'KD,  p;>.  or  a.  Fitted;  adapted;  made  suit- 
able ;  made  ready  ;  provided. 

PRE-PAR'ED-LY, orfo.  With  suitable  previous  meas- 
nres.  Shak. 

PRE-PAR'En-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  prepared 
or  in  readiness.  South. 

PRE-PAR'ER,  n.  One  that  prepares,  fits,  or  makes 
ready. 

2.  One  that  provides. 

3.  That  which  fits  or  makes  suitable  ;  as,  certain 
manures  are  preparers  of  land  for  particular  crops. 

Mortimer. 


PRIM'AR'I.Vti,  ppr.     Fitting;    adapting;  making 

rtjidy  ;  proviilinp. 
PRk-P.AV",  v.  I.    To  pay  in  advance  or  beforehand,  as 

the  postage  of  a  letter. 
PRF:-I'A Y'lMENT,  n.    Payment  in  advance,  as  of 

postaL'e. 

PRE-PEN.'<E',  (pre-pens',)  a.    [L.  pnrpennun,  pr<rpen- 
dco  ;  prw  and  penden,  to  incline  or  hang  down.] 
Preconceived;  premeditated;  aforethought. 
Malice  prejtettte  is  iiccesaiiry  to  constitute  munl-T.  Jiltckttone. 

PRE-PENSE',  (pre-pens',)  v.  t.  [Supra.]  To  weigh 
or  ctmsitler  beforehantl.    [JVoC  latcd.)  Elyot. 

PRE-PENSE',  (pre-|>ens',)  v.  i.  To  deliberate  bt  fore- 
haiiil.    [j\"ot  used.)  Spenser. 

PRE-PENS'£0,  (  pi  nst',)  pp.  or  a.  Previously  con- 
ceived ;  premeditated.    [Little  used.]    [See  Phe- 

PENSF.-l 

PRE-POL'LENCE,  |  n.     [L.  prwpoUens,   prapolho ; 

PRE-POI,'LEN-CV,  i    pne  and  pollco.] 

Prevalence  ;  superiority  of  power.  Corenlry. 

PRE-POL'LE.N'T,  a.  Having  superior  gravity  or 
power;  prevailing.  Boyle. 

PRE-PON'l)ER,f.  t.  [See  Preponderate.]  To  out- 
weigh.   fJV"i(  H.sf(/.J  Wotton. 

?UE:poN'l'.ER:AN^c't',  (       t^ee  Pbepondehate.] 

1.  An  outweighing;  superiority  of  weight.  The 
least  preponderance  of  weight  on  one  side  of  a  ship 
or  boat  will  make  it  incline  or  heel. 

2.  Superiority  of  power,  force,  or  weight,  in  a  figu- 
rative sense  ;  as,  a  preponderance  of  evitleiicc. 

Locke. 

PRE-PON'DER-AN'T,  a.    Outweighing.  Reid. 
PRE-I'ON'DEI!  -ATI".,  I',  t.    [L.  prapondero ;  pro:,  \ic- 
fore,  and  pondero,  to  weigh.] 

1.  To  outweigh  ;  to  overpower  by  weight. 

An  inconsiileraMe  weijht,  l>y  disuince  from  the  center  of  the  bal- 
ance, will  preponderate  gre.ilcr  magnitudes.  Glnnvltle. 

2.  To  overpower  by  stronger  influence  or  moral 
power. 

PRE-PON'DER-aTE,  t>.  I.  To  exceed  in  weight ; 
hence,  to  incline  or  descend,  as  the  scale  of  a  bal- 
ance. 

That  is  no  Just  balance  in  which  tlie  heaviest  side  will  not  pre- 
ponderale.  W^itkins. 

9.  To  exceed  in  influence  or  power ;  hence,  to  in- 
cline to  one  side. 

By  iiuttin?  every  argument,  oncotic  side  and  the  other,  into  the 
bid.ince,  we  must  lorni  a  judgment  which  side  prejtoitderatei. 

Wntll. 

PRE-POX'nER-A-TED,  pp.    Exceeded  in  weight. 
PRE-PON'DER-A-TINC;,  ppr.  or  a.  Outweighing; 

inclining  tt>  ttne  side. 
PRE-POX-DER-A'TION,  n.     The  act  or  state  of 

outweighing  any  thing,  or  of  inclining  to  one  side. 

IVatts. 

PRE-Po$E',  V.  L  [Fr.  prepoier;  pre  and  poser,  to 
put.] 

Tn  put  before.    [A'*(jf  vnirh  used.}  Focaloir. 
PREP-0-Sl"TION,  (-/.ish'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  prw- 
positio ;    pra'pono,   prtepositas ;  prt£  and  pono,  to 
put.] 

In  grammar,  a  word  usually  put  before  another  to 
express  some  relation  or  quality,  actitm  or  motion  lo 
or  from  the  thing  specified  ;  as,  medicines  salutary 
to  health;  music  agreeable  tn  the  ear;  virtue  is 
valtietl  for  its  exeelleiiee  ;  a  man  is  riding  to  Oxford 
from  London.  Prepositions  govern  cases  of  nouns, 
and  in  English  are  sometimes  placed  after  the  word 
governetl  ;  as,  which  person  dt)  you  speak  to  ?  for.  to 
which  person  do  ytiii  speak  i*  This  separatitm  t>f  the 
preiKisition  from  the  governed  word  is  sometimes 
allowable  in  ctilloquial  use,  but  is  generally  inele- 
gant. 

PREP-0-SI"TION-.\L,  (-7.ish'un-al,)(i.  Pertaining  to 
a  preposition,  or  to  prei'eiliiig  position.  Knci/e. 

PRE-POS'l-TIVE,  a.  Put  before;  as,  a  prepositive 
particle.  Jones. 

PRE-POS'l-TIVE,  n.  [Supra.]  A  word  or  particle 
put  before  another  word.  Jones. 

PRE-POS'l-TOK,  ».    [I,,  pnrpositor.] 

A  scholar  appointed  by  the  instructor  to  inspect 
other  scholars.  Todd. 

PRE-POS'l-TIJRE,  n.  The  oflice  or  place  of  a  pro- 
vost ;  a  provostship. 

PRE-POS-SESS',  r.  t.  [pre  and  possess.]  To  preoc- 
cupy, as  ground  or  lantl ;  to  take  previous  possession 
of.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  preoccupy  the  mind  or  heart  so  as  to  preclude 
other  things  ;  hence,  to  bia.s  or  prejiiilice.  \  mimi 
prepossessed  with  opiniims  favorable  to  a  person  or 
cause,  will  not  rcadilv  admit  unfavorable  opinions  to 
take  possession,  nor  yield  to  reasons  that  disturb  the 
possessors.  When  a  lady  has  prepo.iscssrd  the  heart  or 
atfections  of  a  man,  he  ilties  not  readily  listen  to 
suggestions  that  tenti  to  reintive  the  prepossessitm. 
Prepossess  is  more  frequently  used  in  a  good  sense 
than  prejudice. 

PRE-P0S-SESS'/:D,  (■pos-3est',)pp.  Preoccupied;  in- 
clined previously  to  favor  or  disfavor. 

PRE-POS-SESS'IiNG,  ppr.   Taking  previous  posscs- 


2.  a.  Tending  to  invite  favor;  having  power  to 
secure  the  po.ssession  of  favor,  esteem,  or  love.  The 
ctHinteiiancc,  adilress,  and  manners  tif  a  person  arc 
som'-liiiifs  prepossessinir  on  a  first  arqiiaintance. 
PRE  P()S-SESS'I.\(;-LY,  ado.  In  a  prepossessing 
manner. 

PRE-POS-SES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  n.  Preoccupation; 
prior  possessitm.  Jlantniond. 

2.  i'rfconceivi'd  opinion  ;  the  efTri  t  of  prirvioiis 
impressions  on  tlit;  mind  or  heart,  in  favor  or  .against 
any  person  tir  thing.  It  is  often  used  in  a  gotnl 
sense  ;  souie'times  it  is  equivalent  to  PnEjfoicE,  anil 
sometimes  a  softer  name  for  it.  In  gpiicral,  it  con- 
veys an  idea  less  odious  than  prejudice ;  as,  the  prepos- 
sessions of  education.  South. 

PRE-POS'TER-OL'S.  a.  [L.  prxposleras  ;  pre,  before, 
and  posterns,  latter.] 

1.  Literally,  having  that  first  which  ought  to  'e 
last  ;  inverted  in  order. 

The  method  I  take  may  be  censurts!  as  prepoiiterouf,  l>ec«use  I 
tT>'at  last  of  the  antediluvian  earth,  which  w-as  firm  in  the 
onier  of  nature.  Woudianrd. 

2.  Perverted  ;  wrong  ;  ah.surd  ;  contrary  to  ntitiire 
or  reason  ;  not  adapted  to  the  end  ;  as,  a  republican 
governnioiil  in  the  hands  of  females  is  preposterous. 
To  draw  general  conclusions  from  partieiilar  facts 
is  preposterous  reasoning.  Bacon.  fVoodirard. 

3.  Ftnilisli  ;  absuril  ;  applied  to  persons.  Shak. 
PRE-POS'TER-OIJ.S-EY,  ado.    In  a  wrong  or  iiivert- 

eil  order;  absurdly  ;  foolislily.  S/ink.  Brnllry. 
PKE-POS'TEK-OljS-NESS,    ii.     Wrong    order  or 

method;  absuriTity  ;  inconsistency  with  nature  or 

reason.  Fcllham. 
PRE-PO'TEN-CY,  n.    [L,  prcepotentia ;  pro;  and  putetir 

tia,  power.] 

Superior  power ;  predominance.    [Little  u.iejl.\ 

Brvtcn. 

PRE-PD'TE.XT,  a.    [L.  pra-potens.] 

Verv  powerful.  [Little  used.]  Plaiifere.' 
PRl";'PUCE,  ?i.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ;<r<r/i«fiHm.J 

The  foreskin  ;  a  prolongation  of  the  skin  of  the 
penis,  covering  the  glans.  Kncye, 
PKE-PO'TI  AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  prepuce  or  fore- 
skin. 

PRE-RE-MoTE',  a.  [pre  and  remote.]  More  remote 
in  previous  time  tir  prior  order. 

In  some  cases,  two  more  links  of  c.ausaIion  may  introduoetl ; 
one  of  them  may  Ik:  u-nned  the  pre-remole  c.a»iae,  the  other 
the  pnst-n'niote  ellect,  Dai  unn. 

PRE-RE-QUIRE',  r.  t.  [yre  and  reyiiirc. ]  To  require 
prel'ioiisly.  Ilummond. 

PRE  REd'UI-SITE,  (  rek'wc-zit,)  a.  [pre  and  m/i/i- 
silc.]  Previously  leiiuiied  or  necessary  to  something 
subsequent  ;  as,  certain  attainments  are  prcrcquistte 
to  an  ailmissioii  to  ortlers. 

PRE-REU'ljl-Sri'E,  II.  Something  that  is  previously 
retpiiretl  or  necessary  to  the  end  proposeti.  An  ac- 
qunlntnm  e  with  Latin  and  Greek  is  a  prrrriiuisite  to 
the  ailmissioii  of  a  young  man  into  a  college. 

PRE-RE-SOLVE',  ».  t.  [pre  and  resolve.]  To  resolve 
previoiislv.  Oerinit. 

PRE  RE-SOLV'KI),  pp.  Resolved  beforehand;  prc- 
viinislv  deteriiiiiied. 

PRE-RE-?()LV'I.\G,  ;7)r.    Resolving  beforehand. 

PRE-ROG'A-TI  VE,  n.  [Fr.  irf. ;  It.  prcrogattvo  ;  Sp. 
prerogatira :  L.  prierogatiea,  precedence  in  vtiting  ; 
prit,  before,  and  rogo,  to  .xsk  or  demand.] 

An  exclusive  or  peculiar  privilege.  .\  royal  pre- 
rosativc  is  that  special  preeminence  which  a  king 
lias  over  all  other  jiersons,  and  out  of  the  course  t»f 
the  common  law,  in  right  of  his  regal  dignity.  It 
consists  in  the  possession  of  certain  rights  which  the 
king  may  exercise,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  participa- 
tion of  his  subjects  ;  for  when  a  right  or  privilege  is 
held  in  common  with  the  subject,  it  ceases  iti  be  a 
prerogatirc.  'J'lius  the  right  of  appointing  embassa- 
dors, anil  of  making  peace  and  war,  arc,  in  Great 
Hritaiii,  royal  prerotrnftres.  The  right  of  governing 
created  beings  is  the  preroiratice  of  the  Creator. 

It  is  the  prerogative  of  the  house  of  peers,  in  Great 
Rrit^iin,  to  deciile  legal  questions  in  the  last  resorL 
It  is  the  prrrogatire  of  the  house  of  commons  lo  de- 
termine the  vnlitlity  of  all  elections  of  their  own 
members.  It  is  the  prerotralive  of  a  father  to  govern 
his  cliiblren.  It  is  the  prerogative  of  the  understand- 
ing to  jiitlge  and  coiiqiare. 

In  the  United  States,  it  is  the  prerogatite  of  the 
president,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate,  to  ratifv  treaties. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIVE  COURT,  n.  In  Great  Britain,  A 
court  fiir  the  trial  of  all  tcstament.ary  causes,  where 
the  deceased  has  left  buna  notjibilia,  or  elfects  of  the 
value  tif  five  |HMinds,  in  two  diflerenl  dioceses.  In 
this  case,  Ihe  probate  of  the  will  belongs  lo  the  met- 
ropolitan, or  archbishop  of  the  province,  and  the 
court  where  such  ivill  is  proved  is  called  the  Pre- 
RooATi  VE  Coi'RT,  Bs  it  is  held  by  virtue  of  the  special 
prerogative  of  the  metropolitan,  who  appoints  the 
jutlgo.  BlarMstone. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIV-JED,  a.  Having  prerogative.  [LiuU 
u^eiL '  Shak. 

PRF--ROG'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  By  exclusive  or  peculiar 
privilege. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIVE  OF-FICE,it.  The  oflice  in  which 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8  C  as  K ;  C  B.1  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


Jj 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


tlie  wills  proved  in  the  prerogative  court  are  regis- 
tered. Blackstoite. 
PRK'SAGE  or  PRES'AGE,  7U    [Ft.  Sp.  and  It.  presa- 
gio  ;  from  L.  priFsafrinm ;  prtB,  before,  and  sagio,  to 
perceive  or  foretell.] 

Something  which  foreshows  a  future  event ;  a 
prognostic ;  a  present  fact  indicating  something  to 
come. 

Joy  and  shoiil,  presage  of  victoiy.  MUton. 
PRE-SaGE',  V.  t.  To  forebode ;  to  foreshow ;  to  indi- 
cate bj'  some  present  fact  what  is  to  follow  or  come 
to  pass.  A  fog  rising  from  a  river  in  an  autumnal 
morning  presages  a  pleasant  day.  A  physical  phe- 
nomenon can  not  be  considered  as  presaging  an 
event,  unless  it  has  some  connection  with  it  in 
cause.  Hence  the  error  of  vnalgar  superstition,  which 
presages  good  or  evil  from  facts  which  can  have  no 
relation  to  the  future  event. 

2.  To  foretell ;  to  predict ;  to  prophesj'. 

This  coiiuigion  mipiit  hAve  been  presaged.  Harvey. 

PRE-S.a6E',  v.  1.  To  form  or  utter  a  prediction  ; 
sometimes  with  of.  We  may  presage  of  heats  and 
rains.    [A'at  common,  nor  elegant.^  Drijdcn. 

PRE-SaG'KD,  pp.    Foreboded  ;  foreshown  ;  foretold. 

PRE-SaGE'F(JL,  a.  Full  of  presages  ;  containing 
presajres.  Thomson. 

PRE-SaGE'MEXT,  n.    A  foreboding ;  foretoken. 

IVuUon. 

9.  A  foretelling  ;  prediction. 
PRE-SaG'ER,  n.    \  foreteller;  aftforeshower.  SImk. 
PRE-S.^G'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Foreshowing;  foretelling. 
PRES'BY-O-PV,  )i.    A  defect  of  vision,  as  in  old  age, 

when  near  objects  are  seen  indistinctly,  but  distant 

ones  more  plainly. 
PRES'BY-TER,  n.    [Gr.  rpccS vtci/os,  from  T7pci0vs, 

old,  elder.] 

1.  In  tiie.  primitive  Christian  church,  an  elder  ;  a 
person  somewhat  advanced  in  age,  who  had  au- 
thority in  the  church,  and  whose  duty  was  to  feed 
the  flock  over  which  the  Holy  Spirit  had  made  him 
overseer. 

9.  A  priest ;  a  person  who  has  the  pastoral  charge 
of  a  particular  church  and  congregation ;  called,  in 
the  Saxon  laws,  Mass-peiest.  Hooker. 

3.  A  Presbyti-rian.  Bailer. 
PRES-BVT'Ell-ATE,  n.    Preshvtery.  Hebcr. 
PRES-BV-Te'RI-AL,  j  a.    Pertaining  to  a  presbyter, 
PRES-BY-Te'RI-A.V,  )    or  to  ecclesiastical  govern- 
ment by  presbyters. 

2.  Consisting  of  presbyters ;  as,  presbiiterian  gov- 
ernment. The  government  of  the  church  of  Scot- 
land is  preshirterian. 

PRES-BY-Tf.'RI-AN,  n.  One  that  maintains  the  va- 
lidity (if  ordination  and  government  by  presbyters. 

9.  One  that  belongs  to  a  church  governed  by  pres- 
b\'ters. 

PRES-BY-Te'RI-A\-ISM,  71.  That  form  of  church 
government  which  invests  presbyters  with  all  spirit- 
ual power,  and  admits  no  prelates  over  them. 

.Addison. 

PRES'BY-TER-Y,  n.  A  body  of  elders  in  the  Chris- 
tian church. 

Neglect  not  the  ?ifl  that  is  in  thee,  which  was  ^ven  thee  by 
pronh'-cy,  wiUi  Mie  laying  on  of  the  hands  of  lii:  presbytery. 
—  1  Tim.  iv. 

2.  In  ecclesiastical  government,  a  judicatory  consist- 
ing of  all  the  pastora  of  churches  within  a  certain 
district,  and  one  ruling  elder,  a  layman,  from  each 
parish  or  church,  commissioned  to  represent  the 
church  in  conjunction  with  the  minister.  This 
body  receives  appeals  from  the  church-session,  and 
appeals  from  the  presbytery  may  be  carried  to  the 
provincial  synod. 

3.  The  Presbyterian  religion.  Tatter. 

4.  In  architecture,  that  [lart  of  the  church  reserved 
for  the  officiating  priests.  Qwilt. 

PRE'SCI-E.VCE,  (pre'she-ens,)  n.  [Low  L.  pnrscientia ; 
pre,  before,  and  scientia,  knowledge  ;  Vr.  prescience  ; 
It.  prescieiiia.  The  pronunciation  of  this  word,  prl'- 
»hens,  Is  undesirable.] 

Foreknowledge;  knowledge  of  events  before  they 
take  place.    Absolute  prescience  belongs  to  God  only, 
or  thln^  of  the  most  accidental  and  mut-iblo  Duture,  God'a 
prescience  ii  certain.  South. 

PRe'SCI-E.NT,  (prE'shc-ent,)  a.  Foreknowing;  hav- 
ing knowledge  of  events  before  they  take  place. 

Who  tiu:;ht  the  ni\tjoris  of  the  field  and  wood, 

PreecUnl,  the  tidca  or  teinpe»u  to  withiUind  t  Pope. 

PRE-SCIND',  b.  f.  [Tlm.  praseindo ;  pra  artA  scindo,  to 
cut.] 

'I'd  cut  off ;  to  abstract.    [IMlIc  used.]  Jforris. 
PRE-SCIND'E.\T,  a.    Cutting  off;  abstracting. 

Cheijne. 

PRE'.SCIOU.S,  {prS'shuK,)  a.    [I- prmscius  \  pr<B  anA 

tcin,  to  know.] 

Foreknowing  ;  having  fureknowlitdge ;  OJi,  presciotis 

of  illii.  ]>njden. 
PRE-HCRIBE',  V.  I,    ri,.  pra-tcribo,  to  write  helorc.l 

1.  In  medicine,  to  direct,  as  a  if-inedy,  to  be  iineif  or 
applied  to  n  di'caxed  palieiil.  Be  not  offr'nded  with 
the  pliVMicinn  w\in  nrrAcnbry  U^irMi  miiedies. 

2.  To  net  or  lay  tlown  aiillioritiitively  t'or  ilirertiuii  ; 


to  give  as  a  rule  of  conduct;  as,  to  prescribe  laws  or 
rules. 

There's  joy,  when  to  wild  will  you  \:iwa prescribe.  Dryden. 
3.  To  dirc'cu 

Let  streams  prescribe  their  fountains  where  to  run.  Dryden. 

PRE-SCRlBE',  V.  i.  To  write  or  give  medical  direc- 
tions ;  to  direct  what  remedies  are  to  be  used  ;  as,  to 
prescribe  for  a  patient  in  a  fever. 

2.  To  give  law  ;  to  influence  arbitrarily. 

A  fortvarxlness  to  prescribe  to  tlie  opinions  of  olliers.  Locke. 

3.  In  law,  to  claim  by  prescription  ;  to  claim  a  title 
to  a  tiling  by  immemorial  use  and  enjoyment ;  with 
for.  A  man  may  be  allowed  to  prescribe  for  a  right 
of  way,  a  common,  or  the  like  ;  a  man  can  not  pre- 
scribe for  a  castle  ;  he  can  prescribe  only  f^r  incorpo- 
real hereditaments.  Blackstone. 

4.  To  influence  by  long  use.  [JVot  in  tLse.]  Brown. 
PRE-SCRTB'/;D,  pp.  or  a.    Directed  ;  ordered. 
PRE-SeUIIi'ER,  n.    One  that  prescribes. 
PRE-SCItlB'lNG,  7»;ir.    Directing;  giving  as  a  rule  of 

conduct  or  treatment. 
PRe'SCRIPT,  a.    [U  pra:seriplas.'] 

Directed  ;  prescribed.  Hooker. 
PRE'SCRIPT,  71.    [L.  pra:scriptvm.'] 

1.  A  direction  ;  a  medical  order  for  the  use  of  med- 
icines.   But  Prescriptio.v  is  chiefly  used. 
9.  Direction  ;  precept ;  model  prescribed. 
PRE-SCRIPT'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  prescribed  for. 
PRE-SCRIP'TION,-  71.     [L.  prmsoriptio.     See  Pre- 
scribe.] 

1.  The  act  of  prescribing  or  directing  by  rules  ;  or 
that  which  is  prescribed  ;  particuiarlij,  a  medical  di- 
rection of  remedies  for  a  disease,  and  the  manner  of 
using  them  ;  a  recipe. 

2.  In  law,  a  prescribing  for  title  ;  the  claim  of  title 
to  a  tliinz  by  virtue  of  immemorial  use  and  enjoy- 
ment ;  or  the  right  to  a  thing  derived  from  such  use. 
Prescription  differs  from  ciustom,  which  is  a  local 
usace.  Prescription  is  a  personal  usage,  usage  an- 
nexed to  the  person.  iVothing  but  incorpore;il  her- 
editaments can  be  claimed  by  prescription. 

Blackstone. 

The  use  and  enjoyment  of  navigation  and  fishery 
in  the  sea,  for  any  length  of  time,  does  not  create  a 
title  by  prescription.  The  common  right  of  nations 
to  the  use  and  enjoyment  of  the  sea  is  imprescriptible ; 
it  can  not  be  lost  liy  a  particular  nation  for  want  of 
use.  Vattcl. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  the  title  to  lands  acquired  by  unin- 
terrupted possession  for  the  time  which  the  law  de- 
clares to  be  sufficient,  or  40  years.  This  is  positive 
prescription.  J^Tegotice  prescription  is  the  loss  or 
omission  of  a  right  by  neglecting  to  use  it  during 
the  time  limited  by  law.  This  term  is  also  used 
for  Li-MiTATioN,  in  the  recovery  of  money  due  by 
bond,  &c.  Obligations  are  lost  by  prescription,  or 
neglect  of  prosecution  for  the  time  designated  by 
law.  Encifc. 

PRE-SCRIPT'IVE,  a.  Consisting  in  or  acquired  by 
immemorial  use  and  enjoyment ;  as,  a  prescriptive 
right  or  title. 

The  right  to  be  drowsy  in  protracted  toil  has  become  preserip. 
tive.  J.  M.  Mason. 

2.  Pleading  the  continuance  and  authority  of  cus- 
toni.  Hard. 

PRe'SE-ANCE,  71.  [Fr.]  Priority  of  place  in  sitting. 
[■Xot  in  use.]  Carew. 

PRES'ENCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  prccsentia ;  pr<e,  before, 
and  esse,  to  be.] 

I.  The  existence  of  a  person  or  thing  in  a  certain 
place ;  opposed  to  Absence.  This  event  happened 
during  the  king's  presence  at  the  theater.  In  exam- 
ining the  patient,  the  presence  of  fever  wm  not  ob- 
served. The  presence  of  God  is  not  limited  to  any 
place. 

9.  A  being  in  company  near  or  before  the  face  of 
antiiher.  We  were  gratified  with  the  presence  of  a 
person  so  much  respected. 

3.  .Approach  face  to  face  or  nearness  of  a  great  per- 
sonage. 

Men  that  very  presence  fear, 
Which  once  they  knew  auUionty  did  bear.  Daniel. 

4.  State  of  being  in  view  ;  sight.  An  accident 
happened  in  the  presence  of  the  court. 

5.  By  way  of  distinction,  slate  of  being  in  view  of  a 
superior. 

1  know  not  by  what  power  I  am  made  bold 

In  flucli  a  ;«re*enctf  bt-rv  to  plead  my  Uiuu^hts.  Shak. 

6.  A  number  assembled  before  a  great  person. 

Oilmar,  of  all  this  ;>rejenc«  does  r^ntain, 

Oi»c  her  your  wrt-.iUi  whom  yon  i-»leeni  most  fair.  Dryden. 

7.  Port ;  mien  ;  air ;  personal  appearance ;  de- 
meanor. 

virtue  U  bent  In  a  body  that  b  comely,  and  that  has  rather  dignity 

uf  jrrtsence,  than  lieai'ty  of  aspect.  Bacon. 
A  f^r.iG^hil  presence  bciipeaks  acccptajtce.  Collier. 

8.  The  apiirtinciit  in  which  a  prince  shows  himself 
to  his  court. 

A II 'I  plenw  your  trr\c^,  the  two  ^at  canllnals 

Wait  ni  the  presence.  SftaJc. 

!t.  The  person  of  a  superior.  Milton. 


Presence  of  mind;  a  calm,  collected  state  of  the 
mind  with  its  faculties  at  command  ;  undisturbed 
state  of  the  thoughts,  which  enables  a  person  to 
speak  or  act  without  disorder  or  embarrassment  in 
unexpected  difliculties. 

Errors,  not  to  be  recalled,  do  find 

Their  best  redress  from  presence  of  the  mind.  Waljer. 

PRES'ENCE-CHaM'BER,  )  71.    The  room  in  which 

PRES'ENCE-ROO.M,         I     a  great  personage  re- 
ceives companv.  .^dduioju 

PRE-SEN-SA'TiON,  71.  {pre  mi  sensation.]  Previous 
notion  or  idea.  More. 

PRE-SEN''SIOX,  (-shun,)  ti.    [Ij.  pr(Bsensio,  pr<esentio; 
prtB  and  sentio,  to  perceive.] 

Previous  perception.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

PRES'ENT,  a.    [Fr. present ;  L.  priBsens ;  prte  and  sam, 
esse,  to  be.] 

1.  Being  in  a  certain  place  ;  opposed  to  Absknt. 
9.  Being  before  the  face  or  near ;  being  in  com- 
pany.  Inquire  of  some  of  the  gentlemen  present. 

These  th!n<r3  hive  1  spoken  to  you,  beui^  yetpresenX  with  you, 
—  John  xiv. 

3.  Being  now  in  view  or  under  consideration.  In 
the  present  instance,  (Victs  will  not  warrant  the  con- 
clusion ;  the  present  question  must  be  decided  on  dif- 
ferent principles. 

4.  Now  existing,  or  being  at  this  time  ;  not  p.isl  or 
future  ;  as,  the  ;/re.sc7it  session  of  congress;  the  court 
is  in  session  at  the  present  time.  We  say,  a  present 
good,  the  present  year  or  age. 

5.  Ready  at  hand  ;  quick  in  emergency ;  as,  present 
wit. 

'Tis  a  high  point  of  philosophy  and  virtue  for  a  man  to  be  jrret- 
ent  to  himself.  L'Bstrange. 

6.  Favorably  attentive ;  not  heedless  ;  propitious. 

Nor  could  I  hope,  in  any  place  but  tliere. 

To  find  a  god  so  present  to  my  pniyer.  Dryden. 

7.  Not  absent  of  mind  ;  not  abstracted  ;  attentive. 
The  present ;  an  elliptical  expression  for  the  present 

time.  JlUton. 
.St  present ;  elliptically,  for  at  the  present  time. 
Present  tense ;  in  grammar,  the  tense  or  form  of  a 
verb  which  expresses  action  or  being  in  the  present 
time;  as,  I  am.  writing;  or  something  that  exists  at 
all  times ;  as,  virtue  !>  always  to  be  preferred  to 
vice  ;  or  it  expresses  habits  or  general  truths  ;  as, 
plants  spring  from  the  earth  ;  fishes  s-wim ;  reptiles 
creep;  birds  flii ;  some  animals  subsist  on  herbage, 
others  are  carnivorous. 
PRES'E.NT,  K.    [Fr.  id.   See  the  verb.]    That  which 
is  presented  or  given  ;  a  gift  ;  a  donative  ;  something 
given  or  oflered  to  another  gratuitously ;  a  word  of 
general  application.    Oen.  xxxii. 

2.  The  present  time.    [Elliptical.]    Com.  Prayer. 
Presents,  in  the  plural,  is  used  in  law  for  a  deed  of 

conveyance,  a  lease,  letter  of  attorney,  or  oilier 
writing  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  "  Know  all  men  by  these 
present,"  that  is,  by  the  writing  itself,  ppr  presentes. 
In  this  sense,  it  is  rarely  used  in  the  singular. 
PRE  SE.\T',  r.  t.  [Low  L.  preesentu ;  Fr.  presenter; 
It.  presentare;  Sp.  prescntar ;  Ij.  prtesens  ;  pro;,  hefore, 
and  sum,  esse,  to  be.] 

1.  To  set,  place,  or  introduce  into  the  presence  or 
before  the  face  of  a  superior  ;  as,  to  present  an  envoy 
to  the  king ;  and  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  come 
into  the  presence  of  a  superior. 

Now  thert!  was  a  day  when  the  sons  of  God  came  to  present 
Utansclves  before  the  Lord.  —  Job  i. 

2.  To  exhibit  to  view  or  notice.  The  top  of  Mount 
Ilolyoke,  in  Hampshire  county,  in  Massachusetts, 
presents  one  of  the  finest  prospects  in  America, 

3.  To  bller ;  to  exhibit. 

O,  he.ar  what  to  my  mind  first  thoughts  present  I  A/iilon. 
He  is  ever  ready  to  present  to  us  Uie  thoughts  or  observations  of 
others.  M'atU. 

4.  To  give  ;  to  offer  gratuitously  for  reception. 
The  first  president  of  the  American  Bible  Society 
presented  to  that  institution  ten  thousand  dollars. 

5.  To  put  into  the  liantls  of  another  in  ceremony. 
So  ladies  in  romance  assist  Oieir  knight, 

Present  the  spear,  and  .arm  bun  for  the  fight.  Pope. 

6.  To  favor  with  a  gift ;  as,  we  present  a  man  with 
a  suit  of  clothes.  Formerly,  the  phrase  was,  to 
present  a  person. 

Octavia  presented  the  poet,  for  lii*  admirable  elegy  on  her  sou 
Mattvllus.  Dryden. 

[This  use  w  obsolete.] 

7.  To  ntmiinale  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  ;  to 
offer  to  the  bishop  or  ordinary  as  a  candidate  for  in- 
stitution. 

'i'he  patron  of  a  church  may  present  his  clerk  to  a  parsonage  or 
vicarage;  that  is,  may  oUcr  liim  to  Uic  bishop  of  the  <li.icese 
to  be  liistitutetl.  Blackstone. 

Also,  to  nominate  ftir  supjiort  at  a  public  school. 

C.  Land). 

8.  To  off.^r. 

}le  —  presented  battle  to  the  French  navy,  which  was  refuked. 

Jiaytcard. 

9.  To  lay  before  a  public  body  for  consideration, 
as  before  a  legislature,  a  court  of  jmlicalurc,  a  cor- 
poration, &c. ;  as,  to  present  a  memorial,  petition,  re- 
mtuisiraiice,  or  indictment. 


FATE,  FAR.  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PKBY.  — PINE.  MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK-  — 


PRE 


10.  To  lay  before  a  cmiit  of  judicature  as  an  object 
of  inquiry  ;  to  give  notice  oH'icially  of  a  crime  or 
offense.  It  is  tile  duty  of  grand  juries  to  present  all 
breaches  of  law  within  their  knowledge.  In  Amer- 
ica, grand  juries  prcsnit  whatever  tliey  think  to  be 
public  injuries,  by  notifying  them  to  the  public  with 
their  censure. 

11.  To  point  or  direct  a  weapon,  partiwilarly  some 
Bpecies  of  fire -arms  ;  as,  to  present  a  musket  to  the 
breast  of  anutlier. 

Vi.  In  nulttiinj  tantrua^ey  to  present  arms  is  to  hold 
them  out  in  token  of  respect,  as  if  ready  to  deliver 
them  up. 

i;t.  To  indict;  a  customary  use  of  the  word  in  t/ie 
United  States. 

PUK-Si;\T'A-I!LE,  a.  That  may  be  presented  ;  that 
may  be  exhibited  or  repre.sented.  Burke. 

a.  That  may  be  oH'eied  to  a  church  living  ;  as,  a 
presentable  rlergymaii. 

3.  Tliat  admits  of  the  presentation  of  a  clergy- 
man ;  as,  a  cliiirrh  ;)rc«H(aWc.    [Unusual.']  MijliJ'e. 
PKE.'«-Ei\-TA'i\E-OUS,  a.    [L.  praismtaneus.] 

Ready  ;  quick  j  ininicdiate  ;  as,  prescntaneoiut  poi- 
son. Ilarrcii. 
PUES-ENT-A'TION,  n.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  present- 
ing. 

Prayers  are  sometimes  a  presfnlnlton  of  mfrc  desires.  Jlooker. 

2.  Exhibition  ;  representation  ;  display  ;  as,  the 
presentation  of  fighting  on  the  stage.  Dnjden. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  law,  the  act  id"  offering  a  clergy- 
man to  the  bishop  or  ordinary  for  institution  in  a 
benetice.    An  advowson  is  the  right  of  presentation. 

If  llie  liishop  ntliiiits  the  pitnm's  presenuidon^  tlie  clerk  so  aU- 
mitted  is  next  to  be  instituted  by  him.  Blatkatone. 

4.  The  right  of  presenting  a  clergyman.  The  pat- 
ron has  the  presentation  of  tlie  benetice. 

Presentation  copy ;  a  copy  of  a  work  presented  to 
some  one  by  the  author,  as  a  testimony  of  respect. 
PRE-SENT'A-TIVE,  a.  In  rcclrsiaslicat  affairs,  that 
lias  tliB^  right  of  presentation,  or  oltering  a  clergyman 
to  the  bishop  fur  institution.  Advowsons  are  presenl- 
ative,  collative,  or  donative. 

An  advowson  presentatice  is  where  the  patron  halh  a  rijht  of 
presentatiou  to  Uie  bisliop  or  onliiiary.  Btackslone. 

0.  That  admits  the  presentation  of  a  clergyman; 
as,  a  preseiilativc  parsonage.  -Spelvian. 
PRE  SE.XT'ED,  p/<.    Offered;  given;  exhibited  to 

view  ;  accusiMl. 
PRES  ENT-EE',  n.    One  presented  to  a  benefice. 

■^ijliffe. 

PRE-SENT'ER,  7i.    One  that  presents. 

PRE  SEN'TI.Mi,  (-shal,)  u.  Supposing  actual  pres- 
ence,   [f.ittle  used.]  .Vorris. 

PRES-EN-TIAL'I-TY,  ii.  The  state  of  being  present. 
[/.illle  used.]  South. 

PRE-SE.N'TI.\L-LY,  adv.  In  a  way  which  supposes 
.'ictujil  presence.  More. 

PRE  SEN'TIaTE,  v.  t.  To  make  present.  [Liule 
used.]  Grew. 

PRE  SEN'TIENT,  (-shent,)  a.  Perceiving  before- 
hand. 

PRES-EN-TIF'ie,       )a.     Making  present.  [JV<;t 
PRES-Ei\-TIF'ie-AL,  (     in  use.] 
PRES-EN-TIF'ie-LY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  to 

make  present.    [JVut  in  use.]  '  More. 

PRE-SENT'I-.MENT,  n.  [pre  and  sentiment,  or  Fr. 
pressentiinent.] 

Previous  conception,  sentiment,  or  opinion  ;  pre- 
vious apprehension  of  .something  future.  Butler. 
PRES'E.\T-LY,  adr.    At  present ;  at  this  time. 

Tlie  towns  and  forts  yon />rtfi-cnt'y  have.     [06s.]  Sidney. 
3.  In  a  short  time  al^cr ;  soon  after. 
Itiin  therefore  I  hcpf-  to  send  presenCy,  so  soon  as  I  shall  see  how- 
it  will  go  with  inc.  —  Pbil.  ii. 

3.  Immediately. 
And  prestnUy  the  fij-trM  withered  awny,  — Matt.  xxl. 
PRE-SENT'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  presenting.  Shak. 

2.  Appearance  to  the  view  ;  representation. 

MUlon. 

3.  In  laio,  a  presmtmrnt,  properly  speaking,  is  the 
notice  taken  by  a  grand  jury  of  any  offense  from 
their  own  knovvletiuo  (t  observation,  without  any 
bill  of  indictment  laid  before  them  ;  as,  the  present- 
ment of  a  nuisance,  a  libel,  or  the  like,  on  which  the 
officer  of  the  court  must  afterward  frame  an  indict- 
ment, before  the  party  presented  can  be  put  to  an- 
swer it.  Blaclistone. 

4.  In  a  more  trcneral  sense,  presentment  compre- 
hends inquisitions  of  ollice  and  indictments. 

Blackstone. 

In  the  United  States,  n  presentment  is  an  otlicial  ac- 
cusation [iresented  to  a  tribunal  by  the  grand  jury  in 
an  indictment ;  or  it  is  the  act  of  off.Ting  an  inilict- 
ment.  It  is  also  used  for  the  indictment  itself.  The 
grand  jurj-  are  charged  to  inipiire  anil  tine  presentment 
make  of  all  crimes,  &c.  The  use  of  the  word  is 
limited  to  accusations  by  grand  jtimrs. 

5.  The  official  notice  in  court  which  the  surren- 
deree gives  of  the  surrender  of  a  copy  hoi  il  cst.ntc. 

Di>E«  TV  Blackstone. 
PRES  ENT-NESS,  n.    Presence;  as,  presentne.'s  of 
mmd.    (A-.it  used.]  Clarendon. 


TONE,  Bl.'LL,  IINITE.— 


PRE 

 £  

PRE-SERV'A-I!LE,  a.  [See  Prehekve.]  'J'hat  may 
be  preserved. 

PRES-ER-VA'TION,  71.  [from  preserve ;  It.  preserva- 
zione    Sp.  presr.rvaciou.] 

The  act  of  preserving  or  keeping  safe  ;  the  act  of 
keeping  from  injury,  destruction,  or  decay  ;  as,  the 
preservation  of  life  or  health  ;  the  preservation  of  build- 
ings from. lire  tir  decay  ;  the  preservation  of  grain  from 
insects  ;  the  preservation  of  fruit  or  plants.  When 
a  thing  is  kept  entirely  from  decay,  or  ne.irly  in  its 
original  state,  we  say  it  is  iu  a  high  state  u( preserva- 
tion. 

PRE-SERV'A-TIVE,  a.  [It.  prescrvativo  ;  Ft.  prcser- 
vat(f.] 

Having  the  power  or  quality  of  keeping  safe  from 
injury,  destruction,  or  decay  ;  tending  to  preserve. 

PRE  SERV'A-TIVE,7i.  That  which  preserves,  or  has 
the  power  of  preserving;  something  that  tends  to 
secure  a  person  or  thing  in  a  sound  state,  or  prevent 
it  from  injury,  destruction,  decay,  or  corruption  ;  a 
preventive  of  injury  or  decay.  Persons  formerly 
wore  tablets  of  arsenic  as  preservatives  against  the 
|>lague.  Clothing  is  a  preservative  against  cold.  Tem- 
perance and  exercise  are  the  best  pre.in-vatives  of 
iieallh.  Habitual  reverence  of  the  t'upremc  Iteing 
is  an  excellent  preservative  against  sin,  and  the  in- 
tluence  of  evil  exam|)les. 

PRE-SEUV'.V-TO-RY,  o.    That  tends  to  preserve. 

Hall. 

PUE-SERV'A-TO-RY,  «.  That  which  has  the  power 
of  preserving  ;  a  preservative.  WhiUock. 

PRE-SERVE',  (pre-zerv',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  preserver;  It.  pre- 
scrvare ;  Sp.  preservar ;  L«w  L.  pritservo ;  prai  and 
servo,  to  keep.] 

1.  To  keep  or  save  from  injury  or  destruction  ;  to 
defend  fmm  evil. 

Ood  did  seild  nie  before  you  to  preserve  life.  —  Gen.  xlv, 
O  Lord,  preaeroe  nie  from  the  violent  nmu.  —  Fs.  cxl. 

2.  To  uphold  ;  to  sustain. 

O  I^ord,  thou  preservest  man  and  Ijeast.  —  Ps.  xxxvl. 

3.  To  save  from  decay  ;  to  keep  in  a  sound  state  ; 
as,  to  preserve  fruit  in  winter.  Salt  is  used  to  pre- 
serve nii;at. 

4.  To  season  with  sugar  or  other  substances  for 
preservation  ;  as,  to  preserve  plums,  quinces,  or  oth- 
er fruit. 

.5.  To  keep  or  defend  from  corruption ;  as,  to  pre- 
serve youth  from  vice. 

6.  'i'o  niaiiitiiii  or  keep  throughout,  as  appear- 
ances. Junius. 
PRE-SERVE',  (pre-serv',)  n.  Fruit  or  a  vegetable  sea- 
soned anti  kept  in  sugar  or  siru;).  Mortimer. 

2.  A  place  fur  the  shelter  or  preservation  of  animals 
designed  for  sport  or  food,  .as  game,  fisli,  &.c. 
PRE-SERV'f:!),  (pre-zervd',)  pp.  or  a.  .^aved  from 
injury,  de.structitm,  or  decay  ;  kept  or  defended  from 
evil  ;  seasoned  with  sugar  for  preservation. 
PRE-SERV'ER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that  pre- 
serves ;  one  that  saves  or  defends  from  di^slruction 
or  evil. 

What  shall  I  do  to  thee,  0  Uiou  preserver  of  men  ?  —  Job  vii. 
2.  One  that  makes  preserves  of  fruits. 
PRE  SERVING,  p/ir.  or  a.    Keeping  safe  from  inju- 
ry, destruction,  or  decay  ;  defending  from  evil. 
PRE-SlL)E',  I',  i.   [L.  prucsidco  ;  prip,  before,  and  sedeo, 
to  sit ;  It.  presidcre ;  Fr.  presider  ;  Sp.  presidir.] 

1.  To  be  set  over  for  the  exercise  of  authority;  to 
direct,  control,  and  govern,  as  the  chief  officer.  A 
man  may  preside  over  a  nation  or  province  ;  or  he 
may  preside  over  a  senate,  or  a  meeting  of  citizens. 
'I'lio  word  is  used  chieHy  in  the  latter  sense.  We 
say,  a  man  presides  over  the  senate  with  dignity. 
Hence  it  usually  denotes  temporary  superintendence 
and  government. 

2.  To  exercise  superintendence ;  to  watch  over  as 
inspector. 

Some  o'er  the  public  ma^tdnes  preside.  Dryden. 
PRES'I-DEN-CY,  n.    Superintendence;  inspection 
and  care.  Ray. 

2.  The  office  of  president.  Washington  was 
elected  to  the  ]rre.tidcocy  of  the  United  States  by  a 
unanimous  vote  of  the  electors. 

3.  The  term  during  which  a  president  holds  hisof- 
ficc.  President  J.  Adams  died  during  the  presidency 
of  his  son. 

4.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  president;  as  in  the  Brit- 
ish dominions  in  the  East  Indies. 

5.  The  family  or  suite  of  a  president. 

A  worthy  clerffj-man  belonging  to  the  presi/tency  of  Fort  St. 
Oeorge.    |Uu.]  Buchanan,  iSl. 

PRES'I-DENT,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  prasidcns.] 

1.  An  officer  elected  or  appointed  to  preside  over  a 
corporation,  company,  or  a.ssembly  of  men,  to  keep 
order,  manage  their  concerns,  or  govern  their  pro- 
ceedings ;  as,  the  president  n(  a  banking  company; 
the  president  of  a  senate,  &.c. 

2.  An  officer  appointed  or  elected  to  govern  a  prov- 
ince or  territory,  or  to  administer  the  government  of 
a  nation.  The  president  of  the  United  States  is  the 
chief  executive  magistnite. 

3.  The  chief  officer  of  a  college  or  university. 

United  Slates. 


PRE 


4.  A  tutelar  power. 

Just  Apollo,  president  of  verse.  Waller. 
Vice-president ;  one  who  takes  the  place  of  a  president 
in  case  of  absence,  disability,  or  deal.i.    The  vice- 
presiileiit  of  the  United  .States  is  presiiU  nt  of  the  sen- 
ate ex  ojjicio,  and  performs  the  duties  of  president 
when  the  latter  is  removed  or  disabled. 
PRES-I-I)E.\'TIAIy,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  p.'csident ;  as, 
the  presidential  chair.  IValsh. 
2.  Presiding  over.  Olanvdlr. 
PRES'I-IJENT-SHIP,  n.   The  office  and  place  of  pres- 
ident, llookir. 

2.  The  term  for  which  a  president  holds  liis  of- 
fice. 

PR E-SIDT-AL,  \a.  prusidium,  a  garrison  ;  pra 
PRE-Sin'I-A-KV,  j     and  sedeo.] 

Pertaining  to  a  garrison  ;  having  a  garrison. 

Howell. 

PRE-SlD'ING,  ppr.eixa.  Directing;  controlling;  ex- 
ercising siiiieriiitendence. 

PRE-SIG-NII'-I-Ua'TION,  71.  [from  presirrnify.]  Tlie 
act  of  signifying  or  showing  beforehand.  Barrow. 

PRE-SIG  NI-FI-iiD,  7);7.    Signified  beforehanrl. 

PRE-SIG'NI-F?,  v.  t.  [pre  and  signify.]  To  in- 
timate or  signify  beforehand  ;  to  show  previously. 

Pearson. 

PRE-SIG'NI-F?-I\G,  ppr.    Intimating  beforehand. 

PRES.S,  v.  t.  [Fr.  prrsser :  It.  pressure;  to  press, 
crowci,  urge, hurry  ;  1).  and  G.  pressen  ;  Sw.  prassa; 
Ban.  presser ;  \V.  brysiair,  to  hurry,  formed  from 
rhys,  extreme  ardency,  a  ru.shing.  Here  we  have 
proof  that  press  is  formed  from  the  root  of  rush,  with 
a  prefix.  The  Spanish  has  aprciar,  prensar,  and 
aprensar.    The  L.  pressus  is  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  'I'o  urge  with  force  or  weight ;  a  word  of  exten- 
sive use,  tlentitiiig  the  application  of  any  power, 
physical  or  moral,  to  something  that  is  to  bo 
movetl  tir  affected.  Wc  press  the  ground  with  the. 
feet  when  we  walk  ;  we  press  the  couch  on  which 
we  repose  ;  we  press  substances  with  the  hands,  fin- 
gers, or  arms  ;  the  smith  presses  iron  with  his  vice  ; 
we  are  pressed  with  the  weight  of  arguments,  or  of 
cares,  troubles,  and  business. 

2.  To  s<iuecze ;  to  crush ;  as,  to  press  grapes. 
Gen.  xl. 

3.  To  drive  with  violence  ;  to  hurry  ;  as,  to  press 
a  horse  in  motion,  or  in  a  race. 

4.  To  urge  ;  to  enforce  ;  to  inculcate  with  e.iriiest- 
ness ;  as,  to  press  divine  truth  on  an  audience. 

5.  To  embrace  closely  ;  to  hug. 

Leucothoe  shook 
And  pressed  Palemon  closer  in  lier  arms.  Pope. 

6.  To  force  into  service,  particularly  into  naval 
service  ;  to  impress.  Clarendon.  Dryden. 

7.  To  stniiten  ;  to  distress  ;  as,  to  be  pressed  with 
want  or  with  difficulties. 

8.  To  constrain  ;  to  compel ;  to  urge  by  authority 
or  necessity. 

Tlie  posts  that  rode  upon  muies  and  C;imels  went  out,  being  has^ 
ened  and  pressed  on  t>y  the  Ifuig's  comiuaudment.  —  Kslb. 
viii. 

9.  To  urge ;  to  impose  by  importunity. 

lie  pressed  a  letter  upon  me,  witliin  tliis  hour,  to  deliver  to  you. 

Oryden. 

10.  To  urge  or  solicit  with  earnestness  or  importu- 
nity.   He  pressed  me  to  accept  of  bis  offer. 

11.  To  urge;  to  constrain. 

Paul  was  jyressed  in  spirit,  and  testified  to  the  Jews  thai  Jesus 

was  Christ.  —  Acts  xviii. 
Wickedness, ;7resse(i  with  conscience,  forecasteth  grievous  things. 

>  Wisdom. 

12.  To  squeeze  for  making  smooth,  as  cloth  or 
paper. 

Press  differs  from  drive  and  strike,  in  usually  de- 
noting a  slow  or  continued  application  of  force ; 
whereas  drive  and  strdic  denote  a  sudden  impulse  of 
force. 

PRESS,  V.  i.  To  urge  or  strain  in  motion  ;  to  urge  for- 
ward with  force. 

I  press  tnwanl  tlie  mark  for  the  prize  of  the  high  calling  of  God 

in  Christ  Jesus.  —  Phil.  iii. 
Th'  insulting  victor  presses  on  the  more.  Dryden. 

3.  To  bear  on  with  force  ;  to  encroach. 

On  superior  powers 
Were  wc  to  press,  inferior  might  oa  ours.  Pope. 

3.  To  bear  on  with  force  ;  to  crowd  ;  to  throng. 
Thronging  crowds  press  on  you  as  you  pass.  Dryden. 

4.  To  approach  unseasonably  or  importunately. 

Nor  press  too  near  the  Ihrou*.  Dryden. 

5.  To  urge  with  vehemence  and  importunity. 

He  pressed  upon  them  greatly,  and  they  turned  in  to  bim.  — 
Geo.  xix. 

6.  To  urge  by  influence  or  moral  force. 

When  arguments  press  eijuatly  in  matters  uidilferent,  the  safest 
metho<l  is  to  give  up  ouiv-lves  to  neither.  Addison. 

7.  To  push  with  force ;  as,  to  press  against  the 
door. 

PRESS,  71.  [It.  pres.<!a,  haste,  hurry,  a  crowd  ;  Sp. 
prensa;  Fr.  presse,  pressoir;  Sw.  prdss  i  Dan.  and 
G.  pre.fse.] 

1.  .\n  instrument  or  machine  by  which  any  body 


AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — e  as  K;  C  a.s  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PRE 

is  pqrieezed,  cruslieJ,  or  fiircod  into  a  more  compact 
form  ;  as,  a  lohie-jtr/'gs,  ci(/(r-pre.ss,  or  citeejip-pre.ss. 

2.  A  macliiiie  for  printin;;;  a  printinji-press.  Great 
improvements  have  been  lately  made  in  the  construc- 
tion of  pre-ises. 

3.  The  art  or  business  of  printing  and  publishing; 
hence,  the  publications  issued  from  tlie  press,  taken 
collectively.  A  free  press  is  a  ^reat  blessing  to  a  free 
people  ;  a  licentious  press  is  a  curse  to  soriety. 

4.  A  crowd  ;  a  throng;  a  multitude  of  individuals 
crowded  together. 

And  wlipii  lliev  could  not  come  nigh  to  liini  for  the  press.  — 
Mark  ii. 

5.  The  act  of  urging  or  pushing  forward. 
Wliicli,  h)  lin'ir  throng  and  press  to  the  last  hold, 
Confu.ii.cl  themselves.  STialc. 

6.  A  wine-vat  or  cistern.    Hag:  ii. 

7.  A  case  or  closet  for  the  safe-lceeping  of  garments. 

S/iak. 

8.  Urgency;  urgent  demands  of  affairs  ;  as,a;<ress 
of  business. 

9.  A  commission  to  force  men  into  public  service, 
particularly  into  the  navy  ;  for  Impress.  Ralegh. 

Press  of  sail,  in  naviiration,  is  as  much  sail  as  the 
state  of  tile  wind  will  possibly  permit.  Totten. 

Liberty  of  the  press,  in  cunt  pulicy,  is  the  free  right 
of  publishing  books,  pamphlets,  or  papers,  without 
previous  restraint  ;  or  the  unrestrained  right  w  hich 
every  citizen  enjoys  of  publishing  his  thoughts  and 
opinions,  subject  only  to  punishment  for  publishing 
what  is  pernicious  to  morals  or  to  the  peace  of  the 
state. 

PRE.*S'-BED,  71.  A  bed  that  may  be  raised  and  in- 
closed in  a  case. 

PRESS'ED,  (prcst,)  pp.  or  a.  Urged  by  force  or 
weight  ;  squeezed;  constrained  ;  distressed  ;  crowd- 
ed ;  embraced  ;  made  smooth  and  glossy  by  pressure, 
as  cloth. 

PRKSS'ER,  n.    One  that  presses. 

PRESS'-G.\.\G,  n.  [  press  and  gai> g.]  A  detachment 
of  seamen  under  the  command  of  an  officer,  em- 
powered to  impress  men  into  the  naval  service.  [See 
Impress-Gan'g.] 

PRESSTXG,  ppr.  Urging  with  force  or  weight  ; 
squeezing;  constraining;  crowding;  embracing; 
distressing  ;  forcing  into  service  ;  rolling  in  a  press. 
2.  a.    Urgent ;  distressing. 

PRES.S'ING,  21.  The  act  or  operation  of  applying 
force  for  the  purpose  of  compressing  bodies  or  ren- 
dering them  compact.  The  pressing  of  cloth  is  per- 
formed by  nieaus  of  the  screw,  or  by  a  calender. 

PRESS'ING-LY,  ado    With  force  or  urgency  ;  closely. 

Huwell. 

PRESS'LY,  adv.    [L.  presse.'\    Closely  ;  with  com- 
pression.   [Ofts.l  B,  Jonson. 
PRES'.SlOX,  (presh'un,)  n.    [It.  pressione,] 

1.  The  act  of  pressing.  But  PsEsstjRE  is  more 
generally  used.  JVeictoji. 

2.  In  the  Cartesian  philosophy,  an  endeavor  to  move. 
PRES-SI-ROS'TERS,  n.pl.    [L.  pressus,  pressed,  and 

rostrum,  beak.] 

A  tribe  of  wading  birds,  including  those  which 
have  a  compressed  or  flattened  beak.  Brande. 

PRES-SI-ROS'TRAL,  a.  Having  a  compressed  or 
Hattened  beak  ;  applied  to  certain  birds,  as  the  lap- 
wing. Partington. 

PRES'SI-TANT,  a.  Gravitating ;  heavy.  [.Vu«  in 
use."]  More, 

PRESS'MAN,  n.  In  printing,  the  man  who  manages 
the  press  and  impresses  the  Sheets. 

2.  One  of  a  press-gang,  who  aids  ni  forcing  men 
into  the  naval  service.  Chapman. 

PRE.SS'-.MO.\-EY,  n.  Money  paid  to  a  man  impressed 
into  public  service.    [See  Prest-Monev.]  Oay. 

PRESS'lJRE,  n.    [It.  and  I.,  pressura.) 

1.  The  act  of  pressing  or  urging  with  force. 

2.  The  act  of  squeezing  or  crushing.  Wine  is 
obtained  by  the  pressure  of  grapes. 

3.  Tiie  state  of  being  stpiei.'zed  t)r  crushed. 

4.  The  ftirce  of  one  body  acting  tui  another  by 
weight  or  the  continued  application  of  power.  Press- 
are  is  occasioned  by  weiglitor  gravity,  by  the  motiim 
of  bodies,  by  the  expansion  of  llulds,  by  elasticity, 
&c.  Mutual  pressure  may  be  caused  by  the  meeting 
of  moving  bodies,  or  by  the  motion  of  one  boily 
againiil  anuthiT  at  rest,  and  the  resistance  or  elastic 
force  of  the  latter.  Tlio  degree  of  pressure  is  in 
proportion  to  the  weight  of  the  pressing  body,  or  to 
the  (Miwer  applied,  or  to  the  elastic  force  of  resisting 
bodies.  The  screw  ia  a  most  powerful  instrument 
of  pressure. 

5.  A  constraining  force  or  impulse  ;  that  which 
urgt.'J*  or  omipels  the  intellectual  or  moral  faculties  ; 
«9,  the  prensure  of  motives  on  the  mind,  or  of  fear 
on  the  conscience. 

0.  That  wliicli  afnirt«  the  body  or  depresses  the 
iipirits ;  any  neverc  aOlirtion,  distress,  calamity,  or 
grievance;  straits,  diniciiUi'-s,  eiiibarrnssments,  or 
tlie  distress  they  occasion.  W<'  speak  of  the  pressure 
of  poverty  or  want,  the  pressure  of  debts,  the  preas- 
urt  of  taxei,  the  prensure  of  ndlictions,  or  sorrow. 

My  own  and  tny  j>-oplr'a /^^fffurra  rnevoin.  K.  Chartts, 
To  thw  coiuUcruuou  lie  retreuu  wiiji  cuxnhtn  in  all  hU  prfs§urt§. 

Au*rbary. 


PRE 

We  observe  that  ;)rrsv«re  is  used  both  for  trouble 
or  calamity,  and  for  the  distress  it  jiroduces. 

7.  Urgency  ;  as,  the  pressure  of  business. 

8.  Impression  ;  stamp  ;  character  impres.sed. 

All  laws  of  books,  all  forms,  all  pressures  p:lst.  ShaJc. 

PRESS'-WORK,  n.    That  part  of  printing  which  con- 
sists in  impressing  the  sheets  upon  the  type. 
PREST  ;  sometimes  used  for  Pressed.  [See  Press.] 
PREST,  a.    [C)ld  Fr.  prest  or  preste,  now  pret,  pret,  or 
preste  ;  Sp.  and  It.  presto,  from  L.  prtesto,  to  stand 
before  or  forward  ;  pm  and  sto.] 

1.  Ready;  prompt.    [OAs.]  Fairfax. 

2.  Neat;  tight.    [Ofts.]  Tusscr. 
PREST,  n.    [Tr.  pret,  supra.] 

1.  A  loan.    [Obs.]  Bacon. 

2.  Formerly,  a  duty  in  money,  to  be  paid  by  the 
sheriff  on  his  account  in  the  exchequer,  or  for  money 
left  or  remaining  in  his  hands.    2  and  3  Edw.  VI. 

PREST'-iMON-EV,  (-inun'ne,)  71.  Money  paid  to  men 
when  they  enlist  into  the  British  service,  so  called 
because  they  hold  themselves  prest,  or  ready  to  march 
at  command.  Toone. 

PRES-T.\'T[ON,  71.    [I,.  pra!stntio.] 

Formerly,  a  payment  of  money  ;  sometimes  used 
for  purveyance.  •  Encyc. 

PRES-Ta'TION-MON-EY,  (-mun'ne,)  ti.  A  sum  of 
money  paid  yearly  by  archdeacons  and  other  digni- 
taries to  their  bisliop,  pro  ezleriore  jurisdictione. 

Encyc. 

PRES'TER,  7!.  [Gr.  rrpri^rip,  from  trprfiaj,  to  kindle, 
or  inflame.] 

1.  A  meteor  or  exhalation  formerly  supposed  to 
be  thrown  from  the  clouds  with  such  violence,  that 
by  collision  it  is  set  on  tire.    [06.^.]  Encyc. 

2.  The  external  part  of  the  neck,  which  swells 
when  a  person  is  angry.    [OJs.]  Encyc. 

Prester  (priest  or  presbyter)  John  ;  the  name  given 
in  the  middle  ages  to  a  supposed  Christian  sovereign 
in  the  interior  of  Asia;  erroneously  transferred  by 
the  Portuguese  to  the  king  of  Abyssinia. 

Encyc.  Am. 

PRES'TIGE,  71.  [Fr.]  Illusion  ;  fascination  ;  charm  ; 

imposture.  Wnrbarton. 
PRES-TIG-I-A'TIOX,  71.    [L.  prajstigiw,  tricks.] 
The  playing  of  legerdemain  tricks  ;  a  juggling. 

Diet. 

PRE?-TIG'I-.\-TOR,  71.    A  Juggler;  a  cheat.  Jl/o;-c. 
PRES-TIG'I-.'V-TO-RY,  a.    Juggling  ;  consisting  of 
impostures. 

PRES-TIG'I-OUS,  a.    Practicing  tricks  ;  juggling. 

Bate. 

PRES'TI-JIO  NY,  71.  [Port,  and  Sp.  prcslimonio ;  L. 
praisto,  to  supply  ;  pr(e  and  sie.] 

In  canon  taio,  a  fund  for  tile  support  of  a  priest, 
appropriated  by  the  founder,  but  not  erected  into 
any  title  of  benefice,  and  not  subject  to  the  pope  or 
the  ordinary,  but  of  which  tile  pation  is  the  collator. 

Port.  Diet.  Encyc. 

But  in  a  Spanish  dictionary  thus  defined,  "  a  preb- 
end for  the  maintenance  of  poor  clerg>'inen,  on 
conilition  of  tlieir  saying  prayers  at  certain  stated 
times." 

PRESTIS'SI-MO,  [It.]   In  mwiic,  very  quick. 
PRES'TO,  adv.    [Sp.  and  It.  presto,  quick  or  quickly  ; 
L.  priss-to.] 

1.  In  music,  a  direction  for  a  quick,  lively  move- 
ment or  performance. 

2.  (iuicklv  ;  immediately;  in  haste.  Swift.. 
PRE-STRie'tlON,  n.    [L.'pr<estringo,  pra;strictus.] 

Dimness.  Milton. 
PRE-SOM'A-BLE,  a.  [from  presume.]  That  may  be 
presumed  ;  that  may  be  supposed  to  be  true  or  en- 
titled to  belief,  witliout  examination  or  direct  evi- 
dence, or  <ui  probable  eviilence. 
PRE-SuM'A-BLY,  ado.  By  presuming  or  supposing 
something  to  be  true,  without  direct  proof. 

Brown. 

PRE  SUME',  J),  t.  [Fr.  prcmmer;  It.  presumere  ;  Sp. 
pre-suaiiri  from  L.  prwsumo ;  prte,  before,  and  sumo, 
to  take.] 

To  take  or  suppose  to  be  tiue,  or  entitled  to  belief, 
without  examination  or  ptisitive  pl'oof,  or  on  the 
strength  of  probability.  Wo  preiujiie  that  a  man  is 
honest,  who  has  not  been  known  to  cheat  or  de- 
ceive ;  but  in  this  wo  are  somctiines  mistakcii.  In 
many  cases,  the  law  presumes  full  payment  where 
positive  evidence  of  it  can  not  be  produced. 

We  not  only  presume  it  may  be  so,  but  we  acmally  find  it  so. 

(I'oo.  of  Ute  'rongae. 

In  cases  of  implied  contracts,  tlto  law  presumes  that  a  man  has 
coveiianti-'d  or  contnictctl  to  do  what  reason  and  Justice  dic- 
lat(-\  Blackstone. 

PRE-SOME',  t).  i.  To  venture  without  positive  per- 
mission ;  as,  we  may  presume  too  far.  Bacon. 

2.  To  ai't  Willi  great  ctuifidcnco;  with  on  or  upon 
before  the  grmind  of  conlidence. 

This  man  prenunics  upon  his  parts.  Locke. 
I  will  not  presume  so  lar  uj/oii  myself.  Ihuilrtt. 
Luther  presumes  upon  the  gilt  of  conUnencjr.  Allerbury. 

It  is  Hoinelimes  fiillowed  by  of,  but  improperly. 

3.  To  make  confiilcnt  or  arrogant  atltuiipt.s. 

Ii.  Ili  il  we  preiumt  lo  see  what  Is  meet  aial  convenient  lu  tter 
than  God  himsell.  lluuker. 


PRE 

PRE-SuM'/CD,  pp.  Supposed  or  taken  to  be  true,  or 
entiti  d  to  belief,  witliout  positive  proof 

PRE-SC'iM^'lR,  77.  One  that  presumes;  also,  an  arro- 
gant person.  IVotton. 

PRE-SU.M'ING,  ppr.  Taking  as  true,  or  supposing  lo 
be  entitled  to  belief,  on  jwobable  evidence. 

2.  a.  Venturing  without  positive  permission  ;  too 
confident;  arrogant;  unreasonably  bold. 

PRlvSO.M'ING-LY,  ui/».    Confideiitlv  ;  arrogantly. 
PRE-SUi\IP'T10N,  71.    [Fr.  presomption  ;  L.  prcesump- 

(!().] 

1.  Supposition  of  the  truth  or  real  exi.stence  of 
sonietliing  without  direct  or  positive  proof  of  the 
fart,  but  grounded  on  circumstantial  or  probable  evi- 
dence which  entitles  it  to  belief.  Presumption,  in 
law,  is  of  three  sorts,  violent  or  strong,  probaote,  aud 
liglU. 

Next  to  positive  proof,  circumstmtial  evidence,  or  the  doctrine  of 
presumptions,  nuist  take  place  ;  for  when  the  fact  can  not  be 
aemoiislralively  evinced,  that  which  conies  nearest  to  the 
pniol  of  the  fact  is  the  proof  of  such  citcuinstilnces  as  eiUier 
necessanly  or  usually  attend  such  facts.  Tiiese  are  called 
presumjitions.  \ iolenl  presumption  is  many  limes  equal  lo 
full  proi)f.  Btrukstune. 

9.  Strong  probability;  as  in  the  common  phrase, 
the  presumption  is  that  an  event  has  taken  place,  or 
will  take  place. 

3.  Blind  or  headstrong  confidence;  unreasonable 
adventiiroiisness  ;  a  venturing  to  undertake  some- 
thing Without  reasonable  prospect  of  success,  or 
against  the  usual  probabilities  of  safety  ;  presumptu- 
ousness. 

Let  my  presumption  not  provoke  thy  wrath.  Shak. 
1  had  tlie  presumption  lo  dedicate  to  you  a  very  unfinished 
piece.  Dryiten, 

4.  Arrogance.  He  had  the  presumption  to  attempt 
to  dict.ite  to  the  council. 

5.  Unreasonable  confidence  in  divine  favor. 
The  awe  of  his  majesty  will  keep  ua  from  presumption. 

Rogers. 

PRE-SUMP'TIVE,  a.  Taken  by  previous  supposition  ; 
grounded  on  probable  evidence. 

2.  Unreasonably  confident  ;  adventuring  without 
reasonable  grounii  to  expect  success ;  presumptuous  ; 
arrogant.  Brown, 

Presumptive  evidence,  in  law,  is  that  whii  h  is  de- 
rived from  circumstances  which  necessarily  or  usu- 
ally atteiul  a  fact,  as  distinct  from  direct  evidence  or 
positive  proof. 

Presumptive  evidence  of  felony  should  he  cautiously  adn  ilted. 

Blaikstone. 

Presumptive  heir ;  one  who  would  inherit  an  estate 
if  the  ancestor  shoiilil  die  with  tilings  in  their  jiresent 
slate,  but  whose  right  of  inheritance  may  be  defeated 
by  the  birth  of  a  nearer  heir  before  the  death  of  the 
ancestor.  Thus  the  presumptive  succession  of  a 
brother  or  nephew  may  be  destroyed  by  the  birth  of 
a  child.  Presumptive  heir  is  distinguished  from  heir 
apparent,  whose  right  of  inheritance  is  indefeasible, 
provided  he  outlives  the  ancestor.  Black.<tone, 

PRE-?UMP'TIVE-LY,  adv.  By  presumption,  or  sup- 
position grouniled  tm  probability.  Burke, 

PRE-SUMPT'U-OUS,  a,  [Fr.  presomptueuz ;  It.  and 
Sp.  presuntaoso.] 

1.  Bold  and  continent  to  excess  ;  adventuring  with- 
out reasonable  ground  of  succi'ss  ;  hazarding  safety 
on  too  slight  grounds  ;  rash;  applied  to  persons;  as, 
a. presumptuous  commander. 

There  is  a  diiss  of  presumptuous  meu  whom  age  has  not  iniulo 
cautious,  nor  adversity  wise.  Buckniinsler. 

£.  Founded  on  presumption  ;  proceeding  from  ex- 
cess of  confidence;  applied  to  tilings;  as,  presumptu- 
ous hope.  Milton. 

3.  Arrogant ;  insolent.;  as,  a  presumptuous  priest. 

almk. 

Presumptuous  pride.  Drytttn. 

4.  Unduly  confident ;  irreverent  with  respect  to 
sacretl  things. 

5.  VVilUut ;  done  with  bold  design,  rash  confidence, 
or  in  violation  of  known  duty ;  as,  a  presumptuous 
sin. 

PRE-SUMPT'TT-OUS-LY,  adv.   With  rash  confidence. 

2.  Arrogantly  ;  insolently. 

3.  VVillftilly  ;  in  bold  defiance  of  conscience  or  vio- 
lation of  known  duly ;  as,  to  sin  presumptuously. 
JVum.  XV. 

4.  With  groundless  and  vain  confidence  in  the 
divine  favor.  Ilummond. 

PRE  SUMPT'IJ-OUS-NESS,  7i.  The  quality  of  being 
prosiimpliious  or  rashly  confident;  groundless  con- 
fidiuice  ;  arrogance  J  irreverent  boldness  or  forward- 
ness. 

PRE-SUP-PO'SAL,  (pre-sup-po'zal,)  ?i.  [jire  and  sup- 
posal.  ] 

Supposal  previously  formed  ;  presupposition. 

Hooker, 

PRE  SUP-POSE',  (pre-siip-poze',)  v.  I.  [Fr.  presup- 
poser  ;  It.  presupporrc  ;  lOiig.  pre  and  suppose.] 

To  suppose  as  previous  ;  to  imply  as  antecedent 
The  exislcuce  of  created  things  presupposes  the  ex- 
istence of  n  Creator. 

Kacb  kind  of  knnivledjife  presupposes  many  necessary  tilings 
learned  in  otle-r  sciences  and  known  beloa-liaiid.  Hooker. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PB£V.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK — 


\ 


PRE 


PRE 


PKE-SUP-PoS'£D,pp.  or  a.  Supposed  to  be  antece- 
dent. 

PRK-SUP-POS'IXG,  ppr.    Supposing  to  be  previous. 
PUE-SUP-PO  SI"'I'1UN,  (-zisli'uu,)  n.  Supposition 

previously  formed. 
9.  Supposition  of  sonu'thing  nntecedcnt. 
PRE-SUR-MI$E',  (pre-sur-inize',)  n.     [pre  and  sxir- 

viise.] 

A  surmise  previously  formed.  S/iak. 
PRE-TKNCE',  (pro-tens',)  «.  [L.  jmcUnsus,  prictendo.] 

1.  A  holding  out  or  olferiug  to  others  something 
false  or  feigned  ;  a  presenting  to  others,  cither  in 
words  or  actions,  a  false  or  hypocritical  appearance, 
usually  with  a  view  to  conceal  what  is  real,  and  thus 
to  deceive.  Under  prrtcnce  of  giving  liberty  to  na- 
tions, the  prince  conquered  and  enslaved  them. 
Under  pretence  of  patriotism,  ambitious  men  serve 
their  own  sellish  purpo.ses. 

Lrt  not  Trojans,  witli  a  fi-ifiioil  prekrice 

Of  proifered  peace,  delude  the  Lali^n  prince.  Dryden. 

It  is  sometimes  preceded  by  on ;  as,  on  pretence  of 
revenging  Cesar's  death.  Middleton. 

2.  Assumption  j  claim  to  notice 

Never  wa*  any  thing  of  this  pretence  more  ingeniously  impartcil. 

Kvtlyn. 

3.  Claim,  true  or  false. 

Primogeniture  can  not  h:tve  any  preUnce  lo  a  right  of  soli'ly  in- 
heriting property  or  power.  Lori-e. 

4.  Something  held  out  to  terrify  or  for  other  pur- 
pose ;  as,  a  pretence  of  danger.  Shuk. 

[For  remarks  on  the  spelling  of  this  word,  seePnE- 

TKNSE.l 

PRE-TEXD',  V.  t.  pmtendo ;  pne,  before,  and  ten- 
do,  to  tend,  to  roach,  or  stretch ;  Fr.  pretendre ;  It. 
pretenderc  i  Sp.  pretender.] 

1.  IMerally,  lo  reach  or  stretch  forward  ;  used  by 
Dryden,  but  this  use  is  not  well  authorized. 

2.  To  hold  out,  as  a  false  appearance  ;  to  offer 
something  feigned  instead  of  that  which  is  real ;  to 
siiimlate,  in  words  or  actions. 

Tliis  let  hiin  know 
Lest,  willfully  transjrejiAing,  he  pretend 
Sniprisal.  Mtlton. 

3.  To  show  hypocritically  ;  as,  to  pretend  great  zeal 
when  the  heart  is  not  engaged  ;  to  pretend  patriotism 
for  the  sake  of  gaining  popular  api>lause  or  obtaining 
an  otiicc. 

4.  To  exhibit  as  a  cover  for  something  hidden. 

Lest  ttiat  loo  heavenly  form,  pretended 
To  h<>lli8h  falsehood,  snare  them.    [.Vol  in  use]  Milton. 

5.  To  claim. 

Chiefs  shall  be  grudged  the  part  which  they  pretend.  Dryden. 

In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  pretend  to. 

6.  To  intend  ;  to  design.    [.Vyf  used.']  Spenser. 
PRE-TEND',  f.  i.    To  put  in  a  claim,  truly  or  falsely  ; 

lo  hold  out  the  appearance  of  being,  possessing,  or 
performing.  A  man  may  preieifd  to  be  a  physician, 
anil  pretend  to  perform  great  cures ;  bad  men  often 
pretend  to  be  patriots. 

PRE-TE.ND'EI),  pp.  Held  out,  as  a  false  appearance  ; 
feigned  ;  simitlated. 

2.  a.  Ostensible;  hypocritical;  as,  a  prcfendcti  rea- 
son or  motive  ;  pretended  zeal. 

PRE-TEND'ED-LY,  adv.  By  false  appearance  or  rep- 
resentation. Hammond. 

PRE-TE.\L)'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  show  of  some- 
thing not  real ;  one  who  lays  claim  to  any  thing. 

2.  In  EnfflUh  hUtory,  the  heir  of  the  rt^yal  family 
of  Stuart,  who  laid  claim  to  the  crown  of  Great 
Britain,  but  was  excluded  by  law.  Burnet. 

PRE-TE.ND'ER-SIllP,  n.  The  right  or  claim  of  the 
preleniiir.  Swift. 

PRE-TEXD'ING,  ppr.  Holding  out  a  false  appear- 
ance ;  laying  claim  to,  or  .attempting  to  make  others 
believe  one  is  what  in  truth  he  is  not,  or  that  he  has 
or  does  something  which  he  has  or  does  not;  mak- 
ing hypocritical  professions. 

PRE-TEND'ING-LY,  adv.  Arrogantly;  presumptu- 
ously. 

PRE-TEXSE',  (pre-tcns',)  n.  [L.  pmtensus,  pr<e- 
tcndo.] 

1.  A  holding  out  or  offcTing  to  others  something 
false  or  feigned  ;  a  presenting  to  others,  either  in 
words  or  actions,  a  false  or  hypocritical  appearance, 
usually  with  a  view  to  conceal  what  is  real,  and  thtis 
lo  deceive.  Under  pretense  of  giving  liberty  to  na- 
tions, the  prince  conipiered  and  enslaved  them  ;  un- 
der prcfcnj-e  of  patriotism,  ambitious  men  serve  their 
own  selfish  purposes. 

Let  not  Trxjjans,  with  n  feigned  pretense 

Of  proffered  peace,  delude  tlie  Lilian  prince.  Drydtn. 

It  is  sometimes  preceded  by  on  ;  as,  on  pretense  of 
revenging  Cesar's  death.  Middleton, 

2.  Assumption ;  claim  to  notice. 

Ncrer  was  any  thing  of  this  preunse  tnore  ingeniously  imported. 

Ettetyn. 

3.  Clami,  true  or  false. 

L  right  of  soleir  iii- 
Lade. 

*  .Something  held  out  to  terrify  or  for  other  pur- 
pose ;  as,  a  pretense  of  danger.  Shak. 


Prim«g.-niuire  can  not  have  any  pretenM  t 
hehtjii^  properly  or  power. 


[This  word,  like  erpense,  has,  till  of  late,  been 
dpelled  with  a  c:  but  it  ought  to  undergo  the  same 
change  with  erpen-tCy  tlie  reastm  being  the  same, 
viz..  that  s  must  he  used  in  the  derivatives,  pretension, 
it-c,  as  in  erpensiee.] 
PRE-TENS'A'l),  (pre  lenst',)  a.  Pretended  ;  fi  ignid  ; 
us,  a  pretensed  right  to  land.    \_Liille  used.] 

Knei/c. 

PRE-TEN'SION,  (prc-ten'shun,)  n.  [It.  prelen^ione ; 
Fr.  pretention,] 

1.  Claim,  true  or  false  ;  a  holding  out  the  appear- 
ance of  right  or  possession  of  a  thing,  with  a  view 
to  make  others  believe  what  is  not  real,  or  what,  if 
true,  is  not  yet  known  or  admitted.  A  man  may 
makepretensions  to  rights  which  he  can  not  niaintaiu  ; 
he  may  make  preteiuiions  to  skill  which  he  does  not 
possess ;  and  he  may  make  pretensions  to  skill  or  ac- 
quirements which  he  really  possesses,  but  which  lie 
is  not  known  to  possess.  Hence  we  s|)eak  of  ill- 
founded  pretensions  and  well-founded  pretensions. 

2.  Claim  to  something  to  be  obtained,  or  a  desire 
10  obtain  something,  manifested  by  words  or  actions. 
Any  citizen  may  have  prctensioiui  to  the  lionor  of 
representing  the  state  in  the  senate  or  bouse  of  rep- 
resentatives. 

The  connnons  demand  that  the  consulship  should  lie  in  common 
to  the  pretension*  of  any  itoinau.  Swift. 

Men  indulge  tliose  opiniout  and  practices  that  f.ivor  their  jne- 
ttnsiuns.  L'Ketrange. 

3.  Fictitious  appearance ;  a  Latin  phrase  not  note 
itsed. 

This  was  bnt  an  iuvention  and  pretension  given  out  \jy  the 

Spaniards,  Baeon. 

PRE-TE.\T'A-TIVE,  a.    [L.  pra  and  tento,  to  try.] 
That  may  be  previously  tried  or  attenipteii.  [Zit- 
t!e_  tuied.]  IVvtton. 

PRE'TER,  a  Latin  preposition,  (pnrter,)  is  used  in 
some  English  words  as  a  preli.T.  Its  proper  siguifi- 
catitm  is  heijond,  hence,  beside,  wore. 

PRE-TER-I.M-PER'FECT,  a.  [I,,  propter,  beyond  or 
beside,  and  imperfectus,  iinfinishett.] 

In  grammar,  an  epithet  designating  the  tense 
which  e-\presses  action  or  being  not  perfectly  past; 
more  usually  called  the  itnperfeet  tense. 

PRE'TER-IT,  a.  [L.  pratcritus,  prxtereo  :  proeler,  be- 
yond, and  eo,  to  go.] 

Past;  applied  to  the  tense  in  grammar  which  ex- 
presses an  action  or  being  perfectly  past  or  finished, 
often  that  which  is  just  past  or  completed,  but  with- 
out a  specification  of  time.  It  is  called  also  the 
perfect  tense  ;  as,  scripsi,  I  have  written.  We  say, 
"I  hare  written  a  letter  to  my  correspondent ; "  in 
which  sentence,  the  time  is  supposed  to  be  not  dis- 
tant and  not  specified.  But  when  the  time  is  men- 
tioned, we  use  the  imperfect  tense,  so  called  ;  as,  "  I 
tcrote  to  my  correspondent  yestertlay."  In  this  use 
of  the  preterit  or  perfect  ten.se,  the  English  differs 
from  the  French,  in  which  j'ai  icrit  hier  is  correct ; 
but  I  have  written  yesterday,  would  be  very  bad 
English. 

PRE-TER-I"TI0X,  (pre-ter-ish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
prirtcreo,  to  pass  by.] 

1.  The  act  of  going  past;  the  state  of  being  past. 

Hall. 

9.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  w  hich,  in  pretending  to 
pass  over  any  thing,  we  make  a  summary  mention 
of  it  i  as,  "  I  will  not  say,  he  is  valiant,  he  is  learned, 
he  is  just,"  &c.  The  most  artful  praises  are  those 
bestowed  by  way  o( preterition.  Encyc, 
PRE-TER'I-TIVE,a.  In  orammar,  an  epithet  applied 
to  verbs  used  only  or  chiefly  in  the  preterit  or  past 
tenses. 

PRK'TER-IT-NESS,n.    [from  pretcrU.]    The  state  of 

being  past.    ( Little  usedJ]  Bentley. 
PRE-TER-LA<>S'jE;D,  f-lapst',)  a.    [L.  prxUrlapsus, 

prtrterlabor ;  prater  and  labor,  to  glitle.] 

Past  ;  gone  bv  ;  as,  preterlapsed  ages.  Walker. 
PRE-TER-Lk'G.\L,  a.    [L.  pra:ter  and  legaL] 

E-xceeding  the  limits  of  law ;  not  lijgal.  [Little 

used.]  K.  Charles. 

PRE-TER-IIIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)  n.  [l^.prtttermissio, 

from  pratermitlo.] 

1.  A  passing  by  ;  omission. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  the  same  as  Pbeteritiox. 
PRE-TER-.MIT',  v.  u    [L.  pratermitto ;  prater,  beyond, 

and  mitto,  to  send.] 

To  pass  by  ;  to  omit.  Bacon. 
PRE-TER-MIT'TED,  pp.    Passed  by  ;  omitted. 
PRE-TER-NAT'U-RAL,  a.    [L.  propter  and  natural.] 
Beyond  what  is  natural,  or  different  from  what  is 
natural ;  irregular.     We  call  those  events  in  the 
physical  worltl  preternatural,  which  are  e.Mraordinary, 
which  are  deemed  to  be  beyond  or  without  the  ordi- 
nar>'  course  of  things,  and  yet  are  not  deemed  mirac- 
ulous, in  di-stinction  from  events  which  are  super- 
natural, which  cannot  be  produced  by  physical  laws 
or  powers,  and  must  therefore  be  produced  by  a 
direct  exertion  of  omniptitence.   We  also  apply  the 
epithet  to  things  uncommon  or  irregular;  as,  aprc- 
(frnafural  swelling  ;  a  preternatural  pulse ;  a  preter- 
natural excitement  or  temper. 
PRE-TER-.\AT-U-RAL'I-TY,  n.  Prctcrnaturalncss. 

Smith.  I 
manner  be- I 


{Little  used.]      '  ' 
PRE  TER-NAT'I^-RAL-LY,  aio.    In  a 


ytind  or  aside  from  the  common  order  of  nature ;  as, 
vessels  of  the  btidv  pretematurally  distentled. 

PRE-  l  i:R-.\AT'l^'-RAI.-NESS,n.  A  slate  or  manner 
dilferent  from  the  common  order  of  nature. 

PRE  TER-PER'FECT,  a.    [I,.  pra:ter  and  perfer.tus.] 
Litertilly,  more  titan  complete  or  finished ;  an  epiltiet 
equivalent  lo  preterit,  applied  to  the  tense  of  verbs 
which  expresses  action  or  being  absoliilely  past  ; 
more  usutilly  called  the  perfect  tense.  [Grammar.] 

Spectator. 

PRE-TER-PLCPER-FEGT,  a.  [L.  prtffer,  beyond, 
plus,  mtire,  and  perftctus,  perfect.] 

Literally,  beyond  more  than  perfect;  an  epithet  des- 
ignating the  tense  of  verbs  which  expresses  action 
or  bfing  as  past  at  or  before  another  past  event 
or  time  ;  more  usually  called  the  pluperfect  tense  ; 
better  ilenoininated  the  prier  past  tense,  that  is,  past 
prior  to  another  event. 

PRE-TE.X',  V.  t.  [L.  pratezo;  pra  and  tcio,  or  Ugo, 
tezui.] 

To  cloak  ;  to  conceal.    [JVot  tised.]  Edieardt. 
PRE-TE.XT' or  PRE'TEXT,  «.    [L.  pradeztus  i  Ft. 
pretezte  ;  It.  pretcsto ;  Sp.  pretezto^ 

Pretense  ;  false  appearance  ;  ostensible  reason  or 
motive  assigned  or  assumed  as  a  color  or  cover  for 
the  real  reason  or  motive.  He  gave  plausible  reasons 
for  his  conduct,  but  these  were  only  a  pretezt  to  con- 
ceal his  real  motives. 

He  m.ade  pretext  that  I  should  only  go 

And  help  convey  liis  fp.-iglit  ;  t*ut  thought  not  so.  Chaprtutn. 
They  suck  the  blood  of  those  tliey  depend  on,  under  ri  preteri  of 
service  nud  kiitduess.  L^Eetrange. 

PRl'5'TOR,  n.  [L.  pra^r,  from  the  root  of  prte,  be- 
fore.] 

An  officer  among  the  ancient  Romans.  Orijrinally, 
the  pretor  was  a  kind  of  third  consul ;  but  at  in  ear- 
ly period,  two  pretors  were  appointed  ;  the  first  of 
whom  (pric'tor  urba'nus)  was  a  kind  of  mayor  or 
city  jutige  ;  the  other  {prtc'tor  peregri'niu)  was  a 
juilge  of  cases  in  which  one  or  both  of  the  parties 
were  foreigners.  Still  later,  the  number  of  pretors 
or  judges  was  ftirtlier  increased.  Stnith^s  Diet. 

In  modern  times,  the  word  is  sometimes  used  for  a 
ma3  or  or  magistrate.  Dnjden,  Spectator. 

PRE-To'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  pretor  or  judge  ; 

judicial.  Burke. 
PRE-To'RI-.^N,  a.    Belonging  to  a  pretor  or  judge  ; 
judicial;  cxcucised  by  the  pretor  ;  as,  prctaria/t  power 
or  authority.  Bacon. 

Prctoriaii  bands,  or  guards,  or  pretorians,  in  Roman 
histo'^j,  were  the  emperor's  guards.  Their  number 
was  increased  by  Vitellius  to  sixteen  thousand  men. 

Smithes  Diet. 

Frelorian  gate  ;  in  a  Roman  camp,  that  one  of  its 
four  L'.'ites  which  l.ty  next  the  enemy.  Brande. 

PRe'TOR-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  pretor.  Marfan. 

PRET'TI-LY,  (prit'ti-ly,)  adv.  [from  prcUij.]  In  a 
pretty  manner  ;  with  ne.atness  and  taste  ;  pleasingly; 
without  magnificence  or  splendor  ;  a-s,  a  woman 
prettily  dressed  ;  a  parterre  prettily  ornamented  with 
flowers. 

2.  With  decency,  good  manners,  and  decorum, 
without  dignity. 

Cliildr-n  kept  out  of  ill  company,  take  a  pride  lo  behave  thetn- 
selves  pretti/y.  Locke. 

PRET'TI-NESS,  (prit'ti-ncss,)  n.  [from  pretty.]  Di- 
minutive beauty  ;  a  pleasing  form  without  stateli- 
ness  or  dignity  ;  as,  the  prettiness  of  the  face  ;  the 
preltiness  of  a  bird  or  other  small  animal ;  the  pretti- 
nessof  dress.  Mure. 

9.  Neatne.ss  and  taste  displayed  on  small  objects  ; 
as,  the  prettiness  of  a  flower-bed. 

3.  Decency  of  manners ;  pleasing  propriety  with- 
out dignity  or  elevation  ;  as,  the  prcffiiiov;  of  a  chdd's 
beluivior. 

PRET'TY,  (prit'ty,)  a.  [Sax.  pritte,  adorned  ;  pnrti^, 
sly,  crafty  ;  Dan.  prydct,  adorned  ;  Sw.  prydd,  id. ; 
W.  prijd,  comeliness,  beauty,  also,  that  is  preser.t, 
stated  time,  hour  or  sea.son,  visage,  aspect ;  prydain, 
exhibiting  presence  or  an  open  countenance,  beauti- 
ful ;  prydiaw,  to  represent  an  object,  lo  record  an 
event,  to  render  seasonable,  to  set  apart  a  time,  to 
become  seasonable.  The  word  seems  lo  be  con- 
necteii  with  priated,  appropriate,  proper,  fitting, 
whence  priodi,  to  render  appropriate,  to  espouse  or 
marry,  and  priodverc,  a  bride.  Iltjicc  it  is  evident 
the  radical  sense  is  set,  or,  as  we  say,  set  off,  implying 
enlargement.] 

1.  Having  diminutive  beauty  ;  of  a  pleasing  form 
without  the  strong  lines  of  beauty,  or  without  gnice- 
fulness  and  dignity  ;  as,  a  pretty  face  ;  o  pretty  per- 
son ;  a  pretty  flower. 

The  pretty  gentle. nan  is  the  moat  complaisant  creature  Li  the 
world.  Sjiectator. 

That  which  is  little  can  bo  but  prtUy,  and  by  clainiiii?  digiiilj 
becomes  ridiculous.  JJhnson. 

S.  Neat  and  appropriate  without  magnificence  01 
splendor  ;  as,  a  pretty  dress. 

3.  Handsome ;  neatly  arranged  or  ornamented  ; 
as,  a  pretty  flower-bed. 

4.  Neat ;  elegant  withiml  elevation  or  grandeur  ; 
as,  a  pretty  laic  or  story ;  a  pretty  song  or  <x>mpo«l- 
lion. 


TCNE,  BULL,  liXITE._AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS._€  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  a«  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


100 


ImTiT 


Ui3 


PRE 

5.  Sly  ;  crafty ;  as,  he  has  played  Lis  friend  a 
pretty  trick.  This  seems  to  be  the  sense  of  the 
word  in  this  phrase,  according  with  the  Saxon 
pnrti^.  And  hence,  perhaps,  the  phrase  a  pretty 
fellow. 

6.  Small  ;  diminutive  ;  in  contempt.  He  will 
make  a  preuy  figure  in  a  triumph. 

7.  Not  very  suiall ;  moderately  large  ;  as,  a  pretty 
way  off. 

Cut  off  the  alalks  of  cucumbers,  immediately  after  their  bearing, 
close  by  the  earth,  and  then  cast  a  pretty  quantity  ol  earth 
tipon  the  plant,  and  they  will  bear  next  year  before  the  ordi- 
nary lime.    [iVot  in  ust,]  Bacon. 

PRET'TY,  (prit'ty,)  adv.  In  some  degree  ;  tolerably  ; 
moderately  ;  as,  a  farm  pretty  well  stocked  ;  the 
colors  became  pretty  vivid  ;  I  am  pretty  sure  of  the 
fact ;  the  wind  is  pretty  fair.  The  English  half  penny 
is  pretty  near  the  value  of  the  American  cent.  In 
these  and  similar  phrases,  pretty  expresses  less  than 
very. 

The  writer  jwe%  plainly  professes  Itimself  a  sincere  Christian. 

.\llErbury. 

PRET'TY-SPoK-£N,  a.   Spoken  or  speaking  prettily. 

FRE-TYP'I-Fr-£D,{-fide,)/>;..  [Uom  pretypify.]  An- 
tecedently represented  by  type  ;  prefigured. 

PRE-TYP'I-Ff ,  r.  t.  [pre  and  typtfy.]  To  prefigure  ; 
to  exhibit  previously  in  a  type.  Pearson. 

PRE-TYP'I-Ft-ING,  ppr.  Prefiguring. 

PRE  VAIL',  r.  i.  [Fr.  prevaloir :  It.  prevalere;  Sp. 
precalecer ;  L.  prarcaho  i  prt£,  before,  and  valeo^  to  be 
strong  or  well,  yaleo  seems  to  be  from  the  same 
root  as  the  Eng.  well.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  stretch 
or  strain  forward,  to  advance.] 

1.  To  overcome  ;  to  gain  the  victory  or  superiori- 
ty ;  to  gain  the  advantage. 

When  Moses  held  up  his  hand,  Israel  preoailed ;  when  he  let 

down  his  band,  Ainalek  prevailed.  —  Ex.  xvii. 
With  over  or  against. 

D.\vid  prevailed  over  the  Philistine  with  a  slin^  and  with  a  stone. 
—  I  Sain.  xvii. 

This  kingdom  could  never  prevail  against  the  united  power  of 
England.  Swift. 

2.  To  be  in  force  ;  to  have  effect,  power,  or  influ- 
ence. 

This  custom  makes  the  short-sighted  bigots  and  the  warier  skep- 
tics, as  far  as  it  prevaiU.  l^cke. 

3.  To  be  predominant ;  to  extend  over  with  force  or 
effect.    The  fever  prevailed  in  a  great  part  of  the  city. 

4.  To  gain  or  have  predominant  influence  ;  to  op- 
erate with  effect.  These  reasons,  arguments,  or  mo- 
tives ought  to  prevail  with  all  candid  men.  In  this 
sense,  it  is  followed  by  with. 

5.  To  persuade  or  induce  ;  with  on  or  jipon.  They 
prevailed  on  the  president  to  ratify  the  treaty.  It  is 
also  followed  by  willt.  They  could  not  prevail  with 
the  king  to  pardon  the  offender.  But  on  is  more 
common  in  modern  practice. 

6.  To  succeed.  The  general  attempted  to  take  the 
fort  by  assault,  but  did  not  prevail.  The  most  power- 
ful arguments  were  employed,  but  they  did  not  prevail. 

PRE-VaIL'JED,  pp.  Gained  advantage  i  persuaded; 
succeeded. 

PRE-V.aIL'ING,  ppr.  Gaining  advantage,  superiority, 
or  victory  ;  having  effect ;  persuading  ;  succeeding. 

2.  a.  Predominant ;  having  more  influence  ;  prev- 
alent ;  superior  in  pou  er.  'i'he  love  of  money  and 
the  love  of  power  are  the  prevailing  passions  of  men. 

3.  Eflicacious, 

Saints  shall  assist  thee  with  prnaiting  prayers.  Roxet. 

4.  Predominant ;  most  general ;  as,  the  prevailing 
disease  of  a  climate  ;  a  prevailing  opinion.  Intem- 
perance is  the  prevailing  vice  i.f  many  countries. 

PRE-VAIL'ING-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  prevail  or  have 
success. 

PRE-Vai'l'MENT,  71.    Prevalence.    [Little  used.] 

Shall. 

PREV'A-LENCE,  )  71.    Superior  strength,  influence, 
PUEV'A-LEN-CY,  i    or  tflicacy;  most  eflicacious 
force  in  producing  an  effect. 

The  duke  better  knew  what  kind  of  arguments  were  of  preva- 
leixee  witli  hinr.  Clarendon. 

2.  Predominance ;  most  general  reception  or  prnc- 
tire  ;  as,  the  prevalance  of  vice,  or  of  corrupt  max- 
ims ;  the  prevalence  of  opinion  or  fashion. 

3.  Most  general  existence  or  extension ;  as,  the 
prevalence  of  a  disease. 

4.  Success  ;  as,  the  prevalence  of  prayer. 
PREV'A-LENT.o.  Gaining  advantage  or  superiority  ; 

victorious. 

Brennus  told  the  Roman  enilxiasadors,  that  prevalent  amis  were 
as  food  as  any  title.  Hategh. 

2.  Powerful  ;  efficacious;  successful  ;  as, prm<i/f7i< 
supplications. 

3.  Predominant ;  most  generally  received  or  cur- 
rent ;  as,  a  prernlent  opinion.  Woodward. 

4.  Predominant  j  most  general ;  extensively  ei- 
iMlIng  ;  a«,  i\  prevalent  disease. 

PREV'A-LE.VT-LY,  Olio.  With  predominance  or  su- 
periority ,  [Kiwcrfully. 

Tlie  rvniniif  star  so  f^ls  Into  Ih"  main, 

'I'u  rise  St  niurn  liiorr  prtvaUnll^  iTiicht.  Prior. 

PttE- V AR'I-eA'i'E,  e.  i.    ( It.  prnaricare  ;  Sp.  prevari- 


PRE 

ear ;  Fr,  prevariquer  ,*  I*,  pnevaricor ;  pr<£  and  varico, 
varicor,  to  straddle.] 

1.  To  shuffle ;  to  quibble ;  to  shift  or  turn  from 
one  side  to  tlie  other,  from  the  direct  course  or  from 
truth  ;  to  play  foul  play. 

I  would  tliink  better  of  himself,  than  that  he  would  willfully  pre- 
varicate. StiUing^eet. 

2.  In  the  civil  law,  to  collude  ;  as,  where  an  in- 
former colludes  with  the  defendant,  and  makes  a 
sham  prosecution.  Encyc. 

3.  In  English  laic,  to  undertake  a  thing  falsely  and 
deceitfully,  with  the  purpose  of  defeating  or  destroy- 
ing it.  Cowel. 

PRE-VAR'I-e.5TE,  ».  t.  To  pervert ;  to  corrupt ;  to 
evade  by  a  quibble. 

[But  in  a  transitive  sense,  this  word  is  seldom  or 
never  itserf.] 

PRE-VAR'I-eX-TED,  pp.   Evaded  by  a  quibble. 
PRE-VAR'I-CA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Cluibbhng  to  evade 
the  truth. 

PRE-VAR-I-eA'TION,7i.  A  shuffling  or  quibbling  to 
evade  the  truth  or  the  disclosure  of  truth  ;  the  prac- 
tice of  some  trick  for  evading  what  is  just  or  honor- 
able ;  a  deviation  from  the  plain  path  of  truth  and 
fair  dealing.  Milison. 

2.  In  tlu  civil  law,  the  collusion  of  an  informer 
with  the  defendant,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
sham  prosecution.  Encyc. 

3  In  common  late,  a  seeming  to  undertake  a  thing 
falsely  or  deceitfully,  for  the  purpose  of  defeating  or 
destroying  it.  Cowel. 

4.  A  secret  abuse  in  the  exercise  of  a  public  office 
or  commission.  Encyc. 

PRE-VAR'I-€a-TOR,  n.  One  that  prevaricates;  a 
shuffler;  a  quibbler. 

2.  A  sham  dealer ;  one  who  colludes  with  a  de- 
fendant in  a  sham  prosecution.  Civil  Law. 

3.  One  who  abuses  his  trust. 

PRE-VeNE',  v.  L  [L.  prtevenio ;  pra,  before,  and  v»- 
nio,  to  come.] 

Literally,  to  come  before ;  hence,  to  hinder.  [Mot 
tised.]  Philips. 
PRE-VeN'I-ENT,  a.    [L.  prwveniens.] 

Going  before;  preceding;  as,  prevenient  grace. 
Hence,  preventive  Milton. 
PRE-VENT',  v.  U    [L.  pncvenio,  pr<c,  before,  and  ve- 
7110,  to  come;  It.  prevenire;  Sp.  and  Fr.  prevenir.'] 

1.  To  hintler;  to  stop  or  intercept  the  approach, 
access,  or  performance  of  a  thing.  Foresight  antl 
care  will  prevent  many  ills  and  misfortunes  in  human 
life.  Religion  supplies  consolation  under  afflictions 
which  can  not  be  prevented.  It  is  often  easier  to 
prevent  evils  than  to  remedy  them. 

[  The  following  signijications  of  the  word,  formerly 
used,  are  obsolete.] 

2.  To  go  before  ;  to  precede.    Ps.  cxix.  148. 

3.  To  take  hold  on  ;  to  seize.    Job  xxx.  IC. 

4.  To  succor.    Ps.  lix,  10,  and  Common  Prayer. 

5.  To  anticipate. 

Their  ready  guiU  preventing  thy  conunands.  Pope. 

6.  To  preoccupy  ;  to  preengage. 

Thou  hast  prevented  us  wiUi  overtures  of  love.     K.  Charlet. 

PRE-VENT',  V.  t.    To  come  before  the  usual  time. 

[Mot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
PRE-VENT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  prevented  or 

hindered.  Reytiolds. 
[Preventative  is  a  gross  blunder.] 
PRE-VENT'ED,  pp.    Hindered  from  happening  or 

taking  effect. 

PRE-VENT'ER,  n.  One  that  goes  before.  [Mot  in 
use.]  Bacon. 

2.  One  that  hinders  ;  a  hinderer  ;  that  which  hin- 
ders ;  as,  a  preventer  of  evils  or  of  disease. 

PRE-VENT'ING,  ppr.    Going  before.  [Obs.] 
2.  Hindering;  obviating. 

PRE-VENT'ING-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  or  way 
as  to  hinder.  Dr.  Walker. 

PRE-VEN'TION,  7«.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  going  before. 
[Obs.]  Bacon. 

2.  Preoccupation;  anticipation.    [Little  used.] 

Hammond. 

3.  The  act  of  hindering;  hinderance ;  obstruc- 
tion of  access  or  apprtiach. 

Prevention  of  sin  is  one  of  the  greatest  mercies  God  can  vouch- 
safe, i^outh. 

4.  Prejudice;  prepossession;  a  French  sense,  but 
nut  in  itvr  in  English.  Dn/den. 

PIIF.-VEN'TION-AL,  a.    Tending  to  prevent.  Diet. 
PUI>VENT'1VE,  a.    Tending  to  hinder;  hindering 
the  access  of;  as,  a  medicine  preventive  of  disca.se. 

Br  own. 

PRE-VENT'lVE,  71.  That  which  prevents;  that 
which  intercepts  the  access  or  approach  of.  Tem- 
perance anil  exercise  are  excellent  prcufiitieM  of  de- 
bility and  languor. 

U.  An  nnlidiiio  previously  tiiken.  A  medicine 
may  be  taken  as  a  prrrrntirr  of  tliscase. 

PRE-VENT'lVK  .'^EK V'lcr.,  71.  In  Great  Britain, 
the  duty  pi  rfiirnii  tl  by  the  armed  [Hilice  in  guarding 
the  coast  acain-t  smuggling. 

PRE  VE.NT'lVE-I.V,  adr.  By  way  of  prevention; 
ill  II  manner  that  tends  to  hinder. 


PRI 

PRS'VI-OUS,  a.  [L.  priroiiis ;  pra,  before,  and  tiia, 
way,  that  is,  a  going.  Sax.  wag.] 

Going  before  in  time  ;  being  or  happening  before 
something  else  ;  antecedent ;  prior  ;  as,  a  previous 
intimation  of  a  design  ;  aprecioits  notion  ;  a  previous 
event. 

Sound  from  the  mountain,  previous  to  the  storm. 
Rolls  o'er  the  muttering  eartii.  TTtomson. 
PRe'VI-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  time  preceding;  before- 
hand ;  antecedently  ;  as.,  !  plan  previously  formed. 
PRe'VI-OUS-NESS,  71.     Antecedence ;  priority  in 
time. 

PRE-VI"SI0N,  (-vizh'un,)  71.  [L.  pra:visus,  pra^video  : 
pr(£,  before,  and  video,  to  see.] 

Foresight ;  foreknowledge  ;  prescience.  Ennic. 

PRE-WARN',  V.  t.  [See  VVarh.]  To  warn  before- 
hand ;  to  give  previous  notice  of.  Beaum. 

PRE  \VAR.\'£D,  pp.    Given  previous  notice  of. 

PRE-WARN'ING,  ppr.    Warning  beforehand. 

PREY,  (pra,)  71.  [L.  prada :  It.  preda  :  Fr.  proie  ;  Arm. 
preyi  or  preih  ;  D.  prooi.  In  W'elsh,  praii.  It.  preit, 
signifies  booty  or  spoil  of  cattle  taken  in  war,  also  a 
flock  or  herd  ;  preiziaw,  to  herd,  to  collect  a  herd,  to 
drive  off  or  make  booty  of  cattle.] 

1.  Spoil ;  booty  ;  plunder ;  goods  taken  by  force 
from  an  enemy  in  war. 

And  they  brought  the  captives,  and  the  prey,  and  the  spoil,  to 
Moses  and  Eleaz;ir  the  priest.  —  Num.  xxxi. 

In  this  passage,  the  captives  are  distinguished 
from  prey.    But  sometimes  persons  are  included. 

They  ^Judali]  shall  become  a  prey  and  a  spoil  to  all  their  ene- 
nues.  —  2  Kings  xxi. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  or  may  be  seized  by  vio- 
lence to  be  devoured  ;  ravine.  The  eagle  and  the 
hawk  dart  upon  their  prey. 

She  sees  herself  the  monster's  prey.  Dryden. 
The  old  lion  perisheth  for  lack  of  prey.  —  Job  iv. 

3.  Ravage ;  depredation. 

Hog  in  sloth,  fox  in  stealth,  lion  in  prey,  Shak. 
.Animal  or  beast  of  prey,  is  a  carnivorous  animal  ; 
one  that  feeds  on  the  flesh  of  other  animals.  The 
word  is  applied  to  the  larger  animals,  as  lions,  tigers, 
hawks,  vultures,  &c.,  rather  than  to  insects  ;  yet  an 
insect  feeding  on  other  insects,  may  be  called  an  ani- 
mal of  prey. 

PREY,  (pra,)  r.  i.  To  prey  on,  or  vpon,  is  to  rob  ;  to 
plunder ;  to  pillage. 

2.  To  feed  by  violence,  or  to  seize  and  devour. 
The  wolf  pretjs  on  sheep  ;  the  hawk  preys  on  chick- 
ens. 

'  3.  To  corrode  ;  to  waste  gradually  ;  to  cause  to 
pine  away.  Grief  preys  on  the  body  and  spirits  ; 
envy  and  jealousy  prey  on  the  health. 

Langua^  is  too  faint  to  show 
His  rage  of  love  ;  it  preys  upon  his  life  ; 
He  pines,  he  sickens,  he  despairs,  he  tlies.  Addison. 

PREY'ER,  (pra'er,)  71.  He  or  that  which  preys  ;  a 
plunderer;  a  waster  ;  a  devourer. 

PREY'ING,  (pra'ing,)  ppr.  Plundering ;  corroding  ; 
wasting  gradually. 

PRI'A-PIS.M,  71.  [from  L.  Priapus.]  More  or  less 
permanent  erection  and  rigidity  of  the  penis,  with- 
out concupiscence. 

PRICE,  71,  [Fr.  prix;  It.  prezzo ;  Sp.  precio ;  .\rm. 
pris ;  D.  prys ;  G.  preis ;  Dan.  priis ;  W.  pris  or  prirf ; 
prisiaw,  to  value,  to  apprize  ;  pridiaa,  to  give  a  price, 
value,  or  equivalent,  to  pawn,  to  ransom  ;  L.  prrtiiim. 
See  Praise.] 

1.  The  sum  or  amount  of  money  at  which  a  thing 
is  valued,  or  the  value  which  a  seller  sets  on  his 
goods  in  market.  A  man  often  sets  a  price  on  goods 
which  he  can  not  obtain,  and  often  takes  less  than 
the  price  set. 

2.  The  sum  or  equivalent  given  for  an  article  ;  the 
cost ;  as,  the  price  paid  for  a  house,  an  ox,  or  a 
watch. 

3.  The  current  value  or  rate  paid  for  any  species  of 
goods  ;  as,  the  market  price  of  wheat. 

4.  Value  ;  estimation  ;  excellence  ;  worth. 

>Vho  can  find  a  virtuous  woman  I  for  her  price  is  far  above 
nibios,  —  Prov.  xxxi. 

5.  Reward  ;  recompense. 

That  vice  may  merit ;  'tis  the  price  of  toil  ; 
'I'he  kna.c  deserves  it  when  be  tills  the  soil.  Poj^. 
The  price  of  redemption,  is  the  aloiiemcnl  of  Jesus 
Christ.    1  Cor.  vi. 

pric^  in  Ike  hands  of  a  fool ;  the  valuable  offers  of 
salvation,  which  he  neglects.    Prov.  xvij. 
PKK;E,  0.  t.    To  pay  for.    (Mot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

2.  To  set  a  price  on.    [bee  Prize.] 
PRK.'E-eUR'RENT,  n.    A  paper  or  table  of  the  cur- 
rtmt  prices  of  merchandise,  stocks,  s{Hicie,  bills  of 
exchange,  rate  of  exchange,  &c. 
PRIC'KD,  (prist,)  a.    Set  at  a  value;  used  in  com|M>- 

sition  ;  as,  high-pn'crr/,  \ow-jn-iced. 
PRTCE'LESS,  a.    Invaluable  ;  too  valuable  to  admit 
of  a  price.  Shak. 
2.  Without  value  ;  worthless  or  unsalable. 

J.  Barloto. 

PRICING,  ppr.    Setting  a  price  on  ;  valuing. 
PRICK,  r.  u    (Sax.  pnceian ;  D.  jmkken  ;  Dan.  prilikeri 
tiw.pricka;  It.  priocam.] 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^hl.,  WHi^T.  — MRTE,  PRfiY — piNE,  MARINE,  Blttl).  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK  


866 


PRI 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  Bliar|>-poiiited  instrument  or 
substance ;  as,  lo  prick  one  witli  a  pin,  a  needle,  a 
tliorn,  or  the  Hke. 

2.  To  erect  a  pointed  tiling,  or  with  an  acuminated 
point;  ai'i'licd  chiefly  to  the  ears,  and  primarily  to 
the  pointed  ears  of  an  animal.  The  liorsc  pricks  his 
cars,  or  pricks  up  his  ears. 

3.  To  tix  by  the  point ;  as,  to  prick  a  knife  into  a 
board.  JVVwton. 

4.  To  hang  on  a  point 

The  cooks  prick  a  itice  on  n  proiiff  of  iron.  Sandyt. 

5.  I'o  designate  by  a  puncture  or  mark. 

Some  who  (vre  pricktd  for  iheriir*,  luid  are  fit,  set  oat  of  the  bill. 

Bacon. 

R.  To  spur;  to  goad;  to  incite;  sometimes  with 
on  or  offl 

Mv  duty  pricks  me  on  to  utter  thtit 

Which  no  worldly  pood  Bhoiild  dniw  from  me.  Skcik. 
Bin  how  if  honor  prtc^  me  qff".  Sliak. 

7.  To  affect  with  sharp  pain ;  to  sting  with  re- 
morse. 

When  they  heard  this,  they  were  pricked  in  their  hcarti.  —  Acts 
ii.    Ps.  Ixiiii. 

8.  To  make  acid  or  pungent  to  the  taste  ;  as,  wine 
is  pricked.  Hudibras. 

9.  To  write  a  musical  composition  with  the  proper 
notes  on  a  scale. 

10.  In  seamen's  lan^atrCy  to  run  a  middle  seam 
through  the  cloth  of  a  sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  prick  a  chart,  is  to  trace  a  ship's  course  on  a 
chart.  Mar.  Diet. 

PRICK,  t'.  I.  To  become  acid  ;  as,  cider  jiricAu  in  the 
rays  of  the  sun. 

2.  To  dress  one's  self  for  show, 

3.  To  come  upon  the  spur ;  to  shoot  along. 

Before  each  van 
Prick  forth  llie  airy  kniglits.  Milton, 

4.  To  aim  at  a  point,  mark,  or  place.  Hawkins. 
PRICK,  n.    [Sax.  pricca:  Sw.  prick  or  jireka ;  tand- 

preka,  a  tooth-pick  ;  Ir.  prioca.] 

1.  A  slender,  pointed  instrument  or  substance, 
which  is  hard  enough  to  pierce  the  skin  ;  a  goad  ;  a 
spur. 

It  ii  hard  for  thee  to  kick  against  the  pricks.  —  Acts  ix. 

2.  Sharp,  stinging  pain  ;  remorse.  Shak. 

3.  A  spot  or  mark  at  which  archers  aim. 

Carew. 

4.  A  point ;  a  fixed  place.  Spenser. 

5.  A  puncture  or  place  entered  by  a  point. 

Brown. 

6.  The  print  of  a  hare  on  the  ground. 

7.  In  seamen's  tang-uatre,  a  small  roll ;  as,  o, prick  of 
spun  yarn  ;  a  prick  of  tobacco. 

PRICK'-PoST,  Ti-  In  architecture,  a  post  in  wooden 
buildings  formed  intermediately  between  two  princi- 
pal posts.  Brande. 

PRICK' KD,  (prikt,)  pp.  Pierced  with  a  sharp  point ; 
spurred  ;  goaded  ;  stung  with  pain  ;  rendered  acid 
orpungtiut;  marked-,  designated. 

PRICK'ER,  n.    A  sharp-pointed  instrument. 

Mozon. 

2.  In  colloquial  sense,  a  prickle. 

3.  A  light  horseman.    [JVot  in  use.]  Hayward, 
PRICK'ET,  71.    A  buck  in  his  second  year. 

Manwfjod. 

PRICK'IN'G,  ppr.  Piercing  with  a  sharp  point ;  goad- 
ing ;  affecting  with  pungent  pain  ;  making  or  becom- 
ing acid. 

PRICK'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  piercing  with  a  sharp 
point. 

2.  In  farriery,  the  driving  of  a  nail  into  a  horse's 
foot  so  as  to  produce  lameness ;  also,  the  same  as 
NicKino.  Farm.  Encije.  Gardner. 

3.  A  sensation  of  sharp  pain,  or  of  being  pricked. 
PRICK'LE,  (prick'l,)  n.    In  botany,  a  small,  pointed 

shoot  or  sharp  process,  growing  from  the  bark  only, 
and  thus  distinguished  from  the  thorn,  which  grows 
from  the  wood  of  a  plant.  Thus,  the  rose,  the  bram- 
ble, the  gooseberry,  and  the  barberry  arc  armed  with 
prickles.  Marlyn, 
2.  A  sharp,  pointed  process  of  an  animal. 

PRICK'LE-BACK,  n.  A  small  fish,  so  named  from 
the  prickles  on  its  back  ;  the  stickle-back. 

Diet.  J^at.  lOst. 

PRICK'LI-NESS,  71.  [from  prickly.]  The  state  of 
having  many  prickles. 

PRICK'LOUSE,  71.  A  low  word  in  contempt  for  a 
tailor.  VEitranae. 

PRICK'LY,  a.  Full  of  sharp  points  or  prickles  ; 
armed  with  prickles  ;  as,  a  prickly  shrub. 

Martyn.  Sicift 

PRICK'I.Y-PESR,  71.  A  name  applied  to  various  spe- 
cies of  Cactus,  especially  to  the  Cactus  opunlia,  a 
fleshy  and  succulent  plant,  destitute  of  leaves,  cov- 
ered with  spines,  and  consisting  of  flattened  joints 
inserted  upon  each  other.  It  produces  a  purplish,  I 
edible  fruit.  Eneyc  Jim. 

PRICK'MAD-AM,  n.    A  species  of  houseleek. 

Johnson, 

PRICK'PUNCH,  71.  A  piece  of  tempered  steel  with  a 
round  point,  to  prick  a  round  mark  on  cold  iron.  1 

Mozon  I 


PRI 

PRICK'SONfJ,  71.  A  song  set  to  music,  or  a  va- 
riegated sung;  in  distinction  from  a  plain  song. 

ahak.  Bate. 

PRICK'VV'OQB,  71.  A  European  shrub  of  the  genus 
F.iionynius,  so  named  from  the  use  of  the  wood 
formerly  as  skewers.  Loudon. 

PRIDE,  71.    [Sax.  pryt,  pryde ;  D.  prat,  proud.] 

1.  Inordinate  self-e.steem  ;  an  unrexsonablo  con- 
ceit of  one's  own  superiority  in  talents,  beauly, 
wealth,  accomplishments,  rank,  or  elevation  in 
olhce,  which  manifests  itself  in  lofty  airs,  distance, 
reserve,  and  often  in  contempt  of  others. 

Martial  pride  looks  down  on  industry.  T.  Daata, 

Priite  goeth  before  destruction.  —  Pro/. 
Priile  that  dines  on  vanity  sups  on  contempt.  Franklin. 
All  prvie  is  ableet  and  mean.  Johnson, 
Tliose  that  walk  in  pride  he  is  ahle  lo  abaso.  —  Dan.  iv. 

2.  Insolence  ;  rude  treatment  of  others  ;  insolent 
exultation. 

That  harxlly  we  escaped  the  pride  of  France.  Shak, 

3.  Generous  elation  of  heart ;  a  noble  self-esteem 
springing  from  a  consciousness  of  worth. 

The  honest  prid£  of  conscious  virtue.  Smith, 

4.  Elevation  ;  loftiness. 

A  falcon  towering  in  her  pruid  of  place.  Shak. 

5.  Decoration  ;  ornament ;  beauty  displayed. 
Whose  lofiy  trees  yctad  with  summer's  pride.  Spenser. 

Be  his  this  sworrl, 
Whose  Ivorv  slieath,  inwrought  with  curious  pride, 
Adds  graceful  terror  to  the  wearer's  sitle.  Pope. 

6.  Splendid  show  ;  ostentation. 
In  this  array,  the  war  of  either  side 

Through  Athens  passed  with  military  pride.  Dryden. 

7.  That  of  which  men  are  proud  ;  that  which  ex- 
cites boasting. 

I  will  cut  off  the  pride  of  the  Philistines.  —  Zech.  ix.   Zeph.  iii. 

8.  Excitement  of  the  sexual  appetite  in  a  female 
beast.  Shale, 

9.  Proud  persons.    Ps.  xxxri. 

PRIDE,  I).  (.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  pride 
one's  self,  to  indulge  pride  ;  to  take  pride  ;  to  value 
one's  self;  to  gratify  self-esteem.  They  pride  them- 
selves in  their  wealth,  dress,  or  equipage.  He  prides 
himself  in  his  achievements. 

PRIDE'FyL,  a.    Full  of  pride  ;  insolent ;  scornful. 

Richardson, 

PRIDE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  pride ;  without  pride. 

Cluiucer. 

PRID'INO,  ppr.    Indulging  pride  or  self-esteem  ;  tak- 
ing pride  ;  valuing  one's  self. 
PRID'ING-LY,  adv.    With  pride  ;  in  pride  of  heart. 

Barrow. 

PRIE  ;  supposed  to  be  so  written  for  Pritet. 

Tusser. 

PRTE,  for  Prt.  Chaucer. 

PRI  F.F,  fur  Proof.    [04s.]  Chaucer. 

PRI'ER,  71.  [from  pry.]  One  who  inquires  narrowly  ; 
one  who  searches  and  scrutinizes. 

PRIEST,  (preest,)  71.  [Sax.  preost ;  D.  and  G.  priester; 
Dan.  prast;  Fr.  prHre  ;  IL  prete;  from  h.prastes,  a 
chief,  one  that  presides;  pra,  before,  and  sto,  to 
stand,  or  sisto,  or  Gr.  iri/i> ;  or  contracted  from  pres- 

hyter.    In  Persic,  ^jUs^kmjJ  parastash  is  worship ; 

^iXaAamjJ  parastidan,  to  worship,  to  adore.] 

1.  Ori^nally  and  property,  one  who  ofllciates  at 
the  altar  or  performs  the  rites  of  sacrifice,  (iepcvi, 
sacerdos.)  Thus  it  is  used  in  the  pagan  writers  and 
in  the  Holy  Scriptures.  Murdock. 

In  primitive  ages,  the  fathers  of  families,  princes, 
and  kings,  were  priests.  Thus  Cain  and  Abel,  Noah, 
Abraham,  Melchizedeck,  Job,  Isaac,  and  Jacob,  of- 
fered their  own  .sacrifices.  In  the  days  of  Moses, 
the  oflice  of  priest  was  restricted  to  the  tribe  of 
Levi,  and  the  priesthood  consisted  of  three  orders, 
the  high  priests,  the  priests,  and  the  Levites,  an<l 
the  ofiice  was  made  hereditary  in  the  family  of 
Aaron. 

Every  priest  taken  from  among  men  Is  onlaincd  for  men  In  thin*^ 
p*'rt»iiiing  to  God,  that  he  may  offer  both  gifts  and  sacrifices 
for  sins.  —  lleb.  v. 

2.  In  the  Latin  and  Greek  churches,  one  who  is 
authorized  to  con:4ccrate  the  host  ami  to  say  mass  ; 
hut  especially,  one  of  the  lowest  order  possessing  this 
power.  Murdock. 

3.  In  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  a  presbyter  ; 
one  who  belongs  to  the  intermediate  order  between 
bishop  and  deacon.  He  is  authorized  tn  perform  all 
ministerial  services  except  that  of  ordination  and 
confirmation. 

The  Protestant  non-Episcopal  churches  discard  the 
title  priest:  yet  it  is  sometimes  used,  either  ignorantly 
or  contemptuously,  for  a  pastor  or  an  ordained  min- 
ister of  the  gospel.  Murdock. 
PRIlcST'ett.\FT,  (preest'krlft,)  n.  [priest  and  craft] 
The  stratagems  and  frauds  of  priests  ;  fraud  or  im- 
position in  religious  concerns;  management  of  selfish 


PRI 

and  ambitious  phe.-^t.s  to  gain  wealth  and  power,  or 
to  impose  un  the  credulity  of  others. 

Pope.  Spectator. 
PRIEST'ESS,  71.    A  female,  among  pagans,  who  of- 

fiitiated  in  sacred  things.  .Addison.  Swift. 

PRIEST'llQQU,  71.  The  oflice  or  character  of  a  priest. 

WhUirifte. 

2.  The  order  of  men  set  apart  for  sacred  oflices  ; 

the  order  composed  of  priests.  Dryden. 
PRI  K.ST'LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  priest,  or  that  which 

beltings  to  priests.  Shak, 
PRIkST'LI-NESS,  71.    The  appearance  and  manner 

of  _a  priest. 

PRIeST'LY,  (preest'lo,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  priest  or 
to  priests  ;  sacerdut.il  ;  as,  the  priestly  oflice. 

2.  liecoming  a  priest;  as,  pric^t/i/ sobriety  and  puri- 
ty of  life. 

PRIIiST'RlD-D£.\,  a,  [priest  and  ridden.  See 
Ride.] 

Managed  or  governed  by  priests.  Swift, 
PRIEVE,  for  Pkove.  Spenser. 
PRIO,  71.    [Cfrcch,  bold,  saucy,  impudent.] 

1.  A  pert,  conceited,  saucy,  pragmatical  fellow. 

.dddison.  Swift, 

2.  A  thief. 

PRIG,  V.  i.   To  haggle  about  the  price  of  a  commodity. 

[OAs.]  Ramsay's  Poems. 

PRIG,  B.  (.    To  filch  or  steal. 

PRIG'GISH,  a.    Afl'cctcd  ;  coxcomical ;  conceited. 

Brockctt. 

PRIC'CFfll-V  i       The  manners  of  a  prig.    Ed.  Rev, 
PRIG'GISIl-LY,  adv.    In  a  priggish  manner. 
PRILL,  n.    A  birt  or  turbot.  Jlinsirorlh. 
PRl.M,  a.    [Riiss.  primo,  or  priamo,  in  a  right  line, 

directly  ;  priamci,  straight,  direct,  true,  just.  See 

Prime.] 

Properly,  straight ;  erect ;  hence,  formal ;  precise-; 

affectedly  nice.  Sw\fL 
PRIM,  V.  t.    To  deck  with  great  nicety  ;  to  form  with 

affected  preciscness. 
PRIM,  71.    A  plant.  Privet,  Ligustrum  vulgare,  a  native 

of  Europe,  but  natiirali/.cd  in  the  United  St;ites  ;  a 

shrub  six  or  eight  feet  high. 
PRi'MA-CY,  71.    [It.  primaiia;  Fr.  primatie  ;  Sp.  pri- 

■maciai  from  L.  primatus,  from  primus,  first.  See 

Prime.] 

1.  The  chief  ecclesiastical  station  or  dignity  in  a 
national  church;  the  olfico  or  dignity  of  an  arch- 
bishop. Clarendon. 

2.  Excellency  ;  supremacy.  Barrow. 
PRl'MA  DOJ^-'J^-Jl,    [It.]    The  first  female  singer  in 

an  opera. 

PRI'MA  FA'CI-E,  (  fa'she-e,)  [L.]  At  first  view  or 
appearance. 

PRI' MAGE,  71.  In  commerce,  a  certain  allowance  paid 
by  the  shipper  or  consignee  of  goods  to  the  mariners 
and  master  of  a  vessel,  fur  loading  the  same. 

McCulloch. 

PRI'.MAL,  a.    [See  Prime.]    First.    [JV^ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

PRI-MAL'I-TY,  71.    State  of  being  primal.  Barter. 

PRI'MA-RI-LY,  adv.  [from  primary.]  In  the  first 
place  ;  originally  ;  in  the  first  intention.  The  word 
emperor  primarily  signifies  a  general  or  military  coni- 
niander-in-chief.  In  diseases,  the  physician  is  to 
attend  to  the  part  primarily  affected. 

PRI'MA-RI-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  first  in  time, 
in  act,  or  intention.  Aorrii. 

PRi'MA-RY,  0.    [L.  pri77ian'i«.    See  Prime.] 

1.  First  in  order  of  time  ;  original ;  as,  the  church 
of  Christ  in  its  primary  institution.  Pearson. 

These  I  call  original  or  primary  qualities  of  body.  Locke. 

2.  First  in  dignity  or  importance ;  chief ;  princi- 
pal. Our  ancestors  considered  the  education  of 
youth  o( primary  importance. 

3.  First  or  lowest  in  order;  preparatory  to  some- 
thing higher;  as,  primary  assemblies;  primary 
schools. 

4.  Radical;  original;  as,  the  primary  sense  of  a 
word. 

.5.  A  term  applied  to  the  stiff  quills  in  the  last 
joint  of  a  bird's  wing. 

Primary  planets.    See  Plawet. 

Primary  qualities  of  bodies,  are  such  as  are  original 
and  inseparable  from  them. 
PRI'MA-RY,  71,    That  which  suinds  highest  in  rank 
or  importance,  as  opposed  to  Secotcoarv. 

2.  A  name  of  the  largo  feathers  on  the  last  joint  of 
a  bird's  wing. 
PRI'.'\I.\TE,  n.    [It.  primato  :  Fr.  priTnot;  Low  L.  pri- 
tnas.    See  Prime.] 

The  chief  ecclesiastic  in  a  national  church  ;  an 
archbishop.  Encyc.  Swift. 

PRI'.MATE-SHIP,  H.  The  oflice  or  dignity  of  an 
archbishop. 

PRI-.MA'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.    Pertaining  to  a  primate. 

D'Anrille,  Trans. 
PRI-MAT'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  primate. 

Barrow. 

PRIME,  a.  [L.  primus  ;  Pnx.frum,  Gnlh.frum,  begin- 
ning, origin;  Ctitli.  frumisi,  first;  Dan. /rem,  for- 
ward, straight  on  ;  fremmer,  to  forward  or  promote  ; 


TC.NE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a«  in  THIS. 


86- 


PRl 

r^w.  fram,  frdmja ;  \V.  priv,  first ;  priinaw,  to  grow  np, 
to  increase,  to  prosper ;  Ir.  priomh,  tirst,  and  reamaitij 
beginning.    See  Class  Rin,  No.  3,  7,  9.] 

1.  First  in  order  of  time  ;  original ;  as,  prime  fa- 
tliers  ;  prime  creation.  Shak. 

In  this  sense,  the  nse  of  the  word  is  nearly  super- 
seded by  Primitive,  except  in  the  phrase  prime  cost. 

2.  First  in  rank,  degree,  or  dignity ;  bls,  prime  min- 
ister. 

3.  First  in  excellence  ;  as,  prime  wheat ;  cloth  of  a 
prime  quality.  Humility  and  resignation  are  prime 
virtues.  Dryden. 

4.  Early ;  blooming. 

Hb  8LirT7  helm,  unbuckled,  showed  himpnnw 

In  manhood,  where  youth  ended.  i^'Con. 

5.  First  in  value  or  importance. 

Prime  number ;  in  arithmetic^  a  number  which  is 
divisible  only  by  unity,  as  5,  7,  11.  Hutton. 

Prime  fi!rure;  in  geometry,  a  figure  which  can  not 
be  divided  into  any  other  figure  more  simple  than  it- 
sell,  as  a  triangle,  a  pyramid,  &.c. 
PRI.ME,  71.    The  first  opening  of  day ;  the  dawn  ;  the 
morning. 

Early  and  late  it  run^,  at  eyening  and  at  primt.  Spenser. 
The  sweel  hour  of  prime.  AlUton. 

2.  The  beginning ;  the  early  days. 

In  the  Tery  prim*  of  the  world.  Hooker. 

3.  The  spring  of  the  year. 

Hope  wailj  upon  the  Qowciy  prime.  Waller. 

4.  The  spring  of  life  ;  youth ;  hence,  full  health, 
strength,  or  beauty. 

That  crop  the  golden  prime  of  this  sweet  prince,  Skak. 
The  prime  of  youth.  Dryden. 

5.  The  best  part. 

GiTe  him  always  of  the  prime.  S-uci/t, 

6.  The  utmost  perfection. 

The  plants  —  would  have  been  all  in  prime.  Woodward. 

7.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  first  canonical 
hour,  succeeding  to  l.tuds.  Encyc. 

8.  In  fencintr,  the  first  of  the  chief  guards.  Encyc. 

9.  lt\  chemistry,  primes  are  numbers  employed,  in 
conformity  with  the  doctrine  of  definite  propor- 
tions, to  express  the  ratios  in  which  bodies  enter  into 
combination.  Primes,  duly  arranged  in  a  table, 
constitute  a  scale  of  chemical  equivalents.  They 
also  express  the  ratios  of  the  weights  of  atoms,  ac- 
cording to  the  atomic  theory. 

Prime  of  the  moon  ;  the  new  moon,  when  it  first 
appears  after  the  change.  Barlow. 

Prime  vertical ;  the  vertical  circle  which  passes 
through  the  oast  and  west  points  of  the  horizon. 
Dials  projected  on  the  pl.ine  of  this  circle,  are  called 
prime  vertical,  or  north  and  south  dials.  Brande. 
PIII.ME,  V.  t.    To  put  powder  in  the  pan  of  a  musket 
or  other  fire-arm  ;  or  to  lay  a  train  of  powder  for 
communicating  fire  to  a  charge.  Encyc. 
2.  To  lay  on  the  first  color  in  painting.  Encyc. 
PRIME,  V.  i.    To  serve  for  the  charge  of  a  gtin. 

Beaum. 

PRIME  MI.\'IS-TER,  n.  The  responsible  head  of  a 
ministry  or  executive  government;  applied  particu- 
larly to  that  of  Great  Britain. 

PUI.M'£D,  (primd,)  pp.  Having  powder  in  the  pan  ; 
having  the  first  color  in  painting. 

PRIME'LY,  adv.    At  first;  originally  ;  primarily. 
2.  Most  excellently.  [South. 

PRI.ME'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  first. 

2.  Supreme  excellence.  [Little  used  in  either  sense."] 

PRI'MER,  o.    First;  original.    [-Xolinuse.]  Drayton. 

PRIM'ER,  7!.  Originally,  a  small  prayer-book  for 
church  service,  or  an  office  of  the  Virgin  Mary  ;  also, 
a  work  of  elementary  religious  instruction. 

2.  A  email,  elementary  book  fur  teaching  children 
to  read. 

PRI'.MEK-FINE,  n.  In  England,  a  fine  due  to  the 
king,  on  the  writ  or  commencement  of  a  suit  by  fine. 

Blaclislone. 

PRI-Mk'RO,  71.  A  game  at  cards.  [Sp.] 
PRr.MF,Il-SKrZI.\,  71.  [prime  and  «ci:in.]  In  feudal 
law,  the  right  of  the  king,  when  a  tenant  in  capite 
died  seized  of  a  knight's  fee,  to  receive  of  the  heir, 
if  of  full  age,  one  year's  profits  of  the  land  if  in 
possession,  and  half  a  year's  profits  if  the  land  w.as 
in  reversion  expectant  on  an  estate  for  life  ;  abol- 
i>lied  by  12  Car.  II.  Encyc. 
PKI-.ME'VAL,  0.  [L.  primus,  first,  and  amum,  age; 
primaru-i.] 

Origliinl ;  primitive  ;  as,  the  primeval  innocence  of 
man  ;  primeval  day.  Blackmore. 
PKI-.MK'VfJUH,  a.  Primeval. 

PRI -.MI  GE'NI-AL,  o.  [I^  primigmius ;  primus,  (irsl, 
and  genus,  kind,  ftr  gignor^  to  beget,] 

Kirit  born  ;  original ;  primary.  Bp.  IJall. 

PRI  MI<i'K-NOUH,  a.  [Supra.]  First  formi  d  or 
gi  nerated  ;  original ;  an,  Kr.mi-primigeiwwi  strata. 

PRI'MINr,,  (-in,)  71.    [l^  primus.]  [Kirtcan. 
Ill  biiiMny,  the  outermost  inti  giimcnt  of  an  ovule  ; 
one  of  the  iiaca  cnnlaining  an  ovule.  I.indley, 

PKIM'I.NG,  ppr.  Putting  powder  in  the  pan  of  a  fire- 
arm. 

2.  Laying  on  the  first  color  in  painting. 


PRl 

PKIM'ING,  71.  The  powder  in  the  pan  of  a  gun,  or 
laid  along  the  channel  of  a  cannon  for  conveying 
fire  to  the  charge. 

2.  Among  painters,  the  first  color  laid  on  canvas, 
or  on  a  building,  &:c. 

3.  In  steam-engines,  the  hot  water  carried  along  by 
the  steam  from  the  boiler  into  the  cylinder,  which 
is  always  an  evil.  Buchanan. 

PRi.M'ING-WiRE,  71.    A  pointed  wire,  used  to  pene- 
trate the  vent  of  a  piece,  for  examining  the  powder 
of  the  charge,  or  for  piercing  the  cartridge.  Encyc 
PRi-MIP'I-LAR,  a.    [L.  primipilus,  the  centurion  of 
the  first  cohort  of  a  Roman  legion.] 
Pertaining  to  the  captain  of  the  vanguard. 

Barroic. 

PRI-MI"TIAL,  (pil  raish'al,)  a.  Being  of  the  first 
production.  Ainsinorth. 

PRIM'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  primilivo  ;  Fr.  primUif ;  L. 
primiticus ;  from  primus,  first.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  beginning  or  origin,  or  to  early 
times;  original;  first;  as,  the  primitive  state  of 
Adam ;  primitive  innocence  ;  primitive  ages  ;  the 
primitire  church  ;  the  primitive  Christian  church  or 
institutions  ;  the  primitive  fathers.    White.  TMotson. 

2.  Formal ;  affectedly  solemn  ;  imitating  the  sup- 
posed gravity  of  old  times.  Johnson, 

3.  Original ;  primary  ;  radical ;  not  derived  ;  as,  a 
primitive  verb  in  grammar. 

Primitive  colors,  in  painting,  are  red,  yellow,  and 
blue,  from  the  combination  of  which  all  other  colors 
may  be  produced. 

Primitive  rocks  ;  in  geology,  rocks  supposed  to  be 
first  formed,  being  irregularly  crjstallized,  and  ag- 
gregated without  a  cement,  and  containing  no  or- 
ganic remains,  as  granite,  gneiss,  &c. 
PlilM'I-TIVE,  71.  An  original  word  ;  a  word  not  de- 
rived from  another. 
PRI.M'I-TIVE-LY,  aiZo.    Originally;  at  first. 

Brovm, 

2.  Primarily  ;  not  derivatively. 

3.  According  to  the  original  rule  or  ancient  prac- 
tice. South. 

PRIM'I-TIVE-NESS,  7t.  State  of  being  original ;  an- 
tiquity ;  conformity  to  antiquity.  Johnson. 

PRIM'I-TV,  n.  The  state  of  being  origin.il.  [JVot 
used.]  Pearson. 

PRIM'ilED,  pp.    Decked  with  great  nicety. 

PRLM'NESS,  71.  [from  prim.]  Aflected  formality  or 
niceness  ;  stiffness;  preciscness. 

PRI'MO,  Jlt.l    In  music,  the  first  or  leading  part. 

PRI-JIO-Ge'NI-AL,  a.    [L.  primigenius.    See  Pki- 

MIGENIAL.] 

First  born,  made,  or  generated  ;  original ;  primary  ; 

constituent ;  elemental ;  as,  primogenial  light ;  pri- 

mogenial  bodies,  Boyle. 
PRI-MO-GEN'I-TIVE,  71.  of  a.   A  term  applied  to  the 

right  of  primogeniture.  Sliak. 
PRI-MO-GEN'I-TOR,  71.    [L.  primus,  first,  and  geni- 

tor,  father.] 

The  first  fnther  or  forefather.  Oayton. 
PRI-MO-GEN'I-TURE,  71.    [L.  primus,  first,  and  geni- 
tus,  begotten.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  bom  first  of  the  same 
parents  ;  seniority  by  birth  among  children. 

2.  In  law,  the  right  which  belongs  to  the  eldest  son 
or  daughter.  Thus,  in  Oreat  Britain,  the  right  of 
inheriting  the  estate  of  the  father  belongs  to  the  eldest 
son,  and  in  the  royal  family,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
king  is  entitled  to  the  throne  by  primogeniture. 
Among  the  females,  the  crown  descends  by  right  of 
primogeniiure  to  the  eldest  daughter  only,  and  her 
issue.  Blackstone. 

Before  the  revolution,  primogeniture,  in  some  of 
the  American  colonies,  entitled  the  elilest  son  to  a 
double  portion  of  his  father's  estate;  but  this  right 
has  been  abolished. 

PKI-.MO-GEN'1-TURE-SHIP,  71.  The  state  or  privi- 
leges of  one  who  is  the  first  born. 

PRI-.MOR'DI-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  primordialis,  pri- 
mordinm ;  primits,  first,  and  ordo,  order.] 

First  in  order  ;  original ;  existing  from  the  begin- 
ning. Boyle. 

PRI-.MOR'DI-AL,  Tt.  Origin  ;  first  principle  or  ele- 
ment. More. 

PRI-MOR'DI-AN,  71.    A  kind  of  plum. 

PRI-MOR'DI-ATE,  o.  [See  Primordial.]  Original; 
existing  from  the  first.  Boyle. 

PRI.MP,  f.  i.  To  be  form.-il  or  affected.  [JVot  English, 
or  local.  ] 

PRI.M'ROSE,  71.  [L.  primula  veris  ;  primus,  first,  and 
Tosa,  a  rose ;  literally,  the  first,  or  an  early  rose  in 
spring.] 

An  early  flowering  plant  of  the  genus  Primula,  of 
Fcveral  varieties,  as  the  white,  the  red,  the  ycllow- 
flowcrcd,  &c.  Shakspeare  uses  the  word  for  gay  or 
flowery  ;  as,  the  primrose  way. 

PKt'MUM  MOWI-LK,  [L.]  First  c.iuse  of  motion. 
In  the  Ptolemaic  syslctn,  the  outermost  of  the  revolv- 
ing spheres  of  the  universe,  which  was  supposed  to 
give  motion  to  all  the  others. 

PRTMUS  UTTER  PA' RES,  [L.]  Chief  among 
cqiinli). 

PRI'MY,a.    Blooming.    [JV««  wstd.]  Shak. 
PRINCE,  (prins,)  n.    [Fr.  id. ;  lu  and  Sp.  principe ;  L.  I 


PRl 

princeps ;  D,  prins ;  G.  prim  ;  Arm.  pring.  This  word 
is  probably  compounded  of  primus,  corrupted,  as  the 
Gr.  and  ceps,  head,  Fr.  chef;  or  perhaps  of  the 

Celtic  breen,  summit,  whence  VV.  brenin,  king,  an 
exalted  one,  and  ceps.    Hence  Brennus,  the  name  of 

a  celebrated  Gaulish  commander.   In  Pers.  j^jJ^J 

barin  signifies  lofty,  or  one  elevated  in  place  oi  of- 
fice.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  sovereign  ;  the  chief  and  in- 
dependent ruler  of  a  nation  or  state.  Thus,  when 
we  speak  of  the  princes  of  Europe,  we  include  em- 
perors and  kings.  Hence,  a  chief  in  general ;  as,  a 
prince  of  the  celestial  host,  Milton. 

2.  A  sovereign  in  a  certain  territory  ;  one  who  has 
the  government  of  a  particular  state  or  tenitor>',  but 
holds  of  a  superior  to  whom  he  owes  certain  services ; 
as,  the  princes  of  the  German  states. 

3.  The  son  of  a  king  or  emperor,  or  the  issue  of  a 
royal  family  ;  as,  princes  of  the  blood.  In  England, 
the  eldest  son  of  the  king  is  created  prince  of  Wales. 

Brande. 

4.  The  chief  of  any  body  of  men.  Peacham. 

5.  A  chief  or  ruler  of  either  se.x.  Queen  Elizabeth 
is  called,  by  Camden,  prince  ;  but  this  application  is 
unusual  and  harsh. 

Prince  of  the  senate,  in  ancient  Rome,  was  the  per- 
son first  called  in  the  roll  of  senators.  Brande. 

In  Scripture,  this  name  prince  is  given  to  God,  Z>a7i. 
viii. ;  to  Christ,  who  is  called  the  Prince  of  peace, 
Is.  ix.,  and  the  Prince  of  life,  Acts  iii. ;  to  the  chief 
of  the  priests,  the  prince  of  the  sanctuary.  Is.  xliii. ; 
to  the  Roman  emperor,  Dan.  ix. ;  to  men  of  superior 
worth  and  excellence,  Eccles.  x. ;  to  nobles,  counsel- 
ors, and  officers  of  a  kingdom.  Is.  x. ;  to  the  chief 
men  of  families  or  tribes,  JVum.  xvii. ;  to  Satan,  who 
is  called  the  prince  of  this  world,  ^tfAii  xii.,  and  prince 
of  the  power  of  the  air,  Eph.  ii. 

PRINCE,  V.  i.  To  play  the  prince  ;  to  take  stale.  Shak. 

PRINCE'DOM,  (prins'dum,)  n.    The  jurisdiction,  sov- 
ereignty, rank,  or  estate,  of  a  prince. 


Under  thee,  as  liead  supreme, 
Thrones,  priruxdome,  powers,  dominions,  I  redu 


AfiUon. 


PRINCE'LiKE,  a.  Becoming  a  prince.  Shak. 
PRINCE'LI-NESS,  7i.    [from  princely.]     The  state, 

manner,  or  dignity,  of  a  prince.  Sherwood. 
PRINCE'LY,  a.    Resembling  a  prince  ;  having  the 

appearance  of  one  high  born;  stately;  dignified; 

as,  a  princely  gentleman  ;  a  princely  youth.  Skak. 

2.  Having  the  rank  of  princes  ;  as,  a  man  of  prince- 
ly birth  ;  a  princely  dame.  Sidney,  fi'aller. 

3.  Becoming  a  prince  ;  royal ;  grand  ;  august ;  as, 
a  princely  gift ;  princely  virtues.        Shak.  Waller. 

4.  Very  large  ;  as,  a  princely  fortune. 

5.  Magnificent;  rich  ;  as,  a  pri/icc/y  entertainment. 
PRINCE'LY,  adv.  In  a  prince-like  manner.  Johnson. 
PRIN'CE'S-FEATH'ER,  (-feth'er,)  n.    An  annual 

plant  of  the  genus  Amaranthus.  London. 
PRIN'CE'S  MET'JL,  7i.    A  compound  of  copper  and 

zinc,  in  imitation  of  gold  ;  also  called  Prince  RuperVs 

metal.  Ure. 
PRIN'CESS,  71.   A  female  sovereign,  as  an  empress  or 

queen.  Dryden. 

2.  A  sovereign  lady  of  rank  next  to  that  of  a  queen. 

Johnson. 

3.  The  daughter  of  a  king.  Shak. 

4.  The  consort  of  a  prince ;  as,  the  princess  of 
Wales. 

PRIN'CESS-LIKE,  )  a.    In  the  manner  of  a  princess. 
PRIN'CESS-LY,      i  Byron. 
PRIN'CI-PAL,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  principalis,  (mm  prin- 
ceps.] 

1.  Chief ;  highest  in  rank,  character,  or  respecta- 
bility ;  as,  the  principal  oflicers  of  a  government ;  the 
principal  men  of  a  city,  town,  or  state.  .4cts  xiv. 
1  Chron.  xxiv. 

2.  Chief;  most  important  or  considerable;  as,  the 
principal  topics  of  debate  ;  the  principal  arguments  in 
a  case  ;  the  principal  points  of  law  ;  the  principal 
beams  of  a  building  ;  the  principal  productions  of  a 
country. 

Wisdom  is  the  principal  thing.  —  ProT.  ir. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prince ;  princely.  [.4  Latin  use.} 

Speniicr.    Rich.  Diet. 

4.  In  taie,  a  principal  challenge,  is  where  the  cause 
assigned  carries  with  it  prima  facie  evidence  of  par- 
tiality, favor,  or  malice.  Blackstone. 

5.  In  music,  fundamental. 

PRIN'CI-PAL,  71.  A  chief  or  head  ;  one  who  takes 
the  lead  ;  as,  the  principal  o{  a  faction,  an  insurrec- 
tion, or  mutiny. 

2.  The  president,  governor,  or  chief  in  nulhority. 
We  apjily  the  word  to  the  chief  instructor  of  un  acad- 
emy or  seminary  of  learning. 

3.  In  law,  the  actor  or  absolute  perpetrator  of  a  crime, 
or  an  abettor.  A  principal  in  the  first  degree,  is  the 
absolute  perpetrator  Of  the  crime  ;  u  principal  in  the 
second  degree,  is  one  who  is  present,  aiding  and  abet- 
ting the  fact  to  be  done  ;  distingiiistied  from  an  Ac- 
ctssonv.  In  treason, all  persons  concerned  are  prin- 
cipals. Blackstone. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK — 


868 


PRI 


PRI 


PRI 


4.  In  commerce,  a  cnpitnl  sum  lent  on  interest,  diie 
as  a  dubt  or  used  as  a  ftnid  ;  so  called  in  distinction 
Ironi  Interest  or  Prokits. 

Tii)tc8  inuBl  lie  conliiiiicd,  iK'cauic  wc  have  no  other  mcf  hb  for 
piying  oil'  llic  princijxil.  Swift. 

5.  One  primarily  engaged ;  a  chief  party  ;  in  dis- 
tinction from  an  Auih-iary. 

Wc  WOO!  not  pnncipalt^  but  auxilliiric*,  in  the  war.  Swifl. 
G.  In  music,  an  organ  stop. 
PRIN-CI-PAL'I-TY,  n.    [Vr.  jn-incipalUi.] 

1.  Sovereignty  ;  supreme  pover.    Sidney.  Spen.i/T. 

2.  A  prince ;  one  invested  with  sovereignty.  Tit. 
iii.  Millon. 

3.  The  territory  of  a  prince  ;  or  the  country  which 
gives  title  to  a  prince  ;  as,  the  principaliUj  of  Wales. 

4.  Superiority  ;  predominance.    [^Little  u.vf(/.] 

Taylor. 

5.  In  Scripture,  royal  state  or  attire.   Jer.  .\iii. 
PRIN'CI-PAL-LY,  adv.    Chiefly  ;  above  all. 

They  nii3t--^ke  the  nature  of  criticism,  who  think  its  businpsa  is 
principally  to  find  fiiult.  Drytlen. 

PRIN'(;r-PAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  principal 
or  chief. 

PRIN'CI-PATE,  n.    Principality  ;  supreme  rule. 

Barrote. 

PRIN-CIP'I-A,  n.  pL    [L.  principium.] 

First  principles ;  the  title  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's 
great  work. 

PRIiN-ClP'I-ANT,  a.  Relating  to  principles  or  begin- 
nings. 

PRIN-CIP-I-A'TION,  n.    [from  L.  principium.] 

Analysis  into  constituent  or  elemental  parts.  [JVot 
used.']  Bacon. 

PRL\'CI-PLE,  71.  [It.  principio  ;  Fr.  principc ;  L.  prin- 
cipium, beginning.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  cause,  source,  or  origin, 
of  any  thing  ;  that  from  which  a  thing  proceeds ;  as, 
the  principle  of  motion  ;  the  principles  of  action. 

Dryden. 

2.  Element ;  constituent  part ;  primordial  sub- 
stance. 

3.  Being  that  produces  any  thing ;  operative  cause. 

The  aoul  of  man  is  an  active  principle,  TilloLson. 

4.  In  science,  a  truth  admitted  either  without  proof, 
or  considered  as  having  been  before  proved.  In  tlie 
former  sense,  it  is  synonymous  with  axiom ;  in  the 
latter,  with  tiie  phrase  established  principle. 

5.  Ground  ;  foundation  ;  that  which  supports  an 
assertion,  an  action,  or  a  series  of  actions  or  of  rea- 
soning. On  what  principle  can  this  be  affirmed  or 
denied.'  lie  justifies  his  proceedings  on  ti\e  princi- 
ple, of  expedience  or  necessity.  lie  reasons  on  sound 
principles. 

6.  .\  general  truth ;  a  law  comprehending  many 
subordinate  truths;  tlie  princtples  o€  morality,  of 
law,  of  government,  &c. 

7.  Tenet ;  that  which  is  believed,  whether  truth  or 
not,  but  which  serves  as  a  rule  of  action  or  the  basis 
of  a  system  ;  as,  the  principles  of  the  Stoics,  or  of 
the  Epicureans. 

8.  A  settled  law  or  rule  of  action  in  human  beings. 
Thus  it  is  a  principle  of  human  nature  to  resent  in- 
juries and  repel  insults. 

Proriinate  principle.    See  Pbotimate. 
PRIX'CI-PLE,  I),  t.    To  establish  or  fix  in  tenets  ;  to 
impress  with  any  tenet,  good  or  ill ;  chiefly  used  in  the 
participle. 

Men  hiATe  been  principled  with  an  opinion  that  they  must  not 
consult  reason  in  things  of  religion.  Locke. 

2.  To  establish  firmly  in  the  mind.  Locke. 

PRIPi'CI-PL£D,  pp.  Established  in  opinion  or  in  ten- 
ets ;  firmly  fixed  in  the  mind. 

PRIX'CI-PLING,  ppr.  Establishing  firmly  in  the 
mind. 

PRIN'eOCK,  )  71.    [Q.n.  prink,  or  prim,  Tmi  cock.]  A 
PRIN'COX,    i    coxcomb  ;  a  conceited  person  ;  a  pert 
young  rogue;  a  ludicrous  word.     [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

PRINK,  t>.  1.  [D.  pronken,  to  shine,  to  make  a  show, 
to  strut ;  G.  prangrn,  to  shine,  to  make  a  .show  ; 
prunken,  id.  ;  Dan.  prunker,  to  make  a  sht>w,  to  strut ; 
Sw.  prunku,  to  make  a  figure.  If  n  is  casual,  these 
words  are  radically  the  same  as  Sw.  prarki,  Dan.  D. 
pragt,  G.  pracht,  iwmp,  show,  and  all  coinciding  in 

origin  with  Ar.  OjJ  iaraAa,  to  shine, to  adorn.  See 

Prance  and  Prank.] 

1.  To  prank  ;  to  dress  for  show. 

2.  To  strut ;  to  put  on  stately  airs. 
PRIN'K,  r.  t.    To  dress  or  adjust  to  ostentation. 
PRINK'IXG,  ppr.    Dressing  for  show.  [Coirprr. 
PRINT,  V.  t.    [\V.  printiaw,  to  print ;  Fr.  imprimrr, 

emprrinte ;  Sp.  imprimir :  It.  imprimere ;  from  L.  im- 
primo  ;  in  and  premo,  to  press  ;  It.  improntare,  to  print, 
to  importune,  and  this  from  pronture,  to  importune, 
(that  is,  to  press,)  from  pronto,  ready,  bold,  L.  promp- 
tus,  that  is,  pressed  or  pressing  forward.  In  \V. 
prim  is  said  by  Owen  to  be  from  rhint,  a  groove 
or  notch,  and  if  this  is  the  original  word,  print 
must  be  a  dilTerent  word  from  the  Fr.  imprimer. 
The  Italian  unites  the  L.  premo  and  promo.] 


1.  In  ffcneral,  to  take  or  form  letters,  characters,  or 
figures  on  paper,  cloth,  or  other  mati  rini,  by  impres- 
sion. Thus  letters  are  taken  on  jiapcr  by  impri  ssing 
it  on  types  blackened  with  ink.  Figures  an-  printed 
on  cloth  by  means  of  blocks  or  a  cylinder.  'I'he 
rolling  press  is  employed  to  take  prints  or  impressionH 
from  cop|)er-plates.  Thus  wc  say,  to  print  books,  to 
print  calico,  to  print  tunes,  music,  likenesses,  &.c. 

2.  To  mark  by  pressing  one  thing  on  another. 
On  his  fiery  steed  betimes  he  rotle, 

That  Bc.ircely  prints  tlie  turf  on  wlioh  he  trod.  Dryden. 

3.  To  impress  any  thing  so  as  to  leave  its  form. 
Perhaps  some  footsteps  printed  in  tlio  clay.  lioscommon. 

4.  To  form  by  impression. 

Yo  sh-dl  not  make  any  eudinps  In  your  flesh,  nor  /mnf  any 
marks  upon  you.  —  L.cv,  xix. 

PRINT,  V.  i.  To  use  or  practice  the  art  of  typography, 
or  of  taking  impressions  of  letters,  figures,  and  the 
like. 

2.  To  publish  a  book.  [Elliptical.] 
From  the  moment  he  piinit,  he  must  expect  to  hear  no  more 
of  truth.  Pope. 

PRINT,  71.  A  mark  made  by  impression  ;  any  line, 
character,  figure,  or  intlentation  of  any  form,  made 
by  the  pressure  of  one  body  or  tiling  on  another  ;  as, 
the  print  of  the  tooth  or  of  the  nails  in  flesh  ;  the 
print  of  the  foot  in  sand  or  snow  ;  the  print  of  a 
wheel ;  the  print  of  types  on  paper.  Hence, 

2.  Tlie  impressions  tif  types  in  general,  as  to  form, 
size,  &c. ;  as,  a  small  pnnt  ,•  a  large  print ;  a  lair 
priijf- 

3.  That  which  impresses  its  form  on  any  thing ; 
as,  a  butter  priTit ;  a  wooden  print, 

4.  Tlie  representation  or  figure  of  any  thing  made 
by  impression  ;  as,  the  print  of  the  face  ;  the  pri/i(  of 
a  temple;  prints  of  antiquities.  Dryden. 

5.  In  architecture,  a  plaster  cast  of  a  flat  ornament, 
or  an  ornament  of  this  kind  formed  of  plaster  from 
a  mold.  Olo.'is.  of  Archil. 

6.  The  state  of  being  printed  and  published.  Dif- 
fidence sometimes  prevents  a  man  from  suffering  his 
works  to  appear  in  print. 

I  love  a  ballad  in  print.  Shak. 

7.  A  single  sheet  printed  for  sale  ;  a  newspaper. 
The  prints,  about  tliree  days  after,  were  filled  with  the  same 

tiTins.  Atldison. 

8.  Formal  method.    [JVot  in  use.]  Locke. 

9.  Prints;  in  the  plural,  engravings;  also,  printed 
calicoes. 

Out  of  print :  a  phrase  which  signifies  that,  of  a 
printed  and  published  work,  there  are  no  copies  for 
sale,  or  none  for  sale  by  the  publisher. 
PRINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Impressed  with  letters,  &c.  ; 
indented. 

PRINT'ER,  71.  One  that  prints  books,  pamphlets,  or 
papers. 

2.  One  that  stains  or  prints  cloth  with  figures,  as 
calico.  *■ 

3.  One  that  impresses  letters  or  figures  with  cop- 
per-plates. 

PRI.N'T'ING,  ppr.  Impressing  letters,  characters,  or 
figures  on  any  thing  ;  making  marks  or  indentations. 

PRINT'INt;,  71.  The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  impress- 
ing letters,  characters,  or  figures  on  paper,  cloth,  or 
other  material ;  the  business  of  a  printer ;  typogra- 
phy. 

Letter  press  printing,  is  that  which  is  performed 
from  movable  types  set  up  for  each  edition  of  a 
work,  instead  of  stereotype  plates. 

PRINT'ING-INK,  «.  Ink  used  in  printing  books, 
newspapers,  &c.  It  is  composed  of  lamp-black 
mingled  with  linseed  oil  boiled  down  to  a  thick  con- 
sistence, or  with  balsam  of  capivi  and  other  ingre- 
dients for  the  finer  qualities.  Buchanan. 

PRINT'ING-MA-CHINE',  71.  A  general  name  for  all 
printing  presses  in  which  the  work  is  performed  by 
machinerv,  and  not  directly  by  hand.  Buchanan. 

PRINT'ING-PA'PER,  t?.  Paper  to  bo  used  in  the 
printing  of  books,  pamphlets,  &c.  ;  as  distinguished 
from  writing-paper,  press-paper,  wrapping-paper,  &c. 

PRINT'ING-PRESS,  n.  A  press  for  the  printing  of 
books,  &c. 

PRINT' LESS,  a.  That  leaves  no  print  or  impression  ; 
as,  printlcss  feet.  Jiftlton- 

PRI'OR,  a.  [L.  comp.  Probably  the  first  syllable  is 
contracted  from  pris,  prid,  or  some  other  word,  for 
the  Latin  bus  prisce,  pristinus.] 

Preceding  in  the  order  of  time;  former;  antece- 
dent ;  anterior  ;  as,  a  prior  discovery  ;  prior  obliga- 
tion. The  discovery  of  the  continent  of  America  by 
Cabot  was  six  or  seven  weeks  prior  to  the  discovery 
of  it  by  Columbus.  The  discovery  of  the  Labrador 
coast  by  Cabot  was  on  the  Ilth  of  June,  1499 ;  that 
of  the  continent  by  Columbus,  wa3  on  the  1st  of 
,\iigiist  of  the  same  year. 

PRI'OR,  n.    [Fr.  pritur  ;  It.  pnore  ;  I,,  prior.] 

1.  The  superior  of  a  convent  of  monks,  or  one 
next  in  dignity  to  an  abbot.  Priors  are  claustral  or 
conrenticnl.  The  conventical  are  the  same  as  abbots. 
A  claustral  prior  is  one  that  governs  the  religious  of 
an  abbey  or  priory  in  commendam,  having  his  juris- 
diction wholly  from  the  abbot.  Encyc 


3.  In  some  churches,  one  who  presides  ovcrolliera 

in  the  same  churches.  Ayliffe. 
PRI'OR-ATE,  71.  Government  by  a  prior.  If'arton. 
PRI'OR-ESS,  71.    A  female  superior  of  a  convent  of 

nuns.  Drtidrn, 
PRI-OR'I-TV,  ti.    The  state  of  being  antecedent  in 

time,  or  of  preceding  something  else  ;  n^*,  priority  of 

birth.    The  priority  of  Iluiuer  or  Ilt^siod  has  been 

a  subject  of  aispute. 
2.  Precedence  in  place  or  rank.  Shak. 
Priority  ofdebti,  is  a  superior  claim  to  payment,  or 

to  pavment  before  others. 
PRI'OR-LY,  adv.    Antecedently.    [A  had  vord,  and 

nut  used.]  Oeddes 
PRI'OK-sillP,  77.    The  state  or  office  of  prior. 
PItl'OR-Y,  71.    A  convent  of  which  a  prior  is  the 

superior,  in  dignity  below  an  abbey.  Shak, 
2.  PrioricH  Mv  the  churches  given  to  priors  171  tilu- 

him,  or  by  way  of  title.  ^  Jlylijfe, 

PRl'S.VCE,  n.    [Fr.  prise,  from*  priser,  to  prize  or 

value.] 

A  right  belonging  to  the  crown  of  England,  o*' 
taking  two  tuns  of  wine  from  every  ship  importing 
twenty  tuns  or  more  ;  one  before  and  one  behind 
the  m.ast.  This,  by  charter  of  Edward  I.,  was  ex- 
changed into  a  duty  of  two  shillings  for  every  tun 
imported  by  nii  rehant  strangers,  and  called  butler- 
atre,  because  paid  to  the  king's  butler.  Blackstonr. 

PRIS-CILL'IAN-IST,  71.  In  church  history,  a  follower 
of  Priscillian,  bishop  of  Avila,  in  Spain,  in  the  fourth 
century.  Priscillian  embraced  some  of  the  errors 
of  the  Gnostics  or  Manicht^es,  and,  though  of  un- 
impeachable morals  and  a  very  devout  man,  he  was 
arraigned  as  a  heretic  before  an  ecclesiastical  court, 
condemned,  and  afterward  put  to  death  by  order  of 
the  emperor,  A.  I).  385.  This  w.as  the  first  instance 
on  record  of  putting  a  man  to  death  for  heresy  under 
a  ("hristian  government,  and  it  met  with  strong  dis- 
approbation from  Gregory  of  Tours  and  other  distin- 
giiishetl  ecclesiastics.  Jilurdock. 

PllISE,  n.    A  lever.    [See  Prize.]  IIulliireH. 

PRIS.M,  n.  [Fr.  prisme ;  Low  L.  Sp.  and  It.  pruvma  ; 
Gr.  TTotapii,  from  rroiu,  to  cut  with  a  saw,  to  press 
or  strain,  Riiss.  pru,] 

A  solid  whose  bases  or  ends  arc  any  similar,  equal, 
and  parallel  plane  figures,  and  whose  sides  arc  par- 
allelograms. 

A  trihedral  prism  of  glass  is  one  bounded  by  two 
equal  and  parallel  triangular  ends  and  three  plain 
and  well-polished  sides  which  meet  in  three  parallel 
lines,  running  from  the  three  angles  of  one  enti  to 
the  three  angles  of  the  other  end.  This  is  the  prism 
used  in  optics  to  separate  the  different  colors. 

JWicfffn. 

PRIS-MAT'ie,  )  a.  Resembling  a  prism  ;  as,  a 
PR1S-MAT'I€-AL,  1     prismatic  form. 

2.  Separated  or  distributed  by  a  prism  ;  formed  by 
a  prism  ;  as,  prismatic  colors. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prism. 
PRIS-.MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  form  or  manner 

of  a  prism.  Boyle. 
PRIS-MA-TOID'AL,  a.    [L.  prisma  and  Gr.  £i<!o{.] 

Having  a  prism-like  form.  Ore. 
PRIS'.VKHD,  71.    [L.  pn>ma  and  Gr.  ctfos,  form.] 

A  body  that  approaches  to  the  form  of  a  prism. 
PRIS-.MoiD'AL,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  prismoid. 
PRISM'Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  a  prism. 

Am.  Review. 

PRIS'ON,  (pri7.'n,y  n.  [Fr.,  from  p7-i.i,  taken,  from 
prendre,  to  take,  L.  prcndo Sp.  pr  'usion ;  Arm.  p7^- 
soun.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  any  place  of  confinement,  or 
involuntary  restraint ;  but  appropriately,  a  public 
building  for  the  confinement  or  safe  custody  of  debt- 
ors and  criminals  committed  by  process  of  law  ;  a 
jail.  Originally,  a  prison,  as  Lord  Coke  observes, 
was  only  a  place  of  safe  custody  ;  but  it  is  now  em- 
ployed as  a  place  of  punishment.  Wc  have  stale 
prisons,  for  the  confinement  of  criminals  by  way  of 
punishment. 

2.  Any  place  of  confinement  or  restraint. 

The  tyrant  .£otus, 
With  power  imperial,  cnrt«  the  striig^iing  winds, 
^nd  soimding  tempesu  in  dark  prisons  binds.  Dryden. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  low,  obscure,  afflicted  condition. 
Eccles.  iv. 

4.  The  cave  where  David  was  confined.  Ps.  cxiii. 
.S.  .A  st.ate  of  spiritual  bondage,    fs.  xlii. 

PRIS'ON,  r.  t.  To  shut  up  in  a  pristm ;  to  confinej 
to  restrain  from  liberty. 

2.  To  confine  in  any  manner.  Shak. 

3.  To  captivate  ;  to  enchain.  Millon, 
[This  word  is  proper,  but  Imprison  is  more  com- 
monly used.] 

PRIS'6.\-BaSE,  71.  A  kind  of  rural  sport  dep<-nding 
on  swiftness  in  running  ;  commonly  called  Prison- 
bars.  Strutt. 

PRIS'ON-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Imprisoned:  confined;  re- 
strained. 

PRIS'ON-ER,  n.  One  who  is  confined  in  a  prison  by 
legal  arrest  or  warrant 

2.  A  person  under  arrest  or  in  custody  of  the  sher- 
iff, whether  in  prison  or  not ;  as,  a  prisoner  at  the 
bar  of  a  court. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TTNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  TH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


109' 


UUU' 


PRI 


PRI 


PRI 


3.  A  captive  ;  one  taken  by  an  enemy  in  war. 

4.  One  whose  liberty  is  restrained,  as  a  bird  in  a 

PRil'ON-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  in  which  prisoners 
are  confined  ;  a  jail.    Judges  .\vi.  Shak, 

PRIS' ON-ING,  ppr.    Confining;  imprisoning. 

PRIS'ON-.MENT,  n.    Confinement  in  a  prison  ;  im- 
prisonment. S/ta4. 
[  The  latter  is  commonly  used,] 

PRIS'TINE,  (-tin,)  a.    \L.  pristinus.    See  Prior  and 

PR.*.] 

First ;  original ;  primitive  ;  as,  the  pristine  slate  of 
innocence  ;  the  pristine  manners  of  a  people  ;  the 
pristine  constitution  of  things.  J^ewton. 
PRIT  H'EE  ;  a  corruption  of  pray  thee,  as,  I  prithee  ;  but 

it  is  generally  used  without  the  pronoun,  prithee, 
PRIT'TLE-PRAT'TLE,    n.     Empty  talk ;  trifling 
loquacity  ;  a  word  used  in  contempt  or  ridicule. 

Bp.  Bramhall. 

PRI'VA-CY,  n.  [from  private.']  A  state  of  being  in 
retirement  from  the  company  or  obseivation  cjf  others; 
secrecy, 

2.  A  place  of  seclusion  from  company  or  observa- 
tion ;  retreat ;  solitude ;  retirement. 

Her  sacred  priwuMS  ail  open  lie.  Rome. 

3.  Privity.    [JVotused.]    [See  Privitv.] 

Arbuthnot, 

4.  Taciturnity.    [Wot  iwcrf.]  JUnsicorth. 

5.  Secrecy  ;  concealment  of  what  is  said  or  done. 
PRI-Va'DO,  n.    [Sp.]    A  secret  friend.    [JVo«  used.] 

Bacon. 

PRI'VATE,  a.  [L.  privatus,  from  privo,  to  bereave, 
properly,  to  strip  or  separate ;  privas,  singular,  several, 
peculiar  to  one's  self,  that  is,  separale  ;  It.  prirare, 
Sp,  privar,  Fr.  priver,  to  deprive.  Privo  is  probably 
from  the  root  of  bereave.  Sax.  bereajian  or  gercafian, 
from  reafian,  to  strip,  to  spoil,  L.  rapio,  diripio,  eripio  : 
privo,  for  perivo  or  berivo  ;  W.  rhaib,  A  snatching; 
rheibiaic,  to  snatch.    See  Rip,  Reap,  and  Strip,] 

1.  Properly,  separate;  unconnected  with  others; 
hence,  peculiar  to  one's  self;  belonging  to  or  con- 
cerning an  individual  only  ;  as,  a  man's  private  opin- 
ion, business,  or  concerns ;  private  property ;  the 
king's  private  purse ;  a  man's  private  expenses. 
Charge  the  money  to  my  private  account  in  the  com- 
pany's books. 

2.  Peculiar  to  a  number  in  a  join  concern,  M)  a 
company  or  body  politic  ;  as,  the  pric^e  inh:r<:A  of  a 
family,  of  a  company,  or  of  a  state  ;  op;»sed  to  Pub- 
lic, or  to  the  general  interest  of  na*''-.is. 

3.  Sequestered  from  company  Of  reservation;  se- 
cret ;  secluded  ;  as,  a  private  cell ;  c  private  room  or 
apartment ;  private  prayer, 

4.  Not  publicly  known ;  not  open  ;  as,  a  private 
negotiation. 

5.  Not  invested  with  public  office  or  employment ; 
as,  a  private  man  or  citizen  ;  private  life.  Shak. 

A  private  pcraon  may  arresl  a  felon.  Blaclisione. 

6.  Individual ;  personal ;  in  contradistinction  from 
PuHLic  or  NiTioNAL  ;  as,  private  interest. 

Private  way,  in  law,  is  a  way  or  passage  in  which 
a  man  has  an  interest  and  right,  though  the  ground 
may  belong  to  another  person.  In  common  language, 
a  private  way  may  be  a  secret  way,  one  not  known 
or  public. 

A  private  act,  or  statute,  is  one  which  operates  on 
an  individual  or  company  tinly  ;  opposed  to  a  gen- 
eral law,  which  operates  on  the  trhole  community, 

A  private  nuisance,  or  wrong,  is  one  which  affects  an 
individual.  Blackstone. 

In  private ;  secretly  ;  not  openly  or  publicly. 

Scripture. 

PRI'VATE,  n.     A  secret  message;   particular  busi- 
ness,   [Unusual.]  Shak.    B.  Jonson. 
2.  A  common  soldier. 

PRT  VA-TEER',  71.  [{mm  private.]  A  ship  or  vessel 
of  war  owned  and  equipped  by  a  private  man  or  by 
individuals,  at  their  own  expense,  to  sei/.e  or  plunder 
the  ships  of  an  enemy  in  war.  Such  a  ship  must  be 
licensed  or  commissioned  by  government,  or  it  is  a 
pirate. 

PRI-V.VTEER',  V.  I.    To  cniise  in  a  commissioned 

private  snip  against  an  enemy,  for  seizing  their  ships 

or  annoying  their  commerce. 
PRI  VA-TEER'ING,  n.     The  act  c(f  plundering  the 

ships  of  an  enemy  by  privateers. 
PRI-VA-TEERS'.MAN,  n.    An  officer  or  seaman  of  a 

privateer, 

PRI'VATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  secret  manner  ;  not  openly 
or  publicly. 

2,  In  a  manner  affecting  an  individual  or  compa- 
ny.   He  is  not  privatelij  benefited. 
PRI'VATE-NEHS,  n.    i^ecrecy  ;  privacy.  Bacon. 

2.  Retirement;  iiccluxion  from  company  or  society. 

Ifottun. 

3.  The  utatc  of  an  individual  In  the  rank  of  com- 
mon citizenH,  or  not  invcNted  with  office. 

PRI-VA'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  privalio,  from  prion. 
Hee  PftiTATC.] 

1.  The  Ktate  of  being  deprived  ;  particularly,  dep- 
rivation or  absence  of  what  Is  iiereHHary  for  com- 
fort, lie  endures  Iiin  privations  with  wonderful  for- 
titude. 


9.  Tht;  act  of  removing  something  possessed  ;  the 
removal  or  destruction  of  any  thing  or  quality. 
The  garrison  was  compelled  by  privation  to  sur- 
render. 

For  what  is  this  conf\g^0U3  sin  of  kind, 

But  a  privfUion  of  that  grace  wiUiin  f  JDaoieg. 

3.  Absence,  in  general.  Darkness  is  a  privation  of 
light.  Encyc. 

4.  The  act  of  the  mind  in  separating  a  thing  from 
something  appendant.  .hhnson. 

5.  The  act  of  degrading  from  rank  or  office. 

Bacon. 

[But  in  this  sense,  Deprivation  is  now  used.  See 
Depri  vation.] 
PRIV'A-TIVE,  a.    Causing  privation. 

9.  Consisting  in  the  absence  of  something ;  not 
positive.  Privative  is  in  things  what  negative  is  in 
propositions ;  as, pricati'ue  blessings,  safeguard,  liberty, 
and  integrity.  Taylor. 
PRIV'A-TIVE,  n.  That  of  which  the  essence  is  the 
absence  of  something.  Blackness  and  darkness  are 
privatives.  Bacon. 

2.  In  grammar,  a  prefix  to  a  word  which  changes 
its  signification  and  gives  it  a  contrary  sense,  as  u  in 
Greek;  aSiKos,  unjust;  a  and  fmn!  un  and  in  in 
English,  as  unwise,  inhuman.    The  word  may  ?J»0  be 
applied  to  suffixes,  as  less  in  harmless. 
PRIV'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  the  absence  of  some- 
9.  Negatively.  [thing. 
The  duly  of  the  new  covenant  is  set  down  tett  piivatively.  [Un- 
usual.]  HammOJid. 

PRIV'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Notation  of  the  absence  of 
something.    [Little  used.] 

PRIVET,  71.  An  ornamental  European  shrub,  of  the 
genus  Ligustruin,  much  used  in  hedges.  The  cucr- 
green  privet  is  of  the  genus  Rhamnus.  Mock  privet 
is  of  the  genus  Pbillyrea.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

PRIV'I-LE<5E,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  privilegium;  privus, 
separate,  private,  and  lei,  law  ;  originally,  a  private 
law,  some  public  act  that  regartied  an  individual.] 

1.  A  particular  and  peculiar  benefit  or  advantage 
enjoyed  by  a  person,  company,  or  society,  beyond 
the  common  advantages  of  other  citizens.  A  privi- 
lege may  be  a  particuhir  right  granted  by  law  or  held 
by  custom,  or  it  may  be  an  exemption  from  some 
burden  to  which  others  are  subject.  The  nobles  of 
Great  Britain  have  the  privilege  of  being  triable  by 
their  peers  only.  Members  of  parliament  and  of  our 
legislatures  have  the  privilege  of  exemption  from 
arrests  in  certain  cases.  The  powers  of  a  banking 
company  are  privileges  granted  by  the  legislature. 

He  pleads  the  W^^l  privilege  of  the  Roman.  KeWfwelt. 
The  privilege  ol  birthright  was  a  double  portion.  Locke. 

2.  Any  peculiar  benefit  or  advantage,  right  or  im- 
munity, not  common  to  others  of  the  human  race. 
Thus  we  speak  of  national  privileges,  and  civil  and 
political  privileges,  which  we  enjoy  above  other  na- 
tions. We  have  ecclesiastical  and  religious  privileges 
secured  to  us  by  our  constitutions  of  government. 
Personal  privileges  are  attached  to  the  person,  as 
those  of  embassadors,  peers,  members  of  legislatures, 
&c.  Real  privilefrcs  are  attached  to  place,  as  the 
privileges  of  the  king's  palace  in  England. 

3.  Advantage  ;  favor  ;  benefit. 

A  nation  despicable  by  its  weakness  forfeits  even  the  privilege  of 
bcin^  neutral.  FhUralist,  liamilton. 

Writ  of  privilege,  is  a  writ  to  deliver  a  privileged 
person  from  custody  when  arrested  in  a  civil  suit. 

Blackstone, 

JVutT  privilege ;  the  advantage  of  a  waterfall  in 
streams  sufficient  to  raise  water  for  driving  water- 
wheels,  or  a  place  affording  such  advantage, 
America.  [Privilege  is  here  abusively  used  for 
advantage ;  it  ought  not  to  be  used  in  a  physical 
sense.] 

PRIV'I-LE6E,  v.t  To  grant  some  particular  right 
or  exemption  to  ;  to  invest  with  a  peculiar  right  or 
immunity  ;  as,  to  privilege  rejiresentatives  from  ar- 
rest :  to  privilege  the  ollicers  and  students  of  a  col- 
lege from  military  duty. 
2.  To  exempt  from  censure  or  danger. 

This  place  doth  privilege  mt.  Daniel. 

PRIV'I-I.EO-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Invested  with  a  privilege  ; 
enjoying  a  peculiar  right  or  immunity.  The  clergy 
ill  Great  Britain  were  formerly  a  privileged  body  of 
men.  No  person  is  privileged  from  arrest  for  indict- 
able crimes. 

PRI  V'I-1,EG-ING,  ppr.    Investing  with  a  peculiar 

right  or  immunity, 
PRIV'I-I.Y,  ai/ii.    [frompri'tiy.]    Privately ;  secretly. 
Fulic  teachers  amonr  you,  who  will  privily  bring  in  damnable 
hrivsies.  —  a  Pet.  ii. 

PRIV'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  privauti.  See  Privatb  and 
Privy.] 

1.  Priva<y  ;  secrecy  ;  confidence. 

1  will  to  you,  in  primly,  discover  Ihc  drift  o(  my  purjiose.    [  Ail- 
tit  uaed.\  Spenaer. 

2.  Private  knowledge  ;  joint  knowledge  with  an- 
other of  a  private  concern,  which  is  often  supposed 
to  imply  conneiit  or  concurrence. 

All  the  i\ot>n  were  laid  open  for  his  depArttirc,  not  without  the 
privily  ol  the  prince  ol  Onuip!.  Swift. 


But  it  is  usual  to  say,  "  a  thing  is  done  with  his 
privity  and  consent ;  "  in  which  phrase,  privity  signi- 
fies merely  private  knowledge, 

3.  Privities  i  in  tAe  plural,  secret  parts;  the  parts 
which  modesty  requires  to  be  concealed. 
PRIVY,  a.    [Fr.  pripe  ;  L.  prints.    See  Private.] 

1.  Private  ;  pertaining  to  some  person  exclusively  ; 
assigned  to  private  uses  ;  not  public  ;  as,  the  privy 
purse;  Ihe  privy  coiTei  of  a  king.  Blackstone. 

2.  Secret ;  clandestine;  not  open  or  public  ;  as,  a 
privy  attempt  to  kill  one. 

3.  Private  ;  appropriated  to  retirement ;  not  shown  ; 
not  open  for  the  admission  of  company  ;  as,  a  privy 
chamber.    Ezek.  xxi. 

4.  Privately  knowing ;  admitted  to  the  participa- 
tion of  knowledge  with  another  of  a  secret  trans- 
action. 

He  would  rather  lose  half  of  his  kingdom  than  be  privy  to  such 

a  secret.  Swift. 
Myself  am  one  made  privy  to  the  plot,  ^ak. 
His  wife  also  being  pnpy  to  it.  —  Acts  v. 

&.  Admitted  to  secrets  of  state.  The  privy  council 
of  a  king  consists  of  a  number  of  distinguished  per- 
sons selected  by  him  to  advise  him  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  government.  Blackstone. 

A  privy  verdict,  is  one  given  to  the  judge  out  of 
court,  which  is  of  no  force  unless  afterward  affirmed 
by  a  public  verdict  in  court.  Blackstone. 
PRIVY,  n.  In  law,  a  partaker;  a  person  having  an 
interest  in  any  action  or  thing ;  as,  a  privy  in  blood. 
Privies  are  of  four  kinds ;  privies  in  blood,  as  the 
heir  to  his  father ;  privies  in  representation,  as  exec- 
utors and  administrators  to  the  deceased  ;  privies  in 
estate,  as  he  in  reversion  and  he  in  remainder,  donor 
and  donee,  lessor  and  lessee ;  privy  in  tenure,  as  tiie 
lord  in  esclieat.  Encyc. 

2.  A  necessary  house 
PRIVY  eOUN'CIL.    See  Council. 

PRIVY  CIIAM'BER,  71.  In  Oreat  Britain,  the  private 
apartment  in  a  royal  residence  or  mansion.  Gentle- 
men of  the  privy  chamber  are  servants  of  the  king, 
who  are  to  wait  and  attend  on  him  and  the  queen  at 
court,  in  their  diversions,  &c.  They  are  forty-eight 
in  number,  under  the  lord  chamberlain.  Enctic. 

PRIVY  eOUN'SEL-OR,  n.  A  member  of  the  privy 
council. 

Privy  counselors  are  made  by  the  king's  nomina- 
tion, without  patent  or  grant.  Blackstone. 
PRIVY-SicAL,  )  71.  In  England,  the  seal  which 
PRIVY-SIG'NET,  \  the  king  uses  previously  in 
grants,  &c.,  which  are  to  pass  the  great  seal,  or 
which  he  uses  in  nuitters  of  subordinate  consequence, 
which  do  not  require  the  great  seal. 

9.  Privy-seal  is  used  elliptically  for  the  principal 
secretary  of  state,  or  person  intrusted  with  the  privy- 
seal. 

The  king's  sign  manual  is  the  warmnt  to  the  privy-seai,  who 
makes  out  a  writ  or  wammt  thereon  to  the  chancery.  The 
si^ii  manual  is  the  warrant  to  the  privy-seal,  and  the  privy- 
seal  is  the  warrant  to  the  great  seal.  Blackstone. 

PRIZE,  71.  [Fr,  prise,  from  pris,  taken  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
prcsa  ;  G.  prci,s- ;  D.  prys  ;  Dan.  priis  Sw.  pris.  See 
Praise  and  Price.] 
Literally,  that  which  is  taken  ;  hence, 
I.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war; 
any  species  of  goods  or  property  seized  by  force  as 
spoil  or  plunder ;  or  that  which  is  taken  in  combat, 
particularly  a  ship.  A  privateer  takes  an  enemy's 
ship  as  a  prize  ;  they  make  prize  of  all  the  property 
of  the  enemy. 

9.  That  which  is  taken  from  another;  that  which 
is  deemed  a  valuable  acquisition. 

Then  pmstrate  falls,  and  liegs,  wilh  anient  eyes, 

Soon  to  obUtin  and  long  possess  the  prize.  Pope. 

3.  That  which  is  obtained  or  oflTered  as  the  reward 
of  contest. 

I  will  never  wrestle  for  prize.  Shak. 
1  fought  and  conquered,  yet  have  lost  the  prize.  Dryden. 

4.  The  reward  gained  by  any  performance. 

Dryden. 

5.  In  colloquial  language,  any  valuable  thing  gained. 

6.  The  money  drawn  by  a  lottery  ticket ;  opposed 
to  Blank. 

7.  A  lever,  and  also  the  hold  of  a  lever. 
PRIZE,  V.  t.    To  raise  or  force  with  a  lever.  [See 

Pnv.] 

PRIZE,  7'.  t.  [Ft.  priser,  from  prii,  price,  L.  prctiiim: 
It.  apprezzare;  Fr.  apprrcirr.  English  analogy  re- 
quires that  the  compound  should  be  conformed  to  the 
orthography  of  this  word,  and  written  apprize.] 

1.  To  set  or  estimate  the  value  of ;  to  rate  ;  as,  to 
prize  the  goods  specified  in  an  invoice, 

I.ifu  I  prize  not  a  straw-  Shak. 

2.  To  value  highly ;  to  estimate  to  be  of  great 
worth  ;  to  esteem. 

I  prize  your  person,  but  your  crown  disdain-  Dryden. 

PRI?,' En,  pp.  or  a.    Rated;  valued;  esteemed. 

PRIZE'-FItMlT-ER,  (-fite'er,)  n.  One  th.it  fights 
publicly  fur  a  reward  ;  applied  particularly  to  n 
boxer.  Popf. 

PRIZE'-FICIIT-ING,  71,  Fighting,  especially  boxing. 
In  public  for  a  reward. 


rXTR,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


PRIZE'-MON-EY,  (-muii'ne,)  n.  A  dividoiirt  of  the 
proceeds  from  a  captured  vessel,  &c.,  paid  to  the 
captors. 

PRIZ'Eil,  n.  One  that  estimates  or  sets  the  vahie  of 
a  thins.  Sliak. 

PRI7.' L\G,  ppr.    Rating;  vahiing  ;  esleeminR. 

PRIZ'ING,  «.  [See  Prize.]  In  marine  laniruarre,  the 
application  of  a  lever  to  move  any  vveiglily  hody,  as 
a  cask,  anchor,  cannon,  &c.  Fulcuncr's  Marine  Diet. 

PRO,  a  Latin  and  Cn-ck  preposition,  signifying  for, 
before.,  forth,  is  probably  contracted  from  prod,  coin- 
ciding witli  It.  proila,  a  prow,  prudr,  brave  ;  having 
the  primary  sense  of  moving  forward.  [See  Proui- 
OAL.]  In  the  phrase  pro  and  c  n,  that  is,  pro  and 
contra,  it  answers  to  the  English  for ;  for  and  again.it. 

Prior. 

In  composition,  pro  denotes  fore,  forth,  forward. 

PRO' A,  II.  Flijiuif  proa;  a  long,  narrow,  sail  canoe, 
used  in  the  South  Seas,  with  the  head  and  stern  ex- 
actly alike,  but  wilh  the  sides  differently  formed. 
That  which  is  intended  for  the  lee  side  is  flat,  the 
other  rounding.  To  prevent  oversetting,  the  ves.s(!l 
is  furnished  with  a  frame  extended  several  feet  to 
windward,  and  bearing  a  small  block  uf  wood  like 
a  canoe.  Brandc. 

PROB'A-niL-ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  Proba- 
bilists. 

PROB'A-BIL-IST,  n.  A  term  applied  to  those  who 
maintain  that  certainty  is  impossible,  and  that  prob- 
ability alone  is  to  govern  our  faith  and  actions. 

Enctjc.  Jim. 

2.  Anmng  the  .Jesuits,  one  who  maintains  that  a 
man  may  do  what  is  probably  right,  or  is  inculcated 
by  tenchers  of  authority,  although  it  may  not  be  the 
most  probably  right,  or  may  not  seem  right  to  himself. 

F.ncyc.  J3in. 

PROB-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  probabiliti ;  L.  probabili- 
tas.    See  Prorarle.] 

1.  Likelihood  ;  appearance  of  truth  ;  that  state  of 
a  case  or  question  of  fact  which  results  from  sujie- 
rior  evidence  or  preponderntion  of  argument  on  one 
side,  inclining  the  mind  to  receive  it  as  the  truth,  but 
leaving  some  room  for  doubt.  It  therefore  falls  short 
of  moral  certainly,  but  produces  »hal  is  called 
opinion. 

Probabilittj  is  the  appearance  of  the  agreement  or  ilisa  jreemeiit 
of  two  kleas,  by  the  intervention  of  proi/s  wliose  cuntiectioii 
is  not  conBtiuit,  hot  appears  for  the  mont  part  to  lie  fio. 

Locke. 

Demonstration  protluces  science  or  certain  knowledge  ;  proof  pro- 
dob's  iH'liel,  anil  probabiUti/  opinion.  Kiicye. 

2.  Any  thing  that  has  the  appearance  of  re.ility  or 
truth.  In  this  sense,  the  word  admits  of  the  plural 
number. 

The  whole  life  of  man  is  a  perpetual  comparison  of  eviilena*  and 
balancing  of  probabiliues.  Jiuckmiitster. 

PROB'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  probabilis,  from  probo, 
to  prove.    See  Prove.] 

1.  Likely  ;  having  more  evidence  than  the  con- 
trary, or  evitlence  which  inclines  the  mind  to  belief, 
but  leaves  some  room  for  doubt. 

That  is  accounted  probeMe.  which  has  better  nr^iments  produ- 
cible for  It  than  Ciin  tie  brought  a^inst  it.  South, 

I  do  not  s-^y  that  the  principles  of  religion  are  merely  jtrohable  ; 
1  have  before  asserted  them  to  be  morally  c«rt.iin.  WiUcins. 

2.  That  renders  something  probable  ;  as,  probable 
evidence,  or  probable  presumption.  Blackstnne. 

3.  That  may  he  proved.    [JVof  in  «.■>■«.]  jVilton. 
PROB'A-BLY,  adc.    Likely  ;  in  likelihood  ;  with  the 

appearance  of  truth  or  reality  ;  as,  the  story  is  prob- 
ably true  ;  the  account  is  probably  correct. 

Distinguish  between  what  may  possibly,  and  what  will  probably, 
be  done.  L'Ettrange. 

PRO'B.\NG,  n.  [See  Pbohe.]  In  surgery,  an  instru- 
ment of  whaleoone  and  sponge,  for  removing  ob- 
structions in  the  thro.it  or  esophagus.  Coze. 

2.  A  flexible  piece  of  whalebone,  with  sponge  fixed 
to  the  end.  Parr. 

PRo'B ATE,  n.    [L.  probatus,  probo,  to  prove.] 

1.  The  probate  of  a  will  or  testament  is  the  proving 
of  its  genuineness  and  validity,  or  the  exhibition  of 
the  will  to  the  proper  officer,  with  the  witnesses  if 
neces.sary,  and  the  process  of  determining  its  v.alid- 
ity,  and  the  registry  of  it,  and  such  other  proceed- 
ings as  the  laws  prescribe,  as  preliminary  to  the  ex- 
ecution of  it  by  the  executor. 

2.  The  right  or  jurisdiction  of  proving  wills.  In 
England,  the  spiritual  court  has  the  probate  of  wills. 
In  the  United  States,  the  probate  of  wills  belongs  to 
a  court  of  civil  jurisiiiction  established  by  law,  usu- 
ally to  a  single  judge,  called  a  judge  of  probate,  or  a 
surrotrate. 

3.  Proof.    [jVot  used.]  Skelton. 
Probate  court,  or  court  of  probate ;  a  court  for  the 

probate  of  wills. 
PRO-BS'TION,  n.    [L.  probatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  proving  ;  proof.     IVUkins.  I^eke. 

2.  Trial ;  examination  ;  any  proceeding  designed 
to  ascertain  truth  ;  in  universities,  the  examination 
of  a  student  as  to  his  qualifications  for  a  degree. 

3.  In  o  monastic  sense,  trial,  or  the  year  of  novi- 
tiate which  a  |ierson  must  pass  in  a  convent,  to  prove 
his  virtue  and  his  ability  to  bear  the  severities  of  the 
"■e-  Eneyc. 


4.  Moral  trial  ;  the  state  of  man  in  the  present 
life,  in  which  he  has  the  opportunity  of  proving  his 
character,  and  being  qualified  for  a  happier  stair. 

Probation  will  end  with  tlie  present  life.  KeUon. 

5.  In  America,  the  trial  of  a  licentiate's  qualifica- 
tions for  the  ministry  of  the  gospel,  preparatory  to  his 
sefllemeiit.  VVe  say,  a  man  is  preaching  on  pro- 
bo tiviu 

6.  In  general,  trial  for  proof,  or  satisfactory  evi- 
dence, or  the  time  of  trial. 

PRO-BA'TION-AL,  a.    Serving  for  trial. 

Bp.  Richardson. 
PRO-BA'TION-A-RY,  a.    Serving  for  trial. 

All  the  probationary  work  of  man  is  ended  when  death  arrives. 

PRO-B.^'TIO.V-ER,  71.  One  who  is  on  trial,  or  in  a 
state  to  give  proof  of  certain  qualifications  for  a  place 
or  state. 

While  yet  a  young  prohaliorter , 

And  candidate  for  heaven.  Dn/tlen. 

2.  A  novice.  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  In  Scotland,  a  student  in  divinity,  who,  pro- 
ducing a  certificate  of  a  professor  in  a  universitj-  of 
his  good  morals  anil  qualifications,  isatlmitted  to  sev- 
eral trials,  and  on  acquitting  himself  well,  is  licensed 
to  preach.  F.iiciie. 

PKO-lt.A'WON-ER-SIIIP,  71.  The  state  of  beiiig  a 
probationer;  novili.atc.    [Little  used.]  Locke. 

PKO-Ba'TIO.\-SIIIP,  (1.  A  state  of  probation  ;  no- 
vitiate ;  probation.    [Litlle  used,  and  unnecessary.] 

PRO'B.A-TIVE,  a.    Serving  for  trial  or  proof.  South. 

PRO-B.\'TOR,  n.    [L.]    An  e.xaininer ;  an  approver. 

yMaydman. 

9.  In  late,  an  accuser.  Cowtl. 
PRO'BA-TO-RY,  a.    Serving  for  trial.  Bramhall. 

2.  Serving  for  proof.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  Relating  to  proof.  Quintilian,  Trans. 
PRO-Ba'TUM  EST,  [L.,  it  is  proved.]     An  expres- 
sion subjoined  to  a  receipt  for  the  cure  of  a  disease, 
denoting  that  it  has  been  tried  or  proved. 

PRflUE,  n.  [from  L.  prubu  ;  Ft.  cprouveUe,  a  probe; 
G.  probe,  proof;  Rtiss.  probivayn,  to  pierce.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  drive,  from  straining, 
e.xertion  of  force.] 

A  surgeon's  instrument  for  examining  the  depth  or 
other  circumstances  of  a  wound,  ulcer,  or  cavity,  or 
the  direction  of  a  sinus,  or  for  searching  for  stones  in 
the  bladder  and  the  like.  Eneyc.  Parr. 

PRoBE,  V.  t.  To  examine  a  wound,  ulcer,  or  some 
cavity  of  the  body,  by  the  use  of  an  instrument 
thrust  into  the  part.  South. 

2.  To  search  to  the  bottom  ;  to  scnitinize  ;  to  ex- 
amine thoroughly  into  causes  and  circumstances. 

PRoB'£D,  pp.  Searched  by  a  probe,  as  a  wound,  ul- 
cer, &:c. 

PROBE'-SCIS-SORS,  (-si7.-7.ur?.,)  n.  pi.  Scissors  used 
to  open  wounds,  the  blade  of  wliich,  to  he  thrust  into 
the  orifice,  has  a  button  at  the  end.  IVLieman. 

PRoB'ING,  ppr.  Examining  a  wound,  ulcer,  cavity 
in  the  hotly,  Slc,  with  a  probe  ;  scnitini7.ing. 

PROB'I-TY,  71,  TL.  probilas,  from  probo,  to  prove  ;  It. 
probitd ;  Fr.  probile.] 

Primarily,  tried  virtue  or  integrity,  or  approved  ac- 
tions ;  but  in  ;^enrra/,  strict  honesty;  sincerity;  ve- 
racity ;  integrity  in  principle,  or  strict  conformity  of 
actions  to  the  laws  of  justice.  Probity  of  mind  or 
principle  is  best  evinced  by  probity  of  contliict  in  st»- 
cial  dealings,  particularly  in  adhering  to  strict  integ- 
rity in  the  observance  and  performance  of  rights 
called  imperfect,  which  public  laws  do  not  reach,  and 
can  not  enforce. 

PROB'LEM,  71.  [Fr.  probleme ;  L.  It.  and  Sp.  prob- 
Icma;  Gr.  TTiioBXri^ia,  from  irfiofiaXXoi,  to  throw  for- 
ward ;  Trpo  and  Ba\Xo),  to  throw,  L.  pello.]  A 
question  proptjsed. 

1.  In  logic,  a  proposition  that  appears  neither  ab- 
solutely true  nor  false,  and  consequently  m.ay  be  as- 
serted either  in  the  afflrniative  or  negative. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  proposition  in  which  some  opera- 
tion or  construction  is  rctpiired,  as  to  divide  a  line  or 
an  angle,  to  let  fall  a  per|iendicular,  &c.  ;  something 
to  be  done.  Barlow. 

3.  In  general,  any  question  involving  doubt  or  un- 
certainty, and  requiring  some  o{>eration,  experiment, 
or  further  evidence  for  its  solution. 

The  problem  is,  whether  a  strong  and  constant  belief  that  a 
tiling  wUl  be,  helps  any  thing  to  the  efi'ecting  of  the  tliiiit;. 

Baeon. 

PROB  LEM- AT'ie-AL, a.  Questionable;  uncertain; 
unsettled  ;  disputitble  ;  doubtful. 

Diligent  inquiries  into  yroblematicat  guilt  leave  a  gale  wide  open 
U>  infornien.  i'ua/l. 

PROB-LEM-AT'ie-AL-LY,  ade.    Doubtfully  ;  dubi- 
ously ;  uncertainly. 
PROB'LE.\I-.\-TIST,  b.    One  who  proposes  problems. 

Ecehjn. 

PROB'LEM-A-TIZE,  r.  fc     To   proptise  problems. 

[fU  firmed,  and  not  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

PRO  BO'jVO  PUB'U-€0,  [L.]  For  the  public  good. 
PRO-BOS'CI-DATE,  a.  Furnished  with  a  proboscis. 
PRO-BOS'CIS,  n.    [L.,  from  the  Gr.  irpo/ioamf  ;  Tpo, 

before,  and  /?off«w,  to  feed  or  graze.] 


The  snout  or  tnink  of  an  elephant  and  of  other 
analogous  animals,  and  particularly  of  insects,  'i'he 
prtiboscis  of  an  elephant  is  a  flexible,  muscular  pipe 
or  canal  of  about  eight  feet  in  length,  and  is  pro|>- 
erly  the  extension  of  the  nose.  This  is  the  instru- 
ment with  which  ho  takes  fiwd  and  carries  it  to  his 
mouth.  The  proboscis  of  insects  is  used  to  suck 
blood  from  animals  or  juice  from  |>lants. 

PRO-CA'C'IOUS,  a.  |^L.  procaz  t  pro,  forward,  and 
perhaps  the  root  of  It.  eacciare,  Sp.  cazar,  to  chase, 
that  is,  to  push  forward.] 

Pert  ;  petulant ;  saucy.    [Little  used.]  Barroto. 

PRO-CAC'I  TY,  (-kas'e-te,)  n.    [L.  procacilas.] 

Impudence  ;  petulance.    [Little  used.]  Burton. 

PRO-f;.\T-XRe'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  irpoKaropKTiKoi  ;  n,,.,, 
Kara,  and  afiXM,  ft)  begin.] 

In  medicine,  a  term  denoting  that  cause  which  im- 
mediately kindles  a  disease  into  action  when  there 
existed  a  predisposition  to  it.  The  procatarctic  cause 
is  often  denominated  the  eiciling  cause.  Procatarc- 
tic or  exciting  causes  are  common  to  numerous  dis- 
eases, and  do  not  affect  their  nature  and  character. 
Procatarctic  or  exciting  causes  do  not  proiluce  dis- 
ease, unless  there  is  a  previously  existing  predisposi- 
tion. Excesses,  deficiencies,  and  irregularities  of 
the  non-naturals,  comprehend  all  the  procatarctic 
or  exciting  causes  of  disease. 

PRO-eAT-AUX'IS,  71.  [Gr.  supra.]  The  kindling  of 
a  disease  into  action  by  a  procatarctic  cause,  when  a 
predisposition  exists ;  the  prtKatarctic  cause  itself  of 
a  disease.  Qiiinci/. 

PRO-CKl)'IIRE,n.  [Fr.  See  Proceed.]  The  act  of 
proceeding  tir  moving  forward;  progress;  process; 
operation  ;  series  of  actions  ;  as,  the  procedure  of  the 
soul  in  certain  actions.  But  it  is  more  generally  ap- 
plied to  persons  ;  as,  this  is  a  strange  procedure  in  a 
public  body.  The  motions  of  physical  causes  are 
int>re  generally  denominated  operations. 
3.  Manner  of  proceeding ;  management;  conduct. 

South. 

3.  That  which  proceeds  from  something ;  produce. 
[A^t  in  use.]  Bacon. 
PRO-CEED',  e.  i.  ;Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  proceder ;  It. 
proeedrre  ;  from  V,.  procedo  :  pro,  foTW,\ri\,  and  cedo, 
to  move.  The  more  correct  ortht>graphy  is  Pruccoe, 
in  aii.alogy  with  precede,  concede,  recede,  procedure.] 

1.  To  move,  pass,  or  go  forward  from  ime  place  to 
antither  ;  applied  to  persons  or  things.  A  man  pro- 
ceeds on  his  journey  ;  a  ship  proceeds  tin  her  voyage. 

This  word,  thus  used,  implies  th.at  the  motion, 
journey,  or  voyage,  hail  been  previously  commenced, 
and  to  proceed  is  then  to  renew  or  continue  the  motion 
or  progress. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  point,  stage,  or  topic  to  anoth- 
er. The  preacher  proceeds  from  one  division  of  his 
subject,  and  the  advocate  from  one  argument  to 
another. 

3.  To  issue  or  come,  as  from  a  source  or  fountain. 
Light  proceeds  from  the  sun  ;  vice  proceeds  from  a 
depraved  heart;  virtuous  affections  proceed  from 
God. 

4.  To  come  from  a  person  or  plate.  Christ  says, 
"  I  proceeded  forth  and  came  from  God."    ^oAn  viii. 

5.  To  prosecute  any  design. 

He  that  proceeds  on  other  principles  in  bii  Inquiry  into  any 
Kii-nc-s,  posts  hitns<-tf  in  a  party.  Locke. 

6.  'J'o  be  transacted  or  carried  on. 


He  wilt,  after  his  sour  fashion,  tell  you, 
What  hath  Jmy  I  fi  f  worthy  note  to-day. 
[Sot  note  in  use.] 


7.  To  make  pri>gress  ;  to  advance.  Milton. 

8.  To  begin  anti  carry  on  a  series  of  actions  or 
measures.  The  attorney  was  at  a  loss  in  what  man- 
ner to  proceed  again.st  the  ofTcnder.  In  this  sense 
the  word  is  tiflen  ftillowed  by  againsU 

9.  To  conduct ;  to  act  methodically. 

From  th'-ni  I  will  not  hide 
My  JUilgmenbi,  how  with  ntankuid  1  proceed.  Mdton. 

10.  To  have  a  course. 

This  nde  only  proeeede  and  takes  place,  when  a  person  can  not 

ol  couuiion  taw  contleinn  another  by  his  senu-nce.  Aylf^t. 

11.  To  issue  ;  to  be  produced  or  propagated. 

From  iny  loins  thou  shalt  proceed.  Milton. 

12.  To  be  produced  by  an  effectual  cause.  All 
creattMi  things  proceed  from  God.  Milton. 

PRO-t:;EEI)'ER,  71.  One  who  goes  forward,  or  who 
makes  a  progress.  Baeon, 

PR0-(;EED'I.N(;,  ppr.  Moving  forward  ;  passing  on; 
issuing  ;  transacting  ;  carry  ing  on. 

PRO-CEEIJ'I.Nt;,  n.  Piocess  or  movement  from  one 
thing  to  antither ;  a  measure  or  step  taken  in  busi- 
ness ;  transac:ion  ;  in  the  plural,  a  course  of  meas- 
ures or  conduct ;  course  of  dealing  with  others.  VVe 
speak  of  a  legal  or  an  illegal  proceeding,  a  cautious 
proceeding,  a  violent  proceeding.  In  tMe  plural,  the 
proceedings  of  the  legislature  have  been  wise  anti  sal- 
utar)'.  It  is  tmr  duly  to  acquiesce  cheerfully  in  all 
God's  proceedings  toward  us. 

2.  In  law,  the  course  of  steps  or  measures  in  the 
prosecution  of  actions  is  denominated  proceedings. 
fsce  Process.] 

PRO-CEEDS'  or  PRO'CEEDS,  n.  pL  Issue  ;  rent ; 
produce  ;  as,  the  proceeds  of  an  estaie. 


TCNE.  BIJLL,  IJ.NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


671 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


2.  In  commerce,  the  sum,  amount,  or  value,  of 
goods  sold  or  converted  into  money.  The  con- 
signee was  directed  to  sell  tlie  car^o  and  vest  tlie 
proceeds  in  coffee.  The  proceeds  of  tlie  goods  sold 
amounted  to  little  more  than  the  prime  cost  and 
charges. 

PUOC-E-LEOS-JIAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  vpoKc\eviTiiaTtKOS  ; 
IT/)  I  and  (ctVciiffnn,  mandate,  incitement.] 

Inciting  ;  animating  ;  encouraging.    This  epithet 
is  given  to  a  metrical  foot  in  poetrj',  consisting  of 
four  short  syllables.  Jukiuioii. 
PUO-CEL'LOUS,  a.    [L.  procdlostts.] 
Stormy. 

PRO-CEP'TION,  n.  Preoccupation.  [Ill  formed,  and 
7tot  in  use.]  K.  Cliarles. 

PRO-CER'I-TY,  n.  [L.  procerilas,  from  procerus,  tall.] 
Tallness;  height  of  stature.  .Addison. 

PRO'CES  VER'HJIL,  (pro'si  var'hal,)  [Fr.]  In 
French,  law,  an  authentic  minute  of  an  otficial  act, 
or  statement  of  facts.  Buchanan. 

process!,  (pros'ess,)  n.  [Fr.  prods;  L.  processus, 
from  procedo.    See  Proceed.] 

1.  A  proceeding  or  moving  forward  ;  progressive 
course  ;  tendency  ;  as,  the  process  of  man's  desire. 

Hooker. 

2.  Proceedings  ;  gradual  progress  ;  course  ;  as,  the 
process  of  a  war.  Dryden, 

3.  Operations;  experiment;  series  of  actions  or 
experiments  ;  as,  a  chemical  process. 

4.  Series  of  motions  or  changes  in  growth,  decay, 
&c.,  in  physical  bodies  ;  as,  the  process  of  vegetation 
or  of  mineralization  ;  the  jtrocess  of  decomposition. 

5.  Course  ;  continual  flux  or  passage  ;  as,  the  pro- 
cess of  time.  Milton.  Boyle. 

6.  Methodical  management ;  series  of  measures  or 
proceedings. 

Tlie  process  of  Ihe  great  day  —  is  described  by  our  Savior. 

Nelson. 

7.  In  lain,  the  whole  course  of  proceedings,  in  a 
cause,  real  or  personal,  civil  or  criminal,  from  the 
original  writ  to  the  end  of  the  suit.  Oriirinal  process 
is  the  means  taken  to  compel  the  defendant  to  ap- 
pear in  court.  Mesne  process  is  that  which  issues, 
pending  the  suit,  upon  sonic  collateral  or  interlocu- 
tory matter.  Final  process  is  the  process  of  execu- 
tion. Blackstone. 

8.  In  anatomy,  any  protuberance,  eminence,  or  pro- 
jecting part  of  a  bone.  Encnc.  Coze. 

PRO-CES'SlOX,  (pro-sesh'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ;)ro- 
eessio.    See  Proceed.] 

1.  The  act  of  proceeding  or  issuing.  ^Pearson. 

2.  A  train  of  persons  walking,  or  riding  on  horse- 
back, or  in  vehicles,  in  a  formal  march,  or  moving 
with  ceremonious  solemnity  ;  as,  n  procession  of  cler- 
gymen and  people  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  ;  a 
triumphal  procession  ;  a  funeral  procession. 

Him  all  his  train 
Followed  in  bri^hl  procession.  Millon. 

PRO-CES'SION-AL,  (pro-sesh'un-al,)  o.  Pertaining 
to  a  procession  ;  consisting  in  a  procession. 

Saarin,  Trans, 

PRO-CES'SION-AL,  n.  A  hook  relating  to  proces- 
sions of  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  Gregory. 

PRO-CES'SION-A-RY,  a.  Consisting  in  procession  ; 
as,  processionani  service.  Hooker. 

PRO-CES'SIOX-"rXG,  71.  In  Tennes.iee,  the  manner 
of  ascertaining  the  boundaries  of  land,  as  prescribed 
hy  law.  Bouvier. 

PR5'C(1EIN,  (pro'shen,)  a.  [ I* /iroeAaiii ;  L.  proii- 
vius.] 

Next  ;  nearest ;  used  in  the  law  phrase,  prockein 
amy,  the  next  friend,  any  person  who  undertakes  to 
assist  an  infant  or  minor  in  prosecuting  his  rights. 

Blackstone. 

Pliri'eilRO-NISM,  71.  [Or.  nnoxf>'>vc<,i,  to  precede  in 
time  ;  77-^0,  before,  and  xnnv^^,  time.] 

.\n  antedating  ;  the  diiting  of  an  event  before  the 
time  it  happened  ;  a  species  of  anachronism. 

Oregory. 

PRO'CI-RENCE,  71.  [L.  procidentia;  procido,  to  fall 
down.] 

.\  falling  down  ;  a  prolapsus  ;  as  of  the  intcstinum 
rectum.  Coze.  Parr. 

PR(>-CII)'y-OUS,  a.    That  falls  from  its  place.  Jones. 
PRO-CINCT',  71.    [L.  procinctus  ;  procinjro,  to  prepare, 
that  is,  to  gird.] 
Complete  preparation  for  action.    [Little  useil.\ 

Milton. 

PRO-CLSIM',  r.  f.  [h.  proelamo  ;  pro  and  clamo,  to 
cry  out.    See  Ci.*im.j 

1.  To  promulgate  ;  to  announce  ;  to  publish  ;  as, 
to  proc/aim  a  fast ;  to  prociuim  a  feast.  Leu.  xxii'i.  1 
Kings  xxi. 

He  halh  lent  me  to  proclaim  liberty  to  the  caplivei.  —  Is.  Ixi. 

2.  To  give  official  notice  of ;  todenouncc.  Heralds 
were  formerly  employed  to  proclaim  war. 

3.  To  declare  with  lionor  ;  ns,  lo  proclaim  the 
name  of  the  Lord,  that  is,  lo  declare  his  jierfections. 
F.iud.  xxxiii. 

4.  To  utter  openly  ;  to  make  public.  Some  profli- 
gate wretches  openly  proclaim  their  atheism. 

Moat  men  will  proclaim  crcry  on9  bis  own  ^oo<lneM.  —  Prov. 


5.  To  outlaw  by  public  denunciation. 

1  heard  myself  proclaimed.  Shak. 
PRO-eLAlM'£D,  pp.    Published  officially;  promul- 
gated ;  made  publicly  known. 
PRO-CLaI.M'ER,  71.    One  who  publishes  by  authority  ; 
one  that  announces  or  makes  publicly  known. 

Milton. 

PRO-eLAIM'ING,  ppr.     Publishing  officially  ;  de- 
nouncing; promulgating;  making  publicly  known. 

PROe-LA-MA'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  proclamatio, 
from  proelamo.] 

1.  Publication  by  authority ;  official  notice  given 
to  the  public. 


2.  In  England,  a  declaration  of  the  king's  will, 
openly  published. 

Proclamations  are  a  branch  of  the  king's  prerogative,  and  are 
binding  on  Uie  subject.  Encyc. 

3.  The  declaration  of  any  supreme  magistrate  pub- 
Ucly  made  known  ;  as,  the  proclamation  of  the  gov- 
ernor appointing  a  day  of  thanksgiving. 

4.  The  paper  containing  an  official  notice  to  a 
people.  The  sheriff  receives  and  distributes  the 
governor's  proclamations.  J^ew  England, 

PRO-CLIVE',  a.    Proclivous.    [J^ot  used.] 
PRO-CLIVI-TY,  7!.     [L.  proclivitas,  pttclivis ;  pro 
and  clii'us,  a  cliff.] 

1.  Inclination  ;  propensity  ;  proneness  ;  tendency. 

The  sensitive  appetite  may  engender  a  proclivity  to  steal,  but 
not  a  necessity  to  steal.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Readiness;  facility  of  learning. 

He  had  such  a  dextrous  proclivity,  that  his  teachers  were  fain  to 
restrain  his  foi^'arJness.  Wotton. 

PRO-CLT'VOUS,  a.  [L.  proclivus,  proclivis,  supra.] 
Inclined  ;  tending  by  nature.  Vict. 
PRO-eON'SUL,  77.  [L.  pro,  for,  and  consul]  A  Ro- 
man officer  who  discharged  the  duties  of  a  consul 
without  being  himself  consul.  He  was  usually  one 
who  had  previously  been  consul,  and  his  power  was 
nearly  equal  to  that  of  a  regular  consul. 

Smith''s  Diet. 

PRO-eON'SU-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  proconsul ; 
as,  proconsular  powers. 

2.  Under  the  government  of  a  proconsul ;  as,  a 
procon.^ular  province. 
PR0-€0N'SUL-ATE,  )  71.    Theofficeof  a  proconsul, 
PRO-COX'SUL-SHIP,  j     or  the  term  of  his  oflice. 
PRO-CRAS'TI-NaTE,  v.  t.      [L.  procrastinor  ;  pro 
and  crastinus ;  eras,  to-morrow.] 

To  put  off  from  day  to  day  ;  to  del.ay  ;  to  defer  to 
a  future  time  ;  as,  to  procrastinate  repentance. 
PRO-CRAS'TI-NATE,  v.  i.    To  delay  ;  to  be  dilatory. 

I  procrastinate  more  than  I  did  twenty  years  ago.  Sici/t. 
PRO-CRAS'TI-Na-TED,  pp.    Delayed  ;  deferred. 
PRO-eRAS'TI-NA-TlNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Delaying ;  put- 
ting off  to  a  future  time. 
PRO-CRAS-TI-Na'TION,  71.    [L.  procrastinatio.] 

A  putting  off  to  a  future  time  ;  delay;  dilatoriness. 
PRO-eRAS'TI-NA-TOR,  ji.    One  that  defers  the  per- 
formance of  any  thing  to  a  future  time. 
PRO'CRE-AXT,  a.    [L.  procreans.    See  Procreate.] 
Generating ;  producing  ;  productive  ;  fruitful. 

Shak, 

PRo'CRE-ANT,  7t.  lie  or  that  which  procreates  or 
generates.  Milton. 

PRO'CRE-aTE,  I',  e.  [L.  procreo;  pro  and  creo,  to 
create.] 

1.  To  beget;  to  generate  and  produce  ;  to  engen- 
der;  used  property  of  animals.  Beiitley. 

2.  To  jiroduce  ;  used  of  plants,  but  hardly  allowable. 

Blackmore. 

PRtVCRE-A-TED,  pp.    Begotten  ;  generated. 
PRo'CRE-a-TING, /jpr.    Begetting  ;  generating  ;  as 
young. 

PRO-CRE-A'TION,  77.    [Fr.,  from  L.  procreatio.] 

The  act  of  begetting  ;  generation  and  production 
of  young.  South. 

PRo'CRE-A-TIVE,  a.  Generative;  having  the  power 
to  beget.  Hale. 

PRo'CRE-A-TIVE-NESS,  7i.  The  power  of  generat- 
ing. Decay  of  Piety. 

PRo'CRE-A-TOR,  ti.  One  that  begets  ;  a  generator  ; 
a  father  or  sire. 

PRO-GRUS'TE-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
Procrustes,  or  his  mode  of  torture. 

PRO-eRUS''J'F,S,  71.  In  Grecian  mythology,  a  celebra- 
ted robber,  who  stretched  his  victims  upon  an  iron 
bed,  or  mutilated  them,  till  their  forms  titled  its  di- 
mensions; whence  the  metaphorical  phrase,  t/ic  4c<i 
vf  Procrustes 

PROCTOR,  71.  [_Contracted  from  L.  procurator,  from 
procure  ;  pro  and  euro.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  one  who  is  employed  to  man- 
age the  all'airs  of  anotlier.  Hooker. 

2.  Appropriatclij,  a  person  employed  to  manage  an- 
other's cause  in  a  court  of  civil  or  ecclesiastical  law, 
as  in  the  court  of  admiralty,  or  in  a  spiritual  court. 

Swift. 

3.  In  the  English  universities,  Tm  officer  who  attends 
In  the  morals  of  the  students,  and  enforces  obedience 
to  the  cfdlege  regulations.  Cam.  Cal. 


PROCTOR,  7).  i.    To  manage  ;  a  cant  word.  SheJc. 
PROCTOR-AGE,  71.    Management,  in  contempt. 

Milton. 

PROe-TOR'I€-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  academical 
proctor  ;  magisterial.  Prideuuz. 

PROCTOR-SHIP,  71.  The  office  or  dignity  of  the 
proctor  of  a  university.  Clarendon. 

PRO-€UM'BENT,  a.    [L.  procumbens,  procumbo  ;  pro 
and  cubo,  to  lie  down.] 
1.  Lying  down  or  on  the  face  ;  prone. 
Q.  In  botany,  trailing;  prostrate  ;  unable  to  support 
itself,  and  therefore  lying  on  the  ground,  but  without 
putting  forth  roots  ;  as,  a  procumbent  stem.  Martiin. 

PRO-eOR'A-BLE,  a.  [from  procure.]  That  may  be 
procured  ;  obtainable.  Boyle. 

PROCII-RA-CY,  71.    [from  L.  procuro.] 

The  management  of  any  thing.    [JVbt  used.] 

PROC-II-RA'TIOX,  71.  [L.  procuratio.  See  Procure.] 

1.  The  act  of  procuring. 
[PnocuREMEKT  is  generally  used.] 

2.  The  management  of  another's  affairs. 

3.  The  instrument  by  which  a  person  is  empow- 
ered to  transact  the  affairs  of  another.  Encyc. 

4.  A  sum  of  money  paid  to  the  bishop  or  archdea- 
con by  incumbents,  on  account  of  visitations  ;  called 
also  Proxy.  Todd. 

PROCU-RA-TOR,  71.  The  manager  of  another's  af- 
fairs.   [See  Proctor.]  Shak.  Taylor. 

2.  Under  the  Roman  emperors,  a  title  given  to  cer- 
tain governors  of  provinces  ;  as,  the  procurator  of 
Judea.  Also,  a  title  of  certain  officers  who  had  the 
management  of  the  revenue.  P.  Cyc. 

PROC-lJ-RA-To'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  procurator 
or  proctor  ;  made  by  a  proctor.  Jlyiiffe. 

PROe-y-RA'TOR-SHIP,  71.  The  office  of  a  procura- 
tor. Pearson. 

PRO-Cu'RA-TO-RY,  a.   Tending  to  procuration. 

PRO  euRE',  t).  £.  [Fr.  procurer;  It.  procurare ;  Sp. 
procurar ;  Li.  procuro ;  pro  and  euro,  to  take  care. 
But  the  French  only  has  the  sense  of  the  English 
word.    In  the  sense  of  manage,  it  is  never  used.] 

1.  To  gain  ;  to  get ;  to  obtain  ;  as  by  request,  loan, 
effort,  labor,  or  purchase.  We  procure  favors  by  re- 
quest ;  we  procure  money  by  borrowing  ;  we  procure 
food  by  cultivating  the  earth  ;  offices  are  procured  hy 
solicitation  or  favor;  we  procure  titles  to  estate  by 
purchase.  It  is  usetl  of  things  of  temporary  jiosses- 
sion  more  generally  than  acquire.  We  do  not  say, 
we  acquired  favor,  we  acquired  money  by  borrowing, 
but  we  procured. 

2.  To  persuade ;  to  prevail  on. 

What  unaccustomed  cause  procures  her  hither.  [Unusual.] 

Shak. 

3.  To  cause ;  to  bring  about ;  to  effect ;  to  contrive 
and  effect. 

Proceed,  Salinus,  to  procure  iny  fall.  Shak. 

4.  To  cause  to  come  on  ;  to  bring  on. 

We  no  other  pains  enduie 
Than  those  that  we  ourselves  jirocure,  Dryden. 

5.  To  draw  to  ;  to  attract ;  to  gain.  Modesty  pro- 
cures love  and  respect. 

PRO-CORE',  7..  1.    To  pimp.  Dryden. 

PRO-CCR'iSD,  pp.  Obtained  ;  caused  to  be  done  ;  ef- 
fected ;  brought  on. 

PRO-CuRE'.MENT,  re.  Tlie  act  of  procuring  or  obtain- 
ing ;  obtainment. 
2.  A  causing  to  be  effected. 

They  thinlt  it  done 
'  By  herprocumntfTil.  Dryden. 

PRO-COR'ER,  71.    One  that  procures  or  obtains  ;  that 
which  brings  on  or  causes  to  be  done.  fValton. 
2.  A  pimp;  a  pander.  South. 
PRO-euR'E.-;S,  71.    A  b.awd.  Spectator. 
PRO-CuR'ING,  ppr.    Getting;  gaining;  obtaining. 

2.  ('ausing  to  come,  or  to  be  done. 

3.  a.  That  causes  to  come  ;  bringing  on.  Sin  is 
the  procuring  cause  of  all  our  woes. 

PRO'CY-ON,  re.    [Gr.  Trponvui'.] 

A  star  of  the  liist  magnitude  in  the  constellation 
Canis  Minor,  the  Little  Dog.  P.  Cijc. 

PROD,  n.  A  goad  ;  an  awl,  or  a  pin  in  pattens.  [Lo- 
cal.] 

PROlVl-GAL,  a.  [Fr.  prodigue;  Sp.  and  It.  prodigo  ; 
from  L.  prodigus,  from  prodigo,  to  drive  forth,  to  lav- 
ish. The  last  coiiiiionent  part  of  the  word  is  ago,  to 
drive  ;  the  first  I  suppose  to  be  prod,  the  original 
word,  afterward  contracted  to  pro.  (See  Pro.)  The 
Welsh  bradiin,a  prodigal,  if  from  the  Latin,  is  doubt- 
less of  the  same  origin ;  but  Owen  deduces  this  from 
brad,  a  breaking,  treachery,  treason,  and  this  coin- 
cides with  Dan.  brydrr,  to  break.    See  Brittle.] 

1.  Given  to  extravagant  expenditures  ;  expending 
money  or  other  things  without  necessity  ;  profuse  ; 
lavish  ;  wasteful  ;  not  frugal  or  economical  ;  as,  a 
prodigal  man  ;  the  prodigal  son.  A  man  may  be 
prodCgal  of  his  strength,  of  his  health,  of  his  life  or 
blooif,  as  well  as  of  his  money. 

2.  Profuse ;  lavish  ;  expended  to  excess,  or  without 
necessity  ;  as,  prodigal  expenses. 

3.  Very  liberal ;  profuse.  Nature  is  prodigal  of  her 
bounties. 

PROD'I-GAL,  71.    One  that  expends  money  eitrava- 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


872 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


gniitly  or  without  necessity  ;  one  that  is  prtifusu  or 
i,>vi*lji  avvnstiT;  a  spitnilihrifl.  DnjJen. 
I  PROn-I-GAL'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  prodijralUe  ;  It.  prudigali- 
td;  S\).  prodi^atidad.] 

1.  Extravagance  ui  the  expenditure  of  what  one 
possesses,  particularly  of  money  ;  profusion  ;  waste; 
excessive  liberality.  It  is  opposed  to  Fbuqality, 
EcoNOMV,  and  PAiuiMoNr. 

By  Utc  Roin.in  Iaw,  a  man  uf  Dotoriouj  prodigality  u-as  trratcd 
lu  lion  compos.  Kucyc. 

The  iii(3»l  Kf  vf  n  ct^nsor  can  Dot  but  pleased  with  th**  prodi- 
galily  of  bU  wit.  Dryitn. 

2.  Profuse  liberalitv. 

PRO0'I-G.\I,-T7,E,  r. 'i.  To  be  extravagant  in  expen- 
ditures.   \J\~ot  iLsed.\  Sltrrmwd. 

PROD'I-G.\L-LY,  adi:    With  profusion  of  expenses  ; 
extravagantly  ;  lavishly  ;  wastefully  ;  as,  an  estate 
proditrailij  dissipated. 
2.  With  liberal  abundance  ;  profusely. 

Niitun?  nol  hoiinleoUB  now,  bin  tnvish  ^rows  ; 

Our  pattu  wtlh  Howcrs  stic  prtxligally  ktruvvn.  DryUn. 

PROD'I-GE.XCE,  n.    Waste;  profusion;  prodipalitv. 

[JV<><  K..C//.]  Bp.  Hall.' 

PRO-DIG'IOUS,  (-did'jus,)  a.    [Sp.  and  It.  prodi/rio- 

so  ;  Vt.  prndi^ieuz  ;  \j.  prodiirinsits.    ^ee  Prodiciy.] 

1.  Very  great ;  huge  ;  enormous  in  size,  quantity, 
extent,  &c. ;  as,  a  mountain  of  prodigious  si/e  or  al- 
titude ;  a  prodiirioiu  mass  or  quantity  of  water  ;  an 
ocean  or  plain  of  prodigious  extent.  Hence, 

2.  Wonderful;  astonishing;  such  as  may  seem  a 
prodigy  ;  monstrous  ;  portentous. 

It  IS  rtro/ligiout  to  have  tbumtcr  in  a  clear  Broicn, 
Proaigioag  to  rehUf.  DryiUn. 

FRO-DIG'IOUS-LY,  orfB.  Enormously;  wondorliilly  ; 
astonishingly  ;  as,  a  unmher  prodigiously  great.  Ray, 
2.  Very  much  ;  extremely  ;  in  familiar  language. 
He  was  prodigiously  pleased. 

PRO-DIO'IOUS-NESS,  n.  Enormousness  of  size  ;  the 
slate  of  having  qualities  tlint  excite  wonder  or  aston- 
ishment. Hull. 

PROD'I-CY,  n.  [L.  prodigittm,  from  prodi^o^  ttt  slioot 
out,  drive  out,  properly  to  sprjcad  to  a  great  extent.] 

1.  Any  thing  out  of  the  ordinary  course  of  nature, 
and  so  extraordinary  as  to  excite  wonder  or  astonish- 
ment ;  as,  a  prodigy  of  learning.  Spectator. 

2.  Something  e.ttraordinary  from  which  omens  are 
drawn  ;  portent.  Thus  eclipses  and  meteors  were 
anciently  deemed  prodigici. 

3.  A  monster  ;  an  animal  or  other  production  out 
of  the  ordinary  course  of  nature.  B.  Jonson. 

PRO-DI"TION,  71.  [L.  proditio,  from  prodo,  to  betray  ; 

supposed  to  be  compounded  of  pro  and  do,  to  give. 

fiiit  in  W.  bradu  is  to  betray.] 

Treachery  ;  treason.  .Ainsworth. 
PROD'I-TOli,  n.  [L.]  A  traitor.  [A'o*  in  use.]  Shak. 
PKOD-I-TO'RI-OUS,  a. .  Treacherous  ;  perfidious  ; 

traitorous.    [Aot  in  use.]  Daniel. 
2.  .'Vpt  to  make  discoveries  or  disclosures.  [,\'ot  in 

use.]  Wutton. 
PROO'I-TO-RY,  a.   Treacherous  ;  perfidious.  Jildlm. 
PRo'DROME,  n.    [Or.  nfioS/iopoi ;  irpo  and  Tpe\oi,  to 

run.} 

A  forerunner.    [JVot  in  use.]  Coles. 
PRO-DfjCE',  V.  i.    [L.  produce  ;  pro  and  duco,  to  lead 
or  draw  ;  Sax.  teogan,  tenn,  to  tug  ;  It.  producerc,  pro- 
durre ;  i^p.  prodacir  i  Fr.  produire.] 

1.  To  bring  forward  ;  to  bring  or  offer  to  view  or 
notice  ;  as,  to  produce  a  witness  or  evidence  in  court. 

Produce  your  cause.  —  Ii.  xli. 

2.  To  exhibit  to  the  public. 

Tour  parvnu  did  nol  produce  you  much  into  the  world.  Sui/t. 

3.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  bear  ;  as  plants  or  the  soil. 
Trees  produce  fruit ;  the  earth  produces  trees  and 
grass  ;  wheat  produces  an  abundance  of  food. 

4.  To  bear ;  to  generate  and  bring  forth ;  as 
young.    The  seas  produce  fish  in  abundance. 

Tliry  _ 

Produce  prodi^ou*  birtjis  of  body  or  mind.  MiJlon, 

5.  To  cause  ;  to  effect ;  to  bring  into  existence. 
Small  causes  sometimes  produce  great  effects.  The 
clouds  produce  rain.    The  painter  produces  a  picture 

«  or  a  landscape.  The  sculptor  produces  a  statue. 
Vice  produces  misery. 

6.  To  raise  ;  to  bring  into  being.  The  farmer  pro- 
duces grain  enough  fur  his  family. 

7.  To  make  ;  to  bring  into  being  or  form.  The 
manufacturer  produces  excellent  wares. 

8.  To  yield  or  furnish.  Money  produces  interest ; 
capital  produces  profiL  The  commerce  of  the  coun- 
try produces  a  revenue  to  government. 

9.  In  general,  to  bring  into  existence  or  into  view, 

10.  In  geometry,  to  extend  ;  applied  to  a  line,  sur- 
face, or  solid. 

PROD'UCE,  (prod'duse,)  it.  That  which  is  produced, 
brought  forth,  or  yielded  ;  product  ;  as,  the  produce 
of  a  farm  ;  the  produce  of  trees  ;  the  produce  of  a 
country  ;  the  produce  of  a  manufacture  ;  the  produce 
of  the  sea  ;  the  produce  of  a  tax  ;  the  produce  of  a 
mine.  But  when  we  speak  of  something  formed  by 
an  individual  artisan  or  genius,  we  call  it  a  produc- 
tion. 


I 


PR()  I)P(''A'D,  pp.    Brought  into  life,  being,  or  view  ; 

yielded  ;  extended. 
PliO-DOCE'.MENT,  n.    Production.    [J^'ot  used.] 

Jtldlon. 

PRO-nCC'E.NT,  n.  One  that  exhibits,  or  oflers  to 
view  or  notice.    [Aut  much  used.]  .^yliffe. 

PRO-DOC'ER,  ji.  One  that  generates  ;  one  that  |)ro- 
duces.  Locke.  Sucklintr, 

PRO-DU-CI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  power  of  producing. 
[A*"t  w^ed.]  Barrow. 

PRO-D0'<;i-BLE,  a.    [It.  producibile,  produlibile.] 

1.  That  may  be  brought  into  being;  that  may  be 
genenled  or  made  ;  as,  producible  salts.  Boyle. 

2.  That  may  be  brought  into  view  or  notice  ;  that 
may  be  exhibited.  Hammond. 

PRO^DO'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  producible  ;  as,  the  produciblcness  of  salts. 

Boyle. 

PUO-DOC'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Generating;  bringing  into 
existence  or  notice;  yielding;  extending. 

PROU'L'GT,  M.  [L.  produclus,  from  produce  ;  Ft.  pro- 
duil.] 

I.  That  which  is  produced  by  nature,  as  fruits, 
grain,  metals  ;  as,  the  product  of  land  ;  tlie  products 
tif  the  season. 

a.  That  which  is  formed  or  produced  by  labor,  or 
by  mental  application  ;  as,  the  products  o(  manufac- 
tures, of  commerce,  or  of  art ;  the  products  of  great 
and  wise  men.  In  the  latter  sense,  production  is 
now  generally  used. 

Ill  general,  products  comprehend  whatever  is  pro- 
duced or  made  ;  as  when  we  speak  of  tlie  products 
of  a  country  exported. 

The  product  of  the  inipost  and  excise.      Betkiuip,  N.  Ilamp, 

3.  Effect ;  result ;  soinelliing  consequential. 

Thf'se  are  Uie  product 
Of  those  ill-mated  tnarri^i^s.  Afdlon. 

4.  In  arithmetic,  the  number  resulting  from  the 
multiplication  of  two  or  more  numbers.  Thus, 
5  X  7  =  35,  the  product.  Product  results  from  mui- 
tipltctition,  as  .vum  does  from  addition. 

PRO-DL'e'TILK,  0.  That  may  be  extended  in  length. 
PK0-DI'€'T10N,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  productio.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  producing,  bringing  forth, 
or  exhibiting  to  view. 

2.  That  which  is  produced  or  made  ;  as,  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  earth,  comprehending  all  vegetables 
and  fruits  ;  the  productions  of  art,  as  manufactures 
of  every  kind,  paintings,  sculptures,  &c.  ;  the  pro- 
ductions of  intellect  or  genius,  as  poems  and  prose 
compositions. 

PRO-DUe'TIVE,  a.    [It.  prodnttivo  ;  Pp.  productii-o.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  or  power  of  producing;  as, 
productive  labor  is  that  wUieli  increases  the  number 
or  amount  of  products;  opposed  to  unproductive 
labor.  The  labor  of  the  farmer  and  mechanic  is  pro- 
ductive ;  the  labor  of  officers  and  professional  men  is 
unproductive  to  the  stale.  A  tree  which  bears  fruit, 
and  the  land  which  bears  grass  or  grain,  is  produc- 
tive. 

2.  Fertile;  producing  good  crops.  We  often  de- 
note by  this  word  that  land  or  plants  yield  large 
products. 

'3.  Producing;  bringing  into  being;  causing  to 
exist :  efficient ;  as,  an  age  productive  of  great  men ; 
a  spirit  productive  of  heroic  achievements. 

This  i3  tuniing  nol)iliiy  into  a  principle  of  vinue,  and  makin*  it 
productive  of  nirrit.  Spectator. 

And  kindle  witii  Uiy  own  productive  fire.  Dryden. 

PRO-DU€'TIVE-LY,  o<ir.  By  production  j  with 
abundant  produce. 

PRO-DUe'Tl  VE-.NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pro- 
ductive ;  as,  the  productiveness  of  lantl  or  labor. 

PRO-E-GO'MIN-AL,  a.  [Gr.  -poriycopat,  to  go  be- 
fore.] 

Predisposing  ;  a  term  denoting  that  cause  without 
which  a  disease  can  not  exist,  which  determines  its 
nature  and  chanicter,  but  which  only  produces  a 
predisposition,  and  always  requires  the  aid  of  a  pro- 
catarctic  cause  to  kindle  it  into  action.  Only  a  lim- 
ited number  of  diseases  retpiire  the  infiuence  of  a 
proeguminal  and  a  procatarctic  cause  for  their  pro- 
diictiim. 

PRO'E.M,  n.  [Fr.  proeme  It,  and  Sp.  proemio ;  L. 
protrmium  ,•  Gr,  np'jotptov;  ttoo,  before,  and  oipri, 
o(|io{,  way.] 

Preface  ;  introduction  ;  preliminary  observations 
to  a  book  or  writing.  Stci/L  Milton. 

PRO'E.M,  r.  t.    To  preface.    [^Tot  used.]  South. 

PRO-P,'MI-AL,  a.  Introductory  ;  prefatory  ;  prelimi- 
iiar\'.  Hammond.  Johnson. 

PRO  EMP-TO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.,  from  i7pot(iT.7rrw,  to  fall 
before.] 

In  chronology,  the  lunar  equation,  or  addition  of  a 
day,  necessary  to  prevent  the  new  moon  from  hap- 
pening a  day  too  soon.  Brandt. 

PRO'FACE,  n.    An  old  exclamation  of  welcome. 

PROF-A-Na'TIO.N,  n,  [Fr.  ;  It.  profana-.ione :  Sp. 
profanacion;  from  V».  profano.    See  Profane.] 

I.  The  act  of  violating  sacred  things,  or  of  treat- 
ing them  with  contempt  or  irreverence  ;  as,  the  prof- 
anation of  the  Sabbath  by  sports,  amusements,  or 
unnecessary  labor;  the  profanation  of  a  sanctuary; 


the  profanation  of  the  name  of  Goil  by  swearing, 
jesting,  Acc. 

2.  The  act  of  treating  with  abuse  or  disrespect. 
'Twere  pro/nnation  of  our  Joys 

To  tell  tne  I^iiy  our  love.  Donne. 

PRO-FANE',  a.  [L.  profanus ;  pro  and  fanum,  a  tem- 
ple ;  It.  and  Sp.  profano  ;  Fr.  profane.] 

1.  Irreverent  to  any  thing  sacred  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons. A  man  is  profane  when  he  takes  the  name  of 
God  in  vain,  or  treats  sacred  things  with  abuse  and 
irreverence. 

2.  Irreverent ;  proceeding  from  a  contempt  of 
sacred  things,  or  implying  it ;  as,  profane  words  or 
language  ;  profane  swearing. 

'J.  Not  sacred  ;  secular ;  relating  to  secular  things; 
as,  profane  history. 

4.  Polluted  ;  not  pure. 

Nothing  a  profane  tJiAt  servelh  to  holy  thinga.  RaUgh. 

5.  Not  purified  or  holy  ;  allowed  for  common  use  j 
as,  a  profane  place.    Ezek.  xlii.  and  xlviii, 

6.  Obscene;  heathenish;  tending  to  bring  re- 
pro,ach  on  religion  ;  as,  profane  fables.    1  Tim.  iv. 

Profane  is  used  chiefly  in  Scripture  in  op|Hisition 
to  holy,  or  qualified  ceremonially  for  sacred  ser- 
vices. 

PRO-FANE',  V.  t.  To  violate  any  thing  sacred,  or 
treat  it  with  abuse,  irreverence,  obloquy,  or  con- 
tempt ;  as,  to  profane  the  name  of  God  ;  to  profane 
the  Sabbath  ;  to  profane  the  Scriptures  or  the  orili- 
nances  of  God.  Vieighl. 

2.  To  pollute ;  to  defile ;  to  apply  to  teiii|H>raI 
uses  ;  to  use  as  base  or  common,   ICzek.  xxiv. 

3.  I'o  violate.    Mai.  ii. 

4.  To  pollute  ;  to  debase.   Lev.  xxi. 

5.  'To  put  to  a  wrong  use.  Shak. 
PRO-FA.\'iED,  pp.    Violated  ;  treated  with  irrever- 
ence or  abuse  ;  applied  to  common  uses  ;  polluted, 

PRO-FA.\E'LY,  adv.  With  irreverence  to  sacred 
things  or  names. 

The  chancier  of  Go<l  profamly  unpe.aclicd.  Dwight. 
2.  With  abuse  or  contempt  for  any  thing  vener- 
able. 

That  proud  scholar  —  speaks  of  Kotner  too  profanely. 

^  Broome. 

PRO-FA NE'NESS,  n.  Irreverence  of  s.acred  things; 
particularly,  the  use  of  language  which  implies  ir- 
reverence toward  God  ;  the  taking  of  God's  name 
in  vain,  Dryden.    Atterbury.  Dwight. 

Profanenest  in  men  is  vulvar  and  odious  ;  in  leinaK-s,  :s  shocking^ 
and  delesUiUe.  ilnon. 

PRO-FAN'ER,  n.  One  who,  by  words  or  actions, 
treats  sacred  things  with  irreverence  ;  one  who  uses 
profane  language. 

2.  A  iwlluler;  a  defiler;  as,  a  profaner  of  the 
temple.  Hooker. 

PUO-FA.VING,  ppr.  Violating;  treating  with  irrev- 
erence ;  polluting. 

PRO-FAN'1-TY,  n.    Profancness,  which  see. 

In  a  revel  of  deliaitchcry,  nniid  the  brisk  interrhange  tA  profanity 
and  fully,  religion  iitiglil  appear  a  dumb,  ujm<i.U  intruder. 

Bucl:!ntn»ter. 

PRO-FEC'TION,  n.    [U  profcctio.] 

A  going  forward  ;  advance  ;  progression,    [JV'bf  in 

iw.]  Broirn. 
PRO'FERT,  n.    [L.  third  person  of  profero.]    In  law,  - 

the  exhibition  of  a  record  or  paper  in  o\ki\  court. 
PRO-FESS',  V.  U     \W  professare,  Sp.  profesar  ;  Fr. 

professer ;  L.  professus,  profiteor ;  pro  .and  fateiir.] 

1.  To  make  ojjen  ileclaration  uf ;  to  avow  or  ac- 
knowledge. 

Let  no  man  who  profettet  himsetf  a  Christain,  keep  so  ttcatben* 
ish  a  loinlly  as  not  to  see  God  be  daily  woraliipitl  in  iL 

Peray  of  Piety. 

They  profess  tluvt  they  know  God,  but  in  works  thi-y  deny  tiim. 

2.  To  declare  in  strong  terms. 

Then  will  I  profess  to  them,  I  never  knew  you.  —  Malt.  vii. 

3.  To  make  a  show  of  any  sentiments  by  loud 
declaration. 

To  your  professing  bosoms  I  commit  him.  Shak. 

4.  To  decl.are  publicly  one's  skill  in  any  art  or  sci- 
ence, for  inviting  employment ;  as,  to  profess  one's 
self  a  physician  ;  he  professes  surger}'. 

PRO-FES.S',  r.  i.    To  declare  friendship.    [J^ot  in 

use.]  S/iak. 
PRO-FEPS'£D,  I  pp.  or  o.    Openly  declared,  avowed, 
PRO-FEST',      i    or  acknowledged  ;  as,  a  professed 
foe  ;  a  professed  tyrant ;  a  professed  Chrialian  ;  a  pro- 
fessed al  heist. 

PKO-FESS'EO-LY,  adv.  By  profession  ;  by  open 
declaration  or  avowal. 

1  could  not  front  too  much  to  men  — profetaedlu  my  tul>)ecu. 

K.  Ckarlss. 

EngK^nd  1  IraTeleU  over,  pro/Msetfiy  searching  »U  placsasi 
passed  along.  Woodward. 

PRO-FESS'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Openly  declaring  ;  avow- 
ing ;  acknowledging  ;  making  a  profession. 
PRO-FES'SION,  (-fesh'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  pro- 

fessio.] 

1.  Open  decl.aration  ;  public  avoival  or  acknowl- 
edgment of  one's  sentiments  or  belief;  as,  professions 

I 


TONE,  BIJLL,  t:NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  m  in  THIS. 
TiO  ~  t.73 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


of  friendship  or  sincerity  ;  a  professum  of  faith  or  re- 
ligion. 

The  pro/essiona  of  princes,  when  a  crown  is  the  bait,  are  a  slen- 
tl  T  stfciirity.  Lesley. 

The  Imliiiis  quickly  pi^rci-ive  the  coincidence  or  the  contr.tdiclion 
b'Mwe'/o  professiotts  and  conduct,  and  their  confidence  or 
distrust  follows  of  course.  J.  Aiorse. 

2.  The  business  which  one  professes  to  understand 
and  to  follow  for  subsistence  ;  calling;  vocation; 
employment ;  as,  the  learned  professions.  We  speak 
of  the  professions  of  a  clergyman,  of  a  lawyer,  and 
of  a  physician  or  surgeon  ;  the  profession  of  lecturer 
on  chfinistry  or  mineralogy.  But  the  word  i.s  not 
applied  to  an  occupaticm  merely  mechanical. 

3.  The  collective  body  of  persons  engaged  in  a 
calling.  We  speak  of  practices  honorable  or  dis- 
graceful to  a  profession. 

4.  Among  the  Roman  Cidliolics,  the  entering  into  a 
religious  order,  by  which  a  person  offers  himself  to 
God  by  a  vow  of  inviolable  obedience,  chastity,  and 
poverty.  Encric. 

PRO  rES'SION-AL,  (-fesh'un-al,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  profession  or  to  a  calling  ;  as,  professional  studies, 
pursuits,  duties,  engagements;  professional  character 
or  skill. 

PRO-FES'SION-AL-LY,  adv.    By  profession  or  dec- 
laration.   He  is  professionally  a  friend  to  religion. 
2.  By  calling;  as,  one  employed /iro/fisiuHaWy. 

PRO-FESS'OR,  71.  [L.]  One  who  makes  open  dec- 
laration of  his  sentiments  or  opinions  ;  particularly, 
one  who  makes  a  public  avowal  of  his  belief  in  the 
Scriptures  and  his  faith  in  Christ,  and  thus  unites 
himself  to  the  visible  church.    Bacon.  Hammond. 

2.  One  that  publicly  teaches  any  science  or  branch 
of  learning  ;  particularly,  an  officer  in  a  university, 
college,  or  other  seminary,  whose  business  is  to  read 
lectures  or  instruct  students  in  a  particular  branch  of 
learning  ;  as,  a  professor  of  theology  or  uiathe- 
matics. 

PRO  FES-Po'RI-AL,  a.    [L.  professorius.] 

Pertaining  to  a  professor  ;  as,  the  professorial  chair. 

Enfield. 

)'RO-FF,SS'OR-PHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  professor  or 
public  teacher  of  the  sciences.  Walton. 

PRO-FES'SO-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  professor. 

PKOF'FER,  r.  t.  [L.  profero  ;  pro  and  fero,  to  bear  ; 
It.  proffcrerf,  proj'erire  ;  Sp.proferir;  Fr.  proferer.] 

1.  To  offer  for  acci'ptance  ;  as,  to  proffer  a  gift ;  to 
proffer  services  ;  to  proffer  friendship. 

2.  To  essay  or  attempt  of  one's  own  accord. 

None 

So  hardy  ns  to  proffer  or  accept 

Alone  the  dreatlfnl  voyag;e.  Mtlton. 

PROF'FER,  71.  An  offer  made;  something  proposed 
for  accei»tance  by  another;  as,  proffers  of  peace  or 
friendship. 

He  made  a  proj'er  to  lay  down  his  commission  of  command  in 
the  army.  Clarendon. 

2.  Essay  ;  attempt.  Baton. 
J'ROF'FER-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Offered  for  acceptance. 
)'ROF'FER-ER,  7i.    One  who  offers  any  thing  for  ac- 
ceptance. 

)"ROF'FER-ING,  ppr.    Offering  for  acceptance. 

)'R0-FI"CIEN'(:E,  (-fish'eus,)     j  7t.     [from  L.  pro- 

)'RO-FI"CIEN-CY,  ( -fish'en-se,)  (  fciens,  from  pro- 
ficio,  to  advance  forward  ;  pro  and  facio,  to  make.] 

Advance  in  the  acquisition  of  any  art,  science,  or 
knowledge  ;  improvement  ;  progression  in  knowl- 
edge. Students  are  examined,  th:it  tliey  may  mani- 
fest their  jtroticiency  in  their  studies  or  in  knowledge. 

PRO-n"CIE.\T,  (-fish'cnt,)  71.  One  who  h.as  made 
considerable  advances  in  any  business,  art,  science, 
or  branch  of  learning  ;  as,  a  profcient  in  a  trade  or 
occupation  ;  a  proficient  in  mathematics,  in  anatomy, 
in  nnisx,  &c. 

PRO-Fr"ClENT-LY,  adv.    By  proficiency. 

PKO-Fie'U-OUS,  a.    [L.  projicuus,  projicio,  supra.] 
Profitable  ;  aclvantugeous  ;  useful.    [^Little  used.] 

JIarvey. 

PRo'FIEE,  (pru'fil  or  pro'feel,)  7t.  [Fr.projil:  pro  and 
fl:  It.  projilo  :  Sp.  and  Port,  pcrjil;  per  and  fil,  L. 
Jilam,  a  thread  or  line.] 

1.  Primarily,  an  outline  or  contour;  hence,  in 
sculpture  and  paintin<r,  a  head  or  portrait  represented 
sidewise  or  in  a  side  view  ;  the  side  face  or  half  face  ; 
as,  to  draw  or  appear  in  profile;  the  profile  of  Pope 
or  Addison. 

2.  In  nrrhiiectnre,  the  contour  or  outline  of  a  fig- 
ure, building,  or  nicinber;  also,  the  draught  of  nn 
object,  represenling  it  as  if  cut  down  perpendicularly 
from  the  top  to  the  bottom.  Gwiil. 

PRO'FILK,  fproTil  „r  pro'feel,)  v.  t.    [Fr.  profiler  i  It. 

profilarr ;  ^^i.  perfilar.] 

'I'o  draw  the  outline  of  a  head  sidewise  ;  to  draw 

in  profili',  as  a  building. 
Pltfi  FIL-Tol),  ;)/).    Drawn  so  as  to  present  a  side 

view. 

PRO' FUSING,  ppr.  Drawing  n  portrait  so  ns  to  rep- 
ri  Ki  nt  a  ^iile  view  ;  drawing  an  outline  of.  OaiU. 

PRn'FII,-I.ST,  71.    One  who  liikes  profiles. 

PRDF'rr,  n.  [Fr.  profit:  It.  profitto;  from  L.  prn/co 
tit.*,  pruficiv,  to  prolil,  literally  tt>  |)roceed  forward,  to 
advance  ;  pro  timl  fiLcw.  'i'he  primary  Hcnse  of  facio 
la,  to  urge  or  drive.] 


1.  In  ctnjimcrcc,  the  advance  in  the  price  of  goods 
sold  beyond  the  cost  of  purchase.  JVet  profit  is  the 
gain  made  by  selling  goods  at  an  advanced  price,  or 
a  price  beyond  what  they  had  cost  the  seller,  and 
beyond  all  costs  and  charges.  The  profit  of  the 
farmer  and  the  manufacturer  is  the  gain  made  by  the 
sale  of  produce  or  manufactures,  after  deducting  the 
value  of  the  labor,  materials,  rents,  and  all  expenses, 
together  with  the  interest  of  the  capital  employed, 
whether  land,  machinery,  buildings,  instruments,  or 
money. 

Let  no  m.an  anticipate  uncertain  profits.  Ranibler. 

2.  Any  gain  or  pecuniary  advantage  ;  as,  an  office 
of  profit  or  honor. 

3.  Any  advantage  ;  any  accession  of  good  from 
labor  or  exertion  ;  an  extensive  signification,  com- 
prehending the  acquisition  of  any  thing  valuable, 
corporeal  or  intellectual,  temporal  or  spiritual.  A 
person  may  derive  profit  from  exercise,  amusements, 
reading,  study,  meditation,  social  intercourse,  reli- 
gious instruction,  &c.  Every  improvement  or  ad- 
vance in  knowledge  is  profit  to  a  wise  man. 

PROF'IT,  V.  t.    [It.  profiltare  ;  Fr.  profiler.] 

1.  To  benefit ;  to  advantage  ;  applied  to  one^s  self, 
to  derive  some  pecuniary  interest  or  some  accession 
of  good  from  any  thing  ;  as,  to  profit  one's  self  by  a 
commercial  undertaking,  or  by  reading  or  instruction. 
In  this  sense,  the  verb  is  generally  used  intransitive- 
ly. .Applied  to  others,  to  communicate  good  to  ;  to 
advance  the  interest  of. 

Brethren,  if  1  come  to  you  spealting  with  tongues,  what  shall  I 

projit  you? — 1  Cor.  xiv. 
Wliereto  mi^hl  Uie  strengUl  of  their  hands  profit  me  ?  —  Job  XXX. 

2.  To  improve  ;  to  advance. 

It  is  a  great  means  o{  pro_filing  yourself,  to  copy  diligently  excel- 
lent pieces  and  beautilul  designs.  Dryden. 

PROF'IT,  V.  i.    To  gain  advantage  in  pecuniary  In- 
terest ;  as,  to  profit  by  trade  or  manufactures. 

2.  To  make  improvement;  to  improve;  to  grow 
wiser  or  better  ;  to  advance  in  any  thing  useful ;  as, 
to  profit  by  reading  or  by  experience. 

Siie  has  profiled  by  your  counsel.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  of  use  or  advantage  ;  to  bring  good  to. 

Itiches  profit  not  in  the  day  of  wrath.  —  Prov.  xi. 

PROF'IT-A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.]     Yielding  or  bringing 
profit  or  gain  ;  gainful  ;  lucrative  ;  as,  a  profitable 
trade  ;  profitable  business  ;  a  profitable  study  or  pro- 
fession. 
2.  Useful ;  advantageous. 

What  was  so  profilable  to  Uie  empire,  became  fatal  to  the  em- 
peror, Arbuthnot. 

PROF'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.     Gainfulness ;  as,  the 
profitableness  of  trade. 

2.  Usefulness  ;  advantageousness.  More.  Calawy. 
PROF'IT-A-BLY,  ado.    With  gain ;  gainfully.  Our 
ships  are  profitably  employed. 

2.  Usefully ;  advantageously  ;  with  improvement. 
Our  time  may  bt  profitably  occupied  in  reading. 
PROF'IT-ED,  pp.    Benefited  ;  advanced  in  interest  or 
happiness ;  improved. 

What  is  a  man  profited,  if  he  shall  gain  the  whole  world  and 
lose  his  own  soul?  —  Malt.  xvi. 

PROF'IT-ING,  ppr.   Gaining  interest  or  advantage  ; 
improving. 

PROF'IT-ING,  77.    Gain  ;  advantage  ;  improvement. 

That  thy  profiting  may  appear  to  all.  —  1  Tim.  iv. 
PROF'IT-LESS,  o.    Void  of  profit,  gain,  or  advan- 
tage. Shak. 
PROF'LI-GA-CY,  n.  [See  Profligate.]   A  profligate 
or  very  vicious  course  of  life  ;  a  state  of  being  aban- 
doned in  moral  principle  and  in  vice.  Barrington. 
PROF'LI-GATE,  a.    [L.  profligaVus,  proftigo,  to  rout, 
to  ruin  ;  pro  and  fiigo,  to  drive  or  dash.    The  word, 
then,  signifies,  d.ashed,  broken,  or  ruined  in  morals. 
See  Floo  and  Akflict.] 

Abandoned  to  vice  ;  lost  to  principle,  virtue,  or  de- 
cency ;  extremely  vicious ;  shameless  in  wickedness ; 
as,  a  profligate  man  or  wretch. 

Next  age  will  see 
A  race  more  profiigate  than  we.  Boscommon. 
Made  prostitute  and  profligate  the  muse. 
Debased  to  each  obscene  and  impious  use.  DryiUn. 
PROF'LI-GATE,  71.    An  abandoned  man ;  a  wretch 
who  has  lost  all  regard  to  good  principles,  virtue,  or 
decency. 

How  could  such  a  profligate  m  Antony,  or  a  boy  of  eighteen  like 
Oclavius,  ever  dare  to  dream  of  giving  law  lo  such  an  em- 
pire I  Sicifl. 

PROF'LI-GATE,  v.  t.    To  drive  away  ;  a  Latin  sig7U- 
fication.    [JVot  used.] 

2.  To  overcome.    [JVot  iLied.]  JIarvey. 
PROF'LI-GATE-LY,a(/«.  Without  principle  or  shame. 

Strift. 

2.  In  a  coiirso  of  extreme  viciousness  ;  as,  to  spend 
life  proftigalrhi. 
PROF'li-tJATE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  lo.st  to  virtue  and  decency.  Butler. 

2.  An  abandoned  course  of  fife  ;  extreme  vicious 
nesfl  ;  prolligacv. 
PR0F-L1-GA'TI6N,  71.    Defeat;  rout.    [J\'-ot  used.] 

Bacon. 


PROF'LU-ENCE,  71.  [L.  pr:fluens,  profluo  ;  pro  and 
^110,  to  flow.] 

A  progress  or  course.    [JVot  used.]  TVotton. 

PROF'LU-ENT,  a.  Flowing  forward;  as,  a  pnfi-ient 
stream.  Milton. 

PRO  FOR'M.9,  [L.l    For  the  sake  of  form. 

PRO-FOUND',  a.  [Fr.  profond :  It.  profondo ;  Sp.  pro- 
funda; L.  profundus;  pro  and  fundus,  bottom.  See 

FOUXD.] 

1.  Deep ;  descending  or  being  far  below  the  sur- 
face, or  far  below  the  adjacent  places;  as,  a  gulf  pro- 
found. Milton. 

2.  Intellectually  deep ;  that  enters  deeply  into  sub- 
jects ;  not  superficial  or  obvious  to  the  mind  ;  as,  a 
profound  investigation  ;  profound  reasoning  ;  a  pro- 
found treatise. 

3.  Humble  ;  very  lowly  ;  submissive  ;  as,  a  pro- 
found reverence  for  the  Supreme  Being.  Duppa. 

4.  Penetrating  deeply  into  science  or  any  branch 
of  learning  ;  as,  a  profound  scholar;  a  profound  math- 
ematician ;  a  pnfound  historian. 

5.  Deep  in  skill  or  contrivance. 

The  revoltrrs  are  profound  to  make  slaughter.  —  Hos.  r. 

6.  Having  hidden  qualities. 

U)Ton  the  corner  of  the  room 

Tliere  hangs  a  vaporous  drop  profound.  Sliak. 

PRO-FOUND',  71.   The  deep ;  the  sea ;  the  ocean  ;  as, 
the  vast  profound.  Dryden. 
2.  The  abyss. 

1  Inivel  this  profound.  Mliton. 
PRO-FOUND',  V.  i.    To  dive  ;  to  penetrate.    [Ao(  in 

nse.]  Olanville. 
PRO-FOUND'LY,  adv.    Deeply ;  with  deep  concern. 

Why  sigh  you  so  ^o/ounrf/y  ?  ShaJc. 
2.  With  deep  penetration  into  science  or  learning ; 
with  deep  knowledge  or  insight ;  as,  profoundly  wise  ; 
prufiiindhi  skilled  in  music  or  painting.  Dryden. 
PRO-FOUND'NESS,  71.    Depth  of  place. 

2.  Depth  of  knowledge  or  of  science.  Hooker. 
PRO-FUND'I-TY,  71.  [It.  profonditd ;  Sp.  prof andidad  j 
from  L.  profundus.] 
Depth  of  |)lace,  of  knowledge,  or  of  science. 

Milton. 

PRO-FuSE',  a.  [L.  profustui,  profunda,  to  pour  out ; 
pro  and  fundo.] 

1.  Lavish  ;  liberal  to  excess  ;  prodigal ;  as,  a  pro- 
fuse government;  a  profuse  administration.  Henry 
the  Eighth,  a  profuse  king,  dissipated  the  treasures 
which  the  parsimony  of  his  father  had  amassed.  A 
man's  friends  are  generally  too  profuse  of  praise,  and 
his  enemies  too  sparing. 

2.  Extravagant ;  lavish  ;  as,  profuse  expenditures. 

3.  Overabounding ;  exuberant. 

On  a  green  shady  bank,  profuse  of  flowers.  Milton. 

O  Liberty  I  thou  goddess  heavenly  bright, 

Profuse  of  bliss.  Addison. 

Profuse  ornament  in  Jiainting,  archilecture,  or  ganh  iiing,  as 
well  as  ui  diess  or  lu  language,  shows  a  mean  or  currupled 
t:iste.  Karnes. 

PRO-FUSE',  V.  t.    To  pour  out.    [Little  used.] 

Armstrong. 

2.  To  squander.    [Little  used.]  Steele. 
PRO-FUSE'LV,  adv.    Lavishly ;  prodigally ;  as,  an 
income  profusely  expended. 

2.  With  exuberance  ;  with  great  abundance.  The 
earth  is  profusely  adorned  with  flowers  ;  ornaments 
may  he  too  profusely  scattered  over  a  building. 
PRO-FCSE'NESS,  71.    Lavishness ;  prodigality;  ex- 
travagant expentlitures. 

Hospil;ilily  soinetiines  degenerates  into  profuseness.  Atlertury. 
2.  Great  abundance  ;  profusion  ;  as,  profusaiess  of 
ornaments. 
PRO-FO'SlOtV,  (-zhun,)  71.    [L.  profusio.] 

1.  Lavishness  ;  proiligality  ;  extravagance  of  ex- 
penditures ;  as,  to  waste  an  estate  by  profusion. 

What  meant  thy  pompous  progress  through  the  empire, 

'i'liy  vast  profusion  10  the  factious  nobles  I  Rome. 

2.  Lavish  efl'usion. 

He  was  desirous  to  avoiil  not  only  profusion,  but  the  least  efl'u- 
sion  of  Christian  blood.  Jlayward. 

3.  Rich  abundance  ;  exuberant  plenty.  The  table 
contained  a  profusion  of  dainties.  Our  country  has 
a  profusion  of  food  for  nuin  and  beast. 

The  raptured  eyo 
The  fairpro/tision,  yellow  autumn,  spies.  Thomson. 

PROG,  ».  t.    [D.  prachgcn,  to  beg ;  Dan.  praliker,  id. ; 
Sw.  praeka,  to  make  use  of  shifts  ;  L.  proco,  procor.] 
To  shift  meanly  for  provisions ;  to  wainler  about 
and  seek  provisions  where  they  are  to  be  found ;  to 
live  by  beggarly  tricks.    [Ji  low  word.] 

You  aro  the  lion  :  I  have  been  endeavoring  lo  prog  for  you, 

burte. 

PROG,  71.    Victu.als  or  provisions  sought  by  begging, 
or  found  by  wandering  about. 
2.  Victuals  of  any  kind.    [.^  lou>  word.]  Smfl. 
PROG,  11.    One  that  seeks  his  victuals  by  wandering 

and  begging. 
PRO  GEN'ER-ATE,  r.  t.    [L.  progenero.] 

To  beget.    [J^ot  in  use.] 
PRO-GEN-ER-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  begetting  ;  pro  - 
agation.    [JVo(  u.vci/.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII/^T — METE,  PllBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQ(?K.— 


PRO 

PRO-CUN'I-TOR,  71.     [L.,  from  progigno;  pro  and 

gigiioy  to  b;'«:»*l(  Gr.  }  /t't^  ir.).] 

All  ancestor  in  thi'  diricl  line  ;  ;i  forefather.  Adam 

was  the  itruisfiitnr  iif  tlie  liiuuan  race. 
PUO-GEi\'l-TliKE,  «.    A  bi-geUing  or  birlli.  [Little 

PROG'E-N\',  n.  [It.  progenie;  h.  progenies,  from  pro- 
gignar.] 

OtlVpriiic  ;  raeo  ;  children  ;  descendants  of  the 
human  kind,  or  oir<|)iins  of  other  animals  ;  as,  the 
progentj  of  a  kins  ;  tiie  prngpmj  of  Adam  ;  the  proge- 
ny of  Iti'asts  or  fowls  ;  a  word  of  gmeral  application. 
PROtJ-.N'O'!*!!',  n.  [(Jr.  rrooj  Kuffij,  from  ir/jcij  ivaxTtw, 
to  know  before  ;  tto')  and  >  if<ijT«.( >.] 

In  mnliciiir,  the  art  of  fon'lelling  the  course  and 
evi  iit  of  a  disease  ;  the  judRmeiil  of  the  course  and 
event  of  a  disease  by  particular  sym|iti)iiis. 

Coie.  Hooper. 
PROO-NOS'Tie,  a.  Foreshowing  ;  indicating  some- 
thing future  by  signs  or  symptouis  ;  as,  the  prognos- 
tic syin|iIoins  of  u  disease  .  prognostic  signs. 
PROG-.\OS''l'I€,  n.  In  medicine,  the  judgment  formed 
concerning  the  course  and  event  of  a  disease  by  means 
of  the  syin|iluins.  Encyc. 

2.  Something  which  foreshows ;  a  sign  by  which 
a  future  event  may  be  known  or  fort-told. 

In  /ncd/ciiie,  a  sign  or  symptom  iiiilicating  the  course 
ami  event  of  a  disease.  The  appearance  of  the  tongue 
is  of  considerable  importance  as  a  prognostic.  Parr. 
:t.  A  foretelling  ;  prediction.  Swifl. 
PROU-.N'OS'Tie-.VHLE,  a.   That  may  be  foreknown 

or  foretold.  Brown. 
PROc;-.\Of!'Tie-ATE,  B.  (.     [from  prognostic;  It. 
prognostieare,'\ 

1.  To  foreshow;  to  indicate  a  future  course  or 
event  by  present  signs.  A  clear  sky  jrt  sunset  prog- 
nosticates a  fair  day. 

2.  To  foretell  by  means  of  present  signs  ;  to  predict. 
I  iirithcr  will  nor  Mn  proznogticnte 

To  llie  yoiin^  g-.ipiii:;  li'-ir  lii«  lUUior's  f:itc.  Vryltn. 
PROC!-N()S'TieA-TED,         Foreshown;  foretold. 
PRO(;-.N"OS'Tie-.\-TI.\G,  ppr.    Foreshowing;  fore- 
telling. 

PROG-NOS-Tie-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  foreshowing 
a  future  course  or  event  by  present  signs. 

2.  The  act  of  foretelling  a  course  or  event  by  pres- 
ent signs.  Burnet. 

3.  A  foretoken  ;  previous  sign.  Slials. 
PRnG-NOS'Tie-.\-TOR,  n.    A  foreknower  or  fore- 
teller of  a  fiitiiie  course  or  event  by  present  signs. 

PRO-GR.\.M'iM.\,  n.  [Gr.,  from  -fjnj  fjucjiw,  to  write 
previously  ;  .too  and  }  o  i^i^.),  to  write.] 

1.  Anciently,  a  letter  sealed  with  tlie  king's  seal. 

Kncijc. 

2.  In  a  universHy,  a  billet  or  advertisement  to  in- 
vite persons  to  an  oration.  Kneyc. 

3.  A  proclam:ition  of  edict  posted  in  a  public  place. 

Life  of  A.  Wood. 

4.  That  which  is  written  before  something  else  ;  a 
preface.  Warton. 

PRO'GRAM.ME,  (pro'gram,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  Fpo- 
yuu/i/ia.]  A  brief  outline  or  explanation  of  the  or- 
der to  be  pursued,  or  the  subjects  embraced,  in  any 
public  exercise,  performance,  entertainment,  or  sc- 
ries of  exercises. 

PUOG'RESS,  n.  [Vx.progris:  Sp.  progrrjio ;  li.  pro- 
gressus,  progredior  ;  pro  and  gradior,  to  step  or  go. 
See  Graoe  and  Deoree.J 

1.  A  moving  or  going  forward;  a  proceeding  on- 
ward. A  man  makes  a  slow  progress  or  a  rapid 
progress  on  a  journey  ;  a  ship  makes  slow  progress 
against  tile  tide.  He  watched  the  progress  of  the 
army  on  its  march,  or  the  progress  of  a  star  or  comet. 

2.  A  moving  forward  in  growth  ;  increase  ;  as, 
the  progress  of  a  plant  or  animal. 

3.  .-Xdvaiice  in  business  of  any  kinil ;  as,  the  prog- 
ress of  a  negotiation  ;  the  progress  of  arts. 

4.  Advance  in  knowledge;  intellectual  or  moral 
improvement ;  proficiency.  The  student  is  com- 
mended for  his  progress  in  learning  ;  the  Christian 
for  his  progress  in  virtue  and  piety. 

5.  Removal ;  passage  from  place  to  place. 

From  Egypt  una  Un  ir  progrett  matle  to  Girccc  Den)\am. 

6.  A  journey  of  state ;  a  circuit. 

Blackstime.  Addison, 
PRO-GRESS',  r.  i.   To  move  forward  in  space ;  to 
pass ;  to  proceed. 

Let  me  wipe  olT  tliis  honontble  dew 

Tlul  vlTefA'  tlotii  jirvureKt  on  tliy  ch'-eln.  Shak. 

—  Altliou^^li  Ih';  popuLir  b!iut 
IllUh  irnrctl  thy  iiiinK*  up  to  U-slnile  a  douti. 
Or progretM  in  tlv  r,Ii  »rioi  of  tlie  son. 

Broken  Heart,  In  /■'orrf,  vol.  I,  p  303, 

Ctjronft  erf.  Lon/ton,  \&7T. 

[Thei«  authors  accent  the  first  syllable,  but  the  ac- 
cent is  now  on  the  second.] 

2.  To  proceed  ;  to  continue  onward  in  course. 
After  the  war  h,«l  progretted  tor  iome  time.  Marehail. 
They  progrtee  in  i.'wti  tiyle  in  proportion  u  their  piews  nr« 

tn;aletl  witlr  contempt.  Wathington. 

KnoKles,  Smart,  and  Reid,  have  inserted  the  word, 
in  this  sense,  in  their  dii  tionaries. 

3.  To  advance  ;  to  make  improvement. 

Du  Ponceau.  Bayard. 


PRO 

PRO-GRESS'fiD,  (pro-grest',)  pp.  Moved  forward; 
procei'di'il. 

PUO-GRES.-i'ING,  p;)r.    Movini;  forward  ;  advancing. 

Millun.     Hejorm  of  F.ng. 
PRO  GRES'.^IO.V,  (pro-gresh'un,)  n.     [Kr.,  from  L. 
progressio,  progredior.  ] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  forward  ;  a  proceeding  in  a 
course  ;  motion  onward.  Locke. 

2.  Intellectual  advance ;  as,  the  progression  of 
thought.  Locke, 

3.  Course  ;  passage.  Sliuk. 

4.  In  inatliematic^s,  regular  or  proportional  advance 
in  increase  or  decrease  of  numbers  ;  continued  pru- 
portitin,  arithmetical,  geometrical,  or  harnioiiical. 
Arilhnii:tical  progression  is  when  the  terms  increase 
or  decrease  by  equal  ditferences.  'I'hus, 

lo'   8    li    4"        i      ""^  difference  2. 
Geometrical  progression  is  when  the  terms  increase 
or  decrease  by  etpial  ratios.  Thus, 
2.    4.    8.    16.  32.  64.  (  by  a  continual  multiplica- 
64.  32.  16.   8.   4.   2.  I    tion  or  division  by  2. 

Kneyc. 

5.  In  mii-«ic,  a  regular  succession  of  chords  or 
movement  of  the  parts  in  harmony. 

PRO-GKE.-*'SIOi\-AL,  (-gresh'un-al,)  a.  That  ad- 
vances ;  that  is  in  a  state  of  advance.  Brown. 

PRO-GRESS'I VE,  a.    Moving  forward;  proceeding 
onward;    advancing;    as,    prngressire  motion  or 
course;  opposeil  to  Kktrocrade.     Bacon.  Ray. 
2.  Iniprovini;.    The  arts  are  in  a  progrejsire  state. 

PRO-GRESS'I  VE-LY,  ai/o.  By  motion  onward;  by 
regular  ailv.iiices.  Hooker, 

PKC)-GKES!<'IVE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  moving 
forward  ;  an  ndvancing  ,  state  of  improvement ;  as, 
the  pro'rressirene.ss  of  science,  arts,  or  t:iste. 

PRO  H.a-e  yi'CK,  ri,.]    For  this  occasion. 

PRO-III  It'I'i',  r.  f.  [Ij.  prohibco  ;  pro  and  hahea,  to 
llold  ;  Vt,  prokibrr  ;  ll.  proibtre  ;  prohibir.] 

1,  To  forbiii  ;  lo  iiitertlict  by  authority  ;  applicable 
to  persons  or  tJtings,  but  implying  authority  or  right, 
Gt)d  prohibited  Atlaiii  to  eat  of  the  fruit  of  a  certain 
tree.  The  iiionil  law  prohibits  what  is  wrong,  ami 
coinniands  what  is  right.  We  prohibit  a  person  to 
do  a  thing,  ami  we  prohibit  the  thing  to  be  done. 

2.  To  hinder;  to  debar ;  to  prevent;  to  preclude. 


Gat -s  of  liirniii?  ail.im.m 
Barred  ovtr  iis,  prohibit  nil  egn  s 


M/um. 


PRO-HIB'IT-ED,;);>.  or  a.  Forbid  ;  interdicted  ;  hin- 
dered. 

PRO  HIB'IT-ER,  71.    One  who  prohibits  or  forbids;  a 

forbidrlcr;  an  interdicter. 
PRO-Illli'IT-li\G,  pitr.     Forbidding;  interdicting; 

debiirring. 

PKO-IlI-IH"TION,  (pro-he-bish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from 
L.  prohibitio,"] 

1.  The  art  of  forbidding  or  interdicting  ;  a  decla- 
ration to  hinder  some  nction  ;  interdict. 

The  law  01  <!o<l,  in  the  ten  commandment*,  consist!  mostly  of 
prohibiUont ;  —  "  Tlion  shait  not  do  such  a  thin^. " 

TT/toUon. 

2.  In  law.n  jrrit  of  prohibition,  is  a  writ  issuing 
from  a  superior  tribunal,  ilirected  to  the  judges  of  an 
inferior  court,  conimauding  them  to  cease  from  the 
prosecution  of  a  suit.  liy  ellipsis,  ;>ru/iifti(ii)n  is  used 
for  I  lie  writ  itself.  Blackslone. 

PRO-III-IiI"  ri()N-IST,  n.    One  who  favors  prohibit- 

orv  duties  in  romiiierce. 
PR()-im!'IT-IVE,    la.    Forbidding;   implying  pro- 
PRO  IIIB'IT-C)  RY,  i     hibition.    Btrrrow.  Ayliffe. 
PROI.V,  r.  (.    [Fr.  prwi.'iV/(rr ;  pro  and  vigne,  vine.] 
To  lop;  to  trim;  to  prune.    [Obs.]    [See  Pri,-:«e.] 
B.  Jonson, 

PROIN,  r.  1".    To  be  employed  in  pnining.  [Obs,] 

Bacon, 

PRO-JEGT',  r.  t  [L.  projicio ;  pro,  forward,  and 
jacio,  to  throw;  It.  progettare;  Fr.  projetcr ;  Sp. 
proyeetnr.] 

1.  To  throw  out ;  to  cast  or  shoot  forward. 


Th'  ascending  villas 
Project  ton^  »h.tdowi  o'er  llic  crystal  tide. 


Po]ie. 


2.  To  cast  forward  in  the  mind  ;  to  scheme  ;  to 
contrive  ;  lo  devi.se  soniethingto  be  done  ;  as,  to  pro- 
ject a  plan  for  paying  otf  the  national  debt ;  to  pro- 
ject an  expedition  to  South  America ;  to  project  peace 
or  war.  Milton, 

3.  To  draw  or  exhibit,  as  the  form  of  any  thing; 
to  delineate. 

PRO-J  F,CT',  n.  I.  To  shoot  forward  ;  to  extend  be- 
yond something  else  ;  to  jut;  to  be  prominent;  as, 
the  cornice  projects. 

PROJ'ECT,  n.    [Fr.  projel.] 

1.  A  scheme  ;  a  design  ;  something  intended  or 
devised  ;  contrivance  ;  as,  the  project  of  a  canal  from 
the  Hudson  to  tlie  lakes  ;  all  our  projects  of  happi- 
ness .are  liable  tti  be  frustrated. 

2.  An  idle  scheinr  ;  a  design  not  practicable;  as, 
a  man  given  to  projects, 

PRO-JECT'EI),  pp.  or  a.     Cast  out  or  forward; 

schemed  ;  devised  ;  delineated. 
PU()-JE€T'II>E,  a.    Impelling  forward  ;  as,  a  projett- 

ile  force. 


PRO 

2.  Given  by  impulse;  impelled  forward;  is.yiro- 
jrctilr  iiuilion.  Arbulhoiit. 

PliO-J  Ee'l''II.E,  n.  A  body  projected,  or  impelled 
forward  by  forctr,  particularly  through  the  air. 

2.  Projectiles,  in  merhanicul  philosophy,  is  ilmt  part 
which  treats  of  the  motion  of  bodies  thrown  or  driv- 
en by  an  iiii[H:lliiig  force  above  the  earth. 

PKO-JECT'ING,  jrpr.  Throwing  out  or  forward; 
scheming;  contriving. 

PR()-JE€T'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Shooting  out ;  jutting  ; 
extending  forward  ;  as,  a  projecting  rock. 

PRO-JEC'TION,  n.    [L.  projrctio.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  or  shooting  forward. 

Brown. 

2.  A  part  jutting  out,  as  of  a  building  ;  an  exten- 
sion beyond  Ntinielliiiig  else. 

3.  The  act  of  scheming;  plan;  scheme ;  design 
of  something  to  be  executed. 

4.  Plan  ;  tieliiieatioii ;  the  representation  of  some- 
thing ;  as,  the  projection  of  the  sphere,  is  a  delinea- 
tion of  the  several  |>arls  of  its  surface  on  a  plane. 
There  are  three  principal  points  of  projection  :  the 
stereogrnphic,  in  which  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be 
placed  on  the  stirfact^of  the  sphere  ;  tUc  ortJtogruphtc, 
in  which  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  at  an  infinite  dis- 
tance ;  and  the  gnomonie,  in  which  the  eye  is  placed 
in  the  center  of  the  sphert-.  Brande, 

Globular  projection  ;  that  projectitm  of  the  sphere 
which  so  represents  its  circles  as  to  present  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  globe. 

Mercator^s  projection;  a  mode  of  representing  the 
sphere  in  which  the  meridians  are  drawn  parallel  to 
each  other,  and  the  parallels  of  latitude  are  straight 
lines,  whose  distance  from  each  other  incre.ases  with 
their  distance  from  the  eipiator,  so  that  at  all  places 
the  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  have  to  each 
other  the  same  ratio  as  on  the  sphere  itself. 

In  perspective,  frrojection  denotes  the  appeantiice  or 
representation  of  an  object  on  tlie  perspective  plane. 

Koryc. 

5.  In  alchemy,  the  casting  of  a  certain  powder, 
called  powder  of  projection,  into  a  crucible  or  other 
vessel  full  of  simie  prepared  metal  or  other  matter, 
which  is  to  be  thereby  transmuted  into  gold.  Kneyc. 

PRO-JIX'T»ME.\T,  H.    Design ;  contrivance.  [LittU 

used.]  Clarendon, 
FRO-JEeT'OR,  71.    One  who  forms  a  sclieiniMir  de- 
sign. Addison. 
2.  One  who  forms  wild  or  impracticable  schemes. 

Pope, 

PRO-JECT'URE,  71.  A  jutting  or  standing  out  beyond 
the  line  or  surface  of  something  else.  Knctjc 

PRO-JET',  (pro  zliS',)  n,  [Fr.]  A  plan  propo.sed  ; 
the  draft  of  a  proposed  measure,  arrangement,  &:c. 

Bonvier 

PRO-LAPSE',  (priv-laps',)  n,    [L.  prolapsus,  prolaboi 
A  falling  down  or  falling  out  of  some  part  of  the 

body,  as  of  the  uterus  or  intestines.  Encyc, 
PR0-1-AI>.-;E',  (pro-laps',)  c.  i.    To  fall  ilowii  or  out ; 

to  pnijert  loo  much. 
PRO-I,AI"S|(l.\,  J  „  _ 

PK()-i  \p'srs   I  °8<' "''°'-*"^> 

PKO-I..\TE',  V.  t.    [L.  prolatum,  profero.] 

To  utter ;  to  pronounce.    [j\"ot  used.]  Howell, 

PRo'I.ATE,  a.  [Supra.]  Extended  beyond  the  line 
of  an  exact  sphere  ;  oppiwed  to  Oblate.  A  prolate 
spheroid  is  produced  by  the  revolution  of  a  semi-<d- 
lipst!  abtiut  its  larger  diameter.  Brande. 

PRO-L.A'TIO.\,  71.    [L.  prolatio,  from  profero,] 

1.  Utterance;  pronunciation.    [LitUe  used^  Ray, 

2.  Delay  ;  act  of  deferring,    [^'ot  used,] 

Ainsicorth, 

3.  A  method,  in  miwic,  of  determining  the  power 
of  seiiiibr(*ves  and  minims.  Busby, 

PRO-LE-GO.M'E-NA,  n,  pL  [Gr.  ro-,X£) o/itvu  ;  rpo 
and  Atj  10,  to  speak.] 

Preliminary  observations  ;  introductory  remarks  or 
discourses  prefixed  to  a  book  or  treatise.  IVallon. 

PRO-LE-GO.M'E-NA  KV,  a.  Preliminary;  introduc- 
tory; containing  previous  explanations.    Ed.  Rer, 

PKci'LEGS,  71.  pi.  In  entomology,  the  fleshy,  pediform, 
and  fretpieiitly  retractile  organs,  which  aj«sist  various 
larvip  in  thtMr  movements.  Brande, 

PRO-LEP'SIS,  71.  [Gr.  to  .Xtji^i  j,  from  rpoXu/i/iui/tj  ; 
irpo  and  Xopliavio,  to  take.] 

1.  Anticipation  ;  a  figure  in  rhetoric  by  which  ob- 
jectitins  are  anticipated  or  prevented.  Bramhatl, 

2.  An  error  in  chronology,  when  an  event  is  dated 
before  the  actual  time  ;  a  species  of  anachronism. 

Theobald. 

PRO-LEP'Tie,  )  a,  PerUiining  to  prolepsis  or  an- 
PRO-LEP'Tie-AL,  S  ticipation. 

2.  Previous  ;  antecedent.  GlanviUe, 

3.  In  medicine,  antici|>ating  the  usual  lime  ;  applied 
to  a  periodical  disease,  whose  paroxysm  returns  at  an 
earlier  hour  at  every  repetition.  Eneye, 

PRO-LEP'Tie-AH.Y,  adc.    By  way  of  anticipation. 
PRO-LE-TA'NE-OUS,  a.     Having  a  numerous  off- 
sprinc. 

PRO-LE-TA'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  proletariur,  from  proles, 
offspring.] 

.Mean  ;  vile  ;  vulgar.    [Abr  used,]  Hudibras. 
PRO'LE-TA-RY,  n.    A  common  person.    [.^'"'  usxL] 

Burton, 


TC'NE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


875 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


PROL'I-ClDE,  71.  [L.  proles,  offspring,  and  ccedo,  to 
slay.] 

The  crime  of  destroying  one's  offspring  either  in 
the  womb  or  after  birtli.  Bouiner. 
PRO-LI F'ER-OUS,  a.    [Infra.]    \n  botany,  n  jirolifer- 
ous  flower  is  a  flower  which  produces  another  flower 
witliin  itself.    A  jiroliferous  umbel  is  one  which  pro- 
duces anotlier  umbel  from  its  own  center. 
PRO-LlF'ie,        i  a.    [It.  and  Sp.  prolifico  ;  Fr.  pro- 
PUO-LIF'ie-AL,  i     lijique!  L.  proles,  offspring,  and 
facia,  to  mal<e.] 

1.  Producing  young  or  fruit ;  fruitful  ;  generative  ; 
productive  ;  applied  to  animals  and  plants  ;  as,  a  pro- 
lific female ;  a  prolific  tree. 

2.  Productive  ;  having  the  quality  of  generating  ; 
as,  a  controversy  prtp/i^c  of  evil  consequences;  a  pro- 
lific brain. 

3.  A  prolific  flower,  {prolifer,']  in  hotamj,  is  one 
viMiich  produces  a  second  flower  from  its  own  center, 
or  which  has  smaller  flowers  growing  out  of  the  prin- 
cipal one.    But  Proliferous  is  commonly  used. 

Encyc,  Jilartin. 

PRO  LIF'ie-A-CY,n.  Fruitfulness ;  great  productive- 
ness. Kitcyc, 

PRO-LIF'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  Fmitfully  ;  with  great  in- 
crease. 

PRO-I,lF-ie-A'TION,  n.  [See  Prolific]  Tlie  gen- 
eration of  young  or  of  plants. 

2.  In  botany,  the  production  of  a  second  flower 
from  the  substance  of  the  first.    This  is  either  from 
the  center  of  a  simple  flower,  or  from  the  side  of  an 
asgresate  flower.  Lee, 
PRO-LIF'ie-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  prolific. 

Scott. 

PRO-LtX',  a.  [L.  prolixns ;  pro  and  latus,  literally, 
drawn  out.  Often  in  the  United  States  pronounced 
pro'liz.'[ 

1.  Long ;  extending  to  a  great  length  ;  minute  in 
narration  or  argument ;  applied  only  with  reference  to 
discourse,  speech,  and  loritin^  ,•  as,  a  prolix  oration  j  a 
prolir  poem  ;  a  protir  sermon  ;  a  prolix  writer. 

2.  Of  long  duration.    [J^ot  in  use.'] 
PRO-LIX'IOUS,  (-shus,)  a.   Dilatory  ;  tedious.  [JVot 

used.  ]  Shak. 
PRO-LtX'I-TY,  )  71.   Great  length  ;  minute  detail ; 
PRO-LIX'NESS,  \     applied  only  to  discourses  and  wri- 

tiii^s.    Prolixity  is  not  always  tedious. 
PRO-LIX'LY,  nr/ii.    At  great  length.  Dryden. 
PRO-LO-eO'TOR,  71.    [L.  proloquor;  pro  and  loquor, 

to  speak.] 

The  speaker  or  chairman  of  a  convocation.  Sioift. 
PRO-LO-eO'TOR-SHlP,  n.    The  office  or  station  of  a 
pr(»locut(ir. 

PRt")'LO-(ilZE,  i.  To  deliver  a  prologue.  [JVot  in 
use.] 

PRO'LOGUE,  (pro'log,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  prologus ; 
Gr.  irp  /A  iyos;  iron  and  X")"?,  discourse.] 

The  preface  or  introducticju  to  a  discourse  or  per- 
formance, chiefly  the  discourse  or  poem  spoken  be- 
fore a  dramatic  performance  or  play  begins.  Encyc. 

PRO'LOGUE,  (pro'log,)  v.  t.    [It.  prologarc.] 

To  introduce  with  a  formal  preface.  Shak* 

PRo'LOGU-J^I),  pp.    Introduced  with  a  preface. 

PRo'LOGU-ING,  ppr.  Introducing  with  a  formal 
pri'face. 

PRO-LONG',  V.  t.  [Fr.  prolonger  ;  It.  proliinirare  ;  Sp. 
proloutrar  ;      pro  i\rni  longtis.    See  Long.] 

1.  To  len^ilben  in  time  ;  to  extend  the  duration  of. 
Temperate  habits  lend  lo  prolonir  life. 

2.  'J  o  lengthen ;  to  draw  out  in  time  by  delay  ;  to 
continue. 

Tb'  uiihiippy  queen  with  t.\lk  prolonged  Ihe  night.  Dryden. 

3.  To  put  off  to  a  distant  time. 

For  I  myself  am  not  to  wi-11  provided 

A8  else  I  would  be,  were  liie  day  prolonged,  Shak. 

4.  To  extend  in  space  or  length. 
PRO-LON"GaTE,  I),  t.    To  extend  or  lengthen  in 

space  ;  <as,  to  prntonfratc  a  line. 
2.  'i'o  extend  in  time.    [Little  lutcd.] 
PRO  LON"GA-TED,  pp.    Extended  in  space ;  contin- 
ued ill  length. 
PRO-LOWGA-TfiVG,  ppr.    Lengthening  in  space. 
PRO-LO.N"GA'  riO.\,  H.   [Fr.]    The  act  of  lengthen- 
ing in  time  or  space  ;  as,  the  prolongation  of  life. 

Boron. 

'I'he  prolongation  of  a  line.  Lnvoteier,  Trant. 

2.  Extension  of  time  by  delay  or  postponement ; 
as,  the  prolan  ijati^ni  of  days  for  payment.  Bacon. 
PUO-l.OSd' F.U,  pp.  or  a.    Lengthened  in  duration  or 
Hpare. 

PRO  I/JNG'ER,  71.  lie  or  that  which  lengthens  in 
time  or  wpace. 

PRO-LON(;'lNG,  ppr.  Extending  in  time;  continu- 
ing In  li'iiL'th. 

PRO  LfVSIO.N',  (-zhun,)it.  [1,.  prolusio,  proludo  ;  pro 
and  Intlo,  to  play.] 

A  prelude  ;  a  trial  before  the  principal  performnnco ; 
hent:e,  in  a  general  senaCf  u  trial  ;  an  essay. 

itirli.  nict. 

PROM-F,  NADF,',  71.  [Fr.,  from  promcner;  pro  and 
mener,  to  lend.] 

1.  A  walk  fur  nmiiiipmont  or  cxcrcmc. 

2.  A  place  for  walking. 


PRO.M-E-NaDE',  v.  i.  To  walk  for  amusement  or  e.x- 
ercise. 

PROIM-E-NaD'ER,  71.    He  or  that  which  promenades. 
PROM-E-NaDING,  ppr.    Walking  for  amusement  or 
exercise. 

PRO-MER'IT,  V.  t.  "  [L.  promereo,  promeritum  ;  pro  and 
mereo,  to  merit.] 

1.  To  oblige  ;  to  confer  1  favor  on.  Hall. 

2.  To  deserve  ;  to  procure  by  merit.  Pearson. 
[This  ward  is  little  used,  or  not  at  all.] 

PRO-Mk'THE-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Prometheus,  who 
stole  fire  from  heaven. 

2.  Having  the  life-giving  quality  of  the  fire  thus 
stolen. 

PRO-Mk'TIIE-AN,  71.    A  glass  tube  containing  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  surrounded  by  an  inflammable  mi.\- 
ture,  which  it  ignites  on  being  pressed.  Brande. 
PRO.M'I-NENCE,  j  n.    [L.  prominentia,  from  promi- 
PRO.M'I-NEN-CY,  (     7ira  ;  pro  and  minor,  to  menace, 
that  is,  to  slioot  forward.] 

1.  A  standing  out  from  the  surface  of  something, 
or  that  which  juts  out ;  protuberance  ;  as,  the  prom- 
inence of  a  joint ;  the  prominence  of  a  rock  or  cliff; 
the  prominence  of  the  nose.  Small  hills  and  knolls 
are  prominences  on  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

2.  Conspicuousness  ;  distinction. 
PROM'I-NENT,  a.    [L.  prominens.] 

1.  Standing  out  beyond  the  line  or  surface  of 
something;  jutting;  protuberant;  in  high  relief;  as, 
a  prominent  figure  on  a  vase. 

2.  Full ;  large  ;  as,  a  prominent  eye. 

3.  Eminent ;  distinguished  above  others ;  as,  a 
prominent  character. 

4.  Principal ;  most  visible  or  striking  lo  the  eye  ; 
conspicuous.  The  figure  of  a  man  or  of  a  building 
holds  a  prominent  place  in  a  picture. 

PROM'I-NENT-LY,  adv.  Ill  a  prominent  manner ;  so 
as  to  stand  out  beyond  the  other  parts;  eminently  ; 
in  a  striking  manner;  conspicuously. 

PRO-MIS'CU-OUS,  a.  [L.  proiniscuus ;  pro  imi  mis- 
ceo,  to  mix.] 

1.  Mingled ;  consisting  of  individuals  united  in  a 
body  or  mass  without  order ;  confused  ;  undistin- 
guished ;  as,  a  promiscuous  crowd  or  mass. 

A  wild  where  weeds  and  &0VJcn  proTniscuouB  shoot.  Pope, 

2.  Common  ;  indiscriminate ;  not  restricted  to  an 
individual  ;  as,  promiscuous  love  or  intercourse. 

PRO-MIS'eU-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  crowd  or  mass 
without  order;  with  confused  mixture;  indiscrimi- 
nately ;  as,  men  of  all  classes  promiscuously  assem- 
bled ;  particles  of  ditferent  earths  promiscuously 
2.  Without  distinction  of  kinds.  [united. 
Lilte  Ijeasts  and  birds  promiscuously  they  join.  Pope. 

PRO-MIS'eU-OUS-NESS,  71.  A  state  of  being  mixed 
without  order  or  distinction.  jlsh. 

PROM'ISE,  71.  [Ij.  promissum,  from  promitto,  to  send 
before  or  forward  ;  pro  and  mitto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  pro- 
mettre,  promis,  promesse  ;  It.  promcUcre,  promessa ;  Sp. 
prometer,  promesa.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  declaration,  written  or  ver- 
bal, made  by  one  person  to  another,  which  binds  the 
person  who  makes  it,  either  in  honor,  ctmscience,  or 
law,  to  do  or  forbear  a  certain  act  specified  ;  a  dec- 
laration which  gives  to  the  person  to  whom  it  is 
made  a  right  to  expect  or  to  claim  the  performance 
or  forbearance  of  the  act.  The  promise  of  a  visit  to 
my  neighbor  gives  him  a  right  to  expect  it,  and  I  am 
bound  in  honor  and  civility  to  perform  the  profui.te. 
Of  such  a  promise  human  laws  have  no  cognizance  ; 
but  the  fulfillment  of  it  is  one  of  the  minor  morali- 
ties which  civility,  kindness,  and  strict  integrity,  re- 
quire to  be  observed. 

2.  In  law,  a  declaration,  verbal  or  written,  made 
by  one  person  to  another  for  a  good  or  valuable  con- 
sideration, in  the  nature  of  a  covenant,  by  which  the 
promiser  binds  himself,  and,  as  the  case  may  be,  his 
legal  representatives,  to  do  or  forbear  some  act,  and 
gives  to  the  promisee  a  legal  right  to  demand  and 
enforce  a  fulfillment. 

3.  A  binding  declaration  of  something  to  be  done 
or  given  for  another's  benefit ;  as,  the  promise  of  a 
grant  of  land.  A  promise  may  be  ahsalnte  or  condi- 
tional ;  lawful  or  unlawful ;  express  or  implied.  An 
ulisolule  promi.ie  must  be  fulfilled  at  all  events.  The 
obligation  to  fulfill  a  conditional  promise  depends  on 
the  performance  of  the  condition.  An  unlatcful 
promise  is  not  binding,  because  it  is  void  ;  for  it  is 
incompatible  with  a  prior  paramount  obligation  of 
obedience  to  the  laws.  An  express  promise  is  one 
expressed  in  words  or  writing.  An  implied  promise 
is  one  which  reason  and  justice  dictate.  If  I  hire  a 
man  to  perform  a  day's  labor,  without  any  declara- 
tion that  I  will  pny  him,  the  law  presumes  n  promise 
on  my  part  that  1  will  givc^  him  a  reasonable  reward, 
and  will  enforce  such  implied  jrromise. 

4.  Hopes  ;  expectation,  or  that  which  affords  ex- 
peclalion  of  future  distinction  ;  as,  a  youth  of  great 
promise. 

My  nnllve  country  wni  full  of  youthful  ;>romiM.  Irang. 

5.  That  which  is  promised  ;  fuinilmciit  or  grant  of 
what  ia  promised. 

Ho  comnnnnded  ihrm  tliot  thev  Bhoulfl  not  depart  from  JeruiA- 
lem,  hul  wait  for  llie  promiitr  of  tlie  P.ulier.  —  Act*  i. 


6.  In  Scripture,  the  promise  of  God  is  the  declara- 
tion or  assurance  which  God  has  given  in  his  word 
of  bestowing  blessings  on  his  people.  Such  assur- 
ance, resting  on  the  perfect  justice,  power,  benevo- 
lence, anil  immutable  veracity  of  God,  can  not  fail  of 
performance. 

The  I.oni  is  not  slack  concerning  hb  promises.  —  2  Pet.  iii. 

PROM'ISE,  V.  t.  To  make  a  declaration  to  another, 
which  binds  the  promiser  in  honor,  conscience,  or 
law,  to  do  or  forbear  some  act :  as,  to  promise  a  visit 
to  a  friend  ;  to  promise  a  cessation  of  hostilities  ;  to 
pran'ise  the  payment  of  money. 

2.  'I'o  afford  reason  to  expect ;  as,  the  year  prom- 
ises a  good  harvest. 

3.  To  make  declar.ition  or  give  assurance  of  some 
benefit  to  be  conferred  ;  to  pledge  or  engage  to  bestow. 

The  proprietors  promised  lar^e  tracts  of  land. 

Charter  of  Dtirlmoulh  College. 

PROM'ISE,  r.  i.  To  assure  one  by  a  promise  or  bind- 
ing dt^claiation.  The  man  promises  hir ;  let  lis  for- 
give him. 

2.  To  afford  hopes  or  expectations  ;  to  give  ground 
to  expect  good.  The  youth  promises  to  be  an  emi- 
nent man  ;  the  wheat  promises  to  be  a  good  crop  ; 
the  weather  promisci  to  be  pleasant. 

3.  In  popular  use,  this  verb  sometimes  threatens  or 
assures  of  evil.  The  rogue  shall  be  punished,  I 
promise  you. 

Will  not  the  ladies  be  afraid  of  tlie  Lion  ? 

—  1  fear  it,  I  promise  you.  Shak. 

In  the  latter  example,  pr0771i.sc  is  equivalent  to  de- 
clare ;  *'  I  declare  to  you." 

4.  To  promise  one's  self;  to  be  assured  or  to  have 
strong  confidence. 

I  dare  promise  myself  you  will  attest  the  truth  of  all  I  have  ad. 

vaiiced.  Jtambler. 

PROM'ISE-BReACH,  71.  Violation  of  promise.  ShnL 
PROM'ISE-iiREAK'ER,  71.    A  violator  of  promises. 

Shak. 

PROM'IS-ED,  (prom'lst,)pp.  or  a.  Engaged  by  word 
or  writing  ;  stipulated. 

PROM  IS  EE',  7».  Tlie  person  to  whom  a  promise  is 
made.  Encyc. 

PROM'IS-ER,  71.  One  who  promises  ;  one  who  en- 
gages, assures,  stipulates,  or  covenants.  Fear,  says 
Dryden,  is  a  great  promiser.  We  may  say  tliat  hope 
is  a  very  liberal  promiser. 

The  import  of  a  promise,  when  disputed,  is  not  to  be  deteriniir.rl 
by  the  sense  of  tile  promiser,  nor  by  the  expectations  of  iti 
promisee.  Paley.  Encyr. 

JVote.  —  In  laio  language.  Promisor  is  used,  but 
without  necessity  or  advantage. 
PROM'IS-ING,  ppr.    Engaging  by  words  or  writing  ; 
stipulating ;  assuring. 

2.  Affording  just  expectations  of  good  or  reasona- 
ble ground  of  hojie  ;  as,  a  promising  youth  ;  a  prom- 
ising prospect,    [in  this  sense  Uie  word  may  be  a  par- 
ticiple or  an  adjective.] 
PRO.M'I.'S-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  promising  manner. 
PROM'IS-SO-RI-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  promise. 
PROM'IS-SO-RY,  a.    Containing  a  promise  or  binding 
declaration  of  something  to  be  done  or  forborne. 

Jjrhuthnot. 

9.  In  law,  a  promissory  note  is  a  writing  which 
contains  a  promise  of  the  payment  of  money  or  Ihe 
delivery  of  property  to  another,  at  or  before  a  time 
specified,  in  consideration  of  value  received  by  the 
promiser.  In  England,  promissory  notes  and  bills  of 
exchange,  being  negotiable  for  the  payment  of  a  less 
sum  than  twenty  shillings,  are  declared  to  be  void 
by  Stat.  15  Geo.  I II.  Blackstone. 
PROM'ON-TO-RY,  71.  [h.  promontorium :  pro,  for- 
waril,  and  7;io7is,  a  mountain  ;  Fr.  promontoirc;  It. 
and  Sp.  promontorio.] 

In  geography,  a  high  point  of  land  or  rock,  project- 
ing into  the  sea  beyond  the  line  of  coast ;  a  head 
land.  It  differs  from  aca|ie  in  denoting  high  lanil ;  a 
cape  may  be  a  similar  projection  of  land,  high  or  low. 

Like  one  that  stands  upon  a  promonlory.  Shak. 

II  you  drink  tea  on  n  promontoiy  that  ovcrliangs  tlie  j>e,»,  it  is 

pn  f'T.iltIo  to  an  assembly.  Pope, 

PRO-Mr)TE',  r.  t.  [L.  promotiis,  promoveo,  to  move 
forward  ;  pro  and  7/it;i'C£>,  to  move  ;  It.  promovcrc  ; 
Sp.  prautovcr  ;  Fr.  promouvoir.] 

1.  To  forward  ;  to  advance;  to  coiitriliiite  lo  the 
growth,  enlargement,  or  excellence  of  any  thing  val- 
uable, or  to  the  increase  of  any  thing  evil  ;  as,  to 
promote  learning,  knowledge,  virtue,  or  religion  ;  to 
promote  the  interests  of  commerce  or  ngricnlture  ;  to 
promote  the  arts  ;  to  promote  civilization  or  refine- 
ment ;  to  promote  the  propagation  of  the  gospel  ;  to 
promote  vice  and  disorder. 

2.  To  excite  ;  as,  to  promote  mutiny. 

3.  To  exalt ;  to  elevate  ;  to  raise ;  to  prefer  in 
rank  or  honor. 

I  will  pramate  thee  to  very  (rreat  honor.  —  Num.  xxii. 
Kxalt  her,  and  she  hliall  promote  Uiec.  —  Prov.  Iv. 

PRO-MOT'ED,  pp.    Advanced  ;  exalted. 

PRO-MfST'ER,  «.  Ho  or  that  which  forwards,  ad- 
vances, or  promotes ;  an  encourager  ;  as,  a  promoter 
of  chanty.  Mterbury. 


FATE,  FAR,  FAM..  WH^T.  — METE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  


676 


PRO 


2.  One  lliat  excites  ;  as,  a  pronwtrr  of  sedition. 

3.  An  informer ;  a  make-bate.  [04.<.] 
I'RO-MoT'ING,  ppr.    Forwarding;  advancing;  ex- 
citing: exalting. 

ruO-MO'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  promote.] 

1.  The  act  of  promoting  ;  advancement ;  enconr- 
aiii'ment ;  as,  llie  promotion  of  virtue  or  morals  ;  the 
promotion  of  peace  or  of  discord. 

2.  Kxaltalion  in  ranl(  or  honor ;  preferment. 

My  promotion  will  be  thy  destruction.  Milton. 
Promotion  coin'-tli  ncitlier  from  the  east,  nor  from  the  west,  nor 
rroin  the  south.  —  Ps.  Ixiv. 

PRO-MO'TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  advance  or  promote  ; 

tcndins  to  encourage.  Hume. 
PKO-MCiVE',  V.  t.  To  advance.  [JVot  used.]  Fell. 
PROiMI'T,  a.    [Fr.  prompt;  It.  and  Sp.  pronto;  L. 

promptus^  from  promo.] 

1.  Ready  and  quick  to  act  as  occasion  demands. 
Very  discerning  and  prompt  in  ^vin*  onicr^.  Clarendon. 
Q.  Of  a  ready  disposition  ;  acting  with  cheerful 

alacrity  ;  as,  prompt  in  obedience  or  compliance. 

T.-M  liiin 

I'm  prompt  to  I.iy  niy  crown  at 's  tcct.  ShaJc. 

3.  Quick;  ready;  not  dilattiry  ;  applied  totftinirs; 
as,  he  manifested  a  prompt  obedience  ;  he  yielded 
prompt  assistance. 

When  VVashinjlon  hennl  the  voice  of  his  country  In  distress,  his 
oljedience  Wiis  ;rt-0Hi;)t.  Ames. 

4.  Quick  ;  hasty  ;  indicating  boldness  or  forward- 
ness. 

And  you,  perhaps,  too  prompt  in  your  replies.  Dryden. 

5.  Ready  ;  present ;  told  down  ;  as,  prompt  pay- 
ment. 

C.  Easy  ;  unobstructed.  Wolton, 
PRO.MPT,  V.  L  To  incite ;  to  move  or  excite  to  action 
or  exertion  ;  to  instigate.  Insults  prompt  anger  or 
revenge  ;  love  prompts  desire  ;  benevolence  prompts 
men  to  devote  their  time  and  services  to  spreail  the 
gospel.  Ambition  prompted  Alexander  to  wish  for 
more  worlds  to  conquer. 

2.  To  assist  a  speaker  when  at  a  loss,  by  pro- 
nouncing the  words  forgotten  or  next  in  order ;  as, 
to  prompt  an  actor ;  or  to  assist  a  U  tirner,  by  suggest- 
ing something  forgotten  or  not  understood. 

Jlscliam.    Shak.  Bacon. 

3.  To  dict-tte  ;  to  suggest  to  the  mind. 

And  whispering  angels  prompt  her  golden  dreams.  Pope. 

4.  To  remind.    [JVot  used.]  Brown. 
PRO.MPT'IiOOK,  II.   The  book  used  by  a  prompter 

of  a  theater. 

PROMPT'ED,  pp.  Incited;  moved  to  action;  insti- 
gated ;  assisted  in  S[M^aking  or  learning. 

PROMPT'ER,  71.  One  that  prompts ;  one  that  admon- 
ishes or  incites  to  action. 

2.  One  that  is  placed  behind  the  scenes  in  a  play- 
house, whose  business  is  to  assist  the  speakers  when 
at  a  loss,  by  uttering  the  first  words  of  a  sentence,  or 
words  forgi»tten  ;  or  any  i>erson  who  aids  a  public 
speaker  when  at  a  loss,  by  suggesting  the  next 
words  of  his  piece.  Pope. 

PROMPT'ING,  ppr.  Inciting  ;  moving  to  action  ; 
aiding  a  speaker  when  at  a  loss  for  the  words  of  his 
piece. 

PRO.MPT'I-TUDE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  promptus;  It. 
prontitudine  ;  Sp.  prontitud.] 

1.  Readiness ;  quickness  of  decision  and  action 
when  occasion  demands.  In  the  sudden  vicissitudes 
of  a  battle,  promptitude  in  a  commander  is  one  of  the 
most  essential  qualifications. 

2.  Readiness  of  will ;  cheerftil  alacrity ;  as, prompt- 
itude in  obedience  or  compliance. 

PKO.MPT'LY,  adc.  Readily;  quickly  ;  expeditiously; 
checrfiillv.  Taylor. 

PRO.MPT'NESS,  n.  Readiness;  quickness  of  "decis- 
ion or  action.  The  young  man  answered  questions 
with  ^reat  promptness. 

2.  (Cheerful  willingness;  al.icrity. 

3.  Activity  ;  briskness  ;  as,  the  promptnrjis  of  ani- 
mal actions.  .^rbutAnoL 

PRO.MPT'U-A-RY,  n,  [Fr.  promptua ire ;  h.  promptua- 
rium,] 

That  from  which  supplies  are  drawn  ;  a  store- 
house;  a  magazine;  a  repositor>'.  Woodward. 

PRO.MPT'liRE,  n.  Suggestion  ;  incitement.  [JVot 
nsed.]  Shak. 

PRO  ftlUL'GATE,  t>.  U    [L.  promulgo.] 

To  publish  ;  to  make  known  by  open  declaration  ; 
as,  to  promulgate  the  secrets  of  a  council.  It  is  par- 
ticularly applied  to  the  publication  of  laws  and  the 
gospel.  The  moral  law  was  nromultraled  at  Mount 
Sinai.  The  apostles  promu/jra'crf  the  gospel.  Edicts, 
laws,  and  orders  are  promultratejl  by  circular  letters, 
or  through  the  medium  of  the  public  prints. 

PRO-MUL'Ga-TEU,  pp.  Published  ;  made  publicly 
known. 

PRO-MlJL'GA-TINr,,  jrpr.  Publishing. 
PRO-.MUUGA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  promulgating  ; 

publication  ;  open  declaration;  as,  the  promulgation 

of  the  law  or  of  the  gospel. 
PRO-.MUL-Ga'TOR,   n.     A   publisher ;   one  who 

makes  known  or  teaches  publicly  what  was  before 

unknown. 


PRO 


PKO-.MULCii;',  (pro-iniilj',)  v.  t.  To  prumiilgate ;  to 
publish  or  teach.    [Less  used  than  Pnoju  Lr.ATE.j 

PK0-MULG'/;I),  (pro-muljd',)  pp.  Pul.lislail. 

PUO-iMUl.G'ER,  II.  One  wlio  publishes  or  teaches 
what  was  before  unknown.  Attcrbury. 

PRO-.MULG'ING,  ppr.  Publishing. 

PRO-iNA'OS,  n.    [Gr.  ir/jo  and  vani.] 
The  porch  or  vestibule  of  a  temple. 

PRO-NA'TION,  n.  [from  L.  pronus,  having  the  face 
downward.] 

1.  Among  anatomists,  th.at  motion  of  the  radius 
whereby  the  palm  of  the  hand  is  turned  downward  ; 
the  act  of  turning  the  palm  downward  ;  opposed  to 
Supination.  Ennjc.  Coir. 

2.  That  position  of  the  hand,  when  the  tliiiiub  is 
turned  toward  the  bod)-,  and  the  palm  downward. 

Parr. 

PRO-NA'TOR,  n.  A  muscle  of  the  fore  arm  which 
serves  to  turn  the  palm  of  the  hand  downward  ;  op- 
posed to  SirriNAToit.  Kncyc. 

PRONE,  a.    [L.  promts.] 

1.  liending  forward  ;  inclined;  not  erect.  Mlton. 

2.  Lying  with  the  face  downward ;  contrary  to 
Si'PiNE,  Brown. 

3.  Headlong  ;  precipitous ;  inclining  in  descent. 

Down  ttiilher  pront  in  flight.  Millun. 

4.  Sloping  ;  declivous  ;  inclined.  ^ 

Since  the  floods  demand, 
For  their  descent,  a  prone  and  sinking  land.  BUtckmore. 

5.  Inclined  ;  propense ;  disposed ;  applied  to  the 
mind  or  affectioius,  usuallii  in  an  ill  sense;  as,  men 
prone  to  evil,  prone  to  strife,  prone  to  intemperance, 
prone  to  deny  the  truth,  prone  to  change. 

PKONE'LY,  adv.    So  as  to  bend  downward. 

PRoNE'NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  bending  downward  ; 
as,  the  proncnrss  of  beasts  that  look  downward,  o|>- 
posed  to  the  erectness  of  man.  Brown. 

2.  The  state  of  lying  with  the  face  downward; 
contrary  to  Supineness. 

3.  Descent ;  declivity  ;  as,  the  proneness  of  a  hill. 

4.  Inclination  of  mind,  ht\art,  or  temper ;  propen- 
sion  ;  disposition  ;  as,  the  proneness  of  the  Israelites 
to  idolatry  ;  proneness  to  si^lf-gr.itification  or  to  self- 
justification  ;  proneness  to  comply  with  temptation  ; 
souietirnes  in  a  good  sense  ;  as,  tiie  proneness  of  gtiod 
men  to  commiserate  want.  JiHcrliury. 

PROJiG,  II.  [Possibly  it  is  formed  wMh  n  casual, 
from  the  VV.  prociaw,  to  stab,  or  Scot,  prog,  brog,  a 
sharp  point.] 

1.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument. 

Prick  it  on  a  prong  of  iron.  Sandys. 

2.  The  tine  of  a  fork  or  of  a  similar  instrtiinent ; 
as,  a  fork  of  two  or  three  prongs.  \Tliis  is  the  setise 
in  which  it  is  nsed  in  .America.] 

3.  A  pointed  projection. 

PRONG'iCD,  a.    Having  prongs  or  projections  like  the 

tines  of  a  fork. 
PRONG' HoE,  n.    A  hoe  with  prongs  to  break  the 

earth.  fmcyc. 
PRo'NI-TY,  for  Pboneness,  is  not  used.  More. 
PRO-NOM'IN-AL,  o.    [L.  jironomen.    See  Pronoun.] 
Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  pronoun. 

Loujth. 

PRO-NOM'I.\-AL-LY,  ath.  With  the  effect  or  after 
the  manner  of  a  prtmoun. 

PRo'NOUN,  n.  [Fr.  pronom  ;  It,  pronome;  Sp.  pro- 
nombre  ;  L.  jrronomen  ;  pro,  for,  and  nomen,  name.] 

In  grammar,  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun  or 
name,  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  it.  The  pcrson.al 
pronouns  in  English  are  /,  thou,  or  you,  he,  she,  we, 
ye,a\\Athey.  The  last  is  used  for  the  name  of  things, 
as  well  as  for  tliat  of  persons.  Other  words  arc 
used  for  the  names  of  persons,  things,  sentences, 
phrases,  and  for  adjectives  ;  and  when  they  stand 
for  sentences,  phrases,  and  adjectives,  they  are  not 
strictly  pronouns,  but  relatives,  substitutes,  or  repre- 
sentiitives  of  such  sentences.  Thus  we  say,  "  The 
jury  found  the  prisoner  guilty,  and  the  court  pro- 
nounced sentence  on  him.  This  or  t/uit  gave  great 
joy  to  the  spectators."  In  these  sentences,  this  or 
that  represents  the  whole  preceding  sentence,  which 
is  the  proper  antecedent.  We  also  say,  "  The  jury 
pronounced  the  man  guilty  ;  this,  or  tJiut,  or  irhieh  he 
could  not  be,  for  he  proved  an  alibi;"  in  which 
sentence,  this,  or  Uiat,  or  which,  refers  immediately  to 
guilty,  as  its  nntecedt  nt. 

PRO-NOIJNCE',  (pro-nouns',)  r.  t.  [Fr.  pronoiicrr; 
It.  pronunziare ;  Sp.  pronunciar ;  Ij.  pronuucio  ;  pro 
and  nuncio.] 

1.  To  spe.ik  ;  to  utter  articulately.  The  child  is 
not  able  to  pronounce  words  composed  of  difficult 
combinations  of  letters.  Adults  rarely  learn  to  pro- 
nounce correctly  a  foreign  language. 

2.  To  utter  formally,  officially,  or  solemnly.  The 
court  pronounced  sentence  of  death  on  the  criminal. 

Then  Banich  answered  them,  lie  pronounted  all  theve  words  tti 
me  with  his  mouth.  —  Jer.  xxxri. 
Sternly  he  pronounced 
The  rigid  Inu-irlictMn.  ^rilton. 

3.  To  speak  or  utter  rhetorically ;  to  deliver ;  as, 
to  pronounce  an  oration. 

4.  To  speak  ;  to  utter,  in  almost  any  manner. 


PRO 


5.  To  declare  or  allirin.  He  pronounced  the  book 
to  be  a  libel  ;  he  pronounced  the  act  to  be  a  fraud. 

PRO  NOUNCE',  V.  i.  To  8[>eak  ;  to  iiiuko  declara- 
tion ;  to  utter  an  opinion. 

How  eonfldenUy  socTer  men  pronounce  of  tliemvlTrs. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

PRO-NOUNCE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pronounced 
or  uttered.  Pinkerton. 

PRO-NOUNC'f:D,  pp.  Spoken;  uttered;  declared 
solemnly. 

PKO-NOUNC'ER,  n.    One  who  utters  or  declares. 
PIIO-NOUNU'IJJG,  ppr.     Speaking;  uttering;  de- 
claring. 

2.  a.  Teaching  pronunciation. 
PRO-NUN'CIAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  pronunciation. 
PRO-NUN-CI-A'TION,  n.    [Fr.  prononciation,  from 
L.  pronunciatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  uttering  with  articulation  ;  utter- 
ance; as,  the  pronunciatiott  of  syllables  or  words; 
distinct  or  indistinct  prtinundatiou. 

2.  'J'he  mode  of  uttering  words  or  sentences  ;  par- 
ticularly, the  art  or  manner  of  uttering  a  discourse 
publicly  with  propriety  and  gracefulness  ;  now  called 
deliorry.  J.  Q.  Jidams, 

PKO-NUN'CIA-TIVE,  a.  Uttering  confidently  ;  dog 
matical.  Huron. 

PROOF,  II.  [Sax.  profian,  to  prove  ;  ,Sw.  prof,  primf ; 
Dan.  prijve ;  D.  prorf ;  G.  probe;  W.  pro  id  ;  Fr 
preuve ;  It.  prova;  Sp.  prucba;  Russ.  proba.  Scd 
Prove.] 

1.  Trial ;  essay  ;  experiment ;  any  effort,  process, 
or  operation  that  ascertains  truth  or  fact.  I'lius  the 
quality  of  sjiirit  is  ascertained  by  proof;  the  strength 
of  gnnpowtler,  of  fire-arms,  and  of  cannon,  is  deter 
mined  by  proof;  the  correctness  of  operations  in 
arithmetic  is  ascertained  by  proof. 

2.  In  law  and  logic,  that  liegree  of  evidence  which 
convinces  the  mind  of  the  certainty  of  truth  or  faet, 
and  produces  belief.  Proof  is  derived  from  personal 
knowledge,  or  from  the  testimony  of  others,  or  from 
conclusive  reasoning.  Proof  dillers  from  demonstra- 
tion, which  is  applicable  only  to  those  truths  of 
which  the  contrary  is  inconceivable. 

Thut  h;ui  neither  evidence  of  truth,  nor  proo/sulTiclent  to  Hve  it 
w.irriint.  Booker. 

3.  Firmness  or  hardness  that  resists  impression,  or 
yields  not  to  force  ;  impenetrability  i;f  physical  bod- 
ies ;  as,  a  wall  that  is  proof  against  shut. 

See  arms  of  proof.  Dryden. 

4.  Firmness  of  mind  ;  stability  not  to  be  shaken  ; 
as,  a  mind  i  r  virtue  thut  is  proof  against  the  arts  of 
seduction  and  the  assaults  of  leinptalion. 

,5.  The  proof  of  .spirits  consists  in  little  bubbles 
which  appear  ou  the  top  of  the  liquor  alter  agita- 
tion, called  the  bead,  and  by  the  French,  chapeleU 
Hence, 

6.  The  degree  of  strength  in  spirit;  as,  high  proo/; 
first  proof:  second,  third,  or  fourth  proof. 

7.  In  printing  and  engraving,  a  rough  impression 
of  a  sheet,  taken  for  correction  ;  plur.  Proofs,  not 
Pkoves. 

fs.  Armor  sufficiently  firm  to  resist  impression. 
[JVot  used.]  Shak. 
Proof  is  used  elliptically  for  of  proof. 

I  have  fotnid  thee 
Proof  ft^iiist  all  tempiiaioa.  Milton. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  to,  more  generally  by 

against, 

° Proof-impression ;  an  early  impression  of  an  en- 
graving, considereti  the  best,  as  being  first  taken. 

PROOF'-UHEET.    See  Proof,  No.  7. 

I'ROOF'LESS,  a.  Wanting  sufficient  evidence  to  in- 
duce belief;  not  proved.  Boyle, 

PROOF'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  proof. 

PROOF'-SPIR-IT,  n.  A  mixture  of  equal  weights  of 
pure  alcohol  and  water. 

PROOF'-TE.\T,  n.  A  passage  of  Scripture  relied  upon 
for  proving  a  doctrine,  &.c. 

PROP,  r.  (.  [D.  and  Dan.  prop,  a  stopple,  Sw.  propp  ; 
G.  pfropf,  id.  ;  D.  propnrn  ;  G.  pfrojifen,  to  stuff  or 
thrust ;  Dan.  propjier.  I'licsc  are  probably  the  same 
word  difierently  applied.] 

1.  To  support  or  prevent  from  falling  by  placing 
something  under  or  against;  as,  to  prop  a  fence  or 
an  old  building. 

2.  To  support  by  standing  under  or  against. 

Tilt  the  liriglit  mountains  prop  th'  incumbent  sky.  Pope. 

3.  To  support ;  to  sustain  ;  in  a  general  sense;  as, 
to  pr. p  a  declining  state. 

I  prop  myself  up«^n  the  few  supporu  that  are  left  me.  Pop*. 
PROP,  n.    That  which  sustains  an  incumbent  w  eight ;  , 
that  on  which  any  thing  rests  fur  siippttrt  ;  a  sup-  ! 
port ;  a  stiiy  ;  as,  a  prop  for  vines  ;  a  prop  fur  an  old 
building.    An  affectionate  child  is  the  prop  of  de-  |; 
dining  age.  |  • 

PRO-P/E  DEO'TieS,  n.    [Gr.  rpo,  before,  and  iro<-  ii 
hvto,  to  instruct.]  ! 

Preliminary  learning  connected  with  any  art  or  1 1 
science.  Brande.  I 

PROP'A-GA-DLE,  a.  [See  Propacate.]  That  may  I 
be  continued  or  multiplied  by  natural  generation  or  ], 
production  ;  applied  to  antmals  and  vegetabUs  | ' 

 I, 

J, 


TCNE,  ByLL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


2.  That  may  be  spreaii  or  extended  Uy  any  means, 
as  tenet?*,  doctrines,  or  principles. 
PROH-A-GAN'Da,  n.  [from  L.]  The  popular  name 
of  a  society  in  Rome,  charged  with  the  nianaeement 
of  tlie  Roman  Cattiolic  missions,  and  styled  Societas 
de  Propatrantla  Fide.  Mitrtlock. 
PROP-A-GAi\"DISM,n.  [See  Propaqatk.]  The  art 
or  practice  of  propagating  tenets  or  principles. 

Dwight. 

PROP-A-GAN'DIST,  71.  A  person  who  devotes  him- 
self to  tlie  spread  of  any  system  of  principles. 

Conapiirle  S'-lpctM  a  body  to  compose  his  saniiedrim  of  political 
propagfindisls.  Walsh.. 

PROP'A-GaTE,  ».  t.  [L.  propairn  ;  It.  propagsrine; 
G.  pfropfj  a  stopple  ;  pfropfen^  to  tiirnst,  also  to  graft. 
(See  Pkop.)  'I'lie  Latin  noun  propa^u  is  the  Eng- 
lish prop,  and  the  termination  ago,  as  in  cartilago, 
&c.  The  sense  of  the  noun  is  that  which  is  set  or 
thrust  in.] 

1.  To  continue  or  multiply  the  kind  by  generation 
or  successive  production  ;  applied  to  animals  and 
plants  ;  as,  to  propagate  a  breed  of  horses  or  sheep  ; 
to  propagate  any  species  of  fruit-tree. 

2.  'i'o  spread  ;  to  extend  ;  to  impel  or  continue  for- 
ward in  space;  as,  to  propagate  sound  or  light. 

3.  To  spread  from  person  to  person  ;  to  extend  ;  to 
give  birth  to,  or  originate  and  spread  ;  as,  to  propa- 
gate, a  story  or  report. 

4.  To  carry  from  place  to  jilace ;  to  extend  by 
planting  and  establishing  in  places  before  destitute  j 
as,  to  propagate  the  Christian  religion. 

5.  To  extend  ;  to  increase. 

Griefs  of  my  own  lie  heavy  in  my  breast, 

Which  thou  will  projMsnte.  Shale. 

6.  To  generate  ;  to  produce. 

Suporsiilious  notions,  propagated  in  fancy,  are  hardly  ever 
totally  eradicated.  Tlidiardson. 

PROP'A-GaTE,  v.  i.  To  have  young  or  issue  ;  to  be 
produced  or  multiplied  by  generation,  or  by  new 
shoots  or  plants.  Wild  horses  propagate  \\\  tlie  for- 
ests of  South  America. 

PROP'A-GA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Continued  or  multiplied 
by  generation  or  production  of  the  same  kind ; 
spread  ;  e.xtended. 

PROP'A-Ga-TING,  ppr.  Continuing  or  multiplying 
the  kind  by  generation  or  production  ;  spreading  and 
e.-;tablishing. 

PROP-A-Ga'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  propagatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  propagating ;  the  continuance  or 
multiplication  of  the  kind  by  generation  or  succes- 
sive production ;  as,  the  propagation  of  animals  or 
plants. 

There  is  not  in  nature  any  sponUaneous  generation,  but  all  come 
by  pr(/}iagation.  Ray, 

9.  The  spreading  or  extension  of  any  thing ;  as, 
the  propagation  of  sound,  or  of  reports, 

3.  The  spreading  of  any  thing  by  planting  and  es- 
tablishing in  places  before  destitute  ;  as,  the  propa- 
gation of  the  gos[)el  among  pagans. 

4.  A  forwarding  or  promotion. 
PROP'A-Ga-TOR,  n.    One  that  continues  or  multi- 
plies his  own  species  by  generation. 

2.  One  that  continues  or  multiplies  any  species  of 
animals  or  plants. 

3.  One  that  spreads  or  causes  to  circulate,  as  a  re- 
port. 

4.  One  that  plants  and  establishes  in  a  country 
destitute  ;  as,  a  propagator  of  the  gospel. 

5.  One  that  plants,  originates,  or  extends ;  one 
that  promotes. 

PRO-PEL', !).  (.  propello ;  pro,  forward,  and  pet- 
to, to  drive.] 

To  drive  forward  ;  to  urge  or  press  onward  by 
force.  'J'he  wind  or  steam  propels  ships  ;  balls  are 
propelled  by  the  force  of  gunpowder  ;  mill  wheels  are 
propelled  by  water  or  sti  am  ;  the  blood  is  propelled 
through  the  arteries  and  veins  by  the  action  of  the 
heart. 

[  This  word  is  eommovbf  applied  to  material  bodies.] 
PRO-PKL'L/'.'D.  pp.    Driven  forward. 
PKO-PEL'LER,  71.     A  contrivance  for  pro[)elling  a 

steamboat  by  the  action  of  a  screw  placed  in  the 

Ktcrn. 

2.  A  steamboat  thus  propelled. 
PRO-PEL'LL\(;,  ppr.  or  a.    Driving  forward. 
PltO-PEND',  r.  i.    [L.  propcndeo  ;  pro,  forward,  and 
pcndeo,  to  hang.] 

'I'o  lean  toward  ;  to  incline  ;  to  be  disposed  in  fa- 
vor of  anything.    [Little  u.icd.]  Skali. 
PRO-PEMD'E.\-CY,  «.    [L.  propendens.] 

1.  A  leaning  toward  ;  inclination  ;  tendency  of 
deiiire  to  any  thing. 

2.  Preconsideralifin  ;  attentive  deliberation.  [TAl- 
tlr  used.]  Hate. 

PRO-PE.VD'RNT,  a.    Inclining  forward  or  toward. 

PKO-PE.VD'ING,  p/>r.  Inclining  toward.  [South. 

PRO-PE.VHR',  (pro-fwnn',)  a.    I  L.  priqiensu.f.] 

I.rf?aiiing  toward,  in  a  moral  Hi  nsc  ;  inclined  ;  dis- 
posed, either  to  good  or  evil  j  as,  women  pnqiensc  to 
IiolllieHn.  Hooker. 

PHO  PI'N'^ION  ) 

PRf)  PE.NH'I  tV,  (  P^oP'^'oi^!  I,,  propciisio.] 

I.  Kent  of  mind,  nntiirni  or  acquired  ;  inclination  ; 


in  a  moral  sense,  disposition  to  any  thing  good  or 
evil,  particularly  to  evil  ;  as,  a  propensity  lo  sin  ;  the 
corrupt  propensity  of  the  will.  Rogers. 

It  requires  critical  nicely  to  fintl  out  the  genius  or  projiennions 
of  a  child.  L* Estrange. 

2.  Natural  tendency  ;  as,  the  propension  of  bodies 
to  a  particular  place.  Digby. 

[In  a  moral  sense^  Propensity  is  now  chiefly 
used.] 

PROP'ER,  a,  [Fr.  propre;  It.  propria  or  propio  ;  Sp. 
propio;  L.  propnui,  supposed  to  be  allied  lo  prope, 
near  ;  W.  priawd,  proper,  appropriate.] 

1.  Peculiar;  naturally  or  essentially  belonging  to  a 
person  or  thing  ;  not  common.  That  is  not  proper, 
which  is  common  to  many.  Every  animal  has  his 
proper  instincts  and  inclinations,  appetites  and  hab- 
its. Every  muscle  and  vessel  of  the  body  has  its 
proper  office.  Every  art  has  its  proper  rules.  Cre- 
ation is  the  proper  work  of  an  Almighty  Being. 

2.  Particularly  suited  to.  Every  animal  lives  in 
his  proper  element, 

3.  One's  own.  It  may  be  joined  with  any  posses- 
sive pronoun  ;  as,  our  proper  son.  Sltak. 

proper  conceptions.  GlantiUle. 

Now  learii  the  dillerence  at  your  proper  cost.  Dryden. 

J^ote.  —  Own  is  often  used  in  such  phrases ;  "  at 
your  own  proper  cost,"  This  is  really  tautological, 
but  sanctioned  by  usage,  and  expressive  of  em- 
phasis, 

4.  Noting  an  individual ;  pertaining  to  one  of  a 
species,  but  not  coiiiiiion  to  the  whole  ;  as,  a  proper 
name.    Dublin  is  the  proper  name  of  a  city. 

5.  Fit;  suitable;  adapted;  accommodated.  A  thin 
dress  is  not  proper  for  clothing  in  a  cold  climate. 
Stimulants  are  proper  remedies  for  debility.  Gravity 
of  manners  is  very  proper  for  persons  of  advanced 
age. 

In  Athena,  all  was  pleasure,  mirth,  and  play, 

All  proper  lo  the  spring  and  sprightly  May.  Dryden. 

6.  Correct ;  just ;  as,  a  proper  word  ;  a  proper  ex- 
pression. 

7.  Not  figurative ;  as,  plain  and  proper  terms. 

Jiuriiet. 

8.  Well-formed  ;  handsome. 

Moses  was  a  proper  child.  —  Heb.  xi. 

9.  Tall ;  lusty ;  handsome  with  bulk.  [Low,  and 
not  used.]  Slialc. 

10.  Mere;  pure:  as,  a  prtTpcr  fool.  [Clnusual.] 

11.  In  vulgar  language,  very;  as,  proper  good; 
proper  sweet.  Halliieell. 

12.  In  lieraldry,  a  term  applied  to  an  object  repre- 
sented of  its  natural  color.  Brande. 

Proper  receptacle:  in  botany,  thnt  which  sii|iports 
only  a  single  flower  or  fructification  ;  proper  perianth, 
or  involucre,  that  which  incloses  only  a  single  flower  ; 
proper  fiower,  or  corot,  one  of  the  single  florets  or 
corollets  in  an  aggregate  or  compound  flower  ;  proper 
nectary,  sepjirate  from  the  petals  and  other  parts  of 
the  flower.  Murtyn. 
PROP'ER-LY,  adv.  Fitly  ;  suitably  ;  in  a  proper  man- 
ner ;  as,  a  word  properly  applied  ;  a  dress  properly 
adjusted. 

2.  In  a  strict  sense. 


The  miseries  of  life  are  not  properly  ow 
tribolion  of  Uiings. 


■  to  the  unequal  dis 


PROP'ER  NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  proper. 
[Little  used.] 

2.  Tallness.    [JVot  in  use.] 

3.  Perfect  form  ;  handsomeness. 
PROP'ER-TY,  71.    [This  seems  to  be  formed  directly 

from  proper;  if  not,  it  is  contracted.  'I'he  Latin  is 
projirielas,  Fr.  proprietd,  from  which  we  haye  pro- 
priety.] 

1.  A  peculiar  quality  of  anything;  that  which  is 
inherent  in  a  subject,  or  nariirally  essential  to  it  ; 
calletj^by  logicians  an  essential  mode.  Thus  color  is 
a  properly  of  light ;  extension  and  figure  are  proper- 
ties of  bodies. 

2.  An  acquired  or  artificial  quality  ;  that  whic  h  is 
given  by  art  or  bestowed  by  man.  The  poem  has 
the  properties  w  liirli  constitute  excellence. 

3.  duality  ;  disposition. 


It  is  tlie  property  of  an  old  sinner  to  find  delight  In  I 
own  villainies  in  others. 


iewing  his 
aouOi. 


4.  The  exclusive  right  of  possessing,  enjoying,  and 
disposing  of  a  thing  ;  ownership.  In  the  beginning 
of  the  world,  the  Creator  gave  to  man  dominion  over 
the  earth,  over  the  fish  of  the  sea,  and  the  fowls  of 
the  air,  and  over  every  living  thing.  This  is  the 
foundation  of  man's  property  in  the  earth  anil  in  all 
its  productions.  Prior  occupancy  of  land  and  of 
wild  animals  gives  to  the  possessor  the  property  of 
them.  The  labor  of  inventing,  making,  or  produ- 
cing any  thing,  constitutes  one  of  the  highest  and 
most  indefeasible  titles  to  properti/.  Property  is  also 
acipiiri'd  by  Inheritance,  by  gift,  or  by  purchase. 
Property  is  siunelimes  hi^ld  in  common,  yet  each 
man's  right  to  his  share  in  common  land  or  stock  is 
exriiisivrly  his  own.  One  mini  may  have  the  />r(/p- 
erty  of  the  soil,  and  another  the  right  of  use,  by  pre- 
scription or  by  purchase. 

5.  Posseiision  held  in  one's  own  right.  Dryden. 


6.  The  thing  owned  ;  that  to  which  a  person  has 
the  legal  title,  whether  in  his  possession  or  not.  It 
is  one  of  the  greatest  blessings  of  civil  society  that 
the  property  of  citizens  is  well  secured. 

7.  An  estate,  whether  in  lands,  goods,  or  money  ; 
as,  a  man  of  large  property  or  small  properly. 

8.  An  estate  ;  a  farm  ;  a  plantation.  In  this  sense, 
which  is  common  in  the  United  States  and  in  the 
West  Indies,  the  word  has  a  plural. 

The  slili-lionses,  on  the  suj^r  plantations,  vary  in  size  according 


lo  the  fancy  of  the  proprietor,  or  the  1 


erty.  Edioards,  W.  Indies. 

1  shall  confine  myself  to  such  properties  as  fall  wiUiiii  the  reach 
of  ilaily  ol)ser\"ation.  Kdirards,  W,  Indies. 

9,  Nearness  or  right. 

Here  I  disclaim  all  my  paternal  caie, 

Propinquity  and  properly  of  blood,  Shak. 

10,  Properties;  the  dresses  and  appendages  used  in 
a  theater,  the  keeper  of  which  is  still  called  the 
yropcrti/ man.    [OAa,]  Toone. 

I  will  driw  a  bill  of  properties.  Sliak. 
High  pomp  and  slate  are  useful  properties.  Dryden. 

11,  Propriety.    [JVot  in  use..]  Camden. 
Literary  property;  the  exclusive  right  of  printing, 

publishing,  and  making  profit  by  one's  own  writiuL's. 
No  right  or  title  to  a  thing  can  be  so  perfect  as  that 
which  is  created  by  a  man's  own  labor  and  inven- 
tion. The  exclusive  right  of  a  man  to  his  literary 
productions,  and  to  the  use  of  them  for  his  own 
profit,  is  entire  and  perfect,  as  the  faculties  employed 
and  labor  bestowed  are  entirely  and  perfectly  his 
own.  On  what  principle,  then,  can  a  legislature  or  a 
court  determine  that  an  author  can  enjoy  only  a 
temporary  property  in  his  own  productions.^  If  a 
m:in's  riglit  to  his  own  productions  in  writing  is  as 
perfect  as  to  the  productions  of  his  farm  or  his  shop, 
liow  can  the  former  be  abridged  or  limited,  while  the 
latter  is  held  without  limitation  Why  do  the  pru- 
dnctions  of  manual  labor  rank  higher  in  the  scale 
of  rights  or  property,  than  the  productions  of  the 
intellect  7 

PROP'ER-TY,  V.  t.  To  invest  with  qualities,  or  to 
take  as  one's  own  ;  to  appropriate,  [jln  aiekirard 
word,  and  not  used.]  Shale. 

PRO  PIIaNE'.    See  Profane. 

PROPU'A-SIS,  (profa-sis,)  71.    [Gr.  wpofaati,  from 

TToo'liiipi,  to  foretell.] 

In  medicine,  prognosis  ;  foreknowledge  of  a  disease. 
PROPII'E-CY,  (prof'e-se,)  n.    [Gr.  ?7p')i/>7;r£iri,  from 

n-,oi)0rj/ji,  to  foretell;  irpu,  before,  and  07)pi,  to  tell. 

This  ought  to  be  written  Prophesy.] 

1.  A  foretelling  ;  prediction  ;  a  declaration  of  some- 
thing to  come.  As  God  only  knows  future  events 
with  certainty,  no  being  but  God,  or  some  person  in- 
formed by  him,  can  utter  a  real  prophecy.  The  propli^ 
ecies  recorded  in  Scripture,  when  fulfilled,  afl"ord 
most  convincing  evidence  of  the  divine  original  of 
the  Scriptures,  as  those  who  uttered  the  prophecie.s 
could  not  have  foreknown  the  events  predicted  with- 
out supernatural  instruction.    2  Pet.  i. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  l)ook  of  prophecies ;  a  hislorj' ; 
as,  the  prophecy  of  Aliijali.    2  Chron.  \x. 

3.  Preaching  ;  public  interpretation  of  Scripture  ; 
exhortation  or  instruction.    Prnv.  xxxi. 

PROPH'E-SI-KD,  (side)  pp.    Foretold  ;  predicted. 
PROPH'E-SI-ER,  71.   One  who  predicts  events. 
PROPH'E-S5,  V.  t.   To  foretell  future  events ;  to  pre- 
dict. 

I  hate  him,  for  he  doth  uot  prophesy  good  concerning  me,  but 
evil.  —  1  Kings  xxli. 

2.  To  foreshow.    [Little  used.]  Shalt. 
PROPIl'E-S'?,  V.  i.   To  utter  predictions  ;  to  make 
declaration  of  events  to  come.   Jer.  xi. 

2.  In  Scripture,  to  preach ;  to  instruct  in  religious 
doctrines  ;  to  interpret  or  explain  Scripture  or  reli- 
gious subjects  ;  to  exhort.    1  Cor.  xiii.    F.zek.  xxxvii, 
PROPU'E-SV-LNG,  ppr.    Foretelling  events. 
PROPH'E-S-f-ING,  71.    The  act  of  foretelling  or  of 
preaching. 

PROPH'ET,  (profit,)  71.  [Gr.  irpo^ijrijs ;  h.propheta; 
Fr.  propk&te.] 

1.  One  that  foretells  future  events;  a  predicter; 
a  foreteller. 

2.  In  Seriplure,  a  person  illuminated,  inspired,  or 
instructed  by  God  to  announce  future  events  ;  as 
Jloses,  Elijaii,  David,  Isaiah,  &c. 

3.  An  interpreter  ;  one  that  explains  or  communi- 
cates sentiments.    Kjrod.  vii. 

4.  One  who  pretends  to  foretell ;  an  iinposler ;  as, 
a  false  prophet.    J)cts  xiii. 

School  of  the  prophets  ;  among  the  f.-.Taetili\t,  a  school 
or  college  in  which  young  men  were  educated  and 
qualified  for  public  teachers.    These  students  were 
culled  sons  of  the  prophets. 
PROPII'ET-ESS,  71.    A  female  prophet ;  a  woman  who 
foretells  future  events,  as  Miriam,  lluldah,  Anna, 
&c.    F.rod.  XV.    Judg.  iv.    Luhe  ii. 
PRO-I'IIET'IC,        jo.    ("ontaining  prophecy  ;  fore- 
PKO  I'lIKT'IC-AL,  j       telling   future  events;  as, 
prophetic  writings. 

2.  Unfolding  future  events;  as,  prophetic  dreams. 
It  has  0/ before  the  thing  foretold. 

And  leant  an-  olt  frrophetic  of  ill'  ev<-nt.  Dryden. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  —METE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  nQQK.— 
__  -  — 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


PIU)-PIIET'ie-AL-LY,  add.    Uy  way  of  pri'diclion  ; 

ill  llii!  iimiiiif  r  uf  proplu  cy.  Dryden. 
PROl'irBT-I/i;,  I),  i.  To  (jive  prediction.  {Mused.] 
PROl'iriC  r-i.IKi;,  a.    Like  a  pr.iplitt.  Shak. 
PllU-PIIOll'ie,  a.    [Gr.  jt/jik^u/jiicuj.] 
Kniiiiciativr. 

PUOPII-Y-LAe'Tie,        )a.      [Gr.  npo(pv\aKTiKOf, 
PUOPlI-Y-LAC'Tie-AL,  !    from  r:po(/.DAuff(rw,to  pru- 
veiil,  to  guard  ugainbtj  npo  and  :jivXaaaui,  to  pre- 
serve.] 

Ill  medicine,  preventive ;  defending  from  disease. 

Coxe. 

PROPFI-Y-LAC'TIC,  n.    A  medicine  which  preserves 
or  drfonds  against  disease  ;  a  preventive.  Coxe. 

PKOP-I-i\A'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  propinatio  ;  propiiio  i  Gr. 
77MCI  and  iTti/M,  to  drink.] 

Tile  act  of  pledging,  or  drinking  first  and  then  of- 
fering tlie  cup  to  another.  Putter. 

PllO-PINE',  V.  t.    [L.  propiiio,  supra.] 

1.  To  pledge  ;  to  drink  tirst  and  then  offer  the  cup 
to  another.    [JVoi  usrd,] 

2.  To  expose.    [JVu(  ii,tei/.] 
PRO-PIN'aUI-TY,  (pro-piiik'we-te,)  n.    [L.  propin- 


i/uittis,  from  propiiiquus,  near.] 

1.  Nearness  in  place ;  neighborhood.  Ray. 

2.  Nearness  in  time.  Brown. 

3.  Nearness  of  blood  ;  kindred.  Shak. 


PRO-PI"TlA-BLE,  (pro-|>isli'a-bl,)  a.     [.See  Propi- 
tiate.]   That  may  be  induced  to  favor,  or  tliat  may 
be  iiKKie  propitious. 
PRO-Pr'TUTE,  (-pish'atc,)  v.  U    [L.  propiiio.  Qu. 
pro  and  the  root  of  L.  pio.  Eng.  piti).] 

To  conciliate  ;  to  appease  one  otfendcd  and  render 
liiiii  favorable  ;  to  make  propitious. 

Lot  fii-rc*  Achilli-8,  drr>a(lfiil  in  hi.i  raj^, 

The  goil  Jtropiliate  ami  the  pest  aMu.ige.  Pope. 

PRO-PI"TlA-TEl>,  (-pish'a-ted,)  pp.    Appeased  and 

rendered  favorable  ;  conciliated. 
PPO-PI"TIA-Tl.\'(;,  ppr.     Conciliating;  appeasing 

the  wrath  of  and  rendering  favorable. 
PKO-Pr'  TI  A'TiON,  (-pish-e-a'shun,)  h.  [Fr. ;  from 

propitiate.] 

1.  The  act  of  appeasing  wrath  and  ccmciliating  the 
favor  of  an  oll'eiided  person  ;  the  act  of  making  pro- 
jiitioiis. 

L>.  In  theoUnpj,  the  atonement  or  atoning  sacrifice 
which  removes  the  obstacle  to  man's  salvation. 
Christ  is  the  propitiation  for  the  sins  of  men.  Rom. 
iii.    1  .fohn  ii. 

PKO-PI"TIa'TOR,7>.  One  who  propitiates.  Slienmod. 

PRO-Pr'TlA  TO-Kl-I,Y,  odr.    liy  way  of  propitiation. 

PRO-PC'TIA  TO  KY,  a.  Having  the  power  to  make 
propitious  ;  as,  a  pra/iitialori/  sacrifice.  StUlinirJleet, 

PR()-Pl"TI.\-T()-RY,  n.  Ainong  tlicJeics,  the  mercy- 
seat ;  the  lid  or  cover  of  the  ark  of  the  covenant, 
lined  within  and  wit|iout  with  plates  of  gold.  This 
was  a  tvpe  of  Christ.  F.ncyc. 

PRO-Pl"'TIOlJS,  (-pi.sh'us,)  a.    [L.  propitiiis.] 

1.  Favorable  ;  kind  ;  applied  to  men. 

2.  Dis[)osed  to  he  gracious  or  merciful ;  ready  to 
forgive  sins  and  bestow  blessings  ;  applied  to  Ood. 

3.  Fav(»rable  ;  as,  a  propitious  season. 
PRO-PI"TIOUS-LY,  (pish'us-le,)  adv.  Favorably; 

kindly.  Ro.-icommon. 
PRO-Pl"TIOtIS-NESS,  (-pish'us-ness,)  n.  Kindness  ; 
disposition  to  treat  another  kindly  ;  disposition  to 
forgive. 

2.  Favorableness  ;  as,  the  propifioit^-nti-s  of  the  sen- 
son  or  climate.  Temple. 
PRO'PI-AS.M,  n.    [Gr.  ttoo  and  rrXaapa,  a  device.] 

.\  mold  ;  a  matrix.  IVoodiDard, 
PRO-PLAS'TICE,  (-pl.is'tis,)  n.    [Supra.]    The  art 

of  making  molds  fur  castings. 
PRO'PO-I.IS,  n.    [Gr.,  before  the  city,  or  the  front  of 
the  city.] 

A  thick,  odorous  substance,  having  some  resem- 
blance to  wa\,  and  smelling  like  stornx  ;  used  by 
bees  to  stop  the  holes  and  crevices  in  their  Iiives  to 
prevent  the  entrance  tif  cold  air,  &.C. 
PRO-PO'NENT,  n.  [L.  proponens ;  pro  and  pono,  to 
place.] 

One  that  makes  a  proposal,  or  lays  down  a  propo- 
sition. Dryden. 
PRO-POR'TION,  n,    [L.  proportio ;  pro  and  partio, 
part  or  share.   See  PoBTiaN.] 

1.  'I'he  comparative  relation  of  any  one  thing  to 
nnotbcr.  Let  a  man's  exertions  be  in  proportion  to 
his  strength. 

2.  In  mathematics,  the  identity  or  similitude  of  two 
ratios.  Proportion  differs  from  ratio.  Ratio  is  prop- 
erly the  relation  of  two  magnitudes  or  ipiantities  of 
one  and  the  same  kind  ;  as  the  ratio  of  5  to  10,  or 
the  ratio  of  8  to  Ifi.  Proportion  is  the  sameness  or 
likeness  of  two  such  relations.  Thus  .'j  is  to  10  as  8 
to  lli,  or  A  is  to  B  as  C  is  to  D  ;  that  is,  5  bears  the 
same  relation  to  10  as  8  does  to  IG.  Hence  we  say, 
such  minibcrs  are  in  proportion.  Huilon. 

An  equality  of  ritios  ;  sometimes,  also,  the  series 
of  terms  among  which  an  equality  of  ratios  exists. 

Day. 

3.  In  arithmetic,  a  rule  by  which,  when  three  num- 
bers are  given,  a  fourth  number  is  found,  which 
bears  the  same  relation  to  the  third  as  the  second 


does  to  the  first;  or  a  fourth  iiiinilier  is  found,  bear- 
ing the  same  relation  to  the  third  .is  the  first  does  to 
the  secmid.  'J'he  former  is  called  direct,  and  the  lat- 
ter inoerse  proportion. 

4.  Symmetry  ;  suitable  adaptation  of  one  part  or 
thing  to  another;  \\ii\  prupurtmn  of  one  limb  to 
niiotlier  in  the  human  body  ;  the  proportion  of  the 
length  and  breadth  of  a  room  to  its  higlit. 

Hnrrm>ny,  with  evrry  gric^, 
Plays  111  Uic  fair  proportions  of  iicr  lacy.         Mrs.  Carter. 

5.  Equal  or  just  share  ;  ns,  to  ascertain  the  propor- 
tion of  profit  to  which  each  partner  in  a  comjiany  is 
entitled. 

6.  Form  ;  size.    [Little  used,]  Davics. 

7.  The  relation  between  unequal  things  of  the 
same  kind,  by  which  their  several  parts  correspoiiil 
to  each  other  with  an  equal  augmentation  and  dimi- 
nution, as  in  reducing  and  enlarging  figures.  Kncyc. 

[This  more  properly  belongs  to  ratio.] 
Hnrmonical  or  musical  proportion,  is  when,  of  three 
or  four  quantities,  the  first  is  to  the  last  as  the  differ- 
ence between  the  two  first  is  tothe  difference  between 
the  two  List.  Thus,  2,  3,  0,  arc  in  harmonical  pro- 
portion ;  for  2  is  to  6  as  1  to  3.  Thus,  24,  10,  12,  9, 
are  harmonical,  for  2-4:9:  :  8  :  3. 

Jlrithmctical  proportion ;  an  equality  of  arithmetical 
ratios. 

Geometrical  proportion ;  an  equality  of  geometrical 
ratios.    [See  Pno^aiEssioN,  Nt).  4.1 

Reciprocal  proportion  ;  an  ecpiality  between  a  di- 
rect and  a  reciprocal  ratio.  'I'lms,  4:2:  :  1-3:  1-G. 
[See  Reciprocals  and  Recipbiical  Ratio.]  Day. 
PR0-P6R'T10N,  V.  t.  To  adjust  the  coinparativi;  re- 
lation of  one  thing  or  one  part  to  aiiutlu-r  ;  as,  to  pro- 
portion the  size  of  a  building  to  its  height,  or  the 
thickness  of  a  thing  to  its  length;  io  proportion  our 
expenditures  to  our  income. 

In  the  loM  of  iin  oliject,  we  do  not  proportion  oor  ^ief  to  its  n^al 
v.Uiie,  but  lu  the  value  our  fancies  sol  upon  it.  A'ttlUon. 

2.  To  form  with  symmetry  or  suitableness,  as  the 
parts  of  the  body. 

PR()-PoU'TIO.'V-A-nLE,a.  Tli.at  maybe  proportioned 
or  made  iiropoitional.  This  is,  eiymologically,  the 
true  sense  of  the  word  ;  hut  it  is  commonly,  though 
erroneously,  used  ill  the  sense  of  proportional,  being 
in  proportion  ;  having  a  due  comparative  relation  ; 
as,  infaiitrv  with  a  proportionable  number  of  horse. 

PRO-P6R'TI()N-A-liLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 
proportionable. 

PRO-PoR'TI().\-A-RLY,  ndr.  According  to  propor- 
tion or  comparative  relation  ;  as,  a  large  body,  with 
limbs  proportionably  large. 

PR0-P6R'T10N-AL,  a.  [It.  proporiionalc  ;  Fr.  pro- 
portion nel.] 

1.  Having  a  due  comparative  relation  ;  being  in  suit- 
able proportion  or  degree  ;  as,  the  parts  of  an  edifice 
are  proportimial.  In  pharmacy,  nietliciiies  are  com- 
pounded of  certain  proportional  quantities  of  ingre- 
dients. 

2.  In  mathematics,  having  the  same  ratio  ;  as,  four 
quantities  are  proportional ;  having  alwaj's  the  same 
ratio  ;  as,  the  velocity  of  a  moving  body  is  propor- 
tional to  the  impelling  force,  when  the  quantity  of 
matter  is  given  ;  its  inomenttini  is  proportional  to  the 
quantity  of  matter  it  contains,  when  its  velocity  is 
given. 

3.  Relating  to  proportion  ;  as, proportional  scales  or 
compasses.  Ihitton. 

PRO-PoR'TION-AL,  n.  A  number  or  quantity  pro- 
portional ;  a  name  given,  in  mathematics,  lo  the  terms 
of  a  prtiportion. 

Proportional :  in  chemistry,  a  term  employed  in  the 
theory  of  definite  proportions,  to  denote  the  same  as 
the  weight  of  an  atom  or  a  prime.    [See  Prime.] 

PRO-P6R-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
in  proportion.  Oreic. 

PUO-PoR'TION-AI^LY,  adv.  In  proportion  ;  in  due 
degree  ;  with  suitable  comparative  relation;  as,  all 
parts  of  a  building  being  proportionally  large. 

PRO-PoR'TlO.N-ATE,  a.  Ailjusted  to  something 
else  according  to  a  certain  rate  or  comparative  rela- 
tion ;  proportional. 

The  connection  tictween  the  end  «nd  mcani  h  proporlionale. 

Oreta. 

Punishment  should  be  proportionats  to  the  tmns^rcssioii. 

lAxke. 

PRO-PoR'TION-aTE,  r.  U  To  proportion  ;  to  make 
proportional  ;  to  adjust  according  to  a  settled  rate  or 
to  due  comparative  relation  ;  as,  to  proportionate  pun- 
ishments to  crimes. 

[This  verb  is  less  used  than  Pboportion.] 
PRO-POR'TIO.\-ATE-LY.  aJv     With  due  propor- 
tion ;  according  to  a  settled  or  suitable  rate  or  degree. 

Pcar.-ion. 

PRO-PoR'TION-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  st.-ile  of  being 
adjusted  by  due  or  settled  proportion  or  comparative 
relation  ;  suitableness  of  proportions.  llalc. 

PRO-Pf)R'TION-£D,  pp.  or  a.  .Made  or  adjusted 
with  due  proportion  or  with  symmetry  of  parts. 

PRO  P^^R'TION-ING,  ppr.    Making  proportional. 

PKO-POR'TION  LESS,  a.  Without  proportion  ;  with- 
out svminetry  of  parts. 

PRO-PO'SAL,  n.    (from  propose.] 


1.  That  vvliieh  is  ofilred  or  profioiiiided  fir  ron- 
sideratioii  or  acceptance  ;  a  scheiiie  or  design,  teriim 
or  conditions  proposed  ;  as,  to  make  propo.-.nl..  for  n 
treaty  of  peace  ;  to  offer  proposals  for  erecting  a 
building  ;  to  make  proposals  of  marriage  ;  proposals  | 
for  subscription  to  a  loan  t>r  to  a  literary  work. 

2.  Offer  to  the  luind  ;  as,  the  proposal  of  an  agree- 
able object.  South. 

PRO-PoSE',  (-poze',)  V.  f.  [Fr.  proposer;  It.  propono, 
proposui ;  W.  pusiaw,  to  pose,  that  is,  to  set;  literally, 
to  put  or  throw  forward.] 

1.  To  olVer  for  consideration,  discussion,  accept- 
ance, or  adoption  ;  as,  to  propose  a  bill  or  resolve  to  a 
legislative  body  ;  to  propose  terms  of  peace  ;  to  /tro- 
pose  a  cpiestion  or  subject  for  discussion  ;  to  propose 
an  alliance  by  treaty  or  marriage ;  to  propose  altera- 
tions or  nmeiidments  in  a  law. 

2.  To  offer  or  present  for  consideration. 

In  learning  itiiy  thiii^,  aj  little  as  pussitile  sliuuM  he  proposed  10 
the  iniiiil  at  hivl.  Waus. 

To  propose  to  one's  self;  to  intend  ;  to  design  ;  to 
form  a  design  in  the  mind. 
PRO  POSE',  V.  i.    To  lay  schemes.    [JVot  in  visr,]  I 

Sliak. 

2.  To  oflV'r  one's  self  in  marriage.  Miss  Pickerinn.  | 
[  Propose  is  olten  used  for  purpose  ;  as,  I  propose  to  ' 
ride  to  .New  York  to-morrow.    Purpose  and  propose  j 
are  ditfereiit  forms  of  the  same  word.]  ;  | 

PRO-PoSE',  n.    Talk  ;  discourse.    [J^ut  in  use.]  Shall.  1| 

PRO-PoS'A.'l),  p;).  or  o.    Offert^d  or  presented  for  con-  1 
sideratioii,  discussion,  acceptance,  or  adoption. 

PR()-l'o.«'ER,  II.  One  that  oilers  any  thing  for  con- 
sitler:ttioii  or  adoption.  Locke. 

PRO-l'OS'l.Nt;,  ppr.  Oli'ering  for  considenition,  ac- 
ceptance, tir  adttption. 

PROP-0-SI"TIO.\,  (-zish'iin,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.prop- 
osilio,  from  propositus,  propono.] 

1.  That  which  is  prci|Hised  ;  that  which  is  offered 
for  consiileratinn,  acceptance,  or  adoption  ;  a  pro|H>- 
sal ;  oiler  of  terms.  The  ent^iny  made  propositions  of 
peace  ;  the  propositions  were  not  accepted. 

2.  In  lotric,  one  of  the  three  parts  of  a  regular  ar- 
giiiiieiit;  the  part  of  an 'argiiineiit  in  \\'hirh  some 
qiialit)',  negative  or  |)ositive,  is  attributed  to  a  sub- 
ject;  as,  "snow  is  white;"  "water  is  fluid;" 
"  vice  is  not  commendable." 

3.  In  mnthcniatics,  a  slatrment  in  terms  either  of  a 
truth  to  be  denionstraleil,  or  of  an  operation  to  be 
performed.  It  is  called  a  tfirorem,  when  it  is  some- 
thing to  be  proved  ;  and  a  problem,  when  it  is  some- 
thing to  be  done.  Olmsted. 

4.  In  oradin/,  that  which  is  offered  or  affirmed  as 
the  subject  of  the  discourse ;  any  lliing  stated  or 
atfirmetl  for  discussion  or  illustration. 

a.  In  poetry,  the  first  part  of  a  poem,  in  which  the 
author  states  the  subject  or  matter  of  it.  Ilorice 
reouiiiiiends  modesty  and  simplicity  in  the  prn/ir.  ■ 
ffoii  of  a  poem. 

PROP  0-Sl"TION-AL,  (  zish'un-al,)  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  proposition  ;  considered  as  a  proposition  ;  as,  a 
propiisitional  sense.  IVatt-i. 

PKO-P(JIJNI)',  V.  t.  [L.  propono  ;  pro  and  pono,  to  set, 
put,  or  place.] 

1.  To  propose;  to  offer  for  consideration;  as,  to 
propound  a  rule  of  action.  Wotton. 

The  cxistj'nce  of  the  church  halh  been  propounded  ns  an  object 
of  faith.  Penraon. 

2.  To  offer  ;  to  exhibit ;  to  propose  ;  as,  to  propound 
a  question.  Stiuk. 

3.  In  Conirrerrational  churches,  to  propose  or  name 
as  a  candidate  for  admission  to  coiiiiiiiinioii  with  a  i 
church.    Persons  intending  to  make  public  prtifes-  I 
sion  of  their  faith,  and  thus  unite  with  the  church,  | 
are  propounded  before  the  church  and  congregation  ; 
that  is,  their  intention  is  notified  some  days  previous, 
for  the  purpose  of  giving  op[H)rtunity  to  inenibers  of  < 
the  church  to  object  to  their  admission  to  such  cuni- 
miinioii,  if  tliey  see  cause.  | 

PRO-POUND'EU,  pp.  Proposed  ;  offered  ftir  con.sid- 
eration. 

PRO-POIJND'ER,  n.  One  that  proposes  or  offers  for 
consideration. 

PRO-POUND'ING,  ppr.  Proposing;  offering  for  con- 
sidenition. 

PROP'Pf;!),  (propt,)  pp.  [from  prop.]  Supporteil  ; 
siistaineil  by  something  placed  under. 

PROP'PI.N'G,  ppr.    SiipiHirting  by  something  beneath. 

PRO-PRk'TOR,  n.    [L.  proprwtor.] 

Among  the  Romajis,  a  magistrate  who,  having  dis- 
charged the  otlice  of  pretor  at  home,  was  appointed 
to  the  government  of  a  province.        Smith's  Diet. 

PRO-PRT'E-TA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  proprietaire,  from  pro- 
priiti.] 

1.  A  proprietor  or  owner  ;  one  who  has  the  exclii-  | 
sive  title  to  a  thing  ;  one  who  possesses  or  holds  the  i 
title  tt»  a  thing  in  his  own  right.    The  grantees  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  and  their  heirs  were 
called  the  proprietaries  of  those  provinces 

2.  In  monastiries,  such  monks  were  called  proprie- 
taries, as  had  reser\'ed  gtKids  and  effects  to  them- 
selves, notwithstanding  their  renunciation  of  all  nt 
the  time  of  their  profession.  F.ncye. 

PRO-PUI'E-T.A-RY,  a.    Belonging  to  a  proprietor  or 


TONE,  B;JLL,  UNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


I 


ciwner,  or  to  a  proprietary.  The  govern iiients  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  were  formerly  proprie- 
tani. 

PRO-PRT'E-TOR,  n.  [from  L.  proprietas,  proprius.1 
An  owner  ;  the  person  who  has  tlie  legal  right  or 
exclusive  title  to  any  thin^,  whether  in  possession  or 
not;  as,  the  proprietor  of  a  farm  or  of  a  mill.  By 
the  gift  of  God,  man  is  constituted  the  proprietor  of 
the  earth. 

PRO-PRI'E-TOR-SUrP,  n.    State  of  being  proprietor. 

PRO-PKI'E-TRESS,  n.  A  female  who  has  the  exclu- 
sive legal  risht  to  a  thing.  L'Estran^e. 

PRO-PRl'E-TY,  n.  [Ft.  propriety  ;  I.,  proprielas,  {torn 
propriu-s.] 

1.  Property  ;  pe-juliar  or  exclusive  right  of  posses- 
sion ;  ownership. 

[This  primary  sense  of  the  word,  as  used  by 
Locke,  Milton,  Dryden,  &c.,  seems  now  to  be  nearly 
or  wholly  obsolete.    See  Propertv.] 

2.  Fitness;  suitableness;  ai)propriateness ;  conso- 
nance with  established  principles,  rules,  or  customs  ; 
justness  ;  accuracy.  Propriety  of  conduct,  in  a  moral 
sense,  consists  in  its  conformity  to  the  moral  law  ; 
propriety  of  behavior  consists  in  conformity  to  the 
established  rules  of  decorum  ;  propriety  in  language 
is  correctness  in  the  use  of  words  and  phrases,  ac- 
cording to  established  usage,  which  constitutes  the 
rule  of  speaking  and  writing. 

3.  Proper  state.  Shak. 
PRO  PROe'TOR,  n.    In  the  English  universities,  an 

assistant  proctor.  Hook. 
PROPT.    See  Propped. 

PRO-P0G.\',  (pro-piine',)  f.  i.  [L.  propugTio  ;  pro  and 
pusno,  to  figiit.l 

To  contend  for;  to  defend;  to  vindicate.  [Little 
^iScdA  Hammond, 
PRO  PUG'N.VeLE,  n.    [L.  propug-naculum.] 

A  fortress.    [JVo(  used.]  Howell. 
PRO-PUG-Na'TION,  rt.    [L.  propugnatio.] 

Defense.    [J^ot  used.]  Shak. 
PRO-PuGN'ER,  (pro-pun'er,)  n    A  defender  ;  a  vin- 
dicator. 

PRO-POGN'ING,  p;)r.    Contending  for ;  defending. 
PRO-PUL-Sa'TION,  n.     [L.  propulsatio ;  propuUo. 
See  Propel.] 

The  act  ot  driving  away  or  repelling  ;  the  keeping 
at  a  distance.  Hall. 
PRO-PULSE',  (pro-puls',)  ».  t.    [h.  propulso  ;  pro  ani 
pnlso,  to  strike.    See  Propel.] 

To  repel ;  to  drive  off.    [Little  used,]  Cutgrave, 
PRO-PLTL'SIO.V,  C-pul'shun,)  n.    [L.  propulsus,  pro- 
pelh.    See  Propel.] 

The  act  of  driving  forward.  Bacon. 
PRO-PUL'SIVE,  a.     Tending  or  haviug  power  to 
repel. 

PRO-PY-L.E'UM,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Trporrv'Siiioy.]  In 
ancinit  arcliilcclure,  any  court  or  vestibule  before  a 
biijldini:,  or  before  its  principal  j)art9  ;  more  particii- 
larhi,  the  entrance  to  such  court  or  vestibule.  Oteilt. 

PROP'Y-LOiV,  II.  [Gr.  Trpu^wAiPi',  ir/)o  and  irvXri,  a 
gate.] 

The  porch,  vestibule,  or  entrance  of  an  edifice. 

Russell. 

PRO  Ra'TA,  [L.]    In  proportion. 
PRoUE,  n.  [U.prora.] 

The  prow  or  fore  part  of  a  ship.  Pope. 

[JVoi  in  u.-fc,  except  in  poetry.] 
PRO  RE  J^rA'T^i,    [L.]    According  to  exigences  or 

circumstances. 
PRO-REP'TION,  71.    [from  L.  proprepo.]    A  creej)- 

ing  on. 

PRO  RO-G.^'TION,  n.  [L.  prorogatio.  See  Pro- 
rogue.] 

1.  Continuance  in  time  or  duration  ;  a  lengthening 
or  prolongation  of  time  ;  as,  the  proroirution  of  some- 
thing already  possessed.    [  This  use  is  uncommon.] 

Snuth. 

2.  In  England,  the  continuance  of  parliament 
from  one  session  to  another,  as  an  adjournment  is  a 
continuance  of  the  session  from  day  to  dny.  This 
is  the  established  language  with  respect  to  the  parlia- 
ment of  Great  Rritain.  In  the  United  Slates,  the 
word  is,  I  believe,  rarely  or  never  used  ;  adjournment 
hi'ing  used,  not  only  in  its  etymological  sense,  but 
for  proro^ralion  also. 

PRO-RoGUE',  fpro-rog',)  r.  L  [Ft.  prorogrr ;  L.  pro- 
rogo :  pro  ana  rogo.  The  latter  word  signifies  to 
ask,  or  to  propose  ;  but  the  primary  sense  is  to  reach, 
to  slretch  forward  ;  and  this  is  its  import  in  the  de- 
rivative prorogo.] 

1.  To  protract ;  to  prolong. 

lie  prorogued  liii  gov';riiiTient.  Dryden. 

2.  To  defer  ;  to  delay  ;  as,  to  prorogue  ilcath. 

Shak. 

[/rt  the  fcregoing  seniles,  Vie  viord  is  now  rarely 
used.] 

:i.  To  continue  the  parliament  from  one  session  to 
nnotlif-r.  Parliament  in  nrorognrd  by  the  king's  au- 
thority, either  by  the  lord  chancellor  in  bin  inajesty'ii 
presence,  or  by  commission,  or  by  proclamation. 

RIar.kitonc. 

PIlO-Rf)GIJ'Kn,  pp.  Prolonged;  continued  from  one 
seMioii  to  another. 


PRO-RUP'TION,  71.    [L.  proruptits,  prorumpo ;  pro 

and  mmpfl,  to  hurst.] 

The  act  of  bursting  forth  ;  a  bursting  out.  Brown. 
PRO-SA'IG,  a.    [L.  prosaicus,  irom  prosa,  prose;  Fr. 

prosaigiie.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  prose;  resembling  prose;  not  re- 
stricted by  numbers;  applied  to  writings ;  as,  a  pro- 
saic composition. 

2.  Dull  ;  uninteresting.  Ed.  Rev. 
PRO-SA'ie-AL-LY,  adr.  In  a  dull  or  prosaic  manner. 
PRo'SA-IS.M,  71.    That  which  is  in  the  form  of  prose 

writing.  Coleridge. 
PRfVSA-IST,  n.    A  writer  of  prose. 
PRQ'SAL,  a.    Prosaic.    [JVut  luci/.l  Brown. 
PRO-SCE'NI-U.M,  71.    [Gr.  tt/jo  and  (r/tTji-r).] 

1.  In  the  ancient  theater,  the  part  where  the  actors 
performed,  called  now  the  Stage.       Smithes  Diet. 

2.  In  the  modern  theater,  the  frontispiece,  or  front 
part  of  the  stage,  where  the  drop  scene  separates  the 
stage  from  the  audience.  Brande. 

PRO  SCRIBE',  tJ.  t.  [L.  proscribo  ;  pro  and  scribo,  to 
write.  The  sense  of  this  word  originated  in  the 
Roman  practice  of  writing  the  names  of  persons 
doomed  to  (le:ith,  and  posting  the  list  in  public] 

1.  To  doom  to  destruction  ;  to  put  one  out  of  the 
protection  of  law,  and  promise  a  reward  for  his  head. 
Sylla  ami  Marius /irasmie/i  each  other's  adherents. 

2.  To  put  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law,  with- 
out such  a  promise. 

Robert  Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford,  was  banished  the  realm  and  pro- 
sciibed.  Spenser. 

3.  To  denounce  and  condemn  as  dangerous  and 
not  worthy  of  reception  ;  to  reject  utterly. 

In  Ihe  ye  \r  325,  Itie  Arian  doctrinrs  were  proscribed  and  analh- 
emalized  liy  Uie  council  uf  Nice.  Walerlartd. 

4.  To  censure  and  condemn  as  utterly  unworthy 
of  recepticm.  South. 

5.  To  interdict ;  as,  to  proscribe  the  use  of  ardent 
spirits. 

PRO-SeRIB'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Doomed  to  destruction  ; 
denounced  as  dangerous,  or  as  unworthy  of  recep- 
tion ;  condemned  ;  banished. 

PRO  SGRIB'ER,  7i.  One  that  dooms  to  destruction  ; 
one  that  denounces  as  dangerous,  or  as  utterly  un- 
worthy of  reception. 

PRO-SeRIB'ING,  ppr.  Dooming  to  destruction  ;  de- 
nouncing as  unworthy  of  protection  or  reception  ; 
condemning  ;  banishing. 

PRO-SeRIP'TION,  71.    [L.  proscriptio.] 

1.  The  act  of  proscribing  or  dooming  to  death  ; 
among  the  Romans,  the  public  offer  of  a  reward  for  the 
head  of  a  political  enemy.  Such  were  the  proscrip- 
tions of  Sylla  and  Marius.  Under  the  triumvirate, 
many  of  tiie  best  Roman  citizens  fell  by  proscription. 

2.  A  putting  out  of  the  protection  of  law ;  con- 
demning to  exile. 

3.  Censure  and  condemnation  ;  utter  rejection. 
PRO-S€RIP'TIVE,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in 

proscription;  proscribing.  Burke. 
PRoSE,  71.    [  L.  It.  and  Sp.  prosa  ;  Ft.  prose.  Q.U. 
orient,  die,  1'id  or  WiD.] 

1.  The  natural  language  of  man  ;  language  loose 
and  unconfined  to  poetical  measure,  as  opposed  to 
verse  or  metrical  composition. 

Things  unattf-mpted  yet  in  prose  or  rhyme.  MUlon. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  hymn  intro- 
duced into  the  mass  on  certain  festival  days.  [See 
Secjience.] 

This  word  is  sometimes  used  adjectively  ;  as, 
prose  writings. 
PRoSE,  V.  t.    To  write  in  prose.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  a  tedious  relation.  Mason. 
PROS'E-CUTE,  V.  t.    [h.  prosecutus,  prosequor  ;  pro 
and  set/uor,  to  follow.  Eng.  to  seek.    See  Essav.] 

1.  To  follow  or  pursue  with  a  view  to  reach,  exe- 
cute, or  accomplish  ;  to  continue  endeavors  to  obtain 
or  complete  ;  to  continue  efforts  already  begun  ;  as, 
to  prosecute  a  scheme  ;  to  prosecute  an  undertaking. 
The  plan  of  a  great  canal  in  the  State  of  New  York 
has  been  prosecuted  with  success. 

Thai  which  is  morally  good  is  lo  be  desired  and  prosecuted. 

WUkint. 

This  word  signifies  either  to  begin  and  carry  on,  or 
simply  continue  what  has  been  begun.  When  I  say, 
"  I  have  devi.sed  a  plan  which  I  have  not  the  courage 
or  means  to  prosecute,"  the  word  signifies  to  begin  to 
eiecnte.  When  we  say,  *'  The  natittii  began  a  war 
which  it  had  not  means  to  prosecute,"  it  signifies  to 
continue  to  nirry  on.  'J'he  latter  is  the  genuine  sense 
of  the  word,  but  both  are  well  authorized.  We 
prosecute  any  work  of  the  hands  or  of  the  head. 
We  prosecute  a  purpose,  an  entcrjirise,  a  work, 
studii's,  inquiries,  &c. 

2.  To  seek  to  obtain  by  legal  process  ;  as,  to  pros- 
ecute a  right  in  a  court  of  law. 

3.  To  accuse  of  some  crime  or  breach  of  law,  or 
to  pursue  for  redress  or  punishment,  before  a  legal 
tribunal  ;  us,  to  prosecute  a  man  for  trespass  or  for 
a  riot.  It  is  applied  to  civil  suits  fur  damages,  as 
well  as  to  criminal  suits,  but  not  to  suits  for  debt. 
We  never  say  a  man  prosecutes  another  on  a  bond  or 
note,  or  in  assumpsit ;  hut  he  prosecutes  his  right  or 


claim  in  an  action  of  debt,  detinue,  trover,  or  as- 
sumpsit. So  we  say,  a  man  prosecutes  another  for 
assault  and  battery,  for  a  libel  or  for  slander,  or  for 
breaking  his  close.  In  these  cases,  prosecute  signi- 
fies to  begin  and  to  continue  a  suit.  The  attorney- 
general  prosecutes  offenders  in  the  name  of  the  king 
or  of  the  state,  by  information  or  indictment. 

Prosecute  differs  from  persecute,  as  in  law  it  is  ap- 
plied to  the  legal  proceedings  only,  wherezis  periccufc 
implies  cruelty,  injustice,  or  oppression. 

PR0S'E-€UTE,  v.  i.  To  carry  on  a  legal  prosecution  , 
as,  to  prosecute  for  public  ofienses.  Blackstone. 

PROS'E-eU-TED,  pp.  Pursued,  or  begun  and  carried 
on  for  execution  or  accomplishment,  as  a  scheme ; 
pursued  for  redress  or  punishment  in  a  court  of 
law,  as  a  person  ;  demanded  in  law,  as  a  riglit  or 
claim. 

PROS'E-€U-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Pursuing,  or  beginning 
and  carrying  on  for  accomplishment;  pursuing  for 
redress  or  punishment ;  suing  for,  as  a  right  or  claim. 

PROS-E-€0'TION,  ?i.  The  act  or  process  of  endeav- 
oring to  gain  or  accomplish  something  ;  pursuit  by  ef- 
forts of  body  or  mind  ;  as,  the  p>-osccutio«  of  a  scheme, 
plan,  design,  or  undertaking  ;  the  prosecution  of  war 
or  of  commerce  ;  the  prosecution  of  a  work,  study, 
argument,  or  inquiiy.  I 

2.  The  institiitio.i  and  cwrying  on  of  a  suit  in  a 
court  of  law  or  equity,  to  obtain  some  right,  or  to  re- 
dress and  punish  some  wrong.  The  prosecution  of  a 
claim  in  chancery  is  very  expensive.  Malicious  pros- 
ecutions subject  the  offender  to  punishment. 

3.  The  institution  or  commencement  and  continu- 
ance of  a  criminal  suit;  the  process  of  exhibiting 
formal  charges  against  an  offender  before  a  legal  tri- 
bunal, and  pursuing  them  to  final  judgment  ;  as, 
prosecutions  of  the  crown  or  of  the  state  by  the  at- 
torney or  solicitor-general.  Prosecutions  may  be  hy 
presentment,  information,  or  indictment. 

Blackstone. 

PROS'E-CU-TOR,  71.  One  who  pursues  or  carries  on 
any  purpose,  plan,  or  business. 

2.  The  person  who  institutes  and  carries  on  a 
criminal  suit  in  a  legal  tribunal,  or  one  who  exhibits 
criminal  charges  against  an  offender.  The  attorney- 
general  is  the  prosecutor  for  the  king  or  state. 

Blackstone. 

PROS'E-LfTE,  71.  [Fr.  proselyte ;  It.  proselita  ;  Gr. 
TrpficrnXvTui ;  Jrpoj  and  epxopai,  to  come;  r}Xv6ov, 
TlXOov.] 

A  new  convert  to  some  religion  or  religious  sect, 
or  to  some  particular  opinion,  system,  or  party. 
Thus  a  Gentile  converted  to  Judaism  is  a  proselyte  ; 
a  pagan  converted  to  Christianity  is  '  proselyte  :  and 
we  speak  familiarly  of  proselytes  f  the  theories  of 
Brown,  of  Black,  or  of  Lavoisier.  The  word  prima- 
rily refers  to  converts  to  some  religious  creed. 

PROS'E-L-fTE,  I'.  (.  To  make  a  convert  to  some 
religion,  or  to  some  opinion  or  system.  Macknight. 

PROS'E-Lf-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  a  convert  to  some 
religion. 

PROS'E-Lf-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  converts. 

PROS'E-LYT-IS.M,  n.    The  making  of  converts  to  a 
religion  or  religious  sect,  or  to  any  opinion,  system,  i 
or  party.  | 

They  were  possessed  of  a  spirit  of  prosc^ytism  in  the  most  fanat- 
ical degree.  Burke. 

2.  Conversion  to  a  system  or  creed. 
PROS'E-LYT-IZE,  to  make  converts,  or  to  convert,  is  j 
not  well  authorized,  or  not  in  common  use,  and  is 
wholly  unnecessary. 
PRO-SEM-I-NA'TION,  n.    [L.  proscminatus  ;  pro  and 
semino,  to  sow.] 

Propagation  by  seed.    [JVot  used.]  Hale. 
PROS-EN-NE  A-IIE'DRAL,  a.    [Gr.  irpos,  evvca,  and 
£<5,ja.] 

In  crystallography,  having  nine  faces  on  two  adja- 
cent parts  of  the  crystal.    [JVot  used.] 
PRoS'ER,  71.    [from  prose.]    A  writer  of  prose. 

I^rayton. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  tedious  narration  of  uninter- 
esting matters. 

PROS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Talking  or  writing  in  a  dull, 
uninteresting  manlier. 

PRoS'ING,  n.  Dull  and  tedious  minuteness  in  speech 
or  writinc. 

PRO-SLaV'ER-Y,  a.    In  favor  of  slavery. 

PRO'SY,  a.    Dull  and  tedious  in  discourse  or  writing. 

PRO-So'DI-AL,    la.    [from  pro.^orfi/.]    Pertaining  to 

PRO-SOD'ie-AL,  i  prosody,  or  the  quantity  and  ac- 
cents of  syllables  ;  according  to  the  rules  of  prosody. 

Warton.    Ed.  Dispens. 

PRO-So'DI-AN,  71.  [from  prosody.]  One  skilled  in 
prosody,  or  in  the  rules  of  pronunciation  and  metrical 
composiTion. 

PROS'O-DIST,  71.  [from  prosodi/.]  One  who  under- 
stands prosody.  Walker. 

PROS'O-DY,  71.  [ Fr.  prosorfic  ;  L.  prosudia  ;  Gr.  npoo- 
wrlid  ;  7r/)ot  and  mrlij,  an  ode.] 

That  part  of  grammar  which  tre.ats  of  the  quantity 
of  syllables,  of  accent,  and  of  the  laws  of  versifica- 
tion. It  includes,  also,  Ihe  art  of  ndjii.sting  the  ac- 
cent and  metrical  arrangements  of  syllables  in  com- 
positions for  the  lyre. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METF,,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK.— 

_ 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


PROS-O-PO-LKP'SY,  n.    [Gr.  7rpo(7<..Jro,\r,t//if..] 

Kospcct  of  persons  ;  more  particuhirlijy  a  premature 
opiiiiun  or  prejudice  nnaiiiiit  a  person,  formed  by  a 
view  of  liis  e.\tern;U  appearance. 

Moore.  Addison. 

PROS-O-PO-PfE'IA,  H.  [Or.  ir/jptrojrruTroua  ;  nfjuacj- 
nov,  person,  and  ifnco,  to  make.] 

A  figure  in  rhetoric,  by  wiiich  thinffs  are  repre- 
sented as  persons,  or  by  vvliich  things  inanimate  are 
spoken  of  as  animated  beings,  or  by  wliicli  an  absent 
person  is  introduced  as  speaking,  or  a  deceased  per- 
son is  represented  as  alive  and  present.  It  includes 
personificalioH,  but  is  more  extensive  in  its  significa- 
tion. Encyc. 

PROS'PECT,  71.  [L.  prospectus,  pro.s-yicio,  to  look  for- 
ward ;  pro  and  specio,  to  see.] 

1.  View  of  tilings  within  the  reach  of  the  eye. 

Ellen  anil  all  the  com!  in  pTotpecl  lay.  Miiton. 
a  View  of  things  to  come ;  intellectual  sifiht ;  ex- 
pectation.   The  good  man  enjoys  the  prospect  of 
future  felicity. 

3.  That  which  is  presented  to  the  eye ;  the  place 
and  the  objects  seen.  There  is  a  noble  prospect  from 
the  dome  of  the  State  House  in  Boston  —  a  prospect 
diversified  with  land  and  water,  and  every  thing  that 
can  please  the  eye. 

4.  Object  of  view. 

Man  to  hlinsOir 
la  a  large  protjiect.  Denham. 

5.  View  delineated  or  painted  ;  picturesque  repre- 
sentation of  a  landscape.  Heijnvlds. 

6.  Place  wiiich  affords  an  eiteiided  view. 

Mitton. 

7.  Position  of  the  front  of  a  building;  as,  a  pros- 
pect toward  the  south  or  north.    Ezek.  xl. 

8.  Lxpectation,  or  ground  of  expectation.  There 
is  a  prospect  of  a  good  harvest ;  a  man  has  a  prospect 
of  preferment ;  or  he  has  little  prospect  of  success. 

h^ashin^toii. 

9.  A  looking  forward ;  a  regard  to  soiuetliing  fu- 
ture. 

la  a  prudent  man  as  to  his  temporal  estate,  who  lays  designs 
only  for  a  day,  withoul  any  prospect  tn,  or  provision  for,  the 
remaining  part  of  life  ?         \Lillle  used.]  TiUoison. 

PRO-£PEe'TION,  7!.  The  act  of  looking  forward,  or 
of  providing  for  future  wants.  Paley. 

PRO-SPEGT'IVE,  a.  Looking  forward  in  time;  re- 
garding the  future  ;  opposed  to  Retrospective. 

The  supporting  of  Bible  sncielir-s  is  one  of  tlie  points  on  which 
the  promises,  at  the  time  of  onliiiation,  bad  no  jiroc^iectiv« 
bcaimg.  W.  Jay. 

2.  Acting  with  foresight. 

The  French  kinsf  anil  kin^  of  Sweden  are  circumspect,  indus- 
trious, and  pTospeelive  in  this  alVair.  Child. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prospect ;  viewing  at  a  distance. 

Milton. 

4.  Furnishing  an  extensive  prospect.  Dwis^lti. 
PRO-SPECT'lVE,  71.    The  scene  before  or  around  us. 

Rich.  Diet. 

PRO-SPEeT'IVE-LY,  adv.  With  reference  to  tlie 
future. 

PRO  8PE€T'IVE-i\ESS,  7i.  State  of  being  pro- 
spective. 

PRO-tfPECT'US,  71.  [L.]  The  plan  of  a  literary 
work,  containing  the  general  subject  or  design,  with 
the  manner  and  terms  of  publication,  and  sometimes 
a  specimen  of  it. 
PROS'PER,  t).  (.  [L.  prospero,  from  prosperus,  from 
the  Gr.  rtpoGiptpoi,  to  carry  to  or  toward ;  jr.oof  and 
{jieiH.t,  to  bear.] 
To  favor ;  to  render  successful. 

All  tiling  concur  to  prafjitr  our  desi^.  Drydcn. 
PROS'PER,  V.  X.    To  be  successful ;  to  succeed. 

The  r.onl  made  all  that  he  did  to  prosper  in  his  band.  — Gen. 

He  that  covereth  his  sins  sliall  nolproJf^Jer.  —  Pro*,  ixviii. 
2.  To  grow  or  increase ;  to  thrive  ;  to  make  gain  ; 
as,  to  prosper  in  business.    Our  agriculture,  com- 
merce, aitil  manufactures,  now  prosper. 

PROS'PER-KI),         Having  success  ;  favored. 

PKOS'PEK-I.NG,  ppr.  Rendering  successful;  advan- 
cing in  growth,  wealth,  or  any  good. 

PROS-PER'l-TY,  71.    [L.  prosperitas.] 

Advance  or  gain  in  any  thing  good  or  desirable  ; 
successful  progress  in  any  business  or  enterprise  ; 
success  ;  attainment  of  the  object  desired  j  as,  the 
prosperitij  of  arts  ;  agricultural  or  commercial  pros- 
perity; national  pros])rril ij.  Our  disposition  to  abuse 
the  blessings  of  Providence  renders  prosperity  dan- 
gerous. 

Tlie  proiperity  of  fools  shall  destiuy  ttiem.  —  ProT.  I. 

PROS'PER-OUS,  a.    [L.  prospenu.] 

1.  Advancing  in  the  pursuit  of  any  thing  desirable  ; 
making  gain  or  increase  ;  thriving  ;  successful ;  as,  a 
prosperous  trade  ;  a  prosperous  voyage  ;  a  prosperous 
exhiliiiion  or  undertaking  ;  a  prosperous  man,  fami- 
ly, or  nation  ;  a  prosperous  war. 

The  serd  shall  je  prvspt-l^ ;  the  vine  shall  give  her  fruit. — 
Zedi.  viti. 

2.  Favorable ;  favoring  success ;  as,  n  prosperous 
wna.  Denham. 


PROS'PER-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  gain  or  increase; 
successfully.  Itaeou. 

PROS'PER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  suc- 
cessful ;  prosperity. 

PR0-.SPI"CIENCE,  (  spish'ens,)  71.    [L.  prospiciens.] 
The  act  of  looking  forward.  Dtct. 

PROSS,  71.  Talk ;  conversation,  rather  of  the  gossip- 
ing kind.  Brockett. 

PROS'TATE,  a.  [from  Gr.  Trponrrnpi,  to  set  before.] 
In  anatomy,  the  prostate  gland  is  a  gland  situated 
just  before  the  neck  of  the  bladder  in  males,  and  sur- 
rounding the  beginning  of  the  urethra.  It  is  situated 
on  the  under  and  posterior  part  of  the  neck  of  the 
blailder,  so  as  to  surround  the  lower  side  of  the 
urethra.  F.neyc.  IVistar. 

PROS-'J'ER-Na'TIO\,  71.  [I.,  prostcrno,  to  prostrate  ; 
pro  and  sterno.'j 

A  state  of  being  cast  down  ;  dejection  ;  depression. 
[Little  used.]  Wiseman. 

PRO.S'TIIE-StS,  71.  [Gr.]  In  surgery,  the  adililion 
of  an  artificial  part  to  supply  a  delect  of  the  body  ;  as 
a  wooden  leg,  &c.  (^uhicy.  Core. 

2.  In  medicine,  an  overlapping  ;  as,  the  2>rosUie.iis 
of  one  febrilt!  peritui  upon  another. 

2.  In  trranimar,  a  figure  ctmsisting  in  prefixing  one 
or  more  letters  to  the  beginning  of  a  word ;  as,  be- 
love.l. 

PKO.S-'l'HET'ie,  (I.    [Gr.  TrpoaOtrof.] 

Prefixed,  as  a  letter  to  a  word. 
PROS'TI-TUTE,  V.  U    [L.  prostituo  ;  pro  and  statuo, 
to  set.] 

1.  To  offer  freely  to  a  lewd  use,  or  to  indiscrimi- 
nate lewdness. 

Do  not  prostitute  thy  daughter.  —  I.cv.  xix. 

2.  To  give  up  to  any  vile  or  infamous  purpose  ;  to 
devote  to  any  thing  base  ;  to  sell  to  wickedness  ;  as, 
to  prostitute  talents  to  the  propagation  of  infidel  prin- 
ciples ;  to  prostitute  the  press  to  the  publication  of 
blasphemy. 

3.  To  offer  or  expose  upon  vile  terms,  or  to  un- 
worthy persons.  Tillotson. 

PROS'TI-TUTE,  a.  Openly  devoted  to  lewdness  ; 
sold  to  wickedness  or  to  infamous  purposes. 

Made  bold  by  want  and  prostitute  tor  bread.  Prior, 
PROS'TI-TUTE,  71.  A  female  given  to  indiscriminate 
lewdness  ;  a  strumpet.  Drydcn. 

2.  A  base  hireling;  a  mercenary;  one  who  offers 
himself  to  infamous  employments  for  hire. 

No  hireling  she,  no  prostitute  to  praise.  Pope, 
PROS'TI-TU-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Offered  to  common 

lewdness  ;  devoted  to  base  purposi^s. 
PROS'TI-TU-TING,  ppr.    Offering  to  indiscriminate 

lewdness  ;  devoting  to  infamous  uses. 
PROS-TI-TC'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  prostituo.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  offering  the  body  to  an 
indiscriminate  intercourse  with  men  ;  common  levrd- 
ness  of  a  female.  Spectator. 

2.  The  act  of  setting  one's  self  to  .sale,  or  of  devot- 
ing to  infamous  purposes  what  is  in  one's  power ;  as, 
the  prostitution  of  taJents  or  abilities  ;  the  prostitution 
of  the  press. 

PROS'TI-TU-TOR,  71.  One  who  prostitutes  ;  one  who 
submits  himself  or  offers  another  to  vile  purposes. 

PROS'TRATE,  a.  [L.  prostratus,  from  prostcrno,  to 
lay  flat ;  pro  and  sterno.] 

1.  Lying  .at  length,  or  with  the  body  extended  on 
the  ground  or  other  surface. 

Groveling  .and  prostrate  oa  yon  lake  of  fire.  ^filton. 

2.  Lying  at  mercy,  as  a  supplicant.  Shai.  Chapman. 

3.  Lying  in  the  posture  of  huinihty  or  adoration. 
PROS'TRATE,  v.  t.    To  lay  flat ;  to  throw  down  ; 

as,  to  prostrate  the  body  ;  to  prostrate  trees  or  plants. 

2.  To  throw  down  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  demolish  ; 
to  ruin  ;  as,  to  prostrate  a  village  ;  to  prostrate  a  gov- 
ernment ;  to  prostrate  law  or  justice  ;  to  prostrate  the 
honor  of  a  nation. 

3.  To  prostrate  one's  self;  to  throw  one's  self  down, 
or  to  fall  in  humility  or  adoration.  Duppa. 

4.  To  bow  in  humble  reverence. 

5.  To  sink  totally;  to  reduce;  as,  to  prostrate 
strength. 

PROS'TRA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Laid  at  length  ;  laid  flat ; 

thrown  down  ;  destroyed. 
PROS'TRA-TIiVG,  ppr.  Laying  flat ;  throwing  down  ; 

destroying. 

PROS-TRA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  throwing  down,  or 
laying  flat ;  as,  tlie  prostration  of  the  body,  of  trees, 
or  of  corn. 

2.  The  act  of  falling  down,  or  the  act  of  bowing  in 
humility  or  adoration  ;  primarily,  the  .act  of  falling  on 
the  face  ;  but  it  is  now  used  for  kneeling  or  bowing 
in  reverence  and  worship. 

3.  Great  depression  ;  dejection  ;  as,  a  prostration  of 
spirit.<i. 

4.  In  medicine,  a  latent,  not  an  exhausted,  state  of 
the  vital  energies  ;  great  oppression  of  natural  strength 
and  vigor ;  that  state  of  the  body  in  disease  in  winch 
the  system  is  oppressed.  Care. 

Prostration  is  different  and  distinct  from  exhaustion, 
and  is  analogous  to  the  st.Tte  of  a  s|>ring  Iving  under 
such  a  weight  that  it  is  incapable  of  action  ;  while 
eihmu^tion  is  analogous  to  the  state  of  a  spring  de- 


prived of  its  cl.astic  powers.  Prostration  does  not  re- 
ipiire  the  use  of  invigorating  remedies,  as  ezhaustion 
doc-. 

PRO'.S'I'TLE,  71.  [Gr.  (rpocTbAof  i  roo  and  arvXu;,  a 
column.] 

In  architecture,  a  portico  in  which  the  columns 
st.and  in  advance  of  the  building  to  which  they  belong. 
PRO'SY,  a.    Like  prose.  [(iiciU. 
2.  Dull. 

PRO-SYL'LO-GISM,  n.  [  pro  and  syltuiritm.]  A  pro- 
syllofcism  is  when  two  or  more  syllogisms  are  so  con- 
nected that  the  conclusion  of  the  former  is  tlie  major 
or  minor  of  the  following.  Il^alts. 

PRO-T.\e'Tie,  a.  Prutaclic  persons,  in  plays,  are 
those  who  giv  ■  a  narrative  or  explanation  of  the 

PRO  T.WrO,  [V..]    For  so  much.  [piece. 

PROT'A-SIS,  71.  [Gr.  rrporaaii,  from  ir/j /t-cikj,  to 
present.] 

1.  A  proposition  ;  a  maxim.  Johnson. 

2.  In  £/ic  ancient  drama,  the  first  part  of  a  comic  or 
tragic  piece,  in  which  the  .sev  ral  persons  arc  shown, 
their  characters  intim.ated,  ai.d  the  subject  proposed 
and  entered  on.  The  pr»(a.*w  might  extend  to  two  acts, 
where  it  ended  and  the  rpita.iis  commenced.  Encyc. 

3.  The  subordinate  member  of  a  sentence,  gener- 
ally of  a  conditional  sentence  ;  opposed  to  Ai-ooosis. 

PRO-T.\T'ie,  a.    [Gr.  Trponin/tos.] 

Deing  placed  in  the  beginning  ;  previous.  Drydcn. 
PRO'TE-Ai\,  a.    Pertaining  to  Proteus ;  readily  as- 
suming diflerent  shapes.    [.See  Pboteus.] 
PRO-TEGT',  I),  t.    [L.  protectus,  pruteiro  ;  pro  and  te- 

fo,  to  cover;  Gr.  areyw,  with  a  prefix  ;  Eng.  deck. 
ee  Deck.] 

To  cover  or  shield  from  danger  or  injury  ;  to  de- 
fend ;  to  guard  ;  to  preserve  in  safety  ;  a  word  of  nen- 
crat  import,  both  in  a  literal  andji^uratire  sense.  \\  alls 
protect  a  city  or  garrison  ;  clothing  is  desigiietl  to  pro- 
tect the  body  from  cold  ;  arms  may  jtrotect  one  frtjui 
an  assault ;  our  houses  protect  us  from  the  inclemen- 
cies of  the  weather  ;  the  law  protects  our  persons  and 
property  ;  the  father  protects  his  children,  and  the 
guardian  his  ward  ;  a  sliadt;  protects  us  from  extreme 
heat ;  a  navy  protects  our  couimerce  and  our  shores  ; 
embassatlors  are  protected  frttm  arrest. 

PRO-TEeT'ED,  pp,  or  a.  Covered  or  defended  from 
injury  ;  preserved  in  safety. 

PRO-TECT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Shielding  from  injury; 
defending  ;  preserving  in  safety. 

PRO-TEG t 'ING-LY,  ado.  By  protecting  ;  in  the  way 
of  protection.  Carlylc. 

PRO-TE€'TIO.V,  71.  The  act  of  protecting  ;  defense  ; 
shelter  from  evil  ;  preservation  from  loss,  injur}',  or 
annoyance.  We  find  protection  under  good  laws  ami 
an  upright  administration.  How  little  are  men  dis- 
posed to  acknowledge  divine  protection  ! 

2.  1'hat  which  protects  or  preserves  from  injury. 
Let  them  rise  up  and  help  you,  and  be  your  protection,  —  DeuU 

XXX  ii. 

3.  A  writing  that  protects ;  a  passport  or  other  wri- 
ting which  secures  from  molestation. 

4.  Exemption.  Embassadors  at  foreign  courts  are 
entitled  to  protection  from  arrest.  Members  of  parlia- 
ment, representatives,  and  senators,  are  entitled  to 
protection  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  on  the 
legislature,  as  are  suitors  and  witnesses  attending  a 
court. 

IVrit  of  protection ;  a  writ  by  which  the  king  of  Great 
Britain  exempts  a  person  from  arrest.  Blackstone. 

PRO-TEe'TIO.\-Is  r,  71.  One  who  favors  the  protec- 
tion of  some  branch  of  industry  bv  legal  enactments. 

PRO-TEeT'IVE,  a.  AlTording  protection  ;  shelter- 
ing ;  defensive.  Thomson. 

PRO-TE€T'OR,  71.    [Fr.  proteeteur.] 

1.  One  that  defends  or  shields  from  injury,  evil,  or 
oppression;  a  defender;  a  guardian.  The  king  or 
sovereign  is,  or  ought  to  be,  the  protector  of  the  na- 
tion ;  the  husband  is  the  protector  of  his  wife,  and 
the  father  of  his  children. 

2.  In  Enrrland,  one  who  formerly  had  the  care  of 
the  kingdom  during  the  king's  minority  ;  a  regent. 
Cromwell  assumed  the  title  of  lord  protector. 

3.  In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  every  nation  and 
every  religious  order  has  a  protector  residing  at  Rome. 
He  is  a  cardinal,  and  called  cardinal  protector. 

PRO-TEeT'OR-.\TE,  71.  Government  by  a  protector ; 
applied  particularly  to  the  government  of  England  by 
Cromwell.  WalpoU. 

2.  In  recent  usaifr,  the  authority  assumed  by  a  su- 
P'-rior  power  over  an  inferior  or  dependent  one. 

PRO-TF.C-TO'RI-.XL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  protector. 

PKO-TE€T'OR-LES.S,  a.    II.  ving  no  protector. 

PRO-TEeT'OR-SHlP,  n.  The  oflice  of  a  protector  or 
regent  Burnet. 

PRO-TEeT'RESS,  71.  A  woman  or  female  that  pro- 
tects. Baton,  .iddtson. 

PR0-TE-OE',(pT0-te-?.hi.',)n,  [Fr.]  One  under  tlm 
care  and  protection  of  another. 

PRO'TE-IN,  11.    [Gr.  npoirof,  first.] 

A  gelatinous,  semi-transparent  substance,  obtained 
from  albumen,  fibrin,  or  casein,  and  considered  the 
basis  of  animal  tissue  and  of  some  substances  of 
veget.ihle  origin. 

PRO  TFJU'PORE,  [L.]  For  the  time  being;  ua 
temporary  supply  or  provision. 


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in 


V  V  V 


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PRO 

l*RO-TE.\D',  V  U    [L.  protmilo  ;  pro  and  teiido,  to 
stretrh.] 
To  hold  out ;  to  stretch  forth. 

WiUl  liis  protendtd  iance  he  iriLiitfS  dt-leiiac.  Oryden. 

PRO-TEND'ED,  pp.    Reached  or  stretched  forth. 

.MUford. 

PRO-TEND'IN'G,  ppr.    Stretching  ferth. 
PRO-TEXSE',  (pro-tens',)  n.  Extension.    [JV*o(  used.] 

Spenser. 

PRO-TER V'l-TY,  n.  [L.  protervitas,  from  protervus  ; 
pro  and  tortus^  crabbed.] 

Peevishness ;  petulance.    [Little  vjsed.l 

PRO-TEST',  V.  i.  [L.  protestor:  pro  and  tester,  to  af- 
firm ;  It.  protestare;  Fr.  protester.  Sp.  protestor.] 

1.  To  affirm  with  solemnity ;  '  J  nialie  a  solemn 
declaration  of  a  fact  or  opinion  ;  iJ,  I  protest  to  you 
I  have  no  knowledje  of  tlie  transaction. 

2.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration  expressive  of  op- 
position j  with  agauist;  as,  he  protests  against  your 
votes.  JJtmliam. 

The  conscience  has  po«er  to  protest  against  ihe  exorljiuncies 
of  the  passions.  South. 

3.  To  make  a  formal  declaration  in  writing  against 
a  public  law  or  measure.  It  is  the  privilege  of  any 
lord  in  parliament  to  protest  against  a  law  or  resolu- 
tion. 

PRO-TEST',  V.  t.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration  or 
affirmation  of ;  as,  to  protest  one's  innocence. 

2.  To  call  as  a  witness  in  affirming  or  denying,  or 
to  prove  an  affirmation. 

Fiereely  ihey  opposed 
My  Journey  stran:^,  witli  clainoroits  uproar 
Protesting  f.ile  supreme.  Milton. 

3.  To  prove  ;  to  show  ;  to  give  evidence  of.  [JVut 
in  use.]  Shall. 

4.  In  commeree,  to  protest  a  bill  of  exchange,  is  for  a 
notary  public,  at  the  request  of  the  payee,  to  make  a 
formal  declaration,  under  hand  and  seal,  against  the 
drawer  of  the  bill,  on  account  of  non-acceptance  or 
non-payment,  for  exchange,  cost,  commission,  dam- 
ages, and  interest ;  of  which  act  the  indorser  must 
be  notified  within  such  time  as  the  law  or  custom 
prescribes.  In  like  manner,  notes  of  hand,  given 
to  a  banking  corporation,  are  protested  for  non-pay- 
ment. 

PRo'TEST,  n.  A  solemn  declaration  of  opinion,  com- 
monly against  some  act ;  appropriately,  a  formal  and 
solemn  declar.ation,  in  writing,  of  dissent  from  the 
proceedings  of  a  legislative  body  ;  as,  the  protest  of 
lords  in  parliament,  or  a  like  declaration  of  dissent 
of  any  minority  against  the  proceedings  of  a  majori- 
ty of  a  body  of  men. 

2.  In  commerce,  a  formal  declaration  made  by  a  no- 
tary public,  under  hand  and  seal,  at  the  request  of 
the  payee  or  holder  of  a  bill  of  exchange,  for  non- 
acceptance  or  non-payment  of  the  same,  protesting 
against  the  drawer  and  others  concerned,  for  the  ex- 
change, charges,  damages,  and  interest.  This  pro- 
test is  written  on  a  copy  of  the  bill,  and  notice  given 
tothe  indorser  of  the  same,  by  which  he  becomes  li- 
able to  pay  the  amount  of  the  bill,  with  charges,  dam- 
ages, and  interest ;  also,  a  like  declaration  against 
the  drawer  of  a  note  of  hand  for  non-payment  to  a 
banking  corporation,  and  of  the  master  of  a  vessel 
against  seizure,  &c.  A  protest  is  also  a  writing,  at- 
tested by  a  justice  of  the  peace  or  consul,  drawn  by 
the  master  of  a  vessel,  stating  the  severity  of  the 
voyage  by  which  the  ship  has  suffered,  and  showing 
that  the  damage  suffered  was  not  owing  to  the  neg- 
lect or  misconduct  of  the  master. 

PROT'EST-A.NT,  a.  Pertaining  to  those  who,  at  the 
ri  form.ation  of  religion,  protested  against  a  decree  of 
Charles  V.  and  the  diet  of  Spires  ;  pertaining  to  Prot- 
estants or  to  Protestantism  ;  as,  the  Protestant  reli- 
gi(in.  .Addison.  Mdner. 

PROT'EST-ANT,  n.  One  of  the  party  who  adhered 
to  Luther  at  the  reformation  in  1539,  and  protested, 
or  made  a  solemn  declaration  of  dissent  from  a  de- 
cree of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  the  diet  of  S|)ires, 
and  appealed  to  a  general  council.  This  name  svas 
afterward  extended  to  the  followers  of  Calvin,  and 
Protestants  is  the  denomination  now  given  to  all 
the  various  denominations  of  Christians  which  have 
sprung  from  the  adoption  of  the  principles  of  the  ref- 
ormation. 

PROT'EST-ANT-IS.M,  n.    The  Protestant  religion. 

South. 

PROT'EST-ANT-l.Y,ait>.    In  conformity  tothe  I'rot- 
etttnnts.  MUton. 
\Ji  vrrtt  had  irord,  and  not  usetLI 
PROT-ES-TA'TIO.N,  n.    [Kr.  ;  from  protest.] 

1.  A  Holcmn  di  chirat'  ,n  of  a  fact,  opinion,  or  res- 
olution. Hooker. 

2.  A  solemn  dfcl-.rition  of  dissent;  n  protest ;  as, 
the  protf  vta/ion  of  certain  noblemen  against  an  order 
of  council.  Clarendon. 

3.  In  law,  a  decliiration  in  pleading,  by  which  the 
party  interposei)  an  oblicjiio  nllegaliiin  or  denial  of 
Home  fact,  proti^sting  that  it  docH  or  does  not  exist. 
The  lord  may  allege  the  villcnage  of  the  plaiiitilT  by 
way  of  protestation,  and  thus  deny  tho  demand. 

Utack.Hone. 

PROT'E.''-TA-TOR,  iv.    One  who  protCHts. 


PRO 

PRO-TEST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Solemnly  de  glared  or  al- 
leged ;  declared  against  for  non-accepf  inee  or  non- 
Itayment. 

PllO-TEST'ER,  n.    One  who  protests;  one  who  ut- 
ters a  solemn  declaration. 
2.  One  who  protests  a  bill  of  exchai  ge. 

PRO-TEST'IXG,  ppr.  Solemnly  declaring  or  affirm- 
ing ;  declaring  against  for  non-acceptance  or  non- 
payment. 

PRO-TEST'ING-LT,  ade.    By  way  of  protesting. 

PRO'TE-U.S,  71.    [L.,  from  Or.  UpuTcvi.] 

In  mijtlmlogy,  a  marine  deity,  the  son  of  Oceanus 
and  Tethys,  whose  distinguishing  characteristic  was 
the  faculty  of  assuming  different  shapes.  Hence  we 
denominate  one  who  easily  changes  his  form  or  prin- 
ciples a  Proteus. 

PRo'TE-US,  >!.  A  term  applied  to  a  genus  of  Ba- 
trachian  reptiles,  allied  to  the  siren,  salamanders, 
and  frogs. 

2.  A  name  given  to  a  genus  of  homogeneous  in- 
fusoria. 

PROTH'&SIS,  n.  [Or.]  The  place  in  a  church  on 
which  the  elements  for  the  eucharist  are  put,  pre- 
vious to  their  being  placed  on  the  altar;  called  also 
Credence.  Hook. 

PRO-THON'O-TA-RY-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  pro- 
thonotary.  Carew. 
[.*ln  awkward,  harsh  uord,  and  little  used.] 

PRO-THON'O-TA-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  protonotarius ; 
Gr.  TTp'-oToi,  first,  and  L.  notarins,  a  scribe. j 

1.  Originally,  the  chief  notary  ;  and  anciently,  the 
title  of  the  principal  notaries  of  the  emperors  of  Con- 
stantinople. Hence, 

2.  In  England,  an  officer  in  the  Court  of  King's 
Bench  and  Common  Pleas.  The  proUionotary  of  the 
King's  Bench  records  all  civil  actions.  In  the  Com- 
mon Pleas,  the  prothonotaries,  of  which  there  are 
three,  enter  and  enroll  all  declarations,  pleadings, 
judgments,  &c.,  make  out  judicial  writs  and  exem- 
plifications of  records,  enter  recognizances,  &c. 

Kncyc. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  a  register  or  clerk  of  a 
court.  The  word,  however,  is  not  applied  to  any  of- 
ficer, except  in  particular  States. 

Jjpostolical  prothonotaries,  in  the  court  of  Rome, 
are  twelve  persons  constituting  a  college,  who  re- 
ceive the  last  wills  of  cardinals,  make  informations 
and  proceedings  necessary  for  the  canonization  of 
saints,  &c.  Eneyc. 
PRO-TIIo'RAX,  n.  [Gr.  irpo,  before,  and  Wwoaf, 
breastplate.] 

In  entomology,  the  first  or  anterior  segment  of  the 
thorax  in  insects.  Brande. 
PRO'TO-€OL,  n.  [Low  L.  protocollum  ;  Gr.  jrowrof, 
first,  and  k^jWo,  glue  ;  so  called  perhaps  from  the  glu- 
ing together  of  pieces  of  paper,  or  from  the  spreading 
of  it  on  tablets.  It  was  formerly  the  upper  part  of  a  leaf 
of  a  book  on  which  the  title  or  name  was  written.] 

1.  The  original  copy  of  any  writing.  [JVu(  now 
used.]  Jlyliffr. 

2.  The  minutes  or  rough  draft  of  an  instrument  or 
transaction.  Brande. 

PRO'TO-€0L-IST,  n.    In  Russia,  a  register  or  clerk. 

Tooke. 

PUo'TO-GlNE,  n.    A  kind  of  talcose  granito.  Dana. 
PRO'TO-MXR-TYR,  (  mar-tur,)  n.  [Gr.  nowrus,  first, 
and  (laori'o,  martyr.] 

1.  The  first  martyr  ;  a  term  applied  to  Stephen,  Oit 
first  Christian  martyr. 

2.  The  first  who  suffers  or  is  sacrificed  in  any 
cause.  Dryden. 

PRo'TO-PLAST,  B.  [Gr.  rrpuros,  first,  and  nXaros, 
formed.] 

The  original ;  the  thing  first  formed,  as  a  copy  to 
be  imitated.  Thus  Adam  has  been  called  our  pro- 
toplast. Bryant.  Horrey. 

PRO-TO-PLAS'Tie,  a.    First  formed.  Howell. 

PRo'TO-PoPE,  n.  [Gr.  irpoiros,  first,  and  papa,  fa- 
ther.] 

The  imperial  confessor,  an  officer  of  the  holy  di- 
recting synod,  the  supreme  spiritual  court  of  the 
Greek  church  in  Russia.  Touke,  Ross. 

PRo'TO-SALT,  n.    [Gr.  7ro(,)rr>?,  first,  and  salt.] 

In  ehemi.strtj.  proto-sallj  are  salts  containing  a  me- 
tallic protoxvil.  Silliman. 

PRO-TO-SUL'PII.VTE,  n.  In  chemistry,  a  conipounil 
of  sulphuric  acid  with  a  protoxyd. 

PItO'T()-T?l'E,  n.  [  Fr.,  from  Gr.  ^oMToruTUf  ;  Trpw- 
roi,  first,  and  tutt^jj,  type,  fiirm,  model.] 

An  original  or  model  after  which  any  thing  is 
formed  ;  the  pattern  of  any  thing  to  bo  engraved, 
cast,  &c.  ;  exemplar  ;  archetype.    Wollon.  Encyc. 

PRO-T(J.\'YI),  71.    [Gr.  rn:>r„i,  first,  and  oTijd.] 

Acompounil  of  one  eiiuivalcnt  of  oxygen  wiih  one 
equivalent  of  a  base,  and  destitute  of  acid  propeifii^s. 

PRO  T(  ),\'VI)  IZE,  7'.  (.  'I'd  combine  in  the  propor- 
tion of  one  equivalent  of  oxygen  and  one  of  any 
base,  without  producing  any  acid  properties. 

PRO-T<)-'/0'.\,  «.;>(.  [Gr.  ir/iwruj,  first,  and  ;'.mi',nn- 
imal.]  'i'he  infusoria  or  lowt^st  class  of  animals. 
The  term  is  Hoinctimes  applied  to  all  animals  in  which 
no  nerves  have  been  dittected.  Dana. 

PKO-TIIACT',  11.  I.  [I.,  protractus,  from  prolrako  ;  pro 
and  Iraho,  to  draw.  J 


PRO 

  I 

1.  To  draw  out  or  lengthen  in  time  ;  to  continue  :  I 
to  prolong;  as,  to  protract  an  argument;  to  pntraci  i 
a  discussion  ;  to  protract  a  war  or  a  negotiation.  i 

2.  To  delay ;  to  defer ;  to  put  off  to  a  distant  1 
time  ;  as,  to  protract  the  decision  of  a  question  ;  to 
protract  the  final  issue. 

PRO-TRACT',  17.    Tedious  continuance.  [J^ot  used.] 

Spenser. 

PRO-TRACT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn  out  in  tune  ;  de- 
laved. 

PRO-TRACT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  prolonged  or  protract- 
ed manner;  tediously. 

PRO  TRACT'ER,  7i.  One  who  protracts  or  lengthens 
in  time. 

PRO-TRA€T'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  out  or  continuing 
in  time  ;  delaying. 

PRO-TRACT'ING,  7i.  In  surveying,  the  same  as  Pro- 
traction, which  see.  Hutton. 

PRO-TRACTION,  n.  The  act  of  drawing  out  or 
continuing  in  time  ;  the  act  of  delaying  the  termi- 
nation of  a  thing  ;  as,  the  protraction  of  a  debate. 

2.  In  surveying,  the  act  of  plotting  or  laying  down 
on  paper  the  dimensions  of  a  field.  Hutton. 

PRO-TRA€T'IVE,  d.  Drawing  out  or  lengthening  in 
time;  prolonging;  continuing;  delaying. 

He  suffered  Iheir  prolracfiyc  arts.  Dryden. 

PRO-TRAGT'OR,  n.    He  or  that  which  protracts. 
2.  A  mathematical  instrument  for  laying  down  and 
measuring  angles  on  paper,  used  in  drawing  or  plot- 
ting.   It  is  of  various  forms,  semicircular,  rectangu- 
lar, or  circular.  P.  Ci/c. 

PRO-TREP'Tie-AL,  a.  [Gr.  TTpoTpcvTiKoi,  "from 
Trporpcn-oj,  7rporp£7rt)//a(,  to  exhort ;  Trpo  and  rpenoj, 
to  turn.] 

Hort,-»tory  ;  suasory ;  intended  or  adapted  to  per- 
suade.   [Little  used.]  Ward. 
PRO-TRuDE',  r.  U    [L.  protrudo  ;  pro  and  trudo,  to 
thrust.    See  Thrust.] 

1.  To  thrust  forward  ;  to  drive  or  force  along  ;  as, 
food  protruded  from  the  stomach  into  the  intestine. 

Locke. 

2.  To  thrust  out,  as  from  confinement.  The  con- 
tents of  the  abdomen  are  protruded  in  hernia. 

PRO-TRuDE',  V.  i.  To  shoot  forward  ;  to  be  thrust 
forward. 

The  parts  protrude  beyonj  the  skin.  Bacon. 

PRO-TRuD'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Thrust  fonvard  or  out. 

PRO-TR0D'Ii\G,  ppr.    Thrusting  forward  or  out. 

PRO-TRC'SILE,  a.  Capable  of  being  protruded  and 
withdrawn.  Gardner. 

PRO-TRu'SION,  (-zhun,)  n.  The  act  of  thrusting 
forward,  or  beyond  the  usual  limit ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing protruded  ;  a  thrusting  or  driving  ;  a  push. 

Locke. 

PRO-TRu'SIVE,  a.  Thrusting  or  impelling  forward  ; 
as,  protrusire  motion.  Darwin. 

PRO-Tu'BEIl-ANCE,  71.  [L.  protuberans,  protubero: 
pro  and  tuber,  a  pufi',  bunch,  or  knob.] 

A  swelling  or  tumor  on  the  body  ;  a  prominence  ; 
a  bunch  or  knob  ;  any  thing  swelled  or  pushed  be- 
yond the  surrounding  or  adjacent  surface  ;  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  a  hill,  knoll,  or  other  elevation. 

Hale.  Jllorr, 
Protuberance  differs  from  projection,  being  applied 
to  parts  that  rise  from  the  surface  with  a  gradual  as- 
cent or  small  ancle  ;  whereas  a  projection  may  be  at 
a  right  angle  with  the  surface. 

PRO-TO'llER-ANT,  a.  Swelling;  prominent  beyond 
the  surrounding  surface;  as,  a  pro/.u6cra/it  joint ;  a 
protuberant  eye. 

PRO-Tu'BER-.VNT-LY,  adv.  In  the  way  of  protu- 
berance. 

PRO-TO'BER-.aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  protubero,  supra.] 

To  swell  or  be  prominent  beyond  the  ailjacent  sur- 
face ;  to  bulge  out. 

If  Ih'  navel  prottAirates,  make  a  •mall  puncture  willi  a  lancet 
thrmigli  the  skin.  Sharp. 

PRO-TU-BER-A'TION,  7i.  The  act  of  swelling  be- 
yond the  surrounding  .surface.  Cooke. 

PlU)-T0'BER-OUS,  «.    Protuberant.  Smith. 

PROUD,  a.  [Sax.  yinit;  1).  jircubcA,  proud,  pruilish, 
also  prat,  proud,  and  prallen,  to  fret.  We  find  in 
the  Italian  prodc  is  valiant,  brave  ;  produ,  the  prmo 
of  a  ship  ;  prodezza,  prowess  ;  probably  of  the  same 
family,  with  Ihe  radical  sense  of  swelling,  stretch- 
ing, or  (■riding.    See  Pni'oE.] 

I.  Having  inordinate  self-esteem  ;  possessing  a  high 
or  unreasonable  conceit  of  one's  own  excellence,  ei- 
ther of  body  or  mind.  A  man  may  be  proud  of  his  per- 
son, of  his  talents,  i/liis  accomplishments,  or  of  his 
achievements.  He  may  bo  proud  u/aiiy  tliingto  which 
he  blears  some  relation.  He  may  be  proud  (/his  coun- 
try, his  govi  iniiient,  his  equipage,  or  of  whatever 
may,  by  association,  gratify  his  esteem  of  himself. 
He  may  even  be  proud  of  hlx  religi(m,  or  o/ his 
church.  He  conceives  that  any  thing  excellent  or 
valuable,  in  which  he  has  a  share,  or  to  which  he 
stands  related,  contributes  to  his  own  importance, 
and  this  conception  exalts  his  opiniiui  of  himself. 
Proud  is  followed  by  of  before  the  object,  supra 

3.  Arrogant ;  haughty  ;  supercilious. 

A  foe  no  proiul  will  not  the  weaker  leek.  Milton. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  MttTE,  PRgY  PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  D^VE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


888 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


3.  Daring ;  presumptuous. 

Uy  his  iiiiilerhtnndiii^  hu  smiu-tli  (lirougfh  Ihc  prou^f.  —  Jijb  xrvl. 

4.  I.ofly  of  mien  ;  grand  of  person ;  as,  ;i  proud 
stceil.  Jllilton. 

5.  Grand  ;  lofly  ;  splendid  ;  magniticcn^ 
Stunm  of  stoiicu  frotii  Uit*  proud  t'.'iii])lc'«  bii^lit.  Dryden. 
C.  Ostentatious  j  grand  ;  as,  proud  titles.  Shak. 

7.  Splendid  ;  exhibiting  grandeur  and  distinction  ; 
exciting  pride  ;  as,  a  proud  day  for  Home. 

8.  ICScited  liy  tlie  animal  a|)petite  ;  applied  particu- 
larly to  the  female  of  the  canine  species. 

9.  Fungous  ;  as,  proud  flesli.  Sharp. 
I'ROUD'ER,  a.  comp.    More  proud. 
I'KOUD'IOST,  fl.  suprrl.    Most  proud. 
I'Konil'I.I  EST,  a</».    Most  proudly.  Baxter. 
ritOl'D'LV,  adiK    With  an  inordinate  self-esteem  ;  in 

a  proud  manner  ;  liaughtily  ;  ostentatiously  ;  with 
lofty  airs  or  mien. 

Prouiity  ho  marchef  on  nnd  void  of  fear.  Pope, 

PUOVA-BLE,  (proov'a-bl,)  a.    [See  Prove.]  That 

may  be  proved. 
PROV'A-iiLY,  adii.    In  a  manner  capable  of  proof. 

lluloet. 

PROV'ANt'  i  Provender  or  food.  [jVot  in  use] 
PROVE,  (proov,)  V.  t.  [Sax.  profian:  D.  procvcn  :  G. 
probiren  i  Dan. //r&'rfr  ;  iiw.profra;  W.proci;  Arm. 
prouif  prouein  ;  L.  probo  ;  It.  provarc  ;  Sp.  probar^  to 
try;  Fr.  eprouver;  Russ.  probuyu^  to  prove;  probc- 
vaiju,  to  pierce,  to  penetrate,  to  send  by  force.  The 
priin.iry  sense  is,  to  strain,  to  urge  by  force,  or  rather 
to  thrust  or  drive.  The  word  Bnow  may  be  of  the 
same  family,  from  its  projection.    See  PnoiiK.] 

1.  To  try  ;  to  ascertain  some  unknown  quality  or 
truth  by  an  experiment,  or  by  a  test  or  standard. 
Tims  we  prove  the  strength  of  gunpowder  by  experi- 
ment ;  we  prove  llie  strength  or  solidity  of  cannon 
by  experiment.  We  prove  the  contents  of  a  vessel 
by  comparing  it  with  a  standard  measure. 

2.  To  evince,  establish,  or  a-sccrtain  as  truth,  real- 
ity, or  fact,  by  testimony  or  other  evidence.  The 
plaintilf  in  a  suit  must  prove  the  truth  of  his  declara- 
tion ;  the  prosecutor  must  prove  his  charges  against 
the  accused. 

3.  To  evince  truth  by  argument,  induction,  or  rea- 
soning ;  to  deduce  certain  conclusions  from  proposi- 
tions that  are  true  or  admitted.  If  it  is  admitted 
that  every  immoral  act  ia  dishonorable  to  a  rational 
being,  and  that  dueling  is  an  immoral  act,  then  it 
is  proved,  by  necessary  inference,  that  dueling  is  dis- 
honorable to  a  rational  being. 

4.  To  ascertain  the  genuineness  or  validity  of;  to 
verify  ;  as,  to  prove  a  will. 

.5.  To  experience ;  to  try  by  suffering  or  encoun- 
tering ;  to  gain  certain  knowledge  by  the  operation 
of  something  on  ouis'elves,  or  by  some  act  of  our 
own. 

I  /-l  him  in  arms  the  power  of  Turrni*  prove.  Drytlen. 
fi.  In  arithmetic,  to  show,  evince,  or  asoertain  the 
correctness  of  any  operation  or  result.  Thus,  in  sub- 
tr.artion,  if  the  ditference  between  two  numbers, 
added  to  the  lesser  number,  makes  a  sum  equal  to 
the  greater,  the  correctness  of  the  subtraction  is 
proved.  In  other  words,  if  the  sum  of  the  remainder 
and  of  the  subtrahend  is  equal  to  the  minuend,  the 
operation  of  subtraction  is  proved  to  be  correct. 

7.  To  try  ;  to  examine. 

Prove  your  own  Klrcs.  — .2  Cor,  xiii. 

8.  Men  prove  God,  when  by  their  provocations 
they  put  his  patience  to  trial,  Ps.  xcv.  ;  or  when  by 
obedience  they  make  trial  how  much  he  will  coun- 
tenance such  conduct.    Mai.  iii. 

PROVE,  (proov,)  o.  t.    To  make  trial ;  to  essay. 

ThA  ions  prrpam  — 
To  prove  by  arms  whose  fau?  it  waj  lo  n'ign.  DryderK 

Q.  To  be  found  or  to  have  its  ipialities  ascertained 
by  experience  or  trial ;  as,  a  plant  or  medicine  proven 
salutary. 

3.  To  be  ascertained  by  the  event  or  something 
flubsequcnt ;  as,  the  report  proves  to  be  true,  or  proves 
to  be  false. 

When  the  inflammation  end*  In  a  gnngnne,  the  cajo  proves 
mortal.  Arbulnnot, 

4.  To  be  found  tnie  or  correct  by  the  result. 

.*>.  To  make  certain  ;  to  show  ;  to  evince.  This 
argument  proves  how  erroneous  is  the  common 
opinion. 

6.  To  succeed. 

If  Uie  experiment prored  not.    [.Vo(  in  ut;.]  Bacon. 

PROV'KD,  pp.  or  a.    Tried  ;  evinced  ;  experienced. 
PRO-VED'I-TOR,  n.    [It.  proveditore,  from  provedcre, 

to  provide.    See  Provide.] 
A  purveyor ;  one  employed  to  procure  supplies  for 

an  army. 

Proeeditor,  in  Venice  and  other  parts  of  Italy,  is 
an  orticer  who  superintends  matters  of  policy.  Enajc. 
PROV'E-DORE,  It.    A  purveyor;  one  who  procures 
provisions. 

PROV'K.V  ;  a  word  used  by  Scottish  writers  for 
Pboteu. 


PROV'E\CE-R0SE,  n.  A  species  of  rose,  much  val- 
ued for  its  beauty  and  fragrance. 

PRO-VEN'C'IAI,,  (-shal,)  a.    |  Fr.  provcn^al.] 
Pertaining  to  Provence,  in  France. 

PROV'EN-DER,  71.  [  Fr.  yironrm/c,  provender  ;  Norm. 
pronemlcr,  a  prebendary  ;  provendrr,  a  pri  beiid  ;  1). 
prove,  a  prebend;  ((pi,  d.,  D.,and  Sw.  proviant,  prtv- 
visions ;)  It.  provianda,  victuals  ;  Ir.  pnnintain,  prov- 
ender. The  Italian  provianda  is  probably  composed 
of  pro  and  viva^da,  victu:ils,  from  vivere,  L.  viro,  to 
live,  and  from  vivanda  the  French  have  viande.  Eng. 
viand.  Whether  the  French  provende  and  Norm. 
provender  are  from  the  same  source,  may  Ik^  doubted. 
The  German  proriant  may  be  formed  from  the  I,. 
provideo,  Sp.  proveir.  Port.  provSr.  (in.  L.  proventus. 
It  is  said  that  provend,  provender,  originally  signified 
a  vessel  containing  a  measure  of  corn  daily  given  to 
a  horse  or  other  bea.st.  But  qu.  JV  may  be  casual 
in  provender,  as  in  messenger,  and  the  word  may  be 
from  provideo.] 

1,  Dry  food  for  beasts,  usually  meal,  or  a  mixture 
of  meal  and  cut  straw  or  hay.  In  a  more  general 
sense,  it  may  signity  dry  food  of  any  kind. 

Suitjt.  Mortimer. 

2.  Provisions  ;  meat ;  food.  Coze. 
[.Vot  used  of  food  for  man  in  JWa?  England.] 

PROV'E.XT,  n.    [L.  provcntus.] 

Provisions  ;  eatables. 
PROV'ER,  n.    One  that  proves  or  tries;  that  which 
proves. 

PROVERB,  n.  [Fr,  proverbc;  It.  proverbio  ;  L.  pro- 
verbium  ;  pro  and  verbum,  a  word.] 

1.  A  short  sentence  often  repeated,  expressing  a 
well-known  truth  or  common  fact,  ascertained  by 
experience  or  observation  ;  a  maxim  of  wisdom. 

Th-;  proverb  is  tni",  that  lif^ht  pains  make  heavy  purs'**;  for 
li{;lit  ^.lina  come  oAt-n,  gnat  {,'Ains  now  and  then.  Bacon, 

2.  .A  by-word  ;  a  name  often  repeated  ;  and  hence 
frequently,  a  reproach  or  object  of  contempt.  Jcr. 
xxiv. 

3.  In  Scripture,  it  sometimes  signifies  a  moral  sen- 
tence or  maxim  that  is  enigmatical ;  a  d  irk  saying  of 
the  wise  that  requires  interpretation.    Pniv,  i, 

4.  Proverbs ;  a  canonical  book  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, containing  a  great  variety  of  wise  maxims, 
rich  in  practical  truths  and  excellent  rules  for  the 
conduct  of  all  classes  of  men. 

PROVERB,  V,  t.    To  mention  in  a  proverb.    [JVo<  in 
vse,]  Milton, 
2.  To  provide  with  a  proverb,   [JVot  in  use,]  Shak, 
PRO-VERH'I-AL,  a.    Mentioned  in  a  proverb;  as,  a 
proverbial  cure  or  remedy. 

In  cuie  of  cxcecsr-s,  I  take  the  German  proverbial  cure,  by  a  hair 
of  the  same  U^ast,  to  I)e  the  worst  in  die  world.  J'emple, 

2.  Comprised  in  a  proverb  ;  used  or  current  as  a 
proverb  ;  as,  a  proverbial  saying  or  speech.  Pope, 

3.  Pertaining  to  proverbs;  resembling  a  proverb; 
suitable  to  a  proverb ;  as,  a  proverbial  obscurity. 

Brown, 

PRO-VERB'I-.\L-ISM,  n.    A  proverbial  phrase. 

J\''.  .4.  Rev. 

PRO-VERB'I-.\L-IST,  n.    One  who  speaks  proverbs. 

Langhome, 

PRO-VERB'I-AL-TZE,  r.  t.  To  make  a  proverb  ;  to 
turn  into  a  proverb,  or  to  use  proverbially.  lUttu- 
sual.]  Oood. 

PRO-VERB'I-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  proverb ;  a.s,  it  is 
proverbially  said.  Brown, 

PRO- VIDE',  r.  t.  [L.  provideo,  literally,  to  see  before  ; 
pro  and  video,  to  sec  ;  Fr.  pourvoir ;  It.  provederc ;  Sp. 
proveer ;  Port,  prov^r.] 

1.  To  procure  beforehand  ;  to  get,  collect,  or  make 
ready  for  future  use  ;  to  prepare. 

Abraham  said,  God  will  provide  himself  a  Iamb  for  a  burnt. 

olferinj.  —  Gen.  xxii. 
Provide  neither  gold,  nor  silver,  nor  brass,  in  your  puncs, — 

Matt,  X. 

Provide  things  honest  in  tlie  sight  of  nil  men,  — Rom,  xii. 

2.  To  furnish ;  to  supply  ;  followed  by  with. 
Hom'',  by  the  care  of  the  magistrates,  was  well  provided  teith 

com,  Arbuthnat. 
Provided  of  is  now  obsolete. 

3.  To  stipulate  previously.  The  agreement  pro- 
vides that  the  party  shall  incur  no  loss. 

4.  To  make  a  previous  conditional  stipulation. 
[Sec  PitoriDEn.] 

5.  To  foresee ;  a  Latinism.    [Aot  in  use.] 

B.  Jonsoju 

6.  To  appoint  to  an  ecclesiastical  benetice  before  it 
is  vacant.    [See  Pbovisob,]  Prescott. 

7.  Provide,  in  a  transitive  sen.^e,  is  followed  by 
against  or  for.  We  proviiU  warm  clothing  again.st 
the  inclemencies  of  tlic  ^vcather ;  we  provide  neces- 
saries against  a  time  of  need  ;  or  we  provide  warm 
clothing  for  winter,  &c. 

PRO-VIDE',  r.  i.  To  procure  supplies  or  means  of 
defense  ;  or  to  take  measures  for  counteracting  or 
escaping  an  evil.  The  sagacity  of  brutes  in  pro- 
viding against  the  inclemencies  of  the  weather  is 
wonderful. 

Government  b  a  contrivance  of  human  wisdom  to  provide  for 
human  wanu.  Burke. 

PIlO-\TD'ED,    pp.      Procured   beforehand  ;  made 


ready  for  future  use ;  supplied  :  furnished  ;  stipu- 
lated. 

2.  Stipiil.ited  as  a  condition,  which  condition  is 
exi>ress('d  in  the  following  sentcniM*  or  words;  as, 
"provided  that  nothing  in  this  act  Kliall  prejudice  the 
rights  of  any  person  whatever."  This  sentence  is 
in  the  n.ature  of  the  case  absolute,  the  clause  or  sen- 
tence independent;  t/iU  or  Uiut  being  provided, 
which  follows;'*  '*  (Aw  condition  being  provided," 
The  wiirti  being  is  understood,  and  the  participle 
provided  agret^s  with  the  wlude  sentence  absolute. 
'*  Thif  condition  being  prevwu.dy  stipulated  (it  estab- 
lished." This  and  that  here  refer  to  the  whole  mem- 
ber of  the  sentence. 
PROV'I-DEN'CE,  n.    [Fr,,  from  L.  proridentia.] 

1,  The  act  of  providing  or  preparing  for  future  use 
or  application. 

Provulenre  tot  war  is  tlic  Ijesl  prcvendon  of  it,    [Noiv  liule 
used.]  Bacr.n. 

2,  Foresight  ;  timely  care  :  particularly,  active  fore- 
sight, or  foresight  accompanied  with  the  procurement 
of  w  hat  is  necessary  for  future  use,  or  with  suitable 
preparation.  How  many  of  the  troubles  and  per- 
plexities of  life  proceed  from  want  of  providence! 

3,  In  theology,  tUc  care  and  siiperintendejice  which 
God  exercisers  over  his  creatures.  He  that  acknowl- 
edges a  creation  and  denies  a  providence,  involves 
himself  in  a  palpable  contradiction  ;  for  the  same 
power  which  caused  a  thing  to  exist  is  necessary  to 
continue  its  existence.  Some  persons  admit  a  gen- 
eral providence,  but  deny  a  particular  providence,  mtt 
considering  that  a  general  providence  consists  of  par- 
ticulars. A  belief  in  divine  providence  is  a  source  of 
great  consiilation  to  good  men.  By  divine  providence 
is  often  understood  (Jod  himself. 

4,  Prudence  in  the  management  of  one's  concerns, 
or  in  private  economy. 

PROV'I-DE.\T,  a.  Foreseeing  wants  nnd  making 
provision  to  supj)ly  tliein ;  forec.a.sting  ;  cautious; 
prudent  in  preparing  for  future  exigences ;  as,  a 
provident  man  ;  a  provident  animal. 


The  parsimonious  emmet,  proviiient 
Of  lutiirr. 

Omnge  is  what  Au^istus  was, 
Brave,  wary,  provident,  .and  Ijold. 


UTtllon. 


Waller, 

PROV-I-DEN'TIAL,  (  shal,)  a.  Effected  by  the  prov- 
idence of  God  ;  referable  to  divine  providence  ; 
proceeding  from  divine  direction  or  superintend- 
ence ;  as,  the  providential  contrivance  of  things ;  a 
providential  escape  from  danger.  How  much  are  we 
indebted  to  God's  unceasing  providential  care  ! 

fVoodward, 

PROV-I-DE.\'TIAL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  God's 
providence. 

Every  anim.al  ts  providendaHy  directed  to  the  use  of  its  proper 
weapons.  Ray, 

PRqVI-DE.NT-LV,  adv.  With  pnident  foresight; 
with  wise  piecautittn  in  preparing  for  the  future. 

PRO-VID'ER,  n.  One  who  provides,  furnishes,  or 
supplies  ;  one  that  procures  w  hat  is  wanted.  Shall. 

PRO-VID'ING,  ppr.  Procuring  beforehand  ;  supply- 
ing ;  stipulating. 

PROV'IiNCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  provincia;  usually 
supposed  to  be  formed  from  pro  and  vinco,  to  con- 
quer.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  country  of  considerable 
extent,  which,  being  reduced  under  their  dominion, 
was  new-mo(leled,  subjected  to  the  command  of  a 
governor  sent  from  Rome,  and  to  such  taxes  and  con- 
tributions as  the  Romans  saw  lit  to  im|K)se  ;  applied 
particularly  to  contiuered  countries  beyond  the  limits 
of  Italy.  That  part  of  France  next  to  the  Alps  was 
a  Roman  province,  and  still  bears  the  name  Provence. 

Smithes  Diet, 

2.  Among  the  modems,  a  country  belonging  to  a 
kingdom  or  state,  cither  by  conquest  or  colonization, 
usually  situated  at  a  distance  from  the  kingdom  or 
state,  but  more  or  less  dependent  on  it  or  subject  to 
it.  Thus,  formerly,  the  English  colonies  in  North 
America  were  provinces  of  Great  Britain,  as  Nova 
Scotia  and  Canada  stdl  are.  The  pri>rincfj!  of  the 
Netherlands  formerly  belonged  to  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria and  to  Spain. 

3.  A  division  of  a  kingdom  or  state  of  considera- 
ble extent.  In  England,  a  division  of  the  ecclesitis- 
tical  state  under  the  jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop, 
of  which  there  arc  two,  the  province  of  Canterbury 
and  that  of  Vork. 

4.  A  ri  gion  of  country ;  ill  a  general  eense ;  a 
tract ;  a  large  extent. 

Over  many  a  tract 
Of  heaven  they  marchrtl,  and  many  a  province  wide.  Milton. 
Th'-y  nt  vrr  look  abroad  into  the  yrovineea  of  the  intell-  ctual 
world.  Watu. 

5.  The  proper  office  or  business  of  a  person.  It  is 
the  province  of  the  judge  to  decide  causes  between 
individuals. 

The  woman's  province  is  to  be  can^fu]  in  her  economy,  and  shasle 
in  her  allection.  Tatltr , 

PRO-VL\'CIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  provinc*, 
or  relating  to  it ;  as,  a  provincial  goveriimenl ;  a  pra- 
vincial  dialect. 

2.  Appendant  to  the  principal  kingdom  or  »tato; 
as,  provincial  dominion  ;  provincial  territory.  Brum. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  XINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  aa  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

— 


PRO 

3.  Not  polished ;  rude ;  as,  pruvincial  accent  or 
manners,  Dnjdpn. 

4.  Pertaining  to  an  eccle»iastical  province,  or  to 
the  jurisdiction  of  an  arch!  (shop  ;  not  ecumenical ; 
as,  a  provincial  synod.  ^iilijfe. 

PRO-VIN'CIAL,  n.  Amons  the  Roman  Catkolics,  a 
monastic  superior,  wlio,  under  the  general  of  his 
order,  has  the  direction  of  all  the  religious  houses  of 
the  same  fraternity  in  a  given  district,  called  a  prov- 
ince of  the  order.  Miirdoclc. 
2.  A  person  belonging  to  a  province.  Burke, 

PRO-VIN'CIAL-ISXl,  n.  A  peculiar  word  or  manner 
of  speaking  in  a  province  or  district  of  country  re- 
mote from  the  principal  country  or  from  the  metrop- 
olis. Marsh. 

PRO-VIN'CIAL-IST,  n.  One  who  lives  in  a  prov- 
ince. 

PRO-VIN-CIAL'I-TY,  n.  Peculiarity  of  language  in 
a  province.  tVurlen. 

PRO-VIN'CIXTE,  V.  t.  To  convert  into  a  province. 
[UnlLsuaL]  llowcll. 

PRO-VlNE',  V.  i.  [Fr.  provigncr;  pro  and  vigiie,  a 
vine.] 

To  lay  a  stock  or  branch  of  a  vine  in  the  ground 
for  propagation.  Johnson. 

PRO V'ING,  (proov'ing,)  ppr.  Trying;  ascertaining; 
evincing  ;  experiencing. 

PRO-yi"SION,  (-vizh'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  prouiseo, 
provideo.    See  Puovide.] 

1.  The  act  of  providing  or  making  i)revious  [irep- 
aration. 

2.  Things  provided  ;  preparation  ;  measures  taken 
beforehand  ;  cither  for  security,  defense,  or  attack, 
or  for  tlie  supply  of  wants.  We  make  provision  to 
defend  ourselves  from  enemies ;  we  make  provision 
for  war ;  we  make  provision  for  a  voyage  or  for  erect- 
ing a  building;  we  make  provision  for  the  support 
of  the  poor.  Government  makes  provision  for  its 
friends. 

3.  Stores  provided  ;  stock  ;  as,  provLtion  of  vict- 
uals ;  provision  of  materials.  KnoUes,  South. 

4.  \'ictuals  ;  food  ;  provender;  all  manner  of  eata- 
bles for  man  and  beast ;  as,  provi'iions  for  the  table 
or  for  the  family  ;  provisions  for  an  army. 

JiliUftn.  Rncyc. 

5.  Previous  stipulation  ;  special  enactment  in  a 
statute ;  terms  or  agreement  made,  or  measures 
taken  for  a  future  exigency. 

Ill  the  l:»w,  no  provUion  was  ma'le  to  abolish  the  barbarous  cus- 
toms of  Uie  Irish.  Davies. 

G.  .\mong  Roman  Catholics,  a  previous  nomination 
by  the  pope  to  a  benefice  before  it  became  vacant,  by 
which  practice  the  rightful  patron  was  deprived  of 
his  presentation.  Blaclcstone. 
PRO-VI"SION,  (-vizh'un,)  v.  t.  To  supply  with 
victuals  or  food.  The  ship  was  provisioned  for  a 
voyage  of  six  months.  The  garrison  was  well  pro- 
vi-iioned. 

PRO-VI"SION-AL,  (-vizh'un-al,)  a.  [Fr.  prmision- 
nrl.] 

Provided  for  present  need  or  for  the  occasion  ; 

temporarily  established  ;  temporary  ;  as,  a  provisional 

covernnient  or  regulation  ;  a  provisional  treaty. 
PRO-VI"SION-AL-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  proVision  ; 

temporarily  ;  for  the  present  exigency.  Locke. 
PRO-Vr'SION-A-RY,  a.    Provisional;  provided  for 

the  occasion  ;  not  permanent.  Burke. 
PRO-VI"SION-ED,  pp.    Supplied  with  food. 
PRO-VI"SION-ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  supplies 

of  food. 

PRO-VI'SO,  n.  [Jj.  provisus,  ablative  yroi'iso,  it  being 
provided.] 

An  article  or  clause  in  any  statute,  agreement,  con- 
tract, grant,  or  other  writing,  by  which  a  condition 
is  introduced  ;  a  conditional  stipulation  that  aflects 
an  agreement,  contract,  law,  grant,  &c.  The  charter 
of  the  bank  contains  a  proviso  that  the  legislature 
may  repeal  it  at  their  pleasure. 
PRO-VI'SOU,  71.    [Fr.  provismr.] 

1.  In  church  affairs,  a  person  appointed  by  the  pope 
to  a  benefice  before  the  death  of  the  incumbent,  and 
to  the  prejudice  of  the  rightful  patron.  Formcrbj, 
the  pojie  claimed  the  right  of  presenting  to  church 
livings,  and  it  was  his  practice  to  nominate  persons 
to  bi  nefices  by  anticipation,  or  before  they  liccame 
vacant ;  tiie  person  thus  niiminated  was  called  npro- 
visor.  In  lOiiLdaiid,  this  practice  was  restrained  by 
Htatutes  of  Rjrhard  II.  and  Henry  IV. 

More  sliarp  ami  ry-nal  laws  were  devised  iiifaintt  proinnors  ;  It 
U-lni!  'ritiicl'Ml  llint  wliocv.T  diatiirf*  any  patron  In  Oie  prc- 
seDUtioii  to  n  living  by  virtue  of  any  piipal  proviaion,  •ocli 
jrromtur  shill  p.iv  tin.'  and  ninnoin  lo  tim  kine  nl  hi»  will, 
luid  be  iinpriconcd  till  he  renouna-s  such  provision. 

Blat-lmlone. 

2.  The  purveyor,  steward,  or  treasurer  of  a  re- 
ligiiiH"  houw.  Coicet. 

PItO-VI'aoR-Y,  a.  Making  temporary  provision; 
tempornry.  Slate  Papers. 

2.  Containing  a  provido  or  condition  ;  conditional. 
PnoV-()-f;A'TION,  n.    [I'r.,  from  U /irocoMtio.  See 

PlIOTOKE.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  excitoK  anger;  the  cause  of  re- 
vcntment,    I  Kingt  jixi. 

Hariirn  not  your  Iw-arti,  nn  In  the  proifoeatlon.  —  Pi.  xcv. 


PRO 

2.  The  act  of  exciting  anger. 

3.  An  appeal  to  a  court  or  judge.  Lutinism, 
not  now  usetl.]  j^tjlife. 

4.  Incitement.    [jVot  used.]  Hoojcer. 
PRO-Vo'CA-TIVE,  a.    Kxeitmg;  stimulating;  tend- 
ing to_awaken  or  incite  appetite  or  passion. 

PRO-Vo'CA-TIVE,  n.  Any  thing  that  tends  to  ex- 
cite appetite  or  passion  ;  a  .stimulant ;  as,  a  provoca- 
tive of  hunger  or  of  lust.  jiddison. 

PRO-Vo'eA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
provocative  or  stimulating. 

PRO-VoK'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  provoked. 

Cndworth. 

PRO-VoKE',  V.  t.  [L.  provoco,  tr  call  forth  ;  pro  and 
ft'co,  to  call ;  Fr.  provoquer  j  It  provocare;  Bp.  pro- 
vocurA 

1.  To  call  into  action  ;  to  arouse  ;  to  excite  ;  as, 
to  provoke  anger  or  wrath  by  offensive  words,  or  by 
injury  ;  to  provoke  war. 

2.  To  make  angry ;  to  offend  ;  to  incense ;  to  en- 
rage. 

Ye  fathers,  proeoke  not  your  children  to  wrath.  —  Eph.  vi. 
Often  provoked  by  tlie  insolence  of  some  of  the  bishops. 

Clarendon. 

3.  To  excite  ;  to  canse ;  as,  to  provoke  perspira- 
tion ;  to  provoke  a  smile.  Mrbuthnot. 

4.  To  excite  ;  to  stimulate ;  to  increase. 

The  t;iste  of  pleasure  provokes  the  appetite,  and  every  successive 
iiutidgence  of  vice  which  is  lo  form  a  habit,  is  easier  than  the 
hi£t.  Buckmin$ler. 

5.  To  challenge. 

Ke  now  provokes  the  sea-gods  from  tlie  shore.  Dryden. 

6.  To  move ;  to  incite ;  to  stir  up ;  to  induce  by 
motives.    Rom.  x.  Bacon. 

Let  us  consider  one  another  to  provoke  lo  love  and  to  good 
works.  ■ —  Heb.  x. 

7.  To  incite  ;  to  rouse ;  as,  to  provoke  one  to  an- 
ger.   Dcut.  xxxii. 

PRO-VoKE',  V.  i.  To  appeal.  [A  Latinism,  not 
used.]  Dryden. 

PRO-VoK'£D,  (pro-vokt',)  pp.  or  a.  Excited  ;  loused  ; 
incited  ;  made  angry  ;  incensed. 

PRO-VoK'ER,  n.    One  that  excites  anger  or  other 
passion  ;  one  that  excites  war  or  sedition. 
2.  That  which  excites,  causes,  or  promotes.  Shak. 

PRO-VoK'ING,  ppr.  Exciting  into  action;  inciting; 
inducing  by  motives  ;  making  angry. 

2.  a.  Having  the  power  or  quality  of  exciting  re- 
sentment ;  tending  to  awaken  passion  ;  as,  provoking 
words_;  provoking  treatment. 

PRO-VoK'ING-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  ex- 
cite anger. 

PROVOST,  (prov'ust,)  n.  [Sax.  profost,  profast ; 
Dan.  provst  ,•  G.  probst,  propst ;  Arm.  provost ;  Fr. 
prcv6t ;  Port,  and  Sp.  preboste  ;  It.  proposto  ;  from  the 
L.  prwpositus,  placed  before,  (rom'priepono  ;  prie  and 
pono,  to  set  or  place.] 

In  a  general  sense,  a  person  who  is  appointed  to 
superintend  or  preside  over  something ;  the  chief 
magistrate  of  a  city  or  town  ;  as,  the  provost  of  Ed- 
inburgh or  of  Glasgow,  answering  to  the  mayor  of 
other  cities  ;  the  provost  of  a  college,  answering  to 
president.  In  France,  formerly,  a  provost  was  an  in- 
ferior judge  who  had  cognizance  of  civil  causes. 

The  grand  provost  of  France,  or  of  the  household, 
had  jurisdiction  in  the  king's  house,  and  over  its  of- 
ficers. 

The  provost  marshal  of  an  army,  (usually  pro- 
nounced pro-vi',)  is  an  officer  appointed  to  arrest 
and  secure  deserters  and  other  criminals,  to  hinder 
the  soldiers  from  pillaging,  to  indict  offenders  and 
see  sentence  passeil  on  them  and  executed.  He  also 
regulates  weights  and  measures.  He  has  under  him 
a  lieutenant  and  a  clerk,  an  executioner,  &c.  Encyc. 

The  provost  marshal  in  the  navy,  (usually  pro- 
nounced pro-vo',)  has  charge  of  prisoners,  &c. 

The  provost  of  the  mint,  is  a  particular  judge  ap- 
pointed to  apprehend  and  prosecute  false  coiners. 

F.ncyc. 

Provost  of  the  king^s  stables,  is  an  officer  who  at- 
tends at  cimrt,  and  holds  the  king's  stirrup  when 
he  mounts  his  horse.  F.ncyc. 
PROV'O.ST-SIIIP,  n.   The  office  of  a  provost. 

Ifakewill. 

PROW,  71.  [Fr.proue;  It.  prwa  and  proda  !  Sp.  proa. 
'J'hese  may  bt;  from  the  L.  prora  ;  but  qu.  is  not 
proda  the  original  word,  and  prora  a  contraction  of 
prodcral  The  primary  sense  is,  thai  which  projects 
or  atrt  tches  forward.] 

1.  The  fore  part  of  a  ship.  Dryden. 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  the  beak  or  pointed  cut- 
water of  a  xehec  or  galTt^y.  The  upper  part  is  usu- 
ally furnished  witii  a  grating  platform.   Mar.  Diet. 

3.  The  name  of  a  particular  kind  of  vessel  used  in 
the  I'.ast  Indian  sea.s. 

PROW,  u.  [Fr.preuz.]  Valiant;  prowcsJ,  most  val- 
iant.   LViit  in  ''•'•■r.]  Spenser. 

PR0VV'1.,.S.S,  H.  [Fr.  prouesse;  It.  prodeiza,  from 
prode,  brave,  anil  as  a  noun,  prolU,  benelit ;  Sp. 
prarza.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  stretch, 
Hhoot,  or  atlvance  forward,  and  hence  the  sense  of 
profit. ) 

Uravery ;  vnlor;  particularly,  military  bravery; 


PRU 

gallantry  ;  intrepidity  in  war ;  fearlessness  of  dan- 
ger. 

Men  of  such  prowess  aa  nol  lo  know  fear  in  themselves. 

Sidttey. 

PROW'EST,  a.  [superl.  of  prow.]  Bravest.  [JVot 
in  use.]  •  Spenser. 

PROWL,  V.  I.    [I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word, 
nor  from  what  source  it  is  derived.    It  may  be  de- 
rived from  the  root  of  stroll,  troll,  with  a  different 
prefix.] 
To  rove  over. 

llfi  prowls  each  place,  still  in  new  colors  decked.  Sidney, 
PROWL,  V.  i.    To  rove  or  wander,  particularly  for 
prey,  as  a  wild  beast ;  as,  a  prowling  wolf.  Milton. 
2.  To  rove  and  plunder  ;  to  prey  ;  to  plunder. 

Tusser, 

PROWL,  71.  A  roving  for  prey  ;  colloquially,  something 

to  be  seized  and  devoured. 
PROWL'ER,  n.    One  that  roves  about  for  prey. 

Thomson. 

PROWL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Wandering  about  in  search 

of  prey  or  plunder. 
PROX'ENE,  71.    [Gr.  wpolevot.] 

In  Grecian  antiquities,  an  officer  who'  had  the 

charge  of  superintending  strangers.  Brande. 
PROX'I-MAL.    See  Proximate. 

PROX'I-MATE,  a.  [L.  superl.  j/T-oon'mits  ;  Fr.proche; 
approcher,  to  approach  i  rcproeher,  to  reproach.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  drive  or  press.  See 
Class  Brg.] 

Nearest ;  next.  A  proiimate  cause  is  that  which 
immediately  precedes  and  produces  tlie  effect,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  remote,  mediate,  or  predifpo.?ing 
caiise.  IVutL^. 

Prozimate  principle;  a  name  given  to  the  distinct 
compounds  which  exist  retidy  formed  in  animals  and 
vegetables,  such  as  albumen,  fat,  sugar,  &,c.  Brande. 
PROX'I-.MATE-LY,  adv.     Immediately  ;  by  imme- 
diate relation  to  or  effect  on.  Bentley. 
PROX'IME,  a.    Next ;  immediately.    [JVot  xised.] 

IVatts. 

PROX-IM'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  proximiti ;  h.  prozimitas.] 
The  state  of  being  next ;  immediate  nearness  ei- 
ther in  pl.ace,  blooil,  or  alliance,    'i'he  succession  to 
the  throne,  and  to  estates,  is  usually  regulated  by 
proximity  of  blood.  Dryden.  Swift. 

PROX'Y,  71.  [Contracted  from  procuracy,  or  some 
word  from  the  root  of  procure,  pruclor.] 

1.  The  agency  of  another  who  acts  as  a  substitute 
for  his  principal ;  agency  of  a  substitute  ;  appear- 
ance of  a  representative.  None  can  be  familiar  by 
proxy.    None  can  be  virtuous  or  wise  by  proxy. 

2.  The  person  who  is  substituted  or  deputed  to  act 
for  another.  A  wise  man  will  not  commit  important 
business  to  a  proxy,  when  he  can  transact  it  in  per- 
son. In  England,  any  peer  may  make  another  lord 
of  parliament  his  proxy  to  vote  for  him  in  his  ab- 
sence. Blackstone. 

3.  A  writing  by  which  one  person  authorizes  an- 
other to  vote  "in  his  place. 

4.  In  popular  use,  an  election,  or  day  of  voting  for 
officers  of  government  in  some  of  the  States. 

PROX'Y-SHIP,  71.   The  office  or  agency  of  a  proxy. 

PRUCE,  71.  [from  Prussia.]  Prussian  leather.  [JVi)£ 
in  use.]  Dryden. 

PRODE,  71.  [Fr.  prude,  wise,  discreet,  sober,  formal, 
precise ;  D.  preutseh,  prudish,  and  proud  ;  G.  sprode, 
a  prude,  and  shy,  cold,  reserved,  coy,  demure,  and 
applied  to  metals,  brittle,  friable  ;  Dan.  spriidig,  ea- 
ger, brittle,  harsh,  dry,  ruggi^d  ;  W.  prii:,  (prudh,) 
prudent,  discreet,  serious,  sad,  sorrowful ;  Goth. 
frods,  prudent;  Gr.  i/i/iaiSr;,  prudence;  GolU.frathi, 
mind,  intellect ;  frathyan,  to  be  wise,  to  tinder.-itand. 
The  Goth,  frod  signifies  both  wise,  prudent,  and 
broken  ;  D.  vroed,  prudent.  We  see  that  prude, pru- 
dent, and  proud,  are  from  the  same  root.  The  sense 
of  brittle  would  indicate  that  these  words  belong  to 
the  same  family  with  the  Dan.  brydcr,  to  break  ;  and 
the  radical  elements  arc  the  same.  The  ^VeIsh  prui 
is  from  tending  out  or  reaching,  hence  pryder,  an.x- 
iety,  a  stretching  of  mind.  The  sense  of  prurfe 
is  probably  from  stretching,  straitness,  stiffness;  and 
the  sense  of  wise  is  derivative.  Prudence  is  from 
the  same  root,  implying  care,  a  tension  of  mind.] 

A  woman  of  great  reserve,  coyness,  affected  stiff- 
ness of  manners,  and  scrupulous  nicrtj'. 

Less  modest  than  Uie  speech  of  prudes.  .^w\/l. 

PRO'DENCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  prudentia;  It.  pru- 
dcnza  :  Sp.  prudencia.    See  Pruoi;.] 

Wisdmn  applied  to  practice.  Johnson. 

Prudence  implies  caution  in  deliberating  and  con- 
sulting on  the  most  suitable  means  to  accomplish 
valuable  purposes,  and  the  exercise  of  sagacity  in 
discerning  and  selecting  them.  Prudence  differs 
fivim  wisdom  in  this,  that  prudence  implies  more 
caution  and  reserve  than  wisdom,  or  is  exercised 
more  in  foreseeing  and  avoiding  evil,  than  in  devis- 
ing ami  executing  that  which  is  good.  It  is  some- 
times mere  caution  or  circiims|>cction. 

Prudenes  Is  principally  in  n-fereiice  to  actions  to  l)e  done,  and 
due  means,  oi\U>r,  s'-naou,  and  mctliod  o(  doing  or  not  iloiii;,'. 

Halt. 

PRO'DENT,  a.    Cautious;  circumspect;  practically 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII,^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  niRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


684 


PRU 


PSA 


PSl 


wise  ;  careful  of  tlie  conscqiicnccs  of  cntorprises, 
measures,  or  actions ;  cautious  not  to  act  wiien  ttie 
end  is  uf  doubtful  utility,  or  probably  iin|>racticublc. 

The  prudent  mail  luoki'tli  \vi>ll  to  his  Qoing.  —  I*rov.  xiv, 

A  prwtenl  m.in  fon-avvtli  Ihi  evtl  and  liiJoth  hiiiisolf.  —  Pror. 

2.  Dictated  or  directed  by  prudence ;  as,  jyrudtnt 
behavior. 

3.  Foreseeing  by  instinct;  as,  tliepn/i/cnt  crane. 

MiUnn. 

4.  Frugal ;  economical ;  as,  a  prudent  woman  ; 
prudent  expenditure  of  money. 

5.  Wise  ;  intelligent. 

PRU-DEN'TIAI,,  (-shal,)  a.  Proceedint;  from  prit 
dence  ;  dictated  or  prescribed  by  prudence;  as,  jiru- 
dcntial  motives  ;  prudnilial  rules. 

2.  Suporintenriin!;  tlie  discretionary  concerns  of  a 
society  ;  as,  a  prudential  committee.  A'ctn  En^ltwd* 
PUU-DEN-TI.\L'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  being  pru- 
dential ;  eligibility  on  principles  of  prudence.  [A''ot 
used^'\  Brown. 
PRCJ-DEN'TrAI..-LY,  adv.    In  conformity  with  pru- 
dence ;  prudently.  Suutlu 
PRU-DEN'TIALS,  n.  pi.     Maxims  of  prudence  or 
practical  wisdom. 

Many  slanuis,  in  poetic  measures,  contain  rules  relating  to  com- 
tmm  prudentials,  as  well  .as  to  reli^^ion.  \{'att*. 

2.  The  stiburdinate  discretionary  concerns  and 
economy  of  a  company,  society,  or  corporation.  Thi^ 
board  of  trustees  appoint  annually  a  committee  to 
manage  the  prudcnliuh  of  the  corporation. 

JVcio  Knrrland. 

PRU'DEN'T-LY,  adr.  With  prudence;  with  due 
caution  or  circumspection  ;  discreetly  ;  wisely  ;  as, 
domestic  atrairs  prut/cHj^i/ managed ;  laws  prudently 
framed  or  executed. 

2.  With  fntgality ;  economically  ;  as,  income  pru- 
dcntlij  expended. 

PRO'DER-Y,  71.  [from  prude.]  Affected  scrupulous- 
ness ;  excessive  nicety  in  cojiduct ;  still'noss  ;  af- 
fected reserve  or  gravity  ;  coyness.  Tatler. 

PUO'DISir,  a.  [from  prude]  .MFectedly  grave  ;  very 
formal,  precise,  or  reservetl ;  as,  a  jtrudLiA  woman  ; 
prudish  manners. 

A  romul  lecture,  spoke  with  prudish  face.  Garriuk. 

PRO'DISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  prudish  manner. 

PRU-I'i\A,  n.    [L.]    Hoar  frost. 

PRO'IN-oSE,  a.  [L.  pnUnosus.]  Iloary ;  covered 
with  minute  dust,  appearing  as  if  frosted.  Humble. 

PRO'IN-OUS,  a.  Frosty. 

PRONE,  V.  t.  [Perhaps  from  Fr.  provider,  to  lay 
down  vine  stocks  for  propagation.  If  not,  I  know 
not  its  origin.] 

1.  To  lop  or  cut  off  the  superfluous  branches  of 
trees,  to  make  them  bear  better  fruit  or  grow  higher, 
or  to  give  them  a  mpre  handsome  and  regular  ap- 
pearance. '  Encyc.  Milton. 

2.  To  clear  from  any  thing  superlluous  ;  to  dress  ; 
to  trim. 

His  royal  bird 

Prunet  the  immotlAl  win^,  and  cloys  his  bcalt.  Shak. 
PRONE,  V.  i.    To  dress ;  to  prink ;  a  ludicrous  word. 

Dryden. 

PRONE,  71.    [Fr.  prune ;  It.  and  Sp.  pruna ;  L.  pru- 
nuin  i  D.  pruim.    In  Latin,  pruntu  is  a  plum-tree,  Gr. 
vpiivvj},  and  prunum,  the  fruit.] 
A  dried  plum  ;  sometimes,  a  recent  plum.  Bacon. 

PR0\'£1),  pp.  Divested  of  superfluous  branches  ; 
trimmed. 

2.  Cleared  of  what  is  unsuitable  or  superfluous. 
PRO'NEL,  >i.    A  plant.  j^instcortA, 
PRU-NEL'LA,  j  71.    A  smooth  woolen  stutF,  generally 
PRU-NEL'LO,  i     black,  used  for  making  shoes  or 

garments  ;  a  kind  of  hasting.  Pope. 
PRU-NEI/LO,  n.    [Fr.  pruncUe,  from  prune.] 

A  species  of  dried  plum.  McCulloek. 
PRON'ER,  71.   One  that  prunes  trees  or  removes  what 

is  superfluous. 
PRU-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  prunum,  a  plum,  and  fero, 

to  bear.]  J 
Bearing  plums. 
PRP.N'ING,  ;>;>r.    Lopping  off  superfluous  branches  ; 

trminiing;  clearing  of  what  is  superlluous. 
PRCN'ING,  n.     In  /hardening  and  acrriculture,  the 

lopping  of  the  superfluous  branches  of  trees,  either 

for  improving  the  trees  or  their  fruit. 
PROX'IXG-IIOOK,  )  71.     An  instrument  used  in 
PROX'lXG-KiVlFE,  (      pruning  trees.    It  is  of  vari- 
ous forms.  Druden.  Philip}. 
PRON'IXG-SIIeARS,   71.  pi.     Shears  for  pruning 

trees,  Sec. 

PRO'RI-EXCE,  )       „  ■    .   ;  ui 

PRO'RI-EX-CY  i       t    P'TT^-'i  prurio,  to  Itch.] 
An  itching,  longing  desire  or  appetite  for  any  thing. 

Swi/I. 

PRO'RI-ENT,  o.  Itching  ;  uneasy  with  desire.  IVarton. 

PRU-RIG'I.V-OLIS,  a.  [L.  pruri^rinosxi^,  from  prurigo, 
an  itching,  from  prurio,  to  itch.] 

Tending  to  prurigo.  Orcenhill. 

PRU-RI'GO,  71.  A  papular  eruption  of  the  skin,  in 
which  the  papules  are  diffuse,  nearly  of  the  color  of 
the  cuticle,  intolerably  itthv,  itchmg  increased  by 
sudden  exposure  to  he.it,  when  abraded  by  scratch- 


ing oozing  a  fluid,  that  concretes  into  minute  black 
scabs.    An  entirely  different  dist^ase  Irotii  the  itch. 

PRuS'SIAN,  (prQsh'an.  This  has,  till  of  late,  been 
the  universal  pronunciation  ;  but  in  Luinlon,  prush'au 
has  now  become  prevalent.  Smart.)  a.  [from  Prus- 
sia.]   Pertaining  to  I'ru.ssia. 

Prussian  blue  ;  a  bi-salt  composed  of  two  equiva- 
lents of  the  sesquicyanid  of  iron,  which  performs 
the  functions  of  an  acid,  with  one  equivalent  of  ses- 
quoxyd  of  iron,  which  perfornis  the  functions  of  a 
base.  'J'his  salt  is  of  a  beautiful  deitp  blue,  and  is 
much  nsful  as  a  pigment.  It  is  also  used  in  medicine. 

PRuS'SIATE,  71.  A  name  first  applied  to  Prnasian 
blue,  a  salt  in  whicli  the  sesquicyanid  of  iron  per- 
forms the  functions  of  an  acid  ;  but  subsequently  to 
numerous  salts  in  which  the  |ir<itocyanid  of  iron  is 
the  acid.  It  has  likewise  been  applied  to  various  cy- 
nnids,  as  the  cyanid  of  potassium,  which  has  been 
callcfl  prtL-isiate  of  ptitu.-tsa. 

PRC'S'Sie,  (prus'ik,)  a.  The  term  pru.ssic  acid  is 
now  applied  too  vaguely  and  variously  to  answer 
the  purpose  of  science.  It  was  first  applied  to  the 
sesquicyanid  of  iron,  which  is  tht^  acid  til'  Prussiiin 
blue,  it  was  subsequently  applietl  to  the  protocy- 
anid  of  iron,  which  is  the  acid  of  the  .salt  erroneously 
called  prus^iate  of  iron  and  p<)frt^.■■^vl ;  to  the  cyano- 
hydric  aoid,  whicli,  in  all  iirobability,  forms  no  salts 
at  all  ;  to  the  hyilrciguret  of  ben/.yle,  or  the  essential 
oil  of  bitter  almonds,  and  laurel-cherry,  which  is 
not  an  acid,  and  of  course  forms  no  salts;  and  to 
cyanogen,  which  is  not  an  acid,  but  a  compound 
basifying  and  acidifying  principle.  E.ach  of  the 
abtive  compounds  is  a  valuable  metlicine. 

PRY,  V.  i.  [.\  contracted  word,  the  origin  of  which 
is  not  obvious.] 

To  peep  narrowly  ;  to  inspect  closely  ;  to  attempt 
to  discover  something  with  scrutinizing  curiosity, 
whether  impertinently  or  not ;  as,  to  pry  into  the 
mysteries  of  nature,  or  into  the  secrets  of  state. 

Nor  n-^il  we  with  a  prying  eye  survey 

The  distivnt  sltics  tu  liiul  the  niilky  w.iy.  Creech. 

PRV,  71.    Narrow  inspectiim  ;  impertinent  peeping. 
2.  A  lever  ;  a  contraction  in  America  for  prize. 

PRV,  V.  t.  To  raise  or  attempt  to  raise  with  a  lever. 
This  is  the  common  popular  pronunciation  of  prize, 
in  America.    The  lever  used  is  also  called  a  pry. 

PRy  ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Inspecting  closely  ;  looking  into 
with  curiosity. 

PRY'ING-LY,  adv.  With  close  inspection  or  imperti- 
nent curiosity. 

PRYT-A-Ne'UM,  71.  [Gr.  TronTiiifioi'.]  In  Mevs,  a 
place  where  the  prytanes  and  those  who  deserved 
well  of  their  coimtry  were  maintained  by  the  public. 

Ehncs. 

PRYT'A-NIS,  71. ;  pi.  Pbttanes.    [Gr.  TrotiTai-is.] 
In  .Athens,  a  member  of  one  of  the  ten  sections 
into  which  the  senate  of  five  hundred  w.as  divided, 
and  to  each  of  which  belonged  the  presidency  of  the 
senate  for  one  tenth  of  the  year. 

.  Smithes  Diet.    Encyc.  .^nachar.ns. 

PRYT'A-NY,  71.  In  Miens,  the  period  during  which 
the  presidency  of  the  senate  belonged  to  the  prytanes 
of  one  section.  Smith's  Diet. 

[It  is  to  be  noted  that  in  words  beginning  with  Ps 
and  Pt,  the  letter  p  has  no  sound.] 

PSXLM,  (silm,)  n.  [L.  psalmus ;  Gr.  xpa'X/iot,  from 
tpiiXKin,  to  touch  or  beat,  to  sing;  Fr.  psaume;  It. 
and  Sp.  salmo.] 

A  sacred  song  or  hymn  ;  a  song  composed  on  a 
divine  subject  and  in  praise  of  God.  The  most  re- 
markable psaims  are  those  composed  by  David  and 
other  Jewish  saints,  a  collection  of  one  hundred  and 
filty  of  which  constitutes  a  canonical  book  of  the 
Old  Testament,  called  Psalms,  or  the  Book  of  Psalms. 
The  word  is  also  applied  to  sacred  songs  composed 
by  modem  poets,  being  versifications  of  the  scriptu- 
ral psalms,  or  of  these  with  other  parts  of  Scripture, 
com[)Osed  for  the  use  of  churches  ;  as,  the  Psalms  of 
Tate  and  lirady,  of  Watts,  &c. 

PSXLM'IST,  71.  A  writer  or  composer  of  sacred 
songs  ;  a  title  particularly  applied  to  David  and  the 
other  authors  of  the  scriptural  psalms. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  chnrch,a  clerk,  precentor, 
singer,  or  leader  of  music  in  the  church. 

PSAtMOD'ie'-AL,  i       delating  to  psalmody. 

PSAL'iNlO-DIST,  71.    One  who  sings  sacred  songs. 

PSXLM'O-DY,  (sim'o-de  or  sal'mo-de,)  n.  The  act, 
practice,  or  art  of  singing  .sacred  songs.  Psalmody 
has  always  cen  considered  an  important  part  of 
public  worship. 

PSAL-.MOG'RA-PIIER,  )       re     n  i 

PSAL-MOG'RA-PIIIST,  (  t^'^"  r»ALM0ORAPHT.] 

A  writer  of  psalms  or  tlivinc  songs  and  hymns. 
PSAL-.MOG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  tpuKpus,  psalm,  and 
)  onAi.i,  to  write.] 

The  net  or  practice  of  writing  psalms  or  sacred 
sonzs  and  hymns. 
PSAL'TER,  (sawl'ter,)  71.    [L.  psallrrium  ;  Gr.  <PaX- 
rnptov;  It.  and  Sp.  aalterio;  Fr.  psautirr.] 

1.  The  Book  of  Psalms  ;  often  applied  to  m  book 
containing  the  Psalms  separately  printed. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  series  of  devout 


sentences  or  iispirations,  I.M)  in  niimber,  in  honor  of 
certain  mysteries,  as  the  sulferings  of  Christ. 

Bfi.  FitlpatricU. 

Also,  a  large  chaplet  or  rosary  consiatiiic  of  a  liiin- 
drt  d  and  filly  beads,  according  to  the  number  of  the 
psalms.  Encyc.  Jim, 

PSAL'TER-Y,  (sawl'ter-e,)  71.    [Gr.  i/-aAriiuiur.] 

A  stringed  instrument  of  music  used  by  the  He- 
brews, the  form  of  which  is  not  now  known.  That 
which  is  now  used  is  a  flat  instrument  in  form  of  a 
tra|)t;7,iiiin  or  triangle  truncated  at  the  top,  strung 
with  thirteen  chords  of  wire,  mounted  on  two 
bridges  at  the  sides,  and  struck  with  a  plectrum  or 
crooked  stick.  Encyc. 

Praise  the  Lonl  with  Iwrp ;  sing  to  him  with  the  psaltery,  aD(l 
an  instrument  ot  ten  strinfs. —  Ps.  xxxiii. 

PS.\M'.MITE,  (sam'mitc,)  71.    [Gr.  tpuppof,  sand.l 

A  species  of  niicaceoiis  sandstone.  Bron^iiart. 
PS.VJI-.MlT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  psammite. 
PSAR'O-LTTE,  ».    A  fossil  plant.  Lycll. 
PtfEu-DE-PIG'RA-PHY    (su-de-pig'ra-fe,)  n.  [Gr. 
t//f.'.U,5  and  fTTi}  ,j,i(,r,M.] 
The  ascription  of  false  names  of  authors  to  works. 
PSEC-DI-SOD'O-MON,  71.    [Gr.  t^/tiiJos,  false,  looj, 
equal,  and  l  opt'ii,  a  building.] 

A  mode  of  building  in  Greece,  in  which  the  liight, 
length,  anil  thickness  of  the  courses  iliffered.  Elmes. 
P.SEu'D<),(su'do,)  [Gr.i//£f(io{,  falsity.]  A  prefix  signi- 
fying false,  cotiiiteifeit,  or  s|iurious. 
PSEO'DO-A-POS'TLE,  (sQ'do-a-|)os'l,)  71.  [Gr.  xf/cviof, 
false,  and  apo.stte.] 

A  false  apostle;  one  who  falsely  pretends  to  he  an 
apostle. 

PSEl!-I)O.I!LEP'SIS,7i.  [Gr.i//£V(!oj,  false,  and /?>(t;/i5, 
sight.] 

False  or  depraved  sight ;  imaginary  vision  of  ob- 
jects. Forsyth. 
PSEu'DO-CHI'NA,  71.    [Gr.  \pcv6os,  and  Fr.  t/uina, 
kina,  or  china.  Peruvian-bark.] 

The  false  China  root,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Smil.ax. 
found  in  Americtu  Also,  a  species  of  Strychnos  and 
a  species  of  Solaniim.  In  the  spelling  of  this  name 
c/i  and  c  are  used  indiscriminately. 
rSEO'DC)-CLER'(;V,  ».  Not  true  clerg)-.  Jl^ere. 
PSEO'DO-DIP'TER-AL,  a.  or  71.  [Gr.  tpcvio(,  false, 
Sis,  twice,  and  jttio'  p,  wing.] 

In  architrrture,  a  term  applied  to  a  temple  falsely 
or  iinperfi  ctly  dipteral,  the  inner  range  of  columns 
siirroiindini;  the  cell  being  omitted.   Gloss,  of  .Srchit. 
PSEu'DU-DOX,  a.    [Gr.  \piv6os,   false,  and  tiuju, 
opinion.] 

False  ;  not  true  in  opinion. 
PSEO'DO-(;A-Le'NA,  n.    Fal.se  galena  or  black  jack. 
P.-^EC'DO-GRAPH,     )  71.    [Gr.   t/zri  tl-,?,   false,  and 
PSEU-DOG'RA-PHY,  j     )  ijaf,,,  writing.] 

False  writing.  Holder. 
PSEU-DOL'O-CY,  (su-dol'o-je,)  71.    [Gr.  xfjiviuXoyia; 
if/cvSof,  false,  and  Xoi  as,  discourse.] 

Falsehottd  of  speech.  Arbulhnot. 
PSE0'I)O-ME-TAL'Lie,  a.    Pseudo-metallic  luster  is 
that  which  is  perceptible  only  xvheii  held  tow.ard 
the  light,  as  in  minerals.  Philips. 
PSEO'DO-MORPH'OUS,    (su'do-morfus,)   a.  [Gr. 
xpcvios  and  pupipn,  form.] 

Not  having  the  true  form.    A  pseudomorphus  crys- 
tal is  one  which  has  a  form  th.at  does  not  result  from 
its  own  powers  of  crystallization.  Dana. 
PSEU-D0N'Y-MOUS,(su-don'e-mu3,)  a.  [Gni/z-'Wos, 
false,  and  ovopa,  name.] 

Bearing  a  false  or  fictitious  name. 
PSEO'DO-PE-RIP'TER-AL,  a.  or  71.    [Gr.  i^teiof, 
false,  TTCot,  around,  and  irrepov,  wing.] 

In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  a  temple  falsely 
or  imperfectly  peripteral,  having  the  columns  at  the 
sides  atlached  to  the  walls  Gloss,  ofjirchit. 

PSEO'DO-PHI-LOS'O-PHER,  n.  A  pretender  to 
philosophy. 

PSEO'DO-i'HI-LOS'O-PHY,  71.    False  philosophy. 

PSEO'DO-RE-PUB'Lie-AN,  n.  Not  a  true  repub- 
lican. Jefferson. 

PSEO'DO-TIN'E-A,  71.  [Gr.  iptvSos,  false,  and  L. 
tinea,  moth.] 

A  name  given  to  the  larves  of  certain  moths,  as 
the  bee  moth.  Encyc 

PSEu'DO-VOL-e.\N'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
duced by  a  pseuilo-volcano.  Cteaveland. 

PSE0'DO'-VC)L-e.\'NO,  71.  A  volcano  that  emits 
smoke,  and  sometimes  flame,  but  no  lava  ;  also,  a 
hiiriiinE  mine  of  coni.  Kiriran. 

PSHAW,  eiclam.  An  expression  of  contempt,  disdain, 
or  dislike. 

PSI-LAN'THRO-PIST,  n.    [Gr.  t//iXos,  mere,  and 
avUptt^Ttos,  man.] 
One  who  believes  that  Christ  was  a  mere  man. 

Smart-. 

PSI-LOM'E-LANE,  71.  [Gr.  ipiXos,  smooth,  and  ftc- 
Xas,  black.]^ 

An  ore  ot  manganese,  occurring  in  smooth,  bntrj- 
oidal  forms,  and  massive,  and  having  a  black  color 
nearly  steel-gray. 
PSIL'd-TIION,  71.  [Gr.,  from  i/<iXow,  to  rtripor  peel-1 

A  depilatory  ;  a  medicine  or  application  to  take  off 
the  hair  of  an  animal  body. 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


Ill  • 


885 


PUB 

PSIT-Ta'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  )  a.  [Gr.  i//iTr(Kr).]  Be- 
PSIT'TA-CID,  !     longing  to  the  parrot 

tribe. 

PSo'AS,  (so'as,)  re.    [Gr.]    The  name  of  two  inside 

muscles  of  the  loins. 
PSo'RA,  n.    [Gr.]    The  itch.    Also,  any  cutaneous 

dj^sease. 

PSo'Rie,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  connscted  with  psora. 

PSY'€Hie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  psychology. 

PSv-CHO-LOG'ie,       jo.    Pertaining  to' a  treatise 

PS5-eHO-LO(5'ie-AL,  i  on  the  soul,  or  to  the  sci- 
ence of  man's  spiritual  nature.         Lilerurii  Ma^. 

PSy-eHO-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  psychological 
manner. 

PSY-eHOL'0-6lST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  the 
nature  and  properties  of  the  soul,  or  who  writes  on 
the  subject. 

PSY-eilOL'O  eY,  (sl-kol'o-je,)  n.    [Gr.  xpvxn,  soul, 

and  Aoj  oj,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  human  soul ;  or  the 

doctrine  ot  man's  spiritual  nature.  Camphdl. 
PS\'-t;HO.M'A-eHY,   (sl-kom'a-ke,)  n.     [Gr.  i//uxi 

and  /iax'7-] 
A  conflict  of  the  soul  with  the  body. 
PSY'GHO  MAN-CY,  (si'ko-man-se,)  n.  Divination 

by  consulting  the  souls  of  the  dead. 
PS5-eHR01I'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  \ijoXpOi,  cool,  and  /ic- 

rpuv.] 

An  instrument,  invented  by  Prof.  .August,  of  Ber- 
lin, for  measuring  the  tension  of  the  aqueous  vapor 
in  the  atmosphere.  Braiule. 
PT.\R'5II-GAIV,  (tiir'me-gan,)  n.  A  bird  of  the  grouse 
family,  Tctrao  lagopus  of  Linn;cus.  Tlie  plumage 
is  ash-colored  and  white  in  summer,  and  almost 
entirely  white  in  winter.  Ptarmigans  h.aunt  the 
lofty  hights  of  mountainous  countries  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  America,  descending  within  the  range  of 
vegetation  to  feed  oh  berries,  buds  of  trees,  insects, 
&c.  Ellin.  Ertnjc. 

PTER-I-PLE-GIS'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  irrtpn.  and  -Xticaw.] 

Relating  to  fowling,  or  shooting  birds. 
PTER-O-DAe'TYL,  (ter-o-dak'til,)  n.    [Gr.  nTCpov,  a 
wing,  and  Ja/c rtiAos,  a  tinger.] 

A  saurian  reptile;  the  wing-toed  or  flying  lizard, 
an  animal  of  singular  formation,  now  extinct. 

CuviRr. 

PTER'O-POD,  (ter'o-pod,)  n.  [Gr.  Trrcpov,  a  wing, 
and  Tff^d,  feet.] 

The  Pteropoda  constitute  one  division  of  the  Mol- 
lusca,  char.acterized  by  having  broad,  fleshy,  wing- 
like appendages  in  front,  or  organs  of  motion.  They 
are  all  oceanic  species.  The  division  includes  the 
Hyal.eas,  and  other  allied  sjiecies,  with  delicate 
transparent  shells.  Daiui. 

PTER-OP'OD-OUS,  a.  Having  the  characters  of  a 
pteropod.  Hximble. 

PTIS'.V.N,  (tiz'an,)  n.    [L.  ptisana;  Gr.  trrtaavti,  from 

TTTirrm-l,  to  pound.] 

A  decoction  of  barley  with  other  ingredients. 

JCiiryc.  .^rhnthniit, 
PTOL-E-MA'te,  (tol-e-ma'ik,)  a.    [from  Ptolemy,  the 
geographer  and  astrologer.] 

Pertaining  to  Ptolemy.  The  Ptolemaic  system,  in 
astronomy,  is  that  maintained  by  Ptolemy,  who  sui>- 
posed  the  earth  to  be  fixed  in  the  center  of  the  uni- 
verse, and  that  the  sun  and  stars  revolve  around  it. 
This  theory  was  received  for  ages,  but  has  been  re- 
jected f(tr  the  Copernican  system. 
PT?'A-LIS.VI,  (tl'al-izm,)  n.  [Gr.  irrviiXicr(ios,  a  spit- 
ting, from  TTT-iioAiC'.i,  to  s|)it  often.] 

In  mcA'cinc,  salivation  ;  a  morbid  and  copious  ex- 
cretion of  saliva.  Cozp.  Ennic 
PTY.S'MA-GOGUE,  (tiz'ma-gog,)  n.     [Gr.  TrrJo/ia, 
saliva,  and  (i)  r.',  to  drive.] 
A  medicine  that  promotes  discharges  of  saliva. 

Diet. 

PCi'HER- AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  puberty. 

PU'I!I"R-TY,  11.    [L.  pubirlas,  from  jiiihr.i.] 

The  age  at  which  persons  are  capable  of  procrea- 
ting and  bearing  children.  This  age  is  dilferent  in 
dilTi'rent  climates,  but  is  with  us  considered  to  be 
about  fourteen  years  in  males,  and  twelve  in  females. 

PO'BkS,  71.  [L.]  In  botany,  lUf  down  of  plants;  a 
downy  or  villous  substance  which  grows  on  plants  ; 
pubescence.  Martyn. 

PU-HES'CEN(;E,  n.  [Ij,  puhescrns,  pubesco,  to  shoot, 
U)  grow  mossy  or  hairy.] 

1.  The  state  of  n  youth  who  has  arrived  at  puber- 
ty ;  or  the  state  of  puberty.  Brown. 

9.  In  lif'tofiif,  the  downy  substance  on  plants. 
PU-IIES'C'E\T,  n.    Arriving  at  puberty.  Brown. 

2.  In  botany,  covered  with  pubescence,  as  the 
leaves  of  plants. 

:(.  In  loUlojrij,  covered  with  very  fine,  recumbent, 
short  hairs.  Brunilr. 
PUII'LIC,  a.  [ Ij.  7»?zft/t>i/t,  from  the  root  tif  popufuti, 
people;  that  i»,  pfoplr.-liUe  ;  Sp,  publico  ;  It.  pubblico  t 
Vt.  publu/ur  ;  \V,  pobyl,  people ;  pob,  pawb,  each, 
every,  every  body.] 

I.  Pertaining  to  n  nation,  state,  or  community  ; 
cxtrmiling  tf)  a  whole  people  ;  as,  a  public  law,  which 
biiidH  the  p<;ople  of  n  nation  or  statfr,  as  <ippoHed  to 
a  pnriUe  statute  or  resolve,  which  respects  an  indi- 
vidual or  a  corporation  only.    Thus  wo  i)ay,pubhc. 


PUB 

welfare,  public  good,  public  calamity,  public  service, 
public  property. 

2.  Common  to  many  ;  current  or  circulated  among 
people  of  all 'Classes;  general;  as,  public  report; 
public  scandal. 

3.  Open  to  all ;  notorious. 

Joseph,  her  husband,  bfiii^  a  jtisl  man,  and  not  willing  to  make 
her  a  public  example,  was  niiiiUcd  lo  put  lier  away  privily. 
—  Matt.  L 

4.  Regarding  the  community  ;  directed  to  the  in- 
terest of  a  nation,  state,  or  community ;  as,  public 
spirit;  public  mindedness  ;  opposed  to  Private  or 
Selfish.  South. 

5.  Open  for  general  entertainment;  as,  a  public 
house. 

6.  Open  to  common  use  ;  as,  a  public  road. 

7.  In  ircneral,  public  expresses  something  common 
to  mankind  at  large,  to  a  nation,  state,  city, or  town, 
and  is  opposed  to  Private,  which  denotes  what  be- 
longs to  an  individual,  to  a  family,  to  a  company, 
or  corporation. 

Public  law,  is  often  synonymous  with  the  law  of 
nations. 

PUB'LI€,  71.    The  general  body  of  mankind,  or  of  a 
nation,  state,  or  community  ;  the  people,  indefinitely. 

The  public  is  more  disposed  to  censure  than  lo  jjraise.  AiLlison. 

In  this  passage,  public  is  followed  by  a  verb  in  the 
singular  number;  but  being  a  noun  of  multitude,  it 
is  more  generally  followed  by  a  plural  verb ;  the  pub- 
lic are. 

In  public,  in  open  view  ;  before  the  people  at  large  ; 
not  in  private  or  secrecy. 


In  private  grieve,  hut  with  a  careless  scorn, 
2n  public  seem  lo  triumph,  not  to  mourn. 


Granville. 


PUB'LI-CAN,  n.    [L.  publicanu.i,  from  puTilicu.'i.] 

1.  A  collector  of  toll  or  tribute.  Among  the  Bo- 
mans,  a  publican  was  a  farmer  of  the  taxes  and  pub- 
lic revenues,  and  the  inferior  oflicers  of  this  cKass 
were  deemed  oppressive. 

As  Jesus  sat  at  meal  in  the  house,  bcliold,  many  publicanB  and 
sitniers  came  and  sat  down  with  him  and  his  disciples.  — 
Matt.  ix. 

9.  The  keeper  of  an  inn  or  public-house.  In  Eng- 
land, one  licensed  to  retail  beer,  spirits,  or  wine. 

JilcCulloch. 

PUB-LI-Ca'TION,  71.  [L.  publicatio,  from  publico, 
from  publicus.] 

1.  The  act  of  publishing  or  offering  to  public  no- 
tice ;  notificatiim  to  a  people  at  large,  either  by  words, 
writing,  or  printing  ;  proclam.ation  ;  divulgation  ; 
promulgation  ;  as,  the  publication  of  the  law  .at  Mount 
yinai ;  the  publication  of  the  gospel ;  the  publication 
of  statutes  or  edicts. 

9.  Tlie  act  of  olfering  a  book  or  writing  to  the 
public  by  sale  or  by  gratuitous  distribution.  The 
autlior  consented  to  the  publication  of  his  manu- 
scripts. 

3.  A  work  printed  and  published  ;  any  pamphlet  or 
book  olfered  for  sale  or  to  public  notice ;  as,  a  new 
publication  ;  a  monthly  publication. 

PUB'Lie-HEART'ED,  (  hart'ed,)  a.  Public-spirited. 
\J\rot  uscd.'\  Clarendon. 

PUK'Lie-HOUSE,  71.  An  ordinary  inn  or  house  of 
entertainment.  Booth. 

PUB'LI-CIST,  77.  A  writer  on  the  laws  of  nature 
and  nations  ;  one  who  treats  of  the  rights  of  Aitions. 

Kent.    Du  Ponceau. 

PUB-LIC'l-TY,  (-lis'e-ty,)  ti.    [Fr.  puhUcit6.'\ 

The  stateof  being  public  or  ojien  to  the  knowledge 
of  a  community  ;  notoriety. 

PUIi'LlG-LY,  oJ(j.  Openly;  with  exposure  to  popu- 
lar view  or  notice  ;  without  concealment  ;  as,  proji- 
erty  publicly  offered  for  sale  ;  an  opinion  publicly 
avowed  ;  a  declaration  publicly  made. 

2.  In  the  name  of  the  couinninity.  A  reward  is 
publicly  offered  for  the  discovery  of  the  longitude,  or 
for  finding  a  north-western  passage  to  Asia. 

PlJIi'Lie-Mr.ND'EI),  a.  Disposed  to  promote  the 
public  interest.    [Little  iised.] 

PUB'LI€-iMTND'El)-NESH,  71.  A  disposition  to  pro- 
mote the  public  weal  or  advantage.    [Little  used.] 

South. 

PUBXIC-NESSS,  n.  The  st.ate  of  being  public,  or 
open  to  the  view  or  notice  of  peojile  at  large  ;  iiub- 
licity  ;  as,  the  publicness  of  a  sale. 

2.  State  of  belonging  to  the  community  ;  as,  the 
publicnr^a  of  proi>erty.  Boyle. 

PUU'LIC  OR'A-TOR,  n.  In  the  English  nniver-iities, 
an  oflicer  who  is  the  voice  of  the  university  on -all 
public  occasions,  who  writes,  re.ads,  and  records,  all 
letters  of  a  public  nature,  and  presents  with  an  ap- 
propriate address  those  on  whom  honorary  degrees 
arc  ciinfirmed.  Camb.  Cal.  Otf.  Guide. 

PUB'LIC-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Having  or  exercising  a 
disposition  to  advance  the  interest  of  the  commu- 
nity ;  disposed  to  make  private  sacrifices  for  the 
public  good  ;  as,  public-spirited  num.  Drydcn. 

2.  Dictated  by  a  rt'gard  lo  public  good  ;  as,  a  jmblie- 
miritcd  project  or  measure.  Mdtson. 

Pl/lt'I,It;-.^PIU'IT-i:i)-I,Y,n,/i).    With  public  spirit. 

PUll'MC-.'^PIK'IT-EI)-Ni:s.S,  71.  A  disposili.m  to 
advance  the  public  good,  or  a  willingness  lo  make 


PUD 

.  sacrifices  of  private  interest  to  promote  the  common 
weal.  triiitlock. 

PUC'LISH,  V.  t.  [Fr.publier;  Sp.  publicar ;  It.  pub- 
blicare  i  Ij.  publico.    See  Public.] 

1.  To  make  known  to  mankind  or  to  people  in 
general  what  before  was  private  or  unknown  ;  to 
divulge,  as  a  private  transaction;  lo  promulgate  or 
proclaim,  as  a  law  or  edict.  VV«  publish  a  secret  by 
telling  it  to  people  without  reserve  Laws  are  pub- 
IL-ihcd  by  printing  or  by  proclamation.  Christ  and  his 
apostles  published  the  glad  tidings  of  salvation. 

Til'  unwearied  sun,  from  day  to  day, 
Does  his  Oealor's  power  display, 
AitiX  publishes  to  every  land 

The  work  of  an  aliniff'lily  hand.  SjifCl^U)! 

2.  To  send  a  book  into  the  world  ;  or  to  sell  or  of- 
fer for  sale  a  book,  ma]),  or  print. 

3.  To  utter;  to  put  olf  or  into  circulation  ;  as,  to 
publish  a  forged  or  counterfeit  paper. 

Laws  of  Mass,  and  Conn. 

4.  To  make  known  by  posting,  or  by  reading  in  a 
church  ;  as,  to  publish  banns  of  matrimony.  We 
say  also,  the  persons  intending  marriage  are  pub- 
lished: that  is,  their  intention  of  marriage  is  published. 

PUB'LISH-£D,  (-lisht,)  or  a.  Made  known  to  the 
community  ;  divulgeti  ;  promulgated  ;  pioclaimeil. 

PUB'LISH-ER,  71.  One  w  ho  makes  known  what  was 
before  private  or  unknown  ;  one  that  divulges,  pro- 
mulgates, or  proclaims.  Mcrbury. 

2.  One  who  sends  a  book  or  writing  into  thewoild 
for  common  use  ;  one  that  offers  a  book,  pamphlet, 
&c.,  for  sale. 

3.  One  who  utters,  passes,  or  puts  into  circulation 
a  counterfeit  paper. 

PUB'LISH-ING,  ppr.ora.  Making  known;  divulg- 
ing ;  promulgating  ;  proclaiming  ;  selling  or  offering 
publicly  for  sale  ;  uttering. 

PUB'LISH-ME.NT,  71,  In  popular  usage  in  JVfio  £115-- 
land,  a  notice  of  intended  marriage. 

PUC-eOON',  71.  A  plant ;  a  red  vegetable  pigment 
used  by  the  North  American  Indians,  and  also  the 
plant  from  which  it  is  obtained,  generally  considered 
to  be  Sangiiinaria  or  blood-root.  P.  Cye. 

POCE,  a.    Of  a  dark  brown  or  brownish  purple  color. 

an. 

PO'CEL-AGE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  state  of  virginity.  [Little 
used.]  Hobinson. 

PU'CE-RON,  71.    [Fr.,  from  puce,  a  flea.] 

The  French  name  of  a  tribe  of  small  insects  which 
are  found  in  great  numbers  on  tlie  bark  and  leaves  of 
plants,  and  live  by  sucking  the  sap;  the  Aphis,  vine- 
fretter,  or  jilant-louse.  Partington. 

PUCK,  71.  [Ice.  and  Sw.  pit/.c,  a  demon  ;  Scot,  pud:.] 
In  the  mythology  of  the  middle  ages,  a  celebrated 
fairy,  "the  merry  wanderer  of  the  night,"  whose 
character  and  attributes  are  depicted  in  the  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream  of  Shakspcare  ;  also  called  RoiiiN 
Good-fellow  and  Friar  Rush.  Brande. 

PUCK'-BALL,  )  71.    [from  puck.]    A  kind  of  iniish- 

PUCK'-Fit5T,   i      room  full  of  dust.  Diet. 

PUCK'ER,  v.  t.  [Sp.  bnche,  a  purse,  ruiiiple,  or  jiiick- 
er  ;  bucle,  n  buckle;  buebar,  la  hide.  i?wcAc  signifies 
also  a  crop  or  craw,  and  the  breast ;  hence,  perhaps, 
Ij.  pectus  ;' Port,  bucho,  li)e  crop,  the  stomach.  Qu. 
Ir.  Jighim,  to  weave  ;  G.fach.  In  Gv.  vvKa  signifies 
closely,  densely  ;  irvKuSio,  to  cover.  Class  I!g.  The 
primary  sense  is  probably,  to  draw,  to  wrinkle.] 

To  gather  into  small  folds  or  wrinkles  ;  to  contract 
into  ridges  and  furrows  ;  to  corrugate. 

Ills  I'acc  pale  and  withered,  and  liis  sldn  puckered  In  wrinkles. 

Spectator. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  vp ;  as,  to  pucker  up  cloth  ; 
but  up  is  superfluous.  It  is  a  popular  word,  but  not 
elegant. 

PIJCK'Klt,  71.  A  fold  or  wrinkle,  or  a  collection  of 
folds. 

Pir('K'i:R-KD,;7>.  or<7.    Gntliered  in  folds ;  wrinkled. 
PUCK'Eli-ING,  ppr.  Wrinkling. 
PIJD'DKK  71.    [This  is  supposed  to  be  the  same  as 
Pother.] 

A  tumult;  a  confujed  noise  ;  a  bustle,  [yulgar.] 
Shak.  Locke. 

PUD'DER,?'.  i.   To  make  a  tumult  or  bustle.  Locke. 
PUD'DER,  r.  (.    To  perplex  ;  to  embarrasis ;  to  con 

fuse  ;  vulgarlj',  to  bother.  Locke. 
PITD'DER-/;!),        Perplexed  ;  bothered. 
rnn'Dr.U-l.N'G,  ;v)r.    Perplexing;  confusing. 
PyD'DING,  71.    [W.  ;m/c;i,  what  bulges  out,  a  paunch, 

a  pudding;  Fr.  boudin,  a  pudding,  from  bonder,  Ui 

pout;  Ir.boideal;  G.  and  Dim.  pudding  ;  tiw.  puding. 

Class  Bd.] 

1.  i\  species  of  food  of  a  soft  or  moderately  bard 
consisti  lice,  variously  made,  but  usually  a  compound 
of  flour,  or  meal  of  maize,  with  miik  and  eggs, 
sometimes  enriched  with  raisins,  and  called  Plum- 
runni  no. 

2.  An  intestine.  Shuk. 

3.  An  intestine  stufl'ed  with  meat,  &c.,now  called 
n  .Sai'saok. 

4.  Proverbially,  food  or  victuals. 

Kat  your  puiltliug,  ilavr,  nnd  hold  your  long^ne.  Prior. 

PIJD'DING,  j  n.  In  settmcn\i  language,  a  thick 
pjjD'I)/;N-li\(i,  j     wreath  or  circle  of  cordage,  ta- 


FATE,  FXn,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  B<?pK — 


PUF 

periiig  from  llie  midille  toward  tile  ends,  and  fasti'iied 
about  the  rn:i-;t  liclow  the  trusses,  to  |ireveiit  the 
yards  Crwri  falling;  down  wlien  tlie  roiu-'s  sustaining 
them  are  >ihot  away. 

Also,  a  ([uantity  of  yarns,  maltins,  or  oakum,  i:sed 
to  iirevent  chalin!;.  It.  If.  Dana,  Jr. 

PljD'DING-GllXSS,  n.    A  plant  of  the  fienus  Mentha. 

Fam.  qf  Pttiidg. 

I'l'D'DIN'O-CRoSS,  n.    A  plant,   ftu.  Juhnson. 
PijU'L)li\U-l'IU,  (  pi,)  >i.    A  pudding  with  meat 

'i)ak('d  in  it.  llmiibras. 
PlJU'UlNG-I'IIMVrUEE,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

Cassia.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

riJU'DIXG-J^LEEVE,  n.   A  sleeve  of  tlie  full  dress 

clerical  gown.  Swift. 
PIJD'Dl.N'G-STCNE,  n.     Conglomerate  ;    a  coarse 

sandstone,  composed  of  silicious  pclibles,  Hint,  &c., 

nniti'd  bv  a  cement.  Cleuvcland. 
PljL)'Dh\G-TIME,  n.    The  lime  of  dinner,  pudding 

being  formerly  the  first  dish  set  on  the  table,  or 

rather  first  eaten  ;  a  practice  not  yet  obsolete  among 

the  common  people  of  New  England. 
2.  The  nick  of  time  ;  critical  time.  lludibras. 
PUD'DLE,  71.    [Ir.  hoiilhlia:  G.  iifiif.e.] 

1.  A  small  stand  of  dirty  wati  r  ;  a  muddy  plash. 

Drtfilen.  J3ililisun 

2.  A  mixture  of  clay  and  sand,  worked  together 
until  they  are  impervious  lo  water.  Buchanan. 

PUD'DLE,  V.  t.  To  make  foul  or  muddy  ;  to  pollute 
with  dirt ;  to  mix  dirt  and  water.    Shak.  DnjJeiu 

2.  To  make  thick  or  close  with  clay,  so  as  to  ren- 
der impervious  to  water. 

3.  To  convert  cast  iron  into  wrought  iron,  by  the 
process  called  ymlillmg.  Ure. 

Pl'D'DLE,  I',  i.    To  make  a  dirty  stir.  Junius. 

PUU'DL£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  m'liddy  or  foul ;  made 
thick  or  close  with  clay ;  converted  into  wrought 
iron  by  puddling. 

PUn'DI.ICK,  71.  One  who  converts  cast  iron  into 
wrought  iron  by  the  process  culled  puddling,  which 
see.  I//:hrrt. 

PUD'DLIXG,  ppr.  Making  muddy  or  dirty;  making 
thick  or  close  with  cla\'  ;  coiu'erlirig  into  wrought 
iron  by  the  process  called  puddling.     [See  Pud- 

DLINC,  71.1 

PUU'DLING,  71.  The  act  of  rendering  impervious  to 
water  by  means  of  ciny,  as  a  canal.  Gwilt. 

2.  The  process  of  converting  cast  iron  into 
wrought  or  malleable  iron,  by  subjecting  it  to  the 
continued  action  of  intense  heat  in  a  reverbcratory 
furnace,  until  it  becomes  so  thick  and  tenacious  as 
to  slick  together  and  form  into  lumps.    •  IlrbcH. 

PUD'DLY,  a.    Muddy  ;  foul ;  dirty.  Carew. 

PLJD'ROCK,  j  71.    [for  paiiduck  or  parrock,  park.]  A 

PUR'ROCK,  i  small  inclosure.  {Pruiiiucial  in  Eng- 
land.] 

PU'DEN-CY,  n.    [L.  jiudens,  pudeo,  lo  blush  or  be 

ashamed  ;  Ar.  i\xE  abada,  to  worship,  to  prostrate 

one's  self,  to  cast  down,  to  subdue,  to  be  ashamed, 
or  Ch.  nn3,  to  blush.  Clu.  Ileb.  S'la,  in  a  different 
dialect.  The  first  is  the  more  probable  affinity. 
Class  nd.  No.  II,  2f>.] 

Modesty  ;  shamefacedness.  Shak. 
PU-DFJ^DA,  71.  pi.    [L.]    The  parts  of  generation. 

PO'Oie'-Alj  I  P"*^"-*!  modest.] 

Pertaining  to  the  parts  which  modesty  requires  to 
be  concealed  ;  as,  the  piirfi'c  artery.  Quijicw. 
PU-DIC'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  piidiciti! ;  L.  piidicitia.] 

Modesty  j  chastity.  Howell. 
Pf'E'-FEL-I,0\V.    See  Pew-Fellow. 
Pu'ER-I  LE,  (-il,)  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  pucrilis,  from  puer, 
a  boy.] 

Boyish  ,  childish  ;  trifling ;  as,  n  puerile  amuse- 
ment. Pope. 
Pu'ER-II.E-LY,  adv.    Boyishly  ;  triflinglv. 
PU  ER  IL't-TY,     (71.    [Fr.  pucrilile :  h.  pumlitas, 
PO'ER-ILE-NESS,  (     from  puer,  a  boy.] 

1.  Childishness  ;  boyishness  ;  the  ni.inncrs  or  ac- 
tions of  a  boy  ;  that  which  is  trifling. 

Broton.  Driiden 

2.  In  ithcourse,  n  thought  or  expression  which  is 
fiat,  insipid,  or  childi!4l.  Encyc. 

PU-ER'Pli-RAL,  a.  [L.  puerpera,  a  lying-in  woman  ; 
puer,  a  boy,  and  parin,  to  bear.] 

Pertaining  to  childbirth  ;  a«,  a  puerperal  fever. 
PU-ER'PE-ROUS,  a.    [L.  piirr/ic-uj,-,  supra.] 

Bearing  children  ;  lying  in. 
PO'ET.   See  Pewet. 

PUFF,  71.  [D  pof;  G.  pnff,  a  putt,  a  Ihump  ;  pufftn,  to 
cuff,  to  tlininp,  to  buffrl ;  Dan.  puff,  a  piilf,  blast, 
bulfet  J  puffer,  to  crack  ;  \V.  ptrf  and  pif.  This  is 
only  a  dialectical  variation  of  huff,  buffi t;  It.  buffo, 
buffa,  buffctto,  beffa,  whence  buffoon  ;  Sp.  bufnr,  to 
puff.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  drive,  lo  thrust,  hence 
to  swell.   (See  Buffet  and  Buf  foon.)    The  Dutch 

O  3 

orthography  ii  precisely  the  Pcrs.  {_xj  pof,  a  puff.] 

1.  A  sudden  and  single  emission  of  breath  from 
the  mouth  ;  a  quick,  forcible  blast ;  a  whiir.  Philips. 


PUG 

2.  A  sudden  and  short  blast  of  wind.  Itahgh. 
.X  A  fungous  ball  filled  with  dust ;  a  piiir  ball. 
•1.  .\iiy   tiling   light  and   porous,   or  somelhlng 
swelled  and  light ;  as,  puJ/'-paste.  'J'allcr. 

5.  A  substance  ot"  loose  texture,  used  to  sprinkle 
powder  on  the  hair.  AinswortU. 

6.  A  tumid  or  exaggerated  commendation. 

Cibbrr. 

PUFF,  r.  i.  [G.  puffcn,  to  pulT,  to  thump,  to  bullet; 
tJcrpi/JT*''!,  to  detoiH/.e  ;  D.  poffcn;  VV.  pijiaw,  picftaic, 
to  puff;  Fr.  AouJ/ir,  to  pud',  to  swell.    See  the  noun. 1 

1.  To  drive  air  from  the  mouth  in  a  single  unii 
quick  b'ast.  SAak. 

2.  'I'o  swell  the  checks  with  air. 

3.  To  blow,  as  an  e-xpression  of  scorn  or  contemjit. 
ll  is  rt-iUly  to  (Ii'fy  Heaven  lopuffni  iI;imiiation.  SotilJ). 

4.  To  breathe  with  vehemence,  as  after  violent 
exertion. 

The  aas  comes  Ijack  nf^ain,  puffmg  and  blowing  from  the  chnse. 

L'  EnLran^e. 

,").  To  do  or  move  with  hurry,  agitation,  and  a 
tumid,  bustling  appearance. 

Then  cinic  linivc  glory  puffing  by.  Herbert. 
6.  To  swell  with  air  ;  to  dilate  or  inflate.  Boijtc. 
PUFF,  V.  t.    To  drive  with  a  blast  of  wind  or  air  ;  .is, 
th(r  north  wind  pnffi  away  the  clouds.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  swell ;  to  inflate;  to  dilate  with  air;  as,  a 
bladder  puffed  with  uir. 

Tlie  sea  puffed  up  with  winds.  Sltnk. 

3.  To  swell ;  to  inflate  ;  to  blow  up  ;  as,  puffed  up 
with  pride,  vanity,  or  conceit ;  to  pujfuyi  willi  praise 
or  tlallery.  Dcnham.  Bacon. 

4.  To  drive  with  a  blast  in  scorn  or  contempt. 

I  puff  Uie  prostitute  away.  Dryden. 

5.  To  praise  with  exaggeration  ;  as,  to  puff  a 
pamphlet. 

PUFF'-HAIjL,  71.     A  fungus  or  mushroom  full  of 

dust,  of  the  genus  Lyeoperdan.  Let. 
PUl'F'/'^D,  (|iuft,)  pp.    Driven  out  suddenly,  as  air  or 

breath;  blown  up;  swelled  with  air;  inflated  with 

vanity  or  pride;  praised. 
PUFF'ER,  n.    One  that  puffs;  one  that  praises  with 

noisy  coiiimendation. 
PUFF'I.V,  71.    A  bird  of  the  genus  AIca,  (I.inn.,)  or 

auk  kind,  found  principally  in  the  nortliern  seas. 

The  name  puffin  is  also  given  to  certain  birds  of  the 

petrel  family.  P.  Ojc. 

2.  A  kind  of  fish.  Ainswortlt. 

3.  A  kind  of  fungus  with  dust ;  a  fuz/.ball. 
PUFF'IN-AP-PLE,  (-ap-pl,)  7i.    A  sort  of  apple  so 

called.  Minsworth. 

PUFF'I  NESS,  71.   State  or  quality  of  being  turgid. 

PUFF'ING,  jrpr.  Driving  out  the  breath  with  a  single, 
sudden  blast;  blowing  up  ;  inflating;  praising  pom- 
pously. 

PUl'F'iNG,  71.    A  vehement  breathing. 

2.  Exaggerated  praise.  Burke. 
PUFF'ING-LY,  aJp.    Tumidly;  with  swell. 

2.  With  vehement  breathing  or  shortness  of 
breath. 

PUFF'Y,  a.  Swelled  with  air  or  any  soft  matter; 
tumid  with  a  soft  substance  ;  as,  a  puffy  tumor. 

fViscman. 

2.  Tumid  ;  turgid  ;  bombastic  ;  as,  a  puffy  style. 

Dryden. 

PUG,  «.  [Sax.  piga,  Sw.  piga,  a  little  girl ;  Uan. 
pige;  W.  bac,  by^an  ;  Sp.  poco  or  petpteho,  little  ;  Ir. 
beag,  from  the  root  of  pig,  that  is,  a  shoot,  as  we  use 
imp.    See  Beagle.] 

The  name  given  to  a  little  animal  treated  with 
familiarity,  as  a  monkey,  a  little  dog,  &c. 

Spectator. 

PUG,  a.  liike  the  monkey ;  belonging  to  a  particular 
kind  of  dog. 

PUG'-DOG,  71.  A  small  dog,  with  a  face  and  nose 
like  that  of  a  monkey.  Smart. 

PUG'-FaC-£D,  (-fist,)  a.  Monkey-faced. 

PUG'GER-£D,  for  Pl'ckered,  is  not  in  use.  More. 

PUG'GING,  71.  In  architecture,  the  stuff  made  of  plas- 
ter laid  between  the  joists  under  the  boards  of  a 
floor,  to  deaden  the  sound.  Brande. 

PUG'GING,  0.    A  cant  word  for  thieving.  [Oi>.<.] 

Shak. 

PUG'-NOSE,  n.  A  short  and  thick  nose ;  a  snub  no.se. 

Smart. 

PUGH,  (poo,)  exdam.  A  word  used  in  contempt  or 
disdain. 

P0'6IL,  n.  [It.  pugilto,  a  handful;  Fr.  pugllc;  L. 
pu^illum,  from  the  n«it  of  pugnus,  the  fist ;  probablv 
coinciding  with  the  Greek  hvkvou,  to  make  thick, 
that  is,  to  close  or  press.] 

.\s  much  as  is  taken  up  between  the  thumb  and 
two  first  fingers.  Bacon. 

PO'GIL-IS.M,  71.    [L.  and  Sp.  pugU,  a  champion  or 
prize-fighter,  from  the  Gr.  irnitrr/!,  id.;  rrvypri,  the 
fist;  JTi'f,  with  the  fist;  ttvki'oio,  to  close  tir  make 
fast ;  allied,  probably,  to  pack,  L.  pango.    Class  Bg.] 
The  practice  of  boxing  or  fighting  with  the  fist. 

PP'GIL-IST,  71.  A  bo.xer;  one  who  fights  with  his 
fisls. 

PU  GIL-IST'ie,  0.  Pertaining  to  boxing  or  fighting 
with  the  fist. 


PUL 

PUG-NS't.'IOUS,  (-slius,)  a.    [L.  pugnaz,  from  pugna, 
a  fight;  from  pugnu.t,  the  fisl.    See  Peon,.] 

Dispo.sed  til  fight ;  inclineil  to  fighting  ;  quarrel- 
some ;  fighting.  Mure. 

PU(i-N.^'CIOUS-I,Y,  adv.    In  a  pugnacious  manner. 

PUG-N-AC'I-TY,  (-nas'e-te,)  71.    Inclination  to  fight ; 
qiiarri'l.someness.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

PUO'J\,"/S  KT  CAL'CI-BUS,  [L.]    With  fists  and 
heels  ;  with  all  the  might. 

POIS'.NE,  (pa'ny,)  a.    [Ft. puis,  since,  afterward,  and 
ni!,  born.] 

1.  In  law,  younger  or  inferior  in  rank  ;  a.<<,  a  chief 
justice  and  three  puL>-/ie  justices  of  the  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas  ;  the  puinne  barons  of  the  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer. Btackstone. 

2.  Later  in  dale.    [JVot  used.]  Hale. 
PO'lS-SANCE,  H.    [Fr.,  from  pouvoir,  to  be  able ;  L. 

posse,  possum,  potes,  potest,  Sp.  poder,  power,  II. 
jtodere.] 

Power  ;  strt'ngth  ;  might ;  force.  Milton.  Shak. 
PO'IS-SANT,  a.    Powerful ;  strong  ;  mighty  ;  forci- 
ble ;  as,  a  puissant  prince  or  empire. 

Milton.  Ralegh. 
PO'IS-S.\NT-LY,a(/r.  Powerfully;  with  great  strength. 
PUlvE,  r.  i.     [Hell.  pD,  to  evacuate,  to  empty,  L. 
racuo  !  or  Vpi,  to  liuist  forth  ;  Ch.  id.,  and  ypD.  Uu. 
W.  cyiH'gi,  to  vomit ;  cy  is  a  prefix.    Spew  is  probably 
from  the  same  source  ;  L.  spuo,  for  spueo,  with  a 
prefix.   The  radical  sense  is,  to  throw  or  drive.] 
To  vomit ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach.  Sliak. 
POKE,  71.    A  vomit;  a  medicine  which  excites  vom- 
iting. 

POKE,  a.    Of  a  color  between  black  and  russet ;  now 

called  Pt  cE.  Shak. 
POK'AI),  (pukt,)  pp.  Vomited. 

POK'ER,  II.    One  that  vomits ;  a  medicine  causing 

vomiting. 
POK'ING,  ppr.  Vomiting. 
Pl'K'I.VG,  n.    The  act  of  vomiting. 
PUL'CIIRI-TUUE,  71,    [L.  pulcArituJo,  from  puUhcr, 

beaiitifiil.] 

1.  Beaiily ;  handsomeness;  grace;  comeliness; 
that  quality  of  form  which  pleases  the  eye. 

Brotrn.  More. 

2.  Moral  beauty  ;  those  qualities  of  the  mind 
_yvhicli  good  men  love  and  approve.  SoutJi. 

PVljE,  I',  i.    [Fr.  piuuler.   This  word  belongs  probably 
to  the  root  of  bawl,  bellow,  L.  pello.] 

1.  To  cry  like  a  chicken.  Bacon. 

2.  To  whine;  to  cry  as  a  complaining  child;  to 
whimper. 

To  apeak  pttling  like  a  lieggar  at  h.iliin.ass.  Shak. 
Pu'I-ie,  71.    A  plant.  Jiinsworth. 
PO'l'-c')! j's  j       t'^"  J'"'"^"*'"''!  from  pulex,  a  flea.] 
Abounding  with  fleas.    [J^"ot -used.]  Diet. 
POL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Crying  like  a  chicken  ;  whin- 
ing. 

PuL'ING,  71.    A  cry  as  of  a  chicken  ;  a  whining. 

Bacon. 

Pl'L'ING-LY,  atlv.    With  whining  or  complaint. 
PU'I,l-OL,  71.    A  plant.  Ainsworth. 
PULK'M.A,  71.      A   Laplander's  traveling  sletl  or 
sleigh. 

PUT,L,  !•.  t.    [Sax.  pnllian ;  L.  vello.  Uu.  Eth.  RA/fv 
balcaeh.    Cbi.ss  111,  No.  7.)  ii^ii  1 1 

1.  To  draw;  to  draw  toward  one,  or  make  an  ef- 
fort to  draw,  i'u// diflfers  from  draw;  we  use  draw 
when  motion  follows  the  etTurt,  and  pull  is  used  in 
tlie  same  sense  ;  but  we  may  also  pull  forever  with- 
out drawing  or  moving  the  thing.  This  distinction 
may  not  be  universal.    Pull  is  opposed  to  piuA. 

Tli<  n  he  put  forth  his  ban<l  and  look  Iier  au<l  pulled  her  in  to  liim 

into  lite  ark.  —  tirii.  viii. 

2.  To  pluck  ;  to  g.itber  by  drawing  or  forcing  off  or 
out  ;  as,  to  pull  fniil  ;  to  pull  flax. 

3.  To  tear  ;  to  rend  ;  but  in  this  sense  followed  by 
some ipialifying  wortl  or  phrase  ;  as,  lo  pull  in  pieces: 
to  pull  asunder  or  apart.  To  pull  in  ttco,  is  U»  .sep.i- 
rate,  or  tear  by  violence  into  two  parts. 

'J'o  pull  doirn  ;  to  demolish  or  take  in  pieces  by 
separating  the  parts;  .i.s,  to  pii/1  down  a  himse. 

2.  To  deiuoli.'.li  ;  tu  subvert  ;  to  destroy. 

In  political  »ll'.iir&,as  well  as  niech.mis.tl,  it  is  e.uier  U>  pull  dam 
than  to  UiiUl  up,  Howetl. 

3.  To  bring  down  ;  to  degrade  ;  to  humble. 

To  rabe  the  wn-tclied  and  pull  doien  the  pnjud.  Roacommon, 
To  pull  off:  to  separate  by  pulling ;  to  pluck  ; 

also,  to  take  off  without  force  ;  as,  tu  pull  off  a  coat 

or  hat. 

To  pull  out :  to  draw  out ;  to  extract. 

To  pull  up:  1(1  pluck  up  i  lo  tear  up  by  the  roots; 
hence,  Iti  extirpate  ;  to  enidicate  ;  to  destroy. 
PIJLL,  V.  i.    To  give  a  pull ;  to  tug;  a.s,  to  piiZZ  at  a 
rope. 

To  pull  apart ;  to  separate  by  pulling  ;  as,  a  rope 
will  pull  apart. 
PjiLL,  71.    'I'he  act  of  pulling  or  drawing  with  force; 
an  effort  to  move  by  drawing  toward  one.  Steift. 

2.  A  contest ;  a  struggle.  Carrrn. 

3.  Pluck  ;  violence  suffered.  Shak. 
PJJLL'B ACK,  n.    That  which  keeps  back,  or  restrains 

from  proceeding. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN'«:F,R,  VI"UI0US  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PUL 

POLL'ED,  yp.    Drawn  toward  one  ;  plucked. 

PilLL'EN,  H.  [Fr.  puule,  a  lien,  L.  iiullus.  See  Pul- 
let and  FoiL.]  • 

Ponltrw    [.Yot  used.]  Bailey. 

PULL'ER;  71.    One  tliat  pulls.  S/iali. 

PIJLL'ET,  n.  \Fi.  poulct,  dim.  from  povle,  a  hen  ;  It. 
pallo  :  L.  puUus  :  Gr.  itcjAds  j  coincidi;ig  with  the 
Eng.  fuat.] 

A  young  hen  or  female  of  the  domestic  fowl. 

JViseman. 

PJ,'LL'EY,  It. ;  pi.  Pullets.  [Fr.  pouUe  ;  Sp.  poUa;  L. 
polus ;  Gr.  ttjAo?,  from  rjAtij,  to  turn.] 

A  small  wheel  turning  on  a  pin  in  a  block,  with 
a  furrow  or  groove  in  which  runs  the  rope  that 
turns  it. 

The  pulley  is  one  of  the  mechanical  powers,  much 

used  for  raising  wtiKlits. 
PUL'LI-eAT,  n.    A  kind  of  silk  handkerchief. 
PUhL'ING,  y^r.  Drawing;  making  an  etibrt  to  draw  ; 

plucking. 

PUL'LU-LaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  pulUlo,  from  pullus,  a 
slloot.] 

To  germinate  ;  to  bud.  Oranrrrr. 
PUL-LU-LA'TION,  n.    A  germinating  or  budding; 

the  first  shooting  of  a  bud.  More. 
PUL'MO-NA-RY,  a.      [L.  pulmonarius,  from  pulmo, 

the  lungs,  from  pcUo,  pulsus,  pulso,  to  drive  or 

beat.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lungs  ;  affecting  the  lungs  ;  as,  a 
pulmonary  disease  or  consumption  ;  the  pulmonary 
arterv. 

PUL'MO-NA-RY,  n.    [h.  pulmonaria.] 

A  plant,  lungwort.  .^insworth. 
PUL'MO-NI-BRAiNeH'I-ATE,  a.    [L.  pulmo  and  Gr. 

Having  the  branchiie  formed  for  breathing  air,  as 
moUusks  of  the  genera  Limnea  and  Planorbis. 

Cuvicr. 

PUL-JION'ie,  a.  [Fr.  pulmonique,  from  L.  pulmo,  the 
lungs.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lungs ;  affecting  the  lungs  ;  as,  a 
pulmonic  disease  ;  pulmonic  consumption. 
PUL-MON'ie,  Ji.     A  medicine  for  diseases  of  the 
lungs. 

a.  One  affected  by  a  disease  of  the  lungs. 

Miuthnot. 

PULP,  71.  [Fr.  pulpe  ;  L.  pulpa.  This  is  probably  al- 
lied to  h.  puis,  puhnrntum,  Gr.  jToXrui,  from  softness. 
Clii.  from  puL-us,  beaten.] 

1.  A  soft  mass  ;  in  general. 

2.  The  soft  substance  within  a  bone  ;  marrow. 

Bacon. 

X  The  soft,  succulent  part  of  fruit ;  as,  the  pulp 
of  an  orange. 
4.  The  aril  or  exterior  covering  of  a  coffee-berry. 

Edwards,  fVcst  Indies. 
PULP,  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  the  pulp  or  integument,  as 
the  coffee-berry. 

The  othpr  mode  is  to  pulp  the  coffee  immetliately  as  it  conies  from 
(lie  trw.  By  a  suuple  macliiiie  a  man  will  vulv  a  Ijiistu  t  in 
a  minute.  Edwards,  \V.  IruUes. 

PUL-PA-TOON',  71.    Delicate  confectionery  or  cake. 

Toone, 

PI;LP'£D,  (pulpt,)  pp.   Deprived  of  the  pulp. 
PIJLP'I-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  pulpy. 
PIJL'PIT,  71.   I^L.  pulpilum,  a  stage,  scaffold,  or  higher 

part  of  a  stage  ;  It.  and  Sp.  pulpilo  ;  Fr.  pupitre,] 
1.  An  elevated  place,  or  inclosed  stage,  in  a 

church,  in  which  the  preacher  stands.    It  is  called 

also  a  Desk. 

9.  In  tke  Roman  tlirnter,  the  pvlpitum  was  the  front 
part  of  the  staze,  when'  the  actois  perlormcil  their 
parts.  It  was  higher  than  the  orchestra,  and  dirc  elly 
back  of  it.  Smitk's  Diet. 

3.  A  movable  desk,  from  which  disputants  pro- 
nounced their  dissertations,  and  authors  recited  their 
works.  Rncyc. 

PIJ[,'PIT-EL'0  flUENCE,  )  n.   Eloquence  or  or.itory 
PiiL'PlT-OR'A-TO-KY,     j     in  delivering  sermons. 
PijL-PlT'ie-AL-LY,  in  Chcsterjicld,  is  not  an  author- 
ized word. 

PJJL'PIT-Isn,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  the  pulpit,  or 
its  performance.  Chnlmer.i. 

PJJL'I'IT-OK'A-TOR,  71.  An  eloquent  preacher. 

PIILP'OUS,  a.  [frcjni  pulp.]  Consisting  of  pulp,  or 
resembling  it  ;  soft  like  pap.  Philips. 

PULP'OUS-NEtiS,  71.  Softness  ;  the  quality  of  being 
pulpoiig. 

PULP'Y,  a.  Like  pulp;  soft;  fleshy;  succulent;  as, 
the  pulpy  covering  of  a  nut ;  the  pulpy  su^islance  of  a 
peach  or  cherry.  Umj.  .^rbulhnot. 

PUL'CIUB,  (pul'ka,)7i.  [.Sp.]  A  refreshing  drink  with 
Hlightly  intoxicating  qualilicR,  much  used  by  the  Mex- 
icanii,  and  extracted  from  the  maguey,  or  Agave 
Americana.  F.nryc.  Amer, 

PULS'ATE,  v.i.    [L.  puUatus,  pulso,  to  beat,  from  the 
root  of  pello,  to  drive.] 
To  beat  or  throb. 

The  hf-art  of  a  Tiper  or  frojf  will  cnilinue  10  pultate  ]onz  nftrr  U 
is  ukeii  from  the  tx*ily.  Vanitin. 

PULS'A-TILE,  a.    [L.  puhatilu,  from  pul.10,  to  beat.] 
That  U  or  may  be  Htriick  or  beaten  ;  played  by  Ix  Mt- 
Ing  ;  08,  >  puttatUc  iniilniment  of  muHic.    Jl/iu.  Oict. 


PUM 

PUL-SA'TION,  71.    [L.  puhatw,  supra.] 

1.  The  beating  or  throbbing  of  the  iicart  or  of  an 
artery,  in  the  process  of  carrying  on  the  circulation 
of  the  blood.  '  The  blood  being  propelled  by  the  con- 
traction of  the  heart,  causes  the  arteries  to  dilate,  so 
as  to  render  each  dilatation  perceptible  to  the  touch, 
in  certain  parts  of  the  body,  as  in  the  radial  arte- 
ry, &.C. 

2.  A  stroke  by  which  some  medium  is  affected,  as 
in  sounds. 

3.  In  (aw,  any  touching  of  another's  body  willfully 
or  in  anger.    This  constitutes  battery. 

By  llie  Cornelian  law,  pulsation  as  well  as  vcrlaeration  is  pro- 
hibited. Jilackston£. 

PULS'A-TIVE,  a.  Beating  ;  throbbing.  Eneyc. 
PUL-Sa'TOR,  71.  A  beater  ;  a  striker.  Diet. 
PULS'A-TO-RY,  a.  Beating;  throbbing;  as  the  heart 

and  arteries.  Wolton. 
PULSE,  (puis,)  71.    ['L.  pulsus,  from  pello,  to  drive; 

Fr.  pouts.] 

1.  In  animals,  the  beating  or  throbbing  of  the  heart 
and  arteries  ;  77iore  particularly,  the  sudden  dilatation 
of  an  artery,  caused  by  the  projectile  force  of  the 
blood,  which  is  perceptible  to  the  touch.  Hence  we 
s.ay,  to  feel  the  pulse.  The  pulse  is  frequent  or  rare, 
quick  or  slow,  equal  or  unequal,  regular  or  intermit- 
ting, hard  or  sort,  strong  or  weak,  &c.  The  pulses 
of  an  adult,  in  health,  are  little  more  than  one  pulse 
to  a  second  ;  in  certain  fevers,  the  number  is  in- 
creased to  90,  100,  or  even  to  140  in  a  minute. 

2.  The  stroke  with  which  a  medium  is  affected  by 
the  motion  of  light,  sound,  &c. ;  oscillation;  vibra- 
tion. 

Sir  Isaac  Newton  demonstrales  that  the  velocities  of  the  pulses  of 
an  elastic  tlui<l  medium  are  in  a  ratio  cumponiided  oflialf  Die 
ratio  of  the  elastic  force  directly,  aud  half  the  ratio  of  tlie 
density  inversely.  Encyc, 
To  feel  one^s  pulse .'  metaphorieally,  to  sound  one's 
opinion  ;  to  try  or  to  know  one's  mind. 
PULSE,  II.  i.    To  beat,  as  the  arteries.    [Little  used.] 
PULSE,  7-.       [L.  pulso.]  [Ray. 

To  drive,  as  the  pulse.    [Little  used.] 
PULSE,  71.   [Qu.  from  L.  pulsus,  beaten  out,  as  seeds  ; 
or  Heb.  and  Ch.  S^D,  a  bean,  from  n^D,  to  separate.] 
Ijeguminous  plants,  or  their  seeds  ;  the  plants  whose 
pericarp  is  a  legume,  as  beans,  peas,  &c. 

MiUun.  Dryden. 
PULSE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  pulsatitm. 
PUL  SIF'ie,  a.    [  pulse  and  L.  facio,  to  make.] 

Exciting  the  pulse  ;  causing  pulsation.  bmith. 
PUL'SION,  (pul'shun,)  n.    [from  L.  pulsus.] 

The  act  of  driving  forward  ;  in  opposition  to  Suc- 
tion or  Traction.   [Little  used.]    More.  Bcntleu. 
PUL-TA'CEOUS,  (-slius,)   a.    [from  Gr.  niXros',  L. 
puis.    See  Pulp.] 

Macerated  ;  softened  ;  nearly  fluid.  Beddoes. 
PUL'VER-A-BLE,  a.    [frimi  L.  puhis,  dust,  probably 
from  pf  ((o,  pu(so,  or  its  root,  that  which  is  beaten  fine, 
or  that  which  is  driven.    See  Puwdep.] 

That  may  be  reduced  to  fine  powder ;  capable  of 
being  pulverized.  Boyle. 
PUL'VER-aTE,  j'.  (.  To  beat  or  reduce  to  powder  or 
dust.    [But  PuLVERizK  1.9  generally  used.] 

pul'ver-'n'e,  ! 

PUL'VER-IZ-a'-13LE,  a.    That  may  be  pulverized. 

Barton. 

PUL-VER-I-Za'TION,  71.  [from  |)K/i)fri:e.]  The  act 
of  reducing  to  dust  or  i)ow(ler. 

FUL'VER-IZE,  V.  t.  [It.  polverizzare  ;  Fr.  pulveriser.] 
To  reduce  to  fine  powder,  as  by  beating,  grinding, 
&c.  Friable  substances  may  be  pulverized  by  grind- 
ing or  beating;  but  to  pulverize  malleable  bodies, 
other  nic  lliods  must  be  pursued.  Encye. 

PUL'VEU-lZ-^,'D,  pp.  or  a.    Reduced  to  fine  powder. 

I'UL'VER  IZ-ING,  ppr.    Reducing  to  fine  powder. 

PUIi'VER-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  dust  or  powder; 
like  powder. 

PUL-VER'U-LENCE,  n.   Dustiness;  abundance  of 

dust  or  powder. 
PUL-VER'U-LENT,  a.     Dusty;  consisting  of  fine 

powder  ;  powilery. 
2.  Addicted  to  lying  and  rolling  in  the  dust,  as 

fowls. 

PUL'VIL,  71.    A  sweet-scented  powder.  [Little  used.] 

Oatj. 

PUL'VIL,  7'.  (.  To  sprinkle  with  a  perfumed  powder. 
[JsTol  used.]  Congrcve. 

PUL' VIN-A-TED,  o.    [L.  pulvinar,  a  pillow.] 

In  architecture,  enlarged  or  swelled  in  any  portion 
of  an  oriler,  as  a  frieze.  Brnndc. 

PO'MA,  71.  A  digitigrnde  carnivorous  mammal,  the 
Fidis  concolor,  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  a 
rapacious  qiiailrupi^d  of  the  cat  family. 

PU.M'I-C.^TE,  V.  t.    To  make  smooth  with  pumice. 

PUM'I-€A TEI),  pp.    Smoothed  with  pumice. 

PUM'I-CA-TING,  p/rr.    Making  smooth  with  pumice. 

PU.M'ICE,  71.  [L.  pumet,  supposed  to  be  from  the  root 
of  npuvta,  foam  ;  (J.  bimstein  ;  I).  ;jKii7is(eP7i.  ] 

A  substance  frequently  ejected  from  volcanoes,  of 
various  colors,  gray,  white,  reddish-brown,  or  black  ; 
hard,  rough,  ami  porous  ;  specifically  lighter  than  wa- 
UT,  and  resemliliiig  the  slag  produced  in  nn  iron  fur- 
nace,   it  ajipeais  to  consist  of  parallel  fibers,  owing 


PUN 

to  the  parallelism  and  minuteness  of  the  crowded 
cells.  It  is  sui)posed  to  be  produced  by  the  disen- 
gagement of  gas,  in  which  the  lava  is  in  a  plastic 
state.  Jyricholson.  Buchanan. 

Pumice  is  of  three  kinds :  glassy,  common,  and 
porphyritic.  Ure. 

PUM'ICE-SToNE,  71.   The  same  as  Pumice. 

PU-MI"CEOUS,  (-mish'iis,)  a.  Pertaining  to  pumice ; 
consisting  of  pumice,  or  resembling  it. 

PUM'MACE,  71.  Apples  ground  for  making  cider. 
[See  Pomace.]  Forby. 

PUM'MEL.    See  Pommel. 

PUMP,  71.  [Fr.  pompe,  a  pump  and  pomp  j  D.  pomp  j 
Dan.  pompe  ;  Sp.  boviba,  a  pump  and  a  bomb.  We  see 
pump,  pomp,  and  bomb  are  the  same  word,  differ- 
ently applied  by  dilierent  nations.  The  L.  hambus  is 
of  the  same  family,  as  is  the  Eng.  bombast ;  Ir.  buim- 
pis,  a  pump  ;  W.  picmp,  a  round  mass.  Tlie  primary 
sense  of  the  root  seems  to  be,  to  swell.] 

1.  A  hydraulic  engine  for  raising  water,  or  other 
fluid,  through  a  tube.  The  common  suction  pump 
acts  by  exhausting  the  '"cumbent  air  of  a  tube  or 
pipe,  in  consequence  of  vv.lich  the  water  rises  in  the 
tube  by  means  of  the  pressure  of  the  air  on  the  sur- 
rounding water.  There  is,  however,  a  forcing  pump, 
in  which  the  water  is  raised  in  the  tube  by  a  force 
applied  to  a  lateral  tube,  near  the  bottom  of  the 
pump. 

2.  A  low  shoe  with  a  thin  sole.  Swift. 
PUMP,  V.  i.   To  work  a  pump;  to  raise  water  with  a 

pump 

PU.MP,  V,  t.  To  raise  with  a  pump ;  as,  to  pump  wa- 
ter. 

2.  To  draw  out  by  artful  interrogatories  ;  as,  to 
pump  out  secrets. 

3.  To  examine  by  artful  questions  for  the  purpose 
of  drawing  out  secrets. 

Bui  pump  not  me  for  politics.  Otiray. 

PUMP'-BoLTS,  71.  pi.  Two  pieces  of  iron,  one  used 
to  fasten  the  pump-spear  to  the  brake,  the  other  as  a 
fulcrum  for  the  brake  to  work  upon.      Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'-BRAKE,  71.    The  arm  or  handle  of  a  pump. 

Mar.  Diet. 

PU.MP'-DaLE,  71.  A  long,  wooden  tube,  used  to  con- 
vey the  water  from  a  chain-pump  across  the  ship  and 
through  the  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'>>D,  (pumpt,)  pp.   Raised  with  a  pump. 
2.  Drawn  out  by  artful  interrogations. 

PUMP'ER,  71.  The  person  or  the  instrument  that 
pumps. 

PUMP'EK^NICK'M^,  71.  A  species  of  bran  bread, 
which  forms  the  chief  food  of  the  Westphalian  peas- 
ants; often  used  as  a  term  of  contempt.  Brande. 

PUMP'-GliAR,  71.  The  apparatus  belonging  to  a 
pump.  Totten. 

PUMP'-HOOD,  71.  A  semi-cylindrical  frame  of  wood, 
covering  tlie  upper  wheel  of  a  chain-pump. 

PUMP'ING,  ppr.    Raising  by  a  pump. 

2.  Drawing  out  secrets  by  artful  questions. 

PUMP'ION,  71.    [D.  pompocn,  Sw.  pomp,  a  gourd.] 
A  plant  and  its  fruit ;  the  pumpkin. 

PUMP'KIN,  71.  A  well-known  plant  and  its  fruit,  the 
Cucurbita  pepo  ;  a  pompion.  [  This  is  the  common  or- 
thorrraphy  of  the  word  in  the  United  Slates.] 

PUMP'-SI'eAR,  71.  The  bar  to  which  the  upper  box 
of  a  pump  is  fastened,  and  which  is  attached  to  the 
brake  or  handle.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'-STOCK,  71.  The  solid  part  or  body  of  a  pump. 

PU'MY,  a.    [Fx.  pommeau.] 

Rounded  ;  as,  pumy  stones.       Spenser.  Toonc. 

PUN,  71.    [Ou.  VV.  puH,  equal.] 

An  expression  in  which  a  word  has  at  once  differ- 
ent meanings  ;  an  expression  in  which  two  different 
applications  of  a  word  present  an  odd  or  ludicrous 
itiea  ;  a  kind  of  (juibble  or  equivocation  ;  a  low  species 
of  wit.  Thus  a  man  who  litid  a  tall  wife,  named 
Experience,  observed  that  lie  had,  by  long  ejcperience, 
proved  tlie  blessings  of  a  married  life. 

A  pun  can  be  no  more  engraven,  Uiaii  it  can  be  tninslated. 

Addison. 

PUN,  V.  i.    To  quibble ;  to  use  the  same  word  at  once 

in  diftVront  senses.  Dryden. 
PUN,  71.  t.    To  persuade  by  a  pun.  Mdtson, 
PUNCH,  n.    [\V.  pirnc,  a  p*lnt ;  Arm.  poen;onn ;  Fr. 
poinfon  ;  Sp.  pun:tiii ;  L.  punctum  ;  pungo.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  steel,  used  in  several  arts  for 
perforating  holes  in  plates  of  metal,  or  other  substan- 
ces, and  often  so  contrived  as  to  stamp  out  a  piece. 

2.  In  popular  usage,  a  blow  or  thrust. 
PUNCH,  n.    [Sp.  ponchc;  V.  pons;  G  ]>unscli;  Dan. 

pons,  pojislt.] 

A  drink  composed  of  water  sweetened  with  sugar, 
with  a  mixture  of  lemon  juice  and  spirit. 

Encye.  Swift. 
PUNCH,  77.   The  bufl'oon  or  harlequin  of  a  puppi  t- 

8I10W.    [See  Punchinello.] 
PUNCH,  71.    A  well-set  horse,  with  a  short  back,  thin 
shoulders,  broad  neck,  and  well  covered  with  lli  sh. 
2.  A  short,  fat  fellow.  [Far.  Diet. 

PUNCH,  t>.  (.  [Sp.  pumar ;  VV.  pynciaio  ;  L.  pungo. 
In  this  word,  71  is  probably  casual,  and  the  root  is 
Pg,  of  th(^  siimo  family  as  peg,  pack,  ut  pike^  with  the 
primary  sense  of  driving  or  thrusting,  a  point  ] 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^Lh,  WHAT  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK — 


m 


PUN 

1.  To  perforate  with  an  iron  iiistriiniciit,  either 
pointed  or  not  j  as,  to  punch  a  hole  in  a  plutc  of  nictiil. 

IVi^i:inaru 

2.  In  popular  usa/re,  to  thrust  npninst  witli  the  end 
of  sonictliiiig  ;  as,  to  punch  one  Willi  tlie  elbow. 

PUNCMl'-HoVVL,  11.  A  bowl  in  which  punch  is  made, 

or  from  wliich  it  is  drank. 
PUNCH'ED,  (puncht,)  pp.    Perforated  with  a  punch. 
PUNCH'EON,  M.    [Fr.  poingon,  a  bodkin,  a  jiunch- 

eon.] 

1.  A  name  common  to  iron  or  steel  instruments 
used  in  dill'erent  trades  for  cutting,  jiiercing,  or  stamp- 
ing a  body.  Owill. 

2.  In  carpentry,  a  piece  of  timber  placed  upright 
between  two  posts,  whose  bearing  is  too  great ;  also, 
a  piece  of  timber  set  upright  under  the  ridge  of  a 
building,  wherein  the  small  timbers  are  jointed. 

Gwilt. 

3.  A  measure  of  liquids,  or  a  cask  containing, 
.sometimes,  84,  sometimes  l'.;0,  gallon.s.  Rum  or  spir- 
its is  imported  from  the  West  Indies  in  punchcuiis, 
liut  these  are  often  called  also  harrsheatU, 

PUiN'CH'ER,  n.    One  that  punches. 

2.  A  punch  or  perforating  instrument. 

PUN-CHl-NEL'LO,  ;i.  A  punch  ;  a  buHbon  ;  the  poli- 
cinrlla  of  the  Italian  puppet-show,  a  character  repre- 
sented as  fat,  short,  and  huinp-backed. 

Taller.    P.  Cyc.  Smart. 

PUNCII'ING,  ppr.  Perforating  with  a  punch  ;  strik- 
ing against  with  the  end  of  something. 

PUNCll'Y,  a.    Short  and  thick,  or  fat. 

PUNG'TATE,     )       rr  ,  1 

PUNe'T.\-TED,  (  P"""'"'  P""?"-] 

1.  Pointed. 

2.  In  botany,  having  dots  scattered  over  the  sur- 
face. JiJartyn. 

PUN'e'TI-FORM,  a.    [L.  punctum,  point,  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  point.  Kd.  Kncyr. 

PU\e-TILMO,  (punk-til'yo,)  n.  [Sp.  puntilla ;  h.  pun- 
tiglio  :  from  L.  punctum,  a  point.] 

A  nice  point  of  exactness  in  conduct,  ceremony,  or 
proceeding;  particularity  or  exactness  in  forms;  as, 
the  punctilios  of  a  public  ceremony.  .■Addison. 
PLU\e-TIL'IOUS,  (-til'yus,)  a.  Very  nice  or  exact  in 
the  forms  of  behavior,  ceremony,  or  nmtual  inter- 
course ;  very  exact  in  the  observance  of  rules  pre- 
scribed by  law  or  custom  ;  sowclunes,  exact  to  excess. 

Rosrcrg. 

PUNG-TIL'IOUS-LY,  adv.  With  exactness  or  great 
nicety. 

PUNe-TIL'IOUS-NESS,  n.  Exactness  in  the  ohserv- 
ance  of  forms  or  rules ;  attentive  to  nice  points  of 
behavior  or  ceremony. 

PUNe'TION,  H.    [h.  punctio.] 
A  puncture. 

PUNe'TO,  71.  [Sp.  and  It.  punlo;  L.  punctum,  from 
pungo,  to  prick.] 

1.  N  ice  point  of  form  or  ceremony  Bacon, 

2.  The  point  in  fencing.  Shale. 
PU\e'TU-AL,  (punkt'yu-al,)  a.    [Fr.  poncturl :  It. 

puntualc  ;  Sp.  puntual;  from  li.  puiir^ui/i,  a  point.] 

1.  Consisting  in  a  point ;  as,  this  punctual  spot. 
[Little  used.]  Milton. 

2.  Exact ;  observant  of  nice  points ;  punctilious, 
particularly  in  observing  time,  appointments,  or  prom- 
ises. It  is  honorable  in  a  man  to  he  punctual  to  ap- 
pointments, or  to  appointed  hours ;  it  is  just  to  be 
punctual  in  paying  debts. 

3.  Exact ;  as,  a  punctual  correspondence  between 
a  prediction  and  an  event. 

4.  Done  at  the  exact  time  ;  as,  punctual  payment. 
PUi\e'TU-AL-IST,  ;i.    One  that  is  very  exact  in  ob- 
serving forms  and  ceremonies.  Milton. 

PL'Ne-TU-AL'I-Ty,  11.  Nicety  ;  scrupulous  exact- 
ness.   He  served  his  prince  with  punctuality.  Howell. 

2.  It  is  now  used  chielly  in  regard  to  time.  He 
pays  his  debts  with  pututuality.  Ho  is  remarkable 
fur  the  punctuality  of  his  attendance. 

PUi\e'TU-AL-LY,  adv.  Nicely  ;  exactly;  with  scru- 
pulous regard  to  time,  appointments,  promises,  or 
rules;  as,  to  attend  a  meeting  punctually:  to  pay 
debts  or  rent  punctually ;  to  observe  punctually  one's 
engagements. 

PUNG'TU-AL-NESS,  n.    Exactness;  punctuality. 

Felton. 

PUNe'TU-ATE,  (punkt'yu-iite,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  ponctuer, 
from  L.  punctum,  a  point.] 

To  mark  with  points  ;  to  designate  sentences, 
clauses,  or  other  divisions  of  a  writing,  by  points, 
which  mark  the  proper  pauses.  M.  Stuart. 

PUNe'TU-A-TED,  pp.    Pointed.  Fourcroy. 
2.  Having  the  divisions  marked  with  points, 

PlTNe'TU-A-TI.XO.ppr.    Marking  with  points. 

PUNe-TU-A'TION,  (punkt-yu-a'shun,)  n.  In  -rram- 
mar,  the  act  or  art  of  pointing  a  writing  or  discourse, 
or  the  act  or  act  of  marking  with  points  the  divisions 
of  a  discourse  into  sentences,  and  clauses  or  mem- 
bers of  a  sentence.  Punctuation  is  performed  by  four 
points:  the  period,  (. )  ;  the  colon,  (  : ) ;  the  semico- 
lon, ( ; ) ;  and  the  comma,  { , ).  The  ancients  were 
unacquainted  with  punctuation  ;  they  wrote  without 
any  distinction  of  members,  periods,  or  words. 

PUNe'TU-IST,  n.  One  who  understands  the  art  of 
punctuation. 


PUN 

PUNO'TU-LATE,  v.  t.    [L.  punctulum.] 

To  mark  with  small  spots.  [JV"u£  u.ied.]  fVoodward. 
PnNt)'Tl[KE,  (punkt'yur,)  H.    [h.punctura;  It.  pun- 
turn.] 

The  act  of  perforating  with  a  pointed  instrument ; 
or  a  small  hole  made  by  it ;  as,  the  puncture  of  a  nail, 
needle,  or  pin. 

A  lion  may  pcriith  by  Uie  puneturt  of  an  up.  Rambler. 

PUNe'TllRE,  V.  t.  To  |)rick  ;  to  pierce  with  a  small, 
pointed  instrument ;  as,  to  puncture  the  skin. 

PUNe'TlIR-£D,  pp.  Pricked  ;  pierced  with  a  sharp 
point. 

PUNe'TlJR-ING,  ppr.    Piercing  with  a  sharp  point, 
o  , 

PUN'DIT,  II.    [In  Persic,  JvJL,  pand,  learning.] 

In  Hindooitan,  a  learned  Ilrahinin  ;  one  versed  in 
the  Sanscrit  language,  and  in  the  science,  laws,  and 
religion  of  that  country. 
PnN'l)LE,  n.    A  short  and  fat  woman.    [JVot  used.] 
PO'NESE,  H.    [Ft.  punaisc.] 

The  bed-bug  ;  the  same  as  Punice.  Iludihras. 
PUNG,  H.    In  .America,  a  kind  of  one-horse  sleigh. 
PIJN"GAU,  n.    A  fish.  .^insworth. 
PUN'CEN-CY,  71.    [L.  pungens,  punfjo,  to  prick.] 

1.  The  power  ot^  pricking  or  piercing ;  as,  the  pun- 
gency of  a  substanctr.  .^rbuthnot. 

2.  That  quality  of  a  substance  which  produces  the 
sensation  of  pricking,  or  aH'ectiiig  the  taste  like  mi- 
nute sharp  points  ;  sharpm^ss  ;  acridness. 

3.  Power  to  pierce  the  mind,  or  excite  keen  reflec- 
tions or  remorse  ;  as,  the  punnrncy  of  a  discourse. 

4.  Acrimoniousiiess  ;  keenness;  as,  the  puntrency 
of  wi!  or  of  exi)r<^ssioiis.  StiUtngJiect, 

PUN'GEN'I',  a.    [  h.  punrrens,  pungo.] 

1.  Pricking;  stimulating;  as,  ;7U/t^C7i£  snulf. 

Tht  vungent  gr.m\a  of  titilKvtii)  J  Uuat.  Pop*. 

2.  Acrid  ;  ali'ecting  the  tongue  like  small,  sharp 
points  ;  as,  the  sharp  and  pungent  taste  of  acids. 

JWirfon. 

3.  Piercing;  sharp;  as,  pungent  pains;  pungent 
grief.  Swift. 

4.  Acrimonious;  biting.  Fell. 
PU'Nie,  a.    [L.  punicu.1,  pertaining  to  Carthage,  or  its 

inhabitants,  from  Pteni,  the  Carthaginians  ;  qu.  from 
Plutni,  as  Carthage  w.as  settled  by  Pheniciaiis.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Carthaginians  ;  faithless ;  treach- 
erous ;  deceitful  ;  as,  punic  laitli. 
Pu'Nie,  71.    The  ancii^nt  language  of  the  Carthagin- 
ians, of  which  Plautus  has  left  a  specimen. 

Jisiat.  Res. 

PD'm-€A  FI'DE,^,  [L.]  Punic  failli,  the  faith  of 
the  Carthaginians,  tliat  is,  unfaithfulness,  treachery, 
perfidiousiiess. 

PC'NICE,  71.    Abed-bug.    [JVof  7ii  itsc]  Jiins^north. 

PU-NI"CEOUS,  (-nish'us,)  u.  [h.  puniccas.  See  Pu- 
nic] 

Purple.  Did. 
PO'Nl-NESS,  71.    [ftcimpuny.]    Littleness ;  pettiness ; 

smallness  with  feebleness. 
PUiN  'ISH,  I),  f.    [.Arm. /mnif:a  ;  Fr.  punir,  punissant ; 

It.  punire  ;  Sp.  punir  :  from  L.  punio,  from  the  root 

of  po'na,  pain.   Tlie  primary  sense  is,  to  press,  or 

strain.] 

1.  To  p.ain  ;  to  afflict  with  pain,  loss,  or  calamity 
for  a  crime  or  fault ;  primarily,  to  afflict  with  bodily 
pain  ;  as,  to  ;)ujii,>7i  a  thief  with  pillory  or  stripes  ; 
but  the  word  is  applied  also  to  affliction  by  loss  of 
property,  by  transportation,  banishment,  seclusion 
from  society,  &c.  The  laws  require  murderers  to  be 
punishal  with  death.  Other  offenders  are  to  be  pun- 
ished with  fines,  imprisonment,  hard  labor, &c.  God 
punishes  men  for  their  sins  with  calamities,  personal 
and  national. 

2.  In  o  looser  sense,  to  afflict  with  pain,  &c.,  with 
a  view  to  amendment ;  to  chasten  ;  as,  a  father  pun- 
ishes his  child  for  disobedience. 

3.  To  reward  with  pain  or  suffering  inflicted  on 
the  offender  ;  applied  to  the  crime ;  as,  to  punish  mur- 
der or  theft. 

PUN'ISH-A-BLE,  a.    Worthy  of  punishment. 

2.  Liable  to  punishment  ;  capable  of  being  pun- 
ished by  law  or  right ;  applied  to  persons  or  ojfenses  ; 

as,  a  man  is  punishahle  for  robbery  or  for  trespass  ;  a 

crime  is  jmnuhablc  by  law. 
PUN'ISlI-A-HLE-XEtiS,  n.   The  quality  of  deserving 

or  being  liable  to  punishment 
PUN'ISH-ED,  (pun'isht,)  pp.  Afflicted  with  pain  or  evil 

as  the  retribution  of  a  crime  or  oflense ;  chastised. 
PUN'ISH-ER,  n.    One  that  inflicts  pain,  loss,  or  other 

evil,  for  a  crime  or  offense.  Milton. 
PUN'ISII-Ii\(;,  ppr.    Artlicting  with  pain,  penalty,  or 

suffering  of  any  kind,  as  the  retribution  of  a  crime  or 

offense. 

PUN'ISH-ME.VT,  71.  Any  pain  or  suff'ering  inflicted 
on  a  person  for  a  crime  or  offense,  by  the  authority 
to  which  the  offender  is  subject,  either  by  the  consti- 
tution of  GikI  or  of  civil  society.  The  puniihmcnt  of 
the  faults  and  offensesj)f  children,  by  the  parent,  is 
by  virtue  of  the  right  of  government  with  wliich  the 
parent  is  invested  by  God  himself.  This  species  of 
punishment  is  c/lastisement  or  correction.    The  punish- 


PUP 

77i(7if  of  crimes  against  the  laws  is  inflicted  by  the 
supreme  power  of  the  .state,  in  virtue  of  the  right  ol 
government  vested  in  the  prince  or  legislatuit;.  The 
right  of  punishment  belongs  only  to  persons  clothtrd 
with  authority.  Pain,  loss,  or  evil,  willfully  iiiMiricd 
on  another,  for  his  crimes  or  offenses,  by  a  private, 
unauthorized  person,  is  revenge,  rather  than  punish- 
ment. 

Some  punishments  consist  in  exile  or  transportation, 
others  in  loss  of  liberty  by  imprisonment;  some  ex- 
tend to  confiscation  by  forfeiture  of  lands  an<l  goods ; 
others  induce  a  disability  of  holding  otlkes,  of  being 
heirs,  and  the  like.  Blackstone. 

Divine  punishments  are  doubtless  designed  to  se- 
cure obedience  to  divine  laws,  and  uphold  the  moral 
order  of  created  intelligent  beings. 

The  lewaniit  Mid  jmniahmenlt  of  another  life,  which  Ui*!  Almighty 
has  f»ut.luli.-d  114  th**  riiforc/'ineiiu  of  hu  law,  are  of  wi-ij^il 
eiioui:li  [o  .IfiiTiiiiiic  Uic  choice  aguiiut  whalcfcr  |>Iciuiiiri:  or 
pain  Uiia  lilf  cm  show.  Lockt. 

PIJ-NI"TION,  (  nish'un,)  ti.  [Fr.,  from  L.  punitio, 
from  punio.] 

Piinislinient.  [Little  used.] 
PU'NI-TIVE,  a.    [It.  punitiru.] 

Awarding  or  iiitlicting  punishment;  that  punish- 
es ;  as,  punitive  law  or  Justice.  Hammond. 
PO'NI-TO-RY,  a.    Punishing,  or  tending  to  punish- 
ment. 

PIJN-JAUB',  71.  The  country  of  the  five  rivers,  which 
How  by  one  united  stream  into  the  Indus,  forming 
the  north-western  part  of  Hiiidoostan. 

PUNK,  71.  A  species  of  fungus,  or  some  decayed  wood, 
used  .as  tinder.  .^slu 
2.  A  prostitute  ;  a  strumpet  Shak. 

PUN'KA,  71.  [n  Hindoostan,  a  machine  for  fanning  a 
room,  consisting  of  a  movable  frame  covered  with 
canvas,  and  suspended  from  the  ceiling.  It  is  kept 
in  motion  by  pulling  a  cord.  Mulcom.  ■ 

PUN'N£D,  pp.  auibbled. 

PU.N'NER,  71.    A  punster,  which  see.  Steele. 

PUN'.N'ET,  n.  A  small,  but  broad,  shallow  basket,  for 
displaying  fruit  or  flowers.  SmarL 

PUN'.VING,  ppr.  [from  puH.]  Using  a  word  at  once 
in  dirterent  senses. 

PUN'NING,  71.  The  art  or  practice  of  using  puns  ;  a 
playing  on  words.  Jiddison. 

PUN'STER,  II.  One  that  puns  or  is  skilh-d  in  pun- 
ning ;  a  quibbler  ;  a  low  wit  Jirbulhnot. 

PUNT,  K.  i.    To  play  at  basset,  faro,  and  oniber. 

PUNT,  n.  [Sax.  ;7iiji(,  L.  pons,  a  bridge.]  [Addi'!on. 
A  flat-buttomed  boat,  used  in  calking  and  repairing 
ships.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUNT'  ER,  71.  One  that  plays  at  faro  or  basset  against 
the  banker  or  dealer.  F.ncyc. 

PU'NY,  a.    [Contracted  from  Fr.  puisni,  which  mi\.] 

1.  Properly,  young  or  younger ;  but  in  this  sense 
not  used. 

2.  Inferior;  petty;  of  an  under  rate;  small  and 
feeble.  This  word  generally  includes  the  significa- 
tion of  both  smallness  and  feebleness  ;  as,  a  puny 
animal;  a  puny  subject;  a  puiiy  power;  a  puny 
niinil.  Milton.    South.  Drydrn. 

Pu'NY,  71.    A  young,  inexperienced  person  ;  a  novice. 

South. 

PUP,  r.  I.  [This  word  appears  to  be  radically  the 
same  as  the  L.  pupa.  Eng.  babe,  W.  pob,  the  root  of 
populu.^.] 

To  bring  forth  whelps  or  young,  as  the  female  of 
the  canine  species. 
PUP,  71.    .V  puppy. 

PU'P.X,  )  71. ;  ;<;.  Plp.»:  or  Pi'PEs.  [L.  supra.]  In  Tinfu- 
PuPE,  j  ral  history,  an  insect  in  the  third  state  of 
its  existence,  or,  in  other  words,  the  last  state  but 
one,  that  strife  in  which  it  resembles  an  infant  in 
swaddling  clothes.  As  some  insects  in  this  st.ate 
have  a  bright  exterior,  as  if  gilded,  it  has  been  called 
chrysalis  or  aurelia,  from  the  Gr.  \o?ioo<,  and  L. 
aurum,  gold  ;  but  as  this  gilded  appt^iraiicc  belongs 
to  few  inserts,  the  term  ;/i<pa  is  now  nmro  generally 
used.  In  this  state  most  insects  take  no  food,  are 
iiicap.able  of  locomotion,  and,  if  opened,  seem  filled 
with  a  watery  fluid  in  which  no  distinct  organs  caD 
be  traced. 

Pu'PIL,  71.    [L.  papilla,  dim.  of  pupa,  pupus.  See 

PlK.] 

The  apple  of  the  eye ;  a  little  aperture  in  the 
middle  of  the  iris  and  uvea  of  the  eye,  through 
which  the  rays  of  light  pass  tu  the  crystalline  humor, 
to  be  painted  on  the  retina.  Kncye. 
PO'PIL,  II.  [Fr.  pupiile;  L.  pupUlus,  dim.  of  pupa, 
pupus.    See  Pt'p.] 

1.  .\  youth  or  scholar  of  either  sex  under  the  care 
of  an  instructor  or  tutor.  Ixicke. 

2.  A  ward  ;  a  youth  or  person  under  the  care  of  a 
guardian.  Dnjdeiu 

3.  In  the  civil  law,  a  boy  or  girl  under  the  age  of 
puberty,  that  is,  under  14  if  a  male,  and  under  12  if 
a  female.  F.neuc 

PO'PIL-AGE,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  scholar,  or 
under  the  care  of  an  instructor  fur  education  and 
discipline.  iMcke. 
2.  Wardship  ;  minority.  Spenser. 
In  this  latter  sense  the  Scots  use  PuntiiiiTv. 

Beattie. 


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PUR 


I'O'PIL-A-RY,  «.    [Ft.  pupillaire  ;  1^.  pupillaris.] 

Pertaining  to  a  pupil  or  ward.  Jo!ins»n. 
l'U-l'll"A-RA,  n.  pL    [h.  pupa  and  parioA 

Anidials  whose  eggs  are  hatched  in  the  matrix  of 
tl)e  mother,  and  not  excluded  till  they  become  pupes. 

Kirbv. 

PU-PIP'A-ROUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Pupipara ; 

producing  voung  in  the  form  of  a  pupa. 
PU-PIV'O-ROL'S,  a.    \pnpn  and  L.  voro.] 

Feeding  on  the  pup:e  of  insects.     S.  L.  Mitchill, 
PUP'PET,  n.    [Fx.  pmpep ;  Ij.  pupus.    .See  Pi-p.J 

1.  A  small  image  in  the  human  form,  moved  by  a 
wire  in  a  mock  drama  ;  a  wooden  tragedian.  Pope. 

2.  A  doll. 

3.  A  word  of  contempt,  used  of  a  person  who  is 
under  the  control  of  another.  Shak. 

PUP'PE'I'-M.'^N,         \n.    The  master  of  a  puppet- 

PUP'PET-.MaS'TER,  j     shiiw.  Swtfi. 

PL'P'PET-PLAY'ER,  71.  One  that  manages  the  mo- 
tions of  puppets.  Hales. 

PUP'PET-RY,_n.    Affectation.  Marston. 

PUP'PET-SHoW,  n.  A  mock  drama  performed  by 
puppets  moved  by  wires.  Swift,  Pope. 

PUP'PV,  n.  [See  Pi  p.]  A  whelp  ;  the  young  prog- 
eny of  a  bitch  or  female  of  the  canine  species. 

2.  Jipplied  to  person.'!,  a  name  expressing  extreme 
contempt,  commonly  used  of  one  who  is  conceited. 

.Addison. 

PUP'PY,  V.  i.  To  bring  forth  whelps. 
PUP'PY-IS.M,  n.    Extreme  meanness. 

2.  Extreme  affectation  or  conceit.  Chalmers. 
PUR,  r.  i.     To  utter  a  low,  murmuring,  continued 

sound,  as  a  cat. 
PUR,  f.  t.    To  signify  by  purring.  Oray. 
PUR,  K.    The  low,  murmuring,  continued  sound  of  a 

cat. 

PU-RX'NA,-7t.  Among  the  Hindoos,  Uteralhj,  ancient 
story ;  particularly,  a  sacred  poetical  work,  which 
treats  of  the  creation,  destruction,  and  renovation  of 
worlds,  the  genealogy  of  gods  and  heroes,  the  reigns 
of  the  Manus,  and  the  transactions  of  their  descend- 
ants.  The  Puranas  are  eighteen  in  number. 

fViUon's  San.-icrit  Diet.    Asiat.  Res. 
PU-R.iX'ie,  a.   Pertaining  to  the  puranas. 

.^siat.  Res. 

PUR'BECK-ST5N'E,  n.  A  limestone  from  the  Isle  of 
Purbe(J{  in  England.  P.  Cije. 

PUR'BLl.N'D,  a.    [Said  to  he  from  pore  and  blind.] 

Near-sighted  or  dim-sighted;  seeing  obscurely; 
as,  a  purblind  eye ;  a  purblind  mole. 

Shak.  Drummond. 

PUR'BLT\D-LY,  adv.    In  a  purblind  manner.  Scott. 

PUR'BtliVD-N'ESS,  n.  Shortness  of  sight;  near- 
sightedness ;  dinmess  of  vision. 

PUR'C'IlAS-.\-BLE,  a.  [from  purchase.]  Th.it  may 
be  bought,  purchased,  or  obtained  for  a  considera- 
tion. 

PUR'CHASE,  c. «.  [Fr.  pourchasser,  to  seek,  to  pur- 
sue ;  pour  and  chasser,  to  chase.  It.  cacciare,  Sp. 
cazar.  This  word  seems  to  be  considered  by  Black- 
stone  as  formed  from  the  L.  perquisiiio.  This  is  an 
error.  The  word  is  from  the  root  of  chase ;  pour- 
chasser is  to  pursue  to  the  end  or  object,  and  hence 
to  obtain.  In  Law  Latin,  purchase,  the  noun,  was 
written  purclmcium.  The  legal  use  of  the  word  in 
obtaining  writs,  shows  best  its  true  origin  ;  to  pur- 
chase a  writ,  is  to  sue  out  a  writ,  that  is,  to  seek  it 
out;  for  sue,  seek,  and  L.  scjKor,  are  ail  of  one  ori- 
gin, and  synonymous  with  chase.  See  Blackstone, 
b.  3,  ch.  18.    Spelnian,  at/ ct^c] 

L  In  its itrimary  and  lejral  sense,  to  gain,  obtain,  or 
acquire  by  any  means,  except  by  descent  or  heredi- 
tary right.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  common  usa^e,  to  buy  ;  to  obtain  property  by 
p.aying  an  equivalent  in  money.  It  differs  from  Bar- 
ter only  in  the  circumstance,  that  in  purelmsing,  the 
price  or  equivalent  given  or  secured  is  money  ;  in 
bartering,  the  equivalent  is  given  in  goods.  We 
purchase  lands  or  goods  for  ready  money  or  on 
credit. 

3.  To  obtain  by  an  expense  of  labor,  danger,  or 
other  sacrifice ;  as,  to  purchase  favor  with  flattery. 

A  world  who  would  not  purchase  with  a  britis'^  ?  MtlLon. 

4.  To  expiate  or  recompense  by  a  fine  or  f(jrfcit ; 
as,  to  purchase  out  abuses  with  tears  and  prayer. 

Shak. 

5.  To  sue  out  or  procure,  as  a  writ. 

C.  Formerly,  a  cant  word  for  steal.  Shak. 
PUR'CH A.SE,  ».  i.    In  sfamra's  languaire,  io  ra.\se  by 
a  purchu.<ie  ;  Vts,  the  capstcrn  purchases  apace. 

Kncyc. 

PUR'CIIASF,,  71.    [Norm.  Fr.  pnurrhas  or  purchas.] 

1.  In  lain,  the  ai  t  of  obtaining  or  aci|uiring  the 
title  to  lands  and  tenements  by  money,  deed,  gilt,  or 
any  ineanH,  except  by  descent  ;  the  accpiiHititm  of 
landH  and  tenements  by  a  man'x  own  act  or  agree- 
ment, f.iitleton.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  law,  the  suing  out  and  obtaining  a  writ. 

3.  In  common  utagr,  the  acqniHilion  of  the  title  or 
properly  of  any  thing  by  rendering  an  equivalent  in 
money. 

It  li  fiiolkb  to  Imv  oiil  monry  io  tiic  purthast  of  n*|)en(Anr'?, 

fYaiJclin. 


4.  That  which  is  purchased  ;  any  thing  of  which 
the  property  is  obtained  by  giving  an  equivalent 
price  in  money. 

The  scrip  was  complele  evidence  of  his  rifht  in  the  purchase. 

V/hcalon. 

5.  That  which  is  obtained  by  labor,  danger,  art, 
&c. 

A  be:\iit_v-wanin J  and  distressed  wiilow 

M.ide  prize  and  purchase  of  his  wanton  eye.  Shale. 

6.  Formerly,  a  cant  word  for  stealing  and  the  thing 
stolen.  Chaucer. 

7.  Any  mechanical  hold,  advantage,  power,  or 
force  applied  to  the  raising  or  removing  of  heavy 
bodies. 

PUR'CHAS-£D,  (pur'chast,)  pp.  or  a.  Obtained  or 
actjuired  by  one's  own  act  or  agreement. 

2.  Obtained  by  paying  an  equivalent  in  money. 

3.  Obtained  by  labor,  danger,  art,  &.C. 

4.  Forincrtii,  a  cant  word  for  stolen.  Shak. 
PUR'CHASE-MOx\-EY,  (  mun-ne,)  ti.    The  money 

paid,  or  contracted  to  be  paid,  for  any  thing  bought. 

Berkeley. 

PUR'CH.'\S-ER,  71.  In  lam,  one  who  acquires  or  ob- 
tains by  conquest  or  by  deed  or  gift,  or  in  any  man- 
ner other  than  by  descent  or  inheritance.  In  this 
sense,  the  word  is  by  some  authors  written  Pur- 
CHAsoR.  Blaclcstone. 

2.  One  who  obtains  or  acquires  the  property  of  any 
thing  by  paying  an  equivalent  in  money. 

PUR'CHAS-ING,  ppr.  Buying  ;  obtaining  by  one's 
own  act  or  for  a  price. 

PORE,  a.  [L.  purus  ;  It.  and  Sp.  puro  ;  Fr.  pur;  W. 
pfir  ;  Sax.  pur;  Heb.  "i^.  The  verb  signifies  to 
separate,  free,  clear  ;  a  sense  taken  from  driving  off. 
The  word,  varied  in  orthography,  occurs  in  Ch.  Syr. 
and  Ar.  See  N"i2  in  the  Introiiuction.  Class  Br, 
No.  7,  and  B,  8,  9,  10.] 

1.  Separate  from  all  heterogeneous  or  extraneous 
matter;  clear;  free  from  mixture;  as,  pure  water; 
pure  clay  ;  pure  sand  ;  pure  air  ;  pure  silver  or  gold. 
Pure  wine  is  very  scarce. 

2.  Free  from  moral  defilement ;  without  spot ;  not 
sullied  or  tarnished;  incorrupt;  undeb.ased  by  moral 
turpitude;  holy. 

Thou  art  of  purer  eyes  tlian  to  behold  evil.  —  Hab.  i.  Prov,  xx. 

3.  Genuine;  real;  true;  incorrupt;  unadulter- 
ated ;  as,  pure  religion.   James  i. 

4.  Unmixed  ;  separate  from  any  other  subject,  or 
from  every  thing  foreign  ;  as,  pure  mathematics. 

5.  Free  from  guilt ;  guiltless;  innocent. 

No  liand  of  strife  is  pure,  but  that  which  wins.  Daniel. 

G.  Not  vitiated  with  improper  or  corrupt  words  or 
phrases  ;  as,  a  pure  style  of  discourse  or  composition. 

7.  Disinterested  ;  as,  pure  benevolence. 

8.  Chaste  ;  as,  a  pure  virgin. 

9.  Free  from  vice  or  moral  turpitude.    Tit.  i. 

10.  Ceremonially  clean  ;  unpolluted.    E:ra  vi. 

11.  Free  from  any  thing  improper;  as,  his  motives 
are  pure. 

12.  Mere  ;  absolute ;  that  and  that  only  ;  uncon- 
nected with  any  thing  else  ;  as,  a  pure  villain.  He 
did  that  from  pure  compassion,  or  pure  good  nature. 

Pure  villenage,  in  the  feudal  law,  is  a  tenure  of 
lands  by  uncertain  services  at  the  will  of  the  lord  ; 
opposed  to  pricileged  villenage.  Blackstone. 
PORE,  V.  t.    To  purify ;  to  cleanse.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

PCRE'LY,  adi).  In  a  pure  manner ;  with  an  entire 
separation  of  heterogeneous  or  foul  matter.   Js.  i. 

2.  Without  any  mixture  of  improper  or  vicious 
Words  or  phrases. 

3.  Innocently  ;  without  guilt, 

4.  Merely ;  absolutely  ;  without  connection  with 
any  thing  else ;  completely  ;  totally.  The  meeting 
was  purely  accidental. 

PORE'NESS,  71.  Clearness;  an  unmixed  state;  sep- 
aration or  freedom  from  any  heterogeneous  or  foreign 
matter  ;  as,  the  purcneas  of  water,  or  other  litpior  ; 
the  purene^s  of  a  metal ;  the  purcness  of  marl  or 
clay  ;  the  purene-ss  of  air. 

2.  Freedom  from  moral  turpitude  or  guilt. 

May  wc  evermore  serve  thee  in  hohncss  and  pureveas  of  living. 

Com.  Prayer, 

3.  Simplicity;  freedom  from  mixture  or  compo- 
sition. 

An  euenc;  eternal  and  spiritual,  of  absolute  parenett  and 

Biinj.licity.  liaiegh, 

4.  Freedom  from  vicious  or  improper  words, 
phrases,  or  modes  of  speech  ;  as,  purcne.is  of  style. 

Ascliam, 

PUR'FILE,  f-fil,)  n.    [Fr.  pourfilfe  ;  pour  and  file,] 
A  sort  of  ancient  trimming  for  women's  gowns, 
mado  of  tinsel  and  thread,  called  also  Bohbin-work. 

Bailrij, 

[The  thing  and  the  name  are  obsolete,] 
PUR'FI.E,  (piir'fi,)  V,  L     [Ft,  pourfiler ;  It.  proflare. 
See  I*io>Fii.E.J 

To  decorate  with  a  wrought  or  flowered  border; 
to  embroider  ;  as,  to  purfle  with  blue  and  white,  or 
with  gold  and  pearl.  [OAji.] 

•Spenser.    Shak,  Milton, 


A  border  of  embroidered  work. 


Bacon, 
purgatio.  See 


PUR'FLE, 
PUR'FLEW, 

2.  In  heraUlry,  terms  applied  to  ermines,  pcans,  or 

furs  which  compose  a  bonlure.  Encijc, 
PUR'FL£D,  pp,  or  a.    Ornamented  with  a  flowered 

border. 

PURG'A-MENT,  n.    [L.  purgamen,] 

.\  cathartic. 
PUR-Ga'TION,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L. 
Purge.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  clearing,  cleansing,  or 
purifying  by  separating  and  carrying  off  impurities, 
or  whatever  is  superfluous  ;  applied  to  the  body :  as, 
the  intestines  arc  cleared  by  purgation.  So  also  in 
pharmacy  and  in  chemistry,  medicines,  metals,  and 
minerals,  are  purified  by  purgation,  Kncyc, 

2.  In  law,  the  act  of  cleansing  from  a  crime,  accu- 
sation, or  suspicion  of  guilt.  This  was  canonical  or 
vulgar.  Canonical  purgation,  prescribed  by  the  canon 
law,  was  performed  before  the  bishop  or  his  deputy, 
and  by  a  jury  of  twelve  clerks.  The  party  accused 
first  made  oath  to  his  own  innocence,  and  then  the 
twelve  clerks,  or  compurgators,  swore  that  they  be- 
lieved he  spoke  the  truth  ;  after  which,  other  wit- 
nesses were  examined  upon  oath,  on  behalf  of  the 
prisoner  only.  Vulgar  purgation  was  performed  by 
the  ordeal  of  fire  or  water,  or  by  combat.  [See  Or- 
deal.] Blackstone, 

PURG'A-TI'YE,  a,    [It.  purgatiro  ;  Fr.  purgatif,] 

Having  the  power  of  cleansing  ;  usually,  having 

the  power  of  evacuating  the  intestines  ;  catliartic. 
PURG'A-TIVE,  71.    A  medicine  that  evacuates  the 

intestines  ;  a  cathartic. 
PURG'.\-TI_VE-LY,  adv,    Cleansingly  ;  cathartically. 
PURG-A-To'RI-AL,  )  a.    Pertaining  to  purgatory. 
PURG-A-TO'RI-AN,  (  Mcde, 
PCRG'A-TO-RY,  a,    [L.  purgatorius,  from  purgo,  to 

purge.] 

Tending  to  cleanse  ;  Cicansing;  expiatory.  Burke. 
PURG'A-TO-RY,  ti.    [Fr.  purgatoire.]  j 
Among  Roman  Catholics,  a  supposed  place  or  state  i 
after  death,  in  which  the  souls  of  persons  are  puri-  | 
fied,  or  in  which  they  expiate  such  offenses  commit- 
ted in  this  life,  as  do  not  merit  eternal  damnation.  | 
After  this  purgation  from  the  impurities  of  sin,  the 
souls  are  supposed  to  be  received  into  heaven. 

Encijc,  Stillingfteet, 
PURGE,  (purj,)  V.  t,    [L.  purgo:  Fr.  purger ;  Sp. 
purgar  ;  It.  purgare  ;  probably  a  derivative  from  tlie 
root  of  pure,] 

1.  To  cleanse  or  purify  by  separating  and  carrying 
off  whatever  is  impure,  heterogeneous,  foreign,  or 
superfluous  ;  as,  to  purge  the  body  by  evacuation  ; 
to  purge  the  Augean  stable.  It  is  followed  by  airay, 
of,  or  off.  Wc  say,  to  purge  away  or  to  purge  off 
tilth,  and  to  purge  a  liquor  of  its  scum. 

2.  To  clear  from  guilt  or  moral  defilement ;  as,  to 
purge  one  of  guilt  or  crime  ;  to  purge  away  sin. 

Purge  aieay  our  sins,  for  thy  name's  s?Ire.  —  Vs.  Ixxix. 
Purge  me  with  hyssop  and  1  shidl  be  rle;in.  —  Ps.  li. 

3.  To  clear  from  accusation  or  .the  charge  of  a 
crime,  as  in  ordeal. 

4.  To  remove  what  is  offensive ;  to  sweep  away 
impurities.    Eitk,  xx.  * 

5.  To  clarity  ;  to  defecate  ;  as  liquors. 
PURGE,  V,  i.    To  become  pure  by  clarification. 

2.  To  have  frequent  or  preternatural  evacuations 
from  the  intestines,  by  means  of  a  cathartic. 

PURGE,  71.  A  medicine  that  evacuates  the  intestines ; 
a  cathartic.  Arbutfinot, 

PURG'£:D,  (purjd,)  pp.  Purified  ;  cleansed  ;  evac- 
uated. 

PURG'ER,  71.     A  person  or  thing  that  purges  or 
cleanses. 
2.  A  cathartic. 

PURG'ING,  ppr.  Cleansing  ;  purifying  ;  carrj  ing  off 
impurities  or  superfluous  matter. 

PURG'ING,  71.  A  diarrhea  or  dysentery  ;  preternat- 
ural evacuation  of  the  intestines;  looseness  of  bow- 
els.   [Jin  inappropriate  use  of  the  ^oord,] 

PU-llI-FI-eA'TlON,  71.   [Fr.,  from  h.  purificatio.  See 

Pc'RIf-V.] 

1.  The  act  of  purifying :  the  act  or  operation  of 
separating  and  removing  from  any  thing  that  which 
is  heterogeneous  or  foreign  to  it ;  as,  the  purification 
of  liquors,  or  of  nu  lals.  Boi/lc. 

2.  In  religion,  the  act  or  operation  of  cleans- 
ing ceremonially,  by  removing  any  pollution  or  de- 
filement. PurijicatioH  by  washing,  or  by  other 
means,  was  romnion  to  the  Hebrews  anil  to  pa- 
pans.  The  Moliauimedans  use  purification  as  a  pri  ji- 
aration  for  devotion.    2  CAron.  x.vx.  K«t/i.  ii.  Lukr\\, 

F.ncur. 

X  A  cleansing  from  guilt  or  the  pollution  of  sin  ; 
the  extinction  of  sinfal  desires,  appetites,  and  in- 
clinations. 

PU-KIF'l-eA-TIVE,     j  a.    Having  power  to  purify  ; 

PIJ-RIF'I-CA  TO-RV,   j     lending  to  cleanse. 

PO'l(M'"r£D,  or  a.  Made  pure  and  clear  ;  freed 
from  pollution  oen  nionially. 

PP'lU-FI-ER,  H.  Il'rom  /Mirtfy.]  That  which  purifies 
(tr  cleanses;  a  cleanser;  a  refiner.  Fire  was  held 
by  the  ancients  Io  be  an  excelleiil  purifier. 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^hh,  WUfkr  METE,  PREY  PI.NE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


PUR 


PUR 


PUR 


PO'KI-FORM,  a.    [L.  pus,  puns,  and  form.] 

Ijikc;  pus  ;  in  the  furin  of  pus.  Mcil.  fiepos. 

PO'RI-I'Y,  V.  t.  [Fr.  purifier!  L.  purifico  ;  purus,  pure, 
and  facto,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  pure  or  clear  ;  to  free  from  extrantous 
admixture  ;  as,  to  purify  liquors  or  metals  j  to  purify 
the  blood  ;  to  purify  tlie  air. 

2.  To  free  from  pollution  ceremonially  ;  to  remove 
whatever  renders  unclean  and  unfit  for  sacred  ser 
vices. 

Purify  yonrwlvea  and  Totir  c-xplivei  on  the  Ihird  diy,  and  on 
tlitr  iM  vonih  diiy  purify  all  your  r.xiinciit.  —  Num.  xxxi. 

3.  To  free  from  guilt  or  the  defilement  of  sin  ;  as, 
to  purify  the  heart. 

Who  pn^e  tiinuolf  for  ug,  that  he  mifrht  redeem  us  from  all  ini- 
quity, anil  purify  uulo  himself  a  peculiar  people,  zealous  of 
l^od  works.  —  Tit.  ii. 

4.  To  clear  from  improprieties  or  barbarisms  ;  as,  to 
purify  a  liinfjuajje.  ISprat. 

Pu'lU-Ft,  V.  i.    To  Erow  or  become  pure  or  clear. 

I.itltiors  will  gmtlually  purify.  Bunirt. 
PU'KI-F9-ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Removing  foreign  or  ht  tt>r- 

ogeneous  matter;  cleansing  from  pollution  ;  fining; 

making  clear. 

PO'RI-Fy-li\G,  71.  The  act  or  operation  of  making 
pure,  or  of  cleansing  from  extraneous  matter,  or 
from  pollution. 

Pu'RD(,  n.  [Heb.  D^iiB,  lots,  from  the  Persian.] 
Among  tite  Jews,  the  feast  of  lots,  instituted  to  coin- 
uieiiiorate  their  deliverance  from  the  machinations 
of  Human.    Estk.  ix. 

PO'RIiST,  ji.    [Fr.  puriste.] 

1.  One  excessively  nice  in  the  use  of  words. 

Cheslrrfipld.  Juhuson. 

2.  One  who  maintains  that  the  New  Testament 
was  written  in  pure  Greek.  M.  Stuart. 

PU'RI-TAN,  n.  [trom  pure.]  The  Puritans,  in  the 
time  of  Ciueen  Elizabeth  and  her  immediate  suc- 
cessors, were  so  called  in  derision,  on  account  of 
their  professing  to  follow  the  pure  word  of  God,  in 
opposition  to  all  traditions  and  human  constitutions. 

Encyc. 

Hume  gives  this  name  to  three  parties  ;  the  politi- 
cal Puritans,  who  maintained  the  highest  principles 
of  civil  liberty  ;  the  Puritaits  in  discipline,  who  were 
averse  to  the  ceremonies  and  government  of  the 
Episcopal  church  ;  and  the  doctrinal  Puritans,  who 
rigidly  defended  the  specul.itive  system  of  the  first 
reformers. 

Puritan  is  sometimes  now  used  as  a  term  of  re- 
proach. 

Pu'RI-TAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Puritans,  or  early 
dissenters  from  the  Church  of  England.  Sander.-ion. 

PU-RI-TAN'ie,        (a.   Pertaining  to  the  Puritans  or 

PU-RI-TAN'ie-AL,  (  their  doctrines  and  practice; 
as  a  term  of  reproach,  exact ;  rigid  ;  as,  puritanical  no- 
tions or  opinions  ;  puritanical  manners. 

PU-RI-TAN'ie-A[,LY,  ado.  With  the  e.\act  or  rigid 
notions  or  manners  of  the  Puritans. 

P0'RI-TAN-IS.\1, 71.  The  notions  or  practice  of  Puri- 
tans. J\Ionta<rue. 

PO'RI-TAN-IZE,  V.  i.  To  deliver  the  notions  of  Puri- 
tans. Montague. 

PC'RI-TY,  71.    [Fr.  purite  ;  h.  puritaji,  from  purns.] 
1  Freedom  from  foreign  admixture  or  heterogene- 
ous matter  ;  as,  the  purity  of  water,  of  wine,  of  spirit ; 
the  purity  of  drugs  ;  the  purity  of  metals. 

2.  Cleanness  ;  freedom  from  foulness  or  dirt ;  as, 
the  purity  of  a  garment. 

Tlic  purity  of  a  linen  vesture.  Holyday. 

3.  Freedom  from  guilt  or  the  defilement  of  sin  ; 
innocence ;  as,  purity  of  heart  or  life. 

4.  Chastity  ;  freedom  frorn  contamination  by  illicit 
sexual  connection.  Shak* 

Freedom  from  any  sinister  or  improper  views ; 
as,  th"  purity  of  motives  or  designs. 

6.  Freedom  from  foreign  idioms,  from  barbarous  or 
improper  words  or  phrases  ;  as,  purity  of  style  or 
language. 

PURL,  7u  [Supposed  to  be  contracted  from  purfte. 
Qu.] 

1.  An  embroidered  and  puckered  border. 

Johnson.  Bacon. 
Q.  A  kind  of  edging  for  bone-lace.  Bailey. 
PURL,  71.    A  malt  liquor  medicated  with  wormwood 

or  aromatic  herbs.  Bailey.  Johnson. 

PURL,  11.    Two  rounds  in  knitting. 
PURL,  r.  ».    [.^w.  porta:  \V .  freulaw,  to  purl,  to  rip- 
ple :  fraiil,  a  rippling.    It  may  be  allied  to  G.  hr^lllen, 
D.  brulhn,  Dan.  broler,  to  roar,  and  to  Eng.  frill,  trill, 
and  roll.] 

1.  To  murmur,  as  a  small  stream  flowing  among 
stones  or  other  obstructions,  which  occasion  a  con- 
tinued series  of  broken  sounds.  It  is  applied  only  to 
small  streams.  Large  streams  running  in  like  man- 
ner are  said  to  roar.  In  descriptions  of  rural  scene- 
ry, the  poets  seldom  omit  a  purling  brook  or  stream. 

My  tl.ivvery  theme, 
A  painted  mistress  or  a  purling  str^-am.  Popt. 

2.  To  flow  or  run  with  a  murmuring  sound. 

Around  th'  nUJoinin^  t^rook  that  pur/s  along 

The  vocal  grove,  no*  fn-itiiig  o'.  r  a  rock.  Thornton, 

i 


PUKL,  I'.  (.    To  decorate  with  fringe  or  embroidery 

B.  ./onson. 

PURL,  71.    A  gentle,  continued  murmur  of  a  timall 

stream  of  ripi)Iing  water. 
PUR'LIEu,  (pur'hi,)  «.     [Fr.  pur,  pure,  and  lieu, 

place.] 

A  border ;  a  limit ;  a  certain  limited  extent  or  dis- 
trict; orirrinally,  the  ground  near  a  royal  forest, 
which,  being  severed  frimi  it,  was  intulc  purlieu,  that 
is,  pure  or  free  from  the  forest  laws.  Encyc. 
PUR'LIN,  71.  In  architecture,  a  piece  of  timber  ex- 
tending from  end  to  enil  of  a  buililiiig  or  roof,  across 
and  under  the  rafters,  to  support  tliem  in  the  middle. 

Ilrbcrt. 

PURL'ING,  ppr.    [from  purl.]    Murmuring  or  gur- 
gling, as  a  brook. 
2.  Decorating  with  fringe  or  embroiderj'. 

PURL'LN'G,  a.  Murmuring  or  gurgling  ;  as,  a  purling 
stream.  Pope. 

PURL'ING,  71.  The  continued,  gentle  murmur  of  a 
small  stream. 

PUR-LOIN',  V.  t.  [Fr.  pour  and  loin,  far  ofi".  See 
Eloion.] 

1.  Lileralhj,  to  take  or  carry  away  for  one's  self ; 
hence,  to  steal  ;  to  take  by  theft. 

Your  hiitliT  purloins  your  liquor.  Arbulhnot. 

2.  To  take  by  plagiarism ;  to  steal  from  books  or 
manuscripts.  Dryden. 

PUR-LOIN',  P.  i.    To  practice  theft.    Tit.  ii. 
PUR-LOIN'iJU,  pp.    Stolen    taken  by  plagiarism. 
PUR-LOIN'ER,  71.    A  thief  yi a  plagiary. 
PUR-LOIN'ING,  ppr.   Stealing;  committing  literary 
theft. 

PUR  LOIN'ING,  71.    Thi^ft;  plagiarism. 
PUK'PAR-TY,  71.    [Fr.  potir  anii  partie,  part.] 

In  lato,  a  share,  part,  or  portitm  of  an  estate, 
which  is  allotted  to  a  coparcener  by  partition. 

Cojcel. 

PUR'PLE,  (pur'pl,)  a.  [Fr.  pourprd  ;  L.  purpureus ; 
Sp.  purpurea:  It.  porjmrino :  Gr.  Tronipvpioi,  from 
TToptfivpa,  L.  purpura,  A  shell  from  which  the  color 
was  obtained.J 

1.  Designating  a  much-admired  color  composed  of 
red  and  blue  blended.  The  Roman  emperors  wore 
robes  of  this  color. 

2.  In  poetry,  red  or  livid ;  dyed  with  blood. 

I  view  a  field  of  blood. 
And  Tiber  rolling  with  apurple  flood.  Dryden. 

PUR'PLE,  71.  A  purple  color  or  dress ;  hence,  impe- 
rial government  in  the  Roman  empire,  as  a  purple  robe 
was  the  distinguishing  dress  of  the  emperors. 

O,  lihon. 

2.  A  cardinal.ate.  Addisoiu  Hume. 

Pitrple  of  Ca.-<sius.    See  Cassios. 

Purple  of  ntollusca  ;  a  viscid  liquor,  secreted  by 
certain  shell-fish,  as  the  Buccinum  bipilius,  which 
dyes  wool,  &c.,  of  a  purple  coloi  and  is  supposed  to 
be  the  substance  of  the  famous  Tyrian  dj  e.  Vre. 
PUR'PLE,  II.  (.    [L.  purpura.] 

To  make  purple,  or  to  dye  of  a  red  color;  as, 
hands  purpled  with  bltxid. 

When  morn 

Purples  tlie  eiuit.  Milton.  * 

Reclining  solt  in  blissful  IxiweTS, 

Purpled  sweet  with  springuig  flowcn.  FenUm. 

PUR'PLED,  pp.  or  o.    Made  purple. 

PUR'PI.ES,  (piir'plz,)  71.  pi.  Petecchi,T,or  spots  of  a 
livid  red  on  the  body  ;  livid  spots  which  appear  in 
certain  malignant  diseases  ;  a  purple,  i.  e.,  a  petec- 
cliial  fever. 

PUR'PLING,  ppr.  Dyeing  of  a  purple  color;  making 
pitrple. 

PUR'PLISH,  a.  Somewhat  purple.  Boyle. 
PUR'PORT,  71.    [Fr.  pour,  for,  and  poHer,  to  bear.] 

1.  Design  or  tendency ;  as,  the  purport  of  Plato's 
dialogue.  JVorris. 

2.  Meaning  ;  import ;  as,  the  purport  of  a  word  or 
phrase. 

PUR'PoRT,  V.  t.    To  intend  ;  to  intend  to  show. 

2.  To  mean  ;  to  signify.  [Bacon. 
PUR'PoRT-ED,  pp.    Designed;  intended  ;  meant. 
PUR'PORT-ING,  ppr.    Designing;   intending;  im- 
porting. 

PUR'POSE,  71.  [Fr.  priipos  ;  Sp.  and  It.  proposito  ;  L. 
propositum,  propono  ;  pro,  before,  and  poiio,  to  set  or 
placej 

1.  That  which  a  person  sets  before  himself  as  an 
object  to  be  reached  or  accomplished  ;  the  end  or 
aim  to  which  the  view  is  directed  in  any  plan,  meas- 
ure, or  exertion.  We  believe  the  Supreme  lieing 
created  intelligent  beings  for  some  benevolent  and 
glorious  purpose  ;  and  if  so,  how  glorious  and  benev- 
olent must  be  his  purpose  in  the  plan  of  reilemption  ! 
The  ambition  of  men  is  generally  directed  to  one  of 
two  purpose*,  or  to  both  —  the  acquisition  of  we.alth 
or  of  power.  We  build  houses  for  the  purpose  of 
shelter  ;  we  labor  for  the  purpose  of  subsistence. 

2.  Intention ;  design.  This  sense,  however,  is 
hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  the  former,  as  pur- 
pose always  includes  the  end  in  view. 

Even-  purpose  is  cslaliiished  by  counsel,  —  Prov.  xx. 
Beiiii;  pnil.  stinated  accunlin;  to  the  purpose  of  lliin  who  work- 
elh  all  Uiingl  after  the  coui,«.|  of  his  uwn  w,ll.  -  Kph.  i. 


3.  End  ;  edect ;  ctmsetiuence,  gottd  or  bad.  Wnat 
good  purpose  will  this  answer We  sometunes  laboi 
to  no  purpose.  iMeu  often  employ  their  time,  lalenta, 
and  money  for  very  evil  purposes. 

To  what  purpose  is  tiiis  wimti!  t  —  Matt.  xzvl. 

4.  Instance  ;  example.    [JVot  in  use.] 

5.  Conversation.    [jVot  in  use.]  Spenser, 
Of  purpose,  on  purpose:   with  previous  di^sign  ; 

Willi  tile  111111(1  directetl  to  that  object.  On  purpose  is 
more  generally  used,  but  the  true  phrase  is  of  pur- 
po.se, 

PUR'POSE,  V.  t.  To  intend  ;  to  design  ;  to  resolve  ; 
to  ileterininc  on  some  end  or  object  lo  bo  accom- 
plishetl. 

I  have  purposed  it,  I  will  also  do  it.  — Is.  xlvi.    Eph.  ill. 
Paul  purposed  in  Uie  spirit,  when  he  had  passed  through  Mace- 
donia and  Achaia,  tu  ^  lo  Jenisalen).  —  Acts  xix. 

PUR'POS-£D,  (pur'pust,)  pp.  or  a.  Intended;  de- 
signed ;  applied  to  things. 

2.  Resolved  ,  having  formed  a  design  or  resolu- 
tion ;  applied  to  persons. 

I  am  purposed  that  my  mouth  shall  not  transgress.  —  Ps.  xvli. 
PUR'POSE-LESS,  a.    Having  no  effect  or  purpost'. 

J/all. 

PUR'P0SF;-LY,  adv.  By  design  ;  intentionally  ;  with 
predetermination. 

In  comnoninp  this  discourse,  I  pitrposely  declir.ed  all  offensive 

and  di»ijlea«iiig  truths.  AtUrbury. 
So  much  th-'y  scorn  the  crowd,  that  if  the  throng 
By  ciiauce  go  right,  they  purposely  go  w  rong.  Pope. 

PUR'POS-ING,  ppr.  Intending;  designing;  resolv- 
ing. 

PUR-PRES'TqRE,7i.  [from  Fr.powrand  prendre, pris, 
to  take.] 

In  law,  a  nuisance,  consisting  in  an  incjosiire  of 
or  encroachment  on  something  that  belongs  to  the 
public  ;  as  a  house  erected  or  inelosure  niadc  on  the 
kini;'s  demesnes,  or  of  a  liiEhway,  &.c.  Blarkstone, 

PUR'PRtSE,  (-prize,)  ii.    [Fr,  pourpris,  supriu] 

A  close  or  inelosure  ;  also,  the  whole  compass  of  a 
manor.  Bacon. 

PUR'PU-RATE,  71.  A  compound  of  purpuric  acid 
and  a  salifiable  base.  Ure, 

PUR'I'URE,  71.  In  heraldry,  purple,  represented  in 
enjiraving  by  diagonal  lines  from  right  lo  left. 

PUR-PO  Rie,  a.  [So  called  from  the  purjile  color  of 
its  .salts.]  Purpuric  acid  is  product^d  by  the  action 
of  nitric-acid  upon  the  lithic  or  uric  acid. 

Dr.  Prout. 

PUR'PU-RINE  71.  A  coloring  principle,  supposed,  by 
Robiquet  and  Colin,  to  exist  in  ni:idder.  Its  identity 
is  questionablfc.  (Jrc. 

PURR,  1).  i.    To  n.urmur  as  a  cat.    [See  Pt'n.] 

PURR,  71.    A  sea  lark.  .iinsirorth. 

PURRE,  71.  Ciderkin  or  perkin  ;  the  liquor  made  by 
steeping  the  gro.ss  matter  of  pressed  apples.  Encyc. 

PURR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Murmuring  as  a  cat. 

PURR'ING,  n.    The  murmuring  noise  made  by  a  cat. 

PURSE,  (purs,)  71.  [Fr.  bourse:  It.  bttrsa ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  bolsa  :  D.  beurs :  G.  borse  :  Dan.  bSrs ;  L.  byrsa, 
an  ox  hide  ;  Gr.  ISvnaa,  id.  Ciu.] 

1.  A  small  bag  in  which  money  is  contained  or 
carried  in  the  pocket.     It  was  Ibrmerly  made  of  ! 
leather,  and  is  still  made  of  this  material  by  common 
people.    It  is  usually  of  silk  net-work. 

2.  A  sum  of  money  offered  as  the  prize  of  winning 
in  a  horse-race. 

3.  In  Turkey,  a  sum  of  money,  500  piasters. 

4.  The  public  cofl'ers ;  the  treasury;  as,  to  exhaust 
a  nation's  purse,  or  the  public  purse. 

Long  purse,  or  heavy  purse  ;  wealth  ;  riches. 
Light  purse,  or  empty  purse ;  poverty,  or  want  of 
resources. 

Sword  and  purse ;  the  military  power  and  wealth 
of  a  nation. 

PURSE,  V.  t.    To  put  in  a  purse.    Dryden.  M'dton. 
2.  To  contract  into  folds  or  wrinkles. 

Thou  didst  contract  and  purte  tlty  tjruw.  Shuk, 

PURS'iTD,  (purst,)  pp.    Put  in  a  purse. 

2.  t'ontracted  ii.lo  folds  or  wrinkles;  with  up, 
PURSE'-.NET,  (purs'nel,)  n,     A  net,  the  mouth  of 
which  may  be  closed  or  drawn  together  like  a  purse. 

J\Iortimer, 

PURSE'-PRIDE,  71.  Pride  of  money  ;  insolence  pro- 
ceeding from  Ilie  possession  of  wealth.  HalL 

PURSE'-PROUD,  a.  Proud  of  wealth;  puffed  up 
with  the  possessitm  of  money  or  riches. 

PURS' ER,  71.  In  the  nani,  a  commissioned  officer  who  { 
has  charge  of  the  provisions,  clothing,  &.C.,  and  of  j 
the  public  moneys  on  shipboard.  ToUcn. 

PURS'I-NESS,  71.    [from  purs-y.]    A  state  of  being  I 
swelled  or  bloated  ;  inflation  ;  hence,  shortness  of 
brealli.    [Pibsivexess  is  rarely  used.] 

PUKS'L.MN,  n.    [It.  porcrllaua,  porcelain  and  purs- 
lain  ;  Sp.  verdolaga,  piirslain,  whirh  seems  to  be 
green  leek,  green  plant.    The  Portuguese  write  very 
corniptly  bcUrocga.    The  Latin  is  portulaea.  See 
Leek.]  I 
.An  annual  plant  of  the  genus  Portulaea,  with  | 
fleshy,  succulent  leaves,  often  used  as  a  pot-herb  and  I 
for  salads,  carnishing.  anil  pickling.    The  sea  purs- 
lain  is  of  the  genus  .\triplex.    The  tree  sea  purslaiH  j 


8it| 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE. -.W'GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  :  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  TIUS. 


ruR 

isthe'AtripIex  halimus.  [See  Pithslain-Tree.]  The 
uaitT  purslain  ia  of  Ihe  genus  Peplis.  [Sometimea 
spelled  Purslane.]  Lee. 

PURS'LAiN-TREE,  ji.  A  popular  name  of  Portula- 
caria  Afra,  called,  also,  tree  purslain,  a  fleshy  shrub 
wilh  many  small,  opposite,  fleshy,  rounded  leaves. 
It  is  a  native  of  Africa.  Loiidoiu 

PIJR-SC'A-BLE,  a.  [from  pursue.]  That  may  be 
pursued,  followed,  or  prosecuted.  Sherwood-. 

PUR-Su'ANCE,  71.  [from  pursue.']  A  following  ; 
prosecution,  process,  or  continued  exertion,  to  reach 
or  accomplish  something;  as,  in  pursuance  of  the 
main  design. 

2.  Consequence;  as,  in  parsuaiice  of  an  order  from 
the  commauiler-in-chirf. 

PUR-Su'ANT,  a.  [from  pursue,  or  rather  from  Fr. 
poitr.-iuivant.] 

Bone  in  consequence  or  prosecution  of  any  thing; 
hence,  agreeable  ;  conforniahle.  Pursuant  to  a  for- 
mer resolution,  the  house  proceeded  to  appoint  the 
standing  committees ;  this  measure  was  adopted 
pursuant  to  a  former  order. 

PUR-SD'ANT-JjY,  adv.   Agreeably  ;  conformably. 

PUR-SuE',  V,  t.  [Fr.  poursuivre ;  pour  and  suivre,  to 
follow,  L.  sequor  ,•  prosequor,  or  persequor.  See 
Seek.] 

1.  '1  o  follow  ;  to  go  or  proceed  after  or  in  a  like 
direction.  The  captain  pursued  the  same  course  as 
former  navigators  have  taken  ;  a  subsequent  legisla- 
ture pursued  the  course  of  their  predecessors. 

2.  'J"o  take  and  proceed  in,  without  following 
another.  Captain  Cook  pursued  a  new  and  unex- 
ploriii  rdiir-r;  new  circumstances  often  compel  us 
to/<«/-  I  iM  U  i  xpedients  and  untried  courses  ;  what 
cours.'  shall  we  pursue  ? 

3.  'J  o  folloH'  with  a  view  to  overtake  ;  to  follow 
with  haste  ;  to  chase  ;  as,  to  pursue  a  hare  ;  to  pur- 
sue an  enemy. 

4.  To  seek  ;  to  use  measures  to  obtain  ;  as,  to  pur- 
sue a  remedy  at  law. 

5.  To  prosecute;  to  continue.  A  stream  proceeds 
from  a  lake,  and  pursues  a  southerly  course  to  the 
ocean. 

H  ■  ihil  purpttelh  evil,  pursueth  it  to  liis  own  death.  —  Prov.  li. 
G.  To  follow  as  an  example  ;  to  imitate. 

The  fiiine  of  ancient  matrons  you  pursue.  Dryd^n, 

7.  To  endeavor  to  attain  to  ;  to  strive  to  reach  or 
gain. 

We  happiness  pursue ;  we  fly  from  pain.  Prior. 

S.  To  follow  with  enmity  ;  to  persecute. 
This  verb  is  frequently  followed  by  after.  Oen. 
XXX  v._ 

PUR-SuE',  V.  i.  To  go  on  ;  to  proceed ;  to  continue  ; 
a  Oalliciym. 

I  have,  pursues  Carneades,  wondered  chetnisls  should  not  con- 
sider. Boijle. 

PUR-SU'£D,  (pur-sude',)  pp.  or  a.  Followed  ;  chased ; 
prosecuted  ;  continued. 

PUR-SO'ER,  n.    One  that  follows ;  one  that  chases ; 
one  that  follows  in  haste,  with  a  view  to  overtake 
Shak.  Milton. 

PLFR-Su'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Following  ;  chasing  ;  hast- 
ening after  to  overtake ;  prosecuting;  proceeding  in ; 
continuing. 

PUR-Sf;lT',  (pur-silte',)  it.    [Fr.  pour.mite.] 

1.  The  act  of  following  with  a  view  to  overtake  ; 
a  following  with  haste,  either  for  sport  or  in  hostility ; 
as,  the  pursuit  of  game  ;  the  pursuit  of  an  enemy. 

2.  A  following  with  a  view  to  reach,  accomplish, 
or  obtain  ;  endeavor  to  attain  to  or  g.ain  ;  as,  the 
pursuit  of  knowledge  ;  the  pursuit  of  liappiness  or 
pleasure  ;  the  pursuit  of  power,  of  lioiior,  of  distinc- 
tion, of  a  phantom. 

3.  Proceeding  ;  course  of  business  or  occupation  ; 
continued  employment  with  a  view  to  some  end  ;  as, 
mercantile  pursuits  ;  literary  pursuit.t. 

4.  Prosecution  ;  continuance  of  endeavor. 

Clarendon. 

PUR'SUl-VANT,  (-swe-,)  77.    [Fr.  poursuicant.] 

I.  A  state  messenger;  an  attendant  <m  the  heralds. 

Spenser.  Camden. 
9.  In  the  Ueralds'  College,  the  pursuivants  are 
junior  oflicers,  who  afterward  succeed  to  higher 
tiriploynients.  Thoy  are  four,  viz..  Portcullis,  Rouge 
iJragoTi,  Blue  Mantle,  and  Pirrte  Croix.  Brande. 
PIJRS'y,  a.  [Probably  from  Fr.  poussif,  from 
pounncr,  to  push  ;  Sw.  pu.ia,  to  swell  or  inflate.  A 
more  etymological  spelling  of  this  word  would  be 
Puxv.] 

Properly  inflated  ;  swelled  ;  hence,  fat,  short,  and 
thick  ;  anil,  as  persons  of  this  class  have  a  laborious 
respiration,  the  word  is  used  for  short-breathed. 
PIJR'TE-NANCE,  71.    [from  the  I.,  pertincns,  pertineo. 
See  AfPunTENAitcE.] 

Appiiru^nanco  ;  but  applied  to  the  pluck  of  an  ani- 
mal.   F.iod.  xii. 
PO'KU-LEXCE,  I  71.    [L.  pMriiIc7i(ii»,  from  pu.t,  n«ri.«, 
P0'RI;  LEN-CY,  j  matter.] 

The  generation  of  pus  or  matter ;  pus. 

..^rhuthnot. 

PO'RU-LENT,  a.  Consisting  of  pus  or  matter ;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  uf  pun,  JIacon. 


PUS 

PUR-VEY',  (pur-va',)  i>.  t.    [Fr.  pourvoir;  pour  and 
voir,  to  see  ;  L.  provideo  ;  It.  provcdere  ;  Sp.  proveer.] 

1.  To  provide  ;  to  provide  with  conveniences. 

Dryderu 

2.  To  procure.  Thomson. 
PUR-VgY',  (pur-va',)  v.  i.    To  purchase  provisions  ; 

to  provide.  Milton. 
PUR-VEY'ANCE,  (pur-va'ans,)  71.    Procurement  of 
provisions  or  victuals. 

2.  Provisions  ;  victuals  provided.  Spenser. 

3.  In  English  laws,  the  royal  prerogative  or  right  of 
preemption,  by  which  the  king  was  authorized  to 
buy  provisions  and  necessaries  for  the  ase  of  his 
household  at  an  apprized  value,  in  preference  to  all 
his  subjects,  and  even  without  the  consent  of  the 
owner  ;  also,  the  right  of  impressing  horses  and 
carriages,  &c. ;  a  right  abolished  by  stat.  12  Charles 
II.  24. 

PUR-VEY'£D,  (  vade',)  pp.    Purchased  provisions. 
PUR-VEY'I.\G,  ppr.    Providing  necessaries. 
PUR-VEY'OR,  (-va'ur,)  71.  One  who  provides  victuals, 

or  whose  business  is  to  make  provision  for  the  table ; 

a  victualer.  Ralegh. 

2.  An  officer  who  formerly  provided  or  exacted 
provision  for  the  king's  household.  England. 

3.  One  who  provides  the  means  of  gratifying  lust ; 
a  procurer  ;  a  pimp  ;  a  bawd.     Dnjden.  Jlddison. 

PUIt'VIEW,  (pur'vu,)  71.  [Norm,  and  Fr.  puurveu, 
purvieu,  purvey ;  Fr.pourvu,  provided,  from  pourvoir. 
See  Purvey.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  condition  or  proviso ;  but  in  this 
sense  not  used. 

2.  The  body  of  a  statute,  or  that  part  which  begins 
with  "Be  it  enacted,"  as  distinguished  from  the 
preamble.  Cowel.  Encyc. 

3.  In  modern  usage,  the  limit  or  scope  of  a  statute ; 
the  whole  extent  of  its  intention  or  provisions. 

Marshall. 

4.  Superintendence. 

The  federal  power —  is  confined  to  objects  of  a  general  nature, 
more  wittiin  the  purview  of  the  lJuited  Stales,  than  of  any 
particular  one.    [Unusual.]  Ramsay. 

5.  Limit  or  sphere  intended  ;  scope ;  extent. 

In  delermiuin^  the  extent  of  information  required  in  the  exercise 
of  a  particular  autjiorily,  n-course  must  tje  liad  to  the  objects 
witliiu  the  purvieie  of  that  autliority.  Federalist,  Madison. 

PUS,  71.  [L.]  The  yellowish-white  matter  secreted 
in  ulcers  and  wounds  in  tlie  process  of  healing. 

£71C7/C. 

PC'SEY-ISM,  (pu'zy-izm,)  7t.  The  principles  of  Dr. 
Pusey  and  others  at  Oxford,  England,  as  exhibited 
in  "  The  Tracts  for  the  Times."  They  propose  to 
carry  back  the  discipline  and  doctrine  of  the  church 
of  England  to  an  imagined  period,  when  there  would 
liave  been  no  ground  of  separation  from  the  church 
of  Rome.  Smart. 

PC'SEY-iTE,  71.  One  who  holds  the  principles  of 
Puseyism. 

PUSH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  ponsscr  ;  D.  puis,  a  push  ;  Sw.  posa, 
to  swell  ;  W.  pos,  growth,  increase  ;  posiaw,  to  in- 
crease, or  pwisaw,  to  press,  to  weigh.  The  sense  is,  to 
thrust,  press,  or  urge.    See  Class  Bz.] 

1.  To  press  against  with  force  ;  to  drive  or  impel 
by  pressure  ;  or  to  endeavor  to  drive  by  steady  pres- 
sure, without  striking  ;  opposed  to  Draw.  We  push 
a  thing  forward  by  force  applied  behind  it ;  we  draw 
by  applying  force  before  it.  We  may  push  without 
moving  the  object. 

2.  To  butt ;  to  strike  with  tlie  end  of  the  liorns  ; 
to  thrust  the  points  of  horns  against. 

If  the  ox  shall  push  a  mau-scrvaut  or  maid-servant  —  he  sha]l 
lie  stoned.  —  Ex.  xxi. 

3.  To  press  or  urge  forward  ;  as,  to  push  an  objec- 
tion too  far. 

He  forewarns  hia  care, 
With  mles  to  push  his  fortune  or  to  Ijear.  Dn/den. 

4.  To  urge ;  to  drive. 

Ambition  pushes  the  soul  to  such  actions  as  are  apt  to  procure 
honor  to  the  actor.  Spectator. 

5.  To  enforce  ;  to  press ;  to  drive  to  a  conclusion. 

We  are  pushed  for  an  answer.  Swift. 

C.  To  importune;  to  press  with  -solicitation;  to 
tease. 

To  push  down;  to  overthrow  by  pushing  or  im- 
pulse. 

Pj).SH,7'.  I.  To  make  a  thrust ;  as,  to  push  with  the 
horns  or  with  a  sword.  JJryden.  .Addison. 

2.  To  make  an  efl'ort. 

At  lenjflh, 

Both  sides  resolved  to  push,  we  tried  ou"r  strcnffth.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  an  attack. 

The  Itinj;  of  tlio  south  shall  push  at  liiin.  —  Dan.  xi. 

4.  To  burst  out. 

To  push  on  ;  to  drive  or  urge  forward  ;  to  hasten. 
Push  on,  brave  men. 
PJISH,  71.    A  thrust  with  a  pointed  instrument,  or  with 
the  end  of  a  thing.  Spen,ier. 

2.  Any  pressure,  impulse,  or  force  ajiplied  ;  as,  to 
give  the  ball  the  first  pitv/i.  Jlddison. 

3.  An  assault  or  attack.  ffu/f-v. 

4.  A  forcible  onset ;  a  vigorous  efl'orl.  .Addison. 


PUT 

5.  Exigence ;  trial ;  extremity. 

Wlien  it  comes  to  the  push,  it  is  no  more  than  tallt. 

L'Eslrange. 

6.  A  sudden  emergence.  Shale. 

7.  A  little  swelling  or  pustule ;  a  wheal ;  a  pimple  ; 
an  eruption.  Bacon. 

PySH'TID,  (piisht,)  pp.   Pressed  ;  urged  ;  driven. 

PySH'ER,  71.    One  that  drives  forward. 

PjjSII'ING,  ppr.  Pressing;  driving;  urging  forward 
2.  a.  Pressing  forward  in  business;  enterprising; 
driving  ;  vigorous. 

PySH'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  vigorous,  driving  manner. 

PiJSH'PlN,  71.  A  child's  play  in  which  pins  are 
pushed  altern.ately.  VEslranrre. 

PU-SIL-LA-NIM'I-TY,  77.  {Ft.  pusillanimite  ;  h.  pu- 
sillaniniitas ;  pusillus,  small,  weak,  and  animits,  cour- 
age.] 

Want  of  that  firmness  and  strength  of  mind 
which  constitutes  courage  or  fortitude  ;  weakness 
of  spirit ;  cowardliness  ;  that  feebleness  of  inind 
which  shrinks  from  trifling  or  imaginary  dangers. 

It  is  obvious  to  distinguisli  Ijetween  an  act  of  pusillanimity  and 
an  act  of  great  modesty  or  humility.  Suudt. 

PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS,  a.  [Fr.  pusillanime;  It.  pusil- 
lanimo,  supra.] 

1.  Destitute  of  that  strength  and  firmness  of  mind 
which  constitutes  courage,  bravery,  and  fortitude  ; 
being  of  weak  courage;  mean-spirited;  cowardly; 
applied  to  persons ;  as,  a  pusillani/nous  prince. 

2.  Proceeding  from  weakness  of  mind  or  want  of 
courage  ;  feeble  ;  as,  pusillanimous  counsels.  Bacon. 

PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS-LY,  adv.  With  want  of  cour- 
age. 

PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS-NESS,  71.  Pusillanimity  ;  want 
of  courage. 

PUSS,  71.  [D.  poes,  puss,  a  fur  tippet,  and  a  kiss  ;  Ir. 
pus,  a  cat,  and  the  lip  ;  L.  pusa,  pusus,  from  the  root 
of  pustule,  a  pushing  out,  issue.] 

1.  The  fondlins  name  of  a  cat.  Watts. 

2.  The  sportman's  name  for  a  hare.  Gay. 
PUSS'Y,  71.  A  diminutive  term  for  Puss.  Booth. 
PUS'SY.    See  PuRsr. 

PUS'TU-LaTE,  7,-.  U    [L.  ptu-:tulatus.    See  Pustule.] 
To  form  into  pustules  or  blisters.  Stackhouse. 

PUS'TU-LA-TED,  pp.    Formed  into  pustules. 

2.  a.  In  natural  history,  covered  with  pustule-like 
prominences.  Dana. 

PUS'TU-La-TING,  ppr.    Forming  into  pustules. 

PUS'TULE,  (pus'l  or  pu.st'yule.  The  former  is  the 
usual  pronunciation  in  America.)  71.  [Fr.  pustule; 
L.  pustuta;  from  the  root  of  push.] 

In  medicine,  an  elevation  of  the  cuticle,  with  an 
inflamed  base,  containing  pus.  Pustules  are  various 
in  their  size  ;  but  the  diameter  of  the  largest  seldtmi 
exceeds  two  lines.  Wdlan. 

PUS'TU-I.OUS,  (pust'yu-Ius,)  a.    [L  pustulosus.] 
Full  of  pustules  ;  covered  with  pustules. 

PiJT,  V.  t. ;  preL  and  pp.  Put.  [D.  pooten,  to  set  or 
plant ;  poot,  the  foot ;  Dan.  poder,  to  graft ;  pode,  a 
cion  ;  Fr.  bouter ;  Gr.  0t)(j,  contracted  from  tjiv6o>  or 
<Pvrto,  whence  (pvTof,  a  germ,  shoot,  or  twig.  We 
find  the  same  word  in  the  L.  puto,  to  prune,  that  is, 
to  thrust  ofl",  also  to  think  or  consider,  that  is,  to  set 
in  the  mind,  as  we  use  suppose,  L.  suppono.  But  we 
see  the  English  sense  more  distinctly  in  the  coin- 
pounds  iinputo,  to  impute,  that  is,  to  put  to  or  on  ; 
compnto,  to  compute,  to  put  togetJier.  The  Welsh 
pwlian,  to  poke,  to  thrust,  and  pwtiato,  to  butt,  are 
doubtless  the  same  word.  Tlie  L.  posui,  from  pono, 
may  be  a  dialectical  orthography  of  the  same  root. 
See  Class  Bd  and  Ii.s.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
thrust,  throw,  drive,  or  send.] 

1.  To  set,  lay,  or  place  ;  in  a  general  sense.  Thus 
we  say,  to  put  the  hand  to  the  face  ;  to  put  a  book  on 
the  shelf ;  to  put  a  horse  in  the  stable  ;  to  put  fire  to 
the  fuel ;  to  put  clothes  on  the  body.  God  planted  a 
garden,  and  there  he  put  Adam. 

2.  Put  is  applicable  to  state  or  condition,  as  well  as 
to  place.  Put  him  in  a  condition  to  help  himself. 
Put  the  fortress  in  a  state  of  defense.  The  apostles 
were  ;iHt  in  trust  with  the  gospel.  We  arc  often  piif 
in  jeo])ardy  by  our  own  ignorance  or  rashness.  We 
do  not  always  ;)iit  the  best  men  into  office. 

3.  To  repose. 

llow  wilt  thou  — put  Uiy  trust  on  Egypt  for  chariots?  — 2  iCin^s 

4.  To  push  into  action. 

Thank  Iiim  who  puts  nie,  loth,  to  this  revenge.  JV/i/(on. 

5.  To  apply ;  to  set  to  employment. 

No  man,  haviufr  put  his  hand  to  the  plow,  and  looking  bacit,  is 
fu  lor  Uie  knigdom  of  (iod.  —  Luke  ix. 

P.  To  throw  or  introduce  suddenly,  lie  had  no 
time  to  put  in  a  word. 

7.  In  Scotland,  to  throw  a  lieavy  stone  with  the 
liand  raised  over  the  head.  Jamicson. 

8.  To  consign  to  letters. 

lie  made  a  prochimaUon  — and  put  It  also  In  writing.  —  3  Chron. 
xxxvi. 

9.  To  oblige  ;  to  require. 

We  arc  put  to  prove  things  which  can  lianlly  be  made  plainer. 

riUotson. 

10.  To  incite  ;  to  instigate  ;  to  urge  by  influence. 


PATE,  FXR,  PALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


PUT 


PUT 


PUT 


The  appearance  of  a  formidable  enemy  put  the  king 
oil  making  vigorous  preparations  for  defense. 

'I'liis  put  mc  upon  observing  the  lliicknejw  of  the  pIrtM.  Newton. 

Tliefle  wretclicn  put  u»  uiwii  all  mischief,  to  feed  Uieir  iimt*  urid 
extravug;iiicef.  S:J!i/t, 

U.  To  propose ;  as,  to  pat  a  question  to  the  wit- 
ness ;  to  put  a  case  in  point. 

l'>.  To  reach  to  another.    Ifab.  ii. 

i:!.  'I'o  bring  into  a  state  of  mind  or  temper. 

Soiymnd,  to  put  tlio  Rhodtaiis  out  of  all  iiuplcioii  of  InvMion. 

M.  To  offer ;  to  advance. 

I  am  ashamed  lo  i)UI  a  loose,  IndlgMtcd  play  upon  Ihejul.lic. 

Dn/iUn. 

15.  To  cause. 

Tlie  niilural  coiistilutiona  of  men  put  a  wide  difTerenoo  bet\Ycen 
them.  Locke. 

To  put  about;  to  turn;  to  change  the  course;  to 
gibe  ship. 

To  put  by  ;  to  turn  away  ;  to  divert. 

The  dcsitfn  of  the  evil  one  is  lo  put  thee  by  from  thy  spiritual 
rmploynieiit.  Taylor. 

A  fri^lit  hath  put  by  an  ague  fit.  Oreu). 

Q.  To  tlirust  aside. 

Jonathan  had  died  for  heinff  so, 

Had  not  just  God  put  by  til  uimaturnl  blow.  Coaley. 
To  put  down  :  to  baffle  ;  to  repress ;  to  crush  ;  as, 
to  put  down  a  party. 

2.  To  degrade  ;  to  deprive  of  authority,  power,  or 
place. 

3.  To  bring  into  disuse. 

Sugar  liath  put  (luutn  tlie  use  of  honey.    [06*.]  Bacon. 

4.  To  confute  ;  to  silence. 

Miirlt,  now,  how  a  plain  tale  shall  put  you  down.  SbnJc. 
To  put  forth  ;  to  propose  ;  to  offer  to  notice. 

Samson  said,  I  will  now  put  forth  a  riddle  to  you.  —  Judges  xiv. 

Q.  To  extend  ;  to  reach  ;  as,  to  put  forth  the  hand. 
'i.  To  shoot  out ;  to  send  out,  as  a  sprout;  as,  to 
put  fortJi  leaves. 

4.  To  e.\ert ;  to  bring  into  action  ;  as,  to  put  forth 
strcuffth. 

Cy.  To  publish,  as  a  book. 

To  put  in  :  to  introduce  among  others  ,  as,  to  put 
in  a  word  while  others  are  discoursing. 

2.  To  insert ;  as,  to  put  in  a  passage  or  clause  ;  to 
put  in  a  cion. 

3.  To  conduct  into  a  harbor. 

To  put  in  fear ;  to  affright  ;  to  make  fearful. 

To  put  in  mind  ;  to  remind  ;  to  call  to  remembrance. 

To  put  in  practice ;  to  use  ;  lo  exercise  ;  as,  to  put 
in  practice  the  maxims  of  the  wise  man. 

To  put  into  another's  hands ;  to  trust ;  to  commit  to 
the  care  of. 

To  put  off:  to  divest  ;  to  lay  aside  ;  as,  to  put  off  a 
robe  ;  to  put  off  mortality  or  the  mortal  boily  ;  to  put 
o^hatighty  airs. 

2.  To  turn  aside  from  a  purpose  or  demand  ;  to 
defeat  or  delay  by  artifice. 

I  hoped  for  a  demonstration,  but  Themisticcs  hopes  lo  put  me  o^ 
with  a  harwngue.  Boyle. 

This  is  an  unreasonable  demand,  and  we  might  put  him  off  with 
tliis  answer.  Bettltey. 

3.  To  delay  ;  to  defer ;  to  postpone.  How  gener- 
ally do  men  pud  o^lhe  care  of  their  salvation  to  future 
opportunities ! 

^•1.  To  pass  fallaciously  ;  to  cause  to  be  circulated 
or  received  ;  as,  to  put  tj^upon  the  world  some  plau- 
sible reports  or  ingenious  theory. 

5.  To  discard. 

The  clothiers  all  put  off 
The  spinsten,  carders,  tullers,  weavers.  Shitk. 

C.  To  recommend  ;  to  vend;  to  obtrude.  Bacon. 

7.  To  vend  ;  to  sell. 

8.  To  pass  into  other  hands;  as,  to  put  off  a  coun- 
terfeit coin  or  note. 

9.  To  push  from  land  ;  as,  topuf  off  the  boat. 

To  put  on,  or  upon  ;  to  impute  ;  to  charge  ;  as,  to 
put  one's  own  crime  or  blame  on  another. 

2.  To  invest  with,  as  clothes  or  covering;  as,  to 
put  on  a  cloak. 

3.  To  assume  ;  as,  to  put  on  a  grave  countenance  ; 
to  put  on  a  counterfeit  appearance. 

Mercury  —  put  on  the  shape  of  a  man.  L'Eetrange. 

4.  To  forward  ;  to  promote. 

This  came  handsomely  to  put  on  tlie  peace.    [Oi>«.]  Baeon. 
,     5.  To  impose  ;  to  inflict. 

That  which  thou  pulleat  on  mc,  I  will  bear.  — 2  Kings  XTiii. 
To  be  put  upon ;  to  be  imposed  on  ;  to  be  deceived  ; 
iwed  chiejly  in  the  pas.Hve  form. 
To  put  over !  to  refer  ;  lo  send. 

For  the  certain  knowlc<l[^  of  that  Irulh, 

1  pul  you  o'er  to  heaven  and  to  my  mother.  ShaJ[. 

2.  To  defer  ;  to  postpone.  The  court  put  over  the 
cause  to  the  next  term. 

7^0  put  out ;  to  place  at  interest ;  to  lend  at  use. 
Akiney  put  out  at  compound  interest  nearly  doubles 
in  eleven  years. 

2.  To  aitinguish  ;  as,  to  put  out  a  candle,  lamp,  or 
fire  ;  to  put  out  the  remains  of  affection.  Addison, 

3.  To  send  ;  to  emit ;  to  shoot,  as  a  bud  or  sprout ; 
as,  to  put  out  leaves. 


4.  To  extend  ;  lo  reach  out  ;  to  protrude ;  as,  to 
put  out  llie  hand. 

5.  To  drive  out  ;  to  expel ;  to  dismiss. 
When  I  am  put  out  of  tlv:  stewardship.  —  Luke  xvl. 

C.  To  publish  ;  to  make  public  ;  as,  to  put  out  a 
pamphlet.    [JVouj  vul^rar.] 

7.  To  confuse  ;  to  disconcert ;  to  interrupt ;  as,  to 
put  one  out  in  reading  or  speaking. 

To  put  out  the  eijes  ;  lo  destroy  llie  power  of  sight ; 
to  render  blind. 

To  put  to;  to  add  ;  to  unite  ;  as,  to  put  one  sum  to 
another. 

2.  To  refer  to  ;  to  expose  ;  as,  loput  the  fate  of  the 
army  or  nation  to  a  battle ;  to  put  the  safely  of  the 
state  to  ha/.ard. 

3.  To  piinisli  by  ;  to  distress  by  ;  as,  to  put  a  man 
to  the  rack  or  torture. 

To  put  to  it;  to  distress;  to  press  hard  ;  to  per- 
plex ;  lo  give  ditiiculty  to. 

O  gendc  lady,  do  not  put  mc  to 't.  Shak. 

To  be  put  (0  it ;  in  the  passive  form,  tu  have  ditii- 
culty. 

I  shall  be  hard  pul  to  it  lo  bring  myself  off".  AdtlUon. 
To  put  the  hand  to  ;  to  apply  ;  to  take  hold  ;  to  be- 
gin ;  tt»  undertake ;  as,  lo  puL  Vie  hand  to  the  plow. 
See  Deut.  xii.  7. 
2.  To  take  by  tlieft  or  wrong  ;  to  embezzle. 
Then  shall  an  oath  of  the  Lord  be  between  them  both,  that  he 
hath  not  put  hie  hand  to  his  n'^-ighbor's  goods.  —  Ex.  xxii. 

To  put  to  the  stcord  ;  lo  kill ;  to  slay.  Baeon, 
To  put  to  death ;  to  kill. 

To  put  to  a  stand ;  to  stop ;  to  arrest  by  obstacles  or 
difhcullies. 

To  put  to  trial,  or  on  trial ;  to  bring  before  a  court 
and  jury  for  examination  and  decision. 

2.  To  bring  to  a  test  ;  to  try. 

To  put  together ;  to  unite  in  a  sum,  mass,  or  com- 
pountl  ;  to  adtl  ;  as,  to  put  two  sums  together ;  put 
tog-ether  the  ingredients. 

2.  To  unite  ;  to  connect.  Put  the  two  chains  to- 
gether. 

3.  To  place  in  company  or  in  one  society. 

To  put  trust  in ;  to  confide  in  ;  to  repose  confi- 
dence in. 

To  put  up;  to  pass  unavenged  ;  to  overlook;  not 
to  punish  or  resent ;  as,  to  put  up  injuries ;  to  put  up 
indignities. 

Such  national  injuries  are  not  to  be  pul  up,  but  when  the  offender 
is  below  re^ntment.  Addison. 

[I  have  never  heard  this  phrase  used  in  America. 
We  always  say,  to  put  up  with ;  we  can  not  put  up 
with  such  injuries.] 

2.  To  send  forth  or  shoot  up,  as  plants  ;  as,  to  put 
up  mushrooms.    [04s.]  Bacon. 

3.  To  expose ;  to  offer  publicly  ;  as,  to  put  up  goods 
to  sale  at  auction. 

4.  To  start  from  a  cover.    [OSs.]  Spectator. 

5.  To  hoard. 

Himself  never  put  up  any  of  the  rent.  Spelman. 

6.  To  reposit  for  preservation  ;  as,  to  put  up  apples 
for  winter. 

7.  To  pack  ;  to  reposit  in  casks  with  salt  for  pres- 
ervation   as,  to  put  up  pork,  beef,  or  fish. 

8.  To  hide  or  lay  aside.    Put  up  that  letter.  Shak. 

9.  To  i>ut  in  a  trunk  or  box  ;  to  pack ;  as,  to  ^ut  up 
clothing  for  a  journey. 

PJJT,  V.  i.    To  go  or  move  ;  as,  when  the  air  first  puts 
up.    [OAi.]  Baeon. 

2.  To  steer. 

His  fury  thus  appeased,  he  putt  lo  land.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  shoot  i  to  germinate. 

The  sap  pul*  downwanl.  Bacon. 
To  put  forth  ;  to  shoot ;  to  bud  ;  to  germinate. 
Take  earth  from  under  walb  where  nelUes^ul  forth.  Bacon. 
2.  To  leave  a  port  or  haven.  Shale. 
To  put  in  :  to  enter  a  harbor  ;  to  sail  into  port. 
2.  To  offer  a  claim.  A  puts  in  for  a  share  of 
profits. 

To  put  in  for;  to  offer  one's  self;  to  stand  as  a 
candiilate  for.  Locke. 
To  put  off;  to  leave  land. 

To  put  on ;  to  urge  motion  ;  to  drive  vehemently. 

To  put  over ;  to  sail  over  or  across.  MboL 

To  put  to  sea  ;  lo  set  sail ;  to  begin  a  voyage  ;  to 
advance  into  the  ocean.  Dryden. 

To  put  up ;  to  take  lodgings  ;  to  lodge.  "VVe  put  up 
at  the  Golden  Dall. 

2.  To  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate.  L' Estrange, 

7'o  put  up  to  ;  to  advance  lo.    \^Little  used.]  Swift. 

To  put  up  with ;  lo  overlook  or  suffer  without 
recompense,  punishment,  or  resentment;  as,  to  pii( 
up  with  an  injury  or  affront. 

2.  To  lake  without  opposition  or  dissatisfaction; 
as,  to  put  up  with  bad  fare. 

This  verb,  in  all  its  uses,  retains  its  primary  sense, 
to  set,  throic,  thrust,  send,  Sec. ;  but  its  signification  is 
modified  in  a  great  variety  of  ways,  by  other  words 
standing  in  connection  with  it. 
PyT,  n.    An  action  of  distress  ;  as,  a  forcetl  puL 

VEstrange. 


PUT,  n.    [Uu.  VV.  pwt,  a  short,  thick  person.] 

1.  A  rustic  ;  a  clown. 

2.  A  game  at  cards. 

PUT,  71.    [Vt.  putuin  ;  VV  pufon  ;  It.  putta,  pultano  ; 

Sp.  puta.] 

A  strumpet ;  a  prostitute. 
PIJT  t;A.St',  for  put  the  case ;  suppose  the  case  to  be  db  ; 

a  vulgar,  or  at  least  inelegant  phrase.  Burton. 
PO'TAGK,  n.    [See  Put,  a  prostitute.]    In  law,  pros- 

titiitiiin  or  fornication  on  tlie  part  uf  a  female. 
PO'TA.N-IS.M,  Ji.    \fr.putanisme.]  [Cowel. 

('iistomary  lewdness  or  prostitution  of  a  female. 
PO'TA-TIVK,  o.     [l^i.  putatif;  It.  putativo  ;  from  h. 

puto,  to  suppose.]  • 

Supjioscd ;    reputed ;     commonly    thought  or 

deemed  ;   as,  the  putative  father  of  a  child. 
PUT-CHOCK',  71.    A  root  imported  into  i:hina  from 

the  north-west  coast  of  India,  and  used  for  burning 

as  incense  ;  also  spelt  Putchuck.  JilcCulloch. 
PO'TII),  a.    [L.  putidus,  from  putco,  to  have  an  ill 

smell ;  W.  pwd.] 

Mean  ;  base  ;  worthless.     L' Estrange.  Taylor, 
PCi'TID-NESS,  71.    Meanness  ;  vileness. 
PIJT'LOG,  77.    A  short  piece  of  timber,  on  which  the 

planks  forming  tile  floor  of  a  scalftdd  arc  laid. 

Gloss,  of  ArchiL 
PI^T'-OFF,  71.    An  excuse;  a  shifl  fur  evasion  or  de- 
lav.  I?  Estrange, 
PU-TRED'I-NOUS,  a.     [from  L.  putrcdo,  from  pu- 

trco,  putris.] 

Proceeding  from  putrefaction,  or  partaking  of  the 
putrefactive  jirocess  ;  liaving  an  offensive  smell. 

PU-TRE-FAC'TIO-V,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  putrcfactto ; 
putris,  puind,  and  .furio,  to  make.] 

.\  natural  process  by  which  aiiiiiial  and  vegetable 
bodies  are  disorganized,  and  their  elements  newly 
arranged,  forming  new  compounds.  Putrefaction  is 
greallv  accelerated  by  heat  and  moisture. 

PU-TIli3-FAe'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  lo  putrefaction; 
as,  the  putrefactive  smell  or  process. 

2.  Tending  to  promote  putrefaction  ;  causing  pu- 
trefactitm.  Brown. 

PU'TRE-FI-ED,  (-fide,)  pp.  or  o.    Dissolved;  rotten. 

PO'TRE-FY,  ».  f.  [Fr.  putrrficr ;  L.  putrrfacto  ;  pu- 
tris, piilrid,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

J.  To  cause  to  be  decomposed  ;  to  disorganize  and 
cause  to  pass  into  a  state  in  which  the  constituent 
elements  are  newly  arranired,  forming  new  com- 
pounds, as  animal  or  vegetable  bodies  ;  lo  cause  to 
rot.  Heat  and  moisture  soon  putrtfy  dead  tlesli  or 
vegetables. 

2.  To  corrupt ;  to  make  foul ;  as,  to  putrefy  the 
air.    {Little  used.]  Shak. 

3.  To  make  morbid, carious,  or  gangrenous  ;  as,  to 
putrrfij  an  ulcer  or  wound.        h'uicman.  'Temple. 

PO'TRE-FY,  B.  I.  To  dissolve  by  spontaneous  decom- 
position ;  lo  have  the  constituent  elements  newly 
arranged,  forming  new  compounds,  as  animal  and 
vegetable  substances  deprived  of  the  living  princi- 
ple ;  to  rot. 

PU'TRE-FY-1\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Causing  to  be  decom- 
posed ;  making  rotten. 
PU-TRES'CEN'CE,  71.    [from  L.  pulrescens,  putrrseo.] 
The  state  of  decomposing,  as  in  an  animal  or 
vegetable  substance  ;  a  putrid  stale.  Brotrn, 
PU-TRES'CENT,  a.    Becoming  putrid  ;  passing  from 
an  organized  state  into  another  state,  111  which  the 
elements  are  newly  arranged,  forming  new  com- 
pounds. Brown. 

G.  Pertaining  to  the  process  of  putrefaction  ;  as,  a 
putrescent  smell. 
PU-TKES'CI-liLE,  a.    That  may  bo  putrefied  ;  liable 
to  become  putrid  ;  as,  putrescible  substances. 

Ramsay,  I  list, 

PU'TRID,  a.  [Vt.  putride  ;  L.  putridus,  [ruin  putris, 
putrco.] 

1.  In  a  stale  of  dissolution  or  disorganiz.alion,  as 
animal  and  vegetable  bodies ;  corrupt ;  rotten  ;  as,  pu- 
trid  flesh. 

2.  Inilicating  a  state  of  dissolution  ;  tending  to  dis- 
organize the  subit;inces  composing  the  body. 

3.  Proceeding  from  putrefaction,  or  pertaining  to 
it ;  as,  a  putrid  scent. 

PU'TRin-.\i;ss,  J  71.  The  state  ol  being  putrid  ;  cor- 
PU-TRIO'I-TV  1  ruption.  Flover. 
PU'TR1-F1-Ca'  riO.\,  ».  state  of  becoming  rotten. 
PO'TRY,  a.  Rollen.  [jVot  used.]  Marstan. 
PIJT'TER,  7u  [from  put.]  One  who  puts  or  pl.nces. 
PUT'TER-0.\,  71.  An  inciter  or  instigator.  Shak. 
PjjT'TING,  ppr.  [from  put.]  Setting  ;  pl.acing  ;  lay- 
ing. 

PtJT'TING,  71.  In  Scotland,  an  ancient  siwrt,  the 
throwing  of  a  heavy  stone,  with  the  hand  raised 
over  the  head. 

PljT'Tl.N'G-S'I'ON'E,  71.  In  Scotland,  a  heavy  stone 
used  in  the  game  of  puttimr.        Pope.  Jamicson, 

PUT'TOCK,  71.    A  kite.  Spenser. 
Puttock-shrouds :  probably  a  mistake  for  Futtock- 

PUT'TY,  71.    [.Sp.  and  Port,  potca.]  [shrouds. 
1.  A  kind  of  pa.sle  or  cement  compounded  of  whit- 
ing, or  soft  carbonate  of  lime  and  lintseed  oil,  beat- 
en or  kneaded  to  the  consistence  of  dough  ;  used  in 
fastening  gl.ass  in  sashes,  and  in  stopping  crevices. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  qNITE.  — A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


112* 


WWW 


PYR 


PYR 


2.  VuUy  of  tin  ;  a  powder  of  calcined  tin,  used  in 
poliiiliing  glass  and  steel.  Encyc. 

3.  A  very  fine  cement,  made  of  lime  only,  used 
bv  plasterers.  BranOe. 

PUT'TV,  V.  t.    To  cement  with  putty  ;  to  fill  up  with 
»putt_v.  -3s/i. 
PUZ'ZLE,  (puz'zl,)  tt.  t.    [from  the  root  of  pose, 
which  see.] 

1.  "To  perplex ;  to  embarrass  ;  to  put  to  a  stand  ;  to 
gravel. 

A  shrewd  dUpuUnt  in  those  points  Is  dextrous  in  puzzling 
others.  More. 

He  is  per^tually  puzzled  and  perplexed  amidst  his  own  blun- 
ders. Addison. 

2.  To  make  intricate  ;  to  entangle. 

The  \v:iYs  of  Heaven  are  dark  and  iiitricil", 

Puzzled  in  maa-^s  and  perplexed  with  error.  Addison, 

PUZ'ZLE,  jj.  i.    To  be  bewildered  ;  to  be  awkward. 

UKstTange, 

PUZ'ZLE,  n.    Perplexity ;  embanassment.  Bacon. 
PUZ'ZLJED,  pp.  or  a.    Perplexed  ;  intricate ;  put  to  a 
stand. 

PUZ'ZLE-HE.\D-ED,  (piiz'zl-hed-ed,)  a.  Having  the 
head  full  of  confused  notions.  Johnsoiu 

PUZ'ZLER,  71.    One  that  perplexes. 

PUZ'ZLIN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Perplexing  ;  embarrassing  ;  be- 

PUZ-ZO-L.^'NA.    Pee  Pozzijolasa.  [wildering. 

PYG'MTE,  n.    [Qu.  G.'.  -i.kv  rotnp-ict.] 

A  mineral,  the  shorlite  of  Kirwan,  or  shorlous 
topaz  of  Jameson.  It  usually  ajip^ars  in  long,  irreg- 
ular prisms  or  cylinders,  longitudinally  striated,  and 
united  in  bundles.  Werner.  Cleaveland. 

PYCNO-STVLE,  n.  [Or.  ttvkvos,  thick,  and  ruAos, 
column.] 

In  ancient arckitect-ure,  a  term  denoting  a  colonnade 
in  which  the  columns  stand  very  close  to  each  oth- 
er ;  only  one  diameter  and  a  half  of  the  column  be- 
ing allowed  to  each  intercolumniation.  Gicilt. 
P5E,  (pi,)  n.  [Probably  a  contracted  word,  and  the 
same  as  pie,  a  mass.] 

A  confused  mass  ;  the  state  of  printing  type  when 
the  sorts  are  mixed. 
PyE,  n.    A  bird.    [See  Pie.] 

PY'GXRG,  (  ?i.  [Gr.  Tnj'aoyof,  having  a  white 
P5-G,\ll'GUP,  (  rump.] 

1.  A  qu:idruped,  probably  a  species  of  antelope  or 
gazelle.    Deut.  xiv.  5. 

2.  The  female  of  the  hen-harrier,  a  speciesof  buz- 
zard. £d.  Encyc. 

PYG'.MY,       jo.    Pertaining  to  a  pygmy  or  dwarf; 

PYG-Me'.\N,  i     very  small  :  dwarfish.  Milton. 

PYG'MY,  71.  \Tr.pygmce;  It.  pi^rmeo  :  \j.  py^ma-tis  ; 
Gr.  -11)  )/«io?,  from  Vii}  /117,  the  fist ;  as  big  as  the  fist.] 
A  dwarf ;  a  person  not  exceeding  a  cubit  in  height ; 
This  appellation  was  given  by  the  ancients  to  a  fab- 
ulous race  of  beinss  inhabiting  Thrace,  who  waged 
war  with  the  cranes,  and  were  destroyed.  Encyc. 

PYL'A-GORE,  n.    [Gr.  7rir>ny»/,.,s.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  a  delegate  or  representative  of  a 
city,  sent  to  the  Aniphictyonic  council.  Milford. 

PY-LOR'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pylorus ;  as,  the 
pyloric  artery. 

PY'-Lo'Rl"."^,'/!.    [Gr.  TTvXiop'ii,  from  7r«Xi7,  a  gate.] 
The  lower  and  right  orifice  of  the  stomach.  Coxe. 

P?'OT.    See  Pi  ex. 

PYR'A-CANTH,  n.    [Gr.  tti;,; a<ni'fla,  fiery  thorn.] 
A  plant ;  an  evergreen  species  of  thorn,  with 

flame-colored  berries,  found  in  the  south  of  Europe, 

of  the  genus  CratEgus. 
PY-R.\L'LO.LITE,  11.    [Gr.  wup,  fire,  a\X"i,  and 

XiM  i?;  alluding  to  its  changes  of  color  bcft)re  the 
■  blowpipe.] 

A  white  or  greenish  mineral  from  Finland,  rarely 

in  oblique  crystals,  consisting  essentially  of  silica 

and  magnesia.  Dana. 
PYR'A-.MID,  n.    IVt.  pyramide  ;  It.  piramide  ;  L.  jnjr- 

amis  ;  Gr.  TTi'oa/iis.    The  oriiiin  and  composition  of 

this  word  are  not  ascertained.    It  is  supposed  that 

the  Gr.  mm,  fire,  forms  one  of  its  component  parls  ; 

and  it  may  be  named  from  being  shaped  like  tlaine. 

Elines.] 

1.  A  solid  body  standing  on  a  triangular,  square,  or 
polygonal  base,  and  terminating  in  a  point  nt  the 
top  ;  or  in  geometry,  a  solid  figure  contained  by  sev- 
eral triangles,  whose  bases  arc  all  in  tlie  same  plane, 
and  which  have  one  common  vertex.  Encyc. 

2.  An  edifice  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid,  for  se- 
pulchral and  rtHigious  purposes,  &c.  The  pyramids 
of  Egypt  may  have  been  erected  to  the  sun,  during 
the  prevaltMice  of  Sabiaiiism. 

PV-RAM'in-AL,  a.    [Ft.  pyramidale  ;  It.  piramidale.] 

1.  Pyrainidical. 

2.  Ri  lating  to  the  pyramids. 
PYR-A-.MID'ie,       la.    Having  the  form  of  a  pyra- 
PYK  A-.Mll)'ie-AL,  i  mid. 

The  particiei  of  earth  beinj(  cubical,  thove  of  5re  pyrarnviieixl. 

Enjlcd  on  PliUo. 

A  pymmidiml  rock.  Gotdemilh. 

PVR  A  .MID'ie-AL  LY,  <u/r.  In  the  form  of  a  pyr- 
amid. Baron. 

PVR  A  .MID'ie  AI--NESS,  71.  The  stale  of  being 
pyramidiral. 

PV-UA.M'I-I)()ID,  n.    [pyramid  and  Gr.  tiiJ.s,  form.] 
A  Kolid  reaembling  the  pyniinid.  Barium. 


[L.l    A  pyramid. 


PYR'A-MIS,  n 

Pyre,  77.  [l.  pi/™ 

.\  funeral  pile  ;  a"  pile  to  be  burnt.  Pope. 
PYR-E-N.a'iTE,  /  71.    [from  the  Pyrenees.]    A  vari- 
PYR-E-Nf.'ITE,  j      ety  of  gainet.  Dana. 
PY-RET'ieS,  H.        Medicines  for  the  cure  of  fever. 
PYR-E-TOL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  uvficTos,  fever,  from  m-p, 
fire,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  fevers,  or  the  doctrine 
of  fevers.  Hooper. 
PY-REX'I-A,  >!. ;  pi.  Vyrexix.    [Gr.  irvoffic.] 

Fever.  '  Forsyth. 

PY-REX'I-AL,  a.    Relating  to  fever. 
PY-REX'IG-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  fever  ;  feverish. 
PYR'GO.M,  n.    A  variety  of  pyroxene,  called  also 

Fassaite.  Dana, 
PYR'I-FORM,  a.    [L.  pyrnm,  a  pear,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  pear.  Greirory. 
PY'R-I-TA'CEOUS,  (pir-e-ti'shus,)  o.    Pertaining  to 

pyrites.    [See  Ptritic]  Lavoviier. 
PY-RI'TkS,  n.    [Gr.  rriTJirijf,  from  n-i'p,  fire.] 

.\  combination  of  sulphur  with  iron,  copper,  co- 
balt, or  nickel,  presenting  a  white  or  yellowish  me- 
tallic luster.  The  term  was  originally  applied  to  the 
sulphuret  of  iron,  in  allusion  to  its  giving  sparks  with 
steel.  The  sulphurets  of  other  metals,  or  those  of 
copper,  not  presenting  the  colors  stated,  are  not  called 
PvitiTES.  Dana. 

[Darwin  has  anglicized  this  word,  which  would 
be  preferable.] 


HeTice  sable  coal  his  massy  conch  extends, 
And  stai^  of  gold  the  sparkhng^^rite  blends. 


Darwin. 


f-RiT'ie,  ) 

?-R[T'ie-AL,  S"- 
I'R'I-TOUS,  ) 


Pertaining  to  pyrites ;  consisting 
of  or  resembling  pyrites. 


PV-RIT'ie 
PY 
PY 

PYR-I-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [pyrites  and  L.  fero,  to  pro 
duce.] 

Containing  or  producing  pyrites. 
PY'R'I-TiZE,  c.  t.    To  convert  into  pyrites. 

Ed.  Encyc, 

PYR'I-TIZ-f;D,  pp.    Converted  into  pyrites. 
PYR-I-TOL'O-GY,  71.    [pyrites  and  Gr.  Aoyoj,  dis- 
course.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  pyrites.  Fourcroy. 
P5''RO,  [from  Gr.  ttdo,  fire,]  used  as  a  prefix,  in  cliem- 
istrj',  to  denote  some  modification  by  lieat. 

Brande. 

PS-RO-A-Cii'Tie  PPIR'IT,  71.  Acetone  ;  a  limpid, 
colorless  liquid,  of  a  penetrating,  aromatic  odor,  and 
very  inflammable,  obtained  by  the  tlry  distillation  of 
the  acetate  of  lead,  or  other  acetate.  Ure. 

Py'RO-ACID,  H.  .\n  acid  obtained  by  subjecting 
another  acid  to  the  action  of  heat.  Brande. 

PYR'O-eilLORE,  n.  [Gr.  -v,i,  fire,  and  xAtofJ'S, 
green.] 

A  mineral  occurring  in  yellow  or  brownish  octahe- 
drons, and  consisting  of  coliiinbic  acid,  and  combined 
with  lime  and  oxvd  of  cerium. 

PY-RO-CIT'Rie  .\C'ID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  from 
citric  acid  bv  the  action  (>f  heat.  Cooln/. 

PY-RoG'EN-bUS,  a.  [Gr.  iru/.,  fire,  and  jti'tut.i,  to 
generate.] 

Produced  bvfire;  igneous.  Manfcll. 
P^-ROL'A-TRY,  71.      [Gr.  ttvo,  fire,  and  Xar^na, 
worship.] 

The  worship  of  fire.  Young, 
PY-RO-LIG'.\E-Oi;s,  ;  a.      [Gr.  ri.n,  fire,  and  L. 
PY-RO-LIG'XOUS,     i     iiVwf,,.,-,  from  (iTiiiim,  wood.] 
The  latter  term  only  is  conformable  to  the  princi- 
ples of  the  nomenclature  of  chemistry. 

Generated  or  procured  by  the  distilhition  of  wood  ; 
a  term  applied  to  the  acid  obtained  by  the  distillation 
of  wtiod.  The  acid  so  procured  is  nothing  but  impure 
and  dilute  acetic  acid,  or  impure  vinegar. 

Chemistry. 

PY-RO-LIG'NITE,  n.  [Supra.]  A  salt  formed  by  the 
combiiiatii>n  of  pyrolignous  acid  with  a  base;  the 
same  as  an  acetate. 

PV-RO-l.lTll'ie,  )  a,     [Gr.  7r«p,  fire,  and  \iO„i, 

PYR-C'Rie,         i  stone.] 

Tilt;  p\  rolithic  acid  is  an  acid  of  recent  discovery. 
It  is  obtained  from  the  silvery  while  plates  which 
sublime  from  uric  acid  cttncrelions  when  distilled  in 
a  retort.  Now  considered  identical  with  cyanuric 
acid. 

PY-ROL'O-GIST,  71.    A  believer  in  the  doctrines  of 
heat.  Black. 
2.  An  investigator  o(  the  laws  of  heat. 

P?-ROL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  irii,i,  fire,  and  \oyof,  dis- 
course.] 

A  treatise  on  heat ;  or  the  natural  history  nf  heat, 
latent  anil  sensible.  jVitclidl. 
PY-RO-LO'SITE,  71.  [Gr.TTiiji,  fire,  and  Xiiw.to  wash.] 
A  black  ore  of  nninganeae,  often  used  in  bleach- 
ing. 

PY-RO-MA'LATE,  n.  [.See  PraoMALic.]  A  com- 
pound of  pvroinalic  aciil  and  a  salifiable  base.  Ure. 

PV-RO-.MA'LIC,  a.  [Gr.  rrnp,  fire,  and  L.  malum,  an 
apple.] 

A  term  applied  tn  a  volatile  acid  obtained  by  heat- 
ing the  malic  acid  in  close  vessels.  Its  properties 
and  cnniposttioii  have  not  been  investigated.  It  has 
been  supposed  tu  be  isomeric  with  mulic  ucid. 


PYR'O-iMAN-CY,  7t.  [Gr.  Jrtip,  fire,  and  pavrtia, 
divination.] 

Divination  by  fire.  Encyc. 
PY-RO-MAN'Tie,  a.    Pertaining  to  pyromancy. 
PY-RO-JlAN'Tie,  71.    One  who  pretends  to  divine  by 

fire.  Herbert. 
PY-RO.M'E-TER,  71.     [Gr.   Trtip,  fire,  and  ptruov, 

measure.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  expansion  of 
bodies  by  heat. 

2.  An  instrument  for  measuring  degrees  of  heat 
above  those  indicated  by  the  mercurial  thermometer; 
as,  the  pjfrovieter  of  Wedgwood. 

PY-RO-.MET'Rie,  (  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pyrom- 
PS'-RO-ilET'Rie-.\L,  (      eter  or  to  its  use. 

P.  Cyc.    Ed.  Encyc. 
P5-RO-MORPH'lTE,  71.    [Gr.  ttvo  and /top,/.-/.] 

The  mineral  phosphate  of  lead,  occurring  in  bright 

green  and  brown  hexagonid  crystals  and  masses. 

The  name  alludes  to  the  crystalline  form  which  the 

globule  assumes  in  cooling.  Dana. 
PS'-RO-MORPH'OUS,  a.    [Gr.  -up,  fire,  and  t'":"h, 

form.] 

In  mineralogy,  having  the  property  of  crystalliza- 
tion bv  fire.  Sliepard. 

PY-RO-MCeATE,  71.  A  combination  of  pyromucic 
acid  with  a  base. 

P5-RO-.M0'Cie,  a.    [Gr.  ni<n,  fire,  and  L.  mucus.] 

The  pyromucic  acid  is  obtained  by  the  action  of 
heat  upon  the  miicic  or  saccholactic  acid.  It  is  a 
white,  volatile  substance. 

PVR'OPE,  71.  [Gr.  TTupcairos ;  nvp,  fire,  and  loili, 
face.] 

A  mineral  regarOed  as  a  variety  of  garnet,  oc- 
curring in  small  masses  or  grains,  never  in  crystals. 
Its  color  is  a  poppy  or  blood  red,  frequently  with  a 
tinge  of  orange.  Brochant.  Cleaveland. 

PYR'O-PH.'KXE,  71.  [Gr.  ttvo,  fire,  and  ip.ii'os,  clear.] 
A  mineral  which  in  its  natural  state  is  opaque,  but 
is  said  to  change  its  color  and  become  transparent 
bv  heat.  Kinoan.  Lanier. 

PY-ROPH'A-NOUS,  a.  Rendered  transparent  by 
heat. 

PY-ROPH'O-ROUS,  (pl-rof'o-rus,)  o.  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  pvrophorus. 

Py-ROPH'O-RUS,  (pi-rofcnrus,)  71.  [Gr.  ttvo,  fire, 
and  vjonos,  bearing.] 

.\  substance  which  takes  fire  on  exposure  to  air, 
or  which  maintains  or  retains  liuhl.  It  is  best  made 
by  heating  together  alum,  pearl-ashes,  and  lamp- 
black. Sitlinian. 

PY-UO-PHYS'A-LITE.    See  Topaz  and  Phvsalite. 

PY-ROR'TIIiTE,  77.  A  mineral  allied  to  orthite,  oc- 
curring in  loiiL',  brownish-black  crystals.  It  is  in- 
flammable, owing  to  its  containing  a  large  percentage 
of  carbon.  The  essential  ingredients  are  silica, 
o\yd  of  cerium,  and  water.  Dana. 

PVR"'0-SeOPE,  71.  [Gr.  irep,  fire,  and  oko-iu,  to 
view.] 

An  mstrument  for  measuring  tlie  pulsatory  motion 
of  the  air,  or  the  intensity  of  heat  radiating  from  a 
fire.  Leslie. 
PY-Ro'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  Ttipojuif,  a  burninsr.] 

In  medicine,  a  disease  of  the  slcuiiaeh,  attended 
with  a  sensation  of  burning  in  the  epigastrium,  ac- 
companied with  an  eructation  of  watery  fluid,  usu- 
ally insipid,  but  sometimes  acrid.  It  is  commonly 
called  \Vater-rba9h. 
PY-ROS'M.\-LlTE,  71.  A  mineral  of  a  liver-brown 
color,  or  pistachio  green,  occurring  in  six-sided 
prisms,  of  a  lamellar  structure,  found  in  Sweden. 

Phillip. 

It  is  an  ore  of  iron,  consisting  of  silica,  oxyd  of 
ircui  and  manganese,  and  clilorid  of  iron.  Dana. 
PY  RO-TXR-'I'AR'ie,  a.     [Gr.  wvp,  fire,  and  tar- 
tar,] 

A  term  applied  to  an  acid  obtained  by  heating  tar- 
taric acid  in  a  close  vessel.  It  is  distinct  from  tar- 
taric arid. 

PY-RO-TAR'TRATE,  71.    A  salt  formed  by  the  com- 
bination of  pvrotartaric  acid  with  a  base. 
PYR-O-TECH'NIG,        I   a.      [Gr.   jriip,  fire,  and 
PYR-O-TEeil'Me-AL,  j       t£x>"I,  art.] 

Pertaining  to  fireworks  or  the  art  of  forming 
them. 

PYR-O-TEeH'MieS, )  71.   [Supra.]  Theartofmak- 
PVR'0-TECI!-NY,     (      iiig  fireworks,  or  the  sci- 
ence whicli  teaches  the  management  and  application 
of  fire  in  its  various  operations,  particularly  in  mak- 
ing rockets  and  other  artificial  fireworks. 
PYR-O-TEGIl'XIST,  71.    One  skilled  in  pyroterliny. 

&teveiu. 

PY-ROT'ie,  «.    [Gr.  rvooto,  to  burn.] 

Caustic.    [See  Caustic] 
PY-ROT'lC,  M.    .\  caustic  medicine. 
PYR'OX-E.VE,  71.  [Gr.  tti'..,  fire,  and  (ti'oj,  a  stranger  ; 
a  guest  in  fire,  unaltered.) 
The  same  niinerul  with  Auoite,  which  see. 

Dana. 

PY-ROX-EN'I€,  11.  Containing  p)roxenc;  composed 
chiefly  of  pyroxene.  /.>iiii«. 

PY-Rt).\-YL'ie,  a.  [Gr.  irnp,  fire,  and  (vXov,  wood.) 
Obtained  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  wood  ; 
as,  pyroiylic  spirit. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL.  WHAT  MUTE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

_ 


QUA 


r?.RO.\'Y.LlN'E,  (-in,)  (  «.  [Gr.  iruu,  fire.and  IvXoy, 
P?-ROX'YLE,  (  il,)       j  wood.] 

A  term  einbraciiiK  g\u\  cotton  and  all  otlu-r  fX|)l(v 
sive  substances,  obtained  by  inmitrsing  vrnotiible 
fiber  in  nitric  and  sulpliiiric  acid,  or  in  a  mixture  of 
nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  and  llicn  sunerinR  it  to 
dry.  J)an<i. 
PYli'IlHie,  71.    [L.  jnjrrhichius ;  Gr.  nvpfUxtos,  from 
TTvpfttxn,  a  nimble  dance. j 
L  In  poetry,  a  foot  consisting  of  two  short  syllables. 
2.  An  ancient  military  dance. 
PYR'RIIie,  a.    Noting  an  ancient  military  danco, 
said  to  have  been  invented  by  Pyrrhus.  Brandc. 
2.  In  porlry,  noting  the  foot  called  Pvrrhic. 
PYR'RIUN,  n.    [Gr.  7ri.pii'..j.] 

A  vegeto-aninial  substance,  detected  in  rain  water 
by  M.  Itraiides.  Journal  vf  Science. 

PYit.RIION'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  pyrrhonism. 
PYR'RllO-NISM,  71.    [from  Pi/rr/io,  the  founder  of  the 
skeptics.] 
iSkcplicism ;  universal  doubt. 


QUA 


PYR'RIIO-NIST,  71.  A  skeptic;  one  who  doubts  of 
every  thing. 

PYTIl-A-Go'RE-AN  or  PYTII-A-GO  nK'AN,  71.  A 
follower  of  Pythagoras,  the  founder  of  the  Italic  sect 
of  philosophers. 

PYTII-A-GO'Ri:-AN  or  "] 
PV'l'll-A-G()-Rii'AN,  I  a.  Uelonging  to  the  pliilos- 

PYTII-A-GOR'IC,         f    phy  of  Pythagoras. 

PYTH-A-GOR'ie-AL,  J 

PY-TIIAG'O-RIS.M,  11.    The  doctrines  of  Pythagor.as. 

PY-TllAR'O-RiZE,  v.  i.  To  speculate  after  the  man- 
ner of  Pj  thagoras. 

PYTiri-AN,  a.  [  from  Pi/t/iia,  the  priestess  of  Apoll.i.l 
Pertaining  to  the  priestess  of  Apollo,  wlio  delivercu 
oracles. 

Pythian  games  ;  one  of  the  four  great  national  fes- 
tivals of  ancient  Greece,  celebrated  near  Delphi,  in 
honor  of  Apollo,  the  conqueror  of  the  dragon  Python. 

liraitdr. 

Py'TIION,  71.  [L.  pytho ;  Gr.  wvBojv,  a  dragon  or  ser- 
pent.] 


QUA 


A  genus  of  ophidian  reptiles,  which  arc  Inrgi;  ser- 
pents, nearly  allied  to  the  lioa,  and  found  in  the 
East  Indies. 

PY'l'Il'O-.N'ESS,  71.  [from  L.  Pytlto,  Gr.  nvOwv,  a 
dr.igon  or  serpent.] 

1.  A  sort  of  witch  ;  also,  the  female  or  priestess  who 
gave  oracular  answers  at  Delphi,  in  Greece.  Miiford. 

2.  Any  female  supposed  to  have  a  spirit  of  divina- 
tion ;  n  sort  of  witch.  Bp.  Hall. 

PY-TII().N"ie,a.  Pretending  to  foretell  fulMre  events. 
PYTll'O-NlST,  71.    A  conjurer. 

PYx'lS  I  "■    [L.  pyiis;  Gr.  Trufij.] 

1.  The  box  in  which  the  Roman  Catholics  keep  the 
host.  Cranmtr. 

2.  A  box  used,  in  English  coinage,  for  the  trial  of 
gold  and  silver  coin.    [See  Pix.]  Smart. 

PY.X-ID'l-U.M,  H.  [from  Gr.  Trifi?.]  In  botany,  a 
fruit  which  dividi's  circularly  into  an  upper  and 
lower  half  of  which  the  former  acts  a-s  a  kind  of  lid, 
as  the  piin|ieriiel.  Brande. 


a 


Q 


IS  the  seventeenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet ; 
an  articulation  borrowed  from  the  Oriental  koph 

or  qoph,  Ch.  and  Hcb.  p,  Samaritan  P,  Syriac 
Arabic  (j  kaf.  It  is  supposed  to  be  an  articulation 
more  deeply  guttural  than  that  of  k ;  indeed,  it  may 
have  been  pronounced  as  we  pronounce  qu :  for  we 
observe  that,  in  the  Latin  language,  from  which  the 
moderns  have  borrowed  the  letter,  it  is  always  fol- 
lowed by  u,  as  it  is  in  English.  This  letter  is  not  in 
the  Greek  alphabet.  In  our  mother  tongue,  the 
.■\nglo-Saxon,  this  letter  is  not  used  ;  but,  in  the 
place  of  qu,  cu,  or.  more  generally,  no  is  used  ;  as  in 
ci/iic,  quick  ;  cwc«,  queen.  This  letter  is  siipertiuous  ; 
for  ku  or  koo,  in  English,  have  precisely  the  same 
sounds  as  qu.  It  is  alleged  that,  in  expressing  q, 
the  cheeks  are  contracted,  and  the  lips  put  into  a 
canular  form,  for  the  passage  of  the  breath  —  circum- 
stanres  whicli  distinguish  it  from  k  This  appears  to 
be  a  mistake.  This  position  of  the  organs  is  entirely 
owing  to  the  following  letter,  u  ;  and  kuestion  and 
question  are  pronounced  precisely  alike,  and  with  the 
same  confignralion  of  the  organs.  For  qu  in  Eng- 
lish, the  Dutch  use  AiA,  the  Germans  qu,  the  Swedes 
and  the  Danes  qr,  which  answer  to  our  kw.  The 
Gothic  has  a  character  which  answers  to  qu.  It  ap- 
pears, then,  that  q  is  precisely  k,  with  this  difference 
in  use,  that  q  is  always  followed  by  u  in  English,  and 
k  is  not.  Q  never  ends  an  English  word.  Its  name, 
cue,  is  said  to  be  from  the  French  queue,  a  tail. 

As  a  numeral,  Q  stands  for  500,  and,  with  a  dash,  O, 
for  .')Ofl,000. 

Used  as  an  abbreviation,  Q.  stands  for  quantity  or 
quantum;  as,  among  physicians,  q.  pL,  quantum  placet, 
as  nnich  as  you  please  ;  q.  s.,  quantum  sujicit,  as 
much  as  is  required,  or  as  is  sutiicient. 

Q  IX  is  sometimes  used  for  quasi  dizissct,  as  if  he 
had  said. 

Among  mathematicians,  Q.  K.  D.  stand  for  quod 
erat  demonstrandum,  which  was  to  be  demonstrated  ; 
Q.  E.  F.,  quod  erat  faciendum,  which  was  to  be  done. 

In  the  notes  of  the  ancients,  Q.  stands  for  Quintus  or 
Quintius ;  Quint,  for  Quintiiins ;  and  Qtuc^.  for 
qu(Bstor. 

In  English,  Q.  is  an  abbreviation  for  question. 
QUAB,  n.    [G.  qnappe    V.  kwab  ;  Dun.  qvabbe.'j 

A  lish  of  Russian  rivers,  which  delights  in  clear 
water.  Diet.  Aat.  Hist. 

QUA-CfIIL'TO,7i.  A  Brazilian  fowl  of  the  moor-hen 
kind,  of  a  fine  black  color,  varieg.ated  with  white. 
Il3  voice  resembles  the  crowing  of  a  cock. 

Did.  A'at.  Hist. 
QUACK,  r.  (.    [D.  kwaaken,  G.  quaken,  Dan.  qvakker, 
to  croak.] 

1.  To  cry  like  a  duck  or  goose.  King. 

2.  To  boast ;  to  bounce  ;  to  talk  noisily  and  osten- 
tatiously ;  as,  pretenders  to  medical  skill  quack  of 
their  cures.  Hudibras. 

QUACK,  71.  [from  the  verb.]  A  boaster  ;  one  who 
pretends  to  skill  or  knowledge  which  he  does  not 
possess.  Felton. 

2.  A  boastful  pretender  to  medical  skill  which  he 
does  not  possess ;  an  empiric ;  an  ignorant  practi- 
';oner.  Mdison. 

<.ir  \CK,o.  Pertaining  to  quackery ;  as,  a  fuacA  med- 
icine. 

Ql).\CK'ER-Y,  71.  The  boastful  pretensions  or  mean 
practice  of  an  ignoramus,  particularly  in  medicine  ; 
empiricism. 

QU.\CK'ISH,  a.  Like  a  quack  ;  boasting  of  skill  not 
ptwsessed  ;  trickish.  Burke. 


QTJACK'ISM,  71.    The  practice  of  quackery,  jls*. 
(iUACK'LE,  V.  i.    To  be  almost  choked. 

CiU  •\rK'/'N'^:D  i  "*    Almost  choked  or  sulTocated. 
Q,U.\CK'SAL-VER,  71.    [Sw.  qvacksalfcare ;  qriackuni 
salte."] 

One  who  boasts  of  his  skill  in  medicines  and 
salves,  or  of  the  efficacy  of  his  prescriptions  -,  a  char- 
latan. Brown.  Burton. 
aUAD,  (kwod,)  (7.  [D.kwaad.] 

Evil ;  bad.    [J^ot  used.]  Gower. 
QUAD'R.\,  71.    [It.]    In  architecture,  a  square  border 

or  frame  round  i^ass-relief,  panel,  &c.  GtciU. 
QUAD'R;K-GENE,  71.    [L.  quadrageni.] 

Ill  the  Roman  CatJtolic  church,  an  indulgence  of 
forty  days,  that  is,  a  remission  of  the  temporal  piin- 
isliinenl  due  to  sin,  corresponding  to  the  forty  days 
of  ancient  canonical  penance.  Bp.  Fitzpntrick. 
(iUAD-RA-GES'I-M  A,  71.  [L.  quadragesimus,  fortieth, 
from  quatuor,  four.] 
Lent ;  so  called  because  it  consists  of  forty  days. 

£71C1/C. 

Quadragesima  Sunday ;  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent, 

which  is  about  forty  days  before  Easter. 
aUAD-R.VGES'I-MAL,  a.    [Supra.]     Belonging  to 

Lent  ;  used  in  Lent.  Sanderson. 
aUAD-RA-GES'I-.MALS,  77.  pi.    [Supra.]  Olicrings 

formerly  made  to  the  mother  church  on  Mid-Lent 

Sundav. 

QUAI)'KAN"GLE,  (kwod'rang-gl,)  71.  [L.  qundratus, 
square,  from  quatuor,  four,  and  angulns,  angle.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  having  four  angles, 
and  consequently  four  sides.  Hutton. 

2.  In  English  architecture,  the  inner  square  or  rec- 
tangular court  of  a  building.  GwilU 

aUAD-RA.\"GU-LAR,  a.  [Supra.]  Having  four 
angles,  and  consequently  four  sides.  fVoodicard. 

2.  In  botany,  having  four  prominent  angles,  as  a 
leaf.  Martiin. 

QUAI)-RAN"GU-LAR-LY,  adv.  With  four  sides  and 
four  angles. 

aUAD'RANT.  71.    [L.  quadrans,  a  fourth.] 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  the  quarter.  •  Brown. 

2.  In  geometni,  the  quarter  of  a  circle  or  of  the 
circumference  of  a  circle.  Hutton. 

3.  An  instrument  for  taking  the  altitudes  and  dis- 
tinces  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  of  great  use  in  astron- 
omy and  navigation.  Quadrants  are  variously  made, 
but  they  all  consist  of  the  quarter  of  a  circle  whose 
limb  is  divided  into  ninety  degrees  ;  or,  as  in  Had- 
ley's  reflecting  quadrant,  an  arc  of  forty-five  degrees 
is  made  to  serve  the  same  purjiose  as  an  arc  of  ninety 
degrees. 

4.  In  gunnery,  an  instrument  used  for  elevating 
cannon  and  |ioiiitiiig  them.  Brande. 

Quadrant  of  altitwie  ;  an  appendage  of  the  artificial 
globe,  consisting  of  a  slip  of  brass  of  the  length  of  a 
quadrant  of  one  of  the  great  circles  of  the  globe,  and 
gradii.ated.  It  is  fitted  to  the  meridiad,  and  movable 
round  to  all  points  of  the  hori/.on.  It  serves  as  a 
scale  in  measuring  altitudes,  azimuths,  &c. 

Hutton. 

QUAD-RANT'AL,a.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  a  ipiad- 
rant ;  also,  included  in  the  fourth  part  of  a  circle  ;  as, 
quadrantal  space.  Derham. 

Quadrantal  triangle ;  a  spherical  triangle  having 
one  side  equ.al  to  a  quadrant.  Hutton. 

QUAD-RANT'.\L,  71.  [Supra.]  A  cubical  vessel  used 
by  the  Romans.  It  held  the  same  quantity  as  the 
amphora,  viz.,  8  cubic  foot.  Smith's  DicL 

QUAD'IIAT,  71.    [L.  quadratus,  squared.] 

1.  In  printing,  a  piece  of  metal  used  to  fill  the  void 


spaces  between  words,  &c.  Quadrats  are  of  differ- 
ent sizes  ;  as,  m-quadrats,  &.c. 

2.  A  mathematical  instrument,  chiefiy  used  in 
taking  heights  or  depths  ;  called,  also,  a  geometrical 
square,  and  line  of  shadoics.  Huttan. 
QUAD'KATE,  a.     Square;  having  four  equal  and 
parallel  sultJS. 

2.  Divisible  into  four  equal  parts.  Brown. 

3.  .Square  ;  equal  ;  exact.  Howell. 

4.  Suited  ;  fitted  ;  applicable  ;  correspondent. 

Harcey. 

QUAD'RATE,  71.  A  square;  a  surface  wlili  four 
equal  and  parallel  sides.  IVutton.  Milton. 

2.  Ill  a.^trulogy,  an  aspect  of  the  heavenly  bodies, 
in  which  they  are  distant  from  each  other  ninety 
degrees,  or  the  quarter  of  a  circle  ;  the  same  as 
QUARTILF.  Jluttun. 
QU.\D'RaTE,  1).  L  [L.  quadra;  Fr.  quadrer,  cailrer.] 
'I'o  suit ;  to  correspond  ;  to  agree  with  ;  to  be  ac- 
commodated ;  followed  by  with. 

Arlstolk-*s  nilf  s  for  rpic  po(;try  —  can  not  be  supposed  lo  auadrata 
exactly  teiUi  nnxleni  hcruic  poems.  Aadtaon. 

QUAD-RAT'ie,  a.  Square ;  denoting  a  square,  or 
pertaining  to  it. 

Quadratic  equation  ;  in  algebra,  an  equation  which 
contains  the  unknown  quantity,  either  as  a  .sipiare 
only,  or  as  a  square  and  first  power  only  ;  or  one  in 
which  the  liigliest  power  of  the  unknotvn  quantity 
is  a  square.  Hutton, 

QITAD-RA'TRIX,  71.  In  ^cfmiefTT/,  a  mechanical  line 
by  means  of  which  we  can  finil  right  lines  equal  to 
the  circumference  of  circles  or  other  curves  and 
their  several  parts.  Hutton. 

QUAD'RA-TUKE,  71.    [L.  quadratura.\ 

1.  The  act  of  squaring  ;  the  reducing  of  a  figure 
to  a  square.  Thus  the  finding  of  a  square  which 
shall  contain  just  as  much  area  as  a  circle,  is  the 
quadrature  of  that  circle.  Encyc, 

In  general,  the  quadrature  of  curves,  in  matJiematicSy 
is  the  finding  of  rectilineal  figures  containing  the 
same  areas  as  figures  bounded  by  curved  lines. 

Olmsted. 

2.  A  quadrate  ;  a  square.  MtUon. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  position  of  one  heavenly  body 
in  respect  to  another,  when  distant  from  it  ninety  de- 
grees, or  a  quarter  of  the  circle,  as  the  moon,  when 
at  an  equal  distiince  from  the  points  of  conjunction 
and  opposition.  OlmaUd. 

QUAD'REL,  71.    [It.  quadrello.] 

in  architecture,  a  kind  of  artificial  stone  made  of 

chalky  earth  and  dried  in  the  shade  for  two  years ; 

so  called  from  being  square.  OwilL 
QUAD-RE.V'NI-AL,  a.    [V,.  quadriennium  ;  quadra,  or 

quadrans,  from  quatuor,  tour,  and  an7iuj;,  year.] 

1.  Comprising  four  years  ;  as,  a  quadrennial  pe- 
riod. 

2.  Occurring  once  in  four  years ;  as,  quadrennial 

games. 

QU.\D-REN'M-AL-LY,  adr.   Once  in  four  years. 
aU.\D'RI-ULE,  a.    [L.  quadra,  to  square.] 

That  inav  be  squared.  Derham. 
QUAD-RI-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.    [L.  quadra  and  capsula.] 

in  botanu,  having  four  capsules. 
aU.\D'RI-eoR.\,  71.    [L.  quatuor,  four,  and  c«7tiu, 
horn.] 

The  name  of  certain  apterous  insects  having  four 
antenna".  Brande. 
QFAD-RI-CORN'OUS,  a.    Having  four  horns. 
QU.\D-RI-DEC'I  MAL,  a.    [L.  ouadra  and  decern.] 
in  crustallographii,  a  term  designating  a  crystal 
whose  prism,  or  the  middle  part,  has  four  faces  and 


TONE,  B(;LL,  qNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  i  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  88  in  THIS. 

805 


QUA 


QUA 


QUA 


two  summits,  containing  togetlier  ten  faces.  [JVot 

QL'AD-RI-DEXT'ATE,  a,  [L.  quadra  and  dentatus, 
toothed.] 

In  botany,  having  four  teeth  on  the  edge. 

Jilartyn. 

QITAD-RI-Fa'RI-OUS,  a.  Arranged  in  four  rows  or 
ranks.  Loudon. 

GUAD'RI-FID,  a.  [L.  quadrifidus ;  quadra  and  findo, 
to  divide.] 

In  botany,  four-clefl,  i.  e.,  divided  about  half  way 
from  the  niarcin  to  the  base  ;  as,  aquadnftd  perianth  ; 
cut  about  half  way  into  four  segments,  with  linear 
sinuses  and  straight  margins ;  as,  a  quadrifid  leaf. 

J\Iartyn, 

QUAD-RI'G.'i,  71.  [L.]  A  car  drawn  by  four  horses 
abreast,  as  represented  on  the  reverse  of  ancient 
medals. 

aUAD-RI-6E-NA'RI-OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  forty. 

QUAD-RU'U-GOUS,  a.  [L.  quadra  and  jugum,  yoke.] 
In  botany,  pinnate,  with  four  pairs  of  leaflets  ;  as, 
a  quadrijuirous  leaf. 

aUAD-RI-L.\T'ER-.\L,  a,  [L.  quadra,  or  quatuor, 
four,  and  lat)Ls,  side.] 

Having  four  sides,  and  consequently  four  ancles. 

QU.^D-RI-LAT'ER-AL,  n.  A  plane  figure  having 
four  sides,  and  consequently  four  angles;  a  quadran- 
gular figure.  Hutton. 

QU.\r)-RI-L.\T'ER-AI^NESS,  n.  The  property  of 
having  four  right-lined  sides,  forming  as  many  right 
angles.  Did. 

aUAD-RI-LIT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  quadra,  or  qiuUuor, 
four,  and  litera,  letter.] 

Consisting  of  four  letters.    Parkhurst.    Asiat.  Res. 

aUA  DRILLE',  (kwa-dril'  or  ka-dril',)  >i.  [Fr.]  A 
game  played  by  four  persons  with  forty  cards,  being 
the  remainder  of  the  pack  after  the  four  tens,  nines, 
and  eights  are  discarded.  Encyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  dance  made  up  of  sets  of  dances, 
four  in  each  set.  Smart. 

aUAD-RlL'LION,  (kwod-ril'yun,)  n.  According  to 
the  Engtis/i  notation,  the  number  produced  by  involv- 
ing a  million  to  the  fourth  power,  or  a  unit  with 
twenty-four  ciphers  annexed  ;  according  to  the 
French  notation,  a  unit  with  fifleen  ciphers  annexed. 

QUAD  RI-Lo'BATE,  )  a,      [L.  quadra,   or  quatuor, 

auAD'Rl-Lo-B/TD,    (     {mr,  and  lubus,  (it.  \.,/ios.] 
in  botany,  having  four  lobes  ;  as,  a  quadrilobed  leaf. 

Marttjn. 

QUAD-RI-LOe'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  quadra,  quatuor,  and 
locitlus,  a  cell.] 

Having  four  cells  ;  four-celled;  as,  a  quadrilocular 
pericarp.  Marlyn. 
QUAD'RIN,  n.    {l,.  quadrinus.] 

.\  mite  ;  a  small  piece  of  money,  in  value  about  a 
farthing.    [JVof  in  use.]  Bailev. 
(aUAn-Rr-.\0'.Ml-AL,  a.     [L.  quadra,  quatuor,  and 
nomen,  name.] 

In  al-  '€bra,  consisting  of  four  terms. 
aUAD-RI-NO.M'ie-AL,  a.    Consisting  of  four  de- 

nomiuaticms  or  terms.  Diet. 
aUAD-RIP'AR-TITE,  a.    [L.  quadra,  quatuor,  and 
partitas,  divided.] 

Divided  into  four  parts  ;  in  botany,  divided  to  the 
base  into  four  parts. 
aUAD-RIP'AR-TITE-EY,  adv.     In  four  divisions; 

in  a  quadripartite  distribution. 
Q(jAD-RI-PAR-TI"Tro\,  rknod-re-pUr-tish'un,)  n. 
A  division  by  four  or  into  four  eipial  parts  ;  or  the 
taking  the  fourth  part  of  any  quantity  or  number. 

Huttim. 

QUAD'Rt-REME,  n.  [L.  quadriremis ;  quatuor,  fuat, 
and  rrmus,  oar.] 

.\  galley  with  four  benches  of  oars  or  rowers. 

jMilford. 

QUAD-Rl-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.  [L.  quadra,  quatuor,  and 
syllable.] 

A  word  consisting  of  four  syllables. 
atTAD'RI-VAt^VE,  )  a.  In  Aofanw,  havini  four 

QUAD-RI-VALV'TI-LAR,  (   valves  ;  foiir-valvHd  ;  as, 

a  quadrrvalve  pericarp.  Martyn. 
aUAD'RI-VALVES,  n.  pi.    [L.  quadra,  quatuor,  and 
vaiva,  valve.] 

A  (Idor  with  four  folds  or  leaves. 
QUADIUV'I-AL,  a.     [L.  quadrivium  j  quatuor,  Cour, 
and  ria,  way.] 

Having  four  ways  meeting  In  a  point. 

(H;A''I'ER  ON,  i  V"""'™.  quatuor.] 

in  Spanish  j9hterica,  the  offspring  of  a  mulatto  wo- 
man by  a  while  man  ;  a  person  (piartcr  blooded. 

Ctariirero. 

aUi^D'RI^MAN,  n.    [I-.  quadra  and  manut,  hand.] 
An  animal  having  four  haiuls  that  correspond  to 
the  hand<  of  a  man,  an  a  monkev.  Lawrence,  Leet. 

QI.'AD-RO'.MA  .\A,  n.  pi.  Animals  having  four 
hands,  ai  monkeyn. 

fti;AI)-R0'.MA-NO(JH,  a.  Having  four  hands;  four- 
handed.  iMierence,  Lett. 

Cil-'AD'RCiNE,  n.  A  gritstone  with  a  calcareous 
c*;ment. 

(II.'AD'RIJ-I'ED,  a.    [L.  quadrupes  :  quadra,  quatuor, 
four,  and  peg,  ftiot.] 
Having  four  Ick>  and  feet. 


QUAD'RU-PED,  n.    An  animal  having  four  legs  and 

feet,  as  a  horse,  an  ox,  a  lion,  &c. 
CiUAD'RU-PLB,  a.    [L.  quadruplus ;  quadra,  qitatuor, 

and  plico,  to  fold.] 
Fourfold  ;  four  times  told  ;  as,  to  make  quadruple 

restitution  for  trespass  or  theft. 
(iUAD'RU-PLE,  n.    Four  times  the  sum  or  number ; 

as,  to  receive  quadruple  the  amount  in  damages  or 

profits. 

aUAD'RU-PLE,  V.  £.  To  make  four  times  as  much, 
or  as  many. 

(iUAD'RU-PL£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  four  times  as  much 
or  many. 

aUAD-RO'PLI-CATE,  a.  Fourfold  ;  four  times  re- 
peated ;  as,  a  quadruplicate  ratio  or  proportion. 

QUAD-RO'PLI-eATE,  v.  U    [L.  quadruplico;  quatuor 
and  plico,  to  fold.] 
To  make  fourfold  ;  to  double  twice. 

aUAD-Ru'PLI-CA-TED,  pp.    JIade  fourfold. 

aU.fiD-RU-PLI-eA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making 
fourfold  and  taking  four  times  the  simple  sum  or 
amount. 

QUAD'RU-PLING,  ppr.  Making  four  times  as  much 
or  many. 

aUAD'RU-PLY,  adv.  To  a  fourfold  quantity  ;  as,  to 
be  quadruply  recompensed.  Swift. 

QU^'RE,  [L.]  Inquire;  better  written  Query, 
which  see. 

QU^.ST'OR,  (kwest'or,)    See  Questor. 

Q.UAFF,  (kwaf,)  V.  f-  [Fr.  coiffer,  to  cap  or  hood  ;  se 
coiffer,  to  fuddle,  or  be  fuddled,  from  coiffe,  a  hood. 

But  qu.   In  the  Eiliiopic,  quaf,  or  kwof,  is  to 

draw,  to  draw  out.    Ludolf,  407.    In  Arabic,  k_iU» 

hauba  or  kwaba,  is  to  drink  largely,  or  to  devour,  as 
food.] 

To  drink  ;  to  swallow  in  large  draughts. 


Ke  quaffs  the  muscadel. 

'riiey  in  coimnunion  sweet 
(Xuaff  iminoruUity  and  joy. 


SluUc. 
Milton. 


QUXFF,  V.  i.    To  drink  largely  or  luxuriously. 

South,  iyryden. 
aUAFF'ED,  (kwift,)  pp.     Drank ;  swallowed  in 

large  draughts. 
QI;aFF'ER,  n.    One  that  quaffs  or  drinks  largely. 
QUaFF'ING,  ppr.    Drinking;  swallowing  draughts. 
QUAG,  n.    See  Quagmire. 

QUAG'GA,  71.  A  pachydermatous  mammal,  the 
Equus  Quagga,  nearly  allied  to  tlie  ass  on  the  one 
hand  and  the  zebra  on  the  other.  It  inhabits  South- 
ern Africa. 

QUAG'GY,  a.     [Supposed  to  be  from  the  root  of 

quake.] 

Yielding  to  the  feet  or  trembling  under  the  foot,  as 
soft,  wet  earth. 
QUAG'iMIRE,  71.    [That  is,  quake-mire.]    Soft,  wet 
land,  which  has  a  surface  firm  enough  to  bear  a  per- 
son, but  which  shakes  or  yields  under  the  feet. 

7*usser.    Shak.  More, 
QUA'HAUG,  (kwaw'hog,)  n.    In  J^ew  England,  the 
popular  name  of  a  large  species  of  clam  or  bivalvular 
shell-fish. 

[  This  Tiame  is  probably  derived  from  the  vatives.] 
QUaID,  a.  or  pp.  [For  Quailed.]  Crushed,  sub- 
dued, or  depressed.  [JVut  used.]  Spenser. 
QUAIL,  (kwalc,)  v.  i.  [Quail,  in  English,  signifies  to 
sink  or  languish,  to  curdle,  and  to  crush  or  quell. 
The  Italian  has  qnagliarc,  to  curdle,  and  the  Sax. 
cwellan,  to  quell,  and  the  D.  kwaal  is  disease.  If 
these  are  of  one  family,  the  primary  sense  is  to 
shrink,  to  withdraw,  and  transitively,  to  beat  down. 
In  \\'.  cwl  signifies  a  flagging  or  drooping;  cwla, 
fiiint,  languid.] 

I.  To  sink  into  dejection  ;  to  languish  ;  to  fail  in 
spirits.  Shak.    Knolles.  Pirrjiont. 

To  fade  ;  to  wither.    [Obs.]  Hakewill. 
QUAIL,  V.  i.    [Ft.  caillcr ;  Sp.  cnajar  :  Port,  coalhar  ; 
It.  quagliare,  to  curdle  ;  W.  caul,  a  calPs  maw,  ren- 
net, chyle,  a  curd  ;  ceulaw,  to  curdle.    The  sense  is, 
to  contract.] 

To  curdle  ;  to  coagulate  ;  as  milk.  Bailey. 
QUAIL,  !\«.    [Sa\.  cwellan.] 

To  crush  ;  to  depress  ;  to  sink  ;  to  subdue. 

Spenser. 

QUAIL,  7t.    [It.  qvaglia  1  Fr.  eaillc;  Arm.  coaill.] 

A  vague  English  popular  name  of  certain  gallina- 
ceous birds,  closely  allied  to  the  partridges.  It  is  ap- 
plied to  niorff  than  twenty  difi'erent  species,  and  of 
more  than  one  genus.  Its  application  in  New  Eng- 
land varies  within  .short  distances,  which  is  believed 
also  to  be  the  fact  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States. 

QUAIL'ING,  ;)/<r.    Failing;  languishing. 

QUAIL'ING,  II.  The  act  of  failing  in  spirit  or  resolu- 
tion ;  di  cay.  Shak. 

QUAIL'-PIPK,  tj.  A  pipe  or  call  for  alluring  quails 
inio  a  net ;  a  kind  of  leathern  purse  in  the  shape  of  a 
pear,  partly  filled  with  horse  hair,  with  a  whistle  at 
Ihi!  end.  Enei/e. 

QUAINT,  (kwSnte,)  a.  [Old  Fr.  coint,  Arm.  e'oent, 
count,  pretty.  In  Norman  French,  coint  Is  familiar, 
affable,  and  accoinrt,  is  very  ni^cessary  or  familiar. 


There  is  a  majesty  in  ; 
nese  of  wit. 


The  latter  word  would  lead  us  to  refer  quaint  to  the 
Latin  accinctus,  ready  ;  but  Skinner  thinks  it  more 
probably  from  compltis,  neat,  well-dressed.] 

1.  Nice  ;  scrupulously  and  superfluously  exact ; 
having  petty  elegance ;  as,  a  quaint  phrase  ;  a  quaint 
fashion.  Sidney.  Sliak. 

To  show  how  quaint  an  orator  you  are.  Shak. 

2.  Subtile  ;  artful.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

3.  Fine-spun  ;  artfully  framed.  Shak.  JUilton. 

4.  Affected  ;  as,  quaint  fopperies.  Swift, 

5.  In  common  use,  odd  ;  fanciful ;  singular  ;  and  so 
used  by  Chaucer. 

QUaINT'LY,  adu.  Nicely ;  exactly ;  with  petty 
neatness  or  spruceness ;  as,  hair  more  quaintly 
curled.  S.  Jonsotu 

2.  Artfully. 

Breathe  his  faults  so  quaxntly.  Shak, 

3.  Ingeniously ;  with  dexterity. 

I  quaintly  stole  a  kiss.  Gay, 

4.  Oddly  ;  fancifully  ;  singularly. 
QUAINT'NESS,  71.    Niceness ;  petty  neatness  or  ele- 
gance. 

Tiplicity  which  is  far  alxjve  the  quaint- 
Pope, 

2.  Oddness  ;  peculiarity. 
QUAKE,  (kwake,)  v.  i.    [Sa.x.  cwacian;  G.  quadcdn ; 

Eth.  hwyka,  to  shake,  to  agitate.] 

1.  To  shake;  to  tremble;  to  be  agitated  with 
quick  but  short  motions  continually  repeated  ;  to 
shudder.  Thus  we  say,  a  person  quaJces  witli  fear  or 
terror,  or  with  cold.    Heb,  xii. 

2.  To  shake  with  violent  convulsions,  as  well  as 
with  trembling;  as,  the  earth  qualies;  the  mountains 
quake,    JW/i.  i. 

3.  To  shake,  tremble,  or  move,  as  the  earth  under 
the  feet  ;  as,  tlie  quaking  mud.  Pope. 

QUAKE,!!.*.  To  frighten;  to  throw  into  agitation. 
[J\rot  used,]  Shak. 

QU.AKE,  71.  A  shake ;  a  trembling ;  a  shudder ;  a 
tremulous  agitation.  Suckling, 

QUAK'ER,  71.  One  that  quakes  ;  but  usually  one  of 
the  religious  sect  called  Fbienus.  This  name,  Qua- 
kers, is  said  to  have  been  given  to  the  sect  in  re- 
proach, on  account  of  some  agitations  which  distin- 
guished them  ;  but  it  is  no  longer  appropriated  to 
them  bv  wav  of  reproach. 

QUAK'ER-ISH,  a.    Like  a  Quaker. 

QUaK'ER-ISM,  71.  The  peculiar  manners,  tenets,  or 
worship  of  the  Quakers.  JSIdner,  Boswell. 

QUAK'ER-LY,  a.    Resembling  Quakers.  Ooodman. 

QUAK'ER-Y,  71.  Quakerism. 

QUaK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Shaking;  trembling. 

QUaK'ING,  71.  A  shaking  ;  tremulous  agitation ; 
trepidation.    Z>aii.  x. 

QUaK'ING-GR.^SS,  71.  The  name  of  various  species 
of  graminaceous  plants  belonging  to  the  genus 
Briza,  whose  spikelets  have  a  tremulous  niotitm. 

P.  Cyc. 

QUaK'ING-LY,  adv.  Tremblinglv. 

QUAL'I-FI-.\-BLE,  a.  [from  qualify.]  That  may  be 
qualified  ;  that  niav  be  abated  or  modified.  Barrow, 

QUAL-I-FI-eA'Tld.N,  7i.  [Fr.  See  Qualify.]  Any 
natural  endowment  or  any  acquirement  which  fits  a 
persim  for  a  place,  office,  or  employment,  or  enables 
him  to  sustain  any  character  with  success.  Integ- 
rity and  talents  should  be  considered  as  indispensa- 
ble qualijicatiovs  for  men  intrusted  with  public  af- 
fairs ;  but  private  interest  aiul  party  spirit  will  often 
dispense  with  these  and  all  other  qual\Jications, 

Tliere  is  no  qualification  for  government  but  virtue  and  wisdom, 
actual  or  pa-suniptive.  Burke, 

2.  Legal  power  or  requisite ;  its,  the  qualificatiotis 
of  electors. 

3.  Abatement ;  diminution.  Ralegh, 

4.  Modificatitm  ;  restriction  ;  limitation.  Words 
or  expressions  may  be  used  in  a  general  sense,  with- 
out any  qualif  ration, 

QUAL-I-FI-€A'T0R,  71.  In  Roman  Catholic  ecclesias- 
tical courts,  an  oftirer  whose  business  it  is  to  exam- 
ine ami  prepare  causes  for  trial.  Jltnrdock, 

QUAL'I-Fl-£I),  (kwol  c-fide,)  pp,  or  o.  Fitted  by 
accomplishments  or  endowments  ;  modified. 

Quul:Jird  fee  :  in  law,  a  base  fee,  or  an  estate  which 
has  a  qiialiiicatiou  annexed  to  it,  and  vvhirh  ceases 
with  the  tpialification,  as  a  grant  to  A  and  his  heirs, 
tenanU  of  tJie  manor  of  Dale. 

Qualifteil  nrgatire  ;  in  legislation,  the  power  of  neg- 
ativing bills  which  liave  passed  the  two  houses  of 
the  legislature  ;  a  power  vested  in  the  president, 
governor,  or  other  oflicer.  but  subject  to  be  overruled 
and  defeated  by  n  siibsccpient  vote  of  the  two  houses, 
passed  in  ctuil'oruiily  with  the  provisions  of  the  con- 
stitution. United  States.    IV,  Smith. 

Qualijied property,  is  that  which  depends  on  tem- 
porary possession,  as  that  in  wild  animals  reclaimed. 

QUAL'I-FI-ED-IV'ESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  qualified 
or  fitted. 

QUAL'I-FI-ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  qualifies;  thot 
wiiich  modifles,  reduces,  tempers,  or  restrains. 

Junius. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


UUA 

QUAL'I-FY,  r.  t.  [Fr  iiualifiir ;  Ft.  qiiaUficnre ;  Sp. 
calijicnr  ;  L.  qualis^  t^iich,  inid  facioj  to  maku.] 

1.  To  fit  for  any  placr,  otlicr,  uccupallon,  or  cliar- 
noter  ;  to  furnish  with  tliu  knowledge,  skill,  or  other 
nrconiplishnient  necessary  for  a  purpose  ;  as,  to  giiat- 
ifij  a  man  for  a  juilso,  for  a  minister  of  state  or  of  the 
gospel,  for  a  general  or  admiral.  Iloliness  alono  can 
qualify  men  for  the  society  of  holy  beings. 

9.  To  make  capable  of  any  employment  or  privi- 
lege ;  to  furnish  with  legal  power  or  capacity  ;  as,  in 
England,  to  qualifij  a  man  to  kill  game. 

3.  To  abate  ;  to  soften ;  to  diminish  j  as,  to  qualify 
the  rigor  of  a  statute. 

1  flo  not  arck  to  (jiiench  your  love's  hot  firo, 

Cut  qual^fy  llie  tire'a  extreme  rugu.  Sliak. 

4.  To  ease  ;  to  assuage.  Siienscr. 

5.  To  modify  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  limit  by  exceptions  ; 
as,  to  qnalifij  words  or  expressions,  or  to  qaalifij  the 
sense  of  words  or  phrases. 

6.  To  modulate  ;  to  vary  ;  as,  to  qualify  sounds. 

Broioii, 

QUAL'l-FV-INB,  ppr.  or  a.  Furnishing  with  the 
necessary  qualities,  propertii^s,  or  actoniplishments, 
for  a  place,  station,  or  business;  furnishing  with 
legal  power  ;  abating  ;  tempering;  modifying;  re- 
straining. 

ailAL'I-TA-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to  quality.  Qualita- 
tive analijsis,  in  chemistry^  is  that  in  which,  by  finding 
certain  qualities  in  a  compimnd,  we  di  termine  the 
elements  of  which  it  is  made  up. 

QUAL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  quuljl,i.i,  from  quali.-.;  such  ;  Fr. 
quality;  Sp.  calidad ;  It.  quatitd  ;  Ir.  rait.] 

1.  Property  ;  that  which  belongs  to  a  body  or  sub- 
stance, or  can  be  prerlicated  of  it.  Qualities  are  nat- 
ural or  acciilcntal.  Thus  whiteness  is  a  natural  qual- 
ity of  snow  ;  softness  is  a  natural  qualitii  of  wool  and 
fur ;  hardness  is  a  natural  quality  oi  metals  and 
wood  ;  figure  and  dimension  are  the  natural  quali- 
ties of  solids ;  but  a  particular  figure,  as  a  cube,  a 
square,  or  a  sphere,  is  an  accidental  or  adventitious 
quality.  The  fluidity  of  metals  is  an  accidental  qual- 
ity. Essential  qualities  are  such  as  are  necessary  to 
constitute  a  lliiiig  what  it  is.  $cn6-tMe  qualities  are 
such  as  are  perceptible  to  the  senses,  as  the  light  of 
the  sun,  the  color  of  cloth,  the  taste  of  salt  or  sugar, 
&,c. 

2.  Nature,  relatively  considered  ;  as,  the  quality  of 
an  action  in  regard  to  right  and  wrong. 

Other  oreiitun's  h;ive  not  ju(i;fitient  to  examine  the  qutitily  of  that 
\\  Itich  is  dune  by  theui.  Hooker. 

3.  Virtue  or  p,articular  power  of  producing  certain 
effects  ;  as,  the  qualities  of  plants  or  medicines. 

4.  Disposition ;  temper. 

Tn-niiht  we'll  wttnder  through  the  streets,  and  note 

The  qiialiues  of  people.  Shak. 

5.  Virtue  or  vice  ;  as,  good  qualities,  or  bad  quali- 
ties. Drydcn. 

C.  Acquirement;  accomplishment ;  as,  the  yua/te* 
of  horsemanship,  dancing,  and  fencing.  Clarendon. 

7.  Character. 

The  ntlorney  partjikes  of  Imth  quali&ct^  that  of  a  Jud^  of  the 
court,  and  that  of  attorney-general,  Ba/:on. 

8.  Comparative  rank  ;  condition  in  relation  to  oth- 
ers ;  as,  people  of  every  quality. 

\Vc  obt:\ined  acquaintance  with  many  citizens,  not  of  the  mean, 
est  qualiiy.  Bacon. 

9.  Superior  ranic  ;  superiority  of  birth  or  station  ; 
us,  persons  of  quality;  ladies  of  quality. 

10.  Persons  of  high  rank,  collectively. 

I  shnll  ftpiie;»r  at  the  masquerade  dressed  up  in  my  feathers,  that 
the  quality  may  see  how  pretty  they  will  looit  in  their  trav- 
eling habits.  Additon. 

Q.UXLM,  (kwilm,)  n.  [D  kwaal,  disease  ;  kwaalyk, 
sick  ;  G.  qurihn,  to  pain  or  vex.  In  G.  qualm  is  steam, 
vapor,  exiialatitui  ;  U.  kwalm,  id.  The  Danish  qvalm 
Hignifies  vapor,  steam,  fume,  exhalation  ;  qvalmer,  to 
rnmble  ;  det  giver  qralmc,  it  rises  in  the  stomach. 
The  latter  is  the  English  word.] 

1.  A  risin:r  in  tJie  stomach ,  as  it  is  commonly  called  j 
a  fit  of  nausea,  or  a  disposition  or  effort  of  the  stom- 
ach to  eject  its  contents. 

2.  A  sudden  fit  or  seizure  of  sickness  at  the  stom- 
ach ;  a  sensation  of  nausea;  as,  qualms  of  heart-sick 
agony.  J\ItUon. 

For  who,  without  a  qitnlm,  hath  ever  looked 

On  holy  g;irlKig»*,  tliough  by  Homer  cooked  i  Roecommon. 

3.  A  scruple  of  conscience,  or  uneasiness  of  con- 
science. 

QUALM'ISH,  (kwilm'ish,)  a.  [Supra.]  Sick  at  the 
stomach  ;  inclined  to  vomit ;  affected  with  nausea 
or  sickly  languor.  Dryden. 

(iU\LM'ISIl-LY,  adv.    In  a  qualmish  manner. 

QUALM'ISH-NESS,  n.  Nause.a. 

q,UA.M'DI-U  SE  BE'M-E  (SES'SE-RIT,  [L.]  Dur- 
ing good  behavior. 

CiUAM'O-eLIT,  n.  A  genus  of  climbing  ornamental 
plants,  allied  to  the  convolvulus,  found  in  the  hot 
parts  of  America,  also  in  India  and  China.     P.  Cue. 

Ql'.^.N'DA-RY,  n.  Doubt;  uncertainty;  a  state  "of 
diiliculty  or  perplexity. 

aU.\.\"D.\-RV,  r.  e.  To  bring  into  a  st.ate  of  uncer- 
i      lainty  or  dilficulty.    [A*o(  used.]  Olicay. 


QUA 

(irjANT,  (kwant,)  n.    A  round  cap  at  the  bottom  of  a 

pole,  as  of  a  jumping  pole,  to  prevent  its  sinking  into 

the  ground.  Il.dliirell. 
aUAN'TI-TA-TIVE,  a.    [See  avAxri  rv.]  Uelatiug 

to  quantity.  Taylor. 
Quantitatire  analysis,  in  chemistry,  is  that  which 

determines  the  pro|Hirtional  quantity  of  each  of  the 

elements  which  make  up  a  ctunpound. 
aUAN'TI-TIVE,  a.    [See  Quantity.]  Estimable 

according  to  quantity.  Digby. 
aUAN'TI-TIVE-LY,  adv.  So  as  to.be  measurable  by 

quantity. 

aUAN'T[-TY,  n.    [Fr.  quantiti  ;  It.  quantitd  :  Pp.  ean- 
titad;  from  L.  quantitas,  (torn  quantus,  how  much,  or 


as  much  as  ;  Pers.  vXJLi.  chand,  how  much  ;  c?tVk.i»- 
chandi,  quantity.] 

1.  That  property  of  any  thing  which  may  be  in- 
creased or  diminished.  Chryne.  John.^un. 

This  definition  is  defective,  and  as  applicable  to 
many  other  priiperties  as  to  ipiaiitity.  A  definition 
strictly  philcKophical  can  not  be  given.  In  common 
usat^e,  quaiitittj  is  a  mass  or  collection  of  matter,  of 
indeti  rininate  dimensions,  but  consisting  of  particles 
which  can  not  be  distinguished,  or  which  are  not 
customarily  distinguished,  or  which  are  considered 
in  the  aggregate.  Thus  we  say,  a  quantity  of  earth, 
a  quantity  of  water,  a  quantity  of  air,  t)f  light,  of  heat, 
of  iron,  of  wood,  of  timber,  of  corn,  of  paper.  liut 
we  do  not  say,  a  quantity  of  men,  or  of  horses,  or  of 
houses ;  for,  as  these  are  considered  as  separate  in- 
dividu.als  or  beings,  we  call  an  assemblage  of  ihein 
a  number  or  multitude. 

2.  An  indefinite  extent  of  space. 

3.  A  portion  or  part. 

If  I  wen;  8awe<l  into  quantitiee.    {Not  in  use.]  Slinlc. 

4.  A  large  portion  ;  as,  a  medicine  taken  in  quan- 
tities, that  is,  in  lar^re  quantities.  Arbnthnot. 

.5.  In  mathematics,  any  thing  which  can  be  multi- 
plied, divided,  or  measured.  Day. 

Thus  mathematics  is  called  the  science  of  quan- 
tity. In  algebra,  quantities  are  known  and  vuknown. 
Known  quantities  are  usually  represented  by  tin-  first 
letters  of  the  alphabet,  as  a,  b,  c  ;  and  unknown  quan- 
tities are  expressed  by  the  last  letters,  x,  y,  :,  &c. 
Letters  thus  used  \n  represent  quantities  are  them- 
selves called  quantities.  A  simple  quantity  is  expressed 
by  one  term,  as  -\-a,  or  — abc  ;  a  compound  is  expressed 
by  more  terms  than  one,  connected  by  the  signs  -\- 
plus,  or  —  minus,  as  a-f 6,  or  a — A-fe.  Quantities 
which  have  the  sign  +  prefixed,  are  called  positive  or 
ajjirmatwe;  those  which  have  the  sign  —  prefixed, 
arc  called  negative.  Day^s  Jilircbra. 

6.  In  fframmar,  the  mctsuro  of  a  syllable  ;  that 
which  determines  the  time  in  which  it  is  pronounced. 

Holder.  Eneyc. 

7.  In  logic,  a  category,  universal,  or  predicament; 
a  general  conception.  Bailey.  Eucyc, 

8.  Ill  music,  the  relative  duration  of  a  note  or  syl- 
lable. Busby. 

Quantity  of  matter,  in  a  body,  is  the  measure  arising 
from  the  joint  consideration  of  its  magnitude  and 
density,  being  expressed  by,  or  proportional  to,  the 
protluct  of  the  two.  Ilutton. 

Quantity  of  motion,  in  a  body,  is  the  measure  arising 
from  the  joint  consideration  of  its  quantity  of  matter 
and  its  velocity;  the  same  as  Mome.vtum.  Hutton. 

QUA.N'TU.M,  n.  The  quantity  ;  the  amount. 

QUji.Y'TUM  MER' u  rr,  [L.]  In  law,  an  action 
grounded  on  a  promise  that  the  defendant  would 
pay  to  the  plaintiff  for  his  service  as  much  as  he 
should  deserve. 

QUA^r'TUM  SUF'FI-CIT,  [L.]  Sufficient ;  as  much 
as  is  needed. 

QUAjX'TUM  VA-LE'BAT,  [L.l  An  action  to  re- 
cover of  the  defendant,  for  goods  sold,  as  much  as 
they  were  worth.  BlacksUme. 

QUa-QUA-VEKS'AL,  a.  [L.  quaqua,  in  all  direc- 
tions, and  versus,  from  verto,  to  turn.] 

In  gcoloiry,  a  term  applied  to  the  dip  of  beds  to  .all 
points  of  the  compass  round  a  center,  as  of  beds  of 
lava  round  a  crater.  Lyell. 

QUAR'A\-T1.\E,  (kwor'an-teen,)  n.  [It.  quarautina, 
forty  ;  Sp.  quaranlena  ;  Fr.  qaarantaine ;  from  the  root 
of  L.  quartus,  fourth,  Fr.  carreau,  a  square,  carrrr,  to 
square.  Arm.  carrea,  to  square,  W.  eviar,  square.  Eng. 
quarL    Sec  Quart  and  SquABE.I 

1.  Properly,  the  space  of  forty  dnys  ;  approprialehj, 
the  term  of  forty  days,  during  which  a  ship,  arriving 
in  port,  and  suspected  of  being  infected  with  a  ma- 
lignant, conlajious  disease,  is  obliged  to  forbear  all 
intercourse  with  the  city  or  place.  This  time  was 
chosen  because  it  was  supposed  th.at  any  infectious 
disease  would  break  out,  if  at  all,  within  that  period. 
Hence, 

2.  Restraint  of  intercourse  to  which  a  ship  is  sub- 
jected, on  the  presumption  that  she  may  be  infected, 
either  for  forty  days  or  for  any  other  limited  term.  It 
is  customary  for  the  proper  otficcrs  to  determine  the 
period  of  restraint  at  their  discretion,  according  to 
circuinstan|(;3.  Hence  we  hear  of  a  quarantine  of 
five  days,  of  ten,  of  thirty,  ls.c.,  as  well  as  of  forty. 


QUA 

We  say,  a  ship  performs  quarantine,  or  rtdea  at  quar^ 
antine.  W'c  alstt  apply  the  word  to  persons.  The 
passengers  and  crew  [lerform  quarantine. 

3.  In  law,  the  period  of  forty  days,  during  which 
the  widow  of  a  man  dying  seized  of  land,  has  the 
privilege  of  remaining  in  the  mansion-house. 

QU.fkR-A.\-TlNE',  (kwor-an  teen',)  v.  t.  To  prohibit 
from  intercourse  with  a  city  or  its  inhabitants ;  to 
compel  to  remain  at  a  distance  from  shore  for  some 
limited  period,  on  account  of  real  or  supposed  infec- 
tion ;  applied  to  ships,  or  to  persons  ant]  goods. 

QUAR-AN-TtN'£D,(kwor-an-teend',);v.  Restrained 
frtim  Communication  with  the  shore  for  a  limited  pe- 
riod ;  as  a  ship  t»r  its  crt;w  and  passengers. 

QUAIt-A.V-Tf.N'l.NG,  ppr.  Prohibiting  from  inter- 
coiirsi!  with  tile  jiort ;  as  a  ship  or  its  crew  and  pas- 
se users. 

QUAR'KE,  for  QuAnav,  is  not  in  use. 

QUAR'REI.,  71.  [\V  ctorryl;  Fr.  querclle  :  L.  and  It. 
querela  ;  Sp.  querclla  or  queja  ;  Arm.  qarell ;  L.  qtiercr, 
to  complain,  that  is,  to  cry  out  witli  a  loud  voice. 
Hence  we  see  the  primary  sense  is  the  same  us  brawl. 
The  L.  queror  coincides  in  elements  with  the  Ir. 
gairim,  to  call,  to  bawl,  to  shout,  and  gearan,  a  com- 
[tlaint ;  Sax.  ccnrian,  to  conifilain  or  murmur  ;  G.  gir- 
ren  aiitl  kirren;  D.  kirren  and  korren  ;  Dan.  kerrer. 
The  latter  signifies  to  complain,  to  expostulate,  and 
kerrer  sig  efter,  to  care,  or  take  heed  of,  a  sense 
which  would  unite  the  word  with  the  L.  euro,  eura  : 
and  in  Sax.  eearig  signifies  complaining,  and  careful, 
solicitous  ;  lleb.  Ch.  Svr.  and  Ar.  N■^p.  Class  Gr,  No. 
49,  and  see  No.  I,  2,  14,  1.5,  19,  23.1 

1.  A  brawl ;  a  petty  fight  or  scuttle,  from  its  noise 
and  uproar.  Shak. 

2.  A  dispute  :  a  contest. 

Oil  open  seas  tli'-ir  ^uarre/s  they  delate.  Dryden. 

3.  A  breach  of  friendship  or  concord  ;  open  v.ari- 
ance  between  parties.  Ilammond. 

4.  Cause  of  dispute. 

The  king's  qiutrrtt  is  honomblc.  ShaX. 
."i.  Something  that  gives  a  right  to  n>;schief,  rep.'i- 
sal,  or  action. 

He  diought  he  had  a  gooil  quarrel  to  e;i:u:k  bun.    [Nut  um/.] 

UziiTigtheJd. 

6.  Objection  ;  ill  wi!:,  or  reason  to  complain  ; 
ground  of  objection  or  dispute. 

Herotlias  had  a  quarrel  against  hi;n.  —  M.aik  vi. 

7.  Something  peevish,  malicious,  or  disposed  to 
make  trouble.    [JVot  used.]  Shak, 

QUAR'REL,  71.  [\V.  ^warel,  a  d.art  or  javelin,  a  ker- 
nel ;  fwarelu,  to  dart,  to  kern,  to  curdle  ;  from  ficar, 
a  quick  rise,  a  puff ;  Fr.  carreau,  a  bolt.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is,  to  shotU,  throw,  or  drive.] 

1.  An  arrow  with  a  square  head.  [J^'of  used  unless 
in  poetry.]  Camden. 

2.  A  diamond-shaped  pane  of  gla-ss,  or  a  square 
pane  placed  diagonally.  [See  Quaiirv  and  Shuark.] 

Oloss.  of  ArchiU 
QUAR'REL,  V.  i.    [Fr.  quereller.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  dispute  violently,  or  with  loud  and  angry 
words  ;  to  wrangle  ;  to  scolil.  IIow  odious  to  see 
husband  and  wife  quarrel! 

2.  To  fight ;  to  scutlie  ;  to  contend  ;  to  squabble  ; 
used  of  two  persons,  or  of  a  small  number.  It  is 
never  used  of  armies  and  navies  in  combat.  Chil- 
dren and  servants  often  quarrel  about  triHes.  Tav- 
ern-hunters sometimes  quarrel  over  their  cujis. 

3.  To  fall  into  variance. 

Our  people  quarrel  with  oliedience.  ShaM. 

4.  To  find  fault ;  to  cavil. 

I  will  not  quarrel  with  a  sli^lit  misUike.  i?0fC0mnwn. 

Men  al  enmity  with  the'r  (io<l,  quarreling  with  his  attributes  — 
quarreling  willi  the  Being  Uinl  made  ibefn,  ami  who  is  con- 
stantly doing  them  good.  Eliph.  Steele. 

5.  To  disagree ;  to  be  at  variance ;  not  to  be  in  ac- 
cordance in  form  or  essence. 


Th 


te  things  arise  of  stmnge  and  quarreling  kind, 
;  fore  p.irt  lion,  and  a  snake  l^hind. 


Coieley. 

QUAR'REL,  r.  f.    To  qiiarn  I  with.         B.  Jonson. 
2.  I'o  compel  by  a  quarrel ;  as,  to  quarrel  a  man 

out  of  his  estate  or  rights. 
QUAR'REL-ER,  n.    One  who  quarrels,  wrangles,  or 

fights. 

QUAR'REL-ING,  ppr.  Disputing  with  vcliemenco 
or  loud,  angry  words;  scolding;  wrangling;  fight- 
ing; finding  fault ;  disagreeing. 

QUAR'KEL-I.VG,  n.  [Supra.]  Contention  ;  dispute 
in  angry  words  ;  breach  of  concord ;  a  caviling  or 
finding  fault ;  disagreement. 

QUAR'REI^OUS,  (kwor'rel-iis,)  a.  Apt  or  disposed 
to  quarrel ;  petulant ;  easily  provoked  to  enmity  or 
contention.    [Litlte  used.]  Shak. 

QUAR'REL-SOME,  (kwor'rcl-sum,)  a.  Apt  to  quar- 
rel ;  given  to  brawls  and  contention  ;  inclined  to 
petty  fighting;  eiLsily  irritated  or  provoked  to  con- 
test ;  irascible  ;  chtderic  ;  petulant.  Bacon, 

QUAR'REL-SOME-LY,  adv.  In  a  quarrelsome  man- 
ner ;  with  a  quarrelsome  lemptT  ;  petulantlv.  UaU. 

QUAR'REL-SO.ME-NESS,  71.  Disposition  to  engage 
in  contention  and  brawls  ;  petulance. 

QUAR'RI-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Dug  from  a  pit  or  cavern. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US  C  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


113 


'WT 


QUA 


QUA 


QUA 


aUAR'RI-ER,  71.    A  worker  at  a  quarry. 
QUAR'RY,  (kwor're,)  n.    [Fr.  carre,  for  quam ;  Arm. 

id.     See  QUARANTINE.] 

1.  A  pane  of  (;lass  of  a  peculiar  form;  a  quarrel, 
which  see.    [JVo£  in  tuse.}  Jifnrlimrr. 

9.  An  arrow  with  a  square  head.  [See  Uuahrel.] 
[JVo(  171  use]  Fairfax. 

3.  In  falconry,  the  game  which  a  iiawk  is  pursuing 
or  has  liilled. 

[Perliaps  from  L.  qua^ro,  Fr.  qucrir,  to  seek.] 

4.  Among  hunters,  a  part  of  the  entrails  of  the 
beast  taken,  given  to  the  hounds.  Encyc. 

5.  .\  he.ap  of  game  killed.  Smart. 
dUAR'RY,  71.    [Fr.  carricre,  formerly  Norm,  qunrricr. 

I  know  not  whether  the  original  sense  of  this  word 
was  a  pit  or  mine,  from  diijrging,  or  whether  the 
sense  was  a  place  for  squaring  stone.  The  Fr.  carriere 
signifies  not  only  a  (]u:irry,  hut  a  career,  course,  race, 
from  the  L.  curro,  which  can  not  be  from  squaring. 
If  the  sense  was  a  pit,  it  may  be  referred  to  the  Heb. 

Ch.  and  Eth.  n"i3,  to  dig ;  Ar.  \ ^  kara  or  kvara,  to 

dig,  to  run  violently,  to  leap.  If  the  sense  is  from 
squaring,  see  Square.  See  Class  Gr,  No.  35,  3G,  5Q, 
57,  63.] 

1.  A  place,  cavern,  or  pit,  where  stones  are  dug 
from  the  earth,  or  separated  from  a  large  mass  of 
rocks.  V\'e  generally  apply  the  word  mine  to  the  pit 
from  which  are  taken  metals  and  coals  ;  from  quar- 
ries are  taken  stones  for  building,  as  marble,  free- 
stone, slate,  iScc. 

2.  In  Parui,  the  quarries  are  a  vast  cavern  under 
the  city,  several  miles  in  extent. 

QUAR'RY,  (kwor're,)  v.  i.    To  prey  upon,  as  a  vul- 
ture or  harpy.  V Estrange. 
[A  low  word,  and  not  much  used.']  % 

QUAR'RY,  V.  t.  To  dig  or  take  from  a  quarry  ;  as,  to 
quarry  marble. 

QUAR'RY-IMG,  ppr.    Digging  stones  from  a  quarry. 

QUAR'UY-ING,  h.  The  act  or  business  of  digging 
stones  from  a  (juarry. 

UUAR'RY-.MAjN,  71.  A  man  who  is  occupied  in  quar- 
rying stones. 

QUART,  71.  [It.  quarta ;  Fr.  quarte,  from  quart,  a 
fourth,  L.  quartus ;  D.  kwart;  G.  quart',  from  W. 
ewur,  the  root  of  square,  or  from  the  root  of  Gr.  ani,i, 
to  tit  or  suit,  to  square.  We  see  in  the  Amharic,  the 
ancient  dialect  of  the  Ethiopic,  art  is  four,  and  arlen. 
is  fourth,  L.  quartus.  Ludolf,  .Amh.  57.  This  with 
the  Celtic  pronunciation,  as  guerre  for  war,  becomes 
quart.] 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  a  quarter.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

2.  The  fourth  part  of  a  gallon  ;  two  pints. 

3.  A  vessel  containing  the  fourth  of  a  gallon. 
QUART,  (kirt,)  n.    Four  cards  ;  successive  cards  of 

the  same  suit  in  the  game  of  piquet.  Hoyle. 

QUAR'TAN,  a.    [L.  quartanus,  the  fourth.] 

Designating  the  fourth  ;  occurring  every  fourth 
day  ;  as,  a  quartan  ague  or  fever. 

QUAR'TAN,  71.  An  intermitting  ague  that  occurs 
every  fourth  day,  or  with  intermissions  of  seventy- 
two  hours. 

2.  A  measure  containing  the  fourtii  part  of  some 
other  measure. 

QUAR-Ta'TION,  71.  In  chemistry  and  metallurgy,  the 
alioying  of  one  p.art  of  gold  that  is  to  he  refined,  with 
three  parts  of  silver,  by  which  means  the  nitric  or 
sulphuric  acid  is  enabled  to  separate  the  gold  from 
the  inferior  metals  originally  associated  witli  it.  Ure. 

QUAR'TER,  71.  [Fr.  quart,  quartier  ;  It.  quarticre  ;  Sp. 
qiiartel;  U.  kwartier ;  G.  quartier  ;  S\v.  qvart,  qvartal ; 
Dan.  qvart,  qtiartal,  qvarleer  ■  L.  quartus,  the  fourth 
part ;  from  W.  cwar,  a  square.] 

1.  The  fourth  part  ;  as,  the  quarter  of  an  hour  or 
of  a  mile  ;  one  quarter  of  the  expense.  Living  is  a 
quarter  dearer  in  the  city  than  in  the  country. 

2.  In  weight,  the  fourth  part  of  a  hundred  pounds 
avoirdupois,  or  of  112  lbs.,  that  is,  28  lbs. ;  as,  a 
quarter  of  sugar. 

3.  In  dry  measure,  the  fourth  of  a  tun  in  weight, 
or  eight  bushels  of  grain  ;  as,  a  quftrlcr  of  wheat ; 
also,  the  fourth  part  of  a  chaldron  of  coal.  Ilulion. 

4.  In  astronomy,  the  fourth  part  of  the  moon's  pe- 
riod or  monthly  revolution  ;  as,  the  first  quarter  after 
the  change  or  full. 

5.  A  region  in  the  hemisphere  or  great  circle  ;  pri- 
marily, one  of  the  four  cardinal  points  ;  as,  the  four 
qiuirlcrs  of  the  globe  ;  hut  used  indiflcrently  for  any 
region  or  point  of  compass.  From  wUiit  quarter  does 
the  wind  blow  .>    Ili  nce, 

6.  A  particular  ri^gion  of  a  town,  city,  or  country  ; 
an,  all  quarters  of  tin;  city  ;  in  every  quarter  of  the 
country  or  of  the  contini-nt.  Ilonce, 

7.  Uaually  in  the  plural,  quarters  ;  the  place  of  lodg- 
ing or  temporary  residence  ;  aiiiirupriatrly,  the  place 
where  olhccrfi  and  soIdiiTs  lodgi',  but  applied  to  the 
lodgings  of  any  temporary  rc  nident.  Hi'  called  on 
the  general  at  liiu  quarters  i  the  j>lace  furnished  good 
winter  quarters  for  the  troopa.    I  saw  the  stranger  at 

8.  Proper  station.  [his  quarters. 
Swltl  (o  their  KV«nU  quarltrt  hBJten  Ibon.  Milton. 


I. 


Bacon  uses  the  word  in  the  singular.  "  Make 
love  keep  quarter." 

9.  On  board  of  ships,  quarters  signifies  the  stations 
or  places  wher^  the  officers  and  men  are  jjosted  in 
action.    Pipe  all  hands  to  quarters. 

10.  Jn  military  affairs,  the  remission  or  sparing  of 
the  life  of  a  captive  or  an  enemy  when  in  one's 
power  ;  mercy  granted  by  a  conqueror  to  his  enemy, 
when  no  longer  able  to  defend  himself.  In  desperate 
encounters,  men  will  sometimes  neither  ask  nor 
give  quarter.  The  barbarous  practice  of  giving  no 
quarter  to  soldiers  in  a  fortress  taken  by  assault,  is 
nearly  obsolete. 

He  magnified  liis  own  clemency,  now  they  were  at  his  mercy,  to 
olVer  them  quarter  for  their  lives,  if  they  would  gWe  up  the 
C;i6tte.  Clarendon. 

Lambs  at  the  mercy  of  wolves  must  expect  no  quarter. 

L'Eslrange. 

11.  Treatment  shown  to  an  enemy  ;  indulgence. 

To  the  younff,  if  yon  give  toleralile  quarter,  you  indulge  them 
in  idleness  and  min  tliem.    \Itarely  used.]  Collier. 

12.  Friendship;  amity;  concord.  [JVotimise.] 

Shak. 

13.  In  the  slaughter-house,  one  limb  of  a  quadruped 
with  the  adjoining  p.irts  ;  or  one  fourth  part  of  the 
carcass  of  a  quadruped,  including  a  liinb;  as,  a  fore 
quarter,  or  hind  quarter. 

14.  In  a  slioe,  the  part  which  forms  the  side  from 
the  heel  to  the  vamp. 

15.  In  the  menage,  the  quarters  of  a  horse's  foot  are 
the  sides  of  the  coffin,  between  the  toe  and  the  heel. 
False  quarters  are  a  cleft  in  the  horn  of  the  hoof,  ex- 
tending from  the  coronet  to  the  shoe,  or  from  top  to 
bottom.  When,  for  any  disorder,  one  of  the  quar- 
ters is  cut,  the  horse  is  said  to  be  quarter-cast.  Encyc. 

16.  In  a  siege,  quarters  are  the  encampment  on 
one  of  the  principal  passages  round  the  place  be- 
sieged, to  prevent  relief  and  intercept  convoys. 

Encyc. 

17.  In  seminaries  of  learning,  a  fourth  part  of  the 
year,  or  three  months.  Tuition  and  hoard  tit  twenty- 
five  dollars  the  quarter.  This  is  a  moderate  quarter 
bill. 

18.  The  quarter  of  a  ship.  Is  the  part  of  a  ship's 
side  which  lies  toward  the  stem, or  the  part  between 
the  aftmost  end  of  the  main-chains  and  the  sides  of 
the  stern,  where  it  is  terminated  by  the  quarter- 
pieces.  Mar.  Diet. 

19.  In  heraldry,  [one  of  the  divisions  of  a  shield, 
when  it  is  divided  crosswise.  —  E.  H.  Barker.] 

On  the  quarter,  in  seamen^s  language,  is  a  point  in 
the  horizon  considerably  abaft  the  beam,  but  not  in 
the  direction  of  the  stern. 

Quarter-bill,  among  seamen,  is  a  list  containing  the 
difttrent  stations  where  the  oHlcers  and  crew  are  to 
lake  post  in  time  of  action,  and  the  names  of  the 
men  assigned  to  each. 

Quartcr-clotlis ;  long  pieces  of  painted  canvas,  ex- 
tended on  the  outside  of  the  quarter-netting  from 
the  upper  part  of  tlie  gallery  to  the  gangway. 

Quarter-gallery ;  a  sort  of  balcony  on  the  quarters 
of  a  ship. 

Quarter-railing;  narrow,  molded  planks,  reaching 
from  the  top  of  the  stern  to  the  gangway,  serving  as 
a  fence  to  the  quarter-deck. 

I/cad-quartcrs ;  the  tent  or  mansion  of  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  an  army. 
QUAR'TER,  t).  t.    To  divide  into  four  equal  parts. 

2.  To  divide  ;  to  separate  into  parts.  Shak. 

3.  To  divide  into  distinct  regions  or  compart- 
ments. 

The  sailors  quartered  heaven.  Dryden. 

4.  To  station  soldiers  for  lodging  ;  as,  to  quarter 
troops  in  the  city,  or  among  the  inhabitants,  or  on 
the  inhabitants. 

5.  To  lodge  ;  to  fix  on  a  temporary  dwelling. 
They  mean  tfiis  ni^ht  in  Sardis  to  be  quartered.  Shak. 

(i.  To  diet.    [JYot  in  use.]  Hudibras. 
7.  I'o  bear  as  an  appendage  to  the  hereditary 
arms. 

The  coat  of  Beauchamp  —  quartered  hy  the  E-u-I  of  Hertford. 

Pea^ham. 

[  To  quarter  arms,  ifi  to  place  the  arms  of  other  fam- 
ilies in  the  compartments  of  a  shield,  which  is  di- 
vided into  four  quarters,  the  family  arms  being 
placed  in  the  first  quarter  But  when  more  than 
three  other  arms  are  to  be  quartered  with  the  family 
arms,  it  is  usual  to  divide  the  shield  into  a  suitable 
number  of  compartments  ;  and  still  the  arms  arc 
said  to  be  quartered.  A  person  has  a  right  to  quarter 
the  arms  of  any  family  from  an  heiress,  of  which  he 
is  ilescended.  —  E.  If.  Barker.] 
QUAR'TER,  1'.  1.  To  lodge;  to  have  a  temporary 
residence.  The  general  quarters  at  a  hotel  in  Church 
Street. 

QUAK'TER-ACE,  7i.    A  quarterlv  allowance. 

Hudibras. 

QUAR'TEK-DAY,  7?.  The  day  that  completes  three 
nioiitliH,  the  quarter  of  a  year  ;  the  day  when  quar- 
terly payments  are  made  of  rent  or  interest. 

Sjiectattir. 

QUAR'TER-DECK,  71.  That  part  of  the  deck  of  a 
ship  which  extends  from  the  stern  to  the  mainmast. 


But  in  some  kinds  of  vessels,  the  quarter-deck  does 
not  extend  to  the  mainmast,  but  is  raised  above  the 
main  deck. 

QUAR'TER- J;D,  pp.  Divided  into  four  equal  parts  or 
quarters  ;  separated  into  distinct  parts  ;  lodged  ;  sta- 
tioned for  lodging. 

QUAR'TER  FOIL,  71.  [Fr.  quatre,  four,  and  feuille, 
leaf.j  In  architecture,  a  modern  term  denoting  a 
form  disposed  in  four  segments  of  circles,  supposed 
to  resemble  an  expanded  liovver  of  four  petals. 

Gwilt. 

QU  AR'TER-ING,  ppr.    Dividing  into  quarters  or  into 

distinct  parts  ;  stationing  for  lodgings. 
QUAR'TER-ING,7i.    A  station.  Mountagu. 

2.  Assignment  of  quarters  for  soldiers. 

3.  In  heralilry,  the  division  of  a  shield  containing 
many  coats.  Ashmole. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  series  of  quarters  or  small  up- 
right posts.  Owilt. 

QUAR'TER-LY,  a.    Containing  or  consisting  of  a 

fourth  part  ;  as,  quarterly  seasons. 
2.  Recurring  at  the  end  of  each  quarter  of  the 

year  ;  as,  quarterly  payments  of  rent ;  a  quarterly 

visitation  or  examination.    The  secretary  requires 

quarterlii  returns  from  his  officers. 
QUAR'TER-LY,  71.    A  periodical  work  published 

once  in  a  quarter  of  a  year. 
QUAR'TER-LY,  adv.    By  quarters  ;  once  in  a  quarter 

of  a  year.    The  returns  are  made  quarterly. 
QUAR'TER-MaS-TER,  71.    In  an  army,  an  officer 

whose  duty  is  to  provide  quarters,  provisions,  forage, 

and  ammunition,  for  the  army,  and  superintend  the 

supplies. 

2.  In  a  ship  of  war,  a  petty  officer  who  attends  to 
the  helm,  binnacle,  signals,  &c.,  under  the  direction 
of  the  master.  ,  Tollen. 

QUAR'TER-MXS-TER-6EN'ER-AL,  71.  In  military 
affairs,  the  cliief  officer  in  the  quarter-master's  de- 
partment. 

QUAR'TERN,  71.    The  fourth  part  of  a  pint ;  a  gill. 
QUAR'TERN-Lo.\F,  71.    A  loaf  made  of  a  quarter 

of  a  stone  (14  lbs.)  of  flour. 
QUAR'TER-ROUNI),  71.    In  architecture,  the  echinus 

or  ovolo. 

QUAR'TERS,  71.  pi.  In  architecture,  small,  upright 
timher  posts,  used  in  partitions.  Gieilt. 

QUAR'TER-SES-SIONS,  n.pl.  In  England,  a  general 
coiirt  held  tpiarterly  by  the  justices  of  peace  of  each 
county,  with  jurisdiction  to  try  and  determine  fel- 
onies and  trespasses  ;  but  capital  ofienses  are  seldom 
or  never  tried  in  this  court.  Blackstnne. 

Quarter-sessions,  in  boroughs,  are  held  by  the  re- 
corders. Brande. 

QUAR'TER-STAFF,  71.  A  weapon  of  defense  ;  so 
called  from  the  manner  of  using  it,  one  hand  being 
placed  in  the  middle,  and  the  other  half  way  be- 
tween the  middle  and  end.  Brande. 

QUAR-TETTE',  )  71.    In  music,  a  composition  in  four 

QUAR-TET',      S     parts,  each  performed  by  a  sin- 
gle voice  or  instrument. 
2.  In  poetry,  a  stanza  of  four  lines. 

QUAR'TILE,  71.  An  aspect  of  the  planets,  when 
they  are  distant  from  each  other  a  quarter  of  the  cir- 
cle, ninety  degrees,  or  three  signs.  Iluttan.  Dryden. 

QUAR'TIIVE,  71.  In  botany,  the  fourth  integument  of 
tilt;  nucleus  of  a  seed,  reckoning  the  outermost  as 
the  first.  It  is  only  occasionally  that  there  are  more 
than  two  integuments.  Lindlcy. 

QUAR'TO,  71.    [L.  quartus.] 

'A  book  of  the  size  of  the  fourth  of  a  sheet ;  a  size 
made  by  twice  folding  a  sheet,  which  then  makes 
four  leaves. 

QUAR'TO,  a.  Denoting  the  size  of  a  book,  in  which 
a  sheet  makes  four  leaves. 

QUAR'TO'/E,  71  A  name  given  to  the  four  aces  in 
the  game  of  piquet.  Jluylc. 

QUARTZ,  71.    [G.  quarti.] 

Pure  silex,  occurring  in  pellucid,  glassy  cry.stals, 
having  the  form  of  a  si.\-sided  prism,  terminated  at 
each  end  by  a  pyramid  ;  and  also  in  masses  of  vari- 
ous colors,  more  or  less  transparent  to  opaque.  Base 
quarti,  is  a  rose-colored  variety  ;  amethyst,  a  violet ; 
sniokq  quartz,  n  smoky-brown  ;  chalcedony,  an  uiicrys- 
talliz'etl  variety,  nearly  white,  and  waxy  in  luster; 
carnelian,  a  reil  or  rtesh-colored  chalceilony  ;  agate, 
a  chalcedony  in  parallel  or  concentric  layers  of  dif- 
ferent colors  ;  flint,  a  brown  or  black  variety  ;  jas-per, 
an  opaque,  red,  yellow,  or  brown  quartz,  colored  by 
iron  or  ferruginous  clay. 

Quartz  is  an  essi  nliiO  constituent  of  granite,  and 
abounds  in  rocks  of  8ui  oges.  Dana. 

QUART/-lF'El{-OU3,  a.  [quarti  and  L.  frro.] 
CiVnsisliiig  chiefly  of  quartz.  nana. 

QUAKT'/'ITE,  71.    Granular  quartz.  Dana. 

tillAltT/.'oSE,  )  '1.     Containing  tpiarlz  ;  jiaitaking 

QUART'/.'Y,  i  of  the  nature  or  qualities  of  tpiartz  ; 
resembling  tpiartz. 

QUAS,    )  11.    A  thin,  sour  beer,  much  used  by  Ihe 

UUASS,  i  Russians,  made  by  jiouriiig  warm  wafer 
on  r>c  or  barley  meal.  'I'ookr. 

QUj;VSII,  v.t.  [Sax.  cwysan;  D.  kieel.<en;  G.  que.lscben  : 
Fr".  casser  ;  II.  squas.iure  ;  L.  quasso,  quatio.  Class 
Gs,  No.  17,  28,  60,  08,  and  Class  Gd,  No.  38,  76.  Soo 

StiUKCZE.]  I 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WU^T — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  UOVB,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 

808  ~  ] 


QUA 

1.  Properly,  to  beat  down,  or  beat  in  pieces ;  to 
crusli. 

Tlio  wt)n]<<a 

Against  sliiirp  rocks,  like  xceliiiff  vt'sacls  quiuUed.  WttUer, 

2.  To  crusli ;  to  subdue  j  as,  to  quusli  a  rrbellion. 

3.  In  taw,  to  aljatc,  annul,  ovortbrow,  or  make 
void  ;  as,  to  i/kiwA  an  indiotnicnt.  He  prays  juilg- 
incnt  of  the  writ,  or  declaration,  tbat  tbo  same  may 


be  fl«^^>'/^c^i 


mackstonc. 


aU/^SH,  u.  f.    To  be  sliaken  with  a  noise.  S/inr/i. 

UUAsii,  H.  A  s|)ecics  of  cucurbita,  more  commonly 
aril!  more  properly  called  Sijuash  ;  so  called,  proba- 
bly, from  its  softness.    [See  the  verb.] 

aU.\sH'£U,  (kwosht,)  pp.  Crushed  ;  subdued  ; 
abated. 

aCASiriNG,  ppr.    Crushing;  subduing;  abating. 

aiJ.VSI  ;  as  if.  This  Latin  word  is  .•Jometimes  used 
before  English  words  to  express  resemblance  ;  as,  a 
i7«a.<i-conIract,  an  implied  contract ;  a  i/Hiwi-corpora- 
tion,a  body  tbat  is  partly  a  corporation  ;  a  (ji(«,M'-argu- 
ment,  that  which  resembles  or  is  used  as  an  argu- 
ment. 

QUAS-I-Mo'DO,  n.  Among  Roman  Catholics,  the 
first  .Sunday  alter  Easter.  Brande. 

QUAS-SA'TION,  n.    [L.  quassatio.] 

The  act  of  shaking  ;  concussion ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing shaken.  Oayton. 

CiUAS'SI.\,  (kwosh'yil,)  n.  [from  the  name  of  a  negro 
Q,uassi,  or  (iuaslt,  who  prescribed  this  article  as  a 
specific] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  at  present  com- 
prising but  one  species,  viz..  Quassia  amara,  (Lin- 
na.'us.)  Once  it  was  much  employed  as  a  bitter  tcuiic 
medicine,  but  the  supply  not  eipialiiig  the  demand, 
the  Picra;na  excelsa  (Lindley)  w.is  gradually  substi- 
tuted, under  the  same  name,  and  is  the  article  which 
is  now  incorrectly  called  Quassia,  in  the  shops, 
lioth  plants  belong  to  the  natural  order  Simarubac- 
c!e,  Quassia  amara  being  a  native  of  Surinam, 
Guiana,  Colombia,  and  Panama,  while  I*icra;na 
excelsa  is  a  native  of  Jamaica.  The  woud  and  bark, 
both  of  the  root  and  top,  of  both  these  articles,  are 
the  parts  employed  in  medicine 
(IIIAS'SINK,  j  71.  A  name  given  by  VViggers  to  tlie 
QUAS'.SITE,  i  bitter  principle  of  Picra;na  e.xcelsa, 
(Lindley.)  This  substance,  by  the  aid  of  water, 
crystallizes  in  very  small  white  prisms.  Its  taste 
is  intensely  bitter,  but  it  is  destitute  of  smell.  It  is 
not  changed  by  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  It  is 
scarcely  soluble  in  common  ether,  slightly  soluble  in 
water,  and  more  soluble  in  alcohol.  When  heated, 
it  melts  like  a  resin,  and,  on  cooling,  it  forms  a  brit- 
tle, translucent,  yellowish  mass.  It  is  composed  of 
hydrogen  6  eq.,  carbon  10  eq.,  and  oxygen  3  eq.  ; 
from  which  it  is  probable  that  it  will  yet  prove  to  be 
either  a  basic  oxyd  of  ti  compound  radical  of  H.  C. 
or  an  acid. 

(lUAT,  II.    A  pustule  or  pimpU.    Hence,  an  irritable 

person.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
QUa'TER-€OUS'/NS,  (ka'tcr-kuz'nz,)  n.  pi,  [L. 
qnatuor,  four,  and  cousin.] 
Those  within  the  first  four  degrees  of  kindred. 

Ski  art  (T. 

CiU.\-TER'NA-RY,  n.  [L.  quatcmarius,  from  quatuor.] 

The  number  four.  Boyle. 
aUA-TER'NA-RY,  a.    Consisting  of  four  ;  by  fours. 

Gregory. 

2.  In  geolo^j,  a  term  applied  to  strata  supposed  to 
be  more  ancient  than  the  upper  tertiary.  Dana. 
Qn.\-TER'NI-ON,  n.     [L.  s«a<erm»,"from  quatuor, 
four.] 

1.  The  number  four.  Milton. 

2.  A  file  of  four  soldiers,   .^cts  xii. 
QUA-TER'NI-ON,  r.  t.    To  divide  into  files  or  com- 
panies. Milton. 

QUA-TER'NI-TY,  n.    [Supra.]   The  number  four. 

Brotrn. 

aUA-TER-NOX'A-LATE,  n.  A  combination  of  one 
equivalent  of  oxalic  acid  with  four  equivalents  of  a 
base. 

aUA'TER-ON.    See  Qi-adboox. 

QU/iT'RAIN,  71.  [Fr.,  from  qualrc,  L.  qtintuor,  fiiur.] 
A  stanza  of  four  lines  rhyming  alternately. 

QUaVE,  for  Quaver,  is  not  used.  [Driidcn. 

QUaVE'MIRE,  for  Quagmire,  is  not  used. 

QUa'VER,  v.  i.  [\V.  ciribiaw,  to  quaver,  lo  trill  ;  Sp. 
qiiiebro,  a  musical  shake  or  trill  ;  quirbra,  a  break, 
fmcture,  failure.  It  coincides  in  elements  witli  quib- 
ble, quiver,  whiffle,  wabble.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
move  ;  hence  to  break,  applied  to  motion  and  sound. 
See  Quiver  and  Vibrate.] 

1.  To  shake  the  voice ;  to  utter  or  form  sound 
with  rapid  vibrations,  as  in  singing;  to  sing  with 
tremulous  modulations  of  voice.  Bacon. 

2.  To  produce  a  shake  on  a  musical  instrument. 

3.  To  tremble  ;  to  vibrate.  [SmarL 
The  fingvr  —  moved  with  a  quavering  motion.  Neuton. 

QUa'VER,  n.  A  shake  or  rapid  vibration  of  the 
voice,  or  a  sh.ike  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

.Addison, 

9.  A  note  and  measure  of  time  in  music,  equal  to 
half  a  crotchet,  or  the  eighth  of  a  scmibrevc. 


QUE 

QUA'VER-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Distributed  into  quavers. 

llarmar. 

QII.^'VF.R-ER,  71.    A  warbler. 

QUA'VI'.R-I.N'G,  ji/jr.  or  «.  Shaking  the  voice,  or  the 
sound  of  an  instrument;  trembling;  vibrating. 

QUA'VER-ING,  ii.  The  act  of  shaking  the  voice,  or 
of  making  rapid  vibrations  of  sound  on  an  instru- 
ment of  music. 

QU.AY,  (kC,)  II.  [Yt.quni;  T>.  kaai;  Arm.  vac;  Ir. 
ccigh.  If  this  word  is  radically  the  same  .as  knj,  the 
sense  is,  that  which  fastens  or  secures.  Class  Cgor 
Gk.] 

A  mole  or  bank  formed  toward  the  sea,  or  on  the 
side  of  a  river,  for  the  purpose  of  loading  and  un- 
loading vessels.  Qwilt. 
QU.\Y,  (ke,)  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  quays. 

J.  Barlow. 

QU.WACE,  (kO'.aje,)  n.    Wharfage.  Smart. 
QUeACII,  71.    A  thick,  bushy  plot.  [OJs.] 

C/ian7;ia77. 

QUEACII,  V.  i.  To  stir;  to  move.  [Oii.J  [See 
Quick.] 

QUiC.XCII'V,  a.  [from  jiicarA.]  Sh.iking  ;  moving, 
yielding,  or  trembling  under  the  feet,  as  moist  or 
boggy  ground. 

Th'^  quenchy  fen*.  Drayton. 
Goilwiii's  qucacby  sands.  Draylon. 

[This  word  is  still  in  use  in  Now  England,  and  if 
the  word  is  from  the  root  of  quick,  we  recognize  the 
application  of  it  in  Quicksano.] 

a.  Thick  ;  bushy.    [Aut  iii  use.]  Cockeram. 
QUkAN,  (kween,)  71.    [Sax.  cwten,ox  cwcn,  a  woman. 
See  Queen.] 

A  worthless  woman  ;  a  slut ;  a  strumpet.  [JN^ut  771 
common  use.]  Dnjdcn.  Swift. 

QUkA'SI-NESS,  71.  [from  i7«ca.<y.]  Nausea;  qualm- 
ishness; inclination  to  vomit. 
QUkA'SY,  (kwO'ze,)  a.  [Allied,  perha;)S,  to  the  W. 
chudy,  (Lliiiyd,)  Corn,  huedika.  Arm.  chucda,  or  huij- 
da,  to  vomit.  Class  Gs,  No.  19,  and  Class  Gd,  No. 
54.] 

1.  Sick  at  the  stomach;  aflected  with  nausea;  in- 
clined to  vomit.  Shak. 

2.  Fastidious  ;  squeamish  ;  delicate. 

Shak.  Dryden. 

3.  Causing  nausea ;  as,  a  y77ea.s7/ question.  Shak. 
QUECK,  V.  i.    [G.  quuckcln,  to  quake,  to  be  unsettled, 

to  Hinch.] 

To  shrink  ;  to  flinch.    [Ohs.]  Bacon. 
QUEEN,  71.    [Sax.  cwicn,  or  cacn,  Goth,  queins,  quens, 
Dan.  i[viadc,  Sw.  qcinna,  a  woman  ;  Sans,  kanya.  Qu. 
Ir.  coinnc,  and  Gr.  j  vvti.] 

1.  The  consort  of  a  king;  a  queen  consort. 

2.  A  woman  who  is  the  sovereign  of  a  kingdom  ; 
a  quceii  regnant,  sometimes  calletl  queen  regent ;  as, 
Elizabeth,  queen  of  England  ;  Mary,  queen  of  Scot- 
land. 

3.  The  sovereign  of  a  swarm  of  bees,  or  the  fe- 
male of  the  hive. 

A  liivc  of  iMies  can  not  siilisisl  without  a  queen.  Encyc. 

Queen  of  May ;  May-queen,  which  see. 
Queen  of  the  meadows;  meadow-sweet ;  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Spiriea.  Lee. 

QUEEN,  77.  i.  To  play  the  queen  ;  to  act  the  part  or 
character  of  a  queen.  Shak. 

QUEEN'-AP-PLE,  (-ap'pl,)  71.  A  kind  of  apple,  so 
called.  Mortimer. 

QUEEN'-DOW'A-GER,  71.    The  widow  of  a  king. 

QUEEN'-GoLD,  71.  A  royal  duty  or  revenue  belong- 
ing to  every  queen  of  England  during  her  marriage 
to  the  king. 

QUEEN'ING,  71.    An  apple.  Mortimer. 

QUEEN'LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  queen.  Drayton. 

QUEEN'LY,  a.  Like  a  queen;  becoming  a  queen; 
suit.able  to  a  queen. 

QUEEN'-MOTH'ER,  (-muth'er,)  71.  A  queen-dowa- 
ger who  is  also  mother  of  the  reigning  king  or 
queen. 

QUEE.\'-PoST,  71.  In  architecture,  an  upright  post  in 
a  roof  for  suspending  the  beam,  when  the  principal 
rafters  do  not  meet  in  the  ridge.  Brande. 

QU  EEN'S'-W  ARE,  71.  Glazed  earthenware  of  a  cream 
color.  Kncyc,  of  Dom.  Kcon. 

QUEER,  <b    [G.  qucr,  cross,  oblique,  traverse;  quer- 
kopf,  a  queer  fellow  ;  qucrlen,  to  twirl.    The  primary 
sense  is,  probably,  lo  turn.] 
Odd  ;  singular  ;  hence,  whimsical.  Spectator. 

QUEER'ISII,  a.    Rather  queer  ;  somewhat  singular. 

liUEER'I.V,  adv.    In  an  odd  or  singular  manner. 

QUEER'NESS,  71.  Oddity  ;  singularity ;  particularity. 
[.^  familiar,  not  an  elegant,  word."^ 

QUEEST,  71.   A  ring-dove,  a  species  of  pigeon. 

C/uilmers. 

QUEINT,  (kwent,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Quexch.  Gowcr. 

QUELL,  r.  L  [Sa.x.  cwcllan,  to  kill ;  Dan.  qvicler,  to 
stifle,  suflbcate,  choke,  stop,  quell,  gall,  tease,  tor- 
ment, vex  ;  Sw.  qtdlja,  id.  ;  G.  qucUcn.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  stop,  to  press  or  force  down,  and  thus 
cause  action  or  motion  to  cease.] 

1.  To  crush  ;  to  subdue  ;  to  cause  to  cease  ;  as,  to 
quell  an  insurrection  or  sedition. 

2.  To  (juict ;  to  allay  ;  to  reduce  to  peace ;  as,  to 
quell  the  tumult  of  Die  soul. 


QUE 

3.  To  suhdiio  ;  to  reduce. 

Tills  quelled  her  pride,  IJry/en. 
QUEIiL,  r.  I.  To  die  ;  to  abate.  Spenner. 
QUELL,  71.    Murder.    [JSTot  in  u.te.]  Shak. 

I'AAi' F.O,  pp.    (.'rushed;  subdued;  quieted. 
IIUELL'F.R,  II.    One  that  crushes  or  subdues.  Shak. 
QUELL'LNG,  ji;ir.    Crushing;  subduing;  reducing  to 
peacl^ 

QUKLQUE'-CHOSE,  (kek'shoz,)  n.  [Fr.,  some- 
thing.] 

A  trifle  ;  a  kickshaw.  Donne. 
QUE  ME,  V.  t.    (Sax.  cicci7ia77.] 

To  please.  [Oii.]  Spenser. 
QUE.XCH,  V.  t.    [Sax.  ci«f7ii;flii.] 

1.  To  extinguish  ;  to  put  out ;  .as,  to  quench  flame. 

2.  To  still  ;  to  quiet ;  to  repress ;  as,  to  quench  a 
passion  or  emotion.  Shak. 

3.  To  allay  or  extinguish  ;  as,  to  quench  thirst. 

4.  To  destroy.  Davics. 

5.  To  check  ;  to  stifle ;  as,  to  quench  the  Spirit. 

I  Thcss.  V. 

QUENCH,  V.  i.    To  cool ;  to  become  cool. 
IliMit  thnii  ihiiik,  III  limo 
She  will  nut  quench  7    [.Vol  in  u«.]  SIloJc, 

QUENCIl'A-IiLE,  a.  That  may  be  tpienchcd  or  cx- 
tinciiisbcd.  Sherwood. 

QUENCII'£D,  (kwencht,)  pp.  Extinguished;  al- 
layed ;  repressed. 

QUENCH'ER,  ii.    He  or  that  which  extinguishes. 

QUE.\CH'IN(;,  ;i/ir.  Extinguishing;  quieting;  sti- 
fline  ;  repressing. 

QUE.NCII'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  quenched  or  re- 
pressed ;  inextinguishable  ;  as,  quenchless  fire  or  fury. 

Shak.  Crttshaw. 

QUENCII'LESS-LY,  ado.    In  a  qiiencliless  manner. 

QUE.\CI1'LESS-NESS,  ii.    Stati'  of  being  ipienchless. 

QUER'(;iT-KIN,  71.  The  coloring  principle  of  quer- 
citron balk.  Urc. 

QUER'CIT-RON,  71.  [L.  quercus,  an  oak,  and  citrina, 
lemon-colored,  a  name  imposed  by  Dr.  Edward  Uan- 
croft.l 

1.  The  Qurrcu.-!  tinctoria,  black  oak,  or  dycr'^s  oak, 
which  grows  from  Canada  to  Georgia,  and  west  to 
the  Mississijipi.  U  frequently  attains  the  higlit  of 
70  or  80  feet,  and  is  one  of  the  largest  trees  of  the 
American  forest. 

2.  The  bark  of  Quercu.<:  tinctoria,  a  valuable  article 
in  dyeing  and  calico-priming,  first  brought  before  the 
public  by  Dr.  Itancrofl.  Although  this  oak  art"ords  a 
yellow  color,  yet  it  is  not  the  yellow  oak,  that  name 
being  conimonlv  applied  to  Quercus  caslanca. 

QUER'ELE,  71.  '[L.  querela  ;  Fr.  querelle.] 

A  complaint  to  a  court.  [JVot  in  use.]  [See  .'Vudi- 
ta_Querela.]  Jlyliffe. 

QUk'RENT,  71.    [L.  querens,  queror,  to  complain.] 
The  ctunplainant ;  the  plaintifl".    [.Vof  in  use.] 

QUk'RENT,  II.    [L.  qua-rens,qui£ro,  to  inquire.] 

1.  An  inquirer.    [JV"o(  iiiucA  iLied.]  .luhrey. 

2.  A  complainant  or  plaintifl'  in  a  court  of  law. 

Smart. 

QUER-I-Mo'NI-OUS,  a.    [L.  qucrimonia,  complaint, 

from  queror.] 
Complaining  ;  querulous  ;  apt  to  complain. 
QUER-I-.MfVNI-OUS-LY,   adv.      With  complaint  ; 

qiierulouslv. 

QUER-1-.M6'NI-0US-NESS,  71.    Disposition  to  com- 
plain ;  a  complaining  temper. 
QUe'RIST,  71.    [from  L.  quxro,  to  inquire.] 

One  who  inquires  or  asks  questions.  SwifU 
QUERK.    See  Quirk. 

QUERK'£N-£D,  o.  Choked.  {lUcgitimaU  and  obso- 
lete.] 

QUERL,  r.  U    [G.  qucrlen.] 

To  twirl ;  to  turn  or  wind  round  ;  to  coil  ;  as,  to 
querl  a  cord,  thread,  or  rope.  [This  is  a  legitimate 
English  worii,  in  common  use  in  New  England.  It 
may  be  a  dialectical  variation  of  whirl,  Dan.  hvirvlcr, 
and  twirl.] 

QUERN,  71.  [Sax.  cwym,  eweom;  Goth,  quaim;  D. 
kweern  ;  Dan.  qvcm  :  Sw.  qvarn.  Qu.  W.  cwyrn,  a 
quick  motion,  a  whirl.] 

A  liand-iiiill  for  grinding  grain  ;  n  mill,  the  stone 
of  which  was  turned  by  hand,  used  before  the  in- 
vention of  windmills  and  watermills.  Shak. 

QUER'PO,  77.  [Sp.  cucrpo,  the  body,  L.  corpus  ;  Sp. 
en  cucrpo  de  camisa,  half  dressed,  having  on  a  shirt 
only.] 

A  waistcoat  or  garment  close  to  the  body.  Hence, 
lo  be  in  qurrjw,  is  lo  be  defenseless.  liudibras. 
QUER'UCE-DIILE,  71.    [L.  querquedula.] 

An  aquatic  fowl,  a  species  of  leal.  Encyc 
QUER'RY,  71.    A  groom.    [See  E<iuerrt.] 
QUER'U-LOUS,  a.  [h.  qucrulus,  from  yucrdr,  to  com- 
plain.   Sec  Quarrel.] 

1.  Complaining,  or  habitually  complaining;  dis- 
posed to  murmur ;  as,  a  querulous  man  or  people. 

Hooker. 

2.  Expressing  complaint;  as,  a  querulous  tone  of 
voice. 

QUER'U-LOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  complaining  manner. 

Young. 

QUER'U-LOUS-NESS,  71.  Disposition  to  complain, 
or  the  habit  or  practice  of  murmuring. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"ClOUS — G  as  K  ;  6  aa  J  ;  S  !is  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  na  in  THIS. 


S99 


QUE 


QUI 


QUI 


QUK'RY.  71.  [from  L.  qutere,  imperative  of  qitirro  ; 
perhaps  Ch.  and  Ileb.  "\pn,  to  seek,  to  search,  to  in- 
quire ;  TpO,  t((. ;  Ar.         karau,  to  follow,  to  seek. 

Class  Gr,  No.  51, 53,  55.  Tlie  sense  is,  to  press  on,  to 
follow,  to  urge.] 
A  question  ;  an  inquiry  to  be  ansv/ered  or  resolved. 
I  will  conclude  bj  proposing  Bome  gucriee.  Newton, 
UUk'RY,  v.  L    To  ask  a  question  or  questions. 

Three  Cambridje  sopJis, 
Each  prompt  to  query,  answer,  and  deiiale.    ,  Pope. 

miE'RY,  V.  t.  To  seek  ;  to  inquire;  as,  query  the 
sum  or  amount ;  query  the  motive  or  the  fact. 

2.  To  examine  by  questions.  Gaytoru 

3.  To  doubt  of. 

QUEST,  71,  [Fr.  quete,  for  questc;  L.  qutero,  qitcF-stus, 
As  the  letter  r  is  rarely  changed  into  s,  perhaps  the 
L.  qwssiri^  qiuEstus^  may  be  from  the  root  of  qtuEso, 
W.  ccisiaw,  to  seek,  to  endeavor,  cais,  eftbrt.  See 
Class  Gs,  No.  3.5.] 

1.  The  act  of  seeking ;  search  ;  as,  to  rove  in  quest 
of  game;  to  go  in  quest  of  a  lost  child,  in  (juest  of 
property,  &c.  Mdlon,  Mdisun. 

2.  Inquest;  a  jury.    [Jfotused.]  Shak. 

3.  Searchers,  collectively.    [JVot  usedA  SImk. 

4.  Inquiry  ;  examination.    [JVot  used."]  S/iak. 

5.  Request ;  desire ;  solicitation. 
Gad  not  abroad  at  every  guest  and  call 

Of  an  untrained  hope  or  passion.  Herbert. 

QUEST,  V.  i.    To  go  in  search.    [J\'V)«  used.] 
QUEST,  V.  t.    To  search  or  seek  for.  Herbert. 
QUEST'ANT,  71.    [Supra.]   A  seeker.    [JSTot  used.] 

Shak. 

QUES'TION,  (ques'chun,)  7t.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  question; 
L.  qutfstio.    See  Quest.] 

1.  The  act  of  asking  ;  an  interrogatory  ;  as,  to  ex- 
amine by  question  and  answer. 

2.  That  which  is  asked  ;  something  proposed 
which  is  to  be  solved  by  answer.  What  is  the 
question  7 

3.  Inquiry;  disquisition;  discussion. 

It  13  to  be  put  to  9ue;j(ion,  whether  it  is  law'ful  for  Cliristian  princes 
to  tniOte  an  invasive  Wiir,  simply  fur  tlie  propao^auon  ul  the 


faith. 


Bacon, 


4.  Dispute  or  subject  of  debate. 

There  arose  a  question  Ijetween  some  of  John's  disciples  and  the 
Jews,  alx)Ut  purifying.  —  John  iii. 

5.  Doubt;  controversy;  dispute.  The  story  is 
true  beyond  all  question. 

Tills  does  not  brin;i  tiicir  truth  in  ffuestion.  Locke. 

6.  Trial ;  examination  ;  judicial  trial  or  inquiry. 

Of  the  liope  and  resurrection  of  the  deatl  1  am  called  in  question. 
—  Acts  xxiii.  xxiv. 

7.  Examination  by  torture.    Blackslone.  .SijUffe.. 

8.  Endeavor;  etfort;  act  of  seeking.  [J^utmuse.] 

Shak. 

9.  In  logic,  a  proposition  stated  by  way  of  inter- 
rogation. 

In  question ;  in  debate  ;  in  the  course  of  examination 
or  discussion  ;  as,  the  tnattrr  or  ]ioint  in  question. 

Leading  question  ;  ontt  which  is  so  put  as  to  show 
the  answer  which  is  desired,  and  thus  to  lead  and 
prepare  the  way  for  its  being  given.  It  is  not  allowed 
in  courts  of  law  to  put  such  questions  to  a  witness 
under  examination. 
QUES'TIO.X,  V.  i.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions  ; 
to  inquire  by  interrogatory  or  proposition  to  be  an- 
swered. 

He  that  quetdonelh  much  ihalt  Icam  much.  Baton, 
2.  To  debate  by  interrogatories.  Shak. 
QUES'TION,  V.  t.    To  inquire  of  by  asking  ques- 
tions; to  examine  by  interrogatories  ;  as,  to  question 
a  witness. 

2.  To  doubt  of ;  to  be  uncertain  of. 

And  most  we  qtiettion  what  we  most  desire.  Prior. 

3.  To  have  no  confidence  in  ;  to  treat  as  doubtful. 
If  a  man  is  frustrated  in  his  designs,  his  prudence  is 
que.^tioned. 

QUE.S'TIO.\-A-ni,E,  a.  That  may  be  questioned  ; 
doubtful;  uncertain;  disputable.  The  deed  is  of 
questionable  authority. 

It  is  queitionalile  whether  Gtlen  ever  «aw  the  diwection  of  a 
liuman  body.  JJaier. 

2.  Suspicions;  liable  to  bo  doubted  or  disputed: 
liable  to  suspicion.    His  veracity  is  questionable. 
Tttou  cotn'st  in  such  a  nueilionable  stiapc, 
Tliat  I  will  .peal<  to  tli.f.  Shak. 

QUR-S'TION-A-liLE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  or  state 

of  being  ilimbtriil,  questionable,  or  suspicious. 
QIIES'TK),\-A-IiLY,  atlo.  Doubtfully. 
QUE.S'TIO.N-A-RV,  a.    Inquiring;  asking  questions  ; 

as,  que.itiovanf  epistles.  Pope. 
QUEH'TIO.N-A'D,  pp.     Interrogated;   examined  by 

questions. 

2.  Doubted  ;  disputed. 
QUES'TIONER,  71.    One  that  asks  questions;  nn 

inquirer. 

aUES'TIO.V-ING,  ppr.  Interrogating;  ctilling  in 
question  ;  doubting. 


QUES'TION-IST,  71.    A  questioner;  an  inquirer. 

Hall, 

2.  In  the  English  universities,  a  name  given  to 
those  who  are  in  the  last  term  of  their  college  course, 
and  are  soon  to  be  examined  for  honors  or  liegrees. 

C.  ./?.  Bristed. 

QUES'TION-LESS,  adc.  Beyond  a  question  or 
doubt;  doubtless;  certainly.  Ralegh.  South. 

QUEST'JIAN,  n.  One  legally  empowered  to  make 
quest  of  certain  matters ;  especially,  a  church-war- 
den's assistant.  Blount. 

QUEST'.MO.V'GER,  (kwest'mung-ger,)  n.  An  in- 
forming otlicer,  or  grand  juror.    [JVot  used,]  Bacon, 

QUES'TOR,  71.    [L.  qtuBstor,    Sec  Quest  and  Que- 

RV.] 

In  Roman  antiquity,  an  officer  who  had  the  manage- 
ment of  the  public  treasure  ;  the  receiver  of  taxes, 
tribute,  &.C,  At  an  early  period,  there  were  also 
public  accusers  styled  questors,  but  the  office  was 
soiin  abidished.  Smilh''s  Diet. 

QUES'TUR-SHIP,  7!.    The  office  of  a  questor  or  Ro- 
man ti'easurer. 
*2.  The  term  of  a  qucstor's  office. 
QUEST'RIST,  71.    A  seeker;  a  pursuer.  [JVo/  in  use.] 

SImk. 

QUES'TU-A-RY,  a.    Studious  of  profit.  Brown. 
QUES'TU-A-RY,  n.    One  employed  to  collect  profits. 

Taylor. 

QUEUE,  (ku.)    See  Cue. 

QUIH,  71.    [VV.  cwip,  a  flirt,  a  quirk,  or  gwii,  a  quick 
Course  or  turn  ;  cwipiaw,  to  move  quickly,  to  whip; 
as  we  say,  he  whipped  round  the  corner.] 
A  sarcasm  ;  a  bitter  taunt ;  a  quip  ;  a  gibe. 

QUIIi'HLE,  (kwib'bl,)  71.  It  seems  to  be  from  the 
root  of  quib,  supra,  VV.  cwipiaw,  to  turn  or  move  rap- 
idly, or  gwibiaw,  to  wander.    See  Warble.] 

1.  A  start  or  turn  from  the  point  in  question,  or 
from  plain  truth  ;  an  evasion  ;  a  cavil ;  a  pretense; 
as,  to  answer  a  sound  argument  by  quibbles. 

(iuirlcs  and  quibbles  have  no  place  in  the  search  after  truth. 

Watts. 

2.  A  pun ;  a  low  conceit.  .Addison. 
QUIB'IiLE,  K.  i.    To  evade  the  point  in  question,  or 

plain  truth,  by  artifice,  play  upon  words,  caviling,  or 
any  conceit ;  to  trifle  in  argument  or  discourse. 

L^JHstrange. 

2.  To  pun. 

QUIB'BLER,  71.    One  who  evades  plain  truth  by 
trifling  artifices,  play  upon  words,  or  cavils. 
2.  A  punster. 

QUIB'BLING,  p;)r.  or  a.  Evading  the  truth  by  artifice 
or  p!;iv  upon  words  ;  punning. 

QUIB'BLING-LY,  ado.    Triflingly  ;  evasively. 

QUICK,  V.  i.    [Sax.  cwic,  alive  ;  cwiccian,  to  vivify.] 
To  stir  ;  to  move.    [JVo£  in  u^e.]  Spenser. 

QUICK,  a.  [Sax.  cwic,  living,  alive  ;  D.  kwik  ;  G. 
quick:  Dan.  qvik;  Sw.  qvick.  Qu.  W.  cig.  Arm. 
qieq,  flesh.  If  tj  is  a  dialectical  prefix,  as  I  suppose, 
this  word  coincides  with  the  L.  vigeo,  vcgeo,  and  vig, 
ve^,  radical,  coincide  with  wag.  Now  the  Dutch 
call  a  wagtail  kwikstaart.] 

1.  Primarily,  alive  ;  living  ;  opposed  to  Dead  or 
U.nammated;  as,  quick  flesh.    Lev.  xiii. 

The  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  who  shall  judffe  tlie  quick  and  the  dead. 
—  2  Tira.  iv. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  obsolete,  except  in  some 
compounds,  or  in  particular  phrases.] 

2.  Swift;  hasty;  done  with  celerity;  as,  quick 
dispatch. 

3.  Speedy  ;  done  or  occurring  in  a  short  time ;  as, 
a  quick  return  of  profits. 


Oft  he  to  her  liis  charge  of  quick  return 
Repeated. 


miton. 


4.  Active  ;  brisk ;  nimble  ;  prompt ;  ready,  lie  is 
remarkably  quick  in  his  motions.  He  is  a  man  of 
quick  parts. 

5.  Moving  with  rapidity  or  celerity  ;  as,  quick  time 
in  music. 

Qiiic/f  witli  child;  pregnant  with  a  living  child. 

Blaekstone. 

QUICK,  adv.  Nimbly  ;  with  celerity  ;  rapidly  ;  with 
haste;  speedily;  without  delay;  as,  run  quick;  be 
quick. 

If  wo  consider  how  very  quick  the  actions  of  the  mind  are  per- 
fonned.  Locke. 

2.  Soon  ;  in  a  short  time ;  without  delay.  Go,  and 
return  quick. 

QUICK,  71.  [Sw.  jDiVa,  a  heifer ;  Dan.  yuirn',  cattle  ; 
that  is,  living.] 

1.  A  living  animal.    [Ob.i.]  Spenser. 

2.  The  living  flesh  ;  si  nsible  parts  ;  as,  penetrating 
to  the  }«ic/( ;  slung  to  the  quick ;  cut  to  tjio  quick. 

Bacon.  JJryden. 

3.  A  living  plant ;  ajiplicd  particularly  totliC  haw- 
thorn ;  as,  a  ditch  or  bank  set  with  quick.  Mvrttmer. 

QUK'K,  V.  t.    [Sax.  cwicrjan.] 

To  revive  ;  to  make  alive.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
QUICK,?!,  i.    Til  become  alive.    \Obs.'\  Chaucer, 
QUICK'-HEAM,      /        .  .       .,       .,  , 
QUICK'/';N-i  ltEE,  (  ^ 

The  Tyrus  or  Sorbns  auciiparia,  a  species  of  ser- 
vice-tree, Boniclimi^s  also  called  Roan-thee,  and 


Fowl-pear,  because  the  apples  are  used  as  a  bait 
for  birds. 

QUICK'£N,  (kwik'n,)  ».  t.  [Sax.  cwiccian;  Dan. 
qvwger.] 

1.  Primarily,  to  make  alive  ;  to  vivify  ;  to  revive 
or  resuscitate,  as  from  death,  or  an  inanimate  state. 
Rom.  iv. 

H'-nce  flocks  and  herds,  and  men  and  beasts  and  fowls, 
With  breatli  are  quickened,  and  attract  their  souls.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  alive,  in  a  spiritual  sense  ;  to  commu- 
nicate a  principle  of  grace  to. 

You  hnth  he  quickened,  who  were  dead  in  trrspasses  and  sins. 
—  Epii.  ii. 

3.  To  hasten ;  to  accelerate ;  as,  to  quicken  motion, 
speed,  or  flight. 

4.  To  sharpen  ;  to  give  keener  perception  to ;  to 
stimulate  ;  to  incite  1  as,  to  quicken  the  appetite  or 
taste;  to  yuic/im  desires.  South.  Tatler. 

5.  To  revive;  to  cheer;  to  reinvigorate ;  to  re- 
fresh by  new  supplies  of  comfort  or  grace.  Ps. 
cxix.  I 

QUICK'£N,  7J.  i.    To  become  alive. 

The  heart  is  Uie  first  part  that  quickens,  and  the  last  that  dies. 

Hay. 

2.  To  move  with  rapidity  or  activity. 

And  keener  lightning  quickem  in  her  eye.  Pope. 

QUICK'£N-i5D,  (kwik'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Made  alive  ;  re- 
vived ;  vivified  ;  reinvigorated. 

2.  Accelerated  ;  hastened. 

3.  Stimulated  ;  incited. 

QUICK'£N-ER,  71.  One  who  revives,  vivifies,  or 
communicates  life. 

2.  That  which  reinvigorates. 

3.  That  which  accelerates  motion  or  increases  ac- 
tivity. More. 

QUICK'£X-ING,p;)r.  Giving  life;  accelerating;  in- 
citing. 

QUICK'£N-ING,  a.  Giving  new  life  and  vigor  ;  an- 
imating ;  as,  the  quickening  influences  of  tlie  spirit. 

QUICK'-E?-£D,  (kwik'Ide,)  a.  Having  acute  sight ; 
of  keen  and  ready  perception. 

QUICK'-GRASS.    See  Quitch-Gbass. 

QUICK'LI.ME,  71.  [See  Lime.]  The  protoxyd  of 
calcium.  Any  carbonate  of  lime,  deprived  of  its  ctir- 
bonic  acid,  becomes  quicklime,  as  chalk,  limestone, 
oyster-shells,  &c.  These  calcareous  stones  and  shells 
are  reduced  to  quicklime  by  being  subjected  for  a 
considerable  time  to  intense  heat,  which  expels  the 
carbonic  acid,  the  aqueous  and  the  animal  matter. 

QUICK'LV,  adv.    Speedily  ;  with  haste  or  celerity. 
2.  Soon  ;  without  deltiy. 

QUICK'-MATCH,  n.  [See  Match.]  A  combustible 
preparation  formed  of  cotton  strands  drp])ed  in  a 
boiling  composition  of  white  vinegar,  saltpeter,  and 
mealeil  gunpowder,  used  by  artillerymen.  Hcbert. 

QUICK'NESS,  71.  Speed  ;  velocity  ;  celerity  ;  rapid- 
ity ;  as,  the  quickness  of  motion. 

2.  Activity  ;  briskness  ;  promptness  ;  as,  the  quick- 
ness of  the  imagination  or  wit.    IVotton.  Dryden. 

3.  Acuteness  of  perception  ;  keen  sensibility  ;  as, 
quickness  of  sensation.  Locke. 

4.  .Sharpness  ;  pungency.  Mortimer. 
QUICK'SAND,  71.     Sand  easily  moved  or  readily 

yielding  to  pressure ;  loose  sand  abounding  with 
water.  Dryden. 
2.  Unsolid  ground.  jlddison. 
QUICK'SCENT-ED,  0.    Having  an  acute  perception 

by  the  nose  ;  of  an  acute  smell. 
QUICK'SET,  71.    A  living  plant  set  to  grow,  particu- 
larly for  a  hedge  ;  applied  especially  to  the  hawthorn. 

Evelyn. 

QUICK'SET,  7'.  (.  To  plant  with  living  shrubs  or 
trees  for  a  hedge  or  fence  ;  as,  to  quickset  a  ditch. 

Mortimer. 

QUICK'SET-ED,  pp.    Planted  with  living  shrubs. 

QUICK'SIGIIT'ED,  (-sit'-,)  a.  Having  quick  sight  or 
acute  discernment ;  quick  to  see  or  discern.  Locke. 

QUICK'SIGHT'ED-NESS,  (-sit'ed-ness,)  71.    Quick-  - 
ness  of  sight  or  discernment ;  readiness  to  see  or 
discern.  Locke. 

QUICK'SIL-VER,  7!.  [That  is,  living  silver,  argentum 
vivutn,  so  callt.'ti  from  its  fluitlity.] 

Mercury,  a  metal  found  both  native  and  in  the 
state  of  ore  in  mines,  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
anil  so  remarkably  fusible  as  to  be  congealable  only 
with  tjie  intense  cold  indicated  by  39' or  40' below 
zero,  on  Fahrenheit's  tliermonieter.  It  is  the  heavi- 
est of  the  mi-tals,  next  to  platinum,  gold,  and  tung- 
sten.   It  is  used  in  various  arts  and  in  mi  ilicinr. 

QU1CK'SIL-VER  £D,  a.    Overlaid  with  tpiicksilver. 

J\rcwlon. 

QUICK'-WIT-TED,  a.    Having  ready  wit.  Shnk. 
QUIt'K'-VVIT-TED-NESS,  71.    Readiness  of  wit. 
QUID,  71.    A  vulgar  pronunciation  of  Cud  ;  as,  a  quid 

of  tobacco.  Ilulliicelt. 
QUI'D.^M,  [L.]    Somebody;  one  unknown.  [Aut 

in  use.  ]  Spenser. 
QUII)'I)A-NY,  71.    [O.  quitle,  a  quince  ;  L.  ri/t/ii/iiiim.] 
Marnialailo;  n  cuiifiction  of  quinces  prepared 

with  sugar. 

QUID'DA-TI VE,  a.  Constituting  the  essence  of  a 
thing.  Knaje. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHiST — METE,  PREY.  — PI.\E,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQM',  HQOK  


000 


QUI 

QUID'DIT,  n.    [U.  i/uidlibrl,  ot  Pr.  qui:  ilit.] 

A  siilitilly  ;  :in  fi|iiiviic:itit>n.  [jVut  in  use!  Skak. 
QUID'1)I-TY,  n.    [I,.  </""/,  »  li;it. J 

1.  A  bru  barous  U'l  ni  used  in  si  luuil  pliilos.ipliy  for 
esifc/icc,  tliut  iiiiknovvn  and  iindclinablu  sdinetbinR 
which  constitulps  its  peculiar  nature,  or  answers  tlie 
questicin,  Quid  The  essence  of  a  thing  consti- 
tutes ilta(«juirf,  such  a  thing  as  it  is,  and  not  anotlicr. 

Kitctjc 

S.  A  trifling  nicety ;  a  cavil ;  a  captious  question. 

Ctirndcn. 

QUrD'DLE,  (kwid'dl,)  r.  i.    [L.  guiil,  what.] 

To  spend  or  waste  time  in  triHini;  eruploynu-nts, 
or  to  attend  to  useful  subjects  in  a  trilling,  superficial 
manner, 

QUID'DLER,  n.  One  who  spends  time  in  trifling 
niceties. 

ClUID'DMNG,  ppr.  Spending  time  in  trifling  cm- 
plovnnnts. 

QUli)'l)LING,  71.  The  spending  of  time  in  trilling 
omphtvnients. 

(lUID'.NLTNe,  71.  [L.,  what  now.]  One  who  is  curi- 
ous to  know  every  thing  thai  passes;  one  who 
knows,  or  pretends  to  know,  all  occurrences.  Ttitler. 

QUID  PRO  QUO,  [L.]  In  /<iw,  an  iqiiivalent  ; 
something  given  or  done  for  another  thing ;  mutual 
consideration  and  performance. 

QUI  ESCE',  (kwi-ess',)  ii.  i.  [L.  qniesco.] 
To  be  silent,  as  a  letter  ;  to  have  no  sound. 

Jl/.  Stuart. 

OUI-ES'CENCF,,  )  71.  [L.  quiescens,  quiesco.  See 
ClUI-ES'CEN-CY,  (  Quiet.] 

1.  Kcst ;  repose ;  state  of  a  thing  without  motion. 

GlunvUle. 

2.  Rest  of  the  mind  ;  a  state  of  the  mind  free 
from  agitation  or  emotion. 

:t.  Silence  ;  the  having  no  sound  ;  iis  of  a  letter. 
QUI-E.S'CE.\T,  a.    [L.  (juiescfiis.] 

1.  Resting;  being  in  a  state  of  repose;  still;  not 
moving;  as,  a  quicscnU  b'Hly  or  tliiid.  M-wton. 

2.  Not  rullled  with  passion ;  unagitatcd  ;  as  the 
minil. 

3.  Silent ;  not  sounded  ;  having  no  sound  ;  as,  n 
quiescnit  letter.  Sow,  mow,  with  w  qtiirxccnt;  say, 
day,  with  1/ yi'iMCPHt.         M.Stuart.    Hcb.  Gram. 

QUI-ES'CENT,  71.    A  silent  letter.  M.  Stuart. 

QUI-ES'CEi\T-LY,  adv.  In  a  calm  or  quiescent  man- 
ner. 

QUT'ET,  (kwT'et,)  a.  \Fr.  quiet,  L.  quirtus.  It.  qnirto, 
quiet ;  quictare,  to  pacily,  and  quctarc,  to  quiet,  and  to 
acquit,  to  (piil  ;  Sp.  quifto,  quiet  ;  qiiietar,  to  appease  ; 
frirr/u,  quiet,  and  qucdar,  to  stop,  to  leave,  to  quit ; 
Port,  quirto,  quiet ;  qutda,  a  fall,  declivity  ;  uucdo, 
quiet.    Quiet  and  quit  seem  to  belong  to  one  radix.] 

1.  Still ;  being  in  a  state  of  rest ;  not  moving. 
Judires  xvi. 

2.  StilJ ;  free  from  alarm  or  disturbance  ;  unmo- 
lested ;  as,  a  quiet  life'.  Shak. 

Ill  lib  days  tlie  l«iKt  wu  quiet  ten  yr.int.  — 2  Citron,  xiv. 

3.  Peaceable;  not  turbulent;  not  giving  oflense ; 
not  exciting  controversy,  disorder,  or  trouble  ;  mild  ; 
meek  ;  contented. 

The  onuament  of  a  meek  and  quicl  Bpirit.  —  1  Pet.  Ui.    1  Tticu. 
iv. 

4.  Calm  ;  not  agitated  by  wind ;  as,  a  quiet  sea  or 
atmosphere. 

5.  Smooth  ;  unmffled.  Shak. 

G.  Undisturbed  ;  unmolested  ;  as,  the  ^kiV*  posses- 
sion or  enjoyment  of  an  estate.  Blackstone. 
7.  Notcr}'ing;  not  restless;  as,  a  ouict  child. 
QUT'ET,  71.  [h.quies.] 

1.  Rest ;  re|)osc  ;  stillness ;  the  st.ite  of  a  thing 
not  in  motion. 

2.  Tranquillity  ;  freedom  from  disturbance  or 
alarm  ;  civil  or  political  repose.  Our  country  enjoys 
quid. 

3.  Peace  ;  security.   Juds.  xviii. 

QUT'ET,  V.  L  To  stop  motion  ;  to  still ;  to  reduce  to  a 
state  of  rest ;  as,  to  quiet  corporeal  motion.  iMcke. 

2.  To  calm  ;  to  appease  ;  to  pacify  ;  to  lull ;  to 
tranqnili/.e;  as,  to  juicl  the  soul  when  agitated;  to 
quiet  the  passions  ;  to  quiet  the  clamors  of  a  nation  ; 
to  quiet  the  disorders  of  a  city  or  town. 

3.  To  allay  ;  to  suppress  ;  as,  to  quiet  pain  or  grief. 
QUI'ET-EI),  pp.    Made  still ;  calmed  ;  pacified. 
QUI'ET-ER,  71.    The  person  or  thing  that  quiets. 
UL'I'ET-ING,  ppr.  ox  a.    Reducing  to  rest  or  stUlness  ; 

appeasing  ;  tranqiiili/ing. 

QUI'ET-ISM,  71.  Peace  or  tranquillity  of  mind  ;  apa- 
thy ;  dispassion  ;  indisturbance ;  inaction.  In  hij- 
tonj,  Quietism  is  the  system  of  the  Quietisls,  who 
maintained  that  religion  consists  in  the  internal  rest 
or  recollection  of  the  mind,  employed  in  contem- 
plating God  and  submitting  to  his  will. 

QUT'ET-IST,  71.  One  of  a  sect  of  mystics,  originated 
by  Molino,  a  Spanish  priest,  who  maintained  the 
principles  of  Quietism.  Encijc. 

QUI-ET-IST'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  Quietist,  or  to 
Quietism. 

QUT'ET-LY,  adv.  Tn  a  quiet  state  ;  without  motion  ; 
in  a  state  of  rest ;  as,  to  lie  or  sit  quielhj. 

2.  Without  tumult,  alarm,  dispute,  or  disturbance  ; 
peaceably  ;  as,  to  live  quietly. 


(iUl 

3.  Calmly  ;  without  agitation  or  violent  emotion  ; 
patiently.    Submit  quirtlij  to  tiirivoidahle  evils. 
QUI'ET-.NKSS,  II.    A  slate  of  rest ;  stillnes.s. 

2.  Calm  ;  irunquillity  ;  as,  the  quietness  of  the 
ocean  or  atmosphere. 

3.  Freedom  from  agitation  or  emotion  ;  calmness  ; 
coolness;  as,  the  quiettie.is  of  the  mind. 

4.  Freedom  from  disturbance,  disorder,  or  commo- 
tion ;  peace  ;  tranquillity  ;  as,  the  quietness  of  a  city 
or  state. 

QUI'ET-SOME,  (kwi'et-sum,)  a.  Calm  ;  still ;  undis- 
turbed.   [JV*iy£  in  use.]  Spenser. 

QUI'E-TUl)E,  ikwi'c-tude,)7i.  [Fr.]  Rest;  repose; 
quiet;  tiauquillity.  tVutlon. 

QUI  K'TUS,  71.  [Ii.]  Rest  ;  repose  ;  death;  hence, 
a  linal  discharge  or  aciiuittance  ;  that  which  silences 
claims.  Shak. 

QUllili,  (kwiU,)  71.  [Ir.  euilh,!i  reed  or  quill  ;  Corn. 
cuilan  ;  h.  calamus ;  \V.  cafav  ;  prob.'ibly  a  shoot.  ] 

1.  The  largi?,  strong  feather  of  a  goose  or  other 
large  bird  ;  used  much  for  writing-pens.  Hence, 

2.  The  instrument  of  writing  ;  as,  the  proper  sub- 
jei't  of  his  quill.  Wi'tton. 

3.  The  spine  or  prickle  of  a  porcupine.  F.ncyc. 

4.  A  piece  of  small  reed,  or  other  liollow  plant,  on 
which  weavers  wind  the  thread  which  forms  ihe 
woof  of  cloth.  Spenser. 

5.  The  instrument  with  which  musicians  strike 
the  strings  of  certain  instruments.  Dryden. 

To  carry  a  irood  quill ;  to  write  well. 
QUILIi,  r.  t.    To  plait,  or  to  form  with  small  ridges 
like  quills  or  reeds ;  as,  a  woolen  stulf  quilled. 

[In  the  United  States,  this  word  is  generally,  if  not 
universally,  pronounced  twdl.] 
QUIL'LET,  It.    [L.  quidlibel,  what  you  please.] 

Si'btilty  ;  nicety;   fraudulent  distinction;  petty 
cant.    [JVut  muck  used.]  Skak. 
QUILT,  II.    [It.  coltrc;  L.  culcila:  Ir.  cuilt,  a  bed-tick, 
a  bed  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  caleJui,  Sp.  colcliar,  acotchar,  to 
quilt;  perhaps  from  uniting,  gathering,  or  holding.  ] 

A  cover  or  garment  made  by  putting  wool,  cotton, 
or  other  substance,  between  two  cloths,  and  sewing 
them  together ;  as,  beds  covered  with  magnificent 
quilts.  Arbiithnid. 
QUILT,  v.t.    To  stitch  together  two  pieces  of  cloth, 
with  some  soft  and  warm  substance  l)etween  them  ; 
as,  a  quilted  bed-cover  ;  a  quilled  coiU.  Drijdcn. 
2.  To  sew  in  the  manner  of  a  quilt. 
QUILT'EI),  jip.  or  a.    Stitched  together,  as  two  pieces 

of  cloth,  with  a  soft  substance  between  them. 
QUILT'ING,  ppr.    Stitching  together,  as  two  cloths 

with  some  soft  substance  between  them. 
QUILT'ING,  71.    The  art  of  forming  a  quilt. 

2.  In  JVcw  England,  the  act  of  quilting  by  a  collec- 
tion of  females,  who  bestow  their  labor  gratuitously 
to  aid  a  female  friend,  and  conclude  with  an  enter- 
tainment. 

QUT'NA-RY,  0.    [L.  qiiinarius,  from  quinque,  five.] 
Consisting  of  nve  ;  arranged  by  fives  ;  as,  a  quina- 
ry number.  Boyle. 

QUI'NATE,  a.    [from  I-.  quinque.] 

In  botany,  a  quinate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  digitate  leaf 
having  five  leaflets  on  a  petiole.       Martyn.  Lee. 

QUINCE,  (kwins,)  77.  (Fr.  coin,  or  coinir;  Arm.  aval- 
couisrn,  the  cornered  api>le  or  wedge-apple  ;  G.  quille, 
or  quinenapfel,  which  seems  to  be  a  dilTerent  word, 
and  rither  allied  to  the  L.  cydonius.] 

The  fruit  of  the  Cydonia  vulgaris,  so  named  fr<mi 
Cydonia,  a  town  of  Crete,  famous  for  nboiindiiig  with 
this  fruit.  It  is  much  used  in  making  pies,  tarts, 
marmalade,  &.c.  One  species  is  of  an  oblong  shape, 
from  which,  probably,  it  has  its  French  name. 

QUI.XCE,  j  II.  The  Cydonia  vulgaris,  the  tree 

QUINCE'-TREE,  j     which  produces  the  quince. 

QUINCII,  t.  i.  [Probably  a  vulgar  pronunciation  of 
Tfiiice  or  tcincli.]  To  stir,  wince,  or  flounce.  [A"i>(  in 
iLtr.]  Spenser. 

QUIX-eUN'CIAL,  (-shal,)  a.    [from  L.  quincun.r.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  quincunx.  Ray. 

QUI.VeUNX,  71.  [L.,  composed  of  quiiupie,  five,  and 
uneia,  ounce.] 

An  arrangement  or  disposition  of  things  by  fives 
in  a  square,  one  being  placed  in  the  middle  of  the 
square. 

In  horticulture,  a  plantation  of  trees  disposed  in  a 
square,  consisting  of  five  trees,  one  at  each  corner, 
and  a  filth  in  the  middle  ;  thus,  ;  •;  ;  which  order, 
repeated  indefinitely,  forms  a  regular  grove  or  wood, 
with  rows  and  alleys  running  in  every  direction. 
QUIN-DEG'A-GON,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five,  Gr.  ScKa, 
and  ^(.u'la,  angle.] 

In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  with  fifteen  angles,  and, 
consequently,  fifteen  sides.  Ilutton. 
QUIN-I)E-CE.M'VIR,  n. ,  pi.  QuiM>ErF.M'viBi.  [L. 
quinque,  five,  decern,  ten,  and  vir,  man.] 

In  Roman  history,  one  of  an  ecclesiastical  college 
of  fifteen  men,  whose  chief  duty  was  to  take  care  of 
the  Svbilline  books.  Smith's  Diet. 

QUI.\-i)E-CE.M'VIR-ATE,  71.    The  body  or  ollice  of 

the  quindecemviri. 
QU!.N"I-.\A,  1 71.    An  alkaloid  obtained  from  various 
QUI.\'I-.\,    >    species  of  Cinchona,  anil  one  of  the 
QUT'.NT.N'E,  )    active  principles  of  these  trees.    It  is 
a  verj'  important  article  of  medicine,  innch  used  in 


QUI 

the  treatment  of  agues,  certain  sortu  of  mortifica- 
tion, &c. 

QUIN-QUA-CE.S'l-MA,  ii.    [L.,  fifty.]  Quinquajresm 
ima  Sunday;  so  called  as  being  about  the  fiftieth  day 
before  Easter;  Shrove  Sunday.  Brande. 
QUIN  QUAN"GU-LAR,  (kwiii  kwang'gu-lar,)  a.  [L. 
quinque,  five,  and  aufriitus,  angle.] 

Having  five  angles  or  corners.  Woodirnrd. 
QUIN-QUAR-'I'ICy-LAR,  a.    [L.  yuinvue,  five,  and 
arliculus,  article^ 

('oiisisting  of  five  articles.  [Little  used.]  Sanderson. 
QUIN-QUE-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.    [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
cajisnla,  a  little  cIn'St.] 

In  botany,  having  five  capsules.  Martyn, 
QUIN-QUE  HENT'ATE,  «.    [E.  quinque,  five,  and 
di  iitatus,  toothed  ;  dens,  tooth.] 
In  botany,  five-toothed. 
QUIN-liUE  FA'KI-OU'S,  a.     [E.  quinque,  five,  and 
probably  Sax.  faran,  to  go.  Eng.  to  fare,  or  from  the 
root  of  vary.] 

In  btitanii,  opening  into  five  parts,  Lee. 
QUI\'QUE-F1U,  o.    [L,  quinque,  five,  and  finila,  to 
split.] 

In  botany,  five-cleft  ;  cut  about  half  way  from  the 
margin  to  the  base  into  five  segments,  with  linear 
sinuses  and  straight  margins;  as  a  leaf.  Martijn.- 
QUIN-QUE-FO'El-A-TEU,  a.    [L.  juingut,  five,  and 
fulium,  leaf.] 

Having  five  leaves.  Johnson. 
QUIN-QUE-EIT'ER  AL,  o.     [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
litrra,  letter.] 

Consisting  of  five  letters.  M.  Stuart. 

QUIN-QUE-Eo'lSATE,  /  u.  [1..  quinipie,  five,  and  lo- 
QUIN'QUE-Eo-l!/;l),    (     fciw,  lobe.] 

Five-lobed  ;  divided  about  to  the  middle  into  five 
distinct  p.'irts,  with  con\ex  margins.  Martyn. 
QUl.N-QUE-Loe'l^-LAK,  tt.    [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
loculus,  a  cell.] 
Five-celled  ;  having  five  cells  ;  as  a  pericarp. 

Martyn. 

QUIN  QUEN-NS'I.I-A,  71.  p/.    [L.]    In  Autory,  pub- 
lic games  celebrated  eT»ry  five  years. 
QUIN-QUEN'NI-AL,  a.    \ h.  qiiinqiieunalis,  quinquen- 
nis  ;  quinque,  five,  and  annus,  year.] 

Occurring  once  in  five  years,  or  lasting  five  years. 

Poller. 

QUIN-QUEP'AR-TITE,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
puriitus,  divided.] 

1.  Divided  into  five  parts  almost  to  the  base. 

2.  (.'onsisting  of  five  parts.  [Martiin, 
QUI.\'QUE-REA1E,  7i.    [L.  quinque,  five,  and  rciiiiu, 

oar.] 

A  galley  having  five  seats  or  rows  of  oars. 
QUK\'aUE-VALVE,  [a.  [L.yuiiiyiie,  five,  and 

QUIX-QUE-VALVy-LAR,  (     valva:,  valves.] 

Having  five  valves,  as  a  pericarp. 
QUI\'QUE-VIU.  71. ;  pi.  Qui.nhukv'iri.   [L.  quinque, 
five,  and  vir,  man.] 

In  Roman  antiquities,  one  of  five  commisaione-rs  ap- 
pointed for  some  six'cial  object.  Smith's  Diet, 
QUIN'QUI  NA,  71.  Peruvian  bark. 
QUIN'SY,  (kwin'ze,)  n.  [Corrupted  from  Fr.  esqui- 
iiancie,  .-iquinancie  ;  It.  .vquinaniia  ;  Sp.  esquinancia  ; 
\j.cynanchc;  Gr.  Kv^iyxit  inflamination  of  the 
throat.] 

1.  An  inflammation  of  the  tonsils. 

2.  Any  iullammation  of  the  throat,  or  parts  adja- 
cent. 

GUIXT,  n.    [from  1..  ipiintus,  fifth,  Fr.  quinle.] 
A  set  or  sequence  of  five,  as  in  piquet. 

QUINT'AIN,  (kwiiil'in,)  71.  [Fr.  quintaiiie,  VV.  ficin- 
faii,  a  hymeneal  game.] 

An  object  to  be  tilled  at.  It  w.is  sometimes  the 
figure  of  a  man,  and  often  an  upright  post,  on  the  top 
of  w  hich  turned  a  cross-piece,  on  one  end  of  whicli 
was  fixed  a  broad  board,  and  on  the  other  a  sand-bag. 
The  play  was,  to  lilt  or  ride  against  the  broad  end  ' 
with  a  lance,  and  pass  witliout  being  struck  by  the 
sand-bag  behind.  B.  Jonson. 

QULNT'AE,  n.  [Fr.  quintal:  It.  quintale ;  from  the 
root  of  E.  emtum,  a  hundred.] 

A  hundred  weight,  or  112  pounds.  Sometimes 
written  niul  pronounced  Kentle. 

QUIN-TES'SE.NCE,  n.  [E.  quinta  essentia,  fifth  es- 
sence.] 

1.  In  alchemy,  the  fifth  or  last  and  highest  essence 
of  power  in  a  natural  body.  Hence, 

2.  .An  extract  from  nny  thing,  containing  its  virtues 
or  most  essential  part  in  a  small  quantity. 

l.fl  tlvre  !*•  li;;li(,        tioti  ;  and  iurtiiwilli  liglil 

Kth'-PMl,  first  (jf  tiling,  guiiUettenct  pure, 

Sj^nin^  from  Itle  deep,  Milton. 

3.  In  chrmi.itry,  a  preparation  consisting  of  a  vege- 
table essential  oil  dissolved  in  spirit  of  wine. 

4.  The  pure  essential  pail  of  a  thing.  Hakeirill. 
[I  have  followed  llailey  and  .Ash  and  our  general 

usage  in  the  accentuation  of  this  word.  Jameson 
has  done  the  same.    The  accent  on  the  first  syllable 
is  very  unnatural.] 
QUI.VtES-SEN'TIAL,  a.    Consisting  of  quintes- 
sence. 

QUIX-TET',  77.  Tn  77II1.W,  a  composition  in  five  obli- 
gato  parts,  each  performed  by  a  single  voice  or  in- 
strument. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOU&  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


113» 


XXX 


901 


QUI 

aUINT'ILE,  71.    [L.  (luintiu,  fifth.] 

The  aspect  of  plaiifts  when  distant  from  each 
•  other  the  fifth  part  of  the  zodiac,  or  72'.  Hutton. 
QUIN-TIL'LIOX,  (Itwin-til'jun,)  ;i.     According  to 
tlie  English  notation,  a  number  produced  by  involving 
a  million  to  the  fifth  power,  or  a  unit  with  thirty  ci- 
phers annexed  ;  according  to  the  French  notation,  a 
unit  with  eighteen  ciphers  annexed. 
aUINT'IN.    See  UuiNTAiN. 

mJINT'INE,  71.  In  botany,  the  fifth  coat,  reckoning 
from  the  outer,  of  the  nucleus  of  a  seed,  when  there 
are  as  many  coats.  It  becomes  the  sac  of  the  em- 
bryo. Lindley. 

aUIN'TROON,  7u  In  the  West  Indies,  the  child  of  a 
vitistiphini  by  a  white  father.  As  a  miistiphini  has 
but  one  sixteenth  of  negro  blood,  a  quintroon  is 
only  one  thirty-second  from  being  a  white.  Booth. 

UUIN'TU-PLE,  o,  [L.  quintupliis,  fivefold;  quintus 
and  plico.] 

1.  Fivefold  ;  containing  five  times  the  aitjount. 

Orauut. 

2.  In  music,  n  term  applied  to  a  species  of  time  con- 
taining five  crotchets  in  a  bar. 

QUL\'TIT-PLE,  I'.  (.   To  make  fivefold. 
ari.N'TU-I'LED,  pp.    Made  five  times  as  many. 
CIUIN'ZaINE,  7i.    In  chronolorrtj,  the  fourteenth  day 
after  a  feast  day,  or  the  fifteenth,  including  the  feast 
day.  Brande. 
QUIP,  (kwip,)  7!.    [W.  ;mp,  a  quick  flirt  or  turn ;  ywi- 
yiaw,  to  move  briskly,  to  whip  ;  as  we  say,  to  whip 
round  a  corner  in  running. 

A  smart,  sarcastic  turn  ;  a  taunt ;  a  severe  retort. 

Millun.  Shak. 
aUIP,  V.  t.    To  taunt ;  to  treat  with  a  sarcastic  retort. 

Aiusrcorth. 

Q,UIP,  V.  i.    To  scoff.  Sidney. 

CILIIP'PA,  7!.    The  name  of  knotted  cords  of  various 
colors,  used  for  recording  events  by  the  ancient  Pe- 
ruvians, Mexicans,  &c.  Humboldt. 
This  word  is  also  spelt  Quii'po  and  Ql  ippu. 

QUIRE,  (kwire,)  n.  [Ft.  clucur;  It.  euro;  L.  chorus; 
Gr.  X''f>"S-] 

1.  A  body  of  singers ;  a  choras.  [See  Chorus 
and  Choir.]  Milton. 

9.  The  part  of  a  church  where  the  service  is  sung. 
QUIRE,  7!.  [Qu.  from  the  root  of  chorus,  or  from  Fr. 
cahier,  a  sheet  of  paper,  or  rather  a  book  of  loose ' 
sheets.] 

A  collection  of  paper  consisting  of  twenty-four 
sheets,  each  having  a  single  fold. 

QUIRE,  ».  i.    To  sing  in  concert  or  chorus.  Shak. 

QUIR'IS-TER,  71.  One  that  sings  in  concert;  more 
generally,  the  leader  of  a  quire,  particularly  in  divine 
service  ;  a  chorister.  Uut  in  America  this  word  is 
little  used  and  vulgar.  The  word  used  is  Chorister. 

QUIR-[-Ta'TION,  71.  [L.  quiritatiu,  from  quirito, 
from  qiieror.] 

A  crying  tor  help.    [Ml  used.]  Bp.  Hall. 

QUIRK,  (kwurk,)  n.  [from  the  root  of  W.  gwircd,  a 
sudden  start  or  turn,  craft,  deceit;  ^wyrn,  a  whirl.] 

1.  Literally,  a  turn  ;  a  starting  from  the  point  or 
line  ;  hence,  an  artful  turn  for  evasion  or  subterfuge ; 
a  shift ;  a  quibble ;  as,  the  quirks  of  a  pettifogger. 

L^Hstrange. 

2.  A  fit  or  turn  ;  a  short  paroxysm ;  as,  a  quirk  of 
joy  or  grief.  Shak. 

3.  A  smart  taunt  or  retort. 

1  may  cliaiic/?  to  have  some  odd  quirks  aod  remnants  of  wit 
brokpn  on  mp.  S/tah. 

4.  A  slight  conceit  or  quibble.  Watts. 

5.  A  flight  of  fancy.    [Ji''iit  in  use.]  Shak. 
fi.  An  irregular  air  ;  as,  light  quirks  of  music.  Pope. 

7.  In  building,  a  piece  of  ground  taken  out  of  any 
regular  ground-plot  or  floor,  as  to  make  a  court  or 
yard,  &c.  ^  Gwilt. 

8.  In  architecture,  a  small  acute  angle  or  recess, 
much  used  between  molilings.       Oloss.  of  Arcliit. 

QUIRK'Kl),  (kwurkt,)  n.    Having  a  quirk. 

QUIRK'^;f)-M6I.l)'li\G,  /  n.    In  arcliiteclure,a.  imM- 

QUIRK'-.MoLU'INt;,  (  ing  whose  convexity  is 
sudden,  in  the  form  of  a  conic  sixtion.  Brande. 

QUIRK'ISH,  a.    Consisting  of  quirks,  turns,  quibbles, 
or  artful  evasions.  Barrow. 
2.  Resembling  a  quirk. 

UUIRP'EI.E,  71.  'I'lie  Indian  ferret,  an  animal  of  the 
weasel  kind.  Diet.  JVal.  Hist. 

iiy'l'V,  (kwit,)  V.  t. ;  pret.  anil  pp.  Quit  or  CiuiTTKD. 
[Kr.  quitter;  It.  quitare  and  chitare;  Port,  and  Sp. 
qaitar;  D.kwyten;  (i.  quitliren  ;  Dan.  quitterer  ;  Sw. 
qiiitfu  ;  \V.  gadn  and  fradujn,  to  quit  ;  Ir.  cead,  leave  ; 
cui(ii'/iiin,  to  rcipiite.  'I'liis  is  the  L.  c«/o.  The  sense 
of  quit  ia  to  leave,  to  withdraw  from;  but  the  pri- 
mary Hense  of  the  root  must  have  b<!Cii  to  move  or  to 
Bend  ;  for  to  requite  is  to  simd  back.  Hev  Class  Cd 
and  Co.] 

1.  To  leave  ;  to  depart  from,  cither  temporarily  or 
forever.  It  doM  not  necessarily  include  the  idea  of 
abandoning,  without  a  qualifying  word.  A  man  qnit^ 
)iiH  fioiHe  for  an  hour,  or  for  a  month  ;  he  quits  his 
native  country  on  a  voyage,  or  lie  quil.i  it  forever  ;  he 
quit.i  an  employiiienl  with  the  intention  of  roHUmiiig  it. 

2.  To  free  ;  to  clear  ;  to  lilieratc  ;  to  discharge  from. 
To  7«il  yoii  of  lliii  (fnr.yoti  hnvc  ulrendjr  looked  de»(li  in  tlio 

fiue.    [Nearly/ obtouu.\  Wtuce, 


QUI 

3.  To  carry  through  ;  to  do  or  perform  something 
to  tlie  end,  so  that  nothing  remains  ;  to  discharge  or 
perform  completely. 

Ni^ver  a  worthy  prince  a  day  did  quit 

With  p^'ater  hazard  and  with  more  renown.  Daniel. 

4.  To  quit  one^s  self;  reciprocally,  to  clear  one's  self 
of  incumbent  duties  by  full  performance. 

Samson  hath  quit  himself 
Like  Samson.  hTihon, 
In  this  sense.  Acquit  is  generally  used. 

5.  To  repay ;  to  requite.  Spenser. 

Enkindle  all  the  sparks  of  nature 
To  q\til  this  horrid  act.  Shak, 
In  this  sense,  Quit  is  now  rarely  used.   We  use 
Requite. 

6.  To  vacate  obligation  ;  to  release  ;  to  free  from. 

Dangers  of  law, 
Actions,  degrees,  judgments  ag.iinst  us  quitted.       B.  Jonson. 

7.  To  pay  ;  to  discharge  ;  lience,  to  free  from  ;  as, 
to  quit  the  debt  of  gratitude.  Milton. 

8.  To  set  free  ;  to  release  ;  to  absolve ;  to  acquit. 

Guiltless  I  quit,  guilty  I  set  tliem  free.  Fairfax. 
In  this  sense,  Acquit  is  now  used. 

9.  To  leave  ;  to  give  up ;  to  resign  ;  to  relinquish  ; 
as,  to  quit  an  office. 

10.  To  pay. 

Before  that  judge  that  guil*  each  soul  his  hire.    \Not  itsed.'\ 

Fairfax. 

11.  To  forsake  ;  to  abandon. 

Such  a  superficial  way  of  examining  is  to  quit  tnilh  for  appear- 
ance. Locke, 

To  quit  cost;  to  pay;  to  free  from  by  an  equiva- 
lent ;  to  reimburse ;  as,  the  cultivation  of  barren  land 
will  not  always  quit  cost. 

To  quit  scores;  to  make  even  ;  to  clear  mutually 
from  demands  by  mutual  equivalents  given.  We 
will  quit  scores  [marks  of  charges]  before  we  part. 

Docs  not  the  earth  quit  scores  witli  all  the  elements  in  hei  noble 
firuits  f  Soulii, 

QUIT,  a.    Free  ;  clear ;  discharged  from  ;  absolved. 
The  owner  of  the  ox  shall  be  quit.  — Ex.  xxi. 
[This  word,  though  primarily  a  participle,  and 
never  placed  before  its  noun,  has  properly  tiie  sense 
of  an  .adjective.    See  Quits.] 

QC//  TAM,  [L.]  Aquitam  action,  in  law,\s  an  action 
in  which  a  man  prosecutes  an  oftender  for  the  king 
or  state,  as  well  as  for  himself  as  informer. 

QUITCH'-GRASS,  7i.  [Properly  quick-grass,  probably 
from  its  vigorous  growth,  or  the  difficulty  of  eradi- 
cating it.] 

Dog-grass  or  couch-grass ;  a  species  of  grass  which 
roots  deeply  and  is  not  easily  killed. 

QUIT'CLaLM,  v.  t.  [quit  and  claim.]  To  release  a 
claim  by  deed  without  covenants  of  warranty  ;  to 
convey  to  another,  who  hath  some  right  in  lands  or 
tenements,  all  one's  right,  title,  and  interest,  in  the 
estate,  by  relinquishing  all  claim  to  tliem.  The 
words  used  in  the  instrument  are,  "  A  hath  remised, 
released,  and  forever  quitclaimed,  all  his  right,  title, 
and  interest,  to  a  certain  estate."  Blackstone. 

QUIT'CLaIM,  71.  A  deed  of  release  ;  an  instrument 
by  which  all  claims  to  an  estate  are  relinquished  to 
another  without  any  covenant  or  warranty,  express 
or  implied.  Z.  Swift. 

QUIT'CLAlM-iT),  pp.    Released  by  deed. 

QUIT'CLaIM-ING,  ppr.  Conveying  by  deed  of  re- 
lease. 

QUITE,  adv.    [from  quit ;  that  is,  primarily,  free  or 
clear    by   complete   performance.]      Completely ; 
wholly  ;  entirely  ;  totally  ;  perfectly.    The  work  is 
nut  quite  done  ;  the  object  is  quite  accomplished. 
He  hath  sold  tis  and  ^uite  devoured  also  our  inuoey. — Gen. 
xxxi. 

The  same  actions  may  l)e  aimed  at  different  ends,  and  arise  from 
quite  contrary  pnnciples.  Spectator, 

2.  To  a  great  extent  or  degree ;  very  ;  as,  quite 
young.  [Common  in  America,  and  not  unfrequcnt  in 
England.] 

QUIT'RENT,  71.    [L.  quietus  reditus.] 

A  rent  reserved  in  grants  of  land,  by  the  payment 
of  which  the  tenant  is  quieted  or  quit  from  all  other 
service.  Blackstone. 

QUITS.  To  be  quits,  is  said  of  persons  when  Ihey 
separate  on  equal  terms,  each  having  given  the  other 
his  due,  so  that  they  are  quit  the  one  of  the  other. 
Hence,  in  such  a  case,  the  exclamation,  Quits! 

QUIT'TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  quitted  or  vacated. 
[Rare,]  Marklund. 

QUIT''I  AL,  7!.    Return  :  repayment.  Shak. 

QUIT'TANCE,  71.    [Fr.]    Discharge  from  a  debt  or 
obligation  ;  an  iicquittancc.     [See  Acquittance, 
which  is  chiefly  used.]  Shak. 
2.  HecoinpeiiHe  ;  return  ;  repayment.  S//<i/(. 

QUIT'TANCK,  7).  (.    To  repay.    [JVol  in  v.te,]  Shak. 

QUIT'TEI),  p/).    Eeft ;  relinquished;  acquitted. 

QUIT'TER,  71.    One  who  quits. 

2.  A  deliverer.  [JVot  in  use.]  Ainsworth. 
:).  Scoria  of  tin.  Ainstnorth. 

QUIT'TKIl,  n.  In  farriery,  an  ulcer  formed  between 
the  hair  and  hoof,  usually  on  the  inside  quarter  of  a 
iiorse'H  foot.  Farm.  Kncyc. 


QUO 

QUIVER,  71.    [Qu.  Fr.  couvrir,  to  cover.] 
A  case  or  sheath  for  arrows. 

Take  thy  quiver  and  thy  bow.  —  Gen.  xxvii. 
QUIVER,  a.  Nimble  ;  active.  [Mtinuse.]  Shak. 
QUIVER,  II.  1.  [D.  huieeren,  to  shiver.  This  word 
seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of  quaver,  W.  fwibiaw, 
to  trill,  to  quiver,  yioin,  a  whirl  or  turn,  ^wiviaw,  to 
fly  about,  to  wander,  pcipiaw,  to  move  briskly, 
(wyvaw,  to  stir,  move,  agitate.] 

1.  To  shake  or  tremble  ;  to  quake  ;  to  shudder  ;  to 
shiver.  This  word  expresses  that  tremulous  motion 
of  the  body  which  proceeds  from  loss  of  heat  or 
vigor.    Thus,  persons  quiver  with  fear  or  with  cold. 

He  quivered  with  his  feet  and  lay  for  dead.  Dnjden, 
And  left  the  limbs  still  quivering  on  tlie  ground.  Addison. 

2.  To  play  or  be  agitated  with  a  tremulous  motion. 

Sliat. 
Pope. 


The  green  leaves  quiver  with  the  cooling  wind. 
The  fakes  Uiat  quiver  to  the  curling  breeze. 


QUIVER-£D,o.    [from  the  noun  yuii'cr.]  Furnished 

with  a  quiver  ;  as,  the  quivered  nymph.  Milton. 
2.  Sheathed,  as  in  a  quiver. 

Whose  quUIs  stand  quivered  at  his  ear.  Pope. 

QUIV'ER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Trembling,  as  with  cold 
or  fear ;  moving  with  a  tremulous  agitation. 

QUIVER  ING,  71.  The  act  of  shaking  or  trembling ; 
agitation  ;  as,  to  be  seized  with  a  quivcriwr.  Sidney, 

QUIVER-ING-LY,  adv.    With  quivering. 

QUI  VlVE,  (kg  veev,)  [Fr.]    The  challenge  of  a 
French  sentinel.  To  what  party  do  you  belong 
i.  e.,  for  whom  do  you  cry  vive ;  corresponding 
to,  Who  goes  there  i    Hence,  to  be  on  the  qui  vive, 
is  to  be  on  the  alert,  like  a  sentinel. 

Diet,  de  VAcad. 

QUIX-OT'I€,  a.  Like  Don  Quixote ;  romantic  to 
extravagance. 

QUIX'OT-IS.M,  71.    Romantic  and  absurd  notions; 

schemes  or  actions  like  those  of  Don  Quixote,  the 

liero  of  Cervantes. 
QUIX'OT-RY,  71.    Quixotism  ;  visionary  scheme. 

Scott. 

QUIZ,  71.    An  enigma ;  a  riddle  or  obscure  question. 

2.  One  who  quizzes  others ;  as,  he  is  a  great  qua. 

3.  An  odd  fellow.  Smart. 
QUIZ,  V.  t.    To  puzzle;  to  run  upon  ;  to  make  a 

ftiol  of.    [A  popular,  but  not  an  elegant  word.] 

QUIZ'ZER,  71.  One  who  quizzes  others  or  make  them 
the  object  tif  sport  by  deceiving  them. 

QUIZ'Zl-CAL,  a.    Comical.  [Cflloquial.] 

QUIZ'ZING,  71.  The  act  of  running  upon  a  person  or 
making  a  fool  of  him. 

2.  The  act  of  mocking  by  a  narrow  examination 
through  a  quizzing-glass.  Smart. 

QUIZ'ZING-GLASS,  7i.    A  small  eye-glass. 

QUO  AJ\ri-MO,  [L.]    With  what  intent ;  purpose. 

QUO'AD  HO-e,  [L.]  As  to  this;  as  it  regards  this 
particular  thing  named. 

QUOB,  V.  i.    [W.  ficapiaw,  to  strike.] 

To  move,  as  the  fetus  in  utcro  ;  to  throb.  [Local, 
vnl'rar,  and  little  used,] 

QUOD  E'RAT  DFM-OJT-STRAJ^  DUM,  [L.] 
Which  was  the  point  to  be  proved. 

QUOD  E'RAT  FA-CI-EJV'DUM,  (-fa-she-en'dum,) 
[L.]    Which  was  the  thing  to  be  do>«. 

QUOD'Ll-BET,  71.  [L.,  what  you  please.]  A  nice 
point ;  a  subtiltv.  Prior. 

QUOD-LIB-E-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  talks  and  dis- 
putes on  any  subject  at  pleasure. 

QUOD-Ll-BET'ie-.\L,  a.  Not  restrained  to  a  partic- 
ular subject  ;  moved  or  discussed  at  pleasure  for  cu- 
riosity or  entertainment. 

QUOD-LI-BET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  At  pleasure;  for 
curiosity  ;  so  as  to  be  debated  for  entertainment. 

QUOIF,  (kwoif,)  (1.    [Fr.  coiffr.]       [Brown.  Diet. 
A  cap  or  liood.    [See  CoiK.]  Shak. 

QUOIF,  V.  t.    To  cover  or  dress  with  a  coif.  [See 
CoiF.]  Addison, 
[  This  word  may  be  discarded  with  advaritage.] 

QUOIF'FURE,  71.    A  head-dress.  Addison. 

liUOIL.    See  Con.,  the  belter  word. 

QUOIN,  (kwoin  orkoin,)™.  [Fr.  coin,  a  corner;  Sp. 
ciina.    See  Coi.v.] 

1.  A  sharp  or  projecting  corner.  Mortimer. 

2.  An  instrument  to  raise  any  thing  ;  a  wedge  em- 
ployed to  raise  cannon  to  a  projR'r  level,  and  for 
other  purposes.  Mar.  Dirt. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  external  angle  or  corner  of  a 
brick  or  stone  wall.  Gwilt. 

4.  A  small  wooden  wedge  used  by  printers  to  lock 
thi^  pages  of  a  form  within  the  chase. 

Quorr,  (kwoit,)  71.  [n.  coitc.] 

1.  A  circular  ring  or  piece  of  iron  to  be  jiitched  or 
thrown  at  a  fixed  object  in  play,  in  caminun  practice, 
a  plain,  flat  stone  is  u.scd  for  this  purpose. 

2.  In  some  authors,  the  discus  of  the  ancients, 
thrown  in  trials  of  strength.  Dnjdcn, 

QUOIT,  V.  i.    'I'o  throw  quoits  ;  to  play  at  quoits. 

Dnfden. 

QUOIT,  V.  f.    To  throw.    [JVof  used.]  Shak. 
UUOI.L,  71.    A  inariiii|>ial  quadruped  of  New  Holland, 

DasyuriLS  maorourus,  called   by  I'hillijis  Spotted 

Maiitkn.    It  is  neaily  the  size  of  a  cat. 

Lesson.    P,  Ojc, 


FATE,  FAR,  FAUL,  WH^T.  —  MJITE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOl.F,,  nQQK. 


902 


RAB 


RAC 


RAC 


QITON'OAJI,  used  ailjcctivelij,  [I,.]  IlavinR  been  for- 
merly ;  former;  as,  a  >{Hi>/i(/an<  king  ur  fiieiid. 

Sliak. 

aUOOK,  pret.  of  (Iuake.    [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

CiUo'llUM,  n.  [L.  gm.  pi.  of  qui,  "of  vvlioir. ;  " 
Willi  reference  to  a  complete  body  of  persons,  of 
whom  those  wlio  are  assembled  are  legally  suHicicnt 
to  the  business  of  the  whole.] 

1.  A  bench  of  justices,  or  such  a  number  of  officers 
or  members  as  is  competent  by  law  or  constitution  to 
transact  business  ;  as,  a  quorum  of  the  house  of  rej)- 
resentatives.  A  constitutional  quorum  was  not  pres- 
ent. 

9.  A  special  commission  of  justices. 
qUO'RU.M  PARS  FV'I,  [L.]    Of  which  or  whom  I 
was  a  part. 

UUo'TA,  n.  [h.  guotus ;  It.  and  Sp.qtiota;  Ir.  cod, 
cola,  a  part.] 

A  proportional  part  or  share  ;  or  the  share,  part,  or 
proportion  assigned  to  each.  Each  State  was  ordered 
to  furnish  its  quota  of  troops. 

nUoT'A-HLE,  a.    That  may  be  quoted  or  cited. 

UUO-TA'TION,  n.  [dnm  quote.]  The  act  of  quoting 
or  citing. 

2.  The  passage  quoted  or  cited  ;  the  jiart  of  a  book 


or  writing  named,  repeated,  or  adduced  as  evidence 
or  illustration.  Locke. 

3.  In  tncrcaulile  lan/rudjre,  the  naming  of  the  price 
of  commodities ;  or  the  price  specified  to  a  corre- 
spondent. 

4.  Uuota  ;  share.    [JVu«  used.] 

(lUCTK,  (kwote,)  V.  t.  fFr.  quotcr,  now  cotcr ;  con- 
nected with  quoth.] 

1.  To  cite,  as  a  passage  from  some  author ;  to 
name,  repeat,  or  adtluce  a  passage  from  an  author  or 
speaker,  by  way  of  authority  or  illustration  ;  as,  to 
quote  a  passage  from  Homer;  to  quote  the  words  of 
reter,  or  a  passage  of  I*anl's  writings  ;  to  quote  chap- 
ter and  verse.  Jltterbunj.  Swift. 

2.  In  commerce,  to  name,  as  the  price  of  an  article. 
:i.  To  note.  Shak. 

ClUoTE,  ;i.    A  note  upon  an  author.  [06s.] 

Cotgrave. 

aUOT'ED,  pp.    Cited  ;  adduced  ;  named. 
(iUoTE'LE.'SS,  a.    That  can  not  be  quoted. 
UUoT'Ell,  n.    One  that  cites  the  words  of  an  author 
or  s[)eaker. 

QUOTH,  fkwotli  or  kwuth,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  cmjthnn,  cy- 
Uian,  Gotli.  quithan,  to  say,  to  tell  ;  \V'.  irwa/,  gteeili/d ; 
Jr.  ccadach.    Clu.  L.  inquio,  contracted.] 


To  say  j  to  speak.  This  verb  is  defective,  being 
used  only  in  the  first  and  third  persons  in  the  present 
and  past  tenses  ;  as,  quat/i  /,  quot/i  he,  and  the  nomi- 
native always  follows  the  verb.  It  is  used  only  in 
lu<licrous  language,  and  has  no  variation  for  person, 
number,  or  tense. 
(iUO-TIli'I-AN,  a.  [I*,  quotidianus ;  quotas  and  dieg.] 
Daily  ;  occurring  or  returning  daily  ;  us,  a  quoliit- 
ian  fi'Ver. 

(iU()-TIl)'I-AN,  n.  A  fever  whose  paroxysms  return 
every  day. 

2.  Any  thing  returning  daily.  Milton. 
aUO'TIENT,  (kwo'shent,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  h.  quotiet, 
how  often.] 

In  arithmetic,  the  number  resulting  from  the  divis- 
ion of  one  number  by  another,  and  showing  how 
often  a  less  number  is  contained  in  a  greater,  'i'lms 
3)  12  (4.  Here  4  is  the  quotient,  showing  that  3  is  con- 
tained 4  times  in  12.  Or  quotient  is  an  expression 
denoting  a  certain  part  of  a  unit ;  as,  J. 

Q.IjO'1''1i\(;,  ;);ir.    Citing;  adducing;  naming. 

Qt/0  fVJiR-R.1J\'''TU ;  in  Law  Z.a/in,  a  writ  brought 
before  a  proper  tribunal,  to  inquire  by  what  warrant 
a  person  or  corporation  exercises  certain  jntwcrs. 

Blackstone. 


Ris  the  eighteenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
and  an  articulation  sui  generii,  having  little  or 
no  resemblance  in  pronunciation  to  any  other  letter. 
But  from  the  position  of  the  tongue  in  uttering  it,  it 
is  commutable  with  /,  into  which  letter  it  is  changed 
in  many  words  by  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  and 
some  other  n.itions  ;  as  /  is  also  changed  into  r.  It  is 
numbered  among  the  liquids  and  semi-vowels,  and 
is  sometimes  called  the  canine  letter.  It  is  uttered 
with  a  guttural  extrusion  of  the  breath,  and  in  some 
words,  particularly  at  the  end  or  after  a  labi.il  and  a 
dental  letter,  with  a  sort  of  quivering  motion  or 
slight  jar  of  the  tongue.  Its  English  uses,  which  are 
uniform,  may  be  understood  by  the  customary  pro- 
nunciation of  rod,  room,  roue,  bar,  bare,  barren,  dis- 
turb, catarrh,  free,  brad,  pride,  drip,  drarr,  drown. 

In  words  which  we  have  received  from  the  Greek 
language,  we  follow  the  Latins,  who  wrote  A  after  r, 
as  the  representative  of  the  aspirated  sound  with 
which  this  letter  w.is  pronounced  by  the  Greeks.  It 
is  the  same  in  the  Welsh  language.  But  as  the  let- 
ter is  not  aspirated  in  English,  k  is  entirely  superflu- 
ous ;  rhapsody,  rheum,  rhetoric,  being  pronounced 
rapsodtj,  renin,  retoric. 

As  an  abbreviation,  R.  stands  for  rex,  king,  as 
George  U.,  oi  rcgina,  queen,  as  Victoria  11. 

In  Uie  notes  of  the  ancients,  R.  or  RO.  stands  for 
Roma  ;  R.  C.  for  Romana  civitas  ;  R.  G.  C.  for  rei 
g-errnda:  causa  ;  R.  F.  E.  D.  for  recte  factum  ct  dictum  ; 
K.  G.  F.  for  regis  Jilius  ;  R.  P.  rcspublica,  or  Romani 
principes. 

As  a  numeral,  R,  in  Roman  authors,  stands  for  80, 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  R,  for  80,000.  But  in  Orcck, 
p,  with  a  small  mark  over  it,  thus,  siguifies  100, 
and  with  the  same  mark  under  it,  it  dem'ted  1000  X 
100,  or  100,000.  In  Hebrew,  1  denoted  200,  and 
with  two  horizontal  points  over  it,  T  1000  x  200,  or 
200,000. 

.Among  physicimis,  R.  stands  for  recipe,  take. 
RA,  as  an  inseparable  prefix  or  preposition,  is  the  Latin 
re,  coming  to  us  through  the  Italian  and  French,  and 
primarily  signifying  asain,  repetition.    [.See  Re.] 
RA-BaTE',  u.  t.    [Fr.  rabaltrc  :  It.  rabbattere  ;  ra  and 
battre,  battere,  to  beat.    See  Beat  and  Abate.] 
\n  falconry,  to  recover  a  hawk  to  tlie  list. 

jiinsworth, 

RA-Ba'TO,  71.    [Fr.  rabnt.] 

A  ruir  or  folded  down  collar  of  a  shift  or  shirt. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Toonc: 
RAB'BET,  v.  L    [Fr.  raboter.] 

1.  To  cut  square  down  the  edge  of  a  board  or  other 
I       piece  of  timber,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the 

edge  of  another  piece  by  Lipping  and  thus  uniting 
the  two.  JUoxon. 

2.  To  lap  and  unite  the  edges  of  boards,  Slc,  by  a 
rabbet. 

RAB'BET,  n.  [This  and  the  preceding  word  are  cor- 
ruptions of  Rehate.]  A  recUmgular  recess  or  groove 
cut  longitudinally  in  a  piece  of  timber  to  receive  the 
edge  of  a  plank,  or  other  work  required  to  fit  into  it. 

Oloss.  of.lrchit. 
RAB'BET-ED,  pp.    Cut  squire  down  at  the  edge  ; 
I       unitt^d  by  a  rabbet  joint. 

I    R.'\B'BET-ING,  ppr.    Cutting  squ.are  down  the  edge 

of  a  board  ;  uniting  by  a  rabbet  joint. 
I    RAB'BET-PLANE,  n.    A  joiner's  plane  for  cutting 

square  down  the  edge  of  a  board,  tec.  Mozart. 


RAB'BI,  (rab'be  or  -bl,)  )  ,  ,  , 

R.AB'BIN,  )       [Cli.         Ar  tjj,  lord, 

master.] 

A  title  assumed  by  the  Jewish  doctors,  signifying 
master  or  lord.  This  title  is  not  conferred  by  author- 
ity, but  assumed  or  allowed  by  courtesy  to  learned 
men.  Kneyc. 
RAli-BINTC,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  the  rabbins,  or 
RAli-BIN'lC-AL,  i  to  their  opinions,  learning,  and 
language. 

RAB-BIiN'ie,  n.  The  language  or  dialect  of  the  rab- 
bins ;  the  later  Hebrew. 

RAB'BIN-IS.M,  71.  .'\  rabbinic  expression  or  phrase- 
ology ;  a  peculiarity  of  the  language  of  the  rabbins. 

Encyc. 

RAB'BIN-IST,  ji.  Among  tlie  Jctrs,  one  who  .idliered 
to  the  Talmud  and  the  traditions  of  the  rabbins,  in 
opposition  to  the  Caraites,  who  rejected  the  tradi- 
tions. 

RAn'BIN-lTE,  71.   The  same  as  Rabbinist. 
R.VB'BIT,  71.    [Said  to  bo  from  the  Belgic  robbe,  rob- 
beken.] 

A  rodent  mammal,  and  a  small  quadruped,  the 
Lepus  cuniculus,  wliich  feeds  on  grass  or  other 
herbage,  and  burrows  in  thi^  earth.  The  rabbit  is 
said  to  be  less  sagacious  than  the  hare.  It  is  a  very 
prolific  animal,  and  is  kept  in  warrens  for  the  sake 
of  its  flesh.  It  is  sonietiines  called  Conv. 
RAB'BLE,  71.  [L.  Tabula,  a  brawler,  from  rabo,  to 
rave;  Uan.  raaber ;  I),  rabbclen  ;  connected  with  a 
great  family  of  words  having  the  elements  Rb,  Rp. 
Qii.  Sp.  Tubd,  the  tail.] 

1.  A  tumultuous  crowd  of  vulgar,  noisy  people  ; 
the  mob  ;  a  confused,  disorderly  crowd  Shak. 

2.  The  lower  class  of  people,  without  reference  to 
an  assembly  ;  the  dregs  of  the  peo[)le.  .Addison. 

RAB'BLE,  i>.  i.    To  speak  in  a  confused  manner. 
KAli'BLE-CHAR.M'ING,  rt.    Charming  or  delighting 

the  rabble.  South. 
RAB'BLE-MENT,  71.    A  tumultuous  crowd  of  low 

people.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser.  Shak. 

RAB  UOL'O-CY,  71.    [Gr.  palSlof,  a  Tod,  and  Aojof, 

discourse.] 

A  method  of  performing  mathematical  operations 
by  little  square  rods.  [See  Riiaiidolooy.]  Jlutlan. 
RAB'II),  a.    [L.  rabidus,  from  rabio,  rabo,  to  rage ;  W. 
rhaib,] 

Furious  ;  raging  ;  mad  ;  as,  n  rabid  dog  or  wolf. 
It  is  particularly  applied  to  animals  of  the  canine 
genus,  affected  with  the  distemper  called  rabies,  and 
whose  bite  communicates  hydrophobia. 

RAB'ID-LY,  ode.    Madly;  furiously. 

R;\B'ID-NESS,  71.    Furiousness  ;  madness. 

RAB'IN-ET,  71.  .\  kind  of  smallerordnance.  .4i7i.*iror(A. 

R.Ji'CA,  71.  A  Syriac  word  signifying  empty,  beggar- 
ly, fiKilish  ;  a  term  of  extreme  contempt.    Malt.  v. 

R.\e-eOO.\',  71.  An  American  quadruped,  the  Pro- 
cyon  lotor,  u  carnivorous  inainmal.  It  is  somewhat 
larger  than  a  fox,  and  its  fur  is  deemed  valuable, 
next  to  th.it  of  the  beaver.  This  animal  lodges  in  a 
hollow  tree,  feeds  occasionally  on  vegetables,  and 
its  flesh  is  palatable  food.  It  inhabits  most  parts  of 
the  Aiiu.'rirnii  continent.     Belknap.    Kncuc.  An<cr. 

R.\CE,  (1.  [Fr.  rnce,  from  the  It.  ra:za  :  Sp.  ra:ii,  a 
race,  a  ray,  and  rat:,  a  riMit,  L.  rii</ir;  Riiss.  rod,  a 
generation,  race  ;  nijii,  to  beget.  The  primary  sense 
of  the  root  is,  to  thrust  ur  shoot ;  the  L.  radix  and 


radius  having  the  same  original.  This  word  coin- 
cides in  origin  with  rod,  ray,  ratliate,  tec.    Class  Rd.-] 

1.  The  lineage  of  a  family,  or  cootinued  series  of 
descendants  from  a  parent,  who  is  called  the  stock. 
A  race  is  the  si'ries  of  (lescendants  indefinitely. 
'I'hiis  all  mankind  are  called  the  race  of  .Adam  ; 
the  Israeliti-'S  are  of  the  race  of  Abnilmn  and  Jacob. 
'I'liiis  we  speak  of  a  race  of  kings,  tha  race  of  Clovis, 
or  Charlemagne  ;  a  race  of  nobles,  &,c. 

llciicc  the  long  race  of  Albiiii  fulhcni  come.  Dryrlen. 

2.  A  generation  ;  a  family  of  descendants. 

A  race  of  yoiilliful  uiiil  uiiliandloil  colu.  Shak. 

3.  A  paiticular  breed  ;  as,  a  race  of  mules ;  a  race 
of  horses  ;  a  race  of  sheep.  Chapman. 

Of  siich  a  race  no  mailer  who  is  king.  Murj'hy. 

4.  A  root;  as,  racc-ginger,  ginger  in  the  root,  or 
not  pulverized. 

.5.  A  particular  strength  or  taste  of  wine  ;  a  kind 
of  t.artness.  [Uiiery,  does  this  belong  to  this  root  or 
to  the  following   ]  Temple.  Massingcr. 

R.aCE,  71,  [U.  ras  ;  Sw.  resa,  to  go  ;  Uan.  rejse,  a  go- 
ing or  course  ;  L.  gradior,  gressus,  with  the  prefix 
g  ;  Ir.  rntha,  a  running  ;  rcatltam,  to  run  ;  \V.  grai, 
a  step,  from  rhaz,  a  going  ;  allied  to  W.  r/iW,  a  race  ; 
rhcdu,  to  run,  to  race  ;  allied  to  Eng.  ride.  See 
Class  Rd,  ISo.  5  and  9.] 

1.  A  running  ;  a  rapid  course  or  motion,  either  on 
the  feet,  on  hor.seback,  or  in  a  carriage.  Sec. ;  partic- 
ularly, a  contest  in  running ;  a  running  in  competi- 
tion for  a  prize. 

The  race  wii3  one  of  the  exercises  of  Ihe  Greci.in  games. 

Eneyc. 

I  wielj  the  gnnnllrl  iind  I  nin  the  race.  Pojje. 

2.  Any  running  with  speed. 

The  (tight  of  many  binia  is  sAviflcr  th&n  the  rae«  of  any  beut. 

Bacon. 

3.  A  progress  ;  a  course  ;  i  movement  or  progres- 
sion of  any  kind. 

I\Iy  rare  of  glory  nin.  Pope. 
iVt  08  run  w  ith  jvilicnce  Ihc  met  lh.il  is  set  before  us. — licb. 
xii. 

4.  Course;  train;  process;  a.",  the  prosecution  and 
race  of  the  war.    [Ao(  now  used.]  Bacon. 

5.  A  strong  or  rapid  current  of  water,  or  the  chan- 
nel or  passage  for  such  a  current ;  as,  the  Portland 
race.  Ilalliwell. 

().  A  small,  .artificial  canal  or  watercourse,  leading 
from  the  dam  of  a  stream  to  the  machinery  which  it 
drives  ;  sometimes  called  the  Hcau-race,  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  TAii.-RArK,  which  is  the  watercourse 
leading  from  the  bottom  of  a  water-wheel. 

7.  The  races;  in  tlie  plural,  a  meeting  for  contests 
in  the  "inniiig  of  horses.  The  racet  coniincncc  in 
October. 

R.aCE,  r.  1.  To  run  swiftly  :  to  nin  or  contend  in 
ruiininu'.    Tlii-  aiiiuials  racsd  over  the  ground. 

R.aCK-OI.N'OER,  71.  Ginger  in  tlie  root,  or  not  pul- 
verized. 

RACC'-lIOItSE,  71.    A  horse  bred  or  kept  for  running 
in  roiiti'st  ;  a  horse  that  runs  in  competition.  Mdison. 
R.AC-E-.Ma'TION,  71.    [  L.  ruce77iuj,  a  cluster.] 

1.  A  cluster,  as  of  grapes.  Brotrn, 

2.  The  cultivation  of  clusters  of  grapes.  BurneU 
U.V-CiC.ME',  71.    [L.  ra£C77iii.<,  a  bunch  of  berries.] 

In  JiiMiii;,  a  species  of  inllorc-cence,  consisting  of 
a  comiiioi'i  peduncle  with  short  and  equal  lateral 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOfS  C  as  K  ;  G  a-s  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SII  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


-J 


903 


RAC 


RAD 


RAD 


pedicels,  as  a  strinj  of  currants.  It  is  simple  or 
compound,  naked  or  leafy,  &.c. 

A  species  of  iiillorescence  in  which  a  number  of 
flowers,  with  short  and  equal  pedicels,  stand  upon  a 
comuion  slender  axis.  Lindley. 
RA-CK.M'£D,  II.    '.laving  a  raceme. 
R.-V-CE'.Mie  ACID,  n.    An  acid  found  in  the  tartar 
obtained  from  certain  vineyards  on  the  Rhine. 

Brande. 

R.AC-E-MrF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  raccmiis,  a  cluster,  and 
/cro,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  racemes,  as  the  currant.        Jlsiat.  Res. 
RAC'E-MOUS  or  RA-CE'MOUS,  a.    Growing  in  ra- 
cemes. Encyc. 
R.x'CER,  n.    [from  race.]    A  runner  ;  one  that  con- 
tends in  a  race. 

And  bade  the  nimblest  rtuer  seize  the  prize.  Pope. 

RACH,  n.    [Sax.  race  ;  D.  brak  ;  Fr.  braque.] 
A  setting  dug  or  pointer. 

R.VCHIL'LA,  H.    [Gr.  paxis,  a  spine.] 

A  branch  of  inflorescence;  the  zigzag  center  on 
which  the  florets  are  arranged  iu  the  spikelets  of 
grasses.  Brande. 

Ra'CHIS,  It.  [Gr.]  In  botany,  a  peduncle  that  pro- 
ceeds in  a  right  line  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the 
inflorescence.  This  term  is  sometimes  applied  to 
the  stipe  of  a  fern,  but  not  properlv.  Lindley. 

RA-CHIT'ie,  (ra-kit'ik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mus- 
cles of  the  back  ;  rickety. 

RA-CHI'TIS,  ji.  [Gr.]  This  term  implies  inflamma- 
tion of  the  spine,  but  it  is  applied  to  the  disease  called 
ricketf,  which  is  a  mere  corruption  of  rachitis. 

Ra'CI-NESS,  7i.  [See  Ricv.]  Tlie  quality  of  being 
racy. 

Racing,  ppr.  Running  swiftly  ;  running  or  con- 
tending in  a  race. 

RACK,  n.  [D.  re/;,  rack,  stretch  ;  reUUer,  to  stretch  ; 
Sax.  racan,  rtfcan.  Eng.  to  rcac/i ;  G.  rcc^-e/j,  to  stretch  ; 
reckbank,  a  rack.  See  Reach  and  Break.  Class 
Eg,  No.  18,  2J,  33.] 

1.  An  engine  of  torture,  consisting  of  a  large  frame, 
upon  which  the  bo)ly  of  the  person  underexamination 
is  gradually  stretched,  until  sometimes  the  joints 
are  dislocated  ;  used  for  extorting  confessions  from 
criminals  or  suspected  persons.  The  rack  is  entirely 
unknown  in  free  countries. 

2.  Torture  ;  extreme  pain  ;  anguish. 

A  fit  of  the  stone  puts  a  king  to  llie  rorfr,  anil  makes  him  as  mis- 
erable as  it  docs  the  meanest  subjecL  Temple. 

3.  Any  instrument  for  stretching  or  extending  any 
thing  ;  as,  a  rack  for  bending  a  bow.  Temple. 

4.  .\  grate  on  which  bacon  is  laid. 

.5.  A  wooden  frame  of  open  work  in  which  hay  is 
laid  for  horses  and  cattle  for  feeding. 

G.  'I'he  frame  of  bones  of  an  animal ;  a  skeleton. 
We  say,  a  rack  of  bones. 

7.  A  frame  for  receiving  various  articles. 

8.  A  strong  frame  of  wood,  having  several  sheaves 
through  which  passes  the  running  rigging.  Tutten. 

9.  In  machinerij,  a  rectilineal  sliding  piece,  with 
teeth  cut  on  its  etige  for  working  with  a  wheel. 

Brande. 

RACK,  n.  [Sax.  Aracca,  the  neck;  Gr.  p:i\K,  the 
spine  ;  W.  rhac  ;  I),  kraag,  G.  kragen,  Sw.  and  Dan. 
kruire,  a  collar;  Old  Eng.  crag.] 

The  neck  and  spine  of  a  fore  quarter  of  veal  or 
multim. 

['/'Ae  two  foregoing  tcords  are  doubtless  from  one 
original.] 

RACK,  71.  [.Sax.  rec,  steam  ;  rfcan,  to  exhale  ;  D.rook, 
rooken  ;  G.  ranch,  rauclten ;  Sw.  roA,  riSka  ;  Dan.  rog^ 
roger.    See  Rekk.] 

Properly,  v:ipor ;  hciicc,  thin,  flying,  broken  clouds, 
or  any  portion  of  floating  vapor  in  the  sky. 

The  win»li  in  the  upper  n-gion,  uliidi  move  the  (douil*  !il>ove, 
which  we  call  llie  rack.  Bacon. 
The  gn-at  globe  itself, 
Yea,  all  which  it  inherit,  1I1.1II  itissulve  ; 
And,  like  this  unituUtaiitial  pageant,  faded, 
Leave  not  a  rack  behind.  SftaJc. 

It  is  disputed,  however,  whether  rack  in  this  pas- 
sage should  not  be  wreck. 
R.VCK,  n.    [For  Aurack.    See  Arrack.]    Among  (Ae 
Tnrtars,  a  spirituous  liquor  made  of  mare's  milk 
which  has  become  sour,  and  is  then  distilled. 

F.neyc. 

RACK,  n.    A  racking-pace,  which  see.  Bntilh. 
RACK,  r.  i.  Toamble,  but  with  a  quicker  and  shorter 

tread,  a«  a  horse. 
RACK,  V.  i.    [Sax.  recan.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  Properly,  to  steam  ;  to  rise,  as  vapor.  [See 
Reek,  which  is  thu  woril  used.] 

2.  To  fly,  as  vapor  or  broken  clouds.  Shak. 
RACK,  r.  U    [from  the  noun.]    To  torture  ;  to  stretch 

or  strain  on  Ihe  rack  or  wheel  ;  n«,to  rack  a  criminal 
or  BUHpccted  person,  to  extort  a  confession  of  his 
guilt,  or  compel  him  to  betray  his  accomplices. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  torment ;  to  torture  ;  to  afl"ect  with  extreme 
pain  or  angumh  ;  an,  racked  with  deep  deupair. 

Mdlon. 

3.  To  haraii  by  exaction. 

The  lantJIttpU  there  t\nrMt\i\\y  rack  their  trntuita.  .^ipenttr. 


4.  To  Stretch  ;  to  strain  vehemently  ;  to  wrest;  as, 
to  rack  and  stretch  Scripture;  to  rack  invention. 

Hooker.  IVaterland. 
The  wisest  among  the  heathens  racked  their  wits.  TilloUon. 

5.  To  stretch  ;  to  extend.  ShaJc. 

R.VCK,  V.  t     [Ar.  ol,  rauka,  to  clear,  to  strain. 

Class  Rg,  No.  8.1 

To  draw  off  from  the  lees ;  to  draw  ofi",  as  pure 
liquor  from  its  sediment;  as,  to  raci  cider  or  wine; 
to  rack  off  liquor.  Bacon. 
RACK'SD,  (rakt,)pp.  Tortured;  tormented;  strained 
to  the  utmost. 
2.  Drawn  ofl",  as  liquor. 
RACK'ER,  n.    One  that  tortures  or  torments ;  one 
that  racks. 

2.  A  horse  that  racks,  or  moves  with  a  racking- 
pace. 

R.ACK'ET,  n.  [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of 
crack,  Fr.  craqner.    See  Rocket.] 

1.  A  confused,  cKittering  noise,  less  loud  than  vp- 
roar;  applied  to  the  confused  stiunds  of  animal 
voices,  or  such  voices  mixed  with  other  sound.  We 
say,  the  children  make  a  racket;  the  racket  of  a  flock 
of  birds. 

2.  Clamor  ;  noisy  talk.  Swift. 
RACK'ET,  V.  i.  To  make  a  confused  noise  or  clamor ; 

to  frolic.  Oray. 
RACK'ET,  n.    A  snow-shoe. 

RACK'ET,?!.  [Fr.  rayiic«c;  Sp.  raqueta  ;  G.  racket; 
D.  raket.J 

The  instrument  with  which  players  at  tennis 
strike  the  ball.  Sknk.  Digby. 

R.\CK'ET,  r.  (.    To  strike  as  with  a  racket.  Uncut. 

RACK'ET-ED,  pp.    Struck  with  a  racket ;  frolicked. 

R.4CK'ET-ING,  ppr.  Striking  with  a  racket ;  making 
a  racket. 

RACK'ET-ING,  n.    Confused  and  noisy  mirth. 
RACK'ET-Y,  a.    Making  a  tumultuous  noise. 
R.ACK'ING,  ppr.    Torturing;  tormenting;  straining; 
drawing  off. 

9.  a.  Tormenting ;  excruciating ;  as,  a  racking 
pain. 

RACK'ING,  ji.    Torture  ;  a  stretching  on  the  rack. 

2.  Torment  of  the  mind  ;  anguish ;  as,  the  racfc- 
ings  of  conscience. 

3.  The  act  of  stretching  cloth  on  a  frame  for  dry- 
ing. 

4.  The  act  of  drawing  from  the  sediment,  as 
liquors. 

RACK'ING,  ppr.    Flying  as  vapor  or  broken  clouds. 
And  drive  the  racking  clouds  along  the  liquid  space.  Dryden, 

R.\CK'ING-P.XCE,  71.  The  racking-pace  of  a  horse 
is  an  atiible,  but  with  a  quicker  and  shorter  tread. 

Far.  Diet. 

RACK'-RENT,  71.  An  annual  rent  raised  to  the  ut- 
most, or  to  the  full  annual  value  of  the  premises,  or 
near  it.  ff  'uod^s  Institutes. 

R.\CK'-RENT-ED,  a.  Subjected  to  the  payment  of 
rack-rent.  Franklin. 

RACK'-RENT-ER,  71.  One  that  is  subjected  to  p.ay 
rack-rent.  Locke. 

RA'CV^a.  [This  word,  if  the  sense  of  it  is  strong, 
vigorous,  would  seem  to  belong  to  the  family  of  Sax. 
hri£s,  force,  T-ff.s-a/i,  to  rusk.  But  the  application  of  it 
by  Cowley  in  the  passage  below,  seems  to  indictite 
its  connection  with  the  Sp.  and  Port,  rati,  root,  L. 
radir.] 

1.  Having  a  strong  flavor  indicating  its  origin  ;  tast- 
ing t^f  the  soil ;  as,  ran/ cider  ;  rac)/ wine.  Johnson. 

2.  Figuratively,  exciting  t()  the  mental  taste  by  a 
strong  or  distinctive  character  of  thought  or  lan- 
guage. Smart. 

Rich,  racy  verses,  in  which  we 
The  soil  from  whicll  they  Cunie,  taste,  smell,  and  see.  Cowley. 

RAD,  the  old  pret.  of  Read.  Sprnser. 

RAI),  RED,  I{t)I),  an  initial  or  terminating  syllable  in 
names,  is  the  1).  raad,  G.  rath,  counsel,  as  in  Con- 
rad, powerful  in  counsel ;  Kthelred,  noble  counsel. 

RAD'DI.E,  (rad'dl,)  J),  t.  [Probably  from  Sax.  wrm/, 
wrad,  or  wrath,  a  band  or  wreath,  or  from  the  same 
root.] 

To  interweave  ;  to  twist ;  to  wind  together. 

Defoe. 

RAD'DLE,  71.  [Supra.]  A  long  stick  used  in  hedg- 
ing ;  also,  a  hedge  formed  by  interweaving  the  shoots 
and  branches  of  trees  or  shrubs.  'fodd.  . 

2.  In  JVfw  England,  an  instrument  consisting  of  a"' 
wooden  bar,  with  a  row  of  iijiright  pegs  set  in  it, 
which  is  employed  bv  domestic  weavers,  to  keep  the 
warp  of  a  proper  witlth,  and  prevent  it  from  becom- 
ing entangled,  when  it  is  wound  ujion  the  beam  of 
till*  loom. 

RAD'DOCK,  )  H.    [from  rfrf,  ruA/«,  which  sec.l  A 
RUD'DOCK,  i     biril,  the  reilbrea.st  of  Europe.  Shak. 
Ra'DI-AI,,  a.    [from  L.  rai/iu.i,  a  r.ay,  a  rorf,  a  spoke. 
See  Hadh's  and  Uav.] 

Pertaining  to  Ihe  radius,  one  of  the  bonea  of  the 
fore  arm  of  Ihe  human  boiJy  ;  as,  the  rudiai  artery  or 
nerve.  Rush. 
The  radial  mu.^cle.i  are  two  musclcB  of  tho  fore- 


arm, one  of  which  bends  the  wrist,  the  otlu  r  ex- 
tends it.  Encyc.  Parr. 

Railial  curves;  in  geometry,  curves  of  the  spiral 
kind,  whose  ordinates  all  terminate  in  the  center  of 
the  including  circle,  and  appear  like  so  many  semi- 
diameters.  ILittle  used.]  Bailey. 
Ra'DI-.\NCE,  )  H.  [L.  radians,  radio,  to  beam  or 
Ra'DI-AN-CY,  j  shoot  rays.  See  Radius  and 
Rat.] 

Properly,  brightness  shooting  in  rays  or  beams : 
hence,  in  ^eiiera/,  brilliant  or  sparkling  luster ;  vivid 
brightness  ;  as,  the  radiance  of  the  sun. 

The  Son, 

Girt  with  omnipotence,  with  radiance  crowned 

Of  majesty  divine.  Milton. 

Ra'DI-ANT,  a.  Emitting  or  darting  rays  of  light  or 
heat ;  issuing  in  rays ;  beaming  with  brightness  ; 
emitting  a  vivid  light  or  splendor ;  as,  the  radiant 
sun. 


Mark  what  radiant  state  she  spreads. 
Radiant  in  glittering  .arms  and  be;aniy  pride. 


hmion. 
Iililton. 


R.\'DI-.^NT,  7!.  In  optics,  Ihe  luminous  point  or  object 
fnim  which  light  emanates. 

2.  In  o-Mrnt'try,  a  straight  line  proceeding  from  a 
given  point,  or  fixed  pole,  about  which  it  is  conceived 
to  revolve.  Brande. 

Ra'DI-ANT-LY,  adv.  With  beaming  brightness; 
with  glittering  splendor. 

Ra'DI-A-RY,  71.    One  of  the  Radiata.  Kirby. 

Ra-DI-a'TA,  Ti.  pi.  The  fourth  great  division  of  the 
animal  kingdom,  including  those  animals  whose  parts 
are  arranged  round  an  axis,  and  on  one  or  several 
radii,  or  on  one  or  several  lines  extending  from  one 
pole  to  the  other.  This  division  comprehends  the 
echinoderinata,  the  entozoa,  the  acalepha,  the  polypi 
or  polvpods,  and  the  infusoria.  Cuvier. 

Ra'DI-.XTE,  i\  i.    [Ij.  radio.    See  Rav.] 

1.  To  issue  in  rays,  as  light ;  to  dart,  as  beams  of 
brightness  ;  to  shine.  . 

Light  radiates  fi*om  luminous  bodies  directly  to  our  eyes.  Locke. 

2.  To  issue  and  proceed  in  direct  lines  from  a 
point  or  surface,  as  heat. 

Ra'DI-.XTE,  v.  t.  To  enlighten  ;  to  illuminate  ;  to 
shed  light  or  brightness  on.    [Usually  Irradiate.] 

Jfewyt. 

2.  To  emit  or  send  out  in  direct  lines  from  a  point 
or  surface,  as  heat. 
Ra'DI-ATE,  a.  In  botany,  a  rayed  or  radiate  flower 
is  a  compound  flower  consisting  of  a  disk,  in  which 
the  corolets  or  florets  are  tubular,  and  of  a  ray,  in 
which  the  florets  are  ligulate  or  strap-shapeil. 

Martyn. 

Or  a  fl  wer  with  several  semiflosculous  florets  set 
round  a  disk  in  form  of  a  radiant  star.  Encyc. 
Ra'DI-a-TED,  pp.    Emitted,  as  rays  of  light  or  lieat ; 
adorned  with  rays  of  light.  .Addison. 

2.  a.    In  mineralogy,  having  crystals  diverging 
from  a  center. 
.3.  In  zoUlogy,  belonging  to  the  division  Radiata. 
Ra'DI-a-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Emitting  or  darting  rays 
of  light  or  heat;   enlightening;  as,  the  radiating 
Ra-DI-a'TION,  71.    [L.  radiatio.]       [point  in  optics. 

1.  The  emission  and  diftusion  of  rays  of  light; 
beamy  brightness.  Bacon. 

2.  The  divergen«e  or  shooting  forth  of  any  thing 
from  a  point  or  surface,  like  the  diverging  rays  of 
light  ;  as,  the  radiation  of  heat. 

Ra'DI-a-TOR,  71.    A  body  from  which  rays  emanate. 

Francis. 

R.\D'I-CAL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  radicalix,  from  radix, 
root.    See  Race  .and  Rav.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  root  or  origin  ;  original ;  fun- 
damental ;  as,  a  radical  truth  or  error  ;  a  radical  evil ; 
a  radical  dilference  of  opinions  or  systems. 

2.  Implanted  by  nature  ;  native  ;  constitutional ; 
as,  the  radical  moisture  of  a  body.  Bacon. 

3.  Primitive  ;  original ;  underived  ;  unconipound- 
ed  ;  as,  a  radical  word. 

4.  Serving  to  origination. 

5.  In  botany,  proceeding  immediately  from  the 
root ;  as,  a  radical  leaf  or  peduncle.  Martyn. 

Radical  quantity;  in  algebra,  a  quantity  to  which 
the  radical  sign  is  prefixed.  Brande. 

Radical  sign  ;  the  sign  placed  before  any  quan- 
tity, denoting  that  its  root  is  to  be  extracted  ;  thus, 
^'aor^/a  +  b.  Encyc.  Bailey. 

R.^D'I-e.VL,  M.  In  philology,  a  primitive  word  ;  a 
radix,  root,  or  simple,  underived,  uncompoiiniied 
word. 

2.  A  primitive  letter;  a  letter  that  belongs  to  the 
radix. 

3.  In  modern  politics,  a  person  who  advocates  a 
radical  reform,  or  extreme  measures  in  reforma- 
tion. 

•1.  In  chrmi.ftry,  an  element,  or  a  simple  constitu- 
ent part  of  a  substance,  which  is  incapable  of  de- 
coin|>osition.  Parke. 

That  which  constitutes  the  distinguishing  part  of 
nn  arid  or  a  base,  bv  ils  union  with  oxygen,  or  other 
acidifying  and  basilying  principles.  Ure. 

Compound  radical,  is  a  base  composed  of  two  or 
more  substances.    Thus  n  vegetabl>>  acid  having  a 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WII^T  METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


U04 


RAG 


rndiciil  composed  of  liydrosrn  ami  carlion,  is  s;iiil  to 
be  :in  acid  with  a  compound  radtcnl.  'I'ho  lerin  com- 
poinid  radical  is  also  applied  to  supposed  saliliable 
bases,  of  which  cyaiiosfeii  is  the  type.  SilUinnn. 

RAO'I-CAL-ISM,  71.  The  doctrine  or  principle  of 
innkini;  railical  reform  in  government,  by  overturn- 
ing and  changing  the  present  state  of  tilings. 

RAI)-I-t;.'\I-.'I-TY,  71.    Origination.  Broicn. 
2.  A  being  radical ;  a  quantity  which  lias  relation 
to  a  root.  Bailnj, 

RAD'1-eAL.-LY,  adv.  Originally  ;  at  the  origin  or 
root  ;  fiindanientally  ;  as,  a  scheme  or  system  radi- 
calhj  wrong  or  defective. 

2.  Primitively  ;  essentially  :  originally  ;  without 
derivation. 

These  gprcat  orbs  thua  radically  bright.  Prio 

RAD'r-€AL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  radical  or 
U.\l)'I-e.\NT,  n.    [Ij.  radicatvs.]  [fundamental. 
In  botany,  rooting;  as,  a  radicant  stein  or  leaf. 

Lfie,  Martijn. 
RAD'I-GaTE,  V,  U    [L.  radicatus,  radicor,  from  radix, 
root.] 

To  root  ;  to  plant  deeply  and  firmly ;  as,  radicated 
opinions  ;  radicated  knowledge.  GlanviUc, 
Mi'ditution  will  radicate  tlicse  seeds.  Hammond. 

RADT-CATE,  a.  Radicated.  South. 
R.\D'l-eA-TEU,  pp.  or  a.    Rooted  ;  deeply  planted. 

Pr>;jiiilices  of  a  whole  mce  of  people  radicated  by  n  siiccesi^ion  of 
aS-8.  Burke. 

RAD'I-eS-TING,ppr.ori3.  j  In  JntawT/,  taking  root  from 
RAD'I-GAN T,  a.  \    some  part  above  ground, 

as  the  joint  of  a  stem,  the  extremity  of  a  leaf,  &c. 
RAD-l-CA'TION,  71.    [from  rai/iaK/-.]    'I'lie  process  of 
taking  root  deeply  ;  as,  the  radication  of  habits. 

2.  In  botany,  the  disposition  of  the  root  of  a  plant 
with  respect  to  the  ascending  and  descending  caiidex, 

Lcc. 

KAD'I-ei.E,  (rad'e-kl,)  n.    [L.  rndicnia,  from  radi.r.] 
1.  That  part  of  the  seed  of  a  plant  which  upon 
vegetating  becomes  the  root.  F.ncyc. 

•2.  A  name  given  to  the  fibrous  parts  of  a  root, 
which  are  renewed  every  year,  and  which  are  the 
Iiarts  that  absorb  the  nutriment  from  the  earth. 

RA'DI  OLITES,  n.  pi.  A  genus  of  fossil  shells  hav- 
ing the  inferior  valve  in  the  shape  of  a  reversed  cone, 
the  superior  valve  convex.  Bratide, 

Ra-DI-OM'E-TER,  71.  [L.  radius,  rod,  and  Gr.  /ictouv, 
measure.] 

The  forestafr,  an  instrument  formerly  used  for 

taking  the  altitudes  of  celestial  bodies.  Barlow. 
RAD'ISH,  >i.     [Sax.  radic ;  D.  radys !  G.  radics.<!  ; 

Corn,  rydliik ;  it.  raidis }  W.  rhuiytpjl,  from  rkuiyrr, 

red.    See  Ruddy.] 
A  cultivated  plant  of  the  genus  Raphanus,  the 

root  of  which  is  eaten  raw  as  a  salad. 
Ra'DI-US,  «. ;  ;</.  Radii.'[L.  i(/.,a  ray,  a  rod,  a  be.am, 

a  spoke,  that  is,  a  shoot;  radio,  to  shine,  tliat  is,  to 

dart  beams.    See  Rav.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  right  line  drawn  or  extending 
from  the  center  of  a  circle  to  the  perip>hery  ;  the 
semidiamer  of  the  circle.  In  trigonometry,  the  radius 
is  equal  to  the  sine  of  90'. 

2.  In  anatomy,  the  exterior  bone  of  the  fore-arm, 
descending  along  with  the  ulna  from  the  elbow  to 
the  wrist. 

3.  In  botany, a  ray;  the  outer  part  or  circumfer- 
ence of  a  compound  radiate  flower,  or  radiated  dis- 
cous  flower.  Martyn. 

RJi'Dl-US  VEe'TOR,  n.  [h.]  In  <w«rorio77i7(,  the 
straight  line  drawn  from  the  center  of  force  to  the 
point  of  the  orbit,  where  the  body  is  supposed  to  be. 
Tims,  the  radius  vector  of  a  planetary  orbit,  is  a  line 
drawn  from  the  center  of  the  sun  to  the  centre  of 
the  planet  in  any  part  of  that  orbiu 

Bratide.  Olmsted. 

Ra'DIX,  71.  [L.,  a  root.]  In  etymology,  a  primitive 
word,  from  which  spring  other  words. 

2.  In  logarilhm.i,  the  base  of  any  system  of  loga- 
rithms, or  that  number  whose  logarithm  is  unity.  Thus 
in  Griggs's,  or  the  common  system  of  logarithms, 
the  r.idi.x  is  10;  in  Napier's  it 'is  2.7182818384.  All 
other  numbers  are  considered  as  some  powers,  or 
roots  of  the  radix,  the  exponents  of  which  powers, 
or  roots,  constitute  the  logarithms  of  those  numbers 
respectively. 

3.  In  algebra,  radix,  or  root,  sometimes  denotes  a 
finite  expression,  from  which  a  series  is  derived. 

JIutton. 

R.1FF,  V.  t.  [G.  raffm,  to  sweep,  to  seize  or  snatch. 
It  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  Sax.  reajian,  L.  rapio ; 

Ch.  Syr.  and  Heb.       Ar.  C__5j^  jarafa,  to  sweep 

away  ;  Pers.  roftan,  id.] 

To  sweep  ;  to  snatch,  draw,  or  huddle  together  ; 
to  take  by  a  promiscuous  sweep.    [  Obs.] 

Their  ca-uei  and  effects  1  thus  nif  up  lojclher.  Oireiu. 
RXFF,  71.   The  sweepings  o(  society  ;  the  rabble  ;  the 
mob,  [co^^uvies.^    This  is  used  chiefly  in  the  com- 


^U3 

pound  or  duplicate,  riffraff.    [Pers.  iCHij  roflah,  L. 
quisquiliic,  sweepings.] 
2.  A  promiscuous  heap  or  collection  ;  a  jumble. 

Barrow. 

RAF'FT.E,  (rafrt,)  r.  i.  [Fr.  rafier,  to  sweep  away,  to 
sweep  stakes  ;  1).  ryffelrn;  Sp.  rifar,  to  raffle,  and  to 
strive,  to  quarrel,  to  dispute,  and  to  riiic,  to  split  a 
sail ;  Port,  rifa,  a  set  of  cards  of  the  same  color, 
and  a  ratHe  or  raflling,  also  n  craggy  or  steep  place  ; 
rifar,  to  neigh,  as  a  mettle-^ome  horse ;  probably 
from  riving,  opening  with  a  burst  of  sound,  or,  as  we 
say,  to  rip  out  (an  otith.)  The  Sp.  rifar,  to  strive,  is 
precisely  the  lleb.  311,  to  strive  ;  Syr.  to  make  a  tu- 
mult or  clamor;  all  from  driving  or  violence.  See 

Class  Rb,  No.  4, 12, 19,  Pers.  j^xij  roftan,  to  sweep, 

to  clean  the  teeth.    See  Raff.] 
To  cast  dice  for  a  prize,  for  which  each  person 

concerned  in  the  game  lays  down  a  stake,  or  hazards 

a  part  of  the  value  ;  as,  to  rajle  for  a  watch. 
RAF'FIiE,  71.    A  game  of  chance,  or  lottery,  in  which 

several  persons  deposit  a  part  of  the  value  of  the 

thing,  in  consideration  of  the  chance  of  gaining  it. 

The  successful  thrower  of  the  dice  takes  or  sweeps 

the  whole. 
RAF'PI.ER,  71.    One  who  raffles. 
RAF'FLINO,  ;i;)7-.    Tlirowing  dice  for  a  prize  staked 

bv  a  number. 

RX  FF'-.MER'CIIANT,  71.  A  lumber  merchant.  [Local.] 

RAFT,  71.  [In  Dan.  raft  is  a  rack  for  hay  ;  in  Sax.  re- 
ajian is  the  L.  rapio  ;  qu.  from  floating,  sweeping 
along,  or  Gr.  parrio,  to  sew,  that  is,  to  fasten  to- 
gether, and  allied  to  reeve:  or  Gr.  cih^i,>,  whence 
upo.tin,  a  flooring.    See  Rafter  and  Roof.] 

An  assemblage  of  board*,  planks,  or  pieces  of 
timber  fastened  together  horizontally  and  floated 
down  a  stream  ;  a  flt>at.  Shah.  Pope. 

RA  F  T,  V.  t.    To  carry  on  or  in  a  rafl. 

RAFT,  pp.  [Sax.  reafan,  to  seize,  L.  rapio;  bereafan, 
to  snatch  away,  to  bereave.) 

'J'orn  ;  rent;  severed.    [Obs.]  Spciiser. 

RXFT'KD,  pp.    Carried  on  or  in  a  raft. 

RAFT'ER,  71.  [Sax.  ra-fler ;  Gr.  £,)£:/iw,  to  cover; 
opotpn,  ;i  roof;  Russ.  strop,  a  roof.] 

A  roof  timber ;  a  piece  of  timber  that  extends 
from  the  plate  of  a  building  toward  the  ridge,  and 
serves  to  support  the  covering  of  the  roof. 

Jlilton.  Pope. 

RXFT'ER-ED,  a.    Built  or  furnished  with  rafters. 

R.^i  FT'I.N'G,  ppr.    Carrying  on  or  in  a  raft. 

RAFT'I.N'G,  n.    The  bt'isiness  of  floating  rafts. 

RAFTS'M.\N,  71.    A  man  who  manages  a  raft. 

RAFT'Y,  o.    Damp;  musty.    [Local.]  Robinson. 

RAG,  71.  [Sax.  hracnd,  torn,  ragged ;  rncian,  to  rake; 
Dan.  rager,  to  rake  ;  rngeire,  old  clolhes  ;  Sw.  raka, 
to  shave  ;  ragg,  rough  hair  ;  Gr.  /'  ricot,  a  torn  gar- 
ment, I'.aKuot,  to  tear;  ^ij  iK,  a  rupture,  a  rock,  a 
crag;  payouy,  to  tear  asunder;  \\'.  rhwygaw,  to 
rend  ;  Arm.  roga,  id.  Tlie  Spanish  has  the  worti  in 
the  compounds  andrajo,  a  rag,  andrajoso,  ragged  ;  It. 

straccio,  a  rent,  a  rag  ;  strarciare,  to  tear ;  Ar.  0^:i 
charaha,  or  garaka.  to  tear.    Class  Rg,  No.  34.] 

1.  7\ny  piece  oilcloth  torn  from  the  rest;  a  tat- 
tered cloth,  torn  or  worn  till  its  texture  is  destroyed. 
Linen  and  cotton  rags  are  the  chief  materials  of 
paper. 

2.  Garments  worn  out ;  proverbially,  mean  dress. 

Drowsiness  shall  clothe  a  man  with  rngs.  —  Prov.  xiiii. 

And  virme,  though  in  rage,  will  keep  nie  warm.  Dryden. 

3.  A  fragment  of  dress.  Hudibras. 
RAG,  r.  (.    [Uu.  Sax.  v>regian,\.n  accuse  ;  or  from  the 

root  of  rage.    The  sen.se  is,  to  break  or  bur.st  forth.] 
To  scold  ;  to  rail.    [Local.]  Petrrrc. 

RAG'A-BASII,    (        ,    .„  . 

RAG'A-BRAsir,  (       ^"  ""^'  •'"eS'"'  person. 

RAG-A-AIUF'FIN,  n.  [Oil.  rag  and  Sp.  j7io/ar,  to 
mock,  or  It.  muffo,  musty.] 

A  pajtry  fellow  ;  a  mean  wretch.  Sicift. 

R.AG'-BoI.T,  71.  An  iron  pin  with  barbs  on  its  shank 
to  retain  it  in  its  placi;.  Jlar.  Diet. 

RaGE,  71.  [Fr.  rage,  whence  enrager,  to  enrage; 
Corn,  arraick  ;  .\rm.  arragi,  arragein,  to  enrage. 
This  belongs  to  the  family  of  Rg,  Co  break  or  burst 
forth.  (See  R\n.)  Perhaps  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  pin, 
to  grind  or  gnash  the  teeth  ;  in  Ar.  to  burn,  to  break, 
to  craft,  to  grind  the  teeth,  to  be  angry.  The  radical 
sense  of  6iim  is  in  many  cases  to  rage  or  be  violent. 
Class  Rg,  No.  34.] 

1.  Violent  anger  accompanied  with  furious  words, 
gestures,  or  agitation  ;  anger  excited  to  fury.  Passion 
sometimes  rises  to  rage. 

Torment,  and  loud  lament,  and  furious  rage.  Milton, 

2.  Vehemence  or  violent  ex.acerbation  of  anv  thing 
painful  ;  .as,  the  rage  of  pain  ;  the  rage  of  a  fever ; 
the  rrij-e  of  hunger  or  thirst.  "  Pope. 

3.  Fury  ;  extreme  violence  ;  as  of  a  tempest. 


4.  Enthusiasm ;  rapture. 


Who  br„il;;lit  nn^eu 
And  in;ido  Uiut  un 


I'<)*'»y  to  her  perfect  age 
vliich  w;iB  a  rage. 


0,u:iey. 

5.  Extreme  eagerness  or  passion  directed  to  some 
object ;  as,  the  rage  for  money. 


Yon  porchase 
ind  die  of  aol 


pain  with  all  th!\t  Joy  can  give, 
iiiiiff  l>ut  a  rage  to  live. 


g  hut  a  rage  to  live.  Poj<e. 

RAGE,  r.  i.  To  be  furious  with  anger ;  to  be  exas- 
periited  to  fury  ;  to  be  violently  agitated  with  pas- 
sion. 

At  this  he  inly  raged.  jA/i/Mn. 

2.  To  bo  violent  and  tumultuous. 

Why  tlo  the  heathen  rage  7  —  Ps.  ii. 

3.  To  bo  violently  driven  or  agitated  ;  as,  the 
raging  sea  or  winds. 

4.  To  ravage  ;  to  prevail  without  restraint,  or  with 
fatal  effect ;  as  the  plague  rages  in  Cairo. 

5.  To  bo  driven  with  impetuosity  ;  to  act  or  mnvn 
furiously. 

The  chariots  shall  rage  In  the  streets.  —  Nah.  ii. 

The  niaddntg  w  heels  of  brazen  chariots  ragetl.  ^rdlon. 

6.  To  toy  wantonly;  to  sport.    [JVu<  iii  inc.] 

Oower 

RS6E'FyL,  o.    Full  of  rage;  violent;  furious. 

Sidna/.  Hammond. 
Ra'GER-Y,  71.    Wantonness.    [Ao«  used.]  Chaucer. 
R.AGG,  71.    A  silicioiis  sandstone.    [See  ICAtjsroNE.] 
RAG'GED,  a.    [from  rag.]    Rent  or  worn  into  tatters, 
or  till  its  texture  is  broken ;  as,  a  ragged  coat ;  a 
ragged  sail.  Arbutlwot, 

2.  Broken  with  rough  edges ;  uneven  ;  as,  a  ragged 
rock. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  being  broken  or  torn  ; 
jagged  ;  rough  with  sharp  or  irregular  points. 

The  moon  appears,  when  looked  upon  tlirou^h  a  pood  glass,  rude 
arul  ragged.  Burnet. 

4.  Wearing  tattered  clothes  ;  as,  a  ragged  fellow.' 

5.  Rough  ;  rugged. 

What  shepherd  owns  those  ragged  sheep  ?  Dryden. 

RAG'GED-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  dressed  in 

tatteretl  clothes. 
2.  'I'he  stale  of  being  rough  or  broken  irregularly ; 

as,  the  raggedness  of  a  cliff. 
RACING,  p/)r.  ora.  [fromrao-c.]  Acting  with  violence 

or  fury. 

2.  Furious ;  impetuous  ;  vehemenlly  driven  or 
agitated  ;  as,  the  raging  sea  or  tempest. 

RACING,  71.    Fury  ;  violence  ;  inipetuositv.   ./oiia/i  i. 

RaCINGLY,  arfu.  With  fury;  with  violent  impet- 
uosity. Hall. 

RAG'MAN,  71.  A  m.an  who  collects  or  deals  in  rags,, 
the  materials  of  pajier.  Rawlinson. 

RA(;'.MAN'S-KoLL,  7i.  The  record,  contained  on 
rolls  of  parchment,  of  those  instruments  by  which 
the  Scottish  nobility  and  gentry  subscribed  aliegitince 
to  Edward  I.  of  England,  A.  D.  1296.  [See  Rioma- 
BOLK.l  P.  Cijc. 

RA-GOUT',  (ra-goo',)  71.  [Vr.  ragout;  ^rm.  ragoud.] 
A  sauce  or  seasoning  for  exciting  a  languid  ap- 
petite ;  or  a  high-seasoned  dish,  prepared  with  fish, 
flesh,  greens,  and  the  like,  stewed  with  salt,  pepper, 
cloves,  &c.  Enciic. 

RAG'STo.VE,  71.  A  dark-gray  silieious  sandstone; 
called  also  Rowlev  Raoo.  Bratide. 

R.VGU'LKD,    )   [In /icraWri/,  a  cross  roTii/f/i  may  be 

RAG-GO'l./'.'D,  i  best  understood  by  calling  it  two 
ragged  starts  in  a  cross.    Bailey.  —  E.  H.  Barker.] 

RAG'-WHEEL,  71.  In  machinery,  a  wheel  having  a 
notched  or  serrated  margin. 

RAG'WORT,  71,    A  plant  of  the  genus  Senecio. 

RaID,  71,  A  hostile  or  predatory  incursitm.  [StoU 
tish.]  Walter  Scott 

RAIL,  71.    [G.  riegtl,  rail,  bolt,  or  bar  ;  W.  rhail.] 

1.  A  piece  of  limber,  or  of  iron,  or  other  metal, 
extending  from  one  post  or  support  to  another,  .as  in 
fences,  balustrades,  staircases,  &.c. 

2.  The  horizontal  part  in  any  piece  of  framing  or 
paneling.  Brande. 

3.  In  a  ship,  a  narrow  plank  nailed  for  ornament 
or  security  on  a  ship's  upper  works  ;  also,  a  curved 
piece  of  timber  extending  from  the  bows  of  a  ship  to 
the  continuation  of  its  stem,  to  support  the  knee  of 
the  head,  Jtc.  Mar.  Dirt. 

RAIL,  71.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Rallus,  consisting  of 
many  sjiecies.  The  water-rail  has  a  long,  slender 
hotly,  with  short,  concave  wings.  The  birds  of  this 
genus  inhabit  the  slimy  margins  of  rivers  and  ponds 
covered  with  marsh  plants,  and  also  other  moist 
places.  Partington. 

RAIL,  71.  [Sa.T.  hraigle,ra;gle,  from  icrigan,  to  put  on 
or  cover,  to  rig,] 

A  woman's  upper  g.annent ;  retained  in  the  word 
NiGHTBAiL,  but  not  Used  in  the  United  States. 

RAIL,  V.  t.    To  inclose  with  rails. 

Carew.  Spectator. 
2.  To  range  in  a  line.  Bacon. 

R.AIL,  17.  I.  [D.  raUcn,  to  jabber  ;  Sp.  ralla,  u<  grate, 
to  molest ;  Port,  ralhar,  to  swagger,  to  hector,  to 
huff,  to  scold.  This  corresponds  nearly  wilh  the  G. 
prahlen,  which  may  be  the  same  wor«l  wilh  a  prenx. 
Eng.  to  brawl,  I'r.  brailler ;  Sw.  ralla,  to  prale  ;  Fr. 


TO.NE,  BULL,  ITXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


114 


905 


RAl 

railler,  to  rally.  In  Dan.  driller  signifies  to  drill  and 
to  banter.] 

To  utter  reproaches ;  to  scoff ;  to  use  insolent  and 
reproachful  language;  to  reproach  or  censure  in  op- 
probrious terms  ;  followed  by  at  or  against,  furnierly 
by  on.  Skak._ 
And  mil  at  arts  he  dkl  not  understand.  Dryden. 
Lesbia  forever  on  me  rails.  iitcifl, 
RaIL'-FENCE,  n.    A  fence  made  of  wooden  rails. 
R.AlL'-ROAD,  i  7t.    [rail  and  road,  or  way.]    A  road 
RaIL'-VVaY,  (     or  way  on  which  iron  rails  are  laid 
for  wheels  to  run  on,  for  the  conveyance  of  heavy 
loads  in  vehicles. 

[It  may  be  well  to  confine  railroad  to  the  highway, 
in  which  a  railway  is  laid,  and  to  use  T-aiZ-Kiu;/ only 
for  the  rails  when  laid.  This  would  be  a  useful  dis- 
tinction.] 

R.^IIj'ER,  7!.  One  who  scoffs,  insults,  censures,  or 
reproaches  with  opprobrious  language. 

South.  Thomson. 
R.^ IL'ING, ppr.    Clamoring  with  insulting  language; 
uttering  reproachful  words. 

2.  a.    Expressing  reproach  ;  insulting ;  as,  a  rail- 
in<r  accusation.    2  Pvt.  ii. 
RaII/I.N'G,  71.    Reproachful  or  insolent  language.  1 
Pet.  iii. 

R.\IL'TNG,  ppr.    Inclosing  with  rails. 
RaIL'LN'G,  71.    A  series  of  rails  ;  a  fence. 

2.  Rails  in  general ;  or  the  materials  for  rails. 
R.* [L'l.VG-LY,  adv.    With  scoffing  or  insulting  lan- 
RAIL'LER-V,  (ral'ler-y,)  ti.    [Fr.  railhrie.]  [guage. 
Banter;  jesting  language;  good-humored  pleas- 
antly or  slight  satire  ;  satirical  merriment. 

Lei  raillery  be  wilbout  malice  or  heat.  B.  Jonson. 

StuUifs  employed  on  low  objects ;  tlie  very  naming  of  them  Li 
Bulficienl  to  torn  them  into  raillery.  Addison. 

RA-IL-LEUR',  (tH-W-ym',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  bantercr  ;  a 
jester  ;  a  tnocker.    [Aot  English,  nor  in  use.']  Sprat. 

R.\I'.MENT,  71.  [For  .\rrayment  ;  Norm,  araer,  to  ar- 
ray; araies,  array,  apparel.    See  Array  and  Ray.] 

1.  Clothing  in  general;  vestments;  vesture;  gar- 
ments.   Gc7i.  xxiv.    Deut.  viii. 

Living,  both  food  and  raimejU  she  supplies.  Dryden. 

2.  A  single  garment.  Sidney. 
[In  this  sense  it  ts  rarely  used,  and  indeed  is  im- 
proper.] 

RaIX,  v.  i.  [Sax.  hregiian,  regnan,  renian,  rinan,  to 
rain  ;  Goth,  rign,  rain  ;  Sax.  racu,  Cimbric  raekia, 
ram  ;  D.  and  G.  regen,  rain  ;  D.  regenen,  to  rain  ;  Sw. 
regn,  rain  ;  regna,  to  rain  ;  Dan.  7-e^7i,  rain  ;  regner, 
to  rain  ;  G.  heregnen,  lo  rain  on.  It  seems  that  rain 
is  contracted  from  regen.  It  is  the  Gr.  lipcxui,  to 
rain,  to  water,"Vhich  we  retain  in  bniok,  and  the 
Latins,  by  dropping  the  prefix,  in  rigo,  irrigo,  to  ir- 
rigate.   The  primary  sense  is,  to  pour  out,  to  drive 

forth,  Ar.  i^j.J  baraka,  coinciding  with  Ileb.  Ch. 

and  ."Syr.  113.    Class  Brg,  No.  3.] 

1.  To  fall  in  drops  from  the  clouds,  as  water ;  used 
mostly  with  it  for  a  nominative;  as,  it  rains;  it  will 
rain;  it  rained,  or  it  has  rained. 

2.  To  fall  (jr  drop  like  rain  ;  as,  tears  rained  at  their 
eyes.  Milton. 

RAIN,  r.  t.  To  pour  or  shower  down  from  the  upper 
regions,  like  rain  from  the  clouds. 

Th'-n  said  the  Lord  to  Moses,  Behold,  I  will  rain  bread  from 

heaven  for  you.  —  Kx.  xvi. 
God  shall  cast  the  fory  of  his  wrBth  npon  him,  and  shall  rain  it 

upon  him  while  he  is  eating.  —  Job  XX. 
Upon  th»  wiclted  he  sIi-aII  rain  snares,  fire  and  brimstone,  and  a 
horrible  tempest.  —  Ps.  xi. 

SAIN,  71.    [Sax.  rtegn,  regn,  ren.] 

Water  falling  in  drops  from  the  atmosphere  ;  or 
the  descent  of  water  in  drops  from  the  atmosphere. 
Rain  is  distinguished  from  mist  by  the  size  of  the 
drops,  which  are  distinctly  visilile.  When  water 
falls  in  very  .small  drops  or  particles,  we  call  it  77iis(  ,• 
and  fog  is  composed  of  particles  so  fine  as  to  be  not 
only  indLstinguishable,  but  to  float  or  be  suspcniled 
in  the  air. 

RAIN'liEAT,  a.  Beaten  or  injured  by  the  rain.  [JVot 
iLsed.]  flail. 

HAIN'BOW,  7!.  A  bow,  or  an  arch  of  a  circle,  con- 
sisting of  all  the  colors  formed  by  the  refraction  and 
reflection  of  rays  of  light  from  drops  of  rain  or  va- 
por, appearing  in  the  part  of  the  lieinisphere  opposite 
to  the  sun.  When  the  sun  is  at  the  horizon,  the 
rainbow  is  a  sumicircle.  The  rainbow  i.s  called  also 
Ibis.  J^ewton. 

The  moQn  sometimes  forms  a  bow  or  arch  of  light, 
more  faint  than  that  formed  by  the  sun,  and  calletl 
lunar  rainbow.  Himilar  hows,  at  sen,  arc  called  marine 
rainbfrws,  or  sea-bows.  Kncyc. 

RAI.V'BriW-KI),  a.    Formed  with  a  rainbow. 

RAIN'linW-TlNT-EU,  a.  Having  lints  like  those  of 
a  rainliinv.  Uutler. 

RAIN'DEER.    See  Rkindekr. 

IlALV'-'JAlKiE,  (  71.  [rain  and  gauge.]  An  instrii- 
RAIN'-tJAGI',,    (     mi  nt  to  measure  the  tpiantity  of 

rain  that  falls  nt  any  givtm  filace.  Brande. 
RAI.N'I-NESH,  71.    [from  rainy.]    The  mate  of  being 

rainy. 


RAI 

RaIN'ING,  ppr.  Pouring  i>r  showering  down  from 
the  upper  regions,  as  water  from  the  dotids. 

R.\IN'-TiGHT,  (-tite,)  a.  So  tight  as  to  exclude  rain. 

RaIN'-WA-TI;R,  71.  Water  that  has  fallen  from  the 
clouds.  Boyle, 

RaIN'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  rain;  wet;  showery; 
as,  rainy  weather  ;  a  rainy  day  or  season. 

RAIP,  71.    A  rod  to  measure  ground. 

RAISE,  (rdze,)  v.  t.  [Goth,  raisyan,  ur-raisyan,  to 
raise,  to  rouse,  to  excite  ;  nr-reisan,  to  rise.  This  word 
occurs  often  in  the  Gothic  version  of  the  Gospels, 
Luke  iii.  8,  John  vi.  40,  44.  In  Sw.  resa  signifies  to 
go,  walk,  or  travel,  and  to  raise;  Dan.  rejser,  the 
same.  Tliese  verbs  appear  to  be  the  L.  gradior,  gres- 
sns,  without  the  prefix  ;  and  gradior  is  the  Shemitic 
mi,  which  has  a  variety  of  significations,  but,  in 
Syriac,  to  go,  to  walk,  to  pass,  as  in  Latin.  Whether 
the  Swedish  and  Danish  verbs  are  from  different 
roots,  blentled  by  usage  or  accident,  or  whether  the 
different  senses  have  proceeded  from  one  common 
signification,  to  move,  to  open,  to  stretch,  let  the 
reader  judge.] 

1.  To  lift ;  to  take  up ;  to  heave  ;  to  lift  from  a  low 
or  reclining  posture  ;  as,  to  raise  a  stone  or  weight ; 
to  raise  the  body  in  bed. 

The  angel  smote  Peter  on  tlie  side  and  raised  him  up.  —  Acts  xii. 

2.  To  set  U])right ;  as,  to  raise  a  mast. 

3.  To  set  up  ;  to  erect ;  to  set  on  its  foundations 
and  put  together  ;  as,  to  raise  the  frame  of  a  house. 

4.  To  build  ;  as,  to  raise  a  city,  a  fort,  a  wall,  &,c. 

I  will  raise  forts  against  thee.  —  Is.  xxix.   Amos  ix. 

5.  To  rebuild. 

They  shall  raise  up  the  former  desolations.  —  Is.  Ixi. 

6.  To  form  to  some  hight  by  accumulation  ;  as,  to 
raise  a  heap  of  stones.   Josh.  viii. 

7.  To  make ;  to  produce  ;  to  amass  ;  as,  to  raise  a 
great  estate  out  of  sm  til  profits. 

8.  To  enlarge  ;  to  amplify.  Shak. 

9.  To  exalt;  to  elevate  in  condition  ;  as,  to  raise 
one  from  a  low  estate, 

10.  To  exalt;  to  advance;  to  promote  in  rank  or 
honor ;  as,  to  raUe  one  to  an  office  of  distinction. 

This  gentleman  came  to  be  mised  to  great  titles.  Clarerulon. 

11.  To  enhance  ;  to  increase ;  as,  to  raise  the  value 
of  coin  ;  to  raise  the  price  of  goods. 

12.  To  increase  in  current  value. 

The  plate  pieces  of  eight  were  raised  three  pence  in  the  piece. 

Temple. 

13.  To  excite  ;  to  put  in  motion  or  action ;  as,  to 
raise  a  tempest  or  tumult. 

He  coinmandeth  and  raiseth  the  stormy  wind.  —  Ps.  cvii. 

14.  To  excite  to  sedition,  insurrection,  war,  or  tu- 
mult ;  to  stir  up.   Acts  xxiv. 

^neas  then  employs  his  pains 
In  parts  remote  to  raise  tlie  '1  uscan  swains.  rhyden. 

15.  To  rouse  ;  to  awake  ;  to  stir  up. 

They  shall  not  awake,  nor  be  raised  out  of  their  sleep. — Job 
xiv. 

16.  To  increase  in  strength  ;  to  excite  from  languor 
or  weakness.  The  pulse  is  raised  by  stimulants, 
sometimes  by  venesection. 

17.  To  give  beginning  of  importance  to  ;  to  elevate 
into  reputation  ;  as,  to  raise  a  family. 

18.  To  bring  into  being. 

God  vouchsafes  to  raise  another  world 

From  liim.  Mlllon. 

19.  To  bring  from  a  state  of  death  to  life. 

He  was  delivered  for  our  olTenses,  and  raised  ag.un  for  our  Jus- 
tification. —  Rom.  iv.    I  Cor.  xv, 

20.  To  call  into  view  from  the  state  of  separate 
spirits ;  as,  to  raise  a  spirit  by  spells  and  incanta 
tions.  Sandys. 

21.  To  invent  and  propagate  ;  to  originate  ;  to  oc- 
casion ;  as,  to  raise  a  report  or  story. 

22.  To  set  up ;  to  excite  ;  to  begin  by  loud  utter- 
ance ;  as,  to  raise  a  shout  or  cry.  Dryden. 

23.  To  utter  loudly  ;  to  begin  to  sound  or  clamor, 
lie  raised  his  voice  against  the  measures  of  adminis- 
tration. 

24.  To  utter  with  more  strength  or  elevation  ;  to 
swell.    Let  the  speaker  7-awe  his  voice. 

2.").  To  collect;  to  obtain  ;  to  bring  into  a  sum  or 
fund.  Government  raises  money  by  taxes,  excise, 
and  imposts.  Private  persons  and  companies  raise 
money  for  their  enterprises. 

26.  To  levy  ;  to  collect ;  to  bring  into  service  ;  as, 
lo  raise  troops  ;  to  raijje  an  army.  Milton. 

27.  To  give  rise  to.  Milton. 

28.  To  cause  to  grow  ;  to  procure  to  bo  protluced, 
bred,  or  propagated  ;  as,  to  raise  wheat,  barley,  hops, 
&.C. ;  to  rai.ve  horses,  oxen,  or  sheep.    JVew  Kniflund 

[The  English  now  use  Grow  in  regard  to  crops  ; 
as,  to  grow  wheat.  This  verb  intransitive  has  never 
been  used  in  New  England  in  a  transitive  sense,  un- 
til recently  some  persons  have  adopted  it  from  the 
English  books.  We  always  use  Raise  ;  but  in  New 
England  it  is  never  ui>|>lii'd  to  the  breeding  of  the 
human  race,  as  it  is  in  the  Soulherh  Stales.  In  the 
north,  We  say,  to  raii-e  wheal,  and  to  raise  horses  or 


RAK 

cattle,  but  not  to  raise  men  ;  though  we  say,  to  raise 
a  sickly  child.] 

29.  To  cause  to  swell,  heave,  and  become  light ; 
as,  to  raise  dough  or  paste  by  yeast  or  leaven. 

Miss  Liddy  can  dance  a  jig  and  raise  paste.  Spectator. 

30.  To  excite  ;  to  animate  with  fresh  vigor;  as,  to 
raise  the  spirits  or  courage. 

31.  To  ordain;  to  .ippoint ;  or  to  call  to  and  pre- 
pare ;  to  furnish  with  gifts  and  qualifications  suited  to 
a  purpose  ;  a  scriptural  sense. 

I  will  rai^e  them  up  a  prophet  from  among  their  brelliren. — 
Deut.  xviii. 

For  tliis  c;iuse  have  I  raised  thee  up,  to  show  in  thee  my  power. 
—  Kx.  ix.   Judges  li. 

32.  To  keep  in  remembrance.    Ruth  iv. 

33.  To  cause  to  exist  by  propagation.   Matt.  xxii. 

34.  To  incite  ;  to  prompt.    Eira  i. 

35.  To  increase  in  intensity  or  strength  ;  as,  to 
raise  the  heat  of  a  furnace. 

36.  In  seamen's  language,  to  elevate,  as  an  object 
by  a  gradual  approach  to  it ;  to  bring  to  be  seen  at  a 
greater  angle ;  as,  to  raise  the  land  ;  to  raise  a  point. 

T'o(fe7i. 

To  raise  a  purchase,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to 
dispose  instruments  or  machines  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  exert  any  mechanical  force  required. 

Mar.  Diet. 

To  raise  a  siege,  is  to  remove  a  besieging  army 
and  relinquish  an  attempt  to  take  the  place  by  that 
mode  of  attack,  or  to  cause  the  attempt  to  be  relin- 
quished. 

RAIS'iCD,  (razd,)  pp.  or  a.  Lifted  ;  elevated  ;  ex- 
alted ;  promoted  ;  set  upright  ;  built ;  made  or  en- 
larged ;  produced  ;  enhanced  ;  excited  ;  restored  to 
life  ;  levied  ;  collected  ;  roused  ;  invented  and  prop- 
agated ;  increased. 

RAIS'ER,  71.  One  who  raises  ;  that  which  raises  ;  one 
that  builds  ;  one  that  levies  or  collects  ;  one  that  be- 
gins, produces,  or  propagates.    Baron.  Taylor. 

2.  Among  joiners,  one  of  the  upright  boards  of  the 
frtmt  of  the  steps  of  a  flight  of  stairs.  Buchanan. 

RAI'S/N,  (ra'zn,)  ti.  [Fr.  and  Ir.  id.  ;  Arm.  rarsin, 
resin  ;  D.  rozyn  ;  G.  rosine,  a  raisin,  and  rosinfarbe, 
crimson  (raisin  color  ;)  Dan.  ro.sirt.  In  Dan.  and 
Sw.  rosea  signifies  the  erysipelas.  It  is  evident 
that  the  word  is  from  the  same  rtiot  as  red  and  rose, 
being  named  from  the  color.  (See  Red  and  Rose.) 
This  word  is  in  some  places  pronounced  corruptly 
reezTi.  The  pronunciation  of  Sheridan,  Perry,  and 
Jameson  accords  with  that  which  prevails  in  the 
Eastern  States,  which  is  regular,  and  which  I  have 
followed.] 

A  dried  grape.  Grapes  are  suffered  to  remain  on  the 
vines  tiinliey  are  perfectly  ripe,  and  then  dried  in  an 
oven,  or  by  exposure  to  the  heat  of  the  sun.  Those 
dried  in  the  sun  are  the  sweetest.  Hdl. 

RilS'ING,  ppr.  Lifting;  elevating;  setting  upright ; 
exalting;  producing;  enhancing;  restoring  to  life; 
collecting  ;  levying  ;  propagating,  &c. 

RAIS'ING,  71.  The  act  of  lifting,  setting  up,  elevating, 
exalting,  producing,  or  restoring  to  life. 

2.  In  JVeio  England,  the  operation  or  work  of  set- 
ting up  the  frame  of  a  building. 

Ra'JAH,  I        rr  ■  i 

RX'JA,    i  "•  "S"^-^ 

In  India,  a  native  prince  or  king.  P.  Cye. 

RA'JAH  SIIIP,  71.  The  dignity  or  principality  of  a 
rajah.  Asiat.  Res. 

RAJ  POOT',  71.  A  Hindoo  of  the  military  tribe  or 
order. 

RAKE,  71.  [Sax.  raca,  race;  G.  rechen;  \r.raca;  W. 
rhacai,  rhacan.    See  the  verb.] 

An  instrument  consisting  ot  a  head-piece  in  which 
teeth  are  iiLserted,  and  a  long  handle  at  right  angles 
to  it ;  used  for  collecting  hay  or  other  light  things 
whicii  are  spread  over  a  large  surface,  or  in  gardens 
for  breaking  and  smoothing  the  earth. 

R.^KE,  71.  [Dan.  rakcl ;  probably  from  the  root  of 
break.] 

A  loose,  disorderly,  vicious  man  ;  a  man  addicted 
to  lewdness  and  other  ntandalous  vices. 

Addison.  Pope. 

RAKE,  71.    [Sax.  mean,  to  reach.] 

1.  The  projection  of  the  upper  parts  of  a  ship,  at 
the  hight  of  the  stem  and  stern,  beyond  the  extrem- 
ities of  the  keel.  The  distance  between  a  pcrpcn- 
dicul.'ir  line  from  the  extremity  of  stem  or  stern  to 
the  end  of  the  kccl„.is  the  length  of  the  rake;  one 
the  fore-rake,  the  other  the  rake-aft. 

2.  The  inclination  of  a  mast  from  a  perpendicular 
direction.  Mar.  Did. 

•3.  The  forward  inclination  of  a  mill-saw. 
RAKE,  i>.  t.  [Sax.  racion ;  Sw.  rnAa  ;  Dan.  rager,  to 
shave,  to  rake ;  Corn,  rackan ;  W.  rhacann  ;  Ir. 
raca77i ;  O.  rechen;  Fr.  racier;  Arm.  rne/o.  The  I). 
hark,  harken,  is  our  harrow,  but  of  the  same  family, 
the  great  family  of  break,  crack,  L.  frico.  Class  Rg, 
No.  34,  38,  47.] 

1.  Properly,  to  scrape  ;  to  rub  or  scratch  with 
eomelhing  rough  ;  as,  to  rake  the  ground. 

2.  To  gather  with  a  rake  ;  as,  to  rake  hay  or  bar- 
Icy. 

3.  To  clear  with  a  rake  ;  to  smooth  with  a  rake ; 
as,  to  rake  a  bed  in  a  garden  ;  to  rake  land. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MKTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpOK.— 


RAM 

4.  To  collect  or  draw  togi-tlicr  sometliing  scat- 
tered ;  to  giitlier  by  viideiice  ;  as,  to  rake  toRctliiT 
weallli  ;  to  rakr  together  slanderous  tales  ;  to  rake 
together  the  rabble  of  a  town. 

5.  To  scour ;  to  searcli  with  eagerness  all  corners 
of  a  place. 

The  ■tatesman  rakea  the  town  to  find  a  plot.  Stei/t. 

6.  In  llie  military  art,  to  enfilade  ;  to  fire  in  a  direc- 
tion Willi  the  length  of  any  thing  ;  particularhj,  in 
vacal  cngasemenU,  to  ral!e  is  to  cannonade  a  ship  on 
the  stern' or  head,  so  that  the  balls  range  the  whole 
length  of  the  deck.  Hence  the  phrase,  to  rote  a  ship 
fore  and  aft. 

To  ralic  up,  applied  to  fire,  is  to  cover  the  fire  with 
ashes. 

KaKE,  r.  i.  To  scrape;  to  scratch  into  for  finding 
something ;  to  search  minutely  and  meanly  ;  as,  to 
ralte  into  a  dunghill.  Simlli. 

2.  To  search  with  minute  inspection  into  every 
part. 

One  is  for  raking  in  Chaucer  for  oiitiqunted  wofds.  Itryilen, 

3.  To  pass  with  violence  or  rapidity. 

Pa«  coulil  not  stay,  but  over  him  did  rake,  Sidney. 

4.  To  seek  by  raking ;  as,  to  rake  for  oysters. 

5.  To  k.'id  a  dissolute,  debauched  life.  Sliciistone. 
fi.  To  incline  from  a  perpendicular  direction  ;  as,  a 

mast  rakejt  aft. 
RAK'f."!),  (rfikt,)  pp.    Scraped  ;  gathered  with  arake  ; 

cli  ancd  with  a  rake  ;  cannonaded  fore  and  all. 
UAKK'lil'.LL,  II.    [Dan.  rakcl;  now  contracted  into 

rake ;  properly  rakd.] 

A  lewd,  dissolute  fellow  ;  a  debauchee  ;  a  rake. 
R.\Kr,'llEL,-LV',  a.  Dissolute;  wild.  B.  Jonson. 
KAK'lCIt,  II.    One  that  rakes. 

1{aK1:'.-<11.\.ME,  II,    A  vile,  dissolute  wretch.  Milton. 

U A K'l.N CI,  ppr.  Scraping;  gathering  with  a  rake; 
cleaning  and  smoothing  with  a  nike ;  cannonading 
in  the  direction  of  the  length  ;  inclining. 

And  reikins  chase-guns  Uirough  our  sterns  they  scn<I.  Dryden. 

2.  a.  That  rakes  ;  as,  a  raking  fire  or  shot. 
R.aK'ING,  II.    The  act  of  using  a  rake  ;  the  act  or  op- 
eration of  collecting  with  a  rake,  or  of  cleaning  and 
smoothing  with  a  rake. 

2.  The  space  of  ground  raked  at  once  ;  or  the 
quantity  of  hay,  &c.,  collected  by  once  passing  the 
rake. 

3.  The  course  of  life  of  a  rake  or  debauchee. 
R.aK'ISH,  a.   Given  to  a  dissolute  life;  lewd;  de- 
bauched. RichartUon. 

2.  In  vessels,  having  a  great  rake,  or  backward  in- 
clination of  the  masts. 
RaK'ISII-LY,  adv.    In  a  rakish  manner. 
R.\K'ISH-Nr,SS,  II.    Dissolute  practices. 
RAL'Ll-A.XCE,  ii.    Act  of  rallying. 
R.\L'LI-/;D,  pp.    Reuiritcd  and  reduced  to  order. 

2.  Treated  with  pleasantry. 
R.\L'LV,  r.  t.    [Fr.  rallier.    This  seems  to  be  a  com- 
pound of  re,  ra,  and  Her,  L.  ligo,  to  unite.] 

1.  To  rciinite  ;  to  collect  and  reduce  to  order 
troops  dispersed  or  thrown  into  confusion. 

2.  To  collect  i  to  unite ;  as  things  scattered. 

Atltrbunj. 

RAL'LY,  r.  u    [Fr.  railler.    Sec  Raillerv.] 

To  att.ack  with  raillery,  either  in  good  humor  and 
pleasantry,  or  with  slight  contempt  or  satire,  accord- 
ing to  the  nature  of  the  ca:>e. 

Honeycomb  ralligt  me  upon  a  country  life.  Addison. 

Str^piiun  had  lung  conf^-sSf-d  his  ainorutis  pain, 

Which  gay  Curiiuia  raUied  witli  disilain.  Cay. 

RAL'LY,  V.  i.    To  assemble  ;  to  unite. 

Innuniemble  pnns  of  matter  ch.uicetl  then  to  rally  together,  and 
to  Ibnn  dienisclves  into  Uns  new  world.  TiUoUon. 

2.  To  come  back  to  order. 

The  Grecians  rally  and  their  powers  unite.  Drydtn, 

3.  To  use  pleasantry  or  satirical  merriment. 

Jalm.son. 

RAL'LY,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  disordered  troops  to 
their  ranks. 

2.  Exercise  of  good  humor  or  satirical  merriment. 
R.\L'LV-L\G,  ppr.    Reuniting  J  collecting  and  re- 
ducing to  order. 
2.  Treating  with  pleasant  humor. 
RAM,  II.    [Sax.  rant ;  0.  ram  ;  G.  raiiim,  but  rammbock, 
rambiick,  is  used.    Sec  the  verb.] 

1.  The  male  of  the  sheep  or  ovine  genus  ;  in  some 
parts  of  England  called  a  tup.  In  the  United  Suites, 
the  word  is  applied,  I  believe,  to  no  other  male,  ex- 
cept in  the  compound  ram-cat. 

2.  In  astronomij,  Aries,  the  sign  of  the  zodiac 
which  the  sun  enters  about  the  21st  of  March,  or  a 
constellation  of  fixed  star?  in  the  figure  of  a  ram. 
It  is  considered  the  first  of  the  twelve  signs. 

3.  All  engine  of  war,  used  formerly  for  battering 
and  demolishing  the  walls  of  cities,  called  a  Battkb- 
iwq-Ram. 

4.  A  machine  for  raising  water  by  means  of  the 
momenium  or  moving  force  of  a  part  of  the  water 
to  be  raised, called  Hydraulic  Ram  or  Water-Ram. 

Jlrbcrt. 

RAM,  9.  L  [G.rammen;  D.  rammeijen  ;  Dan.  ram/cr, 
to  mm  or  drive  ;  rammer,  to  strike,  to  hit,  to  touch  ; 


RAM 

VV.  rAniij,  rkum,  a  thrusting,  a  projection  forward. 
To  the  same  family  belong  L.  rmnit.i,  a  branch,  that 
is,  a  shoot  or  thrust,  Heb.  t'li.  and  Syr.  noi  raiiiuA, 

to  throw,  to  project,  Etli.  I'arm,  to  strike  ;  Ar. 


ramai,  to  shoot,  to  throw  or  dart.    Class  Rm, 


No.  7,  8,  9.    See  Cram.] 

1.  'J'o  thrust  or  drive  with  violence;  to  force  in  ; 
to  drive  down  or  together  ;  as,  to  ram  down  a  car- 
tridge ;  to  ram  piles  into  the  earth. 

2.  To  drive,  as  with  a  battering-ram. 

3.  To  stuff ;  to  cram. 

RAM'A-DAN,  ii.  The  great  annual  fa.st,  or  Lent  of 
the  Mohammedans,  kept  through  their  ninth  month, 
called  Ramadan. 

R.VM'AGE,  II.  [L.  ramus,  a  branch,  whence  Fr.  ram- 
age.] 

1.  Rranclies  of  trees.    [JVut  in  use.']. 

2.  The  warbling  of  birds  sitting  on  boughs. 

3.  S(5e  RuHMAdK.  [Drummond. 
RAM'BLE,  (rani'hl,)  v.  i.    [It.  ramcngare,  to  iambic,  to 

rove  ;  Arm.  rombreal,  to  rave  ;  \V.  rhempiaic,  to  run 
to  an  extreme,  to  he  infatuated,  and  rhumu,  to  rise 
or  reach  over,  to  soar.    These  seem  to  be  allied  to 

roam,  romp,  rampant;  Ar.  to  exceed  or  go  be- 
yond, to  depart.    Class  Rm,  No.  .').] 

1.  To  rove  ;  to  wander  ;  to  walk,  ride,  or  sail  from 
place  to  place,  without  any  determinate  object  in 
view  ;  or  to  visit  many  places  ;  to  rove  carelessly  or 
irregularly  ;  as,  to  ramble  about  the  city  ;  to  ramble 
over  the  country. 

Nfver  asV  leave  to  go  abroad,  for  you  will  be  tlioiight  an  idle, 
mndjling  fellow.  Smi/t. 

2.  To  go  at  large  without  restraint  and  witliout 
direction. 

3.  To  move  without  certain  direction. 


O'er  his  ample  sides,  tlie  rambling  sprays 
Luxuriant  shout. 


Tho 


RAM'BLE,  n.  A  roving;  a  wandering;  a  going  or 
moving  frt>in  place  lo  place  without  any  determinate 
business  or  object ;  an  irregular  e.\cui'sion. 

Coming  home  al>er  a  short  Christmas  rain^^,  1  found  a  letter 
upon  my  table.  Swi/t. 

RAM'BLER,  n.  One  that  rambles;  a  rover;  a  wan- 
derer. 

RA.M'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Roving  ;  wandering ;  moving 

or  going  irregularly. 
R.VM'BLING,  II.    A  roving;  irregular  excursion. 

Soutlu 

R.\M'BLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  rambling  manner. 
RA.M'BOOZE,  j  II.    A  drink  iiiaile  of  wiue,  ale,  eggs, 
R.\.M'BCSE,    i     and  sugar  in  winter,  or  of  wine, 
milk,  sugar,  and  rose-water  in  summer.  Bailey. 

RAM'E-aifrN,  (kin,)  I        [Fr.  ramevuin.] 

In  cookery,  a  name  given  to  small  slices  of  bread 
covered  with  a  farce  of  cheese  and  eggs.  Bailn/. 

RAil-EN-TA'CEOUS,  a.  In  botany,  covered  with 
weak,  shriveled,  brown,  scale-like  processes;  as  the 
leaves  of  many  ferns.  Lindley. 

R.AM'ENTS,  n.  pL    [L.  ranenta,  a  chip.] 

1.  Scrapings  ;  shavings.    [A'ot  used.] 

2.  Ramen'ta,  pi.  In  botany,  loose  scales  on  the 
stems  of  plants.  Linmcus. 

RA'.ME-OUS,  a.    [L,  ramus,  a  branch.] 

la  botany,  belonging  to  a  branch;  growing  on  or 
shooting  from  a  branch.  Lee. 
R.\M-I-FI-eA'TION  11.  [  Fr.,  from  L.  romu.?,  a  branch.] 

1.  The  process  of  branching  or  shooting  branches 
from  a  stem. 

2.  A  branch  ;  a  small  division  proceeding  from  a 
main  slock  or  channel ;  as,  the  rami/Jcatioi«  of  a  fam- 
ily ;  the  ramifications  of  an  artery.  .^rbuthnot. 

3.  A  division  or  subdivision  ;  as,  the  ramifications 
of  a  subject  or  scheme. 

4.  In  botany,  the  manner  in  which  a  tree  produces 
its  branches  or  boughs.  Lee. 

5.  The  productiim  of  figures  resembling  branches. 
R.AM'I-FI-KD,  pp.    Divided  into  branches.  [F.ncyc. 
R.'VM'I-F?,  v.t.    [Fr.  ramifier ;  L.  ramits,  a  branch, 

and  facio,  lo  make.] 

To  divide  into  branches  or  parts  ;  as,  lo  ramify  an 
art,  a  siibjecl,  or  scheme.  Boyle. 
R.\.M'I-FY,  V.  i.   To  shoot  into  branches,  as  the  stem 
of  a  plant. 

When  the  aspar:tg\ij  begins  tn  rorm/y.  Arliuthnot. 
2.  To  bo  divided  or  subdivided,  as  a  main  sub- 
ject or  scheme. 
R.\.M'I-FY-ING,  ppr.    Shooting  into  branches  or  di- 
visions. 

RAM'MKD,(ranid,)  pp.  [See  Ram.]  Driven  forcibly. 
RA.M'.MER,  n.    One  that  rams  or  drives. 

2.  An  instrument  for  driving  any  thing  with  force  ; 
as,  a  rommrr  for  driving  stones  or  piles,  or  for  beat- 
ing the  earth  to  more  solidity. 

3.  .\  gun-slick  ;  a  rod  for  forcing  down  the  charge 
of  a  gun. 


RAN 

RA.M'.MISII,  a.    [Dan.  rain,  bitter,  strong-scenti  d.J 
Rank  ;  strong-scented.  Chaucer, 
RA.M'.MlSil-NKSS,  n.  [from  ram.]  Rankness ;  a  strong 
scent. 

RAM'.MING,  ppr.    Driving  with  force. 

UAiM'iMV,  a.    Like  a  ram  ;  Htroiig-scented.  Burton, 

RA.M-OL-LES'CENCE,  n.    [Fr.  ramoUir.] 

A  softening  or  mollifying.  Caldirrll. 

R.\-MO().\',  11.  A  small  West  Indian  tree  of  the  ge- 
nus Trnphii,  whose  leaves  and  twigs  are  used  as 
fodder  for  cattle.  P.  Cyc. 

RA'iloL^'  \  ^"""'^1         rmnus,  a  brancli.] 

1.  Ill  botany,  branched,  as  a  stem  or  root ;  having 
lateral  tlivisiuns.  Jtlartyn, 

2.  Branchy;  consisting  of  branches  >  full  of  branch- 
es. JVeicton.  Woodward. 

RAMP,  V.  i.  [Fr.  ramper,  to  creep  ;  It.  ranipa,  a  paw  ; 
rampare,  tt>  paw  ;  rampicare,  to  creep  ;  W.  rhanip,  a 
rise  or  reach  over;  rhamant,  a  rising  up,  a  vaulting 
or  springing  ;  rhamu,  lo  reach  over,  lo  soar,  tu  vault. 
See  Kamhl£  and  Romance.] 

1.  To  climb,  as  a  plant ;  to  creep  up. 

Flunts  funiished  with  tendrils  ailch  tiuUl,  and  so  ramping  on 
trees,  Uiey  mount  to  a  great  higiil.  Kay. 

2.  To  spring ;  to  leap ;  to  bound  ;  to  prance ;  to 
frolic. 

Their  bridles  they  would  champ  — 

And  trampliiijr  Ihe  fine  element,  would  fiercely  ramp.  Sjirnter. 
Sjxirting  tlio  lion  ramped.  .^/tlton. 

[In  the  latter  sense,  the  word  is  usu.ally  written 
and  pronounced  Romp  ;  the  word  being  originally  pro- 
nttiiiiced  with  a  broad.] 
RA.MI',  n.    A  leap  ;  a  spring;  a  bound.  Milton. 

2.  In  arcliitecture,  a  concave  bend  or  slope  in  the 
cap  or  upper  member  of  any  piece  of  ascending  or 
descending  workmanship.  Brande.  . 

3.  In  /orfi/icarioii,  a  road  cut  ohliiiuely  into,  or  add- 
ed to,  the  interior  slope  of  the  rampart. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

RAMP'.^GE,  V.  i.    To  scour  up  and  down,  or  prance 
about  in  a  riotous  manner.  Halliirrll. 
[Used  in  Scotland,  and  sometimes  in  England.] 

RAM-P.\L'LIAN,  (-pal'yan,)  n.  A  mean  wretch.  [Jvof 
in  Msr.J  Shak. 

R.\MP' AN-CY,  n.  [from  rampaiif.]  Excessive  growth 
or  practice  ;  excessive  prevalence  ;  exuberance  ;  ex- 
travagance ;  as,  the  rampancy  of  vice.  South. 

RAMP'.A.N'T,  a.  [Fr.,  from  ramper;  Sa.x.  rempend, 
headlong.    [See  Kamp  and  Ramrle.] 

1.  Overgrowing  the  usual  bounds;  rank  in  growth  ; 
exuberant ;  as,  rampant  weeds.  Clarissa, 

2.  Overleaping  restraint ;  as,  rampanf  vice.  South. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  lion  rampant  is  a  lion  combatant, 
rearing  upon  one  of  his  hinder  feet,  and  attacking  a 
man.  It  differs  from  Sai.iant,  which  indicates  the 
posture  of  springing  or  making  a  sally.  Encyc. 

The  lion  rntnjtant  ehakes  hi!>  trindrd  ninne.  Milton. 

RAMP'.ANT-LY,  adv.  In  a  rampant  manner. 
R.A.M'PA  RT,  I  II.  [I>.  rempnrt;  Arm.  rumpari,  ram- 
R.\M'PlEil,  \  parzi ;  Fr.  rcmpcrr?-,  to  fence  or  in- 
trench one's  self;  It.  nparamento,  from  riparare,  to 
repair,  to  defend,  to  stop  ;  Port,  reparo  ;  reparar,  lo 
repair,  lo  parry  in  defense.  Ilonce  we  see  rampart 
is  from  L.  reparo;  re  and  para.  See  Parrv  and  Re- 
pair.] 

1.  In  fortification,  an  elevation  or  mound  of  earth 
round  a  place,  capable  of  resisting  cannon  shot,  and 
formed  into  bastions,  curtains,  &.c.  Encyc, 
No  sumdards  from  the  hosule  ramparlt  torn.  Prior. 
3.  That  which  fortifies  and  defends  from  assault; 
that  which  secures  safely. 
RA.M'PART,  r.  (.    To  fortify  with  ramparts.    [Jk'of  in 

use.]  Shnk. 
R.A.MTI-ON,  n.    [from  ramp.]    The  name  of  several 
plants  ;  as,  llie  common  esculent  rampion,  a  species  of 
Caiiii>aniila  ;  the  crested  rampiuu,  a  s[M-cies  of  Lobe- 
lia ;  the  horned  rampion,  a  species  of  Pli)  leiima. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
RA.MTIRE,  n.    The  same  as  Raupart,  but  seldom 
used,  except  in  poetrj'.  Dryden. 
The  Trujans  rouml  the  place  a  rampire  casL  Dryden, 

RAM'PIR-KI),  o.    Fortified  with  a  rampart. 
K.A.M'liOD,  n.    The  roil  of  iron,  jcc,  used  in  ram- 
ming down  the  charge  in  a  musket,  pistol,  &c. 

Totten, 

R.VM'SON,  n.  A  species  of  garlic,  Mium  urtinum, 
formerly  cultivated  in  gardens. 

P.  Cyc.    Fam.  of  Plants, 
R.VM'U-LOUfl,  a.    Having  many  small  branches. 
RAN,  the  pret,  of  Rux.   In  old  writers,  open  robbery. 

Lambard, 

R.A.N-CES'CENT,  a.    [L.  ranceo,  to  bo  rank.] 

Becoming  rancid  or  sour.  Etieye. 

R.WCIl,  c.  (.  [Corrupted  from  lorcncA,]  To  sprain ; 
to  injure  by  violent  straining  or  cimtortion.  [M'ot 
used.]  Driiden.  Garth. 

RAN-CHB'RO,  (mn-fsha'ro,)  If.  [Sp.]  In  .Vezico,  a 
herdsman  ;  a  peasant  employed  on  a  rancho.  They 
are  10  some  extent  a  mongrel  breed,  between  Span- 
iards and  Indians,  and  are  a  wild,  lawless  set,  who 
are  often  but  little  belter  llian  meic  banditti.  Hudson, 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IGNITE.  — A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


007 


RAN 


RAN 


RAN 


UA.N'CII'O,  (raii'tslio,)  n.  [Sp.]  In  .Mexico,  a  small 
liaiiilet,  or  large  farming  esl:iblistiinem  for  rearing 
cattle  anj  horses.  It  is  thus  distinguished  from  a 
IIacienoa,  which  is  a  cultivated  farm  or  plantation. 

}iudson, 

RAN'CID,  a.    [L.  raneidus,  from  ranceo,  to  be  rank. 

This  is  the  Eng.  rank,  luxuriant  in  growth.] 
Having  a  rank  smell  j  strong-scented;  sour;  mus- 

tv  ;  as,  ruiirid  oil.  JirbuOimt. 
R,\.\'-CID'I-TY,  )  n.    The  quality  of  being  rancid  ;  a 
RAiV'CIU-NESS,  1     strong,  sour  scent,  as  of  old  oil. 

Tiie  rancidity  of  oils  may  be  analogous  to  the  oxydatioii  of  mptaja. 

Ure. 

R  AN'CID-LY,  adv.   With  a  strong  scent ;  mustily. 
RAN't'OR,  (rank'ur,)  n.     [L.,  from  ranceo,  to  be 
rank.] 

1.  J'he  deepest  malignity  or  spite ;  deep-seated 
and  iinpLicable  malice  ;  inveterate  enmity. 

[  This  is  tlie  stronacst  term  for  enmity  which  the  Eng- 
lish language  supplies.] 

It  issues  from  llie  rancor  of  a  villain.  S?taJe. 

2.  Virulence  ;  corruption.  Shak. 
RAN'eOR-OUS,  (rank'ur-us,)  a.    Deeply  malignant ; 

implacably  spiteful  or  malicious  ;  intensely  virulent. 
So  ilimeil  Iiis  eyes  with  ra^e  anil  rancorous  ire.  Spensfr. 
Rancorous  opposition  to  llie  gospel  of  Christ.  WesL 

RAN'€OR-Ol'S-LY,  adv.  With  deep  malignity  or 
spiteful  malice. 

RAND,  71.  [G.  D.  and  Dan.  rand,  a  border,  edge,  mar- 
gin, brink  ;  from  shooting  out,  e.\tending.] 

A  border  ;  edge  ;  margin  ;  as,  the  rand  of  a  shoe. 

RAN'OO.M,  7(.  [Norm,  rajulum;  Sax.  randnm  j  Fr. 
randonnee,  a  rapid  course  of  water ;  randon,  a  gush- 
ing.] 

1.  A  roving  motion  or  course  without  direction  ; 
hence,  want  of  direction,  rule,  or  method  ;  hazard  ; 
chance  ;  used  in  the  phrase  at  random,  that  is,  with- 
out a  settled  point  of  direction ;  at  hazard. 

2.  Course  ;  motion  ;  progression  ;  distance  of  a 
body  thrown  ;  as,  the  furthest  random  of  a  missile 
weapon.  Dighij. 

RA.X'DUM,  a.  Done  at  hazard,  or  without  settled  aim 
or  purpose  ;  left  to  chance  ;  as,  a  random  blow. 

2.  Uttered  or  done  without  previous  calculation ; 
as,  a  random  gtiess. 
R.J^.V'DO.M-SHOT,  7i.    A  shot  not  directed  to  a  point, 
era  shot  with  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  elevated  above 
a  horizontal  line.  Brande. 
RAN'DY,  a.    Disorderly ;  riotous.  [Jfot  used,  or  local.] 

Orose. 

R.aNE,  71.  [.''ax.  hrana  ;  Fr.  renne  ;  D.  rcndier  ;  G. 
reinttliier  ;  Dan.  rensdyr ;  Basque,  arena  or  orina  ;  so 
named  probably  from  running.  The  true  spelling  is 
rane.] 

A  species  of  deer,  the  Cervus  Tarandus,  a  rumi- 
nant mammal,  found  in  the  northern  parts  of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  -America;  usually  called  Rein- 

RAN'FoRCE,  71.    The  ring  of  a  gun  next  to  the  vent. 

Bailey. 

[I  do  not  find  this  word  in  moderir  books.] 
RANG,  the  old  prrt.  of  King.    [JVcaWy  obsolete.] 
RANGE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  ranger  ;  Arm.  renctfn,  ranqnnj  W. 
rhenciaw,  from  ritenr,  reng,  rank,  which  see.] 

1.  To  set  in  a  row  or  in  rows  ;  to  place  in  a  regu- 
lar line,  lines,  or  ranks ;  to  dispose  in  the  proper  or- 
der :  .as,  to  range  troops  in  a  budy  ;  to  range  men  or 
ships  in  the  order  of  batlle. 

2.  To  dispose  in  proper  classes,  orders,  or  di- 
visions ;  as,  to  range  plants  and  animals  in  genera 
and  species. 

3.  TorfUpose  in  a  proper  manner;  to  place  in  reg- 
ular methotl  ;  in  a  general  .icnse.  Range  and  ar- 
range are  used  indilTerenlly  in  the  same  sense. 

4.  To  rove  over  ;  to  pass  over. 

Teach  him  to  range  the  dilcli  and  force  tlw;  brake.  Cay. 
[This  use  is  elliptical,  iircr  being  omitted.] 

5.  To  sail  or  pass  in  a  direction  parallel  to  or  near; 
as,  to  range  the  coast,  that  is,  along  the  coast. 

R.\NGE,  B.^i.  To  rove  at  large;  to  wander  without 
restraint  or  direction. 

A«  a  ro.-.rin^  lion  and  ranging  bear.  —  Prov.  xxviii. 

2.  To  be  placed  in  order;  to  be  ranked. 

'Tia  Iwlter  to  Ix!  lou  ly  bon\, 
And  range  witti  humble  livery  in  content.  Shak. 
In  thin  sense,  Ramk  is  now  used.] 
.  To  lie  in  a  particular  direction. 

VVhicli  way  tJiy  for-nu  range.  Dryfien. 

Wc  say,  the  front  of  a  house  ranges  with  the  line 
of  the  Htreel. 

4.  To  nail  or  panH  near  or  in  the  direction  of;  as, 
to  range  along  the  coast. 
RANGE,  71.    [Fr.rangfe.    .«ec  Rank.] 

I.  A  row  ;  a  rank  ;  things  in  a  line ;  a.',  a  range 
of  buildings  ;  a  range  of  mountains  ;  ranges  of  col- 
ors. JVetotou. 

3.  A  class  ;  an  order. 

The  next  range  of  l«)nfi  above  htm  are  the  Immatrria]  Intelll- 
C-ncei.  JJait. 

3.  A  wnnderini;  or  roving  ;  excursion. 

He  may  lake  a  range  all  Um  world  over.  South. 


4.  Space  or  room  for  excursion. 

A  man  has  not  enoo^h  range  of  thought.  Addison, 

5.  Compass  or  extent  of  excursion  ;  space  taken  in 
by  any  thing  extended  or  ranked  in  order  ;  as,  the 
range  of  Newton's  thought.  No  philosopher  has 
embraced  a  wider  range. 

Far  aa  creation's  ample  range  estenils.  Pope. 

6.  The  step  of  a  ladder.  Clarendon. 
[Corrupted  in  popular  language  to  Rung.] 

7.  A  kitchen  grate.    [Obs.]       Bacon.  JVotton. 

8.  An  exlendetl  cooking  apparatus  of  cast  iron,  set 
in  brick  work,  and  containing  pots,  oven,  &c. 

9.  A  bolting  sieve  to  sift  meal. 

10.  In  ^uH7ie7-7/,  the  horizontal  distance  to  which  a 
shot  or  other  projectile  is  carried.  Sometimes,  though 
less  properly,  the  path  of  a  shot  or  projectile,  or  the 
line  it  describes  from  the  uiuuth  of  the  piece  to  the 
point  where  it  lodges.  When  a  cannon  lies  horizon- 
tally, it  is  called  the  right,  level,  or  point  blank  range  ; 
when  the  muzzle  is  elevated  to  45  degrees,  it  is 
called  the  utmost  range.  Brande.  Totten. 

11.  The  public  lands  of  the  United  States  are  sur- 
veyed or  divided  into  ranges,  which  designate  the 
order  of  their  arrangement  into  townships.  Bourirr. 

RaNG'£D,  pp.  Disposed  in  a  row  or  line  ;  placed  in 
order;  passed  in  roving;  placed  in  a  particular  di- 
rection. 

RaNG'ER,  (ranj'er,)  ti.  One  that  ranges;  a  rover  ;  a 
robber.    [JVoic  little  used.]  Spenser. 

2.  The  name  given  to  mounted  troops,  armed  with 
short  muskets,  who  ra7io'e  the  country  around,  and 
often  fight  on  foot. 

3.  A  dog  that  beats  the  ground.  Oay. 

4.  In  England,  a  sworn  ofiicer  of  a  forest,  appoint- 
ed by  the  king's  letters  patent,  whose  business  for- 
merly was  to  walk  through  the  forest,  watch  the 
deer,  present  trespasses,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

Ra.NG'ER-SHIP,  71.  The  office  of  the  keeper  of  a  for- 
est or  park. 

RaNG'ING,  ppr.  Placing  in  a  row  or  line  ;  disposing 
in  order,  method,  or  classes  ;  roving  ;  passing  near 
and  in  tlie  direction  of. 

RaNG'ING,  71.  The  act  of  placing  in  lines,  or  in  or- 
der ;  a  roving,  &c. 

RANK,  71.  [Ir.  ranc  ;  W.  rhenc ;  Arm.  rencq  ;  Fr.  ra7io', 
a  row  or  line  ;  It.  rango,  rank,  condition  ;  Port,  and 
Sp.  rancho,  a  mess,  or  set  of  persons  ;  D.  Dan.  and  G. 
rang.    In  these  words,  7»  is  probably  casual ;  Ar. 

L^Sj  raka,  to  set  in  order;  Heb.  and  Ch.  "j-ij?,  id. 

Class  Rg,  No.  13,  47.  See  also  No.  18,  20, 21,  27,  46. 
The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  reach,  to  stretch,  or 
to  pass,  to  stretch  along.  Hence  rank  and  grade  are 
often  synonymous.] 

1.  A  row  or  line,  applied  to  troops ;  a  line  of  men 
standing  .abreast  or  side  by  side,  and  as  oi)posed  to 
File,  a  line  running  from  front  to  rear  of  a  com- 
pany, battalion,  or  regiment.  Keep  your  ranks; 
dress  your  ranks. 

Fierce,  fiery  warriors  fi^ht  upon  the  clouds 

In  ranks,  and  stjuadrons,  and  right  form  of  war.  ShaJc. 

2.  Ranks ;  in  the  plural,  the  order  of  common  sol- 
diers ;  as,  to  reduce  an  cdicer  to  the  ranks. 

3.  A  row  ;  a  line  of  things, or  things  in  a  line  ;  as, 
a  rank  of  osiers.  Shak. 

4.  Degree  ;  grade  ;  in  military  a^ffairs  ;  as,  the  rank 
of  captain,  colonel,  or  general ;  the  rank  of  vice-ad- 
miral. 

5.  Degree  of  elevatitm  in  civil  life  or  station  ;  the 
order  of  elevation,  or  of  subortlination.  We  stiy,  all 
ranks  and  orders  of  men  ;  every  man's  dress  anti  be- 
havior sht)Uld  correspond  with  his  rank  ;  the  highest 
and  the  lowest  ranks  of  men,  or  of  other  intelligent 
beings. 

G.  Class ;  order  ;  division  ;  any  portion  or  num- 
ber of  things  to  which  place,  degree,  or  order,  is  as- 
signed. Profligate  men,  by  their  vices,  stmietimes 
degrade  themselves  to  the  rank  of  brutes. 

7.  Degree  of  dignity,  eminence,  or  excellence  ;  as, 
a  writer  of  the  first  ranit ;  a  lawyer  of  high  rank. 

These  are  all  virtues  of  a  meaner  ranfc.  Addison. 

8.  Dignity  ;  high  place  or  degree  in  the  orders  of 
men  ;  as,  a  man  of  rank. 

Rank  and  ,file  ;  the  whole  body  of  common  sohliers, 
including  also  corjKJrals,  who  carry  firelocks.  Ten 
otficers,  and  three  hundred  rani  a;ifi  ./iic,  fell  in  the 
action. 

Tu  fill  the  ranks  ;  to  supply  the  whole  number,  or 
a  competent  number. 

To  take  rank  ;  to  enjoy  precedence,  or  to  have  the 
right  of  taking  a  higher  place.  In  Great  llritain, 
the  king's  sons  take  rank  of  all  the  otht^r  nobles. 
RANK,  a.  [Sax.  ranc,  proud,  haughty  ;  Sp.  and  It. 
rancio ;  L.  ranridiu,  from  ranceo,  to  smell  strong. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  roi>t  is  to  advance, to  shoot 
forward,  to  grow  luxuriantly,  whence  the  sense  of 
strong,  vigorcms ;  W.  rhac,  rhag,  before ;  rhucn, 
rliaciaw,  lo  advanro,  to  put  forward.  This  word  be- 
longs probably  to  the  bume  family  as  the  prccod- 
ing.]  I 


1.  Luxuriant  in  growth  ;  being  of  vigorous  growth  ; 
as,  rank  grass  ;  rank  weeds. 

Seven  ears  came  up  upon  one  stalk,  rank  and  good.  — Gen.  xli. 

2.  Causing  vigorous  growth;  producing  luxuriant- 
ly ;  very  rich  and  fertile  ;  as,  land  is  rank.  Mortimer. 

3.  Strong-scented  ;  as,  rani-smelling  rue. 

Spenser. 

4.  Rancid  ;  musty  ;  as,  oil  of  a  rank  smell. 

5.  Intiamed  with  venereal  appetite.  Sliak. 

6.  Strong  to  the  taste;  high-tasted. 

Divers  sea-fowls  taste  rank  of  the  fish  on  which  they  feed.  Boyle. 

7.  Raised  to  a  high  degree;  -excessive;  violent; 
as,  rank  pride ;  ra7i/£  idolatry  ;  rani  enmity. 

1  do  forjive 
Thy  rankest  faults.  Shak. 

8.  Gross ;  coarse.  SAai. 

9.  Strong;  clinching.   Take  rani  hold.  Hence, 

10.  Excessive  ;  exceeding  the  actual  value ;  as,  a 
rank  modus  in  law.  Blackstone, 

To  set  rank,  as  the  iron  of  a  plane  ;  to  set  it  so  as  to 
take  off  a  thick  shaving.  Mozon. 
R.\NK,  ».  t.    To  place  abreast,  or  in  a  line.  Milton. 

2.  To  place  in  a  particular  class  order,  or  di- 
vision 

Poets  were  ranked  in  the  clars  of  philosophers.  Broome. 
Heresy  is  ranked  with  idolatry  and  witcltcrafl.    Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  To  dispose  methodically ;  to  place  in  suitable 
order. 

\Vho  now  shall  rear  you  to  the  sun,  or  ranAr  your  tribes  ? 

JV/i/(on. 

Ranking  all  things  under  general  and  special  heads.  Wails. 

RANK,  V.  i.    To  be  ranged  ;  to  be  set  or  disposed ;  as 
in  a  particular  degree,  class,  order,  or  division. 

Let  that  one  article  rank  with  the  rest.  Shak, 

2.  To  be  placed  in  a  rank  or  ranks. 

Go,  ranA:  in  tribes,  and  quit  the  savacre  wood.  Tate. 

3.  To  have  a  certain  grade  or  degree  of  elevation 
in  the  orders  of  civil  or  military  life.  He  ranks  with 
a  major.  He  ranks  with  the  first  class  of  poets.  He 
ranlis  high  in  public  estimation. 

RANK'/;D,  (rankt,)  pp.  Placed  in  a  line  ;  disposed  in 
an  ortler  or  class  ;  arranged  nietliodirally. 

RA.NK'ER,  71.  One  that  disposes  in  ranks;  one  that 
arranges. 

RANK'ING,  ppr.  Placing  in  ranks  or  lines  ;  arranging  ; 
disposing  in  orders  or  classes  ;  having  a  certain  rank 
or  grade. 

R.\NK'LE,  (rank'l,)  v.  i.  [from  rani.]  To  grow 
more  rank  or  strong  ;  to  be  inflamed  ;  to  fester  ;  as, 
a  rankling  wound. 

A  malady  that  bums  and  rankles  iuward.  Roice. 
2.  To  become  more  violent ;  to  be  inflamed  ;  to 
rage  ;  as,  rankling  malice  ;  rankling  envy.  Jealousy 
rankles  in  the  breast. 
RANK'LING,  7i.    The  act  or  process  of  becoming 

more  virulent ;  deep  and  active  irritation.  Dicigtit. 
R.\NK'LV',  iiilv.    With  vigorous  growth  ;  as,  grass  or 
weeds  grow  rankhj. 
2.  Coarsely  ;  grossly.  Shak. 
RANK'NESS,  71.    Vigorous  growth;  luxuriance;  ex- 
uberance ;  as,  the  ranlcness  of  plants  or  herbage. 

2.  Exuberance  ;  excess  ;  extravagance ;  as,  the 
rankncss  of  pride  ;  the  rankness  of  joy.  Shak. 

3.  Extraordinary  strength. 

Tiie  crane's  pride  is  iu  the  rankTiees  of  her  winj.  L'Eslrangc. 

4.  Strong  taste  ,  as,  the  rankness  of  flesh  or  fish. 

5.  Rancidness ;  rank  smell ;  as,  the  rankness  of 
oil. 

f).  Excessiveness ;  as,  the  ranlcness  of  a  compo- 
silitm  or  modus.  Blackstone, 

UAN'NY,  n.    The  shrew-mouse.  Brown. 

U.AN'S.'iCK,  V.  t.  [Dan.  randsager ;  Sw.  ransaka; 
(Jaelic,  ransuchadh.  Rank,  in  Danish,  is  edge,  mar- 
gin. Eng.  rajirf,  and  ran  is  rapine.  The  last  syllable 
coincides  with  the  English  verb  to  sack,  to  pillage, 
and  in  Spanish,  this  verb,  which  is  written  saquear, 
signifies  to  ransack.] 

1.  To  plunder;  to  pillage  completely ;  to  strip  by 
plundering  ;  as,  to  ransack  a  house  or  city.  Di-ydeiu 

Tlieir  vow  is  made  to  ransack  Troy.  Stiak, 

2.  To  search  thoroughly  ;  to  enter  and  search  ev- 
erv  pl.-ico  or  part.  It  seems  often  to  convey  the  sen.se 
of  o|iening  doors  and  parcels,  and  turning  over 
things  in  search  ;  as,  to  7u«saci  files  of  papers. 

I  ransack  tlic  tevenil  caverns.  W'ooriioard. 

3.  To  violate  ;  to  ravish ;  to  dcflour  ;  as,  ransacked 
chastity.    [JVot  in  use.]  Sjicnsfr. 

R.\N'SA('K-f.'I),  p;).    Pillaged  ;  searched  narrowly. 
R.AN'SACK-ING,  ppr.     Pillaging;    searching  nar- 
rttwtv. 

R.'VN'SOM,  71.  [Dan.  ramon ;  Sw.  ranson ;  G.  rait- 
ziiin  ;  Norm,  ranncnn  ;  Fr.  ranfan  ;  Ann.  ranfton.  In 
Frrncli,  the  woril  implies  not  only  reileinption,  but 
exaction;  but  I  know  not  the  component  parts  of 
the  woril.  (iu.  Dan.  ran,  a  pillaging^  and  G.  siiAnc, 
atonement.] 

1.  The  money  or  price  paid  for  the  ledemption  of 
a  prisoiuT  or  slave,  or  for  goods  captured  by  an  en- 
emy ;  that  which  procures  the  release  of  a  prisoner 


FATE,  FXE,  FALLi  WU^T.— METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI.F,  IIQQK.— 


908 


RAP 


RAP 


R  AR 


or  captive,  or  of  captured  property,  anil  restores  the 
one  to  lilierty,  and  the  other  to  tile  original  owner. 
By  his  ciiptiviiy  in  yVusiria,  unti  tlu!  hf&yy  raiigom  lie  paij  for  tii> 
lilxTlv,  Uicliarii  WAS  liiudcn^U  fruin  pursuing  tlic  coiupn'st  of 
heUu'iJ.  Vavies. 
9.  Release  from  captivity,  bondage,  or  the  posses- 
sion of  an  enemy.    They  were  unable  to  procure 
the  ransom  of  the  prisoners. 

3.  In  Alio,  a  sum  paid  for  the  pardon  of  some  great 
offense,  and  the  discharge  of  the  olfender;  or  a  line 
paid  in  lieu  of  corporal  punishment. 

Kiicyc,  Blackstortc. 

4.  In  Scriyttire,  the  price  paid  for  a  forfeited  life,  or 
for  delivery  or  release  from  capital  punishment. 

TLcii  hp  sh.ill  give  fur  (he  raniom  of  hb  life,  wbjitever  \»  laid 
upon  hiin.  —  Kx.  xxi. 

5.  The  price  paid  for  procuring  the  pardon  of  sins 
and  the  redemption  of  the  sinner  from  punishment. 

Deliver  him  from  going  down  to  Uie  pit.  I  have  found  a  ramom. 
—  Job  xxxiii. 

The  Son  of  man  cime  —  lo  give  his  Ufc  &  ranwm  for  many.  — 
Matt.  XX.    Marif  x. 

R.'XiV'SO.M,  V.  t.  [Sw.  ransoncra  ;  Dan.  ranzonerer; 
Ff.  ran^unncr ;  .Arm.  ran^ioiina.] 

1.  To  redeem  from  captivity  or  punishment  by 
paying  an  equivalent ;  applied  to  persons;  as,  to  ran- 
som prisoners  from  an  enemy. 

2.  To  redeem  fnmi  the  possession  of  an  enemy  by 
paying  a  price  deemed  equivalent  j  applied  to  goods 
or  property. 

3.  In  Scripture,  to  redeem  from  the  bondage  of 
sin,  and  from  the  punishment  to  which  sinners  are 
subjected  by  the  divine  law. 

The  ransomed  of  Lite  Lord  shall  return.  —  It.  xxxr. 

4.  To  rescue ;  to  deliver,    llos.  xiii. 
RAN'S0.M-£1),  pp.  or  a.    Redeemed  or  rescued  from 

captivity,  bondage,  or  punishment,  by  the  payment 
of  an  equivalent. 

R.\.\'SOM-Ell,  n.    One  that  redeems. 

K.AN'SO.Vl-ING,  ppr.  Redeeming  from  captivity, bon- 
dage, or  punishment,  by  giving  satisfaction  to  the 
possessor;  rescuing;  liberating. 

R.\i\'SO.M-LESS,  a.    Free  from  ransom.  SAoi. 


R.\NT,  V.  i.    [Heb.  and  Ch.  pi. 


ranna,  to  cry 


out,  to  shout,  to  sound,  groan,  murmur  ;  W.  rlwnta, 
to  frisk,  to  gambol,  a  sense  of  the  Hebrew  also.] 

To  rave  in  violent,  high-sounding,  or  extravagant 
language,  without  correspondent  dignity  of  thought ; 
to  be  noisy  and  boisterous  in  words  or  declamation  ; 
as,  a  ranting  preacher. 

Look  where  my  ranting  host  of  the  garter  comes.  Shak. 
R.WT,  n.    High-sounding  language  without  dignity 
of  thought ;  boisterous,  empty  declamation ;  as,  the 
rant  of  fanatics. 

Tllij  is  stoical  rani,  withoM  any  foundation  in  the  nature  of  man, 
or  re;uion  of  things.  AtUrbury. 

R.WT'KR,  n.  A  noisy  talker  :  a  boisterous  preacher. 
9.  Ranters,  pi.  ;  a  religious  sect  which  sprung  up  in 
1645.  It  is  now  extinct,  and  the  name  has  been 
reproachfully  applied  to  the  Primitive  .Methodists, 
who  secedetl  from  the  VV'esleyan  Methodists  on  the 
ground  of  their  deficiency  in  fervor  and  zeal. 

Brande. 

RA\T'ER-ISM,  II.  The  practice  or  tenets  of  ranters. 
R.\NT'ING,  ppr.ot  a.    Uttering  high-sounding  words, 

without  solid  sense  ;  declaiming  or  preaching  with 

boisterous,  empty  words. 
RA.\T'l-POI-E,  a.     [from  rant.]    Wild;  roving; 

rakish.  [jJ  low  reordA^  Congrcve. 
RANT'I  POLE,  r.  i.    To  run  about  wildly.  [Low.] 

Arhuthnot, 

R.\NT'IS.M,  n.    The  practice  or  tenets  of  ranters. 
R.ANT'Y,  a.    Wild  ;  noisy  ;  boisterous. 
RAN'lJ-LA,  n.    [ L.  rana,  a  frog  ;  dim.  a  little  frog.] 
A  swelling  of  a  salivary  gland  under  the  tongue. 
R.VNUN'eU-LUS,  n.    [L.,  from  rana,  a  frog.] 

In  botany,  crowfoot,  a  genus  of  plants  of  many  spe- 
•ics,  some  of  them  beautiful  flowering  plants,  par- 
ticularly the  .Vsiatic,  or  Turkey  and  Persian  ranun- 
culus, which  is  diversified  with  many  rich  colors. 

Kncitc. 

RAjYZ  pes  KAC/reS',  (ranz  da  vlsh',)  [Fr.]  Liter- 
ally, the  round  of  the  cows.  The  name  of  certain 
simple  melodies  of  the  Swiss  mountaineers,  com- 
monly played  on  a  long  trumpet  called  the  Mpine 
horn.  P.  Cyc. 

R.\P,  p.  t.  [Sax.  hrepan,  kreppan,  to  touch  ;  repan,  to 
touch,  to  sei/.e,  L.  rapio  ;  S w.  rappa  ;  Dan.  rapper,  to 
snatch  away,  and  rapper  sig,  to  hasten  ;  rap,  a 
stroke,  Sw.  rapp ;  Fr.  frappcr,  to  strike.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  root  is,  to  rush,  to  drive  forward, 
to  fall  on,  hence,  both  to  strike  and  to  seize.  That 
the  sense  is  to  drive  or  rush  forward,  ft  evident  from 
L.  rapidus,  rapid,  from  rawio.  See  Class  Rb,  No. 
£6.27,28,99.) 

To  strike  with  a  quick,  sharp  blow  ;  to  knock  ;  as, 
to  rap  on  the  door. 

RAP,  B.  t.   To  strike  .with  a  quick  blow ;  to  knock. 

With  one  preal  peal  the?  rap  the  door.  Prior. 

To  rap  out ;  to  utter  with  sudden  violence  ;  as,  to 


ra/i  out  an  oath.  .Addison.  [Ha\.  hreopan,  Iv  rry  out, 
that  is,  to  drive  out  the  voice.  This  is  probably  of 
the  same  family  as  the  preceding  word.  In  iJie  pop- 
ular language  of  the  United  States,  it  is  oflcn  pro- 
nounced rit),  to  rip  out  an  oath  ;  L.  crrpo,  Fr.  crercr.] 
R."\P,  !'.  t.  To  seize  and  bear  away,  as  the  niinil  or 
tlioughls  ;  to  transport  out  of  one's  self;  to  all'ect 
with  ecstasy  or  rapture  ;  as,  rapt  into  admiration. 

I'm  rapt  with  )oy  to  see  my  Marci;i's  tears.  Athlienn. 
Rapt  into  future  times  llie  Uiri)  tiegun.  Pope. 

9.  'I'o  snatch  or  hurry  away. 


And  rapt  with  wliirling  wlieels. 

Rapt  in  a  chariot  drawn  l>y  licry  steeds. 


Spenter. 

Millan. 


3.  To  seize  by  violence.  Drayton. 

4.  To  exchange;  to  truck.    \_Low,  and  not  used.] 
To  rap  and  rend;  to  seize  anti  tear,  or  strip;  to 

fall  on  and  plunder;  to  snatch  by  violenn?.  Tliey 
brought  olf  all  they  could  rap  and  rend.  [See 
Rend.] 

RAP,  71.  A  quick,  smart  blow;  as,  a  ra;i  on  the 
knuckles. 

RA-PA'UIOUS,  a.  [L.  rapax,  from  rapio,  to  seize. 
See  R.tp.] 

1.  Given  to  plunder  ;  dispnsetl  or  nccnstonied  to 
seize  by  violence  ;  seizing  by  force ;  as,  a  rapacious 
enemy. 

Well  may  thy  lonl,  appeased, 
Redeem  tliee  quite  from  death's  rapacious  claim.  Milton. 

9.  Accustomed  to  seize  for  food  ;  subsisting  on 
prey  or  animals  .seized  by  violence  ;  as,  a  rapacious 
tiger,  a  rapacious  bird. 

RA-PA'CIOUS-LY,  aiiu.  By  rapine;  by  violent  rob- 
berv  or  seizure. 

RA-PA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  qii.ality  of  being  rapa- 
cious ;  disposition  to  plunder  or  to  exact  by  oppres- 
sion. 

RA-PAC'I  TV,  (ra-pas'e-te,)  n.  [Fr.  rapaciti;  L.  ra- 
imcitcts,  from  rapai,  rapio,] 

1.  Adilictedness  to  plunder  ;  the  exercise  of  plun- 
der ;  the  act  or  practice  of  seizing  by  force  ;  as,  the 
rfipacifi/ofacontpiering  army  ;  the  rapacity  of  pirates  ; 
the  rapacity  of  a  Turkish  pashaw  ;  the  rapacity  of 
extortioners. 

2.  Ravenousness  ;  as,  the  rapacity  of  animals. 

3.  The  act  or  practice  of  extorting  or  exacting  by 
oppressive  injustice. 

4.  Exorbitant  greediness  of  gain. 

RAPE,/!.    [L.  rapio,  raptus  ;  It.  ratto  ;  Fr.  rapt;  W. 
rhaib,  .a  snatching  ;  rheibiaw,  (o  snatch.    See  R.\p.] 
1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  seizing  by  violence  ;  also,  a 
seizing  and  carrying  away  by  force,  as  females. 

Maford. 

9.  In  law,  the  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman  for- 
cibly and  against  her  will.  Blackstone. 

3.  Privation  ;  the  act  of  seizing  or  taking  away. 

Cltapman, 

And  ruined  orphans  of  thy  rapts  complain.  Santtt/M. 

4.  Something  taken  or  seized  and  carried  away. 
Where  now  are  all  my  hopes  ?    O,  never  more 

Shall  thry  revive,  nor  ileath  her  rapts  restore.  Sandys. 

5.  Fruit  plucked  from  the  cluster.  Ray. 

6.  A  division  of  a  county  in  Sussex,  in  England  ; 
or  an  intermediate  division  between  a  hundred  and 
a  shire,  and  containing  three  or  four  hundreds. 

Blackstone. 

RAPE,  n.  [Ir.  raib  ;  L.  rapa,  rapum ;  Gr.  parrtif  ;  D. 
raap  :  G.  riibc;  Sw.  rofva.] 

One  of  the  names  of  the  Rrassica  Rapa,  or  com- 
mon turnip.  This  is  the  plant  to  which  this  name 
properly  belongs ;  btil,  with  the  prefixed  epithet 
wiU,  it  is  applied  also  to  the  Itrassica  Napus,  Na- 
vew,  or  French  turnip.  An  oil  is  obtained  from  the 
seed  of  the  latter,  which  is  called  Rape-seed  Oil, 
and  Rape-Oii.. 

The  broom-rape  is  of  the  genus  Orobanchc. 
RAPE'-CAKF;,  n.    The  refuse  or  marc  remaining  after 
the  oil  has  been  expressed  froiu  the  rape-seed. 

Farm.  Encye. 

RAPE'-ROOT.    Sec  Rape. 

KAPE'-SEED,  71.    The  seed  of  the  Brassica  Napus,  or 

the  rape,  from  which  oil  is  expressed. 
R.i'PlIE,  71.    [Gr.  iiaipti,  a  seam  or  suture.] 

In  botany,  a  bundle  of  vessels  connecting  the 

chalaza  with  the  hilum  of  a  seed.  Lmiilfii. 
RAPH'I-Dl";s,(rar-,)  n.pl.    [from  Gr.  /5n</iiir,a  needle.] 
Minute  transparent  crystals  found  in  the  tissue  of 

plants.  Lindley. 
RAP'IU,  a.    [L.  rapidus,  from  rapio,  the  primary  sense 

of  which  is  to  ntsA.] 

1.  Very  swift  or  quick  ;  moving  with  celerity  ;  as, 
a  rapid  stream  ;  a  rapid  flight ;  a  rapid  motion. 

Pan  shun  Ihc  gavl  with  rapid  wheels.  AJilton, 

2.  Advancing  with  haste  or  speed  ;  speedy  in  pro- 
gression ;  as,  rapid  growth  ;  rapid  iinprttveinent. 

3.  Of  quick  utterance  of  words  ;  as,  a  rapid  speaker. 
R.\P'ID,  71.  sing,  j  The  part  of  a  river  where  the  cur- 
R.AP'IDS,  n.  pt.   \      rent  moves  with  more  celerity 

than  the  common  current.    Rapids  imply  a  consid- 
erable descent  of  the  earth,  but  not  suflicient  to  oc- 
casion a  fall  of  Ihc  water,  or  what  ii  called  a  cas- 
cade or  cataract, 
R.\-PID'I-TY,  n.    [L.  rapiditas;  Fr.  rapidite,  supra.] 


1.  Swiftness  ;  celerity  ;  velocity  ;  as,  the  rapidity 
of  a  current ;  the  rapidity  of  motion  of  any  kinil. 

2.  Haste  in  utterance  ;  as,  (he  rapidity  of  speech  or 
pronuncialioii. 

3.  tiuickness  of  progression  or  advance  ;  as,  ra- 
pidity of  Erowth  or  improvement. 

R.AP'ID-l.Y,  adi\  With  great  speed,  celerity,  or  ve- 
locity ;  swiftly  ;  with  quick  progression  ;  as,  to  run 
rapidly  ;  to  grow  or  improve  rapitUy. 

2.  Willi  quick  iiltetance  ;  as,  to  speak  rapidly. 

R.AP'ID-.N'ESS,  71.  Swiftness;  speed;  celerity  ;  ra- 
pidity. 

KA'Pl-ER,  71.    [Fr.  rapiire;  Ir.  roipeir ;  from  thrust- 
ing, driving,  or  quick  motion.] 
A  small  sword  used  only  in  thrusting. 

Shak.  Pope. 

RA'PI-ER-FISH,  71.    The  sword-fish.  Greie. 
K  Vl'l'l 'I  O  j        Pulverized  volcanic  substances. 
R.VP'IN'K,  (rap'in,)  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rapina;  rapio,  to 
seize.] 

1.  The  act  of  plundering  ;  the  seizing  and  carrj'- 
ing  away  of  things  by  force  ;  pillage;  plunder. 

2.  Violence  ;  force.  Mdton, 
RAP'I.N'E,  r.  t.  To  plunder.  Buck. 
RAP'I.V-A.l),  pp.    Pluiid.  red. 

R.\P-I'.\-REE',  71.    A  wild  Irish  plunderer;  so  called 

from  rapery,  a  half  pike  that  he  carries,  Todd. 
R.-M'-l'EE',  71.    .\  coarse  kind  of  siiiilf. 
R.VP'PER,  71.    [from  rap.]    One  that  raps  or  knocks. 

2.  The  knocker  of  a  tloor.    [JVot  in  common  use.] 

3.  An  oath  or  a  lie.    [jVot  in  use.]  Parker. 
UAi'-PoKT',  71.    [Fr.,  from  re  and  porter,  to  bear.] 

Relation  ;  proportion.    [jVo(  iii  use.]  Temple. 
RAP'V,  pp.  or  a.    [from  ra;i.J    Transported;  ravished. 
KAPT,  V.  t.    To  transjiort  or  ravisli,    [JWt  legitimate, 

nor  in  itsev]  Cliapman. 
R.VPT,  71.    An  ecstasy  ;  a  trance.  Morton.' 

9.  Rapidity.    [jVut  in  use.] 
RAP'TER,  (  ,  , 

RAP'TOR,  1  "■  "'"'"■•J 

A  ravislier  ;  a  plunderer.  Drayton. 
RAP-To'RI-AL,  a.    Rapacious  ;  an  epithet  applied  to 

birds  of  prey.  Sicainson. 
RAP-To'Rl-OUS,  a.     A  term   applied   to  animals 

wliit  h  dart  upon  and  seize  Iheir  prey.  Humble. 
RAP'Tl.iRE,  (rapt'yur,)  n.    [L.  raptus,  rapio.] 

1.  A  seizing  by  violence.    [Lntlc  used.] 

Chapman, 

2.  Transport ;  ecstasy  ;  violence  of  a  pleading  pas- 
eioT  ;  extreme  joy  or  pleasure. 

M'^sic,  wiien  thus  applied,  raise*  in  the  mind  ef  the  hearer  great 
conceptions ;  it  strengthens  devotion  and  advances  praise 
into  rapture.  Spectator. 

3.  Rapitlity  with  violence  ;  a  hurrying  along  with 
velocity;  as,  rolling  with  torrent  rapfiirc.  JHUton, 

4.  Enthusiasm;  uncommon  heat  of  imagination. 

You  grow  correct,  that  once  with  rapture  writ.  Pops. 

RAP'T^R-i'D,  a.    Ravished  ;  transported. 

Thomson, 

[But  Exraptuhed  is  generally  used.] 
RAP'TUR-IST,  71.    .\n  enthusiasL  Spenser, 
R.\P'T(;R-0US,  a.    Ecstatic;  transporting  ;  ravish- 
ing ;  as,  rapturous  joy,  pleasure,  or  deli^iit. 

Collier. 

RAP'TUR-OlIS-LY.orfo.    With  rapture ;  ecstatically. 
RjV  R,3a' yiS,  71.    [L.]  ■  A  rare  bird;  an  unusual 
person. 

RARE,  a.  [L.  rams,  thin  ;  Sp.  Port,  and  It.  raro;  Fr. 
rare;  I),  raar;  G.  and  Dan.  rar,] 

1.  Uiicominon  ;  not  frequent ;  as,  a  rorc  event ;  a 
rare  plienoinenon. 

2.  Unusually  excellent ;  valuable  to  a  degree  sel- 
dom found. 

i?iire  work,  all  filled  with  terror  and  delight.  Coistey. 
Above  the  rest  I  Judge  one  beauty  rare.  Drydtn. 

3.  Thinly  scattered. 

1'hnse  rare  and  solitary,  these  in  flocks.  A/t.'Ion. 

4.  Thin  ;  porous ;  not  dense  ;  as,  a  rare  and  at- 
tenuate substance. 

Water  is  nineteen  times  lighter,  and,  by  consequence,  nineteen 
bnies  rarer,  (li.iu  gold.  Sealon. 

5.  [.'<ax.  brcre.]  .\early  raw  ;  imperfectly  roasted 
or  boiled  ;  as,  rare  beef  or  mutton  ;  eggs  roasted  rare. 

Dryden. 

RAR'EE-SIIOW,  71.  [rare  and  show.]  A  show  car- 
ried about  in  a  box  by  a  show  man.  Pope. 

RAR-E-FA€'T10\,  71.  [Fr.  See  Rarekt.]  The  act 
or  process  of  expanding  or  distending  bodies,  by  sep- 
arating the  parts  and  rendering  the  bodies  more  rare 
or  ptiroiis,  by  which  operation  they  app^-ar  under  a 
larger  bulk,  or  require  more  room,  without  an  acces- 
sion of  new  matter;  opposed  to  Co^iDENf  atio^  ;  as, 
the  rnrrfaction  t>f  air.  Encyc. 

RA R'E-FI- A-ULE,  a.    Capable  of  being  rarefied. 

R.\R'F.-KI-f.T),  pp.  or  a.    Made  tliin  or  less  dense. 

R.-XE'E-FY,  r.  (.  [Fr.  rartfier;  L.  rarrfatio  ;  rams, 
rare,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

To  make  thin  and  porous  orle.^s  dense  ;  to  expand 
or  enlarge  a  body  without  adding  to  it  any  new  por- 
tion of  Its  own  matter  ;  opiioskd  lo  Condense. 

Encyc.  Thomson. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  yNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  G  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


114' 


OOJ) 


RAS 

RAR'E-FY,  V.  i.  To  become  thin  and  ponms.  Dnjden, 
RAK'E-F?-L\G,  jipr.  .Making  tliin  or  less  dense. 
RaRE'LY,  adv.    Seldom  ;  not  often;  as,  tilings  rarely 
seen. 

2.  Finely;  nicely.    [Little  used.']  Shale. 
RaRE'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  uncommon  ;  un- 
commonness ;  infrequency. 

And  lei  the  rareness  the  small  ^(l  commend.  Dryden, 

2.  Value  arising  from  scarcity.  Bacon, 

3.  Thinness ;  tenuity ;  as,  the  rareness  of  air  or 
vapor. 

4.  Distance  from  each  other ;  thinness.  Johnson. 
RaRE'RIPE,  a.    [Sax.  araran,  to  excite,  to  hasten.] 

Early  ripe  ;  ripe  before  others,  or  before  the  usual 
season. 

RaRE'RIPE,  ti.    An  early  fruit,  particularly  a  kind  of 

peach  which  ripens  early. 
R.AR'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  raretc  ;  L.  raritas.] 

1.  Uncommoiiness  ;  infrequency. 

Far  from  bein^  fond  of  .1  flower  for  its  rarity.  Spectator. 

2.  A  tiling  valued  for  its  scarcity. 

1  saw  three  rarities  of  di^erent  kinds,  which  pleased  me  more 
than  any  other  shows  in  the  place.  Addison. 

3.  Thinness;  tenuity;  opposed  to  Density;  as, 
the  rarity  of  air.  Digbxj. 

RAS'e.\L,  n.    [Sa.x.  id.    This  word  is  said  to  signify 
a  lean  beast.] 

1.  A  mean  fellow  ;  a  scoundrel  ;  in  viodem  u.^arre,  a 
trickish,  dishonest  fiillow  ;  a  rogue  ;  particularly  ap- 
plied to  men  and  boys  guilty  of  the  lesser  crimes,  and 
indicating  less  enormity  or  guilt  than  Villain. 


I  have  sense  to  serve  my  turn  m  store, 
And  he's  a  rascal  who  pretends  to  more. 


Dryden. 

Tounc. 


2.  A  lean  deer.  Shak. 
RAS'CAL,  a.    Lean  ;  as,  a  rascal  deer. 

2.  Mean  ;  low.  Spen.fer. 
RAS-eAL'ION,  (ras-kal'yun,)  n.    [from  rasral.]  A 

low,  mean  wretch.  Hadibras. 
RAS-€AL'I-TV,  n.    The  low,  mean  people.  South. 
2.  Mean  trickishness  or  dishonesty  ;  base  fraud. 
[  This  is  its  sense  in  present  usa^e  in  Jlmerica.]  ' 
RAS'GAL-LY,  a.    Meanly  trickish  or  dishonest ;  vile. 
2.  Mean  ;  vile ;  base  ;  worthless ;  as,  a  rascally 
porter.  Swift. 
RASE,  )'.  t.    [Fr.  raser :  Sp.  and  Port,  rasar ;  It.  rasa- 
re  and  rasckiare  ;  Arm.  ra:a,-  V..  rasns^rado.  With 
these  words  accord  the  VV.  rliathn,  to  rub  off ;  rhathell. 


a  rasp ;  Eth.  roo(,  to  rub  or  wipe.    See  the 

verb  to  row,  which  is  radically  the  same  word.  If  g 
in  rnrate  is  a  prefix,  the  word  is  formed  on  the  same 
radix.  Class  Rd,  No.  10,  13,  17,  25,  35,  38,  42,  5«,  58, 
CI,  G2,  64,  81.] 

1.  To  pass  along  the  surface  of  a  thing,  with  stri- 
king or  rubbing  it  at  the  same  time  ;  to  graze. 

Mi^'ht  not  the  bullet  which  rased  liis  cheek,  have  gone  into  his 
liead  f    (06«.)  South. 

2.  To  erase ;  to  scratch  or  rub  out ;  or  to  blot  out ; 
to  cancel.  Milton. 

[In  this  sense,  Erase  is  generally  used.] 

3.  To  level  with  the  ground  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  rase  a  city.  Milton. 

[In  this  sense  Raze  is  generally  used.  1'his  or- 
thography, rase,  may  therefore  be  considered  as 
nearly  obsolete  ;  Graze,  Erase,  and  Raze  having 
superseded  it.] 

Rase,  n.    A  cancel ;  erasure.    [JVot  in  use.] 
2.  A  slight  wound.    [Mot  in  use.] 

RASn,  a.  fl).  and  O.  ra.vcA,  quick;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
rtis-fc,  id. ;  Sax.  hrad,  hro'd,  kra-.th,  quick,  hasty,  ready, 
and  hra:s,  ra:s,  impetus,  force,  and  hreosan,  reosan, 
riesan,  to  riish.  (.See  Ready  and  Rush.)  The  sense 
is,  advancing,  pushing  forward,  (^lass  Rd,  No.  5,  9.] 

1.  Hasty  in  counsel  or  action  ;  precipitate  ;  resolv- 
ing or  entering  on  a  project  or  measure  without  due 
deliberation  and  caution,  and  thus  encountering  un- 
necessary haxard  ;  applied  to  pcrson-i ;  a.s,  a  rask  states- 
man or  minister;  a  rajh  coniiiiunder. 

2.  Uttered  or  undertaken  with  too  much  haste  or 
too  little  reflection  ;  as,  rash  words  ;  rash  measures. 

3.  Requiring  haste  ;  urgent. 

1  have  sciirce  I'-iHiire  to  Bitlutc  you, 

My  matter  it  so  rath.  Shak. 

4.  Cluick  ;  sudden  ;  as,  rash  gunpowder.  [JVot  in 
vsr.] 

RASII,  71.   Com  so  dry  as  to  fall  out  with  handling. 

[  Ijiral.  ]  Grose. 
EAsII,  n.    [It.  rascia.] 

I.  An  eruption  or  efTlorftscence  on  the  body,  with 
lilllp  or  no  ticvalion.    [In  It.  rasehia  is  the  itch.] 
9.  Satin.  \Ohs.] 
RAi^H,  V.  I.    [It.  raschiarr^  to  scrape  or  Rrntn ;  W. 
rhAifsiy  rltojtfnjly  rhagfrtiato  ;  from  the  root  of  raac, 

To  wlire  ;  to  rnt  into  pu-cm  ;  to  divide.  Sprn.ier. 
(rasht,)  jrp.    Cut  into  hIiccm  ;  divided. 
RA?^II'KR»  n.    A  tliin  slir«  of  Imcon  ;  a  Ihin  rut.  SfiaJf. 
fiAHII'LY,  oflv.    With  precipitation  i  huntily  ;  willioul 
due  ddihcratinn. 

He  tiM  rloth  anj  tiling  nuhly,  mutt  do  It  viWingW. 

Ao  nuA/y  brave,  to  dun  thr  twonl  or  Thrarui.  Smith. 


RAT 

R.^SH'.'VESS,  71.  Too  much  h.iste  in  resolving  or  in 
undertaking  a  measure  ;  precipitation  ;  inconsiderate 
readiness  or  promptness  to  decide  or  act,  implying 
disregard  of  consequences  or  contempt  of  danger  ; 
applied  to  persons.  The  failure  of  enterprises  is  often 
owing  to  rashness. 

We  offend  by  mshnesSy  which  is  an  affirming  or  denying  b"fore 
we  have  sufficiently  informed  ourselves.  South. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  uttered  or  done  without 
due  deliberation  ;  as,  the  rashness  of  words  or  of  un- 
dertakings. 

RAS-KOL'JVIKS,  n.  pi.  The  name  given  to  the  largest 
and  most  important  body  of  dissenters  from  the  Greek 
church  in  Russia.  Brande. 

RA-SO'RI-AL,  a.    [L.  rado,  to  scratch.] 

In  ornithology,  an  epithet  applied  to  gallinaceous 
birds,  including  the  peacock,  domestic  fowl,  par- 
tridge, ostrich,  pigeon,  &,c.  Swainson. 

RASP,  71.  [Sw.  and  J),  rasp  ;  G.raspel;  Dan.  raspe; 
Fr.  rape,  tor  raspe  ;  It.  and  Sp.  raspa.    See  Rase.] 

1.  A  species  of  file,  on  which  the  cutting  promi- 
nences are  distinct,  being  raised  by  punching  with  a 
point,  instead  of  cutting  with  a  chisel.  Hcbtrt. 

2.  A  raspberry,  which  see. 

3.  1'he  rough  bark  of  a  tree.  Bacon. 
RASP,  V.  t.    [Yi.raspen;  Dan.  rasper  ;  Sw.  ra5;7a  ;  It. 

raspare  ;  Sp.  raspnr  ;  Fr.  Taper ;  W.  rhathell,  in  a  dif- 
ferent dialect.    See  Rase.] 

To  rub  or  file  with  a  rasp  ;  to  rub  or  grate  with  a 
rough  file ;  as,  to  rasp  wood  to  make  it  smooth  ;  to 
rasp  bones  to  powder.  fViseinan.  Muzon, 

RaSP'A-TO-RY,  71.    A  surgeon's  rasp.  Wiseman. 

RASP'BER-RY,  (raz'ber-re,)  71.  [from  rasp,  so  named 
from  the  roughness  of  the  fmit.  G.  kralibeere,  from 
kratzen,  to  scratch.] 

The  fruit  of  a  bramble  or  species  of  Riibus ;  a  ber- 
ry growing  on  a  prickly  plant ;  as,  the  black  raspber- 
ry :  the  red  and  the  white  raspberry, 

RASP'BER-RY-BIJSH,  71.  The  bramble  producing 
raspberries. 

R.^SP'A'D,  (rispt,)  pp.    Rubbed  or  filed  with  a  rasp ; 

grated  to  a  fine  powder. 
RaSP'ER,  n.    A  scraper.  Sherwood, 
RASP'ING,  ppr.    Filing  with  a  rasp ;  grating  to  a  fine 

powder. 

RAS'lfRE,  (ra'zhur,)  n.  [L.  rasura,  from  rado,  rasus. 
See  Rase.] 

1.  The  act  of  scraping  or  shavin  g ;  the  act  of  cras- 
ing. 

2.  The  mark  by  which  a  letter,  word,  or  any  part 
of  a  writing  or  print  is  erased,  eflPaced,  or  oblitera- 
ted ;  an  erasure.  .^yliffe. 

RAT,  71.  [Sax.  rtct;  D.  rat;  G.  ratze  ;  Fr.  rat  ;  Arm. 
raz  ;  Sp.  rata ;  Port,  id.,  a  rat,  and  rat.os,  sharp  stones 
in  the  sea  that  wear  cables  ;  probably  named  from 
gnawing,  and  from  the  root  of  L.  rodo.] 

The  popul.ir  name  of  several  species  of  the  genus 
Mus,  larger  than  mice,  which  are  rodent  mammals, 
or  small  quadrupeds  that  infest  houses,  stores,  and 
ships  ;  a  troublesome  race  of  animals. 

To  smell  a  rat ;  to  be  suspicious  ;  to  be  on  the  u^atch 
from  suspicion  ;  as  a  cat  by  the  scenlor  noise  of  a  rat. 

RAT,  V.  i.  [From  the  desertion  of  a  place  by  rats  be- 
fore an  anticipated  calamity.] 

1.  In  English  politics,  to  desert  one's  former  party, 
anil  go  over  to  the  opposite.  Booth. 

•2.  Among  printers,  to  work  at  less  than  the  estab- 
lished prices.  T.  F.  Mams, 
UaT'A-BLE,  a.    [from  rate.]    That  may  be  rated,  or 
set  at  a  certain  value  ;  as,  a  Danish  ore  ratable  at  two 
marks.  Camden. 

2.  Liable  or  subjected  by  law  to  taxation  ;  as,  rata- 
ble estate.  Stat,  of  Conn. 

Ra'1''A-BLY,  adv.  By  rate  or  proportion  ;  proportion- 
ally. Ralrgh, 

RAT-A-Ft'A,  71.  [Sp.]  A  fine  spirituous  liquor,  fl.a- 
vored  with  the  kernels  of  several  kinds  of  fruits, 
particularly  of  cherries,  apricots,  and  peaches. 

Sp.  Diet.  Ure. 

RAT-AN',  71.    [Malay,  rotan  ;  Java,  rotlavg.] 

1.  A  name  applieil  to  steins,  the  growth  of  India, 
and  the  produce  of  various  species  of  the  genus  Cal- 
amus, most  or  all  of  which  are  perennial,  simple  or 
unbranched,  cylindrical,  jointed,  very  tough  and 
strtuig,  from  the  size  of  a  goose-quill  to  the  size  of 
the  human  wrist,  and  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  fi  et  in 
length.  They  are  used  fur  wicker-work,  scats  of 
chairs,  walking-sticks,  withes  and  thongs,  ropes,  ca- 
bles, &c. 

2.  A  walking-stick  made  of  ratan. 
RA'I''A-NY.    I  71.     A  half  shrubby  Peruvian  plant, 
RAT'AN-HY,  (    Krameria  triandra,  tlie  root  of  which 

is  very  astringent.  P.  Cite. 

RAT'-eAT(JII-ER,  71.  One  who  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  catch  rats. 

RATCM,  n.  A  bar  containing  angular  teeth,  into 
which  a  pall  or  c.itch  drops,  to  prevent  machines 
from  running  bark.  Ileherl. 

RAT(,'II'iyr,  n.  In  II  icnfcA,  a  small  tooth  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  fusee  or  barrel,  which  stops  it  in  wind- 
ing up.  Ilulton. 

RA'I'fMI'F.T-WIIEEI,,  71.  A  circular  wheel,  having 
angular  teeth,  into  which  n  pall  or  catch  drops,  to 
prevent  machini^s  from  running  hack.  HebrrL 


RAT 

R ATCH'IL,  n.    Among  miners,  fragments  of  stone. 
RATE,  n.     [Nortn.  rate;  L.  ratus,  reor,  contracted 
from  rrtor,  reilor,  or  resor.    See  Ratio  and  Reasoi*.] 

1.  The  proportion  or  standard  by  wliich  quantity 
or  value  is  adjusted  ;  as,  silver  valued  at  the  rate  of 
six  shillings  and  eight  pence  the  ounce. 

The  rate  and  standard  of  wit  was  different  then  from  what  it  is  in 
these  days.  South. 

2.  Price  or  amount  stated  or  fixed  on  any  thing 
A  king  may  purchase  territory  at  too  dear  a  rate. 
The  rate  of  interest  is  prescribed  by  law. 

3.  Settled  allowance ;  as,  a  daily  rate  of  provisions. 
2  Kings  XXV, 

4.  Degree  ;  comparative  hight  or  value. 

1  am  a  spirit  of  no  common  rate.  ShaJ.'. 
In  this  ilid  his  holiness  and  godliness  appear  above  the  rate  and 
pitch  of  other  men's,  in  that  be  was  so  infinitely  merciful, 

Catanty. 

5.  Degree  in  which  any  thing  is  done.  The  ship 
sails  at  the  rate  of  seven  knots  an  hour. 

Many  of  the  horse  could  not  march  at  tliat  rate,  nor  come  up 
soon  enougli.  Clarendon. 

C.  Degree  of  value  ;  price.  Wheat  in  England  is 
often  sold  at  the  rate  of  fifty  shillings  the  quarter. 
Wit  may  be  purchased  at  too  dear  a  rate. 

7.  A  tax  or  sum  assessed  by  authority  on  property 
for  public  use,  according  to  its  income  or  value ;  as, 
parish  raffs  ;  town  rates ;  highway  rates. 

8.  In  the  navy,  the  order  or  class  of  a  ship,  which 
is  called  first,  second,  third,  &c.,  rate,  according  to 
its  niagnilude  or  force. 

RATE,  11.  t.    To  set  a  certain  value  on  ;  to  value  at  a 
certain  price  or  degree  of  excellen>ce. 

You  seem  not  lii^h  enough  your  joys  to  rate.  Dryden. 
Instead  of  rating  [lie  man  by  his  performances,  we  too  fn-ijnenlly 
rafc  the  performance  by  the  man.  Ratnbler. 

2.  To  fix  the  magnitude,  force,  or  order,  as  of 
ships.  A  ship  is  rated  in  the  first  class,  or  as  a  ship 
of  the  line. 

3.  To  take  the  rate  of  ;  as,  to  rate  a  chronometer, 
that  is,  to  ascertain  the  exact  rate  of  its  gain  or  loss 
as  compared  with  true  lime,  for  the  sake  of  making 
a  due  allowance  or  computation  dependent  thereon. 

Prof.  Loo  mis. 

RATE,  I'.  1.  To  be  set  or  considered  in  a  class,  as  a 
ship.  The  ship  rates  as  a  ship  of  the  line. 
2.  To  make  an  estimate. 
RATE,  V.  t,  [Sw.  rata,  to  refuse,  to  find  fault ;  rtjta, 
to  roar,  lo  huff;  Ice.  reita,  or  G.  bereden,  from  reden, 
to  speak.  Sax.  riedan,  (See  Read.)  It  is  probably 
allied  to  rattle,  and  perhaps  to  L.  rado.  See  Class 
Rd,  No.  71,  71),  Ar.] 

To  chide  with  vehemence  ;  to  reprove ;  to  scold  ; 
to  censure  violently. 

Go,  rate  thy  minions,  proud,  insulling  boy.  Sliai:. 
All  old  lorxl  of  the  council  rated  me  the  other  day  in  the  street 
about  you,  sir.  Sftak. 

RAT'ED,  pp.    Set  at  a  certain  value ;  estimated  ;  set 

in  a  certain  order  or  rank. 
2.  Chid  ;  reproved. 
RaT'ER,  n.    One  who  sets  a  value  on  or  makes  an 

estimate. 

RATH,  71.    [Ir.  rath,  a  hill,  mount,  or  fortress.] 

A  hill.    [OAs.]  Spenser. 
RATH,  a.    [Stxx.  rath,  ro'the,  hra'th,  hrathe,  hrued,  or 
hrad,  quick,  hasty  ;  Ir.  ratham,  to  grow  or  be  pros- 
perous ;  from  the  same  root  as  reaily  and  ra.-A,  from 
the  sense  of  shooting  forward.    See  Keadv.] 

Early  ;  coining  before  others,  or  before  the  usual 
time. 

Bring  the  rath  primrose,  that  forsaken  dies.  Milton, 
RATH'ER,  adv.  [Sax.  rathor,  hrathor  :  comp.  of  rath, 
quick,  prompt,  hasty,  ready.  So  we  use  sooner  in  an 
equivalent  sense.  I  would  rather  go,  or  sooner  go. 
The  use  is  taken  from  pushing  or  moving  forward. 
So  the  Italians  use  ami,  {L..  ante,  before.)  "  Ma  egli 
disse,  anzi,  beati  coloro  ch'odono  la  parola  di  Dio,  e 
I'osservano."  But  he  said  yea  rather,  happy  are 
they  that  hear  the  word  of  God  and  keep  it. 
Luke  xi.] 

1.  Mi  re  readily  or  willingly,  with  better  liking; 
with  preference  or  choice. 

My  soul  chooseth  strangling  and  death  ratlier  Uian  life.  —  Job 

Light  is  come  into  the  world,  and  men  loved  darkness  rather 
than  light,  because  their  deeds  were  evil. —  John  iil.  Ps. 
Ixxxiv. 

2.  In  preference  ;  preferably  ;  witli  better  reason. 
Good  is  7-(i(/irr  to  be  chosen  than  evil.    See  ^cts  v. 

3.  In  a  greater  degree  than  otherwise. 

He  Bought  ihnMighoiit  the  worid,  but  sought  in  vain, 

And  nowhere  finding,  rather  feared  her  •lain.  Dryden, 

4.  More  properly ;  more  correctly  speaking. 

This  Is  nn  on 
Which  does  mend  nature,  change  it  riilA*T  ;  but 
The  on  iuelf  is  nolure.  Shak, 

5.  Noting  some  degree  of  contrariety  in  fact. 

She  was  notbiuK  better,  but  ratJter  yrew  wone.  —  Mark  v. 
Mall,  xivil. 

The  rather ;  especially  ;  for  better  reason ;  for  par- 
ticular cause. 

You  are  come  to  me  In  a  happy  time, 

The  rathrr  li.r  I  have  some  sport  In  hand.  Sliak. 


FATE,  FAR.  FftLL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


910 


RAT 


RAT 


RAV 


Hitd  rather,  is  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  woM 
rather. 

I  had  rather  speak  five  word*  wilh  my  tinderauindlnf .  —  I  Cor. 

xiv, 

Tliis  phmse  may  have  been  orijinally,  "  I'd 
rather,"  lor  /  would  rather^  nntl  the  coiilractittn  aftt-r- 
ward  niistakt'ii  fur  had.  Correct  speakers  and 
writers  peiierally  use  mould  in  all  sucli  phrases ;  I 
would  rather,  I  prefer  ;  I  desire  in  preference. 

RATIl'OK-KITE,  >i.  A  mineral  broujiht  from  Sweden, 
(if  tlie  garnet  kind.  Us  color  is  a  dingy,  brownish- 
black.  Philips. 

RAT-l-FI-eX'TlON,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  ratifij.]  The  act 
of  riiiifying  ;  confirmation. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  sanction  and  validity  to 
something  done  by  another  ;  as,  the  ralijicalion  of  a 
treaty  by  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 

RAT'I-FI-^;D,  pp.  Confirmed;  sanctioned;  made 
valiil. 

RAT'l-FI-ER,  »t.  He  or  that  which  ratifies  or  sanc- 
tions. 

RAT'I-F?,  v.  t.  [Fr.  ratificr  ;  L.  ratum  facio,  to  make 
firm.) 

1.  To  confirm  ;  to  establish  ;  to  settle. 

Wo  have  ratified  to  them  llic  bonlers  of  Jiuli'a.  —  1  Mace. 

2.  To  approve  and  sanction  ;  to  make  valid  ;  as, 
to  ratifii  an  agreement  or  treaty. 

RAT'I-F?-ING,  ppr.  Confirming  ;  establishing  ;  ap- 
proving and  sanctioning. 

RAT-I-HA-Bl"TIO.\,  ;i.  Confirmation  or  approba- 
tion, as  of  a  contract. 

R.aT'ING,  ppr.     [from  rate.]     Setting  at  a  certain 
value  ;  assigning  rank  to  ;  estimating. 
2.  Chiding  ;  reproving. 

RA'TIO,  (ri'shp,)  n.  [L.,  from  rattts,  rear,  to  think 
or  suppose,  to  set,  confirm^,  or  establish.  Reor  is 
contracted  from  rcrfor  or  rrtor,  and  primarily  signifies 
to  throw,  to  thrust,  hence  to  speak,  to  set  in  the 
mind,  to  think,  like  L.  .mppono ;  and  setting  gives 
the  sense  of  a  fixed  rate  or  rule.    See  Reason.] 

1.  In  popular  laniruatrr,  proportion  ;  rate  ;  degree  ; 
as,  the  ratio  of  representation  in  congress. 

2.  In  mathematics,  the  relation  which  one  quantity 
has  to  another  of  the  same  kind,  as  expressed  by  the 
quotient  of  the  one  divided  by  the  other.  Thus  the 
ratio  of  4  to  2  is  4-2,  or  2 ;  and  the  ratio  of  5  to  (i  is 
5-fi.  This  is  treometrical  ratio,  which  is  that  signified 
when  t:.e  term  is  used  without  distinction ;  but 
arithmetical  ratio  is  the  difference  between  two  quan- 
tities.   Thus  the  arithmetical  ratio  of  2  to  6  is  4. 

Day's  Altrehra. 
Ratio  respects  magnitudes  of  the  same  kind  only. 
One  line  may  be  compared  with  another  line,  but  a 
line  can  not  be  compared  with  a  superficies,  and 
hence  between  a  line  and  a  superficies  there  can  be 
no  ratio.  Encijc. 
R.\-TIOC'I-N.5TE,  (ra-shos'e-niite,)  v.  i.    [L.  ratioci- 
nor,  from  ratio,  reason.] 
To  reason  ;  to  argue.    [Little  used.] 
RA-TIOC-I-Na'TION,  (ra-shos-e-ni'shun,)  n.  [L. 
ratiocinatio.] 

The  act  or  process  of  reasoning,  or  of  deducing 
consequences  from  premises.    [See  Reasonincj.] 
Brown.  South. 
RA-TFOC'I-NA-TIVE,  (ra-shos'e-na-tive,)  a.  Argu- 
mentative ;  consisting  in  the  comparison  of  proposi- 
tions or  facts,  and  the  deduction  of  inferences  from 
the  comparison  ;  as,  a  ratiocinative  process.  JIale. 
[.^  bad  word,  and  little  used.] 
RJ'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ratio,  proportion.] 

A  portion  or  fixed  allowance  of  provisions,  drink, 
and  forage,  assigned  to  each  soldier  in  an  army  for 
his  daily  subsistence,  and  for  the  subsistence  of 
horses.  OHicers  have  several  rations,  according  to 
their  rank  or  number  of  attendants.  Seamen  in  the 
navy  also  have  rations  of  certain  articles.  Encyc. 
Ra'TIO.\-AL,  (ri'shun-al  or  rash'un-al,)  o.  [Fr.  ra- 
tionnel;  \\..  raiionale  i  Vm.  rationali:>.] 

1.  Having  re.ison,  or  tlie.faculty  of  reasoning  ;  en- 
dowed with  reason;  opposed  to  Irrational;  as, 
man  is  a  rational  being  ;  brutes  are  not  rational  ani- 
mals. 

II  is  our  glory  and  happine&s  lo  hare  &  ra&onal  nature.  Zau. 

2.  Agreeable  to  reason ;  opposed  to  Absurd  :  as, 
a  rational  conclusion  or  inference  ;  rational  conduct. 

3.  Agreeable  to  reason  ;  not  extravagant. 

4.  Acting  in  conformity  to  reason ;  wise ;  ju- 
dicious ;  as,  a  rational  man. 

Rational  horizon.    See  Horizon,  No.  2. 
Rational  quantity  i  in  alfrebra,  a  quantity  whose 
value  can  be  exactly  expressed  by  numbers ;  oi>- 
poseii  10  irrational  quantity  or  surd.  Ilutlon. 
Ra'TION'-AL,  (rii'shun-al  or  rash'un-al,)  n,    A  ra- 
tional being.  Young. 
RA-TION-A'LE,  (ra-shun-a'le  or  rash-un-a'Ie,)  n.  A 
detail  with  reasons  ;  a  series  of  reasons  assigned  ; 
as  Dr.  Sparrow's  rationale  of  the  Common  Prayer. 

2.  An  account  or  solution  of  the  principles  of 
some  opinion,  action,  hypothesis,  phenomenon,  &.c. 

Encyc. 

Ra'TION-AI.-ISM,  (ra'shiin-  or  rash'un-,)  n.  A  sys- 
tem of  opinions  deduced  from  reason,  as  distinct 
from  inspiration  or  opposed  to  it.  Bib.  Rrpos. 


RA'TION-AUIST,  (rfi'shun-  or  rasli'un  ,)  71.  One 
who  proceeds  in  his  disiiuisitiun»  and  pnictice 
wholly  uptm  reason.  Bacon. 

2.  "Rationalists  may  be  said  to  comprehend  tlinse 
latitudinaflans,  who  coiisiderthe  supernatural  evi  iits 
recorded  in  the  Old  and  New  Testanieiils  as  evenis 
happening  in  the  ordinary  course  of  naturi',  but 
described  by  the  writers,  without  any  real  ground, 
as  supernatural,  and  who  consider  the  innralily  of 
the  Scriptures  as  subject  to  the  test  of  human  rea- 
son. C.  Butler. 

The  definition  applies  to  the  writings  of  many 
German  divines. 

RA-TKJN-AI^IST'ie,        (  (ri'shun-  or  (  a.  Belong- 

RA-TION-AL-lsT'ie-AI.,  i  rash'un-,)  \  iiigto,or 
in  accordance  with,  the  principles  of  rationalism. 

R.-WriON-AL-IST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  rationalistic 
manner. 

RA-TION-AL'I-TY,  (ri'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  n.  The 
power  of  reasoning. 

God  hai  niiide  ratioitatitt/  Iho  common  portion  of  nianliin<l. 

Ooit.  o/lhe  Tongue. 

2.  Reasonableness. 

Well-directpd  hitcntions,  whose  ra(iona/i(i<s  will  not  hear  a  ri^id 
exainiiinuon.  Brown. 

R.\'TION  AL-IZE,  (ri'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  v.  t.  To 

convert  to  rationalism. 
Ra'TION-AL-LY,  (-ri'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  arft;.  In 

consistency  with  reason  ;  reasonably.   We  rationally 

expect  every  man  will  pursue  his  own  happiness. 
Ra'TION-AL-NESS,  (ri'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  71.  The 

state  of  being  rational  <ir  consistent  with  reason. 
RAT'LIN,    j  71.    A  small  line  traversing  the  shrouds 
RAT'LINE,  )     of  a  ship,  making  the  step  of  a  ladder 

for  ascentling  to  the  mast-heads.  Totten. 
RAT-OON',  77.    fSp,  retoho ;  retoiiar,  to  sprout  again.] 

1.  A  sprout  from  the  root  of  the  sugar-cane,  which 
has  been  cut.  Eilicard.-^,  H'.  Ind. 

2.  A  name  of  the  heart  leaves  in  a  tobacco  plant. 
RATS'UANE,  71.    [rat  and  bane.]    Poison  for  rats; 

arsenoiis  acid. 

R ATS'l!AN-/il),  a.    Poisoned  by  ratsbane.  Junius. 

RATS'TaIL,  77.  A  disease  in  horses,  in  which  the 
hair  of  the  tail  is  permanently  lost.  Gardner. 

RAT'-T.\IL,  77.  In  farriery,  an  excrescence  grow- 
ing from  the  pastern  to  the  middle  of  the  shank  of 
a  horse.  Encyc. 

RAT-TEEN',  n.  [Sp.  ratma,  ratteen,  and  a  musk 
mouse.J 

A  thick,  woolen  stuff,  quilled  or  twilled. 
RAT-Tl-NET',  n.    A  woolen  stuff  thinner  than  rat- 
teen. 

RAT'TING,  ppr.    [from  ra(.]   Deserting  one's  former 

party  and  going  over  to  the  opposite.  [English.] 
RAT'TING,  71.    The  act  of  deserting  one's  former 

party  and  going  over  to  the  opposite.  \_English.] 
2.  .Among  printers,  the  act  of  working  for  less 

than  the  established  prices.  T.  F..idams. 

RAT'TLE,  (rat'tl,)  77.  i.    [D.  ratelen ;  reuUlcn ;  G. 

rasseln  ;  Dan.  ras/cr  ;  Sw.rasslai  Gr,  Kporuo,  Kpo- 

ToAoi',  wilh  a  prefix.    Qu.  rate.] 

1.  To  make  a  quick,  sharp  noise,  rapidly  repeated, 
by  the  collision  of  bodies  not  very  sonorous.  When 
bodies  are  soiniroiis,  it  is  called  Jinclino.  We  say, 
the  wheels  rattle  over  the  pavement. 

And  the  rude  hail  in  mtUing  tempest  forms.  Addison. 
He  fipited  liis  notions  as  tli-y  fell, 

And  il  they  rhymed  and  rallied,  all  was  well.  Dryden. 

2.  To  speak  eagerly  and  noisily  ;  to  utter  words  in 
a  clattering  manner. 

Thus  tiirhiilent  in  rauling  tone  she  spoke.  Dryden, 
lie  route*  il  out  against  popery.  iiici/t. 

R,\T'TLE,  r.  f.  To  cause  to  make  a  rattling  sound, 
or  a  rapid  succession  of  sharp  sounds ;  as,  to  rattle  a 
chain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  stun  with  noise;  to  drive  with  sharp  sounds 
rapidly  repeated. 

Sound  but  another,  and  another  shall, 

As  loud  aj  thine,  raUle  tjie  welkin's  e»r.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  scold  ;  to  rail  at  clamorously  ;  as,  to  rattle 
off  servants  sharply.  Arhuthnot. 

RAT'TLE,  71.  A  rapid  succession  of  sharp,  clattering 
sounds  ;  as,  the  rattle  of  a  drum.  Prior. 

2.  A  rapid  succession  of  words  sharply  uttered  ; 
loud,  rapid  talk  ;  clamorous  chiding. 

3.  An  instrument  with  which  a  clattering  sound 
is  made.    [For  watchman's  rattle,  see  Watchman.] 

The  raulet  of  Ifis  and  the  cymbals  of  BrasUea  nearly  enough 

7>-»einble  each  other.  Jiategh. 
The  rtiymes  and  rauler  of  the  man  or  boy.  fiope. 

4.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pedicularis,  lousewort. 

Fam,  of  Plants. 

Yellow  rattle ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Rhinanthiis. 

Loudon. 

RAT'TLE-ROX,  n.  A  plant ;  a  popular  name  of  one 
or  more  sp<'cies  of  Crotalaria. 

RAT'TLF^HEAD-ED,  a.    Noisy;  giddy;  unsteady. 

RAT'TLES,  (rat'tl/.,)  71.  pi.  The  popular  name  of  the 
croup,  or  Cynanche  trachealis  of  Cullen. 

R.\T'TLE-S.\AKE,  71.  An  .American  snake  that  has 
rallies  at  the  tail,  of  the  genus  CroUiliis.  The  rat- 
tles consist  of  articulated  horny  cells,  which  the 


animal  vibrates  in  sucn  a  manner  as  lo  make  a  rat- 
tling sound.  The  poison  of  the  rattlesnake  is  dan- 
gerous. 

RAT'  Tl.E  SN.^KE-ROOT,  71.    A  plant  or  root  of  the 

genus  Polygala,  nntl  uiiullier  of  Ihe  genus  Pfenaiithea  ; 

used  to  cure  Iht:  bite  of  the  ralllesnake. 
RA  T'Tl-E-SNAKE-WEED,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genui 

Eryugiuin.  Earn,  of  Plants. 

RAT'TLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  a  quick  succession 

of  sh;irp  sounds. 
R.'\'I''TI.ING,  71.    A  rapid  succession  of  sharp  sounds. 

JVa/7.  iii. 
RAT-TOON'.    See  Ratoon. 

RAU'CI-TV,  n.    [L.  raueiu,  hoarse.    Raueiu  is  Ihe 
Eng.  rough,  which  see.] 

1.  Hoarseness  ;  a  loud,  rough  sound  ;  as,  the  rau- 
ci/7/  of  a  trumpet.  Bacon. 

2.  Among  physicians,  hoarseness  of  the  human 
voice. 

RAU'eOUS,  a.    Hoarse  ;  harsh.    [JVot  initse.] 
RAU<;HT,  (rawt,)  llie  old  participle  of  Reach.  [Obs.] 
RAUNCII.    See  WitENrii. 

U.AV'ACiE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  raeir,  lo  rob  or  Spoil,  L. 
rapio.    See  Class  Rh,  No.  18,  19,  2fi,  27.1 

1.  Spoil ;  ruin  ;  w.asle  ;  destruction  by  violence, 
cither  by  men,  beasts,  or  physical  causes  ;  as,  the 
ravage  of  a  lion  ;  the  raeagej  of  fire  or  tempest ;  the 
ravages  of  an  army. 

Would  one  think  'twere  possible  for  love 

To  niaku  such  ravage  in  a  noble  soul  i  Addifon. 

2.  Waste ;  ruin ;  destruction  by  decay  ;  as,  Ihe 
ravages  of  time. 

RAVAGE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  rarager.] 

1.  To  spoil ;  lo  plunder  ;  to  pillage  ;  to  sack. 


Alreaily  Ce.ar 
II;ia  mvaged  more  than  hall  the  globe. 


Addijon. 


2.  To  lay  waste  by  any  violent  force  ;  as,  a  flopd 
or  inundation  ravages  the  meadows. 

The  shattered  fu»n-at  and  the  ravaged  vale.  Thornton. 

3.  To  waste  or  destroy  by  eating ;  as,  fields  rae- 
aged  by  swarms  of  locusts. 

RA  V''AG-/CD,  ;>/7.  or  a.  W;istcd  ;  destroyed  ;  pillaged. 
RAV'/XO-ER,  71.    A  plunderer;  a  spoiler;  he  or  that 

which  lays  waste.  Swift. 
RAV'AG-ING,  ppr.     Plundering;  pillaging;  laying 

waste. 

RaVE,  b.  i.  [D.  revelen,  to  rave.  Eng.  to  revel  ;  Sp. 
rabiar;  Port,  raivar  ;  L.  rabio.  lo  rave,  to  rage,  or  be 
furious  ;  rabies,  rage  ;  II.  rabbia,  whence  arrabbiare, 
to  enrage  ;  Fr.  river,  if  not  a  contracted  word  ;  Dan. 
rai'fr,  to  reel.    See  (Jlass  Kb,  No.  27,  34.] 

1.  To  wander  in  mind  or  intellect;  to  be  delir- 
ious ;  to  talk  irrationally  ;  to  be  wild. 

When  men  Uius  rare,  we  m.ay  conclude  their  bmins  are  liimed. 

Gov.  0/  tht  Tongue. 

2.  To  Utter  furious  exclamations;  to  be  furious  or 
raging,  as  a  madman. 

Have  I  not  cause  to  rave  and  beat  my  breast?  Ad/Uton. 

3.  To  dote ;  lo  be  unreasonably  ftmd  ;  followed  by 
Mpon;  as,  to  rare  upon  antiquity.    [Hardly  proper.] 

Locke. 

RAVE,  n.  The  upper  side-piece  of  limber  of  the  body 
of  a  cart.  J'i'ew  England. 

RAV'f.'L,  (rav'l,)  r.  (.  [ D.  raaj/o/r 71  and  raoe/eTi.  See 
Class  Kb,  No.  3,  4,  34.) 

1.  To  tear  out  or  pull  asunder  any  thing  complex 
or  coniplic.ite  ;  to  untwist ;  to  unweave  or  unknot ; 
to  disentangle  ;  as,  to  racci  out  a  twist ;  to  ravel  out 
a  slocking. 

Sleep,  that  knits  up  the  raveled  sleeve  of  care.  Shak. 

2.  To  entangle  ;  to  cntwist  together ;  to  make  in- 
tricate ;  lo  involve  ;  to  perplex.  [06i.] 

What  gK^ry's  due  to  him  that  could  divide 

Such  raveled  interests,  h.is  the  knot  uiitiett  t  Waller, 

3.  To  hurry  or  run  over  in  confusion.  [Al7t  tii 
use.]  Digby. 

['I'he  true  sense  of  this  word,  as  Dr.  Webster  has 
remarked,  is  to  separate  the  texture  of  that  which  is 
woven  or  knit  ;  to  pull  asunder  Ihat  which  is  com- 
plex or  complicate.  ,\s  this  process,  however,  would 
often  result  in  greater  complication  or  entanglement, 
il  also  acquired  the  op[70site  meaning,  to  entangle  or 
make  intricate  ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is  no  longer 
used.  —  iU] 

RAV'iJL,  (rav'I,)  v.  i.  To  be  separated  in  texture  ;  to 
be  untwisted  or  unwoven  ;  to  be  disentangled. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  fall  into  perplexity  and  confusion.  [Oti;.] 


Till,  by  their  own  perplexiii..s  involved, 
Thev  ravet  more,  still  less  resolved. 


Milton. 


3.  To  work  in  perplexities ;    to  busy  one's  self 
with  intricacies ;  to  enter  by  winding  and  turning. 

[Obs.] 

It  wilt  be  needless  to  raeet  tu  Into  the  records  of  elder  times. 

Decoy  of  Piety. 

The  humor  of  raveling  Into  all  these  mystical  or  eounjl-^t  mat- 
ters —  producetl  infinite  disputes.  Temple. 

RAV'EL-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Untwisted  ;  disentangled  ; 

twisted  together  ;  made  intricate. 
RAVE'LIX,  (rav'liii,)  n.    [Fr.  id  ;  Sp.  reieiiin ;  Port. 

rebelim :  It.  rcvcHina.] 


TONE,  BULL,  1:NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


RAV 

in  fortification,  n  detached  work  with  two  emhank- 
menls  which  make  a  saMem  angle.  It  is  raised  be- 
fore tJie  curtaiu  on  tiie  counterscarp  of  the  place. 

Brande. 

RAV'EL-ING,  ppr.  Untwisting  ;  disentangling  ; 
twisting  ;  entangling. 

RAVi^X-INGS,  71.  pi.  Threads  detached  by  the  pro- 
cess of  raveling. 

RA'Vf-N,  (ri'vn,)  n.  [Sax.  hrafn,  hrefn,  or  ra/n;  G. 
robe  ;  D.  raaf.  Qu.  Heb.  from  its  color.  But 
this  may  be  L.  corvus.  The  Saxon  orthography 
would  indicate  that  this  fowl  is  named  from  pilfer- 
ing; hreqfian,  reafian,  to  plunder,  to  rob,  L.  rapio.] 

A  large  bird  of  a  black  color,  belonging  to  the 
crow  family,  the  Corvus  Coraz.  P.  Cyc. 

RA\"£N,  (rav'n,)  i'.  U  (G.  raubm  ;  Dan.  rover;  Sw. 
"offa,  rofoa,  to  rob  ;  Sax.  reajitin,  kreajian.    Bat  it  is 


more  nearly  allied  to  Ar.  (  raffa,  to  eat  much, 

to  pluck  off  in  feeding.    Class  Kb,  No.  19.    See  No. 

18,  19,  34.] 

1.  To  devour  with  great  eagerness ;  to  «at  with 
voracity. 

Our  natures  do  pursue, 
Like  rats  that  raven  down  tlieir  proper  bane, 
A  thirsty  evil  ;  nuti  when  we  drink,  we  die.  Miafr. 
LiJje  a  roaring  lion  raoemng  ihe  prey.-  —  Ezek.  xxii. 

2.  To  obtain  by  violence.  Hakewill. 
RAVEN,  (rav'n,)  v.  i.    To  prey  with  rapacity. 

Benjamin  shall  raven  as  a  wolf.  — Gen.  xlix. 

RAVEN,  (rav'n,)  n.    Prey;  plunder;  food  obtained 
by  violence.    JV'ak.  ii. 
2.  Rapine  ;  rapacity.  Raij. 
RAVES-ED,  pp.    Devoured  with  voncity. 
R.\V'£N-EK,  71.    One  that  ravens  or  ,,!unders. 

GoWfr. 

2.  Raveners,  pi. !  birds  of  prey,  as  the  owl,  kite, 
hawk,  and  vulture.  Kirby. 
RAV'£N-[NG,  ppr.     Preying  with  rapacity ;  vora- 
ciously devouring  ;  as,  a  ravcninsr  wolf. 
RAV'K.\"-1.\G,  71.    Eagerness  for  plunder.    Lvke  xi. 
RAV'£N-OUS,a.    Furiously  vor.acious  ;  hungry  even 
to  rage  ;  devouring  with  rapacious  eagerness  ;  as,  a 
ravenous  wolf,  lion,  or  vulture.  Jililton. 

2.  Eager  for  prey  or  gratification  ;  as,  ravenous  ap- 
pptite  or  desire.  Shale. 
RAV'£.\-OUS-LY,  adv.   With  raging  voracity. 

Burnet. 

RAV'£N-OUS-NESS,  71.  Extreme  voracity  ;  rage  for 
prey  ;  as,  the  rarcnousness  of  a  lion.  Hale. 

Ra'V£N'S-DUCK,  71.    [G.  racensluch.] 

.\  species  of  sail-cloth.  Tooke. 

RaV'ER,  71.  [from  rave.]  One  that  raves  or  is  fu- 
rious. 

RAV'/N.    See  Raven. 

RAV'/N,  o.    Ravenous.    [JVo(  171  ttsf.]  S/iai. 
RA-V(.\E',  (ra-veen',)  7t.    [Fr.  ravin,  from  ravir,  to 

snatcii  or  tear  away.] 

A  louff,  deep,  and  narrow  hollow,  worn  by  a 

stnam  or  torrent  of  water;  hence,  any  long,  deep, 

and  narrow  hollow  or  pass  through  mountains,  &c. 
RAVING,  ppr.  or  a.    Furious  with  delirium;  mad; 

distracted. 

Ra  VING-LY,  adv.    With  furious  wildness  or  frenzy  ; 

with  distraction.  Sidney. 
RAVISH,  V.  t.    [Fr.  ravir;  Arm.  rai'if  :a  ;  Sav.  hrea- 

fnn  :  VV.  rheiiiaw ;  L.  ro;»i».    See  Class  Rb,  No.  18, 

19,  af),  27  ] 

1.  To  seize  and  carry  away  by  violence. 
These  liaira  which  Uiou  dost  ravish  from  my  chin, 

Will  quicken  and  accuse  thee.  Shak. 
This  haiul  shall  raviah  thy  pretended  ri^llt.  Drytlen. 

2.  To  have  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman  by  force, 
and  against  her  consent.    Is.  xiii.    Zech.  xiv. 

3.  To  bear  away  with  joy  or  delight ;  to  delight  to 
ecstasy  ;  to  transport. 

Thou  hast  ravished  my  heart.  —  Cant,  ir,    Prov.  v. 

RAVTSII-£D,  (rav'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Snatched  away  by 
violence;  foriied  to  submit  to  carnal  embrace;  dc- 
lichlcd  to  ecstasy. 

RAV'ISH-ER,  71.    One  that  takes  by  violence.  Pope. 

2.  One  that  forces  a  woman  to  his  carnal  embrace. 

3.  One  that  transports  with  delight. 

R.\  VISH-ING,  ppr.   Snatching  or  taking  by  violence  ; 
compelling  to  submit  to  carnal  intercourse;  delight- 
ing to  ec-tiisy. 
9.  a.  Delighting  to  rapture  :  transporting. 

R.W'ISII-ING,  71.  A  8ci/.ing  and  carrying  away  by 
violence. 

2.  Carnal  knowledge  by  force,  against  consent. 

3.  Eculalic  delight  ;  transport. 
EAV'ISH-I.N'G-LY,  adv.    To  extremity  of  delight. 

Cliopritnn. 

RAVISH  .MEN'T,  n.  The  act  of  forcing  a  wnman  to 
carnal  connection;  forcible  violation  of  cliiistiiy. 

Taylor.  Dnjilen. 

2.  Rapture  ;  transport  of  delight ;  ecstasy  ;  pleas- 
ing violence  on  the  mind  <»r  scrnscH. 

At)  thiuprs  )oy  with  raviahmrnt 

Aumcu-tl  tjy  Uiy  irntny  mill  to  gMr.  Milton. 

3.  The  act  of  carrying  nwiiy ;  abduction  ;  a»,  the 


RAY 

ravishment  of  children  from  their  parents,  of  a  ward 
from  his  guardian,  or  of  a  wife  from  her  husband. 

Blaclistone. 

RAW,  a.  [Sax.  kreato,  rcaw ;  D.  raauw  ;  G.  rok  ;  Dan. 
raa  ;  Sw.  ra  ;  h.  crudus  ;  Sp.  and  It.  c7^i(^o ;  Fr.  cru  ; 
Arm.  criz  or  crih  ;  W.  crau,  blood  ;  cri,  raw.  In  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  the  last  radical  is  lost  or  sunk  to 
w  or  h,  but  the  Saxon  initial  h  represents  the  L.  c. 

Ar.  aradia,  to  eat  or  corrode,  L.  rodo,  also  to 

become  raw.    Class  Rd,  No.  35.] 

1.  Not  altered  from  its  natural  state  ;  not  roasted, 
boiled,  or  cooked;  not  subdued  by  heat;  as,  raw 
meat.  Spenser. 

2.  Not  covered  with  skin  ;  bare,  as  flesh. 

If  there  is  quick  rata  flesh  in  the  risings,  it  is  an  old  leprosy.  — 
Lev.  xiii. 

3.  Sore. 

And  all  his  sinews  waxen  weak  and  raw 

Through  long  icuprisoiunent.  Spenser, 

4.  Immature  ;  unripe  ;  not  concocted.  Johnson. 

5.  Not  altered  by  heat ;  not  cooked  or  dressed  ; 
being  in  its  natural  state  ;  as,  raio  fruit. 

C.  Unseasoned;  unexperienced;  unripe  in  skill; 
as,  people  while  young  and  raw.  South. 

So  we  sa}',  raw  troops ;  and  new  seamen  are  called 
raw  hands. 

7.  New  ;  untried  ;  as,  a  raw  trick.  S/117J:. 

8.  Bleak  ;  chilly ;  cold,  or  rather  cold  and  damp ; 
as,  a  raw  day  ;  a  raw,  cold  climate.  Spenser. 

Once  upon  a  raw  and  gusty  day.  Shak. 

9.  Not  distilled  ;  as,  raw  water.    [JVoi  used.] 

Bacon. 

10.  Not  spun  or  twisted  ;  as,  raw  silk  or  cotton. 

11.  Not  mixed  or  adulterated  ;  as,  raw  spirits. 

12.  Bare  of  flesh.  Spenser. 

13.  Not  tried  or  melted  and  strained ;  as,  raw 
tallow. 

14.  Not  tanned  ;  as,  ratv  hides. 
RAW'-BoN-£D,  a.    Having  little  flesh  on  the  bones. 

Shak. 

RAW'HE.\D,  (  hed,)  71.  The  name  of  a  specter,  men- 
tioned to  frighten  children  ;  as,  rawhead  and  bloody 
bones.  Dnjden. 

RAWHIDE,  71.  A  cowhide  or  coarse  riding-whip, 
made  of  untanned  leather  twisted. 

RAVV'ISH,a.  Somewhat  raw  ;  cool  and  damp.  [JVot 
ninch  used.]  Marston. 

RAWLY,  adv.    In  a  r.aw  manner. 

Q.  Unskillfully  ;  without  experience. 

3.  Newly.  Shak. 

RAWNESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  raw,  uncooked, 
unaltered  by  heat ;  as,  the  raicness  of  flesh. 

2.  Unskillfulness  ;  state  of  being  inexperienced  ; 
as,  the  rawness  of  seamen  or  troops. 

3.  Hasty  manner.    [JVo(  (c^'(i77ta£e.]  Slmlc. 

4.  Chilliness  with  dampness. 

R.\Y,  71.  [Fr.  rate,  rayon  ;  It.  razio,  ragirio,  radio  ;  Sp. 
and  Port,  rayo  ;  from  L.  radius  ;  W.  rhaiz  ;  Ir.  riodk  ; 
Arm.  rea,  roudenn.  Sans,  radina.  It  coincides  with 
rori  and  row,  from  shooting;  extending.  Hence,  in 
W.  rhaiz  is  a  spear,  as  \vell  as  a  ray.] 

1.  A  line  of  light,  or  the  right  line  supposed  to  be 
described  by  a  particle  of  liglit.  A  collection  of  par- 
allel rays  constitutes  a  beam;  a  collection  of  diverg- 
ing or  converging  rays,  a  pencil.  Olmsted. 

The  mixed  .solar  beam  contains,  1st,  calorific  rays, 
producing  heat  and  expansion,  but  not  vision  and 
color;  2d,  colorific  rays,  producing  vision  and  color, 
but  not  heat  nor  expansion  ;  3d,  chemical  rays,  pro- 
ducing certain  effects  on  the  composition  of  bodies, 
but  neither  heat,  expansion,  vision,  or  color  ;  4lli,  a 
power  producing  magnetism,  but  whether  a  distinct 
or  associated  power,  is  not  determineti.  It  seems  to 
be  associated  with  the  violet,  more  than  with  the 
other  rays.  Sillirnan. 

2.  Fiiruralively,  a  beam  of  intellectual  light. 

3.  I.iglit ;  luster. 

The  air  sharpened  his  visual  ray.  Milton. 

4.  In  botany,  the  outer  scries  of  ligulate  florets  in 
a  compound  flower;  also,  the  petals  having  a  form 
diflerent  from  the  rest,  wliich  are  stuneliincs  found 
in  tlic!  cirf.uiiiference  of  an  umbel,  a  cyme,  or  a  ca- 
pitulnm  of  a^trretrate  fiowers.  Lindlry. 

.">.  In  ichthyoloiry,  a  bony  or  cartilaginous  ossicle  in 
the  fins  of  fishes,  serving  to  support  the  membrtinc. 
II.  A  plant,  [lolium.]  Jiinsworth. 
7.  Ray,  for  Array.    [A'of  in  use.] 

Spenser.    B.  Jonson. 
RAY,  n.    [Fr.  raie  ;  Sp.  raya  ;  G.  roehe  ] 

A  fish  ;  a  common  name  for  the  species  of  the 
Liiinaran  genus  Raia,  including  the  skate,  thornback, 
torpeilo,  stingray,  &c. 
RAY,  V.  t.    To  streak  ;  to  mark  with  long  lines. 

Spenser.  Shak. 

2.  To  foul  ;  to  beray.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spciucr. 

3.  To  array.    [JVol  in  use.] 

4.  To  shoot  forth.  Thomson. 
RX'YA  H,  (r,l'yit,)  ».    In  Turkey,  a  perstm  not  a  Mo- 

hnmmedan,  who  pays  the  capitation  tax.  Brande. 


REA 

RaY' EO,  pp.  or  a.    Streaked;  marked  with  long  lines. 

R.\  Y'GR.^i.SS,  71.  One  of  the  popular  names  of  Loli- 
um ppreiine  ;  rye  grass. 

RAY'LESS,  a.  Jjestitute  of  light ;  dark;  not  illumi- 
nated. Yountr. 

RAZE,  71.    A  root.    [See  Race-Ginger,  under  Kace.] 

RAZE,  u  (.  [Fr.  raser  ;  Li.  rasas,  rado ;  ^p.  arrasar. 
See  Rase  and  Erase.] 

1.  To  subvert  from  the  foundation  ;  to  overthrow  ; 
to  destroy ;  to  demolish ;  as,  to  raze  a  city  to  the 
ground. 

The  Toyol  hand  that  razed  unhappy  Troy.  Dryden. 

2.  To  erase  ;  to  efface  ;  to  obliterate. 

Razing  the  characters  of  your  renown.  Shak, 
[In  this  sense  Rase  and  Erase  are  now  used.] 

3.  To  extirpate. 

And  raze  their  factions  and  their  family.  ShaJ:. 

RAZ'£D,  pp.  Subverted  ;  overthrown  ;  wholly  ruined  ; 

erased  ;  extirpated. 
RA-ZEE',  17.    An  armed  ship  having  her  upper  deck 

cut  down,  and  thus  reduced  to  the  next  inferior  rate, 

as,  a  seventy-four  cut  d  iwn  to  a  frigate.  Totlen. 
RA-ZEE',  V.  t.    To  cut  down  to  an  inferior  rate  or 

class,  as  a  ship. 
RA-ZEED',  pp.    Cut  down  to  an  inferior  class. 
R.\-ZEE'1NG,  ppr.    Cutting  down  loan  inferior  class. 
R.AZ'ING,   j'i""-    Subverting;  destroying;  erasing; 

extirpating. 

RA'ZOR,  71.  [Fr.  rasoir  ;  It.  rasoio ;  from  Fr.  raser,  L. 
rasus,  rado,  to  scrape.] 

An  instrument  fur  shaving  off  beard  or  hair. 
Razors  of  a  boar ;  a  boar's  tusks. 
RA'ZOR-A-BLE,  a.    Fit  to  be  shaved.    [JYoJ  in  use.] 

Shak, 

RA'ZOR-BILL,n.  An  aquatic  fowl,  the  common  auk, 
Alca  torda.  Ed.  Encyc. 

RA'ZOR-£D,  a.    Formed  like  a  razor. 

RA'ZOR-FISH,  n.   A  small  fish  of  the  Mediterranean, 
Coryphwna  novacula,  prized  for  the  table.  Booth. 
2.  The  razor-shell.  Kirby. 

RA'ZOR-SHELL,  ;i.  A  bivalve  shell-fish,  of  the  ge- 
nus Solen,  having  a  shell  long  and  narrow  like  the 
handle  of  a  razor.  Kirby. 

RA'ZOK-STROP,  71.    A  strop  f.ir  sharpening  razors. 

RAZ'URE,  71.    [Fr.  rasure  :  L.  rasura,  from  rado.] 
The  act  of  erasing  or  effacing ;  obliteration.  [See 
Rasure.] 

Re,  a  prefix  or  inseparable  particle  in  the  composition 
of  words,  denotes  return,  repetiti.  n,  iteration.  It  is 
contracted  from  red,  whicli  the  Latins  retained  in 
words  beginning  with  a  vowel,  as  in  redamo,  rcdco. 


redinte^ro;  Ar.        radda,  to  return,  restore,  bring 

back,  repel,  to  answer.  Class  Rd,  No.  1.  From  the 
Latin  or  the  original  Celtic,  the  Italians,  Spanish,  and 
French,  have  their  re,  ra,  as  prefixes.  In  a  few  Eng- 
lish worils,  all  or  most  of  which,  I  believe,  we  re- 
ceive from  the  French,  it  has  lost  its  appropriate 
signification,  as  in  rejuire,  recommend,  receive. 

RE-AB  SORB',  i'.  (.    [re  and  absorb.]    To  draw  in  or 
imbibe  again  what  has  been  effused,  extravasated,  or 
thrown  off;  used  of  fluids;  as,  to  reabsorb  chyle, 
lymph,  blooti,  gas,  &c. 
2.  To  swallow  up  again. 

RE-AB-SORB'£D,  p;i.    Imbibed  again. 

RE-.\B-SORl!'IN(i,  ppr.  Keiiubibins. 

RE-AB-SORP'TION,  (-shun,)  n.  Tlie  act  or  process 
of  imbibing  what  has  been  previously  thrown  off, 
effused,  or  e.\travasated  ;  the  swallowing  a  second 
time.  Lavoisier. 

RE-AC-CESS',  71.  [re  and  access.]  A  second  access 
or  approach  ;  a  visit  renewed.  Hakewill. 

RkACH,  v.  i.  Rauuht,  the  ancient  preterit,  is  obsolete. 
The  verb  is  now  regular  ;  pp.  Reached.  [Sax.  ra- 
can,  reean,  ritcan,  or  hracan;  Goth,  rakyan;  Ir.  ritr- 
him,  roichim ;  Dan.  rekker ;  D.  reikcn,  rckken  ;  G.  reichrn, 
recken;  Sw.  rdeka  :  Gr.opeyto:  It.  recere,  to  reach, 
retch,  or  vomit;  L.  re^ro,  to  rule  or  govern,  to  make 
right  or  straight,  that  is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  the  radi- 
cal sense.  The  English  sense  of  reach  appears  in  L. 
porrigo  and  parricio.  We  find  in  the  Shemitic  lan- 
guages, Ch.  JJT  to  desiie,  to  long  for,  Syr.  ra- 
gi,  and  <""''S''i      desire.   This  is  the  Greek 

o/)C)  (.1,  to  reach,  to  stretch,  the  radical  sense  of  de- 
siring. Tlif  latter  Syriac  word  is  the  Hebrew  J-iN,  to 
weave  ;  but  the  i)rimary  sense  is,  to  stretch  or  strain. 

This  verb  in  Arabic,  ~jl  arikha,  signifies  to  send 

forth  a  grateful  smell,  to  breathe  fragrance,  the  root 
of  the  l.,fragro.  But  the  primary  sense  is  the  same, 
to  reach,  to  extend,  to  shoi.l  fort.*!.    The  same  word 

in  Eth.  rnga,  San.  rirh^h,  signifies  to  con- 

geal orconilense,  to  make  stiff  or  rigiil.  This  is  the 
L.  nVci),  (;r.  '01,  and  hoiico  L.  friaro,  whence 
/rigid.    This  sense  also  is  from  stretching  or  draw- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 


912 


RE  A 


REA 


REA 


inz,  mnkiiig  tense  or  rigid.  TIir  radical  sense  of 
yp-v  is  tlio  same,  whence  region,  and  tin:  Ileb.  y  p">, 
the  expanse  of  heaven  or  the  firmament.  The  L. 
roiTo  has  the  same  radical  sense,  to  reach,  to  urge. 
See  Class  Kg,  No.  1,  8,  l.'i,  18,  21.] 

1.  To  extend  ;  to  stretch;  in  a  general  sense ;  some- 
times followed  by  out  ani  forth  i  as,  to  reach  out  the 
arm.  Hence, 

2.  To  extend  to  ;  to  touch  by  extending,  either  the 
arm  alone,  or  with  an  instrument  in  the  hand  ;  .is, 
to  reach  a  hook  on  the  shelf;  I  can  not  reach  the  ob- 
ject with  my  cane  ;  the  seaman  reaches  the  bottom 
of  the  river  with  a  pole  or  a  line. 

3.  To  strike  from  a  distance. 


O  p-ilron  power,  thy  pn^nt  aid  aflord, 
Ttiut  1  may  rtaeh  tin:  lieiul. 


Drydci 


1.  To  deliver  with  the  hand  by  e.\tending  Ihearni ; 
to  band.    He  reached  [to]  me  an  orange. 

IJe  reachtd  inc  a  full  cup.  —  2  rUUms. 

5.  To  extend  or  stretch  from  a  distance. 

Heach  hitlicr  thy  finger — reacA  hither  thy  liantl. — John  XX. 

f>.  To  arrive  at ;  to  come  to.  The  ship  reached  her 
port  in  safety.  We  reached  New  York  on  Thursday. 
The  letter  reached  me  at  seven  o'clock. 

7.  To  attain  to  or  arrive  .it,  by  elTort,  labor,  or  study  ; 
hetice,  to  gain  or  obtain.  livery  artist  should  at- 
tempt to  react  the  point  of  excellence. 

The  N'st  uccouiits  oj  till?  appearances  of  nature  which  human 
penctrvtiou  can  readi,  ootne  short  of  its  icaiity.  Chtjjne. 

8.  To  penetrate  to. 

Whatever  alterations  are  made  in  the  body,  if  they  reach  not  the 
niiiul,  theie  is  uo  perception.  Locke. 

9.  To  extend  to  so  as  to  include  or  comprehend  in 
fact  or  principle. 

The  law  reaehsd  the  intention  of  the  promoten,  and  this  act  fixed 
Ih'*  natnr.\l  price  of  money.  Locke. 

ir  these  exaniples  of  men  reach  DOt  tho  easo  of  chiMren, 

I'-t  thcui  examine.  Locke. 

10.  To  extend  to. 

Thy  desire  leads  to  no  excess  that  reache*  blame.  MUton. 

H.  To  extend  ;  to  spread  abroad. 

Tn-es  reached  too  far  their  pampered  houghs.  Millon. 

12.  To  take  with  the  hand. 

Irfst,  therefore,  now  his  bolder  hand 
Reach  also  of  the  tree  of  life  and  eat.    [Unusuai.]  I^rOlon. 

13.  To  overreach  ;  to  deceive.  South. 
Reach,  v.  i.    To  bo  extended. 

The  new  world  reachet  quite  across  the  torrid  rone.  Boyle. 
The  bonier  shall  descend,  and  shall  reach  to  the  side  of  the  sea 

of  Chinnereth  eiisiwarrl.  —  Num.  xxxiv. 
And  beholJ,  a  ladder  set  on  the  eanli,  aud  the  top  of  it  reached 

to  heaven.  —  lieu,  xxviii. 

2.  To  penetrate. 

Ye  have  slain  thera  in  ai«£c  that  readttth  to  heaven.  —  2Cbron. 
xxviii. 

3.  To  make  efforts  to  vomit.    [See  Retch.] 

Cheyne. 

To  reach  oJUt  ;  to  make  efforts  to  attain  to  or  ob- 
tain. 

He  would  he  in  a  posture  of  mind  reaching  a/ter  a  positive  idea 
of  infinity.  Locke. 

Re.\CH,  ji.  In  a  general  sense,  extension  ;  a  stretch- 
ing; extent. 

2.  The  power  of  extending  to,  or  of  taking  by  the 
hand,  or  by  any  instniment  managed  by  the  hand. 
The  book  is  not  within  my  reach.  The  bottom  of 
the  sea  i,s  not  within  the  reocA  of  a  line  or  cable. 

3.  ^Power  of  attainment  or  management,  or  the 
limit  of  power,  physical  or  moral.  He  used  all  the 
means  within  his  reach.  The  causes  of  phenomena 
are  often  beyond  the  reach  of  human  intellect. 

Be  sure  yourself  and  your  own  reacA  to  know.  Pnpe. 

4.  Effort  of  the  mind  in  contrivance  or  research  ; 
contrivance ;  scheme. 

Drawn  by  others  who  had  deeper  reach**  than  themselves  to 
matters  which  they  leiul  intended.  HcywanL 

5.  A  fetch  ;  an  artifice  to  obtain  an  advantage. 
The  Duke  of  Parma  had  partictdar  reachea  and  ends  of  his  own 

underhand,  to  cross  the  desi^.  Bacon. 

6.  Tendency  to  distant  consequences. 

Strain  not  my  speech 
To  grosser  issues,  nor  t»  Larger  reach 
Than  to  suspicion.  Shak. 

7.  Extent. 

And  on  the  lefl  hand,  hell 
With  long  reach  interposed.  fifilton, 

8.  Among  seamen,  the  distance  between  two  points 
on  the  banks  of  a  river,  iu  which  the  current  tlows 
in  a  straight  course.  Brande. 

9.  An  effort  to  vomit. 

ReACII'£I),  (recht,)  pp.  Stretched  out ;  extended  ; 
touched  by  extending  the  arm ;  attained  to ;  ob- 
tained. 

ReACH'ER,  n.  One  that  reaches  or  extends;  one 
that  delivers  by  extending  the  arm. 

Re.\CH'I.NG,  ppr.  Stretching  out ;  extending;  touch- 
ing hy  extension  of  the  arm ;  attaining  to  ;  gaining  ; 
making  elTort-s  to  vomit. 

RE- ACT',  r.  u    [re  and  oct]   To  act  or  perform  a 


sectind  time;  as,  to  react  a  play;  the  same  scenes 
were  reacted  at  Rome. 
UE-ACT',  V.  i.  To  return  an  impulse  or  impression  ; 
to  resist  the  action  of  another  body  hy  an  opposite 
force.  Every  body  reacts  on  the  body  that  impels  it 
from  its  natural  state. 

2.  To  act  mutually  or  reciprocally  upon  each  other, 
as  two  or  more  chemical  agi.'nts.  Dana. 

3.  To  act  in  opposition  ;  to  resist  any  influence  or 
power. 

RE-ACT'ED,  pp.    Acted  or  performed  a  second  time. 

RE-ACT'INd,  ppr.  Acting  again;  in  p/iysiM,  resist- 
ing the  impulse  of  another  body  by  an  opposite  force ; 
acting  mutually  or  reciprocally. 

RE-ACTION,  II.  Ill  vieclianic.1,  a  force  which  a  body 
subjected  to  the  action  of  a  force  from  another  body 
exerts  upon  that  body  in  tho  opposite  direction. 

Olmsted. 

Action  and  reaction  are  equal.  JVe«>(on. 

2.  In  cAemi-Nfry,  the  mutual  or  reciprocal  action  of 
chemical  agents  upon  each  other.  Dana. 

3.  Any  action  in  resisting  other  action  or  power. 
RE-ACT'iVE,  a.    Having  jxiwer  to  react ;  tending  to 

reaction. 

RE-.\€T'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  reaction. 
RE-AGT'IVE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  re- 
active. 

Re.\D,  (reed,)  n.    [Sax.  r<rd.    Sec  the  verb.] 

1.  Counsel.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  Saying;  sentence.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
RE.\D,  i\  t.    The  preterit  and  pp.  Read  is  pronounced 

red.  [Sax.  rted,  rad,  rfrf,  speech,  discourse,  cotinsel, 
advice,  knowledge,  benefit,  reason  ;  ra-dan,  redan,  to 
read,  to  decree,  to  appoint,  to  command,  to  rule  or 
govern,  to  conjecture,  to  give  or  t.akc  counsel  ; 
arcedtin,  to  read,  to  tell,  to  narr.ite  ;  gertrdan,  to  read, 
to  consult ;  gerad,  mode,  condition,  or  state,  reason, 
ratio,  or  account,  knowledge,  instruction,  or  learn- 
ing, anil,  as  an  adjective  or  participle,  knowing,  in- 
structed, reoilij,  sititeil  ;  grrad  bcon,  to  be  ready,  to 
accoril,  or  agree  ;  geradod,  excited,  quick.  These 
significations  unite  this  word  with  ready,  which  sec. 
G.  rede,  speech,  talk,  account ;  redcn,  to  speak  ;  D. 
rede,  speech  ;  rcden,  reason  ;  Dan.  rede,  account,  and 
ready  ;  (J.  bereden,  to  berate;  rath,  atlvice,  counsel,  a 
council  or  senate  ;  ratheti,  to  advise,  to  conjecture,  or 
guess,  to  solve  a  riddle;  U.  7-aarf,  counsel,  advice  ; 
raaden,  to  counsel ;  Sw.  rad,  Dan.  raad,  counsel ;  rada, 
raader,  to  counsel,  to  instruct ;  W.  rhailh,  straight, 
right,  that  is,  set  right,  decision,  verdict;  rheitheg, 
rhetoric,  from  rliailh;  Dan.  rc(,  law,  justice,  right, 
recLson  ;  Sw.  rail,  ratio,  id. ;  Ir.  radh,  a  saying;  rod- 
ham,  to  say,  tell,  relate ;  W.  adrawz,  to  tell  or  re- 
hearse ;  Gr.  peiy),  for  ItcOoi,  to  say  or  tell,  to  flow  ; 
pi^Taifi,  a  speaker,  a  rhetorician ;  Goth,  rodyan,  to 
speak.  The  primary  sense  of  read  is,  to  speak,  to 
utter,  that  is,  to  push,  drive,  or  adv.mce.  This  is 
also  the  primary  sense  of  ready,  that  is,  prompt,  or 
advancing  quick.  The  Sax.  aerad,  ready,  accords 
also  in  elements  with  the  \\.  rh&d,  L.  gratia,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is,  prompt  to  favor,  advanti- 
ing  towards,  free.  The  elements  of  these  words  are 
the  same  as  those  of  ride  and  L.  gradior,  &c.  The 
sense  of  recson  is  secondary,  that  which  is  uttered, 
said,  or  set  forth  ;  hence,  counsel,  also.  The  Sw. 
raUa,  Dan.  ret,  if  not  contracted  words,  are  from  tho 
same  root.  (See  Ready.)  Class  Rd,  No.  1,  3,  5,  9, 
2G.] 

1.  To  utter  or  pronounce  written  or  printed  words, 
letters,  or  characters,  in  the  proper  order  ;  to  repeat 
the  names  or  utter  the  sounds  customarily  annexed 
to  words,  letters,  or  characters  ;  as,  to  read  a  written 
or  printed  discourse  ;  to  read  the  letters  of  an  alpha- 
bet ;  to  read  figures  ;  to  read  the  notes  of  music,  or 
to  read  music. 

2.  To  inspect  and  understand  words  or  characters; 
to  peruse  silently  ;  as,  to  read  a  paper  or  letter  with- 
out uttering  the  words  ;  to  read  to  one's  self. 

3.  To  discover  or  understand  by  characters,  marks, 
features,  &c. ;  as,  to  read  a  man's  thoughts  in  his 
countenance. 

To  read  the  bilerior  structure  of  the  globe,  /oum.  o/  Science. 

An  armed  corse  diil  lie, 
Id  whose  dead  face  he  read  great  magnanimity.  Spenser, 

4.  To  gather  the  meaning  of  by  inspection  ;  to 
Icam  by  observation. 

Those  about  her 
From  her  shidi  read  die  peilcct  ways  of  honor.  Shale. 

5.  To  know  fully. 

Who  is't  can  read  a  woman  I  Shak. 

6.  To  suppose ;  to  guess.    [  04*.]  Spenser. 

7.  To  advise.  [  04s.]  Spenser 
R£.\D,  (reed,)  ».  L    To  perform  the  act  of  reading. 

So  they  read  in  the  book  of  the  law  of  God  distiocUy,  and  gave 
ihe  sense.  —  Neh.  viii. 

2.  To  be  studious;  to  practice  much  reading. 

It  is  sure  that  Fleiiry  read*.  Taylor. 

3.  To  learn  by  reading. 

I  have  rend  of  an  RaAem  king  who  put  a  Judge  to  death  for  an 
inapiit  .us  sentence.  Sui/L 

4.  To  tell  ;  to  declare.    [JVat  in  use.]  Spenser. 


5.  To  appear  in  reading ;  as,  thepaiwige  rrai^  thus 
in  the  early  manuscripts. 
RE.\D,  (red,)  pp.    Uttered  ;  pronounced,  as  written 
words  in  the  proper  order  ;  as,  the  letter  was  read  to 
the  family. 

2.  Silently  pcnised  ;  understood  hy  inspection. 
READ,  (red,)  it.    Instructed  or  knowing  by  reading  ; 
versed  in  books  ;  learned.    fVell  read  is  the  phrase 
commonly  used  ;  as,  well  read  in  history  ;  teetl  read 
in  tho  classics. 

A  poet  uell  read  in  IjOnginus.  AddUon. 

READ'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  read  ;  fit  to  be  read. 

J/urd. 

ReAD'A-BLE-NESS,  n.   Tho  state  of  being  readable. 
ReAD'A-HLY,  ado.    So  as  to  be  legible. 
RE-A-DEP'TION,  n.    [from  L.  re  and  adrptus,  ob- 
tained.] 

A  regaining ;  recovery  of  something  lost.  [Ab( 
much  useiL]  Bacon. 
READ'ER,  n.    One  that  reads  ;  any  person  who  pro- 
nounces written  words  ;  particularly,  one  whose  dis- 
tinctive office  is  to  read  prayers  in  a  church. 

2.  At  Uie  university  of  Oxford,  one  who  reads  lec- 
tures on  scientific  subjects.  Lyrll. 

3.  By  way  of  distinction,  one  that  reads  much  ;  one 
studious  in  books. 

READ'ER-SHIP,n.  [See  Read.]  The  office  of  read- 
ing prayers  in  a  church.  SwifL 

2.  At  tAt  university  of  Oiford,  the  oftice  of  a  reader 
or  lecturer  on  scientific  subjects.  Lyell. 

READ'I-LY,(red'i-ly,)  a<ic.  (See  Ready.]  Ouickly  ; 
promptly  ;  easily.  1  rcadihj  perceive  the  distinction 
you  make. 

2.  Cheerfully;  without  del.ay  or  objection;  with- 
out reluctance.    He  rcaddy  granted  my  request. 
READ'I-NESS,  (red'i  ness,)  n.    [from  ready.] 

1.  Uuickness;  promptness;  promptitude  ;  facility  ; 
freedom  from  hinderance  or  obstruction  ;  as,  readi- 
ness of  speech  ;  remliness  of  thought ;  readiness  of 
mind  in  suggesting  an  answer;  readiness  u(  reply. 

2.  Promptitude  ;  cheerfulness  ;  willingness  ;  alac- 
rity ;  freedom  from  reluctitnce  ;  as,  to  grant  a  request 
or  assistance  with  readiness. 

They  received  the  word  widi  all  readiness  of  mind.  —  Acts  xvii. 

3.  A  state  of  preparation  ;  fitness  of  condition. 
The  troops  are  in  readiness. 

ReAD'ING,  ppr.    Pronouncing  or  perusing  written  or 
printed  words  or  characters  of  a  book  or  writing. 
_  2.  Discovering  by  marks  ;  understanding. 

ReAD'ING,  a.  Addicted  to  reading;  as,  a  reading 
community. 

A  reading  man,  in  the  English  vnirersilies,  is  a  hard 
student,  or  one  who  is  entirely  devoted  to  his  col- 
legiate studies. 
READ'I.NG,  71.    The  act  of  reading ;  penisal. 

2.  Study  of  books  ;  as,  a  man  of  extensive  reading. 

3.  A  lecture  or  prelection. 

4.  Public  recital. 

The  Jews  had  tlicir  weekly  readinge  of  the  law.  Hooker. 

5.  In  critici.tm,  the  way  in  which  a  given  word  or 
passage  reads  in  a  manu.script,  version,  edition,  itc. 
No  small  part  of  the  business  of  critics  is  to  settle  the 
true  reading,  or  real  words  used  by  the  author  ;  and 
the  various  readings  of  ditferent  critics  are  oflen  per- 
plexing. 

6.  A  version  or  interpretation  of  a  law,  text,  or 
passage,  as  conveying  its  meaning.  Encye. 

7.  In  legislation,  the  ftirinal  recital  of  a  bill  by  the 
proper  officer,  before  the  house  which  is  to  consider 
it.  In  congress  and  in  tho  State  legislatures,  a  bill 
must  usually  have  three  several  readings  on  dilTerent 
days,  before  it  can  be  passed  into  a  law. 

RE.\D'ING-UOO.M,  n.    A  room  provided  with  papers, 
periodicals,  &c.,  to  which  persons  resort  for  re.'uling. 
RE-AD-JOURN',  (-jum',)  d.  L    [rc  and  adjourn.]  To 
adjourn  .a  second  time. 
2.  To  cite  or  summon  again.    [JVot  used,] 

Cot  (rrave. 

RE-AD-je^URN'£D,  pp.    Adjourned  a  second  time 
RE-AD-JUST',  D.  f.  [re  and  adjust.]    To  settle  again ; 
to  put  in  order  again  what  had  been  discomposed. 

Fielding. 

RE-ADJn.=:T'ED,  pp.    Adjusted  again  ;  resettled. 

RE-AD-JirsT'lNG,  ppr.    Ailjustiiig  again. 

RE-.\DJUST'.\1ENT,  n.    A  second  adjustment. 

RE-.\D-MIS'SIO.V,  (-mish'un,)  n,  [re  and  mlmUsinn.] 
The  act  of  admitting  again  what  had  been  excluded; 
as,  the  readmission  of  fresh  air  into  an  exhausted  re- 
ceiver ;  Ihe  readmission  of  a  student  into  a  seminary. 

.^rbuthnoL. 

RE-AD-MIT',  B.  «.    [re  and  (Kfmit.]    To  admit  again. 
Whose  ear  is  ever  open,  and  his  eye 
Gracious  to  rtadmii  the  supphanu  Mdtan. 

RE-AD-MIT'TANCE,  n.    A  second  admittance ;  al- 
lowance to  enter  again. 
RE-AD.MIT'TED,pp.    Admitted  again. 
RE-.\D-.MIT'TING,  ppr.    Allowing  to  enter  again. 
RE-.\-D01'T',  V.  t    [re  and  adopL]    To  adopt  again. 

)■,.>/ 

RE-A-DORN',  r.  U   To  adorn  anew  ;  to  decorate  a 

second  time.  Blackmarr.. 
RE-A-DOR.\''£D,  pp.   Adorned  anew. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"ClOUS  C  ai  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


115 


YY  Y 


913 


REA 


REA 


REA 


RE  AD-VERT' EN-CY,  n.  [re  and  adeerteticy.]  The 
act  of  reviewing.  A''orris. 

REAU'Y,  (red'e,)  a.  [Sax.  r<ed,  hrad,  hrced,  quick, 
brisk,  prompt,  ready  ;  gerait,  prepared,  ready,  pru- 
dent, learned  ;  kradian,  gchradiaii^  to  liasten,  to  ac- 
celerate ;  geradian^  to  make  ready  ;  D.  reeden,  to  pre- 
pare ;  recd^  prel,  of  ryden,  to  ride  ;  reede^  a  road  ;  fte- 
reid,  ready  ;  bereideii,  to  prepare  ;  gereed,  ready  j  G. 
berctt,  id.  ;  bcreiten^  to  prepare,  and  to  ride;  reede,  a 
road  ;  Dan.  rede,  ready  ;  reder,  to  make  the  bed,  to 
rid:  rede,  an  account;  Sa,\.  rad,  from  the  root  of 
read ;  bereder,  to  prepare  ;  rider,  bcrider,  to  ride  ;  S\v. 
reda,  to  make  ready,  to  clear  or  disentangle,  Eng.  to 
rid:  redo,  ready  ;  rida,  to  ride  ;  bereda,  to  prepare  ;  Ir. 
reidh,  ready  ;  reidhim,  to  prepare,  to  agree  ;  Gr.  ftaSi- 
05,  easy ;  VV.  rliedu,  to  run.  The  primary  sense  is, 
to  go,  move,  or  advance  forward,  and  it  seems  to  be 
clear  that  ready,  ride,  read,  riddle,  are  all  of  one  fam- 
ilv,  and  probably  from  the  root  of  L.  gradior.  See 
Read  and  Red.    Class  Rd,  No.  93.] 

1.  (Inick  ;  prompt;  not  hesitating ;  as,  ready  wit; 
a  readij  consent. 

2.  (iuick  to  receive  or  comprehend  ;  not  slow  or 
dull ;  as,  a  ready  apprehension. 

3.  Quick  in  action  or  execution  ;  dextrous  ;  as,  an 
artist  ready  in  his  business  ;  a  ready  writer.    Ps.  xlv. 

4.  Prompt ;  not  delayed  ;  present  in  hand.  He 
makes  ready  payment ;  he  pays  ready  money  for  ev- 
ery' tiling  he  buys. 

5.  Prepared  ;  fitted  ;  furnished  with  what  is  neces- 
sary, or  disposed  in  a  manner  suited  to  the  purpose; 
as,  a  ship  ready  for  sea. 

My  oxen  and  fatlings  are  killed,  and  ajl  things  are  ready.  — 
Matt.  xxii. 

6.  Willing;  free;  cheerful  to  do  or  suffer;  not 
backward  or  reluctant;  as,  a  prince  always  ready  to 
grant  the  reasonable  requests  of  his  subjects. 

Tlie  spirit  is  reculy,  but  the  flesh  is  weak.  —  Mark  xiv, 
I  am  ready  not  to  be  tjounU  only,  but  also  to  die  at  Jerusalem  for 
the  name  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  —  Acta  xxi. 

7.  Willing;  disposed.  Men  are  generally  readi/ to 
impute  blame  to  others.  They  are  more  ready  to  give 
than  to  take  reproof. 

8.  Being  at  the  point ;  near;  not  distant;  about  to 
do  or  suffer. 

A  Syrian,  ready  to  perish,  was  my  father.  —  DeuU  xivi.  Job 
xxix.    Ps.  Ixxxviii. 

9.  Being  nearest  or  at  hand. 

A  saplin?  pine  he  wrenched  from  out  the  gpround, 

The  readieal  weapon  that  his  fury  found.  Dryden. 

10.  Easy  ;  facile  ;  opportune  ;  short ;  near,  or  most 
convenient ;  the  Greek  sense,  paiioq. 

Sometimes  the  readiest  way  which  a  wise  man  has  to  conquer,  is 

to  fl'-e.  Hooker. 
Through  the  wild  desert,  not  the  readiest  way.  Milton. 
'riie  rc(K/t/  way  to  l>e  thought  mad,  is  to  contend  you  are  not  so, 

iS;p€Ctofor. 

To  make  ready ;  to  prepare  ;  to  provide  and  put  in 
order. 

2.  An  elliptical  phrase  for  make  things  ready;  to 
make  jjreparations  ;  to  prepare. 
READ'Y,  (red'e,)  ado.    In  a  state  of  preparation  so  as 
to  need  no  delay. 

We  ouravlves  will  go  ready  armed  before  the  house  of  Israel.  — 
Num.  xxxii. 

READ'Y,  (red'e,)  n.   For  ready  money. 

Lord  Strut  was  not  flush  in  ready,  either  to  go  to  law,  or  to 
cle.ar  old  debts,    {.i  touj  word.]  Arbuthnot. 

READ'Y,  (red'e,)  v.  t.  To  dispose  in  order  ;  to  pre- 
pare.   [Ao(  in  use.'\  Brooke. 

READ'Y-MaUE,  a.    Already  made. 

READ'Y-WIT'TED,  a.    Having  ready  wit. 

RE-.\F-FIR.M',  f-af-furm',)  c.  t.  [re  anA  affirm.1  To 
athrm  a  seconti  lime. 

RE-AF-FIRM'ANCE,  n.    A  second  confirmatiim. 

.^tjl'ffe. 

RE-AF-FIRM'KD,  pp.    Affirmed  a  second  time. 

RE-AF-FIKM'ING,  ppr.    Affirming  again. 

RE-A'<5ENT,  71.  freand  agent.]  In  chemistry,  a  sub- 
stance employea  to  detect  the  presence  of  other 
bodi(!S. 

I>rgman  r'-ckons  barytic  muriate  to  be  one  of  the  most  sensible 
reagents.  Pourcroy. 

RE-AG-GRA-VA'TION,  n.  \re  and  aggravation.]  In 
the  Roman  Catholic  ecclesin.-itical  law,  the  last  monitory, 
published  after  three  admonitions  and  before  the  last 
excommunication.  Before  tht^y  proceed  to  fulminate 
the  last  excommunication,  they  publish  an  aggrava- 
tion and  a  reaggravation.  Kncyc. 

RP.AK,  n.    A  rush.    [JVo«  in  we.] 

IlP.'AL,  n.  [Low  I,,  realit ;  It.  reale  ;  Fp.  real;  Fr. 
reel ;  from  Ij.  rM,  rei,  Ir.  raod,  red,  rod.  Hc-t  at  of  the 
Clans  Kd,  from  the  root  of  read,  ready,  from  rushing, 
driving,  or  fulling.  Wo,  like  thing,  in,  primarily,  that 
which  comes,  falls  out,  or  happrns,  corresponding 
with  erent,  from  Ij.  evenio.  lira,  then,  denoli  s  that 
which  actually  exiHls.  The  !,.  rc.i  and  Eng.  tiling 
roirirido  exactly  In  aigninc.-ition  with  the  llcb.  131, 
a  wonl,  a  lliing,  an  event.   Sen  Rkao  anil  'I'mino.] 

I.  Actually  being  or  existing  ;  not  liclitious  or  ini' 
aginary  ;  ax,  n  dexcription  of  real  life.  The  author 
dcHcribey  n  real  Hcenc  or  tranxaclion. 


2.  True;  genuine;  not  artificial,  counterfeit,  or 
factitious ;  as,  real  Madeira  wine  ;  real  ginger. 

3.  True;  genuine;  not  atiected  ;  not  assumed. 
The  woman  appears  in  her  real  character. 

4.  Relating  to  things,  not  to  persons  ;  not  personal 

Many  are  perfect  in  men's  humors,  that  are  not  g:TPatly  capable 
of  the  real  part  of  business.    \lAttU  used  or  obsolete.] 

Bacon. 

5.  In  law,  pertaining  to  things  fixed,  permanent, 
or  immovable,  as  to  lands  and  tenements  ;  as,  rcU 
estate,  opposed  to  personal  or  movable  property. 

Blackstone. 

Real  action,  in  late,  is  an  action  whicn  concerns 
real  property 

Real  assets ;  assets  consisting  in  real  estate,  or  lands 
and  tenements  descending  to  an  heir,  sufficient  to 
answer  the  charges  upon  the  estate  created  by  the 
ancestor. 

Chattels  real,  are  such  chattels  as  concern  or  savor 
of  the  realty  ;  as  a  term  for  years  of  land,  wardships 
in  chivalry,  the  next  presentation  to  a  church,  estate 
by  statute-merchant,  elegit,  &lz. 

Real  composition,  is  when  an  agreement  is  made 
between  the  owner  of  lands  and  the  parson  or  vicar, 
with  consent  of  the  ordinary,  that  such  lands  shall 
be  discharged  from  payment  of  tithes,  in  conse- 
quence of  other  land  or  recompense  given  to  the 
parson  in  lieu  and  satisfaction  thereof.  Blackstone. 

Real  presence  ;  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the 
actual  presence  of  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  in 
the  eucharist,  or  the  conversion  of  the  substance  of 
the  bread  and  wine  into  the  real  body  and  blood  of 
Christ.  Kncyc. 
RE'AL,  n.  [Sp.]  A  small  Spanish  denomination  of 
money. 

The  real  of  plate  varies  in  value  according  to  the 
time  of  its  coinage,  from  12.^  down  to  10  cents,  or 
from  6i  to  5  pence  sterling.  The  real  vellun  is  a 
money  of  account  equal  to  5  cents,  or  2^  pence  ster- 
ling jVcCidloch. 

2.  A  realist.    [Obs.]  Burton. 
RE-AL'GAR,  n.    [Fr.  reagal,  or  realgal;  Von.rosal- 
gar,  red  algar.] 

A  combination  of  sulphur  and  arsenic  in  equal 
equivalents  ;  red  sulphuret  of  arsenic.  Realgar  dif- 
fers from  orpiment  in  the  circumstance  that  orpiment 
is  composed  of  two  equivalents  of  arsenic  and  three 
of  sulphur, 

Re'AL-ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  realists,  who 
maintain  that  things,  and  not  words,  are  the  objects 
of  dialectics, 

Re'AL-IST,  71.  One  who  maintains  that  generals,  or 
the  terms  used  to  denote  the  genera  and  species  of 
things,  represent  real  existences,  and  are  not  mere 
names,  as  maintained  by  the  nominalists.  Murdoch. 

RE-AL-IST'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 
the  realists, 

RE-AL'I-TY,  71,    [Fr.  reality.] 

1.  Actual  being  or  existence  of  any  thing  ;  truth  ; 
fact ;  in  distinction  from  mere  appearance, 

A  man  may  fancy  he  understands  a 
not  comprehend  his  meaning. 

2.  Something  intrinsically  important,  not  merely 
matter  of  show. 

And  to  realities  yield  all  her  shows.  Milton. 

3.  In  the  schools,  that  which  may  exist  of  itself,  or 
which  has  a  full  and  absolute  being  of  itself,  and  is 
not  considered  as  a  part  of  any  thing  else.  Enr.yc. 

In  law,  immobility,  or  the  fixed,  permanent  na- 
ture of  property  ;  as,  chattels  which  savor  of  the 
realty.  [This  word  Realty  is  so  written,  in  law,  for 
Reality.]  Blaclcstone. 

RE-AL-IZ'A-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  realized. 

RE-AL-1-Za'TION,  71.  [from  rcaliie.]  The  act  of 
realizing  or  making  real.  Bcddoes. 

2.  The  act  »f  converting  money  into  land. 

3.  The  act  of  believing  or  considering  as  real. 

4.  The  act  of  bringing  into  being  or  act.  Olanville. 
Rli'Alj-IZE,  V.  t.    [Sp.  realizar;  Fr.  realiser.] 

1.  To  bring  into  being  or  act ;  as,  to  realize  a  scheme 
or  project, 

Wc  realize  what  Archimedes  had  only  in  hypothesis,  weighing 
a  single  grain  of  sand  against  the  globe  of  earth.  Otanvilte. 

2.  To  convert  money  into  land,  or  personal  into 
real  estate. 

3.  To  impress  on  the  mind  as  a  reality  ;  to  believe, 
consider,  or  treat  as  real.  Ilow  little  do  men  in  full 
health  realize  their  frailly  and  mortality  1 

Let  ttic  sincere  Cfiristian  realize  the  closing  sentiment.  T.  Scott. 

4.  To  bring  home  to  one's  own  case  or  experience ; 
to  consider  aa  one's  own  ;  to  feel  in  all  its  force. 
Who,  at  his  fireside,  can  realize  the  distress  of  Bhii>- 
wrecked  mariners,' 

This  allusion  must  have  had  enhanced  strength  and  beauty  to  the 
eve  uf  a  nation  extensively  devoted  to  a  piutoral  life,  and 
therefore  renliring  atf  its  fine  scenes  and  the  tender  emotions 
to  whicli  they  guvf  biith.  Dtoight. 

5.  To  bring  into  actual  existence  and  possession  ; 
to  ri^niler  tangible  or  elfuctive.  He  never  realized 
much  profit  from  his  trade  or  speculations. 

RR'.AI.  I/.-f.'l),  pp.  Hroiight  into  actual  being;  con- 
verted  into  real  estate ;  inipro.ssed,  received,  or 


treated  as  a  reality  ;  felt  in  its  true  force  ;  rendered 
actual,  tangible,  or  effective, 
Re'AL-iZ-ING,  ppr.  Bringing  into  actual  being; 
converting  into  real  estate  ;  impressing  as  a  reality  ; 
feeling  as  one's  own  or  in  its  real  force  ;  rendering 
tangible  or  effective, 

2.  a.    That  makes  real,  or  that  brings  home  as  a 
reality  ;  as,  a  realizinrr  view  of  eternity,    Robt.  Hall. 
RE-.\L-LE6E',   (re-al-lej',)   v.  t.    [re   and  allege.] 

To  allege  again.  Cotgrave. 
RE-AL-LI'ANCE,  71.    A  renewed  alliance. 
Re'AL-LY,  adv.    With  actual  existence.  Pearson. 
2.  In  truth  ;  in  fact ;  not  in  appearance  only  ;  as, 
things  really  evil. 

The  anger  of  the  people  is  really  a  short  fit  of  madness.  Siot/t. 
In  this  sense  it  is  u.sed  familiarly  as  a  slight  cor- 
roboration of  an  opinion  or  declaration. 

Why,  really,  sixty-live  is  somewhat  old.  Young. 

REALM,  (relm,)  n.  [Fr.  royaume;  It.  reame :  from 
Fr.  roi.  It.  re,  L.  rex,  king,  whence  regalis,  royal.] 

1.  A  royal  jurisdiction  or  extent  of  government ; 
a  kingdom;  a  king's  dominions;  as,  the  realm  of 
England, 

2,  Kingly  government;  as,  the  realm  of  bees, 
[Unusual.]  Milton. 

REALM'-BOUND-ING,  <i.    Bounding  a  realm. 
RE'AL-TY,  71.    [It  realld,  from  re,  king,  L.  rez.] 

1.  Loyalty.    [JVuf  in  use.]  Milton. 

2.  Reality.    [yVo(  in  use.]  More. 

3.  In  law,  immobility.    [See  Reality.] 
Ream,  71.    [Sax.  ream,  a  band  ;  D.  riem  ;  Dan.  rem  or 

reem ;  Sw.  rem ;  W.  rhwym,  a  bond  or  tie.  The 
Dutch  word  signifies  a  strap,  thong,  or  girdle,  and  an 
oar,  L,  rcmus.  In  Fr,  ramc  is  a  ream  and  an  oar, 
and  if  the  English  ream  and  the  L,  remus  are  the 
same  word,  the  primary  sense  is  a  shoot,  L,  ramus,  a 
branch,  for  the  shoots  of  trees  or  shrubs  were  the 
first  bands  used  by  men.  (See  Gird  and  Withe.) 
The  Italian  has  risma,  and  the  Sp.  and  Port,  resma,  a 
ream,  G.  riess.    See  Class  Rm,  No.  7,  9.] 

A  bundle  or  package  of  paper,  consisting  of  twenty 
quires.  Pope. 

Printer's  ream;  among  English  printers,  21^  quirijs. 

McCullocli. 

REAM,  V.  t.    To  bevel  out,  as  a  hole  in  metal,  &c. 

llalliwell. 

RE-AN'I-MaTE,  ».  t.  [re  and  animate.]  To  revive  ; 
to  resuscitate  ;  to  restore  to  life  ;  as  a  person  dead  or 
apparently  dead  ;  as,  to  reanimate  a  drowned  person, 
2,  To  revive  the  spirits  when  dull  or  languid  ;  to 
invigorate  ;  to  infuse  new  life  or  courage  into  ;  as,  to 
reanimate  disheartened  troops  ;  to  reanimate  drowsy 
senses  or  langukl  spirits, 

IIE-AN'I-Ma-TEI),  pp.    Restored  to  life  or  action, 

UE-AN'I-Ma-TING, ;j/)r.  Restoring  life  to;  invigor- 
ating with  new  life  and  courage, 

RE-AN-I-Ma'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  re- 
viving from  apparent  death  ;  the  act  or  operation  of 
giving  fresh  spirits,  courage,  or  vigor, 

RE-AN-NEX', «,  (.  [re  and  aniiej:,]  To  annex  again  ; 
to  reunite  ;  to  annex  what  has  been  separated. 

Bacon. 

RE-AN-NEX-A'TI0N,7i.    The  act  of  annexing  again, 

Marshall. 

RE-AN-NEX'£D,  (-an-nekst',)  pp.  Annexed  or  united 
again. 

Rr>AN-NEX'ING,  Tjpr.    Annexing  again  ;  reuniting. 

Reap,  v.  t.  [Sax.  rip,  hrippe,  gerip,  harvest ;  ripan,  to 
reap ;  ripe,  ripe  ;  rypan,  to  rip  ;  allied  probably  to 
reojian,  to  seize,  spoil,  lay  waste,  L.  rapio,  G.  reif,  ripe, 
D.  raapen,  to  reap,  rijp,  ripe,  Gr.  ti/'T'?,  «  sickle,  npiraw, 
to  reap,  L.  carpo,  Eng.  crop.  See  Class  Rb,  No.  18, 
20,  27.] 

1.  To 
rye. 

When  ye  reap  the  harvest,  thou  shalt  not  wholly  reap  the  corners 
of  tliy  field.  — Lev.  xix. 

2.  To  clear  of  a  crop  by  reaping  ;  as,  to  reap  a 
field. 

3.  To  gather;  to  obtain  ;  to  receive  as  a  reward,  or 
as  the  fruit  of  labor  or  of  works  ;  in  a  good  or  bad 
sense ;  as,  to  reap  a  benefit  from  exertions. 

lie  that  Bowetli  to  tlie  flesh  shall  of  the  ticsh  reap  corrupHou.  — 
(iaf.  vi. 

Ve   have  plowed  wickedness ;   ye  have  reaped  iniquity — 
Uos.  V. 

REAP,  I!,  i.  To  perform  the  act  or  operation  of  reap- 
ing. In  JVcw  England,  farineis  reap  in  July  and 
August. 

2.  To  receive  the  fniit  of  labor  or  works, 

Tliey  tliat  sow  In  tears  shall  r«<i;>  in  )oy,  —  Ps.  cxxvi. 

REAP'iCD,  (recpt,)  pp.  Cut  with  a  sickle;  received 
as  till?  fruit  of  hilior  or  works. 

REAP'ER,  71.    One  that  cuts  gi,->in  with  a  sickle. 

REAP'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  grain  with  a  sickle;  re- 
ceiving as  the  fruit  of  labor  or  the  reward  of  works. 

REAP'ING,  71.    The  act  of  cutting  grain  with  a  sickle. 

RloAP'ING-llQpiC,  71,  An  instrument  used  in  reap- 
ing ;  a  sickle. 

RE-AP  PAR'EL,  ti.  t.    [re  and  apparel]    To  clothe 

again.  JDonnt. 
RE  AP  PAR'EL- KI),p/>.    Clothed  again. 


I  cut  grain  with  a  sickle  ;  as,  to  reap  wheat  or 


FATE.  rXR,  FALL,  WH^T  MUTE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK. 


REA 


REA 


REA 


HE  AP  PAR'F,I.-ING,  ppr.    Clothing  again. 
RE-AI'-PicAK',  n.  i.    [rc  and  appear.]    To  appear  a 

second  tiin<r. 
RE-AP-PkAU'ANCE,  Tt.    A  second  appearance. 
RE-AP-PkAR'ING,  ppr.    Appearing  again. 
RE-AP-PLI-CA'TION,  n.  [See  Reapixv.]   A  second 

application. 

RE-AP-PLV,  V.  t.  or  i.    [re  and  apply.]    To  apply 

RE-AP-PLV'ING,  ppr.    Applying  again.  [again. 

RE-AP  POINT',  V.  t.    To  appoint  again. 

RE-AP-POINT'EI),  pp.    Appointed  again. 

UE-AP-POINT'ING,  ppr.    Appointing  again. 

RE-.\P-P01NT'I\1ENT,  n.    A  second  appointment. 

RE-.AP-POR'TION,  v.  t.    To  apportion  again. 

RE-,lLP-PoR'TtON-Kr),  pp.    Apportioned  again. 

RE-.\P-PoR'TIOi\-ING,  ppr.    Ap|iortioning  again. 

RE-AP-Poli'TION-AIENT,  n.  A  second  apportion- 
ment. MattUon. 

Rk.'VR,  (reer,)  n.  [Ft.  arricre  ;  but  this  is  compound  ; 
Arm.  rifr,  rcvcr,  rear,  tlie  seat  ;  the  fundament  ;  W. 
tMi),  something  thick,  a  bundle  ;  rhevyr,  the  funda- 
ment.   Rear  is  contracted  from  rcvrr.    Class  Rl).] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  that  which  is  behind  or  back- 
ward ;  appropriatehj,  the  part  of  an  army  which  is 
behind  the  other,  either  when  standing  on  parad-e  or 
when  marcliing  ;  also,  the  part  of  a  fleet  which  is 
behind  the  other.  It  is  opposed  to  Front  or  Van. 
Bring  up  the  rear. 

2.  The  last  class  ;  the  last  in  order. 

Coins  I  place  in  the  rear.  Peacham, 
In  the  rear;  behind  the  rest;  backward,  or  in  the 
last  class.    In  this  phrase,  rear  signifies  the  part  or 
Rear,  a.    [Sax.  Arerf.]  [place  behind. 

1.  Little  cooked  ;  raw  ;  rare  ;  not  well  roasted  or 
boiled. 

2.  [Sax.  arasran,  to  hasten  ;  hreran,  to  excite.] 
Early.    [.^  provincial  word,] 

RE.\R,  1'.  t.  [Sax.  ricran,  reran,  araran,  to  erect,  to 
excite,  to  hasten  ;  hreran,  to  excite  ;  Sw  rUra,  to 
move  J  Da»i.  rorer,  to  move,  stir,  shake ;  rtirig, 
quick,  lively,  rising  in  the  stomach.] 

1.  To  raise. 

Wlio  now  shall  rear  you  to  tlie  sun,  or  rank 

Your  tribes  f  Milton. 

2.  To  lift  after  a  fall. 

In  ailoralion  at  his  feet  I  fell 

Subniiss  ;  lie  rcored  me.  Milton, 

3.  To  bring  up  or  to  raise  to  maturity,  as  young  ; 
as,  to  rear  a  nimierous  offspring.  Thomson, 

4.  To  educate  ;  to  instruct. 

He  wants  a  fathT  to  protect  his  youth, 

And  rear  hint  up  to  virtue.,  SoulJtern. 

5.  To  exalt ;  to  elevate. 

Charity,  tlec-nt,  moilcst,  easy,  kind. 

Softens  tlie  liigii,  aiid  rear*  Uie  abject  mind.  Prior. 

6.  To  rouse;  to  stif  up. 

And  seeks  the  tusky  boar  to  r£fir.  Dryden. 

7.  To  raise  ;  to  breed  ;  as  cattle.  Harte. 

8.  To  bear  oif ;  to  achieve  ;  to  obtain.  Spender, 
To  rear  one's  steps  ;  to  ascend  ;  to  move  upward. 

Milton. 

RkAR,  v.  i.    To  rise  up  on  the  hind  legs,ais  a  horse. 

RF;AR-AD'.MI-RAL.    See  Aomibal. 

RkAR'KD,  (reerd,)  pp.    Raised  ;  lifted  ;  brought  up; 

educated  ;  elevated. 
RkAR'-GUXRD,  ji.     The  body  of  an  army  that 

niarches  in  the  rear  of  the  main  body  to  protect  it. 
RkAR'ING,  fipr.    Raising;  educating;  elevating. 
RkAR'-LiNE,  n.    The  line  in  the  rear  of  an  army. 
RkAR'-.MOU-SE,  71.    [Sax.  hrere-mus,] 

The  leather-winged  bat.  Shak,  Abbot. 

RkAR'-R.VNK,  n.    The  rank  of  a  body  of  troops 

which  is  in  the  rear. 
ReAK'VVARD,  7U  [from  rear.  See  Rerewabd.]  The 
»   last  troop  ;  the  rear  guard. 

2.  The  end  ;  the  tail ;  the  train  behind.  Shak. 

3.  The  latter  part.  Shak, 
RE-AS-CEND',  1).  i.    [re  and  <wc«n</.]  To  rise,  mount, 

or  climb  again.  Milton,  Spenser, 

RE-AS-CEND',  v.  t.   To  mount  or  ascend  again. 

He  mounts  aloft  antl  reascends  the  skies,  Additon. 

RE-AS-CEND'ED,  pp.    Ascended  again. 

RE-AS-CEND'ING,  ppr.    Ascending  again. 

RE-AS-CEN'SIO.V,  (-as-sen'.shun,)  h.  The  act  of  re- 
ascending  ;  n  remounting. 

RE-AS-CENT',  ti.    A  returning  ascent ;  acclivity. 
_  Cote  per, 

REA'SON,(re'zn,)n.  [  Ir.  rfosun  ;  W,Thestem;  Arm. 
resoun  ;  Fr.  raison;  Sp.  razon  ;  Port,  razam  ;  It.  ra- 
gione  ;  L.  ratio;  Russ.  razum  ;  Goth,  rathijo,  ac- 
count, number,  ratio  ;  rathjan,  to  number  ;  garathyan, 
to  number  or  count ;  rodyan,  to  speak  ;  D.  rede, 
speech  ;  reden,  reason,  argument ;  redenkunst,  rheto- 
ric ;  G.  rede,  reden  ;  Sax.  r<rd,  ra^da,  speech,  reason  ; 
rtestoiait,  to  reason.  We  find  uniteil  the  Sax.  rad, 
speech,  raedan,  redan,  to  rporf,  the  Gr.  ptio,  to  say  or 
speak,  whence  rhetoric,  and  the  L.  ratio,  which  is 
from  ratus,  and  which  proves  rear  to  be  contracted 
from  redo,  redor,  and  all  unite  with  rod,  L.  radius, 
&c.  Primarily,  reason  is  that  which  is  uttered.  (See 
Read.)   So  Gr.  Aoyoj,  from  \cy  w.] 


1.  That  which  is  thought  or  which  is  alleged  in 
words,  as,  the  ground  or  cause  of  opinion,  conrlti- 
sioii,  or  determination.  I  have  reasons  which  I  may 
choose  not  to  disclose.  You  ask  inc  my  reasons.  I 
freely  give  my  reasons.  The  judge  assigns  good 
reajsons  for  his  opinions,  reasons  whicli  justify  his 
decision.    Hence,  in  general, 

2.  The  cause,  ground,  principle,  or  motive,  of  any 
thing  said  or  done;  that  which  supports  or  justifies 
a  determination,  plan,  or  measure. 

Virtue  and  vice  arc  not  arbitrary  things ;  but  there  is  a  natural 
and  eternal  reason  for  tliat  goodness  antl  virtue,  anil  ajrainst 
vice  and  wickedness. —  I  Pel.  iii.  Tiitolson. 

3.  Efficient  cause.  He  is  detained  by  reason  of 
sickness. 

Spain  is  thin  sown  of  people,  partly  by  reiMon  of  Ita  sterility  of 
soil.  Bacon. 

The  reason  of  die  motion  of  the  ixilance  in  a  whccl-yatch  is  by 
niiition  of  the  next  wheel.  Hale. 

4.  Final  cause. 

Reaton,  in  the  Rng^lish  Iitn^nage,  is  sometimes  taken  for  true  and 
clear  principles ;  sometimes  for  clear  and  fair  deductions ; 
sumeliines  fur  the  Cituse,  particularly  the  tintd  cause.  Locke. 

5.  A  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it  distinguishes 
truth  from  falsehood,  and  good  from  evil,  and  which 
enables  the  possessor  to  deduce  inferences  from  facts 
or  from  propositions.  Kncijc. 

Self-love,  the  sprin*  of  motion,  octs  the  soul, 

Reason's  comparin;^  Udance  niles  the  whole  — 

Tliat  sees  immediate  ffood  by  present  sense, 

Reason  die  future  and  the  consequence.  Pope. 

Reason  is  the  director  of  man's  will.  Hooker, 

6.  Ratiocination  ;  the  exercise  of  reason. 

But  when  by  reason  the  the  truth  has  found.  Daviet. 

7.  Right ;  justice  ;  that  which  is  dictated  or  sup- 
ported by  reason.  Eveiy  man  claims  to  have  reason 
on  his  sitte 

1  wim  promised  on  a  time. 
To  liave  reason  for  my  rliyme. 

8.  Reasonable  claim  ;  justice. 

God  brinifs  t^ood  out  of  evil,  and  therefiire  it  were  but  re«*Ofi  V 
slionld  trust  God  to  ^verii  his  own  world.  Taylor. 

9.  Rationale  ;  just  account. 


Spenser. 


did  the  ancient  fadier^  render,  why  the  church  was 
called  CitUioIic.  Pearson. 

[See  No.  1  and  2.] 

10.  moderation  ;  moderate  demands ;  claims  which 
reason  and  justice  admit  or  prescribe. 

The  most  protiable  way  of  bringing  France  to  reason,  would  be 
by  the  making  an  attempt  oa  the  Spanish  West  Indies. 

Addison. 

In  reason,  in  all  reason;  in  justice;  witli  rational 
ground. 

When  any  thing  is  proved  by  as  good  ar^ments  as  a  thing  of 
that  kind  is  capable  of,  we  ought  not  "in  r«a*on  'o  doubt  of 
its  existence.  Tillotson. 

RisA'SO.N,  V.  i.    [Fr.  raisnnner ;  Sax.  rir.TOinn.] 

1.  To  exercise  the  faculty  of  reason  ;  to  deduce  in- 
ferences justly  from  premises.  Brutes  do  not  reason ; 
children  reason  imperfectly. 

2.  To  argue ;  to  infer  conclusions  from  premises, 
or  to  deduce  new  or  unknown  propositions  from 
previous  propositions  which  are  known  or  evident. 
To  reason  justly,  is  to  infer  from  propositions  which 
are  known,  admitted,  or  evident,  the  conclusions 
which  are  natural,  or  which  necessarily  result  from 
them.  Men  in.ay  reason  witliin  themselves ;  they 
may  reason  before  a  court  or  legislature ;  they  may 
reason  wrong  as  well  as  right. 

3.  To  debate  ;  to  confer  or  inquire  by  discussion  or 
mutual  communication  of  thoughts,  arguments,  or 
reasons. 

And  they  reatoned  amon^  themselves. —  Matt.  xvi. 
To  reason  with  ;  to  argue  with  ;  to  endeavor  to  in- 
form, convince,  or  persuade,  by  argument.  Reason 
with  a  profligate  son,  and  if  possible,  persuade  him 
of  his  errors. 

2.  To  discourse ;  to  talk ;  to  take  or  give  an  ac- 
count. ♦ 

Stand  still,  that  I  may  reason  teith  you  before  the  Lord,  of  all 
the  righteous  acu  of  the  Lord.  -  1  Sam.  xii.  [Obs.] 

Re.'^'SON,  v.  L  To  examine  or  discuss  by  argu- 
ments ;  to  debate  or  discuss.  I  reasoned  the  matter 
with  my  friend. 

When  they  are  clearly  discovered,  well  digested,  and  well  rro- 
eoned  in  every  part,  there  is  beauty  in  such  a  tlieory. 

ifurnel. 

2.  To  persuade  by  reasoning  or  argument ;  as,  to 
rro-wn  one  into  a  belief  of  truth  ;  torcojon  one  out 
of  his  plan  ;  to  reason  down  a  passion. 

Ri;A'SON-A-BLE,  a.  Having  the  faculty  of  reason; 
endued  with  rea.'on  ;  as,  a  reasonable  being. 

[In  this  sense  Rational  is  now  generally  used.] 
U.  Governed  by  reason  ;  being  under  the  influence 
of  reason  ;  thinking,  speaking,  or  acting  rationally, 
or  according  to  the  dictates  of  reason  ;  as,  the  meas- 
ure must  satisfy  all  reasonable  men. 

3.  Conformable  or  agreeable  to  reason  ;  just ; 
rational. 

By  indubitable  cer«inty,  I  mean  that  which  does  not  admit  of 
any  reasonable  cause  of  doubting.  Wilkins. 

A  law  may  be  reasonaUt  in  itself,  though  a  man  does  not  allow 
it.  Srci/l. 


4.  Not  immoderate. 

I,»-t  all  thin'^m  lie  thotight  upon. 

That  niay  with  reasonable  swi/uicas  add 

More  feuthem  to  our  wings. 


Shak. 


5.  I'olerable  ;  being  in  mediocrity  ;  moderate  ;  an, 
a  reasonable  ipiantity.  Abbot. 

C.  Not  excessive ;   not  unjust  ;   as,  a  reasonable 
fine  ;  a  reasonable  surn  in  damages. 
RiiA'SON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  faculty  of  reason. 

I  In  this  sense,  little  used.] 

2.  Agrecableness  to  reason  ;  that  state  or  quality  of 
a  thing  which  rea-son  supports  or  justifies  ;  as,  the 
reasonableness  of  our  wishes,  demands,  or  expecta- 
tions. 

The  reasonableness  and  excellency  of  charity.  JUitu. 

3.  Conformity  to  rational  principles. 

The  whole  frame  and  contexture  of  a  watch  carries  iu  it  o  rea- 
sonableness  —  the  passive  im[)ressioti  of  the  reason  or  iulel- 
tectuul  idea  that  was  in  the  artist.    [t/nusual.\  Hale. 

4.  Moderation  ;  as,  the  reasonableness  of  a  demand. 
Rk.-V'S  ON- A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  or  degree  agree- 
able to  reason  ;  in  consistency  with  reason.  We 
may  reojfonrtZ'/i/ suppose  self-interest  to  be  the  govern- 
ing principle  of  men. 

2.  Moderately  ;  in  a  moderate  degree  ;  not  fully  ; 
in  a  degree  reaching  to  mediocrity. 

If  we  can  by  industry  make  our  deaf  and  dumb  persons  renson- 
abty  perfect  in  the  language.  Holder. 

Ric.\'SON-ii:D,  (re'znd,)pp.   E.xainined  or  discussed 
by  arguments. 
2.  Persuaded  by  reasoning  or  argument. 

RicA'SON-ER,  71.  One  who  reasons  or  argues  ;  as,  a 
fair  rcasoner  ;  a  close  reasaner ;  a  logical  reasoner. 

ReA'SON-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Arguing;  deducing  infer- 
ences from  premises  ;  debating;  discussing. 

ReA'S  ON-ING,  71.  The  actor  process  of  exercising 
the  faculty  of  reason  ;  that  act  or  operation  of  the 
mind  by  which  new  or  unknown  propositions  are 
deduceil  from  previous  ones  which  are  known  and 
evident,  or  which  are  admitted  or  supposed  for  the 
sake  of  argument;  argumentation;  ratiocination; 
as,  fair  rca^07ji/i«-;  false  rca.vt;7n'n/7- ,•  ahsnrd  reasonintr ; 
strong  or  weak  reasonin/r.  The  reasonings  of  the 
advocate  appeared  to  the  court  conclusive. 

ReA'S  ON-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  reason  ;  as,  a  rea- 
sonless man  or  mind.  Sliak.  Ralegh. 

2.  Void  of  reason  ;  not  warranted  or  supported  by 
reason. 

This  proffer  la  otwurd  and  reasonless.  Sliak. 
RE-AS-SEM'BLAGE,  n.    Assemblage  a  second  time. 
RE-AS-SE.M'BLE,».t.    [re  and  assemble.]    To  collect 

again.  Milton, 
RE-AS-SE.'^I'BLE,  v.  i.     To  assemble  or  convene 

again. 

RE-AS-SEM'BLKD,  pp.    Assembled  again. 
RE-AS-SE.M'BLING,  p7)r.    A.ssenibling  again. 
RE-A.S-SERT',  7).  (.    [re  and  assert.]    To  assert  again; 
to  maintain  after  suspension  or  cessation. 

Let  us  hope  —  we  may  have  a  body  of  authors  who  will  reassert 
our  claim  to  rci-pccuvbility  in  litcniture.  Walsh. 

RE-.\S-SERT'ED,  pp.    Asserted  or  maintained  anew. 
RE-AS-SERT'ING,  ppr.  Asserting  again  ;  vindicating 
anesv. 

RE-AS-SER'TION,  n.  A  second  assertion  of  the  same 
thing. 

RE-AS-STGX',  (-as-sine',)  ».  (.  [re and  assign,]  To  .as- 
sign back  ;  to  transfer  back  what  has  been  assigned. 

RE-AS-SIGN'£D,  pp.    Assigned  back. 

RE-AS-SIGN'ING,  ppr.  Transferring  back  what  has 
been  assigned. 

RE-AS-SIM'I-L.^TE,  r,  t.  [re  and  as.-iimilate.]  To 
assimilate  or  cause  to  resemble  anew  ;  to  change 
again  into  a  like  or  suitable  substance.  Euryc. 

RE-AS-SLM'I-La-TED,  pp.  Assimilated  anew;  changed 
again  to  a  like  substance. 

RE-AS-SLM'I-La-TING, ppr.    Assimilating  again. 

RE-AS  SIM-I-La'TION,  71.  A  second  or  renewed 
nssiniilation.  Kncyc. 

RE-.\S  SC.ME',  I'.  U  [re  and  eissume.]  To  resume; 
to  take  again.  Milton, 

RE-A.'*-.'*OM'KD,  pp.    Resumed;  assumed  again. 

RE-A.S-Si'.M'ING,  ppr.    Assuming  or  taking  again. 

RE-AS-StJ.MP'TION,  7i.  A  resuming;  a  second  as- 
sumption. 

RE-AS-SOR'ANCE,  (-shur'ans,)  n.  [See  Sure  and 
Assl'rance.] 

1.  Assurance  or  confirmation  repeated.  [Rare,] 

Prynne. 

2.  A  second  assurance  against  loss,  or  the  assur- 
ance of  property  by  an  underwriter,  to  relieve  him- 
self from  a  risk  he  has  taken.     Blackstone,  Park, 

RE-AS-SCRE',  (re-ash-shure',)  r.  t.  [re  and  assurt; 
Fr.  ra.tsurcr.] 

1.  To  restore  courage  to ;  to  free  from  fear  or  terror. 

They  r«se  with  fear. 
Till  dauntless  Pall.as  reassured  Uie  rest.  Dryden, 

2.  To  insure  a  second  time  against  lo.ts,  or  rather 
to  insure  by  another  what  one  has  already  insured  ; 
to  insure  against  loss  that  may  be  incurred  by  taking 
a  risk. 

RE-AS-SCR'£D,  (-shurd,)  pp.  Restored  from  fear; 
reencouraged. 


TtNE,  BJILL,  tJNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


91. => 


REB 

a.  Insured  against  loss  by  risk  taken,  as  an  under- 
writer. _ 

UE-AS-SuR'ER,  n.  One  who  insures  the  first  under- 
writer. _ 

RE-AS-SuR'ING,  ppr.    Restoring  from  fear,  terror,  or 
depression  of  courage. 
2.  Insuring  against  loss  by  insurance. 

REAS'TI-NESS,  n.  Rancidness.  [JVot  in  vse,  or  lo- 
cal,'] Cotgrave. 

RicAS'TY,  a.  [Qu.  msty.]  Covered  with  a  kind  of 
rust  and  having  a  rancid  taste;  applied  to  dried  meat. 
^J^tit  in  use,  or  local.]  Skelton. 

ReATE,  (rete,)  n.  A  kind  of  long,  small  grass,  that 
grows  in  water  and  complicates  itself.  [JVo(  in  use, 
or  local.]  Walton. 

RE-AT-TACH',  v.  t  [re  and  attach.]  To  attach  a 
second  time. 

RE-AT-TACH'£D,  (-at-tacht',)  pp.  Attached  a  sec- 
ond time. 

RE-AT-TACH'MENT,  n.    A  second  attachment. 
RE-AT  TEMPT',  v.  t.    [re  and  attempt.]    To  attempt 
again. 

RE-AT-TEMPT'ED,  pp.    Attempted  a  second  time. 

RE-AT-TEMPT'ING,  ppr.    Attempting  again. 

ReAVE,  (reeve,)  v.  t.    [Sax.  reafian.] 

To  tal<e  away  by  stealth  or  violence;  to  bereave. 
[06.S-.]    [See  Bereave.]  Shak.  Spenser. 

RE-A-VOW,  11.  t.    To  vow  again. 

RE-BAP'TISM,  ?!.    A  second  baptism. 

RE-BAP-TI-Za'TION,  71.  [from  rebaptiie.]  A  sec- 
ond b;ip!i>m.  Hooker. 

RE-BAP  TIZE',  V.  t.  [re  and  baptize.]  To  baptize  a 
second  time.  jlijliffe. 

RE-BAP-TIZ'£D,  pp.    Baptized  again. 

RE-B.\P-TiZ'u\G,  ppr.    Baptizing  a  second  time. 

RE-B  aTE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  rebattre ;  re  and  battre ;  It.  ribat- 
tere.] 

1.  To  blunt  ;  to  beat  to  obtuseness  ;  to  deprive  of 
keenness. 


He  doth  rebate  and  blunt  his  natural  ed^. 
The  keener  edge  of  UitUe  to  rebale. 


Shak. 
DrytUn. 

9.  To  abate  or  deduct  from. 
RE-BaTE',  n.     A  kind  of  hard  freestone  used  in 
pavements ;  also,  a  piece  of  wood  fastened  to  a  long 
stick  for  beating  mortar.    Also,  an  iron  tool  sharp- 
ened somewhat  like  a  chisel,  for  dressing  wood,  &c. 

Elmes, 

2.  \n  architecture,  ihe  groove  or  channel  sunk  on 
the  edse  of  a  piece  of  timber ;  a  rabbet,  which  see. 

RE-BATe'mENT,  i  Di-niK'tio"- 

2.  In  commerce,  abatement ;  deduction  of  interest, 
or  any  sum,  &c.,  in  consequence  of  prompt  payment. 

Buuvier. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  diminution  or  abatement  of  the 
bearings  in  a  coat  of  arms.  Encyc 

RE-Ba'TO,  «.    A  sort  of  ruff.    [See  Rabato.] 
RE'BEe,  n.    [Ft.  rebec;  ll.  rihrrca.] 

A  three-stringed  fiddle.    [J^Tot  much  used.]  Milton. 
REB'EL,  71.    [Fr.  rcbelle,  from  L.  rebcUis,  making  war 
again.] 

1.  One  who  revolts  from  the  government  to  which 
he  owes  allegiance,  either  by  openly  renouncing  the 
authority  of  that  government,  or  by  taking  arms  and 
openly  opposing  it.  A  rebel  differs  from  an  enemy,  as 
the  latter  is  one  who  does  not  owe  allegiance  to  the 
government  which  he  attacks.   JVum.  .wii. 

2.  One  who  willfully  violates  a  law.  F.ncyc. 

3.  One  who  disobeys  the  king's  proclamation  ;  a 
contemner  of  the  king's  laws. 

Briti.ih  Laws.  Blaclcstimc. 

4.  A  feudal  villain  who  disobeys  his  lord.  Encyc. 
REB'EL,  a.    Rebellious  ;  acting  in  revolt.  MUlon. 
RHi-BEL',  7'.  7.    [L.  rcbcllo,  to  make  war  again  ;  re  and 

bello  ;  VV.  rhyvela,  to  make  war  ;  rhy  and  bel,  war.] 

1.  To  revolt ;  to  renounce  the  authority  of  the  laws 
and  government  to  which  one  owes  allegiance. 
Subjects  may  rebel  by  an  open  renunciation  of  the 
authority  of  the  government,  without  taking  arms  ; 
but  ordinarily,  rebellion  is  accompanied  by  resistance 
in  arms. 

Ye  have  built  you  an  altar,  th.at  ye  might  rebel  thii  day  agnlnflt 
tlie  hind.  — Jo»h.  xxii.    In.  i. 

3.  To  rise  in  violent  opposition  against  lawful  au- 
thority. 

How  could  my  hand  rrbrl  aj^ainat  my  he^rt  I 

How  could  your  heart  re(*el  a^.tinst  your  reaaon  i  Dry'Un. 

RE-11EL'L£D,  pp.  or  a.  Rebellious  ;  guilty  of  rebel- 
linn.  Millon. 

RE-F!i;r.'I,ER,  71.    One  that  rebels.  DicL 

IlE-HEI/I,Ii\'(J,  ppr.  Renouncing  the  authority  of  the 
government  to  which  one  owes  allegiance  ;  rising  in 
opii'Mitioii  to  lawful  authority. 

BE  BEr.L'ION,  (re-bcl'yiin,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rrbellio. 
Among  the  Romans,  rebi  ltion  was  originally  a  revolt 
or  open  resiKtance  to  their  Kovernmcnt  by  nations 
that  had  been  subdued  in  war.  It  was  a  renewed 
war.] 

1.  7\n  open  and  avowed  renunciation  of  the  au- 
thority of  the  government  to  whic  h  one  owi^s  alle- 
giance J  or  the  taking  of  nrins  tnitorou'^ly  to  resi.st 
the  authority  of  hiwful  government  ;  revolt.  Re- 
bellion differs  from    injiurrcction  and  from  mutiny. 


REB 

Insurrection  may  be  a  rising  in  opposition  to  a 
particular  act  or  law,  Vv'ithout  a  design  to  renounce 
wholly  all  subjection  to  the  government.  Insurrec- 
tion may  be,  bat  is  not  necessarily,  rebellion.  Mu- 
tiny is  an  insurrection  of  soldiers  or  seamen  against 
the  authority  of  their  officers. 

No  sooner  is  the  standard  of  reheltion  displayed,  than  men  of 
desperate  principles  resort  to  it.  Aims. 

2.  Open  resistance  to  lawful  authority. 
Commission  of  rebellion ;  in  laio,  a  commission 
awarded  against  a  person  who  treats  the  king's  au- 
thority with  contempt,  in  not  obeying  his  proclama- 
tion according  to  his  allegiance,  and  refusing  to  at- 
tend his  sovereign  when  retjuired  ;  in  which  case, 
four  commissioners  are  ordered  to  attach  him 
wherever  he  may  be  found.  Blaclistone, 
RE-BELL'IOUS,  (re-bel'yus,)  a.  Engaged  in  rebell- 
ion ;  renouncing  the  authority  and  dominion  of  the 
government  to  which  allegiance  is  due  ;  traitorously 
resisting  government  or  lawful  authority.  £)cuf.'ix. 
xxi. 

RE-BELL'IOUS-LY,  adv.  With  design  to  throw  off 
the  authority  of  legitimate  government ;  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  government  to  wliich  one  is  bound  by  al- 
legiance ;  with  violent  or  obstinate  disobedience  to 
lawful  authority.  Camden, 

RE-BELL'IOUS-NESS,  (-bel'yus-,)  71.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  rebellious. 

RE-BEL'LoVV,  v.  i,  [re  and  bellow,]  To  bellow  in 
return  ;  to  echo  back  a  loud,  roaring  noise. 

The  cave  rebettoioed  and  the  temple  shook.  Dryden. 

RE-BEL'LoW-ING,  ppr.  Bellowing  in  return  or  in 
echo. 

RE-BLOS'SOM,  7>.  i,  [re  and  blossom,']  To  blossom 
RE-BLOS'SOM-ING,  ppr.  Blossoming  again,  [again. 
RE-BO-A'TION,  71.    [L.  reboo  ;  re  and  boo.] 

The  return  of  a  loud,  bellowing  sound.  J^otrtsed.] 
RE-BOIL',  V.  i.    [L.  re  and  buUio.]  [Patrick. 

To  take  fire  ;  to  be  hot.  ElyoL 
RE-BOIL',  71.  t.    To  boil  again. 
RE-BOIL'ii:D,  pp.    Boiled  a  second  time. 
RE-BOUND',  V,  i,    [Fr.  rebonriir  ;  re  and  boniir.] 

To  spring  back  ;  to  start  back  ;  to  be  reverberated 
by  an  elastic  power  resisting  force  or  impulse  im- 
pressed ;  as,  a  rebounding  echo. 

Bodies  absolutely  hard,  or  so  soft  as  to  be  void  of  el.aslicily,  will 
not  rebound  from  one  another.  Newton. 

RE-BOUND',  V.  L    To  drive  back  ;  to  reverberate. 

Silenus  Bung ;  the  vales  his  voice  rebound.  Dryden. 
RE-BOUND',  7!.    The  act  of  flying  back  in  resistance 
of  the  impulse  of  another  body  ;  resilience. 

Put  back  as  from  a  rock  with  swift  rebound.  Drydtn, 
RE-BOUND'ED,  pp.    Sprung  back  ;  reverberated. 
RE-BOUND'ING,  ppr.    Springing  or  flying  back  ;  re- 
verberating. 

RE-BR  aCE',  7).  t.    [re  and  brace.]    To  brace  again. 

Gray, 

RE-BREATHE',  v,  i.  [re  and  brcaae.]  To  breathe 
again. 

RE-BUFF',  71.  [It.  rabbuffo  ;  Fr.  rebuffade  ;  re  and  It. 
bujjti,  bvffare,  Fr.  bouffer.] 

1.  Repercussion,  or  beating  back  ;  a  quick  and 
sudden  resistance. 

The  strong  Ttbu^  of  some  tumultuous  cloud.  Milicn. 

2.  Sudden  check  ;  defeat. 

3.  Refusal;  rejection  of  solicitation. 
RE-BUFF',  V.  t.    To  beat  back;  to  offer  sudden  re- 
sistance to  ;  to  check. 

RE-BUFF'£D,  (re-buft',)  pp.  Beaten  back  ;  resisted 
suddenly  ;  checked. 

RE-BUILD',  (-bild',)  e.  t.  [re  and  build.]  To  build 
again  ;  to  renew  a  structure ;  to  build  or  construct 
wli.at  lias  been  demolished ;  as,  to  rebuild  a  iiouse,  a 
wall,  a  wharf,  or  a  city. 

RE-BUILD'ER,  71.    One  who  rebuilds.       Bp,  Hall. 

RE-RUILD'ING,  (  bild'ing,)  7<pr.    Building  again. 

RE-BUILT',  f-bilt',) ;)p.    Built  again;  reconstructed. 

RE-BuK'A-BLE,  a.  [from  rebuke,]  Worthy  of  repre- 
hension. Shak, 

RE-BOKE',  7).  t.  [Norm,  rebuquer;  Arm,  rcbcchat,  to 
reproach.  Ciu.  Fr.  reboucher,  to  stop  ;  re  and  bouchcr, 
to  stop.  The  Italian  has  rimbcccare,  to  repulse  or 
drive  back,  topm*,  from  becco,  the  beak.  Tlie  word 
is  a  compound  of  re  and  a  rotit  in  Brr,  signifying  to 
drive.    See  Pack  and  Impeach.    Class  Bg,  No.  20.] 

1.  To  chide  ;  to  reprove  ;  to  rejirehend  for  a  fault ; 
to  check  by  reproof. 

The  proud  he  tamed,  the  penitent  he  cheered. 

Nor  to  rebuke  the  rich  otlender  IL'ared.  Dryden. 

Thou  Shalt  in  any  wise  rebuke  thy  neighbor.  —  Lev.  xix. 

2.  To  check  or  restrain.  » 

The  Lord  rebuke  thee,  O  Satan.  —  Zech.  ill.    I>.  xvll. 

3.  I'o  chasten  ;  to  punish  ;  to  afflict  for  correction. 

O  I^ortl,  rebuke  mo  not  In  tljinc  anger.  —  Ps.  vi. 

4.  To  check  ;  to  silence. 

Miuter,  rebuke  Uiy  disciples.  —  Luke  xlx. 
G.  To  check  ;  to  heal. 

And  ho  ilnod  over  her  and  rebuked  the  fever.  —  Luke  iv. 
fi.  To  restrain  ;  to  calm. 

He  arose  and  rebukM  the  winds  and  the  lea.  —  Matt  viU. 


REC 

RE-BOKE',  71.  A  chiding ;  reproof  for  faults ,  repre- 
hension. 

Why  bear  you  these  rehukee  ant}  answer  not  ?  ShoJc. 

2.  In  Scripture,  chastisement ;  punishment ;  afflic- 
tion for  the  purpose  of  restraint  and  correction. 
E:ck.  V.    Hns.  V. 

3.  In  low  language,  any  kind  of  check. 

(  UEstrange. 
To  suffer  rebuke ;  to  endure  the  reproach  and  perse- 
cution of  men.    Jcr.  xv. 

To  be  without  rebuke ;  to  live  without  giving  cause 
of  reproof  tir  censure  ;  to  be  blameless. 
RE-BuK'-ED,  (re-bukt',)  pp.  Reproved  ;  reprehended  ; 

checked  ;  restrained  ;  punished  for  faults. 
RE-BuKE'FJJL,  a.    Containing  or  abounding  with  re- 
bukes. 

RE-BuKE'FlIL-LY,  ado.  With  reproof  or  reprehen- 
sion. 

RE-BuK'ER,  71.    One  that  rebukes;  a  chider;  one 

that  chastises  or  restrains. 
RE-BOK'ING,  ppr.    Chiding;  reproving;  checking; 

punishing. 

RE-BUK'ING-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  rebuke. 

RE-BUL-LI"TION,  (re-bul-lish'un,)  n,  [See  Ebulli- 
tion and  Boil.]  Act  of  boiling  or  effervescing. 
[Little  used,]  IVotton, 

RE-BUR'Y,  (re-ber'ry,)  v,  t,  [re  and  bury,]  To  inter 
again.  Mimole, 

Rli:'BUS,  71.  ;  pi.  Rebuses.  [L.,  from  re-?,  which  is  of 
the  class  Rd,  Rs,  and  of  the  same  family  as  riddle. 
See  Riddle,  Read,  and  Real.] 

1.  An  old  and  quaint  mode  of  expressing  words  or 
phrases  by  the  pictures  of  objects  whose  names  bear 
a  resemblance  to  those  words,  or  to  the  syllables  of 
which  they  are  composed.  Thus,  an  rye  and  a  «07i, 
or  barrel,  represent  the  family  name  Eyton.  A  gal- 
lant, in  love  with  a  woman  named  Rose  Hill,  painted, 
on  the  bolder  of  his  gown,  a  rose,  a  hill,  an  eye,  a 
loaf,  and  a  well,  which  reads.  Rose  Hill  I  love  well 

Encyc. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  coat  of  arms  which  bears  an  allu- 
sion to  the  name  of  the  person,  as  three  cups,  for 
Butler.  Brande. 

3.  A  peculiar  kind  of  enigma  or  riddle. 
RE-BUT',  71.  (.    [Fr.  rebuler;  Norm,  rebutter;  from 

the  root  of  but,  Fr.  bout,  end  ;  boutcr,  to  put :  bonder, 
to  pnii( ;  It.  rihutlare,  to  drive  back,  also  to  vomit. 
See  Butt  and  Pout.    Class  Bd.] 

To  repel ;  to  oppose  by  argument,  plea,  or  counter 
vailing  proof. 

[It  is  used  by  lawyers  in  a  general  sense,] 
RE-BUT',  t'.  !.    To  retire  back.    [Obs.]  Spenser, 

2.  To  answer,  as  a  plaintiff's  surrejoinder. 


The  plaintiff  may  ans\ver  the  rejoinder  1 
which  the  defendant  may  rebut. 


'  a  sunejoinder ; 
Btacketou 


RE-BUT'TED,  pp.    Repelled  ;  answered. 
RE-BUT'TER,  71.    In  law  pleadings,  the  answer  of  a 
defendant  to  a  plaintiff's  surrejoinder.  Blaclistone. 

If  I  grant  to  a  tenattt  to  hold  without  impeachment  of  waste,  and 
allerward  implead  him  for  waste  done,  he  may  debar  me  of 
tills  action  by  showing  my  grant,  wliich  is  a  rebutter. 

Encyc. 

RE-BUT'TING,  K"--  Repelling;  opposing  by  argu- 
ment, countervailing  allegation,  or  evidence. 

RE-CAL-CI-TRa'TION,  71.   A  kicking  back  again. 

Sir  Walter  Scott. 

RE-CALL',  7).  e.  [re  and  cuii.]  To  call  back  ;  to  take 
back  ;  as,  to  rci^iiit  words  or  declarations. 

2.  To  revoke  ;  to  annul  by  a  subsequent  act ;  as,  to 
recall  a  decree. 

3.  To  call  back  ;  to  revive  in  memory  ;  as,  to  re- 
call to  mind  what  has  been  forgotten.  Broome. 

4.  To  call  back  from  a  place  or  mission  ;  as,  to  re- 
call a  minister  from  a  foreign  court;  to  recall  troops 
from  India. 

RE-CALL',  71.    A  calling  back  ;  revocation. 

2.  The  power  of  calling  back  or  revoking. 

'Tis  (lone  ;  and  since  'tis  done,  'tis  past  recall.  Dryden. 
RE-CALL' A  BLE,  a.    That  may  be  recalled. 

Ramsay. 

Delegates  recallable  at  pleasure.  MadUon, 

RE-CALL'KD,  pp.    Called  back;  revoked. 
UE-CALL'I.N't;,  ppr.    Calling  back;  revoking. 
RlC-CAiNT',  V.  t.     [L.  recanto;  re  and  canto.  Sec 
Cant.] 

To  retract ;  to  recall ;  to  contradict  a  former  decla- 
ration. 

How  soon  would  ease  recant 
Vows  made  in  pain,  as  violent  as  void.  Milton. 

RE-CANT',  r.  1.  To  recall  words  ;  to  revoke  a  decla- 
r.atitm  or  proposition  ;  to  un.say  what  li.as  been  said. 
Convince  me  I  am  wrong,  and  1  will  recant. 

RE-CAN-Ta'TION,  II.  The  act  of  recalling  ;  retrac- 
tion ;  a  declaration  that  contradicts  a  former  tme. 

Sidney. 

RE-CANT'ED,  pp.    Recalled  ;  retracted. 
KE-CANT'ER,  n.    One  that  recants.  Shall. 
RK-CANT'INt;,  ppr.    Recalling;  retracting. 
RE-CA-PAC'1-TATF,,  r.  (.    [re  and  cnprtci(afe.J  To 
qualify  ugain  ;  to  confor  capacity  on  again. 

Jittcrbury. 

RE-CA-PAC'!-TA-TED,  pp.    Capacitated  again. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


016 


REC 


REC 


REC 


RE-eA-PAC'I-TA-TING,  ppr.  Cocferring  capncity 
ai.':iin. 

RE-CA-PIT'U-LaTE,  r.  t  [Ft.  recapituler ;  U.  rac- 
capitolart;  re.  and  L.  capitulum.    See  Capitulate.] 

To  repent  the  princi|ial  things  mentioned  in  a  pre- 
ceding discourse,  arpunent,  or  essay;  to  give  a 
summary  of  the  principal  facts,  points,  or  arcuments. 

Dryden. 

RE-CA-PIT'IT-LS-TED,  pp.  Repeated  in  a  sum- 
mart'. 

RE-eA-PIT'tJ-LA-TI.VG,  ppr.  Repeating  the  princi- 
pal tliinjs  in  a  di.scourse  or  arjiiment. 

RE-eA-PlT-lJ-LA'TlON,  n.  The  act  of  recapitulat- 
ing. 

Q.  A  summary  or  concise  statement  or  enumera- 
tion of  the  principal  points  or  facts  in  a  preceding 
discourse,  argument,  or  essay.  South, 

RE  e.V-PIT'IJ-LA-TO-RY,  o.  Repeating  ajain  ;  con- 
tainins;  recapitulation,  Qarrctson. 

RE-CAP'TION,  n.    [L.  r«  and  captio ;  rapio,  to  take.] 
The  act  of  retaking  ;  reprisal  ;  the  retaking  of 
one's  ow  n  goods,  chattels,  wife,  or  children,  without 
force  or  violence,  from  one  who  has  lakrn  theiu  and 
wrongfully  detains  them.  Blackstone. 

Writ  of  recaption ;  a  writ  to  recover  property  taken 
by  a  second  distress,  pending  a  replevin  for  a  former 
distress  for  the  same  rent  or  service.  Blackstone. 

RE-eAP'TOR,n.  [re  and  mjptor.l  One  who  retakes  ; 
one  tliat  takes  a  prize  which  had  been  previously 
taken. 

RE-GAP'TURE,  (-kapt'yur,)  n.  [re  ani  capture.]  The 
act  of  retaking  ;  particularly,  the  retaking  of  a  prize 
or  goods  frtun  a  captor. 
2.  A  prize  retaken. 
RE-eAP'TlIRE,  r.  f.    To  retake  ;  particularly,  to  re- 
take a  prize  which  bad  been  previously  taken. 

Du  Ponceau, 

RE-eAP'TIJR-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Retaken. 
RE-eAP'TlJR-IXG,  ppr.    Retaking,  as  a  prize  from 
the  captor. 

RE-GAR'NI-F?,  r.  f,  [re  and  cariH/j,  from  L.  caro, 
tlesh.] 

To  convert  again  into  flesh.    [JVot  much  useiL  ] 

HowcU, 

RE-eAR'RI-£D,  pp.    Carried  back  or  again. 
RE-CAR'RY,  r.  (.    [re  and  carry.]    To  carry  back. 
RE-€AR'RY-I.NG,  ppr.    Carr)  ing  back.  [fValton. 
RE-exST',  r.  t.    [re  and  co^.]    To  Ciist  again  ;  as,  to 
recast  cannon. 

2.  To  throw  again.  Florio, 

3.  To  mold  anew.  Burgess, 

4.  To  compute  a  second  time. 
RE-CXST',  pp.    Cast  again  ;  molded  anew. 
RE-exST'ING,  ppr.   Casting  again  ;  molding  anew, 
RE-CeDE',  v.  i.    [L.  recede  ;  re  and  cedo.] 

1.  To  move  back  ;  to  retreat ;  to  withdraw, 

L>lie  i)k  hollow  roar 
Of  tides  rtcedinz  from  Ui'  iiiauUM  shore.  Dryden. 
All  bodies,  moved  circularljr,  eoileavor  to  rcetdt  from  the  center. 

BertUey. 

2.  To  withdraw  a  claim  or  pretension  ;  to  desist 
from  ;  to  relinquish  what  had  been  proposed  or  as- 
serted ;  as,  to  recede  from  a  demand ;  to  recede  from 
terms  or  propositions. 

RE-CkUE',  v.  t,  [re  and  cede.]  To  cede  back  ;  to 
grant  or  yield  to  a  former  possessor  ;  as,  to  recede 
conquered  territory. 

RE-Ck.D'EO,  pp.    Ceded  back  ;  regranted. 

UE-Ci".D'I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.   Withdrawing;  retreating; 
moving  back. 
2.  Ceding  back  ;  regranting. 

RE-CF.IPT',  (re-seet',)  n.  [It.  riceUa,  from  the  L.  re- 
crptus.  This  word  ought  to  follow  the  analogy  of 
conceit,  deceit,  from  L.  conceptus,  deceptus,  and  be 
written  without  p,  Receit.] 

1.  The  act  of  receiving  ;  as,  the  receipt  of  a  letter. 

2.  The  place  of  receiving ;  as,  the  receipt  of  custom. 
Matt.  ix. 

3.  Reception  ;  as,  the  receipt  of  blessings  or  mer- 
cies. 

4.  Reception  ;  welcome  ;  as,  the  kind  receipt  of  a 
friend.    [  Obs.] 

fin  this  sense,  RECEPTioif  is  now  used.] 

5.  Recipe ;  prescription  of  ingredients  for  any 
composition,  as  of  medicines.  Sec. 

Dryden.  .^rbuihnoL 

6.  A  writing  acknowledging  the  taking  of  money 
or  Eoods.  A  receipt  of  money  may  be  in  part  or  in 
full  payment  of  a  debt,  and  it  openites  as  an  acquit- 
tance or  discharge  of  the  debt  either  in  part  or  in 
full.  A  receipt  of  goods  makes  the  receiver  liable  to 
account  for  the  same,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
transaction,  or  the  tenor  of  the  writing.  It  is  cus- 
toinarv  for  sheriffs  to  deliver  goods  taken  in  execu- 
tion, lo  some  person  who  gives  his  receipt  for  them, 
with  a  promise  to  redeliver  them  to  the  sheriff  at  or 
before  the  time  of  sale. 

RE-CkIPT',  (rc-seet',)  r.  e.    To  give  a  receipt  for ;  as, 

to  receipt  goods  delivered  by  a  sheriff. 
RE-CicIPT'OR,  n.    In  Zaifl,  one  who  receipts  property 

which  has  been  taken  by  the  sheriff.    [See  above.] 
RE-Cl"IV'A-HLE.  a.    That  may  be  received. 
RE-CkIV'A-I1LE-\ESS,  )  n.   Capability  of  being  re- 
RE-CElV-A-IilLI-TY.   (    ceived.  fThUlock. 


RE-CeIVE',  (re-seev',)  r.  t.  [Fr.  reeevoir;  Arm.  re- 
eej",  recevi ;  It.  ricevere ;  Sp.  recibir  ,•  Port,  receber  ; 
L,  recipio  i  re  and  eapio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  take,  as  a  thing  offered  or  sent  ;  to  accept. 
He  had  the  offer  of  a  donation,  but  he  would  not  re- 
ceive it. 

2.  To  take  as  due  or  as  a  reward.  He  received  the 
money  on  the  day  it  was  payable.  Ue  received  ample 
compensation. 

3.  To  take  or  obtain  from  another  in  any  manner, 
and  either  good  or  evil. 

Shall  we  receipt  rood  at  the  hand  of  God,  and  shall  we  not  re. 
ceioeevil  ? — Job  iu 

4.  To  take,  as  a  thing  communicated  ;  as,  to  re- 
ceive a  wountl  by  a  shot ;  to  receive  a  disease  by  con- 
tagion. 

The  idea  of  solidity  we  receive  by  our  touch.  Locke, 

5.  To  take  or  obtain  intellectually  ;  as,  to  receive 
an  opinion  or  notion  from  others. 

G.  To  embrace. 

Iteceive  with  meeknett  the  In^nfled  word.  — James  i. 

7.  To  allow  ;  to  hold  ;  to  retain  ;  as,  a  custom  long 
received, 

8.  To  admit. 

Thou  shall  ^lide  mc  with  thy  counsel,  and  allerwan!  reorfps  rrw 
to  glory.  —  P».  Ixxiii. 

9.  To  welcome ;  to  lodge  and  entertain  ;  aa  a 
guest. 

They  kindled  a  fire,  and  received  us  ererj  one,  because  of  the 
prt-sont  rain  and  because  of  the  cold,  -r  Acu  xxvik 

10.  To  admit  into  membership  or  fellowship. 
Him  that  is  weak  in  the  faith,  receive  ye,  —  R^jm.  xiT. 

11.  To  take  in  or  on  ;  to  hold  ;  to  contain. 

The  brazen  aluir  was  too  lilUe  lo  receive  the  burnt-offering.  —  1 
icings  Tiii. 

12.  To  be  endowed  with. 

Ye  sh^U  receive  power  after  that  the  Holy  Spirit  has  come  upon 
you.  —  Acts  I. 

13.  To  take  into  a  place  or  state. 

eioed  up  into  heaven. 

14.  To  take  or  have  as  something  ascribed ;  as,  to 
receive  praise  or  blame.    Rrv.  iv.  5. 

15.  To  bear  with  or  suffer.   2  Cor.  xi, 

16.  To  believe  in.    John  i. 

17.  To  accept  or  admit  officially  or  in  an  official 
character.  The  minister  was  received  by  the  emperor 
or  court. 

18.  To  take  stolen  goods  from  a  thief,  knowing 
them  to  be  stolen.  Blackstone, 

RE-CkIV'/^D,  (re-seevd',)  pp.  or  o.  Taken  ;  accept- 
ed ;_admiued  ;  embraced  ;  entertained  ;  believed. 

RE-CeIV'ED-NESS,  n.  Genenil  allowance  or  be- 
lief ;  as,  the  receicedncss  of  an  opinion.  Boyle, 

RE-CeIV'ER,  n.  One  who  takes  or  receives  in  any 
manner. 

2.  A  person  appointed,  ordinarily  by  a  court  of 
chancery,  to  receive  and  hold  in  trust  money  or  other 
property.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  One  who  takes  stolen  goods  from  a  thief,  know- 
ing them  to  be  stolen,  and  incurs  the  guilt  of  partak- 
ing in  the  crime.  Blackstme, 

4.  In  distillation,  a  vessel  for  receiving  and  con- 
densing the  product  of  distillation. 

5.  In  pneumatic  chemistry,  a  vessel  for  receiving 
and  containing  gases.  Olmsted. 

6.  In  natural  philosophy,  a  vessel  employed  on  the 
plate  of  the  air-pump,  for  producing  a  vacuum. 

Olmsted. 

7.  One  who  partakes  of  the  sacrament.  Taylor. 
RE-CkIV'IXG,  ppr.    Taking ;  accepting  ;  admitting; 

enibracins;  believing;  entertaining. 
RE-CeIV'ING,  71.    The  act  of  receiving  ;  that  which 
is  received. 

RE-CEL'E-HRaTE,  r.  L    [re  and  celebrate.]    To  cel- 
ebrate acain.  B.  Jonson, 
RE-CEL'E-nR.\-TED,  pp.    Celebrated  anew. 
RE-CEb'E-BRA-TING,  ppr.    Celebrating  anew. 
RE-CEI.-E-BRa'TION,  n.    A  renewed  celebration. 
Re'CE.V-CY,  n.  [L.recens.] 

1.  Newness  ;  new  state ;  late  origin ;  sm,  the  re- 
cency of  a  wound  or  tumor. 

2.  Lateness  in  time;  freshness;  as,  the receiKy  of 
a  transaction. 

RE-CE.\SE',  (re-sens',)  v.  t.    [L.  reeenseo;  re  and 

cen.ieo.] 

To  review  ;  to  revise  Bentley, 
RE-CEN'SIO.N,  (re-sen'shun,)  n.    [L.  reemsio,] 

Review  ;  examination  ;  enumeration.  Ecelijn, 
RE'CE.XT,  a.  [U,recrns.] 

1.  New  ;  bemg  of  late  origin  or  existence. 

The  ancients  believetl  some  parts  of  Kgyp*  to  be  r^emL  and 
formed  by  the  mud  dtKharged  into  Uic  sem  by  the  Nile. 

IfWisard. 

2.  hate  ;  modern  ;  as,  great  and  worthy  men,  an- 
cient or  recent.    [Muder:*  is  now  used.]  Bacon. 

3.  Fresh ;  lately  received ;  as,  recent  news  or  in- 
telligence. ^ 

4.  Late  ;  of  late  occurrence ;  as,  a  recent  event  or 
transaction. 


5.  Fresh  ;  not  long  dismissed,  released,  or  parted 
frtmi  ;  as,  IMysses,  recent  from  the  storms.  Pope. 

6.  In  gculofry,  \ii  a  date  subsvquent  to  the  creation 
of  man  ;  as,  recent  period ;  recent  shells.  LyeU, 

RK'CE.\T-LY,  adv.  Newly;  lately;  freshly;  not 
long  since  ;  as,  advices  recently  received  ;  a  town 
recently  built  or  re|)aired  ;  an  isle  recently  discovered. 

Rl"C'CE.NT-NESS,  n.  Newness;  freshness;  lateness 
of  origi*  or  occurrence  ;  as,  the  recent «eji^  of  alluvial 
land  ;  the  recentness  of  news  or  of  evcnU. 

RE-CEP'TA-CLE,  (re-scp'ta-kl,)  n.  [L.  recrptaculum, 
from  receptus,  recipio.] 

1.  A  place  or  vessel  into  which  something  is  re- 
ceived, or  in  which  it  is  contained,  as  a  vat,  a  tun, 
a  hollow  in  the  earth,  &.c  The  grave  is  the  conimoo 
receptacle  of  the  dead. 

2.  In  botany,  one  of  the  parts  of  fructification  j 
the  base  on  which  the  other  parts  of  the  fructification 
stand.  A  proper  receptacle  belongs  only  to  one  set  of 
parts  of  fructification  ;  a  common  receptacle  hears  sev- 
eral florets  or  distinct  sets  of  parts  of  fructifications. 
The  receptacle  of  the  fructification  is  common  both 
to  the  flower  and  the  fruit.  The  receptacle  of  the 
flower,  is  the  base  to  which  the  parts  of  the  flower, 
exclusive  of  the  germ,  are  fixed.  The  receptacle  of 
the  fruit,  is  the  baseof  the  fTiiit  only.  The  receptacle 
of  the  seeds,  is  the  base  to  which  the  seeds  are  fixed. 

J^Iarlyn, 

The  dilated  apex  of  a  pedicel,  from  which  the 
floral  envelops,  stamens,  and  pistils  proceed. 

I.tndley. 

REC-EP-T.\e'lI-LAR,  a.  In  botany,  pertaining  to  the 
receptacle  or  growing  on  it,  as  the  nectary. 

REC'EP-TA-RY,  (res'ep-,)  n.  Thing  received.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Brown. 

RE-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.   The  possibility  of  receiv- 
ing. GlanciUe, 
[Qii.  The  possibility  of  being  received. ] 

RB^CEP'TIU.N',  n.    [Fr.';  L.  receptw.] 

1.  The  act  of  receiving  ;  in  a  general  sense  ;  as,  the 
reception  of  food  into  the  stomacti,  or  of  air  into  the 
lungs. 

2.  The  state  of  being  received.  Milton. 

3.  Admission  of  any  thing  sent  or  communicated ; 
as,  the  reception  of  a  letter ;  the  reception  of  sensa- 
tion or  ideas. 

4.  Readmissioii. 

AH  hope  is  lost 
Of  my  recejiU-yn  into  grace.  Mdlon, 

5.  Admission  of  entrance  for  holding  or  containing ; 
as,  a  sheath  fitted  for  the  reception  of  a  sword  ;  a 
channel  for  the  reception  of  water. 

6.  A  receiving  or  manner  of  receiving  for  enter- 
tainment ;  entertainment.  The  guests  were  well 
pleased  with  their  reception.  Nothing  displeases  more 
than  a  cold  reception. 

7.  A  receiving  officially  ;  as,  the  reception  of  an 
envoy  by  a  foreign  court. 

8.  Opinion  generally  admitted. 

Phil'>9opher8  who  have  quitted  the  popular  doctrines  of  their 
coiit,lri'-3,  have  hllcn  into  as  extravagrant  opinions,  ns  eveo 
common  reception  countenanced.    [.Not  in  use.]  Locke, 

9.  Recovery.    [JVbt  in  use.]  Bacon. 
RE-CEP'TIVE,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  receiving 

or  admitting  what  is  communicated. 

imaginary  space  is  receptive  of  all  bodies.  ClanviUe. 
RE  CEP-TIV'I-TY,  n.   The  state  or  quality  of  being 

receptive.  Fotherbu. 
RE-CEP'TO-RY,  a.   Generally  or  popularly  admitted 

or  received.    [JVot  in  use.]  Broirn. 
RE-CESS',  n.  [L.  recei.'ii/j,  from  recerfo.  See  Recede.] 

1.  A  withdrawing  or  retiring;  a  moving  back;  as, 
the  recess  of  the  tides. 

2.  .\  withdrawing  from  public  business  or  notice  ; 
retreat ;  retirement. 

My  rente  hath  given  them  confidence  that  1  mav  he  conquered. 

'  K.  CKarU: 

And  every  neighboring  rrore 
Sacred  to  soli  recess  and  gcude  love.  Prior. 

3.  Departure.  Olanville. 

4.  Part  of  a  room  formed  by  the  receding  of  the 
wall,  OS  an  alcove,  niche,  tec. 

5.  Place  of  retirement  or  secrecy  ;  private  abode. 

This  happy  place,  our  sweet 
Recett.  Milton, 

6.  State  of  retirement ;  as,  lords  in  close  recess. 

.Milton. 

In  the  recett  of  the  jury,  they  are  lo  consider  their  evideiwre. 

Halt. 

7.  Remission  or  suspension  of  business  or  pro- 
cedure ;  as,  the  house  of  representatives  had  a  rceesi 
of  half  an  hour. 

8.  Privacy  ;  seclusion  from  the  world  or  from  com- 
pany. 

Good  Terse  recess  and  solitude  requires.  Oryden. 

9.  Secret  or  abstruse  part ;  as,  the  difficulties  and 
recesses  of  science.  Watts. 

10.  A  withdrawing  from  any  point ;  removal  to  a 
distance.  Brown. 

11.  The  retiring  of  the  shore  of  the  sea,  or  of  a 
lake,  from  the  general  line  of  the  shore,  forming  a 
bay. 


TONE,  Bt'LL,  17XITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


Y  Y  Y" 


917 


KEC 


REC 


REC 


12.  [Fr.  recez-l    A  decree  of  the  imperial  diet  of 
tlie  okl  German  empire.  Brande. 
RE-CES'S[ON,  (re-sesh'iin,)  71.    [L.  rcccsdo.'] 

1.  The  act  of  withdrawing,  retiring,  or  retreating. 

2.  The  act  of  receding  from  a  claim,  or  of  relax- 
ing a  demand.  Si)ii(/i. 

3.  A  cession  or  granting  back  ;  as,  the  recession  of 
conquered  territory  to  its  former  sovereign. 

Re'GHAB-iTES,  71.  p(.  Among  the  ancient  Jews,  the 
descendants  of  Jonadab,  the  son  of  Rechab,  who  ab- 
stained from  all  intoxicating  drinks.  The  name  has 
been  assumed  by  some  in  modern  times,  who  adopt 
the  principle  of  total  abstinence  from  alcoholic  liquor. 

Brande. 

RE-CHaNGE',  ».  <.    [Ti.  reclianger ;  re  and  change.] 

To  change  again. 
RE-CHaNG'£D,  pp.   Changed  again. 
RE-CHaNG'ENG,  ppr.    Clianging  again. 
RE-CHARGE'.  V.  t.    [Fr.  rechnr^cr  ;  re  and  charg-e.] 

1.  To  charge  or  accuse  in  return.  Hooker. 

2.  To  attark  again  ;  to  attack  anew.  Dryden. 
RE-CHXR6'£D,  fp.    Accused  in  return  ;  attacked 

anew. 

RE-CHaRG'ING,  ppr.  Accusing  in  return  ;  attacking 
anew. 

RE-CHAR'TER,  71.  A  second  charter;  a  renewal  of 
a  charter.  D.  Webster. 

RE-CllAR'TER,  r.  t.  To  charter  again;  to  grunt  a 
second,  or  another  charier  to. 

RE-CHAR'TER-iCD,  pp.     Cliartered  a  second  time. 

RE-CHaR'TER-ING,  ppr.  Chartering  a  second 
time. 

RE-CH,aS'T£N-£D,  (-chas'nd,)  0.    Chastened  again. 

RE-CHEAT',  71.  [Said  to  be  from  Old  French.] 
Among  hunters,  a  lesson  which  the  huntsman  winds 
on  the  horn  when  the  hounds  have  lost  the  game, 
to  call  them  back  from  pursuing  a  counter  scent. 

Bailey.  Sluik. 

RE-CHf.AT',     «.    To  blow  the  rechcat.  Drayton. 

RE-CHKR' CHE,  (_n-sh3.i'sii!i,)  [Fr.]  iitfraHi/,  sought 
out  with  care;  hence,  nice  to  an  extreme;  un- 
natural. 

RE-CHOOSE',  (re-chooz',)  c.  t.  To  choose  a  second 
time. 

RE-CHoS'£N,  (re-choz'n,)  pp.  or  a.     Reelected  ; 

chosen  again. 
REC-1-DI'VaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  recidivo.] 

To  backslide  ;  to  fall  again.    [Obs.]  Bp.  .Andrews. 
RE-CID-I-Va'TION,  71.    [L.  recidivus,  from  rccido,  to 
fall  back  ;  re  and  cado,  to  fall.] 
A  falling  back  ;  a  backsliding.  [J\~ut  mvch  used.] 
Hammond. 

REC-I-DI'VOCS,  a.    [L.  reeidlous.] 
Subject  to  backslide.    [Lillle  used.] 

REC'I-PE,  (res'i-pe,)  n.  [L.,  imperative  of  recipio,  to 
take.]  A  medical  prescription  ;  a  direction  of  med- 
icines to  be  taken  by  a  patient.  Enrye. 

2.  In  popular  usage,  a  receipt  for  making  almost 
any  mixture  or  preparation. 

RE-CIP'I-EN-CY,  71.  A  receiving  ;  the  state  of  one 
who  receives. 

RE-CII"I-ENT,  71.    [L.  recipicns,  recipio.] 

1.  A  receiver  ;  the  person  or  thing  that  receives  ; 
he  or  that  to  which  any  tiling  is  communicated. 

2.  The  receiver  of  a  still.  Decay  of  Piety. 
RE-CIP'RO-CAL,  a.    [L.  reciprocus;  Sp.  and  It.  re- 

ciproco ;  Ft.  reciproque,] 

1.  Acting  in  vicissitude  or  return  ;  alternate. 

Corruption  is  reciprocal  to  gciunition.  Bacon. 

2.  Mutual  ;  done  by  each  to  the  other  ;  as,  recip- 
rocal love  ;  reciprocal  benefits  or  favors  ;  reciprocal 
duties  ;  reciprocal  aid. 

3.  Mutually  interchangeable. 

Thesf  two  rules  will  render  a  definitiou  reciproaUv/'nh  thf  thing 
defltied.  yyalls. 

Reciprocal  terms ;  in  logic,  those  terms  that  have 
the  same  signification,  and  consequently  are  con- 
vertible, and  mny  be  used  for  each  other.  Encyc. 

Reciprocal  qiuinlitics,  in  mathematics,  are  those 
which,  multiplied  together,  produce  unity.  Encyc. 

Reciprocal  figures,  in  geometry,  are  two  figures  of 
the  same  kind,  (as  triangles,  parallelograms,  prisms, 
&.C.,)  so  related  that  the  two  sides  of  the  one  form  the 
extremes  of  a  proportion  of  which  the  means  arc  the 
two  corresponding  sides  of  the  other.  Brande. 

Reciprocal  proportion,  is  when,  of  four  terms  taken 
in  order,  the  first  has  to  the  second  the  same  ratio 
wliich  the  fourth  has  to  the  third  ;  or  when  the  first 
has  to  the  Becond  the  same  ratio  which  the  recipro- 
cal of  the  third  has  to  the  rccijirocal  of  the  fourth. 

Brande, 

Reciprocal  ratio,  is  the  ratio  between  the  recipro- 
cals of  two  quantities  ;  as,  the  reciprocal  ratio  of  4  to 
9  is  that  of  1-4  to  1-9. 

RE-CIP'RO  eAL,  7t.  The  reciprocal  of  any  quantity, 
in  the  quotient  nrixlng  from  the  division  of  a  unit  by 
that  quantity.    Thus  the  reciprocal  of  4  is  1-4. 

RE-CIP'RO  CAL-I.V,  ado.  Mulually  ;  interchangea- 
bly ;  in  iiuch  a  manner  that  each  affectH  the  other  and 
ia  equally  afTccU'd  by  it. 

I'lie*^  two  particl'-'t  (Jo  rtciprocaily  ftlTeet  CRCli  other  with  the  anmc 
forc^.  Ihnlley, 

2.  In  the  manner  of  rcciprocalH. 


RE-CIP'RO-CAL-NESS,  )  71.  Mutual  return  :  alter- 
RE-CIP-RO-CAL'I-TY,  \  nateness. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
RE-CIP'RO-CaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  rcciproco ;  Fr.  recipro- 
quer.] 

To  act  interchangeably  ;  to  alternate. 

One  brawny  smith  the  pulling  bellows  plies, 

Ami  dmws  and  blows  reciprocating  air.  Dryden. 

RE-CIP'RO-CaTE,  v.  I.  To  exchange;  to  inter- 
change ;  to  give  and  return  mutually  ;  as,  to  re- 
ciprocate favors. 

RE-CIP'RO-Ca-TED,  pp.  Mutually  given  and  re- 
turned ;  interchanged. 

RE-CIP'RO-Ca-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Interchanging  ;  each 
giving  or  doing  to  tlie  other  the  same  thing. 

Reciprocating  motion ;  in  jneclianics,  motion  alter- 
nately backward  and  forward,  or  up  and  down,  as 
of  a  piston  rod. 

RE-CIP-RO-Ca'TION,  71.    [L.  reciprocatio.] 

1.  Interchange  of  acts;  a  mutual  gi>'ing  and  re- 
turning ;  as,  tile  reciprocation  of  kindnesses. 

2.  Alternation  ;  as,  the  reciprocation  of  the  sea  in 
the  flow  and  ebb  of  tides.  Brown. 

3.  Regular  return  or  alternation  of  two  symptoms 
or  diseases.  Coze. 

REC-I-PROC'I-TY,  (res-e-pros'e-te,)  n.  [Fr.  reciprociti.] 

1.  Reciprocal  obligation  or  right ;  equal  mutual 
rights  or  benefits  to  be  yieMed  or  enjoyed.  The  com- 
missioners offered  to  negotiate  a  treaty  on  principles 
of  reciprocity. 

2.  Alutual  action  and  reaction. 
RE-CI"SION,  (re-sizh'un,)  71.    [L.  rccisio,  from  re- 

cido,  to  cut  off;  re  and  oEdo.] 

The  act  of  cutting  off.  Shcrioood. 
RE-CTT'AL,  71.    [from  recite.]    Rehearsal  ;  the  rep- 
etition of  the  words  of  another,  or  of  a  writing  ;  as, 
the  recital  of  a  deed  ;  the  recital  of  testimony. 

Encyc. 

2.  Narration  ;  a  telling  of  the  particulars  of  an  ad- 
venture, or  of  a  series  of  events.  .Addison. 

3.  Enumeration  of  particulars;  as,  the  rccifa/s  of  a 
law.  Burke. 

REC-I-Ta'TION,  71.    [L.  recitatio.] 

1.  Rehearsal ;  repetition  of  words. 

Hammond.  Temple. 

2.  The  delivery  before  an  audience  of  the  compo- 
sitions of  others  committed  to  memory. 

3.  In  .American  colleges  and  scliools,  the  rehearsal  of 
a  lesson  bv  pupils  before  their  instructor. 

REC-I-TA-tlVE',  o.  [Ft.  recitatif;  U.recitativo.  See 
Recite.] 

Reciting;  rehearsing;  pertaining  to  musical  pro- 
nunciation. Dryden. 
REC-I-TA-TIVE',  n.  In  77!itsic,  a  species  of  singing 
approaching  toward  ordinary  speaking;  language 
delivered  in  musical  tones,  i.  e.,  in  the  sounds  of  the 
musical  scale.  Brande.    P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  piece  of  music  in  recitative. 
REC-I-TA-TIVE'LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  recita- 
tive. 

RE-CITE',  V.  t.  [L.  recito ;  re  and  cito,  to  call  or 
namej 

1.  To  rehearse  ;  to  repeat  the  words  of  another,  or 
of  a  writing  ;  as,  to  recite  the  words  of  an  author,  or 
of  a  deed  or  covenant. 

2.  In  writing,  to  copy  ;  as,  the  words  of  a  deed  are 
recited  in  the  pleading. 

3.  To  tell  over  ;  to  relate  ;  to  narrate  ;  as,  to  re- 
cite past  events ;  to  recite  the  particulars  of  a  voy- 
age. 

4.  To  rehearse,  as  a  lesson  to  an  instructor. 

Jlmerica. 

5.  To  enumerate,  or  go  over  in  particulars. 
RE-CITE',  V.  i.    To  pronounce  before  an  audience  the 

compositions  of  others  committed  to  memory. 

2.  To  rehearse  a  lesson.  The  class  will  recite  at 
eleven  o'clock.  .American  Seminaries. 

RE-CITE',  for  Recital.    [Ao£  in  use.] 

RE-CIT'ED,  pp.  Rehearsed ;  told ;  repeated  ;  nar- 
rated. 

RE-CIT'ER,  71.  One  that  recites  or  rehearses  ;  a  nar- 
rator. 

RE-CIT'ING, ppr.  Rehearsing;  telling;  repeating; 
narrating. 

RECK,  r.  i.  [Sax.  rfco7i,  reccan,  to  say,  to  tell,  to  nar- 
rate, to  reckon,  to  care,  to  rule  or  govern,  L.  rego. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  strain.  Care  is  a  straining 
of  the  mind.    See  Rack  and  Reckoh.] 

To  care  ;  to  mind  ;  to  rate  at  much  ;  as  we  say,  to 
rccion  much  of ;  followed  by  0/.  [Obs.] 

Thou',  but  a  Ia7,y  loonlo, 

And  recAff  much  0/  thy  swinlte. 

I  rtck  IIS  lilllc  wiiat  Ix'tidi-lh  nie, 

As  nuich  I  wish  nil  good  bi  foriiinc  you 

Of  night  or  loneliness  it  reekt  me  liot. 

RECK,  r.  (.    To  lieed  ;  to  regard  ;  to  care  for. 

Tlii*  son  of  mine  not  rfclfin^  danger.  Sidney. 
[This  verb  is  obsolete,  unless  in  poetr>'.  We  ob- 
serve the  primary  sense  and  application  in  the  phrase 
**  It  recks  me  not,"  that  is,  it  does  not  strain  or  dis- 
tress ing  ;  it  does  not  rack  my  mind.  To  reck  danger 
Is  a  derivative  form  of  expression,  and  a  deviation 
from  tlio  proper  sense  of  the  verb.] 


S^cnter, 


I^JtUon. 


RECK'LESS,  o.    Careless ;  heedless  ;  mindless. 

I  made  the  kin^  as  reckless,  as  them  diligent.  Sidney. 
RECK'LESS-LY,  adv.    Heedlessly  ;  carelessly. 
RECK'LESS-NESS,  71.    Heedlessness  ;  carelessness  ; 
negligence.  Sidney. 

[These  words,  formerly  disused,  have  been  recently 
revived.] 

RECK' ON,  (rek'n,)  v.  U  [Sax.  reea7!,  rcccan,lo  tell,  to 
relate,  to  reck  or  care,  to  rule,  to  reckon  ;  D.  rekenen, 
to  count  or  compute  ;  G.  rechnen,  to  count,  to  reckon, 
to  esteem,  and  recken,  to  stretch,  to  strain,  to  rack; 
Sw.  rdkna,  to  count,  to  tell ;  Dan.  regner,  to  reckon, 
to  count,  to  rain.  The  Saxon  word  signifies  not  on- 
ly to  tell  or  count,  but  to  reck  or  care,  and  to  rule  or 
govern  ;  and  the  latter  signification  proves  it  to  be  the 
L.  rego,  rectus,  wlience  regnum,  regno.  Eng.  foreign, 
and  hence  Sax.  reht,  riht.  Eng.  right,  G.  recht,  &-C. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  strain,  and  right 
is  strained,  stretched  to  a  straight  line ;  hence  we 
see  that  these  words  all  coincide  with  reach,  stretch, 
and  rack,  and  we  say,  we  are  racked  with  care.  It 
is  probable  that  wreck  and  wretched  are  from  the  same 
root.    Class  Rg,  No.  18, 21.] 

1.  To  count;  to  number;  that  is,  to  tell  over  by 
particulars. 

The  priest  shall  reckon  to  him  the  money,  according  to  the  yeais 
that  remain,  even  to  tlie  year  ol  jubilee,  and  it  sliali  be  abated. 
—  Lev.  xxvii. 

1  reckoned  above  two  hundred  and  fifty  on  the  outside  of  die 
church.  Adilison 

2.  To  esteem  ;  to  account ;  to  repute.    Rom.  viii. 

For  him  1  reckon  not  in  higli  estate.  Millan. 

3.  To  repute ;  to  set  in  the  number  or  rank  of. 
He  was  reckoned  among  the  transgressors.  —  Lulte  xxii. 

4.  To  make  account  or  reckoning  of.  Rom.  iv. 
RECK' ON,  ».       To  reason  with  one's  self  and  con- 
clude from  arguments. 

1  reckoned  till  morning,  that  as  a  lion,  so  will  he  break  all  my 
bones.  —  Is.  xixviii. 

2.  To  charge  to  account ;  with  o7t. 

1  call  posterity 

Into  the  debt,  and  reckon  on  tier  head.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  To  pay  a  penalty  ;  to  be  answerable  ;  with  /i?r. 
If  they  fail  in  their  bounden  duty,  they  shall  reckon  for  it  one 

day.  Sanderson, 

4.  To  think  ;  to  suppose ;  as,  I  reckon  he  has  arrived. 
[In  this  last  sense,  the  word  is  provincial  in  Eng- 
land, and  is  used  to  an  excess  in  the  middle  and  south- 
ern parts  of  the  United  States,  corresponding  to  that 
of  guess  in  the  northern.  —  Ed,] 

To  reckon  with ;  to  state  an  account  with  another, 
compare  it  with  his  account,  ascertain  the  amount  of 
each,  and  the  balance  which  one  owes  to  the  other. 
In  this  manner  the  country  people  of  New  England, 
who  have  mutual  dealings,  reckon  with  each  other  at 
the  end  of  each  year,  or  as  often  as  they  think  tit. 

Alter  a  long  time  the  lord  of  those  servants  conieth,  and  reckon- 
cUi  wiOi  diem. —  Malt.  xxv. 

2.  To  call  to  punishment. 

God  sulTerB  tlie  most  grievous  sins  of  particular  prsons  to  go 
unpunished  in  this  world,  beciuse  ills  justice  will  have 
anodier  opportunity  to  meet  and  reckon  teilh  ttiein. 

Tillouon. 

To  reckon  on  or  wpoii ;  to  lay  stress  or  dependence 
on.    He  reckons  on  the  support  of  his  frientls. 
RECK'ON-£D,  (rek'nd,)  pp.    Counted;  numbered; 
esteemed  ;  reputed  ;  computed ;  set  or  assigned  to 
in  account. 

RECK'ON-ER,  (rek'n-er,)  71,  One  who  reckons  or 
coiiqiutes. 

Reckoners  without  their  host  must  teAon  twice.  Camden, 
RECK'ON-ING,  (rek'n-ing,)  ppr.    Counting;  com- 
puting; esteeming;  reputing;  stating  an  account 
mutually. 

RECK'ON-ING,  71.  The  act  of  counting  or  com- 
puting; calculation. 

2.  An  account  of  time.  Sandys. 

3.  A  statement  of  accounts  with  another ;  a  state- 
ment and  comparison  of  accounts  mutually  for  ad- 
justment ;  as  in  the  proverb, "  Short  rKAoiiin^'i  make 
long  frientls." 

The  way  to  make  reckonings  even,  is  to  make  them  often. 

South. 

4.  The  charges  or  account  made  by  a  ho-^t. 

A  coin  would  have  a  nobler  use  than  to  pay  a  rfctoniny. 

A<14ison. 

5.  Account  taken.  2  Kings  xxii. 
C.  Esteem  ;  account ;  estimation. 

Vou  Illlike  no  further  reckoning  of  beauty,  than  of  an  oiitwnni 
fading  ln-nelit  naluro  bestowed.  Sidney. 

7.  In  navigation,  an  acctiunt  of  the  ship's  course 
and  distance,  calculated  from  the  log-board  without 
the  aid  of  celestial  observation.  This  account  from 
the  log-board  is  usually  called  the  dead-reckoning. 

Mar.  Diet. 

RECK'ON-ING-BQOK,  71.  A  book  in  which  money 
received  and  expended  is  entered.  Johnson. 

RE-CLAIM',  I'.  I.  [Kr.  rccidwirr  ;  h.  reclamo ;  7e  and 
cinmo,  to  call.    See  Claim.] 

1.  To  claim  back;  to  demand  to  have  returned. 
The  vender  may  reclaim  the  goods.  Z.  Swift. 


PATE,  FXE,  PALL,  WHAT.  — MffiTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 
 £  .  . —  — — — — 


118 


REC 

2.  To  call  back  from  error,  wandering,  or  trans- 
gression, to  the  observance  of  moral  rectitude  ;  lo 
reform  ;  to  bring  back  (o  correct  deportment  or  course 
of  life. 

iu  Tarioui  exprcsaioni  of 
Jtogert. 

3.  'I'o  reduce  to  tlie  state  desired. 
Much  labor  U  rcouiird  in  treci,  to  l;inio 

'i'heir  wild  iJiaorucr,  and  in  rntik*  reclaim.  DnjrUn. 

4.  To  call  back  j  to  restrain. 

Or  {■  lipr  toworiiigf  lliwht  rtclnimed, 

By  BCiU  from  Icaru»*  tlownr.dl  named  f  Prior. 

5.  To  recall ;  to  cry  out  against. 

Tbe  heiKlslron^  honrs  hurriod  Ocutviiit  along,  and  were  dei\f  lo 
hiM  reclaittUng  tl\cm.    [Unutaat.]  Lhyden. 

6.  To  reduce  from  a  wild  to  a  tame  or  domestic 
state;  to  tame;  to  make  gentle;  ns,  to  reclaim  a 
liawk,  an  eagle,  or  a  wild  beast.  Dnjden. 

7.  To  reduce  to  a  state  fit  for  cultivation  ;  applied 
to  lands  submerged  by  H'ater. 

8.  To  demand  or  cliallenge ;  to  make  a  claim  ;  a 
French  use. 

9.  In  ancient  customs,  to  pursue  and  recall,  as  a 
vassal.  Kncyc. 

10.  To  encroach  on  what  has  been  taken  i'rom 
one  ;  to  attempt  to  recover  possession.\ 

A  tract  of  land  [Hollnnil]  snatched  from  an  element  perpetually 
reclaiming  lis  prior  occui.«ncy.  Ojie,  Swilz. 

RE-CLAIM',  r.  I.    To  crj- out ;  to  exclaim.  Pnpe. 

RE-CLaIiM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  reclaimed,  re- 
formed, or  tamed. 

RE-€I.AliM'ANT,  n.  One  that  opposes,  contradicts, 
nr  remonstrates  against.  fVaterlantt. 

RE-eLAI.M'J';i),  pp.  Recalled  from  a  vicious  life  ;  re- 
fiirmed  ;  tamed  ;  domesticated  ;  recovered. 

RE-eLAIM'INt;,  ppr.  Recalling  to  a  regular  course 
of  life  ;  reforming  ;  recovering;  taking;  demanding. 

RE  eL.^IM'EESS,  a.    Not  to  be  ri^claimed.  Lcc. 

REC-LA  Ma'TION,  ii.  Recovery-. 

a.  Demand  ;  challenge  of  something  to  be  restored  ; 
claim  made.  •  Gallatin. 

REG' LI-N  ATE,  (I.    [L.  reclinatiL^.    See  Recline. 1 
In  bnlany,  reclined,  as  a  leaf ;  bent  downwarti,  so 
that  the  point  of  the  leaf  is  lower  than  the  base. 

Marti[n. 

A  reclinate  stem  is  one  that  bends  in  an  arch 
toward  the  earth.  Lee. 
REC-LI-Na'TION,  71.     The  act  of  leaning  or  re- 
clining. 

In  dialinir,  the  angle  which  the  plane  of  the 
dial  makes  with  a  vortical  plane  which  it  inter- 
serls  in  a  horizontal  line.  Braiule. 
RE-eET.\E',  V.  t.  [L.  rrclino  ;  re  and  clino,  to  lean.] 
To  lean  back  ;  to  lean  to  one  side  or  sidewise  ; 
as,  to  recline  the  head  on  a  pillow,  or  on  the  bosom 
of  another,  or  on  the  arm. 

The  mother 

Reclined  her  dyinj  head  upon  hiji  breast,  Dryden. 
RE-GLINE',  I'.  I.   To  lean;  to  rest  or  repose;  as,  to 

recline  on  a  couch. 
RE-eEI.\E',  a.    [I.,  reclinii.] 

Leaning  ;  being  in  a  leaning  posture. 

They  sal,  recline, 
On  the  sofi,  downy  bank  damasked  willi  fiowcn.  A/i/ton. 
[Little  used.] 

RE-ei-T\'ED,  pp.    Inclined  back  or  sidewise. 
RE-€'LT.N''ING,  ppr.     Leaning  back  or  sidewise  ; 

resting ;  lying. 
RE-GLoSE',  V.  t.    [re  and  close.]    To  close  or  shut 

again.  Pope. 
RE-€LoS'Kn,  pp.    Closed  again. 
RE-eLo?'lNG,  ppr.    Closing  again. 
RE-CLODE',  r.  (.    [L.  recludo ;  re  and  elaudo,  c/uAi.] 
To  open.    [Utile  tised.j  Harvey. 
RE-CLPSE',  a.    [Fr.  rrclu.':,  from  L.  reclusus,  recludo, 
but  with  a  signification  directly  opposite.] 

Shut  up;  sequestered;  retired  from  the  world  or 
from  public  notice  ;  solitary  ;  as,  a  recluse  monk  or 
hermit ;  a  recluse  life. 

I  all  the  lifelong  day 
Consume  in  mrditalion  deep,  redute 
Prom  human  convene.  Phitipt. 

RE-CLOSE',  n.  A  person  who  lives  in  retirement  or 
seclusion  from  intercourse  with  the  world,  as  a  her- 
mit or  monk. 

2.  One  of  a  class  of  religious  devotees  wlio  live 
in  single  cells,  usually  attached  to  monasteries. 

Brande. 

RE-CLOSE'LY,  adv.  In  retirement  or  seclusion  from 
society. 

RE-CL6sE'NESS,  n.  Retirement;  seclusion  from 
society. 

RE-CLO'SION,  (re-klu'7.hun,)  n.    A  state  of  retire- 
ment from  the  world  ;  seclusion. 
RE-CLO'SIVE,  a.    Affording  retirement  from  society. 

Shak. 

RE-CO-AG-tJ-LA'TION,  n.  [re  and  coagulation.]  A 
second  coagulation.  Boylr. 

RE-e6.\ST',  r.  L  To  coast  back;  to  return  along  the 
same  coast.  Chandler. 

RE-CQAST'ED,  pp.  Returned  along  the  same 
coast. 


REC 

RE-COAST'ING,  ppr.    Coasting  again  or  back. 
RE-COCT',  a.    [L.  recoctus,  recuijuo.] 

New  vamped.    [JWt  used.]  Taylor. 
RE-COC'TI()N,  n.    A  second  coction  or  preparation. 
REC-OG-NI"TION,  (rek-og-nish'un,)  n.    [L.  rccug- 
nitio.] 

1.  Acknowledgment ;  formal  avowal  ;  as,  the 
recognition  of  a  final  concord  on  a  writ  of  covenant. 

Bacon. 

2.  Acknowledgment ;  memorial.  Wliite. 

3.  Acknowledgment ;  solemn  avowal  by  which  a 
thing  is  owned  or  declared  to  belong  to,  or  by  which 
the  remembrance  of  it  is  revived. 

The  lives  of  such  saintJJ  had,  at  the  lime  of  their  yearly  memorials, 
solemn  recognition  in  the  church  of  Uoil.  I/ooker. 

4.  Knowledge  confessed  or  avowed  ;  as,  the  recog- 
nition of  a  thing  present ;  memory  of  it  as  passed. 

(h-cio. 

RE-COG'NI-TOR,  n.    One  of  a  jury  upon  assize. 

Blaclistone. 

RE-COG'NI-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  recognition.  C.  Lamb. 

RE-COG'Nl-ZA-HLE,  (re-kog'ne-7.a-bl  or  re-kon'c-za- 
bl,)  a.  [from  recognize.]  Tliat  may  be  recognized, 
known,  or  acknowledged.  Orient.  Collcctton.^. 

RE-COG'NI-ZANCE,  (re-kog'ne-zans  or  rc-kon'e- 
zans,)  n.    [Er.  reconnaissance.] 

[Among  latoyer.i,  the  g  in  this  and  the  cognate 
words  is  usually  silent.] 

1.  Acknowledgment  of  a  person  or  thing ;  avowal ; 
profession  ;  as,  the  recognizance  of  Christians,  by 
which  they  avow  their  belief  in  their  religion. 

Jlooker. 

2.  In  /aw,  an  obligation  of  record  which  a  man 
enters  into  before  some  court  of  record  or  magistrate 
duly  authorized,  with  condition  to  ilo  some  particu- 
lar act,  as  to  appear  at  the  .assizes,  to  keep  the  peace, 
or  pay  a  debt.  A  recogtiizance  dilfurs  from  a  bond, 
being  witnessed  by  the  record  only,  and  not  by  the 
party's  seal.  There  is  also  a  recognizance  in  the  na- 
ture of  a  statute  staple,  acknowledged  before  either 
of  the  chief  justices  or  their  substitutes,  the  mayor 
of  the  staple  at  Westminster,  and  the  recorder  of 
London,  which  is  to  be  enrolled  and  certified  into 
chancery.  BlacluUme. 

3.  The  verdict  of  a  jury  impaneled  upon  assize. 

Cowdl. 

REC'OG-NIZE,  (rek'og-nize  or  rek'o-nize,)  v.  t.  [It. 
riconosccre  ;  Sp.  rcconocer f  Ft.  reconnoitre;  L.  rccog- 
nosco  ;  re  anil  cognosco,  to  know.  The  g  in  these 
words  has  properly  no  sound  in  English.  It  is  not  a 
part  of  the  root  of  the  word,  being  written  merely  to 
give  to  con  the  French  sound  of  git,  or  that  of  the 
Spanish  n,  and  this  sound  dot;s  not  properly  belong 
to  our  language.] 

1.  To  recollect  or  recover  the  knowledge  of,  either 
with  an  open  avowal  of  that  knowledge  or  not. 
We  recognize  a  person  at  a  distance,  when  we  recol- 
lect that  we  have  seen  him  before,  or  that  wo  have 
formerly  known  him.  We  recognize  his  features  or 
his  voice.  - 

Speak,  vassal ;  recognize  thy  sovereign  queen.  JIarte. 

2.  To  admit  with  a  formal  acknowledgment ;  as, 
lo  recognize  an  obligation  ;  to  recognize  a  consul. 

3.  To  review  ;  to  reiixaminc.  SoutJi. 
REC'OG-NIZE,  V.  i.    To  enter  an  obligation  of  record 

before  a  proper  tribunal.      A  B  recognized  in  tlie 

sum  of  twenty  pounds. 
REe'OG-NIZ-£D,  pp.    Acknowledged  ;  recollected  as 

known  ;  bound  tiy  recognizance. 
RE-COG-NI-ZEE',  (re-kog-ne-zee'  or  re-kon-e-zee',)  n. 

The  person  to  wliom  a  recognizance  is  made. 

Blackstone. 

REC'OG-NTZ-ING,  ppr.  Acknowledging ;  recollecting 

as  known  ;  entering  a  recognizance. 
RE-COG-NI-ZOR',  (re-kog-ne-zor'  or  re-kon-e-zor',)  n. 

One  who  enters  into  a  recognizance.  Blackstone. 
RE-COIL',  r.  t.    [Fr.  reculcr,  to  draw  back;  recul,a 

recoil;  Arm.  argiiila;  Fr.  cut,  Sp.  culo.  Arm.  gil, 

guil,  the  back  part ,  \V.  ciliaa,  to  recede  ;  IL  rincu- 

lare ;  Sp.  reeular.] 

1.  To  move  or  start  back  ;  to  roll  back  ;  as,  a  can- 
non recoils  when  fired  ;  waves  recoU  from  the  shore. 

2.  To  fall  back  ;  to  retire.  Jftlton. 

3.  To  rebound  ;  as,  the  blow  recoih.  Dryden. 

4.  To  retire  ;  to  flow  back ;  as,  the  blood  recoils 
with  horror  at  the  sight. 

5.  To  start  back  ;  lo  shrink.  Nature  recoils  at  the 
bloody  deed. 

6.  To  return.  The  evil  will  recoil  upon  his  own 
head. 

RE-COIL',  V.  t.   To  drive  back.    [JVot  used.] 

Spenser. 

RE-COIL',  n.  A  starting  or  falling  back ;  as,  the  re- 
coil of  nature  or  the  blood. 

2.  The  reaction  or  resilience  of  fire-arms  when 
discharged. 

RE-COIL'ER,  n.  One  who  falls  back  from  his  prom- 
ise or  profession. 

RE-COIL'ING,  ppr.  Starting  or  falling  back;  re- 
tiring ;  shrinking. 

RE-COIL'L\G,  n.  The  act  of  starting  or  falling  back  ; 
a  shrinking  ;  revolt.  South. 


REC 

RE-COIL'ING-LY,  ado.    With  starting  back  or  relro- 

cession. 

RE-COl  L'ME.VT,  n.    Tlie  act  of  recoiling. 
RE-COl.N',  V.  t.    [re  and  coin.]    To  coin  anew;  aa, 

to  recoin  gold  or  silver. 
RE-COl. \'.'\CE,  M,    The  act  of  coining  anew. 

2.  That  which  is  coineil  anew. 
RE-COIN'A'D,  pp.    Coined  anew. 
RE-COLV'ING,  opr.    Coining  anew. 
REC-OI,-LECT',  V.  t.    [re  and  collect;  L.  recolligo, 

recollectits.] 

1.  To  collect  again  ;  applied  to  ideas  that  have  es- 
caped from  the  memortj  ;  to  recover  or  call  back  ideas 
to  the  memory.  1  recollect  what  was  said  at  a  former 
interview  ;  or  I  can  not  recollect  what  was  said. 

2.  To  recover  or  recall  the  knowledge  of;  to  bring 
back  to  the  mind  or  memory  ;  to  remember.  I  met  a 
man  whom  1  thoiiglit  1  had  seen  before,  but  I  could 
not  recollret  his  name,  or  the  place  where  I  had  seen 
him.    I  do  not  recollect  yt)U,  sir. 

3.  To  recover  resolution  or  composure  of  mind. 

The  Tyrlan  Queen 
Admired  his  fortunes,  more  udmirc«rthc  man  ; 
Then  recollected  stood.  Dryflen. 

[In  this  sense,  Collected  is  more  generally  used.] 
RE-COL  LECT',  v.  t.    To  gather  again  ;  lo  collect 
what  has  been  scattered  ;  as,  to  re-collcet  routed 
troops, 

RECOL  LECT,  n.    See  Recolldt, 
REC-OI^LECT'ED,pp.    Recalled  to  the  memory. 
REC-OL-LECT'ING,  ppr.    Recovering  to  the  mem- 
ory, 

REC-OL-LEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  recalling  to  the 
memory,  as  ideas  that  have  escaped  ;  or  the  opera- 
lion  by  which  itie.as  are  recalled  tt»  the  memory  or 
revived  in  the  mind.  Hecollection  difiers  from  remem- 
brance, as  it  is  the  consequence  of  volition,  or  an 
ellort  of  the  mind  to  revive  ideas  ;  whereas  remem- 
brance implies  no  such  volition.  We  often  remember 
things  without  any  voluntary  effort.  Hecollection  is 
called  also  reminiscence. 

2.  'J'ho  power  of  recalling  ideas  to  the  mind,  or 
the  period  within  which  things  can  be  recollected  ; 
remembrance.  'I'he  events  mentioned  are  not  with- 
in my  recollertion. 

3.  In  popular  language,  recollection  is  used  as  sy- 
nonymous with  remembrance. 

REC-OL-LECT'IVE,  fl.    Having  the  power  of  recol- 
lecting. Foster. 
REC'OL-LET,  n.    [Sp.  and  Port,  recolcto.] 

A  monk  of  a  remrmed  order  of  Franciscans. 
RE-COL-0-NI-ZA'TIO.\,  7i.    A  second  colonization. 

K.  F.crrett. 

RE-€:OL'0-NTZE,     t.   To  colonize  a  second  time. 
KE-COL'0-NlZ-I.\G,  ppr.    Colonizing  a  second  time. 
RE-CO.M-Iil-NA'TION,  n.    Combination  a  second 
time. 

RE-CO.M-BINE',  v.  t.  [re  and  combine.]  To  combine 
again. 

If  we  recomhine  these  two  clastic  fluids.  t/tvoisitr. 

RE-COM-ni.N'KD,  pp.    Combined  anew. 

RE-CO.M-l!I.\'I,\G,  ppr.    Combining  again. 

RE-CO.M'1'ORT,  (re-kum'furt)  r.  (.    [rc  and  comfort] 
To  comfort  again  ;  to  console  anew.  Sidney. 
2.  To  give  new  strength.  Bacon. 

RE-CnM'FORT-Er),;)^.    Comforted  again. 

RE-CO.M'FORT-ING,  ppr.    Comforting  again. 

RE-CO.M'FOKT-LESS,  o.  Without  comfort,  [JVot 
used.]  Spenser. 

RE-CO M-MENCE',  (re-kom-mens',)  n,  t.  [rc  and  com- 
mence.]   To  commence  again  ;  to  bcsin  anew, 

RE-CO.M-.MENC'i'D,  (-kom-menst',J  pp.  Commenced 
anew. 

RE-COM-MENCE'MENT,ii.  A  commencement  anew. 
Rl-;-CO.M-MENC'I.\G,;v)r.    lieginning  again. 
REC-O.M-MEND',  v.  t.    [rc  and  commend;  Fr.  recom- 
viander.] 

1.  To  praise  to  another ;  to  offer  or  commend  to 
another's  notice,  confidence,  or  kindness,  by  favor- 
able representations. 

M'Tcenas  recommended  Virgil  and  Horace  to  Augustus. 

Drydsn. 

[In  this  sense.  Commend,  though  less  common,  is 
the  preferable  word.]  i 

2.  To  make  acceptable.  I 
A  <tecent  boldness  ever  meets  with  friends, 

Succ^ds,  and  cVn  a  siran*er  recommtnds.  Pop*. 

3.  To  cc.mmit  with  prayers. 

Paul  chose  Silas  and  departed,  being  recommtnded  by  Ibc  te«tb- 
ren  to  the  grace  of  liod.  —  Acu  xv. 

[Commend  here  is  much  to  he  preferred.] 
REe-O.M-MEM)'.\.-HLE,  a.    That  may  be  recom- 
mended ;  worthy  of  recommendation  or  praise. 

Qlanrille, 

REC-OM-MEND'A-BLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  recommcndable. 

REC-O.M-ME.N'D'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  to  deserve  rec- 
ommendation, 

REC-O.M-ME.\D-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  recommend- 
ing or  of  commending  ;  the  act  of  ref>reseniing  in  a 
favorable  manner  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  the 
notice,  confidence,  or  civilities  of  another.    Wo  in- 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


019 


REC 


REC 


REC 


troduce  a  friend  to  a  straiiEjei  by  a  rccommejidaticn  of 
his  virtues  or  accompiislimeiits. 

2.  Tliat  vvliicli  procures  a  kind  or  favorable  recep- 
tion. Tile  best  recommendation  of  a  man  to  favor  is 
politeness.  Misfortune  is  a  recommendation  to  our 
pitv. 

RE€-OM-MEND'A-TO-RY,  a.  Tliat  commends  to 
ani  ther  ;  that  recommends.  Madison.  Swift. 

KEC-OM-MEND'ED,  pp.  Praised  ;  commended  to 
anotlier. 

REC-OM-MEND'ER,  n.    One  who  commends. 
REe-OM-MEND'ING,  ppr.    Praising  to  anotlier;  com- 
mending. 

RE-eOM-MIS'SION,  (-kom-mish'un,)  v.  t.  [re  and 
commission.]    To  commission  again. 


Officer!  whose  time  of  service  had  expired  were  to  be  ; 

eioned.  Marshall. 

RE-€OM-MIS'SION-J?D,  pp.    Commissioned  again. 

RE-eOM-MlS'SION-ING,  ppr.  Commissioning  again. 

RE-eOM-MIT',  V.  t.  [re  and  commit.]  To  commit 
again  ;  as,  to  recommit  persons  to  prison.  Clarendon. 

9.  To  refer  again  to  a  committee ;  as,  to  recommit 
a  bill  to  the  same  committee. 

RE-COM-MIT'MENT,  j  n.  Asecond  or  renewed  com- 

RE-COM-MIT'TAL,  j  mitment ;  a  renewed  refer- 
ence to  a  committee. 

RE-€OM-MIT'TED,  pp.  Committed  anew  ;  referred 
again. 

RE-CO M-MIT'TING,  ppr.  Committing  again;  re- 
ferring again  to  a  committee. 

RE-COSl-.Mu'NI-e.\TE,  v.  i.  [re  and  communicate.] 
To  communicate  again. 

RE-COM-PA€T',  v.  t.  [re  and  compact.]  To  join 
anew. 

Repair 

And  recompact  my  scattered  body.  Donne, 

RE-COM-PACT'ED,  pp.   Joined  anew. 
RE-eO.M-PAeT'ING,  ppr.    Joining  anew. 
RE-eO.\I-PEN-SA'TJON,  n.     Recompense.  [JVu( 
used.  ] 

REC'OM-PENSE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  recompenser ;  re  and  com- 
penser.] 

1.  To  compensate ;  to  make  return  of  an  equiva- 
lent for  any  thing  given,  done,  or  suffered  ;  as,  to  rrc- 
ompcnjic  a  person  for  services,  for  fidelity,  or  for  sacri- 
fices of  time,  for  loss  or  damages. 

The  word  is  followed  by  the  person  or  the  service. 
We  recompense  a  person  for  his  services,  or  we  recom- 
pense his  kiyidness.  It  is  usually  found  more  easy  to 
neglect  than  to  recompense  a  favor. 

2.  To  requite  ;  to  repay  ;  to  return  an  equivalent ; 
171  a  bad  sense. 

Recompense  to  no  man  evil  for  evil.  —  Rom.  xii. 

3.  To  make  an  equivalent  return  in  profit  or  prod- 
uce. 7'he  labor  of  man  is  recompensed  by  the  fruits 
of  the  earth. 

4.  To  compensate  ;  to  make  amends  by  any  thing 
equivalent. 

Solyman  — said  he  would  find  occasion  for  lliem  to  recompense 
tliat  disgrace.  Knollee. 

5.  To  make  restitution  or  an  equivalent  return  for. 
JVum.  v. 

RECOM  PENSE,  n.  An  equivalent  returned  for  any 
thing  given,  done,  or  suffered;  compensation;  re- 
ward ;  amends ;  as,  a  recompense  for  services,  for 
damages,  for  loss,  &c. 

2.  Requital ;  return  of  evil  or  suffering  or  other 
equivalent ;  as  a  punishment. 

To  me  betongeth  vengeance  and  recompense.  —  Dent,  xxxii. 
And  every  transgression  and  (liscbedii-ncc  recciveil  a  just  recom- 
pense of  reward.  —  Heb.  ii. 

REC'OM-PENS-BD,  (  penst,)  pp.  Rewarded  ;  requi- 
ted. 

REC'OM-PENS-ING,  ppr.  Rewarding;  compensa- 
ting ;  requiting. 

RE-COM-PILE'MENT,«.  [re  d.nA  cnmpilement.]  New 
compilation  or  digest ;  as,  a  recompilcmcnt  of  laws. 

Bacon. 

RE-COM-PoSE',  r.  t.    [re  and  compose.] 

1.  'I'o  quiet  anew;  to  compose  or  tranquilizc  that 
which  is  ruffled  or  disturbed ;  as,  to  rccompnse  the 
mind.  Taylor. 

2.  To  compose  anew  ;  to  form  or  adjust  again. 

We  produced  a  lovely  purple,  which  we  can  destroy  or  rerorn- 
pose  at  pleasure.  Boyle. 

RE-eOM-Pf)S'^;D,  (-p5/.d',)  pp.  Quieted  again  after 
agitation  ;  formed  anew  ;  roinpos(;d  a  second  timt-. 

RE-eOM-POS'lNG,  Pin-.  Rendering  tranquil  alter 
aifilalion  ;  forming  or  adjusting  anirw. 

RK-Cf).M-PO-SI"TI()N,  (  koHi-po-zish'un,)  n.  Com- 
IM)Nition  renewed. 

REC  ON-CII/A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  reconcil- 
ed ;  capable  of  renewed  friendship.  'J'lie  parties  are 
not  recimcdablr. 

2.  'I'lial  may  be  made  to  agree  or  be  consistent; 
conaiHtent. 

'I'he  dillercnt  accounts  of  Oie  numbers  of  ships  are  reconeilnhle . 

ArliuUinut, 

3.  Capable  of  ticlng  artjuKlcd  ;  an,  the  ditfcrenco 
between  the  parties  im  reronrilalilr. 

REe-O.N'-CIL'A-ULE-NEHH,  n.    'I  ho  quality  of  being 


reconcilable  ;  consistency  ;  as,  the  reconcilableness  of 
parts  of  Scripture  wliich  apparently  disagree. 

2.  Possibility  of  being  restored  to  friendship  and 
harmony. 

REC-ON-CIL'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  reconcilable  manner. 

REC-ON-CILE',  t!.  t.  [Ft.  rcconcilicr;  h.  reconcilio ; 
re  and  concilio ;  con  and  calo,  to  call,  Gr.  kuXcw.  The 
literal  sense  is,  to  call  back  into  union.] 

1.  To  conciliate  anew  ;  to  call  back  into  union  and 
friendship  the  affections  which  have  been  alienated  ; 
to  restore  to  friendship  or  favor  after  estrangement ; 
as,  to  reconcile  men  or  parties  that  have  been  at  va- 
riance. 

Propitious  now  and  reconciled  by  prayer.  Dryden. 
Go  thy  way  ;  first  be  reconciled  lo  thy  brother.  —  Matt.  v. 
We  pray  you  in  Ctirisl's  stead  be  ye  reconciled  to  Gud.  — 2  Cor. 
v.    Kph.  ii.    Col.  i. 

2.  To  bring  to  acquiescence,  content,  or  quiet  sub- 
mission ;  with  to  ;  as,  to  reconcile  one's  self  to  afflic- 
tions. It  is  our  duty  to  be  reconciled  to  tile  dispensa- 
tions of  Providence. 

3.  To  make  consistent  or  congruous ;  to  bring  to 
agreement  or  suitableness  ;  followed  by  with  or  to. 

The  great  men  anion^  tlie  anciei>ts  understood  how  to  reconcile 

manual  tabor  tcitn  affairs  of  stale.  Locke. 
Some  figures  monstrous  an<l  misshaiied  appe.ar, 
Considered  singly,  or  beheld  too  near ; 
Which,  but  proportioned  to  their  light  and  pl.ace, 
Due  distance  reconciles  to  form  and  grace.  Pope. 

4.  To  adjust ;  to  settle  ;  as,  to  reconcile  differences 
or  quarrels. 

REC-ON-CIL'CT),  pp.  or  a.  Brought  into  friendship 
from  a  state  of  tlisagreement  or  enmity  ;  made  con- 
sistent ;  adjusted. 

REC-ON-CILE'MENT,  n.  Reconciliation  ;  renewal 
of  friendship.  Animosities  sometimes  make  recon- 
cilement impracticable. 

2.  Frieniiship  renewed. 

No  cloud 

Of  anger  sliall  remain,  but  peace  assured 

Ami  reconcilement.  Milton. 

REe  ON-CIL'ER,  n.  One  who  reconciles;  one  who 
brings  parties  at  variance  into  renewed  friendship. 

Fell. 

9.  One  who  discovers  the  consistence  of  proposi- 
tions. JVorris. 
REC  ON-CIL-I-A'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  reconcil- 
iatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  reconciling  parties  at  variance  ;  re- 
newal of  friendship  after  disagreement  or  enmity. 
Jteconcillntion  and  friendship  with  God,  really  form  the  basis  of 
all  rvlional  and  true  enjoyment.  S.  Milter. 

9.  In  Scripture,  the  means  by  which  sinners  are 
reconciled  and  brought  into  a  state  of  favor  with 
God,  after  natural  estrangement  or  enmity ;  the  atone- 
ment ;  e.vpiation. 

Seventy  weeks  are  determined  upon  thy  people  and  upon  thy 
holy  city,  to  finish  die  transgression  antl  to  msdce  an  end  of 
sin,  and  to  make  reconcUtalion  tor  iniquity.  —  Dan.  ix. 
Heb.  ii. 

3.  Agreement  of  things  seemingly  opposite,  differ- 
ent, or  inconsistent.  Borers. 

REe  ON-CIL'I-A-TO-RY,  o.  Able  or  tending  to  rec- 
oncile. Hall. 

REC-ON-ClL'ING,  ppr.  Bringing  into  favor  and 
friendship  after  variance  ;  bringing  to  content  or  sat- 
isfaction ;  showing  to  be  consistent ;  adjusting  ; 
making  to  agree. 

RE-CON  DEN-Sa'TION,  7!.  The  act  of  recondensing. 

RE-CON  DENSE',  (re-kon-dens',)  v.  t.  [re  and  con- 
dense.]   To  condense  again.  Boyle. 

RE-CON-DENS'iCD,  (  delist',)  pp.    Condensed  anew. 

RE-CON-DENS'ING,  ppr.    Condensing  again. 

REC'ON-DITE,  a.  [L.  recondilus,  rccondo ;  re  and 
condo,  to  conceal.] 

1.  Secret;  hidden  from  the  view  or  intellect;  ab- 
struse ;  as,  recondite  causes  of  things. 

2.  Profound;  dealing  in  things  abstruse;  as,  rec- 
ondite studies. 

RE-CON'IJl-TO-RY,  n.  [Supra.]  A  repository;  a 
storehouse  or  magazine.    [Little  used.]  JJsh. 

RE-CON  DUCT',  i.  «.  [re  and  coiiducf.]  To  conduct 
back  or  again.  Un/den. 

RV.  rt  IN-DIJCT'ED,  pp.    Conducted  back  or  again. 

RE-<:i>N  DUCT'ING,  ppr.   Conducting  back  or  again. 

KE-CON-FIIIM',  ti.  «.  [rc  and  conjirm.]  'i'o  confirm 
anew.  Clarendon. 

RE  €0N  FIRM'/;D, /ip.    Confirmed  anew. 

RE-CON  JOIN',  V.  t.  [rc  and  conjoin.]  To  join  or 
conjoin  anew.  Boyle. 

R\:-(:i)N-.\(tlN'F.n,pp.    Joined  again. 

RE  CON-JOIN'INt;,  ppr.    Joining  anew. 

BF^€OJVJVOIS-SAJ\rCK,n.  [Fr.]  'i'lie  examinatiim 
of  n  tract  of  country,  either  in  the  operations  of  war, 
or  with  a  view  to  the  construction  of  a  canal,  rail- 
road, &.C.  B.  Cyc. 

RE-CON-NOI'TER,  I  ».  I.    [Fr.  reconnoitre  ;  rc  and 

RE-CON-NOI'TltE,  (     connoitre,  to  know.] 

'i'o  view  ;  to  survey  ;  to  examine  by  the  eye  ;  par- 
ticularly, in  military  affairs,  to  exttmiiie  the  slate  of 
an  enemy's  army  or  camp,  or  the  ground  for  military 
operations. 

RE-(;oN  NO!' TER-KD,  )  pp.  Vicweil ;  examined  by 
RE-CON-NOI''I'RKI),     j     personal  observation. 


RE-CON-NOI'TER-ING,  jppr.     Viewing;  e.vamin- 
RE-eON-NOl'TRlNG,     j     ing  by  personal  observa- 
tion. 

RE-eON'aUER,  (re-konk'er,)  v.  t.  [re  and  conquer; 
Fr.  reconquerir,] 

1.  To  conquer  again  ;  to  recover  by  conquest. 

Davies. 

9.  To  recover ;  to  regain.    [A  French  use.] 
RE-€ON'aUER-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Conquered  again  ;  re- 
gained. 

RE-CON'aUER-ING,  ppr.  Conquering  again  ;  re- 
covering. 

RE-CON'QUEST,  (-kon'kwest,)  n.  A  second  con- 
quest. 

RE-eON'SE-CRATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  consecrate.]  To 
consecrate  anew. 

RE-CON'SE-CRa-TEI),  pp.    Consecrated  again. 

R&eON'SE-CRA-TING,  ppr.    Consecrating  again. 

RE-CON-SE-CRa'TION,  71.  A  renewed  consecra- 
tion. 

RE-eON-SID'ER,  v.  t.  [re  and  consider.]  To  con- 
sider again  ;  to  turn  in  the  mind  again  ;  to  review. 

2.  lu  deliberalioe  assemblies,  to  take  up  for  renewed 
consideration  that  which  has  been  previously  acted 
upon,  as  a  motion,  vote,  &c. 

RE-CON-SID-ER-A'TION,  ti.  A  renewed  considera- 
tion or  review  in  the  mind. 

2.  In  deliberative  assanblies,  the  taking  up  for  re- 
newed consideration  of  that  which  has  been  previ- 
ously acted  upon. 

RE-eON-SID'ER-£D,  pp.  Considered  again  ;  taken 
up  for  renewed  consitieration. 

RE-eON-SID'ER-ING,  pjir.  Considering  again  ;  tak- 
ing up  for  renewed  coiisideratitm. 

RE-CON'SO-LaTE,  v.  t.  To  console  orcoinfort  again. 
[JVot  in  use.]  JVotton. 

RE-CON-STRUeT',  v.  t.  To  construct  again ;  to  re- 
build. 

RE-eON-STRUCT'ED,  pp.  Rebuilt. 
RE-eON-STRUe'TIOi\,  71.     Act   of  constructing 
again.  _ 

RE  CON-VeNE',  ».  f.   [re  and  convene.]    To  convene 

or  call  together  again. 
RE-CON- VENE',  t).  i.   To  assemble  or  come  together 

again. 

RE-CON-VkN'JJD,  pp.    Assembled  anew. 

RE-CON-Vif.N'ING,  ppr.    Assembling  anew. 

RE-CON-VER'StON,7i.  [re  and  conversioiu]  Asec- 
ond conversion.  IVeever. 

RE-€ON-VERT',  v.  t.  [re  and  conveH.]  To  convert 
again. 

RE-eON-VERT'En,;jp.    Converted  again. 
RE-CON-VERT'I.NG,  ppr.    Converting  again. 
KE-CON-VEY',(-koii-vi',)i!.  f.   [j-c  and  cohkci/.]  To 

convey  back  or  to  its  former  place  ;  as,  to  reconvcy 

goods. 

2.  To  transfer  back  to  a  former  owner  ;  as,  to  re- 
convey  an  estate. 
RE-eON-VEy'ANCE,  (-kon-va'ans,)  71.    The  act  of 
reconveying  or  transferring  a  title  back  to  a  former 
propriet.ir. 

RE-CON-VEY'ED,  (  kon-viiide',)  pp.  Conveyed  back  j 
transferred  to  a  former  owner. 

RE-CON-VEY'ING,  (  kon-va'ing,)  ppr.  Conveying 
back  ;  transferring  to  a  former  owner. 

RE  CORD',  V.  t.  [L.  rccordor,  to  call  to  mind,  to  re- 
member, from  re  and  cor,  cordis,  the  heart  or  mind  ; 
Sp.  recordar,  to  remind,  also  to  awake  from  sleep  ; 
Port,  to  remind,  to  con  a  lesson,  or  get  by  heart ;  Fr. 
recorder,  to  con  a  lesson,  also  to  record.] 

1.  To  register ;  to  enroll ;  to  write  or  enter  in  a 
book  or  on  parchment,  ft>r  the  purpose  of  preserving 
authentic  or  correct  evidence  of  a  thing  ;  as,  to  record 
the  proceedings  of  a  court ;  lo  record  a  deed  or  lease; 
to  record  historical  events. 

2.  To  imprint  deeply  on  the  mind  or  memory  ;  as, 
to  record  the  sayings  of  another  in  the  licart. 

Loclce. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  remembered. 


So  ev'n  antl  morn  recorded  the  third  day. 


Milton. 


4.  To  recite  ;  to  repeat.    [A''ot  in  use.]  Fairfax. 

^.  To  call  to  mind.    [JVot  in  inc.]  Spenser. 
RE-CORD',  V.  i.   To  sing  or  repeat  a  tune.    [Mt  in 

use.]  *'''«'••• 
RECORD,  77.  A  register  ;  an  authentic  or  official  copy 
of  any  writing,  or  account  of  any  facts  and  imiceed- 
ings,  entered  in  a  book  for  preservation  ;  or  the  book 
containing  such  cojiy  or  account ;  as,  the  records  of 
statutes  or  of  judicial  courts  ;  the  records  of  a  town 
or  iiarisli.  Records  are  properly  the  registers  of 
official  tiansactitms,  made  by  officers  appointed  for 
the  purpose,  or  by  the  officer  wtioso  proceedings  are 
directcil  by  law  to  be  recorded. 

2.  Authentic  meiiiorial ;  as,  the  records  of  past 
ages. 

Court  of  record,  is  n  court  whose  acts  and  judicial 
proceedings  are  enrolli  d  on  parchment  or  in  books 
for  a  perpetual  memorial  ;  and  their  records  are  ibu 
highest  evidence  of  facts,  and  their  truth  cannot  be 
called  in  question. 

Debt  of  record,  is  a  debt  which  appears  to  bo  duo 
by  III"  evidence  of  a  court  of  record,  as  U|)on  a 
judgment  or  a  recognizance.  Blackslonc, 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


920 


REC 

TVioJ  by  record,  is  whore  !i  matter  of  record  is 
pleaded,  and  llie  opposite  party  pleads  that  there  is 
no  such  record.  In  tliis  case,  the  trial  is  by  inspec- 
tion of  tlie  record  itself,  no  otlier  evidence  being  ad- 
missible. Blackstone. 

RE£>-01U)-A'T10N,  n.    [L.  recordatio.] 

Remembrance.    [JVot  in  use.]       Shale.  Wolton. 

RE-eoilD'El),  pp.  or  a.  ReRistcrcd  ;  officially  en- 
tered in  a  book  or  on  parchment;  imprinted  on  the 
inemorv. 

RE-eORD'ER,  n.  A  person  whose  official  duty  is  to 
register  writings  or  transactions  j  one  wlio  enrolls  or 
recorils. 

2.  The  chief  judicial  officer  of  some  cities  and 
boroughs  j  so  called  because  liis  court  is  a  court  of 
record.  Bramlc. 

3.  Formerlij,a  kind  of  flageolet  or  wind  instrument. 
Tin;  fi^un-s  of  reconlers,  flut-s,  ami  pip''8,  ire  slr.vijlil;  but  Uic 

recorder  li.uli  a  less  lion-,  uiul  u  gn.-ulfr  tibovi;  iiiul  U-I.av. 

Bacoji. 

RE-eoRD'ER-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  recorder. 
RE-eOItD'IN(J,  ppr.     Registering  ;  enrolling  ;  im- 
printing on  the  memory. 
RE-eORD'ING,  n.  Act  of  placing  on  record  ;  a  record. 
RE  eoUCH',  I',  i.    [rc  and  cuKc/i.]    To  retire  again  to 

a  lodge,  as  lions.  fVolton. 
RE-COUNT',  V.  t.    [Ft.  rccontcr ;  Sp.  recontar  j  It.  rac- 
coittare  ;  re  and  count.] 

To  relate  in  detail ;  to  recite  ;  to  tell  or  narrate  the 
particulars  ;  to  rehearse. 

Say  from  thosp  glorious  &>'r-ds  wlnit  harvest  flows, 

Recount  our  blcssiiif^,  and  cotiij  .in'  unr  wors.  Dryden. 

RE-€OUNT'En,  pp.  Related  or  told  in  detail ;  recited. 
RE-eOUNT'ING,  ppr.     Relating  in  a  series  ;  nar- 
rating. 

RE-eoUNT'MENT,  n.  Relation  in  detail;  recital. 
[Liltln  u.-c<l.]  Shak. 

RE-€OUR'£D,  for  Recovered  or  Recuhed.  [jVot 
iLtiCfl.]  Spettser. 

RE-COURSE',  Ji.    [Fr.  rccours;  It.  rlcorso  ;  Sp.  recur- 
so  ;  L.  recumus  ;  re  and  cur.sus,  curro,  to  run.] 
LiUrnllij,  a  running  back  ;  a  return. 

1.  Return  ;  new  attack.    [.Vu(  in  use.']  Brown. 

2.  A  going  to  with  a  request  or  apjilication,  as  for 
aid  or  protection.  Children  have  recourse  to  their 
parents  for  assistance. 

:).  Application  of  efforts,  art,  or  labor.  The  gen- 
eral had  recourse  to  stratagem  to  effect  liis  purpose. 

Our  last  recourse  is  therefore  to  our  art.  Dryden. 

4.  .Access.    [Little  itsei/.] 

5.  Frequent  passage.  Shak. 

6.  Without  recourse.  When  a  person,  who  inilorses 
over  a  note,  draft,  &c.,  to  another  person,  adds  the 
words  itithout  recourse,  he  is  not  liable  to  pay,  if  the 
maker  of  the  note,  &c.,  should  fail  to  make  pay- 
ment. Bouvier. 

RE-COaRSE',  r.  i.  To  return.  [JVot  used.]  Fox. 
RE-ColJRSE'FfJL,  o.    Moving  alternately.    [Mt  in 

Hse.]  Draijlon. 
RE-COVER,  (re-kuv'er,)  r.  t.    [Fr.  recouvrer;  It.  ri- 

coverare,  or  ricuperare  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  recobrar ;  L. 

recupcro  ;  re  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  regain  ;  to  get  or  obtain  that  which  was  lost ; 
as,  to  recover  stolen  goods  ;  to  recover  a  town  or  ter- 
ritory which  an  enemy  had  taken  ;  to  recover  siglit 
or  senses ;  to  recover  health  or  strength  after  sick- 
ness. 

Daviil  recovered  all  tlial  Uie  Amalckilcs  had  carried  away.  —  t 
Sum.  XXX. 

2.  To  restore  from  sickness ;  as,  to  recover  one 
from  leprosy.    2  JCtn^s  v. 

3.  To  revive  from  apparent  death ;  as,  to  recover  a 
drowned  man. 

4.  To  gain  by  reparation  ;  to  repair  the  loss  of,  or 
to  repair  an  injury  done  by  neglect ;  as,  to  recover 
lost  time. 

Good  moQ  have  lapses  and  failing  to  lament  and  recover, 

Rogere. 

5.  To  bring  back  to  a  former  state  by  liberation 
from  capture  or  possession. 


6.  To  gain  as  a  compensation  ;  to  obtain  in  return 
for  injury  or  debt;  as,  to  reeuter  damages  in  tres- 
pass ;  to  recover  debt  and  cost  in  a  suit  at  law. 

7.  To  reach  ;  to  come  to. 

The  fon*9t  is  not  llirre  leagues  off; 

If  we  recover  that,  we're  sure  enough.  ShaJe. 

8.  To  obtain  title  to  by  Judgment  in  a  court  of 
law  ;  as,  to  recover  lands  in  ejectment  or  common 
recovery. 

RE-COVER,  (re-kuv'er,)  v.  i.   To  regain  health  after 
sickness  ;  to  grow  well ;  followed  by  of  or  from. 
Go,  inquire  of  Baalzebub,  the  ?od  of  Ek-rOD,  whether  I  shall  re- 
cover q/ this  disease.  —  2  Kings  i. 

2.  To  regain  a  former  state  or  condition  after  mis 
fortune  ;  as,  to  recover  from  a  state  of  poverty  or  de- 
pression. 

3.  To  obtain  a  judgment  in  law  ;  to  succeed  ill  a 
lawsuit.^  The  plaintiff  has  recovered  in  his  suit. 

RE-eOV'ER-A-BLE,  (-kuv'er-a-bl,)  a.    That  may  be 


REC 

regained  or  recovered.  Goods  lost  or  sunk  in  the 
ocean  are  not  recoverable. 

2.  That  in.iy  be  restored  from  sickness. 

3.  That  may  be  brought  back  to  a  foriiu  r  condition. 

A  prodigal  counw 
Is  like  tlic  sun's,  but  not  like  liis,  recoverable.  Shak. 

4.  That  may  be  obtained  from  a  debtor  or  posses- 
sor.   The  debt  is  recoverable. 

RE-COV'ER-£D,  (-kuv'erd,)  pp.  or  a.  Regained  ;  re- 
stored ;  obtained  by  judicial  decision. 

RE-COV-ER-EE',  n.  In  law,  the  tenant  or  person 
against  whom  a  judgment  is  obtained  in  common  re- 
covery. Blackstone. 

RE-COV'ER-IXG,  ppr.  Regaining;  obuiining  in  re- 
turn or  bv  judgment  in  law  ;  regaining  heallli. 

RE-COV-EK-OR',  71.  In  fai/-,  the  demandant,  or  per- 
son who  obtains  a  judgment  in  his  favor  in  coiiiiiion 
recovery.  i  Black.^tanc. 

RE-COVER-V,  (-kuv'er-y,)  n.  The  act  of  regnining, 
reiakinn,  or  obtaining  possession  of'  any  thing  lost. 
The  crusades  were  inti-nilcd  for  the  rernvery  of  the 
Holy  I,and  from  the  .'^ariicciis.  W'e  oiler  a  reward 
for  the  recovery  of  stolen  goods. 

2.  Restoratitm  from  sickness  or  apparent  death. 
The  patient  has  a  slow  recovery  from  a  fever.  Re- 
covery from  a  pulmonary  affection  is  seldom  to  be 
expected.  Directions  are  given  for  the  recovery  of 
drowned  persons. 

3.  The  capacity  of  being  restored  to  health.  The 
patient  is  past  recovery. 

4.  The  obtaining  of  right  to  something  by  a  ver- 
dict and  judgment  of  court  from  an  ojiiMising  party 
in  a  suit ;  as,  the  recovery  of  debt,  damages,  and 
costs  by  a  plaintiff;  the  recovery  of  cost  by  a  defend- 
ant ;  the  recovery  of  land  in  ejectment. 

Comjnon  recovery,  in  law,  is  a  species  of  assurance 
by  matter  of  record,  or  a  suit  or  action,  actual  or  fic- 
titious, by  which  lands  are  recovered  against  the 
tenant  of  the  fret  hold  ;  which  recovery  binds  all  per- 
sons, and  vests  an  absolute  fee-simple  in  the  recov- 
eror.  Blackstone. 
REC'RE-.\X-CY,  71.  A  cowardly  yielding;  mean- 
spiritedness. 

REC'RE-ANT,  a.  [Norm,  recreant,  cowardly,  prop- 
erly, crying  out,  from  rccrier,  that  is,  begging.  See 
Craven.] 

1.  Crying  for  mercy,  as  a  combatant  in  the  trial  by 
battle  ;  yielding  ;  hence,  cowardly  ;  mean-spirite  d. 

2.  Apostate;  false.  [Blaclijitone. 
Who,  for  so  many  benefits  received, 

Turned  recreant  to  God,  ingrale  and  false.  iV/i/lon. 

REC'RE-ANT,  71.  One  who  yields  in  combat,  and 
cries  craven  ;  one  who  begs  for  mercy  ;  hence,  a 
mean-spirited,  cowardly  wretch.  Blackstone. 

REC'RE-aTE,  v.  I.  [L.  recrco  ;  re  and  crco,  to  create  ; 
Fr.  recrcer ;  It.  ricreare  ;  Sp.  recrcar.] 

1.  To  refresh  after  toil ;  to  reanimate,  as  languid 
spirits  or  e.\hausted  strength  ;  to  amuse  or  divert  in 
weariness. 

Painters,  when  they  work  on  white  grounds,  place  before  them 
colors  mixed  with  blue  and  green,  to  recreate  tlitir  eyes, 

Dn/den. 

St,  John  is  said  to  have  recreated  himaelf  with  sportin?  wiili  a 
tame  partridg'-.  Jaylor. 

2.  To  gratify  ;  to  delight. 

These  ripe  fmita  recreate  the  nostrils  with  their  aromatic  scent. 

More. 

3.  To  relieve  ;  to  revive ;  as,  to  recreate  the  lungs 
with  fresh  air.  Harvey, 

REC'RE-ATE,  r.  t.   To  take  recreation.  .Addison. 
RE-CRE-aTE',  v.  t.    To  create  or  form  anew. 

On  opening  the  campaign  of  1776,  instead  of  reinforcing,  it  was 
necessary  to  recreate  the  army.  Marshall. 

REC'RE-A-TED,  pp.  Refreshed ;  diverted  ;  amused  ; 
gratified. 

RE-CRE-AT'ED,  pp.   Created  or  formed  anew. 

REC'RE-A-TIXG,  ppr.  Refreshing  after  toil ;  reani- 
mating the  spirits  or  strength  ;  diverting  ;  amusing. 

RE-CRE-AT'ING,  ppr.    Creating  or  forming  anew. 

REC-RE-A'TION,  n.  Refreshment  of  the  strength 
and  spirits  after  toil  ;  amusement ;  diversion.  SoutJt. 

2.  Relief  from  toil  or  pain  ;  amusement  in  sorrow 
or  distress.  Sidney. 

RBl-CRE-A'TION,  n.    A  forming  anew. 

REC'RE-A-TIVE,  a.  Refreshing  ;  giving  new  vigor 
or  animation  ;  giving  relief  after  labor  or  pain  ;  amus- 
ing ;  diverting.  Choose  such  sports  as  are  recreative 
and  healthful. 

Let  the  music  be  recrealit>«.  Bacon. 

REe'RE-A-TIVE-LY,a</B.  With  recreation  or  diver- 
sion. Shencood. 

REC'RE-A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
freshing or  diverting. 

REC'RE-.MENT,  71.  [L.  reerementum ;  probably  re  and 
cemo,  to  secrete.] 

Superfluous  matter  separated  from  that  which  is 
useful;  dross;  scoria;  spume  ;  as,  the  recrcmciU  of 
ore,  or  of  the  blood. 

REC-U^>ME^•T'AL,  )  a.  Drossy; 

REe-RE-.MEN-TI"TIAL,  (-tish'al,)    J   consisting  of 

REC-RE-MEN-TI"TIOUS,  (-tish'us,) )  superfluous 
matter  separated  from  that  which  is  valuable. 

Fourcroy. 


REC 

RE-CRI.M'IN-ATE,  r.  i.  [Vt.  reerimintr  ;  L.  re  and 
criniiiior,  to  accuse.] 

1.  To  return  one  accusation  with  another. 

It  is  not  my  business  to  reerinunalM.  StiUingJUeL 

2.  To  charge  an  accuser  with  the  like  crime. 
RE-CK1,'\1'IN-ATE,  II.  f.    To  accuse  in  return.  South. 
RE  CRI>M'IN-A-TING,  ppr.  Returning  one  accusation 

with  another. 

RE-CKIM-IN-A'TION,  71.  The  return  of  one  accusa- 
tion with  another. 

2.  In  laio,  an  accusation  brought  by  the  accused 
against  the  accuser  upon  the  same  fact.  Encye. 

RE-CKI.\r!N-A-TOR,  n.  ile  that  accuses  the  accuser 
of  a  like  crime. 

RE-CRl.M'IN-A  TO-RY, )  o.   Betoiting  accusation. 

R1',-C111.M'I.\-A-T1VE,    (  Burke. 

UK  f  'ltOS,'^',  e.  (.  To  cross  a  second  time.  JVashimrton. 

K 1;  (  Iti  >S8'A'l),  (-krost',)  pp.    Crossed  a  second  time. 

KE-CUUSS'ING,  ppr.    Crossing  a  second  lime. 

RE-CltO'DEN-CY.    See  Recri  oescenct. 

RE  eitlJ-DES'CKNCE,  (71.    [from  L.  recrudesetns ; 

RE-CRU-1)ES'CEN-(;Y,  j  re  and  crudcsco,  to  grow 
raw  ;  crudus,  raw.] 

The  state  of  becoming  sore  again.  Bacon. 

RE-CRU-DES'CENT,  a.  Growing  raw,  sore,  or  pain- 
ful again. 

RE-CROIT',  (re-krutc',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  reenter;  It.  rc- 
clutare ;  Sp.  reclutar ;  Port,  reclutar  or  recrutar  ;  from 
the  root  of  Fr.  recroitrc  ;  re  and  croitrc,  to  grow,  L. 
cresco  ;  It.  ricresccre,  to  increase.] 

1.  To  repair  by  fresh  supplies  any  thing  wasted. 
We  say,  food  recruits  the  llesh  ;  fresti  air  and  exer- 
cise recruit  the  spirits. 

Her  cheeks  glow  the  brighter,  recruiting  their  cjor.  ClanvUte. 

2.  To  supply  wilh  new  men  any  deficiency  of 
troops  ;  as,  to  recruit  an  army. 

RE-CKCIT',  (re-kriite',)  r.  i.  To  gain  new  supplies  oT 

any  thing  wa-sted  ;  to  gain  flesh,  health,  spirits,  &c. ; 

as,  lean  cattle  recruit  in  fresh  pastures. 
2.  To  gain  new  supplies  of  men  ;  to  raise  new 

soldiers.  .Hddvion. 
RE-CRCUT',  (re-krutc',)  n.    The  supply  of  any  thing 

wasted  ;  chirjly,  a  new  raised  soldier  to  supply  the 

deficiency  of  an  army. 
RE-CKClIT'EI),  pp.  or  a.    Furnished  with  new  su[>- 

plies  of  what  is  wasted. 
RE  CRUlT'ING,  ppr.  or  ij.    Furnishing  with  fresh 

supplies  ;  raising  new  soldiers  for  an  army. 
RE-CRulT'ING,  71.    The  business  of  raising  new  sol- 
diers to  supply  the  loss  of  men  in  an  army. 
RE-CRuIT'MENT,  71.    The  act  or  business  of  raising 

new  supplies  of  men  for  an  army.  Walsh. 
RE  CRYS-TAL-LI-Za'TION,  71.     The  process  of  a 

second  crystallizing. 
RE-CRYS'TAL-LIZE,  v.  I    To  crystallize  a  second 

time.  Henry. 
REeT'AN"GLE,  (rekt'ang-gl,)  »i.     [Fr.,  from  L. 

rectantrulus  ;  rectus,  right,  and  anjrulus,  angle.] 
A  right-angled  parallelogram.    The  term  rectangle 

in  geometry  corresponds  to  product  in  arithmetic. 

.4.  D.  Stanley. 
RECT'AN"GI-ED,  (rekt'ang-gld,)  a.    Having  one  or 

more  right  angles,  or  angles  of  ninety  degrees. 

JIutton. 

REeT-AN"GU-LAR,  (rekt-ang'gu-lar,)  a.  Right- 
angled  ;  having  one  or  more  angles  of  ninety  de- 
grees. Jiution. 

REeT-AN"GU-LAR-LY,arfF.  Willi  or  at  right  an- 
gles. Brown. 

REe'TI-FI-.\-HLE,  a.  [from  rectify.]  That  may  be 
rectified  ;  capable  of  being  corrected  or  set  right;  as, 
a  rectifiable  mistake. 

REe-Ti-Fl-CA'TION,n.  [Fr.  See  Rectify.]  The 
act  or  operation  of  correcting,  amending,  or  setting 
right  that  which  is  wrong  or  erroneous;  as,  the  reo 
tijication  of  errors,  mistakes,  or  abuses.  Forbes. 

2.  In  c/iemistri/,  the  process  of  refining  or  purifying 
any  substance  by  repeated  distillation,  which  sepa- 
rates the  grosser  parts  ;  as,  the  rectification  of  spirits 
or  sulphuric  acid.  JVickoLson.  F.ncyc. 

3.  In  geometry,  the  determination  of  a  straight 
line,  whose  length  is  equal  to  a  portion  of  a  curve. 

Brande. 

4.  Rectification  of  a  globe,  is  the  adjustment  of  it, 
preparatory  to  the  solution  of  a  proposed  problem. 

REC'TI-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  pp.  or  a.  Corrected  ;  set  or 
made  right ;  refined  by  repeated  distillation  or  subli- 
mation ;  adjusted. 

REC'TI-FI-ER,  71,   One  that  corrects  or  amends. 

Bailey. 

2.  One  who  refines  a  substance  by  repeated  dis- 
tillations. 

3.  An  instninicnt  used  for  determining  the  varia- 
tions of  the  compass,  in  order  to  rectify  the  course 
of  a  ship.  IluUon. 

REC'Tl-FV,  V.  U  [Tt.  rectifier ;  U.  rettificare ;  Sp. 
rect\fiear ;  L.  rectus,  right,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  right ;  to  correct  that  which  is  wrong, 
erroneous,  or  false  ;  to  amend  ;  as,  to  rectify  errors, 
mistakes,  or  abuses;  to  rectify  the  will,  the  judg- 
ment, opinions  ;  to  rectify  disorders.  Hooker.  Addison. 

2.  In  ehemistni,  to  refine  by  repeated  dislillalion  or 
sublimation,  by'which  the  fine  parts  of  a  substance 


TONE,  B};LL,  Ignite.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a.s  iu  THIS. 


031 


REC 

are  separated  from  the  grosser ;  as,  to  rectifu  spirit 
or  wine.  Kncyc. 

3.  To  rrctifij  a  gluhe,  is  to  adjust  it  in  order  to  |ire- 
pare  for  the  solution  of  a  proposed  problem.  Ilutlun. 
REe'TI-F5-ING,  ppr.    Correcting;   amendine;;  re- 
finins;  by  repeated  distillation  or  sublimation  ;  ad- 
jiistini;. 

REC-TI-LIN'E-AL,  )  a.  [L.  rectus,  right,  and  liiiea, 
KEe-TI-LIN'E-AR,  i  line.] 

Rigln-lined  ;  consisting  of  a  right  line,  or  of  right 
lines  ; -bounded  by  right  lines;  straight;  as,  a  rec- 
tilinear figure  or  course  ;  a  rectilinear  side  or  way. 

J^ewtun. 

REC-TI-LIN'E-AR-LY,  adv.    In  a  right  line. 

REK-TI-LIN'E-OUS,  a.    Rectilinear.    [Obs.]  Rail. 

RECTI  TUDE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rectus,  right,  straight ; 
It.  reltitudine  ;  Sp.  rectitud :  literally,  straightness,  but 
not  applied  to  material  things.] 

In  morality,  rightness  of  principle  or  practice  ;  up- 
rightness of  mind  ;  exact  conformity  to  truth,  or  to 
the  rules  i)rescribed  for  moral  conduct,  cither  by  di- 
vine or  human  laws.  Rectitude  of  mind  is  the  dis- 
position to  act  in  conformity  to  any  known  standard 
of  right,  truth,  or  justice  ;  rectitude  of  conduct  is  the 
actual  conformity  to  such  standard.  Perfect  rectitude 
belongs  only  to  the  Supreme  Being.  The  more  near- 
ly the  rectitude  of  men  ai)proaches  to  the  standard  of 
the  divine  law,  the  more  exalted  and  dignified  is 
their  character.  Want  of  rectitude  is  not  only  sinful, 
but  debasing. 

Tlicre  is  .1  sviblimily  in  conscious  rectitude  —  in  compurison  ft-illl 
wliicli  Ihe  U-Ciuurcs  of  cirth  -ire  not  worth  naming. 

J.  }Iaioest 

RECTOR,  71.  [L.  rector,  from  rego,  rectum,  to  rule  ; 
Fr.  rectenr  J  It.  rettnre.] 

1.  A  ruler  or  governor. 

tiod  is  llie  supreme  Rector  of  the  world.  JJaie. 

[This  application  of  the  word  in  unusual.'] 

2.  In  the  Episcopal  church,  a  clergyman  who  has  the 
charge  and  cure  of  a  parish,  and  has  the  tithes,  &c. ; 
or  the  parson  of  an  unimpropriated  parish.  Blackstone. 

3.  The  chief  elective  officer  of  some  universities, 
as  in  France  and  Scotland.  The  same  title  was  for- 
merly given  to  the  president  of  a  college  in  New 
England,  but  it  is  now  in  disuse. 

4.  The  head  master  of  a  public  school. 

5.  The  superior  officer  or  chief  of  a  convent  or 
religious  house  ;  and  among  the  Jesuits,  the  superior 
of  a  house  that  is  a  seminary  or  college.  Encyc. 

REG'TOR-AL,    fa.    Pertaining  to  a  rector. 

REe-To'RI-AL,  \  Blackstone. 

REG'TOR-SHIP,  j  n.   The  office  or  rank  of  a  rector. 

REG'TOR-ATE,  (  Sliak. 

REG'TO-RY,  n.    In  F.nirlund,  a  parish  church,  par- 
sonage, or  spiritual  living,  with  all  its  rights,  tithes, 
and  glebes.  Encyc, 
2.  A  rector's  mansion  or  parsonage-house.  Encyc. 

REC'TRESS,  )        PL  recfric  1 

REG'TRIX,    i  """^-i 

A  governess.  -B.  Jonson. 

REG'TUM,  n.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  the  third  and  last 
of  tlie  large  intestines;  so  named  because  supposed 
by  the  old  anatomists  to  be  straight.  Brande. 

RE€'TUS  IJ^  €C'RI-J1,  [E.]  Literally,  right  in 
court;  standing  free  from  charge  or  accusation. 

REC-U-BA'TIUiN,  71.  [L.  rcciiio  ;  re  and  cuiio,  to  lie 
down.] 

The  act  of  lying  or  leaning.  [Little  nscd.]  Brown. 
RE-GULE',  ».  t.  To  recoil.  [JJ'olused.]  [See  Recoil.] 

Barret. 

RE-CUMIV,  (re-kum',)  v.  i.  [L.  recumbo ;  re  and 
cumbo,  to  lie  down.] 

To  lean  ;  to  recline  ;  to  repose.  Mien. 
RE-GU.M'BENCE,  71.    [from  L.  recHmbens.] 

The  act  of  reposing  or  resting  in  conficfence. 

Ld.  J^orlh. 

RE-GUM'nEN-CY,  n.    The  posture  of  leaning,  re- 
clining, or  lying.  Brown. 
2.  Rest  ;  repose  ;  idle  state.  Locke. 
RE-GUM'BENT,  a.    [E.  rccumbens.'] 

1.  Leaning  ;  reclining  ;  as,  the  recumbent  posture 
of  the  Romans  at  their  meals. 

2.  Reposing  ;  inactive  ;  iille^  Yonnir. 
RE-GU.M'BE.\T-LY>o(io.  In  a  recumbent  posture. 
RlvGO'PER-A-BI,E,  a.  Recoverable.  C/uiaccr. 
UE  GII-PER-S'TKlN,  71.    [I,,  recupcratio.] 

Keciivcry,  as  of  any  thing  lost. 
RE-Cri'PER-A-TIVE,    la.    'i'ending  to  recovery; 
RF.-G0'PER-A-TO-RY,  (     pertaining  to  recovery. 
KE  GIHI',  ?).  i.    [I^  recurro  ;  re  and  curro,  to  run  ;  Fr. 
recourir.] 

1.  To  return  to  the  thought  or  mind. 

Wli^Mi  iiny  wor.l  l.a.  l».-n  u..'(l  u.  .ipiify  an  Mm,  llii-  r.l.l  i.Ira 
will  recur  in  (liu  niind  wli<;n  the  word  i»  hcurd.  Ua(!«. 

2.  To  rcdort ;  to  have  recourse. 

If  to  BToifl  inc^tJiion  In  elprniil  rxi«l<»nc'»,  they  reriir  to  the 
piinctiiin  WAni  of  the  •clionli,  they  will  very  little  help  ui  lo 
a  more  poaitive  i<left  of  liil^iiite  duraUon.  J.ifrkt. 

3.  To  occur  at  a  Ktated  interval,  or  according  to 
Home  regular  rule  ;  an,  the  fever  will  reritr  to-night. 

KlvGrKE',  n.  t.    ( r«  and  cure]    To  euro  ;  to  recover. 

f  JVVyf  in  une.]  Spenser. 
RE-Cf'Hi;',  n.    Cure  ;  recovery.  [JVotinune.]  Knollea. 


RED 

RE-GORE'LESS,  a.    Incapable  of  cure  or  remedy. 

[.Vo<  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-etlR'RENCE,  )  71.  [See  Re<-uh.]  Return  ;  as, 
RE-GUR'REN-CY,  (     the  recurrence  of  error.  Brown. 

2.  Resort ;  the  having  recourse. 
RE-GUR'RENT,  a.    [L.  recurrens.] 

1.  Returning  from  time  to  time  ;  as,  reotrrerif  pains 
of  a  disease.  Harvey, 

2.  In  crystallofjraphy,  a  recurrent  crystal  is  one 
whose  faces,  being  counted  in  annular  r:niges  from 
one  extremity  to  the  other,  furnish  twti  dIflVretil  num- 
bers whicli  succeed  each  other  several  times,  as  4, 
8,4,8,4.    [JVot  «.-■«/.] 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  recurrent  nerve  is  a  branch  of 
the  par  vag-um,  given  off  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
thorax,  which  is  reflected  and  runs  up  along  the  tra- 
chea to  the  larvnx.  Wistar. 

RE-GUR'RlNG,"ppr.  or  a.  Returning  to  the  thought 
or  mind  ;  resorting  or  having  recourse  to;  occurring 
according  to  some  regular  rule. 

RE-GUR'SION,  (re-kur'shun,)  71.  [L.  recursus,  recur- 
ro ;  re  and  curro,  to  run.] 

Return.    [Little  used.]  Boyle. 

RE-GURV'aTE,  t).  (.  [L.  recurvo  ;  re  and  curuo,  to 
bend.] 

To  bend  back.  Pennant. 
RE-GURV'ATE,  a,  [L.  recurvattis.]  In  botany, 
when  applied  to  an  awn,  bent  in  the  form  of  a  bow. 
D.  C.  Willdenow.  When  applied  to  a  -petiole,  prickle, 
awrt,  calyx,  ox  corolla,  \i^u\.  Gnivj'AxA,  Jilartyn,  In  ap- 
plication to  a  leaf,  bent  t»r  curved  downward,  so  that 
the  convexity  is  upward.  JMartyn.  Bent  downward 
in  a  greater  degree  than  rcclinatc,  but  not  so  niucli  as 
rerobite. 

RE-GUR-Va'TION,  )  71.    A  bending  or  fle.ture  back- 
RE  GLTRV'I-TY,       \     ward.  Brown. 
RE-GURVE',  (re-kurv',)  v.  t.    [L.  recurvo,  supra.] 

To  bend  back. 
RE-GUR  V'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Bent  toward  the  ground. 

D.  C,  tVilUlenow, 
2.  Suddenly  bent  backward.  Lindlni, 
RE-GIJRV-I  RbS'TER,  n,    [L.  recurvus,  bent  ba'ck, 
and  rostrum,  a  beak.] 

A  bird  whose  beak  or  bill  bends  upward,  as  the 
RE-GURV'OUS,  (!.    [l^,  recurvus.]  [avoset. 

Bent  backward.  Derham, 
RE-eO'SAN-CY,  n.     Non-conformity.    [See  Recu- 
sant.] Coke, 
RE-GO'SANT,  a.    [L.  recusans,  recuse,  to  refuse  ;  re 
antl  the  root  of  causa,  signifying  to  drive.    The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  repel  or  drive  back.] 

Refusing  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  the 
king,  or  to  conform  lo  the  established  rites  of  the 
church  ;  as,  a  recusant  lord.  Clarendon. 
RE  GO'SANT,  7?.  [Supra.]  In  English  history,  a 
person  who  refuses  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy 
of  the  king  in  matters  of  religion  ;  as,  a  popish  rc- 
ctLsant^  who  acknowledges  the  supremacy  of  the 
ptipe.  Brande. 

2.  One  who  refuses  communion  witli  the  Church 
of  England;  a  non-conformist. 

All  that  are  recusants  of  holy  rites.  Hotyday. 

REG-TI-Sa'TION,  71.    [L.  recusatio.] 

1.  Refusal. 

2.  In  law,  the  act  of  refusing  a  judge,  or  challeng- 
ing that  he  shall  not  try  the  cause,  on  account  of  his 
sti[)posed  partiality.    [  This  practice  is  now  obsolete.] 

RE-GOSE',  f.  f.    [L.  rfcii,™.]  [Blackstone. 
To  refuse  or  reject,  as  a  judge  ;  to  challenge  that 
the  judge  shall  not  try  the  cause.    [Tlie  practice  and 
ihe  word  are  obsolete.]  Digby. 

RED,  a.  [Sax.  rcrf,  read,  and  read,  rude,  jeA,  ruddy; 
U  rood;  G.  rotJi ;  Sw.rbd;  Dan.  roii  ;  Corn.  ri/i/A  ,• 
Ir.  ri/arfA;  Arm.  ruydh  ;  W.  Wim,  red,  ruddy;  Sans. 
rohida;  Russ.  rdeyu,  to  redden;  Gr.  fpuW/ios,  red, 

and  lioiov,  a  roSe,  from  its  color ;  Ar.  Ji^^  warada, 

to  he  present,  to  enter,  lo  descend,  to  come,  to  in- 
vade, to  blossom,  lo  stain  with  a  rose  color,  to  bring 
So, 

lo  be  of  a  red  color;  deriv.        a  rose,  the  Gr.  l)oi)oii ; 

Ch.  T"ii,  a  rose ;  Syr.  nearly  the  same  ;  Eth. 
warafty  to  descend,  to  bring  down.  These  Anibic 
and  Kihiopic  words  :ire  the  Hcb.  and  Ch,  T^**,  lo  de- 
srrnd,  lo  brin^  down,  nnd  this  is  radically  the  s;ime 
fts  mn.  which  is  rendered  in  Hebrew,  to  descend  or 
come  down,  to  decline,  to  bring  down,  to  subdue,  to 
have  dominion  ;  ('h.  like  senses,  and  to  correct,  to 
chastise,  lo  expand  or  open,  lo  flow,  lo  plow  ;  Syr.  lo 
po,  to  walk,  lo  journey,  L.  frradiovj  also  to  correct, 
to  leach  ;  (<pi.  L.  crutlio.)  The  Arabic  gives  the 
Hense  of  roif,  which  may  be  from  openintr,  as  blos- 
soms, a  seu'ie  coinciding  with  the  Chaldee;  '»nd 
rri/  Cnim  the  saun-  sense,  or  from  the  color  of  the  rose. 
*]'he  Creeks  railed  the  Arabian  Onlf  llie  Krytfi^ 
minor  Hid  Sea,  prulial)ly  from  Ktlotii,  or  Idiimeii; 
improperly  !ippl>  iiit!  the  inennintr  of  Kdom,  ^c^/,  to 
the  sea,  and  IIih  iiiipniper  application  has  come  down 
to  the  present  lime.] 


RED 

A  term  denoting  a  bright  color,  resembling  blood. 
Red  is  a  simple  or  primary  color,  but  of  several  dif- 
terem  shades  or  hues,  as  scarlet,  crimson,  veriinltoii, 
orange  red,  &c.  We  say,  red  color,  red  cloth,  red 
flame,  red  eyes,  red  cheeks,  red  lead,  iScr. 

Red  men,  red  people,  red  children  ;  the  aboriginals  of 
America,  as  distinguished  from  the  whites.  Rawle. 

RED,  71.  A  red  color;  as,  a  brighter  color,  the  best  of 
all  the  reds.  JSTewton. 

RE-DAGT',  V.  t.  [L.  redactus,  redigo ;  red,  re,  and 
ago.] 

To  force  ;  to  reduce  to  form.    [JVo(  used.] 

Drumniond. 

RE-DAG'TION,  71.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  tligesting  or 
reducing  to  order ;  applied  lo  literary  or  scientific 
materials,  law,  &.c. 
2.  Tne  digest  thus  made.  Recent. 
RE-DAN',  71.    [Written  sometimes  Redent  and  Kr- 
DENS  ;  said  to  be  contracted  from  L.  recedens.  Lunicr.] 
\n  fortification,  a  kind  of  rampart  in  the  form  of  an 
inverted  V,  having  its  angle  toward  the  eneniv. 

P.'Cyc. 

RE-DAR'GuE,  v.  t.    [L.  redargue ;  red,  re,  and  arguo.] 

To  refute.    [JVof  iii  use.]  Hakeaiill. 
RED-XR-GC'TION,7!.   [Supra.]  Refutation  ;  convic- 
tion.   |JV"of  in  use.]  Baron. 
RED'-BaY,  71.  A  tree  of  the  laurel  kind,  Laurus  Car- 
oliniensis,  growing  in  the  Southern  United  States. 

Sylva  Amer. 

RED'-BER-RI-£D,  (-ber'rid,)  a.  Having  or  bearing 
red  berries  ;  as,  red-berried  shrub  cassia.  Miller. 

RED'BIRD,  (-burd,)  n.  The  popular  name  of  si'Ver.al 
birds  in  the  United  Slates,  as  the  Tanagra  a'sliva,or 
summer  redbird,  the  Tanagra  rubra,  and  the  Balti- 
more oriole  or  hang-nest. 

RED'-BOOK,  71.  In  England,  a  book  containing  the 
names  of  all  the  persons  in  the  service  of  the  state. 

The  red  book  of"  the  Exchequer  is  an  ancient  recortl, 
in  which  are  registered  the  names  of  all  thai  held 
lands  per  bnroniam  in  the  time  of  Henrv  II.  Brande. 

RED'BREAST,  (-bresl,)  n.  A  biril  so  called  from  the 
color  of  its  breast,  the  robin,  which  see. 

RED'BUD,  71.  A  plant  or  tree  of  the  genus  Cercis,  al- 
so called  the  Judas-Tree.  P.  Cyc. 

RED-CHALK',  (-cliawk',)  71.  A  common  drawing  ma- 
terial._  It  is  an  argillaceous  iron  ore.  Dana, 

RED'Go.^T,  71.  A  name  given  to  a  soldier  who  wears 
a  red  coat.  Dntden, 

RED'GOAT-ED,  17.    Wearing  red  coats.  Scott. 

RED'D£N,(red'n,)  ti.  f.    [from  red]    To  make  red. 

Drydcn. 

RED'D£N,  (red'n,)  v.  i.    To  grow  or  become  red. 

The  coral  redden,  and  the  ruby  glow.  Pope. 
2.  To  blush. 

Appins  reddens  at  each  word  yon  speak.  Pope. 
RED'DKN-i2D,  pp.  or  a.    IMade  red  ;  grown  red. 
RED'DKN-ING,  ppr.    Making  or  becoming  red. 
RED-DEJ^'DUM,  n.    [L.)    In  law,  the  clau.se  by 

which  rent  is  reserved  in  a  lease. 
RED'DlSH,a.    Somewhat  red  ;  moderately  red.  Lev. 
xiii. 

RED'DISII-NESS.Ti.    Redness  in  a  moderate  degree. 

Boule. 

RED-DI"TION,  (-dish'un,)  71.    [L.  reddo,  to  return.] 

1.  A  reluming  of  any  thing  ;  restitution  ;  surren- 
der. Howell, 

2.  Explanation  ;  representation.  Milton. 
RED'Dl-'J'lVE,a.    [L.  rfiWifimM,  from  reddo.] 

Returning;  answering  to  an  interrogative  ;  a  term 
of  rrraminar.  Johnson. 
RED'DLE,  (red'dl,)  ji.    [from  red.]    A  name  of  red- 
chalk,  which  see.  nana. 
REDE,  71.    [Sax.  rwd.] 

Counsel  ;  advice.    [OJs.]  Shak. 
RkDE,  Ji.  I.    To  counsel  or  advise.    [Oi.«.]  Spenser. 
RE-DEEM',  V.  t,    IL.  rediino;  red,  re,  and  cmo,  lo  ob- 
tain or  purchase.) 

1.  To  purchase  back  ;  to  ransom  ;  lo  liberate  or 
rescue  from  captivity  or  bondage,  or  from  any  obli- 
gation or  liability  to  sulfer  or  to  be  forfeited,  by  pay- 
ing an  equivalent ;  as,  toredeem  prisoners  or  ciipturcd 
goods  ;  to  redeem  a  pledge. 

2.  To  repurchase  what  has  been  sold  ;  to  regain 
possession  of  a  thing  alienated,  by  repaying  the 
value  of  it  lo  the  possessor. 

If  o  man  |shalll  sell  a  ilvvcllin^  honM  In  a  walled  city,  then  he 
iii.iy  redeem  it  williin  a  w-liole  year  after  it  is  sold.  —  Lev. 

3.  To  rescue  ;  to  recover ;  to  deliver  from. 

•I'll'  Almighty  from  the  frovo 
Ilath  me  redeemed.  Sandys, 
itedccm  Urael,  O  God,  out  of  all  his  Irouhlei. — Ps.  xxv. 
Dent.  vii. 

The  mass  of  earth  not  yet  redeemed  from  chaos.    5.  S.  SmiUi. 

4.  To  compensate,  lo  make  amends  for. 

It  is  a  chance  which  <i<M'S  redeem  all  sorrows. 
By  lewter  ills  the  jfts-ater  to  redeem. 

5.  To  free  by  making  atonement. 

'I'hon  hasl  one  ihin^hier, 
Who  redeems  natnn-  I  rnni  the  (^cnural  cnr«9. 

C.  To  pay  the  penally  of. 

Whlcli  ol  yon  will  lie  mortal  to  redeem 
Man's  nioital  crnno  ( 


Shak. 
Dryden. 


Shak. 


Milton. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WIl/^T.— METE,  PUgY.— PINR,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


988 


RED 


RED 


RED 


To  save. 

He  conUl  nut  tmve  redeemed  a  portion  of  hia  Uino  for  fontfm* 
plutiiig  tlie  powere  of  iiaiuro.  tS'.  ^.  ^'f/iilA. 

8.  To  pi  rfiiriii  what  li.is  tieon  prcmiised  ;  to  make 
pood  liy  |)i Tl'oriiianco.  Ilo  has  redeemed  bis  pleilgt; 
or  |>ii)inisi). 

9.  Ill  Inw,  to  rfcall  an  estate,  or  to  obtain  tlie  riglit 
to  rciinler  upon  a  morlRaged  estate  by  paylnj;  to  tlie 
niortgajjce  liis  principal,  interest,  anil  I'xpi  nsos  or 
coyls.  Btae-kslone, 

10.  In  thenloipj,  to  rescue  and  dcliv.  r  from  the 
bondage  of  sin"  and  Ihe  penalties  of  God's  violated 
law,  by  obedience  and  siillVrins  in  the  place  of  the 
sinner,  or  by  doing  and  siiHerinj;  that  which  is  ac- 
cepted in  lieu  of  the  sinner's  obedience. 

Chri»l  li  illi  redeemed  at  from  ittr  cureo  of  Uk  law,  bcins  made  i\ 
ci!r»- for  iiji.  —  Ga).  iii.    Tit.  ii. 

11.  In  commn-ce,  to  purchase  or  pay  the  value,  in 
specie,  of  any  promissory  nott^,  bill,  or  olhur  evi- 
dence of  debt,  given  by  the  stale,  by  a  company  or 
corporation,  i>r  by  an  individual.  The  credit  of  a 
state,  n  banking  company,  or  individual-:,  is  good 
when  they  can  redeem  all  Iheir  stuck,  notes,  or  bills, 
at  par. 

7'o  redeem  time,  is  to  use  more  diligence  in  the  im- 
provement of  it;  to  be  diliijent  and  active  in  duty 
and  prepiiralion.    Eph.  v. 
RE-l)EK.M'A-lil.E,  a.   That  may  be  redeemed  ;  capa- 
ble of  redeiiiptitui. 

9.  That  may  be  purchased  or  paid  for  in  gold  and 
silver,  and  hro'ughl  into  tile  possession  of  goveriinient 
or  tlie  original  promisor. 

The  coniuvl  of  llie  deU  of  tlii!  United  St.ile<  m.iy  be  considirrd 
in  th"  lilflu  of  ail  annuity  redeemable  at  llie  pl'-asur>.  of  liic 
(*ovrnuiii;iil.  Hamilton. 

RE-nEEM'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  re- 
deemable. 

RE-DEE.M'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Ransomed;  delivered  from 
bondage,  distress,  penalty,  liability,  or  from  the  pos- 
spssiiin  of  another  by  paying  an  equivalent. 

RE-DEEM'ER,  n.    One  who  redeems  or  ransoms. 
9.  The  Savior  of  the  worltl,  Jesi's  Christ. 

RE-DEE.M'I.\'G,  ppr.  Ransoming;  procuring  deliv- 
erance from  captivity,  rapture,  bondage,  sin,  dis- 
tress, or  liability  to  sullcr,  by  the  payment  of  an 
equivalent. 

RE-I)EE.M'I.VG,  a.  That  does  or  may  redeem,  or 
make  amende  ;  as,  a  redeeming  act :  rcdeeminir  love. 

RE-nE-LII!'ER-ATE,  v.  i.  [re  and  deliberate]  To 
deliberate  again. 

RE-DE-LIB'ER-ATE,  v.  t.  To  reconsider.  [JVlit  in 
use.  ] 

RE-OE-LIV'ER,  v.  t.    [re  and  deliver.]    To  deliver 
back.  ^'jliffe. 
2.  To  deliver  again  ;  to  liberate  a  second  time. 

RE-nnM\''F.R-A.\i:E,  n.    .\  second  deliverance. 

RE  DE-LIV'EU-iiD,  «).  Delivered  back  ;  liberated 
again. 

RE-nE-T.IV'ER-ING,  ppr.  Delivering  back  ;  libera- 
ting again. 

RE  I)E-l>IV'ER-y,  71.   The  net  of  delivering  back; 

also,  a  second  delivery  or  liberation. 
RE-I)t3tM.\ND',  V.  L     [re  and  demand;  Fr.  rede- 

maitder.] 

To  demand  b.ack  ;  to  demand  again.  Milison. 
RE-I)E-MX.NI)',  n.    A  demanding  back  again. 
RE-r)E-M.\ND'/V-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  demanded 
back. 

RE-DE-.MXNn'ET),  pp.    Demanded  back  or  again. 

RE-I1E-.M.\NI)'I.\G,  ppr.    Demanding  back  or  again. 

RE-DE-^l^SE',  p.  I  [re  and  rfcmr.vc]  To  convey  or 
transfer  back,  as  an  estate  In  fee-simple,  fee-tail,  for 
life,  or  a  term  of  years.  Kncyc 

RE-DE-.MISE',  n.  Reconveyance  ;  the  transfer  of  an 
estate  back  to  the  person  who  has  demised  it ;  as, 
the  demise  anti  redemise  of  an  estate  in  fee-simple, 
fee-tail,  or  for  life  or  years,  by  mutual  leases. 

Encyc, 

RE-DE-MIS'Kn,  pp.    Reconvcved,  as  an  estate. 
RE  DE  MTS'ING,  ppr.  Reconveying. 
RE-DE.MI"TI().\,  n.    [Fr.  ;  It.  redenzione;  Sp.  redcn 
cion:  from  I redcmptio.    See  Redeem.] 

1.  Repurchase  of  captured  goods  or  prisoners;  the 
act  of  procuring  the  deliverance  of  persons  or  things 
from  the  possession  and  power  of  captors  by  the 
payment  of  an  equivalent ;  ransom  ;  release  ;  as, 
the  redrmption  of  prisoners  taken  in  war ;  the  redemp- 
tion of  a  ship  and  cargo. 

2.  Deliverance  from  bondage,  distress,  or  from  lia- 
bility to  any  evil  or  forfeiture,  either  by  money,  labor, 
or  other  means. 

3.  Repurchase,  as  of  Lands  alienated.  Lev.  xxv. 
Jer.  xxxii. 

4.  The  liberation  of  an  estate  from  a  mortgage  ;  or 
the  purchase  of  the  right  to  reenter  upon  it  by  p.iy- 
ing  the  principal  sum  for  which  it  was  mortgaged, 
with  interest  and  cost ;  also,  the  right  of  redeeming 
and  reentering. 

5.  Repurchase  of  notes,  bills,  or  other  evidence  of 
debt  by  paying  their  value  in  specie  to  their  holders. 

6.  In  iheuloipj,  the  purchase  of  God's  favor  liv  Ihe 
death  and  siilferings  of  Christ  ;  the  ransom  or  (ieliv- 
emnce  of  sinners  from  the  bondage  of  sin  and  the 


penalties  of  God's  violated  law  by  the  atonement  of 
Christ.  Drijden.  Jfclsun. 

In  wlioin  wc  have  redemption  througti      Uuod.  —  Kpli.  i.  Col.  I. 

RE-I)EMP'TION-ER,  7i.  One  who  redeems  himself; 
formerlij,  line  whose  services  were  sold  to  pay  the 
expenses  of  his  passage  to  America. 

RE  DEMI"  ri  VE,  a.  Redeeming. 

RE-I)E.MI"T()R-ISTS,  n.  pi.  A  religious  order, 
founded  in  Naples  in  1739,  and  revivt-d  in  Austria 
in  18-JI),  devoted  to  the  education  of  youtli  and  the 
propagation  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith. 

Brnnde. 

RE-DEMP'TO-RY,  a.  Paid  for  ransom  ;  as.  Hector's 
reilemptiirii  price.  Chapman. 

RE-DE.NT'El),  o.  Formed  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw; 
iiidentetl. 

RE  DE  SCE.ND',  v.  i.    [re  and  descend.]    To  descend 

again.  Howell. 
RE-I)E-SCE\D'ING,  ppr.    Descending  again. 
KED'EVE,  (red'i,)  n.    [red  and  r;ir.]    A  fish  of  the 
carp  family,  Leiiciscus  erythrophihalmiis,  so  named 
from  the  color  of  the  iris  ;  al.so  called  Rudd. 

Jtirdine^s  J^at.  Lib. 
RED'-GUM,  n.    A  disease  of  new-born  infants;  an 
eruption  t>f  red  pimples  in  early  infancy.  Qood. 
2.  A  disease  of  grain,  a  kind  of  blight. 

Farm.  Enei/c. 

RED'-IIAIR-KD,  a.  Having  hair  of  a  teJ  or  sandy 
color. 

REU'-IIOT.  71.    Red  with  heat ;  heated  to  redness  ; 

as,  red-hot  iron  ;  red-hot  balls. 
RK'DI-E.N'T,  a.    [L.  rediens,  rcdeo,  to  return.] 

Returning.  E.  II.  Smith. 

RE-DI-CEST',  v.  U   To  digest  or  reduce  to  form  a 

second  time.  Kent. 
RE-DI-GEST'ED,  pp.    Digested  again. 
RE-I)I-GEST'Ii\G,  pjrr.     Digesting  a  second  time; 

reducing  again  to  order. 
RE-DIN'TE-GRaTE,  r.  f.     [L.  rcdintegro;  red,  re, 

and  inte^rro,  from  interrer,  whole.] 
To  make  whole  again  ;  to  renew  ;  to  restore  to  a 

perfect  .state.  B.  Jonson. 

RE-DIN'TE  GRATE,  a.  Renewed  ;  restored  to  whole- 
ness or  a  perfect  state.  Bacon. 
RE-DIN'TE-GRA-TED,  pp.    Renewed;  restored  to 

entireness. 

RE-DIN'TE-GP.A-TING,  ppr.  Restoring  to  a  perfect 
.state. 

RE-DIN-TE-GRa'TION,  n.  Renovation  ;  restoration 
to  a  whole  or  sound  state.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  In  chemistry,  the  restoration  of  any  mixed  body 
or  matter  to  its  former  nature  and  constitution. 

Coxe. 

RE-DTS-nURSE',  (re-dis-burs',)  v.  t.  [re  and  dis- 
burse.]   To  repay  or  refund.  Spenser. 

RE-DKS-PoSE',  I'.  L  [re  and  dispose.]  To  dispuse  or 
adjust  again.  Bazter. 

RE-l)IS-PnS'/CD,  pp.    Disposed  anew. 

RE-DIS-PfiS'l  NG,  ppr.    Disposing  or  adjusting  anew. 

RE-DlS-SEl'ZI.\,  71.  [re  and  disseizin.]  In  law,  a 
writ  of  redisscizin,  is  a  writ  to  recover  seizin  of  lands 
or  tenements  against  a  redissei/.or. 

RE-DIS-SkI'7.011,  71.  [re  and  disseizor.]  A  person 
who  disseizes  lands  or  tenements  a  second  time,  or 
after  a  recovery  of  the  same  from  hira  in  an  action 
of  liovel  disseizin.  Blackstone. 

RE  DIS-SOLVE',  v.  L  [re  and  dissohe.]  To  dissolve 
again. 

RE-l)lS5-SOI,V'KD,  pp.   Dis.solved  a  second  time. 
RE-DIS-SOEV'I.N'G,  ppr.    Dissolving  again. 
RE-DIS-TKIB'UTE,  v.  t.     [re  and  </tstri&M(ir.]  To 

distribtile  again  ;  lo  deal  back  again.  Cotirravc. 
RE-DIS-TRIU'tJ-TED,  pp.  Distributed  again  or  back. 
RE-DIS-TRIB'U-TING,  ppr.    Distributing  again  or 

back. 

RE-DIS-TRI-BO'TION,  7i.  A  dealing  back,  or  a  sec- 
ond tlistribulitm. 

RED'-I,E.M)',  (red'led',)  71.  [red  ani  lead.]  Minium, 
a  preparation  of  lead  of  a  fine  red  color,  used  in 
painting,  &.c.  It  is  a  salt  composed  of  one  equiva- 
lent of  deutoxyd  of  lead,  which  perforins  the  func- 
tions of  an  aciil,  and  two  equivalents  of  protoxyd  of 
lead,  which  performs  the  functions  of  a  base.  Its 
proper  chemical  name  is  diplumbate  of  lead,  Tully. 

RED'-I,ET-TER,  a.  A  red-letter  day  is  a  fortunate  or 
auspicious  day,  so  called  because  the  holydays,  or 
saints'  days,  were  marked  in  the  old  calendars  with 
red  letters.  Grose. 

RED'-LIU-UOR,  n.  A  cnide  acpt.ite  of  alumina,  em- 
ployed as  a  mordant  in  calico-printing.  It  is  pre- 
pari^d  from  pyroligneous  aciil.  Ure. 

RED'LY,  adv.    With  redness.  Cotffrace. 

RED'-MA RL,  71.    New  red  sandstone. 

RED' NESS,  II.    [Sax.  readnesse.    See  Red.] 

The  quality  of  being  red  ;  red  color.  Spectator. 

RED'O-LENCE,  (  n.    [from  redolent.]    Sweet  scent. 

RED'O-LEN-CY,  j  Boyle.  Jifortimer. 

RED'O-LENT,  o.  [L.  redolens,  redo'leo  ;  red,  re,  and 
oleo,  to  smell.] 

Having  or  difTusing  a  sweet  scent.  Sandys. 

RE-DOUB'LE,  (re-dub'l,)  ».  t.    [re  and  doui/e.]  To 
repeat  in  return.  Spensrr. 
I       2.  To  repeat  often ;  as,  to  redouble  blows.  Shak. 


3.  To  increase  by  repeated  or  continued  additions. 
And  Ktna  niip-f  witli  redoubted  heat.  Addieon. 

RE-DOUB'LE,  (ro-dub'l,)  v.  i.  To  become  twice  as 
much. 

The  ar>piniciit  redoublee  upon  us.  Spectator. 

RE-DOUB'LKD,  fre-dub'ld,)  pp.  or  a.  Repeated  in 
return;  repeated  over  anil  over;  increased  by  re- 
peated or  continiieti  additions. 

RE  DOlIli'I.INf;,  (re-diib'liiig,)  ppr.  Repeating  in  re- 
turn ;  repisitiiig  again  and  again;  increasing  by 
repeateil  or  continued  additions. 

RE-DOUBT',  {re  dout',)  ii.  (It.  ridotto,  a  shelter,  a  re- 
treat ;  Sp.  reducto ;  Port,  reduto,  reducto,  or  redutto ; 
Fr.  redoute,  rednil ;  U.  redurtiis,  reduca,  to  bring  back  ; 
literally,  a  retreat.  The  etymology  of  thi;*  word  shows 
that  it  slioiild  be  written  Reooi  t.] 

A  general  name  for  ni'arly  every  kind  of  work  in 
the  class  of  field  fortifications  ;  particularly,  a  parapet 
inclosing  a  stpiare  or  ptdvgonal  area.  Cyc. 

RE-DOIJBT'A-ltl.E,  (re-iioul'a-bl,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  rr- 
donter,  to  fear  or  dread,  Ann.  doutrea,  douirein.  The 
common  orthogr.'iphj'  of  this  word  is  incorrect.] 

Furmiilable  ;  that  is  to  be  dreailed  ;  terrible  to  foes  ; 
as,  a  redoubtable  hero.  Hence  the  implied  sense  is, 
x'aliaiu.  Pupe. 

RE-DOUBT'ED,  a.    Formidable.  [JVotinuse.] 

Spenser.  Shnk. 

RF--DOUND',  r.  i.  [It.  ridondare :  L.  redundo  ;  red,  re, 
and  undo,  to  rise  or  swell,  as  waves.] 

1.  To  be  sent,  rolled,  or  driven  back. 

The  evil,  soon 
Driven  buck,  redounded  as  a  fluoti  on  tliosc 
Front  wlioni  it  sprung.  ^ftlton. 

S.  To  conduce  in  the  consequence  ;  to  contribute ; 
to  result. 

The  honor  done  to  our  religion  ultimately  redounde  to  Go-I,  tho 
Author  of  it.  HogeiL, 

3.  To  proceed  in  the  consequence  or  effect ;  to  re- 
sult. 

There  will  no  imal!  use  redound  from  Ihem  lo  that  manuficture. 

Addieon. 

RE-DOUND'ING,  ppr.  Conducing;  contributing  ;  re- 
sulting. 

RED  PKE-CIP'I-TATE.    See  PnEciriXATE. 
RED'-PoI.E,  71.  A  bird  with  a  retl  head  or  poll,  of  the 
finch  family.  It  bi  ^ngs  to  Ihe  genus  I.inaria.  Jardine. 
RE-DRAFT',  t).  t.    [re  and  (/rn/7.]    To  draw  or  draft 
RE-DRAFT',  71.    A  second  draft  or  copy.  [anew. 

2.  In  the  French  commercial  code,  a  new  bill  of  ex- 
change which  the  holder  of  a  protested  bill  draws  on 
the  drawer  or  indorsers,  by  which  he  reimburses  to 
himself  the  amount  of  the  protested  bill  with  costs 
and  charges.  IValsh. 

RE-DRXFT'ED,  pp.  Drafted  again;  transcribed  into 
a  new  copv. 

RE-DRAFT'ING, ppr.    Redrawing;  drafting  or  tran- 
scribing again. 
RE-DRAW,  t).  f.    [re  Tini  draw.]  To  draw  again.  In 
commerce,  to  draw  a  new  bill  of  exchange,  as  the 
holder  of  a  protested  bill,  on  the  drawer  or  indors- 
ers. Walsh. 
2.  To  draw  a  second  draft  or  copy. 
RE-DRESS',  V.  t.    [Fr.  redrrsscr  ;  re  and  dress.] 
1.  To  set  right ;  to  amend. 


In  yonder  sprinff  of  roses, 
Find  wiiat  lo  redreet  uU  noon. 


Afi;ton. 


[In  this  sense,  as  applied  to  material  things,  rarely 

U.5C(/.] 

2.  'To  remedy  ;  to  repair ;  to  relieve  from,  and  some- 
times to  indemnify  for  ;  as,  to  redress  wrongs  ;  to  re- 
dress injuries  ;  to  redress  grievances.  Sovereigns  are 
bound  to  protect  their  subjects,  and  redress  their  griev- 
ances. 

3.  To  ease ;  to  relieve  ;  as,  she  laliored  to  redress 
my  pain.  Sidney. 

[W'e  use  this  verb  before  the  person  or  the  thing. 
AV  e  say,  to  redress  an  injured  person,  or  to  redress  tlie 
injury.    The  latter  is  most  common. 1 
RE-DRESS',  71.    Reformation  ;  auieiitlmcnt. 

For  us  the  more 


■V  is  a  speedy  redraft  of  ourselvea. 

Hooker. 

[  This  sense  is  noio  unusual.] 

2.  Relief;  remedy  ;  deliverance  from  wrong,  inju- 
ry, or  oppression  ;  as,  the  redress  of  grievances.  We 
applied  to  government,  but  could  obtain  no  redress. 

There  is  occasion  for  redreit  when  the  cry  is  uiiivers--d, 

Daoenant, 

3.  Reparation  ;  indcmnificitinn. 

[This  sense  is  often  directly  intended  or  implied  in 
redress.  ]  I 

4.  One  who  gives  relief. 

Fair  majesty,  the  refuge  and  redreet 

Of  those  wliom  fate  pursues  and  wants  oppress.  Drytien. 

RE-DR ESS'CT,  (-d rest',)  pp.  Remedied;  set  right; 
relieved  :  indemnified. 

RE-DRESS'ER,  fi.    One  who  gives  redress. 

R&DRESS'I-BEE,  a.  That  may  be  redressed,  re- 
lieved, or  indemnified. 

RE-DRESS'ING,  ppr.  Setting  right ;  relieving;  in- 
deninifving. 

RE-DRE.SS'IVE,  0.    Affording  relief.  TTiamson. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


RED 

RE-DRESS'IJESS,  a.    Without  amendment ;  without 

relief.  Sherwood, 
KK  DRESS'MENT,  7^    Redress;  act  of  redressing. 

J^fer.soil. 

RE-DRIV'£N,  a.    Driven  baclc  or  again.  Huutkeij. 

KED'-ROOT,  n.  A  name  given  to  various  plants,  as 
Lithospermum  arvense,  or  stone-weed,  Ceanotlms 
Americanus,  a  perennial  plant,  also  called  New  Jer- 
sey tea,  and  Sanguinariaf  canadensis,  or  blood-root. 

Farm.  Eiicyc. 

RED-SeAR',  v.  i.  [red  and  sear.]  To  break  or  crack 
when  too  hot,  as  iron  under  the  hammer ;  a  term  of 
workmen.  Mozotu 

RED'SHANK,  n.  A  bird  of  the  snipe  family,  and  ge- 
nus Totanus,  {Scolopax,  Linn.)  Jardine. 

2.  A  contemptuous  appellation  for  bare  legged  per- 
sons. Speiiser. 

RED'SHORT,  a.  [red  and  short.]  Brittle,  or  break- 
ing short,  when  red  hot,  as  a  metal ;  o  term  of  work- 
men. 

RED'-SIL'VER,  n.  An  ore  of  silver,  of  a  ruby-red  or 
reddish-black  color.  There  are  two  species  ;  the  dark 
red  contains  59  per  cent,  of  silver  united  to  sulphur 
and  antimony,  and  the  light  red  65  per  cent,  com- 
bined with  sulphur  and  arsenic.  Dana. 

RED'-SXoW,  n.    See  S.-»ow. 

RED'TA^^l"^'  I       ^"^^  ^"'^  start ;  Sax.  steort,  a  tail.] 
A  bird  of  the  genus  Phcenicura,  (Jlotacilla,  Linn.,) 
allied  to  the  nightingale.  Jardine. 

RED'STRk.\K,  71.    [red  and  streak.]    A  sort  of  apple, 
so  called  from  its  red  streaks.  Jlortimer. 
2.  Cider  pressed  from  the  redstreak  apples.  Smith. 

RED'TOP,  n.  [red  and  top.]  A  well-known  species 
of  bent-grass,  Agrostis  vulgaris,  highly  valued  in  the 
United  States  for  pasturage  and  hay  for  cattle.  It 
is  sometimes  called  English  grass,  and  also  herds' 
fiTOA?.  Dewey's  Mass.  Rep. 

KE-DuCE',  V.  t  [L.  reduco  ;  re  and  duco,  to  lead  or 
bring ;  Fr.  reduire  ;  It.  riducere,  or  ridurre ;  Sp.  rcdit- 
cir.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bring  back  ;  as,  to  reduce  these 
bloody  days  again.  Shak. 

[In  this  .-iense  not  in  use.]  __ 

2.  To  bring  to  a  former  state. 

Il  were  but  j'Jst  ^ 
And  equal  to  reduce  nie  to  my  dust.  Mi'ton. 

3.  To  bring  to  any  state  or  condition,  good  or  bad  ; 
as,  to  reduce  civil  or  ecclesiastical  affairs  to  order  ;  to 
reduce  a  man  to  poverty  ;  to  reduce  a  state  to  distress  ; 
to  reduce  a  substance  to  powder  ;  to  reduce  a  sum  to 
fractions  ;  to  reduce  one  to  despair. 

4.  To  diminish  in  length,  breadth,  thickness,  size, 
qtiantily,  or  value  ;  as,  to  reduce  e.\penses  ;  to  reduce 
the  quantity  of  any  thing  ;  to  reduce  the  intensity  of 
heat ;  to  reduce  the  brightness  of  color  or  light ;  to  re- 
duce a  sum  or  amount ;  to  reduce  the  price  of  goods  ; 
to  reduce  the  strength  of  spirit. 

5.  To  lower;  to  degrade;  to  impair  in  dignity  or 
excellence. 

Nothing  so  excellent  but  a  man  may  f;»3ten  on'Somethlng  belon^- 
iiij  to  it,  to  reduce  il.  TULoUon. 

6.  To  subdue  ;  to  bring  into  subjection.  The  Ro- 
mans reduced  Spain,  Gaul,  and  Britain,  by  their 
arms. 

7.  To  reclaim  to  order.  Milton. 

8.  To  bring,  as  into  a  class,  order,  genus,  or  spe- 
cies ;  to  bring  under  rules  or  within  certain  limits  of 
description  ;  as,  to  reduce  animals  or  vegetables  to  a 
class  or  classes  ;  to  reduce  men  to  tribes  ;  to  reduce 
language  to  rules. 

9.  In  arithmetic,  to  change  numbers  from  one  de- 
nomination into  another  without  altering  their  value  ; 
or  to  change  numbers  of  one  denomination  into  oth- 
ers of  the  same  value  ;  as,  to  reduce  a  dollar  to  a  hun- 
dred cents,  or  a  hundred  cents  to  a  dollar. 

10.  In  aijrebra,  to  reduce  an  equation,  is  to  bring  the 
unknown  quantity  by  itself  on  one  side,  and  all  the 
known  quantities  on  the  other  side,  without  destroy- 
ing the  equation. 

11.  In  metalturirii,  to  separate  a  metal  from  other 
substances  with  which  it  is  combined. 

12.  In  surgery,  tori  store  to  its  proper  place  or  state 
a  dislocated  or  fractured  bone. 

To  reduce  a  fig-ure,  design,  or  draught ;  to  make  a 
copy  of  it  smaller  than  the  original,  but  preserving 
the  form  and  proportion.  Gwilt. 

To  reduce  to  tlie  ranks:  in  military  language,  to  do- 
grade  a  sergeant  or  corporal  for  misconduct  to  the 
Htntion  of  a  private  soldier.  Campbell's  Mil.  Did. 
RE-UOCfTD,  (re-dfist',)  or  a.  Brought  back  ; 
brought  to  a  former  Ktate  ;  brought  into  any  state  or 
condition;  diminished;  subdued;  impoverished. 
RE-I)C(;E'.MI;NT,  ti.  The  act  of  bringing  back  ;  the 
act  of  dnuinishing ;  the  act  of  subduing ;  reduction. 

Bacon. 

[Thin  word  is  superseded  by  Reduction.] 
RE-IJC'CE.NT,  o.    'J'ending  to  rediirjr. 
RK-nr'C'E.N'T,  71.    That  which  rcduceH. 
RE-DOC'KR,  (  dus'er,)  n.  On"  that  reduces.  Sidney. 
RE  DO'Cl-BLE,  o.    'J  hat  may  bo  reduced. 


All  Uw  pam  of  palrttiiig  i 
Uie  author. 


rtduciUt  Into  Uia 


mentioned  hy 
Ihydtn. 


REE 

RE-DO'CI-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
ducible. 

RE-DOC'IXG,  (-das'ing,)  ppr.  Bringing  b.ick  ;  bring- 
ing to  a  former  state,  or  to  a  different  slate  or  form  ; 
diminishing;  subduing;  impoverishing. 

RE-DUeT',  V.  t.    [L.  reductus,  reduco.] 

To  reduce.    [JVot  in  use]  Wdrde. 

RE-DU€T',  n.  In  building,  a  quirk  or  small  piece 
taken  out  of  a  larger  to  make  it  more  regular  and 
uniform,  or  for  some  other  convenience.  GwilL 

RE-DUG' TI-0  SD  AB-SUR' DUM,  (^re-iaii'she-o-,) 
[L.]  The  proving  that  a  given  supposition  leads 
directly  to  an  absurdity. 

RE-DUe'TIOX,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  reductio.] 

1.  The  act  of  reducing,  or  state  of  being  reduced  ; 
as,  the  reduction  of  a  boily  to  powder ;  the  reduction 
of  things  to  order. 

2.  Diminution  ;  as,  the  reduction  of  the  expenses 
of  government ;  the  reduction  of  the  national  debt. 

3.  Conquest ;  subjugation  ;  as,  the  reduction  of  a 
provini^e  to  the  power  of  a  foreign  nation. 

4.  In  arithmetic,  the  bringing  of  numbers  of  differ- 
ent denominations  into  one  denomination  ;  as,  the 
reduction  of  pounds,  ounces,  pennyweights,  and 
grains  to  grains,  or  the  reduction  of  grains  to  pounds  ; 
the  reduction  of  days  and  hours  to  minutes,  or  of 
minutes  to  hours  and  days.  The  change  of  numbers 
of  a  higher  denomination  into  a  lower,  as  of  pounds 
into  pence  or  farthings,  is  called  Reduction  De- 
scending; the  change  of  numbers  of  a  lower  de- 
nomination into  a  higher,  as  of  cents  into  dimes, 
di'llars,  or  eagles,  is  calleil  Reduction  Ascending. 
Hence,  the  rule  for  bringing  sums  of  different  de- 
nominations into  one  denomination,  is  called  Re- 
duction. 

0.  In  algebra,  the  reduction  of  an  equation  consists 
in  bringing  the  unknown  quantity  by  itself,  on  one 
side,  and  all  the  known  quantities  on  the  other  side, 
without  destroying  the  equation.     Day's  J3lgcbra. 

G.  Reduction  of  a  ^figure,  map,  &c.,  is  the  making  of 
a  copy  of  it  on  a  smaller  scale,  preserving  the  form 
and  proportions.  Uwilt. 

7.  In  surgery,  the  operation  of  restoring  a  dislo- 
cated or  fractured  bone  to  its  former  place. 

8.  In  metallurgy,  the  operation  of  separating  a 
metal  from  other  substances  with  which  it  is  com- 
bined.  This  is  called  also  Revitification. 

JVicholson.  Ure. 

RE-DUe'TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  reductif] 

Il.nving  the  power  of  reducing.  Brevint. 

RE-DUe'TIVE,  71.  That  which  has  the  power  of  re- 
ducing. Hale. 

RE-DUe'TlVE-LY,  adv.  By  reduction  ;  by  conse- 
quenci*.  Hammond, 

RE-DUN'DANCE,  )  71.     [L.  redundantia,  redundo. 

RE-DUN'DAN-CY,  \      See  Redound.] 

1.  Excess  or  superfluous  quantity  ;  superfluity  ; 
superabundance. 

Labor  throws  off  redundancies,  Addison, 

9.  In  discourse,  superfluity  of  words.  Encyc, 
RE-DUN'DANT,  a.    Superfluous  ;  exceeding  what  is 

natural  or  necessary  ;  superabundant ;  exuberant  ; 
as,  a  redundant  quantity  of  bile  or  food. 

Notwithstanding  the  rediindanl  oil  in  fishes,  Uiey  do  not  increase 
fat  so  mucb      Hesh.  ATbulhnot, 

Redundant  words,  in  writing  or  discourse,  are  such 
as  are  synonymous  with  others  used,  or  such  as  add 
nothing  to  the  sense  or  force  of  the  expression. 

2.  Using  more  words  or  images  than  are  necessary 
or  useful. 

Where  an  author  is  redundant,  mark  those  paragraphs  to  be  re- 
trenched. WaUs. 

3.  In  music,  a  redundant  chord  is  one  which  con- 
tains a  greater  number  of  tones,  semitones,  or  lesser 
intervals,  than  it  does  in  its  natural  state,  as  from  fa 
to  sol  sharp.  It  is  called  by  some  authors  a  chord 
extremely  sharp.  Enciic, 

RE-DU.N'DAi\T-LY,  adv.    With  superfluity  or  exi-ess ; 

superfluously  ;  superabundantly. 
RE-DCPLI-CaTE,  v.  t,    [L.  rcduplico ;  re  and  du- 
plico.    See  Duplicate.] 

To  double.  Pearson. 
RE-I)o'PLI-€ATE,  a.  Double. 
KE-DU-rH-eA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  doubling. 

Digby. 

RE-DO'PLI-e.\-TlVE,  o.    Double.  H'nft.^. 
UED'-WA-TER,  71.    A  disease  in  cattle,  so  called 
from  an  ap|>eaiance  like  blood  in  the  urine. 

Farm.  Encyc. 

RED'WING,  71.  [red  and  wing.]  A  European  bird 
of  the  thrush  family,  Morula  Iliaca,  named  from  the 
deep  orange  red  color  of  its  under  wing-coverts. 

Jardine, 

REE,  j  71.  A  small  Portuguese  coin  or  mimi^y  of  ac- 
RE,    (     count,  value  about  one  mill  and  a  fourth, 

or  one  l  igbtli  of  a  cent,  American  money. 
REE,  !■.  £.    [This  belongs  to  the  root  of  rid,  riddle, 

which  see.] 

To  riddle  ;  Jp  sift ;  that  is,  to  separate  or  throw 
off.    f  J^'uf  in  use,  or  local.]  Mortimer. 
RE-ECll'O,  (re-ek'o,)  v.  t.    [re  ai\A  echo.]    To  echo 
back  ;  to  reverberate  again  ;  as,  the  hills  re-echo  the 
roar  of  cannon. 


REE 

REJ-ECH'O,  (re-ek'o,)  v.  i.    [Supra.]    To  echo  back  ; 

to  return  back  or  be  reverberated,  as  an  echo. 

And  a  loud  groan  re-echoes  from  the  main.  Pope. 
RE-EeH'O,  (re-ek'o,)  71.   The  echo  of  an  echo. 
RE-EeH'o-£D,  (-ek'ode,)  pp.    [Supra.]  Returned, 

as  sound  ;  reverberated  again. 
RE-Eeil'O-IjSG,  ppr.    Returning  or  reverberating  an 

echo. 

REECH'Y,a.    [A  misspelling  of  Reeky.    See  Reek.] 
Tarnished  with  smoke  or  vapor  ;  hence,  sweaty  ; 

as,  a  reechy  neck.  Shak, 
REED,  71.    [Sax.  hreod,  reod  ;  G.  rieth :  D.  riet ;  Goth. 

raus;  Fr.  roseau;  Ir.  readan;  probably  allied  to 

rod,] 

1.  The  common  name  of  many  aquatic  plants, 
most  of  them  large  grasses,  with  hollow,  jointed 
stems,  such  as  the  common  reed  of  the  genus  Phrag- 
mites,  (formerly  Arundo,)  the  bamboo,  &c.  The  bur- 
reed  is  of  the  genus  Spargaiiium  ;  the  Indian  flower- 
ing reed  of  the  genus  Canna. 

2.  A  musical  pipe  ;  reeds  being  anciently  used  for 
instruments  of  music.  Milton, 

3.  A  little  tube  through  which  a  hautboy,  bassoon, 
or  clarinet,  is  blown. 

4.  An  arrow,  as  made  of  a  reed  headed.  Prior, 

5.  Thatch.  West  of  F.n gland, 

6.  A  weaver's  instrument  for  separating  the  threads 
of  the  warp. 

REED'-€KOWN-£D,  a.    Crowned  with  reeds. 

Hemans, 

REED'ED,  a.    Covered  with  reeds.  Tusser. 

2.  Formed  with  channels  and  ridges  like  reeds. 
REED'£N,  (reed'n,)  a.    Consisting  of  a  reed  or  reeds  ; 

as,  reeden  pipes.  .  Dryden. 

REED'-GRASS,  71.    A  plant,  bur-reed,  of  tlie  genus 

Spargaiiium. 

RE-ED-I-FI-jCA'TION,  71.  [from  re-edify.]  Act  or 
operation  61  rebuilding  ;  state  of  being  rebuilt, 

D',8nville,  Trans. 
RE-ED'I-FI-£D,  (-fide,) pp.  Rebuilt. 
RE-ED'l-FY,  V,  t,    [Fr.  riedijier ;  re  and  edify.] 

To  rebuild  ;  to  build  again  after  destruction. 
RE-ED'I-FY-ING,  ppr.    Rebuilding.  [Milton. 
REED'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  reeds ;  as,  recdless  banks. 

May. 

REED'MACE,  71.   A  plant  of  the  genus  Typha,  also 

called  Cat-tail.  Lee. 
REED'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  reeds  ;  as,  a  reedy  pool. 

Thotnson, 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  a  reed  in  tone,  i.e.,  harsh 
and  thick,  as  a  voice. 

REEF,  71.  [D.  rcf/;  Dan.  Wr  or  ri/t;  Sw.  rf/.  These 
wotds  coincide  in  orthography  with  the  verb  to  rice, 
and  if  from  this  root,  the  primary  sense  is  a  division, 
W.  Wiii!  and  rhif.  But  in  Welsh,  rhco  signifies  a 
collection  or  bundle,  and  thick  ;  rhevu,  to  thicken  in 
compass  ;  and  if  from  this  root,  a  reef  is  a  fold,  and 
to  rerf  is  to  fold.] 

A  certain  portion  of  a  sail  between  the  top  or  bot- 
tom and  a  row  of  eyelet-holes,  or  between  two  rows 
of  eyelet-holes,  which  is  folded  or  rolled  up  to  con- 
tract the  sail,  when  the  violence  of  the  wind  ren- 
ders it  necessary.  Totten, 

REEF,  71.  [G.  riff;  D.  rif,  a  reef  or  sand-bank,  a  car- 
cass, a  skeleton.    Qu.  W.  rhecu,  to  thicken.] 

A  chain  or  range  of  rocks  lying  at  or  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  Brande. 

REEF,  V.  t  [from  the  noun.]  To  contract  or  reduce 
the  extent  of  a  sail  by  rolling  or  folding  a  certain 
portion  of  it  and  making  it  fast  to  the  yard. 

Totten. 

REEF'-B.\ND,  71.  A  piece  of  canvas  sewed  across  a 
sail,  to  strengthen  it  in  the  part  where  the  eyelet- 
holes  are  formed  for  reefing.  T-.tten. 

REEF'£D,  (reeft,)  pp.  or  a.  Having  a  portion  of  the 
top  or  bottom  folded  and  made  fast  to  the  yard. 

REEF'ING,  ppr.  Folding  and  making  fast  to  the  yard, 
as  a  portion  of  a  sail. 

REEF'-LI.\E,  7).  A  small  rope  formerly  nsed  to  reef 
the  courses  by  being  passed  spirally  round  the  yard 
and  through  the  holes  of  the  reef.  Totten. 

REEF'-POINTS,  7i.p?.  Flat  pieces  of  braided  cord- 
age tapering  toward  each  end  and  passed  through 
the  holes  in  the  reef-band  of  a  sail.  Totten, 

REEF'-TACK-LE,  (-tak'l,)  71.  A  tackle  hy  which 
the  reef  cringles  or  rings  of  a  sail  are  hauled  up  to 
the  yard  for  reefing,  Totten. 

REEF'Y,  a.    Full  of  reefs  or  rocks 

2.  Scabby.  Orose. 

REEK,  71.  [Sax.  rcc;  D.  rook;  G.  ranch:  Svv.  riik: 
Dan.  riig,] 

1.  Vapor ;  steam. 

2.  A  rick,  which  sec.  Shak. 
REEK,  V,  i,    [Sax.  recan,  reocan,  I),  rookrn,  ruiken  ;  G. 

rauchen  ;  .'^w.  rOka :  Dan.  riigrr,  ryger,  to  reck,  to 
smoke  ;  W.  rhogli,  to  smell.    This  iniiy  be  from  the 
same  root  lus  the  ii,fragro,anA  all  coinciding  with 
"  i 

the  Ar.  arcega,  to  di(l\isc  odor.    The  primary 

sense  is,  to  send  out  or  emit,  to  extend,  to  reach. 
Class  Rg.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHi^T.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


REE 


REF 


REP 


To  steam  ;  to  exhale  ;  to  emit  vapor  ;  applied  expo- 
clalhj  to  the  vapor  of  rerfain  moist  subntance^,  mltlct 
tlian  to  the  smoke  of  burning  bodies. 

1  fniiiid  in»?  liiid 
In  tjnimy  9W«»at,  wliich  Willi  Ilia  Ik'hius  the  aim 
Siioti  tlrii-il,  tiiifl  oil  llic  reeking  iiiuialiirt'  rcHl,  ^litton, 
VVtiuie  bloixl  yul  reeke  on  my  uvirngitig  iiwurd.  Hinilh. 

UIOI'".K'ING,  j>/ir.  or  a.    Stenminp;  eniittinR  vapor. 
ItKIOK'Y,  a.   Smoky;  soiled  with  smoke  or  stcnm  ; 

foul.  Shiik. 
lUOEI.,  n.    [Sax.  hreol,  real.    See  Reel,  to  stafiger.] 

1.  A  frame  or  machine  tiirnin>;  on  an  axis,  and  on 
wliich  yarn,  throad^i,  lines,  &c.,  are  wound  ;  as,  a 
luR-rff/,  U3cd  by  seamen  ;  an  antlt^r's  reel. 

•2.  A  lively  dance  peculiar  to  Scotland.  Bratiile. 
Rl'.KI^,  II.  u    To  wind  upon  a  reel,  as  yarn  or  thread 
from  the  spindle.  Ifilkiiis. 

REKL,  r.  I.  [Sw.  ra^la.  (lu.  Class  Rg,  or  Ar.  J>Xj 
raaala,  to  lean.    Class  Rl,  No.  4.] 

To  stagger;  to  incline  or  move  in  walking,  first  to 
one  side  and  then  to  the  other ;  to  vacillate. 

H**,  with  heavy  fumes  oppressed, 

Heeled  trom  Ihe  naliice,  nnd  retired  to  rest.  Pope. 
Tliey  reel  to  anu  Iro,  and  stnggur  like  a  drunken  man.  ~  Ps. 
evil. 

RE-E-LEeT',  V.  t.  [re  and  elect.]  To  elect  again  ; 
as,  to  re-elect  the  forniiT  governor. 

RE-E-LECT'ED, ;)/).    Elected  again  j  rechosen. 

RE-E-LKCT'ING,  ppr.    Electing  again. 

UE-E-LEC'TION,  n.  Election  a  second  time,  or  re- 
petited  election  ;  as,  the  re-election  of  a  former  rep- 
resentative. Swifi. 

RE-EL-l-l5l-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  capacity  of  being 
re-elected  to  the  same  office. 

R1':-EL,'I-G1-BLE,  o.  [re  and  etis-ihle.]  Capable  of 
being  elected  again  to  the  same  otfico. 

UE-EM-I!.>LKK',  v.  U  [re  and  embark.]  To  embark 
or  piit  tin  hoard  again. 

RE-E.M-I!AKK',  v.  i.  To  embark  or  goon  board  again. 

RE-E.M-R.\KK-.X'T10N,  ii.  A  putting  on  board  or  a 
L'oing  on  board  again. 

Rl'>-EM-nARK'ED,  (-bllrkt',)  pp.    Embarked  again. 

RE-E.\I-BARK'ING,  ppr.  Embarking  or  going  on 
board  again. 

RE-EM-BAT'TLE,  c. «.  [re  and  embattle.]  To  array 
again  for  battle ;  to  arrange  again  in  the  order  of 
battle. 

RE-E.M-BAT'TLED,  pp.    Arraved  again  for  battle. 
RE-EM-BAT'TLh\G,  ppr.   Arranging  again  in  battle 
arra\ . 

RE-E.Vl-non'I-ED,  (-em-bod'id,)  pp.  Embodied  aaain. 
KE-EM-BOD'Y,  b.  U    [re  and  embody.]    To  embody 
again. 

RE-E.M-noD'Y-ING,ppr.  Embodying  again. 

RE-E-.MERGE',  ti.  i.  To  emerge  after  being  plunged, 
obscured,  or  overwhelmed.  Cliandlrr. 

RE-E-MERG'ENCE,  n.  The  act  of  emerging  a  sec- 
ond time.  Lyctl. 

RER.M'I.VG,  n.  The  opening  of  the  seams  between 
the  planks  of  vessels,  with  a  calking  iron,  for  the 
purpose  of  calking  or  recalking  them  with  oakum. 

Ilcbert. 

RE-EN-ACT',  r.  t.    [re  nnd  enact.]    To  en.-ict  again. 

RE-EiN'-ACT'El),  pp.    Enacted  again.  [Jlrbuthnot. 

RE-EN-ACT'I.NG,  ppr.  Enacting  anew ;  passing 
again  into  a  law. 

RE-E.V-AC'TION,  71.    The  passing  into  a  law  again. 

RE-EN-ACT'iMENT,  n.  The  en.icting  or  passing  of 
a  law  a  second  time  ;  the  renewal  of  a  law. 

ITey.     }Vheaton*$  Rep. 

RE-EN-FoRCE',  r.  t.  [re  and  enforce.]  To  strengthen 
with  new  force,  assistance,  or  support ;  as,  to  re-en- 
force an  argument  ;  but  particularly,  to  strengthen  an 
ormy  or  a  fort  with  additional  troops,  or  a  navy  with 
additional  ships. 

[It  is  written  also  Ke-infobce,  but  not  so  cor- 
rectlv.l  _ 

RE-E.\-FoRCE',  n.  That  part  of  a  gun  near  the 
breech,  which  is  made  stronger  than  the  rest.  Totten. 

RE-EN-FORC'ED,  (-forst',)  pp.  Strengthened  by  ad- 
ditional force,  troops,  or  ships. 

RE-EN-FORCE'.MENT,  n.    The  act  of  re-enforcing. 

2.  Adtlitional  force  ;  fresh  assistance  ;  particularly, 
additional  troops  or  force  to  augment  the  strength  of 
an  army  or  of  ships. 

3.  Any  augmentation  of  strength  or  force  by  some- 
thing added. 

RE-EN-FORC'ING,  ppr.  Strengthening  by  additional 
force. 

RE-E.N-GAGE',  r.  t.   To  engage  a  secund  time. 

RE-EN-GAGE',  v.  i.  To  engage  again  ;  to  enlist  a 
second  time;  to  covenant  again.  JUitford. 

RE-EN-G aG'KD,  pp.    Engagfd  a  second  time, 

Rt^E.\-GAG'ING,  ppr.    Engaging  again. 

RE-EN-JOY',  V.  i.  [re  and  enjoy.]  To  enjoy  anew 
or  a  second  time.  Pope. 

RE-EN JOY'ED,  pp.    Enjoyed  again. 

RE-EN-JOY'ING,  ppr.    Enjoying  anew. 

REl-EN-JOY'MENT,  ti.  A  second  or  repeated  enjoy- 
ment. 

RE-EN-KIN'DLE,  v.  t.  [re  and  enkindle.]  To  en 
kmdie  again  ;  to  rekindle.  Taylor. 


RE-EN-KIN'DI.EII,  pp.    Enkindli  il  again. 

RE-E\  K1N'UL1NG,  ppr.    Enkindling  am.w. 

RE-EN-I.IST',  V.  t.    To  enlist  n  sccontl  time. 

RlC-EN-MST'El),  pp.    Enlisted  anew. 

Ri:-E,\-I,IST'ING,  ppr.    Enlisting  anew. 

KE-E.V-I.I.ST'.VIENT,  n.    A  sccontl  enlistment. 

RE-EN-STA.MI",  K.  (.    To  enstamp  again.  Urdcll. 

RE-KN'TER,  v.  t.  [re  anil  enter.]  To  enter  again  or 
anew.  It  is  applied,  in  enirraviug,  t'l  the  passing  of 
the  graver  into  thtise  incisions  of  the  plati;,  so  as  to 
deepen  them,  where  the  acid  has  not  bitten  in  siilh- 
ciently.  Braudc. 

RE-EN'TER,  v.  i.   To  enter  anew. 

RE-EN'TER-/5D,  pp.    Entered  again. 

RE-EN'TER-ING,  ppr.    Entering  anew. 

2.  a.  Entering  in  return  ;  as,  salient  and  re-enter- 
inir  angles.  P.  Cyc. 

RE-EN-TIIRONE',  v.  t.  [re  and  enthrone.]  To  en- 
throne again  ;  to  replace  on  a  throne.  Soutliern. 

RE-EN-TIIRON'KIJ,  pp.    Raised  again  to  a  throne. 

RE-EN-TI!KoN'E'ME.\T,  71.    A  second  enthroning. 

RE-E.\-TII1{6N'1NG,  ppr.    Ropl.icing  on  a  throne. 

RE-1;N'TRANCE,  71.  [rc  and  c/Kra/icc]  The  act  of 
entering  again.  Hooker. 

RE-EN'TRANT,  a.    Sec  Re-enterinq. 

REER'MOLTSE,  ti.    [Sa.t.  kreremiu.] 
A  rearmouse  ;  a  bat. 

RE-ES-TAB'LISII,  r.  t.  [re  and  e-itahtiih.]  To  es- 
tablish anew  ;  to  fix  or  confirm  again  ;  as,  to  rc-cs- 
tahlisli  a  covenant ;  to  re-cilablM  health. 

RE-E.S-TAB'LISH-KI),  (-cs  lab'lisht,)  pp.  or  a.  Estab- 
lished or  confirmed  again. 

RE-ES-TAB'LISH-ER,  n.  One  who  establishes  again. 

RE-E.-<-TAB'LISll-ING,  ppr.  Establishing  anew  ; 
confirming  again. 

RE-ES-TAB'LISII-ME\T,  71.  The  .let  of  establish- 
ing again  ;  the  state  of  being  re-established  ;  re- 
newetl  confirmation  ;  restoration.  Mdison. 

RE-ES-TaTE',  v.  L  [rc  and  estate.]  To  re-establish. 
[JV»(  used.]  IVaUer. 

REEVE,  n.    A  bird,  the  female  of  the  ruff. 

REEVE,  V.  U  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Rove.  In  seamen's  lan- 
ffuaire,  to  pass  the  end  of  a  rope  through  any  holt;  in 
a  block,  thimble,  cleat,  ring-bolt,  cringle,  &.C.  Totten. 

REEVE,  Tj.    [Sax.  gerefa ;  G.  graf.] 

An  officer,  stewart-I,  or  governor.  It  is  obsolete  ex- 
cept in  compounds  ;  as,  skire-rccce,  now  written  sher- 
iff; port-reeve,  &.C.  Brande. 

RE-EX  AM'l-NA-BLE,  {z  as  gi,)  a.  That  may  be  re- 
examined or  reconsidt^red.  Judge  Story. 

RE-E.X-A.M-IN-A'TION,  71.  A  renewed  or  repeated 
examination. 

RE-EX-.ViM'INE,  ».  f.  [re  and  czaminc.]  To  exam- 
ine anew.  Hooker. 

RE-EX-AM'IN-KT),  pp.    Examined  again. 

RF.-E.\-AM'IN-I.NG,  ppr.    Examining  anew. 

RE-EX-CIIANGE',  n.  [re  and  czcluinge.]  A  renewed 
exchange. 

2.  In  commerce,  the  expense  chargeable  on  a  bill  of 
exchange  tir  draft  which  has  been  dishontircd  in  a 
foreign  country,  and  returned  to  that  country  in 
which  it  was  made  or  indorsed,  and  then  taken  up. 

Bouvicr. 

The  rate  of  re-exchange  is  repilaled  with  respect  to  the  dniwer, 
at  the  Connie  of  cxch-xnge  between  the  pi  ice  where  the  hill 
of  exchiin  je  was  payable,  and  the  place  where  it  was  tlrawo. 
Re-exchangee  can  nut  be  cumulated.  Walth. 

RE-EX-PoRT',  V.  t.  [re  and  export.]  To  export 
a'gain  ;  to  export  what  has  been  imported.  In  the 
United  States,  a  drawback  is  allowed  on  commodi- 
ties re-erported. 

RE-EX'PORT,  71.    Anv  commodity  re-exported. 

RE-EX-I'OK-TA'TION,  Tt.  The  act  of  exporting 
what  has  been  imported. 

RE-E,X  roRT'ED,  pp.  Exported  after  being  im- 
ported. 

RE-E.X-PORT'ING,  ppr.  Exporting  what  has  been 
imported. 

RE-FASH'ION,  (-fash'un,)  tj.  f.  To  fashion,  form,  or 
moltl  into  shape  a  second  time.  Mackniirht, 

RE-FASII'lON-JCD,  pp.    Fashioned  again. 

RE-FASH'ION-ING,  ppr.    Shaping  a  second  time. 

RE-FEGT',  V.  t.  [L.  refectus,  rtjicio  ;  re  and  facia,  to 
make.] 

To  refresh ;  to  restore  after  hunger  or  fatigue. 
[Ao(  in  iwr.l  Brown. 
RE-FEC'TION,  ti.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rrfectio.] 

1.  Refreshment  after  hunger  or  fatigue. 

Sauth.  Pope. 

2.  In  monaxtcries,  a  s|>arc  meal  or  repast.  Brande, 
RE-FEeT'IVE,  0.    Refreshing;  restoring. 
RE-FECT'IVE.  n.   That  which  refreshes. 
RE-FfieT'O-RY,  n.    [Fr.  refcelmre.] 

A  room  of  refreshment ;  originally,  a  hall  or  apart- 
ment in  convents  and  monasteries,  where  a  niodcr- 
Mr  repast  is  taken.  Brande. 
RE-FEL',  V.  L    [L.  refello.] 

To  reftite  ;  to  disprove  ;  to  repress  ;  as,  to  refel  the 
tricks  of  a  sophister.    [Little  us«/.]  SAoJt. 
RE-FER',  r.  L    [L.  refero  ;  re  and  fero,  to  bear  ;  Fr. 
Tcferrrr  ;  It.  referire  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  rrfcrir.] 

1.  To  direct,  leave,  or  deliver  over  to  another  per- 
son or  tribunal  for  information  or  decision  ;  as  when 
parlies  to  a  suit  refer  their  cause  to  another  court ;  or 


the  court  refers  a  cause  to  iiidiviilu;Js  for  exaiiiina 
tioii  and  report.  A  person  whose  opinion  Is  retpirsl- 
eil,  soint:tiiiies  refers  tlie  iiiipiirer  to  another  person 
or  other  soiirct;  of  information. 

2.  To  reduce  as  to  the  iilliiiiate  end. 

Yon  profess  nnd  praclict-  to  refer  all  tilings  lo  younelf.  Bacon. 

3.  To  reduce  ;  to  a.ssign  ;  as  to  an  order,  genus,  or 
class.  Naturalists  are  sometimes  at  a  loss  to  know 
to  what  class  or  genus  an'animal  or  plant  is  to  be  re- 
ferred 

To  refer  one's  self  i  to  betake  ;  to  apply.  [r.Utle 
iisrd.  1  .SVi'it. 
RE  FER',  V.  i.    To  point  or  have  reference.  .Many 
piussages  of  Scripture  refer  to  the  peculiar  customs  of 
the  Orientals. 

2.  To  appeal ;  to  have  recourse  ;  to  apply. 

In  sniu  it  is  good  to  refer  to  some  trieiul  of  trust.  tinron. 

3.  To  alluile ;  to  have  respect  to  by  intimation, 
without  naming.    I  refer  to  a  wi  ll-known  fact. 

REF'ER-A  IILE,  a.  That  may  be  referred  ;  ca|)able 
of  being  considered  in  relation  to  something  else. 

.More. 

2.  That  may  be  assigned  ;  that  may  be  considered 
as  belonging  to  or  related  to. 

It  is  a  question  ainoii^  philosophers,  whether  all  the  atlncttons 
whicti  obt^n  tjctweeii  bodies  arc  r^eiabte  to  one  if.-n.-ral 
cause.  SichoUon. 

REF-ER-EE',  n.  One  to  whom  a  thing  is  referred  ; 
particularly,  a  person  appointed  by  a  court  to  hear, 
examine,  and  decide  a  cause  lu  twi  en  parties,  priid- 
ing  before  the  court,  and  make  report  to  the  roiirl. 
In  J^eiD  England,  a  referee  dillVrs  from  an  arbitrator 
in  being  appointed  by  the  court  to  decide  in  a  cause 
which  is  depending  before  that  court.  An  arbitrator 
is  i^hosen  by  parties  to  decide  a  cause  between  them. 

REF'ER-ENCE,  n.  A  sending,  dismission,  or  ilircc- 
tion,  to  another  for  information.  Swift. 

2.  Relation  ;  res|)ect ;  view  toward. 

The  Christian  p'li^ion  commands  sobriety,  teinpernnce,  and  mod- 
eration, in  rejerence  to  our  appetites  and  passions. 

TO/olson. 

3.  .Allusion  to.  In  his  observations,  he  had  no 
reference  to  the  case  which  has  been  stated. 

4.  In  late,  the  process  of  a.ssigning  a  cause  depend- 
ing in  court,  for  a  hearing  and  decision,  to  persons 
appointed  by  the  court. 

REF-ER-EN'TIAL,  a.    That  contains  a  reference; 

that  points  to  something  out  of  itself.  Smart. 
REF-ER-END'A-RY,  n.    One  to  whose  decision  a 

cause  is  referred  ;  a  referee.    [./Vof  in  use.]  Bacon. 

2.  An  officer  who  delivered  the  royal  answer  to 
petitions.  Hannar. 

3.  In  early  histoni,  an  officer  charged  with  the  duty 
of  procuring  and  dispatching  diplomas  and  decree^. 

Brande. 

RE-FER'.MEXT,  ti.  Reference  for  decision.  [ATjf 
used.]  Laud. 

RE-FER-MENT',  v.  t.  [re  and  ferment.]  To  ferment 
again.  Blackmirre. 

RE-FER'RfTD,  pp.  Dismissed  or  directed  to  another ; 
assigned,  ,-is.to  a  class, order,  or  cause;  assigned  by 
a  court  to  persons  appointed  to  decide. 

RE-FER'RI-BLE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  referred  ;  refer- 
able. Brown. 

RE-FER'RI.N'G,  ppr.  Dismissing  or  directing  to 
another  for  information;  alluding;  assigning,  as  to 
a  cl.iss,  order,  cause,  &c. ;  or  assigning  to  private 
persons  for  decision. 

RE-FIND',  r.  I  [re  and  find.]  To  find  again  ;  to  ex- 
perience anew.  Sandys. 

RE-FINE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  raffincr ;  It.  rafftnare ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  rejinar  :  re  and  fine.] 

1.  To  purify  ;  inagcneralscn.se;  applittd  to  liquors, 
to  depunite  ;  to  defecate  ;  to  clarify  ;  to  separate,  as 
liquor,  from  all  extraneous  matter.  In  this  sense, 
the  verb  is  used  wiUi  propriety,  but  it  is  customary 
to  use  Fine. 

2.  .Applied  to  metaU,  to  separate  the  metallic  sub- 
stance from  all  other  matter,  whether  another  metal 
or  alloy,  or  any  earthy  subsUince  ;  iii  short,  to  detach 
the  pure  metal  from  all  extraneous  matter. 

I  will  bring  Ihe  third  part  through  the  fire,  lAid  will  r^fin*  them 
as  silver  is  refined.  —  Zech.  xiii. 

3.  To  purify,  as  manners,  from  what  is  gross, 
clownish,  or  vulgar;  to  polish;  to  make  elegant. 
We  expect  to  see  refined  manners  in  courts. 

4.  To  purify,  as  l.-inguage,  by  removing  vulgar  ' 
words  and  barbarisms. 

5.  To  purify,  as  taste  ;  to  give  a  nice  and  delicate 
perception  of  beauty  and  propriety  in  literature  and 
the  arts. 

6.  To  purify,  as  the  mind  or  moral  principles  ;  to 
give  or  implant  in  the  mind  a  nice  perception  of 
truth,  justice,  and  propriety,  in  commerce  and  social 
intercourse.  This  nice  perception  of  what  is  right 
constitutes  rectitude  of  principle,  or  moral  refinement 
of  mind  ;  and  a  correspondent  practice  of  social  du- 
ties constitutes  rectitude  of  conduct  or  purity  of 
morals.  Hence  we  speak  of  a  refined  mind,  refined 
manners,  refined  principles. 

To  refine  the  heart  or  soul ;  to  cleanse  it  from  nil 
carnal  or  evil  aflfections  and  desires,  and  implant  in 
'it  holy  qr  heavenly  affections. 


TCNE,  B;;LL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  Til  a»  in  THIS. 


116" 


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KEF 


RE-FINE',  V.  i.  To  improve  in  accuracy,  delicacy,  or 
in  any  tiling  that  constitutes  excellence. 

Ch^uicer  rejined  on  BoccACe,  and  metultd  liis  stories,  Dryden. 
Yel  1  l  a  lort!  b  'I  own  the  li.ippy  lines, 

How  llie  wit  Ijrigiitens,  how  Uie  sense  refines  I  Pope. 

2.  To  become  pure  ;  to  be  cleared  of  feculent  mat- 
ter. 

So  the  pure,  liinpiil  stream,  when  foul  with  stains, 

Works  lUelf  cle.ir,  ami  as  it  runs,  refines.  Addison. 

3.  To  .-iffect  nicety.  Men  sometimes  rp^jie  in  spec- 
ulation beyond  tlie  limits  of  practical  truth. 

lie  makes  another  parao^ph  about  our  refining  in  controversy. 

Atterbury. 

KE  FiX'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Purified  ;  separated  from  extra- 
necnis  matter  ;  freed  from  alloy,  &c.,  as  metals  ;  clar- 
ified, as  liquors  ;  polished  ;  separated  from  what  is 
coarse,  rude,  or  improper. 

EE-FI\'EU-LY,  aUv.  With  affected  nicety  or  ele- 
gance. Drijilen. 

RE  riN'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  refined  ;  pu- 
rity ;  refinement  j  also,  affected  purity.  Barroic. 

EE  FINE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  piirifyinj  by  sepa- 
ratiiiK  from  a  substance  all  extraneous  matter;  a 
clearing  from  dross,  alloy,  dregs,  or  recrement;  as, 
the  rejinernent  of  metals  or  liquors. 

2.  The  state  of  being  pure. 

The  more  bodies  art?  of  a  kin  to  spirit  in  subtilty  and  refinement, 
the  tuore  dillusive  are  they.  J\orns. 

3.  Polish  of  language  ;  elegance  ;  purity. 

From  the  civil  war  to  this  time,  I  doiibt  whether  the  comiptions 
in  our  language  have  not  equaled  its  refinements,  hwi/t. 

4.  Polish  of  manners  ;  elegance  ;  nice  observance 
of  the  civilities  of  social  intercourse  and  of  graceful 
decorum.  iZr/frtemcne  of  manners  is  often  fount!  in 
persons  of  corrupt  morals. 

5.  Purity  of  taste  ;  nice  perception  of  beauty  and 
propriety  in  literature  and  the  arts. 

ti.  Purity  of  mind  and  morals  ;  nice  perception  and 
observance  of  rectitude  in  moral  principles  and  prac- 
tice. 

7.  Purity  of  heart ;  the  state  of  the  heart  purified 
from  sensual  and  evil  affections.  This  refinement  is 
the  effect  of  Christian  principles. 

8.  Artificial  practice  ;  subtilty  ;  as,  the  refinements 
of  cunning.  Rogers. 

9.  Affectation  of  nicety,  or  of  elegant  improve- 
ment ;  as  the  refinements  of  reasoning  or  philosophy. 

KE-FIX'ER,  71.  One  that  refines  metals  or  other 
things.  Bacon. 

2.  An  improver  in  purity  and  elegance  ;  as,  a  re- 
finer of  language.  *';£•//(. 

3.  An  inventor  of  superfluous  subtilties  ;  one  who 
is  over  nice  in  discrimination,  in  argument,  reason- 
ing, philosophy,  &c. 

RE-FI.VER-Y,  n.  The  place  and  apparatus  for  refin- 
ing metals. 

RE-Fl.N'ING,  ppr.  Purifying;  separating  from  alloy 
or  any  extraneous  matter;  polishing;  improving  in 
accuracy,  delicacy,  or  purity. 

RE-FTN'ING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  purifying  ;  par- 
ticularly, the  purification  of  a  metal  from  an  alloy  or 
other  matter.  Ilcbert. 

2.  The  use  of  too  much  refinement  or  subtilty  ; 
great  nicety  of  speculation. 

RE-FIT',  V.  I.    [re  and  fit.'\    To  fit  or  prepare  again  ; 

to  repair  ;  to  restore  after  damage  or  decay  ;  as,  to 

refit  ships  of  war. 
RE-FIT',  V.  i.    To  repair  damages.    Admiral  Keppel 

returned  to  Portsmouth  to  refit.  Bclskaia. 
RE-FI  T'.MENT,  n.    A  seconti  fitting  out. 
UE-FIT'TEI),  p/j.    Prepared  again  ;  repaired. 
RIvFF  T'TliNG,  /)/>r.   Repairing  after  damage  or  decay. 
R^>FLEeT',  V.  t.    [L.  rrfiecto  ;  re  and  flecto,  to  bend  ; 

Fr.  rrfirchir;  It.  rifiet^ere.'\ 
To  throwback;  to  cause  to  return  after  striking 

upon  any  surface;  as,  to  refircl  light,  heat,  sound, 

&c.    In  the  rainbow,  the  rays  of  light  arc  reficcted  as 

well  as  refracted. 

Bodie«  close  together  rejlect  their  own  color.  Drytlcn. 

RE  FEEGT',  v.  i.  To  throw  back  light,  heat,  &c. ;  to 
return  rays  or  beams  ;  as,  a  reflecting  mirror  or  gem 

Slinh. 

9.  I'o  bend  back.  Benlletj. 

3.  To  throw  or  turn  back  the  thoughts  upon  the 
(Kist  operations  of  the  mind,  or  upon  pastevents.  We 
rejlect  with  pleasure  on  a  gtinerous  t)r  heroic  action  ; 
we  reflect  With  pain  on  our  follies  anil  vices  ;  we  re- 
fieri  on  our  former  tlioughts,  meditations,  and  0|)in 
ionx. 

4.  To  consider  attentively  ;  to  revolve  in  the  mind 
to  contemplate  ;  as,  I  will  reflect  on  this  Hubji'ct. 

An<l  nil  I  much  refiecled,  frnich  I  mourned.  Prior. 
In  every  action,  refi*ct  upon  the  end.  7Vtf//or. 

[To  reflect  on  things /liti/rr,  is  not  strictly  possible, 
yet  the  word  in  often  used  as  synonymouH  with 
Mkuitate  and  (-'(wtkmpi-ate. j 

5.  'I'o  bring  reproach. 

Krrors  of  wives  reflect  on  hutbnnd  still.  Dryten. 

To  rrflect  an  ;  to  cMt  censure  or  reproach. 
I  <tu  nut  refieet  In  Uie  Icailon  tlie  memory  of  his  lute  mitjeaiv. 

.SV./I. 


RE-FLEeT'EI),  pp.  or  a.    Thrown  back ;  returned  ; 

as,  reflected  light,  heat,  soiiinl,  &c. 
RE-FLEGT'ENT,  a.    Bending  or  flying  back  ;  as,  the 

rav  descerident,  and  ray  rrflectent.  Diirby. 
RE-FLEeT'I-13LE,  a.     That  may  be   reflected  or 

thrown  back.  Oreirory. 
RE-FLEeT'ING,  ppr.    Throwing  back,  as  light,  heat, 

&,c. 

2.  Turning  back,  as  thoughts  upon  themselves  or 
upon  past  events. 

3.  Reflectmtr  on  ;  casting  censure  or  reproach. 
RE-FLEeT'ING,  a.    Throwing  back  light,  heat,  &c., 

as  a  mirror  or  other  surface. 
2.  Given  to  reflection  or  serious  consideration  ; 

reflective  ;  as,  a  reflecting  mind. 

Refipctintr  telescope.    See  Telescope. 
RE-FLECT'ING  CIR'GI.E,  n.    An   instrument  for 

the  measurement  of  angles  by  reflectitm.  Brande. 
RE-FLECT'ING-LY,    adv.     With  reflection;  with 

censure.  Stoift. 
RE-FLECTION,  (re-flek'shun,)  n.    [from  reflect.]  A 

turning  back  after  striking  upon  any  surface  ;  as,  the 

reflection  of  ligtit,  heat,  or  sound  ;  the  reflection  of  an 

chustic  body.    The  angle  of  incidence  and  the  angle 

of  reflection  are  always  etpial. 

2.  The  act  of  bending  back.  Bentlcij. 

3.  That  which  is  reflected. 

As  the  sun  in  water  "Jve  cati  bear, 

Yel  not  the  sun,  hut  his  ref.ection  there.  Dryden. 

4.  The  operation  of  the  mind  by  which  it  turns  its 
views  back  upon  itself  and  its  operations  ;  the  re- 
view or  reconsitleration  of  past  thouglits,  opinions, 
or  decisions  of  the  mind,  or  of  past  events.  Encijc. 

5.  Thought  thrown  back  on  itself,  on  the  past  or 
on  the  absent;  as,  melancholy  reflections i  delightful 
reflections. 

Job's  reflections  on  his  once  flourishing  estate  at  the  same  time 
aHIicied  and  encouraged  him.  Atterbury. 

G.  The  expression  of  thought. 

7.  Attentive  consideration  ;  meditation  ;  contem- 
plation. 

This  delight  grows  and  improves  under  thought  and  reflerdon. 

Houtji. 

8.  Censure  ;  reproach  cast. 

He  (lied,  and  O  I  may  no  rejlection  shed 

Its  poisonous  venom  on  the  royal  dead.  Prior. 

RI3-FLEeT'IVE,  a.    Throwing  back  images;  as,  a 
reflective  mirror. 

In  the  refieclive  stream  the  sighing  bride. 

Viewing  her  charms  impaired.  Prior. 

2.  Considering  the  operations  of  the  mind,  or 
things  oast ;  as,  reflective  reason.  Prior. 
RE-FLECT'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  reflection. 
RE-FLECT'OR,  n.    One  who  reflects  or  considers. 

Boifle. 

2.  Something  having  a  polished  surface  for  reflect- 
ing light  or  heat,  as  of  a  lamp,  &c. 
RE'FLEX,  o.    [L.  reftezus.] 

1.  Directed  back  ;  retroactive  ;  as,  a  reflex  act  of 
the  soul,  the  turning  of  the  intellectual  eye  inward 
upon  its  own  actions.  Hnle. 

2.  Designating  the  parts  of  a  painting  illuminated 
by  light  reflected  from  another  part  of  the  same  pic- 
ture. Encijc, 

3.  In  botany,  bent  back  ;  reflected. 
RE-FLE.X',  n.    Reflection.    [JVut  used.]  Hooker. 

2.  The  light  reflected  from  an  enlightened  surface 
to  one  in  shade.  Owilt. 
RE-FLEX',  V.  t.    To  reflect.  Slink. 
2.  To  bend  back  ;  to  turn  back.    [Little  used.] 

Gregory. 

RE  FLEX'OT,  (re-flekst',)  pp.  or  a.    Reflected';  in 

botany,  suddenly  bent  backward.  Liudley. 
RE-FLEX-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  being' re- 
flexible  or  capable  of  being  reflected  ;  as,  the  reflezi- 
bility  of  the  rays  of  light.  JVeutl.on. 
RE-Fi.EX'l-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  reflected  or 
thrown  back. 

The  light  ol  the  sun  consists  of  rays  dilTerCDlly  refrangible  and 
reJieTible.  Cheyne. 

RE-FLEX'ION.    See  Reflection. 
RE-FLEX'I-TY,  n.    Capacity  of  being  reflected. 
RE-FLEX'IVE,  o.    Having  respect  to  something  past. 

Assurance  refiexive  can  not  be  ft  tlivine  fdth.  Hammond. 

RE-FLEX'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  direction  backward. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

Ric-FLfiAT',  71.   [re  and  float.]   Reflux  ;  ebb  ;  a  flow- 
ing back.    [I.illle  vsed.]  Bacon. 

RE  FLO-RES'CE.'VCE,  71.     [re  and  florescence.]  A 
blossoming  atiew. 

RF,-FI,OHR'ISII,  (re-flur'ish,)  II.  1.    [re  and  flourish.] 
To  flourish  anew.  JIdton. 

RE-Ft,OIIR'ISH-ING,  ppr.    Flourishing  again. 

RE- FLOW,  «.  I.    [re  and  flow.]    To  flow  back;  to 
ebb. 

RE-FLOW'ING,ppr.    Flowing  back  ;  ebbing. 

Darwin. 

RE-FLIICT-II-A'TFON,  n.    A  flowing  back. 
UEF'LH  ENCE,  (71.     [from   refluent.]     A  flowing 
UEF'LIT-EN-(;Y,  !     back.  Mounlaguc. 
REF'LU  ENT,  «.    [L.  rrfluens  ;  rc  and  fluo.] 

1.  Flowing  back  ;  ebbing;  as,  the  rr/Iucnl  title. 


2.  Flowing  back ;  returning,  as  a  fluid  ;  as,  reflu 
ent  blood.  j^rbulhnot. 
Rli'FLUX,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  refluzus.] 

A  flowing  back  ;  the  returning  of  a  fluid  ;  as,  th>- 
flux  jUHt  riftuz  of  the  tides  ;  the  flux  and  reflur  of 
the  EjBpus.  Brown. 
RE-FOC'I  L-LaTE,  (-fos'il-late,)  jj.  U    [It.  refiicillore  ; 
Sp.  refocilar  ;  L.  refocillo  ;  re  and  the  root  of  focus.] 

To  refresh  ;  to  revive;  to  give  new  vigor  tt).  [Lit- 
tle used.]  .Aubrey. 
RE-FOC-1L-La'TION,  (-fos-il-la'shun,)  n.    The  act 
of  refreshing  or  giving  new  vigor  ;  restoration  of 
strength  by  refreshment.    [Little  used.]  Middleton 
RE-FO-MENT',  v.  I.    [re  and  foment.]    To  foment 
anew  ;  to  warm  or  cherish  again.  Cotgrave. 
2.  To  excite  anew. 
RE-FO-iMENT'ED,  pp.    Fomented  or  incited  anew. 
RE-FO-MENT'ING,  p;)r.    Fomentinganew  ;  exciting 
again. 

RE-.'^ORM',  ».  t.  [Fr.  reformer;  L.  reformo  ;  re  and 
formo,  to  form.] 

1.  'I'o  change  from  worse  to  better  ;  to  amend  ;  to 
correct ;  to  restore  to  a  former  good  state,  or  to  bring 
from  a  bad  to  a  good  state  ;  as,  to  reform  a  profligate 
man  ;  to  reform  corrupt  manners  or  morals. 

The  example  alone  of  a  vicious  prince  will  corrupt  an  age  ;  but 
that  ot  a  good  one  will  not  reform  it.  Swift. 

2.  To  change  from  bad  to  good  ;  to  remove  that 
which  is  bad  or  corrupt;  as,  to  reform  abuses;  to 
reform  the  vices  of  the  age. 

RE-FORM',  p.  i.  To  abandon  that  which  is  evil  or 
corrupt,  and  return  to  a  good  state ;  to  be  amended 
or  corrected.  A  man  of  settled  habits  of  vice  will 
seldom  reform. 

Re'-FORiM',  I'.  (.  [re  form.]  To  form  again  ;  to 
create  or  shape  anew. 

RE-FORM',  71.  Reformation;  amendment  of  what  is 
defective,  vicious,  corrupt,  or  depraved  ;  as,  the  re- 
form of  parliamentary  elections ;  reform  of  govern- 
ment. 

REF-OR-Ma'DO,  71.  A  monk  who  adheres  to  the 
reformation  of  his  order.  fVcever. 

2.  An  orticer  retained  in  his  regiment  when  his 
company  is  disbantied.  B.  Jonson. 

RE-FOR.M'AL-IZE,  v.  i.  To  affect  reformation  ;  to 
pretend  to  correctness.  Lee. 

REF-OR-iMa'TION,  71.  The  act  of  reforming;  cor- 
rection or  amendment  of  life,  manners, 'or  of  any 
thing  vicious  or  corrupt ;  as,  the  reformation  of  man- 
ners ;  reformation  of  the  :ige  ;  reformation  of  abuses. 

Satire  lashes  vice  into  reftirnwlion.  Dryden. 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  the  chance  of  religion  in 
the  European  churches  to  its  primitive  purity,  begun 
by  Luther,  A.  1).  1517. 

Rk-FOR-Ma'TION,  71.  The  act  of  forming  anew  ;  a 
second  forming  in  order;  as,  the  re-/ormotiV)ji  of  a 
column  of  troops  into  a  hollow  square.  Mitford. 

RE-F0RM'.\-TIVE,  0.  Forming  again;  having  the 
quality  of  renewing  form.  Good. 

RE-FOR.M'A-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  produce  reform- 
ation. 

RE-FOR.M'iCD,  pp.  or  a.  Corrected  ;  amended  ;  re- 
stored to  a  good  state  ;  as,  a  reformed  profligate. 

2.  a.  In  ecclesiastical  history,  a  term  denoting,  in 
its  widest  sense,  all  who  separated  from  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  at  the  era  of  the  reformation.  In 
a  more  .vpexific  sense,  it  denotes  those  who  separated 
from  Luther  on  the  doctrine  of  consiibstantiation, 
&.C.,  and  carrietl  the  reformation,  as  they  claimed, 
to  a  higher  point.  1'he  Protestant  churches  foundetl 
by  them  in  Switzerland,  Fiance,  Holland,  and  part 
of  Germany,  were  called  the  Reformed  churches. 

Rf.'-FORM'KD,  pp.    Formed  anew.      [Eucyc.  .^m. 

RE-FORI\I'ER,  71.  One  who  effects  a  reformation 
or  amendment;  as,  a  reformer  of  manners,  or  of 
abuses. 

2.  One  of  those  who  commenced  the  reformation 
of  religion  in  the  sixteenth  century,  as  Luther, 
Melanchthon,  Zuinglius,  and  Calvin. 

RE-FOR.M'ING,  ppr.  or  o.  Correcting  what  is  wrong ; 
amending  ;  restoring  to  a  gotxl  state. 

Rif.'-FORM'ING,  ppr.    Forming  anew. 

RE-FORM'IS'X',  71.    One  who  is  of  the  reformed  re- 
ligion. Hoirrll. 
2.  One  who  proposes  or  favors  a  political  reform. 

RE-F0R-TI-FI-e.\'T10N,  71.  A  fortifying  a  second 
lime.  Mitford. 

Rif.-FOU'TI-FT  ED,  pp.    Fortified  anew. 

KE-FOR'TI-F?,  11.  (.    To  fortify  anew. 

RE-FOR'TI-FV-ING,  ppr.    Fortifying  again. 

RE-Ft^S'SION,  (re-fosli'un,)  11.  The  act  of  digging 
up.  Bp.  Hull. 

RE-FOUND',  7!.  (.  [rc  and  found.]  To  found  or  cast 
anew.  H'arlon. 

RE-I'OITND'ED,  pp.    Founded  again. 

UE-FOIIND'EK,  n.    One  who  refounda. 

RE-FOIJND'INt;,  ppr.    Founding  again. 

RE-I'RACT',  V.  t.  [L.  refractus,  rifringo  1  re  and 
frango,  to  break.] 

To  break  the  natural  course  of  the  rays  of  light ; 
to  cause  to  deviate  from  a  direct  course.  A  dense 
nieilium  refracts  thv  rays  of  light,  us  they  pass  into 
it  fnun  a  rare  medium. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.  —  METE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DOQK.— 

__ 


REF 

RE-FRACT'En,  pi>.  or  a.  Turned  from  a  direct 
course,  as  niys  ol"  liclit. 

'2.  a.    In  buttiinj  and  conchato^jy  bent  back  at  an 
acute  anyle  ;  as,  a  rrfriictni  corol.    Martijiu  Jliimbte. 
RE-FRAC'l"'l.N(;, /)/)r.    Turning  from  a  dire^  "^o'lrsc. 
-3.  a.    That  turns  rays  fruui  a  direct  coiJk  ;  as,  a 
refracttuir  nicdiuin. 

Refruvtniir  trlt'^ictipe.    See  Telkscope. 
RE-KRAC'TIO.\,  n.    In  optics^  the  change  in  the  di- 
rectiiMi  iif  a  ray  of  lijjlit  caused  by  the  diirer  nce  of 
density  ill  the  medium  or  mediums  llirougli  winch  it 
passes.  Otiiidted. 
Re/nc^n  out  of  a  rarer  medium  into  a  dciiacr,  u  m.^ilc  lowani 
iJie  [writt-iidiculur.  Nffiz-Iori. 

Rifractiun,  in  mechanics,  is  more  commonly  called 
Deklei  tio"!,  which  see.  BarUiw. 

Double  refriutwn  ;  the  refraction  Of  li!!hl  in  two 
directions,  and  consequent  production  of  two  distinct 
images.    'I'he  power  of  double  refractittn  is  possessed 

■  by  all  crystals,  except  those  of  the  tesseral  or  reRular 
system.  liana. 

RE-FUAeT'IVE,  a.  That  refracts,  or  has  power  to 
refract  or  turn  from  a  direct  course  ;  pertainiu!;  to  re- 
fraflion  ;  as,  rrfractice  densities  or  powers.  JV'eiPtun, 

RE  FRACT'll-RI-LY,  ade.    I'crverselv  ;  obstinately. 

RE  FRAeT'0-Rl-.\ESc!,  n.  [from  rrfraclory.]  Per- 
verse or  sullen  obstinacy  in  opposition  or  disobe- 
dience. 

1  n*.*vcr  nllowtfd  any  m;ii»'s  refratlorinest  ngaiiist  the  privilp^t 
Hiitt  unirn  of  Uie  lioiisv.  A'.  Ovaries. 

2.  JlpiiUeil  to  metals,  difficulty  of  fii.sioil. 
RE-FRACT'O-RY,  o.    [Fr.  re/ractaire ;   L.  refracta- 

riiLs,  from  refragor,  to  resist ;  re  and  fragor,  from 
/r(i /(«■«.] 

1.  Sullen  or  pi^rverse  in  opposition  ordisobedienre  ; 
obstinate  in  noii  compliance  ;  as,  a  refractory  child  ; 
a  refractory  servant. 

Rnginf  npprtit<*s  th.it  nra 
Most  (li>utjeilifiit  rtiiil  r^'facbjry.  Shale* 

3.  Unmanaseable  ;  ol>stinately  unyielding ;  u^,  n 
refractorij  beast. 

3.  Jlpplieil  to  metals,  difficult  of  fusion  ;  not  easily 
yieldiiiK  to  the  force  of  heat. 
RE-FRACT'O-RV,  n.    A  person  obstinate  in  opposi- 
tion or  disobedience.  Ilati, 

2.  Obstinate  opposition.    [J^ot  nsed.]  Taylor, 
RE-FR.A'GA-liLE  or  REF'R.\-G.\-liLE,  a.    [L.  rcf- 

ra^or  ;  rr  and  frantro,] 

'I'hat  may  be  refuted,  that  is,  broken. 
RE-FRaI.\',  r.  t.    [Fr.  refrcner  ;  iL  riiifrcnare :  L.  re- 
frirno  ;  re  and  frano,  to  curb  ;  frienum,  a  rein.  See 
Rein.] 

To  hold  back  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  keep  ^t^.m  action. 

Mv  ioii  —re/rain  Ihy  fnol  fnmi  llvir  pjilh.  —  Prov.  I. 
Tlioii  J.«<'pli  coiiM  not  rejrain  Iiiihm'II  bufuru  ull  Uil-iii  Uiat  stood 
by.  — lien.  xl*. 

RE-FR.\I.N'',  e.  1.  To  forbear;  to  abstain ;  to  keep 
one's  self  from  action  or  interference. 

Rrfraxn  Iroin  thcK  m^tn,  ninl  let  tliem  alouc.  —  Acts  r. 

RE-FR.AIN',  n.    [Fr.  rc/rci;i.] 

Tile  burden  ol  a  song ;  a  kind  of  musical  repeti- 
tion. JMa^on. 

RE-FRaIN'KD,  pp.    Held  back  ;  restrained. 

RE-FR.Al.N'IN(;,y>pr.    Iloldins  back  ;  forbearing. 

Rf.  FRa.ME',  c.  t.    [re  iwui  frame.]     To  frame  ayain. 

RlJ-FR.A.M'KI), ;)/).    Fraiiud  anew.  [JIakev)M. 

RE-FRa.M'I.M;,  ppr.    Framing  again. 

RE-FRAN-GI-HII/1-TY,  n.  [(r^>m  rrfrans-Mc.]  The 
disposition  of  rays  of  light  to  be  refracted  or  turned 
out  of  a  direct  course,  in  passing  out  of  one  trans- 
parent lH>dy  or  niediuin  into  another.  AVuifi^n. 

RE-FRA.\'CI-1JLE,  a.    [L.  re  and  franco,  to  break.j 
Capable  of  being  retracted  or  turned  out  of  a  tli- 
rect  course  in  |>assing  from  one  medium  to  another; 
AH  ravs  of  light.  Locke. 

REF-RE-.N'A'TIO.X,  n.  [See  Refkain.]  The  act  of 
restniining.    [Ao(  u<ed.] 

RE-FRESir,  c.  (.  [Fr.  rrjrntchir ;  re  and  fralehir, 
from /raic/ir,  fresh;  It.  rinfrescare;  Sp.  and  Port. 
refrescar.    See  Fresh. j 

1.  To  co<d  ;  to  allay  heat. 

A  ilew  coming  alter  a  heat  re/resheth.  Ecctut. 

2.  To  give  new  strength  to  :  to  invigorate  ;  to  re- 
lieve after  fatigue  ;  as,  to  refresh  the  btidy.  A  man 
or  a  beast  is  refreshed  by  food  and  resL    hliod.  \\\V\. 

3.  To  revive  ;  to  reanimate  after  depression  ;  to 
cheer ;  to  enliven. 

Kor  ih'^y  have  rtfrtxhed  my  cpirit  and  yonra.  —  1  Cor.  xri. 

4.  To  improve  by  new  touches  any  thing  im- 
paired. 

The  re<t  Ttfrtth  the  lealy  snakes.  Dryden. 

5.  To  revive  what  is  drooping;  as,  rain  refreshei 
the  plants. 

RE-FRESU',  n.    Act  of  refreshing.  [Jt'otused.] 

DanieL 

RE-FRESll'KD,  (re-fresht',)  pp.     Cooled;  invigo- 

nited  i  revived  ;  cheered. 
RE-FREt^ll'ER,  ».     He  or  that  which  refreshes,  re- 

vive'^,  or  invigorates.  Thomson. 
RE-FRESiri.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Cooling;  invigorating; 

reviving  ;  reanimating. 


REF 

RE-FRESH'INO,  n.     Refreshment;   relief  after  fa- 
tigue or  siilfering.  Mortimer. 
2.  Refreshment  in  spiritual  things,    ./lets  iii.  It). 

RE-FRE.Siri.\G-LY,  ado.  So  as  to  refresh,  or  give 
new  life. 

RE-FRESH'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  refresh- 
ing. 

RE-FRESH'MENT,  ?i.  Act  of  refreshing ;  or  new 
strength  or  vigor  received  alter  fatigue ;  relief  after 
sutreriiig  ;  applieti  to  the  body. 

2.  New  life  or  aniinaliun  after  depression  ;  applied 
to  the  mind  or  spirits. 

3.  That  which  gives  fresh  strength  or  vigor,  as 
food  or  rest.  SontA.  Sprat. 

RE-FRET',  n.    The  burden  of  a  song.  DicL 
RE-FKIG'ER-ANT,   a.     [Fr.     See  Refbigebate.] 

Cooling  ;  allaying  heat.  Bacon. 
RE-FRIO'ER-ANT,  n.  Among  physicians,  a  medicine 

which  abates  heat,  or  cools. 
RE-FRIG'ER-ATE,  v.t.    [L.  refrigero ;  re  and  frigiis, 

cold.] 

'J'o  cool  ;  to  allav  the  Iieat  of ;  to  refresh.  Bacon. 
RF.-FRlG'ER  A-TED,  pp.  Cooled. 
RE  FRIG'EK-A-TlNt;,  opr.    Allaying  he.it;  cooling. 
RE  FRIG  ER-A'TU)N,  n.    The  act  of  cooling;  the 

abaleineiit  of  heat  ;  stale  of  being  cooled.  Bacon. 
RE-FRIG'ER  A-TIVE,  a.  Cooling. 
RE-FRI(5'ER-.\-TlVE,  71.     A  remedy  that  allays 

heat. 

RE-FRIG'ER-A-TOR,  ri.  An  air-tight  bo.x  for  keep- 
ing articles  cool  in  summer  by  means  of  ice. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  rapiif  cooling,  connected  with 
a  still,  &.C.  Francis. 

RE-FRIG'ER-A-TO-RY,  a.  Cooling;  mitigating 
heat. 

RE-FRIG'ER-A-TO-RY,  n.  In  </«fi7/n(ion,  a  vessel 
filled  with  cold  water,  through  which  the  worm 
passes;  by  which  means  the  vapors  are  condensed 
as  they  pass  through  the  worm. 

2.  Any  thing  internally  cooling.  Mortimer. 
REF-RI-Gr:'Rl-Lr.M,  n.    [I,.]    Cooling  refreshment; 

refrigeration.    [Awf  in  use.]  South. 
REFT,  pp.  of  Reave.     Deprived  ;  bereft.     [A'ot  in 
itsf.]  Shak, 
2.  pret.  of  Reave.    Took  away.    [JVot  in  i/.<f.] 

Spenser. 

REFT,  71.    A  chink.    [See  Rift.] 
REF'QGE,  71.    [Fr.,  troni  L.  refugium,  refugio  ;  re 
and  fugio,  to  flee.] 

1.  Shelter  or  protection  from  danger  or  distress. 
—  Rucks,  dens,  and  caves,  but  1  in  none  of  these 

Find  place  ur  refuge.  Milton. 
We  h.ivc  made  lies  our  refuse.  — Is.  xxviii. 
We  nii^tit  have  strong  consul.ilion,  who  h.ive  fled  for  refuse  to 
lay  hold  on  tile  hujie  set  Ufore  us.  — Heli.  vi. 

2.  That  which  shelters  or  protects  from  danger, 
distress,  or  calamity  ;  a  stronghold  which  protects 
by  its  strength,  or  a  sanctuary  which  secures  safety 
by  its  sacredness ;  any  place  inaccessible  to  an 
enemy. 

The  hi*h  hills  are  a  refuse  for  the  wild  ^als.  —  Ps.  civ. 
The  lor\l  also  will  !«  a  rtjuge  for  ihe  oppresse^l.  —  Ps.  ix. 

3.  An  expedient  to  secure  protection  or  defense. 


This  l:isl  ulil  man  — 
Their  latest  refuge  w.is  10  send  10  liim. 


Siai. 


4.  Expedient,  in  general. 

Light  must  lie  supplied,  antun^  gTac/-ful  refugee,  by  Icrmcing 
any  story  in  daiigiT  ol  daikiKss.  WoUon. 

Cities  of  refuge;  among  the  Tsrartite.t,  certain  cities 
appointed  to  secure  the  safety  of  such  persons  as 
might  coiiiniii  homicide  w  ithout  design.  Of  these 
there  were  three  on  each  side  of  Jordan.    Josh,  XX. 

REF'I'GE,  r.  I.    To  shelter  ;  to  protect. 

REF-l]  GEE',  lu    [Fr.  refugie.] 

1.  One  who  flies  to  a  shelter  or  place  of  safety. 

DriiJen. 

2.  One  who,  in  times  of  persecution  or  political 
conmiotion,  flees  to  a  foreign  power  or  country  for 
safely  ;  as,  the  French  refugee^i,  who  left  France 
after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  si  l- 
tled  in  Flanders  and  America;  the  refugees  from 
Hispaniola,  in  17th2 ;  and  the  American  refugees, 
who  left  their  country  at  the  revolution. 

RE-Fl'l.'CE.NCE,  (71.  [1„  refiilgcns,  refulireo ;  re 
RE-FUI.,'(5E\  CY,  i     nnil  /u/^'co,  to  shine.] 

A  floml  of  light ;  splendor. 
RE-FL'1,  GENT,  a.    Ca.~tiiig  a  bright  light ;  shining  ; 
splendid;  as,  refulgent  beams;  refulgent  light;  re- 
fuigcnt  arms. 

A  conspicuous  and  refulgent  truth,  Boyle. 

RE-FUL'6ENT-LY,  adv.    Wilh  a  flood  of  light ; 

with  great  brightness. 
RE-FL'.N'U',  V.  t,    [L.  refundo ;  rt  and  fundo,  to  pour.] 

1.  To  pour  back. 

Were  the  humors  of  the  eye  tinctured  with  any  color,  they  wouM 
rtfund  that  color  upou  IIk  object.    \Unutual  or  obro'ete.) 

Ray. 

2.  To  rep,iy ;  to  return  in  p.ayment  or  comi»  n.sa- 
tion  for  what  has  been  taken  ;  to  restore  ;  as,  to  re- 
fund money  taken  wrongfully  ;  to  refund  money 
advanced  wilh  interest ;  to  refund  the  aiuouut  ad- 
vanced. 


REG 

RE-FrNI)'EI),  pp.    Poured  back  ;  repaid. 
RE-FIJND'ER,  71.    One  who  refunds. 
RE-FL'.N'D'I.N'G,  ppr.     Pouring  back;  returning  by 

pavinent  or  compensation. 
RE-FL'R'lilSlI,  c.  (.    To  furbish  a  second  time. 
RE-FUR'lll.SII  Kl),  (  fur'bisht,)  pp.   Furbished  again. 
RE-Fl'R'llISII-ING,  i</)r.    Furbishing  again. 
RE-FCS'A-ULE,  a.    [from  refuse.]    Thai  may  be  re- 
fused. Young. 
RE-FO'S.\L,  Ti.   The  act  of  refusing  ;  denial  of  any 

thing  demanded,  solicited,  or  ofleretl  for  acceptance. 

'I'lic  first  refiuiul  is  not  always  proof  that  the  rei|uesl 

will  not  be  ultinintely  granted. 
2.  The  right  of  taking  in  preference  to  others  ;  the 

choice  of  taking  or  rt^fiising  ;  option  ;  pre-emption. 

We  say,  a  man  ha.s  the  refusal  of  a  farm  or  a  horse, 

or  the  refusal  of  an  employment. 
RE  FUSE',  ti.  (.     [Fr.  refuser;  Arm.  rrusi,  reusein  ; 

It.  rifiutare,  rifasare ;  Sp.  rchusar ;  Port,  refiuar ;  L. 

recxuo ;  re  and  the  root  of  caasor,  to  accuse  ;  causa, 

cause.    The  primary  sense  of  caasor  is,  to  drive,  to 

throw  or  thrust  at,  and  recuso  is  to  drive  back,  to 

repel  or  repulse,  the  sense  of  refuse.] 

1,  ^Po  deny  a  reipiest,  demand,  invitation,  or  com- 
mand ;  to  decline  to  ilo  or  grant  what  is  solicited, 
claimed,  or  commanded. 

Thus  Ktlom  refused  to  ^ve  Israel  passage  thrtin^h  his  tionler.  — 
Num.  XX. 

2,  To  decline  to  accept  what  is  oflered  ;  as,  to  re- 
fuse an  office  ;  to  refuse  an  olTer, 

If  they  refuse  to  tike  tlie  cup  at  thy  h,and.  —  Jer.  ixv. 

3,  To  reject;  as,  to  refuse  instruction  or  reproof. 
Prov.  X. 

The  stone  whkh  tiie  builders  refuted  Is  become  the  head  of  the 
Coni.-r.  -  P».  cxvi.i. 

JV'off,  —  Refuse  expresses  rejection  more  strongly 
than  decline. 

RE-FC'SE',  V.  i.   To  decline  to  accept ;  nut  to  comply. 

Too  pmud  to  .isk,  loo  liuuible  10  refuse.  Garth. 
REF'USE,  (rcfyuse,)  a.    [Fr.  refus,  refusal,  denial, 

and  that  whicli  is  denied.] 

Literally,  refused  ;  rejtM-led  ;  hence,  worthless  ;  of 

nti  value;  left  as  unworthy  of  reception;  as,  the 

refuse  parts  of  stone  or  limber. 

Please  to  bestow  on  him  die  refuse  letters,  SpeeWoe. 
REF'IJSE,  71.    That  which  is  refused  or  rejected  as 

useless  ;  waste  matter.    Hooker.   Bacon.  .Addison. 
RE-FC'SE',  71.    Refusal.    [Obs.]  Fairfax. 
RE-FC'S'^.'I),  pp.    Uenied  ;  rejected;  not  accepted. 
RE-Ff'S'ER,  71.    One  that  refuses  or  rejects.  Taylor. 
RE-FCS'ING,  ppr.    Ueiiying ;  declining  to  accept; 

rejecting. 

RE-FC'TA-ni.E,  a.  [from  rf/ii<<.]  Thttt  may  be  re- 
futed or  disproved  ;  lliut  may  be  proved  false  or  erro- 
neous. 

RK-FO'TAL,  71.    Refutation.    [A'ot  used.] 
REF-t;-TA"l  ION,  71.    [I.,  refutatio.    See  REFUtE.] 
The  act  or  process  of  refuting  or  disproving  ;  the 
act  of  proving  to  be  false  or  erroneous ;  the  over- 
throwing of  an  argument,  opinion,  testimony,  doc- 
trine, or  theory,  by  argument  ur  countervailing  proof. 

Bcnlley. 

RE-FC'TA-TO-RY,  a.    Tending  to  refute. 
RE-FO'1'E',  r.  U    [Fr.  rrfuler;  L.%<futo  ;  re  and  fiita, 
obs.    The   primary  sense  of  fato  is,  to  drive  or 
thrust,  to  beat  back.    Class  Bd,] 

To  disprtive  and  overthrow  by  argument,  evidence, 
or  countervailing  proof;  to  prove  to  be  false  or  erro- 
neous ;  to  confute.  We  say,  to  refute  arguments,  to 
refute  testimony,  to  refute  opinions  or  Uieories,  to  re- 
fute a  disputant. 

There  were  so  many  witnesses  to  these  two  miracles  that  It  b  im- 
pressible to  refute  such  inulljluUes.  Addison. 

RE-FOT'EI),  pp.    Disproved;  proved  to  be  false  or 

erroneous. 
RE-FCT'ER,  71.    One  that  refutes. 
RE-FOT'l.NG,  ppr.    Proving  to  be  false  or  erroneoua; 

confuting. 

RE-GAIN',  V.  t.    [re  nnd  gain  ;  Fr.  regagner.] 

To  gain  anew  ;  to  recover  what  has  escaped  or 

been  lost  Mtltan, 
RE-G.^  IS '  F.n,  pp.    Recovered;  gained  anew. 
RE-GAIN'ING,  ppr.    Gaining  anew  ;  recovering. 
Uk'G,\L,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L,  regalis,  from  rex.  Sans. 

riy'a,  coniietled  with  rrgo,  to  govern  ;  Sax.  rrcun  or 

reccan,  to  say,  to  reck,  to  reckon,  to  rule,  to  direct; 

the  root  of  right,  L.  rectus.  Sax.  rcJil.    See  Reck  and 

Reckon,] 

Pertaining  to  a  king  ;  kingly  ;  royal  ;  as,  a  regal 
title  ;  regal  atlthority  ;  regal  suite,  pomp,  or  splen- 
dor ;  regal  power  or  sway.  But  we  say,  a  r«i/a/  or 
kingly  government,  not  a  regal  one.  We  never  say, 
a  regal  territory,  regal  dominions,  regal  army,  or  re- 
gal navy.  Regal  expresses  what  is  more  personal. 
RE'G.\L,  71.    [Fr,  regale.] 

A  musical  instrument,  a  small,  portable  flngcr 
organ,    [Disused.]  Bacon, 
RE-GA'I.E,  71.  [L.] 

The  prerogative  of  monarchy.  Johnson, 
RE-GAI,E',  11.    (See  the  Verb,  below.]   A  magnificent 
entertiiinment  or  tre.at  given  to  embassadors  and 
other  persons  of  distinction.  Encyc 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


y27 


REG 

RE-GaLE',  ».  t.  [Fr.  rerraler  ;  Sp.  regular,  to  regale, 
to  refresh,  entertain,  caress,  cajole,  delight,  clierish  ; 
regalarse^  to  entertain  oiie*s  self,  to  tal^e  pleasure, 
also  to  melt,  to  be  dissolved  ;  Port,  regalar,  to  regale, 
to  treat  daintily,  to  delight ;  It.  regalare,  to  present 
witli  gifts,  to  regale,  to  season.  This  word  is  proba- 
bly a  compuiinii  of  re  and  the  root  It.  galloria,  a 
transport  of  joy,  gallare,  to  exult,  gala,  ornament, 
Port,  galhofa,  mirth,  good  cheer,  Sp.  gallardo,  gay, 
Fr.  gaillard,  &c.  In  Russ.  jaluiju  signifies  to  regale, 
to  gratify  with  presents,  to  visit,  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  excite,  to  rouse  and  be  brisk,  or  to  shoot, 
leap,  dart,  or  rush.  We  probably  see  the  same  root 
in  the  Eng.  gale,  gallant,  Gr.  <j>  (lAAiaco,  Fr.  joli, 
Eng.  jo%,  and  in  many  other  words.] 

To  refre.'!h  ;  to  entertain  with  something  that  de- 
lights ;  to  gratify,  as  the  senses  ;  as,  to  regale  the 
taste,  the  eye,  or  the  ear.  The  birds  of  the  forest 
regale  us  with  their  stings. 

RE-G.aLE',  v.  L    To  feast ;  to  fare  sumptuously. 

RE-GaL'£D,  pp.    Refreshed  ;  entertained  ;  gratified. 

RE-GALE'MEi\T,  n.  Refreshment;  entertainment; 
gratificatiDn. 

RE-Ga'LI-A,  n.  pi.    [L.,  from  rex,  king.] 

1.  Ensigns  of  royalty  ;  the  apparatus  of  a  corona- 
tion ;  as  the  crown,  scepter,  &c. 

2.  In  law,  the  rights  and  prerogatives  of  a  king. 

Blackstone. 

3.  Regalia  of  a  church  ;  the  privileges  granted  to  it 
by  kings;  sometimes,  its  patrimony.  Brande. 

RE-GaL'ING,  ppr.  Refreshing;  entertaining  ;  grati- 
fying. 

RE-GAL'I-TY,  n.  [from  L.  regalis;  It.  reahd;  Fr. 
royaide.'\ 

Royalty;  sovereignty;  kingship. 

He  came  p:irtly  in  by  tlie  sword,  and  had  hio;h  courage  in  all 
points  of  regality.  Bacon. 

Rk'GAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  royal  manner.  Milton. 

RE-GaRD',  «J.  «.  [Fr.  regarder  :  It.  riguardare  ;  from 
Fr.  garder,  to  guard,  keep,  defend  ;  It.  guardare,  to 
guard,  to  look,  view,  behold,  to  lieware,  to  take 
heed  ;  to  discern.  The  primary  sense  of  guard  is  to 
drive  off  or  repel,  and  thus  to  protect,  or  to  hold, 
keep,  retain  ;  probably  the  former.  To  regard  is  to 
extend  or  direct  the  eye  to  an  object,  or  to  hold  it 
in  view.  We  observe  a  somewhat  similar  process 
of  deriving  the  sense  of  looking,  in  the  It.  scorto, 
seen,  perceived,  prudent,  guided,  convoyed;  wary, 
crafty,  discerning,  and  as  a  noun,  an  abridgment; 
scorta,  a  guide,  an  escort,  a  guard.] 

1.  To  look  toward  ;  to  point  or  be  directed  toward. 
It  is  a  peninsula  which  regardeth  ihe  main  land.  Sarvlys. 

2.  To  observe ;  to  notice  with  some  particularity. 

If  inucl;  you  note  him, 
Yoti  olTend  liim ;  feed  and  regard  liiin  not.  Shak. 

3.  To  attend  to  with  respect  and  estimation  ;  to 
value. 

This  aspect  of  mine, 
The  best  regarded  virgins  of  your  clime 
Have  loved.  SItaJc. 

4.  To  attend  to  a.s  a  thing  that  affects  our  interest 
or  happiness;  to  fix  the  mind  on  as  a  matter  of  im- 
portance. He  does  not  regard  the  pain  he  feels.  He 
does  not  regard  the  loss  he  has  suffered.  He  regards 
only  the  interest  of  the  community. 

5.  To  esteem  ;  to  hold  in  respect  and  affection. 
The  people  regard  their  pastor,  and  treat  him  with 
great  kindness.   2  Kings  iii. 

6.  To  keep ;  to  observe  with  religious  or  solemn 
attention. 

He  thai  regardeth  the  day,  regardeth  it  to  the  Lord.  —  Rom. 
xiv. 

7.  To  attend  to  as  something  to  influence  our 
conduct. 

lie  \)ta.l  regardeth  the  cloufls  shall  not  reap.  —  Eccles.  xi. 

8.  To  consider  seriously  ;  to  lay  to  heart. 

They  regard  not  the  worit  of  the  Loni.  —  Is.  v. 

9.  To  notice  with  pity  or  concern.    I)eut.  xxviii. 

10.  To  notice  favorably  or  with  acceptance ;  to 
liear  and  answer. 

He  will  regard  the  prayer  of  the  destitute.  —  Ps.  cti. 

11.  To  love  and  esteem  ;  to  practice;  as, to  regard 
inii|uity  in  Ihe  heart.    Ps.  Ixvi. 

12.  To  respect;  to  have  relation  to,  or  liearing 
upon.  The  argument  docs  not  regard  the  question. 
[Rare.] 

To  regard  the  person  ;  to  value  for  outward  honor, 
wealth  or  power.    Mali.  xxii. 
RE-<iAIlI)',  n.    [Vt.  regard:  It.  riguardo.] 

1.  IxKik  ;  aspect  directed  to  another. 

But  her  with  stf-rn  regard  he  thus  n-pclled.  Milton. 
[Nearly  or  quite  obtolete.] 

2.  Attention  of  the  mind  with  a  feeling  of  interest. 
He  ban  no  regard  to  Ilii^  interest  of  society  ;  his 
motives  are  wholly  Hclfish. 

3.  Reupcct  ;  esteem  ;  reverence  ;  that  view  of  the 
mind  which  upringn  from  value,  estimable  iiualilies, 
or  any  thing  that  cxcitCH  admiration. 

With  some  regard  U)  what  b  )iist  and  rijilit 
'I'liiy'll  le«<l  til  ir  lives 
To  him  they  ivui  regard,  becnuw  of  lonfr  tii 


Ibem  wkli  sorceri 


-  Acu  vill. 


miton. 
ht  had  U'Wllched 


REG 

4.  Respect;  account. 

Change  was  tliought  necessary  in  regard  oftlie  injury  the  church 
received  by^a  number  of  tilings  then  ia  use.  Hooker, 

5.  Relation  ;  reference. 

To  persuade  them  to  pursue  and  persevere  in  virtue,  in  regard 
to  themselves ;  in  justice  and  goodness,  in  regard  to  their 
neighbors;  and  piety  toward  God.  Wctls. 

6.  Note;  eminence;  account. 

Mac  Ferlagh  w.ta  a  man  of  meanest  regard  among  them. 

Spenser. 

7.  Matter  demanding  notice.  Spensir. 

8.  Prospect ;  object  of  sight.  [JVot  proper,  nor  in 
use.]  Shak, 

9.  In  ihe  English  forest  laws,  view  ;  inspection. 
Court  of  regard,  or  survey  of  dogs ;  a  forest  court  in 

England,  held  every  third  year  for  the  lawing  or 
expeditation  of  mastiffs,  that  is,  for  cutting  off  the 
claws  and  ball  of  the  fore  feet,  to  prevent  them  from 
running  after  deer.  Blaclcstone, 

RE-GAUU'A-BLE,  a.    Observable;  wonhy  of  notice. 

Brown.  Carcw. 

RE-GARD'ANT,  o.  In  laxo,  a  villain  regardant  is  one 
annexed  to  the  manor  or  land.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  heraldry,  looking  behind  ;  as,  a  lion  or  other 
beast.  Encyc. 

RE-GXRD'ED,  pp.  Noticed;  observed;  esteemed; 
respected. 

RE-GaRD'ER,  n.    One  that  regards. 

2.  In  English  law,  the  regarder  of  the  forest  was 
an  officer  whose  business  was  to  view  the  forest,  in- 
spect the  eflicers,  and  inquire  of  all  offenses  and 
defaults. 

RE-GXnO'FUL,a.  Taking  notice ;  heedful;  observ- 
ing with  care  ;  attentive. 

Let  a  man  be  very  tender  and  regardful  of  every  pious  motion 
made  by  the  Spirit  of  God  on  his  heart.  South, 

RE-GaRD'FUL-LY,  atli).    Attentively;  heedfiilly. 

2.  Respectfully.  Shak. 
RE-GARD'ING,  ppr.     Noticing  ;  considering  with 

care ;  attending  to  ;  observing  ;  esteeming ;  caring 

for. 

2.  Respecting  ;  concerning  ;  relating  to. 
RE-GARD'LESS,  a.    Not  looking  or  attending  to; 
heedless  ;  negligent ;  careless  ;  as,  regardless  of  life 
or  of  health  ;  regardless  of  danger ;  regardless  of 
conseqtiences. 

Regardless  of  the  bliss  wherein  he  sat.  I^fdton. 
2.  Not  regarded  ;  slighted.    [Rare.]  Spectator. 
RE-GSRD'LESS-LY,  adv.     Heedlessly;  carelessly; 
negligently. 

RE-GARIJ'LESS-NESS,  n.  Heedlessness  ;  inatten- 
tion ;  negligence.  fVhillock. 

Rk-GATH'ER,  V,  t.  To  gather  or  collect  a  second 
time.  B.  Trumbull. 

Re-GATH'ER-ED,  pp.    Collected  again. 

Re-GATH'ER-ING,  ppr.    Gathering  a  second  time. 

RE-GAT'TA,  n.    [\t.  regatta,] 

A  rowing  match  in  which  a  number  of  boats  are 
rowed  for  a  prize. 

Re'GEL,  )  71.    A  fixed  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in 

RI'GEL,  !      Orion's  left  foot. 

Re'GEN-CY,  71.    [L.  regens,  from  rego,  to  govern.] 

1.  Rule  ;  aiithtirity  ;  government.  Hooker. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  regent. 

3.  Vicarious  government.  Temple. 

4.  The  district  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  vice- 
gerent. Milton. 

5.  The  body  of  men  intrusted  with  vicarious  gov- 
ernment ;  as,  a  regency  constituted  during  a  king's 
minority,  insanity,  or  absence  from  the  kingdom. 

RE-GEN'ER-A-CY,  7i.  [See  Regenerate.]  The 
state  of  being  regenerateil.  Hammond. 

RE-GEN'ER-aTE,  v.  t.  [h.  regcnero  ;  re  and  genera. 
See  Generate.] 

1.  To  generate  or  produce  anew;  to  form  into  a 
new  and  better  state ;  tti  reproduce. 

Through  all  the  soil  a  genial  ferment  spreads, 

liegtneratee  Uie  plants  and  new  adorns  the  meads.  Blaekmore. 

2.  In  theology,  to  renew  the  heart  by  a  change  of 
affections ;  to  change  the  heart  and  affections  from 
natural  enmity  to  the  love  of  God  ;  to  implant  holy 
affiTtiona  in  the  heart.  Scott.  Addison, 

RE  GE.N'ER-ATE,  a.    [L.  regcneratus,] 

1.  Keproilticed.  Shak, 

2.  liorn  anew  ;  renovated  in  heart ;  changeil  from 
a  natural  to  a  spiritual  state.  Milton.  fVake. 

RE-GEN'ER-A-TED,  pp,  or  a.  Reproduced. 

2.  Renewed  ;  born  again. 
RE  GEN'HIl-ATE-NESS,  «.   The  state  of  being  re- 
generated. 

RE -GEN'EK-A-TING,  ppr,  or  a.  Reproducing;  form- 
ing into  a  new  and  better  stati\ 

2.  Renovating  the  nature  by  the  imjilantation  of 
holv  affections  in  Ihe  heart. 
RE-(5EN-EK-A'T10N,  71.    Reproduction ;  the  act  of 
forming  into  a  ni^w  and  better  state. 

2.  In  theology,  ni  vv  biilh  by  the  grace  of  God  ; 
that  change  by  wliii  h  the  will  and  natural  enmity 
of  man  to  Goil  and  bis  law  are  subdiii  d,  and  a 
principle  of  Hiipicnu'  love  to  God  anil  his  law,  or  holy 
offections,  are  implanted  in  the  heart. 

He  saved  uM  by  ihc  wn*tiiiig  ol  regeneration  and  renewing  of  the 
Holy  Spirit.  —  Tit.  iii. 


REG 

RE-GEN'ER-A-TO-RY,  a.  Renewing  ;  having  the 
power  to  renew  ;  teniling  to  reproduce  or  renovate. 

Faber, 

Re'GENT,  a.    [L.  regens,  from  rego,  to  rule.] 

1.  Ruling ;  governing  ;  as,  a  regent  principle. 

Jfnle, 

2.  Exercising  vicarious  authority.  Milton, 
Queen  regent;  a  queen  who  governs;  opposed  to 

^leen  consort, 

RE'GENT,  n.  A  governor ;  a  ruler ;  in  a  general 
sen.-ie;  as  Uriel,  regent  of  the  sun.  Milton, 

2.  One  invested  with  vicarious  authority  ;  one 
who  governs  a  kingdom  in  the  minority,  absence, 
or  disability  of  the  king.  Brande, 

3.  In  the  English  universities,  the  regents,  or  re- 
gentes,  are  members  of  the  university  who  have  cer- 
tain peculiar  duties  of  instruction  or  government. 
At  Cambridge,  all  resident  Masters  of  Arts,  of  less 
than  four  years'  standing,  and  all  Doctors  of  less 
than  two,  are  Regents.  At  Oxford,  the  period  of 
regency  is  shorter.  At  both  universities,  those  of  a 
more  advanced  standing,  who  keep  their  names  on 
the  college-books,  are  called  non-regents.  At  Cam- 
bridge, the  regents  compose  the  upper  house,  and 
the  non-regents  the  lower  house  of  the  senate  or 
governing  boily.  At  Oxford,  the  regents  compose 
the  congregation,  which  confers  degrees,  and  does 
the  ordinary  business  of  the  university.  The  re- 
gents and  non-regents,  collectively,  compose  the 
convocation,  which  is  the  governing  body  in  the  last 
resort.  Cam,  Cull,    Oif,  Ouide, 

4.  In  the  State  of  JVeia  York,  the  member  of  a  cor- 
porate body  which  is  invested  with  the  superintend- 
ence of  all  the  colleges,  academies,  and  schools  in 
the  State.  This  board  consists  of  twenty-one  mem- 
bers, who  are  called  "  the  retrents  of  the  university 
of  the  State  of  Jfeic  York,"  They  are  appointed  and 
removable  by  tiie  legislature.  They  have  power  to 
grant  acts  of  incorporation  for  colleges,  to  visit  and 
inspect  all  colleges,  actideniies,  and  schools,  and  to 
make  regtilations  for  governing  the  same. 

Slat,  J\rew  York, 
Re'GENT-ESS,  71.    A  protectress  of  a  kingdom. 

Cotgrare. 

Re'GENT-SHIP,  7!.    The  power  of  governing,  or  the 
office  of  a  regent. 
2.  Deptitetl  authority.  Shak, 
RE-GER.M'1N-aTE,  V,  i.    [re  and  germinate,]  To 
germinate  again. 

Perennial  plants  regerminate  several  years  successively.  Lee, 

Re-GERM'IN-a-TING,  ppr.   Germinating  anew. 
Re-<5ERM-IN-a'TION,  7i.    A  sprouting  or  germina- 
tion anew 

RE-GEST',  71.    A  register.    [J^otinuse,]  Milton, 
REG'I-BLE,  a.    Governable.    [JVot  m  iwc]  Dirt, 
REG'I-CIDE,  7!.    [It.  and  Sp,  regicida ;  Fr.  regicide; 
h.  rcz,  king,  and  cado,  to  slay.] 

1.  A  king-killer;  one  who  murders  a  king. 

L>rydcn, 

2.  The  killing  or  murder  of  a  king.  Pope, 

3.  A  name  of  reproach  given  to  the  judges  who 
condemned  Charles  I.  of  England. 

RE-OlME',  (Ti-/.iiee\n' ,)  n.    Mode  of  living  ;  govern- 
ment ;  administration. 
RE(5'I-MEN,  71.    [L.,  from  rego,  to  govern.] 

1.  In  medicine,  the  regulation  of  diet  with  a  view 
to  the  preservation  or  restoration  of  health  ;  or,  in  a 
more  general  sense,  the  regulation  of  all  the  non- 
naturals  for  the  same  pur|)oses.  Enajc, 

2.  Any  regulation  or  remedy  which  is  intended  to 
produce  beneficial  eflects  by  gr.adual  operation.  Hume, 

3.  In  grammar,  government;  that  part  of  syntax 
or  construction,  which  regulates  the  dependency  of 
words,  and  the  alterations  which  one  occasions  or 
requires  in  another  in  connection  with  it ;  the  words 
governed. 

4.  Ortlerly  government ;  system  of  order. 
REG'I-MENT,  h,    [L.  regimen,] 

1.  In  military  affairs,  a  body  of  men,  either  horse, 
foot,  or  artillery,  commanded  either  by  a  colonel  or 
lieutenant-colonel,  anil  by  a  major,  and  consisting  of 
a  number  of  companies,  usually  from  eight  to  ten. 

2.  Government;  moile  if  ruling  ;  rule;  authority; 
as  used  by  Hooker,  Hale,  and  others.  [Wholly  obso- 
lete,] 

RE6'1-MENT,  1'.  <.  To  form  into  a  regiment  or  into 
regiments  with  proper  officers.  [jJ  military  use  of  the 
word,]  fVtUihington,  Smollett. 

REG-I-MENT'AL,  a.  Belonging  to  a  regiment;  as, 
regimental  ollicers  ;  regimental  clothing. 

REG-I-MENT'AliS,  71.  jd.  The  uiiilorm  worn  by  the 
troops  of  a  regiment. 

REG'I-MENT-E1),  Formed  into  a  regiment  ;  in- 
corporated with  a  regiment.  Washington. 

RE'GION,  (re'jiin,)  71.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  regon  ;  It.  rc- 
gionc  ;  L.  regio  :  Ir.  crinch,  with  a  prefix  ;  from  the 
root  of  reach,  reck,  L.  rego.] 

I.  A  tract  of  land  or  space  of  indefinite  extent, 
usually  a  tract  of  considerable  extent.  It  is  some- 
times nearly  synonymous  with  Country  ;  as,  all  the 
region  of  Argob.    Veut.  iii. 

Ho  had  dominion  over  all  the  region  on  thli  side  the  river. —  1 
Kings  Iv. 


FATE,  FAB,  PALL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PKBV  PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQIC  — 


REG 


REG 


REH 


So  we  speak  of  the  airy  rririon,  the  ethereal  re- 
ffiurLs,  the  upper  n'lriuns,  the  Utwer  rctriuns. 

y.  The  inhabitants  of  a  region  or  district  of  coun- 
try.   Matt.  iii. 

X  A  part  of  the  body  ;  as,  the  region  of  the  heart 

4.  Place  ;  rank.  [or  liver. 

He  it  of  loo  higl)  a  region.    [Unusual.]  Shale. 

IlEG'IS-TFMl,  n.  [Fr.  ren-l.itre,  reirUre  :  Low  L.  «- 
ffistrum,  from  regent,  to  set  down  in  writing  ;  re  and 
•jerOy  to  carry.  Itnt  SpeUnan  considers  the  word  as 
formed  of  re  and  Norm,  gisler  or  giser,  to  lay,  and 
equivalent  to  re\iQsititnj.\ 

1.  A  written  account  or  entry  of  acts,  judgments, 
or  pr<iceedings,  f  r  preserving  and  conveying  to  fu- 
ture times  an  exact  knowledge  of  transactions,  'i'lie 
word  appropriately  denotes  an  official  account  of  the 
proceedings  of  a  public  body,  a  prince,  a  legislature, 
a  court,  an  incorporated  company,  and  the  like,  anil 
in  this  use  it  is  synonymous  with  Uecobd.  Hut  in 
a  lax  sense,  it  signifies  any  account  entered  on  paper 
to  preserve  the  remembrance  of  what  is  done. 

2.  The  book  in  which  a  register  or  record  is  kept ; 
as,  a  parish  register;  also,  a  list ;  as,  the  register  of 
seamen. 

3.  [Low  I^.  rcgiitrarius.]  The  officer  or  person 
whose  business  Is  to  write  or  enter  in  a  book  ac- 
counts of  transactiims,  particularly  of  the  acts  and 
proceedings  of  courts  or  other  public  bodies;  as,  the 
reffi-ttrr  of  a  court  of  probate  ;  a  re<ri\ter  of  deeds. 

4.  A  lid,  stopper,  or  sliding  plate,  in  a  furnace, 
stove,  &c.,  for  regulating  the  admission  of  air  and 
the  heat  of  the  fire. 

5.  The  inner  [lart  of  the  mold  in  which  types  are 
cast. 

(>.  In  printing,  the  correspondence  of  columns  on 
the  opposil(!  sides  of  the  sheet. 

7.  A  sliding  piece  of  wood,  used  as  a  stop  in  an 
organ. 

8.  In  commerce,  a  document  issued  by  the  custom- 
house, containing  a  description  of  a  vessel,  it^i  name, 
tonnage,  country,  ownership,  &c.,  always  to  be  kept 
on  board  on  a  foreign  voyage,  as  evidt.'uce  tif  its  na- 
tionality. Coasting  vessels  are  enrolled,  not  regis- 
tered. Binicit'r. 

Parish  register ;  a  book  in  which  are  recorded  the 
baptisms  of  children,  and  the  marriages  and  burials 
of  the  parish. 

UEG'IS-TKR,  f.  t.  To  record  ;  to  write  in  a  book  for 
preserving  an  exact  account  of  facts  and  proceed- 
ings, 'i'he  Greeks  and  Romans  registered  the  names 
of  all  children  born. 

9.  To  enroll  ;  to  enter  in  a  list.  Milan. 
REO'IS-TEIl-K»,  pp.  or  a.    Recorded  in  a  book  or 

regi.ster  ;  enrolled. 
REOi'IS-TER-INO,  ppr.    Recording;  enrolling. 
REl5'IS-TER-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  register. 
REO'IS-TKAR,     (  n,    A  secretary  or  register  ;  Cs-pc- 
REO'IS-TRA-RY,  (     ciallij,  an-officer  in  the  Enslish 

universities,  who  has  the  keeping  of  all  the  public 

records.  Knct/c. 
REC'IS-TRAR-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  registrar. 
RE0-IS!-TKa'TION,  n.    The  act  of  inserting  in  a 

register.  IValsh. 
RE6'IS-TRY,  n.   The  act  of  recording  or  writing  in 

a  register  ;  enrollment. 

2.  The  place  where  a  register  is  kept. 

3.  A  series  of  ficts  recorded.  Temple. 
RE'ClI-UM  nO'JfUM,[l..]    The  royal  gift;  a  sum 

of  money  granted  yearly  by  the  English  crown  in 

aiil  of  the  Presbvterian  clergy  of  Ireland.  Branile. 
Rii'GI-U.S  PKO-FESS'OR,  «.   [L.]    A  name  given  to 

the  incumbents  of  those  professorships  which  have 

been  founded  bv  ro\'al  bounty. 
REG't,/v  ME.VT,' (reg'l-nient,)  n.    [Fr.]  Regulation. 

[Aot  used.]  Bacon. 
REG'LF;  T,  n.    [Fr.,  from  rtgle,  rule,  L.  regnla,  rega  ] 

1.  A  flat,  narrow  molding,  used  chiefly  to  seiiarate 
the  parts  or  members  of  conipjirtments  or  panels 
from  one  another,  or  to  form  knots,  frets,  or  other 
ornaments.  Gwill. 

2.  A  ledge  of  wood  exactly  planed,  used  by  print- 
ers to  sep:irate  lines  and  make  the  work  more  open. 
It  is  thicker  than  a  lead,  and  is  used  for  the  same 
purpose. 

REG'NAN-CY,  71.    Reign;  predominance. 
REG'NANT,  a.  [Fr.,  frtuu  rrgner,  L.  regno,  to  reign.] 

1.  Reigning  ;  exercising  regal  authority  ;  as,  a 
queen  regnant.    Tlie  modern  phrase  is  queen  regrnl. 

fVotliin. 

2.  Ruling  ;  predominant ;  prevalent ;  having  the 
chief  p<iwer  ;  as,  vices  regnant.  W e  now  say,  reign- 
ing vices.  Sw{fl. 

RE-GORCE',  (re-gorj',)  v.  L     [Fr.  regorger;  re  and 

1.  To  vomit  Hp ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach  ;  to 
throw  hack  or  out  again.  HaipcanL 

2.  To  swallow  ag;iin.  Dnjilen. 

3.  To  swallow  eagerly.  Milton. 
RE-GORO'ED,  (re-gorjd',)  pp.    Ejected  again  from 

the  stiunach  or  a  deep  pl.ic.e. 
RE-GR.XUE',  V.  i    [L..  regredior  ;  re  and  gradior.io 
go.]  =  s  . 

■|  o  retire  ;  to  go  back.    [JVot  used.]  Hales. 


TO.N'E,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.— 


RE-GRAFT',  ».  t.    [re  and  gro/l.]    To  graft  again. 

Bacon. 

Rk-GRXFT'ED,  pp.    Grafted  again. 
Kk  (;K\KT'I.\'G,  ppr.    Grafting  anew. 
RE-GllANT',  I',  f.    [re  anii  grunt.]    To  grant  bark. 

RE-GRXNT',  71.  The  act  of  granting  back  to  a  former 

proprietor. 
Ri";  (JRANT'ED,  pp.    Granted  back. 
Rl-.-(;RANT'Ii\'G,  ppr.    Granting  back. 
KE-(;ilA'l'E',  I',  t.    [Vr.  regriiltrr,  to  scratch  again,  to 

new-vanip,  to  rcn-ralc,  or  drive  a  huckster's  trade  ; 

re  and  gratter,  to  grate,  to  scr:itch,  to  rake.] 

1.  In  7uasonry,  to  remove  the  outer  surface  of  an 
old  hewn  stone,  so  as  to  give  it  a  fresh  appearance. 

2.  To  oflend  ;  to  shock.    [Little  used.] 

3.  To  buy  provisions  and  sell  them  again  in  the 
same  m:irket  or  fair;  a  practice  which,  by  raising 
the  price,  is  a  public  ortensc  and  punishable.  He- 
griiting  differs  from  engrossing  and  monopolizing, 
which  signify  the  buying  the  whole  of  certain  arti- 
cles, or  large  quantities,  and  from  forestalling,  which 
signifies  the  purch:ise  of  provisions  on  the  way,  be- 
fore they  reach  the  market.  Blacksline. 

RE-GRAT'r.R,  71.  One  who  buys  provisions  and  sells 
them  in  the  same  market  or  fair. 

RE-GRAT'I.\(!,  ppr.  Purchasing  provisions  and  selling 
them  in  the  same  market. 

RE-GRAT'l.N'ti,  n.  In  masonru,  the;  process  of  remov- 
ing the  outer  surfice  of  an  old  hewn  stone,  so  as  to 
give  it  a  fresh  appearance.  Oirilt. 

RK-GREET',  v.  t.  [re  and  greet.]  To  greet  again  ; 
to  resalute.  .Sftak. 

Rii-GUEET',  71.    A  return  or  exchange  of  salutatiim. 

SImk. 

Rk  GRr.ET'I'.n,  pp.    Greeted  again  or  in  return. 
Kk.GRI'.ET'I.N'G,  ppr.    Greeting  again  ;  resaluting. 
lUC'GRESS,  n.    [Fr.  rcgr^s  ;  L.  regressus,  regredior.] 

1.  Passjige  b;ick  ;  return  ;  as,  ingress  and  regress. 

2.  The  power  of  returning  or  passing  b;ick. 
RE-GRESf»',  II.  !.    To  go  back  ;  to  return  to  a  former 

place  or  st;ite.  Brawn. 
RE-GKE.S'SIo.V,  (re-gresh'un,)  71.    The  act  of  p;issing 
back  or  returning  ;  retrogression;  rctrogradation. 

Broiea. 

RE-GRESS'IVE,  a.    Passing  back  ;  returning. 

RE-GRESS'I VE-LV,  adv.  In  a  backward  way  or 
manner;  by  ri;turn.  Johnson. 

RE  GRET',  71.  [Fr.  regret;  either  from  the  root  of 
grate,  or  more  directly  from  the  rout  of  Sp.  and  Port. 
gritar.  It.  gridarr,  Sw.  grata.  Ice.  groet,  Dan.  gra'der, 
Goth,  grictan,  VV.  grydiaw,  to  scream  or  cry  out,  to 
utter  a  rough  sound  ;  in  some  di:ilects  to  weep  or 
lament.  Hut  grate  and  Sp.  gritar  are  probably  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  Grief;  sorrow  ;  pain  of  mind  at  some  untoward 
event.  We  f-  el  regret  at  the  loss  of  friends,  regret 
for  our  own  misfortunes,  or  for  the  misfortunes  of 
others. 

Never  any  prince  expressed  a  more  lively  Kffrel  for  tlie  loss  of  a 

serv.iul.  Clarendon. 
Her  piely  iutelf  would  blame, 

11'  her  regrcU  slioiiUl  waken  lliilie.  Prior. 

2.  Pain  of  conscience;  remorse;  as,  a  passionate 
regret  at  siii.  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Dislike;  aversion,    [JVotprapcr,  nor  in  H.s-r.] 

Decay  of  Piety. 

RE-GRET',  1).  «.    [Fr.  regretter.] 

1.  To  grieve  at ;  to  lament ;  to  be  sorry  for ;  to  re- 
pent. 

Calmly  he  looked  on  either  lift',  and  here 

Saw  iiotliin^  10  regret,  or  Ihere  10  fear.  Pope. 

2.  To  be  uneasy  at.    [J^ot  proper,  nor  in  use.  ] 

Olanrille. 

RE-GRET'FUL,  a.    Full  of  regret.  fansltaw. 
RE-(;|{ET'FI  L-LY,  ai/r.    With  regret.  OreenhUl. 
RE-GRET'TED,  pp.  Lamented. 
RE-(;RET'TIiN'G,  ppr.    Lamenting;  grieving  at;  re- 
penting. 

RE-GUERD'ON,  (re-gerd'nn,)  77.  [re  and  Fr.  guer- 
don, a  reward.    See  Reward.) 

.\  reward  ;  a  recompense.    [A'uf  in  use.]  Shak. 

RE-GUERD'ON,  (rc-gerd'un,)  v.  I.  To  reward.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

REG'U-I>AR,  a.  [f  p.  irf- ;  Fr.  regulier;  I,,  regularis, 
from  regula.  a  rule,  fnim  rf<To,  to  rule.] 

1.  Conformed  to  a  rule  ;  agreeable  to  an  establish- 
ed rule,  law,  or  principle,  to  a  prescribed  mode,  or  to 
established  customary  forms  ;  as,  a  regular  epic  po- 
em ;  a  regular  verse  in  poetry  ;  a  regular  piece  of 
music  ;  regular  practice  of  law  or  medicine  ;  a  re o-u- 
lar  plan  ;  a  regular  building. 

2.  Governed  by  rule  or  rules;  steady  or  uniform 
in  a  ctiurse  or  pr;tctice  ;  as,  regular  in  diet  ;  regular 
in  attending  on  divine  worship. 

3.  In  geometry,  a  regular  figure  is  one  whose  sides 
and  angles  are  equal,  as  a  square,  or  an  equilateral 
triangle.  Regular  figures  of  more  than  three  or  four 
sides  are  usually  called  regular  polygons. 

A  regular  body,  or  solid,  is  one  comprehended  by 
like,  equal,  and  regular  plane  figures,  and  whose 
solid  angles  are  all  equal.  The  five  regular  solids, 
also  called  Platonic  bodies,  are  the  tetrahedron,  hex- 


ahedron or  cube,  octahedron,  dodecahedron,  and 
icosahedron.  Ilntton. 

1.  Instituted  or  initiated  according  to  establisliod 
forms  or  discipline  ;  as,  a  regular  physician. 

5.  Methodical ;  orderly;  as,  ^regular  kind  of  stv 
suality  or  indulgence.  Lau>. 

C.  Periodical ;  as,  the  regular  return  of  day  and 
night ;  a  regular  trade  wind  or  monsoon. 

7.  Pursued  with  uniformity  or  steadiness;  as,  a 
regular  trade. 

8.  Ilclonging  to  a  monastic  order  ;  as,  re^uJar  cler- 
gy, in  distinction  from  the  secular  clergy. 

Rei'ular  troops  ;  troops  of  a  permanent  army  ;  op- 
posed to  tnilitia. 
RF:G'U-LAR,  71.  In  (Ae  Roman  Catholic  church,  a 
member  of  any  religions  order  who  has  taki  u  the 
vows  of  poverty,  chastity,  and  obedience,  and  wlio 
has  been  solemnly  recognized  by  the  chiireh. 

Bp.  Fif.patrick. 

2.  A  soldier  belonging  to  a  permanent  army. 
REG-IJ-L.\R'I-TV,  71.    Agreeableiiess  to  a  rule  or  to 

established  order ;  as,  the  regularity  of  legal  pro- 
ceedings. ' 

2.  Method  ;  certain  order.  Regularity  Is  the  life 
of  business. 

3.  Conformity  to  certain  principles  ;  as,  the  regu- 
larity of  a  figure.  1 

4.  Steadiness  or  uniformity  in  a  course;  as,  the 
regularity  of  the  motion  of  a  heavenly  body.    There  ■ 
is  no  regularity  in  the  vici-ssitiides  of  the  weather.  | 

RE(;'TJ-LAR-LY,  mlv.  In  a  manner  accordant  to  a  t 
rule  or  established  mode  ;  as,  a  physician  or  lawyer  ' 
regularly  admitted  to  practice ;  a  verse  regularly  ] 
formed.  1 

2.  In  uniform  order  ;  at  certain  intervals  or  peri-  I 
ods  ;  as,  day  and  night  regularly  returning!. 

3.  Methodically;  in  due  order;  as,  af{A\x3  regular-  ■ 
ly  performed.  .  I 

REG'lJ-LATE,  t'.  t.   To  adjust  by  rule,  method,  or  es-  ' 
tahlished  mode  ;  as,  to  regulate  weights  and  meas- 
ures ;  to  regulate  the  assize  (»f  bread  ;  to  regulate t.ttr  \ 
moral  conduct  by  the  laws  of  Gc  d  and  of  society  ;  ) 
to  regulate  i.ur  manners  by  the  customary  forin.s.  ] 

2.  To  put  in  good  order  ;  as,  to  regulate  disor- 
dereil  st:ite  t>f  a  nation  or  its  finances.  Ij 

3.  To  subject  to  rules  or  restrictions  ;  as,  to  rc^u-  1 1 
late  trade  ;  to  regulate  diet  } 

REG'li-LA-TED,  pp.  Adjusted  by  rule,  niethiid,  or  ; 
forms;  put  in  good  order;  subjected  to  rules  or  ro-  1 
strictions. 

REG'IJ-LA-TIi\G,  ppr.    Adjusting  by  rule,  method,  or  j 
forms;  reducing  to  order;  subjecting  to  rules  or  re- 
strictions. 

REG-q-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  regulating  or  redu- 
cing to  order.  Bay. 

2.  A  rule  or  order  prescribed  by  a  snpTior  for  the 
management  of  some  business,  or  for  the  govern- 
ment of  a  C"'nipany  or  society. 

REG'lJ-LA-TIVE,  a.  Regi;iating ;  tending  to  regu- 
late. 

REG'IJ-LS-TOR,  71.    One  v;ho  regulates. 

2.  The  small  spring  of  a  watch,  which  regulates  1 
its  motions  by  retarding  or  accelerating  them.  : 

3.  Any  part  of  a  inacliiiie  which  regulates  its  I ; 
movements.  1 

REG'lJ-LLNE,  (  lin,)  a.  [See  Regolus.]  Pertaining 
to  regulus  or  ])ure  metal. 

Bodies  wliicli  we  can  reduce  to  Oie  metallic  or  regulint  stale. 

LAvoi*ier. 

REG'U-LIZE,  v.  t.  To  reduce  to  regulus  or  pure 
metal ;  to  separate  pure  metal  from  extraneous  mat- 
ter. 

REG'i;-LT7-KD,  pp.    Reduced  to  pure  metal. 
REG'U-Lr/-L\'G,  ppr.    Separating  pure  metal  from 

extraneous  matter. 
REG'i;-LII.-<,  n.    [L.,  a  petty  king;  Fi.  regale.  For 

the  plural,  some  authors  write  rcguli,  and  others  reg- 

uluses.  ] 

1.  In  chemistry,  the  pure  metal  which,  in  the  melt- 
ing of  ores,  falls  to  tlie  bottom  of  the  crucible  ;  as, 
regulus  of  antimony.  iMiuisirr.  Ure, 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in 
the  constellation  Leo  ;  called  also  the  Lion's  Heart. 

lluUun. 

RE-GUR'6I-TaTE,  77.  U    [Fr.  regorger;  L.  re  and 

gurges.] 

To  throw  or  pour  back,  as  from  a  deep  or  hollow 
place  ;  to  pour  or  throw  back  in  great  ipiantity. 

(traunt.  Bentleii. 
RE  GUR'GI-TaTE,  p.  i.    To  be  thrown  or  poiired 

hack.  liar  rev. 

RE  GIJR'CI-T.A-TED,  pp.    Thrown  or  poured  l>;ic"k. 
RE-GUR'GI-Ta-TL\G,  ppr.    Throwing  or  pouring 
back. 

RE-tUTR-GI-TA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  pouring  back. 
2.  The  act  of  swallowing  again  ;  re-absorption. 

Sharp. 

RE-IIA-niL'I-TATE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  rehabiliter;  re  and 
habdilrr.] 

To  rest  re  to  a  former  capacity;  to  reinstate;  to 
qualify  again  ;  to  restore,  B-s  a  delinquent  to  a  former 
right,  rank,  or  privilege  lost  or  forfeited  ;  a  term  of 
the  civd  and  canon  law.  Chambers. 


AN"GER,  VrtlOUS — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SII ;  Til  as  In  THIS. 


117 


ZZZ' 


9«9 


REI 

I!E-HA-RTI/1-Ta-TED,  pp.  Restored  to  a  former 
r:ink,  riirlit,  privilcire,  or  capacity  ;  reinstated. 

Kl^-IIA-lilL'l-'l'A-'I'LNG,  /;/)r.  Kestoriiig  to  a  former 
nirlif,  r;ink,  privilcce,  or  capacity  ;  reinstating. 

RE  HA  BIL-I-TA'I'IO.V.  «.  The  act  of  reinstating 
in  a  firmer  rank  or  capacity;  restoration  to  former 
riflilj.  fVidsli. 

Re-HeAR',  r.  (. pret.  and  pp.  Reheard,  [re  and  kear.] 
To  hear  again  ;  to  try  a  second  time  ;  as,  to  rehear 
a  cause  in  tlie  Court  of  King's  Bench. 

Rk-HEARD',  (rS-herd',)  pp.    Heard  again. 

Rj'.-H  eAR'IN'G,  ppr.    Hearing  a  second  time. 

Re-HeAR'ING,  ;i.    A  second  liearing.  Mdism. 
9.  In  law,  a  second  hearing  or  trial. 

RE-HEARS'AL,  (re-hers'al,)  71.    [from  rehearse.] 

1.  Rfcital  ;  repetition  of  the  wt^rds  of  anotlier  or 
of  a  written  work  ;  as,  the  rehearsal  of  the  Lord's 
Prayer.  Hooker. 

2.  Narration  ;  a  telling  or  recounting,  as  of  partic- 
ulars in  detail;  as,  the  reAcarauZ  of  a  soldier's  adven- 
tures. 

3.  The  recital  of  a  piece  before  the  public  exhibi- 
tion of  it ;  ar.,  tiie  rehearsal  of  a  comedy.  Dniden. 

RE-HEARSE',  (re-hers',)  u.  (.  To  recite  ;  to'repeat 
the  words  of  a  passage  or  composition  ;  to  repeat  the 
Words  of  another. 

When  ihe  wonls  were  heard  which  David  spoke,  they  reheareed 
them  l^fore  Saul.  —  1  Sam.  xvii. 

2.  To  narrate  or  recount  events  or  transactions. 

There  6h.-\II  Uiey  rehtarse  Ihe  righteous  acts  of  the  Lord.  — 
Judges  V.    Acts  xi. 

3.  To  recite  or  repeat  in  private  for  experiment 
and  improvement,  before  a  public  representation  ; 
as,  tit  rehearse  a  tragedv. 

RE-11EARS'£D,  (re-herst',)  pp.    Recited;  repeated; 

as  words  ;  narrated. 
RE-HE.\RS'ER,  (re-liers'er,)  n.    One  who  recites  or 

narrates. 

RE-HEARS'ING,  (re-hers'ing,)  ppr.  Reciting;  re- 
peating words  ;  recounting  ;  telling;  narrating. 

ReI'GLE,  (re'gl,)  71.    [Fr.reslr,  rule.] 

A  hollow  cut  or  channel  for  guiding  any  thing; 
as,  the  reigle  of  a  side  post  for  a  flood-gate.  Carew. 

REIGN,  (rane,)  c.  i.  [L.  regno,  a  derivative  of  rego, 
reirimm  ;  Fr.  regner  ;  It.  regnare  ;  Sp.  reiinar,] 

1.  To  possess  or  exercise  sovereign  power  or  au- 
thority; to  rule  ;  to  exerci.se  government,  as  a  king 
or  emperor  ;  or  to  hold  the  supreme  power.  George 
the  'I'iiird  reigned  over  Great  Britain  more  than  fifty 
years. 

Behold,  a  king  shall  reign  la  TigkUousness. —  Is.  xxxii. 
3.  Tu  be  predominant ;  to  prevail. 


3.  To  rnle  ;  to  have  superior  or  uncontrolled  do- 
minion.   Rum.  vi. 

[This  word  is  never  applied  to  the  exercise  of  su- 
preme powiT  by  a  legislative  body  or  the  executive 
ailministration,  in  the  United  States.] 
REIGN,  (rane,)  n.    [Fr.  regne;  L.  regnum.'] 

1.  Royal  authority  ;  supreme  power;  sovereignty. 

He  who  like  a  futlier  held  his  Ttign.  Pope. 

2.  The  time  during  which  a  king,  queen,  or  em- 
peror possesses  the  supreme  authority.  The  Spanish 
arniada  was  equipped  to  invade  England  in  the  reig:n 
of  Clucen  Elizabeth.  Magna  Charta  was  obtained  in 
the  reign  of  King  John. 

3.  Kingilom  ;  dominion. 

Sjiliirn'e  sons  recf-ived  the  threefold  reign 

Of  h'-aveii,  of  ocean,  aod  deep  hell  hcuealh.  Prior. 

4.  Power;  influence.  Chapman. 

5.  Prevalence. 

REIGN'ING,  (rin'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.  Holding  or  exer- 
cising supreme  power;  ruling;  governing,  as  king, 
queen,  or  emperor. 

2.  a.  Predominating;  prevailing;  as,  a  reigning 
vice  or  disease. 

re:[l-i':E'm1n'^'te,  '  "f^"'"- 

RE-II,-I,UMIN-A'TI<).\,  n.  Art  of  enlightening  again. 
RE-IM-liARK'.    See  Reemdaiik. 

RE-I.\I-li()I)'Y,  V.  i.    [See  Reembodv.]    To  imbody 

:tgain  ;  to  be  formed  into  a  body  anew.  Boyle. 
RE-IM-UUIl.S'A-liLE,  a.    That  may  be  repaid. 

A  loan  haA  been  made  of  two  million*  of  dollan,  reimburtable 
in  leu  ye.in.  HamUton. 

RE-I.M-RURSR',  (re-lm-burs',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  rembourser  ; 
re  and  embourser  ;  en,  in,  and  bourne,  a  purse  ;  It, 
riinborsfire ;  Sp.  re-embotsar.] 

To  refund  ;  to  replace  in  a  treasury  or  in  a  private 
coffer  an  etpiivalent  lo  the  sum  taken  from  it,  lost,  or 
cxpi'niled  ;  an,  to  reimburKe  the  cxpcn.ses  of  a  war  or 
a  canal.  The  word  in  used  before  the  person  expend- 
ing, or  the  treaHury  from  which  the  advances  are 
made,  or  b'-fore  the  expenses.  We  say,  to  reimburse 
the  individual,  to  reimbume  the  trea'^iiry,  or  to  reim- 
burte  the  cxptmses.  To  reimburse  the  [lerHon,  is  lo 
reptty  to  him  his  Iohhch,  expenses,  or  advancee  ;  to 
reimburte  the  treasury,  in  to  refund  to  it  the  sufn 
drawn  from  it  ;  to  reimburse  losses  or  exfienses,  is 
to  repay  llieni  or  make  them  good. 


REI 


REJ 


RE-IM-BURS'KD,  (-im-btirst',)  pp.  Repaid  ;  refund- 
ed ;  uirule  good,  as  Irtss  or  expense. 

KE-I.M-DIJRSE'.MENT,  (re-im-burs'ment,)  n.  The 
art  of  repaying  or  refunding  ;  repayment ;  as,  the 
reimbursement  of  principal  and  iiitere.st.  Ilamilum. 

RE-I.M-BURS'ER,  71.  One  who  repays  or  refunds 
what  has  been  lost  or  expended. 

RE-IJI-BURS'ING,  ppr.  Repaying  ;  refunding  ;  mak- 
ing good,  as  loss  or  expense. 

RE-IM-PLANT',  u.  f.    [re  ani  implant.]    To  implant 

•    again.  Taylor. 

RE-I.M-PLANT'ED,  pp.    Implanted  anew. 

RE-IM-PI,ANT'ING,  ppr.    Implanting  again. 

RE-IM-POR-TONE',  v.  t.  [re  and  importune.]  To 
iniportune  asain. 

RE-I.M-POR-TuN'KD,  pp.    Importuned  again. 

RE-I.M-POlt-TuN'ING,  ppr.    Importuning  again. 

RE-IM-PREG'NaTE,  v.  U  [re  and  impregnate.]  To 
impre<:n:ile  again.  '  Brown. 

RE-LM-PREG'N.A-TED,  pp.    Impregnated  again. 

RE-I.M-PREG'Na-TING,  ppr.    Impregnating  again. 

RE-IM-PRESS',  V.  t.  [re  and  impress.]^  To  impress 
anew.  Buckniinster. 

RE-I.M-PRESS'ED,  (  prest',)  pp.    Impressed  again. 

RE-I.M-PRESS'ING,  p/ir.    Impressing  again. 

RE-I.M-PRES'SION,  (-presh'un,)  n.  A  second  or  re- 
peated impression. 

RE-IM-PRINT',  v.  t.  [re  and  imprint.]  To  imprint 
again. 

RE  I iM-PRINT'ED,  pp.    Imprinted  again. 

UE-IM-PRINT'ING,  ppr.    Imprinting  anew. 

RE-I.M-PRIS'ON,  (  priz'n,)  7).  f.  [See  Prison.]  To 
imprison  a  second  time,  or  for  the  same  cause,  or  af- 
ter release  from  imprisonment.  Kent. 

RE-IiM-PRIS'ON-iCD,  (-im-priz'nd,)  pp.  Imprisoned 
a  second  time  for  the  same  cause. 

RE-IM-PRIS'ON-ING,  ppr.  Imprisoning  again  for  the 
same  cause. 

RE-IiM-PRIS'ON-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  confining  in 
prison  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause,  after  a  re- 
lease from  prison.  Kent. 

REIN,  (rane,)  7i.  [Fr.  rene,  from  resne.  The  It.  redine 
is  evidently  from  the  L.  retina,  retinaculum,  Sp.  rifTi- 
da.  If  contracted  from  the  Latin,  it  is  from  retiueo, 
otherwise  from  the  root  of  arrest.] 

1.  The  strap  of  a  bridle,  fastened  to  the  curb  or 
snaffle  on  each  side,  by  whicli  the  rider  of  a  horse 
restrains  and  governs  him. 

2.  The  instrument  of  curbing,  restraining,  or  gov- 
erning ;  government.  Shak. 

To  give  the  reins ;  to  give  license  ;  to  leave  without 
restraint.  Pope. 

To  take  the  reins ;  to  take  the  guidance  or  govern- 
ment. 

REIN,  (nine,)  v.  t.    To  govern  by  a  bridle.  Milton, 
2.  To  restrain  ;  to  control.  Shak. 
RE-I.\-€UR',  V.  t.    To  incur  a  second  time. 
RglN'DEER,  (rane'-)  71.    [Sax.  hrana.    See  Rane.] 
A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  deer  kind,  the  Cervus 
Tarandus,  inhabiting  the  northern  parts  of  both  con- 
tinents.   In  Europe,  it  is  never  found  south  of  the 
Baltic,  nor  in  America  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
REI'iNEe-KE,  71.     [G.,  the  fox.]     A  German  epic 
poem,  formerly  celebrated  throughout  Europe. 

Brande. 

REIN'i^D,  pp.    Governed  by  a  bridle  ;  controlled. 

RE-IN-FEGT',  J).  (.    [rc  and  in/rcl.]    To  infect  again. 

BE  /J\r-FE€'Tj3,  [L.]  The  thing  not  done  or  ac- 
complished. 

RE-IN-FECT'ED,  pp.    Infected  again. 

RE-IN-FE€T'ING,  ppr.    Infecting  again. 

RE-IN-FEC'TIOUS,  (-fek'shus,)  a.  Capable  of  infect- 
ing  again.  Vanghan.    Med.  Repos. 

RE-IN-FoRCE',  V.  t.    See  Ree.nfohce. 

RE-IN-FoRCE',  71.  That  part  of  a  cannon  near  the 
breech,  which  is  made  thicker  and  stronger  than  the 
rest.    More  properly,  Reenkorce.  Totten. 

RE-IN-FPSE',  V.  t.    To  infuse  again. 

RE-IN-GRa'TIaTE,  (-gri'shite,)  v.  t.  [re  and  ingra- 
tiate.] To  ingratiate  again  ;  to  recommend  again  to 
favor.  Herbert. 

RE-IN-GRA'TIa-TED,  pp.    Reinstated  in  favor. 

RE-IN-GR.\'TIa-T1NG,  ppr.    Ingratiating  again. 

RE-IN-IIAB'IT,  !).  t.  [re  and  inhabit.]  To  inhabit 
again.  Mede. 

RE-IN-IIAB'IT-En,  pp.    Inhabited  again. 

RE  IN  tl.Ali'IT-ING,  ppr.   Inhabiting  a  second  time. 

Rt^lN'IN';,  ppr.    Governing  by  a  bridle  ;  controltitig. 

REIN'l.I'.SS,  (rSne'less,)  a.  Without  rein;  without 
restraint ;  unchecked. 

RE-IN-UUIUE',  V.  t.    To  inquire  a  second  time. 

Brovm. 

REINS,  (ranz,)  n.  pi.  [Fr.  rein,  rognon  ;  L.  re7i,  renes  ; 
It.  rene,  arniiinei  Sp.  rinones.] 

1.  Till'  kidneys  ;  the  lower  part  of  the  back. 

2.  In  Scripture,  the  inward  parts  ;  the  heart,  or  scat 
of  the  affeclions  and  passions.    Ps.  Ixxiii. 

3.  Reinn  of  a  vault ;  the  sides  or  walls  that  sustain 
the  arch.  Qwilt. 

RI-%IN-SERT',  t).  (.  [re  and  iTUforf.]  To  insert  a  sec- 
ond tinu'. 

RF-IN-SERT'ED,  pp.    Inserted  again. 
RE  IN  SI'.RT'l.NG,  ppr.    Inserting  again. 
RE-IN-SICR'TION,  71.    A  second  insertion. 


RE-IN-SPECT',  V.  t.  [re  and  inspect]  To  inspect 
again,  as  provisions. 

RIMN-SPFX'  r'EU,  pp.    Inspected  again. 

KE-IN-.'^PEe'TION,  71.  The  act  of  inspecting  a  sec- 
ond time.  ia„j,  „f  Conn. 

RE  IN-SPIRE',  V.  t.  [re  and  inspire.]  To  inspire 
anew.  Milton 

RE-IN-SPIR'i:D,  pp.    Inspired  again.  Drydcn. 

RE-IN-SPlR'ING.  ppr.    Inspiring  again. 

RE-IN-SPIR'IT,  II.  t.    To  inspirit  anew. 

RE-IN-STALL',  v.  t.  [re  and  itistall.]  To  install 
again  ;  to  seat  anew.  Milton. 

RE-IN-STALL' ED,  pp.    Installed  anew. 

RE-IN-STALL'ING,  ppr.    Installing  again 

RE-IN-STALL'MENT,  71.    A  second  installment. 

RE-IN-STa  I  E',  V.  t.  [re  and  instate,]  To  place  again 
in  possession,  or  in  a  former  state  ;  to  restore  to  a  state 
from  which  one  had  been  removed  ;  as,  to  rcoistufe  a 
king  in  the  possession  of  the  kingdom  ;  to  reinstate 
one  in  the  affections  of  his  family. 

RE-IN-STaT'ED,  pp.  Replaced  in  possession  or  in  a 
former  state. 

RE-IN-STaTE'MENT,  71.  The  act  of  putting  in  a 
former  state  ;  reestablishment.  Marshall. 

RE-IN-STaT'ING,  ppr.  Replacing  in  a  former  state ; 
putting  again  in  possession. 

RE-IN-SUR'ANCE,  (-in-shur'ans,)  n.  [re  and  insur- 
ance.    See  Sure.] 

An  insurance  of  property  already  insured  ;  a  sec- 
ond insurance  of  the  same  property.  Such  rein.sKr- 
ance  is  permitted  by  the  French  commercial  code  ; 
but  in  England  is  prohibited  by  statute,  except  when 
the  first  underwriter  is  insolvent,  or  when  he  con- 
sents to  such  re-insurance.  Bouvier. 

RE-IN-Sl  RE',  (  in-shure',)  u.  f.  [re  and  iTwiire.]  To 
insure  the  same  property  a  second  time  by  other  un- 
derwriters. 

The  insurer  may  cause  the  properly  insured  to  be  reinsured  by 
otlier  persons.  IValsh,  Freiick  Com.  Code. 

RE-IN-SuR'£D,  pp.  Insured  a  second  time  by  other 
persons, 

RE-IN-SuR'ING,  ppr.    Insuring  a  second  time  by 

other  persons. 
RE-IN'TE-GRaTE,      t.    [Fr.  reinfenrer;  I,,  redinte- 
gro  ,•  red,  re,  and  integro,  from  integer.] 

To  renew  with  regard  to  any  state  or  quality;  to 
restore.    [Little  used.]    [See  Redintegrate.] 

Bacon. 

RE-IN-TE-GRa'TION,  7!.    A  renewing  or  making 

whole  again.    [See  Redintecration.] 
RE-IN-TER'RO-GaTE,  v.  t.    [re  and  interrogate.] 
To  interrogate  again  ;  to  question  repeatedly. 

Cotgrave. 

RE-IN-THRoNE',  v.  t.  [re  and  inthrone.  See  Re- 
enthrone.] 

To  replace  on  the  throne.  Herbert. 
RE-IN-THRoN'IZE,  v.  t.    To  reinthrone.    [JVot  in 
7/*'e.] 

RE-IN-TRO-DC'CE',  v.  t.    To  introduce  again. 
RE-IN-'J'RO-DUe'TION,  71.    A  second  introduction. 
RE-IN-UN'DaTE,  V.  t.    To  inundate  again. 
RE-IN-VEST',  71.  f.    [re  and  i/iuejt.]  To  invest  anew. 
RE-IN-VEST'ED,  pp.    Invested  again. 
RE-IN-VES'TI-GaTE,  v.  t.   To  investigate  again. 

M.  Stuart. 

RE-IN-VES  TI-Ga'TION,  71.     A  second  investiga- 

RE-IN-VEST'ING,  j.pr.    Investing  anew.  [ticui. 

RE-IN-VEST'MENT,  71.  The  act  of  investing  anew  j 
a  second  or  repealed  investment. 

RE-IN-VIG'OR-aTE,  v.  t.  To  revive  vigor  in  ;  to  re- 
tan  i  mate. 

REIS  KF-FEJr'Df,  (rees-,)  71.    A  Turkish  minister, 

or  rather  secretary  of  state. 
RE-IS'SUE,  (-ish'siiu,)  v.  t.    To  issue  a  second  time. 
RK-IS'SUE,  (-ish'shu,)  n.     A  second  or  repeated 

issue. 

RE-IS'SU-£D,  (-ish'shude,)  pp.    Issued  again. 

Rl'JT,  (reel,)  n.    Sedge  ;  sea-weed.    [Obs.]  Bailey. 

REl'TER,  (rit'cr,)  71.  [Ger.,  a  rider.]  A  name  given 
to  the  German  cavalry  of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
centuries.  Brande. 

RE  IT'ER-aTE,  v.  I,    [Fr.  reiterer ;  L.  re  and  ilm).] 
To  repeat ;  to  repeat  again  and  again  ;  as,  reiter- 
ated crimes  ;  to  reiterate  requests.  Milton. 

RE  IT'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  o.  Repeated  again  and 
again. 

RE-IT'ER-A-TED-LY,  adv.  Repeatedly. 
RE-IT'EIl-A-TING,  ppr.    Repeating  again  and  again. 
RE-IT-ER-A'TION,  71.    Repetition.  Boyle, 
RE-JEC'P',  V.  t.    [L.  rtjieio,  rejeclua ;  re  and  jacio,  to 
throw.] 

1.  To  throw  away,  as  any  thing  useless  or  vile. 

2.  To  cast  off. 


:  I  rejected  Uiosc  that  n)e  adored  ? 


Brown. 


3.  To  cast  olT;  to  forsake.    Jer.  vii. 

4.  1"o  refuse  to  receive  ;  to  slight ;  to  despise. 

Because  thou  himt  Ttjected  knowledge,  I  will  r^tet  thee.  —  Hot. 
iv.    I  Sam.  XV. 

\ 

5.  To  refuse  to  grant ;  as,  lo  reject  a  prayer  or  re- 
quest. 

(i.  To  refuse  to  accept ;  as,  to  reject  an  offer. 
RE-JECT'A-BLE, u.    That  may  be  rejected. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII/^T  METE,  PRBY.  — PINK,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


030 


REJ 


REL 


REL 


KK  Jl'.C  T  A  MEN  I'' A,  n.  pt.    [froiii  L.  rcjeclo.] 
'I'liiii!;s  Ihrowii  oiiC  or  away.  [//(-/iir«ifi/.l 

t'leming. 

RE-JEe-TA'NF,-()US,  a.  [from  the  L.]  Not  chosen 
or  rcefivftd  ;  rejccteJ.  Mort. 

UE-JECT'ED,  p;).  or  a.  Thrown  away ;  cast  off;  re- 
fused ;  slitilitect. 

RE-JEGT'Ell,  re.    One  that  rejects  or  refuses.  Clarke. 

RE-JEe  r'KNG,  ppr.  'J'hrowiiig  away ;  casting  off; 
refiisine  to  (;ra»t  or  accept ;  shghting. 

RE-JEC'  i'IUN,  n.    [L.  rrjectio.] 

The  act  of  throwins  away  ;  the  act  of  casting  off 
or  forsakinff  ;  refusal  to  accept  or  grant.  Bacon. 

RE  JE€-Tl"TIOLIS,  (-tish'us,)  a.  That  may  he  re- 
jecieil. 

RE-JKCT'IVE,  a.   That  rejects,  or  tends  to  cast  off. 

KE-JECT'.MENT,  n.    iMatter  thrown  away.  Eaton. 

RE-JI)I(;E',  (re  jois',)  u.  i.  [Fr.  rrjiniir,  rrjitui.tsant ; 
re  and  jomr^lo  enj<iy  ;  Arm.  joaiiczaat;  It.  gioire  ; 
Pp.  rrirocijitrj  to  rejoice  ;  ^p.  and  rort.  irozar^  to  en- 
joy ;  goio,  joy.  In  nn)st  of  tlie  dialects,  the  last  rad- 
ical of  701/  is  lost ;  but  Ihe  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
retain  It  in  :,  which  is  a  palatal  letter.  Hence  this 
word  seerus  to  be  the  U.  juic/teii,  to  rejoice,  to  shout ; 
G.  jaiictiicn.  (in.  the  Dan.  hiijrr,  to  rejoice  ;  a 
shout,  joy,  rejoicing,  which  is  the  English  Awf,  in /iiic 
amt  cry  ;  Fr.  hurr  and  hucher.  Ainidsi  sucli  changes 
of  letters,  it  is  not  easy  to  ascertani  the  primary  el- 
ements. But  it  is  easy  to  sec  that  tlie  primary  sense 
is  to  aliouty  or  to  be  animated  or  excited.] 

To  experience  joy  and  gladness  in  a  high  degree  ; 
to  hi-  e.\hdarated  with  lively  and  pleasurable  sen- 
sations ;  to  exult. 

Wlivii  Uie  ri^li('-oii9  Kre  in  amliority,  the  people  rejoice;  but 
w(i''n  111?  wicltLtl  iKarctli  nilt;,  Uic  peoj)le  iiiourn. — Prov. 

XXIX. 

I  will  rfjoUe  in  Ihy  salvation.  —  Ps.  ix. 
RE-JOICE',  (re-jois',)  v.  t.    To  make  joyful;  to  glad- 
den ;  to  animate  with  lively,  pleasurable  sensations; 
to  exhilarate. 

Whoso  lovrth  wisdom  rejoicetk  his  father.  — Prov.  xxix. 

W'litle  she,  great  saint,  rejoicet  ht'aven.  Prior. 

RE-JOIC'KD,  (-joist',)  pp.    Made  glad  ;  exhilarated. 

RE-JOIC'ER,  11.    One  that  rejoices.  Taylor. 

REJOI'^'INO,  ppr.  or  o.  Animating  with  gladness ; 
exhilarating;  feeling  joy. 

RE-JOlC'IiNG,  n.  Tlie  act  of  expressing  joy  and  glad- 
ness. 

The  voice  of  rejoiein^  and  salvation  is  in  the  tabernacles  of  the 
riyhleoiis. —  Pa,  cxviii. 

2.  The  subject  of  joy. 

Tliy  testimonies  have  I  taken  as  a  heritage  forever,  for  they  are 
th-:  rejoicing  of  my  heart.  —  Ps.  cxix. 

3.  The  experience  of  joy.    Gal.  vi. 
RE-JOIC'ING-LY,  adv.    With  joy  or  exultation. 

Shcldoti. 

RE-JOIN',  V.  t.    [re  and  join  :  Fr.  rrjoinrlre.] 

1.  To  join  again  ;  to  unite  after  separation. 

Brown. 

2.  To  meet  one  again.  Pope. 
RE-JOI\',  V.  i.    To  answer  to  a  reply.  Dnjilen, 

2.  In  laip  plradintrs^  to  answer,  as  the  defendant  to 
the  plaintiff^s  replication. 
RE-JOIN'l)ER,  n.    An  answer  to  a  reply ;  or,  tn  gen- 
eral ^  an  answer. 

2.  In  law  pleadings,  the  defendant's  answer  to  the 
plaintiff's  replication. 
RE-JOIN'DURE,  ».  The  act  of  joining  again.  [Obs.] 

Sliak. 

RE-JOIN'KD,  pp.   Joined  again  ;  reunited. 

RE-JOl N'I.\G,  ppr.    Joining  again;  answering  a 

plaintiff's  replication. 
RE-JOINT',  V.  t.    [re  and  joint.]    To  reunite  joints. 

Barrovj. 

RE-JOINT'ED,  pp.    Reunited  in  the  joints. 

RE-J01.\T'ING,  ppr.    Reuniting  the  joints. 

RE-JOlNT'l.VG,  n.  The  filling  up  of  the  joints  of 
stones  in  huildin!:s,  when  Ihe  mortar  has  been  dis- 
lodged by  age  and  the  action  of  the  weather. 

OwilL 

RE  JOLT',  n.  [re  and  jolL]  A  reacting  jolt  or 
shock.    fJVot  t/.«frf.l  South. 

RE-JOURI*',  (re-jurn',)  v.  L  [Fr.  reajoumer.  See  Ad- 
journ.] 

To  adjourn  to  another  hearing  or  inquiry.  [JVof 
'«"'•]  Burton. 
RE-JUDGE,  (re-jiij',)  r.  f.    [re  nnA  judge.]  Tojudse 
again  ;  to  re-examine  ;  to  review  ;  to  call  to  a  new 
trial  and  decision. 

Rcjudge  his  acts,  and  dignii'y  disgrace.  Pope. 

REJUDG'ED,  pp.    Reviewed  ;  judged  again. 
RE-JUDG'ING,  ppr.    Judging  again. 
RE-JC'VE-NATK,  v.  t.    To  render  voung  again. 
RE-JO'VE-NA-TED,  pp.  or  a.      Rendered  young 
again. 

5E"-!H-^^-'^^S'CENCE,  )  n.     [L.  re  and  juvenes- 
RE-JU-VE-NES'CE.N-CY,  i     cens  i  >reni*,  a  vouth.] 
A  renewing  of  youth  ;  the  slate  of  being' young 
iR"'"-  Pau.'<.  Trans. 


RE-JP'VEN-IZE,  r.  L    To  render  y 
y^'^-'^-  '^'^  PP-  Rendered 


RE-J0VE.N-t7,-l\n 


oung  again, 
yoiinz  again. 
Renewing  youth. 


RlvKI.N'Dl.E,  (  kin'ill,)  i>.  t.    [re  and  *i;i.//c]  To 
kindle  again  ;  l(»  set  on  lire  anew.  Ctirtine. 
2.  Tu  iiillanie  again  ;  to  rtnist;  anew.  Pope. 

RE-K1N'1)1,/;|),  pp.    Kindle  d  acain  ;  inllamcd  anew. 

RE-KIN'DLING,  ppr.  Kindling  again;  inllaining 
anew. 

RE-I, AID',  pp.    Laid  «  second  time. 

RE-L^IS',  (rtvla',)  n.  [Fr.]  In  fortification,  a  narrow 
walk  without  the  rampart,  to  receive  the  earth  that 
may  he  washed  down,  and  prevent  its  falling  into 
Uie  ditch.  Bramle. 

RlC-L.AN'D',  r.  (.    [re  and  land.]    To  land  again  ;  to 
put  on  land  what  had  been  shipped  or  embarked. 
_  Judge  Srwull. 

Rk-LAND',  v.  i.  To  go  on  shore  after  having  ciu- 
barketl. 

Rk-I.AND'ED,  pp.    Put  on  shore  again. 
Kl'.-LAND'l.N'G,  ppr.    Landing  again. 
RE-L.APSE',  (re-lajis',)  e.  i.    (  L.  relapsus,  relabor,  to 
slide  back  ;  re  aiid"/iiAur,  to  slide.] 

1.  To  slip  or  slide  hack  ;  to  return. 

2.  Tu  fall  back  ;  to  ri'tnrn  to  a  ft)rtner  state  or 
practice ;  as,  to  relapse  into  vice  or  error  after 
auiL-niiiiK'nt. 

3.  To  fall  back  or  return  from  recovery,  or  a  con- 
valescent state  ;  as,  to  relapse  into  a  fever. 

RE-LAPSE',  (re-laps',)  II.  A  sliding  or  falling  b.ick, 
particularly  into  a  former  bad  state,  either  of  body 
or  morals  ;  as,  a  relapse  into  a  disease  from  a  ctui- 
valescent  stale  ;  a  relapse  into  a  vicious  course  of 
life. 

[In  the  sense  of  a  person  relapsing,  not  used.] 
RE-LAP.-*'KI),  (  lapsl',)  pp.  or  a.    Fallen  back,  as  into 
vice  or  error. 

RE-I..\PS'l'.lt,  n.  One  that  relapses  into  vice  or  er 
ror. 

RE-LAPS'ING,  ppr.    Sliding  or  falling  back,  as  into 

disease  or  vice. 
RE-LATE',  t).  t.    [L.  relatus,' rcfcro ;  re  anil  fero,  to 

produce.] 

1.  To  tell ;  to  recite  ;  to  narrate  the  particulars  of 
an  event ;  as,  to  relate  the  story  of  I'riam  ;  to  relate 
the  adventures  of  Dun  Uiiixote. 

2.  To  bring  back  ;  to  restore.    [JVot  in  use,] 

3.  To  ally  by  connectiiui  or  kindred. 

To  relate  one's  self;  to  vcnl  tlioughts  in  words. 

RE-L.aTE',  II.  i.  To  have  reference  or  respect ;  to  re- 
fer; followed  by  to. 

All  ne^.ttive  words  relate  to  positive  ideas.  Locke. 
RE-LaT'ED,  pp.    Recited  ;  narrated. 

2.  a.    Allieil  by  kindred  ;  connected  by  blood  or 
alliance,  particularly  by  consaiigiiiuity  ;  as,  a  person 
related  ill  the  first  or  second  ilegree. 
RE  LAT'ER,  n.    One  who  tells,  recites,  or  narrates; 

a  historian.  Milton.  SwifU 

RE-LAT'INfJ,  ppr.    Telling;  reciting;  narrating. 

2.  a.    Having  relation  or  reference  ;  concerning. 
RE-LA'T10.\",  H.    [Fr.,  from  L.  relatiti,  refrro.] 

1.  The  act  of  telling;  recital;  account;  narra- 
tion ;  narrative  of  facts  ;  as,  a  historical  relation. 
We  listeiiiul  to  the  relation  of  his  adventures. 

2.  Respect ;  reference  ;  regard. 

I  have  Iven  importuned  to  make  some  observations  on  this  art, 
in  relmion  to  lis  agreement  with  poetry.  Drytlen. 

3.  Connection  between  things  ;  mutual  respect, or 
what  one  thing  is  with  regard  to  another  ;  as,  the  re- 
lation of  a  citizen  to  the  state  ;  the  relation  of  a  sub- 
ject to  the  supreme  authority  ;  the  relation  of  hus- 
band and  wife,  or  of  master  and  servant  ;  the  relation 
of  a  state  of  prob.ation  to  a  stale  of  retribution. 

4.  Connection  by  consanguinity  or  aliinity;  rela- 
tionship ;  as,  Ihe  relation  of  parents  and  children. 

ftetaliont  dear,  and  all  the  ch:irili<'s 

Of  frtthr-r,  son,  and  brother,  first  were  known.  AfUton, 

5.  A  person  connected  by  cimsanguinity  or  affin- 
ity ;  a  relative ;  a  kinsman  or  kinswoman.  He 
passed  a  iiumth  with  his  relations  in  the  country. 

6.  The  direct  conformity  of  parts  to  a  whole  and 
to  each  other  ;  analogy  ;  as,  the  relations  of  the  sub- 
ject arc  not  well  maintained  ;  the  re/aliffns' of  a  build- 
ing, in  architecture. 

RE-LA'TION-AL,  a.    Having  relation  or  kindred. 

We  mi^ht  be  tempted  to  take  these  two  nations  for  reUttional 
Urim.  Tooke. 

RE-LA'TION-SHIP,  ti.    The  st.ite  of  being  related  by 

kindred,  atlinitv,  or  other  alliance.  Mason. 
REL'A-TIVE,  «.    ( Fr.  rf/«/i/,  I.,  relatirus.] 

1.  Having  relation  ;  respecting.  The  arguments 
may  be  good,  but  they  arc  not  relalire  to  the  subject. 

2.  Not  absolute  or  existing  by  it.self ;  considered  as 
belonging  to  or  respecting  something  else. 

Every  thin?  sustuns  IwOi  an  Absolute  and  a  retatiBe  capacity  ; 
an  al^oluf-,  as  it  is  such  a  tiling,  eiuiue<l  with  such  a  nature  ; 
ami  a  relatire,  as  it  is  a  pan  ot  the  universe,  and  so  stands 
in  sticb  a  relation  to  Uie  whole.  South. 

3.  Incident  to  man  in  societv  ;  as,  relative  rights 
and  duties. 

4.  Particular ;  positive.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

Relatire  mode  ;  in  music,  the  mode  which  the  com- 
poser interweaves  with  the  principal  mode  in  the 
flow  of  the  harmony.  Eneye. 


Relatire  terms :  in  /ofic,  ti-riiis  which  imply  rel.i. 
lion,  as  guardian  and  ward,  master  and  servant, 
liusbaiifl  and  wife. 

Relative  icord  ;  in  fframmar,  a  word  which  relates 
to  another  word,  called  its  antecedent,  or  to  a  sen- 
tence or  member  of  a  sentence,  or  to  a  series  of 
sentences. 

REL'A  TIVE,  n.  A  person  connected  by  blood  or 
affinity  ;  strictly,  one  allied  by  blood  ;  a  relation  ;  a 
kinsman  or  kinswoman. 

Coiifniing  our  care  eilh  -r  to  ourselves  and  relatioee.  fliU. 

2.  That  which  has  relation  to  something  else. 

Locke, 

3.  In  ^ammnr,  a  word  which  relates  to  or  repre 
senis  another  word,  called  iLs  antecedent,  or  which 
refers  back  to  a  sentence  tir  member  of  a  sentence, 
or  to  a  series  of  sentences,  which  constitutes  it^ 
antecedent.  "  He  seldom  lives  frugally.  icAo  lives  by 
chance."  Here  inho  is  the  relative,  which  represents 
he,  the  antecedent. 

"Judas  declared  him  innocent,  lehich  he  cotiltl  not 
be,  had  he  deceived  his  disciples."  Portetu.  Here 
which  refers  to  innocent,  an  udjtrctive,  as  its  antece- 
dent. 

"Another  reason  that  makes  me  doubt  of  any  in- 
nate practical  principles,  is,  that  I  think  there  can  not 
any  one  moral  rule  be  proposed,  whereof  a  man  may 
not  justly  demand  a  reason  ;  which  wouhl  be  per- 
fectly ridiculous  and  absurd,  if  they  were  innate,  or 
BO  much  as  self-evident,  which  every  innate  princi- 
ple must  needs  be."  Locke. 

If  we  ask  the  question.  What  would  be  ridiculous 
and  absurd,  the  answer  must  be.  Whereof  a  man  may 
justly  demand  a  reason  i  and  this  part  of  the  sentence 
is  the  antecedent  to  which.  Self  evident  is  the  ante- 
cedent to  which,  near  the  close  of  the  sentence. 
REL'A-TI VE-LY,  ado.  In  relation  or  resjiecl  to 
something  else  ;  not  absolutely. 

Consid'T  the  absolute  atlections  of  any  bcinj  as  it  is  in  itself,  bo- 
fore  you  consider  it  retatioety.  Waut. 

REL'A-TIVE-iNESS,  n.  The  state  of  having  rela- 
titin. 

RE-LA 'TOR,  n.  In  law,  one  who  brings  an  informa- 
tion in  the  nature  of  a  quo  warranto.  Blackstone. 

RE-LAX',  V.  t.  [L.  relazo  :  re  and  lojo,  to  sl.ickcn  ; 
Fr.  rrlacher,  relascker ;  It.  rilassare  ;  Sp,  relazar. 
See  Lax.] 

1.  To  slacken  ;  to  make  less  tense  or  rigid  ;  as,  to 
relax  a  rope  or  cord  ;  to  relax  the  muscles  or  sinews  ; 
to  relar  the  reins  in  ritling. 

2.  To  loosen  ;  to  make  less  close  or  firm  ;  as,  to 
relaz  the  joints.  Miltim. 

3.  To  make  less  severe  or  rigorous;  to  remit  or 
abate  in  strictness  ;  as,  to  rc(ox  a  law  or  rule  of  jus- 
tice ;  to  relar  a  tlemand.  Swift. 

4.  To  remit  or  abate  in  attention,  assiduity,  or  labor; 
as,  to  relaz  siiidy  ;  to  relax  exertions  or  efforts. 

5.  To  unbend  ;  to  ease  ;  to  relieve  friun  close  at- 
tention ;  as,  conversation  relaxes  the  student  or  the 
mind. 

6.  To  relieve  from  constipation  ;  to  loosen ;  to 
open  ;  as,  medicines  relax  the  bowels. 

7.  To  open  ;  to  loose.  Milton, 

8.  To  make  languid. 

RE-L.\X',  V.  i.  To  abate  in  severity  ;  to  become  more 
mild  or  less  rigorous. 

Tn  others  she  relaxed  ns;n'm. 

And  governed  with  a  looser  n?In.  Prior. 


2.  To  remit  in  close  attention.    It  is  useful  for  the 
student  to  relax  often,  and  give  himself  to  exercise 
and  amusements. 
RE-L.A.X',  n.    Relaxation.    [Jtfot  used.]  Feltham. 
RE-LAX'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  remitted. 

Barrow. 

RE-LAX'.A.\T,  n.  A  medicine  that  relaxes  or  opens. 
RE-LAX-A'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  relaxatm.] 

1.  The  act  of  slackening  or  remitting  tension  ;  as, 
a  relaxation  of  the  muscles,  fibers,  or  nerves  ;  a  rt- 
laxation  of  the  whole  system.         Bacon.  Encye, 

2.  Cessation  of  restraint.  Burnet. 

3.  Remission  or  abatement  of  rigor ;  as,  a  relax^ 
tion  of  the  law.  SwifL 

4.  Remission  of  attention  or  application  ;  as,  a  re- 
laxation  of  mind,  study,  or  business. 

5.  .An  opening  or  loosening. 

RE-LAX'A-Tl  VE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  relaxing. 
[See  Laxative.]  B.  Jonson. 

RE  LAX'f;D,  (re-lakst',)  jip.  or  a.  Slackened  ;  loos- 
ened ;  remitted  or  ahatetl  in  rigor,  or  iu  closeness: 
made  less  vigorous  ;  languid. 

RE-L.AX'ING,  ppr.  Slackening;  loosening;  remit- 
ting, or  abating  in  rigor,  severity,  or  attention  ; 
rendering  languid. 

RE-L.AX'ING,  a.  Tending  to  relax  ;  adapted  to 
weaken  the  solids  ;  as,  a  relaxing  medicine. 

RE-LAY',  n.    [Fr.  relai.i.] 

1.  .\  supply  of  horses  placed  on  the  road  to  be  in 
readiness  to  relieve  others,  that  a  traveler  may  pro- 
ceed without  delay. 

2.  A  supply  of  hunting  dogs  kept  in  readiness  at 
certain  places  to  pursue  the  game,  when  llie  dogs 
that  have  been  in  pursuit  are  weary. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.- AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  a-s  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

-  __ 


REL 

3.  Any  tiling  laid  up  or  kept  in  store  ;  as,  relays  of 
joy.    [Rare.]  Younir. 

Kii  hAY',  ii.  (.  [re  and  lay.]  To  lay  again  ;  to  lay  a 
^ecoriil  time  ;  as,  to  reltiy  a  pavement.  SinolletU 

Re-LA  Y'INtt,  pyr.    Laving  a  second  time. 

RE-LeAS'A-ULE,  a.    tliat  may  be  released. 

RE-LkASE',  (re-lees',)  v.  u  [This  is  usually  derived 
from  Fr.  rcl&chcr^  to  slacken,  to  relaz.  It,  rilassare 
and  rilasciare,  and  these  words  have  the  sense  of 
release  :  but  the  English  word  has  not  the  sense  of 
relaz,  but  of  re  and  lea^e,  from  Fr.  laissfTj  Eng.  let,  a 
word  that  has  no  connection  witli  relax.  So  in  G. 
freita.isen,  D.  vrylaaten :  free  and  leL  If  it  is  from 
relac/ier,  it  has  undergone  a  strange  alteration.] 

1.  To  set  free  from  restraint  of  any  kind,  either 
physical  or  moral ;  to  liberate  from  prison,  conQne- 
nienl,  or  servitude.    Jllutt.  xv.    .Mark  xv. 

2.  To  free  from  pain,  care,  trouble,  grief,  &c. 

3.  To  free  from  obligation  or  penalty  ;  as,  to  re- 
lea.'ir.  one  from  debt,  from  a  promise,  or  covenant. 

4.  To  quit;  to  let  go,  as  a  legal  claim  ;  as,  to  re- 
lease a  debt  or  forfeiture.    Dent.  xv. 

5.  To  discharge  or  relinquish  a  right  to  lands  or 
tenements,  by  conveying  it  to  another  that  has  some 
right  or  estate  in  possession,  as  when  the  person  in 
remainder  reteasett  his  right  to  the  tenant  in  posses- 
sion i  when  one  cpparcener  releases  his  right  to  the 
other;  or  liie  mortgagee  releases  his  claim  to  the 
mortgager. 

ti.  To  relax.    [JVut.  in  use.]  Hooker. 
RE-LkA.'^E',  ;i.   Liberation  or  discharge  from  restraint 
of  any  kind,  as  from  confinement  or  bondage. 

2.  Liberation  from  care,  pain,  or  any  burden. 

3.  Discharge  from  obligation  or  responsibility,  as 
from  debt,  pen;ilty,  or  claim  of  any  kind ;  acquit- 
tance. 

In  laio.  a  release,  or  deed  of  release,  is  a  conveyance 
of  a  man's  rigiit  in  lands  or  tenements  to  another 
who  has  some  estate  in  possession  ;  a  quitclaim. 
The  efficient  words  in  such  an  instrument  are, 
"  remised,  released,  and  forever  quitclaimed.^^ 

Blackstone. 

RE-LEAP'f;D,  (re-Ieest',)  pp.  Set  free  from  confine- 
ment ;  freed  from  obligation  or  liability ;  freed  from 
pain  ;  quitclaimed. 

RE-LeAS-EE^  n.  A  person  to  whom  a  release  is 
given. 

RE-LeASE'MENT,  71.  The  act  of  releasing  from 
confinement  or  obligation.  Milton. 

RE-LeAS'ER,  n.    One  who  releases. 

RE-LeAS'ING,  ppr.  Liberating  from  confinement  or 
restraint;  freeing  from  obligation  or  responsibility, 
or  from  pain  or  other  evil  ;  quitclaiming. 

REL'E-GaTE,  1-.  U    [L.  relego :  re  and  lego  to  send.] 
To  banish  ;  to  send  into  e.vile. 

REL'E  GA-TED,  pp.    Sent  into  exile. 

REL'E-G.A-TI.\G,  ppr.  Banishing. 

REL-E-Ga'TIOiV,  «.    [L.  relegalio.] 

The  act  of  banishment ;  exile.  -^yliffe. 

RE-LENT',  I',  i.  [Fr.  relentir  ;  relenter ;  II.  rallen- 
tare;  !?p.  ablandar ;  Port,  abramliir ;  the  two  latter 
from  blando,  L.  blandus,  which  unites  the  L.  blandus 
with  lenlus.  The  English  is  from  re  and  L.  lentus, 
gentle,  pliant,  slow,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is 
soft  or  yielding.  The  L.  lenis  is  probably  of  the  same 
family.    f*ee  Bland.] 

1.  To  soften  ;  to  become  less  rigid  or  hard ;  to  give, 
hi  £oinc  houses,  swceuneats  will  reUnl  more  than  in  oOiera. 

Bacon. 

When  opening  buds  s.'xiule  (he  welcome  (I;iy, 

Ami  .-.TTlh,  reiendng,  fccia  ih'.'  geni.U  my.  Pope. 

[  This  sense  of  the  word  is  admissible  in  poetry,  but  is 
not  in  common  nse.] 

2.  To  grow  moist ;  to  deliquesce  j  applied  to  salts ; 
as,  the  relenting  of  the  air.  Bacon. 

Suit  of  liinar —  placed  in  a  cellar,  will  begin  to  relent,  BoyU. 
[  This  sense  is  not  in  itse.] 

3.  To  become  leas  intense.    [Little  used.]  Sidneif. 

4.  To  soften  in  temper;  to  become  more  mild  and 
tender;  to  feel  compassion. 

[  This  is  the  iLsual  sense  of  the  icord.] 
Can  you  helwlil 
My  tears,  and  not  once  relent  7  ShaJc. 

RE-LENT',  e.  t.   To  slacken. 

And  oftenlin)«.8  he  would  relent  his  pace.    [Obt,]  Spenter. 
2.  To  soften  ;  to  mollify.    [  Obs.]  Spenser. 
RE-LEXT', /./>.    Dissolved.  [Obs.] 
RE-LEiN'T',  n.    Remission  ;  stay.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
RE-LE.\T'EI),;;p.    Softened  in  temper. 
RE-LE.N'T'I.N't;,  jr/ir.    Softening  in  temper;  becoming 

more  mild  or  compassionate 
RIM.I'.NT'l.NG,  71.    The  act  of  becoming  more  mild 

or  ^■nnlpassiot^aU^ 
RE-LE.\'I"LE.S.S,  a.    Unmoved  by  pity;  unpitying; 

InxcnHible  to  the  distreHsen  of  others  ;  dl^■<tltute  of 

lenderneBS  ;  an,  a  prey  t<i  relentless  despotism. 

for  t>iU  th'  ■vetigiii?  pr,wef  rmji\nyt  his  darts, 

Thus  will  persist,  relenUett  in  h\»  Ire.  Dryden. 

Relentless  thoughts,  in  Milton,  may  signify  unre- 
mitted, intently  (ixed  on  di:<qiiieting  objects.  Johnson. 

[This  sense  of  tJu  word  is  unusual,  and  not  to  be 
enuntenanced.] 


REL 

RE-LENT'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  pity.  Ed.  Ret: 

RE-LENT'LESS-NESS,  ji.  The  quality  of  being  un- 
moved by  pity.  Milman. 

RE-LES-SEE'y  71.  [See  Release.]  The  person  to 
whom  a  release  is  executed. 

Ee-LES-SOR',  n.  The  person  who  e.xecute3  a  re- 
lease. 

Tiiere  must  be  a  privity  of  estate  between  the  relessor  and  re- 
lessee.  Blackstone. 

RE-LET',  V.  t.   To  let  anew,  as  a  house. 
REL'E-VANCE,  j  71.    [See  Relevant.]    The  state 
REL'E-VAN-CY,  i     of  being  relevant,  or  of  affording 
relief  or  aid. 

2.  Pertinence  ;  applicableness. 

3.  In  Scots  lair,  siitiiciency  to  infer  the  conclusion. 
REL'E-VANT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  relever,  to  relieve,  to 

advance,  to  raise  ;  re  and  leoer,  to  raise.] 

1.  Relieving  ;  lending  aid  or  support.  Pawnall. 

2.  Pertinent;  applicable.  The  testimony  is  not 
relevant  to  the  case ;  the  argument  is  not  relevant  to 
the  question. 

[  This  is  t/te  sense  in  which  the  word  is  now  generally 
used.] 

3.  Sufficient  to  support  the  cause.       Scot?  Law. 
REL-E-Va'TION,  71.    A  raising  or  lifting  up.  [jYot 

in  H.-;e.] 

RE-LI' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  relied  on  or  trusted. 
RE-LI'A-BLE-NESS,  /  71.     The  state  of  being  reli- 
RE-Li-A-BIL'I-TY,    i  able. 

RE-L^'A^'CE,  71.  [from  rely.]  Rest  or  repose  of 
mind,  resulting  from  a  full  belief  of  the  veracity  or 
integrity  of  a  person,  or  of  the  certainty  of  a  fact; 
trust;  confidence;  dependence.  AVe  may  have  per- 
fect reliance  on  the  promises  of  God  ;  we  have  reli- 
ance on  the  testimony  of  witnesses  ;  we  place  reli- 
ance on  men  of  known  integrity,  or  on  the  strength 
and  stability  of  government. 

REL'IC,  71.  [Fr.  relique;  L.  relitjuiic,  from  rclinqua,  to 
Icune :  re  and  Unquo.] 

1.  That  which  remains ;  that  which  is  left  after 
the  loss  or  decay  of  the  rest ;  as,  the  relics  of  a  town  ; 
the  relics  of  magnificence  ;  the  relics  of  antiquity. 
The  relics  of  saints  are  held  in  great  veneration  liy 
the  Roman  Catholics. 

2.  Tlie  body  of  a  deceased  person  ;  a  corpse. 
[Usnalbj  in  the  plural.]  Dryden.  Pope. 

REL'ie-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  relics.  [LUtle 
used.] 

REL'ieT,  n.  [L.  relictus,  relicta,  from  relinquo,  to 
leave.] 

A  widow  ;  a  woman  whose  husband  is  dead. 

Sprat.  Garth. 
RE-LICT'ED,  a.    In  law,  left  uncovered,  as  land  by 
the  retrocession  of  the  sea  or  other  water. 

Bouvicr. 

RE-Lie'TION,  71.    In  law,  land  left  uncovered  by  the 

retrocession  of  the  sea  or  other  water.  Bmirier. 
RE-LI'£D,  (re-lide',)  pp.    Reposed  on  something,  as 

the  imnd  ;  confided  in  ;  depended. 
RE-LI eF',  (re-leef,)  71.    [Fr.  relief;  It.  rilevo,  rilievo, 

from  rilecare,  to  raise,  to  lift,  to  remove  ;  Sp.  relieve, 

reterar :  re  and  llevar,  to  raise.] 

1.  The  removal,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  any  evil 
tliat  afflicts  the  botiy  or  mind  ;  the  removal  or  allevi- 
ation of  pain,  grief,  want,  care,  anxiety,  toil,  or  dis- 
tress, or  of  any  thing  oppressive  or  burdensome,  by 
which  some  ease  is  obt.tined.  Rest  gives  relief  to  the 
body  when  weary  ;  an  anodyne  gives  relief  from 
pain  ;  the  sympathy  of  friends  alTords  some  relief  lo 
the  (tistressed  ;  a  loan  of  money  to  a  man  embar- 
rassed may  afford  him  a  temporary  relief-^  medicines 
which  will  not  cure  a  disease  sometimes  give  a  par- 
tial relief.  A  complete  re/ ie/ from  the  troubles  of  life 
is  never  lo  be  expected. 

2.  That  which  mitigates  or  removes  pain,  grief,  or 
other  evil.  Dryden. 

3.  The  release,  as  of  sentinels,  from  some  post  or 
duty,  and  the  substitution  of  others  ;  also,  the  per- 
son or  persons  thus  substituted. 

4.  In  sculpture,  &c.,  the  projecture  or  prominence 
of  a  figure  above  or  beyond  the  ground  or  plane  on 
which  it  is  formed.  Relief  is  of  three  kinds  ;  high 
relief,  (^alto  relievo,)  low  relief,  (basso  relievo,)  and  denii 
relief,  (demi  relievo.)  The  difference  is  in  the  degree 
of  projecture.  High  relief  is  formed  from  nature,  as 
when  a  figure  stands  completely  out  from  the  ground, 
being  attached  to  it  in  only  a  few  places.  Low  relief 
is  when  the  figure  projects  but  little,  as  in  medals, 
festoons,  foliages,  and  other  ornaments.  Demi  relitf 
is  when  one  half  of  the  figure  rises  from  the  plane. 

i^7-<i7irfe, 

5.  In  painting,  the  appearance  of  projection,  or  the 
degree  of  boldness  which  a  figure  exhibits  to  the  eye 
at  a  distanr(>. 

(1.  In  feudal  lain,  a  fine  or  composition  which  the 
heir  of  a  tenant,  hcilding  by  knight's  si^rvice  or  other 
tenure,  [laid  lo  the  lord,  at  the  death  of  the  ancestor, 
for  the  privilege  of  taking  up  the  estate  which,  on 
Htrict  feudal  principles,  had  lapsed  or  fallen  to  the 
I(7rd  on  the  (leath  of  the  tenant.  This  relief  con- 
sisted of  horses,  arms,  mimey,  and  the  like,  the 
amount  of  which  was  originally  arbitrary,  but  after- 
ward fixed  at  a  certain  rate  by  law.    It  is  not  p:iya- 


REL 

ble,  unless  the  heir,  .at  the  death  of  his  ancestor,  hail 
attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-one  years. 

Blackstone.  Enrye. 
7.  A  remedy,  partial  or  total,  for  any  wrong"  suf- 
fered ;  redress  ;  indemnification.  He  applied  to  chan- 
cery, but  could  get  no  relief;  he  petitioned  the  legis- 
lature, and  obtained  relief. 

6.  The  exposure  of  any  thing  by  the  proximity  of 
something  else.  Johnson. 

RE-Ll'ER,  71.  [from  reiy.j  One  who  relies,  or  places 
full  confidence  in. 

RE-LIEV'.\-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  relieved  ;  that 
may  receive  relief.  Hale. 

RE  LIEVE',  r.  £.  [Fr.  relever ;  L.  relevo.  See  Re- 
lief.] 

1.  To  free,  wholly  or  partially,  from  pain,  grief, 
want,  anxiety,  care,  toil,  trouble,  burden,  oppressiim, 
or  any  thing  that  is  considered  to  be  an  evil ;  to  ease 
of  any  thing  that  pains  the  body  or  distresses  the 
mind.  Repose  relieves  the  wearied  bt>dy  ;  a  supply 
of  provisions  relieres  a  family  in  want  ;  medicines 
may  relieve  the  sick  man,  even  when  they  do  not  cure 
him  ;  we  all  desire  to  be  relieved  from  anxiety  .and 
from  heavy  taxes  ;  law  or  duty,  or  both,  require  that 
we  should  relieve  the  poor  and  (Icstitute. 

2.  To  alleviate  or  remove  ;  as  when  we  say,  to  re- 
lieve pain  or  distress ;  to  relieve  the  wants  of  the 
poor. 

3.  To  release  from  a  post  or  station,  as  sentinels,  a 
guard,  or  ships,  and  station  others  in  their  place. 
Sentinels  are  i;enerally  relieved  every  two  hours  : 
a  guard  is  usually  relieved  once  in  twenty-four  hours! 

4.  To  right ;  to  ease  of  any  burden,  wrong,  or  op- 
pression by  judicial  or  legislative  interposition,  by 
the  removal  of  a  grievance,  by  indemnification  for 
losses  and  the  like. 

5.  To  abate  the  inconvenience  of  any  thing  by 
change,  or  by  the  interjiosition  of  something  dissimi- 
lar. Tlie  moon  relieves  the  luster  of  the  sun  with  a 
milder  light. 

The  poot  must  not  encumber  his  poem  with  too  much  business, 
but  sometimes  relieve  the  subject  with  a  moral  reflection. 

Addison. 

6.  To  assist ;  to  support. 

Par.illels,  or  like  relations,  alternately  relieve  each  other ;  wlien 
neither  will  pass  asunder,  yet  ijiey  are  plausible  together. 

Brown. 

7.  Set  off  by  contrast.  [Used  in  respect  to  paint- 
ing and  picturesque  effect.]  fValter  Scott. 

RE-LIeV'£D,  pp.  Freed  from  pain  or  other  evil  ; 
eased  or  cured  ;  aided  ;  succored ;  dismissed  from 
watching. 

2.  Alleviated  or  removed,  as  pain  or  distress. 

3.  Set  off  by  contrast. 

RE-LlEV'ER,n.    One  that  relieves ;  be  orthat  which 

gives  ease. 

RE-LIeV'ING,  or  a.  Removing  pain  or  distress, 
or  abating  the  violence  of  it ;  easing  ;  curing  ;  as- 
sisting ;  dismissing  from  a  post,  as  a  sentinel ;  sup- 
porting. 

Relieving  arch.    See  Discharging  Arch. 

RR-LIE'yO,  (re-Iee'vo,)  71.  [It.]  Relief;  promin- 
ence of  figures  in  statuary,  architecture,  &c. ;  appa- 
rent prominence  of  figures  in  painting. 

RE-LIGHT',  (re-lite',)  v.  U    [re  and  lighL]    To  light 
anew  ;  to  illuminate  again. 
2.  To  rekindle ;  to  set  on  fire  again. 

Rr.-LTGHT'ED,        Lighted  anew  ;  rekindled. 

Rk-LIGHT'L\G,  ppr.    Lighting  again  ;  rekindling. 

RE  LIG'ION,  (re-lij'un,)  71.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  religion  ;  It. 
religione  ;  L.  rcligio,  from  reliffo,  to  bind  anew  ;  re 
and'  hgo,  to  bintl.  This  word  seems  originally  to 
li.ave  signified  an  oath  or  vow  to  the  gods,  or  the  ob- 
ligation of  such  an  oath  or  vow,  which  was  held 
very  sacred  by  the  Romans.] 

1.  Religion,  in  a  comprehensive  sense,  includes  a 
belief  in  the  being  and  perfections  of  God,  in  the 
revelation  of  his  will  to  man,  in  man's  obligation  to 
obey  his  commands,  in  a  state  of  reward  and  pun- 
ishment, and  in  man's  accountableness  to  God  ;  and 
also  true  godliness  or  piety  of  life,  with  the  practice 
of  all  moral  duties.  It  therefore  cimiprehends  the- 
ology as  a  system  of  doctrines  or  principles,  as  well 
as  practical  pii;ty ;  for  the  pr.actice  of  moral  duties 
without  a  belief  in  a  divine  lawgiver,  and  without 
reference  to  his  will  or  commands,  is  not  religion. 

2.  Religion^  as  distinct  from  theology,  is  godliness 
or  real  piety  in  practice,  consisting  in  the  perfiirm- 
ancc  of  all  know  n  duties  to  God  and  our  fellow-men, 
in  obedience  to  divine  coniinnnd,  or  tj-oni  love  to 
God  and  his  law.   James  i. 

Heli^ion  will  atten.l  you  —  i»s  a  pleasant  and  useful  companion, 
in  every  proper  place  and  every  tcmperat'-'  oecupaiioii  of  life. 

Backmineler. 

3.  Religion,  as  distinct  from  tiiXiifor  morality,  con 
sists  in  the  performance  of  the  duties  we  owe  di- 
rectly to  God,  from  a  principle  of  obedience  to  his 
will.  Hence  wc  often  speak  of  religion  and  virtue 
as  diffi'ri^nt  branches  of  one  system,  or  the  duties  of 
the  first  and  second  tables  of  the  law. 

I^et  us  w  ith  C'lulion  initulire  Itie  supposition,  that  morality  ran  be 
maintained  without  riligion.  Wa4lHnglon, 

A.  Any  system  of  faith  and  worship.    In  this 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  —  NOI  E,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


032 


REL 

sense,  religion  Cdiiipreliends  the  Ix  lii-f  and  worship 
of  pagans  and  Wohainuiedans,  as  well  as  of  Chris- 
tians ;  any  religion  consisting  in  the  belief  of  a  su- 
perior power  or  powers  governing  the  world,  and  in 
the  worship  of  such  power  or  powers.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  reUginn  of  the  Turks,  of  the  Hindoos, 
of  the  Inilians,  &c.,  ns  well  as  of  the  Christian  re- 
lis'wn.  We  sjieak  of  false  religion,  as  well  as  of  true 
rcfiirian. 

5.  The  rites  of  religion  ;  in  the  plural.  Milton. 

RE-LIG'ION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  religion;  pious. 
[JVii*  n.icit.]  Bp.  Barlow. 

RK,-LI0i'lOi\-ISM,  n.  The  practice  of  religion  ;  ad- 
herence to  religion.  Stewart. 

RK-LIG'ION-IST,  n.  A  bigot  to  any  religious  persua- 
sion. Sioijt 

RE  I.IG-I-OS'I-TY,  71.  [L.  reliffiositas.]  Sense  of 
rcligi()n  ;  religiousness. 

RK  I.IC'IOUS,  (re-lij'us,)  a.  [Fr.  religieux;  L.  relig- 
iosus.  ] 

I.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  religion  ;  as,  arc/iVioiii 
society  ;  a  religious  sect;  a  reUgioun  place  ;  religious 
subjects. 

•i.  Pious;  godly;  loving  and  reverencing  the  Su- 
preme Being  and  obeying  his  precepts;  as,  a  relig- 
ious man. 

3.  Devoted  to  the  practice  of  religion  ;  as,  a  relig- 
ious life. 

4.  Teaching  religion  ;  containing  religious  subjects 
or  the  doctrines  and  precepts  of  religion,  or  the  dis- 
cussion of  topics  of  religion  ;  ns,  a  religious  book. 

5.  Exact ;  strict  ;  such  as  religion  requires  ;  as,  a 
religiotis  {tbservance  of  vows  or  promises. 

6.  Engaged  by  vows  to  a  monastic  life  ;  as,  a  re- 
ligious order  or  fraternity. 

7.  .Appropriated  to  the  performance  of  sacred  or 
religions  duties  ;  as,  a  religious  house.  Law. 

RE-LIG'IOL'S,  II.  A  person  bound  by  monastic  vows, 
or  sequestered  from  secular  concerns  and  devoted  to 
a  life  of  piety  and  devotion  ;  anionk  or  friar;  anun. 
If.iirlr  K.v«/.] 

RE-LIO'IOUS-LY,  adv.  Piously;  with  love  and  rev- 
erence to  the  Supreme  Being ;  in  obedience  to  the 
divine  commands.  Draiiton. 

2.  Accordmg  to  the  rites  of  religion.  Slide. 

3.  Reverently  ;  with  veneration.  Du]ipa. 

4.  Exactly;  strictly;  conscientiously;  as,  a  vow 
or  promise  rpliirinuslii  observed. 

RE-I.l(":'IOUS-NESS,"»i.  The  quality  or  state  of  be- 
inc  relisions. 

R  E-LIN'(iUE.\T,  a.  Relinquishing.  As  a  noun,  one 
who  relinquishes. 

RE-LIN'UUISII,  (re-link'wish,)  v.  t.  [L.  rclinquo  ; 
re  and  linquo,  U^  leave,  to  fail  or  faint ;  from  the  same 
root  as  lifjuco,  tiqno,  to  melt  or  dissolve,  dcliijuium,  a 
fainting,  Ir.  leagham,  to  melt.  Hence  the  sense  is  to 
withdraw  or  give  way  ;  to  relinquish  is  to  recede 
from.  It  is  prtibably*  allied  to  fiag  and  slack;  \V. 
llac,  llaciaw,  to  slac/ien  ;  llcgu,  to  flag.    Class  Eg.] 

1.  To  withdraw  from  ;  to  leave;  to  quit.  It  may 
be  to  forsake  or  abandon,  hut  it  does  not  necessarily 
express  the  sense  of  the  latter.  A  man  may  relin- 
quish an  enterprise  for  a  time,  or  with  a  design  never 
to  resunje  it.  In  grntral,  to  relinquish  is  to  leave 
without  the  intention  of  resuming,  and  equivalent 
to  forsake,  but  is  less  einphatical  than  abandon  and 
desert. 

Th^y  placed  Irish  tenanu  on  Ihe  lands  relinquished  by  ihr  Kng- 
tjsll.  Daviea. 

2.  To  forbear  ;  to  withdraw  from  ;  as,  to  relinquish 
the  practice  of  intemperance  ;  to  relinquish  the  rites 
of  a  church.  Hooker. 

3.  To  give  up  ;  to  renounce  a  claim  to  ;  as,  to  re- 
linquish a  debt. 

Tn  relinquish  back,  or  to  ;  to  give  up ;  to  release  ; 
to  surrender  ;  as,  to  relinqui.<h  a  claim  to  another. 

RE-LI.\'aUISH-f;U,  (re-link'vvisht,)pp.  Left;  quit- 
ted ;  given  up. 

RE-Ll\'(iniSH-ER,  n.    One  who  leaves  or  quits. 

RE-I,IN'aUISII-L\G,  ppr.  Cinitting  ;  leaving;  giv- 
ing up. 

RE-LIN'aUISH-MENT,  n.  The  art  of  leaving  or 
quitting  ;  a  forsaking  ;  the  renouncing  a  claim  to. 

REL'I-aU.A-RY,  n.  [Fr.  rcliquaire,  from  L.  relin- 
quo.] 

A  small  chest,  box,  or  casket,  in  which  relics  are 
kept.  Oloss.  ofjirchit. 

REL-taUE',  (rcl-eek',)  n.    A  relic.    [See  Relk  .] 

RF.-lJd'UI-JE,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Remains  of  the  dead; 
organic  remains.  Humble. 

RE-EIU'UID-ATE,  (re-lik'we-date,1  r.  f.  [re  and 
liquidate  1    To  liquidate  anew  ;  to  adjust  a  second 

RE-l.ia'ITlD-A-TEI),  pp.    Liquidated  again,  [time. 

RE-LUi'UlD-A-TING,  ppr.    Liquidating  again. 

RE-LIQ-UID-A'TION,  n.  A  second  or  renewed 
liquidation  ;  a  renewed  adjustment.  Hamilton. 

REL'ISH,  n.  Taste  ;  or,  rather,  a  pleasing  taste  ;  that 
sensation  of  the  organs  which  is  experienced  when 
we  take  food  or  drink  of  an  agreeable  flavor.  Dif- 
ferent persons  have  difforent  refo/ie.?.  Relish  is  often 
natural,  and  often  the  effect  of  habit. 
2.  Liking;  delight;  appetite. 

\Vc  have  inch  a  rtlith  for  bction,  u  to  h«»e  Io<l  that  of  «ic. 

Adttiton. 


REL 

3.  Sense  ;  the  faculty  of  perceiving  excellence  ; 
taste  ;  as,  a  relish  for  fine  writing,  or  a  relish  of  fine 
writing.    Addison  uses  both  of  and  for  after  relish. 

4.  'i'hat  which  gives  pleasure  ;  the  power  of  pleas- 
ing. 

When  liberty  ia  gone, 
Tjife  g^owB  Insipid,  nnd  hiu  lost  its  relisti.  Addison, 

5.  Oast ;  manners. 

It  prescrfcs  some  relish  of  old  writing.  Pope, 
C.  Taste  ;  a  small  quantity  just  perceptible. 

Devotion,  piuicnce,  coiimjje,  fortitude, 

I  have  no  retieh  of  tln-ni.  Shale, 

7.  Something  taken  with  food  to  increase  the 
pleasure  of  eating. 
REL'ISH,  V.  t.    To  give  an  agreeable  taste  to. 

A  s.'wory  bit  that  served  to  relish  wine.  Dryden. 

2.  To  like  the  taste  of ;  as,  to  relish  venison. 

3.  To  be  gratified  with  the  enjoyment  or  use  of. 
lie  knows  how  to  prize  his  ndviint:v^'s  and  to  rcUsh  lh<-  honors 

wltich  tic  enjoys.  Atterbury. 
Men  of  ince  p;il.ites  would  not  relish  Aristotle,  as  drc&s<-d  np  by 
tile  schoolmen.  Baker, 

REL'ISH,  tj.  t.    To  have  a  pleasing  taste.    The  great- 
est dainties  do  not  always  relish. 

2.  To  give  pleasure. 

Had  I  been  the  finder-ont  of  this  secret,  it  would  not  have  rel- 
ished among  my  otlter  discredits.  iihak. 

3.  To  have  a  flavor. 

'A  theory  which,  how  much  soever  it  may  rWwft  of  wit  and  inven- 
tion, luilti  no  toundution  in  naluiv.  iV'oodioaid, 

REL'ISH-.\-BLE,  a.    Gustable  ;  having  an  agreeable 
t.aste. 

REL'ISH-KD,  (rel'isht,)  pp.     Giving  an  agreeable 

t^aste  ;  received  with  pleasure. 
Re-LF  VE',  (re  iiv',)  ».  i.  [re  and  Jioe.]  To  live  again  ; 

to  revive.  Spenser. 
Rk-LIVE',  (re-liv',)  o.  L    To  recall  to  life,    [mt  in 

usc.]_  SpciLscr. 
Rk-LoAN',  1).  <.    [re  and  loan.]    To  loan  again;  to 

lend  w  hat  has  been  lent  and  repaid. 
RE-LoAN',  n.    A  .second  lending  of  the  same  money. 

President's  Message. 
Rf.-LoAV'KD,  pp.    Loaned  again. 
Rk-Lo.AN'ING,  ppr.    Loaning  again. 
Rf.-Lo'C.aTE,  t'.  t.    To  locate  a  second  time. 
RK-LO-eA'TIO.V,  n.    A  second  location.  Scott. 
Ri~;-LOVE',  (  luv',)  !>.  t.    [re  and  love.]    To  love  in 

return.    [JVut  in  use.]  Bvi/lr. 
RE-LO'CENT,  a.    [L.  reluccns,  relucco  ;  re  and  luceo, 

to  shine.] 

Shining;  transparent;  clear;  pellucid;  as,  a  rdu- 
cent  stretim.  Thomson, 
RE-LUeT',  V.  i.    [L.  reluctor;  re  and  luctor,  to  Strug- 
gle.] 

To  strive  or  struggle  against.    [Little  used.] 
RE-LUCT'ANCE,  1   n.     [Literalhi,   a  straining  or 
RE-LUCT'AN-CY,  S      striving  against.] 

Unwillingness  ;  great  opposition  of  mind  ;  repug- 
nance ;  with  to  or  against;  as,  to  undertake  a  war 
with  reluctance.  He  has  a  great  reluctance  to  this 
measure. 

Bear  witness,  Heaven,  with  wlial  reluclancy 

Her  helpless  iiniocence  1  doom  to  die.  Dnjden. 

RE-LUCT'ANT,  a.     Striving  against ;  unwilling  ; 
much  opposed  in  heart. 

lichtetant  now  1  touched  the  tremblin*  string.  T^cleelt. 

2.  Unwilling  ;  acting  with  slight  repugnance  ;  coy. 

jVillon. 

3.  Proceeding  from  an  unwilling  mind  ;  granted 
with  reluctance  ;  as,  rr/ucfanf  obedience.  Mitfurd. 

RE-LUCT'ANT-LV,  adi\    With  opposition  of  heart  ; 
unwillingly.     What  is  undertaken  reluctantly,  is 
seld(un  well  performed. 
RE-LUCT'ATE,  v.  t.   To  resist ;  to  struggle  against. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
RE-LUCT-A'TION,  n.    Repugnance  ;  resistance. 

Bacon. 

RE-LUCT'ING,  ppr.    Striving  to  resist. 

2.  a.  Averse  ;  unwilling. 
RE-LO.ME',  V.  U     [Fr.  reUlumcr ;  L.  re  and  lumen, 
light.] 

To  rekindle;  to  light  again.  Pope 
RE-LO,M'£D,  pp.    Rekindled  ;  lighted  again. 
RE-Lu'.MI.NE,  (  inin,)  v.  U    [It.  ralluminare;  L.  relu- 
mino  ;  re  and  lumen,  light,  from  luceo,  to  shine.] 
1.  To  light  anew  ;  to  rekindle.  Shak. 
9.  To  illuminate  again. 
RE-Lu'MIN-f.D,  pp.    Rekindled  ;  illuminated  anew. 
RE-LOM'ING,  ppr.    Kindling  or  lighting  anew. 
RE  LO.M'IN-L\G,  ppr.     Rekindling  ;  enlightening 
anew. 

RE-LV,  r.  I.  [re  and  lie,  or  from  the  root  of  lie,  lay.] 
To  rest  on  something,  as  the  mind  when  satisfied 
of  the  veracity,  integrity,  or  ability  of  persons,  or  of 
the  certainty  of  facts  or  of  evidence  ;  to  have  confi- 
dence in  ;  to  trii.st  in  ;  to  depend  ;  with  on.  We 
rely  on  the  promise  of  a  man  who  is  known  to  be 
upright ;  we  rely  on  the  veracity  or  fidelity  of  a  tried 
friend  ;  a  prince  relies  on  the  affections  of  his  sub- 
jects for  support,  and  on  the  strength  of  his  army  for 
success  in  war  ;  above  all  things,  we  rely  on  the 


REM 

mercy  and  promises  of  God.  That  which  is  the 
ground  of  confidence,  is  a  certainly  or  full  convic- 
tion that  satisfies  the  mind  and  leaves  it  at  rest,  or 
undisturbed  by  doubt. 

Because  thou  hast  relied  on  the  king  of  Syria,  and  not  relied  on 
the  Lord  thy  tjod,  —  U  Chron.  xvi. 

RE-LVING,  ppr.     Reposing  on  something,  as  the 

mind  ;  confiding  in  ;  trusting  in  ;  depending. 
RE-MaDE',  pref.  and  pp.  of  Rkmake. 
RE-.Ma1N',  v.  i.  [L.  rcmaneo  ;  re  and  maneo,  Gr.  pcj/co, 


jltVCOJ  ; 


Pers.  ^,.XjL..o  viandan,  and  ^fc\>oL.c 


manidan,  to  remain,  tn  be  left,  to  delay,  to  be  like,  to 
dismiss,  to  leave.  The  sense  seems  to  be,  to  draw 
out  in  time,  or  to  he  fixed,  or  to  continue.  (See  anal- 
ogies in  Llave.)  The  sense  of  likeness  may  be  a 
drawing.] 

1.  To  continue  ;  to  rest  or  abide  in  n  place  fnr  a 
time  indefinite.  They  remained  a  month  in  Rome. 
We  remain  at  an  inn  for  a  night,  for  a  week,  or  a 
longer  time. 

Ueinain  a  widow  at  thy  father's  house,  till  Shelah  iny  son  be 
grown.  —  Gen,  xxxviii, 

9.  To  be  li;ft  after  others  have  withdrawn  ;  to  rest 
or  abide  in  the  same  place  when  others  remove,  or 
are  lost,  destroyed,  or  taken  away. 

Noah  only  remained  alive,  and  they  that  were  with  him  In  the 
ark.  —  Uuu.  vil. 

3.  To  be  left  after  a  part  or  others  have  pa.ssed.  Let 
our  remaining  time  or  years  be  employed  in  active 
duties. 

4.  To  continue  unchanged,  or  in  a  particular  state. 
He  remains  stupid ;  he  remains  in  a  low  state  of 
health. 

5.  JSot  to  be  lost ;  not  to  escape  ;  not  to  be  forgot- 
ten. 

All  my  wisdom  remained  with  me.  Ecclut. 

6.  To  be  left,  out  of  a  greater  number  or  qtmntity. 
Part  of  the  debt  is  paid  ;  tliat  which  remains  will  be 
on  interest. 

That  which  remaxneth  over,  lay  up  for  you  to  bo  kept  till  the 
morning. —  l-Jx.  xvi, 

7.  To  be  left  as  not  included  or  comprised.  There 
remains  one  argument  which  has  not  been  consid- 
ered. 

That  an  elder  brother  has  power  over  his  brethren  remain*  to  be 
pr.ived.  Locke. 

8.  To  continue  in  the  same  state. 

Childless  thou  art,  chihiless  remain.  Milton, 

RE-.MAIN',  V.  t.  To  await;  to  be  left  to;  as,  the 
easier  conquest  now  remains  thee. 

[This  is  elliptical  fur  remains  to  thee.  Remain  is 
not  properly  a  transitive  verb.] 

RE-.MaL\',  n.  "I'hat  which  is  left;  a  corpse;  also, 
abode.    [ JV*)f  used.] 

RE-.MaI.N"^DER,  n.  Any  thing  left  after  the  separa- 
tion and  removal  of  a  part. 

If  Uiese  decoctions  l>e  repeated  till  the  water  comes  ofl'  clear,  the 

remairuler  vi-Ms  no  salt.  Arbuthnot. 
The  List  reindtiuiert  of  unhappy  Troy.  Dryden. 

2.  Relics  ;  remains  ,  the  corpse  of  a  human  being. 
[JVot  vow  used.]  Sliali. 

3.  That  which  is  left  after  a  part  is  passed  ;  as,  the 
remainder  of  the  day  or  week  ;  the  remainder  of  the 
yettr  :  the  remainder  of  life. 

4.  The  quantity  that  is  left  after  subtraction  or 
after  any  deduction. 

5.  In  law,  an  estate  limited  to  take  cfTcrt  and  be 
enjoyed  after  another  estate  is  determined.  A 
grants  land  to  B  for  twenty  years  ;  remainder  to  D 
in  fee.  If  a  man  by  deed  or  will  limits  his  books  oi 
furniture  to  .\  for  life,  with  remainder  to  B,  this  re- 
mainder is  good.  Blackstone, 

Ji  writ  of  ftirmedon  in  remainder,  is  a  writ  which 
lies  where  a  man  gives  laiiils  lo  another  fijr  life  or  in 
tail,  with  remainder  lo  a  third  person  in  tail  or  in 
fee,  and  he  w  ho  has  the  particular  estate  dies  with- 
out issue  heritable,  and  a  stranger  intrudes  uptm 
him  in  reinainrii  r  and  keeps  him  out  of  |M>sse.ssion  ; 
in  this  case,  the  remainder-man  shall  have  his  writ 
of  forinediui  in  tile  reinaintlcr.  Blackstone. 
RE-.MAIN'UER,  a.  Remaining;  refuse;  left;  as,  the 
rcmainrfcr  biscuit ;  the  rcmaiiu/er  viands.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

RE-MaL\'DER-MA.\,  n.  In  law,  he  who  has  an 
estate  after  a  particular  estate  is  determined. 

BUjrk.<tone. 

RE-MAL\'/:D,  pp.  Continued  ;  left  after  others  have 
withdrawn. 

RE-MAIN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Continuing;  resting; 
abiding  for  an  indefinite  time  ;  being  left  after  sepa- 
Mtion  and  removal  of  a  part,  or  after  loss  or  destruc- 
tion, t)r  after  a  part  is  passed,  as  of  time. 

RE-.MAI.\S',  n.  pi.  That  which  is  left  after  a  part  is 
separated,  taken  away,  or  destroyed  ;  as,  the  n- 
mains  of  a  city  or  house  demolished. 

2.  A  (lend  body  ;  a  corpse.  Pope, 
The  singular,  remain,  in  the  like  sen»e,  and  in  the 
sense  of  abode,  is  entirely  obsolete.  Shak. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


117' 


933 


REM 


REM 


REM 


RE-MaKE',  v.  t.  :  prp(.  and  /);'.  Kemade.  [re  and 
make,]    To  make  anew. 

RE-.MANI)',  p.  (.    [Fr.  mnnmler ;  L.  re  and  mando.'] 
To  call  or  send  back  iiini  or  that  which  is  ordered 
to  a  place;  as,  to  remand  an  officer  from  a  distant 
place  ;  to  remand  an  envoy  from  a  foreign  court. 

RE-.MA.\I)'ED,  pp.    Called  or  sent  back. 

RE-MA .\D'K\G,  ppr.    Calling  or  sending  back. 

RE-.MXND'MENT,  n.  A  remanding  or  ordering 
back.  Jcjcrsoiu 

RE.M'A-NEXCE,  I  , 

RE.M'A-.\E.\-CV,  i       ^  remammg. 

RE.M'A-N'E.VT,  n.    [L.  remanens.] 

The  part  remaining.  [Little  used.]  [It  is  con- 
tracted into  Remnant.] 

REM'A-.N'ENT,  a.    Remaining.    [Little  used.]  Taylor. 

RE-.MaRK',  71.    [Fr.  remarque;  re  and  mark.] 

1.  Notice  or  observation;  as,  to  elude  conjecture 
and  remark.  Cowper. 

2.  Particularly,  notice  or  observation  expressed  in 
words  or  writing  ;  as,  the  remarks  of  an  advocate  ; 
the  remarks  made  in  conversati<>n  ;  the  judicious  or 
the  uncandid  remarks  of  a  critic.  A  remark  is  not 
always  expressed,  for  we  say,  a  man  makes  his  re- 
marks on  a  preacher's  sermon  while  he  is  listening 
to  it.  In  this  case  the  notice  is  silent,  a  mere  act  of 
the  mind. 

RE-MARK',  V.  t.    [Fr.  remarijuer.] 

1.  To  obsetve  ;  to  note  in  the  mind  ;  to  take  notice 
of  without  expression.  I  remarked  the  manner  of 
the  speaker  ;  I  remarked  his  elegant  expressions. 

2.  To  express  in  words  or  writing  what  one  thinks 
or  sees  ;  to  express  observations  ;  as,  it  is  necessary 
to  repeat  what  has  been  before  remarked. 

3.  To  mark  ;  to  point  out ;  to  distinguish.  [JVot 
in  ttsc] 

His  manacles  remark  him.  Milton. 

RE-MARK' A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  remarquable.] 

1.  Observable ;  worthy  of  notice. 

'Tis  remarkable  lhal  tUey 
Talk  most  who  have  the  least  to  say.  Prior. 

2.  Extraordinary  ;  unusual  ;  that  deserves  particu- 
lar notice,  or  that  may  excite  admiration  or  wonder ; 
as,  the  remarkable  preservation  of  lives  in  shipwreck. 
The  dark  day,  in  iMay,  1780,  was  a  remarkable  phe- 
nomenon. 

RE-.MARK'.4-BLE-NESS,  n.  Observableness ;  wor- 
thiness of  remark  ;  the  quality  of  deserving  particu- 
lar notice.  Havimoiid. 

RE-MA RK'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  wor- 
thy of  notice  ;  as,  the  winters  of  1825,  162li,  and 
1828,  v.-ere  rcmari-«A/y  free  from  snow.  The  winter 
of  1827  was  remarknble  for  a  great  quantity  of  snow. 
2.  In  an  extraordinary  manner. 

RE-.MARK'ED,  (re-inirkt',)  pp.  Noticed;  observed  ; 
expressed  in  words  or  writing. 

RE-.MARK'ER,  n.  An  observer  ;  one  who  makes  re- 
marks. H'atts. 

RE-MARK'ING,  ppr.  Observing;  taking  notice  of; 
expressing  in  words  or  writing. 

Rf.-M  AR'RI-ED,  pp.    Married  again  or  a  second  time. 

Rk-.MAK'RY,  v.  t.  [re  and  mirry.]  To  marry  again 
or  a  second  time.  Tindal. 

Rf.-MAR'RY-ING,  ppr.  Marrying  again  or  a  second 
time. 

Rf,-MAST',  v.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  second  mast  or 
set  of  masts. 

RF.-MAS'TI-eATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  masticate.]  To  chew 
or  masticate  again  ;  to  chew  over  and  over,  as  in 
chewing  the  cud. 

Rf.-.MAS'T1-€a-TED,  pp.  Chewed  again  or  repeat- 
edly. 

RF.-.MAS'TI-eA-TING,  ppr.  Chewing  again  or  over 
and  over. 

Rf.-MAS-TI-€a'TION,  n.  The  act  of  masticating 
again  or  repeatedly. 

RKM'BLAI,  (rim'lili,)  n.  [Fr.]  In  fortification,  the 
earth  or  materials  used  in  tilling  up  a  trench.  Brandt. 

REM'Iil.E,  V.  I.    To  remove.  Orose. 

RE-.Ml-;'l)l-A-BI,E,  a.  (from  rrmcrf;/.]  That  may  be 
remedied  or  cured.  The  evil  is  believed  to  be  reme- 
diable. 

RE-.Mk'DI-A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  to  bo  susceptible  of 

reni'-dy  or  cure. 
RE  .Mk  l)l-AI>,  a.    [L.  remediali.1.] 

Affording  a  remedy  ;  intended  for  a  remedy,  or 
for  the  removal  of  an  evil. 

Ttie  remedial  part  ot  taw  is  1*0  necewtry  R  conBrqiieniu?  of  the 
ilrcl  iralory  aiul  dip-ctory,  that  lawn  without  it  miwl  be  very 
vague  ami  impcrlect.    bututeg  are  declaratory  or  rente'liai. 

Jilncktuoie. 

BE-Mii'DI-ATE,  in  the  sense  of  remedial,  is  not  in 
use. 

RE.M'B-DI-KD,(rem'o-did,)p7).  [from remerfy.]  Cured; 
healed  :  repaired. 

RE-MEI)'I-Li;SS,  n.  [In  modern  books,  the.  accent  is 
filared  un  the  first  nyll'ible,  wtiicli  would  be  well  if 
there  were  no  derivatives  ;  but  remedilrrt^hi,  remrdi- 
te.Hme.is,  require  the  accent  on  the  seconil  syllable.] 

1.  Not  nilmittingn  remedy  ;  incurable  ;  desperate  ; 
ail,  a  rtmettilritH  disease. 

2.  Irreparable  ;  aH,  a  Ions  or  damage  in  remrdiless. 

3.  Not  admitting  change  or  reversal  ;  as,  a  mnedi- 
lets  doom.  Milton. 


4.  Not  admitting  recovery ;  as,  a  remediless  delu- 
sion. Souths 

RE-MED'I-LESS-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  precludes  a  remedy.  Clarendon^ 

RE-!\IED'l-LESS-NESS,  n.  Incurableness. 

REM'E-DY,  71.  [L.  remedium;  re  and  medeor,Xo  heal ; 
Fr.  remhle.]  ' 

1.  That  which  cures  a  disease  ;  any  medicine  or 
application  which  puts  an  end  to  disease  and  restores 
health  ;  with /or  ;  as,  a  remedy  for  the  gout. 

2.  That  which  counteracts  an  evil  of  any  kind  ; 
with  /r)r,  to,  or  against ;  usually  with  for.  Civil 
government  is  the  remedy  for  the  evils  of  natural  lib- 
erty. What  rei/ier/y  can  be  provided  /er  extravagance 
in  dress.'  The  man  who  shall  invent  an  clTectual 
remedy  for  intemperance  will  deserve  every  thing 
from  his  fellow-inen. 

3.  That  which  cures  uneasiness. 

Our  ^efs  how  swilt,  our  remedies  how  slow  !  Prior. 

4.  That  which  repairs  loss  or  disaster;  reparation. 
In  the  death  of  a  mati  there  is  no  remedy.  Wisdom. 

REM'E-DY,  V.  t.    [Fr.  remedier.] 

1.  To  cure  ;  to  heal  ;  as,  to  remedy  a  disease. 

2.  To  cure;  to  remove,  as  an  evil;  as,  to  remedy 
grief;  to  remedy  the  evils  of  a  war. 

3.  To  repair ;  to  remove  mischief ;  in  a  very  gen- 
eral sense. 

RE.M'E-DY-IN''?,  7'pr.    Curing;  healing;  removing; 

restorir.f  ;'ii;;i<.  a  b.f  !  to  a  go.id  state. 
RE->'EtrT',  V.  t.    [iv  and  melt.]    To  melt  a  second 

lime. 

Ri-.-jlELT'ED,  pp.    Melted  again. 
Re-ME1,T'ING,  ppr.    Melting  again. 
RE-MEM'BER,  v.  t.    [Norm,  remembre;  Low  L.  re- 
memoror  i  re  and  viemoror.    See  MEMORr.] 

1.  To  have  in  the  mind  an  idea  which  had  been  in 
the  mind  before,  and  which  recurs  to  the  mind 
without  effort. 

We  are  said  to  remember  any  thin^,  when  the  idea  of  it  arises  in 
the  mind  with  the  consciousness  that  we  have  had  this  idea 
bc^jre.  Halls. 

2.  When  we  use  effort  to  recall  an  idea,  we  are 
said  tt>  recollect  it.  This  distinction  is  not  always 
observed.  Hence,  R£M£Mi!£r  is  often  used  as  sy- 
nonymous with  Recollect,  that  is,  to  call  to  mind. 
We  say,  we  can  not  remember  a  fact,  when  we 
mean  wc  can  not  recollect  it. 

Remember  the  days  of  old.  —  Deut.  xxxii. 

3.  To  bear  or  keep  in  mind  ;  to  attend  to. 

Remember  what  1  warn  thee  ;  shun  to  taste.  ^TiUon. 

4.  To  preserve  the  memory  of;  to  preserve  from 
being  forgotten. 

Let  th"m  have  their  wa^es  duly  paid, 


And  somethiii'T  over  to  remember  nie. 


Shall. 


5.  To  mention.    [JVo(  in  vse.]  Jlyliffe. 
C.  To  put  in  mind  ;  to  remintl ;  as,  to  remember  one 
of  his  duty.    [jYot  in  use.]  Clarendon. 

7.  To  think  of  and  consider ;  to  meditate.  Ps. 
Ixiii. 

8.  To  bear  in  mind  with  esteem  ;  or  to  reward. 
Eccles.  ix. 

9.  To  bear  in  mind  with  praise  or  admiration  ;  to 
cek-brate.    1  Chron.  xvi. 

10.  To  bear  in  minil  with  favor,  care,  and  regard 
for  the  safely  or  ileliverance  of  any  one.  Fs.  Ixxiv. 
Orn.  viii.    Gen.  xix. 

11.  To  bear  in  mind  with  intent  to  reward  or  pun- 
ish.   3  ./okn  X.    Jrr.  xxxi. 

12.  To  bear  in  mind  with  confidence  ;  to  trust  in. 
Ps.  XX. 

13.  To  bear  in  mind  with  the  purpose  of  assisting 
or  relieving.    Gal.  ii. 

14.  To  bear  in  mind  with  reverence  ;  to  obey. 

Remember  thy  Cn-alor  in  the  days  of  tliy  youth.  —  Eccles.  xii. 

15.  To  bear  in  mind  with  regard ;  to  keep  as  sa- 
cred ;  to  observe. 

Remember  the  Sahbath-day  to  keep  it  holy.  —  Ex.  xx. 

To  remember  mercy,  is  to  exercise  it.    Ilab.  iii. 
RE-MEM'BER  KI),  pp.    Kept  in  mind  ;  recollected. 
RE-ME.M'BER-EK,  71.    One  that  remembers. 

IVotton. 

RE-ME.M'BER  ING,  ppr.    Having  in  mind. 

RE-ME.M'BRANCE,  71.  [Fr.j  The  reltiiniiig  or  hav- 
ing in  ininil  an  idea  wliicli  had  been  pn-senl  before, 
or  an  idea  which  h:td  been  prt.'Vittiisly  received  frtun 
an  object  when  present,  and  \\'hich  recurs  to  the 
mind  afterward  without  tlie  presence  of  its  object. 
Technically,  RKMEMnitANcK  differs  from  Reminis- 
cence and  Rechllection,  as  the  former  implies 
that  an  idea  occurs  to  the  mind  spiuitaneniisly,  or 
without  much  mental  exertion.  The  latter  imply  the 
power  or  the  act  of  recalling  ideas  which  do  not 
s|mntaneously  recur  to  the  mind. 

'I'he  righteous  Khali  he  in  evcrlantinj^  remerrtAmnce.  —  Ps.  cxii. 
Remembmnce  is  when  th'-  saline  idea  rr*cun«,  wiUloul  the  otK-rallon 
ul  Uie  like  object  on  the  externa)  •eitnury.  Locke. 

2.  Transmission  of  a  fact  from  one  to  another. 

Titan 

Amon^  the  heaven*  the  immortal  fact  displayed, 

I.e»t  the  reirteinbrnoce  ot  his  grief  shuiiUI  fait.  Aftditon. 


.3.  Account  preserved  ;  something  to  assist  the 
meit.jry. 

Those  proceetiin*s  and  remtmbranceg  are  in  the  Tower.  Hale. 

4.  Memorial. 

But  in  rern<7n^afi«  of  80  brave  a  deed 

A  tomb  and  funeral  honor*  1  decreed.  Dryden. 

5.  A  token  by  which  one  is  kept  in  the  memory. 

Keep  this  remembrance  for  thy  Julia's  sake.  Shak. 

6.  Notice  of  something  absent. 

Lrf-t  your  remembrance  still  apply  to  Banquo.  Shak. 

7.  Power  of  remembering  ;  limit  of  time  within 
which  a  fact  can  be  remembered  ;  as  when  we  say, 
an  event  tottk  place  before  our  remembrance,  or  since 
our  rcniembrauce. 

8.  Honorable  memory.    [JVbt  in  use.]  Shak. 

9.  Admonition.  Skak. 

10.  Memorandum  ;  a  note  to  help  the  memory. 

Chillinfcworth. 

RE-MEM'BRAN-CER,  71.  One  that  reminds,  or  re- 
vives the  remembrance  of  any  thing. 

God  is  present  in  the  consciences  of  good  and  Ixid  ;  he  is  there  a 
rent«ni6ranccr  to  call  our  actions  to  mind.  Toy/or. 

2.  An  officer  in  the  exchequer  of  England,  whose 
business  is  to  record  certain  papers  and  proceedings, 
make  out  processes,  &c.  ;  a  recorder.  The  officers 
bearing  this  name  were  formerly  called  cicris  of  the 
remembrance.  Eacyc. 

3.  Something  that  reminds  or  calls  to  remein- 
lirance,  as  a  gift ;  memorial  ;  memento.  Cowper. 

RE-.ME.M'O-RaTE,  v.  U  [L.  remcmoratus,  remem- 
oror.  ] 

To  remember  ;  to  revive  in  the  memory.    [JVot  in 

liSC.]^ 

RE-ME.M-O-Ra'TION,  71.  Remembrance.  [JVot  in 
use.] 

RE-MER'CIE,  )      .     r„  .  , 

re-mek'cy,  t  t^'- 

To  thank.    [.Not  in  use.]  Spenser. 
RB^M'I-GEtS,  71.  pi.    [L.,  from  remex,  a  rower.] 

In  ornitholosy,  the  quill  feathers  of  the  wings  of  a 
bird,  which,  like  oars,  propel  it  through  the  air. 

Brande. 

RE-JIi'GRaTE,  t>.  i.  [lj.remigroi  re  and  Tni^'-ro,  to 
mignite.] 

To  remove  back  again  to  a  former  place  or  state  ; 
to  return,    f^ee  .Migrate.]  Boyle. 

RE-MI-GR.^'TION,  71.  Removal  back  again;  a  mi- 
gration to  a  former  place.  Hale. 

RE-.MLVI)',  11.  t.  [re  and  mind.]  To  put  in  mind  ;  to 
bring  to  tlie  remembrance  of;  as,  to  remind  a  person 
of  his  promise. 

2.  To  bring  to  notice  or  consideration.  The  in- 
firmities of  old  age  remind  us  of  our  mortality. 

RE-.MT.VD'ED,  pp.    Put  in  mind. 

RE-J1I\[)'FIJL,  a.  Tending  or  adapted  to  remind ; 
careful  to  remind.  Soutliey. 

RE-MIND'ING,  ppr.  Putting  in  mind  ;  calling  atten- 
tion to. 

RE.M  I-NIS'CENCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  reminiscens, 
reminiscor,  Gr.  nvaoiiat.    See  Memory.] 

1.  That  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  ideas  for- 
merly received  into  it,  but  forgotten,  are  recalled  or 
revived  in  the  memory.  Encyc. 

2.  Recollection  ;  recovery  of  ideas  that  had  es- 
capeil  fruin  the  memory.  Hale. 

3.  Reminiscence  stems  often  to  signify  recollec- 
tiuu  expressed  ;  a  relation  of  what  is  recollectetl. 

REM-I-NIS'l-EN  T,  11.  One  who  calls  to  mind,  and 
reciirds  past  evi'iits. 

RE.M  IMji-CEN'Tl.\L,a.  Pertainingto  reminiscence 
or  recoirM  tion.  Broion. 

RE.\1'I-1'EI),  H.    [I,,  rrmus,  an  oar,  and  p&s,  a  foot.] 
An  animal.    The  name  has  been  giVen  to  curtain 
crustaceans,  also  to  certain  coleopterous  insects. 

P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

RE-MISE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  remise,  from  rrmcitre;  L.  rcinis- 
su<,  rcmitto  ;  re  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

To  give  or  grant  back  ;  to  release  a  claim  ;  to  re- 
sign or  siirrentler  by  tieed.  .\  B  hath  runised,  re- 
leased, and  forever  quitclaimed  to  B  C  all  his  right 
to  the  manor  of  Dale.  Blackstonc. 

Rr.-JII.«'KD,  (re-mizd',)  pp.  Released. 

RE-MIS  ING,  ppr.    Surrendering  by  deed. 

RE-.MISS',  a.    [Fr.  rrmis  :  L.  rcmissus,  supra.] 

1.  Slack  ;  dilatory;  negligent;  not  performing 
duty  or  business;  not. complying  with  engagements 
at  all,  or  not  in  due  time  ;  as,  to  be  remiss  in  at- 
tenilance  on  official  duties ;  remiss  in  payment  of 
debts. 

2.  Slow  ;  slack  ;  languid.  Ifoodmard. 

3.  Not  intense. 

These  nervous,  hold;  those  laiiertdil  and  remise.  Roscommon. 

RE-MISS'I-BLE,  0.  That  may  be  remitted  or  forgiven. 

Frltbam. 

RE-MIS'SION,  (re  mish'im,!  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rcmij- 
sio,  frtun  rrmilto,  to  send  hack.] 

1.  Abatement  ;  relaxation  ;  moderation  ;  as,  the 
remis.Hion  of  extrcmt!  rigor.  Bacon. 

2.  Abatement;  diminution  of  intensity;  as,  the 
remission  of  the  sun's  heat  ;  the  remission  of  fidd  ; 
the  rcmis.iion  of  close  study  or  of  labor.  IVoodieard. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY  PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


REM 


REM 


REM 


3.  Release  ;  discharge  or  rclinquisliiiient  of  a 
claim  or  right ;  as,  llie  remission  of  a  tax  or  duty. 

^dilisun. 

4.  In  medicine,  abatement ;  a  temporary  subsi- 
dence of  the  force  or  violence  of  a  disea-se  or  of 
pain,  as  distin;;uished  from  Intermission,  in  which 
the  disease  leaves  the  patient  entirely  for  a  lime. 

5.  Forgiveness  ;  pardon  ;  that  is,  the  giviii-;  up  of 
the  punishment  due  to  a  crime  ;  as,  the  remission  of 
sins.    .Matt.  xxvi.    lleb.  ix. 

(i.  The  art  of  sendiiiR  hack.    [JVot  in  luf.] 

RF.-.MIS.s'lVE,  a.    Kemiltiiis ;  forgiving.  Jfacket. 

RE-.MISS'LY,  n//i'.  Carelessly;  negligently;  with- 
out close  attention.  Jlookcr. 

2.  Slowly;  slackly ;  not  vigorously  ;  not  with  ar- 
dor. Clarendon. 

RE-.MISS'NESS,  n.  Slackness;  slowness;  careless- 
ness; negligence;  want  of  ardor  or  vigor;  cold- 
ness; want  of  punctuality;  want  of  atlenliou  to 
any  business,  duty,  or  engagement  in  the  proper 
time,  or  with  the  requisite  industry. 

Dcnham.  jirbtU/liloL 

RE-MrT',  V.  U  [L.  remitto,  to  send  hack;  re  and 
mitto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  rcmettre  ;  It.  rimettcre  ;  Sp.  re- 
mitir.] 

1.  To  relax, as  intensity  ;  to  make  less  tense  or  vi- 
olent. 

So  willingly  dolli  (i(xl  remit  his  ire.  Milton. 

2.  To  forgive  ;  to  surrender  the  right  of  punishing 
a  crime  ;  as,  to  remit  punishment.  Dryden. 

3.  To  pardon,  as  a  fault  or  crime. 

Wht>sesoever  sins  ye  rejiii'.,  iln-y  are  remitted  to  them.  —  John  xx. 

4.  To  give  up  ;  to  resign. 

Ill  grievous  and  inhuman  crime*,  oflendcn  ihould  be  remitted  to 
Iheir  prince.  Ilayward. 

5.  To  refer ;  as,  a  clause  that  remitted  all  to  the 
bishop's  discretion.  Baeon. 

6.  To  send  back. 

The  prisoner  was  remitted  lo  the  g\;ar:l.  Dryden. 

7.  To  transmit  money,  bills,  &c.,  to  some  person 
at  a  distance.  American  merchants  remit  money, 
hills  of  exchange,  or  some  species  of  stock,  in  pay- 
ment for  Itritish  goods. 

8.  To  restore. 

In  this  cise  Uie  law  remits  him  to  his  ancient  and  more  certain 
right.  Blackslone. 

RE-MIT',  V.  i.  To  slacken  ;  to  become  less  intense  or 
rigorous. 

When  our  passions  remit,  the  vehemence  of  our  speech  remits 

too.  Broome. 
So  we  say,  cold  or  heat  remits. 
2.  To  abate  in  violence  for  a  time,  without  inter- 
missiim  ;  as,  afevermniisat  a  certain  hour  every  day. 
RE-MIT'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  remitting  to  custody. 

2.  Forgiveness  ;  pardon.  Jllillon. 
RE-MIT'TAL,  n,    A  remitting  ;  a  giving  up  ;  surren- 
der; as,  the  remittal  of  the  first-fruits.  Swift. 
RE-MIT'TA.\CE,  n.    lt\  commerce,  the  act  of  trans- 
mitting money,  bills,  or  the  like,  to  a  distant  place. 
2.  The  sum  or  thing  remitted.  .Iddison. 
RE-.MIT'TEl),  pp.    Relaxed;   forgiven;  pardoned; 
sent  back  ;  referred  ;  given  up;  transmitted  to  a  dis- 
tant place,  as  money. 
RE-MIT'TENT,  o.    Having  an  alternate  increase  and 
remissitm. 

Remittent  fever;  one  which  has  striking  exacerba- 
tions and  remissions,  without  any  entire  intermis- 
sion. Dnn^lisiin. 

RE-.MIT'TER,  n.    One  who  remits,  or  makes  rcmit- 

V  taiire. 

2.  In/<iu>,  the  restitution  of  a  more  ancient  and  cer- 
tain right  to  a  person  who  has  right  to  lands,  but  is 
out  of  possession,  and  hath  afterward  the  freehold 
cast  upon  him  by  some  subsequent  defective  title,  by 
viitue  of  which  he  enters.  Blackstone. 

3.  One  that  pardons. 

RE-.MIT'TING, /ipr.    Relaxing  ;  forgiving;  sending 

back  ;  transmitting  money,  bills,  &c. 
REM'N.^NT,  71.     [Contracted  from  remanent.  See 

Remain.] 

1.  Residue;  that  which  is  left  after  the  separa- 
tion, removal,  or  destruction  of  a  part. 

The  remnanl  that  are  left  of  the  captivity,  —  Neh.  L 

2.  That  which  remains  after  a  part  is  done,  per- 
formed, told,  or  passed. 

The  remnant  of  my  tale  is  of  a  Icn^h 

To  lire  your  p;ilienc*'.  Drvdtn. 
Wliere  1  m;iy  thiuk  tlie  remnant  of  my  thoughts.  ^haJc. 

RE.M'NANT,  a.    Remaining  ;  yet  left. 

And  quiet  deilicate  her  remnant  life 

To  Uie  Just  duties  of  a  humble  wile.    [lAttle  iued.\  Prior. 

RE-MOD'EL,  r.  t  [r«  and  model.]  To  model  or  fash- 
ion anew. 

RE-MOI)'EL-ED,  pp.    Modeled  anew. 

RE-MOD'EL-ING,  ppr.    Modeling  again. 

RE-.Mf)LD',  V.  U  [re  and  tnold.]  To  mold  or  shape 
anew. 

RE-M^l,D'ED,pp.    Molded  again.  J.  Barlow. 

RE-MOLD'ING,  ppr.    Molding  anew. 

RE  MOL'LIE.VT,  g.    [Fr.]    Mollifying  ;  softening. 


RE-Mf)I.T'f;.\,  pp.  or  o.    [re  and  molten,  from  melt.] 

.Melted  again.  Bacon. 
RE-MON't^TRANCE,  n.    [Fr.  rcmonlrance.    See  Rs- 

MONSl  R \1  E.] 

1.  Show  ;  discovery.    [JVot  in  use.']  Shai. 

2.  Expostulation  ;  strong  representation  of  rcasims 
against  a  measure,  either  public  or  private,  and  when 
addressed  to  a  public  body,  a  prince  or  magistrate, 
it  may  be  accompanied  with  a  petition  or  supplica- 
tion for  the  removal  or  prevention  of  some  evil  or 
inconvenience.  A  party  aggrieved  presents  a  rcmtiH- 
slrance  to  the  legislature. 

3.  Pressing  suggestions  in  opposition  to  a  measure 
or  act ;  as,  the  remonstrances  of  Cunscience  or  of  jus- 
tice. Rii^rcrs. 

4.  Expostulary  counsel  or  advice  ;  reproof. 

5.  In  titc  Homun  Catholic  citnrrh,  a  plate  tif  silver 
or  gold,  about  six  inches  in  iliameter,  standing  ver- 
tically on  a  support,  and  having  an  opening  in  Ilie 
center,  within  which  the  host  is  placed,  to  be  exhib- 
ited to  the  congregation. 

RE-.MON'STRANT,  a.  ExpostiiUitory  ;  urging  strong 
reasons  aL'ainst  an  act 

RE-.MO.N"STRANT,  H.  One  vv'lio  remonstrates.  The 
appellation  of  remonstrants  is  given  to  the  Arinini- 
ans  who  remonstrated  against  the  decisions  of  the 
synod  of  Dort,  in  1018.  Brande. 

RE-MON'STRSTE,  r.  i.  [L.  remonstro  ;  re  and  mon- 
stro,  lo  show  ;  Fr.  remontrer.    See  Mi'ster.] 

1.  To  exhibit  or  present  strong  reasons  against  an 
act,  measure,  or  any  course  of  proceedings ;  to  ex- 
postulate. Men  remonstrate  by  verbal  argument,  or 
by  a  written  exposition  of  reastins. 

2.  To  suggest  urgent  reasons  in  opposition  to  a 
measure.  Conscience  remotistrates  against  a  priilli- 
galc  life. 

RE-.MO.\'STR.\TE,  v.  t.  To  show  by  a  strong  repre- 
sentation of  reasons. 

RE-.M()X'STR.\-TEI),  pp.  Opposed  by  urging  strong 
reasons  against  a  measure. 

RE-.M(>.\'STRa-TIN(J,  ppr.  Urging  strong  reasons 
against  a  measure. 

RE-.MO.V-STRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  remonstrating. 
[  Little  used.] 

RE-MO.\'STRa-TOR,  n.  One  who  remonstrates. 
RE.M'O-RA,  n.    [L.,  from  re  and  moror,  to  delay.] 

1.  Delay;  obstacle;  hiiiderance.    [J^Tut  in  use.] 

2.  The  sucking  fish,  a  s|)ecies  of  Lclicneis,  which 
is  said  to  attach  itself  to  the  bottom  or  side  of  a  ship 
and  retard  its  motion.  It  is  a  small  fish,  found  in 
the  Mediterranean  and  other  se.is.  Parlim'lun. 

REM'O-RATE,  v.  t.    [L.  remoror.] 

To  hinder  ;  to  delay.    [.Vul  in  itsf.] 
RE-MORD',  V.  t.     [L.  remordco ;  re  and  mordco,  to 
gnaw.] 

To  rebuke ;  to  excite  to  remorse.    [A'ot  in  ?/.«cJ 

Skellon. 

RE-MORD',  c.  i.  To  feel  remorse.  [JVot  iniisc]  F.lijou 
RE-.MORI)'EN-CY,  n.    Compunction  ;  remorse. 

Kdlinabcek. 

RE-MORSE',  n.    [L.  remorsns,  from  rfmiirrfcu.] 

1.  The  keen  pain  or  anguish  excited  by  a  sense  of 
guilt ;  compunction  of  conscience  for  a  crime  com- 
mitted. Clarendon. 

2.  Syntpathetic  sorrow  ;  pity  ;  compassion. 

draw 

Dryden. 

[  This  setise  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete.] 
RE-SlORS'fiD,  (re-morst',)  a.     Feeling  remorse  or 

compunctinii.    [JViit  iised.]  Bp. //all. 

RE-.MURSE'FUL,  (re-mors'ful,)  a.    Full  of  remorse. 

Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Compassionate;  feeling  tenderly.    [JV^ut  in  u.~e.] 

Shak. 

3.  Pitiable.    [JS'iit  in  use.]  Chapman. 
RE-.MORSE'FyL-LY,  adv.     With  remorse  of  con- 
science. 

RE-MORSE'LESS,  (re-mors'less,)  o.  .  tJnpitying; 
cruel ;  insensible  to  distress ;  as,  the  remarseless  deep. 

J>/i/fon. 

Remorteteti  adverviriei.  South. 

RE-MORSE'LESS-LY,  (re-mors'less-Iy,)  adv.  With- 
out remorse.  South. 

RE-.MORSE'LESS-NESS,(re-mors'les9-ness,)  n.  Sav- 
age cruelty  ;  Insensibility  lo  distress.  Beaum.  S;  FL 

RE-M6TE',  0-  [Ij.  remottis,  reinoveo ;  re  and  movco, 
to  move.] 

1.  Distant  in  place  ;  not  near;  as,  a  remote  coun- 
try ;  a  remote  people. 

Give  me  a  life  remote  from  guilty  courts.  Granville. 

2.  Distant  in  time,  past  or  future  ;  as,  remou  an- 
tiquity. Every  man  is  apt  to  think  the  time  of  his 
dissolution  to  be  remote. 

3.  Distant ;  not  immediate. 

It  is  not  all  remote  and  even  apparent  good  that  affects  ns. 

Locke. 

4.  Distant ;  primary ;  not  proximate  ;  as,  the  re- 
mote causes  of  a  disease. 

.■j.  Alien  ;  foreign  ;  not  agreeing  with  ;  as,  a  propo- 
sition remoU  from  rea.son.  Locke. 

C.  Abstracted  ;  as,  the  mind  placed  by  ihnught 
amongst  or  remote  from  all  bodies.  Locke.  \ 


Curse  on  th'  unpardoning  prince,  whom  tears  ( 
To  no  remorse. 


7.  Distant  in  consanguinity  or  affinity;  as,  a  re- 
mote kinsman. 

8.  Slight :  iiiconsitlerable  ;  ns,  a  remote  analogy 
between  cases ;  a  remote  resemblance  in  form  or 
color. 

RE-.MO'I'E'I.Y,  ado.  At  a  distance  in  space  or  time; 
not  nearly. 

2.  At  a  distance  in  consanguinity  or  affinity. 

3.  Klighlly  ;  in  a  small  degree  ;  as,  to  be  remotely 
nfTerted  by  an  event. 

RE-MOTE'NESS,  n.  .State  of  being  distant  in  space 
or  time  ;  distance;  as,  the  remoteness  of  a  kingdom 
or  of  a  star  ;  the  rcmotcne.ts  of  the  deluge  from  our 
age  ;  the  remoteness  of  a  future  event,  of  an  evd  or 
of  success. 

2.  Distance  in  consanguinity  or  affinity. 

3.  Distance  in  operation  or  etiiciency  ;  as,Jher«- 
moteness  tif  causes. 

4.  Slightness;  smallness  ;  as,  remotencis  of  resem- 
blance. 

RE-iMO'TION,  n.  The  art  of  removing  ;  the  state  of 
being  removed  to  a  distance.    {Little  used.] 

ShaJc.  Broion. 

RE-MOni,D',  V.  t.    See  Remold. 

RE-.M<JU.\T',  v.  t.    [Fr.  remonter  ;  re  and  montrr.] 

To  intuint  again  ;  as,  to  remount  a  horse. 
RE-MOUNT',  V.  i.   To  mount  again  ;  to  re.iscend. 

fVoodwurd. 

RE-MOV-A-im,'I-TY,  n.  The  capacity  of  being  re- 
movable from  an  office  or  station  ;  capacity  of  being 
displaced. 

RE-MOV'A-HLE,  (-moov'a-bl,)  a.     [from  remove.] 
That  may  be  removed  from  an  office  or  station. 
Such  cunile  is  removable  at  Uie  pleasure  of  tlic  rector  of  the 
niotli'T  chiir\:li.  Ayl\fe. 

2.  That  may  be  removed  from  one  place  to  another. 
RE-.MOV'AI,,  n.    The  act  of  moving  from  one  place 

to  another  for  residence  ;  as,  the  rcmoviit  of  a  family. 
2.  'I'lie  act  of  displacing  from  an  othce  or  pt>st, 
,3.  The  act  of  curing  or  putting  away;  as,  lher«- 

moval  of  .'I  disease. 

4.  The  state  of  being  removed  ;  change  of  place. 

Locke. 

5.  The  act  of  putting  an  end  to ;  as,  the  rcmui;aiof 
a  grievance. 

RE-.MOVE',  (re-moov',)  v.  t.  [L,  removeo  ;  re  and  nw- 
veo,  to  move  ;  Fr.  remuer ;  It.  rimuovcre  ;  Sp.  remo- 
ver.] 

1.  To  cause  to  change  place  ;  to  put  from  its  place 
in  any  manner  ;  as,  to  remove  a  building. 

Thou  sh.ili  not  remove  tliy  nri^hbor's  landmark.  —  DeuU  six. 

2.  To  displace  from  an  office. 

3.  To  titke  or  put  aw.ay  in  any  manner  ;  to  cause 
to  leave  a  person  or  thing  ;  to  banish  or  destroy  ;  as, 
to  remove  a  disease  or  complaint. 

liemooe  sorrow  frum  thine  heart.  —  Eccles.  xL 

4.  To  carry  from  one  court  to  another ;  as,  to  re- 
more  a  caiistr  or  suit  by  appeal. 

5.  To  take  from  the  present  state  of  being ;  as, 
to  remove  one  by  death. 

RE-.MOVE',  T.  i.    To  change  pl.tce  in  any  manner. 

2.  To  go  from  one  place  to  another.  Prior. 

3.  To  change  the  place  of  residence  :  as,  to  remove 
from  New  York  lo  Philadelphia. 

JVotc.  —  The  verb  rcmure,  in  most  of  its  applica- 
tions, is  synonymous  wilh  more,  but  not  in  all. 
Thus  we  do  not  apply  remove  lo  a  mere  change  of  pos- 
ture, ivithout  a  change  of  place  or  the  seat  of  a  thing. 
A  man  inui-c.«  his  head  when  he  turns  it,  or  his  finger 
when  he  bends  it,  but  lit)  does  nol  remove  il.  Remove 
usually  or  always  denotes  a  change  of  pl.ice  in  a 
body,  but  we  never  apply  it  to  a  regular  continued 
course  or  motion.  We  never  s.ay,  the  wind  or  water, 
or  a  ship,  rc/ni/L'C.s- at  a  ceiiain  rate  by  the  hour;  but 
we  say,  a  ship  was  removed  from  one  place  in  a  har- 
bor to  another.  Move  is  a  generic  term,  inclutiing 
the  sense  of  remove,  which  is  more  generally  applied 
to  a  change  from  one  station  or  permanent  position, 
stand,  or  seal,  to  another  station. 
RE-.MOVE',  n.    Change  of  place.  Chapman. 

2.  Translation  of  one  lo  the  place  of  another. 

Shak. 

3.  State  of  being  removed.  Locke. 

4.  .Act  of  moving  a  man  in  chess  or  other  game. 

5.  Departure;  a  going  away.  Halter. 

6.  The  act  of  changing  place  ;  removal.  Bacon. 

7.  A  step  in  any  scale  of  gradation. 

A  freeholder  is  but  one  remove  from  a  le^lalor.  Addison. 

8.  Any  indefinite  distance  ;  as,  a  small  or  great 
remove,  Rogers. 

9.  The  act  of  putting  a  horse's  shoes  on  different 
feet.  Swift. 

10.  A  dish  to  be  changed  while  the  rest  of  the 
course  remains.  Johnson. 

11.  Susceptibility  of  being  removed.    [jVot  in  use.] 

OianeiUe. 

RE-MOV'^n,  (-moovd',)  pp.  Changed  in  place  ;  car- 
ried lo  a  distance  ;  displaced  from  office  ;  placed 
far  off. 

2.  a.  Remote  ;  separate  from  others.  Shak, 
RE-MO  V'ED-N  ESS,  ti,    SUte  of  being  removed  ;  re- 
moteness. Shak, 


TONE,  UyLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


REN 

RE-MOVER,  71.  One  that  removes  ;  as,  a  remnver  of 
laiiilmarks.  Bacoiu 

RE-.\IOV'(.\G,  ppr.  Chansins  place  ;  carrying  or 
golris;  from  one  place  to  aiiollier;  displacing  ;  ban- 
isliinc 

REM  THAN,  71.  An  idp' worshiped  by  the  Israelites 
while  they  were  in  the  wilderness.    ,^cU  vii. 

RE-.MC'Gr-E.\T,  o.  [L.T-emiio-io.l  Rebellowing.  Mm-e. 

RE-MU-NER-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  capacity  of  being 
rewarded. 

RE-.Mu'NER-.A-BLE,  a.  [from  rcmuneratr.]  That 
ni:iy  be  rewarded  ;  fit  or  proper  to  he  recompensed. 

RE-.Mu'NER-aTE,  v.  t.  [L.  rcmuncro  ;  re  and  viu- 
nero,  from  iniuitu,  a  gift.] 

To  reward  ;  to  recompense;  to  requite  j  i7i  a  good 
sensr  ;  to  pay  an  equivalent  to  for  any  service,  loss, 
expense,  or  other  sacrifice  ;  as,  to  remunerate  the 
troops  of  an  army  for  their  services  and  sulTerings; 
to  rnnunerate  men  for  labor.  The  pious  sufferer  in 
this  hfe  will  be  remunerated  in  the  life  to  come. 

RE-.Mu'.XER-a-TED,  pp.    Rewarded;  compensated. 

RE-Mu'NEll-A-TIi\G,;)p7-.  Rewarding ;  recompensing 

RE-MU-NER-.\'TrON,  n.  Resvard  ;  recompense  ;  the 
act  of  paying  an  equivalent  for  services,  loss,  or 
sacrifices.  Shak. 

5  The  equivalent  given  for  services,  loss,  or  suffer- 
in  jzs. 

RE-Mu'XER-.\-TIVE,  a.  Exercised  in  rewarding  ; 
that  bestows  rewards  ;  as,  remunerative  iaH\^e. 

Boyle. 

RE-Mu'NER-.-V-TO-RY,  a.    Affording  recompense  ; 

rewarding.  Johnson. 
RE-.MUR'.MUR,  r.  t.    [L.  remurmuro;  re  and  7nur- 

muro.] 

To  utter  back  in  murmurs  ;  to  return  in  mur- 
murs ;  to  repeat  in  low,  hoarse  sounds.  Dnjden. 
The  trembling  trees,  in  every  plain  and  wotxl, 
Her  f.ile  remurmur  to  llie  silver  flood.  Pope, 

EE-MUR'MUR,  v.  i.  To  murmur  back;  to  return 
or  echo  in  low,  rumbling  sounds. 

Tlie  realms  of  Mars  remurmured  all  around.  Dryden. 

RE-MUR'.MUR-f:D,  pp.    Uttered  back  in  murmurs. 
RE-MUK'MIIR-ING,  ppr.     Uttering  back  in  low 
sounds. 

Re'.\.\L,  n.    [L.  renalis,  from  renes,  the  kidneys.] 

Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  reins;  as,  the  renal 
arteries. 

RE.\'A  RD,  71.    [Fr. ;  G.  reincke.] 

A  fox  ;  a  name  used  in  fables,  but  not  in  common 
discourse.  Dryden. 
This  word  is  also  spelled  Reynard. 

RE-\.-\S'CE.\-CY,7!.  The  state  of  springing  or  being 
produced  again.  Brown. 

RE-NAS'CENT,  a.  [L.  renascens^  renascor ;  re  and 
nascor^  to  be  born.] 

Springing  or  rising  into  being  again  ;  reproduced. 

RE-\AS'CI-BLE,  a.  Th.at  may  be  reproduced;  that 
may  spring  again  into  being. 

RE-.\AV'I-GaTE,  r.  t.  [r«  and  7rarin'a<e.l  To  navi- 
gate again  ;  as,  to  renavigate  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

RE-.NAV'I-Ga-TED,  pp.  Navigated  again;  sailed 
over  anew. 

RE-.N  A  V'[-G.^-TING,  ppr.    Navigating  again. 
RE\-G0UN'TER,  n.    [Fr.  rencontre  :  re  and  encontre  ; 

en  and  centre,  against.]    Literally,  a  meeting  of  two 

bodies.  Hence, 

1.  A  meeting  in  opposition  or  contest. 

Tile  joalliiig  cliieCi  in  rude  rencounter  join.  GlanviUe. 

9.  .\  casual  combat  ;  a  sudden  contest  or  fight 
without  premeditation  ;  as  between  individuals  or 
sniidi  parties. 

3.  A  casual  action;  an  engagement  between  ar- 
mies or  fleets. 

The  confederates  should  —  outnumber  tfie  enemy  in  all  rencoun- 
ter* and  en^jenicnls.  Adiitjion. 

4.  Any  combat,  action,  or  engagement. 
RE.N'-e()(jN''l'ER,  V.  I.    To  meet  unexpectedly  with- 
out enmity  or  hostility. 

[This  use  is  found  in  some  recent  publications,  but 
is  not  common.] 

2.  To  attack  hand  to  liand.  Spen.^er. 
RE\-COUN'TEE,  v.  i.    To  meet  an  enemy  unex- 

pei'teilly. 

2.  'J'o  clash  ;  to  come  in  collision. 

3.  To  skirmish  with  another. 

4.  To  fight  hand  to  hanil.  Johnson. 
RE.N-ef)U.\'TEK-AU,j)p.  Mel  unexpectedly  ;  cUislied. 


[See  the  verbs.] 
lE.M), 


RE.M),  V.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Rest.  [Sax.  rendan, 
rhrmlan;  Ir.  rnnnam,  rannaim  i  VV.  rhanui  Arm. 
j  ranna,  to  divide,  and  crenna,  to  abridge,  whence 
'  Eng.  rrannii,  I,,  crrnn.  tlu.  L.  cerno,  Gr.  Kplful. 
Chun  Rn,  No.  4,  8,  13,  Hi.] 

J.  To  separate  any  Hiibslance  into  parts  with  force 
or  midden  violence  ;  to  tear  asunder  ;  to  split ;  as, 
[HJWder  remU  a  rock  in  blasting  ;  lightning  rends  an 
oak. 

An  empire  from  Its  old  foundation  renf.  Dryden, 
I  rtnd  my  treaae*  And  my  tirvnst  1  wound.  Pop*. 
Neither  renrf  your  clotiiet,  lest  ye  tile.  —  I^r.  x. 

2.  To  Hcparale  or  part  with  violence. 

1  wlil  surely  Ttni  die  kiiiffloiii  from  th'-r.  —  I  Kin^s  xi. 


REN 

rend  tlie  heart ;  in  Scripture,  to  have  bitter  sor- 
row for  sin.   Joel  ii. 

To  rend  the ,  heavens ;  to  appear  in  majesty.  Is. 
Ixiv. 

Rend  differs  somewhat  from  lacerate.  We  never 
say,  to  lacerate  a  rock  or  a  kingdom,  when  we  mean 
to  express  splitting  or  division.  Lacerate  is  properly 
applicable  to  the  tearing  off  of  sm.all  pieces  of  a 
thing,  as  to  lacerate  the  body  with  a  whip  or  scourge  ; 
or  to  ihe  tearing  of  the  flesh  or  other  thing  without 
entire  separation. 
REXD'ER,  71.  [from  rend.']  One  that  tears  by  vio- 
lence. 

REX'DER,  V.  U  [Yr.rendre:  Xt.rendere;  Bp.  reniir  ; 
Port,  render.  This  is  probably  the  L.  reddo,  with  7i 
casually  inserted.] 

1.  To  return  ;  to  pay  back. 

See  Uiat  none  render  evil  for  evil  to  any  man. —  1  Thess.  v. 

2.  To  inflict,  as  a  retribution. 

1  will  render  vengeance  to  my  enemies.  —  Deut.  xxxii. 

3.  To  give  on  demand  ;  to  give  ;  to  assign. 

The  slugi^ni  is  wiser  in  his  own  conceit  than  seven  men  that 
c!in  render  a  r&uion.  —  Prov.  xxvi. 

4.  To  make  or  cause  to  be,  by  some  infltience  upon 
a  thing,  or  by  some  change  ;  as,  to  render  a  person 
more  safe  or  more  unsafe  ;  to  render  him  solicitous  or 
cautious;  to  render  a  fortress  more  secure  or  impreg- 
nable; to  rentier  a  ferocious  animal  more  mild  and 
tractable. 

5.  To  translate,  as  from  one  language  into  an- 
other ;  as,  to  render  Latin  into  English.  We  say,  to 
render  a  word,  a  sentence,  a  book,  or  an  author,  into 
a  different  language.  Locke. 

6.  To  surrender ;  to  yield  or  give  up  the  command 
or  possession  of;  as,  to  render  one's  self  to  his  ene- 
mies. K.  Charles,  Clarendon, 

[Less  used  than  Surrender.] 

7.  To  afford  ;  to  give  for  use  or  benefit.  Washing- 
ton rendered  great  service  to  his  country. 

8.  To  represent ;  to  exhibit. 

He  dill  render  him  the  most  unnatural 

That  lived  amou  jst  men.    [.Vol  in  use.]  Shak. 

9.  To  boil  down  and  cl  irify  ;  as,  to  render  tallow. 
To  render  back;  to  return  ;  to  restore. 

REN'DER,  71.    A  surrender  ;  a  giving  up.  S/iak. 

2.  A  return  ;  a  payment  of  rent. 

In  those  early  times,  the  king's  houseliold  was  supported  by 
specilic  renders  of  corn  and  other  victuals  Iroin  th.-  t'-iianis 
of  the  demains.  Blaeksume. 

3.  An  account  given.  Sliak. 
RE.\'DER-.V-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  rendered. 

Sherwood. 

REN'DER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Returned  ;  paid  back  ;  given  ; 
assigned  ;  maile  ;  translated  ;  surrendered  ;  afforded  ; 
boiled  down  and  clarified  ;  as,  rendered  tallow. 

REN'DER-ER,  n.    One  who  renders. 

REN'DER-ING,  ;)/)r.  Returning;  giving  back;  as- 
signing ;  making  ;  translating ;  surrendering ;  afford- 
in!;. 

REN'DER-ING,  7i.  Version  ;  translation.  Loirth. 
2.  The  act  of  laying  the  first  coat  of  plaster  on 

brick  or  stone  work  ;  the  coat  thus  laid  on.  GwilU 
REN'DEZ-VOUS,  (ren'de-voo,)  n.    [Fr.  rendei  vous, 

render  yourselves,  repair  to  a  place.    'J'his  word  is 

anglicized,  and   may  well  be  pronounced  as  an 

English  word.] 

1.  A  place  appointed  for  the  assembling  of  troops, 
or  the  place  where  they  assemble  ;  or  the  port  or 
place  where  ships  are  ordered  to  join  company. 

2.  A  place  for  enlisting  seamen  into  the  naval  ser- 
vice. Tutten. 

3.  A  place  of  meeting,  or  a  sign  that  draws  men 
together.    [Rarely  used.]  Bacon. 

4.  An  assembly  ;  a  meeting.    [Rarely  used.] 
REN'IJEZ-VOUS,  (ren'de-voo,)  v.  i.    To  assemble  or 

meet  at  a  particular  place,  as  troops,  ships,  &c. 

The  place  where  the  Gauls  and  Bruti  had  renilezvotised. 

Aljrcd's  Orusuis,  Trans.    B.  TrumbuU.    Hook,  Rom.  IRsl. 

REN'DKZ-VOUS,  (ren'de-voo,)  v.  t.  To  assemble  or 
bring  together  at  a  certain  place.  Echard. 

REN"1)EZ-V0US-A"D,  (ren'de-vood,)  pp.  Assembled 
or  brouubt  toL'etber  at  a  particular  pl.ice. 

REN'UEZ-V'OUS-LN'G,  ■  ren'de-voo-ing,)  ppr.  Assem- 
bling at  a  particular  place. 

RKN'DI  BLE,  a.  That  may  be  yielded  or  surren- 
dered. 

2.  'J'hat  may  be  translated.  HowelL 
[Little  used  in  either  sense.] 
REN-DI"TION,  (ren-dish'un,)  n.   [from  render.]  The 
act  of  yielding  possession  ;  surrender.  Fairfax. 
2.  Translation.  South. 
REN'R-GADE,  )  n.     [Sp.  and  Port,  renegado,  from 
RE.\-1'>G A'DU,  j     renegar,  to  deny  ;  L.  re  anil  ncgo, 
to  deny  ;  It.  rinegalo ;  Fr.  rcnegat ;  primarily,  an 
apostate.] 

1.  An  apostate  from  the  faith.  ,^ddison. 

2.  One  who  deserts  to  an  enemy  ;  a  deserter. 

3.  A  vagahonil.  [.^rbuthnot 

[  77ii.«  is  the  sense  in  which  Vtis  word  is  mostly  used  in 
papular  language.] 
RE-.N'kOK',  r.  (.    [L.  rcnr^o.] 

To  deny  ;  to  disown.    [Obs,]  ShaL 


REN 

RE-Nl'?.GE',  7>.  t.    To  deny.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
Rf.-NERVE',  D.  f.    [re  and  7ierce.J    To  nerve  again  ; 

to  give  new  vigor  to.  J.  Barlow. 

Rk-NERV'KD,  pp.    Nerved  anew. 
Ric-NER  V'l.N'G,  ppr.    Giving  new  vigor  to. 
RE-NEW',  (re-nu',)  v  t.    [L.  renovo ;  re  and  71010,  or 

re  and  new.] 

1.  To  renovate  ;  to  restore  to  a  former  state,  or  to 
a  good  state,  after  decay  or  depravation  ;  to  rebuild  ; 
to  repair. 

.4sa  renewed  the  altar  of  the  Lord.  —  2  Chron.  sv^ 

2.  To  reestablish  ;  to  confirm. 

Let  us  go  to  G\\^\\  and  renew  the  kingdom  there.  —  1  Sam.  xi. 
J.  To  make  again ;  as,  to  renew  a  treaty  or  cove- 
nant. 

4.  To  repeat ;  as,  to  renetc  expressions  of  friend- 
ship ;  to  renew  a  promise  ;  to  renew  an  allem(it. 

5.  To  revive  ;  as,  to  renew  the  glories  of  an  ances- 
tor or  of  a  former  age.  Shali. 

6  To  begin  again. 

file  hist  great  age  renews  its  finished  course.  Dryden. 

7  To  make  new  ;  to  make  fresh  or  vigorous  ;  as, 
to  lenew  youth  ;  to  renew  strength  ;  to  renew  the  face 
of  the  earth.    Ps.  ciii.    Is.  xl.    Ps.  civ. 

8.  To  grant  a  new  loan  on  a  new  note  for  tlie 
amount  of  a  furmer  one. 

9.  In  theology,  to  make  new  ;  to  renovate  ;  to  trans- 
form ;  to  change  from  natural  eiimily  to  the  love  of 
God  and  his  law ;  to  implant  holy  affections  in  the 
heart ;  to  regenerate. 

Be  ye  transformed  by  the  renewing  of  your  mind.  —  Rom.  xii. 
Eph.  iv. 

RE-.VEW'A-BLE,  (  nii'a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be  re- 
newed ;  as,  a  lease  renewable  at  pleasure.  Swift. 

RE-NEVV'.AL,  7j.  The  act  of  renewing;  the  act  of 
forming  anew  ;  as,  the  renewal  of  a  treat}'. 

2.  Renovation  ;  regeneration. 

3.  Revival ;  restoration  to  a  former  or  to  a  good 
state. 

4.  Reloan  on  a  new  note  given. 
RE-NEVV'£D,  (re-nude',)  pp.  or  a.    Made  new  again  ; 

repaired  ;  reestablished;  repeated  ;  revived  ;  renova- 
ted ;  regenerated. 
RE-NEW'ED-LY,  adv.    Again  ;  once  more. 

[Sometimes  used  by  j^merican  clergymen,  but  not 
.<!anctioned  in  Kngland.] 
RE-NEW'ED-NESjS,  71.    State  of  being  renewed. 

Hammond, 

RE-NEW'ER,  71.    One  who  renews.  Shermmd. 
RE-NEW'[NG,  ppr.    Making  new  again  ;  repairing; 

reest;ililislnng  ;  repeating;  reviving;  renovating. 
RE-NE\V"'1NG,  a.    Th;it  renews  or  regenerates;  as, 

reurwiniT  grace.    Tending  or  adapted  to  renovate. 
RE  NEWING,  71.    The  act  of  making  new  ;  renew.al. 
REiN'I-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  renes,  the  kidnejs,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  or  shape  of  the  kidneys.  Kirwan. 
REN'I-TENCE,  J  71.  [L.  renilens,  renitur,  to  resist; 
REN'I-TE.\-CY,  (    re  and  7ii(<»r,  to  struggle  or  strive.] 

1.  The  resistance  of  a  body  to  pressure  ;  the  efiort 
of  m.itter  to  resume  the  place  or  form  from  which  it 
has  been  driven  by  the  impulse  of  other  matter ;  the 
effect  of  elasticity.  putney. 

2.  Moral  resistance ;  reluctance. 

We  find  a  renitency  in  ourselves  to  ascribe  life  and  irritability  to 
the  cold  and  motionless  fibers  of  plants.  Dtirtciii. 

REN'I-TE.NT,  a.  Resisting  pressure  or  the  effect  of 
it  ;  acting  against  impulse  by  el.istic  force.  Ray. 

REN'NET,  71.  [G.  ri;iiicii,  to  run,  to  curdle;  I).  T-tin- 
7ifH,  ronnen,  to  curdle  or  coagulate  ;  Sax.  gerunnen, 
co:igulated.]  • 
The  prepared  stomach,  or  concreted  milk  found  in 
the  stomach  of  a  sticking  quadruped,  particularly  of 
the  calf.  It  is  used  for  coagulating  milk,  and  is  also 
written  RuhNET.  Encyc.  of  Dom,  Ecoji, 

RFN'NET  IN'G  (  "*    A  kind  of  apple.  Mortimer, 
RIO-NOUNCE',  V,  t,    [Fr.  renonecri  L.  rcnmicio  i  re 
and  nuncio,  to  declare,  from  the  root  of  jtomen,  name.] 

1.  To  disown  ;  to  disclaim  ;  to  reject,  .as  a  title  or 
chiini  ;  to  refuse  to  own  or  acknowletlgo  as  belong- 
ing to  ;  as,  to  renounce  a  title  to  land  or  a  cbiim  to 
reward  ;  to  renounce  all  pretensions  to  applause. 

2.  'l"o  deny  ;  to  cast  o(f ;  to  reject ;  to  disclaim  ;  as 
an  obligation  or  duty  ;  as,  to  renounce  allegiance. 

3.  To  cast  off  or  reject,  as  a  connection  or  posses- 
sion ;  to  forsake  ;  as,  to  rcnouitce  the  world  and  all 
its  cares.  Shali. 

\Vf  have  renounced  die  hidden  tilings  of  dishonesty.  — *i  Cor.  iv. 
RE-NOUNCE',  r.  i.   To  declare  n  renunciation. 
He  of  my  sons  who  fails  to  make  it  good, 
Uy  one  P'lifllioiis  iict  renounces  to  my  blood.  Dryden. 
l.Vol  in  o.e.) 

2.  In  cards,  not  to  follow  suit,  when  the  person  has 
a  card  of  the  same  sort. 

RE-i\OUNCE',  71.  The  declining  to  follow  suit  when 
it  can  be  done. 

RE-NOUN'G£I),  fre-nounst',)  pp.  Disowned  ;  de- 
nied ;  rejorteil  ;  (lisclaimetl. 

RE-NOUNC'E'.MEN'I",  (re  nouns'ment,)  71.  The  act 
of  disrb-iiming  or  rejecting  ;  renunciation.  Sliak. 

RE-NOl-'N'CER,  71.    One  who  disowns  or  disclaims. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBY.— PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK — 


936 


REN 

RE-NOUN'CING,  jy/r.  Disowning ;  disclaiming  ;  re- 
jpctind. 

RE-NOUN'CING,  ji.  The  net  of  disowning,  disclaini- 
iiij,  ilcnvine,  or  rejecting. 

RFN'O-VATE,  l:  t.  [L.  reiwvo;  re  and  ttovo,  to  make 
ni  w  ;  nooii.i,  new.] 

To  renew  ;  to  restore  to  tlie  first  state,  or  to  a  good 
St  lie,  after  decay,  destruction,  or  depravation.  It  is 
synonymous  witli  Rsnew,  itxccpt  in  its  fourlli  defi- 
nition, supra. 

REN'O-VA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Renewed  ;  made  new, 

I'resli,  or  viuorous. 
REN'O-VA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Renewing. 
REN-O-Va'TION,  II.    [Fr.,  from  L..  reiwoatio.] 

I.  Tlie  act  of  renewing  ;  a  making  new  alter  de- 
cay, destruction,  or  depravation  5  renewal ;  as,  tlie 
renovation  of  the  heart  hy  grace. 

Then'  is  sonii-tliiiis  inexpressibly  pleasing  in  the  annuftl  renoro 
don  ut  Uic  wurUI.  Rambler. 

9.  A  State  of  being  renewed.      Bncun.  Milton. 

REN'O-VA-TOll,  H.  One  who  or  that  which  re- 
news. Foi^lei: 

RE-.NOVVN',  n.  [Fr.  renomin^c ;  re  and  nummer,  to 
name.] 

Fame  ;  celebrity  ;  exalted  reputation  derived  from 
the  extensive  praise  of  great  achievements  or  accom- 
plishments. 

Gi.mts  of  old,  men  of  renown.  — Gen.  vl.   Nuul.  xrfr 

RE-NOWN',  V.  t.   To  make  famous. 

S.tfl  elocution  does  lliy  stjie  renoien.  Drv'tfn. 
A  liunl  wlioin  pilfetievi  ptuslonils  rrnywn.  J^ujie. 

[77f(>  rrrA  in  nearly  or  qnite  ohsnhte."] 

RE-NO\VN'KD,  a.  Famous;  celebrated  for  gretit  and 
heroic  achievements,  for  distinguislied  qualities,  or 
for  grandeur  ;  eminent ;  as,  nnuiencU  men  ;  a  re- 
nowned kins  ;  a  renowned  citv.    Milton.  Dnjdcn, 

RE-.\0\VN'EI)-EY,  ade.    With  fame  or  celebrity. 

KE-N()VVN'I,ESS,  a.    Without  renown;  inglorious. 

RENT,  pp.  of  ItEno.  Torn  asunder;  split  or  burst  by 
violence ;  torn. 

RENT,  n.    [from  rend.]    A  fissure ;  a  break  or  breach 
made  by  force ;  as,  a  rent  wade  in  the  earth,  in  a 
rock,  or  in  a  garment. 
0.  A  schism  ;  a  separation  ;  a.'',  a  rent  in  the  church. 

RENT,  «.      To  tear.    [See  Rend.]  [mite. 

UE.NT,  V.  i.   To  rant.    [JV«t  in  use.]  Ihidihras. 

RENT,  71.  [Fr.  rente^  from  rendre  i  It.  renditaj  Sp. 
renta  ;  D.  Dan.  and  G.  rente  ;  Sw.  rdntn.] 

A  sum  of  money,  or  a  certain  amount  of  other  val- 
uable thing,  issuing  yearly  from  lands  or  tenements  ; 
a  compensation  or  return,  in  the  nature  of  an  ac- 
kn  wlcdgment,  for  the  possession  of  a  corporeal  in- 
heritance. Blaclistone. 

lleiils,  at  common  law,  are  of  three  kinds;  rent- 
sercicPj  rent-efiurfre^  antl  rent-seek.  Rent-service  is 
when  some  corporal  service  is  incident  to  it,  as  by 
fealty  and  a  sum  of  money  ;  rent-cliar^e  is  when  the 
owner  of  the  rent  has  no  future  interest  or  reversion 
expectant  in  the  land,  hut  the  rent  is  reserved  in  the 
deed  by  a  clause  of  distress  for  rent  in  arrear;  rent- 
seek,  dry  rent,  is  rent  reserved  by  deed,  but  without 
any  clause  of  distress.  There  are  also  renLi  of  as- 
size, certain  established  rents  of  freeholders,  and 
copyholders  of  manors,  which  can  n"t  be  varied; 
called  also  qmtrents.  These,  when  payable  in  sil- 
ver, are  called  vihile  rents,  in  contradistinction  to 
rents  reserved  in  work  or  the  baser  metals,  called 
black-rents  or  black-mail.  Rack-rent  is  a  rent  of  the  full 
yearly  value  of  the  tenement,  or  ne.ar  it.  A  fee  farm 
rent  is  a  rent-charge  issuing  out  of  an  estate  in  fee, 

'  of  at  lea.st  one  fourth  of  the  value  of  the  lands  at 

the  time  of  its  reservation.  Blackstone. 
RENT,  I',  t.    To  lease;  to  grant  the  possession  and 
enjoyment  of  lands  or  tenements  for  a  consideration 
in  the  nature  of  rent.    The  owner  of  an  estate  or 
house  renLi  it  to  a  tenant  f 'r  a  term  of  years. 

3.  To  take  and  hold  by  lease  the  possession  of 
land  or  a  tenement,  for  a  consideration  in  the  nature 
of  rent.  The  tenant  rents  his  estate  for  a  year. 
RENT,  f.  u  To  be  leased,  or  let  for  rent ;  as,  an  es- 
tate or  a  tenement  rents  for  five  hundred  dollars  a 
year. 

RENT'A-BLE,  a.   That  mav  be  rented. 
RENT' AGE,  H.    Rent.    [J\ut  «-«■</.] 
RF.NT'AI,,  n.    A  schedule  or  account  of  rents. 
KENT'-C1I.\RC;E,  n.    Charffe  upon  an  estate. 
RENT'ED,         Leased  on  rent. 

RENT'ER,  II.  One  who  leases  an  estate  ;  more  gen- 
erally, the  lessee  or  tenant  who  takes  an  estate  or 
tenement  on  rent. 

REN'TEU,  r.  (.  [Fr.  rrntrairc;  L.  rctraho,  retrahere; 
re  and  traho,  to  draw.] 

1.  To  fine-draw  ;  to  sew  together  the  edges  of  two 
pieces  of  cloth  without  doubling  them,  so  that  the 
seam  is  scarcely  visible. 

2.  In  tapestry,  to  work  new  warp  into  a  piece  of 
damaged  tapestry,  and  i.n  this  to  restore  the  original 
p.iitern  or  design.  Eneye. 

;>.  To  sew  up  artfully,  as  n  rent. 
REN'TER-£D,  pp.    Fine-drawn  ;  sewed  artfully  to- 
Eether. 

REN'TER-ER,  n.   A  fine-drawer. 


REP 

REN'TER-ING,  ppr.  Fine-drawing  ;  sewing  artfully 
together. 

REN-'l'IER',  (riln-tii',)  n.  [Fr.]  One  who  has  a 
fixed  incinne,  as  from  lands,  stocks,  &c. 

REN'T'ING,  ppr.    Leasing  on  rent ;  taking  on  n  nt. 

RENT'-ROLL,  n.  [rent  and  roll.]  A  rental  ;  a  list  or 
account  of  rents  or  income. 

RE-NO'MER-ATE,  v.  t.    [L.  rciMniicrn. ] 
'i'o  recount. 

RE-NU'AIER-A-TED,  pp.  Recounted  j  numbered 
again. 

KE-NO'MER-A-TING,  ppr.  Recounting. 

RE-NUN-CI-A'TION,  11.    [L.  renuncmtio.] 

The  act  of  renouncing;  a  disowning;  rejection. 
[Pee  Renousce.]  Tauhir. 

REN-VEUSE',  (ren-vers',)  n.  t.    [Fr.  rawer.-rr.) 
To  reverse..    [JVut  used.]  S/ji./i-'t. 

REN-VERSE',  (ren-vers',)  0.  In  heruldnj,  inverted  ; 
set  with  the  head  downward,  or  contrary  to  the  nat- 
ural posture.  F.iiriic. 

REN-VEKSE'MENT,  (ren-vers'ment,)  n.  The  act  of 
reversing.    [jVot  in  u.n:]  Stiikcly. 

RK-OB-T.\I.\',  r.  t.    [rc anil  obtain.]   To  obtain  agiiin. 

RE-OI!-TAl.\'.\-lil.i;,«.  That  may  be  obtained  again. 

RK-OI!-TAlN'f;i), /)/!.    Obtained  again.  [Slicricood. 

Rn  Olt-T.AlN'INc;.  ;';)r.    Obtaining  again. 

RP;-o'l'/;N,  r.  t.    To  open  again. 

RR-O'I'AIN-A.'I),  pp.    Opened  again. 

Ki;-0'l'i'.'N-ING,  ji;ir.    Opening  a  second  time. 

£.  Kccrctt. 

Rk-OP-PoSE',  f.  (.    To  oppose  again. 
RiC-OR-I).\L\'',  i'.  t.    [re  and  ordain  :  Fr.  rfen/oiiHcr.] 
To  ordani  again,  as  when  the  first  ordination  is 
defi'ctive. 

Ri".-OR-DaL\'KD,        Ordained  again. 
Rk-OK-DAIN'ING,  rpr.    Ordaining  again. 
Rk-OR'DEI!,  r.  t.    T.I  order  a  second  time. 
RK-OR-DI-Na'TION,  11.  A  second  ordination. 

.^tlrrbury. 

RE-OR-GAN-I-Za'TION,  71.  The  act  of  organizing 
anew  ;  as,  repeated  reorganization  of  the  troops. 

.!\tar.sliall. 

RE-0R'G.\N-lZE,  r.  r.  [re  and  organize.]  To  organ- 
ize anew  ;  to  reduce  again  to  a  regular  body,  or  to  a 
system  ;  as,  to  reorganize  a  society  or  an  army. 

Ilosack. 

RE-OR'G.^N-IZ-CT,  pp.  or  a.    Organized  anew. 
RE-Oil'GAN-r/.-IN(J,  ;i;ir.    Organizing  anew. 
RE-PAC'I-FI-iD,        Pacified  or  appeased  again. 
RE-PAC'l-FV,  r.  t.   [re  and  pacify.]    To  pacify  again. 
RF.-PAC'1-FV-ING,  ppr.    Pacifying  again. 
RE-PACK',  V.  t.    [re  and  pack.]    To  pack  a  second 

time  ;  as,  to  repack  beef  or  [lork. 
RE-PACK'j:1),  (-pakt',)  pp.    Packed  again. 
RE-PACK'ER,  »i.    One  that  repacks. 
RE-PACK'ING,  ppr.    Packing  anew. 
RE-PaID',  pp.  of  Rf.pav.    Paid  back. 
RE-PAIR',  (re-pire',)  v.  t.    [Vr.  reparcr ;  L.  rcparo  ;  re 

and /lore,  to  prepare.    See  Pare.] 

1.  To  restore  to  a  sound  or  good  state  after  deca)', 
injury,  dilapidation,  or  partial  destruction  ;  as,  to  re- 
pair a  house,  a  wall,  or  a  ship  ;  to  repair  roails  and 
bridges.  Temperance  and  diet  may  repair  a  broken 
or  enfeebled  constitution.  Food  repairs  the  daily 
w.xste  of  the  body. 

2.  To  rebuild  a  part  decayed  or  destroyed  ;  to  fill 
up  ;  as,  to  repair  a  breach. 

3.  To  make  ainonds,  as  for  an  injury,  by  an  equiv- 
alent ;  to  indemnify  for  ;  as,  to  repair  a  loss  or  dam- 
ane. 

RE-PAIR',  7t.    Restoration  to  a  sound  or  good  state 
after  decay,  waste,  injury,  or  partial  destruction  ; 
supply  of  loss ;  reparation  ;  as,  materials  are  collect- 
ed for  the  repair  of  a  churcli  or  a  city. 
RE-PAIR',  r>.  i.    [Fr.  rc/iaircr.] 

To  go  to ;  to  betake  one's  self;  to  resort ;  as,  to  re- 
pair to  a  sanctuary  for  safely. 

Go,  mount  tho  winds,  and  to  the  shades  rejnir.  Pope. 

RE-PAIR',  n.  The  act  of  betaking  one's  self  to  any 
place  ;  a  resorting;  abode.  Dnjden. 

RI>PAIR'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  repaired  ;  repara- 
ble. 

RE-PAIR'En,  a.  Restored  to  a  good  or  sound  state; 
rebuilt  ;  made  good. 

RE-PAIR'ER,  71.  One  who  repairs,  restores,  or  makes 
amends;  as,  the  rrpoircr  of  decay.  Drydcn. 

RE-PaIR'ING,  ppr.  Restoring  to  a  sound  state ;  re- 
building ;  making  amends  for  loss  or  injury. 

RE-PAIR'.MENT,  11.    Act  of  repairing. 

RE-PAND',  a.    [L.  rcjwiiJiii.] 

In  botany,  having  an  uneven,  slightly  sinuous  mar- 
gin, as  the  leaf  of  Solanum  nigrum,  or  common  night- 
shade. Lindley. 

RE-PAND'OUS,  a.  [Supra.]  Bent  upward  ;  convex- 
edlv  crooked.  Brown. 

REP'A-RA-BLE,  o.  [Fr.,  from  L.  reparabilU.  See 
Repair.] 

1.  That  may  be  repaired  or  restored  to  a  sound  or 
good  state ;  as,  a  house  or  wall  is  not  reparable. 

2.  That  may  be  retrieved  or  made  good  ;  as,  the 
loss  is  reparable. 

3.  That  may  be  supplied  by  an  equivalent ;  as,  a 
reparable  injur}'. 


REP 

REP'A-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  admitting  of  res- 
toration to  a  good  stale,  or  of  amends,  supply,  or  in- 
demnification. 

REP-A-RA'TIO.V,  71.  The  act  of  repairing ;  restora- 
tion to  soundness  or  a  good  state;  us,  the  reparation 
of  a  bridge  or  of  a  highway. 

2.  Supply  of  what  is  wasted  ;  as,  the  reparation  of 
decaying  health  or  strength  after  disease  or  exhaus- 
tion. 

;t.  Amends;  indemnification  for  loss  or  damage. 
A  loss  may  be  too  great  for  reparation. 
4.  Amends  ;  satisfaction  for  injury. 
I  am  fc-'njiibli'  of  tii'r  K.ind:i!  1  hive  f^vfn  by  my  loose  writings, 
mill  make  whiil  reptiralion  1  um  able.  Drydtn. 

RE-PA R'A-TIVE,  a.  That  repairs;  restoring  to  a 
sound  or  good  state  ;  that  amends  defect  or  makes 

g  1.  Taylor. 

RE  PAR'A-TrV'E,  7i.  That  which  restores  to  a  good 
slate  ;  that  which  makes  amends. 

Wolton.  KetllcwelL 
REP  AR  TEE',  71.    [Fr.  repartic,  from  rrparlir,  to  di- 
vide, to  share,  to  reply  ;  rc  and  parttr,  to  divide.] 
A  smart,  ready,  and  witty  reply. 


Cupid  was  (IS  liad  as  he  ; 
Ilcar  but  llie  >  ouii;;8ter's  repartee. 


Prior. 


REP-AR-TEE',  ti.  L  To  make  smart  and  witty  re- 
plies. Prior. 

RF^PARr-r-MI-EJV'TO,  n.  [Sp.]  A  partition  or 
distribution,  especially  of  slaves  ;  iilso,  an  a-ssess- 
nient  of  taxes.  Irving, 

RE-PASS',  jj.  ^  [Fr.  repasser ;  It.  ripassare;  re  and 
pa.is.] 

To  pass  again  ;  to  pass  or  travel  back ;  as,  to  repass 
a  bridge  or  a  river;  to  repa.ts  the  se;i.  Pope. 

RE-PAS.S',  r.  i.  To  pass  or  go  back  ;  to  move  back  ; 
as,  troops  passing  and  reiiassing  before  our  eyes. 

RE-PaS.'<'KI),  (-past',)  pp.    Passed  or  traveled  back.' 

RI-^PaSS'ING,  ppr.    Passing  back. 

RE-PAST',  71.  [Ft.  repas,  from  repa'itre ;  L.  re  and 
pasco,  to  fifed.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  food ;  or  the  food  taken  ;  a 
meal. 

From  dance  to  sweet  repast  Uicy  turn.  ^fdton. 
A  rejtasl  wiUiuiit  luxury.  Johtuon. 

2.  Food  ;  victuals. 

Go,  and  gel  nie  some  rejtast.  SItalc. 

RE-PAST',  r.  t   To  feed  ;  to  feast.  Slwk. 

RE-PAS'TITRE,  71.  Food;  entertainment.  [JVot  I'li 
use.]  Slwk. 

RE-Pa'TRI-ATE  or  RE-PAT'RI-ATE,  v.  i.  [1..  rc 
and  putria,  country.] 

'J'o  restore  to  one's  own  country.    [Little  used.] 

RE-PA'TRI-A-TED  or-RE-PAT'Ri-A-TED,  pp.  Re- 
stored to  one's  own  country. 

RE-PA'TKI-A-TING  or  RE-PAT'RI-A-TING,  ppr. 
Restoring  to  one's  own  country. 

RE-PA  V",  I',  f.    [Ft.  rrpayer ;  rc  and  paij.] 

1.  To  pay  back ;  to  refund  ;  as,  to  repay  money 
borroweil  or  advancedr 

2.  To  make  return  or  requital;  in  a  good  or  bad 
sense  ;  as,  to  repay  kindness  ;  to  repay  an  injury. 

Buii'  fits  which  can  not  be  repaid —  aie  not  cuminoiily  found  to 
increase  jUfection.  Jiambler. 

3.  To  recompense,  as  for  a  loss.  Milton. 

4.  'J'o  compensate ;  as,  fidse  honor  repaid  in  con- 
tempt. Bacon. 

RE-PAY'A-BLE,a.    That  is  to  be  repaid  or  refunded  ; 

as,  money  lent,  repayable  at  the  end  of  sixty  days. 
RE-PAY'lNG,;);)r.    Paying  back;  comi)ensating ;  re- 

qiiitinc. 

RE-PA Y'lMENT,  n.    The  act  of  paying  back;  reim- 
bursement. 
2.  The  money  or  other  thing  repaid. 


RE-PnAL',  (-peel',)  v.  L    [Fr.  rappeler,  to  recall;  re 
tpello;  ad  and  pello.] 
[Obsolete  as  it  respects  persons.] 


and  appeler,  L.  appello  ; 
1.  To  recall. 


Shak. 


2.  To  recall,  as  a  deed,  will,  law,  or  statute ;  to 
revoke ;  to  abnmate  by  an  authoritative  act,  or  by  the 
same  power  that  made  or  enacted  ;  as,  the  legislature 
may  repeal,  at  one  session,  a  law  enacted  at  a  pre- 
cedi^ig  t>ne. 

RE-PkAL',  n.    Recall  from  exile.    [Aut  in  use.] 

Sliak. 

2.  Revocation ;  abrogation  ;  as,  tho  repeal  of  a 
statute. 

RE-PkAL-A-BII,'I-TY,  )  II.  The  quality  or  st.ato 
RE-PkAL'A-BLE  NESS,  j  of  being  re|K;alable. 
RF,-PkAL'A-HLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  repealed; 
revocable  by  the  same  power  that  enacted.  It  is 
held  .as  a  sound  principle,  that  charters  or  glints 
which  vest  rights  in  individuals  or  corporations, 
are  not  rcpcaloble  without  the  consent  of  the  gran- 
tees, unless  a  cKausc  reserving  'he  right  is  inserted 
in  the  act. 

RE-PP.AL'KD,  pp.    Revoked;  abmgated. 
RE-Pk.\L'ER,  71.    One  that  repeals;  one  who  seeks 
a  repeal. 

RE-PKAL'ING,;7>r.    Revoking  ;  abrogating. 

RE-PEAT',  (-peel',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  repeter:  It.  ripetere : 
Sp.  repetir ;  L.  rrjietn  ;  re  and  peto,  to  make  at  or 
drive  toward.    This  verb  ought  to  be  written  Re- 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CII  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS 


118 


REP 


REP 


REP 


TKTE,  in  analogy  with  Compete,  and  with  Repeti- 


lON.] 

1.  To  do,  I 


,  make,  attempt,  or  utter  again  ;  to  iterate  ; 
as,  to  repeat  an  action  ;  to  rcprat  an  attempt  or  exer- 
tion ;  to  repeat  a  word  or  discourse  j  to  repeat  a  song  ; 
to  repeat  an  argument. 

2.  To  try  again. 

I  tlie  danger  will  repeat,  Dryden. 

3.  To  recite  ;  to  rehearse. 

He  repeated  some  lines  ot  Virgil,  Waller. 
A.  To  seek  redress.  J.  Taylor. 

5.  To  seek  again.  [06.?.] 

To  repeat  siinials,  in  the  navy,  is  to  make  tlis  same 

signal  which  the  admiral  ur  commander  has  made, 

or  to  make  a  signal  again.  Mar.  Diet. 

RE  PEAT',  n.    In  music, :i  mark  directing  a  part  to  be 

repealed  in  performance. 
Q.Repetition. 
RE-PeAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Done,  attempted,  or  spoken 

again  ;  recited. 
RE-PeAT'ED-LY,  adv.    More  than  once  ;  again  and 

again,  indefinitely.    He  has  been  repeatedly  warned 

of  his  danger. 
RE-PeAT'ER,  n.    One  that  repeats  ;  one  that  recites 

or  rehearses. 

2.  A  watch  that  strikes  the  hours  at  will,  by  the 
compression  of  a  spring, 
RE-PeAT'ING,  ppr.    Doing  or  uttering  again. 

2.  a.  That  strikes  tlie  number  of  hours ;  as,  a  re- 
peatiitT  watch. 
RE-PeAT'I\G  CIR'CLE,  71.  A  contrivance,  invented 
by  Borda,  for  determining  with  great  accuracy  the 
angular  distance  of  two  objects,  by  taking  repeated 
measurements  of  it  on  the  limb  of  a  graduated  circle. 

Olmsted. 

REP-E-DA'TION,  n.  [Low  L.  repedo ;  re  and  pes,  the 
foot.] 

A  stepping  or  going  back,    [JVut  in  use.]  More. 
RE-PEL',  V.  t.    [L.  repetlo  ;  re  and  pello,  to  drive.] 

1.  To  drive  back  ;  to  force  to  return  ;  to  check  ad- 
vance ;  as,  to  repel  an  enemy,  or  an  assailant. 

Hippomeilon  repelled  the  hostile  tide.  Pope. 
And  virtue  iTLiy  reyje/,  though  not  invade.  Dryden, 

2.  To  meet  with  efTectual  resistance,  as  an  en- 
croachment ;  to  resist ;  to  oppose  ;  as,  to  repel  an 
argument. 

RE-PEL',  V,  i.  To  act  with  force  in  opposition  to  force 
impressed.  Electricity  sometimes  attracts  and  some- 
times repels. 

2.  In  medicine,  to  check  an  afflux  to  a  part  of  the 
RE-PEL'LED,  pp.    Driven  back  ;  resisted,  [body, 
KE-PEL'LEN-Cy,  ji.    The  principle  of  repulsion  ;  the 
quality  of  a  substance  which  expands  or  separates 
particles  and  enlarges  the  volume  ;  as,  the  repellcncy 
of  heat.  Black. 

2.  The  quality  that  repels,  drives  back,  or  resists 
a|)proach  ;  as,  the  repellcncy  of  the  electric  fluid. 
.'!.  Repulsive  quality.  Forster. 
RE-PEL'LENT,  a.    Driving  tock  ;  able  or  tending  to 
repel, 

RE-PEL'LENT,  n.  In  medicine,  a  medicine  which 
drives  back  morbid  humors  into  the  mass  of  the 
blood,  from  which  they  were  unduly  secreted  ;  or 
which  prevents  such  an  afflux  of  fluid  to  a  part,  as 
would  raise  it  to  a  tumor;  a  discutieut, 

Encijc.    Quincy.  Parr. 

RE-PEL'LER,  n,    lie  or  that  which  repels. 

RE-PEL'LING,  p/)r.  ora.  Driving  back ;  resisting  ad- 
vance or  approach  eflectually, 

RE'PENT,  a.    [L.  rcpo,  to  creep.] 

Creeping  ;  as,  a  repent  root  or  animal, 

RE-PENT',  V,  i.  [Fr.  rcpentir;  It.  pentire,  pcntirsi; 
Sp,  arrepcntirse  ;  L,  re  and  pizniteo,  from  pxna,  pain, 
Gr,  rroivn.    See  Pain.] 

1.  To  feel  pain,  sorrow,  or  regret,  for  something 
done  or  spoken  ;  as,  to  repent  that  we  have  lost  mucli 
time  in  iilleness  or  senstial  pleasure  ;  to  repent  that 
we  have  injured  or  wounded  the  feelings  of  a  friend. 
A  person  repents  only  of  what  he  himself  lias  done 
or  said. 

2.  To  express  sorrow  for  something  past, 

EnoUirUit  did  bcl'orc  thy  face  repent,  ShaJe. 

3.  To  change  the  mind  in  consequence  of  the  in- 
convenience or  injury  done  by  past  conduct, 

1.  'rHt,  p'Tiulventurc,  the  people  repent  when  they  see  war,  and 

they  reliirn.  —  Kx.  xiii. 

4.  .Applied  to  the  Supreme  Beinir,  to  change  the 
course  of  providential  dealings.    Gen.  vi.    J's,  cvi. 

5.  In  thculogy,  to  sorrow  or  be  pained  for  sin,  as  a 
violation  of  (Jod'B  holy  law,  a  ilishonor  to  his  char- 
acter and  government,  and  the  foulest  ingratitude  to 
a  IJeing  of  infinite  benevolt^nce, 

Kxcepl  yc  repent,  ye  »tiull  all  iikewijie  periiih,  —  Luko  xlli.  Acui 

RE-PENT',  V,  t.  To  remember  with  Horrow ;  as,  to 
repent  rash  worda  ;  to  repent  un  injury  done  to  a 
neighbor  ;  to  repent  folliuu  and  vicc'H.     [See  Re- 

PK.-^rANCK,] 

2.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,    [Fr,  ae  repentir.] 

No  nuin  reptnUd  him  of  hli  wickcdn'-u.  — Jcr.  vUl, 

[  yVjw  farm  of  erprensio-n  in  noiff  obsolete,] 


RE-PENT' ANCE,  n.  [Fr,]  Sorrow  for  any  thing 
done  or  said  ;  the  pain  or  grief  which  a  person  expe- 
riences in  consequence  of  the  injury  or  inconvenience 
pr(.)tiuced  by  his  own  condtict. 

"  Repentance  is  the  relinquishment  of  any  practice, 
from  the  conviction  that  it  has  otfi  nded  God,  Sor- 
row, fear,  and  anxiety,  are  properly  not  parts,  but 
adjuncts  of  repentance  ;  yet  they  are  too  closely 
connected  with  it  to  be  easily  separated." 

Rambler. 

2,  In  thealoiry,  repentance  is  distinguished  into 
evangelical  and  legal.  The  former,  usually  called 
rq>entance,  simply,  is  real  penitence,  sorrow,  or  deep 
contrition  for  sin,  as  an  offense  and  dishonor  to 
God,  a  violation  of  his  holy  law,  and  the  basest  in- 
gratitude toward  a  Being  of  infinite  benevolence, 
Evantrelical  repentance  is  accompanied  and  followed 
by  amendment  of  life.  The  sorrow  proceeding 
merely  from  the  fear  of  punishment,  is  called  legal 
repentance,  as  being  excited  by  the  terrors  of  legal 
penalties,  and  it  may  exist  without  an  amendment 
of  life. 

Repentance  is  a  change  of4nind,  or  a  conversion  from  sin  to 
God.  Hammond. 

Godly  soiTow  worketh  repentance  to  salvation, — 2  Cor.  vii. 
Matt.  iii. 

RE-PENT'ANT,  a.  [Fr.]  Sorrowful  for  past  con- 
duct or  words. 

2.  Sorrowful  for  sin.  Milton. 

3,  Expressing  or  showing  soitow  for  sin  ;  as,  re- 
pentant tears  j  repentant  ashes  j  repentant  sighs. 

Shah,  Pope. 

RE-PENT'ANT,  n.    One  who  repents  ;  a  penitent. 

2.  One  that  exi)resses  sorrow  for  sin,  Liirhtfoot. 
RE-PENT'ANT-LY,  adv.    In  a  repentant  manner, 
RK-PENT'ED,  pp.    Remembered  with  sorrow, 
RE-PENT'ER,  n.    Oue  that  repents, 
RE-PENT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Grieving  for  what  is  past ; 

feeling  pain  or  contrition  for  sin. 
RE-PENT'ING,  7).    Act  of  repenting.    Hos.  xi, 
RE-PENT'ING-LY,  adv.    With  repentance. 
RE-PeO'PLE,  (re-pee'pl,)  v.  t    [re  and  people;  Fr, 

repcuplcr.] 

To  people  anew  ;  to  furnish  again  with  a  stock  of 
people,     'i"he  world,  after  the  flood,  was  repeopled 
by  t^ie  descendants  of  one  family, 
RE-PeO'PL£;D,  (re-pee'pld,)  pp.    Stocked  anew  with 
inhabitants. 

RE-PeO'PLING,  (le-pse'pling,)    ppr.  Furnishing 

again  with  a  stock  of  inhabitants, 
RE-PeO'PLING,   (re-pee'pling,)  n.     [Supra,]  The 

act  of  furnishing  again  with  inhabitants.  Hale. 
RE-PEIl-CUSS',  7).  I.    [L.  reperculio  j  re  and  pcrcutio  ; 

per  and  tinatio,  to  shake,  to  beat.] 

To  beat  back.  Bacon. 
RE-PER-eUSS'ED,  (-kust',)  pp.    Be.aten  hack, 
RE-PER-eUS'SION,  {-kush'un,)  77,    [L,  repercussio.] 

1.  The  act  of  driving  back  ;  reverberation  ;  as,  the 
repercnssion  of  sound. 

2,  In  musie,  frequent  repetition  of  the  same  sound. 

Encyc. 

RE-PER-CUSS'IVE,  a.  Driving  back  ;  having  the 
power  of  sending  back  ;  causing  to  reverberate  ;  as, 
repercmsive  rocks.  Pattison. 

2.  Repellent ;  as,  a  rcpercussive  medicine.  [JVot 
in  7i4f.]  Bacon. 

3,  Driven  back  ;  reverberated,  Thomson. 
RE-PER-eUSS'IVE,  71,    A  repellent,  [Oi.v.] 

Bacon. 

REP-ER-TI"TIOUS,  (rep-er-tish'us,)  a.  [Iioin  L. 
repertus,  reperio.] 

Foiintl ;  gained  by  finding,    [JVot  in  it,<tc,]  Diet. 

REP'ER-TO-RY,  ti,  [Fr,  repertoire;  L.  repertorium, 
from  reperio,  to  find  again  ;  re  and  aperio,  to  un- 
cover.] 

1.  A  place  in  which  things  are  disposed  in  an  or- 
derly manner,  so  that  they  can  be  easily  found,  as 
the  index  of  a  book,  a  common-place  book,  Ike. 

2,  A  treasury  ;  a  magazine, 
REP-E-TEND',  71,    [L.  repetendus,  repcto.] 

In  arithmetic,  that  part  of  a  repeating  decimal 
which  recurs  continually  ad  infinitum.  Brande. 
REP-E-TI"TION,  (rep-e-tish'un,)  71.     [L,  rcpetitio. 
See  Repeat.] 

1,  The  act  of  doing  or  uttering  a  second  time  ;  it- 
eration of  the  same  act,  or  of  the  same  words  or 
sounds.  Hooker. 

2,  The  act  of  reciting  or  rehearsing  ;  the  act  of 
reading  over.  Shak. 

3,  Recital,  Chapman. 

4,  Recital  from  memory,  as  distinct  from  reading. 

5,  In  music,  the  act  of  repeating,  Binging,  or  play- 
ing, tlie  same  part  a  seconti  lime,  Encyc. 

0,  In  WirtoWf ,  reitcratitm,  or  a  repeating  the  same 
word,  or  the  same  sense  in  dillVreiit  words,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  a  deeper  impression  011  tlio  au- 
dience, 

RI:P-E-TI"TI0N-AL,     j  a.     Containing  repetition. 

REP-i;-TI"TION  A  KY,  t     [Little  used.] 

RE1'-E-T1"TI0US,  {rip  e  lish'us  )  a.  Repeating; 
containing  repetition.    [Jimrriea.]  Dwi^ht. 

RE-PINK',  V.  i.  \re  and  pine,]  To  fret  one's  self;  to 
be  discontenti^d  ;  to  feel  inward  discontent  which 
preyH  on  the  Hpirits;  with  at  <>r  ugainst.    It  is  our 


duty  never  to  repine  at  the  allotments  of  Provi- 
dence. 

2.  To  complain  discontentedly ;  to  murmur. 

Multitudes  repine  at  the  want  of  that  which  nothing  but  idle- 
ness hinders  them  from  enjoying.  Rambler. 

3.  To  envy,  John.ion, 
RE-PIN'ER,  7!,    One  that  repines  or  murmurs, 
RE-PlN'ING,ppr,    Fretting  one's  self ;  feeling  discon- 
tent that  preys  on  the  spirits ;  complaining ;  mur- 
muring. 

2.  a.  Disposed  to  murmur  or  complain ;  as,  a  re- 
pining temper. 

RE-PlN'ING,  11.  The  act  of  fretting  or  feeling  discon- 
tent or  of  murmuring.  Burnet. 

RE-PIN'ING-LY,  adv.  With  murmuring  or  com- 
plaint^ Hall. 

RE-PLaCE',  71.  t.    [Fr.  replacer ;  re  and  place.] 

1.  To  put  again  in  the  former  place ;  as,  to  replace 
a  book. 

The  earl  —  was  replaced  in  his  government.  Bacon. 

2,  To  put  in  a  new  place,  Dryden. 

3,  To  rejiay ;  to  refund ;  as,  to  replace  a  sum  of 
money  borrowed. 

4.  To  put  a  competent  substitute  in  the  place  of 
another  displaced,  or  of  something  lost.  The  paper 
is  lost,  and  can  not  be  replaced. 

RE-PLaC'£D,  (re-plast',)  pp.  Put  again  in  a 
former  place  ;  supplied  by  a  substitute.  Thus,  in 
petrifaction,  the  animal  or  vegetable  substance  grad- 
ually wastes  away,  and  is  replaced  by  silex, 

2,  In  mineralogy,  a  term  nssd  when  a  crystal  has 
one  or  more  planes  in  the  place  of  its  edges  or 
angles, 

RE-PLaCE'MENT,  77,    The  act  of  replacing, 

2.  In  mineralogy,  the  removal  of  an  edge  or  angle, 
by  one  or  more  planes. 
RE-PLaC'ING,  ppr.    Putting  again  in  a  former  place  ; 

supplying  the  place  of  with  a  substitute, 
RE-PLAIT',  V.  t.    [re  and  plait.]    To  plait  or  fold 
again ;  to  fold  one  part  over  another  again  and  again. 

Dryden. 

RE-PLaIT'ED,  pp.    Folded  again  or  often. 
RE-PLaIT'ING,  ppr.    Folding  again  or  often, 
RE-PLANT',  V.  t.    [Fr.  replauler  ;  re  and  plant.] 

To  plant  again.  Bacon. 
RE-PLANT'A-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  planted  again, 

Cotgrave. 

RE-PLANT-A'TION,  71.    The  act  of  planting  again. 
RE-PLANT'ED,  pp.    Planted  anew. 
RE-PLANT'ING,  ppr.    Planting  again. 
RE-PLEAD',  jj,  t.  or  i.     [re  and  plead.]    To  plead 
again^ 

RE-PLeAD'ER,  71.     In  law,  a  second  pleading  or 
course  of  pleatlings  ;  or  the  power  of  pleading  again. 
Whenever  a  repleader  is  granted,  the  pleadings  must  begin  de 
novo.  Blackslone. 

RE-PLeAD'ING,  pjTT,    Pleading  again, 
RE-PLEN'ISH,  V.  t.    [Norm,  replener,  to  fill ;  It.  ricm- 
pire  ;  L.  re  and  plenus,  full.] 

1.  To  fill ;  to  stock  with  numbers  or  abundance. 
The  magazines  are  replenished  with  corn ;  the  springs 
are  replenished  with  Water. 

Multiply  and  replenish  the«arth.  —  Gen.  i. 

2,  To  finish  ;  to  complete.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
RE-PLEN'ISH,  V.  i.    To  recover  former  fullness. 

'  Bacon, 
RE-PLEN'ISH-JCD,  (re  plen'islit,)  pp.    Filled  ;  abun- 

dantU'  su|>p]ied. 
RE-PLKN'1.>^IIING,  ppr.    Filling;  supplying  with 

tibiindauce, 

RE-PLk  TE',  a.    [li,  rcplclus  ;  re  and  pica,  to  fill,] 
Comiiletely  filled  ;  full. 

His  words  replete  with  guile.  Milton, 

RE-PLf.'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  replctio,] 

1.  'J'lie  state  of  being  completely  filled,  or  super- 
abunilant  fullness.  Bacon, 

2.  In  medicine,  fullness  of  blood  ;  plethora.  Coxe. 
RE-PLlC'TIVE,  (7.    Filling  ;  replenishing.  Cotgrave. 
RE-PLe'TIVE-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  filled. 
RE-PLEV'I-A-BLE,  0.    [See  Replevv.]    In /uw,  that 

may  be  replevied. 

RE-PLEV'I-/CI),  pp.    Taken  Ijy  a  writ  of  replevin. 

RE-PLEV'IN,  71.  [See  Replevv.]  An  action  or ri-m- 
cdy  granted  on  a  distress,  by  which  a  person  whose 
cattle  or  goods  are  distrained  has  them  retimied  to 
his  own  possession,  upon  giving  security,  to  try  the 
right  of  taking  in  a  suit  at  law,  and,  if  that  should 
be  determined  against  him,  to  return  the  cattle  or 
goods  into  the  possession  of  the  distrainor, 

Blackslone. 

2.  The  writ  by  which  a  distress  Is  replevied. 
RE-PLEV'LSA-1!LE,  «.    That  may  be  replevied  ;  but 

little  used,  being  superseded  by  Kepi.eviable. 
RE  PLEVY,  7).  t.    ire  and  pledge,  Nimn.  plegg  or 

p/fi'i/,  whence,  in  Law  Ij.  replegiabilis   and  replc- 

giare..] 

1.  To  take  back,  by  a  writ  for  that  purpose,  cattle 
or  gooils  that  have  been  distrained,  upon  giving  secu- 
rity to  try  the  right  of  (lislraining  in  a  suit  nt  law, 
and,  if  that  should  be  determinetl  against  the  plain- 
tiff, to  return  the  cattle  or  goods  into  tlio  hands  of  the 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^''',  —  MRTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MAlltNE,  BIRD,— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  I10(?K,— 


I 


REP 

distrainor.    In  this  case,  the  person  whoso  goods  arc 
distrained  beconic's  llie  plaintitr,  and  tlio  pi  rsoii  dis- 
trainini^  tlie  defendant  or  avowant.  Blucksione. 
2.  To  hail. 

UE-PLEV'V-h\G,  ppr.  Retaking  a  distress.  [See 
Rkplkvv.1 

llUl'-LI  CA'TION,  n.    [L.  re/i(ic«(io.    See  Reply-.] 

1.  An  answer  ;  a  reply.  Particularlij, 

2.  In  law  pleadings,  the  re|)Iy  of  the  plaintiff  to  the 
defendant's  plua. 

3.  Uetuni  or  repercussion  of  sound.    [JVot  jweit.] 

Sh<Ji. 

Ki;P'LI-e.\TE,  (»   In  Many,  folded  back.  Loudon. 
ItHP'LI-e.VTE,  n.    In  music,  a  repetition, 
nr.  I'LI'.t;!), />;).    Answered;  returned  for  an  answer. 
KE-I'LI'ER,  II.    One  who  answers  ;  he  that  speaks  or 

writes  in  return  to  sonietliing  spoken  or  written. 
RE-PI. V,  II.  I.    [l''r.  repliqiicr  ;  It.  replica;  rpand  plica, 

to  fold,  that  is,  to  turn  or  send  to  ;  It.  rrplicarc  ;  Sp. 

replicar.    See  Apply,  Employ,  and  Ply.) 

1.  To  answer;  to  make  a  return,  in  words  or 
writing,  to  something  said  or  written  by  aiiollier. 

O  man,  wlio  ftrl  Ihou  that  replicsl  against  God  ?  —  Roin.  ix. 

2.  In  law,  to  answer  a  defendant's  plea.  The  de- 
feiulant  pleads  in  bar  to  tlie  plaintitPs  declaration  ; 
the  plaintiff  replies  to  the  defendant's  plea  in  bar. 

RE-PL?',  I',  t.    To  return  for  an  answer.    lie  knows 

not  what  to  reply. 
RE-PL5',?i.    [Fr.  rfp/iyiie  ;  It.  replica.] 

1.  .\n  answer;  that  which  is  said  or  written,  in 
answer  to  what  is  said  or  written  by  another. 

2.  A  book  or  pamphlet  written  in  answer  to  an- 
other. 

UE-PL?'ING,  ppr.  Answering  either  in  words  or 
writing. 

RE-POL'ISII,  r.  t.    [Fr.  rcpolir ;  rc  and  polish.] 

To  polish  again.  Dounc. 
RE-POL'ISII-All,  (  pol'isht,)  pp.    Polished  again. 
Ui:-P(lI,'ISII-ING,  ppr.    Polishing  anew. 
KE  PORT',  D.  r.     [ft.  rappurtcr ;  L.  rc;)or(o,  to  carry 
back  ;  re  and  porlo,  to  bear.] 

1.  'J'o  bear  or  bring  back  an  answer,  or  to  relate 
what  has  been  discovered  by  a  person  sent  to  exam- 
ine, explore,  or  investigate  ;  as,  a  messen<;er  repurU 
to  his  employer  what  he  has  seen  or  ascertained. 
The  committee  reported  the  whole  number  of  votes. 

2.  To  give  an  account  of;  to  relate  ;  to  tell. 
They  rcporled  his  good  dccdi  before  me.  —  Nch.  Ti.    Acts  W. 

3.  To  tell  or  relate  from  one  to  another  ;  to  circu- 
late publicly,  as  a  story  ;  as  in  the  common  phrase, 
it  is  reported. 

It  is  reportrd  amonsr  the  heftlhrn,  ftnd  Gashmu  sailb  it,  tiial  thou 
and  tiie  Jcw3  tiiink  to  rcbcL  —  Nch.  vi. 

In  this  form  of  expression,  it  refers  to  the  siibse- 
,  qiient  clause  of  the  sentence ;  "  that  thou  and  the 
Jews  think  to  rebel,  i^'reported." 

4.  To  give  an  official  account  or  statement ;  as, 
the  secretary  of  the  treasurj'  reports  to  congress  an- 
nually the  amount  of  revenue  and  expenditure. 

5.  To  give  an  account  or  statement  of  cases  and 
decisions  in  a  court  of  law  or  chancery. 

G.  To  return,  as  sound  ;  to  give  back.  Bacon. 
To  be  reported,  or,  ttsually^  to  be  reported  of;  to  be 
well  or  ill  spoken  of;  to  be  mentioned  with  respect 
or  reproach,   .^cts  xvi.    Rom.  iii. 
RG  PoIlT',  V.  i.   To  make  a  statement  of  facts.  The 

committee  will  report  at  twelve  o'clock. 
RE-PORT',  71.    An  account  returned  ;  a  statement  or 
relation  of  facts  given  in  reply  to  inquiry,  or  by 
a  person  authorized  to  examine  and  make  return  to 
his  employer. 

From  Thotia  ient  u  tpiei  to  make  report.  Waller. 

2.  Rumor  ;  common  fame ;  story  circulated.  Re- 
fort,  though  often  originating  in  fact,  soon  becomes 
mcorrcct,  and  is  seldom  deserving  of  credit.  When 
we  have  no  evidence  but  popular  report,  it  is  pru- 
dent to  suspend  our  opinions  in  regard  to  the  facts. 

3.  Repute ;  public  character ;  as,  evil  report  and 
good  report.    2  Cor.  vi. 

Comeliiu  wof  of  good  report  among  the  Jews.  —  Aclj  x. 

4.  Account ;  story  ;  relation. 

It  wiu  a  trie  report  diat  I  hoanl  in  my  own  land  of  thjr  acts  and 
of  thy  wUdoiiu  —  1  Kin*»  x, 

5.  Sound  ;  noise  ;  as,  the  report  of  a  pistol  or  can- 
non. Baron. 

0.  .\n  account  or  statement  of  a  judicial  o|)inion 
or  decision,  or  of  a  case  argiu'd  and  determined  in  a 
court  of  law,  chancery,  &c.  The  books  cont:iining 
such  statements  are  aiso  called  rrporLt. 

7.  An  official  statement  of  facts,  verbal  or  writ- 
ton  ;  particularly,  a  statement  in  writing  of  proceed- 
ings and  facts  exhibited  by  an  officer  to  his  superi- 
ors ;  as,  the  reports  of  the  heads  of  departments  to 
congress,  of  a  master  in  chancery  to  jhe  court,  of 
committees  to  a  legislative  body,  and  the  like. 

JlE-PORT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Told,  related,  or  st.ated  in  an- 
swer to  intiuiry  or  direction ;  circiiLited  in  popu- 
Iiir  rumors  ;  reputed  ;  slated  officially. 

KE-PORT'ER,  «.    One  th.'it  gives  an  account,  verbal 
or  written,  official  or  unofficial. 
2.  .\n  officer  or  person  who  makes  statements  of 


REP 

law  proceedings  and  decisions,  or  of  legislative  de- 
bates 

RE-PoIlT'I.VG,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving  account;  relating; 
presenting  statements  of  facts,  or  of  adjudged  casus 
in  law. 

RE-PnUT'IN'G  LY,  adv.  liy  report  or  common  fame. 
RE-PoS'AIi,  n.    [from  rcpoae.]    The  act  of  reposing 

or  resting.  Slink. 
RE-POSE',  u.  J.     [Ft.  reposcr ;  re  and  poser,  Ut  put; 

It.  ripi'sure ;  Sp.  reposar ;  L.  repotto,repoi!ui.] 

1.  To  lay  at  rest. 

After  the  toil  of  hattlo,  to  rtpos* 

Yot.r  wearied  virtue.  Milton. 

2.  To  lay  ;  to  rest,  as  the  mind,  in  confidence  or 
trust ;  as,  to  repose  trust  or  confidence  in  a  person's 
veracity. 

3.  To  lay  up  ;  to  deposit ;  to  lodge  ;  as,  pebbles  re- 
posed in  clifls.  IVoodtrard. 

4.  To  place  in  confidence. 
RE-POSE',  ti.  i.    To  lie  at  rest ;  to  sleep. 

Within  a  thicliet  1  reponerl.  Chapman. 

2.  To  rest  in  confidence.  I  repose  on  the  faith 
and  honor  of  a  friend. 

3.  To  lie  ;  to  rest ;  as,  trap  reposing  on  sand. 
RE- POSE',  II.  [Fr.repos.] 

1.  .\  lying  at  rest. 

2.  Sleep  ;  rest  ;  quiet.  Milton.  Shal:. 

3.  Rest  of  mind;  tranquillity;  freedom  from  un- 
easiness. 

4.  In  poetry,  a  rest  ;  a  pause.  Eneyc. 

5.  In  the  fine  arts,  that  which  atTords  a  point  of 
rest  for  the  eye  ;  opposed  to  the  scattering  and  di- 
vision of  a  subject  lilt"  too  many  UTieoiinected  parts, 
and  also  to  any  thing  which  is  overstrained,  violent, 
or  porceous.  Brande, 

RE-PoS'Kl),  pp.    Laid  at  rest;  placed  in  confidence. 
RE  PoS'ED-NESS,  >i.    St.ate  of  being  at  rest. 
RE-PoS'lNG,  p/ir.    Laying  at  rest;  placing  in  confi- 
dence ;  lying  at  rest  ;  sleeping. 
RE-POS'IT,  V.  t.    [L.  rrpasitus,  rrpono.] 

To  lay  up ;  to  lodge,  as  for  safety  or  preseri'ation. 

Others  r«/JOsit  their  young  in  )w\ci.  Dcrharn. 

RE-POS' IT-ED,  pp.  Laid  up;  deposited  for  safety  or 
preservation. 

RE-POS'IT-ING,  ppr.  Laying  up  or  lodging  for 
safety  or  preservation. 

RE-PO-9I"TION,  (-po-zish'un,)  n.  The  act  of  re- 
placing ;  as,  the  reposition  of  a  bone.  fViseman, 

RE-P09'I-T0-RY,  n.  [L.  repositorium,  from  repono.] 
A  place  where  things  are  or  may  be  deiiositcd  for 
safety  or  preservation.  A  granary  is  a  repository  for 
corn,  an  arsenal  for  arms.  The  mind  or  memory  is 
called  the  repository  of  ideas.  Locke, 

Re-POS-SESS',  v.  U  [re  and  possess.]  To  possess 
again. 

Nor  shall  my  father  reposseas  the  land.  Popt. 

To  repossess  one's  self;  to  obtain  possession  again. 

Rf.-POS-SESS'KD,  (-pos-sesl',)  pp.    Possessed  again. 

RK-POS-SESS'ING,  ppr.  Possessing  again;  obtain- 
ing possession  again. 

RE-POS-SES'SION,  (-pos-sesh'un.)  n.  The  act  of 
possessing  again  ;  the  state  of  possessing  again. 

Rk-PoUR',  t>.  (.    [rc  and  pour.]    To  pour  again. 

Re-PoUR'KD,  pp.    Poured  again. 

Rk-PoUR'ING,  ppr.    Pouring  again. 

REP-RE-HE.VD',  I',  f.  [L.  reprchendo ;  re  and  prc- 
hendo,  to  seize  ;  Fr.  reprendre.] 

1.  To  chide  ;  to  re[)rove. 

Pardon  me  for  reprehtruUng  thee.  ShaJe. 

2.  To  blame  ;  to  censure. 

t  nor  advise  nor  reprehend  the  choice.  PhUips. 

3.  To  detect  of  fallacy. 

This  color  will  he  reprehended  or  encountered,  by  imputing  to 
all  excellences  in  compositions  a  kind  of  poverty.  \Sot  in 
use.]  Baton. 

4.  To  accuse  ;  to  charge  with  a  fault ;  with  of; 
as,  Aristippus  being  reprehended  of  luxury.  Bacon. 

REP-RE-IIEND'ED,  pp.    Reproved;  blamed. 

REP-RE-IIEND'ER,  n.  One  that  reprehends;  one 
that  blames  or  reproves.  Hooker. 

REP-RE-HEN1)'ING,  ppr.    Reproving  ;  blaming. 

REP-RE-IIE.\'SI-I1LE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rrprchensus.] 
Blamabic  ;  culpable  ;  censtirable  ;  deser\*ing  re- 
proof ;  applied  to  persons  or  things  ;  as,  a  reprehensible 
person  ;  reprehensible  conduct. 

REP-RE-IIEN'SI-ULE-NESS,  n,  Blamablcnes  ■  cul- 
pabli'ness. 

REP-RE-IIEN'SMILY,  tidv.    Culpably  ;  In  a  manner 

to  deserve  censure  or  reproof. 
REP-RE-IIE.N'SION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  reprehnsio.] 
Reproof ;  censure  ;  open  bl,ime.    Faults  not  pun- 
ishable mav  deserve  reprehension. 
REP-RE-IIEN'SIVE,  a.    Containing  reproof.  South. 
REP-RE-IIEN'SO-RY,  a.    Containing  reproof. 

Bosipell. 

REP-RE-aE.\T',  B.  L  [Fr.  representer ;  L.  repra-sento  ; 
re  and  Low  L.  prasento,  from  pnrsms,  present.] 
1.  To  show  or  exhibit  by  resemblance. 

Befof^  him  bum 
Seven  lamps,  as  m  a  lodiac,  repreatn&ng 
The  li-.av.  uly  fires.  Alilton. 


REP 

2.  To  de.scribc  ;  to  exhibit  to  the  mind  in  words. 

ve  ^leen  rejrre/ent/rtj  as  a 

3.  To  exhibit ;  to  show  by  action  ;  as,  a  tragedy 
well  represented.  Johnson. 

4.  To  personate  ;  to  act  the  character  or  to  fill  the 
place  of  another  in  a  pl.'iy  ;  as,  to  represent  the  char- 
acter of  King  Richard. 

."j.  To  supiily  the  place  of ;  to  act  as  a  substu.ifo 
for  antitlier.  '1  he  parliament  of  Great  Hritain  repre- 
sents the  nation.  The  congress  of  the  l/nited  .'States 
represents  the  people  or  nation.  Tlio  senate  is  con- 
sidered as  representing  the  States  in  their  cor|Hirato 
capacity. 

G.  To  show  by  arguments,  reasoning,  or  statement 
of  facts.  The  memorial  represents  the  situation  of 
the  petitioner.  Represent  to  your  son  the  danger  of 
an  idle  life,  or  profligate  company. 

7.  To  stand  in  the  jilace  of,  in  the  right  of  inherit- 
ance. 

All  the  branches  Inherit  the  same  share  that  their  mot,  whom 
they  represent,  would  have  done.  Ulackalont, 

REP-RE-SENT'A-RLE,  a.  That  may  be  represented. 
REP-RE  SENT'.-VNX'E,  n.    Represent.ition  ;  likeness. 

[J^ot  used.]  Donne. 
REP-RE-SENT'ANT,  n.    A  representative.    [A'ot  in 

use.]  tVotton. 
REP-RE-.^ENT-A'TION,  «.   The  act  of  representing, 

describing,  or  showing. 

2.  That  which  exhibits  by  resemblance;  image, 
likeness,  picture,  or  statue  ;  as,  representations  of 
God.  Slillingp.el. 

3.  Any  exhibition  of  the  form  or  oper.ttions  of  a 
thing  by  stunething  resembling  it.  A  map  is  a  rrp- 
rcscnUttinn  of  the  world  or  a  p.'irt  of  it.  The  ttrrres- 
trial  globe  is  a  representation  of  the  earth.  An  orrery 
is  a  rrprc.scnfafiort  of  tilt;  planets  and  their  revolutions. 

4.  Exhiliition,  as  of  a  play  on  the  stage. 

5.  Exhibition  of  a  character  in  theatrical  perform- 
ance. 

6.  Verbal  description  ;  statement  of  arguments  or 
facts  in  narration,  oratory,  di  bate,  petition,  ailmoni- 
titm,  &c. ;  as,  the  representation  of  a  historian,  of  a 
witness,  or  an  advocate. 

7.  The  business  of  acting  as  a  substitute  for  an- 
other ;  as,  the  representation  of  a  nation  in  a  legisla- 
tive body. 

8.  Representatives,  as  a  collective  body.  It  is  ex- 
pedient to  have  an  able  representation  in  both  houses 
of  congress. 

9.  Public  exhibition. 

10.  The  st.anding  in  the  pl.ace  of  another,  as  an 
heir,  or  in  the  right  of  taking  by  inheritance. 

Blaekstone 

REP-RE-SENT' A-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  representatif.] 

1.  Exhibiting  a  similitude. 

They  own  the  legal  sacrifices,  though  representative,  to  be 
pruper  and  real.  Atterbitry. 

2.  Bearing  the  character  or  power  of  another  ;  as, 
a  council  rrpresentatire  of  the  people.  Strlft. 

REP-RE-SENT'A-TIVE,  n.     One  that  exhibits  the 
likeness  of  another. 

A  statue  of  Rumor,  whispering  an  idiot  in  the  cor,  who  w.-is  tfic 
represenlxUive  of  crvdulity.  Addison. 

2.  In  leaislative  or  other  bu.'nness,an  agent,  deputy, 
or  substitute,  who  supplies  the  place  of  another  or 
others,  being  investeil  with  his  or  their  authority. 
An  attorney  is  the  representative  of  his  client  or  em- 
ployer. A  member  of  the  house  of  commons  is  the 
representative  of  his  constituents  and  of  the  nation. 
In  matters  concerning  his  constituents  only,  he  is 
supposed  to  be  bound  by  their  instructions,  but  in  the 
enacting  of  laws  for  the  nation,  he  is  supposed  not 
to  be  bound  by  their  instructions,  as  be  acts  for  the 
whole  nation. 

3.  In  law,  one  that  stands  in  the  place  of  another 
as  heir,  or  in  the  right  of  succeeding  to  an  estate  of 
inheritance,  or  to  a  crown. 

4.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  exhibited  or  shown. 
This  doctrine  supposes  the  perfections  of  Go<l  to  lie  the  represent. 

atittes  to  us  of  whatever  we  perceive  in  Uie  creolures. 

Lod^tf. 

REP-RE-SENT' A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  the  character 
of  another  ;Hiy  a  representative.  Barroxo. 
2.  By  substitution  ;  by  delegation  of  power. 

Sandtfs, 

REP-RE-SENT'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.    The  state  orqu»l- 
ity  of  being  representative. 

Ur.  Burnet  oliserves,  that  every  thought  is  attended  W  illi  eon* 
sciuiiiness  and  reprtsentattveness.  Speflnlor. 

REP-RE-SE.\T'EI),pp.    Shown;  exhibited;  person- 
ated ;  described  ;  stated  ;  having  substitutes. 
REP-RE-SE.NT'ER,  n.    One  who  shows,  exibbits,  or 

describes. 

2.  A  representative ;  one  that  acts  by  deputation. 

[I.itlle  used.]  Sie{ft. 
REP-RE-SE.\T'ING,  ppr.      Showing;  exhibiting; 

describing;  acting  in  another's  character;  acting 

in  the  place  of  another. 
REP-RE-SENT'iMENT,  n.    Represent-ition ;  image; 

an  idea  proposed  as  exhibiting  the  likeness  of  some- 

Ihing.  Taylor.  Broien. 


TONE,  BSJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  »  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TIl  as  ir»  THIS 


030 


KEP 

KE-PRESS',  r.  £.  [L.  repressus,  reprima  ;  re  and  prt- 
vio,  to  press.] 

1.  To  crusli ;  to  quell ;  to  put  doxm  ;  to  subdue  ; 
to  suppress:  as,  to  repress  sedition  or  rebellion;  to 
repress  the  first  risings  of  discontent. 

2.  To  cbeck ;  to  restrain. 

Such  Irin^s 

Favor  Ihe  innownt,  repress  Uie  bold.  Waller. 
RE-PREPS',  n.    The  act  of  subduing.    [jVot  in  use.] 
RE-PRESS'£D,  (-prest',)  pp.  or  ii.    Crushed  ;  sub- 
dued. 

RE-PRESS'ER,  lu    One  that  crushes  or  subdues. 
RE-PREf  S'ING,  ppr.    Crushing ;  subduing ;  cbeck- 
iiiE. 

RE  PRES'SIOX,  (re-presh'un,)  n.    The  act  of  subdu- 
ing ;  as,  the  repression  of  tumults.        K.  Charles. 
2.  Check  ;  restraint. 

RE-PRE.-^f'IV'E,  a.  Having  power  to  crush ;  tending 
til  siilidiie  or  restrain. 

RE  PUESS'IVE-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  repress. 

RE-PltlEV'AL,  (re-preev'al,)  n.  Respite ;  reprieve. 
[jVot  hi_  ifsr.]  Oreritiirij. 

RE-PRIeVE',  (re-preeve',)  v.  t.  [I  know  not  the  or- 
igin of  this  word,  unless  it  is  the  French  reprendre, 
repris.  In  Norm,  repriont  is  rendered  reprieved  de- 
ductions, and  reprises,  deductions  and  duties  yearly 
paid  out  of  lands.] 

1.  To  respite  after  sentence  of  death  ;  to  suspend 
or  delay  the  execution  of  for  a  time  ;  as,  to  repriece  a 
criminal  for  thirty  days. 

He  reprieves  Uie  smiicr  from  lime  to  lime.  Rogers. 
9.  To  grant  a  respite  to;  to  relieve  for  a  time  from 
any  suffering. 

Company,  llioun^h  it  may  reprieve  a  man  from  his  mcl.mclioly, 
yet  can  nol'secure  a  man  t'rom  his  conscience.  So\uh. 

RE-PRIeVE',  n.  The  temporary  suspension  of  the 
execution  of  sentence  of  death  on  a  criminal. 

Clarendon. 

2.  Respite ;  intcr^'al  of  ease  or  relief. 
All  that  I  ask  is  but  a  short  reprieve. 

Till  I  forget  to  love,  and  learn  to  grieve.  Denham. 

RE-PRIeV'£;D,  pp.  or  o.  Respited ;  allowed  a 
longer  time  to  live  than  the  sentence  of  deatli  per- 
mits. 

RE-PRIeV'IXG,  ppr.  Respiting ;  suspending  the 
execution  of  for  a  time. 

REP'RI-.MAND,  v.  t.  [Fr.  reprimandcr.  If  this  word 
is  from  L.  reprimo,  it  must  be  formed  from  the  parti- 
ciple reprijnendtis.'] 

1.  To  reprove  severely  ;  to  rejirehend  ;  to  chide 
for  a  fault. 

Germanicns  was  eevpn'ly  reprimnnfJed  by  Tiberius,  for  travel- 
ing into  Eg^pl  wiitiout  his  p^nnission.  ArhutlinoU 

9.  To  reprove  publicly  and  officially,  in  execution 
of  a  sentence.  The  court  ordered  the  officer  to  be 
rrprimaiided. 

REP'RI-.MAXO,  n.  Severe  reproof  for  a  fault ;  repre- 
hension, private  or  public.  Spectator. 

REP'RI-.M.\XD-ED,  pp-    Severelv  reproved. 

REP'RI-.MAXD-l.NG,  jvr.    Reproving  severely. 

RE-PRIXT',  r.  t.  [re  and  print.]  To  print  again  ;  to 
print  a  second  or  any  new  edition.  Pope, 

2.  To  renew  the  impression  of  any  thing. 

The  business  of  redemption  is  — 10  reprint  God's  imag^  on  the 
soul.  South. 

Re'PRIXT,  7u   a  second  or  a  new  edition  of  a  book. 

_  Review  of  Oriesbach. 

Re-PRIXT'ED,  pp.  Printed  anew  ;  impressed  again. 
Re-PRIXT'ING,  ppr.    Printing  again;  renewing  an 

impression. 

RE-PUIS'AL,  (rc-prl7.'al,)  n.  [Fr.  represailles ;  It. 
riprcsa^lia ;  Sp.  represalia ;  Fr.  reprendre,  repris,  to 
retake  ;  re  and  prendre,  L.  prendo.] 

1.  The  seizure  or  taking  of  any  thing  from  an  en- 
emy by  way  of  retaliation  or  indeninilication  for 
something  taken  or  deUiined  l)y  him. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy  to  indem- 
nify an  owner  for  something  of  his  which  the  enemy 
has  seized.  Reprisals  may  consist  of  persons  or  of 
goods.  Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  may  he  ob- 
tained in  order  to  seize  the  bodies  or  goods  tjf  the 
eubjccta  of  an  offi;nding  state,  until  satisfaction  shall 
be  made.  Blackstone, 

3.  Recaption  ;  a  retaking  of  a  man's  own  poods  or 
any  of  his  family,  wife,  child,  or  servant,  wrong- 
fully taken  from  him,  or  detained  by  another.  In 
this  case,  the  owner  may  retake  the  goods  or  persons 
wherever  he  finds  them.  JIlacLitone. 

iMers  of  marque  and  reprisal ;  a  commission  grant- 
ed by  the  supreme  authority  of  a  state  to  a  subject, 
empowering  him  to  pass  the  frontiers  [man/ue,]  that 
in,  enter  an  enemy's  territories,  and  ca|)ture  the 
goods  and  persons  of  the  enemy,  in  return  for  goods 
or  persons  taken  hy  him. 

4.  The  act  of  retorting  on  an  enemy  by  inflicting 
RufTcrini;  or  denth  on  a  prisoner  taken  from  him,  in 
retaliation  of  an  act  of  inhumanity.  Vallel. 

RE-PKISE',  n,    [Fr.]    A  Liking  by  way  of  retaliation. 

[  Olf.  1  Dnjden. 
UE-PRJ9!E',  r.  <.    To  Uike  again.    [Oi.?.]  Spenser. 

9.  'I"o  rerfmiiieniif?  ;  to  pay,  [Obn.]  Grant. 
RE-PRTS'INU,  ypr.    Taking  again  ;  recompenning. 


REP 

R&PRlZ'ES,  71.  pi.  In  law,  deductions  or  payments 
out  of  the  value  of  land  ;  as,  rent-charges  or  annui- 
ties. Brande. 

RE-PRoACH',  t.  [Fr.  reprocher  ;  It.  rimproceiare  ; 
from  the  same  root  as  approach,  and  Fr.  pruche,  near, 
L.  prox,  in  proximus,  from  a  root  in  Class  Brg,  signi- 
fying to  thrust  or  drive  ;  probably  Ti2.] 

1.  To  censure  in  terms  of  opprobrium  or  contempt. 
M-^zentius  with  his  artlor  warmed 

Mis  fainting  friends,  reproached  liieir  shameful  flight, 
Rep-iled  (he  victors.  Dryden. 

2.  To  charge  with  a  fault  in  severe  language. 

That  shame 

There  sit  not,  and  reproach  us  as  unclean.  Milton. 

3.  To  upbraid  ;  to  suggest  blame  for  any  thing.  A 
man's  conscience  will  reproach  him  for  a  criminal, 
mean,  or  unworthy  action. 

4.  To  treat  with  scorn  or  contempt.    LvJte  vi. 
RE-PRo.ACH',  71.    Censure  mingled  with  contempt 

or  derision;  contumelious  or  opprobrious  Language 
toward  any  person  ;  abusive  reflections ;  as,  foul- 
mouthed  reproach.  Shak. 

2.  Shame  ;  infamy  ;  disgrace. 

Give  not  thine  heritage  to  reproach,  —  Joel  ii.    Is.  iv. 

3.  Object  of  contempt,  scorn,  or  derision. 

Come,  and  let  us  build  up  the  wall  of  Jerusalem,  that  we  may 
be  no  more  a  reproach.  —  Neh.  ii. 

4.  That  which  is  the  cause  of  shame  or  disgrace. 
Ocn.  XXX. 

RE-PRoACH'A-BLE,  a.    Deserving  reproach. 

9.  Opprobrious;  scurrilous.    [JVot  proper.]  Eh/ot. 
RE-PR6ACII'A-BLE-XESS,  n.   The  state  of  being 
reproachahle. 

RE-PRoACH'.A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  reproachahle  man- 
ner. 

RE-PRoACH'£D,  (re-procht',)  pp.  Censured  in  terms 
of  contempt  :  upbraided. 

RE  PRoAClI'ER,  n.    One  who  reproaches. 

RE-PRoACH'FUL,  a.  Expressing  censure  with  con- 
tempt; scurrilous;  opprobrious;  as,  reproachful 
words.  Shak. 

9.  Shameful ;  bringing  or  casting  reproach ;  infa- 
mous ;  base ;  vile ;  as,  reproachful  conduct ;  a  re- 
proachful life. 

RE-PROACH'FUL-LY,  adv.  In  terms  of  reproach; 
opprobriously ;  scurrilously.    1  Tim.  v. 

2.  Shamefully  ;  disgracefully  ;  contemptuously. 
RE-PRoACH'IXG,  ppr.    Censuring  in  terms  of  con- 
tempt ;  upbraiding, 

REP'RO-BaTE,  a.  [L.  reprobatus,  reprobo,  to  disal- 
low ;  re  and  probo,  to  prove.] 

1.  Not  enduring  proof  or  trial ;  not  of  standard 
purity  or  fineness  ;  disallowed  ;  rejected. 

Itrprobate  silver  shall  men  call  them,  because  tlie  Lord  hath  re- 
jected them, — Jer,  vi, 

9,  Abandoned  in  sin ;  lost  to  virtue  or  grace. 

They  profess  Uiat  they  know  God,  but  in  works  deny  him,  being 
atjominable  and  disobedient,  and  to  every  good  work  repro- 
bate.—  Til,  u 

3.  Abandoned  to  error,  or  in  apostasy.  2  Tim.  iii. 
REP'RO-BaTE,  n.   A  person  abandoned  to  sin ;  one 

lost  to  virtue  and  religion. 

1  acknowledge  myself  a  reprohoM,  a  villain,  a  traitor  to  the 
king.  Ralegh. 

REP'RO-BaTE,  v.  t.  To  disapprove  with  detestation 
or  marks  of  extreme  dislike  ;  to  disallow  ;  to  reject. 
It  expresses  more  than  Disappkove  or  Disallow. 
We  disapprove  of  slight  faults  and  improprieties;  we 
reprobate  what  is  mean  or  criminal. 

2.  In  a  milder  sense,  to  disallow. 

Such  an  answer  as  this,  is  reprobated  and  disallowed  of  in  law, 

Aylije. 

3.  To  abandon  to  wickedness  and  eternal  destruc- 
tion. JIammond. 

4.  To  abandon  to  his  sentence,  without  hope  or 
pardon. 

Drive  him  out 
To  reprohaled  exile.  Southern. 

REP'RO-BS-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Disapproved  with  ab- 
horrence ;  rejected  ;  abandoned  to  wickedness  or  to 
destruction. 

REP'RO-BaTE-NESS,71.  The  state  of  being  repro- 
bate. 

REP'UO  Ba-TER,  71.    One  that  reprobates, 
RKP'HO-ll.x-TI.VO,  pirr.    Disapproving  with  extreme 

dislike;  rejecting;  abandoning  to  wickedness  or  to 

destruclitin, 

REP-KO-Ba'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rrprabatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  disallowing  with  detestation,  or  of 
expressing  extreme  dislike. 

2.  The  act  of  abandoning,  or  state  of  being  aban- 
doned to  etenial  destruction. 

When  a  tinner  li  so  hanlene<l  aj  to  feel  no  n-morw  or  misgiving 
of  conscience,  it  is  coiuidcied  as  a  sign  of  reprot>aUon. 

Mincyc. 

3.  A  condenmatory  sentence ;  rejection. 

Bel  a  brand  of  Tejirotiation  on  dipt  poetry  and  false  coin. 

Vryden. 

REP-RO  RA'TIOX  EU,  71.    One  who  abandons  others 

to  eternal  destruction.  South. 
RF;  PKO-DCCE',  B.  t    [re  ani  produce.]    To  produce 


REP 

again  ;  to  renew  the  production  of  a  thing  destroyed. 
Trees  are  reproduced  by  new  shoots  from  the  roots  or 
stump  ;  and  certain  animals,  as  the  polype,  are  repro- 
duced from  cuttings.  Eticyc. 
_  9.  Sometimes  used  for  Generate. 

Re-PRO-DCC'KD,  (-duste',)  pp.    Produced  anew. 

Re-PKO-DuC'ER,  71.    One  or  that  which  reproduces. 

Burke. 

Rr.-PRO-Dt'C'IXG,  ppr.   Producing  anew. 

Re-PRO-DUC'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  repro- 
ducing that  which  has  been  destroyed  ;  as,  the  repro- 
ilnction  of  plants  or  animals  from  cuttings  or  slips. 
The  reproduction  of  several  parts  of  lobsters  and 
crabs  is  one  of  the  greatest  curiosities  in  natural  his- 
tory. Encye. 
2.  Sometimes  used  for  Generation.  Brande. 

Re  pro  ductive,    J  a.    Pertaining  to  or  used  in 

RE-PRO-DUe'TO-RY,  \     reproduction.  Ltjell. 

Re-PRO-MUL'GaTE,  r.  t.    To  promulgate  again. 

Re  PRO-.MUL-Ga'TIOX,  71.   A  second  promulgation. 

RE-PROOF',  7;.  [from  reprure.]  Blame  expressed  to 
the  face  ;  censure  for  a  fault ;  reprehension. 

Those  best  can  bear  reproof  who  merit  praise.  Pope, 
He  that  hateUi  rcprooj  is  t.riitish.  —  Prov,  xii, 

2,  Blame  cast ;  censure  directed  to  a  person. 

RE-PROV'A-BI,E,  a.  [from  reprove.]  Worthy  of  re- 
proof; deserving  censure  ;  blamable,  Tavlor. 

RE-PROV'A-BLE-XESS,  71.  State  of  being  reprova- 
ble. 

RE-PROV'A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  reprovable  manner. 
RE-PROYE',  (re  proov',)  v.  t,    [Fr.  rcproucer ;  L.  re- 
probo ;  re  and  probo,  to  prove.] 

1.  To  blame ;  to  censure 

I  will  not  reprove  thee  for  thy  sacrifices,  —  Ps.  1, 

2.  To  charge  with  a  fault  to  the  face ;  to  chide;  to 
reprehend,    Luke  iii. 

3.  To  blame  for;  with  of;  as,  to  reprove  one  of 
laziness.  Carnr. 

4.  To  convince  of  a  fault,  or  to  make  it  manifest. 
John  xvi. 

5.  To  refute  ;  to  disprove.    [JVof  in  itsc]  Shak. 

6.  To  excite  a  sense  of  guilt.  The  heart  or  con- 
science reproves  us. 

7.  To  manifest  silent  disapprobation  or  blame. 

The  vicious  can  not  bear  the  presence  of  the  good,  whose  very 
I-Kiks  reprove  them,  and  wliosc  life  is  a  severe,  though  silent 
admonition.  Buckminster. 

RE-PRO V'£D,  (re-proovd',)  pp.  Blamed  ;  reprehend- 
ed ;  convinceil  of  a  fault. 

RE-PROV'ER,  71.  One  that  reproves  ;  he  or  that 
which  blames.    Conscience  is  a  bold  reprover. 

South. 

RE-PROV'IXG,  ppr.    Blaming  ;  censuring. 

RE-PRO V' I XG-LY,  adv.    In  a  reproving  manner. 

RE-PRt;NE',  ».  t.  [re  and  prune.]  To  prune  a  sec- 
ond time.  Evelyn. 

Re-PROX'ED,  pp.    Pnined  a  second  time. 

Re-PRuX'IXG,  ppr.    Pruning  a  second  time. 

REP-Ta'TIO.\,  7!.  [L.  reptatio.]  The  act  of  creep- 
ing or  crawling.  BraitJr. 

REP'TILE,  (rep'til,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  reptihs,  from 
repo,  to  creep,  Gr.  f otu  ;  It.  reilile  ;  Sp.  rqitil.  (See 
Creep.)  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  rub  or 
scrape,  or  to  seize.] 

1.  Creeping  ;  moWng  on  the  belly,  or  with  small 
feet. 

2.  Groveling ;  low ;  vulgar ;  as,  a  reptile  race  or 
crew  ;  reptile  vices.  Burke. 

REP'TILE,  71.  An  animal  that  moves  on  its  belly,  or 
by  means  of  small,  short  legs,  as  snakes,  lizards, 
tortoises,  and  the  like. 

In  zooloipj,  the  reptiles,  or  rrptil'ia,  constitute  a  class 
or  order,  including  all  such  animals  as  are  cold- 
blooded, vertebrated,  and  breathe  air ;  as  tortoises, 
lizards,  frogs,  etc.  Bell  has  separated  the  batrachi- 
ans  from  this  class,  and  arranges  them  uniler  the  de- 
nomination of  Amphibia,  because  they  breathe  water 
in  the  tadpole  state. 

9.  A  groveling  or  very  mean  person  ;  a  term  of 
contempt. 

REP-TIL'I-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Reptilia,  or  rep- 
tiles. Lvell, 

REP-TIL'I-.\X,  71.  An  animal  of  the  order  Reptilia  ; 
a  reptile.  Ltjcll, 

RE-PUB'Lie,  71.  [L.  respuhlica;  res  and  publica;  pub- 
lic affairs.] 

1.  A  commonwealth ;  a  state  in  which  the  exer- 
cise of  the  sov  ereign  power  is  lodged  in  representa- 
tives elected  by  llie  people.  In  inoderir  nsiige,  it 
differs  from  a  democracy  or  denmcnitic  state,  in 
which  the  piM>ple  exercise  the  powers  of  sovereignty 
in  person.  Yet  the  democracies  of  Greece  are  often 
cnlh-d  republics, 

2.  Common  interest ;  the  public.    [JVot  in  7(,«c.] 

B.  ,7onson. 

Rq>ublic  of  letters;  the  collective  body  of  literary  or 
beamed  men. 

RE-PUIl'LIC-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  republic;  con- 
sisting i>f  a  commonwealth  ;  as,  a  republican  consti- 
tution or  government. 

2.  Consonant  to  the  principles  of  a  republic  ;  as, 
republican  sentiments  or  oi)inioiis ;  republican  man- 
ners. 


FATE,  FAR,  Fj^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQOK  — 


940 


KEQ 


RER 


RE-PUB'T>ie-AN,  )!.    One  who  lUvcirs  or  prefers  a 

rc|ml)lir.iii  form  of  coveriiim  nt. 
RE-ri;B'Lie-A.\-ISM,  n.    A  ri-puliliciin  form  or  sys- 
tem of  government. 
2.  Atlaclmiciit  to  >i  republican  form  of  government. 

Biirlu: 

RE-PUB'LIC-A.X-IZK,  v.  t.  To  l  onvert  to  republican 
principles  ;  as,  to  republicanizc  the  rising  generation. 

Ramsay. 

RK-PUn-Lie-.X'TION,  71.    [re  nnd  puljliclion.] 

1.  A  seomd  pnblicntiun,  or  a  new  publication  of 
something  before  publislied. 

2.  A  second  publication,  as  of  a  former  will ;  re- 
newal. 

If  tliT^  be  many  If'stamf^ntj,  thn  last  overthrows  all  Iht*  former  ; 
but  llie  rejiublicntion  ot  a  former  will  r<.-vok«.-a  one  of  a  lalcr 
date,  ntul  csubluhc;!  thu  fir&l.  BlacksUjn*. 

RE-PUn'I,ISII,  t).  (.    [re  and  jmhlish.]    To  pulilish  a 
second  time,  or  to  publish  a  new  edition  of  a  work 
before  published. 
5.  To  publish  anew. 

Unless,  subsequeiu  lo  the  purchase  or  contract,  the  devisor  repub- 
ttHfteg  Ilia  will.  Blackstone. 

RE  PUI!'I,rPH  KD,  (  lisht,)  pp.    Published  anew. 
RE-PUEt'I,IslI  ER,  n.    One  who  republishes. 
RE-PlJIi'LISlI-Ii\G,  ppr.    Publishing  again. 
RE-PO'DI-A-BLE,  a.    [from   repudiate.]    That  may 

be  rejected  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  put  away. 
RE-PO'UI-ATE,  V.  t.    [Vt.  repudier ;  L.  rcpudin ;  re 

and  one  of  the  roots  in  Class  Bd,  which  signifies  to 

send  or  thrust.] 

1.  To  cast  away ;  to  reject ;  to  discard. 

Atheists  —  repudiate  all  title  to  the  kingdom  of  heaven.  BenUey. 

2.  To  refuse  any  longer  to  acknowledge  ;  to  dis- 
claim ;  as,  the  state  has  repudiated  its  debts.  [Re- 
cent.] 

3.  .Appropriately,  to  put  away ;  to  divorce ;  as  a 
wife. 

RE-PO'Df-A-TED,  pp.    Cast  off;  rejected  ;  discarded ; 

disclaimed  ;  divorced. 
RE-PO'lJI-A-TING, ppr.    Casting  off;  rejecting;  dis- 
claiming; divorcing. 
RE-PU-IM-A'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  repudiatio.] 

1.  Rejection;  the  act  of  disclaiming;  as,  the  re- 
pmliation  of  a  doctrine. 

9.  The  refusal  on  the  part  of  a  state  or  government 
to  pay  its  debts.  [Recent.] 
3.  Divorce ;  as,  the  repudiation  of  a  wife. 

.^rbuthnoL 

RE-Pf''D[-X-TOR,  71.    One  that  repudiates. 
RE-POGN',  (rc-pune',)  v.  t.    [L.  repugno ;  re  and  pug- 
no  A 

To  oppose  ;  to  resist.    [JVot  used.]  Ehjot, 
RE-PUG'NANCE,  )  7i.  [I-r- 

repugnance  ;   It.  ripu- 
RE-PUG'NAN-CY,  (     gnanza  ;  L.  repug-nantia,  from 
repusnei,  to  resist ;  re  anil  pagnoy  to  fight.] 

1.  Opposition  cf  niind  ;  reluctance;  unwilling- 
ness. Shak.  Dnjden. 

2.  Opposition  or  struggle  of  passions ;  resistance. 

South. 

3.  Opposition  of  principles  or  qualities  ;  inconsist- 
ency ;  contrariety. 

But  where  ditlVrence  is  without  repugnancy,  that  which  hath  heea 
can  lie  no  prejudice  to  that  which  is.  Hooker. 

UE  PUG'N.\NT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  r(7J«nT7a7i.«.] 

1.  Opposite  ;  contrary  ;  inconsistent ;  properly  fal- 
lowed by  to.  Every  sin  is  repugnant  to  the  will  of 
God.  Every  thing  morally  wrong  is  repugnant  both 
to  the  honor,  as  well  as  to  the  interest  of  the  offender. 

2.  Disobedient ;  not  obsequious.    [JVot  i'h  use  ] 

Shak. 

RE-PUG'NANT-LY,  adv.  With  opposition  ;  in  con- 
tradiction. Brown. 

RE-PUG'N.aTE,  p.  t.    To  oppose  ;  to  fight  against. 

RE-PLIL'LU-L.\TE,  r.  i.  [L.  re  and  puUulo,  to  bud.] 
To  bud  again.  Jlmrell. 

RE-PUL-LU-La'TIOX,  71.   The  act  of  budding  again. 

RE-PULSE',  (re-puls',)  71.  [L.  repuLsa,  from  rcpeUo ; 
re  and  pcllo,  to  drive.] 

1.  A  being  checked  in  advancing,  or  driven  back 
by  force.    The  enemy  met  with  repuLc  and  retreated. 

2.  Refusal ;  denial.  Bailey. 
RE-PULSE',  (re-puls',)  r.  ^    [L.  rrpnl.<ii.<:,  rrpcllo.] 

To  repel ;  to  beat  or  drive  oack  ;  as,  to  repulse  an 
assailant  t>r  advancing  enemy,    h'noirlcs.  Alilinn. 
RE-PULS'iCn,  (re-piilst',)  pp.    Repelled  ;  driven  back. 
RE-PULS'ER,  n.    One  that  repulses  or  drives  back. 

Shencood, 

RE-PULS'TNG,  ppr.    Driving  back. 
RE-PUL'SIO:V,   (re-pul'shun,)  71.     In  phtisir/!,  that 
power  by  which  boilies,  or  the  particles  of  bodies,  are 
made  to  recede  Irom  each  other.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  act  of  repelling. 
RE-PULS'IVE,  a.    Repelling  ;  driving  off,  or  keeping 
I       from  approacli.    The  repulsive  power  of  the  electric 
fluid  is  remarkable. 

2.  Cold  ;  reserved  ;  forbidding  ;  as,  repitlsive  man- 
ners, 

RF^PULS'IVE-LY,  adv.    Bv  repulsing. 
I  RE-PIM.S'IVE-NE.'^S,  71.    The  quality  of  being  re- 
,      pulsive  or  forbidding. 

:  RE-PULSE'LESS,  o.   That  can  not  be  repelled. 
RE-PULS'O-RY,  o.   Repulsive  ;  driving  bark. 


RK  PUR'CIIASE,  V.  t.  [re  and  purclia-'e.]  To  buy 
again  ;  to  buy  back ;  to  regain  by  purchase  or  ex- 
pense. Jfale. 

RK-PUR'CIIAPE,  71.  The  act  i>f  buying  again;  the 
purchaso  again  of  what  has  been  sold. 

RK-PUR'CIIAS-KI),  (-piir'chast,)  pp.  Bought  back  or 
again  ;  regainetl  by  expense  ;  as,  a  throne  repurchas- 
ed with  the  blood  of  enemies.  Shnk. 

Rk-PUR'CHAS-ING,  ppr.  Buying  back  or  again; 
regaining  by  the  payment  of  a  price. 

REP'lJ-TA-BLE,  a.  [frtiin  rr;<«(c]  Being  in  good  re- 
pute ;  held  in  esteem  ;  as,  a  reputable  man  or  char- 
acter;  reputable  coiiiluct.  It  expresses  less  than 
respectable  and  hnnorabley  denoting  the  good  opinion 
of  men,  without  distinction  or  great  qualities. 

2.  Consistent  with  reputation  ;  not  mean  or  dis- 
graceful. It  is  evidence  of  extreme  depravity  that 
vice  is  in  any  case  reputable. 

h\  the  article  of  danger,  it  is  as  reputable  to  dude  an  enemy  as 
to  ileti-at  one.  Brooine. 

REP'II-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  rep- 
utable. 

REP'i;-TA-HLY,  ado.    With  reputation  ;  without  dis- 
grace or  iliscredit ;  as,  to  fill  an  office  rcputablij. 
REP-IJ-TA'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rcputalio.] 

1.  (iood  name  ;  the  credit,  honor,  or  ciiaracter 
which  is  derived  from  a  favorable  public  opinitui  or 
esteem.  Reputation  is  a  valuable  species  of  property 
or  right,  which  should  never  be  vi>>lated.  With  the 
loss  of  reputation,  a  man,  and  especially  a  woman, 
loses  most  of  the  enjoyments  of  life. 

The  l)cst  evidence  of  refutation  is  a  man's  whole  life.  Amee. 

2.  Character  by  report ;  in  a  gt>od  or  bad  sense  ; 
as,  a  man  has  the  reputation  of  being  rich  or  poor,  or 
of  b'-ing  a  thief.  Jlddisoti. 

RE-PO'TA-TIVE-LY,  ado.    By  repute. 
RE-PuTE',  V.  i.    [L.  reputo;  rc  and  puto,  to  think; 
Fr.  reputrr.] 
To  think  ;  to  account ;  to  hold  ;  to  reckon. 

The  kill*  was  reputed  a  prince  most  prudent.  Shak. 
Wherefore  ate  wc  counted  as  Ijcasts,  and  reputed  vile  in  your 
sishtf  — Job  xviii. 

RE-POTE',  71.  Reputation;  good  character  ;  the  credit 
or  honor  derived  from  comniun  or  public  opinion ; 
as,  men  of  repute. 

2.  Character ;  in  a  bad  sense  ;  as,  a  man  held  in 
bad  repute. 

3.  Established  opinion  ;  as,  upheld  by  old  repute. 

JtlUton. 

RE-PuT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Reckoned  ;  accounted. 

RE-PuT'ED-LY,  ado.  In  common  opinion  or  estima- 
tion. Barrow. 

RE-PuTE'LESS,  a.    Disreputable  ;  disgraceful.  Shak. 

RE-POT'ING,  ppr.  Thinking  ;  reckoning ;  account- 
ing. 

RE-CiUEST',  (re-kwcst',)  71.  [Fr.  requite  :  h.  requisi- 
tus,  requiro  ;  re  and  quirro,  to  seek  ;  It,  richiesta  ;  Sp. 
rcque.-^ta.    See  CiuEsT,  (ii'ESTiow.] 

1.  The  expression  of  desire  to  some  person  for 
something  to  be  granted  or  done  ;  an  asking  ;  a  peti- 
tion. 

Haman  stood  up  to  make  request  for  his  life  to  Esdier  the  queen. 

—  Kslh.  vii. 

2.  Prayer  ;  the  expression  of  desire  to  a  superior 
or  to  the  Almighty.    Phil.  iv. 

3.  The  thing  asked  for  or  requested. 

1  will  iKilh  hear  and  grint  you  your  reatiests.  Shak. 
He  ptve  them  their  requeet,  but  scut  leanness  into  their  souls, 

—  P».  cvi. 

4.  A  state  of  being  desired  or  held  in  such  estima- 
tion as  to  be  sought  after  or  pursued. 

Knowletlm^  bud  fame  were  in  as  great  requttl  as  wealth  among 
us  now.  Temple. 

In  request ;  in  demand  ;  in  credit  or  reputation. 

Coriolanus  being  now  in  no  requetL  Shak. 

Request  expresses  less  earnestness  than  entreaty  and 
supplication,  and  supposes  a  right  in  the  person  re- 
tpiestt  d  to  deny  or  refuse  to  grant.  In  this  it  differs 
from  demantL 

Court  of  Requests  ;  in  England,  a  court  of  equity  for 
the  relief  of  such  persons  as  atldresseil  his  majesty 
by  supplication  ;  abolished  by  stat.  16  and  17  Car. 
I.    It  was  inferior  to  the  Court  of  Chancery.  Brande. 

2.  A  local  tribunal,  sometimes  called  a  CoHrf  af 
Conscience,  founded  by  act  of  parliament  to  facilitate 
the  recovery  of  smali  debts  from  any  inhabitant  or 
trader  in  the  district  defined  by  the  act.       P.  Cue. 
RE-aUEST',  tj.  t.    [^Fr.  requtter.] 

1.  To  ask  ;  to  solicit ;  to  express  desire  for. 

The  W'  ijht  of  the  gulden  ear-rin^  which  he  reijuette't,  was  a 
tlii-usjtnd  anil  8«-vcn  hundtT<l  shekels  of  gold.  — Jud-»-»  viii. 

2.  To  express  desire  to ;  to  ask.  Wo  requested  a 
friend  to  arconipanv  us. 

RE-m'EST'EI),  pp.  ■  Asked;  desired  ;  solicited. 
RE  ClUEST'ER,  n.    One  who  requests  ;  a  petitioner. 
KE-UUEST'ING,  ppr.    Asking;  [wtitioning. 
RE-aUICK'A'.V,  r.  f.    [re  and  quicken.]    To  reani- 
mate ;  to  give  new  life  to.  SAoJt. 
RJ^-tiUICK'fTN-KI),  pp.  Reanimated. 
RE-Q.U1CK'BW-IXG,  ppr.   Reanimating  ;  invigorat- 


RK'fiL'I-E.M,  71.  [L.]  In  the  Roman  Cafholie  church, 
a  hymn  or  m.oss  sung  for  the  dead,  fur  the  rest  of  hin 
soul  ;  so  called  from  the  first  word.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  grand  musical  composition,  perfurmed  in 
honor  of  some  deceased  person.  Brande. 

3.  Ri'st ;  ipiiet ;  peace.    (JVut  in  use.]  Sandys. 
RE-Ul'I'E-TO-RY,  71.    [Low  L.  rcquieturium.] 

A  sepulchre.  [JVot  in  u.ie.]  Weevrr. 
Rif.'UUIN,  71.    [Fr.]    The  French  name  of  tlie  white 

shark,  Carcliarias  vulgaris.  ./ardinc\s  .Yat.  Lib. 
RE-dlllR'A-BLE,  o.    [from  rp?Mirr.]    That  may  bo 

required  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  demanded.  J/ale. 
RE-dUIRE',  V.  t.    [L.  requiro ;  re  and  qmero,  to  seek  ; 

Fr.  and  Sp.  requertr.    St:e  duERV.] 

1.  To  demand  ;  to  ask,  as  of  right  and  by  author- 
ity. We  require  a  person  lo  do  a  thing,  and  we  re- 
quire a  tiling  lo  be  done. 

Why,  tlien,  doth  my  lord  require  Uiis  thing? —  1  Chron.  xxl. 

2.  To  claim  ;  to  render  neccs.s.ary ;  as  a  duly  or 
any  thing  indispensable;  as,  the  law  of  God  rrqairta 
strict  obedience. 

3.  To  ask  as  a  favor ;  to  request. 

1  was  ashamed  to  require  of  the  kiii;^  a  Innd  of  soMiera  atid 
hnrscmen  10  help  us  against  the  eneniy  in  the  way.  —  Kira 

[/«  tJlis  sense,  the  word  is  rarely  used.] 

4.  To  call  lo  account  for. 

I  will  require  my  Huck  at  their  hand,  —  Eiek.  xxxiv. 

5.  To  make  necessary  ;  to  need  ;  to  demand. 

The  king's  business  required  h:uile.  —  1  Sani.  xxi. 

6.  To  avenge  ;  to  take  satisfaction  fir  I  Sam.xx. 
RE-QUIR'.£;D,  pp.  or  a.   Demanded  ;  needed  ;  ncccd- 

sarv. 

RE-UUIRE'MENT,  71.   Demand  ;  requisition. 

ScotL  Chalmers. 
This  ruler  was  one  of  those  who  believe  thai  they  cin  fill  up 
every  requirement  conuined  in  the  rule  of  riffliteonsness. ' 

J.  .M.  Mcuon. 

The  Bristol  water  is  of  service  where  the  accretions  cxc«-d  tlw 
requirements  of  health.  Encyc. 

RE-aUIR'ER,  71.    One  who  requires. 
RE-Ul'TK'l.\(!,  ppr.    Demanding;  needing. 
REti'UI-SITE,  (rek'we-zit,)  a.    [L.  rcquisitus,  from 
requiro.] 

Required  by  the  nature  of  things  or  by  circum- 
stances ;  necessary  ;  so  needful  lh.it  it  can  not  be 
dispensed  with.  Repentance  and  faith  arc  requisite 
to  salvation  ;  air  is  requisite  to  support  life;  heat  is 
requisite  to  vegetation. 
REU'UI-SITE,  (rek'we-zit,)  71.  That  which  is  neces- 
sary ;  something  indispensable.  Contcutineiit  is  a 
requisite  to  a  liappy  life. 

tiod,  on  his  part,  has  declared  the  requititet  on  ours ;  wlial  we 
must  do  to  obtain  blessings,  is  tlic  great  business  of  us  all  to 
know.  Wake. 

REa'UI-SITE-LY,  (rek'we-7.it-lc,)  adv.   Neces.sarily ; 

in  a  requisite  manner.  Boyle. 
REU'UI-SITE-N'ESS,  71.   The  state  of  being  requisite 

or  necessarv  ;  necessity.  Boyle. 
REa-UI-Sl"TION,  (rek-wc-zish'un,)  lu    [Fr.  ;  It. 

requisizione.    See  Require.] 

1.  Demand;  applicatitm  matlc  as  of  right.  Under 
the  old  confederation  t)f  the  American  Slates,  con- 
gress often  made  rc^Hi.sifioH.'!  on  the  Suites  for  money 
to  sup[ily  the  treasury  ;  but  they  had  no  power  to  en- 
force Iheir  requisitions,  and  llie  States  neglected  or 
partially  complied  with  them.  Hamilton. 

2.  A  written  call  or  invitation  ;  as,  a  requisition  for 
a  public  meeting.  [F.n^.] 

RE-(iUIS'I-TIVE,  0.  Expressing  or  implying  de- 
mand. Harris. 

RE-UUIS'I-TO-RY,  a.  Sought  for;  demanded,  [iit- 
tle  used.] 

RE-(iUI"r.\L,  71.  [from  requite.]  Return  for  any 
office,  gooil  or  bad  ;  in  a  good  sense,  compen-sation  ; 
recompense  ;  as,  the  requital  of  services  ;  in  a  bad 
sense,  retaliation  or  punishment ;  as,  the  rcquHal  of 
evil  deeds. 
2.  Return  ;  reciprocal  action. 

No  merit  their  ovcrsion  can  remove, 

Nor  ill  requital  can  edace  their  love.  W'alUr. 

RE-QUITE',  r.  ^  [from  quit,  L.  eedo  ;  It.  cuUighim, 
to  requitcT^^iu^aeh,  recoiiqicnse.] 

1.  To  repay  either  good  or  evil  ;  in  a  good  sense,  to 
rectimpense ;  lo  return  an  equivalent  in  gix)d ;  to  re- 
ward. 

I  also  will  requitt  you  this  kindness.  —2  Sam.  ii.    I  Tim.  r. 
In  a  bad  sense,  to  retaliate  ;  to  rclum  evil  for  evil ; 
to  punish. 

Joseph  will  certainly  rtqidle  us  all  the  evil  which  we  did  lo  him. 
—  Gen.  I. 

2.  To  do  or  give  in  return. 

lU  hath  requited  me  evil  for  goo<I.  —  i  Sam.  xxv. 

RE-fiT^TT'F^f),  pp.  Repaid  ;  recompensed  ;  rewarded. 
RE-aUTT'EU,  71.    One  who  requites. 
RE-(iUIT'I.NG,  ppr.  Rccoinp«nsing ;  rewarding ;  giv- 
ing in  renirn. 

ReRE'FI  i;F,  n.  A  fief  held  of  a  superior  feudatory ; 
an  under  fief,  held  by  an  under  tenant. 

Blaehitont. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  TINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — €  as  K  ;  C  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


lie* 


AA  AA* 


941 


RES 


RES 


ReRE'-MOUSE,  lu    [Sax.  hrtremus.] 

A  bat.    [See  Reae-Mouse.] 
Rf.-RE-SOLVE',  v.  t.    To  resolve  a  second  time. 
Rf.-RE-$OLV'£D,  jip.    Resolved  a  second  time. 
RkRE'WARD,  n.     [rear  and  Kard.]    The  part  of  an 
army  that  marches  iu  the  rear,  as  the  guard  ;  the 
re:iriruard.   JVum.  x.    Is.  lii. 

[  The  latter  orthography  ij  to  he  preferred.] 
Re-SaIL',  v.  t.  or  i.    [re  and  sail.]    To  sail  back. 

Pope. 

Rf.-SaIL'ED,  pp.    Sailed  back. 

Rk-SaIL'ING,  ppr.    Sailing  back. 

Rk-SaLE',  71.    [re  and  sale.']    A  sale  at  second  hand. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  second  sale ;  a  sale  of  what  was  before  sold 
to  the  possessor. 
Re-S.A-LuTE',  v.  t.    [L.  resaluto;  re  and  saia (o,  to 
salute  ;  Fr.  resaluer.] 

1.  To  salute  or  greet  anew.  Milton. 

2.  To  return  a  salutation. 
Rk-SA-LuT'ED,  pp.    Saluted  again. 
Rk-SA-LuT'ING,  ppr.    Saluting  anew. 
RE-SCIA'D',  v.  t.    [L.  resciiido  ;  re  and  scinJo,  to  cut ; 

Fr.  rescindcr.] 

1.  To  abrogate ;  to  revoke  ;  to  annul ;  to  vacate 
an  act  bj'  the  enacting  authority  or  by  superior  au- 
thority ;  as,  to  rcjicind  a  law,  a  resolution,  or  a  vote  ; 
to  rescind  an  edict  or  decree  ;  to  rescind  a  judg- 
ment. 

2.  To  cut  off.    [JVo(  used.] 
RE-SC[ND'ED,  pj).    Abrogated;  revoked;  annulled. 
RE-SC'IND'ING,  ppr.    Abrogating  ;  revoking  ;  an- 
nulling. ~  J, 

RE-SCIS'SION,  (re-sizh'un,)  n,  [Fr.  rescision,  from 
Li.  rescisstis.] 

1.  The  act  of  abrogating,  annulling,  or  vacating  ; 
as,  the  rescission  of  a  "aw,  decree,  or  judgment. 

2.  A  cutting  off. 

RE-SCIS'SO-RY,  (-S1Z  zo-re,)  a.    [Fr.  rescisoire.] 

Having  po«  er  to  cut  off  or  to  abrogate.  Setilen. 
RES'eOIJS,  (res'kus,)  n.    In  law.    [See  Rescue.] 
RE-SCRlBE',  V.  t.     [L.rescr^bo;  re  and  scribo,  to 
write.] 

1.  To  write  back.  Jlijliffe. 
_  9.  To  write  over  again.  IJowdl. 
RE'S€RIPT,  n.    [L.  rescriptum,  resrribo.] 

1.  In  Roman  antiquittj,  the  answer  of  an  emperor, 
when  consulted  by  particular  persons  on  some  dif- 
ficult question.  This  answer  served  as  a  decision  tS 
the  question,  and  might  therefore,  as  a  precedent, 
gradually  ()btain  the  force  of  an  edict  tir  law.  Hence, 

2.  An  edict  or  decree.  Smith's  Diet. 
RE-SGRIP'TIOX,  71.    A  writing  back  ;  the  answering 

of  a  letter.  Lurcilmi. 
RE-SeRIPT'IVE-LY,  atZc.    By  rescript.  [Unnsvnl.] 

Burke. 

RES'eU-.\-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  rescued.  Ouijton. 

RES'€OE,  (res'ku,)  v.  t.  [N'orm.  rescure, lo  rescue: 
rescous,  retaken,  rescued,  relieveii  ;  Fr.  recaurre^  re- 
cons  ;  qu.  from  recouvrer^  to  recover.  The  Italian 
riscattare,  Sp.  resctttar.  Port,  rrsiratar,  to  redeem,  to 
rescue^  is  compounded  of  re  and  catt/ire,  to  ^ret.  The 
Fr.  recoils  is  evidently  the  It.  risccssa,  recovery,  ris- 
cosso,  recovered,  from  riscuotere^  to  redeem,  ransom, 
regain,  escape,  exact,  or  recover,  contracted,  in  Fr. 
recourre,  from  ri  or  re  and  It.  scuotere,  to  shake  ; 
scossOy  a  shaking  ;  L.  re  and  t/uatin.] 

To  free  or  deliver  from  any  continement,  violence, 
danger,  or  evil ;  to  liberate  from  .actual  restraint,  or 
to  remove  or  withdraw  from  a  state  of  exposure  to 
evil ;  as,  to  rescue  a  prisoner  from  an  officer  ;  to  res- 
cue seamen  from  destruction  by  shipwreck. 

So  Ihc  p**opI''  rescued  Juitathan,  Uial  lie  died  not.  —  1  Sam.  xiv. 

XXX.    Pa.  XXXV. 
Caltle  Uiken  by  dUtp'«s,  contrary  to  Inw,  may  be  related  by  the 

owner,  while  oij  tjieir  way  to  the  pound.  Blnckslone. 
Estimate  the  value  of  oge  6<iul  rescued  from  eternal  guilt  and 

a^oiiy,  and  cleKiiiied  to  grow  lonjvcr  in  the  knovvl  -d^e  and 

liKeneM  of  (jod.  A.  Dickinson. 

RES'eOE,  n.  [See  the  verb.]  Deliverance  from  re- 
straint, violence,  or  danger,  by  force,  or  by  the  inter- 
ference of  an  agent. 

2.  In  law,  rescue,  or  rescous;  the  forcible  retaking 
of  a  lawful  distress  from  the  distrainor,  or  from  the 
custody  of  the  law  ;  also,  Ilie  forcible  liberation  of  a 
defi  ndant  from  the  custody  of  the  officer,  in  which 
casi-s  the  remedy  is  by  writ  of  rescuus.  But  when 
the  distress  is  unlawfully  taken,  the  owner  may  law- 
fully make  rescue. 

The  rescue  of  A  prlioner  from  the  court,  li  puni«h'-d  with  per- 
petual impi^nnient  and  fortuitun:  of  goodt.  Blnckttone. 

RE.S'eO  .ED,  (res'kude,)  pp.  or  a.  Delivered  from  con- 
finemi  nt  or  danger  ;  or  forcibly  taken  from  the  cus- 
trxly  of  the  law. 

RES'en-ER.  71.   C)ne  that  rescues  or  retakes.  Kent. 

RES'eU-ING,  ppr.  Liberating  from  restraint  or  dan- 
ger ;  forcibly  taking  from  the  custodv  of  the  law. 

RE  SEARCH',  (re-serch',)  11.    [Fr. recherche.] 

Diligent  Inquiry  or  examination  in  seeking  facti  or 
priiir  iples  ;  lalioriouM  or  continued  search  aHrr  truth  ; 
ai,  rrnearehet  of  hiimnn  wisdom.  Rogers. 

RK  SE.MK'II',  (renerch',)  v.  U  [Fr.  rechercher ;  re 
and  chereher.] 


1.  To  search  or  examine  with  continued  care  ;  to 
seek  diligently  for  the  truth. 

It  is  not  easy  to  research^  Willi  due  distinction,  in  the  actions  of 
eminent  pqrsonii^es,  both  how  much  rnay  have  been  blem- 
ished bv  the  envy  of  others,  and  what  was  corrupted  by  llieir 
own  felicity.    [Unusuai.]  Woilon. 

2.  To  search  again  ;  to  examine  anew. 
RE-SEARCH'ER,  (re-serch'er,)  n.  One  who  diligently 

inquires  or  examines. 
RE-SEARCH'ING,  ppr.    Examining  with  continued 
care^ 

Re-SeAT',  v.  U    [re  and  seat.]    To  seat  or  set  again. 
Re-SeAT'ED,  pp.    Seated  again.  [Drydetu 
Re-SeAT'ING,  ppr.    Seating  again. 
RE-SECTION,  7!.    [L.  resectio,  reseco.] 

_  The  act  of  cutting  or  paring  off.  Cotgrave. 
Re-SEEK',  v.  t.  i  pret.  and  pp.  Resought.    [re  and 

seek.] 

To  seek  again.  J.  Barlow. 

Re-SeIZE',  ^-seez',)  v.  t.  [re  and  ^cize.]  To  seize 
again  ;  to  seize  a  second  time.  Spejiser. 

2.  In  law,  to  take  possession  of  lands  and  tene- 
ments which  have  been  disseized. 

Whereupon  the  sherilT  is  commanded  to  reeeire  the  land  and  all 
the  chattels  thereon,  and  keep  the  same  iu  his  custody  till  the 
arrival  of  the  justices  of  assize.  BlacksUme. 

Re-SeIZ'£D,  pp.    Seized  again. 
Re-SeIZ'ER,  71.    One  who  seizes  again. 
Re-SeIZ'ING,  ppr.    Seizing  again. 
Re-SeIZ'IJRE,  (rC-siizh'yur,)  ji.    A  second  seizure  ; 

the  act  of  seizing  again.  Bacon. 
Re  sell',  v.  t.    To  sen  again  ;  to  sell  what  has  been 

bought  or  sold.  Wheaton,  v.  4. 

Re-SELL'ING,  ppr.   Selling  again. 
RE-SE.M'BLA-BLE,  a.    [See  Resemble.]    That  may 

be  compared.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Oower. 
RE-SE.M'BI.ANCE,  (re-zem'-,)  ti.    [Fr.  ressemblance. 

See  Resemble.] 

1.  Likeness;  similitude,  either  of  external  form  or 
of  qualities.  We  observe  a  resemblance  between  per- 
sons, a  resemblance  in  shape,  a  resemblance  in  man- 
ners, a  resemblance  in  dispositions.  Painting  and 
poetry  bear  a  great  resemblance  to  each  other,  as  one 
object  of  both  is  to  please.  £>njden. 

2.  Something  similar  ;  similitude  ;  representation. 

These  sensilile  Ihin^  which  religion  hath  allowed,  are  rcfiejTl- 

blanres  lormea  acconling  to  tiling  spiritual.  Hooker. 
Fain  st  Tcseinblance  of  (liy  Maker  fciir.  Milton. 

RE-SE.M'BLE,  (re-zem'bl,)  v.  t.  [Ft.  ressembler ;  It. 
rassembrare  i  Sp.  asemejar ;  Port,  assemelliar.  See 
Simil\r.] 

1.  To  have  the  likeness  of ;  to  bear  the  similitude 
of  something,  either  in  form,  figure,  or  qualities.  One 
man  may  resemble  another  in  features ;  he  may  resem- 
ble a  third  person  in  temper  or  deportment. 

Each  one  resembled  the  children  of  a  king.  — Judges  viit. 

2.  To  liken  ;  to  compare ;  to  represent  as  like  some- 
thing else. 

The  torrid  parts  of  Africa  are  resembled  to  a  libbanl's  sknn,  the 
dist-ince  of  whose  spots  represents  the  dispersed  silu:itiiin  of 
the  habitations.  Breretcood. 

RE-?EM'BLED,  pp.    Likened  ;  compared. 

RE-SE.M'BLL\G,  ppr.  Having  the  likeness  of;  liken- 
iiig;  comparing. 

Re-.SEND',  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Resent,  [re  and  send.] 
To  send  again  ;  to  send  back.  [JVot  in  itse.]  Shak. 

Re-SE.\T',  pp.  of  Resend.    Sent  again. 

RE-SE.\T',  (re-zent',)  v.  L  [Fr.  ressentir,  to  perceive 
again,  to  have  a  deep  sense  of;  re  and  sentir,  to  per- 
ceive. L.  sentio ;  It.  risentire,  to  resent,  to  hear  again, 
to  resound  ;  Sp.  resentirse,  to  resent,  also,  to  begin  to 
give  way  or  to  fail ;  resentimiento,  resentment,  a  flaw 
or  crack.] 

Literallij,  to  have  a  corresponding  sentiment  or 
feeling,  llence, 

1.  To  take  well;  to  receive  with  satisfaction. 
[Obs.]  Baron. 

2.  To  take  ill ;  to  consider  as  an  injury  or  affront ; 
to  be  in  some  degree  angry  or  provoked  at. 

Thou  with  scorn 
Aii'l  anger  wouldst  resent  the  olTered  wrong.  Milton. 

RE-SENT'ED,  pp.  Taken  ill ;  being  in  some  measure 
an  cry  at. 

RE-SENT'ER,  n.  One  who  resents  ;  one  that  feels  an 
injury  deejily.  IVotlon. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  one  that  takes  a  thing  well. 
[0/)«.l  Borrow. 
RE  .«E.\T'FI1L,  n.    Easily  provoked  to  anger;  of  an 

irrii;ihl''  temper. 
RI".  SI'..\'r'l'|IL-LY,  adr.   With  resentment. 
RK  WI'.NT'I.N'G,  ppr.    Taking  ill  ;  feeling  angry  at. 
RE-.«i;,\  T'lNt;  LY,  adv.    With  a  sense  of  wrong  or 
affront  ;  with  a  degree  of  anger. 
2.  Willi  deep  sense  or  strong  perception.  [0*.».] 

-1/orr. 

RE-SENT'I  VE,  a.  Easily  provoked  or  irritated  ;  quick 
to  fi'ol  an  injtirv  or  affront.  Thomson. 

Rl'VSENT'ME.NT,  »i.  [Fr.  rcssentiment ;  It.  risenti- 
menlo  :  resentimienttt.] 

1.  Tht;  I'xcitemenl  of  passion  which  proceeds  from 
n  Hcnse  of  wrong  olferetl  to  ourselves  or  to  Ihttsc  who 
are  connected  with  us  ;  anger.  This  word  usually 
expresses  less  excitement  than  Anoeh,  though  it  is 


often  synonymous  with  it.  It  expresses  much  less  than 
Wrath,  Exasperation,  and  Indignation.  In  this 
use,  resentment  is  not  the  sense  or  perception  of  inju- 
ry, but  the  excitement  which  is  the  effect  of  it. 

Can  heavenly  minds  such  high  resentment  show  ?  Dryden, 

2.  Strong  perception  of  good.  [JYot  in  use.]  Mure. 
RES-ER-Va'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  reseroo.] 

1.  The  act  of  reserving  or  keeping  back  or  in  the 
mind  ;  reserve  ;  concealment  or  withholding  from 
disclosure  ;  as,  mental  reservation. 

2.  Something  withheld,  either  not  expressed  or 
disclosed,  or  not  given  up  or  brought  forward. 

With  reservation  of  a  hundred  knights.  Shak. 
In  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  the  public  land  re- 
served for  some  special  use,  as  for  schools,  the  use  of 
Indians,  &c. 

3.  Custody ;  state  of  being  treasured  up  or  kept  in 
store.  Shak. 

4.  In  law,  a  clause  or  part  of  an  instrument  by 
which  something  is  reserved,  not  conceded  or  grant- 
ed ;  also,  a  proviso. 

Mental  reservation,  is  the  withholding  or  failing  to 
disclose  something  that  affects  a  statement,  promise, 
&c.,  and  which,  if  disclosed,  would  materially  vary 
its  import. 

Mental  reservations  are  the  refuge  of  hypocrites.  Encye. 
RE-SERV'A-TIVE,  a.    Keeping;  reserving. 
RE-SERV'A-TO-RY,  71.    [from  reserve.]    A  place  in 

which  things  are  reserved  or  kept.  Woodward. 
RE-SERVE',  (re-zerv',)  v.  I.   [Fr.  reserver  ;  L.  rescrvo  ; 

re  and  servo,  to  keep.] 

1.  To  keep  in  store  for  future  or  other  use;  to  with- 
hold from  present  use  for  another  purpose.  Tlu; 
farmer  sells  his  corn,  reserving  only  what  is  neces- 
sary for  his  family. 

Hast  thou  seen  the  treasures  of  h.ail,  which  I  have  reserved 
agruiist  the  day  of  trouble?  —  Job  xxxviii. 

2.  To  keep ;  to  hold ;  to  retain. 

Will  he  reserve  his  anger  forever  ?  — Jer.  iii. 

3.  To  lay  up  and  keep  for  a  future  time.  2  Pet.  ii. 
Reserve  your  kind  looks  and  language  for  private  hours,  Swi/l. 

RE-SERVE',  (re-zerv',)  71.  That  which  is  kept  for 
other  or  future  use ;  that  which  is  retained  from  pres- 
ent use  or  disposal. 

The  virgins,  beside  the  oil  in  their  lamps,  carried  likewise  a  re- 
serve in  some  other  vessel  for  a  continual  supply.  Tillolson. 

2.  Something  in  the  mind  withheld  from  disclos- 
ure. 

However  any  one  may  concur  in  the  general  scheme,  it  is  stiU 
with  certain  yeserves  and  deviations.  Add-on. 

3.  Exception  ;  a  withholding. 

Is  knowled^  so  despised  ? 
Or  envy,  or  what  reserve  lorbida  to  taste  ?  Milion. 

4.  Exception  in  favor. 

E.ach  has  some  ddrling  lust,  which  pleads  for  a  reserve. 

Rogers. 

5.  Restraint  of  freedom  in  words  or  actions  ;  back- 
wardness ;  caution  in  personal  behavior.  Reserve 
may  proceed  from  modesty,  bashfulness,  prudence, 
prudery,  or  sullenness. 

My  soul,  surprised,  and  from  her  sex  disjoined, 

Leit  all  reserve,  and  all  the  sex  behind.  Prior. 

6.  In  law,  reservation. 

In  reserve :  in  store  ;  in  keeping  for  other  or  future 
use.  He  has  large  quantities  of  wheat  in  reserve. 
He  has  evidence  or  arguments  in  reserve. 

Body  of  reserve  ;  in  military  affairs,  a  select  body 
of  troops  in  the  rear  of  an  army  tlrawn  up  for  battle, 
reserved  to  sustain  the  other  iines  as  occasion  may 
require  ;  a  body  of  troops  kept  for  an  exigency. 
RE-SEUV'£D,  pp.  Kept  for  another  or  future  use  ; 
retained. 

2.  a.  Restrained  from  freedom  in  words  or  actions ; 
backward  in  conversation  ;  not  free  or  frank. 

To  all  obliging,  yet  reserved  to  all.  Walsh. 
Nothing  reserved  or  sullen  was  to  see.  Dryden. 

RE-SERV'ED-LY,  adv.  With  reserve  ;  with  back- 
wardness ;  not  with  openness  or  frankness. 

Woodward. 

2.  Scriipiilouslv ;  cautiously;  coldly.  Pope. 

RE-SERV'En-i\E.SS,  71.  Closeness;  want  of  frank- 
ness, openness,  or  freedom.  A  man  may  guard  him- 
self by  that  silence  and  rcservedness  which  every  one 
miiv  innocently  practice.  Soutti. 

RE-SERVER,  11.    One  that  reserves. 

RESERVING,  ppr.  Keeping  b.ick  ;  keeping  for  other 
use,  or  for  use  at  a  future  time  ;  retaining. 

RES-ER-VOIR',  (rez-cr-vwor',)  71.  [Kr.l  A  place 
where  any  thing  is  kept  in  store,  partirularly  a  jilace 
where  water  is  collected  and  kept  for  use  when 
wanted,  as  to  supply  a  fountain,  a  canal,  or  a  city  by 
mi  aiifl  of  aqueducts,  or  to  drive  a  mill-wheel  and 
the  like  ;  a  cistern  ;  a  mill  pond  ;  »  basin. 

RE-SET',  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Reset.  In  Scots  late,  to 
receive  stolen  gtiotls. 

2.  To  set  over  again,  as  n  page  of  matter  among 
printers. 

RE-SEi'',  71.     In  .Sfof.i  law,  the  receiving  of  stolen 
goods,  or  harboring  of  a  criminal.  Jomieaon. 
2.  Among  printers,  matter  reset. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.  — 


042 


RES 


RES 


RES 


RE-SET'TER,  n  In  Scots  law,  a  receiver  of  stolen 
goods.  Bouvifr, 

RE-SET'TLE,  v.  t.    [re  and  sHtle.]    To  settle  iisaiii. 
2.  To  insttill,  as  a  miiiisiter  of  tlie  gospel.  [Swift. 

RE-SET'TLE,  v.  i.  To  settle  in  the  ministry  a  sec- 
ond time  ;  to  be  installed. 

RE-SET'TI.KD,  pp.    Settled  again  ;  installed. 

RE-SET'TLE-MENT,  71.  The  act  of  settling  or  com- 
posing again. 

The  resetUement  of  my  dijfcompoacd  soul.  Norrit. 

2.  The  state  nf  settling  or  subsiding  again  ;  as,  the 
resettlement  of  lees.  Mortimer. 

3.  .Vsecond  settlement  In  the  ministry. 
RE-SET'TLING,  })/"••    Settling  again  ;  installing. 
RE-SII.^PE',  ».  (.    To  shape  aiiain. 
RE-SllAP'/;r),  (-shapt',)  pp.    Shaped  again. 
RE-SH.^ P'lNG,  ppr.    Shaping  a  second  time. 
RE-SIIIP',  V.  t.    [re  and  ship.]    To  ship  again  ;  to 

ship  what  has  been  conveyed  by  water  or  imported  ; 

as  eolfi  e  and  sugar  imported  into  New  York,  and 

rcshippt'il  for  Hamburg. 
RE-SlllP'.MEN'T,  H.    The  act  of  shipping  or  loading 

on  board  of  a  ship  a  second  time;  the  shipping  fur 

exportation  wli;il  has  been  imported. 
2.  Tli:it  which  is  reshippcd. 
RE-SmP'PKl),  (re-shipt',)  pp.    Shi|iped  again. 
RE-SH11"P1NG,  ppr.    Shipping  again. 
Rl".'Sl-,\NCE,  n.   [.*ee  Rf.sia.nt.]   Residence  ;  abode. 

IQIis.]  Bacon. 
Re'SI-ANT,  «.    [Norm,  rcii.inf,  res.sTan(,  from  the  L. 

resideo.    See  Resioe.] 

Resident ;  dwelling  ;  present  in  a  place.  [O/w.] 

Kiwlles. 

RE-SIDE',  (re-zide',)  v.  i.  [Ft.  residcr ;  L.  resideo, 
reside  :  re  and  seitco,  to  sit,  to  settle.] 

1.  To  dwell  permanently  or  for  a  lenzth  of  time  ; 
to  have  a  settled  abode  for  a  time.  The  peculiar 
uses  of  this  woril  are  to  be  noticed.  When  the  word 
is  applied  to  the  natives  of  a  state,  or  others  who 
dweir  in  it  as  permanent  citizens,  we  use  it  only 
with  reference  to  the  pan  of  a  city  or  country  in 
which  a  man  dwidls.  We  do  not  s.iy  generally,  that 
ETiglishmen  reside  in  England,  but  a  particular  citi- 
zen re.w/cs  in  London  or  York,  or  at  such  a  house, 
in  such  a  street,  in  the  Strand,  &c. 

When  the  word  is  applied  to  strangers  or  travelers, 
I  we  do  not  say  n  man  rfsi(/c.f  in  an  inn  for  a  night, 
but  he  resided  in  London  or  Oxford  a  month  or  a 
year  ;  or  he  may  reside  in  a  foreign  country  a  great 
part  of  his  life.  A  man  lodges,  stays,  remtiins, 
abides,  fi>r  a  day  or  very  short  time  ;  but  reside  im- 
plies a  longer  time,  though  not  definite. 

2.  To  sink  to  the  bottom  of  liciuors  ;  to  settle. 
[Obs.]  Boijlc. 

[In  this  sense.  Subside  is  now  used.] 
RES'I  DENCE,  j  n.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  abiding  or 
RES'I-DE.\-('Y,  j     dwelling  in  a  place  for  some  con- 
tinuance of  time ;  ns,  the  residence  of  an  American 
in  France  or  Italy  for  a  year. 

The  confcHsor  had  oflcn  m.-ide  consijcrxlli;  residences  in  Nor* 
mandy.  Hale. 

2.  The  place  of  abode  ;  a  dwelling  ;  a  habitation. 

Caprca  h.iJ  been  —  the  residence  of  'I'ibcriiw  for  several  ye^n. 

Anon, 

3.  That  which  falls  to  the  bottom  of  liquors. 
[Obs.]  Bacon. 

4.  In  the  canon  and  common  taip,  the  abode  of  a 
parson  or  incumbent  on  his  benefice  ;  opposed  to 
Non-Residence.  Blackstone. 

RES'I-DENT,  a.    [L.  rcsidcn.<! ;  Fr.  re.iidrnt.] 

Dwelling  or  having  an  abode  in  a  place  for  a  con- 
tinuance of  lime,  but  not  definite;  as,  a  minister 
resident  at  the  court  of  St.  James.  A  11  is  now  res- 
ident in  .Eolith  America. 

RES'I-DENT,  ;i.  One  who  resides  or  dwells  in  a 
place  for  some  time.  A  11  is  now  a  resident  in  Lon- 
don. 

2.  A  public  minister  who  resides  at  a  foreisn  court. 

It  is  usually  applied  to  ministers  of  a  rank  inferior 

to  that  of  embassadors.  Encije. 
RES'l-DE.NT-ER,  n.    A  resident. 
RES-I-DEN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  Residing. 
RES-I-DEN'TI.\-RY,  a.    Having  residence.  More. 
RF.S-I-DEN'TI  A-RY,  n.    An  ecclesiastic  who  keeps  a 

certain  residence.  Kccles.  Canons. 

RE-?ID'ER,n.  One  who  resides  in  a  particular  place. 
RE-SID'ING,  ppr.    Dwelling  in  a  place  for  some  con- 

tinii.ance  of  time. 
RE-SID'lJ-AL,  a.    Remaining  after  a  part  is  taken. 

Dam/. 

RE-SID'tJ-A-RY,  o.    [I,,  residuiis.    See  Reside.] 

Pertaining  to  the  residue  or  part  remaining;  as, 
the  residuary  advantage  of  an  estate.  .^tjUffe. 

Residuary  legatee  ;  in  law,  the  legatee  to  whom  is 
bequeathed  the  part  of  goods  and  estate  which  re- 
mains after  deducting  all  the  debts  and  s|)ecific  lega- 
cies. Blackstone. 
RES'l-DCE,  (rez'e-du,)  n.  [Fr.  resiJu  ;  L.  rrsiduus.] 
1.  That  which  remains  after  a  part  is  taken,  sepa- 
rated, removed,  or  designated. 

The  lociuu  ih&il  eat  the  residus  of  Uuit  which  ha»  c«:ap«l,  — 
F.X.  X. 

The  retiftu*  of  (hem  will  t  deliver  to  Ihc  swonl.  —  Jer.  xv. 


2.  The  balance  or  remainder  of  a  debt  or  account, 
or  of  the  estate  of  a  test;itor  after  the  payment  of 
debts  and  legacies. 

KF.-SID'IJ-UM,  n.  [L.]  Residue  ;  that  which  is  left 
after  any  process  of  separation  or  imrification. 

2.  In  /aw,  the  part  of  an  estate  or  of  goods  and 
chattels  remaining  after  the  payment  of  debts  and 
legacies.  Blurkstone. 

RE-SI  if.GE',  B.  «.  [re  and  siege.]  To  seat  again;  to 
reinstate.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

RE-SIGN',  (re-zTne',)  r.  f.  [Fr.  resifrner  i  Ji.resigno; 
re  and  signo,  to  sign.  The  radical  sense  of  sign  is,  to 
send,  to  drive,  hence,  to  set.  To  rejiign  is  to  send 
back  or  send  away.] 

1.  To  give  up  ;  to  give  back,  as  an  office  or  com- 
mission, to  the  pi'rs(m  or  authority  that  conferred  it ; 
hence,  to  surrender  an  office  or  charge  in  a  formal 
manner ;  as,  a  military  officer  resigns  his  commis- 
sion ;  a  prince  re.iigns  his  crown. 

Pliirlxis  resigns  liiit  dam.  and  Jove 

His  Uuindcr  to  tlie  goil  of  love.  Denham, 

2.  To  withdraw,  as  a  claim.  Ite  resigns  all  pre- 
tensions to  skill. 

;t.  To  yield  ;  as,  to  resign  the  judgment  to  the  di- 
rection of  others.  Locke, 
■i.  To  yield  or  give  up  in  confidence. 

Wh.it  more  reasonable,  than  that  we  should  ill  all  tlilnjjB  resign 
oiirselvi's  to  th'.'  will  of  Uoil  I  'JVtolson. 

5.  To  submit,  particularly  to  Providence. 

A  firm,  yet  cautious  mind  ; 
Siiic-re,  though  prtideiU  ;  constmt,  yet  rcsignerl.  Pope. 

fi.  To  submit  without  resistance  or  murmur.  Shak. 
Rf,-.>^TGN',  (re-sine',)  v.  t.   To  sign  again. 
RE-SIGN',  (re-zine',)  n.    Resignation.  [Obs.] 
RES-IG-NA'TION,  71.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  resigning  or 
giving  up,  as  a  claim  or  possession  ;  as,  the  resigna- 
tion of  a  crown  or  commission. 

2.  Submission  ;  unresisting  acquiescence  ;  ns,  a 
blind  re.iignation  to  the  autliority  of  other  men's 
opinions.  iMcke, 

3.  Quiet  submission  to  the  will  of  Providence ; 
submission  without  discoiiti'nt,  ami  with  entire  ac- 
quiescence in  the  divine  dispensations.  Tiiis  is 
I'hristian  resignation. 

RE-SIGN'A'D,  (re-zind',)  pp.  Given  up  ;  surrendered ; 
yielded. 

2.  a.  Submissive  to  the  will  of  God. 
RE-SIGN'EI)-LY,  adv.    With  submission. 
RE-STGN'ER,  n.    One  that  resigns. 
RE-SIGN'ING,  ppr.    Giving  up;  suiTcndering ;  sub- 
mitting. 

RE-SIG.\'MENT,  71.   The  act  of  resigning.  [Obs.] 
RE-STLE',  V.  i.    [L.  resilio.] 

To  start  back  ;  to  recede  from  a  purpose.  [Little 
used.]  Kllis. 
RE-SIL't-ENCE,  )  71.    [L.  resilien.i,  resilio;  re  and 
RE-SIL'l-EN-CY,  j      salio,  to  spring.] 

The  act  of  leaping  or  springing  back,  or  the  act 
of  rebounding  ;  as,  the  resilience  of  a  ball  or  of  sound. 

Bacon. 

RE-SIL'I-ENT,  (re-zil'e-ent,)  a.    [L.  rf.si7ir7is.] 
Leaping  or  starling  b.ack  ;  rebounding. 

RES-I-Ll"TIO.\,  (rcz-e-lish'un,)  71.    [L.  resilio.] 
The  act  of  springing  back  ;  resilience. 

RES'IN,  ji.  [Fr.  resine ;  L.  It.  and  Sp.  resina :  Ir. 
roisin  ;  Gr.  fi'irn  n,  probably  from  pcM,  to  How.] 

Resins  are  solid,  inflammable  substances,  which 
are  in.soluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in 
essential  oils.  When  cold,  they  are  more  or  less 
brittle  and  translucent,  and  of  a  color  inclining  to 
yellow.  \Yhen  pure,  they  are  nearly  insipid  and  in- 
odorous. They  are  non-conductors  of  electricity, 
and  when  excited  by  friction,  their  electricity  is 
negative.  They  are  heavier  than  water,  and  they 
melt  by  heat.  They  combine  with  the  alkalies,  per- 
forming the  function  of  weak  acids,  and  forming 
soaps.  They  are  soluble  in  many  of  the  acids,  and 
convertible  by  some  into  other  peculiar  acids.  They 
frequently  exude  from  trees  in  combination  with 
essential  oils,  and  in  a  litpiid  or  semi-liquid  state. 
They  are  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen, 
and  are  supposed  to  be  formed  by  the  oxygenation 
of  the  essential  oils.  There  is  a  great  number  and 
variety  of  the  resins. 

RES'IN-EX-TRACi''IVE,  a.  Designating  extractive 
matter  in  which  resin  pretlominates. 

RES-IN-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  resina  and  fcro,  to  pro- 
djce.] 

Yielding  resin  ;  as,  a  resiniferous  tree  or  vessel. 

Gregory. 

RES'IN-I-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  resin. 

Cue. 

RES-IN-0-E-LEC'TRie,o.  Containing  or  exhibiting 
negative  electricity,  or  that  kind  which  is  produced 
by  the  friction  of  resinous  substances.  Ure. 

RES'IN-OUS,  a.  Partaking  of  the  qu.alities  of  resin  ; 
like  resin.    Rejinoiu  substances  are  combustible. 

Krsinous  electricity,  is  (hat  electricity  which  is  ex- 
cited by  riibbing  bodies  of  the  resinous  kind.  It  is 
also  called  negative  electricity,  and  is  opposed  to  ritrc- 
ons  or  positive  electricity.  Olmsted. 

RE.*'IX-OL'S-LY,  ailv.  By  means  of  resin  ;  as,  resin- 
ously  electrified.  (3rcgory, 


RES'IN-OUS-NESa,  n.  The  quality  of  being  res- 
inous. 

RF,S'I.\-Y,  a.  Like  resin,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 
RES-I  PIS'CENCE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rejipisco,  from 

re.iipio  ;  re  and  sapio,  to  taste.] 

J'roperly,  wisdom  derived  from  severe  experience  ; 

hence,  repentance.    [Little  used.] 
RE  SIST',  (re-zist',)  v.  t.    [L.  resi.ilo ;  rr.  and  sislo,  to 

stand  ;  Fr.  resister  i  Sp.  rr,vMtir,-  It.  resivtrre.] 

1.  Literally,  to  .stand  against ;  to  withstand  ;  hence, 
to  act  in  opposition,  or  to  oppose.  A  dam  or  inoiind 
resists  a  current  of  water  pcutsively,  by  standing 
unmoved  and  interrupting  its  progress.  An  army 
resiits  the  progress  of  an  enemy  actively,  by  encoun- 
tering ami  defeating  it.  VVe  resist  measures  by 
argument  or  remonstrance. 

Why  doth  he  yet  find  fault  I  for  who  hath  resisted  his  will  ?  — 
lioin.  Ix. 

2.  To  strive  against ;  to  endeavor  to  counteract, 
defeat,  or  frustrate. 

Ye  do  always  resist  the  Holy  Ghost.  —  Acts  vii. 

3.  To  bafHe  ;  to  disappoint. 

God  resisteth  the  proud,  but  givcth  grace  unto  the  humble.  — 
Jailica  iv. 

RE-SIST',  c.  1.    To  make  opposition.  Shak. 

RE-SIST'ANCE,  71.  The  act  of  resisting  ;  opposition. 
Resistance  is  passive,  as  that  of  a  fixed  body  which 
interrupts  the  passage  of  a  moving  body  ;  or  active, 
as  in  the  exertion  of  force  to  stop,  repel,  or  defeat 
progress  or  designs. 

2.  The  quality  of  not  yielding  to  force  or  external 
impression  ;  that  power  of  a  hotly  which  acts  in  op- 
position to  the  impulse  or  pressure  of  another,  or 
which  prevents  the  elii  ct  of  another  ptjwer  ;  as,  the 
resistance  of  a  ball  which  receives  the  force  of  another  ; 
the  resistance  of  wood  to  a  cutting  instrument ;  the 
resLstancc  of  air  to  the  motion  of  a  cannon-ball,  or  tif 
water  to  the  motion  of  a  ship. 

RE  SIST'ANT,  71.    He  or  that  which  resists. 

Pearson. 

RE  SIST'ED,  pp.  Opposed  ;  counteracted  ;  with- 
stood. 

RE-SIST'ER,  71.    One  that  opposes  or  withstands. 
RE-SIST-1-1!II,'I-TY,    (  71.    The  quality  of  resist- 
RE-SIST'I-IILE-NESS,  j  ing. 

The  name  iKidy,  beinw  the  complex  idea  of  extension  and  resist, 
ibilily  together  in  the  same  subject.  Locke. 

2.  duality  of  being  resistible  ;  as,  the  resistibility 
of  grace.  Hammond. 
RE-SIST'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  resisted;  as,  a  re- 
sistible force  ;  resistible  grace.  Hale. 
RE-SIST'I-BLY,  adv.    In  a  resistible  manner. 
RE-SIST'ING,  pTir.  or  a.    VYithstanding  ;  opposing. 
Rc.-iisting  medium ;  a  substance  which  opposes  the 
pa.ssage  of  a  body  through  it.  In  a.stronomy,  an  exceed- 
ingly rare  medium  supposed  to  be  diffused  through 
the  planetary  spaces.    It  has  been  hitherto  detected 
only  by  the  motion  of  Encke's  comet.  Olmsted. 
RE-SIST'I  VE,  a.    Having  the  power  to  resist. 

B.  Junson. 

UE-S I.ST' LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  cflectually  op- 
pi>sed  or  withstood  ;  irresistible. 

Itesislless  in  her  love  as  in  her  hale.  Dryden, 
9.  That  can  not  resist;  helpless.  Spenser. 

RE-SIST'LESS-LV,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  opposed  or 
denied.  Blackwall. 

RE-SIST'LESS-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  irresistible. 

Rk-SoLD',  pp.  of  Resell.  Sold  a  second  time,  or 
sold  after  heing  bought. 

RES'O-LU-llLE,  a.  [re  and  L.  solubilis.  See  Re- 
solve.] 

That  may  be  melted  or  dissolved  ;  as,  bodies  rta- 
oluble  by  fire.  Boyle. 
RES'O-LUTE,  a.     [Fr.  re.solu  :  It.  resoluto.  The 
Latin  re.solutus  has  a  dilferent  signification.  See 
Resolve.] 

Having  a  fixed  purpose  ;  determined  ;  hence, 
bold;  firm;  steady;  constant  in  pursuing  a  purpose. 

F^lward  is  al  hantl, 
Ready  to  fi^hl;  Uva-fore  be  resolute.  Shak. 

RES'O-LUTELY.aJr.    With  fixed  purpose  ;  firmly; 
steadily;  with  sle.idy  perseverance.     Persist  reso- 
lutely in  a  course  of  virtue. 
2.  IloUlly;  firmly. 

Some  of  llicsc  facts  he  examines,  some  be  reso'.utety  denW. 

Sm/1. 

RES'O-LUTE-NESS,  n.  Fixed  purpose  ;  firm  deter- 
mination :  unshaken  fimmess. 

RES-O-LO'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  resolutio.  See 
Resolve.] 

1.  The  act,  operation,  or  process,  of  separating  the 
parts  which  compose  a  ciunplex  idea  or  a  mixed 
body  ;  the  act  of  reducing  any  compound  or  combi- 
nation to  its  component  parts ;  analysis ;  as,  the 
resolution  of  complex  ideas  ;  the  resolution  of  any 
material  substance  oy  chemical  operations. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  unraveling  or  disentan- 
gling perplexities,  or  of  dissipating  obscurity  in  moral 
subject!) ;  as,  the  resolution  of  difficult  questions  in 
moral  subjects. 

3.  Dissolution  ;  the  natural  process  of  separating 
the  component  parts  of  bodies.  Digby. 


TON"E,  BJJLL,  ITNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  a.s  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


RES 


RES 


RES 


4.  In  music,  the  resolution  of  a  dissonance  or  dis- 
cord, is  tlie  passiiit;  of  it  into  a  concord,  usually  after 
it  has  been  lieard  in  the  preceding  harmony. 

P.  Cyc. 

5.  In  medicine,  the  disappearinj  of  any  tumor 
without  coming  to  suppuration  ;  tlie  dispersing  uf 
inflanmiation ;  tlie  brealiing  up  and  disappearance 
of  a  fever.  Encyc.  Coze. 

6.  Fixed  purpose  or  determination  of  mind  ;  as,  a 
resolution  to  reform  our  lives;  a  resolution  to  under- 
take an  expedition.  Locke. 

7.  The  effect  of  fixed  purpose  ;  firmness,  steadi- 
ness or  constancy  in  execution,  implying  courage. 

Tbey  who  ^oveniPti  the  parliamenl,  had  the  resolution  to  act 
those  monstrous  tiling.  Ciarertdon, 

8.  Determination  of  a  cause  in  a  court  of  justice  ; 
as,  a  judicial  resolution.  Hale. 

[IJiit  this  word  is  now  seldom  used  to  express  the 
decision  of  a  judicial  tribunal.  We  use  Judgment, 
Decision,  or  Decree.] 

9.  The  determination  or  decision  of  a  legislative 
body,  or  a  formal  proposition  offered  for  legislative 
determination.  We  call  that  a  resolution,  which  is 
reduced  to  form  and  offered  to  a  legislative  house  for 
consideration,  and  we  call  it  a  resolution  when 
adopted.  We  say,  a  member  moved  certain  resolu- 
tions ;  the  house  proceeded  to  consider  the  resolu- 
tions offered  ;  they  adopted  or  rejected  the  reso- 
lutions. 

10.  The  formal  determination  of  any  corporate 
body,  or  of  any  association  of  individuals;  as,  the 
resolutions  of  a  town  or  other  meeting. 

11.  In  mathematics,  solution  ;  an  orderly  enumera- 
tion of  several  things  to  be  done,  to  obtain  what  is 
required  in  a  problem.  Hutton. 

1-2.  In  algebra,  the  resolution  of  an  equation,  is 
the  same  as  rcAuction  ;  the  bringing  of  the  unknown 
quantity  by  itself  on  one  side,  and  all  the  known 
quantities  on  the  other,  without  destroying  the  equa- 
tion, by  which  is  found  the  value  of  the  unknown 
quantity.  Day's  .Algebra. 

13.  Relaxation  ;  a  weakening.    [06s.]  Brown. 

Resolution  of  a  force,  or  of  a  motion  i  m  mechanics, 
the  separation  of  a  single  force  or  motion  into  two 
or  more,  which  act  in  different  directions. 

Olmsted. 

REi?-0-LU'TIO>,'-ER,  n.  One  who  joins  in  the  dec- 
laration of  others.    [*V(jt  in  twc]  Burnet. 

RES'O-LU-TI  VE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  dissolve 
or  relax.    [.V(j£  much  used.']  Johnson. 

RE^SOLV'.\-l{LE,  a.  That  may  be  resolved  or  re- 
duced to  first  principles. 

RE-SOL,V"'A-BLE-\ESS,  n.  State  of  being  resolva- 
ble. 

RE-SOLVE',  (re-zolv',)  jj.  f.     [L.  resoho ;  re  and 
~  ■  ! ;   It.  risolvere ;   Sp.  re- 


Fr.  resoudre ; 


solvo,  to  loose 
solver.] 

1.  To  separate  the  component  parts  of  a  compound 
substance  ;  to  reduce  to  first  principles  ;  as,  to  resoli-c 
a  body  into  its  component  or  constituent  parts  ;  tore- 
solne  a  body  into  its  elements. 

9.  To  separate  the  parts  of  a  complex  idea  ;  to  re- 
duce to  simple  parts  ;  to  analyze. 

3.  To  separate  the  parts  of  a  complicated  question  ; 
to  unravel ;  to  disentangle  of  perplexities  ;  to  remove 
obscurity  by  analysis  ;  to  clear  of  difficulties  ;  to  ex- 
plain ;  as,  to  resolve  questions  in  moral  science ;  to 
resolve  doubts  ;  to  resolve  a  riddle. 

4.  To  inform;  to  free  from  doubt  or  perplexity; 
as,  to  resolve  the  conscience. 

Resolvi  me,  slran^j'^rs,  whL-iice  anil  what  you  are.  Dryden. 

5.  To  settle  in  an  opinion  ;  to  make  certain. 
I.OUJ  since  we  were  reBoleed  of  your  truth, 

Your  railhfut  senrice  antl  your  toil  in  war.  iShak. 

G.  To  put  on  resolution  ;  to  confirm. 


Quit  presently  the  chapel,  or  reaolve  you 
Pgr  more  aina:eineiit.  [Unuaual.] 


Shall. 


7.  To  melt ;  to  dissolve.  .^rbuthnot. 

8.  To  form  or  constitute  by  resolution,  voti;,  or  de- 
termination ;  as,  the  house  resolved  itself  into  a  com- 
mittee of  the  whole. 

9.  In  music,  to  resolve  a  discord  or  dissonance,  is 
to  carry  it  into  a  concord,  usually  after  it  has  been 
liiard  in  the  preceding  harmony.  P.  Cyc. 

10.  Ill  Hicdiriwc,  to  disperse  or  scatter ;  to  discuss  ; 
as  an  inllammution,  or  a  tumor. 

11.  'I'o  relax  ;  to  lay  at  case.  Spenser. 
I'i.  Ill  matliematics,  to soWe  ;  to  enumerate  in  order 

the  Fcveral  things  to  be  done,  to  obtain  what  is  re- 
(piin-d  in  n  problem.  Jlutton. 

13.  In  alirebra,  to  resolve  an  ctpiation,  is  to  bring 
nil  llii:  known  quantities  to  one  side  of  the  equation, 
and  the  unknown  <|uantity  to  the  other,  without 
destroying  the  equation. 
RE-SOLVE',  (rc-zolv',)  v.  i.  To  form  a  resolution  or 
purpose  ;  to  ueterniinc  in  mind,  lie  resolved  to  aban- 
don hiH  vieioiiM  course  of  life. 

S2.  To  determine  by  vote.  The  legislature  resolved 
to  receive  no  petitionii  after  a  certain  day. 

3.  To  melt;  to  diiiMolve;  to  become  fluid. 

When  the  hloo<l  stJi|;riatrs  In  any  part,  it  first  conjrnl.ifs,  then 
TtnlMe  anil  turns  allfaliue,  ArbutJinot. 


4.  To  separate  into  its  component  parts,  or  into 
distinct  principles;  as,  water  rc.>o/t;fi  into  vapor ;  a 
substance  resolves  into  gas. 

5.  To  be  settled  in  opinion. 

Let  men  r«so/oc  of  that  as  they  please.    \Unusual.\  jAicke. 
RE-SOLVE',  (re-zolv',)  n.    Fixed  purpose  oi  mind  ; 
settled  determination  ;  resolution. 

lie  stmiglit  revokes  his  bold  resolve.  Denham. 

2.  Legal  or  official  determin.ation ;  legislative  act 
concerning  a  private  person  or  corporation,  or  con- 
cerning some  private  business.  Public  acts  of  a  leg- 
islature respect  the  State,  and  to  give  them  validity, 
the  bills  for  such  acts  must  pass  through  all  the  leg- 
islative forms.  Resolves  are  usually  private  acts,  and 
are  often  passed  with  less  formality.  Resolves  may 
also  be  the  acts  of  a  single  branch  of  the  legislature  ; 
whereas  public  acts  must  be  passed  by  a  majority  of 
both  branches.  .American  Le gislature.^. 

3.  The  determination  of  any  corporation  or  asso- 
ciation ;  resolution. 

RE-SOLV'£D,  (re-zoIvd',)p;).  Separated  into  its  com- 
ponent parts  ;  analyzed. 

2.  Determined  in  purpose  ;  as,  I  am  resolved  not  to 
keep  company  with  gamesters.  This  phrase  is  fcuxi- 
ex\y,  I  have  resolved as  we  say,  a  person  i5  de- 
ceased, for  has  deceased  ;  he  is  retired,  for  has  re- 
tired. In  these  phrases,  the  participle  is  rather  an 
adjective. 

3.  Determined  officially,  or  by  vote. 
RE-SOLV'ED-LY,  adv.    With  firmness  of  purpose. 

Orew. 

RE-SOLV'ED-NESS,  n.  Fixedness  of  purpose  ;  firm- 
ness ;  resolution.  '  Decay  of  Piety. 

RE-SOLVENT,  n.  That  which  has  the  power  of 
causing  solution.  In  mci/ici7ie,  that  which  has  power 
to  disperse  inflammation,  and  prevent  the  suppura- 
tion of  tumors  ;  a  discutient.  Coze.  Encyc. 

RE-SOLVER,  Ti.  One  that  resolves  or  forms  a  firm 
purpose. 

RE-SOLVING,  ppr.  Separating  into  component  parts ; 
analyzing;  removing  perplexities  or  obscurity  ;  dis- 
cussing, as  tumors ;  determining. 

RE-SOLVING,  71.  The  act  of  determining  or  form- 
ing a  fixed  purpose  ;  a  resolution.  Clarendon. 

RES'O-NANCE,  n.    [L.  resonans.] 

1.  A  resounding ;  a  reverberation  of  sound,  or 
sounds. 

2.  In  music,  the  returning  of  sound  by  the  air  act- 
ing on  the  bodies  of  stringed  musical  instruments. 

Brande. 

RES'O-NANT,  a.  [L.  resonans ;  re  and  sono,  to 
sound.] 

Resounding  ;  returning  sound  ;  echoing  back. 

Milton. 

RE-SORB',  V.  t.  [L.  rcsorbco;  re  and  sorheo,  to 
drink  in.] 

To  swallow  up.  Young. 
RE-SORB'ENT,  a.    Swallowini  up.  IVoodhull. 
RE-SORT',  (re-zort',)  v.  i.     [Fr.  ressortir;  re  and 
sortir,  to  go  or  come  out.] 

1.  To  have  recourse  ;  to  ajiply  ;  to  betake. 

The  kin^  thought  it  time  to  resort  to  other  counsels.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  go  ;  to  repair. 

Tlie  people  resort  to  Iiiin  again.  —  Mark  x.   John  xviil. 

3.  To  fall  back. 

The  inheriUancc  of  the  son  never  resorted  to  the  mother.  fObs.] 

i/ii(e. 

RE-SORT',  n.  The  act  of  going  to  or  making  appli- 
cation ;  a  betaking  one's  self ;  as,  a  resort  to  other 
means  of  defence  ;  a  resort  to  subterfuges  for  eva- 
sion. 

2.  Act  of  visiting. 

Join  with  lite  to  forbid  him  her  resort,  SltaJc. 

3.  Assembly  ;  meeting.  Dryden. 

4.  Concourse;  frequent  assembling ;  as,  a  place  of 
resort.  Swift. 

5.  The  place  frequented  ;  as,  alehouses  are  the  re- 
sorts of  the  idle  and  di.ssoliite. 

C.  Spring  ;  active  power  or  movement ;  a  Oalli- 
eism.    [JVo£  in  use.]  Bacon. 

Lust  resort;  ultimate  means  of  relief;  also,  final 
tribunal  ;  that  from  which  there  is  no  appeal. 

RK-»()RT'EK,  71.    One  that  re-sorts  or  frequents. 

RE-SORT'ING,  ppr.  Going;  having  recourse;  be- 
taking ;  frequenting. 

RE-SOUND',  (re-zound',)  v.  t.  [L.  r&«o)io ;  re  and 
sono,  to  sound;  Fr.  rcsonncr ,  It.  risaonare,  Sp. 
rcionar.] 

1.  To  send  back  sound  ;  to  echo. 

Anil  Albion's  dill's  resound  the  runt]  lay.  Pope. 

2.  To  sound  ;  to  praise  or  celebrate  with  the  voice 
or  the  sound  of  instruments.  Milton. 

3.  To  praise  ;  to  extol  with  sounds  ;  to  spread  the 
fame  of. 


The  iiiin  fur  wisdom's  various  arts  renowned, 

Long  exercised  in  woes,  0  muse,  resound.  Pojie, 

RE-SOUND',  1).  i.    To  be  echoed  ;  to  he  sent  back,  as 
sound  ;  as,  common  fame  resounds  bacu  to  them. 

South. 

2.  To  be  much  and  loudly  mentioned.  Milton. 


3.  To  echo  or  reverberate ;  as,  the  earth  resounded 
u  itli  his  praise. 
Kl'.'SOUNI)',  V.  t.    [re  and  sound  ;  with  the  accent  on 

the  first  syllable.]    To  sound  again.  Jones. 
RE-SOUND',  n.    Return  of  sound  ;  echo. 

Bcaum.  l(  Fl. 

RE-SOUND'ED,  pp.  Echoed  ;  returned,  as  sound  ; 
celebrated. 

RE-SOUND'ING,  ppr.  Echoing  ;  returning,  as  sound. 
RE-SoURCE',  7!.    [Vt.  ressource  ;  re  and  source.] 

1.  Any  source  of  aid  or  support ;  an  expedient  to 
which  a  person  may  resort  for  assistance,  safety,  or 
supply ;  means  yet  untried  ;  resort.  An  enterpris- 
ing man  finds  resources  in  his  own  mind. 

Pallas  viewed 
His  foes  pursuing  and  his  frii  nJs  pursued, 
Used  threatening^  mixed  with  pr.iyers,  his  last  resource. 

Dryden. 

2.  Resources ;  in  the  plural,  pecuniary  means  ; 
funds  ;  money,  or  any  property  that  can  be  convert- 
ed into  supplies;  means  of  raising  money  or  sup- 
plies. Our  national  resources  for  carrying  on  war  are 
abundant.  Commerce  and  manufactures  furnish 
ample  resources. 

RE-SoURCE'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  resources.  [.4 
word  not  to  be  countenanced.]  Burke. 

Re-SoW',  t).  (.  ;  pret.  Resowed  ;  pp.  Resoweo  or  Re- 
sown,    [re  and  sow.]    To  sow  again.  Bacon. 

RK-SoW'£D,  r-sode',)  )         „  „  o,„ 

RE-SOWN',  (-sone',)  i 

RE-SPeAK',!).  t.fpret.  Respoke  ;  pp.  Respoken,  Re- 
spoke,    [re  and  speak.]    To  answer ;  to  speak  in  re- 
turn ;  to  reply.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 
2.  To  speak  again  ;  to  repeat. 

RE-SPECT',  V.  t.  [L.  respccto,  or  respectus,  from  re- 
spicio  ;  re  and  specio,  to  view  ;  Fr.  respecter ;  It.  ris- 
pettare  ;  Sp.  respetar.] 

1.  To  regard  ;  to  have  regard  to  in  design  or  pur- 
pose. 

In  orchards  and  gardens,  we  do  not  so  much  respect  beauty  as 
variety  of  ground  for  fruits,  trees,  and  Iierbs.  Bacon. 

2.  To  have  regard  to,  in  relation  or  connection  ;  to 
relate  to.  The  treaty  particularly  respects  our  com- 
merce. 

3.  To  view  or  consider  with  some  degree  of  rever- 
ence ;  to  esteem  as  possessed  of  real  worth. 

I  always  loved  and  respected  Sir  Williiiiu.  Su;ifl. 

4.  To  look  toward. 

Palladius  adviseth  tlie  front  of  his  house  should  so  resjiect  tlie 
south.     {Not  in  use.\  Bramn. 

To  respect  the  person  ;  to  suffer  the  opinion  or  judg- 
ment to  be  influenced  or  biased  by  a  regard  to  the 
outward  circumstances  of  a  person,  to  the  prejudice 
of  right  and  equity. 

Tliou  Shalt  not  respect  the  person  of  the  poor.  — Lev.  xix. 

Keilher  doth  God  respect  any  person.  —  2  Sam.  xiv. 

RE-SPE€T',  7!.    [L.  respectus ;  Fr.  respect.] 

1.  Regard  ;  attention.  Slittk. 

2.  That  estimation  or  honor  in  which  men  hold 
the  distinguished  worth  or  substantial  good  qualities 
of  others.  It  expresses  less  than  REVERE^■CE  and 
Veneration,  which  regard  elders  and  superiors  ; 
whereas  Respect  may  regard  juniors  and  inferiors. 
Respect  regards  the  qualities  of  the  mind,  or  the  ac- 
tions which  characterize  those  qualities. 

Seen  without  awe,  and  served  without  respect.  Prior. 

3.  That  deportment  or  course  of  action  which  pro- 
ceeds from  esteem  ;  regard  ;  due  attention  ;  as,  to 
treat  a  person  with  respect. 

These  same  men  treat  tlie  Sabbatli  with  little  respect.  Nelson. 

4.  Good  will ;  favor.  ' 

The  Lord  had  respect  to  Abel  and  his  offering;.  —  Gen.  iv. 

5.  Partial  regard  ;  undue  bias  to  the  prejudice  of 
justice;  as  in  the  phrase,  rcs/wct  o/pcrso;is.  1  Pet.  i. 
James  ii.    Prov.  xxiv. 

C.  Respected  character ;  as,  persons  of  the  best 
rtspcct  in  Rome.  Shak. 

7.  Consideration  ;  motive  in  reference  to  some- 
thing. 

Whatever  secret  respects  were  likely  to  move  tliem.  Hooker. 

8.  Relation  ;  regard  ;  reference ;  followed  by  of, 
but  more  properly  by  to. 

They  Iw-lievcii  but  one  Suptx'me  Deity,  which,  with  respect  to  the 
berelits  men  received  from  hiin,  had  several  tubs. 

Tillotson. 

RE-PPE€T-A-BIL'I-TY,  7t.  State  or  quality  of  being 
respectable;  the  state  or  qualities  which  deserve  or 
coniinanil  respect.  Cumberland.  Kelt. 

RE-SPECT'A-ULE,  a.  [Fr. ;  It.  rcspettabile  ;  Sp.  resjie- 
tablc] 

1.  Possessing  the  worth  or  qualities  which  deserve 
or  command  respect;  worthy  of  esteem  and  lionor; 
as,  a  respectable  citizen  ;  respectable  company. 
No  government,  any  mote  than  an  individual,  will  long  be 
siiecled,  williout  being  truly  respectable. 

t^deralist,  Madison. 

9.  In  popular  languarre,  this  word  is  much  used  tu 
express  what  is  moderate  in  degree  of  excellence  or 
in  number,  but  not  despicable.  Wo  say,  a  respecta- 
ble discourse  or  performance,  n  re^-.pectabte  audience, 
a  respectable  number  of  citizens  convened. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


RES 

RE-Sl'EeT'A-Bl,E-NESS,  n.  Respectability. 

RE-SPEGT'A  liliY,  With  respect ;  more  gmer- 

allij,  ill  a  manner  to  merit  respect, 
y.  Moderately,  Init  in  a  manner  not  to  lie  despised. 

RE-SPEeT'En,yi/>.  or  a.  Held  in  lionorable  estimation. 

RE-SI'Et'T'ER,  H.  One  that  respects  ;  cliiefly  used  in 
the  phrase  rcxprctrr  of  persons,  which  signifies  n  per- 
son who  regards  the  external  circumstances  of  oth- 
ers in  hi,s  judgment,  and  suffers  his  opinion  to  be 
biased  by  them,  to  the  prejudice  of  candor,  justice, 
and  equity. 

I  pi  rcoivc  thai  God  ii  no  resptcUr  0/ ptrsont.  —  Acui  x. 

KE  SrECT'FlJL,  0.  Marked  or  characterized  by  re- 
spect ;  as,  respectful  deportment. 

With  humble  Joy  and  wiUi  respectful  fear.  Prior. 

RE-SPEGT'FIJL-LY,  orfi).  With  respect,  in  a  man- 
ner comporting  with  due  estimation.  DriiJen. 

RE-SPECT'FfJL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
spectful. 

UE-SPEeT'ING,  ppr.  Regarding;  h.aving  regard  to; 
relating  to.  This  word,  like  Concerninq,  has  refer- 
ence to  a  single  word  or  to  a  sentence.  In  the  sen- 
tence, "  His  conduct  respecting  U9  is  commendable," 
respectimr  has  reference  to  com/net.  But  when  we 
say, "  iecj.yccf'i'r  a  further  appropriation  of  money,  it  is 
to  be  observed,  that  the  resources  of  the  country  are 
inadequate,"  respecting  has  reference  to  tlie  whole 
subsequent  clause  or  sentence. 

RE-SPEeT'lVE,  n.    [Fr.  respectif;  It.  resprttlvo.] 

1.  Relative;  having  relation  to  something  else; 
not  absolute  ;  as,  the  respcctioc  connections  of  soci- 
ety. 

2.  Particular;  relating  to  a  particular  person  or 
thing.  Let  each  man  retire  to  his  rcsjirctivc  place  of 
abode.  The  otlicers  were  found  in  their  respective 
quarters  ;  they  appeared  at  the  head  of  tlieir  respect- 
ice  regiments.  Let  each  give  according  to  his  re- 
spective proportion. 

3.  Worthy  of  respect.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

4.  Careful  ;  circumspect ;  cautious  ;  attentive  to 
consequences ;  as,  respective  and  wary  men.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Hooker. 

RE-SPEGT'IVE-LY,  ailv.  As  relating  to  each  ;  par- 
ticularly ;  as  each  belongs  to  eacli.  Let  each  man 
respectively  perform  his  duty. 

The  impressions  from  Uie  ulii.-cts  of  (lie  senses  do  ininglp  respect- 
ively every  one  with  iu  Kind.  Bacon. 

9.  Relatively  ;  not  absolutely.  Raleirk. 

3.  Partially;  with  respect  to  private  views.  [OAs.] 

4.  With  respect.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
RE-SPEeT'LESS,  a.    Having  no  respect ;  without 

regard  ;  without  reference.    [Little  uscl.]  Drayton. 
RE-SPEeT'LESS-NE!5.S,  11.    The  state  of  having  no 
respect  or  regard  ;  regardlessness.    [Little  iised.] 

Shelton. 

RE-PPERSE',  (re-spers',)  v.  t.  [L.  rcspersus,  respcrgo; 

re  and  .-yarno,  to  sprinkle.] 

Tci  sprinkle.    [ItarcUi  used.]  Taulor. 
UIvSl'ER'.-ilO\,  (-sper's'hun,)  n.    [L.  rcspcrsio.) 

The  act  of  sprinkling.  Johnson. 
RE-PPlR-.\-UIL'I-TV,    I  n.     The  quality  of  being 
Rh;-SPIR'A-I!LE-NESS,  \  respirable. 
RE-SPIR'A-BLE,  n.    [from  respire.]     That  may  be 

breathed  ;  fit  for  respiration  or  for  the  support  of 

animal  life  ;  as,  respirable  air. 
RES-PI-R.A'TION,  Ti.    TKr.,  from  L.  respiratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  breatliing  ;  the  act  of  inhaling  air 
into  the  lungs  and  again  e.xh.aling  or  expelling  it,  by 
which  animal  life  is  supported.  The  respiration  of 
fishes  (for  these  can  not  live  long  without  air)  ap- 
pears to  be  performed  by  the  air  contained  in  the 
water  acting  on  the  gills. 

2.  Relief  from  toil.  Milton. 
RES'PI-Ra-TOR,  71.     An  instrument  covering  the 

mouth  with  a  net-work  of  fine  wire  in  front,  through 
whicli  persons  of  weak  lungs  can  brcatlie  without 
injury.  The  wire,  being  warmed  by  the  breath, 
tempers  the  cold  air  from  without.  Brantte. 
RES-PI'RA-TO-RY,  a.  Serving  for  respiration  ;  per- 
taining to  respiration  ;  as,  respiratory  organs. 

ji.siaf.  lies. 

RE-SPIRE',  V.  I.  [Fr.  respircr ;  L.  rcspiro  ;  re  and 
spiro,  to  breathe.] 

1.  To  breathe  ;  to  inhale  air  into  the  lungs  and  e.x- 
hale  it,  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  animal  life. 

2.  To  catch  breath.  Spen.'scr. 
-  3.  To  rest ;  to  take  rest  from  toil.  Milton. 

RE-SPIRE',  V.  t.    To  exhale  ;  to  breathe  out ;  to  send 

out  in  exhalations.  B.  Jonson. 

RE-SPIR'f:n,  pp.    Breathed;  inhaled  and  exhaled. 
RE-SPIU'ING,  ppr.    Breathing  ;  taking  breath. 
RES'PITE,  (res'pit,)  n.    [Fr.  repil.] 

1.  Pause  ;  temporary  intermission  of  labor,  or  of 
any  process  or  operation  ;  interval  of  rest. 

Some  pause  and  respite  only  I  require.  Denham, 

2.  In  law,  reprieve ;  temporary  suspension  of  the 
execution  of  a  capital  oflTender.       Milton.  Prior. 

3.  Delay  ;  forbearance  ;  prolongation  of  time  for 
the  payment  of  a  debt  beyond  the  legal  time. 

•1.  The  delay  of  appearance  at  court  granted  to  a 
jury,  beyond  the  proper  term.  Blackstone. 


RES 

RES'PITE,  V.  t.  To  relieve  by  a  pause  or  interval  of 
rest. 

To  respite  his  d^y  lalior  with  rfpa«t,  Hfilton. 

2.  To  suspend  the  execution  of  a  criminal  beyond 
the  time  limited  by  the  sentence ;  to  delay  for  a  time. 

Clarendon. 

If  the  court  may  respite  for  a  day,  Ihcy  may  for  a  year.  Clinton. 

3.  To  give  delay  of  appearance  at  court ;  as,  to 
respite  a  jury.  Blackstone. 

RES'PIT-El),  pp.    Relieved  from  labor;  allowed  a 

temporary  suspension  of  execution. 
RES'PIT-ING,  ppr.    Relieving  from  labor ;  suspend- 
ing the  execution  of  a  capital  offender. 
RE-SPLEN'OE.N'CE,  )  )i.    [h.  rrsplendens,  rcsplctideo i 
RE-SPLEN'I)EN-CY,  \     re  and  .■■■piendeo,  to  shine.] 
Brilliant  luster  ;  vivid  brightness  ;  splendor. 
Son  I  thou  in  whom  my  (C^ory  1  Iv  hold 
In  full  resplendence,  heir  of  all  my  niiijht.  I^Tdlon. 

RE-SPLEN'DENT,  a.  [Supra.]  Very  bright;  shin- 
ing with  brilliant  luster. 

Wilh  royal  arras  and  resplendent  gold.  Sjienser. 
RE-SPLEN'DENT-LY,  adv.    With  brilliant  luster; 

with  great  brightness. 
RK.-SPLIT',  V.  I.    [rc  and  split.]    To  .split  again. 
Rl'.-SPUT',  V.  i.    To  split  or  rend  a  second  time. 

Smeilie. 

RE-SPOND',  r.  I.    [Fr.  rcpondrc U.  rispondere  ;  Sp. 
responder  t  L.  respondeo  j  re  and  spondco,  to  promise, 
that  is,  to  send  to.     Hence  respondeo  is  to  send 
back.] 
L  To  answer ;  to  reply. 

A  new  uflViction  slniiijs  a  new  chord  In  the  heart,  which  responds 
to  some  new  note  uf  complaint  williin  tlic  wide  sc:ihr  of  hu- 
man woe.  Jiuckjnineter. 

2.  To  correspond  ;  to  suit. 

To  every  tlieme  responds  thy  various  lay.  Broome. 

3.  To  be  answerable ;  to  be  liable  to  make  pay- 
ment ;  as,  the  defendant  is  held  to  respond  in  dam- 
ages. 

RE  SPOND',  V.  t.  To  answer  ;  to  satisfy  by  payment. 
The  surety  was  held  to  respond  the  judgment  of 
court.  The  goods  attaclied  shall  be  held  to  re.-tpond 
the  judgment.  Sedgwick.    Mass.  Rep. 

RE-SPtiND',  71.    A  short  anthem  interrupting  the 
reading  of  a  chapter,  which  is  not  to  proceed  till 
the  anthem  is  ended.  IVUcatly. 
2.  An  answer.    [JV'bf  in  use.]    Ch.  Rclig.  .Appeal. 

RE-SPOND'ED,  pp.  Answered;  satisfied  by  pay- 
ment. 

RE-SPOiVD'ENCE, 

RESPOND'EN-CY, 

RE-SPOND'ENT,  a. 
niand  or  expectation. 

Wealth  respondent  to  payment  and  contributions.  Bacon. 

RE-SPOND'ENT,  n.  One  that  answers  in  a  suit, 
particularly  a  chancery  suit. 

2.  In  the  sclwols,  one  who  maintains  a  thesis  in  re- 
ply, and  whose  province  is  to  refute  objections,  or 
overthrow  arguments.  IValts. 
RE-SPON-l)EN'TI.\,  «.  In  commercial  law,  a  loan 
upon  goods  laden  on  board  a  ship.  It  differs  from 
RoTToMnv,  which  is  a  loan  on  the  ship  itself. 

Bow'ier. 

RE-SPOND'IXG,  ppr.    Answering;  corresponding. 
RE-SPONS'AL,  a.    Answerable ;  responsible.  [jVo£ 

in  use.]  Ifcylin. 
RE-SPONS'AL,  71.    Response  ;  answer.  Brrrint. 

2.  One  who  is  responsible.  [JVot  in  use.]  Barrow. 
RE-SPONSE',  (re-spoils', )  71.    [L.  responsum.] 

1.  An  answer  or  reply ;  particularly,  an  oracular 
answer. 

2.  The  answer  of  the  people  or  congregation  to  the 
priest,  in  the  litany  and  other  parts  of  divine  ser- 
vice. Jlddisor., 

3.  Reply  to  an  objection  in  formal  disputation. 

tVatti. 

4.  In  (Ac  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  kind  of  anthem 
sung  after  the  lessons  of  matins  and  some  other  parts 
of  the  office.  Bp.  Fif.palriek. 

5.  In  a  fugue,  a  repetition  of  the  given  subject  by 
another  part.  Busby, 

RE-SPONS-I-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [from  re-sponsiWe.]  The 
state  of  being  accnuntable  or  answerable,  as  for  a 
trust  or  office,  or  for  a  debt.  Burke.  Paley. 

It  is  used  in  the  jilural ;  as,  heavy  respon.iibilities. 

Johnson^s  Rep, 
2.  Ability  to  answer  in  payment;  means  of  paying 
contracts. 

RE-SPONS'I-BLE,  a.    [from  'L.responsus,  respondeo.] 

1.  Liable  to  account;  accountable;  answerable; 
as  for  a  trust  reposed,  or  for  a  debt.  We  are  all  re- 
sponsible for  the  talents  intrusted  to  us  by  our  Cre- 
ator. .\  guardian  is  responsible  for  the  faithful  dis- 
charge of  his  duty  to  liis  ward.  The  surety  is  re- 
sponsible for  the  debt  of  his  principal. 

2.  Able  to  discharge  an  obligation  ;  or  having  es- 
tate adequate  to  the  payment  of  a  debt.  In  taking 
bail,  the  officer  will  ascertain  whether  the  proposed 
surety  is  a  responsible  man. 

RE-SPONS'I-BLE-NESS,  71.  State  of  being  liable  to 
answer,  repay,  or  account ;  responsibility. 


An  answering.  Clialmers. 
Answering;  that  answers  to  de- 


leek  and  lowly  in  heart ;  and  ye  shall 
uU.  —  Ma«.  xi. 


RES 

2.  Ability  tu  make  payment  of  an  obligation  or  de- 
mand. 

RE-SPONS'I-BLY,  adn.  In  a  responsible  manner. 
RE-SPON'SION,  (  spoii'shiin,)  n.    (L.  responsio.] 

1.  The  act  of  answering.  [J^utused.] 

2.  In  the  university  of  Oijord,  an  examination 
about  the  middle  of  tlie  college  course,  also  called 
the  litlle  go.    [See  Little-oo.]  Lyell. 

RE-SPONS'IVE,  a.    Answering;  making  reply. 

3.  Correspondent;  suited  to  something  else. 

The  vocal  lay  responsive  to  the  strings.  Pope. 
RE-SPONS'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  responsive  manner. 
RE-SPONS'IVE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  respons- 
ive. 

RE-SPONS'O-RY,  a.    Containing  answer. 

RE-SPONS'O-RY,  )i.  A  response  ;  the  answer  of  the 
people  to  the  priest  in  the  alternate  speaking,  in 
church  service. 

REST,  71.  [Sax.  re.it,  ritst,  quiet  ora  lying  down  ;  Dan. 
G.  and  Sw,  ra.1l ;  D.  rH.s(.  The  German  has  also 
ruhe,  Sw.  ro,  Dan.  roc,  rest,  repose.  In  W.  araws 
and  aro.si  signify  to  stay,  stop,  wait.  This  'I'eutonic 
word  can  not  be  the  L.  rcsto,  if  the  latter  is  a  C(«n- 
pound  iif  re  and  sto ;  but  is  an  original  word  of  the 
Class  Rd,  Rs.    Si^e  the  verb.] 

1.  Cessation  of  motion  or  action  of  any  kind,  and 
applicable  to  any  body  or  being  ;  ,as,  rcv(  from  labor  ; 
rest  from  mental  exertion  ;  rest  of  body  or  mind.  A 
body  is  at  rest  when  it  ceases  to  move  ;  the  mind  is 
at  rest  wlien  it  ceases  to  be  disturbed  or  agitated  ; 
the  sea  is  never  at  rest.  Hence, 

2.  (iuiet ;  repose  ;  a  state  free  from  motion  or  dis- 
turbance ;  a  state  of  reconciliation  to  God. 

Learn  of  me,  for  I  am 
find  rest  unto  your 

3.  Sleep  ;  as,  retire  to  rof. 

4.  Peace  ;  national  tpiiet. 

The  land  had  rest  eighty  years.  —  Judges  iU.   Dent.  xii. 

5.  The  final  sleep  ;  death.  Drydetu 

6.  A  place  of  cpiiet ;  permanent  habitation. 

Ye  are  nut  as  yet  come  to  the  rest,  and  to  thn  inheritJince  which 
tile  Lord  your  Uod  ^vetli  you.  —  Deut.  xii. 

7.  Any  place  of  repose. 

In  dust,  our  fmal  rest  and  native  liome.  Milton. 

8.  That  on  which  any  thing  leans  or  lies  for  sup- 
port.   1  Kings  vi. 

Their  visors  closed,  tlieir  lances  in  the  rest.  Drydtn. 

9.  In  poetry,  a  short  pause  of  the  voice  in  reading ; 
a  cesura. 

10.  In  philosophy,  the  continuance  of  a  body  in  the 
same  place. 

11.  Final  hone. 

Sea  lights  have  been  final  to  the  war;  hut  this  is  when  princet 
set  up  their  reil  upon  Uie  hjtUe.    \Obs.\  Bacon. 

12.  Cessation  from  tillage,    /.ce.  xxv. 

13.  The  gospel  church  or  new  covenant  state,  in 
which  the  people  of  (Jod  enjoy  repose,  and  Christ 
shall  be  glorified.    Is.  xi. 

14.  In  music,  a  pause  ;  an  interval  during  which 
the  voice  or  stmnd  is  intermitted  ;  also,  tlie  mark  of 
such  intermission. 

REST,  71.     [Fr.  reste,  from  restrr,  to  remain,  L.  rt,s(o.] 

1.  That  which  is  left,  or  which  remains  after  the 
separation  of  a  part,  either  in  fact  or  in  contempla- 
tion ;  remainder. 

Reli;rion  gives  part  of  ils  reward  in  hand  —  the  prf^nt  comfort  of 
having  done  our  duly,  and  for  the  rest,  it  ollera  us  the  best 
security  that  Heaven  can  give.  TiUotson. 

2.  Others  ;  those  not  included  In  a  proposition  or 
description.  [In  this  sense,  rest  is  a  noun,  but  with 
a  singular  termination,  expressing  plurality.] 

Plato  and  the  r*s(  of  the  philosophers.  StiUinf^eet. 
Armed  like  the  rc^f,  the  Trolan  prince  appears.  Lhyrlen. 
The  election  haUi  obtained  it,  and  tlie  rett  were  blinded. — 
Koin.  xi. 

REST,  r.  i.  [Sax.  restan,  hrestan.  to  pause,  to  cease, 
to  be  quiet;  1).  rii.*/™  ;  G.  rasien ;  Sw.  rasla.  See 
Class  Rd,  No.  81,  82.] 

1.  To  cease  from  action  or  motion  of  any  kind  ;  to 
stop  ;  a  word  applicable  to  any  body  or  being,  and  to  any 
kind  of  motion. 

2.  To  cease  from  labor,  work,  or  performance. 

God  rested  on  the  seventh  day  from  all  liis  work  which  ho  lud 

made.  —  Gen.  ii. 
So  tlie  people  rested  on  the  seventh  day.  —  Ex.  xvi. 

3.  To  be  quiet  or  still ;  to  be  undisturbed. 

There  rest,  if  any  rest  can  harbor  Uieiv.  MUton. 

4.  To  cease  from  war ;  to  be  at  peace. 

And  tlte  land  rested  from  war.  — Josh.  xl. 

5.  To  be  quiet  or  tranquil,  as  the  mind  ;  not  to  be 
agitated  by  fear,  anxiety,  or  other  passion. 

6.  To  lie  ;  to  repose  ;  as,  to  rest  on  a  bed. 

7.  To  sleep ;  to  slumber. 

Fancy  then  retires 
Into  her  private  cell,  when  nature  rests.  Milton. 

6.  To  sleep  the  final  sleep ;  to  die  or  be  dead. 

Glad  I  lay  me  down, 
As  in  my  mother's  hip ;  there  I  should  rest. 
And  sleep  ».  cure.  ATiilon. 

9.  To  lean ;  to  recline  for  support  ;  as,  to  rest 


TO.VE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  9  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


"W 


■943^ 


RES 


RES 


RES 


asainsi  a  tree.  The  truth  of  rehgion  rests  on  divine 
testimony. 

10.  To  stand  on  ;  to  be  supported  by ;  as,  a  column 
rests  on  its  pedestal. 

11.  To  be  satisfied;  to  acquiesce;  as,  to  rest  on 
Heaven's  determination.  Mdidun. 

12.  To  lean ;  to  trust ;  to  rely ;  as,  to  rest  on  a 
man's  promise. 

13.  To  continue  fixed,    /so,  li. 

14.  To  terminate  ;  to  cmiie  to  an  end.  Ezek.  xvi. 

15.  To  hang,  lie,  or  be  fixed. 

Over  a  teiit  a  cluud  sh.ill  Tesl  by  day.  Milton. 
IC.  To  abide  ;  to  remain  with. 

They  eaid,  Tiie  spirit  of  £ljjati  dolh  rest  ou  Elisha,  —  2  Kin^ 
iJ.   Eixles.  vii. 

17.  To  be  calm  or  composed  in  mind ;  to  enjoy 
peace  of  conscience. 

To  rest  with :  to  be  in  the  power  of ;  to  depend  up- 
on ;  as,  it  rests  witli  him  to  decide. 
REST,  r.  i.    [Fr.  rester.] 

To  be  left ;  to  remain.    [OJs.]  MUton. 
REST,  V.  L   To  lay  or  place  at  rest ;  to  quiet. 

Your  pipty  has  paid 
AM  needful  rites,  to  rest  my  u-aoderiug  shade.  Dryden. 

2.  To  place,  as  on  a  support.  We  rest  our  cause 
on  the  truth  of  the  Scripture. 

Her  weary  head  upon  your  bosom  rest.  Walle*; 
RE-STAG'NANT,  a.    [L.  resta^ans.] 

Stagnant ;  remaining  without  a  flow  or  current. 
[A'wf  much  used.l  Boyle. 
RE-STAG'XaTE,  v.  i.    [L.  restagno ;  re  and  stagno, 
to  stagnate.] 
To  stand  or  remain  without  flowing.  JViseman. 
[This  word  is  superseded  by  Stagnate.] 
RE-STAG-Na'TION,  n.    Stagnation,  which  see. 
RES'TAN'T,  a.    [L.  restans,  resto.] 

In  botany,  remaining,  as  footstalks  after  the  fructi- 
■    fication  has  fallen  ofi" ;  persistent.  Lee. 
RES' TJIU-RAJ^T,  (_ves'io-nns,)  n-  [Fr.]  An  eating- 
house. 

RES-TMU' RA-TEUR,  (res-tor'a-tur,)  ji.    [Fr.,  a  re- 
storer.]   Tlie  keeper  of  an  eatitig-house,  or  house 
for  occasional  refreshment. 
RES-TAU-Ra'TION,  «.    [L.  rcstauro.] 
Restoration  to  a  former  good  state. 
[The  present  orthography  is  Rr.sTORATtos,  which 
see.] 

REST'ED,  pp.  Laid  on  for  support ;  reposed  ;  relieved 
by  rest. 

RE-i^TE.M',  V.  t.  \re  and  stem.']  To  force  back  against 

the  current.  Shak. 
REST'FUL,  a,    [from  rest.]    Cluiet ;  being  at  rest. 

Shak. 

REST'FUL-LY,  adv.    In  a  state  of  rest  or  quiet. 

Jhrhert. 

REST'-HAR'RoW,  71.  A  prickly  European  plant,  of 
the  genus  Ononis,  with  long,  tough  roots. 

REST'-HOl'SE,  n.  In /nrfia,  an  empty  house  for  the 
accommodation  of  travelers  ;  a  choltry  or  serai. 

REST' IFF,  a.  [Fr.  retiff  It.  restive,  restio  ;  from  L. 
rest/i.  ] 

Unwilling  to  go,  or  only  running  back ;  obsti- 
nate in  refusing  to  move  forward  ;  stubborn  ;  as,  a 
restiff  steed.  More  usually  written  Restive,  which 
eee. 

REST'IFF,  71.    A  stubborn  horse. 

REST'IFF-NESS,  n.     [See  Restiveness.]  Obsti- 
nate reluctance  or  indisposition  to  move. 
2.  Obstinate  unwillingness.  Bacon. 

RE-STIXe'TIOj;,  71.  [L.  restinctio,  restingvo ;  re  and 
eztiniruo.] 

The  act  of  quenching  or  extinguishing. 
REST'l.NG,  ppr.    Ceasing  to  move  or  act ;  ceasing  to 

be  moveil  or  agitated;  lying;  leaning;  standing; 

depfnding  or  reiving. 
REST'ING-PLaCE,  n.    A  place  for  rest. 
RE-STI.\"GUISII,  (re-sting'gwish,)  v.  t    [L.  restin- 

guo  ;  re  and  eztinfrno.] 

To  quench  or  extinguish.  Field. 
RES'TI-TUTE,  v.  t.    [L.  restituo;  re  and  staluo,  to 

aeU] 

To  restore  to  a  former  state.  [A''ot  used.]  Dijcr. 
RES-TI-TO'TION,  71.    [L.  restitutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  returning  or  restoring  to  a  person 
some  thing  or  right  of  which  he  has  been  unjustly 
deprived  ;  as,  the  restitution  of  ancient  rights  to  the 
crown.  Spenser. 

RrMitution  is  made  by  restoring  a  specific  thing 
taken  away  or  lost. 

2.  The  act  of  making  good,  or  of  giving  an  equiv- 
alent for  any  loss,  damage,  or  injury  ;  indemnifica- 
tion. 

He  TtMliluHon  to  the  raluo  make*.  Sandys. 

3.  The  act  of  recovering  a  former  state  or  posture. 
{Unusual.]  Grea. 

Restitution  of  all  things  ;  the  putting  the  world  in 
a  hilly  and  happy  stale.   Jlcls  iii. 
REH'TI-TIJ-TOR,  n.     One  who  makes  restitution. 

[/.iHlr  «.«(•</.] 

REHT'I  VE,  a.    [It,  restivo,  restio  ;  from  resto.] 

1.  rnwilling  to  go,  or  only  riinniiit!  bark  ;  obsti- 
nate in  refusing  to  move  forward  ;  stubborn  ;  an,  a 


restive  steed.  It  seems  originally  to  have  been  used 
of  horses  that  would  not  be  driven  forward. 

All  who  befure  him  did  ascentl  the  throne, 

Labored  U)  draw  tliree  restive  nauoiis  ou.  Roscommon. 

9.  Unyielding;  as, rcsfiije stubbornness. L'fcfrano'e. 
3.  Being  at  rest,  or  less  in  action.    [«Vut  in  use.] 

Brown. 

REST'IVE-NESS,  7i.    Obstinate  reluctance  or  indis- 
position to  move. 
2.  Obstinate  unwillingness. 
REST'LESS,  a.    [from  rest ;  Sax.  restleas.] 

1.  Unquiet ;  uneasy ;  continually  moving ;  as,  a 
restless  child. 

2.  Being  without  sleep ;  uneasy. 

Restless  be  passed  tjie  remnant  of  the  nijht.  Dryden. 

3.  Passed  in  unquietness ;  as,  the  patient  has  had 
a  restless  night. 

4.  Uneasy  ;  unquiet ;  not  satisfied  to  be  at  rest  or 
in  peace ;  as,  a  restless  prince ;  restless  ambition ; 
restless  passions. 

5.  Uneasy  ;  turbulent ;  as,  restless  subjects. 

6.  Unsettled ;  disposed  to  wander  or  to  change 
place  or  condition. 

Restless  at  liome,  and  ever  prone  to  range.  Dryden. 
REST'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  rest ;  unquietly. 

When  tlie  mind  casts  and  turns  itseU  restlessly  from  one  thin^  to 
another.  South. 

REST'LESS-XESS,  ti.  Uneasiness  ;  unquietness  ;  a 
state  of  disturbance  or  agitation,  either  of  body  or 
mind. 

2.  Want  of  sleep  or  rest ;  uneasiness.  Harvey. 

3.  Jlotion  ;  agitation  ;  as,  the.  restlessness  of  the 
magnetic  needle.  Boyle. 

RE-SToK.'.i-BLE,  a.  [from  restore.]  That  may  be 
restored  to  a  former  good  condition  ;  as,  restorable 
land.  Swift. 

RE-SToR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  restora- 
ble. 

RE-SToR'AL,  71.  Restitution.  [JVuf  in  use.]  Barrow. 
RES-TO-Ra'TION,  71.  [Fr.  restauration  ;  L.  restauro.] 

1.  The  act  of  replacing  in  a  former  state. 

Behold  the  dilfercnt  climes  agree, 

Rejoicing  in  iby  restoraiion.  Dryden. 

So  we  speak  of  the  restoration  of  a  man  to  his  of- 
fice, or  to  a  good  .standing  in  society. 

2.  Renewal ;  revival  ;  reestablisliment ;  as,  the  res- 
toration of  friendship  between  enemies;  the  restora- 
tion of  peace  after  war;  the  restoration  of  a  declining 
commerce. 

3.  Recovery  ;  renewal  of  health  and  soundness ; 
as,  restoration  from  sickness  or  from  insanity. 

4.  Recovery  from  a  lapse  or  any  bad  state  ;  as,  the 
restoration  of  man  from  apostasy. 

5.  In  theology,  tmiversal  restoration,  the  final  re- 
covery of  all  men  from  sin  and  alienation  from  God 
to  a  state  of  happiness ;  universal  salvation. 

G.  In  England,  the  return  of  King  Charles  II.  in 
IGCO,  and  the  reestablisliment  of  monarchy. 
RES-TO-RA'TION-IST,  n.  A  Universalist  who  be- 
lieves in  a  temporar}'  future  punishment,  but  in  a 
final  restoration  of  all  to  the  favor  and  pre.sence  of 
God. 

RE-ST6R'A-TIVE,  a.  That  has  power  to  renew 
strength  and  vigor.  Eneyc. 

RE-SToK'A-TIVE,  )i.  A  medicine  eflicacious  in  re- 
storing strength  and  vigor,  or  in  recruiting  the  vital 
powers.  ArbuthnoU 

RE-SToR'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  tends  to  renew  strength  or  vigor. 

nE-SToK'.\-TO-RY,  a.    Restorative.  [Bad.] 

IlE-SToRE',  I',  t.  [Fr.  restaurer :  M.  reslaurare  ;  Sp. 
and  Port,  restaurar ;  L.  rcstauro.  This  is  a  comiioiind 
of  re  and  the  root  of  .store,  story,  history.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is,  to  set,  to  lay  or  to  throw,  as  in  Gr.  are- 
pcos,  solid.] 

1.  To  return  to  a  person,  as  o  specific  thing  which 
he  has  lost,  or  which  has  been  taken  from  him  and 
unjustly  detained.  We  restore  lost  or  stolen  goods 
to  the  owner. 

Now,  therefore,  restore  to  the  man  his  wife.  —  Gen.  xx. 

2.  To  replace  ;  to  rttinn  ;  as  a  person  or  thing  to  a 
former  place. 

Phiraoh  shall  restore  thee  to  tliy  pUicc.  —  Cicn.  xl, 

3.  To  bring  back. 

The  fiUher  banished  virtue  shall  restore.  Dryden. 

4.  To  bring  back  or  recover  from  lapse,  degener- 
acy, declension,  or  ruin,  to  its  former  state. 

Loss  of  Kdrn,  till  one  ffrratrr  man 
Restore  it.  and  ^  ;r:>iii  the  bliMlul  neat.  Mllon. 
Our  fortune  restored  aHi:r  the  icTercst  oillicllons.  Prior. 

5.  To  heal ;  to  cure  ;  to  recover  from  disease. 

IIU  hand  waa  restored  whole  like  at  the  other.  —  Matt.  xii. 

6.  To  make  restitution  or  satisfaction  for  a  thing 
taken,  by  returning  something  else,  or  something  of 
dilfercnt  value. 

Ho  shan  reB/ore  five  oxen  for  an  ox,  and  four  sheep  for  a  sheep. 

7.  To  give  for  satisfaction  for  pretended  wrongs 
something  not  taken.  Ixix. 


8.  To  repair ;  to  rebuild  ;  as,  to  restore  and  to  build 
Jerusalem.    Dan.  ix. 

9.  To  revive  ;  to  resuscitate  ;  to  bring  back  to  life. 

Whose  sun  he  had  restored  to  life.  —  2  KiBg;s  viii. 

10.  To  return  or  bring  back  after-absence.  Heb.xi  W. 

11.  To  bring  to  a  sense  of  sin  and  amendment  of 
life.    Oal.  vi. 

12.  To  renew  or  reestablish  after  interruption ;  as, 
peace  is  restored.  Friendship  between  the  parties  is 
restored. 

13.  To  recover  or  renew,  as  passages  of  .an  author 
obscured  or  corrupted  ;  as,  to  restore  the  true  read- 
ing. 

14.  In  the  fine  arts,  to  bring  back  from  a  state  of 
injury  or  decay;  as,  to  restore  a  painting,  statue,  &c. 

Re'-SToRE',  v.  t.  [re  and  store.]  To  store  again. 
The  goods  taken  out  were  re-stored. 

RE-SToR'^D,  p;>.  Returned  ;  brought  back  ;  retrieved; 
recovered  ;  cured  ;  renewed  ;  reestablished. 

RE-SToRE'MENT,  71.  The  act  of  restoring ;  restora- 
tion. _  [A'ot  used.]  Brotrn. 

RE-SToR'ER,  ji.  One  that  restores  ;  one  that  returns 
what  is  lost  or  unjustly  detained  ;  one  who  repairs 
or  reestablishes. 

RE-SToR'ING,  ppr.  Returning  what  is  lost  or  taken  ; 
bringing  back;  recovering;  curing;  renewing;  re- 
pairingj  reestablishing. 

RE-STRaI.\',  v.  t.  [Fr.  restraindre;  It.  ristrignere, 
restringere  ;  Sp.  restrihir,  restringir  ;  L.  restrinoo  ; 
re  and  stringo,  to  strain.  The  letter  g  appears  from 
the  participle  to  be  casual  ;  stringo,  for  sirigo. 
Hence,  strictus,  strict,  stricture.  If  the  two  letters  st 
are  removed,  the  word  rigo  coincides  exactly,  in 
primary  sense,  with  L.  rego,  rectus,  right,  and  the 
root  of  reach,  stretch,  straight.] 

1.  To  hold  back  ;  to  check  ;  to  hold  from  action, 
proceeding,  or  advancing,  either  by  physical  or  moral 
force,  or  by  any  interposing  obstacle.  Thus  we  re- 
strain a  horse  by  a  bridle ;  we  restrain  cattle  from 
wandering  by  fences ;  we  restrain  water  by  dams 
and  (likes  ;  we  restrain  men  from  crimes  antl  tres- 
passes by  laws  ;  we  rcstratrt  young  people,  when  we 
can,  by  arguments  or  counsel ;  we  restrain  men  and 
their  passions;  we  restrain  the  elements;  we  at- 
tempt to  restrain  vice,  but  not  always  with  success. 

2.  To  repress  ;  to  keep  in  awe ;  as,  to  restrain  of- 
fenders. 

3.  To  suppress ;  to  hinder  or  repress ;  as,  to  re- 
strain excess. 

4.  To  abridge;  to  hinder  from  unlimited  enjoy- 
ment ;  as,  to  restrain  one  of  his  pleasure  or  of  his 
liberty.  Clarendon.  Shak. 

5.  To  limit ;  to  confine. 

Not  only  a  meeiphysica]  or  natunl,  but  a  moral  tuuversality  ig 
also  to  be  restrnincd  by  a  part  of  the  predicate.  Watts. 

6.  To  withhold  ;  to  forbear. 

Thou  Testrainesl  prayer  before  God.  —  Job  xr. 
RE-STRaIN'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  restrained. 

Broicn. 

RE-STRaIN'£D,  pp.  Held  back  from  advancing  or 
wandering  ;  withheld  ;  repressed  ;  suppressed  ; 
abridaed  ;  confined. 

RE-STRaIN'ED-LY,  adv.  With  restraint ;  with  lim- 
itation. Hammond. 

RE-STRaIN'ER,  71.   He  or  that  which  restrains. 

Broum. 

RE-STRaIN'ING,  ppr.  Holding  back  from  proceed- 
ing; checking;  repressing;  hindering  from  motion 
or  action  ;  suppressing. 

2.  a.  Abridging ;  limiting ;  as,  a  reslraitiing 
statute. 

3.  That  checks  or  hinders  from  sin ;  as,  restrain- 
in  fr  grace. 

RE-S'1U.\1X'ME.\T,  71.    Act  of  restraining. 
RE-STR.\INT',  71.    [from  Fr.  rcs(rein(.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  holding  back  or  hinder- 
ing from  motion,  in  any  manner;  hinderance  of 
the  will,  or  of  any  action,  physical,  moral,  or  mental. 

2.  Abridgment  of  liberty  ;  as,  the  restraint  of  a 
man  by  imprisonment  or  by  duress. 

3.  Prohibition  ;  a  rule  which  restrains. 
Wh.it  moved  our  pariMjts  to  trmsgress  his  will 

For  one  restraint,  lords  of  the  world  besides.  Milton, 


4.  Limitation  ;  restriction. 

If  all  were  granted,  yet  it  must  t»e  i 
restrainiSj  far  otherwise  tiiau  it  is 


linlained,  within  nnv  bold 
ecived.  Uroicn. 

5.  That  which  restrains,  hinders,  or  represses. 
The  laws  are  restraints  upon  injustice. 
RE-STRICT',  V.  t.     [L.  restrictiis,  from  restringo. 
See  Restbain.] 

To  limit ;  to  tijnfine  ;  to  restrain  within  bounds  ; 
as,  to  restrict  words  to  a  particular  meaning  ;  to  re- 
strict n  patient  to  a  certain  diet. 
Rl".  S  TI! H"l''F.l),  pp.    Limited  ;  confined  to  bounds. 
hi;  s  riil*  r'l.\G,p/)r.    Cimnniug  to  limits. 
RE  S  riUC'riD.V,  n.    [Fr.,  I'roni  L.  rrstrictu.i.] 
1-  Limitation  ;  connnement  within  bounds. 
I'his  Is  to  have  tlie  same  restriction  as  all  othi-r  recri-alloiis, 

Oov.  o/ the  Tongue. 

Rrslrietinn  of  words,  is  the  limitation  of  their  sij- 
nificntion  in  a  particular  manner  or  degree. 
2.  Ilestraint ;  ns,  restrictions  on  trade. 


,FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi^T.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  


i  RES 

RE-STRieT'IVE,  a.    [Fr.  restrklif.] 

1.  Having  tliR  quality  of  limiting,  or  of  expressing 
liinitnlioii ;  as,  n  restriclioe  particle. 

2.  Imposing  restraint ;  as,  reslrictivc  laws  of  trade. 

3.  Styptic.  iisat  ]  IViscman. 
RE-STKieT'lvb-LY,  ado.    With  limitation. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongur. 
RE-STRINGE',  (rc-strinj',)  v.  (.•   [L.  reslringo,  supra.] 

'I'd  confine  ;  to  contract  ;  to  astriiiKf. 
RE-STRIN'GE\-CY,  ii.    Tiie  quality  or  powerof  con- 
tracting. Petlij. 
RE-S'rRI.\'GE\T,  a.    Astringent;  styptic. 
RE-S'l'lllN'GIO.N'T,  71.    A  medicine  tliat  operates  as 

an  astringent  or  styptic.  Harreij. 
RE-STRIVE',  ti.  i.    [re  and  strive.]    To  strive  anew. 

Saekville. 

REST'Y,  a.    The  same  as  Restive  or  Restifk,  of 
u  lilrli  it  is  n  contraction. 

RK-SlJIl-JEe'TION,  11.    [re  and  subjection.']    A  sec- 
ond sulijectioii.  Bp.  Ilail. 

Rl".-.SirH-J,I-MA'TION,  n.    A  second  suliliniation. 

Rif.-SUU-M.ME',  V.  t.    [rc  and  suhlimt.]     To  sub- 
lime again  ;  as,  to  raublime  mercurial  sublimate. 

^Vrw 

Rk-SL'II-LIM'KD,  pp.    Sublimed  a  second  time. 
Rif.  SUH-LTM'lNG,  ppr.    Subliming  again. 
Rk-SU-Da'T[0.\,  n.    [L.  resudalus,  rcsudo ;  rc  and 
sudo,  to  sweat.] 
Tlie  act  of  sweating  again. 
RE-SULT',  V.  i.    [t'r.  rcsnUcr  ;  L.  resulto,  rcsilio ;  re 
leap.] 


and  .lalio,  to  leap. 

1.  'I'o  leap  back  J  to  rebound. 
Tilt*  Iiii^e  round  sluiic,  reeittting  witli  a  bound. 


Pope. 


2.  To  i)roceed,  sjiring,  or  rise,  as  a  consequence, 
from  facts,  argiiim  nts,  premises,  combination  of  cir- 
cumstances, consultation,  or  iiuditation.  Evidence 
rctulls  from  testimony,  or  from  a  variety  of  concur- 
ring circumstances  ;  |)leasure  rcsulL-i  from  friendship  ; 
harmony  results  from  certain  accordances  of  sounds. 

Plcisure  and  pt-acc  naturally  result  from  a  huly  and  (rood  lift--. 

TUIoUon. 

3.  To  come  out,  or  have  an  issue  ;  to  terminate ; 
followed  by  in ,-  as,  tliis  measure  will  result  in  good, 
or  in  evil. 

RE-S«nt,'r',  n.    Resilience  ;  act  of  flying  back. 

Sound  1!.  produced  botwemi  the  atrinj  and  Uie  air,  by  the  return 
of  tlie  result  of  ttie  string.  Bacon, 

9.  Consequence  ;  conclusion  ;  inference  ;  effect ; 
that  which  proceeds  naturally  or  logically  from  facts, 
premises,  or  the  stale  of  things  ;  as,  the  re.iutt  of 
reasoning;  the  rrsull  of  reflection  ;  the  result  of  a 
consultation  or  council ;  the  result  of  a  legislative 
debate. 

Tlie  inis-'ry  of  ninners  will  be  the  nituml  result  of  their  vile 
ailccliona  and  criintual  tndui^eiicius.  /.  LaUirop. 

3.  The  decision  or  determination  of  a  council  or 
deliberative  assembly ;  as,  the  result  of  an  ecclesias- 
tical council.  A'Vifl  England. 

RE-SI?I/r'ANCE,  n.    The  act  of  resulting. 

RE-SULT'.\NT,  n.  In  mechanics,  a  force  which  is 
the  combined  effect  of  two  or  more  forces,  acting  in 
different  directions. 

RE-Sni/r'.WT,  n.  That  results  from  the  combina- 
tion of  two  or  more  ;  as,  a  resultant  force,  &c. 

RE-SULT'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Proceeding  as  a  conse- 
quence, effect,  or  conclusion  of  something ;  coining 
to  a  determination. 

a.  In  law,  rcsaliins  utse,  is  a  use  which  returns  to 
him  who  raised  it,  after  its  expiration  or  during  the 
impossibility  of  vesting  in  the  person  intended. 

RE-SOiM'.\-BLE,  a.  [from  resume.]  That  may  be 
talten  hack,  or  that  may  be  taken  up  again. 

RE-SU-ME',  (ri-zu-ma',)  [Fr.]  A  summing  up;  a 
condensed  stnteiiient. 

RE-SOME',  (re-zumc',)  v.  U  [L.  resumo ;  re  and  suino, 
to  take.) 

1.  To  take  back  what  has  been  given. 

The  sun,  like  this  from  which  our  siffht  we  have, 

Gazed  on  loo  long,  resumes  tlie  iijht  he  five.  DtrOiam. 

2.  To  take  back  what  has  been  taken  away. 

They  rtsumt  whiil  has  been  obtained  fraudulently.  Davenant, 

3.  To  take  again  after  absence  ;  as,  to  resume  a 
seat. 

Reason  resumed  her  pUce,  and  Passion  fled.  DryUn. 

4.  To  take  up  again  after  interruption ;  to  begin 
again  ;  as,  to  resume  an  argunit-nt  or  discourse. 
TT'Aw  is  now  its  most  frequent  use.] 

RE-SO.M'KD,  (re--/.Qmd',)  ,.;>.  Taken  back;  taken 
again  ;  begun  again  after  iiitprruption. 

RE-SDM'I.NG,  ppr.  Taking  back  ;  taking  again  ;  be- 
ginning again  after  interruption. 

RE-SUM'MON, «!.  t.    To  siininion  or  call  again. 
2.  To  recall ;  to  recover.  Bacon. 

RE-SU.M'.MON-£D,  pp.  Summoned  again  ;  recov- 
ered. 

Rlf.-SUM'MON-ING,  ppr.    Recalling;  recovering. 
RE-SUMP'TIOX,  n.    [Ft.,  from  I,,  resumptus.] 

The  act  of  resuming,  taking  back,  or  taking  again  ; 
as,  the  resumption  of  a  grant. 
RE-SUMP'TIVE,  o.   Taking  back  or  again. 


RET 

RE-SO'PI-NaTK,  a.  [L.  rrsupinatus,  resupino ;  re 
and  supiuo,  supinus,  lying  on  the  back.] 

In  botanij,  inverted  in  position  by  a  twisting  of  the 
stock,  as  the  tlowiTs  of  Orchis.  Lindlnj. 
RE-SU-l'I-.\.\'TION,  n.  [Supra.]    The  state  of  lying 
the  bark  ;  the  state  of  being  rcsupinatu  or  re- 
versed, as  a  corol. 
RE-SU-1'I.\E',  a.    Lying  on  the  back. 
RES-UR-KEC'TIO.\,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  resurreetus, 
rcsuriso ;  rc  antl  suriro,  to  rise.] 

A  rising  again  ;  chieHy,  the  revival  of  the  dead  of 
the  human  r.ice,  or  their  return  from  the  grave,  par- 
ticul.arly  at  the  general  jiiilgmt  nt.  liy  the  resurrec- 
tion of  Christ  we  have  assurance  of  the  future  res- 
urrection of  men.    1  fct.  1. 

In  the  resun-frlion,  they  neither  marry  nor  are  given  in  nmr- 
riage.  —  iM.ul.  xxii. 

RES-UR-REC'TIO.X-IST,  ji.    One  whose  business  is 

to  steal  bodies  from  the  grave,  f /.dir.] 
Rk-SUR-VEV,  C-siir-v^',)  r.  (.    [rc  and  survey.]  To 

survey  again  or  ;iiunv  ;  to  review.  Shale. 
IlK-SIJR-VEV, (-sur-vii',)  n.  A  second  survey. 
I!k-SI;R-VEV''K1),  (-vade',;  pp.    Surveyed  again. 
RF;-SUl{-\'t;Y'Ii\(;,  ;i;)r.  Surveying  anew  ;  reviewing. 
RE-SIJS'CI-Ta'1'E,  «.  (.    ^Ij.  rcsuscilo  ;  re  and  suscUo, 

to  raise.  ] 

'J"o  revivify. ;  to  revive ;  particularhj,  to  recover 
from  apparent  death  ;  as,  to  resuseitaie  a  drowned 
lierson  ;  to  resnscltute  witheretl  plant.s. 
RE-SUS'CI-'l'A-TEl),  pp.    Revived  ;  revivified  ;  re- 
prtiduced. 

RE.SUS'CI-T.\-TING,  ppr.  Reviving  ;  revivifying  ; 
reproducing. 

RE-SCS-CI-Ta'TION,  71.  The  act  of  reviving  from 
a  st.ite  of  apparent  death  ;  the  state  of  being  revivi- 
llid.  Pope. 

RE-SUS'CI-Ta-TIVE,  a.  Reviving;  revivifying; 
raising  from  apparent  di:atli  ;  reproilucing. 

R!vSL'S'CI-T.\-TOR,  n.    One  who  resuscitates. 

RE-TaIL',  r.  t,  [Fr.  rcfni/^cr ;  rc  and  tuiWer,  to  cut ; 
it.  ritagliarr.] 

1.  To  sell  in  small  qiinntitics  or  parcels,  from  the 
sense  of  culling  or  dividing;  opposed  to  selling  by 
whole.fnle:  as,  to  rr'ail  cloth  or  groceries. 

2.  To  sell  at  second  hand.  Pope. 

3.  To  tell  in  broken  parts ;  to  tell  to  many ;  as,  to 
retiiit  slander  or  iille  reports. 

RE'TaIL,  II.  The  sale  of  commodities  in  small  quan- 
tities or  parcels,  or  at  second  hand.  Mddison. 

RE-'^.^IL'^:l),  pp.    Sold  in  small  quantities. 

RE-TAII-'ER  or  RK'T.\IL-Ell,  ii.  [This  word,  like 
the  noun  retail,  is  often,  perliaps  generally,  accented 
on  the  first  syllable  in  America.] 

One  who  sells  goods  by  sniail  quantities  or  parcels. 

RE-T.^IL'I.\0,  ppr.  or  o.    Selling  in  sm;Ul  quantities. 

RE-TaIL'.MENT,  71.    Act  of  retailing. 

RE-TAIN',  7'.  f.  [I"r.  rctciiiV;  It.  ritciicrc;  Sp.  rctcnrr; 
L.  retinco  :  re  and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  To  hold  or  keep  in  possession  ;  not  to  lose  or 
part  with  or  dismiss.  Tlie  inemorj'  retains  ideas 
which  facts  or  arguments  liiivc  suggested  to  the  mind. 

They  did  not  like  to  retain  God  in  their  knowledge.  —  Rom.  i. 

2.  To  keep,  as  an  associate  ;  to  keep  from  depart- 
ure. 

■Whom  I  would  have  retained  with  me.  —  Phil.  xiii. 

3.  To  keep  back  ;  to  hold. 

An  executor  may  retain  a  debt  due  to  hiin  from  the  testator. 

Blacketone. 

4.  Tollold  from  escape.  Pome  substances  retain 
heat  much  longer  than  others.  Metals  readily  re- 
ceive and  transmit  heat,  but  do  not  long  retain  it. 
Seek  cloths  that  rcfaiii  their  color. 

5.  To  keep  in  pay ;  to  hire. 

A  Benedictine  convent  has  now  retained  tlje  most  learned  fiither 
of  their  order  to  write  in  its  d'-feiiBe.  Addison. 

G.  To  engage ;  to  employ  by  a  fee  paid ;  as,  to  re- 
(niii  a  counselor. 
RE-TAIN',  V.  i.    To  belong  to;  to  depend  on;  as, 
coldness  mixed  with  a  somewhat  languid  relish,  re- 
t/iining  to  bitterness.  Boyle. 
We  now  use  Pebtain.] 
to  continue.     LVut  in  mjc] 
RE-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  retained,  .^she. 
RE-TAlN'i;D,  pp.    Held  ;  ke|)t  in  possession  ;  keiit  as 

an  a.ssociate  ;  kept  in  pay  ;  kept  from  escape. 
RE-T.\IN'ER,  n.    One  who  retains;  as  an  executor, 
who  retains  a  debt  due  from  the  testator.  Blackstane. 

2.  One  who  is  kept  in  service  ;  an  attendant ;  as, 
the  retainers  of  the  ancient  princes  and  nol>ility. 

3.  An  adherent ;  a  dependant ;  a  hanger  on.  Shak. 
A.  A  servant,  not  a  domestic,  but  occasionally  at- 
tending and  wearing  his  master's  livery. 

Cotcel.  Brande, 

5.  Among  laicyers,  a  fee  paid  to  engage  a  lawyer  or 
counselor  to  maintain  a  cause. 

6.  The  act  of  keeping  dependants,  or  being  in  de- 
pendence. Bacon. 

RE-TAIN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Keeping  in  possession; 
keeping  as  an  associate  ;  keeping  from  esca|)e  ;  hir- 
ing ;  eng;iging  counsel ;  as,  a  retaining  fee. 

RE-TAKE',  r.  U  :  prct.  Retook  ;  pp.  Retakes,  [re 
aitii  take.]    To  take  again.  Clarendon. 


[JVot  in  use. 
2.  To  keep  ; 


RET 

2.  To  take  from  a  captor  ;  to  recapture  ;  as,  to  re- 

talte  a  ship  or  prisoners. 
RK-TaK'^;.N',  pp.    'J'aken  again  ;  recaptured. 
RE-TAK'ER,  ii.    One  who  takes  again  what  has  been 

taken  ;  a  recaptor.  Kent. 
RE-TAK'ING,  ppr.    Taking  again;  taking  from  a 

cajitor. 

RE-TaK'I.\G,  71.   A  taking  again  ;  recapture. 

KF.-TAL'1-ATE,  v.  t.  [L<iw  L.  retalio ;  re  and  lalio, 
from  talis,  like.] 

To  return  like  for  like  ;  to  repay  or  requite  by  an 
act  of  the  same  kind  as  has  been  received.  It  is  now 
seldom  used,  except  in  a  bad  sense,  that  is,  to  return 
evil  for  evil  ;  as,  to  retaliate  injuries.  In  war,  ene- 
mies often  retaliate  the  death  or  inhuman  treatment 
of  prisoners,  the  burning  of  towns,  or  the  plunder  of 
goods. 

It  is  unlucky  to  he  obliged  to  retnliats  the  Injuries  of  Authors, 
whose  works  are  so  soon  fori^otten  tlial  wo  ate  la  dan^-r  of 
Bppi  aring  the  fin>t  a^jfn-siioiji.  Swi/t. 

RE-TAL'I-ATE,  v.  i.    To  return  like  for  like;  as,  to 

retaliate  upon  an  enemy. 
RE-TAI/I-A-TED,  pp.    Returned,  as  like  for  like. 
KK-TAL'l-A  'ri.VG,  ppr.    lieturning  like  for  like. 
KE-TAL-I-A'TION,  »i.    The  return  of  hke  for  like  ; 

the  doing  that  to  another  which  he  has  done  tons  ; 

requital  of  evil.  Suulk. 
2.  In  «  good  sense,  return  of  good  for  good. 

God  t:ikes  whnt  is  done  to  others  as  done  to  himself,  and  by  prom- 
ise olilijfes  himself  to  full  retaliation.  Caiarny. 

[This,  according  to  modern  usage,  is  harsh.] 
RE-TAL'I-A-TIVE,  a.    Returning  like  for  like. 
UE-TAIVl-.\-TO  RY,  a.    Returning  like  for  like;  as, 
retaliatory  measures  ;  rctaluUary  edicts. 

Caiiiiiii^r.  milsh. 
RE-T.KRI)',  V.  t.    [Fr.  retarder ;  L.  rctardo;  re  and 
tarda,  to  (lehy  ;  tardus,  slow,  late.    See  Tahget.1  ' 

1.  To  diminish  t.'ie  velocity  of  motion  ;  to  hiniler; 
to  render  more  slow  in  progress  ;  as,  to  retard  the 
march  of  an  army  ;  to  retard  the  motitm  of  a  ship. 
The  resistance  of  air  retards  the  velocity  of  a  cannon- 
ball.    It  is  opposed  to  Accellbate. 

2.  To  delay  ;  to  put  off;  lo  render  more  late;  as, 
to  retard  the  attacks  of  old  age  ;  to  retard  a  rupture 
between  nations.    My  visit  was  retarded  by  business. 

RE-T.\ItI)',  V.  i.    To  stay  back.    [jVot  m  use]  Brutrn. 

RE-TARIJ-A'TION,  11.  The  act  of  abating  the  velo- 
city of  motion  ;  hinderance  ;  the  act  of  delaying  ;  as, 
the  retardation  of  the  motion  of  a  ship;  the  retarda- 
tion of  hoarv  hairs,  Bacotu 

RE-TARD'A-TIVE,  a.    That  ri-tards. 

RE  T  HI)' En,  pp.  or  a.  Hindered  in  motion  ;  delayed. 

RE-'iAKD'ER,  71.  One  that  retards,  hinders,  or  de- 
lavs. 

RE-T.XRD'I.NG,  ppr.  Ab.ating  the  velocity  of  motion  ; 
hiiulering;  delaying. 

RE-TARO'.ME.'VT,  n.  The  act  of  retarding  or  delay- 
ing. Cavity. 

RETCH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  Imrcan  ;  Dan.  rekker.  to  rcacA,  to 
stretch,  to  retell,  to  vomit ;  the  same  word  as  reach  ; 
the  present  ortliograjiliy,  retch,  being  wholly  arbitra- 
ry.   See  Reach.] 

To  make  an  ellort  to  vomit ;  to  heave  ;  as  the  stom- 
ach ;  to  strain,  as  in  vomiting  ;  properly,  to  Reach. 

RETt;iI'LESS,  careless,  is  not  in  use.  [Si!C  Reck- 
less.] Dryden. 

RE-Te'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.    Resembling  net-work. 

RE-TEC'TION,  n.  [L.  rctectus,  from  relcgo,  to  un- 
cover ;  re  and  lego,  to  cover.] 

The  act  of  disclosing  or  producing  to  view  some- 
thing concealed  ;  as,  the  retcctiun  of  the  native  color 
of  the  bodv.  Bonle. 

RE'TE  MU-€ri'SUM,  71.  [L.]  The  layer  of  the 
skin  intermediate  between  the  cutis  and  the  cuticle, 
the  principal  seat  of  color  in  man.  Parr. 

RE-TENT',  n.    That  which  is  retained.  Kincan. 

RE-TEi\'T10N,  71.  [Fr.,  from  U  retentio,  rclit^  re 
and  tenet),  to  hold.] 

1.  The  act  of  retaining  or  kccpi(g. 

2.  The  power  of  retaining ;  the  faculty  of  the 
mind  by  which  it  retains  ideas.  I^ieke. 

3.  In  mejlieine,  the  power  of  retaining;  or  that 
state  of  contraction  in  the  elastic  or  muscular  parts 
of  the  body,  by  which  they  holtl  tli<*ir  proper  contents 
and  prevent  involuntary  evacuations ;  undue  reten- 
tion of  some  natural  discharge.         Encyc.  Coie. 

4.  The  act  of  withholding;  restraint.  Shak. 
a.  Custody  ;  confinement.    fAVt  in  use.]  Shak. 

RE-TE.N'TIVE,  a.    (Fr.  retentif^ 

Having  the  power  to  retain  ;  as,  a  retcntire  mcmo- 
rj' ;  the  reteutiee  faculty  ;  the  retentive  force  of  the 
stomach  :  a  body  retentive  of  heat  or  moisture. 
RE-TE.N'TIVE-I.Y,  arfr.    In  a  retentive  manner. 
RE-TE.\'TIVE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  retention  ; 

as,  retenttvmess  of  memory. 
RE-TEX'Tlj'RE,  n.    A  second  or  new  texture. 

Carlisle, 

Rk'TI-.\-RY,  (rS'shc-a-rj',)  n.  In  entomology,  the  r»- 
tiatnes  are  spiders  which  spin  webs  to  catch  their 
prev. 

RET'I-CENCE,  In.    [Fr.  rctircni-e,  from  L.  rrfiVnido, 
RET'I-CEN-CY,  S     retieeo  :  rc  and  taceo,  to  be  silenL  ] 
Concealment  by  silence.    In  rhetoric,  ajiosiopesiii 


il 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


947 


RET 


RET 


RET 


or  suppression  ;  a  figure  by  wliich  a  pcrsun  really 
speaks  of  a  tiling,  wliile  lie  makes  a  show  as  if  he 
would  say  notlnn;;  on  the  subject.  Encijc. 

RET  I-CENT,  a.    Silent.  Taylor. 

KET'I-eLE,  (ret'e-kl,)  n.  [L.  reticulum,  from  relc,  a 
net.] 

A  small  net.  .^sh. 

RE-Tie'U-L.AR,  a.  [Supra.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
net  or  of  net-work  ;  formed  with  interstices  ;  as,  a 
reticular  body  or  membrane.  Encyc. 

Ill  (luatuwy,  the  reticular  body,  or  rete  mucosum,  is 
the  layer  of  the  skin,  intermediate  between  the  cutis 
and  the  cuticle,  the  principal  seat  of  color  in  man  ; 
the  reticular  jnembrane  is  the  same  as  the  cellular 
membrane.  Parr. 

RETie'U-LATE,     )  o.    [h.  reticutatus,  (rom  rcte,  a 

RE-Tie'U-L.\-TED.  j  net.] 

Netted ;  resembling  net-work ;  having  distinct 
veins  or  lines  crossing  like  net-work  ;  as,  a  reticulate 
coral  or  petal.  Martyn. 

Reticulated  work;  in  masonry,  work  constructed 
with  diamond-shaped  stones,  or  square  stones  placed 
diagiinally.  Oloss.  of  9rchit. 

RE-Tie-U-LA'TION,  71.  Net-work  ;  organization  of 
substances  resembling  a  net.  Darwin. 

RET'I-eULE,  «.  [Supra.]  A  little  bag  of  net-work  ; 
a  lady's  work-bag,  or  a  little  hag  to  be  carried  in  the 
hand. 

2.  In  a  telescope,  a  net-work  dividing  the  field  of 
view  into  a  series  of  small  squares.  Brande. 
RET'I-FORJl,  a.     [L.  rctiformis ;  rete,  a  net,  and 
furma,  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  net  in  texture  ;  composed  of 
crossing  lines  and  interstices ;  as  the  retiform  coat  of 
the  eye.  Hay. 
RE'1''I-N.\,  71.    [L.,  from  rete,  a  net.] 

In  anatomy,  one  of  the  coats  of  the  eye,  being  an 
expansion  of  the  optic  nerve  over  the  bottom  of  the 
eye,  where  the  sense  of  vision  is  first  received. 

Brande. 

RET-IN-AS-PHALT',       )  7i.    A  bituminous  or  res- 

RET-IN-AS-PHALT'U.M,  j  inous  substance,  of  a 
yellowish  or  rcddisli-brown  color.    [See  Retinite.] 

RET'IN-ITE,  71.    [Gr.  finrtur,,  resin.] 

The  same  with  Reti nasphalt.  This  name  has 
been  also  applied  to  pitchstone,  or  pitchstone  porphy- 
ry. Dana. 

RET'IN-OID,  a.  [Gr.  fjnru-r],  a  resin,  and  tiioi,  like- 
ness.] 

Resin-like,  or  resiniform  ;  resembling  a  resin  with- 
out being  such. 
RET'I-NuE,  71.    [Yt.retmue,  from  rctcnir,\.o  retain, 
L.  rctineo  ;  re  ami  teneo,  to  hold.] 

The  attendants  of  a  prince  or  distinguished  per- 
sonage, chiefly  on  a  journey  or  an  excursion  ;  a 
train  of  persons.  Drydcn. 
RET'I-PED,  71.    [L.  rete  nnd  pes.] 

A  name  given  to  birds  the  skin  of  whose  tarsi  is 
divided  into  small  polygonal  scales.  Brande. 
RET-I-RaDE',  71.    [Fr.,  from  relircr,  to  withdraw; 
Sp.  rctirada,  a  retreat.] 

In  furtiftcation,  a  kind  of  retrenchment  in  the  body 
of  a  bastion  or  other  work,  which  is  to  he  disputed 
inch  by  inch,  after  the  defenses  are  dismantled.  It 
usually  consists  of  two  faces,  which  make  a  re- 
entering angle.  Kncyc. 
91E-TIRE',  ».  I.  [Fr.  rclirer ;  re  and  tirer,\.o  draw; 
It.  ritirare ;  Sp.  retirar.'] 

1.  To  withdraw  ;  to  retreat ;  to  go  from  company 
or  from  a  public  place  into  privacy  ;  as,  loretirc  from 
the  world  ;  to  retire  from  notice. 

2.  To  retreat  from  action  or  danger ;  as,  to  retire 
from  battle. 

3.  'I'o  withdraw  from  a  public  station.  General 
Washington,  in  ITOti,  retired  to  private  life. 

4.  To  break  up,  as  a  company  or  assembly.  The 
company  retired  at  eleven  o'clock. 

5.  To  depart  or  withdraw  for  safety  or  for  pleasure. 
Men  rclire  from  the  town  in  summer  for  health  and 
pleasure.  But  in  South  Carolina,  the  planters  retire 
from  their  estates  to  Charleston,  or  to  an  isle  near 
the  town. 

C.  To  recede  ;  to  fall  back.   The  shore  of  the  sea 
retires  in  bays  and  gulfs. 
RE-TIllE',  t!_i.    'i'o  withdraw  ;  to  take  away. 

1  forcit.  Sidney. 

Daviei. 


He  retired  liimitcir,  his  wife  nnd  children  into  8 
At  when  Ihe       i«  preteiil  all  llie  year, 
And  never  dolh  retire  his  golden  ray. 


[This  transitive  use  of  retire  is  now  obsolete.] 
RE-TIRE',  71.    Retreat ;  recession  ;  a  « ithdrawing. 


[Oi.,.1 
2.  Rctiremen 


Slink.  Bacon. 
[  Oh.i.]  Milton. 
from  much  soci- 
Ile  lives  a  retired 


2.  Retirement  ;  place  of  privacy. 
RE-TIR'AI),  (re  lird',)  a.  .Secluded 
cly  or  from  public  notice  ;  private, 
liie  ;  he  linn  a  retired  nituation. 

2.  Secret;  private;  as,  rctireiJ speculations. 

3.  Withdrawn.  l.ockr. 
RE-TIR'i':D-LY,  (rc-tlrd'ly,)  adv.    In  solitude  or  pri- 
vacy. Sherwood. 

RI>TIR'/'.T)-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  retirement  ;  soli- 
tude ;  privacy  or  «ccrpcy.  .^ttrrbury. 

HE  'l'irtE'jMENT,  71.  The  act  of  withdrawing  from 
company  or  from  public  notice  or  station.  Mdlun. 


2.  The  state  of  being  withdrawn;  as,  the  retire- 
ment of  the  mind  from  tlie  senses.  Locke. 

3.  Private  abode  ;  h.abitation  secluded  from  much 
society  or  from  public  life. 

Caprea  had  been  the  retirement  of  Augustus.  Addison. 
Retirement  is  as  necessary  to  nie  a^  it  will  be  welcome. 

Wasliinglon. 

4.  Private  way  of  life. 

Retirement,  rural  quiet,  friendship,  books, 

Progressive  virtue  and  approving  Heaven.  Thomson. 

RE-TIR'ING,  ppr.   Withdrawing;  retreating;  going 

into  seclusion  or  solitude. 
2.  a.    Reserved  ;  not  forward  or  obtrusive ;  as, 

retiring  modesty  ;  retiring  manners. 
Re-ToLD',  pret.  and  pp.  of  Retell  ;  as,  a  story  retold. 
RE-TORT',  i,\  t.    [L.  rctortus,  retorqueo ;  re  and  tor- 

queo,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  throw  back  ;  to  reverberate. 

Stwk. 

2.  To  return  an  argument,  accusation,  censure,  or 
incivility  ;  as,  to  7-c(ort  the  charge  of  vanity. 

He  passed  thougli  hostile  scorn, 

And  willi  retorted  scorn  his  Uack  be  turned.  Milton. 

3.  To  bend  or  curve  back  ;  as,  a  retorted  line. 

Bacon. 

RE-TORT',  V.  i.  To  return  an  argument  or  charge  , 
to  make  a  severe  reply.  He  retorted  upon  his  adver- 
sary' with  severity. 

RE-TORT',  71.  The  return  of  an  argument,  charge, 
or  incivility  in  reply  ;  as,  the  retort  courteous. 

Shak. 

2.  In  chemistry,  a  spherical  vessel,  with  a  long  neck 
bent,  to  which  a  receiver  may  be  fitted  ;  used  in  dis- 
tillation. Encyc. 
RE-TORT'ED,  pp.   Returned;  thrown  back;  bent 
back. 

RE-TORT'ER,  7i.    One  that  retorts. 

RE-TORT'ING,  p/ir.    Returning;  throwing  back. 

RE-TOR'TION,  ii.    The  act  of  retorting.  Spenser. 

RE-TORT'IVE,  a.    Containing  retort.  Barlow. 

KE-TOSS',  t'.  t.    [re  and  tow.]    To  toss  back.  Pope. 

RE-TOSS'£D,  (  tost,)  pp.    Tossed  back. 

Re-TOSS'ING,  ppr.    Tossing  back. 

RE-TOUCH',  (re-tucli',)  v.  t.  [re  and  touch.]  To  im- 
prove by  new  touches  ;  as,  to  retouch  a  picture  or  an 
essay.  Dry/len.  Pope. 

Re-TOUCH'JED,  (re-tiicht',)  pp.  Touched  again  ;  im- 
proved by  new  touches. 

RE-TOUCH'ING,  (re-tuch'ing,)  ppr.  Improving  by 
new  touches. 

RE-TRaCE',  v.  t.  [Fr.  retracer ;  re  and  tracer,  to 
trace.] 

1.  'I'o  trace  back  ;  to  go  back  in  the  same  path  or 
course  ;  as,  to  retrace  one's  steps ;  to  retrace  one's 
proceeilings. 

2.  To  track  back,  as  a  line. 

Then  if  the  line  of  Tunuis  you  retrace. 

He  springs  from  luachus,  ol  Argive  race.  Dryden. 

3.  In  painting,  &c.,  to  trace  over  again,  or  renew 
the  outline  of  a  drawing.  Brande. 

RE-TRaC'£D,  (re-triist',)  pp.  Traced  back  or  over 
again. 

RE-'J'RaC'ING,  ppr.    Tracing  back  or  over  again. 
RE-TRACT',  V.  t.    [Fr.  rrtrnctcr  ,•  Norm,  retraictcr  ; 
Li.  retractus,  retraho  ;  re  and  traho,  to  draw.] 

1.  To  recall,  as  a  declaration,  words,  or  saying;  to 
disavow;  to  recant;  as,  to  retract  an  accusation, 
charge,  or  assertion. 

I  would  as  freely  have  retracted  Ihe  charge  of  idolatry,  as  I  ever 
made  it.  StiUingJleet. 

2.  To  take  back  what  was  once  bestowed  as  a 
grant  or  favor.    [Little  used.]  Woodward. 

3.  To  draw  back,  as  claws. 

RE-'i'RACT',  V.  i.  'J'o  take  back  ;  to  unsay  ;  to  with- 
draw concession  or  declaration. 


She  V 

Cons. 


aiul  she  will  not ;  she  grants,  denies, 
,  relracte,  advances,  and  then  Oics.  Granville. 


RFi-TRACT',  71.    Among  horsemen,  the  prick  of  a 

horse's  foot  in  nailing  a  shoe. 
RE-TRACT' A-BLE,  a    Tliat  may  be  retracted  or  re- 

iialled. 

RE-TIIACT'aTE,  j'.  t.    To  retract ;  to  recant. 
RE-TRACT-a'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  retractiitio.] 
The  recalling  of  what  has  been  said  ;  recantation  ; 
change  of  opinion  declared.  South. 
RE-TRACT'lCI), pp.  Recalled  ;  recanted  ;  disavowed. 
RE-TRACT'I-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  drawn  back; 

retractile.  Journ.  of  Science. 

RE-TRACT'ILE,  a.    Capable  of  being  drawn  back. 
A  walrus,  with  fiery  eyes  ^retractile  from  external  injuries. 

Pennant. 

RE-TRACT'ING,  pitr.    Recalling  ;  disavowing  ;  re- 
canting. 

RE-'J'RAC'TIDN,  77.     [from  retract.]    Literally,  the 
act  of  ilrawing  back  ;  as,  the  retraction  of  a  siriew. 

2.  The  act  of  withdrawing  something  advanced, 
or  changing  something  done.  IVoodward. 

3.  Recantation  ;  disavowal  of  the  truth  of  what 
has  been  said  ;  declaration  of  change  of  o|iinion. 

Sidney. 


4.  Act  of  withdrawing  a  claim. 

Other  men's  insatiable  desire  of  revenge  h.ath  beguiled  church 
and  state  of  the  beneUt  of  my  retroitione  or  concessions. 

K.  Charlet. 

RE-TRACT'IVE,  a.   Withdrawing;  taking  from. 
RE-TRACT'IVE,  7i.   That  which  withdraws  or  takes 
from. 

RE-TRACT'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  retraction  or  witli- 
drawing. 

RE-TRaICT',  (re-trite',)  n.    Retreat.    [Obs.]  [See 

Retreat  ]  Bacon. 
RE-TRaIT',  7!.    [It.  ritratto,  from  ritrarre,  to  draw.] 

A  cast  of  countenance  ;  a  picture.  [Ofts.] 
RE-TRJIX'IT,  II.    [L.  retraho,  relraii.]  [Spenser. 
In  law,  the  withdrawing  or  open  renunciation  of  a 
suit  in  court,  by  which  the  plaintiff  loses  his  action. 

Blackstone. 

Re-TREAD',  (re-tred',)  v.  i.    To  tread  again. 
RE-TRe.'VT',  71.    [Fr.  retraite,  from  retraire  ;  re  and 

traire,  to  draw;  L.  retractus,  retraho;  re  and  traho; 

It.  ritratta.] 

1.  The  actof  retiring;  a  withdrawing  of  one's  self 
from  any  place. 

But  beauty's  triumph  is  well-timed  retreat.  Pope. 

2.  Retirement ;  E.'.ate  of  privacy  or  seclusion  from 
noise,  bustle,  or  company. 

Here  in  the  adm,  still  mirror  of  retreat.  Pope. 

3.  Place  of  retirement  or  privacy, 
house  of  pleasure  —  and  spared  no  cost  to 
ous  retreat.  L^Ealranse. 


He  built  his  son  a 
niaiie  it  a  delic 


4.  Place  of  safety  or  security. 

That  pleasing  shade  tliey  sought,  a  soft  retreat 

From  sudtlen  April  showers,  a  shelter  from  Uie  heat.  Dryden. 

5.  In  military  affairs,  the  retiring  of  an  army  or 
body  of  men  from  the  face  of  an  enemy,  or  from  any 
ground  occupied  to  a  greater  distance  from  the  enemy, 
or  from  an  advanced  position.  A  retreat  is  properly 
an  orderly  march,  in  which  circumstance  it  differs 
from  nfiight.  Encyc. 

6.  The  withdrawing  of  a  ship  or  fleet  from  an 
enemy  ;  or  the  order  and  disposition  of  ships  de- 
clining an  engagement. 

7.  A  signal  given  in  the  army  or  navy,  by  the  beat 
of  a  drum,  or  the  sounding  of  trumpets,  at  sunset, 
or  for  retiring  from  e.xercise  or  action. 

Totten.  Campbell. 
RE  TREAT',  V.  i.    To  retire  from  any  position  or 
place. 

2.  To  withdraw  to  a  private  abode  or  to  any 
secluded  situation.  Jililton. 

3.  To  retire  to  a  place  of  safety  or  security  ;  as,  to 
retreat  into  a  den  or  into  a  fort. 

4.  To  move  back  to  a  place  before  occupied ;  to 
retire. 

The  rapid  currents  drive, 
Toward  the  retreating  sea,  their  furious  tide.  M'dton. 

5.  'Fo  retire  from  an  enemy,  or  from  any  advanced 
position. 

RE-TRe,\T'ED,  as  a  passive  participle,  though  used 

by  Milton,  is  not  good  English. 
RE-TRENCH',  !).  t.    [Fr.  retranchcr  ;  re  and  trancher, 

to  cut;  It.  trincea,  a  trench  ;  trincerare,  to  intrench  ; 

trinciare,  to  carve  ;  W.  trycu,  to  cut.] 

1.  To  cut  off;  to  pare  away. 

And  tliy  exuberant  parts  retrench.  Denham. 

2.  To  lessen  ;  to  abridge  ;  to  curtail ;  as,  to  re- 
trench superlluities  or  expenses.  Merbury. 

3.  To  confine  ;  to  limit.   [^Mt  proper.]  Jiddisoii. 

4.  In  military  affairs,  to  furnish  with  a  retrench- 
ment ;  as,  to  retrench  bastions.  P.  Cyc. 

RE-TRENCH',  n.  i.  To  live  at  less  expense.  It  is 
more  rcpiitahh;  to  retrench  than  to  live  embarrassed. 

RE-TRK.VCIl'i';n,  (re-trencht',)  irp.  Cut  off;  curtail- 
ed ;  diminished;  furnished  with  a  retrenchment. 

RE-TRENCH'ING,  ppr.  Cuttingoff;  curtailing;  fur- 
nishing with  a  retrenchment. 

RE-TRENCH'MENT,  71.  [Fr.  rctranchement ;  Sp. 
atrinckcramiento.] 

1.  The  act  of  lopping  off ;  the  act  of  removing 
what  is  sujierllitous  ;  as,  the  retrenchment  of  words 
or  lines  in  a  writing.  Dryden.  Mddisoii. 

2.  The  act  of  curtailing,  lessening,  or  abridging  ; 
diminution  ;  as,  the  retrenchment  of  expenses. 

3.  In  military  affairs,  a  work  constructed  within 
another,  to  prolong  the  defense  of  the  latter  when 
the  enemy  has  gained  possession  of  it,  or  to  protect 
the  defenders  till  they  can  retreat  or  obtain  . a  cajiitu- 
lation.  Cyc. 

Numerous  remains  of  Roman  retrenchmenre,  couslrucl'-d  to 
cover  the  country.  D'Anvtlte,  Trane. 

RE-TRIB'IJTE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  retribuer ;  L.  retriliuo;  re 
and  tribuo,  to  give  or  bestow.] 

To  pay  back  ;  to  make  payment,  compensation, 
or  reward  in  return  ;  as,  to  rririhiilr  one  for  his 
kiiiflness  ;  fo  retribute  to  a  criminal  what  is  itropor- 
tionat©  to  his  titfense.  Locke. 

RE-TR1H'I2-TEI),  pp.  Paid  bark;  given  in  return; 
rewitrtled. 

RE-'I'RIB'IJ-TER,  n.    One  that  makes  retribution. 
ItE-'l'IUB'lI-TIN'ti,  ppr.    Retpiiting  ;  making  repay- 
nii  nt  ;  rewarding. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHjST.  — METE,  PttfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


948 


RET 


RET 


REU 


,  pp.    Recovered  ;  repaired ;  regained  ; 


llET-UI-BO'TION,  n.    [Fr.]   Rcpnyment ;  return  ac- 
coinuioduted  to  the  action  ;  reward ;  conipenjiation. 
In  ^0(1  oHicca  Aiul  due  retributiotis,  wo  way  nol  bo  pinching 
mid  uig^ardlj.  Jlnlt. 

9.  A  gratuity  or  present  given  for  services  in  the 
place  of  a  salary.  Encyc. 

3.  Tlie  rewards  and  punislimcnts  distributed  at  the 
general  judgment. 

It  iu  a  ftroH*  orciimf  nt  for  n  ilnte  of  rtlribu&on  herenftcr,  that 
in  Uiia  world  virtuous  prreont  are  very  often  unfortunalo, 
and  vicioui  pononi  prospcruua,  Speclalor. 
RK-TRrB'lI-TIVE,    (  a.    Repaving ;  rewarding  for 
KK-TRIB'li-TO-RY,  j      good  deeds,  and  punishing 

for  olTenses  ;  as,  rctrilmiivc  justice. 
RK-TRlEV'A-BLE.a.    [from  rrtncot.]    That  may  be 

rt'lrii'vcrt  or  recovered.  Oraii. 
KF.-TKIEV'.\-BLi:-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  retriev- 
able. 

RK-'rKli'".V'.\-BLY,  arfo.    In  a  retrievable  manner. 
KK-Tr1|;VE^MENT,  i         Act  of  retrieving. 
KE-TRIinVE',  r.  t.    [Fr.  rctrouver,  to  find  again;  It. 
ritrovnre.    i^ee  Tbovek.] 

1.  To  recover;  to  restore  from  loss  or  injury  to  a 
former  good  state;  as,  to  rclrieve  the  credit  of  a 
nation  ;  to  retrieve  one's  character  ;  to  retrieve  a  de- 
cayed fortune. 

a.  To  remedy  the  consequences  of;  to  repair. 
[Rare.] 

Accept  my  sorrow,  and  retrieve  my  fall.  Prior. 

3.  To  regain.  [Rare.] 

With  late  r^jientivnce  now  they  would  retrieve 

The  bodies  they  forsook,  and  wish  lo  live.  Drytien. 

4.  To  recall ;  to  bring  back  ;  as,  to  retrieve  men 
from  their  cold,  trivial  conceits.  Berkeley. 

RE-TRIEVE',  7(.   A  seeking  again;  a  discovery. 

[.Vof  in  use,]  B.  Jon:>on: 

RE-TRIeV'£1) 

recalled. 

RE-TRI£V'I.\G,  ppr.     Recovering;  repairing;  re- 
calling. 

RP.-TRl.M',  r.  L   To  trim  again. 

RE-TRO-ACT',  v.  i.    To  act  backward  or  in  return; 

to  act  in  opposition. 
RE-TRO-.\e'TION,  n.    [L.  retro,  backward,  and  ac- 

lioii.] 

J,  Action  returned,  or  action  backward. 

2.  Operation  on  soinetliiiig  past  or  preccdinj;. 

.  RE-TRO-AGT'l  VE,  a.    [Fr.  rclroactif;  h.  retro,  back- 
ward, and  active,] 

Operating  by  returned  action  ;  atTecting  what  is 
past ;  retrospective.  Bcddoes. 

.\  retroactive  law,  or  statute,  is  one  which  operates 
to  affect,  make  criminal  or  punishable,  acts  done 
prior  to  the  passing  of  the  law. 
RE-TRO-ACT'IVE-LY,.  aJ».    By  returned  action  or 
operation ;  by  operating  on  something  past. 

IVhcaton. 

RET'RO-CEDE,  v.  t.    [L.  retro,  back,  and  cetlo,  to 

give  ;  Fr.  rrtroceiler.] 
To  cede  or  grant  back  ;  as,  to  retrocede  a  territory 

to  a  fornuv  proprietor. 
RET'RO-CliUE,  V.  i.     [L.  retro,  back,  and  cedo, 

to  go.] 

To  go  back.  Perry. 
RET'RO-Cf.O-ED,  pp.    Granted  bark. 
RE-TRO-ClcU'E.\T,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  diseases 

which  move  from  one  part  of  the  body  to  another,  as 

the  gout. 

RET'RO-Cf;D-ING,  ppr.    Ceding  back  ;  going  back. 
RE-TRO-CEr;'SIO.\,  (-sesh'un,)  n.  A  ceding  or  grant- 
ing back  to  a  former  proprietor. 

.American  State  Papers. 
2.  The  act  of  going  back.  More. 
RE-TRO-DUe'TlON,  «.    [L.  retroduco  ;  retro,  back, 
and  ducp,  to  lead.] 

A  leading  or  brinzini;  back. 
RET'RO-FLEX,  a.    [L.  rcfrn,  back,  and  flcxus,  bent] 

In  botany,  suddenly  bent  backward.  Lindley. 
RF.T'RO-FRAeT,       (  a.      [L.  retro,  back,  and 
RET'RO-FRAGT-ED,  j      fractus,  broken.] 

Reduced  to  hang  down  as  it  were  by  force,  so  as 
to  appear  as  if  broken  ;  as,  a  rctrofracl  peduncle. 

Martyn. 

Bent  back  toward  its  insertion,  as  if  it  were  broken. 

Lee. 

RE-TRO-GRA-D.5'TIO.\,  n.      [Fr.     See  Retbo- 

OKADE.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  backward  ;  applied  to  the 
apparent  motion  of  the  planets  contrary  to  the  order 
of  the  signs,  i.  e.,  from  c:ist  to  west.  HuUon. 

2.  A  moving  backward  ;  decline  in  excellence. 

A*.  Chipman. 

RET'RO-GR.^DE,  a.     [Fr.,  from   L.  rclrogradior ; 
retro,  backward,  and  gradior,  to  go.] 

1.  Going  or  moving  backward.  Bacon. 

2.  In  astronomy,  apparently  moving  backward,  and 
contrary  lo  the  succession  of  the  signs,  i.  e.,  from 
east  to  west,  as  a  planet.  Hutton. 

3.  Declining  from  a  better  to  a  worse  state. 
RET'RO-GRaUE,  v.  i.    [Fr.  retrogradcr  i  L.  retro- 

gradior  ;  retro  and  ffradior,  to  go.] 

To  go  or  move  backward.  Baa>n. 


RE-TRO-GRE.S'c!|C)N,  (re-tro-gresh'un,)  n.  The  act 
of  going  backward  ;  retrogradation.  Brntm. 

RE-TR()  GRESS'I  VE,  a.  (ioing  or  moving  back- 
ward ;  declining  from  a  more  perfect  lo  a  less  perfect 
state. 

Geogrjiphy  is  at  times  retrogrettlve.  Piukerton, 

RE-TRO-GRESS'IVE-LV,  adv.  By  going  or  moving 
backward. 

RE  TR0-.MIN'6EN-CY,  n.  [I,,  retro,  backward,  and 
mingo,  to  discharge  urine.] 

The  act  or  <pialily  of  discharging  the  contents  of 
the  hladdor  backward.  Brown. 

RE-TRO-MIN'GEi\T,  a.  Discliarging  the  urine  buck- 
ward. 

RE-TRO-MIN'OENT,  n.  In  lodlogy,  an  animal  that 
discharges  its  urine  backward. 

The  retrominfrertl.i  arc  a  division  of  animals  whose 
characteristic  is  that  they  discharge  their  urine  hack- 
ward,  both  male  and  female.  Knem. 

RE-TRO-PUL'f  IVE,  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and  puUus. 
pello,  to  drive.] 

Driving  back  ;  repelling.  Med.  Repos 

RE-'I'RORt*E'LY,  (re-trors'ly,)  adv.  [L.  rctrorsum, 
backward.] 

In  a  backward  direction  ;  as,  a  stem  retrorscly 
aculeate. 

RET'RO-SPEeT,  r.  i.  To  look  back  ;  to  alTect  wliat 
is  past. 

RET'RO-SPEGT,  n.  [L.  retro,  back,  and  specio,  to 
look.] 

A  looking  back  on  things  past ;  view  or  contem- 
plation of  something  past.    The  retrospect  of  a  life 
well  spent  atfords  prace  of  mlnil  in  old  age. 
RE-TRO-SPEG'TION,  n.    Tlio  act  of  looking  back 
on  things  past. 
2.  The  faculty  of  looking  b.ick  on  past  things. 

Swift. 

RE-TRO-SPECT'IVE,  a.  Looking  back  on  past 
events;  as,  a  retrospective  view. 

2.  Having  reference  to  what  is  past;  alTecting 
things  past.  A  penal  statute  can  have  no  retro- 
spective effect  or  operation. 

RE-TRO-SPEeT'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  retrospect. 

RE-TRO-VER'SION,  n.  A  lurning  or  falling  back- 
ward ;  as,  the  retroversion  of  tile  uterus. 

RET'RO-VERT,  v.  t.    To  turn  back. 

RET'RO-VERT-ED,  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and  vcrto,  to 
turn.] 

Turned  back.         iMWrence,  Led.    Med.  Repos. 
RE-TRUDE',  V.  t.     [L.  rctrudo ;  re  and  trudo,  to 
thrust.] 

To  thnist  back.  More. 
RF,-TRri)'ED,  pp.    Thru>-t  bark. 
RE-TIU  D  l-NG,  ppr.    Thrustins  back. 
RE-TKL'.-'E'.a.  [ L.  «/ru,sM.*. ]  Hidden  ;  abstruse.  [Obs.] 
RET'Ti.NG,  II.    A  corruption  of  the  term  Rottiwg  ; 
as,  the  retting  of  flax. 

This  is  the  term  used  by  Ure  and  other  English 
writers. 

RE-Tir.ND',  V.  t.    [li.  rctundo  ;  re  and  tundo,  to  beat.] 
To  blunt ;  to  turn,  as  an  edge  ;  to  dull ;  as,  to  rc- 

tund  the  edge  of  a  weapon^  Ray. 
RE-TU.\D'Ef),  pp.    Blunted  ;  turned,  as  an  edge. 
RE-TURN',  r.  ;.     [Fr.  retourner;  re  and  tounier,  to 

turn,  L.  torno ;  It.  ritornarc ;  retornar.] 

1.  To  come  or  go  b.ack  to  the  same  place.  The  gen- 
tleman goes  from  the  country  to  Londtm  and  returns, 
or  the  citi7.en  of  London  rides  into  the  country  and 
returns.  The  blood,  propelled  from  the  heart,  passes 
through  the  arteries  to  the  extremities  of  the  body, 
and  returns  through  the  veins.  Some  servants  are 
good  to  go  on  erranils,  but  nut  good  to  return. 

2.  To  come  back  to  the  same  slate,  occupation, 
subject,  &c. ;  as,  to  return  from  bondage  to  a  state  of 
freedom.  Locke. 

3.  To  answer. 

lie  mii\,  and  Uius  the  queen  of  hniven  returned.  Pope. 

4.  Tocoine  again  ;  to  revisit. 

TIiou  to  mankind 
Bo  good  and  friendly  still,  and  oil  return.  MUton. 

5.  To  appear  or  begin  again  after  a  periodical  rev- 
olution. 

WiUi  the  year 
Se.-uoiu  return ;  but  not  to  me  return* 
Day.  Afi;ion, 
C.  To  show  fresh  signs  of  mercy. 

Itetum,  O  \Mn\,  deliver  my  soul.  —  Ps.  vl. 

To  return  to  Ood ;  to  return  from  wickedness ;  to 
repont  of  sin  or  wandering  from  duty.  Scripture. 
RE-TIIR.\',  r.  L    To  bring,  carry,  or  send  back  ;  as, 
to  return  a  borrowed  book  ;  to  return  a  hired  horse. 

2.  To  repay ;  as,  to  return  borrowed  money. 

3.  To  give  in  recompense  or  requital. 

Ill  any  wiar.  return  him  a  trespnas  offering.  —  1  Sam.  vi. 

Tlie  will  return  thy  wickediicjs  upon  thy  own  head.  — 

4.  To  give  back  in  reply  ;  as,  to  return  an  answer. 

5.  To  tell,  relate,  or  communicate. 

Moses  retumetf  the  worvls  of  the  people  to  tlic  Lord.  —  Ei.  xix. 

6.  To  retort ;  lo  recriminate. 

If  you  are  a  m.\liciotis  reader,  you  relum  upon  me,  that  I  affect 
to      tltoijght  more  impaitiAj  than  1  am.  Drydgn. 


7.  To  render  an  account,  usually  an  otiicial  ac- 
count, to  a  superior.  Officers  of  the  army  and  navy 
return  lo  the  commander  the  number  of  nii  n  in  com- 
panies, regiment!,  «t,c.  ;  they  rrfurii  the  number  of 
men  sick  or  capable  of  duty  ;  they  return  the  quan- 
tity of  ammunition,  provisions,  Slc. 

8.  To  render  bnrk  to  a  tribunal,  or  to  an  office  ;  as, 
to  return  a  writ  or  an  execution. 

9.  'I'o  report  officially  ;  as,  an  officer  returns  bia 
proceedings  on  llie  back  of  a  writ  or  precept. 

10.  'i'o  send  ;  to  transmit ;  to  convey. 

Insurad  of  a  ship,  lie  should  levy  money  and  refum  the  samo 
to  (tie  treasurer  lor  liis  iniijesty's  use.  Clarendon. 

RE-TL'R.N',  71.  The  act  of  coming  or  going  back  to 
the  same  place. 

Tak'-s  Itule  journeys  and  makes  quick  retume.  Dryden. 

2.  The  act  of  sending  back;  as,  the  return  of  a 
borrowed  book,  or  of  iiinney  lent. 
.3.  The  act  of  putting  in  the  former  place. 

4.  Retrogression  ;  the  act  of  moving  back. 

5.  'i"he  act  or  process  of  coining  back  to  a  former 
state,  occupation,  subject,  &c. ;  as,  the  return  of 
health. 

G.  Revolution  ;  a  periodical  coming  to  the  same 
point ;  as,  the  return  of  the  sun  to  the  tropic  of 
Cancer. 

7.  Periodical  renewal ;  as,  the  retun  of  the  sea- 
sons, or  of  the  year. 

8.  Repayment ;  rt  imbursement  in  kind,  or  in 
something  equivalent,  for  money  expended  or  ad- 
vanced, or  for  labor.  One  occupation  gives  quick 
returns  ;  in  otiiers,  the  returns  are  slow.  The  returns 
of  the  cargo  were  in  gold.  The  farmer  has  returns 
in  his  crops. 

9.  Profit ;  advantage. 

From  these  few  hours  we  sjiend  in  prayer,  the  return  is  ffieat.  . 

jTuy/or. 

10.  Remittance  ;  p.ivment  from  a  distant  place. 

Shak. 

11.  Repayment ;  retribution  ;  requital. 

Is  no  return  due  from  a  gr.ilrfol  breast  ?  Dryden. 

12.  Act  of  restoring  or  giving  back  ;  restitution. 

South. 

13.  In  architecture,  the  continuation  of  a  molding, 
projection,  &c.,  in  a  dilfcrent  or  opposite  direction  ; 
a  side  or  part  w  liich  falls  away  from  the  front  of  a 
straight  work  OwilU 

14.  In  law,  the  rendering  back  or  delivery  of  a 
writ,  precept,  or  execution,  to  the  proper  olhcer  or 
court;  or  tlie  certilicale  of  the  officer  executing  it, 
indorsed.  We  call  the  transmission  of  the  writ  to 
the  iiroper  officer  or  court,  a  return  ;  and  we  give 
the  same  name  to  the  certificate  or  official  account  of 
the  officer's  service  or  proceedings.  The  sheriff,  or 
his  subordinate  olfict  rs,  make  return  of  all  writs  and 
precepts.  We  use  llie  same  language  for  the  send- 
ing li.ack  of  a  coinmissioii  with  the  certificate  of  the 
commissioners. 

15.  A  day  in  bank.  The  day  on  wliirli  the  de- 
fendant is  ordered  lo  appear  in  court,  and  the  sheriff 
is  to  bring  in  the  writ  and  report  his  proceedings,  is 
called  the  return  of  the  writ.  Blarkstnne. 

16.  In  military  and  naval  affairs,  an  official  ac- 
count, report,  or  statement  rendered  to  the  com- 
mander or  other  suiKTior;  a-s,  the  rf/»rH  of  mep  tit 
for  duty  ;  the  return  of  the  number  of  the  sick  ;  the 
return  of  provisions,  aniiiiunilion,  &.C. 

17.  A  report  or  numerical  statement  ;  as,  the  re- 
turns of  an  election  ;  the  returns  of  a  marshal. 

RE-TURiN'.\-ULE,  a.  That  may  be  returned  or  re- 
stored. 

2.  In  law,  that  is  legally  to  be  returned,  delivered, 
given,  or  rendered  ;  as,  a  writ  or  precept  returnable  at 
a  certain  day  ;  a  verdict  returnable  to  the  court ;  an 
Rttarhmeiil  returnable  to  the  King's  Bench. 

RE-TUR.\'-I)aY,  n.  The  day  when  the  defendant  is 
to  apfK'ar  in  court,  and  the  shcrilf  is  to  return  the 
writ  and  his  proceedings. 

RE  'rL'RN'Kl),  pp.  or  a.  Restored  ;  given  or  sent 
back ;  repaid  ;  brought  or  rendered  to  the  proper 
court  or  officer. 

RE-TL'K.N'ER,  ii.  One  who  returns;  one  that  re- 
pays or  remits  money. 

RIVrUR.N'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving,  carrying,  or  send- 
ing hack  ;  coming  or  going  back  ;  makinc  report. 

RE-TURN'ING-OF'FI-CER,  ».  The  officer  whose 
duly  it  is  to  make  returns  of  writs,  precciWs,  ju- 
ries, &c. 

RE-TUK.N'LESS,  a.    Admitting  no  return.  [LittU 

tised,  ]  Chapmun, 
RE-TCSE',  a.    [L.  rrtusus,  retundo.] 

In  botany  and  eonehdogy,  terminating  in  a  round 
end,  the  center  of  winch  is  depressed  ;  as,  a  rcti«« 
leaf.  Lindley.  Humble. 

RE-tJX'IO.X,  (-yOn'yun,)  71.  A  second  iinion  ;  union 
formed  anew  after  separation  or  disctird  ;  as,  a  re- 
union of  parts  or  particles  of  matter  ;  a  reunion  of 
parties  or  Skcts. 

2.  In  meeiicine,  union  of  parts  separated  by  woiinda 
or  accidents.  Parr. 

Reunion,  from  the  French,  in  the  sense  of  meeting 
or  assembly,  is  soineliines  used. 


TONE,  BSJLL,  UNITE.  — A.V'GER,  V  T'CIOUS  C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CM  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


119' 


UliHU 


REV 

RE-U-NlTE',  r.  f.    [re  and  unite.]    To  unite  again  ; 

to  join  after  spparation.  Shak. 

__  2.  To  reconcile  after  variance. 
Re-IJ-NITE',  v.  i.    To  be  united  again  ;  to  join  and 

cohere  again. 

Re  U-NIT'ED,  pp.  United  or  joined  again  ;  recon- 
ciled. 

RE-U-NTT'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  reunited  manner. 
RF.-r|-NlT'Ii\G,  p;/r.    Uniting  again  ;  reconciling. 
Re-IJ-NI"TION,  (-yu-nish'un,)  n.    A  second  uniting. 
[Rare.] 

Re-URCE',  ».  f.   To  urge  again. 
REuS'SiTE,  7u    [from  Reuss,  the  place  where  it  is 
found.] 

A  salt  of  sulphate  of  soda  and  magnesia,  found 
in  the  form  of  a  mealy  efflorescence,  sonietimes  crys- 
tallized in  flat,  six-sided  prisms,  and  in  acicular  crys- 
tals. Urc'. 
Re-VAC'CIN-aTE,  v.  t.  To  vaccinate  a  second 
time. 

RE-VA€'CIN-A-TED,  pp.  Vaccinated  a  second 
time. 

Re-VAC'CIN-a-TING,  ppr.  Vaccinating  a  seci^nd 
time. 

Re-VAC-CIN-a'TION,  71.    A  second  vaccination. 
Re-VAL-U-a'TION,  ?i.    A  second  valuation. 
ReVE,  71.  "[Sax.  irrrefa.] 

An  officer,  steward,  or  governor.    It  is  usually 

written  Reeve. 
RE-VeAL',  v.  t.    [Fr.  reveler ;  L.  rcvelo  ;  re  and  velo, 

to  veil.] 

1.  To  disclose;  to  show  ;  to  make  known  some- 
tiling  before  unknown  or  concealed  ;  as,  to  reveal 
secrets. 

9.  To  disclose,  or  make  known  from  heaven.  God 
has  been  pleased  to  reveal  his  will  to  num. 

The  wraUi  of  God  is  revealed  from  h'aveii  ag.iiiiat  all  ungodli- 
Dcss  and  mirigliLeuusiitss  of  men.  —  Uom.  i. 

RE-VeAL',  n.  A  revealing ;  disclosure.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Brazen. 

2.  The  side  of  an  opening  for  a  window,  doorway, 
&c.,  between  the  framework  and  tlic  outer  surface  of 
the  wall.  Oloss.  ofjlreliU. 

RE-VEAL'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  revealed. 
RE-VeAL'A-BLE-NESS,  77.    State  of  being  reveal- 
able^ 

RE-VeAL'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Disclosed;  made  known; 
laid  open. 

RE  V'E  AL'ER,  ri.  One  that  discloses  or  makes  known. 

2.  One  that  brings  to  view,  Drydeii. 
RE-VeAL'ING,  ppr.    Disclosing  ;  making  known  ; 
discovering. 

RE-Ve.\L'MENT,  Ji.    The  act  of  revealing.  [LMe 

used.]  South. 
RE-VEIL'LE,  (re-val'ya,)  7i.    [Fr.  rcveiUcr,  to  awake  ; 
re  and  veiUer,  to  watch  ;  contracted  from  L.  vigilo. 
See  Watch.] 

In  military  affairs,  the  heat  of  drum  about  break  of 
day,  to  give  notice  that  it  is  time  for  the  soldiers  to 
rise,  and  fur  the  sentinels  to  forbear  challenging. 

Braiidc. 

REVEL,  V.  i.  [D.  rcvclen,  to  rave,  from  the  root  of 
L.  raho,  rabio.to  rage,  whence  rabies,  rabid;  Dan. 
raaben,  to  bawl,  to  clamor;  S\v.  rupa  ;  allied  to  rove, 
ra/iio  !  Ir.  rioboid,  a  spendthrift ;  riobuidim,  to  riot  or 
revel. 1 

1.  To  feast  with  loose  and  clamorous  merriment ; 
to  carouse  ;  to  act  the  bacchanalian. 

Antony,  lhat  reoele  long  o'  nights.  Shak. 

2.  To  move  playfully  or  without  regularity. 
REVEL,  n.   A  feast  with  loose  and  noisy  jollity. 

Shak. 


2.  See  Reveal,  7t. 
RE-VEL',  V.  t.    [L.  revcllo ;  re  and  vello,  to  pull.] 
To  draw  back  ;  to  retract ;  to  make  a  revulsion. 

Harvey.  Friend. 
REV-E-L.A'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  revelatus,  revclo. 
See  Reveal.] 

1.  The  act  of  disclosing  or  discovering  to  others 
wli.'it  was  before  unknown  to  them  ;  approprialehj , 
the  disclosure  or  commuiiiration  of  truth  to  men  by 
God  himself,  or  by  liis  authorized  agents,  the  pidjih- 
ets  and  apostles. 

How  Ui:^t  liy  revelation  he  made  known  to  me  the  myitcry,  a«  1 
wrol':  Ijcforo  in  few  worda.  —  Eph.  iii.   2  Cor.  xii. 

2.  That  which  is  reveraled  ;  appropriately,  the  sa- 
cred truths  which  God  ha'<  comriiiinicated  to  man  I'or 
hia  instruction  and  diri'i  tion.  'I'lic  revelations  of  God 
arc  contained  in  the  Old  and  New  Testament. 

3.  'i'he  7\pocalypsc  ;  the  last  liook  of  the  sacred 
canon,  containing  the  prophecies  of  St.  John. 

RE V'EI;.-/-'U,  pp.  Feasted  with  noisy  merriment ;  ca- 
roused. 

RE V'1;I,-ER,  »i.  [Scu  Revei-.J  One  who  feasts  with 
noi^y  nierriinent.  Pope. 

REV'EL-ING,  ;;;7r.  Feasting  with  noisy  mcrrimont ; 
raroMsiiig. 

REV'EL-ING,  71.  A  fi-nsling  with  noisy  merriment; 
revelry,    (ial.  v.    1  Pel.  iv. 

Drawn  back ;  retracted. 
Causing  rcvulKtoii. 


Ki;  VEL'I.f;!),  77/7. 
RE-VEL'LENT,  a. 


REV 

REVEL-MENT,  n.    Act  of  reveling. 
REVEL-ROUT,  71,    [See  Rout.]    Tumultuous  fes- 
tivity. _  Rowe. 

2.  A  mob ;  a  rabble  tumultuously  assembled  ;  an 
unlawful  assembly.  Jliiisttorlh. 
REVEL  RY,  71.    Noisy  festivity ;  clamorous  jollity. 

MUto'n. 

RE-VEN'DI-CaTE,  71.  t.  [Fr.  revendiquer  ;  re  and 
vendiqner,  to  claim  or  challenge,  L.  vindico.  See 
Vindicate.] 

To  reclaim  what  has  been  taken  away ;  to  claim 
to  have  restored  what  has  been  seized. 

Shoulii  some  sulisequent  fortunate  revolution  deliver  it  from  the 
conqaoror'H  yoke,  it  can  reverulicate  Uiein.    Valtel,  Trans. 

RE-VEN'DI-eA-TED,p;7.  Reclaimed  ;  regained  ;  re- 
covered. 

RE-VEN'DI-eA-TING,pj)r.  Reclaiming;  re-demand- 
ing ;  recovering. 
RE-VEN-DI-eA'TION,77.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  reclaim- 
ing or  demanding  tlie  restomtion  of  any  thing  taken 
by  an  enemy  ;  as  by  right  of  postliminium. 

The  endless  disputes  whicli  would  spring  from  the  revendiration 
of  them  have  introduced  a  contrary  practice.  Vallet,  Trans. 

RE-VENCE',  (re-venj',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  rcveneher,  venger  ; 
Sp.  vfn<Tor  ;  rort.  vingar  ;  L.  vindez,  vindico  ;  It.  ven- 
dicarc.     ."^t  r  \'i  NDICATE.] 

L  'i"o  millet  pain  or  injury  in  return  for  an  injury 
received. 

JVo(e.  —  This  word  and  avenge  were  formerly  used 
as  synonymous,  and  it  is  so  used  in  the  common 
version  of  the  Scripture,  and  applied  to  the  Supreme 
Being.  "  O  Lord,  revenge  me  of  my  jiersecutors.'* 
Jer.  XV.  In  consequence  of  a  distinction  between 
avenge  and  revenge,  which  modern  usage  has  intro- 
duced, the  application  of  this  word  to  the  Supreme 
Being  appears  extremely  harsh,  irreverent,  and  of- 
fensive. Revenge  is  now  used  in  an  ill  sense,  for  the 
infliction  of  pain  maliciously  or  illegally  ;  avenge  for 
inllicting  just  punishment. 

2.  Accoriliiig  to  ntmlcrn  usairr,  to  inflict  pain  delib- 
erately and  tiialicitnisly,  contiai}-  to  the  laws  of  jus- 
tice and  humanit>',  in  n  ttii  ii  for  injury,  pain,  or  evil, 
received  ;  to  wreak  vi'iigraiu  i-  s|iileriilly  on  one  who 
injures  or  offends.  We  mi\  ,  u<  n  rnige  an  injury  or 
insult,  or,  witli  the  recijmn  :!!  piuiioun,  to  revenge 
ourselves  on  an  enemy  or  I'ur  an  injury,  tliat  is,  to 
take  vengeance  or  satisfaction. 

3.  To  vindicate  by  punishment  of  an  enemy. 
The  gods  are  just,  and  will  revenge  our  cause.  Dryden. 
[According  to  modern  usage,  avenge  should  here 

be  substituted  for  revenge] 
RE-VENGE',  (re-venj',)  n.    [Fr.  revenche;  Arm.  re- 
vattclt.] 

1.  Return  of  an  injury ;  infliction  of  punishment. 
[Obs.] 

The  beg-inninj  of  revenues  upon  the  enemy.  —  Deut.  xxxii.  42. 

2.  According  to  modern  usage,  a  malicious  or  spite- 
ful infliction  of  pain  or  injury,  contrary  to  the  laws 
of  justice  and  Christianity,  in  return  for  an  injury 
oroflense.  Revenge  is  liicluluil  by  passion  :  vengeance 
by  justice. 

3.  The  passion  which  is  excited  by  an  injury  done 
or  an  alfroiit  given  ;  tJie  desire  of  inflicting  pain  on 
one  who  has  dune  an  iujiiry  ;  as,  to  glut  revenge. 

Revenge,  as  the  w uni  is  iiou-  understood,  is  always 
contrary  to  the  precepts  of  Christ. 

The  indulgence  of  revenge  tends  to  make  men  more  savage  and 
cruel.  Karnes. 

EE-VKNC'Kn,  jiji.    Punished  in  return  for  an  injury; 

spitefully  ptinislicd.    The  injury  is  revenged. 
RE-VE\GK'Fl.'L,  (re-vcnj'ful,)  a.    Full  of  revenge  or 
a  desire  to  inflict  pain  or  evil  for  injury  received  ; 
spiteful ;  malicious  ;  wreaking  revenge. 

If  thy  revenge/id  heart  can  not  forgive.  Shak. 
2.  Vindictive;  inflicting  punishment. 

,   May  niy  hands 
Never  hrandish  more  revengeful  steel.  Shak, 

RE-VENGE'F}JL-LY,  (re-vcnj'fiil-ly,)  adv.  By  way 
of  revenge;  vindictively;  with  the  spirit  of  revenge. 

Dnjden. 

RE-VENGE'F}JL-NESS,  (re-vonj'ful-ness,)  71.  Vin- 

dictiveness.  More. 
RE-VENGE'LESS,  (re-venj'le.ss,)  a.  Unrovenged. 

Mnrst.in. 

RE-VENGE'MENT,  (re-venj'mcnt,)77.  Revenge;  re- 
turn of  an  injury.    \/Jttle  used.]  Spenser. 

RE-VENG'ER,  71.  One  who  revenges;  one  who  in- 
flicts jiain  un  another  spitefully  in  return  for  an  in- 
Jury.  Spcn.\cr. 

2.  One  who  inflicts  just  punishment  for  injuries. 
[Less  proper.]  Bentlcy. 

RE-VENG'LN'G,  ppr.    Inflicting  pain  or  evil  spitefully 
fur  injury  or  airront  received. 
2.  Vindicating  ;  punishing. 

RE-VENG'ING-LY,  adv.  With  revenge  ;  with  the 
spirit  of  revenge  ;  vindictively.  Shak. 

REV'E  NfiE,  71.  [Fr.  rcuc7i«,  from  revenir,  to  return, 
L.  rerrnio  ;  re  nntl  veiiio,  to  come.] 

1.  Ill  a  general  sen.ie,  Uio  nnnutil  rents,  profits,  in- 
terest, or  issues,  of  any  species  of  property,  real  or 
personal,  belonging  to  an  iiidiviiliial  or  to  the  public. 


REV 

V.'hen  used  of  individuals,  it  is  equivalent  to  income. 
In  modern  usage,  income  is  applied  more  generally 
to  the  rents  and  profits  of  individuals,  and  revenue 
to  those  of  tlie  state.    In  the  latter  case,  revenue  is, 

2.  The  annual  produce  of  taxes,  excise,  customs, 
duties,  rents,  &.C.,  which  a  nation  or  state  collects 
and  receives  into  the  treasury  for  public  use. 

3.  Return  ;  reward ;  as,  a  rich  revenue  of  praise. 
RE-VERB',  V.  t.    To  reverberate.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

RE-VERR'ER-ANT,  a.     [L.  reverberans.    See  Re- 
verberate.] 
Returning  sound  ;  resounding;  driving  back. 

Shak 

RE-VERB'ER-aTE,  ».  t.  [L.  reverbero;  re  and  ver- 
bero,  to  beat.  ] 

1.  To  return,  as  sound;  to  send  back;  to  echo; 
as,  an  arch  reverberates  the  voice.  Shak. 

2.  To  send  or  beat  back  ;  to  repel ;  to  reflect ;  as, 
to  reverberate  rays  of  light.  Sicift.  # 

3.  To  send  or  drive  back  ;  to  repel  from  side  to 
side  ;  as,  flame  reverberated  in  a  furnace. 

RE-VERB'ER-aTE,  v.  i.  To  be  driven  back ;  to  be 
repelled,  as  rays  of  light ;  to  echo,  as  sound. 

Howell. 

2.  To  resound. 

And  even  at  hand,  a  drum  is  ready  braced, 

That  siiall  reverberate  all  as  well  as  thine.  Shak. 

RE-VERB'ER-ATE,  a.    Reverberant.  Shak. 
RE-VERB'ER-A-TED,  pp.   Driven  back;  sent  back  ; 

driven  from  side  to  side. 
RE-VERB'ER-A-TING,   ppr.     Driving  or  sending 

back  ;  reflecting,  as  light;  echoing,  as  sound. 
RE  VERB-ER-A'']'10N,  71.    [Fr.  ;  (mm  reverberate.] 
Tile  act  of  driving  or  sending  back  ;  particularly, 

the  act  of  reflecting  light  and  heat  or  repelling  sound. 

Tlius  we  speak  of  the  reverberation  of  the  rays  of 

light  from  an  object,  the  reverberation  of  sound  in 

echoes,  or  the  reverberation  of  lieat  or  flame  in  a 

furnace. 

RE-VERB'ER-A-TO-RY,  a.  Returning  or  driving 
back  ;  as,  a  reverberator^  furnace  or  kiln.  Moron. 

RE-VERB'ER-A-TO-RY,  71.  A  furnace  with  a  kind 
of  dome  that  reflects  the  flame  upon  a  vessel.placed 
witlijn  it,  so  as  to  surround  it.  JVichol-ion, 

RE-VeRE',  7'.  t.  [Fr.  revercr;  It.  revcrirc ;  L.  revr- 
reor  ;  re  and  vereur,  to  fear.] 

To  regard  witli  fear  mingled  with  respect  and 
afiection  ;  to  venerate ;  to  reverence ;  to  honor  in 
estimation. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  whom  he  rather  revered  as  his  father,  than 
treated  as  his  p-arluer  in  the  empire.  A<1'li^'>}>, 

RE-VeR'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Regarded  with  fear  mingled 

with  respect  and  alfection. 
REVER-ENCE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  Teverentia.] 

1.  Fear  mingled  with  respect  and  esteem  ;  vener- 
ation. 

When  quarrels  and  factions  are  carried  openly,  it  is  a  sign  that 
th:-  revei  'nce  of  government  is  lost.  Bacon. 

The  fear  aaentahle  to  God,  is  a  filial  fear,  an  awfid  reverence  of 
the  diviu;  nature,  proceeding  IVom  a  just  esteem  of  his  per- 
fections, which  produces  in  us  an  inclination  to  his  service 
and  an  unwilluigness  to  offend  him.  Jtogers. 

Reverence  is  nearly  equivalent  to  veneration,  but 
expresses  something  le.ss  of  the  same  emotion.  It 
dilTers  from  awe,  which  is  an  emotitm  compoumled 
of  fear,  dread,  or  terror,  with  adiniiatiiui  of  some- 
thing great,  but  not  necessarily  implying  love  or 
afiection.  We  feel  reverence  for  a  parent,  and  for 
an  upright  magistrate,  but  we  .stand  in  awe  of  a  ty- 
rant.   This  distinction  nniy  not  always  be  observed. 

2.  An  act  of  respect  or  obeisance  ;  a  bow  or  cour- 
tesy.   2  Sam.  ix.  Drijden.  Fairfax. 

3.  A  title  of  the  clergy.  Shak. 

4.  A  poetical  title  of  a  father.  Shak. 
REVER  ENCE,  ».  r.    To  regard  with  reveiPiire  ;  to 

regard  with  fear  mingled  with  respect  and  afiection. 
We  reverence  superiors  for  tlieir  age,  their  autlioritj', 
and  their  virtues.  We  ought  to  reverence  parents 
and  upright  judgtis  and  nnigistrates.  We  ought  to 
reverence  the  Supreme  Being,  his  word,  and  his  or- 
dinances. 

Those  that  I  reverence,  those  I  f'*ar,  the  wise.  SJiak. 

They  will  reverence  my  son.  —  Matt.  xxi. 

Let  Uie  w  ite  see  that  she  reverence  her  husband.  —  Eph.  v. 

REVER-EN-C^;D,  (rev'er-enst,)  pp.  Regarded  with 
fear  uiingletl  with  respect  and  afiection. 

REV'EK  EN-CER,  «.  One  that  regards  with  rever- 
ence. 

REVER-EN-CING,  ppr.    Regarding  with  fear  mixed 

with  respect  tind  affection. 
REVER  END,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  revrrendus.] 

1.  Worthy  of  reverence  ;  entitled  to  respect  niin- 
gleil  with  fear  and  ullection  ;  as,  reverend  and  gra- 
cious senators.  Shak. 

A  recerena  »[n  among  Ihom  came.  J\/i;ton. 

2.  A  title  of  respect  given  to  the  clergy  or  ccclesi- 
a.slics.  We  style  a  clergyman  rrmircii<<;  a  bishop  is 
styled  right  reverend  ;  an  nrchliishop  vio.st  reverend, 
ill  F.ngland,  a  dean  is  also  styled  very  reverend.  In 
Roman  Ciitholic  countries,  the  members  of  the  differ- 
enl  religiinis  orders  are  nl\  letl  reverend.  Brande. 

REV'ER  ENT,  a.    Expressing  reverence,  veneration. 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WH^'I'.  —  IMKTE,  PRfiV.  — I'lNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK. 


960 


REV 


REV 


REV 


or  subniissioii ;  as,  reeerent  words  or  terms  ;  n  rever- 
ent posture  in  prayer  ;  reverent  beliMvior. 

3.  Submissive  ;  humble ;  iuipresscii  witli  rever- 
ence. 

Tlicy  proslnttc  rdl  lh<rurc  liitit  retttrtnl.  Sifilton. 

REV-ER-EM'TIAL,  a.  [fmm  rei^erence.]  ProceodinR 
from  rovureiice,  or  expressiiif;  it ;  as,  reverential  fear 
or  awe ;  reocrential  gratitude  or  esteem. 

Religion  —  consbliiig  in  bl  reoerertiiat  esteem  of  things  Ktcrcd. 

REV-ER-EN'TIAL-LY,  ado.  Willi  reverence,  or 
show  of  reverence.  Brown, 

REV'ER-EiNT-LY,  adv.  VVitli  reverence;  with  re- 
spectful regard. 

Cliiile  blm  for  faulb,  and  do  it  rtvtrtntly.  Shak. 

2.  With  veneration  ;  with  fear  of  what  is  great  or 
terrifying. 

So  reverently  men  quit  the  open  air, 

Wliea  tliiniikT  npeiika  the  angry  gods  abroitd.  Dryden. 

RE-Vf.R'ER,  71.    One  who  reveres  or  venerates. 
REV'ER-IE,  )  ;i.    [Fr.  r^cfrif,  from  r^tw,  to  dream, 
KEV'ER-Y,  i     to  rave,  to  be  light-headed.   In  present 
usage,  this  word  is  more  fretpiently  written  Rev- 
erie.] 

1.  Prnperhj,  a  raving  or  delirium  ;  but  its  sense,  as 
generally  used,  is  a  loose  or  irregular  tniin  of  llioughts, 
occurring  in  musing  or  meditation  ;  wild,  extrava- 
gant conceit  of  the  fancy  or  imagination.  There  are 
reveries  and  extravagancies  which  pass  through  the 
minds  of  wise  men,  as  well  as  fools.  Mdison. 

2.  A  chimera;  a  vision. 

3.  In  medicine,  voluntary  inftctivity  of  the  whole 
or  the  greater  part  of  the  external  senses  to  the  im- 
pressions of  surrounding  objects,  during  wakeful- 
ness^ Good. 

RE-VuR'ING,  ppr.  Regarding  with  fear  mixed  with 
respect  and  allcction  ;  venerating. 

RE-VERS'AL,  a.  [See  Reverse.]  Intended  to  re- 
verse :  implying  reverse.  Burnet. 

RE- VERS'AL,  ji.  [fmm  rererse.]  A  change  or  over- 
throwing; as,  the  rrrrrsnl  of  a  jiidgnii-nt,  which 
amounts  to  nn  official  declaration  tliat  it  is  false.  So 
we  speak  of  the  reversal  of  an  attainder,  or  of  an 
outlawry,  by  wliicli  the  sentence  is  rendered  void. 

Blackstone. 

RE-VERSE',  (re-vers',)  v.  t.  [L.  reversiis,  reverlo ;  re 
and  rfrto,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  U[)side  down  ;  as,  to  reverse  a  pyramid 
or  cone.  Temple. 

2.  To  overturn  ;  to  subvert ;  as,  to  reverse  the  state. 

Pope. 

3.  To  turnback  ;  ns,  with  swift  wheels  reverse. 

Jltlton. 

4.  To  turn  to  the  contrary ;  as,  to  reverse  the 
scene. 

Or  atTcctattona  quite  reverse  Uic  sool.  Pope, 

5.  To  put  e.ich  in  the  place  of  the  ottier ;  as,  tore- 
vcrse  the  distinctions  of  good  and  evil.  Rogers, 

6.  In  /aio,  to  overthrow  by  a  contrary  decision  ;  to 
make  void  ;  to  annul  ;  as,  to  reverse  a  judgment, 
sentence,  or  decree.  Judgments  are  reversed  by 
writs  of  error ;  anil  for  certain  causes,  may  be  re- 
verseet  without  such  writs. 

7.  To  recall.    [jVot  in  "^e.]  Spenser, 
RE-VERSE',  (re-vers',)  c.  i.    To  return.  [J\ o(  i;i  ksc] 

Spetiser. 

RE-VERSE',  (re-vers',)  n.  Change;  vicissitude  ;  n 
turn  of  affairs  ;  in  a  good  sense. 


By  a  »tnAn*p  reverse  of  things,  Justin 
ngo»  wiu  neglecte\l,  now  oltUiiiM. 


I  law,  which  for  many 
Dalier. 


2.  Change  for  the  worse  :  misfortune.  Ry  an  un- 
expected reverse  of  circumstances,  an  affluent  man 
Is  reduced  to  poverty. 

3.  A  contrary  ;  an  opposite. 

The  performances  to  which  Go<l  h.is  annexed  the  promises  of 
ek-niily,  are  jtut  tlie  reverse  of  alt  the  pursuiu  of  »'iise. 

Rogers, 

4.  [Fr.  rccers.]  The  back  side  ;  as,  tlic  reverse  of  a 
drum  ;  thercrer.-.r('f  a  niedal  orcoin,  i.e., the  side  oi>- 
posite  to  that  on  wliicli  Ihelicad  or  principal  figure  is 
impressed.  Brande, 

RE- VERSE',  a.  Turned  backward  ;  having  a  con- 
trary or  opposite  direction  ;  as,  the  reverse  order  or 
method. 

RE-VERS'JvD,  (re-verst',)  pp,  or  a.  Turned  side  for 
side,  or  end  for  end  ;  changed  to  the  contrary. 

2.  In  line,  overthrown  or  annulled. 

3.  a.  In  botanij,  resupiuate ;  having  the  upper  lip 
larger  and  more  expanded  than  the  lower  ;  as,  a  re- 
versed corol.  BijTclow, 

4.  In  conehoIooTi,  a  reversed  shell  is  one  whose  vo- 
lutions are  the  reverse  way  of  Ilie  common  cork- 
screw. Humble, 

RE-VEUS'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  reversed  manner. 

South, 

RE-VERSF,'LESS,  (re-vers'lcss,)  a.  Not  to  be  re- 
versed ;  irreversible.  Snrnril, 

RE-VERSE'LY,  (re-vers'ly,)  ode.  On  the  other  hand  ; 
on  the  op|)ositc.  Pearson, 

RE-VERS'I-BI,E,  a.  That  may  be  reversed  ;  as.are- 
versMe  judgment  or  sentence. 


RE-VERS'ING,  ppr.  Turning  upside  down  ;  subvert- 
ing ;  turning  the  ctmtrary  way  ;  auniilluig. 

RE-VER'SlOiN,  (-vcr'shun,)  n,  [l"r.,  from  L.  rever- 
sio.] 

I.  In  a  trcnrral  sense,  ;i  retnrning;  nppropriatrUi, 
in  lute,  the  returning  of  an  estate  to  tlie  grantor  or  his 
heirs,  after  a  particular  estate  is  ended.    Ili  iicc, 

9.  The  residue  of  an  estate  left  in  tlie  grantor,  to 
commence  in  possession  after  the  detcrniinrition  of 
the  particular  estate  granted.  Thus,  when  tln  re  is  a 
gift  in  tail,  the  reversion  of  the  fee  is,  without  any 
special  reservation,  vested  in  the  donor  liy  act  of 
law.  Blaeksliine, 

3.  In  annuities,  a  payment  which  is  not  to  In;  re- 
ceived, or  a  benefit  wliicli  does  not  begin,  until  the 
liappening  of  some  event,  as  the  death  of  a  ju  rson 
now  living.  .  Brande. 

4.  Succession ;  right  to  future  possession  or  enjoy- 
ment. 

5.  In  alirebra,  reversion  of  series  is  the  method  of 
expressing  the  value  of  an  unknown  quantity  which 
is  involved  in  an  iiilinite  series  of  terms,  by  means 
of  another  series  of  terms  involving  the  powers  of 
the  (piantity  to  which  the  proposed  scries  is  etpial. 

Hrantlc, 

RE-VER'SION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  rcversitm, 
that  is,  to  be  enjoyeil  in  succession,  or  after  the  de- 
termination of  a  particular  estate ;  as,  a  reversionary 
interest  or  right. 

RE-VER'SION-ER,  v.  The  person  who  lias  a  rever- 
sion, or  who  is  entitled  to  lauds  or  tcncmciits,  after 
a  particular  estate  granted  is  determineil.  Blaekstone. 

RE- VERT',  t".  t.         reverlo  ;  re  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  back  ;  to  turn  to  Uie  contrary;  to  re- 
verse. 

Till  happy  chance  revert  the  cruel  scene.  Prior. 
[Instead  of  revert,  in  this  sense,  Reverse  is  gen- 
erally used.] 

2.  To  drive  or  turn  back ;  to  reverberate ;  as,  a 
stream  reverted.  Thomson. 

RE-VERT',  V.  i.    To  return  ;  to  fall  back. 

2.  In  Inw,  to  return  to  the  proprietor,  after  the  de- 
termination of  a  particular  estate.  A  feud  granted 
to  a  man  for  life,  or  to  him  and  his  issue  male,  on  his 
death  or  failure  of  issue  male,  reverted  to  the  lord  or 
projjrietor. 

RE-VERT',  II.    In  mitsii:,  return ;  recurrence. 

Peacliam. 

RE-VERT'ED,  pp.    Reversed  ;  turned  back. 

RE-VERT'E.\T,  n.  A  medicine  which  restores  the 
natural  order  of  the  inverted  irritative  motions  in  the 
animal  system.  Darwin. 

RE-VERT'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  revert  or  return. 

RE-VEKT'INf},  7>/,r.    Turning  back  ;  returning. 

RE-VEIIT'IVE,  a.    Changing ;  reversing.  Thomson. 

RE-VERT'I VE-LY,  adn.    Ity  way  of  reversion. 

REV'ER-V,  71.    See  Reverie. 

RE-VEST',  r.  t.  [Fr.  revltir ;  Low  L.  revestio ;  re  anil 
vestio,  to  clothe.] 

1.  'J'o  clothe  again.  Tfotton. 

2.  To  reinvest;  to  vest  again  with  possession  or 
oHicc  ;  as,  to  revest  a  magistrate  with  authority. 

3.  To  Lay  out  in  .something  less  fleeting  than  mon- 
ey ;  as,  to  revest  money  in  stocks. 

Rk-VEST',  t'.  i.  To  take  eflect  again,  as  a  title  ;  to 
return  to  a  former  owner  ;  as,  the  title  or  right  re- 
vests in  A,  after  alienation. 

Rk-VEST'ED,  pp.    Clothed  again  :  invested  anew. 

RE-VEST'I-A-KY,  71.  [Fr.  revestiaire,  from  L.  re- 
vestio.] 

The  place  or  apartment  in  a  cliurch  or  temple 
where  thJ  dresses  are  deposited;  now  contracted 
into  Vr.sTRv.  Camden. 
Rk-VEST'ING,   |7;»r.     Clotliing  again ;  investing 
ani-w. 

RE-VET'ME.\T,  n.    [Fr.  revetment,  the  lining  of  a 

ditch,  from  revHir,  supra.] 

In  fortification,  a  strong  wall  on  the  outside  of  a 

rampart,  intrndi  d  to  siip|>ort  the  earth. 
RE-VI'liRATE,  r.  i.    [re  and  vibrate.]    To  vibrate 

back  or  in  return. 
RE-Vr-I!R.\'T10.\,  n.    The  act  of  vibrating  back. 
RE-Vie'TIO.\,  71.    [L.  re  and  vivo,  tictum,  to  live.] 
Return  to  life.    [.Vof  tised,]  Brown, 
Ri?-VICT'UAL,  (re-vil'l,)  v,  t,    [rc  and  viaual,]  To 

furnish  again  with  provisions.  Raleirh, 
Ric-VICT'LTAL-iU,  ^rc-vit'ld,)  pp.    Furnished  "with 

victuals  again. 
RE-VICT'UAL-l.NG,  (re-vit'l-ing,)  ppr.  Supplying 

again  with  provisions. 
RE-VIE',  V,  t,    [re  and  vie,]    To  accede  to  the  pro- 
posal of  a  stake  and  to  overtop  it ;  an  old  phrase  at 

cards,    [  Obs,]  B,  Jonson. 

RE-VIE',  r.  I.    To  return  the  challenge  of  a  wager  at 

cards ;  to  make  a  retort.    [  Obs.] 

Trial  of  the  Seven  Bishops. 
RE-VIEW,  (re-vu',)  v,  t,    [re  and  ciew ;  or  Fr.  revoir, 

revu,] 

1.  I'o  look  back  on.  Denham. 

2.  To  see  again. 

I  shall  revitw  Sici:l.i.  ShaJk. 

3.  To  view  ftnd  examine  again  ;  to  reconsider  ;  to 
revise ;  as,  to  review  a  manuscript.    It  is  said  that 


Virgil  was  prevented  by  death  from  revieainir  the 
Eneid. 

4.  To  retrace. 

Sliall  1  the  loll];,  latxirious  scene  review  7  Pops. 

5.  To  survey ;  to  inspect ;  to  examine  the  stale  of 
any  thing,  particularly  of  troops  ;  as,  to  review  a  regi- 
ment. 

Ri;-VIEVV',  (re-vu',)  71.  [Fr.  rmue,  from  recoir  ,-  re 
and  voir,  from  L.  video,  to  see.] 

1.  A  second  or  repeated  view;  a  reexamination; 
resurvey  ;  as,  a  review  of  the  works  of  nature ;  a  re- 
view of  life. 

2.  Revision  ;  a  second  examination  with  a  view  to 
amendment  or  improvement ;  as,  an  author's  reriew 
of  his  works. 

3.  In  mUitanj  affairs,  nn  examination  or  inspection 
of  troops  under  arms,  by  a  general  or  commander, 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  state  of  their  dis- 
cijiliiie,  eqiii|)ments,  &c. 

4.  In  literature,  a  critical  examination  of  a  new 
publication,  with  remarks. 

5.  A  periodical  pamphlet  containing  examinations 
or  analyses  of  new  publications;  as,  the  Critical 
Recieio. 

Commissim  of  review ;  a  commission  granted  by 
the  British  king  to  revise  the  sentence  of  the  court 
of  delegates.  Kneve, 

RE-\  lEW'KD,  (re-vude',)  pp.  Resurveyed  ;  rc(:.\am- 
ined  ;  inspected  ;  critically  analyzed. 

RE-VIhVV'ER,  71.  One  that  reviews  or  reexamines  ; 
an  inspector;  one  that  critically  examines  a  new 
publication,  and  publishes  his  opinion  upon  its  mer- 
its. 

RE-VIEWINR,  ppr.  Looking  hack  on  ;  seeing 
again;  revising;  reiixamining ;  inspecting,  as  an 
army;  critically  examining  and  remarking  on. 

RE-VIG'OR-ATE,  v,  t.  [re  and  vigor,]  To  give  new. 
vigor  to.    [JVot  in  use,] 

RE-ViI,E',  r.  f.  [re  and  vile.  Rivilant  is  found  in 
the  Norman.) 

To  reproach  ;  to  treat  with  opprobrious  and  con- 
temptuous language. 

She  revilelh  liim  to  his  face.  S-jiJl. 

Thon  shall  not  revile  the  go^ls.  —  Ki.  xxii. 

Bless/'d  are  >c  when  men  shall  revile  you.  —  Matt.  v. 

RE- VILE',  71.  Reproach;  contumely;  contemptuous 
language.    [^Tnl  in  iu<e.]  .MUtxin. 

RE-VIL'£Ii,  pp.  Reproached ;  treated  with  oppro- 
brious or  contemptuous  language. 

RE-VILE'.MENT,  71.  Reproach  ;  contemptuous  lan- 
guage. Jilore. 

RE-VlL'ER,  71.  One  who  reviles  another;  one  who 
treats  another  with  contemptuous  language. 

RE-VIL'INO,  ppr.  Reproaching;  treating  with  lan- 
guage of  contempt. 

RE-VIL'I.VG,  71.  The  act  of  reviling  or  treating  with 
reproachful  wortls.    Is.  li. 

RE-VIL'ING-LY,  adv.  With  reproachful  or  contempt- 
uous language  ;  with  opprobrium. 

Rr:-VIi\'l)I-e.\TE,  p.  t.  To  vindicate  again;  to  re- 
claim ;  to  demand  and  take  back  what  has  been  lost. 

Mitford. 

Rl'c-VIN'DI-eA-TED,  pp.  Vindicated  again;  re- 
claimed. 

Rl"!-VIN'ni-e.A-TI\G,  ppr.  Reclaiming. 

KE-VlS'AL,  71.  [from  revise.]  Revision;  the  act  of 
reviewing  and  reexamining  for  correction  and  im- 
provement ;  as,  the  revisal  of  a  manuscript ;  the  re- 
visal  of  a  proof-sheet. 

RE- VISE',  V.  t.  [L.  revisits,  rcviso,  to  revisit;  re  and 
visa,  to  see,  to  visit.] 

1.  To  review  ;  to  reexamine  ;  to  look  over  with  care 
for  correction  ;  as,  to  revise  a  writing ;  to  rcctse  a 
proof-sheet.  Pope. 

2.  To  review,  alter,  and  amend  ;  as,  to  revise  stat- 
utes. 

RE-VISE',  71.  Review  ;  reexamination.  Boyle. 
2.  .Among  printers,  a  second  proof-sheet;  a  prtiof- 

slieel  taken  after  the  first  correction. 
RE-VtS'^:t),  pp.  or  o.    Reviewed;  reexamined  for 

correction. 

RE-VIS'ER,  71.  One  that  revises  or  reexamines  for 
correction. 

RE-VlS'I.\G,  ppr.  Reviewing;  reexamining  for  cor- 
rection. 

RE-VI"SIO.V,  (re-vizh'un,)  71.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  re- 
viewing ;   review ;   reexamination  for    correction  ; 
as,  the  revision  of  a  book  or  writing,  or  of  a  proof- 
sheet  ;  a  revision  of  statutes. 
2.  Enumeration  of  inhabitants.  Tooke. 

RF^VI"SIO.\-AI.,     )        D   .  , 

RE-VI"SIO.\-A-RY,  (        Pertaining  to  revision. 

RE-VIS'IT,  r.  t.     [Fr  rerisiler ;  L.  revisito;  re  and 
ri.N-i/0,  from  vL^o,  to  see  or  riji/.] 
To  visit  again. 


I>et  the  pale  sire  revisit  Thebes. 


Pope. 


RE-VIS-IT-A'TION,  71.   The  act  of  revisiting. 
RE.VIf«'IT-FJ>,  pp.    Visited  again. 
RE-VI?'IT-I.\G,  ppr.    Visiting  again. 
RE-VI'SO-RY,  a.    That  reviews;  having  power  to 

revise.  ,  Jtidj^r  Story 

RE-Vl'VAL,  71.    [from  rcrire.]    Return,  recall,  or  re- 


TOXE,  BULL,  T;N1TE.-A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


REV 

covery  to  life  from  death,  or  apparent  death  ;  as,  the 
revival  of  a  drou'iicd  person. 

2.  Ucturn  or  recall  to  activity,  from  a  state  of  lan- 
guor; as,  the  revival  of  spirits. 

3.  Recall,  return,  or  recovery  from  a  state  of  neg- 
lect, oblivion,  obscurity,  or  depression  ;  as,  the  re- 
vival of  letters  or  learning. 

4.  Renewed  and  more  active  attention  to  re- 
ligion ;  an  awakening  of  men  to  their  spiritual 
concerns. 

RE-VI'VAL-IST,  71.  A  minister  of  the  gospel  who 
promotes  revivals  of  religion.    Rccd  and  J\Iatkeson. 

RE- VIVE',  V.  L  f  Fr.  revivre ;  L.  revioisco ;  re  and 
vivo,  to  live  ] 

1.  To  return  to  life  ;  to  recover  life. 

The  soul  of  the  child  cams  into  him  again,  auj  he  Tcvived.  —  1 
Kiiij^  xvii.    Rom.  xiv. 

2.  To  recover  new  life  or  vigor;  to  be  reanimated 
after  depression. 

When  lie  saw  tlie  wagons  which  Joseph  had  sent  tn  carry  hini, 
llie  spirit  I  f  Jacob  tlieir  father  reviued.  —  Gen.  xiv. 

3.  To  recover  from  a  state  of  neglect,  oblivion,  ob- 
scurity, or  depression.  Leartiing  revived  in  Europe 
after  the  middle  ages. 

4.  In  ckemistry,  to  recover  its  natural  state,  as  a 
metal. 

Sin  revives,  when  the  conscience  is  awakened  by  a 
conviction  of  guilt.    Rom.  vii. 
RE-Vl  VE',  v.  L    To  bring  again  to  life ;  to  reanimate. 

Millon. 

2.  To  raise  from  languor,  depression,  or  discour- 
agement ;  to  rouse  ;  as,  to  revive  the  spirits  or  cour- 
age. 

3.  To  renew  ;  to  bring  into  action  after  a  suspen- 
sion ;  as,  to  revive  a  project  or  scheme  that  had  been 
laid  aside. 

4.  To  renew  in  the  mind  or  memory ;  to  recall. 

The  mind  has  the  power,  in  many  cjises,  to  revive  ideas  or  percep- 
tions which  it  has  once  had,  Locke. 

I  5.  To  recover  from  a  state  of  neglect  or  depres- 
'      sion  ;  as,  to  revive  letters  or  learninf:. 

C.  To  recomfort ;  to  quicken  ;  to  refresh  with  joy 
or  hope. 

Wilt  thou  not  revive  us  again  ?  —  Ps.  Ixxxv. 

7.  To  bring  again  into  notice. 

Revive  the  libels  born  to  die.  Swift. 

8.  In  chcinistry,  to  restore  or  reduce  to  its  natural 
state,  or  to  its  metallic  state ;  as,  to  revive  a  metal 
after  calcination. 

RE-VIV'£D,  ]jp.  Brought  to  life;  reanimated;  re- 
newed; recovered ;  quickened  ;  cheered;  reduced 
to  a  metallic  state. 

RE-VlV'ER,  11.  Tliat  which  revives  ;  that  which  in- 
vigorates or  refreshes;  one  that  redeems  from  neg- 
lect or  depression. 

RE-VIV'I-FI-CaTE,  J). «.  [Fr.  revivijier ;  L.  rc  and 
vivifco  ;  vivus,  alive,  and  facia,  to  make.] 

To  revive;  to  recall  or  restore  to  life.  [Little 
iised.] 

RE-Vl  V-I-Fi  eA'TION,  n.  Renewal  of  life ;  res- 
toration of  life  ;  or  the  act  of  recalling  to  life. 

Spectator. 

2.  In  chemistry,  the  reduction  of  a  metal  from  a 
state  of  ct)nil)iTiatinn  to  its  metallic  state. 
RE-VlV'r-FI-£l),  pp.    Recalled  to  life  ;  reanimated. 
RE-VIV'I-F?,  II.  t.    [Fr.  rcvivijier.] 

1.  To  recall  to  life  ;  to  reanimate.  Stachhouse. 

2.  To  give  new  life  or  vigor  to. 

RE-VIV'I-FY-ING,  ppr.   Giving  new  life  or  vigor  to. 

RE  VIVING,  ppr.  or  a.  Bringing  to  life  again  ;  rean- 
imating ;  renewing;  recalling  to  the  memory;  re- 
covering from  neglect  or  depression  :  refreshing  with 
joy  or  hope  ;  reducmg  to  a  metallic  state. 

RE-VIV'Ii\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  reviviug  manner. 

Colcridrre. 

REV-I-VIS'CENCE,  j  n.  Renewal  of  life  ;  return  to 
REV-I-VIS'GEN-CY,  j     life.  Burnet. 
REV-I-VIS'CENT,  a.    Reviving  ;  regaining  or  rcstor- 

ine  life  or  action.  Darwin. 
RE-VI'VOR,  n.    In  Jaw,  the  reviving  of  a  suit  which 

is  abated  by  the  death  of  any  of  the  parties.  This 

is  done  by  a  hill  of  revivor.  Blackstonc. 
REVO-CA  BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  revocubilis.  See 

Revoke.] 

That  may  be  recalled  or  revoked  ;  that  may  be  re- 
pealed or  annulled  ;  as,  a  revocable  edict  or  grant. 
RE  VO-eA-BI-E-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  rev- 
ocable. 

REVO-CA-BLY,  adv.    In  a  revocable  manner. 
REVO-CATE,  v.  t.    [L.  rcvoco ;  rc  and  voco,  to  call.] 
To  recall ;  to  call  back.    [JVut  in  use.]    [See  Re- 
voke.] 

REV-O  CA'TION,  v.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rmoeatio.] 

1.  'I'Jie  art  of  recalling  or  calling  back  ;  as,  the  rev- 
ocation of  (/'alvin.  Jlooker. 
a.  .State  of  being  recalled.  Jrowell. 
X  Repeal ;  rcvcrnal  ;  ax,  the  rcvociilion  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes.    A  law  may  cease  to  ii|«T.'ite  without  an 
exprc'Hn  revocation.    Ho  we  npeak  of  the  revocation  of 
n  will,  of  a  nne,  of  a  devise,  &.r. 
REVO-CA-TO-RV,  a.    Revoking;  recalling. 
Rii' VOICE',  V.  L    To  refurnish  with  a  voice  ;  to  refit 


REV 

an  organ-pipe,  so  as  to  restore  its  proper  quality  of 
tone. 

Rk'VOIC'ED,  (-voist',)  pp.  Refurnished  with  a  voice. 
RE-VOKE',  V.  f.  [Fr.  rcvoqiter;  h.  revoco  ;  re  and  voco, 
to  call.] 

1.  To  recall ;  to  repeal ;  to  reverse.  A  law,  decree, 
or  sentence  is  revoked  by  the  same  authority  which 
enacted  or  passed  it.  A  charter  or  grant  which  vests 
rights  in  a  corporation  can  not  be  legally  revoked 
without  the  consent  uf  the  corporation.  A  devise 
may  be  revoked  by  the  devisor,  a  use  by  the  grantor, 
and  a  will  by  the  testator. 

2.  To  check ;  to  repress ;  as,  to  revoke  rage.  [JVo« 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

3.  To  draw  back. 

Seas  ar?  troubled  when  they  do  revoke 
Th -ir  llinving  waves  into  ihenisclves  again.  Vavies. 
[Unusitat.] 

RE-VoKE',  v.  i.  In  card-playino-,  to  violate  the  laws 
of  the  game  by  not  playing  the  cards  according  to 
the  estalilished  sequence.  Hoyle. 

RE-VoKE',  n.  In  card-playing,  a  vioLition  of  rule  by 
not  playing  the  cards  according  to  the  established  se- 
quence of  the  game.  Hoylc. 

RE-VoK'7oD,  (re-vokt',)  pp.    Repealed  ;  reversed. 

RE-VoKE'MENT,  n.  Revocation ;  reversal.  [Litde 
used.  ]  Sliak. 

RE-VoK'ING,  ppr.    Reversing;  repealing. 

KE-VoK'ING-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  revocation. 

RE-VOLT',  V.  i.  [Fr.  rcvolter  ;  It.  rivottare;  ri  and 
voltare,  to  turn  ;  from  L.  revolve  ;  re  and  Volvo,  to 
turn.  Eng.  wallow,'] 

1.  To  fall  off  or  turn  from  one  to  another.  S/ia/c. 

2.  To  renounce  allegiance  and  subjection  to  one's 
prince  or  state  ;  to  reject  the  authority  of  a  sovereign  ; 
as  a  province  or  a  number  of  people.  /(  is  not  ap- 
plied to  individuals. 

Tlic  Edomites  revolted  from  under  tlie  hand  of  Judah, — 2 
Chron,  xxi. 

3.  To  change.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  disclaim  allegiance  and  subjec- 
tion to  God  ;  to  reject  the  government  of  the  King  of 
kings.    Is.  x.xxi. 

RE-VOLT',  V.  t.  To  turn  ;  to  put  to  flight ;  to  over- 
turn. Burke. 

2.  To  shock  ;  to  do  violence  to;  to  cause  to  shrink 
or  turn  away  with  abhorrence ;  as,  to  revolt  the  mind 
or  the  feelings. 

Their  honest  pride  of  Uieir  purer  religion  had  revolted  the 
Babylonians.  Mttfard. 

RE-VOLT',  n.  Desertion  ;  change  of  sides ;  more  cor- 
rectly, a  renunciation  of  allegiance  and  subjection  to 
one's  prince  or  government;  as,  the  revolt  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  Roman  empire. 

2.  Gross  departure  from  duty.  Shak. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  rejection  of  divine  government; 
departure  from  God  ;  disobedience.    Is.  \\\. 

4.  A  revolter.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 
RE-VOLT'ED,  pp.  ox  a.    Having  swerved  from  alle- 
giance or  duty.  Jiltlton. 

2.  S^hocked  ;  grossly  oflended. 
RE-VOI/r'ER,  71.    One  who  changes  sides ;  a  de- 
serter, .^ttcrbury. 

2.  One  who  renounces  allegiance  and  subjection  to 
his  prince  or  state. 

3.  In  Scripture,  one  who  renounces  the  authority 
and  laws  of  God.    Jcr.  vi.   Hos.  \\. 

RE-VOLT'ING,  ppr.    Changing  sides  ;  deserting. 

2.  Disclaiming  allegiance  ami  subjection  to  a  prince 
or  state. 

3.  Rejecting  the  authority  of  God. 

4.  a.  Doing  violence,  as  to  the  feelings  ;  exciting 
al)horr''nre. 

Iti;  vol. 1' I \G  T,Y,  (!(/(>.    Om-nsivcly;  abhorrently. 

Ki:\  'i  M.n  iiLE,  a.    That  may  revolve. 

REVO-LUTE,  <i.   [L.  rerolutus,  from  revolvo.] 

In /iii'diiy  and  :oi)7u»-;/,  rolled  back  or  downward  ; 
as,  rrrulate  foliation  or  leafing,  when  the  sides  of  the 
leaves  in  the  bud  are  rolled  spirally  back  or  toward 
the  lower  surface  ;  a  rcvolute  leaf  or  tendril  ;  a  revo- 
hile  corol  or  valve.  MarUjn.    Lee.  Brandc. 

REV-O-Lu'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  revolutus,  re- 
volvo.] 

1.  In  physics,  rotation;  the  circular  motion  of  a 
body  on  its  axis  ;  a  course  or  motion  which  brings 
every  point  of  the  surface  or  periiihery  of  a  body 
back  to  the  pl.ace  at  which  it  began  to  move  ;  as,  the 
revolution  of  a  wheel ;  the  diurnal  revolution  of  the 
earth. 

2.  The  motion  of  a  body  round  any  fixed  point  or 
center  ;  as,  the  annual  revolution  of  the  earth  or  other 
planet  in  its  orbit  round  the  center  of  the  system. 

3.  In  ircometry,  the  motion  of  a  magnitude  (as  a 
point,  lino,  or  surface)  about  a  point  or  line  as  its 
center  or  axis.  .1.  U.  Stanley. 

4.  Motion  of  any  thing  which  brings  it  back  to 
the  same  point  or  state  ;  as,  the  revolution  of  day  and 
night,  or  of  the  seasons. 

5.  (-'ontiiiued  course  marked  by  the  regular  return 
of  years  ;  as,  the  revolution  of  ages. 

6.  Space  measured  by  some  regular  return  of  a  re- 
volving body,  or  of  a  statu  of  tilings ;  as,  the  revolu- 
tion of  a  day.  Drydcn. 


REW 

7.  In  politics,  a  material  or  entire  cluinge  in  the 
constitnlion  of  government.  Thus  the  reM/«(ion  in 
England,  in  1688,  was  produced  by  the  abdication  of 
King  James  II.,  the  establishment  of  the  house  of 
Orange  upon  the  throne,  and  the  restoration  of  the 
constittition  to  its  primitive  state.  The  revolution  in 
the  United  States  of  America,  which  began  in  1775, 
effected  the  separation  of  the  colonies  from  Great 
Britain.  The  revolution  in  France  is,  distinctively, 
that  which  began  in  1789,  and  which  caused  the  de- 
thronement and  death  of  Louis  XVI.  The  revolution 
of  the  three  days,  in  France,  in  1830,  was  that  which 
placed  the  family  of  Orleans  on  the  throne. 

8.  Motion  backward.  Milton. 
This  word  is  used  adjectivcly,  as  in  the  phrase  rev- 
olution principles.  .Addison,  Smollett. 

REV-O-LC'TION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  revolu- 
tion in  government ;  as,  a  revolutionary  war;  revolu- 
tionary crimes  or  disasters.  Burke. 

2.  Tending  to  produce  a  revolution  ;  as,  revolution- 
ary measures, 

REV-O-LU'TION-ER,  re.  One  who  is  engaged  in  ef- 
fecting a  revolution  ;  a  revolutionist,  Bamsay. 

2,  In  England,  one  who  favored  the  revolution  in 
1(;88.  SmolleU. 
REV-0-Ll5'TI0N-ISiM,  n.   State  of  revolutions. 
REV-O-LU'TION-IST,  7i.    One  engaged  in  effecting 
a  change  of  government ;  the  favorer  of  a  revolution. 

Burke.    S.  S.  Smith. 
REV-O-Lu'TION-IZE,  v.  t.   To  effect  a  change  in 
the  form  of  a  political  constitution  ;  as,  to  revolution- 
ize a  government.  Ames. 
2.  To  effect  an  entire  change  of  principles  in. 

The  gospel,  if  received  in  truth,  has  revolutionized  his  soul. 

J.  M,  Mason. 

REV-O-Lu'TION-lZ  ED,  pp.  Changed  in  constitu- 
tional form  and  principles. 

REV-0-LO'TIOi\-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Changing  the  form 
and  principles  of  a  constitution. 

RE-VOLVE',  (re-volv',)  v.  i.  [L.  revolvo;  re  and 
Volvo ;  Russ.  valyu,  to  roll.] 

1.  To  turn  or  roll  round  ;  as,  the  earth  revolves  on 
its  a.tis, 

2,  To  move  round  a  center;  as,  the  planets  revolve 
round  the  sun, 

RE-VOLVE',  V.  t.  To  turn  over  and  over  ;  as,  to  re- 
volve thoughts  in  the  mind. 

RE-VOLV'SD,  pp.  Turned  over  and  over ;  seriously 
considered. 

RE-VOLVEN-CY,  n.  State,  act,  or  principle  of  re- 
volving ;  revolution. 

Its  own  revolvency  upholds  the  world.  Cowper. 

RE-VOLV'ING, p;>r.  ora.  Turning;  rolling;  moving 
_round. 

Re-VO.M'IT,  v.  t.    [re  and  vomit ;  Fr.  rcvomir.] 

To  vomit  or  pour  forth  again ;  to  reject  from  the 

stomach.  Hukcicill. 
Rk-VO.M'IT-ED,  pp.    Vomited  again, 
Ric-VOM'IT-ING,  ppr.    Vomiting  again, 
RE-VUL'SION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  h.  revulsus,  revcllo  ;  re 

and  vello,  to  pull.] 

1,  In  medicine,  the  act  of  turning  or  diverting  any 
disease  from  one  part  of  the  body  to  another. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  act  of  holding  or  drawing  back.  Brown. 
RE-VUL'SIVE,  tt.    Having  the  power  of  revulsion. 
RE-VUL'SIVE,  n.    That  which  has  the  power  of  di- 
verting disease  from  one  part  to  anotlirr. 

2.  7'hat  which  has  the  power  of  withdrawing. 

Fell. 

REW,  (rii,)  n.    A  row.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

RE-\VAR1)',  V.  t.  [Norm,  retrardcr,  to  alltiw  ;  regar- 
des,  fees,  allowances,  perquisites,  rewards  ;  rcgardei, 
awardetl.  In  these  words  there  appears  to  be  an  al- 
liance with  regard.  But  in  the  Fr.  and  Norm,  guer- 
don, <i  reward,  and  guerdonncr,  to  reward,  this  alli- 
ance does  not  appear.  So  the  Italian  guiderdonare, 
to  reward,  is  evidently  a  compound  of  the  \j.  dono 
with  another  word,  and  apparently  with  the  Sax. 
wither,  G.  wider  and  wicder,  D.  weder,  answering  to 
L.  re,  denoting  return.  The  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
have  the  Latin  word  with  a  different  prefix  ;  Sp.  ga- 
lardon,  ii  jeward  ;  galardonar,  to  reward  ;  Port,  galar- 
dam,  galadoar.  The  Armoric  has  garredon,  garredo- 
ncr.  Reward  appeiirs  to  be  from  the  Norman.] 
To  give  in  return,  either  good  or  evil. 
Thou  hast  reicarfUd  me  good,  whercoi  I  have  reteorded  tliec 
evil.  —  1  Sam,  xxiv. 

Hence,  when  good  is  returned  for  good,  reward  sig- 
nifies to  repay,  to  recompense,  to  coinpensatf.  When 
evil  or  suffering  is  returned  for  injury  oi  wickedness, 
reward  signilios  to  punish  with  just  retribution,  to 
take  vengeance  on,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
casi\ 

I  will  irnd'T  vcngeanco  to  my  enemies,  and  will  retvard  tlicin 

that  liiite  me.  —  Deut.  xxxii. 
The  Son  I'f  man  will  come  in  the  (rlory  pf  his  Father,  with  his 

iiii)'<-U,  and  then  he  will  rsiAira  every  man  nccottiin|f  to  his 

wiit«.  —  MaU.  ivl. 

In  the  latter  pa.ssagc,  rctcard  signifies  to  render 
bolh  good  and  evil. 
RE-WAltl)',  71.    Recompense,  or  equivalent  return  for 
good  done,  for  kinilness,  for  services,  and  the  like. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


052 


RHE 

Rewards  may  consist  of  iiionuy,  goods,  or  any  return 
of  kindness  or  Impjiincss. 

The  labouT  is  worthy  of  his  reward.  —  1  Tim.  v. 
Grent  is  yovir  reiffard  in  hcuvcii.  —  Mall.  v. 
Rewards  and  piinislimcnta  presuppose  moral  agen- 
cy, and  something  voluntarily  done,  well  or  ill ;  witli- 
out  wliicli  respect,  though  w  e  may  receive  good,  it 
is  only  a  benefit,  and  not  a  reward. 
Q.  The  fruit  of  men's  labor  or  works. 

The  lU'ad  Iinow  not  any  thing,  ncilher  have  they  any  more  a  rc- 
tuard.  —  Ecclcs.  ix. 

3.  A  bribe  ;  a  gift  to  pervert  justice.  Deut.  x.xvii. 

4.  A  sum  of  money  offered  for  taking  or  delecting 
a  criminal,  or  for  recover)'  of  any  thing  lost. 

5.  Punishment;  a  just  return  of  evil  or  suffering 
for  wickedness. 

Only  with  thine  eyes  slialt  Uiou  behold  and  see  the  reward  of  the 
wiclieii.  — Ps.  xci. 

6.  Return  in  human  applause.   Matt.  vi. 

7.  Return  in  joy  and  comfort.    Ps.  six. 

RE  WARD' A-KLE,  a.  That  may  be  rewarded  ;  worthy 
of  recompense.  /looker.  Taulor. 

R10-WARI)'A-IU.K-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
worliiy  of  reward.  Ouodman. 

RE-W.\R1)'A-BLY,  aili'.    In  a  rewardable  manner. 

RE-\VARD'ED, ;;/).  Requited;  recompensed  or  pun- 
ished.' 

RE-\VARn'ER,  71.  One  who  rewards ;  one  that  re- 
quites or  recompenses.    Hcl>.  xi.    .^ildi.ion.  Swifl. 

RE-VVARD'ING,  ppr.  Making  an  equivalent  return 
for  good  or  evil  ;  requiting;  recompensing  or  punish- 

RE-\VaRI)'LESS,  a.    Having  no  reward.  [ing. 

Rr.-WdRU',  (rC-wurd',)  r.  t.  [re  and  ward.]  To  re- 
peat in  the  same  words.    [JVuI  in  iwc]  Shak. 

Rf.-VVRITE',  r.  t.    To  write  a  second  time. 

Rjf.-WRIT'IXG,  ppr.    Writing  again. 

Rif.-WRIT'Tf;.\,        Written  again.  Kent. 

RKX,  II.    [L.]    .\  king. 

REY'N.^RI),  (ri'nard,)  n.  An  appellation  given  to  a 
fo.v  ;  renard. 

RH.\-HAR'HA-RATE,  a.  [Pee  Rhubarb.]  Impreg- 
nated or  tinctured  with  rliubarli.  Floijcr. 

RIlA-li.iiR'B.V-RINE,  n.  [h.  rhabarbarum.  Generally 
and  more  correctly  called  Rheis,  which  see.] 

A  pro.viinato  principle  of  rhiil>:ii  b,  which  appears  to 
possess  the  properties  of  an  acid.  It  has  been  sup- 
posed to  be  the  active  principle  of  rhubarb ;  but  this 
is  not  well  settled. 

RHAn-D0L'0-6Y,  (rab-dol'o-je,)  n.  [Gr.  ^afJSof,  a 
staff  or  wand,  and  Xoyof,  discourse.] 

The  act  or  art  of^  computing  or  numbering  by 
means  of  certain  little  square  rods,  called  jYnjiier's 
rods  or  J^apier^s  bones.  JlitUon. 

RH.\H'DO-MAN-CY,  (rab'do-man-se,)  n.    [Gr.  (5u^- 
do5,  rod,  and  navrcin,  divination.] 
Divination  by  a  rod  or  wand.  Brown. 

RHA-I'OX'TI-CiX,  II.    (L.  rhapnntkum.] 

.\  proximate  principle  of  Uheum  rliaponticum ; 
perhaps  the  same  as  Rhein. 

RH.\P-S()I)'ie,  (rap-sod'ik,)  j  a.  [from  rAnpiorfw.]  Per- 

RH.\P-SOD'ie-.\L,  I     taining  to  or  consist- 

ing of  rhapsodv  ;  unconnected.    Mason.  Martin. 

RII  AP'.SO-DIST,  n.  [from  rhapsndij.]  One  that  writes 
or  spi  aks  without  regular  dei)endence  of  one  part  of 
his  discourse  on  another.  Watts. 

9.  One  who  recites  or  sings  rhapsodies  for  a  liveli- 
hood ;  or  one  who  makes  and  repeata  verses  extem- 
pore. 

3.  .incicnthj,  one  whose  profession  was  to  recite 
the  verses  of  Ilomer  and  other  poets. 
RHAP'SO-DIZE,  p.  i.  To  utter  rhapsodies.  Jrffrrson. 
RH.^'i^O-DY,  (rap'so-de.)  ii.   [Gr.  pmauiSia  ;  panrco, 
to  sew,  or  unite,  and  ojdfty  a  song.] 

Ori^inallij,  a  portion  of  an  epic  poem  fit  for  recita- 
tion at  one  lime,  as  a  book  of  Homer  was  rehearsed 
by  a  rhapsodist.  In  modern  usa*re^  confused  jumble 
of  sentences  or  stalcmenis,  without  dependence  or 
natural  connection  ;  rambling  composition. 

Locke.  fVatts. 

RHe'IX,  71.    [Jj.  rheum,  rhubarb.] 

A  proximate  princijile  of  the  offirin.al  rhubarb, 
which  appears  to  be  an  acid,  and,  as  such,  has  been 
called  rAi  ic  acid.    It  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  ac- 
tive principle  of  rhubarb,  but  this  is  doubtful. 
RHEIX'UER-RY,  (rane-,)  ii.    Buckthorn,  a  plant. 

Jolinson. 

RIIEN'IPII,  (ren'ish,)  a.  Pertainins  to  the  River  Rhine, 
or  to  Rlieims  in  France  ;  as,  R.'ienish  wine.  As  a 
7101111,  the  wine  produced  on  the  hills  about  Rheims, 
which  is  remarkable  as  a  solvent  of  iron.  Encijc. 

RHic'TI.AN,  (re'shan,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ancient 
Rliieti,  or  to  Rhietia,  their  country  ;  as,  the  Rhetian 
Alps,  now  the  country  of  Tyrol  and  the  Grisons. 

RIlE'TOR,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  prirw.o,  an  orator  or 
speaker.] 

A  rhetorician.    [Little  used."]  Hammond. 
RHET'O-Rie,  (ret'o-rik,)  n.  [Gr.  /'ijTopixr;,  from  ptoi, 
to  speak,  to  flow,  contracted  from  /Scrt.i  or  /SiOi.i,  Eng. 
to  read    The  primary  sense  is,  to  drive  or  send.  See 
ReadJ 

1.  The  science  of  oratory;  the  art  of  speaking  with 
propriety,  elegance,  and  force. 

Locke.    Dryden.  Encye. 


RHO 

2.  The  power  of  persuasion  or  attraction  ;  that 
which  allures  or  charms.    We  speak  of  the  rhetoric 
of  the  tongue,  and  the  rhetoric  of  the  heart  or  eyes. 
Sweet,  iilent  rheloric  of  persuading  eyes.  Darnel. 
RIIE-TOR'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  rhetoric;  as,  the 
rhetorical  art. 

2.  Containing  the  rules  of  rhetoric  ;  as,  a  rhetorical 
treatise. 

3.  Oratorical ;  as,  a  rhetorical  flourish.  More. 
RIIE-TOR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  rheto- 
ric ;  according  to  the  rules  of  rheloric;  as,  to  treat  a 
subject  rhetoricalhi ;  a  discourse,  rhetorically  delivered. 

RHE-TOR'ie-ATE,  v.  i.  To  play  the  orator.  [J^ut  in 
tisc.^  Decay  of  Pietv. 

RHE-TOR-ie-A'TION,  fu  Rhetorical  amplification. 
J^JVot  in  use.  ]  Waterland. 

RHET-0-RI"CIAN,  (ret-o-rish'an,)  7i.  [Fr.  rhetori- 
cic/i.] 

1.  One  who  teaches  the  art  of  rhetoric,  or  the  prin- 
ciples and  rules  of  correct  and  elegant  speaking. 

The  ancient  sophists  ami  rlieloridana,  who  had  young  auditors, 
lived  till  lliey  were  a  huiulreil  years  old.  Bacon. 

9.  One  well  versed  in  the  rules  and  principles  of 
rhetoric. 

3.  An  orator.    [Less  proper.]  JOryden. 

RIIET-0-RI"CIAN,  (-rish'-)  a.  [See  the  noun.]  Suit- 
ing a  master  of  rhetoric.    [jVo(  in  use.]  Blackmorc. 

RHET'O-RIZE,  ».  i.    To  play  the  orator.  Cotgrave. 

RllET'O-RIZE,  V.  t.  To  represent  by  a  figure  of  ora- 
tory. Milton. 

RIIET'0-RIZ-£D,  pp.  Represented  by  a  hgure  of  or- 
atory. 

RHEuM,  71.    [Gr.  I'lcvpa,  from  ('rw,  to  flow.] 

1.  An  increased  action  of  the  vessels  of  any  organ  ; 
but  generally  applied  to  the  increased  .action  of  mu- 
cous glands,  attendiMl  with  increased  discharge  and 
an  alterud  state  of  their  excreted  fluids. 

2.  A  thin,  serous  fluid,  secreted  by  the  mucous 
glands,  &c.,  as  in  c.itarrh.  Shak. 

RllEO-MAT'ie,  (ru-mat'ik,)  a.  [h.  rheumaticiis  i  Gr. 
pivtiariKOs,  from  ^ivita,  rheum,  which  see.] 

Pertaining  to  rheumatism,  or  partaking  of  its  na- 
ture ;  as,  rheumatic  pains  or  affections. 

RIIEO'ilA-TlS.M,  (rQ'ma-tizm,)  «.  [ L.  rAc«ma(i.s-77iiij ; 
Gr.  /itDfKtTiCT/ifK,  from  ptviia,  a  watery  humor,  from 
(itc),  to  flow  ;  the  ancients  supposing  the  disease  to 
proceed  from  a  defluxion  of  humors.] 

A  painful  disease  aflecting  muscles  and  joints  of 
the  human  body,  chiefly  the  larger  joints,  as  the  hips, 
knees,  shoulders,  &.C.  Encijc.  Parr. 

RIIEOM'Y,  (ru'nie,)  a.  [from  rAciim.]  Full  of  rheum 
or  watery  matter;  consisting  of  rheum  or  partaking 
of  its  nature. 

2.  Aflected  with  rheum.  Dryden. 

3.  Abounding  with  sharp  moisture ;  causing  rheum. 

Sfutk. 

RIIIME.   See  Rhtme. 

RHI'NO,  ji.  A  cant  word  for  gold  and  silver,  or  mon- 
ey. JVarrstnffc. 

RHI-NO-Ck'RI-AL,  a.  [from  rhinoceros.]  Pertaining 
to  the  rhinoceros  ;  rt-scmbling  the  rhinoceros.  Taller. 

RIII-NOC'E-ROS,  (ri-nos'e-ros,)  n.  [Fr.  rAi'iioccroj;  or 
rhinoceroti  li.  nnt\  i^p.  rinocerunte  ;  Ij.  rhinoceros  ;  Gr. 
pu'oictoi.ii,  nose  horii ;  pii*,  the  nose,  W.  rhyn,  a  point, 
and  Kriiof,  a  horn.] 

A  large  pachydermatous  mammal,  nearly  allied  to 
the  elephant,  the  hippopotamus,  the  tapir,  &c.  Five 
species  are  described  by  naturalists.  Two  of  these 
have  a  single  horn  on  the  nose,  and  three  of  them 
liave  two  horns.  Rhinoceros  Indic.us  inhabits  India, 
especially  the  banks  of  the  Ganges  ;  R.  .^fricanus 
and  R.  Simus  inhabit  Southern  Africa ;  and  R.  Su' 
matren.iL<!  and  if.  Sondaicus  inhabit  Sumatra. 

RIII-NOC'E-ROS-BIRD,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Bu- 
ceros,  a  species  of  hornbill,  Buceros  Rhinoceros, 
found  in  the  East  Indies  and  Indian  Islands,  having 
a  crooked  horn  on  the  forehead,  joined  to  the  upper 
mandible.  P.  Cyc. 

RUI-NO-PI...\S'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  l,tv,  the  nose,  and  rXac- 
(70),  to  form.]    Forming  a  nose. 

The  rhinoplastic  o[)eration,  in  surgery,  is  one  which 
renews  the  nose,  or  supplies  a  substitute  for  a  natu- 
ral nose.  , 

RIII-Zo'MA,  71.  [Gr.  ^ijoj/ia,  something  firmly  root- 
ed.] 

In  botany,  a  large  and  fleshy  or  woody  part  or  organ 
of  a  root,  analogous  to  a  stem  under  ground,  which 
is  neither  a  tuber  nor  a  bulb.  It  Is  of  very  various 
forms,  and  always  has  radicles,  and  not  unfrequent- 
lj:,librils,  growing  from  it.  The  esculent  part  of  the 
root  of  a  beet,  carrot,  or  parsnep,  furnishes  a  good 
example  of  a  rhizoina. 
RUT-ZOPH'A-GOUS,  (rl-zof 'a-gus,)  a.  [Gr.  ^Ja  and 
((invci.l 

Feeding  on  roots. 
Rn5'DI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Rhodes,  an  isle  of  the 

Mediterranean  ;  as,  Rhodian  laws. 
RIIO'DI-UM,  71.    A  metal  discovered  by  Wollaston, 
in  1803,  among  grains  of  crude  platinum. 

Rhodium  requires  the  strongest  heat  that  can  be 
produced  in  a  wind-furnace,  for  its  fusion.  When 
fused,  it  has  a  white  color  and  a  metallic  luster.  It 
is  extremely  hard,  brittle,  and  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  about 


RHY 

11.  It  unites  with  oxygen  at  a  red  heat.  When 
pure,  it  is  not  acted  upon  by  any  acid  ;  but  if  in  the 
slate  of  an  alloy,  it  is  dissolved  by  atjua  retria. 

Turner. 

RIIO-DO-DE\'DRON,  n.  [Gr  lioiov,  a  ro.ne,  and 
iev^Mv,  a  tree.] 

The  name  o(  a  genus  of  plants,  and  the  type  of 
the  natural  order  Rhododeiidrareie.  Four  species 
are  known  to  grow  in  New  England,  viz.,  two  de- 
ciduous leafed,  which  are  called  upright  or  swamp- 
honeysuckles;  and  two  evergreen  ones,  which  can 
hardly  be  said  to  have  any  distinctive  |Hipular  names. 
Several  of  the  species  of  this  genus  are  niediiinal, 
and  many  of  them  are  highly  ornamental. 
RIIO'UOi\-ITE,  71.    An  impure  variety  of  manganese 

spar.  Dana. 
RIKET'IZ-ITE, ;  (ret-,)  71.  A  variety  of  the  mineral 
RIIET'IZ-ITE,  I  kyanite.  Dana. 
RHOMIi,  j  71.  [Fr.  rhomhe;  h.  rhombus  ;  Gr.  pop- 
RllO.M'rfUS,  (  ilof,  from  liipfiw,  to  turn  or  whirl 
round,  to  wander,  to  roam,  or  rove;  literally,  a 
deviating  square.] 

In  geometry,  an  oblique-angled,  equilateral 'parallel- 
ogram, or  a  quadrilateral  figure  whose  sides  are  et|ual 
and  the  opixjsite  sides  parallel,  hut  the  angles  une- 
qual, two  of  the  angles  being  obtuse  and  two  acute. 

Jluttim. 

RHOM'Bie,  a.  Il.aving  the  figure  of  a  rhomb.  (Irew- 
RIlO.M-nO-llK'DRAL,  (rom-bo-hc'dral,)  a.    [Gr.  l,op- 

(io^,  rhomb,  and  L^oa,  side.] 

Related  to  the  rhomhohedron  ;  presenting  forms 

derivable  from  a  rhombohedron.  Dana. 
RHOM-BO-Hk'DRON,  71.    A  solid  contained  by  six 

equal  rhombic  planes. 
RIIO.M'BOII),  71.  [Gr.  Implioi,  rhomb,  and  r iiJof,  form.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  figure  having  some  resemblance 
to  a  rhomb  ;  or  a  quadril.ateral  figure  whose  opposite 
sides  and  angles  are  equal,  but  which  is  neitherequir 
lateral  nor  etpiiangulttr.  Huttmu 

2.  a.  In  analomu,  the  rhomboid  muscle  is  a  thin, 
broad,  and  oliliqiiely-sipiare.  Meshy  muscle,  between 
the  basis  of  the  scapula  and  the  spina  dursi.  Eneyc. 

RIIO.'M-HOIU'AL,  a.  Having  the  shape  of  a  rhom- 
boid. Woodward. 

RIIO.MB'-SP.>iR,  71.  A  mineral  resembling  calc-spar  in 
luster,  and  crystals  consisting  of  the  carbonates  of 
lime  and  magnesia,  with  some  carbonate  of  iron. 
Owing  to  the  latter,  it  usu.ally  turns  brown  on  expo- 
sure. i>a7ui. 

RHO.M'BUS,  71.     See  Rhomb. 

o  ,  _ 

RHO'BXRB,  (ru'birb,)  71.   [Pers.  OOjJj  rawand.  In 

Syr.  rnihorig.  It  seems  to  be  a  compound  word,  lat- 
inized rhabarbarum.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Rheum,  of  several  species  ; 
as  the  rhaponlic,  or  common  rhubarb  ;  the  palma- 
led,  or  Chinese  rhubarb  ;  the  compact,  or  Tartarian  ; 
the  undulated,  or  wa\e-leafed  rhubarb  ;  and  the  ribes, 
or  currant  rhubarb  of  Alount  Libantis.  'i'he  rtxit  of 
a  hitherto  non  descript  species  is  medicinal  and  much 
used  as  a  moderate  cathartic. 
RHO'BARB-Y,  a.    Like  rhubarb. 

RHUMU,  (rum,)  71.  [from  rhomb.]  In  narigation,a 
circle  on  the  earth's  surface  making  a  given  angle 
with  the  meiidian  of  the  pl.ace,  marking  the  direc- 
tion of  any  object  through  which  it  passes. 

Brande. 

RIIUMB'-LTXE,  n.  In  narigation,  the  track  of  a  ves- 
sel which  cuts  all  the  meridians  at  the  s.ame  angle  ; 
also  called  the  lozodromic  curve.  Brande, 

RHUS,  (rus,)  71.  [L.  ;  Gr.  ^'ivf.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
including  the  various  species  of  sumach.    P.  Cyc. 

RH?.ME,  (rime,)  71.  [Sax.  rim,  and  gerim,  number; 
ri/naii,  to  number ;  ge-riman,  id.;  riman  and  ryman, 
to  give  place,  to  open  a  way,  to  make  room  ;  Sw.  anti 
Dan.  rim:  D.  rym;  G.  retm;  W.  rhiv ;  Ir.  rimA  or 
reomh.  The  Welsh  word  is  rendered  also,  that  di- 
vides or  separates,  and  the  Sax.  7-i7n  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  room,  from  opening,  spreading.  The 
deduction  of  this  word  from  the  Greek  /',iiM/io?  is  a 
palpable  error.  The  true  orthography  is  rime  or  ryme ; 
but  as  rime  is  hoar-frost,  and  rhyme  gives  the  true 
pronunciation,  it  may  be  convenient  to  continue  the 
present  orthography.] 

1.  In  poetry,  the  correspondence  of  sounds  in  the 
terminating  words  or  syllables  of  two  verses,  one  of 
which  succeeds  Uie  other  immediately,  or  at  no  great 
disLince. 


for  rhyme  with  reason  nwy  dispense. 
And  sound  I1.1S  right  to  govern  sense. 


Prior. 


To  constitute  this  correspondence  in  single  words, 
or  in  syllables,  it  is  necessary  that  the  towel  and  the 
Jinai  articulations  or  consonants,  should  be  the  same, 
or  have  nearly  the  same  sound.  The  initial  conso- 
nants may  be  different,  as  in  ^iid  and  mind,  new  and 
drew,  cause  and  laics. 

2.  A  harmonical  succession  of  sounds. 


The  youth  witji  sonirs  (tnd  rhyme*. 
Some  dance,  some  haul  the  rvpe. 

3.  Poetry ;  a  poem. 

He  knew 

tlimKlf  to  sinj,  and  build  the  lofty  rhfmt. 


Denham. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  tlXITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


120 


BBBB' 


953 


I 


RIB 


RIC 


RIC 


RHtM'ER,  )  „  r, 
RHYM'IST,  S  " 
RHV.M'STER,  ) 


4.  A  word  of  sound  to  answer  to  another  word. 

Young. 

Rhyme  or  reason  ;  number  or  sense. 
But  from  thai  time  unto  thia  spason, 

I  had  neither  rltyme  nor  reason.  Spenter. 
UII7ME,  (rime,)  v.  i.    To  accord  in  sound. 

But  h^niMl  his  notioQS  as  they  fel!, 

And  if^tliey  rhyrned  and  rattled,  all  was  well.  OrytUn. 

2.  To  make  verses. 

There  marched  the  bard  and  blockhead  side  by  aide, 

Who  rhyined  for  hire,  and  palronia-'d  for  pride.  Pope. 

RH?ME,  r.  t.    To  put  into  rhyme.  Wilson. 
RHY.M'/CD,  (rinid,)  ]>p.    Put  into  rhyme. 

RHf.ME'LES.S,  «.    Destitute  of  rliynie ;  not  having 

consonance  of  sound.  Hall. 

One  who  makes  rhymes ;  a  versi- 
a  poor  poet.  Johnson,  thyden. 

RHY M'lG,  a.    Pertainini  to  rhyme. 
RH  VX'eHO-LlTE,  (rink'o-,)  n.  [Gr.  pvyxof,  a  beak, 
and  AiOuf,  a  stone.] 
The  petrified  beak  of  a  bird. 
RHYTHM,       (rithm.)      )       rr-     '  o  i 
RHYTH'MUS,  (rith'nms,)  \       i^^'  P^^t^o^-i 

1.  In  the  widest  sense,  a  division  of  time  into  short 
portions  by  a  regular  succession  of  motions,  impulses, 
sounds,  &c.,  producing  an  agreeable  effect,  as  in  the 
dance,  music,  &c. 

2.  In  grammar,  a  division  of  lines  in  short  portions 
by  a  regular  succession  of  arses  and  theses,  or  per- 
cussions and  remissions  of  voice  on  words  or  sylla- 
bles. It  belongs  peculiarly  to  poetry,  but  is  found 
likewise  in  well-constructed  prose.  P.  Cyc 

RHYTH'Mie-AL,  a.    [Gr.  pt,«,/iiii)s ;  L.  rythmicus.] 
Pertaining  to  rliythmus,  which  see. 

R1('.\L,  7!.    A  Spanish  coin.    [See  Real.] 

Rl'AL,  71.  [from  royal.]  A  royal ;  a  gold  coin  for- 
merly current  in  Britain,  of  the  value  of  ten  shillings 
sterling  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  and  of  fifteen 
shillings  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  Brande. 

RI  AL' TO,  n.  [It.]  The  name  of  a  famous  bridge 
at  Venice  over  the  grand  canal. 

RI'AJ^T,  (r£'ang,)  a.  [Ft.,  from  rire,  to  laugh.] 
Laughing;  exciting  gayety  ;  delightful  to  the  view, 
,is  a  landscape.    [JVb(  an^rUcized.]  Burke. 

RIB,  71.  [Sax.  rib  or  ribb  ;  Ire.  ri/";  G.  rippe;  D.  rib,  a 
rib  or  rafter  ;  Sw.  refbcn,  rib  or  side-hone  ;  Dan.  rib- 
be  or  ribbcen,  rib-bone;  Riiss.  rebro,  a  rib  or  side. 
This  word,  like  the  L.  cosia,  signifies  side,  border, 
extremity,  whence  the  compound  in  Sw.  and  Dan. 
rib-bune,  that  is,  side-bone.  It  may  be  allied  to  the 
L.  ripa.  The  sense  of  side  is  generally  from  extend- 
ing.] 

1.  A  bone  of  animal  bodies  which  forms  a  part  of 
the  frame  of  the  thorax.  The  ribs  in  the  human 
body  are  twelve  on  each  side,  proceeding  from  the 
spine  to  the  sternum,  or  tovvarcl  it,  and  serving  to  in- 
close and  protect  the  heart  and  lungs. 

9.  In  ship-biiililing,  a  piece  of  timber  wliich  forms 
or  strengthens  the  sitle  of  a  ship. 

Ribs  of  a  parrel,  are  short  pieces  of  plank,  having 
holes,  through  which  are  reeved  the  two  parts  of  the 
parrel  rope.  Jilar.  Did. 

3.  An  arch-formed  piece  of  timber  for  supporting 
the  lath  and  plaster  work  of  a  vault.  Owilt. 

4.  In  botany,  the  continuatitui  of  the  petiole  along 
the  middle  of  a  leaf,  and  from  which  the  veins  take 
their  rise.  Martijn. 

5.  In  clolh,  a  prominent  line  or  rising,  like  a  rib. 

6.  Something  long,  thin,  and  narrow  ;  a  strip.  [VV. 
rh,b.] 

7.  .\  wife  ;  an  allusion  to  Eve,  our  common  moth- 
er, made  out  of  Adam's  rib.  [Ku/i'ar.] 

Grose.  Tfalliwell. 
RIB,  ».  t.    To  furnish  with  ribs.    In  manufactures,  to 
form  with  rising  lines  and  channels  ;  as,  to  rib  cloth  ; 
whence  we  say,  ribbed  cloth. 

2.  To  inclose  with  ribs.  Shak. 
RIIi'ALI),  71.    [Fr.  rihawl;  It.  ribnldo,  a  rogue,  and  as 

an  adjrctih'r,  p(tor,  beggarly  ;  Arm.  ribaud,  a  fornica- 
t<»r.  tiu.  D.  rabout,  rabauw,  a  rogue  or  rascal.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Italian,  this  word  is  a  compound  of  ri, 
or  re,  and  bnldo,  bold,  or  Sp.  baldio,  itllo,  la/.y,  va- 
grant, untilled.  But  the  real  composition  of  the 
word  is  not  ascertained.] 

A  low,  vulgar,  brutal,  foul-mouthed  wretch ;  a 
lewd  fi  llow.  .S7in/i.    Upenier.  Pope. 

RIB'ALU,  u.    Low;  base;  mean;  filthy;  obscure. 

Hhak. 

RIB'ALD-ISH,  a.    Disposed  to  ribalilry.  Hall. 
RIB'ALD-ROIJS,  a.    Containing  ribalilry. 

J.  M.  Mason. 

RIB'ALD  ItV,  71.    [It.  riWrfcria.l 

Mean,  vulgar  language  ;  cliiefly,  obscene  language. 

Drytlen.  Hwift, 

KIB'AN,n.    In  AeroUry,  the  eighth  part  of  u  bi  nd. 

Kncuc. 

RMI'AM).  HceRiBBon. 

RIII'BA;!),  pp.  or  a.  FurnlBhed  with  ribs;  ribbed 
with  steel.  Handys. 

2.  IncloHcd  ax  wilt  ribs.  Hhak. 

3.  Marked  or  formed  with  rising  linca  and  chan- 
nelH  ;  as,  ribbed  clolh. 


lUB'BlNG,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  ribs. 

RIB'BIN'G,  71.  An  assemblage  of  ribs  for  a  vault,  or 
coved  ceiling.  Owilt. 

RIB'-GRASS,  71.'  A  species  of  plantain,  ribwort. 

RIB'BON,  71.  [VV.  rhibin,  a  row  or  streak,  a  dribblet ; 
rhib,  id. ;  Ir.  ruihin  ;  Fr.  ruban  ;  Arm.  rubanou.  This 
word  has  no  connection  with  band,  and  the  orthog- 
raphy RiBiN  would  be  more  accordant  with  the  ety- 
mology.] 

1.  A  fillet  of  silk  ;  a  narrow  web  of  silk  used  for 
an  ornament,  as  a  badge,  or  for  fastening  some  part 
of  female  dress.  Dryden. 

2.  In  naval  architecture,  a  long,  narrow,  flexible 
piece  of  timber,  nailed  upon  the  outside  of  the  ribs 
from  tlie  stem  to  the  stern-post,  so  as  to  encompass 
the  vessel  lengthwise.  Totten. 

RIB'BON,  V.  t.  To  adorn  with  ribbons.  Beaum.  Sf  Fl. 
RIB'BON-GRASS,  n.    Canary  grass;  a  plant  of  the 

genus  Phalaris.  Oardner. 
RIB'IBE,  7!.    A  sort  of  stringed  instrument. 
RIB'LESS,  a.    Having  no  ribs. 

RIB'ROAST,  J!.  (.  [rii  and  7-oiis(.]  To  beat  soundly  ; 
a  burlesque  word.  Butler. 

RIB'RoAST-ED,  pp.    Soundly  beaten. 

RIB'RoAST-ING,  ppr.    Beating  soundly. 

RIB'SUP-PoRT'ED,  a.    Supported  by  ribs. 

RIB'WORT,  n.  A  species  of  plantain,  Plantago  lan- 
ceolata.  ■  P.  Cyc. 

Rie,     j  as  a  termination,  denotes  jurisdiction,  or  a 

RICK,  j  district  over  which  government  is  exercis- 
ed, as  in  bishopric;  Sax.  cyne-ric,  kin<r-ric.  It  is  the 
Goth,  reiki,  dominion.  Sax.  rice  or  ric  ;  from  the  same 
root  as  L.  re^o,  to  rule,  and  region. 

RIG,  as  a  termination  of  names,  denotes  rich  or  pow- 
erful, as  in  Alfric,  Frederick,  like  the  Greek  Polycra- 
tes  and  Plutarchus.  It  is  the  first  syllable  of  Ricliard; 
Sax.  n'c,  n'ce.    [See  Rich.] 

RICE,  n.  [Fr.  rn  or  ris  ;  It.  riso ;  Sp.  and  Port,  ar- 
roz  ;  G.  reii  or  reiss ;  D.  ryst ;  Dan.  ris ;  L.  oryza ; 

S  3$ 

Gr.  opv^a;  Eth.  rez  ;      j  ^  arozon;  from  the  verb 

-  -i 

araza,  to  be  contracted,  or  to  be  firmly  fixed. 

The  word  is  common  to  most  of  the  Asiatics,  Per- 
sians, Turks,  Armenians,  and  Tartars.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Oryza,  and  its  seed.  There 
is  only  one  species.  This  plant  is  cultivated  in  all 
warm  climates,  and  the  gr.tin  forms  a  large  portion 
of  the  food  of  the  inhabitants.  In  America,  it  grows 
chiefly  on  low,  moist  land,  which  can  be  overflowed. 
It  is  a  light  and  nutritious  food,  and  very  easy  of  di- 
gestion. Indeed,  it  seems  intended  by  the  wise  and 
benevolent  Creator  to  be  a  conuuon  article  of  food  for 
men  in  warm  climates. 

Several  species  of  aquatic  grasses  of  the  genus  Zi- 
zania,  found  in  North  America,  are  called  Wild 
Rice.  J^uttall. 
RICE'-BIRD,  (-burd,)  n.  A  beautiful  .Asiatic  bird  of 
the  finch  family,  so  named  from  its  depred.itions  in 
the  rice  fields.  It  is  the  Fringilla  (Loxia,  Linn.) 
oryzivora,  and  is  also  called  Paddy  Bino,  and  Java 

SPARIIOVT.  P.  ClfC. 

RiCE'-BIltD,  )  71.  A  bird  of  the  United  States, 

RICE'-BUNT-ING,  (  the  Emberiza  oryzivora  ;  so 
named  from  its  feeding  on  rice  in  the  Southern 
States.  In  New  England,  it  is  called  BonoLiNK,or 
BoR-LiNcoLN.  WUscn. 
RiCE'-MILK,  71.  Milk  boiled  up  and  thickened  with 
rice. 

RICE'-Pa-PER,  71.  A  material  brought  from  China, 
and  used  for  painting  upon,  and  for  the  manufacture 
of  fancy  articles.  It  is  obtained  from  a  leguminous 
plant,  the  CEschynomene  paludosa.   Brande.  Dana. 

RI(;E'-PI.ID'DING,  ti.    Pudding.made  of  rice. 

R7CE'-VVEE-V/L,  71.  An  insect,  the  Calandra  oiyztn, 
resembling  the  common  wheat  weevil,  which  attacks 
rice  and  Indian  corn  in  the  Southern  States.  Harris. 

RICH,  a.  [Fr.  richer  Sp.  rico;  It.  ricco;  Sax.  ric,  rice, 
riccu ;  I),  njk ;  G.  reich ;  Sw.  rik  ;  Dan.  rig,  riig. 
This  word  in  Saxim  signifies  great,  noble,  powerful, 
as  well  as  rich.  lb  is  probable,  therefore,  it  is  con- 
nected with  ric,  dominion,  L.  rego,  regnum,  Eng. 
reach,  retrion,  from  extending.'] 

1.  Wealthy  ;  opulent ;  possessing  a  large  portion 
of  land,  goods,  or  money,  or  a  larger  portion  than  is 
ciunmon  to  other  men  or  to  men  of  like  rank.  A 
farmer  may  be  rich  with  property  which  would  not 
make  a  nobli'inan  rich.  An  annual  income  of  £500 
sterling  would  make  a  rich  vicar,  but  not  a  ricA  bish- 
op. Men  more  willingly  .acknowledge  others  to  bo 
richer  than  to  be  wiser  than  themselves. 

Abr.mi  wa»  rii-h  in  catll'-,  In  silver,  and  In  gold.  —  Gen.  xiii. 

2.  Splendid  ;  costly  ;  valuable  ;  precious  ;  sump- 
tuous ;  as,  a  rich  tiress ;  a  rich  border ;  a  rich  silk  ; 
rich  furniture  ;  a  rich  present. 

3.  Abundant  in  materials  ;  yielding  great  quanti- 
ties of  any  thing  valuable  ;  as,  a  rich  mine  ;  rich  ore. 

4.  Abounding  in  v.aliiablo  ingredients  or  qualities  ; 
as,  a  rich  otlor  or  flavor  ;  rich  spices.    Walter.  Baker. 

Ho  wc  say,  a  rich  description ;  a  discourse  rich  in 
ideas. 


5.  Full  of  valuable  achievements  or  works. 
Each  minute  Ehall  be  rich  in  Gome  ^eat  action.  Rome, 

6.  Fertile ;  fruitful ;  capable  of  producing  large 
crops  or  quantities  ;  as,  a  rich  soil ;  rich  land  ;  rich 
mold.  Philips. 

7.  Abundant;  large;  as,  a  n'cA  crop. 

8.  Abundant;  affording  abundance ;  plentiful. 
The  gori^ous  East,  Willi  ric/iMl  hand, 

Pouni  on  her  sons  barbaric  pearl  and  gold.  Milton. 

9.  Full  of  beautiful  scenery  ;  as,  a  rich  landscape  ; 
a  rich  prospect. 

10.  Abounding  with  elegant  colors ;  as,  a  rich  pic- 
ture. 

11.  Plentifully  stocked;  as, pasture  rich  in  flocks. 

12.  Strong  ;  vivid  ;  perfect ;  as,  a  rich  color. 

13.  Having  something  precious  ;  as,  a  grove  of  rich 
trees.  Milton. 

14.  Abounding  with  nutritious  qualities  ;  as,  a  ricA 
diet. 

15.  Highly-seasoned ;  as,  rich  paste  ;  a  ricA  dish  of 
food. 

16.  Abounding  with  a  variety  of  delicious  food  ; 
as,  a  rich  table  or  entertainment. 

17.  Containing  abundance  beyond  wants ;  as,  a 
rich  trausury. 

18.  In  music,  full  of  sweet  or  harmonious  sound.s. 

19.  In  Scripture,  abounding ;  highly  endowed  with 
spiritual  gifts  ;  as,  ricA  in  faith.    James  ii. 

20.  Placing  confidence  in  outward  prosperity. 
MatL  xix. 

21.  Self-righteous  ;  abounding,  in  one's  own  opin- 
ion, with  spiritual  graces.    Rev.  iii. 

Rich  in  mercy  ;  spoken  of  God,  full  of  mercy,  and 
ready  to  bestow  good  things  on  sinful  men.  Eph.  ii. 
Rom.  I. 

The  rich,  used  as  a  noun,  denotes  a  rich  man  or 
person,  or  more  frequently,  in  the  plural,  rich  men  or 
persons. 

The  rick  halh  many  friends.  —  Prov.  xiv. 

RICH,  V.  U    To  enrich.    [JVot  used.]    [See  Enrich.] 

Oower. 

RICH'£D,  (richt,)  pp.   Enriched.    [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 

RICH'ER,  a.  co77ip.    More  rich. 

RICH'ES,  71.  [Fr.  ricAcssc ;  It.  riccheiia  ;  Sp.  riqueza. 
This  is  in  the  singular  number  in  fact,  but  treated  as 
the  plural.] 

1.  Wealth  ;  opulence  ;  affluence  ;  possessions  of 
land,  goods,  or  money  in  abundance. 

Jtiches  do  not  consist  in  havinor  more  gold  and  silver,  but  in 
havhig  more  in  proportion,  than  our  neighbors.  Locke. 

2.  Splendid  sumptuous  appearance. 

The  riches  of  hei\ven*s  pavement,  trodden  gold.  MUlon. 

In  Scripture,  an  abundance  of  spiritual  blessings. 
Lulic  xvi. 

The  riches  of  God  ;  his  fullness  of  wisdom,  power, 
mercy,  grace,  and  glory,  Fph.  i.  ii.;  or  the  abundance 
supplied  by  his  works.    Ps.  civ. 

The  riches  of  Christ ;  his  abundant  fullness  of  spir- 
itual and  eternal  blessings  for  men.    Eph.  iii. 

The  riches  of  a  state  or  kingdom,  consist  less  in  a 
full  treasury  than  in  the  productiveness  of  its  soil 
and  manufactures,  and  in  the  industry  of  its  inhab- 
itants. 

RICIl'EST,  0.  supcW.    Most  rich. 

RICH'LY,  ado.    With  riches  ;  with  opulence  ;  with 

abundance  of  goods  or  estate  ;  with  ample  funds ; 

as,  a  hospital  richly  endowed. 

In  Belmont  is  a  lady  richly  left.  ShaJt, 

2.  Gayly  ;  splendidly  ;  magnificently  ;  as,  richly 
dressed  ;  richly  ornamented. 

3.  Plenteoiisly  ;  abundantly ;  amply  ;  as,  to  be 
richly  paid  for  services.  The  reading  of  ancient  au- 
thors will  richly  reward  us  for  the  perusal. 

4.  Truly;  really;  abundantly;  fully;  as,  a  clua-s- 
tisement  richlii  deserved.  .Addison. 

RICH'LY-WOQD-ED,  a.    Abounding  with  wood. 

Jrring. 

RICH'NESS,  71.    Opulence  ;  wealth.  Sidney. 

2.  Finery  ;  splendor.  .Johnson. 

3.  Fertility  ;  fecundity  ;  fruitfulness ;  the  quali- 
ties which  render  productive  ;  as,  the  richness  of  a 
soil.  .Iddisan. 

4.  Fullness ;  abundance ;  as,  the  richness  of  a 
treasury. 

5.  Quality  of  abounding  with  something  valuable  ; 
as,  the  richness  of  a  mine  or  an  ore  ;  the  richness  of 
milk  or  of  cane-juice. 

(i.  Abundance  of  any  ingredient  or  qutility  ;  as, 
the  richness  of  spices  or  of  fragrance. 

7.  Abundance  of  beautiful  scenery  ;  as,  the  ricA- 
711'ss  of  a  landscape  or  prospect. 

8.  Abundance  of  nutritious  qualities  ;  as,  the  ricA- 
ness  of  diet. 

9.  Abundance  of  high  seasoning  ;  as,  the  ricAnejiji 
of  rake. 

10.  Strength ;  vividness  ;  or  whatever  constitutes 
perfection  ;  ns,  the  richness  of  color  or  coloring. 

11.  Abundance  of  imagery  or  of  striking  ideas; 
H8,  rieJtness  of  description. 

RI-C1N'I€  ACID,  71.    A  substance  obtained  by  dis- 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 
ORT  -tt— — T-r— — t-  .- 


RID 

tilling  castor-oil  at  a  liigli  temperature  ;  so  called  from 
Ricinus,  the  generic  name  of  the  castor-oil  plant. 

Brantle. 

RICK,  n.  [Sax.  hreac  or  hrig  ;  It.  cruach  ;  W.  crii^,  a 
n'c/c,  an  apostt'tn,  a  heap,  a  stark,  a  hillock  ;  cru^aw, 
to  heap  or  pile,  to  swell,  to  grow  into  an  aposli  ni. 
It  coincides  with  the  U.  riicken,  D.  rug,  the  back, 
Eng.  rtf/^rr.] 

A  hea|)  or  pile  of  grain  or  hay  in  the  field  or  open 
air,  but  sheltered  with  a  covering  of  some  kind.  In 
America,  we  usually  give  this  name  to  a  long  pile  ; 
the  round  and  conical  pilfc  being  called  Stack.  In 
Vie  north  of  England,  it  is  said,  this  name  is  given  to 
small  piles  of  corn  in  the  field.  Mortimer. 

RICK'ETS,  H.  p/.  [In  technical  language,  racAin,  Gr. 
^aYiTi{,  from  (laxn,  back  or  spine,  Eng.  rack,  a\y. 
plicd  to  the  neck  piece  of  meat ;  Sp.  raquitis,  the 
rickets.    See  Rack  and  Ridge.] 

A  disease  which  affects  children,  and  which  is 
characterized  by  a  bulky  head,  a  crooked  spine,  de- 
pressed ribs,  enlarged  and  spongy  articular  epiphy- 
ses, tumid  abdomen,  short  stature,  flabby  and  wrin- 
kled flesh,  together  with  clear  and  often  premature 
mental  faculties.  Goad. 

RIUK'ET-Y,  a.    Affected  with  rickets.  Arbutlmot. 
2.  Weak  ;  feeble  in  the  joints  ;  imperfect. 

Rie'O-ClIET,  (rik'o-shet  or  rik-o-shi',)  n.  [Fr.,  a  re- 
bounding, as  of  some  flat  substance  striking  on  the 
surface  of  water.] 

In  gunnery,  the  firing  of  guns,  mortars,  or  howit- 
zers, usually  with  small  charges,  and  elevated  a  few 
degrees,  so  as  to  carry  the  balls  or  shells  just  over 
the  parapet,  and  cause  them  to  rebound  or  roll  along 
the  opposite  rampart.  This  is  called  ricochet  firing, 
and  the  batteries  are  called  ricochet  batteries.  Encyc. 

[The  verb  Ricochet  having  been  naturalized  as 
an  English  word,  it  is  desirable  that  the  noun  should 
likewise  have  the  English  pronunciation.] 

Rie-O-CIIET',  (rik-o-siiet',)  b.  U  To  operate  upon  by 
ricochet  firing.    [See  Rioochet,  «.]  P.  Cyc. 

Rie  O-CHET'TED,  (-shet'-,)  p;).  Operated  upon  by 
ricochet  firing. 

Rie  O-ClIET'TING,  (-shet'-,)  ppr.  or  a.  Operating 
upon  by  ricochet  firing  ;  as,  ricochetting  batteries. 

Rlt'TqiiE,  71.    A  gaping.  [P.  Cyc. 

RID,  pret.  of  Ride. 

RID,  II.  t. ;  pret.  Rid  ;  pp.  id.  [Sax.  ahrcdilan  or  hred- 
dan  ;  I),  redden  ;  G.  rettcn  or  errettcn  ;  Dan.  redder  ; 
allied,  probably,  to  W.  rhidiaw,  to  secrete,  to  drain, 
that  is,  to  separate  or  drive  ofl",  whence  riddle.  See 
Cl.ass  Rd,  No.  G3,  69.] 

1.  To  free  ;  to  deliver  j  properly,  to  separate,  and 
thus  to  deliver  or  save. 

Thai  he  mijht  rid  liim  oul  of  Ihcir  hnnds.  —  GcD.  xxxvii. 
I  will  rid  you  out  of  their  Ijotidage.  —  Ex.  vi. 

2.  To  separate ;  to  drive  away. 

I  will  rid  evil  beasts  out  of  the  land.  —  Lct.  xxtI. 
r7*Ais  U3e  is  not  common.] 

3.  To  free ;  to  clear ;  to  disencumber  ;  as,  to  rid 
one  of  his  care.  It  is  not  easy  to  rid  the  sea  of  pi- 
rates. B.  Jonson. 

ResolTed  at  once  to  rid  himself  of  paio.  Dryden. 

4.  To  dispatch. 

For  willin^ess  rufc  away.  Shak. 

5.  To  drive  away  ;  to  remove  by  violence  ;  to  de- 
stroy. 

Ah,  deatli's  men  I  yoti  hare  rid  this  sweet  youiig  prince.  SJiak. 

RID,  pp.  or  a.    Free  ;  clear  ;  as,  to  be  rid  of  trouble. 

To  get  rid  of  ;  to  free  one's  self.  Addison. 
RID'D.'WCE,  n.    Deliverance;  a  setting  free;  as, 
riddance  from  all  adversity.  Hooker. 

2.  Disencuinbrance.  Shak. 

3.  The  act  of  clearing  away.  Milton. 
Thou  Bhalt  not  make  clean  riddance  of  the  comen  of  thy  field. 

—  Lev.  xxiii. 


RID'D£N,  )  „  „f  p,„„ 
RID,        'j  pp.  of  Ride. 


RID'DING,  ppr.  Freeing;  clearing;  disencumbering. 
RID'DLE,  (rid'dl,)  n  [Sax.  hriddet :  W.  rhidyll,  from 
rhidiaw,  to  secrete,  to  separate  ;  Corn,  ridar  or  krodar ; 
Arm.  ridell  or  croezr  ;  Ir.  criathar,  a  riddle  ;  cratham, 
to  shake  ;  G.  nitteln,  to  shake,  to  riddle  ;  W.  crydu, 
to  shake  ;  allied  to  rid  and  to  cradle,  from  driving. 
See  Cradle.] 

An  instrument  for  cleaning  grain,  being  a  large 
sieve  with  a  jierforated  bottom,  which  permits  the 
grain  to  pass  through  it,  but  retains  the  chafl". 

JVote.  —  The  machines  now  used  have  nearly  su- 
perseded the  riddle. 
RID'DLE,  B.  (.    To  sepanite,  as  grain  from  the  chaff 
with  a  riddle  ;  as,  to  riddle  A'heat. 

2.  To  perforate  with  balls  ;  to  make  little  holes  in  ; 
as,  n  house  riddled  with  shot, 
i  RID'DLE,  n.    [Sax.  radelse;  D.  raadiel ;  G.  riUhiel ; 
from  Sax.  raden,  D.  raadcn,  G.  rathen,  to  counsel  or 
advise,  also  to  guess.    See  Read.] 

1.  .\n  enigma ;  something  proposed  for  conjec- 
ture, or  that  is  to  be  solved  by  conjecture  ;  a  puzzling 
question  ;  an  ambiguous  proposition.   Judge.<  xiv. 

Milton. 

2.  Any  thing  ambiguous  or  puzzling.  Iludibras. 


RID 

RID'DLE,  V.  t.  To  solve ;  to  explain  ;  but  we  gener- 
ally use  Uhridole,  which  is  more  proper. 

liidille  nic  this,  aud  g^ucss  him  if  you  c.vn.  Drydtn. 

RID'DLE,  V.  i.  To  speak  ambiguously,  obscurely,  or 
enigmatically.  Shak. 

RID'DLi'D,  pp.  Separateil,  as  with  a  riddle  ;  perfora- 
ted. 

RID'DLER,  n.  One  who  speaks  ambiguously  or  ob- 
scurely. Home. 

RID'DLING,  n.    Tli.it  which  is  deposited  by  riddling. 

RID'DLING-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  riddle  ;  se- 
cretly. IJonne. 

RIDE,  B.  I.;  pret.  Rode  or  Rid;  pp.  Rid,  Ridden. 
[Sax.  ridan ;  G.  rciten ;  I),  ryden ;  Sw.  rida ;  Dan. 
rider;  VV.  rhcdii,  to  run  ;  L.  rlieda,  a  chariot  or  vehi- 
cle ;  Hindoo,  ratha,  id.  ;  Sax.  rad,Vi  riding  or  a  road ; 
Ir.  ratha,  riadh,  a  running  ;  reatham,  to  run  ;  ridire,  a 
knight;  allied  to  reaily,  G.  bcreit;  bcreitcn,  to  ritle, 
and  to  get  rcarfy.    (See  Reaov.)    Class  Rd,  No.  5,  9.] 

1.  To  be  carried  on  horseback,  or  on  any  beast,  or 
in  any  vehicle.  VVe  ride  on  a  horse,  on  a  camel,  in 
a  conch,  chariot,  wagon,  &c. 

[In  England,  present  usage  confines  the  verb  ride 
chiefly  to  motion  on  horseback,  and  when  an  excur- 
sion in  a  carriage  or  other  vehicle  is  intended,  the  ex- 
pression is  ordinarily  to  take  a  drive.  Tliis  distinction 
has  sprung  up  within  the  la.st  hundred  years,  and  is 
not  yet  introduced  into  most  English  dictionaries.  Nor 
is  ride  wholly  confined  to  motion  on  a  horse,  since 
the  English  speak  of  riding  in  a  stage-coach  on  a 
journey,  &,c.  Still,  to  an  English  ear,  the  word 
ride,  without  qualification,  naturally  suggests  but 
one  idea  —  that  of  being  borne  on  a  horse.  When- 
ever nn  excursion  is  spoken  of,  the  exjiression  is  uni- 
formly to  ride  or  to  take  a  drive,  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  conveyance.  In  all  other  cases,  as  of  trav- 
eling, ficc,  whenever  motion  in  a  vehicle  is  intend- 
ed, the  tiu.ilifying  clause  is  added,  so  that  ride,  stand- 
ing by  itself,  always  means  motion  on  horseback. 
This  usage,  though  gaining  ground,  does  not  yet  pre- 
vail, to  any  great  extent,  in  America.  —  Kd.] 

2.  To  be  borne  on  or  in  a  fluid.  A  ship  n</c5  at 
anchor;  the  ark  rode  on  a  flood  ;  a  balloon  rides  in 
the  air. 

He  ro*U  on  a  cherub  and  did  fly  ;  yea,  be  did  fly  on  the  wings 
of  the  wind.  —  Ps.  xviii. 

3.  To  be  supported  in  motion. 

Stmn^  OS  the  a<lotree 
On  whu-'i  )i   rv      ridts.  Shak. 

4.  To  practice  r..  e  rides  often  for  his  health. 

5.  To  manage  a  hur.-.  veil. 

He  rode,  he  fenced,  he  moved  with  graceful  ease.  Dryden. 

6.  To  be  supported  by  something  subservient  ;  to 


On  whose  foolish  honesty 
My  practices  rid  e-isy. 


Shak. 


To  ride  easy,  in  seamen*s  language,  is  when  a  ship 
does  not  labor  or  feel  a  great  strain  on  her  cables. 

To  ride  hard,  is  when  a  ship  pitches  violently,  so 
as  to  strain  her  cables,  masts,  and  hull. 

To  ride  out,  as  a  gale,  signifies  that  a  ship  does  not 
drive  during  a  storm. 
RIDE,  V.  t.    To  sit  on,  so  as  to  be  carried  ;  as,  to  ride 
a  horse. 

Thfy  ride  llic  .air  in  whirlwind.  MUton. 

2.  To  manage  insolently  at  will ;  as  in  priest-rid- 
den. 

The  nobility  could  no  longer  endure  to  be  ridden  by  baket%  cob- 
blers, and  brewers.  Sie\/t, 

3.  To  carry,  [r.oeal.] 

RIDE,  n.    An  excursion  on  horseback  or  in  a  vehicle. 
[In  England,  present  usage  confines  a  ride  to  mo- 
tion on  horseback,  and  applies  the  term  drive  to  an 
excursion  in  a  carriage  or  other  vehicle.    See  the 
verb.  —  £d.l 

2.  A  saddle  horse.    [/^ca7.]  Orose. 

3.  A  road  cut  in  a  wood  or  through  a  ground,  for 
the  amusement  of  riding;  a  riding. 

Rt-DEAU',  (re-do',)  n.    [Fr.]    A  small  mound  of 
earth. 

RID'ER,  n.    One  who  is  borne  on  a  horse  or  other 
beast,  or  in  a  vehicle.    [See  remarks  on  Ride.] 

2.  One  who  breaks  or  manages  a  horse.  Shak. 

3.  The  matrix  of  an  ore.  Gregory. 

4.  An  addition  to  a  manuscript  or  other  document, 
inserted  after  its  completion  ;  or  a  separate  piece  of 
paper ;  an  additional  clause,  as  to  a  bill  in  parlia- 
ment. 

5.  In  ship-building,  a  sort  of  interior  rib  fixed  occa- 
sionally in  a  ship's  hold,  opposite  to  some  of  the 
timbers,  to  which  they  are  bolted,  and  reaching  from 
the  keelson  to  the  "beams  of  the  lower  deck,  to 
strengthen  her  frame.  ToUcn. 

6.  .\  name  given  to  the  second  tier  of  casks  in  a 
vessel's  hold.  Totten. 

RID'ER-LESS,  o.    Having  no  rider. 

RIDGE,  (rij,)  n.  [Sa.T.  rig,  ricg,  hric,  hricg,  the  back  ; 
Sw.  rygg;  D.  riirr ;  G.  riicAen  ;  Ice.  hriggur.  The  ; 
Welsh  has  rhig,  a  notch  or  groove,  and  rhyf,  a 
trench  or  furrow  between  ridges.  The  Dutch  has 
reeks,  a  ridge,  chain,  or  scries,  and  the  Dan.  rfUe  is 
II  row,  rank,  range,  a  file,  and  a  ridge,  from  the  root 


RIF 

of  rckker,  to  reach.  If  connected  with  the  Ijtler 
word,  the  primary  sense  is,  to  draw  or  stretch,  L. 

imgo.) 

1.  'I'he  back  or  top  of  the  back.  Hudibras. 

2.  A  long  or  continued  range  of  hills  or  iiioiiri- 
tains;  or  the  upper  part  i  f  such  a  range.  We  say, a 
long  ridge  of  hills,  or  the  highest  ridge. 

Milton.  Ray. 

3.  A  steep  elevation,  eminence,  or  protuberance. 
Part  rise  in  crystal  wall,  or  ridge  direct.  Milton. 

4.  A  long,  rising  land,  or  a  strip  of  ground  thrown 
up  by  a  plow  or  left  between  furrows.    Ps.  Ixv. 

Mortimrr. 

5.  The  top  or  upper  angle  of  the  roof  of  a  building. 

Moron. 

6.  Any  long  elevation  of  lind. 

7.  Ridges  of  a  horse's  mouth,  are  wrinkles  or 
risings  of  flesh  in  the  roof  of  the  ni'iiilh.    Fur.  Diet 

RIDGE,  V.  t.  To  form  a  ridge  ;  as,  bristles  that  ridge 
the  back  of  a  boar.        ^  Milton. 

2.  In  tillage,  to  form  into  ridgej  with  the  plow. 
The  fanners  in  Connecticut  riilge  their  land  for 
maize,  leaving  a  balk  between  two  ridges. 

3.  To  wrinkle.  Coioper. 
RIDG'A;D,  pp.  Formed  into  a  ridge  ;  wrinkled. 
RIDG'IL,  )n.  The  male  of  any  beast  half  gelt. 
RIDG'LING,  i  Encyc. 
RIDG'ING,  ppr.  Forming  into  a  ridge  ;  wrinkling. 
RIDG'Y,  (rij'e,)  a.    Having  a  ridge  or  ridges  ;  rising 

ill  a  ridge.  Dryden. 
RID'I-eULE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ridiculum,  from  rideo, 
to  laugh  or  laugh  at ;  Fr.  rider,  to  wrinkle,  to  bend 
the  brow  ;  Ann.  rcdcnna.] 

1.  Contemptuous  laughter,  or  rather  remarks  de- 
signed to  awaken  laughter  with  some  degree  of  con- 
tempt ;  derision.  It  expresses  less  than  .■.rnrn.  Rid- 
icule is  aimed  at  what  is  not  only  Laughable,  but  im- 
proper, absurd,  or  despicable.  Sacred  subjects  should 
never  be  treated  with  ridicule.    [See  Lt;oicRous.] 

Hidirttle  is  too  roii^h  nn  pntert.>ininent  for  tlie  polished  and  ro- 
fined.  It  is  banished  from  Kr.uice,  and  is  losing  en>und  in 
Kitgland.  Kamee. 

2.  That  species  of  writing  whii  h  excites  contempt 
with  laughter.  It  diflers  from  burlesque,  which  may 
excite  laughter  without  contempt,  or  it  m.iy  provoke 
derision.  Karnes. 

Ridicule  and  derision  are  not  exactly  the  same,  as 
derision  is  applied  to  persons  only,  and  ridicule  to 
persons  or  things.  We  deride  the  man,  but  ridicule 
the  man  or  his  |ierfiirinances. 

RID'I-eULE,  V.  t.  To  laugh  al  with  expressions  of 
contempt ;  to  deride. 

2.  To  treat  with  contemptuous  merriment ,  to  ex- 
pose to  contempt  or  derision  by  wntiii". 

RID'I-eULE,  a.    Ridiculous.    [.Yot  in  use.] 

RID'I-eOL-£D,  pp.  Treated  with  laughter  and  con- 
tempt ;  derided. 

RID'I-eCL-EK,  n.    One  that  ridicules.  Chesterfield. 

RID'I-COI^I.XG,  ppr.  Laughing  at  in  contempt ;  ex- 
posing to  contempt  and  derision. 

RI-DIC'U-LOUS,  a.    [L.  ridiculus  ;  It.  ridicohso.] 
That  may  justly  excite  Laughter  with  contempt ; 
as,  a  ridiculous  dress;  ridiculous  behavior.    A  fop 
and  a  dandy  are  ridiculous  in  their  dress. 

RI-Die'lJ-LOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  worthy  of 
contemptuous  merriment;  as,  a  man  ridiculously 
vain. 

RI-DIC'IJ-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ridiculous;  as,  the  ridiculousness  of  worshinine 
idols.  '  * 

RID'ING,  ppr.    [from  ride.]    Passing  or  traveling  on 
a  beast  or  in  a  vehicle  ;  floating. 
2.  a.   Employed  to  travel  on  any  occasion. 

No  suffragan  bishop  iliall  hare  more  than  one  riding  apparilar. 

Ayt^fe. 

RID'ING,  71.  A  road  cut  in  a  wood  or  through  a 
ground,  for  the  diversion  of  riding  therein. 

Sidney.  Eneyc. 
9.  [Cormpted  from  tritAing,  third.]  One  of  the 
three  intermediate  jurisdictions  between  a  three  and 
a  hundred,  into  which  the  county  of  York,  in  Eng- 
land, is  divided,  anciently  under  the  government  of 
a  reeve.  Btaekstone. 
RID'LNG-CLERK,  n.    In  England,  one  of  the  six 

clerks  in  chancery.  Ash. 
RID'ING-eCVT,  n.    A  coat  for  riding  on  a  journey. 

Suiifl. 

RID'I.\G-II.\n-IT,  71.    A  garment  worn  by  females 

when  thev  ride  or  travel.  Guardian. 
RID'ING-liQQD,  ti.    A  hood  used  by  females  when 

ihev  ride  ;  a  kind  of  cloak  with  a  hood. 
RID'i.NG-SeilOOL,  (  skool,)  n.    .\  school  or  place 

where  the  art  of  riding  is  taught.    It  may,  in  some 

places,  be  called  a  Ridimg-house. 
RI-DOT  TO,  71.    fit.,  from  L.  redactus.] 

A  favorite  Italian  public  entertainment  consisting 

of  music  and  dancing  ;  held  generally  on  fa*t  eves. 
RIE.    See  Rve.  [Brande. 
RIFE,  a.    [Sax.  ryfe.    ftu.  Heb.  n3->,  to  multiply.] 
Prevailing;  prevalent.    It  is  used  of  epidemic  dli- 

eases. 

The  plague  was  then  rife  In  Hungary.  KnoUae, 


TONE,  BfJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a-s  in  THIS. 


0;>5 


RIG 


I    KIFE'LY.  adv.    rrevaltr.tly  ;  Ircquently. 

It  was  n/ely  reponed  lhat  the  Turks  were  coming  in  a  great 
fleet.  Knolles. 

RIFE'NESS,  7!.    Frequency ;  prevalence.  Arbuthvot. 
RIFF  R.\FF,  n.    [Fr.  rifier ;  G.  raffen,  to  sweep ;  Dan. 
rips,  raps.] 

Sweepings ;  refuse.  Ilall. 
RI'FLE,  V.  U  [Fr.  rijler,  to  rifle,  to  sweep  away  ;  al- 
lied probably  to  friper  and  trriveler ;  G.  raffen,  to 
sweep  ;  riffeln,  to  liatchel.  This  is  one  of  the  family 
of  rip,  rive,  reap,  raffie,  L.  rapiOf  W.  rheibiaWj  D. 
ryvm,  to  grate,  Eng.  rub,  &c.] 

1.  To  seize  and  bear  away  by  force ;  to  snatch 
away. 

Till  time  shall  rifle  every  youthful  grace.  Pope. 

2.  To  strip  ;  to  rob  ;  to  pillage  ;  to  plunder. 

You  have  rified  my  master.  L^Eslrange, 

RI'FLE,  71.  [Dan.  rifie,  or  riffle,  the  rifle  of  a  gun  ; 
riffelbosse,  a  rifle  gun  ;  G.  reifeln,  to  chamfer,  to  rifle. 
This  word  belongs  to  the  family  of  rip,  rive,  L.  ra- 
pio,  &c.,  supra.  The  word  means  primarily  a  chan- 
nel or  groove.] 

1.  A  gun  about  the  usual  length  and  size  of  a 
musket,  the  inside  of  whose  barrel  is  rifled,  that  is, 
grooved,  or  formed  with  spiral  channels. 

9.  An  instrument  used   for  sharpening  scythes. 
J^.^mcrica.] 
]    RI'FLE,  v:  t.    To  groove  ;  to  channel. 

RI'FL£D,  pp.  Seized  and  carried  away  by  violence  ; 
pillaged  ;  channeled. 

Rt'FLE-.MAN,  n.    A  man  armed  with  a  rifle. 

RI'FLER,  n.  A  robher ;  one  that  seizes  and  bears 
away  by  violence. 

Rl'FLING,  ppr.  Plundering;  seizing  and  carrying 
away  by  violence ;  grooving. 

RIFT,  7!.  [from  rive.]  A  cleft  ;  a  fissure  ;  an  open- 
ing made  by  riving  or  splitting.     Milton.  Dnjden. 

RIFT,!!.  [D.rif.] 

A  ."^hallow  place  in  a  stream ;  a  fording  place. 
\Loeal.\ 

RIFT,  V.  t.  To  cleave  ;  to  rive  ;  to  split ;  as,  to  rift 
an  oak  or  a  rock.  Mdton.  Pope. 

RIFT,  V.  i.    To  burst  open  ;  to  split. 

Timber —  not  apt  to  ri/t  with  ordiiauce.  Bacon, 
9.  To  belch  ;  to  break  wind.  [Local.] 

RIFT'ED,  pp.    gplit  ;  rent ;  cleft. 

RIFT'ING,  ppr.    Splitting;  cleaving;  bursting. 

RIG,  71.    [Sax.]    A  ridge,  which  see. 

RIG,  V.  U  [Sax.  wrigau,  to  put  on,  to  covrr  whence 
Sax  hmglc,  a  garment,  contracted  into  rai(,  '.n  nights 
rail.] 

1.  To  dress  ;  to  put  on  ;  when  applied  to  persons, 
not  elegant,  but  rather  a  ludicrous  word,  to  express 

j       the  putting  on  of  a  gay,  flaunting,  or  unusual  dress. 

Jack  was  rigged  out  ia  his  gold  and  silver  lace,  with  a  feather  in 
his  cap.  L'Ettrange. 

9.  To  furnish  with  apparatus  or  gear;  to  fit  with 
tackling;  as,  to  rig  a  purchase. 

3.  To  rig  a  ship,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to  fit  the 
shrouds,  stays,  braces,  &c.,  to  their  respective  masts 
and  yards.  Mar.  Diet, 

RIG,  71.    [See  the  verb.]  Dress. 

2.  The  peculiar  manner  of  fitting  the  masts  and 
rigging  to  the  hull  of  a  vessel ;  as,  schooner  rig, 
ship  rig,  &c.  Brande. 

3.  liluster.    [JVot  used.]  Burke. 

4.  A  romp;  a  wanton  :  a  strumpet. 
To  run  the  rig  ;  to  play  a  wanton  trick. 

To  run  the  rig  upon ;  to  practice  a  sportive  trick  on. 
RIG,  r.  i.    To  play  the  wanton. 
RIG-A-DOON',  71.    [Fr.  ngoduv.  1 

.\  gay,  brisk  dance  pcrformotl  by  one  couple,  and 
said  to  have  been  borrowed  from  Provence,  in  France. 

Kncyc. 

RI-Ga'TION,  71.  [L.  rigatio,  from  rigo,  Gr.  Ijijcxoi. 
See  Raim.] 

The  act  of  watering  ;  but  Ikrioation  is  generally 
used. 

RI;GEL,  71.    A  fixed  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 

left  fiHit  of  Orion. 
R1G'G£D,  pp.     Dressed ;   furnished  with  shrouds, 

stays,  &.C.,  as  a  ship. 
RIG'GER,  71.    One  that  riirs  or  dresses  ;  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  fit  the  rigging  of  a  ship. 
2.  A  cylindrical  pulley  or  drum  in  machinery. 

J/ebert. 

BIG'GING,  ppr.  Dressing;  fitting  with  shrouds, 
braces,  &.c. 

RIG'GING.  n.  Dress  ;  t.ickle  ;  pnrdcii7<irl7/,  the  ropes 
which  support  the  masts,  extend  and  contract  the 
sails,  &c.,  of  a  ship.  This  is  of  two  kinds  :  «(anx/in; 
rigging,  as  the  shrouds  and  slays,  and  running  rig- 

Iging,  comprclivndmg  all  those  ropes  used  in  bracing 
the  yards,  making  and  sliorteniiig  sail,  &c.,  such  as 
braces,  sheets,  halliards,  cicwiini  s,  &r. 
I  Brande.  Tiitlen. 

I  RIG'GISH,  a.  Wanton ;  lewd,  [^'ot  in  use.)  Sliak. 
I  RK;'GLK,r.  i.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other.  [See 
I  i  WniooLE.] 

RIGHT,  (rTle,)  a.  [f^ax.  rihl,rehl :  \t.  regt  ;  C.  reehl ; 
.  Dan.  ri^i'j^;  8w.  rickfig;  It.  rrtlit ;  Sp.  rrrto ;  L. 
[       rrcttut,  from  the  root  of  rego,  propt-rly  to  sirain  or 


!l 


RIG 


stretch,  whence  straight ;  Sax.  recan.  See  Class  Rg, 
No.  18,  46,  47.] 

Properly,  strained ;  stretched  to  straightness  ; 
hence, 

1.  Straight.  A  right  line,  in  geometry,  is  the  short- 
est line  that  can  be  drawn  or  imagined  between  two 
points.  A  right  line  may  be  horizontal,  perpendic- 
ular, or  inclined  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

2.  Direct  or  upright;  opposed  to  Oblique;  as, 
right  ascension  ;  a  right  spher^. 

3.  In  morals  and  religion,  just ;  equitable  ;  accord- 
ant to  the  standard  of  truth  and  justice,  or  the  will 
of  God.  That  alone  is  right  in  the  sight  of  God, 
which  is  consonant  to  his  will  or  law  ;  this  being  the 
only  perfect  standard  of  truth  and  justice.  In  social 
and  political  alTairs,  that  is  right  which  is  consonant 
to  the  laws  and  customs  of  a  country,  provided  these 
laws  and  customs  are  not  repugnant  to  the  laws  of 
God.  A  man's  intentions  may  be  right,  though  his 
actions  may  be  wrong  in  consequence  of  a  defect  in 
judgment. 

4.  Fit;  suitable;  proper;  becoming.  In  things  in- 
different, or  which  are  regulated  by  no  positive  law, 
that  is  right  which  is  best  suited  to  the  character,  oc- 
casion, or  purpose,  or  which  is  fitted  to  produce  some 
good  effect.  It  is  riVAt  for  a  ricli  man  to  dress  him- 
self and  his  family  in  expensive  clothing,  which  it 
would  not  be  right  for  a  poor  man  to  purchase.  It  is 
right  for  every  man  to  choose  his  own  time  for  eat- 
ing or  exercise. 

Right  is  a  relative  term  ;  what  may  be  right  for 
one  end,  may  be  wrong  for  another. 

5.  Lawful ;  as  the  right  Iieir  of  an  estate. 

6.  True;  not  erroneous  or  wrong;  according  to 
fact. 

If  Ijiere  be  no  prospect  beyond  the  CTave,  the  inference  is  certain- 
ly right,  "  Let  us  eat  and  drink,  for  to-morrow  we  die." 

Locke. 

7.  Correct ;  passing  a  true  judgment ;  not  mistaken 
or  wrong. 

You  are  right,  justicej^and  you  weigh  this  well.  Shak. 

8.  Not  left,  but  its  opposite  ;  most  convenient  or 
dextrous  ;  as,  the  right  hand,  which  is  generally 
most  strong  or  most  convenient  in  use. 

9.  Most  favorable  or  convenient. 

The  lady  has  been  disappointed  on  the  right  side.  Spectator. 

10.  Properly  placed,  disposed,  or  adjusted  ;  order- 
ly ;  well-regulated. 

11.  Well-performed,  as  an  art  or  act. 

19.  Most  direct ;  as,  the  right  way  from  London  to 
Oxford. 

13.  Being  on  the  same  side  as  the  right  hand  ;  as, 
the  right  side. 

14.  Being  on  the  right  hand  of  a  person  whose 
face  is  toward  the  mouth  of  a  river ;  as,  the  right 
bank  of  the  Hudson. 

15.  Denoting  the  side  which  was  designed  to  go 
outward,  as  the  right  side  of  a  piece  of  cloth. 

RIGHT,  adv.    In  a  right  or  straight  line ;  directly. 
Let  thine  eyes  look  right  on.  —  Prov.  iv. 
9.  According  to  the  law  or  will  of  God,  or  to  the 
standard  of  truth  and  justice  ;  as,  to  judge  right. 

3.  According  to  any  rule  of  art. 

You  with  strict  discipline  instructed  right.  Roscommon. 

4.  According  to  fact  or  truth ;  as,  to  tell  a  story 
riV/i(. 

5.  In  a  great  degree  ;  very ;  as,  right  humble ; 
right  noble;  right  valiant.  [Obsolescent  or  inele- 
gant,] 

().  It  is  prefixed  to  titles,  as  in  right  honorable, 
right  reverend, 

RIGHT  is  used  elliptically  for  it  is  right,  what  you  say 
is  right,  it  is  true,  &.c. 

Right,  cries  his  lordship.  Pope. 
On  the  right ;  on  the  side  with  the  right  hand. 

RIGHT,  (rite,)  ii.  Conformity  to  the  will  of  God,  or 
to  his  law,  the  perfect  standard  of  truth  and  justice. 
In  the  literal  sense,  ri/rla  is  a  straight  line  of  conduct, 
and  wrong  a  crooki  d  one.  Right,  therefore,  is  rec- 
tiliule  or  straightness,  and  perfect  rectitude  is  found 
only  in  an  infinite  Being  and  his  will. 

9.  Conformity  to  human  laws,  or  to  other  human 
stanilard  of  truth,  propriety,  or  justice.  When  laws 
are  di^finite,  right  and  wrong  are  easily  ascertained 
and  understood.  In  arts,  there  are  some  principles 
and  rules  wliii  li  determine  what  is  ri>/n.  In  many 
things  indifferent,  or  left  without  positive  law,  wo 
arc  to  judge  what  is  right  by  fitness  or  propriety,  by 
custom,  civility,  or  other  circumstances. 

3.  Justice  ;  that  which  is  due  or  proper;  as,  to  do 
ri^At  to  every  man. 

Lonp  love  to  Imr  has  borne  the  faithful  knight, 

And  well  deaerved,  httd  fortune  done  him  right.  Dryden. 

4.  Freedom  from  error ;  conformity  with  truth  or 
fact. 

Seldom  your  opinions  err, 

Yoiir  eyi-B  are  always  In  the  right.  Prior. 

5.  Just  claim ;  legal  title  ;  ownership ;  the  legal 
power  of  exclusive  possession  ;  enjoyment.  In  he- 
ri  diiary  monarchies,  a  right  to  the  throne  vests  in  the 

I     heir  on  the  decease  of  the  king.    A  deed  vests  the 


RIG 


right  of  possession  in  the  purchaser  of  land.  Right 
and  possession  are  very  different  things.  We  often 
have  occasion  to  demand  and  sue  for  rights  not  in 
possession. 

6.  Just  claim  by  courtesy,  customs,  or  the  principles 
of  civility  and  decorum.  Every  man  has  a  right  to 
civil  treatment.  The  magistrate  has  a  right  to  resprct. 

7.  Just  claim  by  sovereignty  ;  prerogative.  God, 
as  the  Author  of  all  things,  has  a  right  to  govern  and 
dispose  of  them  at  his  pleasure. 

8.  That  which  justly  belongs  to  one. 

Born  free,  he  sought  his  right.  Dryden. 

9.  Property ;  interest. 

A  subject  iu  his  prince  may  claim  a  right.  Dryden. 

10.  Just  claim  ;  immunity  ;  privilege.  All  men 
have  a  right  to  the  secure  enjoyment  of  life,  personal 
safety,  liberty,  and  property.  \Ve  deem  the  right  of 
trial  by  jury  invaluable,  particularly  in  the  case  of 
crimes.  Rights  are  natural,  civil,  political,  religious, 
personal,  and  public. 

11-  Authority;  legal  power.  The  sheriff  has  a 
right  to  arrest  a  disturber  of  the  peace. 

19.  In  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land  ;  or  a  share 
or  proportion  of  property,  as  in  a  mine  or  manufac- 
tory. 

13.  The  side  opposite  to  the  left;  as,  on  the  right. 
Look  to  the  right. 

14.  The  side  which  was  designed  to  go  outward  ; 
as,  the  right  side  of  a  piece  of  cloth. 

To  rights ;  in  a  direct  line  ;  straight.  [Unusttat.] 
Woodward. 

2.  Directly  ;  soon. 

To  set  to  rights  ;  )  to  put  into  good  order ;  to  ad- 
To  put  to  rights ;  \    just ;  to  regulate  what  is  out 
of  order. 

Bill  of  rights :  a  list  of  rights  ;  a  paper  containing 
a  declaration  of  rights,  or  the  declaration  itself. 

Writ  of  right ;  a  writ  which  lies  to  recover  lands 
in  fee-simple,  unjustly  withheld  from  the  true  owner. 

Blacksttme. 

RIGHT,  (rite,)  v.  t.  To  do  justice  to  ;  to  relieve  from 
wrong  ;  as,  to  right  an  injured  person.  Taylor. 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  to  right  a  vessel,  is  to  re- 
store her  to  an  upright  position  after  careening. 

To  right  the  helm ;  to  place  it  in  the  middle  of  the 
ship. 

RIGHT,  V.  i.   To  rise  with  the  masts  erect,  as  a  ship. 

RIGHT  AN"GLE,  (rite'ang'gl,)  7i.  In  gemnetry,  an 
angle  of  ninety  degrees,  or  one  fourth  of  a  circle. 

RlGHT'-AN"GL£D,  (rst'ang'gld,)  a.  Conuiining  a 
right  angle  or  right  angles. 

RiGHT'ED,  pp.  Relieved  from  injustice;  setup- 
right. 

RIGHT' £N,  (rit'n,)  v.  U    [Sax.  gerihtan.'] 

To  do  justice  to.  [OJs.] 
RIGHT'EOUS,  (rl'chus,)  a.    [Sn^.rihtwise;  rightsxti 
wise,  manner,  as  in  otherwise,  lengthwise.] 

1.  Just  ;  accordant  to  the  divine  law.  .Applied  to 
persons,  it  denotes  one  who  is  holy  in  heart,  and  ob- 
servant of  the  divine  commands  in  practice  ;  as,  a 
righteous  man.  .Applied  to  things,  it  denotes  conso- 
nant to  the  divine  will  or  to  justice  ;  as,  a  righteous 
act.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  theologj",  and  applied  to 
God,  to  his  testimonies,  and  to  his  saints. 

The  righteous,  in  Scripture,  denote  the  servants  of 
God,  the  saints. 

2.  Just ;  equitable  ;  merited. 

And  I  thy  righteous  doom  will  bless.  Dryden. 

RIGHT'E0US-J?;D,  (n'chust,)  a.    Made  righteous. 

RiGHT'EOUS-LY,  (ri'chus-ly,)  adv.  Justly  ;  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  laws  of  justice  ;  equitably;  as,  a 
criminal  righteously  condemned. 

^^'hou  Shalt  Judge  the  people  righteously.  —  Ps.  livii. 

RIGHT'EIOUS-NESS,  (ri'chus-ness,)  ti.  Purity  of 
heart  and  rectitude  of  life  ;  conformity  of  heart  and 
life  to  the  divine  law.  Righteousness,  as  used  in 
Scripture  and  theology,  in  which  it  is  chiefly  used,  is 
nearly  equivalent  to  holiness,  comprehending  holy 
principles  and  aflections  of  heart,  and  conforiiiity  of 
life  to  the  divine  law.  It  includes  all  we  call  justice, 
honesty,  and  virtue,  with  holy  affectitms ;  in  sliort, 
it  is  true  religion. 

2.  .Applied  to  Ood,  the  perfection  or  holiness  of  his 
n.ature  ;  exact  rectitude  ;  faithfulness. 

3.  The  active  and  pa.«sive  obedience  of  Christ,  by 
which  the  law  of  God  is  fulfilled.    Dan.  ix. 

4.  The  cause  of  our  justification. 

The  Lonl  our  righteoutnesi.—Jej.  xxiii. 

RIGHT'ER,  n.  One  who  sets  right;  one  who  does 
justice  or  redresses  wrong. 

RiGHT'FlJL,  a.  Having  the  right  or  just  claim  ac- 
cording to  established  laws;  sia,  the  rightful  heir  to 
a  throne  or  an  estate. 

2.  Being  by  right,  or  by  just  claim  ;  as,  a  rightful 
lord  ;  rightful  property  ;  rightful  judge. 

3.  Just ;  consonant  to  justice  ;  as, arightful  cause  ; 
a  ritrhtful  war.  Prlur. 

RIGHT'FJJL-LY,  adv.     According  to  right,  law,  or 

justice  ;  as,  a  title  rightfully  vested. 
RIGHT'FJJL-NESS,  71.   Justice;  accordance  with  the 

rules  of  right ;  as,  the  rightfulness  oi  a  claim  to  lands 

or  tenements. 


FATE,  FAR,  Fi\LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  RIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


956 


RIG 


RIN 


RIN 


Stdtuy, 


2.  Moral  rectitude. 

But  mill,  iilthoiiirli  wc  fail  of  perfect  rightfutnw. 
[Not  usual.l 

RtGIIT'-IIAND,  n.  The  hand  opposite  to  the  Itft, 
usually  the  most  employed,  the  strongest,  most'con- 
vcnient,  or  dextrous  hand,  and  hence  its  name  in 
other  lunsuases,  as  well  as  in  ours. 

UltiUT'-IIANU'EI),  a.  Using  the  ri^ht  hand  more 
easily  than  the  left. 

UIGHt'-IlKXRT-EI),  a.    Having  right  dispositions. 

UKJHT'INO,  ;»;/r.    Doing  justice  to  ;  setting  upright. 

Urr.HT'LESH,  a.    Destitute  of  right. 

RIGIl'i''IA',  adv.  According  to  justice  ;  according  to 
the  divine  will  or  moral  rectitude ;  as,  duty  riglutij 
perfbnneil. 

2.  Properly  ;  fitly ;  suitably ;  as,  a  person  rightly 
named. 

3.  According  to  truth  orfact ;  not  erroneously.  He 

has  riir/ithj  conjectured. 

4.  Honestly;  uprightly.  Shak. 

5.  Exactly. 

Thou  didst  not  rightly  see.  Drydcn. 

6.  Straichtly  ;  directly.    [JVo£  in  vse..']  Asdutm. 
RIGUT'-ML\'U-ED,  a.  Having  a  right  or  honest  mind. 

RIGHT'-MIND'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  havi°ng  a 
right  mind. 

RIGIIT'NESS,  n.  Correctness;  conformity  to  truth 
or  to  the  divine  will,  which  is  the  standard  of  moral 
rectitude.  It  is  important  that  a  man  should  have 
such  persuasion  of  the  righlncss  of  his  conscience  as 
to  exclude  rational  doubt.  Smith. 
2.  Straightnes,s  ;  as,  the  ritrhtncss  of  a  line.  Bacon. 

RIGllT'-RIIN-NING,  a.    Straight  running.  Phillips. 

RIGHT  WHALE,  71.  The  common  whale,  from 
whose  mouth  whalebone  is  obtained,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  spermaceti  whale. 

RIG'ID,  a.  [Fr.  rig-iile ;  It.  and  Sp.rigido  ;  L.rigidus, 
from  rigeo ;  Gr.  I'uyoiii,  to  be  stiff;  /5ijios,stitr,  whence 

Ij.  frigeo^  frigithts  ;  Eth.  raga^  Ilcb.  yJ*!,  to 

be  still,  to  be  stiff  or  rigid.  Class  Kg,  No.  3,  27. 
The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  strain  or  extend.] 

1.  Stiff;  not  pliant ;  not  easily  bent.  It  is  applied 
to  bodies  or  substances  that  are  naturally  soft  or 
flexible,  but  not  fluid.  We  never  say  a  rigid  stone 
or  rigid  iron,  nor  do  we  say  rigid  ice  ;  but  we  say 
an  animal  body  or  limb,  when  cold,  is  rigid.  Rigid 

.  is  then  opposed  to  Flexible,  but  expresses  less  than 
Inflexible. 

2.  Strict  in  opinion,  practice,  or  discipline ;  severe 
in  temper;  opposed  to  Lax  or  Indulqent;  as,  a 
rigid  fathcr'or  master  ;  a  rigid  officer. 

3.  Strict ;  exact ;  as,  a  rigid  law  or  rule ;  rigid  dis- 
cipline ;  rigid  criticism. 

4.  Severely  just ;  as,,  a  rigid  sentence  or  judg- 
ment. 

5.  Exactly  according  to  the  sentence  or  law;  as, 
risrid  execution. 

R1-6ID'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  rigiditi  ;  L.  rigiditas.] 

1.  Stiffness;  want  of  pliability  ;  the  quality  of  re- 
sisting change  of  form  ;  opposed  to  Flexibilitt,  Duc- 
tility, IVIalleabilitv,  and  Softness.  Hcbcrt. 

2.  Stiffness  of  appearance  or  manner ;  want  of 
ease  or  airy  elegance.  fVotton. 

RIG'ID-LY,  adv.    StifHy  ;  unpliantly. 

2.  Severely  ;  strictly  ;  e.xaclly  ;  vvithout  laxity,  in- 
dulgence, or  abatement;  as,  to  judge  rigidly ;  ia 
criticize  riiridly;  to  execute  a  law  ritridlij. 

RIG'ID-NESS,  n.  Stiffness  of  a  body  ;  the  quality  of 
not  being  easily  bent ;  as,  the  rigidness  of  a  limb,  or 
of  flesh. 

2.  Severity  of  temper ;  strictness  in  opinion  or 
practice;  but  expressing  less  than  Inflexibility. 
RIG' LET,  n.    A  flat,  thin  piece  of  wood,  a  reglet, 
which  see. 

RIG'.MA-ROLE,  n.  A  succession  of  confused  or  non- 
sensical statements ;  often  used  as  an  adjective  ;  as, 
a  risrmarolt  story.  Qoldsmith. 

RIG'OL,  n.    A  circle;  a  diadem.  Shak. 

RIG'OLL,  n.  A  musical  instrument,  consisting  of  sev- 
eral sticks  bound  together,  but  separated  by  beads. 

Encyc. 

RIG'OR,  n.    [L.,  from  rigeo,  to  be  stiff;  Fr.  rigucur.] 

1.  Stiffness;  rigidness  ;  as,  Gorgoaian  rigor. 

SUiUon. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  sense  of  chilliness,  with  contrac- 
tion of  the  skin;  a  convulsive  shuddering  or  slight 
tremor,  as  in  the  cold  fit  of  a  fever. 

Coze.    Encyc.  Parr, 

3.  Stiffness  of  opinion  or  temi>er ;  severity  ;  stern- 
ness. 

AU  hiB  rigor  ii  turned  to  grief  anj  pity.  DenJtam. 

4.  Severity  of  life ;  austerity  ;  voluntary  submis- 
sion to  p.ain,  abstinence,  or  mortification.  Fell. 

5.  Strictness  ;  exactness  without  allowance,  lati- 
tude, or  indulgence;  as,  the  rigor  of  criticism  ;  to 
execute  a  law  with  rigor ;  to  enforce  moral  duties 
with  rin-or. 

6.  Violence  ;  fury.    [JVot  in  u»e.]  Spenser. 

7.  Hardness  ;  solidity.    [Unusual.]  Dnjden. 

8.  Severity;  asperity;  as,  tlie  ri"-or»  of  a  cold 
winter. 


RIG'OU-IST,  n.    One  very  rigorous;  a  name  some- 
times given  to  the  extreme  Jaiisenists.  lirande. 
RIG'UR-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  nVoiirfiix.] 

1.  Severe  ;  allowing  no  abatement  or  mitigation  ; 
as,  a  rigorous  officer  of  justice. 

2.  Severe  ;  exact ;  strict ;  without  abatemeht  or 
relaxation;  as,  a  rigorous  execution  of  law;  an  en- 
forcement of  rigorous  tliscipline. 

3.  Exact;  strict;  scrupulously  accurate  ;  as,  a  rin-- 
orous  definition  tir  demonstration. 

4.  Severe  ;  very  cold  ;  as,  a  rigorous  winter. 
RIG'OK-OUS-LY,  ado.     Severely  ;  without  relaxa- 
tion, abatement,  or  mitigation  ;  as,  a  sentence  rig- 
orously executed. 

2.  Strictly;  exactly;  with  scrupulous  nicety;  rig- 
idly. 

The  people  would  cxamiuo  hia  works  more  rigorouelij  lhr\n  him- 
scll.  DrytUn. 

RIG'OR-OUS-NESS,  n.    Severity  without  rclax.ation 
or  mitigation ;  exactness.  Ash. 
2.  Severity. 

Rl-LlE'  VO,  (-le'vo,)  n.  [It.J  In  architecture.  [See 
Relief.] 

RILL,  n.  [In  G.  rille,  W.  rhilJ,  is  a  groove,  trench, 
channel,  the  root  of  drill.  In  Sw.  strila  is  to  run 
or  glide  ;  Dan.  ryllcr,  to  ramble.] 

A  small  brook  ;  a  rivulet ;  a  streamlet.  Milton. 

RILL,  V.  i.  To  run  in  a  small  stream,  or  in  stream- 
lets. Prior. 

RILL'ET,  a.    A  small  stream  ;  a  rivulet.  Drayton. 

RIM,  n.  [Sax.  rima  and  rcoma,  a  rim,  a  ream  ;  W. 
rhim  and  rhimp,  a  rim,  edge,  ti^rmination ;  hence 
crimp,  a.  sharp  ritlge;  crimpiaw,  to  form  into  a  ridge, 
also  to  pinch.  Rim,  like  ramp,  ramble,  is  from  ex- 
tending ;  the  extremity.  In  Russ.  kroma  is  a  bor- 
der.] 

1.  The  border,  !dge,  or  margin  of  a  thing;  as,  the 
rim  of  a  kettle  or  basin  ;  usually  applied  to  things 
circular  or  curving. 

2.  The  lower  part  of  the  belly  or  abdomen. 

Brown. 

RIM,  V.  t.    To  put  on  a  rim  or  hoop  at  the  border. 
RIME,  n.  [Sax. /irim;  Icc.hnjm;  U.  rym.  The  French 
write  this  frimas.  Arm.  frim ;    probably  allied  to 
cream.    In  G.  it  is  rc{f,  D.  ryp.] 
White  or  hoar  frost ;  congealed  dew  or  vapor. 

Bacon, 

RIME,  n,  [L.  rima  ;  Sw.  remna,  whence  rcmna,  to 
split ;  perhaps  from  the  root  of  riee.] 

A  chink  ;  a  fissure ;  a  rent  or  long  aperture.  [JVot 
in  use.] 

RT.ME,  ?'.  i.    To  freeze  or  congeal  into  hoar  frost. 
RI'iVloSE  t 

RI'iVIo'us'  i       ^^^*  ^^^^^^^y  from  rima.] 

In  natural  history,  chinky  ;  abounding  with  clefts, 

cracks,  or  chinks,  like  those  in  the  bark  of  trees. 
RI-MOS'I-TY,  n.     The  state  of   being  rimose  or 

chinky. 

RI.M'PLE,  n.    [Sax.  hrympelli.] 

A  fold  or  wrinkle.  [See  Rumple.] 
RIM'PLE.  V.  t.  To  rumple  ;  to  wrinkle. 
RIM'PLING,  n.  Undulation. 

RI'MY,  a.  [from  rime.]  Abounding  with  rime  ;  frosty. 

Marvey. 

RIND,  71.  [Sax.  rind  or  hrind;  G.  rinde;  Gr.  ptfos  i 
W.  croen,  skin.] 

The  skin  or  coat  of  fruit  that  may  be  pared  or 
peeled  off ;  also,  the  bark  of  trees. 

Dryden.    Jililton.  Enajc. 
RIND,  V.  t.    To  bark  ;  to  dcccirticate.    [Jfot  in  ujse.] 
RIN'DLE,  71.    [from  the  root  of  run;  Dan.  rinder,  to 
flow.] 

A  small  ivatercourse  or  gutter.  Ash. 

Rm-FOR-ZA^r'nO,  (-fort-san'do,)  71.  [It.]  In  77(it- 
sie,  a  direction  to  the  performer  denoting  that  the 
sound  is  to  be  increa.sed.  Busby. 

RING,  n.  [Sax.  ring  or  hring ;  D.  ring  or  kring ;  G. 
D.  and  Sw.  ring,  a  circle  ;  Sw.  kring,  about,  around. 
This  coincides  with  ring,  to  sound,  and  with  wring, 
to  twist ;  G.  ringen,  to  ring  or  sound,  and  to  wrestle. 
The  sense  is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  and  n  is  probably 
not  radical.   The  root,  then,  belongs  to  Class  Rg.] 

1.  A  circle^  or  a  circular  line,  or  any  thing  in  the 
form  of  a  circular  line  or  hoop.  Thus  we  say  of 
men,  they  formed  themselves  into  a  rino-,  to  see  a 
wrestling  match  ;  rings  of  gold  were  made  for  the 
ark.  Ex.  xxv.  Rings  of  gold  or  other  material  are 
worn  on  the  fingers,  and  sometimes  in  tlie  cars,  as 
ornaments. 

2.  A  circular  course. 


Pl.ice  me,  O,  pL-kce  me  in  the  dusty  ring, 
Where  youthlui  ctuoiuleen  contend  fur  glory. 


Smith. 


RING,  n.    [from  the  verb.]    A  sound  ;  particularly, 
the  sound  of  inet.als  ;  as,  inc  ring  of  a  hell. 

2.  Any  loud  sound,  or  the  sounds  of  numerous 
voices;  or  sound  continued,  repeated,  or  reverber- 
ated ;  as,  the  ring  of  acclamations.  Bacon. 

3.  A  chime,  or  set  of  bells  harmonically  tuned. 

Prior. 

RING,  r.  L  ;  prrt.  and  pp.  Runn.    [Sax.  ringan,  Arin- 
^on  ;  G.  and  I),  rinscn  ;  Sw.  rinirti ;  Dan.  ringer.] 
To  cause  to  sound,  particularly  by  striking  a  me- 


tallic body ;  as,  to  rinjr  a  bell.    This  word  expresses 
appropriately  the  sounding  of  metals. 
RING,  V.  t.    [from  the  noun.]    To  encircle.  Shak. 

2.  In  horticulture,  to  cut  out  a  ring  of  bark  ;  as,  to 
rijio-  branches  or  roots.  Oardner. 

3.  To  tit  with  rings,  as  the  fingers,  or  as  a  swine's 
snout.    Farmers  ring  swine,  to  prevent  their  rooting. 

And  ring  these  fingen  wiUi  Uiy  household  worms.  Sfiak. 

RING,  V.  i.  To  sound,  as  a  hell  or  other  sonorous 
body,  particularly  n  metallic  one.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  practice  the  ait  of  making  music  wilii  bells. 

Holder. 

3.  To  sound  ;  to  resound. 

With  swei-tcr  notes  each  rising  temp!e  rung.  Pope. 

4.  To  utter,  as  a  bell  ;  to  sound. 

The  sh^irdborn  liertle,  with  hi*  drowsy  hums, 

Uttth  rung  night's  yawning  peal.  Shak. 

5.  To  tinkle  ;  to  have  the  sensation  of  sound  con- 
I  tinued. 

I  My  cars  shall  ring  with  noise.  Dryiitn. 

6.  To  be  filled  with  report  or  talk.  The  whole 
town  rings  with  his  fame. 

RING'-ROLT,  71.  An  iron  bolt,  having  a  ring  in  one 
end  of  it.  Toltm. 

RING'-HoNE,  71.  A  callus  growing  in  the  hollow 
circle  of  the  little  pastern  of  a  horse,  just  above  the 
coronet.  Brandc. 

RING'-DI-AL,  n.  A  pocket  sun-dial  form  of  a 
ring.  ' 

RING'DOVE,  (-duv,)  n,    [G.  ringeltaube.) 

.\  species  of  pigeon,  the  Columba  palumbus,  the 
cushat,  the  largest  of  the  European  specien; 

Jardine. 

RI.X'GENT,  a.  [L.  riii^or,  to  make  wry  faces,  that 
is,  to  wring  or  twist.] 

In  botany,  a  ringent  corol  is  one  which  is  irregular 
and  inonopetalous,  with  the  border  divided  into  two 
parts,  called  the  upper  and  loicer  lip,  the  upper 
arched,  so  that  there  is  a  space  between  the  two  like 
an  oiieii  mouth.  Martijn.  Smith. 

RI.NG'EK,  71.  One  who  rings.  [In  the  sense  of 
wringer,  not  usetl.] 

RING'-FENCE,  71.  A  fence  encircling  an  estate 
within  one  enclosure. 

RING'-FIN"GER,  71.  The  third  finger  of  the  left 
hand,  on  which  the  ring  is  pkiced  in  marriage,  vul- 
garly supposed  to  communicate  by  a  nerve  directly 
with  the  heart.  Hailiwtll. 

RING'-FOR.M-£D,  a.    Formed  like  a  ring.  IVhewell. 

RING'INt;,  ;i;)r.  Causing  to  sound,  as  a  bell  ;  sound- 
ing; cutting  out  a  ring  of  bark  ;  fitting  with  rings. 

RING'ING,  n.  The  act  of  sounding  or  of  causing  to 
sound. 

2.  In  horticulture,  the  cutting  out  of  a  ring  of  bark 
down  to  the  new  wood,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
a  branch  fruitful,  &c.  Oardncr. 
RINC'LkAI),  v.  t.    To  conduct.    [Little  used.] 
RI.NG'LlcAD-ER,  n.    [ring  anA  leader.]    The  leader 
of  any  association  of  men  engaged  in  violation  of 
law  or  an  illegal  enterprise,  as  ri<)ters,  mutineers,  and 
the  like.    This  name  is  ilerivcd  from  the  practice 
which  men  associating  to  oppose  law  have  some- 
times adopted,  of  signing  their  names  to  articles  of 
agreement  in  a  ring,  that  no  one  of  their  number 
might  be  distinguished  as  the  leader. 
RING'LET,  n.    [dim.  of  7171^.]    A  small  ring. 

Pope. 

2.  A  curl ;  particularly,  a  curl  of  liair. 

Her  golden  tresses  in  wanton  ringttt*  waved.  Milton. 

3.  A  circle. 

To  di\nce  our  ringlets  in  the  whlAlling  wind.  Shak. 

RLVG'-OU-$KL,  71.  A  bird  of  the  thrush  family, 
iMeriila  tortpiata,  inhabiting  the  hilly  and  mountain- 
ous parts  of  Great  liritain.  Jardine. 

RING'-SaIL,  71.    Sec  Ringtail. 

RI.\G'-SHaP-£D,  (-shapt,)  a.  Having  the  shape  of  a 
ring.  DccandoUe. 

R ING'-STRe AK-ro,  (  streekt,)  a.  [ring  and  .itreak.] 
Having  circular  streaks  or  lines  on  llie  body  ;  as, 
rinir-strraked  goats.    OcTl.  XXX. 

RI.NG'-TaIL,  71.  [r/>i|T  and  (ai7.]  A  bird  having  a 
white  tail,  the  female  of  the  Hen-Harrier,  Circus 
cyaneiis.  Jardine. 

2.  A  light  sail  set  abaft  and  beyond  the  spanker  of 
a  ship  or  bark,  also  called  Rino-sail.  Totlrn. 

RLNG'TaII^KD,  a.  Having  a  tail  stri|)od  as  if  sur- 
rounded by  a  ring  ;  applied  to  a  young  golden  eagle. 

P.  Cye. 

RI.N'G'WORM,  (-wurm,)  n.  [rinn-  and  m>rm.]  A 
vesicular  eruption  of  the  skin,  the  vesicles  being 
small,  with  a  reddish  base,  and  forming  rings,  whose 
area  is  slightly  discolored.  It  is  called  Herpes  ar- 
cinittus  by  Good. 

RI.N'SE,  (riiis,)  B.  U  [Sw.  rensa  or  rcna,  to  cleanse  or 
purify  ;  Dan.  renser,  to  clean,  to  purge,  to  purify,  to 
scour;  Sax.  rein,  D.  and  G.  rein,  clean  ;  Fr.  rincer; 
Arm.  rin,«a,  riniifiii.  This  word  is  probably  from  the 
same  radix  as  the  Gr.  patvw,  and  /.ai-nCt.!,  to  sprin- 
kle. Our  common  people  pronounce  this  word  rens, 
retaining  their  native  pronunciation.  This  is  one  of 
many  instances  in  which  the  purity  of  our  vcrnacu- 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VT'CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


RIP 


Ills 


RIS 


lar  language  has  been  corrupted  by  those  wlio  have 
understood  French  better  than  their  mother  tongue.] 

1.  To  cleanse  by  the  introduction  of  water ;  ap- 
plied particularly  to  hollow  vessels ;  as,  to  ri/ise  a 
bottle. 

2.  To  cleanse  with  a  second  or  repeated  application 
of  water  after  washing.  We  distinguish  washing 
from  rinsing.  Washing  is  performed  by  rubbing,  or 
with  the  use  of  soap  ;  rinsing  is  performed  with  clean 
water,  without  much  rubbing  or  the  use  of  soap. 
Clothes  are  rinsed  by  dipping  and  dashing  ;  and  ves- 
sels are  rinsed  by  dashing  water  on  them,  or  by 
slight  rubbing  ;  a  close  barrel  may  be  rinsed,  but  can 
not  well  be  irasked. 

RINS'£D,  (rinst,)  pp.    Cleansed  with  a  second  water ; 

cleaned. 
RIN'S'ER,  n.    One  that  rinses. 

KINS'ING,  ppr.  or  n.    Cleansing  with  a  second  water. 

KI'OT,  H.  [Norm,  riotti ;  It.  riotta  ;  Fr.  riote,  a  brawl 
or  tumult.  The  W.  brotk,  brwth,  commotion,  may 
be  from  the  same  root,  with  a  prefix,  which  would  " 
connect  this  word  with  brydian,  brydiaw,  to  heat,  to 
boil.  The  Spanish  has  alboroto,  and  Port,  ahwrvto, 
in  a  like  .sense.  In  Danish,  rutter  is  to  drink  hard, 
to  riot.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  noise  or  agi- 
tation.] 

1.  Riot,  at  common  law,  is  a  tumultuous  disturb- 
ance of  the  peace  by  three  or  more  persons,  mutually 
aiding  and  assisting  each  other,  whether  the  act 
which  they  originally  intended  to  perform  was  in  it- 
self lawful  or  unlawful.  Bouvier. 

2.  Uproar;  tumult;  wild  and  noisy  festivity. 

Mlton. 

3.  Excessive  and  expensive  feasting.   2  Pet.  ii. 

4.  Luxury. 

Tlie  Iamb  thy  riat  dooms  to  bleed  to-day.  Pope, 
To  run  riot ;  to  act  or  move  without  control  or  re- 
straint. SioifL 
RI'OT,  V.  i.    [Fr.  rioter  ;  It.  riottare.] 

1.  To  revel ;  to  run  to  excess  in  feasting,  drinking, 
or  other  sensual  indulgences. 

2.  To  luxuriate  ;  to  be  highly  excited. 

No  pulse  that  riots,  and  no  blood  that  glows.  Pope. 

3.  To  banquet;  to  live  in  luxury  ;  to  enjoy. 

How  base  is  the  ingratitude  which  forgets  the  benefactor,  while  it 
is  rioting  on  tile  benefit  I  Dwighl. 

4.  To  raise  an  uproar  or  sedition.  Johnson. 
RI'OT-ER,  n.    One  who  indulges  in  loose  festivity  or 

excessive  feasting. 

2.  In  lam,  one  guilty  of  meeting  with  others  to  do 
an  unlawful  act,  and  declining  to  retire  upon  proc- 
lamation. 

RI'OT-I\G,  ppr.    Reveling;  indulging  in  excessive 

fe<a,sting. 
RI'OT-ING,  71.    A  reveling. 

Rl'OT-ISE,  (-iss,)  n.  Dissoluteness  ;  luxury.   {JSTot  in 

use.']  Spenser. 
RI'OT-OUS,  a.    [It.  riottoso.] 

1.  Luxurious  ;  wanton  or  licentious  in  festive  in- 
dulgences ;  as,  riotous  eaters  of  flesh.    Prov.  xxiii. 

2.  Consisting  of  riot ;  tumultuous  ;  partaking  of 
the  nature  of  an  unlawful  assembly;  seditious. 

3.  Guilty  of  riot;  applied  to  persons. 
RI'OT-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  excessive  or  licentious 

luxury.  Ecclus. 

2.  in  the  manner  of  an  unlawful  assembly  ;  tuniul- 
tuously  ;  seditiously. 
RI'OT-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 
I  riotous. 

RI'()T-RY,  n.    Riot ;  practice  of  rioting.  Taylor. 
RIP,  V.  t.    [Sax.  rijpan,  rijppan,  hrtjpan  ;  Sw.  rifra  ; 
Dan.  river.    This  belongs  to  the  great  family  of  Sax. 
reafian,  L.  rapio,  Ir.  rcabam,  Eng.  reap  and  rive ;  allied 
perhiips  to  the  L.  crepo,  Fr.  crraer.] 

L  To  separate  by  cutting  or  tearing;  to  tear  or  cut 
open  or  off;  to  tear  off  or  out  by  violence  ;  as,  to  rip 
open  a  garment  by  cutting  the  stitches  ;  to  rip  olftlie 
skin  of  a  beast ;  to  rip  open  a  sack  ;  to  rip  off  the 
Bliingles  or  clapboards  of  a  house  ;  to  rip  up  a  floor. 
We  never  use  lacerate  in  these  senses,  but  apply  it  to 
a  partial  tearing  of  the  skin  and  flesh. 
2.  To  take  out  or  away  by  cutting  or  tearing. 

Otujay. 

He'll  rip  the  fatal  secret  from  her  heart.  Granville. 
4  3.  To  tear  up  for  search  or  disclosure,  or  for  alter- 
ation ;  to  search  to  the  bottom  ;  with  up. 

Vijii  rip  up  the  original  of  Scotland.  Spenter. 
Tliey  npped  up  all  that  had  been  done  from  the  bc^nniiig  of  the 
P'belllon.  Ctarerulon. 

4.  To  rip  out  an  oalh,  is  to  swear  hastily  and  vio- 
lently. [Thin  seems  to  bo  the  D.  roepen,  Sax.  hrco- 
pan,  to  cry  out ;  allied  to  L.  crepo,  Fr.  creviT.] 

RIP,  71.    A  tearing  ;  a  place  torn  ;  laceration. 

.Addison. 

2.  A  wicker  ba'tket  to  carry  fl»h  in.  Cowcl. 

3.  Refuse.    [JVot  in  use,  or  local.] 
RI-P;^'RI-AN  a.  n..r,pa.] 

Pertaining  to  l)ie  bank  of  a  river. 
RIPj;,  a.     [Sax.  ripe,  grrip  ;   II.  ryp  ;  O.  reif.  The 
Haxon  word  sigiiififs  harv(;Ml,  a  reap  or  reaping  ; 
ripa,  a  handful  of  corn  ;  ripan,  to  reap  ;  rtpian,  to 
ripen.] 


I.  Brought  to  periection  in  growth,  or  to  the  best 
state  ;  mature  ;  as,  ripe  fruit ;  ripe  corn. 

9.  Advanoetl  to  perfection  ;  matured  ;  as,  ripe 
judgment,  or  ripe  in  judgment. 

3.  Finished  ;  consummate  ;  as,  a  ripe  scholar. 

4.  Brought  to  the  point  of  taking  effect ;  matured  ; 
ready ;  prepared ;  as,  things  just  ripe  for  war. 

Mdison. 

5.  Fully  qualified  by  improvement ;  prepared  ;  as, 
a  student  ripe  for  the  university  ;  a  saint  ripe  for 
heaven.  Fell.  Dryden. 

6.  Advanced  to  that  state  in  which  it  is  fit  for  use ; 
as,  ripe  cheese. 

7.  Resembling  the  ripeness  of  fruit ;  as,  a  ripe  lip. 

Shak. 

8.  Complete  ;  proper  for  use. 

When  time  is  ripe.  Shak. 

9.  Maturated  ;  suppurated  ;  as  an  abscess  or 
tumor. 

RiPE,  V.  i.   To  ripen  ;  to  grow  ripe;  to  be  matured. 

JJVot  used.]    [See  Ripen.]  Shak. 
RiPE,  V.  U    To  mature ;  to  ripen.    [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 

RIPE'LY,  adv.    Maturely  ;  at  the  fit  time.  SImk. 
RIP'£N,  (rl'pn,)  v.  i.     [Sax.  ripian ;  D.  rypen;  G. 
rcifen.'] 

1.  To  grow  ripe  ;  to  be  matured ;  as  grain  or  fruit. 
Grain  ripens  best  in  dry  weather. 

2.  To  approach  or  come  to  perfection  ;  to  be  fitted 
or  prepared  ;  as,  a  project  is  ripening  for  execution. 

RIP'£N,  (ri'pn,)  v.  t.  To  mature  ;  to  make  ripe ;  as 
grain  or  fruit. 

2.  To  mature ;  to  fit  or  prepare;  as,  to' ripen  one 
for  heaven. 

3.  To  bring  to  perfection ;  as,  to  ripen  the  judg- 
ment. 

RlP'i;N-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Made  ripe  ;  come  to  maturity. 
RIP'£N-ING,  71.    The  act  or  state  of  becoming  ripe. 
RIPE'NESS,  7t.   The  state  of  being  ripe  or  brought  to 

that  state  of  perfection  which  fits  for  use ;  maturity  ; 

as,  the  ripeness  of  grain. 

2.  Full  growth. 

Time,  which  made  them  their  fame  ouUive, 

To  Cowley  scarce  did  ripeness  give.  Denham. 

3.  Perfection  ;  completeness  ;  as,  the  ripeness  of 
virtue,  wisdom,  or  judgment. 

4.  Fitness  ;  qualification.  Shak. 

5.  Complete  maturation  or  suppuration,  as  of  an 
ulcer  or  abscess. 

6.  A  state  of  preparation  ;  as,  the  ripeness  of  a 
project  for  execution. 

RIP'£N-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Maturing ;  growing  or  mak- 
ing ripe. 

RI-PHe'AN,  a.  An  epithet  given  to  certain  mountains 
in  the  north  of  Asia,  probably  signifying  snowy 
mountains. 

RIP-f-K'JYO,  a.    [It.]    In  Tniisic,  full. 

RIP'IER,  )  71.    In  old  laws,  one  who  brings  fish  to 

RIP'PER,  i     market  in  the  inland  country.  [Obs.] 

Cowel. 

RIP'PKD,  (ript,)  pp.  Torn  or  cut  off  or  out ;  torn 
open. 

RIP'PER,  71.    One  who  tears  or  cuts  open. 

RIP'PING,  ppr.  Cutting  or  tearing  off  or  open  ;  tear- 
ing up. 

RIP'PING,  n.    A  tearing. 

Q.  A  discovery.    [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

RIP'PLE,  ^rip'pl,)  V.  i.  [In  Dan.  ripper  is  to  stir  or 
agitate  ;  ni  G.  ri^ffe  is  a  hatchel  ;  and  riffeln,  to  hatch- 
el  ;  in  Sax.  gcrijlcd  is  wrinkled.  Ripple  is  probably 
allied  to  rip.] 

To  fret  on  the  surface  ;  as  water,  when  agitated  or 
running  over  a  rough  bottom,  appears  rough  and 
broken,  or  as  if  ripped  or  torn. 

RIP'PLE,  (rip'pl,)  V.  t.    [G.  riffeln,  to  liatchel.] 

1.  To  clean,  as  flax.  Ray. 

2.  To  agitate  the  surface  of  water. 

RIP'PLE,  71.  The  fretting  of  the  surface  of  water; 
little,  curling  waves. 

2.  A  large  comb  or  hatchel  for  cleaning  flax. 

RIP'PLE-(;l(ASS,  71.  A  species  of  plantain,  rib-grass, 
Plautagt)  lanrcolata.  Farm.  F.ncyc. 

Rll"PLE-i\lARK,  71.  A  name  given  to  small  undula- 
tions on  the  surface  of  a  sea-beach,  left  by  the  reced- 
ing waves.  In  geology,  similar  undulations  on  the 
surface  of  many  rocks  arc  called  Rhtue-marks. 

P.  Cyc. 

RIP'PLE-MARK-£D,  (-mUrkt,)  a.  Having  ripple- 
marks,  l.yclt. 

nil" I'l.] NO,  ppr.  Fretting  on  the  surface,  cleaning, 
as  II ax. 

RIP'PLING,  71.  The  Iwoaking  of  ripples  or  the  noise 
of  it.  Pennant. 

2.  The  act  or  method  of  cleaning  flax  ;  a  hatch- 
cling. 

RIP'PLING-LY,  adn.    In  the  manner  of  ripples. 
RIP'RAP,  71.    In  engineering,  a  foundation  or  ptirapt^t 

of  stones  thrown  together  without  order,  as  in  deep 

water  or  on  a  soft  liotttun. 
RIPT,  pp.  for  Kipi-En. 

RIP'TOVV-ELL,  71.    A  graluily  given  to  tenants  after 

they  had  reaped  thinr  lord's  corn.  JJailei/. 
RISK,  (rl/.e,)  v.  i.  ;  prel.  Rusk,  (rSze  ;)  771.  Risk!», 


(rizn.)  [Sax.  arUan  :  D.  ryien  ;  Goth.  reL':an,  in  itr- 
reisan,  to  rise,  and  ur-raisyan,  to  raise.    See  Raise.] 

1.  To  move  or  pass  upward  in  any  manner  ;  to  as- 
cend ;  as,  a  fog  rises  from  a  river  or  from  low 
ground  ;  a  fish  rises  in  water ;  birds  rise  in  the  air  ; 
clouds  rise  from  the  horizon  toward  the  meridian  ;  a 
balloon  rises  above  the  clouds. 

2.  To  get  up  ;  to  leave  the  place  of  sleep  or  rest ; 
as,  to  rise  from  bed. 

3.  To  get  up  or  move  from  any  recumbent  to  an 
erect  posture  ;  as,  to  rise  after  a  fall. 

4.  To  get  up  from  a  seat ;  to  leave  a  sitting  pos- 
ture ;  as,  to  rise  from  a  sofa  or  chair. 

5.  To  spring ;  to  grow  ;  as  a  plant ;  hence,  to  be 
high  or  tall.    A  tree  rises  to  the  hight  of  sixty  feet. 

6.  To  swell  in  quantity  or  extent;  to  be  more  ele- 
vated ;  as,  a  river  rises  after  a  rain. 

7.  To  break  forth ;  to  appear ;  as,  a  boil  rises  on 
the  skin. 

8.  To  appear  above  the  horizon  ;  to  shine  ;  as,  the 
sun  or  a  star  rises. 

He  malteth  his  sun  to  rise  on  the  evil  and  on  the  good.  —  Matt.  v. 

9.  To  begin  to  exist ;  to  originate ;  to  come  into 
being  or  notice.  Great  evils  sometimes  rise  from 
small  imprudences. 

10.  To  be  excited  ;  to  begin  to  move  or  act ;  as,  the 
wind  rose  at  12  o'clock. 

11.  To  increase  in  violence.  The  wind  continued 
to  rise  till  3  o'clock. 

12.  To  appear  in  view  ;  as,  to  rise  up  to  the  read- 
er's view.  Jlddison. 

13.  To  appear  in  sight ;  also,  to  appear  more  ele- 
vated ;  as,  in  sailing  toward  a  shore,  the  land  rises. 

14.  To  change  a  station ;  to  leave  a  place ;  as,  to 
rise  from  a  siege.  Knolles. 

15.  To  spring ;  to  be  excited  or  produced.  A 
thought  now  rises  in  my  mind. 

16.  To  gain  elevation  in  rank,  fortune,  or  public 
estimation  ;  to  be  promoted.  Men  may  rise  by  in- 
dustry, by  merit,  by  favor,  or  by  intrigue. 

Some  rise  by  sin,  and  some  by  virtue  fall.  Shak. 
When  the  wicked  rise,  men  hide  themselves.  — Prov.  xxviii. 

17.  To  break  forth  into  public  commotions  ;  to 
make  open  opposition  to  government ;  or  to  assem- 
ble and  oppose  government ;  or  to  assemble  in  arms 
for  attacking  another  nation.  The  Greeks  have  risen 
against  their  oppressors. 

No  more  shall  nation  against  nation  rise.  Pope. 

18.  To  be  excited  or  roused  into  action. 

Rise  up  to  the  battle.  —  Jer.  xlix. 

19.  To  make  a  hostile  attack  ;  as,  when  a  man 
riseth  against  his  neighbor.    Dcut.  xxii. 

20.  To  increase ;  to  swell ;  to  grow  more  or  great- 
er. A  voice,  feeble  at  first,  rises  to  thunder.  The 
price  of  goods  rises.    The  heat  rises  to  intensity. 

21.  To  be  improved  ;  to  recover  from  depression  ; 
as,  a  family  may  rise,  after  misfortune,  to  opulence 
and  splendor. 

22.  To  elevate  the  style  or  manner ;  as,  to  rise  in 
force  of  expression  ;  to  rise  in  eloquence. 

23.  To  be  revived  from  death. 

The  dead  in  Christ  shall  rise  first, —  1  Thess.  iv. 

24.  To  come  by  chance.  Spenser. 

25.  To  ascend  ;  to  be  elevated  above  the  level  or 
surface ;  as,  the  ground  rises  gradually  one  hundred 
yards.  Some  peaks  of  the  Andes  rise  more  than 
20,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean  ;  a  mountain 
in  Asia  is  said  to  rise  still  higher. 

26.  To  proceed  from. 

A  scepter  shall  rise  out  of  Israel.  —  Num.  xx\r. 

27.  To  have  its  sources  in.  Rivers  rise  in  lakes, 
ponds,  and  springs. 

28.  To  be  moved,  roused,  excited,  kindled,  or  in- 
flamed, as  passion.    His  wrath  rose  to  rage. 

29.  To  ascend  in  the  diatonic  scale  ;  as,  to  rise  a 
tone  or  semitone. 

.  30.  To  amount.  The  public  debt  rises  to  a  hun- 
dred millions. 

31.  To  close  a  session.  We  say,  congress  will 
rise  on  the  4th  of  March  ;  the  legislature  or  the  court 
will  7-tse  on  a  certain  day. 

This  verb  is  written  also  ,^rise,  which  see.  In 
general,  it  is  indifferent  which  orthography  is  used  ; 
but  custom  has,  in  some  cases,  established  one  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  other.  Thus  we  never  say,  the 
price  of  goods  arises,  when  we  mean  advances,  but 
wo  always  say,  the  price  rises.  \Vc  never  say,  Ihc 
ground  ariies  to  a  certain  altitude,  and  rarely,  a 
man  arises  into  an  oflice  or  station.  It  is  hardly  pos- 
sible to  class  or  define  the  cases  in  which  usage  baa 
established  a  difference  in  the  orthography  of  this 
verb.  A  knowledge  of  these  cases  must  bo  acquired 
by  observation. 
RI.'^E,  (rise,)  ji.  The  act  of  rising,  either  4n  a  literal 
or  figurative  sense  ;  ascent  ;  as,  tho  rise  of  vapor  in 
the  air ;  tho  rise  of  mtrrcury  in  the  barometer ;  tho 
ri.sc  of  water  in  a  river. 

2.  The  act  of  springing  or  mounting  from  tho 
ground  ;  as,  the  ri.so  of  the  feet  in  leaping, 

3.  Ascent ;  elevation,  or  degree  of  ascent ;  as,  the 
rue  of  a  hill  or  mountain.. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.-MP.TE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


058 


RIT 


4.  Spring ;  source ;  nrigin  ;  as,  the  rise  of  a  stream 
in  a  nuiuntnin.    Alt  sin  lias  its  rUe  in  tlie  heart. 

5.  Any  place  elevated  above  the  cumniuii  level ; 
as,  a  rise  uf  land. 

6.  Appearance  above  the  horizon  ;  as,  the  rise  of 
the  sun  or  a  star. 

7.  Increase ;  advance  ;  as,  a  rise  in  the  price  of 
wheat. 

8.  Advance  in  rank,  honor,  property,  or  fame. 
Observe  a  man  after  his  rise  to  olfice,  or  a  family 
after  its  rise  from  obscurity. 

9.  Increase  of  sound  on  the  same  key ;  a  swelling 
of  the  voice. 

10.  Elevation  or  ascent  of  the  voice  in  the  diatonic 
scale ;  as,  a  rise  of  a  tone  or  semitone. 

11.  Increase;  augmentation. 

12.  [D.  ri/s;  from  the  verb.]  A  bough  or  branch. 
[J^^ot  in  use,]  Chaucer, 

lH\»'F.yi,pp.    See  Risk. 

RIS'ER,  II.    One  that  rises  ;  as,  an  early  riser. 

2.  Among  jciners,  the  upright  board  of  a  stair. 

OwiU. 

RIS-I-BIL'I-TY  or  RI-SI-niL'I-TY,      )  n.  [from 
RIS'1-BLE-NESS  or  RI'SI-1!LE-NESS,  (  risible.] 
The  quality  of  laughing,  or  of  being  capable  of 
laughter.  Risibility  is  peculiar  to  the  human  species. 
2.  Proneness  to  KiukIi. 
RIS'I-BLE  or  RI'SI-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  rbible  ;  Urisibilis, 
from  riiifo^  risi,  to  laugh.    See  Ridiculoi's.] 

1.  Having  the  faculty  or  power  of  laughing.  Man 
is  a  risible  animal. 

2.  Laughable  ;  capable  of  exciting  laughter.  The 
description  of  Falstatf,  in  Shakspeare,  exhibits  a 
risible  scene.  Risible,  differs  from  lutlicroits,  .is  spe- 
cies from  genus  ;  lutlicruus  expressins  that  which  is 
playful  and  sportive;  ri.vi6/«,  that  which  may  e.\cite 
laughter.  Risible  differs  from  ridiculous,  as  the  latter 
implies  something  mean  or  contemptible,  and  risible 
does  not. 

RIS'l-BLY  or  RI'SI-BLY,  adv.  In  a  risible  manner  ; 
lauEhably. 

RIS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Getting  up  ;  ascending  ;  mount- 
ing ;  springing  ;  proceeding  from  ;  advancing  ;  swell- 
ing ;  increasing  ;  appearing  above  the  horizon  ;  re- 
vivinc  from  death,  &c. 

2.  Increasing  in  wealth,  power,  or  distinction ;  as, 
a  nsinrr  state  ;  a  rising  diaracter. 

3.  Growing,  advancing  to  adult  years,  and  to  the 
slate  of  active  life;  as,  the  ritimr  generation. 

RIS'ING,  n.  The  act  of  getting  up  from  any  recum- 
bent or  sitting  posture. 

2.  The  act  of  ascending;  as,  the  rising  of  vapor. 

3.  The  act  of  closing  a  session,  as  of  a  public 
body  ;  as,  the  risinir  of  the  legislature. 

4.  The  appearance  of  the  sun  or  a  star  above  the 
horiziiii. 

.">.  The  act  of  reviviivg  from  the  dead  ;  resurrec- 
tion.  Mitrk  i\. 

H.  .\  tumor  on  the  body.    Lev.  xiii. 

7.  An  assembling  in  opposition  to  government; 
insurrection  ;  sedition,  or  mutiny. 
RISK,  n.  [Fr.  risque;  Arm.  risql;  Sp.  riesgo  ;  Port. 
risco ;  It.  rischio,  risk,  danger,  peril  ;  Fr.  risquer, 
Arm.  risqla^  Sp.  arriesgar.  Port,  arriscnr^  to  risk. 
The  sense  is,  a  pushing  forward,  a  rushingy  as  in 
rush.  (111.  Dan.  dristig,  bold,  rash  ;  drister,  to  dare. 
Sw.  drisla,  to  trust,  to  be  bold,  hardy,  or  rash.  In 
Portuguese,  risco  signifies  not  only  hazard,  but  a 
stroke,  a  dash,  and  with  painters,  delineation  ;  riscar 
sicnifies  to  dash,  or  strike  out  with  a  pen,  to  erase. 
The  primary  sense,  then,  is,  to  throw  or  dash,  or  to 
rush,  to  drive  forward.     See  Pebil,  Hash,  and 

RfSH.1 

I.  Hazard;  danser  ;  peril;  exposure  to  harm.  He, 
at  the  risi  of  his  life,  saved  a  drowning  man. 

2.  In  commerce,  the  hazard  of  loss,  either  of  ship, 
goods,  or  other  property.  Hence,  risk  signifies  also 
the  degree  of  hazard  or  danger ;  for  the  premiums  of 
insurance  are  calculated  upon  the  risk.  The  under- 
writers now  take  risks  at  a  low  premium. 

To  run  a  risk,  is  to  incur  hazard  ;  to  encounter 
danger. 

RISK,  t>.  t.  To  hazard;  to  endanger;  to  expose  to 
injury  or  loss  ;  as,  to  risk  goods  on  board  of  a  ship ; 
to  ruik  one's  person  in  battle  ;  to  risk  one's  fame  by 
a  publication  ;  to  risk  life  in  defense  of  rights. 

2.  To  venture  ;  to  dare  to  undertake ;  as,  to  risk  a 
battle  or  combat. 

RISK'iCD,  (riskt,)  pp.  Hazarded  ;  exposed  to  injury 
'  RISK'ER,  n.   One  who  hazards.  [or  loss. 

RISK'I.\G,  fpr.  Hazarding ;  exposing  to  injury  or 
loss. 

RISSE,  obsolete  preL  of  Rise.  B.  Jonson. 

RITE,  n.  [Fr.  rit,  rite;  L.  ritusj  lU  and  Sp.  rito ; 
Sans,  riti,  service.] 

The  manner  of  performing  divine  or  solemn  ser- 
vice, as^tablished  by  law,  precept,  or  custom  ;  for- 
mal act  Of  religion,  or  other  solemn  duty.  The  riles 
of  the  Israelites  were  numerous  and  expensive  ;  the 
rites  of  modern  churches  are  more  simple.  Funeral 
rites  are  very  different  in  different  countries.  The 
sacrament  is  a  holy  rite.  Hummond. 

RI-TOR-NEL'LO,  n.  [It.,  from  ritomo,  relurnj  or 
ritomare,  to  return.] 


RIV 


In  music,  a  repeat ;  the  burden  of  a  song,  or  the 
repetition  of  a  verse  or  strain. 
RIT'lJ-AL,  o.    [It.  ritnale.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  rites  ;  consisting  of  rites  ;  as,  ritual 
service  or  sacrifices.  Prior. 

2.  Prescribing  rites  ;  as,  the  ritual  law. 
RIT'lJ-AL,  n.    A  book  containing  the  rites  to  be  ob- 
served, or  the  manner  of  performing  divine  service 
in  a  particular  church  or  communion.        P.  Cijc. 

RIT'tj-AL-IS.M,  n.    'I'he  system  of  rituals  or  pre- 
scribed forms  of  religious  worship. 
2.  Observance  of  prescribed  forms  in  religion. 
RIT'U-AL-IST,  71.    One  skilled  in  the  ritual. 

Gregory. 

RIT'IJ-AL-LY,  adv.   By  rites ;  or  by  a  particular  rite. 

Sclden. 

RIV'AGE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  rive,  bank.] 

A  bank,  shore,  or  coast.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

Rt'VAL,  n.  [L.  rivalis ;  Fr.  and  Sp.  rioai ;  It.  rirale  ; 
Ir.  rioblach  ;  Heb.  to  coiitemi,  to  strive  ;  Dan. 
rives,  to  strive  ;  Sp.  ri/a,  strife,  ralfle  ;  nfar,  to  dis- 
pute, quarrel,  or  raffle,  and  to  split  a  sail.  Uu.  to  rive 
or  rip.    See  Raffle.] 

1.  One  who  is  in  pursuit  of  the  same  object  as 
another ;  one  striving  to  reach  or  obtain  something 
which  another  is  attempting  to  obt;un,  and  which 
one  only  can  possess;  a  competitor;  as,  rivals  in 
love ;  rivals  for  a  crown.  Love  will  not  patiently 
bear  a  rival. 

2.  One  striving  to  equal  or  exceed  another  in  ex- 
cellence ;  as,  two  rivals  in  eloquence. 

3.  An  antagonist ;  a  competitor  in  any  pursuit  or 
strife. 

RI'VAL,  o.  Having  the  same  pretensiims  or  claims  ; 
standing  in  competition  for  superiority ;  as,  rival 
lovers  ;  rival  claims  or  pretensions. 

Equiit  in  years  nntl  rivai  in  renown.  Dryden. 
RI'VAL,  r.t    To  stand  in  competition  with  ;  to  strive 
to  gain  the  object  which  another  is  contending  for  ; 
as,  to  rival  one  in  love. 
2.  To  strive  to  equal  or  excel ;  to  emulate. 

To  rival  thunder  in  its  nipid  course.  Dryden. 
RI'VAL,  V.  i.   To  be  competitors.    [JVot  tit  use.] 

Shak. 

RI'V.\L-£D,  pp.  Having  another  competing  with  ; 
emulated. 

RI'VAL-ING,  ppr.  Striving  to  equal  or  excel;  emu- 
latin!;. 

Rl-VAL'I-TY,  71.    Rivalry.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

RI'VAL-RY,  71.  [from  rival.]  Competition  ;  a  strife 
or  effort  to  obtain  an  object  which  anoili«r  is  pursu- 
ing ;  as,  rivalry  in  love ;  or  an  endeavor  to  equal  or 
surpass  another  in  some  excellence  ;  emulation  ;  as, 
rivalry  for  superiority  at  the  bar  or  in  the  senate. 

RI'VAL-SUIP,  71.    The  state  or  character  of  a  rival. 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  Strife ;  contention  for  superiority  ;  emulation  ; 
rivalry. 

RIVE,  r.  (. ;  pret  Rited;  pp.  Rited  or  Riven.  [Dan. 
revner,  to  split ;  river,  to  pluck  off  or  away,  to  rake  ; 
Sw.  rijfva,  to  pull  asunder,  to  burst,  or  rend,  to  rake, 
to  tear;  Ice.  rifa,  Sw.  rrfca,a  chink,  or  crevice  ;  Fr. 
crccer,  whence  crevasse,  crevice;  Russ.  nut;  allied 
to  L.  rumpo,  rupi.  It  may  be  allied  to  the  family  of 
L.  rapio,  reap,  rip.] 

To  split ;  to  cleave  ;  to  rend  asunder  by  force  ;  as, 
to  rice  timber,  for  rails  or  shingles  with  wedges  ;  the 
ric«7i  oak  ;  the  riccTi  clouds.         Dryden.  Jlilton. 
The  KoUlin^  winds 
HaTe  rioed  the  knotty  oaks.  Shak. 

RIVE,  t>.  t.   To  be  split  or  rent  asunder. 

Krceslone  rtocs,  splits,  and  breaks  in  any  direction.  Woodieard, 

RIV'JCIj,  V.  U  [Sax.  geriflcd,  wrinkled  ;  from  the  root 
of  Dan.  n'rer,  to  draw,  to  wrest,  Sw.  rifva.  This 
word  is  obsolete,  but  shrivel,  from  the  same  root,  is 
in  use.    It  may  be  ollied  to  ruffle.] 

To  contract  into  wrinkles ;  to  shrink  ;  as,  riveled 
fniit ;  ripf/cd  flowers.  Dryden.  Pope. 

RIV'£L-*;D,  pp.  or  a.  Wrinkled. 

RIV'£L-ING,  ppr.  Shrinking;  contracting  into 
wrinkles. 

RIV'KN,  pp.  of  Rive.   Split;  rent  or  burst  asunder. 

RI'VER,  n.    One  who  rives  or  splits. 

RIVER,  n.  yPr.  riviire ;  Arm.  rifyer;  Corn,  ryvier  ; 
It.  riviera;  from  L.  riuu.*,  rivulus ;  D.  rivicr.  The 
Italian  word  signifies  a  river,  and  a  bank  or  shore, 
L.  ripa,  Sp.  ribera.] 

1.  A  large  stream  of  water  flowing  in  a  channel 
on  land  toward  the  ocean,  a  lake,  or  another  river. 
It  is  larger  than  a  rivulet  or  brook  ;  but  is  applied  to 
any  stream  from  the  size  of  a  mill-stream  to  that  of 
the  Danube,  Amazon,  and  .Mississippi.  We  give  this 
name  to  large  streams  which  admit  the  tide  and 
mingle  salt  water  with  fresh,  as  tlie  rivers  Hudson, 
Delaware,  and  St.  Lawrence. 

2.  A  larce  stream;  copious  flow;  abundance;  as, 
rivers  of  blood  ;  rivers  of  oil. 

RIVER-BED,  n.    The  bed  or  bottom  of  a  river. 

Kl VER-t;ilAi\'NEL,  7i.    The  channel  of  a  river. 

RIV'ER-eOUUSE,  7u   The  course  of  a  river. 
'  RI  VER-DEL'T.\,  n.    .\  delta  formed  by  the  current 
I     of  a  river. 


ROA 


RI VER-DRAG'O.V,  71.    A  crocodile;  a  name  given 

by  Miltim  to  the  king  of  Egypt. 
RIV'ER-ET,  71.    A  small  river.    [JVot  m  use.] 
Ill  V'EIl-GOD,  71.    A  deity  supposed  to  prenitle  over  a 

river,  as  its  tutelary  divinity  ;  a  naiad.  Lrmpriere. 
RI  V'EII-IIOIISE,  n.    The  hippoiKitainus,  an  animal 

inhabiting  rivers.  Mdton. 
lU  V'Eli-PI.Al.N,  71.    A  plain  by  a  river. 
RI  VER-WA-Tb;R,  n.    The  water  of  a  river,  as  dis- 

tingiiishetl  from  Rai?i-\vateb. 
RIVET,  o.t    ^It.  ribadire  ;  Port,  rebitar.    These  are 

compoiintls  of  a  verb  with  re  for  a  prefix.  The 

Spanish  has  roblar.    The  French  river,  and  Arm. 

riea  or  riiiea,  would  seem  to  be  the  Heb.  3^1,  to 

drive.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  rivet,  or  with  rivets ;  as,  to 

rieft  two  pieces  of  iron. 

2.  To  clinch  ;  as,  to  rivet  a  pin  or  bolt.  Moion. 

3.  To  fasten  firmly  ;  to  make  linn,  strong,  or  im- 
movable ;  OS,  to  rivet  friendship  or  affection. 

.SIterbury, 

Riott  and  nail  me  where  I  stand,  ye  powers.  Congreve. 
RIVET,  71.    A  pin  of  iron  or  other  metal  with  a  head, 
driven  through  a  piece  of  timber  or  metal,  and  the 
point  bent  or  spread  and  be.tt  down  ftist,  to  prevent 
its  being  drawn  out ;  or  a  pin  or  bi>ll  clinched  at 
both  ends. 
RIVET-ED,  pp.    Clinched  ;  made  fast. 
RIVET  ING,  p/ir.    Clinching;  fastening  firmly. 
RIVING,  ppr.    Splitting  ;  bursting  asuntier. 
RI-VOSE',  a.    [L.  ricii.«.] 

In  zoology,  marked  with  furrows  sinuate  and  ir- 
regular. Brande. 
RIV'lJ-LET,  71.    [L.  Hvulus.] 

A  small  stream  or  brook ;  a  streamlet. 

Jiy  fountiiin  or  by  shoij/  rivulet, 

lie  souj^ht  Uiein.  ^filtan. 

RIX-S'TION,  71.    [L.  rira(ii7,  from  rixor,  to  brawl  or 

tpiarrel.] 

A  brawl  or  quarrel.    [jVot  in  use.] 
RIX-DOL'LAR,  71.    [G.  reichsthaler  :  D.  niksdaalder  ; 

Sw.  riksdalcr ;  Dan.  rigsdaler ;  the  dollar  of  the 

realm] 

A  silver  coin  of  Germany,  Holland,  Denmark,  and 
Sweden,  of  different  viUue  in  rtillerent  jilaces  ;  but 
usually  valued  at  from  4s.  to  4s.  8d.  sterling,  or  about 
the  same  as  the  American  dollar.  The  rix  dollars 
now  current  in  Prussia,  Saxe-Gotlia,  and  Poland, 
are  valued  at  2s.  lid.  sterling,  or  about  7U  cents. 

McCuUoeh. 

RoACH,  7U  [Sax.  reohche,  hreoce ;  G.  roche :  Dan. 
rokke  ;  Sw.  rocka  i  Fr.  rouget,  from  the  root  of  rouire, 
red.] 

1.  A  fish  of  the  carp  family,  Leucisciis  rutilus, 
found  in  fresh  water,  easily  caught  and  tolerably 
good  for  food. 

2.  The  curve  or  arch  cut  in  the  foot  of  some  square 
sails.  Brandc. 

Jis  sound  as  a  roach,  is  a  phrase  supposed  to  have 
been,  originally,  as  sound  as  a  rocA-.  [Fr  roche.] 
RoAD,  n.  [Sax.  rad,  radr,  a  ride,  a  passing  or  travel- 
ing on  horseback,  a  way,  a  road,  corresiHiiiding  with 
the  G.  reise,  I),  reis,  Dan.  rejse,  Sw.  resa  ;  but  in  the 
sense  of  a  place  for  anchoring  ships,  the  Fr.  has  rade, 
Sp.  rada,  G.  anti  D.  reede,  Sw.  redd,  Dan.  rede,  reed. 
In  the  sense  of  way,  the  Spanish  has  rauta,  VV. 
rhawd,  all  connectetl  with  ride,  W.  rhcdu,  to  run,  and 
L.  gradior,  W.  rtiodiaw,  to  walk  or  go.  The  Sla- 
vonic has  brud,  and  the  Bohemian  brod,  a  Way. 
See  GuADE.] 

1.  An  oiien  way  or  public  passage  ;  ground  ap- 
propriated for  travel,  forming  a  communication  be- 
tween one  city,  town,  or  place,  and  another.  The 
word  is  generally  applied  to  highways,  and  as  a 
generic  term  it  includes  highway,  street,  and  lane. 
The  military  roads  of  the  Romans  were  paved  with 
stone,  or  formed  of  gravel  or  pebbles,  and  some  of 
them  remain  to  this  d.-iy  entire. 

2.  Any  place  where  ships  may  ride  nt  anchor  at 
some  distance  from  the  shore ;  sometimes  called 
Roadstead,  that  is,  a  place  for  riding,  meaning  at 
anchor. 

3.  A  journey.  Milton. 
[.Vot  used  ;  but  we  still  use  ride  as  a  noun  ;  as,  a 

long  ride ;  a  short  ride ;  the  same  word  differently 
written.] 

4.  An  inroad  ;  incursion  of  an  enemy.  [A'"o(  in 
use]  Shak. 

On  the  road  ;  passing;  traveling.  Law. 

RO.\D'-BED,  71.  The  bed  or  foundation  on  which  the 
superstructure  of  a  railroad  rests.  Famham. 

RoAD'STER,  71.  Among  seamen,  a  vessel  riding  at 
anchor  in  a  road  or  bay.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  .\  horse  fitted  for  traveling.  Bell. 

ROAD'STE.VD,  (-sted,)  n.  .\  place  where  ships  may 
ri</e  at  anchor,  at  some  distance  from  the  shore. 

ROAD'WAY,  n.  The  part  of  a  road  traveled  by  car- 
riages. ShaL 

ROA.M,  r.  I.  [If  771  is  radical,  this  word  seems  to  be 
connected  with  ramble,  L.  ra77in».  In  W.  rhamu  is 
to  rise  over,  to  soar,  to  vault ;  whence  rhamant,  a 
rising  boldly,  romance  ;  rhem,  rhum,  somelhing  pro- 
jecting; rAiiTi,  rim,  the  exterior  part  of  a  thing  ;  .\r. 


TONE,  BULL,  t^NITE.— AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  ns  SH  ;  TH  a.i  in  THIS. 


9.53 


ROB 


ROB 


ROC 


to  exceed,  to  depart.     Class  Rm,  No.  5.  See 

also  No.  9  and  23.] 

To  wander  ;  to  ramble  ;  to  rove  ;  to  walk  or  move 
about  from  place  to  place  without  any  certain  pur- 
pose or  direction.  Tlie  wolf  and  the  savage  roam  in 
the  forest. 

Daphne  roaming  through  a  thorny  wood.  Shal; 
RoAM,  !i.  t.    To  range ;  to  wander  over ;  as,  to  roam 

the  woods  ;  but  the  phrase  is  elliptical.  Milton. 
RoAM'iCD,  jrp.    Ranged  ;  wandered  over. 
ROAM'ER,  n.    A  wanderer;  a  rover;  a  rambler;  a 

vagrant. 

RoAM'ING, ppr.   Wandering;  roving. 


ROAM'ING,  I 


n.   The  act  of  wandering. 


RoAM, 
ROAN,  a.    [Fr.  rouan.} 

A  roan  horse  is  one  that  is  of  a  bay,  sorrel,  or  dark 
color,  with  spots  of  gray,  or  white,  thickly  inter- 
spersed. Far.  Diet. 
RoAN'-TREE,  n.    A  tree  of  the  genus  Sorbus  or 

Pyrus  ;  the  mountain  ash.  Lee. 
Ro.^R,  1!.  i.    [Sax.  rarian,  to  roar;  W.  rkawr,  the 
roaring  of  the  sea.] 

1.  To  cry  with  a  full,  loud,  continued  sound  ;  to 
bellow,  as  a  beast ;  as,  a  roaring  bull ;  a  i-oarin^Won. 

2.  To  cry  aloud,  as  in  distress. 

The  suffering  clilcf 
Roared  out  for  iin  tjLiUli.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cry  aloud ;  to  bawl  ;  as  a  child. 

4.  To  cause  a  loud,  continued  sound.  We  say, 
the  sea  or  the  wind  roars  j  a  company  roar  in  accla- 
mation. 

5.  To  make  a  loud  noise. 

The  brazen  Uiroat  of  War  had  ceased  to  roar.  Milton. 
ROAR,  n.    A  full,  loud  sound  of  some  continuance; 
the  cry  of  a  beast ;  as,  the  ruar  of  a  lion  or  bull. 

2.  The  loud  cry  of  a  child  or  person  in  distress. 

3.  Clamor;  outcry  of  joy  or  mirth;  as,  a  roar  of 
laughter.    He  set  the  company  in  a  roar. 

4.  The  loud,  continued  sound  of  the  sea  in  a  storm, 
or  the  howling  of  a  tempest.  Philips. 

5.  Any  loud  sound  of  some  continuance ;  as,  the 
roar  of  cannon. 

RoAR'ER,  n.    One  that  roars,  man  or  beast. 

2.  A  horse  quite  broken  winded.  Smart. 

RoAR'ING,  jipr.  or  a.  Crying  like  a  bull  or  lion ;  ut- 
tering a  deep,  loud  sound. 

RoAR'ING,  71.  The  cry  of  a  lion  or  other  beast; 
outcry  of  distress.  Job  iii. ;  loud,  continued  sound  of 
the  billows  of  the  sea,  or  of  a  tempest.    Js.  v. 

2.  In  farriery,  a  disease  of  horses,  usually  accom- 
panying or  preceding  broken  wind.    Farm.  Eacyc. 

RoAR'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  roaring  manner. 

RoAR'Y,  a.    Dewy  ;  more  properly  Rorv. 

RoAST,  v.  t.  [W.  rhostiaw  ;  Ir.  ro.itam  ;  Arm.  ro.tta  ; 
Fe.  rdtir :  It.  arrostire  ;  D.  roosten;  G.  roatcn  ;  Sw. 
rosta;  Dan.  rioter,  to  roast,  and  ris!,  a  gridiron,  G. 
ro.1t.  If  the  verb  is  from  the  noun,  the  sense  is,  to 
dress  or  cook  on  a  gridiron,  or  grate,  and  rist,  rust, 
coincide  in  elements  with  L.  rasteltum,  a  rake.  If 
the  verb  is  the  root,  the  sense  probably  is,  to  contract 
or  crisp,  or  to  throw  or  agitate,  hence  to  make  rousih. 
The  Welsh  has  also  crasu,  to  roast,  from  crSi.  This 
coincides  with  crwp.] 

1.  To  cook,  dress,  or  prepare  meat  for  the  table,  by 
exposing  it  to  heat,  as  on  a  spit,  in  a  bakc-pan,  in  an 
oven,  or  the  like.  We  now  say,  to  roast  meat  on  a 
spit,  in  a  pan,  or  in  a  tin  oven,  &c. ;  to  baJic  meat  in 
an  oven  ;  to  broil  meat  on  a  gridiron. 

2.  To  prepare  for  food  by  exposure  to  heat ;  as,  to 
roast  apples  or  potatoes  ;  to  roast  eggs. 

3.  To  heat  to  excess  ;  to  heat  violently. 

RoagUd  in  wroth  and  lire.  ShaJc. 

4.  To  dry  and  parch  by  exposure  to  heat;  as,  to 
roa.it  coffee. 

.'■>.  In  meudlurgy,  to  dissipate  the  volatile  parts  of 
ore  by  heat. 

V).  in  common  discourse,  to  jeer ;  to  banter  severely. 

Scott. 

RoAST,  71.   That  which  is  roasted. 

RoAST,  a.    [For  Roasted.]    Roasted  ;  as,  roast  beef. 

Ro  AST,  71.  In  the  phrase  to  rule  the  roast,  i.  e.,  to  gov- 
ern the  company,  this  word  is  a  corrupt  pronunci.a- 
tion  of  the  G.  rath,  counsel,  Dan.  and  D.  raad,  Sw. 
ra/i. 

ROAST'ED,  pp.  or  o.  Dressed  by  exposure  to  heat  on 
n  Rpit. 

ROAST'ER,n.    One  that  roa.sts  meat ;  also,  a  contri- 
2.  A  pig  for  roasting.  [vance  for  roasting. 

RfiAST'I.N'G,  ppr.  Preparing  for  the  table  by  exposure 
to  heat  on  a  npit ;  drying  and  parching. 

2.  Hanlering  with  severity. 
ROAST'I.N(;,  71.    The  act  of  roasting,  as  meat. 

Q.  Ill  miintlurfrij,  the  protracted  application  of  beat, 
below  a  fuHing  point,  to  metallic  ores. 

3.  A  acvcre  Icojing  or  bantering. 

ROD,  n.    fSp.  roi;  Ar.  •— rauia,  to  be  thick.] 


The  inspissated  juice  of  ripe  fruit,  mixed  with 
honey  or  sugar  to  the  consistence  of  a  conserve. 

Sp.  Diet. 

ROB,  V.  t.  [G.  rauben ;  D.  rooven  ;  Sw.  roffa  and  rSfva ; 
Dan.  rover i  It.  rubare;  Sp.  robar ;  Port,  roubarj  Pers. 
O  , 

O" 

rhaib,  a  snatching,  Sax.  reafian,  L.  rapio,  Fr.  ravir. 
Class  Rb,  No.  26,  27,  29,  30.] 

1.  In  law,  to  take  from  the  person  of  another  felo- 
niously, forcibly,  and  by  putting  him  in  fear  ;  as,  to 
rob  a  passenger  on  the  road.  Blackstone. 

2.  To  seize  and  carry  from  any  thing  by  violence 
and  with  felonious  intent ;  as,  to  rob  a  coach  ;  to  rob 
the  mail. 

3.  To  plunder  ;  to  strip  unlawfully  ;  as,  to  rob  an 
orchard  ;  to  rob  a  man  of  his  just  praise. 

4.  To  take  away  by  oppression  or  by  violence. 

Jtab  not  Uie  poor  because  lie  is  poor.  —  Prov.  xxii. 

5.  To  take  from  ;  to  deprive.  A  large  tree  robs 
smaller  plants  near  it  of  their  nourishment. 

6.  In  a  loose  sense,  to  steal ;  to  take  privately  with- 
out permission  of  the  owner.  Tooke. 

7.  To  withhold  what  is  due.    Mai.  iii. 
ROii'BED,  (rubd,)  ;);).    Deprived  felonioi;sly  and  by 

violence;  plundered;  seized  and  carried  away  by 
violence. 

ROB'BER,  71.  In  law,  one  that  takes  goods  or  money 
from  the  person  of  another  by  force  or  menaces,  and 
with  a  felonious  intent.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  a  looser  sense,  one  who  takes  that  to  which 
he  has  no  right ;  one  who  steals,  plunders,  or  strips 
by  violence  and  wrong. 

ROB'BER-Y,  71.  In  law,  the  forcible  and  felonious 
taking  from  the  person  of  another  any  money  or 
goods,  putting  him  in  fear,  that  is,  by  violence  or  by 
menaces  of  death  or  personal  injur}'.  Rubbery  differs 
from  theft,  as  it  is  a  violent,  felonious  taking  from  the 
person  or  presence  of  anotlier ;  whereas  theft  is  a  fe- 
lonious taking  of  goods  privately  from  the  person, 
dwelling,  &;c.,  of  another.  These  words  should  not 
be  confounded. 

2.  A  plundering;  a  pillaging;  a  taking  away  by 
violence,  wrong,  or  oppression. 

ROB'liING,  ppr.  Feloniously  taking  from  the  person 
of  another;  putting  him  in  fear  ;  stripping;  plunder- 
ing ;  taking  from  another  unlawfully  or  by  wrong  or 
oppression. 

ROIJ'BINS,         )n.pl.    [rope  and  banils.]    Short,  flat 
RoPE'-BANDS,  (     plaited  pieces  of  rope,  with  an 
eye  in  one  end,  used  in  pairs  to  tie  the  upper  edges 
of  square  sails  to  their  yards.  Mar.  Diet. 

RoBE,  71.  [Fr.  robe;  Sp.  ropa;  Port,  roupa;  Ir.  roba; 
It.  roba,  a  robe,  and  goods  or  estate  ;  far  roba,  to  get 
money  ;  robone,  a  long  gown  ;  robbiccia,  trifles,  idle 
stuir.  The  Spanish  and  Portuguese  words  signify 
clothing  in  general,  cloth,  stuff,  wearing  apparel,  also 
a  loose  garment  worn  over  the  rest ;  a  gown  ;  Sp. 
ropa^e  is  ivearing  apparel,  drapery ;  roperia,  the  trade 
of  dealers  in  clothes.  In  .Sp.  and  Port.,  then,  the 
word  coincides  with  the  Fr.  drap.  Eng.  drapery  and 
frippery.  In  Sax.  reaf  is  clothing  in  general,  and 
spoil,  plunder,  from  reafian,  to  rob.  From  these  facts 
let  the  reader  judge  whether  this  word  had  its  origin 
in  rabbintr,  like  wearing  apparel,  or  from  stripping', 
the  name  being  originally  given  to  skins,  the  j>rimi- 
tive  clothing  of  rude  nations.] 

1.  A  kind  of  gown,  or  long,  loose  garment,  worn 
over  other  dress,  particularly  by  persons  in  elevated 
stations.  The  robe  is  properly  a  dress  of  state  or 
dignity,  as  of  princes,  judges,  priests,  &c.  See  Exod. 
xxix.  55.    1  Sam.  xxiv.  4.    Matt,  xxvii.  28. 

2.  A  splendid  female  gown  or  garment.    2  Sam. 

3.  An  elegant  dress  ;  splendid  attire.  [xiii. 

4.  In  Scripture,  the  vesture  of  purity  or  righteous- 
ness, and  of  happiness.    Job  xxix.    Luke  xv. 

RoUE,  II.  t.  To  put  on  a  robe ;  or  to  dress  with  mag- 
nificence ;  to  array.  Pope.  Thomson. 

2.  To  dress ;  to  invest,  as  with  beauty  or  elegance  ; 
as,  fields  robed  with  green. 

Such  was  }ii8  power  over  the  expression  of  his  countenance,  that 
lie  could  m  an  inst.ant  shake  oil  the  sternness  of  winu^r,  and 
rohe  it  in  the  brightest  smiles  of  spring.  Wirl. 
RdB'/^l),  pp.    Dressed  with  a  robe;  arrayed  with  ele- 
gancr. 

ROB'I'.ROS-MAN,  )  n.  In  the  old  .itatutes  of  Enn^land, 
ROli'ERTS-MAN,  j    a  bold,  stout  robber,  or  night- 

tliief,  said  to  be  so  called  from  Hobhiliood,  a  famous 

robber.  Johnson. 
ROli'ERT,  )  71.  An  annual  plant,  of  the  genus 

III;KI1-R(JI1'ERT,  \     Geranium.  Loudon. 
ROB'EItT-INlO,  (-in,)  71.    One  of  an  order  of  monks, 

Ro  called  from  Hubert  Flower,  the  founder,  A.  D. 

1187. 

RCJB'IN,  71.    [L.  rubeculn,  from  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

A  bird  with  a  reddish  breast.  In  Ensland.^  the 
robin,  or  redhrrn.si,  is  the  Erj  thaca  (Motacilla,  Linn.) 
rubeculn,  a  bird  allied  to  the  nightingale.  In  Amer- 
ica, n  species  of  thrush,  Turdus  niigratorius,  is  com- 
monly called  ro/<i«.  Jardine.  JV'Hitall. 

ROIl'ING,  ppr.  Dressing  with  n  robo  ;  arraying  with 
elegance. 


ROB'IN-GOOD'FEL-LoW,  n.  A  celebrated  fairy, 
also  called  Puck.    [See  PecK.]  Brands, 

ROB'O-RANT,  a.    [L  roborans,  roboro.] 
Strengthening. 

ROB'O-RANT,  71.  A  medicine  that  strengthens  ;  but 
Tonic  is  generally  used. 

ROB-O-Ra'TION,  71.  [from  L.  roboro,  from  robur, 
strength.] 

A  strengthening.    [Little  used."]  Cotes. 
RO-BO'RE-OUS,  a.  [L.  roboreus,  from  robur,  strength, 
and  an  oak.] 

Made  of  oak.  Diet. 
RO-BUST',  a.    [h.  robustus,  from  robur,  strength.] 

1.  Strong  ;  lusty  ;  sinewy  ;  muscular  ;  vigorous  ; 
forceful ;  as,  a  robust  body  ;  robust  youth.  It  implies 
full  flesh  and  sound  health. 

2.  Sound  ;  vigorous  ;  as,  roJiisf  health. 

3.  Violent ;  rough  ;  rude. 

Itoinp-loving  miss 
Is  hauled  about  in  gallantry  robust.  Thomson. 

4.  Requiring  strength  ;  as,  robust  employment. 

Locke. 

JVote.  —  This  is  one  of  the  words  in  which  we  ob- 
serve a  strong  tendency  in  practice  to  accentuate  the 
first  syllable,  as  in  access  ;  and  there  are  many  situ- 
ations of  the  word  in  which  this  is  the  prel'erable 
pronunciation. 

RO-BUST'IOUS,  (ro-bust'yus,)  o.   Robust;  strong; 
sinewy  ;  vigorous  ;  forceful.  Milton. 
2.  Boisterous  ;  violent ;  rude.  Shak. 
[Robustious  and  its  derivatives,  Robustiouslt 
and  RoBusTiousNEss,  are  now  extremely  vulgar,  and 
in  the  United  States  nearly  obsolete.] 

RO-BUST'LY,  adv.  With  great  strength  ;  muscularly. 

RO-BUST'NESS,  71.  Strength  ;  vigor,  or  the  condition 
of  the  body  when  it  has  full,  firm  flesh,  and  sound 
health.  Jlrbuthnot. 

ROC,    1 7!.    The  well-known  monstrous  bird  of  Ara- 

ROCK,  i     bian  mythology.  Brande. 

ROC'AM-BOLE,  )  ;i.    [from  the  French.]    A  sort  of 

ROK'AM-BOLE,  j  wild  garlic,  the  Allium  ophiosco- 
rodon,  growing  naturally  in  Crete. 

Rocambole,  wild,  is  Allium  scorodoprasum,  which 
grows  in  Denmark,  &c. 

ROC-CEL'LIC  ACID,  7i.  An  acid  obtained  from  the 
Roccella  tinctoria,  or  archil  weed.  Hecren. 

RoCllE'-AL-UM,  71.  [Fr.  rochc,  a  rock.  It  ought  to 
be  written  and  called  Rock-Alum.] 

Rock-alum,  a  purer  kind  of  alum.  Mortimer 

RO-CHELLE'  salt,  (ro-shel'  sawlt,)  n.  Tartrate  of 
potassa  and  stxla. 

RUCll'ET,  71.  [Ft.  rochet ;  It.  roccetto,  rocchetto  ;  Sax. 
rocc ;  G.  rock;  D.  rok.  This  coincides  in  origin  with 
frock.] 

A  linen  garment  resembling  the  surplice,  but  with 
n.airower  sleeves,  worn  under  the  chiniere  by  bishops 
during  the  middle  ages.  Hook. 

ROCH'ET,  71.    A  fish,  the  roach,  which  see. 

ROCK,  71.  [Fr.  roc,  or  rochc,  It.  rocca,  a  rock,  and 
a  distaff;  Sp.  roea;  Port,  roea,  rocha;  Ann.  rochi 
Basque,  arroca.  Dropping  the  first  letter  of  crag,  rock 
would  seem  to  be  the  same  word,  and  so  named  from 
breaking  and  the  consequent  roughness,  correspond- 
ing with  Gr.  Iiaxia,  as  crag  does  with  crack;  Ar. 

O^ii  garaka,  to  burst,  crack,  tear,  rake.  So  L.  riipes, 

from  the  root  of  rumpo,  to  break  or  burst.  If  this  is 
not  the  origin  of  rock,  I  know  not  to  what  root  to  as- 
sign it.    See  Class  Rg,  No.  34.] 

1.  .'V  large  mass  of  stony  matter  usually  compound- 
ed of  two  or  more  simple  minerals,  either  bedded  in 
the  earth  or  resting  on  its  surface.  Sometimes  rocks 
compose  the  principal  part  of  huge  mountains ;  some- 
times huge  rocks  lie  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  in 
detached  blocks  or  masses.  Under  this  term  miner- 
alogists class  all  mineral  substances,  coal,  gj'psum, 
salt,  &c. 

2.  In  Scripture,  figuratively,  defense  ;  means  of 
safety  ;  protection  ;  strength  ;  asylum. 

The  Lord  is  my  rock.  — 2  Sam.  xxii. 

3.  Firmness  ;  a  firm  or  immovable  foundation.  Ps. 
xxvii.   Mall.  vii.  and  xvi. 

4.  A  fabulous  bird  in  (he  Eastern  tales.    [See  Roc] 
ROCK,  71.    [Dan.  roA-;  Sw.rock;  D.  rokken  ;  G.  rock- 
en  ;  It.  rocca  :  Sp.  rucca.    The  latter  is  rendered  a 
distaff,  a  winding  or  twisting,  and  the  fish  of  a  mast 
or  yard.    The  sense  is,  probably,  a  rack  or  frame.] 

A  distaff  used  in  spinning  ;  the  stafl'or  Iranie  aliout 
which  flax  is  arranged,  from  which  tlio  thread  is 
drawn  in  spinning. 
ROCK,  71.  (.  [Dan.  rokker,  to  move,  stir,  wag,  rack, 
advance  ;  G.  rilcken  1  Old  Fr.  roci/ner,  or  rn^iicr ;  Sw 
ragta,  to  reel ;  W.  rhocian,  to  rock  ;  rhoc,  a  shooting 

or  moving  diflerent  ways  ;  Ar.     ^  rnggP,  to  shake, 

to  tremble,  to  agitate.  This  latter  verb  in  Ch.  and 
Syr.  signifies  to  desire,  to  lung  for,  that  is,  to  reach, 
or  stretch,  Gr.  optyoi ;  and  it  may  be  n  dill'eient 
word.] 

1.  I  0  move  backward  and  forward,  as  a  body  rest- 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  nQQK — 


ROC 

in  ft  on  a  foundation  ;  as,  to  rorft  a  cnullc ;  to  rock  a 
rliair ;  to  roik  a  iiiotintain.  It  differs  IVoni  Shake,  as 
denoting  a  slower  and  more  uniform  motion,  or  larger 
niovenients.  It  differs  from  Swino,  wliicli  expresses 
a  vibratory  motion  of  something  suspendetl. 

A  riiiii^  furiluiuiike  rofked  Oi^  s^roiiml.  Drydtn. 
5.  To  move  backward  and  forward  in  a  cradle, 
chair,  &.c.  ;  as,  to  rock  a  child  to  sleep.  Dryden. 
3.  To  lull  ;  to  quiet. 

Sk-ep  rock  tliy  bmin.    [Umttual.^  SJtak, 
ROCK,  r.  i.   To  be  moved  backward  and  forward  ;  to 
reel. 

The  rocking  town 
Supplatiu  their  foouitff  s.  Philips. 

RO('K'-.\L-UM,  n.  The  purest  kind  of  alum.  [See 
Roche-Alcm.] 

ROCK'-Ha-S/N  ,  (-ba-sn,)  n.  A  cavity  or  artificial  ba- 
sin l  ilt  in  a  rock,  for  tlie  purpose,  as  is  sn|iposed,  of 
collectinj  the  dew  or  niin  for  ablutions  and  purifica- 
tions prescribed  by  the  druidical  reliaion. 

Grosier.  Encyc, 

ROCK'-ROUND,  a.    Hemmed  in  by  rocks. 

ROCK'-BUT-TI'.R,  n.  A  supposed  subsulphltc  of  alu- 
njina,  oozins  from  aluminous  rocks.  Ci/c. 

ROCK'-GOKK,  n.  A  variety  of  asbcstus,  resembling 
cork  in  its  texture.  Dunn. 

ROCK'-eUESS,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Arabis. 
Also  called  Wall-Cress.  Farm.  Eitcyc. 

ROCK'-eRO\V.\-/:D,  a.    Crowned  with  rocks. 

ROCK-eRVS'TAL,  n.  Limpid  quartz.  When  purest, 
it  is  while  or  colorless,  but  it  is  found  of  a  grayish 
or  yellowish  white,  pale  yellow,  or  citrine.  Its  most 
usual  form  is  that  of  hexagonal  prisms,  surmounted 
by  Iiexasonal  pyramids.  Kirwait.  Cleavflami. 

ROCK'DoE,  n.    A  species  of  deer.  Orrw. 

ROCK'KD,  (rokt,)  pp.  [from  roc/.,  the  verb.]  Moved 
one  way  and  the  other. 

ROCK'KR,  H.  One  who  rocks  the  cradle;  also,  the 
curving  piece  of  wood  on  which  a  cradle  or  chair 
rocks. 

ROCK'ET,  n.  [Dan.  raAcf,  rotcttc,  a  rocket,  cracker, 
or  squib  ;  G.  rackrte  :  probably  from  the  root  of  crack 
and  rackety  Fr.  eratjuer,  crtiffuetir.] 

An  arliticial  firework,  consisting  of  a  cylindrical 
case  of  paper,  filled  with  a  composition  of  combusti- 
ble ingredients,  as  niter,  charcoal,  anil  sulphur.  This 
being  tied  to  a  stick  and  fired,  the  cise  and  slick  are 
l)rojecled  through  the  air  by  a  force  arising  from  the 

■   combustion.  P.  Ci/c. 

ROCK'ET,  n.    [L.  eraca.] 

A  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  the  genus 
Brassica,  or  more  probably  Eruca.  The  popular  name 
of  Ilesperis  niatronalis,  and  other  species  of  Ilespe- 
ris.  Tnllij. 

ROCK'-FISIt,  71.  A  salt-water  fish,  a  species  of  Goby, 
Gohius  niser.  Jarili}ic\^  A'tit.  Lib. 

ROCK'I-NESS,  n.  [from  rociy.]  State  of  abounding 
with  rocks. 

ROCK'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  backward  and  for- 
ward. 

ROCK'I.\G  CHSIR,  n.   A  chair  mounted  on  rockers. 

ROCK'IN'G  STo.NE,  n.  A  stone,  often  of  great  size 
and  weight,  resting  upon  another  stone,  and  so  ex- 
actly poised  on  some  edge  or  corner,  that  it  can  be 
rocked,  or  slightly  moved,  with  but  little  force. 

Jour,  of  Sci. 

ROCK'LESS,  a.    Being  without  rocks.  Dnjdcn. 

ROCK'-OIL,  71.    Another  name  for  petroleum. 

ROCK'-PIG-EON,  71.  A  species  of  pigeon,  Coliimba 
livia,  found  in  Euro|ie,  Asia,  and  Africa.  It  inhabits 
rocks  anil  caves,  and  is  considered  to  be  the  original 
of  the  domestic  pigeons.  .lardine. 

ROCK'-PLANT,  n.  A  plant  distinguished  by  growing 
on  or  among  naked  rocks.  P.  Cue. 

ROCK'-RIB-Rf:i),  a.    Inclosed  or  ribbed  in  by  rocks. 

ROUK'-ROOF-£D,  (-rooft,)  a.  Having  a  roof  of 
rock. 

ROCK'-ROSE,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cistus  or  He- 
liantheiiiiini. 

ROCK'-4{0-RY,  71.    A  fine  reddish  variety  of  garnet 

Dana. 

ROCK'-SALT,  71.  Mineral  salt;  salt  dug  from  the 
earth  ;  ciilorid  of  sodium.  But  in  Jimerica,  this  name 
is  sometimes  given  to  salt  that  comes  in  large  crys- 
tals from  thp  West  Indies,  which  salt  is  formed  by 
evaporation  from  sea-water,  in  large  basins  or  cavi- 
ties, (111  the  isles.  Uexahedral  rock-salt  occurs  foli- 
ated and  fibrous.  Ure. 

ROCK'-WOOD,  71.    Ligniform  asbcstus.  Cyc. 

ROCK'-\v6liK,  (  wurk,)  71.  Stones  fixed  in  mortar 
ill  imitation  of  the  as|>erities  of  rocks,  forming  a 
wall. 

U.  In  ffardening,  an  elevation  of  earth  and  other 
htose  materials  covered  with  stones,  &.c.,  among 
which  plants  adapted  for  such  a  situation  are  grown. 
«  P.  Cyc. 

ROCK'Y,  a.  [from  rack.]  Full  of  rocks  ;  as,  a  rocky 
mountain  ;  a  rocky  shore. 

2.  Resembling  a  rock ;  as,  the  rocA-yorb  of  a  shield. 

.Milton. 

3.  Very  hard  ;  stony  ;  obdurate  ;  insucccptible  of 
mipression  ;  as,  a  rocky  bosom.  Shak. 

Ro  eo.\,  71.    [A  corruption  of  C/i-iKu.]    A  colored  pul- 


ROG 

py  substance  within  the  legume,  and  surrounding  the 
seeds  of  the  llixa  Orellana.  In  its  purified  state  it  is 
called  Anotto.  ■ 
ROD,  71.  [Sax.  rod;  Dan.  rode;  I),  roede,  roe;  G.  ruthe 
ami  reis.  In  Danish,  rod  is  a  root ;  and  I  suppose 
rod,  root,  L.  radiits,  ray,  radii,  root,  and  Dan.  and  Sw. 
rail,  to  be  of  one  family.  The  sense  is  a  shoot,  from 
extending.  The  Riiss.  prut,  a  rod,  is  probably  the 
same  word  with  a  prefix.) 

1.  The  shoot  or  long  twig  of  any  woody  plant ;  a 
branch,  or  the  stem  of  a  shrub  ;  as,  a  rod  of  liazel,  of 
birch,  of  oak,  or  hickory.  Hence, 

2.  An  instrument  of  punishment  or  correction  ; 
chastisement. 

I  will  cli;uttrn  him  with  the  rod  of  mon.  — 2  Sam.  vii.   Prov.  x. 

3.  Discipline  ;  ecclesiastical  censures.    1  Cor.  iv. 

4.  A  kind  of  scepter. 

The  rod  nmi  tin!  of  peace.  Sliak. 

5.  A  pole  for  angling;  something  long  and  slender. 

Guy. 

fi.  An  instmment  for  measuring  ;  but,  TTiorc  ijcntr- 
albj,  a  measure  of  length  containing  five  yards,  or 
sixteen  feet  and  a  half;  a  pole  ;  a  perch.  In  many 
parts  of  the  United  Slates,  rod  is  universally  used  for 
yole  or  perch. 

7.  In  Scripture,  a  staff  or  wand.    1  Sam.  xiv. 

8.  Support. 

Thy  rod  ami  thy  «t-tlT,  Ihey  comfort  me.  —  Ps.  xxiii. 

9.  A  shepherd's  crook.    Lev.  xxvii. 

10.  An  instrument  for  threshing.    Is.  x.xviii. 

11.  Power;  authority.    Ps.  cxw. 

12.  A  tribe  or  race.    P.t.  Ixxiv. 

liod  of  iron  ;  the  mighty  power  of  Christ.  Rev.  xix. 
Ps.  ii. 

RfiT'E.  pret.  of  Ride  :  also,  a  cross.    [See  Rood.] 
RO'DUNT,  a.    [L.  rodo.] 

Gnawing  ;  a  term  applied  to  the  rodentia,  which 
see. 

Ro'DE.N'T,  71.    An  animal  that  gnaws,  as  a  rat. 

RO-DE.N'TIA,  71.  pi.    [L.  rodo,  to  gnaw.] 

Gnawers  ;  an  order  of  mammals  haying  two  large 
incisor  teeth  in  each  jaw,  separated  from  the  molar 
teeth  by  an  empty  space.  The  rat  and  mouse,  the 
squirrel,  the  marmot,  the  musk-rat,  and  the  beaver, 
belong  to  this  order. 

ROD'0-MO.\T,  11.  [Fr.  id. :  It.  rodnmonle,  a  bully  ;  Ir. 
raidhmeis,  silly  stories,  rodomontade  ;  roithre,  a  bab- 
bler, a  prating  fellow  ;  roilhrrnchi ,  silly  talk,  loquaci- 
ty, rhetoric:  from  radliam,  to  say,  tell,  relate,  \V.  ad- 
ram.  The  Ir.  radh,  radhnm,  arc  the  Pax.  reed,  speech, 
and  rtpdan,  to  read.  (Sec  Read.)  TI1.5  last  syllable 
may  bo  the  Fr.  montrr,  to  mount,  and  the  word  then 
signifies  one  lhat  speaks  loftily.  Hence  the  name  of 
Arioslo's  hero.] 

A  vain  boaster.  Herbert. 

ROD'OMONT,  a.    Bragging;  vainly  boasting. 

ROI)-0-MO.\T-.\DE',  11.  [Fr.  id.  ;  It.  rodomonlata. 
See  RoDoMoNT.] 

Vain  boasting  ;  empty  bluster  or  vaunting;  rant. 

I  coul'l  show  lh:vt  th''  rodomonladcM  of  Almatizor  are  neither  10 
irrntioiial  nor  iiiipu^sible.  lyrydtn. 

ROD-O-MONT-aDE',  v.  i.    To  boast;  to  brag;  to 

bluster ;  to  rant. 
R()I)-0-M().\T-aD'IST,  )  71.  Atilusteringboaster;  one 
ROD-0->IO.\T-.\D'OR,  (    that  brags  or  vaunts. 

Temj.  Todd. 
RoE,  )  71.    [Sax.  ra,  or  raa.  rmire,  or  hritge;  G. 

RoE'BUCK,  i     rth  and  rchbocl; ;  Dan.  raa,  or  raabuk ; 

Sw.  rabock.] 

1.  A  species  of  deer,  the  Capreolus  Dorcas,  with 
erect  cylindrical  branched  horns,  forked  at  the  sum- 
mit. This  is  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  deer,  but  of 
elegant  shape  and  remarkably  nimble.  It  prefers  a 
mountainous  country,  and  congregates  in  families. 

P.  Cyc. 

2.  Roe  ;  the  female  of  the  hart.  Sandys. 
ROE,  (ro,)  71.    [G.rogen:  Dan.  ro<rn,  rairn;  that  which 

is  ejected.    So  in  Dan.  roge  is  spittlej 

The  seed  or  spawn  of  fishes.  The  roe  of  the 
m.ale  is  called  soft  roe  or  7711/1 th.it  of  the  female, 
haril  roe  or  spawn.  Encye. 

RfiE'-STo.VE,  71.    Called  .also  OBlite,  which  see. 

RO-G.A'TIO.\,  71.   [Fr.,  from  L.  rogatio;  rogo,  to  ask.] 

1.  Litany;  supplication. 

He  pcrfeclrih  the  rogations  or  liunit^  before  in  tiie.  Hooker. 

2.  In  Roman  jurispnuUnce,  the  demand,  by  the 
consuls  or  tribunes,  of  a'  law  to  be  passetl  by  the 
people. 

RO-GA'TIONMVEEK,  n.  The  second  week  before 
WhiLsund.ay,  thus  called  from  the  three  fasts  ob- 
served therein ;  viz.,  on  Monday,  Tucsd.ay,  and 
Wednesday,  called  rogalion-days,  because  of  the  ex- 
traordinary prayers  then  made  for  the  fruits  of  the 
earth,  or  as  a  preparation  for  the  devotion  of  the 
Holy  Thursday.  p.  Cyc.  Hook. 

ROGUE,  (rog,)  71.  [Sax.  earg,  org,  idle,  stiipid,  mean  ; 
tar^ian,  to  become  dull  or  torpid  ;  D.  G.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  org,  evil,  crafty,  wicked  ;  Gr.  an;  05.  Hence 
Cinihric  argur,  and  Eng.  rogue,  by  transposition  of 
letters.  The  word  arga,  in  the  laws  of  the  Ltmgo- 
bards,  denotes  a  cuckoltl.   Spel.  voc.  Jirga.] 


ROL 

1.  In  lam,  a  vagrant;  a  sturdy  beggar;  a  vaga- 
bond. Persons  of  this  character  were,  by  the  an- 
cient laws  of  England,  to  be  punished  by  whipping 
and  having  Uie  ear  bored  with  a  hot  iron. 

Kncyc.  Spenjier. 

2.  A  knave  ;  a  dishonest  person  ;  applied  now,  I 
believe,  exclusively  to  males.  This  word  compre- 
hends thieves  and  robbers,  but  is  generally  applied 
to  such  as  cheat  and  defraud  in  mutual  dealings,  or 
to  counterfeiters. 

The  rogus  nnd  fool  by      U  fair  anil  wbe.  Pope. 

3.  A  name  of  slight  tenderness  and  endearment. 
At;i5,  poor  rogue,  1  tliiiijt  liiilced  ilie  loves.  Sliak. 

4.  A  wag.  Shak. 
ROGUE,  (rug,)  r.  i.    To  wander ;  to  play  the  vaga- 
bond,   [l.illle  ujied.]  Sptnser. 

2.  To  play  knavish  tricks,  [/.i/f/e  u.*r(/.J  Johusnn. 
ROGU'ER-Y,  71.    The  life  of  a  vagrant.    [Aoia  litUe 

useii  \  Donne. 

2  Knavish  tricks;  cheating;  fraud;  dishonest 
practices. 

'Tis  no  scandal  grown 
For  ilebt  and  roguery  to  quit  the  town.  Dryden. 

3.  Waggery  ;  arch  tricks  ;  mischievousness. 
ROGUE'SHIP,  71.    The  qualities  or  personage  of  a 

rogue.  Dryden. 
RoGUE'S'-YARN,  n.    Yarn  of  a  different  twist  and 

color  from  the  rest,  and  inserted  into  the  cordage  of 

the  British  navy,  to  identify  it  if  stolen.  Buchanan. 
RoGU'fSH,  (rug'isli,)  a.  Vagrant ;  vagabond.  [JVcorly 

obsolete.  ]  Spenser. 

2.  Knavish;  fraudulent;  dishonest.  SicifL 
[This  is  the  present  sense  of  the  icord.] 

3.  Waggish  ;  wanton  ;  slightly  miscliicvoiis. 

Jlddison. 

ROGU'ISII-LY,  adr.  Like  a  rogue  ;  knavishly  ;  wan-, 
tonly. 

ROGU'ISH-NES.=i,  71.  The  qualities  of  a  rogue ; 
knavery  ;  niischievousnesg. 

2.  Archness  ;  sly  cunning  ;  as,  the  roguishncss  of 
a  look. 

ROGU'Y,  (rog'y,)  a.  Knavish  ;  wanton.  [.Yot  in  use.] 

Vhlstrange. 

ROIL,  V.  t.  [This  is  the  Arm.  brelln,  Fr.  brouillrr,  em- 
brouiller.  It.  brogiiare,  imbrogtiure,  Sp.  cmbrolliir. 
Port,  einbrulhar  ;  primarily,  to  turn  or  stir,  to  make 
intricate,  to  twist,  wrap,  involve,  hence  to  mix,  con- 
found, perplex,  whence  Eng.  broil,  Fr.  brouiUard, 
mist,  fog.  In  English,  the  prefix  or  first  letter  is 
lost.] 

1.  To  render  turbid  by  stirring  up  the  dregs  or  sed- 
iment ;  as,  to  roil  wine,  cider,  or  other  liquor  in  casks 
or  bottles. 

2.  To  excite  some  degree  of  anger ;  to  disturb  the 
passion  of  resentment. 

[  Thc^e  senses  are  in  common  use  in  JV'cifl  England, 
and  are  local  in  Knglan(L] 

3.  To  perplex.    [Local  in  England.] 
ROIL'i^D,  pp.    Rendered  turbiil  or  foul  by  disturbing 

the  li^es  or  sediment ;  angered  slightly;  disturbed  in 

mind  by  an  offense. 
ROIL'I.NG,  ppr.    Rendering  turbid,  or  exciting  the 

passion  of  anger. 
J^-utc. — This  word  is  as  legitimate  as  any  in  the 

language. 
ROI.N'T.   See  Arotwt. 

ROIST,       j  1).  i.    [Arm.  reasila,  to  embroil.  This 
ROIST'ER,  i      word  belongs  to  the  root  of  rustle, 
bnistir.  Sax.  brysan,  to  shake,  to  rush,  W.  rhysiatr,  |o 
rii,**,  to  straiten,  to  entangle,  rhysu,  id.] 

To  bluster;  to  swagger;  to  bully;  to  be  bold, 
nois}',  vaunting,  or  turbulent.    [Aot  in  use.] 

Shak.  Swift. 

ROIST'ER,       )  71.    A  bold,  blustering,  turbulent  fel- 
ROIST'EK-ER,  (     low.    [JVot  in  use.] 
ROIST'ER-LY,  a.    Itliistcring  ;  violent. 
ROIST'ER-LY,  adv.   In  a  bullying,  violent  manner. 

[Little  used.] 

rook'  \  '  ;  damp.    A'orth  of  F.ng- 

RoAK;S 

RoK'V,  a.  [See  Reek.]  Misty;  foggy;  cloudy 
[JVot  in  use.]  Rati. 

ROLL,  r.  L  [D.  and  G.  rollen  ;  Sw.  rulla  ;  Dan.  rul- 
ler ;  W.rhotiaw;  Fr.  rouler.  Arm.  ruilha  antl  roVa: 
It.  rullare  ;  Ir.  rotam.  It  is  usual  to  consider  this 
word  as  formed  by  contraction  from  the  L  itin  rutula, 
a  little  wheel,  from  ruta,  W.  rhod,  a  wlie.  1.  Hut  it 
is  .against  all  probability  that  all  the  nations  of  Eu- 
rope have  fallen  into  such  a  contraction.  Roll  is  un- 
doubtedly a  primitive  root,  on  which  have  been 
formed  troll  and  slrolL] 

1.  To  move  by  turning  on  the  surface,  or  with  a 
circular  motion  in  which  all  parts  of  the  surface  are 
successively  applied  to  a  plane  ;  as,  to  roll  a  barrel  or 
puncheon  ;  to  roll  a  stone  or  ball.  Sisyphus  was 
condemned  to  roll  a  stone  to  the  top  of  a  hill,  which, 
when  he  had  done  so,  rolled  down  ag.ain,  and  thus 
his  punishment  was  eternal. 

2.  To  revolve ;  to  turn  on  its  axis ;  os,  to  roll  a 
wheel  or  a  planet. 

3.  To  move  in  a  circular  direction. 

4.  To  wrap  round  on  itself,  to  form  into  a  circular 


TONE,  Bt;LL,  U.NITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  C  as  J ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


121 


061 


ROL 

or  cylindrical  body  ;  as,  to  roll  a  piece  of  cloth  ;  to 
roll  a  sheet  of  paper ;  to  roll  parclinieiit ;  to  roU  to- 
baccii. 

5.  To  inwrap  ;  to  bind  or  involve  in  a  b:\ndage  or 
the  like.  fViseman. 

6.  To  form  by  rolling  into  round  masses. 

Peacham. 

?.  To  drive  or  impel  any  body  with  a  circular  mo- 
tion, or  to  drive  forward  with  violence  or  in  a  stream. 
The  ocean  rolls  its  billows  to  the  shore.  A  river  rolls 
its  waters  to  the  ocean. 

8.  To  spread  with  a  roller  or  rolling-pin ;  as,  to 
roll  paste. 

9.  To  produce  a  periodical  revolution. 

Heaven  shone  and  Tolled  her  motions.  lifilton. 

10.  To  press  or  level  with  a  roller;  as,  to  roll  a 
field. 

To  roll  one's  self:  to  wallow.    Jl/ic.  i. 
Roll,  r.  i.    To  move  hy  turning  on  the  surface,  or 
with  the  successive  application  of  all  parts  uf  the 
surface  to  a  plane  j  as,  a  ball  or  wheel  rolls  >n  the 
earth  ;  a  body  rulLi  on  an  inclined  plane. 

2.  To  move,  turn,  or  run  on  an  axis  ;  as  a  wheel. 
[In  this  sense,  Revolve  is  more  generally  used.] 

3.  To  run  on  wheels. 

And  to  the  rolling  cliair  is  bound.  Dryden. 

4.  To  revolve  ;  to  perform  a  periodical  revolution  ; 
as,  the  rolling  year  ;  ages  roll  away. 

5.  To  turn  ;  to  move  circularly. 

And  his  red  eyeballs  roll  with  living  fire.  Dryden, 

6.  To  float  in  rough  water ;  to  be  tossed  about. 

Twice  ten  tempestuous  nights  I  rolled.  Pope. 

7.  To  move,  as  waves  or  billows,  with  alternate 
sw  ells  and  depressions.    Waves  roll  on  waves. 

8.  To  fluctuate  ;  to  move  tunmltuously. 
WWiXdi^crent  sorrows  diii  within  thee  toIU  Prior. 

9.  To  be  moved  with  violence  ;  to  be  hurled. 

Down  they  fell, 
By  thousands  ;  angel  on  arclwng-jl  rolled.  ^ftlton. 

10.  To  be  formed  into  a  cylinder  or  ball ;  as,  the 
cloth  rolls  well. 

11.  To  spread  under  a  roller  or  rolling-pin.  The 
paste  rolh  well. 

12.  To  wallow ;  to  tumble  ;  as,  a  horse  rolh. 

13.  To  rock  or  move  from  side  to  side  ;  as,  a  ship 
rolls  in  a  calm. 

14.  To  beat  a  drum  with  strokes  so  rapid  that  they 
can  scarcely  be  distinguished  by  the  ear. 

Roll,  n.  The  act  of  rolling,  or  state  of  being  rolled  ; 
as,  the  roll  of  a  ball ;  the  roll  cf  a  vessel. 

2.  The  thing  rolling.  TTiomson, 

3.  A  mass  made  round  ;  something  like  a  ball  or 
cylinder ;  as,  a  roll  of  fat ;  a  roll  of  wool. 

.^diltson.  JMoriimer. 

4.  A  roller;  a  cylinder  of  wood,  iron,  or  stone; 
as,  a  roll  to  break  clods.  Mortimer. 

5.  A  quantity  of  cloth  wound  into  a  cylindrical 
form  ;  as,  a  roll  of  woollen  or  satin ;  a  roll  of  lace. 

6.  A  cylindrical  twist  of  tobacco. 

7.  An  orticial  writing;  a  list;  a  register;  a  cata- 
logue ;  as,  a  muster-roW  ;  a  conn-roll. 

8.  The  uniform  beating  of  a  drum  with  strokes  so 
rapid  as  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  by  the  ear. 

9.  Rolls  of  court,  of  parliament,  or  of  any  public 
body,  are  the  parchtnents  on  which  are  engrossed, 
by  the  proper  officer,  the  acts  and  proceetlings  of  that 
body,  and  which,  being  kept  in  rolls,  constitute  the 
recortis  of  such  |)tiblic  hotly. 

10.  In  antit/uitij,  a  volume  ;  a  book  consisting  of 
leaf,  bark,  paper,  skin,  or  other  material,  on  which 
the  ancients  wrote,  and  which,  being  kept  rolled  or 
folded,  was  called  in  Latin  volumen,  I'rum  volvOy  to 
roll.  Ilence, 

11.  A  chronicle  ;  history  ;  annals. 

Nor  names  more  noble  grace<l  the  rolta  of  fame.  TyumbuU. 

12.  Part ;  oflFice  ;  that  is,  round  of  duty,  like  turn. 
[Oby  j 

RoLij'^rn,  pp.  or  a.  Moved  by  turning  ;  formed  into 
a  round  or  cylindrical  body;  leveled  with  a  roller,  as 
land. 

RoLL'KR,  71.  That  which  rolls  ;  that  which  turns  on 
its  own  axis;  pnrtuitlarhi,  a  cyliritlf-r  of  wood, stone, 
metal,  &.C.,  used  in  husbandry  and  the  arts.  Rollers 
are  of  various  kinds,  and  used  for  vtirious  purposes. 

2.  A  b:  ndagc  ;  a  fillet ;  properlij,  a  long  and  broad 
bantl.'ige  used  in  surgery. 

3.  An  insessorial  or  perching  binl  of  the  genus 
Coracias.  fmind  in  Eiiropi-,  Asia,  and  Africa.  The 
colore  of  the  plumage  in  adults  are  brilliant  blue 
and  green,  mixed  with  chestnut.  .lanline. 

R("LL'I;K»,  n.  pi.    lh  avy  waves  which  set  in  upon  a 

co.'ist  without  wind. 
ROL'LIC'K,  r.  i.    To  move  in  a  careless,  swaggering 

manner,  with  a  frolicsiuiH:  air.  [  CuWiv/iiiu(.  ]  Smart. 
ROL'I/If.'K-LXf;,  jipr.  or  a.    Moving  in  n  careless  or 

HWaggering  in.'innrr  ;  frolicstune. 
ROLL'INd,  ppr.    Turning  over;  revolving;  forming 

into  a  cylinder  or  round  masR  ;  leveling,  as  land. 
2.  a.  Undulating;  having  a  regular  sncceRsion  of 

regular  elevations  and  depressions  ;  as,  a  railing 

prairie.  Western  Slates. 


ROM 

RoLL'ING.  n.  The  turning  round  of  a  body  upon 
some  stirface. 

2.  The  motion  of  a  ship  from  side  to  side. 

RoLL'ING-PIN,  71.  A  round  piece  of  wood,  tapering 
at  each  end,  with  which  paste  is  molded  and  reduced 
to  a  proper  thickness.  Wiseman. 

RoLL'LNG-PKESri,  7!.  An  engine  consisting  of  two 
cylinders,  by  which  cloth  is  calendered,  waved,  and 
tabbied ;  also,  an  engine  for  taking  impressions 
from  copper-plates;  also,  a  like  engine  for  drawing 
pjlates  of  metal,  ice. 

ROLL'Y-POOL-Y,  77.  [Said  to  be  roll  and  pool,  or 
roll,  ball,  and  pool.'\  A  game  in  which  a  ball,  rolling 
into  a  certain  place,  wins.  Arbuthnot. 

ROM'AGE,  (rum'maj,)  7i.  Bustle  ;  tumultuous  search. 

iSee  Rl'mmage.]  Shak. 
-iMA'ie,  o.  or  71.   A  term  applied  to  the  modern 
Greek  language. 
RO-]\IAL',  (ro-mavvl',)  7i.    A  species  of  silk  handker- 
chief. 

RO'M.\.'V,  a.  [L.  Romanus,  from  Roma,  the  principal 
city  of  the  Romans  in  Italy.  Rome  is  the  oriental 
name  Raoiah,  elevated,  that  is,  a  hill  ;  for  fortresses 
anti  towns  were  often  placed  on  hills  for  security  ; 
Heb.  and  Ch.  Di">,  to  be  high,  to  raise.  Class  Rm, 
No.  3.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Rome,  or  to  the  Roman  people. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  professing  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion. 

Roman,  order :  in  architecture,  the  composite  order. 
[See  Composite.] 

Roman  Catholic;  as  an  adjective,  denoting  the  re- 
ligion professed  by  the  people  of  Rome  and  of  Italy, 
at  the  head  of  which  is  the  pope  or  bishop  of  Rome  ; 
as  a  noun,  one  who  adheres  to  this  religion. 
RO'MAN,  71.    A  native  of  Rome. 

2.  A  citizen  of  Rome;  one  enjoying  the  privileges 
of  a  Roman  citizen. 

3.  One  of  the  Christian  church  at  Rome  to  which 
Paul  addressed  an  epistle,  consisting  of  converts 
from  Judaism  or  paganism. 

Ro'.MAN  CEM'EiNT,  71.  An  excellent  water  cement, 
for  btiilding  purposes.  Buchanan. 

RO-MANCE',  (ro-mans',)  7t.  [Fr.  roman  :  It.  romanio  ; 
Sp.  romance,  the  common  vulgar  language  of  Spain, 
and  romance  :  Port,  id.,  any  vulgar  tongue,  and  a 
species  of  poetry  ;  W.  rham,  a  rising  over;  rkatnant, 
a  rising  over,  a  vaulting  or  springing,  an  omen,  a 
figurative  expression,  romance,  as  an  adjective,  rising 
boldly,  romantic  ;  rhanianta,  to  rise  over,  to  soar,  to 
reach  to  a  dist.ance,  to  divine,  to  romance,  to  alle- 
gt)rize ;  rhamantu,  to  use  figurative  or  high-flown 
language,  &.c.  The  Welsh  retains  the  signification 
of  the  oriental  word  from  which  Rome  is  derived, 
and  indeed  the  sense  of  romance  is  evidently  from 
the  primitive  sense  of  the  root,  rather  than  from  the 
use  of  the  Roman  language.  The  Welsh  use  of  the 
word  proves  also  the  correctness  of  the  foregoing 
derivation  of  Roma,  and  overthrows  the  fabulous  ac- 
coimt  of  the  origin  of  the  word  from  Romulus  or 
Remus.  It  is  probable  that  this  word  is  allied  to 
rawblc.^ 

1.  A  fabulous  rel.ation  or  story  of  adventures  and 
incidents  designed  for  the  entertainment  of  readers  ; 
a  tale  of  extraordinary  adventures,  fictitious  and 
often  extravagant,  usually  a  tale  of  love  or  war,  sub- 
jects interesting  the  sensibilities  of  the  heart,  or  the 
passions  of  wontler  and  curiosity.  Romance  diflers 
from  the  novel,  as  it  treats  of  actions  and  adventures 
of  an  unusual  and  wonderful  character  ;  that  is,  ac- 
cording to  the  Welsh  signification,  it  vaults  or  soars 
beyond  the  limits  of  fact  and  real  life,  and  often  of 
probability.  ^ 

The  first  roTTirtnces  were  a  monstrous  assemblage  of  histories,  in 
which  tnitli  and  fiction  were  bleiuied  without  probability  ;  a 
fompositioii  of  amorous  adveutures  and  tlie  extnivagiuit 
ideas  of  cliivalry.  Ettcyc. 

2.  A  fiction.  Prior. 
RO-!\lANCE',  a.  or  77.    A  term  denoting  the  ilialect 

formerly  prevalent  in  some  of  the  southern  districts 
of  France,  which  sprung  directly  from  the  Roman  or 
Latin  language. 
RO-MANCE',  (ro-rnans',)  v.  i.    To  forge  and  tell  ficti- 
tious stories  ;  to  deal  in  extravagant  stories. 

RichartL^ton. 

RO-MAN'CER,  7t.    One  who  invents  fictitious  stories. 
2.  A  writer  of  romance.  Jiiibrey, 

RO-MA.\'CING,  ppr.  Inventing  and  telling  fictitious 
tales  ;  buililiiig  castles  in  the  air. 

IIO-M  AN'CY,  (7.    Romantic.    [J^ot  proper.'] 

RO-MAN-EsailE',  (ro-nian-esk',) a. or  7t.  A  term  ap- 
plied in  painting  to  that  which  appertains  to  romance, 
or  ratlii  r  to  fable,  as  connected  with  objects  of  fancy  ; 
in  nrrhilrctnre,  to  the  debased  styles  subsequent  to, 
and  imitative  of,  the  Roman  ;  in  literature,  to  the 
common  dialect  in  some  of  the  southern  districts  of 
France,  the  remains  of  the  old  Roman  language. 

Brande.    Gloss,  of  .^rchit. 

RO'MAN-IS.M,  71.    The  tenets  of  the  church  of  Rome. 

Rrrotnt. 

RO'MAN-IST,  71.  An  adherent  to  the  Rtiman  Catholic 
relieion  ;  a  Ktunan  (^titholic.  Brandc. 

RO'MAN-IZE,  71.  (.  To  latinize;  to  fill  with  Latin 
words  or  modes  of  speech.  Vryden. 


ROO 

2.  To  convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  or 
opinions. 

RoTilAN-IZE,  V.  i.  To  conform  to  Roman  Catholic 
opinions^  customs,  or  modes  of  speech. 

RO'.M A.N'-IZ-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Latinized;  conformed  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  faith. 

RO'iMAi\-IZ-[NG,  ppr.  Latinizing ;  conforming  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  faith. 

RO-.MANSH',  77.  The  language  of  the  Grisons  in 
Switzerland,  a  corruption  of  the  Latin. 

RO-MAN'Tie,  a.  Pertaining  to  romance  or  resem- 
bling it;  wild;  fanciful;  extravagant;  as,  a  7-o;na/i- 
tic  taste  ;  romantic  notions  ;  romantic  expectations  ; 
romantic  zeal. 

2.  Improbable  or  chimerical ;  fictitious ;  as,  a  ro- 
mantic tale. 

3.  Fanciful ;  wild  ;  full  of  wild  or  fantastic  scen- 
ery ;  as,  a  romantic  prospect  or  landscape  ;  a  romantic 
sittiation. 

RO-MAi\'Tie-AL-LY,  ado.    Wildly  ;  e.vtravagantly. 

Pope. 

RO-MAN'TI-CISM,  77.  The  state  of  being  romantic  or 
^fantastic;  applied  chiefly  to  the  unnatural  produc- 
tions of  the  modern  French  school  of  novelists. 

Brande. 

RO-MAN'Tie-NESS,  7i.    Wildness  ;  extravagance  ; 

fancifulness. 
2.  Wildness  of  scenery. 
RO-MAN'ZO-VITE,  71.     A  variety  of  garnet,  of  a 

brown  or  brownish-yellow  color;  named  from  Count 

Roinanzoff.  Cleaorland. 
Ro'ME-INE,  (-in,)  n.    [from  the  mineralogist  Rome  de 

VIslc] 

A  mmeral  consisting  of  antimnnious  acid  and  lime, 
presenting  a  hyacinth  or  honey-yellow  color,  and 
occurring  in  square  octahedrons.  Dana. 

Ro.ME'PEN-NY,  (  71.     [Rome  and  Sa.'s.  pennig  or 

RO.ME'seOT,      j  sceat.] 

A  tax  of  a  penny  on  a  house,  formeily  paid  by  the 
people  of  England  to  the  church  of  Rome.  [See 
Peterpence.1 

Ro.M'ISII,  a.  [from  Rome.]  Relonging  or  relating  to 
Rt)me,  or  to  the  religion  professeil  by  the  people  of 
Rome  and  of  the  western  empire,  of  which  Rome 
was  the  metropolis  ;  Rtunan  Catholic  ;  as,  the  Romish 
church  ;  the  Romish  religion,  ritual,  or  ceremonies. 

RO.M'IST,  71.    A  Roman  Catholic.  South. 

ROJIP,  71.  [A  diflerent  spelling  of  Ramp  ;  W.  rham. 
a  rising  over  ;  rhnmu,  to  reach  over,  to  soar,  to  vault, 
See  Ramp  and  Romance.] 

1.  A  rude  girl  who  indulges  in  boisterous  pl.ay. 

Jiddison. 

2.  Rude  play  or  frolic. 


Romp'\ov\n^  miss 
Is  hauled  about  in  ^.dlantry  robust. 


TTiomson. 


ROMP,  7'.  i.  To  play  rudely  and  boisterously  ;  to  leap 
anil  frisk  about  in  play.  Richardson. 

ROMP'ING,  ppr.  Playing  rudely.  As  a  7101771,  rude, 
boisterous  play. 

ROMP'ISH,  a.    Given  to  rude  play  ;  inclined  to  romp. 

M. 

ROMP'ISH-LY,  adv.   In  a  rude  or  boisterous  manner. 
RO.MP'ISII-NESS,  71.    Disposition  to  rude,  boisterous 
play  ;  or  the  jiractice  of  romping.  Steele. 

ROM  PEE'  j       [L.  7T777!po,  to  break.] 

In  heraldry,  an  ordinary  that  is  broken,  or  a  chev- 
ron, a  bend,  or  the  like,  whose  upper  points  are  cut 
otf.  Encnc. 

RON-DEAU',  (ron-do',)  )  7i.    [Fr.  rondeau,  from  roiid, 

RON'DO,  i     round  ] 

1.  A  kind  of  poetry,  commonly  consisting  of  thir- 
teen verses,  of  which  eight  have  one  rhyme,  and 
five  another.  It  is  divided  into  three  coiiphas,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  second  and  third,  the  beginning  of 
the  rondeau  is  repeated  in  an  equivocal  sense,  if  pos- 
sible. Warton.  Trcvoux. 

2.  In  77ii/,9ii;,  the  rondo,  vocal  or  instrumental,  gen- 
erally consists  of  three  strains,  the  first  of  which 
closes  in  the  original  key,  while  ('ach  of  the  others  is 
so  constructed  in  modulation  as  to  reconduct  the  ear 
in  an  easy  and  natural  manner  to  the  first  strain. 

Busby. 

RON'DEL,  n.    In  fortification,  a  small,  round  tower, 

erected  at  the  foot  of  a  bastion.  Brande. 
RON'DLE,  (rtm'dl,)  a.      [from  round.]     A  round 

mass.    'JVo(  in  use.]  Peacham. 
RON'nO,"7i.    See  Rondeau. 
RON'OURE,  71.    [Fr.  rondeur.] 

A  round  ;  a  circle.    [JVot  in  u.te.]  Shak. 
RONG  ;  the  old  pret.  and  ;»;>.  of  Rmo,  now  Ri  no. 

Chaucer. 

RON'ION,  (run'yon,)  71.    [Fr.  roirnon,  kidney.] 

A  fat,  bulky  woman.    [JVuf  i;i  7i.sv.]  Sluik. 
RONT,  71.    An  animal  stinted  in  its  growth.  [Now 

written  and  pronounced  Rimr.]  Spr.nscr, 
ROOD,  71.    [A  different  orthography  of  Rod,  which 

see.] 

1.  The  fimrth  part  of  an  acre,  or  forty  square  rods. 
[See  AcitE.] 

2.  A  polo;  a  measure  of  five  yards;  a  rod  or 
perch.  [A*tif.  used  in  Jlmcrica,  and  probably  local  in 
Kni'lnnd.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQOK 


963 


ROO 


ROO 


ROR 


IlOOl),  VI.    [Sax.  mile  or  rod.] 

A  cross  iir  crucifix  ;  a  naiiii'  formerly  (.'ivi  ii  to  Ihe 
figurt;  of  Christ  on  the  cross  orectcil  in  Itonian  C.itli- 
olic  cluirch'is.  Wliun  ciunpU'to,  lliis  was  accom- 
panied by  the  figures  of  tlie  Virgin  Mary  anil  of  St. 
Jolin.  S!iak. 

ROOD' LOFT,  71.  A  loft  or  gallery  in  a  cluircli  on 
wliicli  the  ruud  and  its  appendages  were  set  up  to 
view.  Gwilt. 

UOOD'Y,  a.    Coarse  ;  luxurious.       Craven  Dialect. 

UOOK,  n.  [Sax.  ro/,  hrof ;  Gr.  oftottin,  opa/i  .f,  from 
£o£0ri),  to  cover.  Uu.  Russ.  krov,  Slav,  strap.  Sec 
llic  Ar.  Class  Rl),  No.  12,  and  Syr.  No.  40.] 

1.  The  cover  or  upper  pjirt  of  a  house  or  other 
liuihlini.',  consisting  of  rafters  covered  with  hoards, 
shini^lfs,  or  tiles,  with  a  side  or  sides  sloping  from  the 
riilse,  for  Ihe  |>urpose  of  carrying  off  the  water  that 
falls  in  rain  or  snow.  In  Asia,  the  rouf^  of  houses 
are  Hat  or  horizontal.  The  same  name,  ronf,  is  given 
to  the  sloping  covers  of  Inits,  cahins,  and  ricks  ;  to 
the  arches  of  ovens,  furnaces,  &c. 

2.  A  vault ;  an  arch  ;  or  the  interior  of  a  vault ;  as, 
the  nil/  of  heaven. 

'l  iie  vault  of  the  mouth  ;  the  upper  part  of  the 
mouth  ;  the  palate. 

U"  1  lie  iiol  riMUPiiilvr  Uii'i!,  lot  my  tongue  cleave  to  the  roof  of 
my  moutli.  —  Pa.  cxxxvii. 

ROOF,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  a  roof. 

1  hrtvp  not  tren  thf.  rPtniiiiiH  of  miy  Rnman  buildingv,  thiit  h.ive 
not  Ueeu  nto/ed  witli  vaults  or  un:liea.  Atldtton. 

Q.  To  inclose  in  a  house  ;  to  shelter. 

ilf  n'  lia>l  we  now  our  country'*  honor  rooftd,  Stiak. 

ROOF'ED,  (rooft,)  pp.    Furnished  or  covered  with  a 

roof  ivr  arch. 
R(  H)F'I.\(;,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  roof. 
ROOI"'li\(;,  n.    The  act  of  covering  with  a  roof. 

2.  The  materials  of  which  a  roof  is  composed  ;  or 

materials  for  a  roof.  OailL 
ROOF'l,i;SS,  a.    [S-.iX.  rofleasc] 

1.  Having  no  roof ;  as,  a  rniiflrss  housr. 

2.  lltiving  no  house  or  home  j  unsheltered. 
ROOF'Y,  a.    Having  roofi.  Dnjden. 
ROOK,  If.    [Sax.  hroc  ;   (5.  roche  ;  Dan.  roire,  raairc^  a 

rtiuA-,  and  Uraae.,  a  crow.  This  word  belongs  tti  the 
rotit  of  crtirOy  or  is  ratht;r  the  same  word  dialeclically 
varied  ;  Dan.  kra^n  ;  Sw.  krakti ;  G.  kralic ;  D.  krani ; 
L.  ^riiculus ;  probably  fniin  its  voice;  Ir.  grag, 
gragam.    See  t^Row  antl  Croak.] 

1.  A  birtl  of  the  genus  Corviis,  the  bird  mentioned 
by  Virgil  under  this  name.  This  bird  resemblt's  the 
crow,  but  dilfers  from  il  in  not  feeding  tm  carrion, 
but  on  insects  antl  crain.  In  crtiws  also  the  nostrils 
and  rot)t  fil  the  bill  are  cltithed  with  feathers,  but  in 
rooks  the  same  parts  are  naked,  or  have  only  a  few 
bristly  hairs.    The  rooK  is  gregarious.  Cyc. 

2.  A  cheat ;  a  trickish,  rapacious  fellow. 

H'ychcrlnj. 

ROOK,  n.  [It.  rocco,  a  bishop's  staff,  a  crosier,  a  rook 
at  chess.] 

In  ckrAi,  a  name  given  to  the  four  pieces  pl.aced  on 
the  ctvrniT  siiuares  of  the  btiarti,  alsti  calletl  Casti.es. 
The  riiok  moves  the  whole  extent  of  the  boaril,  un- 
less impeded  by  some  other  piece.  Jhtjlc. 
ROOIC,  i>.  i.    To  cheat ;  to  defraud.  Lucke. 
RQOK,  ti.  (.    To  cheat ;  to  defraud  by  cheating. 

.dabrcy. 

ROOK,  r.  i.    To  squat.    [See  Rc'ck.] 

(ro9kt,)  pp.    C  heatetl ;  defrauded. 
RCjX^K'lCR- V,  71.    A  pl.ace  where  rooks  congregate  and 
build  their  nests,  as  a  wotid,  &c.  Pope. 
2.  In  low  langiiiiire,  a  brothel. 
ROO  K '  1  .\  G ,  ppr.    C  heat  in  g. 

RO0K'Y,  a.    Inhabited  by  rooks  ;  as,  the  rookti  wood. 

'Slutk. 

ROOM,  71.  [Sax.  riiTii ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  ru77i ;  D.  ruim  ; 
G.  raam  ;  Goth,  ramvi^  room,  place  ;  Ir.  mm,  a  floor 
or  room  ;  G.  rdtLmett^  S.ax.  rumitiii,  n/man^  to  give 
place,  to  amplify,  to  enlarge;  Sax.  rtim-gifa^  liberal. 
It  rntiy  be  allieii  to  roam,  rumble.  Class  Rm,  No. 
4,  9-] 

1.  Space;  comp.ass ;  extent  of  place,  great  or 
Bniall.  Let  the  words  occupy  as  little  room  as  pos- 
sible. 

2.  Space  or  place  unoccupied. 

LortI,  it  is  Hone  as  thou  h.Lst  conniianded,  and  yel  there  is  room. 
—  Luke  liv. 

3.  Place  for  reception  or  admission  ef  any  thing. 
In  this  case  there  is  no  roo77i  for  doubt  or  for  argu- 
ment. 

4.  I'lace  of  another  ;  stead  ;  as  in  succession  or 
subsiiiiition.  One  magistrate  or  king  comes  in  the 
roo77i  of  a  former  one.  VVe  often  place  one  thing  in 
the  room  of  another.    1  Kings  XX. 

5.  Unoccupied  opportunity.  The  eager  pursuit  of 
wealth  leaves  little  room  ftir  serious  rellrction. 

6.  An  apartment  in  a  htiuse  ;  any  tlivisittn  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  by  a  partition;  as  a  parlor,  a 
drawing-room  or  hed-room  ;  also,  an  apartment  in  a 
ship,  as  the  cook-rnom,  bread-roo77i,  gun-r«um,  &.C. 

7.  A  seat.    Luke  xiv. 

To  make  room  :  to  open  a  way  or  passage  ;  to  free 
from  obstructions. 


To  make  room ;  to  open  a  space  or  place  for  any 
thing. 

7ij  jii'i't  room;  to  withdraw  ;  to  leave  space  unoc- 
cupied for  others  to  pass  or  to  he  seated. 

ROO.M,r.  I.  To  occupy  an  apartment;  to  lt)dge  ;  a7t 
actulemic  use  ofUte  word.    A  B  rooms  at  No.  7. 

ROOM'AGE,  71.  [Uom  room.]  Space;  place.  [JVot 
usc.d.'l  fVottun. 

ROO.M'FJJL,  o.    Abounding  with  rooms.  Donne. 

ROO.M'I-LY,  adv.  Spacitjusly. 

ROO.M'I-NKSS,  7U  Space;  spaciousness;  large  ex- 
tent of  space. 

ItooMTH,  space,  and  Roomthv,  spacious,  are  ill- 
formcil  words,  and  not  useti  in  the  United  States. 

ROO.M'Y,  rt.  Spacititis  ;  wide  ;  large  ;  having  amr>le 
rotini ;  as,  a  roomy  mansitin  ;  a  roomy  deck.  DryUen. 

ROOP,  71.    Hoarseness.    [LitUc  used.] 

ROOST,  71.  [Sax. /iroj!( ;  U.  mcst,  roost;  roeifcii,  to 
roost.] 

The  pole  or  other  support  on  which  birds  rest  at 
night. 

He  clapped  his  wings  uixin  his  roost.  Drydcn, 

2.  .\  ctillection  of  fowls  roosting  together. 
Jit  roost ;  in  it  state  for  rest  and  sleep. 
ROO.ST,  ij.  I.    To  sit,  rest,  or  sleep,  as  birds  on  a 
pole,  tree,  or  other  thing  at  night. 
2.  To  lodge,  in  burlesiiue. 
ROOST' I:K,  71.    [The  head  or  chief  of  the  most.]  A 
cock,  the  male  of  the  domestic  fowl.  .America 
[ ItiHisT-rocK  is  provincial  in  England.]  HiUinrell. 
ROOST'ING,  ppr.    Sitting  for  rest  anil  sleep  at  night. 
ROUT,  71.    [Dan.  roii;  Sw.rot;   V,.  radii:  \\.  riuli) 
Sp.  rati ;  Ir.  raidis ;  \V.  r/iai:,  a  ray  or  spear,  wliencc 
gwraiz,  a  root.    A  root  is  o  shoot,  and  only  a  differ- 
ent a|iplicaIion  of  rod,  L.  railiiis.] 

1.  Th.'tl  part  of  a  plant  which  enters  and  fixes 
itself  in  the  earth,  and  serves  to  support  the  plant  in 
an  erect  pf>sition,  while,  by  nie.ans  of  its  ratliflos,  it 
iiiiliibes  nutriment  for  the  stem,  branches,  and  fruit 
There  are  six  distinct  organs  which  are  capable  of 
entering  into  the  composition  of  a  root,  viz.,  Uierad- 
icle,  the  Jibril,  the  sobolts,  the  bulb,  the  tuber,  and  the 
rhizouui. 

2.  The  part  of  any  thing  that  resembles  the  roots 
of  a  plant  in  manner  of  growth  ;  as,  the  roots  of  a 
cancer,  of  teeth,  Jtc. 

3.  The  bottom  or  lower  part  of  any  thing. 

Drep  to  the  roon  of  liell.  Milton. 
Rtirnet  uses  root  of  a  mountain,  but  we  now  say 
base,  foot,  or  bottom.    See  Job  xxviii.  !). 

4.  A  plant  whose  root  is  esculent,  or  the  most  use- 
ful part,  as  beets,  carrots,  &c. 

5.  The  original  or  cause  of  any  thing. 

The  love  of  money  \z  the  root  of  uli  evil.  —  I  Tim.  tI. 
C.  The  first  ancestor. 

Tlioy  were  the  root*  out  of  which  sprung  two  distinct  people. 

Locke. 

7.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  the  root  of  any  quan- 
tity is  such  a  tpiautity  as,  when  multiplied  into  itself 
a  certain  iiiiiiiber  of  times,  will  exactly  proiliice  that 
quantity.  Thus  2  is  a  root  of  4,  because,  when  niul- 
tijilied  into  itself,  it  exactly  produces  4.       J.  Day. 

8.  .Means  of  growth.  "  lie  hath  no  root  in  him- 
self;" that  is,  no  soil  in  which  grace  can  grow  and 
flourish.    MatL  xiii. 

9.  In  masic,  the  fundamental  note  of  any  chord. 

Busby. 

Root  of  bitterness ;  in  Scripture,  any  error,  sin,  or 
evil  that  produces  ilisctird  or  intmorality. 

To  take  root ;  to  become  planted  or  fixed  ;  or  to  be 
established  ;  to  increa.se  and  spread. 

To  take  deep  root ;  to  be  firmly  planted  or  estab- 
lished ;  to  be  deeply  impressed.  Dryden. 
ROOT,  V.  i.    To  fix  the  root;  to  enter  the  earth,  as 
roots. 

lu  deep  grounds,  the  weeds  root  deeper,  Mortimer. 

3,  To  be  firmly  fixed  ;  to  be  established. 

The  multiplying  brood  of  the  ungodly  shall  not  take  deep  root- 
inj.  Witdorn. 

3.  To  sink  deep. 

If  any  error  chancitl  — 10  cTuse  m)sAppr«>hen8)ons,  ho  gare  them 
not  leave  to  root  and  lasu-n  by  concealmeut.  /V.'f. 

ROOT,  r.  t.  To  plant  and  fix  deep  in  the  earth  ;  used 
chiefly  in  the  participle ;  as,  rooted  trees  or  forests. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  plant  deeply  ;  to  impress  deeply  anil  durably. 
Let  the  leading  truths  of  the  gospel  be  rootid  in  the 
mind  ;  let  holy  affections  be  well  roofed  in  the  heart. 

3.  In  Seri/ifure,  to  be  rooted  and  grounded  in  Christ, 
is  to  be  firmly  united  to  him  by  faith  and  love,  and 
well  established  in  the  belief  of  liis  character  and 
doctrines.    F.ph.  iii. 

ROOT,  0.  L  or  (.  [Sax.  lorof,  a  snout  or  proboscis  ; 
wrotaii,  to  dig  or  root  ;  D.  wroelen,  G.  rcutcii,  Dan. 
roder,  Sw.  rofn,  to  root.  This  seems  to  he  of  the 
same  family  as  the  former  word  and  rod,  from  the 
use  of  the  snout.] 

To  turn  up  Ihe  earth  with  Ihe  snout,  as  swine. 
Swine  roof  to  finil  worms;  they  roof  the  ground 
wherever  th.  y  come. 

To  roof  up  or  out;  to  eradicate  ;  to  extirpate;  to 


remove  or  destroy  root  and  branch  ;  lo  cxterminaU:. 
Deut.  xxix.   .lob  xxxi. 
ROOT'-HOUXD,  a.    Fixed  to  the  earth  Iv  root.", 

Milton, 

ROOT'-m'ILT,  (-bill,)  a.  Duilt  of  roots.  Sbcmlone. 
ROOT'-E.'IT-ER,  n.    An  animal  that  feeds  on  roots, 

/(irhy. 

ROOT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Having  its  roots  plaiiti  d  or 
fixed  in  the  earth;  hence,  fixed;  deep;  radical; 
as,  rooted  sorrow ;  rooted  aversion ;  rooted  jireju- 
dices. 

ROOT'ED-LY,  a</p.    Deeply  ;  from  the  heart.  Skak. 
ROOT'ED-NESS,  it.    The  stale  or  condition  of  beinc 
rooted. 

ROOT'ER,n.    One  that  roots;  or  one  that  tears  up 

by  the  roots. 
ROOT'-UOUSE,  n.    A  house  made  of  roots, 

Vodsley. 

2.  A  house  for  keeping  roots. 
ROOT'I.NG,  ppr.    Striking  or  taking  root ;  turning  up 

with  the  snout. 
ROOT'-LEAF,  71,    A  leaf  growing  immediately  from 

the  root.  jMartyn. 
ROOT'LET.ti.    a  radicle  ;  a  little  root.  Martyn. 
ROOT'-STOCK,  71.    In  botany,  a  prostrate  rooting 
stem,  yearly  producing  young  branches ;  the  rliizoina. 

Lindlry. 

ROOT'Y,  a.  Full  of  roots  ;  as,  roof!/ ground,  .adama. 
RO-PAL'ie,  a.    [Gr,  fioirnXov,  a  club.] 

Club-formed;  increasing  or  swelling  toward  the 
end. 

ROPE,  77.  [Pax.  rap ;  Sw.  rep ;  Dan.  rceb  ;  W.  rhaf; 
Ir.  ropa,  roibin.] 

1.  A  large  string  or  line  composed  of  several 
strands  twisted  together.  It  ilitfers  from  cord,  line, 
and  string,  only  in  its  size  ;  being  the  name  given  to 
all  .sorts  of  cordage  above  an  inch  in  circumference. 
Indeed  tin?  smaller  ropes,  when  used  for  certain  pur- 
poses, are  callt^d  lines. 

Ropes  are,  by  seamen,  ranked  under  two  dircrip- 
tions,  cable-laid  and  hawser-laid;  the  former  com- 
posed of  nine  strands,  or  three  great  strands,  each 
consisting  of  three  small  ones ;  the  latter  made  with 
three  strands,  each  composed  of  a  certain  number  of 
rope-jarns.  Totten. 

2.  A  row  or  string  consisting  of  a  number  of 
things  united  ;  as,  a  rope  of  onions. 

3.  Ropes,  [Sax.  rappas ;]  the  intestines  of  birds. 

I^je. 

Rope  of  sand;  proverbially,  feeble  union  or  tie  ;  a 
band  easily  broken.  Locke. 

Rope,  v.  l.  To  draw  out  or  extend  into  a  filament  or 
thread  by  means  of  any  glutinous  or  adhesive  qual- 
ity. Any  glutinous  substance  will  rope  considerably 
before  it  will  part. 

RoPE'-BAND.    See  Ronnis. 

ROPE'-D.KN-CER,  71.  [rope  and  t/ancfr.]  One  that 
walks  on  a  rope  extended  through  the  air.  JldtHson. 

ROPE'-LAD-DER,  n.    A  ladder  made  of  ropes. 

RoPE'-MAK-ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
ropes  or  cordage.  [I  do  not  know  that  Rorcn  is  ever 
used.] 

RciPE'-MAK-ING,  71.    The  art  or  business  of  manu- 

fartiiring  ropes  or  cordage. 
RoP'EIl-Y,  77,    A  place  where  ropes  are  made.  [JVot 
uscA  in  the  United  States.] 
2.  A  trick  that  deserves  the  halter.  Shak, 
ROPE'-TRICK,  71,    A  trick  that  deserves  the  halter, 

Shak. 

R6PE'-WAI,K,  77,  A  long,  covered  walk,  or  a  long 
building  over  smmith  ground,  where  ropes  are  man- 
ufactured. 

RoPE'-YARN,  77.  Yarn  for  ropes,  consisting  of  a 
single  thread.  The  threads  are  twisted  into  strands, 
antl  the  strands  into  ropes. 

ROP'I-NESS,  71.  [from  ropy.]  Stringiness,  or  apt- 
ness to  draw  out  in  a  string  or  thread  without  break- 
ing, OS  of  glutinous  substances;  viscosity  ;  adhesive- 
ness. 

ROP'Y,  a.  [from  rope.]  Stringy  ;  adhesive  ;  that 
may  be  drawn  into  a  thread  ;  as  a  glutinous  sub- 
stance; viscous;  tenacious;  glutinous;  as,  ropy 
wine  ;  ropy  lees.  Dnidrn.  Philips. 

ROCi'UE-LAUR,  (rok'e-lor,)n,  [froiri  Fr, ;  Dan.  rofc- 
kelor;  G.  rock,  a  coat,  D.  rot.  Sax.  rocc,  whence 
frock,  Sp.  roclo.  (ill.  the  last  .syllable  ;  or  is  the  word 
derived  from  a  duke  of  this  name.']  A  cloak  for 
men.  (Jay, 

RS'RAL,  a.    [L.  roraiij,  from  roi,  dew.] 

Pertaining  lodew,  or  consisting  of  dew  ;  dewy, 

RO-RA'TION,  7U    [L.  rorafio.]  [Oreen. 
.•\  falling  of  dew.    [J^ot  used.]  Vict. 

RO'RID,  a.    [L,  rerii/iw.] 

Dewv.  Granger. 

RO-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  ros,  dew,  and  fcro,  lo  pro- 
duce.] 

Generating  or  producing  dew.  Diet. 
RO-RIF'LU-ENT,  a.     [L,  ros,  dew,  and  fiuo,  to 
flow.] 

Flowing  with  dew.    [Jfot  used.]  Diet. 
ROR'tiU.VL,  n.    [Norwegian  ron/ualus,  a  whale  with 
folds.  ] 

The  English  name  of  cetaceous  mammals  or  whales 
of  the  genus  Ronpialus,  which  comprises  al  least 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  6  as  J  :  S  as  Z:  CH  as  SH  :  TH  as  in  THIS, 


ROS 

three  living  species  (if  different  dimensions,  and,  as 
is  supposed,  several  fossil  species.  The  great  nortli- 
ern  Koniual  is  said  to  be  the  largest  of  the  whale 
trihe,  and  to  have  sometimes  attained  the  length  of 
lO.'j  feet.  Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

R0-S.\'(;E0US,  (-zi'shus,)  a.  [L.  rosaceus.  See 
Rose.] 

llose-like ;  composed  of  several  petals,  arranged 
in  a  circular  form  ;  as,  a  rosaceous  corol.  Jtlartyn. 

RO-S.AC'ie,  (-zas'ik,)  a.  The  msacic  acid  was  ob- 
tained from  the  l.ateritious  sediment  of  the  urine 
which  occurs  in  certain  fevers.  It  is  now  supposed 
to  be  uric  acid,  modified  by  animal  matter  accident- 
a!lv  present. 

Ro'SA-RY,  n.    [L.  rosarium.    See  Rose.] 

1.  A  bed  of  roses,  or  place  where  roses  grow. 

2.  In  £^16  Roman  Ciitholic  church,  a  series  of  pray- 
ers, and  a  string  of  beads  by  which  they  are  counted. 
A  j-osfiry  consists  of  fifteen  decades.  Each  decade  con- 
tains ten  jjrc  J/arias,  marlsed  by  small  beads,  pre- 
ceded by  a  Paler  JVostcr,  marked  by  a  larger  bead, 
and  concluded  by  a  Oloria  Patri.  Five  decades 
make  a  chuplet,  which  is  a  third  part  of  the  ro- 
sar>'.  Bp.  Fitipatrick. 

ROS'CID,  a,    [L.  roscidus,  from  ros,  dew.] 

Dewy  ;  containing  dew,  or  consisting  of  dew. 
fjVot  uscd.j  Bacnn. 

ROSE,  n.  [Fr.  rose;  L.  It.  and  Sp.  rosa ;  G.  and  Dan. 
rose  ;  D.  roos,  roozc  ;  Sw.  ros ;  Arm.  rosea  ;  Ir.  ros  or 
rosa ;  W.  rhds ;  Gr.  pnSov  ;  from  the  root  of  red,  rud- 
dy, W.  Willi.    See  Red.] 

1.  A  plant  and  (lower  of  the  genus  Rosa,  of  many 
species  and  varieties,  as  the  wild,  canine,  or  dog 
rose,  the  white  rose,  the  red  rose,  the  cinnamon 
rose,  the  eglantine  or  sweet  brier,  &c.  There  are 
five  petals  ;  the  calyx  is  urceolato,  quinquefid,  and 
corneous;  the  seeds  are  numerous,  liispid,  and  fixed 
to  the  inside  of  the  calyx.  P.  Cijc. 

2.  A  knot  of  ribbon  in  the  form  of  a  rose,  used  as 
an  ornamental  tie  of  a  shoe. 

3.  In  architecture.    See  Rosette. 

In  English  histonj,  in  the  feuds  between  the  houses 
of  York  and  Lancaster,  the  rchite  ruse  was  the  badge 
of  the  former,  and  the  red  rose  of  the  latter.  Shak. 

Under  llie  rose,  (.vu6  rosa .)  in  secret ;  privately  ;  in 
a  manner  that  forbids  disclosure;  the  rose  being 
among  the  ancients  the  symbol  of  secrecy,  and  hung 
up  at  entertainments,  as  a  token  that  nothing  there 
said  was  to  be  divulged.  Booth. 

Ruse  of  Jericho :  a  plant  growing  on  the  plain  of 
Jericho,  the  .■\nastatica  hierochuntica. 
Rose,  prel.  of  Rise. 
RO'SE-AL,  (ro'zhe-al,)  a.    [L.  roseus.] 

Like  a  rose  in  smell  or  color.  Eh/ot. 
RO'SE-ATE,  0.    IFr.rosat.]    Rosy  ;  full  of  roses  ;  as, 
roseate  bovvers.  Pope. 
2.  Blooming;  of  a  rose  color;  as, rosMfc  beauty. 

Boyle. 

ROSE'BaY,  n.    A  plant,  the  Nerium  oleander.  The 

dirarf  rosfhay  is  a  Rhododendron.  Lee, 
RoSE'-HUG,  )  ;i.    A  winged  insect,  a  species  of 

Ro?E'-CH.aF-ER,  (  diurnal  beetle,  which  feeds  on 
the  blossoms  of  the  rose,  and  on  various  other  plants. 

Fann.  Encyc. 

RoSE'-eOL-OR-iCD,  (-kul'lurd,)  j  a.    Having  the  col- 

RoSE'-HOKD,  (-hiide,)  )     or  of  a  rose. 

RqS'EO,  (rozd,)  a.    Crimsoned  ;  flushed.  Shak. 

RoSE'-Dl-A-.MOND,  n.  A  diamond  nearly  hemi- 
spherical, cut  into  24  triangular  planes. 

Enoic.  of  Dam.  Econ. 

ROSE'-FaC-£D,  (-faste,)  a.  Having  a  rosy  or  red 
face. 

RoSE'-GALL,  71.   An  excrescence  on  the  dog-rose. 

DicL 

ROSE'i.ITE,  71.  [rrom  y\.  Rose.]  ,A  native  arseniate 
of  cobalt,  occurring  in  small,  red  crystals.  Dana. 

RoSE'-.MAL-LoVV,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Althaea, 
larger  tlian  llie  common  mallow,  and  commonly 
called  IIoi.i.vHocK.  Miller. 

ROSE'.M.\-RY,  71.    [L.  ro™i/iri7iii5,  sea-rose  ;  rosa  and 
rnariniLS.    So  in  VV^  r/ 
rose.] 

A  verticillate  plant  of  the  genus  Rosmarinus, 
growing  naturally  in  the  southern  part  of  France, 
HjKiin,  and  Italy,  almoin  Asia  .Minorand  in  China.  It 
has  a  fragrant  smell,  and  a  warm,  pungent,  bitterish 
t;is{c.  It  has  been  used  as  an  emblem  of  fidelity  or 
constnnry.  P.  Cijc. 

ROSE'-.N'fi-IlLE,  71.  An  ancient  English  gold  coin, 
MainpiMl  v.  iih  the  figure  of  ajose,  first  struck  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.  and  current  at  (is.  8d. 

Brande.    P.  Cyc. 

RO-?k'0-LA,  n.  In  no.toloiry,  a  cutaneous  disease, 
cunMii-tiiig  of  a  ro^e-colored  edloriscence,  in  circuin- 
Bcribed  patches  with  little  or  no  elevation,  often  al- 
ternal'ly  fading  and  reviving,  sometimes  with  a 
colorless  nucleus;  chietly  on  the  cheeks,  neck,  and 
nrnis.  Roseola  noinetiines  occurs  syniptomatically  of 
deiilillon,  dysp<'psia,  and  various  febrile  and  other 
roiiKtitutional  aOcctiona.  It  in  Hometiines  called 
RosE-RASM.  Tnllii. 

Rf)S«E'-(iL'ARTZ,  n.  A  variety  of  quartz,  which  is 
ro'ie-red. 

ROSE'-ROOT,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Rhodiola. 


,  rhos-mari,  and  in  Ir.  bath--ros,  sea- 


ROS 

RO'SET,  71.    [Fr.  rosette,  from  rose.] 

A  red  color  used  by  painters.  Pcachanu 

RO-SETTE',  71.  [Fr.]  An  imitation  of  a  rose  by 
ribbon,  used  as  an  ornament  or  badge. 

2.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  the  form  of  a 
rose,  much  used  in  decorations.  Oicilt. 

ROSE'-WA-TER,  71.  Water  tinctured  with  roses  by 
distillation.  Encyc. 

RoSE'-WIN-DoW,  71.  In  architecture,  a  circular  win- 
dow. Oloss.  of  .archil. 

RoSE'-WOOD,  71.  The  wood  of  a  tree  growing  in 
Brazil  and  other  warm  climates,  much  used  in  cab- 
inet work.  It  is  of  a  fragrant  smell,  and  from  it  is 
obtained  the  oleum  rhodii,  an  agreeable  perfume,  used 
in  scenting  pomatum  and  liniments.  McCulloch. 

ROS-LeRU'CIAN',  71.  [L.  ro*-,  dew,  and  crur,  cross  ; 
dew,  the  most  powerful  dissolvent  of  gold,  according 
to  these  fanatics,  and  cross,  the  emblem  of  light.] 

The  Rosicriicians  were  a  sect  or  cabal  of  hcrmeti- 
cal  pliiloso|)hers,  or  rather  fanatics,  who  were  first 
known  in  Germany  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
made  great  pretensions  to  science  ;  and  among  other 
things,  pretended  to  be  masters  of  the  secret  of  the 
philosopher's  stone.  Encyc.  Amer. 

ROS-I-CRO'CIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Rosicriicians, 
or  their  arts.  Hndibras. 

RO'SIEK,  (ro'zhur,)  7i.  [Fr.]  A  rose-bush.  [jVu(  in 
vsc.l  Spenser. 

ROS'IN,  7!.  [This  is  only  a  different  orthography 
of  Resin;  Ir.  roisin;  Fr.  resine  ;  L.  resina.  See 
Resin.] 

The  resin  lefl  after  distilling  off  the  volatile  oU 
from  the  different  species  of  turpentine  ;  colophony. 

Ure. 

ROS'IX,  V.  t.    To  rub  with  rosin.  Gay. 
RO'Sl-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  rosy,  or  of  re- 
sembling the  color  of  the  rose.  DavenanL 
ROS'IN-Y,  a.    Like  rosin,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

Temple. 

ROS'LAND,  71.    [VV.  rhos,  peat,  or  a  moor.] 

Heathy  land  ;  land  full  of  ling;  moorish  or  wa- 
teiv  land. 

ROS' Jl.V-RlA'E,  (-reen,)  n.  Rosemary. 

Spenser.  Shenstone. 
ROSS,  71.    [au.  G.  graus,  rubbish.] 

The  rough,  scaly  matter  on  the  surface  of  the 
bark  of  certain  trees.  J^"ew  England. 

ROSS'EL,  71.    Light  land.    [JVotused  in.  Jlmcrica.] 

Mortimer. 

ROSS'EL-LY,  a.    Loose  ;  light.    [JVut  in  use.] 

Mortimer. 

ROS'SIG-NOL,  71.    [Fr.  id. ;  It.  rosignuolo.] 

The  nightingale.  Asiat.  Res. 

ROS'TEL,  n.    [L.  rosteUum,  dim.  of  rostrum,  a  beak.] 
In  botany,  the  descending  plane  part  of  the  corcle 
or  heart,  in  the  first  vegetation  of  a  seed.  Martyn. 

That  part  of  the  corculum,  or  corcle,  of  a  seed  which 
descends  into  the  earth  and  becomes  a  root. 

D.  C.  iVmdenow. 
ROS'TEL-LATE,  a.    Having  a  rostel. 
ROS-TEL'LI-FOR.M,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  ros- 
tel. 

ROS'TER,  71.  [A  corruption  of  register.]  In  military 
affairs,  a  plan  or  table  by  which  the  duty  of  ofiicei-s 
is  regulated.  Brande. 

In  Massachusetts,  a  list  of  the  officers  of  a  division, 
brigade,  regiment,  or  battalion,  containing,  under  sev- 
eral heads,  their  names,  rank,  the  corps  to  which 
they  belong,  date  of  commission,  and  place  of  abode. 
These  are  called  division  rosters,  brigade  rosters,  reg- 
imental or  battalion  rosters. 

The  word  is  also  used  frequently  instead  of  Regis- 
ter, which  comprehends  a  general  list  of  all  the  ofli- 
cers  of  the  State,  from  the  commander-in-chief  to  the 
lowest  in  commission,  under  the  same  appropriate 
heads,  with  an  additional  column  for  noting  the  al- 
terations which  take  place.  fV.  IL  Sumner. 

ROS'TRAL,  a.    [from  L.  rostrum,  beak.] 

1.  Resembling  the  beak  of  a  ship.  Tatler. 

2.  Tertaining  to  the  beak. 
ROS'TRATE,     (       r.        .    ,  ^ 
ROS'TKA-TED,  i  «•  rostratus.] 

1.  In  botany  and  conchology,  beaked  ;  having  a  pro- 
cess resembling  the  beak  of  a  bird. 

Martyn.  Humble, 

2.  Furnished  or  adorned  with  beaks;  as,  rostrated 
galleys. 

ROS'TRl-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  beak. 

Kirby. 

ROS'TRU.M,  n.  [L. ;  VV.r/irt^iyr,  a  snout,  or  r/ict/ircn, 
a  pike.] 

1.  The  beak  or  bill  of  a  bird. 

2.  The  beak  or  head  of  a  ship. 

3.  In  ancient  Rome,  a  scaffold  or  elevated  place  in 
the  fonim,  where  orations,  pleadings,  funeral  ha- 
rangues, &.C.,  were  delivered.  Hence, 

4.  A  platform  or  elevated  spot  from  which  a  speak- 
er addresses  his  audience.  Gieill. 

5.  The  pipe  which  conveys  the  distilling  liquor 
into  its  receiver,  in  the  common  alembic.  Qulncy. 

C.  A  crooked  pair  of  scissors,  used  by  surgeons  for 
dilating  wounds.  Coir,  (iuincy. 

RO'SU-I.ATE,  a.  Having  the  leaves  arranged  in  little 
rosv-likc  clusters.  P.  Cyc. 


ROT 

RO'SY,  a.  [from  rose.]  Resembling  a  rose  in  color 
or  qualities;  blooming;  red;  blushing;  charming. 

NV'iiile  blooming  youlh  an'l  gay  dfliglit 
Sit  on  tliy  rosy  checlis  confosl.  Prior. 
The  TO^  morn  resigns  lier  light.  Waller. 
2.  Made  in  the  form  of  a  rose.  B.  Jonsnn. 

Ro'SY-130-S0M-£D,  a.    Embosomed  among  roses. 

Oray. 

nq'SY-CROWN-ED,  a.  Crowned  with  roses.  Oray. 
RO'SY-Tl\T-ED,  a.    Having  the  tints  of  the  rose. 

Mrs.  Butler. 

ROT,  r.  i.  [Sax.  ration ;  D  r«i«en ;  Sw.  7^'(a ;  Dan. 
raadiier.] 

To  lose  the  natural  cohesion  and  organization  of 
parts,  asanim.al  and  vegetable  substances;  to  be  de- 
composed and  resolved  into  its  original  component 
parts  by  the  natural  process,  or  the  gradual  operation 
of  heat  and  air  ;  to  putrefy. 

ROT,  1'.  (.  To  make  putrid  ;  to  cause  to  be,  wholly  or 
partially,  decomposed,  by  the  natural  operation  of 
air  and  heat ;  to  bring  to  corruption. 

ROT,  n.  A  fatal  distemper  incident  to  sheep,  usually 
supposed  to  be  owing  to  wet  seasons  and  moist  pas- 
tures. The  immediate  cause  of  the  mortality  of 
sheep,  in  this  disease,  is  found  to  be  a  great  number 
of  small  animals,  called  flukes,  (faseiola,)  found  in 
the  gall-bladder  and  adjacent  parts.    Farm.  Encyc, 

2.  Putrefaction  ;  putrid  decay.  Philips, 

3.  Dry  rot ;  in  limber,  the  decay  of  the  wood  with 
out  the  access  of  water.    [See  Dry  Rot.] 

RO'T.'\,  71.  [L.  rota,  W.  rhod,  a  wheel  ;  allied  to  rhe- 
du,  to  run.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  fact  that 
they  sit  in  a  circle,  (rufa.)    See  Rotarv.J 

1.  An  ecclesiastical  court  of  Rome,  composed  of 
twelve  prelates,  of  whom  one  must  be  a  German, 
another  a  Frenchman,  and  two  .'Spaniards  ;  the  otlier 
eight  are  Italians.  This  is  one  of  the  most  august 
IrilHinals  in  Rome,  taking  cognizance  of  all  suits  in 
tile  territory  of  the  church  by  appeal,  and  of  all  mat- 
ters beneficiary  and  patrimonial.  Encyc. 

9.  In  English  history,  a  club  of  politicians,  who,  in 
the  time  of  Charles  I.,  contemplated  an  equal  govern- 
nient  by  rotation.  Hndibras. 

RO'T  A-LlTE,  71.  One  of  a  genus  of  fossil  shells,  which 
are  spiral,  miiltilocular,  unividves. 

RO'TA-RY,  a.  [L.  rota,  a  wheel,  W.  rhod,  Sp.  rueda. 
Fort,  roda,  .\rin.  rod,  Fr.  roue,  G.  and  1).  rad ;  Ma- 
layan, rata,  a  chariot ;  allied  to  \V.  rhedu,  to  run. 
SO  car  is  allied  to  L.  curro.] 
Turning,  as  a  wheel  on  its  axis  ;  as,  rotary  motion. 
Rotary  engine ;  a  steam-engine  worked  by  the  elas- 
tic lorce  of  the  steam  acting  upon  pistons  lived  to  an 
axis,  whereby  the  latter  is  put  in  motion.  Buchanan. 

RO'TATE,  a.  In  botany,  wheel-shaped  ;  nionopeta- 
lous,  sfireading  nearly  Hat,  without  any  tube,  or  e.x- 
panding  into  a  nearly  flat  border,  with  scarcely  any 
tube  ;  as,  a  rotate  corol.  Martyn.  Smitli. 

Ro'TATE,  u.  i.  [L.  roio.]  To  revolve  or  move  round 
a  center.  Rcdfield. 

RO'TA-TED,  a.    [L.  rotatns.] 
Turned  round,  as  a  wheel. 

Ro'TATE-PLANE,  a.  In  botany,  wheel-shaped  and 
flat,  without  a  tube  ;  as,  a  rotate-plane  corol.  Lee. 

RO'TA-TING, ;);ir.  and  a.  Revolving;  moving  round 
a  center. 

RO-TA'TION,  n.    [L.rotatio,  from  roto,  to  turn  ;  rota, 

a  wheel.] 

1.  The  act  of  turning,  as  a  wheel  or  solid  body  on 
its  axis,  as  distinguished  from  the  progressive  motion 
of  a  body  revolving  round  another  body  or  a  distant 
point.  Thus  the  daily  turning  of  the  earth  on  its 
axis,  is  a  rotation  ;  its  annual  motion  round  the  sun 
is  a  revolution. 

2.  Vicissitude  of  succession  ;  the  course  by  which 
oflicers  or  others  leave  their  places  at  certain  times, 
and  are  succeeded  by  others ;  applied  also  to  a 
change  of  crops. 

Rfi'T.A-TIVE,  a.  Turning,  as  a  wheel ;  rotary.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

RO-TA'TOR,  71.  [L.]  That  which  gives  a  circular 
or  rolling  motion  ;  a  muscle  producing  a  rolling  mo- 
linn.  Coze. 

RO'TA-TO-RIES,  (-riz,)  n.  pi.  Wheel-animalcules; 
rotifers.  Kirby. 

RO'TA-TO-RV,  a.  [from  rotator,]  Turning  on  an 
axis,  as  a  wheel  ;  rotarj'. 

2.  Going  in  a  circle;  following  in  succession;  as, 
rotatory  assemblies.  Burke, 

[This  word  is  often  used,  probably  by  mistake,  ibr 
rolarn.  It  may  bo  regularly  formed  from  rotator,  but 
not  with  the  exact  sense  in  which  it  is  used.  With 
rotator  for  its  original,  it  would  signify  causing,  rath- 
er than  being  in  a  circular  motion.  'I  he  true  word  is 
rot/iry,] 

ROTE,  n,  [A  contraction  of  croicd,  W.  enrih,  Ir.  cniil,] 
A  musical  instrument  of  former  times,  probably  sim- 
ilar to  the  hurdy-giirily.    [Obs.]  P.  Cyc. 

ROTE,  71.    [L.  rota,  a  wheel,  whence  Fr.  routine.] 

Properly,  a  round  of  words  ;  frequent  repetition  of 
words  or  sounds,  without  attending  to  the  signifira- 
tioii,  or  to  principles  and  rules;  a  practice  that  im- 
presses words  in  the  memory,  without  an  effort  of 
the  understanding,  and  without  the  aid  of  rules. 
Thus  children  learn  to  speak  by  rote;  they  often  re- 


FATE,  FAB,  F^LL,  WII.^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


064 


ROU 


ROU 


ROU 


peat  wliut  tliey  lii;:ir,  till  it  bucomos  raiiiiliur  to  itieni. 
So  we  leiirii  to  sing  iiy  rutc,  us  ive  lit-ar  notes  repeat- 
ed, an{l  soon  learn  to  repeat  tlieni  ourselves. 

UoTE,  V.  t.  To  (ix  in  the  memory  by  means  of  fre- 
quent repetition  ourselves,  or  liy  liearinK  the  rep>"ti- 
tion  of  others,  without  an  elTort  of  the  understanil- 
mi;  to  comprciiend  what  is  repeated,  and  without  the 
aid  of  rules  or  principles.    [lAttte  used,]  Shak. 

R5TK,  !■.  i.  To  go  out  by  rotation  or  succession.  [Lit- 
tle ii.srii.]  Greil. 

ROTirEK-BE.\STS,  n.  pi.  [Sa.x.  hnjtker,  a  quadru- 
ped.] 

Cattle  of  the  bovine  genu."! ;  called  in  England 
Dlack-Cattli:.    [JVu(  iijea  in  jjnimca.]  Ooltling. 
HOT n'Ell-N AILS,  n.  fl.    [Corrupted  from  ru.ddr.r- 
nail<.]  • 

.Vmong  shipierirkts,  nails  with  very  full  heads, 
used  for  fastening  the  rudder  irons  of  sliips.  Batlcij. 

RO  ril'OF-FITE,  ;i.  A  variety  of  garnet,  brown  or 
black,  found  in  Sweden,  it  has  a  resemblance  to 
melanite,  another  variety,  but  differs  from  it  in  liav- 
in:;  a  small  portion  of  alumina.  Cijc. 

Ro'TI-KEll,  II.    [L.  rata  and  frm.] 

The  rolij'rrs  are  a  class  of  inl'usorial  animals,  )iav- 
ing  ciliated  appendages  on  the  fore  part  of  the  body, 
which  seem  to  move  in  a  rotary  manner.  Brandr. 

ROT'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  putrid  ;  decomposed  whol- 
ly or  partially. 

ROT'TA'N,  (rct'n,)  a.    [Sw.  ntlten.] 

1.  Putrid  ;  carious ;  decomposed  by  the  natural 
process  of  decay  ;  as,  a  rotten  plank. 

2.  Not  firm  or  trusty  ;  unsound  ;  defective  in  prin- 
ciple ;  treacherous  ;  deceitful. 

3.  Defective  in  substance  ;  not  sound  or  hard  ;  as 
a  road  or  wav.    [Hare.]  Knullcs. 

4.  Fetid  ;  ill-smelling.    [Rare.]  SImk. 
ROT'TK.N-LY,  adn.    Putriclly  ;  defectively  ;  fetidly. 
ROT'Tf.'N-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  decayed  or  pu- 
trid ;  cariousness ;  putrefaction  ;  unsoundness. 

ROT'T£i\-ST0.\E, «.  A  soft  stone,  called  also  Trip- 
oli, terra  Tripolitana,  from  the  country  from  which  it 
was  formerly  brought.  It  is  used  in  all  sorts  of  finer 
grinding  and  |K)lishing  in  the  arts,  and  for  cleaning 
furniture  of  metallic  substances.  The  rotten-stone 
of  Derbyshire,  in  England,  is  a  Tripoli  mixed  with 
calcarctnis  earth.  J^^iclwli-im.    P.  Cijc. 

ROT'TING,  ppr.  Making  putrid  j  causing  to  decom- 
pose. 

RO-TUND',  a.  [L.  rotundus,  probably  formed  on  rota, 
a  wheel,  as  jocundivs  on  jocu.f.] 

1  Round  ;  circular  ;  spherical.  .9ddison. 

2.  In  botany,  orbicular,  a  little  inclining  to  be  ob- 
long. Lindlcy. 

uoItun'do;  i  '""""^-l 

A  round  building  ;  any  erection  that  is  round  both 
on  the  outside  and  inside.  The  most  celebrated  edi- 
fice of  this  kind  is  the  Pantheon  at  Home.  Knnjc. 

RO-TUND-I-Fo'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  rotundas,  round,  and 
folium,  a  leaf.] 

Having  round  leaves. 

RO-TUND'(-Ty,  (71.  Roundness;  sphericity;  circu- 

RO-TUND'NESS, )  larity  ;  as,  the  rotundity  of  a 
globe.  Bcntley. 

ROU'BLE.    Sec  Ruble. 

ROU'COU,  (roo'koo,)  n,  [Originally  written  Ubucu.] 
The  dried  pulp  which  invests  the  seeds  within  the 
seed-vessel  of  Bixa  orellana,  a  shrub  eight  or  ten 
feet  high,  growing  in  South  America.  A  substance 
lisi'd  in  dyeing;  the  same  as  Anott\. 

ROU-E',(roo-i',)  n.  [Fr.]  In  the  fasliionable  world, 
one  devoted  to  a  life  of  sensual  pleasure,  but  not  ex- 
cluded from  society  for  his  vices;  a  debauchee. 

ROUGE,  (roozh,)  a.    [Fr.]    Red.  Davies. 

ROUGE,  (roozh,)  n.  A  species  of  lake  or  red  paint, 
usually  prepared  from  the  dried  flowers  of  the  saf- 
flower,  Carthamus  tmctorius.  It  is  used  for  paint- 
ing the  cheeks.  Brande. 

ROUGE,  r.i.  [Supra.]  To  paint  the  face,  or  rather 
the  cheeks,  with  rouge. 

ROUGE,  (roozh,)  r.  t.  [Supra.]  To  paint  or  tinge 
with  rouge. 

ROUGE'-ET-jVOrR',  (roozh'a-nwi'.)  [Fr.,  red  and 
black.]  A  game  at  cards  in  which  persons  play 
against  the  owner  of  the  table  or  bank  ;  so  called  be- 
cause the  table  is  divided  into  small  compartments, 
colored  red  and  black.  Hoyle. 

nOUG'iCD,  (roozhd,)  pp.  Tinged  with  rouge,  as  the 
face. 

ROUGH,  (ruf,)  a.  [Sax.  hreog,  hreoh,  hrug,  reok,  rug, 
ruh,  href,hrctf ;  D.  ruig,  rough,  shaggy,  whence  our 
rug,  rugged  i  G.  rauh,  rough,  and  rauch,  hoarse,  L, 
raucns.  It.  rauco  ;  Sw.  ragg,  entangled  hair  ;  ruggig. 
rugged,  shaggy  ;  Dan.  rog,  rug,  rye  ;  W.  crfc  and 
cryg,  rough,  rugged,  hoarse,  curling,  and  crecian,  to 
creak,  to  scream.  Eng.  shriek  ;  ereg,  hoarse,  from 
cryg,  or  the  same  word  varied.  Cryg  is  from  rhyg. 
Eng.  rye,  that  is,  rough  ;  (erwca,  crooked,  is  probably 
from  the  same  source  ;)  Sax.  raca,  hraca,  a  cough  ; 
L.  ruga,  a  wrinkle  ;  VV.  rhofi,  to  grunt  or  growl ; 
rhirc,  what  is  rough,  irregular,  a  grunt ;  rhwriaw,  to 
gnint ;  rhuac,  a  rug,  a  rough  garment,  an  exterior 
coal ;  rhue,  n  coat,  nusk,  or  shell ;  rhtcnc,  a  snoring, 
snorting,  or  rattling  noise.    The  latter  is  probably 


from  the  same  root,  from  roughness,  and  this  is  the 
Or.  peyxio,  to  snore  ;  Arm.  mrftat  or  dtnichat,  to 
snore;  diroch,  snoring.  The  Welsh  unites  rough 
with  create,  shriek  :  and  shrug  is  formed  ou  the  root 
of  L.  ruga,  a  wrinkle,  a  ri</^'C.  (See  Itiui:E.)  The 
primary  sense  is  to  stretch  or  strain  ;  but  np|>lied  to 
roughness  or  wrinkling,  it  is  to  draw  or  contract,  a 
straining  together.] 

1.  Having  inequalities,  small  ridges,  or  points  on 
the  surface  ;  not  smootii  or  plain  ;  as,  a  rough  board  ; 
a  rough  stone  ;  rough  cloth. 

2.  Stony  ;  abounding  with  stones  and  stumps  ;  as, 
rough  land  ;  or  simply  with  stones  ;  as,  a  rough  road. 

3.  Not  wrought  or  polished  ;  as,  a  rough  diamond. 

4.  Thrown  into  huge  waves;  violently  agitated  ; 
as,  a  r  ugh  sea. 

5.  Tempestuous  ;  stormy  ;  boisterous ;  as,  rough 
weather. 

0.  Austere  to  the  taste  ;  harsh  ;  as,  rough  wine. 

7.  Harsh  to  the  ear;  grating;  jarring;  unharmo- 
nious  ;  as,  rough  sounds  ;  rough  numbers.  Pope. 

8.  Rugged  of  temper ;  severe  ;  austere  ;  rude  ;  not 
mild  or  courteous. 

A  ficiul,  u  fury,  pititoM  and  rough.  iSVittfc. 

9.  Coarse  in  manners  ;  rude. 

A  «urljr  boatman,  rough  aj  scaa  and  winds.  Prior. 

10.  Harsh  ;  violent;  not  easy;  as,  a  rough  reme- 
dy. Clarendon. 

11.  Harsh  ;  severe  ;  uncivil ;  as,  rough  usage. 

Loekc. 

12.  Hard  featured  ;  not  delicate  ;  as,  a  rough  vis- 
age. JJrydcn. 

13.  Terrible  ;  dreadful. 

On  the  rough  edge  of  battle,  ere  it  joined, 

S.ttan  ndviuitxd.  AftUon. 

14.  Rugged  ;  disordered  in  appearance  ;  coarse. 
Hough  from  the  towinj  surje  Vlyisca  moves.  Poj>e. 

15.  Hairy  ;  shaggy  ;  covered  witli  hairs,  bristles, 
and  the  like. 

ROUGH,  (ruf,)  n.  t    To  rough  it,  is  to  have  or  pursue 

a  rough  or  rujrged  course. 
ROUGH'-€\ST,  (rurkiist,)  v.  t.    [rough  and  ea.<t.] 

1.  To  form  in  its  first  rudiments,  without  revision, 
correction,  anil  polish.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  mold  without  nicety  or  elegance,  or  to  form 
with  asperities.  CIcareland. 

3.  To  plaster  with  a  mixture  of  lime  and  shells  or 
pebbles;  as,  to  rough-cast  a  building. 

EOUGlI'-e.siST,  (ruf'kist,)  v.  A  rude  model;  the 
form  of  a  thing  in  its  liist  rudiments ;  unfinished. 

Digby. 

2.  A  kind  of  plastering  made  of  lime,  with  a  mix- 
ture of  shells  or  pebbles,  used  for  covering  buildings. 
ROUGH'-DKaUGHT,  (ruf'drift,)  ii.    A  draught  in 
its  rudiments ;  a  draught  not  perfected  ;  a  sketch. 

Dryden. 

ROUGH'-DR  AW,  (ruf'draw,)  r.  (.  To  draw  or  delin- 
eate coarsely.  Dnjden. 

ROUGH'-DU.VWN',  (rufdrawn,)  pp.  Coarsely  drawn. 

ROUGH'JEN,  (ruf'n,)  i,-.  (.  [{torn  rough.]  To  make 
rough.  Sieift. 

ROUGH'£N,  (rufn,)  ».  i.   To  grow  or  become  rough. 

Thoiniion, 

ROUGH'E.N'-KD,  (rufnd,)  pp.  Made  or  become  rough. 
ROUGH'£N-lNG,  ppr.    Making  rtmgh. 
ROUGH-FOOT-EU,  (ruf'f9vt-ed,) a.  Feather-footed; 

as,  a  rou'rh-footed  dove.  Sherwood. 
ROUGH'-HEW,  (ruf'hu,)  r. «.    [rough  and  hew.] 

1.  To  hew  coarsely,  without  smoothing;  as,  to 
rough-hew  timber. 

2.  To  give  the  first  form  or  shape  to  a  thing. 

Tiiere*i  p.  divinity  tiiat  iliap<M  our  eods, 

Pough-hea  tiicm  how  we  wiil.  Shak, 

ROUGH '-HEWN,  (ruPhune,)pp.  or  a.  Hewn  coarse- 
ly, without  smootliing. 

2.  Rugged  ;  unpolished  ;  of  coarse  manners  ;  rude. 

A  rough-hfwn  seaman.  Bacon. 

3.  Unpolished;  not  nicely  finished.  IIowcll. 
ROUGH'I.NGS,  (ruTingz,)  n.  pi.    Grass  after  mowing 

or  reaping.  [LoeaL] 
ROUGH'ISH,  (ruf'ish,)  a.    In  some  degree  rough. 

Rich,  nict, 

ROUGH'LKAF-£D,  (ruriceft,)  a.  Having  rough 
leaves. 

ROUGH'LY,  (nifly,)  adn.  With  uneven  surface; 
with  asperities  on  the  surface. 

2.  Harshly ;  uncivilly  ;  rudely ;  as,  to  be  treated 
roughly. 

3.  Severely  ;  without  tenderness ;  as,  to  blame  too 
roughly.  Dnjden. 

4.  .\ustercly  to  the  taste. 

5.  Boisterously  ;  tempestuously. 
C.  Harshly  to  the  ear. 

7.  Violently  ;  not  gently. 
EOUGH'NESS,  (rufness,)  n.    Unevenness  of  sur- 
face, occasioned  by  small  prominences  ;  asperity  of 
surface  ;  as,  the  roughness  of  a  board,  of  a  floor,  or 
of  a  rock. 

2.  Austereness  to  the  taste ;  as,  the  roughness  of 
sloes.  Brown. 

3.  Taste  of  astringency.  Spectator. 


4.  Harshness  to  the  ear;  as,  the  raughiie.13  of 
sounds.  Swift, 

5.  lluggednoss  of  temper ;  harshness;  austerity. 

.^ddi.ton, 

0.  Coarseness  of  manners  or  behavior ;  rudeness. 
Severity  brecdcth  fear  ;  but  roughnett  breedetlt  hale,  liacon. 

7.  Want  of  delicacy  or  refinement ;  as,  military 

r<Jlljrf/iHC,v.'(. 

8.  Severity  ;  harshness  or  violence  of  discipline. 

9.  Violence  of  operation  in  medicines. 

lU.  Unpolished  or  unfinished  state  ;  as,  the  rough- 
nesi  of  a  gem  or  a  draught, 

1 1.  Inelegance  of  dress  or  appearance. 

12.  Tempestuousness  ;  boislerousiiess  ;  as  of  winds 
or  weather. 

1.1.  Violent  agitation  by  wind  ;  as,  the  roughness 

of  the  sea  in  a  storm. 

14.  Coarseness  of  features. 

ROUGH'-KTD-ER,  (rul'rid-er,)  71.  One  who  breaks 
horses ;  particularly  a  non-cimimissioncd  officer  in 
the  cavalry,  whose  duty  it  is  to  assist  the  ridini.'  mas- 
ter. Campbell's  JtlU.  DicU 

ROUGH'-PHOD,  (ruf'shod,)  a.  Shod  with  shoes  arm- 
ed with  points  ;  as,  a  rough-shod  horse.  [This  word 
is  not  ge  nerally  used  in  America.  In  New  England, 
insteati  ttf  rough-shod,  cullicd  is  used.] 

To  ride  rough-shod,  in  a  figiirativi!  sense,  is  to  pur- 
sue a  course  regardless  of  the  pain  or  distress  it  may 
cause  others. 

ROUGIIT,  (raw!,)  for  Rauoht,  prel.  of  Reach.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

ROUGII'-WORK,  (riifwiirk,)  v.  t.    [roughanA  work.] 
To  work  over  coarsely,  without  regard  to  nicety, 

srnoollini  ss,  or  finish.  Jloion. 
ROUGH'-\S'ROUGHT,  (rufrawt,) pp.  ora.  Wrought 

or  ilonc  coarsely. 
ROU-LEAU',  (roo-lo',)  n.    [Fr.]    .\  little  roll ;  a  roll 

of  coins  in  paper.  Pope.  ■ 

ROU-LETTK',  n.    [Fr.,  a  little  ball  or  roller.] 

.\  game  of  chance,  in  u  hicli  a  small  ball  is  made  to 

move  round  rapidly  on  a  circle  divided  off  into  red 

or  black  spaces,  and  as  it  stops  on  the  one  or  the 

olher,  the  player  wins  or  loses.        Did.  de  VJlcad. 
ROUN,  tJ.  i.    [G.  raunen  ;  Sax.  runian,  from  run,  runa, 

mj'stery  ;  whence  runic.] 

To  whisper.    [Obs.]  Oower. 
ROUN,  f.  (.    To  address  in  a  whisper.    [Obs.]  Bret. 
RO.^.\'-TREE,  71.    The  roan-tree  or  mountain-ash. 
ROnN(j'E,  71.    The  handle  of  a  printing-press. 
ROUN'CE-V.AL,  11.    [from  ."p.  Roncesvallts,  a  town 

at  the  fool  of  the  Pyrenees.] 

A  variety  of  pea,  so  c.-dlcd.  Tus-.er. 
ROUND,  a.    [Fr.  rond;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  ronda,  a 

round;  Arm.  rouudl:  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  riijiiZ;  D. 

rond.    Uu.  \V.  crwn,  It.  cruin,  .'Vrni.  cren.] 

1.  Cylindrical  ;  circular ;  spherical  or  globular. 
Hound  is  applicable  to  a  cylinder  or  circle  as  well  as 
to  a  globe  or  spliere.  We  s.ly,  the  barrel  of  a  musket 
is  round  ;  a  ball  is  round  ;  a  circle  is  round. 

2.  Full  ;  large  ;  as,  a  round  sum  or  price.  Jlddison. 

3.  Full ;  smooth  ;  flowing ;  not  defective  or  ab- 
rupt. 

In  his  satires,  Horace  is  (jiiick,  round,  and  pl'jasanL  Ptarhnm. 
liii  style,  thou^li  round  and  comjirehenaive.  Fid. 

4.  Plain  ;  o|ien  ;  candid  ;  fair. 
Pound  dealing  is  the  honor  of  man's  nature. 
LiCt  her  be  roujul  with  him. 


Baeon. 
Shak. 


5.  Full ;  quick  ;  brisk  ;  as,  a  round  trot,  jiddison, 
0.  Full ;  plump  ;  bold  ;  positive  ;  as,  a  round  as- 
sertion ;  a  round  oath.  Sharp. 

A  7-oi/»7i  number,  is  a  number  that  ends  with  a  ci- 
pher, and  may  be  divided  by  10  without  a  remain- 
der ;  a  complete  or  full  number.  It  is  remarkable 
that  the  VV.  cant,  a  hundftxl,  the  L.  centum,  and  Sax. 
hund,  signify  properly  a  circle,  and  this  use  of  round 
may  have  originated  in  alike  idea. 
ROUND,  71.  A  circle  ;  a  circular  thing,  or  a  circle  in 
motion  ;  also,  an  orb,  globe,  or  sphere. 

With  roundM  of  waxen  tapers  on  their  heads.  Shak. 
Knit  your  h.intis,  and  beat  the  g^iouod 

In  a  light,  r.intastic  round.  hlUton. 

2.  Action  or  performance  in  a  circle,  or  passing 
through  a  series  of  hands  or  things,  and  coming  to 
the  point  of  beginning;  or  the  time  of  such  action. 

Women  to  cards  may  be  compaml  ;  we  play 

A  round  or  two  ;  wty-n  usetl,  we  throw  away.  GranoilU. 

The  least  Wi\s  served  ;  the  bowl  was  crowned  ; 

To  the  king's  pleiisure  went  the  mirthful  routia.  Prior. 

So  we  say,  a  round  of  labors  or  duties.  Wo  run 
the  daily  round.  Jiddismu 

3.  Rotation  in  office  ;  succession  in  vicissitude, 

llolyday, 

4.  A  nindle  ;  the  step  of  a  ladder. 

All  the  rounds  like  Jacob's  ladder  rise.  Dryden.  ' 

5.  .\  walk  performed  by  a  guard  or  an  officer  round 
the  rampart  of  a  garrison,  or  among  sentinels,  to  see 
th.at  the  sentinels  are  faithful  and  all  things  safe. 
Hence  the  officer  and  men  who  perform  this  duty 
are  called  the  rounds.  F.ncyc. 

6.  A  short  vocal  composition  in  three  or  more  fKirts, 
in  performing  which  the  first  voice  begins  alone, 
singini  to  the  end  of  the  first  part,  then  passes  on 


TC'NE,  BULL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


121 


rccc 


96r, 


ROU 


ROU 


ROW 


to  the  second,  third,  &c.,  parts,  tlie  other  voices  fol- 
lowing successively  tiie  same  routine,  till  all  are 
joined  together,  the  round  ending  at  the  mark  of  a 
pause,  or  at  a  signal  agreed  on.  P.  Ctic. 

7.  A  general  discharge  of  fire-arms  by  a  body  of 
troops,  in  which  each  soldier  tires  once.  In  volleys, 
it  is  usual  for  a  company  or  regiment  to  fire  three 
round.'!. 

8.  That  which  goes  round  a  whole  circle  or  com- 
pany ;  as,  a  round  of  applause. 

A  round  of  cartridgps  and  balls;  one  cartridge  to 
each  man  ;  as,  to  supply  a  regiment  with  a  single 
round,  or  with  twelve  routids,  of  cartridges. 

A  round  of  beef;  a  cut  of  the  thigh  through  and 
aci-oss  the  bone. 
ROUND,  adv.    On  all  sides. 

Thine  enemies  shall  cast  a  irench  ahout  Uiee,  and  compass  thee 
round.  —  Luke  xix. 

2.  Circularly ;  in  a  circular  form ;  as,  a  wlieel 
turns  round. 

3.  From  one  side  or  party  to  another :  as,  to  come 
or  turn  round.  Hence  these  e.\pres3ions  signify  to 
change  sides  or  opinions. 

4.  Not  in  a  direct  line ;  by  a  course  longer  than 
the  direct  course.  The  shortest  course  is  not  the 
best  ;  let  us  go  round. 

Jill  round,  in  e.ommon  speech,  denotes  over  the  whole 
place,  or  in  everj'  direction. 
Ritund  about  is  tautological. 
ROUNO,  prep.  On  every  side  of ;  as,  the  people  stood 
round  liini  ;  the  sun  sheds  liglit  round  the  earth.  In 
this  sense,  around  is  much  used,  and  all  is  often  used 
to  modify  the  word.  They  stood  all  round  or  around 
him. 

2.  About ;  in  a  circular  course,  or  in  all  parts  ;  as, 
to  go  round  the  city.  He  led  his  guest  round  liis 
fields  and  garden.    He  wanders  round  the  world. 

3.  Circularly;  about;  as,  to  wind  a  cable  round 
the  windlass. 

To  come  or  get  round  one,  in  popular  language,  is 
to  gain  advantage  over  one  by  (lattery  or  deception ; 
to  circumvent. 
ROUND,  II.  t  To  make  circular,  spheric.il,  or  cylin- 
drical-; as,  to  round  a  silver  coin  ;  to  round  the  edges 
of  any  thing. 

Worms  wiih  many  feet,  th:\l  round  themselves  into  balls,  are 
bred  chi'-fly  under  lo^s  uf  limber.  Bacon, 

2.  To  surround  ;  to  encircle  ;  to  encompass. 

Th'  inclusive  verge 
Of  golden  metal  that  mnsi  round  my  brow.  Shale. 
Onr  little  liie  is  rounded  with  a  sleep.  tihak. 

3  To  form  to  the  arch  or  figure  of  the  section  of  a 
circle. 

The  figures  on  our  modern  medals  are  raised  and  roundrcd  to 
very  great  perfection.  Addison, 

4.  To  move  about  any  thing;  as,  the  sun,  in  polar 
regions,  rnumls  the  horizon.  Millon. 

ft.  To  make  full,  smooth,  and  flowing ;  as,  to 
round  periods  in  writing.  Swift. 

To  round  in;  among  jfcamfin,  to  haul  upon  a  rope, 
generally  used  in  hauling  upon  the  weather  braces. 

Toltcn. 

To  round  up  ;  to  haul  up  ;  usually ,  to  haul  up  the 
slack  tif  a  rope  through  its  leading  hlork,  or  to  haul 
up  a  tackle  which  hangs  loose,  by  its  fall.  TuUen. 
ROUND,  V.  i.    To  grow  or  become  round. 

Tlie  queen,  your  mother,  rounds  apace.  ShaJc. 
2.  To  go  round,  as  a  guard. 

'I'hey  nightly  rounding  walk.  Millon. 

To  round  to,  in  sailing,  is  to  turn  the  head  of 
the  ship  toward  the  wind. 
ROU.\l),  V.  i.    [A  corruption  of  roun;  Sax.  runian; 
G.  raunen,] 

To  whisper  ;  as,  to  round  in  the  ear.  [Obs,] 

Boron. 

ROUND' A-ROUT,  a.  [round  and  about.]  Indirect  ; 
going  round  ;  loose. 

P.>n»phr.ase  is  a  roun/tabout  way  of  tmnslating,  Felton. 

2.  Ample  ;  extensive  ;  as,  roundabout  sense. 

Lnrhe. 

3.  Kncircling  ;  encompa.'S.iing.  Taller. 
[In  any  sense,  this  word  is  inelegant.] 

ROUND' A-liOUr,  n.  A  horizontal  wheel  on  which 
children  riile.  Smart. 

2.  A  sort  of  surtout.  Smart. 

X  In  JImerica,  a  sliort  close  body  garment  without 
skirt". 

RfjUND'-nAt'K-fni,  (-bakt,)  (  a.     Having  a  round 
ROi;.\D'-SllrtUL-Di:K-/.;D,  (     back  or  shoulders. 
KOU.ND'KI,,        /        ,„         ,  ,  ,  r  ,         J  , 

llurND'K  LAY  1"*       t'i^onilr.lPt,\Uim  rond,Jo\\na.\ 

1.  A  sort  of  ancient  pt>em,  consisting  of  thirteen 
versen,  of  which  eight  are  in  one  kind  of  rhyme, 
and  five  in  another.  It  is  iliviiled  into  roiiplels  ;  nt 
the  end  of  the  necond  and  tliiril  of  which,  llie  begin- 
ning of  the  poem  in  repealtrd,  and  that,  if  possible, 
in  ane*iuivt>rnl  ftrpunningHense.   Trcnnur.  hrtindc. 

2.  [I'r.  rondcllr,  n  little  Dhielii.]  Around  form  or 
figllle.     [AV*/  u^rd.]  Boron, 

3.  I  Roundel,  in  hcraUlry,  a.  circular  spot  F.,  It, 

BarUr.] 


ROUND'ER,  n.  [See  Rondure.]  Circumference; 
inclosure.    [JVol  in  use.]  Sluik. 

ROUND'IIEAD,  (-hed,)  n.  [round  and  kcad.]  A 
name  of  contempt  formerly  given  to  a  Puritan,  from 
the  practice  which  prevailed  aiming  the  Puritans  of 
cropping  the  hair  round.  They  were  also  called  Prick- 
EAREO,  in  consequence  of  their  ears  appearing  fully 
exposed  from  the  scantiness  of  their  hair.  During 
the  time  of  Charles  I.  and  of  the  Commonwealth, 
the  name  Roundhead  was  extended  to  all  the  repub- 
licans. Toone.    P.  Ctjc. 

ROUND'HEAD  ED,  a.    Having  a  round  head  or  top. 

Lowtk. 

ROUND'HOUSE,  n.  A  constable's  prison  ;  the  prison 
to  secure  persons  taken  up  by  the  night-watch,  till 
they  can  be  examined  by  a  magistrate.  Encyc, 

2.  In  a  s/iip  of  war,  a  certain  necessary  near  the 
head,  for  the  use  of  particular  otficers. 

3.  (n  large  mcrckaittnten  and  ships  of  war,  a  cabin 
or  apartment  in  the  after  part  of  the  quarter-deck, 
having  the  poop  for  its  roof;  sometimes  called  the 
Coach.    It  is  the  master's  lodging-room. 

jMar,  Diet.  Encyc. 

ROUND'ING,  ppr.    Making  round  or  circular. 
2.  Making  full,  flowing,  and  smooth. 

ROUND'ING,  a.    Round  or  roundish;  nearly  round. 

ROUND'ING,  n.  Among  seamen,  small  rope  or  spun- 
yarn  wound  round  a  larger  rope  to  keep  it  from  chaf- 
ing ;  also  called  Service.  Totten. 

ROUND'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  round;  nearly  round; 
as,  a  roundish  seed  ;  a  roundish  figure.  Boi/le. 

ROUND'ISH-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  roumiish. 

ROUND'LET,  n.    A  little  circle.  Gregory. 

ROUND'LY,  adv.    In  a  round  form  or  manner. 

2.  Openly ;  boldly  ;  without  reserve  ;  perempto- 
rily. 

He  affirms  ever^' thing  rou^Mi/i/.  Addison. 

3.  Plainly  ;  fully.  He  gives  them  roundly  to  un- 
derstand tliat  their  duty  is  submission. 

4.  Briskly  ;  with  speed. 

When  the  mind  has  brought  itself  to  attention,  it  will  be  able  to 
with  difliculties  and  master  tbcm,  and  then  it  ni;iy  go 
on  roundly.  Locke. 

5.  Completely ;  to  the  purpose  ;  vigorously  ;  in 
earnest.  SItak.  Dacics. 

ROUND'NESS,  71.  The  quaiiiy  of  being  rouml,  cir- 
cular, spherical,  globular,  or  cylindrical ;  circularity  ; 
sphericity  ;  cylindrical  form ;  rotundity ;  as,  the 
roundness  of  the  globe,  of  the  orb  of  the  sun,  of  a 
ball,  of  a  bowl,  &c.  Wallj. 

2.  Fullness;  smoothness  of  flow;  as,  the  round- 
ness of  a  period. 

3.  Openness  ;  plainness  ;  boldness  ;  positiveness  ; 
as,  the  roundne.^s  of  an  assertion. 

ROUND'RIDOE,  w.  t.  [ro  :nd -.mii  Hdge.]  In  tillage, 
to  form  round  ridges,  bv  plowing.   Edwards,  IV.  Ind. 

ROUND'ROB-IN,  71.    [Pi.  rood  TinA  ruban.  Todd.] 
A  written  petition,  memori.al,  remonstrance,  or  m- 
stniment,  signed  by  names  in  a  ring  or  circle,  so  as 
not  to  show  who  signed  it  first.  Forbes. 

ROUNDS,  n,  pi,    [See  Round,  71.  No.  5.] 
2.  Round-top.    [See  Toi-.] 

ROUND  TA'BLE,  n.  Knights  of  the  round  table; 
knights  belonging  to  an  order  established  by  the 
British  king  Artiiur,  about  the  sixth  century,  so 
named  from  their  eating  at  a  round  table,  ..1  which 
the  distiiiciion  of  rank  was  avoided.  Toone. 

ROUND  TOW'EU,  71.  Tlie  name  given  to  certain 
lofty  towers,  tapering  from  the  base  to  a  conical  cap 
or  roof,  which  crowns  the  summit;  foiinil  chiefly 
in  Ireland.  They  are  of  great  antiipiity,  and  vary  in 
hight  frtmi  thirty-five  to  one  hundred  and  twenty 
feet.  Some  stand  on  circular  bases,  and  some  on 
square  bases.  P.  Cyc, 

ROUP,  (ronp,)  v.  t.  To  cry  or  shout;  hence,  to"  ex- 
pose to  sale  by  auction.    [ScoKwA,]    Jamieson'*s  Diet. 

ROUP,  71.  An  outcry;  a  sale  of  goods  by  auction. 
[Sfiit^i-vA.]  Jamieson^s  Diet. 

2.  A  disease  in  poultry.  Gardner. 

ROUSE,  (roll/.,)  V.  t.  [This  word,  writtenalso  Arouse, 
seems  to  bidong  to  the  family  of  raise  or  rii.</i.  (."^ee 
Raise.)  In  .Sax.  hrysan,  to  sliakeand  to  rush  ;  Uuth. 
hriiyao,  to  shake.] 

1.  To  wake  from  sleep  or  repose.    Gen.  xlix. 

2.  To  excite  to  thought  or  action  from  a  state  of 
idleness,  languor,  stupidity,  or  inattention. 

.^ddisoju  JiUcrbunj. 

3.  To  put  into  action  ;  to  agitate. 

Blustering  winds  that  roused  the  sea.  Milton. 

4.  To  drive  a  beast  from  his  den  or  place  of  rest. 

Denluim.  Pope. 
ROUSE,  V.  i.    To  awake  from  sleep  or  repose. 

Morpheus  routes  from  his  b'-d.  Pope. 

2.  To  bo  excited  to  thought  or  action  from  a  state 
of  indolence,  slugglshnrs.i.  languor,  or  inattention. 

ROUSE,  I),  i.  Ill  seamen's  language,  to  pull  together 
upon  a  cable,  &.C.,  without  the  assistaiict?  of  tackles 
or  oilier  mechanical  power.  Mnr.  Did. 

ROUSK,  (roll/.,)  71.  (D.  roes,  a  bumper;  G.  rausch, 
drilllkrllliesH  ;  rnuschrn,  lo  rn.ih,  to  lllslle.] 

1.  A  buiiiprr  ill  honor  of  a  health.  [Obs.]  Shale, 

2.  ExcvsH  of  drinking  ;  n  carousal.  Shalt. 


ROUS'£D,  (rouzd,)  pp.  Awakened  from  sleep;  ex- 
cited tt)  tliouglit  or  action. 

ROl  'Si'Ell,  n.    One  that  rouses  or  excites. 

KOL'S'ING,  ppr.  Awaking  from  sleep;  exciting; 
calling  into  action. 

2.  «.    Having  power  to  awaken  or  excite. 

3.  Great  ;  violent;  as,  :i  rousing  fire.  [yul"ar.] 
ROUS'ING-LY,  adv.    Violently  ;  excitingly.  " 
ROUST,  71.    A  torrent  occasioned  by  a  tide.  Shetland. 
ROUT,  71.    [G.  TO«c,  D.  ro!,  Dan.  rode,  a  set,  gang, 

rabble  ;  Dan.  rotter,  G.  rotten,  to  combine  together, 
to  plot  ;  D.  rotten,  to  assemble  and  to  rot  ;  \V.  rhaw- 
ter,  a  crowd  ;  Fr.  ruta,  a  herd.  U.U.  from  the  root  of 
crowd,  or  from  breaking,  bursting,  noise.] 

1.  A  rahhle  ;  a  clamorous  multitude  ;  a  tumultu- 
ous crowd  ;  as,  a  rout  of  people  assembled. 

The  endkss  rouls  of  wretched  thralls.  Spenser. 

2.  In  law,  a  rout  is  where  three  persons  or  more 
meet  to  do  an  unlawful  act  upon  a  common  quarrel, 
as  forcibly  to  break  down  fences  on  a  right  claimed 
of  common  or  of  way,  and  make  some  advances  to- 
ward it.  Bliclistone. 

3.  A  company  of  select  persons.  [  Obs,]  Spenser. 
Hence, 

4.  A  fashionable  assembly  or  large  evening  party. 

Smart, 

ROUT,  7!.  [Fr.  derovle ;  It.  rotta,  a  breaking,  a  defeat, 

a  rout;  rutto,  broken,  defeateti  ;  rottura,  a  rupture; 

Sp.  rota,  roto.    This  is  a  corruption  of  the  L.  ruptus, 

fioiu  rumpo,  to  break.    Class  Rb.] 
The  breaking  or  defeat  of  an  army  or  band  of 

troops,  or  the  disorder  and  confusion  of  troops  thus 

dofealed  and  put  to  Hight.  Milton. 
ROUT,  V.  t.    To  break  the  ranks  of  troops  and  put 

tliem  to  flight  in  disorder;  to  defeat  and  throw  into 

confusion. 

The  king's  horse  —  routed  and  defeated  the  whole  army. 

Clarendon. 

ROUT,  V.  i.  To  assemble  in  a  clamorous  and  (umiiltu- 
oiis  crowd.    [JVo£  in  itsp.]  Bacon. 

ROUT,  V.  i,    [Sax.  hrutan,] 

To  snore.    [  Obs.]  CJiaucer. 

ROUT,  V.  t.  [For  Root.]  To  turn  up  the  ground 
with  the  snout ;  to  search.    [JVot  in  use,] 

ROUTE  or  ROUTE,  71.  [Fr.  route;  Sp.  rauta :  Arm. 
roud;  \V.  rhowd,  a  route  or  way  ;  rhodiaw,  to  walk 
about ;  Eng.  road.  (See  Road.)  It  belongs  to  the 
family  of  ride,  and  L.  gradior ;  properly  a  going  or 
passing.] 

The  course  or  way  which  is  traveled  or  passed,  or 
to  be  passed  ;  a  passing  ;  a  course  ;  a  march. 

Wide  through  the  furzy  field  their  roi*l  dtcy  lake.  Cay. 
Rout  and  road  are  not  synonymous.    We  say, 
to  mend  or  repair  a  road,  but  not  to  mend  a  route. 
We  use  route  for  a  course  of  passing,  and  not  without 
reference  to  the  passing  of  some  person  or  body  of 
men  ;  but  route  is  not  the  road  itself. 
ROUT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Put  to  flight  in  disorder. 
ROU-TINE',  (roo-teeii',)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rota,  a 
wheel.] 

1.  A  round  of  business,  amusements,  or  ple.asure, 
daily  or  freipiently  pursued  ;  particularly,  a  course 
of  business  or  otficial  duties,  regularly  or  frequently 
returning. 

2.  Any  regular  habit  or  practice  not  accommodated 
to  circumstances. 

ROUT'ING,  ppr.    Putting  to  flight ;  defeating  and 

throwing  into  cimfusion. 
ROUT'OUS-LY,  ado.  With  that  violation  of  law  called 

a  rout.  Bouoicr. 
ROVE,  I),  i.    [Dan.  rSver,  to  rob;  Sw.  r'dfva.  This 

corresponds  with  the  Sax.  reajian  and  L.  rapio,  Fr. 

ravir.    In  Sw.  strofva,  to  rove  or  wander,  appears  to 

be  formed  on  this  root.    In  D.  rooven,  G.  raubeu, 

signify  to  rob,] 
To  wander ;  to  ramble ;  to  range  ;  to  go,  move,  or 

pass  without  certain  direction  in  any  manner,  by 

walking,  riding,  flying,  or  otherwise. 

Tor  who  has  power  to  walk,  has  power  to  rove.     ArbuOinot.  i 

ROVE,  V.  t.  To  wander  over  ;  as,  roving  a  field  ; 
roDinn- the  town.  This  is  an  elliptical  form  of  ev 
pression  for  n»ving  over,  tlirough,  or  about,  the  towi: 

ROVE,  0.  (.  [Ciu.  reeve.]  To  draw  a  thread,  string, 
or  cord,  through  an  eye  or  aperture. 

ROV'KR,  71.    A  wanderer ;  one  who  rambles  about. 

2.  A  fickle  or  inconstant  person. 

3.  A  robber  or  pirate  ;  a  freebooter.  [So  Corsair  is 
from  I..  cur.tus,  curro,  to  run.]  «  Bacon. 

4.  A  sort  of  arrow.    [Obs.]  B.  .lonson. 
Jit  rovers  ;  without  any  particular  aim  ;  at  ran- 
dom ;  as,  shooting  at  rovers,          SoutJi,  Mdi.-^on. 

[I  never  heard  this  expression  in  the  United 
Stales.] 

ROVING,  w"-- "f  «•    Rambling;  wandering;  passing 

a  cord  tbriiugh  nn  eye. 
ROV'IN(;,  n.    The  operation  which   gives  the  first 

twist  to  cotton  thread  by  drawing  it  through  an  eye 

or  api  rture. 

nOV'ING-I.Y,  adv.    In  a  wandering  manner. 
HoV'ING-NESS,  71.    State  of  roving. 
ROW,  71.    [Sax.  rnira  ;  ii,  reihe ;  D.  rfi.    The  Welsh 
has  rhes.    It  is  a  contracted  word,  and  probably  the 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T — MltTE,  PUfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


9(>6 


ROY 


RUB 


RUB 


T 


elements  nre  Rir :  tlie  same  as  of  rant.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  probably  to  stretch,  to  reach.  If  llie  ele- 
ments are  Rd,  it  coincides  with  rod;  S\v.  rad,  a 
row.] 

1.  A  series  of  persons  or  things  arranged  in  a  con- 
tinued line  ;  a  line  ;  a  rank  ;  a  file  ;  as,  a  roio  of 
tre.«!s  ;  a  row  of  jjems  or  puarle  j  ;i  row  of  Jiouscs  or 
columns. 

Irt'her*  liie  hrU^hl  dcniphim  in  burning  row,  AftUon, 

2.  An  excursion  taken  in  a  boat  with  oars. 
RoVV,  II.  t.    [."^ax.  rowan,  reoman  ;  Sw.  ro  ;  Dan.  roer ; 

I),  rofijrn  ;  the  latter  sicnities  to  row  and  to  gauge  ; 
G.  ruder,  an  oar  ;  rttdrrn,  to  row  ;  Sax.  rotlicr,  an 
oar  ;  Gr.  toiTru,  cpcaaio,  to  row  j  £p£r/i"{,  an  oar. 
If  the  noun  is  the  primary  word,  ruder  and  rot/irr, 
an  oar,  may  be  from  the  root  of  rod,  L.  radiu.i,  or 
from  the  root  of  ro</«,  to  rub,  grate,  sweep.  If  the 
verb  is  the  primary  word,  the  sense  is  to  sweep,  to 
urge,  drive,  imi»el.    Class  ltd.    See  Roodeu.] 

1.  To  impel,  as  a  boat  or  vessel  along  the  surface  of 
water  by  oars  ;  as,  to  row  a  boat. 

2.  To  transport  by  rowing;  as,  to  roto  the  captain 
ashore  in  his  harge. 

Row,  V.  i.    To  labor  with  the  oar ;  as,  to  row  well ; 

to  row  with  oars  mutiled. 
ROW,  n.    A  riotous,  noisy  disturbance.    Ld.  Byron. 
RoVV'A-BI.K,  a.    Capable  of  being  rowed  or  rowed 

upon.    [JV"(  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

ROWAN-TREE,  n.    The  roan-tree  or  mountain  ash, 

which  see.  Cijc. 
ROWDY,  n.    A  riotous,  turbulent  fellow.  America. 
ROWKD,  (rode  )  pp.    Driven  by  oars. 
ROWEL,  n.    [Ohl  Fr.  roadie;  G.  rddel :  Sp.  rodaja,  a 

small  wheel,  a  rowel  ;  rueda,  a  wheel,  L.  rota,  W. 

rhod.    The  Krench  rouelle  is  a  diminutive  of  roue, 

contracted  from  rola.] 

1  The  little  wheel  of  a  spur,  formed  with  sharp 

points. 

2.  Among  farriers,  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk,  passed 
through  the  liesh  on  horses,  answering  to  a  setoa  in 
surgery.  Eucijc. 

3.  A  little  flat  ring  or  wheel  of  plate  or  iron  on 
horses'  bits.  Spen.ier. 

ROWEL,  V.  t.    To  insert  a  rowel  in;  to  pierce  the 

skin  aUil  insert  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk.  Mortimer. 
ROWEI^f:D,pp.    Pierced  with  a  rowel. 
ROWEL-I.\'G,  ;)/)r.    Inserting  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk; 

piercing  the  skin  to  make  a  rowel. 
ROWEN',  n.    [Uu.  Ileb.  lyi,  to  be  green,  to  thrive.] 
Rowen  is  a  fieltl  Itppt  np  till  ixtlflT  Michat'lmii-s,  ih  it  til-  corn  I«-fl 

on  llie  groiiiiii  iniiy  sproin  into  grefn.    Natee  on  Tusger. 
Turn  your  cow«  thut  give  niillt  into  your  rot««Ti«,  till  jiiow  comoa. 

Morlimer. 

2.  In  AVis  England,  the  second  growth  of  grass  in 
a  season.  HaUiwell. 

We  never  apply  the  word  to  a  field,  nor  to  a  growth 
of  corn,  after  harvest,  nor  is  the  word  ever  used  in 
the  plural.  The  first  growth  of  grass  for  mowing  is 
callt'd  the  first  crop,  and  the  second  rowen. 
RoW'ER,  II.  One  that  rows  or  manages  an  oar  in 
rowing. 

RoW'IXO,  ppr.    Impelling,  ns  a  boat  by  oars. 

RoWI.VG,  n.    The  act  of  impelling  a  boat  by  oars. 

RoiV'LA.N'D.  To  irwe  a  Rowland  for  an  Oliver,  is  to 
give  a  full  equivalent,  as  a  retort,  blow, &c.,  of  eipial 
force  ;  in  allusion  to  two  knights,  famous  in  romance, 
who  were  considered  as  e.xaclly  matched. 

JJaltiaell. 

ROWLEY-RAGG.    See  Uacstcni:. 

RoW-LOCK,  n.  That  part  of  a  boat's  gtinwale  on 
winch  the  oar  rests  in  rowing.  Toltrn. 

RoW'-Pf)RT,  n.  A  name  given  to  little  sqtiare  holes 
in  the  side  of  small  vessels  of  war,  parallel  to  the  sur 
faceof  the  water,  for  the  purpose  of  rowing  in  a  calm. 

Mar.  Diet. 

ROY'AL,  a.  [Fr.  royal:  It.  reale ;  Sp.  and  Port,  real; 
contracted  from  L.  regalis,  from  rex,  king.  See  Rick 
and  Rir.HT.] 

1.  Kingly  ;  pertaining  to  a  king ;  regal  ;  as,  royal 
power  or  prerogative  ;  a  royal  garden  ;  royal  domains  ; 
the  royal  family. 

2.  ISecoming  a  king;  magnificent;  as,  royal  state. 

3.  Noble  ;  illustrious. 

Huw  Uotli  Ui:it  royal  mercti.-\nt,  good  Antonio  ?  Shak. 

ROY'AL,  n.  A  large  kind  of  paper.  It  is  used  as  a 
noun  or  an  adjective. 

9.  Among  seamen,  a  small  sail  spread  immediately 
above  the  top-gallant-sail  ;  sometimes  termed  the 
Top-oALLANT-RovAL.  Totlen, 

3.  One  of  the  shoots  of  a  stag's  head.  Bailey, 

4.  In  artillery,  a  small  mortar. 

5.  In  F.njland,  one  of  the  soldiers  of  the  first 
reciinent  of  foot,  called  the  Rovals,  and  supposed 
to  be  the  oldest  regular  corps  in  Europe.  James. 

ROY'.\L-IS.M,  n.  Attachment  to  the  principles  or 
cause  of  royalty,  or  to  a  royal  government. 

Madison, 

ROY'.M,-IST,  n.  An  adherent  to  a  king,  or  one  at- 
tached to  a  kingly  gnverunient. 

Where  CandiAh  Touglil,  the  royalists  preTailed.  Waller. 

ROY'AL-tZE,  r.  t.    To  make  royal.  Shak. 
ROY'AL-IZ-£D,  pp.    Made  royal. 


ROY'AL-LY,  adn.  In  a  kingly  manner  ;  like  a  king  ; 
as  becomes  a  king. 

His  liotly  htiitll  be  royally  liitfrn*<I.  fjryiltn. 

ROY'AL-TY,  n.    [Fr.  royaul6  ;  It.  realtd.] 

1.  Kingship;  the  character,  stale,  or  office  of  a 
king. 

Royally  by  birth  woa  the  iwcetpsl  way  of  majesty.  Holyday. 

2.  The  king  or  sovereign ;  as,  in  the  presence  of 
royalty. 

3.  Royalties,  j)l.;  emblems  of  royalty;  regalia. 

Milton. 

4.  Rights  of  a  king  ;  prerogative.  Kncyc, 
ROYN'E,  e.  r.    [Fx.  rogner.] 

bile  ;  to  gnaw.    [J^ot  in  use."]  Spenser. 
ROYN'ISII,  a.    [Fr.  rog-ncni,  mangy  ;  Sp.  ronoso ;  It. 
roirnoso.] 

Mean  ;  paltry  ;  as,  the  royniiA  clown.    [JVot  in 
u-vp.l  S/iak. 
ROV'TEL-ET,  n.    [Fr.  roitclrt,  from  roi,  king.] 

A  litih'  king.    [V<i(  in  use.]  IJeuUn, 
ROY'TISII,  a.    Wild  ;  irregular.    [JVoJ  in  luic.] 

Beaiim.  »5"  Fl. 

RUB,  V.  U  [W.  rhwbiaw;  D.  wryrcn;  G.  rciien,  to 
rub,  to  grate,  also  to  upbraid;  rciAe,  a  grater.  Uu. 
It.  probrum,  eiprohro ;  Gr.  r/ji/?cj,  to  rub.  We  have 
the  elements  of  the  word  in  scrape,  scrub,  L.  scribo, 
Gr.  ynaifiio.    Class  Rb,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  move  sttmething  along  the  surface  of  a  body 
with  pressure  ;  as,  to  rub  the  face  or  arms  with  the 
hand  ;  to  rub  the  body  with  tlannel.  Vessels  are 
scoured  or  cleaned  by  rubbinir  them. 

2.  To  wipe ;  to  cbtan  ;  to  scour  ;  but  rub  is  a  ge- 
neric term,  applicable  to  friction  for  every  purpose. 

3.  To  touch  so  as  to  leave  behind  something 
which  touches;  to  spread  over;  as,  to  rub  any 
thhig  with  oil. 

4.  To  ptdish  ;  to  retouch  ;  with  over. 

The  wliole  bnginrss  of  o\ir  rctleinption  is  lo  rub  over  the  ilefnced 
copy  of  ihu  crcttioii.  South. 

.S.  To  obstruct  by  collision.    [Unusual.]  Sliak. 

In  popular  language,  rub  is  used  for  teasing,  fret- 
ting, upbraiding,  reproaching,  or  vexing,  with  gibes 
or  sarcasms. 

To  rub  down;  to  clean  by  rubbing;  to  comb  or 
curry,  as  a  horse.  Dryden. 

To  rub  off;  to  clean  any  thing  by  rubbing  ;  to  sep- 
arate by  friction  ;  as,  to  rub  off  rust. 

7(i  rub  out ;  to  erase  ;  to  obliterate  ;  as,  to  rub  out 
marks  or  letters. 

2.  To  remove  or  separate  by  friction ;  as,  to  rub 
out  a  stain. 

To  rub  upon  ;  to  touch  hard.  Sidney. 
To  rub  up  :  to  burnish  ;  to  pidish  ;  to  clean. 

5.  To  excite  ;  to  awaken  ;  to  rouse  to  action  ;  as, 
to  rub  up  the  meiiu>ry. 

RUM,  V.  i.  To  move  along  the  surface  of  a  body 
with  pressure;  as,  a  wheel  rubs  against  the  gate- 
post. 

2.  To  fret ;  to  chafe  ;  as,  to  ru6  upon  a  sore. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  mox'c  or  pass  with  difficulty;  as,  to  rub 
through  woods,  as  huntsmen  ;  lo  rub  through  the 
world.  Cliiipinnn,  ^Estrange. 

RUB,  n.    The  .act  of  rubbing;  frictiim. 

2.  That  which  renders  motion  or  progress  difficult ; 
collision  ;  hinderancc  ;  obstruction. 

Now  every  rub  is  smoothed  in  our  way.  Shale. 
Upon  Uiis  rub  Uie  Kiiglish  emUtssuUon  thought  fit  to  deniur, 

Haymrd. 

All  sort  of  rubs  will  le  laij  in  the  way.  Daveiiant. 

3.  Inequality  of  ground  that  hinders  the  motion  of 
a  bowl.  Shali, 

4.  Difficulty  ;  cause  of  uneasiness  ;  pinch. 

To  sleep,  perchance  to  dream ;  ay,  there's  the  rub.  Shak. 

5.  Sarcasm  ;  joke  ;  something  grating  to  the  feel- 
ings. 

RUB,  )  71.    [rub  and  stone.]    A  stone,  usu- 

RUB'-STONE,  i     ally  some  kind  of  sandstone,  used 

to  sharpen  instnmieiits  :  a  whetstone. 
RUB'BAGE,  \ 

RUB'ltlDCE,  >  For  Rubbish.  [Vulgar,  and  not  used.] 
RUB'BLE,  )  ^ 
RUB'BKI),  (nibd,)  pp.    Moved  along  the  surface  with 

a  pressure  ;  cleaned  ;  polished. 
RUB'BER,  n.    One  that  rubs. 

2.  The  instrument  or  thing  used  in  rubbing  or 
cleaning.  Swift. 

3.  A  coarse  file,  or  the  rough  part  of  it.  Moion. 

4.  A  whetstone  ;  a  rubstone. 

5.  In  whist  and  some  other  games,  two  games  out  of 
three  ;  or  the  game  that  decides  the  contest ;  or  a 
contest  consisting  of  three  games. 

India  rubber:  caoutchouc,  a  subst.ince  produced 
from  several  plants  of  South  America  ;  a  substance 
remarkably  pliable  and  elastic    [See  CAOUTCHotir.] 
RUB'BING,  71.    Act  of  rubbing,  scouring,  or  polish- 
ing. 

RUB'BING,  ppr.  Moving  along  the  surface  with  a 
pressure;  chafing;  scouring;  [Kilishing. 

RUB'BISH,  71.  i^from  rub;  properly,  that  which  is 
rubbed  otf;  but  not  now  used  in  this  limited  sense.] 


1.  Fragments  of  buildings  ;  broken  or  imperficl 

pieces  of  any  structure;  ruins. 

He  saw  III.;  towns  one  h.ilf  111  ruUUh  li.:.  Dryrttn. 

2.  Waste  or  rejected  matter ;  any  thing  worthless. 

3.  Mingled  mass  ;  confusion.  JlrbuUmot. 
RUB'BLE,  j  71.    A  name  given  by  qtiarry- 
RUB'llLE-STONE,  j      men  to  the  upper  fiagiiienUi- 

ry  and  deconijiosed  portion  of  a  mass  of  stone ; 

sometimes  applied  to  water-worn  stone.    [See  also 

Ri'HiiACK.]  Lydl. 
RUB'BLE-WALL,  j  7i.    In  masonry,  co.ir.so  walling 
RUB'BLE-WOKK,  i      constructed  of  rough  stones, 

not  large,  but  irregular  in  size  and  shape. 

Koeijc.  Jim.     Gloss  of  Archil, 
RUB'BI.V,  a.    Pertaining  lo  or  coiilaining  rubble. 
RU-BE-FA'CIENT,  (-shent,)  a.    [L.  rabefacio,  infra.] 
Milking  red. 

RU-BE-FA'CIE.\T,  n.  In  medicine,  a  substance  or 
external  application  which  produces  redness  of  the 
skin. 

RO'BEL-LITE,  n.    [from  L.  rubeus,  red.] 

A  red   variety  of  tourmaline,  varying  in  color 
from  a  pale  rose-red  to  a  deep  ruby.  Dana. 
RU-l!i:'0-LA,  71.    The  measles. 

RU-BES'CENT,  a,    [L.  rubescens,  rubesco,  from  rubeo, 
to  redden  or  to  be  red.] 
Growing  or  becoming  red  ;  tending  to  a  red  color. 
RO'BE-ZAIIL,  71.    [G.]    A  famous  mountain  spirit  of 
Germany,  sometimes  friendly,  sometiuu's  mischiev- 
ous, corresponding  to  Puck.    [See  Plck.] 

Encvc.  Am, 

RO'BI-CAN,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

Riibican  color  of  a  horse,  is  a  bay,  sorrel,  or  black, 
Willi  a  light  gray  or  white  upon  the  flanks,  but  the 
gray  or  while  not  piedominaiit  there.     Far.  Diet. 

RU'BI-CEL,  71.    ( L.  riibco.  In  be  red.] 

A  gem  or  mineral,  a  variety  of  ruby  of  a  reddish 
color,  from  Brazil.  JK'tchoUon.  Brande. 

RC'BI-CON,  71,  A  small  river  which  separated  Italy 
from  Cisalpine  Gaul,  the  province  allotted  lo  Cesar. 
When  Cesar  crossed  that  slreain,  he  invaded  Italy, 
with  the  intention  of  reducing  it  to  his  power.  Hence 
the  phrase,  to  pa.is  the  Rubicon,  signifies,  to  take  a 
desperate  step  in  an  enterprise,  or  to  adopt  a  meas- 
ure from  which  one  can  not  recede,  or  from  which  he 
is  determined  not  to  recede. 

RO'Bl  eUND,  a.    [L.  rubicundus.] 
Inclining  to  reiiness. 

RU-BI-€UND'1-TY,  71.  An  inclination  to  redness; 
ruddiness. 

RO'lil-Z'-'l),  (rQ'bid,)  pp.  or  a.    Red  as  a  ruby  ;  as,  a 

rubied  lip  ;  rubied  nectar.  Milton. 
RU-BIF'ie,  a.    [L.  rohrr,  and/ncio.] 

Making  red  ;  as,  rubijic  rjrjs.  Orew, 
RU-Bl-FI-CA'TION,  n.    The'  act  of  making  red. 

IIowelL 

RO'RI-FORM,  a.    [L.  ruber,  red,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  red  ;  as,  the  rubifurm  rays  of 
the  sun  are  least  refrangible.  JVewlon. 
RU'BI-FV,  V.  t.    [L.  ruber,  red,  and  facio,  to  make.) 

'I'o  make  red.    [Little  used.]  Brown, 
RU-BIG'I-NOUS,  a.  Rusty. 

RU-BI'GO,  n.  [L.]  Mildew,  a  kind  of  rust  on  plants, 

consisting  of  a  parasitic  fungus  or  mushroom. 
RU'BI-OUS,  a.    [L.  riiAcu,s.] 

Reil  ;  ruddy.    [J^Tot  in  use.]  Shak. 
RO'BLE,  (ru'bl,)  71.    [Russ.,  from  niblyu,  to  cut.] 

1.  A  silver  coin  of  Kussi.a.  'i'he  old  ruble  was 
worth  about  3s.  8d.  sterling,  or  85  cents.  The  new 
ruble,  coined  since  17C2,  is  worth  nearly  3s.  3d.  ster- 
ling, or  75  cents.  Kelly. 

2.  A  money  of  account  in  Russia.  The  bank  ruble 
of  100  copecks  is  worth  about  lid.  sterling,  or  21 
cents.  McCulliich. 

RO'llRie,  71.  [Fr.  rubriejue;  L.  It.  and  Sp.  rubrica; 
from  L.  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

1.  A  title  or  article  in  certain  ancient  law  books; 
so  called  because  written  in  red  letters.       P.  Cijc. 

2.  The  name  given  lo  the  directions,  printed  in 
pniyer-books,  which  were  formerly  put  in  red  letters. 

Tlie  rubric  un<l  lite  rules  r<-latiRg  to  the  lituri^  arc  cstabltBh-d  by 
royal  authority,  as  well  :is  the  liturgy  ils'  lf.  AV/son. 

The  name  has  sometimes  been  given  to  any  writ- 
ing or  printing  in  red  ink  in  old  books  and  manu- 
scripts, especially  the  date  and  place  on  a  tille-page. 

Brande, 

Rft'BRie,  V.  I.    To  adorn  with  red. 

RC'BRIC,       )        „  . 

Rf'BKlC^AL,  i  J^^''- 

RtJ'BRie-AL,  a.    Placed  in  mbrics. 

RO'BRie-ATE,  r.  f,    [L.  riibricatus.] 

'I'o  mark  or  distinguish  with  red.  IlrrberU 

RP'BRIC-ATE,  a.    Marked  with  red.  Spdman. 

UO'BY,  n.  [Fr.  rub-s ;  Sp.  rubi :  Port,  rubi,  rubim:  It. 
rubiuo  ;  D.  robyn  ;  G.  Oan.  and  Sw.  ruAin ;  Ir.  id,  1 
frtun  L.  rubra,  to  be  red.] 

1.  A  precious  stone;  a  minenl  of  a  carmine  red 
color,  sometimes  verging  to  violet,  or  intermediate 
between  carmine  and  hyacinth  red  ;  but  its  parts 
vary  in  color,  and  hence  it  is  cailed  Sapphibe  Ri  bt 
or  Ora:<ioe  Red,  and  by  some  Vekmcille  or  Ri hicel. 

A'l  ncsn. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  ruoy,  the  oriental  or  co- 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


9e7 


RUD 


RUD 


RUF 


l; 


rundiiii),  and  the  spinel.  The  latter  is  ilistinjriiish- 
able  IVoin  the  former  by  its  color  and  crystiilli/ation. 

Phillips. 

The  Balas  Ruby  is  a  bright  red  variety  of  the 
spinel. 

The  ruby  is  next  in  hardness  and  value  to  the 
diamond,  and  highly  esteemed  in  jewelry. 

2.  Redness ;  red  color.  Shak. 

3.  Any  thing  red.  Milloiu 

4.  A  blain  ;  a  blotch  ;  a  carbuncle. 

[Tho  ruby  is  said  to  be  the  stone  called  by  Pliny  a 

C.VRRL'WCLE.] 

Kubii  of  arsenic  or  sulphur,  is  the  realgar,  protosul- 
phn ret  of  arsenic,  or  red  compound  of  arsenic  and 
sulphur.  Encyc.  J^Ttrlwlson. 

Ruby  of  line,  is  the  protosulphuret  of  zinc,  or  red 
blende. 

Rock  ruby;  a  fine  red  variety  of  garnet.  Dana. 

Rnby  siiv^r.    See  Red  Silver. 
Ru'HY,  ti.  t.    To  make  red.  Pope. 
RO'IiY,  a.    Of  the  color  of  the  ruby  ;  red  ;  as,  ruby 
lips. 

Ru'BY-ING,  p/ir.    Making  red. 

RUCK,  V.  t.  IL.  ri/n-u  to  wrinkle,  to  fold;  rwa,  a 
fold.] 

1.  To  cower ;  to  bend  and  set  close.    [jVof  in  use.] 

Onicer. 

9.  To  draw  into  wrinkles  or  folds  ;  to  crease  ;  as, 
to  ruck  up  a  carpet.  Smart. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  used  by  the  common 
people  of  New  England.] 
RUCK,  V.  i.    To  squat  or  sit,  as  a  hen  on  eggs. 

Smart. 

9.  To  have  a  folded  or  ridgy  surface,  as  the  sleeve 
of  a  coat.  Furby. 
RUCK,  li.     A  wrinkle,  fold,  or  plait  in  a  piece  of 
cloth. 

RUCK'ED,  (mkl,)  pp.  Wrinkled. 

RUe-TA'TIO.\,  V.    [L.  rurAii,  to  belch.] 

The  act  of  belching  wind  from  the  stomach. 

RUD,  to  make  red,  used  by  Spenser,  is  a  different 
spelling  of  Red.    [Ohs.]    [See  Ruddy.] 

RUD,  H.    [Sax.  rude.    See  Red  and  Ruddy.] 
1.  Redness  ;  blush  ;  also,  red  ocher. 
9.  The  fish  rudd. 

RUDD,  ji.  [Probably  from  rcri,7-Mrf</7/.]  A  fresh-water 
Eunipean  fish  of  the  carp  family,  Leuciscus  ery- 
tlirophllialinus,  also  called  Red-eve.  It  differs  from 
the  roach,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied,  in  having  the 
do  sal  fin  placed  in  the  interval  between  the  ventral 
and  anal  fins.  Its  body  is  deep,  and  h:is  the  whole 
surface  tinged  with  a  brilliant  reddish  golden  hue. 

Jtirilinc''s  A''at.  Lib, 

RUD'DER,  n.  [G.  ruder,  an  oar  and  a  rudder;  Sax. 
rother,  an  oar  ;  U.  rner,  for  roeder  :  Sw.  rader ;  Dan. 
rocr.  (See  Row.)  The  oar  was  the  first  rudder  used 
by  man,  and  is  still  the  instrument  of  steering  cer- 
tain boats.] 

1.  In  navigation,  the  instrument  by  which  a  ship 
is  steered  ;  that  part  of  the  helm  which  consists  of  a 
piece  of  timber,  broad  at  the  bottom,  which  enters 
the  water  anil  is  attached  to  the  stern  post  by  hinges, 
on  which  it  turns.  This  timber  is  managed  by  means 
of  the  tiller  or  wheel.  Totlcn. 

2.  That  which  guides  or  governs  the  course. 


Fur  rltyine  ihe  rudder  \a  o.''  verst 


Hudibras. 


3.  A  sieve.  [/jicaZ.]  [See  Riddle.] 
RuMer  perch  ;  a  small  fish  with  the  upper  part  of 
the  body  brown,  varied  with  large  round  spots  of 
yellow,  the  b "lly  and  sides  streaked  with  lines  of 
white  and  yellow.  This  fish  is  said  to  follow  the 
rudders  of  ships  in  the  warm  parts  of  the  Atlantic. 

Cnic^by.  Pntnnnt. 

RUD'DI-KD,  (rud'did,)  a.    Made  ruddy  or  r.  d. 

Ri; D'DI-NESS,  n.  [from  ruddij  ]  The  state  of  b"ing 
ruddy;  redness,  or  ra'hir  a  lively  flesh  color;  that 
degree  of  redness  which  characterizes  high  health  ; 
a|>plied  chiefly  to  the  complexion  or  color  of  the 
human  skin  ;  as,  the  ruddiness  of  the  rheeks  or  lips. 

RUD'DLE,  n.  [W.  rhuicll;  from  the  root  of  red, 
ruddy.  ] 

The  name  of  a  species  of  red  earth,  colored  by 
Msquoxyd  of  iron  ;  red  chalk,  which  see. 

IVoudward. 

RI'D'DEE-MAN,  n.    One  who  digs  ruddle. 
RI'D'DOCK,  n.    [Sax.  rudduc :  from  the  root  of  rcrf, 
ruddy.] 

A  bird,  the  English  robin  or  redbreast. 

/v/in.  F.nnic. 

RtJD'DY,  n.  [Rax.  rude,  rudu,  read:  I),  rood';  G. 
rutJi ;  \V.  rA»i ;  (Jr.  tm  Oinn;;  .<aiis.  riidhirii,  blood. 
1'iiis  HcemH  tu  be  a  dialectical  orthography  of  Red, 
which  sec. ] 

I.  Of  a  red  color;  of  a  lively  flesh  color,  or  tho 
C(dor  of  the  human  Hkin  in  high  health.  Thus  we 
Hny,  ruddy  cheeks,  ruddy  lips,  a  ruddy  fare  or  skin,  a 
rudtlii  y()Uth  ;  and  In  [Kielir  language,  ruddy  fruit, 
ilut  the  word  is  chiefly  applied  to  lliir  liiiiiian  skin. 

Drydrn.  Otwuit. 
9.  Of  a  bright  yellow  color;  as,  ruddy  gold.    [  Un- 
usual ]  Drydrn. 
RODE,  a.    [Fr.  rude;  H.  rude  and  rozio;  t*\>.  rudo  ; 
L.  rudis  t      ruts;  O.  roh,  raw,  crude;  Ann.  riuf. 


The  sense  is  probably  rough,  broken,  and  this  word 
may  be  allied  to  raw  and  crude.  See  Class  Rd,  No. 
35,  38.] 

1.  Rough;  uneven;  rugged;  unformed  by  art; 
as,  rude  workmanship,  that  is,  roughly  finished; 
rude  and  un[)olished  stones.  Stillinirjlcct. 

2.  Rough  ;  of  coarse  manners  ;  unpolished  ;  un- 
civil ;  clownish;  rustic ;  as,  a  rude  countryman; 
rude  behavior  ;  rude  treatment ;  a  rude  attack. 

RurTian,  let  go  tliat  rude,  uncivil  touch.  Shah. 

3.  Violent;  tumultuous;  boisterous;  turbulent; 
as,  rude  winds ;  the  rude  agitation  of  the  sea. 

Boijle. 

4.  Violent ;  fierce  ;  impetuous  ;  as,  the  rude  shock 
of  armies. 

5.  Harsh  ,  inclement ;  as,  the  rude  winter. 

IValler. 

6.  Ignorant ;  untaught ;  savage  ;  barbarous  ;  as, 
the  Tude  natives  of  America  or  of  New  Holland  ; 
the  rude  ancestors  of  the  Greeks. 

7.  Raw;  untaught;  ignorant;  not  skilled  or  prac- 
ticed ;  as,  rude  in  spc(^cli  ;  rude  in  arms.  tVutlon. 

8.  Artless  ;  inelegant ;  not  polished  ;  as,  a  rude 
translation  of  Virgil.  Dryden. 

RuDE'LY,  add.  With  roughness ;  as,  a  mountain 
rudely  formed. 

2.  Violently  ;  fiercely  ;  tumultuously.  Tho  door 
was  rudely  assaulted. 

3.  In  a  rude  or  uncivil  manner ;  as,  to  be  rudely 
accosted. 

4.  Without  exactness  or  nicety ;  coarsely  ;  as, 
work  rudely  executed. 

I  lh.1t  am  rudely  sliinped,  antl  xv.Tnt  love's  majesty. 

To  strut  belbre  a  wanton,  ambling  nymph.  Shak. 

5.  Unskillfully. 

My  muse,  tliou^h  rudely,  h.as  resigned 

Some  faint  resemblance  of  his  godlike  mind.  Dryden. 

C.  Without  elegance. 
RuDE'NESS, «.    A  rough,  broken  state  ;  unevenness; 
wildness;  as,  the  rudeness  of  a  mountain,  country, 
or  landscape. 

2.  Coarseness  of  manners  ;  incivility  ;  rusticity  ; 
vulgarity. 

And  liin^s  the  rudeness  of  their  joy  must  bear.  Dryden, 

3.  Ignorance  ;  unskillfulness. 

What  lie  did  amiss  was  rtttlier  tlirough  rudeness  and  want  of 
judgment.  htiyicard, 

4.  Artlessness  ;  coarseness;  inelegance;  as,  the 
rudeness  of  a  painting,  or  piece  of  sculpture, 

5.  Violence  ;  impetuosity ;  as,  the  rudeness  of  an 
attack  or  shock. 

6.  Violence  ;  storminess  ;  as,  the  rttdc7ieisof  winds 
or  of  the  season. 

Ru'DEN-TURE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rude7is,  a  rope.] 
In  architecture,  the  figure  of  a  rope  or  stall",  plain 
or  carved,  with  which  the  flutings  of  columns  are 
sometimes  filled.  Braude, 

RU'DE-RA-RY,  a.  [Low  L.  ruderarius ;  from  the 
root  of  rudis,  and  indicating  the  primary  sense  of 
rude,  to  be  broken.] 

Belonging  to  rubbish.    [JVot  used.]  Diet. 

RU-DE-Ra'TION,  n.  [L.  ruderatio,  from  rudero,  to 
pave  with  broken  stones.] 

Among  the  ancients,  a  method  of  laying  pavements, 
and  |)erli!ips  of  building  walls,  with  rough  pebbles 
and  mortar.  Gipilt. 

ROUKS'liY,  (rudz'be,)  n.  An  uncivil,  turbulent  fel- 
low.   [A^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

RU'Dl-ME.VT,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ri(rf(mf7i<M7n.  If  con- 
nected with  erudio,  it  denotes  what  is  taught,  and 
erudiii  may  be  connected  with  the  Goth,  rodyan,  to 
speak,  Sax.  rirdan,  to  read.  But  the  real  origin  is 
not  obvious.  It  ni.ay  have  been  formed  from  some 
word  in  Rd,  signifying  to  shoot  or  spring.] 

1.  .\  first  principle  or  element;  that  which  is  to 
be  first  learnt  ;  a.s,  the  rudiments  of  learning  or 
science.  Articulate  stmutls  are  the  rudiments  of  lan- 
guage ;  letters  or  char;icters  are  the  rudiments  of 
written  language  ;  the  primary  rules  of  any  art  or 
science  are  its  rudiments.  Heiice  instruction  in  the 
rudiments  of  any  art  or  science,  constitutes  the  be 
ginuin<:  of  education  in  that  art  or  science. 

2.  The  original  of  any  thing  in  its  first  form.  Thus 
in  bniany,  the  gcrmi  ii,  ovary,  or  seed  bud,  is  the  j'u 
dimrnt  of  the  fruit  yet  in  embryo  ;  and  the  seed  is  the 
rudiment  of  a  new  plant.  Jilartyn. 

Rudiment,  in  natural  history,  is  also  an  imperfect 
organ,  one  which  is  never  fully  formeti.  Thus  the 
flowers  in  the  genus  Pt  ntstumon  have  four  stamens 
and  a  rudiment  of  a  fifth,  (a  simple  filament  without 
an  anther.) 

Gotl  beliuldi  the  first  irniK-rfect  rudimsnU  of  virtue  in  the  •o\il. 

Spectator. 

RO'DI-MEiNT,  7'.  t.  To  furnish  with  first  princifdcs 
or  rules  ;  to  ground  ;  to  settle  in  first  principles. 

Oniiton 

RU  DI-MENT'AI,,  )  a.  Initial  ;  pertaining  to  rudi- 
iU;  1)1  .MI';.\T'.\  RV,  (     mcnts,  or  consisting  in  first 

priiK'ipli's  ;  as,  r(/r/if/jf'7jfrti  essays.  Spectator. 
RU-DOl-PII'INE,  «.    All  epithet  applied  to  a  set  of  as 

tronuiiiicul  tables,  computed  by  Kepler,  and  founded 


on  the  observations  of  Tycho  Rrahe ;  so  named  from 
Kudiilph  II.,  emperor  of  Bohemia.  Brandc. 
ROE,  (rii,)  V.  t.  [ii;l\.  reuwian,  hreoinian  ;  \V.  rhaaw, 
rhuadu  ;  D.  rouwen ;  G.  reuen,  to  repent ;  Dan.  and 
Sw.  ruelse,  contrition.  This  is  the  L.  rtldo,  to  roar, 
to  bray.    Class  Rd.] 

To  lament ;  to  regret ;  to  grieve  for  ;  as,  to  rue  the 
commission  of  a  crime  ;  to  rue  the  day. 

Thy  will 

Ciiose  freely  what  it  now  bo  justly  rue*.  MUton. 
RuE,  ».  i.    To  have  compassion.  [JVotinvse.] 

Chaucer. 

ROE,  n.    Sorrow  ;  repentance.   [JV'oJ  in  use.]  Shak. 

ROE,  (rii,)  77.  [Sax.  rude:  D.  riiit ;  G.  raute ;  Dan 
rude;  Gr.  pvri) ;  L.  and  It.  ruta ;  Sp.  rnda;  Fr.  rue; 
Arm.  ry ;  Ir.  ruith,  ruitJi;  Corn.  ryte.  Rue  is  a  con- 
tracted word.  Q,u.,  from  its  bitter  taste,  gratmg, 
roughness.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Ruta,  of  several  species  The 
common  garden  rue  is  medicinal.  It  has  a  strong, 
ungrateful  odor,  and  a  bitter  and  penetrating  taste. 

Encyc. 

RU'JED,  (rude,)  pp.  Lamented  ;  grieved  for ;  regret- 
ted. 

ROE'FUL,  (ru'-,)  a.  [rue  and  fall]  Woful ;  mourn- 
ful ;  sorrowful ;  to  be  lamented. 

Spur  them  to  rueful  work.  Stiak. 
2.  Expressing  Sorrow 

He  sighed  and  cast  a  rueful  eye,  Dryden, 
ROE'FUL-LY,  adv.    Mournfully ;  sorrowfully.  More. 
RuE'FjjL-NESS,  77.    Sorrowfulness;  mournfulness. 
ROE'ING,  71.    Lamentation.  Smith. 
RU-ELLE',  (ru-el',)  71.  [Fr.,a  narrow  street,  from  rue, 
a  street.] 

A  circle ;  a  private  circle  or  assembly  at  a  private 
house.    [JVbA  in  use.]  Dryden. 
RU-FES'CENT,  a.    [L,  rufesco,  to  grow  red.] 

Reddish  ;  tinged  with  red.  Ed.  Encyc. 

RUFF,  7t.  [Ann.  rouffenn,  a  wrinkle;  W.  rhevu,  to 
thicken.] 

1.  A  inece  of  plaited  linen  worn  by  females  around 
the  neck.  j2ddi.-<on. 

2.  Something  puckered  or  plaited.  Pope. 

3.  A  Eiirojiean  river  fish,  of  the  perch  family, 
Acerina  vulgaris,  sometimes  called  the  smalltr  river 
perch.  Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

4.  A  bird  of  Europe  and  Asia,  Machetes  pregnax, 
allied  to  the  woodcock  and  sandpiper.  The  male 
has  a  tuft  of  feathers  around  the  neck  during  the 
breeding  season,  whence  the  name.  The  female  is 
called  Reeve.  Jardine. 

5.  A  state  of  roughness,    [Sax,  Areo/,]    [  0/j.<,] 

Chapman. 

6.  Pride ;  elevation  ;  as,  princes  in  the  ruff  of  all 
their  glory.  L'Estrange. 

7.  A  particul.ir  species  of  pigeon. 

8.  At  rnrd.-i,  the  act  of  winning  the  trick  by  tnimp- 
ing  the  cards  of  another  suit.    [D.  troef,  trueven.] 

RUFF,  7'.       To  ruffle  ;  to  disorder.  Spenser. 
2.  To  trump  any  other  suit  of  cards  at  whist.  [I). 
troeven,] 

RUFF'KI),  (rtift,)  pp.    Ruffled  ;  disordered. 
RUF'FIAN,  (riif 'yaii,)  71.    [If  this  word  signifies  pri- 

HKirily  a  robber,  it  is  from  the  root  of  rob,  Sw.  rofca, 

Dan.  riifcr.    In  Scottish,  ruffie  is  a  worthless  fellow. 

In  It.  rnffinno  is  a  pimp,  Sp.  rufian,  Port,  rufiam  ;  D. 

roJ)iaan,  id.] 

A  boisterous,  brutal  fellow  ;  a  fellow  ready  for  any 
desperate  crime  ;  a  robber ;  a  cutthroat ;  a  murderer. 

.Sddi.-itm. 

RUF'FIAN,  (ruf 'yan,)  a.  Brutal ;  savagely  boisterous ; 

as,  rnffian  rage.  Pope. 
RUF'FIAN,  D.  I.  To  play  the  ruffian  ;  to  rage  ;  to  raise 

tumult.  Shiik. 
RUF'FIAN-ISII,  a.    Having  the  qualities  or  manners 

of  a  nillian. 

RUF'FIAN-ISM,  n.   The  act  or  conduct  of  a  niflian. 

RUF'FIAN-LFKE,  )  0.  Like  a  rulhan  ;  bold  in  crimes; 

RUF'FIAN-I.Y,      i     violent  ;  licentious.  Ftdke. 

RUF'FLE,  (ruf'rt,)  v.  t.  [Uelgic,  ruilffclcn,  to  wrin- 
kle. Chaucer  has  riveling,  wrinkling,  and  Stielmau 
cites  rifflura  or  ruffnra  from  Bractou,  as  signifying  in 
law  a  breach  or  laceration  of  the  skin,  made  by  the 
stroke  of  a  stick.] 

1.  Properly,  to  wrinkle  ;  to  draw  or  contract  into 
wrinkles,  open  plaits,  or  folds.  Mdi.^on. 

2.  'J  o  disorder  by  disturbing  a  smooth  surface  ;  to 
make  uneven  by  agitation  ;  as,  to'vffie  the  sea  it  a 
lake.  ^  ^ 

She  smoollied  the  rtitPed  tout,  Dryden. 

3.  To  discompose  by  disturbing  a  calm  state  of;  to 
agitate  ;  to  disturb  ;  as,  to  rnjle  the  mind  ;  to  ruffie 
tlie  passiims  or  Ihe  temper.  It  expresses  less  than 
FnET  and  Vkx. 

4.  To  throw  into  disorder  or  confusion. 

Wh'-re  U'Kt 

He  might  the  rtijltd  loe  invi-.l.  Iludiirat, 

5.  To  throw  together  in  a  disorderly  manner. 

I  rujjtid  up  inllen  lenvc«  in  heap.    [f/fiu«i/<i(.|  CImpman, 

(i.  To  furnish  with  rutlles  ;  as,  to  ri;/ffi!  a  shirt. 
RUF'FLE,  (riif'H,)  v.  i.   To  grow  rough  or  turbulent ; 
as,  tlio  winds  ruffle.  Shiik. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQIC  — 


968 


RUI 


RUL 


RUM 


2.  To  play  loosely  ;  to  flutter. 

On  Ills  right  etiouUliT  his  thick  mano  nHiUneil, 

Rujflet  itl  BiKcil,  utiil  dunces  iu  the  wind.  DryiUn. 

3.  To  be  rougli ;  to  jar  j  to  be  in  contention. 

Thcj- would  ru^;«  with  Jiironi.    [Oiil.)  Bacon. 

RUF'FLE,  n.  A  strip  of  plaited  cambric,  or  other  fine 
cloth,  attached  to  some  border  of  a  sarment,  as  to  the 
wristband  or  bosom.  That  at  the  bosom  is  sometimes 
called  by  the  Bnglish  a  Frill. 

2.  Disturbance  ;  agitation  ;  commotion  ;  as,  to  put 
the  mind  or  temper  in  a  ruffle. 

RMF'FLE,  )  n.    A  particular  beat  of  the  drum,  being 

HUFF,  i  a  low,  vibrating  sound,  not  so  loud  as 
a  roll,  used  on  certain  occasions  in  military  atiairs 
as  a  mark  of  respect.  Lieutenant-generals  have  three 
ruffles,  as  they  pass  by  the  regiment,  guard,  &c. ;  ma- 
jor-generals have  two  ;  brigailieis  one,  &c. 

Campbell,  Mil.  Did.  Eiieiic. 

RUF'FLE, )  V.  t.    To  beat  the  ruir  or  rulilo  of"  the 

UIJFF,       !  drum. 

RUF'FLKD,  p;).  or  0.    Disturbed  ;  agitated  ;  furnished 

with  ruttles. 
RUF'FLK-LKSS,  a.    Having  no  nifties. 
lU'F'FLE-MENT,  n.    Act  of  ruliling. 
RL'F'FI-EK,  71.    A  bully  ;  a  swaggerer.    [JVot  in  lae.] 
RUF'FLING,  ppr.    Disturbing ;  agitating  ;  furnishing 

with  ruffles. 

RUF'FLING,  71.    Commotion  ;  disturbance  ;  agitation. 
RUF'FIN'G^'  I  PP''-    "Beating  a  roll  of  the  drum. 
UITF'FMNO,  j  71.  A  particular  beat  or  roll  of  the  drum, 
RI'F'FI.Nt},    j    used  on  certain  occasions  as  a  mark 
of  respi  ct. 

RO't'OL'S,  a.  [Jj.  rufu.'' ;  Pp.  rufo  ;  Port,  ruivo ;  prob- 
ably from  the  root  of  L.  rubro.] 

Reddish  ;  of  a  reddish  color,  or  rather  of  a  brown- 
ish red.  Lindlrtj. 

Rl'F'TlIR-HOOD,  7i.  In  falconry,  a  hood  to  be  worn 
by  a  hawk  when  she  is  first  drawn.  Bailey. 

RUG,  H.  [D.  ruiir,  G.  ranch,  rough,  hairy,  shaggy; 
Sw.  ruir^T,  entangled  hair  ;  rumTia,  rugged,  shaggy. 
This  coincides  with  Dan.  rug,  VV.  Wij/n-,  rye,  that  is, 
rou'jk;  VV.  r/iU4'-,  something  abounding  with  points. 
In  W.  brycan  is  a  ni"-,  a  clog,  a  brogue  for  the  feet, 
a  covering.  This  belongs  to  the  great  family  of 
rough,  L.  ruga,  raucus.] 

1.  A  coarse,  nappy  woolen  cloth,  used  for  a  bed- 
cover, and,  in  modern  tinies,  particularly,  for  cover- 
ing the  carpet  before  a  fireplace.  This  name  was 
formerly  given  to  a  coarse  kind  of  frieze  useil  for 
winter  garments,  and  it  may  be  that  the  poor  in  some 
countries  still  wear  it.  Btit  in  .\merica,  1  believe, 
the  name  is  applied  only  to  a  bed-cover  for  ordinary 
beils,  and  to  a  covering  before  a  fireplace. 

2.  A  rougli,  woolly,  or  shaggy  dog. 
RO'GATE,  o.  Wrinkled ;  having  alternate  ridgeg  and 

depressions.  Dana. 
RUtJ'GED,  a.    [from  the  root  of  rug,  rough,  which 
sec.] 

1.  Rough  ;  full  of  asperities  on  the  surface  ;  broken 
into  sharp  or  irregular  points  or  crags,  or  otherwise 
uneven  ;  as,  a  rugged  mountain  ;  a  rugged  road. 

2.  Uneven  j  not  neat  or  regular. 

His  Wfll-proportioned  beorit  mnde  rough  antl  rugged.  SliaJ:. 

3.  Rough  in  temper ;  harsh  ;  hard  ;  crabbed  ;  aus- 
tere. South. 

4.  Stormy  ;  turbulent ;  tempestuous ;  as,  rugged 
weather  ;  a  rugged  season. 

.^>.  Rough  to  the  ear ;  harsh  ;  grating  ;  as,  a  rugged 
verse  in  poetry  ;  rugged  prose.  Dryden. 

().  Sour ;  surly  ;  frowning ;  wrinkled  ;  as,  rugged 
lotiks. 

7.  Violent ;  rude  ;  boisterous.  Iludibras. 

8.  Rough  ;  shaggy  :  as,  a  rugged  hear.  Fairfar. 

9.  In  botany,  scabrous ;  rough  with  tubercles  or 
stitT  points  ;  as  a  leaf  or  stem.  Marlyn. 

RUG'GED-1,Y,  ailv.    In  a  rough  or  rugged  manner. 
RUG'GED-.NEriS,  n.    The  tpiality  or  state  of  being 

rugged  ;  roughness ;  asperity  of  surface  ;  as,  the  rug- 

gedness  of  land  or  of  roads 

2.  Roughness  of  temper  ;  harshness  ;  surliness. 

3.  Coarseness  ;  rudeness  of  manners. 

4.  Slorminess  ;  boisterousness  ;  as  of  a  season. 
RUG'-GOWN-i'D,  a.    Wearing  a  coarse  gown  or  rug. 

Beaum.  S(  Fl. 

RUG'IN,  71.    A  nappy  cloth.   [AOit  iis-crf.]  IViMman. 
RC'GtN'E,  (ri'jeen,)  71.  [Fr.]  A  surgeon's  rasp.  Sharp. 

RO'GOrs'  I  '■"5'''*''^>  ffo"!  '''^S")  "  wrinkle.] 

1.  Wrinkled  ;  full  of  wrinkles.  tfiseman. 

2.  In  botany,  a  leaf  is  said  to  be  rugose  when  the 
veins  arc  more  contracted  than  the  disk,  so  that  the 
latter  rises  into  little  inequalities,  as  in  sage,  prim- 
rose, cowslip,  &c.  Martiin.  Smith. 

RU-GOS'I-TY,  71.  A  state  of  being  wrinkled.  [IMle 
« *<■'/.]  S77ii(A. 

RC'I.N,  n.  [Fr.  riiinr,  from  L.  and  Sp.  rulna;  It.  raina 
and  rni'iiia;  from  L.  mo,  to  fall,  to  rush  down  ;  W. 
rhririn,  a  sudden  glide,  shp,  or  fall,  ruin  ;  rheie,  some- 
tli:ng  slippery  or  smooth,  ice,  frost ;  rAcii,  to  move  or 
be  active  ;  rheb,  a  running  olf;  rlfbti:,  a  destroyer. 
Perhaps  the  latter  words  are  of  a  ditTerent  family.] 


1.  Destruction  ;  fall ;  overthrow  ;  defeat  ;  that 
change  of  any  thing  which  destroys  it,  or  entirely 
defeats  its  object,  or  unfits  it  for  iiso  ;  as,  the  ruin  of 
a  house  ;  the  ruin  of  a  ship  or  an  army  ;  the  ruin  of 
a  constitution  of  government ;  the  ruin  of  health  ;  the 
ruin  of  commerce  ;  the  ruin  of  public  or  private  liap- 
piiiess  ;  the  ruin  of  a  project. 

2.  Mischief;  bane;  that  which  destroys. 

The  errors  of  young  men  are  the  ruin  of  husine&s.  Bfcon. 

3.  Ruin;  more  generally,  ruins;  the  remains  of  a 
decayed  or  deniolishcil  city,  house,  fortress,  or  any 
work  of  art  or  other  thing  ;  as,  the  ruins  of  Halbec, 
Palmyra,  or  Persepulis ;  the  ruins  of  a  wall ;  a  castle 
in  ruins. 

The  Inlior  of  a  day  will  not  build  up  a  virtuous  habit  on  the 
ruins  of  an  old  and  vicious  character,  Buckminstfr. 

4.  The  decayed  or  enfeebled  remains  of  a  natural 
object  ;  as,  the  venerable  old  man  presents  a  great 
mind  in  ruins. 

5.  The  cause  of  destruction. 

Thoy  were  the  ruin  of  liiiii  and  ol  all  Israel.  —  2  Chron.  xxviit. 
RU'IN,  r.  t.    [Fr.  miner.] 

1.  To  demolish  ;  to  pull  down,  burn,  or  otherwise 
destroy  ;  as,  to  ruin  a  city  or  an  edifice. 

2.  To  subvert ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  rain  a  state  or 
government. 

3.  To  destroy  ;  to  bring  to  an  end  ;  as,  to  ruin  com- 
merce or  manufactures. 

4.  To  destroy  in  any  manner;  as,  to  riii;i  health  or 
happiness  ;  to  ruin  reputation. 

5.  To  counteract ;  to  defeat ;  as,  to  ruin  a  plan  or 
project. 

6.  To  deprive  of  felicity  or  fortune. 

Uy  tliee  raised  I  ruin  all  my  fof's.  iV/i<'(on. 
Grace  with  a  nod,  and  ruin  witli  a  frown.  Dnjtlcn. 

7.  To  impoverish  ;  as,  to  be  ruinid  by  speculation. 
The  eyes  ot  other  people  are  the  eyes  Uvit  ruin  ua.  Franklin. 

8.  To  bring  to  everlasting  misery  ;  as,  to  ruin  the 
soul. 

RO'I.V,  V.  i.    To  fall  into  ruins.  .Vi/Zon. 

2.  To  run  to  ruin  ;  to  fall  into  decay  or  be  diUti)i- 
dated.  ^ 

Though  ho  his  house  of  polished  marble  build, 

Vet  shall  it  ruin  like  the  nioUi'a  IratI  cell.  Sanihjit. 

3.  To  be  reduced ;  to  be  brought  to  poverty  or  mis- 
ery. 


If  we  are  idle,  and  disturb  the  industrious 
shall  ruin  th<-  f;uiler. 


tlieir  business,  we 
iMcke. 


JVote.  —  This  intransitive  use  of  the  verb  is  now 
unusual. 

RO'IN-aTE,  v.  t.  To  demolish;  to  subvert;  to  de- 
stroy ;  to  reduce  to  poverty.  [7'Ai;*  wurd  is  ill-fanned, 
and  happily  is  become  obsolete.] 

RU-IN-A'TION,  n.  Subversion  ;  overthrow;  demoli- 
tion.   [Inelegant  and  obsnlrte.] 

Ru'IN-f;i),  pp.  or  a.  Demolished;  destroyed;  sub- 
verted ;  reduced  to  poverty  ;  undone. 

Ru'lX-F.R,  71.    Une  that  ruins  or  destroys.  Chapman, 

RO'IiN-I-FOR.M,  <i.    [L.  rutKO  and  form.] 

Having  the  appearance  of  ruins,  or  the  ruins  of 
houses.    Certain  minerals  are  said  to  be  ruiniform. 

RO'I.N-I.N'G,  ppr.  Demolishing;  subverting;  destroy- 
ing; reducing  to  poverty;  bringing  to  endless  mis- 
ery. 

RO'IX-OUS,  a.         ruinosoji ;  FT.ruineux.] 

1.  Fallen  to  ruin;  entirely  decayed  ;  demolished; 
dilapidated  ;  as,  an  edifice,  bridge,  or  wall  in  a  ruifi- 
ous  stale. 

2.  Destructive;  baneful  ;  pernicious;  bringing  or 
tending  to  bring  certain  ruin.  Who  can  describe  the 
ruinous  practice  of  intemperance 

3.  Composed  of  ruins;  consisting  in  ruins;  as,  a 
minoiLS  heap.    Is.  ,\vii. 

RO'IN-OUS-LY,  ado.  In  a  ruinous  manner;  deslruc- 
tivelv. 

R0'I.\'-OUS-NESS,  71.    A  ruinous  state  or  quality. 
ROL'A-BLE,  a.    Subject  to  rule  ;  accordant  to  rule. 

Bacon. 

RC'LE,  71,  [VV.  rheol;  Arm.  real;  Sax.  regol,  reogol; 
Sw.  Dan.  G.  and  D.  regel ;  Fr.  regie ;  S^.'rcgla  ;  Port. 
rcgoa,  regra ;  It.  regola  ;  L.  regula,  from  rego,  to  gov- 
ern, that  is,  to  stretch,  strain,  or  make  straight.  I 
suppose  the  Welsh  rheol  to  be  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  Government ;  sway ;  empire ;  control ;  supremo 
command  or  authority. 

A  wUe  »Tv.int  sliall  have  ruZ«  over  a  ion  that  causeth  shame. 
Prov.  xvii. 

And  his  stem  rut*  the  groaning  land  obeyed.  Pfjie. 

2.  That  which  is  established  as  a  principle,  stand- 
ard, or  directory  ;  that  by  which  any  thing  is  to  be 
adjusted  or  regulated,  or  to  which  it  is  to  be  con- 
formed ;  tliat  which  is  settled  by  authority  or  custom 
for  g<iidance  and  direction.  Thus  a  statute  or  law 
is  a  rule  of  civil  conduct ;  a  canon  is  a  rule  of  eccle- 
siastical government ;  the  precept  oi  command  of  a 
father  is  a  nife  of  action  or  obedience  to  children  ; 
preceilents  in  law  are  rulcn  of  decision  to  judges  ; 
maxims  and  customs  furnish  rules  for  regulating  our 
social  opinions  and  manners.  The  laws  of  God  are 
rules  for  directing  us  in  life  paramount  to  all  others. 

A  rult  which  you  di^^^pply,  is  no  rule  at  all.  J.  M.  .Mason. 


3.  An  instrument  by  wllich  lines  are  drawn,  or 
Hhort  lengths  measured. 

A  Judicious  artist  will  use  bii  eye,  but  be  will  trust  only  to  bij 
ruie.  iivulh. 

4.  Established  mode  or  course  of  proceeding  pre- 
scribed in  private  life.  Every  man  should  have  some 
fi.xed  rules  for  managing  his  own  affairs. 

5.  A  maxim,  canon,  or  precept,  to  be  observed  in 
any  art  or  science.  Encyc. 

r».  Ill  monasteries,  corporations,  or  societies,  a  law  or 
regulation  to  be  observed  by  the  society  and  its  par- 
ticular members. 

7.  In  courts,  rules  are  the  determinations  and  or- 
ders of  court,  to  be  observed  by  its  oflicers  in  con- 
ducting the  business  of  the  court. 

8.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  a  determinate  mode 
prescribed  for  performing  any  operation  and  produ- 
cing a  certain  result. 

9.  In  grammar,  an  established  form  of  conslniction 
in  a  particular  class  of  words  ;  or  the  expression  of 
that  form  in  woiils.  Thus  it  in  a  rule,  in  English, 
that  s'  or  es,  added  to  a  noun  in  the  singular  number, 
forms  tile  plural  of  that  noun ;  but  mnrt  forms  its  plu- 
ral men,  and  is  an  exrrplion  to  the  rule. 

Rule  of  three,  is  that  rule  of  arithmetic  which  di- 
rects, when  three  terms  are  given,  how  to  find  a 
fourtli,  which  shall  have  the  same  ratio  to  the  third 
term  as  the  second  has  to  the  first. 
ROLE,  J'.  t.  To  govern  ;  to  control  the  will  and  ac- 
tions of  others,  either  by  arbitrary  pow  er  and  author- 
ity or  by  established  laws.  The  emperors  of  the  East 
rule  their  subjects  without  the  restraints  of  a  consti- 
tution. Ill  limited  governments,  men  are  rufcd  by 
knt)Wn  laws. 

If  a  man  know  not  how  to  rule  his  own  house,  how  iball  he  take 
care  of  the  church  of  God  ?  —  1  Tim.  iii. 

2.  To  govern  the  movements  of  things;  to  con- 
duct ;  to  manage  ;  to  control.  That  God  rules  the 
world  he  has  created,  is  a  fundanieiital  article  of  be- 
lief. 

3.  Tu  manage  ;  to  conduct,  in  almost  any  manner. 

4.  To  settle  as  by  a  rule. 

That's  a  ruled  cise  with  the  schoolmen.  Atterbury. 

5.  To  mark  with  lines  by  a  ruler;  as,  to  rule  a 
blank  book. 

6.  'J'o  establish  by  decree  or  decision ;  to  deter- 
mine ;  as  a  court. 

ROLE,  f.  i.  To  have  power  or  command  ;  to  exercise 
supreme  autliorilj'. 

By  me  princes  rule.  —  Prov.  viii. 
It  is  often  followed  by  over. 

Tliey  sti;*ll  rule  over  their  oppressors.  —  Is.  xiv. 

\\  c  subdue  and  rule  over  alf  other  creatures.  I7ay. 

2.  In  law,  to  decide  ;  to  lay  down  and  settle  as  a 
rule  or  order  of  court. 

3.  .Among  mercltants,  to  stand  or  m.ainlain  a  level; 
as,  prices  rule  lower  than  formerly. 

RuL'f.D,  pp.  Governed  ;  controlled ;  conducted  ;  man- 
aged ;  established  by  decision. 

RCL'ER,  71.  One  that  governs,  whether  emperor, 
king,  pope,  or  governor;  any  one  that  exercises  su- 
preme power  over  others. 

2.  One  that  makes  or  executes  laws  in  a  limited 
or  free  government.  'X'hus  legislators  and  magis- 
trates are  called  rulers. 

3.  A  rule;  an  instrument  of  wood  or  metnl  with 
straight  edges  or  sides,  by  which  lines  are  drawn  on 
paper,  parchment,  or  other  substance.  When  a  ruler 
has  the  lines  of  chords,  tangents,  sines,  ice,  it  is 
called  a  Plane  Scale.  F.ncyc. 

RuL'ING,  ppr.  Governing  ;  controlling  the  will  and 
actions  of  intelligent  beings,  or  the  movoineiits  of 
other  physical  bodies. 

2.  Marking  by  a  ruler. 

3.  Deciding;  determining. 

4.  a.  Predominant;  chief;  controlling;  as,  a  rid- 
ing passion. 

Rl'lVli\G-LV,  adv.  Controllingly. 
RCL'Y,  a.    [from  rule.]    Orderly;  ea.sily  restrained. 


{J\''ot  in  use.]  [Sec  l^Nnt'LV.] 
RUM,  11.  [Per- 


[Perhaps  from  rheum,  a  flowing.  In  an  old 
author,  it  is  written  rhum.]  Spirit  distilled  from 
cane  juice,  or  from  the  scuinmings  of  the  juice  from 
the  boiling-house,  or  from  the  treacle  or  molasses 
which  drains  from  sugar,  or  from  diinder,  the  lees  of 
former  distillations.  FMirards,  IV.  lud, 

III  the  United  States,  rum  is  distilled  from  molasses 
only. 

2.  A  low,  cant  word  for  a  countrj'  parson.  Sieifl, 
RU.M,  a.    Old-fashioned  ;  queer ;  odd.   [.^  cant  word.] 

Smart, 

RUM'BLE,  (rum'bl,)  n.  A  seat  for  ser\'ants  behind  a 
carriage.  F.ngland. 

RU.M'ULE,  V.  i,  [D.  rommelen ;  G.  rummein ;  Dan. 
rvmtcr ;  It.  rombare.  If  Rm  are  the  radical  letters, 
this  word  may  be  referred  to  the  Ch.  Syr.  Heb.  and 
Etli.  OV,  raam.  Class  Rm,  No.  II.  With  a  prefix, 
grumble,  Gr.  tifienut,  L.  frcmo,  Ir.  eruim,  thunder,  G. 
brummen,  D.  brommen,  bremmen,  Stc. ;  Sw.  rama,  to 
bellow.] 

To  make  a  low,  heavy,  continued  sound  ;  as, 
thunder  rumbles  at  a  distance,  but  when  near,  iU 


ICNE,  B^LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  asK  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SU  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


969 


RUM 

Bound  is  sharp  and  rattling;  a  heavy  carriage  rum- 
bles on  tlie  pavement. 

UU.M'Bl.ER,  n.    The  person  or  thing  tliat  rumbles. 

ULTM'BLIA'G,  }tpr,  or  a.  Making  a  low,  heavy,  con- 
tinued sound ;  as,  rumbling  thunder.  A  rumbling 
noise  is  a  low,  heai-y,  continued  noise. 

RU.M'BLLNG,  n.  A  low,  heavy,  continued  sound. 
Jcr.  xlvii. 

RU.M'BLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  rumbling  manner. 

RUM'-BUD,  n.  A  grog  blossom  ;  the  popular  name  of 
a  redness  occasioned  by  the  detestable  practice  of  ex- 
cessive drinking.  Rum-buds  usually  appear  first  on 
the  nose,  and  gradually  extend  over  the  face.  This 
term  seems  to  have  reference  to  the  disease  techni- 
cally defined  to  be  an  unsuppurative  papule,  station- 
arj',  confluent,  red,  mottled  with  purple,  cliiefly 
aflecting  the  face,  sometimes  produced,  and  always 
aggravated,  by  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors,  by  expo- 
sure to  heat,  Hcc.  It  is  technically  called  lonihus  co- 
rymhifer,  and  popularly  inmpled  face,    [jj/nerif  a.] 

Rush. 

Ru'ME.V,  n.  [I..]  The  cud  of  a  ruminant ;  also,  the 
upper  stomach  of  animals  which  chew  the  cud. 

RO'.MI-NANT,  0.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rumino.] 

Chewing  the  cud  ;  having  the  property  of  chewing 
again  what  has  been  swallowed  ;  as,  ruminant  ani- 
mals, Ray. 

Ru'MI-NAXT,  n.  An  animal  that  chews  the  cud. 
Ruminants  are  four-footed,  hairj',  and  viviparous. 

Encyc    Ray.  Derham. 
.\n  animal  that  chews  the  cud,  as  the  camel,  deer, 
goat,  and  bovine  kind.  Bell. 

RU'."»lI-.\Ai\'T-LY,  adv.    By  chewing. 

RU-MI-i\A.\'TIA,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  herbivorous 
animals,  having  four  stomachs,  the  first  so  situated 
as  to  receive  a  large  quantity  of  vegetable  m.atters 
coarsely  bruised  by  a  first  mastication,  which  passes 
into  the  second,  where  it  is  moistened  and  formed 
into  little  pellets,  which  the  animal  has  the  power  of 
bringing  again  to  the  mouth  to  be  rechewed,  after 
which  it  is  swallowed  into  the  third  stomach,  from 
which  it  passes  to  the  fourth,  where  it  is  finally  di- 
gested. The  camel,  the  deer,  the  bovine  genus,  the 
goat,  and  the  sheep,  are  examples  of  this  order. 

RC'JII-XaTE,  v.  I.  [Fr.  ru miner ;  L.  rumino,  from 
rumen.,  the  cud  ;  W.  rhum,  that  swells  out.] 

1.  To  chew  the  cud  ;  to  chew  again  what  has  been 
slightly  chewed  and  swallowed.  Oxen,  sheep,  deer, 
goats,  camels,  hares,  and  squirtels,  ruminate  in  fact; 
other  animals,  as  moles,  bees,  crickets,  beetles,  crabs, 
&c.,  only  appear  to  ruminate.  Peyer.  Encyc. 

The  only  animals  endowed  with  the  genuine  fac- 
ulty of  rumination,  are  the  Ruminantia,  or  cloven- 
hoofed  quadrupeds,  (Pecora,  Linnaeus ;)  but  the 
liare,  although  its  stomach  is  dilferently  organized, 
is  an  occasional  and  partial  ruminant.    EJ.  Encyc. 

2.  To  muse;  to  irieditate ;  to  think  again  and 
again  ;  to  ponder.  It  is  natural  to  ruminate  on  mis- 
fortunes. 

He  practices  a  eIow  mediulion,  and  ruminates  on  the  subject. 

WaUs. 

Ru'MI-XaTE,  v.  t    To  chew  over  again. 

2.  To  muse  on  ;  to  meditate  over  and  over  again. 
Mad  with  desire,  she  ruminates  her  sin.  Dryrien. 
RU'.MI-NATE,      )  a.    In  botany,  pierced  by  numerous 
RO'.MI-N.^-TED,  i     narrow  cavities,  full  of  dry,  cel- 
lular matter,  like  the  albumen  of  a  nutmeg.  Lindley. 
Ru'.MI-.\A-TED,  p/).    Chewed  again  ;  mused  on. 
RO'jMI-Na-TING,  ppr.   or  a.     Chewing  the  cud; 
musing. 

RU-.MI-Na'TION,  n.    (L.  mminntio.] 

1.  The  act  of  chewing  the  cud. 

2.  The  power  or  property  of  chewing  the  cud. 

Rumination  is  ^.vcti  to  nnimals,  to  enable  them  at  once  to  lay  vip 
a  great  stfjre  of  food,  and  afterward  to  chew  it.  Arhuthnol. 

3.  A  musing  or  continued  thinking  on  a  subject; 
deliberate  meditation  or  reflection. 

Retiring  full  of  rumination  s.k1.  Thomson. 
RU'MI-Xa-TOR,  71.    One  that  ruminates  or  muses  on 
any  su'gect;  one  that  pauses  to  deliberate  and  con- 
sider. Ciitgrape. 
R1;.M'.MA<5E,  ji.    a  searching  carefully  by  looking 

into  every  corner,  and  by  tumbling  over  things. 
RU.M'.MAGE,  v.  t.    [Uu.  L.  Timor,  or  Fr.  remucr.'] 
To  search  narrowly  by  looking  into  every  corner, 
and  turning  over  or  removing  goods  or  other  things. 

Our  ffr<.-eiiy  leanien  rumma'e  every  hold.  Oryrlen. 

RIJM'MAGK,  v.  i.  To  search  a  place  narrowly  by 
looking  among  things. 

I  luve  '/[en  rummaged  for  old  books  in  Little  Britain  and  Dnck- 
I.:iiie.  tlmjl. 

RIfM'MA-CED,  pp.    Searched  in  every  corner. 

lit' .M'.M  A-CI.NG,  ppr.    Searching  in  every  corner 

RC'.M'.MEK,  n.  [1).  roemrr^'a  wine  ghxsH,  from  roemen, 
t(j  vaunt,  brag,  or  prnlst;.] 

A  glnia  or  drinking  cup.    [J^ol  in  u.ie.]  Philips. 

RO'MKK,  n.  [I,.]  Flying  or  [Kipiilar  rc|>ort  ;  a  cur 
rent  Hlory  paHrtiiig  from  one  person  to  another,  wittl- 
out  any  known  authority  for  the  truth  of  it. 

tiamor  n»*il,  and  ch;uic^, 
And  tumuli,  and  cunfiuion,  nil  rmlTuiled.  MUlon. 
Wlien  ye  shall  hear  of  wan  and  rumors  of  wan,  be  yo  not 
UDubIrd,  —  Mark  lUJ. 


RUN 

2.  Report  of  a  fact ;  a  story  well  authorized. 

Tills  rumor  of  him  went  fonh  ihrougbout  all  Judea.  —  Luke  vii. 

3.  Fame  ;  reported  celebrity. 

Great  is  the  runw  of  this  dreadful  kni^hl.  Shak. 
RO'MOR,  V.  t.    To  report ;  to  tell  or  circulate  a  report. 
*Twas  rumored 
My  father  'scaped  from  out  the  citadel.  Dryden. 

RC''.MOR-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Told  among  the  people  ;  re- 
ported. 

RD'MOR-ER,  n.    A  reporter ;  a  teller  of  news.  Shak. 
RU'MOR-ING,  ppr.    Reporting  ;  telling  news. 
RU'.MOR-OUS,  a.    Famous ;  notorious.    [Obs.]  Bale. 
RU.MP,  n,    [G.  rumpf;  Sw.  rumpa ;  Dan.  rumpe  or 
rompe^ 

1.  The  end  of  the  back-bone  of  .an  animal,  with 
the  parts  adjacent.  Among  the  Jews,  the  rump 
was  esteemed  the  most  delicate  part  of  the  animal. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  buttocks.  Hudibras. 
Rump  parliament ;  in  English  history,  a  name  of 

contempt  given  to  the  remnant  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment, which,  in  1659,  after  Richard  Cromwell  had 
resigned  the  protectorate,  was  assembled  by  a  coun- 
cil of  officers.  One  who  had  been  a  member  of  this 
parliament,  or  who  favored  it,  was  called  a  rumper. 

Brande. 

RUM'PLE,  (rum'pl,)  ti.  i.  [D.  rompelen,  to  rumple  ; 
Sax.  hrympelle,  a  fold  ;  probably  connected  with 
crumple,  VV.  crwm,  crom,  crooked,  crymu,  to  bend.] 

To  wrinkle  ;  to  make  uneven  ;  to  form  into  irreg- 
ular ine()ualities ;  as,  to  rumple  an  aprou  ur  a  cravat. 

Swift. 

RUM'PLE,  n.    A  fold  or  plait.  Dryden. 
RUM'PL£D,  pp.    Formed  into  irregular  wrinkles  or 
folds. 

RUMP'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  tail;  as,  a  rumpless 
fowl.  Lawrence. 

RUM 'FLING,  ppr.    Making  uneven. 

RUM'PUS,  71.    A  disturbance  ;  noise  and  confusion. 
[LoiD,  but  used  coUoyuiaUy  in  England  and  Jimerica.'\ 

RUN,  V.  t. ;  pret.  Ran  or  Ru.v,  pp.  Run.  [Sax.  rennan  ; 
and,  with  a  transposition  of  letters,  urnan,  arnian, 
yrnan  ;  Goth,  rinnan  ;  D.  rennen  ;  G.  rennen,  rinnen  ; 
Dan.  rinder  ;  Sw.  rdnna.  The  Welsh  has  Wiin,  a 
running,  a  channel,  hence  the  RItinc.] 

1.  To  move  or  pass  in  almost  any  manner,  as  on 
the  feet  or  on  wheels.  Men  and  other  animals  run 
on  their  feet ;  carriages  run  on  wheels,  and  wheels 
run  on  their  axletrees. 

2.  To  move  or  pass  on  the  feet  with  celerity  or 
rapidity,  by  leaps  or  long,  quick  steps  ;  as,  men  and 
qu.adrupeds  run  when  in  haste. 

3.  To  use  the  legs  in  moving ;  to  step;  as,  children 
run  alone  or  run  about.  Locke. 

4.  To  move  in  a  hurrj-. 

The  priest  and  people  run  about,  B,  Jonson. 

5.  To  proceed  along  the  surface ;  to  extend ;  to 
spre.ad ;  as,  the  fire  ruiis  over  a  field  or  forest. 

The  fire  ran  along  upon  Uie  ground.  —  Exod.  ix. 

6.  To  rush  with  violence  ;  as,  a  ship  runs  against 
a  rock  ;  or  one  ship  runs  against  another. 

7.  To  perform  a  passage  by  land  or  water  ;  to  pass 
or  go ;  as,  ships,  railroad  cars,  stage-coaches,  &.C., 
run  regularly  between  difl^erent  places. 

8.  To  contend  in  a  race ;  as,  men  or  horses  run  for 
a  prize. 

9.  To  flee  for  escape.  When  General  Wolfe  was 
dying,  an  officer  standing  by  him  exclaimed,  "  See 
how  they  run! "  "  Who  rttn  ?  "  said  the  dying  hero. 
"  The  enemy,"  said  the  officer.  "  Then  I  die  hap- 
py," said  the  general. 

10.  To  depart  privately ;  to  steal  away. 


My 


e  to  run  from  this  Jew,  my  master. 

S/iai. 


11.  To  flow  in  any  manner,  slowly  or  rapidly  ;  to 
move  or  pass ;  as  a  fluid.  Rivers  run  to  tlie  ocean 
or  to  lakes ;  the  Connecticut  rwn.$  on  sand,  and  its 
water  is  remarkably  pure ;  the  tide  runs  two  or  three 
miles  an  hour  ;  tears  run  down  the  cheeks. 

12.  To  emit ;  to  let  flow. 

I  command  th;it  the  conduit  run  nothing  but  clareU  Shak. 
Hiv.-rs  run  |x(tiible  gold,  ^JUton. 

But  this  form  of  expression  is  elliptical,  witA  being 
omitted  ;  "  rivers  ni«  with  potable  gold." 

13.  To  be  lii|uid  or  fluid. 

Ah  wax  dissolves,  as  ice  begins  to  run.  Addison. 

H.  To  be  fusible  ;  to  melt. 

Sussex  iron  ores  run  freely  in  the  fire.  Woodward. 
15.  To  fuse  ;  to  melt. 


Your  iron  must  not  burn  in  the  fire,  Uiat  is,  run  ( 
it  will  be  britite. 


lelt,  for  then 
A/oxon. 


Ifi,  To  turn  ;  as,  a  wheel  runs  on  an  axis  or  on  a 
pivot, 

17.  To  pass  ;  to  proceed  ;  as,  to  run  through  a 
c<)ursc  of  business  ;  to  run  through  life  ;  to  run  in  a 
circle  or  a  lino  ;  to  run  through  all  degrees  of  pro- 
motion, 

18,  To  flow,  ns  words,  language,  or  periods.  The 
lines  run  smoothly. 


RUN 

19.  To  pass,  as  time. 

As  ftst  as  our  lime  rune,  we  should  be  glad  in  most  part  of  our 
lives  llial  it  ran  much  f.ister.  Addison. 

20.  To  have  a  legal  course ;  to  be  attached  to ;  to 
have  legal  effect. 

Customs  run  only  upon  our  goods  imported  or  expor.ed,  and  thai 
but  once  lor  all ;  whrreas  interest  runs  as  w  ell  upon  our 
ships  as  gooils,  and  must  be  yearly  paid.  (^lilds, 

21.  To  have  a  course  or  direction. 

Where  the  generally-allowed  practice  runs  counter  ',o  it, 

Locke. 

LitUe  is  the  wisdom,  where  the  flighi 

So  runs  against  all  reason.  Shak. 

22.  To  pass  in  thought,  speech,  or  practice  ;  as,  to 
run  through  a  series  of  arguments ;  to  run  from  one 
topic  to  another. 

Virgil,  in  his  first  Georgic,  has  run  into  a  set  of  precepts  fon-ign 
to  his  subject.  Addison. 

23.  To  be  mentioned  cursorily  or  in  few  words. 
The  whole  runs  on  short,  like  articles  in  an  account, 

Xrtutf.nol. 

24.  To  have  a  continued  tenor  or  course.  The  con- 
versation ran  on  the  affairs  of  the  Greeks. 

The  king's  ordinary  style  runneth,  "  Our  sovereiirn  lord  the 
king."  Sanderson. 

25.  To  be  in  motion ;  to  speak  incessantly.  Her 
tongue  run,s  continually. 

26.  To  be  busied. 

When  we  desire  any  thing,  our  minds  run  wholly  on  the  good 
circumstances  of  it ;  when  it  is  obuained,  our  minils  run 
wholly  on  the  bad  ones.  Swi/t. 

27.  To  be  popularly  known. 

Men  gave  them  their  own  names,  by  which  they  run  a  great 
while  in  Home.  Temple, 

28.  To  be  received  ;  to  have  reception,  success,  or 
continuance.  The  pamphlet  runs  well  among  a  cer- 
tain class  of  people. 

29.  To  proceed  in  succession. 

She  saw  with  joy  tlie  line  immortal  run. 

Each  sire  impressed  and  glaring  in  liis  son  Pope. 

30.  To  pass  from  one  state  or  condition  to  another ; 
as,  to  run  into  confusion  or  error ;  to  run  distracted. 

Jlddison. 

31.  To  proceed  in  a  train  of  conduct. 

You  siiould  run  a  certain  course.  Shak. 

32.  To  be  in  force. 

The  owner  hath  incurred  the  forfeiture  of  eigtU  years*  profits  of 
hii  lands,  before  he  Cometh  to  the  knowledge  of  die  process 
thai  runneth  against  him.  Bacon. 

33.  To  be  generally  received. 

He  was  not  ignorunt  what  report  run  of  himself.  KnoUes. 

34.  To  be  carried  ;  to  extend  ;  to  rise  ;  as,  debates 
run  high. 

In  popish  countries,  llie  power  of  Ihe  clergy  runs  higher. 

Aylije. 

35.  To  have  a  track  or  course. 

Searching  the  ulcer  with  my  probe,  the  sinus  run  un  above  Uie 
orifice.  Wiseman. 

36.  To  extend  ;  to  lie  in  continued  length.  Veins 
of  silver  run  in  dilTerent  directions. 

37.  To  have  a  certain  direction.  The  line  runs 
east  and  west. 

38.  To  pass  in  an  orbit  of  any  figure.  The  planets 
run  their  periodical  courses  ;  the  comets  do  not  run 
lawless  through  the  regions  of  space. 

39.  To  tend  in  growth  or  progress.  Pride  is  apt  to 
run  into  a  contempt  of  others. 

40.  To  grow  exuberantly.  Young  persons  of  10  or 
12  years  old  soon  run  up  to  men  and  women. 

If  Uie  richness  of  the  ground  cause  turnips  to  run  to  leaves, 
treading  down  the  leaves  will  help  llieir  rooling.  Mortimer. 

41.  To  discharge  pus  or  other  matter ;  as,  an  ulcer 
r^iTis-. 

42.  To  reach  ;  to  extend  to  the  remembrance  of; 
as,  time  out  of  mind,  the  memory  of  which  runneth 
not  to  the  contrary. 

43.  To  continue  in  time,  before  it  becomes  due  and 
payable  ;  as,  a  note  runs  thirty  days;  a  note  of  six 
months  has  ninety  days  to  run. 

44.  To  continue  in  effect,  force,  or  oiieration. 

The  statute  may  be  preventeil  from  running  —  liy  the  act  of  the 
c-r  ditor.  Hopkinson.    Wheaton's  Rep. 

45.  I'o  press  with  numerous  demands  of  payment ; 
as,  to  run  Ujion  a  bank. 

46.  To  pa.ss  or  fall  into  fault,  vice,  or  misfortune  ; 
as,  to  run  into  vice  ;  to  run  into  evil  jiractices  :  to  run 
into  debt  ;  to  run  into  mistakes. 

47  To  fall  or  |)ass  by  gradual  changes  ;  to  make  n 
transition  ;  as,  colors  run  one  into  another. 

48.  To  have  a  general  tendency. 

Temperate  climate,  run  inio  nio.lenite  ^..yernnients.  Sicyfl. 

49.  To  proceed  as  on  a  ground  or  princi|)lo.  Upon 
that  the  apostle's  argument  runjf.  [Rare.] 

Atlrrburfj. 

50.  To  pass  or  proceed  in  conduct  or  inaiiageinent. 
I'luquln,  runninf  Into  ail  the  inoljiutls  of  tyranny,  Hfter  a  cruel 

n'igii,  was  cx|ielleil.  Sv\fi. 

51.  To  creep  ;  to  move  by  creeping  or  crawling  ; 
as,  serpents  run  on  the  ground. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  —  METK,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK. 


970 


RUN 


RUN 


RUS 


5y.  To  slide ;  as,  a  sled  or  sli'ich  runs  on  the  snow. 

S3.  To  dart ;  to  shoot ;  as  a  meteor  in  the  sky. 

M.  To  Hy  ;  to  move  in  tlie  air ;  as,  the  clouds  run 
from  N.  E.  to  f .  W. 

55.  In  Scripture,  to  pursue  or  practice  the  duties  of 
religion. 

Ye  did  run  well ;  who  did  hinder  you  ?  —  Gal.  r. 

5fi.  In  elections^  to  have  interest  or  favor;  to  be 
supported  by  votes.  The  candidate  will  not  run,  or 
he  will  run  well. 

To  ran  after ;  to  pnrsnc  or  follow. 

2.  To  search  for;  to  endeavor  to  find  or  obtain; 
as,  to  run  after  similes.  Locke, 

To  run  al ;  to  attack  with  the  horns,  as  a  bull. 

To  run  away  :  to  (lee  ;  to  escape. 

To  run  away  with)  to  hurry  without  deliberation. 

Locke. 

9.  To  convey  away ;  or  to  assist  in  escape  or  elope- 
ment. 

To  run  in  ;  to  enter ;  to  step  in. 
To  run  into  ;  to  enter ;  as,  to  run  into  dancer. 
To  run  in  trust;  to  run  in  debt ;  to  get  credit.  [JVot 
in  ujte.] 

To  run  in  with ;  to  close  j  to  comply ;  to  agree  with. 
[i7n«-si(a/.]  Baker. 

2.  To  make  toward  ;  to  near  ;  to  sail  close  to ;  as, 
to  run  in  witli  the  land  ;  a  scaman^s  phrase. 

To  run  down  a  coast ;  to  sail  along  it. 
To  run  on:  to  be  continued.    Their  accounts  had 
run  on  for  a  year  or  two  without  a  settlement. 
9.  To  talk  incessantly. 

3.  To  continue  a  course.  Drayton. 

4.  To  press  with  jokes  or  ridicule  ;  to  abuse  with 
sarcasms  ;  to  bear  hard  on.  '' 

To  run  over ;  to  overflow  ;  as,  a  cup  runs  over ;  or 
the  liquor  runs  over. 

To  run  out !  to  come  to  an  end  ;  to  expire  ;  as,  a 
lease  runs  out  at  iMichaelmas. 

2.  To  spread  e.\uberantly  ;  as,  insectile  animals 
run  out  into  legs.  Hammond. 

3.  To  expatiate  ;  as,  to  run  out  into  beautiful  di- 
gressions,   lie  runs  out  in  praise  of  Milton. 

Mdison, 

4.  To  be  wasted  or  exhausted ;  as,  an  estate  man- 
aged without  economy  will  soon  run  out. 

5.  To  become  poor  by  extravagance. 

Anil  hnil  hpf  itock  been  less,  no  doubt 

She  must  have  lon<r  ago  run  out.  Dryden. 

To  run  riot ;  to  go  to  the  utmost  excess. 

To  run  up ;  to  rise  ;  to  swell ;  to  amount.  Ac- 
counts of  goods  credited  run  up  very  fast. 
RUN,  V.  L     To  drive  or  push  ;  in  a  general  sense. 
Hence,  to  run  a  sword  through  the  body,  is  to  stab  or 
pierce  it. 

2.  To  drive  ;  to  force. 

A  (nlknli»e  perBon  nip*  himself  upon  preat  Inconrcnlences,  by 
blabtii()!7  otit  his  own  or  otheni'  S'-cp'ts.  Rat/. 

Other*,  ftccuatoined  to  retired  speculatioiut,  run  natural  philoso- 
phy into  iiiebiphysical  notions.  Locke. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  driven. 

They  ran  the  ship  aground.  —  Acts  xxvii. 

4.  To  melt ;  to  fuse. 

The  purest  gold  must  he  run  and  washed.  Fellon. 

5.  To  incur ;  to  encounter  ;  to  run  the  risk  or 
hazard  of  losing  one's  property.  To  7-un  tkc  danger, 
is  a  phrase  not  now  in  use. 

6.  To  venture  ;  to  hazard. 

He  would  himself  be  In  the  Highlands  to  receire  them,  and  run 
his  fortune  with  them.  Ciarervlon. 

7.  To  smuggle ;  to  import  or  export  without  pay- 
ing the  duties  required  by  law  ;  as,  to  run  goods. 

8.  To  pursue  in  thought ;  to  carry  in  contempla- 
tion ;  as,  to  run  the  world  back  to  its  first  original. 

SoulA. 

I  would  s^tadly  underatand  the  formation  ofa  soul,  and  run  it  up 
to  its  punclum  tajien*.  Collier. 

9.  To  push  ;  to  thrust ;  as,  to  run  the  hand  into 
the  pocket  or  the  bosom  ;  to  run  a  nail  into  the  foot. 

10.  To  ascertain  and  mark  by  metes  and  bounds  ; 
OS,  to  run  a  line  between  towns  or  states. 

11.  To  cause  to  ply;  to  maintain  in  running  or 
passing ;  as,  to  run  a  stage-coach  from  London  to 
Bristol ;  to  run  a  line  of  packets  from  New  Haven  to 
New  York. 

12.  To  cause  to  pass  ;  as,  to  run  a  rope  through  a 
block. 

1.1.  To  found  ;  to  shape,  form,  or  make  in  a  mold  ; 
to  cast ;  as,  to  run  buttons  or  balls. 

To  run  down ;  in  hunting,  to  chase  to  weariness  ; 
IS,  to  run  down  a  stag. 

2.  In  navigation,  to  run  down  a  vessel,  is  to  nin 
igainst  her,  end  on,  and  sink  her.         Mar.  Diet. 

3.  To  crush  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  overbear. 
RcligtoQ  is  run  fioi^n  by  the  license  of  Uiei:  limes.  Berkeley. 

To  run  hard ;  to  press  with  jokes,  sarcasm,  or  ridi- 
cule. 

2.  To  urge  or  press  importunately. 

To  run  over;  to  recount  in  a  cursory  manner;  to 
narrate  hastily  ;  as,  to  run  over  the  particulars  of  a 
story. 

2.  To  consider  cursorily. 


3.  To  pass  the  eye  over  hastily. 

To  run  out ;  to  thrust  or  push  out ;  to  extend. 

2.  To  waste  ;  to  exhaust ;  as,  to  run  out  an  estate. 

To  run  through ;  to  expend  ;  to  waste  ;  a-s,  to  run 
through  an  estate. 

To  run  up:  to  increase;  to  enlarge  by  additions. 
A  man  who  takes  goods  on  credit,  is  apt  to  run  up 
his  accotint  to  a  large  sum  befttrc  he  is  aware  of  it. 

2.  To  thrust  up,  as  any  thing  long  and  slender. 
RUN,  n.    The  act  of  running. 

2.  Course  ;  niotitin  ;  as,  the  run  of  humor.  Bacon. 

3.  Flow  ;  as,  a  run  of  verses  to  please  the  ear. 

Broowc. 

4.  Course  ;  process  ;  continued  series  ;  as,  tiie  run 
of  events. 

5.  Way  ;  will ;  uncontrolled  course. 

Our  family  must  have  thrir  run.  ArbuUinot. 
C.  General  reception  ;  continued  success. 
It  is  iinpoasible  for  detached  papers  to  have  a  ^neml  run  or  long 
conlinuiiuce,  if  not  divelsified  with  humor.  Addison. 

7.  Modish  or  popular  clamor ;  as,  a  violent  run 
against  university  education.  Swijt. 

8.  A  general  or  unctiiiin'.on  pressure  on  a  ba:;l:  or 
treasury  for  payment  of  its  notes. 

9.  The  aflmost  part  of  n  ship's  bottom.  Mar.  Diet. 

10.  The  distance  sailed  by  a  sliip;  as,  we  had  a 
good  run. 

11.  A  voyage  ;  also,  an  agreement  among  sailors 
to  work  a  passage  from  one  place  to  another. 

Mar.  Did. 

12.  A  pair  of  mill-stones.  A  mill  has  two,  ftiur, 
or  six  runs  of  stones. 

1,1.  Prevalence ;  as,  a  disease,  opinion,  or  fashion 
has  its  run. 

1-1.  In  the  Middle  and  Soutlicrn  States  of  .America,  a 
small  stream  ;  a  brook. 

In  the  long  run,  {at  the  long  run,  not  so  gi'nerally 
used,)  signifies  the  whole  prticess  or  course  of  things 
taken  together ;  in  the  final  result ;  in  the  conclusion 
or  end. 

The  run  of  mankind;  the  generality  of  people. 
RUN'A-GATE,  n.    [Fr.  rtinagat.] 

A  fugitive  ;  an  apostate ;  a  rebel ;  a  vagabond. 

Sidney.  Shak. 
RUN'A-VVAY,  n.     [run  and  away.]    One  th.it  flies 
from  danger  or  restraint;  one  that  deserts  lawful 
service  ;  a  fugitive.  Shak. 
RUN-CA'TION,  n.    [L.  runcatio.] 

A  weeding.    [JVot  in  use.]  Evelyn. 
RUN'CI-NATE,  o.    [L.  runcina,  a  saw.] 

In  botany,  a  runcinatc  leaf  is  a  sort  of  pinnatifid 
leaf,  with  tlie  lobes  convex  before  and  straight  be- 
hind, like  the  teeth  of  a  double  saw,  as  in  the  dan- 
delion. Martyn. 

A  leaf  which  has  sinuses,  and  of  course  lobes, 
that  slope  barkward,  is  said  to  be  runcinate. 

Lion  toothed  ;  cut  into  several  transverse,  acute 
segments,  pt>inting  backward.  Smith. 
RUN'DLE,  (run'dl,)  n.   jfrom  rounrf,  G.  rund.] 

1.  A  round  ;  a  step  of^  a  ladder.  Duppa. 

2.  Something  put  round  an  axis;  a  peritrochium  ; 
as,  a  cylintler  with  a  rundle  about  it.  Wilkins. 

RUND'LI'Vr,  i  K.    [from  round.]    A  small  barrel  of  no 

RUN'LET,  i  certain  dimensions.  It  may  contain 
from  three  to  twenty  gallons.  Encyc. 

RONE,  7U  [See  Rumc]  The  Runic  letter  or  charac- 
ter. Temple. 

RO'NER,  n.  A  b.ard  or  learned  man  among  the  an- 
cient Goths.    [See  Runic]  Temple. 

RONES,  n.  pL    Gothic  characters,  poctrj',  or  rhymes. 

Temple. 

RU.VG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Riso. 

RUNG,  n.  A  floor  timber  in  a  ship,  whence  the  upper 
end  is  called  a  Ruhg-head  ;  more  properly,  a  Floor- 
head.  Jitar.  Diet. 

RO'Nie,  a.  [W.  rAin,  Ir.  run,  Goth,  runa.  Sax.  run,  a 
secret  or  mystery,  a  letter.] 

An  epithet  applied  to  the  language  and  letters  of 
the  ancient  Goths.  [In  Russ.  chronoyu  is  to  con- 
ceal.] 

RUN'LET,  n.   A  little  run  or  stream ;  a  brook. 

2.  See  Rl'ndlet. 
RUN'NEL,  n.    [from  j-un.]   A  rivulet  or  sm.all  brook. 

[JVi>t  in  use,]  Fairfax. 
RUN'NER,  n.     [from  run.]    One  that  runs;  that 

which  runs. 

2.  A  racer.  Dryden. 

3.  A  messenger.  Swift. 

4.  A  thread-like  stem,  ninning  along  the  ground, 
as  iTi  tin:  strawberry,  and  forming  at  its  extremity 
roi.Ls  and  a  young  plant.  Lindley. 

5.  One  of  the  stones  of  a  mill.  Mortimer. 
fi.  A  bird.  .iinsworUi. 

7.  A  ro|)e  used  to  increase  the  mechanical  power 
of  a  tackle.  Totlm. 

8.  One  of  the  timbers  on  which  a  sled  or  sleigh 
slides. 

RUN'NET,  n.  [D.  runici,  from  TTinnen,  ronnoi,  to 
curdle  ;  G.  rinnen,  to  curdle,  and  to  run  or  How  ; 
Sax.  grrunnen,  coagulated.  It  is  also  written  Res- 
net,  which  see.] 

The  prepared  stomach,  or  the  coagulated  milk 
found  in  the  stomachs  of  calves  or  other  sucking 


qimdrupeds.  The  same  name  is  given  to  a  lirpior 
prepared  by  steepmg  the  inner  membrane  of  a  calPs 
stomach  in  water,  and  to  the  inemlirane  itself.  This 
is  used  for  coagulating  milk,  or  converting  it  into 
curd  in  the  making  of  cheese.  Encyc. 
RUN'NING,  ;»/>r.  Moving  or  going  with  rapidity; 
llowin  g. 

2.  a.    Kept  for  the  race  ;  as,  a  running  horse. 

Law. 

3.  In  succession ;  without  any  intervening  day, 
year,  Sec.  ;  as,  to  visit  two  days  running ;  to  sow 
land  Iwti  years  running. 

4.  Uischurging  pus  or  other  matter  ;  as,  a  running 
sore. 

RUN'NI.N'G,  71.  The  act  of  running,  or  passing  with 
speed. 

2.  That  which  runs  or  flows  ;  as,  the  first  running 
of  a  still  or  of  cider  at  the  mill. 
X  The  discharge  of  an  ulcer  or  other  sore. 

RUN'NlNG-FIGHT,(-nte,)n.  A  battle  in  which  one 
party  flees  and  the  other  pursues,  but  the  party  fleeing 
keeps  up  the  contest. 

RUN'NING-FIRE,  n.  A  term  used  when  troops  fire 
rapidly  in  succession.  Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

RUN'NING-KIG'GING,  n.  That  part  of  a  ship's  rig- 
ging or  ropes  which  passes  through  blocks,  &c. ;  in 
di.stinction  from  Standino-hig(;ino.  [See  Rio- 
oirto.J 

RUN'Nl.VG-TI'TLE,  n.    In  printing,  the  title  of  a 
book  that  is  continued  from  page  to  page  on  the 
upper  margin. 
RUNN'ION,  n.    [Fr.  rognrr,  to  cut,  pare,  or  shred.] 
A  paltry,  scurvy  wretch.  Shak. 
RUNT,  n.    I  In  U.  rund  is  a  bull  or  cow  ;  in  Scot,  runt 
is  the  truiiK  of  a  tree,  a  harden'ed  stem  or  stalk  of  a 
plant,  an  old  withered  woman.    It  may  be  from  U. 
runnen,  to  contract.    See  Runnet.] 

Any  animal  small  below  the  natural  or  usual  aize 
of  the  species. 

Of  Lame  pigeons  are  croppers,  carriers,  and  runts.  Walton. 
O-  -> 

RU-PEE',  n.    [Pers.  *J^j  ropah,  silver,  and  ropiah, 

is  a  thick,  round  piece  of  money  in  the  Mogul's  do- 
minions, value  24  stivers.  Ca.itell.] 

A  coin  and  money  of  account  in  the  East  Indies. 
The  current  silver  rupee  is  valued  at  2s.  sterling,  or 
about  41)  cents  ;  the  sicca  rupee  of  account  at  2s.  (Id. 
sterling,  or  about  58  cents  ;  tlie  gold  rupee  at  2;is.  2d. 
sterling,  or  nearly  seven  dollars.    Kelly.  McCulluch. 

RUP'TION,  H.    [L.  ruptio,  rumpo,  to  break.] 

Breach  ;  a  break  or  bursting  open.  fi^scnian. 

RUP'TIJRE,  (rupt'yur,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ruplus,  rum- 
po, to  break.] 

1.  The  act  of  breaking  or  bursting,  the  state  of 
being  broken  or  violently  parted  ;  as,  the  rupture  of 
the  skin  ;  the  rupture  of  a  vessel  or  fiber.  .^rbuOmot. 

2.  Hernia ;  a  preternatural  protrusion  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  abdomen. 

3.  Breach  of  peace  or  concord  ;  either  between  in- 
dividu.als  or  nations  ;  betwt:cn  nations,  open  hostility 
or  war.  We  say,  the  parties  or  nations  have  come 
to  an  open  rupture. 

He  knew  that  policy  would  disincline  Napoleon  from  a  rapluTt 
with  his  fiuiiily.  E.  Everett. 

RUP'TIJRE,  V.  L  To  break  ;  to  burst ;  to  part  by  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  rupture  a  blood-vessel. 

RUP'TURE,  I',  i.    To  sufli'r  a  breach  or  disruption. 

RUP'TUR-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Broken  ;  burst. 

RUP'TIJRE-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Herni- 
aria,  and  another  of  the  genus  Linum. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

RUP'TITR-ING,  ppr.    Breaking;  bursting. 

RU'R  AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ruralis,  from  rus,  the  coun- 
try.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  country,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  city  or  town  ;  suiting  the  country,  or 
resembling  it  ;  as,  rural  scenes ;  a  rural  pros[>cct ;  a 
rural  situation  ;  rurai  music.      Sidney,  Thomson, 

2.  Pertaining  to  farming  or  agriculture  ;  as,  rurai 
economy.  Gardner. 

RO'RAL  DF.AN,  n.  An  ecclesiastic  who  had  the  care 
and  inspection  of  a  deanery,  or  subdivision  of  an  arch- 
deaconry, under  the  direction  of  the  bishop.  The 
office  has,  to  a  great  extent,  fallen  into  disuse. 

P.  Cyc. 

RO'R.\L-IST,  n.    One  that  leads  a  rural  life. 

Corentni. 

RC'RAL-LY,  arfp.    As  in  the  country.  Wakefield. 
RO'RAL-NF.SS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  niral.  Diet. 
RU-Rie'O-LIST,  n.    [L.  ruricola;  rus,  the  country, 
and  colo,  to  inhabit  ] 
An  inhabitant  of  the  country.    [jVot  in  use] 

Diet, 

RU-RIG'EN-OUS,  a.    [L.  rus,  the  country,  and  gig- 

nor,  to  be  bt>rn.] 

Btirn  ir:  the  country.    [A'ot  in  use.]  Diet, 
ROSE,  n.    [Fr.]    Artifice;  trick;  stratagem;  wile; 

fraud  ;  deceit.  Ray. 
RC.SE  DE  O UERRE',  {raze  de  eir'.)  [Fr.]  A  slrat- 

agein  of  war. 

RUSH,  n.  [Sax.  rics  or  rise ;  probably  I.,  ruseus.  The 
Swedish  corre.sponding  word  is  sof,  the  Hebrew  «1J0, 


TtNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  —G  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


— i; 


RUS 

usually  rendered  sea-weed,  and  applied  to  the  Ar- 
abic Gulf.  DeuL  i.  1.  JVum.  xxi.  14.  Tliis  corre- 
spondence deserves  notice,  as  illustrating  certain 
passages  in  the  i?criptures.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Juncus,  of  many  species, 
growing  mostly  in  wet  ground.  Some  species  are 
used  in  bottoming  chairs  and  plaiting  mats.  The 
pith  of  the  rush  is  used  in  some  places  for  wicks  to 
lamps  and  rush-lights.  P.  Cyc. 

The  term  rush  is,  however,  appUcd  to  plants  of  va- 
rious other  genera  beside  Juncus,  and  by  no  means 
to  all  of  the  genus  Juncus. 

2.  Any  thing  proverbially  worthless  or  of  trivial 
value. 


John  Ball's  friendship  is  not  worth  a  rush. 


Arbulhnol. 


RUSH,  V.  i.  [.Sax.  reosan,  Ureosan,  or  riTnav  ;  Sw.  rusa ; 
G.  raaschctij  D.  niisckeiii  Gr.  fioihui.  The  G.  has  also 
hrauscii,  the  Diitch  bniigsclienj  to  rush  or  roar;  Dan. 
brusen ^lo  rush.  The  Welsh  has  bnjsiaw iind  cnjsiarn,  to 
hurry,  to  hasten  ;  both  from  r/i!/.*,  a  rushing  ;  rinjsiaw, 
to  rusli.  We  have  rustle  and  brustle  probably  from 
the  same  source.  The  Welsh  hrusiaio  seems  to  be 
the  English  press.    See  Class  Rd,  No.  5,  9,  &c.] 

1.  To  move  or  drive  forward  with  impetuosity, 
violence,  and  tumultuous  rapidity  ;  as,  armies  rvsli 
to  battle  ;  waters  rusk  down  a  precipice  ;  winds  rush 
through  the  forest.  We  ought  never  to  rush  into 
company,  much  less  into  a  religious  assembly. 

2.  To  enter  with  undue  eagerness,  or  without  due 
deliberation  and  preparation  ;  as,  to  rush  into  busi- 
ness or  speculation ;  to  rush  into  the  ministry. 

Sprat. 

RUSH,  V.  t.  To  push  forward  with  violence.  [Mot 
used.] 

RUSH,  n.  A  driving  forward  with  eagerness  and 
liaste ;  a  violent  motion  or  course ;  as,  a  rush  of 
troops  ;  a  rusk  of  winds. 

RUSH'-BOT'TOM-£D,  a.  Having  a  bottom  made 
with  rushes.  Irving. 

RUSH'-€AN-DLE,  (-kan-dl,)  n.  A  small,  blinking 
taper,  made  by  stripping  a  rush,  except  one  small 
strip  of  the  bark  w-hich  holds  the  pith  together,  and 
dipping  it  in  tallow.  Johnson.  Milton. 

RUSH'£D,  (rusht,)  pret.  of  Rush.    [See  the  verb.] 
2.  a.    Abounding  with  rushes.  tVarton, 

RUSH'ER,  n.    One  who  rushes  forward.  Whitloch. 
2.  One  who  formerly  strewed  rushes  on  the  floor 
at  dances.  B.  .Jonson. 

RUSH't-NESS,7!.  [ftomrushy.]  The  state  of  abound- 
ing with  rushes.  Scolt. 

RUSH'ING,  ppr.    Moving  forward  with  impetuosity. 

RUSH'IN'G,  n.  A  violent  driving  of  any  thing;  rapid 
or  tumultuous  course.    Is.  xvii. 

RUSH'-LIGHT,  (-lite,)  n.  The  light  of  a  msli-candle  ; 
a  small,  feeble  light, 
2.  A  rush-candle.  Encijc. 

RUSH'-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  rush  ;  weak. 

RUSH'Y,  o.    Abounding  with  rushes.  Mortimer. 
2.  Jlade  of  rushes.  Ticket. 
My  rushy  couch  and  frugal  fare.  Goldsmith. 

RUSK,  n.    A  kind  of  light  cake. 

2.  Hard  bread  for  stores.  Ralegh. 
RUS'.MA,  n.    A  brown  and  light  iron  substance,  with 
half  as  much  quicklime  steeped  in  water,  of  which 
the  Turkish  women  make  their  psilothron  to  take  off 
their  hair.  '  Orew. 
ROSS,  a.    [Sw.  ryss.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Russ  or  Russians. 
[The  native  word  is  Rtss.    We  have  Russia  from 
the  south  of  Europe.] 
ROSS,  71.    The  language  of  the  Russ  or  Russians. 
HUS'SET,  a.    [Fr.  roux,  rous.ie,  red  ;  It.  rosso  ;  Sp. 
roso,  rozo ;  L.  riwsws.    See  Red  and  Ruddy.] 

1.  Of  a  reddish-brown  color;  as,  a  russet  mantle. 
Our  summer  such  a  rusBct  livery  weare.  Dryden. 

2.  Coarse  ;  homespun  ;  rustic.  Shali. 
[Ru8sF.Tr  is  but  little  used.] 

RUS'SET,  n.    A  country  dress.  Dnjden. 
RUS'.'^ET,        I  n.    A  kind  of  apple  of  a  russet  color 
RUS'SET-ING,  I     and  rough  skin. 

[I  have  never  known  a  pear  so  called  in  America, 

though  it  seems  that  in  England  pears  have  this 

name.] 

ROS'SIA-LEATH'ER,  (ru'sha  or  rush'ii-leth'cr,)n.  A 
coft  kind  of  leather,  made  iji  Russia.  It  is  curried 
with  the  cmpyrciimatic  oil  of  the  bark  of  the  birch- 
tree,  and  is  much  used  in  bookbinding,  on  account  of 


RUS 

its  not  being  subject  to  mold,  and  being  proof  against 
insects.  Ure. 
RuS'SL-VN,  (ru'shan.  This  has,  till  o7  late,  been  the 
universal  pronunciation ;  bui  in  London,  rush'an, 
has  now  become  prevalent.  Smart.)  a.  Pertaining 
to  Russia. 

RuS'SI  AN,  (ru'shan  or  rush'an,)  n.  A  native  of  Russia. 

RUST,  n.  [Sax.  rust ;  D.  rocst ;  G.  and  Sw.  rost ; 
Dan.  rust ;  W.  rhmd ;  Gr.  tovaifii] ;  probably  from 
its  color,  and  allied  to  ruddy,  red,  as  L.  rubigo  is  from 
rubeo.    See  Ruddy.] 

1.  The  red  or  orange-yellow  coating  on  iron  ex- 
posed to  moist  air;  an  oxyd  of  iron  which  forms  a 
rough  coat  on  its  surface.  This  term  is  sometimes 
applied  to  any  metallic  oxyd.  Ure.    P.  C«c. 

2.  Loss  of  power  by  inactivity,  as  metals  lose  the'r 
brightness  and  smoothness  when  not  used. 

3.  Any  foul  matter  contracted  ;  as,  rust  on  corn  or 
salted  meat. 

4.  Foul  extraneous  matter ;  as,  sacred  truths  cleared 
from  the  rust  of  human  mixtures. 

5.  A  disease  in  grain,  a  kind  of  dust  which  gathers 
on  the  stalks  and  leaves  ;  in  reality,  a  parasitic  fun- 
gus or  mushroom.  Ed.  Encyc. 

RUST,  u.  i.    [Sax.  rustian;  W.  rhydu.'j 

1.  To  contract  rust ;  to  be  oxydized  and  contract  a 
roughness  on  the  surface. 

Our  armors  now  may  rust.  Dryden. 

2.  To  degenerate  in  idleness ;  to  become  dull  by 
inaction. 

Must  1  ^^s^  in  E^pt  f  Dryden. 

3.  To  gather  dust  or  extraneous  matter. 
RUST,  V.  U   To  cause  to  contract  rust. 

Keep  up  your  bright  swords,  for  the  dew  will  rust  them.  SltaTc. 

2.  To  impair  by  lime  and  inactivity." 
RUST'-€OL-OR-£D,  (-kul-lurd,)  a.  Having  the  color 

of  iron  rust.  De  CandoUe, 

RUST'ED,  pp.    Affected  with  rust. 
RUS'TIC,        (  a.    [L.  ruslicus,  from  rus,  the  coun- 
RUS'Tie-AL,  i  try.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  country;  rural ;  as,  the  rustic 
gods  of  antiquity.  Encyc. 

2.  Rude  ;  unpolished  ;  rough  ;  awkward  ;  as,  rus- 
tic manners  or  behavior. 

3.  Coarse ;  plain ;  simple  ;  as,  rustic  entertain- 
ment ;  ntstic  dress. 

4.  Simple  ;  artless ;  unadorned.  Pope. 

5.  In  arckitccturc,  a  term  denoting  a  species  of  ma- 
sonrj',  the  joints  of  which  are  worked  with  grooves, 
or  channels,  to  render  them  conspicuous.  The  sur- 
face of  the  work  is  sometimes  left  or  purposely  made 
rough,  and  sometimes  even  or  smooth. 

Oloss.  of  Archit. 
RUS'Tie,  n.    An  inhabitant  of  the  country  ;  a  clown. 
RUS'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.    Rudely  ;  coarsely ;  without 

refinement  or  elegance.  Dryden, 
RUS'TI€-AL-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  rus- 
tical ;  rudeness  ;  coarseness  ;  want  of  refinement. 
RUS'TIC-aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  rusticor,  from  rus.] 

To  dwell  or  reside  in  the  country.  Pope. 
RUS'Tie-ATE,  V.  t.     To  compel  to  reside  in  the 
country  ;  to  banish  from  a  town  or  college  for  a  time. 

Spectator. 

RUS'Tie-A-TED,  pp.  Compelled  to  reside  in  the 
country. 

2.  a.  In  architecture,  having  the  character  of  rustic 
work. 

RUS'Tie-A-TING,  ppr.  Compelling  to  reside  in  the 
countrv. 

RUS-Tie-A'TION,  n.    Residence  in  the  country. 
2.  In  universities  and  colleges,  the  punishment  of  a 
student  for  some  offense,  by  compelling  him  to  leave 
the  institution,  and  reside  for  a  time  in  the  coun- 
try. 

RUS-TIC'I-TY,  7!.    [L.  rusticitas  ;  Fr.  rusticiti.] 

The  qualities  of  a  countryman  ;  rustic  manners  ; 
rudeness  ;  coarseness ;  simplicity  ;  artlessness. 

Jiddison.  Woodward. 
RUS'Tie-LOOK-ING,  a.    Appearing  to  be  rustic. 
RUST'I-LY/flio.    In  a  nistv  stale.  Sidney. 
RUST'I-NESS,  n.    [from  rusty.]    The  state  of  being 
rusty. 

RUST'ING,  p7>r.    Contracting  rust ;  causing  to  rust. 
RIIS'TLE,  (rus'l,)  v.  i.     [Sax.  hrisllan;  G.  rasseln ; 

Sw.  TosAa,  to  rattle.] 
To  make  a  quick  succession  of  small  sounds, 

like  the  rubbing  of  silk  cloth  or  dry  leaves;  as, 


RYO 

a  rustling  silk  ;  rustling  leaves  or  trees  ;  rustling 

wings.  Milton.  ° 

He  is  coming ;  1  hear  the  straw  ruslit.  AVlqA. 
RUS'TLER,  7!.    One  who  rustles. 
RUS'TLING,  (rus'ling,)  ppr.  or  a.    Making  the  sound 

of  silk  cloth  when  rubbed. 
RUS'TLING,  71.    A  quick  succession  of  small  sounds, 

as  a  brushing  among  dry  leaves  or  straw. 
RUST'Y,  a.  Covered  or  affected  with  rust ;  as,aritj«!/ 

knife  or  sword. 

2.  Dull ;  impaired  by  inaction  or  neglect  of  use. 

Sliak. 

3.  Surly  ;  morose.  Ouardian 

4.  Covered  with  foul  or  extraneous  mailer. 
RUT,  71.    [Fr.  ru(;  Arm.  riif,  the  verb,  rudal,  rutein  ; 

probably  allied  to  G.  rctzen,  to  excite,  or  Sw.  ryta,  to 
bellow.] 
The  copulation  of  deer. 
RUT,  V.  i.    To  lust,  as  deer. 
RUT,  n.    [It.  rotaia,  from  L.  rota,  a  wheel.] 

The  track  of  a  wheel. 
RUT,  V.  t.    To  cut  or  penetrate  in  ruts,  as  roads. 

2.  To  cut  a  line  on  the  soil  with  a  spade.  Gardner. 

3.  To  cover.  Dryden. 
RU'TA-Ba'GA,  71.    The  Swedish  turnip,  or  Brassica 

campestris. 

ROTH,  71.    [from  rue.]    Mercy ;  pity ;  tenderness  ; 
sorrow  for  the  misery  of  another.    [Obs.]  Fairfax. 
2.  Misery;  sorrow.'    [04s.]  Spenser. 
ROTH'FJJL,  a.    Rueful  ;  woful ;  sorrowful.  [Obs.] 

2.  Merciful.  [Obs.]  [Careu). 
ROTH'FIJL-LY,  adv.    Wofully  ;  sadly.    [  Obs.] 

Knolles. 

2.  Sorrowfully  ;  mournfully.    [  Obs.]  Spenser. 
ROTH'LESS,  a.  Cruel;  pitiless;  barbarous;  insensi- 
ble to  the  miseries  of  others. 


Their  rao^e  the  hostile  bands  restrain, 

All  but  the  rttlliLess  monarch  of  the  main. 


Pope. 


RUTH'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  pity  ;  cruelly  ;  barbar- 
ously. 

ROTH'LESS-NESS,  7i.  Want  of  compassion;  in- 
sensibility to  the  distresses  of  others. 

RU'TIL,    >  71.     An  ore  of  titanium  of  a  reddish- 

RO'TILE,  j  brown  color,  soiiutimes  passing  into 
red.  It  occurs  usually  in  prismatic  crystals,  some- 
limes  massive.  Dana. 

RC'TI-LANT,  a.  [L.  rutilans,  rutilo,  to  shine  ;  per- 
haps from  the  root  of  red,  ruddij.] 

Shining.  Evelyn. 

RO'TI-LaTE,  71.  1.    [L.  rutilo.] 

To  shine  ;  to  emit  rays  of  light.    [Mot  used.]  Ure.. 

RUT'TED,pp.  Cut  or  penetrated  in  ruts.  [Seethe 
verb.] 

RUT'TER,  71.  [G.  rciter,  D.  ruiter,  a  rider.  See 
Ride.] 

A  horseman  or  trooper.    [JVot  in  use.] 
RUT'TER-KIN,  n.    A  word  of  contempt ;  an  old 

crafty  fox  or  beguiler.    [A'ot  in  use.] 
RUT'TI-ER,  71.    [Fr.  routter,  from  7-oiifc] 

Direction  of  the  road  or  course  at  sea  ;  an  old  trav- 
eler acquainted  with  roads  ;  an  old  soldier.    [Mot  in 
u-se.]^  Cotgrave. 
RUT'TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Copulating  or  breeding.  [See 
the  vi^rb.] 

RUT'TISH,  a.  [from  7Hf.]  Lustful;  libidinous.  Sbak. 
RUT'TISH-NESS,  71.    The  stale  or  quality  of  being 
ruttish. 

PUT'T  LE,  for  Rattle,  is  not  much  used.  Burnet. 
Kt-AC  O-U'l  E,  n.    [Gr.  piuif  and  Xttios.] 

A  species  of  glassy  feldspar.  Dana. 
R^'Al,,  71.    A  coin.    [See  Rial.] 
RV  DER,  71.    A  clause  added  to  a  bill  in  parliament. 

[See  RiD£R  and  Ride.] 
RyE,  (rl,)  71.    [Sax.  ryge;  D.  rogge;  G.  rocken;  Dan. 

rog  or  rug ;  Sw.  rair  or  rog ;  W.rhyg.    This  word 

is  the  English  rough.] 

1.  An  esculent  grain  of  the  genus  Secale,  of  a  qual- 
ity inferior  to  wheal,  but  a  species  of  grain  easily 
cultivated,  and  constituting  a  large  portion  of  bread 
stuff. 

2.  A  disease  in  a  hawk.  Jiinsicorlh. 
R^E'-GRASS,  71.  A  |Kipular  name  of  Lolium  pi  renne, 

a  grass-like  plant,  which  is  sometimes  ciiltivati  d  for 
cattle  in  England  ;  also  of  Uordeum  niurinum,  a 
species  of  barley.  Loudon. 
R?'OT,  71.  In  llindoostan,  a.  peasant;  a  cultivator  of 
the  soil  ;  a  renter  of  laud  by  a  lease  whirh  is  consid- 
ered as  perpetual,  and  at  a  rate  fixed  by  ancient  sur- 
veys and  valuations.  Asiat.  Res.    P.  Cyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METK,  PREY.  — HNE,  MAUKNE,  UTRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


972 


SAB 


SAB 


SAC 


s. 


STUi;  iiinctocMiili  leiier  of  tlie  Eii;;lisli  al|>liabtt,  in 
J  a  sibiliiiit  articulutioii,  and  niiiiilierecl  aiiioni;  tlie 
Sfiiii-vowcls.  It  reprL'seiits  the  liissiiig  made  by 
driviii"  the  biTath  between  the  end  of  the  tongue 
anil  the  roof  of  the  month,  just  above  the  upjjer 
li  i'th.  It  has  two  uses  :  one  to  express  a  mere  hiss- 
ing, as  in  Habbatli,  sack,  sin,  t/iis,  llius  ;  the  other  a  vo- 
eal  hissing,  precisely  like  that  of  z,  as  in  inusr,  wise, 
pronounced  hiiiic,  wiic.  It  generally  lias  its  hissing 
sound  at  the  beginning  of  all  proper  English  words, 
but  in  the  middle  and  end  of  words,  its  sound  is  to 
!):■  known  only  by  usage.  In  a  few  words  it  is  si- 
lent, as  in  isle  and  fiscoiint. 

In  abbreviations,  S.  stands  for  sociclos,  aoriety.  or 
socitis,  fellow  ;  as,  F.  R.  S.,  Fellow  of  the  Royiil  So- 
ciety. In  medical  prcscri/itiniis,  S.  A.  signifies  secun- 
dum arlem,  according  to  the  rules  of  art. 

In  the  ntitcs  of  the  ancienU,  S.  stands  for  Scrtus ;  Sp. 
lor  Spurius  ;  S.  C.  for  senator  consultum  ;  S.  P.  Q.  R. 
for  senatns  populasque  Roman lu ;  S.  S,  S,  for  stratum 
super  stratum,  one  layer  above  another  alternately  ; 
S.  K.  B.  K,  E.  i^.  y,  for  *•*  vales,  bene  est,  etro  quinjue 
valeo. 

As  a  numeral,  S.  denoted  seven.  In  the  Italian  mu- 
sic, S.  signifies  sulo.  In  bnoks  of  navi^ratton,  and  in 
common  usas-e,  S.  stands  for  south  ;  S.  E.  for  south- 
east ;  S.  }V.  for  south-west ;  S.  S.  E.  for  south-south- 
east ;  S.  S.  If.  for  soutli-south-west,  &,c. 
Sa'HA-I.«.M.    See  Saiiiam~m. 

SAH'A-OTII,  71.  [Ili  b.  niN3S,  armies,  from  N3V,  to 
assemble,  to  fight.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  drive,  to 
urge  or  crowd.] 

Annies  ;  a  word  nsed,  Rom.  ix.  29,  James  V.  4, 
**  the  Lord  of  Sabaoth.'^ 

SAI!-liA-TA'KI-Ai\,  n.  [from  Saft6«r/i.]  One  who  re- 
gards the  seventh  dayot  the  week  as  holy,  agreeably 
to  the  letter  of  the  fourth  comniandineni  in  the  dee- 
alcigue.  There  were  Christians  in  the  early  church, 
who  held  this  opinion  ;  and  one  sect  of  Baptists, 
comnionl}'  called  Seventh-day  Baptists,  do  so  now. 
3.  A  strict  observer  of  the  Sabbath.  [Murduck. 

S.\U-B.\-Ta'KI-AN,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  Sabbath,  or 
to  the  tenets  of  Sabbatarians.  Murdoch. 

SAH-BA-T.\'IU-AN-ISM,  Ti.  The  tenets  of  Sabbata- 
rians. Bp.  fVurd. 

S.\B'B.VTn,  n.    [Ileb.  n3B',  to  cease,  to  rest ;  as  a 

nonn,  cqssation,  rest,  li.  sabbatum ;  At  C^Xjm  ^a*- 
ata.] 

1.  The  day  which  God  appointed  to  be  observed  as 
a  day  of  rest  from  all  secular  labor  or  employments, 
and  to  be  kept  holy  and  consecrated  to  his  service 
and  worship.  This  was  originally  the  seventh  <l.\v 
of  the  week,  the  day  on  which  God  rested  from  the 
work  of  creation  ;  and  this  day  is  still  observed  by 
the  Jews  and  some  Christians  as  the  Sabbath.  But 
the  Christian  church  very  early  began,  and  still  con- 
tinue, to  observe  the  first  day  of  the  week,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  resnrrection  of  Christen  that  day, 
by  which  the  work  of  redemption  was  compu  ted, 
lience  it  is  often  called  the  Lord's  day.  The  he.athen 
nations  in  the  north  of  Europe  dedicated  this  day  to 
the  sun,  and  hence  their  Christian  descendants  con- 
tinue to  call  the  day  Sujiday.  But  in  the  United 
States,  Christians  have  to  a  great  extent  discarded 
the  heathen  name,  and  adopted  the  Jewish  name 
Sabbath.  Sabbath  is  not  strictly  synonynmus  with 
Sunday.  Sunday  is  the  mere  nante  of  the  day  ;  Sab- 
bath is  the  name  of  the  institution.  Sunday  is  the 
Sabbath  of  Christians  ;  Saturday  is  the  Sabbath  u(  the 
Jews. 

2.  Intermission  of  pain  or  sorrow  ;  time  of  rest. 

Peacrtul  slwp  out  the  Sabttath  of  the  tonib.  Po/w. 

3.  The  sabbatical  year  among  the  Israelites.  Lev. 

XXV. 

BAB'BATH-BREAK-ER,  n.  [Sabbath  and  break.) 
One  who  profanes  the  Sabbath  by  violating  the  laws 
of  God  or  man  which  &nJoin  the  religious  observance 
of  that  day. 

SAB'BATII-BREaK-ING,  n.  A  profanation  of  the 
Sabbath  by  violating  the  injunction  of  the  fourlh 
coinm.andment,  or  the  municipal  laws  of  a  st.ate 
w  hich  require  the  observance  of  that  day  as  holy 
time.  All  unnecessary  secular  labor,  visiting,  trav- 
eling, siKirts,  amusements,  and  the  like,  are  consid- 
ered as  Sabbath-breakinT. 

SAU'BATH-LESS,  a.    Without  intermission  of  labor. 

Bacon. 

SAB-UAT'te,  jo,  [Fr.  sabbatiaue;  L.  sabbati- 
SAB-BAT  ie-AT,,  }  ei«.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  S.abbath. 

2.  Resembling  the  Sabbath  ;  enjoying  or  bringing 
an  intermission  of  iaow.  Orcsoni. 


Sabbatical  year,  in  the  Jcicish  economy,  was  every 
scvcnOi  year,  in  which  the  Israelites  were  coiiimaiiiled 
to  sulfer  their  fields  and  vineyards  to  rest,  or  lie 
without  tillage,  and  the  year  next  following  every 
seventh  sabbatical  year  in  succession^ that  is,  every 
fiftieth  year,  was  the  jubilee,  which  was  also  a  year 
of  rest  to  the  lands,  and  a  year  of  redemption  or  re- 
lease.   Lev.  XXV. 

S.\B'BA-TISM,  II.    Rest;  intermission  of  labor. 

SA-BlS'AN.    See  Sahian. 

S.\'BE-IS.M,  71.    The  same  as  Sahianum.  D'.3nville. 
S.A-BELL'IAN,  a.    I'erUiining  to  the  heresy  of  Sa- 
bellius. 

SA-liEI,I/IAN,  71.  A  follower  of  Sabellius,  a  presby- 
ter of  I'Icileiiiais,  in  the  third  century,  who  inain- 
taiiied  that  there  is  but  one  person  in  the  Godhead, 
and  that  the  Son  and  the  Holy  Spirit  are  only  difi'er- 
ent  powers,  operations,  or  ollices  of  the  one  God  the 
Falher.  He  was  thought  not  to  make  the  distinction 
in  the  Trinity  broad  enough,  while  .\rius  was  thought 
to  make  it  too  great.  Murdoch. 

SA-BEI,L'IAN-IS.M,  7i.  The  doctrines  or  tenets  of 
Sabellius.    [Sec  Sar£llian.]  Barruic. 

Sa'IIKK,  )  71.    [Fr.  sabre;  Arm.  sabrenn,  seiabla  ;  Sp. 

Sa'BHE,  i     sable  I    D.  sabel  i    G.  sdbel.     Clu.  Ar. 


sabba,  to  cut.] 

A  sword  or  cimetar  with  a  broad  and  heavy  blade, 
thick  at  the  back,  and  a  little  curved  toward  the 
point ;  a  falchion.  Encyc. 

Sabcr-ta.iche,  (tasli.)  [G.  tasche,  a  pocket.]  A 
leathern  case  or  pocket  worn  by  a  cavalry  otiicer  at 
the  lell  side,  suspended  from  the  sword  belt. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 
Sa'BER,  )  V.  t.    To  .strike,  cut,  or  kill  with  a  saber.  A 
S.^'BRE,  j     small  party  was  surprised  at  night,  and 
almost  every  man  sabered. 

SAMiRf-lf '  j  PP-    Struck  or  killed  with  a  saber. 

Sa'BER-ING,  )         c.  1  ■        1  -.K  u 

Sa'BRING      i         °t"king  or  killing  with  a  saber. 

Sa'BI  AN,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  Saba,  in  Arabia,  cel- 
S.\-Ili;'AX,  i  cbrated  for  producing  aromatic  plants. 
Sa'BI-.\.\,  a.    [Ileb.  nas,  an  army  or  host.] 

The  Sabian  worship  or  religion  consisted  in  the 
worship  of  the  sun  and  other  lieavenly  bodies. 

Edin.  Encyc. 

Sa'BI-AN,  n.    A  worshiper  of  the  sun. 

Sa'BI-A.\-IS.'M,  n.  That  species  of  idolatry  which 
consisted  in  worshiping  the  sun,  moon,  and  stars. 
This  idolatry  existed  in  Chaldea  or  Persia  at  an  early 
period  of  the  world,  and  w.as  propagated  by  the  in- 
habitants who  migrated  westward  into  Europe,  and 
contiiiui'd  among  our  ancestors  till  they  embraced 
the  Christian  religion. 

SAB'I.N'E,  ;i.  A  plant ;  usually  written  Satin,  which 
see. 

2.  A  small  fish,  which  is  sometimes  preserved  in 
oil  for  food. 

S.5'BI,E,  (sa'hl,)  71.  [Russ.  sobol ;  G.  zobrl;  Sw.  U,an. 
and  I),  sabel;  Fr.  libeline ;  It.  zibellino  :  Sp.  cebellina  ; 
1j.  znboia  or  lobola,  an  ermine.  This  word  and  the  an- 
imal were  probably  not  known  to  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  till  a  late  period.  Jornandes  mentions  the 
sending  to  Rome,  in  the  fith  cei\Utry,saphilinas  prlte.'<, 
sable  skins;  and  Marco  Polo  calls  them  zibelines  and 
lombolines.    Pennant,  I.  91).] 

I.  A  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammal ;  a  small  an- 
imal of  the  weasel  family,  the  Mustela  or  .Martes 
zibellina,  found  in  the  northern  latitudes  of  America 
and  Asia.  It  resembles  the  marten,  but  has  a  longer 
head  and  ears.  Its  fur,  which  is  exceedingly  valua- 
ble, consists  of  a  downy  uiider-wool,  with  a  dense 
coat  of  hair  overtopped  by  another  still  longer  ;  this 
upper  covering  will  lie  in  any  direction,  b.ackward  or 
forward  ;  and  a  skin  is  valued  in  proportion  as  this 
coat  is  abundant,  black,  and  glossy. 

3.  The  fur  of  the  sable.  [.fardine'sJ^at.  Lib. 
SA'BI-E,  a.    [Fr. ;  Uu.  Gr.  {o^oj, darkness.  Seethe 

noun.] 

Black  ;  dark  ;  used  chiefly  in  poetrj'orin  heraldry  ; 
as.  Night  with  her  sable  mantle  j  the  sable  throne  of 
Night. 

SA'BI,E-SToI.r-f;D,  a.    Wearing  asable  stole  or  vest- 
ment. Milton. 
SAB'MkRE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  sable,  sand,  L.  sabulum.] 

1.  A  saiid-piu    [JVot  tiiucA  iisfd.]  Bailey. 

2.  In  carpentry,  n  piece  of  timber  as  long,  but  not 
so  thick,  as  a  beam.    [OA*.]  Gailt. 

S.\-n(')T',  (s;i-b6',)  11.    [Ft.  tabot;  Pp.  lopotn.] 

A  wooden  shoe.    [JVot  English.]  Bramhall. 
S.\  BRE.    See  Saber. 


SAB-U-LOS'I-TY,  71.  [from  sabulous.]  Sundiness , 
grittiiiess. 

SAB'U-LUUS,  0.    [L.  aabulosus,  from  aabulum,  sand.] 

Sandy  ;  gritty. 
SAC,  71.    [Sax.  doc,  saca,  .«ace  or  .<acu,  contention.  This 
is  the  Kiiglish  Sakk,  wliich  see.] 

1.  In  Knglish  lino,  the  privilege  enjoyed  by  the  lord 
of  a  manor,  of  holding  courts,  trying  causes,  and 
imiKising  fines.  Coirel. 

2.  In  natural  history,  a  bag  or  receptacle  for  a 
liquid.    [See  Sack.] 

Sa'CAR.    See  Saker. 

SAC-CaDE',  71.    [Fr.,  a  jerk.] 

A  sudden,  violent  check  of  a  horse  by  drawing  or 
twitching  the  reins  on  a  sudden  and  with  one  pull  ; 
a  correction  used  when  the  horse  bears  iieavy  on  the 
hand.    It  should  be  usi-d  discreetly.  Encyc. 

SACCATE,  a.    [I,,  sacciui.] 

In  botany,  having  the  form  of  a  bag  or  pouch  ;  fur- 
nished with  a  bag  or  pouch  ;  as  a  petal.  Sec. 

SAC-eilAR'ie  AC'Il),  71.  An  iiiicrystallizable  acid 
pr<  duct,  formed  ahmg  with  oxalic  acid  during  the 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  sugar.  Brande. 

SAC-CHA-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  saccharum,  sugar, 
and  frro,  to  produce.] 

Producing  sugar  ;  as,  sarchariferous  canes.  The 
maple  is  a  sacchariferous  tree. 

S.\C-CHAK'I-FY,  c.  (.    To  convert  into  sugar.  Vre. 

SAC'CIIA-RINE,  a.  [from  Ar.  Pers.  sakar;  Gr. 
auKxao  ;  L.  saccharum,  sugar.] 

Pertaining  to  sugar  ;  having  the  qualities  of  sugar ; 
as,  a  saccharine  taste ;  the  saccharine  matter  of  the 
cane  juice. 

SAe'CHA-ROID,       ja.     [Gr.  cnKxan  and  tirfus, 

SAC  CIIA-ROID'AL,  i  likeness.] 

Having  a  texture  resembling  sugar;  most  com- 
monly, but  not  always,  loaf-sugar. 

SAC  eilA-KOM'E-TliK,  n.  [L.  saccharum,  sugar, and 
pcrp'w.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  sac- 
charine matter  in  the  juice  of  a  plant,  or  for  deter- 
mining the  specific  gravity  of  brewers' and  distillers' 
worts. 

SAC-CHO-LAe'TATE,  n.  In  chemistry,  a  salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  saccholactic  acid  w  ith  a  base. 

Fourcroy, 

SAC-eHO-LAC'Tie,  a.  [L.  sacchartim,  sugar,  and 
lac,  milk.] 

A  term  in  chemistry,  denoting  an  acid  obtained 
from  the  sugar  of  niilk ;  now  called  niucic  acid. 

Fourcroy.  Ure, 

SAC'eilLE,  7t.    A  little  sack. 

SAC-ER-Uo'TAL,  a.  [Ij.  sacerdotalis,  from  sacerdos, 
a  priest.    See  Sacred. j 

Pertaining  to  priests  or  the  priesthood  ;  priestly  ; 
as,  sacerdotal  dignity ;  sacerdotal  functions  or  gar- 
ments ;  sacerdol-al  character.  Stillintrflret. 

SAC-ER-Uo'TAL-IS.M,  n.  The  spirit  of  the  priest- 
hood. 

SAC-ER-Do'TAL-LY,  adv.     In  a  sacerdotal  manner. 
SACII'EIj,  71.    [L.  sacculus,  dim.  o( saccus ;  W.ga^ell; 
Fr.  sachet.] 

A  small  -sack  or  bag ;  a  bag  in  which  lawyers  and 
children  carry  pajiers  and  hooks. 
SA'CIIE-M,  71.    In  .America,  a  chief  among  some  of  the 

native  Indian  tribes.    [See  Saoamore.] 
SA'CIIE.M-l)O.M,  71.    The  government  or  jurisdiction 

of  a  sachem.  Ihciffht. 
SACK,  71.  [Sax.  .•arc,  sacc ;  D.  zak,  sek  ;  G.  sack  ;  Dan. 
sa^k  ;  Sw.  sdck ;  W.  sof  ;  Ir.  sac  ;  Com  lah ;  Arm. 
sach  :  Fr.  sac  :  It.  sacco ;  Sp.  saco,  saea  ;  Port,  saco, 
sacco ;  L.  saccus ;  Gr.  aoKKos  ;  Hungarian,  eaak; 
Slav,  shalccl ;   Heb.  pV.    See  the  verb  to  Sack.) 

A  bag,  usually  a  large  cloth  bag,  used  for  holding 
and  conveying  corn,  small  wares,  wool,  cotton,  hops, 
and  the  like.    Oen.  xlii. 

Sack  of  wool,  in  commerce,  contains  20  stone  of  14 
lbs.  each,  or  3('>4  pounds.  McCnlloeh. 

A  sack  of  cotton,  contains  usually  about  300  lbs., 
but  it  may  be  from  LSO  to  400  pounds. 

Sack  of  earth,  in  fortifcation,  is  a  canvas  bag  filled 
with  earth,  used  in  making  retrenchments  in  h.asle. 

Encyc 

2.  The  measure  of  three  bushels.  Johnson. 
SACK,  n.    [Fr.  sec,  srehe,  dry.] 

1.  .\  Spanish  wine  of  the  dry  kind,  supposed  to  be 
sherry.  Shuk.    P.  Cue. 

2.  The  name  is  now  applied  to  a  kind  of  sweet 
wine.  P.  Cyc 

SACK,  n.  [L.  sasrum,  whence  Gr.  oayof.  But  the 
word  is  Celtic  or  Teutonic  ;  W.  scgan,  a  covering,  a 
cloak.) 

Among  our  rude  ancestors,  a  kind  of  cloak  of  a 
square  form,  worn  over  the  shoulders  and  body,  and 


TONE,  BULL,  IIMTE — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


122 


DDDD 


073 


SAC 


SAC 


SAD 


fastened  in  front  by  a  clasp  or  thorn.  It  was  orig- 
inally made  of  skin,  afterward  of  wool.  [See  Farro, 
Strabo,  Clurer,  Bacliart.]  In  modern  times,  tins  name 
has  been  given  to  a  woman's  garment,  a  gown  witii 
loose  plaits  on  the  back,  and  also  to  a  loose  outer 
garment  worn  by  men. 
SACK,  V.  U    To  put  in  a  sack  or  in  bags. 

Betterton. 

SACK,  V.  t.  [Arm.  sacqa  ;  Ir.  sacham,  to  attack  ;  Sp. 
and  Port,  saquear,  to  plunder  or  pillage  ;  f?p.  to  ran- 
sack ;  Sp.  and  Port,  sacar,  to  pull  out,  extort,  dispos- 
sess ;  It.  saccheggiarCy  to  sack  ;  Fr.  saccn^er,  to  pil- 
lage ;  saccade,  a  jerk,  a  sudden  pull.  From  com- 
paring this  word  and  sack,  a  bag,  in  several  lan- 
guages, it  appears  that  tliey  are  both  from  one  root, 
and  that  the  primary  sense  is,  to  strain,  pull,  draw  ; 
hence  sack,  a  bag,  is  a  tie,  that  which  is  tied  or  drawn 
together  ;  and  sack,  to  pillage,  is  to  pull,  to  strip,  that 
is,  to  take  away  bv  violence.  See  Class  Sg,  No.  5, 
15,  16,  18,  30,  74,  77,  &c.] 
To  plunder  or  pillage,  as  a  town  or  city.  Rome  was 

,  twice  taken  and  5afA"f(/ in  the  reign  of  one  pope.  This 
word  is  never,  I  believe,  applied  to  the  robbing  of 
persons,  or  pillaging  of  single  houses,  but  to  the  pil- 
laging of  towns  and  cities;  and  as  towns  are  usually 
or  often  sacked,  when  taken  by  assault,  the  word 
may  sometimes  include  the  sense  of  taking  by 
storm. 

The  Romnns  lay  under  the  nppreliension  of  seeing  lh''ir  city 
sacked  by  a  barbarous  enenjy.  AdAUon. 

SACK,  n.  The  pillage  or  plunder  of  a  town  or  city  ; 
or  the  storm  and  plunder  of  a  town  ;  as,  the  sack  of 
Troy.  Dnjden. 

SACk'AGE,  n.  The  act  of  taking  by  storm  and  pil- 
laging. Roscoe. 

SACK'BUT,  ji.  [Sp.  sacabuche,  the  tube  or  pipe  of  a 
pump,  and  a  sackbut ;  Pun.  sacabiixa  or  sacquebuzo  ; 
Fr.  saquehute.  The  Dutch  call  it  schiiif-trompct,  the 
slMve-trumpet,  the  tnimpet  that  may  be  drawn  out  or 
shortened.  Sack,  then,  is  of  the  same  family  as  the 
preceding  word,  signifying  to  pull  or  draw.  The 
last  syllable  is  the  L.  buiu.^.] 

A  wind  instrument  of  music  ;  a  kind  of  trumpet, 
so  contrived  that  it  can  be  lengthened  or  shortened 
according  to  the  tone  required;  said  to  be  the  same 
as  the  trotnbone.  Brande. 

S.^CK'CLOTH,  n.  [sack  and  cloth.l  Cloth  of  which 
sacks  are  made ;  coarse  clfith.  This  word  is  chietiy 
used  in  Scripture  to  denote  a  cloth  or  garment  worn 
in  mourning,  distress,  or  mortitication. 

Gird  you  wiUi  sackcloth  and  mourn  before  Abner. — 2  Sam.  iii. 
Esth.  iv.   Job  xvi. 

SACK'eLOTH-£D,  (-klothd,)  a.  Clothed  in  sack- 
cloth. fTall. 

SAVK'ED,  (sakt,)  pp.  Pillaged  ;  stormed  and  plun- 
dered. 

SACK'ER,  n.    One  that  takes  a  town  or  plunders  it. 
SACK'FUL,  71.    A  full  sack  or  bag.  Sinift. 
SACK'ING,  ppr.   Taking  by  assault  and  plundering 
or  pillaging. 

S.\CK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  taking  by  storm  and'^il- 
lacing. 

S.\CK'L\G,  n.    [Sax.  succi-ng,  from  sire,  saccl 

1.  Cloth  of  which  sacks  or  bags  are  made. 

2.  The  coarse  cloth  or  canvas  fastened  to  a  bed- 
stead for  supporting  the  bed. 

SACK'LESS,  a.  [Sax.  sacleas,  from  sac,  contention, 
and  leoj!,  less.] 

Uuiet ;  peaceable;  not  quarrelsome;  harmless; 
innocent.  [lineal.] 
S.\(;K-P0S'SET,  71.     [sack  and  possrf..]     A  posset 
made  of  sack,  milk,  and  some  other  ingredients. 

Swift. 

SAe'RA-MENT,  n.  [Ft.  sacrement ;  It.  and  Sp.  sac- 
rameitto  ;  from  L.  sacramentum,  an  oath,  from  sacer, 
sacred.] 

1.  Among  ancient  Christiun  writers^  a  myster}'. 
[JVo(  in  u»e..\ 

9.  An  oath  ;  a  ceremony  producing  an  obligation  ; 
but  juit  uscil  in  this  frenerat  sense. 

In  present  usage,  an  outward  and  visible  sign  of 
inwaril  and  spiritual  grace  ;  or  more  particiilarhj,  a 
solemn  religions  ordinance  enjoined  by  Christ,  tlio 
head  of  the  Christian  church,  to  be  observed  by  his 
followers,  by  which  their  special  relation  to  him  is 
cri  ated,  or  their  obligations  to  him  renewed  and  rat- 
ified. The  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  churches 
have  long  held  to  seven  sacraments,  viz.,  baptism, 
confirmation,  the  cucharist,  penance,  extreme  tmc- 
tion,  holy  orders,  nnd  matrimony.  The  Protestants 
mainlam  that  the're  are  only  two  sacraments,  viz., 
ba[>tism  aiul  the  Lord's  supper.  Thus  ba])tistn  is 
called  a  sacrament,  for  by  it  persons  are  separated 
fr(»m  the  world,  brought  inlf>  <>'hriHt'8  visible  church, 
and  laid  under  particular  obligations  to  obey  his  pre- 
cepts. The  eucliariflt,  or  communion  of  tlie  Loril's 
ftnpper,  is  also  a  sacrament,  for  by  comnu'morating 
the  death  and  dying  lovi^  of  ('lirist.  Christians  avow 
their  special  relation  to  him,  anil  renew  their  obliga- 
tions tn  be  faithful  to  their  divine  Master.  When 
wo  line  taa-amtnt  without  any  qualifying  word,  we 
mean  by  il. 

4.  'I'hn  eiicharist  or  Lord'H  supper.  Jiililiion. 


SA€'RA-MENT,  v.  t.  To  bind  by  an  oath,  [^^ot 
iised.'\  Laud. 

S.\e-RA-MENT'AL,  a.    Constituting  a  sacrament  or 
pertaining  to'it ;  as,  sacramental  rites  or  elements. 
2.  Bound  by  oath  ;  as,  the  sacramental  host. 

SAC-RA-MENT'AL,  o.  That  which  relates  to  a  sac- 
rament. Morton. 

SAC-RA-MENT'AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  a 
sacrament.  Hull. 

SAC-RA-MEN-Ta'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  rejects  either 
the  Roman  Catholic  or  the  Lutheran  doctrine  of  the 
real  presence  of  Christ's  body  and  blood,  in  the  sac- 
rament of  the  eucharist  or  Lord's  supper.  Murdock. 

SA€-RA-MENT'A-RY,  71.  An  ancient  book  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  church,  written  by  Pope  Gelasius, 
and  revised,  corrected,  and  abridged  by  St.  Gregory, 
in  which  were  contained  all  the  prayers  and  ceremo- 
nies practiced  in  the  celebration  of  the  sacran'ents. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  sacramentarian  ;  a  term  of  reproach  formerly 
applied  by  Roman  Catholics  to  Protestants. 

Stapletom. 

SAC-RA-MENT'A-RY,      j  a.    Pertaining  to  the  sac- 

SAC-RA-MEN-Ta'RI-A.'^,  S  rament  of  the  Lord's 
supper,  or  to  the  sacramentarians.  Murdoch. 

SA-eUA'RI-UM,  71.  [L.]  A  sort  of  family  chapel  in 
the  houses  of  the  Romans,  devoted  to  some  particular 
divinity.  Klmes. 

Sa'CRaTE,  r.  ff    [L.  sflcro.]    To  consecrate.  [Obs.] 

Sa'CRE.    See  Sakeb. 

Sa'CRED,  a.  [Fr.  sacri  ;  Sp.  It.  and  Port,  sacro; 
from  L.  sacer,  sacred,  holy,  cursed,  damnable  ;  W. 
segyr,  that  keeps  apart,  from  slg,  that  is,  without 
access  ;  segru,  to  secrete,  to  separate.  We  here  see 
the  connection  between  Sacredness  and  Secrecv. 
The  sense  is,  removed  or  separated  from  that  which  is 
common,  vulgar,  polluted,  or  open,  public  ;  and  ac- 
cursed is,  separated  from  society  or  the  privileges  of 
citizens,  rejected,  banished.] 

1.  Holy  ;  pertaining  to  God  or  to  his  worship ;  sep- 
arated from  common,  secular  uses,  and  consecrated 
to  God  and  his  service ;  as,  a  sacred  place  ;  a  sacred 
day  ;  a  sacred  feast ;  sacred  service  ;  sacred  orders. 

2.  Proceeding  from  God  and  containing  religious 
precepts  ;  as,  the  sacred  books  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament. 

3.  Narrating  or  writing  facts  respecting  God  and 
holy  things  ;  as,  a  sacred  historian. 

4.  Relating  to  religion  or  the  worship  of  God  ;  used 
for  religious  purposes;  a^,  sacred  songs;  sacred  mu- 
sic ;  sacred  history. 

5.  Consecrated  ;  dedicated  ;  devoted  ;  with  tn. 

A  temple  sacred  to  the  queen  of  love.  Dryden. 

6.  Entitled  to  reverence  ;  venerable. 

Poet  and  saint  lo  thee  alone  wer«  sriven, 

The  two  most  sacred  names  of  ear"th  and  heaven.  Cowley. 

7.  Inviolable,  as  if  appropriated  to  a  superior  be- 
ing ;  as,  sacred  honor  or  promise. 

Secrets  of  marriage  still  are  sacred  held.  Dnjden. 
Sacred  majesty.    In  this  title,  sacred  has  no  definite 
meaning,  or  it  is  blasphemy. 

Sacred  place,  in  the  civil  law,  is  that  where  a  de- 
ceased person  is  buried. 
Sa'CRED-LY,  adv.  Religiously  ;  with  due  reverence, 
as  of  something  holy  or  consecrated  to  God  ;  as,  to 
observe  the  Sabbath  sacredly  ;  the  day  is  sacredly  kept. 

2.  Inviolably  ;  strictly  ;  as,  to  observe  one's  word 
sacredly  ;  a  secret  to  be  sacredly  kept. 
Sa'CRED-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  sacred,  or 
consffcrated  to  God,  to  his  worship,  or  to  religious 
uses  ;  holiness  ;  sanctity  ;  as,  the  sacredness  of  the 
sanctuary  or  its  worship  ;  the  sacredness  of  the  Sab- 
bath ;  the  sacredness  of  the  clerical  office. 

2.  Inviolahleiiess ;  as,  the  sacredness  of  marriage 
vows  or  of  a  trust. 
SA-CRlF'ie,       (  a.     [L.  sacrificus.     See  Sacri- 
SA-CRlF'ie-AL,  i  FicE.] 

Eiiiployt^d  ill  sacrifice.  Johnson. 
SA-€RlF'ie-A-liLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  oft'ered  in 
sacrifice.    [Ill-formed,  harsh,  and  not  used.'\  Brown. 
SA-eRlF'lC-ANT,  71.    [L.  sacrificans.] 

One  that  offers  a  sacrifice.  Halhjwcll. 
SAC-Rl-FI-CA'TOR,  h.    [Fr.  sac.rijicateur.\ 

A  sacrificer ;  one  Hint  offers  a  sacrifice.  [JVot 
used.  ]  Brown. 
SA-CRIF'ie-A-TO-RY,  o.    Offering  sacrifice. 

Sherwood. 

SAC'RI-FICR,  (sak're-fizc,)  v.  t.  [L.  sacnfico  ;  Fr. 
saerijier  ;  Sp.  sacrificar  ;  It.  saerificare ;  L.  sacer,  sa- 
cred, nnd  faeio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  immolate  or  consume,  partially  or  wholly, 
on  the  altar  of  God,  either  as  an  atonement  for  sin, 
or  to  procure  favor,  or  to  express  thankfulness;  as, 
to  sacrifice  an  ox  or  a  lamb.    2  .Sam.  vi. 

2.  To  destroy,  surrender,  or  sutler  to  be  lost,  for 
the  sake  of  obtaining  something;  as,  to  sacrifice  the 
peace  of  the  church  to  a  little  vain  curiosity.  We 
should  never  sacrifice  health  to  pleasure,  nor  integrity 
to  fame. 

3.  To  devote  with  loss. 

Cotnl'-mned  to  sner\/ice  hi«  eliililiiih  ynm 

Ta  liabljliiig  igiioraiico  nnd  to  empty  lean.  Prior, 

4.  To  (lestroy  ;  to  kill. 


SAC'Rl-FICE,  V.  i.  To  make  offerings  to  God  of 
thincs  consumed  on  the  altar.   Ezod.  iii. 

SAC'RI-FICE,  (sak're-ftze,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sacrU 
Jiciam.] 

1.  An  animal  or  any  other  thing  presented  to  God 
and  burned  on  the  altar,  as  an  acknowleilgnient  of 
his  power  and  providence,  or  to  make  atonement  for 
sin,  appease  his  wrath,  or  conciliate  his  favor,  or  to 
express  thankfulness  for  his  benefits.  Animals 
oft'ered  in  sacrifice  are  called  victims;  sacrifices  in 
which  no  blood  is  shed,  are  called  unbloody  sacrifices. 
Sacrifices  arc  expiatory,  impetratory,  and  encharistical ; 
that  is,  atoning  for  sin,  seeking  favor,  or  expressing 
thanks.  A  sacrifice  differs  from  an  oblation,  by  being 
consumed  partially  or  wholly  on  the  altar ;  whereas, 
the  oblation  is  only  consecrated  to  God  or  to  a  relig- 
ious use,  as  tithes,  first  fruits,  or  contributions  for 
religious  purposes.  Sacrifices  have  been  common  to 
most  nations,  and  have  been  offered  to  false  gods,  as 
well  as  by  the  Israelites  to  Jehovah. 

Human  sacrifices,  the  killing  and  offering  of  human 
beings  to  deities,  have  been  practiced  by  some  barba- 
rous nations. 

2.  The  thing  offered  to  God,  or  immolated  by  an 
act  of  religion. 

My  life,  if  thou  preserv'st  my  life, 

'1  by  sacrifice  shall  be.  Addison. 

3.  Destruction,  surrender,  or  loss  made  or  incurred 
for  gaining  some  object,  or  for  obliging  another ;  as, 
the  sacrifice  of  interest  to  pleasure,  or  of  pleasure  to 
interest. 

4.  Any  thing  destroyed. 

SAe'RI-FIC-£D,  (sak'ie-flzd,)  pp.  Offered  to  God 
upon  an  altar ;  destroyed,  surrendered,  or  suffered 
to  be  lost. 

SAC'RI-FIC-ER,  (sak're-fiz-er,)  71.  One  that  sacri- 
fices or  immolates.  Dniden. 

SA€-RI-FI"CIAL,  (sak-re-fish'al,)  a.  Perflmning 
sacrifice;  included  in  sacrifice;  consisting  in  sacri- 
fice. Shak.  Taylor. 

SAC'RI-FIC-ING,  (sak're-fiz-ing,)  ppr.  Offering  to 
God  upon  an  altar;  surrendering,  or  suffering  to  be 
lost :  (lestroying. 

SA€'RI-LEGE,  (-lej,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sacrilegium; 
sacer,  sacred,  and  lego,  to  lake  or  steal.] 

The  crime  of  violating  or  profaning  sacred  things; 
or  the  alienating  to  laymen  or  to  common  purposes 
what  has  been  appropriated  or  consecrated  to  re- 
ligious persons  or  uses. 

And  the  hid  treasures  in  her  sacred  tomb 

With  sacrilege  to  dig.  Spenser. 

SAe-RI-LK'GlOUS,  a.    [L.  sacrilegus.] 

1.  Violating  sacred  things  ;  polluted  with  the  crime 
of  sacrilege. 

Above  the  reach  of  sacrilegious  hands.  Pope. 

2.  Containing  sacrilege  ;  as,  a  sacrilegious  attempt 
or  act. 

SAC-RI-Le'GIOUS-LY,  adv.    With  sacrilege  ;  in  vio- 
lation of  sacred  things  ;  as,  sacrilegiously  invading 
the  property  of  a  church.  . 
SAt/-Rl-LE'GIOUS-NESS,  n.   The  quality  of  being 
sacrilegious. 
2.  Disposition  to  sacrilege.  Scott. 
SAG'RI-LE-GIST,  71.    One  who  is  guilty  of  sacrilege. 

Spclman. 

Sa'CRING,  ppr.    [from  Fr.  sacrcr.] 

Consecraling.    [A^ot  in  if,sT.]         Temple.  ShnJc. 

Sa'CRING-BELL,  w.  a  small  bell  used  in  the  Ro- 
nitin  Catholic  church  to  call  attention  to  the  more 
solemn  parts  of  the  service  of  the  mass;  called  also 
Saints'  Bell,  or  Mass  Bell. 

Shak.    Gloss,  of  .9rchit. 

Sa'GRIST,  7!.  A  sacristan  ;  a  person  retained  in  a 
cathedral  to  copy  out  music  for  the  choir,  and  take 
care  of  the  books.  Busby. 

SA€'R1ST-AN,  71.  [Fr.  sacristain  ;  It.  sacn's(a7!0 ;  Sp. 
sttcruitan  ;  from  L.  sacer,  sacred.] 

An  officer  of  the  church  who  has  the  care  of  the 
utensils  or  movables  of  the  church.  It  is  now  cor- 
rupted into  Sexton. 

SAC'RIST-Y,  71.  [Fr.  .vacrtstii; ;  Sp.  and  It.  sacristia; 
from  L.  sneer,  sacred.] 

An  apartment  in  a  church  where  the  sacred  uten- 
sils, vestments,  &c.,  are  kept ;  now  called  the  Ves- 
try. Dryden.  Adduion. 

SACRO  SANCT,  a.  [L.  sacrosanctus ;  sacer  and  sane- 
fa.<!,  holy.] 

Sacred  ;  inviolable.    [JVot  in  use.]  More. 
S.\D,  a.    [In  VV.  sad  signifies  wise,  prudent,  sober, 
permanent.    It  is  probable  this  word  is  licjin  the  rtiot 
u(  set.    I  have  not  found  llie  word,  in  the  English 
sense,  in  any  other  language.] 

1.  Sorrowful ;  affected  with  grief ;  cast  down  wilh 
affliction. 

Th'  anljelic  guanU  nacendeil,  mute  and  sad.  Milton. 
Siul  for  their  lomi,  but  Joyful  of  our  life.  Pajx. 

2.  Ilabituolly  melancholy  ;  gloomy  ;  not  gay  or 
cheerful. 

Bee  In  her  cell  tad  KloiiA  fprt-ad.  Pope. 

3.  Downcast ;  gloomy  ;  having  the  external  ap- 
pearance of  sorrow  ;  as,  a  sad  countenance.  Jl/«f(.  vi. 

4.  Serious  ;  grave  ;  not  light,  gay,  or  volatile. 

Lady  Catherine,  n  sad  anil  n'li)(iouB  woman.  Bacon. 


FATK,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  IlIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


974 


SAF 

5.  Afflictive  ;  calamitous  ;  causing  sorrow  ;  as,  a 
ear/  acciili'iit ;  a  sad  ini;jfortunc. 
ti.  Darli-coiorcd. 

Wouil,  or  \vi\ile,  is  u«cii  by  llie  ilyiTJlo  lay  tlie  fouiulntlon  of  all 
Bad  colora.  MorUintr. 

[Tills  sense  u>,  I  believe,  entirehj  obsolite.] 

7.  Had  ;  vexatious  ;  as,  a  surf  liusband.  [Coltoqjiial.'] 

8.  Ht-avy  ;  wciglity  ;  ponderous.  [.^ddisan. 
With  (liut  hit  linnd  mure  tad  than  lump  of  lead,  Spenser. 

[Dili.] 

9.  Close ;  firm ;  cohesive  ;  opposed  to  Light  or 
Friarle. 

Chiilky  l.inds  are  naturally  eoU  and  (06«.]  Mortinw. 

[The  two  latter  senses  indicate  that  the  primary 
sense  is  set,  fixed  ;  VV.  sadiaio,  to  niaki-  firm.] 
SAD'D/CN,  (sad'n,)  ».  «.    To  make  siid  or  sorrowful  ; 
also,  to  make  melancholy  or  gloomy.  Pupe. 

2.  To  make  dark-colored.    [  Obs.  | 

3.  To  make  heavy,  lirm,  or  colicsivc. 

Miir'  is  biiiilin",  anil  saddeuiti^  of  laud  it  llie  great  prrjudlce  it 
(lolli  lo  cluy  lauds.    [Obs.\  AJortiitter, 

SAD'DKN-JCn,  pp.    Made  sad  or  gloomy. 
SAD'I)f;.\-ING,  ppr.    iMakin;;  sad  or  gloomy. 
S.VD'DKR,  n.     An  abridgmoiit  or  summary  of  the 

Zendavesta  in  the  modern  IVrsiuii  language. 
SAD'DKR,  a. :  camp,  of  S.vd.  [Brande. 
SAD'DLOST,  (I. ;  siiperl.  of  Sad. 

SAD'DLE,  (sad'l,)  n.  [Sax.  sadd,  sarlt :  D.  ladel :  G. 
sattel;  Dan.  and  l<w.  stulel;  VV.  sadell:  Ir.  sadlmlt; 
Kiiss.  sedio  or  siedlo ;  from  the  root  of  sit,  set,  L. 
setteo,  seditc] 

1.  A  seat  to  be  placed  on  a  horse's  hack  for  the 
rider  to  sit  on.  Saddles  are  variously  made,  as  the 
common  s.addle  and  the  hunting-saddle,  and  for  fe- 
males the  side-saddle. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  cleat  or  block  of  wood  nailed 
on  the  lower  yard-arms  to  retain  the  studiling-sail- 
biKims  in  their  place.  The  name  is  given  also  to 
other  pieces  of  wood  hollowed  out ;  as,  the  saddle  of 
the  bowsprit.  Totten. 

A  saddle  of  venison,  ormiiffiiii,  consists  of  the  ribs  on 
both  sides,  not  separated  through  the  back-bone. 
S.\D'DLE,  V.  U    To  put  a  saddle  on. 

Al»r.itiam  rose  early  iu  the  moniing  and  eaddied  his  ass.  — Gen. 
xxij. 

2.  To  load  ;  to  fix  a  burden  on  :  as,  to  be  saddled 

with  the  expense  of  bridges  and  highways. 
SAI)'l)LE-BACK-^;0,  (sad'l-bakt,)  a.    Having  a  low 

back  and  an  elevated  neck  and  head,  as  a  horse. 
SAD'DLE -BAGS,  n.  pi.     Bags,  usually  of  Jcather, 

united  by  straps,  for  carriage  on  horseback,  one  bag 

on  each  side. 
SAD'DLE-BoW,  n.    [Sax.  sadt-boga.] 

I'hc  bows  of  a  saddle,  or  the  pieces  which  form 

the  front. 

S.VD'DLE-eLOTH,  n.  -A  cloth  under  a  saddle,  and 

extending  out  behind  ;  the  housing. 
S.\l)'DLf;D,  pp.    Kuriiislied  with  a  saddle;  loaded. 
S.\I)'I)LIVM.^K-ER,  /  H.    One  whose  occupation  is 
SAD'DLER,  i     to  make  s.addles. 

S.\I)'DLER-Y,  n.   The  materials  for  making  saddles 

and  harnesses. 

2.  'I'ho  articles  usually  offered  for  sale  in  a  sad- 
dler's shop.  Booth, 

3.  l^he  trade  or  employment  of  a  saddler. 
SAD'DLE-SllAl'-£D,  (-siiapt,)  a.    In  freoloinj^  an  epi- 
thet applied  to  strata  when  bent  on  each  side  of  a 
mountain,  without  being  broken  at  top.  Buchanan. 

SAD'DLE-TREE,  ii.    The  fnime  of  a  saddle. 
SAD'DLING,  ppr.    Tutting  a  saddle  on  ;  fixing  a  bur- 
den on. 

SAD-DU-Ce'AN,  o.    Pertaining  to  the  Saddncees. 
SAD'DU-CEE,  n.    One  of  a  sect  among  the  ancient 

Jews,  who  denied  the  resurrection,  a  future  state, 

and  the  existence  of  angels    jjcts  xxiii. 
SAP'DU-CISM,n.  The  tenets  of  the  Sadducees.  Jfore. 
SAD'DU-CIZ-ING,  a.    Adopting  the  principles  of  the 

Sadducees  ;  as,  &idducizinir  Christians.  Auerbaru. 
SAD'I-ltDN,  (-I'urn,)  n.  .\n  instrument  for  smoothing 

or  ironing  clothes  ;  a  tiat-iron. 
S.VD'LY,  adv.    Sorrowfully  ;  mournfully 

He  tatUy  sulfon  iu  Oieir  gri'jf.  Dnjden. 

2.  In  a  calamitous  or  miserable  manner.  The 
misforiiiues  which  others  experience,  we  may  one 
day  sadly  feel. 

3.  In  a  dark  color.    [04.'!.]  B.  Jonson, 
S.\D'NESS,  n.    Sorrowliilness  ;  niournfulness  ;  dejec- 
tion of  mind ;  as,  grief  and  sailncss  at  the  memory  of 
sin.                                             Dfcaij  of  Piety. 

2.  .'V  melancholy  look  ;  gloom  of  countenance. 

Dim  eadntie  did  not  spare 
Celestial  Tisnges.  MiUon. 

3.  Seriousness;  sed.nte  gravity.  Let  every  thing 
jn  a  muurnful  subject  have  an  air  of  sadness. 

SaF'E,  a.  [Fr.  jan/",  A-ai/oe,  contracted  from  h.  salvus, 
from  saius,  safety,  health.] 

1.  Free  from  danger  of  any  kind  ;  as,  .tafe  from 
enemies  ;  safe  from  disease  j  safe  from  storms  ;  sufe 
from  the  malice  of  foes. 

2  Free  from  hurt,  injur>',  or  damage  ;  as,  to  walk 
eafe  over  red-hot  plowshares.  We  brought  the  goods 
sqfe  to  land. 


SAG 

3.  Conferring  safety;  securing  from  harm;  as,  a 
safe  guide  ;  a  safe  harbor  ;  a  safe  hridgr. 
•1.  Not  ex|)osing  to  danger.    Phil.  lii. 
5.  No  longer  dangerous  ;  placed  beyond  the  power 
of  doing  harm  ;  a  ludicrous  meaniHg. 

JJanquo's  ta/e. 
Aj,  my  good  lord,  en/e  iu  a  ditcli.  iS7iaJl;. 

SAFE,  71.  A  place  for  safety  ;  a  fire-proof  chest  or 
clo.set  for  containing  money,  valuable  papers,  &c.  ; 
a  chest  or  closet  for  securing  provisions  from  noxious 
animals. 

Safe,  1).  «.    To  render  safe.    [Mtinuse.]  Shak. 
SAFE-eON'DU€T,  n.    [safe  and  conduct;  Ft  sauf- 
conduil.] 

That  which  gives  a  safe  passage,  cither  a  convoy 
or  guard  to  protect  a  person  in  an  enemy's  country 
or  in  a  foreign  coiintr)',or  a  writing,  a  pass,  or  war- 
rant of  security,  given  to  a  person  by  tlie  sovereign 
of  a  country,  to  enable  him  to  travel  with  safety. 
SaFE'GUARD,  (  g.lrd,)  n.  [sa/e  and  ^Tiarrf.]  lie  or 
that  which  defends  or  protects  ;  defense  ;  protection. 

The  swonl,  the  safeguard  of  thy  trotlicr's  tiiroue.  Granville. 

2.  A  convoy  or  guard  to  protect  a  traveler. 

3.  A  passport  ;  a  warrant  of  security  given  by  a 
sovereign  to  protect  a  .stranger  within  his  terr^  -ories  ; 
formerlu,  a  protection  granted  to  a  stranger  in  prose- 
cuting his  rights  in  due  course  of  law.  Fjilijc. 

4.  An  outer  petticoat  to  save  women's  clothes  on 
horseback.  Masor,. 

SaFE'GUXRD,  v.  U  To  guard;  to  protect.  [LitlU 
xtstd.]  Shak. 

SaFE-KEEP'ING,  n.  [safe  and  keep.]  The  act  of 
keeping  or  preserving  in  safety  from  injury  or  from 
escape. 

SaFE'-LODG-ED,  a.    Lodged  in  safety.  Carlisle. 
SaFE'LI-EK,  ado.  comp.    More  safelv. 
SaFE'LI-EST,  adc.  snprr.    Most  safely. 
SaFE'LY,  orfe.    In  a  safe  manner  ;  without  incurring 

danger  or  hazard  of  evil  conse(|uences.    We  may 

safely  proceed,  or  safely  conclude. 

2.  Without  injury.    We  passed  the  river  safety. 

3.  Without  escape;  in  close  custody  ;  as,  to  keep 
a  prisoner  safely. 

SAFE'NESS,  K.    Freedom  from  danger;  as,  the  «a/e- 

7tess  of  an  experiment. 
2.  The  state  of  being  safe,  or  of  conferring  safety  ; 

as,  the  sufeness  of  a  bridge  or  of  a  boat. 
SaFE'TY,  n.    Freedom  from  danger  or  hazard  ;  as, 

the  safety  of  an  electrical  experiment  ;  the  safety  of  a 

voyage. 

I  was  not  in  safety,  nor  had  I  rest.  — Job  iii. 

2.  Exemption  from  hurt,  injury,  or  loss.  We 
crossed  the  Atlantic  in  safety. 

3.  Preservation  from  escape  ;  close  custody  ;  as,  to 
keep  a  prisoner  in  safety. 

A.  Preservation  from  hurt.  Shak. 
SaFE'TY-LAMP,  ji.     a  lamp  covered  with  wire 
pauz,^,  to  give  light  in  mines,  without  the  danger  of 
setting  fire  to  inltainmable  gases.    Invented  by  Sir 
Humphry  Davy. 
S.^FE' TV-VALVE,  n.    A  valve  fitted  to  the  boiler  of 
a  -•iteam-i-ngine,  which  opens  and  lets  out  the  steam 
when  the  pressure  within  becomes  too  great  for 
safety.  Francis. 
S.AF'FI.oW,  n.   The  plant  safflower,  which  see. 
S.'VF'FI.OW-F.R,  II.     An  annual  plant,  Carthamus 
tinctorius  ;  also  called  Bastard  Sakfron. 

2.  A  deep  red  fecula  separated  from  orange-colored 
flowers,  particularly  those  of  the  Carthamus  tincto- 
rius; called  also  SfANisir  Red  and  China  Lake. 

Kncyc.  Ure. 
The  dried  flowers  of  the  Carthamus  tinctorius. 

T7iomson. 

SAF'FRON,  n.  [W.  safncn,  safyr;  Fr.  si{fran  ;  Arm. 
lafron It.  zafferano ;  Sp.  azafran  ;  Port,  acafram ;  I). 
saffradn;  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  saffran;  Turk,  zafrani ; 

Ax.  jXjiO  safra,  to  be  yellow,  to  bo  empty ;  the  root 

of  cipher.  The  radical  sense,  then,  is,  to  fail,  or  to 
be  hollow,  or  to  be  exhausted.] 

1.  A  bulbous  plant  of  the  genus  Crocus,  having 
flowers  of  a  deep  yellow  color.  The  bastard  saffron, 
or  safflower,  is  of  the  genus  Carthamus,  and  the 
meadow  saffron  of  the  genus  Colchicum. 

2.  Ill  tJie  materia  mediea,  safl"rt)n  is  formed  of  the 
stigmata  of  the  Crocus  sativus,  dried  on  a  kiln  and 
pressed  into  cakes.  p.  Cye. 

SAF'FRO.\,a.  Having  the  color  of  8afl"ron  flowers ; 
deep  yellow  ;  as,  o  saffron  face  ;  a  saffron  streamer. 

Sliak.  Dnjden. 

SAF'FRON,  t>.  (.  To  tinge  with  satTron  ;  to  make 
yellow  ;  to  gild.  Chaucer. 

S.AF'FRON-£D,  pp.  Tinged  with  s.aflron  ;  made  yel- 
low. 

SAF'FRON-Y,  0.    Having  the  color  of  safl"ron.  Lord. 

SAG,  c.  i.  [.\  diflerent  spelling  of  SwAO,  which  see.] 
1.  To  yield  ;  to  give  way  ;  to  lean  or  incline  from 
an  upright  position,  or  to  bend  from  a  horizontal  posi- 
tion, in  consequence  of  the  weight.  Our  workmen 
say,  a  door  sags;  a  building  sags  to  the  north  or 
south  ;  or  a  beam  sags  by  means  of  its  weight.  I 


SAG 

2.  Figuratively,  to  bend  or  sink  ;  as,  the  mind  shall 
never  sag  with  iloubt.  &7iuA'. 

3.  To  sag  to  leeaard,  is  applied  to  a  vessel  which 
makes  much  leeway,  by  reu.son  of  the  sea  or  cur- 
rent. Totten. 

SAG,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  bend  or  give  way ;  to  load  or 
burden. 

Sa'GA,  n.  The  general  name  of  those  ancient  com- 
positiims  which  comprise  the  history  and  inyihulogy 
of  the  northern  Kuroptan  races.  Brande. 

SA-GA'CIOU.-^,  (  slius,)  a.  [L.  sugar,  from  sagus, 
wise,  foreseeing  ;  saga,  a  wise  woman  ;  sagio,  to 
perceive  readily  ;  Fr.  sage,  sagesse;  Sp.  sa^a,  sagai ; 
It.  saggio.  The  latter  signifies  wise,  prudent,  sage, 
and  an  essay,  which  unites  this  worJ  with  seek,  and 
L.  sejiuor.^ 

1.  tluicK  of  scent ;  as,  a  sagacious  hound  ;  strictly, 
perhaps,  following  by  the  scent,  which  sense  is  con- 
nectetl  with  L.  sequur;  with  of;  as,  sagacious  of  his 
quarry.  Milton. 

2.  Uuick  of  thought ;  acute  in  discernment  or 
penetration  ;  as,  a  sagacious  head  ;  a  sagacious  mind. 

Locke. 

I  would  give  more  for  the  critifisms  of  one  sagacious  ru'-nry, 
th.iu  i^r  thoSL-  of  a  score  of  udniirt-rs.         //.  Humphrey. 

SA-Ga'CIOUS-LY,  adr.    With  quick  scent. 

2.  With  quick  discernnii  nt  or  penetration. 
SA-GA'CIOUS-NESS,  it.    The  quality  of  being  saga- 
cious ;  quickness  of  scent. 

2.  (Quickness  or  acuteness  of  discernment. 
SA-GAC'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  sagaeite  ;  L.  sagacilas.] 

1.  Uuickness  or  acuteness  of  scent;  applied  to  ani- 
mals. 

2.  Quickness  or  acuteness  of  discernment  or  pen- 
etration ;  readiness  of  apprehension  ;  the  faculty  of 
readily  discerning  and  distinguishing  ideas,  anil  of 
separating  truth  from  lalseliood. 

Sagaeily  finds  out  the  int<  rii)f<li.ite  ideas,  to  discover  what  con^ 
iifciiou  Uicre  is  ill  i^.icli  link  of  Uie  chain.  Locke. 

SAG'A-MORE,  h.  Among  some  tribes  of  .American  In- 
dmii.s-,  akingorchicf.    [  I  n  Sax.  si n-ora  is  a  conqueror.] 

SAG'A-PE.N,        )         r,,,  , 

SAG-A-Pic'NUM,  i  "•    [('■■■  "OJ"'"!'""'-] 

In  pharmacy,  an  inspissated  sap  brought  from  Per- 
sia and  the  East  in  granules  or  in  masses.  It  is  a  com- 
pact substance,  heavy,  pf  a  dirty  brownish  color,  with 
small  whitish  or  yellowish  specks.  It  1ms  the  same 
alliaceous  odor  as  asafetida,  but  weaker.     P.  Cyc. 

SAG'A-THY,  71.  A  kind  of  serge  ;  a  slight  woolen 
stuff".  TaUcr. 

SaGE,  71.    [Fr.  sauge  ;  Ar.  saoch.^ 

The  popular  name  of  Salvia  officinalis,  (Linnaeus,) 
which  is  a  native  of  various  parts  of  the  south  of 
Europe,  and  is  very  generally  cultivated,  almost 
every  where  in  gardens.  It  is  mostly  employed  in 
cookery  as  a  condiment  ;  but  it  is  also  used  in  medi- 
cine, in  the  form  of  warm  infusion,  as  a  diaphoretic. 

Salvia  grandiflora,  (Etlinger,)  a  native  of  Taiiria, 
is  said  to  possess  the  same  properties  and  powers  a.s 
Salvia  otlicinalis.  The  popular  name  .<age,  accom- 
panied with  some  distinguishing  epithet,  is  some- 
times applied  to  all  tlie  species  of  the  genus  Siilvi.a, 
more  than  a  hundred  and  forty  of  which  arc  recog- 
nized by  liotaiiists. 

The  genus  Salvia  belongs  to  the  natural  order 
Lainiacea;. 

SAGE,  a.  [Fr.sa^e;  It.  saggio  ;  li.  saga,  sagus, sagio. 
See  Saoacious.] 

1.  Wise  ;  having  nice  discernment  and  powers  of 
judging;  prudent;  grave;  as,  a  sa<^<  counselor. 

2.  Wise  ;  judicious  ;  proceeding  from  wisdom  ; 
well  judgetl ;  well  adapted  to  the  purpose  ;  as,  sage 
counsels. 

S.\(5E,  71.  A  wise  man  ;  a  man  of  gravity  and  wis- 
dom ;  particularly,  a  man  venerable  for  years,  and 
known  as  a  man  of  sound  judgment  and  prudence; 
a  grave  philosopher. 

At  his  birth  a  sur  proclaims  him  come, 

And  guiil'-s  llie  east'TU  sages.  Milton. 

Groves  where  immortal  sages  taughL  Pope. 

SAGE'LY,  ailc.  Wisely  ;  with  just  discernment  and 
prudence. 

S.\-Gl~:.\'E',  71.    .\  Russian  measure  of  about  seven 

English  feet.    [See  Sajene.] 
SAGE'NESS,  n.  Wisdom  ;  sagacity;  prudence  ;  gmv- 

itv.  Jlscham. 
SAG'E.N  ITE,  71.  Acicular  rutile.  Ure. 
S.\G'G/'.'I),  (sagd,)  pp.    Caused  to  bend  or  give  way  ; 

loaded  ;  liurdenetl. 
S.AG'GER,  j  n.    .\  cylinilrical  case  of  fine  clay,  in 
SEG'GER,  \    which  line  stone  ware  is  inclosed  while 

being  baked  in  the  kiln.  Buchanan 
The  pots  are  called  SAOOERsor  Seocers.  Brai. .«. 
S.VG'GING,  ppr    Causing  to  bend  ;  burdening. 
.^AG'GING,  n.    A  bending  or  sinking  in  consequence 

of  the  weighL 
S.AG'IT-T.VL,  a.    [L.  sagittalLi,  from  sagitta,  an  ar- 
row ;  that  which  is  thrown  or  tJnven,  probably  frxim 

the  root  of  say  and  sing.] 
'Pertaining  to  an  arrow ;  resembling  an  arrow  ;  as, 

sagittal  bars  of  yellow.  Pennant. 
In  anatomy,  the  sagittal  suture  is  the  suture  which 

unites  the  parietal  bones  of  the  skull.  Coxe. 


TCNE,  BI;LL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


975 


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SAC-IT-Ta'RI-US,  71.  [L.,  an  arclier.]  One  of  the 
twelve  signs  of  tlie  zodiac,  wliicli  the  sun  enters 
aliout  November  22. 

SAO'IT-TA-RV,  71.  [Supra.]  A  centaur,  an  animal 
half  man,  half  horse,  armed  with  a  bow  and  quiver. 

Shak. 

SA6'IT-TA-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  arrow. 

S.AC'IT-TaTE,  a.  In  botany  and  loii/o^i/,  shaped  like 
the  head  of  an  arrow  ;  trianirular,  hollowed  at  the 
base,  with  angles  at  the  hinder  part;  or  with  the 
hinder  angles  acute,  divided  by  a  sinus. 

Mtirtyn.  Branrlc, 

Sa'GO,  n,  A  Ary,  mealy  substance,  or  granulated  paste, 
imported  from  Java,  the  Philippine  and  Molucca 
Isles,  &c.  It  is  the  prepared  pith  of  several  dilferent 
plants,  as  the  Sagus  Ruuiphii  or  Metro.\ylum  Sagus, 
a  p.alm,  and  Cycas  circinalis,  a  plant  intermediate 
between  palms  and  ferns,  &c.  It  is  much  used  as 
an  article  of  diet  for  the  sick. 

SA-GOIN',  J!.  The  Sarroins  form  a  division  of  the 
monkey  family,  including  such  of  the  monkeys  of 
America  as  have  long,  hairy  tails,  not  prehensile. 

P.  Cue. 

Sa'GUM,  n.  [L.]  The  militar)'  cloak  of  the  Roman 
magistrates  and  dignitaries.  Brande. 

Sa'GV,  a.  [from  sa^rc]  Full  of  sage ;  seasoned  with 
sage. 

S.^iH'LTTE,  n.  A  massive,  cleavahle  variety  of  augite, 
of  a  dingy  green  color,  first  obtained  at  the  mountain 
Sahia  in  Westermania.  Dana. 

Sa'IG,  71.  A  Turkish  orGrecian  vessel,  very  common 
in  the  Levant,  a  kind  of  ketch  which  has  no  top- 
gallant-sail, nor  mizzen-iop-sail.  Mur.  Diet. 

SAID,  (sed,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Say  ;  so  written  for  Saved. 
Declared  ;  uttered  ;  reported. 
2.  Aforesaid  ;  before  mentioned. 

Sail,  n.  [Sax.  segd ;  G.  and  Sw.  sead;  Dan.  srjl; 
D.  zeil ;  W.  ktrijly  a  sail,  a  course,  order,  state,  jour- 
ney ;  hwyliajr,  to  set  in  a  course,  train,  or  order,  to 
direct,  to  proceed,  to  sail,  to  attack,  to  butt.  The 
Welsh  appears  to  be  the  same  word.  [So  h&l  is  the 
L.  .<al,  salt.] 

1.  In  naoigntion,  a  spread  of  canvas,  or  an  assem- 
blage of  several  breadths  of  canvas,  (or  some  sub- 
stitute for  it,)  sewed  together  with  a  double  seam  at 
the  borders,  and  edged  with  a  cord  called  the  bolt- 
ropc,  to  be  extended  on  the  masts  or  yards,  for  re- 
ceiving the  impulse  of  wind  by  which  a  ship  is 
driven.  The  principal  sails  are  the  courses  or  lower 
sails,  the  top-sails,  and  top-gallant  sails.  Jllar.  Diet. 

2.  In  poetry,  wings.  Spenser. 

3.  A  ship  or  other  vessel ;  used  in  the  singular  for 
a  single  ship,  or  as  a  collective  name  for  many.  We 
saw  a  sail  at  the  leeward.  We  saw  three  sail  on  our 
starboard  quarter.    The  fleet  consists  of  twenty  sail. 

4.  An  excursion  in  some  vessel ;  as,  to  take  a  sail. 
To  loose  sails  ;  to  unfurl  them. 

To  make  sail ;  to  extend  an  additional  quantity  of  sail. 

Til  set  sail ;  to  expand  or  spread  the  sails ;  and 
hence,  to  begin  a  voyage. 

7*0  shorten  sail;  to  reduce  the  extent  of  sail,  or 
take  in  a  part. 

To  strike  sail ;  to  lower  the  sails  suddenly,  as  in 
saluting,  or  in  sudden  gusts  of  wind. 

2.  To  ab.ate  show  or  pomp.    [Colloguial.]  Slia!:. 
SAIL,  r.  i.    To  be  impelled  or  driven  forward  by  the 
action  of  wind  \i\nm  sails,  as  a  ship  on  water.  A 
ship  saih  from  New  York  for  Liverpool.    She  sails 
ten  knots  an  hour.    She  .inils  well  close-hauled. 

2.  To  be  Conveyed  in  a  vessel  on  water  ;  to  pass 
by  water.    We  sailed  from  London  to  Canton. 

3.  To  swim. 

Liltle  dolphins  wh'^n  lh(>y  fail 
In  Ihe  v.-ist  shiidow  of  llic  Brilisti  whiiie.  Dryden, 

4.  To  set  sail :  to  begin  a  voyage.  Wc. "ailed  from 
New  York  for  Havre,  June  1.5, 1824.  We  sailedfrum 
Cowes  for  New  York,  May  10,  182.5. 

5.  To  be  carried  in  the  air,  as  u  balloon. 
G.  To  pass  smoothly  along. 


Shni. 


At  U  a  winched  mcis^nfffT  fnjin  herivrn, 
Wli«n  lie  bralTidcK  ihe  I»zy  p'lciiig  clrjtids, 
And  ttitU  upon  the  boiioin  of  the  iiir. 
7.  To  fly  without  striking  with  the  wings. 
SAIL,  r.  L    To  pass  or  move  upon  in  a  ship,  by  means 
of  sails. 

A  thoiitand  RliifM  vert:  manned  10  tail  Ihr  sea,  Dryden. 

[This  use  is  elliptical,  on  or  over  being  omitted.] 

2.  To  fly  through. 

SiiUlme  «he  aaili 
Th'  aerial  apacA,  and  moiiiita  (he  winged  ^le«.  Pop*. 

3.  To  direct  or  manage  the  motion  of  a  vessel ;  a.s, 
to  nail  one's  own  ship.  Totten. 

SA(L'A-BLE,  0.    Navigable;  that  maybe  passed  by 

"hips.  Cotaraee. 
SAIL'-BOR.N'E,  a.    Rome  or  conveyed  by  sails. 

J.  Barlow, 

SAIL'-BROAD,  a.  [See  Bkoad.]  Spre.iding  like  a 
»an.  Milton. 

RAIL'-CLOTII,  71.  Duck  or  canvas  used  in  making 
iiail<i. 

HAlL'Kn,  pp.    Paised  in  ships  or  other  water  craft. 
SAII.'ER,  n.    Une  that  anila ;  a  neanuin ;  usually 
Hailor. 


2.  A  ship  or  other  vessel,  with  reference  to  her 
speed  or  manner  of  sailing.  Thus  we  say,  a  heavy 
sailer  ;  a  fast  sailer ;  a  prime  sailer. 

SaIL'ING,  ppr*.  or  o.  Moving  on  water  or  in  air ;  pass- 
ing in  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 

SaIL'ING,  71.  The  act  of  moving  on  water;  or  the 
movement  of  a  ship  or  vessel  impelled  or  wafted 
along  the  surface  of  water  by  the  action  of  wind  on 
her  sails.  jMar.  Diet, 

2.  Movement  through  the  air,  as  in  a  balloon. 

3.  The  act  of  setting  sail  or  beginning  a  voyage. 
SaIL'ING-jMaS-TER,  n.    An  officer  in  a  ship  of  war 

who  superintends  all  the  details  of  navigating  the 
ship. 

SaIL'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  sails.  PoUok. 
SaIL'-LOFT,  71.    A  loft  or  apartment  where  sails  are 

cut  out  and  made. 
SaIL'-MaK-ER,  71.     One  whose  occupation  is  to 

make  sails. 

2.  An  officer  on  board  ships  of  war,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  repair  or  alter  sails.  Mar.  Diet. 
SaIL'-MaK  ING,  71.   The  art  or  business  of  making 
sails. 

SaIL'0R,7i.  [A  more  common  spelling  than  Sailer.] 
A  mariner ;  a  seaman  ;  one  who  follows  the  busi- 
ness of  navigating  ships  or  other  vessels,  or  one  who 
understands  the  management  of  ships  in  navigation. 
This  word,  however,  does  not  by  itself  express  any 
particular  skill  in  navigation.  It  denotes  any  person 
who  follows  the  seas,  and  is  chiefly  or  wholly  ap- 
plied to  the  common  hands.    [See  Seaman.] 

S.5IL'0R-LIKE,  a.    Like  sailors. 

SaIL'-ROOM,  71.  An  apartment  in  a  vessel,  where  the 
sails,  which  are  not  bent,  are  stowed.  ToUcn. 

SaIL'Y,  a.    Like  a  sail.  Drayton. 

SAIL'- YARD,  71.    [S.ix.  scgl-gyrd.] 

The  yard  or  spar  on  which  sails  are  extended. 

Dryden, 

SaIM,  71.    [Sax.  seiin  ;  W.  saini;  Fr.  saindoux.  Q.U. 
L.  sebam,  contracted.] 
Lard.  !Loe.al.] 
SAIN,  for  SivEN,  pp.  of  Sat.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
SaIN'FOIN,    (71.    [Fr.  sainfoin;  saint,  sacred,  and 
SAINT'FOIN,  i    foin,  hay.] 

A  leguminous  plant  cultivated  for  fodder,  of  the 
genus  Hedysaruin. 
SAINT,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  sattctus  ;  It.  and  Sp.  santo.] 

1.  A  person  s.anctified  ;  a  holy  or  godly  person ; 
one  eminent  for  piety  and  virtue.  It  is  particularly 
applied  to  the  apostles  and  other  holy  persons  men- 
tioned in  Scripture.  A  hypocrite  may  imitate  a  saint. 
Ps.  xvi.  '  Addison. 

2.  One  of  the  blessed  in  heaven.    Rev.  xviii. 

3.  The  holy  angels  are  called  saints,  DeuL  xxxiii. 
Jude  14. 

4.  One  canonized  by  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Enryc. 

SAINT,  V.  t.  To  number  or  enroll  among  saints  by  an 
official  act  of  the  pope ;  to  canonize. 

Over  against  the  church  stands  a  l.-.r^e  hospiul,  erected  by  a 
shoeuiikcT,  whu  ha^  been  UeaLiiicd,  iliougU  ucver  sainted. 

Addison. 

SAINT,  V.  i.    To  act  with  a  show  of  piety.  Pope, 
SAINT  AN'TIIO-NY'S  FIRE,  (-an'to-niz-,)  71.  A  pop- 
ular name  of  the  erj  sipelas,  so  called  because  it  was 
supposed  to  have  been  cured  by  the  intercession  of 
St.  .finthony.  P.  Cye, 

SAINT'ED,  pp.  Canonized;  enrolled  among  the 
saints. 

2.  a.  Holy ;  pious ;  as,  thy  father  was  a  most 
sainted  king.  Shak. 

3.  Sacred;  as,  the  gods  on  sointeii  hills.  Milton. 
SaI.N'T'ESS,  71.  A  female  saint.  Fisher. 
S.\INT'ING, /lyir.    Canonizing;  enrolling  among  the 

saints, 

SALXT  JOHN'S  BREAD,  71,    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Ceratonia;  also  called  the  Caroii-Tree.     P,  Cyc, 
SAINT  JOHN'S  WOUT,  71.     A  name  common  to 
plants  of  the  genus  Hypericum,  most  of  which  have 
yellow  flowers. 
SAINT'LIKE,  a.     [saint  and  W.c]     Resembling  a 
saint ;  as,  a  saintlike  prince.  Bacon, 
2.  Suiting  a  suiiit ;  becoming  a  saint. 

GlL.&sid  over  only  with  a  Baintlibe  show.  Dryden. 

SAINT'LY,  a.  Like  a  saint ;  becoming  a  holy  person  ; 
as,  wrtmgs  with  saintly  patience  borne.  Xlilton. 

SAINT  Pk'TER'S  wor  t,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Asevriim,  and  another  of  the  genus  Hvpericum. 

SAINT'S  liELL,  71.  A  small  bell  used  'in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  to  call  attention  to  the  more  solemn 
parts  of  the  service  of  the  mass,  as  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  ordinary,  when  the  priest  repettts  the  words 
Sonde,  sancte,  sanete,  Dcits  sabaotJt,  and  on  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  host  and  chalice  after  consecration. 

Olos.f.  of  .Orckit. 

SAINT'-SEEM-ING,  a.  Having  the  appearance  of  a 
s.'iint.  Montagu, 

SAINT'SIIIP,  n.  The  character  or  qualities  of  a 
saint. 

SAINT  SI-M;^'.\I-AN,  71.  A  follower  of  Ihe  Count  de 
St.  Simun,  who  ilii  d  in  182,5,  and  who  maintained 
that  till!  prini'ipli'  of  joint-slock  property  and  just 
division  of  the  fruits  of  common  labor  among  the 


members  of  society,  is  the  true  remedy  for  the  social 
evils  which  exist,  Brande. 

SAI.NT  Vl'TUS'S  DANCE,  ti.  A  disease  affecting 
with  irregular  movements  the  muscles  of  voluntary 
motion,  and  attended  with  a  great  failure  of  the 
general  physical  strength,  called  by  physicians 
Chorea  Sancti  Viti.  The  name  is  said  to  have 
been  borrowed  from  some  devotees  of  St,  Vitus, 
who  exercised  themselves  so  long  in  dancing  that 
their  intellects  became  disordered.  P.  Cyc.  Forsyth, 

SA-JeNE',  71,  [Written  also  Sagene.  Tooke  writes 
it  Sajene.] 

A  Russian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  seven  feet 
English  measm'e. 
SAKE,  71,  [Sax.  sac,  saca,  sace,  sacu,  contention,  dis- 
cord, a  suit  or  action  at  law,  cause  in  court;  hence 
the  privilege  which  a  lord  had  of  taking  cognizance 
of  suits  in  his  own  manor  ;  sacan,  to  contend,  to 
strive  ;  Goth,  sakan,  to  rebuke,  chide,  upbraid  ;  D. 
zaak,  cause,  case,  thing,  business,  affair  ;  G.  sache,  mat- 
ter, thing  ;  eines  sache  fvhren,  to  plead  one's  cause  ;  ii;^ 
sache,  cause,  reason,  motive  ;  Sw.  sak  and  orsak,  id. ; 
Dan.  sag,  c.iuse,  thing,  affair,  matter,  case,  suit,  ac- 
tion ;  Ch.  pDJJ,  to  contend,  to  strive,  to  seek ;  Heb. 
pa's,',  to  press  or  oppress  ;  Ch.,  to  accuse,  to  crimi- 
nate. Class  Sg,  No.  46,  92.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  strain,  urge,  press,  or  drive  forward,  and  this  is 
from  the  same  root  as  seek,  essay,  and  L.  sequor, 
whence  we  have  pursue  and  prosecute.  VVe  have 
analogous  words  in  cause,  thing,  and  the  L.  res.  Its 
Saxon  sense  is  no  longer  in  use,  that  is,  cause,  ac- 
tion, suit,  a  seeking  or  demand  in  court ;  but  we  use 
it  in  a  sense  nearly  similar,  though  differently  ap- 
plied.] 

1.  Final  cause  ;  end  ;  purpose  ;  or  rather  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining.  I  open  the  window  for  the  soke 
of  air,  that  is,  to  obtain  it,  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing air.  I  read  for  the  sake  of  instruction,  that  is,  to 
obtain  it.  Sake  then  signifies,  primarily,  effort  to  ob- 
tain, and  secondarily,  purpose  of  obtaining.  The 
hero  fights  for  the  sake  of  glory;  men  labor  for  the 
sake  of  subsistence  or  wealtli. 

2.  Account ;  regard  to  any  person  or  thing. 

I  will  not  a^n  corse  the  ground  any  more  for  man's  sake. — 
Gen,  viii. 

Save  me  for  thy  mercy's  sate,  —  Fs.  vi. 

SA'KER,  71.    [Fr.  sacre.]  ' 

1.  A  hawk  ;  a  species  of  falcon. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  artillery.    [A'ot  in  use.] 

Iludibras. 

SAK'ER-ET,  71.    The  male  of  the  saker-liawk. 

Bailey. 

S.'VL,  71.  [L.  See  Salt.]  Salt ;  a  word  much  used 
in  chemistry  and  pharmacy. 

SAL'A-BLE,a.  [from  sa/c]  That  may  be  sold  ;  that 
finds  a  readv  market;  being  in  good  demand. 

SAL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  s.alable. 

SaL'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  salable  manner. 

SA-LA'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [L.  salax,  from  the  root  of 
5a/,  salt ;  the  primary  sense  of  which  is,  shooting, 
penetrating,  pungent,  coinciding  probably  with  L. 
salio,  to  leap.  Salacious,  then,  is  highly  e.xcited,  or 
prompt  to  leap,] 

Lustful ;  lecherous.  Dryden. 

SA-LA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.  Lustfully  ;  with  eager  ani- 
mal appetite. 

S.\-LA'CIOUS-NESS,  1 71.  Lust  ;lecherousness;  strong 
SA-L.\C'I-TY,  J    propensity  to  venery. 

Brovm, 

SAL'.AD,  71,  [Fr,  salade  ;  Arm,  saladenn  ;  It,  insalata  ; 
Sp,  ensalada,  that  is,  literally,  salted  ;  D.  salaadc  ;  G. 
and  Sw,  salat;  Dan.  satad.'\ 

A  name  given  to  raw  herbs,  usually  dressed  with 
salt,  vinegar,  oil,  or  spices,  and  eaten  for  giving  a 
relish  to  other  food. 

Leaves  eaten  raw  are  termed  eaiacl.  WaUt. 
S.\L'.\D-ING,  71.    Vegetables  for  salads.  Chei/ne. 
SA'LAL-BER'RY,  71.    A  fruit  from  the  valley  of  the 
Columbia  River,  or  Oregon,  about  the  size  of  a 
common  grape,  of  a  dark  color,  and  of  a  sweet  flavor. 

Farm.  F.ncye. 

SAL  A-LEM'nROTII,  n.  A  compound  of  corrosive 
sublimate  of  mercury  and  s!il  ammtmiar,  in  the  pro- 
portions of  two  equivalents  of  the  former  to  one 
of  the  latter. 

SA-LX  .M',  n.  [Oriental,  peace  or  safety.]  In  the  East, 
a  salutation  or  compliment  of  ceremony  or  resiwct. 

Jirrbcrt. 

SAL'AM-SToNE,  n.  A  kind  of  Muc  sapphire  brought 
from  Cevlon,  Dana. 

SAL'A-MAN-DER,  71.    [L.  and  Gr.  salnmandra.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  li.itiarliian  rep- 
tiles, having  some  affinities  with  lizards,  but  more 
with  frogs.  Salimanders  have  nn  eliuigatcil  body, 
four  feel,  and  a  long  tail,  which  gives  them  the  gen- 
eral form  of  lizarils  ;  but  then  they  have  all  the  char- 
acters of  batrarliians.  The  vulgar  story  that  the 
salamander  is  able  to  endure  fire,  is  a  mistake. 

Salamander's  hair  or  rriui/ ;  a  name  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  asbestos  or  mineral  flax  ;  I  believe  no  longer 
used. 

SAL-A-MAN'DRINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  salamander ;  enduring  fire  Spcclator. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— MRTE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


9r6 


SAL 

SAL  AM  Mo'Nl-Ae,  H.  Cliloiiil  of  aiiinioninin,  a  solid 
substance  of  a  sharp  and  acrid  taste,  nmcli  used  in 
the  mechanic  arts  and  in  pliarinacy.  The  native  sal 
ammoniac  is  of  two  kinds  —  volcanic  and  coiichoidal. 

Ure.. 

SAt/A-RI-KD,  (sal'a-rid,)  n.    EnjoyinK  a  salary. 

SAI/A-UY,  «.  [Kr.  saluirc  ;  It.  and  ii]t.  salario  ;  I<. 
salariiim  :  said  to  he  from  sal,  salt,  which  w!is  part  of 
the  pay  of  Roman  soldiers.] 

The  recompense  or  consideration  stipulated  to  be 
paid  to  a  person  for  services,  usually  a  fixed  sum  to 
be  paid  by  the  year,  as  to  governors,  magistrates, 
settled  clercvmen,  instructors  of  seminaries,  or  other 
orticers,  civil  or  ecclesiastical.  When  wages  are 
stated  or  stipulated  by  the  month,  week,  or  day,  we 
do  not  call  the  compensation  salari/,  but  pnij  or  wajrcs  ; 
as  in  the  case  of  military  men  anil  laborers. 

SALK,  n.  [\V.  sal,  a  pass,  a  cast,  or  throw,  a  sale: 
Sax.  sal,  sale  ;  sellan,  sijlan,  sijllaii,  grstjllan,  to  Rive, 
yield,  grant,  impart,  deliver,  also  to  sell.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  sell  is  simply  to  deliver  or  cause  to 
pass  from  one  person  to  another;  Sw.  s'dlja,  Dan. 
Sistifrr,  to  sell.] 

1.  The  act  of  selling  ;  the  exchange  of  a  commod- 
ity for  money  of  ecpiivalent  value  The  exchanie 
of  one  commodity  for  another  is  barter  or  jtrrmutii- 
tion,  and  sale  differs  from  barter  only  in  the  nature  of 
the  equivalent  given. 

2.  Vent  ;  power  of  selling;  market.  lie  went  to 
market,  but  found  no  sale  for  his  goods. 

3.  Auction;  public  sale  to  the  highest  bidder,  or 
exposure  of  goods  in  market.    [Little  used.]  Temple. 

4.  State  of  being  venal,  or  of  being  offered  to  bri- 
bery ;  as,  to  set  the  liberty  of  a  slate  to  sale.  A'lilison. 

5.  A  wicker  basket.    [Uu.  Sax.  sulan,  to  bind.] 

Spenser. 

S.^LE,  a.  Sold;  bought;  as  opposed  to  Ho-memade. 
[  Colloquial.] 

S.\L-E-UR()S'I-TY,  71.  [See  Salebr  >us.]  Rough- 
ness or  ruggedness  of  a  place  or  road.  Fellliam. 

SAL'K-TJROUS,  a.     [L.  salebrosus,  from  salrtira,  a 
rough  place  ;  probably  allied  to  siilio,  to  shoot  out.] 
Kougli  i  rugged;  uneven.    ^Little  used.] 

S.\L't;i',  11.  [Said  to  be  a  Turkish  word  ;  written  also 
Salop,  Saloop,  and  Saleb.1 

In  the  materia  mediea,  the  dried  root  of  a  species  of 
Orchis  ;  also,  a  preparation  of  this  root  to  be  used  as 
food.  Fniircroy.  Parr. 

S.\L-E-Ra'TUS,  n.  [sal  and  arratus.]  .\  carbonate 
of  potash,  containing  a  greater  quantity  of  carbonic 
acid  than  pearlash,  used  in  cookery. 

SAM'.S'MAN,  n.  [sale  and  ma«.]  One  that  sells 
clothes  ready  made.  ^  Swift. 

2.  One  who  finds  a  market  for  the  goodsof  another 
person. 

SaI.IVWORK,  (-wurk,)  H.  Work  or  things  made  for 
sale ;  hence,  work  carelessly  done.  Tins  la.it  sense 
is  a  satire  on  man.       '  Shak. 

S.\L  OE.M,  n.    Common  salt ;  chlorid  of  sodium. 

Brande. 

S.^L'ie,  a.  [Echard  deduces  this  word  from  sala,a 
house,  and  the  law  from  the  circumstance  that  a 
male  only  could  inherit  his  father's  mansion  and  the 
court  or  land  Inclosed.    .Vnotesi/.  B.  18.] 

The  Salic  law  of  France  is  a  funilamental  law,  by 
virtue  of  which  males  only  can  inherit  the  throne 

S.M/I  ('IN,  n.  A  bitter  febrifuge  substance,  obtained 
in  white,  pearly  crystals,  from  some  species  of  the 
willow,  and  also  of  the  poplar.  Brande. 

S.X'M-E.NT,  a.    [L.  .salims,  salin,  to  leap.] 

1.  Leaping;  an  epithet  in  heraldry  applied  to  a 
lion  or  other  beast,  represented  in  a  leaping  posture, 
with  his  right  foot  in  the  dexter  point,  and  his  hinder 
left  foot  in  the  sinister  base  of  the  escutcheon,  by 
which  it  is  distinguished  fritm  Rampant.  Harris. 

2.  In  fortification,  projecting  ;  as,  a  salient  angle. 
A  salient  angle  points  outward,  and  is  opposed  to  a 
re-enterimr  angle,  which  points  inward.      P.  Cue. 

SA'Ll-E.N'T,  o,  [L.  saliens,  from  salio,  to  leap  or  shoot 
out.] 

1.  Leaping ;  moving  by  leaps,  as  frogs.  Brntrn. 

2.  Beating  ;  throbbing,  as  the  heart.  BInekmore. 

3.  Shooting  out  or  up  ;  springing  ;  darting  :  as,  a 
salient  sprout.  Pope. 

SA'LI-E\T-LV,  adv.    In  a  salient  manner. 
S.\  LIK'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  sal,  salt,  and  fero,  to  pro- 
duce.] 

Producing  or  bearing  salt ;  as,  sallfcrous  rock. 

FMton. 

Saliferoiui  rocks ;  the  new  red  sandstone  system  of 
some  geologists  ;  so  called  because,  in  Europe,  this 
formation  contains  beds  of  salt.  Dana. 

SAL'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.  [(wm  salifij.]  Capable  of  com- 
bining with  an  acid  to  form  a  salL  Salifiable  bases 
are  metallic  oxvds,  alkaloids,  Slc. 

S  \  L-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.   The  act  of  Kilifying. 

SAL'I-FT-fn),  (sal'e-fide,)  pp.  Formed  into  a  salt  by 
coinbitiation  with  an  acid. 

SAL'l  F?,  p.  .    [L.  sal,  salt,  and  faeio,  to  make.] 
To  form  into  a  salt,  by  combining  an  acid  with  a 
base. 

S.\L't-F^-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Forming  into  a  salt  by 

ciMuhinaiion  with  a  base. 
SAL'l-GOT,  n.    [Fr.]    A  plant,  the  water  thistle. 


SAL 

SAL-I-NA'TION,  n.    [L.  sal,  salt;  saltnator,  a  salt- 
maker  ;  Fr.  salin,  salt,  brinish.] 
The  act  of  washing  with  salt  water.  Oreenhill. 
s  '\  I  T  V  F'  ) 

SA-I  I.\'(SbR  i  ^-  salt.] 

1.  Consisting  of  salt,  or  constituting  salt ;  as,  saline 
particles  ;  saline  substances. 

2.  I'artaking  of  the  qualities  of  salt ;  as,  a  saline 
SA-LTNE',Ji.    [Sp.  and  It.  .<a(ino  ;  Fr.  .mline.]  [taste. 

A  salt  spring,  or  a  place  where  salt  water  is  col- 
lected in  the  earth  ;  a  name  given  to  the  salt  springs 
in  the  United  .States. 
SA-U.\E'.\ESS,  M.    State  of  being  saline. 
SAL-I-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  sal,  salinum,  and  fcro,  to 
Iiroduce.] 

Producing  salt. 
S.\-I.IN'I-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  sal,  salinum,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  o(  salt. 
S.\-LI'N'()-TER-RkNE',  a.    [L.  sal,  salinum,  and  ter- 
renu.':,  from  terra,  earth.] 

A  term  denoting  a  compound  of  salt  and  earth. 
SAL'iaUE,  (sal'ik,)  a.    Sec  Salic. 
S.\L'ITE,  e.  (.    [L.  salio,  from  sal,  salt.] 

To  salt ;  to  impregnate  or  season  with  salt.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

.S.\-LI'VA,  n.  [h.  saliva:  Ir.  seile  ;  W.  halitn,  as  if 
connected  with  liiil,  salt.  The  Irish  has  silim,  to  drop 
or  distill,  and  silradli,  saliva.] 

The  duid  which  is  secreted  by  the  salivary  glands, 
and  which  serves  to  moisten  the  mf>uth  and  tiuigue. 
It  moistens  our  food  also,  and  by  being  mixed  with 
it  in  ni.asticati(m,  favors  deglutition.  When  dis- 
charged from  the  mouth,  it  is  called  Spittle. 

S  \-LI'V.'\L,      )  «.    [from  sail ra.]    Pertaining  to  sa- 

S.\L'I-VA-RY,  j  liva  ;  secreting  or  conveying  sali- 
va ;  as,  salivary  glands  ;  salivary  ducts  or  canals. 

Encyc.  JSrbut/uiot. 

SAL'I-VANT,  a.    Producing  salivation. 

SAL'I-V.\N'T,  II.    That  which  produces  salivation. 

S.\L'I-VaTE,  II.  (.    [from  sadca  ;  Fr.  salircr.] 

To  [irodiice  an  unusual  secretion  and  discharge  of 
saliva  in  a  person,  usually  by  mercury  ;  to  produce 
[ityalism  in  a  person. 

SAL'I-VA-'l'ED,  p/).  Having  an  increased  secretion 
of  saliva  from  medicine. 

SAL'I-Va-TING,  ppr.  froducing  increased  secretion 
of  saliva. 

SAL-I-Va'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  ptyalism, 
or  of  producing  an  increased  secretion  of  saliva. 

SA-Li'VOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  saliva;  partaking  of 
the  nature  of  saliva.  H'iseman. 

SAL'LET,  n.    [Fr.  salade.] 

A  head-piece  or  helmet.  Cluincrr. 

SAT/LET,        (71.    [Corrupted  from  saM.]  [JV'ufiu 

SAl/LET-ING, !  tLse.] 

S.\L'L1-ANCE,  71.    [from  sally.]    An  issuing  forth. 

[Aut  in  use.]  Spenser. 
SAL'LI-KI),  pp.    Rushed  out ;  issued  suddenly. 
S.\L'LoW,  «.     [Sax.  salh,  sail!;  !  Ir.  sail;  Fr.  snii^c  ; 

ILsalcio;  Sp.  .«u/cc ;  L.  salix  :  W.  helig.    Ciu.  from 

its  color,  resembling  brine.] 
A  name  applied  to  certain  trees  or  low  shrubs  of 

the  willow  kind,  or  genus  Salix.  P.  Cyc. 

SAL'LoW,  a.    [Sax.  salowig,  sealwe,  from  saUi,  L. 

salix,  the  tree,  supra.] 

Having  a  yellowish  color  ;  of  a  pale,  sickly  color, 

tinged  with  a  dark  }-ellow  ;  as,  a  sallow  skin. 
S.^L'LoW-NESS,  n.     A  yellowish  color ;  paleness, 

tinged  with  a  dark  yellow;  as,  saUowncss  of  com- 
plexion. 

SAL'LoW-TIIORN',  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Hip- 
popliae. 

'J'he  common  sallow-thorn  or  sea  buckthorn,  is  a 
thorny  shrub,  about  four  or  five  feet  high. 

Partirifrton, 

SAL'LY,  n,  [Fr.  saillie  ;  It.  salita;  Sp.  satida  ;  Port. 
sabida.    See  the  verb.] 

In  a  general  sense,  a  spring ;  a  darting  or  shooting. 
Hence, 

1.  An  issue  or  rushing  of  troops  from  a  besieged 
place  to  attack  the  besiegers.  Bacon. 

2.  A  spring  or  darting  of  intellect,  fancy,  or  imag- 
ination ;  flight ;  sprightly  exertion.  VVti  say,  sallies 
of  wit,  sallies  of  imagination. 

3.  Excursion  from  the  usual  track  ;  range. 

Ue  who  often  mAket  tatliet  into  a  country,  ind  iravcnos  it  up  and 
down,  will  kiiow  il  tjctlrr  Uiaii  one  UiuL  ^c-a  ulwayt  rnuiid 
In  the  Kune  irack.  Locke. 

4.  Act  of  levity  or  extravagance  ;  wild  gnyety ; 
frolic  ;  a  bounding  or  darting  beyond  ordinary  rules  ; 
as,  a  sally  of  youth  ;  a  sally  of  levity. 

H'otton,  SwifL 
S.\L'LY,  r.  i.    [Fr.  saillir  ;  Arm.  saillia  :  It.  satire  ;  Sp. 
tttlir ;  Port,  tahir,  [1  lost ;]  L.  salu.  Qu.  Gr.  aAXo/iui, 

si  s  ^ 

which  is  allied  to  the  Ar.  ^\  alia,  or  ^jii  halla, 

both  of  which  signify  to  impel,  to  shoot.  See  Solar, 
from  L.  sol,  W.  haul,  Gr.  i;,\ios.] 

1.  To  issue  or  rush  out,  as  a  body  of  troops  from  a 
fortified  place,  to  attack  besiegers.  • 

Th-'y  bp-aJt  ihe  mice,  aoj  tally  om  by  niffliL  Dryden. 

2.  To  issue  suddenly  ;  to  make  a  sudden  eruption. 


SAL 

S.AL'LY-I.NG,  ppr.  Issuing  or  rushing  out. 
S.M/LY-PORT,  ».  In  fortificatum,  a  ponicrn  gale,  or 
a  passage  under  ground  from  the  inner  to  the  outer 
works,  Hiich  as  from  the  higher  Hank  to  the  lower, 
or  to  the  leiiailles,  or  lo  the  coinnitinication  from  the 
middle  of  the  curtain  to  the  nivelin.  Kncyc. 

2.  A  large  port  tm  each  quarter  of  a  fireship,  for  the 
escape  of  the  men  into  boats  when  the  train  is  fired. 

Mar.  Vict. 

SAL-MA-GUN'ni,  (-gun'dc,)  n.  [Sp.  talpieon,  cor- 
rupted.   See  Salpicon.] 

1.  A  mixture  of  chopped  meal  and  pickled  herring 
w  ith  nil,  vinegar,  pepper,  and  onions.  Johnson. 

2.  ■\  mixture  of  various  ingredients  ;  an  olio  «r 
inrdlev.  IV.  Irving, 

S.^f,  MAJt'TIS,n.  [L.,  salt  of  Jtfarj.]  Green  sulphate 
of  iron.  Ore, 

S.M/.MI-AC  ;  a  contraction  of  Sai.-ammoniac. 

SAL.M'O.V,  (sam'iiiun,)  n.  [h.  salnio  :  Fr.  .taumoru] 
A  fish  of  a  yellowish-red  color,  of  the  genus  Salmo, 
found  ill  all  the  northern  climates  of  America,  Eu- 
rope, and  Asia,  ascending  the  rivers  for  spawning  in 
spring,  and  |H-iietratiiig  to  their  head  streams.  It  is 
a  remarkably  strong  fish,  and  will  even  leap  over 
considerable  falls  which  lie  in  the  way  of  its  prog- 
ress. It  has  been  known  to  grow  to  the  weiglit  of 
7.1  pounds  ;  more  generally  it  is  from  15  to  2.')  pounds. 
It  furnishes  a  delicious  dish  fur  the  table,  and  is  an 
article  of  conimerce. 

SALM'O.N-TROUT,  (sam'mun-troiit,)  n.  .\  small 
species  of  Salmo,  resembling  the  coinmnn  salmon  in 
color.  It  is  also  called  the  sea-trout,  and  is  highly 
valued  as  an  article  of  foml.  Walton, 

S.\L'.MON-OII),  a.  or  7i.  .\  term  applied  to  fishes  be- 
longing to  the  family  of  whi  h  the  salmon  is  the 
type.  Brande. 

SA-LOON',  71.  [It.  salonc,  from  sala,  hall  ;  Sp.  and 
Fr.  salon.    See  Hall.] 

In  architecture,  a  spacious  and  elegant  apartment 
for  the  reception  of  company,  or  for  works  of  art. 
It  is  often  vaulted  at  the  top,  and  frequently  compre- 
hends two  stories,  with  two  ranges  of  windows.  It 
is  a  state  room  much  used  in  palaces  for  the  recep- 
tion of  embassadors  and  other  visitors.  The  term  is 
also  applied  to  a  large  room  in  a  steamboat,  &c. 

Gwilt.    P.  Cye. 

SAL'OP,     j  71.    The  dried  root  of  a  species  nf  orchis  ; 

SA-LOOP',  j  also,  a  decoction  of  this  root,  used  in 
some  parts  of  England  as  a  beverage  by  the  poorer 
classes.    The  word  is  properly  Salep.  Smart. 

SAL'PI-CO.\,  71.  [.Sp.,  from  salpicar,  to  besprinkle; 
Port,  to  corn,  to  powder,  to  spot ;  from  sal,  salt.] 

Stiifling;  farce  ;  chopped  meat  or  bread,  &c.,used 
to  stuff  lugs  of  veal.    [I  believe  not  used.]  Bacon. 

SAL'PINX,  n.    [Gr.  irn.Wij  (,  a  trumpet.] 

The  Eiistarhian  tube.  Brande. 

S.\L  PRU-NEL'L.\,  71.  Fused  niter  cast  into  cukes 
or  balls. 

SAL-SA-MEX-TA'RI-OUS,  a.    [L.  salsamentarius.] 
Pertaining  to  salt  things.    [A'ot  in  use.]  Diet. 

SAL  KEIG.\-ETTE',(-san-yet',)ii.  Uochelle  salt ;  tar- 
trate of  potassa  and  soda.  Brande. 

SAL'SI-FY,  (sal'se-fe,)  n.    [Fr.  sahifis.] 

.\  plant  of  the  genus  1  nigopogon,  having  a  long, 
tapering  mot,  of  a  mild,  sweetish  Utste,  like  the  pars- 
nep,  often  called  the  Ovsteh-plai^t,  from  its  taste 
when  fried.  Gardner. 

SAL-SI L'LA,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  AlstrnMnena, 
with  tuberous  roots,  which  are  eaten  like  the  potato. 
It  is  a  native  of  Peru.  Farm.  F.ntye. 

S.\L-S()-.\C'ir),  a.    [L.  salsus,  salt,  and  acidus,  acid.] 
Having  a  taste  compounded  of  sultness  and  acid- 
ncss.    [JAttle  used.]  Flayer. 

SAL-SO'GI-NOUS,  a,  [from  L.  salsugo,  from  sal, 
salt.] 

Saltish  ;  somewhat  salt.  Boyle. 
SALT,  71.  [Sax.  salt,  sealt ;  Goth.  Sw.  and  Dan.  salt  ; 
G.  salt :  v.  sout :  Riiss.  sol :  It.  sale  :  Fr.  sel :  L.  Sp. 
and  Port,  sal:  Gr.  liA?  ;  W'.halen:  Corn,  and  Arm. 
halinn,  front  W.  h&l,  salt,  a  [lervading  substance. 
The  radical  sense  is,  probably,  pungent,  and  if  s  is 
radical,  the  word  belongs  to  the  rout  of  L.  salio  ;  but 
this  is  uncertain.] 

1.  Common  salt  is  the  chlorid  of  sodium,  a  sub- 
stance used  for  seasoning  certain  kinds  of  fiiod,  and 
for  the  preservation  of  meat,  &c.  It  is  found  native 
in  the  earth,  or  it  is  produced,  by  evaporation  and 
crystallization,  from  water  impregnated  with  saline 
particles. 

2.  In  rhemi.'try,  a  body  composed  of  an  acid  and  a 
base,  which  may  be  either  a  metallic  oxyd  •  r  an  al- 
kaloid. Thus  nitrate  of  potassa,  commonly  called 
Niter,  or  Saltpeter,  is  a  salt  composed  of  nitric 
acid  and  pota.ssa,  the  potassa,  which  is  an  oxyd  of 
the  metal  potassium,  being  the  ba^e. 

3.  Taste  ;  sapor  ;  smack. 

We  hATc  tome  taU  of  our  youlb  in  uf .  Shak. 

4.  Wit ;  poignancy  ;  as,  Attic  salt. 

SALT,  a.  Having  the  taste  of  salt ;  impregnated  with 
salt ;  as,  salt  beef;  salt  water. 

2.  Abounding  with  salt ;  as,  a  ini/(  land.    Jer,  xvii. 

3.  Overflowed  with  salt  water,  or  impregnated  with 
it ;  as,  a  salt  marsh. 


I 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


12S 


DD  DD" 


977 


SAL 


SAL 


SAM 


4.  Growing  on  salt  marsh  or  meadows,  and  having 
tlie  taste  of  salt ;  as,  salt  grass  or  hay. 

5.  Producing  salt  water ;  as,  a  salt  spring. 

6.  Leclierous  ;  salacious.  Shak^ 

7.  Pungent  or  bitter ;  as,  sa/f  scorn.  Skak. 
SALT,  71.    The  part  of  a  river  near  tlie  sea,  where  the 

water  is  salt.  Beverly. 
2.  A  vessel  for  holding  salt. 
SALT,  V.  t.    To  sprinkle,  impregnate,  or  season  with 
salt ;  as,  to  salt  fish,  beef,  or  pork. 

2.  To  fill  with  salt  betv.  een  the  timbers  and  planks, 
as  a  ship,  for  the  preservation  of  the  timber. 
SALT,  !i.  i.   To  deposit  salt  from  a  saline  substance  ; 

as,  the  brine  begins  to  salt.  [  Usrd  by  manufacturers.'] 
SALT,  71.    [Fr.  saut,  from  saillir,  to  leap.] 

A  leap  ;  the  act  of  jumping.  [J\rat  iii  use.]  B.Jonson. 
SAL'TA.NT,  a.    [L.  saltans,  from  salto,  to  leap.] 

Leaping;  jumping;  dancing.  Diet. 
SAL-T.\'TION,  71.    [L.  sallatio,  from  salto,  to  leap.] 

1.  A  leaping  or  jumping.  Broicn. 

2.  Beating  or  palpitation;  as,  the  saltation  of  the 
great  artery.  fViscman. 

SAL'TA-TO-RY,  \  a.  Leaping  or  dancing;  or 
SAL-TA-To'RI-OUS,  \     having  the  power  of  leaping 

or  dancing  ;  used  in  leaping  or  dancing. 
SALT'-l!OX,  71.   A  small  box  with  a  lid,  used  for 

holding  salt. 

In  burlesque  music,  the  salt-boz  lias  been  used  like 
the  marrow-bones  and  cleaver,  tongs  and  poker,  &c. 

SALT'-€AT,  71.  A  lump  of  salt,  made  at  the  salt- 
works, «'hich  attracts  pigeons.  Mortimer. 

SALT'-CEL-LAR,  ».  [salt  and  cellar.]  A  small  ves- 
sel used  for  Iiolding  salt  on  the  talile.  Swift. 

SALT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Sprinkled,  seasoned,  or  impreg- 
nated with  salt. 

SAIjT'ER,  71.  One  who  salts ;  one  who  gives  or  ap- 
plies salt. 

2.  One  that  sells  salt.  Camden. 
SALT'ER.\,  71.    A  salt-work ;  a  building  in  which 

salt  is  made  by  boiling  or  evaporation.  Encijc. 
SALT'-FISH,  71.    A  fish  that  has  been  salted. 

2.  A  fish  from  salt  water.  Shak. 
SALT'-GREEN,  a.    Green  like  the  salt  sea.  Shak. 
SAL'TIER,  (sal'teer,)  n.    [Fr.  sautoir,  from  sauter,  L. 
salto,  to  leap.] 

In  heraldry,  [one  of  the  eight  greater  ordinaries  ;  a 
St.  .Andrew's  cross,  or  cross  in  the  form  of  an  X.  — 
E.  H.  Barker.] 
S.\L'TI-GRADE,  a.    [L.  saltus  and  gradior.] 

Leaping  ;  formed  for  leaping. 
SAL'TI-GRADE,  7i.    The  name  of  a  family  of  spiders 

who  leap  to  seize  their  prey. 
SAL-TIN'-BAN'eo,  (-bank'o,)  ti.    [Fr.  snltimbanque  ; 
It.  sallare  in  l/anco,  to  leap  on  the  bench,  to  mount  on 
the  bench.] 

A  mountebank  ;  a  quack.    [JVoJ  i7i  use.]  Browji. 
SALT'ING,  ppr.  Sprinkling,  seasoning,  or  impregnat- 
ing with  salt. 

SALT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  sprinkling  or  impregnating 
with  salt. 

SALT'ISII,  a.  Somewhat  salt;  tinctured  or  impreg- 
nated nn  (lerately  with  salt. 

SALT'ISU-LY,  adv.  With  a  moderate  degree  of  salt- 
ness. 

SALT'ISII-NESS,  71.    A  moderate  degree  of  saltness. 

SALT'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  sail ;  insipid. 

SALT'LY,  adv.    With  taste  of  salt ;  in  a  salt  manner. 

SALT'-MXRSII,  71.  Grass-land  subject  to  the  over- 
flow of  salt  or  sea-water. 

SALT'-MliVE,  71.  A  mine  where  rock-salt  is  obtained. 

SALT'NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  impregnated 
with  salt ;  as,  the  saltness  of  sea-water  or  of  pro- 
2.  Taste  of  salt.  [visions. 

SALT'-PAN,  j  71.    A  pan,  basin,  or  pit,  where  salt  is 

SALT'-PIT,  i     obtained  or  made.  Bacon.  Wooduiard. 

SALT-PP'TRk'  i       t*'""  ^"P"^'  "  stone.] 

A  salt  consisting  of  nitric  acid  and  potassa,  and 
hence  denoniinated  Nitrate  of  Potassa  ;  also  called 
Niter.  It  is  found  native  in  many  countries.  It  is 
also  found  on  walls  sheltered  from  rain,  and  is  ex- 
tracted by  ILviviation  from  the  earths  under  cellars, 
stables,  barns,  &.C.  Jlimper.  Lanoisicr. 

SALT-Pk'TROIJS,  a.  Pertaining  to  saltpeter,  or  par- 
taking of  its  (|ualitics  ;  impregnated  with  saltpeter. 

Med.  Rrpos. 

SALT'-UIIECM,  (-rumc,)  71.  A  vague  and  indefinite 
j)opular  name,  applied  to  almost  all  the  non-fi  brile  cu- 
taneous eruptions  which  are  common  among  adults, 
except  ringwiirm  and  itch. 

SAI.T.S,  n.  pt.  The  popular  mmc  of  various  chemical 
Baits  used  in  medicine,  as  Glauber's  salt,  Ejisoin  salt, 
Ice. 

2.  The  salt  water  of  rivers  entering  from  the  ocean. 

•S.  Carolina. 

SALT'-SPIUN'G,  ,1.    A  npring  of  fait  water. 
HAi/l''-WA  T|;R,  n.    Water  impregnated  with  salt  ; 
Hea  water. 

.SA''''''-VVrjUK,  (-wurk,)  71.  A  house  or  place  where 
salt  is  made. 

8/VLT'-W0UT,  71.  A  plant ;  a  vague  and  indefinite 
IKjpulnr  name  applied  to  most  of  the  numerouH  spc- 
ciPH  of  .'^alHola,  and  aluo  to  some  specieH  of  Salicor- 
nia  and  GInux.    They  arc  chiefly  found  on  the  Hen- 


71.    [L.  'salubritas.] 


shore  and  other  places  where  the  ground  is  moist 
and  saline. 
SALT'Y,a.    Somewhat  salt. 

SA-Lu'BRI  Ol/S,  a.  [L.  saluber,  salubris,  from  salus. 
See  Safe.] 

Favorable  to  health  ;  healthful ;  promoting  health ; 
as,  salubrious  air  or  water  ;  a  salubrioiu:  climate. 
SA-LO'BRI-OUS-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  promote  healtli. 

Burke 

SA-LU'BRI-OUS-NESS, 

SA-LU'BRI-TY, 

Wholesomeness  ;  healthfulness  ;  favorableness  to 
the  preservation  of  health  ;  as,  the  salubrity  of  air,  of 
a  country,  or  climate. 

SAL'U-TA-RI-LY,  adv.    Favorably  to  health.  • 

SAL'lj-TA-RI-NESS,  71.  [See  Salutary.]  Whole- 
someness; the  quality  of  contributing  to  health  or 
safety. 

2.  The  quality  of  promoting  good  or  prosperity. 
SAL'U-TA-RY,  a.    [Fr.  salutaire ;  L.  salutaris,  from 
salas,  health.] 

1.  Wholesome  ;  healthful ;  promoting  health.  Diet 
and  exercise  are  salutary  to  men  of  sedentary  habits. 

2.  Promotive  of  public  safety  ;  contributing  to  some 
beneficial  purpose.  The  strict  discipline  of  youth  has 
a  salutanf  effect  on  society. 

SAL-U-TA'TION,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  salutatio.  See  Sa- 
lute.] 

The  act  of  saluting;  a  greeting;  the  act  of  paying 
respect  or  reverence  by  the  customary  words  or  ac- 
tions ;  as  in  inquiring  of  persons  tlieir  welfare,  e.x- 
pressing  to  them  kind  wishes,  bowing,  &.c.  Lulce  i. 
Mark  xii. 

In  all  public  meetings  and  private  addresses,  use  liie  forms  of  sat- 
uttttion,  reverence,  ami  decency,  usual  lunong  Llie  most  sober 
people.  Taylor. 

S.\-LU-TA-To'RI-AN,  71.  The  student  of  a  college 
who  pronounces  the  salutatory  oration  at  the  annual 
commencement. 

SA-LU'TA-TO-RI-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  salutation. 

S.'V-LU'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Greeting;  containing  saluta- 
tions ;  an  epithet  applied  to  the  oration  which  intro- 
duces the  exercises  of  the  commencements  in  Amer- 
ican colleges. 

SA-LuTE',  V.  t.  [L.  salato  ;  It.  salutare  ;  Sp.  saludar ; 
Fr.  sahterf  from  L.  salus,  or  salvus.] 

1.  To  greet ;  to  hail ;  to  address  with  expressions 
of  kind  wishes. 

If  ye  salute  yoar  brethren  only,  wliat  do  ye  more  than  olhcre  f 
—  M.m.  V. 

2.  To  please;  to  gratify.    [Unusual.]  Sliak. 

3.  To  kiss. 

4.  Ill  military  and  naval  affairs,  to  honor  some  per- 
son or  nation  by  a  discharge  of  cannon  or  small  arms, 
by  striking  colors,  by  shouts,  &c. 

SA-LuTE',  71.  The  act  of  expressing  kind  wishes  or 
res[)ect ;  salutation  ;  greeting.       South.  .Addison. 

2.  A  kiss.  Roscommon. 

3.  In  inilitary  affairs,  a  discharge  of  cannon  or  small 
arms  in  honor  of  some  distinguished  personage.  A 
salute  is  sometimes  pfiforined  by  lowering  the  colors 
or  beating  the  drums.  The  otiicers  also  salute  each 
other  by  bowing  their  half  pikes  or  dropping  their 
swords.  Encyc. 

4.  In  the  navy,  a  testimony  of  respect  or  deference 
to  the  rank  of  a  person,  or  on  the  anniversary  of 
some  festival ;  rendered  also  by  the  vessels  of  one 
nation  to  those  of  another,  or  to  foreign  ports.  This 
is  performed  by  a  discharge  of  cannon,  volleys  of 
small  arms,  striking  the  colors  or  top-.sails,  or  by 
shouts  of  the  seamen  mounted  on  the  masts  or  rig- 
ging. Totten.  Encyc. 

SA-LOT'ED,  pp.    Hailed  ;  greeted. 
SA-LuT'ER,  7i.    One  who  salutes. 
SAL-IfT'r'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  salutifer ;  salus,  hcailh, 
and  fmi,  to  brins.] 

Bringing  health  ;  healthy  ;  as,  salutifcrous  air. 

Dennis, 

SAL-VA-BIL'I-TY,  ti.  [from  salvable.]  The  possi- 
bility of  being  saved  or  admitted  to  everlasting  life. 

Saunderson. 

SAL'VA-BLE,  a.    [L.  salvus,  safe  ;  salvo,  to  save.] 
That  may  be  saved,  or  received  to  everlasting  hap- 
piness ;  admitting  of  salvation  ;  as,  a  salvable  state. 

SAL'VA-BLE-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  salvable. 

SAL' VA-HLY,  adv.    In  a  salvable  manner. 

SAL'VAGE,  71.  [Fr.  salvage,  sauvage,  from  L.  salvus, 
salvo.] 

In  commerce,  a  reward  or  recompense  allowed  by 
law  for  the  saving  of  a  ship  or  goods  from  loss  at 
sea,  either  by  shipwreck,  fire,  &c.,  or  by  enemies  or 
pirrites.  Park. 
SAL'VA6E.  for  Savaoe,  is  not  used.  [See  Savaoe.] 
SAL-VA'TION,  71.  [It.  salvaiione  i  Sp.  salvacion  ;  from 
^.  salra,  to  save.] 

1.  The  act  of  saving ;  preservation  from  destruc- 
tion, danger,  or  great  calamity, 

2.  Jliipruprialclij,  in  (Arofu^i/,  the  redemption  of  man 
from  the  bondage  of  sin  and  liability  lo  eternal  death, 
and  the  conferring  on  him  everlasting  happiness. 
This  is  the  great  salvation. 

Godly  sorrow  worketti  rr  pentancc  to  talvadon,  —2  Cor.  Til. 

3.  Deliverance  from  enemies  J  victory.    JEx.  xiv. 


4.  Remission  of  sins,  or  saving  graces.    Luke  xix. 

5.  The  Author  of  man's  salvation.  Ps.  xxvii. 
C.  A  term  of  praise  or  benediction.    Rev.  xix. 

SAL'VA-TO-RY,  71.    [Fr.  salvatoire.] 

A  place  where  things  are  preserved  ;  a  repositorv. 

Hate.' 

SALVE,  (sav,)  71.    [Sax.  sealfe ;  from  L.  salvus.] 

1.  An  adhesive  composition  or  substance  to  be  ap- 
plied to  wounds  or  sores;  when  spread  on  leather 
or  cloth,  it  is  called  a  Plaster. 

2.  Help  ;  remedy.  Hammond. 
SXLVE,  (siiv,)  V.  t.    To  heal  by  applications  or  mud 

icainents.    [Little  used.]  Spenser.  Hooker. 

2.  To  help  ;  to  remetfy.    [Little  used.]  Sidney. 

3.  To  help  or  remedy  by  a  salvo,  excuse,  or  res- 
ervation.   [Little  used.]  Hooker,  Bacon, 

4.  To  salute.    [JVof  in  use.]  Spejiser. 
S.\L'VER,  71.    A  piece  of  plate  with  a  foot ;  or  a 

waiter  on  which  any  thing  is  presented. 

.Addison,  Pope. 
SAL-VIF'ie,  a.    [L.  salvus  nndfacio.] 

Tending  to  save  or  secure  safety.  [.4  bad  word, 
and  not  used.]  Ck.  Rclig.  Jlppeal, 

SAL'VO,  71.    [from  the  L.  salvo  jure,  an  expression 
used  in  reserving  rights.] 
An  exception  ;  reservation ;  an  excuse. 
They  admit  many  salvos,  cautious,  aud  reservations. 

K.  Charles. 

2.  A  military  or  naval  salute. 
SAL  yO-LAT'I-LE,  [L.]    Volatile  salt.    [See  Vol- 
atile.] 

SAL'VO  PU-DO'RE,  [L.]  Without  ofl[ending  mod- 
esty. 

SJIL'VO  SEJV'SCr,  [L.]    Preserving  the  sense. 

SAL'VOR,  71.    One  wlio  saves  a  ship  or  goods  at  sea. 

Wheaton's  Rep. 

S.\-Ma'RA,  71.  [L.]  An  indehiscent,  superior  fruit, 
containing  two  or  more  few-seeded,  indehiscent,  dry 
cells,  and  elongated  into  wing-like  expansions  ;  as 
in  the  ash,  maple,  and  elm.  Lindley. 

SA-MAR'I-TAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Samaria,  the  prin- 
cipal city  of  the  ten  tribes  of  Israel,  belonging  to  the 
tribe  of  Ephraiin,  and,  after  the  captivity  of  those 
tribes,  repeopled  by  Cutliites  from  Assyria  or  Chal- 
dea. 

2.  A  term  denoting  the  ancient  characters  and 
alphabet  used  by  the  Hebrews  before  the  Babylonish 
captivity,  and  retained  by  the  Samaritans. 
SA-.MAR'I-TAN,  71.  An  inhabitant  of  Samaria,  or 
one  that  belonged  to  the  sect  which  derived  tlieir 
appellation  from  that  city.  The  Jews  had  no  deal- 
ings with  the  Samaritans. 

2.  The  language  of  Samaria,  a  dialect  of  the 
Chaldean. 

SAM'HO,  71.  The  offspring  of  a  black  person  and  a 
mulatto.  IV.  Indies. 

SAME,  a.  [Sax.  «ai7ie ;  Goth,  saina,  507110  ;  Dan.iamwe, 
same,  and  sammen,  together  ;  Sw.  samme,  same  ; 
Dan.  saniler,  forsamler,  to  collect,  to  assemble ;  Sw. 
sanita,  forsviata,  id.  ;  D.  warn,  zamcn,  together  ;  za- 
vtelen,  to  assemble ;  G.  sammeln,  id. ;  Sax.  samod,  L. 
simul,  together  ;  Sax.  savinian,  semnian,  to  assemble, 
to  sum  ;  W.  sum,  sum,  amplitude  ;  swm,  the  state  of 
being  together  ;  swmer,  that  supptu'ts  or  keeps  togeth- 
er, a  beam.  Eng.  summer,  in  building.  We  observe 
that  the  Greek  (i/ia  agrees  in  signification  with  the  L. 
simul,  and  Sax.  samod.  Sans,  sam,  together.  Shall 
we  suppose,  then,  that  s  has  passed  into  an  aspirate 
in  this  word,  as  in  salt,  Gr.  orhas  the  Greek 
word  lost  4-  ?  The  word  same  may  be  the  L.  iiiciii  or 
dem,  dialcctically  varied.    The  primary  sense  is  to 


set,  to  place,  to  put  together.    See  Ar.  j»,»s  dhamma, 

to  draw  together,  to  set  together,  to  join,  to  collect. 
Class  Sin,  No.  33,  and  .see  No.  43,  44.] 

1.  Identical ;  not  different  or  other. 

Thou  art  the  same,  and  thy  year*  shall  have  no  end.  —  Ps.  cii. 
Tlic  I.oni  Jesus,  the  same  niglil  in  which  he  was  bctrayeil  'rtolt 
bread.  —  I  Cor.  >1. 

2.  Of  the  identical  kind  or  species,  though  not  the 
specific  thing.  We  say,  the  horse  of  one  country  is 
the  sn7«c  animal  as  the  liorse  of  another  country. 
The  same  plants  and  fruits  are  produced  in  the  same 
latitudes.  We  see  in  men,  in  all  countries,  the  name 
passions  and  the  same  vices. 

Th'  oUicrea!  vigor  is  in  all  the  sav\e.  Dtyden. 

3.  That  was  mentioned  before. 

Pn  but  tiiinl(  liow  well  the  same  he  spends, 

Whu  sjirnds  hi»  blooil  his  couiiliy  lo  relieve.  riardel. 

4.  Equal  ;  exactly  similar.  One  ship  will  not  run 
the  same  distance  as  another  in  the  same  lime,  and 
with  the  same  wind.  Two  balls  of  the  same  size 
have  not  always  the  .vamc  weight  Two  instruments 
will  not  always  make  the  same  sound. 

SAiMi;,  adv.    [Sax.  sam.] 

Togetlnr.    [Obs.]  Spnser. 

SAME'NKSS,  71.  Identify  ;  the  slate  of  being  not  dif- 
ferent or  other ;  as,  the  sameness  of  an  unchangeable 
being. 

2.  The  state  of  being  perfectly  alike  ;  near  resem- 
blance ;  correspondi'iice  ;  similarity  ;  as,  a  sameness 


FATE,  PAR,  PALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK — 


SAN 


SAN 


SAN 


of  manner  ;  n  sameness  of  sound  ;  the  sameness  of 

objects  in  a  landscape. 
SA'MI-AN  EAKTII.  [Gr.  Simios,  the  isle.]  The  name 

of  a  marl  of  two  species,  formerly  used  in  medicine 

as  an  astringent. 
S.\'MI-.\i\  STONE,  n.    A  sort  of  piiiishiriR  stone 

from  the  Island  of  Samos,  used  by  goldsmiths. 


SS'MI-EI,, 


samom.  The  Ar. 


sahatna,  signifies  to  be  thin,  or  to  become  thin  or 
pale,  and  to  suffer  the  heal  cf  the  simoom,  and 


samma,  signifies  to  poison.    This  word  signi- 


fies, probably,  that  which  is  deleterious  or  destruc- 
tive.] 

A  hot  and  destructive  wind  that  sometimes  blows 
in  Arabia  and  the  adjacent  countries,  from  the 
desert. 

SA'iMrTE,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  A  species  of  silk  stutT. 
[Oli.i.]  CImiiccr. 

SA.M'I.ET,  «.    A  little  salmon.  Walton. 

SAMP,  H.  A  species  of  food  composed  of  maiz.e 
broken  or  bruised,  boiled,  and  eaten  with  milk ;  a 
dish  borrowed  from  the  natives  of  America. 

JVew  England. 

SAM'PAN,  n.  A  Chinese  boat  from  12  to  15  feet  long, 
in  which  a  Chinese  family  lives  on  the  Canton 
River,  where  there  are  said  to  be  40,000  such  boats. 

Smart. 

SAM'PIIIUE,  (sam'fire,)  71.  [Said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  SaM  Pifrrc] 

An  herb  of  the  genus  Crilhnuim.  The  golden 
samphire  is  of  the  genus  Inula.        Fam.  of  PlitnU. 

>?anipliire  grows  on  rocks  near  the  sea-shore,  where 
it  is  washed  by  the  salt  water.  It  is  used  for  pick- 
ling^ Miller. 

In  titc  United  Stales,  this  name  is  appli(^d  to  fali- 
cornia  hcrbacea,  which  is  called  i;lass-wort  in  Eng- 
land. 

SAM'PLE,  n.  [L  ezemplum;  Sp.  and  Port,  exemplo  ; 
ll.  esempio  ;  Fr.  exrmple  ;  Arm.  c^iewpt ;  Ir.  sumptar, 
samhlachas,  from  sam/iail,  similar.] 

1.  A  specimen  ;  a  |>art  »f  any  thing  presented  for 
inspection  or  intended  to  be  shown,  as  evidence  of 
the  (piality  of  the  whole  ;  as,  a  sample  of  cloth  or  of 
wiieat.  Uoods  are  often  purchased  in  market  by 
samples. 

1  dviiigii  Uiis  lis  a  satnpte  of  what  1  hope  more  fully  to  discuBa. 

Wooilioard. 

2.  Example  ;  instance.  .Addison, 
SAM'PLE,  V.  t.   To  show  something  similar. 

.y^in^noorth. 

SAM'PLER,  n.    [L.  exemplar,  supra.] 

A  pattern  of  work  ;  a  specimen  ;  particularly,  a 
piece  of  n(!edle-work  by  young  girls  for  improvement. 

Sltak.  Pope. 

SAM'SO.\'S-Pc5ST,  n.  In  ships,  a  strong  post  resting 
on  the  keelson,  and  supporting  a  beam  of  the  deck 
over  the  hold  ;  also,  a  temporary  or  nuivable  pillar 
carrying  a  leading  block  or  pulley  for  various  pur- 
poses. Brande, 

Ian;a:!1"e'nI^s,  i         ''"'"s  <="^--""«- 

SAN'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  sanabilis,  from  sanOy  to  heal  ; 
saniis,  sound.    See  Sound.] 

That  may  be  healed  or  cured  ;  susceptible  of  rem- 
edv.  More. 
SA-NA'TIOJf,  n.    [L.  sanatio,  from  sano,  to  heal.] 
The  act  of  healmg  or  curing.    [.Vot  used.j 

Wiseman. 

SAN'A-TIVE,  a.    [L.  sano,  to  heal.] 

Having  the  power  to  cure  or  heal ;  healing  ;  tend- 
ing to  heal.  Bacon. 

SA.N'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.   The  power  of  healing. 

SAN'A-TO-RY,  a.  Healing. 

2.  Tending  or  adapted  to  guard  public  healtli. 
Sanitary  is  more  common. 

SjJJV  BFJf-PTO,  n.  A  robe  painted  with  hideous 
figures,  worn  by  persons  condemned  by  the  Inquisi- 
tion. 

SANCE'-BEEL,    )  n.    The  same  as  Saint's-beu,, 
SANCTE'-liELL,  (     which  see.     Oloss.  ofArchiu 
SANC'Tl-Fl-eATE,  r.  U    To  sanctify.    [Ao(  in  use.] 

Barrotc. 

SAiNC-TI-FI-eA'TION,n.  [Fr.,from  Low  L.  satutifi- 
catio,  from  sanctitico.    See  Sanctiky.] 

1.  The  act  of^  making  holy.  In  an  eranireUcal 
sense,  the  act  of  God's  grace  by  which  the  affections 
of  men  are  purified  or  alienated  from  sin  and  the 
world,  and  exalted  to  a  supreme  love  to  God  ;  also, 
the  state  of  being  thus  purified  or  sanctified. 

Go*I  hiiUi  from  the  br»inninff  cho»en  you  to  Balratien,  through 
sanc^ication  of  Uie  i$pirit  and  belief  of  Ibe  tniUi.  —  2  Thcu. 
li.    1  Pel.  i. 

2.  The  act  of  consecrating  or  of  setting  apart  for 
a  sacred  piirimse  ;  consecration.  Slitliinrjlret. 

8ANCT1-FI-A;1),  pp.  or  a.    Made  holy  ;  consecrated; 
ict  apart  fur  sacred  services. 
2.  Affectedly  holy.  Hume. 


SANCTI-FI-ER,  ii.   He  that  sanctifies  or  makes  holy. 

In  theolniry,  the  Holy  Spirit  is,  by  way  of  eminence, 

denominated  the  Sanctifier. 
SAXe'TI-F?,  V.  t.    [Fr.  sanctljirr  ;  It.  sanlificart ;  Sp. 

saiitificar;  Low  L.  sanctifico ;  from  sanctus,  holy,  and 

facio,  to  make.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  cleanse,  purify,  or  make 
holy.  Addison. 

2.  To  separate,  set  apart,  or  appoint,  to  n  holy,  sa- 
cred, or  religious  use. 

Ood  Ok-B:i<-d  tlie  seventh  day  nnd  tancAfied  [t. — Gen.  ii. 

So  iindi'r  the  Jewish  dispensation,  to  sanctify  the 
altar,  llie  temple,  the  priests.  Sec. 

;).  To  purify,  to  prepare  for  divine  service,  and  for 
partaking  of  holy  things.    FmU.  xix. 

4.  To  separate,  ordain,  and  appoint  to  the  work 
of  redemption  and  the  government  of  the  church. 
John  X. 

.5.  To  cleanse  from  corruption  ;  to  purify  from  sin  ; 
to  make  holy  by  detaching  the  alfertiiins  from  the 
world  anil  its  ifefilements,  nnd  exalting  them  to  a 
supreme  love  to  (!od. 

Sanctify  tli'-iii  lliruugli  tliy  triilli;  tliy  woni  ia  truth.  —  John 
IV  il.    Kpli.  V. 

6.  To  make  the  means  of  holiness  ;  to  render  pro- 
ductive of  holiness  or  piety. 

Tliose  Jiidfnneiita  of  Gml  are  tiie  more  welcome,  ai  a  meana 
whicli  hia  iinTcy  hiuh  sancl^fitd  vi  to  nie,  as  to  malte  me 
ri'iKnt  of  tli;a  uiiju.i  act.  K.  Charlf. 

7.  To  make  free  frtmi  guilt. 

Tliat  holy  man,  atnn7/"d  at  wiiat  he  saw, 

M.ulc  hiistc  to  sancbfy  tlie  tiliss  l>y  i.iw.  Dryden. 

8.  To  secure  from  violation. 

Tnith  jiinnis  III''  p^el,  tanctifiet  the  line.  Pope. 
To  sanetifij  Qod ;  to  pr.aise  and  celebrate  him  as 
a  holy  being;  to  acknowledge  and  honor  his  holy 
majesty,  and  to  reverence  his  character  and  laws, 
/so.  viii. 

Ood  sanctifies  himself,  or  his  name,  by  vindicating 
his  honor  frtun  the  reproaches  of  the  wicked,  and 
manifesting  his  glory.  Ezck.  x.xxvi. 
SANe'TI-F?-Ii\fJ,  ppr.  Making  ■  holy ;  purifying 
from  the  defilements  of  sin ;  separating  to  a  holy 
use. 

3.  a.  Tending  to  sanctify  ;  adapted  to  increase 
holiness. 

SAi\e'TI-Ft-ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
tending  to  sanctil'v  or  make  holy. 

SANe-TIL'()-UUE.\T,  a.  [L.  sanctus,  holy,  and 
loquor,  to  speak.] 

Discoursing  on  heavenly  things. 

SAN€-TI-Mo'j<'I-OUS,  a.  [L.  sanctimonia,  from  sanc- 
tus, holy.] 

Saintly  ;  having  the  appearance  of  sanctity  ;  as,  a 
sanctimoriioHs  pretense.  VE.-:tranTe. 

SAXe-TI-M(V.M orS-LY,  arfti.    With  sanctimcTnv. 

SANe-TI-.Mo'.NM  >i;S-.\ESS,  n.  Slate  of  being  sanc- 
timonious ;  sanctity,  or  the  appearanee  of  it;  de- 
voutness. 

SAi\e'TI-MO-NY,  n.    [L.  sanetimonia.] 

Holiness  ;  devoulness  ;  scrupulous  austerity  j  sanc- 
tity, or  the  appearance  of  it.    [Lillle  used.] 

Shak.  Ralegh. 
SAN'e'TIO.V,  (sank'shun,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  saactio, 
from  sanctus,  holy,  solemn,  established.] 

1.  Ratification  ;  an  official  act  of  a  superior  by 
which  he  ratifies  and  gives  validity  to  the  acf^  of 
some  other  person  or  body.  A  treaty  is  not  valid 
without  the  sanction  of  the  president  and  senate. 

2.  Authority  ;  confirmation  derived  from  testi- 
mony, chanicter,  influence,  or  custom. 

The  ttrictest  professors  of  reason  have  added  die  saneft'on  of 
tlicir  iesliiiiony.  Wallt. 

3.  A  law  or  decree.    [Improper.}  Denham. 
SANG'TION,  (sank'shun,)  v.  U   To  ratify;  to  con- 
firm ;  to  give  validity  or  authority  to.  Burke. 

SA.Ne'TH)N-f.U,  (sank'shund.)  pp.    Ratified  ;  con- 
firmed ;  aiithori/.ed. 
SA.N"e'TIO.\-l.\G,p;)r.    Ratifying;  authorizing. 
SANC'TI-TUDE,  n.    [L.  sanctus,  sanctitudo.] 

Holiness  ;  sacredness.  Milton. 
SANC'TI-TY,  n.    [L.  sanctitas.] 

1.  Holiness ;  state  of  being  sacred  or  holy.  God 
attributes  no  sanctity  to  place.  MiUon. 

2.  Goodness  ;  purity ;  godliness  ;  as,  the  sanctity 
of  love  ;  sanctity  of  manners.        Shak.  Mdison. 

3.  Sacredness  ;  solemnity  ;  as,  the  sanctity  of  an 
oath. 

4.  A  saint  or  holy  being. 

About  hiin  all  the  MncliiUt  of  iieaven.    [t^nusua^.]  Milton. 

SANX'TU-A-RIZE,  r.  (.  [from  sanctuori/.]  To  shel- 
ter by  means  of  a  sanctuary  or  sacred  privileges. 

Shak. 

[A  had  tcord,  and  not  used.] 
SANCTU-A-RY,  (sankl'yu-a  re,)  ji.    [Fr.  saneluaire  ; 
It.  and  Sp.  sontuariu  ;  L.  sanctuarium,  from  sanctus, 
sacretl.] 

1.  A  sacred  place ;  particularly,  among  tAe  r.traeliles, 
the  most  retired  part  of  the  temple  at  Jerusalem, 
called  the  Holy  oi-  Holies,  in  which  was  kept  the 
ark  of  the  covenant,  and  into  which  no  person  was 


permitted  to  enter  except  the  high  prieitt,  nnd  that 
only  once  n  year,  to  intercede  for  the  |>eople.  The 
same  name  was  given  to  the  most  .sacred  part  of  the 
tabernacle.    Leo.  i.    1/eb.  ix. 

2.  The  temple  at  Jerusalem.    2  Chron.  xx. 

3.  A  house  consecratetl  to  the  worslii|)  of  God  ;  a 
place  where  divine  service  is  performed.    Ps.  Ixxiii. 

Hence  sanctuary  is  used  for  a  church. 

4.  In  Roman  Catholic  churchcjt,  iUwl  part  of  a  church 
where  the  altar  is  placed,  encompassed  with  a  bal- 
ustrade. Brande. 

5.  A  place  of  protectitm  ;  a  sacred  asylum.  Hence, 
a  sanctnary-inan  is  one  that  resorts  to  it  sanctuary  fur 
protection.  Bacon.  Shak. 

0.  Shelter  ;  protection. 

Some  relics  of  painting  took  tancluary  under  ground.  Dryd*n. 
Sj}JV€'TUM  S.^jVt'-TO'RUM,  [L.]  Most  holy  place. 
SAiNI),  n.     [Sax.  sand;  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  sand;  D. 
Zand.  ] 

1.  Any  mass  or  collection  of  fine  particles  of  stone, 
particularly  of  fine  particles  of  silicious  stone,  but 
not  strictly  reduced  to  powder  or  dust. 

That  filler  iiiattcr,  called  Hand,  is  no  other  than  very  small  peb- 
bles. Woodtaara. 

2.  Sands  ;  in  the  plural,  tracts  of  land  consisting  of 
sand,  like  the  deserts  of  Arabia  and  Africa  ;  as,  the 
Libyan  .vonrfv.  Milton. 

SAND,  r.  (.    To  sprinkle  with  sand.    It  is  customary 
among  the  common  people,  in  America,  to  sand  their 
floors  with  white  sand. 
2.  To  drive  upon  the  sand.  Burton. 

SAN'DAL,  n.  [Fr.  sandule;  It.  sandalo  ;  Sp.  sandalia  ; 
L.  sandalium  ;  Gr.  <Tiii(!aXiui'.  Qu.  Syr.  l^j  san,  to 
shooU    Class  Rn,  No.  9.]  VT^ 

1.  A  kind  of  shoe,  consisting  of  a  sole  fastened 
to  the  foot.  The  Greek  and  Konian  ladies  wore 
sandals  of  a  rich  stuif,  ornamented  wilh  gold  or 
silver.  J'ope.  Encyc. 

2.  A  shoe  or  slipper  worn  by  the  pope  and  other 
Roman  Catholic  prelates  when  they  otiiciate.  A 
like  sandal  is  worn  by  several  congregations  of  monks. 

Eticyc. 

5  ,3 

SAN'DAL, 
SAN'DAI^WOOD, 


j   n.      [Ar.   ^ilji^   sonadilin  ; 


Pcrs.  jondoL] 


The  wood  of  the  Santaluin  album,  which  is  a  low 
tree,  having  a  general  resemblance  to  Ilie  Privet  or 
Prim.  When  the  sandal-tree  becomes  old,  the 
harder  central  wood  actjuires  a  yellow  color  and 
great  fragrance,  while  the  softer  exterior  wood  re- 
mains white  and  destitute  of  fragrance.  The 
former  is  what  is  called  yellow  sandal  wood,  and  the 
latter  irhite  sandat-icood.  It  is  the  yellow  wood 
only  which  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  perfume,  and 
which  is  considered  so  valuable  for  musical  instru- 
ments, boxes,  cabinets,  &c.  This  artirle  grows 
chiefly  on  the  coast  of  Malabar  and  in  the  Indian 
Archipelago.    [See  also  Sanders.] 

S.\N'DAL-KD,  a.    Wearing  sandals. 

S.\N'DAL-I-FOK.M,  a.  Shaped  like  a  sandal  or 
slipper. 

SAN'D.\-RAC,     )       rj         .  ,  V  • 

SAN'DA-R.VCH,  \  "•  >:andaraca ;  Ar.  ^ ^j^t^ 
sandros.] 

1.  A  resin  in  white  tears,  more  transparent  than 
those  of  mastic.  There  is  reason  to  think  that  the 
produce  of  ditfereiit  plants  takes  this  name  when  it 
has  the  same  external  characters;  but  what  may 
more  properly  be  called  sandarach  is  believctl  to 
be  the  produce  of  Callitris  qiiadrivalvis  of  Roxburgh, 
and  I'hyia  articnlata  of  Vahl.  It  is  used  in  |H>wder, 
and  mingled  with  a  little  chalk,  to  prevent  ink  from 
sinking  or  spreading  on  paper.  'I'liis  is  the  sub- 
stance denoted  by  the  .Arabic  n'ord,  and  it  is  also 
called  Varnish,  aji  it  enters  into  the  preparations  of 
varnish. 

2.  The  combination  of  arsenic  and  sulphur,  called 
Realgar,  which  is  the  protosiilphiiret  of  arsenic. 

SAXD'-Ii.\G,  n.  A  bag  filled  with  sand  or  earth, 
used  in  fortification. 

SA.ND'-IiATH,  n.  .\  bath  made  by  warm  or  hot  sand, 
with  which  something  is  enveloped. 

S.\ND'-H1.T.\'I),  a.  Having  a  defect  of  sight,  by 
means  of  which  small  particles  appear  to  fly  be- 
fore the  eyes.  Shnk. 

SA.N'D'-BOX,  n.  A  boi  with  a  perforated  top  or 
cover,  for  sprinkling  paper  with  sand. 

2.  An  evergreen  South  .American  tree  of  the  genus 
Hura.  It  is  said  lliat  the  pericarp  of  the  fruit  will 
burst,  when  ripe,  with  a  loud  report,  and  throw  the 
seeds  to  a  distance.  Loudon. 

SAND'-DRIFT,  n.    Drifting  sand. 

SAND'ED,  pp.  Sprinkled  with  sand  ;  a.s,  a  sanJed 
floor. 

2.  a.    Covered  with  sand  ;  barren.  .Mortimer. 

3.  .Marked  with  small  spots  ;  variegated  with 
spots  ;  speckled  ;  of  a  sandy  color,  as  a  houud. 

Shak. 

4.  Short-sighted.  Shak. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  qXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  C:  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


SAN 

SAND'-EEL,  71.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Ainmoilytt-s, 
l)t;lon£ing  to  the  eel  family.  Its  head  is  eloiiL'ated, 
the  upper  jaw  larger  than  the  under  one,  the  body 
cylindrical,  with  scales  hardly  perceptible,  and  the 
tail  deeply  forked.  1;  usually  buries  itself  in  the 
moist  sand  after  the  retiring  of  the  tide.  Two  spe- 
cies of  sand-eel  are  now  recognized,  the  larger  usu- 
ally measuring  from  ten  to  fifteen  inches,  the  smaller 
scarcely  ever  exceeding  seven  or  eight  inches. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

SAN-DE-i\lA'NI-AN,  n.  A  follower  of  Robert  Sande- 
nian,  who  held  to  Antinomian  principles.  The  real 
founder  of  the  sect  was  John  Glass,  whose  adherents 
are  called  Glassites. 

SA.\1)'ER-LING,  71.  A  small  wading  bird,  allied  to 
the  dotterel  and  to  the  sandpiper ;  Arenaria  calidris 
of  Meyer.  Jardine. 

SAND'ERS,  n.  The  red  sanders  wood,  sometimes 
called  red  sandal  wood,  is  the  produce  of  a  lofty  tree, 
the  Pterocarpus  Santalinus,  a  native  of  India.  This 
wood  has  a  bright  garnet-red  color,  and  is  used  for 
its  coloring  matter.  P.  Cijc, 

S.\iN"DE-VER,  )  71.  [Tr.sain  de  verre,  or  saint  de  verre, 

SAN'Dl-VER,  (     dross  or  recrement  of  glass.] 

Glass-gall;  a  whitish  salt  which  is  cast  up  from 
the  materials  of  glass  in  fusion,  and,  floating  on  the 
top,  is  skimmed  off.  It  is  used  by  gilders  of  iron, 
and  in  the  fusion  of  several  ores.  It  is  said  to  be 
good  for  cleansing  the  skin,  and,  taken  internally,  is 
detergent.  Eiicyc. 

SAN'D'-FLOOD,  t!.  A  vast  body  of  sand  moving  or 
borne  along  the  deserts  of  Arabia.  Bruce. 

S.'VND'-He.XT,  Ti.  The  heat  of  warm  sand  in  chemi- 
cal operations. 

SAND'I-NESS,  n.    [from  sandy.]    The  state  of  being 
sandy  ;  as,  the  sandiness  of  a  road. 
2.  The  state  of  being  of  a  sandy  color. 

SAND'ING,  ppr.    Sprinkling  or  covering  with  saTid. 
•  SAND'ISH,  a.    [from  sa7i(y.]    Approaching  the  nature 
of  sand  ;  loose  ;  not  compact.  Evd'jn. 

SAND'IX,  71.  A  kind  of  minium  or  red  lead,  made  of 
ceruse,  but  inferior  to  Ike  true  minium.  Encyc. 

S.VND'Pa-PER,  71.  Paper  covered  on  one  side  with  a 
fine  grhty  substance,  for  smoothing  and  polishin;;. 

SANDTI-PER,  71.  A  name  common  to  several  species 
of  wading  birds  of  the  woodcock  and  snipe  family, 
belonging  to  the  genera  Totanus  and  Tringa. 

Jardine. 

SAND'SToNE,  n.  [sand  and  stone.]  Sandstone  is, 
in  most  cases,  composed  chiefly  of  grains  of  quartz 
united  by  a  cement,  calcareous,  marly,  argillaceous, 
or  even  silicious.  The  texture  of  some  kinds  is 
loose,  of  others  close ;  the  fracture  is  granular  or 
earthy.  Cleavcland. 

Sandstones  usually  consist  of  the  materials  of 
older  rocks,  as  granite,  broken  up  and  comminuted, 
and  afterward  deposited  again.  Olmsted. 

SAND'VVICII,  71.  Two  pieces  of  bread  and  butter, 
with  a  thin  slice  of  ham  or  other  salt  meat  between 
them  ;  said  to  have  been  a  favorite  dish  of  the  Earl 
of  Sandwich.  Orose. 

SAND'VVORT,  (-wurt,)  n.  A  small  plant  of  the 
genus  Arenaria.  Loudon, 

SAND'Y,  a.    [Sax.  sandier.] 

1.  Abounding  with  sand  ;  full  of  sand  ;  covered 
or  sprinkled  with  sand  ;  as,  a  sandy  desert  or  plain  ; 
a  sandy  road  or  soil. 

2.  Consisting  of  sand ;  not  firm  or  solid  ;  as,  a 
sandy  foundation. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  sand  ;  of  a  yellowish-red  color  ; 
a«,  sandy  hair. 

SANE,  a.  [Ij.  sanus,  Eng.  sound;  D.  ffezond ;  G.  tre- 
sand.  This  is  the  Eng.  sound,  Sax.  sund.  See 
Sound.] 

1.  Sound;  not  disordered  or  shattered;  healthy; 
as,  a  sane  body. 

2.  Sound  ;  not  disordered  ;  having  the  regular  ex- 
ercise of  reason  and  other  faculties  of  the  mind  ;  as, 
a  sane  pi-rson  ;  a  person  of  a  sane  mind. 

SANE'NESS,  n.    State  of  being  sane  or  of  sound 

mind. 
SANG,  prrt.  of  Sino. 

SAN"GA-KEE',  n.  Wine  and  water  sweetened  and 
spiced. 

SA^^n  FROID,  (silng-frwil,)  71.    [Fr.,  cold  blood.] 

Coolness ;  freedom  from  agitation  or  excitement  of 

mind. 
9.  Indifference. 
SAN'Gl-AC,  71.    A  Turkish  governor  of  a  sangiacatc, 

or  district  forming  part  of  a  pashawlic.  Brande. 
SAN'Cf-.\-€ATE,  71.    A  division  of  a  Turkish  pa- 

Khawlic.  Brande. 
8AN"Gi;iE'ER-OUS,  («ane-gwircr-iis,)  a.    [L.  san- 

ffuifer  ;  sanirai.t,  blood,  and  fero,  to  carry.] 

Conveying  blood.     'I'he  .sanguiferous  vessels  are 

the  artencH  and  veins. 
BA.\"(;c;i  Kl  CA'TION,  71.    [Fr.;  from  L.  sanguis, 

blood,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

In  the  animal  economy,  the  production  of  blood  ; 

the  cnnvernioii  of  chyle  into  blood.  Jirbnihnot. 
fiAN"'(ilII-KI-ER,  71.  A  producer  of  blond.  Flover. 
8AN"GUIF'LU-OU8,  a.   [L.  languis,  blood,  and  fluo, 

to  llow.J 

Floating  or  ninnini;  with  blood. 


SAN 

SAN"GUI-FY,  (sang'gwe-n,  i  v.  i.    To  produce  blood. 
SAN"GUI-FV-ING,  ppr.    Producing  blood. 
SAN"GUIN-A-RI-LY,  adv.    In  a  bloodthirsty  man- 
ner. 

SAN"GUIN-A-RY,  (sang'gwin-a-rc,)  a.  [Fr.  sangui- 
naire  ;  L.  sanguinarius,  from  sanrruis,  blood.] 

1.  Bloody  ;  attended  with  much  bloodshed  ;  mur- 
derous ;  as,  a  sanguinary  war,  contest,  or  battle. 

2.  Bloodthirsty  ;  cruel ;  eager  to  shed  blood. 

Passion  —  makes  us  brutal  and  eanguiruiri/.  Broome. 

SAN"GUIN-A-RY,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sangui- 
naria  ;  bloodwort.  .dslu 

SAN;'GUINE,  (sang'gwin,)  o.  [Fr.  sanguin  ;  L.  san- 
guineus, from  sanguis,  blood.] 

1.  Red  ;  having  the  color  of  blood  ;  as,  a  sanguine 
color  or  countenance.  Dryden.  Milton. 

2.  Abounding  with  blood  ;  plethoric ;  as,  a  saii- 
^iTie  habit  of  body.  [Technical.] 

3.  Warm  ;  ardent ;  as,  a  sanguine  temper. 

4.  Confident.  He  is  sanguine  in  his  expectations 
of  success. 

SAN"GUINE,  71.    Blood  color.    [JVo(  in  use.] 

Spenser, 

SAN"GUINE,  V,  t.    To  stain  with  blood.    [But  En- 
sanguine is  generally  used.] 
9.  To  stain  or  varnish  with  a  blood  color. 
SAN"GUINE-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  blood  ;  pale. 

[A  bad  word,  and  little  used.] 
SAN"GUINE-LY,  (sang'gwin-le,)  ado.  Ardently; 

with  confidence  of  success.  Chesterfield. 
SAN"GU1NE-NESS,  71.    Redness;  color  of  blood  in 
the  skin  ;  as,  sanguincness  of  countenance. 

9.  Fullness  of  blood;  plethory;  as,  sanguincness 
of  habit. 

3.  Ardor;  heat  of  temper  ;  confidence. 

Decay  of  Piety, 
SAN"GUIN'E-OUS,  a.    [L.  sanguineus.] 

1.  Abounding  with  blood  ;  plethoric.  Jlrbuthnot, 
9.  Constituting  blood.  Brown. 

SAN"GUIN'I-TY,  for  Sanguinehess,  is  not  in  use. 

Swift. 

SAN"GUIN-IV'OR-OUS,  a,  [L.  sanguis,  blood,  and 
voro,  to  eat.] 

Eating  or  subsisting  on  blood. 

SAN-GUIN'O-LENT,  a.  Bloody. 

SAN"GUI-SUGE,  71.    [L.  sanguisuga  ;  sanguis,  blood, 
and  sugo,  to  suck.] 
The  blood-sucker  ;  a  leech,  or  horse-leech.  Encyc. 

SAN'HE-URIM,  71.  [Low  L.  synedrium  ;  Gr.  avuedpi- 
ov  ;  oiH',  with,  together,  and  iipa,  seat.] 

The  great  council  of  the  Jews,  which  consisted  of 
seventy-one  or  seventy-two  members,  and  decided 
the  most  important  causes,  both  ecclesiastical  and 
civil.  P,  Cyc. 

SAN'I-CLE,  71.    [from  L.  sano,  to  heal.] 

Self-heal  ;  the  popular  name  of  several  species  of 
the  genus  Sanicula  ;  aiK'  it  is  said  also  of  some  spe- 
cies of  Saxifraga  and  Certora.  It  has  likewise  the 
popular  name  Herchera  Americana,  in  some  parts 
of  the  United  States.  The  American  Bastard  Sani- 
cle  is  a  species  of  Mitella. 

Sa'NI-kS,  71.  [L.]  A  thin,  reddish  discharge  from 
wounds  or  sores  ;  a  serous  matter,  less  thick  and 
white  than  pus,  and  having  a  slight  tinge  of  red. 

SA'NI-OIJS,  a.  [from  sanies.]  Pertaining  to  sanies, 
or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  appearance  ;  thin  and 
serous,  with  a  slight  bloody  tinge ;  as,  the  sanious 
matter  of  an  nicer. 

2.  Excreting  or  effusing  a  thin,  serous,  reddish 
matter  ;  as,  a  sanious  ulcer.  Wiseman, 

SAN'I-TA-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  designed  to  secure 

health  ;  as,  sanitary  regulations. 
SAN'I-TY,  71.    [L.  sanitas.    See  Sane.] 

Soundness  ;  ]iarticiilarly,  a  sound  state  of  mind  ; 
the  state  of  a  mind  in  the  perfect  exercise  of  reason. 

Sftak, 

SAN'JAK,  71.    See  Sangiac. 
SANK,  pret.  of  Sink,  but  nearly  obsolete. 
SAN'NAH,  11.    The  name  of  certain  kinds  of  India 
muslin. 

Sj^JVS,  prep.    [Fr.]    Without.  Shak, 
SAN'SCRIT,  71.    Accoriling  to  H.  T.  Colebrooke,  San- 
scrit signifies  the  polished  dialect.    It  is  sometimes 
written  Shanscrit,  and  in  other  ways,   .dsiat.  Res. 
7,  200.] 

The  ancient  language  of  Ilindoostan,  from  which 
are  formed  all  the  modern  languages  or  dialects  of 
the  great  peninsula  of  India.  It  is  the  language  of 
the  ilramins,  and  in  this  are  written  the  ancient 
books  of  the  country  ;  but  it  is  now  obsolete.  It  is 
from  the  same  stock  as  the  ancient  Persic,  Greek, 
and  Latin,  and  all  the  present  languages  of  Europe. 

SA^rs  €U-I.OTTF.S',  fsUng  ku-lot',)  [Fr.,  without 
breeches.]  Ragged  fellows  ;  n  name  of  reproach 
given  in  the  first  French  revolution  to  the  extreme 
republican  party. 

SANS  CO'LOT-TISM,  n.  Extreme  republican  prin- 
ciples. 

SAJfS  sat/  CP,  (s'.lng-soo-see',)  [Fr.]  Without  care  ; 
free  and  easy. 

SAN'TA  LIN,  71.  The  coloring  matter  of  red  Banders 
wood,  obtained  by  digesting  the  ratpcd  wood  in  al- 
cohol, and  adding  water.  Brandt. 


SAP 

SAN'TER.    See  Saunter.  ' 

SAN'TON,  71.    A  Turkish  priest ;  a  kind  of  dervis, 

.  regarded  by  the  vulgar  as  a  saint.  Herbert. 

SAN'TO-NIN,  71.  A  proximate  vegetable  principle 
obtained  from  the  seed  of  the  Artemisia  santonica, 
or  southernwood,  white,  crystallizablo,  and  bitterish. 

P.  Cyc. 

SAP,  71.  [Sax.  saj) ;  D.  lap  ;  G.  safl ;  Sw.  .«a^,  safce ; 
Dan.  saft,  save;  Fr.  seve;  Arm.  sabr;  probably  from 

softness  or  flowing.    Qu.  Pers.  labah,  b.  flow- 

ing.] --^ 

1.  The  juice  of  plants  of  any  kind.  The  ascending 
sap  flows  ill  the  vessels  of  the  alburnum  or  sap-wood, 
and  is  colorless,  while  the  descending  sap  flows  in 
the  vessels  of  the  liber  or  inner  bark,  and  is  often 
colored.  This  remark,  however,  is  applicable  to  ex- 
ogenous plants  only.  From  the  sap  of  a  species  of 
maple  is  made  sugar  of  a  good  quality  by  evapora- 
tion. 

2.  The  alburnum  of  a  tree;  the  exterior  part  of 
the  wood,  next  to  the  bark. 

[ji  sense  in  general  u^e  in  JVew  England.  ] 
SAP,  V,  t.     [Fr.  super;  It.  zappare;  Arm.  sappa ;  It. 
lappa,  a  spade  ;  zappone,  a  mattock.    The  primary 
sense  is,  probably,  to  dig  or  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  undermine  ;  to  subvert  by  digging  or  wear- 
ing away  ;  to  mine. 

Their  dwelling  were  sapped  by  floods.  Dryrlen. 
9.  To  undermine  ;  to  subvert  by  removing  the 
foundation  of.  Discontent  saps  the  foundation  of 
happiness.  Intrigue  and  corruption  sap  the  constitu- 
tion of  a  free  government. 
SAP,  V,  i.  To  proceed  by  mining,  or  by  secretly  un- 
dermining. 

Both  assaults  are  carried  on  by  sapping.  Taller. 
SAP,  71.    In  sieges,  a  trench  for  undermining  ;  or  an 
approach  made  to  a  fortified  place  by  digging  under 
cover  of  gabions,  &c.    The  single  sap  h.asonly  a  sin- 
gle parapet ;  the  double  has  one  on  each  side,  and 
the  flying  is  made  with  gabions,  4cc.    In  all  saps, 
traverses  are  left  to  cover  the  men.  Encyc. 
SAP'.^-JOU,  /  71.    The  sapajous  form  a  division  of  the 
SAP'A-JO,    j     monkey  family,  including  such  of  the 
monkeys  of  America  as  have  prehensile  tails. 

P.  Cyc. 

SA-PAN'-WOOD,  71.  A  dye-wood  yielded  by  a  spe- 
cies of  Cffisalpinia,  a  thorny  tree  of  Southern  Asia 
and  the  neigiiboring  islands.  It  resembles  Brazil 
wood  in  color  and  properties.  P.  Cyc. 

SAP'-eOL'OR,  (-kiil'lur,)  11.  An  expressed  vegetable 
juice  inspissated  by  slow  evaporation,  for  the  use  of 
painters,  as  sap-green,  &c.  Parke, 
SiiP'-GREEN,  11.  A  light-green  pigment  prepared 
from  the  juice  of  the  ripe  berries  of  the  Rhainnus 
catharticus  or  buckthorn.  Francis, 
SAP'tD,  a.    [L.  sapidus,  from  sapio,  to  taste.] 

Tasteful  ;  tastable  ;  having  the  power  of  affecting 
the  organs  of  taste  ;  as,  sapid  water. 

Brown.  Arbuthnot. 
SA-PID'I-TY,   )  71.    Taste  ;  tastefulness  ;  savor  ;  the 
SAP'ID  NESS,  (     quality  of  affecting  the  organs  of 

taste  ;  as,  the  sapidness  of  water  or  fruit.  Boyle. 
SA'PI-ENCE,  11.    IFr.,  from  L.  sapieiKia, from  sapio,\o 
taste,  to  know.] 
Wisdom  ;  sageness ;  knowledge. 

Slill  luts  gnilitude  and  sapience 
To  spare  the  folks  that  give  hhii  ha'iience.  Swi/t. 

Sa'PI-ENT,  a.    Wise  ;  sage  ;  discerning. 

There  the  sajiient  king:  l»eld  dalliance.  Milton. 
SA-PI-EN'TIAL,  {-shal,)a.    Affording  wisdom  or  in- 
structions for  wisdom.    [JV«{  much  used.] 

Bp.  Richardson. 
Sa'PI-ENT-LY,  adv.    Wisely  ;  sagaciously. 
S.AP'LESS,  a.    [from  sap,]    Destitute  of  sap;  as,  n 
sapless  tree  or  branch.  Stcift,  Shak, 

2.  Dry  ;  old  ;  husky  ;  as,  a  sapless  usurer. 

Dryden, 

SAP'LING,  71.    [from  sap.]   A  young  tree. 

Nurse  the  saplings  tall.  Milton. 
SAP-0-DIL'L,\,  )  71.  In  JiifaiiT/,  the  distinctive  term 
ZAP-O-TIL'LA,  i  for  one  of  the  two  varieties  of 
Sapota  Achras,  (Miller.)  Also,  the  popular  name  of 
the  same  variety  ;  but  it  is  likewise  applied,  by 
many,  to  both  varieties.  Sapota  Achras  is  a  largi', 
tall,  and  straight  tree,  without  branches  for  more 
than  sixty  or  seventy  feet.  It  belongs  to  tile  natural 
order  Sapotaceo!,  (Lindley,)  and  is  n  native  of  Me- 
ridional America.  Its  bark  is  used  in  medicine  as 
an  astringent. 

Sapodilla  plum;  the  fruit  of  Sapota  Achras,  which 
is  variable  in  size  and  form,  being  globoscj  oval,  or 
ovate,  and  about  the  size  of  an  ordinary  quince.  Its 
rind  is  rough,  brittle,  and  of  a  dull-brown  color;  its 
flesh  is  a  dirty  yellowish-while,  very  soft,  and  de- 
liciously  sweet.  It  is  eatable  only  wiieii  it  begins  to 
be  spotted,  and  then  it  is  inni  h  used  in  desserts. 
The  seeds  are  dark-colored  and  shining,  and  ure  used 
in  medicine  as  a  diuretic. 
SAP-O-NA'CEOUS,  o.    [from  L.  .«apo,  soap.] 

Soapy;  resembling  soap;  having  the  qualities  of 


KATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH*T.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


980 


SAR 

ijoap.  Supoiiucrou.-t  hnriies  are  compounds  of  an  acid 
nixl  a  base,  nnd  are  in  reality  a  kind  of  salt. 

SAI"<1-NA-KV,  a.  Sapunaccoiis. 

yA-PON-I-PI-eS'TION,  n.    Conversion  into  soap. 

SA-l'ON'l-FT-f.'l),  p;j    t'onverted  into  soap. 

S.-\-i'().\'I-l'V,  V.  t.  [L.  sapo,  soap,  and  facio,  to 
make.) 

'I'o  convert  into  soap.  Vre. 

S.^P'O-.MiV,  «.  A  pi  culiar  substance  from  the  root  of 
Snpnnaria  officinalis  or  suapuort.  It  is  the  cause  of 
the  lather  which  the  root  forms  with  water.  Brandc. 

SAI"0-NULF,  11.  .An  imperfect  soap  formed  by  the 
action  of  an  alkali  upon  an  essential  oil. 

S.\'l'OR,  n.  [L.]  Taste;  savor;  relish ;  llie  power 
of  aftecting  the  organs  of  taste. 

'I'ti-n-  is  kJinc  tajHtr  in  nil  ulimonls.  Brown. 

SAI'-O-IUF'ie,  (I.  [Ft.  saporifiquc ;  from  L.  sapor  and 
factOf  til  uiakc.j 

Having  the  power  to  produce  taste  ;  producing 
taste.  Biilcy.  Johnson. 

S  AP-O-ROS'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  a  body  by  which 
it  excites  the  sensation  of  taste. 

S.'VP'O-ROUS,  a.  Having  tiiste;  yielding  some  kind 
of  taste.  Bmlnj. 

SA-PO'T.\,  n.  In  botany,  the  name  of  a  tree  or  plant 
of  the  genus  Achras. 

SAP-PA-l)lL'LO-TKEE,  lu  The  popul.ir  name  of  a 
tree  of  the  genus  tflo.anea.     f'am.  of  Plant-:.  Let. 

SAP'PARE,  II.  .\  mineral  or  species  of  earth,  the 
kyanite  ;  called  by  Ilaiiy,  disthaie.  Urt. 

S.\P'PKD,  (sapt,)  p'jt.    Undermined;  subverted. 

S.\P'PER,  II.  One  who  saps.  In  mi  uriiii/,  sappers 
and  miners  are  employed  in  working  at  saps,  build- 
ing anil  repairing  fortiticalions,  &c.  P.  Cue. 

SAP'PHIC,  (s.iPik.)  a.  Pertaining  to  Sappho,  a'Gre- 
ciaii  poetess  ;  as,  Sapphic  odes  ;  Sapphic  verse.  The 
Sapphic  verse  consists  of  eleven  syllables  in  five  feet, 
of  which  the  first,  foiinli,  and  fil^h  are  trochees,  the 
second  a  spondee,  and  the  third  a  dactyl.  'I'he  Sa|)- 
phic  strophe  consists  of  three  .Sapphic  verses  followed 
by  an  .'\(lunic.  Brande. 

SAP'PHIRE,  (saffire  or  sarier,)  n.     [L.  sapphiras; 


Gr.  fftiT^fipof    from  the  Ar, 


J- 


.Xjm  safara,  to  scrape, 
yr.  and 


to  shine,  to  be  fair,  open,  beautiful ;  Ch 
Sam.  to  scrape,  to  shave.] 

Pure,  crystidlized  alumina.  It  occurs  in  hexagonal 
crystals,  and  also  in  sniiiis  and  massive.  The  name 
sapphire  is  usually  restricted  to  the  blue  crystals, 
while  the  bright  red  are  called  oriental  ruby ;  the 
amethystine,  nrirntnl  ametJnjst;  the  dull,  massive  va- 
rieties, corundum  or  emrrt/, 
Sapphire  is  next  in  hardnes.s  to  the  diamond.  Dana. 

S.AP'PlllR  l.N'E.  a.    Resembling  sapphire ;  made  of 
sapphire  ;  having  the  ipialities  of  sapphire.  Boyle, 
n.  A  mineral  of  a  |Kile-liliie  or  areen  color,  somewhat 
resembling  sapphire  ;  considered  by  some  as  a  vari- 
ety of  spinet.  Dana. 

SAP'PI-XESS,  n.    [from  soppi;.]    The  st.Ve  or  qu.-Uity 
of  being  full  of  sap  ;  succulence  ;  Juiciness. 

S.AP'Pl.VG,  ppr.    Undermining;  subverting. 

SAP'PY,  a.    rSax.  sirpi.r.] 

1.  Abounuing  with  sap;  juicy  ;  succulent. 

2.  Young  ;  not  firm  ;  weak.  [.Mortimer. 
Whffi  he  hAtl  i^ns»'.l  ihis  weak  and  sappy  age.  Hayward, 

3.  \Yeak  in  intellect. 

SAP'PY,  o.    [Ur.  Gr.  arrto,  to  putrefy.] 

:MusIy  :  tainted.    [.Vul  in  use.] 
SA-PROPH'A-GANS,  n.  pL    A  tribe  of  coleopterous 
insects  which  feed  on  animal  and  vegetable  sub- 
stances in  a  state  of  decomposition.  Brande. 
S.\P'-S.X'GO,  II,    .\  kind  of  cheese  made  in  .Switzer- 
land, having  a  dark-green  color  and  agreeable  flavor. 

Fann.  Encyc. 

SAP'-TCBE,  It.  A  vessel  that  conveys  sap.  De  CandoUe. 
SAP'-WOOD,  n.    The  alburnum,  or  e.xlerior  pan  of 

the  wood  of  a  tree,  next  to  the  bark. 
SAR'.-V-B.\-ITE,  n.    One  of  a  sect  of  oriental  monks 

who  secede  from  ordinary  monastic  life. 
SAR'A-B.\XD,  71.    [Sp.  zarabaiula;  Port,  and  It.  sara- 

banda  ;  Fr.  sarabandc.l 
A  grave,  Spanish  dance  to  an  air  in  triple  time  ; 

also,  the  air  itself.  Diet,  dc  VAcad. 

SAR'A-CEN,  n.    An  Arabian  ;  so  called  from  sara,  a 

desert. 

SAR-A-CE.\'ie,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Saracens, 
SAR-A-CE.N'ie-AL,  1     inhabitants  of  Arabia. 

2,  Denoting  the  architecture  of  the  Saracens,  tlie 
modern  Gothic.  Johnson. 
SAR'C.\SM,  n.     [L.  sarcasinus ;  Gr.  aaf^Kntriioi.  from 
irai.ciifi  >,  to  deride  or  sneer  at ;  primarily,  to  flay  or 
pluck  otr  the  skin.] 

A  keen,  reproachful  expression  ;  a  satirical  remark 
or  expression,  uttered  with  some  degree  of  scorn  or 
conifinpt ;  a  taunt ;  a  gibe.  Of  this  we  have  an  ex- 
amine in  the  remark  of  the  Jews  respecting  Christ, 
on  the  cross,  "  He  saved  others,  himself  he  can  not 
R.ive." 

J-C  AS'Tie,  la.  Bitterly  satirical ;  scornfully 
SXR-C.\S'TIC-.\L,  i    severe  ;  taunting. 

What  a  Vnr  an<i  nrauie  n-pK'hi-niion  would  Uib  drawn 
th«  Inrndahtp  of  Uie  world  !  Soulh. 


from 


mor.l 
A  he 


SAR 

SXR-CAS'Tie-AL-LY,  orfe.    In  a  sarcastic  manner; 

with  scornful  satire.  Sonlh. 
SXKCE'NET,  n.    [Uu.  mracenicum  m saracen,  silk.] 
A  species  of  fine,  thin,  woven  silk.  Dnjdeiu 
SXR'eO-CARP,  n.    [Gr.  <r.<o(  nnd  it.ioir'H.] 

In  botamj,  the  fleshy  |>arl  of  a  drupaceous  |H'ricarp, 
situated  between  the  iiitcguinent,  or  skin,  and  the 
piitamen^Wdocarp,  or  stone.  Lindley. 
SAR'eO-lSiE,  n.    [Gr.  ffupf,  flesh,  and  aijAi),  tu- 


eshy  and  firm  tumor  of  a  testicle,  with  a  sim- 
ple vascul.'ir  texture,  not  inllammatory.    It  is  the 
Sarcoma  vasciilosuiu  of  Good. 
SXR'eO-eOL,       in.     [(Jr.,  compounded  of  o-apj;, 
SXK'eO-eoL-LA,  j     flesh,  and  «.iAAo,  glue.] 

A  semi-transparent,  solid  subs'ance,  iinpurtcd  from 
Arabia  and  Persia  in  gniins  of  a  light-yellow  or  red 
color.  It  is  an  inspiss;ited  sap,  supposed  to  be  pro- 
duced by  a  species  of  Penica.  It  has  its  name  from 
its  supposed  use  in  healing  wounds  and  ulcers. 

Kncye. 

SXU'eO-LI.XE,  a.    [Gr.  aaol,  flesh.] 

In  minrrnlo'ry,  flesli-coloreil.  SItepard. 

SAR'eO-I.ITE,  II.  [flesh-stone.]  A  name  of  a  variety 
of  analciine  from  Vesuvius.  It  has  been  also  applied 
to  a  variety  of  chabasitc,  and  to  the  mineral  Ilum- 
boldtite.  Dana. 

SAU-CO-LOG'ie-.AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  sarcology. 

SAIi  eOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  cap(,  flesh,  and  Xujoi,  dis- 
course.] 

That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  soft 
parts  of  the  body,  as  the  nmsclcs,  fat,  intestines, 
vessels,  fitc.  Kncyc 

SAR-eO'MA,  n.    [Gr.,  from  aanf,  flesh.] 

Any  fleshy  and  firm  tumor  not  inflammatory,  at- 
tended with  dull  sens.ntions  and  sluggish  growth. 
There  are  numerous  varieties  of  sarcoma. 

SAIl-eOPirA-GOUS,  (  kor.a-gns,)  a.  [See  S.\bcoph- 
Ar.i  s.]    Feeding  on  liesh  ;  flesh-eating.  DuU 

SAR-eOPH'.\-GUS,  r-kofa-gus,)  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
aaoKO't'ii-j  nf ;  oa,^^,  llesh,  and  0n)  <u,  to  e.it.] 

1.  .\  species  of  stone  used  among  the  Greeks  for 
making  cortins,  which  w  as  so  called  because  it  con- 
sumed the  flesh  of  bodies  deposited  in  it  within  a 
few  weeks.  It  is  otherwise  called  lapis  Assius  or 
.^ssian  stone,  and  said  to  be  found  at  Assos,  a  city 
of  Lyci.a.  Hence, 

2.  A  stone  coffin,  or  tomb,  in  which  the  ancients 
deposited  bodies  which  they  chose  not  to  luirii. 

Plinv.    Smith's  Diet. 

SXR-€OPH'A-0;Y,  (-kof'a-je,)n.  [Supra.]  The  prac- 
tice of  eating  flesh.  Brown, 

SXR-€OT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  aaij(,  flesh.] 

In  surirery,  producing  or  generating  flesh. 

SAR-eOT'ie,  n.  A  medicine  or  application  which 
promotes  the  growth  of  flesh  ;  an  incarnative.  Coze. 

SXR-eU-I.A'TIOX,  n.    [L.  sarculatio,  a  raking.] 
.\  raking  or  weeding  with  a  nike. 

SAR'DA-eilATE,  ii.  A  sort  of  agate  containing 
sard.  Dana. 

SARD,        )  n.    A  mineral,  a  variety  of  chalcedony, 

SAR'DOIN,  i  which  has  a  rich  brownish-red  color, 
but  when  held  between  the  eye  and  the  light,  appears 
of  a  deep  blood  red  ;  carnelian.  Ore. 

SXR'nrvV"    \  '■         aanltoii  :  from 

SXR'DI-CS  }       Sardis,  in  Asia  Minor,  how  Sari.] 
A  precious  stone.    One  of  this  kind  was  set  in 
Aaron's  breastplate.    Kiod.  xxviii. 

SAR'DI.NE,  n.  A  Mediterranean  fish  of  the  herring 
family,  Engraulis  meletla.  It  is  often  prepared  like 
the  anchovy,  as  a  delicacy.  P.  Ci«;. 

SAR-Dl.\'I-.\.\.,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  island,  king- 
dom, or  pi  ople  of  Sardinia. 

SAK-DO.\'ie,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  that  forced, 
heartless,  or  bitter  laugh,  or  grin,  which  but 
ill  conceals  a  person's  real  feelings.  It  is  derived 
from  the  Sardtminis  risns,  (Sardonic  or  Sardonian 
laugh,)  a  sp.isniodic  atfection  of  the  muscles  of  the 
face,  giving  it  a  horrible  appearance  of  laughter,  and 
said  to  be  produced  by  eating  the  Ilerba  sardonica,  a 
species  of  ranunculus,  that  grows  in  Sardinia.  It 
often  occurs  in  tetanus  or  locked-jaw  and  other  con- 
vulsive afl"ections.  P.  Cyc. 

SAR-DON'ie,  a.  Denoting  a  kind  of  linen  made  at 
Colchis.  Bryant. 

SAR'DO-NYX,n.  [V.  sardonyehes,  from  Gr.  caocSnmf, 
from  Sardis,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  and  "H'f,  a  nail ; 
so  named,  according  to  Plinv,  from  the  resemblance 
of  its  color  to  the  flesh  under  the  nail.  Plin.  Lib. 
37,  6.) 

A  silicious  stone  or  gem,  nearly  allied  to  onyx.  Its 
color  is  a  reddish  yellow,  or  nearly  oranire.  \Ve  are 
informed  that  the  yellow  or  orange-colored  agate. 
With  an  undulating  surface,  is  now  often  called  sar- 
donir.  Enajc.  Clrarcland. 

S.\R'I-GCE,  n.  The  popular  name  of  Didelpliis  opos- 
sum, a  niarsupi.al  mammal  of  Cayenne,  nearly  allied 
to  the  Virginian  opossum. 

SARK,  n.    [Sax.  sure.] 

1.  In  Scotland,  a  shirt. 

2.  A  shark.    (Aol  used.] 

SAR'I.AC,  n.  The  Bos  Piephagus  or  gmnniens,  the 
grunting  ox  of  Turtary. 


SAT 

SAR-MA'TIAN,  f  u.    Pertaining  to  Sarniatia  and  iu 

SAR-MAT'IC,  I  inhabitants,  the  ancestors  of  the 
Russians  and  Poles. 

SAR'.ME.NT,  II.  A  prostrate  filiform  stem,  or  runner, 
as  of  the  strawberry,  Lindlry. 

.s.\ R-MKN-TO.^E',  (  a.  [L.  «armni(om»,  from  jonnrn- 

SAU-MEN'TOUS,  j      turn,  a  twig.] 

.\  sarinentose  stem,  in  botany,  is  one  that  is  long 
nnd  liliform,  and  almost  naked,  or  having  only  leaves 
ill  bunches  .at  tlio  joints  ur  knots,  where  it  strikes 
root ;  a  runner.  Martyn. 

SAR.N,  n.  A  British  word  for  pavement  or  steiiping- 
s  to  lies. 

S.\-KO.\'ie,  a.  Denoting  a  gulf  of  Greece  between 
Attica  and  Sparta.  D'Jinrille. 

SAR'PL.\R,  n.  .V  sarpl.ir  of  wool  Is  a  sack  contain- 
ing SO  tod  ;  a  tod  contains  two  stone  of  14  pounds 
each.  Encyc. 

SAR'PLI-ER,  n.    [Fr.  serpilliire.] 

Canvas,  or  a  packing  cloth.  Bailry. 

SAR'A-SI.N,      )  n.    A  plant,  a  kind  of  birtliwort. 

SAR'RA-SI.NE,  i  Bailey. 
2.  A  portcullis  or  herse. 

SAR-S.A-PA-KIL'LA,  j  n.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Pmi- 

SAR'S.'\,  j      lax,  whose  ro<it  is  valued  in 

medicine  for  its  mucilaginous  and  farinaceous  or 
demulcent  qualities.  Encyc. 

SARSE,  II.    [(ill.  sarcenet,  or  Fr.  sas.] 

A  fine  sieve  ;  usually  written  Searce  or  Searie. 
[Little  used.] 

SARSE,  r.(.    [from  the  noun.]   To  sill  through  s 

sarse.    [Little  used.] 

SART,  n.  A  piece  of  woodland  turned  into  anible. 
[.\u(  used  in  .America.]  Bailey. 

SXR-To'RI-US,  n.    [I-.  sartor,  a  tailor.] 

The  muscle  which  throws  one  leg  across  the  other, 
called  the  Tailor's  Muscle. 

SASH,  n.  [.An  .Arabic  word  signifying  a  band.  But 
this  word,  when  it  signifies  a  frame,  is  referred  by 
Ash  nnd  Bailey  to  the  French  chassis,  a  t'ntine  for 
a  window,  wliich  is  the  chase  of  a  printing  press 
also.  Johnson  and  his  followers  mistake  the  mean- 
ing of  the  word.] 

1.  A  belt  worn  for  ornament.  Sashes  arc  worn 
by  military  oflicers,  as  badges  of  distinction,  round 
the  waist  or  over  the  shoulders.  They  arc  usually 
of  silk,  variously  made  and  ornamented. 

2.  The  frame  of  a  window  in  w  liicli  the  lights  or 
panes  of  glass  are  set. 

SASH'-FRa.ME,  n.  The  frame  in  which  sashes  are 
set  for  glass. 

SASII'OON,  n.  A  kind  of  leather  stuffing  put  into  a 
boot  for  the  wearer's  ease.  .iinsieorth. 

SAS'SA-FRAS,  >i.  [h.  saxifraga ;  soxum,  a  stone,  and 
frangn,  to  break.] 

A  tree,  the  Laiirus  sassafras  of  Linnsus,  whose 
li.trk  has  an  aromatic  smell  and  taste. 

S.ASSE,  (s;is,)  n.    [D.  sas.] 

.A  sluice,  canal,  or  lock,  on  a  navigable  river  ;  a 
word  found  in  old  British  statutes.  Todd. 

R.\S'SO-l,l.\,    I  n.    Native  boracic  acid,  found  in 

S.AS'SO-I.I.NE,  t  saline  incrustations  on  the  bor- 
ders of  hot  sjirings  near  Sasso,  in  the  terr  tory  or 
Florence.  Klapruth.  Brande, 

SAS'TRA,  II.  Among  (Ac  Hindoos,  a  law  or  iiistilui'^ 
applied  particularly  to  institutes  of  religion,  consid- 
ered as  of  divine  authority.  The  word  is  also  ap- 
plied, in  a  wider  sense,  to  treatises  containing  the  laws 
or  institutes  of  the  various  arts  and  sciences,  as 
rhetoric,  iLC.    [See  Shastra  and  Shaster.] 

Wilson's  Sanscrit  Dictionary, 

SAT,  pret,  of  Sit. 

S.^'TAN,  71.  [Heb.,  an  adversary.]  The  grand  ad- 
versary of  man  ;  the  devil  or  prince  of  darkness  ; 
the  chief  of  the  fallen  angels. 

S.A-T.A\'I€,        /  a.    Having  the  qii.alities  of  Satan  ; 

S.A-T.AX'IC-.AL,  j  resembling  Satan  ;  e.\lremkly  ma- 
licious or  wicked  ;  devilish  ;  infernal. 

Deleft  the  ■lander  which,  with  a  satanic  ■niile,  ezulu  orer  the 

char.tctr  r  it  hna  ruiued.  DvighL 

SA-TAN'ie-AH.Y,  adv.  With  the  wicked  and  ma- 
licious spirit  of  Sntan  ;  diabolically.  Hammond. 

SA'T.A.\-1SM,  II.  The  evil  and  malicious  disposition 
of  Satan  ;  a  diabolical  spirit, 

SA'TAN-IS'I',  n.  A  very  wicked  person.  [Little 
used.] 

SATCH'EL,  71.    [See  Sachel.]    A  little  sack  or  bag. 
SATE,  r.  L    [L.  satio ;  It  ;c:iare ;  Port,  and  Sp. 
saciar ;  Fr.  rassa-tier ;  allied  to  set.    The  primary 
sense  is,  to  stiifl",  to  fill,  from  crowding,  diiving.] 

To  satiate ;  to  satisfy  appetite ;  to  glut ;  to  feed 
beyond  natural  desire. 

While  th-  rultnie.  tau 
Their  maws  wjUi  full  repuL  Philipt. 

SATE,  (sat,)  Old  prc(.  of  Sit,  for  Sat.  Shak.  MiUon. 
SaT'F.I).  p;i.    Filled;  glutted;  satiated. 
S.aTE'LESS,  d.    Insatiable;  not  capable  of  being  sat- 
isfied. 

SAT'EL-LITE,  n.  [Fr.  and  It.  talellite :  L.  satrUes. 
Q.».  its  alliance  to  sit  or  side.] 

I.  A  secondary  planet  or  moon  :  a  small  planet  re- 
volving round  another.  In  tJie  solar  .■ystrm,  eigliieen 
satellites  have  been  discovered.    The  earth  hiu  oik. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GF.R,  VI"CIOCS — e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


123 


SAT 


SAT 


SAU 


called  the  moon,  Jupiter /our,  Saturn  seven,  aad  Her- 
scliel  six.  Morse. 

2.  A  follower;  an  obsequious  attendant  or  de- 
pendent. 

SAT-EL-U"TIOUS,  (-lish'us,)  a.  Consisting  of  sat- 
ellites. C/ieyne. 

Sa'TIATE,  (sa'shate,)  ti.  t.  [L.  satiatus,  from  satio. 
See  S.vTE.] 

1.  To  fill ;  to  satisfy  appetite  or  desire  ;  to  feed  to 
the  full,  or  to  furnish  enjoyment  to  the  e.Ktent  of  de- 
sire ;  as,  to  satiate  appetite  or  sense. 

a.  To  fill  to  the  extent  of  want ;  as,  to  satiate  the 
earth  or  plants  with  water. 

3.  To  glut ;  to  fill  beyond  natural  desire. 

He  m:iy  be  satiated,  but  not  satisfied.  Norris, 

4.  To  gratify  desire  to  the  utmost. 

I  may  yet  survive  the  malice  of  my  enemies,  although  th"y  should 
Lie  satiated  with  my  blood.  K.  diaries. 

5.  To  saturate.   [JVoui  unusual.]  [See  Saturate.] 

J^ewton, 

S.\'TIATE,  a.  Filled  to  satiety  ;  glutted  ;  followed 
by  witli  or  of.  The  fonner  is  most  common  ;  as,  «o- 
imte  «/applatise.    [Unusual.]  Pope. 

Sa-TI-a'TION,  (sa-she-a'shun,)  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing filled.  Wliitaker. 

SA-TI'E-TY,  n.  {Tt.  satieti  :  \j.  satietas.  See  Sate.] 
Properly,  fullness  of  gratification,  either  of  the  ap- 
petite or  any  sensual  desire  ;  but  it  usually  implies 
fullness  beytmd  desire;  an  excess  of  gratification 
which  excites  wearisomeness  or  loathing ;  state  of  be- 
ing glutted. 

In  all  ple.Tsiin's  there  is  satiety.  HakewUl. 

But  thy  words,  with  grace  divine 
Imbued,  briri^  to  their  sweetness  no  satiety.  Milton. 

SAT'IN,  n.  [Fr.  satin;  W.  siilan,  satin  or  silk  ;  Sw. 
siilen ;  Port,  and  Sp.  se(/a  ,*  iLsetaf  Gr.  and  L.  :>-t;tfit)n  ,- 

Ch.  and  Ileb.  plD  ;  Ar.  ^jl^Sjw  siianah.] 

A  species  of  glossy  silk  cloth,  of  a  thick,  close 
tf  xture. 

SAT-I-.NET',       A  thin  species  of  satin. 

2.  A  particular  kind  of  cloth  made  of  cotton  warp 
and  woolen  fillin?. 

SAT'IN-FLOVV-ER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Luna- 
ria. 

S.\'r'IiV-SPAR,  71.  A  fine  fibrous  variety  of  carbonate 
of  liini',  havlirg  a  pearly  luster.  Dana. 

SAT'IN-WOOD,  n.  A  hard,  lemon-colored  wood 
from  India,  of  a  fragrant  odor,  used  in  cabinet-work. 

Francis. 

S.\T'INf;,  ppr.    Filling;  glutting;  satHting. 
SAT'lRE,  ».    [Fr.  sa((>e;  Sp. and  h.satira;  so  named 
from  sharpness,  pungency.    See  Satybiasis.] 

1.  A  disctjurse  or  poem  in  which  wickedness  or 
folly  is  exposed  with  severity.  It  differs  from  Lam- 
poon and  PAsquiNADE,  in  being  general  rather  than 
personal.  Johnson. 

2.  Keenness  and  severity  of  remark.  It  differs 
from  Sarcasm  in  not  expressing  contempt  or  scorn. 

SATIIl'ICAL  (       [L.  sof/ncits  ;  Fr.  sadriVyuc] 

1.  Belonging  to  satire ;  conveying  satire  ;  as,  a  sa- 
tiric style. 

9.  Censorious;  severe  in  language.  Bacon. 
SA-TlR'ie-AI^LY,  arfu.    With  severity  of  remark  ; 

with  invective  ;  with  intention  to  censure. 
S.\T'I11-1ST,  71.    One  who  writes  satire. 

Wycherley,  in  his  writiiin;s,  is  the  stiarpest  tatirtsl  of  his  time. 

OranvUle. 

SAT'IR-IZE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  satiriser.] 

To  censure  with  keenness  or  severity. 
It  is  as  iiard  to  saUHze  well  a  man  of  distinguished  vic^s,  ns  to 
pnise  Wi.ll  a.  man  of  dislin-juiiltcd  virtues.  Su:i/t, 

SAT'IR  I7,-/;D,  pp.    Seven  ly  censured. 

S.VT'IR  I/-I.\(J,  ppr.    Censuring  with  severity. 

SAT-IS-FAC'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sati^factio  ;  U. 
soddiifaiinne.    See  SATisfv.] 

1.  That  st.ite  of  the  mind  which  results  from  the 
full  gratification  of  desire ;  repose  of  mind  or  con- 
tentment with  present  possession  and  enjoyment. 
Sensual  plca-sure  affttrds  no  permiincnt  satisfaction, 

3.  The  act  of  pleasing  or  gratifying. 

The  mind  havnig  a  power  to  suspend  the  execution  and  satis- 
faction of  iu  desires.  Locke. 

X  Repose  of  the  mind  on  the  certainty  of  any 
thing  ;  that  stale  which  results  from  relief,  from  sus- 
pense, doubt,  or  uncertainty  ;  cimviction. 

Whit  satisfaction  can  you  have  ?  Shak. 

4.  Gratification  ;  that  which  pleases. 

E'Chnnifing  s-illd  quiet  to  olitatn 

Tlie  windy  satiM/aclion  of  the  brain.  ^  Dryden. 

5.  That  which  satisfies  ;  amends  ;  recompense ; 
compensation  ,  indeninifiration  ;  atonement.  Satis- 
faction for  damages  inu»t  be  nn  equivalent ;  but  salii- 
faction,  in  many  cases,  may  consist  in  concession  or 
apology. 

6.  Payment ;  discharge  ;  on,  to  receive  n  sum  in 
full  ralitfaclton  of  a  debt;  to  enter  satisfaction  on 
record. 


SAT-IS-FA€'TIVE,  a.  Giving  satisfaction.  [Little 
used,  or  not  at  all.]  Broicn. 

SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RI-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  give 
satisfaction  or  content. 

2.  In  a  manner  to  impress  conviction  or  belief. 
The  crime  was  satisfactorily  proved. 

SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  satisfy- 
ing or  giving  content ;  as,  the  satisfactoriaess  of  pleas- 
ure or  eiijovment.  Boyle. 

SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RY,  a.  [Fr.  satisfactoire ;  Sp.  sa(«- 
factorio.] 

1.  Giving  or  producing  satisfaction  ;  yielding  con- 
tent ;  particiilarhj,  relieving  the  mind  from  doubt  or 
uncertainty,  and  enabling  it  to  rest  with  confidence  ; 
as,  to  give  a  satisfactory  account  of  any  remarkable 
transaction.  A  judge  seeks  for  satisfactory  evidence 
of  guilt  before  he  condemns. 

2.  Making  amends,  indemnification,  or  recom- 
pense ;  catising  to  cease  from  claims  and  to  rest  con- 
tent ;  atoning ;  as,  to  make  satisfactory  compensa- 
tion, or  a  satisfactory  apology  for  an  offense. 

A  most  wise  and  sufficient  means  of  salvation  by  the  satisfactory 
and  meritorious  death  and  obedience  of  the  incarnate  Son  of 
God.  Jesus  Christ.  Sand£TSon. 

SAT'IS-Fr-A-BLE,  n.   That  may  be  satisfied. 

SAT'IS-Fl-£D,  (  fide,)  pp.  Having  the  desires  fully 
gratifieil ;  made  content. 

SAT'IS-FI-ER,  71.    One  tliat  gives  satisfaction. 

SAT'IS-F?,  V.  t.  [L.  satiifacio ;  satis,  enough,  and 
/arto,  to  make;  Fr.  satisfnire;  It.  soddisfare;  Sp.  sa- 
tisfacer  ;  G.  satt,  D.  lat,  Dan.  sot,  filled,  satisfied.] 

1.  To  gratify  wants,  wishes,  or  desires  to  the  full 
extent ;  to  supply  possessitm  or  enjoyment  till  no 
more  is  desired.  The  demands  of  hunger  may  be 
easily  satisfied ;  but  who  can  satirfy  the  passion  for 
money  or  honor.' 

2.  To  supply  fully  what  is  necessary  and  demanded 
by  natural  law  ;  as,  to  satisfy  with  rain  the  desolate 
and  waste  ground.    Job  xxxviii. 

3.  To  pay  to  content;  to  recompense  or  indemnify 
to  t!ie  full  extent  of  claims  ;  as,  to  satisfy  demands. 

He  is  well  paid  that  is  well  satisjied.  Shak. 
4  To  appease  by  punishment;  as,  to  «afi.!/i/ rigor. 

Milton. 

5.  To  free  from  doubt,  suspense,  or  uncertainty  ; 
to  cause  the  mind  to  rest  in  confidence  by  ascertain- 
ing the  truth  ;  as,  to  sathfy  one's  self  by  inquiry. 

6.  To  convince.  A  jury  must  be  satisjied  of  the 
guilt  of  a  man  before  they  can  justly  condemn  Iiim. 

The  standing  evitlences  of  the  (ruth  of  the  gospel  are  in  them- 
selves most  firm,  soliil,  and  satisfying.  AUerbury. 

7.  To  pay ;  to  discharge ;  as,  to  satisfy  an  execu- 
tion. 

Debts  due  to  the  United  States  art;  to  be  first  satisjied.  Wirt. 

SAT'IS-F?,  V.  i.  To  give  content.  Earthly  good 
never  satisfies. 

2.  To  feed  or  supply  to  the  full. 

3.  To  make  payment. 

[But  the  intransitive  use  of  this  verb  is  generally 
ellipticalj 

SAT'IS-FY-ING,  ppr.  Giving  content ;  feeding  or 
supplying  to  the  full  extent  of  desire  ;  convincing  ; 
paving. 

SAT'IS-Fy-ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  tending  to 
satisfy. 

Sa'TIVE,  a.    [L.  .•:nlivus,  from  sero,  satum,  to  sow.] 
Sown  in  gardens.  Evelyn. 
Sa'TRAP  or  SAT'RAP,  n.    In  Persia,  the  governor 

of  a  province.  P.  Cyc. 

SAT'RA-PAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  satrap  or  a  satrapy. 

Mitford. 

SAT'RA-PESS,  n.    A  female  satrap.  .Miijord. 
S,\T'RA-PY,  71.   The  government  or  jurisdiction  of  a 

satrap.  Jlnvilh.  Milton. 

SAT'lJ-RA-BLE,  a.    [See  Saturate.]    That  may  be 

saturated;  capable  of  saturation.  Orew. 
SAT'IJ-RANT,  a.    [I.,  snturans.] 

Saturating  ;  imjircgnating  to  the  full. 
SAT'IJ-RANT,  71.     In  medicine,  a  substance  which 

neutralizes  the  acid  in  the  stomach.  Coze. 
S.XT'H-RaTE,  (sat'yu  rute,)  v.  t.     [L.  saturo,  from 

sofur,  filled  ;  .latio,  to  feed  to  the  full.    See  Sate.] 

1.  To  impregnate  or  unite  with  till  no  more  can  be 
received.  Thus  an  acid  .syifiiniiffv  :in  alkali,  and  an 
alkali  sadiralM  an  acid,  when  the  solvent  can  ctm- 
tain  no  mori;  of  the  dissolving  body. 

2.  To  supply  or  fill  to  fullness.  Thomson. 
SAT'IT-Ra-TEI),  pp.  or  a.    Supplied  to  fullness. 
SAT'IJ-Ra-TIXG,  ppr.    Supjilying  to  fullness. 
SAT-IJ-Ua'TION,  71.    In  a  general  sense,  v.  filling  or 

supply  to  fullness.  In  chemistry,  the  union,  combi- 
nation, or  impregnation  of  one  body  with  another  by 
natural  attraction  or  affinity,  till  the  receiving  body 
can  contain  no  more;  or  solution  continuetl  till  the 
solvent  can  cimtain  no  more.  The  saturation  of  an 
alkali  by  an  acid  is  by  one  sort  of  affinity  ;  the  .vnfM- 
raiion  of  water  by  salt,  is  by  another  sort  of  aflini- 
tv,  railed  solution. 
SAT'I;R-I)AY,  71.  [Sax.  SMcr-da:^ ;  D.  Saturdag ; 
Saturn's  day.] 

The  Hcventli  or  last  day  of  the  week ;  tho  day  of 
the  Jewish  Sabbath. 


SA-Tu'RI-TY,  71.    [h.  saturitas.    See  Saturate.] 
Fullness  of  supply  ;  the  state  of  being  saturated. 
[Little  tLsed.] 
SAT'URN,  71.    [L.  Satumus.] 

1.  In  mythology,  one  of  the  oldest  and  principal 
deities,  the  son  of  Coelus  and  Terra,  (heaven  and 
earth.)  and  the  father  of  Jupiter.  The  name  in 
Greek  was  KooKof,  which  at  a  later  period  was  made 
equivalent  to  Xooms,  Time. 

2.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  planets  of  the  solar 
system,  next  in  magnitude  to  Jupiter,  but  more  re- 
mote from  the  sun.  Its  diameter  is  seventy-nine 
thousand  miles,  its  mean  distance  from  the  sun 
nearly  nine  hundred  millions  of  miles,  and  its  year, 
or  periodical  revolution  round  the  sun,  nearly  twen- 
ty-nine years  and  a  half. 

3.  In  tlie  old  chemistry,  an  appellation  given  to 
lead. 

4.  In  heraldry,  the  black  color  in  blazoning  the 
arms  of  sovereign  princes. 

SAT-URX-A'LI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Among  the  Romans, 
the  festival  of  Saturn,  celebrated  in  December  as  a 
period  of  unrestrained  license  and  merriment  for  all 
classes,  extending  even  to  the  slaves.     Smitii^s  Diet. 

SAT-URN-A'LI-AN,  a.    [from  L.  sal«7-na(ia.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  saturnalia.  Hence, 

2.  Loose  ;  dissolute  ;  sportive.  Burke. 
SA-TURN'I-AN,  a.    In  fabulous  history,  pertaining  to 

Saturn,  whose  age  or  reign,  from  the  mildness  and 
wisdom  of  his  government,  is  called  the  golden  age  ; 
hence,  golden  ;  happy  ;  distinguished  for  purity,  in- 
tegrity, and  simplicity. 

Th'  Augustus,  born  to  bring  Saiurraan  times.  Pope. 
SAT'URN-lNE,  a.    [Fr.  sa(itmi«7!,  from  L.  Sadiriiits.] 

1.  Supposed  to  be  under  the  influence  of  Saturn. 
Hence, 

2.  Dull;  heavy;  grave;  not  readily  susceptible  of 
excitement ;  phlegmatic ;  as,  a  satuntine  person  or 
temper.  Mdison. 

3.  In  old  chemistry,  pertaining  to  lead  ;  as,  saturn- 
ine compounds.  Silliman. 

SAT'URN-IST,  71.  A  person  of  a  dull,  grave,  gloomy 
temperament.  Browne. 

S.'\T'UR\'-ITE,  71.  A  metallic  substance,  separated 
from  lead  in  torrefaction,  resembling  lead  in  its  color, 
weight,  solubility  in  acids,  &c.,  but  more  fusible  and 
brittle  ;  easily  scorified  and  volatilized.  [Oia.] 

Kijwan.    Ji^icholson.  J^ncijc. 

Sa'TYR,  (sa'tur,)  7i.  [L.  satyrus ;  Gr.  aarvoos,  a 
monkey,  a  fawn.] 

In  mythology,  a  sylvan  deity  or  dcmi-god,  repre- 
sented as  a  monster,  part  man  and  part  goat,  usually 
having  horns  on  his  head,  a  hairy  body,  with  the 
feet  and  tail  of  a  goat.  Satyrs  are  usually  found  in 
the  train  of  Bacchus,  and  have  been  distinguished 
for  lasciviousness  and  riot.  They  have  been  repre- 
sented as  remarkable  for  their  piercing  eyes  and 
keen  raillery.  Kncyc.    P.  Cyc. 

SAT-Y-RI'A-SIS,  77.    [Gr.  o-OTW/iiairif.    VVe  observe 
in  this  word  a  connection  with  satire,  in  the  sense  of 
excitement,  pungency.] 
Immoderate  venereal  appetite.  Coze. 

SA-TYR'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  satyrs  ;  as,  satyric  trag- 
edy. P.  Cyc. 

SA-TYR'I-ON,  71.  A  pljnt,  supposed  to  excite  salaci- 
ty. P'Ve. 

SAUCE,  77.  [Fr.  sauce  or  sausse,  from  L.  salsus,  salt, 
from  sal ;  Arm.  sous;  It.  and  Sp.  salsa.] 

1.  A  mixture  or  composition  to  be  eaten  with  food 
for  improving  its  relish. 

High  sauces  anil  rich  spices  are  brought  from  the  Indies.  Baker. 

2.  In  JVcw  England,  culinary  vegetables  and  roots 
eaten  with  flesh.  This  application  of  the  word  falls 
in  nearly  with  the  definition. 

Root^,  herbs,  vine-fruits,  and  aalad-floweis  —  they  dich  up 
various  ways,  iiud  fiiul  thetn  very  delicious  sauce  to  their 
ineau,  both  ro;uited  and  boiled,  fresh  and  salt. 

Beverly,  Hist.  Virginia. 

Sauce,  consisting  of  stewed  apples,  is  a  great  arti- 
cle in  some  parts  of  New  England  ;  but  cranberries 
make  the  most  delicious  sauce. 

To  serve  one  tlie  same  sauce,  is  to  retaliate  one  injury 
with  another,  [yulgar.] 
SAUCE,  71.  t.    To  accompany  meat  with  something  to 
give  it  a  higher  relish. 

2.  To  gratify  with  rich  tastes;  as,  to  sauce  the 
palate.  Shak. 

3.  To  intermix  or  accompany  with  any  thing  good, 
or,  ironically,  with  any  thing  bad. 

Then  fell  she  to  sauce  her  desires  with  thtr-alenincii.  Sidney. 
Thou  sayesl  lib  meat  was  sauced  with  thy  upbr.udings.  AVia*. 

4.  To  treat  with  bitter,  pert,  or  tart  language. 
[  Vulfrar.] 

SAUCE'BOX,  71.  [from  sauctj.]  A  saucy,  impudent 
■fellow.  .Spectator. 

SAUCE'PAN,  n.  A  small  pan  for  sauce,  or  a  small 
skillet  with  a  long  handle,  in  which  sauce  or  small 
things  are  boiled.  Swift.. 

SAU'CEI!,  71.    [I"r.  ."auciere  or  saussiere.] 

"  1.  A  small  pan  in  which  sauce  is  a-'t  on  a  table. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  piece  of  china  or  other  ware,  in  which  a  tea- 
cup or  coffeo-cup  is  set. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^Us,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK. 


SA  V 


SAV 


SAW 


SAU'CI-LY,  ailv.  [from  saucy.]  Impudently  ;  witli 
iiii[)ertinciit  Imldiu'ss  :  petulnntly.  jlilili.ion, 

SAU'CI-NKt^S,  71.  Inipudi  nre  ;  iiiipcrtiiiL-nt  boldness  ; 
petulance  ;  contempt  of  superior's. 

Bramhall,  Dryden. 

SAUCING,  jipr.    Accompanying  meats  witli  some- 
iliinp  to  givi-  them  a  higher  reli.th. 
a.  Cratifying  with  rich  tastes. 

SAU'CltJ.SE,     I  II.    [Fr.  saucisst,  a  sausage,  from 

SAU'C1.-J-S().\,  !  .sauce] 

In  miniin;  or  i^uuneni,  a  long  pipe  or  hag,  made  of 
cloth  n  ell  pitclied,  or  of  leather,  filled  with  pow  der, 
and  extending  from  the  chamber  of  the  mine  to  the 
entrance  of  the  gallery.  To  preserve  the  powder 
from  dampne.s.s,  ii  is  generally  placed  in  a  wooden 
pipe.  It  serves  to  communicate  fire  to  mines,  cais- 
sons, bond)-chests,  &c.  Saucisson  is  also  a  long 
bundle  of  fagots  or  fascines,  for  raisiug  batteries  and 
other  purposes.  Knctjc.  Bramh. 

S.XU'Cy,  a.  (from  saiiee ;  L.  saUtLs,  s.alt  or  s.tlted. 
The  use  of  this  word  leads  to  the  primary  sense  of 
salt,  which  nnist  be  shooting  forward,  penetrating, 
pungent,  for  iuWnf.w  is  a  shooting  forward.] 

1.  Impudent;  bold  to  excess  ;  rude,  transgressing 
the  rules  of  decorum  ;  treating  superiors  with  con- 
tempt. It  expresses  more  than  Peht  ;  as,  a  .saucy 
boy  ;  a  xaiicij  fellow. 

2.  Expressive  of  impudence ;  as,  a  saucy  eye  ; 
smicy  ltM)ks. 

Si^UF.R'KILlUT,  (sour'krout,)  n.  [Get.]  Cabbage 
preserved  in  brine  ;  a  favorite  German  dish. 

Buchctnan. 

SAl'L  ;  an  old  spelling  of  Soul. 
S.\U.\'CI.N(^-IiKI-L.    See  Sance-Beli. 
SAIJ.N'DEKS.    See  Sanders. 

SXL'N'TEU,  (siin'ter,)  f.  i.    To  wander  about  idly; 
as,  sautitcrinir  from  place  to  place.  Dryden. 
2.  To  loiter ;  to  linger. 
SAUA'TEK,  n.    A  sauntering  or  place  for  sauntering. 

Younff. 

SA  LTX'TER-ER,  n.    One  that  wanders  about  idly. 
SAU.VTEK-IiNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Wandering  about  lazily 

or  idly ;  loitering. 
SAU.\'TER-Ii\G,  n.    The  act  of  wandering  lazily 
about  or  loitering. 

TUia  mtisl  nol  ran  il  into  a  lazy  sauntering  about  orJinarv  tilings. 

Locke. 

SAI'R,  n.    Soil  ;  dirt.  Oro.ie. 

SAU'RI -A,  II.  pi.  An  order  of  reptiles,  comprehend- 
ing the  lizards,  alligators,  &c.    [See  Saurian.] 

SAf'RI-AN,  a.    [Gr.  (ravpof,  a  lizard.] 

Designating  an  order  of  reptiles,  the  sauria  or  sau- 
rians.  Ed.  Kncyc. 

SAU'RI-.WS,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  reptiles,  including 
all  that  arc  covered  with  scales,  and  have  four  legs, 
as  the  lizard. 

SAU'ROID,  a.  Resembling  the  lizards ;  as,  sauroid 
tish. 

SAL''S.\(!;E,  n.    [Fr.  saucisse  :  from  sauce,  L.  satfiis.] 
'I'lie  intestine  of  an  animal  stulfed  with  minced 
meat  se.-isoned. 

S.'VLs^'.'^UK-ITE,  n.  A  massive,  clcavahle  mineral, 
so  named  from  M.  Saussure,  of  a  white,  greenish, 
or  grayish  color,  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  lime, 
oxyd  of  iron,  and  soda.   It  is  extremely  tough.  Dana. 

Sa V'.A-ULE,  a.  [from  save.]  Capable  of  being 
saved.  ChUUn^oTth. 

SaV'.\-I!LE-NESS,  71.    Capability  of  being  saved. 

ChilUnrrworOu 

SAV'AdE,  a.  [Yr.  sauvage ;  Arm,  savaich ;  luselvarr- 
gio ;  Sp.  salvage  :  from  L.  silta,  a  wood,  or  silvicaUi, 
an  inhabitant  of  a  wood,  or  jijpa(ici..s-.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  forest ;  wild ;  remote  from 
human  residence  and  Improvements ;  uncultivated  ; 
as,  a  savage  wilderness. 

Conicls  and  tavage  berries  of  the  wood.  Drydtn, 

2.  Wild  ;  untamed  ;  as,  savage  beasts  of  prey. 

3.  Uncivilized;  untaught;  unpolished;  rude;  as, 
savage  life  ;  savage  manners.  Ralegh. 

Wlint  ninion,  t\nv  the  commencement  of  the  Omatian  era,  ever 
rose  from  saoagt  to  civUizeU  witiiout  Ctuistinnilj  ? 

K.  D.  Griffin. 

4.  Cruel  ;  barbarous  ;  fierce  ;  ferocious ;  inhu- 
man ;  brutal ;  as,  a  savage  spirit. 

SAVAGE,  n.  A  human  being  in  his  native  state  of 
nidencss ;  one  who  is  untaught,  uncivilized,  or 
without  cultivation  of  mind  or  manners.  The  «ac- 
a?es  of  America,  when  uncorrupted  by  the  vices  of 
civilized  men,  are  remarkable  for  their  hospitality  to 
strangers,  and  for  their  truth,  fidelity,  and  gratitude 
to  their  friends,  but  implacably  cruel  and  revengeful 
toward  their  enemies.  From  this  last  trail  of  the 
savage  character,  the  word  came  to  signify, 

2.  A  man  of  extreme,  unfeeling,  brutal  cruelty ;  a 
barbarian. 

3.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  fierce,  voracious  flies. 

DicL  J\'at.  HLit. 

SAV'.\GE,  v.  t.  To  make  wild,  barbarous,  or  cruel. 
[jVut  icrtl  authorized,  and  little  used.]  Thomson. 

SAV'A6E-LY,  ada.  In  the  manner  of  a  savage  ;  cru- 
elly ;  inhumanly.  Shak. 

SAV 'AGE-NESS,  n.  Wildness  ;  an  untamed,  uncul- 
tivated, or  uncivilized  state  ;  barbarism.  Hence, 


Will  you  not  spe.ak  to  save  a  lady's  blush  t 
Silent  and  unuba'.-rVL-d,  to  save  his  tears. 


2.  Cruelty ;  barbarousne.ss. 

Wolves  and  beam,  th-Y  ».-i.v, 
Castlni;  their  tavageness  aside,  hare  dune 
Like  omc«-s  of  pity.  .^liak. 
SAV'AGE-RY,  71.    Wild  growth,  as  of  plants.  Shak. 

2.  Cruelty  ;  barbarity.  Shak. 
SAV'AG-IS.M,  71.   The  slate  of  rude,  uncivilized  men  ; 
the  state  of  men  in  their  native  wildness  and  mile 
ness.  S.  S.  Smith.  IVaUi. 

The  greater  pnrt  of  modem  philosophcn  have  decKired  for  the 
original  tavagism  of  men.  JCncyc. 

SA-VAN'J>,\,  71.  [In  Spanish,  sabnna  is  a  sheet  for  a 
bed,  or  a  large  plain  covered  with  snow.] 

An  extensive  open  plain  or  meadow,  or  a  plain 
destitute  of  trees,  and  covered  with  grass.  Locke. 

SA-VAJrr',  (sU-vang',)  n. ;  pi.  Satans.  [Fr.] 
A  man  of  learning  ;  in  tlie  plural,  literary  men. 

SAVE,  I',  t.  [Fr.  suuvcr,  from  L.  salvo.  It.  salvare,  Sp. 
salcar.  As  salre  is  used  in  I.atin  for  salutation  or 
wishing  health,  as  had  is  in  English,  I  suspect  this 
word  to  be  from  the  root  of  hral  or  /iai7,  the  first  let- 
ter being  changed,  as  in  Gr.  uAj,  W.  luilcn,  salt.  See 
SaltO 

1.  To  preserve  from  injury,  destruction,  or  evil  of 
any  kinil;  to  rescue  from  danger;  as,  to  save  a 
house  from  the  flames  ;  to  save  a  man  from  drown- 
ing ;  to  save  a  family  from  ruin ;  to  save  a  state  front 
war. 

lie  cried,  saying,  I^rxl,  save  me.  —  Malt.  liv.   Gen.  xlr. 

2.  To  preserve  from  final  and  everlasting  destruc- 
tion ;  to  rescue  from  eternal  death. 

Christ  Jesus  came  into  the  world  to  sare  sinners.  —  1  Tim.  i. 

3.  To  deliver  ;  to  rescue  from  tlie  power  and  pol- 
lution of  sin. 

He  sh.ill  eare  his  people  from  their  sins.  —  Matt.  i. 

4.  To  hinder  from  being  spent  or  lost ;  as,  to  .tace 
the  expense  of  a  new  garment.  Order  in  all  affairs 
saves  time. 

5.  'J'o  prevent.  Method  in  affairs  saves  nmch  per- 
plexity. 

6.  To  reserve  or  lay  by  for  preservat^p). 

Now  save  a  nation,  and  noss-  save  a  groat.  Poj>e. 

7.  To  spare ;  to  prevent ;  to  hinder  from  occur- 
rence. 

Dryrlen. 
Dn/<ten. 

8.  To  salve  ;  as,  to  save  appearances.  jViUon. 

9.  To  take  or  use  opportunely,  so  as  not  to  lose. 
The  ship  sailed  in  time  to  save  the  tide. 

10.  To  except ;  to  reserve  from  a  general  admis- 
sion or  account. 

Israel  burned  none  of  them,  save  Hazor  only.  —  Josh.  xi. 
Of  llie  Jews  five  tinK-s  received  1  forty  stlipes,  «ar>«  one. — 2 
Cor.  xi. 

[Save  is  here  a  verb  followed  by  an  object.    It  is 
the  imperative  used  without  a  specific  nominative ; 
but  it  is  now  less  frequently  used  than  ezccpt.] 
SAVE,  V.  i.    To  hinder  expense. 

Brass  onlnance  savelh  in  the  quantity  of  the  material.  Bacon. 
SAVE'AIX,  n.    [.sare  and  all.]    A  small  pan  inserted 
in  a  candlestick  to  save  the  ends  of  candles. 

Johnson. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  small  sail  sometimes  set  under 
the  foot  of  another  sail  to  catch  the  wind  that  would 
pass  under  it.  Totten. 
SiV'El),  pp.  Preserved  from  evil,  injury,  or  de- 
struction ;  kept  frugally  ;  prevented  ;  spared  ;  taken 
in  time. 

SAVER,  71.  One  that  saves,  preser\-c3,  or  re.scues 
from  evil  or  destruction  ;  as,  the  sorer  of  the  coun- 
try. Swift. 

2.  One  that  escapes  loss,  but  without  gain. 

Dnjdcn. 

3.  One  that  is  frugal  in  expenses ;  an  economist. 

JVotton. 

SAV'IX,  71,    [Fr.  .lari'iiiVr  ;  L.  and  Sp.  .«aAiiia.] 

An  evergreen  tree  or  shrub  of  the  genus  Junipenis. 
The  s.avin  of  Eurojic  resembles  the  red  cedar  of 
America,  and  tlie  latter  is  sometimes  called  savia. 

Bigelow. 

SAVING,  ppr.  Preserving  from  evil  or  destruction  ; 
hindering  from  waste  or  lossj  sp,aring;  taking  or 
using  in  time. 

2.  Excepting. 

3.  a.  Frugal ;  not  lavish  ;  avoiding  unnecessary 
expenses  ;  economical ;  parsimonious.  But  it  im- 
plies less  rigorous  economy  than  Parsiuomous  ;  as, 
a  saving  husbandman  or  housekeeper. 

4.  That  saves  in  returns  or  receipts  the  principal 
or  sum  employed  or  expended  ;  that  incurs  no  loss, 
though  not  gainful ;  a-s,  a  saving  bargain.  The  ship 
has  made  a  saving  voyage. 

5.  That  secures  everlasting  salvation ;  as,  saving 
grace. 

SAVING,  n.  Something  kept  from  being  expended  or 
lost. 

By  reducing  the  interest  of  the  debt,  tlie  oatioD  makes  m  saving. 

Anon. 

2.  Exception ;  reservation. 

ConteiKl  not  with  those  that  ase  toe  strong  for  us,  init  still  with  a 
saving  to  tionrstj.  L'Estrange. 


SAV'ING-LY,  a//B.    With  frugality  or  pHrHinmny. 

uteriial  death  ; 

as,  saringhj  convcrteil 


So  as  to  lie  finally  saved  from  eter 


SAViNG-NESS,  71.    Frugality;  parsimony ;  caution 
not  to  expend  money  without  necessity  or  use. 
2.  Tendency  to  promote  eternal  salvation. 

.fohnjion, 

SAVINGS-BANK,  n.    A  bank  in  which  the  savings 
or  earnings  of  llio  poor  are  deposited  and  put  to  in- 
terest lor  their  benefit. 
SAVIOR,    /  ,  -  ,       ,       rr-  1 
SAVIOUR,  t  (■^^v'yur,)  n.    [Fr.  sauteur.] 

1.  One  who  saves,  preserves,  or  delivers  from  de- 
struction, or  danger.    2  Kings  xiii.  5.    /.<.  xix.  20. 

2.  Properly  and  appropriately,  Jesus  Christ,  the  Re- 
deemer, who  has  opened  the  way  to  everlasting, sal- 
vation by  his  obedience  and  death,  and  who  is 
thcref<ire  called  the  Savior,  by  way  of  distinction, 
the  Savior  of  men,  the  Savior  of  the  world.  Gen- 
er<il  Washington  may  be  called  the  saver,  but  not 
the  savior,  of  his  country. 

SA'VOR,  71.  [Fr.  saveur ;  L.  sapor;  W.sautyr;  Arm. 
saour  ;  from  L.  sapio,  to  taste.] 

1.  Taste  or  odor ;  something  that  perceptibly  af- 
fects the  organs  of  taste  and  smell  ;  as,  the  savor  of 
an  orange  or  rose  ;  an  ill  savor ;  a  sweet  savor. 

I  smell  sweet  savors.  Shak. 
In  Scripture,  it  usually  denotes  smell,  scent,  odor. 
Lev.  xxvi.    llccles.  x. 

2.  The  quality  which  renders  a  thing  valuable  ; 
the  quality  which  renders  other  bodies  agreeable  to 
the  taste. 

If  the  salt  hath  lost  its  savor.  —  Matt.  r. 

3.  In  Scripture,  character ;  reputation.    Ezod.  v. 

4.  Cause  ;  occasion.    2  Cor.  ii. 

Street  savor,  in  Scripture,  denotes  that  which  ren- 
ders a  thing  acceptable  to  God,  or  liis  acceptance.. 
Hence,  to  smell  a  sircct  savor,  is  to  accejit  the  offering 
or  service.  Gen.  viii. 
SA'VOR,  V.  i.  To  have  a  particular  smell  or  taste. 
2.  To  partake  of  the  quality  or  nature  of;  or  to 
have  the  appearance  of.  The  answers  savor  of  a 
humble  spirit ;  or  they  ;>urer  of  pride. 

fVotton.  MilUm. 

I  have  rejected  every  tiling  that  «ai>ors  of  party.  Addison. 
SA'VOK,  II.  t.    To  like  ;  to  taste  or  smell  with  pleas- 
ure. Shak. 
2.  To  like  ;  to  delight  in  ;  to  favor.    Matt.  xvi. 
SA'VOR-f:i),  pp.    Tasted  or  smelt  with  pleasure. 
SA'VOR-I-LY,  a</r.    [from  satwy.]    With  gust  or  ap- 
petite. DrydJ-n. 
2.  With  a  plea,sing  relish.  Dryden. 
S.A'VOR-l-NESS,  n.    Pleasing  taste  or  smell  j  as,  the 

savoriness  of  a  pine-apple  or  a  peach. 
SA'VOR-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  smell  or  taste  ;  in- 
sipid. '  IlalL 
SA'VOR-LY,  a.    Well-seasoned  ;  of  good  taste. 
.*A'VOR-IiY,  adv.    With  a  pleasing  relish.  Barroa. 
S.X'VOR-Y,  a.    [from  aacor.]    Pleasing  to  the  organs 
of  smell  or  taste  ;  as,  a  savory  odor.  Jlilton. 
Make  me  savory  meat,  —  Gen.  xxvii. 
SA'VOR-Y,  71.    [Fr.  savorie.]    At\  aromatic  plant  of 

the  genus  Satiireia,  much  used  in  cooking.  \ 
SA-VOV,  71.    A   variety  of  the  common  cabbage, 
(Brassica  oleracea,)  much  cultivated  for  winter  use. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

SAW,  prcf.  of  See.  , 
SAW,  71. ,  [Sax.  saga  ;  G.  sdge  i  D.  zaag  ;  Sw.  saga  ; 
l)aii.  saug  ;  Fr.  scie  i  It.  sega.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  cutting  instrument  consisting  of  a  blade  or 
thin  plate  of  iron  or  steel,  with  one  edge  denL'ited  or 
toothed. 

2.  A  saying;  proverb;  maxim;  decree.  [Obs.] 
[See  Sav.]  Shak. 

SAW,  t'.  L  I  pret  Sawed  ;  p^.  Sawed  or  Sawh.  [G. 
sdgen ;  D.  zaagen  ,*  Sw,  -saga ;  Dan.  saucer ;  Norm. 
srguar ;  It.  .•:egarr,  to  saw,  cut,  reap ;  L.  seco ;  Fr. 
«i>r;  allied  Ut  sickle.] 

1.  To  cut  with  a  saw  ;  to  separate  with  a  saw  ;  as, 
to  saw  timber  or  marble. 

2.  To  form  by  cutting  with  a  saw  ;  as,  to  saw 
boards  or  planks  ;  that  is,  to  sate  timber  into  boards 
or  planks. 

SAW,  r.  i.  To  use  a  saw  ;  to  practice  sawing ;  as.  » 
man  sates  well. 

2.  To  cut  with  a  saw  ;  as,  the  mill  sates  fast  or 
well. 

3.  To  be  cut  with  a  saw  ;  as,  the  timber  satet 
smooth. 

SAWDUST,  n.  Dust  or  small  fragments  of  wood  or 
stone  made  by  the  attrition  of  a  saw.  .Worlimer. 

SAW'>;D,  pp.  or  a.  Cut,  divided,  or  formed  with  a 
saw. 

SAW'ER,  71.  One  that  saws  ;  corrupted  into  Saw- 
yer. 

SAW'-FISH,  71.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Pristis,  of  sev- 
eral .species,  closely  allied  to  the  sharks.  Il  has  the 
upper  jaw  prolonged  into  a  long  beak  or  snout,  with 
spines  growing  like  teelh  on  both  edges.  The  .vair- 
JtsA  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  formidable  enemies 
of  the  whale  tribe.  Jardine's  A'al.  Lib. 

SAW'-FI,Y,  11.    One  of  a  genus  of  flies,  (Tenlliredo 


TONE,  ByLL,  IJNITE —  AX"GER,  Vl"CIOUS —  C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


II 


SAY 


SCA 


SCA 


Linn.)  having  ovipositors  somewhat  resembling  a 
liandsaw.  Partintrton. 
SAW-MILL,  n.    A  mill  for  sawing  lugs  and  large 
pieces  of  timber,  driven  by  water,  steam,  or  otlier 
power. 

SAW'XEY,  n.  A  nickname  for  a  Scotchman,  cor- 
rupted from  Sandij,  i.  e.  Alexander.         [  Vulgar-I 

Orose. 

SAW-PIT,  n.  A  pit  over  which  timber  is  sawed  by 
two  men,  one  standing;  below  the  timber  and  the 
other  above.  Mortimer. 

SAW'-^ET,       )  n.    An  instrument  used  to  wrest  or 

SAW'-U'KEST,  i  turn  the  teeth  of  saws  a  little 
outward,  tliat  they  may  make  a  kerf  somewhat 
wider  than  the  thickness  of  the  blade. 

SAW-WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Seriatula,  so  named  from  its  serrated  leaves.  It  has 
the  habits  and  qualities  of  the  thistles. 

SAWYER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  saw  tim- 
ber into  planks  or  boards,  or  to  saw  wood  for  fuel. 

2.  In  America,  a  tree  which,  being  undermined  by 
a  current  of  water,  and  falling  into  the  stream, 
lies  with  its  branches  above  water,  which  are  con- 
tinually raised  and  depressed  by  the  force  of  the 
current,  from  which  circumstance  the  name  is  de- 
rived. The  sawyers  in  the  Mississippi  render  the 
navigation  dangerous,  and  frequently  sink  boats 
which  run  against  them. 

SAX'A-TILE,  a.    [L.  saxatilis,  from  saxum,  a  rock.] 
Pertaining  to  rocks  ;  living  among  rocks.  Hunter. 

S.^X-I-Ca'VUUS,  a.  [L.  sazum,  rock,  and  cavo,  to 
hollow.] 

A  term  applied  to  molhisks  which  live  in  holes  in 
rocks  made  either  by  boring  or  otherwise.  Dana. 

SAX'I-FRA6E,  n.  [L.  sarifraga ;  composed  of  saz- 
um, a  stone,  and  frango,  to  break.] 

A  medicine  that  has  the  property  of  breaking  or 
dissolving  the  stone  in  the  bladder.  But  in  botany,  a 
plant  of  the  genus  Saxifraga,  which  embraces  many 
species,  mostly  hardy  herbs  growing  naturally  on  or 
among  rocks.  The  burnet  .saxifrage  is  of  the  genus 
Pimpinella  ;  the  golden  saxifrage  is  of  the  genus 
Chrysoplenium  ;  the  meadow  saxifrage  is  of  the  genus 
Seseli.  En  eye.  Luudun. 

SAX-IF'RA-GOUS,  a.    Dissolving  the  stone.  Brown. 

SAX'ON,  n.  [Sax.  seax,  a  knife,  sword,  or  dagger,  a 
Saxon.] 

1.  One  of  the  nation  or  people  who  formerly  dwelt 
in  the  northern  part  of  Germany,  and  who  invaded 
and  conquered  England  in  the  fifth  and  sixth  cen- 
turies    The  Welsh  still  call  the  English  Siesons. 

2.  The  language  of  Uie  Saxons. 

SAX'ON,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Saxons,  to  their  coun- 
try, or  to  their  language. 

SAX'ON-i!LuE,  n.  A  deep-blue  liquid  used  in  dye- 
ing, and  obtained  by  dissolving  indigo  in  concen- 
trated sulphuric  acid.  Brande. 

SAX'ON-IS.M,  n.    An  idiom  of  the  Saxon  language. 

IVotton. 

SAX'ON-IST,  71.  One  versed  in  the  Saxon  language. 
SaY,  v.  t. !  pret.  and  pp.  Said,  contracted  from  Savkd. 

[Sax.  sisgan,  saegan ;  G.  sagen. ;  D.  zeggen ;  Sw. 

sctga;  Dan.  siger;  Cb.  niD  or  no,  to  speak  or  say. 

The  same  verb  in  Arabic,  sauga,  signifies  to 

sink,  Goth,  sigcav.  The  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  throw 
or  thrust.  Class  Sg,  No.  28.  Pers.  sachan  a  word, 
speech.] 

1.  To  speak  ;  to  utter  in  words  ;  as,  he  said  noth- 
ing ;  he  saiil  many  things  ;  he  says  not  a  word.  Say 
a  good  word  for  me. 

It  is  observable  that,  although  this  word  is  radically 
synonymous  with  Speak  and  Tell,  yet  the  uses  or 
applications  of  these  words  are  different.  'J'hus  we 
say,  to  irpeali.  an  oration,  to  tell  a  story  ;  but  in  these 
phrases,  siiii  can  not  be  used.  Vet  to  say  a  lesson  is 
good  English,  though  not  very  elegant.  We  never 
use  the  phrases,  to  say  a  sermon  or  discourse,  to  say 
an  argument,  to  say  a  speech,  to  say  testimony. 

A  very  gener.al  use  of  say  is  to  introduce  a  relation, 
narration,  or  recital,  either  of  the  speaker  himself,  or 
of  something  said  or  done,  or  to  be  done,  by  another. 
Thus  Adam  said.  This  in  bone  of  my  bone  ;  Noah  said, 
Ble.saed  be  the  Lord  God  of  Shem.  If  we  .say,  VVc 
have  no  sin,  we  deceive  ourselves.  Say  to  the  cities 
of  Judah,  Heboid  your  God.  I  can  not  say  what  I 
should  do  in  a  similar  case.  Say  thus  precedes  n 
gentencc.  Hut  it  is  perhaps  impracticable  to  reduce 
the  peculiar  and  appropriate  uses  of  say,  speak,  and 
t/M  to  general  rules.  They  can  be  learnt  only  by  ob- 
aervution. 

2.  To  declare.    Ocn.  xxxvii. 

3.  To  utter ;  to  pronounce. 

Say  now  8hiMj<>l<:th.  —  Jii'lgc*  xii. 

4.  Tu  utter,  an  a  command. 

Oo'l  foW,  IM  thrr-      Ih-ljL  —  Ocn.  I. 

5.  To  utter,  as  a  promise.    Luke,  xxiii. 

C.  To  utter,  as  a  q»e«tion  or  answer.    Mark  \\. 

7.  To  adirm  ;  to  teach.    Mall.  xvii. 

8.  To  confi  ss.    iMkt  xvii. 

9.  To  ICKtiry.   AcU  xxiv. 


10.  To  argue  ;  to  allege  by  way  of  argument. 

After  all  tlml  can  be  said  against  a  thing.  TiUotson. 

11.  To  repeat ;  to  rehearse  ;  to  recite ;  as,  to  say 
a  lesson. 

12.  To  pronounce  ;  to  recite  without  singing.  Then 
shall  be  said  or  sung  as  follows.- 

13.  To  report ;  as  in  the  phrases,  it  is  said,  they 
say. 

14.  To  answer ;  to  utter  by  way  of  reply ;  to  tell. 

Say,  Stella,  feel  you  no  content, 

Renccting  on  a  lite  well  siieut  f  Swift. 
Mte.  —  This  verb  is  not  properly  intransitive.  In 
the  phrase,  "  as  when  we  say,  Plato  is  no  fool,"  the 
last  clause  is  the  object  after  the  verb  ;  that  is,  "  we 
say  what  follows."  If  this  verb  is  properly  intran- 
sitive in  any  case,  it  is  in  the  phrase, "  thtit  is  to  say," 
but  in  such  cases,  the  subsequent  clause  is  the  ob- 
ject of  the  verb,  being  that  which  is  said,  uttered,  or 
related. 
SAY,  n.    [Sax.  saga,  sagu.^ 

A  speech  ;  something  said.  [In  popular  use,  but  not 
elegant.] 

SAY,  71.    [For  Assay.]    A  sample.    [Ois.]  Sidney, 
2.  Trial  by  sample.    [Obs.]  Boyle. 
SaY,  71.    [Fr.  soic.] 

A  thin  silk.  [Obs.] 
SaY,    )  n.    In  commerce,  a  kind  of  serge  used  for  lin- 
SAYE,  j     ings,  shirts,  aprons,  &.c.  Encijc. 
SAVING,  ppr.     Uttering  in  articulate  sountls  or 

words;  speaking;  telling;  relating;  reciting. 
SaY'ING,  71.    An  expression  ;  a  sentence  uttered  ;  a 
declaration. 

Moses  fled  at  tliis  saying, — Acts  vii. 

ClctTO  treasured  up  the  sayings  of  SciBVoIa.  MidtUeton, 

2.  A  proverbial  expression.  Many  are  the  sayings 
of  the  wise.  Milton!' 
SCAB,  71.  [Sax.  scab,  sceb ;  G.  scliabe ;  Sw.  skabb  ; 
Dan.  skab ;  L.  scabies;  It.  scabbia.  It  seems  to  be 
connected  with  L.  scabo,  to  rub  or  scratch,  G.  sckaben, 
to  shave,  \V.  ysgubaw,  to  sweep,  L.  scaber,  rough, 
D.  schob,  a  scale.] 

1.  An  UMrusted  substance,  dry  and  rough,  formed 
overasoWin  healing. 

2.  A  contagious  disease  of  sheep,  resembling  the 
mange  in  horses,  &c.  Farm.  Encye. 

3.  A  mean,  diity,  paltry  fellow.    [Loic]  Shak. 
SGAB'BARD,  n.    The  sheath  of  a  sword.  Dryden. 
SCAB'B A  RD,  v.  t.    To  put  in  a  sheath. 
SCAB'BARD-ED,  pp.    Put  into  a  sheath. 
SCAB'BARD-ING,  ppr.  Sheathing. 
SGAB'BA'D,   (scabd  or  skab'bed,)  a.     [from  scab.] 

Abounding  with  scabs  ;  diseaseil  with  scabs.  Bacon, 
2.  Mean  ;  paltry  ;  vile  ;  worthless.  Dryden. 
Se AB'BED-K  ESS,  71.    The  stale  of  being  scabbed. 
SCAB'BI-NESS,  71.    [from   scabby.]    The  quality  of 

being  scabby. 

SGAB'BY,  a.    [from  scab.]    Affected  with  scabs  ;  full 
of  scabs.  Dryden. 
2.  Diseased  with  the  sctib  or  mange  ;  mangy. 

Sicift. 

SGa'BI-OUS,  a.    [L.  .icabiosus,  from  .ic<ibics,  scab.] 
Consisting  of  scabs;  rough;  itchy;  leprous;  as, 
.'!eahious  eruptions.  Arbuthnol, 
SCa'BI-OIJS,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Scabiosa,  said 

to  be  useful  in  cutaneous  diseases.  Loudon, 
SCA-BRED'I-TY,  71.    [L.  scabrcdo,  .icabrities,] 

Roughness  ;  ruggedness.    [JVot  in  use.]  Burton. 
SGA'BROUS,  a.    [L.  scabrosus,  scaber,  from  scabies, 
scab.] 

1.  Rough ;  rugged ;  having  hard,  short,  rigid 
points.  Arbutknut. 

2.  Harsh  ;  unmusical.  B.  Jonson, 
SCA'BROUS-NE.-^S,  71.    Roughness;  ruggedness 
SCAB' WORT,  71.    A  plant,  a  sjiecies  of  Helenium. 
SCAD,  71.     A  fish  of  the  genus  Caranx,  (Scomber 

tracliurus,  Linn.;)  also  called  IIurse  MACiiEREL. 

Jardinc^s  JWif.  Lib. 
SCAF'FOLD,  71.  [Fr.  echnfaud;  Arm.  ckafod;  Ir. 
scafal ;  It.  scafjiile ;  D.  sclmoot ;  G.  schafot ;  Dan. 
.•ikafot ;  perhaps  from  the  root  of  .ihape,  as  form  is 
usetl  for  Afiiic/i.  The  hist  syllable  is  the  L. /a/ii.  In 
Cornish,  skanal  is  a  bench  or  stool,  and  this  word, 
schavot,  in  Dutch,  signifies  a  tailor's  bench,  as  well 
as  a  scaflold.l 

1.  Among  iiiiWcr.?,  an  assemblage  or  structure  of 
timbers,  boards,  or  planks,  erected  by  the  wall  of  a 
building  to  su|iport  the  workmen. 

2.  A  teuiporiiiy  gallery  or  stage  raised  cither  for 
shows  or  spectators.  Milton. 

3.  A  stage  or  elevated  platform  for  the  execution 
of  !i  criminal.  Sidney. 

SCAF'FOLD,  V.  I.  To  furnish  with  a  scaffold  ;  to  sus- 
tain ;  to  upliidd. 
SCAF'FOLD-AGE,  71.    A  gallery;  a  Iiollow  floor. 

Shah. 

SnAF'FOLD-En,  pp.    Furnished  with  a  scnffidd. 
KCAF'FOl.D-lNt;,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  a  scaffold. 
SCAF'I'OLI)-IN(;,  n.    A  frame  or  structure  for  sup- 
port ill  an  eli  vtitcd  place  ;  a  scaffold. 

2.  That  which  sustains;  a  frame  ;  as,  the  seaffold- 
ing  of  Ihi;  body.  Pope. 

3.  Ti  niporary  structure  for  support.  Prior. 

4.  Materials  for  scaffolds. 


SGAG'LI-A,  (skal'ye-a,)  ii.  [It.]  A  reddish  variety 
of  chtilk.  Dana. 

SCAG-LI-o'LA,  (skal-ye-5'la,)  71.  [It.]  A  species  of 
plaster  or  stucco  made  of  pure  gypsum,  with  varie- 
gated colors  in  imitation  of  marble.  Owilt. 

SCAL'A-BLE,  a.   That  mav  be  scaled. 

Se.\-L.ADE',  j  71.    [Fr.  scalade ;  Sp.  scdiado ;  from  L. 

SCA-La'DO,  \     scala,  a  ladder.    See  Scale.] 

A  storm  or  assault  on  a  fortified  place,  in  which 
the  soldiers  enter  the  place  by  means  of  ladders.  It 
is  written  also  Escalade. 

SCi-LAR'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  scalaris,  a  ladder,  and 
forma,  form.] 

Having  transverse  bars  and  spaces  like  a  laddt^r. 

Danci. 

S€a'LA-RY,  a.  Resembling  a  ladder;  formed  with 
steps.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

SCALD,  (skawld,)  u.  t.  [It.  scaldare ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
escaldar ;  Fr.  ecliauder,  for  esckalder ;  Sw.  skollu ; 
Dan.  skaaldcr ;  h:  sgallaini  i  from  the  root  of  L.  caZfo, 
calda,  calidus.  I  suppose  the  primary  sense  of  caleo 
is,  to  contract,  to  draw,  to  make  hard.] 

1.  To  burn  or  painfully  affect  and  injure  by  im- 
mersion in,  or  contact  with,  a  liquor  of  a  boiling 
heat,  or  a  heat  approaching  it ;  as,  to  scald  the  hand 
or  foot.  We  scald  the  part,  when  the  heat  of  the 
liquor  applied  is  so  violent  as  to  injure  the  skin  and 
flesh.  Scald  is  sometimes  used  to  express  the  eflect 
of  the  heat  of  other  substances  than  liquids. 

Here  the  hlue  flames  of  scalding  briinslone  fall.  Cowley. 
9.  To  expose  to  a  boiling  or  violent  heat  over  a 
fire,  or  in  water  or  other  liquor;  as,  to  scald  meat 
or  milk. 

SCALD,  71.    [Supra.]    A  burn,  or  injury  to  the  skin 

and  flesh  by  hot  liquor. 
SCALD,  71.    [Qu.  Sax.  se7jll,  a  shell.] 

Scab  ;  scurf  on  the  head.  Spenser. 
SCALD,  a.    Scurvy  ;  paltry  ;  poor ;  as,  scald  rhymers. 

S/iak. 

SGALD,  71.  [Dan.  skialdrer,  to  make  verses  ;  also,  a 
poet.  The  primary  sense  is,  prt»bably,  to  make  oy  to 
sing.  If  the  latter,  we  find  its  affinities  in  G.  schal- 
len,  D.  schellen,  Sw.  skalla.] 

Among  Vie  ancient  Scandinavians,  a  poet ;  one  u  hose 
occupation  was  to  compose  pt>ems  ip  honor  of  distin- 
guished men  and  their  achievemtints,  and  to  recite 
and  sing  them  on  public  occasions.  The  senilis  of 
Denmark  and  Sweden  answered  to  the  bards  tif  the 
Britons  or  Celts.  Mallet. 

SCALD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Injured  by  a  hot  liquor ;  ex- 
posed to  boiling  heat. 

Scalded  cream  ;  clotted  cream ;  cream  raised  from 
milk  by  heating.  Gardner. 

SCALD'ER,  71.    A  scald  ;  a  Scandinavian  poet. 

SCALD'-HEAD,  (skawld'hed,)  7i  [See  Scald.]  A 
pustular  eruption,  mostly  of  the  hairy  scalp,  in  which 
the  pustules  are  indistinct,  often  distant  patches, 
gratlually  spreatling  till  tlie  whole  head  is  covered  as 
with  a  helmet ;  skin  below  the  scabs  red,  shining, 
dotted  with  papilloiis  apt^rtiires,  excreting  fresh  mat- 
ter ;  roots  of  the  hair  ol^en  destioyeii.  It  is  the  Por- 
rigo  galeata  of  Good. 

SCALD'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  scalds  or  poets  of  an- 
tiquity ;  composed  by  scalds.  tVarlon. 

SCALD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Burning  or  injuring  by  hot 
liquor. 

2.  Exposing  to  a  boiling  heat  in  liquor. 
SCALD'ING-HOT,  a.    So  hot  as  to  scald  the  skin. 
SCALE,  71.    [Sax.  scale,  sceale;  D.  sehaal,  a  scale,  a 

bowl,  saucer,  or  dish,  and  a  skcll,  uniting  the  Sax. 
scale  and  scell ;  G.  sclialc,  a  scale  or  balance,  a  dish, 
bowl,  shell,  peel,  or  paring ;  Dan.  skal,  a  shell ;  skaler, 
to  shell,  peel,  or  ptire  ;  .9kiel,  a  fish  scale  ;  Sw.  skal, 
a  shell  ;  Fr.  ecaille  ;  ecailler,  to  scale  or  peel ;  e<;a;c,  a 
shell:  ecaler,  tn  shell;  echelle,  a.  scale  or  ladder;  It. 
scaglia,  the  scale  of  a  fish  ;  scala,  a  latliler  ;  L.  id., 
Sp."pscn;a.  Scale,  a  shell  and  a  dish,  is  probably  fnun 
peeling  or  paring,  that  is,  separating  ;  but  whethi  r  a 
simple  or  compound  word,  (es-cal,  ex-cal,)  I  do  not 
know.  If  the  sen.se  is,  to  strip,  it  coinciiles  with  the 
Gr.  aynXaio,  to  spoil.] 

1.  The  dish  of  a  balance  ;  and  hence,  the  balance 
itself,  or  whole  instrument ;  as,  to  turn  the  scale. 

liong  time  in  even  scale 
Tlie  battle  hung.  Wi/ton. 

But,  in  general,  we  use  the  plural,  scale's,  for  the 
whole  instrument. 

Ttie  scales  are  turned ;  her  kindiiCM  weigha  no  more 

Now  than  my  vows.  H'n.Vjr. 

2.  The  Scales,  pi. ;  the  sign  of  the  Balance,  or  Li- 
bra, in  the  z<idiiic.  Creech. 

3.  The  small,  thin  plate,  shell,  or  crust,  which 
composes  a  part  of  the  covering  of  a  fish  ;  anil  hence, 
any  thin  layer  or  loaf  exfoliated  or  seiiarntcd  ;  a  tliin 
lamina  ;  as,  scale.i  of  iron  or  of  b.  nc.  SAarp. 

The  .scales  of  fish  consist  of  alternate  layers  of 
membrane  and  phosphate  of  lime.  The  scales  of  ser- 
pents are  composed  of  a  horny  membrane,  without 
the  calcareous  phosphate.  Urc. 

4.  A  ladder;  scries  of  steps  ;  means  of  ascending. 
[L.  scala.]  Addison. 

5.  The  act  of  storming  a  place  by  mounting  the 
walls  on  ladilers  ;  an  escalade,  or  sciilade.  Milton. 


FATE,  Fxn,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PKBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRb     NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


9H4 


SCA 

6.  A  mathemalical  instrument,  of  wood  or  metal, 
on  which  are  niarkeil  lines  and  tigiires,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  measuring  distances  or  extent;  as,  a  plain 
scale;  a  diagonal  scaU, 

7.  Regular  gradation ;  a  series  rising  by  steps  or 
degrees,  like  those  of  a  ladder.  Thus  we  speak  of 
the  sco/e  of  being,  in  which  man  occupies  a  higher 
rank  than  brutes,  and  angels  a  higher  rank  than 
man. 

8.  Any  instrument,  figure,  or  scheme,  graduated 
for  the  purpose  of  measuring  extent  or  proportions; 
as,  a  map  drawn  by  a  scale  of  half  an  inch  to  a 
league. 

9.  In  vtusie,  a  gamut ;  or  a  series  of  lines  and 
spaces  rising  one  above  another,  or  falling  one  below 
aiuitlier,  on  which  notes  are  placed  ;  or  a  scale  con- 
sists of  the  regular  gradations  of  sounds.  A  scale 
may  be  limited  to  an  octavo,  or  it  may  e.xtcnd  to  the 
compass  of  any  voice  or  instrument.  F.ncijc. 

10.  Any  thing  graduated  or  marked  with  degrees 
at  equal  distances. 

SeSLK,  V.  t.    [It.  scalare,  from  scala,  a  ladder.] 

1.  To  climb,  as  by  a  ladder ;  to  ascend  by  steps  ; 
applieii  Co  the  walls  of  a  fortified  place,  to  mount  in 
assault  or  storm. 

oil  h.-\ve  I  tcaled  the  crujjy  oak.  Spenser, 

2.  [from  scale,  a  balance.]  To  measure ;  to  com- 
pare ;  to  weigh. 

Sealing  his  preafnt  U-ariiig  with  hb  pa*l.  Shak, 

3.  [fron^  scale,  the  covering  of  a  fish.]  To  strip  or 
clear  of  scales  ;  as,  to  scale  a  fish. 

4.  I'o  take  olf  in  thm  lamens  or  scales. 

5.  To  pare  olf  a  surface. 

It  a\\  Uie  inoiiiiuiiit*  were  McaUd,  aod  the  earth  made  even, 

Burnet. 

6.  In  the  north  of  Englanil,  to  spread,  as  manure  or 
loase  substances  ;  also,  to  disperse  :  to  waste. 

7.  In  gunnery,  to  clean  the  inside  of  a  cannon  by 
the  explosion  of  a  small  quantity  of  powder.  Toticn. 

SCALE,  n.  i.  To  separate  and  come  oil'  in  thin  layers 
or  lamina!. 

Tlie  old  shells  of  the  lotMter  eexile  olT.  Bacon, 
SeAL'fTD,  pp.    Ascended  by  ladders  or  steps  ;  cleared 
of  scales  ;  pared  ;  scattered. 

2.  Having  scales  like  a  fish ;  squamous ;  as,  a  sealed 
snake. 

SeSLEjLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  scales.  S.  L.  Mitchill. 
St'A-LF.NE',  I  a.  [Gr.  oifi\n'">f,  oblique,  unequal, 
SGA-Le'-NOUS,  !     allied  probably  to  gkjSioh  G. 

scliel,  schiel,  O.  seheel,  squinting  ;  Dan.  skieler,  to 

squint.] 

A  scalene  triangle,  is  one  whose  sides  and  angles 
are  unequal. 
pe.\-LF.\E',  n.    A  scalene  triangle. 
Se.^L'ER,  71.    One  who  scales. 

SCa'M-.NESS,  n.  [frorti  scalij.]  The  state  of  being 
scaly  :  roughness. 

Se.^I/I.N'G,  ppr.  Ascending  by  ladders  or  steps ;  storm- 
ing. 

2.  Stripping  of  scales. 

3.  P(!eling  ;  paring. 
SeSI.'I.NG-LAD-I)ER,  n.  A  ladder  mad*  for  enabling 

troops  to  scale  a  wall. 

SeAI.-1-O'LA.    See  Scagliola. 

SGALI,,  ji.  [See  Scald  and  Scau>-He4d.]  Scab  ; 
scabbiness  ;  leprosy. 

It  is  A  ilry  fooW,  e»fn  a  leprosy  on  tjie  bead.  —  LeT.  xiii. 
2.  A  mean,  scabby  fellow.  Shak. 

SeAL'LION,  (skal'yun,)  n.  [}t  scalogno,  "L.  ascalo- 
r>ia  ;  Fr.  rchalole,  whence  our  shalot;  so  named,  prob- 
ably, from  its  coats,  shell,  scale.] 

.\  plant,  the  Allium  Ascaloniciim,  which  grows 
about  Ascalon  in  Palestine.  It  is  the  wildest  of  all 
the  cultivated  species  of  the  garlic  and  onion  genus. 
It  is  propagated  by  means  of  the  cloves  of  its  bulbs. 

Se.^L'LOP,  (skoriiip,)  n.  [This  is  from  the  root  of 
tkell,  scale  ;  coinciding  with  scalp,  D.  schulp,  a  shell.] 

1.  A  shell-fish,  or  testaceous  molliisk,  of  the  genus 
Pecten  of  Lamarck.  The  shell  is  bivalvular,  the  hinge 
toothless,  having  a  small  ovated  hollow,  friun  which 
alternate  ribs  and  furrows  tisually  run  diverging  to 
the  margin  of  the  shell.  There  are  numerous  species 
used  for  food,  some  of  which  arc  found  in  the  seas 
of  most  climates.  The  shell  occurs  in  abundance  on 
the  coast  of  Palestine,  and  was  formerly  worn  by 
pilgrims  as  a  mark  that  they  had  been  to  the  Holy 
Land. 

2.  A  recess  or  curving  of  the  edge  of  any  thing, 
like  the  segment  of  a  circle.   Written  also  Scollop. 

Se.\L'LOP,  r.  t.  To  mark  or  cut  the  edge  or  border 
of  anv  thing  into  segments  of  circles.  Gray, 

SeAL'I.OP-£D,  (skol'lupt,)  pp.  or  a.  Cut  at  the  edge 
nr  horder  into  segments  of  circles. 

Se.\I/LOP-IN'G,  ppr.  Cutting  the  edge  into  segments 
of  circles. 

SCALP,  n.  fD.  schelp,  or  schulp,  a  shell.  The  German 
has  htmschale,  brain-shell.  (See  Scale.)  But  qu. 
the  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  »)Sp,  to  peel,  to  bark,  and  L. 

scalptK] 

I.  Tlie  skin  of  the  top  of  the  head  ;  as,  a  hairless 

Shak. 

J.  The  skin  of  the  top  of  the  head  cut  or  torn  off. 


SCA 

A  sailp,  among  the  Indians  of  America,  is  a  trophy 
of  victory. 

SCALP,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  t.'ie  scalp  or  integuments 
of  the  head.  Sharp. 

Se.\LP'£U,  (skalpt,)  pp.  Deprived  of  the  skin  of  the 
head. 

SCALP'EL,  n.  [L.  scalpetlum,  from  scalpo,  to  scrape.] 
In  surttery,  a  knife  used  in  anatomical  dissections 
and  surgical  operations.  Brande. 

SCALP'EK,  /II.    An  instrument  of  surgery 

SCALP'ING-I-RO.V,  (  used  in  scraping  foul  and  ca- 
rious bones  ;  a  raspatory.  Enciic  Parr. 

SCALP'ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  skin  of  the  top  of 
the  head. 

SCALP'LNG-K.NIFE,  (-nife,)  n.  A  knife  used  by  sav- 
ages in  scaliiing  their  prisoners.  Cooper. 

SCaL'Y,  a.  [from  sca;«.]  Covered  or  abounding  with 
scales  ;  rough ;  as,  a  scaly  fish  ;  the  scaly  crocodile. 

Milton. 

2.  Resembling  scales,  laminx,  or  layers. 

3.  .Mean  ;  scabby  ;  as,  a  scaly  fellow.  [See  Scall.] 
[Varioas  dialects  in  Entrland.]  Ilalloweli. 

4.  In  botany,  conipased  of  scales  lying  over  each 
other  ;  as,  a  scaly  bulb  ;  having  scales  scattered  over 
it  ;  as,  a  scalii  slein.  Martifn. 

SCAL'y-WLNG-A'D,  a.    Having  wings  with  scales. 

Kirby. 

SCA.M'BLE,  V.  i.    [D.  schommelen,  to  stir,  to  shake".] 

1.  To  stir  quick;  to  be  busy  ;  to  scramble;  to  be 
bold  or  turbulent.  SItak. 

2.  To  shift  awkwardly.  More. 
SCA.M'BLE,  r.  {.  To  mangle  ;  to  maul.  Mortimer. 
Se.\.M'BLEK, «.    A  bold  intruder  upon  the  generosity 

or  hosplt.'ility  of  others.  Sleecens. 
SCA.M'liLI.VG,  ppr.    Stirring:  scrambling;  intruding. 
SCAM'liLlNG-LV,  ar/r.    With  turbulence  and  noise ; 

with  bold  intrusivencss. 
SCA.M-.Mo'.M-.ATE,  a.   [from  icammoni/.]   Made  with 

scamiiiony.  JVisewan. 
SG.\.M'.M()-.\Y,  n.    [L.  seammonia,  from  the  Persian.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Convolvulus. 

2.  .\ii  inspissated  sap  obtained  friuii  the  plant  Con- 
volvulus Scaiiimonia,  of  a  bhickisji-gniy  color,  a 
nauseous  smell,  and  a  bitter  and  acrid  taste.  It  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  cathartic.  The  best  scammony 
comes  from  .\leppo,  in  light,  spongy  masses,  easily 
friable.  That  of  Smyrna  is  black,  ponderous,  and 
mixed  with  extraneous  matter.    Fourcroy.  Kncyc. 

SC.\MP,  71.    [See  Scamper.]    A  great  rascal. 

Halliwell. 

[  Used  in  various  dialects  in  England,  and  vulgarly 
used  ifi  .America.] 
SG.^M'PER,  V.  i.  [D.  schampen,  to  slip  aside  ;  Fr.  es- 
camper ;  H.  scampare,  to  escape,  to  save  (uie's  self; 
scampo,  safely  ;  eampare,  to  preserve,  to  lly ,  to  escajTe  ; 
Sp.  e.-eaiiipar,  to  ch  ar  out  a  place.] 

To  run  with  speed  ;  to  hasten  escape.  Mdi^on, 
Se.\.M'PER-IXG,  ppr.    Running  with  speed  ;  hasten- 
ing in  Might. 

SC-A-V,  e.  t.  [  Fr.  scander  ;  Sp.  rscander  ;  It.  seandire, 
scandcre,  to  climb,  to  scan.  The  Italian  is  the  L.  ils- 
cendo.    See  Ascend.] 

1.  To  examine  with  critical  care  ;  to  scrutinize. 
Tlie  actiutis  of  wn  In  high  stitions  are  all  conspiciirtus,  and 

liable  to  be  tettnned  and  sifted.  AUerbury. 

2.  To  examine  a  verse  by  counting  the  feet ;  or, 
according  to  modern  usage,  to  recite  or  measure 
verse  by  distinguishing  the  feet  in  pronunciation. 
Thus  in  Latin  and  Greek,  a  hexameter  verse  is  re- 
solved into  six  feet  by  scanning,  and  the  true  quanti- 
ties are  determined. 

SCA.N'DAL,  II.  [Fr.  seandale;  It.  seandalo ;  Sp.  escan- 
dalo ;  L.  scandalnm  :  Gr.  n-r'iK^u \oi' ;  Ir.  seannail, 
slander.  In  Greek,  this  word  signifies  a  stumbling- 
block,  something  against  which  a  |ier.<on  impinges, 
or  which  causes  him  to  fall.  In  Sax.  searide,  sconde, 
signifies  shame,  ctuifiision,  dishonor,  infamy;  D. 
schande,  id.  ;  sehandaal,  reproach,  scandal;  G.  schande, 
shame  ;  schdnden,  to  mar,  disfigure,  spoil,  violate  ; 
Dan.  skiender,  to  abuse,  defame,  &c.  ;  San.s.  sckiande 
or  ishianda,  scandal.  In  .Ann,  scandal  is  a  quarrel. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  root  niu.st  be,  to  drive,  to 
thrust,  or  to  strike  or  cast  down.] 

1.  Offense  given  by  the  faults  of  another. 

His  lustful  or^es  he  enlarged 
Even  to  L'le  hill  of  eeandai.  Milton. 

[In  this  sense  we  n"W  generally  use  OrrENSE.] 

2.  Reproachful  aspersion  ;  opprobrious  censure  ; 
defamatory  speech  or  report;  something  uttered 
which  is  false  and  injurious  to  reputation. 

^tJ•  known  Tirtue  is  from  icandal  free.  rhyden. 

3.  Shame;  reproach;  disgrace.  Such  is  the  per- 
verted st,ate  of  the  human  mind,  that  some  of  the 
most  heinous  crimes  bring  little  scandal  upon  the  of- 
fender. 

SCA.\'I),\L,  r.  t.    To  treat  opprobriously  ;  to  defamo ; 
to  asperse ;  to  traduce ;  to  blacken  character. 
I  do  fawn  on  mrn,  and  huff  Uwm  h«ni, 
And  oAer  ecandat  them.    [Liule  uted.]  STuit. 

2.  To  scandalize;  to  offend.    [AVil  used.] 

Bp.  Story. 

SCAN'DAL-IZE,  v.  I.     [Gr.  (r»ait?.iX.;<.j ;  L.  ..ca7i- 


SCA 

dalizo :  Sp.  escandalizar ;  lU  ticandaleitare ;  Fr.  scan^ 
datijer.  ] 

1.  'i'o  offend  by  some  action  siipiios^d  criminal. 

I  demand  who  tliey  ore  whom  we  gjatidalize  by  iuiii|r  hamilna 
ttiiiiirs.  Hooker. 

2.  To  reproach  ;  to  disgrace  ;  to  defame  ;  as,  a 
seandaliiinrr  librler.  Addition. 

SCAN'I)AI--IZ-KD,  pp.  Offended  ;  defamed  ;  dis- 
graced. 

SCA.N'DAL-IZ-l.VG,  ppr.  Giving  offense  to;  dis- 
gracing. 

SCA.V'D.'M^OUS,  71.  [It.  scandaloto ;  Sp.  eseandaloaa  ; 
Fr.  scanduleuz  ;  Sw.  skdndelig.] 

1.  Giving  offense. 

Notliiiijj  ecajtdaiottt  or  offensive  to  any.  Hooker. 

2.  Opprnbrious  ;  disgraceful  to  reputation ;  that 
brings  shame  or  infamy  ;  as,  a  scandalous  crime  or 
vice.  How  perverted  must  be  the  mind,  that  con- 
siders .seduction  or  dueling  less  scandalous  than  lar- 
ceny ! 

3.  Defamatory. 

Se.\.N''D.\L-OUS-LY, adv.  Shamefully ;  in  a  manner 
to  give  offense. 

His  (liKCoiirse  at  table  was  scandalo^ety  unbecoming  the  dienlty 
of  his  station.  Sie\fl, 

2.  Censoriously  ;  with  a  disposition  to  find  fault ; 
as,  a  critic  scandalously  nice.  Pope. 
SCAN'DAL-OL'S-NE.SS,  n.     The  quality  of  being 
scandalous  ;  the  quality  of  giving  otfense,  or  of  being 
disgraceful. 

S€JIjVDA-LUM  M^n-^'Ji'TUM,  [1..]     In  laa,  a 
defamatory  speech  or  writing  made  or  published  to 
the  injury  of  a  person  of  dignity.  Encyc. 
SC.A.V'DEN'T,  o.    [  L.  scanden.',  scando,  to  climb.] 

Climbing,  either  with  spiral  tendrils  for  its  sup- 
port, or  by  adhesive  fibers,  as  a  stalk  ;  climbing  ;  pet- 
forming  the  ofiice  of  a  tendril,  as  a  petiole. 

Smith.  Biffetoir. 
SCAN'.VKD,  (skand,)  pp.    Critically  sifted  or  exam- 
ined ;  resolved  into  feet  in  recital. 
Se.V.\''N'I.N(;,  ppr.    Critically  examining;  resolving 

into  feet,  as  verse. 
SCA.N'SIO.V,  (-shun,)  n.    The  act  of  scanning. 

Percy. 

Se.\N'-?fi'Rl"5S,  n.  pi.    [L.  scando,  to  climb.] 

An  order  of  birds  whose  external  toe  is  directed 
backward  like  a  tliiinib,  by  which  they  arc  enabled 
to  cling  to  and  climb  upon  trees.  The  whole  of  this 
order  are  not  actii.ally  climbers  ;  and  there  are  climb- 
ing birds  that  do  not  belong  to  this  order.  The 
woodpeckers  and  parrots  are  an  example  of  this 
ordfT 

SCA.X-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Climbing  or  adapted  to  climli- 
ing  ;  a  term  applied  to  the  order  of  birds  called  scan- 
sore.^.    [See  ScANsoREs.]  Sicainsun. 

Se.A.N'T,  V.  t    [Dan.  skaanet,  from  sknaner,  to  spare.] 
To  limit ;  to  straiten  ;  as,  to  .fcaiil  one  in  provis- 
ions ;  to  .«;ai7(  ourselves  in  the  use  of  necessaries  ;  to 
scant  a  garment  in  cloth. 

1  am  ecanud  in  the  pleasure  of  dwelling  on  your  oetions. 

Drydtn. 

SCANT,  c.  i.  To  fail  or  become  less;  as,  the  wind 
scants. 

Se.ANT,  a.  Not  full,  large,  or  plentiful ;  scarcely  suf- 
ficient ;  rather  less  than  is  wanted  for  the  piir[>ose  ; 
as,  a  .<ca7i(  allowance  of  provisions  or  water  ;  a  scant 
pattern  of  cloth  for  a  garment. 

2.  Sparing;  parsimonious,  cautiously  affording. 
Be  somewhat  ecanter  of  your  raaideu  presence.    [.Vol  in  use.) 

Stuth. 

3.  Not  entirely  favorable  for  a  ship's  course  :  as,  a 
.ecaiil  wind  ;  also,  a  light  wind.  Totun. 

SCANT,  adc.    Scarcely  ;  hardly  ;  ni.t  quite. 

The  peopl.  —  r^ceirrd  of  the  hankers  eeant  twenty  shilliiiiri  for 
thirty.    [Otnolele  or  vulgar. \  Ounden. 

PCANT'ED.  pp.    Limited  ;  straitened.  . 
se.ANT'I-LV,  ar^c.     [from  scanty  ]     Not  fully;  not 

plentifully.    The  troops  were  scantily  supplied  with 

flour. 

2.  Sparingly;  niggardly;  a-s,  to  speak  scantily  of 
one.    1  f/7iK.*77a/.]  Shak. 
Se.ANT'I-NESS,  71.    NarrowTie-ss  ;  xvant  of  space  or 
compass ;  as,  tlie  scantiness  of  our  heroic  verse. 

Dryden. 

2.  Want  of  amplitude,  greatness,  or  abundance ; 
limited  extent. 

Alexander  was  much  troubled  at  the  eatnlineee  of  nature  itself. 

Soulfl. 

3.  Want  of  fulness;  want  of  sufficiency;  as,  tba 
scantiness  of  supplies. 

SCA.N'TLE,  r.  t.    To  be  deficient ;  to  fail.  Drayton. 

SCAN'TLE,  V.  i.  To  divide  into  thin  or  small  pieces ; 
to  shiver.  ChestrrtieJd. 

SCANT'LET,  n.  [See  Sca^^tlijio.]  A  small  pat- 
tern ;  a  small  quantity.    [J^Tol  in  use.]  Hale. 

Se.ANT'LI.N'G,  n.  [Fr.  echantillon,  a  pattern  ;  Sp.  et- 
eantillon ;  Port,  escantilham.] 

1.  A  pattern  ;  a  quantity  cut  for  a  particular  pur- 
pose. /.'Estrange, 

2.  A  small  quantity  ;  as,  a  scantling  of  »  it. 

O-ydrn.  fuieke 


TCNE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vf'CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


-J 


124 


E  E  E  E 


985 


ISCA 


SCA 


SCA 


.T.  A  certain  proportion  or  quantity.  Skak. 

4.  Timber  sawed  or  cut  into  pieces  of  a  small 
size,  as  for  studs,  rails,  &c.  This  seems  to  be  allied 
to  the  L.  scandula,  and  it  is  tlie  sense  in  which  I 
have  ever  heard  it  used  in  the  United  States. 

5.  Tlie  dimensions  of  a  piece  of  timber,  with  re- 
2;ird  to  its  breadth  and  thickness.  Bramle. 

SCANT'LING,  a.  Not  plentiful ;  small.   [JV«(  in  use.] 

Taylor, 

SGANT'LY,  ado.    Scarcely ;  hardly.  [06s.] 

Camde)i. 

2.  Not  fully  or  sufficiently ;  narrowly  ;  penuri- 
ously  ;  without  amplitude.  Drtidm. 

SeAXT'NESS,  «.  [from  sca7i(.]  Narrowness  ;"  small- 
ness  ;  as,  the  srantucss  of  our  capacities.  Olanville. 

SCANT'Y,  a.  [from  scant,  and  having  the  same  sig- 
nification.] 

1.  Narrow  ;  small ;  wanting  amplitude  or  extent. 

Ilia  dominions  were  very  n.iirow  ailcl  Bcantt/.  Locke, 
Now  ecaniur  limits  tlie  proud  wrclt  conliue.  Pope, 

2.  Poor ;  not  copious  or  full ;  not  ample  ;  hardly 
sufficient ;  as,  a  scanty  lansuasje  ;  a  scanty  supply  of 
words  ;  a  scanty  supply  of  bread. 

3.  Sparing ;  niggardly  ;  parsimonious. 

In  iUustmlinj  a  point  of  difficulty,  be  not  loo  scanty  of  wonls, 

WaU3. 

SCaPE,  v.  t.  or  t.  To  escape  ;  a  contracted  word,  not 
now  Msed,  except  in  poetry,  and  with  a  mark  of 
elision.    [See  Escape.] 

SCAPE,  71.    An  escape.    [See  Escape.] 

9.  Means  of  escape  ;  evasion.  Donne. 

3.  Freak  ;  aberration  ;  deviation.  Sliak. 

4.  Loose  act  of  vice  or  lewdness.  Shak. 
[Obsolete  in  all  its  senses.] 

SGaPE,?!.  [L.  scapus;  probably  allied  to  scipio,  and 
the  Gr.  (tkh'^toov,  scepter.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  radical  stem  bearing  the  fructifica- 
tion without  leaves,  as  in  the  narcissus  and  hyacinth. 

Jifartyti. 

2.  In  architecture,  the  shaft  of  a  column  ;  also,  the 
apophvg*?  of  a  shaft.  Gloss,  of  Mrchit. 

Sei\PE'-GAL-LO\VS,  -n.  One  who  has  narrowly  es- 
ca]ied  thejralliiws  for  his  crimes. 

S€aPE'-GOAT,  «.  [escape  a-ni  troat.]  In  the  Jetcish 
ritual,  a  soat  which  was  brought  to  the  door  of  the 
tabernacle,  where  the  high  priest  laid  his  liands  upon 
him,  confessing  the  sins  of  the  people,  and  putting 
them  on  the  head  of  the  goat ;  after  which  the  goat 
was  sent  into  the  wilderness,  bearing  the  iniquities 
of  the  people.    Lrr.  xvi. 

SCaPE'-GKaCE, 7i.    A  graceless,  hair-brained  fellow. 

Halliwcll, 

SCaPE'LESS,  a,  [from  scape.]  In  botany,  destitute 
of  a  scape. 

Se.^ PE'.ME.N'T,  71.  The  method  of  communicating 
the  impulse  of  the  wheels  to  the  pendulum  of  a  clock, 
or  balance  of  a  watch.    [See  Escapement.] 

Se.\PlI'lS.M,  71.  [Gr.  CKaTTTw,  to  dig  or  make  hol- 
low.] 

Among  the  Persians,  a  barbarous  punishment  in- 
flicted on  criminals  by  confining  them  in  a  hollow 
tree  till  they  died  a  miserable  death.  ,Ssh. 

SCAPII'ITE,  71.    [L.  scapha.] 

Fossil  remains  of  a  genus  of  Cephalopods,  of  a  boat- 
shaped  form,  allied  to  the  ammonite.  Brandc. 

SCAPH'OID,  71.  [Gr.  <r«ui/)os,a  boat,and  cid"S.]  Ke- 
senililing  a  boat  in  form. 

SCAP'O-LITE,  71.  [Gr.  aKairoi,  a  rod,  and  XiOoj,  a 
stone.] 

A  grayish-white  mineral,  occurring  in  four  or  eight- 
■  sided  prisms,  terminated  by  low  pyramids,  and  in 
cleavable  masses,  with  a  somewhat  pearly  luster. 
It  sometimes  presents  pale,  bluish,  greenish,  and 
reddish  shades  of  color.  It  consists  of  silica,  alu- 
mina, and  lime.    It  is  the  Wernerite  of  Haiiy. 

Dana. 

Se.AP'PLE,  V.  t.  To  reduce  a  stone  to  a  straight  sur- 
face without  working  it  smooth.    Gloss,  of  Archit. 

SeAP'lJ-LA,  7!.   [L.l   The  shoulder-blade.  Coze. 

SeAP'U-LAR,  (/.    [L.  srapularis.] 

Pertaining  to  the  shoulder,  or  to  the  scapula;  as, 
the  scapular  arteries. 

firaiinlar  feathers.    See  Scapular,  ji.  No.  2. 

SeAP'lJ.I,AK,  II.  [Siiprn.]  In  ajintomy,  the  name  of 
two  pair  of  arteries,  and  as  many  veins,  near  the 
shoulder-blade.  Kncyc. 

2.  In  ornithuloiry,  a  feather  which  springs  from  (he 
shoulder  of  the  wing,  and  lies  along  the  side  of  the 
back.  Brande, 

SeAP'IJ-LAR,     )  71.    A  part  of  the  habit  of  rertain 

SeAP'tJ-I.A-RY,  i  religious  orders  in  the  Roman 
Cntlioiic  rhurcli,  ronsisling  of  two  bands  of  woolen 
HtiifT  worn  over  the  g<JW'n,  of  which  one  crosses  the 
back  or  Khuiilders,  and  the  other  the  Ntoninch.  Tliis 
in  worn  an  a  badge  of  peculiar  veneration  for  the 
Virgin  M.ir)'.  Brande. 

SeAP'i;-I,A-RY,  a.  The  same  n«  Scapui-ab,  wliich 
nee, 

St'Ji'PUa,  71.   [L.]  In  omiHwloffy,  the  Bti'm  or  trunk 
of  n  feather.  Brande. 
2.  In  architecture,  a  scape,  which  cee. 

BCX  R,  71.  [  Fr.  escarre ;  Ann.  scarr  or  yscnr ;  It.  etcara ; 
Gr.  cirxaiia)  Dan.  nkar ;  probably  i'roin  the  root  of 


shear,  share,  to  cut.  Sax.  sciran,  sccaran,  whence 
Dan.  skaar,  a  notch.] 

1.  A  mark  in  the  skin  or  flesh  of  an  animal,  made 
by  a  wound  or  an  ulcer,  and  remaining  after  the 
wound  or  ulcer  is  healed.  The  soldier  is  proud  of 
his  scars. 

2.  Any  mark  or  injury  ;  a  blemish. 

The  earth  had  the  beanly  of  youth  —  and  not  a  wrinkle,  scar,  or 
fraaure  on  its  body.  Burnet. 

3.  [1,.  scarus ;  Gr.  nKapn^.]  A  fish  of  the  genus 
Scarus,  commonly  called  Pabrot-fi3h. 

Dcct.  JVat,  irist. 

SeXR,  V,  t    To  mark  with  a  scar.  Shak, 

SGAR'AIl,        i  '1.    [L.  scarabiEus,  from  Gr.  uKCop ; 

SeAR'A-IiEE,  (      Sax.  sccam,  fimus.] 

A  beetle  ;  an  insect  of  the  genus  Scarabsus,  whose 
wings  are  cased.    [See  Beetle.] 

S€AR'A-MOUCn,  71.  [Fr.  cscannouche;  It.  searamuc- 
cio  ;  Sp.  escaramnza,  a  skirmish.] 

A  biilfoon  in  the  old  comedy  so  called  from  the 
skirmishing  antics  which  he  performed.  Rich.  Diet. 

SCARCE,  a.  [\t.  scarso ;  X),  schaarsch.  In  .Arm.  .scan 
is  short,  and  perhaps  the  word  is  from  the  root  of 
shear,  to  cut.  The  Spanish  equivalent  word  is  escaso, 
and  it  is  observable  that  some  of  our  common  peo- 
ple pronounce  this  word  scase.] 

1.  Not  plentiful  or  abundant ;  being  in  small  quan- 
tity in  proportion  to  the  demand.  We  say,  water  is 
scarce,  wheat,  rye,  barley  is  scarce,  money  is  scarce, 
when  the  quantity  is  not  fully  adequate  to  the  de- 
mand. 

2.  Being  few  in  number  and  scattered;  rare;  un- 
common.   Good  horses  are  scarce. 

The  scarcest  of  all  is  a  Pcsceniiius  Niger  on  a  medalliou  well 
preserved.  Addison, 

ISIrcI'lY,!  "ar<lly;scantly. 


We  scarcely  think  our  miseries  our  foes. 


Shak. 


2.  Hardly  ;  with  difficulty. 

Slowly  he  sails,  and  scarcely  stems  the  titles.  Dryden. 
.■^CARCE'NESS,  )  71.  Smallness  of  quantity,  or  small- 
SCaR'CI-TY,     (     ness  in  proportion  to  the  wants 

or  demands  ;  deficiency  ;  defect  of  iilenty  ;  penury  ; 

as,  a  scarcity  of  grain  ;  a  great  scarcity  of  beauties  ; 

a  scarcity  of  lovely  women.  Dnjdcn, 

Praise,  like  gold  and  diaiiioiids,  owes  its  value  to  its  scnrdty. 

lianMer, 

A  scarcity  of  snow  would  raise  a  mutiny  at  Naples.  Addison. 
2.  Rareness ;  infrequency. 

The  value  of  an  advantage  is  enhanced  by  its  scarceness. 

Collier. 

Root  of  scarcity,  or  Scarcity  root;  the  mangold- 
wurzel,  a  variety  of  the  Beta  Cycla,  or  white  beet ; 
G.  mangold-wuncl,  beet-root,  corrupted  into  mangel- 
wurzel  ;  Fr.  racine  de  diselle,  root  of  want  or  scarcity. 

Kd.  Encyc. 

SCARE,  71.  t.  [In  W.  esgar  is  to  separate  ;  in  It. 
scurare  is  to  dishearten,  from  L.  cz  and  cor,  lieart; 
but  qu.] 

To  fright ;  to  terrify  suddenly  ;  to  strike  with  sud- 
den terror. 

The  noise  of  thy  cross-bow 
Will  scare  the  heril,  and  so  my  shot  is  lost.  Shak. 

To  scare  away;  to  drive  away  by  frightening. 
SCARE'CRoW,  71.    [sc(!re  and  crouj.]    Any  frightful 
thing  set  up  to  fiigliten  crows  or  other  fowls  from 
cornfields  ;  hence,  any  thing  terrifying  without  dan- 
ger; a  vain  terror. 

A  scarecroiB  set  to  frighten  fools  away,  Dryden. 
2.  A  provincial  name  of  the  sea-fowl  called  the 
Black  Tern,  Sterna  nigra.  fUlin,  Encyc. 

SCAR'Jjn,  7>/i.    Frightened  ;  suddenly  terrified. 
SCAUE'FIKE,  71.    A  fire  breaking  out  so  as  tofrighten 

people.    [JVot  used,]  Holder, 
SCARF,  n. ;  pi.  Scarfs.    [Fr.  echarpe  ;  It.  ciarpa ;  Sax. 
scearf,  a  fragment  or  piece ;  G.  scharpe ;  from  the 
root  of  shear,] 

1.  Something  that  hangs  loose  upon  the  shoulders; 
as  a  piece  of  cloth. 

Put  on  your  hood  and  scar/.  Sisi/l. 

2.  A  water-fowl,  the  cormorant.  [Provincial,] 

Edin.  Encyc. 

SCARF,  V.  t.    To  throw  loosely  on.  Shak. 

2.  To  dress  in  a  loose  vesture.  Shak, 
SCARF,  V,  t.    [Sw.  skarfca  ;  Sp.  escarpar,] 

To  join;  to  piece  ;  to  unite  two  pieces  of  timber 
at  tin;  ends,  so  that  they  appear  to  be  one.  This  is 
usually  dime  by  letting  the  end  of  one  into  the  end 
of  the  other,  sometimes  by  laying  the  two  ends  to- 
gether and  fastening  a  third  piece  to  both. 

Toltm,  Gicilt, 
SeXRF'KD,  (skitrft,)  pp    Dressed  in  a  loose  vesture. 

2.  Joined  ;  pieced. 
SCARK'ING,  ppr.    Uniting  two  piecea  of  timber  at 

the  ends,  ho  as  to  appear  but  one. 
SCARF'ING,  n.   The  joining  of  two  pieces  of  timber 

end  to  end,  so  that  they  appear  but  one.      P.  Cyc, 
SCARF'SKIN,  71.    [.»r,ar/aml  .vfan.j    'I'he  cuticle  ;  the 
epidermis  ,  the  outer  thin  integument  of  the  body. 

Chenne, 

8eAR-I-FI-CA'TION,7i.  [1.,  scarijicatio.  Sec  Bcarifv.] 


In  surgery,  the  operation  of  making  several  in- 
cisions in  the  skin  with  a  lancet  or  other  cutting 
instrument,  particularly  the  cupping  instrument. 

Encyc, 

SCAR-I-FI-Ca'TOR,  71.  An  instrument  used  in  cup- 
ping, containing  10  or  12  lancets  for  making  a  num- 
ber of  incisions  at  once.  Brande. 

SCAR'I-FI-ER,  71.  [from  scarify.]  The  person  who 
scarifies. 

2.  The  instrument  used  for  scarifying. 

3.  In  agriculture,  an  implement  for  stirring  and 
loosening  the  soil,  vilho'it  bringing  up  a  fresh  sur- 
face. Farm.  Encyc. 

SCAR'I-FY,  J!.«.  [Yt  scarifier  ;  Ij.  scarijico  Q.a.'scar, 
Gr.  £crxnua,and  L. /acio,  to  make.  But  the  Greek  is 
aKapiifiaiiyitii,  from  trKaiuifioi,  a  pointed  instrument, 
or  a  sharp-pointed  piece  of  wood.] 

To  scratch  or  cut  the  skin  of  an  animal,  or  to 
make  small  incisions  by  moans  of  a  lancet  or  cuyi- 
ping  instrument,  so  as  to  draw  blood  from  the 
smaller  vessels  without  opening  a  large  vein. 

Encyc. 

SCAR'I-FV-ING,  ppr.  Making  small  incisions  in  the 
skin  with  an  inutrument. 

SCAR'ING,  ppr.    Frightening;  suddenly  terrifying. 

SCa'RI-oSE,  I        -t       t         •  t  1 

'^CA'Rl  OUS  I  ^'    [^^^  ^'  scanosus,  rough.] 

In  botany,  tough,  thin,  and  semi-transparent,  dry 
and  sonorous  to  the  touch  ;  as  a  perianth.  Jilartyn, 

SCAR-LAT'I-NA  or  SCAR-LA-Tl'NA,  n.  [It.  scar- 
lattino  and  scarlatto,  scarlet.] 

A  barbarous  Italian  term  with  a  Latin  termination, 
employed  to  designate  what  is  commonly  called  in 
English  Scarlet  Fever,  and  in  nosology  Rosalia. 

SCAR-LAT'I-NOUS,  a.  Of  a  scarlet  color;  pertaining 
to  the  scarlet  fever. 

SCAR'LET,  71.  [Fr.  ecarlate;  Arm.  scarladd;  It.  scar- 
latto ;  Sp.  escarlata  ;  Ir.  scarloid;  W.  ysgarlad,  the  ef- 
fusion of  a  wound,  scarlet,  from  ysgar,  to  separate  ; 
(see  Shear  ;)  D.  scharlaken;  G.  scliarlack;  Dan.  skar- 
lagcn.  Uu.  Ch.  ipD,  to  color,  as  a  derivative,  min- 
ium ;  Ar.^JlXi  «/iafaira,  to  be  red.] 

1.  A  beautiful  bright-red  color,  brighter  than  crim- 
son. Encyc. 

2.  Cloth  of  a  scarlet  color. 

All  her  household  are  clothed  with  scarlet.  —  Prov.  xxxi. 

SCAR'LET,  a.  Of  the  color  called  scarlet ;  of  a  bright- 
red  color  ;  as,  a  scarlet  cloth  or  thread  ;  a  scarlet  lip. 

SCaR'LET-BeAN,  71.    A  plant  ;  a  red  bean. 

SCAR'LET-Fk'VER,  71.  A  febrile  exanthema,  called 
in  nosology  Rosalia,  and  also  Scarlatina.  It  is 
characterized  by  fever, attended,  about  the  third  day, 
with  an  eruption  of  level,  or  nearly  level,  crimson- 
red  patches,  first  appearing  in  the  fauces  and  on  the 
face,  neck,  and  breasts,  and  progressively  on  the 
whole  surface,  often  continent  and  terminating  about 
the  seveiitli  day,  in  cuticiilar  exfoliations. 

SCAR'LET-oAK,  71.  A  species  of  oak,  the  Quercus 
coccifera,  or  keimes  oak,  produciiig  small  insects, 
the  Coccus  Ilicis,  called  kermes,  or  scarlet  grain. 
More  properly,  the  duerciis  coccinea  of  the  United 
States. 

SC.^R'.MAGE,  )  peculiar  modes  of  spelling  Skirmish. 
SCAR'MO0E;i     [Mt  in  use.]  Spaiser. 
SCARN,?!.    [Sax.  .scfurii.] 

Dung.  [JVot  in  use,  or  local.]  Ray. 
SCARN'-BEE,  n.    A  beetle.    [JVot  in  use,  or  local,] 

Ray, 

SCARP,  71.  [Fr.  escarjie;  It.  Scarpa,  a  scarp,  a  shoe,  a 
slope  ;  Sp.  escarpa,] 

In  fortification,  the  interior  slope  of  the  ditch  next 
the  place,  at  the  foot  of  the  rampart.    [See  Escarp.] 

Brande, 

SCARP,  71.  In  heraldry,  the  scarf  which  military  com- 
mandei's  wear  for  ornament ;  borne  somewhat  like  a 
batoon  sinister,  but  broader,  and  continued  to  the 
edges  of  the  field.  Eucijc, 

SCARP'A'D,  (skiirpt,)  a.  Cut  down  like  the  scarp  of  n 
forlificalion. 

SCA  R'R/:D,  (skard,)  pp.    Marked  with  a  scar. 

SCAR'RING,  ppr.    Marking  with  a  scar. 

SCA'RUS,  71.  A  genus  of  fishes,  the  species  of  which 
are  called  Parrot-Fishes.  P,  Cyc, 

SCA'RY,  71.  Barren  land  having  only  a  thin  coat  of 
grass  upon  it.  [/.oca/.] 

SCAT,  71.  A  shower  of  rain ;  and  hence,  seatty, 
showery.  Grose, 

SCATCH,  71.    [Fr.  esraehe.] 

A  kind  of  horsebit  for  bridles.  Bailey. 

SCATCll'ES,  71.  pi.    [Fr.  echasses.] 

Stilts  to  put  the  feet  in  for  walking  in  dirty  places. 

SCA'I'E.    See  Skate.  [Bailey. 

SCA'i''E-BROUS,  a.  [L.  scofriira,  a  spring  ;  icatco,  to 
overflow.] 

AliounJing  with  springs.  Diet. 
SCATII,  V,  t,    [Sax.  scathian,  seealhian,  to  injnro,  to 
damage,  to  steal ;  D.  schaaden  ;  G.  schaden  ;  Sw.  ska- 
da  ;  Dan.  .•^kader,] 

To  damage  ;  to  waste  ;  to  destroy.  Milton, 
SCATII,  71.    Damage  ;  injury  ;  waste  ;  harm.  Spenser, 
SCATll'KD,  (Hkutlit,)  pp.    Damaged  ;  destroyed. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PR&Y  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

__  _ 


SCATH'FJJL,  a.    Injurious  ;  liarmful ;  destructive. 

Shak. 

SeATH'FlJL-NESS,  n.  Injurionsncsa ;  destructive- 
St!ATII'ING,  ppr.  IpjuriiiK  j  destroying.  [ncss. 
SGATU'LESS,  a.    Without  waste  or  daniace. 

Chaucer. 

SGAT'TER,  V.  t.  [Sax.  scatiran,  to  pour  out,  to  dis- 
perse ;  L.  scatro;  Gr.  iT«t<!iic.),  to  scatter,  to  discuss, 
L.  dUmtio.  Tliis  word  may  be  formed  on  the  root  of 
diaculio.    The  primary  sense  is,  to  driv(;  or  tlirow.] 

1.  To  dis|MTse ;  to  dissipate  ;  to  separate  or  remove 
things  to  a  distance  from  cacli  otiier. 

From  lh<-iic<*  iliil  tli<*  I.orxi  fcatter  Uicm  abroad  upon  the  face  of 

»ll  llii-  canli.  —  Ueii.  li. 
I  ^vill  tcfUUr  you  ainon^  the  lipalhen.  —  Lev.  xxvi. 

2.  To  throw  loosely  about ;  to  sprinkle ;  as,  to  scat- 
ter seed  in  sowing. 

Tc~icli  111"  g\Mt  liours  to  sraller,  ns  tli'-y  fly, 

Soft  quiet,  ^iitle  love,  and  endless  joy.  Prior, 

3.  To  spread  or  set  thinly. 

Wliy  fihonid  my  muse  enlarore  on  Libyan  swains, 

Their  scattered  coUages,  and  ample  plains  i  DrycJen, 

SCAT'TER,  V.  I.  To  be  dispersed  or  dissipated.  The 
clouds  scatter  after  a  storm. 

2.  To  be  liberal  to  the  poor  j  to  be  charitable. 
Prop.  xi. 

SeAT'TER-RllAlN-En,  a.    Giddv.  Uaniwdl. 

SeAT'TER-f;i),  pp.  or  a.  Dispersed  ;  dissipated  ;  thin- 
ly spread  ;  sprinkled  or  thinly  spread  over. 

2.  In  butanii,  irregular  in  position  ;  without  any 
apparent  regular  order  ;  as,  scattered  brandies. 

SGAT'TER-KD-I-Y,  (skat'turd-le,)  adr.  In  a  dispersed 
manner  ;  separately.    [Jfot  miicli  used.]  Clarke. 

SCAT'TER-ING,  pjjr.  Dispersing;  spreading  thinly  ; 
sprinkling. 

2.  a.  Not  united;  divided  among  many;  as,  scat- 
teriti  IT  votes. 

SeAT'TEIM\G-LY,  adr.    Loosely;  in  a  dispersed 
manner,  lliinly  ;  as,  habitations  scatteringly  placed 
over  the  coutilrv. 
SeAT'TER-l.NGS,  n.  pi.    Things  scattered. 
PCAT'TEIi  LI.NG,  n.    A  vagabond  ;  one  that  has  no 

fixed  habitation  or  residence.    [Little  used.] 
SeA-TO'Rl-ENT,  a.    [L.  scaturiciis.] 

Springing,  as  tlie  water  of  a  fountain.  [JVot  used.] 
SeAT-U-KIC'IiX-OUS,  a.    [L.  ,%Tn(«riVo.]  [Diet. 

.Aboumiing  with  springs.    [A'ot  used.]  Diet. 
SrAUI",  n.     A  species  of  pochard  or  iliving-duck, 
found  in  Europe  and  .\ortli  America.    It  is  the  Fu- 
ligula  marila  of  Stephens.  Jardine. 
SGAV'.AGE,  II.    (Sax.  sceatrian,  to  show.] 

In  ancient  customs,  a  toll  or  duty  exacted  of  mi?r- 
chant-strangers  by  mayors,  sheritfs,  &c.,  for  goods 
shown  or  olfered  for  sale  within  their  precincts. 

CuiDrl. 

Se.W'EN'-GER,  n.  fSax.  scafan,  to  scrape,  to  shave, 
G.  sckaben,  Sw.  skafca,  Dan.  skarcr,  L.  seabio.] 

A  person  whose  employment  is  to  cle;in  the  street.i 
of  a  citv,  by  scraping  or  sweeping  and  carrying  off 
the  filth. 

SCEL'ER-AT,  (scl'-.)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  sceleratu.-!.] 

A  villain  ;  a  criminal.    [JVot  in  use.]  Chriine. 
SCe.\E,  n.    [Fr.  id.;  L.  seena;  Gr.  aKivn;  Heb". 
to  dwell ;  Cli.  to  subside,  to  settle ;  Syr.  to  come  or 

fall  on;  Ar.  ^      >  ■■■  soAana,  to  be  firm,  stable,  quiet, 

to  set  or  establish,  to  quiet,  or  cause  to  rest.  Class 
Gn,  No.  43,  44.  ITie  Greek  word  signifies  a  tent, 
hut,  or  cottage.  In  L.  it  is  an  arbor  or  stage.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  set  or  throw  down.] 

1.  A  stage;  the  theater  or  place  where  dramatic 
pieces  and  other  shows  are  exhibited.  It  does  not 
appear  that  the  ancients  changed  the  scenes  in  differ- 
ent pans  of  the  play.  Indeeil,  the  original  scene  for 
acting  was  an  open  plat  of  ground,  shaiied  or  slightly 
covered.  Knctje. 

2.  The  whole  series  of  actions  and  events  connect- 
ed and  exhibited  ;  or  the  whole  assemblage  of  objects 
displayed  at  one  view.  Thus  we  say,  the  execution 
of  a  malefactor  is  a  melancholy  scene.  The  cnicifix- 
ion  of  our  Savior  was  the  most  solemn  scene  ever 
presented  to  the  view  of  man.  V\'e  say,  .also,  a  scene 
of  sorrow  or  of  rejoicing;  a  noble  scene;  a  sylvan 
scene, 

A  charming  scent  of  nature  U  displayed.  Dryden. 

3.  A  part  of  a  play  ;  a  division  of  an  act  A  play 
is  divided  into  acts,  and  acts  are  divided  into  scenes. 

4.  So  much  of  an  act  of  a  play  as  represents  what 
passes  between  the  same  persona  in  the  same  place. 

Dryden. 

5.  The  imaginary  place  in  which  the  action  of  a 
play  is  supposed  to  occcr.  The  scene  was  laid  in  the 
king's  palace.  Brandt. 

6.  The  curtAin  oi  ht.r.png  of  a  theater  adapted  to 
the  play. 

7.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  e.xhibitcd. 

The  world  is  a  vast  r.-?n<  of  strif-".  J.  M.  Mason. 

8.  An  exhibition  of  strong  feeling  between  two  or 
mi  le  persons,  usually  of  a  pathetic  or  passionate 
kind.    [RrcenL]  Walter  SeatL 


[L.  scenicxts.] 


SCH 

9.  Any  remarkable  exhibition. 

The  sli"phcnls,  while  watchuip  th-ir  flocks  upon  the  pi  tins  of 
Bethlehem,  wro  sud.lenly  inlerrupied  ly  one  of  the  inost 
suliliine  and  surprising  scenes  which  have  ever  N-en  exhiliitj-d 
on  earih.  H-'.  li.  Sjtrngue. 

SCkNE'-PAINT-ER,  71.  One  who  makes  it  his  em- 
ployment to  paint  scenes  fiir  theaters. 

SCkNE'-PAI.\T-1NG,  n.  The  act  or  employment  of 
painting  scenes  for  a  theater.  Brande. 

SC'F:i\'ER-Y,  H.  The  appearance  of  a  place,  or  of  the 
various  objects  presented  to  view  ;  or  tin!  various  ob- 
jects themselves  as  seen  together.  'J'lius  we  may  say, 
the  scenery  of  the  landscape  presented  to  thi-  view 
from  Mount  llolyokc,  in  Hampshire  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, is  highly  picturesque,  and  exceeded  only  by 
the  .icenery  of  lioston  and  its  vicinity,  as  seen  from 
the  State  House. 

Never  need  an  American  look  beyond  his  own  country  for  the 
sublime  and  beauurul  of  natutal  scenery.  Iroing. 

2.  The  representation  of  the  place  in  which  an  ac- 
tion is  jierformed.  Pope. 

3.  The  disposition  and  consecution  of  the  .scenes 
of  a  play.  Dryden. 

4.  The  paintings  representing  the  scenery  of  a  play. 
SCEN'ie, 
SC£.\'ie-AI,, 

rertaining  to  scenery  ;  dramatic  ;  theatrical. 
SCEN-O-GRAPH'ie,        )  a.     [See  StENoonAPHV.] 
SCEN-O-GRAPH'ie-AI,,  (     Pertaining  to  socnogra- 

phv  ;  drawn  in  perspective. 
SCEN-O-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,  adr.    In  perspective. 

Mortimer. 

SCE-NOG'RA-PIIY,  (se-nog'ra-fe,)  n.  [Gr.  aKrjvn, 
scene,  and  j  /.<(»/'('',  to  describe.] 

The  representation  of  a  body  on  a  perspective 
plane  ;  or  a  description  of  it  in  all  its  dimensions  as 
it  appears  to  the  eye.  Barhie. 

SCE.\T,  [Fr.  senteur,  from  sentir,  L.  ^cnlio,  to  per- 
ceive J 

1.  Odor;  smell;  that  substance  which,  issuing 
from  a  boily,  alfects  the  olfat-^ory  organs  of  animals  ; 
as,  the  scent  of  an  orange  or  au  apple  ;  the  scent  of 
musk.  The  word  is  applicable  to  aiiy  odor,  agreeable 
or  offensive. 

2.  The  power  of  smelling  ;  the  smell ;  as,  a  hound 
of  nice  scent.. 

3.  Chase  followed  by  the  scent ;  course  of  pursuit ; 
track. 

He  traveled  upon  the  same  scent  into  Ethiopia.  Temple. 
SCENT,  V.  t.    To  smell ;  to  perceive  by  the  olfactory 
organs  ;  as,  to  .^cent  game,  as  a  hound. 

2.  To  perfume  ;  to  imbue  or  fill  with  odor,  good  or 
bad.  Aromatic  plants  .'•■cent  the  room.  Some  per- 
sons scent  garments  with  musk  ;  others  scent  their 
snuff. 

SCE.NT'ED,  pp.  Smelt ;  perceived  by  the  olfactory- 
organs. 

2.  Perfumed  ;  imbued  with  odor. 
SCENT'FIJL,,  o.    Odorous ;  yielding  much  smell. 

Drayton. 

2.  Of  quick  smell.  Broicne. 
SCENT'ING,  ppr.    Smelling  ;  perceiving  by  the  olfac- 
tory organs. 
2.  Perfuming;  filling  with  odor. 
SCE.N'T'LESS,  a.    Inodorous  ;  destitute  of  smell. 
SCEP'TEK,  (  H,    [Fr.  sceptre  ;  h.  sceptrum  ;  Gr.  cKriTr- 
SCEP'TUE,  i     Toof,  from  o-sr/jirru,  to  send  or  thrust; 
coinciding  with  L.  scipio,  that  is,  a  shoot  or  rod.] 

1.  A  staff  or  baton  borne  by  kings  on  solemn  occa- 
sions, as  a  badge  of  authority.  Hence, 

2.  The  appropriate  ensign  of  royalty  ;  an  ensign  of 
higher  antiquity  than  the  crown  Hence, 

3.  Royal  power  or  authority ;  as,  to  assume  the 
seq>ter. 

The  scepter  shall  not  depart  from  Judoh,  nor  ft  lawgiver  from 
tietwecn  his  feet,  until  Shitoh  come.  —  Geo.  xlix. 

4.  .\  constellation.  ' 

SCEP'TER,  (  r.  t.    To  invest  with  rov.al  authority,  or 
SCEP'TRK,  (     with  the  ensign  of  aiilhoritv.  Hall. 
SCEP'TER-KD,  j  a.    Invested  with  a  scepter;  bear- 
SCEP'TRitU,     j      ing  a  scepter;  as,  a  sceptered 
prince. 

To  Britain's  queen  the  tetpured  suppliant  txDds.  Ticket, 
(ju\'\.8cejite.reti  Jtnio.  Parneil. 

^CFP'TER  LF^^  ) 

SCEP'TRI->LESs'  !       """"g  scepter. 
SCEP'Tie.    S.  e  SKi  rTic. 

SCHAAL'STEI.V,  (shil'stlne,)  (•)!,    The  same  with 

Se.^I.E'-STONK,  j      Tabulae  Spab, 

which  see.  Dana. 

SeilF.'DI-ASM,  (skS'de-azm,)  n.    [Gr.  Tx^tSiaopa.] 
Cursory  writing  on  a  loose  sheet. 

SeilED'lJI.E,  n.  [L.  sckedula,  from  schtda,  a  sheet  or 
leaf  of  paper  ;  Gr.  (T\tfiq,  from  axi^ut,  to  cut  or  di- 
vide :  I,,  scindo,  for  scido.  The  pronunciation  ought 
to  follow  the  analogy  of  scheme,  &c.] 

1.  A  small  scroll  or  piece  ol^  pa[)er  or  parchment, 
containing  some  writing.  Ilnoker. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  or  parchment  annexed  to  a 
larger  writing,  o-s  to  a  will,  a  deed,  a  lease,  fcc.  Encye. 

3.  A  piece  of  paper  or  parchment  containing  an  in- 
ventory of  goods.  Encye. 

SCIIEE'LI.V,  n.    [So  called  from  Scheele,  a  distin- 


SCH 

guished  chemist.]  A  calcareous  ore  of  tungsten  nr 
tungstatc  of  lime,  of  a  white  or  pale-yellowish  ctilur. 

Dana. 

SCHE'I.I-II.M,  n.  A  different  name  of  tungsten,  a 
hard,  brittle  metal,  of  a  grayish- white  color,  and 
brilliant.  Diet. 

SClli~;IK,  (sheek  or  shake,)  n.   Sec  Shcik. 

SCHK'.MA-TIS.M,{ske'nia-tizm,)7U  [Gr.  axiipariapof, 
from  ij\riii'i.    See  Scheme.] 

1.  Conihinatitui  of  the  aspects  of  heavenly  bodies. 

2.  Particular  form  or  disposition  of  a  thing.  [^ 
vord  not  much  used.]  Creech. 

SeilK'AI  A-TIST,  n.  A  projector ;  one  given  to  form- 
ing schemes. 

[Schemer  is  more  generally  used.] 

SeilK'MA-TI/E,  V.  i.  To  form  a  scheme  or  schemes. 

Sfc'HE.ME,  (skeme,)  n.  [Ij.  schema  ;  Or.  ox'ipa,  fiom 
(Tvt'  i,  a  contracted  word,  probably  from  axtOoi,  to 
have  or  hold.] 

1.  A  plan  :  a  combination  of  things  connected  and 
adjusted  by  design  ;  a  system. 

We  shall  never  be  able  to  ^ve  ourselves  a  satisfactory  account  of 
the  divine  con<lucl,  withuut  Conning  such  a  scheme  of  Ihinpi 
as  shall  uke  in  linie  and  eUTnity.  MUrhury. 

2.  A  project ;  a  contrivance  ;  a  plan  of  something 
to  be  (lone  ;  a  design.  IMuis  we  say,  to  form  a 
scheme,  to  lay  a  scheme,  to  contrive  a  scheme. 

The  stoical  scheme  of  supplying  our  wants  by  lopping  off  our 
desires,  is  like  cutting  utt  our  feet  when  we  uaut  shoes. 

i"uii/I. 

3.  A  representation  of  the  aspects  of  the  celestial 
bodies  ;  any  lineal  or  mathematical  diagram.  [Little 
used,]  Brown,  JIudibras. 

PCIIIC.ME,  (skeme,)  r.  t.    To  plan  ;  to  contrive. 
SCIlK.ME,  V,  i.   To  form  a  plan  ;  to  contrive. 
SeilB.M'ER,  n.    One  that  contrives;  a  projector;  a 
contriver. 

SGIlK.M'l.N'G,  ppr.    Planning;  contriving. 

2.  a.  Given  to  forming  schemes ;  artful ;  in- 
trig_iiiug. 

SCHkM'ING,  n.    The  act  of  forming  a  plan. 
SCIIkM'I.NG-LY,  adv.    Ity  scheming  or  contriving. 
SCIIk.M'IS  T,  n.    A  schemer  ;  a  projector.  Corentry. 
St;ill'..\l'.,  (Skene,)  n.    [V,.schanus;  Gr.  <7\oiijm{.] 

.\t\  Egyptian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  sixty 

stadia,  or  about  seven  and  a  half  miles.  Herodotus. 
SCllER'lF,  n.    [Ar.,  lord  or  master.]    A  title  given  in 

the  East  to  those  who  descend  from  .Mohammed 

liiroiigh  his  son-iii-law,  .\Vi,  and  daughter,  Fatima  ; 

a:i  emir ;  applied  to  the  chiefs  of  .Mecca  and  Medina. 

Brande. 

SeHE-RO'M.\,  n.    In  medicine,  a  dryness  of  the  eye. 

Brande. 

SCHe'SIS,  (skis'sis,)  n.  [Gr.  cxtoti,  from  axtw, 
trxtO''\  to  have  or  hold.] 

Habitude;  genenil  state  or  disposition  of  the  body 
or  mind,  or  of  one  lhi«g  with  regard  to  other  things. 

AVrn>. 

SCniL'LER-SPXR,  (shil-,)  n.  A  massive,  lamellar 
mineral,  of  a  dark-green  color,  occurring  in  serijen- 
tiue,  and  consisting  of  silica,  magnesia,  and  oxyd  of 
iron,  with  10  tir  12  \>et  cent,  of  water.  The  name 
has  also  included  bronzite,  which  is  a  foliated  variety 
of  aucite.  Dana. 

SeHIR'RIU'S.  SceScinRHts. 

SCHIS.M,  (sizm,)  ;i.  (I,,  schi.tma ;  Gr.  irxicna,  from 
ff\(^fi>,  to  divide,  L.  scindo.  Sax.  sceadan,  t>.  achicn, 
schciden,  G.  schciden,  to  separate,  to  part.] 

1.  In  a  freneral  sense,  division  or  separation  ;  but 
appropriately,  a  division  or  separation  in  a  church  or 
denomination  of  Christians,  occasioned  by  diversity 
of  opinions  ;  breach  of  unity  among  people  of  the 
same  religious  faith. 

Set  boiiiida  M  our  p^uwi.ms  by  reason,  10  our  errors  by  tnith,  and 

to  our  schism*  by  charity,  K,  Lhariet. 

In  Scripture,  the  word  seems  to  denote  a  breach  ot 
charity,  rather  than  a  difference  of  doctrine. 

2.  Separation  ;  division.among  tribes  or  classes  of 
people. 

seillS'MA,  (skiz'mi,)  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  <r\i<T(ia.]  In  mu- 
sic, an  interval  eipial  to  half  a  conmia.       Brande.  ■ 

SCIllS-M.\T'ie,  (siz-mat'ik,)  la.  Pertaining 

SCHIS-MAT'ie-AI.,  (siz-inat'ik-al,)  i  to  schism; 
implying  schi.-m  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  schism  ; 
tending  to  schism  ;  as,  schismatieal  opinions  or  pro- 
posals. K.  Charles.  South. 

SCHIS-.MAT'ie,  (siz-,)  n.  One  who  separates  from 
an  established  church  or  religions  faith,  on  account 
of  a  diversity  of  opinions.         Blackstone,  Sieift. 

SCHIS-.MAT'ie-AI^LY,  (siz-,)  orfc.  In  a  schismat- 
ieal manner ;  by  separation  from  a  church  on  account 
of  a  diversity  of  opinions. 

SCHlS-.MAT'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
schisniatical. 

SCHIS'.MA-TIZE,  v.  +  To  commit  or  practice 
schism  ;  to  make  a  breach  of  communion  in  the 
church.  Johnson. 

SCHIS.M'LESS,  (sizm'-,)  o.  Free  from  schism  ;  not 
alfected  by  schism.    [Little  used.]  Milton. 

SCHIST,  (shist,)  n.  [Gr.  ffX'frroi,  divided  or  divisi- 
ble.] 

In  geoloipi,  a  rock  having  a  slaty  strvictiire.  Dana. 
SCHIST'OSE,  j  a.  In  gevlofcy,  slaty  or  imperfectly 
SCHIST'OUS,  )     slaty  in  structure.  Dana. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


987 


SCIi 


SCH 


SCI 


SCHOL'AR,  (skdl'ar,)  n.     [Low  L.  sckolaris,  from 
I       scluila,  a  scliool  ;  Gr.  ax"^'!,  leisure,  a  school ;  Fr. 
ecvUer ;   D.   scliooUer ;  G.  schvler ;   Dan.  skoteltErd. 
The  Danish  word  signifies  school-leamed.  See 
School.] 

1.  One  who  learns  of  a  teacher ;  one  who  is  un- 
der the  tuition  of  a  preceptor;  a  pupil  ;  a  disciple; 
hence,  any  member  of  a  college,  academy,  or  school ; 
applicable  to  the  learner  of  any  art,  science,  or 
branch  of  litcniture. 

a.  A  man  of  letters.  Locke. 

3.  Emp/talicnlhj  u-fd,  a  man  eminent  for  erudi- 
tion ;  a  person  of  high  attainments  in  science  or  lit- 
erature. 

4.  One  that  learns  any  thing ;  as,  an  apt  scholar  in 
the  school  of  vice. 

5.  A  pedant  ;  a  man  of  books.  Bacon. 
[But  the  word  scholar  seldom  conveys  the  idea  of 

a  pedant.] 

6.  An  undergraduate  in  English  universities,  who 
belongs  to  the  foundation  of  a  college,  and  receives 
support  in  pan  from  its  revenues. 

SeHO-LAR'I-T\,  n.    Scholarship.    [J\rot  used.] 

B.  JoilSOTl. 

SGHOL'AR-LlKE,  )  a.    Like  a  scholar  ;  becoming  a 
SeHOiyAR-LV,      i     scholar.  Baton. 
SeilOL'AR-SiUP,  n.    Learning;  attainments  in  sci- 
ence or  literature  ;  as,  a  man  of  great  scholarship. 

Pope. 

2.  Literary  education  ;  as,  any  other  house  of 
scholarship.    [UntLfiml.]  Mdton. 

3.  Exhibition  or  maintenance  for  a  scholar  ;  foun- 
dation f(»r  the  support  of  a  student.  Aiiisworlh. 

SeilO-LAS'Tie,        )       r,      I  ,   ,•  1 

seiio-LAS'Tie-AL,  i 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  scholar,  to  a  school,  or  to 
schools ;  as,  scholastic  manners  or  pride ;  scltolastic 
learning. 

2.  Scholar-like;  becoming  a  scholar;  suitable  to 
schools  ;  :is,  scludastic  precision. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  schoolmen,  or  philosophers 
and  divines,  of  the  middle  ages,  who  adopted  the 
system  of  Aristotle,  and  spent  much  time  on  points 
of  nice  and  abstract  speculation  ;  as,  scholastic  divin- 
ity or  theology  ;  scholastic  philosophy. 

Among  the  most  distinguished  of  the  schoolmen 
were  Alexander  of  Hales,  Thomas  Aquinas,  Dun- 
Scotus,  and  William  Occam.  They  took  their  name 
from  being  teachers  in  schools  of  divinity  establis.hed 
chiefly  by  Charlemagne.  Some  of  their  fiercest  con- 
I       tests  related  to  the  question  of  Realism  and  Nomi- 

I  nalism.  Encyc.  Amer, 
-  4.  Pedantic  :  formal. 

I I  FeilO-LAS'Tie,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  the  method 
[       or  subtilties  of  the  schools.  Milton. 

SeHO-LAS'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
schools  ;  according  to  the  niceties  or  method  of  the 
schools. 

SGHO-LAS'TI-CISM,  n.  The  method  or  subtilties  of 
the  schools.  IVarton. 

The  spirit  of  the  old  ffcholastirism,  which  spumed  laborious  in- 
vestigation and  slow  induction.  J.  P.  S-niih. 

SeHo'LI-AST,  (sko'le-ast,)  71.    [Gr.  axoXiarns-  See 

St-HOI,IL'M.] 

.\  commentator  or  annotator;  a  name  given  to  the 
old  grammarians  or  critics,  who  wrote  on  the  mar- 
gins of  the  manuscripts  of  the  Cireek  and  Latin 
classics,  annotations  called  scholia,  from  being,  as  it 
were,  the  fruits  of  their  leisure.  Brande. 

SeilO-LI-AST'ie,  a.  That  pertains  to  a  scholia.st  or 
his  pursuits.  Swift. 

SCHo'LI-aZK,  I!,  i.  To  write  notes  on  an  author's 
works.    [JVut  used.]  Milton. 

SGHOL'ie-AL,  a.    Schcdastic.    [Mot  in  use.]  Hales. 

SCHO'LI-U.M,  n. ;  pi.  .Scholia  or  ScHOLltJMs.  [L. 
acholion  ;  Gr.  axoXion,  from  axo^'li  leisure,  lucubra- 
tion.] fi 

1.  Annotalion. 

2.  In  maUtematics,  a  remark  or  observation  sub- 
joined to  a  denitmstration. 

SCII6'LY,  n.  A  Hcliolliiin.  [JVot  in  use.]  Uooker, 
seilO'LY,  ».  i.    To  write  comments.    [JVo«  tn  u-<e.] 

Hooker. 

SCHOOL,  (skool,)  71.  [L.  schola;  Gr.  irxiXry,  leisure, 
vac.ition  from  business,  lucubratitm  at  leisure,  a 
phicc  where  leisure  is  enjoyed,  a  school.  The  ad- 
verb signifies  at  ease,  leisurely,  slowly,  hardly,  with 
labnr  or  dilficulty.  In  Sax.  sceol  is  a  crowd,  a  multi- 
tude, a  .school,  (sho.al,)  as  of  fishes,  and  a  school  for 
instruction.  So>  also,  scol,  scolii,  a  school ;  but  the 
latter  feiise,  I  think,  must  have  been  derived  from 
the  Latin.  I),  school,  an  academy  and  a  crowd  ; 
sdionlrn,  to  flock  together  ;  G.  achiile,  a  school  fiir  in- 
Ktnictioii  i  I),  skole ;  Sw.  skola  ;  VV.  ysirol ;  Arm.  scol ; 
Fr.  rcult  i  It.  scuoUii  Sp.  escitela  :  Port,  cscolai  Sans. 
tchala.  This  word  wems  originally  to  have  denoted 
leisure,  freedom  from  liusineKs,  a  time  given  to 
spiirto,  gaiuirs,  or  exercises,  and  afterwaril,  time 
given  to  literary  studies.  The  sense  of  a  crowd, 
.  colb'Ction,  or  shoal,  Heems  to  he  derivative.] 
I  1.  A  place  or  estahlishment  in  which  pcrsonn  are  in- 

.  striicted  in  art-<,  flcienci;,  languages,  or  any  Hpr  cicu  of 
I       learning  ;  or  the  pupils  Btisembled  for  iUHtructiun.  In 


American  usage,  school  more  generally  denotes  the 
collective  body  of  pupils  in  any  place  of  instruction, 
and  under  the  direction  and  tliscipline  of  one  or 
more  teacherS.  Thus  we  say,  a  school  consists  of 
fifty  pupils  ;  the  preceptor  has  a  large  school,  or  a 
smtdl  scltool ;  his  discipline  keeps  the  school  well 
regulated  ana  quiet. 

2.  The  instruction  or  exercises  of  a  collection  of 
pupils  or  students,  or  the  collective  body  of  pupils 
while  engaged  in  their  studies.  Thus  we  say,  the 
school  begins  or  opens  at  eight  .o'clock,  th.at  is,  the 
pupils  at  that  lumr  begin  their  studies.  So  we  say, 
the  teacher  is  now  in  school ;  the  school  hours  are 
from  nine  to  twelve,  and  from  two  to  five. 

3.  The  state  of  instruction. 

Set  him  betimes  to  school.  Dryden. 

4.  A  place  of  education,  or  collection  of  pupils,  of 
any  kind  ;  as,  the  schools  of  the  prophets.  In  modem 
usatrc,  the  word  school  comprehends  every  place  of 
education,  as  university,  college,  acatlemy,  common 
or  primary  schools,  dancing-schools,  riding-schools, 
&c. ;  but  ordinarily  the  word  is  applied  to  seminaries 
inferior  to  universities  and  colleges. 

What  is  the  ^at  community  of  Christians,  but  one  of  the  innu- 
inenible  schools  in  the  vast  plan,  wliicli  Uod  h  is  iustitiKed  for 
the  education  of  various  intelligencies  i  BuckininsUr. 

5.  Separate  denomination  or  sect ;  or  a  system  of 
doctrine  taught  by  particular  teachers,  or  peculiar  to 
any  denomination  of  Christians  or  philosophers. 

Let  no  man  tie  less  confident  in  his  failh —  by  reason  of  any  dif- 
ferenci-  in  the  several  schools  of  Christians.  Taylor. 

Thus  we  say,  the  Socratic  school,  the  Platonic 
school,  the  Peripatetic  or  Ionic  school:  by  which  we 
understand  all  those  who  adopted  and  adhered  to  a 
particular  system  of  opinions. 

6.  77ie  .■schools,  pi. ;  the  seminaries  for  teaching 
logic,  metaphysics,  and  theology,  which  were  formed 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  which  were  characterized  liy 
academical  disputations  and  subtilties  of  reasoning  ; 
or  the  learned  men  who  were  engaged  in  discussing 
nice  points  in  metaphysics  or  theology. 

The  supreme  autliority  of  Aristotle  in  the  schools  of  theoloarv  as 
well  as  of  philosophy.  i/enrji. 

7.  Any  place  of  improvement  or  learning.  The 
world  is  an  excellent  school  to  wise  men,  but  a  school 
of  vice  to  fools. 

8.  Formerly,  a  shoal  or  compact  body ;  as,  a  school 
of  fishes  ;  spelt,  also,  Scull.  Ilalliwell. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  is  still  sometimes  used  in 
America. 

Primary  school ;  a  school  for  instructing  children  in 
the  first  rudiments  of  language  and  literature  ;  called, 
also,  couiuLon  school,  because  il  is  open  to  the  children 
of  all  the  inhabitants  in  a  town  or  district. 
SCHOOL,  J),  t.   To  instruct ;  to  train  ;  to  educate. 

He's  gentle,  never  schooled,  yet  learned.  Shak, 
2.  To  teach  with  superiority;  to  tutor;  to  chide 
and  admonish  ;  to  reprove. 

School  your  child, 
And  ask  why  God's  Anointed  he  reviled.  Dryden. 

SCHOOL'-COY,  71.    [See  Boy.]    A  boy  belonging  to 

a  school,  or  one  who  is  learning  rudiments.  Sjrift. 
SeilOOL'-IIAME,  71.     [See  Dame.]     The  female 

teacher  of  a  school. 
SCHOOL'-DaY,  n.    [See  Day.]    The  age  in  which 

youth  are  sent  to  sclioid.    [JVnt  710771  used.]  Shak. 
SCHOOL'-DIS-TKICT,  77.    A  division  of  a  town  or 

city  for  establishing  and  conducting  schools.  [United 

Slates.] 

SeHOOL'-DI-VTNE',  71.  One  who  espouses  the 
scholastic  theology  ;  one  of  the  schoolmen. 

SeilOOL'-DI-VIN'I-TY,  n.    Scholastic  divinity. 

SCHOOL' ioD,  (skoold,)  pp.  Instructed;  trained;  tu- 
tored ;  reproved. 

SeilOOL'ER-Y,  71.  Something  taught  ;  precepts. 
[JVot  itseii.]  Spenser. 

SeilOOL'-FEL-L5W,  77.  [See  Fellow.]  One  bred 
at  the  same  school ;  an  associate  in  school.  Locke. 

seilOOL'-GTRL,  71.    A  girl  belonging  to  a  school. 

SeilOOL'-HOUKE,  71.  [See  House.]  A  house  ap- 
propriated for  the  use  of  schools,  <ir  for  instruction  ; 
but  applied  only  to  buildings  for  subordinate  schools, 
not  to  colleges.  In  Connecticut  and  some  other 
Slates,  every  town  is  divided  into  school-districts, 
and  each  district  erects  its  own  school-house  by  a  tax 
on  the  inhabitants. 

SCIIO()L'IN(5,p/ir.  Instructing  ;  teaching;  reproving. 

SCHOOL'ING,  ;i.    In.struclion  in  school  ;  tuition. 
2.  Compensation  fiir  instruction  ;  price  or  reward 
paid  to  an  instructor  for  teaching  pupils. 

■3.  Reproof;  reprimand.  He  gave  his  son  a  good 
sclutoling.  IVultrr  Scott. 

SCHOOL'-MAID,  71.    [See  Maid.]    A  girl  at  school. 

Shak. 

SeilOOL'MAN,  71.  A  man  versed  in  the  niceties  of 
academical  dis|iiitation  or  of  school  divinity.  The 
.tchoolinen  were  philosophers  and  divines  of  the  mid- 
dle ages  who  atlopted  the  princijiles  of  Aristotle,  and 
spent  much  time  on  points  of  nice  and  abstract  spec- 
ulation. They  were  so  called  because  they  taught  In 
the  ecliuuls  of  divinity  established  by  Clinrlciiiagnc. 

Kncyc.  .^m. 


SCHOOL'MSS-TER,  71.  [See  Master.]  The  man 
who  presides  over  and  teaches  a  school ;  a  teacher, 
instructor,  or  preceptor,  of  a  school. 

Adrian  VI.  waa  sometime  schoolmaster  to  Charles  V.  Knolles. 

2.  He  or  that  which  disciplines,  instructs,  and 
leads. 

The  law  w.as  our  schoolmaster  to  brin?  us  to  Christ.  — Gal.  iii. 
SCHOOL'MaTE,  7!.     One  who  attends  the  same 
school. 

SCHOOL'MIS-TRESS,  71.  [See  Mistress.]  A  wo- 
man who  governs  and  teaches  a  school.  Gay. 

SCHOOL'-TkACH-ER,  71.  One  who  teaches  or  in- 
structs a  school. 

SCHOOL'-TeACH-ING,  7l  The  business  of  instruct- 
ing a  school. 

SCHOON'ER,  (skoon'cr,)  71.    [G.  schoner.] 

A  vessel  with  two  masts,  whose  mainsail  and 
foresail  are  suspended  by  gaffs,  like  a  sloop's  main- 
sail, and  stretclied  below  by  booms.       Mar.  Did. 

SCHORL,  (shorl,)  71.  [Sw.  skorl,  from  skiir,  brittle; 
Dan.  siior.] 

A  mineral,  black  tourmaline.  Dana. 
SCHOR-La'CEOUS,  {  shus,)  a.  Like  shorl  ;  partak- 
ing of  the  nature  and  characters  of  shorl.  Kirwan. 
SCHORL'  iTE,  (shorl'ite,)  71.  A  mineral  of  a  greenish- 
white  color,  sometimes  yellowish,  a  variety  of  topaz  ; 
mostly  found  in  irregular,  oblong  masses  or  columns, 
inserted  in  a  mixture  of  quartz  and  mica  or  granite. 

Kloproth.  Kirwan. 
Schorlite,  or  schorlous  topaz,  the  pycnite  of  Wer- 
ner, is  of  a  straw-yellow  color.  Ure. 
SCI-A-GRAPH'1€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  sciagraphy. 
SCr-A-GRAPH'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  sciagraphical 
manner. 

SCI-AG'RA-PHY,  (sl-ag'ra-fe,)  71.  [Gr.  aKiaypafia  ; 
atia,  a  shadow,  and  ypatj>io,  to  describe.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  projecting  or  delineating 
shadows  as  they  fall  in  nature.  Omilt. 

2.  In  architecture,  the  profile  or  vertical  section  of 
a  building  to  exhibit  its  interior  structure.  Hutton. 

3.  In  a.Hronooiy,  the  art  of  finding  the  hour  of  the 
day  or  night  by  the  shadows  of  objects,  caused  by 
the  sun,  moon,  or  stars ;  the  art  of  dialing.  [Little 
used.]  Hutton. 

SCi-A-THER'IC,  )  a.  [Gr.  aKia,  a  shadow,  and 
SCI-A-THER'ie-AL,  j     Sr/fxi,  a  catching.] 

Relonging  to  a  sun-dial.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 
SCr-A-TUER'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    After  the  manner  of 

a  sun-dial.  Oreirory. 
SCI-.'VT'ie,  (sl-at'ik,)  )  77.    [L.  sciatica,  from  Gr.  itrxi- 
SCi-AT'ie-.\,  i     aSiKnf,  from  loxtai,  a  pain 

in  the  hips,  from  iaxiot>,  the  hip,  from  lo-x'S,  the 

loin.] 

A  peculiar  and  specific  painful  affection,  princi- 
pally seated  in  the  sciatic  nerve,  which,  if  protract- 
ed, produces  emaciation  of  the  limb  affected,  with 
weakness,  and  a  more  or  less  permanent  flexion.  If 
it  is  not  a  true  neuralgia,  it  is  nearly  allied  to  it. 
SCl-.AT'ie,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  the  hip;  as,  the 
SCI-AT'IC-AL,  )     sciatic  artery  or  nerve. 

2.  Afl'ecting  the  hip  ;  as,  sciatic  pains. 
SCI'ENCE,  (si'ens,)  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  scienlia,  from 
scio,  to  know  ;  Sp.  cicncia;  It.  scienia.    Scio  is  prob- 
ably a  contracted  word.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  knowledge, or  certain  knowl- 
edge ;  the  comprehension  or  understanding  of  truth 
or  facts  by  the  mind.  The  science  of  God  must  be 
perfect. 

2.  In  philosophy,  a  collection  of  the  general  princi- 
ples or  leading  truths  relating  to  any  subject,  ar- 
ranged in  systematic  order.  Pure  science,  as  the 
mathematics,  is  built  on  self-evident  truths  ;  but  the 
term  science  is  alsoapplictl  to  other  subjects,  founded 
on  generally  acknowledged  truths,  as  metaphysics  i 
or  on  experiment  and  observation,  as  chemistry  ami 
natural  philosophy ;  or  even  to  an  assemblage  of  the 
general  principles  of  an  art,  as  the  science  of  agri- 
culture, the  science  of  navigation,  .^rts  relate  to 
practice,  as  painting  and  sculpture. 

A  principle  in  science  is  a  rule  in  art.  Playfair. 

3.  Art  derived  from  precepts  or  built  on  principles. 

Science  perfects  genius.  Dryden. 

4.  Any  art  or  species  of  knowledge. 

No  science  doth  make  known  the  first  principles  on  which  It 
buildeth.  /looker. 

5.  One  of  the  seven  liberal  branches  tif  knowl- 
edge, viz.,  grammar,  logic,  rhetoric,  arithmetic,  ge- 
ometry, astronomy,  and  music.  Johnson, 

JVote.  —  Authors  have  not  always  been  careful  to 
use  the  terms  art  and  science  with  duo  discrimination 
and  precision.  Music  is  an  art  as  well  as  a  science. 
In  general,  an  art  is  that  which  depends  on  practice 
or  performance,  and  science  that  which  depends  on 
abstract  or  speculative  principles.  The  theory  of 
music  is  a  science ;  the  practice  of  it  an  art. 

SCI'ENT,  (si'ent,)  a.    [I-.  scicns.] 

Skillful.    [JVot  itsfrf.]  Cockeram. 

SCI-FJVTF.R,  [L.]    Knowingly.  Bourier. 

SCI-EN'Tl AL,  a.    Producing  science.  Milton. 

S(;i-EN-T1F'1C,       jo.     [Fr.  scientifique ;  It.  scien- 

SCI-EN-TIF'IC-AL,  i  t\fico  ;  Pp.  cientijico ;  L.  aei- 
entia  ni\A  facio,  to  make.] 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PBBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK — 


988 


SCI 


SCO 


SCO 


1.  Pnidiiciiij:  l  eitnin  kiiuwledge  or  deinoiistrutiun  i 
as,  iicieiit{fic  evidence.  SouHu 

3.  Accordini;  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  science  ; 
as,  a  .icientific  arranseninnt  of  fossils. 

3.  Well  versed  in  science  ;  as,  a  scientific  physi- 
cian. 

SCI-EN-TIF'ie-AI^LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as 
to  produce  knowledge. 

It  is  eivuitT  to  Ix'licvc,  than  to  lie  tciitilijtcally  instnictetl.  Lockt, 

2.  Accordinsi  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  science. 
PCir/I-CKT,  (sil'e-set,)  [I,.]    To  wit;  namely. 
SCIL'Ll-'ri.\,  n.    [Sej  Stti-iLi..]    A  while,  transpa- 
rent, acrid  substance,  extracted  from  squills  by  Vogel. 

SCIM'I-TAK.    SeeCiMETER.  [Vre. 

SCIN'eOII),  (sink'oid,)  n.  Tlie  seivcoids  are  a  family 
of  saurian  reptiles,  having  short  feet,  a  non-extensile 
tongue,  the  body  and  tail  covered  with  equal  scales, 
like  tiles,  and  the  toes  margined.  Brandc. 

SC"l.\"eoll),  a.  Resembling  tlio  animal  called  acinous, 
a  saurian  reptile  of  Egypt. 

SCINK,  (sink,)  ;i.    A  cast  calf.    [J^ol  in  use,  or  local.'] 

2.  A  saurian  reptile.    [See  Pkink.]         P.  Cue. 
SCIN'TIL-LANT,  «.    [See  Scintillate.]  Emitting 

sparks  or  fine  igneous  particles  ;  sparkling. 
SC1N'TIL-I,.\TE,  V.  i.      [I.,  seintillo.     This  word 

seems  to  be  a  diminutive  formed  on  the  Teutonic 

scinait.  Eng.  to  .ikine.] 

1.  To  emit  sparks  or  fine  igneous  particles. 

MrtrMi's  do  not  scintillnle  with  steel.  f))urcrO]/. 

2.  To  sparkle,  as  the  fixed  stars. 
SCIN'TIL-LA-TI.\G, /jpr.    Emitting  sparks  ;  spark- 
ling. 

SCIN-TIL-L.\'TION,  n.  The  act  of  emitting  sparks 
or  igneous  particles  ;  the  act  of  sparkling. 

Brown,  Qtanville. 
SCI-OG'RA-PIIY.   See  Sciaoraphv. 
SCI'O-LIS.M,  n.    [See  Sciolist.]    Superficial  knowl- 
edge. Brit.  Critic. 
SCI'O-LIST,  (si'o-list,)  n.    [L.  sciolus,  a  diminutive, 
formed  on  scio,  to  know.] 

One  who  knows  little,  or  who  knows  many  things 
superficially  ;  a  smatterer. 

These  pusstiges  in  that  book  were  enough  to  humble  the  presump- 
tion ol  our  ino<lern  Bdoliits,  if  their  pride  weiv  not  gn^at 
as  their  ignorance.  Temple. 

SCI'O-LOUS,  a.  Superficially  or  imperfectly  know- 
ing. 

SCT-OM'A-eHY,(sI-om'a-ke,)  n.  [Gr.  o«ia,  a  shadow, 
and  jiu\i),  a  battle.] 

A  battle  with  a  shadow.  Cowley. 
SCI'0-M.\N-CY,  n.    [Gr.  CKia  and  navrcia.] 

Divination  by  shadows. 
SCroN.    See  Cion. 

SCI-()P'TI€,    (  a.  [Gr.  (tkio,  a  shadow,  and  onronat, 

SCI-OP'TRie,  i    to  see.] 

Scioptic  balls  an  optical  instrument,  consisting  of 
a  convex  lens  fixed  to  an  opening  in  the  window- 
shutter  for  forming  images  in  the  camera  obscura, 
and  capable  of  being  turned,  like  the  eye,  to  ilitTcrent 
pitrts  of  the  landscape.  Olinaled. 

SCI-OP'Tie,  n.  A  sphere  or  globe  with  a  lens  made 
to  turn  like  the  eye  ;  used  in  experiments  with  the 
camera  obscura  ;  a  scioptic  hall.  Ash. 

SCI-OP'Ties,  «.  The  science  of  exhibiting  images 
of  external  objects,  received  on  some  extended  sur- 
face through  a  double  convex  glass  into  a  darkened 
room. 

SC/'«£  F^'Cf-^S,  (sl're-fa'she-as,)  71.  [L.]  Inlaw, 
a  judici.al  writ  suininoning  a  person  to  snow  c.iuse  to 
the  court  why  something  slioiild  not  be  done,  as  to 
require  sureties  to  show  cause  why  the  plaintiff 
should  not  have  execution  against  them  fur  debt  and 
damages,  or  to  require  a  third  person  to  show  cause 
wh)'  gt>ofJs  in  his  hands  by  replevin,  should  not  be 
delivered  to  satisfy  the  execution,  ice.  Blitck.-itone. 

SeiR-RIIOS'I-TY,  (skir-ros'c-te,)  n.   [Sec  Scihrhi  s.] 
An  induration  of  the  glands.  ArhuOinoL 
[The  spelling  Skirrhositv  would  be  preferable. 

SeiR'RHOUS,  a.  Indurated;  hard;  knotty;  as  a 
gland. 

2.  Proceeding  from  scirrhus;  as,  scirrhous  affec- 
tions ;  scirrhous  disease. 
SeiR'RllUS,  (skir'rus,)  a.    [It.  scirro ;  Sp.  escirro  ;  L. 
scirrhws  ;  Gr.  tTKtppos,] 

[The  spelling  Skirrps  would  be  preferable.] 
In  medicine,  hard,  rigid,  vascular  infarction  of 
glandular  follicles  ;  indolent,  insentieiM,  glabrous  ; 
sometimes  shrinking  and  becoming  more  indurated  ; 
when  irritated,  tending  to  a  cancerous  ulcer. 

Oood. 

SCIS-CI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  sciscitor,  to  inquire  or  de- 
mand.] 

The  act  of  inquiring;  inquiry;  demand,  [^itt^e 
used.]  Ifall. 
SCIS'SI-BLE,  (sis'se-bl,)  a.    [L.  scissus,  scindo,  to 
cut.] 

Capable  of  being  cut  or  divided  by  a  sharp  instru- 
ment ;  a.s,  scLisible  matter  or  bodies.  Bacon. 
SCIS'SILE,  (sis'sil,)  a.    [L.  sci.'isilL',  from  «iiido,  to 
cut.] 

That  may  be  cut  or  divided  by  a  sharj)  instrument. 

Arbulhnot. 


SCIS'SILE,  n.  The  clippings  of  metals  in  various 
mechanical  operations,  and  also  in  coining. 

Brande. 

SCIS'SION,  (sizh'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  scissio,  scindo, 
to  cut.] 

The  act  of  cutting  or  dividing  by  an  cdg<>d  instru- 
ment. Wiseman. 
SCIS'SORS,  (siz'zors,)  n.  pi.    [I,,  .iciwor,  fioni  .icindo, 
to  cut,  Gr.  CTX'C*^)  Sax.  .sceadan.] 

A  cutting   instrument    resembling    shears,  but 
smaller,  consisting  of  two  cutting  blades  movable 
on  a  pin  in  the  center,  by  which  they  are  fastened. 
Ilcnce,  we  usually  say,  a  pair  of  scis..iors. 
SCIS'SyilE,  71.    [L.  .tc'issura.  from  .scindo,  to  cut.] 

A  longitudinal  opening  in  a  body,  made  by  cutting. 
[This  can  not  legitimately  be  a  crack,  rent,  or  fis- 
sure. In  this  use  it  may  be  an  error  of  the  jiress  for 
Fissure.  Decay  of  Piety.] 
SCIT-A-MIN'E  O'US,  «.  [I,,  scitamcntnm,  a  delicacy.] 
Belonging  to  the  Scitaininea;,  one  of  Linimiis's 
natural  orders  of  plants,  which  are  mostly  tropical 
herbs,  as  ginger,  turmeric,  &.c.  Msiat.  Res. 

SCri;-RINES,  (-rinz,)  71.  ;</.    fL.  sciurus,  a  squirrel.] 

Rodent  animals  of  the  .squirrel  tribe.  Brande. 
SeLA-VO'N'I-AN,  j  a.    (from  Sclavi,  a  people  of  the 
SLA-VON'ie,        i     north  of  Europe.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Sclavi,  a  people  tli.it  inhabited 
the  country  between  the  rivers  Save  and  Drave,  or 
to  their  language.  Hence  the  word  came  to  denote 
the  language  which  is  now  spoken,  in  its  various 
dialects,  in  Poland,  Russia,  Hungary,  lioheinia,  &c. 
SCLER'O-DER.MS,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  (7»A'j/)o{,  hard,  and 
6ci'iia,  skin.] 

A  family  of  plectognathic  fishes,  having  a  skin 
covered  with  hard  scales.  Brande. 
SCLE-ROT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  oitXiiooj,  hard;  <j/cAi)f;ori)j, 
hardness.] 

Hard  ;  firm  ;  as,  the  sclerotic  coat,  membrane,  or 
tunic  of  the  eye,  which  is  the  firm,  white,  outer  coat. 

Ray. 

SCLE-ROT'ie,  71.  The  firm,  white,  outer  coat  of  "the 
eye.  Coze. 

2.  A  medicine  which  hardens  and  consolidates  the 
parts  to  which  it  is  applied.  Quincy.  Coze. 

SeoAT.    See  Scot. 

SeoB'I-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  scobs,  sawdust,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  sawdust  or  raspings. 
SeOBS,  71.    [L.,  from  .•teabo,  to  scrape.] 

Raspings  i  f  ivory,  hartshorn,  metals,  or  other  hard 
substance  ;  dross  of  metals,  &.C.  Chambers. 
SCOFF,  V.  i.  [Gr.  okoiiTTio.  The  primary  sense  is 
probably  to  throw,  in  which  sense  it  coincides  with 
the  D.  schoppen,  G.  schuppcn,  to  push,  to  shove.  But 
I  do  not  find  the  word  in  the  English  and  Greek 
sense,  in  any  modern  language  except  the  English.] 
To  treat  with  insolent  ridicule,  mockery,  or  con- 
tumelious language  ;  to  manifest  contempt  by  de- 
rision ;  with  of.  To  scoff  at  religion  and  sacred 
things,  is  evidence  of  extreme  weakness  and  folly, 
as  well  as  of  wickedness. 

They  ilmll  tcqfat  tlie  liinfs.  — Hub.  I. 

SeOFF,  r.  t.  To  treat  with  derision  or  scorn  ;  to  ad- 
dress with  contiiinelioiis  language.  FutJicrby. 

SCOFF,  77.  Derision,  ridicule,  mockery,  or  reproach, 
expressed  in  language  of  contempt ;  expression  of 
scorn  or  contempt. 

With  fcq/Ts,  and  scorns,  and  conlumclioui  taunts.  .S7taJt. 

SeOFF'ED,  (sbon,)  pp.  Treated  with  derision  or 
scorn. 

SeOFF'ER,  71.  One  who  scoffs  ;  one  that  mocks,  de- 
rides, or  reproaches  in  the  language  of  contempt;  a 
scorner. 

There  shall  come  in  the  Irwt  days  teofert,  walkin*  after  their 
own  lusbi,  and  s-iyinj,  Where  is  the  promis«  of  his  com- 
ing ?— a  Pet.  ui. 

SeOFF'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Deriding  or  mocking;  treat- 
ing with  reproachful  language. 
seOFF'ING,  71.    The  act  of  treating  with  scorn.  Ash. 
SeOFF'ING-LY,  arfc.    In  mockery  or  contempt;  by 
way  of  derision. 

Aristotle  applied  this  hemistich  teoj^ngly  lo  the  sycophants  at 
Athens.  Broome. 

SCf^LD,  r.  I.  [D.  sehelden  ;  G.  sehelten  ;  Dan.  skiclder, 
to  rail,  to  scold  ;  Sw.  skalla,  to  sound  or  ring  ;  sliallra, 
to  snap  or  crack  ;  skalla,  to  bark,  to  scold.  It  seems 
to  be  formed  on  the  root  of  G.  .tchelle,  a  bell,  a  jingle, 
a  box  on  the  ear;  sehelten,  schallen,  to  ring  ;  D.  sr.hel, 
scJiellen.  If  «  is  a  prefix,  this  word  coincides  with 
call,  and  Sax.  galan,  lo  sing,  gyllan,  giclan,  to 
yell.] 

To  find  fault  or  rail  with  rude  clamor ;  to  brawl ; 
to  utter  railing,  or  harsh,  rude,  boisterous  rebuke  ; 
with  at :  as,  to  .scoW  at  a  serv  ant.  A  (.roWiiio-  tongue, 
a  scolding  wife,  a  scolding  husband,  a  scolding  mas- 
ter, who  can  endure.' 

P:ir\ion  me  j  'tis  the  first  lime  that  erer 

I'm  forcM  to  tcotd.  ShaJi. 

Se6lA),  r.  I.  To  chide  with  rudeness  and  boisterous 
clamor  :  to  rate.  BosveU. 

[The  transitive  use  of  this  word  is  of  recent  ori- 
gin, at  leiist  within  my  knowledge.] 


SeOLU,  7u    A  rude,  clamorous,  foul-mouthed  woman. 

Scohle  answer  foul-mouUied  eeolde.  Siei/t. 
2.  A  scolding  ;  a  brawl. 
SCOLD'ER,  71.    One  that  scolds  or  rails. 
SeOIjD'INtJ,  ppr.    Railing  with  clamor  ;  uttering  re- 
buke in  rude  and  boisterous  language. 
2.  a.  Given  to  scolding. 
seOLD'INfJ,  71.    The  uttering  of  rude,  clamorous 
laiigiiage  by  way  of  rebuke  or  railing ;  railing  lan- 
guage. 

SCOl.D'ING  IiY,  ado.    With  rude  clamor  or  railing. 
SCOL'E-CITE,  71.    |Gr.  nk,„\rii,  a  worm.] 

One  division  of  the  old  species  iMesotype,  occur- 
ring in  radiated  crystallizations  of  a  white  color,  or 
transparent,  and  consisting  of  silica,  aliiiiiiiia,  and 
lime,  with  13^  per  cent,  of  water.  Whi  n  a  small 
portion  of  it  is  placed  in  the  e.xterior  flame  of  a  blow- 
pipe, it  twists  like  a  worm,  becomes  opaque,  and  is 
convtTted  into  a  biebby,  colorless  glass. 

Dana.  Phillips. 
SeOI/I.OP,  71.    A  shell-fish  with  a  pectinated  shell. 
[See  .'scallop.] 

2.  An  indenting  or  cut  like  those  of  a  scollop 
shell. 

SeOL'LOP,  f.  ^    To  form  or  cut  with  scollops.  [See 

ScALLOr.] 

SeOL-O-PE.N'DRA,  n.    [Gr.  aKoXoircflpa.] 

1.  A  venomous  st^pent.  Johnson. 

2.  ,\  genus  of  venomous  insects  of  the  order  Myr- 
iapoda,  destitute  of  wings.  These  insects  have  .as 
many  feet  on  each  side  as  there  are  segments  in  the 
body.   The  species  arc  usually  called  Cemtipeds. 

P.  Cyc.  Partington. 

SeOM'BER-OID,  71.  The  scomberoids  (or  mackerel 
tribe)  arc  a  family  of  fishes,  of  which  the  Scomber 
is  the  type  Brande. 

SCOMiM,  71.  [L.  scomma  ;  Gr.  ffKcoftfia,  from  aKU)TTOi, 
See  Scoff.] 

1.  A  buffoon.    [.Vot  in  «-«?.]  L' Estrange. 

2.  A  flout ;  a  jeer.    [Ab(  171  use.] 

SeO.\CE,  71.  [D.  schnns;  G.  chanze  ;  D.  skands  ;  Sw. 
skans,  a  fort  or  castle,  a  fortification.] 

1.  A  fort  or  bulwark  ;  a  work  for  ucfcnse.  [Obs.] 

i>)iak. 

2.  A  hanging  or  projecting  candlestick,  generally 
with  a  mirror  to  relli  ct  the  light. 

Uolden  sconcea  liiin^  npon  the  walls.  Dryden. 

3.  The  circular  tube,  with  a  brim  in  a  candlestick, 
into  which  the  candle  is  inserted,  that  is,  the  sup- 
port, the  holder  of  tlio  candle  ;  and  from  this  sense 
the  candlestick,  in  the  preceding  definition,  has  its 
name. 

4.  A  fixed  seat  or  shelf.  [Local.] 

SCONCE,  71.  [D.  skionner,  to  judge,  to  discern; 
skionsom,  judicious.] 

1.  Sense;  judgment;  discretion  or  understanding. 
This  sense  lias  been  in  vulgar  use  in  New  England 
within  my  meniorj-. 

2.  'I'he  head  ;  a  low  word.  Shak. 

3.  A  mulct  or  fiiu'.    [i.ln.  poll-tax.] 
SCONCE,  V.  t.    To  mulct ;  to  fine.  n^arton. 

[A  low  word,  and  nut  in  wse.] 
SCOOP,  71.  [I),  schop,  a  scoop,  and  a  shovel;  G. 
schiippe ;  schiipp,  a  shove ;  schnppen,  to  push  or 
shove  ;  Sw.  skuff,  a  shove  ;  Dan.  skuffe,  a  scoop,  a 
shovel,  a  box  or  drawer  ;  D.  schuif,  schuiven,  tosh^ve  ; 
Fr.  ecope  ;  Arm.  es^op  or  scop.] 

1.  A  large  ladle  ;  a  vessel  with  a  long  handle 
fastened  to  a  dish,  used  for  dipping  liipiors  ;  also,  a 
little  hollow  piece  of  wood  for  bailing  boats. 

2.  An  instrument  of  surgery.  Sharp. 

3.  A  sweep  ;  a  stroke  ;  a  swoop.  Shak. 
SCOOP,  f.  f.    To  lade  out ;  properly,  to  take  out  with 

a  scoop,  or  with  a  sweeping  motion. 

He  tcooped  the  water  from  the  crystal  flood.  Dryden. 

2.  To  empty  by  lading  ;  as,  he  scooped  it  dry. 

Addi'ion. 

3.  To  make  hollow,  as  a  scoop  or  dish;  to  ex- 
cavate; as,  the  Indians  scoop  the  trunk  of  a  tree 
into  a  canoe. 

Those  cartjonctei  the  Indians  wilt  acoop,  so  ni  to  bold  above  a 
pint.  Arbuthnot, 

4.  To  remove,  so  an  to  leave  a  place  hollow. 

A  spectator  would  think  this  circular  mount  had  b><en  actuallj 
tcoopett  Oft  \  of  llial  hollow  space.  Spectator. 

SCOOP' KD,  (skoopt,)  pp.  Taken  out  as  with  a  scoop 
or  ladle  ;  liullowetl ;  excavated ;  removed  so  as  to 
leave  a  hollow. 

SCOOP'ER,  n.    One  that  scoops;  also,  a  water-fowl. 

SCOOP'I.NG, ppr.  Lading  out;  making  hollow;  ex- 
cavating ;  removing  so  as  to  leave  a  hollow. 

SeOOP'-.S'ET,  n.  A  hand-net,  so  formed  as  to  sweep 
the  bottom  of  a  river. 

SCfiPE,  n.  [h.  scopu.'i ;  Or.  ffiroroy,  from  OKOirti.},  lo 
see  or  view  ;  Heb.  1P~ ,  to  see,  to  behold  ;  Ch.  to 
drive  or  strike.  Class  Gb,  No.  85.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  stretch  or  extend,  to  reach  ;  properly,  the 
whole  extent,  space,  or  reach,  hence  the  whole 
space  viewed,  and  hence  the  limit  or  ultimate  end.] 
I.  Sp.ace  ;  room  ;  amplitude  of  intellectual  view  ; 
as,  a  free  scope  for  inquiry  ;  full  scope  for  the  fancy 
or  imagination  ;  ample  scope  for  genius. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS._€  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CII  as  SlI ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


124 


EEEE" 


989 


SCO 


SCO 


SCO 


2.  The  limit  of  intellectual  view  ;  the  end  or  thing 
to  which  the  mind  directs  its  view  ;  that  which  is 
purposed  to  be  reached  or  accomplished  ;  hence,  ul- 
timate design,  aim,  or  pjrpose  ;  intention;  drift.  It 
expresses  both  the  purpose  and  thing  purposed. 

Your  scope  is  as  mino  own, 
So  lo  enlorce  and  qa:ilil>'  the  laws, 
As  to  your  soul  seems  ^od.  Shak. 
The  scope  of  all  iheir  pleading  against  man's  authority,  is  lo 
OTenhrow  such  laws  and  consuiulioiis  of  the  church. 

Hooker. 

3.  Liberty ;  freedom  from  restraint ;  room  to  move 
in.  Hi>vkcr. 

4.  Liberty  beyond  just  limits  ;  license. 

Give  him  line  and  scope,  Shak. 

5.  Act  of  riot ;  sally;  excess.    [Ohs.]  S/uik. 

6.  Extended  quantity ;  as,  a  scope  of  land.   [  Obs.J 

Davies. 

7.  Length  ;  extent ;  sweep ;  as,  scope  of  cable. 

^         Mar.  Language. 
Sed'PI-FORM,  a.    [L.  scopa,  a  broom,  and  form,] 
Having  the  form  of  a  broom  or  besom. 

Zeolite,  stclliforra  or  scopi/orm.  Kirwan. 
SCo'PI-PED,  n.    [L.  scopes,  a  broom,  and  pes,  a  foot.] 
One  of  a  tribe  of  melliferous  insects,  which  have  a 
brush  of  hairs  on  the  posterior  feet. 
SeOP'PET,  v.  U   To  lade  out.    [JVot  in  iwe.] 
SeOP'Tie,       i        rr-,  1       \Bp.  Hall. 

SeOP'Tie-.AL,  r-    [Gr.  <7-fa.^7-<«os.] 

Scoffini:.  in  use.']  Hammond, 

SeOP'U-LOUS,  a,    [L.  scopulosus,] 

Full  of  rocks  ;  rocky.    [JVuf  in  tise.]  Dkt. 
SeOR'BUTE,  n.    [L.  scorhutus.] 

Scurvy.    [J^'ot  in  itse.]  Purchas. 
SeOR-BC'Tie,        )  a.     [Fr.  scoThiilique,  from  L. 
SeOR-BO'Tie  .VL,  i    scorbutus,  the  scurvy.  See 
Scurf,  Scuhvy.] 

1.  Affected  or  diseased  with  scurvy ;  as,  a  scor- 
butic person. 

2.  Pertaining  to  scurvy,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  ; 
as,  scorbutic  complaints  or  symptoms. 

3.  Subject  to  scur\T  ;  as,  a  scorbutic  habit. 
SeOR-Bu'TI€-.\L-LY",  adv.     With   the   scurvy,  or 

with  a  tendency  to  it;  as,  a  woman  scorbutically 
affected.  ff^cmatu 
SeORCE.    See  Scorse. 

SCORCH,  f.  f.  [D.  scbroeijen,  schrooken,  to  scurch.  If 
this  is  the  same  word,  there  has  been  a  transposition 
of  the  vowel.  The  SaxoTi  has  scorcned,  the  participle. 
But  it  is  probable  the  Dutch  is  the  true  orthography, 
and  the  word  is  to  be  referred  to  the  Ch.  Tin,  Ar. 

(J)^.~»  haralca  or  charaka,  to  bum,  singe,  or  roast. 

Class  Rg,  No.  33,  34.] 

1.  To  burn  superficially  ;  to  subject  to  a  degree  of 
heat  that  changes  the  color  of  a  thing,  or  both, the 
color  and  texture  of  the  surface.  Fire  will  scorch 
linen  or  cotton  very  speedily  in  extremely  cold 
weather. 

2.  To  burn ;  to  affect  painftilly  with  heat. 
Scorched  with  the  burning  sun  or  burning  sands 
of  Africa. 

SCORCH,  r.i.  To  be  burnt  on  the  surface;  lobe 
parched  ;  to  be  dried  up. 

Scatter  a  little  mun^y  straw  and  T-m  among  your  seedling,  to 
pp:vrnt  ihr  roots  from  scorching.  Mortimer. 

S€ORC\VF.T>,  (skorcht,)  pp.     Burnt  on  the  surface; 

pained  by  heat. 
SCORCH'ING,  ppr,  or  a.    Burning  on  the  surface  ; 

paining  bv  heat. 
SeORCH'lN'G-FEN'NEL,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Thapsia  ;  deadly  carrot.  Lee, 
SeoRCH'ING-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  parch  or  burn  the 

surface. 

StORCiriNG-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  scorching. 

SeOR'UI-UM,  n.  [!>.]  A  plant,  the  water-german- 
der, a  species  of  Teucrium.  JEncye. 

SCORE,  n.  [Ir.  scor,  a  notch  ;  sgoram,  to  cut  in 
pieces  ;  Sax.  scor,  a  score,  twenty  ;  Ice.  skora,  from 
the  root  of  shcarj  share,  shire.] 

1.  A  notch  or  incision  ;  hence,  the  number  twenty. 
Our  ancestors,  before  the  knowledge  of  writing, 
numbered  and  kept  accounts  of  numbers  by  cutling 
notchi;s  on  a  stick  or  tally,  and  nuiking  one  notch  the 
representative  of  twenty.  A  simple  mark  answered 
the  same  purpose. 

2.  A  line  drawn. 

3.  An  account  or  reckoning ;  as,  he  paid  his  score. 

Shak. 

4.  An  account  kept  of  something  past ;  an  epoch  ; 
an  era.  Tillolion. 

a.  Debt,  or  account  of  debt.  Shak. 
G.  Account ;  reason  ;  motive. 

But  I'-ft  Ihe  lmd<-,  as  many  mom 

Have  lalrly  done  on  the  same  teort,  IluJibrm. 

7.  Account ;  sake. 

You  act  your  kiiidnrss  on  Cydaria's  score,  DrytUn, 

8.  In  mumc,  the  onginal  and  entire  draught  of  any 
compoHition,  or  ilH  transcript.  Busbtj, 

To  quit  scores;  lo  pay  fully  ;  lo  make  even  by  giv- 
ing an  equivalent. 


Ji  song-  in  score ;  the  words  with  the  musical  notes 
of  a  song  annexed.  Johnson. 
SCORE,  71.  (.    To  notch  ;  to  cut  and  chip  for  the  pur- 
pose of  prepaUng  for  hewing  ;  as,  to  score  timber. 

2.  To  cut ;  to  engrave.  Spenser. 

3.  To  m.irk  by  a  line.  Sandys. 

4.  To  set  down  as  a  debt. 

Madam,  I  know  when, 
Instead  of  five,  you  scored  nie  ten.  Siei/L 

5.  To  set  down  or  take  as  an  account ;  to  charge  ; 
as,  to  score  follies.  Dryden. 

_C.  To  form  a  score  in  music.  Busby. 
SeoR'i'D,  (skord,)  pp.  or  a.    Notched  ;  set  down  ; 
marked  ;  prepared  for  hewing. 

In  botany,  a  scored  stem  is  marked  with  parallel 
lines  or  grooves.  Martyn. 
SCO'RI-A,  7!. ;  pi.  ScoRii:.    [L.,  from  the  Gr.  CKiopta, 
oK'op,  rejected  matter,  that  which  is  thrown  off. 
Class  Gr.] 

1.  Dross ;  the  recrement  of  metals  in  fusion,  or 
the  slag  rejected  after  the  reduction  of  metallic 
ores.  JVewlon.  Kncyc. 

2.  The  cellular,  slag^'  lavas  of  a  volcano.  Dana. 
SeO-RI-A'CEOUS,  a.   Pertaining  to  dross ;  like  dross 

or  the  recrement  of  metals ;  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  scoria. 

SCO-RI-FI-Ca'TION,  7!.  In  metallurgy,  t)ie  act  or 
operation  of  reducing  a  body,  either  wholly  or  in 
part,  into  scoria.  Encyc. 

SCo'RI-Fi-jED,  pp.  or  a.    Reduced  to  scoria. 

SCO'RI-FORM,  a.    [L.  scoria  and  form.] 

Like  scoria  ;  in  the  form  of  dross.  Kirwan. 

SCg'RI-F?,  v.  L  To  reduce  to  scoria  or  drossy  mat- 
ter. 

SCo'RI-F?-ING,  ppr.    Reducing  to  scoria. 
SCoR'ING,  ppr.    Notching  ;  marking;  Setting  down 

as  an  account  or  debt ;  forming  a  score. 
S€o'RI-OUS,  a.    Drossy  ;  cintiery  ;  recrementitious. 

Brou^n. 

SCORN,  71.  [Sp.  escarnio,  scorn  ;  escarneccr,  to  mock  ; 
Port,  escarneo,  escarneccr ;  It.  scherng,  sckernire;  \V. 
ysgom,  ysgorniaw.] 

1.  Extreme  contempt ;  that  disdain  which  springs 
from  a  person's  opinion  of  the  meanness  of  an  ob- 
ject, and  a  consciousness  or  belief  of  his  own  supe- 
riority or  worth. 

He  thought  scorn  to  lay  hands  on  Mordecai  alone.  —  Eslh.  iii. 
Every  sullen  frown  and  liittcr  scorn. 

But  fanned  the  fuel  that  too  f:tst  did  bum.  Dryden. 

2.  A  subject  of  extreme  contempt,  disdain,  or  de- 
rision ;  that  which  is  treated  with  contempt. 

Thou  malrmt  us  a  reproach  to  out  neighbors,  a  scorn  and  a  de- 
cision to  tliem  that  are  around  us.  —  Ps.  xUv. 

To  Viink  scorn ;  to  disdain  ;  to  despise.    [  Obs.] 

Sidney. 

To  laugh  to  scorn ;  to  deride ;  to  make  a  mock  of ; 
to  ridicule  as  contemptible. 

Tliey  laughed  tis  to  scorn.  —  Neh.  ii. 
SCORN,  V.  t.    To  hold  in  extreme  contempt ;  to  de- 
spise ;  to  contemn  ;  to  disdain.    Job  xvi. 

Surely  he  scorwltt  the  sconier ;  but  he  g^iveth  grace  lo  the  lowly. 
—  Prov.  ill. 


2.  To  think  unworthy;  to  disdain. 
Fame,  that  delights  around  the  world  to  stray, 
Scorns  nol  lo  uke  our  Argos  in  lier  way. 

3.  To  slight ;  to  disregard  ;  to  neglect. 


Pope. 


Tills  my  lonj  sufferance  and  my  day  of  ^rac«. 

Those  who  neglect  and  <oorn,  shall  never  lasle.  ASVton. 

SCORN,  ».  t.  To  scorn  at;  to  scoff  at;  to  treat  with 
contumely,  derision,  or  reproach.    [04.--.]  Shak. 

SCOR.N'£D,  (skornd,)  pp.  Extremely  contemned  or 
despised  ;  disdained. 

SeoR.X'ER,  n.  One  that  scorns  ;  a  contemner  ;  a 
desjuser. 

They  arc  great  scomere  of  deatli.  Spenser. 
2.  A  scoffer;  a  derider ;  in  Scripture,  one  who 
scoffs  at  religion,  its  ordinanct?s,  and  teachers,  and 
who  makes  a  mock  of  sin  and  the  judgments  and 
thrcatenings  of  God  against  sinners.  Prov.  i.  xix. 
SeoU.N'FlJL,  a.  Contemptuous;  disdainful;  enter- 
taining scum ;  insolent. 

Th'  enamored  deity 
The  scom/ui  damsel  shuns.  Dryden. 

2.  Acting  in  defiance  or  disregard. 

Scom/ut  of  winter's  frost  and  suiiimer'ssun.  Prior. 

3.  In  Scripture,  holding  religion  in  contempt; 
treating  with  disdain  religion  and  the  dispensations 
of  (Jod. 

SCOUN'FIJL  I.Y,  a(/r.  With  extreme  contempt; 
contemptuously  ;  insolently. 

'I'he  siicnHl  rights  of  the  Chrisliau  church  are  scom/ulty  tram- 
pled on  In  print,  Atttrbury. 

PCORN'FtlL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  scorn- 
ful. 

SCORN'ING,  ppr..  Holding  in  great  contempt;  de- 
spising ;  di>dainin'_-. 

BCORN'INt!,  71.  Tile  act  of  cimtemning ;  a  treating 
with  contempi,  slight,  or  disdain. 


SeOR'O-DlTE,  71.  [Gr.  axopodop,  garlic;  from  its 
smell  under  the  blowpipe.] 

A  native  compound  of  arsenic  acid  and  oxyd  of 
iron,  having  a  li^ek-green  or  brownish  color.  Dana. 

SCOR'PI-O,  n.    [L.l    The  scorpion. 

SeOR'Pl-ON,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  Scorpio  ;  Gr.  aKopTTioa 
probably  altered  from  the  Oriental  3-ip5?.  The  Ara- 
bic verb  to  which  this  word  belongs,  signifies  to 
wound,  to  strike,  &c.] 

1.  The  popular  English  name  of  any  species  of 
Scorpio,  which  is  a  genus  of  pedipalpous,  pulmonary 
arachnida;.  Scorpions  have  an  elongated  body,  sud- 
denly terminated  by  a  long,  slender  tail,  formed  of  six 
joints,  the  last  of  which  terminates  in  an  arcuated 
and  verj'  acute  sting,  which  effuses  a  venomous  li- 
quid. This  sting  gives  rise  to  excruciating  pain,  but 
is  unattended  either  with  redness  or  swelling,  ex- 
cept in  the  axillary  or  inguinal  glands,  when  an 
extremity  is  affected.  It  is  very  seldom,  if  ever,  de- 
structive of  life.  Scorpions  are  found  in  the  south 
of  Europe,  in  Africa,  in  the  East  Indies,  and  in 
South  America.  The  number  of  species  is  not  accu- 
rately determined. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  painful  scourge ;  a  kind  of  whip 
armed  with  ii''iiits  like  a  scorpion's  tail.    1  Kings  xii. 

Malicious  and  crafty  men,  who  delight  in  injuring 
others,  are  compared  to  scorpions.    Ezck.  ii. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  eighth  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
which  the  sun  enters  about  Oct.  23. 

4  A  sea-fish.  [L.  scorpius.]  [See  Sea-Scor- 
pion.] ^iusuortA. 

n'ater -scorpion  ;  an  aquatic  insect.  [See  Water- 
Scorpion.] 

SCOR'Pl-ON-FLY,  71.  A  neuropterous  insect  of  the 
genus  Panorpa,  Linn.,  having  a  tail  which  resembles 
that  of  a  scorpion. 

SeOR'FI-ON-GRSSS,  7t.  A  name  given  to  certain 
annual  and  perennial  plants  of  the  genus  Myosotis, 
one  of  which  is  commonly  called  Forget-me-not. 

Loudon. 

SCOR'PI-ON'S-TaIL,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Scor- 
piurus,  with  trailing,  herbaceous  stalks,  and  pro- 
ducing a  ptid  resembling  a  caterpillar,  wlience  it  is 
called  caterpillars.  Partington. 

SCOR'PI-ON-SEN'N.\,  77.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  Cor- 
onilla. 

SCOR'PI-ON'S-THORN,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ulex. 

SeOR'PI-ON-WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.  A  plant,  the  Or- 
nithopus  scorpioides.  Purr. 

SCORSE,  71.    [It.  scorsa,  a  course  ;  L.  ex  and  c«r.*Mi.] 
A  course  or  dealing  ;  barter.    {Obs.]  Spenser. 

SeoRSE,  f.  (.    To  chase.    [Os.^.l  Spenser. 
2.  To  barter  or  exchange.    [Oos.]  Spenser. 

SCoRSE,  c.  t.  To  deal  for  the  purchase  of  a  horse. 
[Obs.]  B.  Joiismi. 

SeOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.    [L.  scortator,  from  scortor.] 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  lewdness. 

SeOR'ZA,  71.  [Clu.  It.  scoria,  bark  ;  L.  ex  and  cortex.] 
In  mineralogy,  a  variety  of  cpidote.  Vre. 

SCOT,  71.  [Sax.  sceat,  a  part,  portion,  angle,  or  bay,  a 
garment  or  vest,  a  towel,  cloth,  or  sheet ;  sceat,  sceata, 
sccalt,  money,  tax,  tribute,  toll,  price,  gift ;  sceta, 
scyta,  a  sheet.  This  is  the  English  shot,  in  the 
phrase,  he  paid  his  shot ;  and  scot,  in  o7i(/  lot. 
Ice.  skot,  D.  sclwt,  a  wainscot,  shot,  scot ;  school,  a 
sheet,  a  shoot,  a  shot,  a  sprig,  a  bolt,  the  lap,  the 
womb ;  G.  schoss,  scot,  a  shoot,  and  sclwoss,  lap, 
womb  ;  Sw.  skatt,  tax,  tribute,  rent.  Eng.  scot;  Dan. 
skot,  skat,  id. ;  skiSd,  the  lap,  the  bosom,  the  waist  of  a 
coat ;  Fr.  ecot,  shot,  reckoning.  It.  .tcotto,  Sp.  c-cote, 
shot,  reckoning,  a  tucker,  or  small  piece  of  linen 
that  shades  a  woman's  breast,  also  the  sloping  of  a 
garment ;  e6"co(f7,  asheet,  in  seamen's  language;  Port. 
escota ;  escote,  shot,  club.  This  word  coincides  in  el- 
ements with  shade,  scud,  shoot,  .thed,  and  sheet,  all  of 
which  convey  the  sense  of  driving,  or  of  separating, 
cutting  off.] 

In  law  and  English  AiVfori/,  a  portion  of  money  as- 
sessed or  paid  ;  a  customary  tax  or  contribution  laid 
on  subjects  according  to  their  ability  ;  also,  a  tax  or 
custom  paid  for  the  use  of  a  sheriff  or  bailifl".  Hence 
our  modern  shot ;  as,  to  pay  one's  shut. 

Scot  and  lot ;  parish  payments.  When  persons 
were  taxeil  not  to  the  same  amount,  but  according 
to  their  ability,  they  were  said  to  pay  .'cot  and  lot 
Eneye.  P.  Cijc. 
SCOT,  71.  [Sax.  scotta,  seoUe ;  W.  y.sgo'tiad,  a  wtHids- 
nian,  a  Scot,  from  ysgawd,  a  shade  ;  i/.vi7<i,/i,  to  shade, 
to  shelter.  Eng.  shade,  which  see.  This  word  signi- 
fies, .according  to  the  Welsh,  an  inhabitant  of  the 
woods,  and  from  the  same  root  probably  as  Scythian, 
SctiOiia.] 

A  native  of  Scotland  or  North  Rrilain. 
SeOT'AI,,    (71.    [scot  anii  ale.]    In /air,  the  keeping 
SCOT' ALE,  I     of  an  alehouse  by  the  olhcer  of  a  for- 
est, and  drawing  people  to  spend  their  money  for 
liquor,  for  fear  of  liis  displeasure. 
SCOTCH,  a.    Pertaining  lo  Scotland  or  its  inhabitants. 

[.See  proTTuH.] 
SCOTCH,  (  V.  t.    [Arm  .s-cont,  the  shoulder,  whence 
SCOT,       j     scoatya,lo  sliouldi  r  up,  to  prop,  lo  su|)- 
[Kirt ;  W.  ysga-yz,  a  Hhoulder;  7/.viiri/ia«i,  lo  shoulder, 
which  is  said  to  be  friun  cu-yi,  a  fall.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— MfJTE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK.- 


SCO 


SCO 


sen 


To  support,  as  a  wheel,  by  placing  some  obstacle 
to  prevriit  its  rollin;;.  Our  waRoners  and  cartmen 
scutch  or  scut  tlie  wlieels  of  tlieir  wagons  and  carts, 
wlicn,in  ascending  a  liill,  they  stop  to  give  their  team 
rest,  or  for  oilier  purpose.  [Scotck  is  local  in  Eng- 
land ;  liotli  words  arc  sometimes  used  in  America.] 
SCOTCH,  V,  I.  [Uu.  Arm.  sqeiirea,  or  Sax.  sciailan. 
This  can  not  be  from  Fr.  ecorcher,  to  tlay  or  peel ; 
ecorce,  hark.] 

To  cut  with  shallow  incisions.  Hence,  to  wound 
slightly. 

VVc  hare  icotchtd  the  anake,  not  kille'i  it.  Shak. 
SCOTCH,  ;i.    A  slight  cut  or  shallow  incision  ;  a  line 
drawn  on  the  ground,  as  in  hop-scotch. 

SItak.  Walton. 
SeOTCH'-eOI/LOPS,  \  n.  pi.  Veal 

S€()TCII'£U-eOL'LOPS,  (skotcht'-,;  j  cut  into  small 
pieces. 

SCOTCH'fiD,  (skotclit,)  pp.  Cut  with  shallow  incis- 
ions. 

2.  Supported,  as  a  wheel. 
seOTUir-FlD'DLE,  K.    A  cant  name  for  the  itch. 

Gross.    W.  Scott. 
SeOTCri'-HOP'PER,  71.    A  play  in  which  boys  hop 
over  scotches  or  lines  in  the  ground  ;  hop-scotch. 

Locke. 

SeOTCII'ING,  ppr.    Cutting  with  shallow  incisions. 

Q.  .'^upportma,  as  a  wheel.    [See  the  verb.] 
Seo'TEll,  n.  The  black  diver  or  duck,  a  uianiie  fowl 

of  the  £en\is  Oidemiaof  FleiniU!;.  P.  Cijc. 

seOT'FKEE,  a.    Free  from  payment  or  scot;  un- 

ta.xed. 

2.  Unhurt ;  clear ;  safe. 
SeO'Tl  A,  (sko'sbe-a,)  n.    [Gr.  iriform,  darknc5s.] 
In  orchitrclttre^  a  hollow  molding  in  the  base  of  a 
column  between  the  fillets  of  the  tori.  Owilt. 
PCO'TIST,  71.    [from  Duns  Scoiiui,  a  Scottish  corde- 
lier.] 

One  of  the  followers  of  Scotus,  a  sect  of  school 
divines,  who  maintained  the  immaculate  conception 
of  the  Virgin,  or  that  she  was  born  without  orisinal 
sin  ,  m  opposition  to  the  Tboniist^,  or  followers  of 
Thomas  Aquinas. 
SeOT-0-nh\'I-A,  71.  [Or.  trKor^Sivin,  from  anoros, 
darkness,  and  divuf,  giddiness.] 
In  medicine,  giddiness  with  imperfect  vision. 

Brantle. 

SeOT'O-GRAPH,  7t.  [Gr.  aKoroi,  darkness,  and 
j'p.i^  M,  to  write.] 

An  instrument  for  writing  in  tlie  dark,  or  without 
seeing. 

SeOT'O-MY,  71.  [Gr.  (Tuoru/ici,  vertigo, from  tritoroa), 
to  darken.] 

Dix/.iness  or  swimming  of  the  head,  with  dimness 
of  sight. 

SCOT'TER-ING,  71.  A  provincial  word  in  Hereford- 
shire, England,  denoting  the  burning  of  a  wad  of 
pease  straw  at  the  end  of  harvest. 

Bailey.  Johnsm. 

SeOT'TF-CISM,  77.  An  idiom  or  peculiar  expression 
of  the  natives  of  Scotland.  Beattie. 

SeOT'TISH,a.  Pertaining  to  the  inhabitants  of  Scot- 
land, or  to  their  country  or  language;  as,  ScoltisK 
industry  or  economy ;  a  Scottish  chief;  the  Scottish 
dialect. 

SeOUN'DREI,,  77.  [Said  to  be  from  It.  scondanwle,  a 
lurker,  one  that  skulks  from  the  roll  or  muster,  from 
L.  ahscondo.  The  Italian  signifies  properly  the  play 
hoodman-blind,  or  fox  in  the  bole.] 

A  mean,  worthless  fellow  ;  a  rascal  ;  a  low,  petty 
villain  ;  a  man  witliout  honor  or  virtue. 
Go,  if  your  iincKnt  bill  tofnolilt  blooU 

Has  cn'pl  ilirough  scoundrtl*  ever  liuce  the  flood.  Pope. 

SGOUN'DREL,  a.  Low;  base;  mean;  unprincipled. 

S€OUN'DREL-ISM,  71.  Baseness  ;  turpitude  ;  rascal- 
ity. Cotgrave. 

SeOUR,  V.  U  [Goth,  skauron,  to  scour ;  Sax.  scur,  a 
scouring  ;  D.  schuuren  ;  G.  scheuern  ;  Dan.  skurer  ; 
Sw.  skura;  Arm.  scarhein,  scurheiti  or  scunja;  Fr. 
eeurer,  to  scour  ;  Sp.  escurar.  See  the  roots  ">^J  and 
p-13.    Class  Gr,  No.  5,  8.] 

1.  To  nib  hard  with  something  rough,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  cleaning;  as,  to  scour  a  kettle;  to  scour  a 
musket ;  to  scour  armor. 

2.  To  clean  by  friction  ;  to  make  clean  or  bright. 

3.  To  cleanse  from  grease,  dirt,  &c.,  as  articles  of 
dress ;  to  restore. 

4.  To  purge  violently. 

5.  To  remove  by  scouring. 
No»f  r  came  r'formalion  in  a  flooil 

Wiih  sitcb  a  licady  currt-nt,  scouring  faiUU.  Shak. 
B.  To  range  or  search  for  the  purpose  of  taking ; 
as,  to  .leour  the  sea  for  pirates. 

7.  To  pass  swiftly  over;  to  brush  along;  as,  to 
seour  the  coast.  MiUon. 
Nol  to  when  rvin.  Camilla  tcour*  the  plain.  Pope. 

SeOUR,  V.  i.  To  perform  the  business  of  cleaning 
vessels  by  rubbing.  ShaJc. 

2.  To  clean. 

Wami  waler  b  •oflpr  llian  cold,  for  it  tcoureih  better.  Bacon. 

3.  To  be  purged  to  excess.       Bacon.  Mortimer. 


4.  To  rove  or  range  for  sweeping  or  taking  some- 
thing. 

Birbaruasa,  thus  scouring  along  the  coast  of  luly.  KnoUea. 

5.  To  run  with  celerity  ;  to  scamper. 

So  four  fifrcn  counters,  suirliii-^  to  the  nice, 

Scour  Uirough  iJie  plain,  ami  Icii^lien  every  pace.  Dryden. 

SeOUR'£D,  pp.  Rubbed  with  something  rough,  or 
made  clean  by  rubbing  ;  cleansed  from  grease,  dirt, 
&c.  ;  severely  purgeii ;  liriished  along. 

SGOUR'ER,n.  One  tliat  scours  or  cleans  by  rubbing  ; 
one  who  cleanses  clothes  from  grease,  dirt,  &l.c. 

2.  A  drastic  cathartic. 

3.  One  that  runs  with  speed. 

SCOURGE,  (skiirj,)  71.  [I't.  cscourirle ;  H.  scoreggia, 
a  leather  tiiong  ;  from  L.  corritria,  from  corrigo,  to 
straighten. J 

1.  A  whip ;  a  lash  consisting  of  a  strap  or  cord  ; 
an  instrument  of  punisliinent  or  discipline. 

A  gcourge  of  small  conls.  — John  ii. 

2.  A  punishment ;  vindictive  affliction. 

KaniitK?  ami  plague  are  sent  as  scourges  for  amendment.  —  2 
Ksilma. 

3.  He  or  that  wliich  greatly  afflicts,  harasses,  or 
destroys ;  porticulurly,  any  continued  evil  or  calam- 
ity. Attila  was  called  tlie  scourge  of  God,  for  the 
miseries  he  inflicted  in  his  conquests.  Slavery  is  a 
terrible  scourge. 

4.  A  whip  for  a  top.  Locke. 
SCOURGE,  (skurj,)  7'.  t.    [It.  scoreggiare.] 

1.  To  whip  severely  ;  to  lash. 

Is  It  lawful  for  you  to  *cour^c  a  man  that  is  a  Roman?  —  Acta 

2.  To  punish  with  severity  ;  to  chastise  ;  to  afflict 
for  sins  or  Taults,  and  with  the  purpose  of  correction. 

He  will  scourge  us  for  our  iniciuitios,  and  will  have  mercy  a^in. 

Tobil. 

Whom  thp  Lonl  lovrth  he  clnslen''tli,  and  scourgeth  every  son 
whom  he  receivcth.  —  Hcb.  xii. 

3.  To  afflict  greatly ;  to  harass,  torment,  or  injure. 
SeOURG'^;D,  (skiiijd,)  pp.    VVhipjied  ;  lashed  ;  pun- 
ished severely  ;  harassed. 

SCOURG'ER,  (skurj'cr,)  71.  One  that  scourges  or  pun- 
ishes ;  one  tliat  atilicts  seven^Iy. 

SeOURG'ING,  ppr.  Whipping  ;  lashing  with  severi- 
ty ;  punishing  or  alllicting  severely. 

SCOUR'ING,  ppr.  Kubhing  harii  with  something 
rough  ;  cleaning  liy  rubbing;  cleansing  from  grease, 
dirt,  &c. ;  cleansing  with  a  drastic  calliartic  ;  rang- 
ing over  for  clearing. 

SCOUR'ING,  71.  A  rubbing  hard  for  cleaning;  a 
cleansing  from  grease,  dirt,  &c. ;  a  cleansing  by  a 
drastic  purge  ;  looseness ;  flux.  Bacon. 

SCOURSE.    See  Scorse. 

SCOUT,  71.  [Fr.  ecout;  ccouter,  to  bear,  to  listen; 
Norm,  escoult^n  healing  ;  It.  scotIa,  a  watch  ;  scoltare, 
to  listen  ;  L.  ausculto;  Gr.  ovf,  the  ear,  and  L.  culto, 
co/o.] 

1.  In  military  affairs,  a  person  sent  before  an  army, 
or  to  a  distance,  tor  the  purpose  of  observing  the  mo- 
tions of  an  enemy  or  discovering  any  danger,  and 
giving  notice  to  the  commanding  officer.  Horsemen 
are  generally  employed  as  sanits.  Enctjc. 

2.  A  cant  term  at  Oxford  for  a  college  servant  or 
waiter.  Oxford  Guide. 

3.  A  high  rock.    [J^'ot  in  use.'\ 

SCOUT,  V.  i.  To  go  on  the  business  of  watching  the 
motions  of  an  enemy  ;  to  act  as  a  scout. 

With  obscure  wing 
Scout  (ar  and  wide  into  the  realm  of  ni^ht.  JV/i/ton. 

SCOUT,  V.  U    [Perhaps  Sw.  skiuta,  to  shoot,  to  thrust, 

that  is,  to  reject.] 
To  sneer  at ;  to  treat  with  disdain  and  contempt. 

\Tlti3  word  is  in  good  u^e  in  .America.'] 
SeOUT'ED, p/).   Sni'ered  at;  treated  with  contempt. 
SCOUT'ING,  ppr.    Treating  with  contempt. 
SCOV'£L,  (skuv'l,)  71.    [VV.  ysgubell,  from  ysgub,  a 

broom,  L.  scopa.] 
A  mop  for  sweeping  ovens  ;  a  maulkin. 

Jiinsworth.  Bailey. 
SCOW,  77.    [D.  schonw  ;  Dan.  skude  ;  Sw.  sktda.] 

A  large,  flat-bottomed  boat,  used  as  a  ferry-boat, 

or  for  loading  and  unloading  vessels.    \A  word  in 

good  iise  in  AVw  England.'^ 
SCOW,  V.  t.    To  transport  in  a  scow. 
SeOW'£D,  (skowd,)  pp.   Transported  in  a  scow. 
SCOWL,  V.  i.    [Sax.  scul,  in  scul-eaged,  scowl-cyed  ; 

probably  from  the  root  of  G.  schel,  schiel,  D.  scheel, 

distorted;  schiclen.  Van.  skiclcr,  to  squint;  Gr.  oko- 

Xioio,  to  twist.    Sec  Class  Gl,  No.  59.] 

1.  To  wrinkle  the  brows,  as  in  frowning  or  dis- 
pleasure ;  to  put  on  a  frowning  look ;  to  look  sour, 
sullen,  severe,  or  angry. 

She  scowUd  and  frowned  widi  froward  countenance.  Spenser. 

2.  To  Ux)k  gloomy,  frowning,  dark,  or  tempes- 
tuous ;  as,  the  scowling  hcaveps.  .  Thomson. 

SCOWL,  V.  t.    To  drive  with  a  scowl  or  frowns. 

Milton. 

SCOWL,  71.    The  wrinkling  of  the  brows  in  frown- 
ing; the  expression  of  displeasure,  sullenness,  or 
discontent  in  the  countenance. 
2.  Gloom ;  dark  or  rude  aspect ;  as  of  the  heavens. 

Crashaw. 


SCOW  L' En,  pp.    Frowned  at. 

SCOWL'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.  ('ontracting  the  brows  into 
wrinkles;  frowning;  expressing  displeasure  or  sul- 
lenness. 

SeoWL'ING-LY,  adv.    With  a  wrinkled,  frowning 

aspect ;  with  a  sullen  look. 
SCUAli'ltLE,  (skrab'bl,)  r.  i.    [D.  krabbelen,  to  scrape, 

to  scribble;  Ara&6c/i,  to  scrape  ;  O.  krabbeln,  gruben. 

This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  scrape,  L.  scribo. 

Eng.  grave,  engrave,  &.C.    See  Schape.] 

1.  To  scrape,  paw,  or  scratch  with  the  hands  ;  to 
move  along  on  the  hands  and  knees  by  dawiiii;  with 
tlio  hands  ;  to  scramble  ;  as,  to  scrabble  up  a  clilf  or 
a  tree.  [.^  word  in  common,  popular  use  in  A^ew  Eng- 
land, but  not  elegant.] 

2.  To  make  irregular  or  crooked  marks  ;  as,  chil- 
tlren  scrabble  when  they  begin  to  write  ;  h(.-nce,  to 
make  irregular  and  unmeaning  marks  ;  to  scribble. 

David  —  scrabbled  on  llic  doors  of  tlio  gale.  —  I  Sam.  xxt. 

SCRAn'HLE,  V.  I.  To  mark  witli  irregular  lines  or 
letters  ;  as,  to  scrabble  paper. 

SCR.\H'BLE,  71.  A  motion  on  tlie  hands  or  knees ; 
a  scramble.  Jlolloway. 

SCRAB'I!LI.\G,  ppr.  Slraping  ;  scratching;  scram- 
bling ;  making  irregular  marks. 

SCItAF'FLE,  D.  1.    To  scramble;  to  be  industrious. 
[  Obs.]  Brockelt. 
2.  To  shuffle  ;  to  use  evasion.    [04s.]  Grose. 

SCRAG,  71.  [This  word  is  formed  from  the  root  of 
rag,  crag,  Gr.  lin^ni,  pu:^if ,  rack.    Class  Rg.] 

Something  thin  or  lean  with  roughness.  A  raw- 
boned  person  is  called  a  scrag ;  but  the  word  is  vul- 
gar. 

SCRAG'GED,  )  a.  ^Supra.]  Rough  with  irregular 
SCRAG'GY,    j     points,  or  a  broken  surface;  as,  a 

scraggy  hill ;  a  scragged  hack-bone.  Bentley. 
2.  Lean  with  riiuglmess.  .^rbuthnol.  ■ 

SCR.'\G'GEU  NES.S,  j  71.  Leanness,  or  leanness 
SCR.AG'GI-.VES.-',     (      with    roughness;  rugged- 

ness ;  roughness  occasioned  by  bceken,  irregular 

points. 

SCRAG'GI-LY,  adv.    With  leanness  and  roughness. 
SCK A.M'IlLFj,  II.  I.    [D.  schrammen,  to  scratch.    It  is 

not  improbable  that  lliis  word  is  corrupted  from  the 

root  of  scrape,  scrabble.^ 

1.  To  move  or  climb  by  seizing  objects  with  the 
hand,  and  drawing  the  body  forward  ;  as,  to  scram- 
ble up  a  cliff. 

2.  To  seize  or  catch  eagerly  at  any  thing  that  is  de- 
sired ;  to  catch  with  li.aste  preventive  of  anollier  ;  to 
catch  at  without  ceremony.  Man  originally  was 
obliged  to  scminbte  with  wild  beasts  for  nuts  and 
acorns. 

Of  other  care  they  Iilt!e  reclconing  make. 

Than  how  to  scramble  at  Uie  shearer's  least.  MiUon. 

SCRAM'BLE,  71.  An  eager  contest  for  something,  in 
which  one  endeavors  to  get  the  thing  before  an- 
other. 

The  scarcily  of  money  enhances  the  price  and  increases  the 
scramble.  Locke. 

2.  The  act  of  climbing  by  the  help  of  the  hands. 
SCRAM'BLER,  71.     One  who  scrambles;  one  who 

climbs  bv  the  help  of  the  hands. 
SCRA.M'BLING,  ppr.     Climbing  by  the  help  of  the 

hands. 

2.  Catching  at  eagerly  and  without  ceremony. 
SCRA.M'BLING,  71.  The  act  of  climbing  by  the  help  of 
the  hands. 

2.  The  act  of  seizing  or  catching  at  with  eager 
haste  and  without  ceremony. 
SCRA.M'BLING-LY,  adv.    By  seizing  or  catching  at 
eagerly. 

SCR.\NCII,  V.  t.  [D.  schranssen ;  from  (;ninc/i,crau7u:A, 
by  prefixing  s.] 

To  grind  wffh  the  teeth,  and  with  a  crackling 
sound ;  to  craunch.  [This  is  in  vulgar  use  in  Amer- 
ic(t.] 

SCRA.V'NEL,  a.  [Qu.  broken,  split ;  from  the  root 
of  cranny.]    Slight ;  poor. 

Grate  on  their  scrannel  pipes  of  wretched  straw.  MUton. 
[Sat  in  use.] 

SCRAP,  n.  [from  scrape.]  A  small  piece  ;  properly, 
something  scraped  off,  but  used  for  any  thing  cut 
off;  a  fragment;  a  crumb;  as,  scraps  of  meat.  Shak. 

2.  A  part ;  a  detached  piece  ;  as,  scraps  of  history 
or  poetry  ;  scraps  of  antiiiuity  ;  scraps  of  authors. 

Locke.  Pope. 

3.  A  small  piece  of  paper.  Pope, 
[If  used  for  script,  it  is  improper.] 

SCRAP'-BOQK,  n.  A  blank  book  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  short  pieces  of  poetry  or  other  extracts  from 
books  and  pa(K"rs. 

SCRAPE,  r.  f.  [Sa.x.  screopan  ;  D.  schraapen,  schrnb- 
ben;  G.  sehrapen;  Sw.  scrapa;  Dan.  skrabrr :  Ir. 
scrwbam,  sgrabam  ;  Riiss.  skrebu  and  agrebaiju  ;  L. 
scribo, Gr.  y  oinp'o,  Xo  write;  \V.  ysgraru,  to  scrape, 
from  cram,  to  scrape,  from  crap,  claws.  Owen.  But 
probably  from  the  general  root  of  grave.  In  Ch.  and 
Syr.  3">b  signifies  to  plow  ;  in  Ar.  to  strain,  distress, 
gripe.    See  Grave.] 

I.  To  rub  the  surlace  of  any  thing  with  a  sharp  or 
rough  instrument,  or  with  something  hard  ;  n»,  to 


TONE,  BtJLL,  IfNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  <S  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


991 


SCR 

scrape  tlje  tioor  j  to  scrape  a  vessel  for  cleaning  it  j  to 
scrape  the  earth  ;  to  scrape  the  body.    Job  ii. 

2.  To  clean  by  t-craping.    Lev.  xiv. 

3.  To  remove  or  take  off  by  rubbing. 

I  will  also  8cra}>€  hpf  dust  from  her,  and  make  her  like  the  top  of 
a  ruck.  —  Eo  k.  xivi. 

4.  To  act  upon  the  surface  with  a  grating  noise. 

The  chimin  J  clocks  to  dinner  call ; 

A  Imndn-d  tootsle[is  gcmpe  tile  nmrble  hall.  Pope, 

5.  To  insult  by  drawing  the  feet  over  the  floor. 
[Used  in  the  Kti^rlish  universities.']  [Orose. 
To  scrape  off;  to  remove  by  scraping ;  to  clear 

away  by  rubbing. 

To  scrape  together  ;  to  g.atlier  by  close  industry  or 
small  gains  or  savings  j  as,  to  scrape  together  a  good 
estate. 

SeR.^PE,  f.  1.    To  make  a  harsh  noise, 
a.  To  play  awkwardly  on  a  violin. 
3.  'J'o  make  an  awkward  bow. 
To  scrape  acquaintance ;  to  make  one's  self  ac- 
quainted ;  to  curry  favor.     [A  low  phrase  intro- 
duced from  the  practice  of  scraping  in  bowing.] 
SeKAI'E,  n.    [Dan.  scrab  ;  Sw.  skrap.] 

1.  A  rubbing. 

2.  The  sound  of  the  foot  drawn  over  the  floor. 

3.  A  bow. 

4.  Diliiculty;  perplexity;  distress;  that  which 
harasses,    [jj  lojc  word.]  T.  B.  Macaulaij. 

SeRAP'£D,  (skrapt,)  pp.  Rubbed  on  the  surface  with 
a  sharp  or  rough  instrument;  cleaned  by  rubbing; 
cleare<l  away  by  scraping. 

S€R.\P'ER,  71.  An  instrument  with  which  anything 
is  scraped  ;  as,  a  scraper  fur  shoes. 

2.  An  inslrument  drawn  by  oxen  or  horses,  and 
used  for  scraping  earth  in  making  or  repairing  roads, 
digging  cellLiis,  canals,  &c. 

3.  An  instrument  having  two  or  three  sharp  sides 
or  edges,  for  cleaning  the  planks,  masts,  or  decks  of 
a  ship,  &.C. 

4.  A  miser ;  one  who  gathers  property  by  penuri- 
ous diligence  and  small  savings  ;  a  scrape-penny. 

5.  .\n  awkward  fiddler. 

SeRAP'ING,  ppr.  Rubbing  the  surface  with  some- 
thing sharp  or  hard  ;  cleaning  by  a  scraper  ;  remov- 
ing by  rubbing  ;  playing  awkwardly  on  a  violin, 

SeRAP'ING,  n.  That  wliich  is  separated  from  a  sub- 
stance, or  is  collected  by  scraping,  raking,  or  rub- 
bing ;  as,  the  scrapings  of  the  street. 

9.  A  drawing  of  the  feet  over  the  floor,  as  an  in- 
sult to  some  one.  Grose. 
[Used  in  the  English  universities.] 

S€RAT,  11.  L    [Formed  on  the  root  of  L.  rado.] 

To  scratch.    [JVo(  in  use.]  Burton, 

SCRAT,  V.  i.    To  rake ;  to  search.    [JVof  in  use.] 

!?€UA'r,  71.    A  hermaphrodite.    [JVot  in  use]  Skinner. 

SeRATCH,  71.  (.  [G.  kratzcn,  rit-.en,  kritzeln;  D. 
kralsen;  Sw.  kratsa  ;  Dan.  kraiiser ;  probably  from 
the  root  of  grnu,  and  L.  rado.  See  Class  Rd,  No. 
46,  49,  56,  58,  .59.] 

1.  To  rub  and  tear  the  surface  of  any  thing  with 
something  sharp  or  ragged  ;  as,  to  scratch  the  cheeks 
with  the  nails  ;  to  scratch  the  earth  with  a  rake  ;  to 
scratch  the  hands  or  face  by  ridingor  running  among 
briers. 

A  sort  of  small  sand-wlared  stones,  so  hard  aa  to  scratch  ^h<ss. 

Grew. 

2.  To  wound  slightly. 

3.  To  rub  with  the  nails. 

He  niindr.il,  when  invention  fails, 

'I'o  ccratck  your  head  and  bile  yuur  nails.  Swift. 

4.  To  write  or  draw  awkwardly  ;  as,  to  sernlcAout 
a  pamphlet.    [J^ot  in  use,]  Swift, 

5.  'J  o  dig  or  excavate  with  the  claws.  Some  ani- 
mals scratch  holes  in  which  they  burrow. 

To  scratch  out;  to  erase  ;  to  rub  out ;  to  obliterate. 
SCRATCH,  I),  t.    To  use  the  claws  in  tearing  the  sur- 
face.  The  gallinaceous  hen  scratches  for  her  chick- 
ens. 

Dull,  tame  lliin^,  that  will  neither  bile  nor  scratch.  More, 
SCRATCH,  n,    A  break  in  the  surface  of  a  thing  made 
by  .scratching,  or  by  rubbing  with  any  thing  pointed 
or  ragged  ;  as,  a  scratch  on  timber  or  glass. 

The  coame  file  —  makes  deep  scrntehes  in  the  work.  Moton. 

Tlirse  niiiis  with  scratches  shall  dclurin  my  breast.  Prior. 

2.  A  slight  wound. 

Heaven  f.irl»id  a  shallow  terateh  should  drive 

The  Prince  of  Wdlirs  from  such  a  field  as  this.  Siiak. 

3  A  kind  of  wig  worn  for  covering  baldness  or 
gray  hairs,  or  ft)r  other  purpose.  SmoUetl. 

4.  Among  borers,  a  line  across  the  prize  ring,  up  to 
which  boxers  are  brought  when  they  join  fight. 
[Aoic.]  ffrosc. 

r>.  .ScratKhe.f  arc  a  dixcase  in  horses  consisting  of 
dry  chapH,  rifts,  or  scabs,  between  the  heel  and 
p;islern  jiunl.  Buchanan. 
SCRATCirA.I),  (skratcht,)  pp.    Torn  by  the  rubbing 

(if  sduii'ihing  lough  or  pointed. 
8CRAT(;iri;R,.n.    He  or  that  which  Bcralches. 

2.  A  bird  which  acratchea  fur  food,  us  the  common 
hen  and  rork. 
SCRATtJH'KS,  n.  pi.    Cracked  ulcers  on  a  horac'ii 
foot,  Jiiat  above  the  hoof. 


SCR 

SeR.'^TCH'I\G,;)/7r.  Rubbing  with  something  pointed 
or  rough  ;  rubbing  and  tearing  tlie  surface. 

SCR.VrcH'ING-LY,  ado.  With  tlie  action  of  scratch- 
ing. Sidney. 

SCR  AW,  71.  [Irish  and  Erse.]  Surface;  cut  turf. 
[JV^ot  in  use,]  Swift, 

SCRAWL,  V,  t.  [Qu.  from  crawl,  or  its  root,  or  from 
the  U.  sckravelen,  to  stratch  or  scrape.  Both  may  be 
from  one  root.] 

1.  To  draw  or  mark  awkwardly  and  irregularly. 

2.  To  write  awkwardly.  [Swift. 
SCRAWL, t'. !.    To  write  unskillfully  and  inelegantly. 

Though  with  a  golden  pen  you  scrawl.  Smi/t. 
2.  To  creep  ;  to  crawl.    [This  is  from  crawl,  but  I 
know  not  that  it  is  in  use.]  Jlinsworth. 
SCRAWL,  n.    Unskillful  or  inelegant  writing  ;  or  a 
piece  of  hasty,  bad  writing.  Pope. 

2.  In  JVcw  England,  a  ragged,  broken  branch  of  a 
tree,  or  oilier  brush-wood  ;  brush. 
SeRAVVL'/;D,  pp.    Written  unskillfully. 
SCRAWL'ER,  K.    One  who  scrawls  ;  a  hasty  or  awk- 
ward writer. 

SCRAWL'ING,  ppr.  01  a.  Writing  hastily  or  inele- 
gantly. 

SCRAWNY,  a.  Meager;  wasted.  [This  word  is 
used  colloquially  in  America,  and  is,  undoubtedly,  the 
same  as  Scranny,  which  Halliwell  mentions  as  be- 
ing  used  in  various  dialects  in  England.] 

SCRaY,  n.  A  bird,  called  the  Sea  Swallow  orTEBN, 
(Sterna  Hirundo.) 

SCRk'A-BLE,  a.   [L.  screabilLt,  from  screo,  to  spit  out.] 
That  may  be  spit  out.    [  Obs.] 

SCRH.^K,  (skreek,)  v.  i.  [Sw.  skrika  ;  D.  skriger; 
W.  ysgre^ian,  from  cre^ian,  to  creak,  to  shriek,  from 
creg,  cryg,  rough,  roughness,  or  its  root.  This  word 
is  only  a  different  orthography  of  screech  and  shriek, 
but  is  not  elegant.] 

To  litter  suddenlj'  a  sharp,  shrill  sound  or  outcry  ; 
to  scream  ;  as  in  a  sudden  fright;  also,  to  creak,  as 
a  door  or  wheel.    [See  Screech.] 

[When  applied  to  things,  we  use  creak,  and  when 
to  persons,  shriek,  both  of  which  are  elegant.] 

SCRiiAK,  7t.    A  creaking  ;  a  screech. 

SCREAM,  V.  i.  [Sax.  reomian,  hram an,  or  hreman ; 
W.  ysgannu,  to  set  up  a  scream  or  shout.  It  appears 
from  the  Welsh  that  this  is  also  the  English  skirmish, 
Sp.  escaraniazar,  which  in  D.  is  schermutfelcn,  from 
schcrm,  a  fence  or  skreen  ;  schermen,  to  fence.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  drive,  or  force  out,  or 
away,  to  separate.    See  Class  Rm,  No.  11.] 

1.  To  cry  out  with  a  shiill  voice  ;  to  utter  a  sud- 
den, sharp  outcry,  as  in  a  fright  or  in  extreme  pain  ; 
to  shriek. 

The  fearfn!  matrons  raise  a  screaming  cry.  Dryden. 

2.  To  utter  a  shrill,  harsh  cry  j  as,  the  screaming 
owK 

SCRk.AM,  n.  A  shriek,  or  sharp,  shrill  cry,  uttered 
suddenly,  as  in  terror  or  in  pain ;  or  the  shrill  cry  of 
a  fowl ;  as,  screams  of  horror.  Pope. 

SCReA.M'ER,  n.  A  name  given  to  two  species  of 
South  American  birds  of  the  genus  Palamedea, 
(Linn^us,)  usually  ranked  with  the  grallatorial  or 
wading  birds ;  so  called  from  their  loud,  shrill  cry. 

P.  Cyc. 

SCReAM'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  suddenly  a  sharp,  shrill 

crvj  crying  with  a  shrill  voice. 
SCRi:  A.M'ING,  71.  The  act  of  crying  out  with  a  shriek 

of  tenor  or  agony. 
SCREECH,  V.  i.     [Sw.  skrika;  Dan.  skriger;  G, 

schrcien  ;  W.  ysgregian,  from  cregian,  to  creak  ;  Ir. 

scrcachaint.    See  Screak  and  Shriek,  and  Class  Rg, 

No.  1 ,  4,  49,  50.] 

1.  To  cry  out  with  a  sharp,  shrill  voice  ;  to  utter  a 
sudden,  shrill  cry,  as  in  terror  or  acute  pain;  to 
scream  ;  to  shriek.  Bacon. 

2.  'I'o  utter  a  sharp  cry,  as  an  owl ;  thence  called 

ScREECH-OwL. 

SCREECH,  )i.    A  sharp,  shrill  cry,  uttered  in  acute 
pain,  or  in  a  sudden  fright. 
2.  A  harsh,  shrill  cry,  as  of  a  fowl.  Pope. 

SCREECU'ING,  ppr.    Uttering  a  shrill  or  harsh  cry. 

SCREECH'-OWL,  n.    An  owl  th.at  utters  a  harsh,  dis- 
agreeable cry  at  night,  often  considered  ill-builing, 
but  really  no  more  ominous  of  evil  than  the  notes  of 
the  nightingale. 
2.  a.    Like  a  screech-owl.  Carlisle, 

SCREED,  71.  In  architecture,  a  name  given  to  wooden 
rules  for  running  moldings  ;  also,  to  the  extreme 
guides  on  the  margins  of  walls  and  ceilings  for 
floating  to,  by  the  aid  of  the  rules.  Brandc, 

SCREEN,  71.  [Fr.  ccran.  This  word  is  evidently  from 
the  root  of  L.  ccrno,  ercerno,  Gr.  k/jikj,  to  separate, 
to  silt,  to  judge,  to  fight,  contend,  skirmish  ;  Sp. 
harnrro,  a  sieve.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
is,  to  separate,  to  drive  or  force  asunder,  hence  to 
sift,  to  discern,  to  judge,  to  separate,  or  cut  otf 
danger.] 

I.  Any  thing  that  separates  or  cuts  ofl"  incon- 
venience, injury,  or  danger ;  and  hence,  that  which 
shelters  or  protects  from  danger,  or  prevents  incon- 
venience. 

Same  umbitious  men  seem  us 
danger  and  envy. 


SCR 

2.  In  architecture,  a  partition  in  churches,  &c.,  car- 
ried up  to  a  certain  liiglit  for  separation  and  pro- 
tection ;  as,  an  altar  screen,  Sec,  P.  Cyc, 

3.  Something  movable,  used  for  separation,  shel- 
ter, or  concealment,  or  to  exclude  heat,  cold,  or  light. 

Smart. 

4.  A  long,  coarse  riddle  or  sieve,  used  to  sep- 
arate the  coarser  from  the  finer  parts,  as  of  coal, 
sand,  &c. 

SCREEN,  V.  t  To  separate  or  cut  off  from  inconve- 
nience, injury, or  danger;  to  shelter,  to  protect;  to 
protect  by  hiding;  to  conceal;  as,  fruits  screened 
from  cold  winds  by  a  forest  or  hill.  Our  houses  and 
garments  screen  us  from  cold  ;  an  umbrella  screens 
us  from  rain  and  the  sun's  rays.  Neither  rank  nor 
money  should  screen  from  punishment  the  man  who 
violates  the  laws. 

2.  To  pass  through  a  screen  ;  to  separate  the  coarse 
part  of  any  thing  from  the  fine,  or  the  worthless 
from  the  valuable.  Enelyn. 

SCREEN'£D,  pp.  Protected  or  sheltered  from  injury 
or  danger ;  sit'ted. 

SCREEN'ING,  ppr.    Protecting  from  injurv  or  danger. 

SCREW,  (skru,)  Ji.  [D.  schroef;  G,  schr'aube;  Dan. 
skruve  or  skrue :  Sw.  skruf.  The  primary  sense  is, 
probably,  to  turn,  nr  rather  to  strain.  Class  Rb.] 

1.  A  cylinder  of  wood  or  metal,  grooved  spirally ; 
or  a  cylinder  with  a  spiral  channel  or  thread  cut  in 
such  a  manner  that  it  is  equally  inclined  to  the  b.ase  of 
the  cylinder,  throughout  the  whole  length.  A  screw 
is  male  or  female.  In  the  male  screw,  the  thread 
rises  from  the  surface  of  the  cylinder;  in  the  female, 
the  groove  or  channel  is  sunk  below  the  surface  to 
receive  the  thread  of  the  male  screw. 

2.  One  of  the  six  mechanical  powers. 

3.  A  grooved  piece  of  iron,  used  for  fastening  to- 
gether pieces  of  wood  or  metal ;  usually  called  Wood- 
screw.  P.  Cyc. 

SCREW,  (skrii,)  v.  t.  To  turn  or  apply  a  screw  to  ;  to 
press,  fasten,  or  make  firm,  by  a  screw  ;  as,  to  screw 
a  lock  on  a  door ;  to  screw  a  press. 

2.  To  force  ;  to  squeeze  ;  to  press. 

3.  To  oppress  by  exactions.  Landlords  sometimes 
screw  and  rack  their  tenants  without  mercy. 

4.  To  deform  by  contortions  ;  to  distort. 

He  screwed  his  face  into  a  hardened  smile.  Dryden. 
To  screw  out ;  to  press  out ;  to  extort. 
To  screw  up ;  to  force ;  to  bring  by  violent  pres- 
sure ;  as,  to  screw  up  the  pins  of  jiower  too  high. 

Howell. 

To  screw  ill ;  to  force  in  by  turning  or  twisting. 

SCREWED,  (skrude,)  pp.  Fastened  with  screws  ; 
pressed  with  screws  ;  forced. 

SCREWER,  11.    lie  or  that  which  screws. 

SCREWING,  ppr.  Turning  a  screw  ;  fastening  or 
pressing  with  a  .screw. 

SCREW-PINE,  71.  [.Malay,  Pandang,  i.  e.,  something 
to  be  regarded.]  The  popular  name  of  the  several 
species  of  the  genus  Pandanus,  trees  which  grow  in 
the  East  Indies,  the  Isle  of  Bourbon,  Mauritius,  New 
South  Wales,  and  Guinea.  The  trees  liave  great 
beauty,  and  some  of  them  an  exquisite  oilor;  and 
their  rools,  leaves,  and  fruit  are  all  found  useful  for 
various  purposes. 

SCREW-TREE,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ilelicteres, 
of  several  species,  natives  of  warm  climates.  They 
are  evergreen,  shrubby  plants,  witli  purple,  brown, 
or  yellow  flowers,  and  capsules  inturtcd  or  twisted 
inward.  Loudon, 

SCRi-Ba'TIOUS,  a.    Skillful  in  or  fond  of  writing. 

SCRIB'BLE,  V.  I.  [L.  scribillo,  dim.  of  4Cri*«,  to 
write,  W.  ysgrivaw.    See  Scribe.] 

1.  'Po  write  with  haste,  or  without  care  or  regard 
to  correctness  or  elegance  ;  as,  to  scribble  a  letter  or 
pamiiblet. 

2.  To  fill  with  artless  or  worthless  writing. 

JUl/(07I. 

SCRIB'BLE,  V.  i.    To  write  without  care  or  beauty. 

If  Mffivius  BcrilitiU  in  Apollo's  spite.  Poj)s. 

SCRIB'BLE,  n.  Hasty  or  careless  writing  ;  a  writing 
of  little  value  ;  as,  a  hasty  scribble,  Boyle, 

SCRIH'HLKD,  pp.    Written  hastily  and  without"carc. 

SCRIB'BLER,  n,  A  petty  author;  a  writer  of  no 
reputation. 

The  scrittbler,  pinched  with  hunger,  writes  to  dine.  GranvUlt, 

SCRIB'BLING.n.    Act  of  scribbling  or  writing  hastily. 
SCRIB'BLING,  ppr,  or  a.    Writing  hastily  and  wilh- 
t)Ut  care. 

SCRIU'BLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  scribbling  way. 

SCRIBE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  seriba,  from  scribo,  to 
write  ;  formed  probably  on  the  root  of  grarr,  scrape, 
scrub  ;  D,  schryvcn  ;  G.  schreibcn  ;  Sw.  skrifoa  ;  Dan. 
skrioer ;  W.  iisgrivaw,  ysgrivcnu,  whence  scrivener; 
It.  scrivere;  Sp.  cscribir ;  Port,  escrever;  Fr.  ecrire, 
ecrioant;  Arm.  scriaa,  scr{fan  ;  Gr.  ypatpio;  Ir.  gra- 
fadh,  to  write,  and  sgriobam,  sgrabam,  to  scrape,  en- 
grave, or  write  ;  Rusa.  skrebu,  sgrebai/u,  to  scrape, 
scrub,  rake.  Class  Rb.  The  first  writing  was  prob- 
ably engraving  on  wood  or  slone.] 

1.  In  a  general  sen-te,  a  writer.  Hence, 

2.  A  notary;  a  public  writer. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  meetings  and  associations  in  AmeV' 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  -  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

902  =^ 


I 


SCR 


SCR 


scir 


tea,  a  secretary  or  clerk  ;  one  who  records  the  trans- 
actions of  an  ecclesiastical  body. 

4.  In  ScriptKrc  and  titf  Jeicish  liU-tonj,  a  clerk  or 
secretary  to  the  king.  Cieraiah  was  scribe  to  King 
David.    2  Sam.  viii. 

5.  An  olticcr  who  enrolled  or  kept  the  rolls  of  the 
army,  and  called  over  the  names  and  reviewed  them. 

2  C/l.  XXVi.     2  Killirs  xxv. 

ti.  A  writer  and  a  dsctor  of  the  law ;  a  man  of 
karninf; ;  one  skilled  in  the  law  ;  one  wlio  read  and 
explained  the  law  to  the  people.    Kzra  vii. 

SeitlUE,  V.  t.  To  mark  or  fit  by  a  rule  or  compasses ; 
to  fit  the  edge  of  a  board,  &c.,  to  anollu  r  surfarc. 

PCIlIlt'f;!),         Marked  or  fitted  to  another  surface. 

Sei!IH'l.\'<;,/;pr.  Marking  or  fitting  to  another  surface. 

SeUTU'I.N'G,  >i.  The  fitting  of  the  edge  of  a  board  to 
atitithrr  surface.  In  juinrrijy  the  fitting  of  one  piece 
to  another,  so  that  their  fibers  may  be  ptrpeiidicniar 
to  each  other.  Gwilt. 

SCKI'MKK,  M.    [Vt.  escrimeiir.    See  Skirmish.) 
A  fencing-master.    [Obs.]  Sliak. 

SCRIMP,  r.  t.  [Sw.  sirunipm,  shriveled  ;  T>.  krimpcn, 
to  shrink,  crimp,  shrivel ;  G.  schrumpfcn ;  \V.  crimpiaWj 
to  pinch.] 

To  contract ;  to  shorten  ;  to  make  too  small  or 
short ;  to  limit  or  straiten  ;  as,  to  scrimp  the  pattern 
of  a  coat.  «Veu!  Ktinlantl. 

[  Variotis  dialects  in  Enirlaiid.]  Halliwclt. 
SeRI.MP,  a.    Short ;  scanty. 

SCIUMP,  II.  A  pinching  miser  j  a  niggard  ;  a  close- 
fisted  person.  .Vcir  Entrlaiul. 

SeiUMP'lNG-LY,  ado.  In  a  scrimping  or  scanty 
manner. 

SCUI.N'L:,  n.     [L.  scrinium;  Norm,  eecrin;  probably 

from  L.  cemo,  seeerno,] 
A  shrine  ;  a  chest,  book-case,  or  other  place,  where 

writings  or  curiosities  are  deposited.    [See  combine, 

which  is  generally  used.]  Spenser. 
SeRI.NOiE,  D.  i.    To  cringe,  of  which  this  word  is  a 

corruption. 

SCRIP,  n.  f  VV.  ysirrab,  ysirrepan,  something  puckered 
or  drawn  together,  a  wallet,  a  scrip;  S\v.  skrdppei. 
Tins  belongs  to  the  root  of  ^ipe,  our  vulgar  gTab, 
that  is,  to  stMze  or  press.] 

A  small  bag  ;  a  wallet ;  a  satchel.    David  put  five 
snujoth  stones  in  a  scrip.    1  Sam.  xvii.    Matt.  x. 
SCRIP,  II.  [L.  scriptum,  scriptioj  from  scriboj  to  write.] 
A  small  writing,  certificate,  or  schedule;  a  piece 
of  paper  containing  a  writing. 

Bills  of  excIiAn^  cnn  not  iv\y  our  debts  abronci,  till  gcript  of 
piiper  wii  be  in.iile  currciil  coin.  jC-octf*. 

A  certificate  of  stock  subscribed  to  a  bank  or  other 
company,  or  of  a  share  of  other  joint  property,  is 
called  in  America  a  scri;i. 
SCRIP'PAGE,  n.    That  which  is  contained  in  a  scrip. 

[.Vut  in  Hoc]  Did. 
SCRIPT,  n.    A  scrip.    [-Vot  in  «.««.]  Cbaiicrr. 
2.  Among  printers,  a  kind  of  type  made  in  imita- 
tion of  hand-writing.  P.  Cyc 
SCRIP'TO-RY,  a.    [L.  icrt;i<orii<.v.    See  Scribe.] 

Expressed  in  writing  ;  not  verbal.    [/Jltlc  nsed."] 
SeRlP''I  liR-AL,  a.    [from  Siriptnrc.]    Contained  in 
the  Scriptures,  so  called  by  way  of  eminence,  that  is, 
in  the  Bible  ;  as,  a  scriptural  word,  expression,  or 
phrase. 

2.  According  to  the  Scriptures  or  sacred  oracles ; 

as,  a  scriptural  doctrine. 
SCRIP'TUR-AI^IST,  h.    One  who  adheres  literally 

to  the  Scriptures,  and  makes  them  the  foundation  of 

all  philosophy. 
SCRIP'TIIR-.-VL-LY,  adr.    In  a  scriptural  manner. 
SCRIP'TI;RE,  (skrlpt'yur,)  n.     [L.  scriplura,  from 

scrtbo,  to  write.] 

1.  In  its  primary  sense,  a  writing;  any  thing  writ- 
ten. Rulc^lu 

2,  ^Spprnpriately,  and  by  Kay  of  distinction,  the  bonks 
of  the  Old  and  .New  Testament ;  the  Bible.  The 
word  is  used  either  in  the  singular  or  plural  number 
to  denote  the  sacred  writings,  or  divine  oracles,  called 
sacred  or  holy,  as  proceeding  from  God,  and  cuiilaiu- 
ing  sacred  doctrines  and  precepts. 

Xh^it  U  not  any  iietion  thiit  a  man  ought  to  do  or  forb<»ar,  hiil 
the  Scripturt  will  give  Uim  a  clcir  prrccpl  or  prvliil'iliou 
for  it.  Snul/i. 

Coinp.»r<*l  witli  ihf  Itnowlwlge  which  the  Scripture*  cunuiin, 
every  other  subject  ol  human  inquiry  is  vanity  ami  entpii- 
nr^^a.  BuckminMttr. 

SCRIP'TUR-IST,  71.  One  well  versed  in  the  Scrip- 
tures. JVeiDcombe. 

SCRIVE'NER,  (skriv'ner,)  n.  [W.  ys^irentcr,  from 
ysip-irenu,  to  write.  It.  ^crirana;  Fr.  ecricain.  See 
Scribe.] 

1.  A  writer ;  one  whose  occupation  is  to  draw  con- 
tracts or  other  writings.  Encyc. 

2.  One  whose  business  is  to  place  money  at  inter- 
est. Dryden. 

SCRO-BIC'U-LATE,     )        rr         i-    i  t 
SCRO-BIC'li  LA-TED,  \  t^" 

Pitted  ;  having  numerous  small,  shallow  depres- 
sions or  hollows.  Lindlcy. 
SCROF'lJ-LA,  71.    [L.    In  G.  trap/ is  crop,  craw,  and 
scrofiihu    In  D.  it  is  kropieer,  neck-sore.] 

A  disease  capable  of  affecting  various  parts,  but 
which,  when  seated  io  glands,  is  manifested  by  in- 


dolent enlargement,  snniclimes  suppurating  imper- 
fectly or  ulcerating;  ulcer  healing  with  dilTiciiliy. 
It  is  more  properly  called  Stri-ma.  'J'he  popular 
name,  Kino's-Evil,  is  apjilicd  to  this  disease  only 
when  it  is  seated  in  glands. 
SCROF'U-LOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  scrofula,  or  partak- 
ing of  its  nature  ;  as,  scrofulous  tumors  ;  u  scrofulous 
habit  of  body. 

2.  Diseased  or  affected  with  scrofula. 

ScTo/ulout  persons  c:»n  never  be  duly  nourished.  Arbuthnot. 

SCROF'IJ-LOUS.LY,  adv.    In  a  scrofulous  manner. 
SCROG,  71.    A  stunted  shrub,  bush,  or  branch. 
SCROLL,  71.    [Probably  formed  from  roll,  or  its  root; 
Fr.  ecroue,  a  contracted  W(>rd,  whence  escrow.] 

1.  .\  roll  of  paper  or  parchment;  or  a  writing 
formed  into  a  roll. 

Hti'  is  the  serol!  of  every  man's  name.  Shak. 
The  heavens  shall  be  rulk-d  to^ettitT  as  a  tcroU.  —  Is.  xxxiv. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  name  given  to  convolved  or 
spiral  ornaments  variously  introduced  ;  also,  to  the 
volutes  of  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  capital.  Gwilt. 

3.  A  rounded  mark  added  to  a  person's  name,  in 
signing  a  paper.  On  some  estates  it  has  the  effect  of 
a  seal,  though  not  generallv.  Bouoier. 

SCRO'TI-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  scrotum.] 
Purse-shaped. 

SeRf)'TO-CELE,n.  A  rupture  or  hernia  in  the  scrotum. 
SCRo'TU.M,  71.    [L.]    The  bag  which  contains  the 
testicles. 

SCROYLE,  71.    [In  Fr.  ecro«f«fs,  the  king's  evil;  or 
D.  scliraal,  thin,  lean,  meager.] 
A  mean  fellow  ;  a  wretch.    [.V!rt  in  use.]  Shak. 

SCRUB,  i:  t.  [Sw.  skrubba,  to  scrub,  to  rebuke  ;  Dan. 
skrubbrr;  D.  schrobben;  G.  schrubbcn.  This  wtird  is 
probably  formed  on  riiJ,  or  its  root,  and  perhaps 
scrape,  L.  scribo,  may  be  from  the  same  radix  ;  Ir. 
scriobam.] 

To  rub  hart),  cither  with  the  hand  or  with  a  cloth 
or  an  instrument ;  usually,  to  rub  htird  with  a  brush, 
or  with  something  coarse  or  rough,  for  the  purpose 
of  cleaning,  scouring,  or  making  bright ;  as,  to  scrub 
a  tloor  ;  to  scrub  a  deck  ;  tt>  scrub  vessels  of  brass  or 
other  metal. 

SCRUB,  r.  i.    To  he  diligent  and  penurious;  as,  to 

scrub  hard  for  a  living. 
SCRUB,  n.    A  mean  fellow  ;  one  that  labors  hard  and 

lives  meanly. 

2.  Something  small  and  mean. 

No  little  icrub  joint  shall  come  on  my  boaitl,  Sxmft. 

3.  A  worn-out  brush.  Ainstcorth. 
SCRUB'-RACE,  71.    A  race  between  low  and  con- 

teinptible  animals,  got  up  for  anitiseinent. 
SCRUB'lif:!),  (skritbd,)  pp.    Rubbed  hard. 
SCRUB'BED,  j  a.  Small  and  mean  ;  stunted  ingrowth  ; 
SCRUB'BY,    )     as,  a  scrubbed  boy  ;  a  scrnbtty  cur  ;  a 

scrubbii  tree.  5/ia^f.  Swift, 

SCRUB'BI.NG,  ppr.    Rubbing  hard. 
SCRUF,  for  Scurf,  is  not  in  use. 

SCRO'PLE,  71.  [Fr.  scrupute,  from  L.  scrupuUis,  a 
doubt;  scrupulum,  the  third  part  of  a  dram,  from 
scrupns,  a  chessman  ;  probably,  a  piece,  a  small 
thing,  from  scrapinir,  like  scrap.  Scrupulus  was,  pri- 
marily, a  little  stone  or  piece  of  gnivel ;  and  as  one 
of  such  in  a  shoe  hurts  the  foot,  it  is  supposed  th.at 
this,  like  a  short  stop  or  flinching,  gave  rise  to  the 
sense  of  doubting,  which  gives  pain.  Kncyc] 

1.  Doubt  ;  hesitation  from  the  difiicnlty  of  deter- 
mining what  is  right  or  expedient;  backwardness; 
reluctance  to  decide  or  to  act.  A  man  of  fashionable 
honor  makes  no  scruple  to  take  another's  life,  or  ex- 
pose his  own.  He  has  no  scruples  of  conscience,  or 
he  despises  them. 

9.  A  weight  of  twenty  grains,  the  third  part  of  a 
dram. 

3.  Pronerbiatly,  a  very  small  quantity; 

4.  In  Eastern  chronnlo<ry,  the  one  thousand  and 
eightieth  part  of  an  hour;  a  division  of  time  used 
by  the  Chahleans,  Jews,  Arabs,  &c.  Hulton. 

Scrtiple  of  half  duration  ;  an  arc  of  the  moon's  or- 
bit, which  the  moon's  center  describes  from  the  be- 
ginning of  an  eclipse  to  the  middle.  [Rare.] 

Scruples  of  immersion,  or  incidence ;  an  arc  of  the 
moon's  orbit,  which  her  center  describes  from  the 
beginning  of  the  eclipse  to  the  time  «hen  its  center 
falls  into  the  shadow,  [flare.] 

Scniplc-s  of  emersion;  an  arc  of  the  moon's  orbit, 
which  her  center  descrilies  in  the  time  from  the  first 
emersion  of  the  moon's  limb  to  the  end  of  the  eclipse. 
[Rare.]  HuUon. 
SCRO'PLE,  r.  i.   To  doubt ;  to  hesitate. 

Ite  gcruplerl  not  to  eat, 
Against  his  WtU--r  koowletlgc.  A/ti'ton. 

SCRO'PLE,  p.  L  To  doubt ;  to  hesitate  to  believe  ;  to 
question  ;  as,  to  scruple  the  truth  or  accuracy  of  an 
account  or  calculation. 

SCRC'PLKI),  pp.    Doubted;  questioned. 

SCRO'PLER,  n.    A  doubter;  one  who  hesitates. 

SCRO'PLING,  ppr.  Doubting;  hesitating;  question- 
in  c. 

SCRCi'PU-LI7.E,(skrup'yu-lize,)  v.  L  To  perplex  with 

srniples  of  conscience. 
SCRU-PU-LOS'I-TY,  n.    [L.  scrupulosUa.i.] 


1.  Till,'  quality  or  state  of  being  srrupniuns  ;  doubt ; 
doubtfulness  respecting  some  difficult  point,  or  pro- 
ceeding from  the  difficulty  or  delicacy  of  deterinin- 
ing  how  to  act ;  hence,  the  caution  or  teinleniesa 
arising  from  the  fear  of  doing  wrtmg  or  offending. 

The  first  SJicrile^  Is  looked  upon  with  snme  horror  ;  but  when 
they  have  ouc«  made  the  breach,  their  Mcrupuloriy  t.xja 
retires.  Deca^  of  Jvli/. 

2.  Nicety  of  doubt;  or  nice  regard  to  e.\actne8a 
and  propriety. 

So  cireful,  eveo  to  *crupulo$ity,  were  Ibcy  to  keep  their  Rat>. 
bath.  tMuth. 

3.  Niceness  ;  preciseness.  Johnson. 
SCRC'PU-LOUS,  a.    [L.  scrupulosus ;  Fr.  scrvpuleur.] 

1.  Nicely  doubtful  ;  hesitating  to  deterniine  or  to 
act  ;  cautious  in  decision  from  a  fear  of  olfeniling  or 
doing  wrong.  Be  careful,  in  moral  conduct,  not  to 
offend  scrupulous  brethren. 

2.  Given  to  making  objections  ;  captious. 


f>]uality  of  two  domestic  powera 
Ureedk  scruputou*  li&ctiun. 


3.  Nice ;  doubtful. 

The  Justice  of  that  cause  on^ht  to  be  CTident;  not  obscure,  not 
scrupulous.    [Solinuse.]  Ji<uon. 

4.  Careful;  cautious;  exact  in  regarding  facts. 

Woodward, 

5.  Nice ;  exact ;  as,  a  serupulotta  abstinence  from 
labor.  Paley. 

SCRO'PU-LOUS-LY,  ado.  With  a  nice  regard  to 
minute  particulars  or  to  exact  propriety. 

The  duty  consists  nut  teruputoutty  in  ntiuutes  and  h-alf  hoiin. 

Taylor. 

Henry  was  BCrupuiouslu  careful  not  to  aacfibc  the  shccss  to 

hinis<'ir.  AMuon. 

SCRO'PU-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  scriiptilotis  ;  niceness,  exactness,  or  ctiitiou  in 
determining  or  in  acting,  from  aregard  to  truth,  pro-- 
prietv,  or  expedience. 

SCRC'TA-BLE,  a.  [See  Scrutint.]  Discoverable 
by  inquirv  or  critical  examination.    Decay  of  Ptetij. 

SCRU-TA''riO.\,  II.    Search  ;  scrutinv.    [Aot  ujeJ.J 

SCRU-T.\'TOR,  ».    [L.,  from  .■.eriitur.] 

One  that  scrutinizes  ;  a  close  examiner  or  inquirer. 
[I.inle  used.]  Jiytijc. 

SCRU-TI-NEER',  71.    One  who  scrutinizes. 

SCRU'TI-.MZE,  V.  t.  [from  scrutiny.]  To  search 
closely  ;  to  examine  or  inquire  into  critically  ;  as,  to 
scrutinize  the  measures  of  administration;  to  .«c<u<i- 
niie  the  private  conduct  or  motives  of  individuals. 

SCRU'TI-NrZ-£D,  pp.    Examined  closely. 

SCRO'TI-MZ-ER,  n.  One  who  examines  with  criti- 
cal care. 

SCRu'TI-NIZ-I.XG,  ppr.  or  a.  Inquiring  into  with 
critical  iniiniteness  or  exactness  ;  searching  closely. 

SCRU'Tl-NOUS,  a.  Closely  inquiring  or  examining  ; 
captious.  Denham. 

SCRO'TI-NY,  n.  [Fr.  scrutin  ;  It.  scrulinio  :  Sp.  es- 
crutinio  ;  Low  L.  scrutiaiam,  from  .scrutor,  to  se.'irch 
closely,  to  pry  into;  Sax.  scrudnian  ;  Ir.  scrudam.] 

1.  Close  search ;  minute  inquiry  :  critical  exami- 
nation ;  as,  a  scrntiiiy  o(  votes  ;  narrtiwer  scrutiny. 
In  the  heat  of  debate,  ob.servatit>ns  may  esca[)e  a 
prudent  man,  which  will  not  bear  the  test  of  scrutiny. 

2.  In  (Ac  primitive  church,  an  exaniin.ititin  of  cate- 
chumens in  the  last  week  of  Lent,  who  were  to  re- 
ceive baptism  on  Easter-day.  'I'liis  w  .is  performed 
with  prayers,  exorcisms,  and  many  other  cereiiionie.s. 

Kncijc. 

3.  In  the  canon  1av>,  a  ticket  or  little  paper  billet  on 
which  a  vote  is  written.  Eneyc. 

4.  In  parliamentary  lanrruaire,  an  exaniinatiiui  of 
the  votes  given  at  an  election  by  a  coniniitlee  for  the 
purpose  of  correcting  the  poll.  Brandr, 

SCRC'TI-NY,  r.  t.    'i'hc  same  as  Scrutlnize.  [Obs.] 

SCRU-TOIR',  (skru  twor',)  11.  [Fr.  ecnluire,  from 
ecrire,  to  write.    See  Scribe.] 

A  kind  of  desk,  case  of  drawers,  or  cabinet,  with 
a  lid  opening  downward  for  the  convenience  of 
writing  on  it.  Prior. 

SCRuZE,  e.  t.  To  crowd  ;  to  squeeze.  [Jl  low  irord, 
of  local  U.N'C,]  Spcnsrr. 

SC(-'l),  r.  i.  [This  is  shoot,  or  from  the  same  riMit; 
Dan.  skyder,  to  shoot ;  t^kud,  a  shot ;  Sw.  skudda,  to 
throw  or  pour  out ;  Sax.  seeotan,  to  shoot,  to  dee  or 
haste  away  ;  W .ys<rtcdu,lo  push  or  thrust  .  ysijudatr, 
vsfruthaw,  to  whisk,  to  scud,  to  whirl  about.  See 

feHOOT.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  be  driven  or  to  flee  or  fly 
with  haste.  In  seameu^s  lantrua^e,  to  be  driven  with 
precipilntiiin  beftire  a  tempest,  'i'his  is  done  with 
just  sufficient  sad  to  keep  the  vessel  ahead  of  the 
sea,  or  when  the  wind  is  loo  violent,  without  any 
sail  stt,  which  is  called  scudding  under  bare  polrj). 

Totten. 

2.  To  run  with  precipitation  ;  to  fly.  Drydtn. 
SCUD,  t.  t.  To  pass  over  quickly.  Shenslunc. 
SCUD,  n.    1'he  seamen's  name  for  loose,  vapory 

clouds  driven  swillly  by  the  wind.  Brn«,le, 
2.  A  driving  along  ;  a  rushing  with  precipitJitio.'v. 

BCUD'DING,  ppr.    Driving  or  being  driven  before  a 

tempest ;  running  with  tleetness. 
BCUD'DLE,  r.  i.    To  nin  with  a  kind  of  affected 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIO'JS  — €  a«  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  3  us  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


125 


sou 


scu 


SCY 


haste ;    commonly    pronounced  scuttle. 


low 


sec  DO,  (skooMo,)  ?i. ;  pi.  ScrDi,  (skoo'dee,)  [It.] 
An  Italian  silver  coin  and  money  of  account.  The 
scudo  of  Rome  is  worth  4s.  4d.  sterling,  or  one  dollar. 

P.  Cue. 

SeUF'FLE,  (skuffl,)  ru  [This  is  a  different  orthogra- 
pliy  of  Shuffle  ;  fromsAorc,  or  its  root ;  Sw.  skuff,  a 
push  ;  skaffa,  to  push,  thrust,  shove  ;  Dan.  skiiffc,  a 
drawer,  a  scoop,  a  shovel;  skuffcr,  to  shuffle,  to  cheat; 
D.  schuiren,  to  shove,  push,  or  draw  ;  G.  schieten.] 

1.  A  contention  or  trial  of  strength  between  two 
persons,  who  embrace  each  other's  bodies  ;  a  struggle 
with  close  embrace,  to  decide  which  shall  throw  the 
other;  in  distinction  from  Wrestling,  which  is  a 
trial  of  strength  and  dexterity  at  arms  length. 
Among  our  common  people,  it  is  not  unusual  for  two 
persons  to  conmience  a  contest  by  wrestling,  and  at 
last  close  in,  as  it  is  called,  and  decide  the  contest  by 
a  scvffle. 

2.  A  confused  contest ;  a  tumultuous  struggle  for 
victory  or  superiority  ;  a  fight. 

The  dog  leaps  upon  tlie  serpent  and  leaR  it  to  pieces  ;  but  in  tlie 
scujjle,  the  cradle  happened  to  be  overturned.  L'Bstrange. 

SeUF'FLE,  V.  i.  To  strive  or  struggle  with  close  era- 
brace,  as  two  men  or  boys. 

9.  To  strive  or  contend  tuniultuously,  as  small 
parties. 

A  gallant  man  prefers  to  fight  to  great  disadvanLages  in  the  field, 
in  an  orderly  way,  rather  than  to  scujJU  witJi  an  undisciplined 
rabble.  K.  CliarUB. 

SeUF'FLER,  71.    One  who  scuffles. 

S!.  An  agricultural  implement  resembling  the  scari- 
fier, but  usually  lighter.  Farm.  Encyc. 

SeUF'FLING,  ppr.  Striving  for  superiority  with 
close  embrace  ;  struggling  or  contending  without 
order. 

SeUG,  V.  t.  [Dan.  skij^rrer,  to  shade  ;  Sw.  skutrira,  a 
shade.] 

To  hide.    [Local.']  Orose. 

SeULK,  V.  i.  [See  Skulk.]  To  retire  into  a  close  or 
covered  place  for  concealment ;  to  lurk  ;  to  lie  close 
from  shame,  fear  of  injury,  or  detection. 

SeULK'ER,  n.  A  lurker ;  one  that  lies  close  for 
hitlin:;.    [See  Skulker.] 

SeULK'ING,  ppr.  Withdrawing  into  a  close  or  cov- 
ered place  for  concealment ;  lying  close. 

SeULL,  71.    The  brain-pan.    [See  Skull.] 
A  boat ;  a  cock-boat.    [See  Sculler.] 

3.  One  who  sculls  a  boat.    But  properly, 

4.  An  oar,  so  short  that  one  man  can  work  a  pair  ; 
usualhj,  an  oar  placed  over  the  stern  of  a  boat,  and 
worketj  from  side  to  side.  Brande. 

,">.  A  shoal  or  multitude  of  fish.  [Sax.  sceolc.} 
[JV«f  in  use."] 

SCULL,  t'.  I.  To  impel  a  boat  by  moving  and  turning 
an  oar  over  the  stern.  Totten. 

SeL'LL'-CAP.    See  Skull-Cap. 

SeULL'£D,  (skuld,)  pp.  Impelled  by  turning  an  oar 
over  the  stern. 

SeULL'ER,  n.  A  boat  rowed  by  one  man  with  two 
sculls  or  short  oars. 

2.  One  that  sculls,  or  rows  with  sculls ;  one  that 
impels  a  boat  by  an  oar  over  the  stern. 

SeULL'ER-Y,  71.  [Probably  from  the  root  of  shell, 
scale,  Fr.  ecuelle  ;  Scot,  skul,  skoll,  a  bowl ;  Dan.  skaal, 
a  drinking-cup  ;  skal,  n  shell,  skull ;  G.  schale,  scale; 
a  shell,  a  dish,  or  cup  ;  U.  schall,  schil.  Skulls  and 
nhells  were  the  cups,  bowls,  and  dishes  of  rude 
men] 

A  place  where  dishes,  kettles,  and  other  culinary 

utensils  are  kept. 
SOL'LL'ING,  ppr.    Impelling  a  boat  by  an  oar. 
SCtlLL'ION,  (skul'yun,)  n.    [Ir.  squille,  from  the  root 

of  the  preceding.] 

A  servant  that  cleans  pots  and  kettles,  and  does 

other  menial  services  in  the  kitchen. 
Se(JLL'10.\-LY,  (I.    Like  a  scullion;  base;  low; 

mean.    [JVbf  used.] 
SCULP,  T.  U    [L.  sculpo,  scalpo.    Ciu.  Gr.  jAj'^o),' 

root  rhi.  Class  Lb,  No.  27 ;  or  gall,  L.  calvus,  Class 

Gl,  .Vo.  8.] 

To  carve  ;  to  engrave.    [JVot  in  nsc.]  Sandys. 
SeULP'TILE,  (-til,)  a.    [L.  tculplilis.] 

Fornied  by  carving ;  as,  sculptite  images.  Brown. 
SCULP'TOR,  n.    [L.    See  ScULr.]    One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  carve  wood  or  stone  into  images  ;  : 
carver.  Kncyc. 
SeULP'TUR-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  sculpture  or  cn 
(Craving. 

SeULP'Tl'RE,  (skulpt'ynr,)  n.    [Fr.  ;  U  sculptura.] 

1.  The  art  of  carving,  cutting,  or  hewing  wood  or 
rtone  into  images  of  men,  beasts,  or  other  things  ; 
applied  particularly  to  carving  images  or  statues  in 

2.  Carved  work.  [stone. 
'I'tiTr,  Utn,  in  livinjf  tettljiturt,  mtj^hl  be  vxa 

Titc  mml  nflrcuon  of  iIk-  (Jp'laii  qurcn.  DrytUn. 

X  The  art  of  engraving  on  cop|ier. 
BeULP'TIJKK,  r.  t.    To  carve  ;  to  engravo  ;  to  form 
iiiingc  H  or  figurea  with  the  chisel  on  wood,  stone,  or 
nirlal. 

KCULP'TU'R-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Carved  ;  ongravod  ;  as,  a 
sculptured  vase  ;  Mcutptured  marble. 


SeULP'TlJR-lNG,  ;>pr.    Carving;  engriiving. 
SCUM,  V.    [Fr.  ecuwe .  It.  schiuina ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
skum;  U.schuim;  G.  schaum.] 

1.  The  e.vtraneous  matter  or  impurities  which  rise 
to  the  surface  of  liquors  in  boiling  or  fermentation, 
or  which  form  on  the  surface  by  other  means.  The 
word  is  also  applied  to  the  scoria  of  metals.  Encyc. 

2.  The  refuse  ;  the  recrement;  that  which  is  vile 
or  worthless. 

The  great  and  the  innocent  are  insulted  by  the  scum  and  irfuse 
of  tlie  people.  A'ldison. 

SeU.M,  V.  L  To  take  the  scum  from  ;  to  clear  off  the 
impure  matter  from  the  surface  ;  to  skim. 

You  that  scum  tiie  molten  lead.  Dryden. 

SeUM'BER,  n.    The  dung  of  the  fox.  Ainswcrtli. 

SCU.M'BLE,  V.  L  In  oil  painting,  thinly  to  spread  or 
rub  opaque  or  semi-opaque  colors  over  other  colors, 
to  moditV  the  elfect.  Juceli/n. 

SeUM'BLING,  71.  In  oil  painting,  the  act  of  thinly 
spreading  or  rubbing  opauue  or  semi-opaque  colors 
over  other  colors,  to  modify  the  effect;  also  the 
colors  thus  spicad  over  others.  Jocelyn, 

SCU.M'.M£D,  pp.    Cleared  of  scum  ;  skimmed. 

SeU.M'.MER,  7t.    [Fr.  ecumoire.] 

An  instrument  used  for  taking  off  the  scum  of 
liquors  ;  a  skimmer. 

SeUM'MING,  ppr.    Clearing  of  scum  ;  skimming. 

SeU.M'MlNGS,  71.  pi.  The  matter  skimmed  from 
boiling  liquors ;  as,  the  scummings  of  the  boiling- 
house.  Edwards,  West  Indies. 

SeUP'PER,  71.  [Sp.  escupir,  to  spit,  to  eject,  to  dis- 
charge.] 

The  scuppers  or  scupper-holes  of  a  ship  are  chan- 
nels cut  through  the  water-ways  and  sides  of  a  ship 
at  proper  distances,  for  carrying  off  the  water  from 
the  deck.  Totten. 
SeUP'PER-HoSE,  71.  A  pipe  of  leather,  canvas,  &c., 
attached  to  the  mouth  of  tlie  scuppers,  on  the  outside 
of  a  vessel,  to  prevent  the  water  from  entering. 

ToUen. 

SCUP'PER-NaIL,  71.  A  nail  with  a  very  broad  head, 
for  covering  a  large  surface  of  the  hose. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SeUP'PER-PLUG,  71.    A  plug  to  stop  a  scupper. 

Totten. 

SeURF,  71.  [Sax.  scurf;  G.  schorf:  D.  schurfi ;  Dan. 
skiirv  ;  Sw.  skorf ;  Ice.  skarfa  :  L.  scorbutic.  In  D. 
scheurm  is  to  rend  or  crack,  and  schcurbuik  is  scurvy, 
Dan.  skitirbug,  from  skiiir,  brittle.  In  Ir.  gearbh  is 
rough.    It  is  named  from  breaking  or  roughness.] 

1.  A  dry,  miliary  scab  or  mealy  crust  formed  on 
the  skin  of  an  animal. 

2  The  soil  or  foul  remains  of  any  thing  adherent ; 
as,  the  scurf  oi  crimes.    \_J^ol  common  nor  elegant.] 

Dryden. 

3.  Any  thing  adhering  to  the  surface. 

There  stood  a  hill,  whose  grisly  lop 

Shone  with  a  glossy  scurf.  MUton. 

SCURF'I-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  scurfy. 
SeURF'Y,  o.    Having  scurf ;  covered  with  scurf. 

2.  Resembling  scurf. 

SeUR'RILE,  (skur'ril,)  a.  [L.  scurrilis,  from  scurra, 
a  buffoon  ;  G.  scheren,  D.  schecren,  to  jeer.] 

Such  as  befits  a  buffoon  or  vulgar  jester  ;  low  ; 
mean;  grossly  opprobrious  in  language;  scurrilous; 
as,  5CMrri/e  jests  ;  scurriie  scoffing ;  scurrite  taunts. 

SJtak.  Dryden. 

SeUR-RIL'I-TY,  71.    [L.  scurrilitas  ;  Fr.  scurrdi'.e.] 
Such  low,  vulgar,  indecent,  or  abusive  language 
as  is  used  by  mean  fellows,  buffoons,  jesters,  and 
the  like  ;  grossness  of  reproach  or  invective  ;  ob- 
scene jests,  &c. 

Banbh  scurriiity  and  pro&meuess.  Dryden. 

SeUR'RIL-OUS,  a.  Using  the  low  and  indecent  lan- 
guage of  the  meaner  sort  of  pt^ople,  or  such  as  only 
the  license  of  buffoons  can  warrant ;  as,  a  scurritotts 
fellow. 

2.  Containing  low  indecency  or  abu.se  ;  mean  ; 
foul  ;  vile  ;  obscenely  jocular ;  as,  scurrilous  Ian 
puage. 

SCUK'RIL-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  gross  reproach 
with  low,  indecent  language. 

It  it  barbarous  incivility,  tourrUously  to  iport  with  what  others 
count  religion.  TUlutton. 

SeUR'RIL-OUS-NESS,  ji.    Indecency  of  language  ; 

vulgarity  ;  b.asencss  of  manners. 
SeUR'VI-LY,  arfc.    [from  .■jcurr!/.]    Basely  ;  meanly  ; 
with  coarse  and  vulgar  incivility. 

The  clergy  were  never  more  learned,  or  so  tcurvUu  treated. 

Sai/l. 

SeUR'VI-NESS,  71.  [from  «<:im>!/.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing scurvy. 

SeUR'VY,  71.  [from  scurf;  scurvy  (or  scurfy ;  Low  L. 
scorbutus.] 

A  disease  characterized  by  livid  spots  of  various 
■  i/.cs,  Koinctimes  minute  and  sometimes  large,  and 
occasioned  by  extravasation  of  blood  under  the  cuti- 
cle, p,alcnos«,  languor,  lassitude,  and  depression  of 
npirits,  general  exhaustion,  pains  in  the  limlis,  occa 
dionally  with  filid  breiith,  Bpongy  and  bleeding 
guniH,  and  blciding  from  almost  nil  the  mucous 
membrnnet.    It  is  occaHioned  by  confinement,  Innu 


tritious  food,  .and  hard  labor,  in  conjunction,  but 
more  esiiecially  by  confinement,  for  a  long  gieriod  of 
time,  to  a  limited  range  of  food,  which  is  incapable 
of  supplying  the  elements  necessary  to  repair  the 
waste  of  the  system.  This  disease  has  been  called 
purpura  by  some  nosologists,  but  by  Good  it  is  more 
appropriately  styled  porphyra. 
SeUR'VY,  a.  Scurfy  ;  covered  or  affected  by  scurf 
or  scabs  ;  scabby;  diseased  with  scurvy.  Leviticus. 

2.  Vile  ;  mean  ;  low  ;  vulgar ;  worthless ;  con- 
temptible ;  as,  a  scurvy  fellow. 

He  spolte  scurvy  and  provoking  terms.  Shak. 
That  scurvy  cii.stom  ol  taking  tobacco.  Siri/l. 

SeUR'VY-GRSSS,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cochle- 
aria;  also  called  Spoonwort.  It  grows  on  rocks  near 
the  sea,  has  an  acrid,  bitter  taste,  and  has  its  name 
from  having  been  often  used  as  a  remedy  for  the 
scurvy.   It  was  formerly  eaten  raw  as  a  salad. 

Partington.  Loudon. 

'SeOS'ES,  for  Excuses.  Sluik. 

SCUT,  71.  [Ice.  skott;  W.  cwt,  a  tail  or  rump;  cirta, 
short.] 

The  tail  of  a  hare  or  other  animal  whose  tail  is 
short.  Brown.  SwifL 

SCO'TAGE,  71.  [Law  L.  scutagium,  from  scutum,  a 
shield.] 

In  English  history,  a  tax  or  contribution  levied 
upon  those  who  held  lands  by  knight  service  ;  origi- 
nally, a  composition  for  personal  service  which  the 
tenant  owed  to  his  lord,  but  afterward  levied  as  an 
assessment.  Blackstone. 
Seu'TATE,  a.    [L.  s:-M',-tx,  a  buckler.] 

1.  In  botany,  huving  the  form  of  an  ancient  round 
buckler.  Loudon. 

2.  In  zoology,  protected  by  large  scales,  as  a  sur- 
face. Brande. 

SCUTCH,  7).  (.  [Same  as  ScoTC.j,  to  cut  slightly.]  To 

beat  or  whip  slightly.  ilalliwell. 
SCUTCH,  71.  (.    In  /"cun.?;/!  jaiiia,  to  dress  flax  with  a 

scutching  knife,  in  New  England  called  a  Swikole 

or  Swingling  Kmfe. 
SeUTCII'EON,  a  contraction  of  Escutcheon,  which 

see. 

The  ornamental  bit  of  brass  plate  perforated  with 
a  key-hole,  and  placed  over  the  key-hole  of  a  piece 
of  furniture. 
SCOTE,  71.    [L.  scutum,  a  buckler.] 

1.  A  small  shield.    [JVot  used.]  Skelton. 

2.  A  French  gold  coin  of  3s.  4d.  sterling.  [JVot 
vsed.]  Encyc. 

SCC'TEL-La-TED,  a.  [L.  scutella,  a  dish.  See 
Scuttle.] 

Ff)rme(f  like  a  pan  ;  divided  into  small  surfaces  ; 
as,  the  scutellatcd  bone  of  a  sturgeon.  Woodward. 
SeU-TI-BRANCH'l-ATE,  a.     A  term  applied  to  a 
molluscous  animal  covered  by  a  shell,  in  the  manner 
of  a  shield. 

SeO'TI-FORM,  a.    [L.  scutum,  a  buckler,  and  fortn.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  buckler  or  shield. 
SeO'TI-PED,  71.    [L.  scutum  and  pes.] 

One  of  a  family  of  birds  which  have  the  anterior 
part  of  the  legs  covered  with  segments  of  horny 
riniis,  terminating  on  each  side  in  a  groove.  Brande. 
seUT'TLE,  71.    [L.  scutella,  a  pan  or  saucer;  W. 
ysgndell ;  Sax.  scutel,  scultel,  a  dish.] 

A  broad,  shallow  basket ;  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  dish. 
SeUT'TLE,  71.     [Fr.  ecnutille  ;  Arm.  scoutilh  ;  Sp. 
cscotilla ;  Sax.  scyttel,  a  bolt  or  bar ;  scyttan,  to  bolt, 
tt>  shut.    See  Shut.] 

1.  In  ships,  a  small  hatchway  or  opening  in  the 
deck,  large  enough  to  admit  a  man,  and  with  a  lid 
for  covering  it ;  also,  a  hke  hole  in  the  side  or  bottom 
of  a  ship,  and  through'tlie  coverings  of  her  hatch- 
ways, &c. 

2.  A  square  hole  in  the  roof  of  a  house,  with  a 
lid. 

3.  [from  scud,  and  properly  scuddle.]  A  quick 
pace  ;  a  short  run.  Spectator. 

SeUT'TLE,  ti.  t.    To  run  with  affected  precipitation. 

.^rbuthnot. 

SeUT'TLE,  r.  t  [from  the  noun.]  To  cut  large 
holes  through  the  bottom,  deck,  or  sides,  of  a  ship 
for  any  purpose. 

2.  'J'o  sink  by  making  holes  through  the  bottom ; 
as,  to  scuflJe  a  ship. 

SeUT'TLli-HUTT,  )  n.    A  butt  or  cask  with  a  largo 

SeUT'TLE-CASK,  (  hole  in  it,  used  to  contain  the 
fresh  water  for  daily  use  in  a  ship.         Mar.  Diet. 

SeUT'TL£I),  ;ip.  Having  holes  made  in  the  bottom 
or  sides  ;  sunk  by  means  of  cutting  holes  in  the  bot- 
tom or  sides. 

SCUT'TLE-FISH,  71.  The  cuttle-fish,  so  called.  [See 

(/I'TTI.E-FlsH.] 

SeUT'TLING,  piir.    Cutting  holes  in  the  bottom  or 

sidf^s  ;  sinking  by  such  holes. 
SC5THE,  71.    [Sax.  siUtt;  D.  seissen;  Oh.  "in n,  Syr. 

jjA.,  Ar.  lisjaSf  halzada,  to  reap  ;  deriv.  Ar.  a 

■icklo  ;  Sam.  to  reap  ;  Elh.  atiad, 

to  reap,  and  deriv.  a  sickle;  lleb.  and  Ch.  uyo, 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL,  WH^T.-^METE,  PHBY,  — PINE,  MARINE,  IJIKO.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 
__ 


SEA 


BEA 


SEA 


from  the  same  root,  an  ax.  These  verba  seem  lo  lie 
tlio  same,  with  diflVrcnt  prefixes,  and  from  this  evi- 
dently is  derived  sytlic,  which  would  be  :i  better 
spcllini;  than  scijthe.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  mowing  prass,  or  cutting 
grain  or  other  vegetables.  It  consists  of  a  long 
curving  blade,  with  a  sharp  edge,  made  fast  to  a  han- 
dle, which,  in  New  England,  is  called  a  snath,  and 
which  is  bent  into  a  convenient  form  for  swinging 
the  blade  to  advantage.  The  blade  is  hung  tu  the 
snath  at  an  acute  angle. 

In  mythulogij,  Saturn  or  Time  is  represented  with 
a  scythe,  the  emblem  of  destruction. 

2.  The  curved,  sharp  blade  used  anciently  in  war 
chariots. 

SCVTHi;,  r.  t.   To  mow.    [J^utinust.]  Shah. 
SC  Y  f  ir/;0,  a.    Armed  witli  scythes,  as  a  chariot. 
St^YTIIK'.M.AX,  II.  One  who  uses  a  scythe  ;  a  mower. 
SCVTll'I-AN,  (sitli'c-an,)  a.    Pertaining  to  .Seythia,  a 

name  given  to  the  northern  part  of  Asia,  and  Kurope 

adjoining  to  Asia. 
SCYTII'I-A.\,  >i.    [See  Scot.]    A  native  of  Scytliia. 
SD.ilN,  for  Disdain.         sdcjrnare.]    [J^ul  in  uac] 

Spfnscr, 

SnEIN'FIjr,.,  {sdfino'-,)  for  Disdainful.  Spenser. 

Sea,  (sec,)  n.  [Sax.  s<e,  secure.;  G.  sec  ;  D.  irr  ;  Svv. 
si'd,  the  sea,  a  lake,  or  pool ;  Basque,  sah ;  contacted 
from  S(e^y  see^r.  Hence  Sax.  irarsefre,  garsec.*re,  gar- 
scg>f,  the  ocean.  This  word,  like  lake,  signifies,  pri- 
marily, a  seat,  set,  or  lay,  a  repository,  a  basin.] 

1.  A  large  basin,  cistern,  or  laver  which  Solomon 
made  in  the  temple,  so  large  as  to  contain  more  than 
six  thousand  gallons.  This  was  called  the  brazen 
sea,  and  used  to  hold  water  for  the  priests  to  wash 
themselves.    I  A'ini,'.<  vii.    2  CAron.  iv. 

2.  A  large  boily  of  w  .ter,  nearly  inclosed  by  land, 
as  the  Baltic  or  the  Mediterranean  ;  as,  the  Sea  of 
Azof.  Seas  are  properly  branches  of  the  ocean,  and 
upon  the  same  level.  Large  bodies  of  water  inland, 
and  situated  above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  are  lakes. 
The  appellation  of  sea,  given  to  the  Caspian  Lake, 
is  an  exception,  .iiid  not  very  correct.  So  the  Lake 
of  Galilee  is  called  a  sea,  from  the  Greek. 

3.  The  ocean  ;  as,  to  go  to  sea.  The  fleet  is  at  sea, 
or  on  the  high  .■seas. 

4.  A  wave  ;  a  billow ;  a  surge.  The  vessel  shipi)ed 
a  sea. 

5.  The  swell  of  the  ocean  in  a  tempest,  or  the  di- 
rection of  the  waves  ;  as,  we  head  the  .?ca. 

6.  ProvcrbtaUtj,  a  large  quantity  of  liquor  j  as,  a 
sea  of  blood. 

7.  A  rough  or  agitated  place  or  clement. 


In  a  troubloil  tea  of  pjission  tost. 


MUlon. 


Half  seas  over;  half  drunk.    \A  low  pArase.] 

Spectator, 

On  the  liiirh  «fa.?,-in  the  open  sea,  the  common 
Jiigluvav  of  nations. 
Sk.V'-A-NE.M'O-NE,  n.  A  popular  name  of  the  Ac- 
tinia. '  Dana. 
SkA'-aPE,  )i.  [sea  and  ape.]  The  name  given  to  a 
marine  animal  which  plays  tricks  like  an  ape.  7'ho 
name  is  applied  by  some  to  the  sea-otter. 

Jardine^s  JVaf.  Lib. 
SEA'-BANK,  n.    [sea  and  bank.]    The  sea-shore. 

Shak. 

_  2.  A  bank  or  mole  to  defend  against  the  sea. 
SeA'-BAR,  n.    [sea  anii  bar.]    The  sea-swallow. 

Johtison. 

SeA'-BAT,  n.    [sea  and  bat.]    A  sort  of  flying  fish. 

Cotgrave. 

SEA'-n.\TH-ED,  a.  [seaani  baUu.]  Bathed,  dipped, 
or  washed  in  the  sea.  Sandijs. 

SICA'-BEAR,  n.  [sea  and  bear,]  An  animal  of  the 
bear  kind  that  frcqwents  the  sea  ;  the  white  or  polar 
bear. 

2.  .\  name  of  several  species  of  the  seal  family,  as 
the  ursine  seals,  of  the  genus  Arctocephalus  of  F. 
puvier.  Jardine's  A'at.  I.ib, 

SEA'-Bk.ARD,  n,    [sea  and  heard,]    A  marine  plant. 

Conferva  rupestris,  growing  in  dense  tufts.  J^e, 
SeA'-BkAST,  n.    [sea  and  beast.]    A  beast  or  mon- 
strous animal  of  the  sea.  Mlton. 
SijA'-BkAT,       j  a.    [sea  and  beat.]    Beaten  by  the 
SeA'-Be.'VT-£\,  !    sea  ;  lashed  by  the  waves. 

Along  the  sen^beat  shore.  Pope. 

sea  and  Fr.  bord,  side.]  The 


SkA'-B^ARD,  )  n.  [si 
SicA'-BoKU,  i  sea- 
Si".A'-noARD,  adr,  T 


hore. 

 ,   Toward  the  sea. 

[  Se.'\'-BoAT,  n,    [sea  and  boat^]    A  term  applied  by 
seamen  to  a  vessel  with  respect  to  her  qualities  in 
bad  weather  ;  as,  a  good  sea-boat.  Brande. 
SKA'-BfiRI),  )  a.    [seji  and  Fr.  bord,  border.] 

SeA'-BOUD'ER-ING,  i      Bordering  on  the  sea  or 
ocean. 

SEA'-BORN,  a.    [sea  and  barn.]    Born  of  the  sea  ; 
produced  by  the  sea;  as,  Neptune  and       sea  born 
niece.  }VaUer. 
2.  Bom  at  sea. 

Sf.A'-BOUND,        )  a.    [sea   and  bound.]  Bounded 

SKA'-BOt/ND-ED,  i     by  the  sea. 

SeA'-BOV,  n.    [sea  and  boy.]    A  boy  employed  on 
shipbo.ird 


SEA'-BKkACH,  n.  [sea  and  breach.]  Irruption  of 
Jlie  sea  hj  breaking  the  banks.  V hUtrnnire. 

SE.V-BReA.M,  n.    [sea  and  brram.]     A  sea-fish  of 
the  genus  Pagellus,  (Spams,  Linn.,)  growing  to  the 
length  of  from  lU  to  20  iiiclics,  and  used  for  food. 
_  .lardine^s  N'at.  Lib. 

SkA'-BREEZE,  n,  [sea  and  breeze,]  A  wind  or  cur- 
rent of  air  blowing  from  the  sea  upcm  land  ;  for  the 
most  part  blowing  during  the  day  only,  and  subsid- 
ing at  night. 

SEA'-UUILT,  (sC'bilt,)  a,    [sea  and  built.]    Built  for 

_tlie  sea  ;  as,  sea-built  forts,  (ships.)  Dryden. 
SeA'-CAB-BAGE,  n.    [sea  and  eahbase.]    A  name  of 
various  plants  of  the  cabbage  tribe,  as  Brassica  ole- 
j-acca  and  Crainbe  maritinia.  Encyc.  Miller. 

SE.\'-eALF,  71.    [sea  and  calf.]    A  marine  animal, 

_tlie  common  seal. 
SE.\'-eAP,  n,    [sea  and  cap.]    A  cap  made  to  be 

worn  at  sea.  Shak. 
SeA'-€AP-TALN,  n.    The  captain  of  a  ship.  Shak. 
Sli.\'-e.\RI),  71.    [sea  and  carii.]    The  mariner's  card 
or  compass. 

SeA'-CA  IIP,  71.  fsra  and  carp.]  A  spotted  fish  living 
among  rocks  and  stones.  Johnson. 

SE.V'-CII.aNCE,  71.  [sea  and  change.]  A  change 
wrought  by  the  sea. 

SeA'-CII.\RT,  71.  [sea  nni\  charL]  ^  chart  or  map 
on  which  the  lines  of  the  shore,  isles,  shoals,  har- 
bors, &,c.,  are  delineated. 

JVnte.  —  This  word  has  become  useless,  as  we  now 
use  c/iai(  for  a  representation  of  the  sea-coast,  and 
771(177  for  a  representation  of  the  land. 

SEA'-CtR-eLf.'l),  (sC'sur-kId,)  a.  [sea  and  circle.] 
Siirroimded  by  the  sea.  Sandys. 

SEA'-CoAL,  71.  [sea  and  coal.]  Coal  brought  hy 
sea  ;  a  vulgar  name  for  mineral  coal,  in  distinction 
from  Charcoal,  Johnson. 

SEA'-CoAST,  71.  [sf a  and  cnn.s/.]  The  shore  or  bor- 
der of  the  land  adjacent  to  the  sea  or  ocean. 

SK.V'-eoH,  71.  [.sia  and  co6.]  A  sea-fowl,  called  also 
Sea-Gcll. 

Sij;.A'-eoI-E'\V(5RT,  71.    Sea-cabbage,  which  see. 

SlcA'-eO.M-PASS,  (-kum-pass,)  n.  [sea  and  eompa.is,] 
The  mariner's  card  and  needle ;  the  compass  con- 
_striicted  for  use  at  sea.  Camden, 

SeA'-COOT,  71.  [sea  and  coot]  A  sea  fowl,  Fulica 
marina. 

SEA'-eOR'MO-RANT,  ji.  [sea  and  ci7r77ioro7i(.]  The 
sea-crow  or  sea-drake,  Corvus  inarinus. 

SE.4'-€OVV,  71.  [sea  and  erne.]  The  manatee,  a  ceta- 
ceous herbivorous  mammal  of  the  genus  ,Man<atus. 
[See  Manatee  and  Manatls.]  Brande.  Parttngton. 

2.  Also,  the  name  sometimes  given  to  the  sea- 
horse, walrus,  or  morse,  which  see. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib.  Partington. 

SeA'-CROW,  71.  [.-.ca  and  crow.]  A  sea-fowl  of  the 
gull  kind  ;  tlio  mire-crow  or  pewet-gull.      P.  Cm. 

SE.\'-nEV'-/L,  71.  [sea  ani  devU.]  A  large,  cartilagi- 
nous fish,  of  the  genus  Cycloptera,  belonging  to  the 
Ray  family.  Brande. 

2.  The  fishing-frog,  or  frog-fish,  of  the  genus  Lophi- 
us  ;  a  fish  in  shape  somewhat  resembling  a  tadpole, 
growing  to  a  large  size,  with  a  head  very  large  in 
jiroportion  to  the  rest  of  the  body.  Partington. 

Se.A'-DOG,  tu  [sea  and  dog.]  A  fish,  perhaps  the 
shark.  Pope.  Roscommon, 

2.  The  sea-calf  or  common  .seal. 

SEA'-DR.\G-ON,  71.  [sea  and  rfra507i.]  .\  marine 
monster  caught  in  England  in  1749,  resembling,  in 
some  degree,  an  alligator,  but  having  two  large  fins 
which  served  for  swimming  or  (lying.  It  had  two 
legs  terminating  in  hoofs,  like  those  of  an  ass.  Its 
body  was  covered  with  impenetnible  scales,  and  it 
had  five  rows  of  teeth.    [Uu.]  Oent.  Mag, 

SEA'-eA-GLE,  71.  [sea  and  eagle.]  A  bird  of  the 
eagle  kind,  so  named  from  being  often  found  on  the 
sea-coast;  also  called  the  \V*hite-tailed  or  Cine- 
reous Eagle,  Faico  or  Aquila  albicilla.  Jardine. 

SEA'-EAR,  71.  [sea  and  ear.]  A  scutibranchiate 
gastropodous  moilusk  with  a  univ.ilvc  shell,  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Ilaliotis,  remarkable  for  the  splendid 
colors  (principally  green  and  violet)  of  the  interior, 
and  a  row  of  small  holes  pierced  through  one  side  ; 
so  named  from  resembling  in  form  the  cartilage  of 
Ihe  human  car.  Ilaldeman. 

Si'.A'-EEL,  77.  [.sra  and  eel.\  An  eel  caught  in  salt 
water  ;  the  conger. 

SEA'-EGG,  71.  [.lea  and  egg.]  A  name  given  to  sea- 
urchins  or  sea-hedgehogs,  when  stripped  of  their 
spines.  Dana, 

SkA'-EL'E-PHANT,?i.  [sea  and  clephanL]  An  ani- 
mal of  the  seal  family,  Macrorliiniis  proboscidcus  of 
F.  Cuvicr, also  called  Elephant  Seal.  It  attains  to 
the  length  of  20,2,'>,  and  even  30  feet,  with  a  circum- 
ference of  from  15  to  18  fei  t.  The  nose  of  the  adult 
male  is  capable  of  being  elongated  into  a  proboscis 
of  about  a  foot  in  length.  This  species  is  found  in 
the  southern  hemisphere,  and  is  considered  an  object 
of  great  commercial  im|iortancc. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

SEA'-EN  CIR'eLKD,  (-.siir'kid,)  a.  [sea  and  cneir- 
c/ed.l    Encompassed  by  the  sea.  Thomson, 

SE.\'-FSR-ER,  n.  [jsea  and  fare,]  One  that  follows 
the  seas  ;  a  mariner.  Pope, 


SeA'-FAR-ING,  n.  [Supra.]  Following  the  biislnesa 
of  a  si  anian  ;  customarily  employed  in  nnvigalii>n. 

yirbulhnot, 

SeA'-FEN-NEL,  71.    [sea  and  fennel,]    The  same  as 

.SaMI'HIRE. 

SEA'-FTCIIT,  (  fite,)  71.  [sea  anil  JighL]  An  engage- 
jiieiit  between  ships  at  sea  ;  a  naval  action.  Bacon, 

SeA'-I'ISH,  71.  [^ra  and  fish.]  Any  murine  fish; 
any  fish  that  lives  usually  in  salt  water. 

SEA'-FO\VIi,  71.  [sea  and  foicl.]  A  marine  fowl ; 
any  bird  that  lives  by  the  sea,  and  procures  its  food 
J'riiin  salt  water.  Pope, 

SeA'-FOX,  71.  A  fish  of  the  shark  family,  Alopias 
Vulpes,  also  called  Fox-Shark.  It  is  named  from 
the  form  of  its  tail,  the  under  lobe  being  very  small, 
and  the  upper  long  and  slightly  curved  upward  like 
a  scythe.  It  frequently  ineiusures  13  feet  in  length, 
including  the  tail,  which  is  then  more  than  li  feet  long 
Jardine^s  AVit.  Lib, 

SeA'-GA(5E,  77.  [.lea  and  gage,]  The  depth  that  a 
vessel  sinks  in  the  water.  F.nryc, 

SEA'-GAR-LAND,  71.    [sra  and  garland,]    A  plant. 

SEA'-tJIR-DLKS,  (se'gur-dlz,)  71.  [sea  and  girdle,] 
A  sort  of  sea-plant.  John-ion, 

SEA'-(;IRT,  (-gurt,)  o,  [.«a  and  ^rirt.]  Surrounded 
by  the  water  of  the  sea  or  ocean  ;  as,  a  sea-girl  isle. 

Mdton. 

SE/V'-GOD,  n.  [.lea  and  god,]  A  marine  deity ;  a 
fabulous  being  supposed  to  preside  over  the  ocean  or 
sea  ;  as  Neptune. 

SE.\'-GOU'N,  71.  [sea  and  gown,]  A  gown  or  gar- 
ment with  short  sleeves,  worn  by  inuriners.  Shak. 

SeA'-GRASS,  71.  [sea  and  grass,]  A  plant  growing 
on  the  sea-shore  ;  an  aquatic  plant  uf  the  genus 
Riippia.  I,ee. 

SEA'-GREEN,  a.  [sea  and  green,]  Having  the  ctilor 
of  sea-water  ;  being  of  a  faint  green  color. 

Locke,  Pojir. 

SeA'-GREEN,  71.    The  color  of  sea-water. 
2.  A  i>lant,  the  saxifrage. 

SeA'-GULL,  71.  [sea  and  gull.]  A  sea-fowl  of  the 
genus  Larus ;  a  species  of  gull ;  called  also  Sea- 
Crow. 

SEA'-H.ARE,  n.  [sea  and  hare.]  A  marine  tecti- 
brancliiatc,  gastropodous  moilusk,  having  the  edges 
of  the  foot  surrounding  the  back  and  capable  of  be- 
ing reflected  upon  it.  It  has  four  tentacli-s,  tile  upper 
pair  of  which  are  hollo\\'ed  out  like  the  ear^  of  a 
hare,  whence  the  name.  The  shell  is  null  or  incom- 
plete, and  internal.  The  animal  secretes  an  acrid 
humor.  It  is  of  the  genus  Aplysia  or  Laplysia  of 
Jiiiiiueus.  Kvrby.    P.  Cyc. 

Se.\'-IIED(5E'HOG,  71.  The  sea-urchin  ;  a  species  of 
Echinus,  so  called  from  its  prickles,  which  resemble 
in  some  measure  those  of  the  hedgehog  or  urchin. 

Careir. 

SEA'-HE.V,  71.  [sea  and  hen.]  A  name  of  the  Fool- 
ish or  Lesser  (iuiileniot,  L'ria  Troile.      F.d.  F.ncye. 

Se.\'-HUG,  71.  [sea  and  hog.]  The  porpoise,  which 
see. 

SE.\'-I!OL-LY,  n.    [sea  and  holly.]    A  plant  of  the 

genus  Eryngiuin.  /,cc. 
Se.\'-I1oL.M,  71.    [sea  and  Dan.  Ao;77i,  an  isle.] 

1.  .\  small,  uninhabited  isle. 

2.  Sea-holly.  Carew. 
SEA'-IIORSE,  7t.    [sea  and  horse.]    In  zoology,  the 

morse  or  walrus,  a  species  of  Trichechns. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

2.  The  hippopotamus,  or  river-horse.  Dryden, 

3.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Hippocampus,  (Syngnalhus, 
Linn.,)  allied  to  the  needle-fish  or  pipe-hsh,  and  hav- 
ins  a  prehensile  tail.  tfardine's  A'at,  Lib, 

Se.\'-KaLE,  71.  A  name  of  several  plants  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Ilrassics,  or  cabbage  tribe,  as  the  Bras- 
sica oleracea,  and  Crambe  nuiritiina  ;  sea-cabbage  ; 
sea-colewort.  Tally, 

SEA'-LARK,  71.  A  bird  of  the  sandpiper  kind  ;  the 
purr. 

2.  .^  bird  of  the  dotterel  kind  ;  the  ringed  dotterel 
or  plover. 

SeA'-LE6S,  71.  pi,  [.lea  and  leg,]  The  ability  to 
walk  on  a  ship's  deck  when  pitching  or  rolling. 

Totten. 

Sp.A'-LEM-0.\,  71.  [sea  and  lemm.]  .\  marine,  nu- 
dibranchiate,  gastropodous  moilusk,  of  the  genus 
Doris,  having  an  oval  body,  convex,  marked  w  ith 
numerous  punctures,  and  of  a  lemon  color. 

P.  Cyc.  Enexje. 

SE.\'-LEOP-/\RD,  (-lep-«Td,)  n.  [sea  and  leupariL] 
An  animal  of  the  seal  family,  of  the  genus  Steiiorhyn- 
chiis  of  F.  Cuvier,  found  in  the  South  Shetland  and 
South  Orkney  Islands,  near  the  antarctic  circle ;  so 
named  from  being  spotted  like  the  leopard. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib, 

SEA'-LET-TER,  ji.  A  paper  from  the  custom-house, 
specifying  the  n.aturc  and  quantity  of  the  cargo  on 
board  of  ships  on  a  foreign  voyage,  their  destina- 
tion, &.C.  Bourier. 

Si";.\'-LIKE,  a,    [sea  and  like,]    Resembling  the  sea. 

Thomson. 

SicA'-LI-0.\,  n.  [sea  and  lion.]  A  name  given  by 
voyagers  to  various  seals  of  large  diinensio.  -.  as  the 
sca-eleph.ant.  The  name  is  particularly  ap,  lied  to 
certain  large,  earless  seals,  with  manes  soniewlLat 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  ITNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  6  as  J  j  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


01>5 


SEA 


SEA 


SEA 


like  those  of  the  lion,  and  belonging  to  the  genus 
Phuyrhj  nchus  of  F.  Cuvier. 

Janline's  JVaL  Lib.    P.  Cyc. 

Sr:A'-MAlD,7i.   [seo  and  mtiirf.]  Tlie  mermaid.  [See 
iMermaid.]  Shak. 
9.  A  sea-nymph. 

SkA'-MALL,  (se'mal,)  )  n.    A  sea-foivl,  a  speciea  of 

PK  \'-ME\V,  (su'niu,)  i     gull  or  Lnriis. 

Sk.V'.MAN,  n.  [sra  wnA  man.]  A  sailor ;  a  mariner  ; 
a  man  whose  occupation  is  to  assist  in  the  manage- 
ment of  ships  at  sea. 

2.  Dii  wari  of  distinction,  a  skillful  mariner  ;  also,  a 
man  who  "is  well  versed  in  the  art  of  navigating 
ships.  In  this  sense,  it  is  applied  botli  to  officers  and 
coiuninn  mariners. 

3.  .Merman,  the  male  of  the  mermaid.  [Little 
7js<</.]  Locke. 

Si?,A'MAX-LTKE,  a.    Like  a  skillful  seaman. 

SEA'.MAX-SHIP,  n.  The  skill  of  a  good  seaman  ;  an 
acquaintance  with  the  art  of  managing  and  navigat- 
ing a  ship  applicable  both  to  officers  and  to  men. 
J^'aral  skill  is  the  art  of  managing  a  fleet,  particularly 
in  an  engagement;  a  very  diflerent  thing  from  sea- 
manship. 

Sii A'-.MXRGE,  n.    The  shore  or  border  on  the  sea. 

Shak. 

SeA'-MXRK,  n.  [sea  nnd  mark.]  Any  elevated  ob- 
ject on  land  which  serves  for  a  directiim  to  mariners 
in  entering  a  harhor,  or  in  sailing  along  orapproach- 
iui  a  coast;  a  beacon;  as  a  light-house,  a  moun- 
tain, &c.  Encijc. 

SlcA'-MEW,  (  mu,)  n.  A  sea-fowl,  a  species  of  gull  or 
I.arus. 

SkA'-.MON-STER,  n.    [sea  and  monster.]    A  huge 

marine  animal.    Lam.  iv. 
SkA'-MOSS,  71.    [sni  and  moss.]    A  name  given  to 

coral.    [See  Coral.] 
sr..\'-.MOUSE,  n.    [sea  and  moiise.]    A  dorsibran- 

chiate  annelid,  of  the  genus  Aphrodita  of  Linnajus. 

P.  Cyc. 

SkA'-Na'VSL-WORT,  71.  [sea,  navel,  and  iport.]  An 
herb  growing  in  Syria,  which  is  said  to  effect  great 
cures  of  diseases.    [L.  androsace.]  Johnson. 

SkA'-NEE-DLE,  n.  [sea  and  needle.]  A  name  of 
the  gar  or  garfish,  of  the  genus  Esox.  This  fish  has 
a  slejider  body,  with  long,"  pointed  jaws,  and  a  forked 
tail.  Its  back  is  of  a  fine  gieen  color,  and  when  in 
the  water,  its  colors  are  e.xtreniely  beautiful. 

SE.\'-NKT-TLE,  n.  [sea  ii»d  nettle.]  A  popular  name 
of  certain  .Medusa;,  which  have  the  property  of  sting- 
ing when  touched.  Dana. 

SG;A'-.\lJRS-£t),  (se'nurst,)  a.  [sea  and  nursed.] 
Nursed  by  the  sea.  J.  Barlow. 

SEA'-NV.MPH,  (sE'nimf,)  n.  [sea  and  nymph.]  A 
irymph  or  goddess  of  the  sea.  Broome. 

Sif.A'-ON'lO.V,  (se'nn-yun,)  ?!.  [sea  and  onion.]  A 
plant,  squill,  Scilla  maritinia.  P.  Cyc. 

SeA'-OOZL,  n.  [sea  and  ooze.]  The  soft  mud  on  or 
near  the  sea-shore.  Mortimer. 

SeA'-OT-TER,  n.  [sea  and  otter.]  An  aquatic,  car- 
nivorous animal  of  the  otter  kind,  belonging  to  the 
sub-genus  Enhydra  of  I'lejning.  It  is  foui]d  in  the 
Northern  Pacific,  sometimes  three  hundred  miles 
from  land,  and  is  highly  valued  for  its  skin,  which 
l);is  a  fine,  close  fur.  JarJiae's  JV'iit.  Lib. 

SEA '-OWL,  71.  [sea  and  owl.]  Another  name  of  the 
lump-fish.  Booth. 

SkA'-PAD,  71.    The  star-fish.  .Johnson. 

SEA'-PA.N'-TIIER,  71.  [SCO  and  ;>aji(/icr.]  A  fish  like 
a  lamprev.  .Johnson. 

SEA'-P11E.\S-AN"T,  (  fez-ant,)  n.  [sea  and  pheasant.] 
The  pin-tail  duck,  Uafila  caudacuta.  P.  Cyc. 

SkA'-PIK,  I  n.    [sea  and  pic,  pica.]    A  sea-fowl  of 

SkA'-PVE,  i  the  genus  Ha;matopus,  and  grallic  or- 
der; called,  also,  the  Ovsteb-Catchek,  from  its 
thrusting  its  beak  into  oysters  when  open,  and  tak- 
ing out  the  animal. 

Sf;A'-PIE,  (sS'pI,)  71.  [sea  and  pic.]  A  dish  of  food 
consisting  of  paste  and  meat  boiled  together ;  so 
named  because  common  at  sea. 

SEA'-Pirx'E.  71.  [rea  and  piece.]  A  picture  repre- 
senting a  scene  at  sea.  .Addison. 

SEA'-I'IKE,  71.  [sea  and  pike.]  A  sea-fish  of  the 
genus  llelone  of  Cuvier,  allied  to  the  pike,  and  so 
named  from  its  resemblance  to  that  fish  ;  ciunmonly 
called  Caiikish.  Jardine's  J^'oI.  Lib. 

Bi;A'-PLA.\T,  71.  r.iea  and  plant.]  A  plant  that  grows 
in  salt  water,  as  the  furns,  &c. 

SkA'-POOL,  71.    [sta  and  pool.]    Make  of  salt  water. 

Spenser. 

8E.A'Pr)UT,  71.  [sea  and  port.]  A  harbor  near  the 
sea,  formed  by  an  arm  of  the  sea  or  by  a  bay. 

a.  A  city  or  town  situated  on  a  harbor,  on  or  near 
the  Hra.  W'e  call  a  town  a  seaport,  instead  of  a  sea- 
port town, 

Bf;A'-KE-S5E.M'BLING,  a.    Like  the  sea  ;  sca-likc. 

Sandys. 

BEA'-RIHK,  71.  [»ea  and  ri.«/;.]    Ilaxard  or  risk  at  sea ; 

danger  of  injury  or  dnstrurtion  by  the  se.a. 
RK.A'-K(JB-IIEK,  71.    [sra  and  robl>cr.]    A  pir.ito ;  one 

Ih.'it  robs  on  the  high  seas. 
SEA'-UOCK-ET,n.    A  cruciferous  plant  of  the  genua 

Cakile  or  Uunia*,  growing  on  Uiv  sca-aliore. 

Loudon. 


Sl2.\'ROOM,  71.  [sea  and  room.]  Ample  space  or  dis- 
tance from  land,  shnals,  or  rocks,  suflicient  for  a 
ship  to  drive  or  scud  without  danger  of  shipwreck. 

Totten. 

SEA'-RoV-ER,  71.  [sea  and  rover.]  A  pirate  ;  one 
that  cruises  for  plunder. 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  that  is  employed  in  cruising  for 
plunder. 

SeA'-RoV-ING,  a.   Wandering  on  the  ocean. 
SeA'-RUFF,  71.    A  kind  of  sea  fish.     [L.  orphus.] 

Johnson. 

SEA'-SeOR'PI-ON,  71.  [sea  and  scorpion.]  A  salt- 
water fish,  Cottus  scorpius,  allied  to  the  River  Bull- 
head, and  having  the  head  armed  with  spines. 
It  is  very  voracious,  and  sometimes  exceeds  a  foot 
in  lenirth.  Jardine^s  J\i''nt.  Lib. 

SE.^'-SER-PENT,  71.  [sea  and  scr;jenf.]  A  huge  an- 
imal like  a  serpi'Ut,  inhabiting  the  sea.  Gtdhrie. 

SEA'-SERV-ICE,  71.  [sea  and  service.]  Naval  ser- 
vice ;  service  in  the  navy  or  in  ships  of  war. 

SeA'-SHXRK,  71.  [sea  and  sAar/c]  A  ravenous  sea- 
fish  ;  the  shark.  Sliak. 

SeA'-SHELL,  71.  [sea  and  shell.]  A  marine  shell; 
a  shell  that  grows  in  the  sea.  Mortimer. 

SeA'-SMoRE,  71.  [sea  and  shore.]  The  coast  of  the 
sea;  the  land  that  lies  adjacent  to  the  sea  or  ocean. 

Loehe. 

SeA'SICK,  a.  [sea  and  sick.]  Affected  with  sickness 
or  nausea  by  means  of  the  pitching  or  rolling  of  a 
vessel.  Dryden.  Swift. 

SEA'SICK-NESS,  77.  The  sickness  or  nausea  occa- 
sioned by  the  pitching  and  rolling  of  a  ship  in  an 
agitated  sea. 

SEA'SIDE,  71.  [sea  and  side.]  The  land  bordering 
on  the  sea ;  the  country  adjacent  to  the  sea,  or  near 
it.  Scrijitnre.  Pope. 

SeA'-STAR,  71.  [sea  and  star.]  The  star-fish,  a  ma- 
rine, radiate  animal,  called  technically  Asterias. 

SeA'-SUR-GEON,  71.  [sea  and  siiro-co'ii.]  A  surgeon 
empIo\'ed  on  shipboard.  Wiseman. 

SeA'-S'UR-ROUND'ED,  a.  [sea  and  sa?Tou7i<i.]  En- 
compassed by  t_he  sea. 

SeA'-SWAL-LoW,  71.  [sea  and  swallow.]  The  com- 
mon tern,  Sterna  Hirundo.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Also,  a  provincial  name  of  the  storm  petrel, 
Thalassidroma  (Proceilaria,  Linn.)  pelagica. 

P.  Cyc. 

SeA'-TERM,  71.  [sea  and  term.]  A  word  or  term 
used  appropriately  by  seamen,  or  peculiar  to  the  art 
of  navig.aUon. 

SeA'-TIIIeF,  (se'theef,)  n.  [sea  and  thief.]  A  pi- 
rate. Bp.  of  Chichester. 

SEA'-ToAD,  71.  [sea  and  toad.]  An  ugly  fish,  so 
called.  Cot^rt'ave. 

SeA'-TORN,  a.    [sea  and  tor7u]    Torn  by  or  at  sea. 

Browne, 

SeA'-TOSS-ED,  (se'tost,)  a.  [sea  and  tossed.]  Tossed 
by  the  sea.  Shak. 

SeA'-TR.'VV'EL-ING,  71.    Traveling  by  sea  voyages. 

SeA'-U'NI-CORN,  71.    A  name  of  the'narwhal. 
_  Brande. 

SeA'-UR-CHIN,  71.  [sea  and  iircAi'n.]  One  of  a  ge- 
nus of  marine  animals,  the  Echinus,  of  many  spe- 
cies. The  body  is  roundish,  covered  with  a  bo  ly 
crust,  and  often  set  with  movable  prickles.  The  sea- 
urchins  belong  to  the  fourth  division  of  animals,  the 
Radiala.  Sea-hedsehofr  is  another  of  these  animals, 
and,  when  strijiped  of  the  spines,  they  are  often 
called  Sea-Ecgs.    [See  also  Echinus.)  Dana. 

SeA'-WALL-£D,  a.  [sea  and  walled.]  Surrounded 
or  defended  by  the  sea.  Shak. 

SE.A'WARD,  a.  [sea  and  ward.]  Directed  toward 
the  sea.  Donne. 

SkA'WARD,  adv.    Toward  the  sea.  Drayton, 

SEA'-WA-TER,  71.  [sea  and  water.]  Watcr  of  the 
sea  or  ocean,  which  is  salt.  Bacon. 

SeA'-WEED,  71.  [sea  and  weed.]  A  marine  plant  of 
the  genus  Fucus,  used  as  manure,  and  for  making 
glass  and  so;ip.  A  coiiimon  name  for  the  marine 
alga;,  and  sonic  other  plants  growing  in  salt  water. 

SEA'-WITII'WINO,  71.  Bindweed. 

SEA'-WOLF,  71.  [.-^ea  and  wolf,  SecWoi.F.]  A  fish 
of  the  genus  Anarrliicas,  also  called  Wolf-Fish  and 
(;at-Fish,  found  in  northern  seas,  about  Greenland, 
Iceland,  Norway,  Scotland,  England,  &c.  This  fish 
is  so  named  from  its  fierceness  and  ravonousncss.  It 
grows  sometimes  to  the  length  of  four  and  even 
seven  feet,  and  feeds  on  crust,aceou3  animals  and 
shell  fish,  as  well  as  on  common  fish.  Partington. 

2.  The  name  sea-wolf  has  also  been  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  se.al,  the  sea-<!lephant.    Jardine's  JVaf.  Lib. 

SkA'-WOKM'WOOI),  71.  A  sort  of  wormwood 
growing  by  the  sea,  the  Artemisia  mariliina. 

Johnson,  Lee. 

SE.A'-WriRN,  a.    Worn  or  abraded  by  the  sea. 

SEA'-WOR-Tlll-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  able  to 
resist  the  ordinary  violence  of  wind  and  weather, 
as  that  of  a  ship.  Kent. 

SEA'-WOR-Tliy,  a.  [sea  and  worthy.]  Fit  for  a 
voyage ;  worthy  of  being  trusted  to  l/ansport  a 
cargo  with  safety  ;  as,  a  sea-worthy  ship. 

SEAL,  (seel,)  n.    [Sax.  sen/,  .tele,  syle ;  Sw.  sidl.] 

1'lie  common  name  for  the  nqiintic  carnivorous 
mammals  of  the  family  Phocida*,  corresponding  to 


the  genus  Plioca  of  Linnieus.  Seals  mostly  inhabit 
sea-coasts  and  islands,  particularly  in  the  higher  lat- 
itudes of  both  hemispheres.  They  pass  much  of 
their  time  in  the  water,  but  have  warm  blood,  and 
breathe  only  air.  Their  hind  feet  are  placed  at  the 
extremity  of  the  body,  in  the  same  direction  with  it, 
and  serve  the  purpose  of  a  caudal  fin  ;  the  fore  feet 
are  also  adapted  for  swimming,  and  furnished  each 
with  five  claws.  Some  seals  have  external  ears, 
while  others  are  destitute  of  them  ;  and  this  differ- 
ence is  the  ground  of  M.  Peron's  distribution  of  them 
into  two  divisions,  viz.,  the  earless  seals  or  true 
seals,  and  the  eared  seals  or  otaries.  There  are  nu- 
merous species,  bearing  the  popular  names  of  the 
sea-lion,  tlie  sea-bear  or  ursine-scal,  the  sea-elephant, 
elephant-seal  or  bottle-nose,  the  bearded  or  great  seal, 
the  7non/£  seal,  the  crested  seal.  Sec.  The  common 
seal,  Calocephalus  vitulinus  of  F.  Cuvier,  (Plioca  vi- 
tiilina.  Linn.,)  is  found  in  the  northern  seas  gener- 
ally, on  the  British  and  French  coasts,  &c.  It  is 
covered  with  short,  stiff,  thickset  hair,  has  no  exter- 
nal ears,  and  is  usually  from  three  to  five  or  six  feet 
in  length.  Seals  are  much  sought  after  for  their  skins 
and  fur,  and  also  for  their  oil,  which  in  some  species 
2S  very  abundant.  P.  Cyc.  Jardine's  JVat.  Lib. 
Seal,  (seel,)  71.  [Sax.  si^el,  sigle;  G.  siegel;  D. 
leirel ;  Dan.  seigl,  segl ;  Fr.  sceau  ;  Arm.  syell ;  L. 
sig-illam:  It.  sigilln  ;  S^p.  sigilo.  It  is  uncertain  what 
was  the  original  signification  of  sca(,  whether  an  im- 
age, or  some  ornament.  In  Saxon,  the  word  signi- 
fies a  necklace,  or  ornament  for  the  neck,  a  stud  or 
boss,  a  clasp,  and  a  seal.] 

1.  A  piece  of  metal  or  other  hard  substance,  usu- 
ally round  or  elliptical,  on  which  is  engraved  some 
image  or  device,  and  sometimes  a  legend  or  inscrip- 
tion. This  is  used  by  individuals,  corporate  bodies, 
and  states,  for  making  impressions  on  wax  upon  in- 
struments of  writing,  as  an  evidence  of  their  authen- 
ticity. The  king  of  England  has  his  great  seal  and 
his  privy  seal.  Seals  are  sometimes  worn  in  rings. 
[See  also  Paivy  Seal  and  Great  Seal.] 

2.  The  wax  set  to  an  instrument,  and  impressed  or 
stamped  with  a  seal.  Thus  we  give  a  deed  under 
hand  and  seal.  Wax  is  generally  used  in  sealing  in- 
struments, but  other  substances  may  be  used. 

3.  The  wax  or  wafer  that  makes  fast  a  letter  or 
other  paper. 

4.  Any  act  of  confirmation.  Milton. 

5.  That  which  conQrm-s,  ratifies,  or  makes  stable  ; 
assurance.    2  Tim,  ii. 

6.  That  which  eflectiially  shuts,  confines,  or  se- 
cures ;  that  which  makes  fast.    Rev.  xx. 

SEAL,  (seel,)  o.  t.  [Sw.  bcsegla,  forscgla;  Dan.  ie- 
segler,  forscglcr  ;  G.  siegeln  ;  D.  zegelen.  The  root 
signifies,  probably,  to  set,  to  fix,  to  impress,  or  to  cut 
or  engrave.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  seal  ;  to  attach  together  with  a 
wafer,  or  with  wax  ;  as,  to  seal  a  letter. 

2.  To  set  or  affix  a  seal  as  a  mark  of  authenticity  ; 
as,  to  seal  a  deed.  Hence, 

3.  To  confirm  ;  to  ratify  ;  to  establish. 

And  with  my  iiainl  1  sent  our  irue  liParls'  love.  Shnk. 
Wlieii,  Ihfrcfore,  !  luive  pert*orme<l  this,  and  liiiTe  sealed  to  tliem 
ttiiti  Iruit,  I  will  come  hy  you  into  iSpaiij.  —  Rom.  xv. 

4.  To  shut  or  keep  close  ;  sometimes  with  iij).  Seol 
your  lips  ;  sea(  up  your  lips.  Shak. 

Open  your  ears,  ami  teal  your  bosom  upon  Uie  secret  c*'ncj»rns 
of  u  friL'InI.  Dvnght. 

5.  To  make  fast. 

So  Ihey  went  iiml  made  the  sepulcher  sure,  stilling  the  stoue  imd 
sctlinj  a  watcii.  —  M-»tt.  xxvii. 

G.  To  mark  with  a  stamp,  as  an  evidence  of  stand- 
ard exactness,  legal  size,  or  merchantable  quality. 
By  our  laws,  weights  and  measures  are  to  be  seoW 
by  an  officer  appointed  and  sworn  for  that  purpose  ; 
and  leather  is  to  be  sealed  by  a  like  ofiicer,  as  evi- 
dence that  it  has  been  inspected  and  found  to  be  of 
gooil  quality.  Laws  of  Conn. 

7.  To  keep  secret. 

Shut  up  the  words,  and  teal  the  book.  —  Dan.  xi\.    la.  Tiii. 

8.  To  mark,  as  one's  jiroperty,  and  secure  from 
danger.    Cant.  iv. 

9.  To  close ;  to  fulfill ;  to  complete  ;  with  up. 
Dan.  ix. 

10.  To  imprint  on  the  mind  ;  as,  to  seat  instruc- 
tion,  .lob  xxxiii. 

11.  To  inclose;  to  hide;  to  conceal.   Job  xiv. 

12.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain.   .Job  xxxvii. 

13.  In  architecture,  to  fix  a  piece  of  wood  or  iron  in 
a  wall  with  cement,  plaster,  or  other  binding  for  sta- 
nles,  hinges,  &.c.  Owilt. 

Seal,  (seel,)  II.  i.    To  fix  a  seal. 

I  will  »ea/ unto  tliis  bond.    It/nuioa!.]  Shak. 

SeAL'M),  (seeld,)  pp.  or  n.  Furnished  with  a  seal ; 
fastened  with  a  seal  ;  conlirmcd  ;  closed. 

SEAL'KI!,  71.  One  who  seals  ;  nn  ofiicer  in  chancery, 
who  seals  writs  and  instruments. 

2.  In  JVeio  England,  an  officer  appointed  by  the 
town  or  other  proper  authority,  to  examine  and  try 
weights  anil  measures,  and  set  n  stamp  on  such  as 
an;  according  to  the  standards  established  by  the 
State;  also,  an  ollicer  who  inspi;ct3  leather,  and 


FATE,  F^a,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  nQpK.— 

__  — — 


s 


SEA 


SEA 


SEA 


stamps  such  lis  is  pond.  'I'liese  are  called  scalers  of 
Wf  iplils  and  iiicasun^s^  and  scalers  of  leather. 

SE.VL'liNG,  ));"".  Fixing  a  seal  j  fastuninf;  with  a 
seal  ;  conlirniing  ;  elosini;  ;  keeping  secret ;  fixing 
a  piece  of  wood  or  iron  in  a  wall  with  cement. 

SkAIj'1iN(J,  n.    'I'lie  act  of  allixin);  a  seal. 

2.  In  architecture,  the  fixing  of  a  piece  of  wood  or 
iron  on  a  wall  with  pla^ster,  cement,  or  other  binding, 
fjr  staples,  hinges,  &,c.  OmilL 

3.  [fioin  seal,  the  animal.]  The  operation  of 
takinc  seals  and  curing  tiieir  skins. 

SE.^L'ING-VOY-.AGK,  n.  A  voyage  for  the  purpose 
»f  killing  seals  and  ubiaiiiing  their  skins. 

SEAL'LN'G-U'AX,  n.  [seal  and  wax.]  A  compound 
of  the  resin  lac,  with  some  less  brittle  resin,  and  va- 
rious coloring  matters,  used  for  fastening  a  folded 
letter,  and  thus  concealing  the  writing,  and  for  re- 
ceiving impressions  of  seals  set  to  Instruments. 
Sealing-wax  is  hard  or  soli,  and  may  be  of  any 
_color. 

Slc.AM,  (seem,)  n.  [Sax.jfcam  ;  D.  loom  ;  G.  saum  ;  Dan. 
sum  i  Sw.  sSm,  a  seam,  a  suture  ;  soma,  to  sew.  The  G. 
saiim  signilios  a  hem  or  border.  The  word  probably 
signitres  the  uniting  by  sewing.  In  Danish,  summer 
signilics  to  hem,  and  to  beseem,  to  be  seemly,  to  be- 
come, to  be  suitable.  V\'e  see  then  that  seam  and 
seem  are  from  one  root.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
meet,  to  come  or  put  together.  See  Same  and  Aa- 
SEMHi.E.    CliL^s  Sm,  No.  33,  40.] 

1.  The  suture  or  uniting  of  two  edges  of  cloth  by 
the  needle.  Dryden. 

The  coitt  was  withuul  seam,  woven  frum  the  top  throughout.  — 
Joint  xix. 

2.  The  joint  or  juncture  of  planks  in  a  ship's  side 
or  deck;  or  rather  the  intervals  between  the  edges 
of  boards  or  planks  in  a  floor,  &c.  The  seams  of 
ships  are  filled  wiih  oakum,  and  covered  with  pitch. 

3.  In  mines,  a  vein  or  stratum  of  metal,  oar,  coal, 
and  the  like.  Encijc.  Kirtcan. 

In  gcoloiry,  a  thin  layer  whicli  separates  strata  of 
greater  magnitude. 

4.  A  cicatrix  or  scar. 

5.  A  measure  of  eight  bushels  of  corn  ;  or  the  ves- 
sel that  contains  it.    [JVot  used  in  .America.] 

seam  of  glass:  the  quantity  of  1211  pounds,  or  24 
sti.ne  of  five  pounds  each.    [JVof  used  in  .America.] 
SE.^M,  M.    [Sax.  scim  ;  \V.  .laim.]  [Enetje. 

Tallow  ;  grease  ;  lard.    [LocaL]     Sliak.  Dryden. 
SeAM,  ».  <.   To  formaseaiuj  to  sew  or  otherwise 
unite. 

2.  To  mark  with  a  cicatrix  ;  to  scar ;  as,  seamed 
with  wounds.  Pope. 
Sr.A'.MAN.    See  under  Sea. 

Se  AM'iCl),  (seemd,)  pp.  JIarked  with  seams ;  having 

seams  or  scars. 
SeAM'ING,  ppr.      Marking  with 

seams. 

SE.\.M'LESS,  a.    Having  no  seam  ; 

earment  of  Christ, 
Se.\.M'-RE.\T,  71.    [seam  and  rfiit. 

jieaui ;  the  separation  of  a  suture. 
SeA.M'STER,  n.  One  that  sews  well,  or  whoso  occu- 

p.-itinn  is  to  sew. 
Se.\M'STRESS,  n.    [that  is,  seamsteress ;  Sax.  seam- 

estre.] 

A  woman  whose  occupation  is  sewing. 
PeAM'STRES.'S-Y,  h.    The  business  of  a  seamstress. 
SeAM'Y,  o.    Having  a  seam ;  containing  seams  or 

showing  them.  Sliak, 
Sf.AN,  (sCne,)  >i.    A  net.    [See  Seine.] 
SE'AjVCE,  (si'ins,)  n.    [Fr.]    Session,  as  of  some 

public  body. 
^fA'POY  ) 

SE'POY   '  i        l^^^-  ''P"^' !  Hindoo,  sepahai.] 

A  native  of  India,  in  the  military  service  of  a 
European  power,  and  disciplined  after  the  European 
manner. 

SeAR,»;.  f.  [Sax.  jtearan  ;  Gr.  aji;/)c(j,  to  dry  ;  (ij/jaivw, 
to  drj',  to  parch  ;  (wi>$,  dry  ;  <rfi(<,  the  sun  ;  acif/c<o, 
to  dry.    (iu.  E.  torreo,  in  a  different  dialect.] 

1.  To  burn  to  dryness  and  hardness  the  surface  of 
any  thing  ;  to  ciuterize  ;  to  expose  to  a  degree  of 
heat  that  changes  the  color  of  tne  surface,  or  makes 
it  hard  ;  as,  to  sear  the  skin  or  flesh. 

I'm  stared  with  burning  steel.  Boise. 

Scar  is  allied  to  search  in  signification  ;  but  it  is 
applied  primarily  to  animal  flesh,  and  has  special 
reference  to  the  effect  of  heat  in  making  the  surface 
hard.  Scorch  is  applied  to  flesh,  cloth,  or  any  other 
substance,  and  has  no  reference  to  the  effect  of  hard- 
ness. 

2.  To  wither;  to  dr>'.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  callous  or  Insensible. 

Haring  their  conscience  etared  with  a  hot  iron.  —  1  Tim.  ir. 

To  sear  up ;  to  close  by  searing  or  cauterizing ;  to 
stop. 

Cherish  Tcins  of  food  humor,  and  tear  up  those  of  ill.  Temple. 

Sear,  o.    Dry  ;  withered.  Milton.  Ray. 

SEARCE,  (sers,)  r.  L  To  sift;  to  bolt:  to  separate 
the  fine  part  of  meal  from  the  coarse.    [Little  used.] 

Mortimer. 


scars ;  making 
as,  the  seamless 
]    The  rent  of  a 


SEAUt'E,  (sers,)  71.    A  sieve  ;  a  bolter.    [Ltllle  u.^'cd.] 
SEAIt'CEIl,  (sers'er,)  jt.     One  that  sills  or  bolts. 
U.illte  used.] 

SEARCH,  (serch,)  v.  U    [Fr.  chercher  ;  It.  cercare; 
Arm.  kerchat,  to  seek,  to  ramble.] 

1.  To  look  over  or  through,  for  the  purpose  of  find- 
ing something;  to  explore;  to  examine  by  inspec- 
tion ;  as,  to  search  the  house  for  a  book  ;  to  search  the 
wood  for  a  thief. 

Send  thou  men,  that  thcT  m.ty  search  tlio  land  of  Canaan.  — 
Num  xlii. 

2.  To  Inquire  ;  to  seek  for. 

KnougU  is  left  besides  to  search  and  know.  Ji/i/ron, 

3.  To  probe  ;  to  seek  the  knowletlgc  of,  by  feel- 
ing with  an  instrument;  as,  to  search  a  wound 

aimh 

4.  To  examine ;  to  try  or  put  to  the  test.  Ps. 
cxxxix. 

To  search  out;  in  seek  till  found,  or  to  find  by 
seeking  ;  as,  to  search  out  truth.  jy^alls. 
SE.ARCII,  (serch,)o.  i.    Toseek;  tolookfor;  tomake 
search. 

Once  more  search  with  me.  SliaJc. 
2.  To  make  inquiry  ;  to  inquire. 


To  search  for ;  to  lt>ok  for ;  to  seek ;  to  try  to  find  ; 
as,  to  search  for  a  gentleman  now  in  the  house. 

Shak. 

SEARCH,  (serch,)  71.  A  seeking  or  looking  for  some- 
thing that  is  lost,  or  the  place  of  which  is  unknown, 
with  for  or  i^fier ;  as,  a  search  for  lost  money  ;  a 
search  for  mines  of  gold  and  silver  ;  a  search  after 
liafipiness  or  knowledge. 

2.  Inquiry  ;  a  seeking.  He  spent  bis  life  in  search 
of  trutli. 

3.  Quest;  pursuit  f>r  finding. 
Nor  (fill  my  search  of  liberty  lio^in, 

Till  my  black  liuirs  were  changrj  upon  my  chin.  Dryden. 

Right  of  search  ;  In  Tiara/  affairs,  the  right  claimed 
by  one  nation  to  nufliorize  the  commanders  of  their 
ships  to  enter  vessels  of  other  nations,  and  examine 
their  papers  and  cargo,  to  ascertain  the  character  of 
the  vessels  and  the  destination  of  their  cargoes. 

SEARCH'A-liLE,  (serch'a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be 
searched  or  explored.  Cotgrave. 

SEARCII'.\-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  search- 
able. 

SEARCH'ED,  (sercht,)  pp.  Looked  over  carefully; 
explored  ;  examined. 

SEARCII'ER,  (sercli'er,)  n.  One  who  searches,  ex- 
plores, or  examines,  for  the  purpose  of  finding  some- 
thing. 

2.  A  seeker  ;  an  inquirer.  tVatts. 

3.  An  examiner;  a  trier;  as,  the  Searcher  of 
hearts. 

4.  An  ofliccr  In  London,  appointed  to  examine  the 
bodies  of  the  dead,  and  report  the  cause  of  their 
death.  OraunU 

f>.  .\n  officer  of  the  customs,  whose  business  is  to 
search  and  examine  ships  outward  bound,  to  .ascer- 
tain whether  they  have  prohibited  goods  on  board, 
also  baggage,  poods,  &c. 

fi.  An  inspector  of  leather.  [Local.l 

7.  In  military  affairs,  an  instrument  for  examining 
ordnance,  to  ascertain  whether  guns  have  any  cav- 
ities in  them.  Encyc. 

8.  An  Instrument  used  in  the  inspection  of  butter, 
&c.,  to  ascertain  the  qn.ility  of  that  which  Is  con- 
tained in  firk'ns.    [Local.]  Mass. 

SEARCH'ING,  (serch'ing,)  ppr.  Looking  info  or 
over ;  exploring  ;  examining;  inquiring;  seeking; 
investigating. 

2.  a.  Penetrating;  trying;  close;  as,  a  searcliing 
discourse. 

SE.ARCH'ING,  (serch'ing,)  n.  E.xamination  ;  severe 
inquisition,    .fudges  v. 

SEARCH'Ii\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  searching  manner. 

SEARCH'l.\G-NESS,  (serch'ing-ness,)  71.  The  qual- 
ity of  severe  inquiry  or  examination. 

SEARCII'LESS, (serch'less,)<i.  Inscrutable;  eluding 
search  or  investigation. 

SEARCH'-WAR-RANT,  (serch'-,)  71.  In  laa>,  a  war- 
rant Issued  by  a  justice  of  the  peace,  authorizing 
persons  to  search  houses,  or  other  places,  for  stolen 
goods. 

SeAR'-CLOTH,  71.    [Sax.  wr-ctatA,  sore-cloth.] 

A  cloth  to  cover  a  sore  ;  a  plaster.  Mortimer. 
SeAR'£D,  pp.  or  a.    [from  ,«Mr.]    Burnt  on  the  sur- 
face ;  cauterized  ;  hardened. 
SeAR'ED-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  being  se.ared,  cau- 
terized, or  hardened  ;  hardness;  hence,  insensibility. 

Bp.  Hall. 

Se.X'SON,  (sS'zn,)  n.  [Fr.  saison;  Arm.  seesonn, 
sa^iun  ;  Port,  sazam,  sezam,  season,  proper  time, 
stale  of  being  seasoned  ;  sazonar,  to  season,  ripen, 
temper,  sweeten,  bring  to  maturity;  Sp.  a«:on,  sea- 
son, maturity.  Lisle,  relish  ;  sa:onar,  to  season.  The 
primary  sense,  like  th.at  of  time  and  opportunity.  Is 
to  fall,  to  come,  to  arrive,  and  this  word  seems  to  be 
allied  to  seize  and  assc-is ;  to  fall  on,  to  set  on.] 

Season  literally  signifies  that  which  comes  or  ar- 


rives ;  and  in  this  general  sense,  is  synonymous  will) 
time.  H*Mice, 

1.  A  fit  or  suitable  time  ;  the  convenient  lime ; 
the  usual  or  appointed  finic  ;  as,  the  messenger  ar- 
rived ill  season  ;  in  good  season.  This  fruit  is  out  of 
season. 

2.  Any  time,  aH  distinguished  from  others. 

The  season  prime  for  swecteut  scenu  antl  aira.  Milton. 

3.  A  time  of  some  continuance,  but  not  long. 
Thou  Shalt  be  blind,  not  umng  the  lun  for  a  season.  —  AcU  xiil. 

4.  One  of  the  four  divisions  of  the  year,  spring, 
suininer,  autumn,  winter.  The  season  is  mild;  it  Is 
cold  for  the  season. 

We  saw,  in  six  d.iys'  traveling,  the  seveial  teofons  of  ttie  year 
in  their  beauty.  ^Icfiiison, 

We  di.stinguish  the  season  by  prefixing  Its  ap- 
propriate name,  as  the  spring-senson,  sunimer-ava- 
son,  &c. 

7'i)  be  in  season ;  to  be  in  good  time,  or  sufliciently 
early  for  the  purpose. 

'J'o  be  out  of  season ;  to  be  loo  late,  beyond  the 
profier  time,  or  beyond  the  usual  or  appointed  time. 

Frimi  the  sense  of  convenience  is  derived  Ihe 
follow  illg. 

.S.  'J'liat  which  matures  or  prepares  for  the  taste  ; 
thai  which  gives  a  relish. 

You  lack  the  season  of  all  nature,  sleep.  Shak. 

Rut  in  this  sense,  we  now  use  Seasohiso. 
SeA'SO.N',  (sE'zn,)  v.  t.    [Fr.  assaisonner ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  sazonar.] 

1.  To  render  palatable,  or  to  give  a  higher  relish 
to,  by  the  addition  or  mixture  of  nnoflier  substance 
more  pungent  or  pleasant;  as,  to  .scajton  meat  with 
salt ;  to  sea.-^on  any  tiling  with  spices.    Lev.  ii. 

2.  To  render  more  agreeable,  pleasant,  or  delight- 
ful ;  to  give  a  relish  or  zest  to  by  soinelhiiig  that  ex- 
cites, animates,  or  exhilarates. 

You  season  still  with  sports  your  serious  hours,  Drynen. 
The  proper  use  of  wit  is  to  season  converuiion.  'fiUotson. 

3.  To  render  more  agreeable,  or  less  risorous  and 
severe;  to  temper;  to  moderate;  to  qualify  by  ad- 
mixture. 

When  mercy  seasons  justice.  Shak. 

4.  To  imbue  ;  to  tinge  or  taint. 

Season  their  younger  yeara  with  prudent  and  pious  principles. 

Tiijifor. 

5.  To  fit  for  any  use  by  time  or  habit ;  to  mature  ; 
to  prepare. 

Who  in  want  a  hollow  friend  tloth  try, 
Direclly  1 


Shak. 

6.  To  prepare  for  use  by  drying  or  hardening;  to 
take  out  or  suffer  to  escape  the  natural  juices  ;  as,  to 
season  timber. 

7.  Til  prepare  or  mature  for  a  climate;  to  accus- 
tom to  and  enable  to  endure  ;  as,  to  season  the  hotly 
to  a  particular  climate.  Long  residence  In  the  West 
Jndit'S,  or  a  fever,  may  season  strangers. 

SeA'SON,  (sc'zn,)  V.  i.  To  become  mature;  to  grow 
fit  for  use  ;  to  become  adapted  to  a  climate,  lis  the 
human  body. 

2.  'I'o  become  dry  and  hard,  by  the  escape  of  the 
natural  juices,  or  by  being  penetrated  with  other 
substance.  Timber  .reasons  well  under  cover  in  ths 
air,  and  ship  timber  sea.<ons  in  salt  water. 

3.  To  betoken  ;  to  savor.    [Obs.]    Beaum.  Fl. 
SeA'SO.\-A-IILE,  a.    Opportune;  that  comes,  hap- 
pens, or  is  done  in  gooti  time.  In  due  season,  or  In 
profiifr  lime  for  the  purpose ;  as,  a  seasonable  supply 
of  rain. 

Mercy  ■  seasonable  in  the  time  ol  afflicioD.  Ecelus. 

SkA'S  ON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Opportuneness  of  time  ; 
the  state  of  being  In  good  time,  or  in  lime  conveni- 
ent fiir  the  piirjiose,  or  siifficienlly  early.  Addison. 

SE.A'SON-A-HLV,  adv.  In  due  time;  in  lime  conve- 
nient ;  sufficiently  early  ;  as,  to  sow  or  plant  season- 
ublii. 

Se.V'SO.N'-.AGE,  71.    Seasoning;  sauce.    [A"ot  iww/.] 
_  South. 
SeA'SO.\-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  seasons. 

Partington, 

SE.V'SON'-KD,  (se'znd,)  pp.  or  a.    Mixed  or  sprinkled 
with  something  that  gives  a  relish  ;  tempered  ;  mod- 
erated ;  qualified;  matured  ;  drietl  ami  hardened. 
SeA'SO.\'-ER,  71.    He  that  seasons;  that  which  sea- 
sons, nialiires,  or  gives  a  relish. 
S£.\'SO.N-LN'G,  ppr.    Giving  a  relish  by  something 
added  ;  moderating  ;  qualifying  ;  maturing  ;  dr}  ing 
and  hardening  ;  fitting  by  habit. 
Se.\'SO.N'-I.\G,  ji.    That  which  is  added  to  any  spe- 
cies of  f(X)d,to  give  it  a  higher  relish  ;  usually, sonie- 
Ihinc  pungent  or  aromatic,  as  salt,  spices,  or  other 
aromatic  herbs,  acids,  sugar,  or  a  mixture  of  sev- 
eral things.  Arbuthnol. 

2.  Something  added  or  mixed  to  enhance  the 
pleasure  of  enjoyment ;  as,  wit  or  humor  may  serve 
as  a  seasoning  to  eloquence. 

Political  sp<'CulatlonB  are  of  so  dry  and  austere  a  nature,  tttal 
tliey  will  not  go  down  with  the  puUic  without  fnNj*' "'  " 
fonin^s. 


Addison, 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  tIMTE,  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US  e  03  K;  0  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


12? 


FFFF 


0&7 


4 


SEC 


SEC 


SEC 


SeA'S  ON-LESS,  a.  Without  succession  of  the  sea- 
sons. 

Seat,  (sect,)  n.  [It.  sedia;  Sp.  sede,  sitio,  from  L. 
sedes,  situs  :  Sw.  sate ;  Dan.  s<ide ;  G.  sUi ;  D.  leld, 
litplaats  ;  W.  sSi ;  Ir.  saidh  ;  VV.,  with  a  prefix,  go- 
sod,  whence  gosodi,  lo  set.  (See  Set  and  Sit  )  The 
English  scat  retains  the  Roman  pronunciation  of 
sUtiSf  that  is,  5ceEu.^.] 

1.  That  on  wliich  one  sits  ;  a  chair,  bench,  stool, 
or  any  other  thing  on  which  a  person  sits. 

Christ  —  overthrew  the  tahles  of  the  moiiey-chan^rs,  and  the 
seals  of  them  that  sold  doves.  —  M.ut.  xxi. 

9.  The  place  of  sitting  j  throne  ;  chair  of  state ; 
tribunal ;  post  of  authority  ;  as,  tlie  seal  of  justice ; 
juiigment-sfa(. 

3.  Mansion;  resilience,  dwelling;  abode;  as, 
Italy  the  seat  of  empire.  The  Greeks  sent  colonies 
to  seek  a  new  seat  in  Gaul 

Id  Alba  he  shall  fix  hl9  royal  seal.  Dryden. 

4.  Site;  situation.  The  seat  of  Eden  has  never 
been  incontrovertibly  ascertained. 

5.  That  part  of  a  saddle  on  which  a  person  sits. 

6.  In  horsemanship,  the  posture  or  situation  of  a 
person  on  horseback.  Encyc. 

7.  A  pew  or  slip  in  a  church  ;  a  place  to  sit  in. 

8.  The  place  where  a  thing  is  settled  or  estab- 
li-^hed.  London  is  the  i-fut  of  business  and  opulence. 
So  we  say,  the  scat  of  the  muses,  the  seat  of  arts,  the 
sear  of  cumtnerce. 

SiiAT,  V.  t.  To  place  on  a  seat ;  to  cause  to  sit  down. 
We  seat  oiHselves  ;  we  seat  our  guests. 

The  quests  were  no  sooner  sealed  but  they  entered  into  a  warm 
debate,  Arbuthnol. 

2.  To  place  in  a  post  of  authority,  in  office,  or  a 
place  of  (iistinction.  He  seated  his  sim  in  the  profes- 
sor's chair. 

Then  high  was  King  Richard  sealed.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  in  a  particular  place  or  coun- 
try. A  colony  of  Greeks  seated  themselves  in  the 
south  of  Italy  ;  another  at  Massilia  in  Gaul. 

4.  To  fix  ;  to  set  firm. 

From  their  foundations,  loosening  to  and  fro, 

They  plucked  the  seated  bills.  MUlon. 

5.  To  place  in  a  church  ;  to  assign  seats  to.  In 
New  England,  where  the  pews  in  churches  are  not 
private  property,  it  is  customary  to  seat  families  for  a 
year  or  longer  time  ;  that  is,  assign  and  appropriate 
seats  lo  their  use. 

6.  To  appropriate  the  pews  in,  to  particular  fami- 
lies ;  as,  to  seat  a  church. 

7.  To  repair  by  making  the  seat  new  ;  as,  to  seat  a 
garment. 

8.  To  settle;  to  plant  with  inhabitants  ;  as,  to  seat 
a  country.    [J^'ot  muck  used.]  Stitk,  Virg. 

Seat,  v.  i.    To  rest ;  to  he  down.    [JVot  in  lise.] 

Spenser. 

Se.\T'ED,  pp.  Placed  in  a  chair  or  on  a  bench,  &c. ; 
set ;  fixed  ;  settled  ;  established  ;  furnished  with  a 
seat. 

Se.AT'ING,  ppr.  riacing  on  a  seat;  setting;  set- 
tling ;  furnishing  with  a  seat ;  having  its  seats  as- 
signed to  individuals,  as  a  church. 

Se.WES,  n.  pi.    [Sw.  sdf  ;  Dan.  siv ;  Hcb.  t|''D,  sxif.] 
Rushes.  [Local.] 

Sf.AV'Y,  a.    Overgrown  with  rushes.  [Local.'] 

SE-liA'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [Low  L.  sehaceus,  from 
sebum,  sevum,  tallow,  VV.  saim.  Uu.  Eth.  sebach, 
fat.] 

Made  of  tallow  or  fat ;  pertaining  to  fat. 
Sebaceous  humor:  a  suet-like  or  glutinous  matter 
secreted  by  the  sebaceous  glands,  which  serves  to 
defend  the  skin  and  keep  it  .soft.         Coze.  Parr. 

Sebaceous  glands  ;  small  glands  seated  in  the  cellu- 
lar membrane  under  the  skin,  which  secrete  the  se- 
baceous humor.  Parr. 
SE-I! AC'I€,  (-bas'ik,)  a.  [Supra.]  In  chemUlrtj,  per- 
taining to  fat;  obtained  from  fat;  as,  the  .lebacic 
acid.  Lavoisier. 
SE'liATE,  n.  [Supra.]  In  ehemuslry,  a  salt  formed 
by  the  sebacic  acid  and  a  base. 

Hooper.  lMvoi.nCT. 
SE-HES'TE.V,  n.    A  tropical  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the 

genus  Cordia  ;  called  Sehesten  Plum.        P.  Cyc. 
8E1I'I:N-DY,     )  n.     In  India,  an  irregular  native 
BER-UN-DEE',  t     soldier,  employed  chiclly  on  reve- 
nue and  police  service.  Milcom. 
SE  GA'LE,  n.    [L.)    The  ergot  of  rye.  Brnnde. 
SE'CA.N'T,  o.    [L.  secans,  seco,  to  cut  or  cut  olf,  coin- 
ciding with  Eng.  ftatr.] 

fanning  ;  dividing  into  two  parts. 
Se'C.A.N'T,  n.    (It.  I'r.  and  Hp.  secanle,  supra.] 

1.  In  geomelni,  a  line  that  cuts  another,  or  divides 
It  int<i  parts.  The  secant  of  a  circle  is  a  line  drawn 
from  the  circumference  on  one  side  to  a  point  with- 
out the  rlrciimfcrencK  on  the  other.  lluUun. 

2.  In  Ingonometnj,  the  xecaiil  of  nn  arc  is  a  right 
line  drawn  from  the  center  through  one  end  of  the 
arc,  and  terminated  by  a  tangent  drawn  through  the 
other  end.  lluiinn, 

8B  <;I1I)E',  V.  i.  'It.  nttrdo  ;  nr,  from,  and  crdo,  lo 
move.  Se  in  an  Inicparalilc  preposition  or  prefix  in 
Latin,  but  denoting  departure  or  sepanition  j 


To  withdraw  from  fellowship,  communion,  or  as- 
eoMation  ;  to  separate  one's  self;  as,  certain  minis- 
ters seceded  from  the  church  of  Scotland  about  the 
year  1733. 

SE-CeD'ER,  n.  One  who  secedes.  In  Scotland,  the 
seceders  are  a  numerous  body  of  Presb}'terians  who 
seceded  from  the  communion  of  the  established 
church,  about  the  year  1733. 

SE-CeD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Withdrawing  from  fellow- 
ship or  communion. 

SE-CERN',  v.  U  [L.  seccmo ;  se  and  cemo,  to  sepa- 
rate.] 

In  the  animal  economy,  to  secrete. 

The  mucus  secerned  in  the  nose  —  is  a  laudable  humor. 

Arbulhnot. 

SE-CERN'BD,  pp.    Separated  ;  secreted. 
SE-CERN'ENT,  n.   That  which  promotes  secretion  ; 
that  which  increases  the  motions  which  constitute 
secretion.  Darwin. 
SE-CERN'ING,  ppr.    Separating;  secreting;  as,  se- 
cerning vessels. 
SE-CER.M'MENT,  n.    The  process  or  act  of  secreting. 
SE-CESS',  n.    [L.  icces.sits.]    Retirement ;  retreat. 
SE-CES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  n.    [L.  secessio.    See  Se- 


EDE.] 

1.  Th 


he  act  of  withdrawing,  particularly  from  fel- 
lowship and  communion.  Encyc. 
2.  The  act  of  departing  ;  departure.  Brown. 
Secession  church,  in  Scotland.    See  Seceder. 
Se'CHI-UM,  n.    A  South  American  vegetable,  Sechi- 
um  edulis  or  Siegos  edulis.    The  fruit,  in  size  and 
form,  resembles  a  large  bell-pear,  and  is  eaten  like 
Jhe  squash.  Farm.  Encyc. 

Se'CLE,  (se'kl,)  n.    {Yt.sHcIc;  L.  secuium.] 

A  century.    [JVot  in  use.]  Hammond. 
SE-GLuDE',  v.  U    [L.  secludo  ;  se  and  claudo,  dado,  to 
shut.] 

1.  To  separate,  as  from  company  or  society,  and 
usually  to  keep  apart  for  some  length  of  time,  or  to 
confine  in  a  separate  state  ;  as,  persons  in  low  spirits 
seclude  themselves  from  society. 


Let  Eastern  tyrants  from  the  light  of  heaven 
Seclude  their  bosom  slaves. 


Thomson. 


2.  To  shut  out ;  to  prevent  from  entering  ;  to  pre- 
clude. 

Inclose  your  tender  plants  in  your  conservatory,  secluding  all 
entrance  of  cold.  Evelyn. 

SE-€LuD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Separated  from  others  ;  liv- 
ing in  retirement ;  shutout. 

SE-eLuD'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  secluded  manner. 

SE-CLOD'ING,  ppr.  Separating  from  others  ;  confin- 
ing in  solituile  or  in  a  separate  state  ;  preventing  en- 
trance. 

SE-eLOSE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  secluded 
from  societv. 

SE-€LU'SION,  (-zhun,)  n.  The  act  of  separating 
from  society  or  connection  ;  the  state  of  being  sepa- 
rate or  apart ;  separation  ;  a  shutting  out ;  as,  to  live 
in  seclusion. 

SE-€Lu'SIVE,  a.    That  secludes  or  sequesters ;  that 

keeps  separate  or  in  retirement. 
SECOND,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  secundus ;  It.  secondo ; 

Sp.  and  Port,  segundo;  from  L,  sequor,  to  follow. 

See  Seek,] 

1,  'J'hat  immediately  follows  the  first ;  the  next 
following  the  first  in  order  of  jilac  or  time  ;  the  or- 
dinal of  two.  Take  the  second  book  from  the  shelf. 
Enter  the  second  liouse. 

And  he  slept  and  dreamed  the  second  time,  —  Gen.  xli, 

2,  Next  in  value,  power,  excellence,  dignity,  or 
rank  ;  inferior.  The  silks  of  China  are  second  to 
none  in  quality.  Lord  Chatham  was  second  to  none 
in  eloquence.  Dr.  Johnson  was  second  to  none  in 
intellectual  powers,  but  second  to  many  in  research 
and  erudition. 

j9(  second  hand  ;  in  the  second  j)lace  of  order ;  not 
in  the  first  place,  or  by  or  from  the  first ;  by  trans- 
mission ;  not  primarily  ;  not  originally  ;  as,  a  report 
received  at  second  hand. 

In  imitation  of  preachers  al  second  hand,  I  shall  transcribe  from 
Bruyere  a  piece  of  raillrry.  Taller. 

SEe'O.ND,  n.  One  who  attends  another  in  a  duel,  to 
aid  him,  mark  out  the  ground  or  distance,  and  see 
that  all  proceedings  between  the  parties  are  fair, 

ffalts.  .Addison. 

2.  One  that  supports  or  maintains  another;  that 
which  supports. 

Being  sure  enough  of  seconrls  afler  the  first  onset.  Wollon. 

3.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  minute  of  time  or  of  a  de- 
gree, that  is,  the  second  minute  or  small  division  next 
to  the  hour  or  degree.  Sound  moves  above  1140 
English  feet  in  a  second. 

4.  In  music,  an  mterval  of  ft  conjoint  degree,  be- 
ing the  dillVrciice  iM-twecTi  any  sound  and  the  next 
nearest  sound  above  or  below  it. 

Busby.  Brandt, 
SECOND,  r,  (.    [L.  aeenndo ;  Fr.  seconder;  It.  te- 
covdarr.] 

1.  To  follow  in  the  next  place, 

SIm  It  »fron./fr;  wllb  sin.    [l.ilUe  used.)  South. 

2.  Tu  support ;   to  lend   aid   to  the  attempt  of 


another ;  tu  as-sist ;  to  forward  ;  to  promote  ;  to  en- 
courage ;  to  act  as  the  maintainer. 

We  have  supplies  to  second  our  attempt.  Sliak. 

Tiic  attempts  of  Austria  to  circumscribe  the  conquests  of  Bona- 
parte were  seeoniled  by  Russia.  j4non. 

In  God,  one  single  can  its  ends  produce, 

Yet  serves  lo  second  too  some  other  use.  Pope. 

3.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  to  unite  with  a  person, 
or  act  as  his  second,  in  proposing  some  measure  ; 
as,  to  second  a  motion  or  proposition. 

SECOND-A-RI-LY,  adv.  [from  secondary.]  In  the 
second  degree  or  second  order ;  not  primarily  or 
originally  ;  not  in  the  first  intention.  Duties  on  im- 
ports serve  primarily  to  raise  a  revenue,  and  seconda- 
rily to  encourage  domestic  manufactures  and  industry. 

SECOND-A-RLNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sec- 
ondary. JVorris. 

SECOi\D-A-RY,  a.    [L.  secundarius,  from  secundus.] 

1.  Succeeding  next  in  order  to  the  first ;  subor- 
dinate. 

Where  thei?  is  moral  right  on  the  one  hand,  no  secondary  right 
can  discharge  it.  L' Estrange. 

2.  Not  primary  ;  not  of  the  first  intention. 

Two  are  the  radical  differences ;  the  secondary  tUfierences  are  as 
four.  Jiacon. 

3.  Not  of  the  first  order  or  rate  ;  revolving  about  a 
primary  planet.  Primary  planets  revolve  about  the 
sun  ;  secondary  planets  or  satellites  revolve  about  the 
primary. 

4.  Acting  by  deputation  or  delegated  authority  ;  as, 
the  work  of  secondary  hands.  JtlUton. 

5.  Acting  in  subordination,  or  as  second  to  another ; 
as,  a  secondary  ollicer.  Encyc. 

6.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  denoting  a  modified  crys- 
tal derived  from  one  of  the  primary  forms,  or  any 
plane  on  a  crystal  which  is  not  one  of  the  primary 
planes.  Dana. 

Secondary  rocks  or  strata,  in  geology,  are  those 
which  are  situated  over  or  above  the  primary  and 
below  the  tertiary.  They  usually  abound  in  organic 
remains  or  petrifactions.  Cleaveland. 

Secondary  formation ;  in  geology,  the  formation 
which  includes  the  secondary  strata. 

./4  secondani  fever,  is  that  which  arises  after  a 
crisis,  or  a  critical  effort,  as  after  the  declension  of 
the  small-pox  or  measles.  Quincy. 

Secojtdary  circles.    See  Secondary,  n.  No. 2. 

Secondary  qualities,  are  the  qualities  of  bodies 
which  are  not  inseparable  from  them,  but  which 
proceed  from  casual  circumstances,  such  as  lor, 
taste,  odor,  &c. 

Secondary  quills.    See  Secondary,  n.  No.  3. 
SECOND-A-RY,  n.    A  delegate  or  deputy  ;  one  who 
acts  in  subordination  to  another  ;  as,  the  secondaries 
of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  and  of  Common  Pleas. 

Encyc 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  great  circle  of  the  sphere  passing 
through  the  poles  of  another  great  circle,  perpendic- 
ular to  its  plane  ;  as,  secondaries  to  the  ecliptic. 

Brande. 

3.  In  ornithology,  a  quill  or  large  feather  growing 
on  the  second  bone  of  a  bird's  wing.  Brande. 

SECOND-eOUS'yN,  (-kuz'n,)  n.  The  name  given  to 
the  children  of  cousins. 

SECOND-ED,  pp.    Supported  ;  aided. 

SECOND  ER,  n.  One  that  supports  what  another.at- 
tempts,  or  what  he  affirms,  or  what  lie  moves  or  pro- 
poses; as,  the  .seconrffr  of  an  enterprise  or  of  a  niotitin, 

SECOND-II.AND,  n.  Possession  received  from  the 
first  possessor.  Johnson. 

SECOND-HAND,  a.  Not  original  or  primary;  re- 
ceived from  another. 

They  have  but  a  second-hand  or  implicit  knowledge.  Locke. 
2.  Not  new  ;  that  has  been  used  by  another  ;  as,  a 
second  hand  book, 

SECOND-ING,  ppr.    Supporting  ;  aiding, 

SECOND-LY,  ai/i).    In  the  second  place.  Bacon. 

SK  €Q.V DO,  [It,]    In  miwic,  the  second  part, 

SECOND-RATE,  n,  [.second  nnii  rate.]  The  second 
order  in  size,  dignity,  or  value. 

They  call  it  thunder  of  the  second-rale.  Addison. 
So  we  say,  a  ship  of  the  .lecond^ate. 

SECOND-RATE,  a.  Of  the  second  size,  mnk,  qual- 
ity, or  value  ;  as,  a  second-rate  ship ;  a  second-rate 
cloth;  a  .■.vro7ii;-ra/e  champion.  Dryden. 

SECOND-SIGHT,  (-site,)  n.  The  power  of  .seeing 
things  future  or  distant;  a  power  claimed  by  some 
of  the  Highlanders  in  Scotland.  Jlddison. 

Nor  lens  avnil«l  his  optic  sleight, 

And  Scoltish  gift  of  second  sight.        Trumbull's  M'Pingal. 
SECOND-SIGIIT-ED,  (-si'ted,)  a.  Having  the  power 

of  second-sight.  Jlddison. 
SE'CRE-CY,  n.  [from  .vrtrcf.]  Properly,  a  slate  of 
separation  ;  hence,  concealment  from  the  observa- 
tion of  others,  or  from  the  notice  of  any  persons  not 
cimcerned  ;  privacy  ;  n  state  of  being  hid  from  view. 
When  used  of  nn  individual,  secrecy  implies  con- 
cealment from  all  others  ;  when  used  of  two  or  more, 
it  implies  concealment  from  all  persons  except  those 
concerned.  Thus  a  company  of  counterfeiters  carry 
on  their  villainy  in  secrecy. 

The  lady  Anne, 
Wlxun  the  king  liiith  In  ssneey  loiif  manleil.  Shak. 


FATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WI1,^T  METE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


ADR 


SEC 


SEC 


2.  Solitude  ;  retiieiiiciit ;  seclusion  from  tlie  view 
of  others.  jViUon. 

3.  Forbearance  of  disclosure  or  discovery. 

h  is  not  with  public  as  with  priv:\lft  pr.^cr ;  lu  tllU,  ralh-r  tecrecy 
Is  cuniiiiiiiiiivil  than  uulMMrd  sliuw.  I/oolctr. 

4.  Fidelity  to  a  secret ;  the  act  or  habit  of  keeping 
scc-ets. 

For  ««cr«ry  no  Uidy  closer.  SItak. 
SE'tftET,  0.  [Fr.  secret;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  secreto; 
L.  secretiis.  This  is  given  as  the  participle  ot  secemo, 
but  it  is  radically  a  different  word  ;  W.  se^jr,  tliat 
is,  apart,  inclosed,  or  sacred  ;  scjrru,  to  secrete  or  put 
apart;  sSst  'hat  is,  without  access.  The  r.idicil 
sense  of  sSg  is,  to  separate,  as  in  L.  scco,  to  cut  oft"; 
and  not  improbably  this  word  is  contracted  into  tlie 
Latin  se,  a  prefix  in  seirreao,  separo,  Sec] 

1.  Properly,  separate  ;  hence,  hid  ;  concealed  from 
the  notice  or  knowledge  of  all  persons  except  the 
individual  or  individuals  concerned. 

1  iiuvc  a  tecret  cmmd  lo         O  kino;.  —  Jutlgfs  iii. 

2.  Unseen  ;  private  ;  secluded  ;  being  in  retire- 
ment. 

Thcro,  teeret  in  her  s.ipphire  cell, 

He  with  tlie  Nnis  wont  to  dwell.  Petiton. 

3.  Removed  from  sight ;  private ;  unknown. 
Aljiile  in  n  secret  place,  .md  hide  thyu'lf.  —  I  S:iin.  xix. 

4.  Keeping  secrets ;  faithful  to  secrets  intrusted ; 
as,  .secret  Romans.    [Unu.-'-uaf.]  Siiak. 

5.  I'rivate  ;  atfordiug  privacy  ;  as,  the  secret  top  of 
Sinai.  MUton. 

G.  Occult ;  not  seen  ;  nut  apparent;  as,  tlio  secret 
operations  of  physical  causes. 

7.  Known  to  God  only. 

51rcr<(  things  belong  to  tlie  Lord  our  God.  —  Deut.  xxix. 

8.  Not  proper  to  be  seen  ;  kept,  or  such  as  ought  to 
be  kept,  from  observation. 

SiS'eRKT,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  secretum.'] 

1.  Something  studiously  concealed.  A  man  who 
can  not  keep  his  own  secrets,  will  hardly  keep  the 
secrets  of  others. 

To  lell  our  own  aecrett  is  often  folly;  lo  communicate  those  of 

otliers  is  treacliery.  Uandiler. 
A  Uilebcarer  revealeth  secret*.  —  Prov.  xi. 

2.  A  thing  not  discovered,  and  therefore  unknown. 
All  secrets  of  the  deep,  all  iiatuix'*s  works.  MUlon. 
Hast  Ulou  lu^ard  tjie  secret  of  CJoii  ?  —  Job  XV. 

3.  Secrets,  pi. ;  the  parts  which  modesty  and  pro- 
priety require  to  be  concealed. 

Ill  secret ;  in  a  private  place  ;  in  privacy  or  secrecy  ; 
in  a  state  or  place  not  seen  ;  privately. 

Bread  eaten  in  secret  is  pleasant.  —  Prov.  ix. 

sr;'€RET,  V.  U  To  keep  private.  [JVut  used.]  Bacon. 
SEG-Rli -T a'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  secretary. 

BriL  Spy. 

SEe'RE-TA-RI-SHIP,  n.   The  office  of  a  secretary. 

Swift. 

SEe'RE-T.\-RY,  n.  [Fr.  stcritaire;  Sp.  and  It.  secre- 
tario :  from  L.  secretus,  secret ;  originally  a  confidant, 
one  intrusti'd  with  secrets.] 

1.  A  person  employed  by  a  public  body,  by  a  com- 
pany, or  by  an  individual,  to  write  orders,  letters, 
dispatches,  public  or  private  papers,  records,  and  the 
like.  Tims  legislative  bodies  have  i^ecrctaries,  whose 
business  is  to  record  all  their  laws  and  resolves. 
Embassadors  have  secretaries. 

2.  An  officer  whose  business  is  to  suiierintend  and 
manage  the  affairs  of  a  particular  d*;partment  of  gov- 
ernment ;  as,  the  secretary  of  state,  who  conducts  the 
correspondence  of  a  state  with  foreign  courts  ;  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury,  who  manages  the  dep.art- 
ment  of  finance  ;  the  secretary  of  war,  of  the  navy, 
&c. 

SE-CReTE',  v.  L  To  hide  ;  to  conceal ;  to  remove 
from  observation  or  the  linowlcdge  of  others;  as,  to 
secrete  stolen  goods.  • 

2.  To  secrete  one's  self ;  to  retire  from  notice  into 
a  private  place  ;  to  abscond. 

3.  In  fAe  animal  economu,  to  secern  ;  to  prtidiice  from 
the  blood  substances  different  from  the  blood  itself, 
or  from  any  of  its  constituents  ;  as  the  elands.  The 
liver  secretes  bile  ;  the  salivary  glands  secrete  saliva. 

FaI.  Eiicijc 

4.  In  reiTctablc  physioloiry,  to  separate  substances 
from  the  sap. 

SE-eiiKT'EI),  pp.  or  n.    Concealed:  secerned. 

SE-eKF.T'l.VG,  ppr.    Ilidine;  secernint:. 

SE-CKk'TION,  II  The  act  of  secerning  ;  the  act  or 
process  of  producing  from  the  blood  substances  dif- 
ferent from  the  blood  iu^elf  or  from  any  of  its  con- 
stituents, as  bile,  saliva,  mucus,  urine,  &c.  This 
was  considered  by  the  older  physiologists  as  merely 
a  separation  from  Ilie  blood  of  certain  substances  pre- 
viously contained  in  it ;  the  literal  meaning  of  .<tecrc- 
fioii.  But  this  opinion  is  now  generally  exploded. 
Tlie  organs  of  secretion  are  of  very  varitms  form  and 
structure,  but  the  most  general  are  those  called 
glands.  F,d.  Eiieyc. 

0.  In  negttables,  the  corresponding  process  of  sep- 
aratinz  substances  from  the  sap. 

:i.  The  matter  secreted ;  as  mucus,  perspirable 
matter,  &.c. 


TONE.  BULL.  ONITE.— 


SIC'CRET-IST,  n.    A  ilealiT  in  seeret.s.    [^Tut  in  use.] 

Boyle. 

SE-eRE-TI"TIOi;S,  (se-kre-tish'us,)  a.  Parted  by 
animal  secretion.  Floytr. 

SE-€RE'TIVE-NESS,  n  Among  plimioloui>t.i,  the 
organ  which  induces  secrecy  or  coucealmeut. 

Brajide. 

Sk'CRET-LY,  adv.    Privately  ;  privily  ;  not  openly  ; 
without  the  knowledge  of  others ;  as,  lo  dispatch  a 
messtmger  secretly. 
2.  Inwardly  ;  not  apparently  or  visibly  ;  latently. 
Now  secretly  with  inwurvi  grief  she  pined.  Addison. 
Se'CRET-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  hid  or  con- 
cealed. 

2.  The  quality  of  keeping  a  secret.  Donne. 

SE'CRE-TO-RY,  a.  Performing  the  office  of  secre- 
tion ;  as,  secretory  vessels.  Ray. 

SECT,  71.  [Fr.  secte;  It.  sella;  L.  and  Sp.  secta  ;  from 
L.  scco,  to  cut  off,  to  separate.] 

1.  A  body  or  number  of  persons  united  in  tenets, 
chiefly  in  philosophy  or  religion,  but  ronstitutiiig  a 
distinct  party  by  holding  seiitiinents  different  from 
those  of  other  nn^n.  Most  sects  have  originated  in  n 
particular  person,  who  taught  and  propagated  some 
peculi.ar  notions  in  philosophy  or  religion,  and  who 
is  considered  to  have  been  its  founder.  Among  the 
Jews,  the  principal  sects  were  the  Pharisees,  Saddu- 
cees,  and  Essenes  ;  in  Greece  were  the  Cynic  ,sec(, 
founded  by  Antisthenes,  and  the  Academic  sect,  by 
Plato.  The  Academic  sect  gave  birth  to  the  Peri- 
patetic, and  the  Cynic  to  the  Stoic.  F.nfield. 

2.  A  denomination  wliich  dissents  from  an  estab- 
lished church. 

3.  A  cutting  or  cion.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
SECT-A'RI-AN,  a.    [L.  seclarius.] 

Pertaining  to  a  sect  or  to  sects  ;  peculiar  to  a  sect ; 
as,  sectarian  principles  or  |)rejudices. 
SECT-A'RI-AN,  h.  One  of  a  sect ;  one  of  a  party  in 
religion  which  has  separated  itself  from  the  estab- 
lished church,  or  which  holds  tenets  different  from 
those  of  the  prevailing  denomination  in  a  kingdom 
or  state. 

SECT-A'RI-AN-ISM,  n.  The  disposition  to  dissent 
from  the  established  church  or  predominant  religion, 
and  to  form  new  sects. 

SEGT-A'RI-AN-IZE,  v.  L  To  imbue  with  secUirian 
feelings. 

SECT'A-RISM,  n.  Sectarianism.  [Little  used.] 
SEeT'A-RIST,n.  A  sectary.  [JVot  much  tised.] 
SECT'A-RY,  n.    [Fr.  sectaire.]  [  mirton. 

1.  A  person  who  separates  from  an  estalilishcti 
church,  or  from  the  prevailing  denomination  of 
Christians  ;  one  that  belongs  to  a  sect ;  a  dissenter. 

2.  A  follower  ;  a  pupil.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
SEGT-a'TOR,  n.    [Fr.  sectntear.] 

A  follower ;  a  disciple ;  an  adherent  to  a  sect.  [JVot 
VOID  nsed.]  Ralegh. 
SEGT'ILE,  o.    [L.  sectilis,  from  seco,  to  cut.] 

Capable  of  being  cut  in  slices  with  a  knife.  Dana. 
In  inineralo*ry,  a[)plied  to  minerals  «'heii,  biMiig  cut 
with  a  knife,  the  separated  particles  do  not  tiy  away, 
but  remain  on  the  mass.  Humble. 
SECTION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  sectio  ;  seco,  to  cut  off.] 

1.  The  act  of  cutting,  or  of  separating  by  ciilting  ; 
as,  the  section  of  bodies.  IVvtton. 

2.  A  part  separated  from  the  rest ;  a  division. 

3.  In  books  and  writings,  a  distinct  part  or  portion  ; 
the  subdivision  of  a  chapter  ;  the  division  of  a  law 
or  other  writing  or  instrument.  In  laics,  a  section  is 
sometimes  called  a  Paragraph  or  Article. 

Boyle.  Locke. 

4.  A  distinct  part  of  a  city,  town,  country,  or  peo- 
ple ;  a  part  of  territory  separated  by  geographical  lines, 
or  of  a  people  considered  as  distinct.  Tlius  we  say, 
the  northern  or  eastern  section  of  the  United  States, 
the  middle  section,  the  southern  or  western  section. 

5.  In  geometry,  the  intersection  of  two  superficies, 
or  of  a  superficies  and  a  solid.  In  the  former  case, 
it  is  a  line  ;  in  the  latter,  a  surface.    jJ.  D.  Stanley. 

G.  The  representation  of  an  object,  as  a  building, 
machine,  &.C.,  cut  asunder  vertically,  so  as  to  show 
llie  interior  or  profile.  Oloss.  qf  ArchiL 

7.  \nthe  public  lands  of  the  United  States,  a  tract  of 
G-IO  acres. 

PEC'TIO.N-AL,  a.   Pertaining  to  a  section  or  distinct 
part  of  a  larger  body  or  territory. 

All  neclional  interests  and  party  fecUngs,  it  is  hoped,  will  here- 
after yield  to  schemes  uf  ninl'itioii. 

J.Story.    Hosaek,  Mem.  of  Clinton. 

FEC'TIOX-.VL-LY,  adv.    In  a  sectional  manner. 
SECT'OR,  n.    [Fr.  sectrur,  from  L.  seco,  to  cut.] 

1.  In  ^fomefrtf,  a  part  of  a  circle  comfirehended  be- 
tween two  radii  and  the  inclined  arc  ;  or  a  mixed 
triangle,  formed  by  two  radii  and  the  arc  of  a  circle. 

Hutton. 

The  sector  of  a  sphere,  is  the  solid  generated  by  the 
revolution  of  the  sector  of  a  circle  about  one  of  its 
radii. 

2.  A  mathematical  instrument  so  marked  with 
lines  of  sines,  tangents,  secants,  chords,  &c.,  as 
to  tit  all  radii  and  scales,  and  useful  in  finding  the 
proportion  between  tiuantities  of  the  same  kind. 
The  sector  is  founded  on  the  fourth  proposition  of 


AN"GElt.  VI"CIOUS.— 


the  sixth  book  of  Euclid,  where  it  is  pro^  xl  '  jat 
slniibir  triangles  have  their  homologous  videi  pi<i|K>r- 
tional.  Eneijc. 

3.  [ii  astronomy,  tin  instrument  for  measuriiii;  /.!•- 
nilli  distances,    [fici;  /lnith  Sector.)  Bruiide. 

Dip  .lector;  an  instrument  used  for  measuring  tho 
dip  of  the  horizon.  Olmsted, 
SK.C'IJ-L.\K,  a.    [Fr.  seenlaire ;  It.  sreolare  ;  .''p.  secu- 
lar: I.,  srcular'is,  from  seculum,  the  world  or  :tn  age.) 

1.  Pertaining  to  Ihis  present  world,  or  to  things  not 
spiritual  or  holy  ;  relating  to  things  not  imiiiediittely 
or  primarily  rt\s|)ecting  the  soul,  but  the  body  ;  world- 
ly. The  secular  concerns  of  life  respect  making  jiro- 
visioii  for  the  support  of  life,  the  preservation  of 
health,  the  temporal  prosperity  of  men,  of  states,  Ate. 
Secular  power  is  that  which  superintends  and  gov- 
erns the  temporal  affairs  of  men,  the  civil  or  political 
power ;  and  is  contradistinguished  from  spiruual  or 
eexle.fia.ttical  power. 

2.  Among  Roman  Catholics,  not  regular  ;  not  bound 
by  monastic  vowstir  rules  ;  not  confined  to  a  nioiias- 
tery,  or  suhjeet  to  tile  rules  of  a  religious  romiuii- 
nity.  Thus  we  say,  the  secular  clergy,  and  the  reg- 
ular clergy.  Temple. 

Secular  equation  ;  in  astronomy,  the  num<;rical  ex- 
pre.ssion  of  the  magnitude  and  period  of  a  secular 
iiiei]uallty. 

Secular  inequality;  a  deviation  from  the  mean  mo- 
tion or  mean  orbit  of  a  celestitd  body,  which  pro- 
ceeds so  slowly  as  to  become  sensible  only  after  the 
lapse  of  centuries.  Brande. 

3.  Coming  or  observed  once  in  a  century;  as,  a 
secular  year. 

Secular  games,  in  Rome,  were  games  celebrated 
once  in  an  age  or  century,  which  lasted  three  days 
and  nights,  with  sacrifices,  theatrical  shows,  com- 
bats, sports,  &.C.  Valerius  Maiimus. 

Secular  music;  any  music  or  songs  not  adapted  to 
sacred  uses. 

Secular  refrigeration;  in  geology,  the  periodical 
cooling,  and  consequent  consolidation,  of  the  crust 
of  the  globe.  Brande. 

Secular  song,  or  poem  ;  a  song  or  poem  comptised 
for  the  secular  games,  or  sung  tir  rehearsed  at  those 
games. 

SECl^-L.^R,  n.  A  church  officer  or  officiate,  whose 
fuiirtiuiis  arc  confined  to  the  vocal  department  of  the 
choir.  Busbii. 

SEC-II-L.AR'I-TY,  n.  VVorldliness  ;  supreme  atten- 
tion to  tilt;  tilings  of  the  present  life.  Buchanan. 

SEC-l!-LAR-I-7,A'TION,  n.  [from  secularize.]  The 
act  of  converting  a  regular  person,  place,  or  benefice, 
into  a  secular  one.  Most  catlietlral  churches  were 
formerly  regular,  that  is,  the  canons  were  of  religious 
or  monastic  orders  ;  but  tliey  have  since  been  secu- 
larized. For  the  secularization  of  a  regular  church, 
there  is  wanted  the  authority  of  the  po|>e,  that  of  the 
prince,  the  bishop  of  the  place,  the  patron,  and  even 
the  consent  of  the  people.  Fncyc. 

2.  In  politics,  the  appropriation  of  church  property 
to  secular  or  coniiiion  uses  ;  also,  transferring  the 
civil  Jurisdiction  of  a  district  or  country  from  eccle- 
siastics to  laymen.  .Murdoch. 

SEe'lI-L.\U-I7,K,  r.  t.   [Fr.  seculariser ;  from  secular.] 
To  convert  that  which  is  regular  or  monastic  into 
secular  ;  as,  the  ancient  regular  cathedral  churches 
were  secularized. 

At  Uic  n-forinati<jn,  the  ahbej  was  secularized.     Core,  Sieiix. 

2.  To  convert  from  spiritual  appropriation  to  secu- 
lar or  common  use. 

3.  To  transfer  the  civil  government  of  a  bishopric 
or  country  from  a  prince  bishop  lo  a  layman. 

4.  To  make  u'orldly  or  unspirittial.  [Murdoch, 
SE€'U-LAR  r/-^;i),  pp.    Converted  from  regular  to 

secular,  or  from  ccclesi.'vstical  to  laical  or  to  worldly 
uses. 

SEe'lI-LAR-I7,-Ii\G,  ppr.    Converting  from  regular 

01  monasiic  to  secular,  tir  from  ecclesiastical  to  laical 

or  to  worlilly  uses. 
SECU-LAR-LY,  adv.    In  a  worldly  manner. 
SE€'U-LAR-NESS,  n.    A  secular  disposition  ;  world- 

liness  ;  worldly-inindedness. 
Slv'CU.VD,  (7.    In  botany,  arranged  on  one  side  only. 
SEe  i'.V-DA'TlO.V,  II.    Prosperity.    [.\Vt  uird,] 
SECUN-DI-N  E,  II.    [Fr.  seeundin'cs  ;  from  second,  L. 

secundus,  from  sequor,  to  follow.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  second  coat  or  integument  of  an 
ovule,  reckoning  the  outer  as  the  first.  Lmdlry. 

2.  Sreundines,  in  tJie  plural,  as  generally  useil,  are 
the  several  coats  tir  membranes  in  which  the  fetus  is 
wrapped  in  the  womb  ;  the  afterbirth. 

Core.  Brande. 

SF^CUJVDUM  .9R'TF„M,  [\^]  According  to  art  or 
professional  rule  ;  skillfully. 

SE-CC'RE',  a.    [\j.  seeurus  ;  It.  .s'iciiro  ;  ?\i.segvro.  It 
coincides  In  elements  with  the  oriental  -^JD  and 
to  shut  or  inclose,  to  make  fast ;  but  it  may  be  from 
se,  or  sine,  and  ciirii,  care,  free  from  anxiety.] 

I.  Free  fmm  danger  of  being  taken  by  an  enemy  ; 
that  may  resist  assault  or  attack.  The  place  is  well 
fortified  and  vcrj'  secure.  Gibraltar  is  a  secure  for- 
tress. In  this  sense,  secure  is  followed  by  against  or 
from  ;  as,  secure  against  attack,  or  from  an  enemy.  | 


e  as  K  ;  O  as  J  :  S  as  Z ;  CIl  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SED 


SED 


SEE 


Cuiifiiteiice  til-?!)  bore  thee  c 
To  lueei  no  duii^T, 


SJ.  Free  from  danger;  safe;  applied  to  penons; 
with  from. 

3.  Free  from  fear  or  apprehension  of  danger  ;  not 
alarmed  ;  not  disturbed  by  fear  ;  confident  of  safety  ; 
hence,  careless  of  the  means  of  defense.  Men  are 
often  most  in  danger  when  they  feel  most  secure. 

,  secure 

MUUm. 

4.  Confident ;  not  distrustful ;  with  of. 

Bui  thou,  secure  of  «oul,  unbent  with  woes.  Dryden. 
It  concerns  ttie  most  secure  o/his  strength  to  pray  to  God  not  to 
expose  iiiin  to  an  enemy.  Rogers. 

5.  Careless  ;  wanting  caution.    [See  No.  3.] 

6.  Certain  ;  very  confident.  He  is  secure  of  a  wel- 
come reception. 

SE-CDRE',  B.  U  To  guard  effectually  from  danger ;  to 
make  safe  Fortifications  may  secure  a  city ;  ships 
of  war  may  secure  a  harbor. 

1  spread  a  cloud  before  the  victor's  si^ht, 

SusLiiiied  ttie  vanquished,  and  secured  his  flight.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  certain  ;  to  put  beyond  hazard.  Lib- 
erty and  fi.xed  laws  secureto  every  citizen  due  pro- 
tection of  person  and  property.  Tlie  first  duty  and 
tlie  highest  interest  of  men  is,  to  secure  the  favor  of 
God  by  repentance  and  faith,  and  thus  to  secure  to 
themselves  future  felicity. 

3.  To  inclose  or  confine  effectually  ;  to  guard  ef- 
fectually from  escape  ;  sometimes,  to  seize  and  con- 
fine :  as,  to  secure  a  prisoner.  The  sherilF  pursued 
the  thief  witli  a  warrant,  and  secured  him. 

4.  To  make  certain  of  payment;  as,  to  secure  a 
debt  by  mortgage. 

5.  Til  make  certain  of  receiving  a  precarious  debt 
by  giving  bond,  bail,  surety,  or  otherwise  ;  as,  to  se- 
cure a  creditor. 

6.  To  insure,  as  property. 

7.  To  make  fast ;  as,  to  secure  a  door  ;  to  secure  a 
rafter  to  a  plate  ;  to  secure  the  hatches  of  a  sliip. 

SE-COR'ED,  pp.  Effectually  guarded  or  protected  ; 
made  certain  ;  put  beyond  hazard  ;  effectually  con- 
fined ;  made  fast. 

SE-CORE'LY,  adv.  Without  danger;  safely;  as,  to 
pass  a  river  on  ice  securely.  But  Safelv  is  generally 
used. 

2.  Without  fear  or  apprehension ;  carelessly ;  in 
an  unguarded  state  ;  in  confidence  of  safety. 

Ilts  d;irin»  foe  securely  hiin  df  fied.  Milujn, 
Devise  not  evil  araiusl  thy  neighbor,  seeing  lie  dwelletli  securely 
by  thee.  —  Prov.  iii. 

SE-eC'RE'MENT,  n.  Security;  protection.  [JVot 
lL<Ptl.  ]  Brotcn. 

SE-CuRE'N'ESS,  n.  Confidence  of  safety  ;  exemp- 
tion from  fear  ;  hence,  want  of  vigilance  or  caution. 

Baron. 

SE-GuR'ER,  7!.    He  or  that  which  secures  or  protects. 
SE-CU'RI-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  securis,  an  a.\  or  hatchet, 
and  firm.] 

In  botany,  having  the  form  of  an  ax  or  hatchet. 

Lee. 

SE-CU'RI-TY,  n.    [Fr.  securiti  :  L.  semritas.'] 

1.  Prolectinn ;  efiecttial  defense  or  safety  from 
danger  of  atiy  kind  ;  as,  a  cliain  of  forts  erected  for 
the  security  of  the  frtmllers. 

2.  That  whii  li  protects  or  guards  from  danger.  A 
navy  cimstitutcs  the  security  of  Great  Britain  from 
iuv:usion. 

3  Freedom  from  fear  or  apprehension ;  confi- 
dence of  safety  ;  whence,  negliu'i'nce  in  providing 
means  of  defense.  Security  is  dangerous,  for  it  ex- 
poses men  to  attack  wlien  unprepared.  Security  in 
sin  is  tlie  worst  condition  of  the  sinner. 

4.  Safety  ;  certainty.  We  have  no  security  for 
pe.ace  with  the  enemy,  but  the  dre.td  of  our  navy. 

5.  Any  thing  given  or  deposited,  to  secure  tlie  pay- 
ment of  a  debt,  or  the  performance  of  a  contract  : 
as  a  bond  witli  surety,  a  mortgage,  the  indorsement  of 
a  responsible  man,  a  pledge,  ioc.  Btackstnue. 

6.  Something  given  or  (lone  to  secure  peace  or 
good  behavior.  V'itjient  .and  dangerous  men  are 
obliged  to  give  security  for  their  gootl  btdiavior,  or  for 
keeping  the  peace.  This  security  consists  in  being 
bound  with  one  or  more  sureties  in  a  recognizance 
to  Ilie  king  or  state.  BlncIisUmc. 

SE-DAN',  ;i.    [Fr.,  from  the  L.  sedeo  ;  like  L.  cssrjin.] 
A  portable  chair  or  covered  vehicle  for  carrying  a 
single  person.    It  is  borne  on  poles  by  two  men. 

Drydeu.  Knr.yc. 
SE-DATE',  a.    [T,.  scilatus,  from  sedo,  to  calm  or  ap- 
pease, that  is,  to  srl,  to  cause  to  subside.] 

Kcllled  ;  composed  ;  calm  ;  tpiii  t  ;  tranquil  ;  still  ; 
»erene  ;  unruffled  by  passiim  ;  unilistiirbed  ;  ctmteni- 
plalivc  ;  sober  ;  serious  ;  as,  a  sedate  soul,  mind,  or 
temper.    Bo  we  say,  a  sedate  look  or  countenance. 

Dryden.  IVutts. 
BE-DATE'LY,  adv.     Calmly ,  without  agitation  of 

mind.  l.oeke. 
BE-I)ATE'NESS,  n.  Cnlmneni  of  mind,  manner,  or 
countenance  ;  freedom  from  agilalion  ;  u  settled 
stale;  composure;  serenity;  tnint|uillily  ;  nn,  seilalr- 
ne.^s  of  t(^rn(H'r  (»r  soul  ;  ucdateneita  of  countenance  ; 
grdntnenit  of  C(mveri*nli(»n.  Jlddison. 
BE-I)A'TION,  n.   The  act  of  calming.    [JVu(  in  u.r.] 

Coirs. 


SED'A-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  scdatif,  from  U  srdn,  to  calm.] 
In  medicine^  moderating  ;  alla}'ing  irritability  and 
irritation  ;  diminishing  irritative  activity  ;  assuaging 
pain. 

SEU'A-TIVE,  n.  A  medicine  which  all.iys  irritability 
and  irritation,  and  irritative  activity,  and  which  as- 
suages pain. 

SE  DE-FKJ^-DEJV'DO,  [L.]  In  defending  himself; 
the  plea  of  a  person  cliarged  with  murder,  who  al- 
leges that  he  comuiitteil  the  act  in  his  own  defense. 

Sk'DENT,  a.    Sitting  ;  inactive  ;  quiet. 

SED'EN-TA-Rl-LY,  adv.  [from  sedentary.]  In  a 
sedentary  m.mner. 

SED'EN-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  seden- 
tary. 

SED'EN-TA-RY,  n.  One  of  a  tribe  of  spiders,  which 
rest  motionless  until  their  prey  is  entangled  in  their 
web.  Brande. 

SED'EN-TA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  sedentaire  ;  It.  and  Sp.  se- 
deiitaria  ;  L.  sedentarius,  from  sedens,  sedco,  to  sit.] 

1.  Accustomed  to  sit  mucli,  or  to  pass  most  of  the 
time  in  a  sitting  posture  ;  as,  a  sedentary  man.  Stu- 
dents, tailors,  and  women,  are  sedentary  persons. 

2.  Requiring  much  sitting  ;  as,  a  sei/cH(ai-i/ occupa- 
tion or  employment. 

3.  Passed  for  tlie  most  part  in  sitting;  as,  a  seden- 
tary life.  Jirbuthnot. 

4.  Inactive ;  motionless  ;  sluggish  ;  as,  the  sedai- 
tary  earth.  Milton. 

Tiie  soul,  considered  abstractly  from  its  passions,  is  of  a  remiss, 
sedenutry  nature.  Sjiectator. 

SEDGE,  (sej,)  71.  [Sax.  sccg;  perhaps  from  the  root 
of  L.  scco,  to  cut ;  that  is,  sword  grass,  like  L. 
gladiolus,] 

1.  A  narrow  flag,  or  growth  of  such  flags  ;  called, 
in  the  north  of  England,  Seo  or  Sag. 

Johnson.  Barret. 

2.  In  JVfMJ  England,  a  species  of  very  coarse  grass 
growing  in  swamps,  and  forming  bogs  or  clumps. 

SEDGE'-BTRD,  )  n.    [sedg-e  ui\(l  bird,  or  war- 

SEDOE'-WAR'BLER,  j  bier.]  A  small  European 
singing  bird,  of  tlie  family  Sylviailce,  the  Salicaria 
pliraginitis  of  Selby.  It  often  builds  its  nest  among 
reeds  or  tall  aquatic  plants.  Jardine. 

SEDG'i^D,  a.    Composed  of  flags  or  sedge.  Shali. 

SEDG'Y,  a.    Overgrown  with  sedge. 

On  the  gentle  Severn's  sedgy  bank.  Shalt. 

SED'I-MENT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sedimentum,  from 
sedeoj  to  settle.] 

The  matter  which  subsides  to  the  bottom  of  liquors  ; 
settlings;  lees;  dregs.  Bacon. 

SED-I-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  sediment  ; 
formed  by  sediment ;  consisting  of  matter  tliat  has 
subsided.  Buchland. 

Sedimentary  rocks,  are  those  which  have  been 
formed  by  materials  deposited  from  a  state  of  sus- 
pension in  water. 

SE-ni"TION,  (se-dish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sedilio. 
The  sense  of  this  word  is  tlie  contrary  of  that  which 
is  naturally  deducible  from  sedo  or  sedeo,  denoting  a 
rising  or  raging,  ratlier  than  an  appeasing.  But  to 
set  is  really  to  tlirow  down,  to  drive,  and  scdttiojt 
may  be  a  setting  or  lusliing  together.] 

A  factious  commotion  of  the  people,  or  a  tumultu- 
ous assenilily  of  men  rising  in  opposition  to  law  or 
the  administration  of  justice,  and  in  disturbance  of 
the  pulilie  peace.  Scditim  is  a  rising  or  commotion 
of  less  extent  than  an  insurrection,  and  both  are  less 
than  rcbeUiun  ;  but  some  kinds  of  sedition,  in  Q-reat 
Britain,  amount  to  liigii  treason.  In  general,  sedition 
is  a  local  or  limited  insurrection  in  opposition  to  civd 
authority,  as  mutiny  is  to  military.  Kzra  iv.  Luke 
xxiii.    J^ct.-i  xxiv.  Encyc. 

SE-l)I"T10N-A-RY,  n.  An  inciter  or  promoter  of  se- 
dition. Bp.  Hall. 

SE-I)I"TIOUS,  (se-dish'iis,)  a.  [Ft.  seditieuz i  h.  sedi- 
tiosiis.] 

1.  I'ertainiiig  to  sedition  ;  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  sedition  ;  as,  seditious  bt-havior  ;  seditious  strife. 

2.  Tending  to  excite  setlition  ;  an,  seditious  words. 

3.  Disposed  to  excite  violent  or  irregular  opposition 
to  law  or  lawful  authority;  turbulent;  factious,  or 
guilty  of  sedition  ;  as,  seditious  citiy.fns. 

SE-I)I"TIOUS-LY,  ado.  With  tumultuous  opposition 
to  law  ;  in  a  manner  to  violate  the  public  peace. 

SE-I)l"TIOUS-NESS,  ji.  The  disposition  to  e.vcile 
popular  commotion  in  opposition  to  law  ;  or  the  act 
of  exciting  such  commotion. 

SED'MT/,  WA'TF.R.    See  Seidliti  WATEn. 

SE-l)0(;i;',  V.  t.  [I.,  scdnco  ;  sr,  from,  and  rfi/eo,  to 
lead;  Vr.  seduire  ;  It.  sedurrc;  ^p.  seducir.] 

1.  To  draw  .aside  or  entice  from  the  path  of  recti- 
tude and  duty  in  any  manner,  by  flattery,  promises, 
bribes,  or  otherwise  ;  to  tempt  and  lead  to  iniquity  ; 
to  corrupt ;  to  deprave. 

Mo  the  irold  of  France  did  not  seduce.  ShaJc. 
In  til-  hiltr-r  lirnea,  louie  will  dr-p;trt  from  the  fuitli,  giving  liccd 
to  seducing  •i)iriu.  —  1  'riiii.  Iv. 

5.  To  entice  ton  surrender  of  chastity.  lie  that 
can  seduce  n  female  is  base  enough  to  betray  her. 

8E-I)P(;'JCI),  (se-dust',)  pp.  Drawn  or  enticed  from 
virtue;  corrupted,  depraved. 


SE-DOCE'iMEiN'T,  71.  The  act  of  seducing;  seduc- 
tion. 

2.  The  means  employed  to  seduce ;  the  arts  of 
flattery,  falsehood,  and  deception.  Pope. 
SE-UOC'ER,  71.  One  tliat  seduces;  one  that  by 
temptation  or  arts  entices  another  to  depart  from  the 
path  of  rectitude  and  duty  ;  preeminently,  one  that 
by  flattery,  promises,  or  falsehood,  persuades  a  fe- 
male to  surrender  her  chastity.  Tlie  seducer  of  a 
female  is  little  less  criminal  than  the  murderer. 

2.  That  wiiich  leads  astray  ;  that  which  entices  to 
evil. 

He  whose  firm  faith  no  reason  could  remove, 

Will  melt  beiore  that  soft  seducer,  love.  Dryden. 

SE-DO'CI-BLE,  a.  Capalde  of  being  drawn  aside 
from  the  path  of  rectitude  ;  corruptible.  Brown. 

SE-I)uC'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Enticing  from  the  path  of 
virtue  or  chastity. 

SE-DPC'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  seducing  manner. 

SE  DUCTION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  stductio.] 

1.  The  act  of  seducing,  or  of  enticing  from  the 
path  o(  duly  ;  in  a  general  sense.  Hamniond. 

'2.  .Appropriately,  tile  act  or  crime  of  persuading  a 
female,  by  flattery  or  deception,  to  surrender  her 
chastity.  A  woman  who  is  above  flattery  is  least 
liable  to  seduction  ;  hut  the  best  safeguard  is  princi- 
ple, the  love  of  purity  and  holiness,  the  fear  of  God, 
ami  reverence  for  bis  coniniaiids. 

SE-DUC'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  lead  astray;  apt  to 
mislead  by  flattering  appearances.  Stephens, 

SE-DUCTi VE-LV,  adv.    In  a  seductive  manner. 

SE-Du'LI-TY,  71.  [L.  sedulitas;  It.  sedulitd.  See 
Seduloi's.] 

Diligent  and  assiduous  application  to  business  ; 
constant  attention  ;  unremitting  industry  in  any 
pursuit.  It  denotes  constancy  and  perseverance,  rath- 
er tliaii  intensencss  o[  application. 

Let  there  be  but  the  same  propensity  and  bent  of  will  to  religion, 
and  there  will  be  the  s.ui.e  sedulity  luid  indefatigable  iitdus. 
try  in  men's  uiquiries  into  iL  Soudi. 

SED'IJ-LOUS,  a.  [L.  sedulus,  from  the  root  of  sedeo, 
to  sit,  !:s  assiduous  from  assideo.] 

Z.i(pra//y,  sitting  close  to  an  employment;  hence, 
assiduous;  diligent  in  application  or  pursuit;  con- 
stant, steady,  and  persevering  in  business,  or  in  en- 
deavors to  eflect  an  object;  steadily  industrious  ;  as, 
the  sedulous  liee.  Prior. 

What  signifies  the  sound  of  words  in  pmyer,  without  the  afleclion 
of  the  heart,  and  ii  sedulous  applicauon  of  die  proper  nicaiis 
that  may  lead  10  such  an  eud  i  L'Eslrangc. 

SED'U-LOUS-LY,  a'dv.    Assiduously  ;  industriously  ; 

dilicently  ;  with  constant  or  continued  application. 
SED'IT-LOUS-NESS,  71.     Assiduity;  assiduousness; 

steatiy  diligence  ;  continued  industry  or  effort. 
SEE,  71.    [Fr.  siege;  Scot,  sege;  Arm.  sich.] 

1.  The  seat  of  episcopal  power;  a  diocese;  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  bishop.  Swift. 

2.  The  seat  of  an  archbishop  ;  a  province  or  juris- 
diction of  an  archbishop;  as  an  archiepiscopal  .lec. 

Shah. 

3.  The  seat,  place,  or  oflice  of  the  pope  or  Roman 
pontiff;  as,  the  papal  see. 

4.  Tlie  authority  of  the  pope  or  court  of  Rome; 
as,  to  appeal  to  the  see  of  Rome.  .Addison. 

SEE,  V.  t. ;  pret.  Saw  ;  pp.  Seen.  [Sax.  seon,  seogan, 
geseon;  G.  .veAcn ;  D.  lien,  [iret.  zag,  saw  ;  Dan.serr; 
Sw.  se.  This  verb  is  contracted,  as  wc  know  by  the 
Eng.  sight,  Dan.  sigt,  G.  gesicht,  D.  -Jgt,  geiigt. 
Ch.  N3d",  n^D,  or  OD  to  see.  Class  Sg,  No.  34.  In  G. 
bcxueken  is  to  visit,  to  see,  and  this  is  from  suchen, 
which  is  the  Eng.  to  seek,  and  to  seek  is  to  look  for. 
Ill  G.  gesuch  is  a  suit,  a  seeking,  demand,  petition  ; 
and  vrrsuc/ien  is  to  try.  Eng.  es.iay.  We  have,  then, 
decisive  evidence  that  see,  seek,  L.  sequor,  and  Eng. 
essay,  are  all  from  tlie  same  radix.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  strain,  stretch,  extend  ;  and  as 
ajqilied  to  see,  the  sense  is,  to  extend  to,  to  reach,  to 
strike  with  the  eye  or  sight.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  eye  ;  to  have  knowledge  of 
the  existence  and  apparent  qualities  of  objects  by  the 
organs  of  sight ;  to  behold. 

1  will  now  turn  aside  and  see  this  f  reat  sight.  —  Ex.  iii. 
VVe  have  seen  tlie  land,  and  beholil,  it  U  very  good.  —  Judges 
xviii. 

2.  To  observe  ;  to  note  or  notice  ;  to  know  ;  to 
regard  or  look  to  ;  to  take  care  ;  to  attend,  as  to  the 
execution  of  some  order,  or  to  the  perforinaiico  of 
something. 

Give  iheni  fiiitt  one  simple  idea,  and  see  that  they  fully  compns- 

liend  it  before  you  eo  any  I  iirther.  Locke. 
See  ihiil  ye  full  not  out  by  the  way.  — Gen.  xlv. 

3.  To  discover;  to  descry;  to  understand.  Who 
BO  dull  as  not  to  see  the  device  or  stratagem  Very 
noble  actions  oflen  lose  much  of  their  excellence 
when  the  motives  are  seen. 

4.  To  converse  or  have  intercourse  with.  We  im- 
prove by  seeing  men  of  difli-renl  liabils  and  tempers. 

To  visit  ;  as,  to  call  and  see  a  frieml.  The  phy- 
sician sees  his  patient  twice  a  day.  1  Sam.  xv.  1 
Ciir.  xvl. 

r>.  To  attend  ;  to  remark  or  notice. 
I  had  a  mind  ts  see  him  out,  and  thereforo  did  not  can*  to  con 
tradlcl  him.  Addison. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BTRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1000 


SEE 

7.  Vo  behold  with  patience  or  sufferance  ;  to  en- 
dure 

It  was  not  meet  for  u«  to  eee  tiic  king's  disliunor,  —  Etr.i  Iv. 

8.  In  Scripture,  to  hear  or  attend  to. 

I  turiieil  to  MO  the  voice  thul  sjioko  wiUi  m♦^  — Rev.  i. 

9.  To  feel ;  to  suffer;  to  experience. 

Make  us  ghtit  accorilinj  to  tlip  ditys  wherrin  thou  hast  afHictetl 
us,  ami  the  years  in  wliicli  we  have  teen  evil.  —  Ps.  xc. 

If  a  man  shall  keep  my  saying,  he  shall  never  aee  death. — 
John  viil.    Luke  ii. 

10.  To  know  ;  to  learn. 

Go,  I  pniy  thee,  eet  wlietlier  it  l>c  well  with  thy  hretlircu.  —  Gen. 
xxxvii. 

11.  To  perceive  ;  to  understand  ;  to  comprehend. 
I  see  the  train  of  argument  ;  1  .-w  liis  motives. 

12.  To  perceive;  to  untlerstaiid  experimentally. 

I  see  another  law  in  my  members.  —  Iloni.  vii. 

13.  To  beware. 

See  thou  do  it  not.  —  Uev.  xix. 

14.  To  know  by  revelation. 

The  word  that  Isaiah,  the  son  of  Amoz,  saio  concerning  Judah 
and  Jerusalem. —  Is.  ii.  xiii. 

15.  To  have  faith  in  and  reliance  on. 

Seeing  him  who  is  invisilile.  — Heb.  xi, 

16.  To  enjoy  ;  to  have  fruition  of. 

Blessed  are  the  pure  in  heart,  for  they  shall  see  God.  —  Matt.  v. 

SEE,  V.  i.  To  have  the  powxr  of  peiroiviiig  by  the 
proper  organs,  or  the  power  of  siu'lit.  Some  anunals, 
It  is  said,  are  able  to  ser  bi  st  in  the  nijilit. 

9.  To  discern  ;  lo  have  intc  llei  tual  sight  ;  to  pene- 
trate ;  to  understand  ;  with  ihroutfh  or  into;  as,  to 
sec  through  the  plans  or  policy  of  another  ;  to  see 
into  artful  schemes  and  pn  tensions.  '/'illotxon. 

3.  To  examine  or  inquire.  Sic  whether  the  esti- 
mate is  correct. 

4.  To  be  attentive.  Shak. 

5.  To  have  full  tniderstanding. 

But  now  ye  say,  \Vc  tee  ;  therefore  your  sin  rtimainelh.  —  John 

See  to  it;  look  well  to  it ;  attend  ;  consider;  take 
care. 

Let  me  see,  let  us  see,  are  used  to  express  consider- 
ation, or  to  introduce  the  particular  consideration  of 
a  subject,  or  some  scheme  or  calrulatitm. 

See  is  used  imperatively,  to  call  the  attention  of 
others  to  an  object  or  a  subject.  See,  see,  liow  the 
balloon  ascends  '. 

See  what  it  is  to  have  a  poet  in  your  house.  Pope. 

SEED,  n.  [Sax.  s<rd ;  G.  sunt ;  D.  laad ;  Dan.  sird ; 
S\v.  sdd;  from  the  verb  sum.  Gu.  VV.  h&J,  Arm. 
had.] 

1.  The  substance,  anim.tl  or  vegetable,  which  na- 
ture prepares  for  the"  reproduction  and  conservation  of 
the  species.  The  sijeds  of  plants  are  a  deciduous 
part,  containing  the  rudiments  of  a  new  vegetable. 
In  some  cases,  the  seeds  constitute  the  fruit  or  valu- 
able part  of  plants,  as  in  the  case  of  wheat  and  other 
esculent  grain  ;  sometimes  the  seeds  are  inclosed  in 
the  fruit,  as  in  apples  and  nii  lims.  When  applied  to 
animal  ni.atter,  it  has  no  plural. 

2.  Thtt  from  which  any  thing  springs;  first  prin- 
ciple ;  original ;  as,  the  seeds  of  virtue  or  vice. 

JJookcr. 

3  iT  jiciple  of  production. 

remise  of  £reut  acts  he  scatters  as  a  teed.  Waller. 

<1  Progeny  ;  offspring ;  children  ;  descendants  ;  as, 
jbd  seed  of  Abraham  ;  the  seed  of  Daviil.  In  this 
fer^e,  the  word  is  applied  to  one  person,  or  to  any 
hiimbcr  collectively,  and  admits  of  the  plural  form  ; 
l>tit  rarely  used  in  the  plural. 

5.  Race  ;  general  ion  ;  birth. 

Of  mortal  teed  they  were  not  held.  Wal!er. 

SEED,  V.  i.    To  Rrovr  to  mattirity,  so  as  to  produce 

seed.    Maize  wi/i  not  scei^  in  a  cool  climate.  Sicift. 
9.  To  shed  the  reed.  Mortimer. 
SEED,  I',  t.    To  sow  ;  to  sprinkle  with  seed,  which 

germinates,  and  t.ikcs  root.  Belknap. 
SEEIJ'-HL'I),  11.    [.-ff</ and  iiiK/.]    The  germ,  germen, 

or  rudiment  of  the  fruit  in  cmbrj'o. 
SEEU'-€.^KE,  71.    [seed  and  cake.]    A  sweet  cake 

containing  aromatic  seeds.  Tiuser. 
SEED'-CO-VT,  n.    In  butany,  the  aril  of  a  se:'ri. 

Martyn. 

SEED'-€ORX,  )       „  „  •    f  A 

SEED'-tJltAlN  I       Corn  or  gram  for  seed. 

SEED'-UOVVN,  n.   The  down  on  vegetable  seeds. 

SraitA. 

SEED'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Sown  ;  sprinkled  with  .seed. 
2.  Bearing  seed  ;  covered  thick  with  seeds. 

Fletcher. 

-  3.  Interspersed  as  with  seeds.  B.  Jonson. 

SEED'ER,  !!.    One  who  sows. 

SEED'-FIELD,  71.    A  Held  for  raising  seed.  Carlisle. 
SEED'I.N'G,  ppr.    Sowing  with  seeds. 
SEEr)'-K.\e,  71.  The  resin  l.ic  dried,  after  most  of  the 
coloring  matter  has  been  dissolved  out  by  water. 

Ure. 

SEED'-LEAF,  n.    In  botany,  the  primary  leaf.  The 


SEE 

seed-leaver  are  the  cotyledtuis  or  lt>bes  of  a  seetl  ex- 
panded and  in  vegetition.  Martyn. 
SEED'LIiN'G,  71.    A  plant  reared  from  the  seed,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  one  propagated  by  layers,  buds,  itcc. 

Tiiltu. 

SEED'-I.IP,  j  71.    A  vessel  in  which  a  sower  carries 
SEEIV-LOP,  i     the  seed  to  be  disper.scd.  Knuland. 
SEEU'-LOBE,  71.    The  lobe  of  a  seed  ;  a  cotyledon, 
which  see. 

SEED'NESS,  n.    Seed-time.    [JVo(  in  use.] 
SEED'-PEARL,  (-perl,)  n.    ^seed  and  pearl.]  Small 

grains  of  pearl.  Buyle. 
SEED'-PLAT,  )  n.    \seed  and  plat.']    The  ground  on 
SEED'-PLOT,  )     which  seeds  are  sown  to  produce 

plants  for  transplanting;  hence, 
2.  A  nursery  ;  a  place  where  any  thing  is  sown  or 

planted  for  cultivatitm.  llammond. 
SEEDS'iMAN,  71.     [seed  and  ttkiii.]     A  person  who 

deiils  in  seeds  ;  also,  a  si>\ver.  IJtct. 
SEED'-TI.ME,  71.    [sei:<2  and  time.]    The  season  proper 

for  sowing. 

While  the  earth  renialneth,  eeed-time  and  harvest,  and  cold  and 
heat,  and  Hinnnier  and  w  inter,  and  d.ay  and  ni^'ht,  shall  not 
cease. —Gen.  viii. 

SEED'-VES-SEI..,  n.   In  botany,  the  pericarp  which 

contains  the  seeils. 
SEEU'Y,  a.    [frimi  seed.]    Aboundin;;  with  seeds. 

Viet. 

2.  Having  a  peculiar  flavor,  supposed  to  be  derived 
from  the  weeds  growing  among  the  vines;  applied 
to  French  brandy.  Eneyc. 

3.  Running  to  seed. 

4.  Exhausted  ;  worn  out ;  poor  and  miserable 
l')()king  ;  as,  he  ltK)ked  j-cci/i/ ;  a  seedy  coat.  [Collo- 
quia]  or  luw.]  Jfallitrrll,  (loldsmith. 

SEE'I.N'd,  ppr.  [from  «ec.]  Perceiving  hy  the  eye; 
knowing;  understanding;  observing;  beholtling. 

A'o/t'.  —  This  participle  appears  to  bo  used  indefi- 
nitely, or  without  direct  reference  to  a  person  or  per- 
sons. "  Wherefore  come  ye  to  me,  seeing  ye  hate 
me.'"  OoM.  xxvi.  Th;it  is,  since,  or  the  fact  being 
tliatorthus;  because  that.  In  Uiis  form  of  phrase- 
ol()gy,  that  is  understood  or  implied  affer  seeing; 
why  come  ye  to  me,  seeinir  that  ye  hate  me ?  'I'hc 
resolution  of  the  phrase  or  sentence  is,  ye  hate  ine  ; 
that  fact  being  seen  or  known  by  you,  why  come  ye 
to  me or,  why  come  ye  to  ine,  ye  seeing  (knowing) 
that  fact  which  follows,  viz.,  ye  hate  me.  In  thisc:isc, 
seeing  retains  its  participial  character,  although  its  re- 
lation to  the  pronoun  is  somewhat  obscured.  Origi- 
nally, seeing,  in  this  use,  had  direct  relation  to  the 
speaker  or  to  some  other  person.  "  Now  I  know 
that  thou  fearcst  God,  seeing  thou  hast  not  withheld 
thy  son."  Oen.  xxii.  Here  seeing  refers  lo  /,  or,  ac- 
cording to  the  language  of  syntax,  agrees  or  accord.s 
with  /.  I  know  thou  fcarest  God,  for  I  sec  thou  h.ast  not 
withheld  thine  only  son  ;  I  know  thou  fearcst  GotI  by 
seeing,  in  consequence  of  seeing  this  fact,  thou  hast 
not  withheld  thine  only  son.  But  the  use  of  seeing 
is  extended  to  cases  in  which  it  can  not  be  referred  to 
a  specific  person  or  persons,  in  which  cases  it  ex- 
presses the  notoriety  or  ailinission  of  a  fact  in  gi  n- 
eral,  and  is  left,  like  the  French  on,  in  the  phrases 
071  dit,  071  voit,  without  application  to  any  particular 
person. 

SEE'ING,  71.  The  act  of  perceiving  objects  by  the 
organ  of  sight,  or  the  sense  which  we  liave  of  exter- 
nal objects  by  means  of  the  eye.  Jlutlon. 

SEEK,  V.  t. ;  prct,  and  pp.  Sought,  (sawt.)  [Sax. 
sccan,  s(Pcan,  to  seek,  to  come  to;  aseean,  to  re- 
quire ;  gesecan,  to  seek,  to  come  to  ;  fursaean,  fursm- 
can,  to  forsake ;  G.  suchen,  to  seek  ;  absuehen,  to 
pick  off;  besiuhen,  to  visit,  to  st!e;  ^csMcA,suit,  peti- 
tion ;  gesuche,  a  continued  seeking ;  versnchen,  to 
try,  prove,  tempt,  essay,  strive  ;  versuch,  trial,  essay ; 
D.  zoekcn,  to  seek,  to  look  for,  to  try  or  endeavor ; 
bezoeken,  to  visit,  to  try  ;  gezoek,  a  seeking ;  opzocken, 
to  seek ;  vcrzoekcn,  to  retpiest,  desire,  invite,  try, 
tempt,  to  visit ;  Dan.  soger,  to  seek,  to  endeavor ; 
besbgcr,  to  visit  ;  forsogcr,  to  try,  to  essay,  to  experi- 
ment, to  tempt ;  opsogcr,  to  seek  or  search  after ; 
Sw.  s'dlM,  to  seek,  to  stie,  to  court ;  sdka  en  lagUgen, 
to  sue  one  at  law;  if.vi/Ao,  to  visit ; /or.soAa,  to  try, 
to  essay,  to  tempt.  These  words  all  accord  with  L. 
sequor,  Ir.  seichun,  to  ftillow  ;  for  to  seek  is  to  go  after, 
and  the  primary  sense  is  to  advance,  to  |)ress,  to 
drive  forward,  as  in  the  L. /"•(<).  (See  Ess  \  v,  from 
the  same  root,  through  the  Italian  and  French.)  Now, 
in  Sax.  forsucan,  forsttcan,  is  to  forsake  ;  saean  is  to 
strive,  contend,  whence  English  sake,  and  scrcan,  sc- 
can, is  to  seek.  liiit  in  Swetlish,/o>.vaA«,  to  forsake, 
to  renounce,  is  from  .<:aA-,  thing,  cause,  suit,  Sax.  sura, 
English  .sake;  in  Danish,  for.tager,  to  renounce,  is 
from  siger,  to  say  ;  sag,  a  thing,  cause,  matter,  suit ; 
sagd,  a  siiying ;  G.  vcrsagen,  to  deny,  to  renounce, 
from  sageu,  to  .lay,  to  tell ;  D.  verzaakcn,  to  deny,  to 
forsake,  to  revoke,  from  zaak,  thing,  cause,  and  zf^r- 
gen  is  to  s.iy  or  tell,  which  is  the  Sax.  se<;i'an,to  say. 
These  close  affinities  prove  that  .seek,  essay,  sail,  and 
L.  .sequnr,  are  all  from  one  radix,  coinciding  with  Ch. 
pcy,  to  seek,  to  strive.  Class  Sg,  No.  4i>,  and  see 
No.  30,  Ar.  The  English  verb  see  sccuis  to  be  from 
the  same  root.] 


SEE 

1.  To  go  in  search  or  quest  of ;  to  look  for ;  (o 
search  for  by  going  from  place  to  place. 

The  man  asked  him,  saying,  WliAt  eeekeet  thou  I    And  he  said, 
I  teek  my  hn-thn-n.  —  Gen.  xxzvil. 

S.  To  inquire  for;  to  ask  for;  to  solicit;  to  en- 
deavor to  find  or  gain  by  any  means. 

The  youn^  lions  roar  al^r  Uieir  prey,  and  itek  their  meat  from 
Go.1.  — I'.,  civ. 

He  found  no  place  for  repentance,  tb^ugh  he  taught  It  carefully 

with  team.  —  llcb.  xii. 
OUieri,  lenipUng  liim,  taught  of  him  a  sign,  —  Luke  zi. 

3.  Seek  is  followed  sometimes  by  out  or  after.  'Vo 
seek  nut,  properly  iinpliits  to  look  for  a  specific  thing 
among  a  number.  But  in  general,  the  use  of  out 
and  after  with  .leek,  is  unneces.sary  and  inelegant. 

To  seek  Clod,  his  name,  or  his  face  ;  in  Scrijiturc,  to 
nsk  for  his  favor,  direction,  and  assistance.  Ps. 
Ixiii.  Ixxxiii. 

Oud  .seeks  men,  when  ho  fixes  his  love  on  them, 
and  by  his  word  and  .Spirit,  and  the  righteousne.ss  of 
Christ,  reclaims  and  recovers  them  from  their  miser- 
able condition  as  sinners.  Kzek.  xxiiv.  Ps.  cxix. 
Luke  XV. 

To  seek  after  the  life,  or  soul ;  to  attempt  bj'  arts  or 
machinations  ;  or  to  attempt  to  destroy  or  ruin.  Ps. 

XXXV, 

To  seek  peace,  or  judgment ;  to  endeavor  to  promote 
it;  or  to  practice  it.    P.s.  xxxiv.    Li.  i. 

To  seek  an  altar,  temple,  or  habitation ;  lo  frtjqiienl 
it,  to  resort  to  it  often.    2  Chron.  i.    jSi/ios  v. 

To  seek  nut  God's  works ;  to  endeavor  to  understand 
them.    Ps.  cxi. 
SEEK,  V.  i.   To  make  search  or  inquiry  ;  to  endeavor 
to  make  discovery. 

Seek  ye  out  of  the  book  of  tlio  LonI,  and  read.  —  Is.  xxxir. 

2.  To  endeavor. 

Afik  not  what  pains,  nor  further  teek  to  know 

Their  process,  or  tlie  forms  of  law  below.  Dryden. 

To  seek  after ;  to  make  pursuit ;  to  attempt  to  find 
or  take,    [i-ee  No.  3,  supra.] 

To  seek  fur;  to  enileiivor  to  find.  Knollcs. 
Tu  seek  to  ;  to  apply  to  ;  to  resort  to.    1  Kings  x. 
To  seek,  was  formerly  used  in  an  adverbial  man- 
ner, for  at  searching,  or  under  the  neccs.sity  of  search- 
ing, as  the  result  of  ignorance  or  inexperience. 

L'npracliced,  unprepared,  and  still  to  teek.  AfUton. 
[This  phrase,  I  believe,  is  wholly  obsolete.] 
SEEK'ER,  71.    Unc  that  seeks;  an  inquirer;  as,  a 
seeker  of  truth. 

9.  One  of  a  sect  that  profess  no  determin.ate  re- 
ligion. Johnson. 
SEEK'ING,  71.    Act  of  attempting  to  find  or  procure. 

Baiter. 

SEEK'-SOR-RoW,  71.  [.seek  and  sorrow.]  One  that 
contrives  to  give  himself  vexation.    [Little  used.] 

Sidney. 

SEEI,,  r.  t.    [Fr.  scelter,  to  seal.] 

To  close  the  eyes  ;  a  term  of  falconry,  from  the 
practice  of  closing  the  eyes  of  a  wild  hawk. 

Bacon. 

SEEI,,  V.  i.    [Sax.  .■njlan,  to  give.    See  Sell.] 

To  lean  ;  to  incline  to  one  side.    [0/».v.]  Bacon. 
SEEL,        )  II.    The  rolling  or  agitation  of  a  ship  in 
SEEL'I.N'G,  i     a  storm.    [Obs.]  Mrisworth. 
SEEL,  71.    [Sax.  S(rl.] 

Time;  opporliinily ;  season:  in  respect  to  crops; 
as,  hav-sfcf.    [Local  in  England.]       Farm.  Encyc. 
SEEl.'I-LV,  adv.    In  a  silly  manner.  [Obs.] 
SEEL'V,  a.    [from  scd.]    Lucky;  fortunate.  [06s.] 

Spenser. 

a  Silly;  foolish;  simple.    [Obs.]    [See  Silly.] 

Tusser. 

SEEM,  V.  I.  [G.  zicmen,  to  become,  to  be  fit  or  suita- 
ble ;  gcziemen,  to  become,  to  beseem,  to  be  meet,  de- 
cent, seemly.  In  I),  zwcemen  is  to  be  like,  to  resem- 
ble, and  taamen  is  to  fit  or  suit,  to  bectmie.  In  Dan. 
sbm  is  aseam,  and  sQmmcr  signifies  to  hern,  and  also 
to  bectunc,  to  beseem,  to  be  suitable,  decent,  or  seemly. 
This  is  certainly  the  G.  ziemcn  ;  hence  we  see  that 
seam  and  seem  are  radically  the  same  word  ;  It.  srm- 
brarc,  to  seem  ;  sembiante,  like,  similar,  resembling  ; 
rassembrare,  to  resemble  ;  Sp.  semejar,  to  be  like  ;  Fr. 
scmblcr,  to  seem,  to  apjn  ar.  These  words  seem  to  be 
of  one  family,  having  for  their  radical  sense,  to  ex- 
tend to,  to  meet,  to  unite,  to  come  togetlier,  or  to 
press  together.  If  so,  the  Dutch  taamen  leads  us  to 
the  oriental  roots,  Ileb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  nan,  damah,  to 

be  like  ;  Eth.  adam,  to  please,  to  suit ;  Ar. 

^  (  ttdama,  to  add,  to  unite,  to  agree,  to  suit,  to 

conciliate,  to  confirm  concord.  Class  Dm,  No.  5 
and  7.  These  verbs  are  radically  one,  and  in  these 
wo  find  the  primary  sense  of  Adam  ;  likeness,  or 
form.l 

1.  To  appear;  to  moke  or  have  a  show  or  sem- 
blance. 

Thou  art  Dot  what  thou  tetm'tt.  ft?^' 
All  teemed  well  pleased ;  all  tetmtd,  but  were  not  all.  MtUon. 

2.  To  have  the  appearance  of  truth  or  fact ;  to  be 


TCNE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THI3. 


126 


FFFF* 


1001 


SEG 

understood  as  true.  It  seems  that  the  Turkish  power 
IS  on  the  decline. 

A  prince  of  IlaJy,  it  eeejjt^,  eiitfrtiuiied  his  mistress  on  a  ^eat 
lake.  Addison. 

SEEM,  V.  t.    To  become  ;  to  hefit.    [  Obs.]  Spenser. 
SEE.M'£D,         Appeared;  bt-fitted. 
SEE.M'ER,  tt.    One  that  curries  an  appearance  or  sem- 
blance. 

Hence  we  shall  see, 
I.^  ^wer  chan^  purpose,  wliat  oiir  scermrs  be. 
SEEM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Appearina  ;  having  the  appear- 
ance or  semblance,  whether  real  or  not. 
2.  a.    Specious  ;  as,  seeming  friendship. 
SEE.M'ING,  71.    .Appearance;  show;  semblance. 

2.  Fair  appearance. 

These  keep. 

Seeming  and  savor  all  llie  winter  long,  ShaJc. 

3.  Opinion  or  liking  ;  favorable  opinion. 

Nothing  more  clear  to  their  seejning.  Hoolier. 
His  persuasive  words  inipre^ied 

With  reason  to  her  seeming.    [  Obs,]  ^fdlon. 
SEEM'ING-LY,  ade.    In  appearance ;  in  show ;  in 
semblance. 

This  the  father  seemingly  complied  with.  AdcHson. 
Thev  depend  ollen  on  remote  and  seemingly  disproportioned 
causes,  Allerbury. 

SEEM'ING-NESS,  n.    Fair  appearance ;  plausibility. 

Digbij. 

SEEM'LESS, a.  Unseemly  ;  unfit ;  indecorous.  [OAs.] 

Spetiser. 

SEEM'LI-NESS,  n.  [from  seemly.]  Comeliness ; 
grace  ;  fitness  ;  propriety  ;  decency  ;  decorum. 

When  seemjiness  combines  with  portliness.  Camden. 

SEEM'LY,  o.  [G.  liemlich;  D.  taamehjk  ;  Dun.  so  m- 
nietig.] 

Becoming  ;  fit ;  suited  to  the  object,  occasion,  pur- 
pose, or  character;  suitable. 

Suspense  of  judgment  and  exercise  of  charity  were  safer  and 
seemlier  for  CluTstian  men,  than  the  hot  pursuit  of  these 
contruversies.  Hooker. 

Honor  is  not  seemly  for  a  fool.  —  Prov.  xxvi. 

SEEM'LY,  adv.    In  a  decent  or  suitable  manner. 

Pope. 

SEEM'LY-HED,  n.    [See  Head  and  Hood.]  Comely 

or  decent  appearance.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
SEEN,  pp.  of  See.    Beheld;  observed;  understood. 
2.  a.    Versed  ;  skilled. 
Noble  Boyle,  not  less  in  nature  seen.    [06s.]  Dryden, 

SEER,  n.  [from  see.]  One  who  sees ;  as,  a  seer  of 
visions.  Spectator. 

2.  A  prophet ;  a  person  who  foresees  future  events. 
1  Slim.  is. 

SEER'WOOD.  See  Sear,  and  Seab-Wood,  dry 
wood. 

SEE  SAW,  71.    [Ciu.  saw  and  saw,  or  sea  and  saw.] 

1.  k  vibratorj'  or  reciprocating  motion.  Pope. 

2.  A  pl.iy  among  children,  in  which  they  sit  on 
each  end  of  a  board  and  move  alternately  up  and 
down  ;  a  board  adjusted  for  this  purpose.  Halliwell. 

3.  A  term  in  whist  for  a  certain  mutual  action  of 
partners  in  supptirt  of  each  other.  Hoijle. 

SEE'SAW,  V.  i.  To  move  with  a  reciprocating  mo- 
tion ;  to  move  backward  and  forward,  or  upward 
and  downward.  Jirbntknot. 
SEETHE,  t'.  f. ;  pret.  Seethed,  Sod;  pp.  Seethed, 
SoDDE.N.  [Sa.x.  seatJtati,  sevthaiiy  siitiiaii;  D.  zieden  ; 
G.  sieilen;  Sw.  siuda;  Van.  .'ijdrr  ;  Gr.  ^cio,  contract- 
ed from  C'fltj;  Heb.  ^1t,to  seethe,  to  boil,  to  swell,  to 
be  inflated.    Class  Sd,  No.  4.] 

To  boil ;  to  decoct  or  prepare  for  food  in  hot  liquor ; 
as,  to  seethe  fiesh. 

Thou  shall  not  seethe  a  kid  in  its  mother's  milk.  —  Ex.  xxiii. 

SEETHE,  V.  i.  To  be  in  a  state  of  ebullition  ;  to  be 
hot.  Sprnser.  " 

I  This  word  is  rarely  used  in  the  common  cuiiceriis  of 
life.J 

SEKfH'KD,  pp.    Boiled;  decocted. 
SEI"FH'Ell,  71.    A  boiler  ;  a  pot  liir  boiling  things. 
HKirfiri.N'G,  ppr.    Boiling  ;  decocting.  [Dryden. 
Sr,(;,  n.    Sedgi'.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SF:G,  n.    A  castrated  bull.  JVortA  of  England. 

SH-(;AII',  n.    S(;e  Ci(;An. 

SEfJ'GAli,  71.  A  cylindrical  case  of  fire-clay  in  which 
fine  stoneware  is  baked.    [See  Sakoek.]  Ure. 

SEG-H(;I/,  (scg-61',)  ji.  .\  Hebrew  vowel-point,  or 
short  vowel,  thus:  indicating  the  sound  of  the 
Engli-.!!  e  in  men.  JI/.  Stuart. 

PEG'IK)  l.ATK,  a.    Marked  with  a  seghol. 

SEG'M  lO.NT,  71.  [Fr.,  from  I,,  srirmettluin,  from  seen, 
to  cut  ofl.  We  observe  here  the  Latin  has  .ici',  tor 
tee,  like  the  It.  segare,  Sp.  seaar,  and  like  the  'JVii- 
tonic  sanen,  zaagcn,  to  saw  i  |iropi  rly,  a  piece  cut 
off.] 

\.  \n  gromrtry,  a  part  cm  ofl"  from  a  fignrit  hyaline 
or  plane  ;  partirularly,  that  part  of  the  circle  contained 
between  a  chord  and  an  arc  of  that  circle,  or  so  much 
of  the  circle  an  is  cut  olf  by  the  chord.  The  segment 
of  a  sphere,  is  a  part  cut  otf  by  a  plane, 

JVrirlon.  Ilulton. 

2,  In  general,  a  part  cut  off  or  divided  ;  as,  the 
legments  uf  a  calyx. 


SEI 

SEG'NI-TcDE,  I  rr  „  r  i 
SEG'NI-TY       t       L*^**™  se«TJt.?,J 

Sluggishness ;  dullness  ;  inactivity.    [JVot  used.] 

Diet 

SEG'RE-GaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  segrego  ;  se,  from,  and  grez, 
flock.] 

To  separate  from  others  ;  to  set  apart.  SIterwood. 
SEG'RE-GATE,  a.    Separate  ;  select.    [Little  used.] 

IVotton. 

Segregate  polygamy,  (Polygamia  segregata,  Linn. ;) 
a  mode  of  inllurescence,  when  several  florets  com- 
prehended within  an  anthodium,  or  a  common  caly.\, 
are  furnished  also  with  proper  perianths.  JMarlyn. 
SEG'RE-GA-TED,pp.   Separated;  parted  from  others. 
SEG'RE-Ga-TING,  ppr.  Separating. 
SEG-RE-Ga'T10i\,  n.   [Fr.]  Separation  from  others ; 

a  parting.  Shak. 
SEiD'LITZ  powders,  71.  p?.  Powders  intended  to 
produce  the  same  elfect  with  Seidlitz  water.  They 
are  composed  of  the  tartrate  of  potassa  and  soda, 
(Rochelle  salt,)  with  bicarbonate  of  soda,  usually  in 
a  paper  of  one  color,  and  tartaric  acid  in  a  paper  of 
another.  These  are  dissolved  separately  in  water, 
then  mi.\ed,  and  taken  while  effervescing. 

Brande. 

SEID'LITZ  WA'TER,  7!.  A  saline,  mineral  water 
from  Seidlitz,  in  Bohemia,  often  taken  as  an  agreea- 
ble aperient.  It  contains  the  sulphates  of  magnesia 
and  sotia  with  carbonic  acid.  Brande. 
SEIGN-EC'RI-AL,  (se-nu're-al,)o.  [Fr.  See  Seign- 
ior.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  lord  of  a  manor  ;  manorial. 

2.  Vested  with  large  powers;  independent. 

Temple. 

SeFGN'IOR,  (seen'yur,)  7i.  [Fr.  seigneur;  It.  signore  ; 
Sp.  senor ;  Port,  senhor  ;  from  L.  senior,  elder  ;  senez, 
old  ;  Ir,  scan.] 

A  lord  ;  the  lord  of  a  manor  ;  but  used  also  in  the 
south  of  Eiirttpe  as  a  title  of  honor.  The  sultan  of 
J'urkey  is  called  the  grand  seignior, 
SkIGN'IOR-AGE,  (seen'yur-.aje,)  n.  A  royal  right  or 
prerogative  of  the  king  of  England,  by  which  he 
claims  an  allowance  of  gold  and  silver  brought  in 
the  mass  to  be  exchanged  for  coin.  Brande. 

Seigniorage  is  used  in  common  language  to  signify 
profit. 

Sf.1G.\-Io'RI-AL,  a.  The  same  as  Seioneurial. 
SkIGN'IOR  IZE,  (seen'yur-ize,)  v.  t.   To  lord  it  over. 

I  Little  used.]  Halifax. 
SeIGN'IOR-Y,  (seen'yo-ry,)  71.    [Fr.  seigneune.] 

1.  A  lordship  ;  a  manor.  Davies.  Encyc. 

2.  The  power  or  authority  of  a  lord  ;  dominion. 

O'Neal  n'.ver  had  any  seigniory  over  that  country,  but  wti.^t  he 
got  by  encroachment  upon  Uie  Eng.ish.  Sjiense 

Seine,  (seen,)  71.  [Sa.T.  segne;  Fr.  seine;  Arm. 
seigne  ;  L.  sagcna  ;  Gr.  iraj  ru  Tj.] 

A  large  net  for  catching  fish.    The  .wracs  used  for 
taking  shad  in  the  Connecticut,  sometimes  sweep 
nearly  the  whole  breadth  of  the  river. 
SeIN'ER,  71.    A  fisher  with  a  seine  or  net.  [J^'ot  much 

used.  ]  Carew. 
SEIS-.MO.M'E-TER,  71.  [Gr.'oetapoi.] 

An  instrument  fttr  measuring  the  shock  of  an  earth- 
quake, and  other  concussions.    £i^i;i.  Phil.  Trans. 
Se'I-TY,  n.    [L.  sf,  one's  self.] 

Something  peculiar  to  a  man's  self.    [A''ot  well  au- 
thnrizeU.]  Taller. 
SF.r/'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  seized;  liable  to  be 
_takeu. 

SeIZF,,  (seeze,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  saisir ;  Arm.  seisza  or  sctya  ; 
prttbably  allied  to  assess,  and  to  sit,  set.  The  sense  is, 
to  fall  on,  to  throw  one's  self  on,  which  is  nearly  the 
primary  sense  of  set.  It  nmst  be  noticed  that  this 
woril,  in  writers  on  law,  is  usually  written  seise; 
as  also  in  ctnuposilion,  disseise,  disseisin,  redissetie. 
But  except  in  law,  it  is  usually  or  always  written 
seize.  It  is  desirable  that  the  orthography  should  be 
uniform.] 

1.  To  lall  or  rush  upon  suddenly  and  lay  hold  on  ; 
or  to  gripe  or  grasp  suddenly.  The  tiger  rushes  from 
tin*  thicket  ami  seizes  his  prey.  A  dt)g  seizes  an  ani- 
mal by  the  throat.  The  hawk  seizes  a  chicken  with 
his  claws.    The  oflicer  seizes  a  thief. 

2.  To  take  possession  by  force,  with  or  without 
right. 

At  la«t  thf-y  seize 
The  Rccpter,  and  r.g;«nl  not  David's  son.  Milton. 

3.  To  invade  suddiuily  ;  to  take  hold  of;  to  come 
upon  stultlriily  ;  as,  a  fever  seizes  a  patient. 

Ami  lR.|>e  and  doubt  olti-rnale  seize  her  soul.  Pi>pe. 

4.  I'o  lakt!  possession  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  or  le- 
gal authority.  'I'he  sherilfsriiri/  the  debtor's  goods  ; 
the  whole  estate  was  seized  and  confiscated.  We 
say,  to  arrcit  a  [lerson,  to  seize  goods. 

5.  To  fasten  ;  to  lix.  In  seameii^s  language,  to 
fasten  two  ropes,  or  different  parts  of  one  rope,  to- 
gether with  a  cord.  Mar.  Did. 

To  be  seized  of;  to  have  possession  ;  as,  a  griflin 
seized  of  bis  prey.  A  11  was  seized  and  possosseil  of 
Ihv  manor  of  Dale.  Spenser. 

To  seize  on,  or  upon,  is  to  fall  on  and  grasp  ;  to  take 
hold  on  ;  to  take  possession.    Jtlntl.  xM. 
SEIZ'/'^I),  (seezd,)  pp.    Suddenly  caught  or  grasped  ; 


SEL 

taken  by  force  ;  invaded  suddenly ;  taken  possession 
of;  fastened  with  a  cord  ;  having  possession. 

SeIZ'ER,  n.    One  that  seizes. 

SeIZ'IN,  7i.    [Fr.  soisinc] 

1.  In  law,  possession.  Seizin  is  of  two  sorts,  seizin 
in  deed  or  fact,  and  seizin  in  law.  Seizin  in  /uc(  or 
deed,  is  actual  or  corporal  possession  ;  seizin  in  late, 
is  when  someihing  is  done  which  the  law  accounts 
possession  or  seizin,  as  enrollment,  or  when  lands 
descend  to  an  heir,  but  he  has  not  yet  entered  on 
tliem.  In  this  case,  the  law  considers  the  heir  as 
seized  of  the  estate,  and  the  person  who  wrongfully 
enters  on  the  land  is  accounted  a  disseizor. 

Cowel.  Eneyc. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  possession.  [JVot  used  except 
in  laip.] 

3.  The  thing  possessed  ;  possession.  Hale. 
Livery  of  seizin.    See  Liverv. 

Primer  seizin.    See  Primer. 

SeIZ'ING,  ppr.  Falling  on  and  grasping  suddenly  ; 
laying  hold  on  suddenly  ;  taking  possession  by  force, 
or  taking  by  warrant ;  fastening. 

SeIZ'ING,  71.  The  act  of  taking  or  grasping  sud- 
denly. 

2.  In  seameit's  language,  the  operation  of  fastening 
together  ropes  with  a  cord  ;  also,  the  cord  or  cords 
used  for  such  fastening.  Mar.  Diet. 

SeIZ'OR,  71.    One  who  seizes.  Wheaton. 

SElZ'tJRE,  (seez'yur,)  71.  The  act  of  seizing ;  the 
act  of  laying  hold  on  suddenly  ;  as,  the  seizure  of  a 
thief. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  possession  by  force  ;  as,  the 
seizure  of  lands  or  goods  ;  the  seizure  of  a  town  by 
an  enemy  ;  the  seizure  of  a  throne  by  a  usurper. 

3.  The  act  of  taking  by  warrant ;  as,  the  seizure  of 
contraband  goods. 

4.  The  state  of  being  seized,  as  with  disease. 

ffilberfiirce. 

5.  The  thing  taken  or  seized.  Milton. 

6.  Gripe  ;  grasp  ;  possession. 

And  give  nie  seizure  of  the  mighty  wealth.  Dryden. 

7.  Catch  ;  a  catching. 


Se'J.\NT,  a.  In  heraldnj,  sitting,  like  a  cat  with  the 
fore  feet  straight ;  applied  to  a  lion  or  other  beast. 

Kncyc. 

SE-JOIN',  II.  t.    To  separate.    [JJ'ot  English.] 
SE-Ju'GOUS,  a.    [L.  sejugis ;  sex,  six,  ana  jugum, 
yoke.] 

In  botany,  a  scjugous  leaf  is  a  pinnate  leaf  having 
six  pairs  of  leaflets.  Martyn. 
SE-JUNCTION,  71.     [L.  scjunctio ;  se,  from,  and 
jungo,  to  join.] 

The  act  of  disjointing ;  a  disuniting;  separation. 
[Little  used.]  Pearson. 
SE-JUNG'I-BLE,  a.     [Supra.]     That  may  be  dis- 
jointed.   [Little  used.]  Pearson. 
SeKE,  for  Sick.    [Obs.]    [See  Sick.]  Chaucer. 
Se'KOS,  71.    [Gr.]    A  place  in  a  temple  in  which  pa- 
gans inclosed  the  images  of  their  deities. 
Se'LAH,  71.    [Heb.  nSo.]    In //le  P.-a/ms,  a  word  sup- 
posed to  signify  silence  or  a  pause  in  the  intisical  pur- 
forniance  of  the  song.  Oesenius. 
SEL'COUTH,  (  kooth,)  a.    [Sa.x.  sel,  seld.  rare,  and 
couth,  known.] 
Rarely  known  ;  unusual;  uncommon.  [Ois.] 

Spenser. 

SEL'DOM,  (sel'dum,)  arfi).  [Sax.  selden,  seldon :  D. 
zelilen  ;  G.  sc/fcn  ;  Dan.  selsom,  seldsom ;  Sw.  sdtlan, 
sallsan.  In  Danish,  selskab  [sel  and  shape)  is  a 
company,  fellowship,  or  club.  Se/  probably  signifies 
separate,  distinct,  coinciding  with  L.  so/us.] 
Rarely  ;  not  often  ;  not  fretiiiently. 

Wisdom  and  youth  are  seldom  Joined  in  one.  Hooker. 
[Seld  was  formerly  used,  but  is  now  obsolete.] 
SEL'DO.M.a.    Rare ;  unfreiKcnt.    [LiUle  used.] 

Milton. 

SEL'DOM-NESS,  71.  Rareness  ;  infreqnency ;  un- 
common ness.  Hooker. 

SELU'-SlloWN,  (-shone,)  a.    [Sax.  sold  and  shomi.] 
Rarely  shown  or  exhibited.    [Aof  in  use.]  Shak. 

SE-LECT',  r.  (.  (L.  selertii.^,  from  scligo  ;  sc,  from, 
and  Irgii,  to  iiick,  cull,  or  gather.] 

To  choose  and  take  from  a  number;  to  take  by 
preference  from  among  othi-rs  ;  to  pick  out ;  to  cull  ; 
as,  to  select  the  be.^t  authors  for  perusal  ;  to  srlrci  the 
most  inleresting  and  vutiious  men  for  associates. 

SE  Lr.C  T',  rt.  ,\iii  ly  chosen  i  taken  from  a  number 
bv  pri'lVrenri' ;  clK.ire  ;  whence,  pret'eralile  ;  more 
valuable  or  excellent  than  others  ;  as,  a  body  of  se- 
lect triu>ps;  a  srlrrt  company  or  society;  11  library 
consi*ling  of  select  authors. 

SE  LKCT'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Chosen  and  taken  by  prefcr- 
ince  (nun  among  a  number;  picketl  ;  culled. 

SE-LEC  T'ED-LV,  adv.    With  cure  and  selection. 

Haywood. 

SE-LECT'ING,  ppr.     Choosing  and  taking  from  a 

nuTiilier;  picking  out  ;  culling. 
SE-LHC'TKI.N,  (  shun,)  11.    [L.  seledio.] 

1.  Till'  act  of  choosing  and  taking  from  among  a 
number;  n  taking  iVom  anolher  by  prel'ereiice. 

2.  A  number  of  things  stdected  or  taken  from  oth- 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQhF,  BQQK. 


1002 


SEL 


SEL 


SEL 


ers  by  preference.    I  liave  a  small  but  valuable  se- 

Icrtttiit  of  hooks. 
SIvLKCT'lVE,  o.    Selecting;  tciuliiig  to  select.  [Un- 

usiiitl.]  ytfmuiif. 
SE-LKGT'MAN,  n.    [.-.fli-ct  and  man.]    In  JVrw  Knir- 

taiutj  a  town  oflic)?r  chosen  aiimially  to  niariaj^e  the 

concerns  of  the  town,  provide  for  the  poor,  &c. 

The  numlier  is  usually  from  three  to  .seven  in  each 

tinvii,  and  these  constitute  a  kind  of  executive  au- 

tliiiritv. 

SE-LKCT'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  select  or  well 
chosen. 

SE-LECT'OR,  n.    [I,.]    One  that  selects  or  chooses 

from  among  a  number. 
SE-LK'NI-.\TE,  n.    A  compound  of  selenic  acid  with 

a  base. 

SE-I.E.V'IG,  a.  Pertaining  to  selenium  ;  ns,  srlenic 
acid,  which  is  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  sele- 
nium anil  three  of  oxygen. 

SKL  E\-1I"ER-0US,  a.  [selenium  and  h.  fcro,  to 
produce.] 

Containing  selenium ;  as,  sclctiifcrous  ores. 

Grnhfim. 

SE-I.K'NI-OUS  AC'in,  n.  An  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  seleniiun  and  two  of  oxygen. 

SEIj'E.V-i  TE,  n.  [Gr.  O' Arjui r^s,  from  irtXi"'},  the 
moon  ;  so  called  from  a  resemblance  in  luster  or  ap- 
pearance to  the  moon.) 

1.  The  variety  of  sulphate  of  lime  or  gypsum,  oc- 
curring in  transparent  crystals,  or  crystalline  masses. 

Daneu 

9.  A  compound  of  selenious  acid  with  a  base. 
SELE  NIT'ie,       la.     Pertaining  to  selenite ;  rc- 
SEL-EM  T'le-AL,  j    senibling  it,  or  partaking  of  its 

nature  and  properties. 
SE-Le'.\I  UiM,  n.  [Supra.]  An  elementary  sub- 
stance, allied  to  sulphur,  having  a  dark-brown  color, 
with  a  brilliant  metallic  luster.  It  passes  into  vapor 
at  (i5l)'  Fahrenheit,  producing  the  odor  of  decaying 
horsera<lish.  Oruham.  Brnmlr. 

SE-LE.\'IU-RET,  )  ,  ,„,  ,.  „,  ,1m.  A  compound 
SE-LE.Vq-RET,  i  C^'^-'''"  i     of  selinium 

with  some  other  element.  Dana. 

2.  .\  mineral,  of  a  shining  lead-gray  color,  with  a 
granular  texture.  It  is  composed  chiefly  of  seleni- 
um, sdver,  and  copper. 

Cteaveland.  Phillips. 
SEI^E-NO-GRAPH'ie,       )  a.    [Infra.]  Uelonging 
SEL-E-NO-GRAPirie-AL,  j     to  selenography. 
SEL-E-NO(;'RA-PlIY,  n.    [Gr.  acXni"!,  the  moon,  and 
yiia4iM,  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  surface  of  the  moon  ;  corre- 
sponding to  geography  in  respect  to  the  earlh. 

Brantlc. 

SELF,  a.  or  ]rron. ;  pi.  Selves  ;  used  chiefly  in  compo- 
sition. [Sax.  je//,  yf///;  Goth.  .9i/fca  ;  Sw.  .s-j>//;  Dan. 
selo ;  G.  selbst ;  D.  ielf.  I  know  not  the  primary 
sense  of  this  word  ;  most  probably  it  is  to  set  or 
unift!,  or  to  separate  from  others.    See  Selvedoe.] 

1.  In  old  authors,  this  word  sometimes  signifies 
particular,  very,  or  same.  ^^And  on  tham  sylfan  gcare  ;  " 
in  that  same  year,  that  very  year.  Sat.  Citron.  A.  D. 
1053,  lOGl. 

Slioot  anolhpr  arrow  lliat  self  way.  Shak. 
On  thcjc  self  hills,  Kal'gh. 
Al  Hull  telf  mornciil  cnlers  P.ihmon.  Dryfien. 

In  tliis  sense,  self  is  an  adjective,  and  is  now  ob- 
solete, except  when  followed  by  same  ;  as,  on  the 
selfsame  day ;  the  self-same  hour ;  the  selfsame 
thing;  .which  is  tautolocy.    Malt.  viii. 

2.  In  present  usatre,  self  is  united  to  certain  per- 
sonal pronouns  and  pronominal  adjectives,  to  ex- 
press emphasis  or  distinction  ;  also  when  the  pro- 
noun is  used  reciprocally.  Thus,  for  emphasis,  \  my- 
self will  write  ;  I  will  examine'for  myself.  Thou 
thyself  Shalt  go ;  thou  shall  see  for  thyself.  You 
yourself  sh.all  write  ;  you  shall  see  for  yourself.  He 
himself  shall  write  ;  he  shall  examine  for  himself.  She 
herself  shall  write ;  she  shall  examine  for  herself. 
The  child  itself  shall  be  carried  ;  it  shall  be  present 
itself. 

Reciprocally,  I  abhor  myself;  thoil  enrichcst  thy- 
lelf:  he  loves  himself;  she  admires  herself;  it  ple.ases 
itself;  we  value  ourselves:  ye  hurry  yuur.\eli>es ;  they 
see  themselves.  I  did  not  hurt  him,  he  hurt  hiinsclf ; 
he  did  not  hurt  me,  I  hurt  myself. 

Except  when  added  to  pronouns  used  reciprocally, 
self  serves  to  give  emphasis  to  the  pronoun,  or  to 
render  the  distinction  expressed  by  it  more  emphat- 
ical.  **  /  myself  will  decide,"  not  <uily  expresses  my 
determination  to  decide,  but  the  determination  that 
no  other  shall  decide. 

Himself,  herself,  themselves,  are  used  in  the  nomi- 
native case,  as  well  as  in  the  objective. 

Jesiu  him^tlf  baptized  DOl,  but  his  dticiplcs.  —  John  ir.  See 
Matt.  xxuL  4. 

3.  Self  is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun,  noting  the 
individual  subject  to  his  own  c  intemplatiim  or  .ac- 
tion, i,r  noting  identity  of  person.  Consciousness 
makes  every  one  to  be  what  he  calls  self. 

A  miwi'i  tetf  may  be  the  worst  fellow  to  converse  with  in  the 
worlJ.  papt. 


4.  It  also  aignifles  personal  interest,  or  love  of  pri- 
vate interest ;  selfishness. 

The  foiniufss  we  have  for  self  —  fiiruialips  another  lontr  mnlt  of 
prejudices.  lla/I*. 

Self  is  much  used  in  composition. 

SELF-A-BAS'*;i),  (-a  biste',)  a.  [se(f  and  abase.] 
Humbled  by  conscious  guilt  or  shame. 

SELF-A-I!.\SE'.ME.\T,H.  Humiliation  or  abasement 
proceeding  from  consciousness  of  inferiority,  guilt, 
or  shame.  jildner. 

SELF-A-HaST.\G,  a.  Humbling  by  the  conscious- 
ness of  guilt  or  by  sliauu;. 

SEI,F-AB-H0R'RENCE,  )i.  The  abhorrence  of  one's 
self. 

SEI.F-An  ilOR'RING,  a.    Abhorring  one's  self. 

SELF-A-liuSE',  H.  [.irlf  ani  abtLse.]  The  abuse  of 
one's  own  person  or  powers.  Shah. 

SELF-AC-eOS'^-'l),  o.  Accused  by  one's  own  con- 
science. 

SELF-Ae  eOS'I.NG,  a.  [.■<elf  smA  accu-ie.]  Accusing 
one's  self ;  as,  a  sctf-areu-iin^r  look.  Sidney. 

SEI.F'-AeT'l.N't;,  a.    Acting  of  or  by  itself. 

Si;i,F'-ACT'l  VE,  a.    Acting  of  itself. 

SKI.F-AC TlV'l-TY,  n.  [self  and  activily.]  Self- 
motii>n,  or  the  power  of  moving  one's  self  witliout 
foreign  aid.  Bentlet/. 

SELF-AD-JUST'I.\G,  a.  Adjusting  by  one's  self  or 
bv  itself. 

SELF-AU-MI-R.\'TIO.\,n.  Admiration  of  one's  self. 

Scolt. 

SELF-AD-MTRTXG,  a.   Admiring  one's  self.  Scott. 

SELF- .AF-FA IRS',  n.  pi.  [self  and  affair.]  One's 
own  private  business.  Sliak. 

SEI.F-AF-FKTGIIT'ED,  (-frite'-,)  o.  [self  and  af- 
friirlit.]    Friehtencd  at  one's  self.  Shak. 

SELF-AG-CUAND'IZE-MENT  or  )  n.  The  aggrand- 

SELF-AG'GKANU  I7,E-.MEi\T,  j  izement  or  ex- 
altation of  one's  self 

SELF-AN-Ni'IH-La-TED,  a.  Annihilated  by  one's 
self. 

SELF-AN-XMII-La'TION,  n.  Annihilation  by  one's 
own  acts. 

SELF-AP-PLAUSE',  (self-ap  plauz',)  ii.  Applause  of 
one's  self. 

SELF-AP-PLV'IiVG,  a.  Applying  to  or  by  one's  self. 
SELF-AP-PROV'ING,  (-proov'ing,) a.  That  approves 

of  one's  own  conduct.  Pope. 
SELF-AS-SOM'£l),  a.   Assumed  by  one's  own  act 

or  without  authority.  ^  Milford. 

SELF-AS-SOR'£D,  (-ash-shurd',)  a.     Assured  by 

one's  self.  E.  Everett. 

SELF-AT-TRAeT'IVE,  a.  Attractive  by  one's  si-\{. 
SELF-1!AN'ISH-£D,  (-ban'isht,)  a.   [sc(/'and  banish.] 

Exiled  voltintarilv. 
SELF-BE-GOT'TiKN,  a.    [self  and  beget.]  Begotten 

by  one's  powers. 
SELF-HE-GUI L'KD,  a.    Deceived  by  one's  self. 
SELF'-BOR.\,  a.    [self  and  born.]    born  or  produced 

by  (tne's  self. 

SELF-CEN'TER-ED,  )  a.  [self  and  center.]  Cen- 
SELF-CEN'TK/CD,     (     tcred  in  itself. 

The  earth  sel/'Centered  and  unmoved.  Dryden. 

SELF-CEX'TER-I.NG, 
SELF-CE.N'TRIXG, 
SELF-CHAR'I-TY,  n.  '[self  and  charity.]    Love  of 

one's  self.  Shak. 
SELF-eOM-MO'NI-eA-TIVE,  a.    [self  and  conimu- 

nicative.] 

Imparted  or  communicated  by  its  own  powers. 

J^orris. 

SELF-eO.N-CKiT',  (-kon-seet',)  n.  [self  and  con- 
ceit.]   A  high  opinion  of  one's  self ;  vanity. 

SELF-eO.N-Ui;lT'El),  a.  Vain  ;  having  a  high  or 
overweening  opinion  of  one's  own  person  or  merits. 

V  Estrange. 

SELF-eON-Cf.IT'ED-NESS,  n.  Vanity  ;  an  over- 
weening opinion  of  one's  own  person  or  accomplish- 
ments. Locke. 

SELF-eON-DEM-NA'TIO.\,  n.  Condemnation  by 
one's  own  ctmscience. 

SELF-eON-DE.M'M.N'G,  a.    Condemning  one's  self. 

SELF-eON'Fl-DENCE,  71.  [self  anA  confidence.]  Con- 
fidence in  one's  own  judgment  or  ability  ;  reliance 
on  one's  own  opinion  or  powers,  without  other  aid. 

SELF-eON'FI-DE.NT,  a.  Confident  of  one's  own 
.strength  or  powers;  relying  on  the  correctness  of 
one's  own  judgment,  or  the  competence  of  one's 
own  powers,  without  other  aid. 

SELF-eO.N"Fl-nENT-LV,o</p.  With  self-confidence. 

SELF-eO.N-FID'LNG,  a.  Confiding  in  one's  own 
judgment  or  powers,  without  the  aid  of  others. 

Pope. 

SELF-€0\"SCIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [self  ani  conscious.] 
Conscious  in  one's  self.  Dryden. 

SELF-eO.\'SCIOUS-.NESS,  n.  Consciousness  within 
one's  self.  Locke. 

SELF-CO.N'-SID'ER-ING,  a.  [self  and  consider.] 
Considering  in  one's  own  mind  ;  deliberating. 

Pope. 

SELF-€ON'.SfTM'KD,  a.    Consumed  bv  one's  self. 
SELF-CO.N'-SC'.M'l.VG,  a.    [se(f  and  consume.]  That 

consumes  itself.  Pope. 
SELF-eO.N-TRA-Die'TION,  ru    [self  and  co<Uradic- 


Ccntering  in  one's  self. 


tiffii.]  The  act  of  contradicting  itself ;  repugnancy 
in  terms.  To  be  and  not  to  he  at  the  same  lime,  is 
a  self-contradiction  ;  a  proposition  consisting  of  two 
members,  one  of  which  contradicts  the  other. 

SELF-eoN-TRA  DICT'O-RY,  a.  Contra.l.eting  it- 
self. Spectator. 

SELF-eON-VICT'ED,  o.  [self  ond  convict.]  Con- 
victed by  one's  own  consciousness,  knowledge,  or 
avowal. 

SELF-et).\-Vie'TION,  71.  Conviction  proceeding 
from  one'n  own  consciousness,  knowledge,  or  c<m- 
fession.  Sivifl. 

SELF-CRE-ST'ED,  a.  Created  by  one's  self;  not 
formed  or  constituted  by  another.  Mitnrr. 

SELF-DE-CKIT',  {-sect',)  Ti.  [self  and  deceit.]  De- 
ception respecting  one's  self,  or  that  orig:nates  from 
one's  own  mistake  ;  self-deception.  Spectator. 

SELF-DE-CKlV'fJl),  a.  [self  and  deeeive.]  De- 
ceived of  misled  respecting  one's  self  by  one's  own 
mistake  or  error. 

SELF-l)E-Ci-.t  V'ING,  a.    Deceiving  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-CEP'TI(J,\,  n.  [Supra.]  Deception  con- 
cerning one's  self,  proceeding  from  one's  own  mis- 
take. 

SELF-DE-FE.VSE'.  (self-de-fens',)  n.  [self  and  de- 
fense.]    The  act  of  defending  one's  own  perstm, 

property,  or  reputation.    .\  man  may  be  justifiable  in 

killing  anollier  in  self-defense. 
SELF-I)E-F1;NS'I VE,  a.    Tending  to  defend  one's 

self. 

SELF-DE-LC"SION,  (-zhun,)  n.  [sc// and  i/f/«.«ion.] 
The  delusion  of  one's  self,  or  respecting  one's  self. 

South. 

SELF-DE-NI'AL,  n.  \ self  m\i  denial]  The  denial 
of  one's  self;  the  forbearing  to  gratify  one's  own 
appetites  or  desires.  South. 

SELF-DE-N?'I.\G,  a.  Denying  one's  self;  forbear- 
ing to  indulge  one's  own  appetites  or  desires. 

SELF-DE-i\V'L\G-LY,  adv.  In  a  self-denying  man- 
ner. 

SELF-DE-PEND'ENT,  )  a.    Depending  on  one's  self. 
SELF-DE-PE.\D'ING,  j  ScoU. 
SELF-DER  E-LIC'TION,  n.    Desertion  of  one's  self. 
SELF-DE-STROY'/:i),  a.    Destroyed  bv  one's  self. 
SELF-DE-STROY'ER,  n.     One  who  destroys  him- 
self. 

SELF-DE-STROY'ING,  a.    Destroying  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-STRUe'TION,  ji.  [sc(f'  and  destruction.] 
The  destruction  of  one's  self;  voluntary  destruc- 
tion. 

SELF-DE  STRUC'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-TER.M-IN-A'TION,  n.  [self  and  determ- 
ination.] Determination  by  one's  own  mind  ;  or  de- 
termination by  its  own  powers,  without  extraneous 
impulse  or  influence. 

SELF-DE-TER.\I'IN-ING,  a.  Determining  by  or  of 
itself;  determining  or  deciding  without  extraneous 
power  or  influence  ;  as,  the  self-determining  power  of 
the  will. 

SELF-DE-VIS'£D,  a.    Devised  by  one's  self. 

Baxter. 

SELF-DE-VoT'ED,  a.  [self  and  devote.]  Devoted 
in  person,  or  voluntarily  devoted  in  person. 

SELF-DE-VoTE'ME.\T,  n.  The  devoting  of  one's 
person  and  services  voluntarily  to  any  dilficult  or 
liazardous  employment.        Memoirs  of  Buchanan. 

SELF-DE-VoT'ING,  a.   Devoting  one's  self. 

E.  Everett. 

SELF-DE-VOUR'I\G,  a.  [self  and  devour.]  De- 
vouring one's  self  or  itself.  Denham. 

SELF-DIF-FO'SIVE,  a.  [.«(/•  and  diffusive.)  Hav- 
ing power  to  ditfuse  itself;  that  dilTuses  it.self. 

JVorris. 

SELF-DOOM'/TD,  a.    Doomed  by  one's  self.  More. 
SELF-DIIB'BKI),  a.    Dubbed  by  one's  self.  Irvine. 
SELF-ED'^-Ca-TED,  a.    Educated  by  one's  own 
eflijrts. 

SELF-E-LECT'ED,  a.    Elected  by  himself. 
SELF-E-LE€T'IVE,  n.  Having  the  right  to  elect  one's 
self,  or,  as  a  body,  of  electing  its  own  members. 

Jefferson. 

SELF-E\JOV'.\IE.\T,  n.  [self  ani  enjoymenL]  In- 
ternal s.'ilisfartioii  ttr  pleasure. 

SELF-ES-TEE.M',  n.  [self  dind  tsUem.]  The  esteem 
oi  good  opinion  of  one's  self.  Milton. 

SELF-ES-TI-.M.a'TIO.\,  n.  The  esteem  or  good 
opinion  of  one's  self,  Milncr. 

SELF-EV'I-I)E\CE,  n.  [self  and  evidence.]  Evi- 
dence or  certainty  resulting  from  a  proposilicm  %viili- 
out  proof ;  evidence  tliat  ideas  offer  to  the  mind  u|M)n 
bare  statement.  Locke. 

SELF-EV'I  DE.VT,  a.  Evident  without  proof  or  rea- 
soning; that  produces  certainty  or  clear  convictii>n 
upon  a  bare  presentation  to  the  mind  ;  as,  a  self-evi- 
dent proposition  or  truth.  That  two  and  three  make 
five,  IS  self-ertdent. 

SELF-EV'I-UE.\T-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  self-evi- 
dence. 

SELF-EX-ALT-A'TIO.N,  (-egz-,)n.  The  exalt.ition  of 
oni^'s  self.  Scott. 

SELF-EX-ALT'I\G,  (-egz-,)  a.    Exalting  one's  self. 

SELF-EX-A.M-I.\'-A'T10.\,  (-egz-,)  n.  [self  and  ex- 
amination.]   An  ex.aniination  or  scrtitiny  into  one's 


TCNE,  BSJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1003 


L 


SEL 

own  state,  conduct,  and  motives,  particularly  in  re- 
gard to  religious  atl'ections  and  duties.  SoiM. 

SE]jK^X-€C'S1XG,  a.    Excusing  one's  self.  Scutt. 

SELF-E.\-If^T'E.\CE,  n.  [self  and  ciisteiice.]  In- 
herent existence ;  the  existence  pussessed  by  virtue 
of  a  being's  own  nature,  and  independent  of  any 
other  being  or  cause  j  an  attribute  peculiar  to  God. 

Btackmure* 

SELE-EX-IST'ENT,  (-egz-,)  a.  Existing  by  its  own 
nature  or  essence,  independent  of  any  other  cause. 
God  is  the  only  scfj-eiistent  being. 

SELF-EX-ULT'ING,  (-egz-,)  a.  Exulting  in  one's  self. 

Baj:Ur, 

PELF'-FED,  a.    Fed  by  one's  self. 

SELF-FLAT'TER-ING,  a.  [self  and  flatter.]  Flat- 
tering one's  self. 

PELF-FLAT'TER-Y,  n.    Flattery  of  one's  self. 

SELF-GLo'Rl-OUS,  a.  [self  and  glorious.]  Spring- 
ing from  vain-glory  or  vanity  ;  vain  ;  boastful. 

Drydeti. 

SELF-GOV'ERN-£D,  (-guv'ernd,)  a.  Governed  by 
one's  self.  Coleridge. 

SELF-GOV'ERN-MENT,  n.  The  government  of 
one's  self. 

SELF-GRAT-IJ-La'TION,  71.    Gratulation  of  one's 

self.  -E.  Eoerett. 

SELF-HXRM'ING,  a.    [self  and  harm.]    Injuring  or 

hurting  one's  self  or  itself.  Sharp. 
SELF'-HEAL,  n.    [self  and  heal]    A  plant  of  the 

genus  Prunella,  and  another  of  the  genus  Sanicula. 

Farn  of  Plants. 
SELF-HkAL'ING,  a.    Having  the  power  or  property 

of  healing  itself.    The  self-healing  power  of  living 

animals  and  vegetables  is  a  property  as  wonderful 

as  it  is  indicative  of  divine  goodness. 
SELF-HOM'I-ClDE,  n.     [self  and  homicide.]  The 

killing  one's  self ;  suicide.  HakeiciU. 
SELF-I'DOL-lZ-£D,  a.    Idolized  by  one's  self. 

Cowjicr, 

SELF-IG'NO-RANCE,  n.    Ignorance  of  one's  own 

character.  Ch.  Spectator. 

SELF-IG'iNO-RANT,  a.    Ignorant  of  one's  sell". 
SELF-IM'MO-La-TING,  a.    Immolating  one's  self. 

Frascr, 

SELF-IM-PaRT'ING,  a.  [self  and  impart.]  Impart- 
ing by  its  own  powers  and  will.  J\rorris. 

SELF-IM-PO.S'TURE,  n.  [.<f//and  imposture]  Im- 
posture praclircd  on  one's  self.  South. 

SELF-LN-FLICT'ED,  a.    Indicted  by  one's  self. 

SELF-IX-SUF-FI"CIEN-CY,  (-fish'en-se,)  n.  Insuf- 
ficiency of  one's  self. 

SELF-IN'TER-EST,  n.  [self  and  interest.]  Private 
interest;  the  interest  or  advantage  of  one's  self. 

SELF-Ii\'TER-EST-ED,  a.  Having  self-interest; 
particularly  concerned  for  one's  self. 

PEI,F-I.\-VIT'EI),  a.    Invited  by  one's  self. 

SEEF-JI.'DG'ING,  a.    Judging  one's  self. 

SELF-JUST'I-FI-ER,  )i.  One  who  excuses  or  justi- 
fies himself.  J.  M.  Mason. 

SELF-KIN'DLKD,  a.  [sc// and  kindled.]  Kindled  of 
itself,  or  without  extraneous  aid  or  power. 

Dryden. 

SELF-KNoW'ING,  a.  [self  smi  know.]  Knowing  of 
itself,  or  without  communication  from  another. 

SELF-KNOVVL'EDGE,  n.  The  knowledge  of  one's 
own  real  character,  abilities,  worth,  or  demerit. 

PELF'-LoA'f  U-ING,  a.    Loathing  one's  self. 

SELF-LOVE',  (-luv',)  n.  [self  and  love.]  The  love 
of  one's  own  person  or  happiness. 

Sttf-love,  the  spring  of  nn>Lion,  acls  the  soul.  Pope. 

SELF-LOVING,  a.    Loving  one's  self.  Walton. 

SELF-Lu'MIN-OUS,  a.  Possessing  in  itself  the 
property  of  emitting  light.  Brewster. 

SELF'-MaUE,  0.    JMade  by  one's  self. 

HELF'.MET-jJL,  n.  [self  ani  metal.]  The  same  metal. 

SELF-.Mo'TIO.V,  Til  [self  anA  motion.]  Motion  given 
by  inherent  powers,  without  external  impulse  ;  spon- 
taneous motion. 

Matter  is  not  cmlucd  with  eelf-motion.  Cbeyne, 

SELF-MOVED,  (  moovd',)  a.  Moved  by  inherent 
power  without  the  aid  of  external  impulse.  Pupe. 

SELF-MOVING,  a.  Moving  or  exciting  to  action  by 
inherent  power,  without  the  impulse  of  another  body 
or  extraneous  influence.  Pope. 

SELF-MUR'DEK,  n.  [.w// and  murder.]  The  mur- 
der of  one's  self;  suicide. 

BELI'-MUR'UER  ER,  n.  One  who  voluntarily  de- 
stroys his  own  life. 

SELF-NEG-LECT'ING,  n  [tclf  and  neglect.]  A 
neglecting  of  one's  sell. 

S':lf.lov«;  U  Dot  so  ^eoi  a      ai  gcl/'TtegUcting.  Shak. 

SELF-O-PIN'ION,  (-o-pin'yun,)  n.  [.«f//nnd  opinion.] 
One's  own  opinion.  Collier.  Prior, 

HF.LF-0-l'IN'ION-/','IJ,a.  Valuing  one's  own  opinion 
liiglilv. 

SELF-PAR-TIAL'I-TV,  71.  [self  nnd  partiality.]  That 
partiality  by  which  n  man  overrates  his  own  worth 
when  compared  with  others.  Karnes. 

HELF-PLP;A«'INGj  7i.  [self  and  phine.]  Pleasing 
one's  Keif ;  grutifying  one's  own  wl»hc».  Bacon. 

SELF-P'JS-HE.S'sioN,  7i.  The  poHsesaion  of  one's 
liowcrs  ;  caJmnesH  ;  suir-command. 


SEL 

SELF-PRaISE',  (-prize',)  n.  [self  and  pral-<e.]  The 
praise  of  one's  self;  self-applause.  Broome. 

SELF-PREF'ER-ENCE,  «.  [self  ani  preference.]  The 
preference  of  cme's  self  to  others. 

SELF-PRES-ER-Va'TION,  ji.  [selfani  preservation.] 
The  preservation  of  one's  self  from  destruction  or 
injury.  Milton.  ' 

SELF-PRE  SERVING,  a.   Preserving  one's  self. 

SELF-PROP'A-Ga-TING,  a.  Propagating  by  itself 
or  himself.  E.  Ererctt. 

SELF-REG'I.S-TER-ING,  a.  That  registers  itself,  as 
a  thermometer  which  marks  tlie  extreme  points  of 
its  range  within  a  given  time.  Francis. 

SELF-REG'1|-La-TED,  a.    Regulated  by  one's  self. 

SELF-RE-LI' ANCE,  71.  Reliance  on  one's  own 
powers. 

SELF-RE-L-?'ING,  a.    Depending  on  one's  self. 
SELF-RE-PEL'LEN-CY,  n.  [self  and  repellency.]  The 

inherent  power  of  repulsion  in  a  body.  Black. 
SELF-RE-PEL'LING,  a.    [self  and  repel]  Repelling 

by  its  own  inherent  jiower. 
SELF-RE-PRoACH'J';D,  (-re-piochf,)  a.  Reproached 

by  one's  own  conscience. 
SELF-RE-PKoACH'ING,  o.    Reproaching  one's  self. 
SELF-RE-PUoACH'ING-LY,  adv.    By  reproaching 

one's  self. 

SELF-RE-PR0V£D,  a.  [self  and  reprove.]  Re- 
proved by  consciousness  or  one's  own  sense  of  guilt. 

SELF-RE-PROVING,  a.  Reproving  by  conscious- 
ness. 

SELF-RE-PROV'ING,  71.  The  act  of  reproving  by  a 
conscious  sense  of  guilt.  Shak. 

SELF-RE-PULS'IVE,  a.    Repulsive  by  one's  self. 

SELF-RE-STRaIN'£D,  a.  [self  and  restrain.]  Re- 
strained by  itself,  or  by  one's  own  power  or  will ; 
not  controlled  by  external  force  or  authority. 

Dryden. 

SELF-RE-STRaIN'ING,  a.  Restraining  or  controll- 
ing itself. 

SELF-RE-STRaINT',  71.    A  restraint  over  one's  self. 
SELF-RlGHT'EOUS,  a.    Righteous  in  one's  own 
esteem. 

SELF-RlGHT'EOUS-NESS,  71.    Reliance  on  one's 

own  richteousness. 
SELF-Ru'IN-ED,  a.    Ruined  by  one's  own  conduct. 
SELF-SAC'RI-FIC-ING,  (-sak're-fiz-,)  a.  Yielding 

up  one's  own  interest,  feelings,  &c. ;  sacrificing 

one's  self.  Ckanning. 
SELF'-SaME,  a.    [.5f//and  .'same.]    Numerically  the 

same  ;  the  verj'  same  ;  identical.  Scripture. 
SELF-SAT'IS-FI-£D,  a.    Satisfied  with  one's  self. 

Irving. 

SELF-S.\T'IS-F?-ING,  a.  Giving  satisfaction  to 
one's  self. 

SELF'-SEEK-ER,  71.  One  who  seeks  only  his  own 
interest. 

SELF'-SEEK-ING,  a.  [self  and  seek.]  Seeking  one's 
own  interest  or  happiness  ;  selfish.  Arbathnot. 

SELF-SLAUGH'TER,  (self-slaw'ter,)  71.  [self  and 
.ilanirhter.]    The  slaughter  of  one's  self.  Shak. 

SELF-SOUND'ING,  a.    Sounding  by  one's  self. 

SELF-SPUR'RING,  a.    Inciting  one's  self. 

SELF-SUB-Du'£D,  a.  [self  and  subdue.}  Subdued 
by  one's  own  power  or  means.  Shak. 

SELF-SUB-VERS'IVE,  a.  Overturning  or  subvert- 
ing itself.  J.  P.  Smith. 

SELF-SUF-FI"CIEN-CY,  (-suf-fish'en-se,)  71.  [self 
and  sufficiency.]  An  overweening  opinion  of  one's 
own  strength  or  worth ;  excessive  confidence  in 
one's  own  competence  or  sufficiency.  Dryden. 

SELF-SUF-FI"CIENT,  (-fish'ent,)  a.  Having  full 
confidence  in  one's  own  strength,  abilities,  or  en- 
dowments ;  whence,  haughty;  overbearing.  Walts. 

SELF-SUS-PEND'ED,  a.  Suspended  by  one's  self; 
balanced.  Southey. 

SELF-SUS-PI"CIOUS,  (-sus-pish'us,)  a.  Suspicious 
of  one's  self.  Baxter. 

SELF-SUS-TaIN'£D,  a.   Sustained  by  one's  self. 

SELF'-TAUGIIT,  a.    Taught  by  one's  self. 

E.  Everett. 

SELF-TOR-MENT'ING,  a.  [self  and  torment.]  Tor- 
menting one's  self;  as,  self-tormenting  sin. 

Crashaw. 

SELF-TOR-MENT'OR,  7t.  One  who  torments  him- 
self. 

SELF-TOR'TtJR-ING,  a.   Torturing  one's  self. 
SELF-TUOUR'LING,    (-trub'bling,)  a.  Troubling 
one's  self. 

SELF-lIP  liRAID'ING,  a.    Reproaching  one's  self. 
SELF-VAL'li-ING,  a.   Esteeming  one's  self. 

Parnell 

SELF-VI'O-LENCE,  71.    Violence  to  one's  self. 
SELF-WILL',  71.    [sc{f  and  will]    One's  own  will ; 
obstinacy. 

SELF-WILL'CT),  n.    Governed  by  one's  own  will; 

not  yielding  to  the  will  or  wisht^s  of  others;  not  ac- 

commodaling  or  compliant  ;  obstinate. 
SELF-VVOIl'SlllP,  n.    The  idolizing  of  one's  self. 
.«ELF-WOK'Sllll'-Ell,  71.    One  who  idolizes  himself. 
SELF-VVOR'SIIIP-ING,  a.    Worshiping  one's  self. 

Coleridge. 

SELF-WRO.\G',  (rti'lfrong',)  71.    [self  and  wrong.] 

Wrong  rloiK!  by  a  person  to  himself.  Shak. 
SELF'ISII,  a.    Rc^gardiiiR  one's  own  interest  cliielly 


SEM 

or  solely  ;  influenced  in  actions  by  a  view  to  private 
advantage.  Spectator. 

SELF'ISH-LY,  adv.  In  a  selfish  manner ;  with  regard 
to  private  interest  only  or  chiefly.  Pupe. 

SELF'ISH-NESS,  71.  The  exclusive  regard  of  a  per- 
son to  his  own  interest  or  happiness ;  or  that  s.ipreiiie 
self-love  or  self-preference  wliich  leads  a  person,  in 
his  actions,  to  direct  his  purposes  to  the  advaiicemenl 
of  his  own  interest,  power,  or  happiness,  without 
regarding  the  interest  of  others.  Selfishness,  in  its 
worst  or  unqualified  sense,  is  the  very  essence  of 
human  depravity,  and  stands  in  direct  opposition  to 
Benevolence,  which  is  the  essence  of  the  divine 
character.  As  God  is  love,  so  man,  in  his  natural 
state,  is  selfishness. 

iSelJishjitss  —  a  vice  utterly  at  variance  with  the  happiness  of  him 
whu  harbors  it,  and,  as  such,  condemned  by  self  love, 

A/oe^inlosA. 

SELF'LESS,  a.  Having  no  regard  to  self.  Coleridge. 
SELF'NESS,  71.    Self-love  ;  selfishness.    [JVo«  in  use] 

Sidney. 

SEL'ION,  (sel'yun,)  71.  A  ridge  of  land.  [Local] 
SELL,  for  Self  ;  and  SELLS,  for  Selves.  [Scot/] 
SELL,  71.    [Fr.  spZ/e  ;  L.  sc/;a.]  [B.  Jonson. 

A  saddle,  and  a  throne.  [  Obs.]  Spenser. 
SELL,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Sold.  [Sax.  srlan,  scllan, 
sylan,  or  syllan,  to  give,  grant,  yield,  assign,  or  sell  ; 
syllan  to  bote,  to  give  in  compensation,  to  give  to  boot ; 
Pw.  sdlia ;  Ice.  sella ;  Dan.  siclger ;  Basque,  saldu. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  deliver,  send,  or  transfer,  or 
to  put  otf.  The  sense  n^sell,  as  we  now  understand 
the  word,  is  wholly  derivative ;  as  we  see  by  the 
Saxon  phrases  syllan  to  agenne,  to  give  for  one's  own  ; 
s-ylla7i  to  giifc,  to  bestow  for  a  gilt ;  to  bestow  or  con- 
fer gratis.] 

1.  To  transfer  property  or  the  exclusive  right  of 
possession  to  another,  for  an  equivalent  in  money. 
It  is  correlative  to  Buy,  as  one  party  buys  what  the 
other  sells.  It  is  distinguished  from  Exchange  or 
Barter,  in  which  one  commodity  is  given  for  an- 
other ;  whereas  in  selling  the  consideration  is  money, 
or  its  representative  in  current  notes.  To  this  dis 
tinction  there  may  be  exceptions.  "  Esau  sold  his 
birthright  to  Jacob  for  a  mess  of  pottage."  But  this 
is  unusual.  Let  us  sell  Joseph  to  the  Ishmaelites  ; 
and  they  sold  him  for  twenty  pieces  of  silver."  Oen. 
xxxvii.  Among  the  Hebrews,  parents  had  power  to 
sell  their  children. 

2.  To  betray ;  to  deliver  or  surrender  for  money  or 
a  reward  ;  as,  to  sell  one's  country. 

3.  To  yield  or  give  for  a  consideration.  The  troops 
fought  like  lions,  and  sedd  their  lives  dearly  ;  that  is, 
they  yielded  their  lives,  but  first  destroyed  many, 
which  made  it  a  dear  purchase  for  their  enemies 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  give  up  to  be  harassed  and  made 
slaves.  • 

„    He  sold  them  into  the  hands  of  their  enemies.  —  Judges  ii. 

5.  To  part  with  ;  to  renounce  or  forsake. 

Buj  the  truth  and  sell  it  not.  —  Prov.  xxui. 

To  sell  one's  self  to  do  evil ;  to  give  up  one's  self  to 
be  the  slave  of  sin,  and  to  work  wickedness  without 
restraint.    1  Kings  xxi.    2  Kings  vii. 

SELL,  t'.  i.   To  have  commerce  ;  to  practice  selling. 
2.  To  be  sold.    Corn  sells  at  a  good  price.  [Sliak. 

SEL'LEN-DER,  j  71.  A  skin  disease  in  a  horse's  hough 

SEL'LAN-DER,  \  or  pastern,  owing  to  a  want  of 
cleanliness.  Gardner. 

SELL'ER,  71.   The  person  that  sells  ;  a  vender. 

SELL'ING,  ppr.    Transferring  the  property  of  a  thing 
for  a  price  or  equivalent  in  money. 
2.  Betraying  for  money. 

SELT'ZER  WA'TER,  71.  A  mineral  water,  from 
Seltzer,  in  Gerin.any,  containing  much  free  carbonic 
acid.  Brande. 

SEL'VA6E,  71.    The  same  as  Selvedge. 

SEL-VA-GEE',  71.  A  kind  of  skein  of  rope-yarns, 
wound  roumi  with  yarns  or  marline,  used  for  stop- 
pers, straps,  &c.  Tottcn. 

SELVEDGE,  71.  [D.  iclf-kant,  self-border;  G.  salil- 
leistc,  hall-list.  1  he  first  syllable  appears  to  be  self, 
and  the  last  is  edge.] 

The  edge  of  cloth,  where  it  is  closed  by  complicat- 
ing the  threads  ;  a  woven  border,  or  border  of  close 
work.    Eiod.  xxvii. 

SELVEDG-i^D,  a.    Having  a  selvedge. 

SELVES,  ]il.  of  Self. 

SEM'A-PIIORE,  71.  [Gr.  <77)/ia,  a  sign,  and  faficu,  to 
bear.] 

A  telegraph. 

SEM-A-PIH)R'ie,  a.  Telegraphic. 

SEM-A-PHOR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  a  tele- 
graph. 

SEiM'IILA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Like  ;  similar ;  resembling. 

[JVef,  ill  u.vf.l  Shak. 
SEM'IILA-BLY,  adv.    In  like  manner.    [JV(i(  in  use.] 
SEM'BLANCE,  71.    [Fr.  id.  ;  It.  sembiatizai  Sp.  scmeja 

and  semejan:a  ;  from  (be  root  of  similar.] 

1.  Likeness;  reseniblanre  ;  nclual  similitude;  as, 
the  semblance  of  worth  ;  semblnnee  of  virtue. 

Tlie  nemltlanccn  ami  iniitatii-iiB  of  hliclls.  Uoot/uxirei. 

2.  Appearance ;  show  ;  figure  ;  form. 

Tiieir  eemblanre  Idiifl,  and  mild  their  matures  wore.  Fcurfax, 


FATE,  FAR,  I'ALLi  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

1004  ~~ 


SEM 


SEM 


SEM 


SEM'BLANT,  n.    Sliow  ;  figure  ;  rcsemblanro.  [JVut 

in  u.^f.]  SpctLscr. 
SEM'BLANT,  o.    Like  ;  resembling.    [JVo£  in  u.<c] 

Prtor. 

SEM'IiLA-TIVE,  a.  Resembling ;  fit ;  suitable  ;  ac- 
cording tu. 

Ahd  all  w  eembinlipt  a  wonmii'a  port.    [iVol  in  use.]  SltaJc. 

SEM'liliE,  (seni'bl,)  v.  t.    [Ft.  scmblcr.] 

Tq  imitate ;  to  represent  or  to  inalse  similar. 

Whore  tetiMing  !irt  may  cirve  Uie  ftur  cfTt-cL    [.Vol  in  ugt.] 

Prior, 

SE-SlEI-OT'ie,  n.    [Gr.  atinctuv,  a  sign.] 

Relating  to  the  signs  or  symptoms  of  diseases.  [See 

Semiotic]  Branite. 
SE'.MKY,  n.    [h.]    Seed,  particularly  of  animals. 
SE-MES'TER,  n.    [L.  «cm&>(rw,  sci,  six,  and  mensis, 

month.] 

A  period  or  term  of  si.^  months.    Ger.  Universities. 
SEM'I,  [L.  semi,  Gr.  i/'c,]  in  composition,  signifies 
half. 

SE.M'I-A-CID'I-FI-J^D,  a.  orpp.  Half  acidified.  [See 

.AciDIKY.] 

SE.M'I-AM-PLEX'I-CAUL,  a.  [L.  sani,  amplczu.'!,  or 
amphclor,  to  embrace,  and  caulis,  stem.] 

Partially  aniplexicanl.    In  botany,  embracing  the 
stem  half  around,  as  a  leaf.  .Marlijn. 

SE.M'1-AN'NU-.\L,  (-an'yu-al,)  a.  [semi  and  annual.] 
Half  y.  arly. 

SE.M'I-A.\'N'IT-AL-LY,  ade.    Every  half  year. 
SE\l'I-Ai\'NU-L.\R,  a.  [L.  semi  and  annulus,  a  ring.] 
Having  the  figure  of  a  half  circle;  that  is,  half  round. 

Orcut. 

SEM'I-AP'ER-TIIRE,  n.  [semi  and  aperture.]  The 
half  of  an  aperture. 

SEM'l-.A'RI-.A\,  n.  [See  AniA>.]  In  ecclesiastical 
histury,  the  Semi-.^riuns  were  a  branch  of  the  .'Vrians, 
who  in  appearance  condemned  the  errors  of  Arius, 
but  acquiesced  in  some  of  his  principles,  disguising 
them  under  more  moderate  terms.  They  did  not  ac- 
knowledge the  Son  to  be  consubstanlial  with  the 
Father,  that  is,  of  the  same  substance,  but  admitted 
him  to  be  of  a  like  substance  with  the  Father,  not 
by  nature,  but  by  a  peculiar  privilege.  Encyc. 

SE.M'I-A'RI-.'\.V,  a.    Pertaining  to  Senii-Arianisn'i. 

SE.M'I-.A'RI-AN-IS.M,  n.  Tlie  doctrines  or  tenets  of 
the  Semi-Arians.  Etuyc. 

SE.M'I-1!.\.R-B.^'RI-AN,  a.  [semi  and  barbarian.]  Half 
savage  ;  partially  civdized.  Milfiml. 

SE.M'I-lillE VE,  n.  [»cmi  and  breve;  formerly  written 
Semirref.]  In  music,  a  note  of  half  the  duration  or 
time  of  the  breve,  a  note  now  rarely  used.  The  seni- 
ibreve  is  the  longest  note  now  in  general  use,  and 
the  measure-note  by  which  all  others  are  regulated. 
It  ctintains  the  time  of  two  minims,  four  crotchets, 
eight  ipiavers,  sixteen  semiquavers,  or  thirty-two 
demisemiquavers.  . 

SE.M'I-eAL-CI.N'Kb  or  SEM'UeAL'CIN-ED,  a. 
[semi  and  calcine.]  Half  calcined  ;  as,  semi-calcined 
ircui.  Kirwan. 

SE.M'I-GAS'TRATE,  r.  L  To  deprive  of  one  testi- 
cle. 

SE.M'I-CAS-TRa'TION,  n.     Half  castration  ;  depri- 

vati(m  of  one  testicle.  Brown. 
SE.M'l-€H.V-OT'ie,  a.    Partially  chaotic. 

fritchcock. 

SEM'I-CHo'RUS,  n.  A  short  chorus  performed  by  a 
few  sinac'rs. 

SEM'I-eilRIS'TIAX-IZ-ED,  o.    Half  Christianized. 

SEM'l-CIR-eLE,  (-snr-kl,)  n.  [serai  and  circif.]  The 
half  of  a  circle  ;  the  part  of  a  circle  comprehended 
between  its  diameter  and  half  of  its  circumference. 

Hutton. 

2.  Any  bodv  in  the  form  of  a  half  circle. 
SEM'I-eia-t  LEU,  (-sur-kld,)  j  a.  Having  the  form  of 
SE.\M-CIR'eU-LAR,  (    a  half  circle. 

[SE.MiriBci'L*R  is  generally  used.]  [Mdison, 
SE.M'I-CIR-eUM'FER-EXCE,  n.    Half  llie  circum- 
ference. 

SEM'I  €0-LON,  n.  [semi  and  colon.]  In  grammar 
and  punctuation,  the  point  [  ;  ]  the  mark  of  a  pause 
to  be  observed  in  rending  or  speaking,  of  less  dura- 
tion than  the  colon,  double  the  duration  of  the  com- 
ma, or  half  the  duration  of  the  period.  It  is  used  to 
distinguish  the  conjunct  members  of  a  sentence. 

Encyc. 

SEM'I-COL-U.MN,  (kol-Ium,)  n.    A  half  column. 

SE.M'I-eO-LU.M'i\AR,  a.  [semi  and  columnar.]  Like 
a  h.ilf  column  ;  flat  on  one  side  and  round  on  the 
other;  a  term  of  botany,  applied  to  a  stem,  leaf,  or  peti- 
ole. Martyn. 

SEM'I-eOM-PACT',  a.  hemi  and  compact.]  Half 
compact ;  imperfectly  indurated.  Kirwan. 

SEM'I-eiiUS-  rA'CEUlJS,  (-shus,)a.  [semi  and  crus- 
taeeuus.]    Half  cru^^laceous.  JiTat.  Hist. 

SE.M'I-ekYS'TAL-LLVE,  a.  Imperfectly  co'stal- 
lized.  Hitchcock. 

SE.M'I-eO'nie-.\L,  a.  The  semi-eubical  parabola,  in 
geometry,  is  a  curve  of  such  a  nature  that  the  cubes 
of  the  ordinates  are  proportional  to  the  squares  of 
the  abscissas.  Hutton. 

SEM-I-eC'PI-UM,  n.    [Gr.  .Vft^aXio. .] 

A  half  bath,  or  one  lliat  covers  onlv  the  lower  ex- 
tremities  and  hips. 


SE.M'I-LJYL-IN'Dllie,        (  o.    [.lemi  and  cylindric] 

SEM'l-CYL-l.\'l)Kie-AL,  !     Half  c)  lindrical.  Lee. 

SE.\ri-l)I-:-IST'I€-.\L,  a.  Half  dcistical ;  bordering 
on  dei.im.  J\tUlrr. 

SEM'I-1>I  A.M'E-TER,  71.  [semi  ani\  diamrtrr.]  Half 
the  di.iiiietcr  ;  a  right  line,  or  the  length  of  a  right 
line,  drawn  from  the  center  of  a  circle,  sphere,  or 
other  curved  figure,  to  its  circumference  or  periphery  ; 
a  radius.  Encyc. 

SE.M'I-UI-A-PA'SON,  n.  [semi  and  dinpa.-ion.]  In 
■musie,  an  imperfect  octave,  or  an  octave  diminished 
by  a  lesser  semitone.  Hutlan. 

SE.M'I-UI-A-PEM'TE,  n.  In  music,  an  imperfect  fifUi. 

Busby. 

SEM'I-DI-APII-A-Nic'I-TY,  n.    [See  Semi-diaihv- 
Noi's.]     ILilf  or  imperfect  transparency.  [LMle 
usuiL]  Boyle. 
[Instead  of  this,  Tbansluceiicy  is  now  used.] 
SE.^I'l-U^APH'A-^'OUS,  a.     [semi  and  diuphanoius.] 
Half  or  imperfectly  transparent.  IVoodieard. 
[Instead  of  this.  Translucent  is  now  used.] 
SE.\l'I-UI-A-TES'SA-RON,  n.     [semi  and  diatessar 
ron.]    Ill  music,  an  imperfect  or  defective  fourlli. 

J{utton. 

SEM-I-DI'To.NE,  n.    [semi  and  It.  ditono.] 

In  music,  a  lesser  third,  having  it^  terms  as  6  to  5  ; 

a  hemiditone.  Hutton. 
SE.M'I-DOUU-LE,  (-dub'l,)  n.    [semi  and  rfouWc]  In 

(Ac  Romish  breviary,  an  ollice  or  feast  celi  brated  with 

less  solemnity  than  the  double  ones,  but  with  more 

than  the  single  ones.  Bailed 
SE.M'I-FLoRET,  n.    [semi  and ^re«.]    [Obs.]  [See 

Semiflosculk-I 
SE.M-I-FLOS'eULE,  n.    [semi  and  floscule.]    A  flos- 

ciile  whose  corol  consists  of  a  single  ligule,  i.  e.,  a 

single  strap-shaped  petal ;  as  the  florets  of  Leontodon 

Taraxacum,  or  dandelion. 
SEM'l-FLOS'eU-LOUS,  a.    [.tcmi  and  L.  Jlo.icnliK!,  a 

little  flower.  SEMtFi.osci;i.AR  is  also  used,  but  is  less 

analogical.] 

Composed  of  semiflorets  or  ligulate  florets;  as,  a 
semifio.-icalous  flower.  jMartyn. 

SE.M'I-FLu'ID,  a.  [semi  and  Jiuid.]  Imperfectly 
fluid.  ArbuOinot. 

SE.M'I-FORJI-En,  a.  [semi  and  formed.]  Half 
formed  ;  imperfectly  formed  ;  as,  seini-farmrd  crys- 
tals. Edwards,  West  Indies. 

SE.M'I-Ho'RAL,  a.  Half-hourly. 

SE.M'I-I.N'DU  RA-TEn,  a.  [semi  and  indurated.]  Im- 
perfectly indurated  or  hardened. 

SEM'I-LA-PIU'I-FI-KD,  (-fide,)  a.  [semi  .and  lapid- 
i/ied.]    luiperfeclly  changed  into  stone.  Kirican. 

SE.M'I-LE.\-Tie'U-L.\K,  a.     [semi  and  /™(icii/ar.] 
Half  lenticular  or  convex  ;  imperfectly  resembling 
a  lens.  Kirwan. 

SE.M-I-Lu'N.VR,     \a.    [Fr.  semi/iinaire;  L. semi  and 

SE.M-I-Lu'NA-RY,  (     luna,  m(K)n.] 

Resembling  in  form  a  half  moon.  Orew. 

SE.^I'I-.MET-jJL,  71.  [semi  and  metal.]  A  mct,al  that 
is  not  m.tlleablo,  as  bismuth,  arsenic,  nickel,  cob.ilt, 
zinc,  antimony,  manganese,  tungsten,  molybdenum, 
and  iiraiiile.    [J\^ot  now  used.]  J^icholson. 

SEM'I-.ME-TAL'Lie,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  semi-metal, 
or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities.  Kirwan. 

SE.M'IN-.\L,  a.  [Fr.,  from  scminalis,  from  semc/i, seed  ; 
from  the  root  of  sow.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  seed,  or  to  the  elements  of  produc- 
tion. 

y.  Contained  in  seed  ;  radical ;  rudiment.al ;  origin- 
al ;  as,  seminal  principles  of  generation  ;  seminal  vir- 
tue. OlanviUe.  Swift. 
Seminal  leaf;  the  same  as  seed-leaf. 
SEM'IN-AL,  >i.    Seminal  st.ite.  Brown. 
SE.\1-IN-AL'I-TY,  71.     The  nature  of  seed  ;  or  the 

power  of  being  produced.  Brown. 
SE.M'IN-.\-RIST,  71.  [from  se77iinarT;.]  A  Roman  Cath- 
olic priest  educated  in  a  foreign  seminarj'.  ShcMlon. 
SE.M'IN-A-RY,  71.     [Fr.  seminaire ;  h.  seminarium, 
from  semen,  seed  ;  scmino,  to  sow.] 

1.  A  seed-plat ;  ground  where  seed  is  sown  for 
producing  plants  for  transplantation  ;  a  nursery  ;  as, 
to  transjilant  trees  from  a  seminary.  Mortimer. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  not  used  in  America  ; 
being  superseded  by  Nuhserv.] 

B.  The  place  or  original  stock  whence  any  thing 
is  brought. 

Thb  «en\uim,  bring  the  teminary  or  promplii^ry,  rtimishing 
matUT  fur  Uic  lurmaliun  of  ajiimaf  aud  vi-g.-taU''  builii-&. 
\Not  in  u<e.]  WoodiMrd. 

3.  Seminal  st.ate.    [JVot  in  use.]  Brown. 

4.  Source  of  propagation.  Harney. 

5.  A  place  of  education  ;  any  school,  academy, 
college,  or  university,  in  which  young  persons  are  in- 
structed in  tlie  several  branches  of  learning  which 
may  qualify  them  for  their  future  employments. 
[This  is  Oie  only  siirnification  of  the  word  in  the  United 
Stales,  at  legist  as  far  as  my  knowledire  eztentls.] 

6.  Se;ni7iory  priest ;  a  Roman  Catholic  priest  edu- 
cated in  a  foreign  seminary  ;  a  seminarist. 

B.  Jonson. 

SEM'IN-A-RY,  a.   Seminal ;  belonging  to  seed. 

SmitA. 

SEM'IN-ATE,  r.  L    [L.  seimno.] 

To  sow  ;  to  spread  ;  to  propagate.  ITaterhouse. 


SE.M-I.N'-A'TION,  7i.    (L.  Mininalio.] 

I.  'I'lie  act  of  sowing.  H'ottoa. 
%  In  botany,  the  natural  dispersion  of  seeds. 

Martyn. 

SE.M'I.\-i;0,  a.    Thick  covered,  as  with  seeds.  [  Oba.] 

B.  Jonson, 

SEM-I.\-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  semen,  seed,  and  fero, 
to  produce.] 

Si-ed-bearing  ;  producing  seed.  Darwin. 
SE.M-IN-IF'ie,       (  a.    [L.  semen,  seed,  and  faciu,  to 
SE.M-I.N  IF'IC-AL,  (  make.l 

Forming  or  producing  seed.  Brown. 
SEM-IN-IF-ie-A'TION,  ti.  Propagation  from  the  seed 

or  seminal  parts.  Hale. 
SE.M'I-.N'Y.MPH,  (-ninif,)  7i.  In  enlomolorry,  the  nymph 

of  insects  which  undergo  a  slight  change  only  in 

passing  to  a  perfect  state.  LtionniL 
SE-.MI-O-LOO'ie-AL,  a.    Relating  to  the  doctrine  of 

signs  or  sviiiptoms  of  diseases. 
SE-.Ml-OL'b-CY,  II.    [Gr.  ^/j/ici'i'  and  \oyoi;.]  That 

part  of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  signs  of  uiseasea. 

It  is  now  merged  in  SvMPToMATOLOoif. 
SEM'I-0-PA(lUE',(-pike',)  )      ri         ■     j  i 
SE.M'I-O-PA'COUS,  ["■ 

Half  transparent  only.  Boyle. 
SEM'I-O'PAL,  71.  A  variety  of  opal.  Jameson. 
SE.M'I-OIMIIC'IJ-LAR,  a.      [.*emi  and  orbicular.] 

Having  the  shape  uf  a  half  orb  or  sphere. 

Martyn 

SE.M'I-OR'DI-IvrATE,  a.  [semi  and  ordinate.]  In 
conic  .•iections,  a  line  drawn  parallel  to  one  axis,  and 
bisected  by  the  other,  and  reachuii;  from  one  side  of 
the  section  to  the  other ;  the  half  of  wliieli  is  pro[)- 
erly  the  semi-ordinate,  but  is  now  called  the  ordi- 
nate. 

SEM'I-OS'SE-OUS,  a.  [semi  and  osseous.]  Of  a 
bony  nature,  but  only  half  as  hard  as  bone. 

./Med.  and  Phys.  Journ. 

SE-MI-OT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  iTij/.cioi'.]  Relating  to  the  signs 
or  symptoms  of  diseases.  Brande. 

SEM'I-o' VATE,  a.    [semi  and  oca/e.]    Half  ovate. 

SEM'I-OX'Y-CEN-A-TED,  o.  Combined  with  oxy- 
gen onlv  in  part.  Kirwan, 

SEM'I-PA'GA.N',  a.    Half  pagan. 

SK.M'I-PAL'.MATE,    i  a.    [seiTii  and  paZiiia/e.]  In 

SEM'l-PAL'.MA-TKD,  j  loislo^ry,  half  palmated  or 
webbed  ;  denoting  that  the  toes  are  connected  to- 
gether by  a  web  e.vteiiding  along  only  their  proximal 
half.  Brande. 

SE.M'I-PED,  71.    [semi  and  L.  pes,  a  foot.] 
A  half  foot  in  poetry. 

SE-.MIP'i;-I)AI,,  a.    Containing  a  half  foot. 

SE.M'I-PE-LA'Cl-AN,  ti.  In  ecclesiastical  hiitory,  a 
follower  of  John  Cissianus,  a  French  monk,  who, 
in  430,  modified  the  doctrines  of  Pelagius,  by  deny- 
ing human  merit,  and  maintaining  the  necessity  of 
the  Spirit's  influences,  while  ho  rejected  the  doctrine 
of  uncondition.al  election,  the  inability  of  man  to  do 
good,  irresistible  grace,  and  the  certain  persevcr-ance 
of  the  saints.  Murdock. 

SE.M'I-PE-LA'GI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Semi- 
pelagians,  or  their  tenets. 

SE.M'I-PE  LA'GI-AN-IS.M,  ti.  The  doctrines  or  tenets 
of  the  Semi-pelagians,  supra. 

SE.M'I-PEL-LO'CID,  a.  [semi  and  pellucid.]  Half 
clear,  or  imperfectly  transparent ;  as,  a  semi-pcllucid 
gem.  JVvodwartU 

SE.M'I-PEL-LU-CID'I-TY,  tt.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  imp(;rfectly  transparent. 

SE.M'l-PER-SPie'll-OUS,  a.  [semi  and  perspicuous.] 
Half  transparent ;  imperfectly  clear.  Orew. 

SE.M'I-PHLO-GIS'TIC-A-TEL),  a.  [stmi  and  phlogia- 
ticated.] 

Partially  impregnated  with  phlogiston.  [Obs.] 
SE.M'I-PRI-.MIG'E.\-OIJS,  a.  [semi  and  primiaenoiLi.] 
In  /reoloiry,  of  a  middle  nature  between  substances 
of  primary  and  secondary  formation.  [02>.<.] 

A'inraTi, 

SEM'I-PROOP,  71.  [semi  and  proof]  Half  proof; 
evidence  from  the  testimony  of  a  single  witness. 
[/Mile  ii.<ed.]  Bailey. 

SE.M'I-lRu'TO-LTTF,,  n.  [semi  and  Gr.  7r,,wrof, 
fir..it,  and  AiWo?,  stone.] 

A  species  of  fossil  of  a  middle  nature  between 
substances  of  primary  and  those  of  secoiidar>'  forma- 
tion.   [Obs.]  Kirwan. 

SEM'I-aUAD'RATE,  )  71.    [L.  semi  and  i/uadratas, 

SE.M'I-'1UAR'TILE,  »    or  juartu.^,  fourth.] 

An  aspect  of  the  planets,  when  distant  from  each 
other  the  half  of  a  quadrant,  or  forty-five  degrees, 
one  sinn  and  a  half.  Hutton. 

SE.M'I-UL'A-VKIl,  n.  [.temi  and  quaner.]  In  music, 
a  note  of  half  the  duration  of  the  quaver;  the  six- 
teenth of  the  semibreve. 

SE.M'I-UUA-VER,  v.  L  To  sound  or  sing  in  semiqua- 
vers. Cowper. 

SE.M'I-QUI.X'TILE,  71.  [L.  semi  and  7«infi/u.]  An 
aspect  of  the  (ilanets,  when  distant  from  each  other 
half  of  the  qiiintile,  or  llnrtv-six  di  srees.  Hniion. 

SE.M'I-SAV'AGE,  a.  [semi  "and  socage.]  Half  sav- 
age ;  half  barbarian. 

SE.M'I-S.W'AGE,  71.  One  who  is  half  sax-nce  or  im- 
perfectly civilized.  J.  BarUnt. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  yNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


126* 


1005 


SEN 


SEN 


SEM'I-SEX'TILE,  n.  [sfmi  and  seitile.]  An  aspect 
of  the  planets,  when  tliey  are  distant  from  each  oth- 
er the  twelfth  pait  of  a  circle,  or  thirty  degrees. 

Hutton. 

SEM'I-PPHER'ie,  )  a.  [semi  and  spherical.] 
SEM'I-SPHER'ie-AL,  (     Having  the  figure  of  a  half 

sphere.  Kirwaru 
SE.\ri-.-;PIIE-ROID'AL,  a.    [semi  and  spheroidal.] 

Fiirrned  lilie  a  lialf  spheroid. 
SE.M-I-TER'TIAN,  (-shan,)  a.     [semi  and  tertian.] 

Coinpoiintled  of  a  tertian  and  quotidian  ague. 
SE.M-I-TER'TIAN,  n.    An  intermittent  compounded 

of  a  tertian  and  a  quotidian.  Bailcij. 
SE.M-IT'ie.  SeeSHEMiTic. 

SE.M'I-To.VE,  ?i.  [semi  and  tone.]  In  music,  half  a 
lone  ;  an  interval  of  sound,  as  between  mi  and  fa  in 
tiie  diatonic  scale,  which  is  only  half  the  distance  of 
the  interval  between  do  or  ut  and  re,  or  between  sol 
and  In.  Jfutton.  Busbij. 

SE.M-I-TON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  semitone  ;  con- 
sisting of  a  semitone  or  of  semitones. 

SE.M'I-TRAN'SEPT,  n,    [semi  and  transept;  L.  trans 
anil  septum.] 
The  half  of  a  transept  or  cross  aisle. 

SE.M'r-TRA.VS-PAR'EN-CY,  n.  Imperfect  transpar- 
encv  ;  partial  opaqueness. 

SEM'[-TRANS-P.\R'Ei\T,  a.  [semi  and  transparent.] 
Half  or  imperfectly  transparent. 

SE.M'I-VER-TIC'IL-LATE,  a.    Partially  verticilate. 

Smith, 

SEM-I-VIT'RE-OUS,  a.    Partially  vitreous. 

Bisrclnte. 

SEM'I-VIT-RI-FI-€a'TION,  71.  [semi  and  vitrifica- 
tion.] 

I.  The  state  of  being  imperfectly  vitrified. 
9.  A  substance  imperfectly  vitrified. 

SEM'I-VIT'RI-FI-£D,  a.  [See  Vitrify.]  Half  or 
imperfectly  vitrified  ;  partially  converted  into  glass. 

SE.M'I-Vo'GAL,  a.  [semi  and  vocal]  Pertaining  to 
a  semi-vowel ;  half  vocal  ;  imperfectly  sounding. 

SE.M'I-VOW-EL,  n.  [semi  m\ii  vowel.]  In  grammar, 
a  half  vowel,  or  an  articulation  which  is  accompa- 
nied with  an  imperfect  sound,  which  may  be  con- 
tinued at  pleasure.  Thus  el,  em,  en,  though  uttered 
with  close  organs,  do  not  wholly  interrupt  the  sound  ; 
and  they  are  called  semi-vowels. 

SE-MOULE' ,  (sa-mool',)  n.  [Ft.]  A  name  given  to 
the  large,  hard  grains  retained  in  the  bolting  ma- 
chine after  the  fine  flour  has  been  passed  through  it  : 
also  written  Semolina,  from  the  Italian  Ure. 

SEM-PER-VI'RE.\T,  a.  [L.  semper,  always,  and  vi- 
rcna,  flourishing.] 

Always  fresh  ;  evergreen.  Lee. 

SE-M'PER-VIVE,  n.  [L.  semper,  always,  and  vivas, 
alive.] 

A  pl.'int.  Bacon. 
SE.M-PI-TERN'.\L,  o.    [Fr.  sempitemel:  L.  sempiter- 
nus  ;  semper,  always,  and  eternus,  eternal.] 

1.  Eternal  in  futurity  ;  everlasting  ;  endless  j  hav- 
ing beginning,  but  no  end. 
*J.  Eternal  ;  everlasting.  Blackmore. 
SE.M-PI-TER.\'I-TY,  n.    [L.  sempiternitas.] 

Future  duratinn  without  end.  Hale. 
SKM'PRP,,  [\X..]    In  music,  throughout. 

^FM  r'S'rr'i'SS      >        Seamster,  Seamstress,  and 

SEMI'  S  rUKs's'-Y.  )  Seamstressv. 

SE.\,  adv.  This  word  is  used  by  some  of  our  common 
people  for  Since.  It  seems  to  be  a  contraction  of 
since,  or  it  is  the  .Sw.  sen,  Dan.  seen,  slow,  late. 

SE.X'A-RY,  a.    [E.  seni,  scnarius.] 

Of  six  ;  helcMiiiing  to  six  ;  containing  six. 

SEN'.ATE,  )i.    [Fr.  scnat  ;  It.  scnato ;  Sp.  scnado  ;  L. 


.9cnatu.i,  from  senex,  old,  Ir.  scan,  W.  hen  ;  At. 


sanna,ox  Aam  sanah,  to  be  advanced  in  years.  Un- 
der the  former  vcTh  is  the  Arabic  word  signifying  a 
tooth,  showing  that  this  is  only  a  dialectical  variation 
of  the  Hel).  \V.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  extend,  to 
advance,  or  to  wear.  A  senate  was  originally  a 
council  of  eldc  rs.] 

1.  An  assembly  or  council  of  senators  ;  n  body  of 
the  principal  inhabitants  of  a  city  or  static,  investi'd 
with  a  share  in  the  goviTiimcnt.  The  senate  of  an- 
cient Rome  was  one  of  the  most  illustrious  bodies  of 
men  that  ever  horc  this  name.  Some  of  the  Swiss 
ranloiiH  have  a  Mnutt,  cither  legislative  or  executive. 

a.  In  the  United  States,  senate  denotes  the  higher 
branch  or  house  of  a  legislature.  Such  is  the  senate 
of  llie  United  Slates,  or  upper  house  of  the  congress  ; 
anil  in  inimt  of  the  StatCH,  the  higher  and  least  nu- 
merous branch  of  the  legislature  is  called  the  senate. 
In  (111!  r'nitcd  Slater,  the  senate  is  an  elective  body. 

:t.  In  the  uninersity  of  Cnmhriitife,  F.airhind,  the 
governing  body  of  the  university.  It  is  divided  into 
two  hollHCS,  denominated  rcrents  (rrtrcnles,)  mill 
non  reiTents,  (non-refrentes.)  The  nirmer  consists  of 
iiia«ters  of  arts  of  leM  than  five  yearw'  Hlaniliiig,  and 
doclorH  of  lesH  than  two,  and  is  called  the  upftrr 
house,  or  whitehood  house,  friiin  its  members  wearing 
hoodH  lined  with  white  silk.    All  other  masters  and 


doctors  who  keep  their  names  on  the  college  books 
are  non-regents,  and  compose  the  lower  /o)u,s-c,  or 
black-hood  house,  its  members  wearing  black  silk 
hoods.  '  Cam.  Cat. 

4.  In  a  looser  sense,  any  legislative  or  deliberative 
body  of  men  ;  as,  the  eloquence  of  the  senate. 

SEN'ATE-HOUSE,  ii.  A  house  in  which  a  senate 
meets,  or  a  place  of  public  council.  SItak. 

SEN'A-TOR,  71.    A  nieiuber  of  a  senate.    In  Scot- 
land, the  lords  of  session  are  called  senators  of  the 
college  of  justice. 
9.  A  counselor;  a  judge  or  magistrate.     Ps.  cv. 

SEN-A-To'RI-.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  senate  ;  becom- 
ing a  senator;  as,  senatorial  robes  j  senatorial  elo- 
quence. 

2.  Entitled  to  elect  a  senator  ;  as,  a  senatorial  dis- 
trict. UnU.cd  States. 

SEi\-A-To'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  sen- 
ate ;  with  dignity  or  solemnity. 

SEN-A-To'Rl-AN.   The  same  as  Senatorial.  [Obs.] 

SEN' A-TOR-SHIP,  7i.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a  sen- 
ator. Carem. 

SEJ\'-A'TUS  COJV-SUL'TUM,  [L.]  A  decree  of  the 
senate. 

SEND,  7).  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Sent.  [Sax.  sendan  ;  Goth. 
sandtjan ;  D.  zcndcn ;  G.  scndcn  ;  Svv.  sanda  ;  Dan. 
sender.] 

1.  In  a  rreneral  sense,  to  throw,  cast,  or  thrust ;  to 
impel  or  drive  by  force  to  a  distance,  either  with  the 
hand  or  wilh  an  instrument,  or  by  other  means. 
We  send  a  ball  with  the  hand  or  with  a  bat ;  a  bow 
sends  an  arrow  ;  a  cannon  sends  a  shot ;  a  trumpet 
sends  the  voice  much  farther  than  the  unassisted 
organs  of  speech. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  conveyed  or  transmitted  ;  as,  to 
send  letters  or  dispatches  from  one  country  to 
another. 

3.  To  cause  to  go  or  pass  from  place  to  place  ;  as, 
to  send  a  messenger  from  London  to  .Madrid. 

4.  To  commission,  authorize,  or  direct  to  go  and 
act. 

1  have  not  sent  these  prophets,  yet  they  ran.  — Jer.  xxiii. 

5.  To  cause  to  come  or  fall ;  to  bestow. 

He  sendeOi  rain  on  tlie  Just  anil  on  the  unjust.  —  MatL  t. 

6.  To  cause  to  come  or  fall ;  to  inflict. 

The  Lord  shall  send  upon  thee  cursing,  vexation,  .uid  rt-buke.  — 
Deul.  xxviii. 

If  I  send  pestilence  among  my  people. — 2  Chroii.  vU. 

7.  To  propagate ;  to  diffuse. 


Cherubic  songs  by  night  from  neighboring  hilll 
Aeri.d  music  send. 


Ardton. 


To  send  away;  to  dismiss  ;  to  cause  to  depart. 

To  send  forth  or  out ;  to  produce  ;  to  put  or  bring 
forth  ;  as,  a  tree  sends  forth  branches. 

2.  To  emit ;  as,  flowers  send  forth,  their  fragrance. 
James  iii. 

SEND,  V.  i.  To  dispatch  an  agent  or  messenger  for 
some  purpose. 

Ste  ye  how  this  son  of  a  murderer  hath  sent  to  take  away  my 
heatif  — 2  Kin^  vi. 

So  we  say,  we  sent  to  invite  guests ;  we  sent  to  in- 
quire into  the  facts. 

2.  Among  sfanifn,  to  pitch  ;  as,  the  ship  sends  for- 
ward so  violently  as  to  endanger  her  masts. 

Tottcn. 

To  send  for ;  to  request  or  require  by  message  to 
come  or  be  brought;  as,  to  send  /er  a  physician  ;  to 
send  for  a  coach.  But  these  expressions  are  elliptical. 
SEN'DAL,  71.  [S\hcendal.] 

A  light,  thin  stulf  of  silk  or  thread.    [JVot  in  jise.] 

Chaucer. 

SEND'ER,  71.    One  that  sends.  Shak. 

S1'.N'E-(;A,  j  n.    A  plant  called  Rattlesnaee-Root, 

Si;.N'E-KA,  \     the  Polygala  senega. 

SEN'E-CAL.    See  Gum-Sene<:al. 

SEN'E-GIN,  n.    The  bitter,  acrid  principle  of  polygala 

senega.    It  is  now  known  to  be  an  acid,  and  has 

been  railed  Polvgalic  Acid. 
SE-NES'CEN(;E,  ti.     [L.  senesco,  from  senex,  old. 

See  Senate.] 
The  state  of  growing  old ;  decay  by  time. 

fVoodieard. 

SEN'ES-CIIAE,  (scn'c-shal,)  n.  [Fr.  senMial ;  It. 
sinisealco  ;  Sp.  scne^^cal ;  G.  seneschall.  The  origin 
and  signification  of  the  first  part  of  the  word  are  not 
ascertained.  The  latter  part  is  the  Teutonic  .•.chalk 
or  scenic,  a  servant,  as  in  marshal.] 

A  steward  ;  an  officer  in  the  houses  of  princes  and 
dignilarii^s,  who  has  the  superintemltMice  of  fi-asts 
and  domestic  ceremonies.  In  some  instances,  the 
seneschal  is  an  officer  who  has  the  dispensing  of  Jus 
lice  ;  ns,  the  high  sene.'^ehal  of  England.  Kncijc. 

SEN'GRICKN,  n.  A  plant,  the  huuseleek,  of  the  ge- 
nus Seiiipervivum.  ii"o//i.  of  Plants. 

SE'NII.K,  a.    [L.  .sr;M;;.i.] 

Pertaining  to  old  ago  ;  proceeding  from  age. 

Boyle. 

SE-NIL'I-TY,  71.    Old  age.    [JVot  much  used.] 

Bomnell. 

SkN'IOR,  (scen'yur,)  a.  [L.  senior,  comp.  ot  senex, 
olil.    See  Sknatk.) 

1.  Elder  or  older  ;  but  as  an  aii/rrfinr,  it  usually  sig- 


nifies older  in  olfice  ;  as,  the  senior  pastor  of  a  church, 
where  there  are  colleagues  ;  a  senior  counselor.  In 
such  use,  senior  has  no  reference  to  age,  for  a  .•lenior 
counselor  may  be,  and  often  is,  the  younger  man. 

2.  Noting  the  fourth  year  of  the  collegiate  course 
in  the  American  colleges,  or  the  third  year  in  the- 
ological seminaries. 
SeN'IOR,  (seen'yur,)  7i.    A  person  who  is  older  than 
another;  one  more  advanced  in  life. 

2.  One  that  is  oMer  in  office,  or  one  whose  first 
entrance  upon  an  office  was  anterior  to  that  of  an- 
other. Thus  a  senator  or  counselor  of  sixty  yeais 
of  age  often  has  a  senior  who  is  not  fifty  years  of 
age. 

3.  An  aged  person  ;  one  of  the  oldest  inhabitants. 

A  senior  of  the  place  replies.  Dryden. 

4.  One  in  the  fourth  year  of  his  collegiate  course 
at  an  American  college ;  originally  called  senior 
siphister.  [See  Sophister.]  Also,  one  in  the  third 
vear  of  his  course  at  a  theological  seminary. 

SkN-IOR'I-TY,  (sen-yor'e-te,)  n.  Eldership  ;  supe- 
rior age ;  priority  of  birth.  He  is  the  elder  brother, 
and  entitled  to  the  place  by  seniority. 

2.  Priority  in  otBce  ;  as,  the  seniority  of  a  pastor  or 
counselor. 

SeN'IOR-Y,  71.    The  same  as  Seniority.  Shak. 

SEN'NA,  71.  [Pers.  and  .\r.  LLw  sana.  Q,a.  from 
Ch.  and  Syr.  pD,  to  strain,  purge,  purify.  The  com- 
mon pronunciation,  scena,  is  incorrect.] 

The  leaves  of  various  species  of  Cassia,  the  best 
of  which  are  natives  of  the  East ;  used  as  a  cathar- 
tic. 

SEN'NIGIIT,  (sen'nit,)  ti.  [Contracted  from  seven- 
night,  as  fortnight  from  funrteennight.] 

The  space  of  seven  nights  and  days  ;-  a  week. 
Tlie  court  will  be  held  this  day  sennight,  that  is,  a 
week  from  this  day  ;  or  the  court  will  be  held  next 
Tuesday  setinighl,  a  week  from  next  Tuesday. 

SEN'.NIT,  71.  .\  Hat,  braided  cord,  formed  by  plaiting 
rope-yarns  together.  Totten. 

SE-NOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  seni,  six,  and  oculus,  Uie 
eye.] 

Having  si.x  eyes. 

Most  animals  axe  binocular,  spiders  octODOciiLar,  and  some  se- 
nocular.  Derham. 

SENS'aTE,     (  a.    [See  Sense.]    Perceived  by  the 
SENS'a-TED,  j     senses.  I{ooke. 
SEN-Sa''1'ION,  71.    [Fr. ;  It.  sen.iazione ;  Sp.  soi.va- 

ci'oTi  ,•  from  L.   scnsas,  sentio,  to   perceive.  See 

Sense.] 

1.  In  mental  philo.^opby,  an  impression  made  upon 
the  mind  through  the  medium  of  the  .senses.  It  dif- 
fers from  perception,  which  is  the  knowledge  of  ex- 
ternal objects  coiisetiiieiit  on  seiisatiim. 

2.  Feeling  awakened  by  external  objects,  or  by 
some  change  in  the  internal  state  of  the  body  ;  as,  a 
sen.^-ation  of  heaviness,  &c. 

3.  Feeling  awakened  by  immaterial  objects  ;  as, 
sensations  of  awe  in  the  divine  presence. 

4.  A  state  of  excited  interest  or  leeling  ;  as,  "  the 
sen.tation  caused  l>y  the  appearance  of  that  work  is 
still  remembered  by  many."  Brougham. 

SENSE,  (sens,)  n.  [Fr.  .sens;  It.  senso :  Sp.  .•:cntido  ; 
from  L.  .lensus,  from  sentio,  to  feel  or  perceive  ;  W. 
sijndtiw,  id. ;  s-yn,  sense,  feeling,  perccptiim  ;  G.  sinn, 
sense,  mind,  intention;  D.  zin;  Sw.  sinne;  Dan. 
sind,  sands.] 

1.  The  faculty  by  which  animals  perceive  external 
obit^cts  by  means  of  impressions  made  on  certain  or- 
gans of  the  body.  Kncyc. 

Sense  is  a  branch  of  perception.  The  five  scn.-:es 
of  animals  arc,  1,  special,  as  smell,  sight,  liearing, 
tasting  ;  2,  common,  as  feeling. 

2.  Sensation  ;  perception  by  the  senses.  Bacon, 

3.  Perception  by  the  intellect ;  apprehension ;  dis- 
cernment. 

Tliia  Basilius,  having  the  quick  senst  of  a  lover.  Sidney, 

4.  Sensibility  ;  quickness  or  acutciiess  of  pcrcej)- 
tion.  Shak. 

5.  Understanding  ;  soundness  of  faculties;  strength 
of  natural  reason. 

Oppr-'ssefl  nn'  ur?  sleeps  ; 
This  n-st  nii;,'lityet  have  baliiied  lliy  ■.rokrn  senses.  Shak. 

6.  Reason  ;  reasonable  or  rational  meaning. 

He  nives  ;  Ills  words  are  loose 
As  h'-aps  of  sand,  and  sCiilteruig  wide  from  sense.  Dryiten. 

7.  Opinion  ;  notion  ;  judgment. 


I  sneak  mv  private  but  impartial  sense 
Willi  rrcecluMi. 


Roset 


8.  Consciousness ;  conviction  ;  as,  a  due  sense  of 
our  weakness  or  sinfulness. 

9.  Moral  perception. 

Some  are  so  hartleneil  In  wickedness,  as  to  luivo  no  sense  of  the 
must  Irieinlly  olhces.  L'ti:stmnge. 

in.  Meaning;  import;  signification;  as,  llie  true 
sense  of  words  or  phrases.  In  interpretation,  we  are 
to  examine  whether  W(»rils  are  lo  be  nnderslotid  in  a 
literal  or  figurative  .nertse.  So  we  ..|feak  of  a  legal 
.tense,  n  graminatiral  .-(fnAT,  an  historical  sense,  &.c. 

Common  .lense  ;  that  power  of  the  mind  which,  by 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


SEN 


SEN 


SEN 


a  kind  of  instinct,  or  a  shcirt  process  of  reasoning  per- 
ceives Irutli,  tile  ri'laliuii  of  lliiiiijs,  caunt:  anil  elfect, 
&c.,  and  hence  cn;il)li  s  tlie  possessor  to  discern  wliiit 
is  right,  useful,  expedient,  or  proper,  and  adopt  ttie 
best  means  to  accomplish  his  purpose.  This  power 
seems  to  be  the  gift  of  nature,  improved  by  experi- 
ence and  ohservaliiin. 

Moral  sense;  a  determinntion  of  the  mind  to  be 
pleasfd  with  the  cunteiiiplatiuii  of  those  all'ections, 
acti(\ns,  or  characters  of  rational  agents,  which  are 
called  good  or  virtuous.  Eiicijc. 

SE.\.S'f;i),  (senst,)  pp.  Perceived  by  the  senses. 
f.Vi./  (M  uae.]  GlanviUe. 

SENSE'FIJL,  o.  Reasonable ;  judicious.  [jVo(  i/i  «.<«.] 

jVurris. 

SENSE'LESS,  a.  Wanting  Ihe  faculty  of  perreiition. 
The  body,  when  dead,  is  senseless;  but  a  limb  or 
other  part  of  the  body  may  be  senseless,  when  the 
rest  of  the  body  enjoys  its  lisual  sensibility. 

'2.  Unfeeling  ;  wanting  sympathy. 

The  tenseten  f  ravv  UvU  nut  yoitr  piuus  sorrows.  Itotee. 

3.  Unreasonable;  foolish;  stupid. 


4.  Unreasonable  ;  stupid  ;  acting  without  sense  or 
judgment. 

Tlify  were  a  sensetesa,  stupiil  race.  Siffifl. 

,").  Contrary  to  reason  or  sound  judgment  ;  as,  to 
destroy  by  a  senseless  fondness  the  happiness  of 
children. 

B.  Wanting  knowledge  ;  unconscious  ;  with  of; 
as,  libertines  senseless  of  any  charm  in  love. 

SinitJiern, 

7.  Wanting  sensibility  or  quick  pcrceptiim. 

Peueham. 

SENSE'LESS-I,Y,  nrfr.    In  a  senseless  niaiiiier ;  stu- 
pidly ;  unreasonably  ;  as,  a  man  senselessly  arrogant. 

Loeke. 

SEXSE'I.ESS-NES.'',  n.     Unreasonableness  ;  folly  ; 

stupidity  ;  absurdity.  Orew. 
SE.\tvI-BIL'l-TY,  ;i.    [Fr.  senjiibllili  ;  from 

1.  Susceptibility  of  impressions  upon  the  organs 
of  sense  ;  the  capacity  of  feeling  or  perceiving  the 
impressions  of  external  objects  ;  uppUed  to  animal 
bodies;  as  when  we  say  a  frozen  limb  has  lost  its 
sensibility. 

2.  Acuteness  of  sensation ;  applied  to  the  body. 

3.  Capacity  or  acuteness  of  perception  ;  that  qual- 
ity which  renders  us  susceptible  of  impressions ; 
delicacy  of  feeling;  as,  sensibility  to  pleasure  or 
pain  ;  seiuiibiltty  to  shame  or  praise  j  exquisite  scnsi- 
bilily. 

4.  Actual  feeling. 

This  adds  ^rp.itly  lo  my  sensibVity,  Burke. 
[This  word  is  often  used  in  this  manner  for 
Sensatiox.] 

5.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  the  plural. 

IVa  sensilAlidet  sefm  mtht^r  lo  have  tx-«ii  tliuse  of  patriotism, 

tli.ui  of  wuuiiili'il  priih'.  Marthall. 
Scnsibitities  uiirrit'tully  to  liappint^ss  may  be  acqiiirvil.  Kniyc. 

6.  Nice  perception,  so  to  speak,  of  a  balance  ;  that 
quality  of  a  balance  which  renders  it  movable  with 
the  smallest  weight,  or  the  t)iiality  or  state  of  any 
instrniiient  that  renders  it  easily  atlected  ;  as,  the 
sensibility  of  a  balance  or  of  a  thermometer. 

LavoLfier. 

SEXS'l-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  and  Sp.  lU ;  It.  sensihile.] 

1.  Having  the  capacity  of  receiving  impressions 
from  external  objects  ;  capable  of  perceiving  by  the 
instrumentality  of  the  propi'r  organs.  We  say,  the 
body  or  the  llesh  is  .len.^ible,  when  it  feels  the  im- 
pulse of  an  external  body.  It  may  be  more  or  less 
sensible.  Darwin. 

2.  Perceptible  by  the  senses.  The  light  of  the 
moon  furnishes  no  sensible  heat. 

Air  is  ttiisible  to  tlic  loucii  by  its  motion.  Arbuthnot, 

3.  Perceptible  or  perceivetl  by  the  mind. 

The  ilisjmce  was  mon:  Mensib!e  than  the  pain.  Temple. 

4.  Perceiving  or  having  perception,  either  by  the 
mind  or  the  senses. 


5.  Having  moral  perception ;  capable  of  being  af- 
fected by  moral  gootl  or  evil. 

If  thou  wi'rt  tensihte  of  courtesy, 

1  ahuuUl  nut  rn^Uie  so  ^.it  a  show  uf  zeal.  Shak. 

6.  Having  acute  intellectual  feeling;  being  easily 
or  strongly  affected  ;  as,  to  be  sensible  of  wrong. 

Dry  den. 

7.  Perceiving  so  clearly  as  to  be  convinccti  ;  satis- 
fied ;  iwrsuaded.  Bosteell. 

They  are  now  tentible  it  would  ha»e  been  better  to  comply,  than 
to  refuse.  AddUon. 

8.  Intelligent;  discerning;  as,  a  .«n.-ii/«  man. 

9.  Movable  by  a  very  smaH  weight  or  impulse  ;  as, 
a  sensible  balance  is  necessary  to  ascertain  exact 
weight.  lAivoLiier. 

10.  .-VfTectcd  by  a  slight  degree  of  heat  or  cold  ;  as, 
a  sensible  thermometer.  Thomson. 


11.  Containing  good  sense  or  sound  reason. 

lie  ail(lrefl»:il  Claudius  in  Uic  fullowini;  s<nstti.'«  and  iiohle 
sjMvch.  Henry. 

Sensible  note;  in  mttsic,  that  which  constitutes  a 
third  major  above  the  dominant,  and  a  semitone  be- 
neath the  tonic.  Knrijc. 

SE.NS'I-ULE,  II.  Sensation  ;  also,  whatever  may  be 
perceived,    \fjittle  u^ed.] 

SE.NS'l-llLE-NESS,  ii.  Possibility  of  being  perceived 
by  the  senses  ;  as,  llie  sensiblene.'ts  tif  odor  tir  sountl. 

2.  .Actual  perception  by  the  mind  or  body  ;  as,  the 
sen.nbleness  of  an  impression  on  the  organs.  [Uut 
qii.] 

3.  Sensibility  ;  quickness  or  acuteness  of  percep- 
tion ;  as,  the  .inisiblcness  of  the  eye.  Sharp. 

4.  Susceptibility  ;  capacity  of  being  strongly  af- 
fected, or  actual  feeling ;  consciousness  ;  as^  llie  sen- 
sibleness  of  the  soul  and  sorrow  for  sin.  Hammond. 

5.  Intelligence;  reasonableness;  good  sense. 

(i.  Susceptibility  of    slight  impressions.  [Sec 
Sexsii.1.1;,  No.  9,  10.] 
SE.\S'l-13LY,  adc.    In  a  manner  to  be  perceived  by 
the  senses  ;  perceptibly  to  the  senses  ;  as,  pain  sens- 
ibly increased  ;  motion  scn.iibly  acceleratetl. 

2.  With  perception,  either  of  mind  or  body.  He 
feels  his  loss  very  sensibly. 

3.  Externally  ;  by  aHeeling  the  senses.  Hooker. 

4.  With  quick  intellectual  perceptitm. 

5.  With  intelligence  or  good  sense  ;  judiciously. 
Tlie  man  converses  very  sensibly  on  all  commun 
topics. 

SENS-IF'ER-OUS,  a.    Producing  sense.  Kirby. 
SE.\S-IF'IG,  a.    [L.  sensus  and  facio.] 

Protluciiig  sensatitin.  Good. 
SF.NS'I-TIVE,  a.    [II.  and  Sp.  snisitivo;  Fr.  sen.-.it{f; 
L.  scnsittrus,  from  scnsus,  .lentio.] 

1.  Having  sense  or  feeling,  or  having  the  capacity 
of  perceiving  impressions  from  external  objects  ;  as, 
sensitive  soul ;  sensuioc  appetite  ;  sensitive  faculty. 

Jiay.  Drijden. 

2.  Having  quick  and  acute  sensibility,  either  to 
the  action  of  external  objects,  or  to  impressions  upon 
the  iiiiiut  and  feelings. 

3.  That  alTccts  the  senses  ;  as,  sensitive  objects. 

Hammond. 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  senses,  or  to  sensation  ;  de- 
pending on  sensation;  as,  sensitive  motions;  sensi- 
tive muscular  motitms  excited  by  irritation.  Darwin. 

SENS'1-TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  sensitive  manner. 

Hammond. 

SENS'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  having  quick 
and  acute  sensibility,  either  lo  the  action  of  external 
objects,  or  to  impressions  upon  the  mind  and  feel- 
ings. 

SENS'I-TIVE-PLANT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Mi- 
mosa, so  called  because  its  leaves  and  footstalks 
shrink,  contract  and  fall,  on  being  slightly  touched. 

Brande. 

SE,\S-o'RI-.\L,  (7.  Pertaining  to  the  sensory  or  sen- 
stirium  ;  as,  sensorial  faculties  j  sensorial  nititions  or 
ptiwers.  Daricin, 

SENS  o'RI-U.M,  )        rc       T  ,  i 

SE.VS'O-KY        I        ['fO"!  I-'- Sf"^""') 

1.  The  seat  of  sense  and  perception,  ct^mmonly 
siipposeil  to  be  seated  ill  some  p;irl  of  the  contents  of 
the  cranium. 

2.  Organ  of  sense ;  as,  double  sensories,  two  eyes, 
two  cars,  &c.  Bentley. 

SENS'l^-AL,  o.  [IL  sensuale;  Sp.  sensual;  Fr.  sen- 
suel;  from  L.  .■rr/i.sK-*.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  senses,  as  distinct  from  the 
mind  or  soul. 


Kar  as  creation's  ample  Tnn?e  extends, 
The  tcxlc  of  tensuaj,  nient.J  powers  itscenfls. 


Pope. 


2.  Consisting  in  sense,  or  depending  on  it ;  sis,  sens- 
ual appetites,  hunger,  ltist,&.c. 

3.  .Mfei  tiiig  the  senses,  or  derived  from  them  ;  as, 
sriisual  pleasure  or  gratification.  Hence, 

4.  In  tlieultitry,  carnal  ;  pertaining  to  the  flesh  or 
body,  in  opposition  to  the  spirit ;  not  spiritual  or  ho- 
ly ;  evil.    James  iii.    Jade  19. 

5.  Devoted  to  the  gratification  of  sense  ;  given  to 
the  indulgence  of  the  appetites  ;  lewd  ;  luxurious. 

No  small  p;trt  of  virtue  consists  in  alMLvinin^  Iroin  ihnl  in  which 
tenaual  men  pl.ice  lli-  ir  feliciiy.  AUerbury. 

SENS'tJ-AI^ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  that  all  our  ideas, 
or  Ihe  operations  of  the  understanding,  not  only 
originate  in  sen.<ntion,  but  are  transformed  sensations, 
copies,  or  relics  of  sensations.  Condiltae. 

2.  A  state  of  subjection  to  sensual  feelings  and  ap- 
petite. 

SE.NS'lJ-AL-IST,  n.  A  person  given  to  the  indulgence 
of  the  appetites  or  senses  ;  one  who  places  his  chief 
happiness  in  carnal  pleasures.  South. 
SENS-l'-AL'l-TY,  )  n.    III.  sm.nialitd  :  Sp.  sensuali- 
SENS'lJ-AI-  SESS,  j     dad;  Fr.  sensiialitc.] 

Dex'otedness  to  the  gratilicaliim  of  the  bodily  ap- 
petites ;  free  indulgence  in  carnal  or  sensual  pleas- 
ures. 

Those  painper»*d  animals 
Titat  raire  in  sav.i^  tentuaJity,  Sfiat. 
They  avu)<t  divsa  lest  Uiey  should  tiave  affections  tainte<l  by  any 
aentuajity.  A'Uliaiin. 


SEN.S-U-AI,  I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sensualizing; 
the  state  of  being  sensualized. 

SKNS'I^  AL-I/E,  r.  (.  To  make  sensual;  to  subject 
to  the  U)ve  of  sensual  pleasure  ;  to  debiuse  by  trariiul 
gratifications  ;  us,  sensualized  by  pleasure.  f^vpe. 


SENS'IJ-AHZ-KD,  pp.    Made  sensual. 

SE.NS'li-AL-IZ-I.N'G,  ppr.  Subjecting  lo  the  love  of 
sensual  pleasure. 

SENS'lJ-.AL-LY,  a(/i".    In  a  sensual  manner. 

SE.NS'IJ-OU!^,  a.  Pertaining  to  sense  ;  feeling  ;  con- 
necled  x^'ith  sensible  objects;  na,  poetry  is  more 
simple,  sensuous,  and  passionate.  Milton. 

SE.\T,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Sekd. 

SE.\'TK.N*CE,  n.  [Fr.  ;  It.  sentenza  ;  Sp.  sentcncia  ; 
from  L.  .penicillin,  from  .tcntio,  lo  think.] 

1.  In  law,  a  judgment  pronounced  by  a  court  or 
judge  u|)on  a  criminal ;  a  judicial  decision  publicly 
and  otlicially  declared  in  a  criminal  prosttciition.  In 
technical  laniruane,  sentence  is  used  only  for  the  ilec- 
laration  uf  judgment  against  one  convicted  of  a 
crime.  In  civil  cases,  llie  decision  of  a  court  is 
called  a  Jl'o<:mi:nt.  In  criminal  cams,  sentence  \m 
judgment  pronounced  ;  doom. 

2.  In  lan^uaac  not  technical, a  determination  or  de- 
cision given,  particularly  a  decision  that  cundeiims, 
or  an  unfavorable  determination. 

Ix't  him  set  out  some  uf  Luther's  works,  that  by  them  we  may 
p.LAS  tentence  upon  his  doctnnes.  AlUrltury. 

X  An  opinion  ;  judgment  concerning  a  contro- 
verted point.    jJct«  XV. 

4.  A  maxim  ;  an  axiom  ;  a  short  saying  conLiining 
moral  instructitm.  Broome. 

5.  Vindication  of  one's  innocence.    P.t.  xvii. 

6.  In  tn-ammar,  a  period  ;  a  number  of  words  con- 
taining complete  sense  or  a  sentiment,  and  follo.wed 
by  a  full  pause.  Sentences  are  simple  or  com|Hiuiid. 
A  simple  sentence  consists  of  one  subject  and  one 
finite  verb  ;  a-s,  "  the  Lord  reigns."  A  compound 
.sentence  contains  two  or  more  subjects  and  finite 
X'erbs,  as  in  this  verse  : 

He  flits,  he  hounds,  connects,  and  equals  all.  Pope. 
.S  dark  sentence ;  a  saying  not  easily  explained. 
Diui.  viii. 

SE.N'TENCE,  v.  t.    To  pass  or  pronounce  the  judg- 
ment of  a  court  on  ;  to  iloom  ;  as,  to  sentence  a  con- 
vict to  death,  to  transportation,  or  to  iinprisuiiinent. 
2.  To  ctuidemn  ;  to  doom  lo  punishment. 

Nalun:  herself  is  tenlenced  in  your  doom.  Dryden. 
SEN'TENC-J!D,  (sen'tenst,)   pp.      Doomed ;  con- 
deniiied. 

SEN''1'EN-CER, n.    One  xvho  pronounces  a  sentence. 

S'lilhrij. 

SE.N'TEN-CING,  ppr.  Pronouncing  the  jiidgim  iii  i  f 
a  court  on. 

SEN-TE.\'TI.\L,  a.    Comprising  sentences. 

Jn^ewcome. 

9.  Pertaining  to  a  sentence  or  full  period  ;  as,  a 
srntenlial  [lailse.  S/ieridan. 
SE.N'-TEN'TIA-RY,  n.    Formerly,  one  xvho  read  l(!C- 
tures,  or  commented  on  the  sentences  of  Peter  Lor- 
ribarii.  Archbishop  of  Paris,  a  school  divine. 

Hrnrii,  Brit. 

SEN-TEN'TIOUS,  (  shus,)  o.  [Fr.  sciiUii'ticux ;  It. 
sentciizioso.] 

1.  Abounding  xvith  sentences,  axioms,  and  max- 
ims; short  and  energetic;  as,  a  sententious  style  or 
discourse ;  sententious  truth.  Waller, 

How  he  aprs  his  sire, 
Anibiuuusly  sententious  /  Addison. 

2.  Comprising  sentences  ;  as,  sententious  marks. 

Orea. 

[This  sht)u1d  be  Skstei^tial.] 
SEi\-Ti;X'Tl()L'S  I.Y,  ai/r.    In  short,  expressive  |>c- 
riods  ;  xvilh  striking  brevity. 

Nausicaa  delivers  l>er  Judgment  eententioutly,  to  give  U  more 
weight.  Broome. 

SE.N-TEX'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Pithiness  of  sentences  ; 
brevity  with  strength. 

The  Meilea  1  esteem  for  iu  gravity  and  sententioiMfUss. 

Dryden. 

SEX'TER-Y  and  SEX'TRY  are  corrupted  from  Sen- 
tin  r.i,. 

SE.N' TIE.VT,  (sen'sheni,)  a.    [L.  sentirn.*,  senlio.] 
'l'h;tt  perceives  ;  having  the  faculty  of  iwrception 
Man  is  a  sentient  being  ;  he  posses^tes  a  sentient  pnii- 
cipla. 

SE.X'TIENT,  (sen'shent,)  a.    A  being  or  person  that 

has  Ihe  faculty  of  perception. 
2.  lie  ihat  perceives.  Olanrille. 
SE.\'TIE.\T-LY,  adc.    Ill  a  sentient  or  perceptive 

manner. 

SE.N'Tl-.ME.VT,  n.  [Ft.  iit. :  It.  senlimento ;  Sp.  .een- 
tiinirnto  ;  from  L.  senlio,  to  feel,  perceive,  or  think.] 

1.  Properly,  a  thought  prompted  by  p.ission  tir  feel- 
ing. Karnes. 

2.  In  a  papular  sense,  thought ;  opinion  ;  niUion  ; 
judgment  ;  the  decision  of  Ihe  mind  formed  by  dc- 
libi  ration  or  reasoning.  Thus,  in  d>  libcnilive  bodies, 
every  man  h.as  the  privilege  of  delivering  his  senti- 
ments upon  questions,  motions,  and  bills- 


TOXE,  Bj;i.L,  TJXITE.  — AX"GER,  VfCIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SEP 


SEP 


SEP 


3.  Tlie  sense,  thought,  or  opinion,  contained  in 
n'urds,  but  considered  as  distinct  from  tlieiii.  We 
may  like  the  sentiment,  when  we  dislike  the  lan- 
guage. 

4.  Sensibility  ;  feeling  Sheridan. 
SE.\-TI-.ME.N'T'AL,  a.    Abounding  with  sentiment, 

or  just  opinions  or  reflections  j  as,  a  seHtiV«c/Uai  dis- 
course. 

2.  Expressing  quick  intellectual  feeling. 

3.  Affecting  sensibility  j  in  a  contemptaoits  sense. 

Sheridan. 

SEN-TI-MENT'AL-ISM,n.  Sentimentality;  afiecta- 
tion  of  exquisite  feeling  or  sensibility.  fViViin^tan. 

SEN-TI-MENT'AL-IST,  n.  One  that  affects  senti- 
ment, tine  feeling,  or  exquisite  sensibility. 

SE.\-TI-.MEi\T-AL'l-TY,  n.  Atlcctatiun  of  fine  feel- 
ing or  exquisite  sensibility.  Wtirton. 

SEX-TI-ME.fVT'AL-IZE,  v.  i.  To  affect  exquisite 
sensibilitv. 

SEX-TI-.MEXT'AL-LY,  adv.  With  intellectual  feel- 
ing or  sensibility. 

SEN'TI-NEL,  71.  [Fr.  sentineUc ;  It.  and  Port,  senti- 
nella ;  Sp.  centinda  ;  from  L.  sentioj  to  perceive.] 

In  military  affaim,  a  soldier  set  to  watch  or  guard 
an  army,  camp,  or  other  place,  from  surprise,  to  oli- 
serve  the  approach  of  danger  and  give  notice  of  it. 
In  ■popuiar  u-^e,  the  word  is  contracted  into  Sentry, 

SEN'TI-NEL-KD,  a.    Furnished  with  a  sentinel. 

SEN'TRV,  n.    [See  Sentinel.] 

1.  A  sentinel  ;  a  soldier  placed  on  guard. 

2.  Guard  ;  watch  ;  the  duty  of  a  sentinel. 

O'er  my  sluml>ers  sentry  keep.  Brown. 

SEN'TRY-BOX,  it.  A  box  to  cover  a  sentinel  at  his 
post,  anil  shelter  him  from  the  weather. 

SF..\''Z.i,  [It. ;  Fr.  sans.]  Without. 

SEP'AL,  17.    [from  L.  sepio.] 

In  botany,  a  distinct  part  of  that  sort  of  ca!yz 
which  is  called  a  Perianth.  Wiien  a  perianth 
consists  of  l)Ut  one  part,  it  is  said  to  be  monosepa- 
tous,  when  of  two  or  more  parts,  it  is  said  to  be 
di,  tri,  trtra,  pcntasepnious,  etc.  When  of  a  variable 
and  indefinite  number  of  parts,  it  is  said  to  be  puly- 
sepalaus. 

SEP'A-LOID,  a.  Like  a  sepal,  or  distinct  part  of  a 
pi-riaiith. 

SEP-A-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  separable.]  The  qual- 
ity of  being  separable,  or  of  admitting  separation  or 
disunion. 

SrinrabUily  is  the  greatest  argument  of  real  distinction. 

Glanville, 

SEP'A-RA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  separabdis.  See 
Separate.] 

That  may  be  separated,  disjoined,  disunited,  or 
rent ;  as,  the  separable  parts  of  plants  ;  qualities  not 
separable  from  the  substance  in  which  thev  exist. 
SEP'A-RA-BLE-NESS,  ji.    The  quality  of  being  ca- 
pable of  separation  or  disunion. 

Trials  permit  me  not  to  doubt  of  the  separdbleneBS  of  a  yellow 
tincture  from  gold.  Boijle. 
SEP'A-RA-BLV,  ado.    In  a  separable  manner. 
SEP'A-RATE,  7-.  t.    [L.  scparo  ;  Fr.  scparer  ;  It,  srpa- 
rare;  ^p.  scparar  ;  Rxxas.  razberayn.    'J'he  Latin  word 
is  compounded  of  se,  a  prefix,  and  pnro,  evidently 
coincitlini  with  the  oriental  K"v3  or  i">2,  the  sense  of 
which  i<,  to  throw  or  drive  off.    Class  Br,  No.  7, 8,  9, 
10.    See  Pare  and  Parry.] 

1.  To  disunite;  to  divide;  to  sever;  to  part,  in 
almost  any  manner,  eitiier  things  naturally  or  cas- 
ually joined.  The  parts  of  a  soljd  sul>>tance  may  be 
separated  by  breaking,  cutting,  or  splitting,  or  by 
fusion,  decomposition,  or  natural  dissolution.  A 
compound  botiy  may  be  separated  into  its  constituent 
parts.  Friends  may  be  .separated  by  necessity,  and 
must  be  separated  by  death.  The  prism  separates  the 
seviTal  kinds  of  colored  rays.  A  riddle  separates  the 
chair  from  the  grain. 

2.  To  set  ai)art  from  a  number  for  a  particular 
service. 

Separate  me  Earnnbng  anil  Saul.  —  Acts  xiii. 

3.  To  disconnect ;  as,  to  separate  man  and  wife  by 
divorce. 

4.  To  make  a  space  between.    The  Atlantic 
arates  Europe  from  America.    A  narrow  stniit  .«•/)- 
aralcs  Europe  from  Africa.    Tu  separatees  one*it  setfi 
to  withdraw  ;  to  depart. 

StjMrau  tttyulf,  I  pniy  lliee,  from  me.  —  fien.  xiH. 
SEP'A-RATE,  ».       To  part;  to  be  disunited  ;  to  be 
dixconnectcil  ;  to  withdraw  from  eai  h  other.  The 
parties  separated,  and  each  retired. 

2.  To  cleave  ;  to  open  ;  aH,  the  jiarts  of  a  substance 
separate  bv  drying  or  freezing. 
SEP'A-RATE,  a.    [L.  separatns.] 

1.  Oivided  from  the  rest  ;  being  parted  from 
nnolhcr  ;  disjoinli  d  ;  dinconm  cted  ;  used  of  things 
Uiat  hitec  been  united  or  eonnectcj.  Oni.  xlix,  2 
Car.  vi. 

2.  1,'iironnecled  ;  not  united  ;  distinct  ;  7ise,d  of 
thinffs  that  luLVe  not  been  connected, 

Clirifft  w.iji  holy,  hariiilcu,  uuilcfileil,  anil  arparale  rrom  tiiini-n. 
—  II.  U.  »lL 

3.  DinunUeil  from  the  body  ;  n(,  a  separate  spirit ; 
tho  teparale  utate  of  aoul*.  Locke. 


SEP'A-Ra-TED,  pp.  Divided  ;  parted  ;  disunited  ; 
disconnected. 

SEP'A-R.^TE-Ly,  adv.    In  a  separate  or  unconnected 

sUite  ;  apart ;  distinctly  ;  singly.    The  opinions  of 

the  council  were  separatrhi  taken. 
SEP'A-RATE-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  separate. 
SEP-A-RAT'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  seiiaration  in 

religion.  Dwight. 
SEP'A-Ra-TING,  p/)r.   Dividing;  disjoining;  putting 

or  driving  asunder;  disconneoting  ;  decomposing. 
SEP-A-Ra'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  separalio  ;  It.  sepor- 

rationed  separacion.] 

1.  The  act  of  separating,  severing,  or  disconnect- 
ing ;  disjunction  ;  as,  the  separation  of  the  soul  from 
the  boily. 

2.  The  state  of  being  separate ;  disunion  ;  dis- 
connection. 

All  the  (lays  of  his  separation  he  is  holy  to  the  Ijord.  —  Num.  vi. 

3.  The  operation  of  disuniting  or  decomposing 
substances  ;  chemical  analysis.  Bacon. 

4.  Divorce  ;  disunion  of  married  persons.  Shak. 
SEP'.VRA-TISM,  71.   The  act  of  separating ;  dispo- 
sition to  withdraw  from  a  church,  or  practice  of 
withdrawing. 

SEP'A-RA-TIST,  71.    [Fr.  s^paratiste.] 

One  that  withdraws  from  a  church,  or  rather  from 
an  established  church,  to  which  he  has  belonged  ;  a 
dissenter ;  a  seceder  ;  a  schismatic  ;  a  sectary. 

Bacon. 

SEP'A-R.\-TOR,  71.  One  that  divides  or  disjoins  ;  a 
divider. 

SEP'A-RA-TO-RY,  a.    That  separates  ;  ss,separalory 

ducts.    [Little  used.]  Cheyne, 
SEP'A-RA-TO-RY,  71.   A  chemical  vessel  for  separa- 
ting liquors  ;  and  a  surgical  instrument  for  separating 
the  pericranium  from  the  cranium.  Parr. 
SE-PAWN',  j  ?!.    A  species  of  food  consisting  of  meal 
SE  PON',     \     of  maize  boiled  in  water.  It  is  in  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania  what  hasty-pudding  is  in 
New  Euiilnnd. 
SEP'E-LI-BLE,  a.    [U  sepelio.]    That  may  be  buried, 
Se;'PI-A,  71,    [Gr.  nriTTia  and  Gnrvti,  a  bag.] 

1.  This  term  comprehends  several  genera  of  ceph- 
alopodous  niollusca  ;  as  the  Octopus,  Loligo,  etc. 
This  term  is  also  the  name  of  an  individual  genus 
of  this  group.  Most  of  these  animals  have  an  inter- 
nal sac  containing  a  natural  ink,  that  is,  a  carbona- 
ceous matter  suspended  in  water  by  the  intervention 
of  gelatine.  This  they  emit,  when  pursued  by  ene- 
mies, by  which  the  water  is  so  discolored,  that  they 
are  often  en.ibled  to  effect  their  escape.  These  ani- 
mals are  called  Cuttle-Fish,  though  they  are  not 
true  fishes. 

2.  A  pigment  prepared  from  the  ink  of  the  sepia  or 
cuttle-fish.  Ure. 

SEP'I-MENT,  71,  [L,  sepimentum,  from  .'cpio,  to  inclose.] 
A  hedge;  a  fence;  something  that  separates  or 
defends. 

SE-PoSE',  (se-poze',)  v.  t.    [L.  sepono,  srpositiis.] 
To  set  apart.    [JVot  in  uxr.]  Donne. 

SEP-0-SI"TION,  (-zisii'un,)  71.  The  act  of  setting 
^part  ;  segregation.    [jVut  in  use]  Taylor. 

Sf.'POY,  h.  [Pers.  sipnhi;  Hindoo,  srpafiai.]  A  na- 
tive of  India,  employed  as  a  soldier  in  the  service  of 
Eiiriipean  powers. 

SEI"Pl-.\.    See  Sepia. 

SEPS,  77..    [L.,  from  Gr.  arrro).  Cuvicr.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  scincoid  saurian  reptiles, 
sometimes  called  Serpent-Lizards.  They  are  found 
in  the  East  Indies,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  on 
the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean.  These  animals 
have  elongated  bodies,  short  and  indistinct  feet,  non- 
extensile  tongues,  and  scales  covering  their  bodies 
like  tiles. 

SEPT,  77.  [Qu.  sapia,  in  the  L.  prosapia ;  or  Ileb.  1320?. 
See  Class  Sb,  No.  23.] 

A  clan,  race,  or  family,  proceeding  from  a  common 
progenitor  ;  used  of  the  races  or  families  in  Ireland. 

Spenser.  Daeies. 
PEP'TA,  n.  pi.  of  Septum,  which  see. 
SEPr-AN"GU-LAR,  (-ang'gu-lar,)  a.     [L.  septem, 
seven,  and  angulus,  angle.] 
Ilavinc  seven  angles. 
SEP-T.\'RI-UiM,  71. ;  pi.  Septaria,    [li.  septa,  p.irti- 
tions.] 

A  name  given  to  flattened  imbedded  nodules  of 
clay  or  marl  ;  also,  to  similar  nodules  intersected  by 
seams.  Dana. 
SEP-TEM'BER,  71.    [L.,  from  septem,  seven  ;  Fr.  Scp- 
tcnibre  ;  It.  Sittcmbrc  ;  Sp.  Srptirrnbrc.] 

The  scveiilh  month  from  March,  which  was  for- 
merly the  first  month  of  the  year.  September  is 
now  the  ninth  month  of  the  yi^ar. 
SEI'-TIvM'HRl.'^T,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  agents  in 
the  niiissarre  in  Paris,  September  2,  17U2;  hence,  u 
term  proverbial  throughout  Europe  for  one  who  is 
hiooillhirstv  and  malignant.  Brandr. 
SEP-TEM'PAR TITE,  a.    Divided  nearly  to  the  base 

into  seven  parts. 
KEI"TE.\-A-RV,7i.   [Fi.septfnnire:  H.  settenario  I  Sp. 
aeptenario ;  L.  srpicnarius,  from  septem,  seven.] 
Consisting  of  seven  ;  as,  a  septenary  number. 

fVatUi. 


SEP'TEN-A-RY,  n.    The  number  seven.  Burnet. 
SEP-TEi\''NI-AL,  a.  [L.  septcnnis  ;  septem,  seven,  and 
annus,  year.] 

1.  Lasting  or  continuing  seven  years;  as,  septennial 
parliaments. 

2.  Happening  or  returning  once  in  every  seven 
years  ;  as,  septennial  elections  in  England. 

SEP-TE.\'N[-AL-LY,  adv.    Once  in  seven  years. 
SEP-TEN'TRI-ON,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  septenirio.] 

The  north  or  northern  regions.  Shak. 
SEP-TEN'TRI-ON,        )       rr       ,    ,  •  71 
SEP-TEN'TRI-ON-AL,  j  ^^tmtrionahs.] 
Northern  ;  pertaining  to  the  north. 

From  cold  seplentrion  biastjs.  •  Milton. 

SEP-TEN-TRI-ON-AL'I-TY,  n.  Northerliness.  [jl 
bad  word.] 

SEP-TEN'TRI-ON-AL-LY,  adv.    Northerly  ;  toward 

the  north.    [.^  bad  word.]  Brown. 
SEP-TEN'TRI-ON-aTE,  v.  i.   To  tend  northerly. 

Brown. 

[This  word  septentrion  and  its  derivatives  are  hard- 
ly anglicized ;  they  are  harsh,  unnecessary,  and 
little  used,  and  may  well  be  suffered  to  pass  into 
disuse.] 

SEPT'-tOIL,  71.  [Ij.  septetn  iind  folium  ;  seven-leafed.] 

A  plant,  the  Tormentilla  or  Tormentil. 
SEP'TIC,        la.    [Gr.  o-rjirriitos,  from  ai/Ttj,  to  pu- 
SEP'Tie-AL,  j  trefy.] 

Having  power  to  promote  putrefaction.  Many  ex- 
periments were  made  by  Sir  John  Piingle  to  ascer- 
tain the  septic  and  antiseptic  vii  tues  of  natural  bodies. 

Encyc.  Brande. 
SEP'Tie,  71.    A  substance  that  promotes  the  putrefac- 
tion of  bodies.  Encyc. 
SEP  TI-Ci'DAL,  a.    [L.  septum,  a  partition,  and  ca;do, 
to  cut  or  divide.] 

A  septicidal  dehiscence  of  a  pericarp,  is  that  which 
takes  place  between  the  laminx  of  the  dissepiment. 

Lindleu. 

SEP-TIC'I-TY,  (sep-tis'e-te,)  71.  Tendency  to  putre- 
faction. •  Fourcroit. 

SEP-TI-Pa'RI-OUS,  a.    Having  seven  different  ways. 

SEP-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  septum  and  fero.] 
Bearing  septa.    [See  Septum.] 

SEP-TIF'LU-OUS,  a.    Flowing  in  seven  streams. 

SEP-TI-Fo'LI-OUS,  a.    Having  seven  leaves. 

SEP'TI-FOR.M,  a.    Having  seven  forms, 

SEP-TIF'RA-GAL,  a.  [L.  septum,  a  partition,  and 
frango,  to  break.] 

A  septifragal  dehiscence  of  a  pericarp,  occurs  when 
the  dissepiments  adhere  to  the  a.xis,  and  separate 
from  the  valves. 

SEP-TI-LAT'ER-.\L,  o.  [L.  «q)«e7n,  seven, and  latus, 
side.] 

Having  seven  sides  ;  as,  a  septilateral  figure.  Broten. 

SEP-TIL'LION,  (sep-til'yun,)  71.  According  to  the 
English  notation,  l\ie  product  of  a  million  involved  to 
the  seventh  power,  or  a  unit  with  forty-two  ciphers 
annexed  ;  according  to  (Ac  French  notation,  a  unit 
with  twentv-four  ciphers  annexed. 

SEP-TIN'SU-LAR,  a.  [L.  septem,  seven,  and  insula, 
isle.] 

Consisting  of  seven  isles ;  as,  tlie  septinsular  re- 
public of  the  Ionian  Isles.  Q«.  Jicv. 
SEP'TON,  71.    [Gr.  cnTo),  to  putrefy.] 
That  which  promotes  putrefaction. 
SEP-TIJ-AG'EN-A-RY.   a.     [Fr.  stplua srenaire ;  L. 
septuagenarius,  from  septuaginta,  seventy.] 
(Consisting  of  seventy.  Brown. 
SEP-TU-A-GE.'V-A'Rl-AN,  )  71.     A   person  seventy 
SEP-TU-AG'EN-A-RY,      (    years  of  age. 
SEP-TU-A-GES'I-MA,  71.    [L.  septuagcsimus,  seven- 
tieth.] 

The  third  Sund.ay  before  Lent,  or  before  Quadra- 
gesima Sunday,  supposed  to  be  so  called  because  it 
is  .-ibiiut  seven'tv  d.ays  before  Easter.  P.  Cyc. 

SEP-TU-A-GES'I-MAL,  o.  [Supra.]  Consisting  of 
seventy. 

Our  abridged  and  septuagesimal  a»e,  Broion, 
SEP'TU-A-OINT,  71.    [L.  .septuaginta,  seventy;  sep- 
tem, seven,  and  some  word  signifying  ten.] 

A  Greek  version  of  the  Old  Testament,  so  called 
because  it  was  said  to  be  the  work  of  seventy,  or 
rather  of  sevmly-two,  interpreters.  'J'his  translation 
from  the  Hebrew  is  reported  to  have  been  made  in 
the  reign  and  by  the  order  of  Ptolemy  Philadi  Ipbus, 
king  of  Egypt,  about  two  hundred  and  seventy  or 
two  hundred  and  eighty  years  before  the  hirlh  of 
Christ.  But  this  is  very  doubtful.  From  iiiti  rnal 
evidence  it  is  clear  that  it  was  not  all  the  work  of 
one  man,  nor  of  one  company  of  men  ;  for  the  trans- 
l.ators  of  diflerent  books  were  of  very  difl'creut  de- 
grees of  c  petoncy,  and  were  governed  by  very 

different  rules  of  interpretation.     It  was  probably 
not  all  the  work  of  one  age.  Jilurdock. 
SEP'TU-A-GINT,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Sepluagint ; 
contained  in  the  Greek  copy  of  the  Old  Testament. 
The  .'feplungint  chronology  muken  fifteen  hundred  yeivn  more 
from  tJi'-  f  n-ation  to  Abnvhain,  than  Uic  jir^ncat  IK'bn-w  copie* 
ol  the  nililc.  Encyc. 

SEP'TU  A-RY,  71.    [L.  septem,  seven.] 

Something  composed  of  suvcn  ;  a  week.  [fAttle 
u,icd.]  -^sh.  Cote. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MttTE,  PREY — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1008 


2.  Ductility  ;  plialilcncss.  [Little  used.]  Baco 
SlC'QUEL,  (sC-'kwel,)  n.    [Ft.  .^equrlle ;  L.  It. 


SEQ 

SEP'TUM,  11. ;  Septa.  [ii  ftoiii/ii/,  a  partition  that 
separates  tile  cells  of  tile  fruit. 

Q.  In  anatomy,  a  partition  which  separates  two 
cnvitit'.s. 

SEP'TU-PI.E,  (I.  [Low  L.  septuple!;  septcm,  seven, 
anil  plico,  to  foUl.J 

Sevenfolil  ;  seven  times  as  much. 

SEP'UL-eilEll,  j  11.    [Kr.  .lepulchre  ;   Sp.  and  Port. 

SEP'UL  eHRE,  1  sepulero:  It.  .-epolcro  ;  from  L. 
sppulclintm,  from  sfprtiii,  to  bury,  which  seems  to  be 
funned  with  a  prefix  on  the  (iolh.,AW«n,  to  bury.] 

A  prave  ;  a  tomb  ;  the  place  in  wliicli  tlic  dead 
body  of  a  human  being  in  interred,  or  a  pl.ice  des- 
tined for  that  purpos(\  .Ainoiii;  the  Jews,  sepulcher^ 
were  often  c.vcavations  in  rocks.  Ij.  xxii.  Matt. 
X  wii. 

PEP'UL-eHER, )  r.  1.  To  bury;  to  inter  ;  to  entomb  ; 
SEPUL-eilltK  f    as,  obscurely  .<0</i'c/irr«Z.  Prioi . 
»i:i"Vl.-eHVAl-F.D,  I  pp.  or  a.   "Deposited  ill  a  sepul- 
SEP'lIl,-eilRKI),     i  Cher. 

SE-l'UL'eilllAL,  o.  [L.  sepulckralis,  from  scpul- 
chrum.] 

Pertaininc  to  burial,  to  the  prave,  or  to  monuments 
erected  to  the  memory  of  the  dead  ;  as,  a  srpitkhrai 
stone  ;  a  sepulchral  statue  ;  u  sepulchral  inscription. 

jVilton. 

SEP'UL-TIJRE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sepultura,  from 
sepelto.  ] 

Burial ;  interment ;  the  act  of  depositing  the  dead 
body  of  a  human  beinp  in  the  grave. 

Wlii?ri?  we  m^y  royiil  sepulture  prvp;\re.  Dryjen. 

SE-atTA'CIOUS,  (se-kwa'shus,)  a.    [L.  sequax,  from 
setjnor,  to  follow.    See  Seek.] 
1.  Following ;  attendant. 

TrfcB  iiprootrd  Irrt  Oieir  place, 

Self uacious  iif  l\if  hrv.  Dryften. 
Tile  loiiil,  »etfuaciuue  lierd.  Thomson. 

3.  Ductile;  pliant. 

Th^  fiirj''  WHS  crwy,  am!  the  manor  duclile  and  sequadoua. 
[Little  uee'l.j  Hay, 

SE-aUA'CIOlJS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  sequacious  ; 

disposition  to  follow.  Tai/lur. 
SE-UUAC'I-'I'Y,  (se-kwas'c-te,)  n.    [Supra.]    A  fol- 
lowing, or  disposition  to  follow. 
~~  '"    ■  Bacon. 

and 

Sp.  spjufila:  from  L.  setjitor,  to  follow. 

1.  That  which  follows ;  a  succeeding  part ;  as,  the 
sequel  of  a  man's  adventures  or  history. 

2.  Consequence;  event.  Let  the  sun  or  moon 
cease,  fail,  or  swerve,  and  the  sei/iteZ  would  be  ruin. 

Hooker. 

3.  Consequence  inferred  ;  consequentialness.  [Lit- 
tle usril.)  Il'hit^rifte. 

Sk'UUE.NCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sequciis,  seqitor  i  It. 
seirueti ] 

1.  A  following,  or  that  which  follows;  a  conse- 
quent. Brown. 

2.  Order  of  succession. 

How  art  thou  a  Itin^ 
But  by  f.vir  se<;uence  mul  siKx^isaioii  r  Shak. 

3.  Series  ;  arrangement ;  method.  Bacon. 

4.  In  miunc,  a  regular  alternate  succession  of  simi- 
lar chords.  Bnsbij. 

5.  Ill  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  hymn  intro. 
dnred  in  the  mass  on  certain  festival  days,  and  re- 
cited or  sung  inimedialely  before  the  gospel,  and 
after  the  gradual  or  introit]  whence  the  name. 

Bp.  Fit-.palrick. 

SE'aUEXT,  a.    [Supra.]    Following ;  succeeding. 
2.  Consequential.    [Little  useil.]  [SItiik. 

SF.'QUK.VT,  n.    A  foil  wer.    [A'uJ  in  «.«.]  Shak. 

SE-ai'KN'TIAIj-LV,  ai/i).    In  succession. 

SE-UUES'TER,  v.  I.  [Fr.  sique^trer  ;  It.  sequestrare  ; 
Sp.  sfquestrar ;  Low  L.  sequestra,  to  sever  or  separate, 
to  put  into  the  hands  of  an  indiflerent  person,  as  a 
de|>osit  ;  srqncstrr,  belonging  to  mediation  or  umpir- 
age, and  as  a  noun,  an  umpire,  referee,  mediator. 
This  word  is  probably  a  comiiound  of  jre  and  the  root 
of  qtuestus,  qiuesittis,  sought.    See  ClrESTios.] 

1.  To  separate  from  the  owner  for  a  time  ;  to 
seize  or  take  possession  of  some  properly  which  be- 
lirngs  to  another,  and  hold  it  till  the  profits  have  paid 
the  demand  for  which  it  is  taken. 

FonnTly,  ti)'-  ^oo(ls  of  a  «irffnil,int  in  chaniyrT  wcre,-in  Ihe  laKt 
Teton,  Meijueatered  >iml  il''t^iiiit><l  lutnrorco  the  dfcpeei  of  tlii> 
Court.  Ami  now  (Ik-  prulits  of  a  bciitr/icc  are  tefueitered  lo 
pay  (he  dctju  ol  cixirsi.islica.  Blacktutne. 

2.  To  take  from  parties  in  controversy  and  put  into 
the  p<isscssion  of  an  iiidilferent  person.  J-.ncijc 

3.  To  put  aside  ;  to  remove  ;  to  separate  from 
other  things. 

1  bul  wholly  tequettered  my  civil  aflaira.  Bacon. 

4.  To  sequester  one's  self :  to  separate  one's  self  from 
society  ;  to  withdraw  or  retire  ;  to  seclude  one's  self 
for  the  sake  of  privacy  or  solitude  ;  as,  to  sequester 
oHc'j  .icy  from  action.  Hooker. 

5.  To  cause  to  retire  or  withdraw  into  obscurity. 

Il  waa  his  tailor  and  his  cook,  his  fine  fttshions  and  his  fVnch 
rigvuu,  which  ttquetttred  him.  £*oulA. 

SEi-ClUES'TER,  r.  i.  To  decline,  as  a  widow,  any 
concern  with  the  estate  of  her  husband. 


SER 

SE-fll'ES'TER-KI),  pp.uT  a.  Seized  and  detained  for 
a  time,  to  satisfy  a  ileiuand  ,  separated  ;  also,  being 
in  retirement ;  secluded  ;  privHie  ,  a^i,  n  sequestered 
situation. 

SE-(ilIES'TER-ING,  p;>r.  Seizing  or  Ukmp  posses- 
sion of  the  property  of  another  fur  a  iimc,  u»  satisty 
a  claim  ;  n^moving  ;  separating;  se<:liidiiig. 

SE-UUES'TRA-ULi;,  a.  Thiit  may  be  seipie-stered 
or  separated  ;  subject  or  liable  to  setineslrai inn. 

SE-ftUES'TRATE,  e.  t.  To  seipiester.  [It  is  less 
used  than  Sehi'estf.r,  but  exactly  synonymous. | 

SE-aUE.-^-TRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  taking  a  thing 
from  parties  contending  folk  it,  and  intrusting  it  to  an 
indilTerent  person.  F.ucijc. 

2.  In  the  cii)i7 //n/',  the  act  of  the  ordinary,  disposing 
of  the  goods  and  clnittels  of  one  deceased,  whose  es- 
tate no  one  will  meddle  with.  F.itcijc. 

3.  The  act  of  taking  property  from  the  owner  for  a 
time,  till  the  rents,  issues,  and  profits  satisfy  a  de- 
mand. 

4.  The  act  of  seizing  the  estate  of  a  delinquent  for 
the  use  of  the  state.. 

5.  Separation  ;  retirement;  seclusion  from  society. 

South. 

6.  State  of  being  separated  or  set  aside.  Shak. 

7.  Disiiniim  ;  disjunction.    [Mt  in  use,]  Bmile. 
SE-QUES-TRa'TOR,  II.    One  that  sequesters  proper- 
ty, or  takes  the  posse.ssion  of  it  for  a  time,  to  satisfy 

•  a  demand  out  of  its  reiitji  or  prolits.  Tuijlor. 
2.  One  to  whom  the  keeping  of  sequestereil  proj)- 
^rtv  is  coniiiiitled.  Badcit. 

SE'dUI.N,  u.  A  gold  coin  of  Italy  and  Turkey.  'Vlie 
average  value  at  Veiiici',  and  in  other  parts  of  Italy, 
is  9s.  5d.  sterling,  or  about  .$9.20.  In  Turkey,  the 
sequin  fonihicU  is  valued  at  "s.  7d.  sterling,  or  about 
$1.75.  It  is  sometimes  written  Cheiiuin  anil  /kciii  .x. 
rSee/EOHiM.J  Krllii. 

SE-RAGL'IO,  (se-niryo,)  n.  [Fr.  .s-^r«i7;  Sp.  srrrallo: 
II.  serra^Uu,  from  serrure,  to  shut  ur  make  fast,  Fr. 
scrrer  ;  perhaps  from  ii'"  or  Caslell  deduces  the 

word  from  the  Persian  (sSjjm  sqrai,  serai,  a  great 

house,  a  palace.  The  Portuguese  write  tlie  word 
cerralho,  and  Fr.  scrrer,  to  lock,  they  write  cen-ar,  as 
do  the  Spaniards.] 

The  palace  of  the  grand  seignior,  or  Turkish  sul- 
tan, or  the  p.ilacc  of  a  jirince.  The  serau'lio  of  the 
sultan  is  a  long  range  of  biiililings  inhabited  liy  the 
grand  seignior  and  all  the  olficcrs  and  ilependents 
of  his  court  ;  and  in  it  is  transacted  all  the  business 
of  government.  In  this  also  are  confined  the  females 
of  the  hiirein.  F.lun. 

Hence,  seraglio  has  been  often,  though  improperly, 
confounded  with  harem,  niul  is  someliiiios  used  to 
signify  a  liouse  of  women  kept  for  debauchery. 

Smart. 

SE-RaI',  ji.  In  India  and  Tartarij,  a  place  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  travelers  ;  a  -Mohammedan  name  of 
the  chollry,  or  rest-house.  Malcom. 

SER'APH,  (ser'af  )  n.  :  pi.  Seraphs;  but  soiiietiines 
the  Hebrew  plural.  Seraphim,  is  used,  [from  lleb. 
fy^V,  to  biirn.J 
An  anjel  of  the  highest  order. 

As  fiill,  aa  porfc^i,  in  vil-'  man  that  monrns, 

As  t|j|.^.\pt  temph  lh.it  adores  and  burns.  Pope. 

SE-RAPH  ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  semph  ;  angel- 
SE-R.^PII'IC-AL,  j     ic  ;  sublime  ;  as,  seraphic  purity  ; 
seraphic  fervor. 

2.  Pure;  refined  from  sensuality.  Steift. 

3.  Riirning  or  iiitlanied  with  love  or  zeal.  Thus 
St.  Bonaventure  was  called  the  seraphic  doctor. 

Flticyc 

SE-RAPH'ie-AL-LV,  arfr.  In  tlie  manner  of  a  ser- 
aph. 

SER'A-PHIM,  (-fiin,)  n.  [the  lleb.  plural  of  Seraph.] 
Angels  of  the  highest  oriicr  in  the  celestial  hierarchy. 

Com.  Praiier. 

[It  is  sometimes  improperly  written  Sf.raphims.] 
SER'A-PHINE,  j  n.  [fTiim  .leraph.]  A  keyed  wind- 
SER-.^-PIM'N.A,  I  instrument,  the  tones  of  which 
are  generated  by  the  play  of  wind  upon  metallic 
reeds,  as  in  the  accordion.  It  cimsists,  like  the  or- 
gan, of  a  key-hoard,  wind-chest,  and  bellows.  By 
means  of  a  pedal,  the  stress  <if  the  wind  upon  the 
reeds  may  be  so  regulated  as  to  give,  with  fine  effect, 
the  expression  of  accent,  crescendo,  and  diminuendo. 

E.  T.  Fitch. 

SE-RA'PIS,  n.    [L.  and  Gr.]    An  Egyptian  deity. 

Brande. 

SE-RAS'KtER,  (se-ras'kecr,)  n.   A  Turkish  general 

or  commander  of  land  forces. 
SERE,  a.     Dry  ;  withered.     Usually  written  Seah, 

which  see. 

SERE,  n.    (an.  Fr.  strrer,  to  lock  or  make  fast.] 

A  claw  or  talon.    [J^ut  in  use.]  Chapman. 
SER  E-NaDE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  and  Sp.  screnala,  from 
L.  sereiius,  clear,  serene. | 

I.  Properhj,  music  perlormed  in  the  open  air  on  a 
clear  night ,  hence  it  is  usually  applied  to  musical 
entertainment?  given  in  the  nigiit,  esjiecially  by  gen- 
tlemen, in  a  spirit  of  gallantry,  under  the  windows 
of  ladies.  Brande. 


SEIt 

3.  Also,  a  song  c-.ini|iosed  for  such  nn  occasion. 

F.ucyr. 

SER-E-NADE',  v.  U   To  entertain  with  noeliiriial  mu- 
sic,      -  Sprctatnr. 
SER-E-i\AI)E',  V.  i.    To  perforin  nocturnal  music. 

'/'alter 

SE-Ric'VA  GUT'T.^.    See  Gltta  Serena. 

SER'E'.N'A'TA,  n.  A  piece  of  vocal  iiiiisic  on  an  am- 
orous subject.  Bu..hij. 

SE-ltK.NE',  a.    [Fr.  serein;  It.  and  Sp.  .wjnu  ; 

reiius  ;  Riiss.  oiariaiju,  lleh.  Cli.  riyr.  and  Ar.  ■>ni,  lo 
shine.    Class  Sr,  \o.  2,  33,  47.] 

1.  Clear  ur  fair,  and  calm  ;  .as,  a  serene  sky  ;  serene 
air.    AVrc;i(fini|iorts  great  purity. 

2.  Bright. 

Tlif  union,  Kerene  In  fflory,  mounts  the  sky.  Pope. 

3.  Calm  ;  iiiiriitfled  ;  undisturbed  ;  as,  a  serene  a.4- 
pecl  ;  a  .^■rrriie  soul.  Milton. 

4.  .\  title  givi  ii  to  several  princei  and  magistrates 
in  f^iirope  ;  as,  serene  higliiiifss  ;  most  serene. 

SE-Ri;.\E',  n.    A  cold,  dump  evening.  [.Vu(  in  «.«.] 

B.  Jiinjion, 

SE^RE.VE',  r.  (.   To  make  clear  and  culm ;  to  ipiiel. 

2.  To  clear  ;  lo  briglili  ii.  Philips. 
SE-RE.N'E'LY,  ade.   Calmly  ;  quietly. 

Tilt-  setting  sun  imw  shone  terenely  l>nght.  Pope. 

2,_  With  iiiirutfled  temper  ;  coolly.  Privf. 
SE-RE.\E'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  serene;  se- 
renity. 

SE-REN'I-TUDE,  ji.   Calmness.    [A'ol  in  ujc] 

Wot  ton. 

SE-RE.\'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  ;t«-p«i«< ;  I.,  serenilas.] 

1.  (Clearness  and  caliiiiie.ss  ;  as,  the  serenity  of  the 
air  or  sky. 

2.  Calmness;  quietness;  stillness;  peace. 

A  genend  pe.ice  and  eerenily  Dewly  succeeded  yener.il  trtitiWe. 

Temple. 

3.  Calmness  of  mind  ;  evenness  of  temper;  undis- 
turbed state  ;  coolness. 

1  atii  not        liMW  any  men  sh<nild  trins^ss  those  momi  nilea 
with  coiiidence  and  serenity.  Locke. 

4.  A  title  of  respect  or  courtesy.  Miltun. 
SERF,  «.    [Fr.  serf:  L.  servits.    See  SunyR.] 

.\  servant  or  slave  employed  in  husbandry,  and,  in 
some  countries,  attached  to  the  soil,  and  transferred 
with  It.    The  serts  in  Poland  are  slaves.  Coie. 
SERF'DOM,  n.    The  state  or  condition  of  serfs.  LyeU. 

[Serfage  is  less  pruprr.] 
SERGE,  n.    [Ft.  .serire  ;  Sp.  xTT^'a,  coarse  frieze,  and 
jargon  ;  It.  sariria,  a  coverlet ;  I).  ..fer^rie.] 

A  woolen  twilleil  stiilf  niaiiiifactnreil  in  a  loom 
with  four  treddles,  after  the  manner  of  ratteens. 

Sdk  .^erge  is  a  twilled,  silk  fabric,  iiseil  nmsily  by 
the  tailors  for  lining  parts  of  gentlemen's  coats. 

F.nciie.  of  Di/iu.  F.eon. 
SER'GE.A.N'-CY,  (sar'jcn-se,)  n.    'i'he  office  of  a  .ser- 
geant at  law.  HackeU 
SER'GE.\.\T,  (sir'jent,)  n.    [Fr.  serpent :  It.  ...rrarnte; 
Sp.  and  Port,  sartrento  :  from  I.,  semens,  serving,  for 
so  was  this  word  written  in  Latin.    But  flastell  de- 

duces  the  word  from  the  Persian  i^<Ss^^^Mt  sar- 

chank,  or  sarjnnk,  a  prefect,  a  subaltern  iiiilitiiry  offi- 
cer. (See  Cast.  Ccd.  :t3(i.)  If  this  is  correct,  two  dif- 
ferent Words  arc  blended.' 

1.  Formerly,  an  ollieer  in  England,  nearly  answer- 
ing to  Ihe  more  modern  h.iiliir  of  the  hundred  .  also 
an  ollieer  whose  duty  was  to  atteiiil  on  llic  king,  and 
on  the  lord  high  steward  in  court,  lo  arrest  traitors 
and  other  ort"eiiilers.  This  olheer  is  now  calh  il  ."iEK- 
geant-at-Ar.ms,  or  Mace.  'I'liere  are,  at  present, 
other  officers  of  an  inferior  kind,  who  attend  mayors 
and  magistrates  to  execute  their  orders. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  a  iion-coiiiinissioned  officer 
in  a  ciunpany  of  iiifaiilry  or  Ironp  of  cavalry,  whose 
duty  is  to  instruct  recruits  in  disripline,  to  form  the 
ranks,  &.c. 

3.  In  F.n!rlnnd,a  lawyer  of  the  hipliest  rank,  and 
answering  to  the  doctor  of  the  civil  law.  Blnrk-^tone, 

4.  A  title  sometimes  given  to  the  king's  servants; 
as,  .s^ircrtnf-surgeon,  servant-surgeon.  Johnsoiu 

SER'GEA.N"T-AT-AR.\I8,  n.  In  lr«Malite  bodies,  an 
otficerwho  executes  the  commands  of  the  body  in 
preservinc  ordiT  and  punishing  otienses.  Brande. 

SER'GEANT-.Ma'JOR,  n.  [sergeant  and  mtij.rr.]  A 
niin-coininissioned  officer  wliu  acts  as  assistant  lu 
the  adjutant.  Brande. 

SEi;  (;E.\.NT-Y,  (sar'jent-e,)  n.  In  F.ngland,  ..<ergeanty- 
is  (if  two  kinds,  grand  sertreaiity  and  petit  serireaiity. 
Orand  serffeaiity  is  a  particular  kind  of  kniglit-ser- 
vire,  a  tenure  by  which  the  tenani  was  bound  to  do 
some  special  ht>norary  stjrvice  lo  the  king  in  person, 
as  to  carry  his  banner,  his  sword,  or  the  like,  or  to  be 
his  butler,  his  champion,  or  other  orticer,  at  his  coro- 
nation, to  lead  his  host,  to  be  his  marshal,  to  blow  a 
horn  when  an  enemy  ajiproaches,  &.c, 

Ciiierl.  Slarkstone. 
Petit  sergeanty  was  a  tenure  by  which  the  tenant 
was  Ixiiind  to  render  to  Ihe  king  annually  some  small 
inipleineiil  of  war,  as  a  liow,  a  pair  of  spurs,  a  sword, 
a  lance,  or  the  like  l.itttitan. 


TP.NE,  BULL,  q.MTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10L'S.  — G  as  K ;  d  aa  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


GGGG 


1009 


SER 


SER 


S  E  R 


SER'GEANT-SHIP,  (sir'jeiit  ship,)  n.  Tlie  office  of 
a  serceaiU. 

BEUGE'-MaK-ER,  71.    A  manufacturer  of  serges. 
Se'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  series ;  consistiug  of  a 
series. 

Sk'RI-ALS,  n-pi.  Tales,  or  oilier  writings,  commenced 
in  one  number  of  a  periodical  work,  and  continued 
in  successive  numbers. 

Se'RI-ATE,  a.  Arranged  in  a  series  or  succession. 

Se'RI-ATE-LY,  aiiv.    In  a  regular  series. 

SE-RI-A'TIM,  [L.]    In  regular  order. 

SE-RI"CE0US,  (se-risli'us,)  a.  [L.  sericus,  from  ser- 
icunij  silk.] 

Pertaining  to  silk  ;  consisting  of  silk  ;  silky  In 
botany,  covered  with  very  soft  hairs  pressed  close  to 
tile  surface  ;  as,  a  sericeous  leaf.  Jlartyn. 
SE'RIeS,  «.  [h.  This  word  belongs  probably  to  the 
i^liemitic  -iV,  118',  iw,  the  primary  sense  of  which 
is,  to  stretch,  or  strain.] 

1.  A  continued  succession  of  things  in  the  same 
order,  and  bearing  the  same  relation  to  each  other ; 
as,  a  series  of  kings  ;  a  series  of  successors. 

2.  Sequence;  order ;  course  ;  succession  of  things ; 
as,  a  series  of  calamitous  events. 

3.  In  natural  history,  an  order  or  subdivision  of 
some  class  of  natural  bodies.  Encye. 

4.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  a  number  of  terms  in 
succession,  increasing  or  diniinishing  according  to  a 
certain  law  ;  as,  arithmetical  series  and  geometric;il 
series.    [See  Progressiox.] 

SER'I:N,  71,  [Fr.]  A  song  bird  of  the  finch  family, 
found  in  the  central  parts  of  Europe.  It  has  a  small, 
horny,  and  short  bill,  and  its  habits  are  mostly  similar 
to  those  of  the  canary  bird.  Partington. 

SE'R[-0-eOM'ie,       j  a.    Having  a  mi.tture  of  se- 

SE'RI-0-eOM'I€^.\L,  (    riousness  and  sport. 

Se'RI-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  sericux ;  Sp.  serio ;  It.  serio, 
serioso ;  L.  jm'ji.*.] 

1.  Grave  in  manner  or  disposition  ;  solemn  ;  not 
light,  gay,  or  volatile  ;  as,  a  serious  man  ;  a  serious 
habit  or  disposition. 

2.  Really  intending  what  is  said;  being  in  earnest ; 
not  jesting  or  making  a  false  pretense.  Are  you 
seriotut,  or  in  jest  ? 

3.  Important ;  weighty ;  not  trifling. 

The  Holy  Scriptures  bring  to  our  ears  tlie  most  serious  things  in 
Uie  worid.  Yuung. 

4.  Particularly  attentive  to  religious  concerns  or 
one's  own  religious  st.ale.  JVilbcrforce. 

S£'RI-OCS-LY,  adv.  Gravely  ;  solemnly  ;  in  earnest ; 
without  levity  ;  in  an  important  degree.  One  of  the 
first  duties  of  a  rational  being  is  to  inquire  seriously 
why  he  was  created,  and  what  he  is  to  do  to  answer 
the  purpose  of  his  creation. 

Se'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.  Gravity  of  manner  or  of  mind  ; 
solemnity.  He  spoke  with  great  seriousjiess,  i>r  with 
an  air  of  seritiusness. 

2.  Earnest  attention,  particularly  to  religious  con- 
cerns. 

Th.1t  spirit  of  religion  and  seriousness  vanished  all  at  once. 

AUtrbury. 

SER'JEAiNT,  7!.    See  Seroeant. 
SER-.^IOC-I.N'-a'TIO.V,  71.     Speech-making.  [JVot 

used.]  Peacham. 
SER-.MOC-I.\-A'TOR,7i.    One  that  makes  sermons  or 

speeches.    \_A'ot  in  iL^e.] 
SER'.MO.N,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  sernio,  from  the  root  of 

sero,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is,  to  Uiroio  or  thrust. 

See  Assert,  Insert.] 

1.  A  discourse  delivered  in  public  by  a  licensed 
clergj'inan  for  the  purpose  of  religious  instruction, 
and  usually  grounded  on  some  text  or  passage  of 
Scripture.  Sermons  are  extemporary  addresses  or 
written  discourses. 

pr-'achin^  much,  but  more  his  practice,  wrought 
A  living  strmon  of  the  trutlis  he  taugiit.  DrytUn. 

2.  A  printed  discourse. 

SER'.MON,  V.  I.  To  discourse  as  in  a  sermon.  [/-i(- 
tle  used.] 

2.  To  tutor;  to  lesson  ;  to  teach.    [Little  used.] 

Shalt. 

SER'MON,  V.  i.    To  compose  or  deliver  a  sermon. 

{ Little  M.vcrf.J  Millm. 
SLR'iMO.N'-I.NG,  71.    Discourse;  instruction;  advice. 

[A"(*f  in  use,]  Chaucer. 
SI.It'.MO.\  ISH,  0,    Resembling  a  Bermon. 
SER'.MO.N- r/,E,  r.  i.    To  preach.      Bi,.  mehoUon. 

2.  'J'ti  ini  iilcate  rigid  rules.  Che.-terjirld. 

3.  To  make  sermons  ;  to  compose  or  write  a  scr- 
.  mon  or  sermons.    [  77im  It  the  seiLie  in  which  tliut  verb 

if  irennralhi  itsed  in  the  United  Stales.] 
SEH'MO.N  1/  I;R,  n.    One  that  c<»iposes  sermniid. 
SER'MO.N-I/  IaN'Gj /i/ir.   Preaching  ;  inculcating  rigid 

nrecepls  ;  roiiiposing  Heriiions. 
BER'.M(J.\'-r7,-I.NG,  7..    The  act  of  composing  ser- 

iiiouH  -J  the  act  nf  preaching  scrnitms  ;  the  act  of  in- 

Klriicting  in  a  formal  manner.  .^ah. 
SEK'.MOI'.N'T- Al.\,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  l^aser- 

pilium,  or  laxerwurt  kind,  KometiineM  calleil  Seiiei.i. 

Lee.  Forayth. 

8&llOO.\'  1        f^P'  *        °^  I'Mket.] 

1.  A  «croon  of  almondi  la  the  quantity  of  two 


hundred  pounds;  of  anise  seed,  from  three  to  four 
hundred  weight ;  of  Castile  soap,  from  two  hun- 
dred and  a  half  to  three  hundred  and  three  quar- 
ters. '  Encyc. 

2.  A  bale  or  package  made  of  skin  or  leather  for 
holding  drugs,  &.c.    [See  Ceroon.] 

SE-ROS'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  serosite.    See  Serum.] 

.A  fluid  obtained  from  the  coagulated  serum  of  the 
blood.  Ure. 

SER'O-TINE,  71.  A  species  of  bat  found  in  Europe, 
Scotophilus  serotinus  of  Gray.    Jardine's  JViit.  Lib. 

Se'ROUS,  a.    [Fr.  sereuz.    See  Serum.] 

1.  Thin  ;  watery  ;  like  whey  ;  used  of  that  part 
of  the  blood  whicli  separates  in  coagulation  from  the 
gruinoiis  or  red  part. 

2.  Pertaining  to  serum.  Arbuthnot. 
SER'PENT,  71.    [L.  serpens,  creeping  ;  serjw,  to  creep. 

Ciu.  Gr.  cp-TToi!  or  from  a  root  in  Sr.  In  Welsh, 
sarf,  a  serpent,  seems  to  be  from  s&r.  The  Sanscrit 
has  the  word  sarpa,  serpent.] 

1.  A  snake  ;  a  popular  name  of  Ophidian  reptiles 
without  feet.  Their  bodies  are. extremely  elong.-ited, 
and  move  by  means  of  the  folds  they  form  when  in 
contact  with  the  ground.  Their  hearts  have  two 
auricles.  This  is  the  widest  use  of  the  term  serpent. 
This  term  is  likewise  applied  to  a  family  of  ophidian 
reptiles,  which  comprises  all  the  genera  without  a 
sternum,  and  without  any  vestige  of  a  shouhier,  &:c. 

2.  In  a.<tra7inmi/,  a  constellation  represented  as  a 
serpent  held  by  Ophiucus  or  Serpentarius.  P.  Cue. 

3.  A  wind  instrument  of  music,  serving  as  a  base 
to  the  horns  or  cornets.  It  is  so  called  from  its  folds 
or  wreaths.  Brande. 

4.  Fiiruratively,  a  subtle  or  malicious  person. 

5.  In  imjtholoirif.  :i  svmbol  of  the  sun. 

SER  PEXT-eO'eU.M-iiER,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Tricliosanthes. 

SEK'PEiNT-E.'VT'ER,  h.  A  bird  of  Africa  that  de- 
vours serpents. 

SEU'PE.NT-FISH,  ti.  A  fish  with  a  body  of  a  ribbon- 
like and  compressed  form,  and  a  band  of  red  running 
lengthwise.  It  is  the  Ccpola  tajnia  or  rubescens, 
(Linnipus,)  the  red-band-fish.  [Fr.  ruban.]  P.  Cyc. 

SER'PENT'S-TONGUE,  (-tiing.)  71.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Ophioglossuin  ;  adder's-tungue. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  fossil  teeth  of  a  species  of 
shark,  because  they  resemble  tongues  with  their  roots. 

Buotli. 

SER-PEN-Ta'RI-A,  71.  The  trivial  or  specific  name 
of  numerous  plants  that  have  been  rejnited  to  be 
remedial  of  snake-bites  ;  as,  Aristolocliia  Serpentaria, 
Preiiantlies  Serpentaria,  tStc. 

SER-PE.\-Ta'RI-US,  71.  [L.]  A  constellation  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  also  called  Ophiucus.  Hutton. 

SER-PENT'1-FOR.M,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  ser- 
pent. Kirby. 

SER-PEN-TIG'E-NOUS,  a.    Bred  of  a  serpent. 

SER'PEN-TI.\E,  a.    [L.  serpentinus,  from  serpens.] 

1.  Resembling  a  serpent  ;  usually,  winding  or 
turning  one  way  and  tlie  otlier,  like  a  moving  ser- 
pent ;  anfractuous  ;  as,  a  serpentine  road  or  course. 

2.  Spiral ;  twisted  ;  as,  a  serpentine  worm  of  a  still. 

3.  Like  a  serpent ;  having  the  color  or  properties 
of  a  serpent. 

Serpentine  tnnrrite,  in  the  manege.  A  horse  is  said 
to  have  a  serpentine  tongue,  when  he  is  constantly 
moving  it,  and  sometimes  passing  it  over  the  bit. 

Encye,. 

Serpentine  verse:  averse  which  begins  and  ends 
Willi  the  same  word. 

SER'PE.\-TT.\E,  )  71.     A  species  of  mag- 

SER'PE.N'-TI.N'E-SToNE,  i  nesian  stone,  usually 
of  an  obscure  green  color,  with  shades  and  spots, 
resembling  a  serpent's  skin.  Diet.  JVaf.  Jli.-it. 

A  rock,  generally  unstratified,  which  is  principally 
composed  of  hydrated  silicate  of  magnesia. 

Serpentine  is  often  nearly  allied  to  the  harder 
varieties  of  .steatite  and  polstone.  It  presents  two 
varieties  ;  precious  serpentine  and  common  serpen- 
tine. Cleaveland, 

SER'PEN-TT.\E-LY,  adv.   In  a  serpentine  manner. 

SER'PE.\T-IZE,  V.  U  To  wind  ;  to  turn  or  bend, 
first  in  one  direction  and  then  in  the  opposite ;  to 
iiieaiidcr. 

The  road  terpentized  through  a  till  nhmlitiery. 

Barrotn,  Travels  in  Africa. 

SER'PE\T-I,TKE,  a.    Like  a  serpent. 
SER'PE.\T-RY,  71.    A  winding  like  that  of  a  ser- 
pint. 

SER'l'ET,  71.    A  basket.    [JVbr  in  «.«.]  Mnstcorth. 

SER-PlG'lN-OlTS  a.  [from  L.  serpigo,  from  scrpo,  to 
creep.]    Alfected  with  serpigo. 

SER-I'I  GO,  n.    [L..  from  serpo,  to  creep.] 

An  exploded  name  of  Herpes  circinatus  or  ring- 
worm. 

8ER-P0'LI  I)ANS,  j  71.  pi.    Animals  of  the  order  An- 
SER-PC''LF»-A.NS,  j   nelida,  forming  calcareous  tubes 
which  twine  ruuiicl  and  cover  stimes,  shells,  &c. 

Kirby. 

SER'PU-LITE,  71.    .\  petrified  shell  or  fossil  of  the 

genus  Serpula.  .Jameson. 
SERR,  ».  /.    [Fr.  serrer  1  Sp.  and  Port,  crrrar.] 

To  crowd,  jiress,  or  drive  togeHier.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Baf.on. 


SER'RATE,  \  a.  [L.  scrra(u,«,  from  «e7To,  to  saw  ; 
SER'Ra-TEU,  j      scrra,  a  saw.] 

Notched  on  the  edge  like  a  saw.  In  botany,  hav- 
ing sharp  notches  about  the  edge,  pointing  toward 
the  extremity  ;  as,  a  serrate  leaf. 

When  a  serrate  leaf  has  small  serratures  upon  the 
large  ones,  it  is  said  to  be  doubly  serrate,  as  in  the 
elm.    We  say  also,  a  serrate  calyx,  corol,  or  stipule. 

A  scrrate-ciliate  leaf,  is  one  having  fine  hairs,  like 
the  eyelashes,  on  the  serratures. 

A  serrate-dentate  leaf,  has  the  serratures  toothed. 
SER-Ra'TION,  n.    Formation  in  the  shape  of  a  saw. 
SER'R.\-TURE,  71.    A  notching  in  the  edge  of  any 

thing,  like  a  saw.  Martyn. 
SER'UI-£D,  (ser'rid,)  pp.  or  a.    Crowded  ;  compacted ; 

as,  serried  files. 
SER'ROUS,  a.    Like  the  teeth  of  a  saw;  irregular. 

[Little  used.]  Brown. 
SER'RLf-LA'l  E,     (  a.    Finely  serrate  ;  having  very 
SER'RU-La-TED,  (    minute  notches.  Martyn. 
SER'RY,  71.  t.    [Fr.  serrer.] 

To  crowd  ;  to  press  together.    [Aof  used.] 

Milton. 

Se'RUM,  71.    [L.]    The  thin,  transparent  part  of  the 

blood.    It  is  analogous  to  idbunien.  SiUiman. 
2.  The  thin  part  of  milk  ;  whey. 
SER'VAL,  71.    A  digitigrade,  carnivorous  mammal,  of 

the  cat  genus,  the  Felis  Serval  of  Southern  Africa. 

It  is  a  middle-sized  species,  with  a  long  tail  and 

black  spots. 

SERVANT,  71.  [Fr.,  from.  L.  serrans,  from  serro,  to 
keep  or  hold  ;  properly,  (.ne  that  waits,  that  is,  stops, 
holiis,  attends,  or  one  that  is  bound.] 

1.  A  person,  male  or  female,  that  attends  another, 
for  the  jjurpose  of  performing  menial  offices  for  him, 
or  who  is  employed  by  another  for  such  offices  or  for 
other  labor,  anil  is  subject  to  his  command.  The 
word  is  correlative  to  muster.  Servant  dilfers  from 
slare,  as  the  servant^s  subjection  to  a  master  is  volun- 
tary, the  slave's  is  not.  iEvery  slave  is  a  servant,  but 
every  servant  is  not  a  slave. 

Servants  are  of  various  kinds  ;  as,  household  or  do- 
mestic screatits,  menial  servants  ;  laborers,  who  are 
hired  by  the  day,  week,  or  other  term,  and  do  not 
reside  with  their  employers,  or,  if  they  board  in  the 
same  house,  are  employed  abroad,  and  not  in  domes- 
tic services  ;  apprentices^,  who  are  bound  for  a  term  of 
years  to  serve  a  master,  for  the  purpose  of  learning 
his  trade  or  occupation. 

In  a  legal  sense,  stewards,  factors,  bailiffs,  and 
other  agents,  are  servants  for  the  time  they  are  em- 
ployed in  such  character,  as  they  act  in  subordina- 
tion to  others. 

2.  One  in  a  state  of  subjection. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  slave  ;  a  bondman  ;  one  pur- 
chased for  money,  and  who  was  compelled  to  serve 
till  the  year  of  jubilee;  also,  one  purchased  for  a 
term  of  years.   Eiod.  xxi. 

4.  The  subject  of  a  king;  as,  the  servants  of  David 
or  of  Saul. 

Tlie  Syrians  became  servants  to  David.  —  2  Sam.  viii. 

5.  A  person  who  voluntarily  serves  another,  or 
acts  as  his  minister  ;  as,  Joshua  was  the  servant  of 
Moses,  and  the  apostles  the  .vcrrant*  of  Christ.  So 
Christ  himself  is  calleil  a  servant.  Is.  xlii.  Moses  is 
called  the  servant  of  the  Lord.    DeuU  xxxiv. 

C.  A  person  employed  or  used  as  an  instrument  in 
accomplishing  God's  purposes  of  mercy  or  wrath. 
So  Nebuchadnezzar  is  called  the  servant  of  God. 
Jcr.  XXV. 

7.  One  who  yields  obedience  to  another.  The 
saints  are  called  the  servants  of  Gotl  or  of  righteous- 
ness ;  and  the  wicked  are  called  the  servants  of  sin. 
Bom.  vi. 

8.  Th.at  which  yields  obedience,  or  acts  in  subor- 
dination as  an  instrument.    Ps.  cxix. 

9.  One  that  makes  painful  sacrifices,  in  compli- 
ance with  the  weakness  or  waiita  of  others.  1 
Cor.  ix. 

in.  A  person  of  base  condition  or  ignoble  spirit. 

Kcrlcs.  X. 

11.  A  word  of  civility.  I  am,  sir,  your  humble  or 
obedient  servajit. 

Our  bolters  (ell  us  they  nr«  our  humble  teroants,  but  understand 
us  to  be  their  slaves.  Swift. 

Servant  of  servants ;  one  debased  to  the  lowest  con- 
dition of  .servitude.    Gen.  ix. 

SERVANT, ».  (.    To  subject.    [JVotimuie.]  Shak. 

SERVE,  (serv,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  servir ;  It.  servire ;  Sp.  ser- 
vir;  from  L.  scrvio.  This  verb  is  supposed  to  be 
from  the  noun  servus,  a  servant  or  slave,  and  this 
from  serro,  to  keep.  U servus  originally  was  a  slave, 
he  was  probably  so  named  from  being  preserved  and 
taken  prisoner  in  war,  or  more  probably  from  being 
bound,  and  perhaps  from  the  Shemitic  -i-i!t,  to 
bind.  Itut  the  sense  of  servant  is  generally  a  waiter, 
one  who  attends  or  waits,  and  from  the  sense  of  stop- 
ping, holding,  remaining.] 

1.  To  work  for ;  to  bestow  the  labor  of  body  and 
mind  in  the  employment  of  another. 

Jacob  loved  Rachel,  and  said,  I  will  tervs  thee  seven  years  for 

llncliel  thy  youiip-r  ilimi^liier.  —  Ip'-n.  xxix. 
No  mall  can  serve  two  Iniuitrrs.  —  Matt.  vl. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


SER 

9.  To  act  as  the  minister  of;  to  perform  ofticial  du- 
ties to  ;  as,  a  minister  serves  liis  prince. 

Hud  I  served  (iuj  lu  diligently  n»  I  h;ive  terved  Ihc  king,  he 
woulil  nut  luive  giveu  me  over  iii  iny  (jr.iy  h:ilr». 

Cardinoi  Witltei/. 

3.  To  attend  at  command  ;  to  wait  on. 

A  gO(Kl<'!u  itnion^  ?diU,  ailon*(l  nlld  terved 

lly  aiifTfls  iiiiiiiU-rl'-iu,  tity  diiily  Iniiii.  Milton, 

4  'I'o  obey  servilely  or  meanly  ;  as,  to  serve  mam- 
mon. 


To  «  f 


Denham. 


5.  To  supply  witli  food  ;  as,  to  be  served  in  pl;ite. 

Dnjdtn. 

6.  To  be  subservient  or  subordinate  to. 
Bodi''8  brigiit  iintl  greater  should  nol  ieree 

■I'lif  Irai  nol  lirighl.  A/i(ton. 

7.  To  perform  the  duties  required  in ;  as,  the  cu- 
rate serred  two  cluircln'S, 

8.  'J'o  obey  ;  to  perform  duties  in  the  cinployinent 
of;  as,  to  sCT-fc  tlie  king  or  tlie  country  in  the  army 
or  navy. 

9.  To  be  sufficient  to,  or  to  promote  ;  as,  to  serve 
onJ's  turn,  end,  or  purpose.  Locke. 

10.  To  lielp  by  good  offices ;  as,  to  serve  one's 
country.  Tale. 

11.  To  comply  with ;  to  submit  to. 

They  Ihiiik  h'-p-in  we  *«*p«  llie  lime,  bt-tiuM  thereby  wp  ciUnT 
liold  or  8'>.'k  prffLTiji'-'iil.  /ioott-r. 

12.  To  be  sulKcient  for  ;  to  satisfy  ;  to  content. 

Oiip  linir-piiit  botllc  serves  Ih-'m  both  to  dine, 

And  id  ul  once  ttieir  vinegar  and  wine.  Pope. 

13.  To  be  in  the  place  of  any  thing  to  one.  A  sofa 
serre.i  the  Turks  for  a  seat  and  a  couch. 

14.  To  treat ;  to  requite  ;  us,  he  served  me  ungrate- 
fully ;  he  .n-rved  me  very  ill.  We  say  also,  he  served 
me  a  trick,  that  is,  he  deceived  me,  or  practiced  an 
artifice  upon  nic. 

15.  In  Scripture  and  theiilosry,  to  obey  and  worship  ; 
to  act  in  conformity  to  the  law  of  a  superior,  and  treat 
liini  with  due  reverence. 

Fear  ihe  Uird,  and  serve  him  in  Bincerily  and  trnth.  At  for  me 
and  Miy  lioiwe,  we  will  «eri;e  llie  Lonl. — Josh.  xxiv. 

IB.  In  a  bad  sense,  to  obey ;  to  yield  compliance,  or 
act  according  to. 

Serving  divert  Uisl«  and  pleaanres.  —  Til.  iii. 

17.  To  worship ;  to  render  homage  to ;  as,  to  serve 
idols  or  false  gods.    Ezrk.  XX. 

18.  To  be  a  slave  to ;  to  be  in  bondage  to.  Oen. 

XV. 

19.  To  serve  one's  self  of;  to  use;  to  make  use  of; 
a  Gatlicisiny  [se  servir  tte.\ 

I  will  serve  myself  of  Uiis  concession.  ChilUngisorth. 

20.  To  use  ;  to  manage  ;  to  api)ly.  The  guns  were 
well  served. 

21.  To  place  on  the  table  in  dishes,  (for  serve  up  ;) 
as,  to  serve  dinner. 

22.  In  seamen's  lanrruarre,  to  serve  a  rope  is  to  wind 
something,  as  spun  yarn,  &c.,  tight  round  it,  to  pre- 
vent friction.  Tottcn. 

To  serve  up ;  to  prepare  and  present  in  a  dish  ;  as, 
to  serve  up  a  sirloin  of  beef  in  plate  ;  figarativelij,  to 
prepare. 

To  serve  in,  as  used  by  Sfiak.tpeare,  for  to  brinir  in, 
as  meat  by  an  attendant,  I  have  never  known  to  be 
used  in  America. 

To  serve  out ;  to  distribute  in  portions ;  as,  to  serve 
out  provisions  to  soldiers. 

To  serve  a  writ ;  to  read  it  to  the  dcfi  ndanl ;  or  to 
leave  an  attested  copy  at  his  usual  place  of  abode. 

To  serve  an  attaclimcnt,  or  writ  of  iittackincnt :  to 
levy  it  on  the  person  or  goods  by  seizure  ;  or  to  seize. 

To  serve  an  eiecittion  ;  to  levy  it  on  lands,  goods,  or 
person,  by  seizure  or  taking  possession. 

To  serve  a  warrant ;  to  read  it,  and  to  seize  the  per- 
son against  whom  it  is  issued. 

In  ireneraK  to  serve  a  process,  is  to  read  it,  so  as  to 
give  due  notice  to  the  party  concerned,  or  to  U*ave 
an  attested  copy  with  him  or  his  attorney,  or  at  his 
usual  place  of  abode. 

To  serve  an  ojice ;  to  dLscharge  a  public  duty.  [This 
phrase,  I  believe,  is  not  used  in  America.  We  say, 
a  man  serves  in  an  office,  that  is,  serves  the  public  in 
an  office.] 

5ER  VE,  (serv,)  v.  i.   To  be  a  servant  or  slave. 

The  lx)ftl  »h;»ll  gyve  lhe«  rtl  fn»m  ihv  sorrow,  and  from  thy  fear, 
and  from  the  hanl  bonda^  wlu-rein  thou  witst  made  to 
serve.  —  Is.  liv. 

2.  To  be  employed  in  Labor  or  other  business  for 
another.    Oen.  xxix. 

3.  To  be  in  subjection.    Is.  .iliii. 

4.  To  wait ;  to  attend ;  to  perform  domestic  offices 
to  another.    Luke  x. 

5.  To  perform  duties,  as  in  the  army,  naN-y,  or  in 
any  office.  An  officer  serre.'i  five  years  in  India,  or 
under  a  particular  commander.  The  late  secrettry 
of  the  colony,  and  afterward  state,  of  t'onnectirut, 
was  annually  appointed,  and  served  in  the  office  six- 
ty years. 

fi.  To  answer ;  to  accomplish  the  end. 

Sbc  feared  that  all  would  not  serve.  Sidney. 


SER 

7.  To  be  sufficient  for  a  purpose. 

This  little  bmml  will  serve  to  lifhl  your  fim.  Dn/den. 

8.  To  suit ;  to  be  convenient.  Take  this,  and  use 
it  as  occasion  .serves. 

9.  To  conduce  ;  to  be  of  use. 

Our  victory  only  served  to  lead  us  on  to  further  visionary  jiros- 
pects.  Sun/t. 

10.  To  officiate  or  minister;  to  do  the  honors  of; 
as,  to  sercc  at  a  public  dinner. 

SEUV"/JD,  pp.     Attended  ;  waited  on  ;  worshiped  ; 
levied. 

SEllV'ICE,  (serv'is,)  n.    [Fr. ;  U.  scrvizio  ;  S~p.  servi- 
cio  ;  from  L.  servilium.] 

1.  In  a  ircntral  sense,  labor  of  body,  or  of  body  and 
miiul,  performed  at  the  command  of  a  siiprnor,  or 
in  pursuance  of  duly,  or  for  the  benefit  of  another. 
Service  is  rohtntanj  or  involuntary,  yotnntary  serv- 
ice is  that  of  hirt  d  servants  or  of  contract,  or  of 
persons  who  spontaneously  perform  something  for 
another's  benefit.  Ineuluntarij  service  is  that  of 
slaves  who  work  by  coiiipiilsiun. 

2.  The  business  of  a  servant ;  menial  office. 

Skak. 

3.  Attendance  of  a  servant.  Shiik. 

4.  Place  of  a  servant ;  actual  employment  of  a  serv- 
ant ;  as,  to  be  out  of  service.  Slink. 

5.  Any  thing  done  by  way  of  duty  to  a  superior. 

This  poem  wiu  Uie  liul  piece  oiservice  1  did  for  nty  master  Kin^ 
Charles.  Un/den. 

6.  Attendance  on  a  superior. 

Madam,  I  entreat  true  peace  of  you, 

Which  I  will  purchase  with  my  duleous  service.  Shak. 

7.  Profession  of  respect  uttered  or  sent. 

Pray  ilo  my  service  to  hin  niaji-sty.  Shak. 

8.  Actual  duty  ;  that  which  is  required  to  be  done 
in  an  office  ;  as,  to  perform  the  services  of  a  clerk,  a 
sheriff,  or  jiidjie. 

9.  That  ivliich  God  requires  of  man  ;  worship ; 
obedience. 

God  requires  no  man's  service  upon  hard  and  unreasonable  terms. 

TUIoUon. 

10.  Employment ;  business  ;  office;  as,  to  qualify 
a  man  for  public  sercicr. 

11.  Use  ;  purpose.  The  guns  are  not  fit  for  public 
service. 

12.  Military  duty  by  land  or  sea  ;  as,  military  or 
naval  service  i  also,  the  period  tjf  such  dutj\ 

Campbell's  Md.  Diet. 

13.  A  military  achievement.  Sliak. 

14.  Useful  office  ;  advantage  conferred  ;  that  which 
promotes  interest  or  happiness.  Jledicine  often  does 
no  service  to  the  sick;  calumny  is  sometimes  of  serv- 
ice to  an  author. 

15.  Favor. 

To  thee  a  woman's  services  are  due.  Shak. 
If).  The  duty  which  a  tenant  owes  to  his  lorri  for 
his  fee.    Persoii.al  service  consists  in  homage  and 
fealty,  &c. 

17.  Public  worship,  or  office  of  devotion.  Divine 
serrice  was  interrupted. 

18.  A  musical  church  composition,  consisting  of 
choruses,  trios,  duets,  solos,  ice. 

19.  The  official  duties  of  a  minister  of  the  go.spel, 
as  in  church,  at  a  funeral,  marriage,  &c. 

20.  Course  ;  order  of  dislies  at  table. 


There  was  no  cxtraonlinitry  sert>ic«  s 


1  on  ttie  board. 

Naiemll. 


21.  .\  set  or  number  of  vessels  ordinarily  used  at 
table  ;  as,  a  .service  of  plate  or  glass. 

22.  In  .•:ramen's  lanirua^r,  the  materials  used  for 
serving  a  rope,  as  spun  yarn,  small  lines,  &c. 

93.  A  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Pyrus  or  Mor- 
bus.   The  wiltt  service  is  of  the  genus  Crataegus. 

Service  of  a  trrit,  proce.is,  &c.  ;  the  reading  of  it  to 
the  person  to  whom  notice  is  intended  to  be  given, 
or  the  leaving  of  an  attested  copy  with  the  person  or 
his  attorney,  t>r  at  his  usual  place  of  abode. 

Serrice  of  an  attachment ;  the  seizing  of  the  person 
or  goods  according  to  the  direction. 

The  service  of  an  errention  ;  the  levying  of  it  upon 
the  goods,  estate,  or  person  of  the  defendant. 

To  see  serrice,  in  militnrtj  lan^iatre,  implies  to  come 
into  .actual  contact  with  the  enemy. 

Campbell's  Mil.  I)icL 
SERV'ICE-A-nLE,  a.  That  does  service;  that  pro- 
motes happiness,  interest,  advantage,  or  any  good  ; 
useful ;  beneficial  ;  advantageous.  Rulers  may  be 
very  serviceable  to  religion  by  their  example.  The 
attentions  of  my  friends  were  very  serviceable  to  ine 
when  abroad.  Rain  and  manure  are  serviceable  to 
land. 

2.  Capable  of  or  fit  for  military  duty. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 

3.  Active ;  diligent ;  officious. 

I  Itnow  thee  well,  a  servieeatlt  rilUin.    [Unusual.\  Shak. 
SERV'ICE-A-IU.E-.\ESS,  n.  Usefulness  in  promoting 
good  of  any  kind  ;  beneficialness. 

All  action  bring  for  some  end,  its  aptn'-ss  to  be  commande,!  or 
lorlnild'-n  must  be  founded  upon  its  servieeabieness  or  ilis- 
serviceableness  to  some  end.  Norris. 

S.  Officiousness  ;  readiness  to  do  service.  Sidney. 


SES 

SERV'ICE-A-RLY,  adv.    In  a  serviceable  manner. 
SERV'ICE-HQQK,  n.    A  prayer-book  or  missal. 
SERV'I-E.XT,  a.    [L.  srreien.^.] 

Subordinate.    fjVol  in  use.]  Dyer. 
SERVILE,  (serv'il,)  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  servilis,  from 
gervio,  to  serve.] 

1.  Such  as  pertains  to  a  servant  or  slave  ;  sl.ivish  ; 
mean  ;  such  as  proceeds  from  depeiidcnco  ;  as,  servile 
fear ;  .•iervile  obedience, 

2.  Held  in  subjection  ;  dependent. 

Kven  fortune  ndes  no  more  a  servile  land.  Pep*. 

3.  Cringing;  fawning;  meanly  submissive;  as, 
servile  (lattery. 

She  must  benil  the  servile  knee.  Thomson. 

4.  In  •rrammar,  not  belonging  to  the  original  root ; 
as,  a  srrrile  letter. 

SERVILE,  n.    In  jrnminar,  a  letter  which  forms  no 

part  of  the  original  root  ;  opposed  to  R  toicii.. 
SERVILE-LY,  ailv.    Meanly;  slavishly;  with  base 
submission  or  obsef|uiousne.ss. 

2.  With  b.ase  deference  to  another;  as,  to  copy 
servilely  ;  to  adopt  opinions  servilely. 
SERVILE  NESS,  (  n.   Slavery  ;  ihe  condition  of  a 
SER-VIL'l-TY,     j     slave  or  bondtnan. 
To  be  a  queen  in  f-inda^,  is  more  vile 
Thau  is  a  slave  in  tctse  eervUity.  Shak 

2.  Mean  submission  ;  baseness  ;  slavisline.ss, 

3.  Mean  obsequiousness;  slavish  deference,  v, 
the  common  servility  to  custom  ;  to  copy  nianii'vs  or 
opiniims  with  servility. 

SERVING,  p;)r.  Wirkingfor;  acting  in  Pubordin.a- 
titm  to;  yielding  obedience  to;  worshiping;  al.so, 
performing  duties  ;  as,  serving  in  the  army. 

SEUVING-.MAID,  n.    A  female  servant ;  a  menial. 

SER  VINO-M.AN,  ;i.    A  male  servant ;  a  menial. 

SERVI  TOR,  ji.  [It.  .lervitore;  Sp.  servidor;  Fr. 
servitfur  :  from  L.  serrio,  to  serve.] 

1.  A  servant ;  an  altcndatit.  Ifookrr. 

2.  One  that  acts  under  another ;  a  follower  or  .ad- 
herent. Davies. 

3.  One  that  professes  duty  and  obedience.  Shak. 

4.  In  the  university  of  Oe'ford,  an  undi-r  graduate, 
who  is  partly  supported  by  the  college  f'linds  ;  such 
as  is  called  in  Cambridge  a  siiar.  Tin  y  fortnerly 
waited  at  table,  but  this  is  now  dispensed  with. 

Brande, 

SEKVI-TOR-SHIP,  71.   The  office  of  a  servitor. 

Boswrlt. 

SER  VI-TL'DE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  serv'dudo  or  servilus ; 
It.  scrvitu.    See  Serve.] 

1.  The  condition  of  a  slave;  the  state  of  involun- 
tary subjection  to  a  master ;  slavery  ;  bondage.  Such 
is  the  state  of  the  slaves  in  America.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  human  race  are  in  servitude. 

2.  The  state  of  a  servant.  [Lejs  common  and  less 
proper.] 

3.  The  condition  of  a  conquered  countr)-. 

4.  .\  state  of  slavish  dependence.  Some  persons 
may  be  in  love  with  splendid  servitude.  South. 

5.  Si  rvants  collectively.    [J\'nt  in  ii.vc.]  Shak. 
SES'A-ME,     in.    [Fr.  sesame;  It.  se^<amo ;  L.  sesa- 
SES'A-.MU.M,  (     ma;  Gr.  trfjira/ff),  criiraiuir.] 

Oily  grain ;  names  given  to  annual  herbaceous 
plants  of  the  genus  Sesamum,  from  the  seeds  of 
which  an  oil  is  expressed.  One  species  of  it  is  culti- 
vated in  Carolina,  and  the  blacks  use  the  seeds  for 
food.  It  is  called  there  Rkne.  Kncye.  Beloe. 
SES'A-MOII),  I  a.  [Gr.  rrntnpr),  sesame,  and 
SES-A-.MOII)'AL,  i     f.r'os,  form.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  small  bones  found  at  the  ar- 
ticulations of  the  great  toes,  and  sometimes  at  the 
joint-s  of  the  thumbs  and  in  other  parts. 

Brande.  Forsyth. 
SES'RAN,  n.    [.\r.]    A  leguminous  plant,  a  species 

of  Seshaiiia  or  vUscliynomene.  Loudon. 
SES'E-LI,  n.    [L.  Gr.  sesel,.] 

A  genus  of  plants  ;  meailow  saxifrage  ;  hartwort. 

Kncye. 

SES'CIUI,  n.  [L.,  one  and  a  half.]  In  chemi.itry',  this 
is  much  used  as  a  prefix  to  the  names  of  compounds 
of  an  acidifying  and  basifying  principle  with  another 
clement,  to  form  a  salifiable  base  ;  or  of  an  acid  with 
a  salifiable  base,  to  form  a  salt.  It  always  denotes 
that  the  elementary  or  proximate  principles  of  the 
compound  are  in  the  proportions  of  <uie  and  a  half  of 
the  acidifying  and  basifying  principle,  or  of  the  .acid, 
to  one  of  the  other  element  or  proximate  principle; 
but  as  there  can  be  no  such  thing  as  half  of  an  equiv- 
alent, such  compounds  are  always  to  be  understood 
as  consisting  of  three  equivalents  of  the  acidifying 
and  basifying  principle,  or  of  the  acid,  to  two  equiv- 
alents of  the  tithi'r  element  or  proximate  principle. 

Sesi^uidupli  (L.  sesquijtupln.i)  is  sometimes  used 
in  the  same  manner,  to  denote  Ihe  proportions  of 
two  afid  a  half  to  one,  or  rather  of  five  to  two. 

SES-UUl-AL'TER,  n.  The  name  of  a  stop  on  the 
organ,  containing  three  ranks  of  pipes.       P.  Cyr. 

SE.^-Cil'I-AL'TER,        )  a.     [U,   from  .<esqui,  the 

SES  ai  l-AL'TER-AL,  i  whole  and  half  as  mach 
more,  anil  alter,  other.] 

1.  In  seomelry,  designating  a  ratio  where  one 
quantity  or  number  contains  another  imce  and  half 
as  mucii  more  ;  as  9  contains  C  and  its  half.  Bentley 


TONE,  BL'LL,  1:NITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1011 


SES 


I        i  A  sr.siitiialtera!  fiitrrt,  is  wlien  a  large,  fertile 
floret  is  accompanied  with  a  small,  abortive  one. 

Martyn. 

SF.S-QUI-AL'TER-ATE,  a.  In  arithmetic  anil  geome- 
try, designating  a  ratio  between  two  numbers,  lines, 
fc.c..  in  ivhicli  Ibe  greater  is  equal  to  once  and  a  half 
of  the  less.  JJutton. 

SES-aUI-BRo'MTD,  n.  A  basic  compound  of  bro- 
mine with  anotlier  element,  in  the  proportions  of 
three  equivalents  of  bromine  to  two  of  the  other  ele- 
ment. 

SE.S-(iUI-exR'nO-NATE,  n.  A  salt  composed  of 
three  equivalents  of  carbonic  acid,  with  two  equiva- 
lents of  any  base  ;  as,  tlie  sesqiiicarbojiate  of  ammo- 
nia, i.  e.,  the  common  volatile  salt  of  hartshorn. 

SES-aUI-e»L6'RII),  n.  A  basic  compound  of  chlo- 
rine with  another  element,  in  the  proportions  of 
three  equivalents  of  chlorine  to  two  of  the  other  ele- 
ment. 

SES-UUI-CY'A-XID,  71.  A  basic  compound  of  cyan- 
oiien  with  some  element,  in  llie  proportions  of 
three  equivalents  of  cyanogen  to  two  of  the  other 
elemint. 

SES-ai'l-DO'PLr  eATE,  a.    [L.  sesqui,  supra,  twd 

dapiicutus^  double.] 

Desicuating  the  ratio  of  two  and  a  half  to  one,  or 

where  the  greater  term  contains  the  lesser  twice  and 

a  half,  as  that  of  51)  to  20. 
SE^*-(iUI'0-DID,  II.    A  basic  compound  of  iodine 

with  another  element,  in  the  proportions  of  three 

equivalents  of  iodine  to  two  of  the  other  element. 
SES-aUIP'E-DAL,  \tt.    [L.  setqui,  one  and  a 

SES-aC'IP-E-DA'LI-AN,  j     half,  and  pedalui,  from 

pes,  a  frtol,] 

Containing  a  foot  and  a  half  j  as,  a  sequipcdalian 
pigmy.  ^rbuthnot. 
Addison  uses  sesqitipedal  as  a  noun. 
SE.=^aUIP'LI-eATE,  a.    fh.  sesqui,  one  and  a  half, 
and  plictitujt,  plicOy  to  fold.] 

Designating  the  ratio  of  one  and  a  half  to  one  ; 
as,  the  ^psqwplicaic  proportion  of  the  periodical  times 
of  the  jilanels.  Cherine, 
SES-Ul'l-SUL'PHID,  71.  A  basic  compound  of  sul- 
phur with  .-^ome  other  element,  in  the  proportions  of 
tfiree  equivalents  of  sulphur  to  two  of  the  other  ele- 
ni -nt. 

SES-ULTI-TKR'TIAN,       )  a.    [L.  sexqui,  one  and  a 
SES  aiJI-TER'TION-AL,  (     half,  and  ter(in.~,  third.] 
Designating  the  ratio  of  one  and  one  third  to  one. 

Jotinson. 

SEP'aUr-TO.VE,  n.  In  music,  a  minor  third,  or  in- 
terval of  three  semitones.  Bu.'bij. 

SE.'^-UUOX'YD,  n.  A  basic  compound  of  o\ygen 
with  some  other  element,  in  the  proportions  of  three 
equivalents  of  the  oxygen  to  two  of  the  other  ele- 

SEStf,  H.  [L.  .le.txio.]  [inent. 
A  tax.    [Little  used,  or  not  at  all.]    [See  AssEis- 

MENT.] 

SES'SILE,  (ses'sil,)  a.    [L.  sessilis.    See  Set.] 

In  natural  history,  sitting  close  upon  the  body  to 
j      which  it  belongs,  without  any  sensible  projecting 
j      suppiirt.    Thus,  in  butanii,  a  sessile  leaf  issues  di- 
rectly from  the   main  stem  or  branch,  without  a 
petiole  or  fiHitstalk.    A  sessile  flower  has  no  pedun- 
cle.   A  sessile  pappus  has  no  stipe,  but  is  placed  im- 
mediatelj'  on  llie  ovary.  Martiin. 
SES  SION,  (sesh'un,)  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  sessio,  from 
sedeo.    See  Set.] 

1.  A  sitting  or  bring  pinced  ;  as,  the  ascension  of 
Christ,  and  his  sessiim  at  the  right  iiand  of  Cud. 

Uuoker. 

2.  The  actual  sitting  of  a  court,  council,  legisla- 
ture, &.C.  ;  or  the  actual  assembly  of  the  members  of 
these  or  any  similar  body  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness. Thus  we  say,  the  court  is  now  in  session, 
meaning  that  the  members  are  assembled  for  busi- 
ness. 

X  The  time,  space,  or  term  during  which  a  court, 
council,  legislature,  and  the  liiie,  meet  daily  for 
business  ;  or  the  space  of  time  between  the  first 
meeting  and  the  prorogation  or  adjiuirnment.  Thus 
a  sessi/iii  of  parliament  is  opened  with  a  speech  from 
the  throne,  and  closed  by  [irorogation.  The  session 
of  a  judicial  court  is  called  a  term.  Thus  a  court 
may  have  two  sessions  or  four  sessions  annually. 
The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  has  one  an- 
nual session.  The  legislatures  of  most  of  tlic  States 
have  one  annua)  session  only  ;  some  have  more. 
The  ccmgress  of  the  United  .'^tatcs  has  one  only. 

4.  Sessions,  lu  some  of  the  States,  ii^  particularly  used 
for  a  court  of  justices,  held  for  granting  licenses  to 
innkeepers  or  t'lvernem,  for  laying  out  new  high- 
ways, or  altering  old  ones,  and  the  like. 

i^ufirtrr  Sessions,  in  Kntrland,  is  a  court  held  once 
In  every  cpiarter,  by  Iwo  jiisticeH  of  the  pence,  one 
of  whom  IS  of  the  quorum,  fur  the  trial  of  small  fel- 
onies and  niisdt'iiieanors. 

Sessions  of  the  Peace  ;  n  court  consisting  of  justices 
of  the  peace,  held  in  each  roiinty,  for  inipiiriiig  into 
trespasnes,  larcenies,  forestalling,  Sec,  and  in  gen- 
eral, for  the  conservation  of  the  jM  ace. 

/mws  ofJVne  York. 

Court  of  Satim ;  the  lupreme  civil  court  of  Scot- 
land. Brandt. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^kT — 


1012 


SET 


SES'SION-.AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  n  church  session. 

SESS'-POOL,  7t.  [sess  and  pool.]  A  cavity  sunk  in 
the  earth  to  receive  and  retain  the  sediment  of  water 
conveyed  in  drains.  Sess-pools  should  be  placed  at 
proper  distances  in  all  drains,  and  particularly  should 
one  be  placed  at  the  entrance.  Encyc. 

SES'TERCE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  se.-^teHius.] 

A  Roman  coin  or  denoniinaticm  of  money,  in 
value  the  fourth  part  of  a  denarius,  and  originally 
containing  two  asses  and  a  half,  afterward  four 
asses  ;  equal  to  about  two  pence  sterling,  or  four 
cents.  Tlie  sestertium,  that  is,  sestertium  pondus, 
was  two  pounds  and  a  half,  or  one  thousand  ses- 
terces, equal  to  £8  173.  Id.  sterling,  or  about  $40, 
before  the  reign  of  .Augustus.  After  his  reign  it 
was  valued  at  £7  16s.  3d.  sterling.  It  was  original- 
ly coined  only  in  silver,  but  afterward  buth  in  silver 
and  brass.  SniitJL^s  Diet. 

SET,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Set.  [Sax.  sietan,  setan,  set- 
tan,  to  set  or  place,  to  seat  or  fix,  to  appease,  to  calm, 
L.  sedo;  to  compose,  as  a  book,  to  dispose  or  put  in 
order,  to  establish,  found,  or  institute,  to  possess,  to 
cease  ;  G.  setzcn,  to  set,  to  risk  or  lay,  as  a  wager,  to 
plant,  to  appoint,  to  leap  or  make  an  onset  ;  D. 
ten  :  Sw.satto:  Dan,  setter;  W.  sodi,  to  fix,  to  con- 
stitute ;  gosodi,  to  set,  to  lay,  to  put,  to  establish,  to 
ordain  ;  gosod,  a  setting  or  placing,  a  site,  a  statute, 
an  onset  or  assault  ;  L.  sedu,  sedeo,  and  sido,  coin- 
ciding with  sit,  but  all  of  one  family.  From  the  Nor- 
man orthography  of  this  word,  we  have  a-_-f;,-f.-;s,  as- 
sise. (See  .As3E3s.)  Heb.  and  Ch.  "lOi  and  pis',  to 
set,  to  place  ;  Syr.  /.AlD  sea,  to  found,  to  establish. 
Class  Sd,  No.  31, 56.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  throw, 
to  drive,  or  intransitively,  to  rush.] 

1.  To  put  or  place  ;  to  fix  or  cause  to  rest  in  a 
standing  posture.  We  set  a  house  on  a  wall  of 
stone  ;  we  set  a  book  on  a  shelf  In  this  use,  set 
riifl'ers  from  lay  :  we  set  a  thing  on  its  end  or  basis ; 
we  lay  it  on  its  side. 

2.  To  put  or  place  in  its  proper  or  natural  posture. 
We  set  a  chest  or  trunk  on  its  bottom,  not  on  its 
end  ;  we  set  a  bedstead  or  a  table  on  its  feet  or  legs. 

3.  To  put,  place,  or  fix  in  any  situation.  God  set 
the  sun,  moon,  and  stars  in  the  firmament. 

]  du  set  my  hovt  in  the  cloud.  — Geu.  ix. 

4.  To  put  into  any  condition  or  state. 

The  Lorxl  Uiy  Goil  will  «el  Ihee  au  hi;h.  —  Dent.  xiTiii. 

1  am  come  10  set  a  mail  at  v^Lriaiice  against  hid  fattier.  —  Matt.  x. 

So  we  say,  to  set  in  order,  to  set  at  ease,  to  set  to 
vork,  or  at  work. 

5.  To  put  ;  to  fix  ;  to  att.ach  to. 

The  Lord  set  a  mark  upon  Cain.  — Gen.  ir. 
So  we  say,  to  .tet  a  label  on  a  vial  or  a  bale. 

6.  To  fix  ;  to  render  motionless ;  as,  the  eyes  are 
set :  the  jaws  are  set. 

7.  To  iiiit  or  fix,  as  a  price.  We  set  a  price  on  a 
house,  farm,  or  horse. 

8.  To  fix  ;  to  state  by  some  rule. 

The  gentleman  spoke  with  a  set  ^slure  and  countenance. 

Csireia. 

Tltc  town  of  JJeme  has  handsome  fountains  planted  at  eel  dis- 
tances from  one  end  ot  tlie  street  to  the  other.  Aitdtson. 

9.  To  regulate  or  adjust ;  as,  to  set  a  timepiece  by 
the  sun. 

tie  sets  his  judgment  by  his  passion.  Prior. 

10.  To  fit  to  music  ;  to  adapt  with  notes;  as,  to 
set  the  words  of  a  psalm  to  music 

Set  thy  own  soii^u,  and  sing  tlieni  to  thy  lute.  Dryden. 

11.  To  pitch  ;  to  begin  to  sing  in  public. 

He  gel  the  humlredth  ps;din.  Spectator. 

12.  To  plant,  as  a  shrub,  tree,  or  vegetable. 

Prior. 

13.  To  variegate,  intersperse,  or  adorn  with  some- 
thing fixed  ;  to  stud ;  as,  to  set  any  thing  with  dia- 
monds or  pearls. 

IM'Sh  on  their  heads,  with  Jewels  richly  set, 

Kaclt  laity  wore  a  radiant  coronet.  Dryden. 

14.  To  return  to  its  proper  place  or  Mate  ;  to  re- 
place ;  tti  ri'diice  from  a  dislocated  or  fractured  state  ; 
as,  to  set  a  bone  or  a  leg. 

15.  To  fix  i  to  place  ;  as  the  heart  or  affections. 

Set  your  alT'  Clioiis  on  ihiiipi  ahoTe.  — Col.  iii. 

Minds  allo^-ther  eel  on  trade  and  pnilit.  Addison. 

16.  To  fix  firmly  ;  to  predetermine. 

The  heart  of  the  sons  of  men  is  fully  set  in  them  to  do  cril. — 
Eccle..  viii. 

Hence  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  of  set  purpose  ;  a 
man  is  set,  that  is,  firm  or  obstinate  in  his  opinion  or 
way. 

17.  To  fix  by  appointment ;  to  appoint ;  to  assign  ; 
as,  to  set  a  time  fur  meeting  ;  to  set  an  hour  or  a  day. 

Bacon.  South. 

18.  To  place  or  station  ;  to  appoint  to  a  particular 
duty. 

Amis  sea,  or  a  whale,  that  tnou  setUst  ft  watch  ofcr  me  /  —  Job 
ri\. 

19.  To  stake  at  play.    [Little  iLsed.]  Prior. 

20.  To  offer  a  wager  ut  dice  to  another.  I/Attle 
used.]  Sliak. 


SET 


21.  To  fix  in  metal. 

And  him  too  rich  a  jewel  to  be  set 

In  viil^r  metal  for  a  vulg;tr  use.  Dryden. 

22.  To  fix;  to  cause  to  stop;  to  obstruct;  as,  to 
set  a  coach  in  the  mire.  The  wagon  or  the  team  was 
set  at  the  hill.  In  some  of  the  states,  Stall  is  used  in 

23.  To  embarrass  ;  to  perplex.  [a  like  sense. 
They  are  hard  set  to  repitsent  the  bill  as  a  grievance.  Addison. 

24.  To  put  in  good  order ;  to  fix  for  use  ;  to  bring 
to  a  fine  edge  ;  as,  to  set  a  razor.  I 

25.  To  loose  and  extend ;  to  spread  ;  as,  to  set  the 
sails  of  a  ship. 

26.  To  point  out  without  noise  or  disturbance  ;  as, 
a  dog  sets  biids.  Johnson. 

27.  To  oppose. 

Wiil  you  set  your  wit  to  a  fool's  f  ShaJt. 

28.  To  prepare  with  runnet  for  cheese  ;  as,  to  set 
milk. 

29.  To  dim  ;  to  darken  or  extinguish. 

Ahijah  could  not  see  ;  for  bis  eyes  were  set  by  reason  of  im  age. 
—  1  Kings  xiv. 

To  set  by  the  compass;  amt>ng  seamen,  to  observe 
the  bearing  or  situation  of  a  distant  object  by  the 
compass. 

To  set  about;  to  begin,  as  an  action  or  enterprise  ; 
to  apply  to.  He  has  planned  his  enterprise,  and  will 
soon  set  about  it. 

To  set  one^s  self  ai^ainst ;  to  place  one's  self  in  a 
state  of  enmity  or  opposition. 

The  king  of  Biihylon  set  himself  against  Jerusalem  the  same 
day.  —  Kzi-k.  xxiv. 

To  set  against ;  to  oppose  ;  to  set  in  comparison,  or 
to  oppose  as  an  equivalent  in  exchange  ;  as,  to  set 
one  thing  against  another;  or  to  set  off  one  thing 
against  another. 

To  set  apart ;  to  separate  to  a  particular  use ;  to  sep- 
arate from  the  rest. 

2.  To  neglect  tor  a  time.    [JVot  in  use.]  KnoUes. 

To  set  aside  ;  to  omit  for  the  present ;  to  lay  out  of 
the  question. 

Setlins  aside  all  other  considerations,  I  w*ill  endeavor  to  know  the 
truth  and  yield  to  Itiat.  Titlotson. 

2.  To  rejecu 

1  embrace  that  of  the  deluge,  and  ccl  aside  all  the  rest. 

Woodusird. 

3.  To  annul ;  to  vacate.    The  court  set  aside  the 
verdict  or  the  judgment. 

To  set  abroach  ;  to  spread.  Shak. 
To  set  a-going;  to  cause  to  begin  to  move. 
To  set  by  ;  to  set  apart  or  on  one  side  ;  to  reject. 
[In  this  sense,  by  is  emphatical.]  [Bacon. 
2.  To  esteem  .  to  regard  ;  to  vulue.  HaltnceU. 
[In  this  sense,  set  is  pronounced  with  more  em- 
phasis than  by.] 

To  set  down  ;  to  place  upon  the  ground  or  floor. 

2.  To  enter  in  writing  ;  to  register. 

Some  rules  were  to  be  set  douin  for  the  government  of  the  army. 

Clarendon. 

3.  To  explain  or  relate  in  writing. 

4.  To  fix  on  a  resolve.    [Liule  used.]  Kiiolles. 

5.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  ;  to  ordain. 

This  law  we  may  name  eternal,  beiu^  that  onler  which  God  Imth 
set  down  widi  iLiiiisell,  for  tiiniscTl  to  ilo  all  things  by. 

Hooker. 

To  set  forth  ;  to  manifest;  to  offer  or  present  to 
view.    Rom.  lii. 

2.  To  publish  ;  to  promulgate ;  to  make  appear. 

IValler. 

3.  To  send  out ;  to  prepare  and  send. 

The  Venetian  titlmiral  had  a  fleet  of  sixty  galleys,  set  forth  by 
the  Venetians.    I06s.l  KnoUes. 

4.  To  display  ;  to  exhibit ;  to  present  to  view  ;  to 
show.  Oryden.  Mdton. 

To  set  foneard ;  to  advance  ;  to  niuve  on  ;  also,  to 
promote.  Hooker. 
To  set  in ;  to  put  in  the  way  ;  to  begin. 
If  yon  please  to  assist  and  set  me  in,  I  will  recollect  myself. 

Collier. 

To  set  off;  to  adorn  ;  to  decorate  ;  to  embellish. 
They  set  off  the  worst  laces  with  the  best  ails.  Addison. 

2.  To  give  a  pompous  or  flattering  description  of; 
to  eulogize  ;  to  recommend  ;  as,  to  set  off  a  charac- 
ter. 

3.  To  place  against  as  an  equivalent ;  as,  to  set  off 
one  man's  services  against  antillier's. 

4.  To  separate  or  assign  for  a  particular  purpose  ; 
as,  to  set  off  a  portion  of  an  estate. 

To  set  on  or  upon ;  to  incite  ;  to  Instigate  ;  to  ani- 
mate to  action. 

Thou,  traitor,  hast  set  on  Uiy  wile  to  this.  Shall, 

2.  To  assault  or  attack  ;  sfi(fo77i  used  transitii'efy,  &!<<  | 
the  pa.isive  form  is  often  u.ied. 

Alphunsus  —  was  set  upon  by  a  Turkish  pirate  and  taken. 

Knotlet. 

3.  To  employ,  as  in  a  task. 

Set  on  thy  wifc  to  oliserve.  Shah. 

4.  To  fix  the  attention  ;  to  determine  to  any  thing 
with  settled  purpose. 

It  becomes  «  Inie  lover  to  have  your  heart  mor«  est  upon  her 
good  than  your  own.  Sidney. 


MttTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


SET 

Tu  set  out ;  to  a.ssi^n  ;  tu  allot ;  ns,  tu  set  out  the 
share  of  t-arli  pro|>ri<-lur  ur  lieir  of  an  estate  3  to  set 
out  the  widnw's  thirds. 

2.  'I'd  publish,  as  a  proclamation.  [JVot  elegant,  nor 
eomimin^]  Bacon.  Sto\/l. 

3.  'I'o  mark  by  boundaries  or  distinctions  of  space. 
Dctrrniiiiiiti-  portiuiii  oT  lliuse  iiifiiiite  alivMfs  of  npnec  niid  tlura- 

titdt,  net  ou/,  ur  ttiippoa^il  10  be  Uutiiif  uubcd  Iroin  all  the 
rt'U  by  Iciiuwii  bolllu^ari^■*.  Locke. 

4.  To  adorn  ;  to  en)bellish. 

An  ugly  woman  in  n  rich  Imbit,  tet  out  with  Jcwdi,  nothiii*  cnn 
becoMic.  Dryden. 

5.  'I'll  raise,  equip,  and  send  forth  ;  to  fucnish. 
The  Vi-ii('tmnj  pp-li-ml  tln-y  could  aet  out,  ui  (uue  of  ffr»*nt  ne- 

ccuitv,  thirty  tncn-ol'-witr.  Aajdieon. 
\Sol  elegant,  and  little  uted.] 

6.  To  show  ;  to  display ;  to  recommend  ;  to  set  ofT. 
I  coulil  eel  out  iU:\t  tx^sl  side  of  Luthor.  Atterl/ury, 

7.  To  show  ;  to  prove. 

Thosr  very  PMSons  get  out  how  heiiiotu  hia  sin  wrti.  [Little 

used,  and  not  elegant.]  Atttrbury. 

8.  In  late,  to  recite ;  to  state  at  large. 

Juilije  Sedgwick. 
To  set  vp  ;  to  erect ;  as,  to  set  up  a  building  ;  to  set 
up  a  post,  a  wall,  a  pillar. 

2.  'I'o  begin  a  new  institution  ;  to  institute  ;  to  es- 
tablish ;  to  found  ;  as,  to  set  up  a  manufactory ;  to 
set  up  a  sclititil. 

3.  To  enable  to  commence  a  new  business  ;  as,  to 
set  up  A  son  in  trade. 

4.  To  raise  ;  to  exalt ;  to  put  In  power ;  as,  to  set 
up  the  throne  of  David  over  Israel.   2  Sam.  iii. 

5.  To  place  in  view  ;  as,  to  .*f(  up  a  mark. 

6.  To  raise ;  to  utter  loudly  ;  as,  to  set  up  the 
voice. 

I'll  tet  up  luch  a  note  .u  the  shall  hear.  Dryden. 

7.  To  advance  ;  to  propose  as  truth  or  for  recei)- 
tion  ;  as,  to  .lel  up  a  new  opinion  or  doctrine.  Burnet. 

8.  To  raise  from  tiepressitm  or  tt>  a  sufficient  for- 
tune.   This  ";ood  fortune  (juite  set  him  up. 

9.  In  seameit^s  language,  to  extend,  as  the  shrouds, 
st.iys,  ic. 

To  set  at  naught ;  to  undervalue  ;  to  contemn  ;  to 
despise. 

Ye  h.i»c  fef  at  naught  all  iny  counsel.  —  Prov.  i. 
To  .^et  in  order:  to  adjust  or  arrange  ;  to  reduse  to 
method. 

The  n'lt  will  1  get  in  order  when  I  come.  —  1  Cor.  xi. 

To  set  eije.'  on  :  to  see  ;  to  behold  j  or  to  fix  the  eyes 
in  looking  on  ;  to  fasten  the  eyes  on. 

To  xet  the  teeth  on  edge ;  to  atfect  the  teeth  with  a 
painful  sensatitin. 

To  .let  over ;  to  appoint  or  constitute  as  supervisor, 
inspector,  ruler,  or  cotniiiander. 

2.  To  assign  ;  tt>  transfer  ;  to  convey. 

To  set  riifht  ;  to  correct  ;  4o  put  in  t>rder. 

To  .st£  .sail;  to  make  sail,  or  tti  ct)nimence  sailing. 

To  set  at  ruse:  to  quiet ;  to  tranquilize  ;  as,  to  set 
the  heart  at  ea.^e. 

To  set  free  :  to  rele.ase  from  confinement,  imprison- 
ment, or  Imndage  ;  to  liberate  ;  tti  emanci|iate. 

To  set  at  work  ;  to  cause  to  enter  on  work  or  ac- 
tion ;  or  to  direct  how  to  enter  on  work.  Locke, 

To  set  on  lire  :  to  coniiniinicate  fire  to  ;  to  indame  ; 
!>'"'>  figuratirelij,  to  enkindle  the  passions  ;  to  make 
to  rage  ;  ti>  irritate  ;  to  fill  with  disorder.    James  hi. 

To  set  be/ore :  to  otTcr ;  to  propose  ;  to  present  to 
view.    Dent.  xi.  xxx. 

To  set  a  trap,  snare,  or  gin  ;  to  place  in  a  situation 
to  catch  prey  ;  to  spreatl  ;  figurativelii,  to  lay  a  plan 
to  deceive  and  draw  into  the  power  of  another. 
SET,  I),  i.  To  decline  ;  tt)  go  down  ;  to  pass  below  the 
horizon  ;  as,  the  sun  sets  :  the  stars  set. 

2.  To  he  fixed  hard  ;  to  be  close  or  firm.  Baeon. 

3.  To  fit  music  to  words.  SAak. 

4.  I'o  congeal  or  concrete. 

That  fluid  substance  in  a  fi'w  minutes  begins  to  eet.  Boyle. 

5.  To  begin  a  journey.  The  king  is  set  from  Lon- 
don. 

[This  is  obsolete.   We  now  say,  to  set  oii/.] 
o.  To  plant ;  as,  "  to  sow  dry,  and  to  set  wet." 

Old  Proverb. 

7.  To  flow  ;  to  have  a  certain  direction  in  motion  ; 
as,  the  tide  sets  to  the  east  or  nor'.h  ;  the  current  sets- 
westward. 

8.  To  catch  birds  with  a  dog  that  sets  them,  that 
is,  one  that  lies  down  and  points  them  out,  and  with 
a  large  net.  Boyle. 

To  set  one's  self  about ;  to  begin  ;  to  enter  upon  ;  to 
take  the  first  steps. 

To  set  one's  sc{f:  to  apply  one's  self. 
To  set  about ;  to  fall  on  ;  to  begin  ;  to  take  the  first 
steps  in  a  business  or  enterprise.  Jlitrrbuni. 
To  set  in ;  to  begin.    Winter,  in  New  England, 
I      usually  .vets  in  in  December. 
I        9.  To  become  settled  in  a  particular  state. 

i  When  the  wealiier  was  get  in  to  be  very  bad.  Addigon. 

To  set  forward :  to  move  or  march  ;  to  begin  to 
march  ;  to  advance. 


SET 

To  set  OH,  or  upmi!  to  begin  a  journey  or  an  enter- 
prise. 

He  that  would  seI^ously  get  upon  the  search  of  truth.  Locke. 

2.  To  assault ,  to  make  an  attack.  Sliak. 

To  set  out;  to  begin  a  journey  or  course  ;  as,  to 
set  out  for  Londim  or  from  London  ;  to  set  out  in 
business  ;  to  set  out  in  life  or  the  wtirld. 

2.  'I'o  have  a  beginning.  Brotcn. 

To  set  to;  to  apply  one's  self  to. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

To  set  up :  to  begin  business  or  a  scheme  of  life  ; 
as,  to  set  up  in  trade  ;  to  set  up  fi)r  one's  self. 

2.  To  profess  openly  ;  to  make  pretensions.  He 
sets  up  for  a  man  of  wit ;  he  sets  up  to  leach  moral- 
ity. Drijden. 
SE'r,  pp.  Placed;  put;  located;  fixed,  ailjiisted  ; 
composed  ;  stiidiled  or  adorned  ;  reduced,  as  a  dislo- 
cated or  broken  boni". 

2.  a.  Regular;  uniform;  formal;  as,  a  set  speech 
or  phra.se  ;  a  .<c£  discourse  ;  nset  battle. 

3.  Fi.xetl  in  opinion  ;  determined;  firm  ;  obstinate  ; 
as,  a  man  set  in  his  opinions  or  way. 

4.  Established;  prescribed  ;  as,  .sr(  forms  of  prayer. 
SET,  ?i.    A  number  or  ciillectitiii  of  things  of  the  same 

kind  and  of  similar  furm,  which  are  ordinarily  used 
together  ;  as,  a  set  of  chairs  ;  a  set  of  tea-cups  ;  a  set 
of  China  or  other  ware. 

2.  A  number  of  things  fitted  to  be  used  together, 
though  dilferciit  in  fitriii ;  as,  a  set  of  dining-tables. 

A  set  implies  more  than  two,  which  are  called  a 
pair. 

3.  A  number  of  persons  customarily  or  officially 
associateil ;  as,  a  set  of  men,  a  set  of  ollicers  ;  or  a 
niiinber  of  persons  having  a  similitude  of  character, 
or  of  things  which  have  some  resemblance  or  rela- 
titm  to  each  other.  Hence  our  common  phrase,  a  set 
of  opinions. 

This  falls  into  (litTerent  divisions  or  setg  of  nations  connected 
under  parlictilar  ruli^ons,  4c.    Ward's  Lnia  of  Naliong. 

4.  A  number  of  particular  things  that  are  united  in 
the  formation  of  a  whole  ;  as,  a  set  of  features. 

.Addison. 

5.  A  young  plant  for  growth;  as,  sets  of  white 
thorn  or  other  shrub.  Encije. 

G.  The  descent  of  the  sun  or  other  luminary  below 
the  horizon  ;  as,  the  set  of  the  sun.  Jittcrbury. 

7.  A  wager  at  dice. 

That  W.-U  but  civil  war,  an  equal  eet.  Dryden. 

8.  A  game. 

We  will,  in  Pmno',  play  a  eet 
Shall  strike  his  lather's  crown  into  tl»j  h;u..ril.  Shale. 

A  dead  set ;  the  act  of  a  setter  dog  when  it  discov- 
ers the  game,  antl  remains  intently  fixird  in  pointing 
it  out  ;  said  also  by  (>rose  to  be  a  ct)ncerted  scheme 
to  defraud  a  person  by  gaming. 

To  be  at  a  dead  set,  is  to  be  in  a  fixed  state  or  con- 
dition which  precludes  further  progress. 

To  make  a  dead  set  upon ;  to  make  a  determined 
onset. 

SE-Ta'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.    [L.  seta,  a  bristle.] 

1.  Bristly;  set  with  bristles;  consisting  of  bris- 
tles; .as,  a  stifl",  .vffacfous  tail.  Derliam. 

2.  In  natural  hi.^tory,  bristle-shaped ;  having  the 
thickness  and  length  of  a  bristle  ;  as,  a  setaceous  leaf 
or  leaflet.  Martyn. 

Setaceous  worm ;  a  name  given  to  a  water  worm 
th.at  resembles  a  horse  hair,  vulgarly  supposed  to  be 
an  animated  hair.    13ut  this  is  a  mistake.  Encyc. 
SET'-DOWN,  71.    A  powerful  rebuke  or  reprehen- 
sion. 

SET'-FOIL.    Pee  Sept-Foil. 
SE-TIK'ER-OIj'S,  a.    [I,,  .wfa  and  fero.] 

Proiliicing  or  having  bristles. 
SK'TI-FORM,  a.    [L.  seta,  a  bristle,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  bristle.     Journ.  of  Science 
SK'TI-RE.ME,  n.    [Ij.  .■ieta  and  remits.] 

A  name  given  to  the  jointed  legs,  whose  innerside 
has  a  dense  fringe  of  hairs,  by  means  of  which  cer- 
tain animals,  as  the  diving-beetles,  move  in  the  wa- 
ter. Kirby. 
SET'NESS,  n.    Regulation  ;  adjustment;  obstinacy. 

.l/<i..(crs. 

SET'-OFF,  n.  [set  and  of.]  1'he  net  of  ailmitting 
one  claim  to  coiinterb.thince  another.  In  a  set-off, 
the  defendant  acknowledgeu  the  ju.sticc  of  the  plain- 
tifl"'s  deni.aiid,  but  set.^  up  a  demand  of  his  own  to 
counterbalance  it  in  whole  or  in  part. 

The  right  of  pleading  a  set-o^ depends  on  statute.  Btackgtone. 

JV'otf- —  In  AVia  England,  offset  is  sometimes  used 
for  .tff-o^.  Hut  (i^-f/ has  a  different  sense,  and  it  i< 
dcsinible  that  the  practice  should  be  uniform,  wher- 
ever the  English  language  is  spoken. 

2.  The  part  of  a  wall,  &c.,  which  is  exposed  hori- 
zontally when  the  portiim  above  it  is  reduced  in 
thickness  ;  also  called  Oi'kset.      Gloss,  of  Archill 
SK'TO.N,  n.    (Fr.,  frtun  I,,  seta,  a  bristle.] 

In  surgery,  a  few  horse  hairs  or  small  threads,  or  a 
twist  of  silk,  dniwn  through  the  skin  by  a  large  nee- 
dle, by  which  a  small  opening  is  made  and  contin- 
ued. Encyc.  Quincy. 
SK'TfiPE,  I  a.    [It.  setoso  ;  L.  setosus,  from  sffa,  a 
Sic'TOUS,  i  bristle.] 


SET 

III  natural  Aivfury,  bristly  ;  having  the  surface  set 
with  bristles;  as,  a  setoas  leaf  or  receptacle.  Marlyn. 

SET'-.S|>EE('ll,  n.  A  speech  carefully  prepared  be- 
fore It  is  tielivered  in  public.  /Inlliwell. 

SET-TEE',  n.  [from  set.]  A  long  seat  with  a  back 
to  it. 

2.  A  vessel  with  one  deck  and  a  very  long,  sharp 
prow,  carrj'ing  two  or  three  masts  with  lateen  sails  ; 
used  in  the  .Medilerrant;an.       Mar.  Diet.  Encyc. 
SET'TER,  II.    One  that  sets  ;  as,  a  setter  on,  or  in- 
citer ;  a  setter  up:  a  setter  forth,  &.C. 

2.  A  (log  that  beats  the  field  and  starts  birds  for 
spiirtsmt  n.  It  partakes  of  the  characters  of  the 
[Kiiiiter  .'iiiil  spaniel.  P.  Cye. 

.'1.  A  man  that  perfiirins  the  office  of  a  setting  dog, 
or  finds  persons  tu  be  plundered.  "  South, 

4.  One  that  adapts  words  to  music  in  com|x>- 
sition. 

5.  Whatever  sets  off,  adorns,  or  recommends.  [Mit 
used  ]  Whitlock. 

SET'TER-WORT,  (  wurt,)  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
hellebore,  Helli  bortis  foetidiis,  also  calleil  SriNKiNO 
Hellehore  or  IteAit's  Four.  Forsyth. 

SET'TING,  ppr.  I'laring;  putting;  fixing;  stud- 
ding ;  appointing  ;  sinking  below  the  hori/.on,  &c. 

SET''1'IN(;,  ?i.  The  act  of  putting,  placing,  fixing,  or 
establishing. 

2.  The  act  of  sinking  below  the  horizon.  The 
setting  of  stars  is  of  three  kinds,  eosmical,  aeronical, 
and  heliacal.    [See  these  words.] 

3.  The  act  or  manner  of  taking  birds  by  a  setting- 
dog. 

4.  Inclosiire;  as,  .sdd'no-s  of  stones.    Erod.  xxviii. 

5.  The  direction  of  a  current,  sea,  or  wind. 

llulton. 

6.  The  hardening  of  plaster  or  cement.  Gmill, 
SET'TI.VG  COAT,  n.    In  architecture,  the  best  sort  of 

plastering  on  walls  or  ceilings.  Brande: 
SET'TIN'G-UOG,  n.    A  setter  ;  a  dog  trained  to  find 

and  start  birds  for  sportsmen. 
SE  T'TEE,  (set'tl,)  11.    [Sax.  sell,  setU;  G.  sessel ;  D. 
letel :  L.  .icdile.    See  Set.] 

A  bench  with  a  high,  wooden  back.  Dryden. 
SET'TLf^,  V.  t.    [from  set.]    To  place  in  a  permanent 
condition  after  wandering  or  fluctuation. 

I  will  geale  you  ;d[er  your  old  estates.  —  E7/^lc.  xxxvi. 
9.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  ;  to  make  permanent  in  any 
place. 

I  will  aettle  him  in  my  house  and  in  my  kingdor,  forever.  —  I 
Chroii.  xvii. 

3.  To  <\stablisli  in  business  or  way  of  life  ;  as,  to 
settle  a  son  in  trade. 

4.  To  marry  ;  as,  ta  settle  a  daughter. 

5.  To  establish  ;  to  confirm. 

Her  will  alou'-  C'>iild  getlle  or  revoke.  Pricr. 

6.  To  deterinmc  what  is  uncertain  ;  to  establish  ; 
to  free  fitmi  doubt;  as,  to  sc///e  questions  or  points 
of  law.  The  Sujiretue  Court  have  settled  the  question. 

7.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  ;  to  make  certain  or  [leriiia- 
nent ;  as,  to  settle  the  siiccessitm  to  a  Ihrone  in  a  par- 
ticular family  So  we  speak  of  seulcd  habits  and  set- 
tled opinions. 

8.  To  fix  or  establish ;  not  to  suflTer  to  doubt  or 
waver. 

It  will  tetlie  the  wavering  and  conflrm  the  doubtful.  Sudft. 

9.  To  make  close  or  compact. 

Cover  ant-hills  up,  Uiat  the  r.ain  may  aettle  the  turf  before  the 
spring.  Mortimer. 

10.  To  cause  to  subside  after  being  heaved  and 
loosened  by  frost ;  or  to  dry  and  harden  after  rain. 
Thus  clear  weather  .tellies  the  roads, 

11.  To  lower  or  cause  to  sink.  Tottrn. 

12.  To  fix  or  establish  by  gill,  grant,  or  any  legal 
act ;  as,  to  settle  a  pension  on  an  ofiicer,  or  an  annu- 
ity on  a  child. 

13.  To  fix  firmly.  Settle  your  mind  on  valuable 
objects. 

14.  To  cause  to  sink  or  subside,  as  extraneous 
matter  in  liquors.  In  fining  wine,  we  add  something 
to  sctllr  the  lees. 

I.").  I'o  compose ;  to  tranqiiilize  what  is  dis- 
turbed ;  as,  to  srt(/«  the  thoughts  or  mind  when 
agitated. 

Hi.  To  establish  in  the  p.astoral  office ;  to  ordain 
over  a  church  and  society,  or  parish  ;  as,  to  settle  a 
minister.  United  States.  BosweU. 

17.  To  plant  with  inhabitants  ;  to  colonize.  The 
French  first  settled  Canada  ;  the  Puritans  settled  New 
England  ;  Plymouth  was  settled  in  IC20.  Hartford 
was  settled  in  It>3G.  Wethersfield  was  the  first  settled 
town  in  Connecticut. 

Province's  fim  geOled  aft-r  the  floo<I.  MUfvrd, 
Land  wliich  they  are  unable  to  geult  and  catUvate. 

Vatul,  Tnnt, 

18.  To  adjust ;  to  close  by  amicable  agreement  or 
otherwise ;  as,  to  settle  a  controversy  or  dispute  by 
agreement,  treaty,  or  by  force. 

19.  To  adju.st ;  to  liquidate  ;  to  balance,  or  to  pay ; 
as,  to  settle  accounts. 

To  seUlr  the  land:  among  seamen,  to  cause  it  to 
sink  or  appear  lower  bv  receding  from  it. 
SET'TLE,  r.  i.    To  fal'l  to  the  bottom  of  liquor  ;  to 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


127' 


G  G  G  G' 


1013 


SET 

subside;  to  sink  and  rest  on  tlie  bottom  ;  as,  lees  or 
dregs  settle.  Slimy  particles  in  water  settle  and  form 
mud  at  the  bottom  of  rivers. 

This  word  is  used  of  the  extraneous  matter  of 
liquors,  when  it  subsides  spontaneously.  But  in 
chemical  oper.ations,  when  substances  mixed  or  in 
solution  are  decomposed,  and  one  C(miponent  part 
subsides,  it  is  said  to  be  precipitated.  But  it  may  also 
be  said  to  settle. 

2.  To  lose  motion  or  fermentation  ;  to  deposit,  as 
feces. 

A  juverninent,  on  such  occasions,  is  always  thick  Ijefore  it  settles. 

Addison. 

3.  To  fix  one's  habitation  or  residence.  Belp;ians 
had  settled  on  the  southern  coast  of  Britain,  before 
the  Romans  invaded  the  isle. 

English  Puritans  who  first  settled  in  New  England. 

ValUt,  Trans. 

4.  To  marry  and  establish  a  domestic  state. 
Where  subsistence  is  easily  obtained,  children  settle 
at  an  early  period  of  life. 

5.  To  become  fixed  after  change  or  fluctuation ;  as, 
the  wind  caine  about  and  settled  in  the  west. 

Bacon. 

6.  To  become  stationary  ;  to  quit  a  rambling  or  ir- 
regular course  for  a  permanent  or  methodical  one. 

7.  To  become  fixed  or  permanent ;  to  take  a  lasting 
form  or  state  ;  as,  a  settled  conviction. 

Chyle  —  runs  through  the  intermediate  colors  till  it  settles  in  an 
intense  red.  Arbutlinot. 

8.  To  rest ;  to  repose. 

When  time  hath  worn  out  tlieir  natural  vanity,  and  taught  them 
discretion,  llieir  fontlness  settles  on  its  proper  object. 

Spectator. 

9.  To  become  calm  ;  to  cease  from  agitation. 


Till  the  fury  of  his  highness  settle. 
Come  not  U-tore  him. 


SJiok. 


10.  To  make  a  jointure  for  a  wife. 

He  si^hs  with  most  success  that  settles  well.  Garth. 

11.  To  sink  by  its  weight ;  and  in  loose  bodies,  to 
becoine  more  compact.  We  say,  a  wall  settles;  a 
house  settles  uptm  its  foundation;  a  mass  of  sand 
settles  and  becomes  more  firm. 

12.  To  sink  after  being  heaved,  and  to  dry  ;  as, 
roads  .lettle  in  spring  after  frost  and  rain. 

Kt.  To  be  ordained  or  installed  over  a  parish, 
church,  or  congregatitui.  A.  B.  was  invited  to  settle 
in  the  first  society  in  .\ew  Haven.  N.  D.  settled  in 
the  ministry  very  young. 

H.  To  adjust  ditTerences  or  accounts  ;  to  come  to 
an  acreeinent.    He  has  settled  with  his  creditors. 

SET'TLf:!),  (sct'tid,)  pp.  or  a.    Placed  ;  established  ; 
fixed  ;  determined  ;  composed  ;  adjusted. 

SET'TLKD-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  settled  ; 
confirmed  state.    [Little  used.]  K.  Charles. 

SET'TLE-.MENT,  (set'tl-ment,)  n.    The  act  of  set- 
tling, or  state  of  being  settled. 

2.  The  falling  of  the  foul  or  foreign  matter  of  liquors 
to  the  bottom  ;  subsidence. 

3.  The  matter  that  subsides  ;  lees ;  dregs.  [J\rot 
used.'\  Mortimer. 

[For  this  we  use  Pettlinos.] 

4.  The  act  of  giving  possession  by  legal  sanction. 
My  flocks,  my  fields,  my  woo<ls,  my  pastures  lake, 

\V  ith  settlement  as  good  as  law  can  make.  Dryden. 

5.  A  jointure  granted  to  a  wife,  or  the  art  of  grant- 
ing it.  We  say,  the  wife  has  a  competent  avttlewent 
for  her  mninlenance  ;  or  she  has  provision  made  for 
her  by  the  settlement  of  a  jointure. 

6.  The  act  of  taking  a  domestic  state  ;  the  act  of 
marrying  and  going  to  housekeeping. 

7.  A  becoming  stationary,  or  taking  a  permanent 
residence  after  a  roving  course  of  life.  JJEstran<rr. 

8.  The  act  of  planting  or  establishing,  as  a  colony  ; 
also,  the  place,  or  the  colony  established  ;  as,  the 
British  settlrments  in  America  or  India. 

9.  Ailjustment ;  liquidation;  the  ascertainment  of 
just  claims,  or  payment  of  tlie  balance  of  an  ac- 
count. 

ID.  Adjustment  of  differences  ;  pacification  ;  rec- 
onciliation ;  as,  the  settlement  of  disputes  or  contro- 
versies*. 

11.  The  ordaining  or  installment  of  a  clergyman 
over  a  parish  or  congregation. 

12.  A.  sum  of  money  or  other  property  granted  to  a 
minister  on  his  ordination,  exclusive  of  his  salary. 

13.  Legal  residence  or  establishment  of  a  person 
in  a  particular  parish  or  town.  Which  entitles  him  to 
maintenance  if  a  pauper,  and  tuibji  cts  the  parish  or 
town  lo  his  Hiipport.    In  England,  the  poor  are  siip- 

forted  by  the  p:iri«h  where  they  have  a  settlement, 
n  New  England,  they  are  supported  by  the  town. 
In  England,  the  Klnliites  12  Richard  II.  and  19  Henry 
VII.  ncem  to  lie  the  first  niiliinents  of  parish  sctlle- 
menlt.  Hy  Ktatutes  13  and  14  (Jlmrles  II.  a  legal  set- 
tlement Is  diM  lari'd  l<i  lie  gained  by  birth,  by  inhab- 
itancy, by  npiirenticeHhip  or  by  Kervice  (or  forty 
day".  But  the  gaining  of  a  settlement  by  ho  short  a 
reftidence  produced  great  evils,  which  were  remedied 
by  Htatiile  1  James  II.  Bliickslme. 

\^.  .^rt  iif  srillemrnt ;  in  British  hl.itnrtj,  the  Htatiitc 
of  12  and  13  William  III.,  by  which  the  crown  was 


SEV 

limited  to  his  present  majesty's  house,  or  the  house 
of  Hanover.  Blarkst  ne. 

SET''1'LING,  ppr.  Placing;  fixing;  establishing; 
regulating;  adjusting;  planting  or  colonizing;  sub- 
siiling;  composing;  ordaining  or  installing  ;  becom- 
ins  the  pastor  of  a  p.arish  or  church. 

SET'TLliXG,  71.  The  act  of  making  a  settlement;  a 
planting  or  colonizing. 

2.  The  act  of  subsiding,  as  lees. 

3.  The  adjustment  of  differences. 

4.  Settlinifs,  pi.  ;  lees  ;  dregs  ;  sediment. 
SET'-TO,  ;i.   A  conflict  in  boxing,  argument,  &c. 

MnllilDell. 

SET'WALL,  Ji.  [set  and  wall.]  A  plant.  Tlie  gar- 
den selwall  is  a  species  of  Valeriana. 

SEV'£N,  (sev'n,)  a.  [Sax.  seofu,  seufan  ;  Goth,  sibun  ; 
D.  zeeven;  G.  siebem  Sw.  sin;  Dan.  syv  ;  L.  septem, 
whence  Fr.  sept.  It.  sette,  Sp.  siete,  (or  the  two  latter 
are  the  W.  saiili,  Arm.  saitli  or  sriz;)  Sans,  supta; 
o  , 

Pers.  c^oLfc  haft ;  Zend,  hapte,  Pehlavi,  haft ;  Gr. 


cttra ;  At.  ^J^'m  sabaa ;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Eth. 

J)3r.  In  Ch.  and  Syr.  V^o  signifies  to  fill,  to  satisfy  ; 
in  Ar.  seven,  and  to  make  the  number  seven.  In 


Heb.  and  Ch.  paw  is  seven ;  Ar.  ^-^-^v  shabia,  to 

fill.  With  this  orthography  coincides  the  spelling  of 
the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  words,  whose  elements  are 
Sb,  or  their  cognates.  But  the  Latin  and  Sanscrit 
have  a  third  radical  letter,  as  has  the  Persic,  viz.,  (, 

and  these  coincide  with  the  Ar.  C^j^mi  sabata,  to 

observe  the  Sabbath,  to  rest,  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr. 
naw.] 

It  is  obvious,  then,  that  seven  had  its  origin  in 
these  verbs,  and  if  the  Persic  and  Greek  worils  are 
from  the  same  source,  which  is  very  probable,  we 
have  satisfactory  evitlence  that  the  sibilant  letter  5 
has  been  changed  into  an  aspirate.  And  this  con- 
firms my  opinion  that  a  similar  change  has  taken 
place  in  the  Gr.  aAj,  salt,  W.  halen,  and  in  many 
other  wortls.] 

Four  and  three  ;  one  more  than  six  or  less  than 
eight.  Scveji  days  constitute  a  week.  We  read  in 
Scripture  of  sec™  years  of  plenty,  and  seven  years  of 
famine,  seveji  trumpets,  seven  seals,  seven  vials,  &,c. 

Seven  stars;  a  common  name  for  the  cluster  of 
stars  in  the  neck  of  Taurus,  called  Pleiades. 

IluUon. 

SEV'BN-FoLD,  a.   [seven  t)nA  fold.]    Repeated  seven 
times;  doubled  seven   times;  increased  to  seven 
times  the  size  or  amount ;  as,  the  sevenfold  shield  of 
Ajax  ;  sevenfold  rage.  Milton. 
SEV'£N-FoLD,  ado.    Seven  times  as  much  or  often. 
Whosoever  slayelh  Cain,  vengeance  shall  be  taken  on  him  seven, 
/old.  — Gen.  iv. 

SEV'£N-!!ILL-£D,  a.    Having  seven  hills.  More. 

SEV'£N-NIGHT,  (sen'nit,)  7i.  [seven  ai\A  nisht.]  A 
week  ;  the  period  of  seven  days  and  nights  ;  or  the 
time  from  one  day  of  the  week  to  the  next  day  of 
the  same  denomination  preceding  or  following.  Our 
ancestors  numbered  the  diurnal  revolutions  of  the 
earth  by  nights,  as  tliey  reckoned  the  annual  revolu- 
tions by  winters.  Sevenmght  is  novv  contracted 
into  Sennioht,  which  see. 

SEV'i'X-SCollE,  71.  [seven  and  score,  twenty  notches 
or  marks.]  Seven  times  twenty,  that  is,  a  liundred 
a»d  forty. 

The  oil!  Coniitrss  of  Desmond,  who  lived  sevenscore  years, 
dentized  twice  or  thrice.  Bacon. 

<3EV'£N-TEEN,  a.     [Sax.  seofonttjne;  seven-ten.] 

Seven  and  ten. 
SEV'£N-TEENT1I,  o.    [from  iex^mtecn.    The  Saxon 

senfon-tciitha  or  seofon-teogetha  is  diflerently  formed.] 
The  ordinal  of  seventeen  ;  tne  seventh  after  the 

tenth. 

On  the  seventeenth  day  of  the  second  motith  — all  the  fountains 
of  the  great  deep  were  broken  up.  —  lien.  vii. 

SEV'f:NTH,  a.    [Sax.  seofctha.] 

1.  The  ordinal  of  seven  ;  the  first  after  the  sixth. 
On  the  senenVi  day  tied  eiuh'd  his  work  which  he  hml  made  ;  and 

he  n'st"d  on  the  seventh  day  from  all  his  work  which  he  had 
made.  — tii!n.  li. 

2.  Containing  or  being  one  part  in  seven  ;  as,  the 
sereiith  part. 

SEV'KNTIl, 71.  The  seventh  part;  one  part  in  seven. 
2.  In  music,  a  dissonant  interval  or  hi  ptarhoril. 
An  interval  consisting  of  four  tones  and  two  major 
semitones,  is  railed  a  seventh  minor.  An  interval 
composed  of  live  tones  and  a  major  semilomr,  is 
callotl  a  seventh  major,  being  a  major  semitone  less 
than  an  octave.  Biisbij.  Brandc. 

SEV'A,'NTII-LY,  n(/ii.    In  the  seventh  pliire.  Bnriin. 

HE'"f;N-TI-F,TII,  B.  [from  seventii.]  The  ordinal  of 
seventy  ;  as,  n  man  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age. 


SEV 

The  seventieth  year  begins  immediately  after  the 
close  of  the  sixty-ninth. 
SEV'£N-TV,  [I),  zeventig;  Sax.  seofa,  seven,  and 
tig,  ten  ;  Goth,  tig,  Gr.  Sena,  ten,  but  the  Saxon 
writers  prefixed  hund,  as  hiind-seofontiir.  See  Lye,  ad 
voc,  and  Sax.  Chron.  A.  D.  1083.] 
Seven  times  ten. 


That  he 
Jeru 


Id  accomplish  seventy  yeara  in  the  desolations  of 
n.  —  Dan.  ix. 


SEV'£N-TY,  7t.  The  Septuagint  or  seventy  trans- 
lators of  the  Old  Testament  into  the  Greek  lan- 
guage. 

SEVER,  V.  t.  [Fr.  sevrer  ;  It.  sexrare.  There  may  be 
a  doubt  whether  sever  is  derived  from  the  Latin 
separo.  The  French  has  sevrer,  as  well  as  sepa- 
rer  ;  and  the  Italian  sevrare,  scevrare  and  sceverare, 
as  well  as  separare.  The  It.  scevrare  coincides  well 
in  orthography  with  Eng.  shiver,  and  this  with  Heb. 
-i3tf,  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  13n,  to  break.  The  latter 
are  the  same  word  with  ditferent  prefixes.  See  Class 
Br,  No.  26,  27.] 

1.  To  part  or  divide  by  violence  ;  to  separate  by 
cutting  or  rending ;  as,  to  sever  the  body  or  the  arm 
at  a  single  stroke. 

2.  To  part  from  the  rest  by  violence  ;  as,  to  sever 
the  head  from  the  body. 

3.  To  separate  ;  to  disjoin,  as  distinct  things,  but 
united  ;  as,  the  dearest  friends  severed  by  cruel  ne- 
cessity. 

4.  To  separate  and  put  in  diSerent  orders  or 
places. 

The  angels  shall  come  forth  and  sever  the  wicked  from  among 
die  just.  —  Matt.  xiii. 

5.  To  disjoin  ;  to  disunite ;  in  a  general  sense;  but 
usually  implying  violence. 

6.  To  keep  distinct  or  apart.    Exod.  viii. 

7.  In  laiD,  to  disunite  ;  to  disconnect ;  to  part  pos- 
session ;  as,  to  sever  an  estate  in  joint-tenancy. 

Blackstone. 

SEVER,  V.  i.  To  make  a  separation  or  distinction  ; 
to  distinguish. 

The  Lord  will  sever  between  the  cattle  of  Ismel  and  the  cattle  of 
Kgyp'-  — Kx.  ix. 

2.  To  suflTer  disjunction  ;  to  be  parted  or  rent  asun- 
der. Shak. 
SEV'ER-AL,  a.  [from  sever.]  Separate;  distinct; 
not  common  to  two  or  more  ;  as,  a  .■several  fishery  ;  a 
several  est.ate.  A  several  fishery  is  one  held  by  the 
owner  of  the  soil,  or  by  title  derived  from  the  owner. 
A  several  estate  is  one  held  by  a  tenant  in  his  own 
right,  or  a  distinct  estate  unconnected  with  any  other 
person.  Blaclistone. 

2.  Separate  ;  different ;  distinct. 

Divers  sorts  of  beasts  came  from  several  parts  to  drink.  Baron. 
Four  several  armies  to  the  field  are  led.  Dryden. 

3.  Divers;  consisting  of  a  number;  more  than 
two,  but  not  very  many.  Several  persons  were  pres- 
ent when  the  event  took  place. 

4.  Separate ;  single  ;  particular. 

E;ich  several  ship  a  victory  did  gain.  Dryden. 

5.  Distinct ;  appropriate. 

Each  might  his  several  province  well  command, 

Would  all  hut  stoi>p  to  what  they  nuderstjuid.  Pope. 

A  joint  and  ser^eral  note  or  bond,  is  one  executed  by 
two  or  more  persons,  each  of  whom  is  bound  lo  pay 
the  whole,  in  case  the  others  prove  to  be  insolvent. 
SEV'ER-AL,  7i.    Each  particular,  or  a  small  number, 
singly  taken. 

Several  of  them  neither  rose  from  any  conspicuous  family,  nor 

left  any  behind  them.  Addison. 
There  was  not  time  enough  to  hear 

The  severals.  Shale 
[This  latter  use,  in  tlie  plural,  is  vow  infrequent  or 
obsolete.] 

2.  An  inclosed  or  separate  place  ;  inclosed  ground  ; 
as,  they  had  their  several  for  the  hetithen,  their  sev- 
crcU  for  their  own  peoiile  ;  put  a  beast  into  asn'eral. 

Hooker.  Bacon. 
[These  applications  are  nearhj  or  wholly  obsolete.] 
In  several ;  in  a  state  of  separation. 
Where  piuitures  in  several  be.    [Little  used.]  Tusser. 
SEV-ER-AL'I-TV,  n.    Each  particular  singly  taken  ; 

distinction.    [JVot  in  Mse.]  Bp.  Hall. 

SEV'EK-AL-IZE,  ti.  (.    To  distinguish.    [J\ef  in  «.«.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

SEVER-AL-LY,  ff'/i'.  Separately;  distinrlly  ;  apart 
from  others.    Call  the  men  severathj  by  name. 

I  could  not  keep  my  eye  steady  on  them  severally  so  as  to  num- 
ber them.  Newton. 
To  be  jointhi  and  srverallti  bound  in  a  contract,  is 
for  each  obligor  to  be  liable  tii  pay  the  whole  demand, 
in  case  the  other  or  others  are  not  able. 

SEVER-AL-TY,  71.  A  state  of  separation  from  the 
rest,  or  from  all  others.  An  e.statein  sevrrallij,  is  that 
which  the  tenant  holds  in  his  own  right,  without  be- 
ing joined  in  iiiteresi  Willi  any  othi  r  person.  It  is 
distinguished  from  joint  tenancy,  coparcenery,  and 
common.  BlacJi.itone. 

SEVER-ANCE,  7t.  Separatitui  ;  tlM  tct  of  dividing 
or  disuniting.  The  sererance  of  a  Jointure  is  miido 
by  de.stroying  the  uiiily  of  interest.    Thus,  when 


KATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  UQQK.— 


i  A/uiere  O'riinat  thy»cll  lhan  ftffainst 
Taylor. 


SEW 

tliere  are  two  joiiit-teiiaiua  for  life,  and  the  inlierit- 
aiicc  is  purcliadcd  by  ur  di.-:icuiiils  upuii  either,  it  is  a 

sereraitce. 

So  also  when  two  persons  are  joined  in  a  writ,  and 
one  is  nonsuited  ;  in  this  case  secertincc  is  perniilled, 
and  the  other  plaintitl"  may  proceed  in  the  suit.  So 
also  in  assize,  when  two  or  more  disseizees  appear 
upon  the  writ,  and  not  tlie  otiier,  secfronce  is  permit- 
ted. BtaefcUone.  Encyc. 
SE-VERE',  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  seecriu! ;  Jt.  and  Sp. 
.sfivn).] 

1.  Ki^'id  ;  harsh;  not  mild  or  indulgent ;  as,  severe 
words  ;  acvere  treatment;  severe  wrath. 

MUlon.  Pope. 

2.  Sharp  ;  liard  ;  rigorous, 
Lot  your  mijI  —  be  more 

oLlii.'rs. 

3.  Very  strict ;  or  sometimes,  perhaps,  unreasona- 
bly strict  or  exact ;  giving  no  indulgence  to  faults 
or  errors  ;  as,  severe  government ;  severe  criticism. 

4.  Rigorous,  perhaps  cruel ;  as,  severe  punishment ; 
severe  justice. 

5.  Grave ;  sober ;  sedate  to  an  extreme  ;  opposed 
to  Cheerful,  Gay,  Light,  Lively. 

Your  looks  iini9t  alter,  iLA  your  eohjcct  docs, 

Froui  kiuU  to  licrce,  from  wantou  to  severe.  Waller. 

6.  Rigidly  ex.ict ;  strictly  methodical ;  not  lax  or 
airy.  I  will  not  venture  on  so  nice  a  subject  with 
niy  severe  style. 

7.  Sharp;  afflictive;  distressing;  violent;  as,  se- 
vere pain,  anguish,  torture.  Sec. 

8.  Sharp ;  biting ;  extreme  ;  as,  severe  cold. 

9.  Close  ;  concise  ;  not  lu.xuriant. 

The  Latin,  a  most  eevere  ami  ctmpetulioua  languaje.  Drijdtn. 

10.  Uillicult  to  be  endured  ;  c.\act;  critical;  nice; 
as,  a  severe  test. 

SE  V'ER-f."l),  pp.    Parted  by  violence  ;  disjoined. 
SE-VeRE'LY,  adi'.    Harshly;  sharply;  us,  to  chide 
one  sej)ereiij. 

2.  Strictly  ;  rigorously  ;  as,  to  judge  one  severchj. 

To  be  or  fonilly  or  severely  kind.  Savage. 

3.  With  extreme  rigor  ;  as,  to  punish  severely. 

4.  Painfully  ;  afflirtively  ;  greatly  ;  as,  to  be  se- 
verely afflicted  with  the  gout. 

5.  Fiercely ;  ferociously. 

More  formidalde  Hydra  6ttnds  u-itliin. 

Whose  jaws  with  iron  teeth  severely  grin.  Dryden. 

SEV'ER-IXG,  ppr.    Parting  by  violence  ;  disuniting. 

SEV'ER-ITE,  ».  A  mineral  fotind  near  St.  Sever,  in 
France,  occurring  in  small  masses,  white  without 
luster,  a  little  harder  than  lithiimarge.  It  is  com- 
posed of  silica,  alumina,  and  water. 

P.  Cyc.  PhUlips. 

SE-VER'I-TY,  71.    (L.  severitas.-\ 

1.  Il.-irshness ;  rigor^  austerity  ;  want  of  mildness 
or  indulgence ;  as,  the  severity  of  a  reprimand  or  re- 
proof. 

2.  Rigor ;  extreme  strictness  ;  as,  severitij  of  disci- 
pline or  government. 

3.  Excessive  rigor ;  extreme  degree  or  amtiunt.  Se- 
verity of  penalties  or  punishments  often  defeats  the 
object  by  exciting  pity. 

4.  Extremity;  quality  or  power  of  distressing;  as, 
the  severity  of  pain  or  anguish. 

5.  Extreme  degree  ;  as,  the  severity  of  cold  or 
heat. 

6.  Extreme  coldness  or  inclemency  ;  as,  the  sever- 
ity of  the  winter. 

7.  Harshness;  cruel  treatment ;  sharpness  of  pun- 
ishment; as,  severity  practiced  on  prisoners  of  war. 

8.  Exactness;  rigor;  niceness;  as,  tile  seiim/y  of 
a  test. 

9.  Strictness  ;  rigid  accuracy. 

Confining  myself  to  Itie  severity  of  Irulh.  Dryden. 

SEV-O-Ca'TION,  n.    [L.  sevoco.] 

.\  calling  aside. 
SEV-RC'G.\,  n.    A  fish  of  the  sturgeon  kind,  the 
Acipenser  stellatus,  of  the  Caspian  Sea 

Toiike.  Pallas. 
SEW,  (su.)  To  follow.    [Xot  used.]    [See  Sue.] 

Spetiser. 

SEW,  (so,)  r.  t.  Better  written  Sot.  [Sax.  sitei- 
an,  siiician ;  Goth,  siuyan ;  Sw.  sy ;  Dan.  syer  ;  L. 
TOO.  This  is  probably  a  contracted  word,  and  if 
its  elements  are  SA  or  V".  f  coincides  with  the 

—  (J 

Eth.  rtdiP  shafai,  to  sew  ;  and  the  .\r.  has  ^^ixil 

tsVii,  an  awl.  See  Class  Sb,  No.  85,  100.  The 
Hindoo  has  siieaica,  and  the  Gipsy  siuena.  Hut  tiie 
elements  are  not  obvious.] 

To  unite  or  fasten  together  with  a  needle  and 
thread. 

Tht^y^ietoed  n^-lc&Tca  together,  and  made  UicmicWes  aprons.  — 

To  seio  up ;  to  inclose  by  sewing  ;  to  inclose  in  any 
thmg  sewed.  '  b  >  i 

Tliou  aeiKti  up  mine  inii|uily.  —  Job 

Of  ui  me  up  Uie  skiru  ol  the  gown.  SftoJb. 


SEX 

SEW,  (si"),)  v.  i.    To  practice  sewing  ;  to  join  tliiuK^ 

with  stitches. 
SEW,  (su,)  B.  t.    [L.  .ilecn,  to  dry.] 

To  drain  a  pond  for  taking  the  fish.  [Oia.] 
SEW'£1),  (s5de,)  pp.    Uiiitetl  by  stitches. 
SEW'EL,  (su'el,)  «.     Aiiiuiig  huntsmen,  something 

hung  up  to  prevent  deer  from  entering  a  phice. 
SEWER,  (su'er,)  n.    [G.  amiiclu ;  perhaps  from  the 

root  of  sucic,  or  L.  sieco.    Rut  Eliiies  deduces  the 

word  from  the  old  French  a.iscuur.] 
A  drain  or  passage  to  convey  olf  wattrr  and  filth 

under  ground  ;  a  subternineous  canal,  particularly  in 

cities  ;  corruptly  prtmoiinced  slioer  or  socr. 
SEWER,  (so'er,)  n.    [D.  sclinfer,  from  schnffcn,  to 

provide,  to  tlisli  up;  G.  schujfner;  Dan.  ska£i:r;  Sw. 

sktijare.    See  Shape.] 

An  ollicer  who  serves  up  a  feast  and  arranges  the 

dishes.    [  Obs.]  Milton. 
SEWER,  (so'er,)  n.     One  who  sews  or  uses  the 

needle. 

SEWER-AGE,  (su'er-aje,)  n.  The  making  of  a 
sewer;  the  discharging  of  water,  &c.,  by  a  sewer. 

SEWING,  (so'ing,)  ppr.  Joining  with  the  needle  or 
with  stitches. 

SEWING,  (so'ing,)  71.  The  act  or  occiipaiion  of  sew- 
ing or  using  the  needle;  that  which  is  sewed  with 
the  neeille.  ^slu 

SEWI-TUDE,  (su'e-tude,)  71.  A  term  from  the  civil 
law,  equivalent  to  Easement. 

SEWSTER,  (so'ster,)  n.  A  woman  that  sews  or 
sjiins.    [Obs.]  B.  Jonsun. 

SE.K,  71.  [Fr.  sere;  Sp.  .vxo  :  It.  sesso  ;  L.  .vcxhs ;  qu. 
G.  sirke,  she,  female  ;  from  L.  scco,  to  divide.] 

1.  The  distinction  between  male  and  female  ;  or 
that  property  or  character  by  which  an  animal  is  male 
or  femali!.  The  male  sex  is  usually  characterized 
by  muscular  strength,  boldness,  and  firmness.  The 
female  sex  is  characterized  by  softness,  sensibility, 
and  modesty. 

In  botany,  the  structure  of  plants  which  corre- 
sptmds  to  sez  in  animals.  The  Liiintean  methotl  of 
botany  is  formed  on  the  sezes  in  phints."  Milne. 

2.  By  tvay  0/ einplittsii,  wumankinil ;  females. 

Unhappy  sej/  whose  beauty  is  your  snare.  Dryrlen. 
'i'lie  se£  wliose  presence  civilizes  ours.  Cowt;'cr. 


SEX-A-GE-NA'RI-AN,  71.  [Infra.]  A  persxin  who 
has  arrived  at  the  age  of  sixty  years.  Cowpcr. 

SEX'A-GKN-A-RY  or  SEX-A6'EN-A-RY,  a.  [Fr. 
sezairenuire  -■  I.,  sezaircnaritis,  from  sez,  six,  and  a 
word  signifying  ten,  seen  in  viginti,  bisgcnti.] 

Designating  the  number  sixty  ;  us  a  noun,  a  person 
sixty  years  of  age;  also,  something  composed  of 
sixty. 

SEX-A-GES'I-MA,  71.    [L.  serairesimuji,  sixtieth.] 

The  second   Sunday  before  Lent,  the  next  to 

Slirove-Tiiesilay,  so  called  as  being  about  the  UOth 

day  before  Easter. 
SEX-A-GES'l-iM.AL,  a.    Sixtieth  ;  pertaining  to  the 

number  sixty.    Srzarrrsimal  or  sezairenary  arithmetic, 

is  a  method  of  compulation  by  sixties,  as  that  which 

is  used  in  dividing  degrees  into  minutes,  minutes 

into  seconds,  Aic. 

Sezaifcsintuh,  or  sezarresimal  fractions,  are  those 

whose  denominators  proceed  in  the  ratio  of  sixty  ; 


,1- 


Tlie  denominator  is 


'  60'   3600'  2T7000 
sixty,  or  its  power.    These  fractions  are  called,  also, 
astronomical  fractions,  because  fornierly  there  were  no 
others  used  in  .astronomical  calculations,  liatton. 
SEX'AN"(;i.E,  (sex'ang-gl,)  71.    In  ireomctry,  a  tigure 
having  six  angles,  and  conseipiently  six  sides. 

Hutton. 

SEX'A.V'GLKD,  (-ang'gid,)  jo.  fl'.  sez,  six, 
SEX-AN"Gt"-LAR,  (  ang'gu-lar,) )    anil  071  •rii/u.v,  an- 

Having  six  ancles  ;  hexagon.al.  Dryden. 
SEX-AN"GU-LAR-LY,  <u/i).    With  six  angles;  hex- 
agonally. 

SEX-DEC'I-MAL,  o.    [L.  sez,  six,  and  d«c77i,  ten.] 
In  erystnllojrraphij,  when  a  prism  or  the  mitldle 
part  of  a  crystal  has  six  faces  and  the  two  summits, 
taken  togetin  r,  ten  faces.    [jVut  u-ied.]  Haiiy. 
SEX-DU-O-DEC'I-MAL,  a.    [L.  sez,  six,  and  duode- 
cim,  twelve.] 

In  crystallography,  designating  a  crj-stal  when  the 
prism  or  middle  part  h.as  six  faces  and  the  two  sum- 
mits, Uiken  together,  twelve  faces.    [Aut  used.] 

Haily. 

SEX-EN'NI-.4L,  a.    [L.  .lez,  six,  and  annus,  year.] 
Lasting  six  years,  or  happening  once  in  six  years. 

SEX-E.N'NI-AL-LY,  adv.    Once  in  six  years. 

SE.X'FID,  a.    [L.  sez,  six,  and  JIudo,  to  divide.] 
In  botany,  si.x-cleft  ;  as,  a  scijid  calyx  or  m  ctary. 

Martyn. 

SEX'LESS,  a.    Having  no  sex.  SItclly. 
SEX-LOC'IJ-LAR,  a.    [L.  sez,  six,  and  IocuIil^,  a  cell.] 
In  botany,  six-celleil  ;  having  six  cells  for  seeds  ; 
ivs,  a  seilocular  p^Ticarp. 
SEX'T.MN,  71.    [I,,  sczians,  a  sixth,  from  sex,  six.] 

A  stanza  of  six  lines. 
SEX'TA.Vr,  71.    [L.  .<fj-/a7i.«,  n  sixth.   The  Romans 
divided  the  as  into  13  ounces ;  a  sixth,  or  two 
ounces,  was  the  srrtans.] 


SHA 

1.  Ill  7iial/ir/;ia/ic«,  the  sixth  part  of  a  circle.  Hence, 

2.  An  instrument  for  mi  usiiriiig  the  angular  dis- 
tances of  oliji  cts  by  relleclion.  It  is  formed  like  n 
(piailraiit,  excepting  that  its  limb  coiiijireheiuU  CO 
tiegret'S,  or  the  sixth  p:irt  of  a  circlis  Brande. 

3.  In  astronomy,  a  constellation  situated  across  the 
equator  and  soutli  of  the  ecliptic.  Brande. 

SEX'TA-RY,  71.    [  L.  sej:Uiriiis.] 

An  ancient  Roman  measure,  about  equal  to  an 
English  pint.    It  was  double  the  heinina. 

Smith's  DieU 

Si;X'TA-RY, )  7u    The  same  as  Sacbistak.  [Jfot 

SKX'TRY,     1     used.]  niel. 

SEX'TI  LE,  (-til,)  71.    [L.  seztilis,  from  sex,  six.] 

Deiuiting  the  aspect  or  positiim  of  two  planets, 
when  distant  from  each  other  liU  degrees  or  two 
signs.    This  position  is  marked  thus  :|c.  Hutton. 

SE.X-TILL'IO.N,  (seks-til'yun,)  71.  According  to  the 
Kntrlish  notation,  the  product  of  a  million  involved  to 
the  sixth  power,  or  a  unit  with  thirty-six  ciphers  an- 
nexed ;  according  to  lUe  French  notation,  a  unit  with 
twenty-one  ciphers  aiiiujxed.  Barlow. 

SEX'TUN,  71.  [Contracted  from  Sacristan,  which 
tee.] 

An  under  officer  of  the  church,  whose  business  is 
to  take  care  of  the  vessels,  vestments,  &.C.,  belonging 
to  the  church,  to  attend  on  the  officiating  clergyman, 
and  perform  other  duties  pertaining  to  the  church,  to 
dig  graves,  &c.  Encyc. 
SEX'TO.N'-SIIIP,  71.  The  office  of  a  sexton.  Swift 
SEX'TU-PLE,  a.  [Low  L.  sezluplus ;  sex,  six,  and 
diipUi.<,  double.] 

1.  Sixfold  ;  SIX  times  as  much.  Broirn, 

2.  In  iniL-ic,  denoting  a  niixeil  sort  of  triple,  beaten 
in  double  time,  or  u  nii  asure  of  two  times  composed 
of  six  equal  notes,  three  for  each  time. 

Busby.  Eneye. 

SEX'TJ-.\L,  a.  [from  sez.]  Pertaining  to  sex  or  tire 
sexes  ;  distinguishing  the  sex  ;  denoting  what  is  pe- 
culiar to  the  distinction  and  office  of  male  and 
female  ;  as,  sexual  characteristics  ;  sexual  intercourse, 
conniH  tion,  or  commerce. 

2.  Sexual  meUiod;  \u  botany,  \h&  mt^thod  which  is 
foundeil  on  the  distinction  of  sexes  in  plants,  as 
male  and  female,  each  sex  being  furnished  with  a|>- 
propriate  organs  or  parts  ;  the  male  producing  a  pol- 
len or  dust,  which  fecundates  the  stigma  of'llie  pistil 
or  female  organ,  and  is  necessary  to  render  it  prolific. 
It  is  foil  lid  that  nio.st  plants  are  hcriiiaplirodiie,  the 
male  antl  female  organs  being  contained  in  the  same 
flower.  This  doctrine  was  taught  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent by  Tlieophrastus,  Dioscorides,  and  Pliny,  among 
the  ancients,  but  has  been  more  fully  illustrated  by 
C.Tsalpiiiiis,  Grew,  Caiiierarius,  Liniiiens,  and  many 
others  among  the  nioilerns.  Milne.  Eneye. 

SEX'Q-AL-IST,  71.  One  who  believes  and  maintains 
the  iloctrine  of  sexes  in  plants  ;  or  one  who  classi- 
fies plants  by  the  differences  of  the  .sexes  and  parts 
of  friictifiaition.  Mdne.  Encyc. 

SE.X-U-AL'I-T  Y,  n.  The  state  of  being  distinguished 
by  sex. 

SEX'lJ-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  sexual  manner. 

SFOR-ZX'TO,  a.  [It.]  In  rnu^ic,  a  direction  pl.aced 
over  a  note,  to  signify'  to  the  performer  that  it  must 
be  struck  with  peculiar  force.  Brande. 

SH.\H,  V.  i.  To  play  mean  tricks.  In  some  parts  of 
New  England,  it  signifies  to  reject  or  dismiss  ;  as,  a 
woman  sliabs  her  suitor.  It  is,  however,  very  vul- 
gar and  nearly  obsolete. 

SIIAB'HEO  a.    .Mean  ;  shabby.  fTood. 

SIIAB'llI-LY,  ai/o.    [from  shabby.]    Raggedly  ;  with 
rent  or  ragged  clothes  ;  as,  to  be  clothed  shabbily. 
2.  Mitaiily  ;  in  a  despicable  manner. 

SH.\I)'I!I-NESS,  n.  Raggcdiiess ;  as,  the  shabbiness 
of  a  garment. 

2.  Meanness  ;  paltriness. 

SII.AB'CY,  a.  [D.  schabbi-r;  G.  schdbi^,  from  schaben, 
to  rub,  to  shave,  to  scratch  ;  schabe,  a  moth,  a  shaving 
tool,  a  scab.  This  is  a  dilfereiit  orthography  of 
Scabby.] 

1.  Rained  ;  torn  or  worn  to  rags;  as,  a  shabby 

coat ;  shabby  clothes. 
2  Clothed  with  ragged  garments. 

The  dean  w.as  so  shabtiy.  Sm/L 

3.  Mean  ;  paltr>' ;  despicable  ;  as,  a  shabby  fellow  ; 
shabby  treatment.  Clarendon. 

[For  the  idea  expressed  by  sAaAiy,  there  is  not  a 
belter  word  in  Ihe  language.] 

SHAlt'RACK,  71.  [Iluiigarian.]  The  cloth  furniture 
or  housing  of  a  troop  horse  or  charger.  Smart 

SH.ACK,  71.  In  a7ici£'/i(  customs  of  Eu>fland,ti  liberty  of 
winter  p.isturagc.  In  Norfolk  and  Sutfidk,  the  lord 
of  a  manor  has  shaeJc,  that  is,  liberty  of  feeding  his 
sheep  at  pleasure  on  his  tenant's  lands  during  the 
six  winter  months.  In  Norfolk,  shack  extends  to  the 
common  lor  hogs,  in  all  men's  grounds,  from  harvest 
to  seed-time  ;  whence  to  go  a-shack  is  to  feetl  at 
large.  Cutcrl.  Eneye. 

In  Ji'eiB  England,  shack  is  used  in  a  somewhat  sim- 
ilar sense  for  mast  or  the  food  of  swine,  and  for  feed- 
ing at  large  or  in  the  forest,  [for  we  have  no  manors.] 

2.  A  shiftless  fellow ;  a  low,  itinerant  Iwegnr ;  a 
vagabond.  Forby. 


TONE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  — A.\"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  »  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


SUA 

SHACK,  V.  i.    To  shed,  as  covn  at  harvest.  [Local.] 

Gnsc. 

2.  To  feed  in  stubble,  or  upon  the  waste  corn  of 
the  field.    [Local.]  P^g)!^- 
SHACK'LE,  (shak'l,)  n.  Stubble. 

[In  Scuttisli,  sha'T  \s  the  refuse  of  barley,  or  that 
which  is  not  well  filled,  and  is  given  to  liorses.  The 
word  shack,  then,  is  probalily  from  a  root  wliicli  signi- 
fies to  break,  to  reject,  or  to  waste,  or  it  may  be  al- 
lied to  sha^  and  shake.] 
SHACK'LE,  t>.  (.  [Sax.  sceacuU  D.  schalicl,  a  link  or 
mesh  ;  Sax,  sceac-line,  a  rope  to  fasten  the  foot  of  a 
sail.  Qu.  the  root  lie,  Class  Sg,  No.  74.  But  we 
<j 

find  the  word,  perhaps,  in  the  Ar.  ^1  *— — i  from 

V  '—^     shalcala,  to  tie  the  feet  of  a  beast  or  bird.] 

1.  To  chain  ;  to  fetter  ;  to  tie  or  confine  the  limbs 
so  as  to  prevent  free  motion. 

So  the  str*  tct:ed  coril  the  sharkJed  dancer  tries, 

As  prune  to  fiill  tia  impotent  to  rise.  Smith. 

2.  To  bind  or  confine  so  as  to  obstruct  or  embarrass 
action. 

You  must  not  shackle  liim  with  rules  about  indiflerent  matters. 

Locke. 

SH.ACK'LE,  n.  j     [Generally  nsed  in 

SHACK'L£S,  (shak'lz,)  n.  pi.  <,  the  plural.]  Fetters, 
gyves,  handcuffs,  cords,  or  something  else  that  con- 
fines the  limbs  so  as  to  restrain  the  use  of  them,  or 
prevent  free  motion.  Dnjden. 

2.  Tiial  whicli  obstructs  or  embarrasses  free  ac- 
tion. 

His  very  will  seems  to  be  in  bonds  and  shackles.  South. 

SHACK'LED,  pp.   Tied;  confined  ;  embariassert. 
SH  ACK'LING,  ppr.    Fettering;  binding;  confining. 
SHAD,  n.    It  has  no  plural  termination.    Shatl  is  sin- 
gular or  plural.    [G.  scliadc.    In  \V.  ysgadan,  Ir. 
sgailan  is  a  herring.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Alosa,  (Clupea,  Linn.,)  highly 
prized  for  food.    Shad  enter  the  rivers  in  England 
and  America  in  the  spring  in  immense  numbers. 
SHAD'DOCK,  H.    [The  name  of  the  man  who  first 
carried  this  fruit  from  the  East  to  the  West  Indies.] 
A  large  species  of  orange,  Citrus  decuniana. 

Kd.  Ell  eye. 

SHaDE,  n.  [Sax.  scad,  scrail,  seed,  shade;  sceadan,  to 
separate,  divide,  or  shade  ;  G.  schattcn,  shadow,  and 
to  shade;  \i.  schaditw,  schkduweii;  Dan.  skattercr,  lo 
shade  a  picture  ;  W.  ysaatcd,  a  shade  ;  y^trodi,  to 
shade  or  shelter;  eysgodi,  iil.  ;  Corn,  shod  or  .si«i  ; 
Ir.  sirath  and  siratham,  to  cut  off,  to  shade.  The  Gr. 
i7«iu  is  probably  the  same  word  contracted,  and  per- 
haps tnruruf,  darkness.  In  the  sense  of  cutting  off" 
or  separating,  this  word  coincides  exactly,  as  it  does 
in  elements,  with  the  G.  seheidcn,  L.  scindo,  for  scido, 
which  is  formed  on  cir.do,  to  strike  off".  Hence  Sax. 
gescead,  distinction,  L.  scutum,  a  shield,  Sp.  escudo, 
that  which  cuts  off  or  intercepts.  Owen  deduces 
the  Welsh  word  from  coot/,  something  that  incloses  ; 
but  probably  the  sense  is,  that  which  cuts  off  or  de- 
fends.] 

1.  Literalhf,  the  interception,  cutting  ofT,  or  inter- 
ruption of  liie  rays  of  lii;ht  ;  hence,  tlie  obscurity 
which  is  caused  by  such  intercejitioii.  Shade  differs 
from  shadow,  as  it  implies  no  particular  form  or  defi- 
nite limit ;  whereas  a  shadow  represents  in  form  the 
object  which  intercepts  the  light.  Hence,  when  we 
say,  let  us  resort  to  the  shade  of  a  tree,  we  have  no 
reference  to  its  form  ;  but  when  we  speak  of  meas- 
uring a  pyramid  or  other  object  by  its  shadow,  we 
have  reference  to  its  extent. 

2.  Darkness  ;  obscurity  ;  as,  the  shades  of  night. 
The  shade  of  the  earth  constitutes  the  darkness  of 
night. 

3.  An  obscure  place,  properly  in  a  grove  or  close 
wood,  which  precludes  the  sun's  rays ;  and  hence, 
a  secluded  retreat. 

L^t  lis  seek  out  some  desolnte  shxule,  (ind  tliero 

Weep  our  s.id  bosoms  empty.  Sliak. 

4.  A  screen ;  something  that  intercepts  light  or 
heat. 

5.  Protection  ;  shelter.    [Sec  Shadow.] 

<!.  In  paintinrr,  the  dark  part  of  a  picture.  Dnjdcn. 

7.  Degree  or  grailation  of  light. 

White,  red,  yellow,  blue,  with  their  sevenil  degrees,  or  shiules 
and  iiiixlur>-«,  as  green,  come  only  In  by  the  eyes.  Locke. 

8.  A  very  minute  difference ;  as,  coffee  is  a  shade 
hlKher.  Mercantile. 

9.  A  shadow.    [See  Shadow.] 

Eitvy  will  merit,  lu  its  shrule,  puntue.  Pops. 

SThis  is  allowable  in  poetry.] 
0.  The  soul,  after  its  Bpparalion  from  the  body  ; 
BO  called  because  the  ancieiitH  Nupposcd  it  to  be  per- 
ceptitile  to  the  flight,  not  lo  lb'-  touch  ;  a  spirit  j  a 
ghost ;  ati,  the  sluvles  of  departed  heroes. 

Hwifl  ss  liiou£hl  tlie  flitting  shailt.  Dryden. 

Pd^DR,  c.  (.  |Bax.  tceadan,  geseeadan,  to  separate,  to 
divide,  lo  shade.] 

1.  To  shelli-r  or  screen  from  light  by  intercepting 


SHA 

its  liiys  ;  and  when  a|iplieil  to  the  rays  of  the  sun.  It 
signifies  to  shtdter  from  light  and  heat;  us,  a  large 
tree  shades  the  plants  under  its  branches ;  sluuJed 
vegetables  rarely  come  to  perfection. 
I  went  lo  crop  the  sylvan  scenes, 

And  shade  our  altars  wiUi  Uieir  leafy  greem.  Dryden. 

2.  To  overspread  with  darkness  or  obscurity  ;  to 
obscure. 

Thou  shad^st 
The  full  bl;ize  ol  tliy  beams.  Milton. 

3.  To  shelter  ;  to  hide. 

Ere  in  our  own  house  I  do  shade  my  head.  Shak. 

4.  To  cover  fVoni  injury  ;  to  protect ;  to  screen. 

Milton. 

5.  To  paint  in  obscure  colors  ;  to  darken 

6.  To  mark  with  gradations  of  color;  as,  the  shad- 
ing pencil.  Milton. 

7.  To  darken  ;  to  obscure. 

SHAD'ED, /</).  or  a.    Defended  from  the  rays  of  the 

sun  ;  darkened. 
SHaD'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  shades. 
SHADES,  71.  pi.    The  lower  region  or  place  of  the 

dead.  Hence, 
^     2.  Deep  obscurity ;  total  darkness. 
SHaD'I-LY,  adi:  Umbrageously. 
SHaD'I-NESS,  n.    [from  shady.]    The  state  of  being 

shady  ;  uinbrageousness  ;  as,  the  sliadiness  of  the 

forest. 

SHaD'ING,  ppr.    Sheltering  from  the  sun's  rays. 
SHaD'ING,  II.    The  act  or  process  of  making  a  shade. 

_  Scott. 
SHAD'oW,  n.    [Sax.  scadu,  sceadu.    See  Shade.] 

1.  Shade  within  defineil  limits  ;  obscurity  or  dep- 
rivation of  light,  apjiarent  on  a  plane,  and  repre- 
senting the  form  of  the  body  which  intercepts  the 
rays  of  light ;  as,  the  shadow  of  a  man,  of  a  tree,  or 
a  tower.  The  shadow  of  the  earth  in  an  eclipse  of 
the  moon  is  proof  of  its  sphericity. 

2.  Darkness  ;  shade  ;  obscurity. 

Night's  ^ble  shn^Iotoe  from  the  ocean  rise.  Denham. 
.X  Shelter  made  by  any  thing  that  intercepts  the 
light,  heat,  or  influence  of  the  air. 
In  secret  shndote  from  the  smmy  ray, 
On  .1  sweet  bed  of  lilies  softly  laid.  Spenser. 

4.  Obscure  place  ;  secluded  retreat. 

To  S'■cr^-^  shadows  1  retire.    {Obs.\  Dryden. 

5.  Dark  part  of  a  picture.    [Obs.]  Peacham. 
[In  the  two  last  senses.  Shade  is  now  used.] 

G.  A  spirit ;  a  ghost.  [Ubs.] 

[In  this  sense.  Shade  is  now  used.] 

7.  In  painting,  the  representation  of  a  real 
shadow. 

8.  An  imperfect  and  faint  representation  ;  opposed 

to  StJBSTArJCE. 

The  law  having  a  shadow  ol  good  things  to  come.  ~-Heb.  x. 

9.  Inseparable  companion. 

Sin  and  her  sliadow,  Death.  Milton. 

10.  Type  ;  mystical  representation. 

Types  aiul  shadotes  of  that  destined  seed.  Milton. 

11.  Protection;  shelter;  favor.    Lnm.'w.  Ps.\c\. 

12.  Slight  or  faint  appearance.    James  i. 

Shadow  of  death ;  terrible  darkness,  trouble,  or  death. 
.Job  iii. 

SH.'XD'oW,  v.  t.    To  overspread  with  obscurity. 

Tlie  warlike  elf  mucli  wondered  at  this  tree. 

So  lair  and  gr'Ml,  that  sho/luwed  nil  the  ji-roimd.  Spenser. 

[Shaok  is  more  generally  used.] 

2.  Til  cliiiid  ;  to  darken. 

The  sliadowed  livery  of  the  burning  sun.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  cool ;  to  refi  esh  by  shade ;  or  to  shade. 

Klowery  fields  «nd  shndomed  waters.  Sidney. 

4.  To  conceal ;  to  hide  ;  to  screen. 

Let  every  soldier  hew  him  down  a  Itoil^h, 

And  iM'ar't  Itefore  him  ;  tllen  by  shall  we  shadow 

The  iniinber  of  our  host.    [Unusita:.]  .'^hak. 

5.  To  protect ;  to  screen  from  danger  ;  to  shroud. 
Shadowing  their  right  under  your  wings  of  war.  Shak. 

6.  To  mark  with  slight  gradations  of  color  or  light. 

Locke. 

[In  this  sense.  Shade  is  chiefly  used.] 

7.  To  paint  in  obscure  colors;  as,  void  spaces 
deeply  shadowed.  Dryden. 

8.  To  represent  faintly  or  imperfectly. 

AiiiriiHlii!*  is  stifulowcd  in  the  person  of  JKneiis.  Dryden, 

9.  To  represent  typically.  The  healing  power  of 
the  brazen  serpent  shadoweth  the  efficacy  of  Christ's 
righteousness. 

[The  two  last  senses  are  in  use.  In  place  of  the 
others  Shadk  is  now  more  gcneially  nsetl.] 

SIIAD'OW-CAST-ING,  a.    Casting  a  shadow. 

ailAD'OW-i'D,  pp.  Represented  imperfectly  or  typi- 
cally. 

SHAD'OW-GRXSS,  n.    A  kind  of  grass  so  called. 

.hhnson. 

BHAD'OW-ING,  ppr.  Representing  by  faint  or  imper- 
fect resemblanct;. 

HIIAD'OW-INtJ,  71.  Shade  or  griidation  of  light  and 
color.    [ThisHliould  he  Shading.] 


SHA 

SlI  AD'oW-LESS,  a.    Having  no  .shadow. 
SHAD'oW-V,  a.    [Sax.  sceadwig.] 

1.  Full  of  shade  ;  dark  ;  gloomy. 

This  shadowy  desen,  uiifretiuented  woods.  SJiak. 

2.  Not  brightly  luminous  ;  faintly  light. 

More  pleasant  light, 
Sluutowy  sets  otl  the  lace  ol  Uiings.  Milton. 

3.  Faintly  representative ;  typical ;  as,  shadowy 
expiations.  MiUnn. 

4.  Unsubstantial ;  unieal. 

Milton  has  brought  into  tiis  poems  two  actors  of  a  shadowy  and 
lictitious  nature,  in  the  persons  ol  Sin  and  Death.  AiUiison. 

5.  Dark;  obscure:  opaque. 

By  command  ere  yet  dim  Night 

tier  shadowy  cloud  withdraws.  Milton. 

SHAD'oW-Y-NESS,  ;i.    State  of  being  shadowy  or 

nnsiihstantial. 
SHa'DRACH,  (-drak,)  71.    In  the  smelting  of  iron,  a. 
mass  of  iron  on  which  the  operation  of  smelting  has 
failed  of  its  intended  effect.  [Local.] 
SHa'DY,  a.    [from  sliade.]    Abounding  with  shade  or 
shades ;  overspread  with  shade. 

And  Amaryllis  fills  the  shady  groves.  Dryden. 
2.  Sheltered  from  the  glare  of  light  or  sultry  heat. 
Cast  it  also  that  you  may  l\ave  rooms  shady  tor  summer  and 
warm  for  winter.  Bacon. 

SHAF'FLE,  V.  i.    [See  Shuffle.]    To  hobble  or 

limp.    [yVut  in  use.] 
SHAF'FLER,  n.    A  hobbler ;  one  that  limps.  [ATuf 

in  imc.] 

SHAFT,  Ji.  [Sax.  sceaft ;  D.  and  G.  sclmft:  Sw.  and 
Dan.  shaft;  h.  scapes;  from  the  root  of  i/wpe,  from 
setting,  or  shooting,  extending.] 

1.  An  arrow;  a  missile  weapon;  as,  the  archer 
and  the  shaft.  More. 

So  lofty  was  the  pile,  a  Parthian  bow, 
.    With  vigor  dmwii,  must  send  the  s/ta/f  below.  Dryden. 

2.  In  mining,  a  pit  or  long,  narrow  opening  or  en- 
trance into  a  mine.  It  is  perpendicular  or  slightly 
inclined.  [This  may  possibly  be  a  ditferert  word, 
as  in  German  it  is  written  scluicht,  Dan.  skagtt  1 

3.  In  architecture,  the  shaft  of  a  column  is  thai  body 
of  it,  between  the  base  and  the  capital. 

4.  The  shaft  of  a  chimney  is  that  part  of  it  which 
rises  above  the  roof  OwUt. 

5.  Any  thing  straight;  as,  the  shaft  of  a  steeple 
and  many  other  things.  Peacham. 

6.  The  stem  or  stock  of  a  feather  or  quill. 

7.  The  pule  of  a  carriage,  sometimes  called 
TosfiL'E  or  N'eap.  The  thills  of  a  chaise  or  gig  are 
also  called  Shafts. 

8.  The  handle  of  a  weapon. 

Shaft,  vr  white-shaft ;  a  species  of  Trochilus  or  hum- 
ming-bird, having  a  bill  twenty  lines  in  length,  and 
two  long  white  feathers  in  the  middle  of  its  tail. 

En  eye. 

SIIXFT'ED,  a.    Having  a  handle  ;  a  term  in  heraldry, 

applied  to  a  spear-head. 
SIIAFT'MENT,  n.    [Sax.  .■iopftmnnd.] 

A  span,  a  measure  of  about  six  inches.    [JVot  in 

use.]  Ray. 
SHAG,  71.    [Sax.  seeacga,  hair,  shag  ;  Dan.  skiag ;  Sw. 

skdgg,  the  beard,  a  brush,  &c.  In  Eth.  shaJcy, 
a  hair  cloth.] 

L  Coarse  hair  or  nap,  or  rough,  woolly  hair. 

True  Witney  broadcloth,  with  il£  sha°  unshorn.  Gay. 

2.  A  kind  of  cloth  having  a  long,  coarse  nap. 

3.  In  ornithology,  an  aqualic  fowl,  the  green  cor- 
morant or  crested  cormorant,  Phalacrocorax  crislatus. 

P.  Cyc. 

SHAG,  a.    Hairy;  shaggy.  Shak. 
SHAG,  II.  (.    To  make  rough  or  hairy. 

Sh*g  the  green  7.one  that  bounds  the  boreal  skies.   J.  Darlois. 

2.  To  make  rough  or  shaggy ;  to  deform. 

Thomson. 

SIIAG'BXRK,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  kind  of 
hickory,  the  caria  squamosa,  from  its  shaiigy  bark  ; 
also  culled  Shkllbark.  Sijlo.  Jim. 

SHAg'gy"'  j        '^""Sh  with  long  hair  or  wool. 

About  his  slioiilders  hnngB  tire  shaggy  skin.  Dryden. 
2.  Rough  ;  rugged  ;  as,  the  shaggy  tops  of  lulls. 

^fiVfuri. 

And  throw  the  shaggy  spoils  about  your  shotilden.  Addison. 
SIIAG'GI-NESS,     j  71.    The  state  of  being  shaggy  , 
SHAfJ'GED-NESS,  S     roughuesu,  with  long,  loose 
hair  or  wool. 

SHAGREEN',  71.    [Pers.  cfjJUix  .-ai'ri,  the  skin  of  a 

horse  or  an  ass,  &c.,  dressed.] 

A  kind  of  leather,  prepared  skins  of  horses,  asses, 
mules,  itc,  and  grained  so  as  to  bo  covereil  with 
small  round  pimples  or  granulations.  The  skin  is 
steeped  in  water,  scraped,  and  stretched  on  a  frame  ; 
small  seeds  are  forced  into  it ;  it  is  then  dried,  and 
the  seeds  are  shaken  out,  leaving  Ihe  surface  In- 
dented. The  skin  is  nfteiwnrd  polished,  soaked, 
anti  dycrd.    Shagreen  is  prepared  at  Astrachan  in 


METE,  PRBV  PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


SHA 


Russia,  in  various  parts  of  the  Levant,  kc,  and  is 
mncli  used  fur  covering  small  caeies  and  boxes. 

P.  tV-  Ure. 

SFIA-GIIEEN',      \  a.    .Made  of  tlie  leather  called 
SIIA.(;REEN''f;D,  i  Shaorsen. 
SIIA  GKIiEN',  for  Chaorin.    fSec  Chaorin.] 
SII\H,  n.    Tlie  title  eiveii  by  European  writers  to  the 

kiiii;  or  monarch  of  Persia.  Brande. 
SHAIK,  n.    See  Sheik. 

SllAIL,  e.  t.  To  walk  sidewisc.  [Low,  and  not  in  use] 

V  Kjitrangc, 

[This  word  is  probably  the  G.  schieUn,  Dan.  skie- 
ler^  to  squint.] 
SII.aKE,  v.  (.,  prH.  Shook;  pp.  Shaken.  [Sax. 
sceacan,  to  shake,  also  to  tiee,  to  depart,  to  withdraw  ; 
Sw.  skaJia  ;  I),  schakken,  to  shake,  to  jolt,  to  heap  ; 
scliok^  a  shock,  jolt,  or  bounce  ;  W.  ysiretriaWy  to 
shake  by  sei/.ing  one  by  the  throat ;  ce>riuWf  tocliiike, 
from  cttr,  a  choking,  the  mouth,  an  entrance.  If  the 
Welsh  gives  the  true  origin  of  this  word,  it  is  re- 
markably expressive,  and  characteristic  of  rough 
manners.  1  am  not  confident  that  the  Welsh  and 
Saxon  are  from  a  common  stock.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  with  quick  vibrations  ;  to 
move  rapidly  one  way  and  the  other ;  to  agitate  ;  as, 
the  wind  shakes  a  tiee  ;  an  eartliquake  shakes  the 
lulls  or  the  earth. 

Kook  my 

He  tliook  Uw  Siicrpd  iionore  of  iiis  iicad.  Dryden. 
A*  a  ri^-lree  casti-tli  h'-r  untimely  I'niit,  when  it  ti  thaktn  by  a 
nirghly  wiiiil.  —  Itev.  Ti. 

2.  To  make  to  totter  or  tremble. 

Ttit^  niput  wlifvls  thake  hc:ivcn's  Insii.  Milton, 

3.  To  cause  to  shiver ;  as,  an  ague  shakes  the 
w  hole  frame. 

4.  To  throw  down  by  a  violent  motion. 

Mnclji'lii  li  ripe  for  thnJcing.  Shak. 
[But  see  Shake  opf,  which  is  generally  used.] 

5.  'I'o  throw  away  ;  to  drive  off. 


*Tis  our  firsc  ilileiit 
To  shake  all  cnn»l  iiiul  biittiiieu  trom  our  age. 
[See  .!>7iote  q/.) 


Shak. 


G.  To  move  from  firmness  ;  to  weaken  the  stability 
of ;  to  endanger  ;  to  threaten  to  overthrow.  Nothing 
should  shake  our  belief  in  the  being  and  perfections 
of  God,  and  in  our  own  accountableness. 

7.  To  cause  to  waver  or  doubt ;  to  inijiair  the  res- 
olution of;  to  depress  the  courage  of. 

Tiiat  yo  be  not  goon  fhrtkeu  in  niiiul.  —  2  'I  lipM.  ii. 

8.  To  trill  ;  as,  to  sh:ikr  a  note  in  music. 

To  shake  hands  ;  sfmictintcs,  to  unite  with  ;  to  agree 
or  contract  with  ;  more  ireneraliij^  to  take  le:ive  of, 
from  the  practice  of  shaking  haniJs  at  meeting  and 
parting.  Shak.    K.  Charles. 

To  shake  off:  to  drive  off ;  to  throw  off  or  down  by 
violence  ;  as,  to  shake  off  the  dust  of  the  feet ;  also, 
to  rid  one's  self ;  to  free  from  ;  to  divest  of ;  as,  to 
shake  off  disease  or  grief;  to  s/iaAeo^  troublesome  de- 
pendents, jlddison. 
SHAKE,  V.  i.  To  be  agitated  with  a  waving  or  vibra- 
tory motion ;  as,  a  tree  slialies  with  tile  wind ;  the 
bouse  shakes  in  a  tempest. 

The  found.itioni  of  Uie  earth  do  ihak*.  —  Is.  xxir. 

2.  To  tremble;  to  shiver;  to  quake;  as,  a  man 
shakes  in  an  ague;  or  he  shakes  witli  cold,  or  with 
terror. 

3.  To  totter. 

Under  his  burning  wiieels 
The  steatif.ut  empyrean  thook  throughout, 
AU  but  the  thrunc  itself  of  Uod.  MUton. 

SHAKE,  V.  Concussion;  a  vacillating  or  wavering 
motion  ;  a  rapid  motion  one  way  and  the  other ; 
agitation. 

The  ^reat  BoMler**  honor  was  compowd  of  thicker  stuff,  which 
eoiilil  enil>irj  a  thajce.  Herbert. 

2.  A  trembling  or  shivering;  agitation. 

3.  A  motion  of  hands  clasped. 

Our  (Alutitions  w.*n;  very  hearty  on  both  sides,  consisting  of 
many  kind  thnktM  ol  tlie  hand.  Ad/tuon. 

4.  In  mtuiic,  a  trill  ;  a  rapid  reiteration  of  two  notes 
comprehending  an  interval  not  greater  than  one  whole 
tone,  nor  less  than  a  semittine.  Busbtj. 

5.  A  fissure  or  rent  in  timber  caused  by  its  being 
dried  too  suddenly.  Gwilt. 

SIIAKE'DOWN,  n.  A  temporary  substitute  for  a  bed, 
as  on  chairs,  or  on  the  flotir  ;  derived,  perhaps,  orig- 
inally from  the  shaking  down  of  straw  for  this  pur- 
pose. England. 

SIIAK'KX,  (shak'n,)  pp  Impelled  with  a  vacillating 
motion  ;  atiitated. 

2.  a.  Cracked  or  split ;  as,  shaken  timber.  [See 
Shakt.] 

Nor  is  the  wood  ehaktn  or  twisted,  as  those  about  Cafytown. 

BarroiB, 

SHAK'ER,  n.  A  person  or  thing  that  shakes  or  agi- 
tates ;  as,  the  shaker  of  the  earth.  Pope. 

2.  In  the  Unite/I  States,  Shakrrs  is  the  name  given 
to  a  very  Kingular  sect  of  Christians,  so  called  from 
the  agitations  or  movements  in  dancing  which  char- 
acterize their  Worship. 


SIIAK'ING,  ppr.    Impelling  to  a  wavering  motion; 

causing  to  vacillate  or  waver  ;  agitating. 
3.  Trembling;  shivering;  quaking. 
SIIAK'ING,  >i.     1'he  act  of  shaking  or  agitating; 

brandishing.   Job  xli. 

2.  Concussion.  Ilarmar. 

3.  A  trembling  or  shivering.  Waller. 
SIIAK'O,  n.    A  military  cap. 

SIIA'KV,  a.    A  term  applied  to  timber  when  naturally 

full  of  slits  or  clefts.  OwilL 
SHALE,  e.(.    To  peel.    [J\o(  in  «.«f.]    [Sec  Shell.] 
SHALE,  n.    [G.  schaJe  i  a  different  orthography  of 
ScHELL.  but  not  in  use.    See  Schell.] 

1.  A  shell  or  husk.  Shak. 

2.  In  aeuloiT!/,  a  fine-grained  rock,  having  a  slaty 
structure.  Dana. 

Sll.'XLL,  V.  i.  verb  anziUarii.  pret.  Should.  [Sax. 
scealan,  sctjlan,  to  be  obligetl.  Itcoilicitles  in  signifi- 
cation nearly  with  ouahl,  it  is  a  duty,  it  is  necessary  ; 
D.  laly  zul ;  G.  soil ;  Sw.  skola,  pret.  skulle  ;  Dan.  skat, 
skulle,  skuldc.  The  Gt  rnian  and  Dutch  have  lost  the 
palatal  letter  of  the  verb  ;  but  it  appears  in  the  deriv- 
ative G.  schuld,  guilt,  fault,  ciilp.ability,  debt  ;  D. 
schuld,  id. ;  Sw.  skuld,  Dan.  skyld,  debt,  fault,  guilt, 
skyldcr.  to  owe  ;  Sax.  scytd,  debt,  offense,  L.  sce- 
lus.  The  literal  sense  is,  to  hold  or  be  held,  hence 
to  owe,  and  hence  the  sense  of  guilt,  u  being  held, 
b  uiid,  or  liable  to  justice  and  punishment.  In  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  sehnlden,  skyld,  are  used  in  the 
Lord's  Prayer,  as  *'  forgive  us  our  debts,"  but  neither 
debt  nor  trespass  expresses  the  exact  idea,  which  in- 
cludes sin  or  crime,  and  liability  to  piiiiisliiiient. 
The  word  seems  to  be  allied  in  origin  to  .</;i//,  L.  cal- 
ico, to  be  able,  to  know.  (See  Skill.)  Shall  is  de- 
fective, having  no  infinitive,  imperative,  or  partici- 
ple. It  ought  to  be  written  shal,  as  the  original  has 
one  I  only,  and  it  has  one  only  in  shalt  and  should.] 

1.  Shall  is  primarily  in  the  present  tense,  and  in 
our  nunlier  tongue  was  followed  by  a  verb  in  the  in- 
finitive, like  other  verbs.  "Ic  steal  from  the  beon 
gefiillod,"  I  have  need  to  be  bapti/.etl  of  thee.  jVntt.  iii. 
'*/c  nu  .fccfl/  siniran  sarcietdas,^*  I  must  now  sing 
mournful  songs.  Bocthius. 

We  still  use  shall  and  should  before  another  verb  in 
the  infinitive,  without  the  sign  to;  but  the  significa- 
tion of  shall  is  considerably  defiected  from  its  primi- 
tive sense.  It  is  now  treated  as  a  mere  auxiliary  to 
other  verbs,  serving  to  form  some  of  the  tenses.  In 
the  present  tense,  shall,  before  a  verb  in  the  infinitive, 
forms  the  future  tense  ;  but  its  force  and  eft'ert  are 
different  with  the  different  persons  or  personal  pro- 
nouns. Thus,  in  the  first  person,  shall  simply  fore- 
tells or  declares  what  will  take  place  ;  as,  I  or  we 
shall  ride  to  town  tui  Monday.  This  declaration  sim- 
ply informs  another  of  a  fact  that  is  to  take  place. 
Tlie  sense  of  shall  here  is  changed  from  an  expres- 
sion of  need  or  duty,  to  that  of  previous  statement  or 
information,  grounded  on  intention  or  resolution. 
When  uttereil  with  emphasis,  "  I  .^hall  go,"  it  ex- 
presses firm  determination,  but  not  a  promise. 

3.  In  the  second  and  third  persons,  shall  implies  a 
promise,  command,  or  deterniinatitm.  "You  shall 
receive  your  wages,"  "  he  shall  receive  his  wages," 
imply  that  you  or  he  ought  to  receive  them  ;  but 
usage  gives  to  these  phrases  the  force  of  aproinuic  in 
the  person  uttering  them. 

When  shall  is  uttered  with  emphasis  in  such 
phrases,  it  expresses  determination  in  the  speaker, 
and  implies  an  authority  to  enforce  the  act.  Do 
you  refuse  to  go  ?  Does  he  refuse  to  go  ?  But  you 
or  he  shall  go." 

3.  Shall  I  go,  shall  he  go,  interrogatively,  asks  for 
permission  or  direction.  shall  you  go,  txsks  for 
information  of  another's  intention. 

4.  But  after  another  verb,  sAnZ/,  in  the  third  person, 
simply  foretells.  lie  says  that  he  shall  leave  town 
to-morrow.  So  alsti  in  the  second  person  ;  you  say 
that  you  shall  ride  to-morrow. 

5.  After  if,  and  some  verbs  which  express  condi- 
tion or  supposition,  shall,  in  all  the  persons,  simply 
foretells  ;  as, 

(  I  shall  say,  or  we  shall  say, 
If  <  Thou  .fhalt  say,  ye  or  you  .thall  say, 
(  He  shnll  say,  they  shall  say. 

6.  Should,  in  tile  first  person,  implies  a  conditional 
event.  "  I  should  have  written  a  letter  yesterday, 
had  I  not  been  interrupted."  Or  it  expresses  obliga- 
tion, and  that  in  all  the  persons. 

I  should,  ^  have  paid  the  bill  on  demand  ;  It 

Thou  shoutdst,  (  was  my  duty,  your  duty,  his  duty 
He  should,  (  to  pay  the  bill  on  demand,  but  it 
You  should,      J  was  not  paid. 

7.  Should,  though  properly  the  past  tense  of  shall, 
is  often  used  to  express  a  coniingent  future  event  ; 
as,  if  it.  should  rain  to-morrow;  if  you  should  go  to 
London  next  week  ;  if  he  should  arriv'e  within  a 
innnlh.  In  like  manner  after  though,  grant,  admit, 
allotp. 

SHAL-I,OON',n.  [Said  to  be  from  Chalons, in  France; 
Sp.  chalron  ;  Fr.  ras  de  Chains.] 

A  slight,  woolen  stuff.  Swift 

SIIAL'LOP,  n.  (Fr.  ehaloupe:  Sp.  and  Port,  chalupa: 
G.  sehaluppe.  This  word  is  changed  into  sloop;  but 
the  two  words  have  now  different  significations.] 


A  sort  of  large  boat  with  two  uinsts,  and  usually 
rigged  like  a  schooner.  .Mar.  Diet. 

SH.A L-LOT',  n.  An  eschalot.  Allium  ascaloniciim.  a 
bulbous  plant  resembling  the  garlic     [Sen  Ksch- 

ALOT.J 

SII.\L'L<5VV,  a.  [from  shoal.  Sax.  sceol,  a  crowd,  or 
rather  scylf,  a  shelf.] 

1.  Notileep;  having  little  depth  ;  shoal;  an,  shal- 
low water ;  a  shallow  stream  ;  a  shallow  brook. 

iJryden. 

2.  Not  deep  ;  not  entering  far  into  the  earth  ;  as,  a 
shallow  furrow  ;  a  shallow  trench.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  intellectually  deep;  not  profound  ;  m/l  pen- 
etrating de<;piy  into  abstruse  siibjecl.-i ;  superticial; 
as,  a  s/iallow  mind  or  understanding  ;  sltallow  skill. 

Dei-p  versed  In  books,  and  thalUne  in  hiiiwlf,  Milton, 

4.  Slight  ;  not  deep  ;  as,  a  shallow  sound.  Bacon. 
SHAL'LOW,  n.    A  shoal  ;  a  shelf;  a  tiat ;  a  sand- 
bank ;  any  place  where  the  water  is  not  deep. 

A  swift  Bln'ain  Is  not  ht-ard  in  tho  channel,  but  upon  ahaltotBt  of 

gravel.  Hneon. 
Daslietl  on  the  thaUoiet  of  the  moving  sand.  Uryiitn. 

SHAL'LOW,  V.  t.    To  make  shallow.    [Little  used.] 

'  Herbert. 

Sll AL'LOW-BRAIN -ED,  a.  Weak  in  intellect ;  fool- 
ish ;  empiv  headed.  South. 

SHAL'LOW-LY,  ailv.    With  little  depth.  Carew. 
2.  Superficially;  simply  ;  without  depth  of  thought 
or  jiidtriiient ;  not  wiselv.  Shak. 

SII.M,'I.O\V-i\KSS,  TI.  Want  of  depth  ;  small  depth  ; 
as,  the  shiilh'wiirss  of  Water,  tif  a  river,  of  a  stream. 

2.  Su|)i  rfi(  ialiiess  of  intellect ;  want  of  power  to 
enter  deeply  into  subjects  ;  emptiness;  silliness. 

SHAL'LOW-SEARCH'ING,  (serch'ing,)  a.  Search- 
ing superficially.  Mdton. 

SHALM,   )/,,,.,,.„,•,(«.    [C,r.  srhalinrie,  Uam  achal- 

SHAW.M,  i  ]     ir„,  to  sound.] 

A  wiiiil  instrument  of  music,  iniirli  like  the  clar- 
ionet in  form.     [JVol  usrd.]       Knulles.  Fusbroke. 

SHA-LOTE',  n.  Tlie  French  echalote  anglicised  ;  a 
bulbous  jilaiit  resembling  the  garlic.  [See  Eschalot.] 

SIIAL'S'l'ci.N!',  n.  [ii.  schale,  a  scale,  and  stone,  G. 
stein.]    See  Tahular  Shak. 

SH.VLt,  the  second  person  singular  of  Shall  ;  as,  thou 
shall  not  steal. 

SHa'LY,  a.    Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  shale. 

S[I.\.M,  )i.  [W.  siom,  vacuity,  void,  balk,  dLsappoint- 
ment.] 

That  which  deceives  expectation  ;  any  trick,  fraud, 
or  device  that  deludes  and  disappoints;  delusion; 
imposture.    [J^^ot  an  elegant  word.] 

B'-lieve  who  will  tlie  solrinn  tham,  nut  I.  Additon. 

SHAM,  a.  False;  counterfeit;  pretended;  as,  a^Aam 
fight. 

SIIA.M,  V.  L    [W.  siomi,  to  balk  or  disappoint.] 

1.  To  deceive  expectation;  to  trick;  to  cheat;  to 
delude  with  false  pretenses. 

They  find  themselves  fooled  and  shamm€d  Into  conviction. 
|.Vo<  eleganl.]  L'Ktlrange. 

2.  To  obtrude  by  fraud  or  imposition.  L' Estrange. 
To  sham  Jlhraliam  ;  to  feign  sickness  or  infirmity. 

[Sec  Abraham  Mek.]  Oolil.milh. 

SH.\M,  r.  i.    To  make  false  pretenses.  Prior. 

SI1.\M'.\N',  n.  A  priest,  wizard,  or  conjurer,  among 
the  Ostiaks  or  other  idolatrous  tribes  of  the  Finnish 
race.  Brande. 

SHAM'AN-ISM,  n.  The  idolatrous  worship  or  re- 
ligion of  the  Ostiaks,  Samoyedes,  and  other  Fin- 
nish tribes. 

SHAM'BLE.r.  i.  To  walk  awkwardly  and  unsteadily, 
as  if  the  knees  were  weak.  Forby, 

SHAM'BLES,  (-biz,)  n.  pi.  [Sax.scamel,  L..ieamnum,a 
bench.  It.  scanno,  Sp.  escaho ;  from  L.  seando.] 

1.  The  place  where  butcher's  meat  is  sold  ;  a  flesh- 
market.    1  Cor.  X. 

2.  In  mining,  a  niche  or  shelf  left  at  suitable  dis- 
tances to  receive  the  ore  which  is  thrown  from  one 
to  another,  and  thus  raised  to  the  top. 

SII.\M'liLING,  ppr.  or  a.  [from  scumble,  scambling.] 
Moving  with  an  awkwartl,  irregular,  clumsy  pace  ; 
as,  a  shambling  trot ;  shambling  legs.  Smith. 

SIIA.M'BLING,  n.  An  awkward,  clumsy,  irregular 
pace  or  gait. 

SHAME,  n.    [Sax.  seama,  sceam,  sceom;  G.  seltam;  D. 


schaamen;  Sw.  and  Dan.  skam.    Qu.  Ar. 


ehashama,  with  a  prefix,  to  cause  shame,  to  blush,  to 
reverence.   Class  Sm,  No.  48.] 

1.  A  painful  sensatitm  excited  by  a  consciousness 
of  guilt,  or  of  having  done  something  which  injures 
repiitalinn  ;  or  by  the  exposure  of  that  which  nature  or 
modesty  prompts  us  lo  conceal.  Shame  is  particu- 
larly excited  by  the  disclosure  of  actions  » liich,  in 
the  view  of  men,  are  mean  and  degrading.  Hence, 
it  is  often  or  always  manifested  by  a  downcast  look 
or  by  blushes,  called  confusion  of  face. 

Hide,  for  thamt, 
Romans,  your  rnndsirfs'  iin.v^s. 

That  blush  at  tijeir  degi-nerate  proireny.  ij  "^^n. 

Sham*  ptvvails  when  n'ason  b  delenltsl.  /fan.  'sr. 

2.  The  cause  or  reason  of  shame  ;  that  wii.eh 
brings  reproach,  and  degrades  a  pers<m  in  the  esli- 


TONE,  BIJLL,  q.MTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

"123  ~  inir 


SHA 


SHA 


SHA 


matioii  of  others.  Thus  an  idol  is  called  a  sltame. 
Hos.  ix. 

Oui(Ii?&,  who  are  the  shame  of  religion.  South. 

3.  Reproach  :  ignominy  ;  derision  ;  contempt. 
Ye  have  bonie  the  shame  of  the  heathen.  —  Ezek.  xxxvi. 

4.  The  parts  which  modesty  requires  to  be  cov- 
ered. 

5.  Dishonor  :  disgrace.    Prov.  ix. 

SHAME,  V.  L  To  make  .ishamed  :  to  excite  a  con- 
sciousness of  guilt  or  of  doing  something  derogatory 
to  reputation  ;  to  cause  tu  blush. 

Who  shames  a  scribhler,  [jr  -alts  a  cobweb  through.  Pope. 

I  write  not  these  tilings  to  shame  you.  —  1  Cor.  it. 

2.  To  disgrace. 

And  with  fool  cowardice  his  carcass  shame,  Sj^enser. 

3.  To  mock  at. 

Ye  have  shamed  the  counsel  of  the  jyv^r.  —  Pi.  xi7, 
SHaSIE,  v.  i.    To  be  ashamed. 

To  its  trunk  authors  give  such  a  magintude  as  I  sAoTTte  to  repeal. 

Ralegh. 

[This  verb,  I  believe,  is  no  longer  used  intransi- 
tively.] 

SH.aM'SD,  j>p.    Made  ashamed. 
SHAiME'F.XC-SD,  (-laste,)  a.    [Lye  suppo.ses  this  to 
be  a  cnmipiion  of  Sax.  scam-fiist,  shame-fast,  Jield 
or  restrained  by  shame.] 

Basliful;  easily  confused  or  put  out  of  counte- 
nance.   A  man  may  be  sliamefaccd  to  excess. 

Conscience  is  a  blushing,  shamefaced  spirit.  Shak. 
Your  shi^me/aced  vinue  sliunneti  the  jy.-o^ln's  praise.  Dryden. 

SHaME'FAC-£D-LY-,  (-faste-,)  ado.  Bashfully  ;  with 
excessive  modesty.  ■  Woolton. 

SHA.ME'FAC-i;D-NESS,  (-faste-,)  n.  Bashfulness; 
e,iicess  of  modesty.  Dniden. 

SHa.ME'FUL,  a.  [shame  and  /u7(.]  Th.it  "brings 
shame  or  disgrace ;  scandalous;  disgraceful  ;  injuri- 
ous to  reputation.  It  expresses  less  than  Infamous 
and  Ignominious. 

His  naval  preparations  were  not  more  rjrpiising  than  his  quick 
and  shame/ill  retre.at.  '  ArbuOinot. 

2.  Indecent ;  raising  sh.ame  in  others. 

PhcEhus  flying  so  most  s.'tame/u/ siglit.  f^penser. 
SH.AMF.'FIIL-LY,  adv.   Disgracefully ;  in  a  manner 
to  bring  reproach.     He  sluimefuUy  deserted  his 
friend. 

2.  With  indignity  or  indecency ;  in  a  manner  that 
may  cause  shame. 

liow  eliame/iitly  that  maid  he  did  tortnent  I  ^en<er, 

SHSME'FJIL-NESS,  n.    Disgracefulness.  Johnson. 

SHa.ME'LESS,  a.  [shame  and  less.]  Destitute  of 
shame ;  wanting  modesty  ;  impudent ;  brazen-faced  ; 
immodest;  audacious;  insensible  to  disgrace. 

Such  shameless  barJa  we  have.  Pope. 
5.  Done  without  shame  ;  indic.iting  want  of  shame ; 
as,  a  skamehss  denial  of  truth. 

SHSME'I,ESS-LY,  ai/o.  Without  shame  ;  impudent- 
ly ;  as,  a  man  shamelessly  wicked.  'Hale. 

SHAME'I,ESS-NESS,  n.  Destitution  of  shame  ; 
want  of  sensibility  to  disgrace  or  dishonor ;  impu- 
dence. 

He  that  blushes  not  at  hla  crime,  hut  adds  shamelessness  to 
shame,  has  noUiing  left  to  restore  him  to  virtue.  Taylor. 


One  who  makes  ashamed  ;  that  which 
A  pretended  fight  or  engage- 
Making  ashamed  ;  causing  to 


SHAM'ER,  n, 
confounds. 

SHA.M'-FI«HT,  Jt, 
ment. 

SHA.M'IXG,  ppr. 
Iilush  ;  confoundin 

SIl.A.M'.MER,  n.  [from  siam.]  One  that  shams  ;  an 
inipostnr.  [Low.] 

SHAM'MV,  n.  [Fr.  chamois;  It.  eamoiza;  Sp.  o-amu- 
za  ;  Port,  iramo ;  from  ?p.  irama,  a  doe,  or  its  root : 
W.  gartjr,  a  goat ;  Corn,  and  Ir.  n-acnr.] 

1.  A  species  of  Antelope,  tlie  -Antilope  Rupicapra. 
[See  Chamois.] 

9.  A  kind  of  leather  prepared  from  the  skin  of  this 
animal.  It  is  dressed  in  oil  rir  tanned,  and  mtu'h  es- 
fecmi:d  for  its  softness,  pliancy,  and  llie  quality  of 
bt^aring  soap  without  damage.  A  gre.it  part  of  the 
leather  which  bears  this  name  is  counterfeit,  being 
made  of  the  skin  of  the  cumuiun  goat,  the  kid,  or 
even  of  sheep.  Rncyc. 

This  word  ha-t  also  been  written  Shamoy  and 
SiiAMois.    [See  Chamois.] 

HIIAM  I'flf)',  /  c.f.    [Oriental.']    To  rub  and  percuss 

ClIA.M-POd',  \  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  and 
at  the  tame  lime,  to  flex  and  extend  the  limbs  and 
rack  the  jtiinU,  in  roniici  tion  with  the  hot  bath. 

BH.\.M  l'f)f)'f-U,  pp.  Kulibed,  percussed,  &c.,  in  con- 
ni'Cliun  with  the  hid  bnlh. 

Stl.AM-POO'l.Nf;,  ppr.  Rubbing  and  percussing  the 
whole  surface  of  llie  boily,  al  Ihe  same  time  Hexing 
and  exti'niling  the  Ijinbs,  and  rucking  the  Joints,  in 
rttnnerilon  wiib  the  hot  bath. 

HHAM-P(lf)'l.VG,  n.  The  ni;t  or  pmclice  of  knead- 
ing, riihhing,  and  working  any  part  of  the  I)i>dy,  as 
oft>  r  batliiiig.  What  I'  now  popularly  called  sham- 
pooing, wan  anciently  called  tripiris,  and  it  in  ittiU  no 
calli'il  technically. 


SHAM'ROCK,  )i.  The  Irish  name  for  a  three-leafed 
plant,  tile  Oxalis  .Acetosella,  or  common  Wood- 
Sorrel.  It  has  been  often  supposed  to  be  the  Trifoli- 
uiu  repens,  white  trefoil  or  white  clover. 

Journal  of  Royal  Institute.    P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

SHANK,  J!.  [Sax.  scanc,  sceanc ;  G.  anil  D.  schenkel; 
Sw.  shank.] 

1.  The  whole  joint  from  the  knee  to  the  ankle. 
In  a  horse,  the  part  of  the  fore  leg  between  the  knee 
and  the  fooUock. 

12.  The  tibia  or  large  bone  of  the  leg  ;  as,  crooked 
shanks. 

3.  The  long  part  of  an  instrument ;  as,  the  shank 
of  a  key.  Mozon. 

The  beam  or  shaft  of  an  anchor,  having  the  ring 
at  one  end  and  the  arms  at  the  other.  Totten. 

4.  The  space  between  two  cliaimels  of  the  Doric 
tri  glyph.  Oailt. 

5.  A  plant,  (Drvoni.a.)  Johnson. 
SH.\NK'£D,  (shaiikt,)  a.    Having  a  shank. 
SHANK'ER,  n.    [from  Fr.  chancre.] 

A  primary,  syphilitic  ulcer,  always  occasioned  by 
the  application  of  the  specific  secretion  from  another 
primarj'  syphilitic  ulcer.  It  is  always  the  first  mani- 
festation of  true  and  regular  syphilis.  [See  Chan- 
cre.] 

SH.\XK'LIN  S.AND,  n.  A  sandstone  with  other  as- 
sociated deposits,  constituting  tlie  lower  part  of  the 
cretaceous  formation.  Mantetl. 

SHANK'-PAIMT-ER,  n.  With  seamen,  a  short  rope 
and  chain  which  sustains  the  shank  and  flukes  of  an 
anchor  against  the  ship's  side,  as  the  stopper  fastens 
the  ring  and  stock  to  the  cat-head.  Tottcn. 

SHAX'SClllT,  n.  The  Sanscrit,  or  ancient  language 
of  Hindoostan.    [See  Sanscrit.] 

SH.\X'TY,  for  Jastt.  Gay  ;  showy.  [A'ot  in  iLse,  or 
local.] 

SII.AX'TY,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  Ir.  scan,  old,  and  tig, 
a  house.] 

A  hut,  or  mean  dwelling. 
SH.APE,  V.  I. ;  pret.  Shaped  ;  pp.  Shaped  or  SHAPEti. 
[Sax.  sceapian,  sceppan,  scipan,  or  scyppan,  to  form,  to 
create  ;  Sw.  skapa  ;  Dan.  skaber ;  G.  scluiffen,  to  cre- 
ate, to  make  or  get,  to  procure,  furnish,  or  supply  ; 
D.  sclieppcn,  schaffcn  ;  ?ans.  shnfana.  The  Sw.  has 
skaffa,  to  provide,  and  the  Dan.  skajfcr.] 
I.  To  form  or  create. 

I  w;is  shapen  in  iniquity.  —  Ps.  IL 
9.  To  mold  or  make  into  a  particular  form ;  to  give 
form  or  figure  to  ;  as,  to  shape  a  garment. 

Grace  shaped  her  limbs,  and  beauty  decked  her  face.  Prior. 

3.  To  mold  ;  to  cast ;  to  regulate  ;  to  adjust ;  to 
adapt  to  a  purjiose.  He  shapes  his  plans  or  designs 
to  the  temper  of  the  times. 

4.  To  direct ;  as,  to  shape  a  course.  Dcnham. 

5.  To  image ;  to  conceive. 


oft  my  ]e.alonsy 
Shapes  faults  that  are  not. 


SHAPE,  r.  t.   To  square  ;  to  suit ;  to  be  adjusted. 

Skak. 

SHAPE,  n.    Form  or  figure  as  constituted  by  lines  and 
angles  ;  as,  the  shape  of  a  horse  or  a  tree  ;  the  shape 
of  the  head,  hand,  or  foot. 
Q.  External  a|ipearance. 

He  t-eat  me  grievoujily  in  the  shape  of  a  woman.  Shak. 

3.  The  form  of  the  ttunk  of  the  human  body ;  as, 
a  clumsy  shape;  nn  elegant  shape. 

4.  A  being  as  endowed  with  form. 

R-fore  the  gates  there  sat. 
On  either  side,  a  formidable  shape.  MlHon. 

5.  Idea ;  pattern.  Milton. 
G.  Form.    This  application  conies  before  the  legis- 
lature in  Ihe  shape  of  a  memorial. 

7.  .Manner. 

SHAP'KD,  (shipt,)    )pp.     Formed;  molded;  cast; 

SHAP'KiV,  (ship'n,)  j  conceived. 

SHAPE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  regular  form  ;  wanting 
symmetry  of  dimensions ;  as,  deformed  and  shape- 
less. Shak. 
The  shapeless  rock  or  han^ng  precipice.  Pope. 

PIIaPE'LESS-.N'ESS,  n.    Destitution  of  regular  form. 

SIIAPE'LI-.NESS,  It,  [fTom  shapely.]  Beauty  or  pro- 
portion (jf  form.    [Litile  used.] 

SHaPE'I.Y,  n.  [friun  shape]  Well-formed;  having 
a  regul.'ir  slia[>e  ;  symmetrical.  fVarton. 

SMAPE'SMITII,  n.  [shape  and  imilh.]  One  that  un- 
dertakes to  improve  the  form  of  the  body.  [In  bur- 
lestiue.)  Garth. 

SIIAP'IN'G,  ppr.  Forming;  molding;  casting;  con- 
ceiving ;  giving  form. 

SHAP'ING,  n.    'J'he  act  of  forming  a  shape. 

Coleridge. 

SH.\RD,  n.  [Sax.  sceard,  from  scearan,  to  shear,  to 
separate.] 

1.  .A  piece  or  fragment  of  nn  earthen  vessel,  or  of 
any  brittle  subytttnce.    [Oft«.]  Shak. 

2.  The  shell  of  nil  egg  or  of  a  snail.  Oowrr. 

3.  A  plant,  (chard.)  Drydrn. 
■\.  A  frith  or  strait ;  as,  a  perilous  shard.  Sjienser. 

r>.   A  grip. 

(i.  A  li«h. 


SHARD'BoR.NE,  a.  [shard  and  borne.]  Borne  on 
shariled  wings,  like  the  beetle.  Shak. 

[Some,  says  Halliwell,  are  of  opinion,  that  Shak- 
sjieare  wrote  the  word  shard-born,  i.  e.,  born  among 
shards  ;  but  neither  he  nor  any  of  the  later  lexicog- 
raphers adopts  this  opinion.  —  Erf.] 

SHARD'ED,  a.  Having  wings  sheathed  with  a  hard 
case  ;  as,  the  shardcd  beetle.      Todd,  from  Qower. 

SHARE,  n.  [Sax.  scear,  sceara,  from  scearan,  to  shear; 
W.  ysaar,  which  is  a  compound.] 

1.  Apart  ;  a  portion  ;  aipiuntity;  as,  a  small  share 
of  prudence  or  good  sense. 

2.  -A  part  or  portion  of  a  thingowned  by  a  number 
in  common  ;  that  part  of  an  undivided  interest 
which  belongs  to  each  proprietor  ;  as,  a  ship  owned 
in  ten  .vAarci ;  a  Tontine  building  owned  in  a  hun- 
dred .'^harfv. 

3.  The  part  of  a  thing  allotted  or  distributed  to 
each  individual  of  a  number;  dividend;  separate 
portion.  Each  heir  has  received  his  share  of  the 
estate. 

4.  A  part  belonging  to  one ;  portion  possessed. 

Nor  I  without  my  share  of  rime.  Dryden, 

5.  A  part  contributed.  Ue  bears  his  share  of  the 
burden. 

6.  'i'he  broad  iron  or  blade  of  a  plow  «  hich  cuts 
the  ground,  or  furrow-slice.  ."Slorttmer. 

To  go  shares ;  to  partake  ;  to  be  equally  concerned. 

Ij  Estrantrc. 

SHARE,  V.  U  [Sax.  scearan,  scyran  ;  but  we  have 
.■>hear  ilirectly  from  this  verb,  and  sliare  seems  to  be 
from  the  noun  ;  W.  yscrariaa^.] 

1.  To  divide  ;  to  part  among  two  or  more. 
Suppose  1  share  my  fortune  equally  between  my  children  and  a 

stranger.  Stei/t, 
And  share  his  burden  where  he  shares  his  heart.  Dryden. 

2.  To  partake  or  enj(>y  with  others  ;  to  seize  and 
possess  jointly  or  in  common. 

Great  Jove  with  Ces;ir  shares  his  sovereign  sw.ay.  Milton. 
While  avarice  and  rapine  share  the  land.  Aliilon. 

3.  To  cut ;  to  shear.    [JVvt  now  in  use.] 

And  the  shared  visage  hangs  on  equal  sides.  Dryden. 
SHARE,  V.  i.   To  have  part. 

A  right  of  inheritance  gave  every  one  a  title  to  share  in  the  gootls 
of  his  father.  Locke. 

SHARE'-Bo.\E,  n.   The  os  pubis,  a  bone  placed  at 

the  upper  and  fore  part  of  the  pelvis.  Fucyyth. 
SHaR  EU,  pp.    Held  or  enjoyed  with  anotlnT  or  oth- 
ers ;  divitled  ;  distributed  in  shares. 
SHARE'HoLD-ER,  n.    [.^Itare  and  holder.]    One  that 
holds  or  owns  a  share  in  a  joint  fund  or  property. 
One  of  the  proprietors  of  the  mine,  who  was  a  rri>;cir.\l  share- 
liolder  in  the  company,  died.  '  'AJed.'  Repos, 

SHAR'ER,  71.  A  partaker  ;  one  that  particip.ates  any 
thing  with  another;  one  who  enjoys  or  suffers  in 
common  %vith  ant>ther  or  ttthers  ;  as,  a  .slutrer  in 
another's  good  fortune  ;  a  sharer  in  the  toils  of  war  ; 
a  sharer  in  a  lady's  alTfCtitjns. 

SII.\R'ING,  ppr.  Parlaking ;  having  a  part  with 
another ;  enjoying  or  sutlering  with  others. 

SHAR'IXG,  71.  Participation. 

SHARK,  71.  [Tj.  carcharias;  Gr.  Kapxaptai,  from 
»ai)\<i.irif,  sharp;  Corn,  skarkia^:] 

1.  The  name  commonly  given  to  many,  and  some- 
times indisrriuiiiiately  to  all  the  voracious  carlilngiii- 
ous  fishes  of  the  family  Squalidie,  (genus  Squalus, 
Linn.,)  coniprehendins  numerous  genera,  as  Carcha- 
rias, Scyllium,  &c.  The  body  is  oblong  and  taper- 
ing; the  skin  rough  and  destitute  of  sc;iles;  the 
teelii  are  arranged  in  several  rows,  one  within 
another,  and  are  usually  long,  sharp,  and  triangular, 
with  projections  or  serratures  on  the  sides.  The 
white  shark,  Carcharias  vulgaris,  one  of  Ihe  largest 
species,  attains  the  length  of  twenty-five  feet. 

Cyc.    Jardine^s  .Auf.  Lib. 

2.  A  greedy,  artful  fellow  ;  one  who  fills  his  pock- 
ets by  sly  tricks.    [Low.]  South. 

3.  Trick  ;  fraud  ;  petty  rapine  ;  as,  to  live  upon 
the  shark.    [Little  used.]  South. 

4.  In  A'cu!  En  aland,  ouo  that  lives  by  shifts,  con- 
trivance, or  stratagem. 

SHARK,  r.  f.  To  pick  up  h.aslily,  slily,  or  in  small 
quantities.    [Lmr.]  Shal;. 

SHARK,  B.  i.  To  play  Ihe  petty  thief;  or  rather,  to 
live  by  shifts  and  pelty  stratagems.  [In  AVw  Eng- 
land, the  common  pronunciation  is  shurk,  but  the 
wortl  rarely  implies  fraud.] 

2.  To  cheat ;  to  trick,    [/jiw.]  .ainsirorth. 

3.  To  fawn  upon  for  a  dinner;  to  ht:!:.  Johnson. 
To  shark  out ;  to  slip  out  or  escape  by  low  artifices. 

[  fulmar.] 

SIIARK'EIl,  71.  One  that  lives  by  sharking  ;  an  artful 
fellow.  H',.((on. 

SHARK'IXG,  pjir.  Picking  up  in  haste;  living  by 
pi  tty  rapine,  or  by  shifts  ami  devices. 

SHAliK'l.N'G,  n.    Petty  rapine  ;  trick.  ITc.^field. 
2.  The  socking  of  a  livelihood  by  shifts  and  de- 
vices. 

SHARP,  a.  [Pax.  sc.rarp ;  D.  seherp  :  G.  scharf:  Dan. 
and  Sw.  sharp  ;  Turk,  srcrp  ;  protiahly  from  Ihe  rtiot 
of  shear,  shire,  short;  the  radical  letters  being  O  or 
Or.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F\l.h,  WH^T  MilTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK — 

foil  ; 


SUA 


SUA 


SHE 


1.  Iluviiiff  a  very  lliiii  ciIro  or  fine  point;  keen; 
acute  ;  not  blunt.  Tims  w  e  say,  a  sAar;)  knife,  or  a 
sliar/}  needle.  A  xliurp  eiifie  easily  severs  a  sub- 
stance ;  a  sharp  point  is  easily  made  to  penetrate  it. 

2.  TeruiinatinE  in  a  point  or  edge;  not  obtuse; 
as,  a  hill  terminates  in  a  sliarp  peak,  or  a  sharp  ridge. 

3.  KuruunR  an  acute  or  too  small  angle  at  tlie  ridge  ; 
as,  a  sharp  root". 

4.  Acute  of  mind  ;  quick  to  discern  ordistinguisli ; 
penetrating  ;  ready  at  invention  ;  witty  ;  ingenious. 

Nutliiitg  makes  mrii  tharper  limn  wmit.  AUditon. 
M.iiiy  oUicr  tliiiipi  U  luiig  lo  llie  nuilerial  world,  wli.  n'in  llie 
tharpeat  pliilosuphcn  haYO  not  jim  obtained  cicar^joaa. 

5.  Being  of  quick  or  nice  perception  ;  applied  to 
tile  senses  or  organs  of  perception  ;  as,  a  sharp  eye  ; 
sharp  sight. 

To  */iar;)-eycd  rt-MOii  this  would  seem  untrue.  Dn/'ltin. 

6.  Affecting  tlie  organs  of  taste  like  fine  points  ; 
sour ;  acid  ;  as,  sharp  vinegar ;  s/iaryi-tasted  citrons. 

Drtjdi'ii. 

7.  Affecting  the  organs  of  hearing  like  sharp 
points  ;  piercing  ;  penetrating  ;  shrill  ;  as,  a  sharp 
souiul  or  voice  ;  a  sharp  note  or  tone  ;  opposed  to  a 
fial  note  or  sound. 

8.  iScverc  ;  harsh ;  biting ;  sarcastic  ;  as,  sharp 
words;  s/iar/i  rebuke. 

B<'  thy  wonts  sever», 
Sharp  as  he  inerila ;  l>ut  llie  sword  lurijear.  Dryiien. 

9.  Severely  rigid ;  quick  or  severe  in  punishing ; 
cruel. 

To  that  place  tlie  aharp  AthcDian  law 

Can  not  pursue  us.  Shak. 

10.  Eager  for  food  ;  keen  ;  as,  a  sharp  appetite, 

11.  Eager  in  pursuit ;  keen  in  quest. 

My  falcliion  now  is  aharp  and  passing  eini'ty.  SJiak, 
13.  Fierce ;  ardent ;  fiery ;  violent ;  as,  a  sliarp 
contest. 

A  tharp  assault  alrrady  is  Ije^n.  Dryfien. 

13.  Keen;  severe;  pungent;  as,  «Aarp  pain. 

14.  Very  painful  or  distressing ;  as,  shurp  tribula- 
tion ;  a  sharp  fit  of  the  gout. 

15.  Very  attentive  or  vigilant. 

Sharp  at  her  uunost  ken  she  cast  her  eyes.  Drydcn. 

16.  Making  nice  calctilations  of  profit ;  or  close 
and  e.\acc  in  making  bargains  or  demanding  dues. 

Swift. 

17.  Biting;  pinching;  piercing;  as,  sharp  air; 
sharp  wind  or  weather.  Ratj. 

18.  Subtile ,  nice  •  witty  ;  acute  ;  used  ofthinirs :  as, 
a  A'/mrp  di.'-course.    [Rare.]  Hooker. 

hj.  Among  worknieiiy  hard  ;  as,  sharp  sand. 

Jl/»n»t. 

30.  Emaciated  ;  Iran  ;  thin  ;  as,  a  sharp  vistige. 

Milton. 

To  brace  sharp;  in  seamanship,  to  turn  the  yards  to 
the  nio^t  oblique  position  possible,  that  the  ship  lu.iy 
l:iy  well  up  to  the  wind.  Mar.  DicL 

ISIIaRI*.  ».    In  mii-sic,  an  acute  sound.  S/iak, 
i.  A  note  artificially  raised  a  semitone;  or, 

3.  The  character  which  directs  the  note  to  be 
thus  elevated  ;  opposed  lo  a  fat,  which  depresses  a 
note  a  semitt)ne.  Brande. 

4.  A  pointed,  weapon.  [JVut  in  use]  Collier. 
SII.*illl',  e.  (.   To  make  keen  or  acute.     B.  Jonson. 

-2.  T<»  render  quick.  Spenser. 
3.  To  mark  with  a  sharp,  in  musical  comjiosilion  ; 
or  to  raise  a  note  a  semitone. 
SIIXRP,  r.  i.   To  play  tricks  in  bargaining  ;  to  act  the 

shtirper.  VEslrange. 
SHAIIP'/CD,  (shUrpt,)  pp.    Made  keen. 

a.  Marked  with  a  sharp  in  musical  composition. 
SIIXRP'-El)0-i."D,  (-ejd,)  a.     Having  a  fine,  keen 
edge. 

S(IXRl"EN,  fshirp'n,)  v.  t.  [G.  schdrfen;  D.scherpen; 

Sw.  skdrpa.] 

1.  To  make  sharp;  to  give  a  keen  edge  or  fine 
point  lo  a  thing  ;  to  etigc  ;  to  point  ;  as,  to  sharpen  a 
knife,  an  ax,  or  the  teeth  of  a  saw;  to  sharpen  a 
swortl. 

All  the  Israelites  went  down  to  the  Philistines  to  sharpen  erery 

ni.tn  his  share  and  his  colter,  and  his  ax  and  his  niattuclt.  — 
1  Sam.  xui. 

2.  To  make  more  eager  or  active ;  as,  to  sharpen 
the  edge  of  industry.  Hooker. 

3.  I'o  make  more  pungent  nntl  painful.  I'he  abuse 
of  wealth  and  greatness  may  hereafter  sharpen  the 
sting  of  conscience. 

4.  To  make  more  quick,  acute,  or  ingenious.  The 
wit  or  the  intellect  is  sharpened  by  study. 

5.  To  render  perception  more  quick  or  acute. 

The  air  tluir^ftneti  his  visual  ray 

Tu  ohjecu  distant  far.  Milton, 

6.  To  render  more  keen  ;  to  make  more  eager  for 
{imA.  or  for  any  gratification  ;  as,  to  sharpen  the  ap- 
petite ;  to  sharpen  a  desire.  Shak.  Tillolson. 

7.  To  make  biting,  sarcastic,  or  severe. 

Shnrjtfn  each  word.  Smith, 

8.  To  render  less  flat,  or  more  shrill  or  piercing. 

Indosures  not  only  preserve  sound,  but  Increase  aad  tharpen  it. 

liacon. 


9.  To  make  more  tart  or  acid  ;  to  make  sour ;  as, 
the  rays  of  the  sun  sharpen  vinegar. 

10.  To  make  more  distressing;  as,  to  sharpen  grief 
or  other  evil. 

11.  In  ;nii.<ic,  to  raise  a  sound  by  means  of  a  sharp. 

Pnif.  Fuhrr. 

SIIXRP'EN,  V.  1.   To  grow  or  become  sharp.  Shak. 

SHARP' f.'N-W),  pp.  or  a.  Made  sharp  ;  edged  ;  point- 
ed ;  renderecl  niortr  active,  acute,  keen,  &.c. 

SllARP'f;\-I.\(;,  ppr.    i«ee  the  verb. 

SH.^lUP'EU,  n.  A  shrewd  man  in  making  bargains  ; 
a  tricking  fellow  ;  a  cheat  in  bargaining  or  gaming. 

Sftarjiers,  as  piltes,  piry  upon  llfir  own  kind.  L'£<[range. 

SIIXRP'I.\(;,  ppr.    .Making  keen  or  acute. 

Q.  Marking  with  a  sharp,  in  musical  composition. 
Sn.\Rl"LV,  adr.    With  a  keen  edge  or  a  fine  point. 

2.  Severely  ;  rigorously  ;  roughly.    TU.  i. 

They  arc  tube  ntore  «/tar^}/y chastised  and  it' rornied  than  the  rude 
Irish.  Spemer. 

3.  Keenly  ;  acutely  ;  vigorously  ;  as  the  mind  and 
memory  sharply  exercisetl.  B.  Junson. 

4.  Violently  ;  vehemently. 

At  Uie  arrival  of  the  Knjlisll  embassadors,  the  soldiers  were 
eltarply  :^^eiull^^l  with  wants.  JliiyicarJ. 

5.  With  keen  perception  ;  e.xactly  ;  minutely. 
You  contract  your  eye  when  you  would  s'-c  aharphj.  Bacon. 

6.  Acutely  ;  wittily  ;  with  nice  discernment. 
SHXRP'NESS,  n.    Keenness  of  an  edge  or  point;  as, 

the  sharpness  of  a  razor  or  a  ilart. 
9.  Not  obtuseness.  TVotton. 

3.  Pungency ;  acidity ;  as,  the  sharpness  of  vin- 
egar. IVatts. 

4.  Pungency  of  pain  ;  keenness  ;  severity  of  pain 
or  atlliction  ;  as,  the  sltarpness  of  pain,  grief,  or  an- 
guish. 

5.  Painfiilness  ;  afllictiveness  ;  as,  Ihc  sharpness o[ 
death  or  calamity. 


*  And  the  best  {parrels  in  the  heal  are  curst 
Cy  those  Uiat  leel  th'  ir  gharpnete. 


Shtik. 


6.  Severity  of  language ;  pungency  ;  satirical  sar- 
casm ;  as,  the  sharpness  of  satire  or  rebuke. 

Some  did  all  fully  with  Just  itharpnees  blame.  Dryden. 

7.  Acuteness  of  intellect ;  the  power  of  nice  dis- 
cernment;  quickness  of  understaniling ;  ingenuity; 
as,  sluirpness  of  wit  or  understaniling. 

Dnjden.  .Addison. 

8.  Quickness  of  sense  or  perception;  as,  Ihe  sluirp- 
ne.<s  of  sight. 

9.  Keenness ;  severity ;  as,  the  sharpness  of  the 
air  or  weather. 

SHXRP'-P(J1.\T-ED,  a.    Having  a  sharp  point. 

SllX  RP'-SET,  (J.    [sharj)  auii  set.]   Eager  in  appetite  ; 
artected  by  keen  hunger  ;  ravenous ;  as,  an  I'agle  or 
a  lion  .^harp-set.  Brown. 
2.  Eager  in  desire  of  gratification. 

The  town  in  tharit.gel  on  new  plays.  Pojit. 

PHXRP'-PHOOT'ER.  n.  [sharp  and  shoot.]  One 
skilled  in  shooting  at  an  object  with  exactness;  one 
skilled  in  the  use  of  the  riHe. 

SHXRP'-S1K)()T-I.\G,  n.  A  shooting  with  great  pre- 
cision and  edrct. 

SHARP'-SIGIIT'ED,  (-sit'ed,)  o.  [*/iar/)  and  si!;Iit.] 
Having  quick  or  acute  sight;  as,  a  sharp-siglUcd  va- 
gle  or  hawk. 

2.  Having  quick  discernment  or  aciife  understand- 
ing; as,  a  sharp-.tiirhted  o^HHiimnt ;  sharp-stglUed  judg- 
ment. 

SHXRP'-SIGMT'ED-NESS,  (-sit'ed-,)  n.  The  state 
of  having  acute  sight. 

SHXRP'-VIS-AG-f.I),  a.  [sharp  anA  vL^age.]  Halving 
a  sharp  or  thin  face.  J/ale. 

SHXRP'-WIT-TED,  a.  Having  an  acute  or  nicely 
discerning  mind.  H'otton. 

SHAS'TER,  j  n.    Among  the  Ifrndoos,  a  law  or  in.-ti- 

SIIAS'TRA,  (  tutes  ;  applied  parlicularly  to  a  book 
containing  the  institutes  of  their  religion,  considered 
of  divine  authority.  The  term  is  applied,  in  a  wider 
sen.\e,  to  treatises  containing  the  laws  or  institutes  of 
the  various  arts  and  sciences,  as  rhetoric. 

fVUson's  Sanscrit  DicL 
[.S*5Tnt  is  the  original  word. J 

SHAT'TER,  V.  t.  [U.  schateren,  to  crack,  to  make  a 
gre.it  noise.  This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  scatter 
anil  to  scath,  wa.-te.  The  sense  is,  to  force  or  drive 
apartJ 

1.  To  break  at  once  into  many  pieces  ;  to  dash, 
burst,  rend,  or  part  by  violence  ii'ito  fragments  ;  as, 
explosion  shatters  a  ruck  or  a  bomb  ;  lightning  shal- 
Urs  the  sturdy  oak  ;  steam  shatters  a  boiler  ;  a  mon- 
archy is  shattered  by  revolt.  Locke. 

2.  "To  rend  ;  to  crack  ;  to  split ;  to  rive  into  splin- 
ters. 

3.  To  dlssl|>ate ;  to  make  incapable  of  close  and 
continued  application  ;  as,  a  man  of  sliatlered  humor. 

JV^orri.s-. 

4.  To  disorder;  to  derange;  to  render  dt4irioua  ; 
as,  to  .thatter  the  brain.  The  man  seems  to  be  shat- 
tered in  his  intellect. 

SHAT'TER,  r.  I.  To  he  broken  into  fragments;  to 
fall  or  crumble  to  pieces  by  any  force  applied. 

Sonie  thautr  and  fly  In  many  places.  Bacon. 


SHAT'TER-HRXI.\-*;IJ,  j  a.     [shatter  i\t,t\  brain  ox 

SHAT'TER-P.\  T  i:i),     j   pare]  IJistjrdered  or  wan- 
dering in  intellect. 
2.  Heedless  ;  wild  ;  not  consistent.  Goodman. 

SIIAT'TER-A.'I),  p/).  or  a.  Broken  or  dashed  lo  pieces; 
rent ;  disordered. 

SH.\T'TER-I  ppr  Dashing  or  break ingtu  pieces  ; 
rending :  disordering. 

SHAT'TERS,  n.  pi.  [I  believe  used  only  in  the  phi- 
ral.l  The  fragments  of  any  Ibiiig  forcibly  rent  or 
hriiken  ;  used  chiefly  or  solely  in  the  phru.sBs,  to 
break  or  rend  into  shatters.  Swijt. 

SH.\T'TEIl-V,  a.  Brittle  ;  easily  falling  into  many 
pieces ;  not  compact ;  loose  of  texture  ;  as,  .thattery 
spar.  Wumheard, 

SUA  VE,  V,  t. ;  pret.  .SHiVED  ;  pp  Shaved  or  ."^m  ven. 
[.Sax.  sceafan,  sejifan  ;  D.  schaanen;  G.  achabem  Dan. 
skaerr:  Sw.  skafra.] 

1.  To  cut  or  iiare  off  something  from  the  surface  of 
a  body  by  a  razor  or  other  edged  iiistriiineiit,  by  rub- 
bing, scraping,  or  drawing  the  iiistriimeiil  along  the 
surface  ;  as,  to  shaoe  the  chin  and  cheeks  ;  to  shace 
the  heail  of  its  hair. 

He  shall  s/iawe  his  he.ul  In  the  day  of  his  clc^instiig.  —  Num.  vi. 

2.  To  shave  off;  to  cut  off. 

Neith<  r  shall  they  ahave  off  Uie  corner  of  tJielr  beard.  —  L.cv.  xxi. 

3.  To  pare  close. 

The  bending  scythe 
Shavta  all  the  surface  of  Uie  waviiijf  greon.  Cay. 

4.  To  cut  off  thin  slices ;  or  to  cut  in  thin  slices. 

Bacon. 

5.  To  skim  along  the  surface  or  near  it ;  to  sweep 
along. 

tit  shavea  with  level  wuij  Uie  deep.  Milton. 

fi.  To  strip  ;  lo  oppress  by  extortion  ;  to  fleece. 

7.  To  make  smooth  by  paring  or  cutting  off  slices ; 
as,  to  shace  hoops  or  staves. 

To  shave  a  note;  to  purchase  it  at  a  great  discount, 
or  to  take  interest  upon  it  much  beyond  the  legal 
rate,    [ji  low  phrase,] 
SHAVE,  n.    [Bw.skaf;  G.  sehabe ;  Sax.  scafa,  sceafa ; 
D.  schaaf,  a  plane.] 

An  instruinenl  with  a  long  blade  and  a  handle  at 
each  end  for  shaving  hoops,  4^c. ;  called  also  a  Uitiw- 
iNt;  Kmke. 

SUA  Vi^-'H,  71/1.    Pared;  made  smooth  with  a  razor  or 

other  cutting  instrument ;  fleeced. 
SHA  VE'-GRASS,  11.   A  plant  of  the  genus  Etpiisetum  ; 

the  Dutch  rush  or  scouring  rush.  Boallu 
SHa  VE'I,I\G,  n.    A  man  shaved;  a  friaror  religious  ; 

in  contempt.  Spe.nser. 
SHAVER,  n.    One  that  shaves,  or  whose  occupation 

is  to  shave. 

2.  One  that  is  close  in  bargains,  or  a  sharp  dealer. 

This  licwls  is  a  cunning  ahaver.  Su;ift. 

3.  One  that  fleeces  ;  a  pillager ;  a  plunderer. 
By  these  atiavera  the  Turks  wen;  stnpp«-tl  of  all  Uiey  liail. 

Knoltes. 

SHAVER,  n.    [Gipsy,  tscliabc,  or  tschawa,  a  boy; 
schawo  or  tscliaico,  a  son  ;  Ar.  i_)Lii  a  youth,  from 


«_«^  shabba,  to  grow  up,  to  excite.] 

A  boy  or  young  man.  Hallneell. 

[This  word  is  still  in  common  use  in  New  Encland.] 
SH.\  VING,  ppr.  Paring  the  surface  with  a  razor  or 
other  sharp  instrument ;  making  smooth  by  paring; 
fleecing. 

SH.\V'I.\G,  71.    The  act  of  paring  the  surface. 

2.  A  thin  slice  pared  off  with  a  shave,  a  knife,  a 
plane,  or  other  cutting  instrument.  Mortimer. 
SHAW,  n.     rSax.  .<cwo,  scuiea ;  Sw.  sku^'ga ;  Dan. 
siiore,  a  thicket,  and  skysge,  a  shade.] 

A  thicket  ;  a  small  wood  or  grove.  FlalliwelL 
[f,orol  in  F.nirland.    In  America  not  used.] 
SHAW'-FOWE,  M.    r^.Aai;' and /oir(.)    The  represen- 
tation or  image  of  a  lowl  made  by  fowlers  to  shoot  at. 

Johnson. 

SHAWE,  n.  A  cloth  of  wool,  cotton,  silk,  or  hair, 
used  by  females  as  a  loose  covering  for  the  neck  and 
shoulders.  Shawls  are  of  various  sizes,  from  that  of 
a  handkerchief  to  that  of  a  counterpane.  Shawls 
were  originally  manufactured  in  the  heart  of  India 
from  the  soft,  woolly,  inner  hair  of  a  variety  of  the 
common  gout  reareil  in  Thibet,  ami  the  best  shawls 
now  come  from  Cashmere;  but  they  are  also  manu- 
factured in  EiirojK;.  The  largest  kinds  are  used  in 
tram  dresses  and  for  long  scarfs. 

Encye.    Me  Cutloeh. 

SHAWM,  n.    [G.  sehalmeie,  from  sehallen,  to  sound.] 
A  wind  instrument  of  music,  having  much  the 
form  of  the  clarionet  ;  now  supersetled  by  the  haut- 
boy and  bassoon  ;  written  also  Shalm. 

Com.  Prayer.  Fo.^broke- 

SHE,  pronoun  personal,  of  the  feminine  gentler.  [Sax. 
seo:  Goth.ii;  I),  zi/ :  G.sie.  The  Danes  and  Swedes 
use  for  he  and  ,«Af,'the  word  from  which  the  English 
has  hen  ;  Dan.  Aan,  he,  the  male  ;  Ami,  she,  the  fe- 
male ;  Aane,  a  cock  ;  Sw.  han,  he  ;  hanne,  a  cock  ; 


TONE,  BIjLL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VfCIOL'S  C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  *  as  Z  ;  Cfl  as  SI! ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1019 


SHE 


SHE 


SHE 


A«?n,  henncs,  kennr,  she.  This  is  tlie  root  of  Henry. 
She  is  perhaps  the  Heb.  nvx,  a  woman  or  wife.  In 
the  Saxon,  seo  is  used  as  an  adjective,  and  may  be 
rendered  the  or  a.  It  is  also  used  as  a  relative, 
answering  to  rcko,  L.  qiuE.  It  is  also  used  for  he 
and  tltat.  In  English,  she  has  no  variation,  and  is 
used  only  in  the  nominative  case.  In  the  oblique 
cases,  we  use  hers  and  Aer,  a  distinct  word.] 

1.  A  pronoun  which  is  the  substitute  for  the  name 
of  a  female,  and  of  the  feminine  gender  ;  the  word 
which  refers  to  a  female  mentioned  in  the  preceding 
or  following  part  of  a  sentence  or  discourse. 

I'heo  S:inih  denied,  saying,  1  laughed  not  ;  for  she  was  afraid. 
—  Gen.  xviii. 

2.  She  is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun  for  woman  or 
female,  and  in  the  plural ;  but  in  contempt  or  in 
ludicrous  language. 

Lady,  you  are  the  cruellest  she  ali7e.  Shale. 
The  ehes  of  Italy  shall  not  betray 

My  iuterest.  Shak, 

3.  She  is  used  also  in  composition  for  female,  rep- 
re_senting  sex  ;  as,  a  sAc-bear  ;  a  A-Ae-cat. 

SHe.'^D'ING,  k.  [G.  scheiden,  Sax.  sceadan,  to  di- 
vide.] 

In  the  Isle  of  Man,  riding,  a  tithing,  or  division, 
in  which  there  is  a  coroner,  or  chief  constable. 
The  isle  is  divided  into  six  sheadings.  Encyc. 
SHkAF,  (sheef,)  n. ;  pi.  Sheaves.  [Sax.  sceaf;  D. 
schonf.  It  appears  to  be  connected  with  the  D. 
schiiiveni,  schoof,  to  shove.  Sax.  scnfan.  The  sense 
then  is,  a  mass  or  collection  driven  or  pressed  to- 
gether. But  the  Welsh  has  ysgub,  a  sheaf  and  a 
besom,  whence  ysrrttbaw,  to  sweep,  L.  scttpa,  scopo, 
and  said  to  be  from  cub,  what  is  put  together,  a 
cube.  If  these  are  of  one  family,  as  I  suspect,  the 
root  is  in  Class  Gb,  and  the  sense,  to  collect  or  press 
together.] 

1.  A  quantity  of  the  stalks  of  wheat,  rye,  oats,  or 
barley  bound  together;  a  bundle  of  stalks  or  straw. 

The  le.Aper  fills  his  o-reedy  hands, 

And  hinds  the  golden  sheaoes  in  brittle  bands.  DrytUrt, 

2.  Any  bundle  or  collection ;  as,  a  sheaf  of  arrows. 

Drydcn, 

3.  In  meclianics.    See  Sheave. 

SHeAF,  v.  t.    To  collect  and  bind  ;  to  make  sheaves. 

SAaA. 

SHeAF'Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  sheafs. 

SHf.AL.    See  Sheet-ino.  [Gay. 

SHeAL,  to  shell,  is  not  used.  SliaJc. 

SHeAR,u.  pret.  Sheated  ;  pp.  SnEAnEO  or  Shorn. 
The  old  pret.  Shore  is  entirely  obsolete.  [Sax. 
scraran,  scyrnn,  sciran,  to  shear,  to  divide,  whence 
share  and  shire;  G.  schercn,  to  shear,  or  shave,  and 
to  vex,  to  rail,  to  jeer ;  sc'iier  dick  weir,  get  you  gone  ; 
schier  dich  aus  dem  wege,  move  out  of  the  way  ;  D. 
scheeren,  to  shave,  shear,  banter,  stretch,  warp  j  de 
gek  scheeren,  to  play  the  fool  ;  lig  weg  scheeren,  to 
shear  off:  Dan.  siciercr,  to  cut,  carve,  saw,  hew; 
skierts,  a  jest,  jeer,  banter  ;  .'!kicrtser,  to  sport,  mock, 
jeer  ;  Sw.  skiara,  to  reap,  to  mow,  to  cut  off,  to 
cleanse,  to  rinse  ;  Sans,  schaura  or  chaura,  to  shave  ; 
\V.  ysgar,  a  part,  a  share ;  ysgariaw,  to  separate. 
The  Greek  has  {uonw,  to  shave,  and  KCtpio,  to  shave, 
shear,  cut  off,  or  lay  waste.  Tlie  primary  sense  is,  to 
separate  or  force  off  in  general  ;  but  a  prominent 
signification  is,  to  sep:irate  by  rubbing,  as  in  scour- 
ing, or  as  in  sluitnng,  cutting  close  to  the  surface. 
Hence  the  sense  of  jeering,  as  we  say,  to  give  one 
the  rub.    See  Si:ouB,  atid  Class  Gr,  No.  5,  8.] 

1.  To  cut  or  clip  sou)ething  from  the  surface  with 
an  instrument  of  two  blades  ;  to  separate  any  thing 
from  the  surface  by  shears,  scissors,  or  a  like  instru- 
ment ;  as,  to  shear  sheep;  to  shear  cloth.  It  is  ap- 
propriately used  for  the  cutting  of  wool  from  shei  p 
or  their  skins,  and  for  clipping  the  nap  from  cloth, 
but  may  be  applied  to  other  things  ;  as,  a  horse 
shears  the  ground  in  feedmg  nmch  closer  than 
an  ox. 

2.  To  separate  by  shears  ;  as,  to  shear  a  fleece. 

3.  To  reap.    [J'J'ot  in  use..]    [Scottish.]  Oower. 
SHEAR,  c.  i.    To  deviate.    [See  Sheer.] 
SHEAR'liILL,n.    [.<Aeai- an  J  A  water-fowl,  the 

black-skimincr  or  cut-water  (Ithyncops  nigra)  of 
the  Antilles.  Encyc. 
SIIKARI)    (sherd,)  n.    A  shard  or  fragment.  [See 
Sh>bd.] 

SHeAR'/CD,  pp.    Clipped  ;  deprived  of  wool,  hair,  or 

nap,  hy  means  of  shears. 
SIIEAR'ER,  n.    One  that  shears;  as,  a  shearer  of 

Mhecp.  Milton. 
RliR.XR'lNO,  ppr.    Clipping;  depriving  of  wool,  hair, 

or  nap,  by  means  of  i,h('ars. 
SlIP.AIt'r.Nt;,  n.    The  act  of  shearing. 
8IlE AR'I.l.N'G,  n.    A  sheep  that  has  been  but  once 

flieared. 

BHeAR'MAN,  n.  One  whose  occupation  ia  to  shear 
cWith. 

HIIKAKS,  (shccrz,)  n.  nl.  [from  the  verb.]  An  in- 
Htrinnent  consisluig  of  two  bladi  H  with  a  bevel  edge, 
movable  on  a  pin,  used  for  cutting  cloth  and  other 
fnib'tancca.  Bheara  differ  from  Hcissura  chiefly  in 
being  larger. 

FmU  urged  the  tittart,  anil  cut  the  sylph  In  twnjD.  Po/w. 


The  shears  used  by  farriers,  sheep-shearers,  &c., 
are  made  of  a  single  piece  of  steel,  bent  round  until 
the  blades  meet,  which  open  of  themselves,  by  the 
elasticity  of  the  metal. 

2.  Wings.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

3.  An  engine  for  raising  heavy  weights.  [See 
Sheers.] 

4.  The  denomination  of  the  age  of  sheep  from  the 
cutting  of  the  teeth  ;  as,  sheep  of  one  shear,  two 
shear,  &c.    [Local.]  Mortimer. 

SHe.\R'-STEEL,  71.  Steel  prepared  by  a  peculiar 
process  for  making  clothiers'  shears,  scythes,  &c. 

Francis. 

SHeAR'WA-TER,  n.  A  web-footed  water-fowl  of  the 
genus  Ryncops,  also  called  Cut-water  and  Black- 
skimmer.  It  takes  its  food  by  skimming  along  the 
surface  of  the  water  with  its  sharp  and  thin  lower 
mandible  plunged  beneath  the  water.       P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  name  of  certain  web-footed  sea-fowls  of  the 
genus  Piilflnus,  (I'rocellaria,  Linn.,)  allied  to  the 
petrels;  also  called  Puffins.  P.  Cyc. 

SHeAT.    See  Sheet. 

SHeAT'-FISII,  n.    [G.  scheide,  Cuvier.] 

A  fish,  a  species  of  Siluriis,  having  a  long,  slimy 
body,  destitute  of  scales,  and  the  buck  dusky,  like 
that  of  the  eel.  It  is  the  largest  fresh-water  fish  of 
Europe,  being  sometimes  six  tVet  or  more  in  length. 

Janline's  J\'fl(.  Lib.    P.  Cyc. 

SHicATH,  n.  [Sax.  scealh,  sarthe ;  G.  scheide!  D. 
scheede  ;  from  separating,  G.  scheiden,  D.  schcien.  Sax. 
sceadan.    See  Shade.] 

1.  A  case  for  the  reception  of  a  sword  or  other 
long  and  slender  instrument  ;  a  scabbard.  A  sheath 
is  that  which  separates,  and  hence  a  defense. 

2.  In  botany,  a  membrane  investing  a  stem  or 
branch,  as  in  grasses.  Martyn. 

3.  Any  thin  covering  for  defense ;  the  wing-case 
of  an  insect. 

SHeATHE,  v.  t.  To  put  into  a  case  or  scabbard  ;  as, 
to  sheathe  a  sword  or  dagger. 

2.  To  inclose  or  cover  with  a  sheath  or  case. 

The  leopard  —  keens  ttie  claws  of  his  fore  feet  turned  up  from  the 

^ound,  and  shenlhed  in  Ihe  sliin  of  his  toes.  Grew. 
'Tis  ui  my  breast  she  skeathea  her  dagger  now.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cover  or  line  ;  as,  to  sheathe  the  bowels  with 
demulcent  or  mucilaginous  substances. 

4.  To  obtund  or  blunt,  as  acrimonious  or  sharp 
particles.  .Srbuthnot. 

5.  To  fit  with  a  sheath.  SAai. 

6.  To  case  or  cover  with  boards  or  with  sheets  of 
copper  ;  as,  to  sheathe  a  ship,  to  preserve  it  from  the 
worms. 

To  sheatlie  the  sword;  a  figurative  phrase;  to  put 
an  end  to  war  or  enmity  ;  to  make  peace.  It  corre- 
siKtnds  to  the  Indian  phrase,  to  bury  the  hatchet. 
SHeATH'£D,  pp.  Put  in  a  sheath  ;  inclosed  or  cov- 
ered with  a  case ;  covered ;  lined ;  invested  with  a 
membrane. 

2.  a.  In  botany,  vaginate  ;  invested  by  a  sheath  or 
cylindrical,  membranaceous  tube,  which  is  the  base 
t)f  the  leaf,  as  the  stalk  or  culm  in  grasses.  Martyn. 

SHif.ATU'ER,  71.    One  that  sheathes. 

SHeATH'ING,  ppr.  Putting  in  a  shi>ath  ;  inclosing 
in  a  case  ;  covering  ;  lining  ;  investing  with  a  mem- 
brane. 

SIlE.'VTII'ING,  n.  The  casing  or  covering  of  a  ship's 
biittom  and  sides ;  or  the  materials  for  such  cov- 
erini:. 

SIllcVTII'LESS,  a.    Without  a  sheath  or  case  for 

.  rnvi  riiig  ;  unsheathed.  Percy's  Masgue, 

SllK.ATll'WING-£U,n.  [sheath  and  wmg.]  Having 
cases  for  covering  the  wings  ;  as,  a  shcalhr-winged 
insect.  Brown. 

SIl  eATH'Y,  a.    Forming  a  sheath  or  case.  Broion. 

Slli",A  VE,  71.  [In  I),  .■ichtf  is  a  slice,  a  truckle,  a  quoit, 
a  fillet,  a  draughtsman,  a  pane.  In  G.  scheibe  is  a 
mark,  a  pane,  a  wheel,  the  knee-pan,  a  slice.) 

In  seamen's  language,  a  wheel  in  a  block,  rail, 
mast,  yard,  Hcc,  on  which  the  rope  works.  It  is 
UKide  of  hard  wood  or  of  metal.  7'otten. 

SIIeAVE,  7).  t.  To  bring  together ;  to  collect.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Jishmole. 

SIIi?.AV'^;D,  a.    Made  of  straw.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

SIIi^AVE'-HoI^Ej  n.  A  channel  cut  in  a  mast,  yard 
or  other  timber,  in  which  to  fix  a  sheave. 

Mar.  Diet 

SHE-eill'NAH.  SeeSHEKiNAH. 

SIlECK'l.A-TON,  71.    [fr.  cictaron.  Chalmers.] 

A  kind  of  gilt  leathitr.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spen-fcr. 

SHFU),  7'.  I.;  pret.  and  pp.  Shed.  [.Sax.  sceilan,  to 
pour  out.  If  v  is  a  prefix,  this  word  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  I),  girten,  to  pour,  to  cast,  O.  gicssen, 
Eng.  gush.  It  coincides,  also,  in  elements  with 
sAoof.    See  the  noun.  J 

1.  To  cause  or  siilfer  to  flow  out  ;  as,  to  shed 
tears  ;  to  shed  blond.  The  sun  sheds  light  on  the 
earth  ;  the  vtars  shed  a  more  feeble  light. 

This  is  iny  blood  of  the  New  Teslnnjent,  which  is  thed  tor  many 
for  tlie  remission  of  sins.  —  Matt.  xxvl. 

2.  To  let  fall  ;  to  cast ;  as,  the  trees  shed  their 
leaves  in  autumn  ;  fowls  sAc^I  their  feathers  ;  and 
Horpentu  tihr^l  their  skin. 


3.  To  scatter ;  to  emit ;  to  throw  off ;  to  diffuse  ; 
as,  flowers  shed  their  sweets  or  fragrance. 

[The  peculiar  sense  of  this  word  is,  to  cast  ofl^ 
something  that  belongs  to  the  body,  either  a  sub- 
stance or  a  quality.  Applied  to  animals  and  plants, 
it  expresses  a  periodical  casting  off  of  a  natural  cov- 
ering.] 

SHED,  V.  i.    To  let  fall  its  parts. 

White  oats  are  apt  to  shed  most  aj  they  lie,  and  black  as  they 
stand.  Mordmer. 

SHED,  7!.  [Sax.  seed,  a  shade  ;  Sw.  skydd,  a  defense  ; 
skydda,  to  protect,  to  defend,  or  shelter  ;  Dan.  skyttcr, 
id.  ;  .tkytter,  a  shooter  ;  skyts,  a  defense  ;  skyt,  a  gun  ; 
skyder,  to  shoot ;  G.  schiitien,  to  defend  ;  schittze,  a 
shooter  ;  D.  schutlen,  to  defend,  to  parry,  or  stop  ; 
schntter,  a  shooter.  It  appears  that  shed,  the  noun 
and  verb,  and  shoot,  are  troin  one  source,  and  shade, 
send,  scath,  and  several  other  words,  when  traced, 
all  terminate  in  the  same  radical  sense,  to  thrust, 
rush,  or  drive.] 

1.  A  slight  building;  a  covering  of  timber  and 
boards,  &c.,  for  shelter  against  rain  and  the  inclem- 
encies of  weather  ;  a  poor  house  or  hovel ;  as,  a 
hoxse-shed. 


The  first  Aletes  bom  in  lowly  shad. 

Sheds  of  reeds  which  sninnier's  heat  repel. 


Fairfax. 
Saiuiys. 


2.  In  composition,  effusion  ;  as  in  h\ood-shed.  [See 
the  verb.  ] 

SHED,  7).  £.    To  keep  off;  to  prevent  from  entering; 

as  a  hut,  umbrella,  or  garment  that  sheds  rain. 
SHED'DER,  71.    One  that  sheds  or  causes  to  flow  out; 

as,  a  sheddcr  of  blood. 
SHED'DING,  ppr.    Effusing;  causing  to  flow  out; 

letting  fall;  casting;  throwing  off;  sending  out; 

diffusing;  keeping  off". 
SHED'DING,  7!.    That  which  is  cast  off. 

2.  The  act  of  casting  off  or  out. 
SHEKL'ING,  71.    See  Shielino. 

SHEEN,     la.    [Sax.  .'Jcchc,  seen,  bright.    This  is  the 
SHEEN'Y,  )     old  orthography  of  shine,  which  see.] 
Bright ;  glittering  ;  showy. 

Up  rose  each  warrior  bold  and  brave, 

Giisttning  in  filed  steel  and  armor  sheen.  I^ir/ax. 

[TVlis  word  is  used  only  in  poetry.] 
SHEEN,  71.    Brightness  ;  splendor.  Milton. 
SHEEP,  71.  sing,  and  pi.    [Sax.  sceap,  seep ;  G.  schaf ; 
D.  schaap  ;  Bohemian,  skope,  a  wether.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Ovis,  which  is  among 
the  most  useful  species  that  the  Creator  has  bestowed 
on  man,  as  its  wool  constitutes  a  principal  material 
of  warm  clothing,  and  its  flesh  is  a  great  article  of 
fofid.  The  sheep  is  remarkable  for  its  harmless  tem- 
per and  its  timidity.    The  varieties  are  numerous. 

2.  In  contempt,  a  silly  fellow.  Jiinsiporth. 

3.  Figuratioely,  God's  people  are  called  sheep,  as 
being  under  the  government  and  protection  of  Christ, 
the  great  Shepherd.    John  x. 

SHEEP'-BITE,  7).  t.  [sheep  and  bite.]  To  practice 
petty  thefts.    [JSTot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SHEEP'-BIT-ER,  n.  One  who  practices  petty  thefts, 
r  JVcif  in  u.ie.]  Shak, 

SHEEP'COT,  71.  [.'jAecp  and  cot]  A  small  inclosure 
for  sheep  ;  a  pen.  Milton. 

SHEEP'FoED,  71.  [sheep  and  fold.]  A  place  where 
sheep  are  collected  or  confined.  Prior. 

SHEEP'llOQK,  n.  [sheep  and  hook.]  A  hook  fast- 
ened to  a  pole,  hy  which  shepherds  lay  hold  on  the 
legs  of  their  sheep.  Bacon.  Dryden. 

SHEEP'ISH,  a.    Like  a  sheep  ;  bashful  ;  tiinorous 
to  excess  ;  over-modest ;  meanly  diflident.  Locke. 
2.  Pertaining  to  sheep. 

SHEEP'ISH-LY,  ado.  Bashfully;  with  mean  timidity 
or  ditfiilence. 

SHEEP'ISH-NESS,  71.  Bashfulness  ;  excessive  mod- 
esty or  riilfidenre  ;  mean  timoronsness.  Herbert. 

SHEEP'-MAR-KET,  71.  A  place  where  sheep  are 
sold. 

SHEEP'-MAS-TER,n.  [sheep  anA  master.]  A  feeder 
of  sheep  ;  one  that  has  the  care  of  sheep. 

SHEEP'S'-E?E,  (-1,)  n.  [sAcep  and  ci/c]  A  modest, 
diflident  look,  such  as  lovers  cast  at  their  mistre.sses. 

Dryden. 

SIIEEP'-SHANK,  n.  [.sheep  and  shank.]  Among 
seamen,  a  peculiar  kind  of  knot  in  a  rope,  made  to 
shtirten  it  temporarily.  Tolten. 

SHEEP'S'-HEAD,  (-bed,)  n.  [sheep  and  Acu,/.J  A 
fish  caught  on  the  shores  of  Connecticut  and  of 
Long  Island,  so  called  from  the  reseinblant  o  of  its 
ht'nd  to  that  of  a  sheep.  It  is  the  Sargus  Ovis  of 
Mitchell,  and  is  allied  to  the  Gilt-hoad  and  Sca- 
brenin.    It  is  esteemed  delicious  food. 

SHEEP'-SHeAR-ER,  71.  [sheep  and  shear.]  One 
that  shears  or  cuts  ofl"  the  wool  from  sheep.  Oen. 
xxxviii. 

SllEEP'-Sllif,AR-ING,n.    The  act  of  shearing  sheep. 
2.  The  time  of  shi^aring  sheep  ;  also,  a  feast  mailo 
on  that  occasion.  South. 
SHEEP'-SKIN,  n.    The  skin  of  B  sheep ;  or  leather 

prepared  Iroiil  it. 
S1IEE1"S'-S()R'REL,  n.  An  herb,  Rumex  Acetosella, 
growing  naturally  on  poor,  dry,  gravelly  soil. 

Ijoudon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1080 


SHE 

SIII2EP'STeAL-ER,  71.    Iskceii  nml  steal.]    One  that 

SIIKEP'STkAL-ING,  II.    The  act  of  sti-aliiiK  sheep. 

Slli:iil"-VVALK,(-wa\vk,)  n.  [shrrp  nmi  waUs.]  Pas- 
ture for  sheep  ;  a  place  where  sheep  feed.  Mdton. 

SHEER,  a.  [Sax.  scir,  scyr ;  G.  scJiien  Dan.  skier; 
Sans,  cliaru,  Ischaru ;  from  the  root  of  slirar,  to  sepa- 
rate ;  wlience  skecr  is  clear,  pure.  It  might  he  de- 
duccd  from  the  Shemitic  ini,  to  be  clear;  Eth. 

,  to  be  clean  or  pure.    But  the  Danish  and 
Saxon  orthography  coincides  with  that  of  shear.] 

1.  I'nre  ;  clear  ;  separate  from  any  thing  foreign  ; 
uninihgled  ;  as,  sheer  ale.  But  this  application  is  un- 
usual. Shak. 

We  say,  sheer  argument,  sheer  wit,  sheer  false- 
hood, &c. 
S.  Clear  j  thin  ;  as,  sheer  muslin. 
SHEER,  arfo.    Clean  ;  quite  ;  at  once.   [Obs.]  Milton. 
SHEER,  0.  t.  ^o  shear.    [JVut  in  tisc]  Dnjden. 
SHEER,  V.  i,    [See  Sheak,  the  s'-qse  of  which  is,  to 
separate.] 

1.  In  seamen's  language,  to  decline  or  deviate  from 
the  line  of  the  proper  course,  as  a  ship  when  not 
steered  with  stendiness.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

2.  To  slip  or  move  aside. 

To  sheer  off;  to  turn  or  move  aside  to  a  distance. 
To  sheer  up ;  to  turn  and  approach  to  a  place  or 
ship. 

SHEER,  n.  The  longitudinal  curve  or  bend  of  a  ship's 

declt  or  sides. 

a.  The  position  in  which  a  .ship  is  sometimes  kept 
at  single  anchor,  to  keep  her  clear  of  it. 

To  break  sheer  ;  to  deviate  from  tliat  position,  and 
ri«k  fouling  the  anchor.  Mar.  Ihcl. 

SHEER'-HUI.K,  n.    An  old  ship  of  war  cut  down  to 
the  lower  di  ck,  and  fitted  with  sheers  or  apparatus 
to  fix  or  take  out  the  masts  of  other  shi|>s.  Tutten. 
SHEER'LY,  uiio.    At  once  ;  quite ;  absolutely.  [Obs.] 

Beaum.  ^'  Fl. 

SHEERS,  n. An  engine  consisting  of  two  or  more 
pieces  of  timber  or  poles,  fastenetl  together  near  the 
lop;  used  for  raising  heavy  weights,  particularly  for 
hoisting  the  lower  masts  of  ships.  Ilrhert. 

SHEET,  n.  [Sax.  sceal,  sceta,  seyta :  L.  seheda ;  Gr. 
(T\£(!r|.  The  Saxon  seeat  signifies,  a  garment,  a  cloth, 
towel,  or  napkin  ;  sceta  is  rendered  a  sheet,  and  the 
Greek  and  Latin  words  signify  a  table  or  plate  for 
writing  on  ;  from  the  root  of  Sax.  sceadan,  to  sepa- 
rate, L.  scinilo,  Gr.  o-yi;!.).] 

1.  A  broad  piece  of  cloth  used  as  a  part  of  bed-fur- 
niture, next  to  the  botly. 

2.  A  broad  piece  of  paper,  as  it  comes  from  the 
manufacturer.  Sheets  of  paper  are  of  dilFerent  sizes, 
as  royal,  deuii,  foolscap,  p(tt,  and  post-paper. 

3.  A  piece  of  puper,  printed,  folded,  and  bound,  or 
formed  into  a  book  in  blank,  and  making  four,  eight, 
sixteen,  or  twenty-four  pages,  &c. 

4.  Any  thing  expanded  ;  as,  a  sheet  of  water  or  of 
fire  ;  a  sheet  of  copper,  lead,  or  iron. 

5.  Sheet.-;  pi. ;  a  hook  or  pamphlet.  The  following 
slieets  contain  a  full  answer  to  my  opponent. 

fi.  A  sail. 

SHEET,  n.  [Ft.  ecoute  :  Sp.  and  Port,  escota  ;  It.  scotte. 
This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with  scot  or  sliot ; 
Sp.  esctitar,  to  cut  out  clothes,  to  pay  one's  sent  or 
share  of  taxes,  and,  in  nautical  language,  to  free  a 
ship  of  water  by  pumping.  The  word  is  probably 
from  that  root,  or  from  shoot.] 

In  uauticat  lanrrnnire,  a  rope  fjLstened  to  one  or  both 
the  lower  corners  of  a  sail,  to  extend  and  retain  it  in 
a  particular  situation.  When  a  ship  sails  with  u  side- 
wind, the  lower  corners  of  the  main  and  fore-sails 
are  fastened  with  a  tack  and  a  sheet. 

Mar.  Diet  Tolten. 

SHEET,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  sheets.    [Liule  used.] 

2. ^  To  fold  in  a  sheet.    [Little  u.-ed.]  Shak. 

3.  '  To  cover  as  with  a  sheet ;  to  cover  with  some- 
thing broad  and  thin. 

Wln-n  «now  (he  pasture  tfteeti.  Shak. 

To  .iheet  home,  is  to  haul  home  a  sheet,  or  extend 
the  sail  till  the  clew  is  close  to  the  sheet-block. 
SHEET'-ANCIl-OR,  n.  The  largest  anchor  of  a  ship, 
which  in  slres.s  of  weather  is  sometimes  the  seaman's 
last  refuge  to  prevent  the  ship  from  going  ashore. 
Hence, 

2.  The  chief  support ;  the  last  refuge  for  safety. 
SHKET'-eoP  PER,  «.  Copper  in  broad,  thin  plates. 
SHEET'I.N'G,  n.    Cloth  for  sheets. 
SHEET'-I-RO.\,  (I-urn,)  n.    Iron  in  .sheets,  or  broad, 
thin  plates. 

SHEET'-hEAD,  (-led,)  n.    Lead  in  sheets. 

SHkIK,  (sheek  or  shake.  The  latter  is  more  nearly 
the  pronunciation  of  Arabic  scholars.)  n.  Among 
the  Jlrabian.-t  and  Monr^,  an  old  man  ;  hence,  a  chief, 
a  bird,  a  man  of  eminence.    ANo  written  Sheikh. 

SHEK'fX,  (shek'l,)  n.  [Heb.  S^V,  to  weigh;  Ch. 
Syr.  Ar.  and  Eth.  irf. ;  Eth.,  to  ap|>end  or  suspend  ; 
Low  L.  sichu  ;  Fr.  siele.  From  this  root  we  have 
shdlin^.  Payments  were  originally  made  by  weight, 
as  they  still  are  in  some  countries.    See  Pound.] 

An  ancient  weight  and  coin  among  the  Jews,  and 
other  nations  of  the  same  stock,  equal  to  twenty  ge- 


SHE 

rails.  Dr.  Arbuthnot  makes  the  weight  to  have  been 
equal  to  9  pennyweights,  2  4-7  grains,  Troy  weight, 
or  about  half  an  ounce,  avoirdupois  ;  and  the  value 
2s.  3  3-8d.  sterling,  or  about  half  a  dollar.  Later 
writers  make  its  value  nearly  2s.  7[i\.  sterling,  or 
about  (iO  cents.  Fnctic.    P.  Cije.  IViiirr. 

SHE-KI'NAH,  n.  In  Jcwii.l  hi.'torij,  that  miraculous 
light  or  visible  glory  which  was  a  symbol  of  the  di- 
vine presence.  Kncije.  Jim. 

SHELD;A:PLE:[:a:pl^i»-    A  chamnch.  Johnson. 
'i'liis  word  is  also  written  Shell-Apple. 

FA.  En  eye. 

SHEL'DRaKE,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl,  a  species  of  duck, 
the  Anas  tndornn  of  I.iniunis.  It  Ii;is  a  green  or 
greenish-black  head,  and  its  body  is  vaiiegati  il  with 
whiti!.    It  is  much  esteemed  for  f<«)d.  ICncyr. 

SHEL'DUCK,  71.  A  species  of  wild  duck.  [See 
Sheldrake.]  Mortimer. 

SHELF,  71. ;  rii.  Shelves.  [Sax.  seylf,  whence  seyffan, 
to  shelve  ;  Fr.  ecueil,  a  sand-bank  ] 

1.  A  board  or  platform  of  bo;irds  or  planks,  elevat- 
ed above  the  fioor,  and  fixed  or  set  horizontally  on  a 
frame,  or  contiguous  to  a  wall,  for  holding  vessels, 
utensils,  books,  and  the  like. 

2.  A  sand-b;ink  in  the  sea,  or  a  rock,  or  ledge  of 
rocks,  rendering  the  water  shallow  and  dangerous 
to  ships. 

3.  In  mininiT,  a  stratum  lying  in  a  very  even  man- 
ner ;  a  flat,  projecting  layer  of  rock.  Ifrbrrt. 

SHELF'Y,  o.    Full  of  shelves  ;  abounding  with  sand- 
banks or  rocks  lying  near  the  surfiice  of  the  water, 
and  rendering  navigation  dangerous  ;  as,  a  shelfij 
co;ist.  Dnjden. 
2.  Hard  ;  firm.  [See  Shelf,  No.  3.]  [JVul  in  tuse.] 

Carew. 

SHELL,  71.  [Sax.  seyl,  scyll,  leell,  a  shell,  and  sceale,  a 
scale  ;  D.  schil,  schaal ;  G.  sehale  ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  .sA-aZ  ; 
Fr.  ccatlle.  The  word  primarily  signifies,  that  which 
is  peeled  or  separated,  as  rind,  or  the  outer  coat  of 
plants,  or  their  fruit .  and  as  shells  were  used  for 
dishes,  the  word  came  to  signify  a  dish.  See  Scale.] 

1.  The  hard  or  stony  covering  of  certain  fruits  and 
of  certain  animals  ;  as,  the  shell  of  a  nut ;  the  shell  of 
an  oyster  or  lobster.  The  shells  of  animals  are  crus- 
taceoiis  or  testaceous ;  cruslaceous,  as  that  of  the 
lobster,  and  testaceous,  as  that  of  the  oyster  and 
clam. 

2.  The  outer  coat  of  an  egg. 

3.  The  outer  part  of  a  house  unfinished.  We  say 
of  a  building  that  wants  the  interior  timbers  or  fin- 
ishing, that  it  is  a  mere  shell. 

4.  .'V  coarser  kind  of  coffin. 

5.  An  instrument  of  music,  like  tesludo  in  Latin  ; 
the  first  lyre  being  made,  it  is  said,  by  drawing  strings 
over  a  tortoise-shell.  Drydrn. 

().  The  outer  frame  or  case  of  a  block.  Tollen. 

7.  Outer  or  superficial  part ;  as,  the  shell  of  re- 
ligion. ~1yliffe. 

8.  A  hollow  sphere  of  iron,  which,  being  filled 
with  gunpowder,  ami  fired  from  a  mortar  or  how- 
itzer, bursts  into  pieces  ;  a  bomb.  Brande. 

Fossil  shells;  shells  dug  from  the  earth. 
SHELL,  I),  f.    To  strip  or  break  off  the  shell;  or  to 
take  out  of  the  shell ;  as,  to  .sAe/i  nuts  or  almonds. 
2.  To  separate  from  the  ear  ;  as,  to  shell  maize. 
SHELL,  V.  i.    To  fall  off,  as  a  shell,  crust,  or  exterior 
coat. 

2.  To  cast  the  shell  or  exterior  covering.  Nuts 
shell  in  falling. 

3.  To  be  disengaged  from  the  husk  ;  as,  wheat  or 
rye  shells  in  reaping. 

SHEL'LAe,     j  n.    The  resin  lac  spread  into  thin 

SHELL'-LA€,  \  plates,  alter  being  melted  and 
strained.  Ure. 

SHELL'-DXRK,  n.  .\  species  of  hickory,  (Carya 
squamosa,)  whose  bark  is  loose  and  peeling;  shag- 
bark.    This  species  produces  the  most  palatable  nut. 

SHELL'/!D,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  the  shell  ;  also, 
separated  from  the  ear  ;  as,  shelUd  corn  or  maize. 

SHELL'-FISH,  n.  A  testaceous  molliisk,  whose  ex- 
ternal covering  consists  of  a  shell  ;  as  oysters, 
clams,  &c. 

SHELL'I.NG,  ppr.  Taking  off  the  shell ;  casting  the 
external  hard  covering  ;  si^paraling  from  the  husk 
and  falling. 

9.  Separating  from  the  ear,  as  maize. 
SHELL'-.M-i^RL,  n.    A  deposit  of  shells,  which  have 

been  disintegrated  into  a  gray  or  white  pulverulent 
mass. 

SHELL'-.Mi?.AT,  n.  Food  consisting  of  shell-fish,  or 
testaceous  molhisco.  Fuller. 

SHELLS,  71.  pL  The  husks  or  envelopes  of  the  cocoa- 
nut,  a  decoction  of  which  in  boiling  water  is  used  as 
a  substitute  for  chocolate,  cocoa.  Sec.  McCulloch. 

SHELL'-WORK,  (-work,)  71.  Work  composed  of 
shells,  or  adorned  with  them.  Cutirrave. 

SIIELL'V,  <L    Abounding  with  shells;  as,  the  shtUy 
shore.  Prior. 
2.  Consisting  of  shells. 

SHEL'TER,  n.  [Sw.  skyla,  to  cover;  Dan.  skiul,  a 
shed  or  cover,  a  shelter ;  skiuler,  to  hide,  conceal, 
cloak  ;  L.  celo.] 

1.  That  which  covers  or  defends  from  injury  or 


SHE 

annoyance.  A  house  is  a  shelter  from  rain  and  other 
inclemencies  of  the  W(*ather  ;  the  foliage  of  a  tree  is 
a  shelter  from  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

I'll'-  Ifiiling  pl.int  ahatl  ale], 
From  tl'iniiB  ft  ghtlur,  and  Iroin  hral  n  »haje.  Pop*. 

2.  The  state  of  being  covered  and  protected  ;  pro- 
tection ;  security. 

WIm  lulu  vhelur  Hikes  iheir  lender  bloom.  Youn^. 

3.  He  that  defends  or  guards  from  danger  ;  a  pro- 
tector.   Ps.  Ixi. 

SHEL'TER,  I'.  (.  To  cover  from  violenc*,  injury,  an- 
noyance, or  attack  ;  as,  a  valley  sheltered  from  the 
north  wind  by  a  mountain. 

I'hun?  mini  theltered  on&?  Um  sncml  hend.  Drydtn. 
We  |M-M)iiglit  llie  ilc-p  10  ahiller  u*.  Mdtun. 

2.  To  defend  ;  to  protect  from  danger;  to  secure 
or  render  safe  ;  to  harbor. 

\Vli  \t  ciKllcas  hiirior  ahull  you  rnin, 

To  »;ivo  anil  theller  Troy'i  utilmppy  tmin  t  Dryden. 

3.  To  betake  to  cover  or  a  safe  place. 

Th.-y  tlulured  lliciiiaelTea  under  a  rock.  Abbot. 

4.  To  cover  from  notice ;  to  disguise  for  protec- 
tion. 

In  Tnln  I  atrove  to  check  my  growing  flnmo, 

Or  xheltgr  p.iaaiuii  under  mendahip'a  name.  Pnor. 

SHEL'TER,  V.  1.    To  take  shelter. 

ThPFP  the  Indian  hertLaiiuan,  ahunning  heat, 

Slif!urs  in  cool.  Miiton. 

SHEL'TER-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  from  injury  or  an- 

noyanre  ;  defended  ;  jirotected. 
SIIEL'TER-I\G,  ppr.    Covering  from  injury  or  an- 

novaiire  ;  protecting. 
SHEL'TER-LESS,  fl.    Destitute  of  shelter  or  proteo 

tion  ;  without  home  or  refuge. 

Now  B.id  and  nhellerlets  p^-rhupa  ahe  lies,  Rottt. 
SHEL'TER-Y,  a.    Aflording  shelter.    [Little  used.] 

SHEL'TIE,  (shel'te,)  n.  A  Shetland  pony;  a  small 
but  strong  horse  in  Scotland  ;  so  called  frimi  Shet- 
land, where  it  is  produced.  F.ncyc. 

SHELVE,  fshelv,)  11.  t.  To  place  on  a  shelf  or  on 
shelves.    [JVut  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

SHELVE,  (shelv,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  seylfan,  to  reel.] 
To  incline  ;  to  be  sloping. 

SHELVING,  ppr.  or  a.  Inclining;  sloping;  having 
declivity. 

With  rocks  nnd  shelvioff  nrchea  vaulted  round,  Additon. 

SHELV'V,  a.  Full  of  rocks  or  sand-banks  ;  shallow ; 
as,  a  shelnj  shore.    [See  SHELfy.J  Shak. 

SHE.M'ITE,  71.    A  descendant  of  Shem. 

SHE.M-lT'lC,  a.  PeiUiining  to  Shem,  the  son  of 
Noah.  'I'he  Shemitic  languages  are  the  Chaldee, 
Syriac,  Arabic,  Hebrew,  Samaritan,  Elhiopic,  ana 
Old  Phenician. 

SHEM'IT-IS.M,  71.  The  system  or  peculiar  forms  of 
the  Shemitic  languages. 

SHEND,  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  Shekt.  [Sax.  scendan  ; 
D.  sehcnden,  to  vinlalt;,  spoil,  slander,  revile ;  G. 
schdnden,  to  mar,  spoil,  disfigure,  violate,  abuse,  de- 
bauch.   This  is  from  the  root  of  scandal.] 

1.  To  injure,  mar,  or  sp<iil.  [04j.] 

That  much  I  fear  iny  boily  will  be  thent.  DryUn. 

2.  To  blame,  reproach,  revile,  degrade,  disgrace. 

The  famous  name  of  knighthootl  foully  ihend.  [06a.] 

i>penttr. 

3.  To  overpower  or  surpass.  [04*.] 
She  nasst'd  the  real  tia  CynUiia  doth  thtnd 

The  leaser  suara,  Spenstr. 

SIIENT,  pp.    Injured.     [Obsolete,   unless  in  po- 

etryj 

SIIfi'oL,  II.    [Heb,]    The  place  of  departed  spirits  ; 

Hades, 

SIIEP'IIERD,  (shep'perd,)  7».     [Sax.  seeap-heard  or 
hyrd;  sheep  and  herd.] 
'  1.  A  man  employed  in  tending,  feeding, and  guard- 
ing sheep  in  the  pasture.  Mdton. 

2.  .\  swain  ;  a  rural  lover.  Ralegh. 

3.  The  p.astor  of  a  parish,  church,  or  congrega- 
tion ;  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  who  superintends  a 
church  or  parish,  and  gives  instruction  in  spiritual 
things.  God  and  Christ  are  in  Scripture  denomi- 
nated Shepherds,  as  they  lead,  protect,  and  govern 
their  people,  and  provide  for  their  welfare.  Ps.  xxiii. 
Ixxx.    John  X. 

SHEP' HERD-ESS,  n.  A  woman  that  tends  sheep; 
hence,  a  rural  Lass. 

She  put  herself  into  the  garb  of  a  ahtpherdett.  Sidney. 

SHEP'HERD-ISH,  o.  Resembling  a  shepherd  ;  suit- 
ing a  shepherd  ;  pastoral  ;  rustic.  Sidney. 

SIIEP'HERD-IS.M,  71.    Pastoral  life  or  occupation. 

SlIEP'HERD-LY,  a.    Pastoral ;  rustic.  Taiilor. 

SIIEP'HERD'S  NEE'DLE,  71.  An  annual  plant  of 
the  genus  Scanilix  ;  Venus's  comb. 

SHKP'IIERD'S  POCCH,  )  It.    .An  annual  cruciferous 

SIIEP'HERD'S  PURSE,  (  plant  of  the  genus  Cap- 
sella,  fThlaspi,  Linn.) 

SIIEP'HERD'S  ROD,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Dip- 
sacus  ;  teasel. 

SHEP'HERD'S  STAFF,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Dip- 
sacus  or  teusel  kind. 


TONE,  B}JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


128' 


H  U  U  U 


1021 


SHI 


SHI 


SHI 


SHEK'BET,  n.  [Pers.  tIX)^;i  sharbat.  This  word, 
as  well  as  sirup  and  shrub,  and  L.  sorbeo,  is  from  tlie 

I 

Ar.  <— sharaba,  to  drinii,  to  imbibe.] 

A  drink  composed  of  water,  lemon-juice,  and 
aupar,  sometimes  willi  perfumed  cakes  dissolved  in 
it,  witli  an  infusion  of  some  drops  of  rose-water  or 
other  ingredient,  to  give  it  an  agreeable  taste. 

P.  Cijc. 

SHERD,  71.  A  fragment ;  as,  pot-shcrd  ;  usually  writ- 
ten Shard,  vvliicli  see. 
STIKR'/F,  )  n.  An  Arabic  word  which  means  iwble, 
SHER'EEF,  \  illiuitrious,  given,  in  Arabia,  Egypt, 
and  Barbary,  as  a  title  to  the  descendants  of  i\lo- 
liaunned.  Tlie  chief  magistrate  of  Mecca,  &.C.,  has 
this  title.  P.  Cijc. 

This  word  is  also  written  Scherif  and  Shee- 

RIFFE. 

SIIEK'IFF,  71.  [^nx.  scir-gerefa ;  scijre,  scire,  a  shire 
or  division,  and  gcrcfa,  a  reeve,  a  count,  prefi'ct, 
bailiti",  provost,  or  steward  ;  G.  graf,  D.  «-7-«((/'.  This 
word,  from  its  derivation,  would  more  properly  be 
written  Sherif  ] 

An  officer  in  each  county,  to  whom  is  intrusted 
the  execution  of  the  laws.    In  England,  sherilfs  are 
appointed  by  the  king.    In  the  United  States,  sher- 
iffs are  elected  by  the  legislature,  or  by  the  citizens, 
or  appointed  and  commissioned  by  the  executive  of 
the  State.    The  office  of  sheriff  in  England  is  judi- 
cial and  ministerial.    In  the  United  States  it  is 
mostly  or  wholly  ministerial.    The  sheriff,  by  him- 
self or  his  deputies,  executes  civil  and  criminal  pro- 
cess throughout  the  county,  has  charge  of  the  jail 
and  prisoners,  attends  courts,  and  keeps  the  peace. 
■SHER'1FF-AL-TY,"|  77.     The  office  or  jurisdiction 
SIIER'IFF-DOM,     I     of  sheriff.    [I  believe  none  of 
SHER'IFF-Sllll',    f    these  words  are  now  in  use. 
SIlElt'IFF-VVICK,  J     See  SHRtEVALTV.] 
SHER'RV,  «.     [Sometimes   written  Sherris.]  A 
strong  wine  of  a  deep  amber  color,  and  having, 
when  good,  an  aromatic  odor ;  so  called  from  Xeres, 
near  Cadiz  in  Spain,  where  it  is  made.  jVcCttlluck. 
SHEW,  (sho,)  ) 

SHEWA.'D.  (shade,)  >  See  Show,  Showed,  Show.n. 
SHEWN,  (shone.)  ) 

SHEW'-lillEAD,  (sho'bred.)    See  Show-Bread. 
SHEW'ER,  (sho'er,)  j7.     One  that  shows.  [See 
Shower.] 

I    SHEW'lNt;,  (sho'ing.)    See  Showing. 

SHJ'AH.  SeeSHiiiES. 
I    SHIB'BO-LETll,  71.     [Ileb.,  an  ear  of  corn,  or  a 
i       stream  of  water.] 

I  1.  .\  word  which  was  made  the  criterion  by  which 

to  distinguish  the  Ephraimites  from  the  Giieadites. 
I       The  Ephraimites,  not  being  able  to  pronounce  the 
letter  V  sh,  pronounced  the  word  sibboletJi.  See 
Judges  xii.  Hence, 

•2.  The  criterion  of  a  party  ;  or  that  which  distin- 
guishes qne  parly  from  another;  and  usualln,  nome 
peculiarity  in  things  of  little  importance.  isouih, 
SHIDE,  71.    [.Sax.  sr.eadan,  to  divide.] 

A  piece  split  off;  a  cleft;  a  piece;  a  billet  of 
wood  ;  a  splinter. 

[JVut  used  in  JSTnit  England,  and  local  in  England.'] 
SHIE,  (shi,)  V.  t.    To  throw  ;  as,  to  skica  stone  ;  often 

sp''IIi;it  Shv,    [Various  dialects.]  Ilalliwill. 
SHIELD,  (sheeld,)  77.    [Sax.  seyld;  Bw.  skUld  ;  Dan. 
skiotd,  skiUt:  D.  and  G.  scliiU.    This  w<ird  is  froid 
covering,  defending,  Sw.  skyla,  to  cover;  or  from 
separating.  Sax.  srylan,  Dan.  skitter,  ttt  separate. 
:       Protection  is  deduced  from  either,  and  indeed  both 
:      may  be  radically  one.    (See  Shelter  )    The  L.  j>cit- 
tnni  coincides  in  elements  with  the  Sax.  sceadan,  to 
sep;irate,  and  clijpeus  with   the   Gr.   /oiAuirrw,  to 
cover.] 

1.  .\  broad  piece  of  defensive  armor;  a  buckler; 
nsed  Ui  war  fur  the  protection  of  the  bo<ly.  The 
shields  of  the  ancients  wi-re  of  different  shapes  and 
Hizes,  triangular,  square,  oval,  &c.,  made  of  leather, 
or  Wood  covered  with  b  alher,  and  borne  (m  the  lell 
arm.  This  species  of  armor  was  a  pood  defense 
against  arrows,  <larts,  spears,  itc,  hut  would  be  no 
protection  against  bullets. 

U.  Di  fense  ;  shelter ;  |irotecti<m  ;  or  the  person 
that  defi  nds-or  protects;  as,  a  chief,  the  ornament 
and  Khield  of  the  nation. 

Kcar        Abnm  ;  1  urn  Ihy  thteldt  find  tliy  exceeding  prenl  r»5- 
wiini.  —  (irn.  TV. 

3.  In  heraldry,  the  escutcheon  or  field  on  which 
are  placed  the  henringH  in  r.oals  i>f  arms. 

4.  In  bniany.  a  name  given  to  the  little  colored 
cups  or  lines  with  a  hard  difk,  surrounib  il  by  a  rim, 
and  containing  the  fructilication  of  lichcms.  ° 

l/mdlni. 

HIIIkI.D,  B.  t.  To  coTer  oh  with  n  Hhield  ;  to  cover 
from  danger ;  to  defend  ;  lu  protect ;  ti>  Mecure  from 
asnault  or  injury. 

To  lii**  ftn  (h^  Tnnqiiiiheil  tnliiT  thUld.  /Jry'Vn. 
Ilrur  uiir  th«'.  monies  lu  ahlelit  liij  htjiin-d  honor,  .SV/iJlA. 


I 


2.  To  ward  off ;  to  defend  against;  as,  clothes  to 
shield  one  from  cold. 

SHIkLD'ED,  pp,.  Covered,  as  with  a  shield;  de- 
ferwled  ;  protected. 

SHI ir,I,D'L\G,  ppr.  Covering,  as  with  a  shield;  de- 
femling  from  attack  or  injury  ;  protecting. 

SHIl'.LD'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  shield  or  of  protec- 
tion. 

SHlF.ED'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  protection 
SHlliLD'LESS-NESS,  71.    Destitution  of  a  shield  or 
of  protection. 

SHIF  r,  !!.  /.  (Sax.  scjiftan,  to  order  or  appoint,  to  di- 
vide or  distribute,  also  to  verge  or  decline,  also  to 
drive  ;  D.  schiften,  to  divide,  distinguish,  part,  turn, 
discuss;  Dan.  skifte,  a  parting,  sharing,  division,  lot, 
share  ;  skiflrr,  to  part,  share,  divide  ;  Sw.  skifta,  to 
shift,  to  distribute.  This  verb  is  apparently  fnun  the 
same  root  as  sliiecr  ;  Dan.  sklfer  siir,  to  shiver;  Sw. 
skifta  om,  to  change.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  move, 

■  to  depart ;  hence,  to  separate.  We  observe  by  the 
Swedish  that  skifta  om  (om,  about,  or  round)  was 
oriiiinally  the  true  fdirase,  to  move  about  or  round  ; 
and  we  still  say,  to  shift  alioiit.] 

1.  To  move  ;  to  change  place  or  position.  Vegeta- 
bles are  not  able  to  shift  and  seek  nutriment. 

fVoodward. 

9.  To  change  its  direction  ;  to  vary  ;  as,  the  wind 
shifted  from  south  to  west. 

3.  To  change  ;  to  give  place  to  other  things.  Locke. 

4.  To  change  clothes,  particularly  the  under  gar- 
ment or  chemise.  Young. 

5.  To  resort  to  expedients  for  a  livelihood,  or  for 
accomplishing  a  purpose  ;  to  move  from  one  thing  to 
another,  and  seize  one  expedient  when  another  fails. 

Men  in  dislrfss  will  look  10  tlicmsolves  and  leav?  llifir  coinp:\ii- 
iuns  to  elafl  ajs  well  as  they  Ciin.  L'Estrange. 

6.  To  practice  indirect  mi^thods,  Rategh. 

7.  To  seek  methods  of  safety. 

Ndtore  t>';iclics  every  cre;aure  liow  to  shift  for  itself  in  cases  of 
danjiT.  L'  Estrange. 

8.  To  change  place  ;  as,  a  cargo  shifts  from  one 
side  to  the  other. 

SHIFT,  V.  t.  To  change;  to  alter;  as,  to  shift  the 
scenes. 

2.  To  transfer  from  one  place  or  position  to  anoth- 
er; as,  shift  the  helm  ;  shift  the  sails. 

3.  To  put  out  of  the  way  by  some  expedient. 

1  shjftsd  him  away.  Shak. 

4.  To  change,  as  clothes  ;  as,  to  shift  a  coat. 

5.  To  dress  in  fresh  clothes.  Let  him  have  time  to 
shift,  himself. 

7't7  siiift  about;  to  turn  quite  round  to  a  contrary 
side  or  opposite  point. 

To  shift,  off:  to  delay  ;  to  defer  ;  as,  to  shift  off  the 
duties  of  religion.  Rogers. 

2.  To  put  away  ;  to  disengage  or  disencumber  one's 
self,  as  of  a  burden  or  inctuivenience. 
SHIFT,  71.    A  change;  a  turning  from  one  thing  to 
another  ;  hence,  an  expeilieiit  tried  in  difficulty  ;  one 
thing  tried  when  another  fails. 

I'll  find  a  thoiisiiiul  elti/ts  to      away.  Shak. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense,  mean  refuge  ;  last  resource. 

For  little  souls  on  little  shifts  rely.  Dryden. 

3.  Fraud  ;  artifice  ;  expedient  to  effect  a  bad  pur- 
pose ;  or  an  evasion  ;  a  trick  to  escape  detection  or 
evil.  Hooker.  South. 

4.  A  woman's  under  garment ;  a  chemise. 
SHIFT'ED,  pp.    Changed  from  one  place  or  position 

to  nn-'Mi  r. 

Sllll'T'I'.!!,  w.  One  that  shifts  ;  the  person  that  plays 
tru  ks  (ir  practices  artifice. 

2.  In  shijts,  a  person  emjiloyed  to  assist  the  ship's 
cook  in  washing,  steeping,  and  shifting  the  salt  pro- 
visions. 

SHIFT'ING,  ppr.  nr  a.  Changing  place  or  position; 
resorting  from  one  expedient  to  another. 

SHIFT'ING,  n.    Act  of  sliiftmg. 

SHI  FT'lNtJ-LY,  adv.  By  shifts  and  changes  ;  deceit- 
ful I  v. 

SllIFT'LESS,  (I.  Destitute  of  expedients,  or  not  re- 
sorting to  successful  expedients  ;  wanting  means  to 
act  or  liv(^  ;  as,  a  shiftless  felhtw. 

SHIFT'LES.S-LY,  adv.    In  a  shiftless  manner. 

SHIFT'LESS-NESS,  ji.    A  state  of  being  shiftless. 

SHY'ITES,  7i.;(?.  (Heretics;  fnmi  s/jinA,  heresy.]  That 
branch  of  the  Molianniiedans  to  which  the  Persians 
belong.  They  reject  the  first  three  caliphs,  and  con- 
sider Ali  as  being  the  first  and  o7iIy  rightful  succes- 
sor of  IMoliamuHMl.  They  do  not  acknowb-dge  the 
Suiina  or  body  of  trailitions  respecting  iMohamined  as 
any  part  of  the  law,  and  on  these  accounts  are  treat- 
ed as  heretics  by  the  Sunnites,  or  orthodox  Moham- 
meibms.  P.  Cyc. 

Hllll.F,  77.    [G.  schilf,  sedge.] 

Straw.  Tooke. 

PIIILL,  to  shell.  Is  not  in  use. 

SHILL,  r.  I.  To  put  under  cover ;  lo  sheal.  [Mit  in 
u.ie,  or  local.  ] 

SHIIi  LA'LY,    )  77.    An  oaken  sapling  or  cmlgel, said 
SHIl.-LA'I.AII,  t     lo  bi-  from  n  wood  in  Ireland  of 
that  name,  famous  for  its  oaks.  [Irish  ]   Also  spelled 
.^iiii.i.Ki.v,  Shim. EI. All.  Grose. 


SIIIL'LING,  71.  scill,  scillinff  ;  G.  schilling  :  D.  , 

schflhn.'r:  Sw.  and  Dan.  skiUing;  Fr.  escalin  ;  It.  sect- 
lino  ;  Sp.  chelin  :  Port,  xctim;  from  the  Oriental  'ppV, 
shakal,  to  weigh.    See  Shekel.]  1 
An  English  silver  coin,  and  money  of  account,  | 
equal  to  twelve  pence,  or  the  twentieth  p;irt  of  a 
pound.    The  English  shilling,  or  shilling  sterling,  is 
equiv;dent  nearly  to  twenty-three  cents,  mimey  of  j 
the  United  Slates.    Our  ancestors  introduced  the  ! 
name  with  the  coin  into  this  country  ;  but  by  depre-  I 
elation  the  value  of  the  shilling  sunk  in  New  Eng-  ! 
land  and  Virginia  one  fourth,  or  to  si.xteen  cents  and 
two  thirds,  and  in  New  York  and  North  Carolina  to 
twelve  and  a  half  cents. 

This  denomination  of  money  still  subsists  in  the 
United  States,  although  there  is  no  coin  of  that  vaflTe 
current,  except  the  Spanish  coin  of  twelve  and  a  htilf 
cents,  which  is  a  shilling  in  the  money  of  the  State 
of  New  York.  Since  (lie  adoption  of  the  present 
coins  of  tlie  United  States,  eagle^  dollars,  dimes, 
cents,  &c.,  the  use  of  shUling  is  continued  only  by 
habit. 

SHIL'LY-SHAL'LY,  n.    [Russ.  shaliju,  to  be  foolish, 
to  play  the  fool,  to  play  wanton  tricks.] 

Foolish  trifling  ;  irresolution.    [Fulgar.]  | 
[This  Word  has  probably  been  written  Shill-I-  I 
3HALL-I  from  an  ignorance  of  its  origin.]  i 
SHi'LoH,  71.    [Heb.]    The  name  given  to  the  Mes- 
siah by  Jacob.    Oen.  xlix.  10.  '  i 
SHI'LY.    See  Shvly.  ; 
SHI.M,  71.    A  tool  used  in  tillage  to  break  down  the  j 
land,  or  to  cut  it  up  and  clear  it  of  weeds.  1  j 
Farm.  Encyc.  ' 

SHIM'MER,  r.  i.  [Sax.  scymrian;  G.  schimmerii;  D.  j! 
schcmeren  ;  Dan.  skinitcr.]  j  j 

To  gleam  ;  to  glisten.    [JVot  in  use."]      Chaucer.  j 

SHIN,  71.  [Sax.  scina,  scyne,  shin,  and  scin-ban,  shin-  ' 
bone;  G.  sehieuc,  schiene-bein  ;  D.  scheen,  scheen-bcen  ;  [ 
Sw.  skrnben.] 

The  fore  part  of  the  leg,  particularly  of  the  human 
leg;  the  fine  part  of  the  crural  bone  called  (iiin.  This 
bone,  being  covered  only  with  skin,  may  be  nauR-d  1 
from  that  circumstance  —  shin-bone;  or  it  may  be  1 
formed  from  the  root  of  chiur,  edge.  ; ; 

SHINE,  r.  1.  ,■  pret.  Shined  or  Shone  ;  pp.  Shihed  or  .  1 
Shone.  [Sax.  .^cinan  :  D.  schuynen ;  G.  schvinen  ;  Sw.  ; 
s/;i7ia.  If  4  is  a  prefi.x,  this  word  accords  with  the  | ! 
root  of  L.  canus,  caneo  ;  W.  cdn,  white,  bright.  See  | 
Cant.]  1 

1.  1  o  emit  rays  of  light ;  to  give  light ;  to  beam 
with  steady  radiance  ;  to  exhibit  brightness  or  splen- 
dor ;  as,  the  sun  shines  liy  day  ;  the  moon  .Macs  by 
night.  Shining  differs  from  sparkling,  glistening,  glit- 
tering, as  it  usually  implies  a  steady  r:idiation  or  emis- 
sion of  light,  whereas  the  latter  words  usually  ini|)ly 
irregular  or  interrupted  radiation.  This  disiinction 
is  not  always  observed  ;  and  we  may  say,  the  fixed 
stars  shine,  as  well  as  that  they  .vparAie.  But  we 
never  say,  the  sun  or  the  motm  sparkles. 

2.  To  be  bright ;  to  be  lively  and  animated ;  to  be 
brilliant. 

Let  liiioe  eyes  shine  forth  in  their  full  luster.  Denliam. 

3.  To  be  unclouded  ;  as,  the  moon  sAi7ics. 

Bacon. 

4.  To  he  glossy  or  bright,  as  silk. 

Fish  with  their  fins  and  shining  scales,  Aiifr^n. 

5.  To  be  g.'iy  or  splendid. 

So  proud  she  shineil  in  her  princely  slate.  Spenser. 
C.  To  be  beautiful. 

Once  brightest  shined  this  child  of  heat  and  nir.  Pope. 

7.  To  be  eminent,  conspicuous,  or  distinguished  ; 
as,  to  shine  in  courts.    Phil.  ii.  ^ 

Few  are  qualified  to  shine  in  company,  Stcift.  j 

8.  To  give  light,  real  or  figurative. 

The  liijlit  of  rigliteousness  hath  not  shineft  to  ns.  Wisdom. 

9.  To  manifest  glorious  excellencies.    Ps.  Ixxx. 

10.  To  be  clearly  published.    Is.  ix. 

11.  To  be  ciuispicuously  displayed  ;  to  be  manifest. 

Let  your  li^ht  so  shine  l>efore  men.  —  Matt.  v. 
7'i>  cau.'ie  the  face  to  shine ;  to  be  projiitious.    JVum.  | 
vi.    Ps.  Ixvii. 
SHINE,  71.    Fair  weather. 

tie  it  fur  or  foul,  nin  or  shine.  Dryden. 
2.  Brightness  ;  splendor  ;  luster ;  glo.ss. 
The  o:litterin?  shine  of  gold.  Decay  of  Piety. 

Fair  oiwnine  to  some  court's  prvpitioui  shint.  Pope. 
[  iVol  elegant,  j 

SHTN'ER,  77.  A  small  fresh-wator  fish,  of  the  minnow 
kind,  so  called  from  its  shiny  appearance.  Storer. 

2.  .\  cant  name  for  bright  pieces  of  money.    [  Ful- 

gn,:] 

PHI'NESS.  SeeSiivNEss. 

SIIIN"GLE,  (shing'gl,)  71.    [G,  scliindrl :  Gr.  n\ivfaX- 
/70s  ,"  L.  .icinduln,  from  sfindo,  to  divide,  G.  seheiden.] 

I.  A  thin  boaril  sawed  or  rivi  d  for  covering  build- 
ings. Shingles  are  of  different  leiiglhs,  with  one  end 
made  much  thinner  than  the  oilier,  for  lapping. 
Thcj'  are  used  for  cov^'ring  roofs,  md  sonietiiiiea 
till'  body  of  the  building. 

3.  Round,  water-worn,  and  loose  gravel  and  peb- 


FAIE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi>T.  — METE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BOQK.— 


SlII 


SHI 


SIIO 


bics,  i.r  a  collection  of  ruiitiJiKli  stoiiea,  on  sliorcs 
and  coasU. 


The  plain  of  La  Crau,  in  Kr 


•0,  ia  coinp(i«ed  of  Mhingit. 

Ptnl;*rton. 


Sliinirle-balla.-it  is  ballast  roiiiposcd  of  gravel. 
SHIN"GI.K,  V.  L    To  cover  with  sliin'jies  ;  as,  to  shin- 
idf  a  roof. 

SlTli\"(;Lf.'n,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  shinslcs. 

Slll.\"(.'LB-l{<)()K-/';r),  (shiiig'ul-rin.fi,)  u.  Having  a 
roof  covered  witli  shiiijiii's.  lllackwuod. 

SHIN"<;1,A;S,  (shins'ijl/.,)  n.    [L.  ciniriihim.] 

A  kind  of  her|H'.-i,  viz.,  Ilerpes  Zoster,  which 
spreads  around  the  body  like  a  girdle;  an  eni|)live 
ilisease.  ^^rbnihnoU 

S11IN"(;LINC!,  ppr.   Coverins  with  shingles. 

Slll.\"(JI>I.\'(;,  M.  The  act  of  coveriiij!  with  shin- 
ales  ;  a  covering  of  shingles, 

SIlliV'GLV,  a.    Abounding  with  gravel  or  shingle. 

SIli.V'LN'i;,  ppr.    r.iiiitting  light  ;  beaming  ;  gleaming. 

2.  a    Rriglit ;  splendid  ;  radiant. 

3.  Illustrious;  distinguished;  conspicuous;  as,  a 
shininir  example  of  charity. 

SIII.\'ING,  II.    Eirusion  or  clearness  of  light ;  briglit- 

iipss.    a  Sam.  .\xiii. 
SI1I.\'I.\G-NES.'',  n.    Brightnes.s  ;  splendor.  Spenser. 
SHIN'Y,  a.    Bright;  luminous;  clear;  unclouded. 

Uke  distant  tluinder  on  a  shintj  >X\y.  Dryrlen. 
SHIP,  as  a  termiiiatiun,  denotes  state  or  olfice ;  as  in 

hirdship.  Stcicard, 
i>H\P.    See  Ph*pe. 

SHIP,  71.  (Sax.  .icip,  scyp!  D.  nchip  ;  G.  schiff,  Sw. 
skrpp  ;  Dan.  skib  ;  L.  scuyfiti ;  front  tln^  root  tif  .-^hapf  ; 
Sax.  sccapiaiiy  acippaiif  :ictjppaiiy  to  create,  ft)rin,  or 
build.] 

In  a  (renrral  sense,  a  large  vessel  or  building  of  a 
peculiar  striiclure,  adapted  to  navigation,  or  Moating 
on  water  b\'  means  of  sails.  In  an  appropriate  sense, 
a  liuilding  of  a  structure  ttrform  fitted  for  navigation, 
furnished  with  a  bowsprit  and  three  masts,  a  iiiaiu- 
niast,  a  fore-mast,  and  a  nii/./.en-iuast,  each  of  which 
is  coinposi^d  of  a  lower  mast,  a  tup-mast,  and  top- 
gallant-mast, and  square  rigged.  Sliips  are  of  vari- 
ous sizes  and  fitted  for  various  uses  ;  must  of  them, 
however,  fall  under  the  denomination  either  of  ships 
of  uiiir  or  of  inrrcluint-ships. 

.1  ship  of  tkr  line;  usually  a  vessel  of  war  of  the 
rate  of  seventy-four  guns  or  more.  Tvtlrn. 

Jlrmed  ship;  in  Eii:rlish  usa>res  ofvnr,n  private 
ship  taken  into  the  service  of  the  government  in 
time  of  war,  and  armed  and  equipiicJ  like  a  ship  of 
war.  Brande. 
SHIP,  r.  (.    [Sax.  sci;>ian.] 

1.  To  put  on  board  id'  a  ship  or  vessel  of  any  kind  ; 
as,  to  skip  goods  at  IJverpiu.l  lor  New  York. 

a.  To  transport  in  a  ship;  to  convey  by  water. 

I'lie  sun  nn  sifonrr  shW\  tllc  inount.-iins  touch, 

But  w«  will  dliip  hint  h'-nci-,  SfiaJe. 

X  To  engage  for  service  on  board  of  a  ship  ;  as,  to 
ship  seamen. 

4.  To  receive  into  a  ship  or  vessel ;  as,  to  ship  a 
sea.  Jilitr.  Diet. 

,1.  To  fix  any  thing  in  its  place  ;  as,  to  .-hip  the 
tiller.  Totti-n. 
^  To  skip  off;  to  send  away  by  water ;  as,  to  ship  off 
convicts. 

SHIP,  V.  i.    To  engage  for  service  on  board  of  a  ship. 

Tolten. 

SHIP'lioARD,  arfi).  [sAi>  and  ioarrf.]  To  go  on  s/i/>- 
board  or  a  shipioard,  is  to  go  aboard  ;  to  enter  a  ship  ; 
to  embark  ;  literuHij,  to  jro  orer  the  side.  It  is  a  pecu- 
liar phrase,  and  nut  mucli  used.  Seamen  say,  to  go 
aboard  or  on  board. 

To  be  on  shipboard  ;  to  be  in  a  ship  ;  but  seamen 
gener.illy  sa}",  aboard  or  on  board, 

2.  n.  The'  plank  of  a  ship,  Eick.  xxvii.  [A'ot 
now  used.\ 

S  H I  P'-HO Y,  n.  [ship  anil  boij.]  A  boy  that  serves  on 
hoard  of  a  ship. 

SHIP'-ltRo-KKR,  n.  A  broker  who  procures  insur- 
ance on  ships. 

SHlI"-li(JILI)-ER,  (-hiUl-<;r,)  n.  [sihip  and  Aut/'/cr.]  A 
inttii  tvhose  occup:tiion  is  to  construct  ships  and 
oWvT  vessels  ;  a  naval  architect  ;  a  shipwright. 

SHIP'-RUII,I)-ING,  (-bdd-ing,)  II.  [.ihip  and  build.] 
Naval  arcliitecliire  ;  the  art  of  constructing  vessels 
for  navig.ation,  [larticniarly  ships  and  other  ves.sela  of 
a  Large  kind,  bearirig  masts  ;  in  distinction  from 

BoAT-Ill'lLDI  NO. 

SIllP'-eXR'PEN-TER,  n.  A  shipwright;  a  carjicn- 
ler  that  works  at  ship-building. 

SIHP'-CHX.NU-LER,  n,  [ship  and  chandler,  G.  hand- 
ler, a  trader  or  dealer.] 

One  who  deals  in  cordage,  canvas,  and  other  fur- 
niture of  ships. 

SlIlP'-llol.D-ER,  11.  [sWpandAoW.]  Theownerof 
a  ship  or  of  shipping. 

i^IllP'l.KSS,  a.    Destitute  of  ships.  Orav. 

SI1IP'.M.\.\,  n.  [sAip  and  man.]  A  seaman  or  sailor. 
\Obs.\     \  Kings  i\.    jScts  xxvlii, 

SHII"-MAS-TER,  71.  [sAip  and  moi-fer.]  The  captain, 
master,  or  commander,  of  a  ship.    Jonah  i. 

SHIP'MATE,  n.  [jAip  and  inatc.]  A  term  applied  to 
sailors  who  serve  in  the  same  ship. 


SHIP'.ME.N'i',  11.  The  ai  t  of  putting  any  thing  on 
board  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel  ;  eiiilrtrk.ttiiin  ;  as,  he 
was  engaged  in  the  shipment  of  c(i:il  for  liondon. 

2.  The  goods  or  things  shipped,  or  put  on  board  of 
a  ship  or  otiii'r  vessel.  VYc  say,  the  merchants  have 
made  large  shipments  to  the  United  States. 

'I'hi' qu'*9lii>ii  i»  wh'-lli'T  th-  stiare  of  iM  in  til**  alopmtnt  ii  px. 
vnipt/.*tl  t'roin  coiulrinnalion  hy  rviuuii  of  his  ik-uii'hI  iluintci], 
J.  Utory. 

SHIP'-MON-EY,  (-inun-no,)  n,  [ship  and  monnj.]  In 
English  history,  an  imposition  formerly  charged  on 
the  ports,  towns,  t:itii's,  horoiighs,  and  coiiiiti<:s,  of 
England,  for  providing  ami  fiiruisliiiig  certain  ships 
for  the  king's  servict\  'I'he  attemiH  made  by  Charles 
I.  to  revive  and  enforce  this  imposition  was  resisted 
by  John  Hampden,  and  was  one  of  the  causes  which 
led  to  the  death  <d' Charles.  It  was  finally  abolished 
by  Stat.  17  Car.  II.  JSrande. 

SIliP'-oWN-ER,  n.   The  owner  of  a  ship  or  ships, 

SHIP'Pf;!),  (sliipl,)  pp.  Put  on  board  of  a  ship  or  ves- 
sel ;  received  on  board. 

SHIP'PE.N,  II.    [Sax.  .icipen.] 

A  stable  ;  a  cow-lioii.se.    [J\uf  in  m.ic]  Chaucer. 

SHIP'PER,  II.  One  who  places  goods  on  board  a  ship 
for  transportation. 

SlllP'PIN'G,  ppr.  Putting  on  board  of  a  ship  or  ves- 
sel ;  receiving  on  board, 

2.  a.  Kelating  to  ships  ;  as,  shipping  concerns. 

A'riif. 

SHIP'PING,  M,  Ships  in  general;  ships  or  vessels  of 
any  kind  for  navigation.  'J'he  shippinir  of  the  Eug- 
lisii  nation  exceeds  that  of  any  other;  the  tonnage 
of  the  shipping  belniigiiig  to  the  United  States  is 
second  only  to  that  uf  Great  liritaiii. 

7ii  take  shipping ;  to  embark  ;  to  enter  on  board  a 
ship  or  vessel  ftir  convejance  or  passage.   John  vi. 

Shipping  articles;  articles  of  agreement  between 
the  captain  of  a  vessel  and  the  seamen  on  board,  in 
riwpect  to  the  amount  of  svages,  length  of  time  for 
which  they  are  shipped,  &.c,  Boavirr. 

SIlIP'-SHAi'i:,  ai/r.  In  a  .seamaiilike  manner  ;  hence, 
propi-rlv  ;  nrrortling  to  tisaire.  Totten. 

SlIlP'S-iniS'HAM),  71.  One  who  attends  to  the 
reipiisite  repairs  of  a  ship  while  in  port,  and  does  all 
the  other  necessary  acts  preparatory  to  a  voyage, 

Uourier. 

SlIIP'VYRECK,  (-rek,)  It.  f,*/ii>  and  irrccA-.l  The  de- 
slnii  tion  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel  by  being  cast 
ashore  or  broken  to  pieces  by  striking  against  rocks, 
shoals,  and  the  like.  Jlar.  Diet. 

2.  The  parts  of  a  shattered  ship.  [C'liiivii'i'.] 

3.  Destruction.  [Dnjdrn. 
To  make  shiputreek  concerning  faith,  is  to  apo,-tati/.e 

from  the  love,  prufi-isioii,  and  practice,  of  divine 
tiiith  which  had  been  euiliraced.    1  7Viii.  i, 

SHIP'VVRECK,  V.  t.  To  destroy  by  running  ashore 
or  on  rocks  or  sanii-lianks.  How  many  vessels  are 
annually  shipwrecked  on  the  liahama  rocks! 

2.  To  sutler  the  perils  of  being  cast  away;  to  be 
cast  ashore  with  the  loss  of  the  ship.  The  ship- 
wrecked mariners  were  saved.        .Addison.  Shak. 

SHIP'VYRECK-A;D,  (  rekt,)  pp.  or  a.  Cast  ashore; 
dashi  il  up  111  the  rocks  or  hanks  ;  destroyed. 

SIIIP'WRIGHT,  (  rite,)  n.    [ship  and  u:ri<;ht.  See 

WllKK.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  coastruct  ships  ;  a 
buililer  of  ships  or  other  vt'ssels.  Sielft. 
SIITRE  or  SHIRE,  ii.  [Sax.  scir,  scire,  scijre,  a  divis- 
ion, I'roin  seiran,  to  divide.  (See  Share  and  Shkar.) 
It  is  pronounced,  in  compound  words,  shir,  as  in 
Hampshire,  Berkshire.] 

In  England,  a  division  of  territory,  otherwise 
called  a  county.  The  shire  was  originally  a  division 
of  the  kingdom  under  the  juristlictiun  of  an  earl  or 
count,  whose  aiilhority  was  intrusted  to  the  sheriff, 
[shirc-rt?eve.]  On  this  olhcer  the  government  ulti- 
mately devolved.  In  the  United  Slates,  the  corre- 
sponding division  of  a  State  is  called  a  county,  but 
we  retain  .sAire  in  the  compound  half-shire  ;  as  when 
the  county  court  is  held  in  two  towns  in  the  same 
county  alternately,  we  call  one  of  the  divisions  a 
httlf-.ihirc. 

In  some  St.ate3,»Aire  is  used  as  the  constituent  part 
of  the  name  of  a  county,  as  Berkshire,  Hampshire,  in 
Massachusetts.  These  being  the  names  established 
by  law,  we  say,  the  county  of  Berkshire,  anil  we  can 
not  with  propriety  say,  the  county  of  Berks,  for  there 
is  no  ciinntv  in  Mas.sachusetts  thus  named, 

SHIRE'-.NUTTe  or  SIUKE'-.MOTE,  ji.  [Sa.x,  scyr. 
gemote,  shire-ineeting,] 

Jineiently.  in  England,  the  county  court ;  sheriff's 
turn  or  court,  Cowel.  Black.~lonr. 

SHTRK,  v.  I.  or  i.  To  avoid  or  get  off  from  ;  to  slink 
away.    Smart    [yalgar.]    See  also  Shark. 

SHIRK,  n.  One  who  seeks  to  avoid  duty;  one  who 
lives  bv  shifts  and  tricks,    [See  Shark.] 

SHlRK'i.NG,  71.  A  living  by  shifts  and  tricks.  [See 
Sh\rk.J 

SlIIRh  ;  a  different  spelling  of  Shorl.    [,*ee  Shor*.,] 
SHIlt'I.EY,  n.    A  bird,  by  some  called  the  Grkatek 
Bi  Lf  iNcH  ;  having  the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  a 
dark  brown,  and  the  throat  and  breast  red,  /)icl, 
SHIR'It^.'D,  (shiird  )  a,    A  term  applied  to  articles 
having  lines  or  cords  inserted  between  two  pieces 


of  cloth,  as  the  lines  of  India  rubber  in  shirred  aus- 
pi  nders. 

SHIRT,  (shurt,)  ii.  [Dan.  akiorte,  Sw.  skiorta,  a  shirt ; 
l)an,  skiort,  a  petticoat ;  Ice,  scyrta.  This  word 
seems  to  be  named  from  its  shortntJis  or  cutting  oil' 
and  might  have  signitii-d  originally  a  someivhal 
dilfereiit  garment  shortened ;  Sax,  scijrt,  short,  L, 
curtus.] 

A  loose  garment  of  linen,  cotton,  or  other  material, 
worn  by  men  and  boys  next  the  body. 

It  is  folly  for  ft  nation  (o  ^xpirt  beet  uiiil  linf  n,  whllo  a  rnrnt  pnn 
ol  the  pi-0)ile  lire  ohliged  to  sutjaiat  un  potAtM-«,  uni)  ti  ivi-  no 
«/iirif  to  wuur.  A,  A7. 

SHIRT,  (shurt,)  c.  U   To  cover  or  clothe,  as  with  a 
shirt,  Uryden. 
1.  To  change  the  shirt,  and  put  on  a  clean  one, 
SHIIIT'LVG,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  shirt, 
SllIKT'INt;,  n.    Chith  for  shirts. 
SHIRT'LESS,  (shurt'less,)  a.    Wanting  a  shirt. 

Pop$. 

SHIST.    Sec  ScHHT. 

SllIT'TAII,  /  n.    [ileb.]    In  Sfn>fiirr,  a  sort  of  pre- 

SlHT'Tl.M,  j  cioiis  wood  of  which  the  tables,  altars, 
and  boarils,  of  the  tabernacle  were  made  among  the 
Jews.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  wood  of  a 
species  of  Acacia,  which  is  liard,  tough,  and  smooth, 
and  very  beautiful.  Oesrniu.i. 

Sliri''Tl,E,  a.  [Sec  Shoot.]  Wavering  ;  unsettled. 
\..\'vt  n..ejl.  or  local.] 

SlllT"ri,i:-C()(:K.    see  Shuttlecock. 

SlHT'Tl.E  NESS,  71,  Unsettledness  ;  inconstancy, 
\.Vi>t  in  u.-ic,  or  local.] 

SIIIVE,  11.  [D.  .fcAjt/";  G.  scAfiie,  If  «  is  a  prefix,  this 
Word  agrees  radically  with  chip.] 

1.  A  slice ,  a  thin  cut ;  as,  a  shice  of  bread,  [M'ot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

2.  A  thill,  flexible  piece  cut  off,    [jVot  in  vsr.]  - 

Boyle. 

3.  A  little  piece  or  fragment ;  as,  the  shinej  oi'  fiax 
made  by  breaking. 

SHIVER,  II.  [G.  .ichiefer,  a  splinter,  slate  ;  .^ehiefem, 
to  shiver,  to  scale  ;  Uan.  akiee,  Sw.  skifra,  a  slice  ; 
Dan.  skifer,  skiver,  a  slate  ;  skifir  sig,  to  shiver,  peel, 
or  split,  .Sw.  skifra  s'g.] 

1.  In  mineralogy,  a  variety  of  blue  slate. 

2.  Ill  seamen's  language,  a  little  wheel  ;  a  sheave. 
SHIVER,  e.  (.    [Supra.    Uu.  Heb,  I33i,  to  break  into 

pieces.    Class  Br,  No,  211,] 

1.  To  break  into  many  small  pieces  or  splinters  ;  to 
shatter ;  to  dash  to  pieces  by  a  blow. 

Til'-  ground  with  ghtoered  armor  Blrown.  l^Iiilon. 

2.  .Among  .icainfii,  to  shake  in  the  wind;  applied 
to  sails  ;  as,  ".-Aii  cr  the  nii/.zen  topsail."  Totten. 

SHIVER,  V.  L  To  fall  at  once  into  many  small  pieces 
or  parts, 

Tlic  natural  worlil,  iihonM  gravitjr  once  cease,  woulil  innta.'iUy 
shiver  into  niiUioiii  of  atoms,  ll'oodioard. 

2.  To  cpiake  ;  to  tremble  ;  to  shudder ;  to  shake, 
as  with  cold,  ague,  fear,  or  horror. 

The  man  that  ahiifered  on  the  briitit  of  siu.  DryUn. 

froiii'-ihcus  tj  laid 
On  icy  Caiic-asus  to  shiver.  SuifL 

3.  To  be  affected  with  a  thrilling  sensation,  like 
that  of  chilliness. 

Any  vrry  liarsh  noiac  will  set  the  teeth  on  edge,  and  make  »tt  Uie 
boilya/iiiwr.  Baton. 

SHIVER,  71.  A  small  piece  or  fragment  into  which  a 
thing  breaks  by  any  sudden  violence, 

lie  would  pound  thee  into  shivers  with  liia  fist,  as  a  sailor  breaks 
a  l>i»ciiit,  ifhak. 

SI1IV'ER-.ED,  pp.  Broken  or  dashed  into  small 
pieces, 

SHI  VER-I.VC,  ppr.  or  a.  Breaking  or  dashing  into 
small  pieces. 

2.  Uuaking  ;  trembling  ;  shaking,  as  with  cold  or 
f.ar, 

SHI  VER-ING,  n.   The  act  of  breaking  or  dashing  to 

pieces;  division;  severance. 
2.  .\  trembling;  a  shaking  with  cold  or  fear, 
SHIVER-ING-LY,  ado.    With  shivering,  or  slight 

trembling, 

SHIVER-SP.KR,  n,    [G,  sehiefer-spath.] 

.\  carbonate  of  lime,  so  called  from  its  slaty  utruc- 

tiire  ;  called  also  Slate-Spar,  Phillips. 
SHI  VER  Y,  a.    Easily  falling  into  many  pieces  ;  not 

lirinly  cohering  ;  incoin|Kict ;  as,  shirery  stone. 
SIloAD,  II.    .Among  iiiiiirrs,  a  train  of  iiielallic  stones 

mixed  wi'h  rubbish,  whicli  serves  to  direct  them  in 

the  discovery  of  mines.  Eiteyc. 
SHOAD'-STo.NE,  11.    .\  small  stone  or  fragment  of 

ore  made  smooth  by  the  action  of  the  water  (Kissing 

over  it.  Haltiirell. 
SIIO.AL,  71.    [Sax.  .sMoI,  a  crowd.    It  should  rather  be 

written  ."^hole.) 

1.  A  great  multitude  assembled  ;  a  crowd  ;  athmng; 
as,  shoals  of  people,  Iinini^nse  shoeU.'  of  herring  ap- 
pear on  the  coast  in  the  spring. 

The  vicea  of  a  prince  tlmw  shoals  of  fiillowera.  Detny  0/  Pisty. 

2.  A  place  where  the  water  of  n  river,  lake,  or  sea 
is  shallow  or  of  lillle  depth  ;  a  sand-bank  or  bar  ;  n 
shallow.  The  entrance  of  rivers  is  ofli-n  rendered 
ditlicnlt  or  dangerous  by  shoals. 


TONE,  Bl'LL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 


1023 


SllO 


SHO 


SHO 


SHoAIj,  V.  L  To  crowd  ;  to  throng  ;  to  assemble  in  a 
multitude.    The  fislies  shoaled  about  the  place. 

Chapman. 

2.  To  become  more  shallow.    The  water  shoals  as 
we  approach  the  town. 
SHoAL,  a.     Shallow;  of  little  depth;   as,  shoal 
water. 

SHoALT-XESS,  n.     [from  shoaly.]  Shallowness; 
little  depth  of  water. 
2.  The  stale  of  abounding  with  shoals. 
SHoAL'Y,  a.    Full  of  shoals  or  shallow  places. 

The  tossing  Teisel  Bailed  on  shoaly  grouud.  Dryden, 

SH6AR,  71.    A  prop.    [See  ShoreJ 
SH6AT,  n.    A  young  hog.    [See  Shote.] 
SHOCK,  n.    [D.  schok,  a  bounce,  jolt,  or  leap;  Fr. 
choc,  a  striking  or  dashing  against.    See  Shake.] 

1.  A  violent  collision  of  bodies,  or  the  concussion 
which  it  occasions ;  a  violent  striking  or  dashing 
against. 

The  strong,  unshaken  mounds  resist  the  shocki 

Of  lides  and  seas.  Blackmore. 

2.  Violent  onset ;  conflict  of  contending  armies  or 
foes. 

He  stood  the  shock  of  a  whole  host  of  foes.  Addison. 

3.  External  violence  ;  as,  the  shocks  of  fortune. 

JiddLion. 

4.  Offense  ;  impression  of  disgust. 

Fewer  shocks  a  st.ite«m.^n  gives  liis  fr:cn:l.  Young. 

5.  In  electricity,  the  effect  on  the  animal  system  of 
a  discharge  of  the  fluid  from  a  charijed  body. 

6.  A  pile  or  assemblage  of  sheaves  of  wheat,  rj  e, 
&c.  The  number  of  sheaves  varies  from  twelve  to 
sixteen.   The  latter  is  the  number  in  New  England. 

Farm.  Encyc. 

And  cause  it  on  shocks  to  be  by  and  by  set.  Tusser. 
Beliind  the  master  walks,  builds  op  the  shocks.  Tliomson, 

7.  A  dog  with  long  hair  or  shag,    [from  shag.] 
SHOCK,  V.  t.    [D.  schokken  :  Fr.  choquer.] 

1.  To  shake  by  the  sudden  collision  of  a  body. 

2.  To  meet  force  with  force  ;  to  encounter.  Shak. 

3.  To  strike,  as  with  horror  or  disgust;  to  cause  to 
recoil,  as  frcmi  something  odious  or  horrible;  to  of- 
fend extremely  :  to  disgust.  I  was  shocked  at  the 
sight  of  so  much  miser)-.  Avoid  every  thing  that 
can  shock  the  feelings  of  delicacy. 

Advise  him  not  to  shock  a  father's  will.  Dryden. 

SHOCK,  V.  i.  To  collect  sheaves  into  a  pile  ;  to  pile 
sheaves.  Tusscr. 

SHOCK'£D,  (shokt.)  pp.     Struck,  as  with  horror  ; 
offended  ;  disgusted. 
2.  Piled,  as  sheaves. 

SHOCK'HE.'VD-ED,  a.  Having  a  thick  and  bushy 
head  of  hair. 

SHOCK'ING,  ppr.    Shaking  with  sudden  violence. 

2.  Meeting  in  onset  or  violent  encounter. 

Aud  now  with  shouts  the  shocking  armies  closed.  Pops. 

3.  a.  Striking,  as  with  horror;  causing  to  recoil 
with  horror  or  disgust ;  extremely  offensive  or  dis- 
gusting. 

The  French  humor —  is  very  shocking  to  the  Italians.  Addison. 

SHOCK'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  strike  with 
horror  or  disgust.  Chestrrfeld. 

SHOCK'ING-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  shocking. 

SHOD,  for  Shoed,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Shoe. 

SHOE,  (shoo,)  n.  ;  pi.  Shoes.  [Sax.  sceo,  .iceog ;  G. 
schuh  ;  D.  schom  ;  Sw.  sko  ;  Dan.  skoe,  a  shoe  ;  .^kocr, 
to  bind  with  iron,  to  shoe.  It  is  uncertain  to  wh.tt 
this  word  W.1S  originally  applied,  whether  to  a  band 
of  iron,  or  to  something  worn  on  the  human  foot. 
It  is  a  contracted  word.  In  G. /i«?irfic/i«A,  hand-shoe, 
is  a  glove.  The  sense  is  probably  a  cover,  or  that 
which  is  put  on  ] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  foot,  usu.illy  of  leather,  com- 
posed of  a  thick  species  for  the  suit-,  and  a  thinner 
kind  for  the  vamp  and  quarters.  Shoes  for  ladies 
ofu-n  h.ire  some  species  of  cloth  for  the  vamp  and 
quarters. 

2.  A  plate  or  rim  of  iron  nailed  to  tlie  hoof  of  a 
horse  to  defend  it  from  injury  ;  also,  a  plate  of  iron 
for  an  ox'.<  hoof,  one  for  each  division  of  the  hoof. 
Oxen  are  shod  in  New  England,  sometimes  to  defend 
the  hoof  from  injury  in  stony  places,  more  generally 
to  enable  them  to  walk  <m  ice,  in  which  case  the 
shoes  are  armed  with  sharp  jiuints.    This  is  called 

3.  The  [ilate  of  iron  which  is  nailed  to  the  bottom 
of  the  runner  of  a  sleigh,  or  any  vehicle  that  slides 
on  the  snow  in  winter. 

4.  A  |)iece  of  timber  fastened  with  pins  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  runnera  of  a  tied,  to  prevent  them  from 
wearing. 

5.  The  inclined  piece  nt  the  bottom  of  a  water 
Inink  or  lead  pipe,  for  turning  tin-  course  of  the  water, 
and  dlHcharginK  it  from  a  building.  Owilt. 

C.  SoinethinK  in  form  of  a  iihue,  or  answering  the 
purpose  of  B  shoe. 

7.  A  cover  for  dcfen«c. 

Skoe  of  an  anchor  ;  n  small  block  of  wood,  convei 
on  the  back,  with  a  hrde  to  receive  the  point  of  the 
anchor  fluke  ;  uacd  to  prevent  the  anchor  from  tear- 


ing the  planks  of  the  vessel  when  raised  or  low- 
ered. TuUen. 

SHOE,  (shoo,)  II.  4. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Shod.  To  furnish 
with  shoes;  to  put  shoes  on;  as,  to  ^Aoe  a  horse  or 
an  ox  ;  to  shoe  a  sled  or  sleigh. 

2.  To  cover  at  the  bottom.  Drayton. 
To  shoe  an  anchor  ;  to  cover  the  flukes  with  broad, 
triangular  pieces  of  plank.    This  is  intended  to  give 
the  anchor  a  stronger  hold  in  soft  grounds.  Totten. 

SHOE'BLACK,  (shoo'blak,)  lu  [shoe  and  black.]  A 
person  that  cleans  shoes. 

SHOE' BOY,  ;i.  [shoe  and  Joy.]  A  boy  that  cleans 
slioe.s. 

SHOE'BUCK-LE,  (shoo'buk-!,)  n.  [shoe  and  buckle.] 
A  buckle  for  fastening  a  shoe  to  the  foot. 

SflOE'ING,  (shoo'ing,)  ppr.    Putting  on  shoes. 

SH0E'I.\G-HOKN,  n.  [shoe  and  horn.]  A  horn  used 
to  facilitate  the  entrance  of  tiie  foot  into  a  narrow 
shoe. 

2.  .Any  thing  by  Which  a  transaction  is  facilitated  ; 

any  thing  used  as  a  medium  ;  in  contempt.  Spectator. 
SHOE'-LEATH-ER,  (shoo'leth-er,)  n.     [shoe  and 

leather.]    Leather  for  shoes. 
SHOE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  shoes. 

Caltrops  very  much  incommoded  the  shoeless  Moors. 

Dr.  Addison. 

SHOE'.MaK-ER,  71.    [shoe  and  maker.]    One  whose 

occupation  or  trade  is  to  make  shoes  and  boots. 
SHO'ER,  7!.    One  that  fits  shoes  to  the  feet ;  one  that 

furnishes  or  puts  on  shoes  ;  as  a  farrier. 
SHOE'STRING,  71.    [shoe  and  string.]    A  string  used 

to  fasten  a  shoe  to  the  foot. 
SHOE'TtE,  (shoo'ti,)  n.    [shoe  and  tye.]    A  ribbon 

used  for  fastening  a  shoe  to  the  foot.  Hudibras. 
SHOG,  for  Shock  ;  a  violent  concussion.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Dryden. 

SHOG,  v.  t.    To  shake  ;  to  agitate.    [jVot  in  use.] 

Carea. 

SHOG,  7'.  I.    To  move  off;  to  be  gone;  to  jog.  [JS'ot 

in  use.]    [See  Joe]  Hall. 
SHOG'GIXG,  71.  Concussion.    [jVot  in  use.]  Harmar. 
SHOG'GLE,  I'.  (.    To  shake  ;  to  joggle.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

[.See  Joggle.]  Pegge. 
SHoLE,  71.    [Sax.  sceol,  a  crowd.] 

A  throng;  a  crowd  ;  a  great  multitude  assembled. 
[This  is  the  better  orthography.    See  Shoal.] 
SHONE,  pp.  of  Shine. 
SHOO,  7'.  t.    [G.  srheuchrn,  to  scare.] 

To  scare;  to  drive  away  by  frightening ;  hence, 
be  gone. 

[-4  word  iLsed  in  scaring  away  fowls,  but  used  in  the 
imperative  07(/i/.] 
SHOOK,  pp.  of  "Shake. 

SHOOK,  H.  In  commerce,  shooks  are  casks  of  hogs- 
hea'd  staves  prepared  for  use.  Boards  for  boxes  of 
sugar,  prepared  or  fitted  for  use,  bear  the  same  name. 

SHOOK,  V.  t.    To  pack  staves  in  casks. 

SHOO.V,  old  pi.  of  Shoe.  [Obs.] 

SHOOT,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Shot.  The  old  participle 
Shotten  is  obsolete.  [Sav.  sccotan,  scytan,  to  shoot,  to 
dart,  to  rush,  to  lay  out  or  bestow,  to  transfer,  to 
point  with  the  finger,  whence  to  lead  or  direct ;  G. 
schosscn,  to  shoot,  and  to  pay  scot,  also  schiessen, 
to  shoot,  to  dart;  D.  sckieten;  Sw.  skiuta ;  Dan. 
skyder ;  Ir.  .tctMttim,  to  vomit;  sciot,  an  arrow  or 
dart ;  It.  scattnre,  to  shoot  an  arrow  -,  L.  scateo,  to 
shoot  out  water  ;  \V.  ysgut/iaw,  ysgudaw,  to  scud  ; 
ys^jjrda,  to  thrust ;  ysgythu,  to  spout.  It  is  formed 
witli  a  prefix  on  Od,] 

1.  To  let  fly  and  drive  with  force  ;  as,  to  shoot  an 
arrow. 

2.  To  discharge  and  cause  to  be  driven  with  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  shoot  a  ball. 

3.  To  send  off  with  force  ;  to  dart. 

And  from  about  her  shot  darts  of  desire.  MUton. 

4.  To  let  off ;  used  of  the  instrument. 

The  two  entls  of  a  how  shot  off,  fly  from  one  another.  Boyle. 

5.  To  strike  with  anything  shot;  as,  to  shoot  one 
with  an  arrow  or  a  bullet. 

G.  To  send  out ;  to  push  forth  ;  as,  a  plant  shooti  a 
branch. 

7.  To  push  out ;  to  emit;  to  dart ;  to  thrust  forth. 

Hewaro  tlie  secret  snalte  that  shoots  a  sting.  Dryden. 

8.  To  push  forward  ;  to  drive  ;  to  propel ;  as,  to 
shoot  a  bolt. 

U.  To  push  out ;  to  tlirust  forward. 

Thi-y  shoot  out  the  lip.  ~  Ps.  xxii. 

The  phrase  to  sliool  out  tlie  lip,  signifies  to  treat 
with  derision  or  conteiiipl. 

10.  To  pass  through  with  swiftness;  as,  to  .ihoot 
the  Slygian  flood.  Dryden, 

11.  To  plane  straight,  or  fit  by  planing ;  a  work- 
man's term. 

Two  nlfc-i  of  wood  that  are  shot,  that  is,  planed  or  parrel  w  ith  a 
cltiB't.  .Vorofi. 

12.  To  kill  by  a  ball,  arrow,  or  other  thing  shot; 
as,  to  shoot  a  duck. 

13.  To  pass  rapidly  under  by  the  force  of  a  cur- 
rent :  ns,  to  shoot  a  bridge.  Totten. 

.SHOOT,  r.  i.  To  pi  rform  the  net  of  discharging, 
Heiidlng  with  force, or  driving  any  thing  by  moans  of 


an  engine  or  instrument ;  as,  to  shoot  at  a  target  or 
mark. 

When  you  shoot  and  shut  one  eye.  Prior. 
The  archers  have  sorely  grieved  him,  and  slujt  at  him.  —  Uen. 
xlix. 

2.  To  germinate ;  to  bud ;  to  sprout ;  to  send  forth 
branches. 

Onions,  as  they  hang,  will  shoot  forth.  Bacon. 
But  the  wild  olive  shoou  and  shades  the  ungrateful  plain. 

Dryden. 

Delightful  laslt, 
To  teach  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot.  Thomson. 

3.  To  form  by  shooting,  or  by  an  arrangement  of 
particles  into  spiculie.  Metals  shoot  into  crystals. 
Every  salt  shoots  into  crystals  of  a  determinate  form. 

4.  To  be  emitted,  sent  forth,  or  driven  along. 
There  shot  a  streaming  lamp  along  the  sky,  Dryden. 

5.  To  protuberate  ;  to  be  pushed  out ;  to  jut ;  to 
project.    The  land  shoots  into  a  promontory. 

6.  To  pass,  as  an  arrow  or  pointed  instrument ;  to 
penetrate. 

Thy  words  shoot  through  my  heart.  Addison. 

7.  To  grow  rapidly  ;  to  become  by  rapid  growth. 
The  boy  soon  shoots  up  to  a  man. 

He'll  soon  shoot  up  a  hero.  Dryden. 

8.  To  move  xvith  velocity  ;  as,  a  shooting  star. 

9.  To  feel  a  quick,  darting  pain.  My  temples  shoot. 
To  shoot  ahead;  to  outstrip  in  running,  flying,  or 

sailing. 

SHOOT,  71.  The  act  of  propelling  or  driving  any  thing 
with  violence  ;  the  discharge  of  a  fire-arm  or  bowl ; 
as,  a  good  shoot. 

The  Turkish  bow  giveth  a  very  forcible  shoot.  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  striking,  or  endeavoring  to  strike 
xvith  a  missive  weapon.  Shak. 

3.  A  young  branch. 

Prune  off  superfluous  branches  and  shoots  of  this  second  spring. 

Evelyn. 

4.  A  young  swine  which  is  shooting  or  growing  up. 

Hotloway. 

[In  JVno  England,  pronounced  shote.] 
SHOOT'ER,  71.  One  that  shoots;  an  archer;  a  gun- 
ner. Herbert. 
SHOOT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Disctharging,  as  fire-arms  ; 
driving  or  sending  with  violence  ;  pushing  out  ;  pro- 
tuberating  ;  gcrniinatiiig ;  branching;  glancing,  as 
pain. 

SHOOT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  discharging  fire-arms,  or 
of  sending  an  arrow  with  force ;  a  firing. 

2.  Sensation  of  a  tiuick,  gl.'iiicing  pain. 

3.  In  sportimanship,  the  act  or  practice  of  killing 
game  with  guns  or  fire-arms. 

SHOOT'ING-STaR,  71.  Afire  ball  or  meteor  which 
darts  across  the  sky  with  a  transient  light.  Shooting- 
stars  have  been  found  to  be  more  abundant  at  partic- 
ular periods,  the  most  remarktibie  of  which  are  the 
13th  of  November  and  the  9ili  or  lOth  of  August. 

Olmsted. 

SHOOT'Y,  a.    Of  equal  growth  or  size.  Grose. 

SHOP,  71.  [Norm,  schope;  &^\.  sceoppa,  n  depository, 
from  sceapiaii,  to  form  or  shape  ;  Sw.  shop,  a  reposi- 
tory ;  Dan.  skab,  a  cupboard  or  chest  of  drawers. 
Qu.  Fr.  echoppe.] 

1.  A  huiltiing  in  which  goods,  wares,  drugs,  &c., 
are  sold  by  retail. 

2.  A  building  in  which  mechanics  work,  and 
where  they  keep  their  manufactures  for  sale. 

Keep  your  shop,  and  your  shop  will  keep  you.  Franklin. 

SHOP,  V.  i.  To  visit  shops  for  purchasing  goods  ; 
used  chiefly  in  the  participle ;  as,  the  lady  is  shop- 
ping. 

SHOP'Bo.\RD,  n.  [shop  and  board.]  A  bench  on 
which  work  is  performed  ;  as,  a  doctor  or  divine 
taken  from  the  sh  pboard.  South. 

SHOP'BOOK,  ji.  (.«/mp  and  W.-.]  A  book  in  which 
a  tradesmtin  keeps  his  accounts.  Locke. 

SHOP'KEEP-ER,  71.  [.■<hop  »nd  keep.]  A  trader  who 
sells  goods  in  a  shop  or  by  retail  ;  in  distinction  from 
a  Merchant,  or  one  who  sells  bv  wholesale.  j?iWi.-o;i. 

SHOP'LIFT-ER,  77.  [.vAo/i  and /i/t.  See  Lift.]  One 
who  steals  any  thing  in  a  shop,  or  takes  goods  pri- 
vately from  a  shop  ;  one  who,  under  pretense  of  buy- 
ing goods,  takes  occasion  to  steal.  Kncyc. 

SHOP'LIFT-ING,  71.  Larceny  committed  in  a  simp; 
the  stealing  of  any  thing  from  a  shop. 

SHOP'LTKE,  a.    Low  ;  vulgar.  B.  Jonson. 

SHOP'MAN,  11.    [shop  and  7nan.]    A  petty  tj-iider. 

Dryden. 

2.  One  who  serves  in  a  shop.  Johnson. 
SHOP'PING,  ppr.    Visiting  shops  for  the  purchase  of 
goods. 

SHOP'PING,  71.  The  act  of  visiting  shops  for  the  pur- 
chase of  goods. 

SHOK  E,  the  old  pret.  of  Shear.    [  Obs.] 

SHORE,  11.    [Sax.  score.] 

Till!  coast  or  land  aujarent  to  the  ocean  or  sen,  or 
to  a  large  lake  or  river.  This  word  is  applied  prima 
rtlv  to  the  land  contiguous  to  water  ;  but  it  extends 
also  to  the  croiinil  near  thi!  border  of  the  sea  or  of  a 
lake,  which  is  mvereil  with  water.  We  also  use 
the  word  to  express  the  land  lus'ir  the  border  of  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


10'24 


SIIO 


SlIO 


SHO 


lea  or  of  a  great  lake,  to  an  iiKlotinite  extent ;  as 
when  we  say,  a  town  stands  on  tlie  jAorc,  We  do 
not  apply  tlie  word  to  tlu'  land  contiguous  to  a  aniall 
stream.  This  we  call  a  Hank. 
SiIOIlE,n.  The  popular  but  corrupt  pronunciation  of 
isuser,  a  pronunciation  that  should  be  carefully 
Rvii'ded. 

SHoHE,  n.    [Sp.  and  Port,  tscora;  D.  sc/ioor.] 

A  prop  or  timber  placed  as  a  brace  or  support  on 
the  s  de  of  a  building  or  other  thing.   H'atU.  Gioilt. 
SIIoRS,  B.  (.    To  prop;  to  support  by  a  post  or  but- 
tress i  usually  with  up,  as,  to  shore  up  a  building. 
2.  To  set  on  shore.    {JVot  in  lue.]  ShuL 
SHoR'^;!',  pp.    Propped  ;  supported  by  a  prop. 
SHoU'I p;ir.    Propping;  supporting. 
SlloRK'LESS,  a.    Having  no  shore  or  coast;  of  In- 
definite or  unlimited  extent ;  as,  a  shoreless  ocean. 

Boyle. 

SIIORE'LING,  )  n.  In  England,  the  skin  of  a  living 
SHOR'LING,  j  sheep  shorn,  as  distinct  from  the 
morlinir,  or  skin  taken  from  the  dead  sheep.  Hence, 
in  some  parts  of  England,  a  .N-AoWi/io-  is  a  sheep  shorn, 
and  a  morlinir  is  one  that  dies.  „  Encvc. 
SHORL,  n.  [Sw.  siori,  from  skor,  brittle;  ban. 
skiSr.  ] 

A  mineral,  black  tourmaline.  Dana. 
SHOR-La'CEOUS,  a.    Like  sliorl ;  partakini;  of  tlic 

nature  anil  characters  of  shorl.  Kirican. 
SHORL'ITE,  )i.    A  mineral  of  a  greenish-white  color, 
sometimes  yellowish,  a  variety  of  topaz;  mostly 
found  in  irregular,  oblong  masses  or  columns,  in- 
serted in  a  mixture  of  quartz  and  mica  or  granite. 

Klaproth.  Kirwan. 
Sliorlite  or  shnrlous  topaz,  the  pycnite  of  Werner, 
is  nf  a  straw-yellow  color.  Ure. 
SHoRN,  p/).  of  Shear.    Cut  off;  as,  a  lock  of  wool 
shorn. 

2.  Having  the  hair  or  wool  cut  off  or  sheared  ;  as, 
a  shorn  lamb. 

3,  Deprived  ;  as,  a  prince  shorn  of  his  honors. 
SHORT,  a.    [Sax.  sceort,  sctjrt:  G.  kurz  ;  D.  .Sw.  and 

kort ;  Vx.  court ;  It.  ci'rtti ;  curtus  ;  U.ffcar; 
Russ.  kortayu,  to  shorten.  It  is  from  cutting  off  or 
separating.    Uu.  Dan.  skidr,  Sw.  skor,  brittle.] 

1.  Not  long  ;  not  having  great  length  or  extension  ; 
as,  a  shiiri  distance  ;  a  short  ferry  ;  a  short  (light ;  a 
short  piece  of  timber. 

The  bod  is  thorier  than  that  a  man  can  itrctch  htnuelf  on  it.  — 
Is.  xxviii. 

2.  Not  extended  in  time  ;  not  of  long  duration. 

The  Iriumpliing  of  tli-'  wicki-J  is  short.  —Job  xx.    I  Thcss.  ii. 

3.  Not  of  usual  or  sufficient  length,  reach,  or  ex- 
tent. 

Weak  though  I  am  of  limb,  and  ahort  of  sight.  Pope. 

4.  Not  of  long  duration;  repeated  at  small  inter- 
vals of  lime  ;  as,  short  breath.      Drijden.  Sidneij. 

5.  Not  of  adequate  extent  or  quantity  ;  not  reach- 
ing the  point  demanded,  desired,  or  expected  ;  as,  a 
quantity  short  of  our  expectations. 

Nol  therefore  am  I  thorl 
Of  knowin*  wh.it  I  ought.  Milton. 

6.  Deficient;  defective;  imperfect.  This  account 
is  short  of  the  truth. 

7.  Not  adequate ;  Insnfficicnt ;  scanty  ;  as,  pro- 
visions are  short  i  a  sliort  allowance  of  water  for  the 
voyage. 

8.  Not  sufficiently  supplied  ;  scantily  furnished. 
The  Riifrlish  were  iuferior  iu  numl;er,  and  grew  thori  in  their 

proviMoiis.  Hayward. 

9.  Not  far  distant  in  time  ;  future. 

He  coinmaniled  those  who  were  appointed  to  attend  him,  to  be 
ready  by  a  short  Jay.  Cartivton. 

We  now  say,  at  short  notice.  In  mercantile,  lan- 
frua^ff  a  note  or  bill  is  made  payable  at  short  sight, 
that  is,  in  a  little  lime  after  being  presented  to  the 
payer. 

10.  Not  fetching  a  compass;  as  in  the  phrase,  to 
turn  short 

11.  Not  going  to  the"  point  intended;  as,  to  stop 
short. 

12.  Defective  in  quantity  ;  as,  sheep  short  of  their 
wool.  Driidrn. 

13.  Narrow  ;  limited ;  not  extended  ;  not  large  or 
comprehensive. 

Tlieir  own  short  undersLlniiings  reach 

No  further  than  the  present.  Rotoe. 

14.  Brittle;  friable;  breaking  all  at  once  without 
splinters  or  shatters  ;  as,  marl  so  short  that  it  call  not 
be  wrought  into  a  ball.  Jloriiincr. 

15.  Not  bending. 

The  i'lnce  broVe  short.  Uryiim. 

16.  Abnipt ;  brief;  pointed  ;  petulant;  severe.  I 
asked  him  a  question,  to  which  he  gave  a  short  an- 
swer. 

To  be  short :  to  be  scantily  supplied  ;  as,  to  be  short 
of  bread  or  water. 

To  come  short ;  to  fail  ;  not  to  do  what  is  demanded 
or  expected,  or  what  is  nccessar\'  for  the  purpose  ; 
applied  to  persons.  We  all  come  short  of  perfect 
obedience  to  God's  will. 

2.  Not  to  reach  or  obtain.    Rom.  iii. 


3.  To  fail ;  to  be  insudicient.  Provisiuiis  come 
sfiort. 

To  cut  short;  to  abridge;  to  contract;  to  make 
too  small  or  defective  ;  also,  to  destroy  or  consume. 
2  JTun's  X. 

To  fall  short ;  to  fail ;  to  be  inadequ.ite  or  scanty  ; 
as,  provisions  fall  short;  money  fulls  .^hort. 

2.  To  fail  ;  not  to  do  or  iiccumplish  ;  as,  to  fall 
short  in  duty. 

3.  To  be  less.  The  measure  falls  short  of  the  es- 
timate. 

To  slop  short ;  to  stop  at  once  ;  also,  to  stop  with- 
out reaching  the  point  intended. 

To  turn  short :  to  turn  on  the  spot  occupied  ;  to 
turn  without  making  a  compass. 

for  turning  short  he  struck  with  alt  his  might.  Dryden. 

To  be  taken  short;  to  be  seized  with  urgent  neces- 
sity. Stcift. 

In  .short ;  in  few  words ;  briefly ;  to  sum  up  or 
close  in  a  few  words. 
SHORT,  II.    A  summary  account ;  as,  the  short  of  the 
matter. 

'I'lie  short  and  long  in  our  play  is  pnferred.  Skak. 
SHORT,  adr.    Not  long  ;  as,  .•i/ior(-enduring  joy  ;  a 
A'/itirt-breallied  man.  Dryden.  ^rbulhnot. 

Ill  connection  with  verbs,  short  is  a  modifying 
word,  or  used  adverbially  ;  as,  to  come  short,  &c. 
SHORT,  I!.  (.    To  shorten. 

2.  r.  i.  Tti  fail  ;  to  decrease.    [JVot  in  vse.l 
SHORT'-IiRICATII-£D,  (-bretlit,)  a.    Having  short 

breath  or  i|uirk  respiration. 
SIlORT'-eAKE,  n.   A  .soft  and  friable  cake,  in  which 
butter  or  lard  has  been  mixed  with  the  flour.  Forby, 
SIlORT'eCi.M-lNG,  (-kum'ing,)  ii.    A  failing  of  the 
usual  produce,  quantity,  or  amount,  as  of  a  crop. 

Chalmers. 

2.  A  failure  of  full  performance,  as  of  dutv. 

SHORT'-IJaT-ED,  a.  [skort  -Mii  date.]  Having  lit- 
tle time  to  run.  Sandys. 

SIIURT'-DRAWN,  a.  Deing  of  short  breathing  ;  im- 
pt-rftTlly  inspireil,  as  breath. 

SHORT'£N,  (short'n,)  v.  t.    [Sa.\.  scyrlan.] 

1.  To  make  short  in  measure,  extent,  or  time  ;  as, 
to  shorten  distance  ;  to  shorten  a  road  ;  to  shorten 
days  of  calamity.    Matt.  xxiv. 

2.  To  abridge  ;  to  lessen  ;  as,  to  shorten  labor  or 
work. 

3.  To  curtail ;  as,  to  shorten  the  hair  by  clipping. 

4.  To  contract ;  to  lessen;  to  reduce  or  diminish 
in  extent  or  amount ;  as,  to  shorten  sail ;  to  shorten 
an  allowance  of  provisions. 

5.  To  coiiline;  to  restrain. 

Here,  where  tlie  subject  is  so  fruitful,  1  am  shorttntd  by  my 
ch.iiii.  Dryden. 

6.  To  lop  ;  to  deprive. 

The  youth  —  shortened  of  his  ear*.  Dryden. 

7.  To  make  paste  short  or  friable,  with  butter  or 
lard. 

SIlORT'i'N,  (short'n,)  r.  «.  To  become  short  or 
shorter.  The  day  shortens  in  northern  latitudes  from 
June  to  December. 

2.  To  contract ;  as,  a  cord  shortens  by  being  wet  ; 
a  metallic  rod  shortens  by  colil. 

SHORT' A;.\-f;r),  pp.  or  a.  .Made  short  or  shorter; 
abridged  ;  contracted. 

SHORT'TCN-ING,  ppr.  Making  short  or  shorter;  con- 
tracting. 

SHORT' KN  ING,  n.    A  making  short  or  shorter. 

2.  Somelliiiig  used  in  cookery  to  make  paste  sliort 
or  friable,  as  butter  or  lard.  Ilalliiccll. 

SIIOR'l''-IIANI),  n.  [short  and  hand.]  Short  writing  ; 
a  coiiipentlitiiis  method  of  writing  by  subsliiiitiiig 
characters",  abbreviations,  or  symbols  for  words  ;  otli- 
erwi<e  calletl  Sri;\o(;iiAPHv.  Locke. 

SHORT'-JOI.\T-EI),  a.  [^/lort  and  joint.]  Ahiirse 
is  said  to  be  short-jomted,  when  the  pastern  is  too 
short.  F.ncyc. 

SIIOR  T'-LIV-KD,  a.  [short  and  live.]  Not  living  or 
lasting  long  ;  beingof  short  continuance  ;  a-s,  ushort- 
liued  race  of  beings;  short-lioed  [ileastire  ;  short-lived 
passion.  Drijden.  .iddiion. 

SIIORT'LY,  adv.    Quickly  ;  soon  ;  in  a  little  time. 
The  arniirs  wnic  shortly  in  view  of  each  oUier.  Clarendon. 

2.  In  few  words  ;  briefly  ;  as,  to  express  ideas 
more  shorthf  in  verse  than  in  prose.  Pope. 

SIIORT'NER,  n.    He  or  that  which  shortens.  Sunft. 

SHORT'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  beiiigshort  in  space 
or  time  ;  little  length  or  little  duration  ;  as,  the  short- 
nejss  of  a  journey  or  of  distance;  the  shortness  of 
the  days  in  winter ;  the  shortness  of  life. 

Q.  Tewness  of  words  ;  brevity  ;  conciseness  ;  ns, 
the  .-thortness  of  an  essay.  The  prayers  of  the  church, 
by  rea-son  of  their  sA«r(nes,«,  are  easy  for  the  memory. 

3.  Want  of  reach  or  the  power  of  retention  ;  as, 
tlie  shortness  of  the  memory.  Bacon. 

4.  Delicicncy  ;  imperfection  ;  limited  extent ;  as, 
the  shortness  of  our  re.asun.  Olanville. 

SHORT'-RIR,  n.  [vW(  and  ni.]  One  of  the  lower 
ribs;  a  rib  shorter  than  the  others,  below  the  sternum  ; 
a  false  rib.  Wiseman. 

SHORTS,  n.  pi.  The  bran  and  coarse  part  of  meal,  in 
mixture.  Hulliwell. 


SHORT'-SKJHT,  (  site,)  n.  Sliort-sigliiednes.H  ;  nn - 
opy  ;  vision  accurate  only  when  the  object  is  near. 

Uood. 

SHORT'-SIGHT'ED,  (  site'-,)  o.  Not  ahletOBCo  far; 
having  limited  vision  ;  in  a  literal  sense, 

2.  Nol  able  to  look  far  into  futurity  ;  nol  able  to 
understand  things  deep  or  remote ;  of  limited  in- 
tellict; 

SIIORT'-SIGIIT'ED-NESS,  n.  A  defect  in  vision, 
consisting  in  the  inability  to  see  things  at  a  distance, 
or  at  tlie  distance  to  which  the  siglit  ordinarily  ex- 
tends. 

2.  Defective  or  limited  Intellectual  sight ;  inability 
to  see  far  into  futurity  or  into  things  deep  or  abstruse. 

Jiddt.<on, 

SIIORT'-WAIST-ED,  a.  [short  ani  tcaisL]  Having 
a  short  waist  or  body.  Drudcn, 

SHORT'-WIND-EI),  a.  [short  and  wind.]  Allictcd 
with  shortness  of  breath  ;  having  a  quick  respir.t- 
tion  ;  as,  dyspntnic  and  asthiiialic  persons.  JSIau. 

SllORT'-WlNG-KD,  a.  [short  and  wing.]-  Having 
short  wings  ;  as,  a  short-win irrji  hawk.  Dn/drn. 

SlIORT'-WIT-TEI),  a.  Having  little  wit;  not  wise; 
of  scanty  intellect  or  jiidgiiieiit.  Hales. 

SHOR'V,  a.  [from  shore.]  Lying  near  the  shore  or 
coast.    [Little  used.]  Burnet. 

SHOT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Shoot. 

SHOT,  n,  [Sax.  scyt;  D.  school,  .'idiot.  See  Shoot 
and  Scot.] 

1.  The  act  of  shooting;  discharge  of  a  missile 
weapon, 

lie  c;iuae<l  twenty  shot  of  liis  greatest  cannon  to  be  made  at  the 
king's  i\riiiy.  Ctnrendon. 

JVolc.  — The  plural,  shots,  may  be  used,  but  slwt  is 
used  in  both  numbers. 

2.  A  missile  weapon,  particularly  a  b.all  or  bullet. 
Shot  is  properly  whatever  is  discharged  from  tire- 
arms  or  cannon  by  the  force  of  giinpowdtr.  Sliot 
used  in  war  is  of  various  kinds  ;  as,  round  shot, 
balls,  or  bullets  ;  those  for  cannon  made  of  iron,  those 
for  muskets  and  pistols,  of  leail.  Secondly,  double- 
headed  shot,  or  bar  shot,  consisting  of  a  bar  u  ith  a 
round  head  at  each  end.  Thirdly,  chain  shut,  con- 
sisting of  two  balls  chained  together.  Kourllily, 
ffrape  shut,  consisting  of  a  number  of  balls  lioiiiid 
together  with  a  cortl  in  canvas  on  an  iron  btdttuii, 
so  as  to  form  a  cylindrical  figure.  Fifthly,  ruse  shot 
or  ca«i.vttT  shot,  consisting  of  a  great  nuiiiber  of  small 
bullets  in  a  cylindrical  tin  box.  Sixthly,  luu^rrl  or 
lanirrane,  which  consists  of  pieces  of  iron  of  any 
kind  or  shape.    Small  shot,  denotes  musket  balls. 

J\!ar.  Diet,  llrhert. 

3.  Small  globular  masses  of  lead,  used  for  killing 
birds  and  otiier  small  animals.  These  are  not  called 
balls  or  bulleu. 

4.  The  flight  of  a  missile  weapon,  or  the  distance 
which  it  p.isscs  from  the  engine  ;  as,  a  cannon  shot; 
a  musket  shot ;  a  pistol  shot ;  a  bow  shut. 

5.  .\  marksman  ;  one  who  practices  shooting;  as, 
an  excellent  shot.  H'.  Irrinrr. 

6.  A  reckiniing;  charge  or  proportional  share  of 
expense  at  a  tavern,  &c.    [See  Scot.] 

Shot  of  a  cable  ;  in  seamen^s  lau^uairc,  the  splicing 
of  two  cables  ttigether ;  or  the  wlitde  length  of  two 
cables  thus  united.  A  ship  will  ride  easier  in  deep 
water  with  one  shot  of  cable  thus  lengtheiieil,  than 
with  three  short  cables.  F.ncijc 

SHOT,  r.  I.  To  load  with  shot  over  a  cartridge  ;  as, 
to  shot  the  guns.  Toitru. 

SIK)T'-I!ELT-ED,  a.    Wearing  a  belt  carrying  shot. 

SHoTE,  ».    [Sax.  sceola  :  from  .</ioofiii»,  darting.] 

1.  A  fish  resembling  the  trout.  Carew. 

2.  A  young  hog,  or  a  half-grown  unfattcd  hog. 
[See  Shoot.  I  Jimswurlh. 

SIIOT'-KREE,o.  [,«Ao(and/rc«.]  Free  from  charge  ; 
exenifited  from  any  sh:ire  of  expense  ;  scot-free. 

2.  Not  to  be  injured  by  shot.    [jVot  used.] 

Feltham, 

3.  Unpunished.    [A'of  used.] 
SIIOT'-G.^UCE,  Ji.    [shot  and  gauge.]    An  instru- 
ment fur  measuring  the  diameter  of  round  sliot. 

J'otlen. 

SHOT'-HOLE,  n.  A  hole  made  by  a  bullet  dis- 
charged. 

SHOT' TED,  pp.   Loaded  with  shot  over  a  cartridge, 

as  guns. 

SI10T'TA;N,  (shot'n,)  a.  [fromsAoot.]  Having  ejected 
the  spawn.  Shak. 

2.  Shooting  into  angles. 

3.  Shot  out  of  its  socket ;  dislocated  ;  as  a  bone. 
Shotten  herring  :  a  gulteil  herring  dried  for  keep- 
ing ;  hence,  a  mean,  meager  fellow. 

Shak.  HalUwell. 

SHOUGH,  (shok,)  n.  A  kind  of  shaggy  dog.  [JVot 
in  use.]    [See  Shock.] 

SIIQULD,  (sh99d.)  The  preterit  of  Shall,  but  now 
useil  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  either  in  the  past  time  or 
conditional  present.  "  Ho  should  have  paid  the  debt 
at  the  time  the  note  became  due."  Should  here  de- 
notes past  time.  "  I  .should  ride  to  town  this  day  if 
the  we.ather  would  permit."  He  should  expresses 
present  or  future  time  conilitionally.  In  the  second 
and  Ihirtl  persons,  it  denotes  obligation  or  duty,  as 
in  the  first  example  above. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SIIO 

1.  /  should  go.  Whfii  shiiuld  in  lliis  person  is  ut- 
tered witliout  ernpliiisis,  it  declares  simply  that  an 
event  would  take  place,  on  some  condition  or  under 
oilier  Circumstances. 

But  when  expressed  w  ith  emphasis,  should  in  this 
person  denotes  obligation,  duty,  or  determination. 

2.  'I'luiu  shouldst  t  Without  emphasis,  should, 
You  should      )  ^"^      in  the  second  person,  is 

nearly  pquivalcnt  to  ought ;  you  ought  to  go,  it  is 
your  duty,  you  are  bound  to  go.    [See  Shall.] 

With  emphasis,  should  expresses  determination  in 
the  speaker  conditionally  to  compel  the  person  to 
act.  "  If  I  had  the  care  of  you,  you  slwuld  go, 
whether  willing  or  not." 

3.  He  should  go.  Should,  in  the  third  person,  has 
the  same  force  as  in  the  second. 

4.  If  /  should,  if  you  should,  if  he  should,  &.C.,  de- 
note a  future  contingent  event. 

5.  After  should,  the  principal  verb  is  sometimes 
omitted,  without  obscuring  the  sense. 

So  subjects  love  just  kings,  or  so  lliey  should,  Dryden, 
That  is,  so  they  should  love  them. 

6.  Should  be;  ought  to  be  ;  a  proverbial  phrase, 
conveying  some  censure,  contempt,  or  irony.  Things 
are  not  as  they  should  be. 

The  boys  tliiuk  their  niutlier  no  belter  than  she  should  be. 

Addison. 

7.  "  We  think  it  strange  that  stones  should  fall 
from  th£  aerial  regions."  In  this  use,  should  implies 
that  stones  do  fall.  In  all  similar  phrases,  should 
implies  the  actual  existence  of  the  fact,  without  a 
cimdition  or  supposition. 

SHoUL.'t)ER,  n.  [Sax.  sculdre,  sculdor,  sculder ;  G. 
sckullcr  :  D.  schouder ;  Sw.  skuldra ;  Dan.  skulder.] 

1.  The  joint  by  which  the  arm  of  a  human  being 
or  the  fure  leg  of  a  quadruped  is  connected  with  the 
body  ;  or  in  man,  the  projection  formed  by  the  bones 
called  ScAPUL-E  or  Shoui.der-Blades,  which  extend 
from  the  basis  of  the  nock  in  a  horizontal  direction. 

a.  The  upper  joint  of  the  fore  leg  of  an  animal  cut 
for  the  market ;  as,  a  shoulder  of  mutton. 

3.  ShouUlers,  in  the  plural ;  the  upper  part  of  the 
b.ick. 

Adown  her  shoulders  fell  her  length  of  hair.  Dryden. 

4.  Figurativelij,  support  ;  sustaining  power  ;  or 
that  which  elevates  and  sustains. 

Fur  on  thy  shoulders  do  I  bniltl  my  seat.  Shuk. 

5.  Among  artificers,  somethiiig  like  the  human 
stioulili  r ;  a  horizontal  or  rectangular  projection  from 
the  body  of  a  thing.  Moron. 

().  In  fortijiculion,  lUe  angle  of  a  b.istion  included 
between  the  face  and  flank.  Brunde. 
SHnUL'DKR,  v.  t.    To  push  or  thrust  with  the  shoul- 
der i  to  push  with  violence. 

Around  her  numberless  the  nibble  flowed, 

Shouldering  ertCli  otb'-r,  crowding  for  a  view.  Fowe. 
As  they  the  earth  would  shoaltUr  tnini  her  seat.  Spenser. 

9.  To  take  upon  the  shoulder ;  as,  to  shoulder  a 
basket. 

SHOUL'DER-UELT,  n.  [shoulder  and  belt.]  A  belt 
that  passes  across  the  shoulder.  Dnjdeu. 

SHOUL'DER-BL.^DE,  n.  [shoulder  and  blade.}  The 
bone  of  the  shoulder,  or  blade-bone,  broad  and  tri- 
angular, covering  the  hind  part  of  the  ribs;  called 
bv  anatomists  Scapula  and  C>moplata.  Kucijc. 

SHoUL'l)ER-ei-AP-PEI{,  ».  [shoulder  and  clap.] 
One  tiiat  claps  another  on  the  shoulder,  or  that 
uses  great  familiarity.    [JVu(  in  lase.]  Sliak. 

SHoUL'DER-£D,  pp.  Pushed  or  thrust  with  the 
shoulder. 

2.  Supported  on  the  shoulder. 
SHOUI-'DER-ING,  ppr.    Pushing  with  the  shoulder. 

2.  Taking  upon  the  shoulder. 
SHoUL'DER-KN'OT,  (shol'der-not,)  n.  [shouldernnd 

kuoi.]    An  ornamental  knot  of  ribbon  or  lace  worn 

on  the  shoulder ;  an  epaulet. 
SH6(n-'I)ER-SHO']'-T^;N,  a.    [shoulder  and  shot.] 

Strained  in  the  shoulder,  as  a  horse.  Shak. 
SH6UL'1)ER-SLIP,  ji.    [shoulder  ami  .'<lip.]  Disloca- 
tion of  the  shoulder  or  i>f  the  liumeriis.  Smift. 
SHOUT,  ti.  i.    ['i'his  word  coincides  with  shoot,  W. 

ysgylhu,  to  jet,  to  Kpout.] 
To  utter  a  sudden  and  loud  outcry,  usually  in  joy, 

triumph,  or  exultation,  or  to  animate  soldiers  in  an 

onset. 

It  is  noithe  voice  of  them  that  shout  for  miwtery.  —  Ex.  xxxil. 
When  ye  hear  Uie  •ound  of  the  trunip'-t,  all  the  people  liltill 
shout  with  a  great  shoul.  — Josh.  vi. 

SHOUT,  n.  A  loud  burst  tjf  voice  or  voices  ;  a  vehe- 
ment and  siiilden  outcry,  particularly  of  a  multitude 
of  men,  exprensing  joy,  triumph,  exultation,  or  ani- 
mated courage.  It  is  HometimeH  intended  in  derision. 
Joth.  vi.    Kira  iii. 

TIte  BlKMlinns,  seehiif  llic  enemy  turn  th'lr  backs,  g.ive  a  great 
shout  In  ileristoii.  Kuolles, 

8FIOUT,  r.  ^    To  treat  with  nhoiits  or  clamor.  Hull. 
SIIOUT'EI),  pp.    Trealiil  with  shoiitH. 
PIlOirr'EU,  n.    One  that  kIioiii...  Dnjden. 
SlIOU'T'l.N'ti,  ppr.   Utterin|{  a  Hiiddvn  and  loud  outcry 

in  jny  or  exultation. 
SHOUT'!  .N'G,  n.    The  net  of  Hhoiiting  ;  n  loud  outcry 

exprcHHivc  of  joy  or  animation.    2  Sttm,  vi. 


SHO 

SHOVE,  (shiiv,)  V.  t.  [Sax. scu/an,  to  push  or  thrust; 
sryfaa,  to  suggest,  to  hint ;  D.  schuiecn  ;  G.  schieben, 
schuppen  ;  Sw.  sknffa  ;  Dan.  skuffer.  The  more  cor- 
rect orthography  vvould  be  Shuv.] 

1.  To  push  ;  io  propel  ;  to  drive  along  by  the  di- 
rect application  of  strength  without  a  sudden  im- 
piUse  ;  particularly,  to  push  a  body  by  sliding  or 
causing  it  to  move  along  the  surface  of  another  body, 
either  by  the  hand  or  by  an  instrument;  as,  to  shove 
a  bottle  along  a  table  ;  to  shooe  a  table  along  the 
floor  J  to  shove  a  boat  on  the  water. 

And  shoi>e  away  the  worthy  bidden  guest.  Mdlon, 
Shoving  back  tliis  earth  on  which  I  sit.  Dryden. 

2.  To  push  ;  to  press  against. 

He  used  10  sheve  and  elbow  his  fellow-serTants  to  get  near  his 

mistress.  ArbuUinot. 
To  shove  away;  to  push  to  a  distance;  to  thrust 
off. 

To  shove  by ;  to  push  away  ;  to  delay,  or  to  reject ; 
as,  to  shove  by  the  hearing  of  a  cause  ;  or  to  shove  by 
justice.    [JVot  elegant.]  Sltuk. 

To  shove  off:  to  thrust  or  push  away. 

To  shove  down;  to  overthrow  by  pushing. 

.^rbtithnot. 

SHOVE,  (shuv,)  V.  i.  To  push  or  drive  forward  ;  to 
urge  a  course.  Swift. 

2.  To  push  off ;  to  move  in  a  boat  or  with  a  pole  ; 
as,  he  shoved  from  shore.  Garth. 

To  shove  off;  to  move  from  shore  by  pushing  with 
poles  or  oars. 

SHOVE,  71.  The  act  of  pushing  or  pressing  against  by 
strength,  without  a  sudden  impulse.  Swift. 

SHOVED,  (shiivd,)  pp.    Pushed  ;  propelled. 

SHOV'i'L,  (shuv'l,)  n.  [Sax.  scofl ;  G.  schaufel ;  D. 
schoffel,  schop ;  Dan,  shuffe,  a  scoop  or  shovel ;  from 
shoving.] 

An  in.strument  consisting  of  a  broad  scoop  or  blade, 
more  or  less  hollow,  with  a  handle ;  used  for  throw- 
ing earth  or  other  loose  substances. 
SHOV'KL,  V.  t.  To  take  up  and  throw  with  a  shovel ; 
as,  to  shovel  earth  into  a  heap  or  into  a  carl,  or  out  of 
a  pit. 

2.  To  gather  in  great  quantities.  Derham. 

SHOV'i^L-BoARD,  71.  A  board  on  which  they  play 
bv  sliding  metal  pieces  at  a  mark.  Dryden. 

SUbV'EL  F.D,  (shuv'ld,)  pp.    Thrown  with  a  shovel. 

SHOVEL  ER,  71.  [from  shovel.]  A  species  of  duck, 
Anas  clyjieata  of  Liniia;us,  remarkable  for  the  length 
and  terminal  expansion  of  the  bill.  Braiide. 

SHOVEL  ING,  ppr.    Throwing  with  a  shovel. 

SHoVV,  (sho,)  V,  t. ;  pret.  Showed;  pp.  Shown  or 
Showed.  It  is  sometimes  written  Shew,  Shewed, 
Shewn.  [^i\\.  sccuwian ;  D.  schouwen ;  G.  schauen  ; 
Dan.  skucr.  This  word,  in  most  of  the  Teutiuiic  di- 
alects, signifies  merely  to  look,  see,  view,  behold. 
In  Saxon,  it  signifies  to  show,  look,  view,  explore, 
regard.  This  is  doubtless  a  contracted  word.  If  the 
radical  letter  lost  was  a  labial,  show  coincides  with 
the  Gr.  oKonio),  oKinTopai.  If  a  dental  has  been 
lost,  this  word  accords  with  the  Sw.  skada,  to  view 
or  behold.] 

1.  To  exhibit  or  present  to  the  view  of  others. 

Go  thy  way,  show  thyself  to  the  priest.  —  Matt.  viii. 

2.  To  afford  to  the  eye  or  to  notice;  to  contain  in 
a  visible  form. 

Nor  want  we  skill  or  art,  from  whence  to  raise 

Rlagnilicence  ;  and  what  c;in  heaven  sAow  more  ?  Milton. 

3.  To  make  or  enable  to  see.  Milton. 

4.  To  make  or  enable  to  perceive.  Milton. 

5.  To  make  to  know  ;  to  cause  to  understand  ;  to 
make  known  to  ;  to  teach  or  inform.   Job  x. 

Know,  1  am  sent 
To  ehoio  thee  what  shall  come  in  future  days.  Milton, 

6.  To  [irove  ;  to  manifest. 

I'll  shots  my  duty  by  my  timely  care.  Dryden, 

7.  To  inform  ;  to  teach  ;  with  of. 

The  time  Cometh  when  i  shall  no  more  speak  unto  you  in  proverbs, 
but  I  Bli;kll  shou)  you  plainly  of  the  Father.  — John  xvi. 

8.  To  point  out,  as  a  guide. 

Thou  slmll  shoto  them  the  way  in  which  they  must  walk.  — Ex. 
xviii. 

9.  To  bestow  ;  to  confer ;  to  afford  ;  as,  to  show 
favor  or  mercy  on  any  person.    Ps,  cxii.  5. 

ID.  To  prove  by  evidence,  testimony,  or  authentic 
registers  or  <locuinents. 

They  could  not  shote  their  fathcr*i  bouse.  —  Ezra  11. 

11.  To  disclose  ;  to  make  known. 

I  <lurst  not  shots  you  tiiinc  opinion.  ~  Job  xxxU. 

12.  To  discover  ;  to  explain  ;  as,  to  show  a  dream 
or  interpretation.    Dan,  li. 

To  show  forth  ;  to  manifest ;  to  publish  ;  to  pro- 
claim.   1  Pet.  ii. 

To  show  off:  to  exhibit  in  an  ostentatious  manner. 
To  show  up;  to  expose.  [Colloquial.] 
SHOW,  V.  i.  To  nppi'ar ;  to  look  ;  to  be  in  appearance. 
Just  such  she  shoins  Ujfore  a  rising  storm.  I>rytlen. 
2.  To  have  appearance  ;  to  become  or  suit  well  or 
ill. 

My  lonl  of  York,  It  l.'ller  tAourrf  Witb  you.    [Obs.]  Shak. 


SHR 

SHOW,  71.    Superficial  appearance  ;  not  reality. 

Mild  Heaven 

Disapproves  thai  &\ie,  tliough  wise  in  shorn.  Milton, 

2.  A  spectacle  ;  something  offered  to  view  for 
money.  Addison. 

3.  Ostentatious  display  or  parade. 

1  envy  none  their  pageantry  antl  shots.  Young. 

4.  Appearance  as  an  object  of  notice. 

The  city  itself  m.akes  the  noblest  shots  of  any  io  the  world. 

Addison. 

5.  Public  appearance,  in  distinction  from  conceal- 
ment ;  as,  an  open  show. 

G.  Semblance  ;  likeness. 

In  shoto  plebeian  angel  militant.  Millon. 

7.  Speciousness  ;  plausibility. 

But  a  short  exile  must  for  shots  precede.  Dryden, 

8.  External  appearance. 

And  forced,  at  le;ist  in  show,  to  prize  it  more.  Dryden. 

9.  Exhibition  to  view ;  as,  a  show  of  cattle,  or  cat- 
tle-.sAow7.  Jigricult.  Societies. 

10.  Pomp  ;  magnificent  spectacle. 

As  for  triumphs,  masks,  feasts,  and  such  shotes.  Bacon, 

11.  A  phantom  ;  as,  a  fairy-.^Aow.  Dryden. 

12.  Representative  action  ;  as,  a  dumb  shoio. 

Aldison, 

13.  External  appearance  ;  hypocritical  pretense. 

Who  devour  widows'  houses,  and  for  a  shoto  make  long  prayers. 
—  Luke  XX. 

Show  of  hands;  a  raising  of  hands,  as  a  vote  in  a 
public  meeting.  Englmtd. 

SHoW'-BILL,  71.  A  broad  sheet  containing'  an  ad- 
vertisement, in  large  letters,  of  books,  goods,  &c., 
placed  at  shop-doors,  windows,  &.c.  Peck. 

SHo VV-BOX,  71.  A  box  containing  some  object  of  cu- 
riosity, carried  round  as  a  show. 

SHOW-BREAD,  )  >  (  n.    [show  and  bread.] 

SHEVV'-BREAD;  1  ^'^''''■^  i  Among  the  Jews, 
bread  of  exhibition  ;  the  loaves  of  breail  which  the 
priest  of  the  week  placed  before  the  Lord,  on  the 
gtilden  table  in  the  sanctuary.  They  were  made  of 
fine  flour  unleavened,  and  changed  every  Sabbath. 
The  loaves  were  twelve  in  number,  and  represented 
the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  They  were  to  be  eaten 
by  the  priests  only,  and  that  in  the  holy  place. 

Leviticus.  Kitto, 

SHoW'-GaSE,  71.  A  case  or  box  in  shops,  with 
plates  or  glass  on  the  top  or  in  front,  within  which 
delicate  or  valuable  articles  are  placed  fur  exhibi- 
tion. 

SHOWER,  71.    One  who  shows  or  exhibits. 

SHOWER,  71.  [Sax.  scur ;  G.  schauer,  a  shower,  hor- 
ror ;  schauem,  to  shower,  to  shiver,  shudder,  (niake. 
au.  Heb.  Ch.  and  Ar.  lyiy,  to  be  rough,  to  shud- 
der.] 

1.  A  fall  of  rain  or  hail,  of  short  duratitm.  It  may 
be  applied  to  a  like  fall  of  snow,  but  this  seldom  oc- 
curs. It  is  ap|)lied  to  a  fall  of  rain  or  hail  of  short 
continuance,  of  more  or  less  violence,  but  never  to  a 
storm  of  long  continuance. 

2.  A  fall  of  tilings  from  the  air  in  thick  succession  ; 
as,  a  shower  of  darts  or  arrows  ;  a  shower  of  stones. 

Pope, 

3.  A  copious  supply  bestowed;  liberal  distribu- 
tion ;  as,  a  great  shower  of  gifts.  ShaJc. 

SHOWER,  I'.  (.  To  water  with  a  shower;  to  wet 
copiously  with  rain  ;  as,  to  shower  the  earth. 

2.  To  bestow  liberally  ;  to  distribute  or  scatter  in 
abundance. 

Ce8;ir's  favor 

That  shoieers  down  greatness  on  his  tViemls.  Addison, 

3.  To  wet  with  falling  water,  as  in  the  shower- 
bath. 

SHOWER,  V,  i.   To  rain  in  shower.s. 

SHOWER-BATH,  n.  [shower  and  bath,]  Water 
showered  upon  a  person  by  some  contrivance  from 
above  ;  also,  a  contrivance  for  eflecting  this. 

SHOWER-ED,  pp.  Wet  with  a  shower  or  with  fail- 
ing water  ;  watered  abundantly  ;  bestowed  or  distrib- 
uted liberallv. 

SHOWER-ING,  ppr.  Wetting  with  a  shower  or  with 
falling  water  ;  bestowing  or  distributing  libenilly. 

SHOWER-LESS,  a.    Without  showers.  Armstrong, 

SHOWER-V,  a.  Raining  in  showers;  abouoiling 
with  frequent  falls  of  rain. 

SllOW'l-LY,  adv.  In  a  showy  manner  ;  pompously  ; 
with  parade. 

SHoWI-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  showy  ;  ponipous- 

ness  ;  great  parade. 
SHOWING,  ppr.    Presenting  to  view  ;  exhibiting  ; 

proving. 

SHOWING,  71.  A  presentation  to  view  ;  exhibition. 
SHOW'ISIl.o.    Splendid ;  gaudy.    [Little  used.] 

Swift. 

2.  Ostentatious. 
SHOWN,  pp.  of  Snow.     Exhibited ;    manifested  ; 
proved. 

SHOWY,  II.   Splendid;  gay;  gaudy;  makinga  great 
show  ;  fine.  AddUon. 
2.  Ostentatious.  i 
SIIRAG,  V,  U    To  lop.    [Ao(  in  use,] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.>T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  IIIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK.— 


105»6 


SHR 


SIIR 


SHR 


SIIIIAO,  n.    A  twig  of  a  tri^e  cut  olT.  in  usr.] 

Sllll AComi,  n.  Umc  tlitil  l(>|»  ;  uiic  that  triiiis  trees. 
[jVi)(  ill  lUiC] 

SIIIIANK,  prc(.  of  Shrink,  is  nearly  obsolete. 

StIKAP,    In.    A  place  haitcil  wiili  cliatl' to  invito 

SllllAl'lO,  i     birds.    [JVot  in  use] 

SI111AP'NI;LL  SIIEIiL,  n.  In  iriiiinrnj,  n  nnine  given 
to  sliells  tillt'd  witli  a  quantity  of  niiisltet  balli,  whicli, 
when  the  ehell  explodes,  are  projected  still  further. 

Braiide. 

SIIRED,  V.  U  ;  prrt.  and  pp.  Shhed.  [Sa.\.  screadan,  to 
cut  otr ;  Svv.  skradilarr,  a  tailor.] 

To  rnt  into  small  pieces,  particularly  narrow  and 
long  pieces,  as  of  cloth  or  leather.  It  diH'ers  from 
Mince,  which  signifies  to  chop  into  pieces  tine  and 
short. 

SHHEl),  n.    A  long,  narrow  piece  cut  off;  as,  shredd 
of  chith.  Bacon. 
2.  A  frisment ;  a  piece  ;  as,  .shrfd.s  of  wil  Sw^fl. 

SHRED'DI.VG,  ppr.    Cutting  into  shreds. 

SHRKD'DING,  re.  A  cutting  into  shreds  ;  that  which 
is  cut  off ;  a  piece.  Jlnaker. 

SHIU;i)'LESS,  n.    Having  no  shreds.  Byron. 

SmiEVV,  (shrQ,)  n.  (I  know  not  the  original  sense  of 
this  word.  If  it  sigiiirirs  a  brawler,  it  may  be  from 
D.  .•.chrrruwen,  to  brawl,  G.  .vcArric«,  Han.  skriger. 
But  beshrew,  in  Chaucer,  is  interpreted  to  ci/r.ve.] 

1.  A  peevish,  brawling,  turbulent,  vexatious 
woman.  It  appears  originally  to  have  been  ap- 
plied to  males  as  well  as  females;  but  it  is  now  re- 
stricted to  the  latter. 

Tbe  in:in  h:i(i  ^ot  u  ghrete  fur  Ilia  wifi-,  and  thcn^  coiiM  he  no 
quifl  ill  Ult?  UoiiK  Willi  lier.  L'Kntrange. 

2.  A  shrew-mouse. 

SHREW,  o.  ^    To  beshrew  ;  to  curse.  [OAs.] 

C/iaticer. 

SHREWD,  (shrude,)  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a 
shrew ;  vexatious ;  troublesome ;  mischievous. 
[  Ohs.]  Shik. 

2.  Sly;  cunning;  arch;  subtle;  artful;  astute; 
as,  a  //trnod  man. 

3.  Sagacious ;  of  nice  discernment ;  as,  a  shreted 
observer  of  men. 

4.  Proceeding  from  cunning  or  sagacity,  or  con- 
taining it ;  as,  a  shrfwd  saying  ;  a  .shrewd  conjecture. 

5.  Painful ;  vexatious  ;  troublesome 

Kv<*ry  of  Ihis  iiiiinb''r 
Thai  liave  endored  shrewd  ni^liu  uiid  duya  wilh  as.  ShaJc. 
[Ob!.] 

No  rnniiy  is  so  despicatjic  bul  he  may  do  one  a  thread  turn. 
[06*.]  L' Estrange. 

SIIREWD'LY,  (shrude'le,)  arfti.  Mischievously  ;  de- 
structively. 

Tlii»  pr.iclice  h^lh  most  «ftrfwrf;y  pawl  upon  Ihee.  [06*.]  ShaJc. 
Q.  Vexatiously  ;  v-ied  of  slight  mischief. 

The  olisliilate  mid  ■c'lisinnlic.-il  are  like  to  ihitik  Ihemsf Ivfs 
shrewdly  hurt  by  beinj  cut  from  llial  Ixxly  Un-y  cluis'-  not 


t  to  wince,  through  thremUy  p.iin**il. 

Drydei 


Yet  5''<*mrd  she 
[Oh,.] 

3.  Archly ;  sagaciously  ;  with  good  guess ;  as,  I 
shrewdlii  suspect ;  he  shrewdly  observeti.  Locke, 
SHUEWb'NESS,  n.    Sly  cunning  ;  archness. 

Thr  ncifhiKirs  round  admire  his  ehrewdrusa.  Sw\ft. 

2.  Sagaciousness ;  sagacity ;  the  quality  of  nice 
discernnieiit, 

3.  Mischievousness ;  vcxatiousness.    [A'uf  in  M,«f.] 

Chaucer. 

SHREWISH,  (shru'-,)  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  a 
shrew  ;  froward  ;  peevish  ;  petulantly  clamorous. 
My  wife  is  shreaish  when  I  k.^p  not  hours.  Shak, 

SlIREW'ISH-LY.arfB.    Peevishly;  clamorously;  tur- 
bulently. 

He  spenka  lery  thrcwishly.  ShaJc. 

SHREW'ISH-.N'ESS,  n.    The  qualities  of  a  shrew  ; 
frowardness  ;  petulance  ;  turbulent  clainorousncss. 

I  have  no  gift  in  ehremthnest.  ShaJc. 
SHREW-MOUSE,  n.    [Sax.  .vcrMiM.J 

An  insei  tivorous  mammal  resembling  a  mouse,  but 
belonging  to  the  genus  Sorex  ;  an  animal  that  bur- 
rows in  the  ground,  feeding  on  the  larves  of  insects, 
&c.  It  is  a  harmless  animal. 
SHRIf:K,  (shreek,)  B.  i.  [Pan.  .«/iriVn- ;  Sw.  .il-rilm; 
G.  schreirn;  D.  schreijn  ;  the  two  latter  contracted  ; 
W.  ysgrr^ian,  from  crcf,  a  scream  or  shriek,  also 
rough,  rugged.  Eng.  to  creak,  whence  screech,  and 
vulgarly  screiik ;  hence  W.  ysgrer,  a  jay,  from  its 
scream  ;  creg.  hoarse,  cmjtri,  iioarsencsg,  roughness, 
from  the  root  of  mrrired,  and  L.  ruga,  wrinkled,  rugo, 
to  bray  ;  all  from  straining,  and  hence  breaking, 
bursting,  cracking  ;  allied  to  crack  and  crackle  ;  It. 
scrtcchiulare.  ] 

To  utter  a  sharp,  shrill  cry  ;  to  scream  ;  as  in  a 
sudden  fright,  in  horror  or  anguish. 

At  this  she  sftrieifed  «Io.i'l.  Dryden. 
h  was  the  owl  Uiat  ihrieked.  iihaJc. 

SHRIEK,  n.    A  sharp,  shr'll  outcry  or  scream,  such 
as  is  produced  by  sudJeri  terror  or  extreme  anguish. 

S»ri«lct,  clvmofa,  p.urr.un,  f.i  I'j'  alVnjhfd  town.  Dryden. 

SIIRIi".K'SR  n.    O'je  A'lio  utters  a  shriek.  Crabbe. 
SlIKlif.K'ING,  n».  fj  A.    Crying  out  with  a  shrill 
voice. 


SIIRIICK'ING,  n.    A  crying  out  willi  a  shrill  voire. 

Bp.  T aidor. 

SHKIkV'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  sheriff.  [A'ut  in 
use.  1 

SIIKIF.V'AL-TY,  H.  [from  sheriff.]  Sheriffalty;  the 
ollice  of  a  sheriff. 

It  wi\B  ordained  hy  '23  E<lward  I.^  that  the  people  slinlt  have 
cieclion  of  sheriff  in  CTery  shire,  wlicro  tlie  §hnevaluj  is 
nut  ol  inlieritance,  BUuktloiie. 

SHRIEVE,  n.    Sheriff.    [Aof  in  use.] 

SHRIFT,  n.    [Sax.  scr,/^.] 

('onfession  made  to  a  priest.    [  Obs.]  Shak. 

SUHIGHT,  for  Shbieked.  Chaucer. 

SIIRIIJIIT,  It.    A  shriek.    [JVot  in  use.]  Sprnscr. 

SIIKIKK,  It.  [See  Shkiek.]  The  butcherbird;  a 
common  name  of  the  titrils  belonging  to  the  genus 
I.aiiius.  The  shrikes  breed  on  trees  and  seize  living 
prey.  Jardine. 

SHRILL,  a.  [W.  nriVi,  a  sharp  noise;  Arm.  serith,a 
cricket,  L.  gryllu^,  Fr.  grillun,  Sp.  and  It.  irriUo  i  It. 
strillarc,  to  scream.] 

1.  Sharp  ;  acute  ;  piercing  ;  as  sound  ;  as,  a  shrill 
voice  :  shrill  echoes.  Shak. 

Q.  Uttering  an  acute  sound  ;  as,  the  cock's  shrill- 
sounding  throat  ;  a  shrill  triiiupet. 

JVule.  —  A  .■ibrilt  soniiil  may  be  tremulous  or  trill- 
ing ;  but  this  circumstance  is  not  essential  to  it,  al- 
though it  seems  to  bo  from  the  root  of  trill. 
SHRILL,  B.  i.    To  utter  an  acute,  piercing  sound. 

Br'iik  we  our  pilx-a,  that  shrilled  as  loud  lis  l.irk.  Speneer. 
SHRILL,  I'.  (.    To  cause  to  make  a  shrill  sound. 

Spenser. 

SHRILI.'NESS,  n.  Acuteness  of  sound  ;  sharpness 
or  tiiieness  of  voice.  Smith. 

SIIRIL'LV,  adv.  Acutely,  as  sound;  with  a  sharp 
sound  or  voice.  Jilore. 

SHRIMP,  V.  t.  [D.  krimpen  ;  Dan.  skrumper,  to  crum- 
ple, to  shrink  ;  G.  schrumpfen  ;  W,  croni,  cram,  bend- 
ing or  shrinking  in  ] 

To  contract.    [JVof  in  use.]  Kchard. 

SHRIMP,  n.  (.^iipra.]  A  long-tailed,  decapod,  crus- 
taeetiiis  animal,  allied  to  the  lobster.  It  has  long, 
sItMiiler  feelers,  claws  with  a  single,  hooked  fang, 
and  three  pair  of  legs.  There  are  nuineriiiis  species, 
some  of  which  are  esteemed  delicious  food. 

2.  A  little,  wrinkled  man  ;  a  dwarf;  in  contempt 

Shak. 

SHRINE,  n.  [Sax.  serin  ;  G.  scArein  ;  Sw.  sfcrin  ;  L. 
scrinium;  U.  scrigno ;  Fr.  ecriii.    See  Skreen.] 

A  case  or  box  ;  particularly  applied  to  a  c.ise  in 
wliich  sacred  things  are  depositeil.  Hence,  a  reliqua- 
ry, tomb,  or  aJtar.  We  liear  much  of  shrines  for 
relics. 

Come,  ofler  at  my  shrine,  and  I  w  ill  help  thee.  ShaJc. 

SHRINK,  r.  i. :  prft.  and  pp.  Shrunk.  The  old  prcl. 
Shrank,  and  pp.  Shrunken,  are  nearly  obsolete. 
[Sax.  scrincan.  If  n  is  not  radical,  the  root  is  rig  or 
ryg.] 

1.  To  contract  spontaneously  ;  to  draw  or  be  drawn 
into  less  h  ngtli,  breadth,  or  compass  by  an  inherent 
power;  as,  woolen  cloth  shrinks  in  hot  water;  a 
tiaxen  or  hempen  line  shrinks  in  a  humid  atmos- 
phere.   Many  substances  shrink  by  drying. 

2.  To  shrivel ;  to  become  wrinkled  by  contraction  ; 
as  the  skin. 

3.  To  withdraw  or  retire,  ns  from  danger;  to  de- 
cline action  from  fetir.  A  brave  man  never  shrinks 
from  danger;  a  good  man  does  notgAriiiA*  from  duty. 

4.  To  recoil,  as  in  fear,  horror,  or  distress.  My 
mind  shrinks  from  the  recital  of  our  woes. 


What  h-.ippier  natun'S  shrinJc  at  with  afl'right. 
The  liani  luhaliitam  content  Is  is  hghl. 


Pope. 


5.  To  express  fear,  horror,  or  pain  by  shrugging  or 
ronlrarting  the  liody.  Shak. 
SHRUNK,  I'.  1.    To  cause  to  contract;  as,  to  siirink 
flannel  by  immersing  it  in  boiling  water. 
O  niiirhly  Cesar  I  dost  thou  lie  so  low  I 
Ap*  all  tiiy  coM,]tie8t3,  glories,  triumphs,  spoils, 
ShrunJc  lo  this  litUe  ineosuiv  I  ShaJc. 


SHRINK,  71.     Contraction  ;  a  spontaneous  drawing 
into  less  compass  ;  corrugation.  «  Woodward. 
2.  Contraction  ;  a  withdrawing  from  fear  or  horror. 

J'Jauirl. 

SHRINK'.^GE,  n.  A  shrinking  or  contraction  into  a 
less  compass.  Make  an  allowance  for  the  shrinking 
of  grain  in  drying. 

SIIRI.NK'ER,  n.  One  that  shrinks;  one  that  with- 
draws from  danger. 

SIIRI.VK'I.NG,  ppr.  Contnictinp  ;  drawing  together  ; 
withdrawing  from  danger;  declining  to  act  from 
fear ;  causing  lo  contract. 

SHRINK'ING,  n.  A  contraction  or  spontaneous  draw- 
ing into  less  compass. 
2.  The  act  of  drawing  back  through  fear. 

SHRINK'ING-LY,  o/ie.    By  shrinking. 

SIMU V'AI,-TY.    See  Shrievalty. 

SHRIVE,  r.  t.  [Sax.  .^leril'an,  lo  take  a  confession. 
Rut  the  sense  seems  to  be,  to  enjoin  or  inifHisc  pen- 
ance, or  simply  to  enjoin.] 

To  hear  or  rereive  the  confession  of;  to  administer 
confession  ;  as  a  priest. 

He  «Arie<«  this  woman.    [Obs.]  ShaJc. 


SIIRIV'KL,  (shriv'l,)r.  i.  [from  the  root  of  rieri,  Sai. 

gerificd.] 

To  contract ;  lo  draw  or  be  drawn  into  wrinkles  ; 
to  shrink  itiitl  form  corrugations  ;  as,  a  leaf  shrivels 
ill  the  hot  sun  ;  the  skin  shnrrls  with  age. 
SIIRI  V'/'.'L,  V.  t.  To  contract  into  wrinkles  ;  toc.'tuse 
to  shrink  into  corrugations.  Ascorcliing  sun  shnveU 
the  blades  of  corn. 

And  shriveled  herbs  on  witlierinp  stems  decay.  Vryden. 

SHRI  V'f,Tj-f:f),  pp.  or  a.    Contracted  into  wrinkles. 
SIIRI  V'f,"L-lNG,  ppr.    Contracting  into  wrinkles. 
SIIRIV'ER,  n.    [from  »Ariue.]    A  confessor.    I  Obs.] 

ShnJc. 

SHRIVING,  n.    Shrift ;  confession  taken.  [Obs.] 

SHROFF,  n.    In  the  East  Mies,  a  banker. 
SHROUD,  n.    [Sax.  scrud,  clolhing.l 

1.  A  shelter  ;  a  cover  ;  that  which  covers,  con- 
ceals, or  protects. 

Swnddk'd,  as  new  tiom,  in  sable  shrouds.  Snnilys. 

2.  The  dress  of  the  dead  ;  a  winding-sheet. 

Young. 

3.  Shroud  or  shrouds  of  a  ship  ;  a  range  of  large 
ropes  evteuding  from  the  head  of  a  mast  to  the  right 
and  left  sides  of  the  ship,  to  support  the  nuists,  and 
enable  them  to  carry  sail;  as,  the  main  shrouds: 
fore  shrouds;  mi7./.en  shrouds.  There  are  also  l"ul- 
tock  shromU,  bowsprit  shrouds,  &c. 

Mar.  Did.  Jlebert. 

4.  A  branch  of  a  tree.    [J\^o(  pmprr. ]  Warton. 
SHROUD,  r.  u    To  cover;  to  shelter  from  danger  or 

annoyance. 

Under  your  beams  I  will  me  safely  shroud.  Spenser. 
One  ofilii-se  trees,  wilh  all  its  young  ones,  may  sArou'i  lour 
hundred  hunieineii.  Haltgh. 

2.  To  dress  for  the  grave ;  to  cover ;  as  a  dead 
body. 

'  were  shrowled  in  severd  folds 


3.  To  cover ;  to  conceal ;  to  hide ;  as,  to  bo 
shrouded  in  darkness. 

S'>me  tempest  rise, 
And  blow  out  oil  the  stars  lii.il  tight  the  skies, 
'J'o  shroud  my  shatiie.  ZJrydsn. 

4.  To  defend  ;  to  protect  by  hiding. 

So  Venus  from  pn-vailinl^  IJrecks  did  shroud 

The  hope  ol  Koine,  and  saved  hiiii  in  a  clouti,  WaiJer. 

5.  To  overwhelm  ;  as,  to  be  shrouded  in  despair. 

6.  To  lop  the  branches  of  a  tree.    [Unusual  or  im- 
proper.] Cttantbers. 

SHROUD,  t).  t.   To  take  shelter  or  harbor. 


If  your  stray  attendaiiu  lie  yet  lodged 
Or  shroud  u  iUiin  tliese  limits. 


Milton. 


SHROUD'EI),  pp.     Dressed;  covered;  concealed; 
sheltered  ;  overwhelmed. 

SHROUH'ING,  ppr.   Dressing  ;  covering;  concealing  ; 
shelloring  ;  overwhelming. 

SMRdUD'Y,  a.    Affording  shelter.  ^fillon. 

SHRoVE,  r.  i.    To  join  in  the  festivities  of  Shrove- 
tide.   [Obs.]  Beaum. 

SHimVE'-TIDE,  )n.    [from  iAroce, 

SHRoVE'-TOES-DAY,  (  tuz-de,)  j     pret.  o(  .ihrice, 
to  take  a  confession.    See  Tide  and  Tuesday. 1 

Confession-time  ;  confession-Tuesday  ;  the  Tues- 
day after  (ininquagesima  Sunday,  or  the  day  imme- 
diately preceding  the  first  of  Lent,  or  Ash  Wednes- 
day ;  on  which  day,  all  the  people  of  England,  when 
Roman  Catholics,  were  obliged  to  confess  their  sins 
one  by  one  to  their  parish  priests;  after  which  they 
dined  on  pancakes  or  fritters.  The  latter  pnictice 
still  continues.  The  bell  rung  on  this  day  is  vul- 
garly called  Pancake-Bell,  and  the  day  itself  Pan- 
cake-Tuesday. P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

SHRoV'LNG,  n.    The  festivity  of  Shrove  tide. 

SHRUB,  n.    [Sat.  scrub,  G.  scruff,  rugged;  Ir.  sgra- 
bacb,  rough.    See  Scrub.] 

.\  Itiw,  i^warf  tree  ;  a  woody  plant  of  a  size  less 
than  a  tree  ;  or,  more  strictly,  a  plant  with  several 
permanent  woody  stems,  dividing  from  the  bottom, 
more  slender  anil  lower  than  in  trees  ;  a  plant  with 
several  woody  stems  from  the  same  root. 

Kncyc.  Martyn. 
Gooseberries  and  curmnts  arc  fAru&s ;  oaks  and  cherri'-s  arc 
trees.  Locke. 
S  O  J 

SHRUB,  n.    [Ar.  shvrbon,  drink,  and  from  the 

same  source,  .>-ir«;>.    The  Arabic  verb  signifies  to 

drink,  to  imbibe,  whence  L.  sorbeo.    See  Sherbet 

ami  .\riiorb.] 

A  liquor  composed  of  acid  and  sugar,  with  spirit 

to  preserve  it ;  usually  the  acid  of  lemons. 
SHRUB,  r.  f.    To  clear  of  shrubs.  .Anderson. 
SHRUB'BER-Y,  n.    Shrubs  in  general. 

a.  A  plantation  of  shrubs. 
SIIRUB'BI-NESS,  ii.   The  state  or  quality  of  being 

shriibhv. 

SIIRUB'lUNG,  ppr.    Clearing  of  shrubs. 
SHRUB'BY,  a.    Full  of  shrubs ;  as,  a  shrjibby  plain. 
2.  Resembling  a  shrub  ;  as,  plants  shrubby  and 
curled.  .Wordmfr. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  G  aa  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SHU 


SHY 


SIC 


Li.  Consisting  of  sbrubs  or  brush ;  as,  shriMy 
firowse.  Pktlijtg. 

1.  A  shrubby  plant  is  perennial,  witli  several 
woody  stems.  jMartijn. 
Sli  ItL'li'LESS,  a.    Having  no  shrubs. 
SmiU'FF,  «.    [G.  K/in.jf,  rufigeU.] 

Dross  ;  recrement  ol*  metals.    [JVo(  in  iwe.]  DicL 
SlIIltJG,  V.  t.  [Tliis  u-ord  is  probably  formed  from  the 
root  of  Q.  H'iken,  the  back,  U.  run-,  Sax.  Iiric  or  hrija-, 
the  bade,  a  ridije,  W.  crag,  a  heap,  crmg,  a  crook, 
L.  ruga,  a  wrinkle.  Ens.  r(/«_^/i.] 

To  draw  up  ;  to  contract  ;  -as,  to  shntg  the  shoul- 
ders. The  word  seems  to  be  limited  in  its  use  to  the 
shoulders,  and  to  denote  a  particular  motion  which 
raises  the  shoulders  and  rounds  the  back. 
SIlKl'fi,  i.  To  raise  or  draw  up  the  shoulders,  as 
in  expressing  horror  or  dissatisfaction. 

Tiiey  grin,  tilfy  shrug. 
They  bow,  tliey  sn.irl,  tliey  acraicli,  iliey  liuff.  Sicift. 
Snitl'G,  n.    A  drawing  up  of  the  shoulders;  a  motion 
usually  expressing  dislike  or  slight  contempt. 
TliL-  S]).'niiarils  talk  in  dialoeues 

Of  lieads  and  sliouljer^,  nod*  and  ehruge.  Hudihras. 

SriRUG'GIXG,  ppr.    Drawing  up,  as  the  shoulders. 
SIIKIWK,  pret.  and  ;//).  of  Shrink. 
SHULWK'^X,  }>}i.  of  Shhin'k.    [A'^rarltj  oh.^'ulcte.'] 
SHLICK,  n.    A  sliell  or  covering  ;  a  husk  or  pod, 

Ilulliwcll. 

SIIUD'DER,  ».  i.  [G.  schaudeni,  schnttctn  :  D.  schud- 
den.    This  word  contains  the  same  elements  as  the 

'I'o  quake  ;  to  tremble  or  shake  with  fear,  horror, 
or  aversiiui  ;  to  shiver. 

I  love  —  ai.ii  I  I  sliadder  at  tile  name.  Smilh. 

SHUD'DER,  n.    A  tremor;  a  shaking  with  fear  or 

horror.  SUak, 
SIIL'D'DER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Trembling  or  shaking 
'  with  fear  or  horror  ;  quaking. 

SHIJD'DEK-I.NG,  ;i.  A  trembling  or  shaking  with 
fear  or  horror. 

PllUI)'r)EK-I.\G-LY.  adv.    With  tremor. 

SHUF'I'LE,  iJ.  f.  [D.  ."choffcleii,  to  shove,  to  shovel, 
to  shnllle  ;  dim.  of  Shove.  See  Shove  and  Scuf- 
fle.] 

1.  Prnperbj,  to  shove  one  way  and  the  other;  to 
push  from  ope  to  another;  as,  to  shujle  money  from 
liand  to  hand.  Locke. 

2.  'I'o  mix  by  pushing  or  shoving  ;  to  confuse;  to 
throw  into  disorder ;  Cfpccialbj,  to  change  the  relative 
positions  of  cards  in  the  pack. 

A  iirtin  may  shufp.e  canls  or  ruil'?  dice  from  noon  to  miilni^ljt, 
wiUioiil  ITticiiig  a  new  idcii  in  Iiis  mind.  Rambler. 

3.  To  remove  or  introduce  by  artificial  confusion. 
,d  ahuJUtl  into  tSe  papers 

Dryden. 

To  shuffle  off;  to  push  off;  to  rid  one's  self  of. 
When  you  lay  blame  to  a  child,  he  will  attempt  to 

shuffle  it  off. 

To  shuffle  up ;  to  throw  together  in  haste ;  to 
makeup  or  form  in  confusion  or  with  fraudulent  dis- 
order ;  a.s,  he  shuffled  up  a  peace.  HuwcU. 
SIU'F'FLE,  r.  i.  .  To  change  the  relative  position  of 
cards  in  a  pack  by  little  shoves;  as,  lu  shuffle  and 
cut. 

2.  To  change  the  position  ;  to  shift  ground  ;  to 
prevaricate  ;  to  evaile  fair  questions ;  to  practice 
shifts  to  elude  detection. 

Hiding  my  Iioiior  in  my  necessity,  I  am  faio  to  shuffle.  Sliak. 

3.  To  Struggle  ;  to  shift. 

Your  life,  rood  mailer, 
Mn«t  thuffle  for  iuell.  Shdk. 

4.  To  move  with  an  irregular  gait ;  as,  a  shuffling 
nag. 

5.  To  shove  the  feet ;  to  scrape  the  floor  in  dan- 
cini.    [Vulgar.]  Shak. 

SIII'F'FLE,  71.  A  shoving,  pushing,  or  jostling  ;  the 
act  of  mixing  and  throwing  into  confusion  by  change 
of  places. 

Tlie  unffvtided  agitation  anil  rude  §hufflet  of  matter.  Bentlerf. 
2.  An  evasion  ;  a  trick  ;  an  artifice.  VEstrange. 
SUUF'FLE-llOAKD  ;  the  old  spelling  of  Shovel- 

Bo^MO. 

8IIUF'FI,E-eAP,  n.  A  play  performed  by  shaking 
mom  v  in  a  h.il  or  rap.  .^rbuthnot. 

SIIUF  FI./;!),  pp.    Moved  by  little  shoves  ;  mixed. 

SIIUF'FLEK,  n.  One  that  shuUlea  or  prevaricates; 
one  that  plays  tricks  ;  one  that  shuffles  cards. 

SIIUF'FLI.N'G,  ppr.    Moving  by  little  shoves  one  way 
and  the  other ;  changing  the  places  of  cards ;  pre- 
varicating ;  evading  ;  playing  tricks. 
2.  a.    Evasive  ;  as,  n  shuffling  excuse. 

BHUF'FLI.NG,  n.  The  act  of  throwing  into  confu- 
sion, or  of  changing  the  relative  position  of  things 
by  xhoving  or  iiintion. 

2.  'J'rirk  ;  artifice  ;  evasion. 

3.  An  irregular  gait. 

SIIIJF'FM.NG  I.Y,  adv.  With  shulTling  ;  with  an  ir- 
ri  cular  g.iil  or  pace.  Dnidtn. 

Sllfi'.M  AC,  It.    Hiimach,  which  see.  MeCulhieh. 

SIIL'N.  r.  1.  [Sax.  iTCuninn,  ojfcuffta/t  t  allied,  perhaps, 
to  D  Mchuinen,  to  slo|»e.] 


Il  wai  contrived  by  your 
tliut  were  seized. 


1.  To  avoid;  to  keep  clear  of;  not  to  fall  on  or 
come  in  contact  with  ;  as,  to  shuu  rocks  and  slio.als 
in  navigation.  In  shunning  Scylla,  take  care  to  avoid 
Cliarybdis. 

2.  To  avoid  ;  not  to  mix  or  associate  with  ;  as,  to 
shun  evil  company. 

3.  To  avoid  ;  not  to  practice  ;  as,  to  shun  vice. 

4.  To  avoid  ,  to  escape  ;  as,  to  shun  a  blow. 

5.  To  avoid  ;  to  decline  ;  to  neglect. 

1  have  nol  Bhunned  to  declare  ttie  wiiole  counsel  of  God.  —  Acts 

XX. 

SHUN'LESS,  a.  Not  to  be  avoided  ;  inevitable  ;  un- 
avoidable ;  as,  shunless  destiny.    [Little  used.] 

Sliak. 

SHUN"Ni!D,  (shiind,)  pp.  Avoided. 
SilUS'NlSG,  ppr.     Avoiding;  keeping  clear  from ; 
declining. 

SHUNT,  n.  [Contraction  of  sAioi  In  railways,  a 
turning  off  to  a  short  rail,  that  tlie  principal  rail  may 
be  left  free.    [England.]  Smart, 

SHURK.  SeeSHAKK. 

SHUT,  V.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Shut.  [.Sax.  scittan,  scyt- 
tan,  to  boll  or  make  fast,  to  shut  in.  This  seems  to 
be  derived  from  or  connected  with  scytlel,  a  bolt  or 
bar,  a  scuttle,  scyttti,  a  shooter,  an  archer,  scytan,  sceo- 
tan,  scotian,  to  shoot,  U.  schutten,  to  stop,  defend,  par- 
ry, pound,  confine,  which  seems  to  be  allied  to  schut- 
ter,  a  shooter.  So  in  G.  schvtzen,  to  defend,  and 
sch^ftze,  a  shooter  ;  Dan.  skytler,  to  defend  ;  skytte,  a 
shooter  ;  Sw.  skydda,  to  defend  ;  skyit,  a  marksman. 
The  sense  of  these  words  is  expressed  by  shout,  and 
this  is  the  primary  sense  of  a  bolt  that  fastens,  from 
thrusting,  driving.] 

1.  'i'o  close  so  as  to  hinder  ingress  or  egress;  as, 
to  shut  a  door  or  g.aie  ;  to  shut  the  eyes  or  the  mouth. 

2.  To  prohibit  ;  to  bar  ;  to  forbid  entrance  into;  as, 
to  shut  the  ports  of  a  kingdom  by  a  blockade. 

Slial!  that  be  shut  to  man,  which  to  the  beast 

Is  oj^n  ?  Milton. 

3.  To  preclude  ;  to  exclude. 

But  shut  from  every  shore.  Dryden. 

4.  To  close,  as  the  fingers ;  to  contract ;  as,  to  shut 
the  hand. 

To  shut  in;  to  inclose  ;  to  confine. 

And  the  Lord  shut  him  in.  — Gen.  vii. 

2.  Spoken  of  points  of  land,  when  by  the  progress 
of  a  ship  one  point  is  brought  to  cover  or  intercept  the 
view  of  another.  It  is  then  said,  we  shut  in  such  a 
point,  we  shut  in  the  land  ;  or  one  point  shuts  in  an- 
other. 

To  shut  out :  to  preclude  from  entering ;  to  deny 
admission  to;  to  exclude;  as,  to  shut  out  rain  by  a 
tight  roof.  An  interesting  subject  occupying  the 
mind,  shuts  out  all  other  thoughts. 

To  shut  up  ;  to  close ;  to  make  fast  the  entrances 
into ;  as,  to  shut  up  a  house. 

2.  To  obstruct. 

Dangerous  rocils  shut  up  the  passage.  Ralegh. 

3.  To  confine ;  to  imprison  ;  to  lock  or  fasten  in ; 
as,  to  shut  up  a  prisoner. 

4.  To  confine  by  legal  or  moral  restraint. 

Before  f;viih  came,  we  were  liepl  under  Ihe  law,  shut  up  to  the 
failh,  wliicli  eiionlii  aflerwujd  be  revealed. — Gal.  iii. 

5.  To  end  ;  to  terminate;  to  conclude. 

■\Vlien  the  scene  of  life  is  shut  up,  the  slave  will  be  above  his 
,  if  he  h.'is  acted  belter.  Collier, 


SHUT,  ti.  1.    To  close  itself;  to  be  closed.    The  door 
shuti  of  itself*;  it  shuts  hard.    Certain  fiowers  shut  at 
night,  and  open  in  the  day. 
SHU  T,  pp.    Closed  ;  having  the  entrance  barred. 

2.  a.    Rid  ;  clear;  free.  L^ Estrange. 

SHUT,  n.  Close  ;  the  act  of  closing  ;  as,  the  .■•■hut  of  a 
door ;  tlie        of  evening.    [Little  used.]  Dryden. 

2.  A  small  door  or  cover.    But  Shutter  is  more 
generally  used. 
SHUT'TER,  71.    A  persson  that  shuts  or  closes. 

2.  A  close  cover  for  a  window  or  other  aperture. 
SIIUT'TING,  ppr.     Closing;  prohibiting  entrance; 
confining. 

SIIUT'TLE,  71.    [from  the  root  of  shoot:  Ice.  skutul.] 
An  instrument  used  by  weavers  for  passing  or 
shooting  the  thread  of  the  woof  in  weaving  from  one 
side  of  the  cloth  to  the  other,  between  the  threads  of 
the  warp. 

SHUT'1'I,F,-eOCK,  )  r  I  ,„  l^ 
SHUT'TI.E-eORK;  \  "'    ['"'"""^  ''"'^  ""■*'] 

A  cork  stuck  with  feathers,  used  to  be  struck  by  a 
battledore  in  play  ;  also,  the  play. 
SII V,  a.  [G.  scheu,  shy  ;  .theuchen,  to  scare, and  schruen, 
to  shun  ;  D.  schuw,  shy  ;  schuwen,  to  shun  ;  Sw.  skygg, 
shy,  and  sky,  to  shun  ;  Dan.  sky,  shy,  and  skyer,  to 
shun,  to  eschew.  In  Sp.  csimioo  is  shy,nnA  esquiimr, 
to  shun  ;  It.  schifo,  shy,  anil  schifare,  to  shun.  'I'he 
two  last-mentioned  languages  have  a  labial  for  the 
last  radical  ;  but  possibly  the  words  may  be  of  the 
same  family.  The  (!.  scheuchen,  to  scare,  is  our  shoo, 
a  word  used  for  scaring  away  fowls.] 

I.  Fearful  of  near  approach  ;  keeping  at  a  distance 
through  ranlioii  or  timidity  ;  shunning  approach ;  as, 
a  shy  bird. 

Hhe  is  represented  In  a  thy,  rrtirin;  posture.  Addison, 


2.  Reserved;  not  familiar;  coy  ;  avoiding  freedom 
of  intercourse. 

What  makes  you  so  shy,  my  good  friend  ?  Ar''Uthnot, 

3.  Cautious  ;  wary  ;  careful  to  avoid  cainmitting 
one's  self  or  adopting  measures. 

1  am  very  shy  of  using  corrosive  liquors  in  the  prcpamtien  of 
medicines.  BojL.. 

4.  Suspicious  ;  jealous. 

Princes  are,  by  wisdom  of  slAte,  somewhat  fffty  of  their  se.ere«soni 

^Ajort. 

SH?,  V.  i.    To  start  suddenly  aside,  as  a  hor.e 

HiJlwell. 

SHV,  71.  In  horsemanship,  the  starting  Fuddei.ly  aside 
of  a  horse.  farm.  Encyc. 

SH^'LY,  adv.  In  a  shy  or  timid  ma.iuor;  not  famil- 
iarly ;  with  reserve. 

SH  VNESS,  7j  Fear  of  near  approach  or  of  familiar- 
ity ;  reserve  ;  coyn'.ss. 

SI ;  the  seventh  note  in  "he  muficJ  sr.ale,  do  or  ut  he-  i 
ing  the  first     It  was  added  to  Guido's  scale  by  Le 
Maire,  about  the  end  of  tlic  sevenieeiith  century. 

Brande. 

SI-AL'O-GOGUE,  (si-al'o-gog,)  n.    [Gr.  irioAui',  sali- 
va, and  aj-wjo^,  leading.] 
A  medicine  that  promotes  the  flow  of  saliva. 

Brande. 

SIB  ;_a  relation,  in  Saxon,  but  not  in  use  in  English. 

SI-B!i'RI-.\i\,  a.  [Russ.  siver,  north.  Siberia  is  f  rincd 
by  annexing  the  Greek  la,  country,  from  the  Celtic, 
to  sit'cr,  north.] 

Pertaining  to  Siberia,  a  name  given  to  a  great  and 
indefinite  extent  of  territory  in  the  north  of  Asia;  as, 
a  Sibrrian  winter. 

SIB'ER-ITE,  n.    Red  tourmaline.  Ure.  < 

SIB'I-LAiNT,  a.  [L.  sibilo,  to  hiss,  Fr.siffler;  Kuss. 
soplyu,  sopyu,  id.] 

Hissing;  making  a  hissing  sound.  S  and  z  are 
called  sibilant  letters. 

SIB'l-LANT,  71.  A  letter  that  is  uUered  with  a  hissing 
of  the  voice  ;  as  s  and  z. 

SIB-I-La'TIO.'V,  71.    A  hissing  sound.  Bacon. 

SIB'YL,  77,  [from  the  L.]  In  pagan  antiquity,  the 
sibyls  were  certain  women  said  to  be  endowed  with 
a  prophetic  spirit.  1'heir  number  is  variously  stated  ; 
but  the  opinion  of  Varro,  who  states  them  to  have 
been  ten,  is  generally  adopted.  They  resided  in  va- 
rious parts  of  Persia,  Greece,  and  Italy.  It  is  pre- 
tended that  they  wrote  certain  prophecies  on  leaves 
in  verse,  which  are  called  sibiitline  verses,  or  sihylline 
oracles.  Hence  the  term  is  applied  to  a  gipsy,  or  for- 
tune-teller. Lempriere. 

SIB'YL-LI.VE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sibyls;  uttered, 
written,  or  composed  by  sibyls  ;  like  tile  productions 
of  sibyls. 

SIB'YL-EINE  BQQKS,  71.  pJ.  Books  or  documents  of 
prophecies  in  verse,  supposed  to  contain  the  fate  of 
the  Roman  empire,  ami  said  to  have  been  purchased 
by  Tarquin  the  Proud  from  a  sibyl.     _  Brande. 

SI€  TRjiJV'S/T  OLO'Rl-a  JtUJV'DI,  [L.]  Thus 
passes  away  the  glory  of  the  world. 

Sie'A-MORE,  71.  More  usually  written  Svcamoue, 
which  see. 

SIC'CATE,  I!,  t.    To  dry.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SIC-Ca'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  drying.  [JV"i>< 
in  use.] 

Sie'CA-TIVE,  a.   [from  L.  sicca,  to  dry,  Fr.  secher.  It. 

seccnre,  Sp.  secar,  W.  sygu.] 

Drying  ;  causing  to  dry.  Encyc. 
Sie'€A-Ti  VE,  71,    That  which  promotes  the  process 

of  drying. 

Sie CIF'ie,  (sik-sif 'ik,)  a.    Causing  dryness. 
Sie'CI-TY,  (sik'se-te,)  n.    [L.  siccila.<.] 

Dryness;  aridity;  destitution  of  moisture;  as,  the 

siccity  of  the  flesh  or  of  the  air.  Brown. 
SICE,  (size,)  7u    [Fr.  ,«r.] 

'I'he  number  six  at  dice. 
StCII,  for  Such.    [See  Such.]  Chaucer. 
SIC  II-  I-A'NO  ;  in  7n1t.sk,  a  composition  in  im-asiires 

of  t>-4  or  ()-8,  to  be  performed  in  a  slow  and  graceful 

manner. 

SIC-IL'IAN  VES'PKRS,  71.  pi.  In  hiitory,  the  nnme 
of  the  great  mass.icre  of  the  French  in  Sicily,  in  the 
year  1282,  on  the  evening  of  Easier  Tuesday.  Brande. 

SICK,  a.  [Sax.  seoc  :  D.  ziek;  Sw.  sink;  Ice.  syke. 
Q.11.  Gr.  ijiK\a(,  squeamish,  loathing.1 

1.  Affected  with  nausea;  inclined  to  vomit;  as, 
sick  at  Ihe  stomach.  [This  is  probably  the  primary 
sense  of  the  word.]  Hence, 

2.  Disgusted  ;  having  a  strong  dislike  to ;  w  ith  of 
as,  to  be  sick  0/ flattery  ;  to  be  sick  of  a  country  lifu. 

He  was  nol  so  tick  o/Uis  mnster  aj  o/hu  work.    L' Estrange. 

3.  Atfi  cted  with  disease  of  any  kind  ;  not  in 
health  ;  fullowed  by  of;  as,  to  be  .vict  o/a  fever,  fin 
England,  ill  is  now  more  conmionly  used  when  ais- 
ease  is  spoken  of,  and  sick,  when  nausea  or  disgust 
is  intended.  —  Ed.] 

4.  Corrupted.    [JVot  in  use,  nor  proper.]  Shak. 
,V  The, lick;  Ihe  person  or  [lorsons  affected  with 

disease.    The  .vie/.'  are  healed. 
SICK,  p.  t.    To  make  sick.     [JVot  in  use.]  [See 
SicrenJ 

SICK'-ItERTII,  71,  In  a  ship  of  war,  an  apartment  for 
the  sick. 


FATE,  FXR,  F/VLL,  WH^T — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK — 


1028 


r 


SID 


PICK'-l!KAl.\-KI),  a.    Disiirdcriil  in  the  lirain. 
SlUK'i':N,  (sik'ii,)  e.  (.    'I'u  niuke  sick  ;  to  disease. 

Kuise  l\m  ID  fttivh^lh,  and  siuktn  th.il  to  tlcnth.  Prior. 

!2.  Til  make  squcainisli.    It  skkfits  the  stomach. 
3.  Tu  disgust.    It  sickens  one  tu  hear  the  fnwiiing 
sycopliaiit. 

'1.  To  impair.    [JVot  in  u.<e.l  Shak. 
SICK'£N,  V.  1.    To  become  sick  ;  to  fall  into  disease. 

The  jii(l£ro8  th;U  6(il  upon  ihc  jail,  anil  lho«  lhal  BH*'niIcil, 
sickened  upon  il,  and  liic-l.  .  iJacon, 

2.  To  be  satiated  ;  to  he  filled  to  disgust.  Skak. 

3.  To  become  disgusting  or  tedious. 

The  toitintr  pleasure  iiiclten»  Into  pain.  Ooldsmilh. 

4.  To  he  disgusted  ;  to  be  filled  with  aversion  or 
abhorrence.  He  sickened  at  the  sight  of  so  much 
litinian  misery. 

.'5.  To  become  weak  ;  to  decay ;  to  languish. 
Plains  often  sicken  and  die. 

All  pleaiurea  sicken,  and  ull  glories  diiilr.  Pope. 
flICK'f:.\-£D,  (sik'nd,)  pp.    Made  sick. 
SICK'i.'N-hNG,  ppr.  or  a.    liucoming  sick  ;  making 
sick. 

2.  Disgusting. 
SICK'ER,  a.    [L.securus  ;  Dan.  sikker  ;  G.  sicker ;  D. 
icker.  ] 

Sure;  certain;  firm.    [Oft.t.]  Spenser. 
SICK'EU,  ri</i.\    Suicly  ;  rt  rtainlv.    [06s.]  Spenser. 
SICK'KK-LY,  a(/i..    Surely.  [Ohs.] 
SiCK'Ell-NliSS,  11.    Security.    [Oft.t.]  Spenser. 
SICK'ISH,  o.    I  from  iici.]    Somewhat  sick  or  dis- 
eased, llaliexcill. 

2.  Exciting  disgust  ;  nauseating ;  as,  a  sickish 
»  taste. 

SICK'ISH-I,Y,  adv.    In  a  sickish  manner. 
SlUK'ISlI-NESS,  H.    The  quality  of  exciting  disgust. 
SICK'LE,  (sik'l,)  n.    [Sax.  sicrl,  sicol ;  G.  sicliM  :  D. 
zUikel:  Or.  (,niK\ri,  ^ctyK\<iv  ;  L.  sicula,  from  the  root 
of  seco,  to  cut.] 

A  reaping-hook  ;  a  hooked  instrument  with  teeth  ; 
used  fur  cutting  grain. 

Thou  slialt  not  move  !\  tickle  to  Ihy  neighbor's  sumdin  j  com.  — 
Dcut,  zxiii. 

SrCK'LKD,  a.    Furnished  with  a  sickle.  Thomson. 
SICK'LE-.M.W,  j  II.    One  that  uses  a  sickle  ;  a  luap- 
SICK'LKR,        i     er.    [A"u£  used  in  J^cw  England.] 

Shak. 

SICK'LE-SH.5P-ED,  (sik'l-shapt,)  a.  Shaped  like  a 
sicklt!. 

SIC'K'I.E-WOUT,  n.    A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Coronilla. 

SICK'Ll-.NESS,  n.  [from  xicklii.]  The  state  of  being 
sickly  ;  the  state  of  being  habitually  diseased  ;  ap- 
plied to  persons. 

2.  The  state  of  producing  sickness  extensively; 
'  as,  the  sickliness  of  a  season. 

3.  The  disposition  to  generate  disease  extensively  ; 
tis,  the  sickliness  of  a  climate. 

SI(;K'-L1ST,  n.  A  list  containing  the  names  of  the 
sick. 

SICK'LY,  o.  Not  healthy;  somewhat  affected  with 
disease  ;  or  habitually  indisposed  ;  as,  a  sickly  per- 
son, or  a  sickly  constitution  ;  a  sickly  plant. 

2.  Producing  disease  extensively;  marked  with 
sickness  ;  as,  a  sickly  time  ;  a  siddy  autumn. 

3.  Tending  to  produce  disease  ;  as,  a  si'cUy  climate. 

4.  Faint ;  weak  ;  languid. 

The  moon  ^to\n  sickly  at  the  sight  of  day.  Dryden. 
SICK'LY,  V.  t.    To  make  diseased.    [.Vot  in  us".] 

SAoA. 

SICK'.N'ESS,  n.    [G.  suckt.] 

1.  iXausea;  squeamisiiness ;  as,  sickness  of  the 
stomach. 

2.  State  of  being  diseased. 

I  do  lament  the  sictfM..-  of  the  Icinjj.  ShaJt. 

3.  Disease  ;  malady ;  a  morbid  state  of  the  body 
of  an  animal  or  plant,  in  which  the  organs  do  not 
perfectly  perform  their  natural  functions. 

Tnisl  not  loo  much  your  now  resisll'-ss  charms ; 

Those,  age  or  sickness  soon  or  late  ilisarms.  Pope. 

Uimseir  took  our  infirmities,  and  bore  our  sieJcnesses.  —  Matt. 

[In  England,  present  usage  inclines  to  illness  as 
the  word  for  expressing  disease,  confining  sickness 
cbieHy  to  nausea  and  disgust.  —  EJ.] 
SIDE,  n.  [Sax.  sid,  side,  sida,  a  side,  also  wide,  like 
L.  latus;  D.  lyde,  side,  fiank,  page;  lid,  far;  G. 
,«eile  ;  Sw.  sida  :  Dan.  .lide,  a  side  ;  sid  or  slid,  long, 
trailing;  sidst,  last;  Scot,  side,  long.  These  words 
indicate  the  radical  sense  to  be,  to  extend,  dilate,  or 
draw  out.] 

1.  The  broad  and  long  part  or  surface  of  a  thing, 
ns  distinguished  from  the  end,  which  is  of  less  ex- 
tent, and  may  be  a  point;  as,  the  side  of  a  plank  ; 
the  side  of  a  chest ;  the  .-nde  of  a  house  or  of  a  ship. 
One  side  of  a  lens  may  be  ctmcave,  the  other  convex. 

Side  is  distinguished  from  edge;  as,  the  side  of  a 
knife  or  sword. 

2.  Margin  ;  edge  ;  verge  ;  border ;  the  exterior 
line  of  any  thing,  considered  in  length:  as,  the  side 
of  a  tract  of  land  or  a  field,  as  distinct  from  the  end. 
Hence  we  say,  the  side  of  a  river  ;  the  side  of  a  road  ; 
the  east  and  west  side  of  the  American  continent. 


SID 

3.  The  part  of  an  animal  hetwei  n  the  back  and 
the  fat  e  and  belly  ;  the  part  on  which  the  ribs  are 
situated;  as,  the  right  side;  the  left  side.  This,  in 
quadrupeds,  is  usually  the  broadest  part. 

4.  The  pari  between  the  tt>p  and  bottom  ;  the 
slope,  declivity,  or  ascent,  as  of  a  hill  or  mountain  ; 
as,  the  side  of  Mount  Etna. 

5.  One  part  of  a  thing,  or  its  superficies ;  as,  the 
side  of  a  ball  or  s[)here. 

6.  Any  part  consnlered  in  respect  to  its  direction 
or  point  of  compass  ;  as,  to  whichever  side  we  direct 
our  view  ;  we  see  ditficiilties  on  evtTy  side. 

7.  Party  ;  faction  ;  sect ;  any  man  or  body  of  men 
considered  as  in  opposition  to  another.  One  man 
enlists  on  the  side  of  the  tories  ;  another  on  the  side 
of  the  wings.  Some  persona  change  sides  for  the 
sake  of  popularity  and  office,  and  sink  themselves  in 
public  estimation. 

And  si-ts  the  passions  on  the  side  of  truth.  Pope. 

8.  Interest ;  favor. 

The  Lord  is  on  my  side.  —  Ps.  exviii. 

9.  .Any  part  being  in  opposition  or  contradistinc- 
tion to  aiintlier  ;  used  of  persons  or  propu.^itions.  In 
that  battle,  the  slaughter  w.as  great  on  btith  sides. 
Passion  invites  on  one  side  ;  reason  restrains  on  the 
other. 

Open  Justice  bends  on  either  side.  Vryden. 

10.  Branch  of  a  family  ;  separate  line  of  descent ; 
as,  by  the  father's  side,  he  is  descended  from  a  noble 
family  ;  by  the  mother's  side,  his  birth  is  respectable. 

11.  ciuarler;  region;  part;  as,  from  one  side  of 
heaven  tt)  the  other. 

To  lake  sides;  to  embr.ace  the  opinions  or  attach 
one'j  self  to  the  interest  of  a  party  when  in  opposi- 
tion to  another. 

To  choose  sides :  to  select  parties  for  competition  in 
exercises  of  any  kind. 
SIDE,  a.    Lateral  ;  as,  a  side  post ;  but  perhaps  it 
would  be  better  to  consider  the  word  as  compound. 

2.  Being  on  the  side,  or  toward  the  side )  oblique ; 
indirect. 


The  law  hath  no  side  respect  to  their  persona. 
One  mighty  squadron  wiUi  a  side  wind  sijed. 


Hooker. 
Drytlen. 


So  we  say,  a  side  view,  a  side  blow. 

Bcntley.  Pope. 

3.  Long;  large;  extensive.    [Ohs.]  Shak. 
SIDE,  r.  i.    To  lean  on  one  side.  [Little  used.]  Bacon. 
2.  To  embrace  the  opinitms  of  one  party,  or  engage 
in  its  interest,  when  opposed  to  another  party  ;  as, 
to  side  with  the  ministerial  party. 

All  side  in  parties  and  tjcgin  the  attack.  Pope. 

SIDE,  V.  t.   To  stand  at  the  side  of.    [J^'of  in  use.] 

Spenser, 

2.  To  suit  ;  to  pair.    [JVot  in  use.]  Clarendon. 

SIDE'HoARD,  n.  [side  and  hoard.]  A  piece  of  fur- 
niture or  cabinet  work,  consisting  of  a  table  or  box 
with  drawers  or  cells,  placed  at  the  side  of  a  room 
or  in  a  recess,  and  used  to  hold  dining  utensils,  &c. 

STDE'-liOX,  n.  [side  and  boz.]  A  box  or  inclosed 
seat  on  the  side  of  a  theater,  distinct  from  the  seats 
in  the  pit. 

SIDE'-CUT,  n.  A  canal  branching  out  from  the  main 
one.  .America. 

SID'ED,  a.  Having  a  side  ;  used  in  composition  ;  as, 
one-sided,  mauy-sided,  &c. 

SIDE'-FI.?,  n.    An  insect.  Dcrham. 

SIDE'Ll.N'G,  adc.    [from  sidle  ;  D.  zydrlings.] 

1.  Sidewise  ;  with  the  side  foremost;  as,  to  go 
sideling  through  a  crowd. 

2.  Sloping. 

SIDE'LONG,  o.    [side  and  lonir.]    Lateral;  oblique; 

not  directly  in  front;  as,  a  sidelong  glance.  Dryden. 
SIDE'LOXG,  aJr.  Laterally  ;  obliquely  ;  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  side.  Milton. 
2.  On  the  side  ;  as,  to  lay  a  thing  sidelong.  Evelyn. 
SID'ER,  n.    One  that  takes  a  side  or  joins  a  party. 

2.  Cider.    [JVot  in  use  ] 
SID'ER-A-TED,  a.    [L.  sidcratus.] 

Bla-stert  ;  planet-struck.  Brown. 
SID-ER-.A'TION,  n.    [L.  sideratio  ;  sidero,  to  blast, 
from  sidu.^,  a  star.  ] 

A  blasting  or  blast  in  plants  ;  a  sudden  deprivation 
of  sense;  an  apoplexy;  a  slight  erysipelas.  [Wut 
used.]  Ray.  Coxe. 

A  sphacelus,  or  a  species  of  erysipelas,  vulgarly 
called  a  Blast.  Parr. 

^ID'Er'^AL^'^'  I  '"'"■"''^"i        sidus,  a  star.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  star  or  stars  ;  astral ;  as,  sidereal 
light. 

2.  Containing  stars  ;  starry  ;  as,  sidereal  regions. 
Sidereal  day:  in  astronomy,  the  period  in  which  a 

star  apparently  completes  a  revolution  in  the  heav- 
ens, being  the  exact  period  in  which  the  earth  re- 
volves on  its  axis. 

Sidereal  year  ;  the  period  in  which  the  earth  makes 
one  revolution  in  its  orbit  with  respect  to  the  stars, 
or  the  apparent  period  in  which  the  sun  completes 
one  revolution  round  the  earth.  Olmsted, 
SID'ER-ITE,  n.  [L.  tideritis;  Gr.  id.,  from  aiSnpos, 
iron.] 


SIE 

1.  The  lodestoiie  ;  also,  iron-wort,  a  plane  ;  also, 
the  common  ground  pine,  (Teucriuni  cha  iri  nitys. 
Linn.)  Coie.    Encyc.  Parr. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  a  phosphate  of  iron. 

Lavoisier.  Fourrroy, 

SID-ER-O-CAL'CITE,  n.  Brown  spar,  composed  of 
the  carbonates  of  iron  and  lime  or  magnesia.  C'ro. 

SID-ER-O-tLEP'TE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  yellowish 
green  color,  soft  and  transliicid,  occurring  in  reniforin 
or  botryoidal  masses,  supposed  to  be  a  variety  ol 
olivine  or  clirystilite.  Sau-*sare, 

.«ri)-EU  O-GRAPirie,       |o.  [SecSiOEKOORAi-Hr.] 

SIl)-ER-0-GRAPII'ie-AL,  (  Pertaining  to  siilerog- 
raphy,  or  performed  by  engraved  plates  of  steel ;  as, 
sidero 'rraphie  art ;  siderographie  impressitms. 

SID-ER-OG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  engraves  steel 
plates,  or  performs  work  by  means  of  such  plates. 

SID-EK-OG'RA-PIl  Y,  «.  [Gr.  ai<ii/po{,  steel,  or  iron, 
and  ypttfw,  to  engrave.] 

The  art  or  pr.actice  of  engraving  on  steel,  by  means 
of  which,  impressions  may  be  transferred  from  a 
steel  plate  to  a  steel  cylinder  in  a  rolling  press  of  a 
particular  construction.  Perkins. 

SID'ER-0-SeoPE,n.  [Gr.  (7i(5>ifios,  iron,  and  tr.ortw, 
to  view  or  explore.] 

An  inslniinent  lately  invented  in  France,  for  de- 
tecting small  quantities  of  iron  in  any  substance, 
mineral,  vegetable,  or  animal.     Ferussnc^s  Bui. 

SIDE'-SAD-DLE,  (-sad'dl,)  n.  [..i./c  and  j(u</<//c.]  A 
saddle  for  a  woman's  seat  on  horseback. 

SIDE'-SAD-DLE-FLOVV-ER,  n.  A  species  of  Snr- 
racenia,  or  Sarrazinia,  an  aquatic  plant,  so  called  be- 
cause the  stigma  of  the  Mower  resembles  a  wmnan's 
pillion.  Loudon. 

SIDES'MAN,  n.    [side  and  man.]    An  assistant  to  the 
churchwarden. 
2.  A  parlv  man.  Jifillon. 

SIDE'-Ta  bLE,  71.  A  table  placed  either  against  the 
wall  or  asiile  frtim  the  principal  table. 

SIDE'TaK-ING,  71.  A  taking  sides,  or  engaging  in  a 
party.  Hall. 

SIDE'Wa  YS,.j  flrfe.    [side  and  irny  ;  hiil  sideaise  ia 

SIDE'VVISE,  1     the  proper  combination.] 

1.  Toward  one  side  ;  inclining  ;  as,  to  hold  the 
head  sidewise. 

2.  Laterally ;  on  one  side ;  as,  the  refraction  of 
light  .•iidewise,  JVcwton. 

SID'I.NG,  ppr.    Joining  one's  side  or  partv. 

SlD'INfi,  n.    The  attaching  of  one's  sell'  to  a  party. 
2.  The  turn-out  of  a  railrttad.  England, 

SI'DLE,  V.  i.    To  go  or  move  side  foremost  ;■  as,  to 
sidle  through  a  crowd. 
2.  To  lie  on  the  side  Swifl. 

SIkGE,  (seej,)  fi.  [Fr.  siige,  a  seat,  a  siege,  the  .tec  of 
a  bishop  ;  Norm,  sage,  a  seat  ;  It.  seggia,  seggio ; 
Arm.  sick,  sicha,  sich  enn.  The  radical  sense  is,  to 
set,  to  fall,  or  to  throw  down;  Sax.  .tigau,u>  fall, 
set,  or  rush  down.  These  words  seem  ttt  be  con- 
nected with  sink,  and  with  the  root  of  seal,  L.  sigil- 
lum.] 

1.  The  setting  of  an  army  around  or  before  a  for- 
tified pl.ice  for  the  purpose  of  compelling  the  garri- 
son to  surrender;  or  the  surrounding  or  investing  of 
a  place  by  an  army,  and  approarliing  it  by  passages 
and  advanced  works,  which  cover  the  besiegers  frtun 
the  enemy's  fire.  .A  siege  ilift'ers  from  a  blockade, 
as  in  a  siege  the  invt;sting  army  approaches  the  ft)r- 
tified  place  to  attack  and  reduce  it  by  force  ;  but  in  a 
blockade,  the  army  secures  all  the  avenues  to  the 
place  to  intercept  all  supplies,  and  waits  till  famine 
compels  the  garrison  to  surrender. 

2.  Any  continued  endeavor  to  gain  possession. 

LoTC  stood  the  siege,  anti  would  not  yi'-Id  hi*  breasl. 

Dryden. 

3.  Seat  ;  throne.    [Obs,]  Spen.ier, 

4.  Rank;  place;  cla.ss.    [Obs.]  SJuiL 

5.  Stool.    KVot  in  use.]  Broitru 
SIkCE,  e.  f.    To  besiege.    [.Xot  in  use.]  Spenser, 
ST'EN-ITE,  j  71.    A  comiKiund  granular  rock  com- 
S?'E.\-ITE,  i   posed  of  quartz,  hornblende,  and  feld- 
spar, of  a  gniyish  ctilor  ;  so  called  because  there  are 
mnny  ancient  monuments,  consisting  of  this  rock, 
brought  from  Syene,  in  Upper  Egypt.    It  difiers  from 
granite  only  in  containing  hornblende   instead  of 
mica.    [As  this  word  is  from  Syene,  the  proper  spell- 
ing is  SvENiTK.]  Lunier,  Dana, 

PI-E.\-IT'ie,  la.     Containing  syenite ;  having  the 

SV-E.N-IT'ie,  (     character  of  syenite.  Humble. 

SI-ER'RA,  n.  [Sp.]  A  word  meaning  saie,  intro- 
duced into  geography  by  the  Spaniards,  to  designate 
a  riilge  of  mountains  and  ciaggv  rocks. 

Sl-ES'TA,  n.  [Sp.]  A  short  sleep  taken  about  the 
inidrllc  of  the  day,  or  after  dinner. 

SIK'CR,  (se'ur,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  title  of  »espect  used  by 
the  French. 

SIEVE,  (siv,)  n.  [Sax.  s\fe,  syfe;  G.  sitb ;  D.  ie(f, 
zifl  :  the  sifter.    See  Si  ft.] 

A  utensil  for  separating  flour  from  bran,  or  the 
fine  part  of  any  pulverized  or  fine  substance  from 
the  coarse,  by  the  hand  ;  as,  a  fine  .-ier*  ;  a  coarse 
sieve,  Il  consists  of  a  hoop  with  a  bottom  of  hair, 
canvas,  wire,  &c.,  and  performs  in  the  family  ihe 
service  of  a  boiler  in  a  mill. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJMTE.  — AN"GER,  VT'CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


IPO* 


in2» 


3IG 


SIG 


SIG 


SIFT,  T.  L    [r^ax.  sifian  :  G.  sirben  :  11.  ziflcn.] 

1.  To  separate  by  sieve,  as  the  fine  part  of  a  sub- 
stance friiMi  the  coarse  ;  as,  to  sifl  meal ;  to  sift  pow- 
der ;  to  sift  sand  oi  time. 

2.  To  separate  ;  to  part.  Dnjden, 

3.  To  examine  minul_Iy  or  critically ;  to  scruti- 
nize. Let  the  principles  of  the  party  be  thoroughly 
sifted. 

We  have  ti/led  yo'-/  objections.  Hooker. 

SIFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Perarated  by  a  sieve ;  purified 
from  rhe  coarser  parts  ;  critically  exairined. 

SIFTER,  n.  One  thai  sifts;  that  which  sifts;  a 
sieve. 

SIF  T'liVG,  ppr.    Separating  the  finer  from  the  coarser 

part  by  a  sieve  ;  critically  examining. 
SIG,  a  Saxon  word  si'viifyin*;  victory,  is  used  in 

names,  as  in  Si^rbrrt^  brigh'  victory.    It  answers  to 

the  Greek  n<  in  J^icander,  r.jd  the  L.  vie  in  Viclo- 

ririiu: 

SIGH,  (si,)  V.  i.  [Sax.  jimji,  to  sigh  ;  D.  lugt,  a  sigh  ; 
zuirten,  to  sigh  ;  Dan.  sukker  :  S\j'.  .lucka  ;  allied  per- 
haps to  suck,  a  drawing  in  of  the  breath.] 

To  inhale  a  larger  quantity  of  air  than  usual,  and 
immediately  expel  it;  to  suffer  a  deep  single  respira- 
tion. 

He  sighed  deeply  in  his  spirit.  —  M.irli  viii, 
SIGH,  (SI,)  V.  u   To  lament ;  to  mourn. 
A*f^  to  come,  and  men  unborn, 

Sli.ill  Uess  h'.T  name  and  fft^/i  her  fate.  Prior. 
9.  To  express  by  sighs. 

The  gpinle  swain  —  sighs  back  her  ffrief.  Hoole. 

SIGH,  n.  A  single  deep  respiration;  a  long  breath; 
the  inhaling  of  a  larger  quantity  of  air  than  usual, 
and  the  sudden  emission  of  it.  This  is  an  effort  of 
nature  to  dilate  the  lungs  and  give  vigor  to  the  circu- 
lation of  the  blood,  when  th«  action  of  the  heart 
and  arteries  is  languiil  from  grief,  depression  of  spirits, 
weakness,  or  want  of  exercise.  Hence  sighs  are 
indications  of  grief  or  debilitv.  - 

STGII'ER,  (si'er,)  n.    One  that' sighs. 

SIGH'ING,  ;ipr.  SuflTering  a  deep  respiration  ;  taking 
a  long  breath. 

SiGiriiVG,  n.    The  act  of  sufTering  a  deep  respiration, 

or  taking  a  long  breath. 
STGiriNG-LV,  adv.    With  sighing. 
SIGHT,  (Site,)  n.     [Sax.  gesiht,  with  a  prefix;  D. 

gezigt :  G.  sicht ;  Dan.  sigt ;  Sw.  sickt,  from  the  root 

of  see.] 

1.  1  he  act  of  seeing  ;  perception  of  objects  by  the 
eye  ;  view  ;  as,  to  gain  sight  of  land  ;  to  have  a 
sight  of  a  landscape  ;  to  lose  sight  of  a  ship  at  sea. 

A  cloiHl  re&'ived  him  onl  of  tlieir  sight.  —  Acts  i. 

9.  The  faculty  of  vision,  or  of  perceiving  objects 
by  the  instniincniality  of  the  eyes.  It  has  been 
doubted  whether  moles  have  .■>ighL  .Milton  lost  bis 
si<rkl.  The  sight  usually  fails  at  or  before  fifty  years 
of  age. 

O  loss  of  sight,  of  thee  I  most  complain.  Millon. 

3.  Open  view  ;  the  state  of  admitting  unobstructed 
vision  ;  a  being  within  the  limits  of  vision.  The 
harbor  is  in  .nght  of  the  town.  The  shore  of  Long 
Island  is  in  .lighl  of  New  Haven.  The  White  Moun- 
t:iin  is  in  plain  .m>Ai  at  Portland,  in  .Maine  ;  a  moun- 
tain is  or  is  not  within  sight;  an  engagement  at  sea 
is  within  sight  of  land. 

4.  Notice  from  seeing  ;  knowledge  ;  as,  a  letter  in- 
tended for  the  .sight  of  one  person  only. 

5.  Eye  ;  the  instrument  of  seeing. 

I  Krom  the  depth  of  h'-ll  tii'-y  lift  their  sight.  Dryrien. 

I  6.  A  small  aperture  through  which  objects  are  to 

I       be  seen  ;  as,  the  sight  of  a  quadrant. 
,  7.  That  which  is  beheld  ;  a  spectacle  ;  a  show ; 

I  partieularhi,  something  novel  and  remarkable  ;  some- 
I       thing  wonderful. 

I  Th'-y  never  »a\v  a  sight  so  fiir.  Spfneer, 

I  Moaes  said,  1  will  now  luni  aaide  and  fee  this  ^eat  sight,  uhy 

the  bush  is  not  biimed,  —  Kx.  iii. 
I  Fearf'il  sights  and  great  signs  shall  there  be  from  heaven.  — 

Luke  xxi. 

'         8.  A  small  piece  of  metal  fixed  on  the  muzzle  of  a 

musket,  &.C.,  to  aid  the  eye  in  Uiking  aim. 
;  Campb.  Ml.  DicL 

'  To  take  night ;  to  take  aim  ;  to  look  fur  the  pur- 

I  pose  of  directing  n  piece  of  artillery,  &c. 

I  SKJHT'EI),  a.  In  composition  only,  having  *ight,  or 
feeing  in  n  particular  manner  ;  ai^,  hng-sightrd,  net^- 
ing  at  a  great  dixtance  ;  short-sighted,  al)le  to  we  only 

I I  at  a  .small  distance  ;  quick-sighted,  readily  seeing,  dis- 
I       C'-rning,  or  iindemtanding  ;  sharp-sighted,  having  n 

kf"-ii  eve  or  jiriitc  di4««^rrimenl. 
I    ST(;HT'1-"|;L.  NES«,  <i    r;iearnesn  of  sight.    [JVbf  in 
I       i/.«e.l  Sidniy. 
.'^IGHT'LESS,  (»Itc'I«»%)  a.    Wanting  sight ;  blind. 

Of  .dl  who  blindly  cp-ep,  or  sightlsss  soar.  Pope. 

2.  OfTeniive  or  unpl'  a'ing  to  the  eye  ;  as,  sightless 
«tain«.    ' JiTitt  ireU  autJiortzrd.]  ShaJc. 

SI(;in''I,F,HH-I,V,  nrfp.    In  a  Hightlesn  manner. 
HI(;ll  r'l,ES.'»-NKSH,  n.    Want  of  Higlit. 
.'^IGllT'LI-.VEr'S,  n.     Coiiielincsa  ;  an  appearance 
I       pleaiiing  t<i  the  light. 

I 


SIGHT'LY,  (site'le,)  a.  Pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  striking 
to  the  view. 

Miny  braVe,  sightly  hones.  V Eatrunge. 

2.  Open  to  the  view  ;  that  may  be  seen  from  a  dis- 
tance.   We  say,  a  house  stands  in  a  .■iightln  place. 
SlGHTS'^IAN,  n.    Among  iniisicians,  one  who  reads 

music  readily  at  first  sight.  Busby. 
SI6'IL,  (sij'il,)  71.    [L.  sigillum.'] 

A  seal  ;  signature.  Dryden. 
SIG-IL-La'RI-.A,  n.    A  name  given  to  certain  large 

plants  found  in  the  coal  formation.  Bronmiiart. 
Sl-GlL'LA-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  sigiltatif ;  L.  sigillum.] 

Fit  to  seal ;  belonging  to  a  seal ;  composed  of  wax. 

Cotgravf^. 

SIG'MA,  7t.  The  name  of  the  Greek  letter  £,  5,  (Eng- 
lish S.)  The  Greeks  originally  useil  for  this  letter 
the  form  of  the  English  C,  and  the  Romans  adopted 
this  form  for  their  tables.  The  most  honorable 
places  at  the  table  were  the  extremities.  Elmts. 
SIG'.MOID,        i  „.     r  , 

SIG-.MOID'AL,  (       [Gr.  <ri)/^a  and  ei^oj.] 

Curved  like  the  Greek     (sigm.a.)  Smith.  Bigelow. 

The  sigmoid  Ji^zure,  in  anatomy,  is  the  last  curve 
of  the  colon,  before  it  terminates  in  the  rectum.  Parr, 
SIGN,  (sine,)  n.  [Fr.  signe ;  It.  segno;  Sp.  sena;  L. 
signum;  i^ax.scgtn;  Arm.  siigii,syn;  It.  sighin  ;  G. 
zeiclien  ;  Sans.  zaga.  From  the  last  three  words,  it 
appears  that  n  is  not  radical  ;  the  elements  being  Sg. 
If  so,  and  the  G.  zrichen  is  of  this  family,  then  we 
learn  that  sign  is  only  a  dialectical  orthography  of 
token,  for  zeichen  is  the  D.  tccken,  Dan.  tegn,  Sw.  tee- 
ken,  coinciding  perhaps  with  Gr.  ^uKfi'iit.] 

1.  A  token  ;  something  by  which  another  thing  is 
shown  or  represented  ;  any  visible  thing,  any  mo- 
tion, appearance,  or  event,  which  indicates  the  ex- 
istence or  approach  of  something  else.  Thus  we 
speak  of  signs  of  fair  weather  or  of  a  storm,  and 
of  external  marks,  which  are  signs  of  a  good  con- 
stitution. 

2.  A  motion,  action,  nod,  or  gesture,  indicating  a 
wish  or  command. 

They  made  signs  to  his  father,  how  he  would  have  him  called. 
—  Luke  i. 

3.  A  wonder ;  a  miracle  ;  a  prodigy ;  a  remarkable 
transaction,  event,  or  phenomenon. 

Through  mighty  signs  and  wonders.  —  Rom.  xr. 

4.  Some  visible  transaction,  event,  or  appearance, 
intended  as  proof  or  evidence  of  something  else ; 
hence,  proof;  evidence  by  sighL 

Show  me  a  sign  tliat  thou  talktst  with  me.  —  Judges  vi. 

5.  Something  hung  or  set  near  a  house  or  over  a 
door,  to  give  notice  of  the  tenant's  occupation,  or 
what  is  made  or  sold  within  ;  as,  a  trader's  sign  ;  a 
tailor's  sign  ;  the  sign  of  the  Eagle. 

6.  A  memorial  or  monument;  something  to  pre- 
serve the  memory  of  a  thing. 

What  time  the  fire  devoured  two  hundred  and  fifty  men,  and 
they  became  a  sign.  —  Nuin  xxvi. 

7.  Visible  mark  or  representation  ;  as,  an  outward 
sign  of  an  inward  and  spiritual  grace. 

8.  A  mark  of  distinction. 

9.  Typical  representation. 

Tlie  holy  symbols  or  signs  are  not  barely  significative. 

Breretrood. 

10.  In  astronomy,  the  twelfth  part  of  the  ecliptic 
or  zodiac.  The  signs  are  rei  koned  from  the  point 
of  intersection  of  the  ecliptic  and  equator  at  the 
vernal  equinox,  and  are  named,  respectively,  Aries, 
Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo,  Libra,  Scorpio, 
SagitUuius,  Capricorniis,  Aquarius,  Pisces.  These 
names  are  borrowed  from  the  constellations  of  the 
zodiac  tif  the  same  denomination,  which  were  re- 
spectively cimipielieiided  within  the  foregoing  equal 
divisions  of  the  ecliptic,  at  the  time  when  thtise 
divisions  were  first  made  ;  but,  on  account  of  the 
precessiim  of  the  equinoxes,  the  positions  of  these 
constellations  in  the  heavens  no  longer  corres|Mtnd 
with  the  divisions  of  the  ecliptic  of  the  same  name, 
but  are  considerably  in  ailvance  v(  them.  Thus  the 
constellation  Aries  is  now  in  that  part  of  the  ecliptic 
called  Taurus. 

11.  In  af^ffira,  a  character  indicating  the  relation 
of  (luantities,  or  an  operation  performed  upon  them  ; 
as  the  sign  +,  [plus,]  prefixed  to  a  quantity,  inilicales 
that  the  quantity  is  to  be  added  ;  the  sign  — 
[minus]  denotes  that  the  quantity  to  which  it  is 
prefixed  is  to  be  subtracted.  The  former  is  prefixed 
to  tpiantities  called  affirmative  or  positive:  the  latter 
to  tpiantities  called  negative. 

12.  The  subscription  of  one's  name;  signature; 
as,  a  sign  mamial. 

13.  .\mong  physicians,  an  apfienrance  orsvmptoin  in 
the  human  body,  which  indicates  its  condition  as  to 
health  or  disease. 

11.  In  mu.sic,  any  character,  as  a  flat,  sharp, 
dot,  &C. 

SKiN,  (slue,)  r.  t.  To  mark  with  characters  or  one's 
name.  To  sign  a  paper,  note,  derd,  &c.,  is  to  write 
one'8  name  at  the  foot,  or  underneath  the  declara- 
tion, promise,  covenant,  grant,  &c.,  hy  which  the 
perMim  makes  it  his  t>wn  act.    To  sign  une*s  name,  is 


to  write  or  subscribe  it  on  paper.  Signing  does  not 
now  include  sealing. 

2.  To  signify  ;  to  represent  typically.  [JVotinuse.] 

Taylor. 

3.  To  mark. 

4.  To  signify  by  the  hand  ;  to  move  the  hand  for 
intimating  something  to  another. 

Sign,  v.  i.    To  be  a  sign  or  omen.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

SIG'N.AL,  V.  [Fr.  signal :  Sp.  sehal ;  from  L.  sigintm.] 
A  sign  that  gives  or  is  intended  to  give  notice  ;  or 
the  notice  given.  Signals  are  usi^d  to  comuiunicale 
notice,  information,  orders,  and  the  like,  to  persons 
at  a  distance,  and  by  any  persons  and  f^ur  any  pur- 
pose. A  signal  may  be  a  motiiui  of  the  Inind,  the 
raising  of  a  flag,  the  firing  of  a  gun,  or  any  thing 
which,  being  understood  by  persons  at  a  distance, 
may  coinmunicate  notice. 

Signals  are  particularly  useful  in  the  navigation  of 
fleets  and  in  naval  engagements.  There  are  day- 
signais,  which  are  usually  made  by  the  sails,  hy 
flags  and  pendants,  or  guns;  night-signols,  which 
are  lanterns  disposed  in  certain  figures,  or  false  fires, 
rockets,  or  the  firing  of  guns  ;  fog-signals,  which  are 
made  by  sounds,  as  firing  of  guns,  beatiu';  of  drums, 
rinsing  of  bells,  &r.  There  are  signals  of  evolution, 
adilressed  to  a  whole  fleet,  to  a  divisitui,  or  to  a 
squadron  ;  signals  of  movements  to  particular  ships  ; 
and  signals  of  service,  general  or  particular.  Signals 
used  in  an  army  are  mostly  made  by  a  particular 
beat  of  the  drum,  or  by  the  bugle. 

Mar.  Diet.  Kvcyc. 

SIG'NAL,  a.  Eminent;  remarkable;  memorable; 
distinguished  from  what  is  ordinary  ;  -.is,  a  .signal  ex- 
ploit ;  a  signal  service  ;  a  signal  act  of  benevolence, 
it  is  generallv,  but  not  always,  used  in  a  good  sense. 

SIG'NAL-FiRE,  71.    A  fire  intended  for  a  sigii.al. 

S1G-.\AL'I-TY,  71.  duality  of  being  signal  or  remark- 
able.   [JVot  in  use.]  Brown. 

SIG'NAL-IZE,  ».  t.  [from  «V7ia/.]  To  make  remark- 
able or  eminent ;  to  render  di.stinguished  from  what 
is  common.  The  soldier  who  signal.izrs  himself  in 
battle  merits  his  country's  gratitude.  Men  may  sig- 
nalizc  themselves,  their  valor,  or  Iheir  talents. 

2.  Among  seamen,  to  make  signals  to,  hy  means  of 
flags,  &c. 

SIG'NAL-IZ-ED,  pp.    Made  eminent. 

SIG'NAL-lZ-ING,  ppr.    Making  remarkable. 

SIG'NAL-LY,  udi\  Eminently  ;  remarkably  ;  mem- 
orably ;  in  a  distinguished  manner. 

SIG-Na'TION,  71.  Sign  given ;  act  of  betokening. 
[JVbt  in  use.] 

SIG'NA-TO-RY,  a.    Relating  to  a  seal ;  used  in  sciil- 

ing.  Diet. 
SlG'N.A-TqRE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  signo,  to  sign.] 

1.  A  sign,  stamp,  or  mark  impressed. 

The  brain,  being  well  furnished  with  various  traces,  signatures, 
anil  imiiges.  Wruts. 

The  natural  and  indelible  signature  of  God,  stampetl  on  the 
huirian  soul.  Benttey. 

2.  In  old  medical  writers,  an  external  mark  or 
character  on  a  plant,  which  was  supposed  to  inilicate 
its  suitableness  to  cure  particular  disease,  or  diseases 
of  particular  parts.  Thus  plants  with  yellow  flow- 
ers were  supposed  to  be  adapted  to  the  cure  of  jaun- 
dice, &c. 

Some  plants  bear  a  very  evident  signature  of  their  nature  and 
us-.  More. 

3.  A  mark  for  proof,  or  proof  from  marks. 

4.  Pisn-manual ;  the  name  of  a  persim  written  or 
subscribed  by  himself. 

5.  Amtuig  /rrinters,  a  letter  or  figure  at  the  bottom 
of  the  first  page  t>f  a  sheet  or  half  sheet,  hy  which 
the  sheets  are  distinguished  and  their  ortler  desig- 
nated, as  a  direction  to  the  binder.  Every  successive 
sheef  h.is  a  different  letter  or  figure,  and  if  the  sheets 
are  more  niinierous  than  the  letters  tif  the  alphabet, 
then  a  snitill  letter  is  added  to  the  capital  one  ;  thus, 
A  a,  li  b.  In  large  volumes,  the  signatures  are  stune- 
times  composed  of  letters  and  figures  ;  thus,  5  5  B. 
But  some  printers  now  use  figures  only  for  signa- 
tures. 

6.  In  phy.siognomy,  an  external  mark  or  feature  by 
which  some  persons  pretend  to  discover  the  nature 
and  qualities  of  a  thing,  ptirticularly  the  temper  and 
genius  of  perstuis. 

7.  Ill  music,  the  flats  and  sharps  at  the  beginning 
of  e.ach  staff,  to  mark  the  key  of  the  movcinent. 

PIG'NA  TL;KE,  v.  t.  To  mark  ;  to  distinguish.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Cheyne. 

SIG'NA-TIJR-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  the  doctrine 
of  signatures  impressed  upon  obji  cts,  indicative  of 
character  or  qualities.    \ tiittr  used.]  Hroicn. 

SIGN'I!0.\RI>,  n.  A  boii  1  on  which  a  man  sets  a  no- 
tice of  his  oicupalion,  or  of  articles  for  sale. 

SKJN'KI),  pp.    Marked  ;  subscribed. 

SIG.N'ER,  71.  One  that  signs  or  subscribes  his  name  ; 
ns.  n  memorial  with  a  hiindretl  signers. 

SKJ'NET,  71.  A  seal  :  pnrticularly  ill  Great  Britain, 
the  sent  used  by  tfie  king  in  sealing  his  privati^  let- 
ters, and  grants  that  ptiss  by  bill  under  his  majesty's 
hand. 

SI(;-N1F'I-CANCE,  (  71.  [from  L.  Ji>iii/!«i7i».  See 
SlG-NIF'l  GAN-cV,  j  SitiNiFV.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MiiTE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  HQQK — 
1030  ■ 


SIG 

1.  Meanini;;  import  ;  thai  which  is  intendeil  to  be 
expressed  ;  as,  tlie  .-liirnijicance  of  a  noil,  or  of  a.  mo- 
tiuu  of  tho  hand,  or  of  u  word  or  expression. 

StiUinsrfieet. 

2.  Force  ;  energy  ;  power  of  impressing  the  mind ; 
as,  a  duty  enjoined  willi  particular  sitrn^/icaiicc, 

Jittcrbunj. 

3.  Importance;  moment;  weight;  consequence, 

Muny  i\  circuinsLiiicr  ut  Icaa  »igmfieaney\\AM  bceu  conitni<tl  into 
iiti  oven  i\ci  uf  high  ut-iutoti.  Adi^uon. 

SIG-NIF'l-eANT,  a.    [L.  siimificans.  ] 

1.  I^.xprcssive  of  suinetliing  bejoiid  the  external 
mark. 

2.  Hearing  a  meaning;  cxppjssing  or  containing 
signilicntion  or  sense ;  as,  a  significant  word  or 
son  11(1  i  a  significant  look. 

3.  Betokening  something;  standing  as  a  sign  of 
souietliing. 

It  w;>a  Wfll  K»i(t  of  Plotiiius,  that  the  uLira  were  tignificant,  but 
not  elticieiit.  Rategh. 

4.  Expressive  or  representative  tif  some  fact  or 
event.  The  passover  among  the  Jews  was  siiru{li- 
cant  of  the  escape  of  the  Israelites  from  the  destruc- 
tion which  fell  on  the  Egyptians.  The  bread  and 
wine  in  the  sacrament  are  significant  of  the  body  and 
blood  of  Christ. 

5  Important  ;  momentous.  [JVbt  in  use.'\ 
SIG-NIFM-CANT-LY,  a,ln.    With  meaning. 

2.  With  force  of  expression.  Sonth. 
SlG-NI-FI-e.\'TIOi\,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  significatio. 
See  SiGMKv.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  known,  or  of  communicating 
ideas  to  another  by  signs  or  by  words,  by  any  thing 
that  is  understood,  particularly  by  words. 

All  sppiikiiij  or  atgnificnlion  of  one's  milld  implies  an  net  or 
aiUln-s!*  of  one  ni;in  to  uitollicr.  South. 

0.  Meaning  ;  that  which  is  understood  to  be  in- 
tended by  a  sign,  character,  mark,  or  word  ;  that 
idea  or  sense  of  a  sign,  mark,  word,  or  expressiim 
which  the  person  using  it  intends  to  convey,  or  that 
which  men  in  general,  who  use  it,  understand  it  to 
cttnvey.  The  siirnificntion  of  words  was  (tnginally  ar- 
bitrary, and  is  dependent  on  usage,  lint  when  cus- 
tom has  annexed  a  certain  sense  to  a  letter  or  sound, 
or  to  a  combination  of  letters  or  sounds,  this  sense  is 
alw.ays  to  be  considered  the  .•sii.'Ht/tcation  which  the 
person  using  the  word  intends  to  communicate. 

So,  by  custom,  certain  signs  or  gestures  have  a  de- 
termined siirnificatioiu    Such  is  the  fact  also  with 
figures,  algebraic  characters,  &c. 
SIG-.\IF'I-eA-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  significatif.] 

1.  Itetokening  or  representing  by  an  external  sign  ; 
as,  the  significative  symbols  of  the  eucharist. 

Brcrcwontl, 

5.  Having  signification  or  meaning ;  expressive  of 
a  certain  idea  or  thing. 

NcitlrT  ill  \\\^  ilegrees  of'ttindrcd  were  they  destitute  of  iti^nifi' 
calioe  words.  Camtlen. 


So  as  to  repri-sent  or 

Usher. 
The  quality  of  being 


SIG-NIF'l-eA-TIVE-LY,  adv. 

express  by  an  external  sign. 
SIG-.NIF'l-e.\-TIVE-NESS,  n. 

siiinifiralive. 
SlG-NI-FI-eA'TOR,  n.    That  which  signifies. 

Burton. 

SIG-NIF'I-CA-TO-RY,  n.  That  which  betokens, 
sisnifies,  or  represents.  TnyUtr. 

SIG'.\I-FT-£D,  pp.    Made  known  by  signs  or  words. 

SIG'.\I-FV,  V.  t.  [Fr.  signifier  i  L.  significo;  signunif 
a  sign,  and  faciu,  to  make.)- 

1.  Tu  make  known  something,  cither  by  signs  or 
words  ;  to  express  or  communicate  to  another  any 
idea,  thought,  wish,  purpose,  or  command,  either  by 
wortJs,  by  a  nod,  wink,  gesture,  signal,  or  other  sign. 
A  man  signifie.<  his  mind  by  his  voice,  or  by  written 
characters  ;  he  may  signify  his  mind  by  a  notl  or 
other  motion,  provideil  the  person  to  whom  he  di- 
rects it,  understands  what  is  intended  by  it.  A  gen- 
enil,  or  nn  admiral,  signifies  his  coinmaiids  by  signals 
to  orticers  at  a  distance. 

2.  To  mean  ;  to  have  or  contain  a  certain  sense. 
The  word  Sabbath  signifies  rest.  Less,  in  compo- 
sition, as  in  faithless,  signifies  destitution  or  want. 
The  prefix  re,  in  recommend,  seldom  signifies  any 
thing. 

3.  To  import ;  to  weigh  ;  to  have  consetiuence ; 
itsed  in  particnfar  phrtLies  ;  as,  it  signifies  nmcli  t>r  lit- 
tle ;  it  signifies  notliing.  What  does  it  signifiil 
What  signify  Ihe  splendors  of  a  court.'  Confession 
of  sin,  without  reformation  of  life,  can  signify  noth- 
ing in  the  view  of  God. 

4.  To  make  known  ;  to  declare. 

Tbc  ^vennneiit  should  tigm/y  to  Ihe  Protest;\nt«  of  Ireland, 
th.»t  waul  of  silver  is  not  to  he  remedied.  Stri/i. 

SIG'NI-F?,  r.  i.    To  express  meaning  with  force. 

[L  ille  n<til  ] 

SIG'NI-FY-ING,  ppr.  Making  known  by  signs  or 
words. 

SIGNMNG,  ppr.  Marking;  subscribing;  signifying 
by  the  hand. 

SKGN'IOU,  (seen'yur,)  n.  A  title  of  respect  among 
the  Italians.    (See  Seio!<ior.] 

SlG.\'IOIl-IZE,  (seen'yiir-ize,)  v.  u  To  exercise  do- 
minion ;  or  to  have  dominion.    [Little  used.) 


SIL 

SlGN'IOIl-Y,  (seen'yur-y,)  ri.  A  different,  but  less 
common  spelling  of  Skiomohv,  wliii'h  see.  It  sig- 
nifies lordship,  dominion,  and  in  Shakspeare,  senior- 
it  ii. 

SIGN'-M.'VN'tJ-AL,  71.  One's  own  name  «-ritlen  by 
himself;  afiplied  [larticularly  to  the  signature  of  a 
soverrinn  or  prince. 

SIGN'-POST,  n.  [sign  and  post]  A  post  on  which 
a  sign  hangs,  or  on  which  papers  are  placed  to  give 
public  notice  of  any  thing.  Hy  the  laws  of  sinne  of 
the  New  England  States,  a  sign-post  is  to  be  erected 
near  the  center  of  each  town. 

^IKF   i  Spenser. 
SIK'ER,  a.  or  adv.    Sure;  surely.     [Obs.]  [See 
Sicker.] 

SlK'Ell-NESS,  n.    Surcness ;  safety.  [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

SILE,  V.  L    To  strain,  as  fresh  milk  from  the  cow. 

[Local.] 
SIL'£D,  pp.  Strained. 

SI'LE.XOE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  silentium,  from  sileo,  to 
be  still;  it.  .s'tfcnziu :  Sp.  silencio.  The  sense  is,  to 
stop  or  hold  ;  but  this  may  proceed  from  setting, 
throwing  down.    See  Sill.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  stillness,  or  entire  absence  of 
sound  or  noise  ;  as,  the  silence  of  midnight. 

2.  In  animals,  the  slate  of  holding  the  peace  ;  for- 
bearance of  speech  in  man,  or  of  noise  in  other  an- 
imals. 

1  was  dumb  with  eitence  ;  1  held  my  peace,  even  from  good.  — 

Ps.  JXXIX. 

3.  Habitual  taciturnity  ;  opposed  to  LoqUAciTr. 

Shale. 

4.  Secrecy.  These  things  were  transacted  in  si- 
lence. 

5.  Stillness  ;  calmness  ;  quiet ;  cessation  of  rage, 
agitation,  or  tumult;  as,  the  elements  reduced  to 
silence. 

C.  Absence  of  mention  ;  oblivion. 

Kteriial  silence  be  their  doom.  MiUon. 
And  wtial  most  merits  fiiiie,  in  eilence  hid.  million, 

7.  Silence  is  used  elliptically  for  let  there  be  silence, 
an  injunctit>n  to  keep  silence. 
SI'LEiNCE,  I).  (.    To  oblige  lo  hold  the  peace;  to  re- 
strain from  noise  or  speaking. 

2.  To  still  ;  to  quiet ;  to  restrain  ;  to  appease. 

This  would  silence  all  further  opposition.  Clarendon. 
These  would  have  silenced  their  scruples.  liogers. 

3.  To  stop  ;  as,  to  silence  complaints  or  clamtir. 

4.  To  cause  to  cease  firing  by  a  vigorous  cannon- 
ading ;  as,  to  silence  guns  or  a  battery.  Tutten. 

5.  To  restrain  from  preaching  by  revoking  a  license 
to  preach  ;  as,  to  silence  a  minister  of  the  gospel. 

United  States. 
The  R'-v.  Thomas  Hooker,  of  Chelmsford  in  Eau-x,  was  silenced 
lor  Noii-conturiiilty.  U.  TrumbuU. 

C.  To  put  an  end  to ;  to  cause  to  cease. 
The  question  between  agriculture  and  cuinmerce  has  received  ft 
decision  wliich  has  silenced  the  rivalships  between  them. 

Hamilton. 

ST'LEVC-KD,  (si'lenst,)  pp.    Stilled  ;  hushed. 

sri.ENC-liNG,  ppr.  Slilling. 

SI'LE.N'T,  n.    Not  speaking  ;  mute.    P.*.  xxii. 

3.  Ilabiltinlly  taciturn;  speaking  little;  not  in- 
clined to  much  talking  ;  not  loipiacious. 

Ulysses,  he  adds,  was  the  most  elotjuent  and  the  most  sifeni  of 
men.  Uroonte, 

3.  Still ;  having  no  noise ;  as,  the  silent  watches  of 
the  night  ;  the  si7e/il  groves  ;  all  was  silent. 

4.  Not  operative  ;  wanting  efficacy.  Ralegh. 

5.  Nut  meiitioniiig  ;  not  |iroclaiining. 

This  iiew-CPMled  world,  of  which  iu  hell 

r.ime  is  not  sileiU.  Milton. 

6.  Calm  ;  as,  the  winds  were  .«i7rat.  Parnell. 

7.  Nut  acting  ;  not  transacting  business  in  person  ; 
as,  a  silent  partner  in  a  cotiimercial  house. 

8.  Niit  pronounced  ;  having  no  sound  ;  as,  e  is  si- 
lent in  fable. 

SI-I,E.\'''I"I  A-RY,  n.  One  appointed  to  keep  silence 
and  order  in  court ;  one  sworn  not  to  divulge  secrets 
of  state.  Sarroto. 

SI'LENT-LY,  adv.    Without  speech  or  words. 

Kach  silently 

Demands  Uiy  p^ce,  and  seems  to  waich  thy  eye.  Dryden. 

2.  Without  noise  ;  as,  to  march  silently. 

3.  Without  mention.  He  mentioned  other  difficul- 
ties, but  this  he  silenthj  [Kissed  over.  I^eke. 

SI'1,ENT-NESS,  71.  State  of  being  silent;  stillness; 
silence.  .^sh, 

SI-Ll~:'SI.\,  71.  A  duchy  or  country  now  chiefly  be- 
longing to  Prussia  ;  hence,  a  species  of  linen  cloth 
so  called  ;  thin,  coarse  linen. 

SI-Lk'SIAN,  (-shan,)o.  IVrtaining  to  Silesia;  made 
in  Silesia  ;  as,  Sitesian  linen. 

SI'LE.X,  n.    [L.  silez,  flint.] 

Silicic  acid,  generally  impure,  as  it  is  found  in  na- 
ture, constituting  flint,  quartz,  and  most  sands,  and 
sandstones.    [See  Silic4  and  Silicic  Acid.] 

SIL'IIOU-ETTE,  (sil'oo-et,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  name 
of  the  improver.] 


SIL 

A  profile ;  a  representation  of  tho  outlines  of  an 
object  filled  in  with  a  black  color.  Brande. 
SlL'i  eA,  n.    [I.,  silez,  a  Hint.] 

One  of  the  names  of  silicic  acid  in  a  state  of  pu- 
rity.   It  was  ciiiHiili  red  to  be  one  of  the  priiiiilive 
earths.    [See  Silicic  A<;id.] 
SIL'I-CA'IU,  71.   A  salt  composed  of  silicic  acid  and 
a  base. 

SIL'I-eA-TED,o.  Combined  with  silicic  acid.  [Rare.] 

Silliiiinn. 

SI-LIC'IC  ACID,  71,  An  acid,  according  to  Thom- 
son, composed  of  one  equivalent  of  silicon  and  one 
of  oxygen,  or,  according  to  lier^^eliiis,  one  of  silicon 
and  three  of  oxygen.  When  pure,  it  is  a  liulit, 
while  powder,  which  feels  rough  when  rubbed  be- 
tween the  fingers.  It  is  both  inodorous  anil  insipid. 
It  combines  with  bases,  fiirniing  salts,  which  are 
called  silicales.  Rtick  crystal.  Mint,  and  other  varic 
ties  of  quart/.,  are  nearly  pure  silicic  acid. 

SIL-IC'I-€AL-eA'llE-OUS,  a.  [silet  and  calcareous.) 
Consisting  of  silex  and  calcareous  matter. 

SIL-IC'l-CALCE,  n.    [  L.  .nice  or  silica  and  calz.] 
A  silicious  rock  containing  carbonate  of  lime. 

s>au^.viire. 

SIL-I-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  sUez  and  fero,  to  pro 
duce.) 

Producing  silex  ;  or  united  with  a  portion  of  silex 
SII^IC-I-FI-CA'TION,  7t.     Petrifaction  by  flint  a 

silex.  MantelL 
SII,-IC'I-FT-/CD,  pp.  or  a.    Petrified  by  flint. 
SIL-IC'I  F?,  (sil-is'e-fi,)  ».  t.    [L.  silez,  flint,  am' 
facio,  tti  make.] 

Tu  convert  into  silex,  or  petrify  by  flint. 

The  specimens  found  near  Philatlelphia,  ore  completely  tilieified 

Sir.-lC'I-FV,  V.  i.    To  become  silex. 

SIL-IC'I-FV-ING,  ppr.    I'drifying  by  silex. 

SIL-IC-I-MO'RITE,  71.    [silez  and  muria.  brine.] 
An  earth  comptised  of  silex  and  magnesia. 

SI-LI"CIOUS,  (se-lisli'us,)  a.  Pertaining  to  silex,  or 
partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities. 

SI-LIC'l-TEU,  a.    Impregnated  with  silex. 

Kiriran,  Geol. 

SI-LI"CIUM,  71.  Silicon,  which  see.  The  name  «- 
iiciitm  was  given  by  those  who  sup|K>sed  it  lo  be  a 
metal  like  sodium.  Silliman. 

SIL'I-CI.E,      ;  .,.    ,  , 

SIL-ie'l|-LA,i"-    [L- ^'''"'a-] 

A  (lericarp  or  seetl-vessel  as  broad  as  it  is  long, 
consisting  of  two  valves,  two  sutures,  and  a  dissepi 
ment,  with  the  seetis  allai'hed  lo  bolii  edges  of  the 
disscpinienl,  and  alternalely  upon  each  side  of  it. 

SIL'I-GO.N,  71.  A  dark,  nut-brown,  elementary  sub- 
stance, destitute  of  a  metallic  luster, anil  a  nun-con- 
ductor ofelectricity.  ft  is  liirombiisiihle  in  atmospheric 
air,  and  in  tiX)  gen  gas,  bill  liiiriis  in  rerl.aiu  sails  cim- 
taiiiing tixygen.  It  is  neilher  dissolved  nor  o\>ilized 
by  siilpliiiric  or  nitric  acids  ,  hut  a  inixtiire  of  Ihe  nitric 
and  Hiioliydric  acitls  dissolves  it  readily.  Its  exter- 
nal characters  are  much  altered  alter  exposure  to  a 
high  temperatiue. 

SI-LI€'ll-LoSE,  a.  Having  silicles,  or  pertaining  to 
them. 

SI-LlG'l-NoSE,  a.    [L.  siligo.] 

Made  of  fine  wheal.  Bailey. 

Slh'ING,  ppr.  Straining. 

SIL'ING-DISH,  n.    [Dan.  sUer,  to  strain.] 

A  colamler.    [JVu!  in  use.]  Barrett. 

SIT/I  lll'A,  H.  [1..]  With  gold-finers,  a  carat,  six  of 
which  make  a  scruple.  Johnson. 

SII.'I-UIIA,  i        rr     ;■  i 

SlL'iafK,(sn'ik,)i"-  [L.«i"/«a.] 

An  eloiiL'aletl  pericarp  or  seed-vessel,  consistin;^ 
of  two  valves,  two  sii'ures,  and  a  dissepiment, 
with  the  seeds  atttiched  I.,  both  edges  of  the  dissepi- 
ment, and  iilleriialely  upon  each  side  of  it, 

Sn/i  ai'l-FoR.M,  a.    Having  the  fiirin  of  a  siliqii.a, 

SIL'lnroSE,  ;  ...  ,  [Smitli. 

Having:  ttiat  species  of  pericarp  called  siUqnt ;  ns, 
yiliquose  plants.  Martyn. 
SILK,  n,    [Sax.  seoh;  Sw.  silke ;  Dan,  id.  ;  Russ. 


schilk ;  Ar.  and  Pers. 


AM  sdk ;  properly  any 


thread,  from  Ar,  t|3C]LM<  salaka,  to  send  or  thrust 
iu,  to  insert,  to  pass  or  go.) 

1.  The  fine,  soft  thread  produced  by  various  spe- 
cies of  caterpillars,  particularly  by  the  larve  tif  the 
insect  called  silk-worm  or  Bombyz  .Mori.  '1  Nit  which 
we  ordinarily  call  silk,  is  a  thread  coinposetl  of  sev- 
eral finer  threads,  which  the  worm  draws  from  its 
bowels,  like  the  web  of  a  spider,  and  with  which 
the  silk-worm  envelops  itself,  forming  what  is  called 
a  Cocoon.  Kitcpe. 

2.  Cloth  made  of  silk.  In  this  sense,  the  word 
has  a  idiiral,  silks,  denoting  diflerent  sorts  and  varie- 
ties, as  bla<  k  .«iJ/;,  while  silk,  colored  sJks. 

3.  The  filiform  style  of  the  female  flower  of 
maize,  which  resembles  real  silk  in  fineness  and 
softness. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IINITE  AN  'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1031 


SIL 


SIM 


SIM 


yiririnin  sUk :  a  plant  of  the  iieiius  Periploca, 
wliicir  climbs  ami  wliuls  abuiit  other  plants,  trees, 
&.C.  No  species  of  Periploca  grows  in  Virginia,  or 
any  part  "f  the  United  Stales. 

PII.K,  u.    Pertain  in  u'  to  silk  ;  consisting  of  silk. 

SILK-eOT'TON-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  tile  genus 
Bunibax,  growing  to  an  immense  size,  and  having 
its  seeds  enveloped  in  a  cottony  substance  ;  a  native 
of  botli  the  Indies.    ,  Loudon. 

S1LK'£N,  (silk'n,)  o.    [Sax.  senlcen.'] 

1.  Made  of  silk  ;  as,  Aiken  cloth  ;  a  silken  vail. 

2.  Like  silk  ;  soft  to  the  touch.  Dnjden. 

3.  Soft;  delicate;  tender;  smooth;  as,  luild  and 
sHl:''n  language. 

4   Dressed  in  silk  ;  .as,  a  silken  wanton.  Shak. 
SILK'£N,  (silk'n,)  v.  t.    To  render  soft  or  smooth. 

Di/er. 

SU.K' EN-F.D,  pp.    Rendered  soft  or  smooth. 
SILK'-GRXSS,  ji.    A  filamentous  plant  of  the  genus 

Yucra.  Farm.  Encifc. 

SILK'I-NESS,  n.  [from  silky.]  The  qualities  of  silk  ; 
Softness  and  smoothness  to  the  feel. 

2.  Softness;  effeminacy;  pusillanimity.  [Little 
7urd.]  B.  Jonsun. 

SILK' MAN,  I!,    [silk  ani  man.]    A  de.aler  in  silks. 

Sliak. 

SILK'-MER-CER,  n.  [silk  and  mercer.]  A  dealer  in 
silks. 

SILK'-MILL,  n.  A  mill  for  reeling,  spinning,  and 
inaniifac^nring  silk. 

SILK'-VVeA  V-ER,  «.  [silk  ar\A  weaver.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  weave  silk  stuffs.  fVatU. 

SILK'VVEED,  n.  A  [ilant  of  the  genus  Asclepias,  also 
called  Wild  Cotton,  whose  seed-vessels  contain  a 
long,  silk>'  down.  Farm.  Encijc. 

SILK'-WORM,  (-vvurm,)  n.  [silk  and  worm.]  'The 
worm  which  produces  silk,  the  larve  of  a  lepidop- 
terous  insect  called  the  bombiiz  viari.  Silk-worms 
are  said  to  have  been  first  introduced  into  the  Roman 
empire  from  China,  in  the  reign  of  Justinian. 

SILK'-WORM  GUT,  n.  A  substance  prejiared  from 
the  entrails  of  silk-worms,  used  in  making  lines  for 
angling.  Urc. 

SILK'Y,  a.    Made  of  silk  ;  consisting  of  silk. 

2.  Like  silk  ;  soft  and  smooth  to  the  touch. 

3.  Pliant  ;  yielding.  Sltck. 
SILL,  n.    [Sax.  S7jl,  syle,  .tijU  ;  Fr.  seuil ;  G.  schwrlle  ; 

W.  sail,  sijl,  or  seller,  foundation  ;  seiliaw,  to  found  ; 
li.  solum,  allied  to  solid.  The  primary  sense  is,  prob- 
ably, to  lay,  set,  or  throw  down.] 

1.  Proprrty,  tlie  basis  or  foundation  of  a  thing  ;  ap- 
propriately, a  piece  of  timber  on  which  a  building 
rests;  the  lowest  timber  of  any  structure;  as,  the 
sills  of  a  house,  of  a  bridge,  of  a  loom,  and  the 
like. 

2.  The  timber  or  stone  at  the  foot  of  a  door ;  the 
threshold. 

3.  The  timber  or  stone  on  which  a  window-frame 
stands  ;  or  the  lowest  piece  in  a  window-frame. 

4.  The  shaft  or  thill  of  a  carriage.  [Local.]  Grose. 
SIL'LA-BUU,  n.    A  liquor  made  by  nii-ving  wine  or 

cid-r  with  milk,  and  thus  forming  a  soft  curd.  ^i?ii>-. 

SIL'LI-LY,  adc.  [from  silly.]  In  a  silly  manner; 
foolishly  ;  w  itliout  the  exercise  of  good  sense  or  judg- 
m.'nt.  Drydeii. 

SIL'LI-.MAN-ITE,  v.  A  mineral  found  at  Saybrook, 
in  Connecticut,  so  named  in  honor  of  Prof.  Silliinan, 
of  Yale  College.  .It  occurs  in  long,  slender,  rhombic 
prisms,  engaged  in  gneiss.  Its  color  is  dark  gray  and 
hair  brown  ;  luster  shining  upon  the  external  planes, 
but  brilliant  and  sub-metallic  upon  those  produced 
by  cleavage  in  a  direction  parallel  with  the  longer  di- 
agonal of  the  prism  ;  hardness  about  the  same  with 
quartz  ;  specific  gravity,  3.410.  It  is  composed  of  sil- 
ica and  aliiiiiina,  with  some  oxyd  of  iron. 

SIL'Ll-NESS,  «.  Weakness  of  understanding;  want 
of  sound  sense  or  judgment;  simplicity;  harmless 
folly.  U  Kstran^rr. 

SIL'LOCK,  71.  The  name  given  in  the  Orkney  Isles 
to  the  fry  of  the  coal-fish,  which  is  allied  to  the  cod- 
fish ;  also  spelled  Sili.ik  and  Sellok. 

Jamieson^s  Diet. 

SIL'LY,  a.  fl  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other 
language  ;  but  the  Sax.  asealcan  signifies  to  be  dull, 

inert,  lazy.  This  corresponds  with  the  -■Vr.  ^  ;■/■ 

kanrla,  to  be  stupid,  III  b.  This  may  be  radically 
the  Bame  word,  with  a  pri  lix.    (,'lass  SI,  No.  2li.] 

1.  Weak  III  Mitcllecl  ;  foolish;  witless;  destitute 
of  ordinary  Kiren^ith  of  mind;  simple;  as,  a  ailly 
man  ;  a  ■•'(//i/  child. 

2.  Proceeiliiig  fr<im  want  of  understanding  or  com- 
mon judgment  ;  characterized  by  weakness  or  fol- 
ly ;  unwise;  n»,4iitly  thoiiglilK;  «iffi^  actions  ;  a  silly 
tclieme  :  writings  nliipid  or  nilly.  ffatts, 

'J.  Weak  ;  helpless. 

Ahrr  loiiir  •tnnnl  — 
W'ilti  wtiich  my  Ht/y  \i.*rh  woa  VM  ti.    [ObH.\  ,^'jttnier. 

HIL'LV-IIOW,  71.     The  inemlirano  that  covers  the 

hi-iid  of  the  feliiH.    [/ briirve  nut  wted.]  Brown. 
SIL'l',  n.    (Sw.  tylla,  to  pic  kle.) 

1.  SaltneiH,  or  will  marsh  or  mud. 


2.  A  deposit  of  mud  or  fine  earth  from  running  or 
standing  water.  D<ma. 
SILT,  r.  t.    I'd  choke,  fill,  or  obstruct  with  mud. 
SILT'IiN'G,  ppr.    Choking,  filling,  or  obstructing  with 
SI-LuKE',    *       ri  1     t  fmud. 

SI-LO'RUS,  j  snurus;  Fr.  silure.]  L 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Silurus,  as  the  sheat-fish. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 
SI-Lu'RI-AN,  a.   [from  the  Siliires,  who  anciently  in- 
habited a  part  of  England  and  \Vales.] 

In  geolojry,  a  term  applied  to  the  fossiliferoiis  strata 
below  the  old  red  sandstone.  Marchison. 
SI-LO'RI-DANS,  H.  pi.  The  family  of  fishes  of  which 

the  silurus  is  the  type.  Brande. 
SIL'VA,  n.    [L.]    A  collection  of  poems. 

2.  The  natural  history  of  the  forest-trees  of  a  coun- 
try.   [This  word  is  more  commonly  spelled  Sylva.] 
SIL'VAN,  a.    [L.  sUca,  a  wood  or  grove.    It  is  also 
written  Svlvam.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  wood  or  grove  ;  inhabiting 

2.  Woody  ;  abounding  with  woods.  [woods. 
Beiwixt  two  rows  of  rocks,  a  eilvan  scene.  Dryden. 

SIL'VATE.    See  Svlvate. 

SIL'VAN,  71.    Another  name  of  Tellurium.  Werner. 

SIL'VER,  n.  [Sax.  seol/er,  siluer  ;  Goth,  silubr ;  G. 
sillier:  D.  lilccr;  Sw.  silfver ;  Dan.  siilo  ;  Lapponic, 
sellowpe.    (ill.  Russ.  serebro  ;  r  for  /.] 

L  A  metal  of  a  white  color  and  lively  brilliancy. 
It  has  neither  taste  nor  smell  ;  its  specific  gravity  is 
10.552,  according  to  Bergman,  but  according  to  Kir- 
wan,  it  is  less.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  about  6U0  lbs.  It 
is  exceedingly  malleable,  and  its  ductility  is  little  in- 
ferior to  that  of  gold.  It  is  harder  and  more  elastic 
than  tin  or  gold,  but  less  so  than  copper,  platinum,  or 
iron.  It  is  found  native  in  thin  phites  or  leaves,  or 
in  fine  threads,  or  it  is  found  mineralized  by  various 
substances.  Great  quantities  of  this  metal  are  fur- 
nished by  the  mines  of  South  America  and  of  Mexi- 
co ;  and  it  is  found  in  small  quantities  in  Norway, 
Germany,  Spain,  the  United  States,  &c. 

Kirwan,  Encyc. 

2.  Money  ;  coin  made  of  silver. 

3.  Any  thing  of  soft  splendor. 


P  ill  is  — pili'Oiis  of  hiT  iil:untive  cri"s, 

111  sliiiiili-r  ciuaeJ  ht-r  «.it;«r-oireaiiiiiig  eyes. 


Pope. 


SIL'VER,  a.    Made  of  silver;  as,  a  sih^er  cup. 

White  like  silver;  as,  silcer  hair.  SItak. 

Oth'MS  on  silver  lakes  and  rivers  battled 

Their  downy  breast.  Milton. 

3.  White  or  pale  ;  of  a  pale  luster  ;  as,  the  sUeer 
moon. 

4.  Soft  and  clear ;  as,  silver  tones  or  sound.  [It. 
suono  arirentino.]  Spenser.  Shak. 

SIL'VER,  V.  t.  To  cover  superficially  with  a  coat  of 
silver  ;  as,  to  silver  a  pin  or  a  dial-piale. 

2.  To  foliate;  to  cover  with  tinfoil  amalgamated 
with  quicksilver  ;  as,  to  silver  glass. 

3.  To  adorn  with  mild  luster ;  to  make  smooth  and 
bright. 

And  fimiltn"^  calmness  silvered  o'er  the  deep.  Pope. 

4.  To  make  hoary. 

His  head  was  silvered  o'er  willi  a^.  Cay. 
SIL'VER-BeAT-ER,  71.  [■•jiVpcr  and  beater.]  One  that 

foliates  silver,  or  forms  it  into  a  leaf. 
SIL'VER-llUSH,  7!.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Anthyllis. 
SIL'  VER-BUS'KIN-£D,  a.    Buskined  with  silver. 

Milton. 

SIL'VI'.R-KD,  pp.    Covered  with  a  thin  coat  of  silver ; 

rciidt  ii'il  smooth  and  lustrous  ;  made  \i'hite  or  hoary. 
SIL'Vr.R-I'IR,  (  fur,)  n.  A  species  of  fir.  Berkeley. 
tflL'VER-I'ISlI,  71.    A  fish  of  the  size  of  a  small  caip, 

having  a  white  color,  striped  with  silvery  lines. 
SIL'VER-lI.\lR-i;D,  a.    Having  hair  of  the  color  of 

silver.  Soutlt. 
SIL' VKR-ING,  ppr.    Covering  the  surface  with  a  thin 

coat  of  silver  ;  foliating  ;  rendering  mildly  lustrous  ; 

rendering  white. 
SIL'VER-ING,  71.    The  art,  operation,  or  practice  of 

covering  the  surface  of  any  thing  with  silver ;  as,  the 

silverinir  tif  copper  or  brass.  Encyc. 
2.  The  silver  thus  laid  on. 
SIL'VER  LkAF,  n.    Silver  beaten  into  a  thin  leaf. 
SIL'VER  LING,  «.    A  silver  coin.    /.,-.  vii. 
SIL'VER  LY,  ado.    With  the  appearance  of  silver. 

Shak. 

SIL'VER-SMITII,  71.  [silver  tmA  snnilh.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  work  in  silver,  or  in  nianufaitures 
of  winch  the  precious  metals  form  a  part. 

SIL'VEIt-TIlIS-TLE,  (-this'I,)  //.  [silver  and  thistle.] 
A  plant. 

SIL' VER-TREE,  7j.  An  evergreen  Blirub,  or  small 
tree,  of  the  genus  Leucadendron,  a  native  ol  South 
Africa.  London. 

SIL'VER-WEED,  n.  A  perennial  plant, of  the  genus 
Potent  illa. 

SIL'VER-Y,  a.  [from  silver.]  Like  silver;  having 
the  appearance  of  silver ;  white  ;  of  a  mild  luster. 

Ol  all  111.-  fiiaineled  race  wIiohh  silvery  wing 

Wav. »  to  the  ti'ijid  /^'jilij  n*  ol  the  itpriiiff.  Pope, 

2.  Ilesprinkled  or  covered  with  silver. 
SI'MA.    See  Cyma. 


SIM'A-GRE,  77.   [Fr.  .Himag-rec.] 

Grimace.    [A'ot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

SI-.MSR',    )        ro  1 

SI-MaRE',  i"-    [Fr.  .-^arre.] 

A  woman's  robe.    [JVot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

SIM'I-A.  H.  [L.,  an  ape.]  A  general  name  of  the  va- 
rious tribes  of  monkeys. 

SIAI'I-LAR,  a.  [Fr.  similaire ;  It.  simile;  Sp.  similar; 
L.  simdts ;  W.  heval,  hevalyz;  from  77ja^,  like,  Gr. 
6/j(iA 'J.  The  Welsh  vtal  signifies,  small,  light, 
ground,  bruised,  smooth,  allied  to  77n7i,  W.  7/iu/u,  to 
grind.  But  I  am  not  confident  that  these  words  are 
of  one  family.] 

Like  ;  reseiiiblii  g  ;  having  a  like  form  or  appear- 
ance. Similar  iwii  signify,  exactly  alike,  or  having 
a  general  likene.ss,  a  likeness  in  the  principal  points. 
Tilings  perfectly  similar  in  their  nature  must  be  of 
the  same  essence,  or  homogeneous  ;  but  we  generally 
understand  simtlar  to  denote  a  likeness  that  is  ii'.t 
perfect.  Many  of  the  statutes  of  Connecticut  are 
simUur  to  the  statutes  of  Massachusetts  on  the  same 
subjects.  "I'he  manners  of  the  several  States  of  New 
England  are  similar,  the  people  being  derived  from 
common  ancestors. 

In  geometry,  similar  rectilineal  fiipires  are  such  as 
have  their  several  angles  respectively  equal  each  to 
each,  and  their  sides  about  the  equal  angles  propor- 
tional. Similar  solids  are  such  as  are  contained  by 
the  same  number  of  similar  planes,  similarly  situat- 
ed, and  having  like  inclination  to  one  another. 

Bravde. 

SIM-I-LAR'I-TY,  71,  Likeness  ;  resemblance ;  as,  a 
similarity  of  features.  I'here  is  a  great  similarity  in 
the  features  of  the  Laplanders  and  Samoicdes,  but 
little  similarity  between  the  features  of  Eur.  peans 
and  the  woolly-haired  Africans. 

SIM'I-LAR-LY,  adv.  In  like  manner;  with  resem- 
blance. Reid, 

SI.M'I-LAR-Y.   The  same  as  Similar. 

SI.M'I-LE,  71.  [L.]  In  rhetoric,  similitude;  a  com- 
parison of  two  tilings,  which,  however  different  in 
other  respects,  have  some  strong  point  or  points  of 
reseiiililaiice  ;  by  which  comparison  the  character  or 
qualities  of  a  thing  are  illustrated,  or  presented  in  an 
iiiiliressive  light.  Thus  the  eloquence  of  Demosthe- 
nes was  like  a  rapid  torrent ;  that  of  Cicero  like  a 
large  stream  that  glides  smoothly  along  with  majes- 
tic tranquillity. 

SI-MIL' I  TER,  n.  [L.,  in  like  manner.]  In  law,  the 
technical  designation  of  the  form  by  which  either 
party,  in  pleading,  accepts  the  issue  tendered  by  his 
opponent.  Brande. 

SI-MI L'l-TUDE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  similitudo.] 

1.  Likeness  ;  resemblance  ;  likeness  in  nature, 
qualities,  or  appearance  ;  as,  similitude  of  sub.stance. 

Bacon. 

Let  lis  make  man  in  our  image,  man 

In  our  siinilitutle.  Milton. 

Fate  some  liitiire  bitnl  shall  join 

In  sad  similitude  of  griefs  to  mine.  Pope. 

2.  Comparison  ;  simile.    [See  Simile.] 

Tasso,  in  liis  similitudes,  never  departetl  from  the  woods. 

Dryden. 

SI-MIL-I-TO'DIN  V-RY,  a.  Denoting  resemblance  or 
coiiipiirison.  Coke. 

SI.M'I  LOR,  71.  An  a  -y  of  copper  and  zinc  resem- 
bling brass,  but  of  a  golden  color.  Ure. 

SIM'I-OUS,  a.    [L.  .Amia.] 

Pertaining  to  or  like  a  monkey. 

.«IM'I-TAR.  SeeCiMETER. 

SIM'MI:R,  I!,  i.    [ail.  Gr.  ^i./ir?,  t"  ferment.] 

To  boil  gently,  or  with  a  gentle  hissing.  Simmer- 
in^r  is  incipient  ebullition,  when  little  biilibles  are 
formed  on  the  eilge  of  the  liquor  next  to  the  vessel. 
The.se  are  occasioned  by  the  escape  of  heat  and 
vapor. 

SI.M'.MER-ING,  ;i;)r.    Boiling  gently. 

SIM'NEL,  71.    [Dan.  .simle:  Sw.  simla;  G.  semmel] 

A  kind  of  sweet  cake;  a  bun. 
SI-MO'NI-AC,  71.    [Fr.  .Wmo/iiui/iie.    See  Simony.] 

One  who  buys  or  sells  preferment  in  the  church. 

Jiilliffe. 

SIM-O-NT'Ae-AL,  «.    Guilty  of  simony.  Spectahir. 
2.  (Joiisistiiig  in  simony,  or  the  crime  of  buying  or 
selling   ecrlesia-stical  preferment;  us,  a  simoniacal 
presentation. 

SIM-O-NI'AC-AL-LY,  adv.  With  the  guilt  or  offense 
of  siinonv. 

SI-Mo'NI-ANS,  71.  pi.    The  followers  of  Simon  Ma- 
Siiiiit  Simooians.    .«ee  Saint  Sihoni  ans.  [gu.s. 
SI-Mo'NI-OUS,  (1.     Partaking  of  simony  ;   given  to 

siinonv.  Milton. 
SIM'ON-Y,  71.     rfrom  S/771071  Magus,  who  wislu  d  to 

purchase  the  power  of  conferring  the  Holy  Spirit. 

Mcts  viii.] 

'i'he  crime  of  buying  or  selling  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment ;  or  the  corrupt  [iresentation  of  any  one  to 
an  ecclesiastical  benefice  for  moni'y  or  reward.  By 
Stat.  31  Elizabeth,  c.  vi.,  severe  pt  iialties  are  enacted 
against  this  crime. 
SI-.M(  )()M',  (  71.  A  hot,  dry  wind,  that  blows  occa- 
SI-MOON',  \  sionally  in  Arabia,  Syria,  and  the 
iieiglilioring  countries,  generateil  by  the  oxireiiie  heat 
of  the  parched  deserts  or  sandy  plains.    Its  approach 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/kT.  — METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

1 032 


SIM 

is  iiulu^atfd  \iy  a  reriiu'ss  in  the  air,  anil  its  fatal 
eirecta  were  forjiierly  su|)|)osi'il  In  be  avoidoil  by  fall- 
ing on  tlie  face  and  iiuMIng  tlie  breath. 

ICiicnc.    P.  Cyc. 
SI'.MOUS,  a.    [L.  simo,  one  with  a  Hut  nose,  Gr. 

1.  Having  a  very  flat  or  snub  nose,  with  the  end 
turned  uji. 

2.  Concave  ;  as,  the  ximoas  ]);\rl  of  the  liver. 

Brown. 

SJM'PEU,  r.  f.    To  smile  in  a  silly  manner.  Shali, 
Sl.M'rER,  H.    A  smile  with  an  air  of  silliness. 

SI.M'PEIMNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Smiling  foolishly. 
Sl.M'I'ER-ING,  11.   The  act  of  smiling  with  an  air  of 
silliness. 

PIM'PEK-I.VG-I.Y,  atliK    With  a  silly  smile. 
SlM'l'Li:,  a.     (Er.,  from  L..  simplez;  .tine,  without, 
and  pier,  plica,  doublin;!,  fold  ;  It.  sfmplice.] 

I.  Single  ;  consisting  of  one  thing  ;  nnconi- 
pounded  ;  unniingled  ;  uncoinbined  with  any  thing 
else  ;  as,  a  sijnplc  substance  ;  a  :iiinjitc  idea  ;  a  simple 
sound.  fViilt.<, 

'i.  Plain;  artless;  not  given  to  design,  stratagem, 
or  duplicity  ;  undcsigning;  sincere;  harmless. 

A  simple  liU8b;imliii;in  in  ganneiils  griyy.  Hubbard. 

3.  .Artless;  unaffected;  unconstrained;  inartifi- 
cial ;  plain. 

In  simple  mnniiprs  all  the  sccn-t  lies.  Yohh^-. 

4.  Unadorned  ;  plain ;  as,  a  simple  style  or  narra- 
tion ;  a  simple  dress. 

rt.  Not  comple.t  or  complicated  ;  as,  a  machine  of 
simple  construction. 
G.  Weak  in  intellect ;  not  wise  or  sagacious  ;  silly. 

The  fiirnple  belirvctli  every  wortl ;  bul  the  prudent  loukelh  well 
li>  Ins  gojr. J.  —  Prov.  xiv. 

7.  In  botany,  undivided,  as  a  root,  stem,  or  spike  ; 
oidy  one  on  a  petiole,  as  a  simple  leaf;  only  one  on  a 
peduncle,  as  a  .simple  flower  ;  having  only  one  .set  of 
rays,  as  an  umbel  ;  having  only  one  serii  s  of  leaflets, 
as,  a  simple  caly.v;  not  plumose  or  feathered,  as  a 
pappus.  jVartijn. 

Simple,  when  applied  to  minerals  and  rocks,  has 
retVieuce  to  their  h:  -.  ogeneousness,  and  not  to  the 
number  of  eleiiienU  vrliicii  enter  into  their  composi- 
tion. Kncyr.  Dnjden. 

A  simple  ftia'y,  in  ehi:Txt.-!r~j.  is  one  that  has  not 
been  decomposed,  or  ^ep;rated  into  two  or  more  ele- 
mentary bodies. 

SI.M'PLE,  n.  Something  not  mi-vcd  or  compounded. 
In  the  materia  mcdica,  the  general  denomination  of 
an  herb  or  plant,  as  each  vegetable  is  supposed  to 
possess  its  particul.ar  virtue,  and  therefore  to  consti- 
tute a  simple  remedy. 

SI.M'PLE,  V.  i.    To  gather  simples  or  plants. 

As  simpUng  on  the  8owcry  hilts  he  itrayed.  Car'Ji. 

SI.M'PLE-llE.XRT'ED,  a.    Having  a  simple  heart. 

Scott. 

SIM'PI.E-MIXD'ED,  a.  Artless;  undesigning  ;  un- 
suspecting, blaclistone. 

PI.M'PLE-.MI\n'ED-NESS,  n.  Artlessness. 

SI.M'PLE  MIN'ER-AL,  n.  A  mineral  composed  of  a 
single  stibstance.  Rocks  are  generally  aggregates  of 
several  simple  minerals  cemented  together. 

SIM'PLE-N'ESS,  71.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 
simple,  single,  or  uncoinpoundcd  ;  as,  tlie  simplmess 
of  the  elements.  Visby. 
a.  Artlessness  ;  simplicity. 
3.  Weakness  of  intellect. 

SIM'PEER,  n.  One  that  collects  simples  ;  anhcrb.il- 
isl ;  a  simplist. 

SLM'PLESS,  for  Simplicitv  or  SiLLiNtss,  is  not  in 
use.  Spenser. 

SIM  PLE-TON',  (-pl-tun,)  n.  A  silly  person  ;  a  per- 
son of  weak  intellect;  a  trifler;  a  foolish  person. 

Pope. 

PIM-PLI"CIAX,  (sim-plish'an,)  n.  An  artless,  un- 
skilled, or  undesigning  (lerson.  .Srnwav. 

SIM-PLIC'I-TY,  71.  [L.  simplicitas;  Fr.  shnplicUi ; 
It.  simplicitd  ;  Sp.  simplicidad.] 

\.  Singleness  ;  the  state  of  being  unmixed  or  un 
compounded  ;  as,  the  simplicity  of  metals  or  of 
earths. 

2.  The  state  of  being  not  comple.t,  or  of  consistin 
of  fi'w  parts  ;  as,  the  sijnplicity  of  a  machine. 

3.  Artlessness  of  mind  ;  freedom  from  a  propensity 
to  cunning  or  stratagem  ;  freedom  from  duplicity  ; 
sincerity. 

Mivrqiiis  Dofwt,  n  man  for  his  Inrmless  fimfltcity  neither  mis. 
likeil  nor  much  rej^anictl.  Hayieard. 

4.  Plainness  ;  freedom  from  artificial  ornament ; 
as,  the  simplicity  of  dress,  of  style,  of  liinguage,  &c 
Simplicity  in  writing  is  the  first  of  excellences. 

.">.  Plainness ;  freedom  from  subtilty  or  abstrusc- 
ness  ;  as,  the  simplicity  of  scriptural  doctrines  or 
truth. 

I'.  Weakness  of  intellect  ;  silliness.  Hooker. 
OadUj  .simplicity,  in  Scripture,  is  a  fair,  open  pro 
frssinn  and  practice  of  evangelical  trnlh,  with  a 
single  view  to  obedience  and  to  the  glorv  i  f  God. 
SI.M.PL[-FI-eA'TION,n.    [Sec  Simplu  v.]'  The  .act 


SIN 

of  making  simple  ;  the  act  of  reducing  to  simplicity, 
or  to  a  state  not  complex.  Cli.  Obs. 

SIM'P[.[-I'"I-£U,  pp.    I^Iade  simple  or  not  complex. 
SIM'PLI-F?,  V.  t.    [L.  sinijj(cj:,  simple,  and /uciu,  to 
make  ;  Fr.  simptifier.] 

To  make  simple  ;  to  reduce  what  is  complex  to 
greater  simplicity  ;  to  make  plain  or  easy. 

The  collection  of  duties  is  dniwn  to  a  point,  and  so  fir  eimpli. 

Jted.  HamUlun. 
It  is  iinportftnt,  in  scientific  pursuiu,  to  bo  canliuus  in  timplifying 

our  di-diicliuns,  Nuholson. 
This  is  the  true  way  to  timpU/y  the  study  of  scienc-. 

Ltluoiitier,  Trans. 


SI.^I'PLI-F?-ING,  ppr.    Making  simple  ;  rendering 
less  complex. 

SIM'PLIST,  71.    One  skilled  in  simples  or  medical 

plants.  Briiwn. 
Sl.M'PLO-CE.    Pee  Svmplooe. 

SI.M'PLV,  adr.    Without  art;  without  subtilty;  art- 
lessly ;  plainly. 

Subverting  worldly  strong  and  worldly  wiso 

By  simply  meek.  liltltoii. 

2.  Of  itself;  without  addition  ;  alone. 

They  make  tli.it  soixl  or  evil,  which  uthcrwisc  of  il^clf  were  not 
simply  Uie  one  nor  the  oilier.  UookcT. 

3.  Merely;  solely. 


Simply  the  thing  I  am 
Shall  make  ine  live. 


57,  ai. 


4.  Weakly ;  foolishly. 
SIM'U-L.\-t'l'lRE,  n.    [\,.  simulaerim.] 

An  image,    [j^ol  in  use.]  F.hjot. 
SIM'i;-L,\U,  71.    [See  Simulate.]    One  who  sim- 
ulates or  counterfeits  something.    [JVot  iii  use.] 

Shall. 

SIM'IJ-LaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  simulo,  from  similis,  like.] 
To  feign  ;  to  counterfeit;  to  assume  the  mere  ap- 
pearance of  something,  without  the  reality.  The 
wicked  often  simulate  the  virtuous  and  good. 
SIM'U-LATE,  a.    [ L.  simulatus.] 

Feigned  ;  pretended.  Bale. 
SIM'U-La-TEI),  7V'.  or  a.    Feigned;  preteniled  ;  as- 
sumed artilicially.  Che.-<lerjietd. 
SI.M'1;-La-TIi\(J,  ppr.     Feigning;   pretending;  as- 
suming the  appearance  of  what  is  not  real. 
SLM-lJ-L.\'TIO.\,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  simulatio.] 

The  act  of  feigning  to  be  that  which  one  is  not; 
the  assumption  of  a  deceitful  appearance  or  charac- 
ter. Simulation  differs  from  dissimulation.  Tlic  for- 
mer denotes  the  assuming  of  a  false  character ;  the 
latter  denotes  the  concealment  of  the  true  character. 
Both  are  comprehended  in  the  word  Hvfocrisy. 
SI-MUL-Ta'i\E-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  simultanie  ;  Sp.  siniul- 
taneo;  from  L.  simul,  at  the  same  time.] 

Existing  or  happening  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  simul- 
taneous events.    The  exchange  of  ratilications  may 
be  simultaneous. 
SI-MUIj-Ta'NE-OUS  LY,  adv.    At  the  same  time. 
SI-.MUL-Ta'NE-OUS-NESS,  71.    The  state  or  quality 
of  being  or  happening  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  the  ii- 
77iii/ta>ifi>ii.<iip*\s  of  transactions  in  two  dill'erent  places. 
SI.M'UL-TY,  II.    [U.  simuUas.] 

Private  grudge  or  quarrel.    [J^Tot  in  use.] 

B,  Jonson. 

SIN,  n.  [Sax.  .^iii  and  syn;  G.  siinde  ;  D.  zondc  ;  Sw. 
and  Dan.  synd ;  Lapponic,  Finnish,  sindia;  allied 
perhaps  to  Ir.  sainim,  to  alter,  to  vary,  to  sunder. 
The  primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  depart,  to  wan- 
der.] 

1.  The  voluntary  departure  of  a  moral  agent  from 
a  known  rule  of  rectitude  or  duty,  prescribed  by 
God  ;  any  voluntary  transgression  of  the  divine  law, 
or  violation  of  a  divine  command;  a  wicked  act; 
iniquity.  Sin  is  either  a  positive  art  in  which  a 
known  divine  law  is  violated,  or  it  is  the  voluntary 
neglect  to  obey  a  positive  divine  command,  or  a  rule 
of  duty  clearly  implied  in  such  command.  Siu  com- 
prehends not  actions  only,  but  neglect  of  known  duty, 
all  evil  thoughts,  purposi  s,  words,  and  desires,  what- 
ever is  contrary  to  God's  commands  or  law.  1  John 
ill.   Malt.  XV.   James  iv. 

sinners  neither  enjoy  the  plcisures  of  sin,  nor  the  peace  of  piety. 

Sob.  Hall. 

Among  dii'ines,  sin  is  oritrinal  or  actual.  .Actual 
sin,  above  di  lined,  is  the  act  of  a  moral  agent  in  vi- 
olating a  known  rule  of  duty.  Orii^inal  sin,  as  gen- 
erally understood,  is  native  depravity  of  heart  ;  that 
want  of  conformity  of  heart  to  the  divine  will,  that 
corruption  of  nature  or  deterioration  of  the  moral 
character  of  man,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the  effect 
of  Adam's  apostasy,  and  which  manifests  itself  in 
moral  agents  by  positive  acts  of  disobedience  to  the 
divine  will,  or  by  the  voluntary  neglect  to  comply  with 
the  express  commands  of  God,  which  require  th.at 
we  should  love  God  with  all  the  heart,  and  soul,  and 
strength,  and  mind,  and  our  neighbor  as  ourselves. 
This  native  depravity,  or  alienation  of  affections 
from  God  and  his  law,  is  supposed  to  be  what  the 
apostle  calls  the  carnal  mind  or  viindedness,  which  is 
enmity  against  God,  and  is  therefore  denominated 
sin  or  sinfulness. 

Unpardonable  sin,  or  blasphemy  against  the  Holy 
Spirit,  is  supposed  to  be  a  malicious  and  obstinate  re- 
jection of  Christ  and  the  gospel  plan  of  salvation,  or 


SIN 

n  contemptuous  resistance  made  to  the  influences 
and  convictions  of  the  Holy  Spirit.   JUatt.  xii. 

2.  A  sin-olfcring ;  an  oll'eriiig  made  to  atone  for 
sin. 

He  hath  made  him  to  be  sin  for  us,  who  knew  no  tlo.  —  2  Cor.  t. 

3.  A  man  enormously  wicked.    [JVut  in  use.] 

Shak. 

Sin  differs  from  crime,  not  in  nature,  but  in  appli- 
cation.   That  which  is  a  crime  against  society,  is  jiin 
against  God. 
SIN,  r.  i.    [.'^ax.  sinirian,  syn^ian.] 

1.  To  depart  voluntarily  from  the  path  of  duty  pre- 
scribed by  God  to  man  ;  to  violate  the  divine  law  in 
any  particular,  by  actual  transgression,  or  by  the  neg- 
lect or  non-observance  of  its  injunctions  ;  to  violate 
any  known  rule  of  duty. 

AH  have  sinned  and  come  short  of  the  glory  of  God.  —  Rom.  lii. 
It  is  followed  by  against. 

Against  thee,  thee  only,  have  I  tinned.  —  Ps.  li. 

2.  To  offend  against  right,  against  men  or  society  ; 
to  trespass. 

I  am  a  man 

More  sinned  ajninst  than  sinmn^.  ShaJc. 

And  who  but  wishes  Ui  invert  Ihe  laws 

Of  onler,  sins  against  th'  eternal  causr-.  Pope. 

SIN,  for  Since,  [Scot,  syne,]  is  obsolete  or  vulgar. 
SI-NA-lT'ie,  a.    [from  Sinai,  the  mnuntaiii.]  Per- 
taining to  Mount  Sinai ;  given  or  made  at  Sinai. 

jifackniirht. 

SIN'A-PIS-IN,  71.  A  principle  extracted  from  mustard 
seed,  Sinapis  alba.  It  is  white,  crystallizable,  inodor- 
ous, and  bitter. 

SIN'A-PIS.M,  71.  [L.  sinapis,  sinape,  mustard,  G.  senf, 
Sax.  scnrp.] 

In  pharmacti,  a  cataplasm  composed  of  mustard 
seed  pulverized,  with  some  other  ingredients,  and 
used  as  an  external  application.  It  is  a  powerful  ir- 
ritant. Enqjc. 

PIN'-liORN,  a.    Derived  from  sin. 

SINCE,  prc/i.  or  arfr.  [Sw.  d-fr/an  ;  Dan.  f'l/cn  ;  D.  .vinf; 
supposed  to  be  contracted  from  Sax.  siththan,  which 
is  from  silhiun,  to  pa.ss,  to  go  ;  and  siththan  may  be 
the  participle,  and  denote  past,  gone,  and  hence  alter, 
afterward.  Sith,  in  Saxon,  has  a  like  sense.  Our 
early  writers  used  silk,  sithen,  sitJience  ;  the  latter  is 
evidently  a  corruption  o(  .siththan.  It  may  be  doubted 
whether  Sw.  sen,  Dan.  scat,  slow,  late,  is  a  contrac- 
tion of  this  word  ;  more  probably  it  is  not.] 

1.  After;  from  the  time  that.  The  proper  signifi- 
cation of  since  is  after,  and  its  appropriate  sense  in- 
cludes the  whole  period  between  an  event  and  the 
present  time.  I  have  not  seen  my  brother  since  Jan- 
uary. 

The  Tjord  hath  blessed  thee,  rinee  my  cominsr.  — Gtu.  xxx. 
Holy  pro[.hi  Is,  who  have  been  since  Uic  world  began.  —  Luke  i. 
John  ix. 

Since,  then,  denotes,  during  the  whole  time  after  an 
event ;  or  at  any  particular  time  during  that  period. 

2.  Ago;  past;  before  this.  "About  two  years 
siytce,  an  event  happened,"  that  is,  two  years  having 

pa.fsed, 

3.  Uecause  that ;  this  being  the  fact  that. 

Since  truth  and  constancy  ar-  vain, 
Since  ncillier  love  nor  sense  of  min 
Niir  force  of  reason  can  p'-rsuatle, 

Then  let  example  be  obeyed.  danville. 
Since,  when  it  precedes  a  noun,  is  called  a  prepo- 
sition, but  when  it  precedes  a  sentence,  it  is  called  an 
adverb.  The  truth  is,  the  character  of  the  word  is 
the  same  in  both  cases.  It  is  probably  an  obsolete 
participle,  and  acrordinj;  to  the  usual  classification  of 
words,  may  be  properly  ranked  with  the  prcposilions. 
In  strictness,  the  last  clause  of  the  passage  above 
cited  is  the  case  absolute.  "  The  Lord  hath  blessed 
thee,  since  my  coming,"  that  is,  my  arrival  being  pa.iL 
So,  since  Vie  worlH  began,  is  strictly,  past  the  world 
began,  the  beginning  of  the  world  being  past.  In  the 
first  case,  -since,  considered  as  a  preposition,  has  ci>7n- 
iiin-,  a  noun,  for  its  object,  and  in  the  latter  case,  the 
cl.ause  of  a  sentence.  So  we  say,  against  your  ar- 
rival, or  against  you  come. 
SIN-CeKE',  0.  [Fr.,  from  I<.  sincerus,  which  is  said 
to  be  comixised  of  .vine,  without,  and  ccra,  wax ;  as 
if  applied  originally  to  pure  honey.] 

1.  Pure;  unini.xed. 

As  new-born  babes,  desire  llie  tincert  milk  of  Iho  won].  —  I 
P.  I-  ii- 

A  Joy  which  never  was  sincere  till  now.  Dryden. 
There  is  no  sincere  acid  in  any  animal  Juioe.  ArbuiKnot. 
1  woulil  have  oil  ipillicisnis  avoided,  thai  our  tongue  may  be  sin. 
cere.  Alton. 

[This  sense  is,  for  the  most  part,  ob-solete.  We  use 
the  phrases  -Tinccrc  joy,  .sincere  pleasure,  buHVC  mean 
by  them,  unfeigned,  real  joy  or  pleasure.] 

2.  Unhurt ;  uninjured. 

The  iiiviulable  body  sloo*t  sincere.    [Obs.]  Drydsn. 

3.  Being  in  reality  what  it  appears  to  be;  not 
feigned  ;  not  simulated  ;  not  .vsgmned  or  said  for  Ihe 
sake  of  appearance  ;  real ;  not  hyimcritical  or  pre- 
tended. ThLi  Li  the  present  use  of  the  word.  Let  your 
intentions  be  pure,  and  your  declarations  s-incere. 
Let  love  and  friendship  be  -.mccre.  -No  prayer  can 
avail  with  a  heart-searching  God,  unlets  it  is  mcert. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  6  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  7U  as  in  THIS. 


HIT 


SIN 


SIN 


SIN 


SIN-CERE'LY,  adt\  Honestly  ;  with  renl  purity  of 
lieart ;  witliout  siiiiiilnlion  or  disguise  ;  uiifeignedly  ; 
as,  to  spcali  one's  niiiid  sinccrdi/  i  lo  love  virtue  sitt- 
cereln. 

PIN-CF.RE'NESS,  71.  Sincerity. 
SlN-CEIt'I-TY,  «.    [Fr.  sincenti  ;  L.  dneeritas.] 

1.  Hciiiesty  of  mind  or  intention  ;  freedom  from 
simultition  or  liypocrisy.  We  may  question  a  man's 
prudence,  wlien  we  can  not  question  his  si/iceriUj. 

2.  Freedom  from  liypocrisy,  disguise,  or  false  pre- 
tense ;  as,  tile  ^iiiicfritii  of  a  declaration  of  Itjve. 

SL\'CI-PUT,  n.    [L.]  "The  fore  part  of  the  head  from 

the  forehead  to  the  coronal  suture.  Knryc. 
PIN'DON,  TU    [L.,  fine  liuen.J    A  wrapper.    [JVI/t  in 

jtse.  ]  Bacon. 
Si>;E,  n.    [L.  si7ii(5.] 

In  i^eometry,  the  sine  or  n'n-^(  sine  of  an  arc  is  a 
line  drawn  from  one  end  of  tliat  arc,  perpendicular 
to  the  radius  drawn  tJirougli  llie  otlier  end,  and  is 
always  equal  to  half  the  chord  of  double  the  arc. 

Versed  sine  ;  that  part  of  the  diameter  between  the 
sine  and  tlie  arc.  Huttim. 
Sl'NE-€URE,  n.    [L.  sine,  without,  and  cura,  cure, 
care.] 

An  office  which  has  revenue  without  employment ; 
in  church  affairs,  a  benefice  without  cure  of  souls. 
{Thi-t  is  the  vriirinal  and  proper  sense  of  the  wvrd.^ 

Sl'NE-eOR-ISjf,  n.    The  state  of  having  a  sinecure. 

Sl'NE-euIMST,  n.    One  who  h.as  a  sinecure. 

SI'JSTE  DrE,  [L.,  witliout  day.]  .^n  adjournment 
sine  die  is  an  adjournment  without  fixing  the  time  of 
resuming  business  or  reassembling.  When  a  defend- 
ant is  suffered  to  go  sine  die,  he  is  dismissed  the 
court. 

SIN'E-PITE,  71.    [L.  slnape,  mustard.] 

Something  resembling  mustard  seed.    De  Costa. 

SJ'JV£  qUA  JVOJV,  [L.]  Without  which  a  thing 
can  not  be;  hence,  an  indispensable  condition. 

SIN'EW,  (sin'nu,)  ti.  [.''ax.  sinu,  sinw,  sinwe :  G. 
sehne;  D.  lentiw ;  Bw.sena;  Dan.  sene  or  seene.  The 
primary  sense  is,  stretched,  strained,  whence  the 
sense  of  strong;  G.  sehnen,  to  long;  Ir.  simiim,  to 
strain.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  tendon  ;  that  which  unites  a  mus- 
cle to  a  bone. 

2.  In  the  plural,  strength  ;  or  rather  that  which 
supplies  strength.    Money  is  the  sinews  of  war. 

Driiden. 

3.  Muscle  ;  nerve.  Varies. 
SIX'EW,  V.  t.  To  knit  as  by  sinews.  Shak. 
SI.\'EW-£D,  (sin'iiude,)  a.    Furnished  with  sinews; 

as,  a  stumg-sinewed  youth. 
2.  Strong ;  firm ;  vigorous. 

When  he 

OiirscN'es  well  sineieed  lo  our  defense.  Shak. 
SIX'EW-LESS,  a.    Having  no  strength  or  vigor. 
SIN'EW-SHRIJNK,  a.     Gaunt-bellied;  having  the 
sinews  under  the  belly  shrunk  by  excess  of  fatigue, 
as  a  horse.  Far.  Diet. 

SI^''EVV'-Y,  a.    Consisting  of  a  sinew  or  nerve. 

The  sinewy  thread  my  bniin  lets  f;d!.  Donne. 
9.  Nervous  ;  strong  ;  well  braced  with  sinews  ; 
vigorous;  firm  ;  as,  the  sinewy  Ajax.  !Shak. 
The  northern  people  are  large,  lair  coinplcxiuiied,  Elron"',  «n- 
eiry,  and  courageous.  Hale. 

SIN'FlJL,o.    [from  .fin.]    Tainted  with  sin  ;  wicked  ; 
iniquitous;  criminal;  unholy;  as,  sinful  men. 
Ah,  einful  nation,  a  people  laden  with  iniquity  1  — Is.  i. 
2.  Containing  sin,  or  consisting  in  sin  ;  contrary 
to  the  laws  of  God  ;  as,  sinful  .actions ;  iin/u/ thoughts ; 
sinful  words. 

SI.\'FtJL-LY,  ndi'.  In  a  manner  which  the  laws  of 
God  do  not  permit;  wickedly;  iniquitously  ;  crim- 
inally. 

SL\"FtjL-NESS,  77.  The  quality  of  being  sinful  or 
contrary  to  the  divine  will ;  wickedness  ;  iniquity  ; 
criminality  ;  as,  the  sinfulness  of  an  action  ;  the  sin- 
fulness of  thoughts  or  purposes. 

2.  Wickedness;  corruption;,  depravity;  as,  the 
sinfulness  of  men  or  of  the  human  race. 

SING,  V.  i. ;  pret.  Suno,  Sano  ;  pp.  Sitno.  [Sax.  sin- 
gan,  syniran  ;  Goth,  siirfrrean  ;  G.  sinircn  i  I),  linijen  ; 
i^vi.  siunna  ;  Uan.  symrer.  It  would  seem  from  the 
Gothic  that  n  is  casual,  and  the  elements  Sg.  If  so, 
it  coincides  with  saij  and  seek,  all  signifying  to  strain, 
urge,  press,  or  drive.] 

1.  'J'o  utter  sounds  with  various  inflections  or  ine- 
lodiouH  Miodiilatiims  of  voice,  as  fancy  may  dictate, 
or  according  to  the  notes  of  a  song  or  tunt!. 

The  noil.-  of  U.'in  ihit  ting  do  1  hear. —  El.  xxiiL 

2.  To  utter  sweet  or  melodious  sounds,  as  birds. 
It  is  reniarkablo  that  the  female  of  no  species  of 
birds  ever  tings. 

And  sinfing  birds  In  silver  CJigcs  hilnj.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  a  small,  nhrill  sound  ;  as,  the  air  sings 
in  pa.ssing  through  a  crevice. 

OVr  his  head  the  flyinif  ■p»*nr 

•Vanf  iiiitoceiit,  and  s|M:iil  iu  force  In  idr.  Pope. 

4.  To  tell  or  relate  nomelhine  in  numbers  or  verse. 


Sin, 

Of  human  hope  by  crass  rrents  deslmye^i 


Prior. 


SING,  11.  t.  To  Utter  with  musical  modulations  of 
voice. 

And  Dioy  stri^  /he  son^  of  Moses,  the  servant  of  Gud,  and  tiie 
son^of  tiie  Lamb.  —  Rev.  xv. 

2.  To  celebrate  in  song ;  to  give  praises  to  in 
verse. 

The  last,  the  happiest  British  kin^, 

Whom  lh"u  shall  p.^tit  or  1  shall  einff.  Addison. 

3.  To  relate  or  rehearse  in  numbers,  verse,  or 
poetry. 

Arms  and  the  man  I  sing-.  Dryden. 
While  sirexhed  at  ease  you  sing  your  happy  loves.  Drytlen. 

SINGE,  (sinj,)  v.  f.  [Sax.  sicngan;  G.  sengen;  D. 
zengen.] 

To  bum  slightly  or  superficially  ;  to  burn  the  sur- 
face of  a  thing,  as  the  nap  of  cloth,  or  the  hair  of 
the  skin  ;  as,  to  singe  off  the  beard.  Shak, 

Thus  riJiii!^  on  his  curls,  he  seemed  to  pass 

A  rolling  fire  aloiia:,  and  singe  die  ^ass.  Dryden. 

SINGE,  71.    A  burning  of  the  surface  ;  a  slight  bum. 
SING'iCD,  (sinjd,)  pp.    Burnt  superficially. 
SINGE'ING,  p;ir.    Burning  the  surface. 
SING'ER,  n.    [from  sing.]    One  that  sings. 

2.  One  versed  in  music,  or  one  whose  occupation 
is  to  sing  ;  as,  a  chorus  of  singers.  Drijden. 

3.  A  bird  that  sings.  Bacon. 
SING'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Uttering  melodious  or  musical 

ntites ;  making  a  shrill  sound;  celebrating  in  song; 

reciting  in  verse. 
SING'ING,  71.    The  act  of  uttering  sounds  with  musi- 
cal intonations  ;  musical  articulation;  the  utterance 

of  melodious  tones.    Cant.  ii. 
SIi\G'ING-BOOK.  7!.    A  music-book,  as  it  ought  to  be 

called:  a  book  containing  tunes. 
SING'ING-LY,oi/c.    With  sounds  like  singing  ;  with 

a  kind  of  tune.  JVorth. 
SING'ING-MAN,  71.    [si7inifl»-and  ttiqti.]    A  man  who 

sings,  or  is  employed  to  sing  ;  as  in  cathedrals. 
SING'ING-JIAS-TER,  n.    A  music-master;  one  that 

te.aches  vocal  music.  ^ddiion. 
SING'ING-WOM-AN,  7i.    A  woman  employed  to 

sing. 

SIN"GLE,  (sing'gl,)  a.  [L.  sinvulus;  probably  from 
a  rout  that  signifies  to  separate.] 

1.  Separate;  one;  only;  individual;  consisting 
of  one  only  ;  as,  a  single  star ;  a  single  city  ;  a  single 
act. 

2.  Particular;  individual. 

No  sinste  man  is  born  witli  a  riglit  of  controlling  the  opinions  of 
all  tlie  r«su  Pope. 

3.  Uucompounded. 

Simple  ideas  are  opposed  'o  complex,  and  single  to  compound. 

Vl'alts. 

4.  Alone;  having  no  companion  or  assistant. 

\>  ho  single  h  ist  maintained, 
Against  revolted  m.iluiud<-s,  the  cause  ol  truth.  firUlon. 

5.  Unmarried  ;  as,  a  single  man  ;  a  single  woman. 

6.  Not  double;  not  complicated;  as,  a  single 
thread  ;  a  single  strand  of  a  rope. 

7.  Performed  with  one  person  or  antagonist  on  a 
side,  or  with  one  person  only  opposed  to  another  ; 
as,  a  single  fight ;  a  single  combat. 

8.  Pure;  simple^  incorrupt;  unbiased;  having 
clear  vision  of  divine  truth.    JlntL  vi. 

9.  Small;  weak;  silly.  [Obs.] 

Be'num.     Fl.  Shak. 

10.  In  botany,  a  single  flower  is  when  there  is  only 
one  on  a  stem,  and  in  common  usage,  one  not  double. 

J\lnrtyn. 

SIN"GI.E,  (sing'gl,)  v.  t.    To  select,  as  an  individual 
person  or  thing  from  among  a  number ;  to  choose 
one  from  others. 
A  dog  who  citn  single  out  his  master  in  the  dark.  Bacon. 

2.  To  sequester ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  retire  ;  as,  an 
agent  singling  itself  from  comforts.    [JVot  used.] 

Hooker. 

3.  To  take  alone;  as,  men  commendable  when 
singled  from  society.    \_J^ot  in  use.]  Jlooker. 

4.  To  seftarale.  Sidney. 
SIN"GI,KI),  pp.    Selected  from  among  a  number. 
S1N"GI.K-I1.A.NI)-E1),  a.    Having  one  hand  or  work- 
man onlv. 

S1.\"GLE-HEART-ED,  a.    Having  no  duplicity. 

jtfore. 

SIN"GI,E-.MIND-F,D,  a.    Having  a  single  purpose. 

Sedgwick. 

SIN"GI,F.-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  one  only  or 
separate  from  all  others  ;  the  opposite  of  doubleness, 
coinplication,  or  multiplicity. 

2.  Siinplinly  ;  sinci  rity  ;  purity  of  mind  or  pur- 
pose ;  freedniu  from  duplicity  ;  as,  singleness  of  be- 
lief; .lingleness  of  h(?att.  Hooker.  J,nw. 

SIN"GI,/-;S,  (sing'nl/.,)  71.  pi.  The  reeled  filaments  of 
silk,  twisted  to  give  them  firmness. 

SIN"GLE-SEKI)-i;i),  «.    Conlaining  one  s(!cd  only. 

SIN"GLE-SrR-K,  ;i.    A  cuilg.  l. 

9.  A  game  at  cudgels,  in  which  he  who  first 
brings  blood  from  his  adversary's  head  is  pro- 
noiiiired  virlor.  J/tdtitprlt. 

PI.\"(iM;-Tr{i;i",,      >  n.    The  cross  piece  to  which 

SWIN"(;iJ>TKEE,        the  traces  of  a  harnessed 


horse  are  fixed.  A  single-tree  is  fixed  upon  each  end 
of  the  double-tree  when  two  horses  draw  abreast. 

llaldeman. 

SIN"GLE-V.^LV-ED,  a.    Having  one  valve  only. 
SIN"GLIN,  71.   A  single  gleaning;  a  handful  of 

gleaned  grain.  [Local.] 
SIN"GLING,  ppr.    Selecting  from  among  a  number. 
SIN"GLY,  adi:    Individually  ;  particularly  ;  as,  to 

make  men  .Hn  irly  and  personally  good.  TUlotson. 

2.  Only  ;  by  himself. 

Look  thee,  'tis  so,  thou  singly  honest  raao.  Shak. 

3.  Witliout  partners,  companions,  or  associates  ; 
as,  to  attack  another  singly. 

At  ombre  singly  to  decide  their  diom.  Dryden. 

4.  Honestly ;  sincerely. 

SING'-SONG,  71.  A  term  for  bad  singing  or  for 
drawling. 

SIN"GU-L.\R,  (sing'gu-lar,)  a.  [Fr.  singulier ;  L. 
singularis,  from  singulus,  single.] 

1.  Single;  not  complex  or  compound. 

That  idea  which  reprrsenls  one  deteniiinate  Uiing,  is  called  a  sin- 
gular idea,  wlieUier  simple,  complex,  or  compound,  li'aas. 

2.  In  grammar,  expressing  one  person  or  tiling; 
as,  the  singular  number.  The  singular  number 
stands  opposed  to  dual  and  plural. 

3.  Particular;  existing  by  itself;  unexampled;  as, 
a  singular  phenomenon.  Your  case  is  hard,  but  not 
singular. 

4.  Remarkable  ;  eminent ;  unusual ;  rare  ;  as,  a 
man  of  singular  gravity,  or  singular  attainments. 

5.  Not  common  ;  odd;  impl}'ing  something  censu  ■ 
rable  or  not  approved. 

His  zeal 

None  seconded,  as  singular  and  rash.  ^Tdion. 

6.  Being  alone  ;  that  of  which  there  is  but  one. 

opresses  are  s&irce,  and  some 
ir  kind.  A'ldxson. 

SIN"GU-LAR,  71.   A  particular  instance.  [Unusual.] 

Jilore. 

PIN"GU-LAR-IST,  ti.  One  who  affects  singularity. 
S1N"GU-LAR'1-TY,  n.    [Fr.  smgularite.] 

1.  Peculitirity  ;  some  character  or  quality  of  a 
thing  by  which  it  is  distinguished  from  all,  or 
from  most  others. 

Pliny  addeih  this  singutanty  to  that  soil,  that  the  second  vear  the 
very  falling  ol  Uie  seeds  yifldeUi  corn.  Ad^son. 

2.  An  uncommon  character  or  form  ;  something 
curious  or  remarkable. 

1  took  notice  of  this  litUe  figure  for  the  singularity  of  the  iiistnj. 
mem.  Addit^n. 

3.  Particular  privilege,  prerogative,  or  distinction. 

No  bishop  of  Rome  ever  look  upon  him  this  name  of  singulonly, 
(univ.-rsd  hi.h..p.)  Huoker. 

Catholicism — nmsl  Ik' understood  in  opposition  to  Hi'- I  jr.il  s':i> 
gutarily  of  the  Jewish  nation.  Pearson. 

4.  Character  or  trait  of  character  different  from 
that  of  others.  The  singularity  of  living  according 
to  the  strict  precepts  of  the  gospel  is  highly  to  be 
commended. 

5.  Oddity. 

C.  Celibacy.    [JVot  in  use.]  J.  Tai/lor. 

SIN"GU-LAR-rZE,  v.  t.  To  make  single.  [Mit  in 
ttse.  ] 

S1N"GU-LAR-LY,  atlv.  Peculiarly  ;  in  a  manner  or 
degree  not  common  to  others.  It  is  no  disgrace  to 
be  singularly  good. 

2.  O'ddly  ;  strangely. 

3.  So  as  to  express  one,  or  the  singular  number. 
SIN"GUI/r,  n.    [I,,  singultus.]  [Morion. 

A  sigh.    [JVtif  in  use.] 
SIN'I-CA I„  a.    [from  .li/ie.]    Pertaining  to  a  sine. 
SIN'IS-TER,  fl.    [L.    Probably  the  primary  sense  is, 
weak,  defective.] 

1.  Left;  oil  the  lef^  hand,  or  the  side  of  the  left 
hand  ;  opposed  to  Dextkr  or  Right  ;  as,  the  sinister 
cheek  ;  or  the  sinister  side  of  an  trscutcheoii. 

2.  Evil  ;  bad  ;  corrupt  ;  perverse  ;  dishonest ;  as, 
sinister  means  ;  sinUter  purpose. 

He  scorns  lo  undcniiine  another' 
feriiir  aru. 

3.  Unlucky  ;  inauspicious.  B.  Jonson. 
.Si/n.-fcr  aspect:  in  nslrology,  an  appearance  of  two 

Iilaiiets  happening  according  to  the  succession  of  the 
signs  ;  as,  Saliirn  in  Aries,  and  Mars  in  the  same  de- 
gree of  Gemini.  F.neyc. 

[This  word,  among  the  poets,  is  usually  accented 
si-nis'  ter.] 

SIN'lS-TEK-HAND'En,  o.  Left-handed.  [JVof  in 
use.] 

SI.\'IS-TER-LY,  aile.  Absurdly  ;  perversely  ;  iinfairlv. 

'a.  Wood. 

SIN'IS-Tll  AL,  a.    To  tlie  left  ;  sinistroiis. 

Ill  conchologij,  a  term  applied  to  shells  which  have 
the  turns  of  the  spiral  niaiie  to  the  left  ;  the  same  as 
Kkvkihho.  Humble. 

SI.N'lSTIt AL-LY,  adr.    Toward  the  left. 

Sl.N-l.'^-TROR'S.VL,  a.  [.virusfcr  and  Gr.  ooaoi,  to 
rise.] 

Rising  from  left  to  right,  as  a  spiral  line  or  lieliv. 

;/'llrl(. 

SIN'IS-TROUS,  a.  Being  on  the  left  side ;  im  liiied 
to  the  left.  Broioii. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  JJOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1034 


SIN 

2.  U'ront; ;  absurd  ;  perverse. 

A  kimve  ur  fcol  cui  do  uo  harm,  even  by  Ibc  inoal  sinislroue 
iiikI  iituiinl  choict!.  BenUey. 

SIN'ia-TROUS-I,Y,  arfo.    Perversely;  wrongly. 

2.  Willi  a  leiidency  to  use  the  left  as  tlic  siroiigcr 
)i:iii(l. 

SINK,  c.  i. ;  pret.  Sunk  ;  pp.  id.  The  did  prrt.  Sank 
is  nearly  uhstilcte.  [Sa.x.  jp/ic/in,  sincaii ;  Goth.  si<r- 
acan  :  G.  siiikni ;  D.  iinktn  :  Sw.  siunka ;  Uaii.  sijiiker ; 
coincidiiis  with  s'ugc.    Cl.iss  Sp.] 

1.  To  fall  hy  the  force  of  greater  gravity,  in  a  nie- 
diirin  or  snbsinnce  of  less  specific  yravity  ;  to  sub- 
side ;  opposed  to  Swim  or  Float.  t'oMie  species  of 
wood  or  tiinlicr  will  sink  in  water.  Oil  will  not  siuk 
in  water  and  many  other  liquids,  for  it  is  specifically 

.liglilcr. 

I  link  ill  deep  mire. —  Fs.  Ixix. 

2.  To  fall  gradually. 

H(^  *unk  down  ill  lii»  chnrlot.  — 2  Kin^s  iz. 

3.  To  enter  or  penetrate  into  any  body. 

Til.'  sloiie  tunk  iiilo  liis  fun-lifiid.  —  1  Saiii.  xvii. 

4.  To  fall ;  to  become  lower;  to  subside  or  settle 
to  a  level. 

Tlie  Alps  and  Pyn*neM  tink  before  him.  Addison, 

5.  To  be  overwhelmed  or  de|)resscd. 

Our  ciiiiinry  *injtff'l)fiie;ith  ihc  yoke.  Sliak. 

6.  To  enter  deeply  ;  to  be  impressed. 

ly'l  Ihese  snylii^  sijtk  ilowti  into  your  tMrs.  —  I.uke  ix. 

7.  To  become  deep ;  to  retire  or  fall  within  the  sur- 
face of  any  thing ;  as,  the  eyes  giiik  into  the  head. 

8.  To  fall  ;  to  decline  ;  to  decay  ;  to  decrease.  A 
free  state  gradually  stnks  into  ruin.  It  is  the  duty  of 
government  to  revive  a  sittking  commerce. 

l.el  not  die  fin?  nnk  or  sl.icken.  Mortimer. 

9.  To  fall  into  rest  or  indolence  ;  as,  to  sink  away 
in  pleasing  dre.'tins.  Addison. 

10.  To  be  lower ;  to  fall ;  as,  the  price  of  land  will 
sink  in  time  of  peace. 

SI.NK,  c.  L  To  cause  to  sink  ;  to  put  under  water ;  to 
immerse  in  a  fluid  ;  as,  to  sink  a  ship. 

2.  To  make  by  digging  or  delving  ;  as,  to  siiik  a  pit 
or  a  well. 

3.  To  depress  ;  to  degrade.  His  vices  sink  him  in 
infamy  or  in  public  estimation. 

4.  To  plunge  into  destruction. 

ir  I  h:tvc  a  conscience,  let  it  sink  me.  Shak. 

5.  To  cause  to  fall  or  to  be  plunged.  Woodward, 

6.  To  bring  low  ;  to  reduce  in  quantity. 

Vou  sunk  the  river  with  repeated  dratij;l)U.  Addison. 

7.  To  depress  ;  to  overbear ;  to  crush.  This  would 
sink  the  spirit  of  a  hero. 

8.  To  diminish  ;  to  lower  or  lessen  ;  to  degrade. 

I  mean  not  th.al  we  should  sink  our  figure  out  of  covctoiisncss. 

Rosert. 

9.  To  cause  to  decline  or  fail. 


Thy  cruel  anti  unnatural  lust  of  power 
Has  sunk  tliy  father  mon:  lhaii  all  liis  years. 


Roice. 


10.  To  suppress  ;  to  conceal ;  to  intervert. 

If  sent  with  rea<iy  money  to  buy  any  thinj,  ami  you  happen  to 
be  out  of  pocket,  sink  the  money,  and  take  up  Ui'-  ^oiU 
on  account.    \UnusuaL.\  Sm/L 

11.  To  depress  ;  to  lower  in  value  or  amount. 
Great  importations  may  sink  the  price  of  goods. 

12.  To  reduce  ;  to  pay  ;  to  diminish  or  annihilate 
by  p.iyment ;  as,  to  siiiA-  the  national  deb', 

13.  'J'o  waste  ;  to  dissipate  ;  as,  to  sink  an  estate. 
SI.VK,  n.    [Sa.v.  sine] 

1.  A  drain  to  carry  off  filthy  water  ;  a  jakes. 

S/ialc.  Haijioard, 

2.  A  kind  of  basin  of  stone  or  wood  to  receive 
filthy  water. 

SINK'ER,  n.  A  weight  on  something,  as  on  a  fish- 
line,  to  sink  it. 

SINK'-HoLE,  n.  A  hole  for  dirty  water  to  run 
through. 

SINK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Falling ;  subsiding ;  depressing; 
declining. 

Siukintr  fund ;  in  finance^  a  fund  created  for  sinking 
or  paying  a  public  debt,  or  purchasing  the  stock  for 
the  liovernment. 
SIN'LESS,  a.    [from  yin.J    Free  from  sin  ;  pure ;  per- 
fect.   Christ  yielded  a  stnless  obedience. 
2.  Free  from  sin  ;  innocent ;  a.s,  a  sinless  soul, 

Oryden. 

SIN'LESS3-LY,  adv.  In  n  sinless  manner ;  innocently. 
SliN'LESS-NESS,  n.    Freedom  from  sin  and  guilt. 

Boijlf. 

SIN'NER,  n.  One  that  has  voluntarily  violated  the 
divine  law  ;  a  moral  agent  who  has  volunuxrily  dist*- 
beyed  any  divine  precept,  or  neglected  any  known 
duly. 

2.  It  is  used  in  contradistinction  to  Saint,  to  de- 
note an  unregenerate  person  ;  one  who  has  not  re- 
ceived the  pardon  of  his  sins. 

3.  An  offender  ;  a  criminal.  Dryden. 
SIN'.N'ER,  0.  i.   To  act  as  a  sinner;  in  ludicrous  lan- 
guage. 

Whether  the  charmer  tinner  it  or  saint  it.  Pope. 
SlN'-OF-FER.I.\G,  n.  [sin  and  offering.]   A  sacrifice 


SIP 

for  sin  :  something  ofl'ered  as  an  e.xpiation  for  sin. 
Uriid.  x\ix, 

Sliv'O  PM-"'  I  "■"'<<"'■' t'J 

Red  ferruginous  quartz,  of  a  blood  or  brownish  red 
color,  sometimes  Willi  a  tinge  of  yellow.  It  occurs 
ill  small,  but  very  pt  rfecl  crystals,  and  in  masses  that 
resemble  some  varieties  of  jasper.  Clearrland. 

SIN'O-I'LE,  K.  In  the  keralitry  of  Continental  F.uropr, 
green  ;  vert.  Brandf. 

SIN'-0P-PI{E.>*S'£:D,  (-op-prest',)  a.  Oppressed  with 
a  sense  of  sin. 

SIN'-STUNG,  a.  Stung  with  remorse  for  sin.  Baiter. 

SI.X'TEK,  71.  In  minrralotry,  calcareous  sinter  is  a 
Itiose  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  composed  of  a  sc- 
ries of  successive  layers,  concentric"!  plain  or  iiiulii- 
lateil,  and  nearly  or  quite  parallel.  It  npfiears  under 
various  forms.  Clravelnnd. 

Siliciou.1  sinter  is  a  light  cellular  or  fibrous  quartz ; 
aI.so,  a  similar  variety  of  opal. 

Pearl  .linter  is  a  variely  of  opal,  of  a  pearly  luster, 
occurring  in  gltibular  and  botryuidal  masses.  Dana. 

Sh\'U-ATE,  V.  t.    [L.  .<i<iiio.] 

To  wijid  ;  to  turn  ;  to  bend  in  and  out.  Woodirard. 

SIN'1]-.\TE,     j  a.     In  botany,  a  sinuate  leaf  is  one 

SIN'IJ-a  TED,  i  that  lias  large  curved  breaks  in  the 
margin,  resembling  bays,  as  in  the  oak.  Jliirtyn. 

SIiN'li-A-TL\G,  pj;r.  VVimiing;  turning;  bending  in 
and  out. 

SliN-lJ-A'TION,  n.  A  winding  or  bending  in  and 
out.  I{alc. 

SIN-IJ-OS'I-TY,  n.    [L.  sinuosiu:,  sinus.] 

The  quality  of  bending  or  curving  in  and  out;  or 
a  series  of  bends  and  turns  in  arches  or  other  irregu- 
lar figures. 

divu  r'sp'  I       f^"^'  from  L.  *!nH.s.] 

Winding  ;  crooked  ;  bending  in  and  out ;  of  a  ser- 
pentine or  undulating  form  ;  as,  a  sinuous  pipe. 

Streaking  die  ground  with  sinuous  tnice.  Hfilton. 

SIN'y-OUS-LY,  adv.    Windingly  ;  crookedly. 
Si'NUS,  n.    [L.,  a  bay.]    A  bay  of  the  sea  ;  a  recess 
in  the  shore,  or  an  opening  into  the  land.  Burnet. 

2.  Ill  anatomy,  a  cavity  in  a  bone  or  other  part, 
wider  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  entrance.  Encyc. 

3.  In  surgery,  a  little  elongated  cavity,  in  which 
pus  is  collected  ;  an  elongated  abscess  with  only  a 
small  orifice.  Encyc.  Parr, 

4.  Ill  concliology,  a  groove  or  cavity.  Humble. 

5.  An  opening  ;  a  hollow. 

SIP,  V.  u  [Sa.t.  stpan,  to  sip,  to  drink  in,  to  macerate  ; 
D.  sippeii ;  G.  saufen  ;  Uaii.  sUbcr  i  Sw.  supa  ;  Ir.  sub- 
ham  ;  W.  sipiatv,  to  draw  the  lips  ;  sipian,  to  sip  ;  Fr. 
soupe,  souper ;  Eng.  sap,  sup,  supper.  See  Class  Sb, 
No.  79.] 

1.  To  take  a  fluid  into  the  mouth  in  small  quanti- 
ties by  the  lips  ;  as,  to  sip  wine  ;  to  sip  tea  or  coflVe. 

Pope. 

3.  To  drink  or  imbibe  in  small  quantities. 

Every  herb  dial  sips  the  dew,  Milton. 

3.  To  draw  into  the  mouth  ;  to  extract;  as,  a  bee 
sips  nectar  from  the  flowers, 

4,  To  drink  out  of. 

They  skim  the  flooils,  and  sip  the  purple  flnvrers.  Dryden. 
SIP,  V.  i.    To  drink  a  small  quantity ;  to  take  a  fluid 

with  the  lips.  Dryden. 
SIP,  n.    The  taking  of  a  liquor  with  the  lips ;  or  a 
small  draught  taken  with  the  lips. 

One  sip  of  this 
Will  bathe  Uie  drooping  spiiils  in  debght, 
Beyond  die  bliss  of  dreuins.  Milton. 

SIPE,  T.  i.  To  ooze ;  to  issue  slowly ;  as  a  fluid, 
[Local.]  Orose. 

SI'PHON,  n.  [L.  sipho,  sipo;  Gr.  irifoiv ;  It,  sifane ; 
Fr.  siphon  ;  Sp.  sifon.    Q.U.  from  the  root  of  sip.  ] 

1.  A  bt-'iit  pipe  or  tube  whose  arms  are  of  unequal 
length.  It  is  chiefly  used  for  drawing  liquids,  as 
from  a  cask,  well,  &c.  The  tube  being  in  some 
way  filled  with  a  liquid,  and  the  shorter  arm  be- 
ing immersed  in  the  fluid,  the  pressure  of  the  at- 
mosphere forces  the  fluid  to  rise  in  the  tube  above 
the  level  of  its  surface,  and  it  is  then  discharged 
through  the  longer  arm,  the  end  of  which  must  be 
kept  lower  than  the  level  of  the  liquid. 

2.  The  pipe  by  which  the  chambers  of  a  shell 
communicate  ;  a  sipluincle.  Ed.  Encyc. 

Sl-PHO,\'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  siphon. 

SI-PllON-O-BRANCH'l-ATE,  a.  In  malacologrj,  pro- 
vided with  a  siphon  or  tube,  by  which  the  witter  to 
be  inhaled  is  carried  to  the  gills,  as  in  the  mollusks 
of  the  order  siphonobranchiata,  'J'he  inolluscans 
which  have  no  siphons  are  called  Asithonobban- 

CHIATE. 

SI'PHUN-CLE,  (si'funk-l,)  n.  In  conchology,  the 
opening  which  runs  through  the  partitions  ol  cham- 
bered or  natitilold  shells. 

PI'PIUIN-CLfiD,  a.    Having  a  siphiincle.  Buekland. 

SI-PHU.\'eU-LAR,  a.   Fertaining  to  a  sipliuncle. 

Buekland. 

SI-PHi;.N"eU-L.\-TED,  a,  [L.  siphunculus,  a  little 
siphon.] 

Having  a  little  siphon  or  spout,  as  a  valve.  Say, 


SIR 

SIP'I.NG,  n.    The  act  of  nozing.  Granger. 
SIP'Pf.'I),  (sipl,)  pp.    Drawn  in  with  the  lijw  ;  imbibed 

in  small  quantities. 
PIP'PKR,  n.    One  that  sips. 

SIP'Pr.I',  n.    A  small  sop.    [.Viif  in  ii.?».]  Mdiim. 

SIP'PI.N'G,  7<;<r.  Drawing  in  with  the  lips;  imbibing 
in  small  tpiantitles. 

SI  i^UIS,  [L.,  if  any  one.]  These  words  give  name 
to  a  notihcation  by  a  candidate  for  orders  of  his  in- 
tention to  inquire  whether  any  impediment  may  be 
alleged  against  him. 

SIR,  (sur,)  n.  [Fr.  sire,  and  sienr,  in  monsieur  ;  Norm, 
.virr,  lord  ;  Corn,  sira,  father  ;  Heb.  ~i>!?,  shur,\a  sing, 
to  look,  observe,  watch,  also  to  rule.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  stretch,  strain,  hold,  Jcc,  whence  the 
sense  of  a  ruler  or  chief.] 

1.  A  word  of  respect  used  in  addres.ses  to  men,  as 
madam  is  ill  address<?s  lo  women.  It  signifies  prop- 
erly lord,  corresponding  to  duminu.i  in  Latin,  don  in 
Spanish,  and  herr  in  German,  It  is  used  in  the  sin- 
gular or  plural, 

Sp,Mk  on,  sir,  Shak, 
Bui,  sirs,  be  sudden  in  the  execution,  A'/tak, 

2.  The  title  of  a  knight  or  baronet ;  as.  Sir  Horace 
Vere,  Bacon. 

3.  It  is  used  by  Sliakspeare  for  man. 

Ill  the  elijclion  of  a  sir  so  rare.  [, Vol  in  use.]  ^talc, 

4.  Formerly,  in  American  colleges,  the  title  of  a 
master  of  arts. 

5.  It  is  prefixed  to  loin,  in  sirloin:  as,  a  sirloin  of 
beef.  This  practice  is  saitl  to  have  originated  in  the 
knighting  of  a  loin  of  btef  by  one  of  the  English 
kings  in  a  fit  of  good  liiiinor.  Addison. 

ti.  Formerly,  the  title  of  a  priest.  Spenser. 
SIR-CVR',  n.  A  Hindoo  clerk  or  writer.  Jlalcom. 
SIK-DAK',  n,    A  native  chief  in  Hindoostan, 

Malcom.- 

SIRE,  n.    [Supra,]    A  father  ;  u.?rd  in  podry. 

And  r^tise  his  issue  like  a  loving  sire.  ,'?hak. 

2,  The  male  parent  of  a  beast ;  iiarticularly  used 
of  horses ;  as,  tlie  liorse  had  a  good  sire,  bur  a  bad 
dam,  Johnson. 

3,  It  is  used  in  composition  ;  as,  in  grandsire,  for 
grandfather  ;  \Lrct\\- grandsire,  great-grandlallier, 

SIRE,  V.  t.    To  beget ;  to  procreate  ;  used  ofbeastt. 

Shak. 

PlR'FA),  (sird,)  pp.  Begotten, 

SI'RK,\,  n,  [L,  ;  Fr,  sirinc ;  It,  .virciin  ;  from  Heb, 
"iiw',  .s7ii/r,  to  sing,] 

1,  A  nu-riiiaid.  In  ancient  mythnlogy,  a  goddess 
who  enticed  men  into  her  power  by  the  charms  of 
music,  and  devoured  them.  Hence,  in  modern  use, 
an  enticing  wonian ;  a  female  rendered  dangerous 
by  her  enticements. 

Sing,  siren,  to  thyself,  and  I  will  dote,     •  Shak. 

2,  A  batracliian  reptile  of  Carolina,  constituting  a 
peculiar  genus,  destitute  of  posterior  extremities  and 
pelvis.  The  siren  is  a  true  amphibian,  v\iiich  re- 
spires at  will  throughout  its  life,  either  in  the  water 
by  means  of  bmnchiie,  ur  in  the  air  by  means  of 
lungs,  Cuvier. 

SI'RE.V,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  siren,  or  to  the  dangerous 
enticements  of  music ;  bewitching;  fascinating;  as, 
a  siren  song, 

SI-RE.\E',  n.  An  instrument  used  for  ascertaining 
the  velocity  of  aerial  vibr.ation,  corresponding  to  the 
diflTerent  pitches  of  musical  sounds,  Brande. 

Si'REN-iZE,  V.  L  To  use  the  enticements  of  a  siren  ; 
to  charm, 

SI'REN-IZ-KD,  pp.  Charmed, 

SI'REN-lZ-ING,  ppr.  Charming, 

Sl-RI'A-SIS,  n,    [Gr,  <rii>mf7i{.    See  SiRiui,] 

A  disease  occasioned  by  the  excessive  heat  of  the 
sun  ;  .tliiiost  peculiar  to  children,  Johnson.  Coze. 

SIR'I-US,  n,    [I„,  from  the  Gr,  acii>,  the  sun,] 

The  large  and  bright  star  colled  the  dog-star,  in 
the  mouth  of  the  constellation  Canis  major, 

SIR'LOI.V,  (sur'loin,)  n.  [Fr,  surlonge.]  .\  loin  of 
beef,  said  to  have  been  knighted  by  one  of  the  Eng- 
lish kings  in  a  fit  of  good  humor;  but  probably  yiir- 
loin,  the  upper  part  of  the  loin,  like  sir-name,  which 
is  properly  sur-namc,  i.  e,,  an  atiditional  name. 

Smart, 

SIR'N.\ME  is  more  correctly  written  Surname, 
SI'RO,  n,    A  mite,  Encye. 
Sl-ROe'CO,  n,    [It,  iii  ;  Sp.  siroco  or  zaloque  ]  An 
oppressive,  relaxing  wind  from  the  Libyan  deserts, 
cliielly  expericncetl  in  Italy,  Malta,  and  Sicily. 

Brande. 

SIR'R.AH,  n.  A  word  of  reproach  and  contempt; 
used  in  addressing  vile  characters. 

Go,  sirroA,  to  my  cell.  Shak, 

[I  know  not  whence  we  have  this  word.  The 
common  derivation  of  it  from  sir,  ha,  is  ridiculous,] 
SIRT,  (surt,)  n,    [L,  iryrlLs.] 

A  quicksand,    [,A'uI  in  use.] 
SIR'UP,  n,    [OrienUll.    See  Sherbet  and  Absorb.] 

The  sweet  juice  of  vegetables  or  fruits,  or  other 
juice  sweetened  ;  or  sugar  boiled  with  vegetable  in- 
fusions. Caje. 

[Smart  and  later  writers  prefer  the  pronunciation 
sirup;  Walker  and  others,  sur'up.] 


TONE,  B;,LL,  unite.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CU  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1033 


SIT 


SIT 


SIZ 


SIR'UP-£D,  (sir'upt,)  a.    Moistened  or  tinged  witli 

sirup  or  sweet  juice.  Dratiton. 
SIR'(]r-Y,a.    Like  sirup,  or  partaking  of  its  quiilities. 

Mortimer. 

SlR-yFJ^''TE' ,  (seer-vlngt',)  n.  [Fr.l  A  peculiar  spe- 
cies of  poetry,  usually  satirical,  ollen  used  by  the 
troubadours  of  the  middle  ages.  Brande. 

SI-SaL'  hemp,  )  It.     The  prepared  fiber  of  the 

SI-SAL'  GR.4SS,  i  Agave  Americana,  or  American 
aloe,  used  for  cordage  ;  so  called  from  Sisal,  a  port 
in  Yucatan. 

SISE,  for  Assize. 

SISE,  n.    Six,  a  term  in  games. 

SIS'KIN,  71.    A  bird  ;  aiiotlier  name  of  the  aberdavine. 

Johnson.    Did.  Hi^t. 
The  siskin  or  aberdavine  is  the  Fringilla  spinus. 

Etl.  Encyc. 

SISS,  ».  i.    [D.  sissm  ;  Dan.  sunser!  G.  sausai;  Sw. 

sitsa,  to  buzz,  rush,  hiss,  whistle.] 

To  hiss  ;  a  legitimate  woril^  loeal  in  England.,  hut  in 

univer.^al  popular  use  in  JSTew  England.  ilaUiwtil. 
SIS'TER,  n.    [Sax.  liireosteri  D.  zuster  ;  G.  i^chinester ; 

Sw.  sii.<ter ;  Dun.  softer;  Russ.  sestra;  Pol.  siodtrai 

Dalmatian,  szcsitre;  Sans,  s-wits-re.] 

1.  A  female  born  of  the  same  parents;  correlative 
to  Brother. 

2.  A  woman  of  the  same  faitli ;  a  female  fellow- 
Christian. 

If  a  brollier  or  sister  be  naked  and  destitute  of  il;tly  food.  — 

3.  A  female  of  the  same  kind.  Sliak. 

4.  One  of  the  same  kind,  or  of  the  same  condi- 
tion ;  as,  5t.-.-fer  fruits.  Pope. 

5.  A  female  of  the  same  society,  as  the  nuns  of  a 
convent. 

SIS'TER,  V.  t.    To  resemble  closely.    [Little  used.] 

Skak. 

SIS'TER,  V.  i.    To  be  akin ;  to  be  near  to.  [LUtle 

used.]  Skak. 
SIS'TER-HOOD,  n.    [sister  and  hood.]    Sisters  col- 
lectively, or  a  society  of  sisters;  or  a  society  of  fe- 
males united  in  one  faith  or  order.  Addison. 
2.  The  oliice  or  duty  of  a  sister.    [Little  used.] 
SIS'TER-IN-LAW,  n.   A  husband's  or  wife's  sister. 

Ruth. 

SIS'TER-LY,  a.    Like  a  sisterj  becoming  a  sister; 

affectionate  ;  as,  sisterly  kindness. 
SIS'TRU.M,  71.    [Gr.  actnronv,  from  c-ciu,  to  shake.] 
A  kind  of  timbrel  which  the  Egyptian  priests  of 
Isis  used  to  shake  at  the  festivals  of  that  goddess. 

Brande. 

SIS'Y-PHUS,n.  [L.,  fromGr.]  \n  fabulous  history,  ?i 
robber  or  Imitor  notorious  for  his  cunning,  and  whose 
crimes  were  punished  by  his  being  compelled  to  roll 
to  the  top  of  a  hill  a  huge  stone,  which  constantly 
recoiled,  and  made  his  task  incessant.  Brande. 

SIT,  V.  i.  ;  pret.  Sat  ;  old  pp.  Sitten.  [Goth,  sitan  ; 
Siix.  sitan  or  sittan  ;  D.  zitten ;  G.  sitzcn ;  Sw.  sitla  ; 
Dan.  sidder ;  L.  sedeo  ;  It.  sedere  ;  Fr.  seoir,  whence 
asseoir,  to  set  or  place,  to  lay,  to  assess,  from  the 
participle  of  which  we  have  assise,  assize,  a  sitting, 
a  session,  wljence  size,  by  contraction  ;  VV.  scza,  to 
sit  habitually  ;  sezu,  to  seat ;  gorsez,  a  supreme  seat ; 
gorsezu,  to  preside  ;  Arm.  aseza,  diaseza,  sizhea,  to 
sit;  It.  suidhim,  eisidhim,  and  seisim  ;  Corn,  seadha,  to 
sit.  It  coincides  with  the  Ch.  and  Heb.  ■\D>  and 
Ileb.  TT'Sy,  to  set,  place,  or  found,  and  perhaps  with 


the  Ar.  i^am  sadda,  to  stop,  close,  or  make  firm. 
See  Class  Sd,  No.  31,  56.  (See  Sr.T.)  The  Sp. 
sitiar,  to  besiege,  is  the  same  word  dillerently  ap- 
plied.] 

1.  To  rest  upon  the  buttocks,  as  animals ;  as,  to 
jit  on  a  sofa  or  on  the  ground. 

2.  To  perch  ;  to  rest  on  the  feet ;  as  fowls. 

3.  To  occupy  a  seat  or  place  in  an  official  capacity. 
TUe  Bcribe*  and  l!ie  Pharincoa  fit  in  MoBcs'a  seat.  —  Matt,  xxiii. 

4.  To  be  in  a  state  of  rest  or  idleness. 

Sliall  your  brctlircn  go  to  war,  and  shall  ye  fit  here  ?  —  Num. 
xxxii. 

5.  To  rest,  lie,  or  bear  on,  ag  a  weight  or  burden  ; 
as,  grief  siLi  heavy  on  his  heart. 

C.  To  settle  ;  to  rest ;  to  abide. 

Pule  horror  fot  on  each  Arcadi:in  faM.  Drylen. 

7.  To  incubate  ;  to  cover  and  warm  eggs  for  hatch- 
ing ;  as  a  fowl. 

Af  the  j[>arlhdgc  fittfiA  on  eg^jt  and  .latclielh  them  not.  —  Jer. 

8.  To  be  adjusted  ;  to  be,  with  respect  to  fitness 
or  unfitncHH  ;  as,  a  coat  sits  well  or  ill. 

Tltif  new  and  jror^eouf  garment,  inajcsty, 

•S'itJ  not  to  eiuy  on  mc  lu  you  think.  Shai. 

9.  To  be  placed  in  order  to  be  painted  ;  as,  to  ail 
for  onf's  picture. 

10.  To  be  in  any  situation  or  condition. 


S<ip)>"«e  all  the  ehiireh  Iniidi  to  l«e  thrown 
ttie  f-nnnlj  fit  eaf ier  In  their  rent*  1)ih 


iptothe  laity;  woiil.l 
1  now  (  i'm/l. 


II.  To  hold  a  scsHlon  ;  to  he  otfirially  engaged  in 
public  huaincu  ;  B»  judges,  leeiKlatom,  or  olliiiiTX  of 
un^  kind.   Tlia  House  of  Conimoiis  someiitni^s  titji 


till  late  at  night.  The  judges  or  the  courts  sit  in 
Westminster  Hall.  The  commissioners  sit  every 
day. 

12.  To  exercise  authority;  as,  to  sit  in  judgment. 
One  council  si(s  upon  life  and  death. 

13.  To  be  in  any  assembly  or  council  as  a  member  ; 
to  have  a  seat.    1  jMacc. 

14.  To  be  in  a  local  position.  The  wind  sits  fair. 
[Unusual.] 

To  .Wf  at  meat ;  to  be  at  table  for  eating. 
To  sit  down ;  to  place  one's  self  on  a  chair  or  other 
seat ;  as,  to  sit  down  at  a  meal. 

2.  To  begin  a  siege.  The  enemy  sat  down  before 
the  town. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  a  permanent  abode.  Spenser. 

4.  To  rest ;  to  ce.ase  as  satisfied. 

Here  we  Ciin  not  sit  down,  but  still  proceed  in  our  search. 

RogeTS. 

To  sit  mt ;  to  be  without  engagement  or  employ- 
ment.   [Little  used.]  Saundersnn. 

To  sit  up;  to  rise  or  be  raised  from  a  recumbent 
posture. 

Jle  that  wae  dead  sat  up,  and  began  to  speak. —  Luke  vii. 
2.  Not  to  go  to  bed  ;  as,  to  sit  up  late  at  night ; 
also,  to  watch  ;  as,  to  sit  up  with  a  sick  person. 
SIT,  V.  t.    To  keep  the  seat  upon.    He  sits  a  horse 
well. 

[  This  phrase  is  elliptical.] 

2.  To  sit  me  down,  to  sit  him  down,  to-'if  fion  down, 
equivalent  to  I  seated  myself,  l^c.,ave  familiar  phrases 
used  by  good  writers,  though  deviations  from  strict 
propriety. 

They  eat  them  down  to  weep.  Milton. 

3.  "  The  court  mas  sat,"  an  expression  of  Addison, 
is  a  gross  impropriety. 

SITE,  71.    [L.  situs.  Eng.  seat ;  from  the  root  of  L. 
sedeo,  to  sit.    Tlie  Roman  pronunciation  was  sretus.] 

1.  Situation  ;  local  position  ;  as,  the  site  of  a  city 
or  of  a  house. 

2.  A  seat  or  ground-plot ;  as,  a  mill-sj(i;.  Rut  we 
usually  say,  mill-.<ra?,  by  which  we  understand  the 
place  where  a  mill  stands,  or  a  place  convenient  for 
a  mill. 

3.  The  posture  of  a  thing  with  respect  to  itself. 

The  semblance  of  a  lover  fixed 
In  melauchoiy  site.  Thomson. 

[This  is  improper.] 
SIT' ED,  a.    Placed  ;  situated.    [JVotinuse.]  Spenser. 
SIT'FaST,  71.    In  farriery,  an  ulcerated  horny  sore 
glowing  on  a  horse's  back,  under  the  saddle. 

Farm.  Encyc. 

SITH,  adv.    [Sax.  sith,  siththan.] 

Since  ;  in  later  times.  [Ofts.]  Spenser. 
STTHE,  71.  Time.  [Obs.]  Spenser. 
Srf  HE.    See  Scythe. 

llTH'ES I  t^^^- 

Since ;  in  later  times.    [OJs.]  Spenser. 
SIT'TER,  71.    [from  sit]    One  that  sits.    The  Turks 
are  great  sitters.  Bacon. 
2.  A  bird  that  sits  or  incubates.  Mortimer. 
SIT'TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Resting  on  the  buttocks,  or  on 
the  feet,  as  fowls;  incubating;  brooding;  being  in 
the  actual  exercise  of  authority,  or  being  assemljlW 
for  that  purpose. 

2.  a.    In  botany,  sessile,  i.  e.,  without  petiole,  pe- 
duncle, or  pedicel,  &c. 
SIT'TING,  71.    The  posture  of  being  on  a  seat. 

2.  Tlie  act  of  placing  one's  self  on  a  seat ;  as,  a 
sitting  down. 

3.  A  seat,  or  the  space  occupied  by  a  person  in  a 
church.  England. 

4.  The  art  or  time  of  resting  in  a  posture  for  a 
painter  to  take  the  likeness.  For  a  portrait,  six  or 
seven  sittings  may  be  rctjuircd. 

5.  A  session  ;  the  actual  presence  or  meeting  of 
any  body  of  men  in  their  seats,  clothed  with  author- 
ity to  transact  business ;  as,  a  sitting  of  the  judges 
of  the  King's  Bench  ;  a  sitting  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons ;  during  the  silting  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

C.  An  uninterrupted  application  to  business  or 
study  for  a  time  ;  course  of  study  unintermitted. 

For  til"  utideniLindinjj  of  any  one  of  Paul's  epistles,  1  read  it 
thronjjh  at  one  situng.  Locke. 

7.  A  time  for  which  one  sits,  as  at  play,  at  work, 
or  on  a  visit.  Dryden, 

8.  Incubation  ;  a  resting  on  eggs  for  hatching  ;  as 
fowls. 

Tile  male  bird  amuses  the  female  wiUi  his  songs,  durin?  the  whole 
time  of  her  fiuirif ,  AtliUso  '. 

SIT'U-ATE,  a.    [Fr.  silver ;  It.  sUuare,  silaato ;  Sp. 
situar ;  from  L.  situs,  sedeo.] 

1.  Placed,  with  respect  to  any  other  object ;  as,  a 
town  siluaie  on  n  hill  or  on  the  sea-shore. 

2.  l*lact;d  ;  consisting. 

Pleasure  filuat«  in  hill  aitd  date,  Milton, 

JVote.  —  In  the  United  Slates,  this  word  ia  loss 
used  llian  SiTt'ATKi),  but  Inith  are  well  aiillitiri/.ed. 
Sri''ll-A-TEI),  n.     [See  Siti  ate.]    Seated,  pl.iced, 
or  Hliinding  with  ri  spect  to  any  other  object  ;  ns,  a 
cily  situated  on  a  declivity,  or  in  friuit  of  a  lake  ;  n 


town  well  situated  for  trade  or  manufactures  ;  an 
observatory  well  situated  for  observation  of  the  stars. 
New  York  is  situated  in  the  forty-first  degree  ol 
north  latitude. 

2.  Placed  or  being  in  any  state  or  condition  with 
regard  to  men  or  tilings.    Observe  how  the  executor 
is  situated  with  respect  to  the  heirs. 
SIT-t^-A'TION,  71.    [Fr. ;  It.  situazione.] 

1.  Position;  seat;  location  in  respect  to  something 
else.  The  situatioti  of  London  is  more  favorable  for 
foreign  commerce  than  that  of  Paris.  The  situation 
of  a  stranger  among  people  of  habits  differiifg  from 
his  own,  can  not  be  jileasant. 

2.  State  ;  condition.  He  enjoys  a  situation  of  ease 
and  tiaiii|uillity. 

3.  (Circumstances  ;  temporary  state  ;  used  of  per- 
sons in  a  dramatic  scene.  Johnson.  * 

4.  Place  ;  office.  He  has  a  situation  in  the  war 
department,  or  under  government. 

S't'VA,  71.  In  Indian  mythology,  a  title  of  the  Supreme 
Being,  in  the  clinrarter  of  tiie  avenger  or  destroyer. 

SI  VAN,  71.  The  third  month  of  the  Jewish  ecclesias- 
tical year,  answering  to  part  of  our  May  and  part  of 
June. 

SIV-A-THe'RI-UM,  71.  [Siea,  an  Indian  deity,  and 
Gr.  9/;/)i»i>,  a  wild  animil.] 

An  extinct  animal,  whose  skull  and  other  bones 
were  recently  discovered  in  India.  It  had  four 
horns  and  a  proboscis;  was  larger  than  the  rhinoce- 
ros, and  must  have  resembled  an  immense  antelope. 

Mantell. 

SIX,  a.    [Fr.  siz ;  L.  sex;  It.  sei;  Sp.  seis  ;  D.  zes;  t». 
sech.-< ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  sex;  Sax.  six;  Gr.  £f.  Q,n. 
Sans.  sha.ihta,  Heb.  Vm  shi.ih.] 
Twice  three ;  one  more  than  five. 
SIX,  71.    The  number  of  six,  or  twice  three. 

To  be  at  six  and  seven,  or,  as  more  generally  used, 
at  sizes  and  sevens,  is  to  be  in  disorder. 

Bacon.    Swift.  Shak. 
SIX'FoLD,  a.    [six  and  fold  ;  Sax.  six  and  feald.] 

Six  times  repeated;  six  double;  six  times  as 
much. 

SIX'PENCE,  71.    [six  and  pence.]    An  English  silver 
coin  of  the  value  of  six  pennies  ;  half  a  shilling. 
2.  The  value  of  six  pennies  or  half  a  shilling. 

SIX'-PEN-NY,  a.  Worth  sixpence  ;  as,  a  six-penny 
loaf. 

SIX'-PET-.VL-ED,  a.    In  botany,  having  six  distinct 

petals  or  flower  leaves.  Martyn. 
SIX'SCoRE,  u.    [six  and  score.]    Six  times  twenty  ; 

one  hundred  ami  twenty.  Sandys. 
SIX'TEEN,  a.    [Sax.  sixtene,  sixtyne.] 

Six  and  ten  ;  noting  the  sum  of  six  and  ten. 
SIX'TEENTH,  a.    [Sax.  sixteotha.] 

The  sixtli  after  the  tenth  ;  the  ordinal  of  sixteen. 
SIXTH,  a.    [Sax.  sixta.\ 

The  first  after  the  fifth  ;  the  ordinal  of  six. 
SIXTH,  71.    The  sixth  part. 

2.  In  7na«c,  a  hexachord,  an  interval  of  two  kinds  ; 
the  minor  sixth,  consisting  of  three  tones  and  two 
semitones  major,  and  the  major  sixth,  composed  of 
four  tones  and  a  major  semitone.  Rousseau,. 
SIXTH'LY,  adv.    In  the  sixth  place.  Bacon. 
SIX'TI-ETH,  a.    [Sax.  sixtcogolha.] 

The  ordinal  of  sixty. 
SIX'TY,  a.    [Sax.  sixtig.] 

Ten  times  six. 
SIX'TY,  71.    The  number  of  six  times  ten. 
SIZ'A-BLE,  a.    [from  size.]    Of  considerable  bulk. 

Ilurd. 

9.  Being  of  reasonable  or  suitable  size ;  as,  sizable 
timber. 

ST'ZAR,  71.  In  the  university  of  Cambridge,  England, 
the  name  of  a  body  of  students  next  below  the  pen- 
sioners, who  cat  at  the  public  table,  after  the  fellows, 
free  of  expense.  They  formerly  waited  on  the  table 
at  meals,  but  this  is  ilone  away  with.  They  were 
probably  so  called  from  being  thus  employed  in  dis- 
tributing tlie  size  or  provisions.    [See  Size,  No.  3.] 

}[ul>er. 

SIZE,  n.  [Either  contracted  from  assize,  or  from  the 
L.  .■.cis-.tiis.  I  take  it  to  be  from  the  former,  and  from 
the  sense  of  setting,  as  we  apply  the  word  to  the  as- 
size of  bread. 1 

1.  Bulk  ;  bigness  ;  magnitude  ;  extent  of  super- 
ficies. Size  particularly  expresses  tliicknt^ss  ;  as,  the 
size  of  a  tree  or  of  a  mast ;  the  size  of  a  ship  or  of 
a  rock.    A  man  may  be  tall,  with  little  size  of  body. 

2.  A  settled  iiuantity  or  allowance.  [Contracted 
from  assize.] 

3.  At  the  univer.'silu  of  Cambridge,  England,  food 
anil  drink  from  the  buttery,  aside  from  the  regular 
dinner  at  commons,  corresponding  to  IUttei.  at  Ox- 
ford. Orad.  ad  Coiitub. 

4.  Figurative  bulk  ;  condition  as  to  rank  and  rhar- 
arler  J  as,  men  of  less  and  ipiality.  [JVot  much 
u,,T(/.l  L' Estrange. 

.'i.  Wilh  shoemakers,  n  measure  of  length. 
SIZE,  71.    (W.  .--yth,  stiff,  rigid,  and  size,  Sp.  .^sa; 
from  tlie  roof  of  assize,  that  which  sets  or  fixes.] 

1.  A  kiiiil  of  weak  glue,  used  in  manufactures. 

2.  An  insirunieiil  emisisting  of  thin  l<Navi;s  fastened 
together  at  one  end  by  a  rivet ;  used  for  ascertaining 
the  size  of  pearls.  Encye. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIl^T  METE,  PRfiV — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

J036  =========== 


SKE 

SI7.P.,  u.  <.  Tu  adjust  or  arrange  accordiiis  to  size  or 
bulk.  llnihbras. 

'J.  To  settle;  to  fix  the  Ktaiul.ird  of;  as,  to  ni-.c 
weights  and  iin  asiiri's.    [JVuic  Utile  usrd.] 
3.  'J'o  cover  with  size  ;  to  pri-pare  with  size. 
■I.  To  swell  ;  to  increase  the  biili<  of.  Braum.  ^-  Ft. 
5.  Anion^  Cornish  minrrg^  to  sepurate  the  liner  from 
the  coarser  parts  of  a  metal  by  silling  lliem  through 
a  wire*iieve.  Kacijc. 
SIZE,  V.  i.    At  the  ii7tiv€r!iitij  of  Ctimbridge^  Knsrtand, 
to  order  food  or  drink  from  the  buttery  ;  a  word  cor- 
rospcinding  to  Hattel  at  Oxford.  OratL  ad  Cantab, 
SIZ'Kl),  pp.    Adjusted  according  to  size;  prepared 
with  size. 

9.  a.    Having  a  particular  irrasnitude.  Sliak. 
J\r<ite.  —  This  word  is  used  in  compounds;  as, 
large-.-fiicr/,  conimon-ofitc/i,  middle-.s-j:f//,  &lc, 
PI'ZKI,,  n.    In  coi«i;n',  the  residue  of  plates  of  silver, 

aftiir  pieces  are  cut  out  for  coins. 
SIZ'EU,  n.     Ill  Ute  university  of  Cambridite-,  a  student 
of  the  rank  next  below  that  of  a  pensioner,  [.'^ee 

SIZE'-S'j 

slick. 

SIZ'I-NE?S,  71.  [from  si:i/.]  Glutinousnesg ;  vis- 
consness ;  the  quality  of  size ;  as,  the  siziness  of 
lilood. 

STZ'li\(r,  ppr.    Arranging  according  to  size. 
SIZ'ING,  K.    A  kind  of  weak  glue  used  in  manufac- 
tures.   [See  Size.] 
SIZ'Y,  a.   [from  iiic]  Glutinous  ;  thick  and  viscous  ; 
ropy ;  having  the  adhesiveness  of  size ;  as,  sizij 
blood.  Jirbnthnat. 
SKAII'DLE,  (skad'dl.)  n.    [Sax.  scatli,  sccatJt.] 
Hurt  ;  damage.    (jfTut  in  use.'j 

AD'DI.I-V  n.     Ilnrtfiil  r  miscliii 


5riCK,  n.    With  shoemakers,  a  measuring 


SK.\D'ULE,  a.    Hurtful ;  miscliievous. 


[JVot  in  use.] 
Rnv. 

SKAD'UONS,  ji.p/.    The  embryos  of  bees.    [A'u't  in 

vse.]  Bailcij. 
SK.^LN,  n.    [Fr.  escaisrnr.'] 

A  knot  of  thread,  yarn,  or  silk,  or  a  number  of 
knots  collected.  F.ncijc.,  art.  Rope. 

SKaINS'MaTE,  n.     A  messmate;   a  companion. 

[jVot  in  use.]  Skak. 
SKAI,n,  ;i.    [till.  Sw.  sealla,  to  sing.] 

An  ancient  Scandinavian  poet  or  bard. 

SKAIIF  )  i  ''"lid;  shy.  Grose. 

SKATE,  71.  [D,  schaats;  probably  from  the  root  of 
shoot ;  It.  scalto,  a  slip  or  slide.] 

A  frame  of  wood  furnished  with  a  smooth  iron  and 
fastened  under  the  foot,  for  moving  rapidly  on  ice. 

SKA'i'K,  r.  i.    To  slide  or  move  on  skates. 

SK.ATE,  71.  [Sax.  sceadda  ;  L.  stjuatus^  sqnatina  ;  W. 
cAtJi  7ror  or  morf^atJt,  that  is,  seacal.  This  shows  that 
skate  is  formed  on  cat.  The  primary  sense  of  eat  I 
do  not  know  ;  but  in  W.  ccilh  eithcn  is  a  hare  ;  that 
is,  furze  or  fforse-eat.] 

A  popular  name  of  numerong  cartilaginous  fishes 
of  the  genus  llaia,liavinz  the  body  much  de  pressed, 
and  more  or  less  of  a  rhomboidal  form.  The  Kaia 
Hat  is,  calli'd  the  Skate,  Oray  Skate,  or  Blue  Skate,  is 
the  most  common,  weishing  sometimes  200  pounds, 
and  is  much  used  for  the  table. 

P.  Cifc.    Jardinc^s  JV'at.  Lib. 

SK.aT'ER,  71.    One  that  skates  on  ice.  Johnson. 

SK.AT'I.NG,  71.    The  art  or  art  of  moving  on  skates. 

SKaT'ING,  ppr.    Sliding  or  moving  on  skates. 

SKE.AN,  71.    [Sax.  sa-ircn.] 

A  short  sworil,  or  a  knife.    [JVot  in  use.] 

PKEF.D.    See  Skid.  [Bacon.  Spen.ier. 

SKEEL,  71.    [G.  schale.  Eng.  shell.] 

A  shallow,  wooden  vessel  lor  holding  milk  or 
cream.    [Local.]  Orose. 

SKEET,  71.  A  long  scoop  vised  to  wet  the  sides  of 
ships  or  the  sails  of  small  vessels.         Mar.  Diet. 

SKEG,  71.    A  sort  of  wild  plum.  Johnson, 

SKEG'GER,  n.    A  little  salmon.  IVatton. 

SKEIX,  (skunej  n.  A  knot  or  a  number  of  knots  of 
thread,  silk,  or  yarn. 

SKEL'DER,  71.    A  cant  term  for  a  vagrant. 

B.  Jonson. 

SKEt/E-TON,  71.  [Fr.  squeletle;  It.  sehclelro ;  Sp. 
esqurleto  ;  Gr.  wA-fXtroc,  dr>*,  from  {TKi}^\to,  to  dr)-, 
that  is,  to  contract ;  allied  perhaps  to  L.  calico,  cal- 
lus,] 

1.  The  bones  of  an  animal  body,  separated  from 
the  flesh  and  retained  in  their  natural  positimi  or  con- 
nections. When  the  bones  are  connected  by  the  nat- 
ural ligaments,  it  is  called  a  natural  skeleton  ;  when 
by  wires,  or  any  foreign  substance,  an  artificial  skel- 
eton. Kncyc.  IVistJlr. 

2.  The  compages,  general  stnicture,  or  frame  of 
any  thing  ;  the  principal  parts  that  support  the  rest, 
but  without  the  appendages. 

H.  The  heads  and  outline  of  a  literary  perform- 
ance, particularly  of  a  senium. 
•1.  A  very  thin  or  lean  pi  rson. 
SKEL'E-TO.\-K£Y,  n.  A  thin,linhl  kev,  with  nearlv 
the  whole  siibsUince  of  the  bits  filed  away,  so  that  it 
may  he  less  obstructed  by  the  wards  of  a  lock. 
SKEL'I.U.M,  n.    \G.  schelm.]  [IlcberU 
'  icoundrel.    [JVot  in  use.] 


SKEL'LY,  c.  i.    To  scpiint. 


BrocKetL 


SKI 

SKEI,!',  11.  A  blow  ;  a  smart  stroke.  Brocket!. 
SKi;i',  II.    A  coarse,  round  farm-basket.    [.V«!  used  in 

Jimerica.]  'J%tssrr.    Farm.  F.ncijc. 

2.  Ill  Scotland,  the  repository  in  which  bi-cs  lay 

their  hmiey.  Johnson. 
SKEP'TIC,  71.     [Gr.  oK.'TrriKnf,  from  aK^irTvpai,  to 

look  about,  to  consider,  to  spixulale  ;  Sax.  csceuioiati, 

to  look  about,  to  see,  also  to  show.    Sec  Show.] 

1.  One  who  doubts  the  truth  and  reality  of  any 
principle  or  system  of  principles  or  doctrines.  In 
philosophy,  a  I'yrrhonist  or  follower  of  I'yrrlio,  the 
founder  of  a  sect  of  skeptical  pliilosopliers,  wlio 
maintained  that  no  certain  inferences  can  be  drawn 
from  the  reports  of  the  senses,  and  who  therefore 
doubted  of  every  thing.  Fnficld. 

2.  Ill  theoloiry,  a  person  who  doubts  the  existence 
and  perfections  of  God,  or  the  truth  of  revelation  ; 
one  who  disbelieves  the  divine  original  of  the  Chris- 
tian religion. 

SullVr  nul  your  fiiilli  to  Ix;  shaken  by  the  sopliiBtrica  of  fkrptics. 

Clarke. 

SKEP'Tie,       )  a.     Doubting;  hesitating  to  admit 
SKEl"Tlt;-AIj,  (     the  certainty  of  doctrines  or  prin- 
ciples ;  doubting  of  every  thing. 
2.  Doubting  or  denying  the  truth  of  revelation. 

The  akcptictd  svatein  subverts  Uie  wliule  foiHuhilioii  of  monla. 

lto\>.  Hall. 

SKEP'Tie-AL  LY,  adv.  With  doubt;  in  a  doubling 
manner. 

SKEl"Tie-AE-NESS,  71.    Doubt;  pretense  or  pro- 
fession of  tioubt. 
SKKP'TI-CI.SM,  71.    [Fr.  sceplicisme.] 

1.  The  doctrines  and  opinions  of  the  Pyrrlionists 
or  skeptical  philosophers  ;  universal  duubt ;  the 
scheme  of  philosophy  which  denies  the  certainty  of 
any  knowledge  rcs|>ectiiig  the  phenomena  of  na- 
ture. 

2.  In  theolotry,  a  doubting  of  the  truth  of  revela- 
tion, or  a  di'uial  of  the  (fivine  ori;:iii  of  t!ie  Cliris- 
tiau  religion,  or  of  the  being,  perfections,  or  truth  of 
God. 

Let  no  dfspondt^ncy,  or  timidity,  or  wen*',  gkeptieigm,  lrni\  any  one 
lo  tioubt  uhethcr  this  blessed  prosixxX  will  be  rrali7i'd. 

i'.  Aliller. 

SKEP'TI-CIZE,  r.  1.    To  doubt ;  to  pretend  to  doubt 

of  everv  thing.    [Little  used.]  Sliaftesbunj, 
SKER'IIY,  71.    A  rocky  isle. 

SKETCH,  71.  [»,  .ichets ;  G.  sklzze  !  Fresquisse;  Sp. 
esiiuicio  ;  It.  schizzo,  a  sketch,  a  squirting,  a  spurt,  a 
gushing,  a  leap,  hop,  or  frisking  ;  .■<chizzare,lo  stpiirt, 
to  spin,  stream,  or  spout.  Wc  see  the  primary  sense 
of  the  verb  is,  to  throw,  the  sense  of  shoot,  it.  scat- 
tare,  li.  .teateo.] 

An  outline  or  general  delineation  of  any  thing;  a 
first  rough  or  incomplete  draught  of  a  plan  or  any  de- 
sign ;  as,  the  sketch  of  a  building ;  the  sketch  of  an 
essay. 

SKETCH,  V.  U    To  draw  the  outline  or  general  figure 
of  a  thing  ;  to  make  a  rough  draught.  H'atts. 
2.  To  plan  by  giving  the  principal  points  or  ideas. 

Dryden. 

SKETCH'ED,  (skecht,)  pp.     Having  the  outline 
SKETCH'ER,  71.    One  who  sketches.  [drawn. 
SKETCII'I  .\  ESS,  H.    State  of  being  sketchy. 
SKETCH'ING,  ppr.    Drawing  the  outline. 
SKETCIl'Y,  0.    Containing  only  an  outline  ;  incom- 
plete. 

SKEW,  (sku,)  adv.    [G.  schief;  Dan.  skiiCti.] 

Awry  ;  oliliipiely.    [See  .'Vskew.] 
SKEW,  17.  t.    [Dan.  skiiteer,  to  twist  or  distort.] 

1.  To  look  obliquely  upon;  to  notice  slightly. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Beaoin. 

2.  To  shape  or  form  in  an  oblique  way.    [JVot  in 

7|.>tf.] 

SKEW,  r.  i.    To  walk  obliquely.  [Local.] 

SKEW'BACK,  (sktl'bak,)  71.  In  brickwork  and  Tna- 
sonnj,  the  abutment  which  slopes  to  receive  the  end 
of  an  arch.  Brandc. 

SKEWIiRIDGE,  71.  A  kind  of  bridge  upon  a  railroad, 
when  it  intersects  any  existing  communication  at 
riitht  angles.  Brande. 

SKEWER,  (sku'er,)  71.  A  pin  of  wood  or  iron  for 
fastening  meat  to  a  spit,  or  for  keeping  it  in  form 
while  ntasling.  Drydcti, 

SKEWER,  r.  t.    To  fasten  with  skewers. 

SKEW'ER-I.NG,  ppr.    Fastening  with  skewers. 

SKID,  71.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  up  and  down  the 
side  of  a  vessel,  to  preserve  it  from  injury  by  heavy 
bodies  hoisted  or  lowered  against  it.  Totlen. 

2.  A  chain  uscil  for  fastening  the  wheels  of  a  wag- 
on, to  prevent  its  turning  when  descending  a  steep 
hill.  Ji'ar7;i.  Funic. 

3.  A  name  given  to  pieces  of  timber  used  for  sup- 
ports,  as  of  a  row  of  barrels,  &c.  .America. 

SKIFF,  71.  [Fr.  riyiii/";  It.  schifo ;  Pp.  esqiiifo ;  L. 
scapha  :  G.  schiff:  from  the  same  root  as  .^kip.] 

A  small,  light  boat,  resembliiii;  a  yawl.  JUar.  Diet. 

SKIFF,  V.  t.    To  pass  over  in  a  light  boat. 

SKILL,  n.  [Sax.  *cj//a7i,  to  separate,  to  distinguish; 
Ice.  and  Sw.  skiUa,  Dan.  skillcr,  to  divide,  sever, 
part ;  whence  shield,  that  which  separates,  and  hence 
that  which  protects  or  defends  ;  D.  scheeten,  to  diller  ; 
Bchillen,  to  peel  or  pare.  Scale  is  from  the  root  of  these 


SKI 

words,  as  in  shell,  Sax.  scul,  sceal.  In  Ileh.  V^D  IH, 
ftKili>li,  perverse,  and  as  a  verb,  to  pervert,  to  be  fool- 
ish or  perverse  ;  in  Cli.  to  Ullder^t:lIld  or  consitler,  to 
look,  to  regard,  to  caiisi:  to  kiiuw,  whence  kiinwl- 
rdgc,  knowing,  wise,  wisdom,  understanding  ;  Itab. 
to  be  ignorant  or  loolish  ;  Sj  r.  to  be  foolish,  lo  wan- 
der in  iiiiiiil,  also,  to  cause  to  iiiidi  rslaiid,  to  know, 
to  perceive,  to  discern,  also,  to  err,  to  do  wrung,  lo 
sin,  to  fail  in  duty  ;  w  hence,  foolish,  fidly,  ignorance, 
error,  sin,  aiitl  understanding;  Sain,  to  be  wont  or 
accustonii  tl,  lo  look  or  behold.  The  same  verb  with 
t:",  lleb.  S^y,  signifies,  to  understand,  to  be  wise, 
wlii  nce  wisiloni,  understanding,  also,  lo  waste,  to 
scatter,  or  destroy,  to  bereave,  also,  lo  prosper;  Cli. 
to  understand  ;  'j'^atf  to  complete,  to  perfect ; 
with  a  prefix.  This  signifies, also,  lo  found,  lo  lay  a 
fouiidaliun;  .Syr.  to  found,  also,  to  finish,  complete, 

adorn,  from  the  same  root;  Ar.  ^  ^—1 12.  shakala,  to 

bind  or  tic,  w  hence  Fmc,  shackles ;  also,  to  be  dark, 
obsciiri^,  intricate,  dilhcult,  to  form,  lo  make  like,  lo 
be  of  a  beautiful  form,  to  know,  lo  be  ignorant,  lo 
agree,  suit,  or  becoine.  These  verbs  a|ipear  to  be 
formed  on  the  root  '72,  "yO  to  holtl,  ter  restrain,  w  birh 
coincides  in  signification  with  the  Cli.  ami  Eth.  ^n3, 
to  be  able,  L.  calico,  that  is,  to  .strain,  stretch,  reach, 
and  with  SV^,  to  pi  rl'i  rt,  that  is,  to  make  souiiil,  or 
to  reach  the  niniosl  limit.  The  sen.se  of  folly,  ermr, 
sill,  perverseiiess,  is  from  wanderint;,  deviation,  Gr. 
anoXioi  i  the  sense  of  .s7ij7i  and  understanding  is  iVom 
scpaiatitm,  di.scernmeul,  or  from  taking,  holdiiii!,  or 
reaching  to,  for  strength  and  kiiowb  dge  are  allied, 
and  olten  from  tension.  The  sense  of  ignorance 
and  error  is  from  wandering  or  deviation,  or  per- 
haps it  proceeds  from  a  negative  sense  given  to  the 
primary  verb  by  the  prefix,  like  ez  in  Latin  and  s  in 
Italian.  The  .Vrabie  sense  of  biniliiig  and  shackles 
is  IVoiii  straining.  The  Eng.  shall  anil  sluruld  belong 
to  tills  laiiilly.] 

1.  Tlie  fiiiiiliar  knowledge  of  any  art  or  science, 
united  with  readiness  and  dexterity  in  execution  or 
perfiiriiiance,  or  in  the  apjdicalion  of  the  art  or  sci- 
ence to  |irarlical  purposes.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
skill  of  a  iiiatlieinatician,  of  a  surveyor,  of  a  phy- 
sician or  surgeon,  of  a  mechanic  or  seaman.  So  we 
speak  of  skill  ill  nianageineiit  or  negotiation. 

Uryden,  Swift, 

2.  Any  particular  art.    [JVot  in  use,]  llookir. 
SKILL,  7'.  f.    To  know  ;  to  iinderslanu.  [Obs.] 
SKILL,  V.  i.    To  be  knowing  in;  to  be  dextrous  in 

perfonnaiire.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  To  diller;  to  make  diflercnce  ;  to  matter  or  be 
of  interest.    [04,«.]  Hooker.  Bacon. 

[  This  is  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  sense  of  the  word.] 

SKILL'fil),  a.  Having  taiiiiliar  knowledge  uiiiteil  «  illi 
readiness  and  dexterity  in  the  application  of  it;  fa- 
miliarly acquainted  with  ;  expert;  skillful;  followed 
by  in  ;  as,  a  professor  skilled  in  logic  or  geometry  ; 
one  skilled  in  the  arl  of  engraving. 

SKILL'ESS,    a.    Wanting  skill ;  artless.  Shak. 

SKIL'LET,  n.    [(iu.  Fr.  ecuclle,  ecucllctle.] 

A  small  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  other  metal,  with 
a  long  handle,  used  for  healing  and  boding  water  and 
other  culinary  purposes. 

SKILL'FIJL,  a.  Knowing;  well  versed  in  any  art ; 
hence,  dextrous  ;  able  in  management ;  able  lo  per- 
fiuiii  nicely  any  iiiaiiiial  operation  in  the  arts  or  pro- 
fessions ;  as,  a  skillj'al  mechanic  ;  a  skillful  operator 
in  surgery. 

2.  Well  versed  in  practice ;  as,  a  skillful  physician. 
It  is  fiillowed  by  at  or  in  ;  as,  skdlj'ul  at  the  organ  ; 
skillful  in  drawing. 

SKILL'FIJL-LY,  ade.  With  skill ;  with  nice  art  ;  dex- 
troiisly  ;  as,  a  machine  skillfully  made  ;  a  ship  skitl- 
fulhf  managetl. 

SKILL'FUL-N'ESS,?!.  The  quality  of  possessingskill ; 
dexlroiisness  ;  ability  to  pertorm  well  in  any  part  or 
business,  or  to  manage  affairs  with  judgment  and 
exactness,  or  according  lo  good  Uisle  or  just  rules  ; 
kiiowli>dKC  and  abilily  derived  from  experience. 

SKI  L'LIiN'G,  71.  .\  bay  of  a  barn  ;  also,  a  slight  addi- 
tion to  a  colI;ige.  [Local.] 

SKILT,  n.    [See  Skill.]    Difference.  [04s.] 

Cleavetand. 

SKIM,  71.     [A  different  orthography  of  SctM.  Fr. 

icnme ;  It.  schiuma  ;  G.  schaum  :  D.  schuim  i  Dan.  and 

Sw.  skum  :  Ir.  sgeimhim,  to  skim.] 
Scum  ;  the  thick  matter  that  forms  on  the  surface 

of  a  liquor.    [Little  used.] 
SKni,  r.  t.    To  lake  off  the  thick,  gross  matter  which 

separates  from  any  liquid  substance,  and  collects  on 

the  surface  ;  as,  to  skim  milk  by  taking  off  the  cream. 

2.  To  lake  otf  by  skimming  ;  as,  lo  skim  cream. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  pass  near  the  surface ;  to  brush  the  surface 
slightly. 

The  swallow  tkinu  the  rirer's  w.itery  face.  fhydtn, 

SKI.M,  r.  i.  To  pass  lightly  ;  to  glide  along  in  an  «'««., 
smooth  course,  or  without  flapping  ;  as,  an  eag.e  or 
hawk  skims  along  the  ethereal  regions. 
2.  To  glide  along  near  the  surface  ;  to  pass  lightly. 

Pope. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOL'S.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


130 


nil* 


1037 


SKI 

3.  To  hasten  over  superficially  or  with  slight  at- 
teiiticm. 

They  skim  over  a  science  in  a  superficial  survey.  Trails. 
fKIM'BLE-^CAM'BLE,  o.    [.A  duplication  of  scam- 
ilc]    Waiideriiia ;  disorderly.  Skak. 
[j?  toir^  uiiaiitJiurized  ward.] 
SKIM'-Col.T'BR,    j  B.    A  colter  for  paring  off  the 
PKI.M'-eoULT'ER,  !     surfice  of  land. 
SlvI.M'MEI),  pp.  or  a.    Taken  frmn  the  surface  ;  hav- 
ina  the  thick  matter  taken  from  the  surface ;  brushed 
along. 

SKIM'MER,  n.  A  utensil  in  the  form  of  a  scoop, 
used  for  skimming  liquors. 

2.  One  that  skims  over  a  subject.    [Utile  used.] 

3.  A  n  eb-footed  water  fowl,  of  the  genus  Rhyn- 
clnips.  The  black  skimmer,  Rhynchops  nigra,  is  also 
called  Cutwater  and  Shearwater,  whici)  see. 

JVuttall.    P.  Cyc. 
PKIM'-'MILK,         )  n.    Milk  from  which  the  cream 
SKIM'M/CD-.MILK,  \     has  been  t.iken. 
SKIM'MIi\G,  ppr.  Taking  from  the  surface,  as  cream 
from  milk. 

2.  Gliding  lichtlv  along  near  the  surface. 
SKIM'MING-LY,  adv.    By  gliding  along  the  surface. 
SKI.M'MIXG-TON,  j  71.     A  vulgar  word,  [from  the 
SKI.M'I  TRV,  i     Danish  j,Aifm«T,  to  jest,]  used 

in  the  phrase  to  ride  skimminzfott^  or  skimitry,  which 
consisted  in  making  a  man  who  had  been  beaten  by 
his  wife  ride  behind  a  woman  on  a  horse,  with  his 
face  to  the  horse's  tail,  followed  by  a  procession  of 
rough  music,  as  frying-pans,  bulls'-horns,  marrow- 
hon^?s,  cleavers,  &c.  HalliweU. 

SKFM'MINGS,  7t.  pi.  Matters  skimmed  from  the  sur- 
face of  liquors.  Exlwards^  JVe.>t  Indies. 

SKI.V,  n.  [Sax.  scin;  Sw.  skinii :  Dan.  skind,  a  skin  ; 
G.  schi:iden,  to  flay  ;  Ir.  scann,  a  membrane  ;  W.  ys- 
gin,  a  robe  made  of  skin,  a  pi-lisse,  said  tn  be  from 
'  c/h,  a  spread  or  covering.  But  in  VVelsh  cin  is  skin, 
peel,  or  rind.  This  may  signify,  a  covering,  or,,  peel, 
from  stripping.] 

1.  The  natural  covering  of  animal  bodies,  consist- 
ina  of  the  cuticle,  or  scarf-skin,  the  rete  niucosum, 
and  the  cutis,  or  hide.  The  cuticle  is  very  thin  and 
insensible  ,  the  cutis  is  thicker  and  very  sensible. 

Harvey. 

•2.  A  hide  ;  a  pelt ;  the  skin  of  an  animal  separated 
from  the  burly,  whether  green,  dr\',  or  tanned. 

3.  The  body  ;  the  person  ;  in  ludicrous  lau<ruage. 

OEstranae. 

4.  The  lark  or  husk  of  a  plant ;  the  exterior  coat 
of  fruits  and  plants. 

SKIN,  r.  u  'J'o  strip  off  the  skin  or  hide  ;  to  flay  ;  to 
peel.  Ellis. 

2.  To  cover  with  skin.  Drydm. 

3.  To  cover  superficially.  MdL-ion. 
SKI.V,  r.  i.    To  be  covered  with  skin  ;  as,  a  wound 

skins  over. 

SKI.V'-DEEP,  a.    Superficial;  not  deep  ;  sli:!ht. 

Fiitham. 

SKIX'FLIXT,  ju    [stin  and  ./!ire(.]    A  vcrj- niggardly 

person. 
SKLVK,  n.    [Sax.  scenc.\ 

1.  Drink;  pottage.   \0b!>.']  Baenn. 

2.  [h.  scincus.]  A  small  species  of  lizard,  found 
in  Northern  and  Western  Africa,  and  considered  by 
the  ancients  a  sort  of  universal  medicine  ;  also,  the 
cimi.mon  name  of  a  genus  of  lizards,  or  saurian  rep- 
tiles, to  which  the  oflicinal  skiiik  belongs.  They 
have  a  lona  body,  entirely  covered  with  rounded  im- 
bricate scales,  and  are  all  natives  of  warm  climates. 

Ed.  Encyc.    P.  Cyc. 
SKINK,  V.  i.    [Sax.  seenean  :  G.  and  D.  schenkrn  ;  Dan. 
skienker :  Pw.  skanka ;  Ice.  skenkia,  to  bestow,  to  make 
a  present.] 

To  serve  drink.  [Obs.] 
SKINK'ER,  n.    One  that  serves  liquors.  [Ohs.] 

SUak. 

SKIN'I-ESS,  a.   [from  skin.]   Having  a  thin  skin ;  as, 

skinle.:s  fruit. 
SKIX'NED,  pp.    Stripped  of  the  skin;  flayed. 

9.  Covered  with  skin. 
SKIX'XER,  n.    One  that  skins. 

2.  One  that  deals  in  skins,  pelts,  or  hides. 
SKIX'NI-.NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  skinny. 
SKIX'.XING,  ppr.    Stripping  of  the  skin  ;  flayirig. 
SKI.V'NY,  a.    Consisting  of  skin,  or  of  skin  only; 

wanting  flesh.  Ray.  JIdUison. 

SKIP,  f.  i.    [Dan.  kipper,  to  leap  ;  Ice.  skopa.] 

To  leap ;  to  bound  ;  to  spring  ;  as  a  goat  or  lamb. 
Th**  Iiri'l)  (hy  ri'.t  H.wmi  to  M'-e  l  lo-d.iv, 

be  Ihy  p-jiori,  woul<l  he  skip  iind  play  i  Pope. 

To  skip  over ;  to  pass  without  notice  ;  to  omit. 

Bur.on, 

SKIP,  V.  L  To  pass  over  or  by  ;  to  omit ;  to  miss  ;  to 
leap  over. 

TJ,ey  who  hiTo  a  mlntl  lo  ■<«  the  liaue,  may  tkip  ihese  two 
chapter*.  Ilurntl. 

SKIP,  n.    A  leap;  a  honnd  ;  a  »pring.  Sidnn/. 
2.  In  mi«ic,  a  paaange  from  ime  sound  to  nnotlier, 
hv  more  Ili.in  a  degree  nt  once.  Busby. 
"KIP'-J  M"K,  n.    An  upstart.  I.'Fjlrange. 
SKIP'-KEN-NEI,,  It.    A  lackey  j  a  fw.lboy. 


SKO 

SKIP'PER,  n.  [Dan.  skipper;  D.  schipper.  See 
Ship.] 

1.  The  master  of  a  small  trading  or  merchant  ves- 

2.  [from  skip.]'   A  dancer.  [sel, 

3.  A  youngling  ;  a  young,  thoughtless  person. 

SItak. 

4.  T^ie  Iiornfish,  so  called. 

5.  The  cheese  maggot. 

SKIP'PET,  n.    [See  Ship  and  Skiff.]    A  small  boat. 

[JViit  in  use.]  Spenser. 
SKIP'PIXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Leaping  ;  bounding.  Skipping 

notes,  in  mtuiic,  are  notes  that  are  not  in  regular 

course,  but  separate.  ' 
SKIP'PIXG-LY,  adv.    Bv  leaps. 

SKIP'PlNG-RoPE,  n.  A  small  rope  used  by  young 
persons  in  skipping,  or  leaping  up  and  down. 

SKIR.M'ISH,  (skur'mish,)  n.  [Fr.  esearmouclte ;  It. 
scaramuccia  ;  Sp.  escaramuza  ;  Port,  e-scaraniu^a  ;  G. 
scharniiitzcl ;  D.  sckermtitseling ;  Sw.  skarmyUel ; 
Dan.  skiermydsel ;  W.  ysgarm,  outcry  ;  ysirarmu,  to 
shout ;  ysgarines,  a  shouting,  a  skirmish  ;  from  garrn, 
a  shout.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  tlirow  or  drive.  In 
some  of  the  languages,  skirmish  appears  to  be  con- 
nected with  a  word  signilying  defense;  but  defense 
is  from  driving,  repelling.] 

1.  A  slight  fight  in  war;  a  light  combat  by  armies 
at  a  great  distance  from  each  other,  or  between  de- 
tachments and  small  parties. 

2.  A  contest ;  a  contention. 

Tliey  never  meet  but  there's  a  skirmtsk  of  wit.  Stink. 
SKIR.M'ISH,  V.  i.    To  fight  slightly  or  in  small  par- 
ties. 

SK!R.M'ISH-ER,  n.    One  that  skirmishes. 

SKiR.M'ISH-IXG,  (skur'-,)  ;<;<r.  Fighting  sliglitly  or 
in  detached  parties. 

SKIR.M'ISH-IXG,  (skur*-,)  n.  The  act  of  fighting  in  a 
loose  or  slight  encounter. 

SKIKR,  V.  t.  To  scour;  to  ramble  over  in  order  to 
clear.    [JV*o(  in  use.]  Shak. 

SKIRR,  V.  i.  To  scour ;  to  scud  ;  to  run  hastily.  [JVut 
in  use.]  S.'mk. 

SKI  R'RET,  71.  A  plant,  the  Slum  Sis.arum,  a  native  of 
China,  Cochinchina,  Corea,  Japan.  Ike.  It  has  been 
cultivated  in  Europe,  time  immcmonal,  for  the  sake 
of  its  esculent  root,  which  somewhat  resembles  the 
parsnep  in  flavor.  It  is  eaten  boiled,  with  butter, 
pepper,  &.C.,  or  half-boiled,  and  subsequently  fried. 
It  is  a  valuable  culinar>'  vegetable. 

SKIR  RHUS.  See  Scirrhus.  [The  spelling  Skir- 
RHtis  would  be  preferable.] 

SKIRT,  (skurt,)  71.  [Sw.  siwrfa,  a  shift  or  close  gar- 
ment; Dan.  skiort,  a  petticoat;  skicrte,  a  skirt,  a 
shift.  Tliese  words  seem  to  be  from  the  root  of  sAorf, 
from  cutting  otf.] 

1.  The  lower  and  loose  part  of  a  coat  or  other  gar- 
ment ;  the  part  below  the  waist ;  as,  the  skirt  of  a 
coat  or  mantle.    1  Sa77i.  xv. 

2.  The  edge  of  any  part  of  dress.  .Addison. 

3.  Border;  edge;  margin;  extreme  part;  as,  the 
skirt  of  a  forest ;  the  skirt  of  a  town.  Dryden. 

4.  A  woman's  g:irmerit  like  a  petticoat. 

5.  The  diaphragm  or  midriff  in  animals. 

To  spread  the  skirt  orer  ;  in  Scripture,  to  take  under 
on'^'s  care  and  protection.    Ruth  iii. 
SKIRT,  V.  t.    To  border  ;  to  form  the  border  or  edge  ; 
or  to  run  along  the  edge  ;  as,  a  plain  skirted  by  rows 
of  trees  ;  a  circuit  skirted  round  with  wood. 

Addison. 

SKIRT,  7'.  i.  To  be  on  the  border ;  to  live  near  the 
extremity. 

SiWii^ea — who  ekirt  alon^our  western  frontiers.  5.  5.  Smith. 
SKIRT' I XG,  )  jt.      The    narrow,  vertical 

SKIR  T'lXG-RoARD,  j      board,  placed  round  the 

margin  of  a  floor.  OtcilU 
SKIR  i  'En,  pp.  Bordered. 

SKIRT'l.XG,  ppr.    liorderiug;  forming  a  border. 
SKIT,  n.    A  wanton  girl ;  a  reflection  ;  a  jeer  or  gibe  ; 

a  whim.    [  Obs.] 
SKIT,  V.  t.     [Sa.x.  scitan ;  primarily  to  throw,  to 

sbnot.] 

Tn  cast  reflections.    [TMal.]  Orose. 
SKIT'TISH,  o.    [Un.  Fr.  ecouleiiT.    See  Scfo.] 

1.  Shy  ;  easily  frightened  ;  shunning  familiarity  ; 
timorous  ;  as,  a  restiff,  .tkittLik  jade.  L'Estran^e. 

2.  Wanton  ;  vohitile  ;  hasty.  Sliak. 

3.  Changeable;  fickle;  ns,  iti<(/.<A  fortune.  Shnk. 
SKIT'TISH-LY,  adv.    Shyly  ;  wantonly  ;  change- 

ahlv. 

SKIT'TISH-NESS,  71.    Shyness;  aptness  to  fear  ap- 
proach ;  timidity. 
2.  Fickleness  ;  wantonness. 

PKIT'TI.ES,  (skit'tl/.,)  11.    Ninepins.  rFartm. 

SKT'VERS,  71.  pi.  [G.  schirfern,  to  shiver,  to  .scale  ; 
I),  schyf,  a  slice  ;  Dan.  skive,  a  slice,  skifcr,  skiver,  a 
slate.] 

Sheepskins  split  or  divided  for  the  purpose  of  book- 
binding. 

SK()L'F,-'/ITF,,  )  n.  [Scolecite  is,etymologirally,thp 
SCOIj'E-CITI'^,  (  propt-r  spelling.]  One  division  of 
the  old  species  Mesotype,  f>crtirrinB  in  radiated  crys- 
talli/alKUis  of  a  white  color  or  traiisiiarent,  and  con^ 
sistiitg  of  silica,  nliimina,  and  liiiie,  witli  13\  per 
cent,  of  water.    When  n  Hmiill  imrtion  of  it  is  placed 


SKY 

in  the  exterior  flame  of  the  blowpipe,  it  twists  like  a 
worm,  [uisi.iXrii,]  becomes  opaque,  and  is  converted 
into  a  blebby,  colorless  glass.        Dana.  Pkdlips. 
SKOXCE.    See  Sconce. 

SKOR'O-DtTE,  ;  II.  [Gr.  (T/foo')(?oi/,  garlic;  from  its 
SCOK'O-DiTE,  I     smell  under  the  blowpipe.  ScoR- 

ouiTE  is,  etymiilogically,  the  proper  spellina.] 

A  native  Compound  of  arsenic  acid  a  id  oxyd  of 

iron,  having  a  leek-green  or  brownish  color.  Dana. 
SKOR'ZlTE,  71.    [from  SAorza.]   A  variety  of  epidote. 

[See  Scorza.] 
SKREEN.    See  Screen. 

SKRIXGE,  properly  Scringe;  a  vulgar  corruption  of 

Cringe. 
SKuE.    See  Skew. 

SKUG,  I!.  (.    To  hide.    [Local.]  HalliweU. 
SKULK,  r.  7.    [Dan.  .«ii«/fr ;  i^w.skyla;  D.  schuilen, 
to  hide,  shelter,  sciilk  ;  the  Eng.  shelter.] 

To  lurk  ;  to  withdraw  into  a  corner,  or  intoa  close 
place  for  concealment. 

No  news  of  Phyl !  the  bridesfToom  came, 

Ami  ih'jii'lu  bis  brirle  h-ul  ektilked  for  shame.  Sinfl. 

And  sku'.k  beliind  die  snbterfii^  of  .art.  Priar. 

SKULK,       j  71.    A  person  who  skulks;  one  who 
SKULK'ER,  j     avoids  duty.  Tottcn. 
SKULK'KD,  (skulkt,)  pp.    Lurked  ;  concealed. 
SKULK'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Lurking;  withdrawing  into 

a  close  place  lor  concealiiienl. 
SKULK'IXG-LY,  adv.    In  a  skulking  manner. 
SKULL,  n.    [Sw.  skalie,  skull;  skal,  a  shell;  Dan. 

skal,  a  shell,  the  skull,  and  skoU,  the  skull;  D. 

srliecl :  G.  hirnscliale,  brain-shell ;  Sp.  cholla.  See 

Shell.] 

1.  The  bime  that  forms  the  exterior  of  the  head, 
and  incloses  the  brain.  It  is  composed  of  several 
parts  united  at  the  sutures. 

2.  A  person. 

Skulls  that  can  not  teach  and  will  not  learn.  Coieper. 

3.  Skull,  for  shoal  or  school,  of  fish.    [JVot  nsed.] 
SKULL'-CAP,  71.    A  head-piece. 

2.  .A  herbaceous  plant  of  the  genus  Scutellaria,  the 
calyx  of  whose  flower,  when  inverted,  appears  like 
a  helmet  with  the  vizor  raised.  London, 
SKtJ.NK,  71.  A  digitigrade,  carnivorous  mammal,  the 
Mephitis  Americana,  found  over  a  very  wide  extent 
of  country,  bolli  in  North  and  South  .America.  It  is 
nearly  allied  to  the  weasel  on  the  one  hand,  and  to 
the  otter  on  the  other.  This  animal  has  tw<»  glands 
near  the  inferior  extremity  of  the  alimentary  canal, 
which  secrete  an  extremely  fetid  liquor,  and  which 
the  animal  has  the  power  of  eiiiittiiia  at  pitiasure  as 
a  miNans  of  defense.  This  liipior  possesses  valuable 
medicinal  powers,  but  its  extreme  offensivencss  in- 
terferes with  its  use. 
SKUNK'-CAIVBAGE,  /  Tt.  A  herbaceous  plant,  the 
SKUNK'-WEED,  \  Ictodes  fo-tidus  or  Potlios 
fCEtida,  so  named  from  its  smell.  It  has  large  leaves, 
and  grows  in  low,  wet  grounds  in  America. 

Bigclow.  Dcwni. 

SKUR'RY,  n.    Haste  ;  impetuosity.  BrockcU. 
SKuTE,  71.    A  boat.    [See  Scow.] 
SKY,  11.    [Sw.  sky,  Dan.  skye,  a  cloud;  Dan.  sky- 
hintmrl,  the  vault  of  heaven.] 

1.  The  aiirial  region  which  surrounds  the  earth  ; 
the  apparent  arch  or  vault  of  heaven,  which  in  a  clear 
day  is  of  a  blue  color.  Mdton. 

2.  The  heavens.  Dryden. 

3.  The  weather  ;  the  climate.  Johnson. 

4.  A  cloud  ;  a  sh.adow.    [Oiis.]  Ooiccr. 
SKV'-RLl'E,  a.    Of  the  blue  color  of  the  sky. 
SKV'-BOR.N,  a.    Born  or  produced  in  the  sky. 

Collins. 

SKY'-BUILT,  (-bill,)  a.    Built  in  the  sky. 

IVordsieorth, 

SKV'-eOL-OR,  (  knl-lur,)  n.   The  color  of  the  sky  ; 

a  particular  species  of  blue  color;  a/.iire.  Boyle. 
SK9'-e5l,-0R-KD,  (-kul-lurd,)  a.    Like  the  sky  in 

color;  blue;  azure.  j^ddison. 
SKt'-D-J-A'D,  (-dide,)  a.    Colored  like  the  sky. 

Pope. 

SK?'£D,  (sklde,)  a.    Surrounded  by  sky.  [Poetic] 

T/tonison^ 

SKV'EY,  (7.    Like  the  skv  ;  ethereal. 
SKf'-UKJII,  adv.    High  as  the  sky  ;  very  high. 
SKt'ISII,  a.    Like  the  sky,  or  approaching  tlie  sky. 
The  sk^ith  h.-ad 
Of  bloc  Olympus.         (.l  bad  aord.]  Sliak. 

SKV'-LXRK,  71.    A  species  of  lark  that  mounts  and 

sinas  as  it  flies,  the  .Maiida  arvensis.    It  is  common 

in  Europe  and  in  some  parts  of  Asia. 

Spectator.  .Jardine. 
SK?'-l..K RK-IXG,  71.    Among  ,«ramc7i,  running  about 

the  riaaiuir  of  a  vessel  in  sport  ;  frolickine.  Toltfn. 
SKV-LIGIIT,  (lite  )  It.    A  window  placed  in  the  roof 

of  a  building,  or  ceiling  of  a  room,  for  the  admission 

of  light.  Pope. 
SKV'-POINT-IXG,  a.    Pointing  to  the  sky. 
SK?'K0(;K-F,T,  71.    A  rocket  that  ascends  high  and 

burns  as  it  flies  ;  a  species  of  fireworks.  Addison. 
SK?'-ROl)F-£D.  (-rood,)  a.    Having  the  sky  for  a 

ri>fif.  IVord..-ioorUu 
SK?'SaIL,  n.    The  sail  set  next  above  the  royal. 

ToUen. 


FATE,  FAR,  PA^L,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


io:w 


SLA 


SLA 


SLA 


SK V'-SCRaP-ER,  n.   A  sky-sail  of  a  triangular  form. 

'/'i/tUil. 

PKV'U-ARI),  a.    Toward  ttiu  sky. 

SLAE),  <i.    'I'liick  ;  visroiis.    [JVot  u.ieJ.]  Shak. 

SLAIi,  H.    [  VV.  Hub,  i/.v/ui,  a  lliiii  stri|).] 

1.  A  thill  pii  ce  of  marble  or  oilier  stone,  having 
ri).'ht  angles  anil  plane  siirfat  i-s.  nwilt. 

•2.  All  outside  piece  taken  from  a  lug  or  timber  in 
sawiiijf  it  into  boards,  planks,  &.C. 

3.  A  puddle,    l.-^eu  Slop.]  Evrbjn. 

Slub-s  af  lin  ;  tile  lesser  masses  wliich  (he  workers 
cast  the  metal  into.  These  arc  run  into  molds  of 
stone. 

SLAli'liER,  V.  i.  [D.  slabben;  G.  schlabbcn,  schla- 
bcrn.] 

To  let  the  saliva  or  othcrliquid  fall  from  the  month 
carelessly  ;  to  drivel.    It  is  also  written  Slaver  and 
Si.oHMeii,  and  often  pronounced  stub'ber. 
SL.'\U'liEli,  11.  {.   To  sup  up  hastily,  as  licpiid  food. 

Ilarret. 

2.  To  wet  and  foul  by  liipiids  sulfered  to  fall  care- 
lessly fniiii  the  mouth. 

3.  To  shed  ;  to  spill. 
SLAH'ltKI{-i:u,  «.    UiK-  that  slabbers;  an  idiot. 
SI.AU'lilOK  l.\(;,  ppr.  Drivi-liiij;. 
SLAU'lil-NEStf,  H.     The  state  of  being  thick  or 

siMhhy. 

SLAB'iiV,  a.    1  hick  i  viscous.    [jVot  much  jinal,] 

IVUeman. 

1.  Wet.    [Pee  Ploppy.] 
SLAIi'-l.I.N'K,  II.    A  line  iir  small  rope  by  which  sea- 
men haul  up  the  foot  of  the  maiii-sail  or  fore-sail. 

Tiiiten. 

SLACK,  17.  [Sax.  sUrc  ;  Sw.  slak  ;  \Y.  Uae,  yslac.  See 
the  verb.] 

I.  iN'iit  tense;  not  hard  drawn;  not  firmly  ex- 
tended ;  as,  a  .v/rtf/i  rope  ;  .tlitrli  ru^^^iw^. 

a.  Weak ;  remiss  ;  not  holding  fast ;  as,  a  slack 
hand. 

3.  Remiss;  backward;  not  using  due  diligence; 
not  earnest  or  eager;  as,  slack  in  duty  or  service  ; 
slack  in  hiisiiicss. 

4.  Not  violent ;  not  rapid  ;  slow  ;  as,  a  slack  pace. 

Dnitlfn. 

Slnck  in  stays  ;  in  seainen^s  laniruage^  slow  in  going 
about,  as  a  ship.  Mar.  Did. 

SL.'VCK'- WA'TKR,  n.  In  ncamen^.-i  laitirttaire^  the 
time  when  the  tide  runs  slowly,  or  the  water  is  at 
rest  ;  or  the  interval  between  the  flux  and  reflux  of 
the  tide.  .Mar.  Did. 

SL.\('K,  aitv.  Partially  ;  insuflicipnily  ;  not  in- 
tensely ;  as,  slack  dried  hops ;  bread  slack  baked. 

Mortimer. 

SLACK,  n.  The  part  of  a  rope  that  hangs  loose,  liav- 
ini;  no  strain  upon  it.  Tottcn. 

SLACK,        (0.  1.     [Sax.  slaeian  ;  D.  slaakrn ;  Sw. 

SLACK'KN,  i  slakfja  ;  W.  itslacau  and  tislaciaw,  to 
slacken,  to  loosen,  from  Hoc,  Hag,  slack,  loose,  lax, 

sluirtri.-ih.] 

1.  To  become  less  tense,  firm,  or  rigid  ;  to  de- 
crease in  tension  ;  as,  a  wet  cord  slackens  in  dry 
weat  her. 

2.  To  be  remiss  or  backward  ;  to  neglect.  DeuL 
xxiii. 

3.  To  lose  cohesion  or  the  quality  of  adhesion  ; 
as,  lime  stacks  and  crumbles  into  [lowder.  Muzoti. 

4.  To  abate  ;  to  become  less  violent. 

Wticnci-'  thric  ri^intj  liri's 
Will  itacken,  it  hii  l-reiiUi  stir  not  ih'-ir  rtam-'s.  ^Ftlton. 

5.  To  lose  rapidity  ;  to  become  more  slow  ;  as, 
a  current  of  water  slackens  ;  the  tide  slackm.t. 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  To  languish  ;  to  fail ;  to  flag.  .lin.-nDorth. 
SLACK,        I  V.  t.    To  lessen  tension  ;  to  make  less 
SLACK'K.V,  \    tense  or  tight ;  as,  to  slacken  a  rope  or 

a  b.'indage. 

2.  To  relax  ;  to  remit ;  as,  to  slacken  exertion  or 
labor. 

.1.  To  mitigate  ;  to  diminish  in  severity ;  as,  to 
slacken  pain. 

4.  To  become  more  slow  ;  to  lessen  rapidity  ;  as, 
to  slacken  one's  pace. 

5.  To  abate  ;  to  lower ;  as,  to  slacken  the  heat  of  a 
fire. 

C.  To  relievo  ;  to  unbend  ;  to  remit;  as,  to  slacken 
cares.  Dcnhnm. 

7.  To  withhold  ;  to  use  less  liberally.  Shak. 

8.  To  deprive  of  cohesion  ;  as,  to  slack  lime. 

Mortimer. 

9.  To  repress  ;  to  check. 

1  ahoiiltl  be  ^ri-'veil,  youiiff  priiiiy*,  lo  think  my  prpsenoe 
Unbi-nt  yoiir  thoughu  and  Itacketted  Vm  to  ArniA.  Additon. 

10.  To  neglect. 

Stack  not  the  good  pn-5.»»''.  Dryjen. 

11.  lo  repress,  or  make  less  quick  or  active. 

^il'tison. 

SL.ACK,  n.   Small  coal ;  coal  broken  into  small  pieces. 

[Kn.r.J 

SL.\CK,  n.    A  valley,  or  small,  shallow  dell.  [Local.] 
Of  •    tr  Gruse. 
bL.^CK'f:D,  (slakt,)  pp.  or  a.    Relaxed;  deiirived  of 

ciihesion  ;  as,  slacked  lime.    [Slaked  is  more  cor- 

lecl.J 


SLACK'i^N,  n.  Among  miners,  a  spongy,  seini-vitri- 
ficd  sulWaiice  which  they  iiii\  wuli  the  ores  of 
metals  to  prevent  their  fusion.    [See  islaki.v.] 

Encyc. 

SLACK'FN-frr),  pp.  or  o.    Relaxed  or  remitted. 
SLACK'/;.\-lN(;,  ppr.    Relaxing  or  remitting. 
SLACK'ING,  ppr.    Relaxing;  depriving  of  cohesion  ; 

as,  slackinir  lime.    [Slakim!  is  more  correct.] 
SLACK'LY,  ado.    Not  tightly  ;  loosely. 

2.  Negligently;  remissly. 
SLACK'NES.S,  H.     Looseness;  the  stale  opposite  to 

tensiim  ;  not  tightness  or  rigidness  ;  as,  the  slackness 

of  a  cord  or  rope. 

2.  Remissness  ;  negligence  ;  inattention  ;  as,  the 
slackness  of  men  in  business  or  duty  ;  slackttess  in  the 
performance  of  engagements,  UuoUcr. 

3.  Slowness;  tardiness;  want  of  tendency;  as, 
the  slackness  of  flesh  to  heal.  Sharp. 

4.  Weakness  ;  want  of  intenseiiess.  Brcrciouod. 
SLADE,  n.  [Sax. 

A  litlle  iiell  or  valh^y;  also,  a  flat  piece  of  low, 
moist  ground.    [Ijocal.]  Druytun. 
SLAt;,  n.    [lh\n.  slan^:  G.  schlacke.] 

1.  The  liioss  or  recrement  of  a  metal ;  also,  vitri- 
fied cinders.  Boyle.  A'trtnin. 

•2.  The  scoria  of  a  volcano.  Dana. 
SLAG'tiY,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling  slag. 
SLAIK,  (sli,)  1.    [Sax.  si<c.] 

A  weaver's  reed. 
SLaIN,  pp.  of  Slav  ;  so  written  for  Slaten.  Killed. 
SL.aKE,  v.  t.    [Sw.  s/ar/i'a.  Ice.  sifTcAfl,  to  quench.  It 
seems  to  bi;  allied  to  laij.] 

To  quench  ;  to  extinguish  ;  as,  to  slake  thirst. 

And  sUUce  the  heavenly  fire.  Sj'Cnser. 

SLAKE,  11.  t.  To  mix  with  water  so  that  a  true 
chemical  combination  shall  take  place  ;  as,  to  slake 
lime. 

SLAKE,  V.  i.    To  go  out;  to  become  extinct. 

liraicn. 

2.  To  grow  less  tense.    [A  mistake  for  Sla<:k.] 
SLAK'KI),  (slikt,)  pp.  ur  a.    (liienclied  ;  mixed  with 

water  so  that  a  combinatiim  takes  place. 

SLAK'IN,  H.  Among  smelters,  a  spongy,  seini-vitri- 
fied  substance,  which  they  mix  with  metallic  ores, 
to  prevent  their  fusion.  It  is  the  scoria  or  scum 
from  a  former  fusion  of  metals.  Jkbert. 

SLAK'ING,  p/ir.    EMingiiishing,  as  thirst. 

2.  Mi.ving  with  water  so  as  to  produce  combina- 
tion, as  with  lime. 

SLA.M,  V.  t.  [Ice.  Icma,  to  strike.  Old  Eng.  lam;  Sax. 
hlemman,  to  sound.] 

1.  To  strike  with  force  and  noise;  to  shut  with 
vit)Ieiice  ;  as,  to  slam  a  dotir. 

2.  To  beal  ;  lo  curt".    [Local.]  Grose. 

3.  To  strike  down  ;  to  slaiiglilcr.  [Local.] 

4.  To  will  all  the  tricks  iu  a  hand  ;  as  we  say,  lo 
take  all  at  a  stroke  or  dash. 

SLA.M,  n.  A  violent  driving  and  dashing  against ;  a 
violent  shutting  of  a  door. 

2.  Defeat  at  cards,  or  the  winning  of  all  the  tricks. 

3.  The  refuse  of  alum-works  ;  used  in  Yorkshire  as 
a  manure,  with  sea-weed  and  lime.  [Local.] 

Uebcrt. 

SLA.M'.M i:k-kin,  \      C""  «''''"»^'-] 

A  slut  ;  a  slalteriily  woman.    [wVot  usetl,  or  local.] 
SLA.M'MING,  ppr.     Sinking  or  shutting  with  vio- 
lence. 

SLAN'DER,  n.  [Norm,  esclaunder;  Fr.  esclanilre  ; 
Riiss.  klenu,  kliauu,  to  slander;  Sw.  klatiUra,  to  ac- 
cuse or  blame.) 

1.  A  false  tale  or  report  maliciously  uttered,  and 
tending  to  injure  the  reputalioii  of  aiinther,  by  les- 
sening him  in  the  esteem  of  his  fellow-citizens,  by 
exposing  him  to  iiiipeachment  and  punishment,  or 
by  impairing  his  means  of  living  ;  defamation. 

Btackjione. 

Slnruter,  thnt  worst  of  poisons,  ever  fiuda 

An  cit^y  enlriuice  to  ignoble  minds.  /lervey. 

2.  Disgrace;  reproach;  disreputation;  ill  name. 

Shak. 

SLAN'DER,  V.  t.  To  defame  ;  to  injure  hy  mali- 
ciously uttering  a  false  report  respecting  one  ;  to  tar- 
nish or  impair  the  reputation  of  one  by  false  tales 
maliciously  told  or  propagated. 

SLA.VI)ER-KD,  pp.  IJefaiiu  d  ;  injured  in  good  name 
by  false  and  malicious  reports. 

SLAN"OF,R-ER,  ir.  A  defamer  ;  one  who  injures  an- 
other by  maliciously  reporting  something  to  iiis  preju- 
dice. 

SLAN'DER-ING,  ppr.  Defaming. 
SLA.\'l)ER-OLIS,  a.    That  utters  defamatory  words 

or  tales  ;  as,  a  slaniterous  tongue.  Pope. 
2.  Containing  slander  or  defamation  ;  calumnious  ; 

as,  slnnitcrou.^  words,  speeches,  or  reports,  false  and 

maliciously  uttered. 
,1.  Scandalous  ;  reproachful. 
SLAN'DEi:-0(IS  LY,  arfr.    With  slander  ;  calumni- 

oiislv  ;  with  false  and  malicious  reproach. 
SLA.N'DER-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  slate  or  quality  of| 

being  slanderous  or  defamator\'.  ] 
SL.A.Vt;,  old  pret.  of  Sli?<o.  [VVe  now  use  Slitso.]  I 
SL.'VNG,n.  Low,  vulgar, unmeaning  language,  [ioie.] 


SLAN'G'-WIIA.NG-ER,  ii.  A  noisy  demagogue  ;  a 
liirhiileiit  partisan.  Irning. 

[.A  cant  wiird,  of  recent  origin  in  .America,  used 
colbxptially  or  in  works  of  humor.] 

SLANK,  n.    A  plant,  an  Alga,  .Sinsaorlh. 

SLAN'i\a.  \i^\v.  slinta,  slant,  to  slip;  peiha|is  alli''d 
lo  W.  ysglc'nt,  a  slidi^,  and  if  Ln  are  the  ruiiical  let- 
ters, this  coincides  with  lean,  incline.] 

SItiping;  obliipie  ;  inclined  from  a  direct  line, 
whether  horizontal  or  perpendicular;  as,  the  stunt 
llgliliiing.  MiltoiL 

SLA.\  T,  V.  t.  To  turn  from  a  direct  line  ;  to  give  an 
ohiitpie  or  sloping  direction  lo.  Fuller. 

SLX.VT,        (71.    An  oblique  reflection  or  gibe;  a 

SLA.NT'ING,  i     sarcastic  remark,    [tn  vulgar  tue.] 
2.  Slant ;  a  copper  coin  of  Sweden,  of  which  19G 
pass  for  one  rix-dollar. 

Slant  of  wind:  among  seamen,  a  transitory  breeze 
of  wind,  or  the  period  of  its  duration. 

SLANTM.Nt;,  ;;;ir.  or  «.  <;iviiig  or  having  an  oblique 
direction;  iii<  lining  from  a  right  line;  slant;  as,  a 
slanting  ray  of  light ;  a  slanting  direction. 

SLANT'1N(J-LY,  ailc.  With  a  slope  or  inclination; 
also,  with  an  obliigue  hint  or  remark. 

SLANT'LY.      I  atli:    (Jliliquely  ;  in  an  inclined  di- 

SLANT'WI.SF,,  i     rectioii.  Tusser. 

SLAP,  7j.  [{j.  schlappe,  A  slap;  schlnpprn,Ui  lap;  W. 
ysiajiiaip,  to  slap,  from  yslab,  llinl  is  lengthened,  fri'in 
Itab,  a  stroke  or  slap  ;  llubiaic,  lo  slap,  to  strap.  The 
I),  has  flap  and  klap;  It.  schiaffo,  Utt  schUiffo  ;  L.  alapa 
and  sclUoppas ;  cii.  and  Syr.  'iS'S.    Chuis  Lb,  No. 

3.;.] 

A  blow  given  with  the  open  hand,  or  with  some- 
thing broad 

SL/iP,  r.  t.    To  strike  with  the  open  hand,  or  with 

soiiK'tliing  bioad. 
SL.AP,  adv.    With  a  sudden  and  violent  blow. 

SLAP'OASH,  ade.  [slap  and  dash.]  All  at  once. 
[Low.] 

SLAPK,  (J.    Slippery ;  smooth.    [Local.]  Orose. 
SLAP'JACK,  II.    A  sort  of  pancake. 
SL.\l"Pi;i{,   i  ,  rv,^ 

SLAP'Pl.VG,  (       Very  large.  [Vulgar.] 
SLASH,  V.  t.     [Ice.  .tlasa,  to  strike,  to  lash;  W.  llhth, 
Qu.] 

1.  To  cut  by  striking  vitdently  and  at  random  ;  to 
cut  in  long  cuts. 

2.  To  lash. 

SLA.s'II,  i\  i.  To  strike  violently  and  at  random  with 
a  sword,  hanger,  or  other  edged  instrument ;  lo  lay 
about  one  with  blows. 


Hewing  and  etasliing  at  their  idle  shades. 


SpenseTt 


SL.ASII,  71.    A  long  cut ;  a  cut  made  at  random. 

Clarendon. 

2.  A  large  slit  in  the  thighs  and  arms<if  ihi'  oH 
costumes,  made  to  show  a  brilliant  color  through  the 
openings. 

SL,\Sir^:D,  (slasht,)  pp.  Cut  at  random ;  cut  in  long 
strips  or  slits. 

SLASiriNc;,  ;)/)r.  or  a.  Striking  violently,  and  cutting 
at  random. 

SLAT,  II.  A  narrow  piece  of  board  or  timber  used  to 
fasten  together  larger  pieces  ;  as,  the  slats  of  a  cart 
or  a  chair. 

SLATCIl,  n.  In  seamen^s  language,  the  period  of  a 
transitory  liri  eze.  Mar.  DicL 

2.  .An  interval  of  fair  weather.  Bailey, 

3.  Slack.    [See  Slack.] 

SLaTE,  71.  [Fr.  cclater,  to  split,  Sw.  slita  ;  It.  sglata, 
a  tile.    Class  Ld.] 

1.  An  argillaceous  stone  which  readily  splits  into 
plates;  argillite;  argillaceous  schist.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  other  rocks  or  stones  having  a  simi- 
lar structure. 

2.  A  piece  of  smooth,  argillaceous  stone,  used  for 
covering  buildings. 

3.  .A  piece  of  smooth  stone,  of  the  above  species, 
nsed  for  writing  on. 

SLATK,  !•.  (.  To  cover  with  slate  or  plates  of  stone; 
as,  to  slate  a  roof.    [It  does  nol  signify  lo  tile.] 

SL.aTE,  (  i>.  (.    To  set  a  dog  loose  at  any  tiling.  [Lo- 

SLicTK,  )     cat.]  Ray. 

SLATE'-AX,  n.  A  mattock  with  an  ax-cnd  ;  used  in 
slating.  Encyc. 

SLAT'^;D,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  slate. 

SLAT'ER,  n.  One  that  lays  slates,  or  whose  occupa- 
tion is  lo  slate  buildings. 

SLAT'l.NG,  n.    The  act  of  covering  with  slates. 
2.  The  cover  lliiis  put  on. 

ST^AT'IXG,  ppr.    Covering  with  slates. 

SLAT'TER,  V.  i.  [G.  schlottem,  lo  bang  loosely  ; 
schlutlrrig,  negligenL    See  Slut.1 

1.  To  be  careless  of  dress,  and  dirty.  Ray. 

2.  To  be  careless,  negligent,  or  aw  kward  ;  lo  spill 
carelessly. 

SLAT'TERN,  ti.  A  woman  who  is  negligent  of  her 
dre.ss,  or  who  suflVrs  her  clothes  and  furniture  to  be 
in  disorder  ;  one  who  is  nol  neat  and  nice. 

SL.AT'TF.U.N,  r.  t.  To  sUtln-n  airay :  to  ( onsiimc 
carelesslv  or  wastefullv  ;  to  waste.  [  Riirf.)  Chr-terjirld 

SL.AT'TERN-LI-NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  skillrinly. 


TONE,  BI  LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VT'CIOUS.  — €  ns  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  n»  in  THIS. 


SLA 


SLE 


SLE 


SLAT'TERN-LY,  ai/u.    Negligently;  awkwarillv. 

ClirstcrliiM. 

SLaT'Y,  a.  [from  slate]  Resemblin?  ^:utt■  ;  liaviiis 
tlie  nature  or  properties  of  slate  ;  ani'ooat'd  of  thin, 
parallel  plates,  capable  of  being  separated  by  split- 
ting ;  as,  a  slatij  color  or  texture. 

SLAUG  H'TER,  (sla  w'ter,)  n.  [Sax.  iZ<E^e  ;  D.  slagtintr ; 
G.  schlacliten,  to  kill;  li.slaigke;  slaighim,  lo  slay. 
See  Slay.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  killing.  Applied  to  men, 
slaughter  usually  denotes  great  destruction  of  life 
by  violent  means ;  as,  the  slaughter  of  men  in  battle. 

2.  Applied  to  beasts,  butchery  ;  a  killing  of  oxen  or 
other  beasts  for  market. 

SLAUGH'TER,  (slaw'ter,)  v.  t.  To  kill ;  to  slay  ;  to 
make  great  destruction  of  life  ;  as,  to  slaughter  men 
in  battle. 

3.  To  hntclier ;  to  kill  for  the  market ;  as  beasts. 
SLAUGH'TER-£D,  (slavv'lerd,)  pp.  or  a.  Slain; 

butchered. 

SLAUGH'TER-ER,  n.  A  person  employed  in  slaugh- 
tering. 

SLAUGH'TER-HOUSE,  (slaw'ter-house,)  n.  A  house 

where  beasts  are  butchered  for  tile  market. 
SLAUGll'TER-ING,   (slaw'ter-ing,)  ppr-  Killing; 

de^tmving  human  life  ;  butchering'. 
SLAUGH'TEIt-.MAN,  (slaw'ter-man,)  n.     One  em- 

pioved  in  killini.  Shak. 
SLAUGH'TER-OUS,  (slaw'ter-us,)  a.  Destructive; 

murderous.  Shak. 
SLAUGH'TER-OUS-LY,(sla\v-',)adB.  Destructively; 

murderously. 

SLAVE,  n.  [D.  slaaf;  G.  sclave;  Dan.  slave,  sclave  ; 
Sw.  slaf;  Fr.  esc'.avc ;  Arm.  selaff;  It.  schiavo  ;  Sp. 
esclaoo  ;  Port,  eseruvo  ;  Ir.  sclubkadh.  This  word  is 
commonly  deduced  from  Sclavi,  Sclavonians,  the  name 
of  a  people  who  were  made  slaves  by  the  Venetians. 
Hut  this  is  not  certain.] 

1.  A  person  who  is  wholly  subject  to  the  will  of 
a,nother;  one  who  has  no  freedom  of  action,  but 
whose  person  and  services  are  wholly  undcrthe  con- 
trol of  another.  In  the  early  state  of  the  world, 
and  to  this  day,  among  some  barbarous  nations,  pris- 
oners of  war  are  considered  and  treated  as  slaves. 
The  slaves  of  modern  times  are  more  generally  pur- 
chased, like  horses  and  oxen. 

2.  One  who  has  lost  the  power  of  resistance  ;  or 
one  who  surrenders  himself  to  any  power  whatev- 
er ;  as,  a  slave  to  passicn,  to  lust,  to  ambition. 

Ifallrr. 

3.  A  mean  person  ;  one  in  the  lowest  state  of  life. 

4.  A  drudge  ;  one  who  labors  like  a  slave. 
SL.^VE,  r.  i.    To  drudge  ;  to  toil  ,  to  labor  as  a  slave. 
SLaVE'RORN,  a.    Born  in  siMVrry. 
SL.5VE'IIoLD-ER,  ji.    One  who  holds  slaves. 

SLa  V'E'UoLD-ING,  a.    Holding  persons  in  slavery. 

SLa  V'E'LIKE,  a.    Like  or  becoming  a  slave. 

SLAVER,  H.    A  vessel  engaged  in  the  slave-trade. 

SLAVER,  n.  [The  same  as  Slabber.]  Saliva  drivel- 
ing from  the  mouth.  Pope. 

SLAVER,  I),  i.  To  suffer  the  spittle  to  issue  from  the 
mouth. 

2.  To  be  besmeared  with  saliva.  Shak. 

SLAVER,  c.t.  To  smear  with  saliva  issuing  from 
the  mouth  ;  to  defile  with  drivel. 

SI.AV'ER-KD,  PI).    Defiled  with  drivel. 

SLAVER-ER,  )i.    A  driveler;  an  idiot. 

SLAVER  ING,  ppr.    Letting  fall  saliva. 

SLaVER-V,  n.  [See  Slave.]  liondage  ;  the  state 
of  entire  subjection  of  one  person  to  the  will  of  an- 
other. 

Slavery  Is  the  obligation  to  labor  for  the  benefit  of 
the  master,  without  the  contract  or  consent  of  the 
servant.  Palcy. 

Slavery  may  proceed  from  crimes,  from  captivity, 
or  from  debt.  Slavery  is  also  vaUintarij  or  involu7tta- 
rij  f  voluntary,  when  a  person  sells  or  yields  his  own 
person  to  the  absolute  conimatui  of  another  ;  i;ii'n/- 
UTitary,  when  he  is  placed  under  the  absolute  power 
of  another  without  his  own  consent.  Slavery  no 
longer  exists  in  Great  Britain,  nor  in  the  Northern 
States  of  Anu»rica. 
2.  The  (jffices  of  a  slave  ;  drudgery. 

SLa VE'-TRAOE,  n.  [slave  and  trade.]  The  bar- 
barous and  wicked  business  of  purchasing  men  anil 
women,  transporting  them  to  a  distant  country,  and 
selling  them  for  slaves. 

SLAVISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  slaves  ;  servile  ;  mean  ; 
base  ;  such  as  bcccmies  a  slave  ;  lui,  a  slavish  de- 
pendence on  the  gr('at. 

2.  Servile  ;  laborious  ;  consisting  in  drudgery  ;  as, 
a  slavish  life. 

SLA  VISIILY,  arYn.    Servilely;  meanly;  basely. 
2.  In  the  manner  of  n  slave  or  drudge. 

SLA  VISII-NESS,  71.  The  »iato  or  quality  of  being 
slaviKh  ;  servility  ;  meanness. 

SJ.A-V(J.\'I€,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  Slavons,  or  aii- 
cie'ht  Inhabitants  of  Jtiissia. 

SI,A-V()N'I(;,  n.    The  Slavonic  language. 

SLAW,  71.    (I),  slaa.] 

('ule-sluw  ia  sliced  cabbage,  with  or  without  vin- 
egar. 

BLAY,  ».  f. ;  vreL  Slew;  pp.  Slain.  [Sax.  sUrgnn, 
ttagani  Goth,  stahan;  G.  sehlugem  I),  staaen  ;  Svv. 


sla  ;  Dan.  slaacr,  to  strike,  to  kill.  The  proper  sense 
is,  to  strike,  and  as  beating  was  an  early  mode  of 
killing,  this  word,  like  smite,  came  to  signify  to  kill. 
It  seems  to  be  formed  on  the  root  of  lay;  as  we  say, 
to  lay  on.] 

1.  To  kill ;  to  put  to  death  by  a  weapon  or  by  vi- 
olence. VVe  say,  he  slew  a  man  with  a  sword,  with  a 
stone,  or  with  a  club,  or  with  other  arms  ;  but  we  never 
say,  the  sheriff  slays  a  malefactor  with  a  halter,  or  a 
man  is  slain  on  the  gallows  or  by  poison.  So  that  slay 
retains  something  of  its  primitive  sense  of  striking  or 
fcating.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  killing  in  battle, 
bat  is  properly  applied  also  to  the  killing  of  an  indi- 

2  To  destroy.        '  [vidual  man  or  beast. 

V  houjii  he  stay  me,  yet  will  I  Lnisl  in  hiiii.  — Job  xiii.  15. 

SLAY'ER,  7!.  One  that  slays  ;  a  killer;  a  murderer; 
an 'assassin  ;  a  destroyer  of  life. 

SLAY'ING,  j»/>r.    Killing;  deslroving  life. 

SLEAVE,  H.    [Ice.  s/./.i.] 

The  kiiotti  d  ur  entangled  part  of  silk  or  thread  ; 
silk  or  thread  uiit\vi;sti'd.  Drayton. 

SLf.AVE,  !).  t.  To  separate  threads  ;  or  to  divide  a 
collection  of  threads  ;  to  sley  ;  used  by  weavers. 

SLkAV/JI),  a.    Raw  ;  not  s|»un  or  wrought. 

SLSAVLN't;, /)))r.  t^eparating  threads.  [Halinshed. 

SLkAZ'I  -XESS,  71.  'I'he  state  or  quality  of  hi  iiig  slea/.y. 

SLkAZ'Y,  /  a.    [Probably  from  the  root  of /fivac  ,•  Sax. 

SLEEZ'Y,  \      lysan,  ahjsaii,  to  loose.] 

Thin;  flimsy;  wamin<;  firmness  of  texture  or 
substance  ;  as,  sleezy  silk  or  muslin. 

SLED,  71.  [D.  slecde;  G.  schlitten  ;  Sw.  sldde  ;  Dan. 
sloede;  VV.  ysled;  probably  from  sliding  or  draw- 
ing.] 

A  carriage  or  vehicle  moved  on  runners,  much 
used  in  America  for  conveying  heavy  weights  in 
winter,  as  timber,  wood,  stone,  and  the  like. 

Jialliwell.    A''orth  of  England. 
SLED,  V.  t.    To  convey  or  transport  on  a  sled  ;  as,  to 

sled  wood  or  timber. 
SLED'DED,  pp.    Conveyed  on  a  sled. 

2.  Mounted  on  a  sled.  Shak. 
SLED'DING,  ppr.    Conveying  on  a  sled. 
SLED'DING,  w.    The  ai  t  of  trans|)orting  on  a  sled. 

2.  The  iiiraiis  nf  r(iii\'cyiii^  on  sleds;  snow  suffi- 
cient for  the  lunning  of  sleds.  Thus  we  say  in 
America,  when  there  is  snow  suflicient  to  run  a 
sled,  it  is  good  sledding ;  the  sledding  is  good. 
Sometimes,  in  New  England,  there  is  lillle  or  no 
good  sledding  during  the  winter. 
SLEDOE,  (slej,)  71.  [Sax.  slccge,  siege ;  D.  sley;  Dan. 
slegge;  Sw.sldgga;  from  the  root  of  .^/ay,  to  strike.] 

1.  A  large,  heavy  hammer;  used  chielly  by  iron- 
smiths,  called  also  a  Sledge  Hammer. 

2.  In  England,  a  sled ;  a  vehicle  moved  on  run- 
ners or  on  low  wheels.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is 
not  used  in  America  ;  but  the  same  word  is  used  in 
a  somewhat  different  sense,  and  written  Sleigh. 

SLEEK,  a.  [D.  lekken,  to  leak,  to  smooth,  or  sleek; 
gelikt,  made  smooth  ;  G.  schlieht;  allied  to  lick,  or  G. 
gleich,  even,  equal,  like.    See  Like.] 

1.  Smooth ;  having  an  even,  smooth  surface ; 
whence,  glos.sy  ;  as,  sleek  hair. 

So  sleek  lier  skin,  so  faultless  was  her  m.tke.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  rough  or  harsh. 

Those  rugged  names  lo  our  iilte  mouths  grow  eteek.  Ttlilton. 
SLEEK,  71.   That  which  makes  smooth ;  varnish. 

[Little  used.] 

SLEEK,  1'.  t.  To  make  even  and  smooth  ;  as,  to  sleek 
the  hair.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  render  smooth,  soft,  and  glossy. 
Gentle  my  loni,  sleelc  o'er  your  nigged  looks.  Slidk. 

SLEEK,  adv.   With  case  and  dexterity  ;  with  e.'iact- 

ness.    [  Vulgar.] 
SLEI'.K'LY,  Smoothly;  nicely. 

SLEI'.K'\ES.'<,  «.  Smoothness  of  surface.  Fcltham. 
SI,EI;K'-S'1'oNE,7i.  a  smoothing  stone.  Peaeham. 
SLEEK'Y,  a.     Of  a  sleek  or  smooth  appearance. 

[JVot  in  use.]  Thomson. 
SLEEP,  t'.  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Slept.     [Sax.  slrpan, 

sttrpan  ;  Guih.  slepan  ;  G..schlafen;  V.  slaapejt.  This 

word  seems  to  be  allied  to  words  which  signify  to 

re.-^t  or  to  relax  ;  G.schlaff.] 

1.  To  take  rest  by  a  suspension  of  the  voluntary 
exercise  of  the  powers  of  the  body  and  mind.  The 
proper  time  to  .ilccp  is  during  the  darkness  of  night. 

2.  To  rest;  to  be  unemployed  ;  to  be  inactive  or 
motionless  ;  as,  the  sword  sleeps  in  its  sheath. 

y.  To  rest  ;  to  lie  or  be  still  ;  not  to  be  noticed  or 
agitated.    The  question  sleeps  for  the  present. 

4.  To  live  thoughtlessly. 

Wo  steep  over  our  happincM.  Attcrbury. 

r>.  To  be  dead  ;  to  rest  in  the  grave  for  a  time. 
1  ■/■hexs.  iv. 

().  To  be  careless,  inattentive,  or  unconcerned  ; 
not  to  be  %  igilant.  Shak. 
^Ly.VjV,n.  A  natural  and  healthy,  but  temporary  and 
prrloilical  Nuspi'iisiiiii  of  the  functions  of  ilic  liemi- 
spheres  of  the  cerebrum,  or,  in  other  words,  of  the 
intellectual  powers.  Sleep  may  be  complete  or  in- 
complete. 

That  slate  of  an  animal  in  which  the  voluntary 


exertion  of  his  mental  and  corporeal  powers  is  sus- 
pended, and  he  rests  unconscious  of  what  passes 
around  him,  and  not  affected  by  the  ordinary  im- 
pressions of  external  objects.  Sleep  is  generally 
attended  with  a  relaxation  of  the  muscles,  but  the 
involuntary  motions,  as  respiration  and  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood,  are  continued.  The  mind  is  often 
very  active  in  imperfect  sleep,  but  its  powers  not 
being  under  the  control  of  reason,  its  exercises  are 
very  irregular.  Sleep  is  the  natural  rest  or  repose 
intended  by  the  Creator  to  restore  the  powers  of  the 
body  and  mind,  when  exhausted  or  fatigued. 

Sleep  of  plants;  a  state  of  plants,  usually  at  night, 
when  their  leaflets  approach  each  other,  and  conceal 
the  flowers,  as  if  in  repose.  Linnieus. 

SLEEP'-CllAUC-iCD,  a.    Heavy  with  sleep.  Lamb. 

SLEEP'ER,  71.    A  person  that  sleeps  ;  also,  a  drone  or 
lazy  person.  Oreut. 

2.  That  which  lies  dormant,  as  a  law  not  executed. 
[JSTiit  in  7rse.]  Baeou. 

3.  An  animal  that  lies  dormant  in  winter,  as  the 
bear,  the  marmot,  &c.  Encyc. 

4.  A  piece  of  timber  on  or  near  the  level  of  the 
ground  for  the  support  of  some  superstructure,  as 
joists,  &.C.,  or  to  steady  rails  or  framework.  The 
sleepers  on  railways  are  sometimes  blocks  of  stone. 

IJehert. 

5.  A  rafter  lying  in  the  valley  of  a  roof.  [OAs.] 

Oiodt. 

G.  A  term  applied  to  the  knees  which  connect  the 
transoms  to  the  after-timbers  on  the  ship's  quarter. 

Tolten. 

7.  In  the  glass  trade,  a  large  iron  bar  crossing  the 
smaller  ones,  hindering  the  passage  of  coals,  but 
leaving  room  for  the  ashes.  Encyc. 

8.  A  iilatform. 

9.  A  fish,  Exoca>tus.  AinswortM. 
SLEEP'FUL,  a.  Strongly  inclined  to  sleep,  [flare] 
SLEEP'I'TjL-NESS,  7i.    Strong  inclination  to  sleep. 

[Utile  used.] 

SLEEP'I-LY,  adv.    Drowsily ;  with  desire  to  sleep. 

2.  Dully;  in  a  lazy  manner;  heavily.  Ralegh. 

3.  Stupidly.  Mcrbury. 
SLEEP'I-NESS, 7j.    Drowsiness;  inclination  to  sleep. 

.^rbuthnot. 

SLEEP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Resting  ;  reposing  in  sleep. 
2.  a.    Occupied  with  sleep  ;  as,  sleeving  hours. 
Slcepinir partner.    See  Dokmant. 
SLEEP'ING,  71.    The  state  of  resting  in  sleep. 

2.  The  state  of  being  at  rest,  or  not  stirred  or 
agitated.  Shak. 
SLEEP'LESS,  a.    Having  no  sleep;  without  sleep; 
wakeful. 

2.  Having  no  rest;  perpetually  agitated;  as,  Bis- 
cay's sleepless  bay.  Byron. 

SLEEP'LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  sleepless  manner. 

SLEEP'LES_S-NESS,7i.    Want  or  destitution  of  sleep. 

SLEEP'-WaK-ER,  71.    One  under  the  influence  of 
magnetic  sleep. 

SLEEP'-VVaK-ING,  71.  The  state  of  one  mesmerized, 
who  is  asleep  and  awake  at  the  same  time. 

SLEEP'-WALK-ER,  (-wawk-,)  n.    A  somnambuIi.st ; 
one  who  walks  in  his  sleep. 

SLEEP'-WALK-ING,  (-wawk-,)  n.    Somnambulism ; 
walking  in  one's  sleep. 

SLEEP'Y,  a.    Drowsy  ;  inclined  to  sleep. 
2.  Not  awake. 


She  waked  her  sleepy  crew. 


Dryden. 


3.  Tending  to  induce  sleep;  soporiferous ;  som- 
niferous ;  as,  a  sleepy  drink  or  potion.  Milton, 

4.  Dull;  lazy;  heavy;  sluggish.  Shak. 
SLEEP'Y-LOOk-ING,  a.  Appearing  to  be  sleepy. 
SLEET,  71.    [Dan.  stud,  loose  weather,  rain  and  snow 

together  ;  Ice.  slctta.] 

1.  A  fall  of  hail  or  snow  mingled  with  rain, 
usually  in  fine  particles.  Dryden. 

2.  In  ^nin/ifry,  the  part  of  a  mortar  passing  from 
the  chamber  to  "the  trunnions  for  strengthening  that 
part.  Encyc. 

SLEET,  V.  i.  To  snow  or  hail  with  a  mixture  of  rain. 
SLEET'I-NESS,  71.    A  state  of  weather  in  which  rain 

falls  mixed  with  snow. 
SLEET'Y,  a.    Bringing  slect.  Warton. 

2.  Cimsisting  nf  sleet.  ^ 
SLEEVE,  71.    [.«ax.  slef,  shjf;  \V.  Itaiees ;  said  to  be 

from  llaiv,  the  hand.] 

1.  The  part  of  a  garment  that  is  fitted  to  cover  the 
arm  ;  as,  the  sleeve  of  n  coat  or  gown, 

2.  The  raveled  sleeve  of  care,  in  Shakspeni-e.  See 
Sleave. 

V'o  laugh  111  the  .<!teere  ;  to  laugh  privately  or  unper- 
ceived  ;  that  is,  perhaps,  originally,  by  hiding  the 
face  in  the  wide  sleeves  of  former  tiini  s.  Jlrbuthnot. 

To  hang  on  tlie  sleeve ;  to  he  or  make  de|iendi  nt  on 
others.  Jiinsworth. 
SLEEVE,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  sleeves;  to  jiul  in 
sleeves. 

SLEEVE'-BUT-TON,  71.  A  button  to  fasten  the 
sleeve  or  wristband. 

SLEEVAT),;<yi.  or  a.  Furnished  with  sleeves;  hav- 
ing sleeves. 

SLEEVE'LESS,  a.  Having  no  sleeves  ;  as,  a  sleeve- 
less coat.  Saiulys. 


FATE,  FAR,  FfiLL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PUBY.  — PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  nQQK.— 


1040 


SLI 

2.  Wanting  a  covfr,  pretrvt,  or  pnlliation  ;  unrea- 
sonable ;  a  slcrvch'ss  tale  of  transulistantialion  ; 
a  sleeoilrxs  ermu{.  [Litllc  uscil.]    Hall.  Spectator. 

SLKKV'ING,  ppr.    Fiirnisliirij;  with  sleeves 

SLEIU,  (slide  )  v.  t.  To  sky  or  prepare  for  use  in 
the  weaver's  slev  or  slaie. 

SLEID'ED,  (slad'ed,)  pp.  Prepared  for  use  in  the 
weaver's  sley. 

SLEIO'hV'G,  (slad'ing,)  ppr.  Preparing  for  use  in  the 
weHV«-r*s  sley. 

SLglUH,  (sla,)  II.  [Probably  allied  to  slrek.]  A  vehi- 
cle moved  on  runners,  and  greatly  used  in  America 
for  transporting  persons  or  goods  on  snow  or  ice. 

[This  word  the  Knglisli  write  and  pronounce 
Sledoe,  and  apply  it  to  what  is  called  in  America  a 
Sled.] 

SLEKjII'ING,  (sla'ing,)  n.  The  state  of  the  snow 
or  ice  in  winter  which  admits  of  running  sleighs. 

America. 

2.  The  act  of  riding  in  a  sleigh.  jimcrica. 
SLEIGHT,  (sllte,)  n.     [G.  sclilicli,  trick,  cunning; 
sclilichty  plain,  sleek  ;  few.  s/i>v,  dextrous  ;  1).  slaik, 
underhand  ;  .tluiken,  to  smuggle  ;  Ir.  sli^litkcacli,  sly.] 
1.  An  artful  trick;  sly  artifice  ;  a  trick  or  f^at  so 
devtrously  performed  that  the  manner  of  perform- 
ance escapes  observation  ;  as,  sleight  of  hand  ;  Fr. 
Uffcrdemaitt.    Not  improbably  sleight  and  Fr.  ieger, 
light,  may  have  a  common  origin. 
2   De.vtrous  practice  ;  de.vteritv. 
SLKTGIlT'ryL,  ^  )  a.  Arlful ;  cunningly  dex- 

SLEIOIIT'Y;  -.J  I  trous. 

SLE.\'1)EU  a.  [Old  D.  slinder.  This  word  is  proba- 
bly formed  on  the  root  of /fan,  Tent,  klein.] 

1.  Thin  ;  small  in  circumference  compared  with 
the  length  ;  not  thick  ;  us,  a  slender  stem  or  stalk  of 
a  plant. 

2.  Small  in  the  waist;  not  thick  or  gross.  A  slen- 
der waist  is  considereil  as  a  beauty. 

3.  Not  strong  ;  small ;  slight. 

Ali^hty  heans  arc  held  in  slender  chniiis.  Pope. 

4.  Weak  ;  feeble ;  as,  slender  hope ;  slender  proba- 
bilities ;  a  slender  constitution. 

5.  Small ;  inconsiderable  ;  as,  a  man  of  slender 
parts. 

(i.  Small ;  inadequate ;  as,  slender  means  of  sup- 
port ;  a  slender  pittance.  Shak. 

7.  Not  amply  supplied. 

The  tram]  Oaloriits  t>rten  'I'-ijneU 

To  grace  my  slender  taljle.  Philips. 

8.  Spare ;  abstemious ;  as,  a  slender  diet. 

.^rbuthnot. 

SLEN'DER-LY,  orfp.    Without  bulk. 

2.  Slightly  ;  meanly  ;  as,  a  debt  to  be  slenderly  re- 
garded. Ilayward. 

3.  tnsntficient'iy  ;  as,  a  table  simrfcrfi;  sup|ilied. 
SLEN'OER-NESS,  71.  .Thinness  ;  smnllness  of  diam- 
eter in  proportion  to  the  length  ;  as,  the  slcnderness 
of  a  hair.  Jy'eiotim. 

2.  Want  of  bulk  or  strength ;  as,  the  slendcrncss  of 
a  cord  or  chain. 

3.  Weakness  ;  slightness  ;  as,  the  slendtmess  of  a 
reason.  IVhitgiftc. 

4.  Weakness;  feebleness;  as,t\\e  slendcrness  of  a 
constitution. 

5.  Want  of  plenty  ;  as,  the  slenderness  of  a  supply, 
fi.  Spareness  ;  as,  slrndcrncss  of  diet. 

SLE.N'T,  i\  i.   To  make  an  oblique  remark,  [^'ol 

used.]    [See  Sl\xt.] 
SLEP'I ,  preu  and  pp.  of  Sleep. 
SLEW,  prel.  of  Suv. 
SLEV,  (siS,)  n.    [Sax.  sl<r.] 

A  weaver's  reed.    [See  Sleavk  and  Sleid.I 
SLEV,  (sla,)  V.  t.    To  separate  ;  to  part  threads  and 

arrange  them  in  a  reed  ;  as  weavers. 
SLICE,  c.  (.    [G.  sclilrUsen,  to  slit ;  Sax.  slilan.] 

1.  To  cut  into  thin  pieces,  or  to  cut  off  a  thin, 
broad  piece.  Sundus. 

2.  To  cut  into  parts.  Cleavelaiid. 

3.  To  cut  ;  to  divide.  Burnet. 
SLICE,  71.    A  thin,  broad  piece  cut  off;  as,  a  slice  of 

bacon  ;  a  slice  of  cheese ;  a  slice  of  bread. 

2.  A  broad  piece  ;  as,  a  slice  of  plaster.  Pope. 

3.  A  peel,  or  fire-shovel.  Hnlliwell. 

4.  A  spatula  ;  an  instrument  consisting  of  a  broad 
plate  with  a  handle,  used  by  apothecaries  for  spread- 
ing plasters,  &.c. 

5.  In  ship-buitdin!r,  a  taperini  piece  of  plank  to  be 
driven  between  the  timbers  before  planking.  Encyc. 

PLIC'KD,  (slTst,)  pp.  or  a.  Cut  into  broad,  thin  pieces. 
SLICH,  j  71.  The  ore  of  a  metal,  particularly  of  gold, 
SLICK,  j    pounded  and  prepared  for  further  working. 

Hcbert.  Encyc 
SLICING,  ppr.    Cutting  intc  broad,  thin  pieces. 
SLICK  ;  the  popular  pronunciation  of  Sleek,  and  so 

written  by  some  authors.  Hallitcetl. 
SLICK'EN-SIDES,  n.    A  name  which  workmen  give 

to  a  variety  of  g;ilena  in  Derbyshire.         .  Urc. 
SLID,  pret.  of  Slide. 
SLID,  ) 

SIJD'DKN,  (  PP-  °'  Slide. 

SLID'DER,  D.  i.  [^nx.  slidcrian,  slidrian.  See  Slide.] 

To  slide  with  interruption.    [M'ut  in  ase.] 
  uryden. 


SLI 

SLID'DER,  (a.  [See  Slide.]  Slippcn-.  (jVnl  in 
SLID'DER-LV,  j     use.]  ' Chuuc-r. 

SLIDE,  r.  1.;  pret.  Slid;  pp.  Slid,  Slidden.  [S.nx. 

slidan ;  probably  glide,  with  a  dilferenl  prefix  ;  G. 

^/ri/f7i.] 

1.  To  move  along  the  surface  of  any  body  by  slip- 
ping, or  without  bounding  or  rolling;  to  slip;  to 
gliile  ;  as,  a  sled  slides  on  snow  or  ice  ;  a  snow-slip 
slides  down  the  mountain's  side. 

2.  To  move  along  the  surface  without  stepping ; 
as,  a  man  slides  on  ice. 

3.  To  pass  inadvertently. 

Male  a  tljor  and  a  bar  fur  Uiy  moutli ;  beware  Ihou  slide  not 
by  it.  Ecclus. 

4.  To  pass  smoothly  .along  without  jerks  or  agita- 
tion ;  as,  a  ship  or  boat  slides  through  the  water. 

5.  To  pass  in  silent,  unobserved  progression. 
A^jes  Bliall  slide  away  withuut  perccivin*.  Dryden. 

fi.  To  pass  silently  and  gmdually  from  one  state  to 
another ;  as,  to  slide  insensibly  into  vicious  practices, 
or  into  the  customs  of  others. 

7.  To  pass  without  dillicully  or  obstruction. 
Paris  answering  parts  btiall  stifje  into  a  whole.  Pope. 

8.  To  practice  sliding  or  moving  on  ice. 

They  bjitlie  in  amiimcr,  and  ill  winter  slide.  Waller. 

9.  To  slip ;  to  fall. 

10.  To  jiass  with  an  easy,  smooth,  uninterrupted 
course  or  flow. 

SLIDE,  V.  t  To  slip ;  to  pass  or  put -in  imperceptibly  ; 
as,  to  slide  in  a  word  to  vary  the  sense  of  a  question. 

Watts. 

2.  To  thrust  along  ;  or  to  thrust  by  slipping ;  as,  to 
slide  along  a  piece  of  timber. 
SLIDE,  n,    A  smooth  and  easy  passage ;  also,  a  slider. 

Baeun. 

2.  Flow  ;  even  course.  Bacon. 

3.  The  descent  of  a  detached  mass  of  earth  or  rock 
down  a  declivity.  Dana. 

4.  .\  place  on  the  side  of  a  hill  or  mountain  for 
timber  to  descend ;  as,  the  slide  of  Alpnach,  in  Switz- 
erland. 

,").  In  mu.nc,  a  grace  consisting  of  two  small  notes 
moving  by  degrees. 
SLID'ER,  71.    One  that  slides. 

2.  The  part  of  an  instrument  or  machine  that 
slides. 

SLID'ING,  ppr.  Moving  along  the  surface  by  slip- 
ping; gliding;  passing  smoothly,  easily,  or  impercep- 
tibly. 

SLID'ING,  71.    The  act  of  sliding  ;  lapse  ;  falling. 

SLID'1.\G-KEEL,  li.  A  narrow  frame  or  platform  let 
down  through  tlie  bottom  of  a  small  vessel,  like  a 
deepening  of  the  keel.  It  serves,  like  a  lee-board,  to 
sustain  tlie  vessel  against  the  lateral  force  of  the 
wind.  Brandc. 

SLID'lNG-KuLE,  77.  A  mathematical  instrument  for 
the  nipchanical  performance  of  addition  and  subtrac- 
tion, and,  by  means  of  Ingariiliniic  scales,  of  multi- 
plication and  division  The  operations  are  performed 
by  sliding  one  of  the  parts  along  another.    P.  Cijc. 

SLiD'LN'G-Se.ALE,  n.  In  the  English  corn-laws,  a 
scale  for  raising  or  lowering  the  duties  in  proportion 
to  the  fall  or  rise  of  prices. 

SLIGHT,  (slite,)  a.  [I),  slegt:  G.  sehlecht,  plain,  sim- 
ple, mean  ;  D.  slegten,  to  level ;  G.  schleckrn,  to  lick. 
It  seems  that  .sligkt  belongs  to  the  family  of  sleek, 
smooth.    Q.U.  Dan.  slrt,  by  contraction.] 

1.  Weak  ;  inconsiderable  ;  not  forcible ;  as,  a  slight 
impulse  ;  a  .■•tight  effort. 

2.  Not  strong  or  firm  ;  not  calculated  to  endure ;  as, 
a  slight  structure. 

3.  Not  deep  ;  as,  a  slight  impression. 

4.  Not  violent ;  as,  a  slight  disease,  illness,  or  in- 
disposition. 

5.  Trifling  ;  of  no  great  importance. 

Slight  is  the  subject,  but  not  to  the  praise.  Pope. 

6.  Not  strong  ;  not  cogent. 

Some  firmly  embrace  doctrines  upon  slight  grounds.  Locke. 

7.  Cursory  ;  superficial ;  not  tliorough  ;  as,  slight 
exainin.ation. 

8.  Negligent;  not  vehement;  not  done  with  ef- 
fort. 

The  shaking  of  the  head  is  a  gesture  of  slight  rcfu8.a1.  Bacon. 

9.  Foolish  ;  silly  ;  weak  in  intellect.  Hudibras. 
SLIGHT,  (.slitc,)  n.    Neglect;  disregard;  n  motlerate 

degree  of  contempt  manifested  negatively  by  neg- 
lect. It  expresses  less  than  Contempt,  Disdai.-v,  and 
Scorn. 

2.  Artifice  ;  dexterity.    [See  Sleight.] 
SLIGHT,  (slitc,)  I',  f.    'i'o  neglect ;  to  disregard  from 
the  consideration  that  a  thing  is  of  little  value  and 
unworthy  of  notice  ;  as,  to  sliglu  the  divine  coin- 
ninnds,  or  the  offers  of  mercy.        Milton.  Locke. 
2.  To  overthrow  ;  to  demolish.    [JVot  used.] 

Clarendon. 

"  The  rogues  slighted  me  into  the  river,"  in  Shak- 
jijienrc,  is  not  used.    [D.  slegten.] 

To  slight  ocer :  to  run  over  in  haste ;  to  perform 
superficially  ;  to  treat  carelessly  ;  as,  to  slight  over  a 
theme.  Dniden. 


SLI 

SLKJHT'EII,  (slit'ed,)       or  o.  Nenlecled. 

SLIGII  T'A.'.V,  (slit'n,)  v.  t.  To  Hllglil  or  disregard. 
[.Yot  in  use.]  Spcttser. 

SLI(;ilT'ER,  n.    One  who  neglects. 

SLK.'HT'INf;, /i^r.    Neglecting;  disregarding. 

SLIi;llT'lNG-LV,  adv.  With  neglect;  without  re- 
spect. Boyle. 

SLIGHT'LV,  (slite'ly,)  ado.  Weakly  ;  superficially  ; 
with  inconsiderable  force  or  eiri  cl ;  in  a  small  de- 
gree ;  as,  a  man  slightly  wounded  ;  an  audience 
slightly  affected  with  preaching. 

2.  Negligently  ;  without  regard  ;  with  moderate 
contiMiipt.  /looker.  Shak. 

SLIGHT'NESS,  (slltc'-,)  n.  Weakness;  want  of 
force  or  strength;  siiperfici.ilness ;  as,  the  slightness 
of  a  wound  or  an  impression. 

2.  Negligence  ;  want  of  attention  ;  want  of  vehe- 
mence. 

How  does  it  reproach  tlie  slightness  of  otir  sleepy,  heartless  ad- 
dresses !  Decay  of  Piety. 

SLIGHT'Y,  (sine'-,)  a.    Superficial;  slight. 

2.  Trifling  ;  inconsiderable.  Eehard. 
SLI'LY,  ado.     [from  sly.]    With  artful  or  dextrous 
secrecy. 

Satan  slily  robs  us  of  our  grand  treasure.       Decay  of  Piety. 

SLI.M,a.  [Ice.]  Slender ;  of  small  diameter  or  thick- 
ness in  proportion  to  the  liight;  a^l,  a  slim  person; 
a  slim  tree.  Orose. 

2.  Weak;  slight;  unsubstantial. 

3.  Worthless. 

SLI.ME,  n.  [Sax.  4?ii7i ;  Sw.  slcm;  D.  slym  ;  Dan. 
sliim;  G.  schlamm;  L.  /i77iu.>-.] 

Soft,  moist  earth,  having  an  adhesive  quality ; 
viscous  mud. 

They  had  brick  for  stone,  and  slime  had  th';y  for  morttr.  —  Gen, 
xi. 

SLIME'-PIT,  n.    A  pit  of  slime  or  adhesive  mire. 
SLI.M'I-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  slime  ;  viscosity. 

Fluyer. 

SLIM'NESS,  71.    State  of  being  slim. 
SLiM'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  slime  ;  consisting  of 
slime. 

2.  Overspread  with  slime  ;  as,  a  slim^  cel. 

3.  Viscous  ;  glutinous  ;  as,  a  slimy  soil. 
SLI'NESS,  71.    [from  sly.]    Dextrous  artifice  to  con- 
ceal any  thing  ;  artful  secrecy.  Mdison. 

SLING,  lu    [D.  slinger.] 

1.  An  instrument  (iir  throwing  stones,  consisting 
of  a  strap  and  two  strings;  the  stone,  being  lodged 
in  the  strap,  is  thrown  by  loosing  one  of  the  strings. 
With  a  sling  and  a  stone  David  killed  Goliah. 

2.  A  throw  ;  a  stroke.  Milton. 

3.  A  kind  of^  hanging  bandage  put  round  the  neck, 
in  which  a  wounded  limb  is  sustained. 

4.  A  rope  by  which  a  cask  or  bale  is  suspended 
and  swung  in  or  out  of  a  ship. 

SLING,  n.    [G.  schlivgen,  to  swallow.] 

A  drink  composed  of  equal  parts  of  rum  or  spirit 
and  water  sweetened.  Rush. 

SLING,  J).  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Slumo.  [.Sax.  slingau  ;  D. 
slingerrn  ;  Sw.  slinka,  to  dangle  ;  Dan.  slingrrr,  to 
reel.    The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  swing.] 

1.  To  throw  with  a  sling. 

2.  To  throw  ;  to  hurl.  Jlddi.fnn. 

3.  To  hang  so  as  to  swing  ;  as,  to  sling  a  pack. 

4.  To  move  or  swing  by  a  rope  which  suspends  the 
thing. 

SLING'ER,  n.    One  who  slings  or  uses  the  sling. 
SLING'INt;,  ppr.    Throwing  with  a  sling;  hanging 

so  as  to  swing  ;  moving  by  a  sling. 
SLINK,  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Slunk.    [Sax.  slincan  ;  G. 

schleiehen.]  I 

1.  To  sneak  ;  to  creep  away  meanly  ;  to  steal 
away. 

Ue  woidd  pinch  the  children  in  the  dark,  and  then  s'ink  Into  a 
comer.  ^rbulAnou 

2.  To  miscarry,  as  a  beast. 

SLINK,  V.  t.  To  cast  prematurely ;  to  abort  or  mis- 
carry of;  as  the  female  of  a  beast. 

SLINK,  a.  Produced  i-reiuaturely,  as  the  young  of  a 
be.Tst. 

SLI  P,  r.  i.  [Sax.  strpan ;  D.  st'jipen  !  S  w.  slippa ;  Dan. 
sliipper ;  G.  schliipfen,  schiirfen  ;  VV.  yslib,  smooth, 
glib,  from  llib;  L.  /«6or,  to  slide.] 

1.  To  slide  ;  to  glide  ;  to  move  along  the  surface  of 
a  thing  without  bounding,  rolling,  or  stepping. 

2.  1'o  sliile  ;  not  to  tread  firmly.  Walk  carefully, 
lest  your  foot  should  .<fip. 

3.  To  move  or  fly  out  of  place  ;  usually  with  out ; 
as,  a  bone  may  slip  out  of  its  place.  H'i-iman. 

4.  To  sneak  ;  to  slink  ;  to  depart  or  withdraw  se- 
cretly ;  with  away. 

Thus  one  tradesman  s'ipt  ati^ay. 

To  give  his  partner  fiiirer  play.  Prior. 

5.  To  err ;  to  fall  into  error  or  fault. 

One  slippeth  in  his  speech,  but  not  from  his  heart.  Ecclu*. 

6.  To  glide  ;  to  pass  unexpectedly  or  impercep- 
tibly. ' 

And  thrice  die  flitting  shadow  slipped  away.  Drytsn. 

7.  To  enter  by  oversight.  An  error  may  slip  Into 
a  copy,  notwithstanding  all  possible  care. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  liXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


I 


SLI 

8.  To  escaiiH  insensibly  ;  to  be  lost. 
Use  the  in;»l  proptr  incilKids  10  relatii  the  ideas  you  have  ac- 
quired, fur  the  iiiiiid  is  ready  lo  lot  njaiiy  ol  ihejn  bUji. 

Warn. 

SLIP,  V.  t.   To  convey  secretly. 

He  tried  to  slip  a  powder  into  her  drink.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  omit ;  to  lose  by  negligence.  Let  us  not  slip 
the  occasion. 

And  slip  no  advantage 
That  may  secure  yon.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  To  part  twigs  from  the  brandies  or  stem  of  a 
tree. 

Tlie  branches  also  may  be  slipped  and  planted.  MorUmtr. 

4.  To  escape  from  ;  to  leave  slily. 

Lucentio  slipped  nie  like  his  greyhound.  Shak. 
From  is  liere  understooii. 

5.  To  let  loose  ;  as,  to  slip  the  hountis.  Dryden. 

6.  To  tlirovv  off  ;  to  tiisengage  one's  self  from  ;  ,is, 
a  horse  slips  his  bridle. 

7.  To  pass  over  or  omit  negligently ;  as,  to  slip  over 
the  niain  points  of  a  subject. 

8.  To  tear  otf  ;  as,  to  slip  off  a  twig. 

9.  'J'o  suffer  abortion  ;  to  miscarry  ;  as  a  beast. 
To  slip  a  cable ;  to  veer  out,  and  let  go  the  end. 

Mar.  Diet. 

To  slip  on ;  to  put  on  in  haste  or  loosely  ;  as,  to  slip 
on  a  goWn  or  coat. 
SLIP,  «.    A  sliding: ;  act  of  slipping. 

2.  An  unintentional  error  or  fault.  Dnjdcn. 

3.  A  twig  separated  from  the  main  stock  ;  as,  the 
slip  of  a  vine. 

4.  A  leash  or  string  by  which  a  dog  is  held  ;  so 
called  from  its  being  so  made  as  to  slip  or  become 
loose  by  relaxation  of  the  hand.  Sliak. 

5.  All  escape  ;  a  secret  or  unexpected  desertion.  ' 
C.  A  long,  narrow  piece ;  as,  a  slip  of  paper. 

jSddison. 

Hence, 

7.  Among  printers,  a  portion  of  the  columns  of  a 
newspaper  struck  off  by  itself. 

8.  A  counterfeit  piece  of  money,  being  brass  cov- 
ered Willi  silver.    [A'ot  in  use.]  S!iak. 

9.  .Matter  found  in  troughs  of  grindstones  al^er  the 
grinding  of  edge-tools.    [Local.]  Petty. 

IJ.  A  particular  quantity  of  yarn.  [Local.] 

Barret. 

11.  .\n  opening  between  whar\'es  or  in  a  dock. 

^'eio  York. 

19.  A  place  having  a  gradual  descent  on  the  bank 
of  a  river  or  harbor,  convenient  for  ship-biiilding. 

Jilar.  Diet. 

13.  A  long  seat  or  narrow  pew  in  churches. 

United  States. 
M.  In  geology,  a  mass  of  strata  se|)uratcd  vertically 
or  aslant. 

SLIP'-BOARD,  n.    A  board  sliding  in  grooves. 

Swift. 

SLIP'-KNOT,  (-not,)  n.  A  knot  which  will  not  bear 
a  strain,  but  slips  along  the  rope  or  line  around 
which  it  is  made.  Tutlen. 

PLIP'PKD,  (»lipt,);ip.  of  Slip. 

SLIP'PElt,  n.  [Sa.\.]  A  kind  of  light  shoe,  which 
may  be  slipped  on  with  ease,  and  worn  in  undress  ; 
a  alip-sh(ie.  Pope. 

2.  A  kind  of  apron  for  children,  to  be  slipped  over 
their  other  clothes  to  keep  them  clean. 

3.  A  plant.    [L.  crcpis.] 

4.  A  hind  of  iron  slide  or  lock  for  the  use  of  a 
heavv  wagon. 

SLIP'I'EU,  a.    [Pax.  .sIipHr.] 

Slippery.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
SLIP'fKR-KD,  a.    Wearing  slippers.  tVarton. 
SLIP'I'Kll-I-LY,  mio.    [fiom  slippery.]    In  a  slippery 
manner. 

SLIP'PER-I-N'KfiS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
slippery;  lubriiity;  smoothness;  glibness  ;  as,  the 
slippfrrincss  of  ice  or  suow ;  the  slipperiness  of  the 
tongue. 

2.  Unccrtaintv ;  want  of  firm  footing.  Johnson, 

3.  Lubricity  oi  character. 

SLIP'PGR-y,  a.  Smooth  ;  glib  ;  having  the  quality 
oiiposiie  to  adhesiveness;  as,  oily  substances  render 
things  slippery. 

2.  Not  affording  firm  footing  or  confidence ;  as,  a 
tlippery  promise.  Tusser. 

The  slippery  tops  of  human  ital*.  Omley. 

3.  Not  easily  held  ;  liable  or  apt  to  slip  awny. 
The  slippery  gui  will  try  to  loose  lili  liolil.  Dryrttn. 

4.  Not  standing  firm  ;  ns,  tUpprry  standcr.i.  Shak. 

5.  l/'nst.iblft  J  changeable;  mutablu  ;  uncertain; 
ns,  the  slippery  slate  <if  kings.  Deiihain. 

0.  Not  certain  in  its  ellcet;  as,  a  slippery  trick. 
7.  Lubricous;  wanton:  iinchaslc.  Shak. 
BLIP'PY^  a.    Slippery.    [A-Vt  in  nsc,  lltough  regular. 
Pajt.  «lipeg.] 

SLIP'.^JIIUI),  o.    [slip  nm\  shod.]    Wearing  shoes  like 

slipperrt,  without  (lulling  up  the  qunitert.  SwUl. 
flLII''.-^I,OP,  n.    Had  lii|Uor. 

SLIP'.STKINf;,  n.  [slip  and  ulriit/t.]  One  that  has 
shaken  off  remrnint ;  n  prodigal  ;  called  also  Slip- 
TiiKit  r,  but  1  believe  seldom  or  never  used. 

Cutjrrave. 


SLO 

SLISII,  )i.  A  cut ;  a  low  word,  formed  by  reduplicat- 
ing Slash  ;  as,  slish  and  s/u.-7i.  Sluik. 

SLIT,  V.  t. :  prct.  Slit  ;  ;>/».  Slit  or  Plitted.  [Sax 
slilan  ;  Sw.  slita :  G.  schleissen  ;  D.  slylen  ;  Dan, 
slider.  The  two  latter  siguily,  to  wear  out  or  w.aste. 
The  German  has  the  signification  of  splitting  and  of 
wearing  out.] 

1.  To  cut  lengthwise  ;  to  cut  into  long  pieces  or 
strips  ;  as,  to  slit  iron  bars  into  nail  rods. 

2.  To  cut  or  make  a  long  fissure  ;  as,  to  slit  the  ear 
or  touL'ue,  or  the  nose.  Temple.  J\rcwton. 

3.  'I'o  cut  in  general.  Milton. 

4.  To  rend  ;  to  split. 

SLIT,  ?i.  A  long  cut ;  or  a  narrow  opening ;  as,  a  slit 
in  the  ear. 

2.  A  cleft  or  crack  in  the  breast  of  cattle.  Encyc. 
SLITU'EK,  V.  i.    To  slide.    [ furious  dialects.] 

Hatliwell. 

SLIT'TER,  71.    One  that  slits. 
SLIT'TING,  ppr.    Cutting  lenithwise. 
SLIT'TLNG-MILL,  ii.  A  mill  where  iron  bars  are  slit 

into  nail  rods,  &.c. 
SLlVE,  ».  i.    To  sneak.    [J'-'orlh  of  England..] 

Halliwell. 

SLIVER,  V.  t.  [Sax.  slifan  ;  W.  ■yslciviaw,  from  yslaiv, 
a  slash  or  slice,  from  glaio,  a  sword  or  cimeter ;  llaiv, 
shears  or  a  shave  ;  but  all  probably  from  the  sense 
of  cutting  or  separating.    Class  Lb.] 

To  cut  or  divide  into  long,  thin  pieces,  or  into  veiy 
small  pieces;  to^ut  or  renil  lengtiiwise  ;  as,  lo  sliver 
wood. 

SLIVER,  71.  A  long  piece  cut  or  rent  off,  or  a  piece 
cut  or  rent  lengthwise. 

SLI  VER-£D,  Divided  into  long,  thin  pieces;  tut 
or  rent  lengthwise. 

SLIVER  ING,  ppr.  Cutting  or  rending  lengthwise 
into  long,  tliin  pieces,  or  very  small  pieces. 

SLoAM,  71.    Layers  of  earth  between  those  of  coal. 

SLO.AT,  (slote,)  n.  [from  the  root  of  Dan.  slutter,  to 
fasten,  I),  sluiten.  Sw.  slula,  G.  schliessen;  from  the 
root  of  L.  claudo.] 

A  narrow  piece  of  timber  which  holds  together 
large  pieces ;  as,  the  sloats  of  a  cart. 

SLOIi'BER,  and  its  derivatives,  are  a  different  or- 
thography of  Slabbek,  the  original  pronunciation  of 
which  was  probably  slubber,  [See  Slabber  and 
Slavek.] 

SLOCK,  to  quench,  is  a  different  orthography  of 
Slake,  but  not  used. 

SLOE,  II.  [Sax.  slag,  sla  ;  G.  schlche  ;  D.  slee,  in  slee- 
pritim,  and  slee  signifies  sour  ;  slee^hoom,  the  sloe- 
tree  ;  Dan.  slaae,  slaaen,  or  slaaen-torne.] 

A  small,  bitter,  wild  plum,  the  fruit  of  the  black 
thorn,  Pninus  spinosa.  Mortimer. 

SLo'GA.N',  71.  The  war-cry  or  gathering  word  of  a 
Highland  clan  in  Scotland.  W.  Scott. 

SLOO.M,  H.    Slunilier.    [A''orth  of  Eng.]  H.lliicell. 

SLOO.M'Y,  o.    Sluggish  ;  slow.    [A^'orth  of  Kn<r.] 

IMliwell. 

SLOOP,  71.  [D.  sloep,  sloepschip )  G.  sclialuppe ;  Dan. 
sluppe ;  Fr.  chalonpc.    It  is  written  also  Shallop.] 

A  vessel  with  one  mast,  the  main-sail  of  whidi  is 
attached  to  a  gaff  above,  to  a  bourn  below,  and  to 
the  mast  on  its  fiiremosl  edge.  It  differs  from  a  Cu  v- 
ter  by  having  a  fixed  steeving  bowsprit  and  a  jib- 
stay.  Sloops  are  of  various  sizes,'  from  the  size  of  a 
boat  to  that  of  more  than  100  tons'  burthen. 

Mar.  Diet, 

Sloop  of  war;  a  ves.sel  of  war  rigged  either  as  a 
ship,  brig,  or  schooner,  and  mounting  between  18 
and  32  guns.  Totlen, 

SLOP,  1-. «.  [Probably  allied  to /up.]  To  drink  greed- 
ily and  grossly.    [Little  iLsed.] 

SLOP,  71.  [Probably  allied  to  slaliher.]  Water  care- 
lessly thrown  about  on  a  table  or  Huor  ;  a  puddle;  a 
soiled  spot. 

2.  Mean  liquor;  mean  liquid  food. 

3.  Slops,  pl.j  ready-made  clothes,  bedding,  &c. 
[See  Slops.] 

SI.(")PE,  o.    [This  word  contains  the  elements  of  L. 

lohor,  lap.--Hs,noi\  Eng.  slip;  also  of  Ii.Ievo,  Eng.  lift. 

I  know  not  whether  it  originally  signified  ascending 

or  descending,  probably  the  latter.] 

Inclined  or  im  lining  from  a  horizontal  direction  ; 

forming  an  angle  witli  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  as, 

slope  \r,\\:!.    [Little  nsed.]  Milton. 
BLf^PE,  71.    An  oblique  iiirection  ;  a  line  or  direction 

inc^lining  fio'n  a  horizontal  line  ;  properly,  a  direction 

downward. 

2.  .An  oblique  direction  in  ecneral ;  a  direction 
forming  an  angle  with  a  perpendicular  or  other  right 
line. 

3.  A  declivity  ;  any  groimd  whose  surface  forms 
an  angle  with  the  pl.ine  of  the  horizon  ;  also,  an  ac- 
clivity, as  every  declivity  must  be  also  an  acclivity. 

SLOPE, o.  (.  To  form  with  a  slope  ;  to  form  to  decliv- 
ity or  oliliipiity  ;  to  direct  obliquely;  to  incline;  ns, 
to  slope  the  ground  in  a  garden  ;  to  slope  a  piece  of 
cloth  in  cutting  a  garmenl. 

SLOPE,  V.  i.  To  lake  an  oblique  direction  ;  to  be  de- 
clivous or  inclined. 

SLOPE'NESS,  71.  Declivily  ;  obliquity.  [JVot  much 
uird.]  H'oUon. 

SLOPE'WTSE,  ni/ti.    Obliquely.  Carew, 


SLO 

SLoP'ING,  ppr.    'I'akiiig  an  inclined  direction. 

2.  a.  Oblique  ;  declivous  ;  im  lining  or  inclined 
from  a  liorizoiiUil  or  other  right  line. 

SLoP'I.NG-LY,  a<Z«.    Obliquely;  with  a  slooe 

SLOP'PI-NESS,  71.  [Uom  sloppy.]  Wetness  of  the 
earth  ;  inuddiness. 

SLUP'PY,  a.  [(torn slop.]  Wet,  as  the  ground  ;  mud- 
dy ;  pKisby. 

SLOPS,  H.  pi.  [Qu.  D.  sluif,  a  case  or  cover,  or  slof, 
an  old  slipper,  or  Sax.  slopen,  lax,  loose  ;  toslupan,  to 
loosen.] 

Trowsers ;  a  loose   lower  garment ;   drawers ; 
hence,  ready-made  clothes,  bedding,  &c.  Shak. 
SLOP'SELL-EK,  n.     One    wlio  sells  ready-made 
clothes. 

SLOP  SHOP,  71.    A  shop  where  ready-made  clothes 

are  sold. 
SLOSH,  71.    See  Slush. 
SLOSH'Y,  a.    See  Slusht. 

SLOT,  II.  t,  [D.  sluiten,  to  shut ;  G.  schliessen ;  Dan. 
slutter  ;  Pw.  sluta ;  from  the  root  of  L.  elaado.] 

To  shut  with  violence;  to  slam,  that  is,  to  drive. 
[JVet  ill  use,  or  local.]  Ray. 
SLOT,  71.    A  hraad,  flat,  wooden  bar. 
SLOT,  71.    [The  Saxon  has  sUlinge,  tracks.]^ 

The  track  of  a  deer.  Drayton. 
SLOTH  or  SLoTH,  n.    [Sax.  sUewtli,  from  slaw,  slow. 
See  Slow.] 

1.  Slowness ;  tardiness.  y 

I  abhor 

This  dilatory  slolh  and  tricks  of  Rome.  Shak. 

2.  Disinclination  to  action  or  labor;  sluggishness; 
haziness  ;  idleness. 

Tiiey  change  their  course  to  pleasure,  ease,  and  sloth,  Milton. 
SloOt,  lilie  rust,  consumes  foster  than  hibor  wears.  Frattklin. 

3.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  tardigrade 
edentate  mammals,  .a  genus  wliich  ctunprises  only 
two  species,  viz.,  liiadypus  tridactylus  or  Ai,  about 
the  size  of  a  cominon  cat,  and  Cradypiis  didactylus 
or  Unau,  about  half  the  size  of  the  former,  botii  of 
South  America.  These  anitnnls  are  so  called  from 
the  remarkable  slowness  of  their  motions.  It  is 
said  that  their  greatest  speed  seldom  exceeds  three 
yarils  an  hour.    Tiiey  feed  on  vegetables. 

SLOTH  or  SLoTH,  v.  i.    To  be  idle.    [jYot  In  twe,] 

Qoicer. 

SLOTH'FUL  or  SLoTH'FJJL.o.  Inactive ;  sluggish  ; 
lazy  ;  indolent ;  iille. 

He  that  is  slothful  in  liis  work,  is  brother  to  liim  that  is  a  ^reat 
waster.  —  Pruv.  xviii. 

SLOTH'FIJL-LY  or  SLoTH 'FL'L-LY,  arfii.  Lazily; 

sluggishly  ;  idly. 
SLOTH 'FijL-NESS  or  PLoTlPFIJL-NEPP,  ii.  The 

indulgence  of  sloth;  inactivity;  the  habit  of  iille- 

ness ;  laziness. 

Sloth/illness  casleth  into  n  deep  sleep.  —  Prov.  xix. 

SLOT'TED,  ;ip.  or  a.    Shut  wilh  violence.  [Local] 
SLOT'TEK-Y,  a.     [G.  selilotterig,  negligent ;  schlot- 
tern,  to  hang  loosely,  to  walible.    Pee  Slut.] 

1.  SqualitJ  ;  dirty;  sluttish;  untrimmed.  [JVuf  in 
use,]  Chaucer. 

2.  Foul  ;  wet.    [JVot  in  use,]  Pryce, 
SLOT'TING,  ppr.    Shutting  with  violence ;  slam- 
ming. 

SLOUCH,  71.  [This  word  probably  belongs  to  the  root 
of  lag,  slug.] 

1.  .\  hanging  down  ;  a  depression  of  the  head  or 
of  some  other  part  of  tile  body  ;  an  ungainly,  clown- 
ish gait.  Sirifi.. 

2.  An  awkward,  heavy,  clownish  fellow.  Ouy. 
SLOUCH,  II.  1.    'J'o  hang  ilovvii  ;  to  have  a  downcast, 

lownish  look,  gait,  or  manner.  Chestirrjield. 
SLOUCH,  1'.  t.    To  depress  ;  to  cause  to  hang  down  ; 

as,  to  slouch  the  hat. 
SLOUCII'AO,  (sloucht,)  ;i/i.    JIado  to  hang  down  ; 
depressed. 

SLOUCH'ING,  ;ipr.    Causing  to  bang  down.  - 

2.  a.  Hanging  down  ;  walking  heavily  and  awk- 
waiillv. 

SLOUGH,  (slou,)  71.  [Sax.  .«?o»;  W.  7/.</irf ,  a  gutter 
or  slough,  from  Ihrr,  a  lake.] 

1.  .\  place  of  deep  iiuid  or  mire ;  a  hole  full  of 
inirc.  Milton. 

2.  {pron.  sliiff.)  The  skin  or  cast  skin  of  a  ser- 
pent. [Its  use  for  the  skin  in  general,  in  Shak- 
speare,  is  not  authorized.] 

3.  {pron.  sluff.)  The  part  that  se|)aratps  from  a 
foul  sore.  ft^iieman. 

The  dead  part  which  separates  from  the  living  in 
mortification.  Cooper. 
SLOUGH,  (sluff,)  r.  i.    To  separate  from  the  sound 
fiesh  ;  to  come  off;  ns  the  matter  formed  over  a 
sore  ;  a  term  in  surgery. 

To  slough  off;  to  separate  from  the  living  parts,  as 
the  dead  part  in  morlificntion. 
SLOUGH'Y,  (slou'e,)  a.    Full  of  sloughs  ;  mirj-. 

Swift. 

SLO V'E.V,  71.  [D.  slof,  car(!lpss ;  sloffen,  to  negiect ; 
W.  yslalii,  from  ysliih,  extended  ;  Ir.  .v/(i;inirc.  ] 

A  man  careless  of  his  dress,  or  negligent  of  clean- 
liness ;  a  man  habitually  negligent  of  neatness  and 
order.  Popt. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLP,  BQQK  — 


SLU 

SLOV'EN-LI-NliSS,  ».    [from  uluveii.]  NcgliRcnce 
ofilress;  linliitiial  wuiit  of  clcniiliiie^d.  fyuitvn. 

0.  Nefili  ''  <'f  ordpr  iiiid  neatness.  JIall. 
SLOV'EN-I.V,  a,    Negligent  uf  dress  or  neatness  ;  as, 

a  stuociilii  man. 

2.  Louse ;  disorderly ;  not  neat ;  as,  a  slaventy 
dri's^. 

SI,C)V'KN'-I.Y,  oi/c.  In  a  careless,  inelegant  m.inner. 
SLOVMi.V-KY,  H.    Negligence  of  order  nr  neatness; 

dirtiness.    [,Vuf  i/i  i/.vp. ]  S/tak. 
SLOW,  a.    [.Sax.  slaw,  fur  slug !  Dan.  sliiv,  dull,  blunt ; 

Cdrilrai'lcd  fruni  the  niot  uf  ^.lack,  sluf^L'arJ,  lao.] 

1.  .Muving  a  small  di.-'tance  in  a  lun:;  time;  not 
swilt ;  nut  qnick  in  niutiun  ;  not  rapid  ;  as,  a  sloa 
stream  \  a  stuw  motion. 

S.  Late  ;  nut  liappening  in  a  short  time. 

Til  8"  c!miJi-8  ill  lli<"  h''av.Mi8,  thou;;ll  s/ow,  produced 

Lil^L-  cli  ui^'  till  scM  mill  l.ui«l,  tti.Jcrc.U  U.Mt.  jWton. 

X  Not  ready ;  not  prompt  or  quick  ;  a.s,  sloa  of 
speech,  and  flow  of  tongue.   Exod,  iv. 
>!.  Dull ;  inactive  ;  tardy. 

TllP  TroJ;ins  i\re  not  thia 
To  f;ii;ir.l  their  shon-  t'roiti  ;u)  i>xpecti:il  foe.  Dnjften. 

5.  Not  liasty  ;  not  precipitate  ;  acting  with  deliber- 
ation. 

Tll^  Loril  is  nKTCiful,  tlote  to  iing**r.  Com.  Prayer. 

He  lh.it  is  slou>  to  wnuli  in  of  great  unJerBUnilin'.  —  Pruv.  xir, 

6.  Dull ;  heavy  in  wit.  Pope. 

7.  Heliiinl  in  time  ;  indicating  a  tiint!  later  tJiaii  the 
true  time  ;  as,  the  clock  or  watcli  is  sluic. 

8.  Ntit  advancing,  growing,  or  improving  rapidly  ; 
Bs,  the  sliiw  growth  of  arts  and  sciences. 

SLOW  is  used  in  composition,  to  modify  other  words  ; 

as,  a  s/oK>-i>aced  horse. 
SLoW,  as  a  rrrb,  to  delay,  is  not  in  use.  SAuA-. 
SLOW,  II.    [Sa.v.  ttliw.] 

A  moth.    [A'ut  ill  K.-c.l  ChuMer. 
SLOW'Ii.At'K,  11.    A  lubber;  an  idle  fcIlo>v  ;  a  loi- 

Irrer.  *" 
SLOW'LV,  iiilr.    With  moderate  motion  ;  not  rapid- 
ly ;  not  with  velocity  or  celerity  ;  as,  to  w.ilk  .s/uic/y. 

Not  soon  :  not  early ;  not  in  a  little  time  ;  not 
with  hasty  advance;  as,  a  country  that  rises  slotclij 
into  importance. 

U.  Not  hastily  ;  not  rashly;  not  with  precipitation  ; 
as,  he  deleriinnes  .■<lowtij. 

4.  Nut  promplh' ;  not  readily  ;  as,  he  learns  .ttoichj. 

5.  Tardily  ;  with  slow  progress.  The  building  pro- 
ceeds slnfrhu 

SLoW'NKSii,  n.   Moderate  motion  ;  want  of  speed  or 
velocity. 

Svvirtiirts  (iiul  ihtffnesi  are  rrl.-\tiTe  iileai.  Walls. 


2.  Tardy  advance  :  moderate  progression  ;  as,  the 
slowness  of  an  operation  j  slowiicjs  of  growtli  or  im- 
provement. 

;t.  Dullness  to  admit  conviction  or  afTection  ;  as, 
s/<iroii<'.->- of  heart.  Bnitlty. 

•t.  Want  of  readiness  or  promptness  ;  dullness  of 
inltlleit. 

5.  Dpiilieratinn  ;  coolness  ;  caution  in  deciding, 
n.  Dilatoriness  ;  tardiness. 
PLOW'-SKJIIT-EO,  a.    t^low  to  discern.  More. 
SI,oW'-WI\(J-ED,  o.    Flyins  slowly. 
SLoW'-WORM,  II.    [f'ax.  .Wair-icyrm.] 

.\  reptile,  the  hiiniuvorm,  not  venomous.  It  is  the 
AntJiiis  fnigilis  of  Liniiajus.  P.  Cyc. 

ST^UIi'UEH,  V.  L   To  do  lazily,  imperfectly,  or  coarse- 
ly ;  to  daub  ;  to  stain  ;  to  cover  carelessly.  [Little 
usril,  anit  riilirnr,] 
SLL'B'Rr.ll-DE-lJULL'ION,  (-yun,)  n.    A  mean,  dir- 
ty, sorrv  wretch.  liitilibras. 
SLVB'BKU-I.NO-LY,  at/p.  In  a  slovenly  manner.  [.Vot 

iivr//,  tiiid  culfritr.]  Di'uijloii. 
SLimOE,  11.    [D.  .</i/Jl.  Pax.  slog,  a  slough.] 

Mild  ;  mire  ;  soft  mud.  Mortiinrr. 
SLinxS'Y,  a.    Miry.  PaHiiigtun. 
SLf'K,  (.slu,)  r.  t.    In  seamen's  laniriuine,  to  turn  any 
tiling  conical  or  cylindrical,  &c.,  about  its  axis,  with- 
out removing  it  from  iu  place  ;  to  turn. 

Mar.  Diet.  Totten. 
SLC'KD,  (slt'idc,)  pp.    Turned  about  on  its  axis  with- 
out removiiii:  it. 
SLUG,  II.   [  All  ied  to  slack,  slugsard ;  W.  Hag ;  D.  .ilalc, 
slek,  a  snail.] 

1.  A  drone  ;  a  slow,  heavy,  lazy  fellow.  Sliak. 
Q.  A  liinderance  ;  obstruction.  .  Bacon. 

3.  A  kind  of  snail,  very  destriiotive  to  plants,  of 
the  g;eniis  l.iinax.  Slugs  are  naked  snails,  or  snails 
without  a  slii  ll. 

4.  [Uii.  Sax.  slocn,  a  mouthful ;  D.  slok,  a  swallow  ; 
or  Sax.  .<(i-e^,  a  sledge.] 

A  cylindrical  or  oval  piece  of  metal,  used  for  the 
charge  of  a  gun.  Pope. 
SLUG,  I.  i.   To  move  slowly  ;  to  lie  idle.  [Ob.-:] 

Spenser. 

Sl.rt;,  r.  r.  To  make  slugsish.  [Obs.]  Milton. 
SLL'G'.v  nKD,  n.    One  who  indulges  in  lying  abed. 

[.\'i>t  u^Cil.)  Shak. 
SH'G'GAUD,  71.    [from  .t/iij- and  «rrf,  slow  kind.]  A 

|>erson  habitually  la/.y,  idle,  and  inactive  ;  a  drone. 

Driiden, 

SLUG  CARD,  a.   Sluggish  ;  lazy.  Dnjdcn. 


SLU 

SLUG'GAHD-IZK,  t>.  r  To  make  lazy.  [Rare.]  Shak. 
SLUG'GISII,  a.    Habitually  idle  and  lazy;  slothful; 
dull  ;  inactive:  as,  a  duggM  man. 

2.  Plow  ;  having  little  motion  ;  as,  a  sluggish  river 
or  stream. 

3.  Inert ;  inactive  ;  having  no  power  to  move  it- 
self. 

Matter  i*  tluf^gish  iMul  inactive.  \Vood.Bard. 
SLUG'GIPII-LY,  atlo.    Lazily  ;  slothfully ;  drowsily  ; 

idly  ;  .•^lowlv.  MtUun. 
SLUG'GIPH-NESS,  n.    Natural  or  habitual  indolence 

or  laziness  ;  sltitli  ;  dullness  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Inertness  ;  want  uf  power  to  move  ;  applied  to 
inanimate  matter, 

3.  Slowness  ;  its,  the  slairirishness  o{  a  stream. 
SLUG'GY,  a.    Pliiggish.  in  u.ie.]  Cliaucer. 
SLUGS,  71.    Aiiioiig  miners,  half-roasted  ore. 
SLClt'E,  (slase,)  ii.    [I),  sliiif,  a  sluice,  a  lock:  G. 

schlciisc,  a  floodgate,  antl  sehloss,  a  lock,  from  .tchlies- 
$en,  Ui  shut ;  Sw.  sla,i^  ;  Dan.  slase  ;  Fr.  ecluse  ;  It. 
chiu.-'u,  an  inclosnrc.  The  Dutch  slaiten,  Dan.  .<talter, 
to  shut,  :ire  the  G.  schlicLsen ;  all  formed  on  the  ele- 
inenls  of  Ld,  Ls,  the  rotit  of  Eng.  lid,  L.  claudo,clau- 
si,clausn.t;  Low  L.  cxc/i/S'c] 

1.  A  frame  of  tinilier,  stone,  &.c,.,  with  a  gate,  for 
the  purpose  uf  excluding,  retaining,  or  regulating  the 
(low  of  water  in  a  river,  &.c.  Brandc. 

•2.  'i'lie  stream  of  water  issuing  through  a  flood- 
gate. If  the  word  had  its  origin  in  shultimj,  it  do- 
noted  the  frame  tif  boartls  or  planks  which  closes  the 
opening  of  a  iiiilldam  ;  but  I  belii'vc  it  is  applied  to 
the  stream,  the  gate,  and  channel.  It  is  a  common 
saying,  that  a  rafiiil  stream  runs  like  a  .sluice. 

3.  An  opening;  a  source  of  supply  ;  that  through 
which  any  thing  Hows. 

b''>cli  sluice  u[  RlHnL-iit  rorliine  opened  soun.  Harte. 
SLOICE,  B.  t.   To  emit  by  lioodgates.    [Little  used.] 

Milton. 

SLOI'CV,  a.    Falling  in  streams,  as  from  a  sluice. 

And  oft  whole  uheeu  ilcscciid  of  sluicy  rain.  Vryden. 
SLfi'ING,  ppr.    Turning  on  its  axis. 
SLU.M'llElt,  r.  i.    [."^ax.  slumerian  ;  D.  .iliiimeren ;  G. 
schlummern  i  Dan.  .Hummer,  slunirer ;  Sw.  slumra.] 

1.  To  sleep  lightly  ;  to  doze. 

He  tliat  kecpijUi  Israel  ttli.tll  iieillier  slumber  nor  sleep.  —  Ps. 
cxxi. 

2.  To  sleep.  Slumber  is  used  as  synonj  inons  with 
sleep,  particularly  iu  the  poetic  and  eloipient  style. 

Miitnn. 

3.  To  be  in  a  state  of  negligence,  sloth,  supiiicncss, 
or  inactivity. 

Why  tfiimiiers  Pope  ?  Young. 

SLUM'BEU,  )'.  t.    To  lay  to  sleep. 

2.  To  stun  ;  to  stupefy.  [Little  used,  and  hardly  U- 
gilimaie.]  Spen.-ter.  H'otton. 

SLUM'llER,  71.    Light  sleep;  sleep  not  deep  or  sound. 
I'coin  ciTvLessiietts  it  shall  a<-ttle  into  tiumher,  tuid  fruin  slumber 
it  shall  settle  iiitu  a  deep  and  long  sleep.  South. 

2.  Sleep  ;  repose. 

IlosI  to  my  soni,  unci  slumber  to  my  eyes.  L.j2tn, 

SLUM'BER-f;n,  pp.    Laitl  to  sli>ep. 

SLUM'HER-ER,  ii.    One  that  slumbers. 

PLIJM'BEIl-I.VG,  ;>;>r.  or  a.    Dozing;  sleeping. 

PLU.\1'HER-1.\'(;-LY,  adv.    In  a  slumbering  manner. 

SLU.M'BEll-OUP,  (  a.  Inviting  or  Ciiusing  sleep ;  so- 

SLUM'BEll-Y,      (  poriferous. 

While  p*nsive  in  the  slumberou4  simde.  Pope. 
Q.  Sleepy  ;  not  waking.  S/iat 

SLU  .MI',  V.  i.  [G.  schlump  ;  D.an.  and  Sw.  slump,  a  hap 
or  chance,  accident,  thst  is,  a  fall.] 

To  lall  or  sink  suddenly  into  wtUer  or  mud,  when 
walking  on  a  hard  surface,  as  on  ice  or  frozen 
ground,  not  strong  enough  to  bear  the  (lerson  [  This 
leiritiinate  word  i.v  i«  common  and  r€.<peclahlc  use  in  J\'eto 
Ki'^itand,  and  its  .'.•iirn{liciition  i-t  so  appropriate  that  no 
other  word  will  supply  iL^  place.] 

SLUNG, /irff.  anil  pp.  of  Suimg, 

SLI.'.NK,  pri'f.  and  ;<;>.  of  Pi.i.vK. 

SLUR,  r.  (.    [D.  slordiir,  sluttish.] 

1.  To  .soil  ;  to  sully  ;  to  contaminate;  to  disgrace. 

2.  To  pass  lightly  ;  to  conceal. 

With  periods,  j'.oints,  and  tnip"s,  Hl*  slurs  hit  crimes,  Dryicn. 

3.  'I'o  cheat;  to  trick.    [Uniusual.]  Prior. 

4.  In  music,  to  sing  or  perform  in  a  smooth,  gliding 
style.  Busby. 

SLUR,  71.  Property,  a  black  mark  ;  hence,  slislit  re- 
proach or  discntcv.  Every  vitilatitin  of  mural  duty 
shoiihl  be  a  slur  to  the  repiit:ttion. 

2.  In  music,  h  mark  coiiiieciiiig  notes  that  are  to  be 
sung  to  the  same  syllable,  or  made  in  one  continued 
bretuh  of  a  wind  instrument,  ur  with  one  stroke  of  a 
striniiril  instrument. 
SLUR'R^;D,  (slurd,)  pp.   Contaminated;  soiled. 

2.  a.    In  mu-'ic,  marked  with  a  slur ;  ix-rfurmed  in 
a  smooth,  gliiling  style,  like  notes  marked  with  a 
slur.    [See  Puun,  n.  .Vo  2. J 
SLUSli,  11.    Soft  mud.    .Mso,  in  r.tmie  places,  a  mix- 
ture of  snow  antl  water  :  snow  brtith.  Jamicson. 

2.  A  soft  mixture  of  grease,  Sec,  used  to  lubri- 
cate. 


SMA 

SLU.Sil'V,  a.    Consisting  of  soft  nmd,  or  of  snow  autl 

water,  or  of  soft  grease. 
SLU'J',  11.    [D.  .ilet,  a  slut,  a  rag  ;  G.  tchlottrrig,  neu'li- 

gent,  slovenly  ;  scliloHcrn,\u  hang  loosely, to  wabble, 

or  waddli .] 

1.  A  woman  who  is  negligent  of  cleanliness,  and 
who  sutlers  her  person,  clulhes,  furniture,  &.c.,  to  bo 
dirty  or  in  disorder.  Sliak.  King, 

2.  A  name  uf  slight  contempt  fur  a  wi<niaii. 

L^  F..<trange, 

SLUT'TER-Y,  »i.  The  qualities  of  a  slut ;  uiore  i'f  iirr^ 
ally,  the  practice  of  a  slut ;  neglect  of  cli;anliiiess 
anil  order;  dirtiness  of  clothes,  rooms,  fiiritittire,  ur 
provisions.  Drayton. 

SLUT'TISII,  a.  Not  ne.it  or  cleanly  ;  dirty  ;  careK-ss 
of  dress  and  ne.atness  ;  disordeily  ;  as,  a  sluliish 

2.  Disorderly  ;  dirty  ;  as,  a  .sluttish  dress,  [woman. 

3.  .Mcn  tricious.    [Liule  used.]  IloUday. 
SLUT'TIPII-LY,  adc.    In  a  sluttish  manner;  ncgli- 

genllv ;  dirtily. 

SLUT'TISII-NESS,  71.  The  qimlities  or  practice  of  a 
slut;  negligence  of  dress  ;  dirtiness  of  dress,  furni- 
ture, anil  in  domestic  nfTairs  gener:illy.  Sidney.  Hay, 

SLY,  u.  [C;sclUau;  Dan.  »7ii<.  tin.  h.  sluik,  under- 
hand, privately  ;  sluikrn,  to  smuggle  ;  which  seem 
to  be  allied  to  sleek  and  sleight.] 

1.  Artfully  dextrous  in  performing  things  secretly, 
and  escaping  observation  tir  detection  ;  usually  iin- 
plyin;:  some  degree  of  inea;incss  ;  artfully  cunning; 
applied  to  persons  ;  as,  a  sly  man  or  btiy. 

2.  Done  with  artful  and  dextrous  secrecy ;  as,  a 
sly  trick. 

3.  Marked  with  artful  secrecy ;  as,  sty  circiims|>ec- 
tion.  MdtiiH, 

4.  Secret ;  concealed. 

Envy  workn  in  n  sly,  imperceptiUe  manner.  Waits. 
On  tlie  .sly ;  in  a  sly  or  secret  manner.  [Tng.] 
SL?'-l!OOTS,  71.    A  sly,  cunning,  or  waggish  person. 
[Low.] 

SLY'LY,  SLY'NESS.   See  Plii.t,  Sliness. 

SMACK,  r.  i.  [W.  ysinac,  n  stroke  ;  Sax.  .smtrccan,  to 
taste  ;  D.  smaaJien  ;  G.  sehiiieckcn,  schmatzcn ;  Sw. 
smaka ;  Daii.  smager ;  D.  smak,  a  cast  or  tliroW.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  throw,  to  strike,  whence  to 
touch  or  taste ;  Gr.  paxri,  a  battle ;  as,  battle  froin 
beat.] 

1.  To  kiss  with  a  close  compression  of  the  lips,  so 
as  to  make  a  sound  when  they  separate ;  to  kiss 
with  violence.  Pupr. 

2.  To  make  a  noise  by  the  separ.ttion  of  the  lips 
after  tasting  any  tiling.  Gay 

3.  To  have  a  ta.ste ;  to  be  tinctured  with  any  par- 
ticular taste. 

4.  To  have  a  tincture  or  quality  infused 

All  sects,  all  a^a,  smacls  ut  tlii^  vice.  S\ai. 

SM.\CK,  i:  t.    To  kiss  with  a  sharp  noise.  Donne. 

2.  To  make  a  sharp  noise  with  llit--  lips. 

3.  To  make  a  sharp  nuiac  by  sinking;  to  crack  ; 
as,  to  smack  :i  whip. 

S.MACK,  11.    A  lotid  kiss.  Shak. 

2.  .\  ipiick,  sharp  noise,  as  of  the  lips  or  of  a 
whip. 

3.  Taste  ;  savor ;  tincture.       Spenser.  Carew, 

4.  Pleasing  taste.  Tusser, 

5.  A  ipiick,  smart  blow. 

Ii.  A  small  tpiaiitity  ;  a  taste.  Dnjden, 
7.  [D.  smalischip.    Lye  supposes  it  to  be  the  Sax. 
snacca,  from  sna^a,  snake,  and  so  named  from  its 
form,    till.]    A  small  vessel,  coniiiiotily  riigetl  .-is  a 
sloop,  used  chiefly  in  the  coasting  and  lishin::  trade. 

1/rherl. 

SJIACK'ING,  ppr.  Kissing  with  asharp  noise  ;  making 
a  shiirp  noise  with  the  lips  or  by  striking. 

SMALL,  (siiiawl,)  a.  [.Sax.  sm,rl.  smal,  thin,  slender, 
little;  G.  sclimal,  I),  smal,  ii;irrow  ;  l):iii.  ^.-iim/,  nar- 
row, strait  ;  .smaler,  to  narrow,  to  diniliiish  ;  Sw. 
smal ;  Rliss.  maJo,  small,  littlt;,  few  ;  malyu  and 
uiiialiayu,  to  diminish  ;  Slav.  tt»  ab.'ise  ;  \V.  wnl, 
small,  trivial,  lislit,  vain,  like,  similar  :  niii/u,  to 
grind,  and  malau,  to  make  similar ;  Gr.  iipaXoi, 
See  Mill,  Mold,  .SIcal.] 

1.  Sleniler  :  thin;  tine;  of  little  diameter;  hence, 
in  general,  little  iu  size  or  quantity  ;  not  ureal ;  as,  a 
small  house  ;  a  small  horse  ;  a  sinail  furiu  ;  a  suiall 
body  ;  small  particles. 

2.  Minute;  slender;  fine;  as,  a  .*ma// voice. 

3.  Little  in  degree ;  as,  small  iniprovcinent ;  smaU 
acquirements;  the  trouble  is  smail. 

There  arose  no  small  sUr  at«ut  that  way.  —  .Acts  ix. 

4.  Being  of  little  moment,  weight,  or  iin|>ortance; 
as.  it  is  a  <iiin//  matter  or  thing  ;  a  .<iti/i//  subject. 

5.  Of  little  genius  or  ability  ;  petty  ;  as,  a  smaU 
poet  or  miisicitin. 

C.  Short ;  containing  little  ;  .ns,  a  smatl  essay. 

7.  Little  in  amount ;  as,  a  small  sum  ;  a  small 
price. 

8.  Containing  little  of  the  principal  quality,  or  lit- 
tle strencth  ;  weak  ;  as,  small  beer. 

9.  Gentle  ;  soft;  not  loud.    1  Kings  xix 

10.  Mean:  b;tse  ;  iinworthv.  [Odlon'iiat.] 
SMALL,  71.    The  small  or  slender  p.-ut  ol  u  thing  ;  as. 

tlie  small  of  the  leg  or  of  the  back.  Sidney. 


TONE,  BULL.  IGNITE.'— AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SlI ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


1043 


SMA 

S.MAI^L,  ».  (.    To  make  littli- or  less.    [J\1if  in  u..t.] 
SMALL'AGE,  n.    A  plant,  A|hiiiii  graveoleiis.    In  its 

imiiroveil  state  under  cultivation,  it  is  called  Celerv 
Encyc.  of  Dam.  Econ, 
SMALL'-SRMS,  n.  pt.    A  general  name  of  muskets, 

carbines,  rifles,  pistols,  &c.,  in  distinction  from  the 

jreat  suns. 

SMALL.'-!! EER,  w.  [s^nall  and  ieer.]  A  species  of 
weak  beer. 

SMALL'-CLoTHES,  )i.  p?.    Breeches.  Booth. 

SMALL'-eoAL,  71.  Ismail  and  coal.]  Little  wood 
co.'ils  used  to  liaht  fires.  Gajj. 

S.AlALL'-eRAFT,  n.  [small  and  craft.]  A  vessel,  or 
vessels  in  general,  of  a  small  size,  or  below  the  size 
of  ships  and  brigs  intended  for  foreign  trade. 

S.MALL'-GRaL\-£D,  a.    Having  small  grains. 

7'kompson. 

SMALL'ISFl,  n.    Somewhat  small.  CImucer. 

S.MALL'NESS,  71.  Littleness  of  size  or  extent ;  little- 
ness of  quantity  ;  as,  the  smallness  of  a  fly  or  of  a 
horse  ;  the  smallness  of  a  hill.  ' 

2.  Littleness  in  degree ;  as,  the  smoWnm  of  trouble 
or  pain. 

3.  Littleness  in  force  or  strength  ;  weakness ;  as, 
smallness  of  mind  or  intellectual  powers. 

■1.  Fineness;  softness;  melodiousness;  as,  the 
smallness  of  a  female  voice. 

5.  Littleness  in  amount  or  value  ;  as,  the  smallness 
of  the  sum. 

6.  Littleness  of  importance ;  inconsiderableness  ; 
as,  the  smallness  of  an  aff"air. 

SMALL-POX',  71.  [small  anA  poT,  pocks.]  An  exan- 
tliematic  disease,  consisting  of  a  constitutional  febrile 
affectiim,  and  a  cutaneous  eruption.  The  cutaneous 
eruption  is  first  a  papule,  the  top  of  which  becomes 
a  vesicle,  and  then  a  pustule,  and  finally  forms  a  thick 
crust  which  sloughs  after  a  certain  time,  often  leav- 
ing a  pit  or  scar.  This  disease  is  propagated  exclu- 
sively by  contagion  or  infection,  and  is  very  danger- 
ous when  it  occurs  casually.  It  is  called,  technically. 
Variola.    It  has  several  quite  distinct  varieties. 

S.MALL'- WARES,  71.  pi.  The  name  given,  in  com- 
merce, to  various  small,  textile  articles,  as  tapes, 
braid,  sash-cord,  fringe,  &.C.  McCulloch. 

SMAL'LV,  (smawl'ly,)  adv.  In  a  little  quantity  or  de- 
gree ;  with  minuteness.    [Little  used.]  .^scham. 

SMALT,  71.  [I),  smelten,  l)an.  smelter,  to  melt;  G. 
sckinelz,  from  schmelien,  to  melt,  to  smelt ;  Sw.  smdlt, 
id.  :  a  word  formed  on  viclt.] 

Common  glass  tinged  of  a  fine  deep  blue,  by  the 
\.  -otowd  of  cobalt. 

S.MALT'INE,  71.  Gray  cobalt ;  tin-white  cobalt,  con- 
sisting of  arsenic  and  cobalt. 

S.MAR'AGD,  71.    [Gr.  ir/iupa)  Joj.] 
The  emerald. 

SMA-RAG'DINE,  (-din,)  a.  [L.  smaragdimis,  from 
the  Greek.] 

Pertaining  to  emerald  ;  consisting  of  emerald,  or 
resembling  it ;  of  an  emerald-green. 
SMA-RAG'DlTE,  7i.    A  mineral;  called  also  Green 

DiALLAGE.  Ure. 

SMART,  71-  [D.  .•.inert;  G.  schmert;  Dan.  smerte. 
This  word  is  probably  formed  on  the  roc)t  of  L.  ama- 
rus,  bitter,  that  is,  sharp,  like  Fr.  piquant.    See  the 


root  1113,  Ar.^^  viarra.    Class  Mr,  No.  7.] 

1.  Quick,  pungent,  lively  pain  ;  a  pricking,  local 
pain,  as  the  pain  from  puncture  by  nettles;  as,  the 
smart  of  bodily  punishment. 

2.  Severe,  pungent  pain  of  mind  ;  pungent  grief; 
as,  the  smart  of  alHiction. 

SJIXRT,  V.  i.    [Sax.  smeortan  ;  D.  smerten  ;  G.  schmer- 
zcn  i  Dan.  smcrter.] 

1.  To  feel  a  [ivcly,  pnngent  pain,  particularly  a 
pungent,  local  pain  from  some  piercing  or  irril.iting 
application.  Thus  Cayenne  pepper,  applied  to  the 
tongue,  makes  it  smart. 

2.  To  feel  a  pungent  pain  of  mind ;  to  feel  sharp 
pain  ;  as,  to  smart  under  sufferings. 

3.  To  be  punished  ;  to  bear  penalties  or  the  evil 
consequences  of  any  thing. 

lie  ihnt  is  iurcty  for  a  •ln\ng';r  ihall  smart  for  it.  —  Prov.  xi. 
SMART,  <z.    Pimgpnt;  pricking;  causing  a  keen,  lo- 
cal pain  ;  as,  a  smart  lash  or  stroke  ;  a  smart  quality 
or  taste.  Shall.  Oranoillc. 

2.  Keen  ;  severe  ;  poignant ;  as,  smart  pain  or  suf- 
ferings. 

3.  Ciuick  ;  vigorous  ;  sharp  ;  severe  ;  as,  a  smart 
■kirmiith. 

4.  Urisk  ;  frcHli ;  as,  a  irmoT^  breeze. 

.5.  Acute  and  jiertinent ;  witty  ;  as,  a  OTiort  reply  ; 
a  smart  Haying. 
G.  liriak  ;  vivacious  ;  as,  a  smart  rhetorician. 


;ll  E 


To  waste  away.    [A'i/J  m 
Ray. 

keen  pain ;  as,  to  aclie 


Wlio,  lor 
Wuuld  Ici 


,  for  the  poor  fnnwn  of  ii^-ini^  nmnrl, 

Iravi!  •  •ling  wllliin  ii  lirnUi.-r'i  h'-art  i  Young. 

7.  DreHsed  in  a  showy  manner. 
SMART,  71.    A  cant  word  for  a  follow  that  nflects 

bri!ikne«ii  and  vivacity. 
SM  A  KT'/CN,  V.  L    To  make  smart.    [A1<(  in  use.] 
8.MA  UT'ER,  a.  comp.    More  smart. 
SMART'EST,  a.  tuperl.    Most  smart. 


S.MaR'TLE,  (smslr'tl,)  v.  . 
use.] 

SMART'LY,  oil).  With 
smartly. 

2.  Briskly  ;  sharply;  wittily. 

3.  Vigorously;  actively.  Clarendon. 

4.  Showily;  in  a  showy  manner;  as,  smartly 
dressed. 

SMXRT'-MON-EY,  n.  Money  paid  by  a  person  to 
buy  himself  off  from  some  unpleasant  engagement 
or  some  painful  situation. 

2.  Money  allowed  to  soldiers  or  sailors  in  the 
English  service,  for  wounds  and  injuries  received. 

6ro.ie. 

SMXRT'NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  smart  or 
pungent ;  poignancy  ;  as,  the  smartness  of  pain. 

2.  Quickness ;  vigor  ;  as,  the  smartness  of  a  blow. 

Boyle. 

3.  Liveliness  ;  briskness  ;  vivacity  ;  wittiness  ;  as, 
the  smartness  of  a.  reply  or  of  a  phrase.  Swifl. 

SMA  RT'-TICK-ET,  71.  A  certificate  given  to  wound- 
ed seamen,  entitling  them  to  smart-money. 

Br  and  e. 

SMXRT'-WEED,  71.  A  name  given  to  the  arse  smart, 
or  Polygonum  puuctatum,  on  account  of  its  acri- 
mony, which  produces  smarting  if  applied  where 
the  skin  is  tender. 

SMASH,  71.  t.  [Probably  7i!asA,  with  a  prefix.-]  To 
break  in  pieces  by  violence;  to  dash  to  pieces;  to 
crush. 

Here  every  iWing  is  broken  and  smashed  to  pieces.  [Vulgar.] 

Burke. 

SMASFI'iJD,  (smasht,)  pp.  or  a.    Dashed  to  pieces. 
SMASH'ING,  ppr.    Dashing  to  pieces. 
SMASH'ING,  71.  State  of  being  smashed. 
SMATCH,  71.    [Corrupted  from  smack.] 

1.  Taste;  tincture.    [J\rol  in  tise,  or  vulgir.] 

2.  A  bird. 

SMAT'TER,  V.  i.  [Qu.  Dan.  smaller,  to  smack,  to 
make  a  noise  in  chewing  ;  Sw.  smatlra,  to  crackle  ; 
Ice.  smtp-dr.    It  contains  the  elements  of  77iiif(cr.] 

1.  To  talk  superficially  or  iguorantly. 

of  slate  allUirs  you  caniiol  smaUer.       '  Sm/t. 

2.  To  have  a  slight  taste,  or  a  slight,  superficial 
knowledge. 

SiMAT'TER,  71.    Slight,  superficial  knowledge. 

Temple. 

SMAT'TER-ER,  7!.  One  who  has  only  a  slight,  su- 
perficial knowledge.  Swift. 

SMAT'TER-ING,  71.  A  slight, superficial  knowledge. 
[  This  is  the  word  commonly  used.] 

SMkAR,  v.  t.  [Sax.  smerian,  smirian;  D.  smeeren  ;  G. 
schmieren  ;  Dan.  smiirer  ;  Sw.  smorja  ;  Ir.  smearam  ; 
Russ.  marayu  ;  D.  smeer ;  G.  sckmirr,  grease,  tallow  ; 
Ir.  smear,  id. ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  .577ior,  butter.  Qu.  its 
alliance  with  viarrow,  marl,  mire,  from  its  softness. 
See  Class  iNIr,  No.  10,  21.] 

1.  To  overspread  with  any  thing  unctuous,  vis- 
cous, or  adhesive  ;  to  besmear  ;  to  daub  ;  as,  to  smear 
any  thing  with  oil,  butter,  pitcli,  &c. 

Milton.  Dryden. 

2.  To  soil  ;  to  contaminate  ;  to  pollute  ;  as,  smeared 
wUh  infamy.  S!iak. 

SMeAR,  71.    A  fat,  oily  substance ;  ointment.  [Little 

ll-s  f  f/.  ] 

SMeAR'ED,  pp.  Overspread  with  soft  or  oily  mat- 
ter *,  soiled. 

SJIeAII'ING,  ppr.    Overspreading  with  any  thing 

soft  and  oleaginous  ;  soiling. 
SMEAR'Y,a.    That  smears  or  soils ;  adhesive.  [Lit- 
tle H.sed.]  Bvwe, 
SMeATH,  71.  Aeea-fowl. 
SMECTITE,  71.    [Gr.  it/itixti;,  deterging.] 

An  argillaceous  earth  ;  fuller's  earth  ;  so  called 
from  its  property  of  taking  grease  out  of  cloth,  &c. 

Pinl:erton. 

SMEETII,  V.  t.    To  smoke.    [JVot  in  use.] 
S.MEETH,  V.  t.    To  smooth.    [JVorf/i  0/  Entrland.] 

Jialliwell. 

SMEG-MAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  amiia,  soap.] 

Being  of  the  nature  of  soap;  soapy;  cleansing; 
detersive. 

S.MELL,  1).  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Smelled,  Smelt.  [I 
have  not  found  this  word  in  any  otiier  language.] 

To  perceive  by  the  nose,  or  by  the  olfactory  nerves  ; 
to  have  a  sensation  excited  in  certain  organs  of  the 
nose  by  particular  qualities  of  a  body,  which  are 
transmitted  in  fine  particles,  often  from  a  distance  ; 
as,  to  smell  a  rose ;  to  smell  perfumes. 

To  smell  out,  is  a  low  phrase  signifying  to  find  out 
by  sagacity.  L'Kstrange. 

To  smell  a  rat,  is  a  low  phrase  signifying  to  sus- 
pect strongly. 

S.MELL,  I),  i.  To  nlTect  tlie  olfactory  nerves  ;  to  have 
an  oilor  or  particular  scent;  followed  by  (/;  as,  to 
smell  of  smoke  ;  to  smell  of  musk. 

2.  To  have  a  particular  tincture  or  smack  of  any 
quality  ;  as,  a  report  .tniciii  of  calumny.  [JViif  clc- 
gant.i  Sliak. 

3.  1*0  practice  smelling.    Eiod.  xxx.  Shak. 

4.  To  exercise  sagiicity. 

S.MELL,  71.    The  sen.se  or  faculty  by  which  certain 
qualities  of  bodies  are  perceived  through  the  instru- 


SMI 

meutality  of  tht;  olfactory  nerves  ;  or  the  faculty  of 
perceiving  by  the  organs  of  the  nose  ;  one  of  the  five 
senses.  In  some  species  of  beasts,  the  smell  is  re- 
markably acute,  particularly  in  the  canine  species. 

2.  Scent ;  odor ,'  the  quality  of  bodies  which  af- 
fects the  olfactory  organs ;  as,  the  sntell  of  mint ;  the 
smell  of  geranium. 

TUe  sweetest  smell  in  the  air  is  tliat  of  the  while  double  violet. 

Bacon. 

SMELL'SD,  i      ,      J         ,  „ 
S.MELT        i  ^  Smell. 
S.MELL'ER,  71.    One  that  smells. 

SMELL  FEAST,  71.  [.^mell  and  feast.]  One  that  is 
apt  to  find  and  frequent  good  tables;  an  epicure  ;  a 
parasite.  VEstrange. 

SMELL'ING,  ppr.  Perceiving  by  the  olfactory 
nerves. 

SMELL'ING,  71.  The  sense  by  which  odors  are  per- 
ceived. 

SMELL'ING-BOT-TLE,  71.  A  small  bottle  filled 
with  something  suited  to  stimulate  the  nose  and  re- 
vive tlie  spirits.  .ash. 

SMELT.    See  Smelled. 

SMELT,  71.  [Sax.]  A  small  fish  that  is  very  delicate 
food.  It  is  of  the  genus  Osmerus,  belonging  to  the 
salmon  family.  It  emits  a  peculiar  odor,  which  has 
been  compared  to  the  smell  of  cucumbers,  green 
rushes,  or  violets.  The  sand-smelt  is  the  same  as  the 
atherine,  which  see.  Jardine's  JVut.  Lib. 

SMELT.  D.  t.  [D.  smelten;  G.  schmehen  ;  Dan.  smel- 
ter ;  Sw.  smiUta,  to  melt.  This  is  77iel(,  with  s  pre- 
fixed.] 

To  melt  or  fuse,  as  ore,  for  the  purpose  of  separating 

the  mi-tal  from  extraneous  substances. 
SMELT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Melted  for  the  extraction  of 

the  metal. 
SSIELT'ER,  71.    One  that  melts  ore. 
S.MELT'ER-Y,  71.    A  house  or  place  for  smelting 

ores. 

SMELT'ING,  ppr.    Melting,  as  ore. 

SMELT'ING,  71.    The  operation  of  melting  or  fusing 

ores  for  the  purpose  of  extracting  the  metal. 
S.MERK,  V.  i.    [Sax.  smercian.] 

1.  To  smile  affectedly  or  wantonly.  Swift. 

2.  To  look  aflectedly  soft  or  kind  ;  as,  a  smerking 
countenance  ;  a  smerking  grace.  Younir. 

SAIERK,  71.    An  affected  smile. 
SMERK,     (  ...    ■  , 

smerk'y,  (      '^"^^  '        '  J^'">'- 

So  smerk,  so  smooth,  he  pricked  his  e.irs.  Spenser. 

SMER'LIN,  71.    A  fish.  .ainsworth. 
SMEW,  (sniu,)  71.    A  migratory  aquatic  fowl,  the 
Mergus  albellus  ;  also  called  White  Nun. 

Ed.  Enciic. 

SMICK'ER,  v.  i.     [Sw.  smickra,  to  flatter,  Dan. 

sniigrer.] 

To  smerk  ;  to  look  amorously  or  wantonly. 

Kersey. 

SMICK'ER-ING,  ppr.  Smerking;  smiling  aflecP' 
edly. 

SMICK'ER-ING,  71.  An  affected  smile  or  amorous 
look. 


SMICK'ET,  n. ;  dim.  of  Smock.    [JVot  used.] 
SMID'DY,  71.    [Sax.  smithtka.] 

A  sniithery  or  smith's  workshop.    [JVot  in  use.] 


SMIGIIT,  for  Smite,  in  Spenser,  is  a  mistake. 
SMIL'A-(;iN,  71.    [Gr.  oiiiA,i(  ;  L.  6-mi/ai,  the  modern 
name  of  a  genus  of  plants.] 

A  white  crystallizable  compound,  considered  to  be 
the  active  principle  of  the  otliciual  species  of  smilai, 
or  sarsaparilla.  It  is  tasteless  when  solid,  but  bitter 
in  solution.  It  is  now  ascertained  to  be  an  acid,  and 
is  called  Parillinic  Acid.  Tully. 
SMILE,  17.  i.    [Sw.  smila  :  Dan.  smiler.] 

1.  To  contract  the  features  of  the  face  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  express  pleasure,  moderate  joy,  or  love 
and  kindness  ;  the  contrary  to  Frown. 


The  sntiling  infant  in  liis  hand  shatl  take 
The  cn'sted  basihsk  and  speckled  snake. 
She  smiled  to  see  llie  doughty  liero  slain. 


Pope. 
Pope. 


2.  To  express  slight  contempt  by  a  smiling  look, 
implying  sarcasm  or  pity  ;  to  sneer. 

'Twas  wliat  I  said  to  Cmg^s  and  Child, 

Wlio  praised  my  modesty  and  smiled.  .  Pope. 

3.  To  look  gay  and  joyous;  or  to  have  an  appear- 
ance to  excite  joy ;  as,  smiling  spring ;  smiling  plenty. 

The  desert  smiled. 
And  paradise  was  opened  in  die  wiltl.  Pope. 

4.  To  be  propitious  or  favorable ;  to  favor ;  to 
countenance.    May  Heaven  smile  on  our  labors. 

SMILE,  I!,  t.    To  awe  with  a  contemptuous  smile 

Young. 

SMILE,  71.  A  peculiar  contraction  of  the  features  of 
the  face,  which  naturally  expri  ssi  s  |)leasurc,  mod- 
erate joy,  approbation,  or  kiinlness ;  opposed  to 
FnowN. 

Sweet  liilrrcourHC  of  looks  and  smites.  Milton. 

2.  Gay  or  joyous  appearance  ;  as,  the  smiles  of 
spring. 

3.  Favor ;  countenance  ;  propitiousnesa  ;  as,  the 
smiles  of  Providence. 

4.  An  expression  of  countenance,  resembling  a 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PIlfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1044 


SMO 

smilu,  but  indicative  uf  oppiisite  fet*Iings,  aa  con- 
tempt, scorn,  Slc.  ;  ns,  a  sciirnriil  smile. 

SMILU'LESS,  a.    Not  liaving  a  smile. 

S.MIb'ER,  «.    One  who  smiles. 

S.MIL'INC:,  ppr.  or  a.  Having!  a  smile  on  the  cotin- 
tenaiice  ;  looking  joyous  or  tiny  ;  looking  propitious. 

SMTL'IN<;-LY,  adv.    With  a  look  of  pleasure. 

S.MIU'liN'G-NESS,  II.    State  of  being  smiling.  Bijrrni. 

S.MlI/r,  for  Smelt.    [jVot  in  u.ic.] 

S.MIRfll,  (smurcb,)  r.  (.  [from  murk,  murky.]  To 
cloud  ;  to  dusk  i  to  soil ;  as,  to  smirch  the  face.  [Low.] 

Sluik. 

SMIRK,  (smurk,)  v.  i.    To  look  affectedly  soft  or 

kind.  [SeeSMERK.l  Young. 
SM  IT,  soiiiptinies  used  for  Smitten.  [Pee  Smite] 
SMITE,  0.  prcL  Smote  ;  pp.  Smitten,  Smit.  [Sax. 
smitan,  to  strike  ;  smitan  oj'cr  or  on,  to  put  or  place, 
that  is,  to  throw;  D.  sniiiten,  to  smite,  to  cast  or 
throw;  G.  schmeis.'srn,  to  smite,  to  fliii^,  to  kick,  to 
cast  or  throw,  to  fall  down,  that  is,  to  throw  one's 
self  down  ;  Sw.  smiJa,  to  hammer  or  forge  ;  Dan. 
smiflcr,  to  forge,  to  strike,  to  coin,  to  invent,  devise, 
counterfeit ;  D.  smeeden,  to  forge  ;  G.  Schmieden,  to 
coin,  forge,  invent,  fabricate.  The  latter  verb  seems 
to  be  formed  on  the  noun  schmicd,  a  smith,  or  schmiede, 
a  forge,  which  is  from  the  root  of  smitr.  This  verb 
is  the  L.  mitto,  Fr.  metire,  with  a  prefixed.  Class 
Md  or  .Ms.  It  is  no  longer  in  common  use,  though 
not  entirely  obsolete.] 

1.  To  strike  ;  to  throw,  drive,  or  force  against,  as 
the  fist  or  hand,  a  stone  or  a  weapon  ;  to  reach  with 
a  blow  or  a  weapon  ;  as,  to  smite  one  with  the  fist ; 
to  smite  with  a  rod  or  with  a  stone. 

Wiioaorver  aliiU  smite  liicc  on  Uiy  riglit  check,  turn  to  him  the 
other  also. —  Matt.  V, 

2.  To  kill ;  to  destroy  the  life  of  by  beating,  or  by 
weapons  of  any  kind  ;  as,  to  .ttnite  one  with  the 
sword,  or  witli  an  arrow  or  other  engine.  David 
smote  Goliath  with  a  sling  and  a  stone.  The  Philis- 
tines were  often  smitten  with  great  slaughter. 

[This  word,  like  Slat,  usually  or  always  carries 
with  it  something  of  its  original  signification,  that 
of  beatins,  striking,  the  primitive  mode  of  killing. 
We  never  apply  it  to  the  destruction  of  life  by  poison, 
by  accident,  or  by  legal  execution. 

0.  To  blast ;  to  destroy  life ;  as  by  a  stroke  or  by 
something  sent. 

Tlie  flax  anj  the  bartey  were  <mitlen.—  Ex.  ix. 
4.  To  afflict ;  to  chasten  ;  to  punish. 
Lei  u»  not  mistake  Ciotl'*  goodness,  nor  imagine,  became  he 
smitea  ub,  that  we  arc  tor^iltcn  by  him.  Wake. 


5.  To  strike  or  affect  with  passion. 
See  what  the  charmii  that  $mite  the  simple  heart. 
Sinit  with  the  love  ol'  sifter  aru  we  came. 


Pope. 
Pope. 

To  smite  with  Vie  tongue ;  to  reproach  or  upbraid. 
Jer.  xviii. 
S.MITE,  V.  i.    To  strike  ;  to  collide. 

The  heart  meltelh,  and  llv  knees  fmite  together.  —  Nch.  u. 
SMITE,  n.    A  blow.  [Local.] 
S.MIT'ER,  11.   One  who  smites  or  strikes. 

1  gave  my  b-.ick  to  the  smilere.  —  Is.  I. 

SMITH,  n.  [Sax.  smith ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  sincd ;  D.  smit ; 
G.  schmiedi  from  smiting.] 

1.  Literally,  the  striker,  the  beater  ;  hence,  one  who 
forges  with  the  hammer ;  one  who  works  in  metals ; 
as,  an  iroii's-iniM ;  gold-6-niitA,  silver-j>-mtM,  &c. 

Nor  yet  Ulc  rmilh  hath  Iearii.-»I  to  form  a  sword.  TaU. 

2.  He  that  makes  or  effects  anj-  thing.  Dryden. 
Hence  the  name  Smith,  which,  from  the  number 

of  workmen  employed  in  working  inelals  in  early 
ages,  is  supposed  to  be  more  cominoii  than  any  other. 
S.MITII,  r.  t.    [Sax.  smitJiian,  to  fabricate  out  of  metal 
by  hammering.] 
To  beat  into  shape  ;  to  forge.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

PMITirenxFT,  n.  [smith  and  croft.]  The  art  or 
orciipnlion  of  a  smith.    [Little  used.]  Ralegh. 

S.MITH'ER-Y,  n.    The  workshop  of  a  smith. 

2.  Work  done  by  a  smith.  Burke. 

S.MlTH'liXG,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  working  a  mass  of 
iron  into  the  intended  shape.  Moion. 

S.MITH-So'.M-.A.N,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
Smithsoii,  an  English  gentleman  who  has  given  by 
legacy  a  large  sum  of  money  to  the  United  States,  for 
the  foundation  and  support  of  an  institution  for  the 
diffusion  of  learning. 

SMITH'V,  n.    rsax.  .tmiththa.] 

The  shop  of  a  smith.    [Seldom  used.^ 

SMIT'I.N'G,  jjpr.  Striking;  killing;  aiAicting;  pun- 
ishing. 

S.MITT,  n.  The  finest  of  the  clayey  ore  made  up  into 
balls,  used  for  marking  sheep.  Woodward. 

S.MIT'TEN,  (smil'n,)pp.  of  Smite.    Struck;  killed. 
2.  Affected  with  some  passion  ;  excited  by  beauty 
or  something  impressive. 

SMIT'TLE,  r.  t,    [from  .>-mite.]    To  infect.  [Ucal.] 

SMIT'TLE,     j„     ,„f  [HMwcll. 

SMIT'TLISH,  (*•    Infect'ous.  L 

S.MOCK,  n.    [Sax.  smoc] 

1.  A  shin ;  a  chemise  ;  a  woman's  under  gar- 
ment. 


SMO 

2.  In  composition,  it  is  iisctl  for  female,  or  what  re- 
lates to  woiiieii ;  as,  ynincA-treason.        B.  Jon.ion. 

3.  A  sniock-fmck,  which  see.       Jll.  F.  Tapper. 
SMOCK'-Ka(;-£U,  (-fTiste,)  a.      [smocli  and  face.] 

Palo-faccd  ;  maidenly  ;  having  a  feminine  coun- 
tenance or  complexion.  Fenton. 

S.MOCK'-FRO€K,  »i.  [smock  and  frock.]  A  coarse, 
linen  frock  or  shirt  worn  over  the  coat  by  farm-labor- 
ers. JlatliteeU. 

SAIOCK'-MILL,  71.  A  wind-mill  whose  top  is  the 
only  part  wliicli  turns  to  meet  the  wind.  Francis. 

SMOCK'-RACE,  ji.  A  r,\co  run  by  women  for  the 
prize  of  a  fine  smock.  JVorVi  of  England. 

SMOt.'K'LESS,  o.    Wanting  a  smock.  Chaucer. 

S.MoKE,  II.  [Sax.  smnca,  smcc,  smic  ;  G.  schmaueh  ;  D. 
smuok  ;  W.  ysmwg,  from  viwg,  smoke;  Ir.  much;  al- 
lied to  muggy,  and  I  think  it  allied  to  the  Gr.  apvx'^, 
to  consume  slowly,  to  waste.] 

1.  The  exhalation,  visible  vapor,  or  substance  that 
escapes  or  is  e.vpelled  in  combustion  from  the  sub- 
stance burning.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  the  vol- 
atile matter  expelled  from  vegetable  matter,  or  wood, 
co.al,  peal,  &.c.  The  matter  expelled  from  metallic 
substances  is  more  genenilly  called  Fume,  Fi'mes. 

2.  Vapor ;  watery  exhalations. 

S.MoKE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  smocian,  smecan,  smican ;  Dan. 
smbgcr  f  U.  stuooken  ;  G.  schmattchcu.] 

1.  To  emit  smoke  ;  to  throw  off  volatile  matter  in 
the  form  of  vapor  or  exhalation.  Wood  and  other 
fuel  smokes  \\het\  burning;  and  smokes  most  when 
there  is  the  least  dame. 

2.  To  burn  ;  to  be  kindled  ;  to  rage  ;  in  Scripture. 
The  &ngt^T  of  the  Lonl  and  his  Jealousy  sh.all  tmoke  a^iiut  that 

man.  —  Ucut.  xxix. 

3.  To  raise  a  dust  or  smoke  by  rapid  motion. 

Proud  of  his  stt't-ds,  he  tmoket  along  the  field.  Dryden. 

4.  To  smell  or  hunt  out ;  to  suspect. 


I  bc^n  to  tmoke  that  they  were  a  parcel  of 
uMed.\ 


\Uule 
Addison. 


5.  To  use  tob.icco  in  a  pipe  or  cigar,  by  kindling 
the  tobacco,  drawing  the  smoke  into  the  mouth,  and 
puffing  it  out. 

6.  To  suffer  ;  to  be  punished. 

Some  of  yon  shall  smoke  for  it  in  Rome.  Shak. 
SMoKE,  V.  t.    To  apply  smoke  to  ;  to  hang  in  smoke  ; 
to  scent,  medicate,  or  dry  by  smoke  ;  as,  to  sjnuke  in- 
fected cluthing  ;  to  smoke  beef  or  hams  for  preser- 
vation. 

2.  To  smell  out ;  to  find  out. 

He  was  first  smoked  by  the  old  Lonl  Lafcu.  [Now  liaU  used.] 

S^ak. 

3.  To  sneer  at ;  to  ridicule  to  the  face.  Cnngreve. 
SJIoKE'-€LOUD,  n.    A  cloud  of  smoke.  Ilemans. 
SMoKE'-eO.VSO-M'ING,  a.    Consuming  smoke. 
SiMoK'£D,  (sinokt,)  jtp.  or  a.    Cured,  cleansed,  or 

dried  in  smoke. 

SMoKE'-DRI-£D,  (-dridc,)  a.  Dried  in  smoke.  Irving. 

SMoKE'-DR9,  V.  t.    To  dry  by  smoke.  Jilortimer. 

S.MoKE'-JACK,  71.  An  engine  for  turning  a  spit  by 
means  of  a  fly  or  wheel  turned  by  the  current  of  as- 
cending air  in  a  chimney. 

S.MoKK'LESS,  a.  Having  no  smoke  ;  as,  smokeless 
towers.  Pope. 

S.MoK'ER,  71.    One  that  dries  by  smoke. 

2.  One  that  uses  tobacco  by  inhaling  its  smoke 
from  a  pipe  or  cigar. 

SMoKE'-SAIL,  n.  A  small  sail  hoisted  before  the 
funnel  of  a  vessel's  galley,  to  allow  the  smoke  to  rise 
before  it  is  blown  aft  by  the  wind.  Tutlen. 

S.MOK'I-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  he  full  of  smoke. 

S.MfiK'I-.N'ESS,  n.   The  st.ite  of  being  smoky.  A-A. 

S.MoK'I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Emitting  smoke,  as  fuel,  &c. 

2.  Applying  smoke  for  cleansing,  drying,  &.c. 

3.  Using  tobacco  in  a  pipe  or  cigar. 
SMoK'lNG,  71.    The  act  of  emitting  smoke. 

2.  The  act  of  applying  smoke  to. 

3.  The  act  or  practice  of  inhaling  tobacco  smoke 
from  a  pipe  or  cigar. 

SMoK'Y,  a.  Emitting  smoke  ;  fumid  ;  as,  smoky 
fires.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  or  nature  of  smoke  ;  as, 
a  smoky  fog.  Harvey. 

3.  Filled  with  smoke,  or  with  a  v.ipor  resembling 
it ;  thick.  New  England,  in  autumn,  frequently  has 
a  smoky  atmosphere. 

4.  Subject  to  be  filled  with  smoke  from  the  chim- 
neys or  fireplaces  ;  as,  a  smoky  house 

5.  Tarnished  with  sm^ke  ;  noisome  with  smoke; 
as,  smoky  rafters  ;  smoky  cells.     JMUton.  Denham. 

SMOI/DER-I.NG  ;  the  more  desirable  orthography  of 
Smoi  ldebing,  which  see. 

SMOOR,  I      ,  , 

SMOKE,  i  ""'^''"■] 

To  suffocate  or  smother.    [A"o(  in  use.]  More. 

SMOOTH,  o.  (Sax.  *»ie(A«,  CTTioftA  ;  W.  CNTiiiryfA,  from 
mwyth  :  allied  to  L.  mitu.  It.  myth,  maoth,  soft,  tender.] 
1.  Having  an  even  surface,  or  a  surface  so  even 
that  no  roughne.ss  or  points  are  perceptible  to  the 
touch  ;  not  rough ;  as,  smooth  glass  ;  smooth  por- 
celain. 

Tlie  outlioe*  must  be  smooUi,  Unperceptible  to  the  toiKh. 

Dryden. 


SMO 

2.  Evenly  spread  ;  glossy ;  as,  a  smooth-haMil 
horse.  Pope. 

3.  Gently  flowing;  moving  equably;  no!  riitlled 
or  undulating  ;  as,  a  smooth  stream  ;  smooth  Adonis. 

.Milton. 

4.  That  flows  or  is  uttered  without  stops,  oli>truc- 
tion,  or  hesiUition  ;  voluble  ;  even  ;  not  harsh  ;  as, 
smooth  verse ;  smooth  eloquence. 

When  Ba»c  Minerra  rose, 
From  her  sweet  lijis  emooA  elocution  flows.  Gay. 

5.  Bland  ;  mild  ;  soothing;  flattering. 

This  smooth  dikCourse  and  mild  behavior  oft 

Conce.ll  a  iraitor.  Ad/tison. 

G.  In  botany,  glabrous ;  having  a  slippery  surface 
void  of  roughness. 
S.MOOTH,  II.    That  which  is  smooth  :  the  smtKitb 
part  of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  smooth  of  the  neck.  Ocn. 
x.vvii. 

S.MOOTH,  V.  t.    [Sax.  smelhian.] 

1.  To  make  smooth  ;  to  make  even  on  the  surface 
by  any  means ;  as,  to  smootJi  a  board  with  a  piano  ; 
to  smooth  cloth  with  an  iron. 

And  smoothed  the  rnflled  sea.  Dryden. 

2.  To  free  from  obstruction  ;  to  make  easy. 
Thon,  Abchni,  the  last  sad  office  nay, 

And  smooth  my  p;ut8a^e  to  the  realms  of  day.  Pope. 

3.  To  free  from  harshness ;  to  make  flowing. 

In  th»'ir  niotioiiB  harmony  divine 

So  smooths  her  charminf  tones.  Milton. 

4.  To  palliate  ;  to  soften  ;  as,  to  smooth  a  fuult. 

Shak. 

5.  To  calm  ;  to  mollify  ;  to  allay. 

£.ach  fvrturiiation  smoothed  with  outward  calm.  MUton. 

6.  To  ease. 

The  (lifliciiUy  smoothed.  Dryden. 

7.  To  flatter  ;  to  soften  with  blandishments. 

B/T.aiise  1  can  notflader  and  lo«k  fair, 

Smile  in  niin's  l.icis,  smooth,  deceive,  and  coy.  Shak. 

SMOOTH'-CHIN-NKD,  a.  Beardless. 

S.MOOTH'f;D,p/).    .Made  smooth. 

S.MOOTH'K.V,  for  Smooth,  is  used  by  mechanics; 

though  not,  I  believe,  in  the  United  States. 
SMOOTII'ER,  n.    One  who  smooths. 
S.MOOTH'ER,  a. :  comp.  of  Smooth. 
SAIOO'iU'-FAC-KD,  (  fiste,)  a.    Having  a  mild,  soft 

look  ;  as,  smooth-faced  wooers.  S.'uik. 
SMOOTH'ING,  .Making  smooth. 

SMOOT11'1NG-I-R0\,  71.    An  iron  instrument  with 

a  polished  face  for  smoothing  clothe:^;  a  satl-iron. 
S.MOOTH'ING-PL.^NE,  n.    A  small,  fine  plane,  used 

for  smoothing  and  finishing  work.  GinUt. 
SMOOTH'LY,  adc.    Evenly  ;  not  roughly  or  li.irslily. 

2.  With  even  flow  or  motion  ;  as,  to  flow  or  glide 
smoothly. 

3.  Without  obstruction  or  difiiculty  ;  readily;  ea- 
sily. J/ooker. 

4.  With  soft,  bland,  insinuating  language. 
S.MOOTH'.\ESS,  n.    Evenness  of  surface;  freedom 

from  roughness  or  as|)erity  ;  as,  the  smoothness  of  a 
floor  or  wall  ;  smootJiness  of  the  skin  ;  smoothitess  of 
the  water. 

2.  Softness  or  mildness  to  the  palate ;  as,  the 
^loothness  of  wine. 

3.  Softness  and  sweetness  of  numbers  ;  easy  flow 
of  words. 

Virgil,  though  smooth  w  here  smoothness  is  required,  is  far  from 
artecuiig  It.  Dryden. 

4.  Mildness  or  gentleness  of  speech  ;  blandness  of 
address.  Shak, 

S.MOOTH'-PAC-i:i),  (-paste,)  a.  Having  a  smooth 
pace.  Scott. 

SMOOTH'-TONGUED,  (-tungd,)  a.  Having  a  smooth 
tongue  ;  plausible  ;  flattering. 

SMO'i'E,  pret.  of  Smite. 

S.MOTH'ER,  (smiith'er,)  r.  U  [.\llipd  perhaps  to  Ir. 
smuid,  smoke;  Sax.  mrthgian,  to  smoke.] 

1.  To  suffocate  or  extinguish  life  by  causing  smoke 
or  dust  to  enter  the  lungs  ;  to  .stifle. 

2.  To  suffocate  or  extinguish  by  closely  covering, 
and  by  the  exclusion  of  air ;  as,  to  smoijier  a  child 
in  bed. 

3.  To  suppress  ;  to  stifle  ;  as,  to  smother  the  light 
of  the  understanding.  Hooker, 

S.MOTH'ER,  (siiiuth'er,)  r.  i.    To  be  suffocated. 

2.  To  he  suppressed  or  concealed. 

3.  To  smoke  without  vent.  Bacon. 
S.MOTH'ER,  (smuth'er,)  n.    Smoke  ;  thick  dust. 

Shak.  Dri/den. 

2.  A  state  nf  suppression.    [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
SMOTH'ER-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Suffocated  ;  stifled  ;  sup- 
pressed. 

S.MOTH'ER-I-.NESS,  n.    State  of  being  sinotherv. 
S.MOTH'ER-ING,  (smuth'-,)  n.    Act  of  smothering. 

.More, 

SMOTH'ER-ING,  ppr.    Suffocating;  suppressing. 
SMOTH'ER-ING-LY,  adv.    Suffocatingly  ;  suppress- 
inglv. 

SMOTH'ER-Y,  (smuth'-,)  a.   Tending  to  smother. 
S.MOUCH,  r.  t.    Tos.ilute.    [JVot  in  ii.«f.]  Stuhbes. 
S.MOUL'DER,  r.  i.   To  burn  and  smoke  « ilhout  vent 
[See  the  next  word.] 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


131  " 


i  JJ  J 


1045 


SNA 

S.MoUL'DER-IiVG.ppr.  ora.  j  [A  wonl  formed  from 
SMoUL'DKY,  a.  j  moW,  moWer,  anil  there 

fori'  it  ou^ht  to  be  \vritten  Smolderi  ng.  Perlmps  we 
liave  llieword  directly  from  the  Dun.  .■mmler,  smiUler, 
S\v.  smaitt,  smula,  lo  crumble  or  fall  to  dust;  Dan. 
smidl,  dust;  wliich  is  from  tlie  same  root  as  mold, 
vteal,  fcc-l 

Burning  and  smokinj  without  vent.  Drijdcn. 
SMUDGE,/!.  A  siiffocatiui:  smoke.  Grose. 
SML'G,  a.    [Dan.  smuk,  neat,  fine;  G.  smuck  ;  Sax. 

Nice  ;  neat ;  affectedly  nice  in  dress.  [JVortA  of 
F.ti'Tlaiid.]  Haliiwcll. 

SMUG,  i-.  (.  To  make  spruce;  to  dress  with  affected 
neatness.    [jVc<£  in  u.te.]  Ckaucrr. 

S.MI;G'(;LE,  r.  f.    [Sw.  smv?a;  D.  smokkf.Un,  which 
seems  to  be  allied  to  smni^,  under  hand  ;  smui^en, 
to  eat  ill  secret;  G.  xchunL^^cln;  Dan.  amug^  clan-' 
destinely.     We   probably  have  tlie   root  viug  in 
hllg'^rr  viug:rcr.] 

1.  To  import  or  export  secretly  goods  which  are 
forbidden  by  the  sovernment  to  be  imported  or  ex- 
ported ;  or  secretly  to  import  or  export  dutiable 
goods  without  paying  the  duties  imposed  by  law  ; 
to  run. 

2.  To  convey  clandestinely. 

SMUG'GLED,  pp.  or  a.  Imported  or  exported  clan- 
destinely and  contrary  to  law. 

S.MUG'GLEK,  ?i.  One  that  imports  or  exports  goods 
privately  and  contrary  to  law,  either  contraband 
goods  or  dutiable  goods,  without  paying  the  cus- 
toms. 

2.  A  vessel  employed  in  running  goods. 
SMUG'GLING,  ppr. '  Importing  or  exporting  goods 

contrary  to  law. 
SMUG'GMNG,  n.    The  offense  of  clandestinely  im- 
porting or  exporting  prohibited  goods,  or  other  goods 
without  paying  the  customs.  Blackstone. 
SMUG'LY,  adf.    Neatly;  sprucely.    [JSTot  in  itse.] 

Oay. 

SMUG'NESS,  n.  Neatness;  spruccness  without  ele- 
gance.   [.jVut  171  use,'\  Sherwood. 

SMC'LY,  a.  Looking  smoothly  ;  demure.  [JVu£ 
u^ed.'l 

SMUT,  n.  [Dan.  smuds ;  Sax.  smiua;  D.  smet,  a  spot 
or  stain  ;  Sw.  smitta,  to  taint ;  D.  ^moddig,  dirty, 
smodderen,  to  smut;  G.  schmiUz.] 

1.  A  spot  made  with  soot  or  coal ;  or  the  foul  mat- 
ter itself. 

2.  A  parasitic  fungus,  which  forms  on  grain. 
Sometnnes  the  whole  ear  is  blasted  and  converted 
into  smut.  This  is  often  the  fact  witli  maize. 
Smut  lessens  the  value  of  wheat. 

3.  Obscene  language. 

S.MUT,  V.  t.  To  stain  or  mark  with  smut ;  to  blacken 
with  coal,  soot,  or  other  dirty  substance.  Addixon. 

2.  To  taint  with  mildew.  Bacon. 

3.  To  blacken  ;  to  tarnish. 

SMUT,  I),  i.  To  gather  smut ;  to  be  converted  into 
smut. 

SMUT'-MILL,  7!.    A  machine  forcleansing  grain  from 

smut.  Farm.  Encijc. 

SMUTCH,  r.  (.    [from  siTiote  ;  Dan.  STTion-er.  au.] 
To  blacken  with  smoke,  soot,  or  coal.  B.Jmison. 
Ji'ute.  —  We  have  a  common  word  in  New  Eng- 
land, pronounced  smooch,  which  I  take  to  be  smutch. 
It  signifies  to  foul  or  blacken  with  something  pro- 
duced bv  combustion  or  other  like  substance. 
SMUTCH'fiD,  (smuchl,)  a.    Blackened  with  smoke, 

s  ot,  or  coal. 
SMUT'TI-I,Y,  a*'.    Blackly  ;  smokily  ;  foully. 

2.  With  obscene  language. 
SMUT'TI-NESri,  7i. '  Soil  from  smoke,  soot,  coal,  or 
smut. 

2.  Ohscencness  of  language. 
S.MUT'TY,  a.    Soiled  with  smut,  coal,  soot,  or  the  like. 

2.  Tainted  with  mildew  ;  as,  smutty  corn. 

3.  Obscene  ;  not  modest  or  pure  ;  as,  smutty  lan- 
guage. 

SNACK,  71.    [Qu.  from  the  root  of  snatch.] 

1.  A  share.  It  is  now  chiefly  or  wholly  used  in 
the  phrase,  to  go  snacks  with  one,  that  is,  to  have  a 
share.  Pope. 

a.  A  slight,  ha.sty  repast. 
SNACK'ET,  /  n.   The  hasp  of  a  casement.  [Local.] 
SNECK'ET,  1  Sherwood.  Gwilt. 

SNAG'OT,  n.    A  fish.    [L.  acus.]  jlinsworth. 
SN  AF'FLE,  71.    [D.  snch  snavd,  bill,  beak,  snout ;  G. 

Dan.  and  Sw.  snahtl;  nom  the  root  of  nih,  neb.] 
A  bridle  consisting  of  a  slender  bit-inoulii,  without 

brancliofl.  Encije. 
H.\  AF'FLE,  r.  I.   To  bridle ;  to  hold  or  manage  with 

a  bridle. 

S.\  AG,  71.  A  Rhort  branch,  or  a  aharp  or  rough  branch  ; 
a  Hhoot ;  a  knot. 

Thr  coat  of  Arrna 
Now  on  a  nakrd  tnag  in  irtitinph  l^ornr.  Dryden. 

2.  A  tooth,  in  contempt;  or  a  luoth  projecting  be- 
yond the  rext.  Prior. 

3.  In  f/«  torstrrn  river.i  of  the.  Vnitrd  States,  the 
trunk  of  a  large  tree  firmly  lixed  to  the  bottom  atone 
end,  and  riaing  nearly  or  (piite  to  the  Hiirface  at  the 
other  end,  by  which  uleambniitx,  <cc.,  ar«  vdcn 
pierced  and  sunk. 


SNA 

SN.\G,  V.  I.   To  run  against  the  branches  of  a  sunken 

tree  as  in  American  rivers. 
SNAG'GKO,  (snagd,l  pp.    Kun  against  a  snag,  or 

branch  of  a  sunken  tree. 
SNAG'tJKD,  I  a.    Full  of  snags  ;  full  of  short,  rough 
SNAtJ'GY,    I     branches  or  sharp  points;  abounding 

with  knots  ;  as,  a  snaggy  tree  ;  a  snaggy  stick  ;  a 

snaggy  oak.  Siien-y-er.  Mure. 

SNAIL,  71.    [Sax.  smegel,  snegel :  Sw.  snigcl ;  Dan. 

snegel;  G.  schnecke ;  dim.  from  the  root  of  snake, 

sneak.] 

1.  A  slimy,  slow-creeping  animal,  of  the  genus 
Helix,  and  order  of  Alollusca.  The  eyes  of  this  in- 
sect are  in  tiie  horns,  one  at  the  end  of  each,  which 
it  can  retract  at  pleasure.  Besides  these  shell-snails, 
there  are  also  snails  without  shells,  cjiumonly  called 
Sli'gs,  which  see,  Encyc. 

2.  A  drone  ;  a  slow-moving  person.  Shak. 
SN  aIL'-CLa-VER,  (71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Med- 
SNAIL'-TRg'FOIL,  i  icago. 

SN,\1L'-FL0VV-E",  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Phase- 
olus,  allied  to  the  kidney-bean.  Loudon. 

SNaIL'-LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  snail;  moving  very 
slowly. 

SNaIL'-LiKE,  ado.  -In  the  manner  of  a  snail; 
slowly. 

SNAKE,  7!.  [Sax.  snaca;  Dan.  snog;  G,  schnake: 
(Sans.  naga.  (iu.)  In  G.  schnecke,  Dan.  snekke,  is 
a  snail,  from  the  root  of  Dan.  sniger,  Ir.  snaighini. 
Sax.  snican,  to  cree^),  to  sneak.] 

A  ser|)eut  of  the  oviparous  kind,  distinguished 
from  a  viper,  says  Johnson.  But  in  America,  the 
common  and  general  name  of  serpents,  and  so  the 
word  is  used  by  the  poets.  Dryden.  Shak. 

SNAKE,  V.  t.  In  scamcn^s  language,  to  wind  a  small 
rope  round  a  large  one  spirally,  the  small  ropes  lying 
in  the  spaces  between  the  strands  of  the  large  one. 
This  operation  is  called,  also.  Worming. 

SNAKE'ROOT,  ti.  [snake  and  root.]  A  popular  name 
applied  to  a  great  number  of  dilfercnt  plants,  proba- 
bly to  50  or  100.  It  is  a  litenil  translation  of  Ophtor- 
rhiia,  the  name  of  a  genus  of  plants.  Some  of  the 
principal  plants  called  by  this  name  in  America  are 
the  Virginia  spakeroot,  (Aristolochia  .serpeiilaria,) 
black  siiakeroot,  (Sanicula  Marylaiidica,)  seneku 
snakeroot,  (Polygala  senega,)  &:c. 

SNAKE'S'-HEAD,  71.  In  railroads  constructed  by  nail- 
ing bars  of  iron  on  to  stretchers,  a  snake^s-hrad  is  one 
of  the  bars  which  becomes  loose,  and,  rtsing  at  one 
end,  forces  its  wav  into  the  cars.  America. 

SNAKE'S'-HEAD  I'RIS,  71.  A  bulbous  plant.  Iris 
tuberosa,  of  Arabia. 

SNAKE'WEED,  71.  [sT7a/.c  and  weed.]  A  plant,  bis- 
tort, of  the  genus  Polvgonum. 

SNAKE'WOOD,  71.  [snake  and  wood.]  The  smaller 
branches  of  a  tree,  growing  in  the  Isle  of  Timoi  and 
other  parts  of  the  E.ist,  having  a  bitter  taste,  and 
supposed  to  be  a  certain  remedy  for  the  bite  of  the 
hooded  serpent.  Nilt. 
It  is  the  wood  of  the  Strychnos  colubrina.  Parr. 

SNAK'ING,  ppr.  Winding  small  ropes  spirally  round 
a  large  one. 

SNAK'ISH,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  a  snake. 
SN.AK'Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  snake  or  to  snakes;  re- 
sembling a  snake  ;  serpentine  ;  winding. 

2.  Sly;  cunning;  insinuating;  deceitful. 
So  to  the  coiust  of  Jordiin  he  directs 

ll'ii  easy  steps,  girded  with  tnaky  wilfs.  Milton. 

3.  Having  serpents;  as,  a  snaky  rod  or  wand. 

Dryden. 

Th.^t  ffnaity-hcadcd  gor^on  shield.  hTdlon. 

SNAP,  V.  t.  [D.  snappen,  snaawen  ;  G.  schnappen,  to 
snap,  to  snatch,  to  gasp  or  catcli  for  breath  ;  Dan. 
snapper;  Svv.  snappa ;  from  tile  root  of  knap  and  D. 
knippcn.] 

1.  To  break  at  once ;  to  break  short ;  as  sub- 
stances that  are  brittle. 

Breaks  the  doors  open,  tnapg  the  locks.  Prior. 

2.  To  strike  with  a  sharp  sound.  Pope. 

3.  To  bite  or  seize  suddenly  with  the  teeth. 

Mdtson.  Gay. 

4.  To  break  upon  suddenly  with  sharp,  aiigry 

5.  To  crai  k  ;  as,  to  smip  a  whi|).  [words. 
To  snap  off;  to  break  suddenly. 

2.  To  bite  off  suddenly.  fflseman. 
To  snap  one  up,  to  snap  one  up  short;  to  treat  with 
sharp  words. 

SNAP,  V.  i.    To  break  short;  to  i)art  asunder  sud- 
denly ;  as,  a  mast  or  spar  snaps  ;  a  needle  snaps. 
If  Bte'  l  is  too  liard,  thftt  la,  too  hrittlc,  wiUi  the  least  bending  it 
will  anop.  Moxon. 

2.  To  make  an  effort  to  bite  ;  to  aim  to  seize  with 
the  teeth  ;  as,  a  dog  snaps  at  a  passenger ;  a  fish 
snaps  at  the  bait. 

3.  To  mter  sharp,  harsh,  angry  words. 

SNAP,  71.  A  sudden  breaking  or  rupture  of  any  sub- 
stance. 

2.  A  audden,  eager  bite;  a  sudden  seizing,  or  effort 
to  seize,  with  the  teeth. 

3.  A  crack  of  a  whip. 

4.  A  greedy  fellow.  VEstrange. 
a.  A  catch  ;  a  theft.  Johnson. 


SNA 

SNAP'DRAG-ON,  77.  A  plant.  The  popular  name 
of  several  different  plants  ;  as,  for  example,  of  a  spe- 
cies of  Aiitirrliiiiiim.  of  Ruellia,  of  liarleria,  &.c. 

2.  A  play  in  svliirh  raisins  are  snatched  from 
binning  branily,  and  |)Ut  into  the  mouth.  Tatter. 

3.  The  thing  eaten  at  snapdragon.  SieifL 
SNAP'llANCE,  71.  A  kind  of  firelock  Sheltnn. 
SNAP'P/JD,  (snapt,)  pp.    Broken  abruptly;  seized  or 

bitten  suddenly  ;  cracked,  as  a  whip. 
SNAP'PER,  71.    One  that  snaps.  Shak. 
SNAP'PISH,  a.    Eager  to  bite;  apt  to  snap;  as,  a 

snappish  cur. 

2.  Peevish  ;  sharp  in  reply ;  apt  to  speak  angrily  or 
tartly. 

SNAP'PISH-LY,  adv.    Peevishly  ;  angrily  ;  tartly. 

SNAP'PISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  snap- 
pish ;  peevishness  ;  tartness. 

SNAP'SACK,  71.    A  knapsack.  [Vulgar.] 

SNAR,  i).  i.    To  snarl.    [JVol  in  use.]  Spenser. 

SNARE,  71.  [Dan.  snare;  Sw.  snara;  Dan.  snore,  a 
string  or  cord,  D.  snor ;  Sw.  siiHre,  a  line  ;  snUra,  to 
lace.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  catching  animals,  particularly 
birds,  by  the  leg.  It  consists  of  a  corti  or  siring  with 
slip-knots,  in  wliich  the  leg  is  entangled.  .\  snare  is 
not  a  net. 

2.  Any  thing  by  which  one  is  entangled  and 
brought  into  trouble.    1  Cor.  vii. 

A  fool's  lips  are  the  enare  of  his  soul.  —  Prov.  xviii. 
SNARE,  V.  t.    [Dan.  snarer.] 

To  catch  with  a  snare  ;  to  insnare  ;  to  entangle  ; 
to  bring  into  unexpected  evil,  perplexity,  or  danger. 
The  wicked  is  snared  iu  the  work  of  iiis  own  hands.  —  Ps.  ix. 

SNAR'ED, pp.  Entangled;  unexpectedly  involved  in 
ditliculty. 

SNAR'ER,  71.    One  who  lays  snares  or  entangles. 

SN.^R'ING,  ppr.    Entangling;  insnaring. 

SNARL,  V.  i.  [G.  schnarrcn,  to  snarl,  to  speak  in  the 
tlirimt;  D.  6iia7-,  snappish.  This  word  seems  to  be 
allied  to  gnarl,  and  to  proceed  from  some  rotit  signi- 
fying to  twist,  bind,  or  fiisten,  or  to  involve,  entan- 
gle, and  thus  to  be  allied  to  snare.] 

1.  To  growl,  as  an  angry  or  surly  dog;  to  gnarl; 
to  utter  grumbling  sounds;  but  it  expresses  more  vio- 
lence than  Grumble. 

That  I  should  snarl  and  bite,  and  play  the  dog,  S^iak. 

2.  To  speak  roughly ;  to  talk  in  rude,  murmuring 
terms. 

It  is  malicious  and  unmanly  to  snarl  at  the  little  lapses  of  a  pen, 
from  wliich  Virgil  himself  stands  not  exempted.  Dryden. 

SNARL, ».(.  To  entangle;  to  complicate  ;  to  involve 
in  knots ;  as,  to  snarl  the  hair ;  to  snarl  a  skein  of 
thread.  / 

[This  word  is  in  universal  popular  use  in  JVfW 
England.] 

2,  To  embarrass. 
SNARL,  71.    Entanglement;  a  knot  or  complication  of 
hair,  thread,  &c.,  which  it  is  difficult  to  disentangle ; 
lience,  a  contention  or  quarrel.  Jlalliwell. 

[Local  in  England,  and  still  used  occasionally  in 
.America.] 

SNARL'Eit,  7!.    One  who  snarls;  a  surly,  growling 

animal  ;  a  grumbling,  quarrelsome  fellow.  Swift. 
SNARL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Growling;  grumbling  an- 
grily. 
2.  Entangling. 
SNAIl'Y,  a.    [from  sTiarc]    Entangling ;  insidious. 
Spiders  in  the  vault  their  snary  webs  have  spread,  Dryden. 

SNAST,  71.    fG.  schnautze,  a  snout.] 

The  snuff  of  a  cantlle.    [A'ut  in  use.]  Bacon. 
SNATCH,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Snatched  or  Snatcht 
[D.  snakken,  to  grasp,  to  catch  for  breath.] 

1.  To  seize  hastily  or  abruptly. 

When  half  our  knowledjje  we  must  snatch,  not  take.  Pope. 

2.  To  seize  without  permission  or  ceremony ;  as, 
to  snatch  a  kiss, 

3.  To  seize  and  transport  away  ;  as,  snatch  me  to 
heaven.  Thomson. 

SNATCH,  V.  i.  To  catch  at ;  to  attempt  to  seize  sud- 
denly. 

Nav,  the  ladies  too  wilt  be  snatching.  SliaJr. 
lie'shali  snalcli  on  the  right  hand,  and  be  hungry.  —  Is.  ix. 

SNATCH,  71.    A  hasty  catch  or  seizing. 

2.  A  catching  at  or  attempt  to  seize  suddenly. 

3.  A  short  lit  of  vigorous  action  ;  as,  a  snatch  at 
weeding  after  a  shower.  Tujiser. 

4.  A  broken  or  interrupted  action ;  a  short  tit  or 
turn. 

in/«nj. 

Spectator. 

a.  A  shiillling  answer.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 

SNATCir-BLOCK,  n.  A  particular  kind  of  block 
used  in  ships,  having  an  opening  in  one  side  to  re- 
ceive the  bight  of  a  rope.  JIar.  Diet. 

SNAT(;ir£D,  (snachl,)  pp.  Seized  suddenly  and  vi- 
olently. 

SNATCH'ER,  n.  One  that  snatches  or  inkes  abruptly. 

Shak. 

SNATCH'ING,  ppr.  Seizing  hastily  or  abruptly  ; 
catching  at. 


They  move  bv  (its  and  snatches. 

We  liave  ofie'u  lilllr  snalchts  of  SI 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLr,  BQQK, 


1046 


SNl 


SNO 


SNU 


SNATCiriNd-hY,  (i</i>.    liy  snuti  ljiii?  ;  Imstily  ;  ab- 
SNA'I'Il.n.  [Sax.  .«itf</ ;  Et\v.  snathe,  siteath.]  [ruptly. 
'I'lic  liuiiill  •  (if  a  scyllie.  JVcio  England, 

[Al-D  spullcil  iSnathe  and  Sneathe.] 
SNaTIIIO,  I'.  I.    fSiix.  .inidan,  snillmn.] 

'I'o         to  prune.    [A'lt  in  ii.vf.] 
SNAT'TOCK.  71.    [Supra.]    A  cliip ;  a  slice.    [A'ot  in 

iKP,  or  (ucu/.J  Oaijhnu 
S.Nr:AI>,  II.  The  handle  of  a  scythe  ;  snath.  jJ-iA. 
SNkAK,  (sneek,)  r.  i.  snican  ;  Dan.  siiig-cr,  to 

crei  p,  or  move  softly.    See  Snake.] 

1.  To  creep  or  steal  away  privately  ;  to  withdraw 
meanly,  as  a  person  afraiil  or  asliained  to  be  seen  ; 
as,  to  sneak  away  from  company;  to  sneak  into  a 
corner,  or  beliind  a  screen. 

Yoii  skulkfil  l>-hiiitl  tlu'  U-nce,  and  Bntaked  awny.  Dryden. 

2.  To  behave  with  meanness  and  servility  ;  to 
crouch  ;  to  truckle. 

Will  tneaks  a  scrivener,  an  exceciliiig  knave.  P^ipe, 
PNkAK,  r.  (.  To  hide.  [.V«f  in  usr.]  Wake. 
SNRAK,  n.    A  mean  fellow. 

SNliAK'ER,  71.    A  small  vessel  of  drink.  [Local] 

Spectator. 

SNl";AK'IXG,  ppr.  Creeping  away  slily  ;  stealing 
away. 

2.  a.    Mean;  servile;  crouching.  Rowe. 

3.  Meanly  parsimonious;  covetous;  nigjardly. 
SN'K.'Mv'lNO-LV,  ttde.  In  a  sneaking  manner ;  niean- 

h'.  Herbert. 
SNii.\K'IXG-NES.S,  71.    Meanness  ;  niggardliness. 

Boyle. 

SNk.AKS'BY,  n.    A  paltry  f.Mlovv.  Barrow. 

S.\  i~:AK'L'P,  II.  A  sneaking,  cowardly,  insidious  fcl- 
Inw.    [A"«t  used.]  Shak. 

Si\K.\P,  (sneep,)  v.  u  [Dan.  snibbe,  reproach,  repri- 
mand ;  snip,  the  end  or  puiiil  of  a  thing  ;  D.  snip,  a 
stiipe^  from  its  bill ;  snippen^  to  j.*iii;i  or  nip ;  G.  schnep- 
pe,  a  peak  ;  from  the  root  of  ricA,  1116,  nip,  with  the 
sense  of  shooting  out,  thrusting,  like  a  sharp  point.] 

1.  To  check;  to  reprove  abruptly;  to  reprimand. 
rOi.v.]  Cluiticer. 

2.  To  nip.    [04,5.1  Shak. 
SNEB,  v.  t.   To  check ;  to  reprimand  ;  the  same  as 

SvEAP.  Spenser. 

S\FM)  i       See  Snead. 

SNEEK,  n.   The  latch  of  a  door.    [JVotimixt,  or  local.] 
S.N  EER,  r.  i.    [from  the  root  of  L.  naris,  nose  ;  to  turn 
up  the  nose.] 

1.  To  .show  contempt  by  turning  up  the  nose,  or 
by  a  particular  cast  of  countenance  ;  "  naso  suspen- 
dere  adunco." 

2.  To  in.sinuate  contempt  by  a  covert  expression. 

1  could  be  cont'  nl  to  l«  n  little  tneertd  al.  Pope, 

3.  To  titter  with  grimace.  Conirreve. 
A.  To  show  mirth  awkwardly.  'I'utler. 

SNEER,  II.    .\  look  of  contempt;  or  a  turning  up  of 
the  nose  to  manifest  contempt;  a  look  of  disdain, 
derision,  or  ridicule.  Pope. 
2.  An  expression  of  ludicrous  scorn.  Itaits 
SNEER'ER,  II.    One  that  sneers. 
SNEER'FJjL,  a.    Given  to  sneering.    [JVoJ  in  use.] 

Shenstone. 

SNEER'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Manifesting  contempt  or  scorn 
hy  turning  tip  the  nose,  or  by  some  grimace  or  signif- 
icant loiik. 

SNEER'ING-LY,  adv.  With  a  look  of  contempt  or 
scorn. 

SNEEZE,  V.  i  [Sax.  niesnn;  D.  niezen;  G.  niesen  ; 
Sw.  nijsa  ;  from  the  root  of  nose,  G.  nase,  Dan.  nase, 
D.  nens,  L.  nasas ;  the  primary  sense  of  which  is,  to 
project.] 

To  emit  air,  chiefly  throunh  the  nose,  audibly  and 
violently,  by  a  kind  of  invuliintary  convulsive  force, 
occasiimed  by  irritation  of  the  inner  menibrane  of 
the  nose.  Thus  sniitT,  or  any  thing  that  tickli-s  the 
no=:e,  makes  one  sneeze.  Sici/L 
SNEE'/.E,  71.  .\  sudden  and  violent  ejection  of  air, 
cliielly  through  the  nose,  with  an  audible  sound. 

Jlikon. 

SNEEZE'U'ORT,  (  wiirt  )  ji.  A  plant.  The  popular 
nam"  of  several  <litr,'rent  plants;  as  of  a  species  of 
A'  hill^a,  of  XerautlK'iiitim,  ifcc. 

SNEEZ'INR,  ppr.    Einltiine  air  from  the  nnseaudibly. 

SNEEZ'I.NG,  II.  Thf  act  of  ejecting  air  violently  and 
audibly,  chieflv  through  the  nose  ;  sternutation. 

SNEIX,  a.    [Sax.  snel.] 

Active  ;  brisk  ;  nimble.    [JVot  in  7i.«<.] 

SNET,  77.  The  fat  of  a  deer.  [Local  among  sports- 
men.) 

SNE\V,  oW  prrt.  of  Sriow.  [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
SNIll,  to  nip  or  reprimand,  is  only  a  different  spelling 

of  Sneu,  Sseap.  Hubberd's  Tale. 

SNICK,  n.    A  small  cut  or  mark;  a  latch.    [JVot  in 

use.] 

Snick  and  snte ;  a  combat  with  knives.  [JVot  in 
use.] 

rSi'ff  is  a  Dutch  contraction  of  snijden,  to  cut.] 
ex'         '''''  j     '■    [Sw-  niui^ir,  close.    This  can  nave 
SMG'GER,  (    no  cimncction  with  sneer.    The  ele- 
uienus  and  the  sense  are  different.] 
To  laugh  slily ;  or  to  laugh  in  one's  »!eevc. 

HalliveU. 


[ft  is  a  word  in  riniunnu  use  in  JVrw  Eni^latid,  not 
easdif  defined.  It  si<fn{fies,  to  laatrh  with  small,  audible 
catches  of  voice,  as  when  persons  attempt  to  suppress 
land  lau^rhter.] 

SNIFF,  V.  t.  To  draw  air  audibly  up  the  nose.  [Sec 
Sm'kk.]  Sif{ft. 

SNIFF,  V.  t.  To  draw  in  with  the  breath  throuuh  the 
nose.    [JVot  in  u.^e.]  Tudd. 

SNIFF,  n.    Perception  by  the  nose.    [JVo(  in  iisc.) 

SNIFT,  D.  i.    To  snort.    [JVot  in  iwe.]  [IVarton. 

SNIFT'ING-VAI.VE,  n.  A  valve  in  the  cylinder  of 
a  steam  cngints  for  the  escape  of  air;  so  called  from 
the  noise  it  makes.  Francis. 

SNIG,  n.    [See  Snake.]    A  kind  of  eel.  [Local.] 

SNIG'GEE,  r.  i.  [Supra.]  To  lish  for  eels,  by  thrust- 
ing the  bait  into  their  holes.    [Local.]  iValton. 

SN  !(;'<;  LE,  J'.  L   To  snare  ;  to  catch.  Beaum.  ^-  Ft. 

SNIP,  r. «.  [D.  snippcn,  to  nip  ;  A'nip;icn,  to  clip.  See 
Sneap.  I 

To  clip  ;  to  cut  off"  the  nip  or  neb,  or  to  cut  off  at 
once  with  shears  or  sci-isors. 
SNIP,  n.    A  clip  ;  a  single  cut  with  shears  or  scissors. 

Shak.  Wiseman. 

2.  A  small  shred.  Wiseman. 

3.  Share;  a  snack.    [.^  low  word.]'  L^Kstrantre. 
SNIPE,  n.    [D.  snip:  G.  schnepfc ;  from  neb,  nib;  so 

named  from  its  bill.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Scolopax,  that  frequents  the 
banks  of  rivers  and  the  borders  of  fens,  distinguished 
by  its  Ions,  straight,  slender  bill.  The  several  species 
of  this  bird  are  highly  prized  for  food. 

2.  A  fool  ;  a  blockhead.  Shak. 
SNIP'PER,  71.    One  that  snips  or  clips. 
SaNIP'PET,  n.    A  small  part  or  share.    [JVot  in  use.] 

IIudibra.1. 

SNIP'PING,  ppr.  Clipping;  cutting  off  with  shears 
or  scissors. 

SNIP'SNAP;  a  cant  word,  formed  by  repeating  snap, 
and  signifying  a  tart  dialogue  with  quick  replies. 

Pope. 

SN7TE,  n.    [Sax.]    A  snipe.    [Ao«  in  use.]  Carta). 
SNITE,  V.  t.    [Sax.  snytan.] 

'I'o  blow  the  nose.    [JVof  in  use.]' 

In  Scotland,  suite  the  candle  ;  siiuff"  it.  Ortto. 
SNITIIE,  j  a.    Sharp;  piercing;  cutting;  applied  to 
^iNITirV,  i     the  wind. 

SNI V''yr;L,  (sniv'l,)  n.    [Sax.  sno/c/,  sn7;/!i«^.  Qu.neb, 
nib,  S7iiiff/] 
Snot ;  mucus  running  from  the  nose. 
SNIV'KL,  1).  i.    To  run  at  the  nose. 

2.  To  cry  as  children,  with  snutfing  or  sniveling. 
SNIV'KL-ER,  n.    One  that  cries  with  sniveling. 

2.  One' that  weeps  for  slight  causes,  or  manifests 
weakness  by  weeping. 
SN'IV'iCL-L\G,  ppr.  or  a.   Running  at  the  nose;  cry- 

inc  as  chililren. 
S.N'IV'/';L-Y,u.  Running  at  the  nose  ;  pitiful ;  whining. 
SNOB,  71.    A  vulgar  person,  particularly  one  who  apes 
gentility.  JJaltiwell. 

[ Used  in  Entrland  in  various  dialects, and  recently  in- 
troduced into  b"oks  as  a  term  of  derision.] 

2.  In  Me  En^lLsh  universities,  a  townsman,  .as  op- 
posed to  a  gownsman. 

3.  A  journeyman  shoemaker  Halliwcll. 
SNOB'BlSIl,  a.    Bt  lonciitg  to  or  resembling  a  snob. 
SNOl),  II.    [fax.]    A  lillet.    [A"o«  in  itse, or /ocai.] 
SNOD,  a.    Trimmetl  ;  smooth.  [Local.] 

SNOOD,  n.    In  Scotland,  the  fillet  which  binds  the 

hair  of  a  young  unmarried  woman.     Walter  ScotL 
SNOOK,  V.  i.    [Sw.  siuika.    Q.U.  nook.] 

I'n  lurk  ;  to  lie  in  ambush.    [j\'ot  in  ii,«e.]  Scott. 
SNOO'/E,  n.    A  nap.  Ilolloway. 
[^  low  word,  provincial  in  England,  and  sometimes 
heard  in  .America.] 
SNORE,  V.  i.    [Sax,  .tiiora,  a  snoring  ;  D.  snorken  ;  G. 
schnarchen ;  Sw.  .marka ;  from  the  root  of  L,  naris, 
the  nose  or  nostrils.] 
To  breathe  with  a  rough,  hoarse  voice  in  sleep. 

Roscommon. 

SNORE,  n.    A  breathing  with  a  harsh  noise  in  sleep. 
SNoR'ER,  n.    One  that  snores. 
S.N'oR'ING,  ppr.    Res|iiriiig  with  a  harsh  noise. 
SNORT,  V.  i,    [G.  schnarchen.    See  Snore.] 

1.  To  force  the  air  with  violence  through  the  nose, 
so  as  to  make  a  noise,  as  high-spirited  horses  in 

2.  To  snore.  [JVot  common.]  [prancing  and  play. 
SNORT,  r.  (.    To  turn  up  in  anger,  scorn,  or  derision, 

as  the  nose.    [Unusnal.]  Chaucer. 
SNORT'ER,  n.    One  that  snorts  ;  a  snorcr. 
SNORT'I.NG,  ppr.    Forcing  llie  air  violently  through 

the  nose. 

SNORT'LVG,  n.   The  act  of  forcing  the  air  through 
the  nose  with  violence  and  noise,   Jer.  viii, 
2.  Act  of  snoring,  [Unu-maL] 
SNOT,  n.    f  Sax.  snote :  D.  snot ;  Dan.  id.] 

Mucus  discharged  from  the  nose.  Swift, 
SNOT,  r,  t.    [Sax.  snytan.] 

To  blow  trie  nose,  Sherwood. 
RNOT'TER,  r,  i.    To  snivel ;  to  sob.  [Local.] 
SNOT'TY,  a.    Foul  with  snot.  [Orose. 

2.  Mean  ;  dirty. 
SNOL'T,  n.    [\V.  ysnid ;  D.  .«7iui( ;  G.  scAnanf:e,  snout; 
schndutzen,  to  snufl',  to  Mow  the  nose.  Sax.  sn titan ; 
Sw.  snyte ;  Dan.  snude,  snout ;  snyder,  to  snutT.] 


1.  The  lung,  projecting  nose  of  a  beast,  os  that  of 
swine. 

2.  'I'he  nose  of  a  man  ;  in  contempt.  Hudibriu. 

3.  The  nozzle  or  end  of  a  hollow  pipe. 
SNOUT,  V.  L   To  furnish  with  a  nozzle  01  point, 

Camden. 

SNOtJT'ED,  a.    Having  a  snout,  Heylm. 

S.NOUT'Y,  a.    Resembling  a  beast's  snout,  Oiway. 

SNOW,  n,  [A  contracted  word;  Sax.  snaw :  Goth. 
snaiwsi  D.  stieenw ;  G.sehnee;  Dan.  snee;  Sw.  sne ; 
Sclav,  sncr;  ;  Bohem.  snik  ;  It.  sneacht ;  Fr.  neiire  ;  L. 
7itr,  nivis  ;  It.  anti  Ptirt.  itcne  ;  Sp.  iiiei^e.  'J'he  Latin 
nivis  is  contnirted  from  niiris,  like  Eng.  bom  from 
Sax.  bugan.  The  prefix  s  is  coiuiiiun  in  the  other 
languages.) 

1.  Crystallized  vapor  ;  particularly,  watery  particles 
congealed  into  white  crystals  in  the  air,  and  falling 
to  the  earth.  Meteorologists  distinguish,  by  niraiis 
of  the  niiscroscope,  GOO  varieties  of  crystals  tif  siuiw, 
some  of  which  are  extremely  bi^autifiil,  Olmsted. 

Red  snow  ;  snow  of  a  red  color,  fnrineily  stipjiosed 
to  be  tinged  by  minute  plants,  but  by  more  recent  in- 
vestigators considered  as  owing  its  color  to  the  pres- 
ence of  certain  animalcula^ 

Snoa  line;  the  lowest  limit  of  perpetual  snow. 

Brande. 

2.  A  vessel  equipped  with  two  masts,  resembling 
the  main  and  fore-iiiasts  of  a  ship,  and  a  third 
small  mast  just  abaft  the  main-uia^t,  carrying  a  try- 
sail. J\Iar.  Diet. 

SNOW,  T.  i.    [Sax.  snawan.] 

To  fall  in  snow  ;  as,  it  snoirs ;  it  snowed  yesterday, 

SNOW,  7!,  (.    To  scatter  like  snow,  Donne. 

S.NOW'BALL,  n.  [snoic  and  iu//.]  A  round  mass  of 
snow,  pressed  or  rolled  together.    Locke.  Dryden. 

SNOWBALL,  i  71.    A  shrub  or  small  "tree  of 

SNOWBALL-TREE,  j  the  genus  Viburnum,  bear- 
ins  large  ball.-*  of  white  flowers;  gelder  nxsc, 

SNO\V'-l!IRD,  (sno'burd,)  n.  ■\  bird  which  appears 
in  the  time  of  snow.  The  poiiiilar  name  of  Embe- 
riza  nivalis,  which  is  found  both  in  Europe  and 
America;  of  Friiigilla  nivalis,  (Linn.,)  found  only  in 
Europe  ;  of  Fringilla  liienialis,  (Liiiii.,)  found  only  in 
America  ;  and  of  various  other  birds. 

SNOW-BROTH,  n,  [snow  and  6ro(/i.]  Snow  and 
water  mixed  ;  very  cold  liquor.  Shak. 

SNOW'-CAP-PED,  (a.     Capped  or  crowned  with 

SNoW-CAPT,       j  snow. 

SNOW'-CROWN-ED,  o.  [.™ouj  and  croicn.]  Crowned 

or  having  the  top  coveretl  with  snow.  Drayton. 
SNOWOEEP,  n.    [snow  and  </ffp.]    A  plant. 
SNOW-DRIFT,  n.     [.,/ioio  and  drft.]     A  bank  of 

snow  driven  together  by  the  wind. 
SNoW'-DROP,  «.   [siioio  and  drop.]    A  bulbous  pl.ant 

bearing  a  white  flower,  cultivated  in  gardens  for  its 

beauty  ;  the  Galantlius  nivalis, 
S.\oW-FE11,  o.    Fed  with  snow,  Shelley, 
SNOW-FLOOD,  n.    A  flood  from  melted  snow. 

Jifoore, 

SNOW'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  snow,  Tooke. 
S.NoW'LlKE,  a.    Kesembling  snow. 
.'^.N'oW-PLOW,     j  n,    A  machine  operating  like  a 
SNo\V'-PLOCGFI,  j     plow,  but  on  a  larsii  r  scale,  for 
clearing  away  the  snow  from  roads,  railways,  &c, 

/Ifbcrt. 

SNOW-SHOE,  (sno'shoo,)  n,  [snow  and  shoe.]  A 
shoe  or  racket  worn  by  men  tnivcling  on  snow,  to 
prevent  their  feet  from  sinking  into  the  snow. 

SNoW-SLIP,  n.  [snow  and  slip.]  A  large  mass  of 
snow  which  slips  down  the  side  of  a  mountain,  and 
sometimes  buries  houses.  Goldsmith, 

SNOW-STORM,  n,    A  storm  with  falling  snow. 

SNoW-WIIITE,  o.  [snow  and  white.]  White  as 
snow  ;  verv_white, 

SNOW-WReATH,  n,    A  wreath  of  snow.  Wilsm. 

S.NOW'Y,  a.    White  like  snow,  Shak. 

2,  Abounding  with  snow  ;  corered  with  snow. 

The  tnoiey  lop  of  cold  Olympuj.  Milton. 

3.  Wliite  ;  pure  ;  unblemished,  HalL 
SNUB,  n,    [D.  sneb  ;  a  different  orthography  of  mip, 

sneap.  neb,  ntb,  nip.] 

1.  A  knot  or  protuberance  in  wood  ;  a  snag,  [A'oC 
in  MSf.]  Spenser, 

2.  .A  check  or  rebuke.  J.  Foster. 
SNUB,  V.  t.    [Supra.]    To  nip  ;  to  clip  or  break  off 

the  end.  Hence, 

2.  To  check  ;  to  reprimand  ;  to  check,  stop,  or  re- 
buke with  a  tart,  sarcastic  reply  or  remark. 

J.  Foster. 

[This  is  the  same  word  radically  as  Snkap,  Sneb, 
and  is  the  word  chiefly  used.] 

To  snub  a  cable  or  rope,  among  sea'nen,  is  to  check 
it  suddenly  in  running  out.  Totten. 
SNUB,  t).  t.    [G.  schnauben,  to  snub,  '.o  snort,  to  pant 
for,  to  puff.] 
To  sob  with  convulsions.    [-'Vol  u-ted.] 
SNUB'-,\OSE,  n.    .\  short  or  flat  iiose. 
SNUB'-,NOS-i;D,  a.    Havinc  a  short,  flat  nose, 
SNUDGE,  r,  i.    [Dan.  sniVcr.    See  Snuc] 

To  lie  close  ;  to  snug.    [.Vot  in  use,  or  cul<rnr.] 

Herbert. 

3NUDGE,  n,  A  miser,  or  a  sneaking  fellow,  [JVot  m 
use.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS 


1047 


so 

S\UFF,  n.  [D.  snuf,  whence  siuiffni,  to  snuff,  to 
scent ;  G.  sclinitppe;  allied  to  snub,  neb,  nth.^ 

1.  'i'lie  burning  part  of  a  candle-wick,  or  that 
which  has  been  charred  by  the  flame,  whether  burn- 
ing or  not.  AddL-ion, 

2.  A  candle  almost  burnt  out.  Shak. 

3.  Pulverized  tobacco  and  various  other  powders, 
taken,  or  prepared  to  be  taken,  into  the  nose. 

4.  Ilesentuient ;  liuff,  expressed  by  a  snuffing  of 
the  nose.  Bacon. 

SNUFF,  I'.  L  [D.  snuffen  ;  G.  schnupfin,  to  take  snuff ; 
schnuppen,  to  snuff  a  candle.] 

1.  To  draw  in  with  the  breath  ;  to  inhale  ;  as,  to 
snvff  llie  wind.  Drydeiu 

2.  To  scent ;  to  smell ;  to  perceive  by  the  nose. 

Drydm. 

3.  To  crop  the  snuff,  as  of  a  candle  ;  to  take  off 
the  end  of  the  snuff.  SwifL 

SKUFF,  1.  To  snort;  to  inhale  air  with  violence 
or  Willi  noise  ;  as  dogs  and  horses.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  turn  up  the  nose  and  inhale  air  in  con- 
tempt.   Jilid.  ii. 

3.  To  take  offense. 

SNUFF'BOX,  7u  A  box  for  carrying  snuff  about  the 
person. 

S.NUFF'ER,  n.    One  that  snuffs. 

SNUFF'ERS,  n.  pi.    An  instrument  for  cropping  the 

snuff  of  a  candle. 
SNUFFING,  ppr.     Drawing  in  with  the  breath; 
scenting.  ^ 
9.  Cropping  the  snuff,  as  of  a  candle. 
SNUFF'I.\G,  n.    The  act  of  snuffing.  Bwon. 
&^■UF'FLE,  (snuffl,)  v.  i.    [D.  siiuffchn;  G.  niiffeln 
and  schnuffeln ;  Dan.  sn'dvler,  to  sntijjle,  to  give  a 
cnibbed  answer,  to  snui.] 

To  speak  through  the  nose ;  to  breathe  hard 
through  the  nose,  or  through  the  nose  when  ob- 
structed. 

Somp  senseless  Pliillis,  in  a  broken  note, 

Snujlins  at  nose.  Dryden. 

SNUF'FLER,  n.    One  that  snuffles  or  speaks  through 

the  no^e  when  obstructed. 
SNUF'FLjES,  (snuf'flz,)  n.    Obstruction  of  the  nose 

bv  mucus. 

SNUF'FLING,  n.    A  speaking  through  the  nose. 

Smft. 

SNUFF'T.aK-ER,  71.    One  that  takes  snuff,  or  in- 

hale?i  it  into  the  nose. 
SNUFF'Y,  a.    Soiled  with  snuff. 

SNUG,  I'.  I.  [Dan.  miger,  to  sneak;  Sax.  snican,  to 
creep  ;  probably  allied  to  mVA,  close,  Sw.  niiLgg. 
See  Snake.] 

To  lie  close  ;  as,  a  child  snugs  to  its  mother  or 
nurse.  Sidnctj. 
SNUG,  a.    [Sw.  snygg,  neat.] 

1.  Lying  close  ;  closely  pressed  ;  as,  an  infant  lies 
mug. 

2.  Close  ;  concealed  ;  not  exposed  to  notice. 

At  Will's 

Lie  snug,  and  hear  what  critics  saj.  S-ci/t. 

3.  Being  in  good  order ;  all  convenient ;  neat ;  as, 
a  snug  litrle  farm. 

4.  Close;  neat;  convenient;  as,  a  snu^- house. 

5.  Slily  or  insidiously  close. 

When  you  hiy  snug,  tu  snap  young  Damon's  go:\l.  Dryden. 

SNUG'GER-Y,  71.  A  snug,  comfortable  place.  [Fa- 
milinr.]  fVarren. 

SNUG'GLE,  V.  i.  [from  snug.]  To  move  one  way 
and  the  other  to  get  a  close  place ;  to  lie  close  for 
convenience  or  warmth. 

SNUG'LV,  adv.    Closely  ;  safely. 

SNUG'NESS,  71.  Closeness;  the  state  of  being  neat 
or  convenient.  Haijleifs  Cowper. 

So,  V.  t.  Stand  still ;  a  word  used  in  the  imperative 
only,  by  milkmaids.    [See  the  next  word.] 

So,  adv.  [Goth,  swa ;  Sax.  siea  ;  G.  so ;  D.  lo ;  Dan. 
saa;  Sw.  sd ;  perhaps  L.  sk,  contracted,  or  Heb. 
niir,  to  compose,  to  set.  In  Ir.  so  is  this  or  that.  It 
is  the  same  in  Scots.  It  is  from  some  root  signifying 
to  set,  to  still,  and  this  sense  is  retained  in  the  use  of 
the  word  by  milkmaids,  wiio  say  to  cows,  so,  so,  that 
is,  stand  still,  remain  as  you  are ;  and  in  this  use, 
the  word  may  be  the  original  verb.] 

1.  In  like  manner,  answering  to  as,  and  noting 
comparison  or  resemblance ;  as  with  the  people,  so 
with  the  prii'.st. 

2.  In  such  a  degree  ;  to  that  degree. 

Why  is  his  chariot  so  long  in  coming  ?  —  Judges  T. 

3.  In  such  a  manner  ;  sometimes  repeated,  ao  and 
so  ;  as,  cert'iin  colom  mingled  so  and  so.  Sackling. 

4.  It  \»  followed  by  as. 

Then  is  fjrrirthin?  ecjuifftlcnt  In  France  and  Scotland  ;  so  OS  It 
U  ft  h.ird  cjil'iiniiy  upon  our  soil  to  alTirm  that  so  exc^  lknt  a 
fruit  will  not  grow  here.  Temple. 

But  in  like  phroaen,  we  now  use  that ;  "  so  that  it 
is  a  hard  calumny  ;  "  and  this  may  be  considered  aa 
the  eHtahlishr'd  usage. 

5.  In  the  name  manner. 

Use  your  tutor  with  freat  rrapeet,  and  cause  all  your  family  lo  do 
so  too.  Locke. 

6.  Thuii ;  In  thia  manner  ;  at,  New  V'ork,  so  called 


SOA 

from  the  Duke  of  York.  I  know  not  why  it  is,  but 
so  it  is. 

It  concerns  every  man,  with  the  greatest  seriousness,  to  inquire 
wlii^lher  th^se  things  are  so  or  not.  TdloUon. 

7.  Therefore  ;  thus  ;  for  this  reason ;  in  conse- 
quence of  this  or  that. 

It  leaves  instruction,  and  so  instructors,  lo  the  sobriety  of  the 

settled  articles  of  the  church.  Holyday. 
God  makes  him  in  his  own  image  an  intellectual  creature,  and 

so  ciptble  of  domtiiiun.  Locke. 
This  sliitute  made  the  dipping  of  coin  Iiigh  treason,  which  it  was 

not  at  common  law  ;  so  lliul  this  was  an  enlarging  statu'.e. 

lii(u:ksU}ne. 

8.  On  these  terms,  noting  a  conditional  petition. 

Here,  then,  exchange  we  mutually  forgiveness ; 

iS'o  may  the  guilt  ol  all  my  broken  vows, 

My  perjuries  lo  iliec,  be  ail  forgotten.  Rowe, 

So  here  might  be  expressed  by  thus,  that  is,  in  this 
manner,  by  this  mutual  forgiveness. 

9.  Provided  that ;  on  condition  that.    [L.  modo.] 
So  the  doctrine  l;e  but  wholesome  and  edifying  —  though  ttiere 

should  be  a  want  of  exuciuess  in  the  manner  of  speiikuig  and 
reasoning,  it  may  be  overlooked.  Alterbury. 
I  care  not  who  luruishes  the  means,  so  tliey  are  furnished. 

.Inon. 

10.  In  like  manner,  noting  the  concession  of  one 
proposition  or  fact,  and  the  assumption  of  another  ; 
answering  to  as. 

As  a  war  should  be  undertaken  upon  a  just  motive,  so  a  prince 
ought  to  consider  the  condition  lie  is  m  when  he  eutei^  on  it. 

Sisi/t. 

11.  So  often  expresses  the  sense  of  a  word  or  sen- 
tence going  before.  In  this  case  it  prevents  a  repeti- 
tion, and  may  be  considered  as  a  substitute  for  the 
word  or  phrase.  "  France  is  highly  cultivated,  but 
England  is  more  so,"  that  is,  more  highly  cultivated. 

Arlliur  Young. 

To  make  m?n  happy,  and  lo  keep  them  so.  Creech. 

12.  Thus ;  thus  it  is ;  this  is  the  state. 

How  sorrow  shake's  him  I 
So  now  the  temp.-st  teare  hhn  up  by  th'  roots.  Dryden, 

13.  Well ;  the  fact  being  such.  And  so  the  work 
is  done,  is  it .' 

14.  It  is  sometimes  used  to  express  a  certain  de- 
gree, implying  comparison,  and  yet  without  the  cor- 
responding word  as,  to  render  the  degree  definite. 

An  astringent  is  not  quite  so  proper,  where  relaxing  the  urinary 
piiss-iges  is  necessary.  jlrbuUinol. 

That  is,  not  perfectly  proper,  or  not  so  proper  as 
something  else  not  specified. 

15.  It  is  sometimes  etjuivalent  to  be  it  so,  let  it  be 
so,  let  it  be  as  it  is,  or  in  that  manner. 

There  is  Percy  ;  if  your  father  will  do  me  any  honor,  so ;  if  nol, 
let  him  kill  the  next  Percy  hunselL  Shak. 

16.  It  expresses  a  wish,  desire,  or  petition. 

Ready  are  the  appellant  and  defendant  — 

So  please  your  highness  to  behold  the  fight.  Shak. 

17.  So  much  as;  however  much.  Instead  of  so,  we 
now  generally  use  as  ;  as  much  as ;  that  much  ;  wliat- 
ever  the  quantity  may  be. 

18.  So  so,  or  so  repeated,  used  as  a  kind  of  excla- 
mation ;  equivalent  to  well,  well;  or  it  is  so,  the 
thing  is  dune. 

So,  so,  it  works ;  now,  mistress,  sit  you  fist,  Dryden. 

19.  So  so  ;  much  as  it  was  ;  indifferently  ;  not  well 
nor  niucli  amiss. 

His  leg  is  but  BO  so.  Shak. 

20.  So  then;  thus  then  it  is;  therefore  ;  the  conse- 
quence is. 

So  Oien  the  Volscians  stand  ;  but  a9  at  first 

Ready,  when  time  shall  prompt  them,  to  m.tke  road 

Upon  's  again,  Shak. 

SoAK,  T.  t.    [.?ax.  socian ;  VV.  swgiav),  to  soak,  and 
sugaw,  to  suck.    To  soak  is  to  suck  in ;  D.  zuigen,  G. 

saugen,  .\r.  salai,  to  imbibe,  that  is,  to  draw  ; 

Ir.  sughlhach,  soaking;  perhaps  hence  Sw.  .ini-Afa, D, 
zairt,  soft.  Class  Sg,  No.  3C.  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  npif. 
No.  82.] 

1.  To  steep  ;  to  cause  or  suffer  to  lie  in  a  fluid  till 
the  substance  has  imbibi'd  what  it  can  contain  ;  to 
macerate  in  water  or  other  fluid  ;  as,  to  soak  cloth  ; 
lo  soak  bread. 

2.  To  drench;  to  wet  thoroughly.  The  earth  is 
soaked  with  heavy  rains. 

'ilviT  land  shall  ho  soaked  with  blood.  —  la.  xxxiv, 

3.  To  draw  in  by  the  pores ;  as  the  skin.  Dryden. 

4.  To  drain.    [J^nt  authorized.] 

SOAK,  (soke,)  v.  i.    To  lie  steeped  in  water  or  other 
fluiil.    Let  the  cloth  lie  and  soak. 

2.  To  enter  into  pores  or  interstices.  Water  soaks 
Into  the  earth  or  otiicr  porous  matter. 

3.  To  drink  inteinperalely  or  gluttonously  ;  to 
drench  ;  as,  a  snakinir  club.    [Low.]  Locke. 

SOAK'A'l),  (sOkt,)  pp.  Steeped  or  macerated  in  a  fluid  ; 
drenched. 

SOAK'ER,  71.     One  that  soaks  or  macerates  in  n 
liquid, 

2.  A  hard  drinker.  [Low.] 


SOB 

So.\K'ING,  ppr.  Steeping;  macerating;  drenching; 
'niliibihg. 

9.  a.    That  wets  thoroughly  ;  as,  a  soaking  rain. 
SoAL,  of  a  shoe.    See  Sole. 

SoAP,  (sope,)  n.  f  Sax.  sape ;  D.  zeep  :  G.  seife ;  Sw. 
sapa;  Dan.  sabe;  Fr.  savon  ;  It.  sapone;  Sp.  zabon ; 
Ij.  sapo ;  Gr.  ffujTtoy    Arm.  savaitn;  W.sebon;  Hin- 


doo, saboon,  savin;  Gipsy,  sapuna;  Pcrs.    '  »_)L»< 

S     3  ^ 

sabun;  Ar.  ^^Lw  sabunon.    Class  Sb,  No.  29.] 

A  compoiintl  of  one  or  more  of  the  oil-acids,  more 
especially  with  the  metallic  alkalies  potassa  uT  soda, 
but  also  with  some  other  salifiable  bases.  The  most 
common  soaps  are  either  margarates  or  oleates  of 
potassa  or  soda,  made  by  boiling  some  common  oil 
with  the  lye  of  wood-ashes  ;  used  in  washing  and 
cleansing,  in  medicine,  &c.  Common  soap  is  an 
unctuous  substance. 

SoAP,  V.  t.    [Sax.  sapan;  D.  zeepen;  G.  seifen.] 
To  rub  or  wash  over  with  soap. 

SoAP'BER  RY-TREE,  n.  An  evergreen,  tropical 
tree  of  several  species,  belonging  to  the  genus  Sapin- 
dus,  bearing  red,  saponaceous  berries,  which  are 
used  as  a  substitute  for  soap  in  washing  clothes. 

P.  Cyc.  Loudon. 

SoAP'-BOIL-ER,  71.  [soop  and  boiler.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  make  soap. 

So.4P'-BOIL-lNG,  71.  The  occupation  of  making 
soap. 

SoAP'£D,  (sopt,)  pp.   Rubbed  or  washed  with  soap. 
So.\P'ING,  ppr.    Rubbing  or  washing  with  soap. 
SoAP'SToNE,  71.     Steatite;  a  magnesian  mineral, 

^sually  gray,  white,  or  yellow  ;  the  Lapis  ollaris. 
So.^P'SUbS,  n.  pi.    Suds;  water  well  impregnated 

with  soap. 

SoAP'WORT,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Saponaria  ; 
so  called  from  its  bruised  leaves  producing  a  lather 
like  soap,  on  being  agitated  in  water. 

Farm.  Encyc. 

SoAP' Y,  a.    Resembling  soap;  having  the  qualities 
of  soap  ;  soft  and  smooth, 
2.  Smeared  with  soap. 
So.'^R,  (sore,)  v.  i.    [Fr.  essorcr,  to  soar  ;  essor,  flight ; 

It.  sorare  ;   Eth.  sarar,  to  flj',  to  be  lofty. 

Lud.  Col,  109.    Class  Sr,  No.  20.] 

1.  To  fly  aloft;  to  mount  upon  the  wing;  as  an 
eagle.  Hence, 

2.  To  rise  high  ;  to  mount ;  to  tower  in  thought  or 
imagination  ;  to  be  sublime  ;  as  the  poet  or  orator. 

3.  To  rise  high  in  ambition  or  heroism. 


Valor  sotLrs  above 
What  the  world  adls  misfortune. 


Addison. 


4.  In  general,  to  rise  aloft  ;  to  be  lofty. 
So.'VR,  71.    A  towering  flight.  Milton. 
So.^R'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Mounting  on  the  wing;  rising 

aloft ;  towering  in  thought  or  mind. 
So.Mt'ING,  71.    The  act  of  mounting  on  the  wing,  or 

of  towering  in  thought  or  mind  ;  iiitelleciual  flight. 
SOA'yE,  (  [It-]    1"  music,  sweet,  or  with 

SOA-FE-MEJV'TE,  \     sweetness.  Brande. 
SOB,  V.  i.    [Sax.  seobjretid,  complaining.  Qu.] 

■To  sigh  with  a  sudden  heaving  of  the  breast,  or  a 
kind  of  convulsive  motion  ;  to  sigh  with  deep  sorrow 
or  with  tears. 

She  sighed,  she  sobbed,  and,  furious  with  despair. 

She  rent  her  gitrnieiits,  and  she  tor^  her  hair.  Dryden, 

SOB,  71.    A  convulsive  sigh  or  catching  of  the  breath 
in  sorrow  ;  a  convulsive  act  of  respiration  obstructed 
by  sorrow.  Johnson. 
Break,  heart,  or  choke  with  sobs  my  hated  breath.  Dryden. 

SOB,  P.  f.    To  soak.    [Mtinuse.]  Mortimer. 

SOIt'BING,  ppr.  Sighing  with  a  heaving  of  the 
breast. 

SOB'BING,  71.  Lamentation. 

SO'HER,  a.  [Fr.  sobre ;  It.  .'obrio ;  L.  sabrius ;  D. 
sober,  poor,  mean,  spare,  sober ;  Sax.  sifer,  sober, 
pure,  chaste.    See  Soft.] 

1.  Temperate  in  the  use  of  spiritous  liquors;  ha- 
bitually temperate  ;  as,  a  sober  man. 

Live  a  sober,  righteous,  and  godly  life.  Com.  Pmyer. 

2.  Not  intoxicated  or  overpowered  by  spiritous 
liquors  ;  not  drunken.  The  sot  may  at  times  be 
sober. 

3.  Not  mad  or  insane;  not  wild,  visionary,  or 
heated  with  passion  ;  having  the  regular  exercise 
of  cool,  dispassionate  reason. 

There  was  not  a  sober  person  lo  be  had  ;  all  was  tempestuous 
and  blusteritifr,  Dryd.n. 

No  sober  man  would  put  hhnself  in  danger  for  l)i<  anplanse  of 
escaping  witliout  breaking  his  iifck,  Dryden. 

4.  Regular ;  calm ;  not  under  the  influence  of 
passion  ;  as,  sober  judgment ;  a  man  in  his  sober 
senses. 

5.  Serious  ;  solemn  ;  grave  ;  ns,  the  sober  livery  of 
autumn. 

What  parls  gay  Trance  from  #o6#r  Spain  }  Prior. 
Sec  her  sober  over  a  sampler,  or  gay  over  a  Jointed  baby.  Pope. 


FATE,  FAB,  FftLL,  WH^T  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQIC  — 


l<M8 


soc 


soc 


SOF 


So'BEIl,  i>.  (.  To  make  sober  i  to  cure  of  iiitoxicu- 
lioii. 

Tliert^  shallow  (ln\(i«;hu  intoxicate  thft  braiili 

And  ilriiikiiif  l»rgi-ly  tobtrt  us  iig.iin.  Pops. 

SO'BER-KI),  pp.    Made  soher. 
SO'HER-I.Y,  udr.    VViihont  intemperance. 

2.  Without  enthtisiasiii. 

3.  Witliout  intcmperute  passion  ;  coolly  ;  calmly  ; 
nioflecitely.  Bacon.  Locke. 

4.  Gravely  ;  seriously. 
SO'IIKR-MlM)'ED,n.  Having  a  disposition  or  temper 

haliitiiallv  sulii-r,  calm,  and  temperate. 
SO'IIEIl-.\il.\I)'EI)-NESS,  71.    Cal'nness ;  freedom 
from  iniirdiiiatc  passions  ;  habitual  sobriety. 

Porteus, 

SO'BER-.VBSS,  n.    Freedom  from  intoxication  ;  tcm- 
a.  (Jravity  ;  seriousin>:-s.  [perance. 
3..  Freciliini  from  hej^t  and  passion  ;  calmness  ; 
coolness. 

Tlif  sotternest  ot  Virgil  might  have  shown  him  the  diiTen-nce. 

Uryden. 

SO-BRI'E-TY,  n.  [Fr.  sobrieti  ;  L.  sobrictas,  from  so- 
frriii.*.] 

I.  Habitual  soberness  or  temperance  in  the  use  of 
spirituus  litpiors  ;  as  when  we  say,  a  man  of  sobrinij. 

lluoker.  Taijlor. 

5.  Freedom  from  intoxication. 

Piitlic  aobricly  is  a  rfl;Uive  duty.  Blackalone. 

3.  Habitual  freedom  from  enthusiasm,  inordinate 
passion,  or  t)Vcrht'atir(l  imagination  ;  calmness  ;  ctiol- 
nt^ss  ;  as,  the  sobriety  of  ripjr  years  ;  the  subrirlij  of 
age.  Dnjiten. 

4.  Seriousness  ;  gravity  without  sadness  or  melan- 
choly. 

Mirth  makes  th'"in  not  mad, 

Nur  sobriety  s.ul.  Dcnham. 

SOn-Rt-QUET',  (soli-re-ki',)  n.    [Fr.]    A  nickname. 
SOG,  n.    [Sax.  soc,  from  socan,  secan,  to  sec/if  to  follow, 
L.  .^rgitor,] 

1.  Pniperhj,  the  sequela,  secta,  or  stiit,  or  tlie  body 
of  suitors  ;  lii'nci',  the  power  or  privilege  of  holdin;; 
a  court  in  a  ilisirict,as  in  a  manor;  Jurisdiction  of 
causes,  and  the  limits  of  that  jiirisdictron. 

English  Low.    IVilkins.  Lye. 

2.  Liberty  or  privilege  of  tenants  excused  from 
custt)inary  burdens.  Cowcl. 

3.  An  extrlusive  privilece  claimed  by  millers  of 
grindins  all  the  corn  used  within  the  manor  or  town- 
ship in  which  the  mill  stands.  Orose. 

SOe'.VOiE,  n.  [from  •."<:,  supra,  a  privilege.]  In  Ek^- 
lish  taw,  a  tenure  of  l.anils  and  tenements  by  a  cer- 
tain or  determinate  service;  a  tenure  distinct  from 
chivalry  or  knight's  service,  in  which  the  render  was 
uncertain.  The  service  must  be  certain,  in  onler  to 
be  dentiminnted  .ioeai;e;  as  to  hold  by  fealty  and 
twenty  shillings  rent.  BlackMune. 

Socage  is  of  two  kinds  ;  free  sorarre,  where  the 
services  are  not  only  certain,  but  luuiorable  ;  and  ml- 
tein  .locate,  where  the  services,  though  certain,  are 
of  a  baser  nature.  Blackstoite. 

SOe'.A-tiER,  n.    A  tenant  by  socage  ;  a  socman. 

SO'-e.XLI.-KD,  (J.    So  nam.  d. 

SO-eiA-Hll.'l-TY,  71.    [Fr.  sociabilili.] 

!>ociableness  ;  disposition  to  associate  and  converse 
with  others  ;  or  the  practice  of  familiar  cimverse. 

SO'CI.VBEE,  (s6'sha-bl,)  a.    [Vr.  sociable  :  L.  sociabi- 
from  sociu.^,  a  companion,  probably  from  scqaor, 
to  follow.    See  Sekk.] 

1.  That  may  be  conjoined  ;  fit  to  he  united  in  one 
body  or  company  ;  n.s,  sociable  pans  united  in  one 
body.  Hooker. 

2.  Ready  or  disposed  to  unite  in  a  general  in- 
terest. 

'I'o  make  man  mild,  and  tociablf  to  man.  Addison, 

3.  Ready  and  inclined  to  join  in  company  or  socie- 
ty ;  or  fretpieiitly  meeting  for  conversation  ;  as,  so- 
ciable neishbors. 

4.  Inclined  to  converse  when  in  company ;  dis 
posed  to  freedom  in  conversation  ;  opposed  to  Re 
sERVEo  and  TAciruRrf. 

5.  Free  in  conversation  ;  conversing  much  or  fa- 
miliarly.   The  iiuesls  were  very  sociable. 

So'CIA-BLE-.\i;s.-^,  71.  Dispasitioii  to  associ.tte  ;  in- 
clination to  ctuiipany  anti  converse  ;  or  actual  fre- 
quent union  in  society  or  free  converse.  This  word 
may  signify  either  the  disposition  to  associate,  or  the 
disposition  to  enter  into  familiar  conversation,  or  the 
artiial  prictice  of  associating  anil  conversing. 

SO'tMA-lfEY,  a</e.  In  a  sociable  manner  ;  with  free 
intercourse  ;  conversibly  ;  familiarly  ;  as  a  compan- 
ion. 

SO'CIAL, (-shal,)  a.  [L.  socialis,  from  socitu,  compan- 
ion.) 

1.  Pertaining  to  society  ;  relating  to  men  living  in 
society,  or  to  the  public  as  an  aggregate  body  ;  as, 
social  interests  or  concerns  ;  <ocial  pleasures  ;  social 
benefits  j  social  happiness  ;  social  duties. 

True  selMovc  and  social  are  the  3air,e.  Po;je. 

2.  Ready  or  disposed  to  mix  in  friendly  converse  ; 
companionable. 


3.  Consisting  in  union  or  mutual  converse.  Milton. 

4.  Disposed  to  unite  in  society.  Man  Is  asocial  being. 
S0'CIAI/-IS.\1,  «     A  social  slate  in  which  there  is  a 

comnninity  of  properly  among  all  the  citi/.eiis  j  a 

new  term  ftir  A<;ba»ianism.    [See  Communism.] 
SO'CIALrlST,  71.    (Jiie  who  advocates  a  coiiiumnity 

of  property  among  all  the  citizens  of  u  state. 
SO-CI.'\i.'l-TY,  H.    Socialness;  the  quality  of  being 

social.  Sterne. 
So'(JIAL-LY,  ado.    In  a  social  manner  or  way. 
SO'CI.AL-NESS,  II.    The  quality  of  being  social. 
SO'CISTE,  (-shite,)  v.  i.    To  associate;  to  mix  with 

coiu|iany.    [Ofcs.]  Shrlford. 
SO-CI'E-TY,  71.     [Fr.  socicti  ;  Sp.  socirdad ;  It.  soci- 

etd :  L.  socictas,  from  socius,  a  companion.    See  So- 

CIAHI.E.] 

1.  The  union  of  a  number  of  ration.al  beings  ;  or 
n  iiiiuilier  of  persons  tiiiiti'il,  either  for  a  temporary 
or  periiiancnt  purpose.  Thus  the  inhabitants  of  a 
state  tir  of  a  city  constitute  a  society,  having  common 
interests  ;  and  hence  it  is  called  a  community.  In  a 
more  enlarged  sense,  the  whole  race  or  family  of 
man  is  a  society,  and  called  human  society. 

The  true  and  natural  fouudulioiu  of  society  am  the  wants  and 
fears  ol  individuals.  Btackttone. 

2.  Any  number  of  persons  associated  for  a  particu- 
lar purpose,  whether  incorpnrated  by  law,  or  only 
united  liy  articles  of  agreement ;  a  fraternity.  Thus 
we  have  Bible  societies,  missionary  societieji,  and 
charitable  societies  for  various  tibjects  ;  societies  of 
mechanics,  and  learned  societies ;  societies  for  encour- 
aging arts,  &c. 

3.  Company;  a  temporary  association  of  persons 
fiir  prolit  or  pleastire.  In  this  sense,  Comfany  is 
more  generally  used. 

4.  Ciimpaiiy  ;  fi  lliiwsliip.  We  frequent  the  society 
of  those  we  love  and  est<!em. 

5.  Partnership;  fellowsliip;  union  on  equal  terms. 

Amon<r  une^iunls  what  society  can  sun  t  filVtort. 
Heaven's  gr.;atiu-s»  no  society  can  bear.  DryHen. 

6.  Persons  living  in  the  same  neighborhood,  who 
frequently  meet  in  coiiipaiiy  and.  Ii;ive  IV-llowship. 
Literary  A-otrict//  renders  a  place  interesting  and  agree- 
able. 

7.  In  Connecticut,  a  number  of  families  united  and 
incorponitetl  for  the  purpose  of  supporting  public 
wor>liip,  is  called  an  ecclesiastical  socirtii.  This  is  a 
parish,  except  that  it  has  not  territorial  limits.  In 
Massachusetts,  such  an  incorporateil  society  is  usually 
called  a  parish,  though  consisting  of  persons  only, 
without  rCL'ard  to  territory. 

SO-Cl.\'I-AN,  n.  [from  Socinns,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
in  Tuscany,  the  founder  of  the  seel  of  Socinians  in 
tlic  llitli  cintury.] 

Pertaining  to  Socinus,  or  his  religious  creed. 
SO-CIN'I-AN,  71.    One  of  the  followers  of  Socinus. 

Knctic. 

SO-CIN'I-AN-ISM,  71.  The  tenets  or  doctrines  of  So- 
cinus, who  held  Christ  to  have  been  a  mere  man  in- 
spireil,  denied  his  divinity  anil  atonement, the  doctrine 
of  original  depravity,  and  kindred  doctrines.  Enq/c. 

SOCK,  71.  [Sax.  socc  ;  L.  soccus ;  Sw.  siicka  ;  G.  socke  ; 
D.  zok  :  Dan.  soA' ,•  Fr.  socyuc  :  It.  socco;  Sp.  zoeo,  iit- 
eco,  a  wooden  shoe,  .a  plinth,  whence  zocalo,  Fr. 
socle.    Ciu.  L.  sicca,  to  dry,  Gr.  t>ii»>,-  j,  a  bag.] 

1.  The  shoe  of  the  ancient  actors  of  comedy. 
Hence  the  word  is  used  for  comedy,  and  opposed  to 
Bi/sKiN,  or  tragedy. 

tjreat  Fletcher  never  treatis  in  biukin  here. 

Nor  greater  Jonsun  dares  in  socks  appear.  DryUn. 

2.  A  garment  for  the  foot,  like  the  foot  of  a  stack- 
ing. 

3.  A  plowshare.  Ed.  Encyc. 
SOCK'ET,  71.    [U.  soieeail.] 

1.  The  little  hollow  tube  or  place  in  which  a  can- 
dle is  fixed  in  the  candlestick. 


And  in  the  sockets  oily  bubbles  dance. 


Dryden. 


Withers,  adieu  I  yet  not  with  thee  lemove 
Thy  maninl  spirit  or  Ul)  todnl  love. 


Pope. 


2.  Any  hollow  thing  or  place  which  receives  and 
holds  something  else  ;  as,  the  sockets  of  the  teeth  or 
of  the  eyes. 

liis  eyeba!!a  in  their  hollow  sockets  sink.  Dnjrlen. 
Goinphusis  is  the  counection  of  a  louili  to  its  socket.  Wueuuin. 

SOCK'ET-CHIS-EL,  n.  A  strong  chisel  used  by  car- 
penters for  mortising.  Owilt. 

SOCK'ET-PoLE,  «.  A  pole  armed  with  an  iron 
socket,  and  used  to  propel  boats,  &c. 

SOCK'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  socks  or  shoes. 

Beaum.  Fl. 

S;5'eLE,  (so'kl,)  n.  In  architecture,  a  plain  block  or 
plinth,  forming  a  low  pedeslal  to  a  statue,  column, 
&c.  ;  also,  a  plain  face  or  pitnth  at  the  lower  part  of 
a  wall.  G.'o.w.  of  ^rcA.t. 

SOG'MA.V,  71.  [See  Socage.]  One  who  holds  lands 
or  tenements  by  socage.  CaweL 

SOe'.MAN-RY,  n.    Tenure  by  socage.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Cowcl. 

SOe'OME,  n.    A  custom  of  tenants  to  grind  corn  at 

the  lord's  mill.    [JVol  used.}  Cowrl. 
POC'O  TO-Rl.VE,  (-rin,)  (  a.     Socolorine  or  .TOcufriiie 
SOe'O-TRI.NE,  \     atoes:  a  kind  of  aloes 

from  Sociiira,  an  isle  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  Ennic. 


SO-CRAT'ie,       /  a.     Pertaining  to  8ocrate»,  tho 
.SO-CKAT'lC-AL,  j     Greci;iii  sage,  or  to  lii>  language 
or  ninnner  of  tejiching  and  philnsoplii/.iiig.  The 
Socratic  inetfiod  of  reast>iiing  antl  iitsiriii-tiun  was  by 
a  series  of  tpieslions  lettding  to  the  desired  result. 
SO-CRAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  Socralic  method. 

Goodoian. 

SOC'RA-TISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  philosophy  of 
.Socrates. 

SOC'K.A-TIST,  71.    A  disciple  of  Socrates.  Marttin. 

SOD,  71.  [D.  toode !  G.  sode.  I  suspect  the  radical 
sen-:e  is  set,  fixed  ;  W.  soiii,  to  set.] 

Turf ;  sward  ;  that  stratum  of  earth  on  the  surface 
which  is  fiUeil  with  the  roots  of  grass,  or  any  por- 
tion of  that  surface.  It  dilfers  from  Clod,  which 
may  be  a  compact  mass  of  earth  without  roots  ;  but 
sod  is  formed  by  earth  held  together  by  roots. 

SOI),  a.    IMaile  or  consisting  of  stid. 

SOI),  V.  t.    To  ctivcr  with  sod  ;  to  turf. 

-SOI),  prri.  of  .Seethe  ;  also  the  |>assive  participle. 
_[S(;e  Sodden.] 

So' DA,  71.  [G.  Wa  ;  D.  souda ;  It.  soda:  Sp.  soda  or 
so.-^a,  glass\vorl,  b;irill;i.] 

1.  The  proloxyd  of  the  metal  sodium,  formerly 
called,  though  not  appropriately,  mineral  alkali.  It 
has  likewise  been  calleil  a  Jiicd  alkali,  in  contra- 
distinction from  ammonia,  which  is  a  volatile  al- 
kali. 

2.  Tlie  carbonate  of  soda,  formerly  called  Nathon, 
obtained  by  lixiviating  llie  tishes  of  marine  plants,  or 
decomposing  the  sails  of  soda.  In  this  stale,  bow- 
ever,  it  is  never  pure. 

So'DA-.^SlI,  71.    Impure  carbonate  of  sod.a. 

SO'DA-I.ITE,  71.  A  mineral  occurring  usually  in 
small,  bluish  dodecahedrons,  and  containing  a  large 
proportit^n  of  soda,  along  with  silica,  alumina,  and 
muriatic  acid.  Vang. 

SO-I).\L'I-TY,  71.  sodalilas,{tom  sodalis,  a  com- 
panion.] 

A  fellowship  or  fraternit)'.  Slillinvfiret. 

SO'DA-SALTs,  71.  In  c/icinkitT-T/,  salts  wliii  h  have 
jioila  for  Iheir  liase.  Silliman. 

So'DA-W A-TER,  71.  A  very  weak  solution  of  soda 
in  water  highly  charged  w'iili  c;irb(uiic  acid.  The 
popular  beverage  sold  under  this  name  in  the  sliops 
is  ordinarily  nothing  but  common  water  liiglily 
charged  with  carbonic  acid. 

SOD'DEI), /);i.    Covcretl  with  sod  ;  turfed. 

SOD'DK.N,  pp.  of  Seethe.    Boiled  ;  seellii  d. 

SOD'l)Y,n.  [from  sod.]  Turfy  ;  consisting  of  sod  ; 
coveretl  wiij  sod. 

SOD'ER,  0.  t.  fW.  snwd,  juncture  ;  S'Kdrinw,  to 
join,  to  soder  ;  Fr.  .■ioudrr ;  Ann.  siij/i/a  or  sondta  ;  It. 
sodarr,  to  m;ike  firm.  It  has  been  taken  for  granted 
that  this  is  a  contracted  word,  from  L.  solido,  and 
hence  written  SoLDt:R.  The  fact  may  be  dotibteil  ; 
but  if  true,  the  settled  pronunciation  seems  to  render 
it  expedient  to  let  the  cmitracted  orlhography  remain 
undisturbed.  So  Parkhurst  writes  it.  Lexicon, 
P31.] 

To  unite  and  make  solid,  as  metallic  substances  ; 
to  unite  llie  surfices  of  metals  by  the  intervention 
of  a  metal  or  met;illic  cement  in  a  state  of  fusion, 
whicli  hardens  in  cooling,  and  renders  the  joint 
solid. 

SOD'ER,  71.  Metallic  cement;  a  metal  or  metallic 
composition  used  in  uniting  other  metallic  sub- 
stances. 

SOD'ER-KD,  pp.    United  bv  a  metallic  cement. 

SOD'ER-INt;,  ppr.  l,Hiilii"ig  and  making  solid  by 
means  of  a  metallic  substance  in  a  state  of  fiisiiui. 

SOD'ER-I.VG,  71.  The  process  of  unittiic  the  surl  ices 
of  metals  by  the  intervention  of  a  more  fusible  metal 
or  metallic  cement. 

So'DI-U.M,  71.  The  metallic  base  of  soda.  It  is  soft, 
white,  anil  opaque,  and  very  malleable.  Il  is  lighter 
than  water.  Coniinon  culinary  salt  is  chlorid  of  so- 
dium. Daoy. 

SOD'OM-ITE,  71.    An  inhabitant  of  Sodom. 
2.  One  giiiltv  of  sodomy. 

SOD-O.M-IT'IC-AL,  a.    Pt^rtaining  to  sodomy. 

.SOn'O.M-Y,  71.    A  crime  asainst  nature. 

S6E,  71.    [Scot,  .s'ltr perhaps  .Hra.l 

A  large  wooden  vessel  for  holding  water;  a  cowl. 
[  Local.  ]  More. 

SO-EV'LR  ;  so  and  ever,  found  in  com|if.unds,  as  in 
who.<orrer,  what-forver,  vkere.-^orrer.  [See  these 
words.]  It  is  sometimes  used  separate  from  the 
pronoun;  as,  in  what  things  soeocr  you  undertake, 
use  diligence  and  fidelity. 

SO'FA,  71.  [Probably  an  Oriental  word.  Clu.  Sw. 
sdfra,  to  lull  to  sleep.) 

An  elegant  long  scat,  usually  with  a  siiifreri  bot- 
tom. Sofas  are  variously  made.  In  the  Cmieil  Slates, 
the  frame  is  of  mahogany,  and  the  bottmii  formeil  of  i 
stiilfed  cloth,  with  a  covering  of  silk,  cbint/,  calico, 
or  hair-clot  It  ;  sometimes  on  springs.  The  sofa  of 
the  Orientals  is  a  kind  of  alcove  raised  half  a  fool 
above  the  Hoor,  where  visitors  of  distinrtiim  are  re- 
ceived. It  is  also  a  seat  by  the  side  of  the  room 
covered  with  a  carpet. 

SO'FA-liED,  71.  A  bed  within  a  frame  hene.ith  a 
sofa,  which  can  be  used  for  lodging  by  night. 

SO'FETT,  71.    .\  small  sofa. 


TO.VE,  BULL,  1;MTE.  — A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  j  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


132 


J  J  J  J» 


1040 


SOF 


SOI 


SOL 


yo'FI,    }  ,  -,f  Ill  Persia,  a  religious  person  ;  a 

PO'Plil,  i  ('^^  f--''' i  dervis. 

So'FISM,  n.  The  mystical  doctrines  of  the  Sofis,  or 
derVLses  of  Persia.  Brande. 

SOF'FIT,  )i.  [\X.  soffittn.']  \n  architeclnre,  a.  ceiling; 
a  term  seldom  used  except  in  reference  to  the  under 
sides  of  the  subordinate  parts  and  members  of  build- 
ings, such  as  staircases,  entablatures,  archways,  cor- 
nices, i&^c.  Oloas,  of  Orckit 

SOFT,  a.  [Sax.  softe,  sofla.  The  D.  has  lagt,  Sw. 
saclua,  D.  sairle,  and  the  G.  sanft,  in  a  like  sense,  but 
whether  allied  to  soft,  may  be  questioned.] 

1.  Easily  yielding  to  pressure ;  the  contrary  of 
Hard  ;  as,  a  soft  bed  ;  a  soft  peach  ;  soft  earth. 

a.  Not  hard ;  easily  separated  by  an  edged  instru- 
ment :  as,  soft  wood.  The  chestnut  is  a  soft  wood, 
but  more  durable  than  hickory,  which  is  a  very 
hard  wood.  So  we  say,  a  soft  stone,  when  it  breaks 
or  is  hewed  with  ease. 

3.  Easily  worked  ;  malleable  ;  as,  soft  iron. 

4.  Not  rough,  rugged,  or  harsh ;  smooth  to  the 
touch ;  delicate ;  as,  soft  silk  ;  soft  raiment ;  a  soft 
skin. 

5.  Delicate  ;  feminine ;  as,  the  softer  sex. 

6.  Easily  yielding  to  persuasion  or  motives  ;  flexi- 
ble ;  susceptible  of  influence  or  passion.  In  both 
these  senses,  soft  is  applied  to  females,  and  some- 
times to  males;  as,  a  divine  of  a  soft  and  servile 
temper.  Charles. 

One  king  is  too  soft  anJ  easy.  L^Estranst. 

7.  Tender ;  timorous. 

Ilo-.vever  soft  within  Ihemselves  they  are, 

To  you  Ihey  will  be  valiant  by  despair.  Dryden. 

8.  Mild  ;  gentle;  kind  ;  not  severe  or  unfeeling; 
as,  a  person  of  a  soft  nature. 

9.  Civil ;  complaisant;  courteous;  as,  a  person  of 
soft  manners.    Ho  has  a  soft  way  of  asking  favors. 

10.  Placid ;  still ;  easy. 

On  her  soft  axle  whilp  she  paces  even, 

She  bears  ihee  soft  with  the  smooth  air  alonj.  iVit'ton. 

11.  Efleminate  ;  viciously  nice. 

An  idle  and  soft  course  of  life  is  the  source  of  criminal  pleasures. 

^7-oo7ne. 

12.  Delicate ;  elegantly  tender. 

Her  form  more  soft  and  fcntiuine.  Milton, 

13.  Weak  ;  impressible. 

The  deceiver  soon  found  this  soft  place  of  Adam's.  [Not 
elegant.}  GlanvUle. 

14.  Gentle ;  smooth  or  melodious  to  the  ear ;  not 
loud,  rough,  or  harsh  ;  as,  a  soft  voice  or  note  ;  a 
soft  sound  ;  soft  accents  ;  soft  whispers. 

Drijdrn.  Pope. 

15.  Smooth;  flowing;  not  rough  or  vehement. 
The  solemn  nijrtitinifale  tuned  her  soft  lays.  Mi'lon. 
So/t  were  my  numbers,  who  coidd  lake  olfense  ?  Pope. 

16.  Easy ;  quiet ;  undisturbed  ;  as,  soft  slumbers. 

17.  Jlild  to  the  eye  ;  not  strong  or  glaring;  as,  soft 
colors  ;  the  soft  coloring  of  a  picture. 

The  sun,  Bliiiiiiis:  on  the  upper  part  of  the  clouds,  made  the  soft- 
est lights  imaginable.  Brown. 

18.  Mild;  warm;  pleasant  to  the  feelings ;  as,  so/t 
air. 

19.  Not  tinged  with  salts  ;  not  hard  ;  so  as  to  decom- 
pose soap  ;  as,  .■soft  water  is  the  best  for  washing. 

20.  Mild  ;  gentle  ;  not  rough,  rude,  or  irritating. 
A  soft  answer  lurnclh  away  wrath.  —  Prov.  xv. 

21.  Weak  ;  foolish. 

SOFT,  adv.    Softly  ;  gently  ;  quietly. 

SOFT,  ezclam.    For  be  soft ;  iiold  ;  stop  ;  not  so  fast. 

But,  soft,  nty  muse ;  the  \vo*Id  is  wide.  Suckling. 

SOFT'£N,  (sofn,)  v.  t.  To  make  soft  or  more  soft  ; 
to  make  less  hard. 

Their  arrow's  point  they  soften  in  the  0ame.  Cay. 

2.  To  mollify;  to  make  less  fierce  or  intractable  ; 
to  make  more  susceptible  of  humane  or  flne  feel- 
ings ;  as,  to  .loften  a  hard  lieart ;  to  soften  savage  na- 
tures.   The  heart  is  softened  by  pity. 


nifliden 


□  liutes  the  proud, 


ioftens  the  severe. 

Jiambler. 


3.  To  make  less  harsh  or  severe  ;  as,  to  soften  an 
expression. 

4.  To  palliate  ;  to  represent  as  less  enormous  ;  as, 
to  aoflen  a  fault. 

5.  To  make  easy ;  to  compose  ;  to  mitigate ;  to 
alleviate. 

Music  can  soften  pain  to  case.  Pope. 

6.  To  make  calm  and  placid. 

Bl'l  her  l»  nil  that  cheers  or  softens  life.  Pope. 

7.  To  make  less  harsh,  less  rude,  less  offcnNive,  or 
violent. 

Bui  sweetly  lemiiercd  awe,  and  softsnsd  nil  he  spoke,  Vrytten. 

8.  To  make  less  glaring  ;  on,  to  aoflen  the  coloring 
of  a  picture. 

9.  To  make  tender;  to  make  eflt.minato  ;  to  en- 
ervate; as,  IroopH  aoflenrd  by  luxury, 

10.  "To  mako  less  harsh  or  grating ;  aa,  to  toflen  the 
voice 

Bi)FT'£N,(sof 'n,)  V.  i.    To  become  less  hard  ;  to  be- 


coiite  more  pliable  and  yielding  to  pressure  ;  as,  iron 
or  wax  softens  in  heat ;  fruits  .s(i/(en  as  they  ripen. 

2.  'I'o  become  less  rude,  harsh,  or  cruel ;  as,  savage 
natures  soften  by  civilization. 

3.  To  become  less  obstinate  or  obdurate ;  to  be- 
come more  susceptible  of  humane  feelings  and  ten- 
derness ;  to  relent.  The  heart  softens  at  the  sight  of 
woe. 

4.  To  become  more  mild  ;  as,  the  air  softens. 

5.  To  become  less  harsh,  severe,  or  rigort)Us. 
SOFT'£N-£D,  (sof 'nd,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  less  hard  or 

less  harsh  ;  made  less  obdurate  or  cruel,  or  less  glar- 
ing. 

SOFT'£N-I\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Slaking  more  soft ;  making 

less  rough  or  cruel,  &c, 
SOFT'SN-ING,  n.    The  act  of  making  less  hard,  less 

cruel  or  obdurate,  less  violent,  less  glaring,  &c. 
SOFT'£N-lNG,  n.    In  painting,  the  blending  of  colors 

into  each  other. 
SOFT'-IIEAIIT-ED,  a.    H.aving  tenderness  of  heart ; 

susceptible  of  pity  or  oUier  kindly  afiection  ;  gentle  ; 

meek. 

SOFT'ISII,  0.    Somewhat  soft.  D.  Clinton. 

SOFT'LING,  71,    An  etfeminale  person  ;  one  viciously 

nice.    [Little  itsed.]  IVoolton. 
SOFT'LY,  adi:    Without  hardness. 

0.  Not  with  force  or  violence  ;  gently  ;  as,  he  soft- 
ly prt'r'.sed  my  hautl. 

3.  Not  loudly;  without  noise;  as,  speak  softly; 
walk  softhj. 

In  this  dark  silence  softly  leave  the  town.  Dryden. 

4.  Gently  ;  placidly. 

She  softly  lays  him  on  a  flowery  bed.  Dryden. 

5.  Mildly  ;  tenderly. 

The  king-  must  die : 
Though  pity  softly  pleads  wiiiiiu  my  soul.  Dryden. 

SOFT'NER,  n.    lie  or  that  which  softens. 

2.  One  that  palliates,  Sicift. 

SOFT'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  bodies  which  renders 
them  capable  of  yielding  to  pressure,  or  of  easily  re- 
ceiving impressions  from  otiier  bodies;  opposed  to 
IKnuNEss. 

2.  Susceptibility  of  feeling  or  passion ;  as,  the  soft- 
ness of  tlie  heart,  or  of  our  natures. 

3.  iMilduess  ;  kindness  ;  as,  softness  of  words  or 
expressions.  IVatLi. 

4.  Mildness;  civility;  gentleness;  as,  softness  of 
manners.  Dryden 

5.  Efl'eminacy  ;  vicious  delicacy. 

He  was  not  delighted  with  ihe  softness  of  the  court. 

Clarendon. 

6.  Timorousness ;  pusillanimity  ;  excessive  suscep- 
tibility of  fear  or  alarm. 

This  virtue  could  not  proceed  out  of  fear  or  softness.  Bacon. 

7.  Smoothness  to  the  car ;  as,  the  softness  of  sound, 
which  is  distinct  from  Exility  or  Fineness. 

Bacon. 

8.  Facility;  gentleness ;  candor;  easiness  to  be  af- 
fected ;  as,  softness  of  spirit.  Hooker. 

9.  Gentleness,  as  contrary  to  vehemence. 

With  strength  and  BOflneb's,  energy  and  ease.  Harte. 

10.  Mildness  of  temper ;  meekness. 
For  contemplation  he  and  v.alor  formed, 

For  i;'iftness  she,  and  sweet  attractive  grace.  Milton. 

11.  Weakness;  simplicity. 

12.  Mild  temperature;  as,  the  softness  of  a  climate. 

JUilford. 

SOFT'-VOIC-£n,  (-voist,)  a.    Having  a  soft  voice. 
SOG'GY,  a.    [Allied  probably  to  soak,  which  see;  W. 

soetr,  and  sorisi^  to  steep.] 

L  Wet;  filled  with  water;  soft  with  moisture;  as, 

soggy  land.   Timber  that  has  imbibed  water  is  said 

to  be  soggy. 

2.  Steaming  with  damp.  B.  Jonson. 

SO-IIO',  ezclam.  A  word  used  in  calling  from  a  distant 
place:  a  sportsman's  halloo.  Shuk. 

SOI'  Z)/-.Vy!JV7",  (swa'de-zung',)  [Fr,]  Calling  him- 
self;  si  lf-styled  ;  jiretended  ;  would  be, 

SOIL,  V.  I.  [Sax,  sclan,  sylian  ;  Dan,  solcr;  Sw.  so/a; 
Ft.  salir,  soiiilirr  ;  Ann.  saliczai  Ir.  salaighim.  Class 
SI,  No.  35,  Syr.] 

1.  To  iiKtUe  dirty  on  the  surface ;  to  foul ;  to  dirt  ; 
to  stain  ;  to  defile ;  to  tarnish ;  to  sully  ;  as,  to  soil  a 
garment  with  dust. 

Our  wonted  ornaments  now  soiled  and  stained.  Mlton. 

2.  To  cover  or  tinge  with  any  thing  extraneous; 
as,  to  soil  the  earth  with  blood.  Tale. 

3.  To  dung;  to  mtinure.  Soulli. 
To  soil  a  horse,  is  to  purge  him  by  giving  him  fresh 

grass.  Johnson. 

To  soil  cattle,  in  hnshandnj,  is  to  fei.-d  them  with 
grass  or  green  food  daily  cut  for  them,  instead  of 
pasturing  them.  Farm.  Encyc. 

SOIL,  ?i,    [G.  side.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Dirt;  any  foul  matter  ujiou  another  substance  ; 
foulness ;  spot, 

2.  Stain  ;  tarnish. 

A  lady's  honor  —  will  not  h-.-ar  a  soil.  DryiUn. 

3.  The  upper  stratum  of  the  earth ;  the  mold,  or 
that  compound  substance  which  furnishes  nutriment 


to  plants,  or  which  is  particularly  adapted  to  support 
and  nourish  tliein.    [L.  sulnni :  W.  swi.] 

4.  Land  ;  country.    We  love  our  native  soil. 

5.  Dung ;  compost. 

Improve  land  by  dung  and  other  sort  of  soils.  Mortimer. 

To  take  .soil;  to  run  into  the  water,  as  a  deer  when 
pursued.  B.  Jonson. 

SOIL'jED,  pp.  or  a.    Fouled  ;  stained  ;  tarnished ;  ma- 
nured ;  fed  with  grass  or  green  food, 
SOIL'I-NESS,  H.    Stain  ;  foulness.    [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

SOIL'ING,  ppr.  Defiling;  fouling;  tarnishing;  feed- 
ing with  fresh  grass  or  green  food  ;  manuring. 

SOIL'ING,  ji.  The  act  or  practice  of  feeding  citttle 
or  horses  with  fresh  grass  or  green  food,  cut  daily  for 
them,  instead  of  pasturing  them. 

S01L'LE.?S,  a.    Destitute  of  soil.  Bigsby. 

SOIL'URE,  71.    [Fr.  soudlure.] 

Stain  ;  pollution,    [J\l'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SOIK-EE',  isw-ir-a',)  n.    [Fr.  soi7-,  evening.] 
An  evening  party. 

So'JOURN,  (so'jurn  or  so-jurn',)  v.  i.  [Fr.  sejourner; 
It.  soggioniare,  which  seems  to  be  formed  from  the 
noun  soggiomo  i  sub  antl  giornu,  a  day.] 

To  dwell  for  a  time  ;  to  dwell  or  live  in  a  place  as 
a  temporary  resident,  or  as  a  stranger,  not  ctuisider- 
ing  the  place  as  his  permanent  habitation.  So  Abiani 
sojourned  in  Egypt.    Octi.  xii. 

The  soldiers  assembled  at  Newcastle,  and  there  sojourned  three 
days.  Hayicard. 

So'JOURN,  (so'jurn,)  7!.    A  temporaiy  residence,  as 

'that  of  a  traveler  in  a  fmeign  land.  JliUnn. 
SO'JOURN-ER,  71.    A  tt  inpoiary  resident ;  a  stranger 
or  traveler  who  dwells  in  a  place  for  a  time. 

We  are  strangers  brfore  thee  and  sojourners,  as  all  our  fathera 
were.  —  1  Chron.  xxijc. 

S5'J(5URN-ING,  ppr.    Dwelling  for  a  time. 
So'JOURN-ING,  ti.    The  act  of  dwelling  in  a  place 

for  a  time  ;  also,  the  time  of  abode.    Kzod.  xii 
So'JOUUN-."\lENT,  (so'jurn-,)  ii.    Temporary  rest 

dence,  as  that  of  a  stranger  or  traveler.  Walsh 
Soke,  n.    A  district  in  which  a  particular  privilege  or 

power  is  exercised.  England. 
SOL,  71.    [L.]    The  sun. 

SOL,  71.    [N()rm.  soulze,  soitlds,  .10112,  from  L.  solidus 

1.  In  France,  a  small  copper  coin  ;  a  penny  ;  usu- 
ally Sou,  or  Sous.  F.ncyc. 

2.  A  coiiper  coin  and  money  of  account  in  Switz- 
erland. 

SoL,  71.  [It.]  The  name  of  a  note  in  music.  It  is  the 
fifth  in  the  gamut,  do  or  ii!  being  the  first. 

SOL'ACE,  u.  (.  [It.  sollaziare,  from  L.  solatium  ;  solor, 
to  comfort,  assuage,  relieve.    See  Console.] 

1.  To  cheer  in  grief  or  under  calamity  ;  to  comfort ; 
to  relieve  in  atliiction  ;  to  console  ;  applied  to  persons ; 
as,  to  solace  one's  self  with  the  hope  of  future  re- 
ward. 

2.  To  allay  ;  to  assuage  ;  as,  to  solace  grief. 
SOL'ACE,  V.  i.    To  take  comfort;  to  be  cheered  or 

relieved  in  grief,    [Oft.v,]  S/uik. 
SOL'ACE,  71.    [It.  sollazio  ;  L.  solatium.] 

Comfort  in  grief ;  alleviation  of  grief  or  anxiety  ; 
also,  that  which  relieves  in  distress;  recreation. 


SOL'AC-£D,  (sol'ast,)  pp.  Comforted  ;  cheered  in  af- 
fliction. 

SOL'ACE-MENT,  71.  Act  of  comforting;  state  of  be- 
ing solaced. 

SOL'A-CING,  ppr.  Relieving  grief;  cheering  in  af- 
fliction. 

SO-La'CIOUS,  (so-lu'shus,)  a.   Afibrding  comfort  or 

amusement.    [JVo£  in  use.] 
SO-LAN'DER,  71.    [Fr.  soulandres.] 

A  disease  in  horees.  Vict. 
So'LAN-GOOSE,  71.   The  gannet,  Siila  Passana,  a 
web-footed  sea-iinvl,  found  on  the  coasts  of  Great 
Ih  ilain  and  Ireland,  Labrador,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
&,c.    It  is  nearly  of  the  size  of  the  domestic  goose. 

Jardine.  J^iittall. 

iSL^.VNim'(-nin,)  I  "•  [I- "if'tsbade.] 
A  vegetable  alkaloid,  obtaineil  from  v.nriotis  spe- 
cies of  Solanum,  as  5.  dulcamara,  S.  nigrum,  S. 
tuberosum,  &.C. 

SO-LA'NO,  71.  A  hot,  oppressive  wind  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, particularly  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Spain. 
It  is  a  modification  oi"  the  sirocco.  flrandr. 

SO-LS'N(JiM,  71.  [L.]  A  genus  of  plants  comiirelii'Ud- 
ing  the  potato,  (S.  tuberosum,)  egg  plant,  (S.  Milon- 
gena,)  love  apple  or  lomtito,  (S.  Lycopcrsicum,)  night- 
shade, &.c. 

S(")'L.Mi,  (  a.  [Fr.  ,«oJnire  ;  L.  .TO/ai-is,  from  so/,  the 
SO'LA-KY,  i      sun,  W.  sft/,  Fr.  soldi.  It.  sole,  Sp.  .so/.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  sun  ;  as,  the  solar  system  ;  or 
proceeding  from  it ;  as,  solar  light ;  solar  rays  ;  solar 
inlluoiice. 

2.  Ill  astrology,  horn  under  the  predominant  in- 
fluence of  the  siin  ;  as,  a  solar  people.  [OAs.] 

Dryden. 

n.  Measured  by  the  progress  of  the  sun,  or  by  its 
revolution  ;  as,  the  .«o/<ir  year. 


FATE,  FXR,  PALL,  WHAT — METE,  PnfiY.  — PINE,  MAIHNE,  BlUD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK — 


'OfiO 


SOL 


SOL 


SOL 


i 


Solar  ajch.    See  Cycle,  No.  3. 
SuUir  fiomcrs,  are  those  wliicli  open  and  shut  daily, 
at  certain  determinate  liours.  /.innteus. 

Sular  microscope;  a  microscope  in  which  the  object 
is  illuininntcd  by  the  liglit  of  the  aim  concentrated 
upon  it.  It  consist.sof  two  parts  ;  firat,  of  a  ma/rnificr, 
by  wliicli  tlie  object  placed  beliind  it  is  made  to  form 
a  higlily-magnilied  imaee  on  a  wall  or  screen  in  a 
darii  room  ;  and,  secondly,  of  an  illuminating  ap/ia- 
ra(K,«,  composed  of  a  mirror  thrust  through  an  open- 
ing in  the  window  shutter  to  reflect  the  light  of  the 
sun  into  the  tube  which  carries  the  magnifier,  and  of 
several  lenses  called  condenser.-:,  which  receive  the 
light  from  the  mirr.ir  and  concentrate  it  upon  the  ob- 
ject in  the  focus,  the  enlarged  image  of  which  is 
thus  rendered  luminous  anil  distinct.  Olmsted. 

Solar  .■.pots ;  dark  spots  that  appear  on  the  sun's 
disk,  usually  visible  only  by  the  telescope,  but  some- 
times so  large  as  to  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye.  'I'liey 
adhere  to  the  body  of  the  sun  ;  indicate  its  revolu- 
tions on  its  axis  ;  are  very  changeable  in  their  figure 
and  dimensions ;  and  vary  in  size  from  mere  points 
to  sjiaces  of  5l),00()  miles  in  diameter. 

Solar  .oj.stcm  ;  the  group  of  celestial  bodies  compre- 
hending the  sun,  iilaiiets,  and  comets. 
So'LAK,  11.    A  sollar ;  a  loft  or  upper  chamber. 
SOLI),  prel.  and  pp.  of  StLL.  [  Olo.i.i.  of  ArchiU 

S6I<I>,  H.    [from  the  root  o(  .-oldicr  ;  Norm,  soude.] 

Salary  ;  military  pay.  m  Uic]  Spcii.scr. 

SOL'U.\S',  for  Sultan,  is  not  in  use.  Mdton, 
SOL'DA-NKL,  «.    [L.  concolvuliis  sotdaneUa.] 
.\  plant. 

SOL'DEIl,  V.  I.  [from  L.  .--o/iV/o,  .lolidu^-.]  To  unite 
the  surfaces  of  metals  by  the  intervention  of  a  more 
fusible  metal  or  metallic  cement.    [See  Sodeb.] 

SOL'DEll,  n.  A  metal  or  metallic  composition  for 
uniling  the  surface  of  metals  ;  a  metallic  cement. 

SOl,'l)i;il-£:U,  pp.  United  as  metals  by  a  metallic 
cement. 

SOL'l)i;il-I\G,  ppr.  Uniting,  as  metals,  by  a  metallic 
cement. 

SOL'IH;K-r.\G,  n.  The  process  of  uniting  the  sur- 
faces of  metals  by  means  of  a  more  fusible  metal  or 
a  metallic  cement. 

SOL'DIER,  (sol'jur,)  n.  [Fr.  soMat:  Norm.  souJeyer, 
soudier.i ;  It.  sotdato  ;  Sp.  soldado ;  from  L.  snlidus,  a 
piece  of  money  j  the  pay  of  a  soldier ;  Xorm.  soud, 
contracted  from  sould,  pay,  wages  ;  soiuloyer,  to  keep 
in  pay  ;  Sw.  besolda,  to  count  out  money  to,  to  pay  ; 
Dan.  besolder,  to  give  a  sal.iry  or  wages.] 

1.  A  man  engaged  in  military  service  ;  one  whose 
occiip,-ition  is  military  ;  a  man  enlisted  for  service  in 
an  army  ;  a  private  or  one  in  the  ranks. 

There  on  jht  In  be  some  lime  for  sober  rcdeclioii  bctwp^n  th*?  liA; 
of  11  xoldier  imd  liU  di.-AUl.  Itair.bler. 

2.  A  man  enrolled  for  service,  when  on  duty  or 
embodied  for  mil'itary  discipline;  a  private;  as,  a 
militia  .■soldier. 

3.  Kmplnticnlhi,  a  brave  warrior ;  a  man  of  military 
expi-rieiice  and  skill,  or  a  man  of  distinguished  valor. 
In  this  sense,  an  otlicer  of  any  grade  may  be  denom- 
inated a  soldier.  SItak. 

SOlj'l)lt2R-KSS,  n.    A  female  soldier.    [j\'ot  in  vse.] 

Beaum,  Fl. 

i  SoI.'OrF.R-LIKE,  j  a.    Like  or  becoming  a  real  sol- 

(  SoL'I)ir.K-LY,     J     dier  i  brave  ;  martial ;  heroic; 

;  honorable. 
SoL'DIER-SHIP,  (sol'jur-,)  n.     Military  qualities; 
military  character  or  stale  ;  martial  skill ;  behavior 
becoming  a  soldier.  Shak, 

]  SolVUIEK-Y,  (s61'jur-y,)  n.     Soldiers  collectively; 

I     the  body  of  military  men. 

I  1  ch.ir;^'  not  lb"  tol'lieni  wilb  i^ionince  and  contempt  of  I'nm- 

I  iii^,  witbotit  cxct^ptioii.  ^*<ri/L 

S!.  Soldiership  ;  military  service.  [OAs.]  Sidney.' 
Sf)LE,  n.  [Sax.  sol;  D.  zool ;  G.solile;  Dan.  sole:  Fr. 
ill.  ;  It.  sii  lo,  soil  and  sole ;  Sp.  suela,  the  sole  of  the 
foot,  and  suoto,  soil;  L.  .lolea,  solum;  that  which 
sets  or  is  set  or  laid.  The  radical  sense  coincides 
with  that  of  sill.] 

I.  The  bottom  of  the  foot ;  and  by  a  figure,  the 
foot  itself.  Sliak.  Spenser. 

9.  The  bottom  of  a  shoe ;  or  the  piece  of  leallier 
which  constitutes  the  bottom. 

Tbe  C'li^A  was  a  iiiililnrr  shoe  with  a  very  thick  sole,  tic*i  abore 
the  iii«lrp,  Arbtit/inot. 

3.  The  part  of  any  thing  that  forms  the  bottom, 
and  on  which  it  stands  upon  the  ground. 

Eiin  ift  proper  for  mills,  tolet  of  u  bcela,  and  pipes.  Mortimer. 

4.  A  marine  flat  fish  of  the  genus  Solea  of  Cuvier, 
(Pleuronectes,  Linna-us,)  so  called,  probably,  because 
It  keeps  on  or  near  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  These 
fish  abound  on  the  Uritish  co.-ist,  and  hence  the  name 
of  sole  bank,  to  the  southward  of  Ireland.  This  fish 
sometimes  grows  to  the  weight  of  six  or  seven 
pounds  or  more.  Viet.  jVaL  Hist. 

The  name  sole  is  also  given  to  cerUiin  other  flat 
fishes  of  the  genera  .Monochiriis  and  Achirus,  sub- 
divisions of  the  old  genus  Pleuronectes. 

P.  Ciie.  Storer. 

5.  In  ship-building,  a  sort  of  lining,  used  to  pre- 
vent the  wearing  of  any  thing. 

B.  A  sort  of  horn  under  a  horse's  hoof.  Eneyc. 


Ij^  TCXE,  BULL,  UNITE.— 


SOLE,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  a  sole  ;  as,  to  sole  a  shoe. 

SOLE,  a.  [L.  solus  ;  Fr.  seal ;  It.  and  Sp.  solo  ;  prob- 
ably from  separating;  Ar.  zaula.  Class  SI, 
No.  3.j 

1.  Single;  being  or  acting  without  another;  indi- 
vidual ;  only.  (lod  is  the  sole  Creator  and  Sover- 
eign of  the  world. 

2.  In  law,  single  ;  unmarried  ;  as,  a  remme  sole. 
SOL'E-CIS.M,  n.    [(Jr.  o-nX.uKirTifS,  said  to  be  derived 

from  S(//i,a  people  of  Attica,  who,  being  transplanted 
to  Cilicia,  lost  the  purity  of  their  language.] 

1.  Impropriety  in  language,  or  a  gross  deviation 
from  the  rules  of  syntax;  incungriiily  of  words; 
want  of  correspondence  or  consistency. 

A  barbarism  imiy  be  in  one  word ;  a  eolerismi  must  be  of  more. 

Johmon,  Irom  Cicero. 

2.  Any  unfitness,  absurdity,  or  impropriety. 

B.  jonson. 

Cesar,  by  ilismlssin?  bis  ^nanls  and  retaining  his  power,  com- 
mitted a  din^'roiis  solecism  in  politics.  Middleton. 

SOL'E-eiST,  n.    [Gr.  ffoAoiair"?.]  * 

One  who  is  guilty  of  impropriety  in  language. 

BlaekiealU 

SOL-E-CIST'ie,  >  a.  Incorrect ;  incongruous. 
SOL-E-CIST'ie-AL,  (  Johnson. 
SOL-E-CIST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  solecistic  manner. 

BUickicall. 

SOL'E-CTZE,  V.  i.    [Gr.  o-oXoi/ti^to.] 

To  commit  solecism.  More. 

SOL'KD,  pp.    Fiirnislied  with  a  solo. 

SoLE'-LEATII-EIl,  (-leth-er,)  n.  Tliick,  strong  leath- 
er, used  for  the  soles  of  shoes. 

SoLE'LY,0(/d.  Singly  ;  alone  ;  only  ;  without  another; 
as,  to  rest  a  cause  solely  on  one  argument;  to  rely 
solely  on  one's  own  strength. 

SOL'E.M.V,  (sol'em,)  «.  [Fr.. lolcnncl ;  It.  .wlcnne  ;  Sp. 
solemne  ;  L.  solennis,  from  solen, to  be  accustonietl,  to 
use,  that  is,  to  hold  on  or  continue,  as  we  liave  wont, 
from  G.  icohnen,  to  dwell.] 

1.  Anniversary ;  observed  once  a  year  with  re- 
ligious ceremonies. 

The  worship  of  this  imasre  was  adv.-inced,  and  a  solemn  snppli- 
catJoii  observed  every  year.  Stiilin^eet. 

[I  doubt  the  correctness  of  this  definition  of  John- 
son ;  or  whether  solemn,  in  our  language,  ever  in- 
cludes the  sense  of  anniversary.  In  the  passage 
cited,  the  sense  of  anniversary  is  expressed  by  every 
year,  and  if  it  is  incliuled  in  .solemn  also,  the  sentence 
is  tautological.  I  sluuild  sa>  then,  that  solemn,  in  this 
passage  of  Stillingfleet,  has  the  sense  given  in  the 
second  definition  below.] 

2.  Religiously  grave ;  marked  with  pomp  and 
sanctity  ;  attended  with  religious  rites. 

His  holy  riti'3  and  solemn  feasts  profaned,  Afdlon. 

3.  Religiously  serious  ;  piously  grave  ;  devout ; 
marked  by  reverence  to  Got! ;  ds,. ■solemn  prayer  ;  the 
solemn  duties  of  the  sanctuary. 

4.  Aflecting  with  seriousness  ;  impressing  oradapt- 
ed  to  impress  seriousness,  gravity,  or  reverence ; 
sober ;  serious. 

There  reigned  a  solemn  silence  over  all.  Spenser. 
To  'swage  wiUi  solemn  touches  Iroubleil  tlionghts.  AliLun. 

5.  Grave ;  seri..us ;  or  affectedly  grave ;  as,  a 
solemn  face. 

G.  Sacred  ;  enjoined  by  religion  ;  or  attended  with 
a  serious  appeal  to  Goil ;  as,  a  solemn  oath. 
7.  .Marked  with  sidemnities;  as,  a  solemn  Any. 
SOL'EM.\"-IJRli.\TU-lNG,  a.    Dill  using  or  inspiring 

soleninitv.  Graii. 
SOL'E.M  XEPS,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 
solemn  ;  reverential  manner ;  gravity  ;  as,  the  sol- 
emne-ss  of  public  worship. 
2.  Solemnitv  :  gravity  of  manner.  Wotton. 
SO-LE.M'M-TY,  71.    [Fr.  solemniti.} 

1.  A  rite  or  ceremony  annually  performed  with 
religious  reverence. 

Great  was  the  dhtise ;  our  old  sotemnitUs 

i-'ruin  no  blind  rx-<tl  or  fond  tradition  rise, 

but  saved  fnim  d-'aili,  our  Arpves  ye.arly  pay 

These  grav-lul  honors  10  the  god  of  day.  Pope. 

[Solemnities  seems  here  to  include  the  sense  of 
anniversary.  See  the  fourth  line.  But  in  modern 
usage,  that  sense  is  rarely  or  never  attached  to  the 
word.] 

2.  .V  religious  ceremony  ;  a  ritual  performance  at- 
tended with  religious  reverence  ;  as,  the  solemnity  of 
a  funeral  or  of  a  sacrament, 

3.  A  ceremony  adapted  to  impress  awe ;  as,  the 
solemnities  of  the  last  day. 

4.  Manner  of  acting  awfully  serious. 

With  homble  solemnity  he  caused  everything  to  be  piemred  for 
bis  triumph  of  victory.  Sidney. 

5.  Gravity  ;  steady  seriousness ;  as,  the  solemnity 
of  the  S|ianish  language.  Spectator. 

6.  Aflected  gravity. 

Solemnity 's  a  cover  for  a  snl.  Young. 

SOI^E.M-NI-Z.\'TION,  n.   The  act  of  solemnizing  ; 
celebration  ;  as,  the  solemniialion  of  a  marriage. 

Baton. 


SOL'E.M-NIZE,  r.  t.   [^Fr.  solcnniser ;  U.  solennizzare. 

1.  To  dignify  or  honor  by  ceremonies ;  to  cele- 
brate ;  as,  to  solemnize  the  birih  of  Christ.  Boyle. 

Their  choice  nubility  and  flower 

M'-t  from  all  p:irts  to  soleinnizs  this  feast.  A/i/(on. 

2.  To  perform  with  rituiil  ceremonies  and  rrspect, 
or  according  to  legal  forms  ;  as,  to  solemnize  a  mar- 
ilage.  Z.  Sicifl. 

'^.  To  perform  religiously  once  a  year.  [Ciu.] 

HooKer. 

4.  To  make  grave,  serious,  and  reverential ;  as,  to 
solemnize  the  mind  for  the  duties  of  the  sanctuary. 

IVilberforce. 

[In  this  sense  the  word  is  occasionally  used  in 
England,  and  is  well  authorized  in  the  United  States. 

— /;(/.] 

SOL'E.^l-NIZ-^:I),  pp.  Celebrated  religiou.sly  ;  made 
grave. 

SOL'EM-.\IZ-ER,  n.  One  who  performs  a  solemn 
rite. 

SOL'EM-MZ  ING,  ppr.    Honoring  with  sacred  rites. 

SOL'E.MN-LY,  adv.  With  gravity  and  religious  rev- 
erence. Let  us  suicmnly  address  the  throne  of 
grace. 

2.  With  official  formalities  and  by  due  authority. 
This  question  of  law  has  been  solemnly  decided  in 
the  highest  court. 

3.  With  formal  state.  Shak. 

4.  W'ith  formal  gravity  and  slateliness,  or  with  af- 
fected gravity. 

Tii'rre  in  tleaf  murmurs  solemnly  are  wis:.  Dryden. 

5.  With  religious  seriousness;  as,  I  solemnly  de- 
clare myself  innocent. 

I  ilo  solemnly  assure  the  reader.  Sis\/t. 
SOLE'NESS,  n.    [from  sole.]    Singleness  ;  a  state  of 

being  unconnected  with  others.  Derina. 
So'LEN-ITE,  71.    A  petrified  razor-shell,  or  bivalve 

of  the  genus  Solen. 
SOL-FA',  V,  i.    To  pronounce  the  notes  of  the  gamut, 

ascending  or  descending,  do,  (or  uf,)  re,  mi,  fa,  sol, 
\  la,  si,  do,  and  vice  versa. 

SOL-FX'ING,  ppr.  Pronouncing  the  notes  of  the  gamut. 

SOI^FJi-TA' RJl,n.  [from  the  Italian  volcano  near 
Naples.]  A  volcanic  vent  or  area,  from  w  hich  sul- 
phur, sulphureous,  watery,  and  aciil  vapors  and  gases 
are  emitted,  Lyelt. 

SOI.-FEd' (il-0,n.  [It.]  In  Tnusi'c,  the  system  of  ar- 
ranging the  scale  by  the  names  do,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la, 
si,  by  which  singing  is  taught. 

SO'Lt  ;  in  music,  pi.  of  Solo. 

SO-LICIT,  (so-lis'it,)  r.  t.  [L.  solirilo;  Fr.  solliciter: 
It.  sollccitarc.  I  know  not  whether  this  word  is 
simple  or  obmpound  ;  probably  the  latter,  dn.  L. 
lacif.] 

1.  I'o  ask  with  some  degree  of  earnestness  ;  to 
make  pciiiion  lo  ;  to  apply  to  for  obtaining  some- 
thing. This  word  implies  earnestness  in  seeking, 
but  I  think  less  earnestness  than  Beu,  Implore,  Km- 
TRE.tT,  and  Importi  NE,  and  more  than  .Ask  or  Re- 
Qi'EsT  ;  as  when  wt'say,  a  man  .•:ulicits  the  minister 
for  an  olTicc  ;  he  solicits  his  father  for  a  favor. 

Did  I  solicit  thee 
From  darkness  to  promote  me fiHUon. 

Q.  To  ask  for  with  some  degree  of  earnestness ;  to 
seek  by  petition  ;  as,  to  solicit  an  office ;  to  solicit  a 
favor. 

3.  To  awake  or  excite  to  action  ;  to  summon  ;  to 
invite. 

Tlut  fniit  solicited  her  Iongin»  eye.  AFdlon. 
Sounds  and  some  tangible  qualities  sotidt  their  proper  siuises, 
and  force  an  entrance  to  the  mind.  Locke. 

4.  To  attempt ;  to  try  to  obtain. 

1  view  my  crime,  but  kindle  at  the  view, 

Repeat  old  pleasunrs  and  solicit  new.  Pope. 

5.  To  disturb;  to  disquiet;  a  Latinism  rarely 
used. 

But  anxious  fears  soUdt  my  weak  breast.  Drydsn. 

SO-LIC'IT-ANT,  71.    One  who  solicits. 

SO-LIC-IT-A'TION,  71.  Earnest  request ;  a  seeking 
to  obtain  something  from  another  with  some  degree 
of  zeal  and  earnestness  ;  sometimes,  perhaps,  im- 
portunity. He  obtained  a  grant  by  repeated  solicitO' 
tions. 

2.  Excitement ;  invitation  ;  as,  the  solicitation  of 
the  senses.  Locke. 

SO-LIC'IT-ED,  pp.    Earnestly  requested. 
SO-LIC'IT-I.\G,  ppr.    Requesting  with  earnestness; 
asking  for ;  attempting  to  obtain. 

This  way  antl  that  soliciting  tJie  d.irt.  Drylen. 
SO-LIC'IT-OR,  71.    [Fr.  solliciteur.] 

1.  One  who  asks  with  earnestness  :  one  that  asks 
for  antither.  Shak. 

2.  An  atlt)rney,  advocate,  or  counselor  at  law, 
who  is  autliori/.ed  to  practice  in  the  Engli>li  ciuirt  of 
chancer}'.  In  .^Tnfnfn,  an  advocate  or  counselor  at 
law,  who,  like  the  attorney-general  or  St.atc's  attor- 
ney, prosecutes  actions  for  the  State. 

SO-LICIT  OR-GEN'ER-AL,  n  In  areat  Britain,  *n 
officer  of  the  crown,  who  is  associated  with  the  at- 
torney-general in  managing  tlic  legal  business  of  the 
crown  and  public  offices.  Brande. 


AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 

inr.1 


SOL 

f  c)-LlL"IT-OUS,  (-Ii>'it-us,)  a.    [L.  snllntu.<.] 

I.  Careful ;  anxious  ;  very  desirous,  as  to  obtain 
sonietliing.  Men  are  often  more  solicitous  to  olitain 
the  favor  of  their  king,  or  of  the  people,  than  of  their 
Jlaker. 

9.  Careful;  anxious;  concerned;  as  respecting  an 
unknown  hut  interesting  event ;  followed  usually  by 
about  or  for.  We  say,  a  man  is  solicitous  about  the 
fate  of  his  petition,  or  about  the  result  of  the  nego- 
tiation.   Fie  is  t:oltcititus  for  the  safety  of  his  ship. 

3.  Anxious  ;  c{tncerned  ;  followed  by  for,  as  when 
something  is  to  be  obtained.  Be  not  solicitous  for 
the  future. 

SO-LIC'IT-OUS-LY,  arfii.  Anxiously;  with  care  and 
concern.  Errors  in  religion,  or  in  science,  are  to  be 
soliciloushj  avoided.  A  wise  prince  solicitousli)  pro- 
motes the  prosperity  of  his  subjects. 

PO-LIC'IT-Ol'S-NESS,  n.  Solicitude. 

SO-LIC'IT-RESS,  n.  A  female  who  solicits  or  peti- 
tions. 

SO  LICI  TUDE,  n.    [L.  soliciiudo.] 

Carefulness;  concern;  anxiety;  uneasiness  of 
mind  occasioned  by  the  fear  of  evil  or  the  desire 
of  good.  A  man  feels  solicitHile  when  his  friend  is 
sick.  We  feel  solicitude  for  the  success  of  an  enter- 
prise. With  what  solicitude  should  men  seek  to  se- 
cure future  happiness  ! 

SOL'IL),  a.  [L.  solidus;  Ft.  solide  ;  It.  and  Sp.  solido  ; 
from  tlieseiise  of  setting  or  pressure,  and  hence  allied 
to  U  .^olum.  Eng.  sill.] 

1.  Hard  ;  firm  ;  compact ;  having  its  constituent 
particles  so  close  or  dense  as  to  resist  the  impression 
or  peiietratitni  of  other  bodies.  Hence,  solid  bodies 
are  not  penetrable,  nor  are  the  parts  movable  and 
easily  displaced,  like  those  of  fluids.  Solid  is  opposed 
to  Jlu'd  and  liquid. 

2.  Not  hollow  ;  full  of  matter;  as,  a  solid  globe  or 
cone,  as  distinsiiished  from  a  hollow  one. 

3.  Having  all  the  geometrical  dimensions  ;  cubic  ; 
as,  a  solid  foot  contains  17U8  solid  inches.  ArbulJinot. 

[In  this  sense.  Cubic  is  now  generally  used.] 

4.  Firm;  compact;  strong;  as,  aau/ii  pier ;  a  so/id 
pile  ;  a  solid  wall.  .Addison. 

.5.  Sound  ;  not  weakly  ;  as,  a  solid  constitution  of 
b()dy.    [Sound  is  more  generally  used.]  Watts. 

fi.  Real ;  sound  ;  valid  ;  true  ;  just ;  not  empty  or 
fallacious.  Wise  men  seek  solid  reasons  for  their 
opinions. 

7.  Grave ;  profound ;  not  light,  trifling,  or  su- 
perficial. 

These,  wanting  wit,  aficct  gravity,  and  go  by  the  name  of  solid 
ineii.  Drylen. 

8.  In  botany,  of  a  fleshy,  uniform,  undivided  sub- 
stance, as  a  liulb  or  root ;  not  spongy  or  hollow  with- 
in, as  a  stem.  Jtartijn. 

A  solid  foot  contains  1728  solid  inches,  weighing 
1000  ounces  of  rain  water. 

Solid  angle ;  an  aimie  formed  by  three  or  more  plane 
angles,  which  are  not  in  the  same  plane,  meeting  in 
a  point. 

Solid  problrm :  one  which  can  be  construed  geo- 
metrically only  by  the  intersection  of  a  circle  and  a 
conic  section,  or  of  two  conic  sections.  Hutton. 

Solid  square,  in  militMrif  language,  is  a  square  body 
of  troops;  a  body  in  which  the  ranks  and  files  are 
e(pial. 

SOL'in,  n.  A  firm,  compact  body.  In  anatomy  and 
wedical  science,  the  hones,  flesh,  and  vessels  of  animal 
bodies  are  called  soiuh,  in  distinction  from  the  blood, 
chyle,  and  other  fluids. 

in  gromrlry,  a  solid  is  a  magnitude  which  has 
length,  breadth,  and  thickness. 

SOL'I-DaTE,  v.  t.    (L.  .■<ol,do.] 

To  make  solid  or  firm,    [f.ittlc  used.]  Cowley. 

SO-I,II)-l-FI-eA'TION,  n.    Tin-  act  of  making  solid. 

SO-MI)'l  FI-^;U,  pp.    Made  solid. 

SO-LID'I-F?,  V.  t.  [L.  solidus,  solid,  ani  facio,  to 
make.] 

To  make  solid  or  compact.  Kirwan. 
SO-LII)'l  FV-ING,  irpr.    Making  solid. 
80-LI l)'l-TY,  n.    [ Fr.  solidite  :  L.  solidilas.] 

1.  Firmness;  hardness;  density;  compactness; 
that  quality  of  bodies  which  resists  impression  and 
penetration  ;  opposed  to  Fluidity. 

Thai  wliich  liin'lcni  th'-  appro-icli  of  two  boiliea  moTiiijr  one 
t/)wanl  another,  i  call  tolidity.  Locke. 

2.  Fnllnesg  of  matter;  opposed  to  IIom.ownkss. 
X  Moral  finnness  ;  soundness  ;  strength  ;  validity  ; 

tnith  ;  certainty;  as  opposed  to  Weakness  or  Fal- 
i.Aciouft]<(i:ss  ;  as, the  soltdityof  arguments  or  reason- 
ing ;  the  solidity  of  principles,  truths,  or  opinions. 

Jiddison,  Prior. 
In  fffometry,  the  solid  cojitents  of  a  body. 
SOI-'IO  I.Y,  ailv.     Firmly;  densely;  compactly;  as, 
the  parts  of  a  pier  solidly  iiniti  il. 

5.  Firmly  ;  truly  ;  on  firm  grounds. 

A  coiiij»!'-Ie  t»raye  tiinii  ought  to  know  aoli/llyOir  main  rnci  of  liis 
tM-tiig  In  liie  world.  Oigt/y. 

SOL'II)-NES8,  It.  The  qiinlity  of  being  firm,  dense, 
or  compact;  flrmneiiB;  ciimpaclnesB ;  oolidity ;  on 
of  material  bodica. 

2.  Soiiiidnem;  strength;  tnith  ;  validity;  on  of 
argiimcntii,  rcaHona,  principlcx,  &c. 


SOL 

SOL-ID-U\"GU-LATE,  n.    [L.  solidus  and  ungulo.] 
One  of  a  tribe  of  mainmals  having  a  single  or  solitl 
hoof  on  each  font ;  a  soliped. 
SOL-ID-UN"GU-LOUS,  a.     [L.  solidus,  solid,  and 
ungula,  hoof.] 

Having  hoofs  that  are  whole  or  not  cloven.  A 
horse  is  a  solidungulous  animal.     Bacon.  Barrow, 
SOL-I-FID'I-AN,  n.   [L.  sohLs,  alone,  andfdcs,  faith.] 
One  who  maintains  that  faith  alone,  without  works, 
is  necessary  to  justification.  Hammond. 
SOL-I-FID'I-AiS',  a.  Holding  the  tenets  of  Solifidians. 

Frlthain. 

SOL-I-FID'I-AN-ISM,  re.    The  tenets  of  Solifidians. 
SO-LIL'O-QL'lZE,  v.  i.    To  utter  a  soliloquy. 
SO-LIL'O-aUIZ-lNG,  ppr.    Uttering  a  soliloquy. 
SO-LIL'O-aUY,  H.    [Fr.  soliloque;  It.  and  Sp.  solilo- 
quio ;  L.  solus,  alone,  and  loquor,  to  speak.] 

1.  A  talking  to  one's  self;  a  talking  or  discourse  of 
a  person  alone,  or  not  addressed  to  another  person, 
even  when  others  are  present. 

Lovers  are  always  allowed  the  comfort  of  solilorjuy.  Spectator. 

2.  A  written  composition,  reciting  what  it  is  sup- 
posed a  person  speaks  to  himself. 

The  whole  poem  is  a  soliloquy.  Prior, 

SOL'I-PED,  71.  [L.  solu.1,  alone,  or  solidus,  and  pes, 
foot.    But  the  word  is  ill  foriiieii.] 

An  animal  whose  hoof  is  not  cloven.  Brown, 
The  soliped^-  constitute  a  group  of  quadrupeds  with 
undivided  hoofs,  as,  for  example,  the  Linniean  genus 
E(|uiis.  Ed,  Eiicyc, 

SO-LIP'ED-OUS,  a.  Having  hoofs  which  are  not 
cloven. 

SOL-I-TAIRE',  n.  [Fr.  solitaire,  from  L.  solilarius. 
See  Solitary.] 

1.  A  person  who  lives  in  solitude;  a  rechise;  a 
hermit.  Pope. 

2.  An  ornament  for  the  neck.  Slien-itone. 

3.  A  game  u'hich  one  perstm  can  play  alone. 
SOL-I-Ta'RI-AN,  n.    A  hermit.  Twisden, 
SOI/I-TA-RI-LY,  flrfiJ.    [from  solitary.]    In  solitude  ; 

alone  ;  without  company. 

Feeil  thy  people  with  thy  rod,  the  flock  of  thy  heritage,  that  dwell 
solitarily  in  the  wootl. —  Micah  xvi. 

SOL'l-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  alone ; 
forbearance  of  company  ;  retirement,  or  habitual  re- 
tirement. 

At  home,  in  wholesome  solitariness.  Donne. 
2.  Snlituile  ;  loneliness  ;  destitution  of  company  or 
of  animated  beings;  applied  to  place;  as,  Ihn  solUuri^ 
ness  of  tlie  cour.try,  or  of  a  wood. 
SOL'I-TA-RY,  a,    [Fr.  solitaire;  L.  solitarius,  from  so- 
lus, alone.] 

1.  Living  alone  ;  not  having  company.  Some  of 
the  more  ferocious  animals  are  soldani,  seldom  or 
never  being  found  in  flocks  or  herds.  Thus  the  lion 
is  called  a  solitary  animal. 

Those  rare  and  solitary,  these  in  flocks.  Milton. 

2.  Retired  ;  remote  from  society;  not  having  com- 
pany, or  not  much  frequented ;  as,  a  solitary  resi- 
dence or  place. 

3.  Lonely  ;  destitute  of  company  ;  as,  a  solitary 
life. 

4.  Gloomy  ;  still ;  dismal. 

Let  thai  ni»ht  be  solitary ;  lei  no  Joyful  voice  come  therein.  — 
Job  iii. 

5.  Single  ;  as,  a  solitary  instance  of  vengeatice  ;  a 
solitary  exainiile. 

fi.  In  botany,  separate  ;  one  only  in  a  place  ;  as,  a 
solitary  stipule. 

A  solitary  flower  is  when  there  is  only  one  to  each 
peduncle  ;  a  solitary  seed,  when  there  is  only  one  in 
a  pericarp.  Martiin. 
SOL'I-TA-KY,  n.  One  that  lives  alone  or  in  solitude ; 

a  hermit  ;  a  recluse.  Pope, 
SOL'l-TUUE,  H.    [Fr.,  from  L.  solitudo ;  from  solus, 
alone.] 

1.  Loneliness ;  a  state  of  being  alone ;  a  lonely 
life. 

Whoever 
go.l. 

2.  Loneliness  ;  remoteness  from  society  ;  destitu- 
tion of  company  ;  applied  to  place:  as,  the  solitude  of 
a  wood  or  a  valley  ;  the  solitude  of  the  country 

Tlie  solitude  of  his  little  parish  is  be 
fori  to  hiio. 

3.  A  lonely  place  ;  a  desert. 

In  Ihese  derp  soUtu/les  and  awful  cells. 

Where  heavenly,  peimivo  Contemplation  dwells.  Pope. 

SO-I.IV'A-G  ANT,  a.  [L.  solivagus ;  solus,  alone,  and 
vatfor,  to  wander.] 

Wandering  alone.  Granger. 
SOL'LAR,  n.    (Low  L.  solarium.] 

A  garret  or  upper  room.    [JVot  in  use.]  Tussrr. 
SOI^Ml-ZA'TION,  71.    [from  .wl,  mi,  musical  notes.] 
A  sol-Cling;  a  repetition  or  recital  of  the  notes  of 
the  gamut.  Burney. 
S<5'l/0,  II.   [It.,  from  L.  solus,  alone.] 

A  tunc,  air,  or  strain,  to  be  played  by  a  single  In 
Kiriinieiil,  or  sune  bv  a  single  voice. 
80L'0-M0N'S-L!'>.AF,  7i.    A  plant. 


1  delighted  with  solitude,  is  either  a  wild  beast  or  a 
Bacon. 


SOL 

SOL'O-MON'S-SisA L,  n.  The  popular  name  of  sev- 
eral plants  belonging  to  the  genera  Polygonatuin, 
Smilacina,  Strepttipiis,  &.c. 

SOL'STICE,  7i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  soUtitium ;  sol,  the  sun, 
and  sto,  to  stand  ;  It.  solstiuo  ;  Sp.  solsticio.] 

In  astronomy,  tlie  time  when  the  sun,  in  its  annual 
revolution,  arrives  at  that  |ioint  in  the  ecliptic  fur- 
thest north  or  south  of  the  equator,  or  reaches  its 
greatest  northern  or  southern  declination.  When 
near  these  points,  which  are  called  the  solstitial 
points,  the  sun  scarcely  changes  its  decliii.itiiiii  for 
several  days,  and  hence  is  said  to  stand  still,  whence 
the  name  solstice.  The  summer  solstice  occurs  about 
the  22d  of  June  ;  the  winter  solstice  about  the 23d  of 
December.  Ohnsted. 

SOL-STI"TIAL,  (sol-stish'al,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  sol- 
stice ;  as,  a  solstitial  point.  Brown. 

2.  Happeninj;  at  a  solstice  ;  usuall)',  with  us,  at 
the  summer  solstice,  or  midsummer  ;  as,  solstitial 
heat.  Milton. 

SOL-y-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [fwm  soluble.]  The  quality  of 
a  body  which  renders  it  susceptible  of  solution  ;  sus- 
ceptibility of  being  dissolved  in  a  rtuitl.  The  jio/H&i/- 
7£f/  of  resins  is  chiefly  confined  to  spirits  or  alctdiol. 

SOL'IT-BLE,  a.    [L.  solubilis,  fnmi  soloo,  to  melt.] 

Susceptible  of  being  dissolved  in  a  fliiitl  ;  capable 
of  solution.  Sugar  is  soluble  in  water  ;  salt  is  soluble 
only  to  a  certain  extent,  that  is,  till  the  water  is  sat- 
urated. 

SOL'U-BLE-NESS,  71.  Solubility. 
SO'LUS,  a.    [L.]  Alone. 
SO-LOTE',  a.    [L.  solutus,  solvo.] 

2.  In  a  general  sen.'sc,  loose  ;  free  ;  as,  a  solute  inter- 
pretation.   [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

3.  In  botany,  loose  ;  not  adhering ;  opposed  to  .\d- 
NATE  ;  as,  a  solute  stipule.  Martyn, 

SO-LuTE',  II.  «.  To  dissolve.  [jVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
SO-Lu'TION,  re.'  [Fr.  ;  It.  soluzione ;  Sp.  solucwu ; 

from  L.  solatia,  from  solvo,  to  loosen,  melt,  dissolve. 

See  Solve.] 

1.  The  act  of  separating  the  parts  of  any  body  ; 
disruption  ;  breach. 

In  all  bodies  ih-'re  is  .an  appetite  of  union  and  evibition  of  solu- 
tion of  coiitiiMiiiy.  Btu-on. 

2  A  feeble  combination,  in  which,  with  a  mere 
mechanical  change  of  properties,  and  without  regard 
to  definite  proportitms,  tute  or  umre  solids  are  equally 
difTiised  through  some  liquid.  This  mode  of  coinbi- 
natiiin  is  so  wettk,  that  the  liquid  may  be  evaptirated 
from  tile  solid  or  solids,  leaving  them  unchanged  ex- 
cept in  texture  or  aggregation.  There  is  usually,  and 
probably  always,  a  limit  to  the  quantity  of  the  solid  or 
solids  which  can  be  dissolved  by  a  given  liquid,  and 
this  is  called  saturation.  The  liquid  in  which  the  so- 
lutitm  is  effected  is  called  the  solcent  or  menstruum. 

JVoff.  —  This  word  is  not  nseil,  in  clieuiislry  or 
mineralogy,  for  the  melting  of  bodies  by  the  heat  of 
fire. 

The  term  solution  is  applied  to  a  very  extensive 
class  of  pbenomena.  When  a  solid  disappears  in  a 
liquid,  if  the  compound  exhibits  perfect  transparency, 
we  have  an  example  of  solution.  The  word  is  ap- 
plied both  to  the  act  of  combination  and  to  the  result 
of  the  jirocess.  Thus  coinni(m  salt  disappears  in 
water,  that  is,  its  .solution  takes  place,  and  the  liquid 
obtained  is  called  a  solution  of  salt  in  water.  Solution 
is  the  result  of  attraction,  or  affinity,  between  the 
fluid  and  the  solid.  This  affinity  continues  to  oper- 
ate to  a  certain  point,  whtM'e  it  is  overbalanced  by 
the  cohesion  of  the  solid  ;  it  then  ceases,  the  fluid  is 
said  to  be  saturated,  the  point  where  the  operation 
ceases  is  called  saturation,  and  the  fluid  is  called  a 
saturated  solution.  Brande. 

Solution  is  a  true  chemical  union.  Mixture  is  a 
mere  mechanical  union  of  bodies. 

3.  Resolution;  explanation;  the  act  of  explaining 
or  removing  ditficulty  or  doubt ;  as,  the  .volution  ttf  a 
difliciilt  question  in  morality  ;  the  solution  of  a  doubt 
in  c.isiiistry. 

4.  Release;  deliverance;  discharge.  Barrow. 

5.  In  algebra  and  gromrlry,  the  answering  of  a 
question,  or  the  resolving  of  a  problem  prop  sed. 

Solution  of  continuity  ;  the  separ,ation  of  connection, 
or  connected  substances  or  parts  ;  applied,  in  surgery, 
to  a  fracture,  laceration,  4'c. 
SOL'lJ-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  dissolve  ;  loosening  ;  lax- 
ative, r.nciic. 
SOLV-A-BIL'I-TY,  re.    Ability  to  pay  all  just  debts. 

Earyc. 

SOLV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  solved,  resolved,  or 
explained. 

2.  That  can  be  paid.  Tuokt. 
SOLV'A-BLE-NE.SS,  n.  Solvability. 

SOLVE,  r.  f.  [  L.  .so/do  ;  Fr.  .voiirfre  ;  U.  solvere.  Class 
SI.    Several  roots  give  the  sense.] 

1.  Properly,  to  loosen  or  separate  the  parts  of  any 
thing  ;  hence,  to  explain  ;  to  resolve  ;  to  eclaircise  ; 
to  unfold  ;  to  clear  up,  ns  what  is  obscure,  or  dilflciilt 
to  be  understood  ;  as,  to  solve  questions  ;  to  solve  dif- 
ficulties or  a  problem. 

When  Ooil  shall  lo.'w  she  dark  decrees  of  fate.  71ci«l. 

2.  To  remove  ;  to  dissipate  ;  ns,  to  solve  doubts. 
SOLV'^;i),  pp.    Explained  ;  resolved. 


FATE,  FAR,  K^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1062 


SOM 


SON 


SON 


SOLV't:\-CY,  «.    [  I,. 

Aliilily  t(i  pay  all  delils  or  just  claims  ;  as,  the 
snlonicy  of  a  iiierrliaiit  is  uml<iiilited.  Tile  credit  of 
n  nation's  notes  depends  on  a  favorable  opinion  of 
its  tiultji'itcij. 

SOL.V-EMI)',  71.    A  substance  to  be  dissolved. 

Kirwan, 

SOLV'KNT,  tt.  Having  the  power  of  dissolving  ;  as, 
a  sitlcrnf  body.  Boyle. 

2.  Able  to  pay  all  just  debts.  The  merchant  is 
sotrent. 

3.  Siitficient  to  pay  all  just  debts.  The  estate  is 
solrriif. 

SOLVENT,  II.    A  fluid  that  dissolves  any  substance 

is  tall.'d  the  .vo/rrnt,  or  nienstruuni. 
SOLV'EK,  n.    One  who  solves  or  explains. 
SOLV'I  ItLE,  a.    Solvable,  which  see. 
tf()-.M AT'lC,        I  a.     [(Jr.  o-njuari/ca;,  from  auiua, 
SO-.MAT'IC-AL,  i  body.] 

Corporeal ;  pertaining  to  a  body.    [JVot  in  hsc] 

Scott. 

SO'IMA-TIST,  71.  [Supra.]  One  who  admits  tlie  ex- 
istence of  corporeal  or  material  beincs  only ;  one 
who  denies  the  existence  of  spiritual  substances. 

OUmeille. 

SO-MA-TOL'O-CY,  71.  [Gr.  cw^n,  body,  and  A-jos, 
discourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  bodies  or  material  substances. 
SOM'liEll,  (  a.      [Fx.   sombre,   from   Sp.   sombra,  a 
SO.M'HKE,  I  shade.] 

Hull  ;  duskv  ;  cloudy  ;  gloomy. 
SOM'IIER-.NESS,  (        p,    .  ,  . 

SO.M'UKE  NESS,  j       Darkness  ;  gloominess. 
SO.M'BROUS,  a.    Gloomv.  Stephais. 
SO.M'IIROLIS-Ly,  adv.  Gloomily. 
SO.M'HROUS-NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  sombrous. 
SOME,  (sum,)  a.    [Sax.  sum,  siime  ;  D.  sommige ;  Sw. 
somliae  :  Sw.  and  Dan.  som,  wlio.] 

1.  Noting  a  certain  quantity  of  a  thing,  but  inde- 
terniinate  ;  a  |M>rtion  greater  or  less.  Give  ine  some 
bread  ;  drink  .«u/7ic  wine  ;  bring  some  water. 

2.  Noting  a  number  of  persons  or  things,  greater  or 
less,  but  indeterminate. 

5om«  ilifon-licjil  wril'Ts  ftltfg'?  that  Ihcre  was  a  linn»  when  th*re 
wiW  110  such  lluiij  .IS  soci<-ty.  B  ackstone. 

3.  Noting  a  person  or  thing,  but  not  known,  or  not 
specific  and  definite.  Some  ju  rson,  [  know  not  who, 
gave  me  the  information.  Enter  the  city,  and  some 
man  will  direct  you  to  the  house. 

Most  a 
liv. 


'II  of  proiwTty,  111  *o'/i«  jn'riod  or  otfiT  of  lh»>ir 
nmUuuLu  of  repn_-acnliiig  llicir  coiituv  in  parlia- 
BtacksUtne. 

4.  Noting  indeterminately  that  a  thing  is  not  very 
great ;  moderate  ;  as,  the  censure  was  to  soiTie  extent 
just. 

5.  It  somi-times  precedes  a  word  of  number  or 
quantity,  wilh  the  siense  of  about  or  7ip«r,  noting 
want  of  certainty  as  to  the  specific  numlier  or 
amount,  but  something  near  it ;  as,  a  village  of  some 
eighty  houses  ;  some  two  or  three  persons  ;  sowie  sev- 
enty miles  distant ;  an  object  at  some  good  distance. 

Bacon. 

6.  Some  is  often  opposed  lo  others.  Some  men  be- 
lieve one  thing,  and  ot/icrs  another. 

7.  Some  is  oll.'n  used  without  a  noun,  and  then, 
like  other  adjec  lives,  is  a  substitute  tijra  noun.  We 
consumed  some  of  our  provisions,  and  Uie  rest  was 
given  to  the  [mor. 

Somt  to  Uie  «hurrs  lio  fly, 

^o/Jie  to  llw  \vi>wl8,  Daniel. 
Your  ttlicu  tome  rrcliim  from  tins, 

But  most  your  life  iiikI  Ip[«i  c'x.iiiiplf  wins.  DryiUn. 

8.  Some  is  used  as  a  termination  of  certain  adjec- 
tives, as  in  handsome,  meltlejome,  blithesome,  fulsome, 
lone.-iome,  frladsome,  iramrsome.  In  these  words,  some 
has  primarily  the  sense  of  little,  or  a  certain  degree  ; 
a  little  blitAe  or  ^lad.  But  in  iisaje,  it  rather  indi- 
cates a  consitlenhlc  degree  of  the  thing  or  quantity  ; 
as,  mettlesome,  full  of  mettle  or  spirit ;  gladsome,  very 
glad  or  joyous. 

S0.ME'liOD-Y,(siim'-,)>t.  [some  nnA  hodti.]  A  person 
unknown  or  uncertain  ;  a  person  iudet(>rininate. 

J'-sua  giviil,  Somtbody  hritli  touc)lt<(l  me.  —  Lulte  riii. 

We  iiuis:  dr.iw  in  to.nebotly  th.tt  may  sund 

'Twill  us  uiil  duiigcr.  Denham, 

a.  A  person  of  consideration. 

Bclon*  these  dixys  roie  up  Theudu,  txxulin^  himaeir  10  be  tome- 
body.  -  Acts  T. 

SOME'DeAL,  (sum'-,)  ixii'.  [some  and  dedt.]  In  some 
degree.    [Obs.]  Spmser. 

SoME'IIOW,  adv.  [some  and  how.]  One  way  or 
"tiler  ;  in  some  way  not  yet  known.  The  thing 
must  have  hapiieued  somelww  or  other. 

^OJ'.'KR-SAULT,  j  ,  I  n.    [Sp.  sobresalir,  to 

SO.M'Ell-Sl-lT,  i  (»"■»  j  exceed  in  hi=ht,  to 
leap  over  ;  sobresallar,  to  surprise  ;  I(.  soprassaltre,  to 
attack  iinexpecleilly  ;  soprassalto,  an  overleap  :  L. 
tuprr  and  salio,  to  leap.] 

A  b  ap  in  which  a  person  turns  with  his  heels  over 

o^vJ.i'o'U.""''  "P""       fe'-'-  Donne. 

SOM  LR-VI1.L-TTE,  „.  A  Vesuvian  mineral,  occur- 
ring in  pale,  dull,  yellow  crystals,  and  related  to 
Gehlenite.  o..jm. 


SOiME'TIIING,  (sum'-,)  M.  [some  atti\  Ihimr.]  An  in- 
determinale  or  unknown  event.  Something  must 
liavo  lia|>pened  to  prevent  the  arrival  of  our  friends 
at  the  time  ftxeil.  I  sliall  call  at  two  o'clock,  uiile.ss 
somithing  should  prevent.    [See  Thino.] 

2.  A  substance  or  material  thing,  unknown,  inde- 
terminate, or  not  specified.    A  iiiarhine  stops  be- 
cause something  obstructs  its  motion  ;  there  must  be 
something  lo  sup[)ort  a  wall  or  an  arch, 
o  .A  part ;  a  portion  more  or  less. 
Something  yet  of  douU  reiiinins.  Milton. 
Slid  Iroin  his  litll>,-  he  coiild  something  spnre. 
To  feed  the  huii^  and  to  clothe  the  Uire.  Itnrtt. 
Something  of  it  urises  from  our  hifiiit  st»tc.  H'aus. 

4.  A  little  ;  an  indefinite  qiianlity  or  degree.  The 
man  asked  me  for  a  ilnllar,  but  I  gave  him  something 

5.  Distance  not  great.  [more. 
It  must  tw  tlone  to-iiiijtit,  and  tomelhing  from  the  paliic*'.  .^Aoik, 
C.  Something  has  been  used  adverbially  for  in  some 

degree  ;  as,  lie  was  somcUting  discouraged  ;  but  tlic 
use  is  not  elegant.  Temple. 
SO.ME'TI.ME,  (sum'-,)  adv.   Once  ;  formerly. 

Tliat  fur  anil  warlike  form 
In  whicli  Ihe  mfij.'sly  of  buried  Denmark 
Did  sometime  march.  Slttik. 
2.  .At  one  time  or  other  hereafter. 
[Sometime  is  really  a  compound  noun,  and  at  is  un- 
derstood before  it;  at  some  time.] 
SO.ME'TI.MES,  o</r.    At  times;  at  intervals;  not  al- 
ways; now  and  Ihcn.    We  are  somffimes  indisposed, 
sometimes  occupied,  sometimes  at  leisure  ;  that  is,  at 
some  titnes. 

It  is  good  thil  we  be  sometimes  contradicted.  Taylor. 
2.  At  one  lime  ;  opposed  to  another  time. 
SO.ME'WII.AT,  (suin'hwot,) '  71.     [some  and  w/ia(.] 
Somelliing,  though  uncertain  what.  .^Itrrbury. 

2.  Jlore  or  less ;  a  certain  quantity  or  degree,  in- 
determinate. 

Those  sails  have  sometohAl  of  a  nitrous  t.-ute.  Greie. 

3.  A  part,  greater  or  less. 

SomeirhtU  nf  his  fifood  sense  will  suffer  in  this  transfusion,  and 
much  of  tlie  beauty  of  his  thotights  win  he  tost.  Drytten. 

SOME'WHAT,  fl(/r.  In  some  degree  or  quantity. 
This  is  somcichat  more  or  less  than  was  expected  ; 
he  is  somcichat  aged  ;  he  is  somewhat  disappointed  ; 
somnchat  disttrrbed. 
SO.ME'WIIERE,  adv.  [some  and  where.]  In  some 
place,  unknown  or  not  specified  ;  in  one  place  or 
anutlier.  He  lives  somewhere  in  obscurity  ;  Dryden 
somewhere  says,  "  Peace  to  tile  manes  of  the  dead." 
SOME'WHlLE,  aiic.    [some  and  while.]    Once  ;  fur  a 

time.    r04.-.]  Spenser. 
SOME'WHITII-ER,  adv.     To  some  indeterminate 

place.  ./ohnson. 
SOM'MITE,  71.    Nepheline  ;  a  mineral  whicli  occurs 
in  small  crystals  and  crystalline  grains  in  the  lava  of 
Mount  Soiniiia  on  Vesuvius.  Ifauij. 
SO.M-NA.M-BU-lM'TlON,  7i.    [L.  somnus,  sleep,  and 
ambulo,  to  walk.] 
The  act  of  walking  in  sleep.  Beddoe.i. 
SOM-NA.M'BU-Lie,  a.    Walking  in  sleep ;  pertaining 

to  soinnaiubulisni. 
SOM-NAM'BU-LISM,  71.    [Supra.]    The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  walking  in  sleep.  Beddoes.  Darwin. 
SO.M-NAM'BU-LIST,  71.    A  person  who  walks  in  his 

sleep.  Beddoes.  Porttus. 

SOM'NER,  for  St'MMOXEn.    [JVot  in  use.] 
SO.M-Nl F'ER-OLIS,  a.    [L.  somn{fer ;  .somnus,  sleep, 
and  /(TO,  to  bring  ;  Fr.  somn{f'6re  ;  It.  and  Sp.  sotk- 
7ii/cro.J 

Causing  or  inducing  sleep ;  soporific  ;  as,  a  so7n- 
niferouji  potion.  Walton. 
SO.M-NIF'ie,  a,     [L.  somnus,  sleep,  and  facto,  to 
make.] 

Causing  sleep ;  tending  to  induce  sleep. 
SOM-NIL'O-CiUIST,  n.    One  who  talks  in  his  sleep. 
SOM-XlL'O-atJOUS,  0.    Apt  to  talk  in  sleep. 
SOM-NIL'OUUY,      *       r,  ., 
SO.M-Nl  L'O-aUlS.M,  I       I'-  »<™"""  ana  loqiior.] 
A  talking  or  speaking  in  sleep.  Coleridge. 
SOM-NIL'O-QUY,  71.    The  tiilking  of  one  in  a  state 

of  somnipalhy. 
SOM-NIP'A-THIST,  71.    A  person  in  a  state  of  som- 
nipathy. 


sense  iiinch  used  in  the  Scriptures.  The  whole  hu- 
man race  are  styled  sons  of  Adam. 

3.  The  compcllatiim  of  an  old  man  lo  a  young  one, 
or  of  a  confessor  to  his  penitent ;  a  term  of  nlleclion. 
Eli  called  Samuel  his  son. 

Be  plain,  ^»d  ton,  and  homely  in  thy  drift,  ShaJt. 

4.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  a  country  ;  as,  Ihe 
50IIS-  of  Britain.  Let  our  country  never  be  a.-lianied 
of  her  sons. 

5.  The  produce  of  any  thing. 

Kartli's  Ldl  sons,  the  ced.ir,  oak,  and  pine,  Blaekmort. 

J^'ole.  —  The  primary  sense  of  child  is  prodiire, 
G.  One  adopted  into  a  family.        [issue  ;  a  sliooU 
Moses  was  the  ton  of  Pharaoh's  daught'-r.  —  Kx.  ii. 

7.  One  who  is  converted  by  another's  instrumen- 
tality, is  called  liis  .ton;  also,  one  educated  by  anoth- 
er ;  as,  the  sous  of  the  prophets. 

8.  Christ  is  railed  the  Son  of  God,  as  being  con- 
ceived by  the  power  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  or  in  conse- 
quence of  bis  relation  to  the  Father. 

9.  Son  of  pride,  .sons  of  light,  «o7t  ol  Belial. 
These  are  Ili  hj .tisnis,  which  denote  that  persons 
possess  tlie  qualities  of  pride,  of  light,  or  of  Belial, 
as  children  inlierit  tlie  qualities  of  their  ancestors. 

SO-NX'TA,  71.  [It.  See  Sound.]  A  nine  intended 
for  an  iuslriiment  only,  as  cantata  is  for  the  voice. 

SO.N'G,  n.  [.Sax.  ^oij^r ;  I),  zang ;  G.  sang,  gesang ; 
Sw.  sioug  ;  Dan.  saug.    See  Sing.] 

1.  In  general,  that  which  is  sung  or  littered  with 
musical  modulations  of  the  voice,  whether  of  the 
hiHoan  voice  or  that  of  a  bird. 

2.  .\  little  pot  irt  to  be  sung  or  uttered  with  music- 
al modulations;  a  ballad.  The  .<o7i<r.<  of  a  country 
are  characteristic  of  its  manners.  Every  country 
has  its  love  songs.  Its  war  songs,  and  il3  patriotic 
songs. 

.t.  A  hymn  ;  a  sacred  poem  or  hymn  to  be  sung 
either  in  joy  or  thanksgiving,  .-is  that  sung  by  .Moses 
and  the  Israelites  after  escaping  the  dangers  of  the  I 
Arabian  Gulfaiid  of  Pharaoh  ;  or  of  laini:iitation,  as 
that  of  David  over  the  death  of  Saul  and  Jonathan. 
Songs  of  joy  are  represented  as  constituting  a  part  of 

4.  A  lay;  a  strain  ;  a  poem.       [heavenly  felicity. 

Tlie  bard  thll  flr^t  adorned  our  native  tongue 

Tuned  to  his  British  lyre  diis  ancient  song.  Drydtn. 

5.  Poetry  ;  poesy  ;  verse. 


This  subject  for  heroic  tong 
Please<l  me. 

6.  Notes  of  birds.    [See  Def.  1.] 

7.  A  mere  trifle. 


Milton. 


SUtiman. 


Lucky;  fortunate;  thriving. 


More. 
Orose. 


SO.M-NIP'A-THY,  n.    [L.  somniLs  and  Gr.  TTtxSos.] 
Sleep  from  sympathy,  or  by  the  process  of  mesmer- 
ism. 

SOM'NO-LENCE,  \  n.  [Low  L.  somnolcntiai  from 
SOM'.NO-LEN-CY,  (     somnus,  sleep.] 

Sleepiness;  drowsiness;  inclination  to  sleep. 

Gower. 

SOM'NO-LE.NT,  a.  Sleepy;  drowsy;  inclined  to 
'•'■•^P-  BuUokar. 

SOM'NO-LENT-LV,  adv.  Drowsily. 

SO.N,  (sun,)  71.  [Sax.  sunu  ;  Goth,  sunns ;  G.  soAn  ;  D. 
loon  ;  Sw.  son ;  Dan.  sUn ;  Sans,  sunu ;  Russ.  syn  or 
sin.] 

1.  A  male  child  ;  the  male  issue  of  a  parent, 
father  or  mother.  Jacob  had  twelve  sons.  Ishmael 
was  the  son  of  Hagar  by  Abraham. 

2.  A  male  descendant,  however  distant ;  hence,  in 
the  plural,  sons  signifies  descendants  in  general,  a 


The  soldier's  pay  is  a  song. 

Old  song;  a  trifle. 

I  do  not  intend  lo  be  thus  put  oIT  wilh  an  old 
SON'CY,  ) 
SON'SY,  ( 

SONG-E.\-No'BL£D,  a.    Ennobled  in  sons. 

Coleridge. 

SONG'ISH,  a.    Consisting  of  songs,    [/mw,  and  not  in 

I"'.]  Dryden. 
SO.VG'STER,  71.     [song  and  Sax.  steora,  oiic  that 
steers.] 

1.  One  that  sings;  one  skilled  in  singinz;  not 
often  applied  to  human  beings,  or  only  in  slight  con- 
tempt. Jlowel. 

2.  A  bird  that  sings ;  as,  the  little  songster  in  his 
cage.    f^//i  f/(w  use  tlie  word  is  ele'rant.] 

SONG'STRESS,  n.    A  female  singer.  Thomson. 
SO-NIK'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  S0RU.1,  sound,  and  fcro,  to 
bear.  ] 

Sounding:  producing  sound. 
SO.\'-IN-LAW,  71.    A  man  married  to  one's  daughter. 
SOX'NET,  71.    [Fr.,  from  It.  sonf«a;  Sp.  soncta.  See 

SoL*?*D.] 

1.  A  short  poem  of  fourteen  lines,  two  stanzas  of 
four  verses  each  and  two  of  three  e.ach,  the  rhymes 
being  adjusted  by  a  particular  rule. 

2.  A  short  poem.       [Milton.    Johnson.  Busby. 
1  have  a  sonnet  that  will  serre  the  turn.  Shak. 

SON'NET,  r.  i.    To  compose  sonnet,s.       Bp.  HaU. 
SON-NET-EER',  71.    [Fr.  sonnetier.] 

A  composer  of  sonnets  or  small  poems;  a  small 
poet  ;  usually  in  contempt.  Pope. 
SO-NOM'E-TER,  n.  [L.  sonus,  sound,  and  Gr.  fUTocti), 
to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  sounds  or  the  inter- 
vals of  sounds.  Ed.  F.ucye. 
SON-0-R(F'ie,  a.    [L.  sotiiu,  sound,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

Producing  sound  ;  as,  the  sonor{fic  qiialitv  of  a 
body,  IVotts. 
SO-NO'ROL'S,  a.    [L.  sonorus,  from  sonus,  sound.] 

1.  Giving  sound  when  struck.  .Metals  are  s<7ii»- 
rous  bodies. 

a  Loud  sounding;  giving  a  clear  or  loud  sound; 
as,  a  sonorous  voice. 

3.  Y'ielding  sound  ;  as,  the  vowels  are  sonorous. 

Dryden. 

4.  High-sounding;  magnificent  of  sound. 

The  Italian  opera,  amidst  all  the  meanness  and  Etmiltarily  ef  Ibe 
tiioti^hts,  has  something  tNTttUtiful  and  totiorout 
preuiun. 


Additvn. 


TONE,  BULL,  l^XITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOL'S.-e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


n 


132* 


1053 


T 


soo 


SOP 


SOR 


SO-Xo'ROUS-LY,  adv.  With  sound;  with  a  high 
Sdtintl. 

SO-Xo'ROUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  yielding 
sound  when  struck,  or  coming  in  collision  with 
another  body  ;  as,  the  sonoronsne.i.f  of  metals. 

2.  Having  or  giving  a  loud  or  clear  sound  ;  as,  the 
sojtoroiisness  of  a  voice  or  an  instrument. 

3.  .Masniticence  of  sound.  Johnson. 
SON'SHIP,  (sun'-,)  n.    [from  sore.]    The  state  of  be- 
in?  a  soti,  or  of  having  the  relation  of  a  son. 

2.  Filiation  ;  the  character  of  a  son.  Johji,wn. 
SOO'Dli  A,  ;  )i.    Thi- lowest  of  the  four  great  castes 
SOO'DEK,  i     among  the  Hindoos.    More  properly, 

Sl'DRA. 

SOO' FEE,  71.  Among  Jilohammcdans,  a  believer  in 
Sooft-el^m. 

SOO'FEE-ISM,  n.  A  refined  mysticism  among  certain 
classes  of  .Mofiamnierians,  particularly  in  Persia,  who 
reject  the  Koran  and  hold  to  a  kind  of  pantheism. 

Soutlitrate. 

SOON,  adv.    [Sax.  sona;  Goth,  suns.] 

1.  [n  a  short  time  ;  shortly  after  any  time  specified 
or  supposed;  as,  soon  after  sunrise;  sm»»  after  din- 
ner ;  I  sliall  soon  return  ;  we  shall  soon  have  clear 
weather. 

2.  Early  ;  without  the  usual  delay ;  before  any 
lime  supposed. 

How  is  it  tliat  ye  have  come  so  soon  to-day  f  —  Ex.  ii. 

3.  Readily;  willingly.  But  in  this  sense  it  accom- 
panies would,  or  some  other  word  expressing  will. 

1  \LOuld  as  soon  see  a  river  winding  amonj  woods  or  in  niead- 


as  soon  i 
,  as  \v  lien  il  is  tossed  up  i 
5.iilles. 


ivliinisicid  fi^iii.- 
.\(]mso. 


j?s  .soon  a.«,  so  soon  as;  immediately  at  or  after 
another  event.  As  soon  as  the  mail  arrives,  I  will 
inform  you. 

As  soon  as  Moses  came  ni^rli  to  the  camp,  he  saw  the  calf  and 
Uie  dancing.  —  K%.  xxxii. 

SOON,  a.    Speedy  ;  quick.    [JVot  in  use.] 
SOON'LY,  adv.    Quickly  ;  speedily.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SOU  C HOXG '  I       ^  ^^'^"^ 

SOO'SOO,  «.  Among  the  Bensralese,  the  name  of  a 
cetaceous  mammal  with  along  slender  beak,  the  Soo- 
soo  Gangeticus,  of  Lesson,  found  in  the  Ganges. 

Jlsiat.  Res. 

SOOT,  n.  [Pax.  snl;  Sw.  sot;  Dan.  sod,  soud :  Ir. 
sut/t ;  W.swta,  soot,  that  which  is  volatile  or  sudden. 

But  qii. ;  for  the  word  is  from  the  Ar.  i  sauda,  to 
be  black.] 

A  black  substance  formed  by  combustion,  or  dis- 
engaged from  fuel  in  the  process  of  combustion,  ris- 
ing in  fine  particles  and  adhering  to  the  sides  of  the 
chimney  or  pipe  conveying  the  smoke.  Soot  consists 
of  more  than  sixteen  different  substances,  of  which 
carbon,  ulmin,  asboin,  creosote,  capnonior,  &.C.,  are 
perhaps  the  principal.  The  soot  of  burnt  pine  forms 
lampblack. 

SOO'l',  V.  t     To  cover  or  foul  with  soot. 

SOO'f'ED,  pp.    Covered  or  soiled  with  soot.  Mortimer. 

S()6T'ER-KIN,  n.  A  kind  of  false  birth  fabled  to  be 
produced  by  the  Dutch  women  from  bitting  over 
their  stoves.  Swift. 

SOOTH,  71.    [Sax.  soth ;  Ir.  seadh.] 

1.  Truth  ;  reality.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  Prognostication.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

3.  Sweetness;  kindness.  [OAs.]  Sliak. 
SOOTH,  a.    Pleasing;  delightful.    [Obs.]  Milton. 

2.  True  ;  faithful.  [Obs.]  Sliok. 
SOOTHE,  1!.  t.  [Sax.  gesulliian,  to  flatter.  There 
seems  to  be  a  connectitm  between  this  verb  and  the 
preceding  sooth.  The  sense  of  setting,  allay  or  soft- 
ening, would  give  that  of  (rii(A,  and  of  sweet,  that 
is,  smooth.] 

1.  To  flatter ;  to  please  with  blandishments  or  soft 
words. 

Can  I  sooOie  tvranny  ?  Dry'len. 

I've  tried  the  {uTv^  of  cvery  reason  on  him, 

Soothed  and  caressed,  been  angry,  toothed  again.  Addison. 

2.  To  soften;  to  assuage;  to  mollify;  to  calm; 
as,  to  sooOie  tuie  in  pain  or  passion  ;  or  to  soothe  pain. 
It  is  applied  both  to  p^Tsnns  and  things. 

3.  To  gratify  ;  to  please. 

.Soothed  with  his  future  fame.  Dryden. 
eOOTH'ED,    -pp.     Flattered ;    softened ;    calmed  ; 
pleased. 

SOOTH'ER,  71.  A  flatterer ;  he  or  that  which  softens 
or  nH'*iiages. 

80f/fH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Flattering;  softening;  as- 
siiagiiitr. 

POtJT H'lNG-LY,  adr.    With  flattery  or  soft  words. 
SOOTH'I.Y,  arfr.    In  trulh  ;  reallv.    [Obs.\  Hale, 
SfiOTll'SA  V,  ».  i.    [moth  nni[  say.]  Toft 

predii'l.    .^ctn  xvi.    [I.MIe  itsrd.] 
SOOTH'S^Y-ER,  71.    A  foreteller  ;  a  prognoslicator  ; 

one  who  iindertakea  to  foretell  future  events  without 

Inspiriition. 

HOO'l'H'SAY-INO,  n.  The  foretelling  of  future  events 
by  persons  witlioiil  divine  aiil  <ir  authority,  and  thus 
distinguished  from  I'n'H'iitcv. 
2.  A  true  saying  ;  truth.    [  Obt.]  Chaurrr. 


foretell ;  to 


SOOT'1-MESS,  n.    [from  sooty.]  The  quality  of  being 

sotity  or  foul  with  soot ;  fiiliginousness. 
SOOT'lSH,  a.    Partaking  of  soot ;  like  soot.  Brown. 
SOOT'Y.       fSax.  sotig.] 

1.  Producing  soot ;  as,  sooty  coal.  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of  soot ;  fuliginous ;  as,  sooty  mat- 
ter, mikins. 

3.  Foul  with  soot. 

4.  Black  like  soot;  dusky  ;  dark  ;  as,  the  sooft/flag 
of  Acheron.  Milton. 

SOOT'Y,  V.  t.  To  black  or  foul  with  soot.  [JVot  au- 
thorized,] Chupoiaii. 

SOP,  n.  [D.  sop;  Sax.  sop;  G.  suppe,  sou|i;  Dan. 
suppe  ;  Sw.  soppa  ;  Sp.  soj/a  ;  It.  zttppa  ;  Fr.  soupc. 
See  Class  Sh,  No.  2,  30,  &c.    Qu.  soup.] 

1.  Any  thing  steepeti  oi"  dipped  and  softened  in 
liquor,  but  chiefly  something  thus  dipped  in  broth  or 
liquid  food,  and  intended  to  be  eaten. 

Sops  in  wine,  quantity  for  quantity,  inebriate  more  than  wine 
Itself.  '  Bacon. 

2.  Any  thing  given  to  pacify  ;  so  called  from  the 
sop  given  to  Cerberus,  in  mythology.  Hence  the 
phrase,  to  give  a  sop  to  Cerberus. 

Sop-in-wine  ;  a  kind  of  pink.  Spenser. 
SOP,  V.  t.    To  steep  or  dip  in  liquor. 
SoPE.    See  Soap. 

SOPH,n.    In  (Ac  university  of  Cambridge,  England,  nn 
abbreviation  of  Sophister. 
2.  In  the  American  colleges,  an  abbreviation  of 

SopHOMOItE. 

So'PHl,  (so'fe,)  71.  A  title  of  the  kingof  Persia.  [See 
also  SoFi.] 

SOPH'IC-AL,  a.    [Gr.  trn^of,  wise  ;  ooipio,  wisdom.] 

Teaching  wisdom.    [Mot  in  use.]  Harris. 
SOPH'ISM,  n.     [Fr.  sophisme;  L.   sophisma;  Or. 
ay0io/ia.] 

A  specious  but  fallacious  argument ;  a  subtilty  in 
reasoning;  an  argument  that  is  not  supported  by 
sound  reasoning,  or  in  which  the  inference  is  not 
justly  deduced  from  the  premises. 

When  a  false  argument  puts  on  the  appearance  of  a  true  one, 
then  it  is  properly  called  a  sophism  or  fallacy.  Walts. 

SOPH'IST,  71.    [L.  sophista  ;  Fr.  sophiste  ;  It.  sofista.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  class  of  men  who  taught  elo- 
quence, philosophy,  and  politics  in  ancient  Greece, 
and  who,  by  their  use  of  vain  subtleties  and  false 
axioms,  drew  upon  themselves  general  hatred  and 
contempt. 

2.  A  captious  or  fallacious  rcasoner. 
SOPH'IST-ER,  71.     [Gr.  Go.ttarr,!.]     The  same  as 

Sophist,  which  see.  [Oii.s.] 

2.  In  the  university  of  Cambridge,  England,  tlie 
title  of  students  who  are  advanced  beyond  the  first 
year  of  their  residence.  The  entire  course  at  the 
university  consists  of  three  years  and  one  term,  dur- 
ing which  the  students  have  the  titles  of  First- Year 
Men,  or  Freshmen  ;  Second-Year  Men,  or  Junior 
Sophs  or  Sojihisters  ;  Third-Year  Men,  or  Senior 
Sophs  or  Sophisters  ;  and,  in  the  last  term,  Question- 
ists,  with  reference  to  the  approaching  examination. 
In  the  older  American  colleges,  the  junior  and  senior 
classes  were  originally  called  Junior  Sophisters  and 
Senior  Sophisters.  The  term  is  also  used  at  Oxford 
and  Dublin. 

SOPH'lST-ER,  V.  t.    To  maintain  by  a  fallacious  ar- 
gument.   [M)t  in  use.]  Cobham. 
PHI'^T'lf^  ) 
SO-PHIST'Ic'aL  [^'•'^"Pl^'^'-ique ;  U.sojistico.] 

Fallaciously  subtile  ;    not  sound  ;  as,  sophistical 
reasoning  or  argument. 
SO-PHIST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    With  fallacious  subtilty. 

Swift. 

SO-PHIRT'ie-ATE,  f.  (.  [Fr.  sophistiqurr ;  Sp.  softs- 
tico.r.  1 

1.  "To  adulterate  ;  to  corrupt  by  something  spurious 
or  foreign  ;  to  pervert ;  as,  to  sophLiticate  nature,  phi- 
losophy, or  the  unilerstanding.       Hooker.  South. 

2.  To  adulterate  ;  to  render  spurious  ;  as  merchan- 
dise ;  as,  to  sophisticate  wares  or  liquors. 

They  purchase  hut  sophisticated  ware.  Dryden. 

SO-PHlST'ie-ATE,  jo.  Adulterated;  not  pure; 
SO-PlllST'ie-A-TED,  i     not  genuine. 

So  triilh,  when  only  one  supplied  the  state, 

Grew  scarce  antl  dear,  and  yet  sopldsticate.  Dryden. 

S0-PHIST'I€-A-TED,  Adulterated;  corrupted 

bv  something  spurious  or  foreign. 

SO-PHlST'ie-A-TlNG,  ppr.  Corrupting;  adulter- 
ating. 

SO-PHI.'^T-ie-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  adulterating  ; 
a  counterfeiting  or  debasing  the  purity  of  sonii  thing 
by  a  foreign  nilinixtiire  ;  atlultertition. 

Boyle.  Quincy. 
SO-PHIST'l€-A-T()R,  n.    One  ih.it  atlulterates  ;  one 
who  injures  the  purity  and  genuineness  tif  any  thing 
by  foreign  adiiiixture.  fVhituker. 
SOi'lI'lST-RY,  n.    Fallacious  reasoning;  reasoning 
Hoiind  in  ajipt-arance  only. 

These  Mien  have  olmeim-d  and  confounded  the  nature  of  things 
by  dteir  false  priiicijtlet  and  wrelclied  aopliistry.  South. 

HOPH'O-MORF,,  71.  One  belonging  to  the  Bccond  of 
the  four  chisKCS  in  an  Amcrlean  college. 


[This  word  has  generally  been  considered  as  an 
"  American  barbarism,"  but  was  probably  iiilroduced 
into  our  country,  at  a  very  early  period,  from  the  uni- 
versity of  diiiibridge,  England.  Among  the  cant 
terms  at  that  university,  as  given  in  the  Gradus  ad 
Cantabrigiam,  we  find  Soph-Mor  as  "  the  next  dis- 
tinctive appellation  to  Freshman."  It  is  added,  that 
"a  writer  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  thinks  7iior 
an  abbreviation  of  the  Greek  /I'ooi'ci,  introduced  at  a 
time  when  the  Encomium  Moria,  the  Praise  of  Folly, 
by  Erasmus,  was  so  generally  used."  The  ordinary 
derivation  of  the  woril,  from  oo^dj  and  //oiod;,  would 
seem,  therefore,  to  be  incorrect.  The  younger  Sophs 
at  Cambridge  appear,  formerly,  to  have  received  the 
adjunct  mor  {powof)  to  their  names,  eUlier  as  one 
which  they  courted  for  the  reason  mentioned  above, 
or  as  one  given  them  in  sport,  for  the  siipposeti  ex- 
hibition of  inflated  feeling  in  entering  on  their  new 
honors.  The  term,  thus  applied,  seems  to  have 
passed,  ,at  a  very  early  periotl,  from  Cambridge  in 
England  to  Cambridge  in  America,  as  "the  next 
distinctive  appellation  to  Freshman,"  and  thus  to 
have  been  attached  to  the  second  of  the  four  classes 
in  our  American  colleges;  while  it  has  now  almost 
ceased  to  be  known,  even  as  a  cant  word,  at  the  pa- 
rent institution  in  England,  from  whence  it  came. 
This  derivation  of  the  word  is  rendered  more  proba- 
ble by  the  fact,  that  the  early  spelling  w.is,  toa  great 
extent  at  least,  Stiphimore,  as  appears  from  the  man- 
uscripts of  President  Stiles,  of  Yale  College,  and  the 
records  of  Harvard  College  down  to  the  period  of 
the  American  revolution.  Tliis  would  be  perfectly 
natural  if  Soph  or  Sophister  was  considered  as  the 
basis  of  the  word,  but  can  hardly  be  explained  if  the 
ordinary  deriv.ation  had  then  been  regarded  as  the 
true  one.  —  Ed.] 

SOPH-O-MOR'ie-AL,  a.  Inflated  in  style  or  manner. 
lAmerica.]  J.  C.  Calhoun. 

So'PlTE,  71.  t.    To  lay  asleep.    [JVot  in  u.«.]  Chcnne. 

SO-Pl"TION,  (-pish'un,)  7i.    [L.  sopio,  to  lay  a-^leep.] 
Sleep.    [JVot  in  lisc]  Brown. 

SOP'O-RATE,  V.  t.    [L.  soporo.] 
To  lay  asleep.  '  [JVot  in  tise.] 

SOP-O-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  soporifcr ;  .sopor,  sleep, 
and  fero,  to  bring;  from  sopio,  to  lull  to  sleep; 
Sans,  swapa,  sleep.  Sopio  agrees  in  elements  with 
sober.] 

Causing  sleep,  or  tending  to  produce  it;  somnifer- 
ous.   The  poppy  possesses  soporifcrous  qualities. 

SOP-O-RIF'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  produce  sleep. 

SOP-O-RIF'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  caus- 
ing sleep. 

SOP-O-RlF'ie,  a.  [L.  sopor,  sleep,  and  facto,  to 
make.] 

Causing  sleep;  tending  to  cause  sleep;  as,  the 

soporific  virtues  of  opium.  Locke. 
SOP-O-RIF'ie,  n.    A  medicine,  drug,  plant,  or  other 

thing  that  has  the  quality  of  inducing  sleep. 
So'PO-ROUS,  a.    [L.  soporus,  from  sopor,  sleep.] 

Causing  sleep  ;  sleepy.  Oreenhill. 
SOP'PEL),  (sopt,)  pp.    Dipped  in  liquid  food. 
SOP'PER,  ;i.    [from  sop.]    One  that  sops  or  dips  in 

liquor  something  to  be  eaten.  Johnson. 
SOP'PING,  ppr.    Steeping  in  liquid  food. 
SO-PRX'NIST,  71.    A  treble  singer. 
SO-PRA'NO,  [It.]    In  7«iisic,  the  treble;  the  highest 

female  voice. 

SORB,  n.    [Fr.  sorbe;   It.  sorba,  sorbo ;   L.  sorbiim, 
sorbus.] 
The  service-tree  or  its  fruit. 

SOR'RATE,  n.  A  compound  of  malic  or  sorbic  acid 
with  a  base.  Ure. 

SOR-BE-FA'CIENT,  (-fa'shent,)  7t.  [L.  sorbeo,  to  ab- 
sorb, and  facio,  to  make.] 

In  medicine,  that  which  produces  absorption. 

SOR-BE-FA'CIENT,  a.  In  medicine,  producing  ab- 
.sorption. 

SORB'ENT.    See  AfsoiiBENT. 

SOR'Bie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sorbus  or  service-tree  ; 
as,  sorbic  acid.  Sorbic  acid  is  only  another  name  for 
the  malic  .acid,  or  a  name  not  at  all  in  use. 

SOU' BILE,  (sor  bil,)  a.    [h.  sorbco.] 

That  inav  be  drank  or  sipped.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SOR-Hr'TION,  (-bish'uii,)  n.    [L.  sorbitiu.] 

The  act  of  drinking  or  sipping.    [JYol  in  K.«e.] 

SOR-BON'IC-AL,  u.    Belonging  to  a  Sorbonist.  Bale. 

SOR'BON  IST,  n.  A  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  ortheo- 
logical  college,  in  the  university  of  Paris,  founded 
by  Robert  dc  Sorbiume,  A.  D.  12.10.  Sorbonne  is 
properly  the  name  of  the  building,  from  which  the 
theological  faculty  are  called  the  doctors  of  the  Sor- 
bonne. Murdoch. 

SOR'CER-ER,  71.  [ Fr.  .sorcicr;  Arm.  .wrco  ;  supposed 
to  be  from  L.  sors,  lot.  But  see  Class  Sr,  No.  24, 
Eth.] 

A  conjurer;  nn  enchanter  ;  a  magician. 

The  Egyptian  sorcerers  contentled  with  Moses,  Watts. 

SOR'CER-ESS,  n.  A  female  magician  or  enchantress. 

Milton.  Shak. 
SOR'CER-OUS,  0.   Containing  enchantments. 

Chapman. 

SOR'CE-RY,  71.  Magic;  enchnntment ;  witchcraft; 
divination  by  the  assistance  or  supposed  assistance 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,'  MOVE,  WQLF,  IIQQK.— 


Bailey, 
sordid  tLSy 


DrytUn. 


SOR 

of  evil  spirits,  or  the  power  of  coniiiiundiiig  evil 
spirits.  Encijc. 
AtUlcr'l  wis  ioin  I  h;ive  I'-nnirtl, 

To  fi'nc*'  my  cura  iig.iiiuil  tliy  Morceriet,  Milton. 
PfiRD,  for  SwABD,  is  now  vulgar.    (See  Swabd.] 
SOKI)'.\-\VAL-I  Tl';.  n.    A  minerni  so  ii.iined  from 
Sordiiwalrt,  in  VVilmurg,  Finland.  It  is  nearly  black, 
rarely  gray  or  green,  and  contains  silica,  aliiinina, 
niajncsia,  and  peroxyd  of  iron.  Phillips. 
SOK'Dr.S,  II.    [L.]    Foul  matter  ;  excretions  :  dregs  ; 
filthy,  useless,  or  rejected  matter  of  any  kind. 

Cuic.  Wouilward. 
POR'DRT,   j  71.     [Tr.  nourdine ;  U..ianliiia;  from  Fr. 
SOU'DINK,  i     sourd,  L.  .^uriliis,  deaf.] 

.■\  small  instrument  or  dumper  in  the  mouth  of  a 
trumpet,  or  on  the  hridge  of  a  viohn  or  violoncello, 
to  make  it  sound  lower  or  fainter. 

Eitcijc.  A. 

SOU'DID,  a.    [VT.sordide;  It.  soriido  ; 
from  .^i>rile.<^  filth.] 
J.  Filthy  i  foul ;  dirty  ;  gross. 

Then'  Ctitiron  stands, 
A  sordid  god. 

[This  literal  seiK>e  i.t  nearly  ob.tolete.'] 

2.  Vile ;  base ;  mean  ;  as,  vulgar,  sordid  mortals. 

Cowley. 

3.  Jleaiily  avaricious  ;  covetous  ;  niggardly. 

\\c  niny  old, 
And  yet  not  sordid,  who  n!rus.s  guUl.  Denham. 

SOR'DID-LY,  oJb.    Jleanly  ;  b.isely  ;  covetously. 
SOK'UIU-NESS,  n.    Filthiuess ;  dirtiness.  Ray. 

2.  Cleanness;  baseness;  as,  the  execrable  .■coriii'd- 
ve.1.1  of  the  delights  of  Tiberius.  Cowley. 

3.  Niggardliness. 

SoRE,  n.  [Uan.  saar,  a  sore,  a  wound,  or  an  ulcer ; 
D.  iwrer;  G.  geschicur;  Sw.  sar.  See  the  next 
word.] 

1.  .\  [ilace  in  an  animal  body  where  the  skin  and 
flesh  are  ruptured  or  bruised, so  as  to  he  pained  with 
the  sliL'htest  pressure. 

2.  .An  ulcer ;  a  boil. 

3.  Ill  Scripture,  grief;  affliction.    2  Chron.  vi. 
SoRE,  a.    [Sax.  .'.sr,  pain,  al.-o  grievous,  painful  ;  D. 

zerr ;  G.  sclir ;  also  Sax.  stcier,  xtrar,  or  siccr,  heavy, 
grievous;  Dan.  svier;  G.  scliicer;  1).  imaar.  This 
seems  to  be  radically  the  same  word  as  the  former. 
See  Sorrow.] 

1.  Tender  and  susceptible  of  pain  from  pressure  ; 
as,  a  boil,  ulcer,  or  absce.ss,  is  very  sore ;  a  wounded 
pliice  is  sure;  inflammation  renders  a  part  sore. 

2.  Tende,r,  as  the  mind  ;  easily  pained,  grieved,  or 
vexed  ;  very  susceptible  of  irritation  from  any  thing 
that  crosses  the  inclination. 

Millie*  siui  hatml  an  very  fretting,  and  apt  to  make  our  minds 
sore  and  unt-asy.  TiLolson. 

3.  Affected  with  inflammation  ;  as,  sore  eyes. 

4.  Violent  with  pain  ;  severe  ;  afflictive  ;  distress- 
ing ;  as,  a  sore  disease  ;  sore  evil  or  calamity  ;  a  sore 
niglil.  Com.  Prayer.  Sliak. 

5.  .Severe  ;  violent ;  as,  a  sore  conflict. 

fi.  Criminal;  evil.    [Ofo.J  Shak. 
SORE,  atlc.    With  painful  violence;  intensely;  se- 
verely ;  grievously. 

Thy  fiand  pressotti  me  sore.  Com.  Prayer. 

2.  Greatly  ;  violently  ;  deeply.  He  was  sorely 
afflicted  at  the  loss  of  his  son. 

Sore  siglicd  tlii;  Itnight,  wiko  thifi  long  sermon  licanl.  Dryden. 

S6RE,  p.  f.   To  wound  ;  to  make  sore.  [OJs.] 

Spenser. 

SoRE,  n.    [Fr.  sor-fatcon.  Todd.] 

1.  A  hawk  of  the  first  year.  Spenser. 

2.  [Fr.  saur.]    A  buck  of  the  fourth  year.  S'lak, 
SORE'lJOX,  j  n.    [Irish  and  Scottish.]    A  kind  of 
SOR.N,         i     servile  tenure  wliich  subjected  the 

tenant  to  maintain  his  chiellain  gratuitously,  when- 
ever lie  wished  to  indulge  himself  in  a  debauch.  So 
that,  when  a  person  obtrudes  himself  on  another  for 
bed  and  board,  he  is  said  to  sorn,  or  be  a  surner. 

Spciisfr.  Macbran. 
SOR'EL,  n.    [dim.  of  sort.]    A  buck  of  the  third  year. 

Sliak. 

SSRE'LY,  adv.  [from  sore.'\  With  violent  pain  and 
distress  ;  grievously  ;  greatly  ;  as,  to  be  sorely  pained 
or  .ifflicted. 

2.  Greatly ;  violently  ;  severely ;  as,  to  be  sorely 
pressed  with  want  ;  to  be  sorely  wounilcd. 

SoRE'NESS,  71.  [front  sore]  The  tenderness  of  any 
part  of  an  animal  body,  which  renders  it  extremely 
susceptible  of  pain  from  pressure  ;  as,  the  soreness  of 
a  boil,  an  abscess,  or  wound. 

2.  Fi^iiratierly,  tenderness  of  mind,  or  suscepti 
bility  of  mental  pain. 

SOR'tJO,  n.    A  plant  of  the  gemis  Sorghum. 

So'RI.  71.J)/.    See  Sobls. 

SO-Ri'TkS,  71.    [L.,  from  Gr.  oomtiTnc,  a  heap.] 

In  (<ii'-i<:,  an  abridged  form  of  stating  a  series  of 
syllogisms,  of  which  the  conclusion  of  each  is  a 
premise  of  the  succeeding  one.  Thus,  .\  =  B, 
B  =  O,  C  =  D  ;  therefore,  A  =  I).  Brniide. 

SOR\'£U,  pp.  Obtruded  upon  a  friend  for  bed  and 
board. 


SOR 

SOR.V'ER,  n.    One  who  obtrudes  himself  |jn  another 

f'or  ht-d  and  board. 
SO-R()ll'l-(;ri)E,  II.    [L.  soror,  sister,  and  c<rdo,  to 

strike,  to  kill.l 
The  murder  or  murderer  of  a  sister. 
[Littfe  used,  and  obviously  bccuust;  the  crime  is 

very  iiifreipieiit.l 
SOR'RAGE,  n.    The  blades  of  green  wheat  or  barley. 

[JV<i(  used.]  Diet. 
SOR'RANCE,  71.    In  farriery,  any  disease  or  sore  in 

horses. 

SOR'REL,  a.    [Fr.  saure,  yellowish  brown  ;  saurer,  to 

dry  ill  the  smoke  ;  It.  .vauro.] 
Of  a  reddish  color;  as,  a  sorrel  horse. 
.SOR'REL,  71.    A  redilish  color;  a  faint  red. 
SOR'REL,  71.    [Sax.  sur,  sour  ;  Dan.  syre,  sorrel ;  W. 

suran.] 

The  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  Runiex,  as 
Rtinicx  acetosa,  Ruiiiex  ncettisella,  &c.,  so  named 
from  its  acid  taste.  Tlie  wood  sorrel  is  of  the  genus 
Oxalis  ;  the  Indian  rea  and  Indian  white  sorrels  are  of 
the  genus  Hibiscus. 

Salt  of  sorrel :  binoxaU.te  of  potassa.  Brandc. 
SOR'REL-TllEE,  71.    As|ieciesof  Andromeda,  whose 
leaves  are  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  sumach 
in  tlyeing.  Fnnn.  Kncyc. 

SOR'KI-LY,  adv.  [from  sottt/.]  Mcaniy;  despica- 
bly ;  pif  iahly  ;  in  a  wretched  manner. 

Tliy  pipe,  O  Pan,  eliall  fielp,  Uioiigli  1  sing  sorrily.  Sidney. 
SOR'RI-.N'ESS,  Jt.    Meanness;  poorness;  despicable- 
iie.ss.  _ 

SOR'RoW,  71.  [Sax.  sora:  Goth,  saurira;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  sori^,  care,  solicitude,  sorrow  ;  D.  zor<.' ;  G. 
sor;se,  care,  concern,  uneasiness ;  from  tlie  same 
root  as  sore,  heavy.] 

The  uneasiness  or  pain  of  mind  which  is  produced 
by  the  loss  of  any  gootl,  real  or  supposeil,  or  by  dis- 
appointment In  the  expectation  of  good  ;  grief;  re- 
gret. The  lo.ss  of  a  friend  wo  love  occasions  sorrow  ; 
the  lo.ss  of  property,  of  health,  or  any  source  of  hap- 
piness, causes  sorrow.  We  feel  sorrow  for  ourselves 
in  misfortunes;  we  feel  sorrow  for  tlie  calamities  of 
our  friends  and  our  country. 

A  world  of  woe  and  eorrots.  Mi'ton. 
Tiie  bafc  and  gcucrat  antidote  against  sorrou  is  employment. 

Jicii/tbler. 

SOR'RoW,  B.  1.  [Sax.  sarian,  sargian,  soririan,  Goth. 
saurian,  to  be  anxious,  to  sorrow.] 

To  feel  pain  of  mind  in  consequence  of  the  actual 
loss  of  good,  or  of  frustated  hopes  of  good,  or  of  ex- 
pected loss  of  li;t|)piiiess ;  to  grieve ;  to  be  sad. 

1  rejoice,  not  tliat  ye  were  made  sorry,  tut  tliat  ye  sorroteed  to 

repcnuancc.  — "l  Cor.  vii. 
I  detiire  no  man  to  sorrow  for  me.  Ilayward. 
Sorromng  most  of  all  for  tlie  words  wliicfi  fie  spake,  that  tiiey 
should  sec  his  Li&e  no  more.  —  Acts  xx. 

SOR'RoW-BLIGIIT-ED,  (-blit-edj)  a.  Blighted  with 
sorrow.  .Moore. 

SOlVHoW'-EI), pp.  Accompanied  with  sorrow.  [.Vot 
in  «.vcl  Sfiuk. 

SOR'RovV-FliL,  a.  Sad;  grieving  for  the  loss  of 
some  good,  or  on  account  of  some  expected  evil. 

2.  Deeply  serious  ;  depressed;  dejected.    1  Sam.  i. 

3.  Producing  sorrow  ;  exciting  grief;  mournful ; 
as,  a  sorroieful  accident. 

4.  Expressing  grief;  accompanied  with  grief;  as, 
sorrowful  meat.    Job  vi. 

SOR'RoVV-FJJI^-LV,  ado.    In  a  sorrowful  manner;  in 

a  manner  to  produce  grief. 
SOR'RoVV-F}JL-NE3S,  n.    State  of  being  sorrowful ; 

grief"._ 

SOR'RoW-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Feeling  sorrow,  grief,  or 
regret^ 

SOR'RoW-ING,  71.    Expression  of  sorrow.  Browne. 
SOR'RoVV-LESS,  a.    Free  from  sorrow. 
SOR'RciW-STRICK-EN,  a.    Struck  with  sorrow  ;  de- 
pressed. 

SOR'RV,  a.    r.Sax.  saritr,  sari,  from  sar,  sore.] 

1.  Grieveil  for  the  loss  of  some  good  ;  pained  for 
some  evil  that  has  happened  to  one's  self,  or  friends, 
or  country.  It  does  not  ordinarily  imply  severe 
grief,  hut  rather  slight  or  transient  regret.  It  may 
be,  however,  and  of  ten  is,  used  to  express  deep  grief. 
We  are  sorry  to  lose  the  company  of  those  we  love  ; 
we  are  sorry  to  lose  friends  or  property  ;  we  are  sorry 
for  the  misfortunes  of  our  friends  or  of  our  country. 

And  tlie  king  w.-u  sorry.  — Matt.  xiv. 

2.  Melancholy  ;  dismal.  Spenser. 

3.  Poor ;  mean  ;  vile  ;  worthless ;  as,  a  sorry 
slave ;  a  sorry  excuse.  L'Estrange,  Dryden. 

Coarse  complexions. 
And  checks  of  sorry  ^raiii.  Milton. 

SORT,  n.  [Fr.  sorte  ;  It.  iorfa  ;  Sp.  suerte ;  Port,  .lorle  ; 
G.  id.;  D.  .soort;  Sw.  and  Dan.  sort:  L.  sors,  lot, 
chance,  state,  way,  sort.  This  word  is  from  the 
root  of  Fr.  .lorfir.  It.  sortire,  L.  sorlior ;  the  radical 
sense  of  which  is,  to  start  or  shoot,  to  throw  or  to 
fall,  to  come  suddenly.  Hence,  sors  is  lot,  chance, 
that  which  comes  or  falls.  The  sense  of  .tort  is  prob- 
ably deriv.itive,  signifying  that  which  is  thrown  out, 
separated,  or  selected.] 

1.  A  kind  or  species  ;  any  number  or  collection  of 
individual  persons  or  things  char.icterizcd  by  the 


SOT  I 

same  or  like  tpialities  ;  as,  a  sort  of  inim  ;  a  sort  of  I 
horses  ;  a  sort  of  trees  ;  a  s<n-t  of  |»iems  or  writings. 
Sort  is  not  a  tirchnical  word,  and  therefore  is  used 
with  less  precision  or  more  latitude  than  genus  or 
sjireirs  in  the  sciences. 

2.  Manner ;  form  of  being  or  acting. 

Flowers,  In  such  sort  worn,  can  neitlier  tje  smelt  nor  seen  well  l>y 

tliosi'  tli.il  wear  thoin,  Hoftker. 
To  Adani  in  what  sort  shall  I  apivar  f  Milton. 

3.  Class  or  order;  as,  men  of  the  wiser  sort, or  the 
better  sort ;  all  .<or(.«  of  people.    [See  def.  1.] 

4.  Rank  ;  condition  above  lliu  vulgar.    [jVot  in 
u,jr.]  Shuk. 

5.  A  company  or  knot  of  people.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak.  WaUer. 

G.  Degree  of  any  quality. 

I  Bl).dl  not  l>e  witully  wiUiout  praise,  if  in  some  sort  I  hn*e  copied 
Ilia  style.  Dryden. 

7.  Lot.    [04s.]  S/iaft. 

8.  A  pair  ;  a  set ;  n  suit. 

Out  of  sorts;  uutof  order;  licnce,  unwell.  [Aow.] 

SORT,  v.  t.  To  separate,  ns  things  having  like  ipiali- 
ties  from  other  things,  and  place  them  in  distinct 
classes  or  divisions;  as,  to  sort  cloths  according  to 
tlicir  colors ;  to  sort  wool  or  tliread  according  to  its 
fineness. 

Sliell  fish  have  been,  by  some  of  tlic  ancients,  compoietl  and 
sorted  with  insecu.  Bacon. 

Rays  which  dill'er  in  refrangibility  maybe  parted  and  sorted  from 
one  anwlher.  Newton. 

2.  To  reduce  to  ortlcr  from  a  state  of  confusion. 
[See  siipr.i.] 

3.  To  conjoin  ;  to  put  together  in  distribution. 

Ttio  swain  pereeivin;;,  by  her  wonts  ill  sorted, 

'i'hat  she  was  wholly  from  lierst.-ll'  transpor.ed.  ISroun. 

4.  To  cull ;  to  choose  from  a  number ;  to  select. 
That  he  may  sort  her  out  a  w*ortIiy  spouse.  Chapman. 

SORT,  V.  i.  To  be  joined  with  others  of  the  same 
species. 

Nor  do  metals  only  sort  with  metals  in  the  earth,  and  minerals 
with  minerals.  M'oodaani, 

2.  To  consort ;  to  associate. 

The  illiljemlily  of  parents  toward  children  makes  them  base  and 
sort  with  any  company.  Bacon. 

3.  To  suit ;  to  fit. 

They  arc  happy  whose  n.itures  sort  with  their  vocations.  Baeon. 

4.  To  terminate:  to  issue;  to  have  success.  [Fr. 
sortir.]    [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

5.  To  fall  out.    [.Vot  in  use.]  Shak. 
SORT' A- RLE,  a.    That  may  be  sorted. 

2.  Suitable  ;  befitting.  Bacon. 
SORT'A-BLY,  urir.    Suitably;  fitly. 
SORT'AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  design.iting  a  sort. 

[JVot  in  n.<e.]  Loekc. 
SORT'ANCL,  71.    Suitableness  ;  agreement.    [JVot  in 

tise.]  Shak. 
SOR'l  'ED,  pp.    Separated  and  reduced  to  order  from 

a  state  of  confusion. 
SOR'TIE,  (sor'te,)  7i.    [Fr.,  from  sortir,  to  issue.] 

A  sally  ;  the  issuing  of  a  hotly  of  troops  from  a  be- 
sieged place  to  attack  the  besiegers. 
SORT'I-LEGE,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  sortilegium;  sors, 
lot,  and  lejro,  to  select.] 

The  actor  practice  of  drawing  lots  ;  divination  by 
drawing  lots.  J.  JII.  Jilason. 

[SiiKTiLEcv  is  not  used.] 
SORT-I-Le'OIOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  sortilege. 

Daubuz. 

SORT'IN'G,  ppr.  Separating,  as  things  having  like 
qualities  from  other  things,  and  reducing  to  order. 

SOR-TI"TION,  (  tish'iin,)  n.    [L.  sortiHo.] 

Selection  or  appointment  bv  1. 1.  Dp.  Halt. 

SORT'ME.NT,  7i.  The  act  of  sorting;  distribution 
into  classes  or  kinds. 

2.  A  parcel  sorted.    [This  word  is  superseded  by 
AssoBTMKNT,  wliich  sce. J 

SO'RLIS,  71. ;  pi.  SoBi.  [Gr.  (Tojjioj,  a  heap.]  In  bota- 
ny, a  name  given  to  small  clusters  of  minute  cap- 
sules on  the  back  of  the  fronds  of  ferns. 

SO'RY,  71.    The  ancient  nttnie  of  sulphate  of  iron. 

SOSS,  r.  i.    [G.  .-■au.vm.    Sec  Soi  se.]  [Ure. 
To  fall  at  once  into  a  chair  or  seat ;  to  sit  lazily. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Swift. 

SOSS,  71.  A  l.izy  fellow.  [\ot  in  use  ;  but  some  of 
the  common  people  in  New  England  call  a  lazy,  slut- 
tish woman  a  sozzle.] 

SOS-TEjVU'TO,  [It.]  In  music,  sustaining  the 
sounds  to  the  utmost  of  the  nominal  value  of  the 
time. 

SOT,  71.  [Fr.  sot;  Arm.  sodt;  Sp.  zote,  zota  ;  Port. 
zote ;  D.  lot.  Tlie  sense  is  stupiil ;  Ch.  nas.  Class 
Sd,  No.  fil.] 

1.  A  stupid  person  ;  a  blockhead  ;  a  dull  fellow  ;  a 
dolt.  Shak.  South. 

2.  A  person  stupefied  by  excessive  drinking;  an 
habitual  drunkard. 

What  can  ennoble  sols  7  Pops. 
SOT,  V.  L    To  stupefy  ;  to  infalii-ite  ;  to  besot. 

I  hate  to  sec  a  brave,  bold  fellow  soutd.  Dryden. 
[JVot  much  used.]    [See  BesoT.] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


sou 

SOT.r.  I.    To  tipple  to  stupidity.    [Little  used.] 
SO-Tk-UI-OL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  aojrwivj,  salubrious, 
and  X  ) discourse,] 

A  discourse  on  health,  or  the  science  of  promoting 
and  preserving  health. 
SOTH'ie  Year,  n.    The  Egj  ptlan  year  of  365  days, 

C  hours,  so  called  from  Sothis,  the  dog-star. 
SOT'TISH,  a.    Dull;   stupid;  senseless;  doltish; 
very  foolish. 

How  ignorAiit  are  tottish  pretendera  lo  astrology  I  Suri/t. 
2.  Dull  with  intemperance. 
SOT'TISH-LY,  adc.    Stupidly;  senselessly;  without 

reason.  Beiitley. 
SOT'TI.SH-NESS,  n.   Dullness  in  the  exercise  of  rea- 
son ;  stupidity. 

Few  consider  into  what  d*>gT>»e  of  sotlishnest  and  confirmed  ig- 
norance men  may  sinll  Uiemselvca.  Sottth. 

9.  Stupidity  from  intoxication.  South. 
SOT  TO  yO'CE,  (-v-o'cha,)  [It.]    In  music,  with  a  re- 

stniined  voice  or  moderate  tone. 
SOU,  (sdo,)  H. ;  pi.  Sous.    [Fr.  •■son,  sol.] 

A  French  money  of  account,  and  a  copper  coin,  in 
value  the  20th  part  of  a  livre,  or  of  a  franc. 
SOU'BAH.    See  Subah. 

loo^ HONG'' !       ^        '^^  ^^^'^^ 

SOUGH,  (siitr,)  V.  i.    [Tent,  soeffcn.]    To  whistle; 

applied  to  the  wind.  Hist,  of  Lite  Royal  Society, 

SOUGH,  (suf,)  n,    A  small  drain  ;  an  adit. 

Bucltavan. 

2.  (pron.  sow.)  A  hollow  murmur  or  roaring;  a 
buzzing ;  as,  a  sough  in  the  ears. 

Ben  Jon'^on.  IlaUiwell. 
SOUGH,  (suf,)  n.  [Scotch.]  To  whistle,  as  the  wind. 
SOUGHT,  (sawt,)  preU  and  pp.  of  Seek. 

I  am  found  of  them  who  sought  me  not.  —  Is.  \xv. 
SoUL,  (sole,)  n.    [Sax.  sawel,  sawl,  or  saul ;  G.  seele ; 
D.  ziel :  Dan.  siel;  Bw.  sial.] 

1.  The  spiritual,  rational,  and  immortal  substance 
in  man,  which  distinguishes  him  from  brutes  ;  that 
part  of  man  "hich  enables  him  to  think  and  reason, 
and  which  renders  him  a  subject  of  moral  govern- 
ment. The  immortality  of  the  soul  is  a  fundamental 
article  of  the  Christian  system. 

Such  is  the  nature  of  the  human  soul,  that  it  must  have  a  nod, 
an  ulij'-ci  of  supreme  afiVction.  J.  Edwards. 

2.  The  undersuinding ;  the  intellectual  principle. 

The  eyes  of  our  souls  then  only  begin  to  see,  when  our  bodily 
eyes  are  closing.  Law. 

3.  Vital  principle. 

Tliovi  sun,  of  this  gre.^t  world  both  eye  and  soul.  Milton, 

4.  Spirit;  essence;  chief  part ;  as,  charity,  the 
soul  of  all  the  virtues. 

Emotion  is  the  sou/  of  eloquence.  E,  Porter, 

5.  Life;  animating  principle  or  part;  as,  an  able 
commander  is  the  soul  of  an  army. 

6.  Internal  power. 

There  is  some  soul  of  goodness  in  Uiings  evil.  SJialc. 

7.  A  human  being;  a  person.  There  was  not  a 
soiii  present.  In  Paris  there  are  more  than  seven 
himdred  thousand  souls.  London,  Westminster, 
Soutliwark,  and  the  suburbs,  are  said  to  contain 
twelve  hundred  thousand  souls. 

8.  Animal  life. 

To  deliver  their  soul  from  death,  and  to  keep  them  alive  in 
famine. —  Fs.  xxxiii. 

9.  Active  power. 

And  heaven  would  fly  b-fore  the  driving  sou!.  Dryden. 

10.  Spirit ;  courage  ;  fire  ;  grandeur  of  mind. 
That  he  wants  caution  he  must  needs  confess, 

Bui  not  a  souf  lo  give  our  arms  success.  Young. 

11.  Generosity ;  nobleness  of  mind  ;  a  colloquial 
use. 

12.  An  intelligent  being. 

Every  soul  in  heaven  sh:dl  bend  the  knee.  Milton. 

13.  Heart ;  affection. 

Tlie  soul  of  Jonathan  was  knit  with  tlie  soul  of  David,  —  1  Sam. 

14.  In  Scripture,  appetite;  as,  the  full  soul;  the 
hungry  soul.    Prov.  xxvii.    Job  xxxiii. 

15.  A  familiar  compellation  of  a  person,  but  often 
expressini:  some  qualities  of  the  mind  ;  ns,  alas  ! 
piior  soul ;  he  wa-s  a  good  .tout. 

SOUL,  V.  L    To  endue  with  a  soul.    [JVot  u.ied  ] 

Chaucer, 

SOVVX  I     *•    [^"-        *"/''>  bfofh,  pottage.] 
To  afford  luitable  sustenance.    [.Vol  in  u.ie.] 

Warner. 

priI'L'-RKl,L,  n.    The  pausing  bell.  IfaU, 
Sr)UI,'-BE-TRAY'ING,  a.     Tending  to  betray  the 

Mlllll. 

Sf)ITI/-C4LM'ING,  (  kam'ing,)  o.  Tranriuilizing  (he 

»oul.  Lee, 
sr)i;L'-nF,  STROY'ING,  a.    PernicioiiH  lo  the  soul. 

rrocraniiiation  of  repentance  and  faith  is  a  soul- 

dentroiiinff  **Vil. 
H<^UL'-I)IH'P:AS'£D,  a.    Dlacancd  in  koiiI  or  mind. 

[JVot  ute4.]  Spenser, 


SOU 

SoUL'-DIS-SOLV'ING,  o.  Melting  or  lending  to 
soften  the  soul.  Beattie. 

SoUL'Eb,  a.  Instinct  with  soul  or  feeling;  as,  Gre- 
cian chiefs  Inrvely  suuled,  Dryden, 

SoUL'-EA"-TRANC'Ii\G,  a.    Enrapturing  the  soul. 

Coleridge, 

SoUL'-FELT,  n.    Deeply  felt. 

SoUL'-HARD'£N-£D,  a.    Having  an  obdurate  heart. 

Coleridge. 

SoUL'LESS,  a.  Without  a  soul,  or  without  greatness 
or  nobleness  of  mind  ;  mean  ;  spiritless. 

Slave.  eouUess  vilhun.  Sliok. 

SoUL'-SeOT,  (  n,    [soul  and  scot.]    A  funeral  duty, 
SoUL'-SllOT,  )     or  money  paid  by  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics, in  former  times,  for  a  requiem  for  the  soul. 

^yliffe. 

SoUL'-SEARCH-ING,  (s61e'serch-ing,)  a.  Searching 
the  soul  I'T  heart. 

SoUL'-SELL-LNG,  a,  [soul  and  sell]  Selling  per- 
sons ;  dealing  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  human  be- 
in  gi^.  -  J,  Barlow, 

SoUL'-SICK,  a.  [soul  and  sick.]  Diseased  in  mind 
or  soul ;  morally  diseased.  Nail, 

SoUL'-STTR-RING,  a.  Exciting  the  soul.  E,  EocreU, 

SoUL'-SUB-DU'IXG,  a.    Subduing  the  soul. 

SOUND,  a.  [Sax.  sand  ;  D.  geiond  ;  G.  gesund;  Dan. 
and  Bw.sund;  Basque,  scnrfoa  ;  L.  sanus  ;  Ft.  sain  ; 
Sp.  and  It.  sano  ;  Ch.  and  Syr.  IDn.  Class  Sn,  No. 
18,  24,  35.  It  is  from  driving  or  straining,  stretch- 
ing.] 

1.  Entire  ;  unbroken  ;  not  shaky,  split,  or  defect- 
ive ;  as,  sound  timber. 

2.  Undecayed  ;  wh  le  ;  perfect,  or  not  defective; 
as,  sound  fruit ;  a  sound  apple  or  melon. 

3.  Unbroken  ;  not  bruised  or  defective  ;  not  lacer- 
ated or  decayed  ;  as,  a  sound  limb. 

4.  Not  carious  ;  not  decaying  ;  as,  a  sound  tooth. 

5.  Not  broken  or  decayed ;  not  defective ;  as,  a 
sound  ship. 

6.  Whole  ;  entire ;  unhurt ;  unmutilated  ;  as,  a 
sound  btidy. 

7.  Healthy;  not  diseased  ;  not  being  in  a.  morbid 
state  ;  having  all  the  organs  complete  and  in  perfect 
action  ;  as,  a  sound  body  ;  sound  health  ;  a  sou7id  con- 
stitution ;  a  sound  man  ;  a  sound  horse. 

8.  Founded  in  truth  ;  firm  ;  strong;  valid  ;  solid; 
that  can  not  be  overthrown  or  refuted  ;  as,  sound 
reasoning  ;  a  sound  argument  ;  -a  sound  objection  ; 
sound  doctrine;  .sound  principles. 

9.  Right ;  correct ;  well  founded  ;  free  from  error; 
orthodox.   2  Tim,  i. 

Let  niy  heart  be  sound  in  thy  statutes. —  Ps.  cxix. 

10.  Heavy  ;  laid  on  with  force ;  as,  somui  strokes  ; 
a  sound  beating. 

IL  Founded  in  right  and  law  ;  legal ;  valid  ;  not 
defective  ;  that  can  not  he  overthrown  ;  as,  a  sound 
title  to  land  ;  sound  justice. 

12.  Fast;  profound;  unbroken;  undisturbed;  as, 
sound  sleep. 

13.  Perfect,  as  intellect ;  not  broken  or  defective  ; 
not  enfeebled  hy  age  or  accident ;  not  wild  or  wan- 
dering ;  not  ileranged  ;  as,  a  sound  mind  ;  a  sound 
understanding  or  reason. 

Sound  currency  ;  in  commerce,  a  currency  whose  ac- 
tual value  is  the  same  as  its  nominal  value  ;  and,  if 
in  hank  notes  or  other  substitute  for  silver  ;md  gold, 
a  currency  which  is  so  sustained  by  funds  that  it  is 
at  any  time  convertible  into  gold  and  silver,  and  of 
course  of  equal  value. 
SOUND,  adv.    Soundly  ;  heartily. 

So  sound  he  slept  that  nouglil  might  him  awake.  Spenser. 

SOUND,  n.    The  air-bladder  of  a  fish. 

SOUND,  n.  [Sax.  sund,  a  narrow  sea  or  strait,  a  swim- 
ming ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  sund ;  Pers.  shana,  a  swim- 
ming, L.  natatio.  On.  can  this  name  be  given  to  a 
narrow  sea,  because  wild  beasts  were  accii.<lomcd  to 
p-tss  it  by  swimming,  like  Bosporus:  or  is  the  word 
from  the  root  of  sound,  whole,  denoting  a  stretch,  or 
narrowness,  from  stretching,  like  straight;  or  from 
its  sounding.'] 

A  narrow  passage  of  water,  or  a  strait  between  the 
ni"in  land  and  an  isle  ;  or  a  strait  connecting  two 
seas,  or  connerting  a  sea  or  lake  with  the  ocean  ;  as, 
the  sound  which  connects  the  Baltic  with  the  ocean, 
between  Denmark  and  Sweden  ;  the  sound  that  sep- 
arates Limg  Island  from  the  main  land  of  New  York 
and  Connecticut. 

SOU.N'D,  n.  [Fr.  sonde ;  Sp.  sonda.  See  the  following 
verb.] 

An  instrument  which  surgeons  introduce  into  the 
bladder,  in  order  to  discover  whether  there  is  a  stone 
in  that  visciis  or  not.  Cooper,  Sharp, 

SOUND,  V.  I.  [Sp.  sondar  or  sandear  ;  Fr.  sender. 
This  word  is  probably  connected  with  the  L.  sonus. 
Eng.  sound,  the  priiiiury  sense  of  which  is,  to  stretch, 
or  reach.] 

1.  To  try,  as  tlie  depth  of  water  and  the  quality  of 
the  groiintJ,  by  sinking  a  pliiiitinrt  or  lend  attached 
to  a  line  on  wliirli  are  marked  the  number  of  fatli- 
oiiis,  lo  nscerlain  the  ileplli  of  water.    The  lower 


SOU 

end  of  the  lead  is  covered  with  tallow,  by  means  of 
which  some  portion  of  the  earth,  sand,  gravel,  shells, 
&.C.,  of  the  bottom,  adhere  to  it,  and  are  drawn  up. 
By  these  means,  and  the  depth  of  water,  and  the  na- 
ture of  the  bottom,  which  are  carefully  marked  on 
good  charts,  seamen  may  know  how  far  a  ship  is 
from  land  in  the  night,  or  in  thick  weather,  and  in 
many  cases  when  the  land  is  too  remote  to  be  visi- 
ble. 

2.  To  introduce  a  sound  into  the  bladder  of  a  pa- 
tient, in  order  to  ascertain  whether  a  stone  is  there 
or  not. 

When  a  patient  is  to  be  sourvUd.  Cooper. 

3.  To  tr>* ;  to  examine;  to  discover,  or  endeavor 
to  discover,  that  vvliich  lies  concealed  in  another's 
breast ;  to  search  out  the  intention,  opinion,  will,  or 
desires. 

1  was  in  jest, 

And  by  that  offer  meant  to  sound  your  breast.  Dryden. 
I've  sounded  my  Numidians  man  by  man.  Addison. 

SOUND,  V.  i.  To  use  the  line  and  lead  in  searching 
the  depth  of  water. 

The  shipmen  sounxUd,  and  found  it  twenty  fathoms.  —  Acts 

SOUND,  n.    The  cuttle-fish.  Ainswarth. 

SOUND,  n.  [Sax.  son  ;  W.  swn  ;  Ir.  soin  t  Fr.  son  ;  It. 
Siiono;  Sp.  son  ;  L.  sonus,  from  sono,  to  sound,  sing, 
rattle,  beat,  &c.  This  may  be  a  dialectical  variation 
of  L.  tonus,  tono,  which  seems  to  be  allied  to  Gr.  rti- 
I'u},  to  stretch,  or  strain,  L.  teneo.] 

1.  Noise  ;  report  ;  the  object  of  hearing ;  that  which 
strikes  the  ear  ;  or,  more  philo.sopliically,  an  impres- 
sion, or  the  eJTect  of  an  impressitm,  inatle  on  the  or- 
gans of  hearing  by  an  impulse  or  vihratitm  of  the  ;iir 
caused  by  a  collision  of  bodies,  or  by  other  means  ; 
as,  the  sound  of  a  trumpet  or  drum  ;  the  sound  of  the 
human  voice;  a  horrid  sound;  a  charming  sound;  a 
sharp  sound  ;  a  high  sound. 

2.  A  vibration  of  air  caused  by  a  collision  of  bod- 
ies, or  other  means,  sufficient  to  affect  the  auditory 
nerves  when  perfect.  Some  persons  are  so  entirely 
deaf  that  they  can  not  hear  the  loudest  .lounds.  jlad- 
itile  sounds  are  such  as  are  perceptible  by  the  organs 
of  hearing.  Sounds,  not  audible  to  men,  may  be 
audible  to  animals  of  more  sensible  organs. 

3.  Ntiise  without  signification  ;  empty  ntiise  ;  noise 
and  nothing  else. 

It  is  the  sense,  and  not  the  sound,  that  must  be  the  principle. 

Locire. 

SOUND,  V.  L  To  make  a  noise  ;  to  titter  a  voice  ;  to 
make  an  impulse  of  the  air  that  shall  strike  the  or- 
gans of  hearing  with  a  particular  effect.  Wc  .«ay,an 
instrument  sounds  well  or  ill ;  it  sounds  shrill  ;  the 
voice  sounds  harsh. 

And  first  tauglit  speaking  trumpets  how  to  sound.  Dryden. 

2.  To  exhibit  by  .sound,  or  likeness  of  sound.  This 
relation  sounds  rather  like  a  fiction  than  a  iiiith. 

3.  To  be  conveyed  in  sound  ;  to  be  spread  or  pub- 
lished. 

From  you  sounded  out  the  wortl  of  the  Lonl.  —  1  Thess.  i. 
To  sound  in  damages,  in  law,  is  when  there  is  no 
specific  value  of  property  in  demand  to  serve  as  a  rule 
of  damages,  as  in  actions  of  tort  or  trespass,  as  distin- 
guished from  actions  of  debt,  &c.  Ellsworth. 
SOUND,  i>.  t.  To  cause  lo  make  a  noise ;  a^,  to  sound 
a  triiiiipet  or  a  horn. 

2.  To  utter  audibly  ;  as,  to  sound  a  note  with  the 
voice. 

3.  To  play  on  ;  as,  to  .'sound  an  instrument. 

4.  To  oriler  or  direct  by  a  sound  ;  to  give  a  signal 
for,  by  a  certain  sound  ;  as,  to  sound  a  retreat. 

5.  To  celebrate  or  honor  hy  sounds ;  to  cause  to  be 
reported  ;  as,  to  .^ound  one's  praise. 

6.  To  spread  by  sound  or  report ;  to  publish  or  pro- 
claim ;  as,  to  sound  the  praises  or  fame  of  a  great 
man,  or  a  great  exploit.  We  sometimes  say,  to  sou7id 
at/road. 

S()IJ.\l)'-BoARD,       j  n.    A  thin  board  which  prop- 

SOUND'ING-lio.\RD,  (  agates  the  sound  in  an  or- 
gan, violin,  or  other  musical  instrument. 

To  many  a  row  of  pipes  tlie  sound-board  lirx'alhes.  MUton. 
2.  A  board,  or  structure  with  a  flat  surface,  sus- 
pended over  a  pulpit,  to  prevent  the  sound  of  the 
preacher's  voice  from  ascending,  and  thus  propaga- 
ting it  farther  in  a  horizontal  direction. 

SOUSD'KU,  pp.  Caused  to  make  a  noise;  uttered 
audibly. 

2.  E>plored  ;  examined. 

SOUNO'-HEAD  KI),  a.    Having  sound  principles. 

SOUND'-IIEART-ED,  (-hUrt-ed,)  a.  Having  a  sound 
heart  or  afl'ectiims. 

SOUND'ING,  ppr.  Causing  to  sound  ;  uttering  audi- 
bly. 

2.  Trying  the  depth  of  water  by  the  plummet;  ex- 
amining the  inleiitioii  or  will. 

3.  a.    Sonorous;  making  a  noise. 

4.  Having  a  niagnificeiit  sound ;  as,  words  more 
sounding  or  significant.  Dryden, 

SOUND'ING,  ri.   The  act  of  uttering  noise  ;  the  act 
of  endeavoring  to  discover  the  tipinion  or  desires  ;  the 
act  of  throwing  the  leod. 
2.  In  .■iurgcry,  the  operation  of  introducing  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVH^T  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


1056 


sou 

aoiind  into  the  bladder  j  called  Hcarchino  Tor  the 
atone.  Cooper^ 

SOUND'ING-nOARD     See  Soiind-Roabd. 

SOUND'ING-POST,  n.  A  small  post  in  a  violin  and 
violoncello,  set  under  the  bridge  for  a  support,  for 
propagating  the  sounds  to  the  back  of  the  instru- 
nu'iit. 

SOI'ND'ING-ROD,  n.  A  rod  or  piece  of  iron  used  to 
ascertain  the  depth  of  water  in  a  ship's  hold.  It  is 
let  down  in  a  groove  by  a  pump.  Mar.  Diet. 

SOUND'INGS,  H.  pi.  Any  place  or  part  of  the  ocean, 
where  a  deep  soundiug-line  will  reach  the  bottom  ; 
also,  the  kind  of  ground  or  bottom  where  the  lead 
reaches. 

2.  The  quality  of  the  ground  brought  up  by  the 
sounding-lead,  and  the  depth  of  water.  Tuttrn. 
SOUND'LESS,  a.   That  cau  not  be  fathomed  ;  having 
no  sound. 

SOUND'LV,  adv.  [from  sound,  entire.]  Healthily  ; 
heartily. 

2.  Severely  ;  lustily  ;  with  heavy  blows  ;  smartly  ; 
as,  to  beat  one  soundly. 

3.  Truly  ;  without  fallacy  or  error  ;  as,  to  judge  or 
reason  soundly. 

4.  Firmly;  as,  a  doctrine  sounrf^y  settled.  Bacon. 

5.  Fast ;  closely  ;  so  as  not  to  be  easily  awakened  ; 
as,  to  sleep  soundly.  Locke. 

SOUiND'NESS,  n.  Wholeness;  entireness ;  an  un- 
broken, unimpaired,  or  undecayed  state  ;  as,  the 
soundness  of  timber,  of  fruit,  of  the  teeth,  of  a 
limb,  &c.    [See  Soumd.] 

2.  An  unimpaired  state  of  an  animal  or  vegetable 
body  ;  a  slate  in  which  the  organs  are  entire,  and 
regularly  perform  their  functions.  We  say,  the 
soundness  of  the  body,  the  soundness  of  the  constitu- 
tion ;  the  soundness  of  health. 

3.  Firmness  ;  strength  ;  solidity  ;  truth  ;  as,  sound- 
ness of  reasoning  or  argument,  of  do(trine  or  princi- 
ples. 

4.  Truth  ;  rectitude  ;  firmness  ;  freedom  from  error 
or  fallacy  ;  orthodoxy  ;  as,  soundness  of  faith. 

SOUP,  (soop,)  n.  [Fr.  soupe ;  It.  luppa,  sop;  Sp.  .<topa, 
sop,  or  suup ;  G.  suppe;  D,  soep;  Ice.  sanp.  [See 
Sup  and  Sop.] 

Strong  broth  ;  a  decoction  of  flesh  for  food,  highly 
seasoned. 

SOUP,  (soop,)  V.  t.  To  sup  ;  to  breathe  out.  [Kot  in 
use.]  fVidif. 

SOUP,  (soop,)  r.  t.  To  sweep.  [JVot  in  use.]  [See 
Sweep  and  Swoop.]  Hall. 

SOUR,  a.  [Sax.  sur,  surig  ;  G.  sauer ;  D.  luiir ;  Sw. 
sur  ;  Dan.  suur  ;  W.  s^r  ;  Arm.  sur  Fr.  sur,  sure  ; 
Heb.  ■^1D,  to  depart,  to  decline,  to  turn,  as  liquors,  to 
become  sour.    See  Class  Sr,  No.  16,  and  No.  11.] 

1.  Acid  ;  having  a  pungent  taste  ;  sharp  to  the 
taste  ;  tart ;  as,  vinegar  is  sour ;  sour  cider ;  sour 
beer. 

2.  Acid  and  austere,  or  astringent ;  as,  sun  ripe 
fruits  are  often  sour. 

3.  Harsh  of  temper  ;  crabbed  ;  peevish  ;  austere  ; 
morose  ;  as,  a  man  of  a  sour  temper. 

4.  Afflictive  ;  as,  sour  adversities.    [JVoJ  in  use.] 

Shak. 

5.  Expressing  discontent  or  peevishness.  He 
never  uttered  a  sour  word. 

The  lord  treuurer  often  looked  on  me  with  a  four  eounten&nce. 

6.  Harsh  to  the  feelings  ;  cold  and  damp ;  as,  sour 
weather. 

7.  Rancid  ;  musty. 

6.  Turned,  as  milk  ;  coagulated. 
SOUR,  n.    A  sour  or  acid  substance.  Spenser. 
SOUR,  V.  L    To  make  acid  ;  to  cause  to  have  a  sharp 
taste. 

So  tlw  iun'*  h?at,  with  cliflerent  powert, 

Ripens  Ihe  grap*^,  llie  liquor  four*.  Stei/t. 

2.  To  make  harsh,  cold,  or  unkindly. 

TofU  of  gras*  tow  land.  Mor&mtr. 

3.  To  make  harsh  in  temper  ;  to  make  cross,  crab- 
bed, peevish,  or  discontented.  Misfortunes  often 
jour  the  temper. 

Pride  had  nol  toured,  nor  wrath  dcbaied  my  heart.  Hart*. 

4.  To  make  uneasy  or  less  agreeable. 

Hall,  ^reat  Iciiif  I 
To  *our  your  happiueu  1  mu»l  report 
The  queen  is  dead.  Shak. 

5.  In  rurai  uonomy,  to  macerate,  as  lime,  and  ren- 
der fit  for  plaster  or  mortar.  Encyc. 

SOUR,  V.  i.   To  become  acid  ;  to  acquire  the  quality 
of  tartness  or  pungency  to  the  taste.    Cider  sours 
rapidly  in  the  rays  of  the  sun.    When  food  sours  in 
the  stomach,  it  is  evidence  of  imperfect  digestion. 
Q.  To  become  peevish  or  crabbed. 
They  lunder  (he  haired  of  Ticc  from  touring  into  acTeritT, 

Adkiton. 

SOURCE,  n.  [Fr.  source  ;  .Arm.  sourcenn  ;  either  from 
jourdre  or  sortir,  or  the  L.  surgo.  The  Italian  sor- 
gente  is  from  surgo.] 

1.  Properly,  the  spring  or  fountain  from  which  a 
stream  of  water  proceeds,  or  any  collection  of  water 
within  the  earth  or  upon  its  surface,  in  which  a 
stream  originates.    This  is  called  also  the  head  of 


SOU 

the  stream.  We  call  the  water  of  a  spring,  where  it 
issues  from  the  earlh,  the  source  of  the  stream  or 
rivulet  proceeding  from  it.  We  say  also,  that 
springs  have  their  sources  in  subterranean  ponds, 
lakes,  or  collections  of  water.  Wc  say  also,  tli.it  a 
large  river  has  its. source  in  a  lake.  For  example,  the 
St.  Lawrence  has  its  source  in  the  great  lakes  of 
America. 

2.  First  cause  ;  original ;  that  which  gives  rise  to 
any  thing.  Thus  ambition,  the  love  of  power,  and 
of  fame,  have  been  the  sources  of  half  the  calami- 
ties of  nations.  Inteiniierance  is  the  source  of  innu- 
merable evils  to  individuals. 

3.  The  first  producer  ;  he  or  that  which  originates  ; 
as  Greece,  the  source  (tf  arts.  Walter. 

SOUR'-CROUT,  j  11.    [G.  sauer-kraut,  I.  e.,  sour-cab- 

SOUR'-KROUT,  j  bage.] 

Cabbage  cut  fine,  pressed  into  a  cask,  and  suflered 
to  fernitrnt  till  it  becomes  sour. 

SOUR'DET,  n.    [Fr.  sourdine,  frcm  sourd,  deaf.] 
The  little  pipe  of  a  trumpet. 

SOUR'-DOCK,  n.    Sorrel,  so  called. 

SOUR'El),  pp.    Made  sour ;  made  peevish. 

SOUR'-GOURD,  ri.  An  evergreen  tree  of  the  genus 
Adansonia,  which  yields  a  fruit  resembling  a  gourd. 
[See  AoANsoNiA.J 

SOUR'ING,  ppr.  Making  acid  ;  becoming  sour;  mak- 
ing peevish. 

SOUR'ING,  n.    That  which  makes  acid. 

SOUE'ISII,  a.  Somewhat  sour ;  moderately  acid  ;  as, 
sourish  fruit ;  a  sourish  taste. 

SOUR'LY,  adv.    With  acidity. 

2.  With  peevishness  ;  with  acrimony. 

The  Blern  Athenian  princo 
Then  tourly  sjiulcd.  Dnj:Un. 

3.  Discontentedly.  Brown. 
SOUR'NESS,  n.    Acidity;  sharpness  to  the  taste; 

tartness ;  as,  the  sourness  of  vinegar  or  of  fru4t. 

Soumett  being  one  of  Oloae  simple  ideas  wlilch  one  can  not 

describe.  Arbulhnol. 
2.  Asperity  ;  harshness  of  temper. 
Take  care  th.^t  no  aoumei*  and  morosenesa  mingle  with  our 

seriousness  of  mintl.  Nelton. 

SOUR'-SOP,  n.  A  small  evergreen  tree  of  the  West 
Indies,  the  Anona  muricata,  which  bears  a  large  suc- 
culent fruit.    It  is  closely  allied  to  the  custard  apple. 

Loudon.    P.  Cyc. 

SOUS,  (soo,)  n. ;  pi.  of  Sou  or  Soi,.    [See  Sou.] 

SOUSE,  n.    [Ir.  sousgeach,  watery.] 

1.  Pickle  made  with  salt. 

2.  Something  kept  or  steeped  in  pickle. 

3.  The  ears^feet,  &c.,  of  swine  pickled. 
SOUSE,  V.  L    To  steep  in  pickle. 

But  toitte  the  cabbage  witli  a  bounteous  heart.  Pope. 
2.  To  plunge  into  water. 

They  touted  ine  into  the  Thames,  with  aa  little  rcmorie  as  they 
druwn  blind  puppies.  ShaJe. 

SOUSE,  V.  i.    TGer.  sausen,  to  rush.] 

To  fall  suildenly  on;  to  rush  with  speed;  as  a 
bawk  on  its  prey. 

Jo»e's  biitl  will  touse  upon  the  timorous  hare.  DryrUn. 
SOUSE,  V.  U    To  strike  with  sudden  violence.  Shak. 
SOUSE,  a//o.    With  sudden  violence.    [This  word  is 

low  and  vul<rar.] 
SOUS'ED,  (soust,)  pp.    Steeped  in  pickle. 

2.  Plunged  into  water. 
SOUT'ER,  (soot'er,)  n.    [Sax.  sutere;  L.  sutor.] 

A  shoemaker ;  a  cobbler.    [JS'ot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 
SOUT'ER-LY,  adc.    Like  a  cobbler.    [JVot  in  use.] 
SOUT'ER-RAIN,  n.    [Fr. ;  that  is,  sub-terrain,  under 
ground.] 

A  grotto  or  cavern  under  ground.    [A"o(  English.] 
.^rbuthnoU 

SOUTH,  n.  [Sax.  suth;  G.  sud;  D.  zuid;  Dan.  sud  ; 
Sw.  4-oiier  ;  Fr.  sud  ;  .\im.  su  ] 

1.  The  north  and  south  are  opposite  points  in  the 
horizon  ;  each  ninety  degrees,  or  the  quarter  of  a 
great  circle,  distant  from  the  east  and  west.  A  man 
standing  with  his  face  toward  the  east  or  rising  sun, 
h.as  the  soutlt  on  his  right  hand.  The  meridian  of 
every  place  is  a  great  circle  passing  through  the 
north  and  south  points.  SfriefJy,  south  is  the  hori- 
zontal point  in  the  meridian  of  a  place,  on  the  right 
hand  of  a  person  standing  with  his  face  toward  the 
east.  But  the  word  is  applied  to  any  point  in  the 
meridian,  between  the  horizon  and  the  zenith. 

2.  In  a  less  exact  sense,  any  point  or  pl.^ce  on  the 
earth  or  in  the  heavens,  which  is  near  the  meridian 
toward  the  right  hanil  as  one  faces  the  east. 

3.  A  southern  region,  country,  or  place ;  as,  the 
queen  of  the  joutA,  in  Scripture.  So,  in  Europe,  the 
people  of  Spain  and  It<aly  are  spoken  of  as  living  in 
the  soatA.  In  the  United  States,  we  speak  of  the 
States  of  the  soutA,  and  of  the  north. 

4.  The  wind  that  blows  from  the  south.  [JVot 
used.]  Shak. 

SOUTH,  a.    In  any  place  north  of  the  tropic  of  Cancer, 
pertaining  to  or  lying  in  the  meridian  toward  the 
sun  ;  as,  a  souOi  wind. 
2.  Being  m  a  southern  direction  ;  as,  the  joutA  sea. 

SOUTH,  adv.  Toward  the  south.  A  ship  sails  south ; 
the  wind  blows  soutJi. 


SOW 

SOUTIi  eOT'TI-AN,  n.  A  follower  of  Jcmna  Soutb- 
cott,  a  fanatical  female,  who  made  a  great  noise  in 
England  at  the  close  of  the  last  and  beginning  of  the 
present  century. 

SOUTII-KAST',  n.  The  point  of  the  compass  equally 
distant  from  the  south  and  east.  Bacon. 

SOUTH-EAST',  a.  In  the  direction  of  south-c.isi  or 
coming  fruui  the  south-east  ;  as,  a  south-east  wiikI. 

SOUTIl-K.\ST'ER-LY,  a.    In  the  direction  of  south- 
east or  nearly  so. 
2.  From  the  south-eai!t,  as  wind. 

SOUTII-KAST'ERN,  o.    Toward  the  south-east. 

SOUTIl'ER-LY,  (suth'er-ly,)  a.  Lying  at  the  south, 
or  in  a  direction  nearly  south  ;  as,  a  southerly  point. 

2.  Coming  from  the  south  or  a  point  nearly  south  ; 
as,  a  southerly  wind. 

SOUTH'ERN,  (suth'crn,)  a.  [Sax.  «<tA  and  ern, 
place.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  south ;  meridional ;  as,  the 
southern  hemisphere. 

2.  Lying  toward  the  south  ;  as,  a  soutAem  country 
oc  climate. 

3.  Coming  from  the  south  ;  as,  a  southern  breeze. 
SOUTU'ERN'-ER,  (suth'ern-er,)  n.    An  inhabitant  or 

native  of  the  south  or  Suutliern  .States. 
SOUTH'ERN-LY,    (suth'ern-ly,)  ado.   Toward  the 

south.  Ilakeieill. 
SOUTlI'ERN-MoST,  (sutft'ern-mSst,)  a.  Furthest 

toward  the  south. 
SOUTII'ER.V-WOQD,  (siitn'crn-WOTd,)  n.    A  plant 

nearly  allied  to  the  wormwooil.  jMiller. 
The  .southernwood  is  the  Artemisia  abrotaiiuin,  a 

congener  of  the  wormwood. 
SOUTiriNG,  a.    Going  toward  the  south  ;  as,  the 

sontliing  sun.  J^ryden. 
SOUTH'ING,  n.    Tendency  or  motion  to  the  south. 

Dryden. 

2.  The  southing  of  the  moon,  the  time  at  which 
the  moon  passes  ilic  meridian.  J\lar.  Diit. 

3.  Course  or  distance  south  ;  the  difiV  rence  of  lati- 
tude made  by  a  vessel  to  the  southward. 

SOUTH'.MOST,  a.    Furthest  toward  the  south. 

.Milton, 

SOUTH'RON,  (suth'-,)  n.    An  inhabit.-int  of  the  more 

southern  part  of  a  countrj'.  IV.  Scott. 

SOUTH'.S.aY,  ) 
SOUTII'SAY-ER.  j     ^'^^  Sooth.at. 
SOUTU'WARD,  (siith'ard,)  adi:    Toward  the  south  ; 

as,  to  go  southicurd.  Locke. 
SOUTU'WARD,  (suth'ard,)  n.    The  southern  regions 

or  countries.  Rnlcrh. 
SOUTII-WE.^T',  n.    [south  and  west.]    The  point 

of  the  compass  equally  distant  from  the  south  and 

west.  Bacon. 
SOUTH-WEST',  a.    Lying  in  the  direction  of  the 

south-west  ;  as,  a  south-west  country. 
2.  Coming  from  the  south-west ;  as,  a  soul!i-west 

wind. 

SOUTH-WEST'ER-LY,  a.  In  the  direction  of  south- 
west, or  nearly  so. 

2.  Coming  Mm  the  south-west,  or  a  point  near  it ; 
as,  a  snuOi-yrestertii  wind. 

SOUTH-WEST'ERN,  a.  In  the  direction  of  south- 
west, or  nearlv  so  ;  as,  to  sail  a  soutli-wrstern  course. 

SOUV'E-.V'ANCE,  (soov'e-nancB,)  n.  [Fr.]  Remem- 
brance.   [JVot  English,  nor  is  it  used.]  Spenser. 

SOUV'E-NIR,  (soov'e-neer,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  remem- 
brancer. 

SOVER  EIGN,  (snv'er-in,)  a.  [We  retain  this  bar- 
barous orthography  from  the  .N'oriiian  sourercign, 
which  doubtless  was  adopted  through  a  mistake  of 
its  origin.  The  true  spelling  would  beSuvERAN,  from 
the  I,,  supernus,  superus ;  Fr.  soacerain ;  It.  ioiiruno  ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  soberano. 

1.  Supreme  in  power;  possessing  supreme  domin- 
ion ;  as,  a  sovereign  prince.  God  is  the  sovereign 
Ruler  of  the  universe. 

2.  Supreme  ;  superior  to  all  others  ;  chief.  God  is 
the  soi-ereign  good  of  all  who  love  and  obey  him. 

3.  Supremely  efficarioiis  ;  superior  to  .all  others  ; 
predominant ;  eflectual ;  as,  a  sovereign  remedy. 

4.  Supreme  ;  peiiainiiig  to  the  first  magistrate  of  a 
natitui  ;  as,  sovereign  authority. 

SOV"ER-EIG.\,  (suv'er-in,)  n.  A  supreme  lord  or 
ruler ;  one  who  posses.ses  the  highest  authority  with- 
out control.  Some  earthly  princes,  kings,  and  em- 
perors are  sovereigns  in  their  dominions. 

2.  A  supreme  magistrate  ;  a  king. 

3.  A  gold  coin  of  England,  value  SOs.  or  £1  ster- 
ling. 

SOV'ER-EIG.\-IZE,  (suv'cr-in-Ize,)  v,  i.  To  e.xercise 
supreme  authority.    [JVol  in  use.]  Herbert. 

SOV'ER-EIGN-LY,  (suv'er-in-le,)  adv.  Supremely  ; 
in  the  highest  degree. 

He  w.aj  tooereignly  to¥cIy  in  himself.    [LiUle  uted.]  JJwj't. 

SOV'ER-EIG.\-TY,  (suv'er-in-te,)  n.  Supreme  pow- 
er ;  supremacy;  the  possession  of  the  highest  power, 
or  of  uncontrollable  power.  Absolute  sorereignty 
belongs  to  God  only. 

SOW,  n.    [Sax.  suga :  Sw.  sugga :  D.  zeug  ;  G.  sau.] 

1.  The  female  of  the  hog  kind  or  of  swine. 

2.  An  oblong  piece  of  lead.  Jinsaorlh. 

3.  An  insect  ;  a  inilleped.  Jlinsworth. 


TONE,  B5;LL,  IINITE.— A.VGER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


1S3 


K  K  K  K 


inr>7 


SPA 


SPA 


SPA 


SOW-BREAD,  (-bred,),  n.  A  tuberous-rooted  plant 
of  the  genus  Cyclamen,  on  which  wild  swine  in 
Italy  feed.  Loudon. 

SOW-BUG,  n.  An  isopodous  crustaceous  animal ;  a 
inilleped. 

SO\V'-THIS-TLE,  (-this'l,)  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Sonchus,  said  to  be  eaten  by  swine  and  some  other 
animals.  The  downy  soio-tkisUe  is  of  the  genus  An- 
dr\'ala. 

So\V,  V.  t.  ;  pret.  Sowed  ;  pp.  Sowed  or  Sown.  [Sax. 
satpan  ;  G.  sden ;  D.  laajcn ;  Sw.  sa ;  Dan.  saaer  ; 
Russ.  siyu  :  perhaps  L.  sevL  This  word  is  probably 
contracted.] 

1.  To  scatter  on  ground,  for  the  purpose  of  growth 
and  the  production  of  a  crop ;  as,  to  sow  good  seed  ; 
to  sold  a  bushel  of  wheat  or  rye  to  the  acre  ;  to  sow 
oats,  clover,  or  barley ;  to  sow  seed  in  drills,  or  to 
sow  it  broad-cast.  Oats  and  flax  should  be  sown 
early  in  the  spring. 

2.  To  scatter  seed  over  for  growth  ;  as,  to  sow 
ground  or  land ;  to  sow  ten  or  a  hundred  acres  in  a 
year. 

3.  To  spread,  or  to  originate  ;  to  propagate  ;  as,  to 
sow  discord. 

Eorii  10  afflict  my  Marcia's  family, 

And  sow  Jisseusiun  in  tUe  hcaits  of  brothb  *B.  Addison. 

4.  To  supply  or  stock  with  seed. 

The  intetlectual  faculty  is  a  e^oodly  field,  aua  vt  is  the  worst  hus- 
bandry in  tlic  world  to  sow  it  with  trifles,  Jdaie. 

5.  To  scatter  over ;  to  besprinkle. 

He  sowed  with  stars  the  heaven.  MUton. 
Morn  now  sowed  the  earth  with  orient  pearl.  Milton. 

SOW,  V.  i.  To  scatter  seed  for  growth  ai  d  the  pro- 
duction of  a  crop.  In  New  England,  farmers  begin 
to  sow  in  April. 

They  tliat  sotu  in  tears  shall  reap  in  Joy.  —  Ps,  cxxvi. 
SoW,  for  Sew,  is  not  in  use.    [See  Sew.] 
SO^V'ANS,  t  n.  pi.    [Scottish.]    A  nutritious  arti- 
SOWENS,  \     cle  of  food  made  from  the  husk  of 
the  oat,  by  a  process  not  unlike  that  by  which  com- 
mon starch  is  made.    In  England  it  is  called  Flum- 

MEPY. 

SOWCE,  for  Souse.    [See  Souse.1 

SoW£D,  pp.    Scattered  on  ground,  as  seed  ;  sprinkled 

with  seed,  as  ground.    VVe  s.ay,  seed  is  sowed;  or 

I:md  is  sowed. 
SOWER,  H.    He  that  scatters  seed  for  propagation. 
Behold,  a  sower  went  forth  to  sow.  —  Matt.  xiii. 

2.  One  who  scatters  or  spreads;  as,  a  soioer  of 
words.  HakewiU. 

3.  A  breeder ;  a  promoter  ;  as,  a  sower  of  suits. 

Bacon. 

SOWING,  ppr.  Scattering,  as  seed  ;  sprinkling  with 
seed,  as  ground  ;  stocking  with  seed. 

SO\V'ING,  n.  The  act  of  scattering  seed  for  propaga- 
tion. 

SOWINS,  n.  pt.    See  Sowans. 

SOVVE,  )>.  t.    To  pull  by  the  ears.  Shak. 

[J^ot  used  in  Jimerica.]  • 
SOWN,  pp.    Scattered,  as  seed  ;  sprinkled  with  seed, 
as  ground. 

SOY,  n.  A  kind  of  sauce  for  fish,  brought  chiefly 
from  Japan,  prepared  principally  from  the  seeds  of  a 
leguminiise  plant  called  Soji,or  rather  Soya,  which 
is  the  .''oja  hispida.  Tally. 

SOZ'ZLE,  n.  [See  Soss.]  A  sluttish  woman,  or  one 
that  spills  water  and  other  liquids  carelessly, 

JVeuj  En<rland. 

SPA,  71.  A  general  name  for  a  spring  of  mineral  water, 
from  a  place  of  this  name  in  Germany. 

SPAAD,  (spild,)  n.  A  kind  of  mineral ;  spar.  [Sp. 
e.<pato.'\    \_Obs.']  Woodward. 

SPa(JE,  n.  [Fr.  espace  ;  Sp,  espacio ;  It.  spazio  ;  L. 
spiitium,  space  ;  spatiuTy  to  wander.  This  word  is 
probably  formed  on  the  root  of  pateo.    Class  lid.] 

1.  Room  ;  extension.  Space,  in  the  abstract,  is 
mere  extension. 

Pure  tpaee  ia  capable  neither  of  p^sist-^nce  nor  motion.  Locke. 

2.  Any  quantity  of  extension.  In  relation  to 
bodies,  space  is  the  interval  between  any  two  or 
more  objects  ;  as,  the  itpace  between  two  stars  or  two 
hills.  The  qii.intity  of  space  or  extent  between 
bodies,  constitutes  their  distance  from  each  other. 

3.  The  distance  or  interval  between  lines ;  aa  in 
books.  The  spaces  in  music  are  named  as  well  aa 
the  lines. 

4.  (iuantity  of  time  ;  also,  the  interval  between 
two  points  of  time. 

Nine  lirnr«  the  fnnre  that  meaBurca  dajr  and  night.  lifUton. 
God  niiiy  defer  iiii  Jiid^menta  for  a  tunc,  and  give  a  people  a 
longer  apaci  (or  repcotuice.  TUlolMon. 

5.  A  short  time  ;  a  while. 

To  stay  your  deadly  Birife  ft  tpae4.  Spenaer. 
[This  sense  is  nearly  obsolete.] 
SPAC'E,  B.  i.    To  rove.    [JVut  in  use."]  Spenser. 
SPAf'E,  V.  t.    Among  printers^  to  make  spaces  or 

wider  Intervals  between  lines. 
SPA(;'f;i),  (Hpaat,)  pp.    Divided  into  wider  intervals 

b«:lween  lincH. 
PPACE'FJJL,  a.    Wide  ;  extenilve.    [JVot  used.] 

Sandys. 


SPACING,  ppr  Making  wider  intervals  between 
lines. 

SPA'CIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  spacicux;  Sp.  spatioso  ;  It.  spa- 
zioso  ;  L.  spatibsus.] 

1.  Wide  ;  roomy  ;  having  large  or  ample  room  ; 
not  narrow  ;  as,  a  spacious  church  j  a  spacious  hall 
or  drawing-room. 

2.  Extensive;  vast  in  extent;  as,  the  sjiacious 
earth  ;  the  spacious  ocean. 

SPa'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    Widely  ;  extensively. 
SPa'CIOUS-NESS,  71,    Wideness;  largeness  of  ex 
tent ;  roominess  ;  as,  the  spaciousness  of  the  rooms 
in  a  building. 

2.  Extensiveness  ;  vastness  of  e.ttent ;  as,  the  spa- 
ciousness of  the  ocean. 
SPAD'DLE,  Ji.    [dim.  of  .tpade.]    A  little  spade. 

JMortimcr. 

SPaDE,  77.  [Sax.  spad,  spada  ;  G.  spaten  ;  D.  s}  lade  ; 
Dan.  and  Sw.  sporfe ;  probably  from  breadth,  exten- 
sion, coinciding  with  L.  spatula,  from  the  root  of 
patco.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  digging  or  cutting  the  ground, 
consisting  of  a  broad  anti  nearly  rectangular  blade 
of  iron  with  a  handle. 

2.  A  suit  of  cards. 

3.  A  deer  three  years  old  ;  written  also  Spaid. 

4.  A  gelded  beast.    [L.  spado.] 

SPaDE,  ti.  (.  To  dig  with  a  spade  ;  or  to  pare  ofi"  the 
sward  of  land  with  a  spade. 

SPaDE'-BoNE,  71.  [spade  and  bone.]  The  shoulder- 
blade.    [/  believe  little  used.] 

SPADE'FyL,  71.  [.fpatie  and  full.]  As  much  as  a 
spade  will  hold. 

SPA-DI"CE0US,  fspa-dish'us,)  a.  [L.  spadiceus,  from 
spadiz,  a  light  red  color.] 

1.  Of  a  light  red  color,  usually  denominated  Bay. 

Brown, 

2.  In  botany,  a  spadiceous  fower,  is  a  sort  of  ag- 
gregate flower,  having  a  receptacle  common  to  many 
florets,  within  a  spatha,  as  in  palms,  dracontiiim, 
arum,  &c.  Jilarlyn. 

SPA-DILLE',  (spa-dil',)  ti.  [Fr.]  The  ace  of  spades 
at  omber. 

SPaD'ING,  ppr.    Digging  with  a  spade. 
SPa'DIX,  71.    [L.]    In  iufniji/,  the  receptacle  in  palms 
and  some  other  plants,  proceeding  from  a  spatha. 

Martyn. 

SPa'DO,  71.   [L.]   A  gelding.  Brown. 

SPA-DROON>,  71,  A  cut  and  thrust  sword,  lighter 
than  a  broadsword.  SmarL 

SPA-GYR'ie,  a.    [L.  spa^jricus.] 
Chemical.    [JVut  in  itsc] 

SPA-GYR'ie,  71.    A  chemist.    [JVot  in  use.]  Hall. 

SPAG'YR-IST,  71.   A  chemist.   [JVoi  in  use.]  Boyle. 

SPA'HEE,  i  71,     [Turk,  sipo/u;  Pers,  sipahee.  See 

SPX'HI,     i  Seapoy.] 

One  of  the  Turkish  cavalry.  The  spahis  were  dis- 
banded with  the  janizaries. 

SPAKE,  pret.  of  Speak  ;  nearly  obsolete.  Wenowuse 
Spoke. 

SPALL,  (spawl,)  ti.    [Fr.  epaule;  It.  spalla.] 

"l.  The  shoulder.    [JVot  English.]  Fairfax. 
2.  A  chip.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SPALT, )  Ti.    A  whitish,  scaly  mineral,  used  to  pro- 

SPELT,  i    mote  the  fusion  of  metals.  Bailey.  Mi. 

SPALT,  a.    [Dan.  spalt,  a  split ;  G.  spalten,  to  split.] 
Brittle ;  liable  to  brettk  or  split.  HalUwell. 

SPAN,  71.  [Sax.  .span ;  D.  span ;  G.  spanne  ;  Dan. 
spand,  a  span  in  measure ;  Sw.  span,  a  span  in  meas- 
ure, and  a  set  of  coach  horses,  G.  gespann  ;  verbs. 
Sax.  spannan,  to  span,  to  unite  ;  gespanian,  to  join  ; 
D.  aiitl  G.  spannen  ;  Dan.  spander,  to  strain,  stretch, 
bend,  yoke.  This  word  is  formed  on  the  root  of 
bend,  L.  pando.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  strain, 
stretch,  extend,  hence  to  join  a  team,  Dan./orspojiii, 
D.  gespan.] 

1.  The  space  from  the  end  of  the  thumb  to  the 
end  of  the  little  finger  when  extended  ;  nine  inches  ; 
the  eighth  of  a  fathom.  Holder. 

2.  A  short  space  of  time. 

Life  '8  but  a  span ;  I'll  every  Inch  cn]oy,  Farquhar. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  spread  or  extent  of  an  arch 
between  its  abutments. 

4.  A  span  of  horses,  consists  of  two,  usually  of 
about  the  same  color,  and  otherwise  nearly  alike, 
which  are  usually  harnessed  side  by  side.  The  word 
signifies  properly  the  same  as  Yoke,  when  applied  to 
horned  cattle,  from  buckling  or  fastening  together. 
But  in  America,  span  always  imjilies  resemblance  in 
coliir  at  least  ;  it  being  an  object  of  ambition  with 
gentlemen  and  with  teamsters  to  unite  two  horses 
abreast  that  are  alike. 

5.  In  scatnn's  language,  a  rope  secured  at  both 
ends  to  any  object,  the  purchase  being  hooked  to  the 
bight.  Totlen. 

SPAN,  V.  t.  To  measure  by  the  hand  with  the  fin- 
gers extended,  or  with  the  fingers  pncompaising  the 
object ;  as,  to  .ipan  a  space  or  distance ;  to  sjian  a 
cylinder. 

2.  To  measure  or  reach  from  one  side  of  to  the 
other ;  aa,  Iti  span  the  heavens, 
SPAN, i.    To  agree  in  color,  or  in  color  and  si/.e  ; 
ns,  tne  horses  sjian  well.  JVcw  England. 


SPAN.  pret.  of  Spin.    [Obs.]    We  now  use  Spun. 

SPAN'CEL,  71.  A  rope  to  tie  a  cow's  hind  legs.  [Lo- 
i:"'-]  Orose. 

SPAN'CEL,  f.  t.  To  tie  the  legs  of  a  horse  or  cow 
with  a  rope,    [Local]  Malone. 

SPAN'CEL-ING,  ppr.    Tying  a  cow's  hind  legs. 

SPA.\'eoUN-TER,  )  n.    A  play  at  which  money  is 

SPAN'FaR-THING,  i  thrown  within  a  span  or  cir- 
cuit marked  Swift. 

SPAN'DREL,  71.  The  irregular  triangular  space  be- 
tween the  curve  of  an  arch  and  the  rectangle  inclos- 
ing it.  OwiU. 

SPaNE,  «. «.    [Xi.  speenen.] 
To  wean.    [JVu(  in  use.] 

SPANG,  71.    [D.  spange,  a  spangle  ;  Gr.  tpeyyoi.] 

A  spangle  or  shining  ornament;  a  thin  piece  of 
metal  or  other  shining  material.    fJVot  in  use.] 

Bacon, 

SPAN"GLE,  (spang'gl,)  71.  [Supra.]  A  small  plate 
or  boss  of  shining  metal ;  something  brilliant  used 
as  an  ornament. 

2.  Any  little  thing  sparkling  and  brilliant,  like 
pieces  of  metal ;  as  crystals  of  ice. 

For  tlie  rich  spangles  that  .adorn  tiie  sky.  Waller. 

SPAN"GLE,  (spang'gl,)  v.  t.   To  set  or  sprinkle  with 
spangles ;  to  adorn  with  small,  distinct,  brilliant 
bodies  ;  as,  a  spangled  breastplate.  Donne. 
What  stars  do  spangle  heaven  with  such  beauty.  Skalc. 

SPAN"GLED,  (span'gld.)  pp.  or  a.  Set  with  spangles. 

SPAN"GLER,  71.    One  that  spangles.  Keates. 

SPAN"GLING,  ppr.    Adorning  with  spangles. 

SPAN'IEL,  (span'yel,)  71.  [Fr.  epagiuid;  -said  to  be 
from  Hisjianwla,  now  Hayti.] 

1.  A  dog  used  in  sports  of  the  field,  remarkable 
for  his  sagacity  and  obedience.  Dnjden. 

2.  A  mean,  cringing,  fawning  person.  Shak. 
SPAN'IEL,  a.     Like  a  spaniel;  mean;  fawning. 

Shak. 

SPAN'IEL,  V.  i.  To  fawn ;  to  cringe ;  to  be  obse- 
quious. 

SPAN'IEL,  JI.  U    To  follow  like  a  spaniel. 
SPAN'IEL-ING,  ppr.    Following  like  a  spaniel. 
SPAN'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  Spain. 
SPAN'ISH,  71.    The  language  of  Spain. 
SP.\N'lSlI-BROO.M,  71.    A  shrub  of  the  genus  spar- 

tium,  thickly  set  with  verdant,  flexible,  rush-like 

twigs.  Loudon. 
SPAN'ISII-BROWN,  71.    A  species  of  earth  used  in 

paints.    Its  color  depends  upon  the  sesquoxyd  of 

iron. 

SPAN'ISH-FLY ,  n.  A  coleopterous  insect,  the  Can- 
thaiis  vesicatoria,  used  in  vesicatories,  or  composi- 
tions fiir  raising  blisters. 

SPAN'ISH-NUT,  71.  A  bulbous  plant,  the  Mortea 
Sisyrinchiiim  of  the  south  of  Europe.  Miller. 

SPAN'ISH-WHITE,  ti.  A  white  earth  from  Spain, 
used  in  paints.  What  is  so  called  in  New  England, 
is  soft  carbonate  of  calcia,  or  chalk,  in  fine  powder. 

SPANK,  ti.  (.  [W.  pange,  a  blow  ;  allied  perhaps  to 
the  vulgar  Jaiio-,  and  found  in  the  Persic] 

1.  To  strike  on  the  breech  with  the  open  hand  ;  to 
slap. 

2.  v.i.  To  move  with  a  quick,  lively  step  between 
a  trot  and  gallop.  Orose. 

SPANK'ER,  Ti.    A  small  coin.  Dcrhanu 

2.  In  seamen^s  language,  the  after-sail  of  a  ship  or 
bark,  being  a  fore-and-aft  sail,  attached  to  a  gaff; 
formerly  called  Driver.  Tolten. 

3.  One  that  takes  long  strides  in  walking  ;  also,  a 
stout  person,  HalliwcU. 

SPANK'ING,  ppr.     Striking  with  the  open  hand ; 
moving  with  a  quick,  lively  pace. 
2.  a.    Large;  stout.    [Vulgar.]  HalliwcU. 
SPAN'-LONG,  a.    Of  the  length  of  a  span. 

B.  Jonson. 

SPAN'NKD,  (spand,)  pp.    Mc.isured  with  the  hand. 
SPAN'NER,  71.    One  that  spans. 

2.  The  lock  of  a  fusee  or  carbine  ;  or  the  fusee 
itself.  Bailey.  Bowering. 

3.  An  iron  instrument  used  in  the  manner  of  a 
lever  to  tighten  the  nuts  upon  screws.  Brande. 

SPAN'-NEW,  (  nu,)  a.  [G.  spanncn;  allied  perhaps  to 
spangle] 

Ciuito  new  ;  probably  Brioht-new. 

SPAN'NING,  ppr.  IMij'asiiriiig  with  the  hand  :  en- 
compassing with  the  fingers. 

SPAN'-ROOF,  71.  A  conimtm  roof,  having  eaves  on 
two  sides.  Qwilt. 

SP.\N'-VVORM,  71.  Another  name  for  the  caiiker- 
worin,  of  various  species,  (which  see  ;)  so  called  from 
its  peculiar  mode  of  progression. 

SPAR,  71.  (1).  jtpar,  a  rafter; B  shingle  ;  G.  sparren,  a 
spar,  a  rafter ;  Dan.  spar,  a  spar,  a  small  beam,  the 
bar  of  a  gate;  Sw.  .vpiirrs,  a  rafter;  Fr.  bnrre ;  It. 
sbarra,  a  ban  Sp.  e.«porr,  a  fossil;  espar,  a  drug.  If 
this  woril  is  connected  with  sjmre,  the  primary  sense 
is  probably  thin.  The  sense  of  ftar  and  .s-piir  is,  how- 
ever, more  generally  derived  from  thrusting,  shoot- 
ing in  length  ;  so  .fpfar  likewise.    See  Bah.] 

1.  Any  earthy  mineral  that  breaks  with  regular 
Biirfaces,  and  has  stiiiie  degree  of  luster  ;  a  crystal- 
lized earthy  mineral  of  a  shining  luster.  It  is  the 
German  siialh.  Dana. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


SPA 

3.  Anion);  seamen, a  general  term  fur  mast!),  yards, 
booms,  and  piilFs.  Tutten. 

3.  Aiiionj;  olil  arcliitccLi,  a  piece  of  timber  of  vari- 
ous liinils  ;  still  used  locally  for  raUers. 

Glox.i.  of  Archil. 

4.  Tlie  bar  of  a  gate  or  door.  [ Obs.]  Chaucer. 
SPAR,  x>.  £.    [Sax.  sfarran  ;  G.  sperreii ;  from  spar.] 

To  bar ;  to  sliut  close,  or  fasten  with  a  bar.    [  Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

SPAR,  V.  i.  [Sax.  spirian,  to  arguo,  or  dispute,  to  as- 
pire ;  Kiiss.  sporyu,  to  dispiitCj  to  contend  ;  U  spar- 
nam.  The  Saxon  word  .signifies,  to  dispute,  aVso  to 
investigate,  to  inquire,  or  explore,  to  follow  after. 
This  is  another  form  of  the  L.  spiro,  Gr.  a-raifiio, 
(nr£if)i.).  The  primary  sense  is,  to  urge,  drive,  throw, 
propel.] 

1.  To  dispute  ;  to  quarrel  in  words  ;  to  wrangle. 
[  ThLs  is  Ihe  sense  of  the  word  in  Jlmerica.] 
'J.  To  fight  with  prelusive  strokes.  Johnson. 
SPAR'A-HLE,  71.    [.s/jurruw-JiU,  from  the  shape.]  The 

name  of  shoemakers'  nails. 
SPAR'A-UKAP,  n.    [Fr.]    A  cere-cloth.    [JVot  Eng- 
lish-l 

SPAR'A^CUJS  i  Sec  AsPAnA.,u9.  [ralirar.] 
SPARE,  I),  t.    [Sax.  sparian  ;  D.  spaaren;  G.  sparen  ; 
Dan.  .fpnrcr ;  Sw.  spara  :  Fr.  rpara/rner.    It  seems  to 
be  from  the  «amc  root  as  I,,  parco ;  It.  spara^nare.] 

1.  To  use  frugally  ;  not  to  be  profuse ;  not  to 
waste. 

Tliou  Ihy  Fallier's  thunder  diiUt  not  tjjare.  Miiton. 

2.  To  save  or  withhold  from  any  particular  use  or 
occupation.  He  has  no  bread  to  spare,  that  is,  to 
witliliold  fruin  his  necessary  uses. 

All  tlie  lime  lie  coiiUl  tjiare  from  the  necesstiry  cup's  of  hii 
weifflity  ciiargo,  he  beiitowcd  ou  pruycr  uiid  ('-rviii^  of 
God.  Ktiolles. 

3.  To  part  with  without  much  inconvenience  j  to 
do  without. 

1  coulkl  h.ive  better  spared  s.  better  num.  Shak. 
Nor  ctii  we  sjnre  you  long.  Dryden 

4.  To  omit ;  to  forbear.  We  might  have  spared 
this  toil  and  expense. 

Be  pleased  your  politics  to  apart.  Dryden, 

5.  To  use  tenderly  ;  to  treat  with  pity  and  forbear- 
ance; to  forbear  to  alflict,  punish,  or  destroy. 

Spare  us,  good  Lonl.  Coin,  Prayer. 

Dim  sr\dti(-s5  did  not  spare 
Celestial  vimifis.  Milton. 
But  man  alone  can  whom  he  conquere  spare.  Waller. 

6.  Not  to  take  when  in  one's  power  ;  to  forbear  to 
destroy  ;  as,  to  spare  the  life  of  a  prisoner. 

7.  To  grant ;  to  allow  ;  to  indulge. 


Wltere  an^y  Jove  <lid  never  spare 
One  breath  of  kind  and  icnipertte  air. 

8.  To  forbear  to  inflict  or  impose. 

Sjxtre  my  si^ht  the  pain 
Of  seeing  what  a  wurtd  oT  tears  it  cost  you. 


Hoseommon. 


Who  at  some  times  spend,  at  others  spare, 
Divided  between  cvreicssness  and  Ciire. 


Dryden. 

SPARE,  r.  t.    To  live  frugally  ;  to  be  parsimonious. 

Pope. 

2.  To  forbear  ;  to  be  scrupulous. 

To  pincit  and  eat  my  fill  1  spared  not.  Milton. 

3.  To  be  frugal ;  not  to  be  profuse. 

4.  To  use  mercy  or  forbearance  ;  to  forgive ;  to  be 
tender. 

The  king  —  was  sparing  and  compassionate  toward  his  subjects. 

Bacon. 

SPARE,  a.    [Sax.  sparr.] 

1.  Scanty  ;  parsimonious  ;  not  abundant ;  as,  a 
spare  diet. 

He  was  spare,  but  discreet  of  speech.  Cbreir. 
[We  more  generally  use,  in  the  hatter  application, 
Sparing  ;  as,  he  was  sparintr  of  words.] 

2.  That  can  be  dispensed  with  ;  not  wanted  ;  su- 
perfluous.   I  have  no  spare  time  on  my  hands. 

If  that  no  »;>are  clothes  he  had  to  give.  Spenser, 

3.  Held  in  reserve,  to  be  used  in  an  emergency ; 
as,  a  spare  anchor. 

4.  Lean  ;  wanting  flesh  ;  meager ;  thin. 

0,  give  me  your  spare  men,  uid  spare  mc  Uie  great  ones. 

Shak. 

5.  Slow.    [Abt  in  use,  or  local,]  Grose. 
SPARE,  n.   Parsimony  ;  frugal  use.    [JVot  in  ii.-c] 

Bacon. 

iVXK'EV>,pp.    Dispensed  with i  saved;  forborne. 
BPaRE'LY,  adv.    Sparingly.  MUton. 
SPARE'NESS,  n.   State  of  being  lean  or  thin  j  lean- 
ness. Hammond. 
BPAR'ER,  n.   One  that  avoids  unnecessary  expense. 

Wotton. 

SPaRE'-RIB,  n.    [D.  spi>r,  a  muscle,  and  rib.] 

The  piece  of  a  hog  taken  from  the  side,  consisting 
of  the  ribs  with  little  flesh  on  them. 
fiPAR-GE-FAC'TlON,  n.    [I,,  spargo,  to  sprinkle.] 
The  act  of  sprinkling.    (JVot  u.ied.]  Diet 
SPXR'-UUNG,  a.    Hung  with  spar,  as  a  cave. 

Holmes 

SPA R'ING,  ppr.    Using  frugally ;  forbearing ;  omitting 
to  punish  or  destroy. 


SPA 

3.  a.    Scarce  ;  little. 

Of  this  there  Is  with  you  sparing  memory,  or  none.  Bacon. 

3.  Scanty;  not  plentiful;  not  abundant;  as,  a 
sparintr  diet. 

4.  Saving  ;  parsimonious. 

Virgil,  being  so  very  sparing  of  his  words,  and  leavinfr  so  much 
to  be  imagined  by  die  n  adcr,  can  never  be  translate,!  as  ho 
ought  in  any  modern  tongue.  l>rytUn, 

SPAR'ING-LY,  ado.    Not  abundantly.  Shak. 
3.  Frugally  ;  parsimoniously  ;  not  lavishly. 
Iligli  titles  of  honor  were,  in  tlie  Iting's  minority,  sparinglu 
gnmted,  because  dignity  tlieii  wnit-'d  on  desert.  Ilayroard, 
Coininend  but  sparingly  whom  Uiou  dost  love.  Deiihajn, 

3.  Abstinently ;  moderately. 

Christians  are  obliged  to  taste  even  the  Innocent  pleasures  of  life 
but  sparingly,  Atterbury, 

4.  Seldom  ;  not  frequently. 

The  morality  of  a  grave  sentence,  affected  by  Luean,  Is  more 
spari;igly  used  by  Virgil.  Dryden. 

.5.  Cautiously  ;  tenderly.  Bacon. 
SPAR'ING-NESS,  n.    Parsimony  ;  want  of  liberality. 

2.  Caution.  Barrow. 
SPXIIK,  71.    [Sax.  spearc;  D.  spartelrn,  to  flutter,  to 
sparkle  ;  Dan.  sparkrr,  to  wince,  or  kick.    The  sense 
is,  that  which  shoots,  darts  ofi",  or  scatters  ;  probably 
allied  to  L.  spargo  and  Riiss.  sverkatjn.] 

1.  A  small  particle  of  fire  or  ignited  substance  which 
is  emitted  from  bodies  in  combustion,  and  which  ei- 
ther ascends  with  the  smoke,  or  is  darted  in  another 
direction.  Pope. 

2.  A  small,  shining  body  or  transient  liglit. 

We  have  here  and  there  a  little  clear  light,  and  some  sparks  of 
bright  knowledge.  Locks. 

3.  A  small  portion  of  any  thing  active.  If  any 
spark  of  life  is  yet  remaining:. 

4.  A  very  small  portion.  If  you  have  a  spark  of 
generosity. 

5.  A  brisk,  showy,  gay  man. 

The  finest  sparks  ami  cleanest  beaux.  Prior. 

6.  A  lover. 

SPARK,  V.  1.   To  emit  particles  of  fire  ;  to  sparkle. 

[JVtfi  in  ^ute.]  Spenser. 
SPARK'FIJL,  a.  Lively ;  brisk  ;  gay.  Camden. 
SPARK'ISH,  a.    Airy  ;  gay.  IValsh. 

2.  Showy  ;  well  ilressed  ;  fine.  L'Estranire. 
SPARK'LE,  (spArk'l,)  71.    A  spark.  Dryden. 

2.  A  luminous  particle. 
SPARK'LE,  (spirk'l,)  v.  i.    [D.  spartelrn.] 

1.  To  emit  sparks  ;  to  send  off  small  ignited  parti- 
cles ;  as  burning  fuel,  &c. 

2.  To  glitter;  to  glisten;  as,  a  brilliant  sparkles; 
sparkling  colors.  Locke, 

3.  To  twinkle  ;  to  glitter  ;  as,  s-parklim;  stars. 

4.  To  glisten  ;  to  exhibit  an  appearance  of  anima- 
tion ;  as,  the  eyes  .'sparkle  with  joy.  Milton. 

5.  To  emit  little  bubbles,  as  spirituous  liquors ;  as, 
sparkling  wine. 

SPARK'LE,  r.  £.  To  throw  about ;  to  scatter.  [JVot 
171  use,]  Sackville. 

SPARK'LER,  n.  He  or  that  which  sparkles  ;  one 
whose  eves  sparkle.  Mdison, 

SPXRK'LET,  71.    A  small  spark.  Cotton. 

SPARK'LI-NESS,  n.  Vivacity.  [JVof  in  «,?e.]  .Aubrey, 

SPA RK'LING,  ppr.  or  n.  Emitting  sparks  ;  glittering; 
lively  ;  as,  sparkling  wine  ;  sparklinrr  eyes. 

SPARK'LING-LY,  adv.  With  twinkling  or  vivid  bril- 
liancy. 

SPARK'LING-NESS,  n.   Vivid  and  twinkling  luster. 

SPAR'Ll.VG,  n.    A  smelt.  Cotin-ave. 

SPA'ROin,  a.    [L.  spariLi  and  Gr.  etfoc] 

Like  the  ^ilt-head  ;  belonging  to  that  family  of  spi- 
nons-finncd  fishes  which  includes  the  gilt-head  and 
sea-bream.  Brande. 

SPAR'RING,  n.   Prelusive  contention,  as  among  box- 
2.  Dispute;  slight  debate.  [ers. 

SPAR'ROVV,  n.  [Sax.  ispeara  ;  Goth,  sparwa ;  G.  and 
Dan.  Sperling  ;  Sw.  sparf ;  probably  allied  to  spear  or 
spare,  and  so  named  from  its  sinallness.] 

The  popul.ir  name  of  several  small  conic-hilled 
birds  which  feed  on  insects  and  seeds.  The  com- 
mon sparrow,  or  house-sparrow,  of  Europe,  Pyrgita 
domestica  of  Cuvier,  (Fringilla  domestica.  Linn.,)  is 
noted  for  its  familiarity  antl  even  impudence,  its  vo- 
racity and  fecundity.  P.  Cyc.  Jardine. 

SP.'\R'RoW-BILL,  n.  Small  nails  ;  cast-iron  shoe- 
nails. 

SPAR'RfiW-GRASS  ;  a  corniptionof  AspAaanus. 
Sl'AR'RaW-HAWK, )  n.     [Sax.  spearhafoc,  spear- 
SPAR'HAWK,"         i  hawk.) 

A  small  species  of  short-winged  hawk.  A  popular 
name  of  all  those  falcons  whose  tarsi  are  high  and 
scutellated.  The  Faico  Nisus  is  called  sparrow-hawk 
by  way  of  eminence. 
SPAR'RV,  a.  [from  .vpar.]  Resembling  spar,  or  con- 
sisting of  spar;  having  a  confused  crystalline  struc- 
ture ;  spatliose. 
Sparry  iron ;  carbonate  of  iron,  or  spathic  iron. 

Dana. 

SPARSE,  (spilrs,)  a.     [L.  sparsus,  scattered,  from 

spargo.] 

1.  T  hinly  scattered  ;  set  or  planted  here  and  there  ; 
as,  a  sparse  population.  Story. 


SPA 

3.  In  botany,  not  opposite,  nor  alternate,  nor  in  any 
apparent  regular  order  ;  applied  to  branclu".  Iravoa, 
peduncles,  ice.  Moftijn. 
SPARSE,  (spiirs,)  ».  t.    To  disperse.    [JVot  in  use,] 

Sprnsrr. 

SPARS'f:D,  (spirst,)  a.    Scattered.  Lee, 
SPARS'ED-LY,  adp.    In  a  scattered  manner. 

Krclyn. 

SPARSE'NEKS,  n.  Thinness ;  scattered  slate  ;  as, 
sparsrness  of  population.  Story,  vol.  ii.  70. 

SPAR'TAN,a.  Pertaining  to  ancient  Sparta;  hence, 
harily ;  undaunted ;  as.  Spartan  souls ;  Spartan 
bravery. 

SPASM,  11.  [L.  spasmus  ;  Gr.  atraapa,  from  o-nato,  to 
draw.] 

An  abnormal,  sudden,  and  more  or  less  violent 
but  brief  ciintractitm  of  one  or  more  muscles,  or 
muscular  fibers.  Spasm  is  either  clonic  or  tonic.  In 
clonic  spasm,  the  muscles  or  muscular  fibers  contract 
and  relax  alternately  in  very  quick  succession,  i)ro- 
diicing  the  appearance  of  agitation,  ax  in  epilrp.-nj. 
In  to7iic  spa.^n,  the  muscles  or  muscular  fibers  con- 
tract in  a  steady  and  uniform  manner,  and  remain 
contracted  fur  a  comparatively  lung  time,  as  in  teta- 
nus. Some  cases  of  ,fpnsm  appear  to  be  intermediate 
between  these  two  varieties. 
SPAS-MOD'ie,  a.  [Gr.  aTmapni,  spasm,  and  cii'oc, 
likeness;  implying  something  which  is  like  .s7>n.vm, 
\Vitliout  being  such  ;  Fr.  spasmodiquci  It.  sjtasnui- 
dico,] 

Relating  to  spasm ;  consisting  in  spasm ;  as,  a 
.spasmodic  affection. 
SPAS-.M01)'I€,  n.    A  medicine  good  for  removing 
spasm  ;  but  I  believe  the  word  generally  employed  is 
A  NT! -Spasmodic. 
SPAS'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  orrnoriKoi.] 

Relating  to  spasm.  [j1  (rrTn  preferable  to  Spas- 
Monie.] 

SPAS-TIC'I-TY,  (-tis'c-te,)  n.    A  state  of  spasm. 
2.  The  tendency  to,  or  cajiability  of  stilfering 
spasm. 

SP.M",  pret.  of  Spit,  but  nearly  obsolete. 
SP.-VT,  71.     [from  the  root  of  spit ;  that  which  is 
ejected.] 

1.  The  young  of  shell-fish.  Woodienrd. 

2.  A  blow.  HntiiiceU. 

3.  Hence,  a  petty  combat ;  a  little  (|Uarrel  or  dis- 
sension, [jj  vulgar  use  of  the  word  m  J^cw  Eng- 
land,] 

SPA-'1'AN"GUS,  71.     A  genus  of  pedicellate  cchino- 

dermatuiis  animals. 
SPATCH'-COCK,  n,    [di.s-pauh.]    A  fowl  killed  and 

immediately  broiled  for  some  sudden  occasion. 

Halliwell. 

SPA'THA,  )  r,  „  ,.  , 
SPaTHK    1       t     spallta,  a  slice.] 

In  botany,  the  calyx  of  a  spadix  opening  or  bursting 
longitudinally,  in  form  of  a  sheath.  .Vartiin. 
SPA-TIIA'CEUirs,  (-shus,)  a.     Having  that  sort  of 

calyx  railed  a  spatha. 
SPATH'ie,  a.  [G..^ath.] 

Foliated  or  lamellar.    Spathic  iron  is  carboii.ate  of 
iron,  an  ore  of  iron  having  a  foliated  structure,  and 
a  yellowish  or  brownisii  color.  Silliman. 
SPATH'I-FORM,  a.    [spath  and  form.]  Resembling 
spar  in  form. 

The  ocherous,  spathi/orm,  and  mineralized  forms  of  unuiite, 

Lavoisier, 

SPATII'dSE,  (  a.  In  botany,  having  that  sort  of  ca- 
SPATH'OUS,  \     lyx  called  .-patha. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  having  the  characters  of  spar ; 
sparry.  Dana. 
SPATll'y-LATE    See  Spatulate. 
SPa'TIATE,  (-shite,)  r.  i.    [L.  spatior.] 

To  rove  ;  to  ramble.    [.Vol  in  use.]  Baron, 
SP.^T'TER,  V,  t,    [This  root  is  a  derivative  of  the 
family  of  .•'pit,  or  L.  pateo.    See  Spi  tter.] 

1.  To  scatter  a  litpiid  substance  on  ;  to  sprinkle 
with  w.ater  or  any  fluid,  or  with  any  moist  and  dirty 
matter  ;  as,  tti  .•.-palter  a  coat ;  to  s-pattcr  the  floor  ;  to 
spatter  the  boots  with  mud.  [This  word,  I  believe, 
is  applied  always  to  fluid  or  moist  substances.  We 
say,  to  spatter  with  water,  mud,  blood,  or  gravy  ;  but 
never  to  spatter  with  dust  or  meal.] 

2.  Figuratively,  to  as[)crse  ;  to  defame.  [In  this 
sense,  Aspebse  is  generally  used.] 

3.  To  throw  out  any  thing  offensive ;  as,  to  .tpntter 
foul  siTecches.    [jVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

4.  To  scatter  about ;  as,  to  spatter  water  here  and 
there. 

SP.AT'TER,  V.  i.  To  throw  out  of  the  mouth  in  a 
scattered  manner ;  to  sputter,    [See  Sputter.] 

.Vilton, 

SPAT'TER-DASH-ES,  n.  pi,    [.tpaffw  and  dash.] 

Coverings  for  the  legs,  to  keep  them  clean  from 
w.ater  and  mud.    [Since  boots  are  generally  worn, 
these  things  and  their  name  are  little  used.] 
SPAT'TER-£D,  pp.     Sprinkled  or  fouled  by  some 
liquid  or  dirty  substance. 
2.  Aspersed. 

SPAT'TER-ING,  ppr.    Sprinkling  with  moist  or  foul 
matter. 
2.  .Aspersing. 
SPAT'TLE,  n.    Spittle.    [A'oi  in  use.]  Bate, 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z :  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


1059 


SPE 

BPAT'TLING-POP'Py,  n.    A  plant,  Silene  inflata. 
SPAT'U-LA,  )  n.    [L.  spatliula,  spaika,  a  slice  ;  W 
SPAT^TLE,   j     yspodol ;  from  the  root  of  L.  pateo  ;  so 

named  from  its  breadth,  or  from  its  use  in  spreading 

things.] 

A  slice  ;  an  apothecary's  instrument  for  spreading 
plasters,  &c.  Q^uincy, 
SPAT'U-LaTE,  a.    [from  L.  spathula.] 

In  natural  history,  shaped  like  a  spatula  or  battle- 
dore, being  roundish,  with  a  long,  narrow,  linear 
base ;  as,  the  leaf  of  Cistus  incanus.  Martyn. 
SPAVIN,  lu    [It.  spavenio,  spavano,  spavin,  a  cramp  j 
Fr.  eparoin  ;  bp.  espararan  ;  Port,  esparavam.] 

A  swelling  in  or  near  some  of  the  joints  of  a 
horse,  by  wliich  lameness  is  produced. 

Farm.  En  eye. 

SPAV'IN-£D,  0.    Affected  with  spavin.  GoldsmUh. 
SPAW,  n.    See  Spa. 

SPAVVL,  V.  i.    [G.  speickel,  spawl ;  speien,  to  spawl,  to 
spew.    Spew  is  a  contracted  word.] 

To  throw  saliva  from  the  mouth  in  a  scattering 
form  ;  to  disperse  spittle  in  a  careless,  dirty  manner. 
Wliy  must  he  sputler,  spawl,  and  slaver  it  f  Sm/t. 

SPAWL,  n.    Saliva  or  spittle  thrown  out  carelessly. 

Dnjden. 

9.  A  fragment  of  stone. 
SPAWL'ING,  ppr.    Throwing  spittle  carelessly  from 
the  mouth. 

SPAWL'ING,  71.  Saliva  thrown  out  carelessly.  * 
SPAWN,  n.  [It  has  no  plural.  If  this  word  is  not 
contracted,  it  belongs  to  the  root  of  L.  pono,  Sp. 
poner,  Fr.  pondre,  to  lay  eggs.  If  contracted,  it 
probably  belongs  to  the  root  of  spew  or  spawl.  The 
radical  sense  is,  that  which  is  ejected  or  thrown 
out.] 

1.  The  eggs  of  fish  or  frogs  when  ejected.  Ray. 

2.  Any  product  or  olfspring ;  an  ezpression  of  con- 
tempt. Roscommon. 

3.  In  English  gardening,  the  buds  or  branches  pro- 
duced from  underground  stems;  also,  the  white  fi- 
brous matter  forming  the  matrix  from  which  fungi 
are  produced.  P.  Cyc. 

SPAWN,  V.  U   To  produce  or  deposit,  as  fishes  do 
their  eggs. 

2.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  generate  ;  in  contempt 

Swift. 

SPAWN,  V.  i.'  To  deposit  eggs,  as  fish  or  frogs. 

2.  To  issue,  as  offspring  ;  in  contempt.  Locke. 
SPAWN'£D,  pp.    Produced  or  deposited,  as  the  eggs 

ol'  fish  or  frogs. 
SPAWN'ER,  71.    The  female  fish. 

The  spamner  aod  Ihe  meiter  of  tlie  barbel  cover  their  spawn  with 
t.in.l.  Walton. 

SPAY,  (spa,)  7T.  (.    [W.  yspaiu,  to  exhaust;  dyspaiu, 

to  geld  ;  Arm.  spaia  or  spahein,  to  geld  ;  L.  spado,  a 

gelding;  Gr.  (rTr.ioj,  to  draw  out.] 
To  extirpate  the  ovaries  of  a  female. 
SPaV ED,  pp.    Having  the  ovaries  extirpated. 
SPaY'I.NG,  ppr.    Extirpating  the  ovaries. 
SPkAK,  (speek,)  v.  i. ;  pret.  Spoke,  (Spake,  nearly 

oils. ;)  pp.  Spoke,  Spoken.    [Sax.  sp(Ecan,  .specan  It. 

spiccar  le  parole,  to  speak  distinctly  ;  spiccare,  to 

shine,  that  is,  to  shoot  or  thrust  forth ;  Eth. 

sabak,  to  preach,  to  teach,  to  proclaim.  The  S\v,  has 
spa,  Dan.  spaer,  to  foretell.  It  is  easy  to  see  that 
the  root  of  this  word  is  allied  to  that  of  Bear,  Peak, 
Pick.! 

1.  To  utter  w<)rds  or  articulate  sounds,  as  human 
beings  ;  to  express  thoughts  by  words.  Children 
learn  to  speak  at  an  early  a;;e.  The  organs  may  be 
£0  ob:sLructed,  that  a  man  may  not  be  able  to  speak. 

Sptak,  Lorii,  for  thy  rTvaul  lif-mth. —  I  Sam.  iii. 

9.  To  utter  a  speech,  discourse,  Or  harangue;  to 
utter  thonghLs  in  a  public  assembly.  A  man  may  be 
well  infdrmod  uu  a  subject,  and  yet  too  diffident  to 
speaJi  in  public. 

Many  of  (he  nobilitpr  made  th^fnielvi  popular  by  §peaking  in 
mrtiam'MH  aguuit  Ihuc  thing!  wliich  were  most  gr.tu-rul  to 
Ilia  majetty.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  talk  ;  to  expre&j  opinions  ;  to  dispute 

An  hoiK'ft  man,  iir,  u  able  to  speak  for  hiiiiself,  when  th''  Vnairc 
ii  not.  Sliok. 

4.  To  discourse ;  to  matcc  m&nlion  of. 

Lucm  tpeakt  of  a  part  of  0;«;u''*  ajray  th.-xl  Ciime  to  him  from 

(hft  f^-K.an  \.:\Vi-.  AtUhson. 
Thr  Bcripture  tpeak§  only  of  ihoBC  to  wiiom  it  »p**iik». 

5.  To  give  sound. 

Mike  all  your  trumpet*  tpeak.  Shak. 

To  trpeak  with;  to  converse  with.  Let  roe  speak 
irith  my  son. 

BPkAK,  v.  l  To  utter  with  the  mouth  ;  to  pronounce  ; 
to  utter  articulately  \  uh  human  beings. 

They  «at  d'jwn  with  hini  on  the  gro»iri<l  vvrn  <\i\ya  and  mtco 

nlKliU,  and  nonr  tpai*  a  wunl  unto  him.  —  Jub  li. 
SyytaM  Oic  wu/il  only,  ami  my  •'^n  ahall  be  Iwalrd.  —  Malt.  tU. 

2.  To  declare  ;  to  proclnim  ;  to  celebrate. 


Hammond. 


It  ii  my  fnthcr'a  mutic 
To  »p«ak  your  cIt*!*. 


Shak. 


3.  To  talk  or  converse  in  ;  to  utter  or  pronounce, 


SPE 

as  in  conversation.  A  man  may  know  how  to  read 
and  to  understand  a  language  which  be  can  not 
speak. 

4.  To  address  ;  to  accost. 

He  will  smile  upon  Uiee,  put  thee  in  hope,  and  tptak  thee  fiiir. 

EccloM. 

5.  To  exhibit ;  to  make  known. 

Lei  he.iven'a  wide  circuit  epeaJc 
The  Maker's  high  niapiificence.  Milton. 

6.  To  express  silently,  or  by  signs.  The  lady's 
looks  or  eyes  speak  the  meaning  or  wishes  of  her 
heart. 

7.  To  communicate  ;  as,  to  speak  peace  to  the  soul. 
To  speak  a  ship  ;  to  hail  and  speak  to  her  captain 

or  commander. 

JVote.  —  We  say,  to  speak  a  word  or  syllable,  to 
speak  a  sentence,  an  oration,  piece,  composition,  or  a 
dialogue,  to  speak  a  man's  praise,  &.c. ;  but  we  never 
say,  to  speak  an  argument,  a  sermon,  or  a  story. 
SPeAK'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  spoken. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  speech.  Milton. 
SPeAK'ER,  71.  One  that  speaks,  in  whatever  manner. 

2.  One  that  proclaims  or  celebrates. 

No  other  speaker  of  my  living  actioni.  Shak. 

3.  One  that  utters  or  pronounces  a  discourse;  usu- 
ally, one  that  utters  a  speech  in  public.  We  say,  a 
man  is  a  good  speaker,  or  a  bad  speaker. 

4.  The  person  wlio  presides  in  a  deliberative  as- 
sembly, preserving  order  and  regulating  the  debates ; 
as,  tlie  speaker  of  the  house  of  commons  ;  the  speaker 
of  a  house  of  representatives.' 

SPeAK'ER-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  speaker. 
SPeAK'ING,  ppr.   Uttering  words ;  discoursing ;  talk- 
ing. 

SPeAK'ING,  n.     The  act  of  uttering  words  ;  dis- 
course. 

2.  In  colleges,  public  declamation. 
SPeAK'ING-TRU.MP'ET,  71.    A  trumpet  by  which 

the  sound  of  the  human  voice  may  be  propagated  to 

a  great  distance. 
SPeAR,  71.    [Sax.  speare,  spcre ;  D.  and  G.  speer;  Dan. 

spiET ;  W.  yspar,  from  p&r,  a  spear.    So  W.  ber  is  a 

spear,  and  \  spit,  that  which  shoots  to  a  point. 

Class  Br.] 

1.  A  long,  pointed  weapon,  used  in  war  and  hunt- 
ing, by  thrusting  or  throwing  ;  a  lance. 

Milton.  Pope. 

2.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument  with  barbs,  used  for 
stabbing  fish  and  other  animals.  Carew. 

3.  A  shoot,  as  of  grass  ;  usually.  Spire. 
SPeAR,  v.  U    To  pierce  with  a  spear  ;  to  kill  with  a 

spear  ;  as,  to  spear  a  fish. 
SPEAR,  t).  i.  To  shoot  into  a  long  stem.  [See  Spire.] 

Mortimer. 

SPeAR'£D,  pp.    Pierced  or  killed  with  a  spear. 

SPeAR'-FOOT,  n.   [spear  and  fooU]  The  far  foot  be- 
hj^nd  ;  used  of  a  horse.  Encye. 

SPeAR'-GRXSS,  71.    [spear  and  jrass.]    A  long,  stiff 
grass.  Shak. 

2.  In  New  England,  this  name  is  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  Poa,  a  large,  smooth-stalked  meadow  grass. 

SPeAR'ING,  ppr.   Piercing  or  killing  with  a  spear. 

2.  Shooting  into  a  long  stem. 

SPeAR'M  AN,  71.  [syjcar  and  77ian.]  One  who  is  armed 

with  a  spear.    Ps.  Ixviii. 
SPeAR'MINT,  71.    [.'.pear  and  mi7it.]    A  plant,  Men- 
tha viridis  ;  a  species  of  mint. 
SPi?.AR'-THIS-TLE,  (-this-l,)  7i.    A  plant. 
SPeAR'WORT,  (-wurt,)  71.     A  plant ;  the  popular 

name  of  the  Ranunculus  Hammula. 
SPECHT,   (71.    A  woodpecker.    [JVot  in  use,  or  local.] 
SPEIGHT,  i  Sherwood. 
SPE"CIAL,  (spesh'al,)  a.    [Fr.  ;  It.  speiiale;  Sp.es- 
pecial ;  from  L.  specialis,  from  species,  form,  figure, 
sort,  from  specio,  to  see.    Hence  species,  primarily,  is 
appearance,  that  which  is  presented  to  the  eye.  This 
word  and  Especial  are  the  same.] 
1.  Designating  a  species  or  sort. 

A  special  idea  is  called  hy  the  schoola  a  species.  WatU. 
9.  Particular;  peculiar;  noting  something  more 
than  ordinary.    She  smiles  with  a  special  grace. 

Our  Savior  in  represented  every  where  in  Scripture  as  the  special 
patron  of  Ihe  poor  ami  aiilicted.  AUerbury. 

3.  Appropriate  ;  designed  for  a  particular  purpose. 
A  private  grant  is  made  by  a  special  act  of  parliament 
or  of  congress. 

4.  Cuiifmed  to  some  particular  class  of  subjects  ; 
ns,  a  sj)ecial  dictionary,  as  one  of  medicine  or  law. 

5.  Extraordinary;  uncommon.  Our  charities  should 
be  universal,  but  chiefly  exercised  on  special  oppor- 
tunities. S;)i-a£. 

C.  Chief  in  excellence. 

The  klnj  hsih  drawn 
The  spsciat  iieati  of  all  the  lanil  together.  ShaJt. 

Special  administration,  in  law,  is  one  in  which  the 
power  of  an  ndiniiiistrntur  is  limited  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  certain  specific  effects,  and  not  the  effects 
in  general,  of  the  di'cettsrd.  BlacksUme. 

Special  bail  consists  of  actual  sureties  recognized 
to  answer  for  Ihe  appearance  of  a  |H>rson  in  court,  as 
dietinguistaed  from  common  bail,  which  is  nominal. 

Blackstone. 


SPE 

Special  bailiff  is  a  bailiff  appointed  by  the  sheriff, 
for  making  arrests  and  serving  processes. 

Special  contract.    See  Specialty. 

Special  demurrer  is  one  in  w  hich  the  cause  of  de- 
murrer is  particularly  stated. 

Special  arace :  the  renewing  and  sanctifying  influ- 
ences of  the  Holy  Spirit,  as  tlistinguished  from  com- 
mon grace,  which  only  awakens  and  convicts. 

Edwards. 

Special  imparlance  is  one  in  which  there  is  a  saving 
of  all  exceptions  to  the  writ  or  count,  or  of  .all  excep- 
tions whatsoever.  Blackstone. 

Special  jury  is  one  which  is  called  uptm  motion  of 
either  party,  when  the  cause  is  supposed  to  require 
it.  Blackstone. 

Special  matter  in  evidence ;  the  particular  facts  in 
the  case  on  which  the  defendant  relies. 

Special  plea,  in  bar,  is  a  plea  which  sets  forth  the 
particular  farts  or  reasons  why  the  plaintiff's  de- 
mand should  be  barred,  as  a  release,  accord,  &c. 

Blackstone. 

Special  pleading :  the  allegation  of  special  or  new 
matter,  as  distinguished  from  a  direct  denial  of  the 
matter  alleged  on  the  opposite  side.  Bonder. 

Special  property  :  a  qualified  or  limited  property,  as 
the  property  which  a  man  acquires  in  wild  animals 
by  reclaiming  them  from  wildness. 

Special  session  of  a  court ;  an  extraordinary  session  ; 
a  session  beyond  the  regular  stated  sessions  ;  or,  in 
corporations  and  counties  in  England,  a  petty  session 
held  by  a  few  justices  for  dispatching  small  business, 

Blackstone. 

Special  statute  is  a  private  act  of  the  legislature, 
such  as  respects  a  private  person  or  individual. 

Spej:ial  tad  is  where  a  gift  is  restrained  to  certain 
heirs  of  the  donee's  body,  and  does  not  descend  to 
the  heirs  in  general.  Blackstone. 

Special  verdict  is  a  verdict  in  which  the  jury  find 
the  facts,  and  state  them  as  proved,  but  leave  the 
law  arising  from  the  facts  to  be  determined  by  the 
court.  Another  method  of  finding  a  special  verdict 
is  when  the  jury  find  a  verdict  generally  for  the 
plaintiff,  but  subject  to  the  opinion  of  the  court  on  a 
special  case  stated  by  the  counsel  on  both  sides,  with 
regard  to  a  matter  of  law.  Blackstone. 

Special  warrant ;  a  warrant  to  take  a  person  and 
bring  him  before  a  particular  justice  who  granted  the 
warrant. 

SPE"CIAL,  71.    A  particular.   [JVot  used.]  Hammond. 

SPE"CIAL-IZE,  (spesh'al'ize,)  v.  t.  To  mention 
specially.    [JVoI  in  use.]  Sheldon. 

SPE"CIAL-LY,  (spesh'al-le,)  adv.  Particularly  ;  in  a 
manner  beyond  what  is  common,  or  out  of  the  ordi- 
nary course.  Every  signal  deliverance  from  danger 
ought  to  be  j.7)ecia;/i/ noticed  as  a  divine  interposition. 

2.  For  a  particular  purpose.  A  meeting  of  the  leg- 
islature is  specially  summoned. 

3.  Chiefly ;  especially. 
SPE"CIAL-TY,  (spesh'al-ty,)  71.  Particularity. 

Spscialty  of  rule  hath  been  neglected.  ShaJt. 

2.  A  particular  or  peculiar  case. 

JVote — This  word  is  now  little  used  in  the  senses 
above.    Its  common  acceptation  is, 

3.  A  special  contract;  an  obligation  or  bond;  the 
evidence  of  a  debt  by  deed  or  instrument  under  seal. 
Such  a  debt  is  called  a  debt  by  specialty,  in  distinc- 
tion from  simple  contract.  Blackstone. 

SPe'CIE,  (spe'shy,)  71.  Coin;  copper,  silver,  or  gold 
coined,  and  used  as  a  circulating  medium  of  com- 
merce^ [See  Special.] 

SPe'CIES,  (spe'shez,)  n.  [L.,  from  specio,  to  see. 
See  Special.] 

1.  In  scientific  classification,  a  group  of  such  indi- 
viduals as  have  an  essential  identity  in  all  qualities 
proceeding  from  their  ultimate  constitution  or  na- 
ture. 

In  zoology  and  botany,  all  individuals  that  are  pre- 
cisely alike  in  every  character  not  capable  of  change 
by  any  accidental  circumstances,  and  capable  of  uni- 
form, invariable,  and  permanent  continuance  by  nat- 
ural propagation. 

All  changes  produced  by  accidental  causes,  in  in- 
dividuals of  a  species,  and  which  are  not  capable  of 
uniform,  invariable,  and  permanent  continuance  by 
natural  propagation,  indicate  and  mark  what  are 
called  Varieties. 

There  are  aa  many  speciss  ns  there  are  different  invarialile  forms 
or  Blruclures  of  vegetables.  Martyn. 

2.  In  logic,  a  special  idea,  corresponding  to  the 
specific  distinctions  of  things  in  nature.  Ifatts. 

3.  Sort;  kind;  in  a  loose  sense  ;  as,  a  .<;)cn>s  of  low 
cunning  in  the  world  ;  a  species  of  generosity  ;  a 
species  of  cloth. 

4.  Appearance  to  the  senses ;  visible  or  sensible 
representation. 

An  nppurrnt  diversilT  between  Ihe  specits  visible  and  audible,  is 
tint  the  visible  uolh  not  mingle  in  the  medium,  but  the  au. 
dilile  doth.  Bacon. 

The  spsdss  ol  tetten  illuminated  with  indigo  and  riolet.  [LitU* 
uaed.\  PtsiBton. 

5.  Representation  to  the  mind. 

Wit  — the  facility  of  imagination  in  the  writer,  which  searches 
over  all  the  memory  ror  the  tpscits  or  iileas  of  Uiose  Uiiiigs 
which  it  designs  to  represent.    \LiULt  ussd.\  Drydsn. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT. —  METE,  PHfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1060 


SPE 


SPE 


SPE 


6.  Show  ;  visible  exhibition. 

Showi  and  tytciti  lerre  bnt  vilh  Ihe  common  people.  {Not  in 
utt.\  Bacon, 

7.  Coin,  or  coined  silver  and  gold,  used  as  a  circu- 
lating medium  ;  as,  the  current  species  of  Europe. 

ArbuthnoU 

In  modern  practice,  this  word  is  contracted  into 
Specie.  What  quantity  of  sytede  has  the  bank  in 
its  vault?  What  is  the  amount  of  all  the  current 
specie  in  the  country.'  What  is  the  value  in  specie 
of  a  bill  of  exchange We  receive  payment  for 
goods  in  specie,  not  in  bank  notes. 

8.  In  pharmacy,  a  simple ;  a  component  part  of  a 
compound  medicine.  Johnson.  Quincy. 

9.  The  old  pharmaceutical  term  for  powders.  Parr. 
app  CIP'If  i 

spE-ciF'ie-AL,  i  'P'"-fiV"  '  •y^i-fico-] 

1.  That  makes  a  thing  of  the  species  of  which  it 
is  ;  designating  the  peculiar  property  or  properties  of 
a  thing,  which  constitute  its  species,  and  distinguish 
it  from  other  things.  Thus  we  say,  the  specif  c  form 
of  an  animal  or  a  plant ;  Ihe  specific  form  of  a  cube 
or  square  ;  Ihe  specific  qualities  of  a  plant  or  a  drug  ; 
the  specific  dilierence  between  an  acid  and  an  alkali ; 
the  specific  distinction  between  virtue  and  vice. 

Sptctjtc  (Uffrrrnce  it  that  primary  attribate  which  distin£riiishea 
Racb  specie!  frum  one  nitolher.  WoUm. 

2.  That  specifies  or  particularizes ;  as,  a  specific 
statement. 

3.  In  viedicine,  curing  disease  upon  some  principle 
peculiarto  the  supposed  specific,  a  principle  not  com- 
mon to  two  or  more  remedies  ;  or  infallibly  curing 
all  cases  of  certain  diseases,  to  which  the  specific  is 
deemed  appropriate. 

Specific  character ;  in  botany,  a  circumstance  or  cir- 
cumstances distingui.'^hing  one  species  from  every 
other  species  of  the  same  genus.  .Martyn. 

Specific  parity  ;  in  pAi7o>-(>7>Ai/,  the  weight  that  be- 
longs to  an  equal  bulk  of  each  body.    [See  Grat- 

ITT.] 

Specific  vame,  in  botany,  is  the  trivial  name,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  rreneric  name.  Jfartyn. 

Specific  name  is  now  used  for  the  name  which,  ap- 
pended to  the  name  of  the  genus,  constitutes  the 
distinctive  name'of  the  species ;  but  it  was  originally 
applied  by  Linnxus  to  the  essential  character  of  the 
species,  or  the  essential  difference.  The  present  spe- 
cific name  lie  at  first  called  the  trivial  name. 

Smith. 

SPE-CIF'IG,  V.  In  medicine,  a  remedy  that  cures  dis- 
eases upon  some  principle  peculiar  to  itself,  and  not 
common  to  any  two  or  more  remedies. 

2.  A  remedy  which  infallibly  cures  all  cases  of 
certain  -liseascs,  to  which  it  is  deemed  appropriate. 
No  such  ti.ing  as  a  specific,  in  either  of  these  senses, 
exists. 

SPE  CIF'ie-AL-LY,  arfi-.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
constitute  a  species;  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
species.  A  body  is  specifically  lighter  than  another, 
when  it  has  less  weight  in  the  same  bulk  than  the 
other. 

Human  reajon  —  difTera  tptcifiatlly  from  the  fanuistic  reason  of 
brutes.  Grei». 

Those  seTcnit  Tirtiiet  that  are  tpeczJlatUy  requisite  to  a  due  per. 
forniance  of  duly.  Soutn. 

2.  Definitely  ;  particularly. 
SPE-CIF'ie-ATE,  V.  L    [L.  species,  form,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

To  show,  mark,  or  designate  the  species,  or  the 
distinguishing  particulars  of  a  thing  ;  to  specify. 
SPEC-I-FI  eA'TION,  n.   The  act  of  determining  by 
a  mark  or  limit;  notation  of  limits. 

This  tpecijlcation  or  limitation  of  the  question  hinden  the  diapu- 
lert  Iroia  wandering  away  from  the  precise  point  of  inquiry. 

Waat. 

2.  The  act  of  specifying ;  designation  of  particu- 
lars ;  particular  mention  ;  as,  the  specification  of  a 
charge  against  a  military  or  naval  officer. 

3.  A  written  statement  containing  a  minute  de- 
scription or  enumeration  of  particulars,  as  of  charges 
against  a  public  officer,  or  the  terms  of  a  con- 
tract, &c. 

4.  Article  or  thing  specified. 
SPE-CIF'ie-NESS,n.    Particular  mark  of  distinction. 

I  .^nnot.  on  OlanviUe. 

'  SPEC'I-FI-CT),  pp.  or  a.    Particularized ;  specially 
named.  _ 

SPEC'I-FY,  r.  U    [Ft.  specifier;  It.  spedfieare.] 

To  mention  or  name,  as  a  particular  thing ;  to  des- 
ignate in  words,  so  as  to  distinguish  a  thing  from 
I     every  other ;  as,  to  specify  the  uses  of  a  plant ;  to 
j     specify  the  articles  one  wants  to  purchase. 

He  has  there  pi^en  us  an  exact  ffeofraphy  of  Greece,  where  the 
countries  and  the  uses  of  their  s<^ils  are  tptcifitd.  Pop*. 

SPEC'I-F?-ING,  ppr.  Naming  or  designating  partic- 
ularly. 

PPEC'I-MEN,  n.  [L.,  from  species,  with  the  termina- 
tion men,  which  corresponds  in  sense  to  the  English 
hood  or  nest.] 

A  sample;  a  part  or  small  portion  of  any  thing, 
latended  to  exhibit  the  kind,  and  quality  of  the 
whole,  or  of  something  not  exhibited  ;  as,  a  specimen 


of  a  man's  handwriting  ;  a  specimen  of  painting  or 
composition  ;  a  .tpeeimeit  of  one's  art  or  skill. 
SPE'CIOUS,  (spS'shus,)  a.    [Pt.  specieuz ;  It.  specioso ; 
Sp.  especioso ;  L.  speciostis.] 

1.  Showy ;  pleasing  to  the  view. 

The  rest,  far  greater  part, 
Will  deem  In  outward  riles  and  tptciout  forma 
Ileli^ion  latistied.  Milton. 

2.  Apparently  right ;  superficially  fair,  just,  or 
correct;  plausible  ;  appearing  well  at  first  view  ;  as, 
specious  reasoning  ;  a  .specious  argument ;  a  specious 
objection  ;  specious  deeds.  Temptation  is  of  greater 
danger,  because  it  is  covered  with  the  speeioiLs  names 
of  good  nature,  good  manners,  nobleness  of  niind,&c. 

SPE'CIOUS  LY,  (spS'shus-,)  adv.  With  a  fair  ap- 
pearance ;  with  show  of  right ;  as,  to  reason  spe- 
ciously. 

SPe'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Plausible  appearance ;  fair 
external  show  ;  as,  the  speciouxness  of  an  argument. 

SPECK,  7U  [Sax.  specca  ;  D.  spikkel.  In  Sp.  peca  is  a 
freckle  or  spot  raised  in  the  skin  by  the  sun.  This 
word  may  be  formed  from  peck,  for  peckled  has  been 
used  fur  speckled,  spotted  as  though  jiecked.  Clu. 

Ar.  ^a'fa,  to  be  spotted.    Class  Bg,  No.  31.] 

1.  A  spot ;  a  stain  ;  a  small  place  in  any  thing  that 
is  discolored  by  foreign  matter,  or  is  of  a  color  difler- 
ent  from  that  of  the  main  substance;  as,  a  speck  on 
paper  or  cloth. 

2.  A  very  small  thing. 

SPECK,  V.  t.    To  spot ;  to  stain  in  spots  or  drops. 
SPECK'LE,  (spek'l,)  n.    A  little  spot  in  any  thing,  of 

a  different  substance  or  color  from  that  of  the  thing 

itself. 

SPECK'LE,  r.  e.  To  mark  with  small  spots  of  a  dif- 
ferent color;  used  chiefly  in  the  participle  passive, 
which  see. 

SPECK'LKD,  (spek'ld,)pp.  or  a.  Marked  with  s[)ecks  ; 

variegated  with  spots  of  a  different  color  fioiii  the 

ground  or  surface  of  the  object ;  as,  the  speckled 

breast  of  a  bird  ;  a  speckled  serpent. 

Speckled  bird  ;  a  denomination  given  to  a  person 

who  differs  so  much  from  the  rompjuiy  he  is  in  as  to 

be  an  object  of  suspicion  or  distrust. 
SPECK'LKD-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  speckled. 
SPECK'LING,  p/ir.    Marking  with  small  spots. 
SPECKT  / 

SPEIGHT  i  woodpecker.    [See  Specht.] 

SPEC'TA-'eLE,  (  kl,)  it.  [Fr.,  from  L.  spectaeuhim, 
from  specto,  to  behold  ;  specio,  to  see  ;  It.  spettacolo.] 

1.  A  show  ;  something  exhibited  to  view  ;  usually, 
something  presented  to  view  as  extraortlinary,  or 
something  that  is  beheld  as  unusual  and  worthy  of 
special  notice.  Thus  we  call  things  exhibited  for 
amusement,  public  spectacles,  as  the  combats  of  glad- 
iators in  ancient  Rome. 

We  are  made  a  »p*claele  unto  the  world,  and  to  angels,  and  to 

men.  —  I  Cor.  ir. 

2.  Any  thing  seen ;  a  sight  A  drunkard  is  a 
shocking  spectacle. 

3.  Spectacles,  in  the  plural ;  an  optical  instrument 
consisting  of  two  lenses  set  in  a  light  frame,  and 
used  to  assist  or  correct  some  defect  in  the  organs  of 
vision. 

4.  Figuratively,  something  that  aids  the  intellectual 
sight. 

Shakspeare  —  needed  not  the  tpectaclet  of  Iwola  to  read  nature. 

Dn/tUn. 

SPEe'TA-CLED,  o.  Furnished  with  spectacles.  Shak. 
SPEe-TA€'l!-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  shows.  Hickes. 
SPEe-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  spectatio.] 

Regard  ;  respect.    [Little  used.]  Harvey. 
SPEC-TA'TOR,  n.    [L.,  whence  Fr.  spectateur;  It. 
spettatore.] 

1.  One  that  looks  on  ;  one  that  sees  or  beholds  ;  a 
behoMer  ;  as,  the  spectators  of  a  show. 

2.  One  personally  present.  The  spectators  were 
numerous. 

SPE€^TA-TO'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Spectator. 

..Addison. 

SPEG-TA'TOR-SIIIP,  n.    The  act  of  beholding. 

Shak. 

2.  The  office  or  quality  of  a  spectator.  Addison. 
SPEe-TA'TRESS,  )  ,  .  i 

SPEC-TA'TRIX,  Ll^^«'«'^-J 

A  female  beholder  or  looker  on.  Rome. 
SPECTER,  j  n.    [Fr.  spectre;  from  L.  spectnm,  from 
SPECTRE,  (     specto,  to  behold.] 

1.  An  apparition  ;  the  appearance  of  a  person  who 
is  dead  ;  a  ghost. 


The  ghosts  of  traitora  from  the  bridge  deacend. 
With  bold  fanatic  tpectert  to  rejoice. 


Drydtn 


2.  Something  made  preternaturally  visible. 
SPECTER-Pf:0-PLf;D,  ) ,    ....  .  1  a.  Peopled  with 
SPEe'TRE-P£0-PL£D,  j  ("P"^  P'"'^  j  ghosts. 

Bowring. 

SPECTRAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  spectre  ;  ghostly. 

SPECTRUM,  n.  [L.|  A  visible  form;  an  image  of 
something  seen,  continuing  after  the  eves  are  closed, 
covered,  or  turned  away.  This  is  called  an  Ocular 
Spectrum.  Dancin. 


2.  The  elongated  figure,  formed  in  a  dark  chamber, 
of  the  seven  prismatic  colors,  into  which  a  beam  of 
the  sun's  light  is  decomtK>sed,  by  admitting  it  through 
an  opening  in  the  window-shutter,  and  lititing  It 
fall  oil  a  prism.  Ulm.Hed. 
SPECy-I.AR,  a.  [L.  specularis,  from  speculum,  a 
mirror,  from  specio,  to  see.] 

1.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  speculum  or  mirror; 
having  a  smooth,  reflecting  surface  ;  as,  a  specular 
metal  ;  a  specular  surface.  A''ewtvn. 

2.  Assisting  sight.    [Improper,  and  not  used.] 

Philips. 

3.  Affording  view.  Jtilton. 
Specular  iron  ;  an  ore  of  iron  occurring  frequently 

in  crystals  of  a  brilliant  metallit  luster ;  the  peroxyd 
of  iron  ;  also  called  oligist  ir»n  or  rhombohedral  iron 
ore.  Dana. 
SPECIJ-LATE,  r.  i.  [L.  specular,  to  view,  to  con- 
template, from  specio,  to  see  ;  Fr.  speculer;  It.  specu- 
lare.] 

1.  To  meditate  ;  to  contemplate;  to  consider  a 
subject  by  turning  it  in  Ihe  mind  and  viewing  it  in 
its  different  aspects  and  relations  ;  as,  to  speculate 
on  political  events ;  to  speculate  on  the  probable  re- 
sults of  a  discovery.  AiUiion. 

2.  In  commerce,  to  purchase  land,  goods,  stork,  or 
oilier  tilings,  Willi  the  rxpertatiou  of  an  advance  in 
price,  and  of  selling  the  articles  with  a  prolit  by 
means  of  such  advance ;  as,  to  speculate  in  coffee,  or 
in  stii^ar,  or  in  six  per  cent,  stock,  or  in  bank  stock. 

SPEC'1.;-LaTE,  r.  t.    To  consider  attentively  ;  as,  to 
speculate  the  nature  of  a  thing.    [J^ut  in  useA 

Broum. 

SPECII-LA-TING,  ppr.  .Meditating. 

2.  Purchasing  with  the  expectation  of  an  advance 
in  [irice. 

SPEC-U-L.a'TION,  n.     E;:amination  by  the  eye; 
view.    [Little  used.] 

2.  .Mental  view  of  any  thing  in  its  Tarious  aspects 
and  relations  ;  contemplation  ;  intellectual  examina- 
tion. The  events  of  Ihe  day  afford  matter  of  serious 
speculation  to  the  friends  of  Christianity. 


Th'-ncefurlli  to  sptculnliont  hiifh  or  deep 
1  turned  iii.T  thuugiita. 


Milton 


3.  Train  of  thoughts  formed  by  meditation. 

p'roin  iiiin  Sucniles  dcriTed  the  principle*  of  monvlily  and  moat 
p. in  Iff  his  natural  tp*rulatton».  Temptt. 

4.  Mental  scheme  ;  theory  ;  views  of  a  subject  not 
venfieil  by  fact  or  [ir.actice.  This  globe,  which  was 
forinrrly  rouiul  only  in  speculation,  has  been  circum- 
navigated. The  application  of  steam  to  navigation 
is  no  longer  a  matter  of  mere  speculation. 

Sveculationg  which  orisrinale  in  rudt,  must  cad  in  niin. 

R.  Halt. 

5.  Power  of  sight. 

Thou  hast  no  »ptcutalion  in  those  eyes.    [Sot  in  use.]  Shati. 

6.  In  commerce,  the  act  or  practice  of  buying  land 
or  goods,  &c.,  in  expectation  of  a  rise  of  price  and  of 
selling  tlieiii  at  an  advance,  as  distinguished  from  a 
regular  trade,  in  which  the  profit  expected  is  Ihe 
difference  between  tlie  retail  and  wholesale  prices, 
or  the  tlifference  of  price  in  the  place  where  the 
goods  are  purchased  aifd  the  place  to  which  they 
are  to  be  carried  for  market.  In  England,  France, 
and  America,  public  stock  is  the  subject  of  continual 
speculation.  In  the  United  States,  a  few  men  have 
been  enriched,  but  many  have  been  ruined,  by  specu- 
lation. 

SPECII-L.\-TIST,  n.    One  who  speculates  or  forma 

theories  ;  a  speculator.  Milner. 
SPECU-LA-TIVE.a.    [Ft.  speculatif;  it  speculativo.] 

1.  Given  to  speculation ;  contemplative  ;  applied  tt 
persons,  ^ 

The  mind  ef  man  beinf  by  nature  tp*cu[ativ4.  Hooker. 

2.  Tormed  by  speculation  ;  theoretical  ;  ideal  ;  not 
verified  by  fart,  experiment,  or  practice  ;  as,  a  scheme 
merely  speculative. 

3.  Pertaining  to  view  ;  also,  prying.  Bacm. 

4.  Pertaining  to  speculation  in  land,  goods,  tec. 
SPECU-LA-TlVE-LY,a<io.    In  contemplation  ;  with 

meditation. 

2.  Ideally ;  Iheoretically  ;  in  theory  only,  not  in 
practice.  Propositions  seem  often  to  be  speculatively 
true,  which  experience  dties  not  verify. 

3.  In  the  wav  of  speculation  in  lands,  goods,  &c. 
SPECtI-LA-TIVE-.\ESS,   n.    The  slate   of  being 

speculative,  or  of  consisting  in  speculation  only. 
SPECU-LA-TOR,  n.    One  who  speculates  or  forms 
theories.  More. 

2.  An  observer ;  a  contemplator.  Brown. 

3.  A  spy  ;  a  watcher.  Broome. 

4.  In  commerce,  one  who  buvs  goods,  land,  or  other 
things,  with  Ihe  ex[>ectation  of  a  rise  of  price,  and  of 
deriving  profit  from  such  advance. 

SPECU-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Exercising  speculation. 

Johnson. 

2.  Intended  or  adapted  for  viewing  or  cspving. 

Warlon 

SPECIJ-LUM,  n.    [L. ;  G.  and  V.ipitgel;  Sw.  tpt- 
gel ;  Dan.  speji.] 

1.  A  mirror  or  looking-glass. 

2.  A  mirror  employed  in  optical  Instruments,  in 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


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which  the  reflecting  surface  is  formed  of  a  metallic 
alloy,  instead  of  glass  coated  with  quicksilver. 

Olmsted. 

3.  In  STirrrery,  an  instrument  for  dilating  and  keep- 
iiif:  open  certain  parts  of  the  body.  Coze. 
&PED,  preL  and  pp.  of  Steed. 
SPEECH,  n.    [Sa.\.  spue.    See  Speak.] 

1.  The  faculty  of  uttering  articulate  sounds  or 
words,  as  in  human  beings  ;  the  faculty  of  express- 
ing thoughts  by  words  or  articulate  sounds.  Speech 
was  given  to  man  by  his  Creator  for  the  noblest  pur- 
poses. 

2.  Language;  words  as  expressing  ideas. 

The  acts  of  God  to  human  ears 
Con  not  without  process  of  speech  be  told.  hTdton. 

3.  A  particular  language,  as  distinct  from  others. 
Ps.  xix. 

4.  That  which  is  spoken  ;  words  uttered  in  con- 
nection and  expressing  thoughts.    You  smile  at  my 

5.  Talk ;  mention  ;  common  saying.  [speech. 

The  duke  did  of  me  demand 
What  was  the  speech  among  the  Londoners 
Concerning  the  French  jouruej.  ShaJe. 

6.  Formal  discourse  in  public  ;  oration  ;  harangue. 
The  member  has  made  his  first  speech  in  the  legis- 
lature. 

7.  Any  declaration  of  thoughts. 

I,  with  leave  of  speech  implored,  rephed.  ^Tilton. 

SPEECH,  I',  i.  To  make  a  speech  ;  to  harangue. 
[Little  used.] 

SPEECH'I-FI-ED,  (-fide,)  pp.  Harangued. 

SPEECH'I-FS',  r.  i.  To  make  a  speech  ;  to  harangue. 
Tile  noun  speeckijication  is  sonv-times  used,  but  like 
sprecliifii,  ratlier  as  a  term  of  sport  or  derision. 

SPEi:CH'I-FY-ING,  ppr.  Haranguing. 

SPEECH'ING,  n.    The  act  of  making  a  speech. 

jMoore. 

SPEECH'LESS,  a.    Destitute  or  deprived  of  the  fac- 
ulty of  speech.    More  generally, 
2.  Mute  ;  silent;  not  speaking  for  a  time. 
Speechless  with  wonder,  and  half  dead  with  fear.  Addison. 

SPEECH'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  speech- 
less ;  muteness.  Bacon 

SPEECH'-MaK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  speeches  ; 
one  who  speaks  much  in  a  public  assembly. 

SPEED,  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  Sfed,  Speeded.  [Sax. 
spedian^  spxdan  ;  D.  spoeden;  G.  spcdireriy  to  send; 
Gr.  <rT7£i)3M.  The  L.  expedio  may  be  from  the  same 
root,  which  signifies  to  drive,  to  hurry,  of  the  fam- 
ily of  L.  pcto.    Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  make  haste  ;  to  move  with  celerity.  ShaJ:. 

2.  To  have  success  ;  to  prosper ;  to  succeed  ;  that 
is,  to  advance  in  one's  enterprise. 

He  that's  once  deni'-d  will  hardly  speed.  ShaJt. 
Tho3«  tlial  profaned  and  abused  the  second  temple,  sjied  no 
better.  SoitOt. 

3.  To  have  any  condition,  good  or  ill ;  to  fare. 

Ships  heretofore  in  seas  like  fishes  sped ; 

The  mightiest  still  upon  the  smallest  fed.  Waller. 

SPEED,  V.  t.    To  dispatch  ;  to  send  away  in  haste. 

He  sped  him  thence  home  to  his  habitation.  Fairfax. 

2.  To  hasten  ;  to  hurry  ;  to  put  in  quick  motion. 
But  sped  his  steps  along  the  hoarse-r  sounding  shon?.  Dryden. 

3.  To  hasten  to  a  conclusion  ;  to  execute ;  to  dis- 
patch ;  as,  to  speed  judicial  acts.  Jlyliffc. 

4.  To  assist ;  to  help  forward  ;  to  hasten. 

With  rising  gales  that  sped  their  happy  flight.  Dryden. 

5.  To  prosper ;  to  cause  to  succeed.  May  Heaven 
speed  this  undertaking. 

6.  To  furnish  in  haste. 

7.  To  dispatch  ;  to  kill ;  to  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 
>yith  a  speeding  thrust  his  heart  he  found.  Dryden. 
A  dire  dilemma  !  either  way  Vm  sped  1 

If  foes,  tliey  write,  if  friends,  they  read  me  dead.  Pope. 

JVote. —  In  the  phrase  "God  speed,"  there  is 
probably  a  gross  mistake  in  considering  it  as  equiva- 
lent to  '*  may  God  give  you  success."  The  true 
phrase  is  probably  *' n-norf  speed;"  ffood^  in  Saxon, 
being  written  god.  I  bid  you  or  wish  you  good 
speed,  that  is,  good  success. 
SPEED,  71.  Siviftne.ss  ;  quickness  ;  celerity  ;  applied 
Ui  animals.  VVc  say,  a  man  or  a  horse  runs  or  trav- 
els with  speed:  a  fowl  flies  with  speed.  We  speak  of 
the  speed  t>f  a  fi<li  in  Ibc  water,  but  we  do  not  speak 
of  the  speed  of  a  river,  or  of  winti,  or  of  a  falling 
body.  I  think,  however,  I  have  seen  the  word  ap- 
plied to  the  lapse  of  time  and  the  motion  of  light- 
ning, but  in  poetry  only. 

2.  Haste  ;  dinpatrh  a<,  to  perform  n  journey  with 
rpeed  :  to  execute  an  order  with  sjieed. 

3.  Rapid  pace;  as,a  horse  of  .yyiccrf.  VVc  say, also, 
high  sjteed,  full  speed. 

4.  SucccBs  ;  prosperity  in  an  undertaking  ;  favora- 
ble isauc  ;  that  i»,  advance  to  the  desired  end. 

0  LonI  God  of  my  mniter  Abrnham,  1  pray  thee,  send  me  t;out\ 
rpstd  this  day.  — fjen.  3ixi». 

Thm  uee  la  retained  in  the  proverb,  "  to  make 
more  ha-nlc  than  g(«)tl  speedy'*''  and  in  the  Hcriptiirnl 
phraHC,  *'  to  bid  one  gwd  speedy"  [twl  God  speed,  as 
erroncounly  written.] 


SPEED'FJJL,  a.    Full  of  speed  ;  hasty. 
SPEED'I-LY,  ado.    Quickly;  with  haste;  in  a  short 
time. 

SPEED'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  speedy  ; 
quickness  ;  celerity  ;  haste  ;  despatch 

SPEED'WELL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Veronica, 
one  species  of  which  has  been  much  recommended 
in  Sweden  and  Germany  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 

Loudon. 

SPEED'Y,  o.  Quick  ;  swift ;  nimble;  hasty;  rapid 
in  motion  ;  as,  a  speedy  flight ;  on  speedy  foot.  Shuk. 

2.  Quick  in  performance  ;  not  ililatory  or  slow  ; 
as,  a  speedy  dispatch  of  business. 

SPEER,  V.  t.    See  Spere. 

SPEET,  V.  L    [G.  speeten ;  from  the  root  of  spit.] 

To  stab.    [JVot  ill  use.] 
SPEIGHT,  (spite,)  n.    A  woodpecker.    [JVot  in  use, 
or  local.] 

SPEiSS,  (spTse,)  n.  The  mineral  copper  nickel,  con- 
sisting of  nickel  and  arsenic.  Ure. 

SPELK,  n.    [Sax.  speic.] 

A  splinter;  a  small  stick  or  rod  used  in  thatching. 
[Local.]  Orose. 

SPELL,  7!.  [Sax.  spel  or  spell,  a  story,  narration,  fable, 
speecli,  saying,  fame,  report,  sudden  rumor,  a  magic 
charm  or  song.  Hence  irospel.  Sax.  god-spell.  In  G. 
spiel  is  play,  sport;  spiclen,  to  play,  D.  spcelen,  Sw. 
.^ela,  Dan.  spillcr.  But  this  is  a  different  application 
of  the  same  action.  The  verb  primarily  signifies  to 
throw  or  drive,  and  is  probably  formed  on  the  root  of 
L,.  pello,  Gr.  (iaXXio.  (See  Peal  and  Appeal,  and 
Class  I!l,  No.  1,  Eth.)  In  some  of  the  applications 
of  spell,  we  ebserve  the  sense  of  turn.  We  observe 
the  same  in  throw,  warp,  cant,  &c.] 

1.  A  story  ;  a  tale.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

2.  A  charm  consisting  of  some  words  of  occult 
power. 

Start  not ;  her  actions  shall  be  holy  ; 

You  hear  my  spell  is  lawful.  Shak. 

Begin,  begin,  the  mystic  spell  prepare.  Milton. 

3.  Among  seamen,  a  turn  of  work  ;  relief;  turn  of 
duly  ;  as,  take  a  spell  at  the  pump. 

4.  In  J^ew  England,  a  short  time  ;  a  little  time  ; 
the  continuance  of  any  kind  of  weather.  [Used 
among  seamen  ;  not  elegant.]  J^eio  England. 

Their  toil  is  so  extreme,  that  they  can  not  endure  it  above  four 
hours  in  a  day,  but  are  succeeded  by  spells.  Carew. 

5.  A  turn  of  gratuitous  labor,  sometimes  accompa- 
nied with  presents.  People  give  their  neighbors  a 
spell.  JV>7tJ  England. 

SPELL,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Spelled  or  Spelt.  [Sax. 
spellian,  spelligan,  to  tell,  to  narrate,  to  discourse, 
whicli  gives  our  sense  o[  spell  in  reading  letters; 
«7)f(mn,  .fjipJin-ffiit,  to  take  another's  turn  in  labor;  D. 
spellen,  to  spell,  as  words  ;  Fr.  epelcr.] 

1.  To  tell  or  name  the  letters  of  a  word,  with  a 
proper  division  of  syllables,  for  the  purpose  of  learn- 
ing the  pronunciation.  In  this  manner  children  learn 
to  read  by  first  spelling  the  words. 

2.  To  write  or  print  with  the  proper  letters ;  to 
form  words  by  correct  orthography. 

The  word  saiire  ought  to  be  spelled  with  i,  and  not  with  y. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  take  another's  place  or  turn  temporarily  in 
any  labor  or  service  ;  to  relieve.  [  Used  by  seamen, 
and  in  J^'ew  England.] 

4.  To  charm  ;  as,  spelled  with  words  of  power. 

JOnjden. 

5.  To  read  ;  to  discover  by  characters  or  marks  ; 
witli  otit;  as,  to  spell  out  the  sense  of  an  autlior. 

Jlliltoiu 

We  are  not  left  to  spell  out  a  God  in  the  works  of  creation. 

South. 

6.  To  tell ;  to  relate ;  to  teach.    [Jfot  in  use.] 

Wotton- 

SPELL,  71.  i.    To  form  words  with  the  proper  letters, 
either  in  reading  or  writing.    He  knows  not  how  to 
spell.    Our  orthography  is  so  irregular  that  most  per- 
sons never  learn  to  spell. 
2.  To  reail.  Milton. 

SPELL'BOUiVD,  a.  Arrested  or  locked  up  by  a 
spell. 

SPFPr        \  P^'^^'        PP*  Spell, 
SPELL'ER,  7j.    One  that  spells;  one  skilled  in  spell- 
ing. 

SPELL'IN'G,  ppr.  Naming  the  letters  of  a  word,  or 
writing  them  ;  forming  words  with  their  proper  let- 
ters. 

2.  Taking  another's  turn. 
SPELL'ING,  71.    The  act  of  naming  the  letters  of  a 
word,  or  the  act  of  writing  or  printing  words  with 
their  proper  letters. 

Q.  Orthography  ;  the  manner  of  forming  words 
with  letters.  Had  spelling  is  disreputable  to  a  gen- 
tleman. 

SPELL'ING-IiOOK,  7i.    A  book  for  teaching  children 

to  spell  and  read. 
SPELL'-LAND,  ti.    A  land  of  spells  or  charms. 

Mrs.  Butler. 

SPELT,  71.  [Sax.  spelte  ;  D.  .tpelte  ;  G.  spell :  It.  spelda, 
j  spelte] 

I       A  Kpi  cies  of  grain,  the  Triticum  Spelta,  much  cul- 


tivated for  food  in  Germany;  called,  also,  German 
Wheat.  Encyc. 
SPELT,  V.  t.    [G.  spalten  ;  Dan.  spilder.] 

To  split.    [JVof  171  use  J  Mortimer. 
SPEL'TER,  71.    [G.  and  D.  spiauter.] 

Natural,  impure  zinc,  which  contains  a  portion  of 
lead,  copper,  iron,  a  little  arsenic,  manganese,  and 
plumbago.  Webster's  Manual, 

SPENCE,  (spens,)  n.    [Old  Fr.  dispense.] 

A  buttery  ;  a  larder ;  a  place  where  provisions  are 
kept.    [06s.]  Chaucer. 
SPEN'CER,  71.    One  who  has  the  care  of  the  spence 
or  buttery.  [OAs.] 

2.  A  short  over-jacket  worn  by  men  or  women. 

3.  Among  seamen,  a  fore-and-aft  sail  set  abaft  the 
fore  and  mainmasts  ;  a  trysail. 

SPEND,  (. ;  pret.  anti  pp.  Spent.  [Sax.  spendan; 
Sw.  spendcra  ;  Vaii.  spanderer  ;  It.  spendere  :  L.  ez- 
pendo,  from  the  participle  of  which  is  Fr.  depenser : 
from  the  root  of  L.  pando,  pandeo,  the  primary  sense 
of  which  is,  to  strain,  to  open  or  spread  ;  allied  to 
571071,  pane,  &.C.,  and  probably  to  Gr.  a-rTzv6oj,  to  pour 
out.] 

1.  To  lay  out ;  to  dispose  of;  to  part  with  ;  as,  to 
spend  money  for  clothing. 

Why  do  ye  spend  money  for  that  which  is  not  bread  ?  —  Is.  Iv. 

2.  To  consume  ;  to  waste ;  to  squander ;  as,  to 
spend  an  estate  in  gaming  or  other  vices. 

3.  To  consume  ;  to  exhaust.  The  provisions  were 
spent,  and  the  troops  were  in  want. 

4.  To  bestow  for  any  purpose ;  often  with  on  or 
upon.    It  is  folly  to  spend  words  in  debate  on  trifles. 

5.  To  eft'use.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 
G.  To  pass,  as  time  ;  to  suffer  to  pass  away. 

They  spend  their  days  in  wealth,  and  in  a  moment  go  down  to 
the  grave.  — Job  xiii. 

7.  To  lay  out ;  to  exert  or  to  waste  ;  as,  to  spend 
one's  strength. 

8.  To  exhaust  of  force  ;  to  waste ;  to  wear  away  ; 
as,  a  ball  had  spent  its  force.  The  violence  of  the 
waves  was  spent. 

Heaps  of  spent  arrows  fall  and  strew  the  ground.  Dryden. 

9.  To  exhaust  of  strength ;  to  harass  ;  to  fatigue. 
Their  txKiies  spent  with  long  labor  and  thirst.  Knolles. 

SPEND,  V.  i.  To  make  expense  ;  to  make  disposition 
of  money.    He  spends  like  a  prudent  man. 

2.  To  be  lost  or  wasted  ;  to  vanish ;  to  be  dissi- 
pated. 

The  sound  spendeth  and  is  dissipated  in  the  open  air.  Bacon. 

3.  To  prove  in  the  use. 

Butter  spent  as  if  it  came  from  the  richer  soil.  Temple. 

4.  To  be  consumed.  Candles  spend  fast  in  a  cur- 
rent of  air.    Our  provisions  spend  rapidly. 

5.  To  be  employed  to  any  use. 

The  vines  they  use  for  wine  are  so  often  cut,  that  their  sap  sjicnd- 
et)i  into  the  grapes.    [Unusual.]  Bacon. 

SPEND'ER,  71.  One  that  spends ;  also,  a  prodigal ;  a 
lavisher.  Taylor.  Bacon. 

SPEND'ING,  ppr.  Laying  out;  consuming;  wast- 
ing ;  exhausting. 

SPEND'ING,  71.  The  act  of  laying  out,  expending, 
consuming,  or  wasting.  Whitlock. 

SPEND'THRIFT,  71.  [spend  and  thrift.]  One  who 
spends  money  profusely  or  improvidently ;  a  prodi- 
gal ;  one  who  lavishes  his  estate.   Dryden.  Swift. 

SPENT,  pret.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Spend.  Exhausted  ; 
deprived  of  its  original  force  or  peculiarqualities  ;  as, 
spent  hops  ;  a  spent  ball,  i.  e.,  one  which  may  still 
injure,  but  ran  not  penetrate  any  hard  object. 

SPER,  1-.  (.  To  shut  in,  support,  enclose.  Spelled  also 
SpERR.  Shak. 

SPE'RA-BLE,  a.    [L.  sperabilis,  from  spero,  to  hope.] 
That  may  be  hoped.    [JV"o«  in  itsp.  1  Bacon. 

SPkRE,  D.  (.  To  ask  ;  to  inquire.  [Used  in  Scotland 
and  the  north  of  Ireland.]  JlaUiwcU 

SPkR'KI),  pp.    Asked  ;  inquired. 

SPERM,  71.    [Fr.  sperme;  L.  sperma;  Gr.  tnrcnpa.] 

1.  Animal  seed  ;  that  by  which  the  species  is  prop- 
ag.nted.  Bacon.  Kay. 

2.  Spermaceti,  which  see. 

3.  Spawn  of  fishes  or  frogs. 
SPERM-A-Ce'TI,  (-sG'te,)  n.    [L.  sperma,  sperm, and 

cetus,  a  whale.    It  is  pronounced  as  it  is  wrill(  n.l 

A  fatty  matter  obtained  chiefly  from  the  lii  ail  of 
the  cachalot,  or  spermaceti  whale.  When  separated 
from  the  oil  and  purified,  it  becomes  a  white,  semi- 
transparent,  brittle,  lamellar,  crystalline  mass,  much 
used  for  making  candles.  Vre.    P.  Cyc. 

SPERM-A-CF.'TI-WHALE,  )  71.  The  cachalot,  or 
SPERM'-WHALE,  (      species  of  whale  of 

the  genus  Pliyseter,  (Linn.,)  from  which  spermaceti 
is  obtained. 

SPEUM'A-PHORE,  n.  In  dofani/.that  part  of  the  ova- 
ry from  which  the  ovules  ari.se;  it  is  synonymous 
with  Placenta. 

SPEKM-AT'ie,  o.   Consisting  of  seed  ;  seminal. 

Jl/ore. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tho  semen,  or  cnveying  it ;  as, 
.tprrmntic  vessels.  Pay.  Coze, 

SPERM'A-TIZE,  u.  i.    To  yield  seed.    [JSTol  in  use.] 

Brown, 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1062 


SPH 


SPI 


SPI 


SPERM-AT'O-CkLE,  n.  [Gr.  oTrcpiia,  seed,  and  xriXri, 
tumor.] 

A  swelling  of  the  spermatic  vessels,  or  vessels  of 

tile  testicli's.  Coxe. 
SPERM-A-TO-ZO'A,  n.  pi.    [Gr.  ancpfia  and  C,inw.] 

Minute  piulirles  in  the  speriuutic  fluid  of  animals 

resunililins  certain  infusoria.       Jaurn,  of  Science. 
SPEK.M'O-DERM,  n.    [Gr.  anepfia  and  icp^a.] 

In  btlamj,  the  whole  integuments  of  a  seed  in  the 

aesresate.  Lmdley. 
SPEKM'-OIL,  n.   Oil  obtained  from  the  cachalot  or 

spermaceti  whale. 
SPEltiM-OL'O-GIST,  7U     [Gr.  oTTcpnoXoyof.']  One 

who  treats  of  seeds. 
SPERSE,  V.  U    To  disperse.    [JVot  in  usc.'\  Spenser. 
SI'ET,  V.  t.    To  spit ;  to  throw  out.    [Aut  used.] 
SPET,  n.    Spittle,  or  a  flow.    [JVut  in  use.] 
SPEW,  (spu,)  V.  t.    [Sax.  spiwan  ;  D.  spuioeny  spuiiren; 

G.  speien,  contracted  from  speichcn;  Sw.  spy  i  Uan. 

spyer  ;  L.  spuo.] 

1.  To  vomit ;  to  puke  ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach. 

2.  To  eject ;  to  cast  forth. 

3.  To  cast  out  with  abhorrence.    Lev.  xviii. 
SPEW,  (spu,)  V.  i.    To  vomit  J  to  discliarge  the  con- 
tents of  tlie  stomach.  B.  Jonson. 

SPKW'KD,  (spude,)  pp.    Vomited;  ejected. 
SPEW'ER,  n.    One  who  spews. 

SPFAV'ING,  ppr.    Vomiting;  ejecting  from  the  stom- 
ach. 

SPEWING,  n.    The  act  of  vomiting. 

SPEW'Y,  (spu'e,)  0.  Wet ;  foggy.  [Local.']  MoHimer. 

SPIIAC'E-LATE,  (afas'c-lite,)  v.  i.  [Sec  Sphacelus.] 

1.  To  mortify  ;  to  become  gangrenous  ;  as  flesh. 

2.  To  decay  or  become  carious,  as  a  bone. 
SPIIAC'E-LaTE,  v.  L   To  aflect  with  gangrene. 

Sharp. 

SPHAC'E-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Affected  with  gan- 

urene ;  mortified. 
SPHAC-E-La'TION,  71.    The  process  of  becoming  or 

making  gangrenous ;  mortification.      Med.  Rcpos. 
SPHAC'E-LIJS,  (sf;is'e-lus,)  n.    [Gr.  tr^u/csAof,  from 

afa^io,  to  kill.] 

1.  In  medicine  and  surgery,  gangrene ;  mortification 
of  the  flesh  of  a  living  animal. 

2.  Death  of  a  bone.  Coze. 
SPIIAG'NOUS,  (sfag'nus,)  a.    [sphagnum,  bog-moss. 

Linntrus.] 

Pertaining  to  bog-moss  ;  mossy.  Bigelow. 
SPHiSiNE,  (sKne,)  n.    [Gr.  ir^rji',  a  wedge.] 

A  mineral  composed  of  silicic  acid,  titanic  acid, 
and  lime.    Its  colors  are  dull  yellow,  green,  gray, 
brown,  and  black.    It  is  found  amorphous  and  in 
crystals.    The  primary  form  of  its  crystal  is  an  ob- 
lique, rhombic  prism. 
SPllK'.NHJin,       )  (sfe-,)  a.  [Gr.  (r^iji',  a  wedge,  and 
SPllE-iNOlD'AL,  !     £1^05,  form.] 
Resembling  a  wedge. 

'I'he  sphenoid  bone,  is  the  pterygoid  bone  of  the 
basis  of  the  skull.  Coxe. 
SPH  if. RE,  (sfC-re,)  m.  [Fr.,from  L.  spheera,  Gr.  aipaipa, 
whence  It.  sfera,  Sp.  esfcra,  G.  sphdrc.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  solid  body  contained  under  a 
single  surface,  which,  in  every  part,  is  equally  dis- 
tant from  a  point  called  its  center.  The  earth  is  not 
an  exact  sphere.    The  sun  appears  to  be  a  sphere. 

3.  An  orb  or  globe  of  the  mundane  system. 

Firel  the  sun,  a  mighty  sphere,  he  fnimad.  Milton. 


Had  heanl  the  music  uf  Ihc  spheres. 


Dn/den. 


3.  An  orbicular  body,  or  a  circular  figure  repre- 
senting the  earth  or  apparent  heavens.  Dnjden. 

4.  Circuit  of  motion ;  revolution  ;  orbit ;  as,  the 
diurnal  sphere.  Milton. 

5.  The  concave  or  vast  orbicular  expanse  in  which 
tne  heavenly  orbs  appear. 

6.  Circuit  of  action,  knowledge,  or  influence  ; 
compass  ;  province  ;  employment.  Every  man  has 
his  particular  sphere  of  action,  in  which  it  should  be 
his  ambition  to  excel.  Events  of  this  kind  have  re- 
peatedly fallen  within  the  sphere  of  my  knowledge. 
This  man  treats  of  matters  not  within  his  sphere. 

7.  Rank  ;  order  of  society.  Persons  moving  in  a 
higher  sphere  claim  more  deference. 

Sphere  of  activity  of  a  body  ;  the  whole  space  or 
extent  reached  by  the  influence  it  exerts. 

Enaje. 

A  right  sphere ;  that  aspect  of  the  heavens  in 
which  the  circles  of  daily  motion  of  the  heavenly 
bodies  are  perpendicular  to  the  horizon.  A  spec- 
tator at  the  equator  views  a  right  sphere. 

Ji  parallel  sphere  :  that  in  which  the  circles  of 
daily  motion  are  parallel  to  the  horizon.  A  spec- 
tator at  either  of  the  poles  would  view  a  parallel 
sphere. 

An  ohlUfue  sphere;  that  in  which  the  circles  of 
daily  motion  are  oblique  to  the  horizon,  as  is  the 
case  to  a  spectator  at  any  point  between  the  equator 
and  either  pole. 

Armillary  sphere ;  an  artificial  representation  of 
the  circles  of  the  sphere,  by  means  of  brass  rings. 
SPHERE,  (sfere,)  v.  L    To  place  in  a  sphere. 

The  glorious  planet  Sol 
In  noble  eminence  enthroned,  sud  sphered 
Amidst  Uie  lesL    [Unusual.]  Shai. 


2.  To  form  into  roundness ;  as,  light  sphered  in  a 
radiant  cloud.  Milton. 
SPIIERE'-ItORN,  a.   Born  among  the  spheres. 

lUtlton. 

SPHicR'KD,  pp.    Placed  in  a  sphere. 
SPIIicRE'-UE-SCENU'EU,  a.     Descended  from  the 
spheres. 

SPHERE'-MEL'O-DY,  n.    Melody  of  the  spheres. 

Cur;i/(r. 

SPHr.RE'-MO'Sie,  n.   The  music  or  harmony  uf  the 

spheres.  Kd.  Rev. 

SPHER'ie,  (sfer'ik,)  )  a.  [It.  sfcrico ;  Fr.  spherique  ; 
SPHER'ie-AL,  i     L.  spLrricuj.] 

1.  Globular;  orbicular;  having  a  surface  in  every 
part  equally  distant  from  the  center;  ns,  a  spherical 
body.    Drops  of  water  take  a  spherical  form. 

2.  Planetary ;  relating  to  the  orbs  of  the  plan- 
ets. 

Wc  make  guilty  of  our  disasters  the  sun,  the  moon,  and  the  stars, 
us  il  we  were  villains  by  sptiericai  prfdoininance.  Shak. 

Spherical  geometry  ;  that  branch  of  geometry  which 
treats  of  spherical  magnitudes ;  the  doctrine  of  the 
sphere  ;  particularly,  of  the  circles  described  on  its 
surface. 

Spherical  angle  ;  the  ancle  formed  on  the  surface 
of  a  sphere  by  the  arcs  of  two  great  circles. 

Spherical  excess  ;  in  trigonometry,  the  sum  by 
which  the  three  angles  of  any  triangle  on  the  sur- 
face of  a  sphere  or  spheroid,  exceed  two  right  an- 
gles. Brandc. 

Spherical  triangle;  a  figure  on  the  surface  of  a 
sphere,  bounded  by  the  arcs  of  three  great  circles 
which  intersect  each  other. 

Spherical  trigonometry  ;  that  branch  of  trigonome- 
try which  teaches  to  compute  the  sides  and  angles  of 
spherical  triangles. 
SPHER'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  form  of  a  sphere. 
SPHER'1€-AL-NESS,  j  n.     The  state  or  qtialitv  of 
SPHE-RIC'I-TY,         i     being  orbicular  or  spher- 
ical ;  roundness ;  as,  the  sphericity  of  a  drop  of 
water. 

SPIIER'I-CLE,  (sfer'e-kl,)  n.    A  small  sphere. 

SPHER'ies,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  sphere  ;  spher- 
ical geometry. 

SPIIE'ROID,  n.  [Gr.  atjiaipa,  a  sphere,  and  ci6o(, 
form.] 

A  body  or  figure  approaching  to  a  sphere,  but  not 
perfectly  spherical.  A  spheroid  is  oblate  or  prolate. 
The  earth  is  found  to  be  an  oblate  spheroid,  that  is, 
flatted  at  the  poles,  whereas  some  aslimomers  for- 
merly supposed  it  to  be  prolate  or  oblong. 
SPHE-ROID'AL,        1  u    ■       .1      r  r 

SPHE-ROID'ie,         i  '"^^  ^"''J' 

SPHE-ROID'ie-AL,  S      spheroid.  Chcync. 
2.  In  crystallography,  bounded  by  several  convex 
faces. 

SPHE-ROID'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
spheroidal. 

SPHE-ROM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  mjiaipa,  and  peTpn,:-\ 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  thickness  of  small 
bodies,  the  curvature  of  optical  glasses,  &.c. 

Brande. 

SPIIER-O-SID'ER-ITE,  n.  Carbonate  of  iron  in 
spheroidal  masses,  occurring  in  trap.  Dana. 

SPHER'ULE,  (sfer'ul,)  n.    [L.  splucrula.] 

A  little  spliere  or  spherical  body.  Mercury  or 
quicksilver,  when  poured  upon  a  plane,  divides  it- 
self into  a  great  number  of  minute  spherules. 

SPHER'U-LtTE,  ?i.  A  variety  of  obsidian  or  pearl- 
stone,  found  in  rounded  grains.      DicL  JVaf.  Hist. 

SPIIeR'Y,  a.    Belonging  to  the  spheres.  Mill-on. 
2.  Round  ;  spherical.  Sliak. 

SPHINCTER,  (sfink'ter,)  n.  [from  Gr.  a^iyj^cu,  to 
constrain,  to  draw  close.] 

In  anatomy,  a  muscle  that  contracts  or  shuts  an  or- 
ifice or  aperture  round  which  it  is  placed ;  as,  the 
sphijtcter  labiorum  ;  sphincter  vesicae.  Coxe. 

SPHIN.X,  (sfinx,)  71.    [Gr.  apt}  I;  L.  sphinx.] 

1.  In  mythologij,  a  monster  usually  represented  as 
having  the  body  of  a  lion  and  the  face  of  a  young 
woman  ;  also,  in  various  other  forms.  The  Grecian 
sphinx  is  said  to  have  pro|>osed  a  mysterious  rid- 
dle to  every  one  who  p,xsse(l  by  her  dwelling  near 
Thebes,  antl  to  have  killed  all  who  could  not  solve  it. 

2.  In  entomology,  a  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects, 
the  species  of  which  are  commonly  called  Hawk- 
Moths. 

SPHRAG'IDE,  (-id,)  n.  A  species  of  ocherous  clay 
which  falls  to  pieces  in  water  with  the  emission  of 
many  bubbles  ;  called  also  Earth  of  Lemnus. 

SPHRA-GlS'TieS,  n.    [Gr.  a^^•oay^f,  a  seal.] 

The  science  of  seals,  their  history,  age,  distinc- 
tions ;  n  branch  of  diplomatics.  Brande. 

SPHYG-MOM'E-TER,  71.  [Gr.  ir^wyyios,  pulse,  and 
ptrpov.] 

An  instniment  for  exposing  to  the  eye  the  action 
of  the  pulse,  the  strength  of  which  it  measures. 
PPI'AL,  71,    A  spy  ;  a  scout.    [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
SPI'CATE,  o.    f  L.  spicatus,  from  spica,  a  spike.] 

Having  a  spitte  or  ear.  Lee. 
SPI€-€A'TO,  [It.]    In  munc,  a  term  indicating  that 
every  note  is  to  have  its  distinct  sound  ;  much  like 
staccato.  Brande. 
SPICE,  n.    [Fr.  epice;  It.  spezie;  Sp.  especia.] 


1.  A  vegetable  production,  fragrant  or  aromatic  to 
the  smell  and  pungent  to  the  taste  ;  used  in  sauces 
and  in  cookery. 

2.  A  small  iiuantity ;  something  that  enriches  or 
alters  the  quality  of  a  thing  in  a  small  degree,  as 
spice  alters  the  taste  of  a  tiling. 

3.  A  sample.    [Fr.  espice  ] 

SPICE,  I),  t.  To  season  with  spice  ;  to  mix  aromatic 
substances  with  ;  a.s,  to  spice  wine. 

2.  To  tincture  ;  as,  the  spiced  Indian  air.  Shak. 

3.  To  render  nice  ;  to  season  with  scruples. 

Chaucer. 

SPIC'KD,  (splst,)  pp.  or  a.    Seasoned  with  spice. 
SPI'CER,  71.    One  that  seasons  with  spice. 

2.  One  that  deals  in  spice.  Camden. 
SPI'CER-Y,  71.    [Fr.  epicerie.] 

1.  Spices  in  general ;  fragrant  and  aromatic  vege- 
table substances  used  in  seasoning. 

2.  A  repository  of  spices.  Addison. 
SPICE'-Wtpyii,  71.    The  Launis  benzoin,  an  Ameri- 
can shrub,  called  also  Wild  Allspice  and  Kenja- 
min-Tree.  Farm.  Kncyc. 

SPI'CI-NESS,  71.    duality  of  being  spicy. 

SPICING,  77;7r.    Seasoning  with  spice. 

SPICK  AND  SPAN,  bright;  shining;  as,  a  garment 
si)ich  and  sjmn  new,  or  .s77rt7i-new.  Spick  is  from  the 
root  of  the  It.  .spicco,  brightness  ;  spiccare,  to  'shine  ; 
spiccar  Ic  parole,  to  speak  distinctly;  spicciare,  to  rush 
out,  the  radical  sense  of  which  is,  to  shoot  or  dart. 
Span  is  probably  from  the  root  of  spangle,  Gr.  ijicyyai, 
(J.  Spiegel,  a  mirror. 

SPICK'NEL.,  j  71.    The  herb  inaldmony  or  bear-wort, 

SP1G'.\'EL,  S  {Did.,)  the  Meiiin  Athamanlicuiii, 
which,  when  eaten  by  cows,  gives  the  same  flavor 
to  their  milk  and  butter,  as  that  of  schab-ziege 
cheese. 

SPI-COS'I-TY,  71.    [L.  i^ica.] 

The  state  of  having  or  being  full  of  ears,'  like 
corn.    [JVot  in  use.]  Diet. 
SPICi;-LAR,  a.    [L.  spiculum,  a  dart.] 

Rpsemhliiig  a  (fart ;  having  sharp  points. 
SPICIJ-LaTK,  v.  t,     [L.  spieulo,  to  sharpen,  from 
spiculum,  a  dart,  from  spica,  or  its  root.    See  Spike.] 
To  sharpen  to  a  point.  Mason. 
SPICIJEE,  71.    A  minute,  slender  gninule  or  point. 
SPIC(j-LI-FOR.M,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  spicule. 
SPie-lj  LIG'EN-OUS,  a.    Containing  spicules. 
SPrCY,a.   [from  spice.]   Producing  spice  ;  abounding 
with  spices  ;  as,  the  spicy  shore  of  Arabia.  Milton. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  spice;  fragrant;  aro- 
matic ;  as,  spicy  plants. 

Led  by  nt'vv  stars,  and  borne  by  sptfy  gales.  Pope. 
SPI'DER,  77.    [I  know  not  from  what  source  this  word 
is  derived.] 

1.  The  common  name  of  the  anim.als  of  the  family 
Araneida;,  of  the  class  Arachnida,  some  of  which  are 
remarkable  fur  spinning  webs  for  taking  their  prey 
and  forming  a  convenient  habitation,  and  fur  the  de- 
posit of  their  food. 

The  fjmUr'B  touch,  how  exquisitely  fine  I  Pope. 

2.  A  kitchen  utensil,  somewhat  resembling  a 
spider. 

3.  .\  trevft  to  support  vessels  over  a  fire. 
SPI'DEK-CATCH-ER,  ii.    A  bird  so  called. 
SPI'DER-I.IKE,  o.    Resembling  a  spider.  Shak. 
SPi'DER-WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.    ,\  plant  of  the  genua 

.•\nthericum,  or  of  the  genusTradescantia. 
SPIG'NEI,.    S.  e  Spicknel. 

SPIG'OT,  n.  [W.  yspigawd,  from  yspig.  Eng.  spike  ; 
from  pig.  Eng.  pike;  Dan.  spiger,  a  nail.  See  Spike 
and  Pike.] 

A  pin  or  peg  used  to  stop  a  faucet,  or  to  slop  a 
small  hole  in  a  cask  of  liquor.  Swi/l. 
SPIKE,  71.  [W.  yspig,  supra;  D.  spyh,  spi/ker ;  G. 
speiche  ;  Dan.  spiger,  Sw.  spik,  a  nail ;  L.  spica,  an 
ear  of  corn.  It  signifies  a  shoot  or  point.  Class  Bg. 
See  Pike.] 

1.  A  largo  nail ;  always  in  America  applied  to  a 
nail  orpin  of  metal.  A  similar  thing  made  of  wood 
is  called  a  Peo  or  Pin.  In  England,  it  is  sometimes 
used  for  a  sharp  point  of  wood. 

2.  ,\n  ear  of  corn  or  grain.  It  is  applied  to  the 
ears  of  maize. 

3.  A  shoot.  Addison. 

4.  [L.s/<ica.l  In  Jotani/,  a  species  of  inflorescence, 
in  which  sessile  flowers  are  alternate  on  a  common 
simple  peduncle,  ,as  lavender,  tec.  Martyn. 

SPIKE,  n.    A  species  of  lavender.  Hill. 
SPIKE,  V.  t.    To  fasten  with  spikes  or  long  and  large 

nails  ;  as,  to  spike  down  the  planks  of  a  floor  or 

bridge. 

2.  To  set  with  spikes. 

A  youth  leaping  over  tiw  spiked  pales  —  wu  caught  bv  the  spikes. 
[Unusual.]  AlserTun. 

3.  To  stop  the  vent  with  a  spike,  nail,  tec. ;  as,  to 
spike  cannon. 

SPIK'ED,  (splkt,)  pp.  Furnished  with  spikes,  as  com  ; 

fastenetl  with  spikes;  stop|ied  with  spikes. 
SPIKE'-I,AV'EN-DER,  71.    Common  lavender,  tho 

Lavandula  spica. 
SPIKE'LET,  n.    In  botany,  >  sniall  spike  making  a 

part  of  a  large  one  ;  or  a  subdivision  of  a  spike. 

Bartfftt. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SPl 

SPIKE'NARD,  (spik'nard,)  n.    [L.  spica  nardi.] 

1.  A  vague  pupiilar  name  applied  to  numerous 
widely  different  plants.  In  the  United  States  it  is 
applied  to  Aralia  raceniosa ;  in  England,  to  Andro- 
pogon  nardus  of  India;  to  Valeriana  spica;  and  to 
several  species  of  Baccharis,  Uonyza,  &c. 

2.  A  name  of  various  fragrant  essential  oils. 
SPIK'ING,  ppr.     Fastening  with  spikes  j  stopping 

with  large  nails. 
SPIK'Y,  a.    Having  a  sharp  point.  Dyer. 
SPILE,  n.    [D.  .>7)ii,  a  pivot,  a  spindle;  G.  spille ;  Ir. 

spile  ;  W.  eliill,  from  the  root  of  L.  pihis,  pilum,  &c.] 

1.  A  small  peg  or  wooden  pin,  used  to  stop  a 
hole. 

2.  A  stake  driven  into  the  ground  to  protect  a  bank, 
form  wharfs,  abutments,  &c. 

SPILL,  n.    [A  different  orthography  of  Spile,  supra.] 

1.  A  small  peg  or  pin  for  stopping  a  cask  ;  as,  a 
vent-hole  stopped  with  a  spilt.  Mortimer. 

2.  A  little  bar  or  pin  of  iron.  Carets. 

3.  A  little  sum  of  money.    [JViX  in  use.]  Ayliffc. 
SPILL,  V.  L  :  preL  Spilled  or  Spilt  ;  pp.  id.  [Sax. 

spillait ;  D.  and  G.  .^illen  ;  Sw.  spilla  ;  Dan.  spilder.] 

1.  To  suffer  to  fall  or  run  out  of  a  vessel ;  to  lose 
or  suffer  to  be  scattered  ;  applied  only  to  fluids  and 
to  substances  whose  particles  are  small  and  loose. 
Thus  we  spill  water  from  a  pail ;  we  spill  spirit  or 
oil  from  a  bottle ;  we  spill  quicksilver  or  powders 
from  a  vessel  or  a  paper ;  we  spill  sand  or  flour. 
Spill  differs  from  pour  in  expressing  accidental  loss; 
a  loss  or  waste  not  designed,  or  contrary  to  purpose. 

2.  To  suffer  to  be  shed  ;  as,  a  man  spills  his  own 
blood. 

3.  To  cause  to  flow  out  or  lose  ;  to  shed  ;  as,  a 
man  spilU  another's  blood. 

[This  is  applied  to  cases  of  murder  or  other  homi- 
cide, but  not  to  venesection.  In  the  latter  case  we 
say,  to  let  or  take  blood.] 

And  to  leven^e  his  blooil  80  justly  tpilt.  Dryden. 

4.  To  mischief;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  spill  the  mind 
or  soul ;  to  spill  glory  ;  to  spill  forms,  &c. 

[  T/iis  application  is  obsolete,  and  how  improper.  ] 

5.  To  throw  away.  Ticket. 

6.  In  seamen^s  lan^ta^e,  to  dislodge  the  wind  out 
of  the  cavity  or  belly  of  a  sail  in  order  to  reef  or  furl 
it.  Totlen. 

SPILL,  V.  i.    To  waste  ;  to  be  prodigal.    [JVot  in  use.] 
2.  To  be  shed ;  to  be  suffered  to  fall,  be  lost,  or 
wasted. 

He  was  bo  topfull  of  hiiTtaelf,  that  he  let  it  tpiU  on  all  thft  com- 
pany. Watu. 

PPILL'£D,  pp.    Suffered  to  fall,  as  liquids ;  shed. 
SPILL'ER,  n.    One  that  spills  or  sheds. 

2.  A  kind  of  fishing-line.  Carew. 
SPILL'ING,  ppr.    Suffering  to  fall  or  run  out,  as 
liquids  ;  shedding. 

Spillin!r-lines,  in  a  ship,  are  ropes  for  furling  more 
coiivenientlv  the  square-sails.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPILT.  preL  and  pp.  of  Spill. 

SPILTH,  n.    [from  spilt.]    Any  thing  spilt.    [JV'ot  in 

use.]  S/iak. 
SPIN,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Spun.    Span  is  not  used. 

tSax.  spinnan ;  Goth,  spinnan ;  D.  and  G.  spinnen ; 
)an.  spinder ;  Sw.  spinna.    If  the  sense  is  to  draw 
out  or  extend,  this  coincides  in  origin  with  span.] 

1.  To  draw  out  and  twist  into  threads,  either  by 
the  hand  or  machinery  ;  as,  to  spin  wool,  cotton,  or 
flax  ;  to  spin  goats'  hair. 

All  the  yarn  which  Penelope  tpun  in  UlyMei'  absence,  'lid  but 
fill  ilhaci  with  motlis.  Shaic. 

2.  To  draw  out  tediously  ;  to  form  by  a  slow  pro- 
cess or  by  degrees  ;  with  out;  as,  to  spin  out  large 
volumes  on  a  subject. 

3.  7'o  extend  to  a  great  length  ;  as,  to  spin  out  a 
subject. 

4.  To  draw  out ;  to  protract ;  to  spend  by  delays ; 
as,  to  spin  out  the  day  in  idleness. 

By  one  delay  after  another,  they  tpin  out  their  whole  lives. 

L'Etlrange. 

5.  To  whirl  with  a  thread  ;  to  turn  or  cause  to 
whirl ;  as,  to  spin  a  top. 

6.  To  draw  out  from  the  stomach  in  a  filament ; 
AS,  a  spider  spins  a  web. 

To  spin  hay,  in  military  tan^nrre,  is  to  twist  it  into 
ropes  for  convenient  carriage  on  an  expedition. 
SI'l.\,r.  i.    To  practice  spinning;  to  work  at  draw- 
ing and  twisting  threads;  as,  the  woman  knows 
how  to  spin. 

They  neither  know  to  tpin,  nor  can:  ti  toil.  Prior. 

2.  To  perform  the  act  of  drawing  and  twisting 
threads  j  as,  u  machine  or  jenny  spins  with  great  ex- 
actness. 

3.  To  move  round  rapidly  ;  to  whiU  ,^ia  a  top  or 
a  spindle. 

4.  Tostrcam  or  iHsue  in  a  thread  or  small  current; 
as,  ljlf>od  spins  from  a  vtnii.  Draijtvn. 

8I'I-.\A'(;E()I.'H,  o.    Ueniiting  the  plant  8pinni:h  and 

the  class  of  plants  to  which  it  beliings. 

Kncyc.  of  Dom.  F,eon. 
SPIN'A(,'H,  j  (spin'aje,)  n.    [L.  spinacm  :  ll.  spinare  ; 
SPIN' AGE,  i     Sp.  espinatn  :  ft.  epinards  :  I),  spina- 

fie ;  G.  spinal ;  Per*,  spanath.] 


SPI 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Spinacia,  whose  leaves  are 
boiled  for  greens  and  used  for  other  culinary  pur- 
poses. 

SPI'NAL,  a.  [See  Spine.]  Pertaining  to  the  spine 
or  back-bone  of  an  animal;  as,  the  spinal  cord; 
spinal  muscles ;  spinal  arteries. 

Arbuthnot,  Encyc. 

SPIN'DLE,  n.    [from  spin  ;  Sax.  and  Dan.  spindel.] 

1.  The  pin  used  in  spinning  wheels  for  twisting 
the  thread,  and  on  which  the  thread  when  twisted 
is  wound.  Bacon. 

2.  A  slender,  pointed  rod,  or  pin,  on  which  any 
thing  turns  ;  an  axis  or  small  axis  ;  as,  the  spindle 

3.  The  fusee  of  a  watch.  [of  a  vane. 

4.  A  long,  slender  stalk.  Mortimer. 

5.  The  iron  pin  or  pivot  on  which  a  capstan  turns. 

Totten. 

6.  In  geometry,  a  solid  generated  by  the  revolution 
of  a  curve  line  about  its  base  or  double  ordinate. 

Brande. 

SPIN'DLE,  V.  i.  To  shoot  or  grow  in  a  long,  slender 
stalk  or  body.  Bacon.  Mortimer. 

SPIN'DLE-LEGS,       \  n.    A  tall,  slender  person  ;  in 

SPIN'DLE-SHANKS,  i  contempt. 

SPL\"DLE-SHANK-f;D,  (spin'dl-shankt,)  a.  Having 
long,  slender  legs. 

SPIN'DLE-SHaP-KD,  (spin'dl-shapt,)  o.  Having  the 
shape  of  a  spindle  ;  fusiform.  MarUjn. 

SPIN'DLE-TREE,  n.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  Euony- 
mus,  whose  fine,  hard-grained  wood  was  used  for 
spindles  and  skewers.  Loudon, 

SPIN'DLE- VVOR.M,  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  cat- 
erpillar of  a  lepidopterous  insect,  which  injures  the 
maize  in  New  England.  Harris. 

SPIN'DLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Tall  and  slender;  shooting 
into  a  small,  tall  stalk.  .^sh. 

SPINE,  71.  [L.  and  It.  spina;  Ft.  epine;  Sp.  espinazo ; 
W.  yspin,  from  pin.] 

1.  The  back-bone  of  an  animal.  Coze. 

2.  The  shin  of  the  leg.  Coze. 

3.  .\  thorn  ;  a  sharp  process  from  the  woody  part 
of  a  plant.  It  differs  from  a  prickle,  which  proceeds 
from  the  bark.  A  spine  sometimes  terminates  a 
branch,  and  sometimes  is  axillary,  growing  at  the 
angle  formed  by  the  branch  or  leaf  with  the  stem. 
The  wild  apple  and  pear  are  armed  with  spinej  ;  the 
rose,  bramble,  gooseberry,  &c.,are  armed  with  prick- 
les. Martyn. 

4.  In  loiSlogy,  a  thin,  pointed  spike,  as  in  fishes. 

5.  Sometimes,  a  ridge. 
SPI'NEL,        (        ri,      .    „  , 
SPI-NELLE',  \        t"-  ^">^l^-] 

A  mineral  occurring  in  octohedrons,  of  great  hard- 
ness, consisting  of  alumina  and  magnesia.  When 
of  a  red  or  ruby  color,  it  constitutes  the  gem  Spinel- 
ruby,  or  the  common  ruby  of  jewelry.  It  occurs  also 
of  green,  blue,  brown,  and  black  colors.  Dana. 

SPI-NELL'ANE,  n.  The  same  with  the  mineral 
Hauyne.  Dana. 

SPI-NES'CENT,  a.  [from  spine.]  Becoming  hard  and 
thorny.  Martyn. 

SPIN'ET,  n.     [It.  spinetta  ;  Ft.  epinette  ;  Sp.  esi>ineta.] 
An  instrument  of  music  resembling  a  harpsichord, 
but  smaller ;  a  virginal ;  a  clavichord. 

SPI'NET,  n.    [L.  spinetum.] 

A  small  wood  or  place  where  briers  and  thorns 
grow.    [J^ot  in  tise.]  B.  Jonson. 

SPI-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  spina,  spine,  and /ero,  to 
bear.] 

Producing  spines  ;  bearing  thorns. 
SPINK,  n.    A  bird  ;  a  finch.  Harte. 
SPIN'NER,  71.    One  that  spins;  one  skilled  in  spin- 
ning. 

2.  A  spider.  Shak. 

SPIN'NER,       )  71.    In  entomology,  an  organ  with 

SPU\'NER-ET,  S  which  insects  fdrra  their  silk  or 
webs.  Brande. 

SPI.N'NING,  ;jpr.  Drawing  out  and  twisting  into 
thre.ads  ;  drawing  out ;  delaying. 

SPIN'NING,  71.  The  act,  practice,  or  art  of  drawing 
out  and  twisting  into  threads,  as  wool,  flax,  and  cot- 
ton. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  forming  webs,  as  spiders. 

SPIN'NI.\G-JEN-NY,  7i.  An  engine  or  complicated 
machine  for  spinning  wool  or  cotton,  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cloth. 

SPIN'NING-WHEEL,  71.  Awheel  for  spinning  wool, 
cotton,  or  flax  into  threads.  Oay. 

SPI-NOS'I-TY,n.  The  state  of  being  spiny  or  thorny  ; 
cralibedness.  Olanvilte. 

SPI'NOUS,  )       rr       .  ,  .  , 

SPI'NOSF  \       [■     f^mosus,  from  spina.\ 

Full  of  spines  ;  armed  with  thorns ;  tliorny. 

Martirti. 

SPI'NO  ZISM,  71.  The  form  of  Pantheism  tauglit  by 
Uenedict  Spino/.a,  a  Jew  of  Amsterdam,  who  main- 
tained that  God  is  not  only  the  maker,  but  also  the 
original  matter,  of  the  univ€;r.'*e,  flt>  that  creation  was 
only  a  development  iif  himself  by  the  Deity. 

Murdock. 

SPI'NO-ZIST,  71.  A  believer  in  the  doctrines  of  Spi- 
noza. 

SPI.\'STER,  71.  [spin  and  ster.]  A  woman  who 
spins,  or  whose  occupation  is  to  spin.  Hence, 


SPI 

2.  In  law,  the  common  title  by  which  a  woman 
without  rank  or  distinction  is  designated  ;  an  unmar- 
ried woman. 

If  a  gentlewoman  is  termed  a  tpintttr,  she  may  abate  the  writ. 

Ckike. 

SPIN'STRY,  71.  The  business  of  spinning.  Millon. 
SPIN'THERE,  71.    A  mineral  of  a  greenish-gray  color. 

It  is  a  variety  of  sphene.  Ure. 
SPIN'lILE,  71.    A  minute  spine.  Dana. 
SPIN'lJ-LOUS,  a.    Covered  with  minute  spines. 
SPI'NY,  a.    [from  spine.]    Full  of  spines ;  thorny ; 

as,  a  spiny  tree. 
2.  Perplexed  ;  difficult ;  troublesome.  Digby. 
SPIR'A-CLE,  (spir'a-kl  or  spi'ra-kl,)  71.    [L.  spiracu- 

lum,  from  spiro,  to  breathe.] 

1.  A  small  aperture  in  animal  and  vegetable  bod- 
ies, by  which  air  or  other  fluid  is  exhaled  or  inhaled  ; 
a  small  hole,  orifice,  or  vent ;  a  pore  ;  a  minute  pas- 
sage ;  as,  the  spiracles  of  the  human  skin. 

2.  Any  small  aperture,  hole,  or  vent.  Woodward. 
SPI'RAL,  a.    [It.  spirate;  Fr.  spiral;  from  L.  spira,  a 

spire.] 

Winding  round  a  cylinder  or  other  round  body,  or 
in  a  circular  form,  and  at  the  same  time  rising  or  ad- 
vancing forward  ;  winding  like  a  screw.  The  mag- 
nificent column  in  the  Place  Vendome,  at  Paris,  is 
divided  by  a  spiral  line  into  compartments.  It  is 
formed  with  spiral  compartments,  on  which  are  en- 
graved figures  emblematical  of  the  victories  of  the 
French  armies.  A  whirlwind  is  so  named  from  the 
sjnral  motion  of  the  air. 
SPi'R.^L,  71.  In  geometry,  the  name  given  to  a  class 
of  curves  which  continually  recede  from  a  center  or 
pole,  while  they  continue  to  revolve  about  it. 

Brande. 

SPI'RAL-€OAT-ED,  a.    Coated  spirally.  Smith. 

SPI'R.AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  spiral  form  or  direction  ;  in 
the  manner  of  a  screw.  Ray 

SPI-Ra'TION,  71.  [L.  spiratio.]  A  breathing.  [A'ot 
used.]  Barrow. 

SPIKE,  71.  [L.  spira  ;  Gr.  arreipa  ;  Sp.  espira  ;  from  fne 
root  of  L.  spiro,  to  breathe.  The  priinarj'  sense  of 
the  root  is,  to  throw,  to  drive,  to  send,  but  it  implies 
a  winding  motion,  like  throw,  wtrp,  and  many  oth- 
ers.] 

1.  A  winding  line  like  the  threads  of  a  screw  ;  any 
thing  wreathed  or  contorted;  a  curl;  a  twist;  a 
wreath. 

His  necli  erect  amidst  his  ciit:ling  tpirtt.  Milton. 

A  dnijon's  fiery  furm  belied  the  god ; 

Sublime  on  radiAut  tpiret  he  roile.  Drydtn. 

2.  A  body  that  shoots  up  to  a  point ;  a  tapering 
body  ;  a  round  pyramid  or  pyramidical  body  ;  a  stee- 
ple. 

With  glistering  spire§  and  pinnacles  adorned.  Milton. 

3.  A  stalk  or  blade  of  grass  or  other  plant.  How 
humble  ought  man  to  be,  who  can  not  make  a  single 
spire  of  grass  ! 

4.  The  top  or  uppermost  point  of  a  thing.  Shak. 
SPIRE,  V.  i.    To  shoot ;  to  shoot  up  pyramidically. 

2.  To  breathe.    [JVot  in  use.]  [Mortimer. 

3.  To  sprout,  as  grain  in  malting. 
SPIR'BD,  a.    Having  a  spire.  Mason. 
SPI'Rl-FER,  71.  [L.  spiro,  a  spire,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

The  name  of  an  extinct  genus  of  mollusks,  having 
a  shell  with  two  internal,  calcareous,  spiral  append- 
ages. Brande. 
SPIR'IT,  71.  [Fr.  fspri(;  It.  .'pirito;  Sp.espiritu;  L. 
spiritus,  from  spiro,  to  breathe,  to  blow.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is,  to  rush  or  drive.] 

1.  Primarily,  wind  ;  air  in  motion  ;  hence,  breath. 

All  bodies  have  apiritt  and  pneumaflcal  parts  within  them. 

Bacon, 

[ThU  sejise  is  now  unusual.] 

2.  Animal  excitement,  or  the  effect  of  it ;  life  ;  ar- 
dor ;  fire  ;  courage  ;  elevation  or  vehemence  of  mind. 
The  troops  attacked  the  enemy  with  great  spirit. 
The  young  man  has  the  spirit  of  youth.  He  speaks 
or  acts  with  spirit.  SpiriL<,  in  the  plural,  is  used  in 
nearly  a  like  sense.  The  troops  began  to  recover 
their  .^-pirits.  Suii/L 

3.  Vigor  of  intellect ;  genius. 

His  wit,  his  bejMity,  and  his  spirit.  Bulltr. 
The  noblest  <piri(  or  gentiia  cm  not  deserre  enough  of  Tn.iiikind 
to  pretend  to  the  esteem  of  lieroic  virtue.  Templt. 

4.  Temper;  disposition  of  mind,  habitual  or  tem- 
porary ;  as,  a  man  of  a  generous  .spirif,  or  of  a  re- 
vengeful spirit;  the  ornament  of  a  meek  and  tjuiet 
spirit. 

Let  ITS  go  to  the  house  of  God  in  the  #pinl  of  prayer.  BicktrtUA. 

!t.  The  soul  of  man  ;  the  intelligent,  immaterial, 
and  immortal  part  of  human  beings.    [See  Soul.] 
The  spiril  shall  n  torn  to  tjod  that  pive  it.  —  >kclcs.  xii. 

6.  An  immaterial,  intelligent  substance. 

.S^rit  is  a  substance  In  which  thinking,  knowing,  doubting,  and 
a  power  of  moving,  do  sutmist.  Lvekt, 

Hence, 

7.  An  immaterial,  intelligent  being. 

By  which  he  went  and  preached  to  the  apiriit  In  prison.  —  i 

I'rt.  111. 
God  is  a  gpirit.  —  John  iv. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1064 


SPl 


SPl 


SPI 


8.  Turn  of  mind  ;  lumper;  occasional  state  uf  tlie 
mind. 

A  r''rf*'Ct  juiige  will  TfnA  eiich  work  of  wit 

Wilh  tlio  tiuiyc  »piril  Ul.it  it«  iluUlor  writ.  Popt. 

9.  Powers  of  mind  distinct  from  the  body. 

A/i«on. 

10.  Sentiment ;  perception. 

Your  spirit  is  too  trup,  your  feaii  too  certain.  Sliak. 

11.  Ea^er  desire;  disposition  of  mind  excited  and 
directed  to  a  particular  object. 

GoU        made  a  spirit  of  building  Bucceed  a  #;iirit  of  pulling 
down. 

12.  A  person  of  activity  ;  a  man  of  life,  vigor,  or 
enterprise. 

'I'lio  watery  kin^loin  is  no  iwr 

To  Btop  tim  foreign  spirits,  I'ut  they  come.  SliaJc. 

13.  Persons  distinguished  by  iiualilies  of  the  mind. 
Such  spirits  m  lie  desired  to  pleaac,  sncli  would  I  choose  for  iiiy 

Juilges.  Dryden. 

14.  Excitement  of  mind  ;  animation ;  cheerful- 
ness ;  usuallij  in  the  plural.  We  found  our  frieiiii  iu 
very  good  spirits,    lie  has  a  great  flow  of  spiritji. 

Tosiiijflhy  praise,  would  Heaven  niy  liri-atli  prolong, 
Itifiisinjj  spirits  worthy  inch  a  bong.  Dry-ltri. 

1. ').  Life  or  strength  of  resemblance  ;  essential 
qualities  ;  .as,  to  set  oil"  the  face  in  its  true  spirit. 
The  copy  has  not  the  .spirit  of  the  original.  IVuttvn. 

16.  Something  eminently  pure  niul  refined. 

Nor  di.lli  the  HV  iuv  lf, 
Tliat  rao«t  pure  »;<iril  of  lensr',  U  huld  in-  If.  Shak. 

17.  That  which  hath  power  or  eneray  ;  the  qu.tlity 
of  any  substance  which  manifests  life,  activity,  or 
the  power  of  strongly  affecting  other  bodies;  as,  the 
spirit  of  wine,  or  of  any  liqtior. 

18.  A  strong,  pungent  liquor,  usually  obtained  by 
distillation,  as  rum,  brandy,  gin,  whisky.  In  Amer- 
ica, «;)irtf,  used  without  other  words  explanatory  of 
its  meaning,  signifies  the  liquor  distilled  from  cane- 
juice  or  rum.    W'e  say,  tiew  spirit^  or  old  spirit^  Ja- 

19.  An  apparition  ;  "a  ehust.  [uiaica  .<>■:>::,  &c. 
2 1.  The  renewed  nature  of  man.    MatL  xx\  i. 

Ottl.  V. 

21.  The  influences  of  the  Holy  Spirit.    Matt.  xxii. 
Holy  Spirit:  the  third  person  in  the  Trinity. 
Spirit  of  wine ;  pure  alcohol,  so  called  because  for- 
merly obtained  only  from  wine. 
SPIR'IT,  V.  U   To  animate  ;  to  actuate  ;  as  a  spirit. 
So  Callted  the  spirited  bly  snake.    {LitUs  U8ed.\  MUtan. 

2.  To  animate  with  vigor;  to  excite;  to  encour- 
age ;  as,  civil  dissensions  .tpirit  the  ambition  of  pri- 
vate men.  Swift. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  up ;  as,  to  s/n>i(  up. 

MiiUlitnn. 

3.  To  convey  away  rapidly  and  secretly,  as  if  by 
the  agency  of  a  spirit  ;  as,  "  1  felt  as  if  1  had  been 
spirited  into  some  custio  of  antiquity."  IVillu. 

4.  To  kidnap.  Bladistonc. 
To  spirit  awaij  :  to  entice  or  seduce. 

SPIR'IT-AL-LY,  ailo.  By  means  of  the  breath.  [A'ot 
in  "•-'fj  HoUtr. 

SP1R'1T-Er>,  pp.  Animated  ;  encouraged  ;  incited. 
2.  a.  Animated  ;  full  of  life  ;  lively  ;  full  of  spirit 
or  fire  ;  as,  a  spirited  atliiress  or  ttratiou  ;  a  spirited 
answer.  It  is  used  in  composition,  noting  the  state 
of  the  mind  ;  as  in  higli-spintci/,  low-i^irite</,  mean- 
spiritrd. 

SPIR'IT-ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  lively  manner;  with  spir- 
it ;  with  strenzth  ;  with  animation. 
SPIR'IT-EU-NESS,  n.    Life  ;  animation. 

2.  Disposition  or  make  of  mind  ;  used  in  com- 
pounds; as,  h'lz^-spiritedne.ts,  \o\v -spiriteditf,ss,  mean- 
spiritedne.-ts^  nArrow-sptritedness, 
SPIR'IT-FJJL,  a.    Lively  ;  full  of  spirit.    [JVo(  u.^rd.] 

jish. 

SPIR'IT-FIJL-LY,  otfr.  In  a  lively  manner.  [JVut 
t/.~-frf.] 

SPIR'IT-FUL-NESS,  n.     Liveliness;  sprightliness. 

[A'tJf  M.VV//.1  Karcni. 
SPIR'IT-IN'G,  ppr    Animating  ;  actuating  ;  bearing 

awav. 

SPIR'iT-LESS,  iz.  Destitute  of  spirits  ;  wanting  ani- 
m.ation  ;  wanting  cheerfulness  ;  dejected  ;  depressed. 

2.  Destitute  of  vigor  ;  wanting  life,  courage,  or 
fire  ;  as,  a  spiritless  slave. 

A  man  so  faint,  so  tpiritlest^ 
So  dull,  CO  deatl  in  l>iok.  S^uik. 

3.  Having  no  breath  ;  extinct ;  di.ad.  GrrcnhUl. 
SPIR'IT-LESS-LY,  adv.    Williout  spirit ;  without  ex 

ertion.  .More. 
SPIR'IT-LESS-XESS,  n.    Dullness  ;  want  of  life  or 
vigor. 

SPIR'IT-LEV'EL,  n.  An  instrument  for  obtaining 
an  exact  horizontal  line,  by  means  of  a  bubble  of  air 
on  the  surface  of  spirits  of  wine  inclosed  in  a  glass 
tube.  Bue/tanan 

SPlR-l-Tfi'SO,  [It.]    In  m«.?ic,  with  spirit. 

SPIR'IT-OUS,  a.  Like  spirit;  refined;  defecated; 
pure. 

Mote  reljn'ii,  more  f^iri(ou«  and  pure.  JViifton. 
2.  Fine  ;  ardent ;  active.  SmitA. 


SPIR'IT-OU.S-NESS,  ».  A  refined  state:  fineness 
and  activity  of  parts  ;  as,  the  thinness  anil  spiritous- 
ue.<s  of  litjtior.  Bui/lc. 

PPlK'IT-I'lK.RtyiNr;,  «.    piercing  the  spirit. 

SPIll'IT-.SIOARCiri.VtJ,  a.    Searching  liie  spirit. 

SPIK'IT-STtR'RINC,  j  a.    Exciting  the  spirit. 

SPIR'IT-ROUS'IiNG,   (  Scott. 

SPIR'IT-U-AL,  a.  [Fr.  spirituel  ;  It.  spiritaalc ;  L. 
spiritufdis.'j  ^ 

1.  Consisting  of  spirit ;  not  material ;  incorporeal  ; 
as,  a  spiritual  substance  or  being.  Tlie  soul  of  man 
is  spiritual. 

2.  ilcntal ;  intellectual ;  as,  spiritual  armor. 

Milton. 

3.  Not  gro:is ;  refined  from  external  things;  not 
sensual;  relating  to  mind  only;  as,  u  spiritual  anti 
refined  religion.  Calamij. 

4.  Not  lay  or  ternpciral ;  relating  to  sacred  things  ; 
ecclesiastical ;  as,  tlie  .ipirilual  fiinninns  of  the  cler- 
gy ;  the  lords  spiritual  and  ti  iup;iral ;  a  spiritual  cor- 
poration. 

.">.  Pertaining  to  spirit  or  to  the  aflections ;  pure  ; 
holy. 

tiod's  law  is  spiritimi ;  it  is  a  transcript  of  the  divine  nature,  ond 
extends  iu  authority  to  tltc  acts  of  the  soul  of  man.  Droum. 

fi.  Pertaining  to  the  renewed  nature  of  man ;  as, 
sjiiritital  hte. 

7.  Not  tleshlv  ;  not  material ;  as,  spiritual  sacrifices. 
1  Pel.  ii. 

8.  Pertaining  to  divine  things  ;  as,  spiritual  songs. 
Epii.  V. 

Spiritual  court ;  an  ecclesiastical  court ;  a  court 
held  by  a  bishop  or  other  ecclesi.astic. 
SPIR'IT-IJ-AI^IS.M,  w.  The  doctrine,  in  opjiosition 
to  the  materialists,  that  all  which  exists  is  spirit  or 
soul  —  that  what  is  called  the  external  world  is  either 
a  succession  of  notions  impressed  on  the  mind  by  the 
Deity,  as  maintained  by  Berkeley,  or  else  the  mere 
cduct  of  the  mind  itself,  as  taught  by  Ficlite. 

Brandt. 

2.  State  of  being  spiritual. 
SI'IR'IT-IJ-AI^IST,  )i.    Une  who  profess  s  a  regard 
for  spiritual  things  only  ;  one  whose  employtiieut  is 
spiritual.  Jlalliwctt. 

2.  One  wlio  maintains  the  doctrine  of  spiritual- 
ism. 

SPIll-IT-IJ-AL'I-TY,  71.  Essence  distinct  from  mat- 
ter ;  immateriality. 

If  this  light  lie  not  Bpintnal,  it  npproachetli  nearest  txispirUuahty. 

Italegh. 

2.  Intellectual  nature;  as,  the  spirituality  of  the 
soul.  South. 

3.  Spiritual  nature  ;  the  quality  which  respects  the 
spirit  or  atTections  of  the  heart  only,  and  the  essence 
of  true  religion  ;  as,  the  spiritualitij  of  God*s  law. 

4.  Spiritual  e.xercises  and  holy  alTections. 

Much  of  onr  spirituality  auil  comfort  in  pul  lic  wor*liip,  depend 
on  the  st-ite  of  mind  in  w  Inch  w  e  c^nie.  Bickerstelh. 

a.  That  which  belongs  to  the  church,  or  to  a  per- 
son as  an  ecclesiastic,  or  to  religion,  as  distinct  from 
tenijioralities. 

During  the  vacancy  of  a  see,  the  archbishop  is  giiarhan  of  the 
ejnrituaJiues  ih^reoi.  Blacksbjite. 

fi.  An  ecclesiastic.il  body.    [JVot  in  use.!  Shak. 
SPIR-IT-i;-AL-I-Z.\'  l'10N,  ».    The  act  of  spiritual- 
izing. 

In  clirmi.itry,  the  operation  of  extracting  spirit  from 
natural  bodies.  F.ncnc. 
SPIR'1T-U-AL-I7,E,  r.  i.    [Fr.  spiritualiser,  to  e.\tract 
spirit  from  mixed  bodies.] 

1.  To  refine  the  intellect;  to  purify  from  the  fecu- 
lences of  the  world  ;  as,  to  spiritualize  the  soul. 

Hammond. 

2.  To  imbue  with  spiritu.ality,  or  life. 

3.  In  chemistry,  to  extract  spirit  from  natural  bod- 
ies. 

4.  To  convert  to  a  spiriliinl  meaning. 
SPIR'IT-II-AL  IZ-ER,  n.    One  who  spiritualizes. 

fVarburton. 

SPIR'IT-II-AL-LY,  ndr.  Without  corporeal  grossiiess 
or  sensuality  ;  in  a  manner  conformed  to  the  spirit  of 
true  religion  ;  with  purity  of  spirit  or  heart. 

SpirituaUy  minded :  unilcrthc  influence  of  the  Ifolv 
Spirit,  or  of  holy  princijiles;  having  the  aM'cctiuiH 
refined  and  elevated  above  sensual  objects,  and 
placed  on  Gud  and  his  law.    Rom.  viii. 

Spiritually  di^crrned ;  known,  not  by  carnal  reason, 
but  by  the  peculiar  illumination  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 
1  Cur.  ii. 

SPIR'IT-l|-AI^MI.\D'ED-NE.^S,  n.  The  state  of 
having  spiritual  exercises  and  holy  affections  ;  spirit- 
uality, dwrn. 

SPIR'IT-TJ-AL-TY,  n.  Ecclesiastical  body.  [Ao(  in 
use.] 

SPIR'IT-TT-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  spiritunii^] 

1.  Containing  spirit;  consisting  of  reflned  spirit; 
ardent ;  as,  spirituous  liquors.  [This  might  well  bo 
written  Spiritol's.] 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  spirit ;  fine ;  pure  ;  active ; 
as,  the  spirUuou.i  part  of  a  plant.  .^rbuthnot. 

3.  Lively  ;  gay  ;  vivid  ;  airy.    [JVot  in  use.] 

}roUon. 


SPIIt'IT-tl-OUS  NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  spir- 

.  ituoiis ;  ardor;  heat;  stimulating  quality;  .as,  the 
spirituousness  of  liijuors. 
2.  Life;  tenuity;  activity. 

SPIRT    See  Spuht,  the  more  correct  orthography. 

SI'IR'TLE,  r.  f.    To  spirt  in  a  scattering  manner. 

SPIR'TLf;D,  (spur'tid,)  pp.    Spirted  scatteringly. 

SPIR'U-LA,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  cephaloptids,  having 
a  discoid,  miiltilociilar  shell.  P.  Cyr. 

SPIR'Y,  a.  [from  .spire]  Of  a  spiral  form  ;  wreathed  , 
curled  ;  as,  the  spiry  vidiimes  of  a  serpent.  Dnjden. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  pyramid ;  pyramidical ;  as, 
spiru  turrets.  Pope. 

SPlS.-i,  a.    [I.,  iqihsua.] 

Thick  ;  close  ;  dense.    [JVof  in  use.] 

SI'ISS'1-TUDE,  n.  [Supra.]  Thickness  of  soft  sub- 
stances ;  the  denseness  or  compactness  which  belongs 
to  substances  not  perfectly  liquid  nor  perfectly  solid  ; 
as,  the  spiisitudc  of  coagulated  blood  or  of  any  coag- 
uluin. 

SPIT,  n.  [SuT.  spitti  J  D.  .<rpit;  G.  spiess;  8w.  sjtcttf 
Dan.  spid ;  It.  spifdo  ;  Ice.  sjtiet^  a  spear.  It  belongs 
to  Class  Bd,  and  is  from  thrusting,  shooting.] 

1.  .\n  iron  prong  or  bar  pointed,  on  which  meat  is 
roasted. 

2.  [D.  a  spade.]  Such  a  deptli  of  earth  as  is 
pierced  by  the  spade  at  once  ;  a  spadeful.  [Farious 
dialects.]  Ilulliwetl. 

3.  A  small  point  of  land  ninning  into  the  sea,  or  a 
long,  narrow  shoal  extending  from  the  shore  into  the 
sea  ;  as,  a  spit  of  sand. 

SPIT,  n.  [Dan.spyt.] 

Wh.at  is  ejected  from  the  mouth  ;  saliva. 
SPIT,  r.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  thrust  a  spit  through  ; 
to  put  upon  a  spit ;  as,  to  spit  a  loin  of  veal. 

2.  To  thrust  throu<.'h  ;  to  pierce.  Dryden. 

3.  To  spade  ;  to  dig. 

SPIT,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  jrp.  Spit.  Spat  is  obsolete. 
[Sax.  spittan  ;  Sw.  spolla  ;  Dan.  spytter ;  G.  spiitzeru 
The  sense  is,  to  throw,  or  drive,    ('lass  Bd.] 

1.  To  eject  from  the  mouth  ;  to  thrust  out,  as  sail' 
va  or  other  matter,  from  the  mouth. 

2.  To  eject  or  throw  out  with  violence. 

SPIT,  V.  i.  To  throw  out  saliva  from  the  luoiitli.  It 
is  a  dirly  trick  to  spit  on  the  floor  or  carpet. 

SPIT'AL,  n.    [Corrupted  from  hospital.]    "  Rob  not 
the  spiral,"  or  charitable  foundation.  Johnson. 
[Vulisar,  and  not  in  it.-^c] 

SPIT'-BOX,  n.  A  vessel  to  receive  discharges  of  spit- 
tle. 

SPITCH'eOCK,  V.  t.    To  split  an  eel  lengthwise  and 

broil  it.  Kinir. 
SPlTCH'eOCK,  n.    An  eel  split  and  broiled. 

Decker. 

SPITE,  n.  [D.  sq>rjt,  spite,  vexation  ;  Ir.  spid.  The 
Fr.  li.is  depit.  Norm,  despite.  The  It.  dispetlo  and  Sp. 
despecho  seem  to  be  from  the  h,  despectas ;  btxt  spiu 
seems  to  be  from  a  different  root.] 

Hatred  ;  rancor  ;  malice ;  m.alignity  ;  malevolence. 

Johnson. 

Spite,  however,  is  not  always  synonymous  wilh 
Iheiie  words.  It  often  denotes  a  less  deliberate  and 
fixed  hatred  than  malice  ami  malignity,  and  is  often 
a  sudden  fit  of  ill  will  excited  by  temporary  vexa- 
titin.  It  is  the  eflVct  of  extreme  irritation,  and  is  ac- 
companied with  a  desire  of  revenge,  or  at  least  a  de- 
sire to  vex  the  object  of  ill  will. 


Beyone, 
Coilius  » 


P0]X. 


In  spite  of;  in  op])osition  to  all  efforts;  in  defiance 
or  contempt  of.  Sometimes  spite  of  is  used  without 
in,  but  not  elegantly.  It  is  often  used  without  ex- 
pressing any  malignity  of  meaning. 

Whom  Goil  made  use  of  to  speak  a  wortl  in  season,  and  saved 

me  i/i  spite  of  Uie  world,  the  ttevil,  and  myself.  .^uf4. 
In  spit*  o/ail  applicatioiu,  the  patient  grew  worse  every  day. 

AriuthnoL 

To  owe  one  a  sjtitc ;  to  entertain  a  temporary  hatred 
for  sometliins. 
SPITE,  r.  t.    T.I  be  angry  or  vexed  at. 

2.  To  mischief ;  to  vex  ;  to  treat  maliciously ;  to 
thwart.  ShaL 

3.  To  fill  wilh  siiilc  or  vexation ;  to  offend  ;  to 
vex. 

Darius,  spiled  at  the  Ma^i,  endeavoiT»l  to  atmlikh  Dot  only  their 
learning,  but  their  inuguugc.    [.Vol  used.]  Temple. 

SPTT'KD,  pp.    Hated  ;  vexed. 

SPITE'FTL,  a.    Filletl  with  spite  ;  having  a  desire  to 
vex,  annoy,  or  injure  ;  malignant ;  malicious. 
A  wayward  son, 
Spite/ul  and  wruUiful.  Shak. 

SPTTE'FUL-LY,  adc.    With  a  desire  to  vex,  annoy, 
or  injure  ;  maVignanlly  ;  maliciously.  Sirt/). 

SPITE'F(,'I.,-NESS,  n.    The  desire  to  vex,  annoy,  or 
do  mischief,  proceeding  from  irritation  ;  malice 
malignity. 

It  looks  more  like  epit^utntes  and  Dl-nature,  than  a  dUi^nt 
-     search  alter  trutli.  A'su. 

SPIT' FIRE,  n,     A  violent  or  passionate  person. 
[Lme.]  Orose. 

SPIT'-FITLL,  H.    A  spadeful. 

SPIT'TED,  pp.    [from  .«7>i«.]    Put  upon  a  spit. 

2.  Shot  out  into  length.  Bacon. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU9.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  a»  8H ;  TH  a«  in  THIS. 


134 


106ft 


SPL 


SPL 


SPO 


SFIT'TER,  n.    One  that  puts  meat  on  a  spit. 

2.  One  wlio  ejects  saliva  from  his  mouth. 

3.  A  young  deer  whose  horns  begin  to  slioot  or 
become  sharp  ;  a  brocket  or  pricket.  Eiicyc. 

SPIT'TING,  ppr.    Putting  on  a  spit. 

9.  Ejecting  saliva  from  the  mouth. 
SPIT'TLE,  (spil't!,)  n.     [from  spitJ     Saliva  ;  the 
thick,  moist  matter  wliich  is  secreted  by  the  salivary 
glands  and  ejected  from  the  mouth. 
2.  A  small  sort  of  spade,  [spaddlc] 
SPIT'TLE.    See  Spital. 

SPIT'TLE,  V.  U  To  dig  or  stir  with  a  small  spade. 
[Loral.] 

SPIT-TOON',  TU  A  more  fashionable  name  for  Spit- 
Box. 

SPIT'VEN-OM,  TU  [spit  and  venom.']  Poison  ejected 
from  the  mouth.  Hooker. 

SPLANCH-NOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  tsirXayxva,  bowels, 
and  Aoj  Of,  discourse.] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  the  viscera ;  or  a  treatise  or  de- 
scription of  the  vi.scera.  Hooper. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  diseases  of  the  internal  parts 
of  the  body.  Coie. 

SPLASH,  V.  t.    [formed  on  plash.}    To  spatter  with 

water,  or  with  water  and  mud. 
SPLASH,  V.  i.    To  strike  and  dash  about  water. 
SPLASH,  n.    Water  or  water  and  dirt  thrown  upon 

any  thing,  or  thrown  from  a  puddle  and  the  like. 
SPLASH'-BOARD,  n.    A  guard  in  front  of  a  vehicle, 

to  prevent  its  being  splashed  by  mud  from  the 

horse's  heels. 

SPLASH'SD,  (splasht,)  pp.  Spattered  with  water  or 
mud. 

SPLASH'ING,  ppr.    Spattering  with  water  or  mud. 

2.  Striking  and  dashing  about  water. 
SPLASH'Y,  a.    Full  of  dirty  water ;  wet ;  wet  and 
muddy. 

SPLaY,  t).  t.    [See  Dtsplat.]    To  dislocate  or  break 
a  horse's  shoulder-bone.  Johnson. 
2.  To  spread.    [Little  used.']  Mease. 
SPL.5Y,  for  Display.    [Al^r  in  use.'] 
SPLAY,  a.    Displayed  ;  spread  ;  turned  outward. 

Sidney. 

SPLAY,  n.  A  slanted  or  sloped  surface  ;  particnlarhj, 
the  expansion  given  to  doors,  windows,  &c.,  by 
slanting  their  sides.  Oloss.  of  Jlrchit. 

SPLAY'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Dislocated,  as  a  horse's 
shoulder-bone. 

2.  a.  In  architecture,  oblique;  having  one  side 
wliich  m;ikes  an  oblique  angle  with  the  other. 

SPLAY'FOOT,        )  a.    Having  the  foot  turned  out- 

SPLAY'FOOT-ED,  \     ward  ;  having  a  wide  foot. 

Pope. 

SPLaY'MOUTH,  n.     A  wide  mouth  ;   a  mouth 

stretched  by  design. 
SFLEEX,  n.    [L.  splen  ;  Gr.  (T^Xriv.] 

1.  The  milt ;  a  spongy  viscus  situated  in  the  left 
hypochondrium,  near  the  fundus  of  the  stomach, 
and  under  the  ribs.  It  has  an  oval  figure.  Us  use 
is  not  known.  The  ancients  supposed  this  to  be  the 
seat  of  melancholy,  anger,  or  ve.xation.  Hence, 

2.  Anger;  latent  spite;  ill  humor.  Thus  we  say, 
to  vent  one's  spleen. 

la  nuhl*"  miiuis  some  dro^s  remain, 

N(jI  yel  purged  ort',  uf  epleen  and  eour  diadain.  Pope. 

3.  A  fit  of  anger.  Sliak. 

4.  A  fit ;  a  sudden  motion.    [JVo!  iwcrf.]  Sliak. 

5.  Melancholy  ;  hypochondriacal  alfeclions. 
Bodies  changed  10  vcfnl  forms  by  spleen.  Pope. 

C.  Immoderate  merriment.    [Jfot  in  use.]  Shak. 
SPLEEN'£D,  " 


SPLEEN'FUL,  1 
SPLEEN'l.-iil,  i 

Myntlf  lave 


Deprived  of  the  spleen. 

.^rbuthiiot. 

I.    Angry  ;  peevish  ;  fretful. 

limed  their  spleenful  innliny,  Shak. 

Q.  Melancholy  ;  hypochondriacal.  Pope. 
SPLEEN'I.SH,  a.    Spltcny  ;  allected  with  .oplecn. 
SPLEE.N'ISH-LY,  ado.    in  a  splccnish  manner. 
SP1,EE.\'ISH-NESS,  n.    Stale  of  being  spleenish. 
SPLEEN'LESS,  n.    Kind  ;  gentle  ;  mild.  [Ohs.] 

Chapman. 

SPLEEN'VVORT,  (-wurt,)  n.    [L.  >.plenivm.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Asplenium ;  miltwort. 


Loudon. 


SPLEEN'Y,  a.    Angry  ;  peevish  ;  fri'tful. 

A  splteny  LtitUenin,  atid  not  wliolesume  to 

Our  cau*.'.  SlttA. 

2.  Melancholy  ;  affected  with  nervous  complaints. 
SPLE.\'DE.\T,  a.    [L.  splendens,  .tplendeo,  to  shine.] 

1.  Shining  ;  gliisiy  ;  beaming  with  light  ;  a.f, 
rpUndertt  plaiietH  ;  gjilcndent  iiK'taU.  JVeirtfln. 

2.  Very  conKoicudiis  ;  illuKtrintiH,  IVoiton. 
SPLEN'DII),  a.       splrndidiu,  from  splendco^lo  shine  ; 

Kr.  trplemiide  ;  II.  splendido  ;  \V.  ysplan,  (roni  plan, 
clear.    See  Plain.] 

1.  Property,  nhiiiing  ;  very  bright ;  as,  n  nplcndid 
■iin.  Hence, 

9.  SlK>\vy  ;  magnifirpnt  ;  KiirnptiioiiH  ;  [K)mpr>UH  ; 
an,  a  /iplrndi/t  [lalare  ;  a  irplrndiil  prorfHMion  ;  a  iqtlcn- 
did  erpiipage  ;  a  gplendid  feaHt  or  rnlertalnment. 

3.  IIIUHtriouii ;  heroic;  brilliant ;  uh,  a  jc/ilcnrfui  vic- 
tory. 


4  Illustrious ;  famous  ;  celebrated  ;  as,  a  splendid 
reputation. 

SPLEN'DID-LY,  ado.  With  great  brightness  or  bril- 
liant light. 

2.  Magnificently  ;  sumptuously  ;  richly  ;  as,  a 
house  splendidly  furnished. 

3.  With  great  pomp  or  show.  The  king  was 
splendidly  attended. 

SPLEN'DOR,  n.  [L.,  from  the  Celtic  ;  W.  ysplander, 
from  pleiniaw,  dysple'iniaio,  to  cast  rays,  from  plan,  a 
ray,  a  cion  or  shoot,  a  plane ;  whence  plant.  See 
Plant  and  Planet.] 

1.  Great  brightness ;  brilliant  luster ;  as,  the 
splendor  of  the  sun. 

2.  Great  show  of  richness  and  elegance  ;  mag- 
nificence ;  as,  the  splendor  of  equipage  or  of  royal 
robes. 

3.  Pomp  ;  parade  ;  as,  the  splendor  of  a  procession 
or  of  ceremonies. 

4.  Brilliance  ;  eminence ;  as,  the  splendor  of  a  vic- 
torv. 

SPLEN'DROUS,  a.    Having  splendor.    [JVo«  in  use.] 

Drayton. 

SPLEVE  TIC  ) 
SPLE^NET'ie-AL,  [L- 

Affected  with  spleen  ;  peevish  ;  fretful. 


You  humor  me  when  I  am  sick  ; 
Why  not  when  I  am  splenetic  ? 


Pope. 


SPLEN'E-Tie,  7i.    A  person  affected  with  spleen. 

Tatler. 

SPLE-NET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  morose  or  spleeny 

manner. 
SPLEN'ie,  0.    [Fr.  splenique.] 

Belonging  to  the  spleen  ;  as,  the  splenic  vein. 

Ray. 

SPLEN'ISH,  a.  Affected  with  spleen  ;  peevish  ;  fret- 
ful. Drayton. 

SPLE-NI'TIS,  71.    Inflammation  of  the  spleen. 

SPLEN'I-TIVE,  a.  Hot;  fiery;  passionate;  irrita- 
ble.   [JVo(  iji  use.]  Shak. 

SPLENT,  n.    See  Splint. 

SPLENT'-CoAL,  jt.  An  inferior  kind  of  canncl  coal 
from  Scotch  collieries. 

SPLlCE,  V.  t.  [S\v.  sptissa;  D.splissen;  G  spleitsen  ; 
Dan.  splidscr  ;  from  splider,  splitter,  to  split,  to  divide. 
It  should  be  written  Splise.J 

To  separate  the  strands  of^  the  two  ends  of  a  rope, 
and  unite  them  by  a  particular  manner  of  interweav- 
ing them  ;  or  to  unite  the  end  of  a  rope  to  any  part 
of  another  by  a  like  interweaving  of  the  strands. 
There  are  different  modes  of  splicing,  as  the  short 
splice,  long  splice,  eye  splice,  &.c.  Mar.  Diet. 

Splice  the  vta'in  brace  ;  among  seajnen,  a  phrase  that 
signifies  an  extra  allowance  of  spirits  in  cases  of  cold 
or  wet. 

SPLICE,  Ti.  The  union  of  ropes  by  interweaving  the 
strands.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPLIC'SD,  (spllste,)  pp.  United,  as  a  rope,  by  a  par- 
ticular manner  of  interweaving  the  two  ends. 

SPLI'CING,  ppr.  Separating  the  strands  of  two  ends 
of  a  rope,  and  uniting  them  by  interweaving. 

SPLI'CING,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  splicing. 

SPLINT,       )  71.    [D.  splinter]  G.  splint,  or  splitter; 

SPLINT'ER,  j     Dan.  splindt.    Uu.  is  ti  radical .'] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  split  off ;  a  thin  piece  (in  pro- 
portion to  its  thickness)  of  wood,  or  other  solid  sub- 
stance, rent  from  the  main  body  ;  as,  spliatc  of  a 
ship's  side  or  mast  rent  off  by  a  shot. 

2.  In  surgery,  a  thin  piece  of  wood,  or  other  sub- 
stance, used  to  bold  or  confine  a  broken  bone  when 
set. 

3.  A  piece  of  bone  rent  off  in  a  fracture. 

4.  Splint;  in  farriery,  a  hard  excrescence  growing 
on  the  shank-bones  of  iiorses.  Fann.  Encyc. 

SPLINT,  I  V.  t.  To  split  or  rend  into  long,  thin 
SPLINT'ER,  i     pieces;  to  shiver;  as,  the  lightning 

splinters  a  tree. 
2.  To  confine  with  splintery,  as  a  broken  limb. 
SPLINT'ER,  V.  i.   To  be  split  or  rent  into  long  pieces. 
SPLINT'ER-BXR,  ti.    A  cross-bar  in  a  coach,  which 

supports  the  springs. 
SPLINT'ER-i;D,pp.  oro.  Split  into  splinters  ;  secured 

by  splints. 

SPLINT'ER-ING,  ppr.  Splitting  into  splinters  ;  so- 
curing  by  splints. 

SPLINT'ER- Y,  a.  Consisting  of  splinters,  or  resem- 
bling splinters  ;  as,  the  splintery  fracture  of  a  miner- 
al, which  discovers  scales  arising  from  splits  or  lis- 
pures,  p;irallel  to  the  line  of  fra'  tiin;.  Kirwnn. 

SPLIT,  V.  t.;  prcl.  and  pp.  Split.    [D.  splitlen:  Dan. 

splitter;  G.  spliltrrn,  or  spleiisen  ;  Eth.  fait, 
to  separate,  lo  divide,  the  same  verb  which  in  other 
Shi^mitic  laniruagi'S,  Ileb.  Cli.  and  Syr.  IflSo,  signifies, 
lo  escape.    .*^ce  Sivali.] 

1.  To  divide  longitudinally  or  lengthwise  ;  to  ae|>- 
nrato  a  thing  from  end  lo  i^nd  by  force;  to  rive  ;  to 
cleave  ;  as,  to  split  a  piece  of  timber ;  lo  split  a  boaril. 
It  differs  from  ('hack.  To  erack  is  to  open,  or  par- 
tially separate  ;  to  siilit  is  lo  separate  entirely. 

2.  To  rend  ;  lo  tear  asunder  by  violence  ;  to  burst ; 
an,  to  split  a  rock  or  a  sail. 

(.'old  wliilrr  tpUts  the  ntckt  In  twain.  Vnjtlen. 


3.  To  divide  ;  to  part ;  as,  to  s]dit  a  hair.  The 
phrases,  to  split  the  heart,  to  split  a  ray  of  light,  are 
now  inelegant  and  obsolete,  especially  the  former. 
The  phrase,  to  sjilit  the  earth,  is  not  strictly  correct. 

4.  To  dash  and  break  on  a  rock ;  as,  a  ship  strand- 
ed and  split.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  To  divide  ;  to  break  into  discord  ;  as,  a  people 
split  into  parties. 

6.  To  strain  and  pain  with  laughter;  as,  to  split 
the  sides. 

SPLIT,  V.  i.  To  burst ;  to  part  asunder ;  to  suffer  dis- 
ruption ;  as,  vessels  split  by  the  freezing  of  water  in 
them.  Glass  vessels  often  split  when  heated  too 
suddenly. 

2.  To  burst  with  laughter. 

ElicU  h.^d  a  gr.ivi[y  would  make  yon  split.  Pope. 

3.  To  he  broken  ;  t»  be  dashed  to  pieces.  We 
were  driven  upon  a  rock,  and  the  ship  immediately 
split.  Swift. 

To  split  on  a  rock ;  to  fail ;  to  err  fatally ;  to  have 
the  hopes  and  designs  frustrated.  Spectator, 
SPLIT,  71.    A  crack,  rent,  or  longitudinal  fissure. 

Tutten. 

2.  A  breach  or  separation  as  in  a  political  party. 

[Colloquial] 

SPLIT'TER,  71.    One  who  splits.  Swift. 
SPLIT'TING,  ppr.    Bursting;  riving;  rending. 
SPLUT'TER,  77.    A  bustle  ;  a  stir.    [Jl  low  word,  and 
little  used.]^ 

SPLUT'TER,  V.  i.  To  speak  hastily  and  confusedly. 
[LmD.]  Carlton. 

SPOD'q-MENE,  71.  [Gr.  inroiSow,  lo  reduce  lo  ashes.] 
A  mineral,  called  by  Haiiy  Teiphane.  It  occurs 
in  laminated  masses,  easily  divisible  into  prisms  with 
rhomboidal  b.ases  ;  the  lateral  faces  smooth,  shining, 
and  pearly  ;  the  cross  fracture  uneven  and  splintery. 
Before  the  blowpipe  it  exfoliates  into  little  yellowish 
or  grayish  scales,  whence  its  name.  Cleaveland. 

It  contains  the  rare  earth  lithia,  combined  with  sil- 
ica and  alumina.  Dana. 

SPOIL,  v.  t.  [Fr.  spolier:  It.  spogUare  ;  L.  spol'io  ;  W. 
yspciliaw.  The  sense  is,  probably,  to  pull  asuniier,  to 
tear,  to  strip  ;  coinciding  with  L.  vello,  or  with  peel, 
or  with  both.    See  Class  Bl,  No.  7,  8,  15,  32.] 

1.  To  plunder ;  lo  strip  by  violence  ;  to  rob  ;  with 
of;  as,  to  spoil  one  of  his  goods  or  possessions. 

My  sons  their  old  unhappy  sire  despise, 

Spoiled  of  his  kingdom,  and  deprived  of  eyes.  Pope. 

2.  To  seize  by  violence ;  to  take  by  force ;  as,  lo 
spoil  one's  goods. 

This  mount 

With  all  its  verdure  spoiled.  Milton. 

3.  [S3ax.  spillan.]  To  corrupt ;  to  cause  to  decay 
and  perish.  Heat  and  moisture  will  soon  spoil  vege- 
table and  animal  substances. 

4.  To  corrupt ;  to  vitiate  ;  to  mar. 

Spiritual  pride  spoils  many  graces.  Taylor. 

5.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy.  Our  crops  are  sometimes 
spoiled  by  insects. 

6.  To  render  useless  by  injury;  as,  to  spoil  paper 
by  wetting  it. 

7.  To  injure  fatally  ;  as,  to  spoil  the  eyes  by  read- 
ing. 

SPOIL,  V.  i.    To  practice  plunder  or  robbery. 

Outlaws,  which,  lurking  in  woods,  used  to  brtjak  forth  to  rob  and 
spoil.  Spenser. 

2.  To  decay  ;  to  lose  the  valuable  qualities  ;  to  he 
corrupted  ;  as,  fruit  will  soon  .tjioil  in  warm  weather. 
Grain  will  spoil,  if  gathered  when  wet  or  moist. 
SPOIL,  71.    [L.  spolium.] 

1.  That  which  is  taken  from  others  by  violence  ; 
particularly,  in  war,  the  plunder  taken  from  an  ene- 
my ;  pillage  ;  booty. 

2.  That  which  is  gained  by  strength  or  effort. 

Each  science  and  each  art  his  spoil.  Bentley. 

3.  That  which  is  taken  from  another  without  li- 
cense. 

Gentle  gfales. 

Fanning  their  odoriferous  wings,  dispense 

Native  pi-rfunn-s,  and  whisper  whence  they  stole 

Their  balmy  spoils.  Milton. 

4.  The  act  or  practice  of  plundering  ;  robbery  ; 
waste. 

The  man  that  hath  not  music  in  himwdf, 

Nor  is  not  moved  with  coricorxl  of  sweet  suiindi, 

Is  lit  tor  treason,  8trat.igems,  and  spoilt.  Shak. 

5.  Corru|ition  ;  cause  of  corruption. 

Villainous  company  hath  been  tlie  spoil  of  ine.  Shak. 

G.  The  slough  or  cast  skin  of  a  serpent  or  other 
animal.  Bacon. 
SPOIL' /•-'D,  pp.  or  a.    Plundered  ;  pillaged  ;  corrupted  ; 

renileri'tl  useless. 
SPtJIli'Elt,  II.    A  plunderer;  a  pillager;  a  robber. 

2.  Uiie  that  corrupts,  mars,  or  rc  nili  rs  useless. 
SPOlL'FyL,  a.    Wasteful;  rapacious.    [Litlle  used.] 

Spen.^er. 

SPOIL'ING,  p;n-.   Plundering;  pillaging;  corrupting; 
rendering  useless. 
2.  Wasting  ;  decaying. 
SPOIL'INC,  71.    Plunder;  waste. 
SPfiKE,  pret.  of  Spkak. 

SPOKE,  11.    [Sax.  .vpara  ;  1).  .vpan/t ;  G.  speiehe.  This 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRfiy.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

1066  ' 


SPO 


SPO 


woril,  whose  radical  sense  is,  to  slioot,  or  thrust,  co- 
incides with  .tpikCf  spi^oty  yikty  and  G,  speien^  con- 
tractcil  frcmi  speichen,  to  spew.] 

1.  Tlie  radius  or  ray  of  a  wheel ;  one  of  the  small 
bars  which  are  inserted  in  the  hub  or  navu,  and 
which  serve  to  support  the  run  or  lelly.  Swift. 

2.  The  spar  or  round  of  a  ladder.  [JVot  in  itse  m 
t/ic  United  Stutes.] 

SVOWFyN,  (siHik'n,)  pp.  of  Sr«*K. 

SPoKU'SIIaVE,  n.  A  kind  of  plane  for  dressing  the 
spokes  of  wheels,  the  shells  of  blocks,  and  other 
curl  ed  work.  Buchanan. 

SPoKi;s'iM.\N,  n.  [speak,  spoke,  ani  man.]  One  who 
si>caks  for  another. 

lie  sbalt  be  tbj  spohetman  to  the  people.  —  Ex,  Ir. 

SPO'LI-ATE,  V.  t.    [L.  spotio.] 

To  pluniler  ;  to  pillage.  Dirt. 

SPo'l.t-ATK,  ti.  i.  To  practice  plunder;  to  connnit 
robbery.  In  time  of  war,  rapacious  men  are  let 
loose  to  spoliate  on  commerce. 

SPO'M-A-TED,  pp.    Plundered  ;  robbed. 

SPO-I.I-A'TION,  H.  The  act  of  plunderinR,  particu- 
larly of  i>lundering  an  enemy  in  lime  of  war. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  plundering  neutrals  at  sea 
under  authority. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  the  act  of  an  incumbent 
in  taking  the  fruits  of  his  benefice  without  right,  but 
under  a  pretended  title.  Blnckstone. 

SPON-D.\'ie,  j  o.  [Sec  Spohdee.]  Pertaining 
SPON-D.^'ie-AL,  (    to  a  spondee ;  denoting  two  long 

feet  in  poetry. 
SPON'DEE,  >i.    [Fr.  spondee;  It.  spondeo ;  L.  spon- 

dcEu-s.] 

A  politic  foot  of  two  long  syllables.  Broome. 
SPON'UYLE,  j  n.    [L.  .^pomhjlas ;  Gr.  anovSoXos  I  It. 
SPON'DYL,    i  .'rpondulo.] 

A  joint  of  the  back-bone  ;  a  Tertebra.  Coze. 
SPOiN'GE,  )i.    [L.  sponnia  ;  Gr.  iriroy)  iii ;  Fr.  eponire  ; 
It.  spn^ta  ;  Sp.  esponja  :  Sax.  sponifea  ;  D.  spans.] 

1.  A  porous,  marine  substance,  found  adhering  to 
rocks,  shells,  &c.,  under  water,  and  on  rocks  about 
the  sliore  at  low  water.  It  is  generally  supposed  to 
be  of  animal  origin,  and  it  consists  of  a  fibrous,  retic- 
ulated substance,  covered  by  a  soft,  gelatinous  mat- 
ter, but  in  which  no  polypes  have  hitherto  been  ob- 
served. It  is  so  [jorous  as  to  imbibe  a  great  quantity 
of  water,  and  is  used  for  various  purposes  in  the 
arts  and  in  surgery.  Enaje.  Cuvier. 

2.  In  gunnery,  an  instrument  for  cleaning  cannon 
aftera  discharge.  It  consists  of  a  cylinder  of  wood, 
covered  with  lamb-skin  or  wool,  and  having  a  han- 
dle or  statf.  For  small  guns,  it  is  commonly  fixed  to 
one  end  of  the  handle  of  the  ranuner. 

3.  In  the  manerre,  the  extremity  or  point  of  a  horse- 
shoe, answering  to  the  heel. 

Pijruiechnical  .■iputijrc,  is  made  of  mushrooms  or 
fungi,  growing  on  did  oaks,  ash,  fir,  &c.,  which  are 
boiled  in  water,  dried,  and  be.iten,  then  put  in  a  strong 
lye  prepared  with  saltpeter,  and  again  dried  in  an 
oven.  This  makes  the  black  match,  or  tinder, 
brou'jht  from  Germany.  Encyc. 
SPONGE,  V.  t.  To  wipe  with  a  wet  sponge ;  as,  to 
sponge  a  slate. 

2.  To  \vipe  out  with  a  sponge,  as  letters  or  writing. 

3.  To  cleanse  with  a  sponge  ;  as,  to  sponge  a  can- 
non. 

4.  Towipeout  completely  ;  to  extinguish  ordestroy. 
SPONGE,  r.  t.    To  suck  in  or  imbibe,  as  a  sponge. 

2.  To  gain  by  m*'an  arts,  by  intrusion,  or  hanging 
on  ;  as,  an  idler  who  spontre^  on  his  neighbor. 

dPONGE'-GAKE,  n.  A  kind  of  sweet  cake  which  is 
very  light  and  spongy. 

SPO.S'G'KD,  (spunjd,)  pp.  Wiped  with  a  sponge; 
wiped  out;  extinguished. 

SPO.VG'EK,  n.  One  who  uses  a  sponge  ;  a  hanger  on. 

SPO.NG'I-FORM,  a.  [sponge  ani\  form.]  Resembling 
a  sponge  ;  soft  and  porous  ;  porous. 

SPO.N'0;'I-NF,SS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
spongy,  or  porous  like  sponge.  Hartley. 

SPO.NG'ING,  ppr.  Wiping  with  a  wet  sponge  ;  cleans- 
ing with  a  sponge. 

2.  Gainmg  by  mean  arts,  by  intrusion,  or  hang- 
ing on. 

SPONG'I.NO-IIOUSE,  n.  A  bailiff's  house  to  put 
debtors  in  before  being  taken  to  jail. 

SP0.\''GI-OLE,  II.  [See  Sro^oc]  In  botany,  a  sup- 
posed expansion  of  minute  parts  at  the  tenninati<in 
of  radicles,  resembling  a  sponge,  for  absorbing  the 
nutriment  of  plants. 

SP0i\C'I-OUS,  a  Full  of  small  cavities,  like  a 
sponge  ;  as,  sponsions  bones.  Cheyne. 

SPONG'Y,  a.  Soft  and  full  of  cavities  ;  of  an  open, 
loose,  pliable  texture  ;  as,  a  spongy  excrescence  ; 
spongy  earth  ;  spongy  cake  ;  the  spongy  substance  of 
the  lungs. 

2.  Full  of  small  cavities  ;  a.s,  spongy  bones. 

3.  Wet  ;  drenched  ;  soaked  and  soli,  like  sponge. 

4.  Having  the  quality  of  imbibing  fluids. 
SPONK,  (spunk,)  n.    [A  word  probably  formed  on 

punk.] 

Touchwood.  In  Scotland,  a  match ;  something 
dipped  in  sulphur  for  readily  taking  fire.  [See 
Sfuse.] 


SPON'.S  AL,  a.    [L.  spunsalu,  fr<un  si>ondeo,  to  betroth.] 

Relating  to  marriage  or  to  a  spouse. 
SPON'SI-l'.I.E,  a.    Worthy  of  credit.  [Local.] 
SPOiN'SlO.N,  n.    [L.  spun.iio,  from  spondeo,  to  engage.] 

The  act  of  becoming  surety  for  another. 
SPON'SION,  (-shun,)  u.  In  international  taw,  an  act 
or  engagement  on  behalf  of  a  stale,  by  an  agent  not 
specially  authorized  for  the  purpose,  or  one  who  ex- 
ceeds tlie  limits  of  authority.  Brande. 
SPON'SOlt,  n.  [L.,  supra.]  A  surety;  one  who 
binds  himself  to  answer  for  another,  and  is  respon- 
sible for  his  default.  ScoU. 

2.  In  some  Christian  communions,  the  name  given 
to  those  who,  at  the  baptism  of  infants,  profess  the 
Christian  faith  in  their  name,  and  guaranty  their  re- 
ligious education  ;  a  godfather  or  godmother. 

Brande. 

SPON-.«0'RI-AT,,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  sponsor. 

SPON'SOIl-SIIIP,  71.    Stale  of  being  a  sponsor. 

SPON-T.\-Nf:'I-TY,  j  n.  [I,,  .syo/itc,  will.] 

SPON-TA'NE-OUS-NESS,  j  The  quality  of  pro- 
ceeding or  acting  from  native  feeling,  proneness, 
or  temperament,  without  constraint  or  external 
force. 

SPON  Ta'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  spontaneus,  from  sponte, 
of  free  will.] 

1.  ProcoediniT from  natural  feeling,  temperament, 
or  disposition,  or  from  a  native  internal  proneness, 
readiness,  or  tendency,  without  coinpulsitm  or  con- 
straint ;  as,  a  spontaneous  gift  or  proposition. 

[SpoMTANEous  is  not  perfectly  synonymous  with 
VoLUNTAKy  ;  the  latter  implies  an  act  of  the  will, 
which  may  proceed  from  reason,  or  argument,  with- 
out any  natural  feeling  or  aflection.  Voluntary  is 
applicable  to  rational  beings  ;  spontaneous  is  applica- 
ble to  animals  destitute  of  reason.] 

2.  Acting  by  its  own  impulse,  energy,  or  natural 
law,  without  external  force  ;  as,  sjiontancons  motion  ; 
spontaneous  growth  ;  spontaneous  combustion. 

3.  Produced  without  being  planted,  or  without 
human  labor  ;  as,  a  spontaneous  growth  of  xvood. 

Spontaneous  combustion ;  a  taking  fire  of  itself. 
Thus  oiled  canvas,  oiled  wool,  and  many  other  com- 
bustible substances,  when  sultered  to  remain  fiir 
some  time  in  a  confined  state,  suddenly  take  fire,  or 
undergo  spontaneous  combustion. 
SPON-Ta'NE-OUS-LY,  arfi>.  Of  one's  own  internal 
or  native  feeling  ;  of  one's  own  accord  ;  as,  he  acts 
spontaneously. 

2.  By  its  own  force  or  energy ;  without  the  im- 
pulse of  a  foreign  cause  ;  used  of  things. 

Wbcy  turns  Bpontaiteously  acid.  Arbuthnot. 

SPON-TA'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.    See  Spontaneitv. 
SPON-TOON',  71.    [Fr.  and  Sp.  csponton ;  It.  sponta- 
nea.] 

A  kind  of  half  pike  ;  a  military  weapon  borne  by 
inferior  olficers  of  infantry. 

?POOK,  j  71.    [Ger.  spuJc.]    A  spirit;  a  ghost ;  a  hob- 

SPuKE,  i     goblin.  Bulwer. 

SPOOL,  71.  [G.  s-pule ;  D.  spoel ;  Dan.  and  Sw  spole.] 
A  piece  of  cane  or  reed,  or  a  hollow  cylinder  of 
wood  with  a  ridge  at  each  end,  used  by  weavers  to 
wind  their  yarn  upon  in  order  to  slaie  it  and  wind  it 
on  the  beam.  The  spool  is  larger  than  the  quill,  on 
which  yarn  is  wound  for  the  shuttle.  But  in  m.".nu- 
factories,  the  word  may  be  differently  applied. 

SPOOL,  r.  t.    To  wind  on  spools. 

SPOOL'KD,  pp.    Wound  on  a  spool. 

SPOOL'ING,  ppr.    Winding  on  spools. 

SPOOL'-STAND,  n.  An  article  holding  spools  of 
fine  thread,  turning  on  pins,  used  by  ladies  at  their 
work. 

SPOOM,  V.  i.   To  be  driven  swiftly  ;  probably  a  mis- 
take for  Spoo.v.    [See  Spoon,  the  verb.] 
SPOON,  71.    [It,  .^onog.] 

1.  A  small  domestic  utensil,  with  a  bowl  or  con- 
cave part  and  a  handle,  for  dipping  liquids  ;  as,  a 
tea-.N7»oo7i  ,*  a  table-.s-ponii. 

2.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  bowl  or  hollow 
iron  and  a  long  handle,  used  for  taking  earth  out  of 
holes  dug  for  setting  posts. 

SPOON,  V.  i.  To  put  before  the  wind  in  a  gale.  [/ 
belicre  not  now  used.] 

SPOON'BlLIi,  11.  [.-710011  and  bill.]  The  popular 
name  of  certain  wading  birds  of  the  grallic  order, 
and  genus  Platalea,  so  named  from  the  shape  of  their 
bill,  which  is  long,  large,  much  flattened,  dil.ated  and 
rounded  at  the  extremity  into  the  form  of  a  sjioon  or 
spatula.  The  spoonbills  in  form  and  habits  are  allied 
to  the  herons.  JiTultall.    P.  Cyc. 

SPOO.N'-DRIFT,  It.  In  seamen's  language,  a  show- 
ery sprinkling  of  sea-water,  swept  from  tlie  surface 
in  a  tempest.  ToUen. 

SPOON'F}JL,  Ji.  [spoon  and  full.]  As  much  as  a 
spoon  contains  or  is  able  to  contain  ;  as,  a  tea-.-poun- 
ful;  a  table-.sTioftn/iiZ. 

2.  A  small  quantity  of  a  liquid.  Jirlutlinot. 

SPOON'-.MicAT,  71.  [spoimnnA  meat.]  Food  that  is 
or  must  be  taken  witli  a  spoon  ;  liquid  food. 

Diet  mott  upon  apoon-meau.  Harvty. 

SPOON'WORT,  (  wurt,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cochlearia  ;  scurvy-grass. 


8PO-RAI)'ie,       ja.    [Fr.  sporadique  ;  Gr.  a^  nai 
SPO-RAD'ie-AL,  i    iit(i<, separate,  scattered  ;  whence 
certain  isles  of  Greece  were  called  Sporades.] 

Separate  ;  single  ,  scattered  ;  useil  only  in  refer- 
ence to  diseases.  A  .sporadic  fliseasc  is  one  which 
occurs  in  single  and  scattered  cases,  in  distinction 
from  an  epidemic  and  endemic,  which  affects  many 
perstins  at  the  same  time. 

Sporadic  diseases  are  opposed  to  epidemics  and  en- 
demics, as  arcidental,  scattered  complaints.  I'arr. 
SPARK  i 

SPOR'ULE,  i  "•  """POi'  a  sowing.] 

In  botany,  that  part  of  flowcrless  plants  which  per- 
forms the  function  of  seeds. 

SPO'RII),  71.  In  botany,  a  naked  corcle,  destitute  of 
radicle,  cotyledon,  and  hilum.  lAudley. 

SPORT,  71.  ( 1).  boert,  jest ;  boertcn,  to  jest ;  bocrtig, 
merry,  facetious,  jocular.] 

1.  'I  hat  which  diverts  and  makes  merry;  play; 
game;  diversion;  also,  mirth.  The  word  signifies 
both  tlie  cause  and  the  effect  ;  that  which  produces 
mirth,  and  the  mirth  or  merriment  produced. 

Her  cports  wcrr  bmcIi  iu  CiinricJ  ricUei  of  knowledge  upon  lh« 
blnvim  of  Hwlney. 

Hero  the  word  denotes  the  caiue  of  amusement. 

Tilt  y  called  for  Sninson  out  of  Uie  pri*on-houftc ;  aitj  he  iiiKdt 
llieiii  sport.  —  Ju(t^"'«  xvi. 

Here  sport  is  the  effect. 

2.  Mock  ;  mockery  ;  contemptuous  mirth. 

Then  make  sport  nt  iiie,  then  jft  nic  be  your  Je»l,  Shot. 
Till  y  made  a  gport  of  his  ]>rophft«.  Etdrat. 

3.  1'hat  with  which  one  plays,  or  which  is  driven 
about. 

To  (lilting  leaves,  the  tport  of  every  wind.  Drydtn. 
Ntv(  r  dors  man  apjiear  to  gr-nU'T  disadvanta^  than  wh.-n  he  it 
the  £jiort  ol  hia  own  uiiguverned  pnssions.        J,  Clarke. 

4.  Play  ;  idle  jingle. 

An  author  who  should  introduce  such  a  tporl  of  wopis  upon  our 
stag'-,  would  meet  with  small  appLiiiBe.  Brtjoine. 

5.  Diversion  of  the  field,  as  fowling,  hunting,  fish- 
ing. Clarendon. 

In  sport.  To  do  a  thing  in  .-TKirf,  is  to  do  it  in  jest, 
for  play  or  diversion. 

So  is  the  man  th'it  deceiveth  bis  nei^libiir,  and  saith,  Am  not  I  <n 
sport )  —  Prov.  xxvi. 

SPoRT,  V.  t.  To  divert;  to  make  merry  ;  used  icitA 
the  reciprocal  pronoun. 

Against  whom  do  ye  sport  yourselves  ?  —  Is,  IvM. 

2.  To  represent  by  any  kind  of  play. 

Now  sporting  on  Ihy  tyre  llie  love  cf  vouth.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  exhibit  or  bring  out  in  public  ;  as,  to  sport  c 
new  equipage.    [Familiar.]  Orosc. 

SPORT,  jj.  i.    To  play  ;  to  frolic ;  to  wanton. 

See  the  brisk  Iambs  that  spiirt  alon;  llie  mead.  Asxon, 

2.  To  practice  the  diversions  of  the  field. 

3.  Totrirte.  The  man  thatlaughs  at  religion  spi/rta 
with  his  own  salvation. 

SPORT'ER,  71.    One  who  sports. 
SPORT'FIJL,  a.    Merry  ;  frolicsome  ;  full  of  jef.ting ; 
indulging  in  mirth  or  play  ;  as,  a  sportful  cnmi  anion. 
Down  he  alights  amonj  the  sportful  henl.  iiUlton, 
2.  Ludicrous  ;  done  in  jest  or  for  mere  pl.ny. 
These  are  no  rpoT\ful  productions  of  the  soil.  BentUy. 

SPORT'FUL-LY,  adv.   In  mirth;  in  jest;  for  the 

sake  of  diversion  ;  playfully. 
SrORT'FJJL-NESS,  71.    Pl.ay  ;  merriment ;  frolic  ;  a 

playful  disposition  ;  playfulness  ;  as,  the  sportfulness 

of  kids  and  lambs. 
SPORT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Indulging  sport;  practicing 

the  diversions  of  the  field. 
SPoRT'IVE,  a.    Gay;  merry;  wanton;  frolicsome.' 

Is  It  I 

That  drive  thee  from  the  sportive  court  f  ShaJt. 

2.  Inclined  to  mirth ;  playful ;  as,  a  sportive  hu- 
mor. 

SPoRT'IVE-LY,  adv.    Gayly  ;  merrily  ;  playfully. 

SPoRT'I  VE-NESS,  n.  Playfulness  ;  mirth  ;  merriment. 
2.  Uis[x)silion  to  mirth.  [  ffalton. 

SPORT'LESS,  a.    Without  sport  or  mirth  ;  joyless. 

SPoRTS'MAN,  71.  [sport  and  man.]  One  who  pur- 
sues the  sports  of  the  field  ;  one  who  hunts,  fishes, 
and  fiiwls. 

2.  One  skilled  in  the  sports  of  the  fields.  Mdison. 
SPORTS'MAN-SIIIP,  71.    The  practice  of  s|iortsmen. 
SPORT'lJ-LA-RY,  a.    [from  L.  spuria,  a  basket,  an 
alms-basket.] 

Subsisting  on   alms  or  charitable  contributions. 
[LiUle  used.]  /';!;. 
SPORT'ULE,  71.    [L.  sportula,  a  little  basket.] 

An  alms  ;  a  dole  ;  a  charitable  gift  or  contribution. 
[J\rol  in  u.te.]  .lyliffe. 
SPOR'ULE.  n.    A  diminutive  of  SeonE,  which  see. 
SPOT,  71.    [I),  sjtat,  a  spot,  spavin,  a  pop-gun  ;  spatlen, 
to  *7Jo/,  to  spatter;  Dan.  sprite,  a  spot,  and  .^pet,  a 
pecker;  svnrt,  {.pet,  a  wtiodpecker.     We  see  this 
word  is  of  the  family  of  .vpatter,  and  that  the  radical 
sense  is,  to  throw  or  thrust.   A  spot  is  made  by  spat- 
tering or  sprinkling.] 
1.  A  mark  on  a  substance  made  by  foreign  matter ; 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I 


10()7 


RPO 


SPR 


SPR 


a  speck  ;  a  blot ;  a  place  discolored.  Tiie  least  xpot 
is  visible  on  white  paper. 

2.  A  stain  on  character  or  reputation  ;  something 
that  soils  purity ;  disgrace ;  reproach  ;  fault ;  blem- 
ish.   See  1  Pet.  i.  17.  v.  27. 

Yet  Cliloe  lure  wiia  formed  without  a  Bpot,  Pope. 

3.  A  small  extent  of  space ;  a  place  ;  any  particu- 
lar place. 

The  spot  to  which  I  point  is  paradise.  MUton. 
Fixed  lo  one  spot.  Oticay. 

So  we  say,  a  spot  of  ground,  a  !^ot  of  grass  or 
flowers  ;  meaning  a  place  of  small  extent. 

4.  A  place  of  a  different  color  from  the  ground  ;  as, 
the  spots  of  a  leopard. 

5.  A  variety  of  the  common  domestic  pijroon,  so 
called  from  a  spot  on  its  head  just  above  its  beak. 

().  A  dark  place  on  the  disk  or  fare  of  the  sun  or 
of  a  planet.    See  Solar  Spots,  under  Solar. 

7.  A  lucid  place  in  the  heavens. 

Upon  t  It  r  spot ;  immediately;  before  movint?  ;  with- 
out changing  place.  [So  the  French  say,  sur  U 
ckatnp.] 

It  was  determined  upon  the  spot.  i^trifl. 

SPOT,  V.  t.  To  make  a  visible  mark  with  some 
foreign  matter;  to  discolor ^  to  stain j  as,  to  sptit  a 
garment ;  to  spot  paper. 

2.  To  patch  by  way  of  ornament.  Mdison. 

3.  To  stain  ;  to  blemish  ;  to  taint ;  to  disgrace  ;  to 
tarnish ;  as  reputation. 

My  vir^n  life  no  spotted  thouwlita  shall  stain.  Sidney. 

To  spot  timber,  is  to  cut  or  chip  it,  in  preparation 
for  hewing. 

SPUT'LESS,  a.  Free  from  spots,  foul  matter,  or  dis- 
coloration. 

2.  Free  from  reproach  or  impurity ;  pure ;  un- 
tainted ;  innocent;  as,  a  spotless  mmd  ;  spotless  be- 
havior. 

A  spotless  virgin  and  a  fauldess  wife.  Waller. 

SPOT'LESS-NESS,  n.    Freedom  from  spot  or  stain ; 

freedom  from  'eproach.  Donnr. 
SPOT'TED,  pp.  or  a.    iMarked  with  spots  or  places  of 

a  different  color  from  the  ground  ;  as,  a  spotted  bcaet 

or  garment. 

SPOT'TED-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
spotted. 

SPOT'TER,  n.    One  that  makes  spots. 
SPOT'TI-NESS,  71.     The  state  or  quality  of  being 
spotty. 

SPOT'TING,  ppr.    Marking  with  spots ;  staining. 
SPOT'TY,  a.    Full  of  spots;  marked  with  discolored 
places. 

SPOUS'AGE,  n.  [See  Spousk.]  The  act  of  espous- 
ing.    [J^ot  l/.5Cd.] 

SPOUS'AL,  a.  [from  spouse.]  Pertaining  to  mar- 
riage ;  nuptial;  nKitriuionial ;  conjugal;  connubial; 
bridal ;  as,  spousal  rites  ;  sj^ousal  ornaments.  Pope. 

SPOUS'AL,  n.  [Fr.  epousuillcs ;  Sp.  esponsales ;  h. 
sponsalia.    See  Spouse.] 

Marriage  ;  nuptials,  it  is  now  generally  used  in 
the  plural ;  as,  the  spousals  of  Hippolita.  Lh-yden. 

SPOUSE,  (spouz,)  71.  [Fr.  epoiuie;  Sp.  esposo,  esposa; 
It.  sposOf  sposa ;  L.  .fponsusj  spojisa^  from  spojidco,  to 
engage  ;  Ir.  posam,  iil.  It  appears  that  n,  in  spondeo, 
is  not  radical,  or  that  it  has  been  lost  in  other  lan- 
guages. The  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  put  together,  to 
bind.    In  Si>.  esposas  signifies  manacles.] 

One  engaged  or  joined  in  wedlock  ;  a  married 
person,  husband  or  wife.  We  say  of  a  man,  that 
he  is  the  sjiouse  of  such  a  woman  ;  or  of  a  woman, 
she  is  the  spouse  of  such  a  man.  Dryden. 

SPOUSE,  (spouz,)  V.  t.  To  wed  ;  to  espouse.  [Little 
used.]    [See  Espouse.]  Chaucer. 

SPOUS'£D,  pp.  Wedded  ;  joined  in  marriage  ;  mar- 
ried ;  but  seldom  used.  The  word  used  in  lieu  of  it 
is  Espoused.  Milton. 

SPOUSE'LESS,  (spoiiz'less,)  a.  Destitute  of  a  hus- 
band or  of  a  wife ;  as,  a  spouseless  king  or  queen. 

Pope. 

SPOUT,  71.  [D.  spuit,  a  spout,  spuiten,  to  spout.  In 
G.  spxitten  is  to  spit,  and  spotlen  is  to  mock,  banter, 
sport.  These  are  of  one  family ;  .tpout  retaining 
nearly  the  primary  and  literal  meaning.  Clasa  Bd. 
See  Iluu  and  Pout.] 

1.  A  pipe,  or  a  projecting  moulh  of  a  vessel,  use- 
ful in  directing  the  stream  of  a  liquid  poured  out; 
as,  tho  spout  of  a  pitcher,  of  a  tea-pot  or  water- 
pot. 

2.  A  pipe  conducting  water  from  another  pipe  or 
from  a  trough  on  a  house. 

3.  A  violent  discharge  of  water  raised  '.ei  a  cohinm 
at  sa^like  a  whirlwind,  or  by  u  whirlwind.  [Sea 

WATEnsPOUT.] 

SPOUT,  r.  L  To  throw  out,  as  liquids  through  a  nar- 
row orifice  or  pipe ;  as,  an  olejihant  spouts  water 
from  his  trunk. 

N'-xt  on  hii  briljr  floats  the  niljlily  wliah;  — 

H"  spouu  t\if  tide.  Creech. 

2.  To  throw  out  words  with  afTccted  gravity  ;  to 
mr>ulh.  litaum.  If  Ft. 

BPOUT,  V.  i  To  i«»uo  with  violence,  as  a  liquid 
through  a  narrow  orifice,  or  from  a  spout ;  as,  water 


spouts  from  a  cask  or  a  spring;  blood  spouts  from  a 
vein. 

AH  the  glittering  hill 
Is  brfght  with  spouting  nils.  TTtomson. 

SPOUT'ED,  pp.    Thrown  in  a  stream  from  a  pipe  or 

narrow  orifice. 
SPOIJT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Throwing  in  a  stream  from  a 

pipe  or  narrow  opening  ;  pouring  out  words  violently 

or  affectedly. 

SPOIJT'ING,  7!.  The  act  of  throwing  nut,  as  a  liquid 
from  a  narrow  opening  ;  a  violent  or  affected  speech  ; 
a  harriugue. 

SPRAU,  a.     Vigorous ;  sprightly.  [Local.] 

JMliwcU. 

Mute.  —  In  America,  this  word  is,  in  poijular  lan- 
guage, I'ronouiiced  spry,  which  is  a  coutruction  of 
spri^h,  in  sprightly. 

SPRAG,  K.    A  young  salmon.    [Local.]  Grose. 

SPRAIN,  t.  [Probably  Sw.  sjiranga,  to  break  or 
loosen  ;  Dan.  sprenger,  to  s^triurr,  to  burst  or  crack  ; 
or  from  the  same  root.] 

To  weaken  the  motive  power  of  a  part  by  sudden 
and  excessive  exertion  ;  tn  overstniin  the  muscles  or 
ligaments  of  a  joint ;  to  stretch  the  muscles  or  liga- 
ments so  as  to  injure  them,  but  without  luxation  or 
dislocation.  Oay.  Encyc. 

SPRAIN,  71.  The  weakening  of  the  motive  power  of 
a  part,  by  sudden  anil  excessive  exertitm  ;  an  exces- 
sive strain  of  the  muscles  or  ligaments  of  a  joint, 
without  dislocation.  Temple. 

SPRAlN'ivD,  pp.  or  a.    Injured  by  excessive  straining. 

SPRaIN'ING,  ;i;ir.    Injuring  hv  excessive  extension. 

SPRaINTS,  7i.p/.    The  dung  of  an  otter.  Bailey. 

SPRANG,  prc£.  of  Sprikq  ;  but  Spbunq  is  more  gen- 
erally used. 

SPRAT,  71.    [D.  .spro* ;  G.  sprolte  ;  Ir.  sproth.] 

A  small  nsh  closely  allied  to  the  herring  and  pil- 
chard. 

SPRAWL,  V.  i.  [The  origin  and  affinities  of  this 
woril  are  uncertain.    It  may  be  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  To  spread  and  stretch  the  body  carelessly  in  a 
horizontal  position  ;  to  lie  with  the  limbs  stretched 
out  or  stru;rgling.  We  say,  a  person  lies  sprawling  ; 
or  he  sprawls  on  the  bed  or  on  the  ground. 

Hudibras. 

2.  To  move,  when  lying  down,  with  awkward 
extension  and  motions  of  the  limbs ;  to  scrabble  or 
scramble  in  creeping. 

The  bir'is  wtT«  not  fl'-dged  ;  but  in  sprawling  and  stnt^gling  to 
^Ll  clear  of  the  flame,  down  they  tumbled,  Estrange. 

3.  'i'o  widen  or  open  irregularly,  as  a  body  of 
horse. 

SPllAWL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Lying  with  the  limbs  awk- 
wardly stretched    creeping  with  awkward  motions  ; 
slrtiggling  with  contortion  of  the  limbs. 
2.  Widening  or  opening  irregularly,  as  cavalry. 

SPRAY,  71.  [Probably  allied  to  sprig  The  radical 
sense  is  a  shoot.    Class  Rg.] 

1.  A  small  slioot  or  branch ;  or  branch  of  a  tree ; 
a  twig.  Encyc. 

2.  A  collective  body  of  small  branches ;  as,  the 
tree  has  a  beautiful  spray.  Downing. 

3.  Among  seamen,  the  water  that  is  driven  from 
the  top  of  a  w.ive  by  wind,  and  which  spreads  and 
flies  in  small  particles.  It  iliffers  from  Spoon-Drift  ; 
as  spray  is  only  occasional,  whereas  spoon-drift  Hies 
continually  along  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

SPREAD,  (spred,)  v,  t. ;  pret.  anipp.  Spread  or  Spred  ; 

fSax.  sprwAan,  spredan ;  Dan.  spreder  ;  Sw.  sprida  ; 
^.  spreidcn ;  G.  spreiien.  This  is  probably  formed  on 
the  root  of  broad,  G.  ircif ;  breiten,  to  spread.  'I'he 
more  correct  orthography  is  Spred.] 

1.  To  extend  in  length  and  breadth,  or  in  breadth 
only  ;  to  stretch  or  expand  to  a  broader  surface  ;  as, 
to  spread  a  carpet  or  a  table-cloth  ;  to  spread  a  sheet 
on  the  ground. 

2.  To  extend  ;  to  form  into  a  plate  ;  as,  to  spread 
silver.    Jer.  x. 

3.  To  set ;  to  place ;  to  pitch  ;  as,  to  spread  a  tent. 
Oen.  xxxiii. 

4.  To  cover  by  extending  something ;  to  reach 
every  part. 

And  an  untisual  palene«  spreads  her  face.  Granville. 

5.  To  extend  ;  to  shiiot  to  a  greater  length  in 
every  direction,  so  as  lo  fill  or  cover  a  wider  space. 

The  stately  trees  fast  spread  their  branches.  Milton. 

6.  To  divulge  ;  to  propagate  ;  to  publish  ;  as  news 
or  fame  ;  to  cause  to  be  more  extensively  known  ; 
as,  to  s)trcad  a  report. 

In  this  use,  tho  word  is  often  accompanied  with 
abroad. 

They,  when  they  had  departed,  spread  abroad  his  fame  In  all 
Umt  country.  —  Malt.  is. 

7.  To  propagate  ;  to  cause  to  affect  great  numbers  ; 
as,  to  sjyread  a  disease. 

8.  To  emit ;  to  diffuse ;  as  emanations  or  ctlluvia  ; 
as,  odoriferotts  plants  sproad  their  fragranc*;. 

S).  To  dispi'rse  ;  to  scatter  over  a  larger  surface  ;  as, 
to  sjn-rad  manure;  U)  spread  plaster  or  lime  on  the 
ground. 

10.  'i"o  prepare ;  to  set  and  furnish  with  pro- 


visions ;  as,  to  spread  a  table.  God  spread  a  table  for 
the  Israelites  in  the  wilderness. 

11.  To  open  ;  to  unfold  ;  to  unfurl ;  to  stretch  ;  as, 
to  spread  the  sails  of  a  ship. 
SPREAD,  (spred,)  ».  i.  To  extend  itself  in  length  and 
breadth,  in  all  directions,  or  in  breadth  only  ;  to  be 
extended  or  stretched.  The  larger  elms  spread  over 
a  space  of  forty  or  fifty  yards  in  diameter ;  or  the 
shade  of  the  larger  elms  spreads  over  that  space. 
The  larger  lakes  in  America  spread  over  more  than 
fifteen  hundred  square  miles. 

Plants,  if  they  spread  much,  are  seldom  tall.  Bacon. 

2.  To  be  extended  by  drawing  or  beating ;  as,  a 
metal  spreads  with  difficulty. 

3.  To  be  propag-'led  or  made  known  more  exten- 
sively. Ill  reports  sometimes  spread  with  wonderful 
ra|>idity. 

4.  To  be  propagated  from  one  to  another ;  as,  a 
disease  spreads  into  all  parts  of  a  city.  The  yellow 
fever  of  American  cities  has  not  been  found  to  spread 
in  the  country. 

SPREAD,  (spied,)  ti.    Extent ;  compass. 

I  haTe  a  fine  sprectd  of  iinproT.able  land.  Addison. 

2.  Expansion  of  parts. 

No  flower  h;is  thai  spread  of  the  woodbine.  Bacon. 

3.  A  cloth  used  as  a  cover ;  a  table,  as  spread  oi 
furnisheil_\\'ith  a  meal.  [Coltoguial.] 

SPREAD'-EA'GLE,  II.  In  armorial  bearings,  the  fig 
lire  of  an  eagle,  with  its  wings  elevated  and  its  legs 
extended.  Booth. 

SPREAD'ER,  (spred'-,)  n.  One  that  spreads,  extends, 
expands,  or  proi)agates  ;°as,  a  spreader  of  disease. 

Hooker. 

2.  One  that  divulges  ;  one  that  causes  to  be  more 
generally  known;  a  publisher;  as,  a  spreader  ot 
news  or  reports.  Swift. 
SPREAD'ING,  ppr.    Extending;  expanding;  propa- 
gating; divulging;  dispersing;  diffusing. 

2.  a.  Extending  or  extended  over  a  large  space  ; 
wide  ;  as,  the  ."pnading  oak. 

GoTernor  Winthrop,  and  his  associates  at  Charleslown,  had  for  a 
church  a  large  spreading  tree.  B.  Trumbull. 

SPREAD'ING,  71.    The  act  of  extending,  dispersing, 

or  propagating. 
SPREE,  71.     A  merry  frolic  ;  often  with  drinking. 

[Low.]  JIalliioell. 
SPRENT,  pp.    Sprinkled.    [Obs.]    [See  Sprinkle.] 

Spenser. 

SPREW,  (spru,)  71.  [D.  spreeuw  or  .^reuuw,  the  dis- 
ease called  thrush.] 

A  disease  of  the  mucous  membrane,  consisting  in 
a  specific  inriamniation  of  the  muciparous  ghtiids, 
with  an  elevation  of  the  epithelium,  (or  cuticle  on 
the  red  part  of  the  lips,)  in  round,  oval,  or  irregular 
whitish  or  ash-colored  vesicles.  It  is  confined  to  the 
mouth  and  alimentary  canal,  and  terminates  in  curd- 
like sloughs. 

SPRIG,  71.  [W.  ysbrig;  ys,  a  prefix,  and  brig,  top, 
summit ;  that  is,  a  shoot,  or  shooting  to  a  point. 
Class  lirg.] 

1.  A  small  shoot  or  twig  of  a  tree  or  other  plant ;  a 
spray  ;  as,  a  sprig  of  laiirtd  or  of  parsley. 

2.  A  brad,  or  nail  without  a  head.  [Local.] 

3.  The  representation  of  a  small  branch  in  em- 
broideiy. 

4.  A  small  eye-bolt  ragged  at  the  point.  Encyc. 
SPRIG,  V.  t.    To  mark  or  adorn  with  the  representa- 
tion of  small  branches  ;  to  work  with  sprigs ;  as,  to 
sprig  muslin. 

SPRIG'-CRYS'TAL,  71.  A  cluster  of  pointed,  pris- 
matic crystals  of  quartz,  adhering  by  one  extremity 
to  the  rock.  tVoodward. 

SPRIG'Gi-'D,  pp.  Wrought  with  representations  of 
small  twigs. 

SPRKJ'GING,  ppr.    Working  with  sprigs. 

SPUIG'GY,  a.    Full  of  sprigs  or  small  branches. 

SPKKJHT,  j  71.    [G.  .s-pWrt,  spirit.    It  should  be  writ- 

SPRlTE,    j     ten  Sprite.] 

1.  A  spirit ;  a  shade ;  a  soul ;  an  incorporeal 
agent. 

Forth  he  called,  out  of  deep  darkness  dread, 

LegionB  of  spriglite.  Sjienscr. 

Anil  gaping  graves  receivctl  (he  guilty  spright.  fjryden. 

2.  A  walking  spirit ;  an  apparition.  Locke. 

3.  Power  which  gives  cheerfulness  or  courage. 
Hold  thou  my  heart,  establish  thou  my  sprights.    (iVol  in  use.] 

^"idney. 

4.  An  arrow.    [Jt''ot  in  u.ie.]  Bacon. 
SPRIG UT,  ti.  f.    To  haunt,  as  a  spright.    [JSTol  used.] 

Shak. 

SPRIGIIT'FIJL,  a.  [This  word  seems  to  be  formed 
on  tho  root  of  sprag,  a  local  wiud,  pronounced  in 
America  spry.  It  belongs  to  the  family  of  spring 
and  sprig.]^ 

Lively ;  Drisk  ;  nimble;  vigorous;  gay. 

Spoke  like  n  sprighfful  noble  genOeman.  Sliai. 
Steeds  sprigltt/ul  as  the  light.  Couley. 

[This  word  is  little  used  in  America.  We  use 
SpuioHTi.v  in  the  same  sense,] 

SPRIGIIT'FjJL-LY,  arfo.    Briskly  ;  vigorously.  Shak. 

SPKI(:nT'K(JI.-NESS,  n.  Briskness;  liveliness;  vi- 
vacity. Hammond. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1068 


SPR 

SPRTGHT'LESS,  (sprite'-,)  a.  Deslitiiteof  life  ;  dull : 
sliisisiisli  ;  as,  virtue's  njjrijrlulrs.t  cold.  Coioltij. 

SPKIGIIT'LI-NKSS,  n.  [from  sprigMhj.]  Liveli- 
ness ;  life  ;  briskueaa ;  vigor ;  activity  ;  gaye'.y  ;  vi- 
vacity. 

In  dpTimi,  with  whnl  KprighOintt*  and  alacrity  tlo<'i  thi!  soul 
fiiTt  heniciri  jl'Wwon. 

SPRIGIIT'LY,  (sprlte'lc,)  a.  Lively  ;  brisk  j  mii- 
niated  ;  vigorotis  ;  airy  ;  gay  ;  as,  a  sprigUUij  youtli ; 
a  sprijrhtlij  air ;  a  sprightli/  dniicc. 

Till*  tpTightiy  SyWia  trip*  along  tlit'  green.  Pope, 
Ami  tprighlli/  wit  ami  love  insiiiioi.  DrijtUn. 

SPRING,  V.  i. ;  pret.  Spnuito,  [Spbanq,  not  wholly  ob- 
siil.'te ,]  pp.  SrnuKO.  [Sax.  springaii;  U.  and  G. 
springen  ;  Van.  sprinirer  ;  Sw.  .^prinira ;  from  the  root 
llrg  or  Ug  ;  n  probably  biMng  ca.sual.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  leap,  to  shoot.] 

1.  To  vegetate  and  rise  out  of  the  ground  ;  k>  be- 
gin to  appear ;  as  vegetables. 

To  Kili^fy  the  dosuiatf  groiuul,  and  cause  the  bad  of  tkc  lenilcr 
herb  to  tpring  lurUi.  —  Job  xxxTiii. 

In  this  sense,  sprinsr  is  often  or  usually  followed  by 

2.  To  begin  to  grtiw.  [np,  forth,  or  oitC. 

The  teeth  of  the  young  not  spring.  Hay. 

3.  To  proceed,  as  from  the  seed  or  cause. 

Much  more  good  of  sin  slinl]  tpring.  M  Iton. 

4.  To  arise ;  to  appear ;  to  begin  to  appear  or 
exist. 

When  the  day  he-ran  to  spring,  Ihey  let  her  go.  —  Jutljf-'a  xxi. 
Do  not  blast  my  springing  hope*.  Hotse. 

5.  To  break  forth  ;  to  issue  into  sight  or  notice. 
O,  spring  to  light  I  auipiciou*  bab.-,  be  burn.  Pope. 

6.  To  issue  or  proceed,  as  from  ancestors,  or  from 
a  country.    Aaron  and  Aloses  sprung  from  Levi. 

7.  To  proceed,  as  from  a  cause,  reason,  principle, 
or  other  original.  The  noblest  title  springs  from 
virtue. 

They  found  new  hope  to  spring 
Out  of  tUsiiair.  MUton. 

8.  To  grow;  to  thrive. 

What  maltes  all  this  but  Jupiter  the  king? 

At  whose  coinniund  we  peruh  and  we  spring,  Drytlen. 

9.  To  proceed  or  isstie,  as  from  a  fountain  or 
source.  Water  springs  from  reservoirs  in  the  earth. 
Rivers  .'^prijig  from  lakes  or  ponds. 

10.  To  leap ;  to  bound  ;  to  jump. 

The  mountain  stag  that  springs 
Fiom  hight  to  higlit,  and  bounds  along  the  plains.  Philips. 

11.  To  fly  back  ;  to  start;  as,  a  bow,  when  bent, 
spring.i  back  by  its  elastic  power. 

12.  To  start  or  rise  suddenly  from  a  covert. 
Watchful  ns  fowlers  when  their  *anie  will  spring,  Otipay, 

13.  To  shoot  i  to  wsiie  with  speed  and  violence. 

And  sudden  light 
Sirrung  through  111  -  Tanked  roof.  Drytlen. 

14.  To  bend  or  wind  from  a  straight  direction  or 
plane  surfiice.  Our  mechanics  say,  a  piece  of  timber, 
or  a  plank,  springs  in  seasoning. 

To  spring  at ;  to  leap  toward  ;  to  attempt  to  reach 
by  a  leap. 

To  .■••pring  in  ;  to  rush  in  ;  to  enter  with  a  leap  or 
m  h.iste. 

To  s-pring  forth  ;  to  leap  out ;  to  rush  out. 

To  spring  on  or  u;«i7i ;  to  leap  on  ;  to  rush  on  with 
haste  or  violence  ;  to  assault. 
SPRING,  r.  t.    To  start  or  rouse,  as  game  ;  to  cause  to 
rise  from  the  earth,  or  from  a  covert ;  as,  to  spring  a 
pheasant. 

2.  To  produce  quickly  or  unexpectedly. 

The  nurse,  surprised  with  fright. 
Starts  up  and  leaves  her  bed,  and  sjrringe  a  light.  Dryden. 

f  / have  never  heard  such  an  erpression.] 

3.  To  start ;  to  contrive,  or  to  produce,  or  propose 
on  a  sudden;  to  produce  unexpectedly. 

The  friends  lo  the  cause  sprang  a  new  project.  Sisi/L 
[In  lieu  of  spring,  the  people  in  the  United  States 
generally  use  start ;  to  .ilart  a  new  project.] 

4.  To  cause  to  explode ;  as,  to  spring  a  mine. 

.Addison. 

.").  To  burst ;  to  cause  to  open  ;  as,  to  spring  a 
leak.  When  it  is  said,  a  vessel  lias  .--prung  a  leak, 
the  meaning  is,  the  leak  has  then  commenced. 

C.  To  crack  ;  as,  to  .spring  a  mast  or  a  yard. 

7.  To  cause  to  rise  from  a  given  spot ;  as,  to  spring 
an  arch. 

8.  To  cause  to  close  suddenly,  as  the  parts  of  a 
trap  ;  as,  to  spring  a  trap. 

To  spring  a  butt ;  in  seamen^s  language,  to  loosen 
the  end  of  a  plank  in  a  ship's  bottom. 

spring  a  leak  ;  to  commence  leaking  ;  to  begin 
to  leak. 

To  spring  the  tuff;  when  a  vessel  yields  to  the 
helm,  and  sails  nearer  to  the  wind  than  before. 

Mar.  Diet. 

To  spring  a  fence,  for  to  leap  a  fence,  is  not  a 
phrase  used  in  this  country.  Thomson. 

To  .spring  an  arch  ;  to  set  ofl',  begin,  or  commence 
an  arch  from  an  abutment  or  pier. 

To  spring  a  rattle.    See  Watc  hmam. 


SPR 

SPRING,  n.  A  leap;  a  bound;  a  jump;  a.i  of  an  an- 
imal 

'1  )■  •>risoiier  with  a  spring  from  prison  broke.  Dryden. 

2.  A  ing  back  ;  the  resilience  of  a  body  recov- 
ering its.  mer  state  by  its  elasticity  ;  as,  the  spring 
of  a  bow. 

.3.  Elastic  power  or  force.  The  soul  or  the  mind 
rci|uiros  relaxation,  that  it  may  recover  its  natural 
.'ipring. 

Hearens  I  wtiat  a  spring  was  in  his  arm  I  Dryden. 

4.  An  elastic  body  ;  a  body  which,  when  bent  or 
forced  from  its  natural  state,  has  the  power  of  recov- 
ering it  ;  as,  the  spring  of  a  watch  or  clock. 

5.  Any  active  power  ;  that  by  which  action  or  mo- 
tion is  produced  or  propagated. 

Like  nature  letting  down  ttie  ejtrings  of  life.  Drydsn. 

t)ur  autlior  »litni8  by  Tulgar  springs  lo  mofo 

The  hero's  glory.  Pope. 

6.  A  fountain  of  water  ;  an  issue  of  water  from 
the  earth,  or  the  basin  of  water  at  the  place  of  its 
issue.  Springs  are  temporary  or  perennial.  From 
.'springs  proceed  rivulets,  and  rivulets  united  form 
rivers.    Lakes  and  ponds  are  usually  fed  by  .iprings. 

7.  The  place  where  water  usually  issues  from  the 
earth,  though  no  water  is  there.  Thus  we  say,  a 
spring  is  dry. 

8.  A  source  ;  that  from  which  supplies  are  drawn. 
The  real  Christian  has  in  his  own  breast  a  perpetual 
and  inexhaustible  spring  of  joy. 

The  sacred  spring  whence  right  and  honor  stream.  Davies. 

9.  Rise ;  original ;  as,  the  spring  of  the  day.  1 
Sam.  ix. 

.'0.  Cause  ;  original.  The  springs  of  great  events 
are  often  concealed  from  common  observation. 

11.  The  season  of  the  year  when  plants  begin  to 
vegetate  and  rise  ;  the  vernal  season.  This  season 
comprehends  the  months  of  March,  April,  and  May, 
in  the  middle  latitudes  north  of  the  et]iiator. 

12.  In  seamen's  language,  a  crack  or  fissure  in  a 
mast  or  yani,  running  tibliquely  or  transversely.  [In 
the  sense  of  leak,  I  believe,  it  is  not  used.] 

13.  A  rope  or  hawser  by  which  a  ship  is  held  at 
one  part,  as  the  bow  or  quarter,  in  order  to  keep  her 
in  a  particular  position,  or  to  turn  her  in  a  short  com- 
pass. Brande. 

14.  A  plant ;  a  shoot ;  a  young  tree.    [JVo£  in  ttic] 

Spenser. 

1. ').  A  youth.    [JVu(  in  use.^  Spenser. 
16.  A  hand  ;  a  shoulder  of  pork.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Bcaum.  Sf  Ft. 
SPRING'AL,     (  n.    A  youth.    [JVo«  in  itsc] 
SPRIN"GALL,  1  Spenser. 

2.  An  ancient  military  engine  for  casting  stones 
and  arrows.    [Oft,--.]  IlaUiwcU. 

SPIII.\(J'-B.\CK,  n.  In  f/ie  JinrZcri/,  the  cover  of  a  book 
which  is  not  made  fast  to  the  back,  but  which 
springs  back  when  the  botik  is  opened. 

SPRING'-BOK,  M.  [D.  spring  and  bok,  a  buck  or  he- 
goat.  ] 

A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  caprid  tribe,  the  Ante- 
lope Enchorc  or  Springer  Antelope,  which  inhabits 
the  plains  of  South  Africa. 
SPUINOE,  (sprinj.)  n.  [(mm ■•>pring.'\  A  gin  ;  a  noose, 
which,  being  fastened  to  an  elastic  boily,  is  drawn 
close  with  a  sudden  spring,  by  which  moans  it 
catches  a  bird. 
SPRINOE,  V.  t.    To  catch  in  a  springe  ;  to  insn.are. 

Beuum.  S(  Fl. 

SPRING'ER,  n.  One  who  springs ;  one  that  rouses 
game. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  grampus. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  impost,  or  point  at  which  an 
arch  unites  with  its  support ;  also,  the  bottom  stone 
of  an  arch,  which  lies  on  the  impost ;  also,  the  rib  of 
a  groined  roof. 

4.  Springer,  or  springer  antelope  ;  a  species  of  ante- 
lope in  Southern  Africa  ;  the  spring-bok. 

SPRING'-HALT,  n.  [spring  and  halt]  A  kind  of 
lamenesi-iii  which  a  horse  suddenly  twitches  up  his 
lees.  Sliak. 

SPRING'-HE.\D,  (-hed,)  n.  A  fountain  or  source. 
[Uscle.'<s.]  Herbert. 

SPRING'I-NESS,  n.  [from  spring.]  Elasticity  ;  also, 
the  power  of  springing. 

2.  The  state  of  abounding  with  springs ;  wetness  ; 
sponsiness  ;  as  of  land. 

SPRI.NtJ'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Arising;  shooting  up;  leap- 
ing; prt)ceettiiig ;  rousing. 

Springing  u.-.'C  ;  in  e-it^tes,  a  contingent  use  ;  a  use 
which  may  arise  upon  a  contingency.  Blackstone. 

SPRINGING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  leaping, 
arising,  issumg,  or  proceeding. 

2.  Growth  ;  increase.    Ps.  Ixv. 

3.  In  building,  the  side  of  an  arch  contiguous  to 
the  pan  on  whicli  it  rests. 

SPRIN"GLE,  Ti.    A  springe ;  a  noose.    [A'o(  in  iwf.] 

Careu>, 

SPRING'-TTDE,  n,  [.■n>ring  and  tide.]  The  tide 
which  happens  at  or  soon  after  the  new  and  full 
moon,  which  rises  higher  than  common  tides. 

jVar.  Diet.  Dniden. 

SPRI.\G'-TT.ME,  n.   The  season  of  spring. 


SPR 

SPRI.NG'-WIlKAT,  n.  [.-spring  ani\  aheat]  A  spe- 
cies of  \\'lit;at  to  be  sown  in  the  spring;  ao  called  in 
(tistinclitui  frtiin  winter  wheal. 

SPRING'Y,  a.  [from  spring.]  Elastic;  possessing 
lilt!  jiower  of  recovering  itself  when  bent  or  twisted. 

2.  Having  great  elastic  power.  Arbuthnvt, 

3.  Having  the  power  to  leap  ;  able  to  leap  far. 

4.  Abounding  with  springs  or  fuuntains ;  wet; 
spongy  ;  us,  springy  land. 

SPRI.NK'LE,  (spriiik'l,)  v.  t.  [.Sax  sprengan;  D. 
sprenkelen,  sprengcn;  G.  sprengen  :  Dan.  sprinkler; 
Ir.  ,'tprrighim.  The  L.  spargu  may  be  the  same  word 
with  the  letters  transposed,  ii  being  casual.  Class 
lirg.] 

1.  To  scatter;  to  disperse;  as  a  lii|uid  or  a  dry 
substance  composed  of  fine  separablw  particles  ;  as, 
Aloses  sprinkled  handfuls  of  ashes  toward  heaven. 
Exod,  ix. 

2.  To  scatter  on  ;  to  disperse  on  in  small  drops  or 
particles  ;  to  besprinkle  ;  as,  to  sjirinkle  the  earth 
with  water  ;  to  sprinkle  a  floor  with  sand  ;  to  sprinkle 
paper  with  iron  filings. 

3.  To  wash  ;  to  cleanse  ;  to  purify. 

llaring  our  hearts  eprinkted  from  an  evil  conscience.  — Heb.  X. 

SPRINK'LE,  r.  i.  To  perform  the  act  of  scattering  a 
litpiid  or  any  fine  substance,  so  that  it  may  fall  in 
small  p.articles. 

The  priest  shall  sprinkle  of  the  oil  with  his  fingers.  —  Lev.  xiv. 
Baptism  may  well  enough  be  performed  by  sprinkling  or  rtfa- 
sion  of  water.  Ayliffe. 

2.  To  rain  moderately  ;  as,  it  sprinkles. 
SPRINK'LE,  71.    A  small  quantity  scattered  ;  also,  a 

utensil  for  sprinkling.  Spenser. 
SPRINK'LAl),  (sprink'ld,)  pp.     Dispersed  m  small 
particles,  as  a  litpiid  or  as  dust. 

2.  Having  a  Iiipiid  or  a  fine  substance  scattered 
over. 

SPRINK'LER,  n.    One  that  sprinkles. 
SPRINK'LING,  ppr.    Dispersing,  as  a  liquid  or  as 
dust. 

2.  Scattering  on,  in  fine  drops  or  particlei. 
SPRLNK'LI.NG,  71.    The  act  of  scattering  in  small 
drops  or  parcels.  JIall. 

2.  A  siii.'ill  quantity  idling  in  distinct  drops  or 
parts,  or  coming  iiioderately  ;  as,  a  sprinkling  of  rain 
or  snow. 

SPRIT,  V.  t.  [Sax.  trpryttan,  to  sprout ;  D.  spruiten  ; 
G.  ifpriesscn  ;  l)an.  sprudir,  sprutjter,  to  spurt ;  Sw. 
spritta,  to  start.  It  is  of  the  same  family  as  sprouU 
Class  lird.] 

To  throw  out  with  force  from  a  narrow  orifice  ;  to 
eject ;  to  spirt.    [Jfot  in  use]    [See  Si-lrt.] 
SPRIT,  V.  i.    To  sprout  ;  to  buu  ;  to  germinate  ;  as 

barley  stecpotl  for  mall. 
SPKIT,  71.    A  shoot  ;  a  sprout.  Mortimer. 
2.  [D.  spriet.]    A  small  boom,  pole,  or  spar,  which 
crosses  the  sail  of  a  boat  diagonally  from  the  mast  to 
the  upper  aftniost  corner,  which  it  is  used  to  extend 
and  elev.atc.  ToUe.n. 
SPRITE,  77.    [If  from  G.  spriet,  this  is  the  most  cor- 
rect orthography.    The  Welsh  has  ysbrid,  a  spirit.] 
A  spirit. 

SPRTTE'FIIL.    See  Spbiohtful. 
SPKITE'Fi]L-LY.    See  Sprightfvllv. 
.'^PRITE'Ll-NESS.    See  Spriohtlikess 
SPRITE'LY.    See  Spbightlv. 

SPRIT'-SaIL,  71.  [.^yrit  and  sui;.]  The  sail  extended 
by  a  sprit. 

2.  A  sail  attached  to  a  yard  which  hangs  under 
the  bowsprit.    [jVuf  in  use.]  Totten. 
SPROD,  n.    A  salmon  in  its  second  year.  Chambers. 
SPRONG,  ofdprcf.  of  SpRixo.  [Dutch.]    [Ao£  in 
SPROUT,  t'.  i.    [D.  spruiten  ;  G.  sprossrn  ;  Sax.  spryt- 
tan  ;  Sp.  brotar,  the  same  word  without  1.  See 
Sprit.] 

1.  To  shoot,  as  the  seed  of  a  plant ;  to  germinate  ; 
to  push  out  new  shoots.  A  grain  that  sprouts  in  ordi- 
nary lemperalure  in  leu  days,  may,  by  an  augmenta- 
tion of  heat,  be  made  lo  .•qtrout  in  forty  sight  hours. 
The  slumi>s  of  trees  often  sprout,  and  produce  a  new 
forest. 

2.  To  shoot  into  ramifications. 

Vitriol  is  apt  to  sprout  w  ith  moisture.  Bacon. 

3.  To  grow,  like  shoots  of  plants. 

And  on  tlie  ashes  sprouting  plumes  appear.  Ticket. 

SPROUT,  71.  The  shoot  of  a  plant  ;  a  shoot  from  the 
seed,  or  from  the  sliiiiip,  or  from  the  root  of  a  plant 
or  tree.  The  sprouts  of  the  cane,  in  Jamaica,  are 
called  ratooiis.  Eiheards.W,  Jnd. 

2.  A  shoot  from  the  end  of  ti  branch.  The  young 
shoots  of  shrubs  are  called  sprouts,  and  in  the  forest 
often  furnish  browse  for  cittle. 

SPROUT'ING,  ppr.  or  o.  Shooting  in  vegetation  ;  ger- 
minating. 

SPROUTS,  71.  p/.    Young  coleworts.  Johnson. 

SPRCCE,  a.  Nice ;  trim  ;  neat  wilhoat  elegance  or 
dignity  ;  formerly  applied  to  things  with  a  seriouf 
meaning  ;  now  applied  to  persons  only. 

He  is  so  spruce,  that  he  never  can  be  genteel.  Thtler, 

SPRCCE,  r.  t.  To  trim;  to  dress  with  affected  neat- 
ness. 


TONE,  lilJLL,  ITNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


134* 


L  I.  L  L 


1069 


SPU 


SPU 


SI'RuCE,  tJ.  i.  To  dress  one's  self  with  affected  neat- 
ness. 

SPRUCE,  71.  The  fir-tree  ;  a  name  applied  to  all  the 
species  of  that  section  of  the  Linnxan  genus  Pinus 
which  are  comprehended  under  Abies,  and  lilsewise 
to  some  that  are  comprehended  under  Peuce.  This 
term,  however,  belongs  more  especially  to  Pinus 
Abies  or  Norway  spruce,  a  native  of  the  north  of 
Euriipe.  In  tke  United  States,  it  is  applied  to  Pinus 
nigra,  Pinus  alba,  and  Pinus  rubra,  which  are  used  in 
families  to  give  flavor  to  beer.  They  are  used  by 
way  of  decoction,  or  in  the  fortn  of  extract. 

SPRuCE'-BEER,  n.  A  kind  of  beer  which  is  tinc- 
tured with  spruce,  either  by  means  of  the  extract  or 
bv  decoction. 

SPRuCE'LY,  adv.  With  e.xtreme  or  affected  neat- 
ness. 

SPRuCE'NESS,  n.  Neatness  without  taste  or  ele- 
gance ;  trimness  ;  fineness  ;  quaiutness. 

SPKuE,  n.  In  Scoda/id,  that  which  is  thrown  off  in 
casting  metals  ;  dross  or  scoria.  [This  is  sometimes 
a  vicious  orthography  of  Sprew,  the  name  of  the 
disease  otherwise  called  tkrush.    See  Sprkw.] 

SPlltIG,  ».  «,    To  make  smart.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SPRUNG,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Spring.  The  man  sprung 
over  the  ditch;  the  mast  is  sprung;  a  hero  sprung 
from  a  race  of  kings. 

SPRUNT,  V.  i.  To  spring  up ;  to  germinate  ;  to  spring 
forward.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SPRUNT,  n.  Any  thing  short  and  not  easily  bent. 
[JVo£  in  use.] 

2.  A  leap  ;  a  spring.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

3.  A  steep  ascent  in  a  road.  [Local.] 
SPRUNT,  a.    Active  ;  vigorous  ;  strong  ;  becoming 

strong.    [JVut  in  use.] 
SPRUNT'LY,  adv.    Vigorously;  youthfully;  like  a 

young  man.    [JVb(  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

SPR?,  a.  Having  great  power  of  leaping  or  running  ; 
nimble  J  active;  vigorous.  [Local.] 

Hulliwell.  Furby. 
[This  word  is  in  common  use  in  New  England, 
and  is  doubtless  a  contraction  of  sprig.  See  Sprighi- 

LV.] 

SPUD,  n.  [Dan.  apyd,  a  spear  ;  Ice.  spioot.  It  coin- 
cides with  spiL] 

1.  An  implement  somewhat  like  a  chisel,  with  a 
long  handle,  used  by  farmers  for  destroying  weeds. 

Farm.  Encijc. 

2.  Any  short  thing  ;  in  contempt.  Sw.ft. 
SPUL'LEil,  n.    One  employed  to  inspect  yarn,  to  see 

that  it  is  well  spun,  and  fit  for  the  loom.  [Local.] 

SPuME,  n.    [L.  and  It.  spuma;  !^p.  e.'pnma.] 

Froth ;  fcjam  ;  scum  ;  frothy  matter  raised  on 
liquors  or  fluid  substances  by  boiling,  effervescence, 
or  agitation. 

SPu.ME,  r.  i.    To  froth  ;  to  foam. 

.SPU-MES'CENCE,  n.  Frothiness;  the  state  of  foam- 
ing. Kirwan. 

SPU-MIF'ER-OUS,  o.    Producing  foam. 

SPCM'OUS,  )       rr  1 

SPuM'Y,      i       [L- «P'"ne«s.] 

Consisting  of  froth  or  scum  ;  foamy. 

The  gpiimy  wavr«  proclaim  the  w;itery  w;ir,  Dryden. 
The  spumous  and  Qorid  sUte  of  Ihe  blood,  Arbulhnol. 

SPUN,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Spin. 
SPUNGE,  n.    See  SporroE. 

SPUN'-HaY,  n.  Hay  twisted  into  ropes  for  conven- 
ient carriage  on  a  military  expedition, 

SPU.NK,  71.  [Probably  from  punk.]  Touchwood; 
wood  that  readily  takes  fire.  Hence, 

2,  Valijarly,  an  inflainmahle  temper  ;  spirit ;  as,  a 
man  of  npunli.  Ill-natured  observations  touched  his 
spuuk.  [Lojr.] 

SPUN'-YAR.N,  71.  Among  seamen,  a  line  or  cord 
formed  of  two  or  three  rope-yarns  twisted. 

SPUR,  71.  [Sax.  .?/)Mr  ,•  I),  spoor  ;  G.  sporn  i  D{in.  spore  J 
Ir,  sj>or ;  W.  yspnrdun  ;  Fr.  epvron  ;  It,  sprone ;  coin- 
ciding in  elements  with  spear.    Class  Rr.j 

1.  An  instrument  having  a  rowel  or  little  wheel, 
with  sharp  points,  worn  on  horsemen's  heels,  to 
prick  the  horses  for  hastening  their  pace. 

Girt  with  niity  twoni  and  spur.  Hudibras. 

Hence,  to  set  spurs  to  a  horse,  is  to  prick  him  and 
put  him  upon  a  run. 

2.  Incitenii  nt ;  instigation.  The  love  of  glory  is 
the  spur  to  heroic  deeds. 

3.  The  largest  or  jirinripal  root  of  a  tree  ;  hence, 
perhaps,  the  short,  woo(l<-n  buttress  of  a  post ;  [that 
in,  in  both  cases,  a  shoot,] 

4.  The  hard,  pointed  projection  on  a  rock's  leg, 
which  servcH  as  an  instrument  of  defense  and  an- 
noyance. Ray. 

5.  Something  that  projects  ;  a  snag.  Shalt. 

6.  III  JJmerica,  a  mountain  that  shoots  from  any 
other  mouiitjiin,  or  range  of  nioniit:iiitf,  and  extends 
to  Kome  distance  in  a  lati.-ral  direction,  or  at  right  an- 
gle*, 

7.  That  which  rxcite«.  We  say,  upon  the  ^piir  of 
the  occasion  ;  that  is,  the  circiinistances  or  emergen- 
cy which  rnllfi  for  immediate  action. 

8.  A  Hpiirre  or  Hea-Bwallow.  Ray. 

9.  The  hinder  part  of  the  nectary  in  certain  flow- 
cm,  fthaped  like  a  cork's  Npiir,  Jilartyn. 


10,  A  fungus  (Spermoedia  Clavus)  growing  within 
the  glumes  of  rye,  wheat,  couch-grass,  herd's-grass, 
&:c.    [Ft.  eriTot.] 

11.  In  old  fortifications,  a  wall  that  crosses  a  part 
of  the  rampart  and  joins  to  the  town  wall. 

SPUR,  V.  t.    [Ir.  sporam.] 

1.  To  prick  with  s[>urs  ;  to  incite  to  a  more  hasty 
pace  ;  as,  to  spur  a  horse. 

2.  To  incite  ;  to  instigate  ;  to  urge  or  encourage  to 
action,  or  to  a  more  vigorous  pursuit  of  an  object. 
Some  men  are  spurred  to  action  by  the  love  of  glory, 
others  by  the  love  of  power.  Let  affection  spur  us  to 
social  and  domestic  duties.  Locke. 

3.  To  impel ;  to  drive. 

Lore  will  not  be  spurred  to  what  it  loathes.  Shak. 

4.  To  put  spurs  on. 

SPUR,  V.  i.    To  travel  with  great  expedition. 

The  Parthi  uis  shill  he  there, 
And,  spurring  from  tiie  figlit,  coiiless  iheix  fear.  Dryden. 
{{JnuauaL\ 

2.  To  press  forward. 

Some  bold  men  —  by  spurring  on,  refine  themselves.  Grew. 
SPUR'-CLAD,  a.    Wearing  spurs. 
SPUR'GALL,  V.  t.     [spur  and  gall.]     To  gall  or 

wound  with  a  spur.  Shak. 
SPUR'GALL,  7!.    A  place  galled  or  excoriated  bymuch 

using  of  the  spur. 
SPUR'GALL-£D,  pp.    Galled  or  hurt  by  a  spur  ;  as, 

a  .<!purgaUed  hackney.  Pope. 
SPURGE,  7!.    [Fr.fpurge;  It.  spurgo,  a  purge;  from 

L.  purgo,  ezpurgo.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Euphorbia.    This  name  is 

applied  to  various  species  of  Euphorbia,  and  by 

some,  to  the  whole  genus,  which  is  very  numerous. 
SPURGE'-FLAX,  7i.    An  evergreen  shrub,  Daphne 

Gnidium,  a  native  of  Spain. 
SPURGE'-LAU-REL,  n.    The  Daphne  Laureola,  an 

evergreen  shrub,  a  native  of  Europe. 
SPURGE'-OL-IVE,  n.     An  evergreen  shrub,  the 

Daphne  Oleoides,  a  native  of  Crete,  Loudon. 
SPURGE'-WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.    A  plant. 
SPIIRG'IN'G,  for  Purging,  is  not  in  use.    B.  Jonson. 
SPO'RI-OUS,  a.    [L.  spuriu.^.] 

1.  Not  genuine  ;  not  proceeding  from  the  true  source, 
or  from  the  source  pretended  ;  counterfeit ;  false  ; 
adulterate.  Spurious  writings  are  such  as  are  not 
composed  by  the  authors  to  whom  they  are  ascribed. 
Spurious  drugs  are  common.  The  rcfiinned  churches 
reject  spurious  ceremonies  and  traditions. 

2.  Not  legitimate  ;  bastard  ;  as,  spurious  issue. 
By  the  laws  of  England,  one  begotten  and  born  cue 
of  lawful  matrimony  is  a  spurious  child. 

■Spurious  disease:  a  disease  commonly  mistaken 
for,  and  called  by  the  name  of,  something  which  it  is 
not ;  as  spurious  pleurisy,  i.  e.,  rheumatism  of  the  in- 
tercostal muscles. 

SPu'RI-OU.S-LY,  a</B.    Counterfeitly  ;  falsely. 

SPO'RI-OUS-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
counterfeit,  false,  or  not  genuine ;  as,  the  s2mrious- 
jifis  of  drugs,  of  coin,  or  of  writings. 

2.  Illegitimacy  ;  the  state  of  being  bastard  or  not 
of  legitimate  birth  ;  as,  the  spuriousness  of  issue. 

SPUR'LING,  71,    A  small  sea-fish.  Tusser. 

SPUR'LING-LINE,  7i.  Among  seamen,  the  line 
which  forms  the  communication  between  the  wheel 
and  the  telltale. 

SPURN,  V.  t.  [Sax.  spuman ;  Ir.  sporam  ;  L.  spemo, 
aspemor;  from  the  root  of  spur,  or  from  kicking.] 

1.  To  kick  ;  to  drive  back  or  away,  as  with  the  foot. 

Shak. 

2.  To  reject  with  disdain  ;  to  scorn  to  receive  or 
accept.  What  multitudes  of  rational  beings  spurn 
the  offers  of  eternal  happiness  ! 

3.  To  treat  with  contempt.  Locke. 
SPURN,  V.  i.    To  manifest  disdain  in  rejecting  any 

thing  ;  as,  to  spurn  at  the  gracious  offers  of  pardon. 

2.  To  make  contemptuous  opposition  ;  to  manifest 
disdain  in  resistance, 

N^y,  morr,  to  spurn  nl  your  most  roya]  iinii^.  Sltai. 

3.  To  kick  or  toss  up  the  heels. 

The  lininken  ch  urmiul  in  tile  kennel  tpurns.  Oay, 

SPURN,  71.  Disdainful  rejection  ;  contemptuous  treat- 
ment. 

The  insolence  of  clTice,  and  the  rtpurna 

That  patient  merit  of  the  unworthy  lakes.  Shak. 

SPURN'ED,  (spurnd,)  pp.    Rejected  with  disdain; 

treated  with  contempt. 
SPURN'ER,  71.    One  who  spurns. 
SPURN'EY,  71.    A  plant.  Diet. 
SPURN'INC;,  ppr.    Rejecting  ivith  contempt, 
SPURN'-WA-TER,  7i.    In  ships,  a  channel  at  the  end 

of  a  deck  to  restrain  the  water. 
SPURRE,  71.    A  name  of  the  sea-swallow  or  common 

tern.    [  Provincial.]  Kdin.  F.ncyc. 

SPUR'RA.I),  (spiird,)  pp.    Furnished  with  spurs. 
2.  IncitiMl  ;  iiiNligiited. 

.3.  a.  Wearing  spurs,  or  having  shoots  like  spurs. 
SPUR'RER,  71.    One  who  uses  spurs. 
SPUR'RI-ER,  71.    One  whoso  occupation  in  to  make 
spurs, 

SPUK'RING,  ;j;ir.  Pricking  with  spurs  ;  inciting  ; 
urging. 


SPUR-ROY'AL,  71.  A  gold  coin,  first  made  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV,  In  the  reign  of  James  I,,  Us 
value  was  fifteen  shillings.  Sometimes  written 
Spur-Rial  or  RvAL,  Beaum.  ^  Fl. 

SPUR'RY,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Spergula,  which 
is  sometimes  cultivated  in  Europe  for  fodder,  Gardner. 

SPURT,  ».  t.  [Sw.  spruta  ;  Dan.  spruder  and  sproyter, 
to  spout,  to  squirt,  to  syringe.  The  English  word  has 
suffered  a  transposition  of  letters.  It  is  from  the 
root  of  sprout,  which  see,] 

To  throw  out,  as  a  liquid  in  a  stream  ;  to  drive  or 
force  out  with  violence,  as  a  liquid  from  a  pipe  or 
small  orifice  ;  as,  to  spurt  water  from  the  mouth,  or 
other  liquid  from  a  tube. 

SPURT,  V.  i.  To  gush  or  issue  out  in  a  stream,  as  li- 
quor from  a  cask  ;  to  rush  from  a  confined  place  in  a 
small  stream. 


Tiien  the  small  jet,  which  hasty  hands  unlocli, 
Spurts  in  the  gardener's  eyes  who  turns  the  cock. 


Pope. 


SPURT,  71.  A  sudden  or  violent  ejection  or  gushing 
of  a  liquid  substance  from  a  tube,  orifice,  or  other 
confined  place;  a  jet. 

2.  A  sudden  or  short  occasion  or  exigency  ;  sud- 
den effort,    [  Vulgar.  ] 

SPURT'ING,  ppr.  Forcing  out  a  liquid  from  a  pipe 
or  small  orifice. 

SPUR'TLE,  (spurt'l,)  v.  t.  [from  spurt.]  To  shoot 
in  a  scattering  manner.    [Little  used.]  Drayton. 

SPUR'WAY',  71.  [spur  and  way.]  A  horse  path  ;  a 
narrow  way  ;  a  bridle  road  ;  a  way  for  a  single  beast. 
[JVo(  usetl  in  the  United  States.] 

SPUR'-WHEEL,  71.  Awheel  with  cogs  around  the 
edge  pointing  to  the  center. 

SPU-Ta'TION,  n.    [L.  sputo,  to  spit.] 

The  act  of  spitting.    [JVo«  used.]  Harvey. 

SPO'TA-TIVE,  a.  [Supra.]  Spitting  much  ;  inclined 
to  spit.    [JVot  used/j  IVolton. 

SPUT'TER,  ».  i.  [U.  spuiten,  to  spout;  Sw.  spolta  : 
L.  sputo,  to  spit.  It  belongs  to  the  root  of  spout  and 
spit;  of  the  latter  it  seems  to  he  a  diminutive.] 

1.  To  spit,  or  to  emit  saliva  from  the  mouth  in 
small  or  scattered  portions,  as  in  rapid  speaking. 

2.  To  throw  out  moisture  in  small,  detached  parts  ; 
as  green  wood  sputlering  in  the  flame.  Dryden. 

3.  To  fly  off  in  small  particles  with  some  crack- 
ling or  noise. 

When  sparkling  lamps  their  sputtering  lights  advance. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  utter  words  hastily  and  indistinctly  ;  literally, 
to  spout  small;  to  speak  so  rapidly  as  to  emit  saliva. 

They  could  neiUier  of  them  speak  their  rage,  and  so  they  fcU  a 
sputtering  at  one  another,  like  two  roasting  apples. 

Congreoe. 

SPUT'TER,  71.  t.  To  throw  out  with  haste  and 
noise  ;  to  utter  with  indistinctness. 

It)  the  midst  of  caresses  —  to  sputter  out  the  basest  accusations. 

Sici/I. 

SPUT'TER,  71.  Moist  matter  thrown  out  in  small  par- 
ticles. 

SPUT'TER-£D,  pp.  Thrown  out  in  small  portions, 
as  liquids;  uttered  with  haste  and  indistinctness,  as 

SPUT'TER-ER,  n.    One  that  sputters.  [words. 

SPUT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Emitting  in  small  parti- 
cles; uttering  rapidly  and  indistinctly;  speaking 
hastily  ;  spouting. 

SPO'TUM,  71.  [L.]  Spittle  ;  salival  discharges  from 
the  mouth.  Hall. 

2.  In  medicine,  that  which  is  expectorated,  or 
ejected  from  the  lungs. 

SP^,  71.  [It.  .<pia  ;  Fr.  espion  ;  Sp.  espia  ;  D.  spiede  ;  G. 
spdher ;  Dan.  sjiejdcr  ;  W.  yspeiaw,  to  espy,  to  ex- 
plore ;  yspeilhiaw,  to  look  about  ;  ys]iait/i,  that  is 
open,  visible  ;  pnilJi,  an  ojiening,  a  prospect,  a  glance. 
Class  Bd  ;  unless  the  word  is  a  contraction,  and  of 
Class  Sg.] 

1.  A  person  sent  into  an  enemy's  camp  to  inspect 
their  works,  ascertain  their  strength  and  their  inten- 
tions, to  watch  their  movements,  and  secretly  com- 
municate intelligence  to  the  proper  officer.  Hy  the 
laws  of  war  among  all  civilized  nations,  a  spy  is 
subjected  to  capit:il  punishment. 

2.  A  person  deputed  to  watch  the  conduct  of  oth- 
ers. Dryden. 

3.  One  who  watches  the  conduct  of  others. 

These  wretched  spies  of  wit.  Dryden. 
SP7,  V.  t.    To  sec  ;  to  gain  sight  of ;  to  discover  at  a 
distance,  or  in  a  state  of  concealment.    It  is  the 
same  as  Espy  ;  as,  lo  spy  land  friuu  the  mast-head  of 
a  ship. 

Milton. 
ices  when'  he  spied  a  note 
S,c,/,. 

2,  To  discover  by  close  search  or  examination  ;  as, 
a  lawyer,  in  examining  the  pleadings  in  a  case,  spies 
a  defect, 

3.  To  explore;  to  view,  inspect,  and  examine  sc- 
C  fitly  ;  as  a  country  ;  usually  with  out. 

Muses  B<Mit  to  spy  out  Jaazcr,  and  tlicy  took  the  villages  thereof. 

—  NmjU.  1X1. 

SPT,  7!.  i.    To  search  narrowly  ;  to  sortitinize. 

It  U  my  nature's  phigiis 
To  s/jy  into  abuse.  Slini. 


As  tiger  spied  two  pentle  fawn 
One,  in  n-adliig,  skipped  over 
of  adiniratiun. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1070 


 SQU  

SP^'-BOAT,  11.  [sjiij  and  boat.]  A  boat  sent  to  make 
discoveries  and  bring  intelligence.  ^rbvlhnot. 

SP9'-GLA!^S,  Ti.  Tlie  popular  name  of  a  small  tele- 
Rcope,  useful  in  vievvins  distant  objects. 

SPVISM,  n.    The  act  or  business  of  .spyinj;. 

SQUAll,  (skvvob,)  a.  [hi  G.  quappe  is  a  quab,  an  eel- 
pout;  i/vubbelur,  plump,  sleek  ;  quabbelii,  to  be  plump 
or  sleek,  and  to  vibrate,  Eng.  to  wabble ;  Dan.  qiiabbe, 
an  eelpout  ;  qaoppcd,  fat,  plump,  jolly,  our  vulgar 
wfioppiiifr  ;  (/u(j/>;jcr,  to  shake.] 

1.  Fat;  thick  ;  plump;  bulky. 

Nor  tlic  siuab  il;iuglitrr,  nor  the  wifu  wcrr  nice.  Betterton. 

2.  'Jnlledged  ;  unfeathercd  ;  as,  a  squab  pigeon. 

SaUAB,  n.    A  young  pigeon  or  dove. 

['i'liis  word  is  in  common  or  Keiier.nl  use  in  Amer- 
ica, and  almost  the  only  sense  in  '.vhich  it  is  used  is 
the  one  lu  re  given.] 

2.  A  kind  of  sofa  or  couch ;  a  stufl'ed  cushion. 
[JVuf  used  in  jimcncn.] 
SClUAIi,  ado.    Striking  at  once;  with  a  heavy  fall ; 
plump. 

Tlie  rngle  dropped  the  tortoise  st]unb  upon  A  roclc.    [Lout  and 
not  used.]  L'Estmns!e. 

[The  vulgar  word  Awhap,  or  Whop,  is  used  in  a 
like  sense  in  America.    It  is  ftjund  in  Chaucer.] 
SCiUAB,  r.  i.    To  ftill  plump;  to  strike  at  one  dash, 
or  with  a  heavy  stroke.    [JVut  used.] 

laUAB'llY  "'  i  '       '  heavy.  Harvey. 

SaUAB'BLE,  (skwob'bl,)  v.  i.  [I  know  not  the 
origin  of  this  word,  but  it  seems  to  be  from  the  root 
of  wabble;  G.  quabbeln^  to  vibrate,  to  quake,  to  be 
sleek.    See  S  juab.] 

1.  To  contend  for  superiority  ;  to  scuffle ;  to  strug- 
gle ;  as,  two  persons  squabble  in  sport.  SItak. 

2.  To  contend;  to  wrangle;  to  quarrel.  [Inele- 
gant or  low.]  Olanville. 

3.  To  debate  peevishly  ;  to  dispute.  If  there  must 
be  disputes,  it  is  less  criminal  to  squabble  than  to 
murder.    [Inelegant  or  liiw.] 

4.  Among  printers,  a  page  is  said  to  be  squabbled 
when  the  hitters  stand  awry  or  out  of  their  regular 
upright  position.  .^dains. 

SCiUAB'BLE,  n.  A  scuffle;  a  wrangle  ;  a  brawl;  a 
petty  quarrel.  .ffrbuthnot. 

SCiUAB'RLER,  n.    A  contentious  person  ;  a  brawler. 

SCiUAB'BLING, ;i;)r.  Scuffling;  contending;  wrang- 
ling. 

SaUAB'-PlE,  (skwob'pi,)  ji.    [sqxtab  and  pic]    A  pie 

made  of  squabs  or  young  pigeons. 
SaUAl),  (skwod,)  II.    [Fr.  eseouadc] 

1.  In  military  lanrrnau^ej  a  small  party  of  men  as- 
sembled for  drill  or  inspection.    Campbell's MiL  Diet. 

2.  Any  small  party. 

SQUAD'RON,  n.  f  Fr.  c«ca(/ro«  ;  It.  <!i;aarfro,  a  squad- 
ron, a  square  ;  Sp.  esquadron ;  from  L.  qnadratus, 
square  ;  quadro,  to  stjiiare  ;  allied  to  quatuor,  four.] 

1.  In  its  primary  sense,  a  square  or  square  form  ; 
and  hence,  a  square  body  of  troops  ;  a  body  drawn 
up  in  a  square.    So  Milton  has  used  the  word. 

Those  half  roiiiuiin^  ^mnU 
Just  met,  ftud  closing  stooti  in  Kjuadron  Joined, 

[This  sense  is  probably  obsolets,  unless  in  poetry.] 
Hence,  also, 

2.  A  body  of  troops  in  any  form. 

3.  In  inUitary  tactie^^!,  the  principal  division  of  a 
regiment  of  cavalry,  usually  from  100  to  200  men. 

P.  Cye. 

SQUAD'RON-KD,  (skwod'rund,)  a.  Formed  into 
squadrons  or  squares.  Milion. 

SQUAL'ID,  (skwol'id,)  a.    [I..  ."iTna/irfiis,  from  squa- 
leo,  to  be  foul,    Qu.  \V.  qual,  vile.] 
Foul  ;  filthy  ;  extremely  dirty, 

Uncombed  his  locks,  and  ttpicUid  his  attire.  Dryden. 

lanAi:m-NfIs,  |     ^ ""'"^^^ ' 

SauAl/ID-LY,  adB.    In  a  squalid,  filthy  manner. 

SCiUALL,  T.  i.  [Sw.  .■sjrdla  ;  Dan.  squaldrer,  to  prate. 
These  words  are  probably  of  one  family  ;  but  squall, 
like  squeal,  is  probably  from  the  root  of  Sax.  (pjllan, 
to  creak,  or  Heb.  '?>p,  D.  gillen,  to  yell;  or  is  formed 
from  wail.] 

To  cry  out ;  to  scream  or  cry  violently  ;  as  a 
woman  frightened,  or  a  child  in  anger  or  distress; 
as,  the  infant  squalled.  Jlrbvtfinot.  Pope. 

SUUALL,  n.    .\  loud  .scream  ;  a  harsh  cry.  Pope. 

2.  [S'.v.  sqval.]  A  sudden  and  violent  gust  of 
wind. 

.4  blaek  squall,  is  one  attended  with  dark,  heavy 
clouds. 

wliite  squall,  is  one  which  comes  unexpectedly, 
without  being  marked  in  its  approach  by  the  clouds. 

Totun. 

SCIUALL'ER,  n.    A  screamer  ;  one  that  cries  aloud. 
saUALL'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Crj  ing  out  harshly  ;  scream- 
ing. 

SQUALL^Y,  a.  Abounding  with  squalls;  disturbed 
often  with  sudden  and  violent  gusts  of  wind  ;  as, 
tquaUti  weather. 

2.  (n  agrieulture,  broken  into  detached  pieces ; 
interrupted  by  unproductive  spots.  [Local.] 


SQU 

BfiUA'LOID,  a.    [1..  squalus,  a  shark,  and  Gr.  tiiJoj, 
likeness.] 

hike  a  shark,  or  resembling  a  shark. 
SQUA'LOR,  n.    [L.]    Foulness  ;  filthine.ss  ;  coarse- 
ness. Burton. 
SCiUA'MI-FORM,  a.    [L.  squama,  a  scale,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  or  shajie  of  scales. 
SaU.\-MIG'EU-OUS,  a.     [L.  squamiger ;  squama,  a 
scale,  and  trero,  to  bear.] 
Hearing  or  having  scales. 
SQUA.M'I-PEN,  71.    [L.  squama,  a  scale,  and  penna. 


ose  dorsal  and  anal  fins  are  covered  with 


a  fiu.l 

A  fish  wliosi 
scales. 

SaUA'iMoSE,  )       ri  1 

sauA'Mous,  i  ■'f"'"""--'^'-] 

Scaly ;  covered  with  scales ;  as,  the  squamous 

cones  of  the  pine.  iVoodward. 
SUUAN'DER,  (skwon'der,)  r.  (.    [G,  vcrsiltwendcn, 

probably  from  wendcn,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  spend  lavishly  or  profusely  ;  to  spend  prodi- 
gally ;  to  dissipate;  to  waste  without  economy  or 
judgment  ;  as,  to  squander  an  estate. 

Tliey  oflfn  squandered,  Init  Ihev  nrTer  f;»Te.  Savage. 
The  crime  of  s(/Mirulering  tiealth  is  e(iuu[  to  tlie  fullj,  Itamb  er, 

2.  To  scatter  ;  to  disperse. 

Onr  ttptatulered  iniops  he  mllicfl.  DryrUn. 
[In  this  nppliration  ruit  now  u^ed.] 
SaUA.N'DER/'.l),  pp.orn.  Spent  lavishly  and  without 

necessity  or  use  ;  wasted  ;  dissipated,  .'is  property. 
SaUA.N'DER-ER,  ii.    One  who  spends  his  money 
proiliiially,  without  necessity  or  use  ;  a  spendthrift; 
a  prodiiial  ;  a  w.aster ;  a  lavisher.  Locke. 
SaUA.\'l)ER-ING,ppr.  Spending  lavisliingly ;  wast- 
ing. 

Sai;AM'I)ER-Ii\G-LY,  adr.    By  squandering. 
SUU.^RE,  a.    [W.  cw&r :  Fr.  carrc,  quarre  ;  perhaps 

Gr.  UK'',  contracted  from  minio.    This  is  probably 

not  a  contraction  of  L.  quadratun.] 

1.  Having  four  equal  sides  and  four  right  angles  ; 
as,  a  square  room  ;  a  squarr  figure. 

2.  Forming  a  right  angle ;  as,  ap  instrument  for 
striking  lines  square.  J\Iozon. 

3.  Parallel ;  exactly  suitable  ;  true. 

She's  a  most  triumphant  lady,  if  report  be  tquare  to  her.  [t/n- 
usunf.J  Sl:ai. 

4.  Having  a  .straight  front,  or  a  frame  formed  with 
straight  lines;  not  curving;  as,  a  man  of  a  .iquure 
frame  ;  a  square  built  man. 

5.  That  does  equal  justice;  e.xact ;  fair;  honest; 
as,  square  dealing. 

6.  Even  ;  leaving  no  balance.  Let  us  make  or 
leave  the  accounts  square. 

Three  square,  Jiee  square  ;  having  three  or  five 
equal  sides,  &c.  ;  an  abusive  use  of  square. 

Square  root ;  in  geometry  and  arithmetic.  The 
square  root  of  a  quantity  or  number  is  that  which, 
multiplied  by  itself,  produces  the  quantity  or  num- 
ber.   Thus  7  is  the  stpiare  root  of  49,  for  7  X  7  =  49. 

Square  measure;  the  square  of  a  lineal  measure; 
the  measure  of  a  superficies  or  surface,  which  de- 
pends on  the  length  and  breadth  taken  conjointly. 

S<puire  number.    See  Square,  n.  No.  .*>. 

In  seamen's  language,  the  yarils  are  square,  when 
they  are  arranged  at  right  angles  with  the  ni.ast  or 
the  keel,  and  parallel  to  the  horizon.  The  yards  and 
sails  are  said  also  to  be  square,  when  they  are  of 
greater  length  than  usual.  Totten. 
SQUARE,  n.  A  figure  having  four  equal  sides  and 
four  right  angles. 

2.  An  area  of  four  sides,  with  houses  on  each  side. 
The  sLxtue  of  Alexander  VII.  stands  in  the  large  square  of  the 

tott-n.  Aftdison. 

3.  The  content  of  the  side  of  a  figure  squared. 

4.  A  mathematical  instrument,  which  consists 
essentially  in  having  at  lea.st  one  straight  edge  at 
right  angles  to  another.  It  is  of  several  forms,  as 
the  T  square,  the  carpenter's  .square,  &c. 

5.  In  geometry  and  arithmetic,  a  square  or  square 
number  is  the  product  of  a  number  multiplied  by 
itself.    Thus  G4  is  the  square  of  8,  for  8X8  =  04. 

6.  Rule  ;  regularity  ;  exact  proportion  ;  justness  of 
workmanship  and  conduct. 

Th'-y  of  Galatia  much  more  out  of  sgtiare.  Hooker, 
1  have  not  kept  my  tquart.    [Not  in  use.]  StuiJe. 

7.  A  square  body  of  troops  ;  as,  the  brave  squares 
of  war.  S/ujJc. 

8.  A  quaternion  ;  four.    [A'ol  m  use.]  Shak. 

9.  Level ;  equality. 

We  liTo  not  on  the  square  with  such  as  these.  Dryden. 

10.  In  astrology,  quartile  ;  the  position  of  planets 
distant  ninety  degrees  from  each  other.    [  Obs.] 

Ml  ton. 

11.  Rule;  conformity;  accord.  I  shall  break  no 
squares  with  another  for  a  trifle. 

Siiuarej  go.    Let  us  see  how  the  squares  go,  that 
is,  how  the  game  proceeds  ;  a  phrase  taken  from  the 
game  of  chess,  the  chess-board  being  formed  with 
squares.  L'Estrange. 
SQUARE,  r.  t.    [Fr.  equarrir  and  rjirrcr.] 

I.  To  form  with  four  equal  sides  and  four  right 
angles. 


SQU 

2.  To  reduce  to  a  square  ;  to  form  to  right  angles  ; 
as,  to  square  mason's  work. 
J.  To  reduce  to  any  given  measure  or  standard. 

Shak. 

4.  To  adjust ;  to  regulate  ;  to  mold  ;  to  shape  ;  ns, 
to  square  our  actions  by  the  opinions  of  <jthers;  to 
square  our  lives  by  the  precepts  of  the  gospel. 

5.  To  accommodate  ;  to  fit ;  as,  square  my  trial  to 
my  strength.  Millon. 

t>.  To  respect  in  quartile.  CreeclL 

7.  To  make  even,  so  as  to  leave  no  difTerence  or 
balance  ;  as,  to  square  accounts  ;  a  popular  phrase. 

8.  Ill  arithmetic,  to  multiply  a  number  by  itself;  as, 
to  square  the  number. 

9.  In  seamen's  language,  to  square  the  yards  is  to 
place  them  at  right  angles  with  the  mast  or  keel. 

To  square  the  circle  ;  to  determine  the  exact  con- 
tents of  a  circle  in  sqiuare  measure. 
SCiUARE,  V.  i.  To  suit ;  to  fit ;  to  quadrate  ;  to  accord 
or  agree.    His  opiiiitms  do  not  square  with  the  doc- 
trines of  philosophers. 

2.  To  quarrel  ;  to  go  to  opposite  sides ;  to  take  an 
attitude  of  offense  or  defense,  or  of  defiance. 


Ar>-  you  such  fuels 
To  square  for  this  ? 


SQUAR'Kl),  pp.  or  a.  Made  in  the  form  of  a  square, 
or  with  riglit  angles;  atljusted  ;  regulated  ;  imiltiplietl 

SaiJAUE'LY,  U(/i'.    In  a  square  form.         (by  itself. 

SUUARE'.NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  .square  ;  as, 
an  iiistrunieiit  to  trv  the  squareness  of  work.  Moron. 

SaUAR'ER,  II.  Johnson  thinks  that  this  word,  in 
Sliakspeare,  denotes  a  hot-headed,  contentious  fel- 
low.   [See  SqUARE,  r.] 

S(1UARE'-RIG-G£I),  a.  In  seamen's  language,  a  ves- 
sel is  square-rigged  when  her  principal  sails  are  ex- 
tended by  yards  suspended  by  the  middle,  and  not 
by  stays,  gaffs,  booms,  and  lateen  yards.  Thus-  a 
ship  and  a  brig  are  .square-rigged  vessels.  Mar.  Diet. 

S(1U.\RE'-SA1L,  71.  Ill  seamen's  language,  a  four- 
sided  sail  extended  to  :i  yard  suspsnded  by  the  mid 
die.  Mar.  Diet. 

SdUAR'IXG,  ppr.  Making  in  the  fiirni  of  a  square, 
or  with  riglit  angles;  adjusting;  regulating;  niulti- 
jilying  bv  itself. 

SaUAR'ISH,a.   Nearly  square.  Pennant. 

SUUAR'ROSE,  )       rr.  <-i 

SQUAR'ROU.S,  i  "X<"'a,  scurf.] 

In  natural  history,  ragiied,  or  full  of  loose  scales  ; 
rough  ;  jaggttd  ;  coniiKised  of  parts  which  diverge  at 
right  angles,  and  are  irregular  in  size  and  direction. 

P.  Cyc. 

A  squarrous  calyx  consists  of  scales  very  widely 
divaricating  ;  a  squarrous  leaf  is  divided  into  shreds 
or  jags,  raised  above  the  plane  of  the  leaf,  and  not 
parallel  to  it.  Marti/n. 
SQUASH,  (skwosh,)  r.  t.  [from  the  root  of  quaJk,  L. 
qua.^so,  Fr.  ca.-J.icr.] 

•  To  crush  ;  to  beat  or  press  into  pulp,  or  a  flat  mxss. 
SQUv\SH,ii.  Something  soft  anil  easily  crushed.  Shak. 

2.  [Qu.  Gr.  (7i<iio5.]  A  plant  of  tiic  genus  Cticur- 
bila,  or  gourd  kind,  and  its  fruit ;  a  culinary  vegeta- 

3.  Something  unripe  or  soft  ;  iii  contempt.  [ble. 

This  squash,  this  p'ntleman.  Shak. 

4.  A  sudden  fall  of  a  heavy,  soft  body.  Arbnthnot. 

5.  A  shock  of  soft  bodies. 

My  fall  was  stopped  by  a  terrible  *7uajA.    {Vulgar.]  Swift. 

SQUASH'-BUG,  71.  The  common  name  of  a  bug  in- 
jurious to  squashes ;  the  more  usual  one,  in  New 
England  beliuigs  to  the  order  Hemiptera. 

SQUASH'V,  adv.    Like  a  squash  ;  also,  muddy. 

SQUATi  (skwot,)  B.  i.  [\V.  ysioatiaw,  from  ysirad,  a 
falling,  or  throw  ;  It.  qnatto,  squat,  close  ;  quattare, 
to  squat,  to  cower,  to  lurk.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  al- 
lied to  It.  guatare,  to  watch,  Fr.  guetter,  to  wait,  to 
watch.] 

1.  To  sit  down  upon  the  hams  or  heels;  as  a  hu- 
man being. 

2.  To  sit  close  to  the  ground  ;  to  cower ;  as  an  an- 
imal. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  to  settle  on  another's  land 
without  pretense  of  title,  a  practice  very  common  in 
the  wilderness. 

4.  To  stoop  or  lie  close  to  escape  observation  ;  as  a 
partridge  or  rabbit. 

SQUAT,  ti.  t.    To  bruise  or  make  flat  by  a  fall.  [A'ot 

in  use.]  Barret. 
SQU.\T,  a.  Sitting  on  the  hams  or  heels ;  sitting  close 
to  tiie  ground  ;  cowering. 

Him  Uirn.  ih^T  found. 
Squat  like  a  toad,  close  at  the  ear  ol  l->e.  Miiton. 

2.  Short  and  thick,  like  the  figure  of  an  animal 
squatting. 

The  head  of  the  •qnill  insect  Is  broad  and  squat.  Grew. 
SQU-\T,  n.    The  posture  of  one  that  sits  on  his  hams, 
or  close  to  the  ground.  Dryden. 

2.  .\  sudden  or  crushing  fall.    [Abt  in  use.] 

Herbert. 

3.  A  small,  separate  vein  of  ore  ;  a  mineral  con- 
sisting of  tin  ore  and  spar.    Haltiwell.  H'oodicard. 

SQU.\T'TER,  71.    One  that  squats  or  sits  close. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  one  that  settles  on  new  land 
without  a  title. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SQU 


SQU 


ST  A 


SdUAVV,  71.    Among  some  tribes  of  American  Indians, 

a  female,  or  wife. 
SQUEAK,  (skweek,)  v.  i.    [Sw.  ^yud/.a,  to  cry  like  a 

frog  ;  G.  quiehcn  ;  W.  gwi^ian,  to  squeak.  This 

word  probably  belongs  to  t»ie  family  of  quack.  Class 

Gk.] 

1.  To  utter  a  sljarp,  slirill  cry.  usually  of  short  du- 
ration ;  to  cry  with  an  acute  tone,  as  an  animal  ;  or 
to  make  a  sharp  noise,  as  a  pipe  or  quill,  a  wheel,  a 
door,  and  the  like.  Wheels  squeak  only  when  the 
axletree  is  dry. 

Who  can  endure  to  hear  one  of  the  rough  old  Romans,  squeak- 
ing througli  the  mouth  of  a  eunuclir  Addison. 

ZoiluB  calls  Uie  companions  of  Ulyss^  the  eqiteaking  jii^  of 
Homer.  Pope. 

2.  To  break  silence  or  secrecy  for  fear  or  pain  ;  to 
spetik.  Drydcu. 

SQUiSAK,  71.  A  sharp,  shrill  sound  suddenly  uttered, 
either  of  the  human  voice  or  of  any  animal  or  instru- 
ment, such  as  a  child  utters  in  acute  pain,  or  as  pigs 
utter,  or  as  is  made  by  carriage-wheels  when  dry/  or 
by  a  pipe  or  reud. 

SaUEAK'ER,  71.  One  that  utters  a  sharp,  shrill 
sound. 

SQUe AK'ING,  ppr.  or  n.    Crying  with  a  sharp  voice  ; 

making  a  sharp  sound  j  as,  a  squeukin^r  wheel. 
SaUEAL,  (skweel,)  v.  i.    [This  is  only  a  different 

orthography  of  squall;  Ir.  sjral,  a  squealing.  See 

Squall.] 

To  cry  with  a  sharp,  shrill  voice.  It  is  used  of  an- 
imals only,  and  chietly  of  swine.  It  agrees  in  sense 
with  Squeak,  except  that  squeal  denotes  a  more  con- 
tinued cry  than  squeak,  and  the  latter  is  not  limited 
to  animals.  We  s;ty,  a  squealing  hog  or  pig,  a  squeal- 
ins  ^hWA,  but  more  generally  a  squalHug  child. 

SQUeAL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  "Uttering  a  sharp,  shrill 
sound  or  voice  ;  as,  a  squealing  pig. 

SaUEAM'ISH,  a.  [Probably  from  the  root  of  wam- 
ble.] 

Literally,  having  a  stomach  that  is  easily  turned, 
or  that  readily  nauseates  any  thing;  hence,  nice  to 
excess  in  taste  :  fastidious  ;  easily  disgusted  ;  apt  to 
be  offended  at  tritiing  improprieties;  scrupulous. 

Cluoth  he,  that  hnnor 's  rr'ry  squeamiBh 

That  takes  a  basliiii;  fur  a  lilcraiBh.  Hurlihrm. 

His  muse  is  rustic,  AnM  jv^rhaps  too  plain 

The  Dieu  ot  s';ueamish  taste  to  entertain.  SouUftrn. 

SQUeAM'ISH-LY,  arfo.  In  a  fastidious  manner; 
with  too  much  niceness. 

S(iUE.\M'ISH-NESS,  7i.  Excessive  niceness;  vicious 
delicacy  of  taste  ;  fastidiousness  ;  excessive  scrupu- 
lousness. 

The  thoron?h-pac('d  politici.i 
squ4amtsh  ness  of  his  con 

SaUEAS'I-NESS,  71.  Nausea.  [JVot  used.]  [See 
CirEAsirfEss.] 

SHUeAS'V,  a.     Queasy;  nice;  squeamish;  scrupu- 
lous.   [Abt  «.-,•«/.]    [See  Q.UEA9Y.] 
SQUEEZE,  J),  t.    [\rm.  qnasqu,  irnasca;  W.  ^iBa.--;orii.] 

1.  To  press  bt^tween  two  bodies;  to  press  closely  ; 
as,  to  squeeze  an  orange  with  the  fingers  or  with  an 
instrument ;  to  squeeze  the  hand  in  friendship. 

2.  To  oppress  with  hardships,  burdens,  and  taxes ; 
to  harass  ;  to  crush. 

Ill  a  civil  war,  people  mustexpect  to  be  squeezedwHU  the  burden. 

L*Estrange. 

3.  To  hug  ;  to  embrace  closely. 

4.  To  force  between  close  btttlies  ;  to  compel  or 
cause  to  pass  ;  as,  to  squeeze  water  lliriiiigh  felt. 

To  squeeze  out;  to  force  out  by  pressure,  as  a 
liquid. 

SQUEEZE,  V.  I.    To  press  ;  to  urge  one's  way  ;  to 
pass  by  pressing  ;  as,  to  squeeze  hard  to  get  through 
a  crowd. 
2.  To  crowd. 

To  squeeze  llirov^h  ;  to  pass  through  by  pressing 
nnrl  urging  forwartt. 

.'SQUEEZE,  71.    Pressure;  compression  between  bod- 
ies. Pliilips. 
2.  A  close  hug  or  embrace. 

SQUEEZ'£I),  ;//).  or  a.  Pressed  between  bodies; 
comiiresHcd  ;  oppressed. 

SQUEEZ'ING,  ;v<r.  Pressing ;  compressing  ;  crowd- 
ing ;  oppre.ssing. 

SQUEEZ'ING,  71.  The  act  of  pressing ;  compression  ; 
oppri'siion. 

2.  'J'hat  which  is  forced  out  by  pressure  ;  dregs. 

The  drej^  and  equeezinge  of  the  br.iin.  Pope. 

.SQtlEI.f'H,  j  J!.  (.  To  crush,  [.fl  low  word,  and  not 
H(iUi;i,SU,  (  ««.(/.] 

SQUELCH,  71.    A  heavy  fall.    [Low,  and  not  used.] 

IIud,bras. 

SQUIB,  n.  [This  word  probably  belongs  to  the  family 
of  i«Ai;> ;  denoting,  that  which  is  thrown.] 

].  A  little  pipt;  or  holltiw  cylinder  of  paper,  lilled 
with  powder,  or  rombiixlible  matter,  and  Mcnl  into 
the  air  burning,  and  bursting  with  a  crack  ;  a  cracker. 

[.nrripfwns,  Ilk'-  ii/uilte,  Intyr  iniike  n  pr-sp-iit  blai/*.  Waller. 
Tiie  making  urid  vAUng  i/ MquUie  Is  puiiisliahle.  BlncknUme. 

9.  A  sarcajitic  niiecch,  or  little  censorious  writing 
publiHhed  ;  n  petty  lumiHimi. 

3.  A  pretty  f..-llow.    [Au(  in  use.] 

"Die  e^ut^,  In  live  conmioii  jihrase,  urn-  c  dlrd  lit/ilers.  Taller. 


SQUIB,  V.  i.  Tii  throw  squibs  ;  to  utter  sarcastic  t^r 
severe  reflections  ;  to  contend  in  petty  dispute ;  as, 
two  members  of  a  society  squib  a  little  in  debate. 
[Colloquial.]  ' 

SQUIC'BtNG,  ppr.  Throwing  squibs  or  severe  re- 
flections. 

SQUIB'BIXG,  71.  The  act  of  throwing  squibs  or  se- 
vere reflections. 

SQUIG'GLE,  (skwig'gi,)  v.  i.  To  shake  and  wash  a 
fluid  about  the  mouth  with  the  lips  closed.  [Local.] 

Korby. 

SQUILL,  71.  [Fr.  squille,  L.  squilla,  a  squill,  a  lob- 
ster or  prawn  ;  It.  squilla,  a  squill,  a  sea-onion,  a 
little  bell  ;  squiUare,  to  ring  ;  Sp.  csquila,  a  small  bell, 
a  shrimp.] 

1.  A  bulbous  plant  of  the  genus  SciUa. 

2.  Orntthogalum  squilla,  or  Scilla  viaritima ;  officinal 
squill.  It  has  a  Large,  acrid,  bulbous  root,  like  an 
onion,  which  is  used  in  medicine. 

3.  A  stomapodous,  crustaceous  animal,  of  the  ge- 
nus Squilla.  Encyc. 

4.  An  insect,  called  squill  insect,  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  preceding,  having  a  long  body  covered 
with  a  crust,  the  heatl  broad  and  squat.  Grew. 

SQUIN'AN-CY,  71.     [It.  squinaniia;  Fr.  squinancie; 
L,  cynanche;  Gr.  *ci'i'tt)  ^^7.] 
Tile  quinsy,  which  see.    [SquiNANCY  is  not  used.] 

SQUINT,  a.  [D.  scliuin,  sloping,  oblique  ;  schuinte,  a 
slope  ;  W.  ysgeiniaic,  to  spread,  to  sprinkle,  to  squint, 
from  ysgain,  to  spread,  to  sprinkle.  We  see  the 
sense  is,  to  deviate  from  a  direct  line,  to  wander  or 
shoot  off.] 

1.  Looking  obliquely. 

2.  Not  having  the  optic  axes  of  both  eyes  coinci- 
dent; occasioned  by  a  permanent  shortening  of  one 
of  the  lateral,  straight  muscles,  and  a  permanent 
elongation  of  its  antagonist. 

3.  Looking  with  suspicion.  Spenser. 
SQUINT,  71.  i.    To  see  obliquely. 

Some  can  squint  when  they  will.  Bacon. 

2.  To  have  the  axes  of  the  eyes  not  coincident. 

3.  'J'o  slope ;  to  deviate  from  a  true  line ;  to  run 
obliquely.  Kirwan. 

SQUINT,  i'.  t.    To  turn  the  eye  to  an  oblique  position  ; 
as,  to  squint  an  eye.  Bacon. 
2.  To  look  witli  non-coincident  optic  axes. 
He  gives  the  web  and  the  pin,  squinlt  the  eye,  and  makes  the 
hare-lip.  Shale. 

SQUINT,  71.   The  act  or  habit  of  squinting.  • 
SQUINT'-E? E,  (-1,)  n.    An  eve  that  squints. 
SQUINT'-E?-£D,  (-ide,)  a.   Having  eyes  that  squint ; 
having  eyes  with  non-coincident  axes.  Kuollcs. 

2.  Oblique  ;  indirect ;  malignant ;  as,  squint-eyed 
praise.  Denhani. 

3.  Looking  obliquely  or  by  side  glances;  as, squint- 
eyed  jealousy  or  envy. 

SQUINT-I-Fe'GO,  71.    Squinting.  Drydcn. 
[Ji  cant  word,  and  not  to  be  used.] 

SQUINT'ING,  ppr.  Seeing  or  looking  with  non-coin- 
cident a\es  of  the  eyes  ;  looking  by  side  glances. 

SQUI.\T'[NG,  71.    The  act  or  habit  of  looking  squint. 

SQUINT'ING-LY,  adv.  With  squint  look;  by  side 
glances. 

SQUIN'Y,  V.  i.    To  look  squint.  Shak. 

[j3  cant  word,  nut  to  be  used.] 
SQUIU,  (skwur,)  r.  t.    To  throw  with  a  jerk.  Spelt 

also  ScjuiiiR.    [Obs.]  Mdison. 
SQUIRE,  71.    [A  popular  contraction  of  EsQuinE.  See 

Esquire J 

1.  In  Great  Britain,  the  title  of  a  gentleman,  next 
in  rank  to  a  knight.  Sliak. 

2.  In  Great  Britain,  an  attendant  on  a  noble  war- 
rior. Drydcn.  Pope. 

3.  An  attendant  at  court.  Sliak. 

4.  Ill  the  United  States,  the  title  of  magistrates  and 
lawyers.  In  New  England,  it  is  particuhirly  given 
to  justices  of  the  peace  and  judges  ;  and  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  justices  of  the  peace  only. 

.■i.  The  title  customarily  given  to  gentlemen. 
SQUIRE,  71.  t.    To  attend  as  a  squire.  Cliaucer. 
2.  In  colloquial  laun-uaire,  to  attend  as  a  beau  or 
gallant  for  aid  and  protection  ;  as,  to  squire  a  lady  to 
the  gardens. 

SQUIRE'IIQOD,  71.    The  rank  and  state  of  a  squire. 

Slirlfon. 

SQUTRE'LY,  a.    Becoming  a  squire.  Slielton. 

SQUIIUC  SIIIP,  71.    Ortice  of  a  .squire.  Sicift. 

SQUIR.M,  (skwiirm,)  ti.  (.  or  i.  To  move  like  a  worm 
or  eel,  with  writhing  or  contortions. 

2.  To  I  limb  by  eiiibrticiiig  and  clinging  with  the 
haiiils  and  feet,  as  to  a  tree  without  branches. 

[.loliiisoii  writes  this  word  Swabm,  and  this  is 
probably  the  original  word.  Itailcy  writes  it  Squirm.] 

SQUTR.M'ING,  ppr.  Moving  like  a  worm  or  eel ;  climb- 
ing by  embracing. 

StiUIRR.  SeeSquiR. 

SQUllt'KEL,  (skwer'rel  or  skwur'rel,)  71.  [Fr.  fi;ii- 
7-iMiV;  L.  .iciurus;  Gr.  oxiuufius,  a  compouiitl  of  <;xiu, 
shade,  anil  oir>iii,  tail.] 

A  Hiiiall  rodent  mammal.  The  squirrel  has  two  cut- 
ting teeth  in  each  j:iw,  a  long,  tiifti  d  tail,  four  long 
toes  on  llio  foro  feet,  niiil  a  tubercle  instead  of  a 
thumb,  and  five  on  the  hind  feet.    Many  species  are 


enumerated.  These  animals  are  remarkably  nimble, 
running  up  trees,  ami  leaping  from  branch  to  branch 
with  surprising  agility.  They  subsist  on  nuts,  of 
which  they  lay  up  a  store  for  winter,  some  of  them 
in  hollow  trees,  others  in  the  earth.  Their  flesh  is 
delictite  food. 

J See  also  Flviwg-Squirrel.] 
IR'REL-HUNT,7i.    In  AiimVa,  the  hunting  and 
shooting  of  squirrels  by  a  company  of  men. 
SQUIRT,  (skwurt,)  v.  t.    [from  some  root  in  Class 
Gr,  or  Wr,  signifying  to  throw  or  drive.] 

To  eject  or  drive  out  of  a  narrow  pipe  or  orifice,  in 
a  stream  ;  as,  to  squirt  water. 
SQUIRT,  V.  i.    To  throw  out  words  ;  to  let  fly.  [JVot 

in  use.]  L^Kstrange. 
SQUIRT,  71.    An  instrument  with  which  a  liquid  is 
ejected  in  a  stream  with  force. 
2.  A  small,  quick  stretiiii. 
SQUIRT'ED,  pp.    Ejected  in  a  stream  from  a  narrow 
orifice. 

SQUIRT'ER,  (skwuit'er,)  11.    One  that  squirts. 
[This  word,  in  all  iU forms,  is  ^'ulgar.] 

SQUIRT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Ejecting  from  a  narrow 
orifice  in  a  stream. 

Squirting  cucumber;  the  fruit  of  the  plant  Ecba- 
lium  Elateriuin,  or  Mmnordica  Elaterium,  which, 
when  nearly  ripe,  separates  suddenly  from  its  pe- 
duncle, at  the  same  time  ejecting  its  juice  and  seeds. 

STAB,  7'.  (.  [This  word  contains  the  elements,  and  is 
probably  frt>m  the  primary  sense,  of  the  L.  stabilis, 
stahilio,  stipo,  D.  .itippen,  to  point  or  prick.  Eng.  stiff, 
and  a  multitude  of  others  in  many  languages.  The 
radical  sense  is,  to  thrust ;  but  I  know  not  to  what 
Oriental  roots  they  are  allied,  unless  to  the  Heb,  2!fi, 


Ar. 


watsaba.    Class  Sb,  No.  35,  37,  or  Class 


Db,  No.  4C,  53,  44.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  pointed  weapon  ;  as,  to  be 
stabbed  by  a  dagger  or  a  spear ;  to  stab  fish  or  eels. 

2.  To  wound  mischievously  or  mortally  ;  to  kill  by 
the  thrust  of  a  pointed  instrument.  Philips. 

3.  To  injure  secretly  or  by  malicious  falsehood  or 
slander;  as,  to  .itab  reputation. 

ST.'iB,  r.  t.    To  give  a  wound  with  a  pointed  weapon. 
None  shall  dare 
With  shortened  sa'ord  to  stab  iu  closer  war.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  give  a  mortal  wound. 

He  speaks  poniards,  and  every  word  stabs.  Sbak. 
To  stab  at ;  to  offer  a  stab ;  to  thrust  a  pointed 
weapon  at. 

STAB,  71.    The  thrust  of  a  pointed  weapon. 

2.  A  wound  with  a  shar|vpointed  weapon  ;  as,  to 
fall  by  the  stab  of  an  assassin. 

3.  An  injury  given  in  the  dark  ;  asly  mischief;  as, 
a  stab  given  to  character. 

STa'BAT  MA'TER,  71.  [L.]  A  celebrated  Latin 
hymn,  beginning  with  these  words,  set  to  music  by 
most  of  the  great  ctimposers,  and  performed  in  the 
church  service  of  the  Uouian  Catholics. 

STAB'BED,  pp.  Pierced  with  a  pointed  weapon; 
killed  with  a  spear  or  other  pointed  instrument. 

STAB'BER,  71.    One  that  stabs  ;  a  privy  murderer. 

STAB'BING,  ppr.  Piercing  with  a  pointed  weapon  ; 
killing  with  a  pointed  instrument  by  piercing  the 
bodj'. 

STAIt'BlNG,  71.  The  act  of  piercing  with  a  pointed 
weapon  ;  the  act  of  wounding  or  killing  with  a 
pointed  instrument. 

This  statute  was  made  on  accovmt  of  the  frequent  quarrels  and 
stabbings  with  sliort  daggi.'rs.  Blackstona. 
STAB'BING-LY,  adv.    With  intent  to  a  secret  act 

maliciously.  Bp.  Parker. 

ST  A-Bl  L'l-M  ENT,  ti.    [L.  stabilimentum,  from  stabilio, 
to  make  firm.    See  Stab,] 
Act  of  making  firm  ;  firm  support. 
They  servi-  for  siabititnent,  propagation,  and  fha<le,  Derham. 
STA-BII.'l-TATE,  i'.  t.    To  make  stable;  to  estab- 
lish.   [JV(i(  used.]  More. 
STA-BIL'I-TY,  71.    [L.  sUibilitas,  from  stabilis.  See 
Stab,] 

1.  Steadiness;  stableness  ;  firmness;  strength  to 
stand  wilhout  being  moved  or  overthrown  ;  as,  the 
stability  of  a  throne  ;  the  stability  of  a  constitution  of 
government. 

2.  Stcailiness  or  firmness  of  character ;  firmness  of 
rcsolutitm  or4)urpose  ;  the  qualities  opposite  to  fickle- 
ness, irresolution,  or  inconstancy.  We  say,  a  man  of 
little  .ttabilitii,  or  of  unusual  stability. 

3.  Fixedness;  as  opposed  to  Fluiuitv.  [/  believe 
not  now  used.] 

Since  lluidness  and  tlabilily  ate  contrary  qualities.  Boy(f. 

STa'BLE,  a.  [ L.  »(niii/>s  ;  Ft.  stable;  ll.  stabile.  The 
primary  sense  is  set,  fixed.    See  Star.] 

1.  I'lxeil  ;  firmly  established;  not  to  be  easily 
moved,  shaken,  or  overthrown  ;  as,  a  stable  govern- 
niint, 

2.  Steady  in  purpose  ;  constant  ;  firm  in  resolution  ; 
not  easily  tliverleil  from  a  purpose  ;  not  fickle  or  wa- 
vering ;  as,  n  .itahle  man  ;  a  stable  character. 

3.  Fixed  ;  steady  ;  fiiiii  ;  not  easily  Burrcndercd 
or  abandoned  ;  ns,  a  man  of  stable  principles. 


FITE.  PAR,  PALL.,  WH^T.  — MRTE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK. 


ST  A 


STA 


STA 


4.  Durable;  not  subject  to  be  overthrown  or 
chansed. 

In  this  region  of  chance  and  vanity,  where  nolliinj  it  itabU. 

liogert. 

STS'DLE,  V.  L    To  fix  ;  to  estahlisli.    [JVof  used.] 

STa'BLE,  71.  [h.  stabulum,  that  is,  a  stand,  a  fixed 
place,  like  eialL  (Soc  llio  latter.)  Tliese  words 
do  not  primarily  imply  a  covcrinir  fi)r  horses  orcattlp.] 
A  house  or  shed  for  beasts  to  lodRcnnd  feed  in.  In 
large  towns,  a  stable  Is  usually  a  building  for  horses 
only,  or  horses  and  cows,  and  often  connected  with 
a  coach-house.  In  the  country  towns  in  the  Northern 
States  of  America,  a  stable  is  usually  an  apartment  in 
a  barn  in  which  hay  and  grain  are  deposited. 

STS'ULE,  (>. «.  To  put  or  keep  in  a  stable.  Our  farm- 
ers Renerally  stable  not  only  horses,  but  oxen  and 
cows,  in  winter,  and  sometimes  young  cattle. 

STa'HLE,  ».  i.  To  dwell  or  lodpe  in  a  stable;  to 
dwell  in  an  inclosed  pl.ice  ;  to  kennel.  Milton. 

STS'BLE-ROY,  j  n.    A  boy  or  man  who  attends  at  a 

ST^'I!1,E-IMAN,  !     stable.  Swifl. 

ST^'BLKD,  pp.    Put  or  kept  in  a  stable. 

STA'BLE-NESS,  n.  Fixedness;  firmness  of  position 
or  establishment  ;  strength  to  stand  ;  stability  ;  as, 
the  stiMeness  of  a  throne,  or  of  a  system  of  laws. 

2.  Steadiness  ;  constancy  ;  firmness  of  purpose  ; 
stability;  as,  stablcness  of  character,  of  mind,  of 
principles,  or  opinions. 

STA'BljE-STAND,  n.  [stable  and  stand.]  In  laie, 
when  a  man  is  found  at  his  standing  in  the  forest, 
with  a  cross-bow  bent,  ready  to  shoot  at  a  deer,  or 
with  a  long  bow  ;  or  standing  close  by  n  tree  with 
greyhounds  in  a  leash  ready  to  slip.  'J'his  is  one  of 
the  four  presumptions  that  a  man  intends  stealing  the 
king's  deer.  Knfflisk  Imw. 

STS'ULING,  ppr.    Putting  or  keeping  in  a  stable. 

STA'BI..ING,  ti.  The  act  or  practice  of  keeping  cattle 
in  a  stable. 

2.  A  house,  shed,  or  room  for  keeping  horses  and 
cattle. 

STAB'LISH,  V.  t.  stabilio  ;  Ft.  ctablir  ;  It.  stabilire ; 
Sp.  establecer.    See  Stab.] 

To  fix  ;  to  settle  in  a  state  for  permanence ;  to 
make  firm. 

[In  lieu  of  this.  Establish  is  now  always  used.] 
STA'BLY,  ai/D.    Firmly;  fixedly;  steadily;  as,  a  gov- 
ernment stabhj  settled. 
STAB-li-LA'TlON,n.  Act  of  housing  beasts.  [Obs.] 

Coclccriim. 

STA€--€A'TO,  [It.]  In  music,  denoting  a  short,  dis- 
tinct, articulate  style  ;  the  opposite  to  Lbgato. 

STACK,  71.  [VV.  ystac,  a  stack  ;  ystaca,  a  standard, 
from  t&^,  a  state  of  being  stuffed  ;  Dan.  stak,  a  pile 
of  hay  ;  Sw.  stack:  It.  stacadli.  It  signifies  that 
which  is  set,  and  coincides  with  Sax.  slac,  I),  staak, 
a  stake.  Stock,  stag,  stage,  are  <if  the  same  family, 
or  at  least  have  the  same  radical  sense.] 

1.  A  large,  conical  pile  of  hay,  grain,  or  straw, 
sometimes  covered  with  thatch.  In  jimcrica,  the 
stack  differs  from  the  cock  only  in  size,  both  being 
conical.  A  long  pile  of  hay  or  grain  is  called  a  rick. 
In  England,  this  distinction  is  not  always  observed. 
This  word,  in  Great  Britain,  is  sometimes  applied  to 
a  pile  of  wood  containing  408  cubic  feet,  and  also  to 
a  pile  of  poles  ;  but  I  believe  never  in  America. 


Q.  A  number  of  funnels  or  chimneys  standing  to- 
gether. We  sny,  a  stack  of  chimneys  ;  which  is  cor- 
rect, as  a  chimney  is  a  passage.  But  we  also  call  the 
whole  stack  a  chimney.  Thus  we  say,  the  chimney 
rises  ten  feet  above  the  roof. 

A  stack  of  ar/n.*,  is  a  number  of  muskets  set  up  to- 
gether, with  the  bayonets  crossing  one  another,  form- 
ing a  sort  of  conical  pile. 

STA(;K,  v.  t.    To  lay  in  a  conical  or  other  pile  ;  to 
make  into  a  large  pile  ;  as,  to  stack  hay  or  grain. 
2.  In  England,  to  pile  wood,  poles,  &.C. 
To  .■'tack  arms ;  to  set  up  muskets  together,  with 
the  bayonets  crossing  one  another,  and  forming  a  sort 
of  conical  pile. 

STACK'CD,  (stakt,)  pp.   Piled  in  a  large,  conical  heap. 

STACK'IN'G,  ppr.    Laving  in  a  large,  conical  heap. 

STACK'ING-HAND,  j"n.     A  baud  or  rope  used  in 

STACK'IMG-BELT,  S      binding   thatch  or  straw 
upon  a  stack. 

STACK'ING-STAGE,  n.    A  stage  used  in  building 
stacks. 

ST.\CK'-YXRD,  n,    A  yard  or  inclosure  for  stacks  of 

h.ay  or  grain. 
STAC'TE,  n.    [L.  stacte;  Gr.  rntr-/.] 

A  fatty,  resinous,  liquid  matter,  of  the  nature  of 

liquid  myrrh,  very  odoriferous,  and  highly  valued. 

But  it  is  said  we  have  none  but  what  adulterated, 

and  what  is  so  called  is  liquid  storax.  Cyc. 
STAD'DLE,  (stad'dl,)  it.  [D.  stutirl,  from  .stuf,  a  prop  ; 

stutten,  to  prop ;  Eng.  stud  ;  G.  sttltze.    It  belongs  to 

the  root  of  slead,  steady.] 

1.  Any  thing  which  serves  for  support ;  a  staff;  a 
crutch  ;  the  frame  or  support  of  a  stack  of  li.iy  or 
train.  England. 

[In  this  .^ente  not  used  in  AVta  England.] 

2.  In  M'rti!  England,  a  small  tree  of  any  kind,  par- 


'  ticularly  a  forest  tree.  In  America,  trees  are  called 
staddles  from  three  or  four  years  old  till  they  are  six 
or  eight  inches  in  diameter  or  more  ;  but  in  this  re- 
spect the  word  is  indefinite.  This  is  also  the  sense 
in  which  it  is  used  by  Bacon  and  Tusser. 

STAD'DLE,  V.  t.  To  leave  staddles  when  a  wood  is 
cut.  Tusser. 

STA  D'DLF<-ROOF,  n.  The  roof  or  coveringof  a  stack. 

STAD'DUNG,  ppr.  Leaving  staddles  when  a  wood 
is  cut. 

STADE,  71.    [L.  stadium.]    A  stadium  or  furlong. 

Smithes  Diet. 

STA'DI-UM,  71.    [L. ;  Gr.  raSiov.]    A  Greek  measure 
of  125  geometrical  paces;  a  furlong. 
2.  The  course  or  career  of  a  r.acc. 

STADT'IloLD-ER,  (stat'-,)  7i.  [D.  stadt,  a  city,  and 
houdcr,  holder.] 

For77icr/i/,  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces of  Holland  ;  or  the  governor  or  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  a  province. 

STADT'lloLU-EK-ATE,  )  .        .  (  n.    The  office  of 

STADT'IIoLD-ER-SlUP,  (  I'""      )     a  stadtholder. 

STAFF,  71. ;  pi.  Staffs  or  Staves.  [Sax.  sUcf,  a  stick 
or  club,  a  pole,  a  crook,  a  prop  or  support,  a  letter,  an 
epistle  ;  sUrfn,  strfn,  the  voice  ;  D.  staf,  a  staff,  scep- 
ter, or  crook  ;  staa/,  a  bar  ;  G.  stab,  a  staff,  a  bar,  a 
rod  ;  Dan.  stab,  star,  id.  ;  stavn,  .«teo7i,  the  prow  of  a 
ship,  that  is,  a  projection,  that  which  shoots  out ;  Fr. 
douoc.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  shoot. 
See  Stab.] 

1.  A  stick  carried  in  the  hand  for  support  or  de- 
fense by  a  person  walking  ;  hence,  a  support;  that 
which  props  or  upholds.  liread  is  proverbially  called 
the  staff  of  life. 

Tlie  boy  w;u(  tho  very  tlaf  of  my  n^e.  Sfualc. 
Thy  rod  and  thy  suif,  thuy  coinlorl  mc.  —  P».  xxiii. 

2.  A  stick  or  club  used  as  a  wcajion.  Drydcn. 

3.  A  long  piece  of  wood  ;  a  stick  ;  the  long  handle 
of  an  instrument;  a  pole  or  slick,  used  for  many 
purposes. 

4.  The  five  lines  and  the  spaces  on  which  music  is 
written. 

5.  An  ensign  of  authority  ;  a  badg[e  of  office ;  as,  a 
constable's  staff.  sSak  Hayward. 

0.  'J'he  round  of  a  ladder.  Brown. 

7.  A  pole  erected  in  a  ship  to  hoist  and  display  a 
flag ;  called  a  Hag-sfa^.  Tiiere  is  also  a  jack-.s(n^, 
and  an  cnsign-.s((i^. 

8.  [Fr.  estaj'cttc,a.  courier  or  express  ;  Dan.  staffetle  ; 
It.  staffetta,  an  express  ;  stafferc,  a  groom  or  servant ; 
staffa,  a  stirrup;  Sp.  estafeta,  a  courier,  a  general 
post-office  ;  tstafero,  a  foot  boy,  a  stable-boy,  an  er- 
rand-boy ;  Port,  estafeta,  an  express.  This  word 
seems  to  be  formed  frmii  It.  staffa,  a  stirrup,  whence 
staffere,  a  stirrup-holder  or  groom,  whence  a  servant 
or  horseman  sent  express.]  In  military  affairs,  an  es- 
tablishment of  officers  in  various  departments,  at- 
tached to  an  army,  or  to  the  commander  of  an  army. 
The  general's  staff  consists  of  those  officers  about  his 
person  who  are  employed  in  carrying  his  commands 
into  execution. 

9.  [Ice.  jf<^]  A  stanza  ;  aseriesof  verses  so  dis- 
posed that,  when  it  is  concluded,  the  same  order  be- 
gins again. 

Cowley  fonnd  out  thst  no  Vind  of  §taff  is  proper  for  a  heroic 
poem,  oj  being  nil  too  lyrical.  Dryden. 

STXFF'-AN"'GLE,  n.  In  architecture,  a  square  rod 
of  wood  standing  flush  with  the  wall  on  each  of  its 
sides,  at  the  external  angles  of  plastering,  to  prevent 
their  being  damaged.  Brande. 

STAF'FI-ER,  71.    An  attendant  bearing  a  staff. 

Iludibras. 

STAFF'ISH,  a.    Stiff;  harsh.    [Obs.]  jlscham. 

STXFF'-TREE,  7i.  The  popular  name  of  the  several 
species  of  the  genus  Celastrus,  but  not  used  except 
with  some  epithet  prefixed,  to  distinguish  the  species 
or  variety.  Thus,  Celastrus  scandens  of  the  United 
States,  is  called  Climbino  Staff-Tree. 

STAG,  71.  [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  stick, 
stage,  stock..  The  primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  hence, 
to  fix,  to  stay,  &.C.] 

1.  The  male  red  deer;  the  male  of  the  hind. 

2.  A  colt  or  filly  ;  also,  a  romping  girl.  [Local.] 

Grose. 

3.  The  taurine  male,  c.-ustrated  at  such  an  age  that 
he  never  gains  the  full  size  of  a  bull. 

STAG'-BEE-TLE,  n.  A  lamellicorn,  coleopterous  in- 
sect of  the  family  Lucanidie. 

STAGE,  71.  [Fr.  ctage,  a  story,  a  degree  ;  Arm.  estaich  ; 
Sax.  stigan,  to  go,  to  ascend  ;  Dan.  stiger,  to  step  up, 
to  ascend  ;  Sw.  stiga,  to  step  ;  stcg,  a  step;  steire,  a 
ladder  ;  D.  stygen,  to  mount,  G.  steigen.]  ° 

1.  Properly,  one  degree  of  elevation  ;  a  step,  floor, 
or  story.  Chaucer. 

2.  A  floor  or  platform  of  any  kind  elevated  above 
the  ground  or  common  surface,  as  for  an  exhibition 
of  something  to  public  view;  as,  a  stage  for  a  moun- 
tebank ;  a  stage  for  speakers  in  public  ;  a  stage  for 
mechanics.  Seamen  use  floating  stages,  and  stages 
suspended  by  the  side  of  a  ship,  for  calking  and  re- 
pairing. 

3.  The  floor  on  which  theatrical  performances  are 
exhibited,  as  distinct  Irom  the  pit,  &c.  Hence, 


4.  The  theater ;  the  place  of  scenic  entertain- 
ments. 

Knlghu,  Bquirci,  and  steoda,  muat  enter  oo  the  ttagt.  Popt. 

5.  Theatrical  representations.  It  is  contended 
that  the  stage  is  a  school  of  morality.  Let  it  be  in- 
quired, where  is  the  person  whom  the  stage  has  re- 
formed 

C.  A  place  where  any  thing  is  publicly  exhibited. 

When  we  are  bom,  we  cry  that  we  arc  come 

'I'o  thia  great  ttaga  of  fooli.  ShaJc. 

7.  Place  of  action  or  performance ;  as,  the  stage  of 
life. 

8.  A  place  of  rest  on  a  journey,  or  where  a  rcl.ay 
of  horses  is  taken.  When  we  arrive  at  the  next 
stage,  we  will  take  some  refreshment.  Hence, 

9.  riie  distance  between  two  places  of  rest  on  a 
road  ;  as,  a  stage  of  fifteen  miles. 

10.  A  single  step ;  degree  of  advance ;  degree  of 
progression,  cither  in  increase  or  decrea.se,  in  rising 
or  falling,  or  in  any  change  of  state  ;  as,  the  several 
stagts  of  a  war;  the  stages  of  civilization  or  im- 
provement ;  stages  of  growth  in  an  animal  or  plant ; 
stages  of  a  disease,  of  decline,  or  recovery  ;  the  sev- 
eral sta<res  of  human  life. 

11.  [Instead  of  Staoe-Coach  or  Staoe-VVaoopi.] 
A  coach  or  other  carriage  running  regularly  from  one 
place  to  another,  for  the  conveyance  of  passengers. 

I  went  in  the  six-iynny  ntage.  Steffi. 
A  parcel  ftent  by  tiie  ttage.  Coipper. 

[JJmerican  usage.] 
STAGE,  ti.  t.    To  exhibit  publicly.    [JVof  171  use.] 

Shak. 

STAGE'-CoACH,  n.  [stage  and  coach.]  A  coach 
that  runs  by  stages  ;  or  a  coach  that  runs  regularly 
every  day  or  on  stated  days,  for  the  conveyance  of 
IKissengt^rs.  Jlddison. 

STAGE'LY,  (I.  Pertaining  to  a  stage;  becoming  the 
theater.    [Little  used.]  Taylor. 

STaGE'-PLAY,  71.  [sfan-e  and  p/ay.]  Tbenlrical  en- 
tertainment. Dryden. 

STAGE'-PLAY-ER,  71.  An  actor  on  the  stage  ;  one 
whose  occupatiim  is  to  represent  characters  on  the 
stage.    Garrick  was  a  celebrated  stage-plavcr. 

STAG'ER,  (stSj'er,)  71.    A  player.    [Little  u'seil.] 

2.  One  that  has  long  acted  on  the  stage  of  life ;  a 
practitioner  ;  a  person  of  cunning  ;  as,  an  old,  cun- 
ning .^tuirfr;  an  experienced  stager;  a  stager  of  the 
wiser  sort.  Dryden. 

[I  do  not  recollect  to  have  ever  heard  this  word  used 
in  Jinierica.] 

STAG'ER-Y,  71.  Exhibition  on  the  stage.  [JVof  in 
Tt-ve.  ]   _  ji}ilfon, 

STAG'-F.-V/L,  71.    A  disease  in  horses.  Diet. 

STAG'GARD,  71.  [from  stag.]  A  stag  of  four  yeara 
of  age.  .^inswurth. 

STAG'GER,  f.  I.    [D.  .ilaggcren.  Kiliaan.] 

1.  I'o  reel ;  to  vacillate  ;  to  move  to  one  side  and 
the  other  in  standing  or  walking  ;  not  to  stand  or 
walk  with  steadiness.  Boyle. 

Deep  wa«  the  wound  ;  he  staggered  with  the  blow.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  cease  to  stand  firm  ;  to  begin  to  give 
way. 

The  enemy  tta^gers.  A'lfiijon, 

3.  To  hesitate ;  to  begin  to  doubt  and  waver  in 
purpose ;  to  become  less  confident  or  determined. 

Shak. 


STAG'GER,  c.  t.  To  cause  to  reel.  ShaJt. 
2.  To  cause  to  doubt  and  waver ;  to  make  to  hesi- 
tate ;  to  make  less  steady  or  confident ;  to  sho-  k. 
Whoever  will  read  the  itory  of  this  war,  will  fnul  him«'>ll  fueh 

ttaggered.  IfotM.. 
When  u  prince  fail*  in  honor  and  Justice,  it  is  enough  to  ttaggrr 
Ills  people  in  Uieir  allL-giance.  L' Ettrange. 

STAG'GER-J2D,  pp.  Made  to  reel ;  made  to  doubt 
and  waver. 

STAG'GER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Causing  to  reel,  to  waver, 

or  to  doubt ;  reeling  ;  v.acillating. 
STAG'GER-ING,  7t.    The  act  of  reeling.  ./lriufA7U7t. 

2.  The  cause  of  staggering. 
STAG'GER-ING-LY,  ailo.    In  a  reeling  manner. 

2.  With  hesitation  or  doubt. 
ST.VG'G  ERS,  71.  pi.  A  disease  of  horses  and  other  ani- 
mals, by  which  they  fall  down  suddenly  without 
sense  or  motion  ;  apoplexy.  Farm.  Encyc. 

2.  Madness  ;  wild,  irregular  conduct.  [jVu(  in  u.ie.] 

Shak. 

STAG'GER-WORT,  n.    A  plant ;  rag\vort. 
STAG'I.NG,  n.    A  structure  of  posts  and  boards  for 

support,  as  for  building. 
STAG'IR  ITE,  71.    An  appellation  given  to  Aristotle, 

from  the  pl.ace  of  his  birth,  Stagira,  in  Macedonia. 
STAG'NAN-CV,  71.    [See  Stao.'^adt.]    The  state  of 

being  without  motion,  flow,  or  circulation,  as  in  a 

fluid. 

STAG'NANT,  a.  [L.  slagmms,  from  stagno,  to  be 
without  a  flowing  motion.  It.  stagnare.  Clu.  W. 
tagu,  to  stop."] 

1.  Not  flowing ;  not  running  in  a  current  or 
stream  ;  as,  a  stagnant  lake  or  pund  ;  stagnant  blood 
in  the  veins. 


TtNE,  BULL,  liNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  :  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


1:15 


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STA 


STA 


STA 


2.  Moliiinless;  still ;  nut  agitated  ;  as,  water  quiet 
and  .-fta^tiant,  Woodward, 

'I'ti'-  gloomy  slumber  of  ttie  gtagnani  bouI.  Jolmson. 

3.  Nnt  active;  dull;  not  brisk;  as,  business  is 
stairnanL 

STAG'NA.\T-LY,  adv.  In  a  still,  motionless,  inact- 
ive manner. 

STAG'»Na']'E,  v.  i.    [L.  sta^o,  stagnum;  It.  stag- 

1.  To  cease  to  flow ;  to  be  motionless  ;  as,  blood 
stagnates  in  the  veins  of  an  animal ;  air  stagnates  in 
a  close  room. 

9.  To  cease  to  move ;  not  to  be  agitated.  Water 
that  stagnates  in  a  pond  or  reservoir  soon  becomes 
foul. 

3.  To  cease  to  be  brisk  or  active  ;  to  become  dul  ; 
as,  commerce  ^(ao"Ha(f5  ;  business  stagnates. 
STAG-NA'TION,  n.  The  cessation  of  flowing  or  cir- 
cuhttion  of  a  fluid  ;  or  the  state  of  being  without 
flow  or  circulation  ;  the  state  of  being  motionless  ; 
as,  tlie  stagnation  of  the  blood  ;  the  stagnation  of 
water  or  air;  the  stagnation  of  vapors.  Jiddison. 

2.  The  cessalion  of  action  or  of  brisk  action ;  the 
state  of  l)ein?  dull  ;  as,  the  stagnation  of  business. 

STAG'-WORM,  (-wurm,)  k.  An  insect  that  is  trouble- 
some to  deer. 

STAID,  preU  and  pp.  of  Stat  ;  so  written  for 
Stayed. 

Q.  a,  [from  .'(ai/,  to  stop.]  Sober;  grave;  steady; 
composed  ;  regular ;  not  wild,  volatile,  flighty,  or 
fanciful;  as,  stuid  wisdom. 

To  ride  out  with  tlaid  ^ides.  JV^£on, 
STaID'NESS,  n.     Sobriety;   gravity;  steadiness; 
regularity  ;  the  opposite  of  VVildness. 

If  he  sometimes  appears  loo  gAy,  yet  a  secret  gracefulnesa  of 
yoiiiti  accompiuiies  iiis  wriltiigs,  though  the  tlaithiess  and 
sobriety  of  age  be  wanting.  Dryden. 

STaIN,  (stane,)  v.  t.  [VV.  ystaeniaw,  to  spread  over, 
to  slain  ;  ystaenu,  to  cover  with  tin  ;  ystaen,  that  is 
spread  out,  or  that  is  sprinkled,  a  stain,  tin,  L.  stan^ 
num;  tacn,  a  spread,  a  sprinkle,  a  layer;  fnereu,  to 
spread,  expand,  sprinkle,  or  be  scattered.  This  co- 
incides in  elements  with  Gr.  T£l^'^J.  The  French 
teindre,  Sp.  tehir,  It.  tingcre,  Port,  tingir,  to  stain,  are 
from  the  L.  tingo,  Gr.  rcyyu),  Sax.  deagan.  Eng.  dye  i 
a  word  formed  by  different  elements.  Stain  seems 
to  be  from  the  Welsh,  and  if  tarn  is  not  a  contracted 
word,  it  has  no  connection  with  the  Fr.  teindrc] 

1.  To  discolor  by  the  application  of  foreign  mat- 
ter ;  to  make  foul ;  to  spot  ;  as,  to  stairi  the  hand 
with  dye  ;  to  stain  clothes  with  vegetable  juice;  to 
stain  paper  ;  armor  stained  with  blood. 

2.  To  dye ;  to  tinge  with  a  different  color;  as,  to 
stain  cloth. 

3.  To  impress  with  figures,  in  colors  difTerent 
from  the  ground  ;  as:,  to  slain  paper  for  hangings. 

4.  To  blot;  to  soil ;  to  spot  with  guilt  or  infamy; 
to  tarnish;  to  bring  reproach  on;  as,  to  stuin  the 
character. 

Of  hotior  void,  of  innocence,  of  faith,  of  purity. 

Our  wonted  ornamenlB  now  soiled  and  elninea.  AJilton. 

STaIN,  n.  A  spot  ;  discoloration  from  foreign  mat- 
ter ;  as,  a  stuin  on  a  garment  or  cloth. 

2.  A  natural  spot  of  a  color  different  from  the 
ground. 

Swift  trouta,  diversified  with  crimson  stains.  Pope. 

3.  Taint  of  guilt;  tarnish;  disgrace;  reproach; 
as,  the  stain  of  sin. 

Nor  di-rith  it^rlf  can  wholly  wash  their  stains.  Dryden. 
Our  opmion  is,  I  hope,  w  ithout  any  blemish  or  ettun  of  hen'sy. 

JJooker. 

A  Cause  of  reproach  ;  shame. 

Hereby  !  will  lead  her  that  is  tlie  praise  and  yet  the  stain  of  all 
womankind.  Sidney. 

SiTaIN'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Discolored;  spotted;  dyed; 
blotted  ;  tarnished. 

Stained  gtaas  ,■  glass  colored  or  stained  by  certain 
metallic  pigments  fused  into  its  substance  ;  often 
used  for  making  durable  pictures  in  windows. 

Ure. 

STAIN'ER,  n.    One  who  stains,  blots,  or  tarnishes. 
2.  A  dyer. 

STAI\'ING,ppr.   Discoloring;  spotting;  tarnishing; 

dyeing. 

STAIN'hESS,  a.    Free  from  stains  or  spots.  Sidney, 
2.  Free  from  the  reproach  of  guilt ;  free  from  sin. 

Skalc, 

8TXIR,n.  [D.atcigrr;  Sax.  st/rger ;  from  Sax.  .vtijan, 
D.  and  G.  steigen,  Goth,  stcigan,  to  stc|),  to  go ;  l3an. 
Higer,  to  rise,  to  step  up ;  Sw.  sleg,  a  step ;  Ir. 
Ilaigkre.    See  Staoe.] 

1.  A  step  J  a  stone  or  a  frame  of  boards  or  planks 
by  which  a  person  rises  one  step.  A  stair,  to  make 
the  ascent  easy,  should  not  exceed  six  or  seven 
inches  in  elevation.  When  the  riser  is  eight,  nine, 
or  ten  inches  in  breadth,  the  ascent  by  stairs  is 
laborious. 

2.  Slnirs,  In  tA«  plural ;  a  scries  of  steps  by  which 
persons  ascend  to  a  higher  room  ^in  a  building. 
[SfAtr,  in  this  sense,  is  not  in  use. J* 

Fltght  uf  stairs,  may  signify  the  stairs  which  make 
the  whole  ascent  of  a  story ;  or  in  winding  stairs, 


the  phrase  m.\v  signify  the  stairs  from  the  floor  to  a 
timi,  or  from  one  turn  to  another. 
STAIR'eASE,  n.  [stair  and  case.]  The  part  of  a 
building  which  contains  the  stairs.  Staircases  are 
straiglit  or  winding.  The  straight  are  called  Fliers, 
or  Direct  Fliers.  Winding  stairs,  called  Spiral, 
or  Cockle,  are  square,  circular,  or  elliptical. 

To  make  a  complete  staircase,  is  a  curious  piece  of  architecture. 

Woaon. 

STAIR'-ROD,  n.  The  name  of  metallic  rods  for  hold- 
ing a  stair-carpel  to  its  place. 

STAITII,  71.    The  line  of  rails  forming  the  extremity 
of  a  railway,  and  generally  occurring  ne-\t  to  naviga- 
ble waters,  being  laid  on  platforms  for  discharging 
coals,  &c.,  into  vessels.  Bucliattan, 
2.  A  repository  and  mart  for  coals.  [Local.] 

STAKE,  7i.  [Sax.  stac ;  D.  .■staak  ;  Sw.  stake  ;  fr.  stae  ; 
It.  steccone,  a  stake ;  stecca,  a  stick  ;  stcccare,  to 
fence  with  stakes  ;  Sp.  estaca,  a  .•stake,  a  stick.  This 
coincides  with  stick,  noun  ancl  verb,  with  stock,  stage, 
&c.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  shoot,  to  thrust,  hence, 
to  set,  or  lix.] 

1.  A  small  piece  of  wood  or  timber,  sharpened  at 
one  end  and  set  in  the  ground,  or  prepared  for  setting, 
as  a  support  to  something.  Thus  stakes  are  used  to 
support  vines,  to  support  fences,  hedges,  and  the 
like.  A  stake  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  a. post, 
which  is  a  larger  piece  of  timber. 

2.  A  piece  of  long,  rough  wood. 

A  sharpened  stake  strong  Dryas  found.  Dryden. 

3.  A  palisade,  or  something  resembling  it. 

Milton, 

4.  The  piece  of  timber  to  which  a  martyr  is  fast- 
ened when  he  is  to  be  burnt.  Hence,  to  perish  at 
the  stake,  is  to  die  a  martyr,  or  to  die  in  torment. 
Hence, 

5.  Figuratively,  martyrdom.  The  stake  was  pre- 
pared for  those  who  were  convicted  of  heresy. 

6.  That  which  is  pledged  or  wagered  ;  that  which 
is  set,  tlirown  down,  or  laid,  to  abide  the  issue  of  a 
contest,  to  be  gained  by  victory  or  lost  by  defeat. 

7.  The  state  of  being  laid  or  pledged  as  a  wager. 
His  honor  is  at  stake. 

8.  A  small  anvil  to  straighten  cold  work,  or  to  cut 
and  punch  upon.  Moxon. 

STAKE,  V.  t.  To  fasten,  support,  or  defend  with 
stakes  ;  as,  to  stake  vines  or  plants. 

2.  To  mark  the  limits  by  stakes;  with  o\ct;  as,  to 
stake  out  land ;  to  stake  out  a  new  road,  or  the  ground 
for  a  canal. 

3.  To  wager;  to  pledge;  to  put  at  hazard  upon 
the  issue  of  competition,  or  upon  a  future  contin- 
gency. 

I'll  stake  yon  lamb  that  near  the  fountain  plays.  Pope. 

4.  To  point  or  sharpen  stakes.  [JVot  used  in 
.America.] 

5.  To  pierce  with  a  stake.  Spectator, 
STaK'JED,  (stakt,)  pp.     Fastened  or  supported  by 

stakes;  set  or  marked  with  stakes;  wagered;  put 
at  hazard. 

STaKE'-HEAD,  (-hed,)  ti.  In  rope-maliing,  a  stake 
with  wooden  pins  in  the  upper  side  to  keep  the 
strands  apart. 

STaKE'11oLD-ER,  7!.    One  with  whom  the  bets  are 

deposited  when  a  wager  is  laid. 
STAK'ING,  ppr.    Supporting  with  stakes;  marking 

with  stakes  ;  wagering;  putting  at  hazard. 
2.  Sharpening  ;  pointing. 
STA-LAC'Tie,       I  a.  [from  stalactite.]  Pertaining 
STA-LAC'TIC-AL,  i     to  stalactite ;  resembling  an 

icicle  ;  stalactitic.  Kirwan. 
STA-LAC'TI-FORM,      )  a.     Like  stalactite;  re- 
STAL-AC-TIT'I-FORM,  j     sembling  an  icicle. 

Phillips. 

STA-LAC'TITE,  71.  [Gr.  raAaxruf,  r«Xa«ns,  from 
S-aA(i,<'w,  to  drop,  from  raAtu-j,  L.  stillo.] 

A  pendent  cone  or  cylinder  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
attached,  like  an  icicle,  to  the  roof  or  side  of  a  cav- 
ern, produced  by  the  percolation  through  the  rock 
above  of  water  holding  carbonate  of  lime  in  solution. 
Any  mineral  of  similar  form  is  also  called  a  Stalac- 
tite. Dana. 

STAI^AC-TIT'ie,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an  icicle ; 
having  the  characters  of  a  stalactite.  Dana. 

STA-LAG'MITE,  71.  [L.  slalagmium,  a  drop;  Gr. 
j-oAav/io!,  supra.] 

A  ae|)Osii  of  earthy  or  calcareous  matter,  made  by 
water  dropping  on  the  floors  of  caverns. 

Kncyc.  Woodward. 

STAL-AG-RHT'ie,  a.  Having  the  form  of  stalagmite. 

STAL-AG-MIT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  form  or  man- 
ner of  stalagmite.  Buckland, 

STAL'DEIl,  71.  A  wooden  frame  to  set  casks  on. 
f  jVo(  ujied  in  the  IJniIrd  States.] 

STALE,  a.  [  1  do  not  find  this  word  in  the  otherTeu- 
tonic  dinli^cts.  It  is  prohiilily  from  the  root  of  sfi/i, 
G.  stellcn,  to  set,  and  etpiivalcnt  to  stagnant.] 

1.  Va|iiJ  or  tasteless  from  age  ;  having  lost  its  ife, 
■piril,  and  flavor,  from  being  long  kept ;  as,  stede 
beer. 

2.  Having  lost  the  life  or  graces  of  youth  ;  worn 
I     out ;  decayed  ;  as,  a  stale  virgin.  Spectator. 


3.  Worn  out  by  use  ;  trite;  common  ;  having  lost 
its  novelty  and  power  of  pleasing ;  as,  a  stale  re- 
mark. 

STALE,  71.  [Probably  that  which  is  set ;  G.  stellcn. 
See  Stall.] 

L  Something  set  or  offered  to  view  as  an  allure- 
ment to  draw  others  to  any  place  or  purpose;  a  de- 
coy ;  a  stool-fowl. 

Still,  as  he  went,  he  crafty  stales  did  Lay,  Spenser. 

A  pretense  of  kindness  is  the  universal  state  to  all  baseproj.'Cla 
Gov.  o/Oie  Tongue. 

[In  this  sense  obsolete.] 

a.  A  prostitute.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

3.  Old  vapid  beer.    [  Obs.] 

4.  A  long  handle ;  as,  the  stale  of  a  rake.  [Sax. 
stel,  stele  ;  0,  steel  j  G.  stiel.]  Mortimer, 

5.  A  word  applied  to  the  king  in  chess  when  stalled 
or  set ;  that  is,  when  so  situated  that  he  can  not  be 
moved  witliout  going  into  check,  by  which  the  game 
isended.  Bacon. 

STALE,  t.  To  make  vapid  or  useless;  to  destroy 
the  life,  beauty,  or  use  of;  to  wear  out. 

Age  can  not  wither  her,  nor  custom  stale 

Her  infinite  variety,  Shak. 

STALE,  V.  i.    [G.  stallen ;  Dan.  stallcr;  Sw.  stalla.] 
To  make  water;  to  discharge  urine;  as  horses 
and  cattle. 

STALE,  7;.    Urine;  used  of  horses  and  cattle, 
STALE'LY,  ado.    Of  old  ;  of  a  long  time.    [  Obs.] 

B.  Jonson, 

STALE'MATE,  7t.  In  the  game  of  chess,  the  position 
of  the  king,  when,  though  not  in  clieck,  he  can  not 
move  without  being  placed  in  check.  Hoi/le. 

STALE'iVESS,  7t.  The  state  of  being  stale;  vapid- 
ness  ;  the  state  of  having  lost  tlie  life  or  flavor ; 
oldness  ;  as,  the  stateness  of  beer  or  other  liquors; 
the  slaleness  of  provisions.  Bacon.  Addiion. 

2.  The  state  of  being  worn  out ;  triteness  ;  com- 
monness ;  as,  the  staleness  of  an  observation. 

STALK,  (stawk,)  71.  [Sw.  slielk:  D.  steel;  G.  stiel, 
a  handle,  and  a  stalk  or  stem  ;  Sax.  stalg,a.  column ; 
Gr.  rtXtKof,  from  the  root  of  stall  and  G.  stellen,  to 
set.] 

L  The  stem  or  main  axis  of  a  plant.  Thus  we 
speak  of  a  stalk  of  wheat,  rye,  or  oats,  the  stalks  of 
maize  or  hemp.  The  stalk  denotes  that  which  is 
set,  the  fixed  part  of  a  plant,  its  support ;  or  it  is 
a  shoot. 

2.  The  pedicle  of  a  flower,  or  the  peduncle  that 
supports  the  fructification  of  a  plant. 

3.  The  stem  of  a  quill.  Orew, 
STALK,  (stawk,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  sUtlcan.] 

1.  To  walk  with  high  and  prouel  steps;  usually 
implying  the  affectation  of  dignity,  and  hence  the 
word  usually  expresses  dislike.  The  poets,  how- 
ever, use  the  word  to  express  dignity  of  step. 

With  manly  mien  he  stalked  along  the  orround.  Dryden. 

'i'lien  stalking  through  the  deep 
He  fords  the  ocean.  Addison. 

2.  It  is  used  with  some  insinuation  of  contempt  or 
abhorrence.  Johnson. 

Berlmn 

StaJks  close  behind  her,  like  a  witch's  fiend, 

Pressing  to  be  employed.  jyryden. 

'Tis  not  to  sUilk  about  and  draw  fresh  air 

From  time  to  time.  Addison. 

3.  To  walk  behind  a  stalking  horse  or  behind  a 
cover. 

The  king  crept  under  the  shoulder  of  his  led  horse,  and  said,  1 
must  stalJc.  Bacon, 

STALK,  71.    A  high,  proud,  stately  step,  or  walk. 

Spenser. 

STALK'JCD,  (stawkt,)  a.    Having  a  stalk. 
STALK'ER,  (stawk'er,)  71.    One  who  walks  with  a 

proud  step  ;  also,  a  kind  of  fishing-net. 
STALK'ING,  p;)r.    Walkingwith  proud  or  lofly  steps. 
STALK'ING-HORSE,  n.    A  horse,  real  or  factitious, 

behind  which  a  fowler  conceals  himself  from  the 

siglit  of  the  game  which  he  is  ahning  to  kill ;  hence, 

a  mask  ;  a  pretense. 

Hypocrisy  is  the  devil's  stalking-horse,  under  an  affectation  of 
Biinplicily  and  religion.  L'Eslrange. 

STALK'LESS,  a.    Having  no  stalk. 

STALK'Y,  (stawk'e,)a.  Hard  as  a  stalk  ;  resembling 
a  stalk.  Mortimer. 

STALL,  (stawl,)  71.  [Sax.  sta:l,  stal,  stall,  a  place,  a 
seiit,  or  station,  a  stable,  stale,  condition;  0.  stnl: 
G.  stall,  a  stable,  a  stye;  Dan.  staid:  Sw.  .^tall ;  Fr. 
stalle  anil  ctat :  It.  stalla  ;  VV.  ystal :  from  the  root  of 
G.  stellcn,lo  set,  that  is,  to  throw  down,  to  thrust 
down  ;  Sans,  stata.  a  place.    See  Still.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  stand;  a  station;  a  fixed  spot; 
hence,  the  stand  or  place  where  a  horse  or  an  ox, is 
kept  and  fctl  ;  the  division  of  a  stable,  or  the  apart- 
ment fur  one  horse  or  ox.  The  stable  contains  eight 
or  ten  stalls. 

2.  A  stable ;  a  place  for  cattle. 

At  last  hs  found  a  statt  where  oxen  stood.  Dryden. 

3.  In  I  Kings  iv.  2C,  stall  is  uscil  for  horse.  "  Sol- 
omon had  forty  thousand  stalls  of  horses  for  his  char- 
iots." In  2  C/irim.  ix.a.'j,  stall  means  .staWe.  "  Soltv 
mon  had  four  tliousand  .stalls  for  horses  and  chari- 
ots.'*   These  passages  are  reconciled  by  the  defiiii- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


1074 


tion  given  iibove  ;  Solomon  had  four  thousand  Kt!\- 
bles,  each  containing  ten  stalls  ;  forty  thousand  stalls. 

4.  A  bench,  form,  or  frame  of  shelves  in  the  open 
air,  where  any  tliinf;  is  exposed  to  sale.  It  is  niri- 
ous  to  observe  the  stalls  of  books  in  the  boulevards 
and  otiier  public  places  in  Paris. 

5.  A  small  house  or  shed  in  which  an  occupation 
is  carried  on  ;  as,  a  butcher's  .v(u//.  Speiiscr. 

It  is  partially  inclosed  at  the  back  and  sides. 

6.  The  seal  of  n  dignified  clergyman  in  the  choir. 
The  di?iiifii*tl  clersv,  out  of  hiimilily,  liA»e  tilled  their  tlirone* 

byUie  name  or'tlii^/*.   IProbaUiy  i*  misuUte  of  the  reiooii.) 

M^arburton. 

STALL,  V.  t.  To  put  into  a  stable  ;  or  to  keep  in  a 
stable  ;  as,  to  stall  an  o.x. 

Wh  re  Kin;  l.  itinin  thru  his  oxcti  tlallti.  Dryden. 

2.  To  install  ;  to  place  in  an  office  with  the  cus- 
tomarv  formalities.    [Fur  this,  Isstai-i,  is  now  used.] 

3.  To  set ;  to  fix ;  to  plunsc  into  mire  so  as  not  to 
be  able  to  proceed  ;  as,  to  stall  horses  or  a  carnage. 

nalliwcll. 

[This  phrase  I  have  heard  in  Virginia.    In  New 
Eiislanil,  set  IS  usetl  in  a  like  sanse.] 
STALL,  B.  i.    To  dwell  ;  to  iiihaliit. 

We  could  not  ataU  together  in  the  world.  Shai. 
I  No!  in  use.] 

2.  To  kennel. 

3.  To  be  set,  as  in  mire. 

4.  To  be  tired  of  eating,  as  cattle. 

STALL' AGE,  (stawl'aje,)  n.    The  right  of  erecting 
siiills  in  fairs  ;  or  rent  paid  for  a  stall. 
2.  In  old  books,  laystall ;  dting  ;  compost. 
STAL-La'TION,  »i.    Installatiiui.    [jVut  h,-«/.] 

Cavciulifh. 

STALL' £D,  (stanid,)  pp.  or  a.  Put  or  kept  in  a  sta- 
ble. 

STALL'-FED,  pp.  or  a.  Fed  on  dry  fodder,  or  fat- 
ti'lied  in  a  stall  or  stable.    [See  Stall-Feed.] 

STAHy-FF-ED,  I),  t.  [.>(a«  and /fc/.]  To  feed  and 
fatten  in  a  stable  or  on  dry  fodder  ;  as,  to  xtall-ferd 
an  ox.  (This  word  is  used  in  America  to  distinguish 
this  mode  of  feeding  from  ^rass-feeding.] 

STALL'-FEE1»-ING,  yipr.  Feeding  and  fattening  in 
the  stable. 

STALL  -FEED-L\G,  n.  The  act  of  feeding  cattle 
In  the  stable. 

STALL'IO.V,  (stal'ynn,)  n.  [G.  hensxt  ;  Dan.  sto/i/- 
king^t!  Fr.  etalon  ;  H.  Stallone:  from  ..(a((,  or  its  root, 
as  we  ntiw  use  stud  horse,  from  the  root  of  stud, 
stead:  \V.  i/stu/,  a  st.all,  stoik,  produce;  yslala,  to 
form  a  slock  ;  y.italicyn,  a  stallion.] 

A  stime  horse ;  a  seed  horse  ;  or  any  male  horse 
not  castrated,  whether  kept  for  mares  or  not.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Welsh,  the  word  signifies  a  stock 
horse,  a  horse  intended  for  raising  stock. 

STALL'-U'ORN,  in  Shakspearc,  Johnson  thinks  a 
niistake  for  Stalwart,  stout. 

lliA  flnH'teorn  sti^d  ttie  c)l;iii)pioit  stout  bestrode.  Shxtk. 
|77n«  loord  u  not  in  u»e.| 

STAL'WART,    (a.     [.Scottish;    Sax.  staU-aeorth, 

STAL'WOIi  ril,  i     xvorth  taking.] 

Ilrave  .  hold;  strong;  redoubted;  daring;  vehe- 
ment ;  violent. 

STa'MEN,  n. ;  p/.  Stamens  or  Stam'i-!«a.  [L.  This 
wt>r(l  belongs  to  the  root  of  .Wo,  stubili^,  or  of  statre,] 

1.  Ill  a  general  sen-^e,  usually  in  the  plural,  the 
fixed,  firm  part  of  a  lioily,  wliii  h  supports  it  or  gives 
it  its  strength  and  solidity,  'rinis  we  say,  the  bones 
are  the  stamina  of  animal  bodies  ;  the  ligneous  parts 
of  trees  are  the  stumina  which  constitute  their 
elrenzih.  Hence, 

2.  Whatever  constitutes  the  principal  strength  or 
support  of  anything:  as,  the  stamina  of  a  cunstitu- 
lion  or  of  life  ;  the  stiimiiia  of  a  slate. 

3.  In  botany,  an  organ  of  flowers  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  pollen  or  fecundating  dust.  It  consists 
of  the  filament  and  the  anther.  It  is  considered  as 
the  male  orsan  of  friictifitation.  Jlartin. 

STX'MEN-/;D,  a.    Fiirnisheil  with  stamens. 
STA'.Ml.V,  «.    A  slight  woolen  stuff.  Chaucer. 
8TAM'I-NA,  n. :  pi.  of  Stamen. 
STA.M'IN-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  stamens  or  stamina; 

consisting  in  stamens  or  stamina.        Mrd.  Repos. 
STAM'IN-ATE,  a.    Furnislieil  with  stamens. 
STAM'I.N'-aTE,  r.  L    To  einliie  with  sUiiuina. 
STA-MI.\'E-0(,'S,  a.    [L.  .*(ami;itii^.] 

1.  ('onsisling  of  stanii-ns. 

2.  Possessing  stamens.  Stnminrons  flowers  have 
no  conil ;  they  want  the  coloreil  leaves  called  pe  s, 
and  consist  only  of  the  style  and  st-ainina.  Linniriis 
calls  them  apetaious ;  others,  imperfect  or  incomplete. 

*  Martyn. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  stamen,  or  attached  to  it ;  as, 
R  stamitet^is  nectary.  Lee. 

STA.M-IN-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  stamen  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

.\  siaminiferotis  flower  is  one  which  has  stamens 
without  a  pistil.    A  sfamini/eraiu  nectary  is  one  that 
has  stamens  growing  on  it.  JMnrti/n. 
STAM'MF.I.,  n.    A  pile  red  color.  B.  .lon.son. 

•2.  A  kind  of  woolen  cloth.  [SeeSTAMi\.] 

Com.  on  Chancer. 
STAM'MER,  c.  i.    [Sax.  stamfr,  one  who  slaininers  ; 


Goth,  slamms,  stammering  ;  Sw.  slamma  ;  G.  stam- 
vtelii ;  D.  stamrren ;  Dan.  stajnmer :  from  the  root 
slam  or  stem.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  stop,  to  set, 
to  fix.    So  stutter  is  from  tile  root  of  .<Ifo</,  stud.] 

Literally,  to  stop  in  uttering  syllables  or  words  ;  to 
stutter  ;  to  hesitate  or  falter  in  speaking  ;  and  hence, 
to  speak  with  stops  and  difficulty.  Demosthenes  is 
said  to  have  stammered  in  speaking,  and  to  have 
overcome  the  ditficiilty  by  persevering  efl"orts. 

STAM'iMER,  V.  t.  To  utter  or  pronounce  with  hesita- 
tion or  im|ierfoctly.  Beaum.  i{  Fl. 

STAM'MER-EK,  n.  One  that  stutters  or  hesitates  in 
speaking. 

STA.M'MER-ING,  ppr.    Stopping  or  hesitating  in  the 
uttering  of  syllables  and  words  ;  stuttering. 
2.  a.    .Apt  to  stammer. 

STAiM'iMER-ING.  n.  The  act  of  stopping  or  hesita- 
ting in  speaking  ;  impediment  in  speech  ;  articula- 
tion disturbed  by  irregular  intermissions  or  snatches. 

STAiM'MEK-lNG-LY,  ai/«.  With  stops  or  hesitation 
in  speaking. 

ST.A.MP,  0.  (.  [D.  slampen;  G.  stampfcn  ;  Dan.  stam- 
per :  Sw.  stanipa  :  Fr.  estamper :  IL  stampare  :  Sp. 
estampar.  1  know  not  which  is  tlie  radical  letter,  m 
or  p.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  strike;  to  beat;  to  press. 
Hence, 

1.  To  strike  or  heat  forcibly  with  the  bottom  of 
the  foot  or  by  thrusting  the  foot  downward ;  as,  to 
stamp  the  ground. 

He  ffvis,  tie  fumes,  he  utatvs,  he  stamps  the  ^nnd.  Dryrien. 
[In  this  sense,  the  popular  pronunciation  is  stomp.] 

2.  To  impress  with  some  mark  or  figure  ;  as,  to 
stamp  a  plate  with  arms  or  initials. 

3.  To  impress;  to  imprint;  to  fix  deeply;  as,  to 
stamp  virtuous  principles  on  the  heart.    [See  £«- 

STAMP.] 

4.  To  fix  a  mark  by  impressing  it ;  as,  a  notion  of 
the  Deity  stamped  on  the  mind. 

God  lias  suutijitd  no  oriijiiial  characcert  OQ  our  mindi,  wherein 
we  limy  re.id  his  bein^.  Locke. 

f>.  To  make  by  impressing  a  mack  ;  as,  to  stamp 
pieces  of  silver. 

6.  To  coin  ;  to  mint ;  to  form.  Sliak. 

7.  To  cut  out  into  various  forms  with  a  stamp. 

8.  To  crush  by  the  downward  action  of  a  kind  of 
pestle,  as  ore  in  a  stamping-mill. 

ST.'^.MP,  V.  i.    To  strike  the  foot  forcibly  downward. 

But  starts,  excKiims,  .-ind  stamps,  and  raves,  and  dies.  Dennis. 
STA.MP,  n.    Any  instrument  for  making  impressions 
on  other  bodies. 

'Tis  ^old  so  pure, 
It  can  not  bear  Uie  stamp  without  alloy.  Dryden, 

2.  A  mark  imprinted  ;  an  impression. 
That  s.icreil  name  fives  onianieut  and  jrnc^, 

Anil,  like  his  stamp,  makes  b.iiiC6t  metals  p.is3.  Dryden. 

3.  That  which  is  marked  ;  a  thing  stamped. 
Hanging  a  golden  stamp  .aUmt  their  necks.  Shak. 

4.  A  picture  cut  in  wood  or  metal,  or  made  by  im- 
pression ;  a  cut ;  a  plate. 

At  Venice  they  put  out  vcrycunous  stamps  of  the  several  edifices 
wliicb  ore  most  famous  for  Uicir  beauiy  and  mit^iiricence. 

Addison. 

5.  A  mark  set  upon  things  chargeable  with  duty  to 
government,  as  evidence  tliat  the  duty  is  paid.  VVe 
see  such  stamps  on  English  nt*wspapers. 

li.  An  instrument  for  cutting  out  materials  (as  p.a- 
per,  leather,  &c.)  into  various  forms  by  a  downward 
pressure. 

7.  A  character  of  reputation,  good  or  bad,  fixed  on 
any  thing.  These  persons  have  the  stamp  of  im- 
piety. The  Scriptures  bear  the  stamp  of  a  divine 
origin. 

8.  Authority;  current  value  derived  from  suffrage 
or  attestation. 

Of  the  same  stamp  is  that  wliich  is  obtnidett  on  iw,  that  an 
adamant  siupenils  tiio  attructioii  ot  the  lodesloiie.  Broicn. 

9.  Make  ;  cast ;  form  ;  character  ;  as  a  man  of  the 
same  stamp,  or  of  a  dillcrent  stamp.  Jlililison. 

10.  In  metallurgy,  a  kind  of  pestle  raised  by  water 
or  steam  power,  for  beating  ores  to  powder  ;  any 
thing  like  a  |iestle  used  for  pounding  or  beating. 

STA.MP'-AGT,  n.  An  act  of  the  llritish  p.arliament, 
imposing  a  duty  on  all  pa|M  r,  vellum,  and  parchment 
used  in  her  American  colonies,  and  declaring  all 
writings  tin  iinstampetl  materials  to  be  null  and  void. 
I'liis  act  roused  a  general  opposition  in  the  colonies, 
and  was  one  cause  of  the  revolution. 

STAMP'-DC-TY,  n.  [stamp  and  diUy.]  A  duty  or 
Ui.x  imposed  on  paper  and  parchment,  the  evidence  of 
the  payment  of  which  is  a  stamp. 

STA.MP'i."!),  (stainpt,)  pp.  or  a.  Impressed  with  a 
mark  or  fiznre;  coined  ;  imprinted  ;  deeply  fixed. 

STAM  PkDE',  n.  In  the  IVcitrrn  Slntes,  a  sudden 
fright  seizing  iijion  large  bodies  of  cattle  or  horses  in 
droves  or  encampments  on  the  prairies,  and  leailing 
them  to  run  fur  many  miles,  until  they  often  sink 
down  or  die  iiniler  their  terrors.  Kendall. 

STA.MP'ER,n.  An  instrument  for  |iounding  or  stamp- 
in:. 

STA.MP'ING,  ppr.  Impressing  with  a  mark  or  figure  ; 
coining  ;  iinpriiitin$. 


STA.MP'I.NG-MILL,  n.    An  engine  consisting  of  ptx- 

tles,  moved  by  water  or  steam  power,  for  breaking  ' 

or  bruising  ore. 
STA.\,  as  a  termination,  is  said  to  have  expressed  the 

superlative  degree;  as  in  jitlulstan,  most  noble; 

Dunstan,  the  highest.    But  qu.    Stan,  in  Saxon,  is 

stone. 

STANCH,  r.  t.  [Fr.  etancher;  Arm.  .tfanfua;  Sp.  and 
Port,  estancar,  tti  stop,  to  stanch,  to  be  overtired  ;  It. 
stancare,  to  weary  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  estancia,  a  stay  or 
dwelling  for  a  lime,  an  abode,  and  a  stanza:  Sp. 
estanco,  a  stop  ;  hence,  Fr.  elang,  a  pond,  and  Eng. 
tank.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  stop;  to  set  or  fix;  hut  ap- 
plied only  to  t.he  blood  ;  to  stop  the  iowing  of  blood. 
Cold  applications  to  the  neck  will  often  stanch  the 
bleeding  of  the  nose.  Bacon. 
STANCH,  V.  i.    To  stop,  as  blood  ;  to  cease  to  How. 
Immediately  the  issue  of  her  blood  stanched. —  Luke  viij. 

STANCH,  a.  [This  !J  the  same  word  as  the  forego- 
ing, the  primary  ser.30  of  wliich  is  to  set ;  hence  the 
sense  of  firmness.] 

1.  Sound  ;  firm  ;  strong  and  tight ;  as,  a  slxinch 
ship. 

2.  Firm  in  principle  ;  steady  ;  constant  and  zeal.- 
ous;  hearty;  as,  a  stanch  churchman;  a  stanch  re- 
publican ;  a  stanch  friend  or  adherent. 


In  politics  I  hear  you're  smnch.  Prior. 

3.  Strong  ;  not  to  be  broken.  Shak. 

4.  Finn  ;  close. 

This  is  to  be  kept  stanch,  Locke. 


A  .•:tanek  hound,  is  one  that  follows  the  scent  close- 
ly without  error  or  remissness. 

STANCH'ED,  (stanclil,)  pp.  Stopped  or  restrained 
from  flowing. 

ST.I.VCH'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  stops  the  flowing 
of  blood. 

STXNCH'ING,  ppj-.    Stopping  the  flowing  of  blood. 

STAN'CIIION,  (stan'shiin,)  ji.  [Fr.  eUm^on:  Arm. 
stanconnu  and  stanconni,  to  prop.    See  Sta:<ch.] 

A  prop  or  support ;  a  piece  of  timber  in  the  form  of 
a  stake  or  post,  used  for  a  support.  In  ship-building, 
stanchions  of  wood  or  iron  are  of  different  forms, 
and  are  used  to  support  the  deck,  the  quarter-rails, 
the  nettings,  awnings,  and  the  like.      .War.  Diet. 

STANCH'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  stanched  or 
stoppett.  Shak, 

STANCII'NESS,  n.  Soundness;  firmness  in  princi- 
ple ;  closeness  of  adherence. 

ST.AND,  e.  I.  ;  prf(.  and  pp.  Stood.  [Sax.  standan  ; 
Goth,  standan.  This  verb,  if  from  the  root  of  G. 
stehen,  D.  staacn,  Dan.  staaer,  Sw.  sta,  Sans.  .t(a,  L. 
tta,  is  a  detiv.itive  from  the  noun,  which  is  funned 
from  the  participle  of  the  original  verb.  In  this  case, 
the  noun  should  properly  precede  the  verb.  It  may 
be  here  remarked,  that  if  sian  is  the  radical  word, 
stand  and  L.  sto  can  not  be  from  the  same  stock, 
liiit  .ttand  in  the  pret.  is  stood,  and  sto  forms  stcti. 
This  induces  a  suspicion  that  sfnn  is  not  the  root  of 
stand,  but  that  n  is  ca.sual.  I  am  inclined,  however, 
to  believe  these  words  to  be  from  different  roots.  The 
Russ.  ^fai/u,  to  stand,  is  the  L.sto,  but  it  signifies  also 
to  be,  to  exist,  being  the  substantive  verb.  So  in  It. 
stare,  Sp.  and  Port,  cstar.] 

1.  I'o  be  upon  tiic  feet,  as  an  animal  ;  not  to  sit, 
kneel,  or  lie. 

Tbe  absolution  to  be  pronounced  by  the  priest  alonK,  standing. 

Com.  Prayer. 

And  the  ktn|:  tiinieil  lita  face  about  and  blessed  all  the  conjre^- 
tion  of  Unci  ;  and  all  Uie  congiv?ution  of  Israel  stood.  — 
I  Kiu^  >«i. 

2.  To  be  erect,  supported  by  the  roots,  as  a  tree  or 
other  plant.  Nutwilhstanding  the  violence  of  the 
wind,  the  tree  yet  stands. 

3.  'I'o  be  on  its  foundation  ;  not  to  be  overthrown 
or  demolished  ;  as,  an  old  castle  is  yet  standing. 

4.  To  be  placed  or  situated  ;  to  have  a  certain  po- 
sition or  location.  Paris  stands  on  the  Seine.  Lon- 
don stands  on  the  Thames. 

5.  To  remain  upright,  in  a  moral  sense ;  not  to 
fall. 

To  stand  or  fidl, 
Free  in  thy  own  arbitrament  it  Uek  Milton, 

6.  To  become  erecL 

Mute  and  amaicil,  my  hair  with  horror  stood.  Dryden. 

7.  To  stop;  to  halt ;  not  to  proceed. 

I  char^  thee,  stand. 
And  tell  thy  iiame.  Drydtn, 

8.  To  Stop ;  to  be  at  a  stationary  point. 

Say,  at  what  part  of  nature  will  they  stand  7  Pope. 

9.  To  be  in  a  state  of  fixedness ;  hence,  to  con- 
tinue; to  endure.  Our  constitution  has  Hood  more 
than  fifty  years.    It  is  hoped  it  will  stana  for  ages. 

Commonwealths  by  vimte  ever  stood.  Dryden. 

10.  To  be  fixed  or  steaily ;  not  to  vacillate.  IIi« 
mind  stands  unmoved. 

11.  To  be%i  or  to  maintain  a  posture  of  resistance 
or  defense.  Approach  with  charged  b.iyonels  ;  the 
enemy  will  not  stand. 

The  kins  ijr.int.  .1  lli-  J.  w.  to  f»in<f  (ot  their  life.  —  Eslh.  viil. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  IINITE.— 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII  ;  TII  as  in  TIMS. 


STA 


STa 


"2.  Tn  he  nlacpo  with  resrarii  'f>  order  or  ranit  I 
Noie  the  letter  that  stands  first  in  order.  Gen.  Wash- 
ington stood  highest  in  public  estimation.  Chris- 
tian charity  stands  first  in  tlie  rank  of  gracious  affec- 
tions. 

13.  To  he  in  any  particular  state  ;  to  be,  emphat- 
ically expressed,  that  is,  to  be  fi.\'ed  or  set;  the  prima- 
ry sKiuie  of  Vie  subsluntioe  verb.  How  does  the  value 
of  wheat  stand  ?  God  stands  in  no  need  of  our  ser- 
vices, but  we  always  stand  in  need  of  liis  aid  and 
mercy. 

Accomplish  what  your  Bi*ns  foreshow  ; 

14.  To  continue  unchanged  or  valid ;  not  to  fail  or 
become  void. 

No  comlilioiis  of  our  pe.lC€  cMl  tutnd,  Shak. 
My  ni'-rcy  will  I  kei-p  for  liiin,  ami  roy  covenant  shall  ttand  fast 
with  liim.  —  Ps.  Ixxxix. 

15.  To  consist ;  to  have  its  being  and  essence. 
S^icrifices  —  which  stood  only  in  meats  and  drinks. — Heh.  ix. 

16.  To  have  a  place. 

This  excellent  man,  who  etood  not  on  the  advantage-ground 
befure,  provoked  men  of  all  qualities.  Clarendon. 

17.  To  be  in  any  state.  Let  us  see  how  our  matters 
stand. 

As  things  now  ttand  with  us.  CaUimy. 

18.  To  be  in  a  particular  respect  or  relation  ;  as,  to 
stand  godfather  to  one.  We  ought  to  act  according 
to  the  relation  we  stand  in  toward  each  other. 

19.  To  be,  with  regard  to  state  of  mind. 

Stand  in  awe,  and  sin  not.  —  Ps.  iv. 

20.  To  succeed  ;  to  maintain  one's  ground  ;  not  to 
fail ;  to  be  acquitted  ;  to  be  safe. 

Readers  by  whose  jud^enl  i  would  ttand  or  fall.  Spectator. 

21.  To  hold  a  course  at  sea  ;  as,  to  stand  from  the 
shore  ;  to  stand  for  the  harbor. 

From  the  same  parts  of  heaven  his  navy  ttandt.  Dryden. 

22.  To  have  a  direction. 

The  wand  did  not  really  stand  to  the  metal,  when  pl.accd  under  it. 

Boyle. 

23.  To  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate. 

He  stood  to  be  elected  one  of  the  proctors  of  the  university. 

Saunderson. 

24.  To  place  one's  self ;  to  be  placed. 

1  stood  between  the  Lurd  and  you  at  that  time.  —  Deut.  v. 

25.  To  stagnate  ;  not  to  f\o\v. 

Or  the  black  water  of  Pomptina  stands.  Dryden, 

26.  To  be  satisfied  or  convinced. 

Tbouf  h  Page  be  a  secure  fool,  and  stand  so  firmly  on  his  wife's 
Iniilly.  SKak. 

27.  To  make  delay.  I  can  not  stand  to  examine 
every  particular. 

28.  To  persist;  to  persevere. 

Never  tlarid  in  a  lie  when  thou  art  accused.  Taylor. 

29.  To  adhere  ;  to  abide. 

Despair  would  stand  to  the  sword.  Darnel. 

30.  To  be  permanent ;  to  endure ;  not  to  vanish  or 
fade  ;  as,  the  color  will  stand. 

To  stand  by  ;  to  be  near  ;  to  be  a  spectator  ;  to  be 
present.  I  stood  by  when  the  operation  was  per- 
formed. This  phrase  generally  implies  that  the  per- 
son is  inactive,  or  lakes  no  part  in  what  is  done.  In 
seamen's  lantpinrre,  to  .-itand  by  is  to  attend  and  be 
ready.    Staiul  by  the  halliards. 

2.  To  be  aside  ;  to  be  placed  aside  with  disre- 
gard. 

Id  the  mean  time,  we  let  the  commands  slamf  hy  neglected- 
Vecay  of  Piety. 

3.  To  maintain  ;  to  defend  ;  to  support ;  not  to 
desert.  I  will  stand  by  my  frieiiil  to  the  last.  Let 
us  stand  by  our  country.  "  'i'o  stand  by  the  Arun- 
delian  marbles,"  in  Pope,  is  to  defend  or  support 
their  genuineness. 

4.  To  rest  on  for  support ;  to  be  supported. 

This  reply  ttandeth  by  conjecture.  Whilgi/te. 
To  stand  for ;  to  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate. 
Ilow  many  ttand /or  consuliliips  f  —  Three.  Shak. 

2.  To  Bide  with;  to  support;  to  maintain,  or  to 
profess  or  attempt  to  maintain.  We  all  stand  for 
freedom,  for  our  rights  or  claims. 

3.  To  be  in  the  place  of;  to  he  the  substitute  or 
representative  of.  A  cipher  at  the  left  hand  of  a 
figure  stanils  for  nothing. 

1  will  not  trouble  myself,  whether  these  names  sbxruf  for  the  same 
tiling,  or  rcaliy  include  out  another.  Locke. 

4.  In  seamen's  language,  to  direct  the  course 
toward. 

To  stand  from  :  to  direct  the  course  from. 

To  stand  one  in ;  to  cost.  The  coat  stands  him  in 
twenty  dollars. 

To  stand  in,  or  stand  in  for,  in  seamen's  language, 
)•  to  direct  a  coume  toward  land  or  a  harbor. 

To  stand  off:  to  keep  at  a  ilistanco.  Dryden. 
Not  to  comply.  ,  Shak. 

3.  To  keep  at  a  dirtanco  In  friendalilp  or  social 
Intercourse  ;  to  forbear  intimacy. 

We  aland      from  an  scquaiiitAnce  with  God.  Autrbury. 


4.  To  appear  prominent ;  to  have  relief. 
Picture  is  t^est  when  it  etandelh  off,  as  if  it  were  carved. 

Wotton. 

To  Stand  off,  or  off  from,  in  seamen'*  language,  is 
to  direct  the  course  from  land. 

To  stand  off  and  on,  is  to  remain  near  a  coast  by 
sailing  tow.ird  land  and  then  from  it. 

To  stand  on;  to  continue  on  the  same  tack  or 
course.  Totten. 

To  stand  out ;  to  project ;  to  be  prominent. 
Their  eyes  ttand  out  with  fatness.  —  Ps.  Ixxiii. 

2.  To  persist  in  opposition  or  resistance ;  not  to 
yield  or  comply  ;  not  to  give  way  or  recede. 

His  spirit  is  come  in, 
That  so  stood  out  cgait.st  the  holy  church.  Shak. 

3.  With  seamen,  to  direct  the  course  from  land  or  a 
harbor. 

To  stand  to ;  to  ply ;  to  urge  efforts  ;  to  persevere. 
stand  to  your  uvcklcs,  mates,  and  stretch  your  oars.  Dryden. 

2.  To  remain  fixed  in  a  purpose  or  opinion. 

I  will  stand  to  it,  that  tlii*  is  his  sense.  StiUingJteet. 

3.  To  abide  by  ;  to  adhere ;  as  to  a  contract,  asser- 
tion, promise,  &.c. ;  as,  to  stand  to  an  award ;  to  stand 
to  one's  wortl. 

4.  Not  to  yield;  not  to  fly;  to  maintain  the 
ground. 

Their  Uves  and  fortunes  were  put  in  safety,  whether  they  stood  to 
it  or  ran  away.  Bacon. 

To  stand  to  sea ;  to  direct  the  course  from  land. 
To  stand  under ;  to  undergo  ;  to  sustain.  Shak. 
To  stand  up ;  to  rise  from  sitting ;  to  be  on  the 
feet. 

2.  To  arise  in  order  to  gain  notice. 

Against  whom,  when  (he  accusers  stood  up,  they  brought  no 
accusation  of  such  things  as  1  supposed.  —  Acts  xxv. 

3.  To  make  a  party. 

When  we  ttood  up  about  the  com.  Shak. 

To  stand  up  for ;  to  defend  ;  to  justify  ;  to  support, 
or  attempt  to  support ;  as,  to  stand  up  for  the  admin- 
istration. 

To  stand  upon ;  to  concern  ;  to  interest.  Does  it 
not  stand  upon  them  to  examine  the  grounds  of  their 
opinion This  phrase  is,  I  believe,  obsolete  ;  but 
we  say,  it  stands  us  in  Aaiuf,  that  is,  it  is  our  concern, 
it  is  for  our  interest. 

2.  To  value  ;  to  pride. 

We  highly  esteem  and  ttand  much  upon  our  t^rth.  Hay. 

3.  To  insist ;  as,  to  stand  upon  security.  Shak. 
To  stand  with ;  to  be  consistent.     The  faithful 

servants  of  God  will  receive  what  they  pray  for,  so 
far  as  sta7ids  with  his  purposes  and  glory. 

It  ttandt  tffUh  reason  that  they  should  tie  rewarded  liberally. 

Daviet. 

To  stand  together,  is  used,  hut  the  last  two  phrases 
are  not  in  very  general  use,  and  are  perhaps  growing 
obsolete. 

To  stand  against ;  to  oppose  ;  to  resist. 
To  stand  fast ;  to  be  fixed  ;  to  be  unshaken  or  im- 
movable. 

To  stand  in  hand;  to  be  important  to  one's  inter- 
est ;  to  be  necessary  or  advantageous.  It  stands  us 
tn  hand  to  be  on  good  terms  with  our  neighbors. 

To  stand  fire;  to  receive  the  fire  of  an  enemy 
without  giving  way. 
STAND,  V.  I.    To  endure  ;  to  sustain  ;  to  bear.    I  can 
not  stand  the  cold  or  the  heat. 

2.  To  endure ;  to  resist  without  yielding  or  re- 
ceding. 

Smith. 
Pope. 

3.  To  await ;  to  suffer ;  to  abide  by. 

Bid  him  disband  the  legions  — 
And  ttand  the  Jiidguienl  ol  a  KomuD  senate.  AdiUson. 

To  .'!tand  one's  ground  :  to  keep  the  ground  or  sta- 
tion one  has  taken  ;  to  maintain  one's  position  ;  in  a 
liter.al  or  figurative  sense;  as,  an  army  stanils  its 
ground,  when  it  is  not  compelled  to  retreat.  A  man 
stands  his  ground  in  an  argument,  when  he  is  able  to 
maintain  it,  or  is  not  refuted. 

To  stand  it;  lo  bear;  to  be  able  to  endure  trials; 
or  to  maintain  one's  ground  or  state  ;  a  popular 
phrase. 

To  stand  fire ;  to  receive  the  fire  of  arms  from  an 
enemy  without  giving  way. 

To  .itand  tritl,  is  to  sustain  the  trial  or  examination 
of  n  cau.se  ;  not  to  give  up  without  trial. 
STAND,  n.    [Sans,  stana,  a  place,  «  mansion,  state, 

&.C.] 

1.  A  slop  ;  a  halt ;  as,  to  make  a  stand ;  to  come 
to  a  stand ;  either  in  walking  or  in  any  progressive 
business. 

The  horse  made  a  stand,  when  he  charged  them  and  routed 
them.  Clarendon, 

2.  A  station ;  a  place  or  post  where  one  stands  ; 
or  a  place  convenient  for  persons  to  remain  for  any 
pur[K)se.  The  Kellers  of  fruit  have  their  several 
stands  In  Ihe  market. 

1  took  my  ttand  U|ion  an  emln^ice.  Sjtectator. 


So  had  I  etood  the  shock  of  angry  fate. 
He  ttood  the  furious  foe. 


3.  An  erection,  or  raised  station  for  spectators,  as 
at  a  horse-race.  JVitlis. 

4.  Rank;  post;  station. 

Father,  since  your  fortune  did  attain 

So  high  a  stand,  I  raeau  not  to  descend.  Daniel. 

[In  lieu  of  this,  Stakdinq  is  now  used.  He  is  a 
man  of  high  standing  in  his  own  countrj'.! 

5.  The  act  of  opposing. 

We  have  come  off 
Like  Romans ;  neither  foolish  in  our  stands. 
Nor  cowardly  in  retire.  Shak. 

6.  The  highest  point ;  or  the  ultimate  point  of  pro- 
gression, where  a  stop  is  made,  and  regressive  mo- 
tion commences.  The  population  of  the  world  will 
not  come  to  a  stand,  while  the  means  of  subsistence 
can  be  obtained.  The  prosperity  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire caine  to  a  .^land  in  the  reign  of  Augustus  ;  after 
which  it  declined. 

Vice  is  at  stand,  and  at  the  highest  fiow.  Dryden. 

7.  A  young  tree,  usually  reserved  when  the  other 
trees  are  cut.  [English.] 

8.  A  small  table  ;  as,  a  candle-stand;  or  any  frame 
on  which  vessels  and  utensils  may  be  laid. 

9.  In  commerce,  a  weight  of  from  two  hundred 
and  a  half  to  three  hundred  of  pitch.  Encyc. 

10.  Something  on  which  a  thing  rests  or  is  laid  ; 
as,  a  hay-stand. 

11.  Tile  pliice  where  a  witness  stands  to  testify  in 
court. 

Stand  of  arms  ;  in  military  affairs,  a  musket  with 
its  usual  appendages,  a3  a  bayonet,  cartridge-box, 
&.C.  Marshall. 

To  be  at  a  stand;  to  stop  on  account  of  some  doubt 
or  difficulty ;  hence,  to  be  perplexed  ;  to  be  em- 
barrassed ;  to  hesitate  what  to  determine,  or  what 
to  do. 

STAND'ARD,  n.  [It.  stendardo  :  Fr.  etendard;  Sp.  es- 
tandarte:  D.  standaard;  G.  standarte ;  stand  and  ard, 
sort,  kind.] 

1.  An  ensign  of  war :  a  staff  with  a  flag  or  colors. 
The  troops  repair  to  their  standard.  The  royal 
standard  of  Great  Britain  is  a  flag,  in  which  the  im- 
perial ensigns  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland 
are  quartered  with  the  armorial  bearings  of  Han- 
over. 

His  armies,  in  the  following  day, 
On  those  fvir  plains  their  standards  proud  display.  F\uTfas. 

2.  That  which  is  established  by  sovereign  power 
as  a  rule  or  measure  by  which  others  are  to  be  ad- 
justed. Thus  the  Winchester  bushel  was  formerly 
the  .s(«nd(ird  of  measures  in  Great  Britain,  and  has 
been  adopted  in  the  United  Slates  as  their  standard. 
So  of  weights  and  of  lineal  measure. 

3.  That  which  is  established  as  a  rule  or  model, 
by  the  authority  of  public  opinion,  or  by  respectable 
opinions,  or  by  custom  or  general  consent;  as,  wri- 
tings which  are  admitted  to  be  the  standard  of  style 
and  taste.  Homer's  Iliad  is  the  standard  of  heroic 
poetry.  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  are  tlie  standards 
of  orator)'.  Of  modern  eloquence,  we  have  an  ex- 
cellent standard  ill  the  speeches  of  Lord  Chatham. 
Addison's  writings  furnish  a  good  standard  of  pure, 
chaste,  and  elegant  English  style.  It  is  not  an  easy 
thing  to  erect  a  standard  t>f  taste. 

4.  In  coinage,  the  proportion  of  weight  of  fine 
metal  and  alloy  established  by  authority.  The  coins 
of  England,  and  of  the  United  States,  are  of  nearly 
the  same  standard. 

By  the  present  standard  of  the  coinage,  sixty-two  shillings  is 
coined  out  of  one  pound  weight  of  silver.  Arbulhnol. 

5.  A  standing  tree  or  stem  ;  a  tree  not  supported  or 
attached  to  a  wall. 

Plant  fruit  of  all  sorts  and  standard,  mural,  or  shrubs  which  lose 
their  leaf.  Evelyn. 

6.  In  carpentry,  an  upright  support,  as  the  poles  of 
a  scaffold.  Oloss.  ofJlrchiU 

7.  In  skip-building,  an  inverted  knee  placed  upon 
the  (Seek  instead  of  beneath  it,  with  its  vertical 
branch  turned  upward  from  that  which  lies  horizon- 
tally. Mar.  DicL 

8.  In  botany,  the  upper  petal  or  banner  of  a  papil- 
ionaceous corol.  Martyn. 

STAND'ARD-BEaR'ER,  n.    [.?fondard  and  bear.] 
An  oliicer  of  an  army,  company,  or  troop,  that 
bears  a  standard  ;  an  ensign  of  infantry,  or  a  cornet 
*>f  horse. 

STAND'-CROP,  n.    A  plant.  JJins^eorth. 
STAND'EL,  n.    A  tree  of  long  standing.    [A'ot  used.] 

JfowcU. 

STAND'ER,  n.    One  who  .stands. 

2.  A  tree  that  has  stood  long.    (JVot  used.] 

JJscham.  ♦ 

STAND'ER-B?,  n.    One  that  stands  near;  one  that 
is  present ;  a  mere  spectator.       Hooker.  .Addison. 
[We  now  more  generally  use  By-STA^DEfl.] 

STAND'ER-GRASS,  n.    A  plant.  .^in.iworth. 

STAND'ING,  ppr.  Being  on  the  feet;  being  erect. 
[See  Stand.] 

2.  Moving  in  a  certain  direction  to  or  ftom  an  ob- 
ject. 

3.  a.  Settled  ;  established,  either  by  law  or  by 
custom,  &.C. ;  continually  existing  ;  permanent ;  not 
temporary;  as,  a  standing  army.    Money  is  the  sf^nd* 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  


1076 


STA 


STA 


STA 


innr  measure  of  thr  value  of  all  other  commodities. 
Legislative  liodies  have  certain  standini;  rules  of  pro- 
ceeding. Courts  of  law  are,  or  ought  to  be,  gov- 
erned by  standing  rules.  There  are  standinir  rules  of 
pleading.  The  gospel  furnishes  lis  with  standing 
rules  of  morality.  'I'he  Jews,  by  their  dispersion  and 
their  present  condition,  are  a  standing  evidence  of 
the  truth  of  revelation  and  of  the  prediction  of  Mo- 
ses. Iklany  fashionable  vices  and  follies  ought  to  be 
tile  standing  objects  of  ridicule. 

4.  Lasting ;  not  transitory ;  not  liable  to  fade  or 
vanish  ;  as,  a  standing  color. 

5.  Stagnant  ;  not  flowing  ;  as,  standing  water. 

6.  Fixed  ;  not  niorable ;  as,  a  standing  bed  ;  dis- 
tinguished from  a  tmekte-UeA.  SAofc. 

7.  Remaining  erect ;  not  cut  down ;  as,  standing 
corn. 

Standing  rigging,  of  a  ship.  This  consists  of  the 
cordage  or  ropes  which  sustain  tlie  masts  and  remain 
fixed  in  their  position.  Such  are  the  ^hrouds  and 
stays.  f.Sec  Riggink.] 
ST.\ND'|NG,  II.  L'oiilmiiance  ;  diiratioa  or  exist- 
ence ;  as,  a  custom  of  long  standing. 

2.  Possession  of  an  office,  character,  or  place  ;  as, 
a  patron  or  officer  of  long  standing. 

3.  Station  ;  place  to  stand  in. 

I  will  provide  you  with  a  good  titinding  to  8C«  hij  entry.  Bacon. 

4.  Power  to  stand. 

1  bidIc  in  deep  min:,  where  there  ii  no  tUinding.  —  Pi.  Ixii. 

5.  Rank  ;  condition  in  society ;  as,  a  man  of  good 
standing,  or  of  high  standing,  among  his  friends. 

Standing  off,  sailing  from  the  land. 
Standing  on  ;  sailing  to  land. 

[Irving  uses  the  nouns  standings  off  and  standings 
on.} 

ST.\ND'-POI.NT,n.  A  fixed  point  or  station  ;  a  basis 
or  fundamental  principle ;  a  position  from  which 
things  are  viewed.    [From  the  German.] 

STAND'ISH,  n.  [stand  and  dish.]  A  case  for  pen 
and  ink. 

I  IjrqueRth  to  De.An  Swift  my  large  silrer  ttandish.  Sai/t. 
STAND'-STILL,  n.    A  standing  without  moving  for- 
ward. Blackicood. 
STaNE,  n.    [Sax.  stan.] 

.\  stone.    [Local.]    [See  Stohe.] 
ST.ANG,  n.    [Sax.  slxng,  steng,  a  pole  or  stick  ;  Dan. 
slang  ;  G.  stange  ;  Sw.  stang  ;  It.  stanga,  a  bar  ;  W. 
ystang,  a  pole  or  perch ;  allied  to  ^~fi/i^  and  stanchion ; 
from  shooting.] 

1.  A  pole,  rod,  or  perch  ;  a  measure  of  land.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Sic(ft. 

2.  A  long  bar  ;  a  pole  ;  a  shaft. 

To  ride  the  stjing,  is  to  be  carried  on  a  pole  on 
men's  shoulders,  in  derision.    [Local.]  Todd. 
ST.\NG,  p.  i.    To  shoot  with  pain.    [Local.]  Orost. 
STAN'HOPE,  n.  A  liiht,  two-wheeled  carriage,  with- 
out a  top,  so  called  from  Lord  Stanhope,  for  whom  it 
was  contrived.  Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

STANK,  a.    Weak ;  worn  out.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

STANK,  r.  I.    To  sigh.    [JVot  used.]  ' 
STA.N'K,  old  pret.  of  Stink.    Stunk  is  now  used. 
STANK,  It.    [W.  ystanc.    See  Stanch.] 
A  dam  or  mound  to  stop  water.  [Local.] 

JIalUwell. 

STAN'N.\-RY,  a.    [from  L.  sfannum,  tin  ;  Ir.  stan; 
VV.  ystaen.    See  Tin.] 
Relating  to  the  tin  works ;  as,  stannary  courts. 

Slaclistone. 

STAN'NA-RY,  n.    A  tin  mine.  lialL 

STAN'NATE,  n.    [L.  stannum,  tin.] 

A  salt  formed  of  stannic  acid  united  with  a  base. 

STAN'NEL,  )n.    The  kestrel,  a  species  of  hawk; 

STAN'YEL,  I  caAcd  also  Stons-Uall  and  Wind- 
Hot  er.    [Local.]  Ed.  Encijc. 

STAN'Nie,  a.  [L.  stannum,  tin.]  Pertaining  to  tin  ; 
procured  from  tin  ;  as,  the  stannic  acid.  Lavoisier. 

STAN'Nie  ACID,  n.  The  deutoxyd  of  tin,  which 
performs  the  functions  of  an  acid,  uniting  with  bases, 
and  forming  salts  called  Stannatei. 

STAN-NIF'ER-OL'S,  a.  [L.  stannvm  and  fero.]  Con- 
taining or  affording  tin.  Ure, 

ST.\N'Z.A,  n.  [It.  stanza,  an  abode  or  lodging,  a 
stanza,  that  is,  a  stop  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  csfancia,  from 
ejrfancar,  to  stop  ;  Ft.  stance.    See  Stanch.] 

1.  In  pofirv,  a  number  of  lines  or  verses  connected 
with  each  other,  and  ending  in  a  full  point  or  pause  ; 
a  part  of  a  poem,  ordinarily  containing  every  varia- 
tion of  measure  in  that  poem.  A  stanza  may  con- 
tain verses  of  a  different  length  or  number  of  sylla- 
bles, and  a  diOerent  number  of  verses ;  or  it  may 
consist  of  verses  of  equal  length.  Stanzas  are  said 
to  have  been  first  introduced  from  the  Italian  into 
French  poetry  about  the  year  loSO,  and  thence  they 
were  introduced  into  England.  The  versions  of  the 
Psalms  present  examples  of  various  kinds  of  stan- 
zas. 

Horace  confine*  himielf  to  one  tort  of  rerae  or  ttanxa  in  every 

ode.  Drydtn. 

2.  In  architecture,  an  apartment  or  division  in  a 
building. 

STA.N-Za'IC,  o.    Consisting  in  suinzas. 


STAPH' Y-I.INE,  (star-,)  o.  [Gr.  rafvXi),  a  bunch  of 
grapes.]  In  mineralogy,  having  the  form  of  a  bunch 
of  grapes  ;  botryoidal.  Shepard. 

STAPH-Y-LO'MA,  n.  [Gr.  araipvXn,  a  grape,  and 
i^/jii,  a  termination  in  nosology  denoting  external 
protuberance.] 

The  iiiime  of  a  disease  of  the  eye,  characterized 
by  enlargement  of  the  eyeball,  protuberance  of  the 
cornea,  and  dimness  or  entire  nbtdition  of  sight. 
Nosologists  reckon  three  varieties  of  this  disease : 
1,  with  a  preternatural  quantity  of  some  one  or 
more  of  the  humors,  the  pupil  being  transparent, 
sometimes  called  Hyurophthalmia  ;  2,  with  an  effu- 
sion of  pus,  the  pupil  being  cloudy, sometimes  called 
Ontx  j  and  3,  with  a  rupture  of  the  iris,  and  its  pro- 
trusion against  the  cornea,  constituting  a  grape-like 
tumor,  the  sight  being  destroyed,  sometimes  called 
IIVPOPBIUM.  J.Jtl.  Oood. 

STAPH- Y-LOR'A-PIIY,  (staf-e-lor'a-fe,)  n.  [Gr. 
^aipvXri  and  pa(pii,  a  suture,  from  ^azrui.] 

A  surgical  suture  of  the  palate,  for  the  purpose  of 
uniting  the  edges  of  a  fissure. 

STa'PLE,  (sta'pl,)  n.  [Sax.  slapct,  stnput,  a  stake  ; 
1).  stapcl,  a  pile,  stocks,  staple  ;  stapelcn,  to  pile  ;  G. 
stapel,  a  stake,  a  pile  or  heap,  a  staple,  stocks,  a 
mart;  Bw.  stapel;  Otin.  stabcl,  a  staple;  stabler,  to 
pile  ;  stabbe,  a  block  or  log  j  stab,  a  staff.  VVe  see 
tills  word  is  from  the  root  of  staff.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  set,  to  fix.  Staple  is  that 
which  is  fixed,  or  a  fixed  place,  or  it  is  a  pile  or 
store.] 

1.  A  settled  mart  or  market ;  an  emporium.  In 
England,  formerly,  the  king's  .staple  was  established 
in  certain  ports  or  towns,  and  certain  goods  could 
not  be  exported,  without  being  first  brought  to  these 
ports,  to  be  rated  and  charged  with  the  duty  payable 
to  the  king  or  public.  The  principal  commodities  on 
which  customs  were  levieif,  were  wool,  skins,  anil 
leather,  and  these  were  originally  the  staple  commod- 
ities. Hence,  the  words  staple  commodities  came  in 
time  to  signify  the  principal  commodities  produced 
by  a  country  for  exportation  or  use.  Thus,  cotton  is 
the  staple  commodity  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and 
other  Southern  States  of  America.  Wheat  is  the  sta- 
ple of  Pennsylvania  and  New  York. 

2.  A  city  or  town  where  merchants  agree  to  carry 
certain  commodities. 

3.  A  principal  commodity  or  production  of  a  coun- 
try or  district. 

4.  The  thread  or  pile  of  wool,  cotton,  or  flax. 
Thus  we  say,  this  is  wool  of  a  coarse  staple,  or  fine 
staple.  In  America,  cotton  is  of  a  short  staple,  long 
staple,  fine  staple,  &.c.  The  cotton  of  short  staple  is 
raised  on  the  upland  ;  the  sea-island  cotton  is  of  a 
fine,  long  staple. 

5.  Figuratiocly,  the  material  or  substance  of  a 
thing;  as,  the  staple  of  a  literary  production. 

6.  (W.  ysticfml.]  A  liHjp  of  iron,  or  a  biir  or  wire 
bent  and  formed  with  two  points,  to  be  driven  into 
wood,  to  hold  a  hook,  pin,  &c.  Pope. 

Staple  of  land;  the  particular  nature  and  quality  of 
land. 

STA'PLE,  a.  Settled  ;  established  in  commerce  ;  as, 
a  staple  trade. 

2.  According  to  the  laws  of  commerce;  marketa- 
ble ;  fit  to  be  sold.    [JVot  much  used.]  Swift. 

3.  Chief;  principal;  regularly  produced  or  made 
for  market ;  as,  staple  commodities. 

[This  is  now  the  most  general  acceptation  of  the 
tDord.] 

STa'PLER,  n.    A  dealer ;  as,  a  wool  stapler. 

STAR,  n.  [Sax.  steorra ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  sfifma;  G. 
stern  ;  D.  star  ;  Ann.  and  Corn,  steren  ;  Basque,  zar- 
ra  ;  Gr.  atjrnp  ;  Sans,  tara ;  Bengal,  stara ;  Pelilavi, 
setaram  ;  Pers.  setareh  or  stara  ;  W.  seren.] 

1.  An  apparently  small,  luminous  body  in  the 
heavens,  that  shines  in  the  night,  or  when  its  light  is 
not  obscured  by  clouds,  or  lost  in  the  brighter  efful- 
gence of  the  sun.  Slar.v  are  fixed  or  planetary.  The 
fixed  stars  are  known  by  their  perpetual  twinkling, 
and  by  their  being  always  in  the  same  position  in  rela- 
tion to  each  other.  The  planets,  or  wandering  stars, 
do  not  twinkle,  and  they  revolve  about  the  sun.  The 
fixed  stars  ore  considered  by  astronomers  to  be  suns, 
and  their  immense  numbers  exhibit  the  astonishing 
extent  of  creation  and  of  divine  power. 

2.  The  pole-star.  A  bright  star  in  the  tail  of  Ursa 
Minor,  so  called  from  its  being  very  near  the  north 
pole.    [.^  particular  application,  not  in  use.]  Shak. 

3.  In  astrology,  a  configuration  of  the  planets,  sup- 
posed to  influence  fortune.  Hence  the  expression, 
•'  You  may  thank  your  stars  for  such  and  such  an 
event," 

A  pair  of  cIsr-croMcd  loren.  Shak. 

4.  The  figure  of  a  star ;  a  radiated  mark  in  writ- 
ing or  printing  ;  an  asterisk  ;  thus  *  ;  used  as  a  ref- 
erence to  a  note  in  the  margin,  or  to  fill  a  blank,  in 
writing  or  printing,  where  letters  are  omitted. 

5.  In  Scripture,  Christ  is  called  the  bright  and  morn- 
ing star,  the  star  that  ushers  in  the  light  of  an  eter- 
nal day  to  his  people.    Kec.  xxii. 

Ministers  are  also  called  jtors  in  Christ's  right  hand, 
as,  being  supported  and  directed  by  Christ,  they  con- 


vey light  and  knowledge  to  the  followers  of  Cliriit. 
Rev.  i. 

'i'he  twelve  stars  which  form  the  crown  of  the 
church,  are  the  twelve  apostles.    Rev.  xii. 

C.  A  person  of  brilliant  and  attractive  qualities 
on  some  public  occasion ;  a  theatrical  perform- 
er, Sec. 

7.  The  figure  of  a  star;  a  badge  of  rank  ;  as,  ^tari 
and  garters. 

8.  A  distinguished  and  brilliant  theatrical  per- 
former. 

Star  of  Bethlehem  ;  a  flower  and  bulbous  plant  of 
the  genus  Ornilliogaluin.  'I'here  is  also  the  star  of 
Alexandria,  and  of  Naples,  and  of  Constantinople,  of 
the  same  genus.  Cyc.  Lee. 

STAR,  r.  (.  'J'o  set  or  adorn  with  stars,  or  bright,  ra- 
diating bodies  ;  to  bespangle  ;  as,  a  robe  starred  with 
gems. 

STAR'-AP-PLE,  (  ap'pl,)  n.  The  popular  name  of 
several  species  of  Clirysophylliiin,  evergreen  trees 
whose  fruit  is  esculent.  Chrysophyllum  Cainito  is 
the  most  important  species.  They  grow  in  inter- 
tropical cliiiiittes. 

STAR'-CHa.M-HEK,  71.  Formerly,  a  court  of  crim- 
inal jurisdiction  in  England,  wtiich  exercised  exten- 
sive powers  during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.  and  his 
successors.  This  court  was  abolished  by  stat.  16 
Charles  I.    See  Blackstone,  B.  iv.  ch.  xix. 

STAR'-CROWN-KD,  a.    Crowned  with  stars. 

STAR'-EN-CIR'€LAD,  a.    Encircled  with  stars. 

STAR'-FISH,  71.  [star  and  fsh.]  A  marine  animal ; 
the  sea-star  or  Asterias,  a  genus  of  pedicellate  ech- 
inoderius  or  zoophytes,  so  named  because  their  body 
is  divided  into  rays,  generally  five  in  number,  in  the 
center  of  which  and  below  is  the  mouth,  which  is 
the  only  orifice  of  the  alimentary  canal.  They  are 
covered  with  a  coriaceous  skin,  armed  with  points 
and  spines,  and  pierced  with  numerous  small  holes, 
arranged  in  regular  series,  through  which  pass  mem- 
branaceous tentacula  or  feelers,  terminated  each  by  a 
little  disk  or  cup,  by  means  of  w  hich  they  execute 
their  prtigressive  motions.  Cuvier, 

STAR'-FLOW-ER,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Orni- 
thogxiltiiii.  Cyc. 
2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Stellaria.  Lee. 

STAR'-FoRT,  n.  A  fort  surrounded  on  the  exterior 
with  projecting  angles  ;  hence  the  name. 

STAR'-GaZ-ER,  71.  [star  and  ^uicr.]  One  who  gazes 
at  the  stars  ;  a  term  of  contempt  for  an  astrtiloger, 
sometimes  used  ludicrously  for  an  astronomer. 

STA  R'-GAZ-ING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  observing 
tile  stars  with  attention  ;  astrology.  Sicifl. 

STAR'-GRASS,  n.  [star  and  grass.]  Starry  duck 
meat,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Callitriche,  and  one  also 
of  the  genus  .^letris.  Lee. 

STAU'-HAWK,  n.    A  species  of  hawk  so  called. 

Jiinsteorth. 

STAR'-H?'A-C1.\TH,  n.  A  bulbous  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Scill.i. 

STAR'-JEL-LY,n.  A  plant,  the  Tremella,  one  of  the 
Fungi ;  also,  star-shoot,  a  gelatinous  substance  which 
is  also  a  Tremella. 

STAR'-LF.D,  a.    Guided  bv  the  stars. 

STAR'-LIKE,  a.  [star  and  like.]  Resembling  a  star  ; 
stellated  ;  radiated  like  a  star  ;  as,  sLarlike  flowers. 

J^tortimer, 

2.  Bright ;  illustrious. 

The  h.wing  tiinird  many  to  rif  hteoufneao  thai]  confer  a  ttartike 
And  iniinonat  brighUlcM.  Boyle. 

STAR'-PaV-£D,  o.  [star  and  paved.]  Studded  with 
stars. 

The  road  of  lieaven,  ttar-paved.  Milton. 

STAR'-PROOF,  a.  [star  and  proof.]  Impervious  to 
the  light  of  the  stars  ;  .as,  a  star-proof  elm.  JMilton. 

STAR'-RICAD,  71.  [sfor  and  rrad.]  Doctrine  of  the 
stars  ;  astronomy.    [.Aut  iti  use^  Spenser. 

STAR'-ROOF-£D,  (-rooft,)  a.    Roofed  with  stars. 

STA R'-S HOOT,  n.  [.star  and  shoot.]  A  gelatinous 
substance  often  found  in  wet  meadows,  and  formerly 
by  some  supposed  to  be  the  extinguished  residuum  of 
a  shooting  star.  It  is,  however,  not  of  meteoric,  but 
of  vegetable  origin;  being  a  fungus  of  the  genus 
Tremella. 

1  have  seen  a  (rood  quantity  of  that  Jelly,  by  the  vnl^r  calle<l  a 
«rar-Mool,  oj  if  it  remained  upon  tlie  exliuclion  of  n  faltuif 
•ur.  Bacon. 

STAR'-SP.\N"GLED,  (-spang-gid,)  a.  Spangled  with 
stars.  E  Everett. 

STAR'-STONE,  n.  A  variety  of  sapphire,  which,  in 
a  certain  direction,  presents  a  reflection  of  light  in 
the  form  of  a  star.  Brandt. 

STAR'-THIS-TLE,  (  this'l,)  n.  An  annual  plant  of 
the  genus  Centaurea. 

STAR'-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Aster.  The 
species  are  shrubby  or  herbaceous,  and  their  flowers 
resemble  small  stars.  Loudon. 

The  yellou)  starveorl  is  of  the   genus   Inula  or  , 
Elecampane. 

STAR'BoARD,  n.    [Sax.  s<e«r-ioor<i ;  G.  Jteu/riorj,  as  j 
if  from  steter,  the  rudder  or  helm  ;  D.  ituur-Aortf,  a.i 
as  if  from  sfuur,  helm  ;  Sw.  and  Dait.  styr-bord.  Hut 
in  Fr.  stribord,  Sp.  estribor,  .Arm.  slryhour:  or  »(ri-  | 
hourh,  are  said  to  be  contracted  from  dezter-bord,  , 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


6TA 


STA 


?T  A 


right-side.  Star-bord  is  from  steer-bnrd,  ttie  tiller  be- 
ing on  tlie  right  hand  of  the  steersm;in.] 

The  right  hand  side  of  a  ship  or  boat,  when  a  spec- 
tator stands  with  his  face  toward  the  head,  stem,  or 
prow. 

S'J'AR'BoARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  right-hand  side  of 
a  sliip  ;  being  or  lying  on  the  right  side  ;  as,  the  star- 
board shrouds  ;  starboard  quarter  :  starboard  lack.  In 
seaman.iliip,  starboard,  uttfrtii  liythe  masterof  asliip, 
is  an  order  to  the  helmsman  to  put  the  helm  to  the 
starboard  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

STARCH,  ji.  [Sax.  stearc,  rigid,  stiff;  G.  stdrke, 
strength,  starch,  sfarA-,  strong;  D.  sterk,  Dun.  stark, 
Sw.  stark,  strong.    See  Stare  and  SxEEn.] 

A  substance  used  to  stiffen  linen  and  other  cloth. 
It  is  the  farina  or  feciila  of  various  vegetables,  a  sub- 
stance which  is  a  white  solid  with  no  smell,  and 
with  very  little  taste,  and  which,  when  squeezed  be- 
tween the  fingers,  gives  a  very  peculiar  sound.  It  is 
insoluble  in  cold  water,  but  with  boiling  water  it 
forms  a  jelly  very  nearly  transparent.  Iodine  forms, 
with  starch,  a  blue  compound,  and  hence  is  the  best 
test  of  its  presence.  Starch  forms  the  greatest  por- 
tion of  all  farinaceous  substances,  particularly  of 
wheat  flour,  and  it  is  the  chief  ingredient  of  bread. 

STARCH,  a.    Stiff;  precise;  rigid.  KilUngbeck. 

STA  RCH,  V.  t.    To  stiffen  with  starch.  Oay. 

STARCH'iD,  (starcht,)  pp.  or  a.  Stiffened  with 
starch. 

2.  a.    Stiff ;  precise  ;  formal.  Swift. 

STAUCU'£D-NESS,  n.  Stiffness  in  manners;  for- 
mality. .Addison. 

STA RCH'ER,  71.  One  who  starches,  or  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  starch.  Juhnson. 

STARCH'-HV'A-CIXTH,  n  A  plant,  the  Muscari 
racemosum,  of  the  same  natural  order  with  the  hy- 
acinth, and  named  from  the  smell  of  the  flower.  It 
is  a  native  of  Britain,  and  a  garden  plant  in  the 
United  States.  Loudon. 

STARCiriNG,  ppr.    Stiffening  with  starch. 

STARCH'LY,  adv.  With  stiffness  of  manner;  for- 
mally. 

STARCH'NESS,  n.  Stiffness  of  manner ;  precise- 
ness. 

STARCH'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  starch  ;  resembling 
starch  ;  stiff ;  precise. 

STA  R  E,  V.    [Sax.  stter :  G.  stakr ;  Sw.  stare] 
A  bird,  the  starling,  or  Sturnus. 

STA  HE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  starian  ;  Dan.  stirrer  :  Sw.  stirra  ; 
G.  stnrrm  ;  D.  staaren.  Tn  Sw.  stirra  ut  Jin<rr€n  is  to 
spread  one's  fingers.  The  sense,  then,  is,  to  open, 
ore\tend,and  it  seems  to  be  closely  allied  to  Q.starr, 
stiff,  and  to  starch,  stern,  which  imply  straining,  ten- 
sion.] 

1.  To  gaze;  to  look  with  fixed  eyes  wide  open; 
to  fasten  an  earnest  look  on  some  object.  Staring 
is  produced  by  wonder,  surprise,  stupidity,  horr  r, 
fright,  and  sometimes  by  eagerness  to  hear  or  learii 
souietliing,  sometimes  iiy  impudence.  We  say,  he 
stared  with  astonishuient. 

Look  not  big,  nor  sUire,  nor  fret.  Shak. 

2.  To  stand  out ;  to  be  prominent 


Take  otl  all  ihe  staring  Btraw 
tised.] 


and  y^ggs  in  the  hivp,  [JVor 
AJortimer. 


To  .^t/ire  in  thr.  face ;  to  be  before  the  eyes,  or  un- 
deniably evident. 

Tlie  law  stares  Ibem  in  the  face,  while  they  are  breaking  it. 

Locke. 

STARE,  n.   A  fixed  look  with  eyes  wide  open. 

Drijden. 

STAR'ER,  n.    One  who  stares  or  gazes. 
STaR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Gazing;  looking  with  fixed 
eves. 

STAR'ING-LY,  orftj.  Gazingly. 

STARK,  a.  [Sax.  .itcrc,  stmrc  :  D.  strrk;  G.  stark,  sttff, 
Plrotig  ;  formed  on  the  rtrnt  of  the  G.  starr,  stiff,  rigid. 
Eng.  steer  ;  from  straining,  stretching.  See  Starch 
and  Steer.] 

1.  Stiff;  strong;  rugged. 
Many  a  nolil'-man  lies  stfirk  and  iititT 

Uiiiter  the  hoof*  of  vniiniin^  cn-'iniea.  .S7i(ifr. 
The  iionh  i>  not  ao  stark  anil  coM.    (  Obs.]        B.  Jonson. 

2.  Deep  ;  full  ;  profound  ;  absolute. 

ConBiiler  Ihe  stark  tecilrity 

The  cornnionwcallli  i»  in  now.    [Obs.]  D.  Jonson. 

3.  Mere  ;  gross  ;  absnlute. 

He  prononnCJl  the  citation  stark  notiseniie.  Collier. 

STARK,  ado.  Wholly  ;  entirely  ;  absolutely  ;  as,  stark 
mad  ;  atark  blind  ;  stark  naked.  These  are  Ihe  prin- 
cipal applications  of  this  word  now  in  use.  The 
word  is  in  iKipiilar  use,  but  not  an  elegant  word  In 
nnv  of  ill)  applicatirms. 

STAKK'Ly,  mlr.    Htillly ;  8troni;ly.    [Oft.i.]  Sliak. 

BTAR'LEH.S,  a.  Having  no  stars  vii-ible,  or  no  star- 
light ;  ns,  n /rtar/rn  night.  Milloii.  Dntdrn. 

BTA  R'  I.IG  HT,  (  lite,)  n.  [star  and  light.]  Tlie  light 
proceeding  fruiii  the  ntnm. 

Nor  wnlktiynoon, 
f)r  flittering  starlight,  wldtuut  ih'T  is  iwert.  AHlton. 

STAR'I.IGMT,  (  lile,)  n.  Lighted  by  the  stars,  or  by 
the  Httirrt  only  ;  tin,  u  atarlight  evening.  Drydr.n. 


STAR'LING,  n.    [Sax.  stitr :  Sw.  stare.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Sturnus,  Linn.,  also  called 
Stare.  The  /\merican  starling  is  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Meadow-Lark.  Peuboily. 

2.  A  name  given  to  piles  driven  round  the  piers  of 
a  bridge  for  defense  and  supp(»rt. 

STAR'OST,  n.  Ill  Poland,  a  nobleman  who  possessed 
a  starosty. 

STAR'OS-TY,  n.  In  Poland,  a  name  given  to  castles 
and  domains  conferred  on  noblemen  for  life  by  the 
crown.  Bratide. 

STAR'RBD,  (stird,)  pp.  or  a.     [from  star.]  Adorned 
or  studded  with  stars  ;  as,  the  starred  queen  of  Ethi- 
opia. Millun. 
2.  Influenced  in  fortune  by  the  stars. 


My  thinl  comfort 
Starred  most  unluckily. 


ShaJt. 


STAR'RING,  ppr.  or  a.    Adorning  with  stars. 

2.  Shining;  bright;  sparkling;  as,  starring  com- 
ets.   [JVyt  in  itsc] 

STAR'RY,  a.  [from  star.]  Abounding  with  stars; 
adorned  with  stars. 

Alxive  the  clouils,  above  the  starry  sky.  Pope. 

2.  Consisting  of  stars  ;  stellar  ;  stellary  ;  proceed- 
ing from  the  stars ;  as,  starry  light ;  starry  fltime. 

Spenser.  Dryden. 

3.  Shining  like  stars;  resembling  stars ;  as,  starry 
eves.  Shak. 

START,  V.  i.  [D.  storten,  to  pour,  to  spill,  to  fall,  to 
rush,  to  tumble ;  Sw.  stSrta,  to  roll  upon  the  head,  to 
pitch  headlong;  qu.  G.  stvrzen.  In  Sax.  stcurt  is  a 
tail,  that  is,  a  shoot  or  projection  ;  hence  the  prom- 
ontory so  called  in  Devonshire.  The  word  seems 
to  be  a  derivative  from  the  root  of  star,  steer.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  shoot,  to  dart  suddenly,  or  to 
spring.] 

1.  To  move  suddenly,  as  if  by  a  twitch  ;  as,  to  start 
in  sleep,  or  by  a  sudileii  spasm. 

2.  To  move  sudilenly,as  by  an  involuntary  shrink- 
ing from  sudden  fear  or  alarm. 

I  start  as  from  some  dreadful  dream.  Dryden. 

3.  To  move  with  sudden  quickness,  as  with  a 
spring  or  leap. 

A  spirit  fit  to  start  into  an  empire. 

And  look  the  world  to  law.  Dryden. 

4.  To  shrink  ;  to  wince. 

But  if  lie  start, 
It  is  the  flesh  of  a  corrupled  heart.  Shak. 

5.  To  move  suddenly  aside ;  to  deviate  ;  generally 
with  from,  out  of,  or  aside. 

The  old  ttrudfing  sun,  from  his  long  Ijeatcn  way, 

Shall  at  thy  voice  start  ami  mis^uiiie  the  (lay.  Coreley. 

Keep  your  soid  to  the  work  when  ready  to  start  aside.  Watt^. 

6.  To  set  out ;  to  commence  a  race,  as  from  a  bar- 
rier or  goal.    The  horses  started  at  the  word  "  go." 

At  once  they  «£arl,  advancing  in  a  line.  Dryden. 

7.  To  set  out ;  to  commence  a  journey  or  enter- 
prise.   The  public  coaches  start  at  six  o'clock. 

When  two  start  into  the  world  leather.  Collier. 

To  start  up ;  to  rise  suddenly,  as  from  a  seat  or 
couch  ;  or  to  come  suddenly  into  notice  or  impor- 
tance. 

STA  RT,  V.  t.  To  alarm ;  to  disturb  suddenly ;  to  star- 
tle ;  to  rouse. 


Upon  malicious  bravery  dost  Ihou  come 
To  start  my  quiet  f 


ShrJ;. 


2.  To  rouse  sudflenly  from  concealment :  to  cause 
to  flee  or  fly ;  as,  to  start  a  hare  or  a  woodcock  ;  to 
start  game.  Pope. 

3.  To  bring  into  motion ;  to  produce  suddenly  to 
view  or  notice. 

BrutiiB  will  start  a  spirit  as  soon  as  Cesar.  SJtak. 
The  present  occasion  has  started  the  dispute  among  us.  Lesley. 

So  we  say,  to  start  a  question,  to  sfart  an  objecticm ; 
that  is,  to  suggest  or  propose  anew. 

4.  To  invent  or  discover;  to  bring  within  pursuit. 
Sensual  men  agree  in  the  purauit  of  every  pleasure  they  can 

start.  Temple. 

5.  To  move  suddenly  from  its  place  ;  to  dislocate ; 
as,  to  start  a  bone. 

One  started  tiie  end  of  the  clavicle  from  the  sli'rnum.  Wiseman. 

C.  To  empty,  as  liquor  from  a  cask  ;  to  pour  out  ; 
as,  to  stjirt  wine  into  another  cask.        Mar.  Diet. 
START,  71.    A  sudden  mtition  of  the  boriy  ;  a  sudden 
twitch  ;  a  spastic  affection  ;  as,  a  start  in  sleep. 

2.  A  sudden  motion  from  alarm. 

The  fright  awakened  Arcile  with  a  start.  Dryden. 

3.  A  sudden  rousing  to  action  ;  a  spring ;  excite- 
ment. 

Now  fear  I  tliis  will  give  it  start  again.  Shak. 

4.  Sally ;  sinlden  motion  or  effusion ;  a  bursting 
forth  ;  as,  starts  tif  fancy. 

To  check  the  slarn  nn<l  sillies  of  the  soul.  Addison. 

!5.  Sudden  fit;  sudden  motion  followed  by  inter- 
mission. 

Fur  she  diti  speak  In  starts  distraclrilly.  Shak. 
Nature  docs  nothing  by  starts  nnti  leaps,  or  In  a  hurrv. 

L'^strange. 


6.  A  quick  spring  ;  a  darting  ;  a  shoot ;  a  push ;  as, 
to  give  a  start. 

Bodi  cause  Uie  string  to  give  a  quicker  start.  Bacon. 

7.  First  motton  from  a  place ;  act  of  setting  out. 

The  start  of  first  performance  is  all.  Bacon. 

You  stand  like  sre^lioiinds  in  the  slips, 

Straining  upon  the  start.  Shak. 

To  get  the  start ;  to  begin  before  another ;  to  gain 
the  advantage  in  a  similar  undertaking. 

Get  die  elan  of  the  majestic  world.  ShaJ:. 
She  might  have  forsaken  him,  if  he  had  not  got  the  start  of  her. 

Dryden. 

START,  71.    A  projection  ;  a  push  ;  a  horn  ;  a  tail.  In 

the  latter  sense  it  occurs  in  the  name  of  the  bird  red- 

start.    Hence,  the  start,  in  Devonshire. 
START'ED,  pp.   Sudtienly  roused  or  alarmed  ;  poured 

out,  as  a  liquid  ;  discovered  ;  proposed;  produced  to 

view. 

START'ER,  71.  One  that  starts ;  one  that  shrinks  from 
his  purpose.  Undibrn.^. 

2.  One  ihat  suddenly  moves  or  suggests  a  rpiPsMon 
or  an  objection. 

3.  A  dog  that  rouses  game.  Delany. 
STAR  T'FIJL,  a.    Apt  to  start ;  skittish. 
START'E^L-NESS,  71.    Aptness  to  start. 
S'J'ART'ING,  ppr.     Moving  suddenly;  shrinking; 

rousing  ;  commencing,  as  a  juurney,  &c. 
START'ING,       The  act  of  moving  suddenly. 
START'ING-lloLE,  n.  A  loophole  ;  evasion.  Martin. 
START'ING-LV,  adv.    Cy  sudden  fits  or  starts.  Sliak. 
START'ING-PoS'i',  71.     [start  and  post..]     A  post, 

stake,  barrier,  or  place,  from  which  competitors  in  a 

race  start,  or  begin  the  race. 
START'lSH,  a.    Apt  to  start ;  skittish  ;  shv. 
START'LE,  fslirt'l,)  i>.  i.  [.lim.  of  start.]  to  shrink  ; 

to  move  sutldenly,  or  be  excited,  on  feeling  a  sudden 

alarm. 


VVhy  shrinks  the  soul 
Back  on  herself,  and  startles  at  destruc'iou  l 


Addison. 


START'LE,  V.  t.  To  impress  with  fear;  to  exi^ite  by 
sudden  alarm,  surprise,  or  apprehension  ;  to  shock  ; 
to  alarm  ;  to  fright.  We  were  startled  at  the  cry  of 
distress.  Any  great  and  unexpected  event  is  apt  to 
startle  us. 


The  supposition  that  angels 


bodies,  need  not  startle  us. 

Locke. 


2.  To  deter ;  to  cause  to  deviate.    [Little  w.-eri.] 

Clarendon. 

START'LE,  71.  A  sudden  motion  or  shock  occasioned 
by  an  unex)iected  alani),  surprise,  or  apprehension  of 
danger  ;  sudtlen  impression  of  terror. 

After  having  recovered  from  my  first  startle,  1  was  well  pleased 
with  the  accident.  Spectator. 

START'LED,  pp.  Suddenly  moved  or  shocked  by  an 
impressiim  of  fear  or  surprise. 

ST.K  RT'LING,  p/ir.  or  a.  Suddenly  impressing  with 
fear  or  surprise. 

START'LING  LY,  adv.    In  a  startling  manner. 

START'-UP,  n.  [start  tini  up.]  One  that  comes  sud- 
denly info  notice.  [Aot  used.  We  use  UesTART.]  Shak. 
2.  A  kind  of  high  shoe.  hall. 

START'-UP,  a.  Suddenly  coming  into  notice.  [JSTot 
used.]  Warbnrton. 

STARV  A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  starving  or  state  of 
being  starved. 

STARVE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  stearjtan,  to  perish  with  hunger 
or  cold  ;  G.  sterben,  to  die,  either  by  disease  or  hun- 
ger, or  by  a  wound  ;  D.  stervcn,  to  die.  Qu.  is  this 
from  the  root  of  Dan.  tarv,  Sw.  tarf,  necessity, 
want !  ] 

1.  To  perish  ;  to  be  destroyed.  Fairfax. 
[In  this  general  sen.-.-e,  obsolete.] 

2.  To  perish  or  die  with  cold ;  as,  to  stane  with 
cold. 

[  This  sense  is  retained  in  England,  but  not  in  the 
United  State.t.] 

3.  To  perish  witn  hunger. 

[This  SC71SC  is  retained  in  England  and  tlie  United 
States.] 

4.  'J'o  suffer  extreme  hunger  or  want;  to  be  very 
indigent. 

Sometimes  virtue  starves,  while  vice  Is  fed.  Pope. 

STARVE,  «.(.  To  kill  with  hunger.  Maliciously  to 
starve  a  nuin  is,  in  law,  murder. 

2.  To  distress  or  subdue  by  famine  ;  as,  to  starve 
a  garrison  into  a  surreniler. 

3.  To  destroy  by  want  ;  as,  to  starve  plants  by  the 
want  of  nutriment. 

4.  To  kill  with  cold.    [JVot  in  use  in  the  United 
States.] 


From  beds  of  raging  fire,  to  starvs  in  ice 
Their  solt  ethereal  warmth. 

5.  To  deprive  of  force  or  vigor. 


Milton. 


The  power*  of  their  minds 


'Starved  by  disuse.  [Unusual.] 
Locks. 


STARV'KD,  71/1.  or  a.    Killed  with  hunger;  subdued 

by  hunger;  rendi-rrd  poor  by  \\-ant. 
2.  Killeil  bvcold.    [.Vol  ,n  use  in  the  United  States.] 
STAUVE'I.ING,   (stilrv'liiig,)    a.      Hungry;  lean; 

pilling  with  want.  Philips. 
STARVE'LING,  (sf.lrv'ling,)  71.    An  nnlmni  or  |>lant 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


.J 


STA 

that  is  made  tliln,  lean,  and  weak  through  want  or 
nutrunent. 

Ami  lUy  poor  ttarveting  bountifully  fed.  Donnt. 
STARVING,  ppr.  or  a.    Perishing  with  hunper  ;  liill- 
ing  will)  huni-pr ;  rendering  lean  and  poor  by  want 
of  nourishnjent. 

9.  Perishing  with  cold  ;  Iiilling  with  cold.  [En^- 
Ihh.] 

STjIT  pro  RJj-Tf-O'JVE  VO-LUJTTJIS,  (-ri-she- 

o'ne-,)  [  U.l    Tlie  will  stands  for  reason. 
STS'TA-UY,  a.    [from  state.]    Fixed  ;  settled.  [JVut 

ill  use]  Brawn. 
STA'l'E,  n.    [L.  statu*,  from  sto,  to  stand,  to  be  fixed  ; 

It.  stato  ;  Sp.  estado;  I'r.  ct&t.    Hence  G.  star,  fixed  ; 

stott,  place,  abode,  stead  ;  staat,  state  ;  s(«<Z(,  a  town 

or  city  ;  D.  .itaat,  condition,  state  j  stad,  a'city,  Dan. 

and  Sw.  stad;  Sans,  stidulia,  to  stanil ;  Pers.  Utaden, 

id.    State  is  fixedness  or  standing.] 

1.  Condition  ;  the  circumstances  of  a  being  or 
thing  at  any  given  time.  These  circumstances  may 
be  internal,  constitutional,  or  peculiar  to  the  being,  or 
they  may  have  relation  to  other  beings.  We  say, 
the  body  is  in  a  sound  state,  or  it  is  in  a  weak  slate  ; 
or  it  has  just  recovered  from  a  feeble  stale.  The 
state  of  his  health  is  good.  The  stale  of  his  mind  is 
favorable  for  study.  So  we  say,  the  state  <if  public 
atfairs  calls  for  the  exercise  of  talents  and  wisdom. 
In  regard  to  foreign  nations,  our  aff"airs  are  in  a  good 
state.    So  we  say,  single  state,  and  married  state. 

Docliirc  the  p.ist  uml  pr'-seiu  state  of  tilings.  Vryden. 

2.  Modification  of  any  thing. 

Keep  tlie  ttate  of  the  ciucgtion  in  your  eye.  Boyle. 

3.  Crisis ;  stationary  point ;  higlit ;  point  from 
which  the  next  movement  is  regression. 

Tumot*  Imve  thvir  several  dvgree*  ftn.l  times,  ns  beginning,  Rug- 
nient,  state,  itnj  iti-clin.itiwn     [Not  in  use.\  Vylseman. 

4.  Estate;  possession.    [06s.]    [See  Estate.] 

Daniel. 

5.  A  political  body,  or  body  politic;  the  whole 
body  of  people  united  under  one  government,  what- 
ever may  be  the  form  of  the  government. 

Municipal  I;\w  is  a  rule  of  conduct  prescribed  by  the  supreme 
power  in  a  slate.  Blackstone. 

More  usually  the  word  signifies  a  political  body 
governed  by  representatives ;  a  commonwealth  ;  as, 
the  states  of  Greece  ;  the  Suites  of  America. 

In  this  sense,  state  has  sometimes  more  immediate 
reference  to  the  government,  sometimes  to  the  peo- 
ple or  connnunity.  Thus,  when  we  say,  the  state 
has  made  provision  for  the  paupers,  the  word  has 
reference  to  the  government  or  legislature  ;  but  when 
we  say,  the  slate  is  taxed  to  supptut  paupers,  the 
word  refers  to  the  whole  people  or  comuuinity. 

6.  Any  body  of  men  united  by  profession,  or  con- 
stituting a  community  of  a  particular  character  ;  as, 
the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  states  in  Great  Rritnin. 
But  these  are  sometimes  distinguished  by  the  terms 
church  and  stale.  In  this  case,  state  signifies  the  civil 
community  or  government  only. 

7.  Rank  ;  condition ;  quality  ;  as,  the  state  of 
honor.  Sliak. 

8.  Pomp  ;  appearance  of  greatness. 

In  state  the  monarchs  march-d.  Drytten. 
Where  leail  of  state,  there  moat  of  love  is  shown.  Dryden. 

9.  Dignity  ;  grandeur. 

She  instructed  him  how  he  should  keep  staU,  ycl  with  .^  modest 
sense  of  his  misfortunes.  Bacon. 

10.  A  seat  of  dignity. 

This  chair  shall  be  my  slafe.  Sltak. 

11.  A  canopy  ;  a  covering  of  dignity. 

Hi*  hijh  throne,  und'T  state 
Of  richest  texture  spivud.    {Vnusual.'\  J\/itton. 

19.  A  person  of  high  rank.    [JVot  in  use.]  Latimer. 

13.  1'he  principal  persons  in  a  government. 

The  Mil  design 
Pleased  highly  those  infernal  states.  Aftiton. 

14.  The  bodies  that  constitute  the  legislature  of  a 
country  ;  as,  the  slates  general. 

15.  Joined  with  another  word,  it  denotes  public,  or 
what  belongs  to  the  community  or  body  politic  ;  as, 
slate  affairs  ;  state  polit  y. 

STATE,  D.  t.    To  set ;  to  settle.    [See  Stated.] 

9.  To  express  the  particiil.trs  of  any  thing  in  wri- 
ting ;  to  set  down  in  d(.*tail  or  In  gniss  ;  as,  to  state 
an  account;  to  slate  debt  and  credit;  to  state  the 
amount  due. 

3.  To  express  the  particulars  of  any  thing  verbal- 
ly ;  to  represent  fully  in  words  ;  to  narrate  ;  to  recite. 
The  witnesses  stated  all  the  circumstances  of  the 
transaction.  They  are  enjoined  to  stnte  all  the  par- 
ticulars. It  is  the  business  of  the  advocate  to  state 
the  whole  case.  Let  the  question  be  fairly  stated. 
ST.^T'ED,  pp.  Expressed  or  represented;  told;  re- 
cited. 

2.  a.  Settled;  established;  regular;  occurring  at 
regular  times ;  nut  occasional ;  as,  stated  hours  of 
btistness. 

3.  Fixed  :  established  ;  as,  a  stated  salar>'. 
STAT'ED-LY,  ailv.    Regularly  ;  at  certain  times  ;  not 

occasiona..y.    It  is  one  of  the  distinguishing  marks 


STA 

of  n  good  man,  that  lie  statedlij  attends  public  wor- 
ship. 

ST.aTE'LESS,  a.    Without  pomp.  J.  Barlow. 

STATK'L1-EI{,  a.  comp.    More  lofty  or  majestic. 

STATE'LI-NESS,  n.  [from  slute/i/.]  Grandeur  ;  lof- 
tiness of  mien  or  manner j  majestic  appearance; 
dignity. 

For  stateliness  and  majesty,  what  Is  compamble  to  a  horse  i 

More. 

2.  Appearance  of  pride  ;  affected  dignity. 

Beaum.  S{  Fl. 

STaTE'LY,  a.  Lofty  ;  dignified  ;  majestic  ;  as,staf«- 
ly  manners  ;  a  statily  gait. 

2.  Magnificent;  grand;  as,  n  stately  edifice;  a 
statehj  dome  ;  a  stately  pyramid. 

3.  Elevated  in  sentiment.  Drtiden, 
STaTE'LY,  n</i).  Majestically  ;  loftily.  Millon. 
STATE'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  stating,  reciting,  or 

presenting  verbally  or  on  paper. 

2.  A  series  of  facts  or  particulars  expressed  on  pa- 
per ;  as,  a  written  statement.. 

3.  A  series  of  facts  verbally  recited  ;  recital  of  the 
circumstances  of  a  transaction;  as,  a  verbal  state- 
ment. 

STaTE'-MON"GER,  (-mung-ger,)  n.  [.itate  and  mm- 
f^er.]  One  versed  in  jiolitics,  or  one  that  dabbles  in 
state  affairs. 

STA'J'E'-PA'PER,  n.  A  paper  relating  to  the  political 
interests  or  liovernment  of  a  state.  Jay. 

STATE'-PIIIS'ON,  It.  A  public  pnson  or  peniten- 
tiarv. 

STATE'-PKIS'ON-ER,  71.  One  in  confinement  for 
political  offenses. 

STA'TElt,  n.  The  principal  gold  coin  of  ancient 
Greece.  It  varied  much  in  value,  but  was  usually 
worth  about  £1  3s.  sterling,  or  $5 \.  The  Attic  sil- 
ver tctrndrachui  was,  in  later  times,  called  .stater. 

Sinith^s  Diet. 

STATE'-ROOM,n.    [state  and  room.]    A  magnificent 
room  in  a  palace  or  creal  house.  Johnson. 
2.  .^n  apartment  for  lodging  in  a  ship's  cabin. 
STATES,  n.  pi.     Nobility.    [See  also  State.] 

Shak. 

STATES-<3E\'ER-AL.  n.  pi.  In  France,  before  the 
revolution,  the  .assenihly  of  the  three  orders  of  the 
kingdom,  viz.,  the  clergy,  the  nobility,  and  the  third 
estate,  or  commonalty.  In  J^elherlands  and  tluUund, 
the  legislative  body,  composed  of  two  chambers. 

P.  Cue. 

STATES'MAN,  n.  [state  and  man.]  A  man  versed 
in  the  arts  of  government  ;  usually,  one  eminent  for 
political  abilities  ;  a  politician. 

2.  A  small  landholder.    [AortA  of  England.] 

Ilaniicell. 

3.  One  employed  in  public  affairs.  Pope.  Swift. 
STaTES'M  Ai\-LIKE,  a.    Having  the  manner  or  wis- 

dtiin  of  statesmen. 

STATES'MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  qualifications  or  em- 
ployments of  a  statesman.  Churchill. 

STATES'\VO.M-AN,  ii.  \  woman  who  meildles  in 
public  affairs  ;  in  contempt.  Jiddison. 

STATE'-TRI'AL,  ji.  Atrial  of  persons  for  political 
offenses. 

STAT'ie,  j  a.  [See  Statics.)  Pertaining  to  bod- 
STAT'ie-AL,  j     ies  at  rest  or  in  equilibrium. 

Olmsted 

9.  Resting  ;  acting  by  mere  weight ;  as,  statical 
pressure. 

ST.^T'ieS,  n.  [Fr.  statique ;  It.  statica  ;  L.  stafice ;  Gr. 
aTari<Ji.] 

1.  Th.1t  branch  of  mechanics  which  treats  of  the 
forces  that  keep  bodies  at  rest  or  in  equilibrium. 
Dynamics  treats  of  bodies  in  motion. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  kind  of  epileptics,  or  persons 
seized  with  epilepsies.  Cyc. 

STAT'ING,  ppr.  Setting  forth ;  e.xpressing  in  particu- 
lar. 

STAT'I.XG,  71.  An  act  of  making  a  statement ;  a 
statement.  Taylor. 

STA'TIO.V,  (-shun,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  italio,  from  sto, 
status  :  It.  .stazione  ;  Sp.  csta^ion.] 

1.  The  act  of  standing. 

Their  manner  was  to  stand  at  pniyer— on  which  their  meetings 
for  that  purpose  received  Uie  name  of  stations.  [Obs.] 

Hooker. 

2.  A  State  of  rest. 

All  progression  is  performed  by  drawing  on  or  Impelling  for^v.ard 
what  was  before  in  station,  or  at  quiet.    \Rare.]  Broion. 

3.  The  spot  or  place  where  one  stands,  particularly 
where  a  person  habitually  stands,  or  is  apixiinted  to 
remain  for  a  lime  ;  as,  the  station  of  a  sentinel.  E.ach 
detachment  of  troops  had  its  station. 

4.  Post  assigned  ;  oflfice  ;  the  part  or  department  of 
public  duty  which  a  person  is  appointed  to  perforin. 
The  chief  magistrate  occupies  the  first  ptilitic.al  sta- 
tion in  a  nation.  Other  oliicers  fill  suhordin.ite  sta- 
tions. The  office  of  bishop  is  an  ecclesi.tstical  sta- 
tion of  great  iiii|)ortance.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  exec- 
utive to  fill  all  civil  and  military  stations  with  men 
of  worth. 

5.  Situation  ;  position. 

The  fig  aftd  date,  why  love  they  to  remain 

In  iriiilille  station  7  Prior. 


STA 


6.  Employment;  occupation  ;  business. 

£/  spt'iiiling  the  Salibnth  in  retirement  and  n-'liifioiis  exrreises, 
we  ^ain  new  strength  and  p-»oliition  to  perlunn  tj-:Hrs  w  ill 
in  our  sevcrul  stadutiM  the  week  following.  t^elson. 

7.  Ch.aracler  ;  state. 

The  greater  part  have  kept  Uteir  sta6on.  Milton. 

8.  Rank  ;  condition  of  life.  He  can  be  contented 
with  a  humble  slalion. 

9.  In  church  history,  the  fa.st  of  the  fourth  and  sixth 
days  of  the  week,  VVednestlay  and  Friday,  in  insm- 
ory  of  the  council  which  condemned  Christ,  and  of 
bis  passion. 

10.  Among  Roman  Catholics,  n  church  where  in- 
dulgences are  to  be  hatl  on  certain  days.  F.ncije. 

STA'TION,  V.  t.  To  place;  to  set ;  or  to  n|i|ioint  to 
the  occupation  of  a  post,  place,  or  tiffice  ;  as,  to  sta- 
tion troops  on  the  right  or  left  of  an  arm)'  ;  to  station 
a  sentinel  on  a  rampart ;  to  slatiott  ships  on  the  coast 
of  .Africa,  or  in  the  West  Indies  ;  to  station  a  man  at 
the  he.id  of  the  department  of  finance. 
STA'TIO.V,  /  n.    A  resting-place  on  a  rail- 

STA'TION-IIOUSE,  \  way,  it  which  a  halt  is  made 
to  receive  or  let  down  p.assengers  or  goods. 

Brande. 

STA'TIOX-.AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  station.  Enryc. 

STa'TION-A-R Y,  a.  Fixed  ;  not  moving,  progres- 
sive, or  regressive;  not  apfiearing  to  move.  'I'lie  sun 
becomes  sfatio/mri/  in  ('aiieer,  in  its  advance  Into  the 
northern  signs.  The  court,  in  England,  which  was 
formerly  itinerary,  is  now  stationary. 

2.  Not  advancing,  in  a  moral  sense :  not  improving ; 
not  growing  wiser,  greater,  or  better;  not  becoming 
greater  or  more  excellent.  S.  S.  Smith. 

3.  Respecting  place. 

The  same  harmony  and  sf/iffon/iry  constittition.  Brown. 

Stationary  engine  ;  on  a  railway,  a  steam-engine  in 
a  fixed  position,  which  draws  a  load  by  a  rope  or 
other  means  of  communication  extended  along  the 
ro»d. 

Stationary  fever  ;  a  fever  depending  on  pecnli.ar 
seasons.  Coie. 

ST.a'TION-RILL,  71.  In  seamen's  laniruare,  a  list 
containing  the  appointed  posts  of  the  ship's  compa- 
nv,  when  navigating  the  ship.  .Mar.  Diet. 

STA'TION-ER,  ii.  Orir;inulhi,  a  bookseller,  from  his 
occupying  a  stand  or  stalion  ;  but  al  present,  tme  who 
sells  paper,  (piills,  inkstands,  pencils,  and  other  fur- 
niture for  writing. 

STA'TION-ER-Y,  ii.  The  articles  usually  sold  by  sta- 
tituiers,  as  paper,  ink,  quills,  &.c. 

STA'TIO.\-ER-Y,  a.    Belonging  to  a  stationer. 

STA'TISM,n.  Pidicy. 

STA'TIST,  n.  [from  state.]  A  statesman  ;  a  politi- 
cian ;  one  skilled  in  government. 

Statists  indeed, 
And  lovers  ol  their  cotintry.    [A'ot  note  used.]  Milton. 

STA-TIST'If,       » a.    [from  state  or  stati.'<t.]  Per- 

STA-TIST'ie  .AL,  i  taining  to  the  state  of  society, 
the  condititm  of  the  people,  their  economy,  their 
property,  and  resources. 

STAT-IS-TI"CIAN,  (  tish'an,)  ti.  A  person  who  is 
familiar  with  the  science  of  .statistics. 

STA-TIST'ieS,  71.  A  collection  of  facts  respecting 
the  state  (if  society,  the  condition  of  the  people  in  a 
nation  or  ctmntry,  their  health,  longevity,  domestic 
economy,  arts,  property,  and  political  strenglh,  the 
state  of  the  country,  &.c.  Sinclair. 
9.  The  science  which  treats  of  these  subjects. 

ST.\'T1\'E,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  fixed  camp. 

STAT'li-.A-RY,  71.  [It.  slatuaria:  Sp.  estatuaria ;  from 
L.  statuarius,  from  sluttia,  a  statue  ;  .^tatun,  to  set.] 

1.  The  art  of  cirving  statues  or  images,  as  repre- 
sentatives of  real  persons  or  things;  a  branch  of 
sculpture.  Temple. 

[In  this  sen.^e  the  word  has  no  plural.] 

2.  [It.  slatuario;  Sp.  estatiiono.]  One  that  pro- 
fesses or  practices  the  art  of  carving  images  or  mak- 
ing statues. 

On  other  occasions  the  statuaries  took  their  subjects  from  the 
poets.  Addison. 

STAT'IJE,  (stat'yii,)  n.  [L.  statua ;  statuo,  to  set ;  that 
which  is  .set  or  fixed.] 

An  image;  a  soliil  substance  formed  by  carving 
into  the  likeness  of  mvliulo  living  being  ;  as,  a^tofuc 
of  Hercules,  or  of  n  lion. 
STAT'IE,  V.  U    To  place,  as  a  statue;  to  form  a 

statue  of.  S/iak. 
STA-TO'.MI-N'ATE,  v.  L    [I,,  statumino.] 

To  prop  or  support.    [J\"i(  in  it-se.J       B.  Jonson, 
STAT'IJUE,  (stal'yur  )  n.    [L.  and  It.  statura  :  Sp.  es- 
tatura  ;  Fr.  stature  ;  frtim  L.  statuo,  to  set.] 

The  natural  liiglit  of  an  animal  body.  It  is  more 
generally  used  of  the  human  body. 

Foreign  men  of  mighty  statitrs  came.  Drydtn. 
STAT'IIR-£D,  a.    Arrived  at  full  stature.  [Little 

M.«(/J  Ilall. 
STA'TUS  QOCi,  [L.]    A  treaty  between  belligerents, 
which  leaves  each  party  in  stat  i  quo  ante  brllam,  i.  e., 
in  the  state  in  which  it  was  before  the  war. 

Brande. 

STAT'IJ-TA-BI.E,  a.    [hom  statuU.]    Made  or  intro- 


TONE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


in7P 


STA 

duced  by  statute  ;  proceeding  from  an  act  of  the  legis- 
lature ;  as,  a  statutable  provision  or  remedy. 

2.  Made  or  being  in  conformity  to  statute  ;  as,  stat- 
utable measures.  Addison. 
STAT'lJ-TA-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  agreeable  to 
statute. 

STAT'yTE,  n.  [Fr.  statut;  It.  statuto  ;  Sp.  estatuto  ; 
L.  statutum ;  from  statuo,  to  set.] 

1.  An  act  of  tiie  legislature  of  a  state,  that  extends 
its  binding  force  to  all  the  citizens  or  subjects  of  that 
state,  as  distinguished  from  an  act  which  extends 
only  to  an  individual  or  company  ;  an  act  of  the  legis- 
lature commanding  or  prtdiibiting  something  ;  a  pos- 
itive law.  Statutes  are  distinguished  from  common 
law.  The  latter  owes  its  binding  force  to  the  princl 
pies  of  justice,  to  long  use,  and  the  consent  of  a  na- 
tion. 'J'he  former  owe  their  binding  force  to  a  posi- 
tive command  or  declaration  of  the  supreme  power. 

Statute  is  commonly  applied  to  the  acts  of  a  legis- 
lative body  consisting  of  representatives.  In  mon- 
archies, the  laws  of  tlie  sovereign  are  called  edicts, 
decrees,  ordinances,  rescripts,  &c. 

2.  A  special  act  of  the  supreme  power,  of  a  pri- 
vate nature,  or  intended  to  operate  only  on  an  indi- 
vidual or  compan}'. 

3.  The  act  of  a  corporation,  or  of  its  founder,  in- 
tended as  a  permanent  rule  or  law  ;  as,  the  statutes 
of  a  university. 

STAT'QTE-.MER'CHA.VT,  n.  In  KmrUsh  law,  a  bond 
of  record  pursuant  to  the  stat.  13  Edw.  I.,  acknowl- 
edged before  one  of  the  clerks  of  the  statutes-mer- 
chant and  the  mayor  or  chief  warden  of  London,  or 
before  certain  persons  appointed  for  the  purpose  ;  on 
which,  if  not  paid  at  the  day,  an  execution  may  be 
awarded  against  the  body,  lands,  and  goods  of  the 
obligor.  Blackstone. 

ST.AT'UTE-STa'PLE,  n.  A  bond  of  record  acknowl- 
edged before  the  mayor  of  the  staple,  by  virtue  of 
which  the  creditor  may  forthwith  have  execution 
against  the  body,  lands,  and  goods  of  the  debtor,  on 
non-payment.  Blackslojir. 

STAT't{'-TO-RY,  a.  Enacted  by  statute  ;  depending 
on  statute  for  its  authority  ;  as,  a  statutory  provision. 

STXU.XCH.    .'See  Stanch. 

STAU'RO-LiTE,  j  n.    [Gr.  (rravoos,  a  cross,  and  >i- 

STAU'RO-TiDE,  (     0  .{,  stone,  or  ni  if,  form.] 

The  granatil  of  Werner,  or  grenatite  of  Jameson  ; 
a  mineral  crystallized  in  prisms,  either  single  or  inter- 
secting each  other  at  right  angles.  Its  color  is  white 
or  gray,  reddish  or  brown.  It  is  often  opaque,  some- 
times translucent.  Its  form  and  infusibility  distin- 
guish it  from  the  garnet.  It  is  composed  essentially 
of  silica,  alumina,  and  oxyd  of  iron.  The  name  stau- 
rolitc  has  also  been  applied  to  the  mineral  Harmo- 
tom",  one  of  the  Zeolites.         Cleaveland.  Dana. 

STAU'RO-TV-POUS,  a.  [Gr.  aravoof,  a  cross,  and 
Turyf,  form.] 

In  mineralogy,  having  its  macles  or  spots  in  the 
form  of  a  cross.  Molts. 

STaVE,  71.  [from  staff;  Fr.  douve,  dnuvain.  It  has 
the  first  sound  of  a,  as  in  ^ar?.] 

1.  A  thin,  narrow  piece  of  timber,  of  which  casks 
are  made.  Stave.t  make  a  considerable  article  of  ex- 
port from  New  England  to  the  West  Indies. 

2.  A  staff ;  a  metrical  portion  ;  a  part  of  a  psalm 
appointed  to  be  sung  in  churches. 

3.  In  music,  the  five  horizontal  and  parallel  lines, 
and  the  spaces  on  which  the  notes  of  tunes  are  writ- 
ten or  printed  ;  the  st^ff,  as  it  is  now  more  generally 
written. 

STAVE,  V.  t.  ;  pret.  Stove  or  Staved  ;  pp.  id. 

1.  To  break  a  hole  in  ;  to  break  ;  to  burst ;  prima- 
rily, to  thrust  through  with  a  staff ;  as,  to  stai-e  a 
cask.  JUar.  Diet. 

2.  To  push,  as  with  a  stafT;  with  off. 

Th*  condition  of  a  servant  tiavea  him  oJT to  ii  distance.  South. 

3.  To  delay ;  as,  to  stave  off  the  execution  of  a 
project. 

4.  To  pour  out ;  to  suffer  to  be  lost  by  breaking 
the  cask. 

All  lh«  wine  in  tlie  city  hiu  been  ttavett.  Saiviyt. 

5.  To  furnish  with  staves  or  rundles.  [JVot  in 
lisf.J  Knollrs. 

To  gtave  and  tail;  to  part  dogs  by  interposing  a 
staff  and  by  pulling  the  tail. 
STAVE,  e.t.    To  fight  with  staves.    [J^Tot  in  use.] 

Iludibras. 

STAVES,  (stivz  orHtivz,)  n.    An  old  plural  of  Staff. 

Also,  the  regular  plural  of  Ptavk. 
STAW,  V.  1.    To  be  fixed  or  set.    [JVof  in  use,  or 

hteal,  ] 

STAY,  V.  i. ;  prrl.  Staid,  for  Stated.  [Ir.  stAdam  ; 
Bp.  esttty,a  stay  of  a  sh'p  ;  e.itada,  stay,  a  remaining  ; 
tstiar,  to  Ht*tp  ;  Port,  entada,  abode  ;  estaes,  stays  of  a 
ship  J  entear,  to  stay,  to  prop;  W.  yslad,  state  ;  ysla- 
du,  to  stay  or  remain  ;  I'r.  r^ai,  etnyrr  :  I),  slut,  stut- 
ten.  This  W'trd  seems  to  he  connected  with  state, 
and  if  so,  is  a  derivative  from  the  root  of  I,,  slo,  to 
stand.  Dut  from  the  orthography  of  this  word  in 
thi'  Irish,  Hpanisli,  and  PortugiK  se,  and  of  slrii,  the 
preterit  of  slo,  in  Latin,  I  am  led  to  believe  the  ele- 
mentary word  was  stad  or  stat.  The  sense  is,  to  set, 
stop,  or  hold.    It  Is  to  be  observed  further,  that  stay 


STA 

may  be  easily  deduced  from  the  G.  and  D.  sta^,  a 
stay  ;  stag-segel,  sLty-sail ;  \V.  tairu,  to  stop.] 

1.  To  remain ;  to  continue  in  a  place ;  to  abide  for 
any  indefinite  time.  Do  you  stay  here,  while  I  go  to 
the  next  house  ;  slay  here  a  week ;  we  staid  at  the 
Hotel  Montmorenci,  in  Paris. 

Slay,  1  command  you ;  stay  and  hear  me  first.  Dryden. 

2.  To  continue  in  a  slate. 

Tlie  flames  augment,  and  stay 

At  their  full  hi^lit,  then  languish  to  decay.  Dryden. 

3.  To  wait ;  to  attend  ;  to  forbear  to  act. 

I  stay  for  Tiirnus.  Dryden. 
Would  ye  stay  for  them  from  having  husbands?  —  Ruth  i. 

4.  To  slo|i ;  to  stand  still. 

She  would  command  the  hasty  sun  to  slay.  Spenser. 

5.  To  dwell. 

I  must  stay  a  little  on  one  action.  Dryden. 

6.  To  rest ;  to  rely ;  to  confide  in ;  to  trust. 
Because  ye  despise  tliis  word,  and  trust  in  oppression,  and  stay 

thereon.  —  Is.  xix. 

STAY,  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Staid,  for  Stated. 

1.  To  stop ;  to  hold  from  proceeding ;  to  withhold  ; 
to  restrain. 

All  that  may  stay  the  mind  from  thinking  that  true  which  they 

h-'iirtily  wish  wer^  talse.  Hooker. 
To  stay  tli''se  sudden  gusta  of  p.a£sion.  Rowe. 

2.  To  delay ;  to  obstruct ;  to  hinder  from  pro- 
ceeding. 

Your  sliips  are  etfud  at  Venice.  Shale. 
1  was  willing  to  stay  niy  reader  on  an  argument  that  appeared 
to  me  to  be  new.  Locke. 

3.  To  keep  from  departure  ;  as,  you  might  have 
staid  me  here.  Dryden. 

4.  To  stop  from  motion  or  falling ;  to  prop;  to  hold 
up ;  to  supiKjrt. 

Aaron  and  Hur  stayed  up  his  hands.  —  Ex.  xvii. 

Sallows  atul  reeds  lor  vineyards  useful  found 

To  stay  thy  vines.  Dryden. 

5.  To  support  from  sinking ;  to  sustain  with 
strength  ;  as,  to  take  a  luncheon  to  stay  the  stomach. 

STAY,  71.    Continuance  in  a  place  j  abode  for  a  time 
indefinite  ;  as,  you  make  a  short  stay  in  this  city. 
Embrace  the  hero,  and  his  stay  implore.  Waller. 

2. '  Stand  ;  stop  ;  cessation  of  motion  or  progres- 
sion. 

AlfaitB  of  state  seemed  rather  to  sUnd  at  a  stay.  Hayward, 
[But  in  this  sense  we  now  use  stand;  to  be  at  a 
stand.] 

3.  Stop ;  obstruction  ;  hinderance  from  progress. 

Grieved  with  each  step,  tormented  with  each  stay.  Fhir/ax, 

4.  Restraint  of  passion  ;  moderation  ;  caution  ; 
steadiness  ;  sobriety. 

With  prudent  sMy,  he  long  deferred 
The  rough  contention.    [06s. J  Philips, 

5.  A  fixed  state, 

Alas  I  what  s'.ay  is  there  in  human  state !  Dryden. 

6.  Prop;  support, 
serve  as  so  many  stays  for  their  viites.  Addison. 


My  only  strengtli  and  slay  1 
The  f.ord  is  my  slay.  —  Ps.  iviii. 


AlUlon 


The  stay  and  the  staff ;  the  means  of  supporting  and 
preserving  life.    Is.  iii. 

7.  Steadiness  of  conduct.  Todd. 

8.  In  tlie  rigtrinir  of  a  ship,  a  large,  strong  rope, 
employed  to  support  the  mast,  by  being  extended 
from  its  upper  end  toward  the  stem  of  the  ship. 
The /urc-.s(ui/ reaches  from  the  fore-mast  head  toward 
the  bowsprit  end  ;  the  main-stay  extends  to  the  ship's 
stem  ;  the  mizien-stay  is  stretched  to  a  collar  on  the 
mainmast,  above  the  quarter-deck,  &c.    JUar.  Diet. 

Stays,  in  seamanship,  implies  the  operation  of  going 
about  or  changing  the  course  of  u  ship,  with  a 
shifting  of  the  sails. 

To  be  in  .stays,  is  to  lie  with  the  head  to  the  wind, 
and  the  sails  so  arranged  as  to  check  lier  progress. 

To  miss  stays;  to  fall  in  the  attempt  to  go  about. 

Brande. 

STAY'BD,  (stade,)  pp.  or  a.  Staid  ;  fixed  ;  settled  ; 
sober.    It  is  now  written  Staid,  which  see. 

STAY'KD-LY,  (9tSde'le,)flrfii.  Composedly;  gravely; 
moderately;  prudently;  soberly.    [Little  used.] 

STAY'i?;i)-NESS,  (stade'ness,)  n.    Moderation  ;  grav- 
ity ;  sobriety;  prudence.    [See  Staidness.] 
2.  Solidity;  weight.    {Ltttle  used.]  Camden. 

STAY'ER,  71.  One  that  stops  or  restrains;  one  who 
upholds  or  supports  ;  that  which  props. 

STA  V'-L.^(,"E,  71.  A  lace  for  fastening  the  bodice  in 
female  ilress.  Sioift. 

STA Y' LESS,  (1.   Without  stop  or  delay.    [Utile  u.ieJ.] 

STAY'-MAK-ER,  71.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
stays.  Spenser. 

STAVs,  71.  pi.  A  bodice;  a  kind  of  waistcoat  stiff- 
ened with  whalebone  or  other  thing,  worn  by  fe- 
males. Gay. 

2.  Stays,  of  a  ship.    [See  Stat.] 

3.  Station  ;  fixed  anchorage.  Sidney. 

4.  Any  support ;  that  which  keeps  another  ex- 
tended. 

Wpnven,  stretch  your  stays  upon  the  weft.  Dryden. 


STE 

STAY'-SAIL,  71.  [sfay  and  saif.]  Any  sail  extended 
on  a  stay.  Mar.  Diet. 

STAY'-TACK-LE,  (-tak'l,)  71.  [stay  and  tackle.]  A 
large  tackle  attached  to  the  main-stay  by  means  of  a 
pendant,  and  used  to  hoist  heavy  bodies,  as  boats, 
butts  of  water,  and  the  like.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEAD,  71.  [Cioth.  stad.^;  Sax.  and  Dan.  sted;  G. 
statt ;  D.  stede.    See  Stat.] 

1.  Place,  in  general. 

Fly  this  fearful  stead.  Spenser. 
[In  this  sense  not  2tsed.] 

2.  Place  or  room  which  another  had  or  might  have, 
noting  substitution,  replacing,  or  filling  the  place  of 
another ;  as,  David  died,  and  Solomon  reigned  in  his 

stead. 

God  hath  appointed  me  another  seed  in  stead  of  Abel,  whom 
Cain  slew.  — Oen.  iv. 

3.  The  frame  on  which  a  bed  is  laid. 

Swallow  the  feet,  the  borders,  and  the  stsad.  Drydsn. 
[But  we  never  use  this  word  by  itself  in  this  sense. 
We  always  use  Bedstead.] 

7'o  stand  in  stead ;  to  be  of  use  or  great  advantage. 

The  smallest  act  of  charily  shall  stand  us  in  great  stead. 

AUerbury, 

STEAD,  STED,  in  names  of  places  distant  from  a  river 
or  the  sea,  signifies  place,  as  above  ;  but  in  names  of 
places  situated  on  a  river  or  harbor,  it  is  from  Sax. 
stathe,  border,  bank,  shore.  Both  words,  perhaps, 
are  from  one  root. 

STEAD,  (sted,)  u.  f.    To  help;  to  support;  to  assist ; 
as,  it  nothing  .tfeads  us.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
2.  To  fill  the  place  of  another.    [Obs.]  SItak. 

STEAD'FAST,  a.  [stead  and  fast.]  Fast  fixed  ; 
firm  ;  firmly  fixed  or  established  ;  as,  the  steadfast 
globe  of  earth.  Spenser. 

2.  Constant ;  firm  ;  resolute  ;  not  fickle  or  wav- 
ering. 

Abide  steadfast  to  thy  neighbor  in  the  time  of  his  trouble. 

Ecclus. 

Him  resist,  etsad/ast  in  the  faith.  —  1  Pel.  v. 

3.  Steady  ;  as,  steadfast  sight.  Dryden. 
STEAD'FAST-LY,  (sted'fast-le,)  adv.    Firmly ;  with 

constancy  or  steadiness  of  mind. 

Ste.vi/ast!y  lielieve  that  whatever  God  has  reveal«d  is  infallibly 
true.  Walce. 

STEAD'FAST-NESS,  (sted'fast-,)  n.  Firmness  of 
standing  ;  fixedness  in  place. 

2.  Firmness  of  mind  or  purpose  ;  fixedness  in 
principle  ;  constancy  :  resolution  ;  as,  the  steadfast- 
ness of  faith.  He  sldhered  to  his  opinions  with  steadi- 
fastness. 

STEAD'l-LY,  (sted'de-le,)  adv.  With  firmness  of 
standing  or  posititm  ;  without  tottering,  shaking,  or 
leaning.  He  kept  his  arm  steadily  directed  to  the 
object. 

2.  Without  wavering,  inconstancy,  or  irregularity; 
without  deviating.  He  steadily  pursues  his  studies. 
STEAD'I-NESS,  (sted'de-ness,)"7i.  Firmness  of  stand- 
ing or  position  ;  a  st;Ueof  being  not  tottering  or  easi- 
ly moved  or  shaken.  A  man  stands  with  steadiness ; 
he  walks  with  steadiness. 

2.  Firmness  of  mind  or  purpose;  constancy;  res- 
olution. We  say,  a  man  has  steadiness  of  mind, 
steadiness  in  opinion,  steadiness  in  the  pursuit  of 
objects. 

3.  Consistent,  uniform  conduct. 

Steadiness  is  a  point  of  prudence  as  well  as  of  courage. 

VEslrzaigs. 

STEAD'Y,  (sted'de,)  a.    [Sax.  stedig.] 

1.  Firm  in  standing  or  position  ;  fixed  ;  not  totter- 
ing or  shaking  ;  applicable  to  any  object. 

2.  Constant  in  mind,  purpose,  or  pursuit  ;  not 
fickle,  changeable,  or  wavering ;  not  easily  moved 
or  persuaded  to  alter  a  purpose  ;  as,  a  man  steady  in 
his  principles,  steady  in  his  purpose,  steady  in  the 
pursuit  of  an  object,  steady  in  his  application  to 
business. 

3.  Regular  ;  constant  ;  undeviating  ;  uniform  ;  as, 
the  steady  course  of  the  sun.  Steer  the  ship  a  steady 
course.    A  large  river  runs  with  a  steady  stream. 

4.  Regular ;  not  fluctuating;  as,  a  steady  breeze  of 
wind. 

STEAD'Y,  (sted'de,)  »).  t.  To  hold  or  keep  from 
shaking,  reeling,  or  falling;  to  support  ;  to  make  or 
keep  firm.    Steady  my  hanti. 

STEAK,  (stake,)  m.  [Dan.  steeg,  steg,  a  piece  of  roast 
meat ;  sieger,  to  roast  or  dress  by  the  fire,  to  broil,  to 
fry  ;  Sw.  stek,  a  steak  ;  steka,  to  roast  or  broil ;  G. 
stitek,  a  piece,] 

A  slice  of  beef,  pork,  venison,  fcc,  broiled  or  cut 
for  broiling. 

STicAL,  II.  f. ;  ;<rf(.  Stole  :  pp.  Stolen,  Stole.  [Sax. 
.Italian,  stclan ;  (i.  stehlen ;  D.  strrlen;  Dan.  stieter; 
Sw.  .ilidla  ;  Ir.  tiallam  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  L. 
lollo,  to  take,  to  lift.] 

1.  To  take  and  carry  away  feloniously,  as  the  per- 
sonal goods  of  another.  To  constitute  stealing  or 
theft,  the  taking  must  be  felonious,  that  is,  with  an 
intent  to  take  what  belongs  to  another,  and  without 
his  consent.  Blaekslont. 
\.''l  lilm  that  stale,  ettat  00  more.  —  Gph.  Iv. 


FATE,  FAR,  Fi^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE.  MARINE.  BIRD  NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  W(?LF,  BQQK.— 


i 


STE 


STE 


STE 


2.  To  withdraw  or  convey  williout  notice,  or  clan- 
destinely. 

They  couKt  int>iiiuatc  aiul  steal  Ihemsetvcs  under  the  same  by 
iulmiteiyu.  Spenser. 

3.  To  |;ain  or  win  by  address  or  gradual  and  im- 
perceptible means. 

Vuriety  of  o^ixu  has  n  tt'niU>ncy  to  steal  away  the  mind  from  its 

st>  Mdy  piintiit  of  any  suhl-'ct.  Watts. 
Su  Ahaaloni  stulc  Ihi;  hoarls  of  the  men  of  Ismel.  —  2  Sarii.  xv. 

STEAL,  t>.  I.    To  withdraw  or  iM-s  •  privily ;  to  slip 
in,  along,  or  .away,  unpcrceived 

Fixed  of  mind  to  fiy  all  company,  one  niglit  she  stole  nwny. 

•SW/iry. 

From  whom  you  now  must  steal  and  lake  no  let  we.  SliaK. 

A  soil  and  solenm  breathiiif^  sound 

Kus''  like  a  steam  of  lich  dialilled  perfumes. 

And  stole  upon  the  air.  Milton. 

2.  To  practice  theft;  to  take  felonioii.sly  \lo  stents 
for  a  livelihood. 

Thou  shall  not  steal.  —  Ex.  xx. 
STEAL,  n.    A  hantllc.    ft^ee  Stele.] 
STkAL'ER,  n.    One  that  steals  ;  a  thief. 
S'I'ic.XL'ING,  ppr.    Taking  the  goods  of  another  fe- 
loniously ;  withdrawing  imperceptihly  ;  gaining  grad- 
ually. 

STkAL'ING-LY,  nr/r.    Slily  ;  privately,  or  by  an  in- 
visible motion.    [Little  usr//.]  Siitini. 
STEALTH,  (stelth,)  h.    The  act  of  stealing  ;  theft. 
Tlie  owqer  pn>vcih  Ih'i  stealth  to  have  U-cii  coniinitted  on  him  by 
such  an  outlaw.  Spenser. 

9.  The  thing  stolen  ;  as,  cabins  that  are  dens  to 
cover  .<tca/tA.    [JVoi  i'h       ]  Ralarh, 

;i.  Secret  act ;  clandestine  practice  ;  means  unpcr- 
ceived employed  to  gain  an  object ;  way  or  manner 
not  perceived  ;  used  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 

Pope. 


Do  pood  by  stealth,  and  blusli  to  find  it  (!»ine. 
The  monarch,  lilind.-d  widi  desire  of  weallli. 
With  steef  invades  the  brother's  life  by  stea!th. 


Pope. 


STEALTH'FIJL,  (stelth'-,)  a.    Given  to  stealth. 
STE ALTII'Fi)I^LY,  adu.    In  a  .steallhfiil  manner. 
STEALTH'Ft'L-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  stealtlilul. 
STEALTIl'I-LY,  wiv.    By  stealth. 
STE.VLTH'Y,  (stelth'e,)  a.    Done  by  stealth;  clan 
destinely  ;  unperceivciJ. 


Now  witherx'd  Murder,  with  his  stealthy  pace, 
Moves  like  a  ghost. 


STf.AJI,  (steem,)  n.    [Sax.  steam,  .item  ;  D.  stoom.] 

1.  The  vapor  of  water;  or  the  ela.stic,  aeriform 
fluid  generated  by  heating  wati:r  to  the  boiling  [loiiit. 
When  produced  under  the  common  atmcispluric 
pressure,  its  elasticity  is  equivalent  to  the  pressure 
of  the  atinosphtTe,  and  it  is  called  Low  Steam  ;  btit 
when  heated  in  a  conliiied  state,  its  elastic  force  is 
rapidly  augmented,  and  it  is  Ihcn  eall.d  Hich 
Steam.  On  the  apjilicutitrn  of  cttld,  stenm  iii'itaiilly 
returns  to  the  state  cf  water,  and  thus  forms  a  sud- 
den vacuum.  From  this  prop  rty,  and  from  the 
facility  with  which  an  elastic  forci'  is  generated  by 
means  of  steam,  this  ctmstitiites  a  mechanical  agent 
at  once  the  most  powerful  and  the  most  manageable, 
as  is  seen  in  the  vast  and  multiplied  uses  of  the  steam 
ensine.  ^ 

Steam  is  invisible,  and  is  to  be  distinguished  from 
the  cloud  or  mist  whieh  it  forms  in  the  air,  that 
being  water  in  a  minute  state  of  division,  resulting 
from  the  condensation  of  steam.  Olmsted. 

2.  In  popular  use,  the  mist  ftirmcd  by  condensed 
vapor. 

STEAM,  V.  i.  To  rise  or  p.iss  off  in  vapor  by  means 
of  heat ;  to  fume. 

Ix'l  the  crude  humors  dance 
In  heated  brass,  sttaming  with  fire  intense.  PhVips. 

2.  To  send  oil"  visible  vapor. 

Ye  mists  that  ris--  fruin  steaming  1  ike.  Alilton. 

3.  To  pass  off  in  visible  vapor. 

The  dissolvcti  amtwr  —  steamed  away  into  the  nir.  Boyle. 

STeAM,  c.  f.  To  e.xhale;  to  evaporate.  [ATii  muc'i 
used,]  S/»r/ivfr. 

2.  To  expose  to  steam  ;  to  apply  steam  to  for  soft- 
ening, dressing,  or  preparinz;  as,  to  steam  cloth;  to 
."tram  potatoes  instead  of  boiling  them  ;  to  steam  footi 
fur  raltle. 

S'l  K  AM'-RoAT,      )  n.    A  ves.sel  propelled  through 

STk  AM'-VES-SEL,  (      the  water  bv  steam. 

S  ri.A.M'-BOlL-EK,  ii.    A  boiler  for  steaming  food 

fc.r  callle.  Knctje, 
S'l'KA.M'-eXR,  71.    A  locomotive  car  nsed  on  rail- 

rtiatls. 

STeA.M'-CAR  RIACE,  Ji.  A  carriage  upon  wheels 
moved  by  steam  on  common  roads.  Brande. 

STeA.M'ED,  pp.  Exposed  to  steam  ;  cooked  or  dressed 
bv  steam. 

STeA.M'-EN-GINE,  n.  An  engine  worked  by  steam. 
A  steam-engine  is  high-pressure,  which  uses  high 
Eteain,and  /oic-prMiurc,  which  uses  low  steam.  [See 


A  vessel  propelled  by  steam  ;  a  steom- 


Steam.I 
STKAM'ER, 
ship. 

2,  A  vessel  in  which  articles  are  subjected  to  the 
action  of  sietvm,  as  in  washing  or  cookery. 
STeA.M'-GUN,  n.     A  machine  or  contrivance  by 


which  balls,  or  other  projectiles,  may  be  driven  by 
tile  force  of  steam 
STE.'^.M'ING,  ppr.    Exposing  to  steam  ;  cooking  -or 
dressing  by  steam  ;  prejiaring  for  cattle  by  steam,  as 
roots. 

ST£AM'-PACK-ET,  n.  A  packet  or  vessel  propelled 
bv  steam. 

STk.-VM'-PIPE,  71.  The  pipe  communicating  with 
the  upper  p.irt  of  the  boiler,  through  which  the 
steam  passes  in  its  wa}-  to  the  c)  linder. 

STk.AM'-SIIIP,  71.    A  ship  propelled  by  steam. 

S'I'K.\M'-TUG,  71.  A  steam-vessel  used  in  towing 
ships.  England. 

STEAM'-VVmS-TLE,  i,  .-iwis-I,)  n.  A  pipe  alia,  hed 
to  a  steam  engine  or  locomotive,  through  wliicli 
steam  is  rapidly  discharged,  producing  a  loud,  shrill 
whistle,  which  serves  as  a  warning  or  caution. 

STEAN,  for  Stone.    [jVb(  I'/i  w.sr.]  [Bneliunnn, 

STE-.AR'ie,  a.  I'eitainiiig  to  .stearin.  The  stearic 
acid  is  produced  bv  the  action  of  alkalies  on  stearin. 

STE'AR-IN,  H.    [C'r.  orato,  suet.l 

One  of  the  proximate  principb  s  of  animal  fat,  as 
lard,  tallow, \  c.  The  various  kinds  of  animal  fat 
commonly  consist  of  two  substances  principally, 
viz.,  .itcarin  aiul  clain  ;  of  which  the  former  is  solid 
and  the  latter  liipiid.  In  particular  instances,  several 
otlur  dilierent  and  distinct  proximate  principles  arc 
fiiunil  ill  animal  fats.  Olmsted. 

STE'A-TITE,  II.    IGr.  Tcan,  renrot,  fat.] 

A  compact  rock  of  a  granular  texture  and  very 
soapy  feel,  prt^senting  urayish-green  and  brown 
shades.  It  is  a  variety  of  talc,  and  consists  of  silica 
and  magnesia.  It  forms  extensive  beds,  and  is  quar- 
ried for  fireplaces  and  for  coarse  utensils.  Pot- 
stone,  Lardstu.ne,  Soapstone,  are  other  names  of 
the  species. 

Another  allied  mineral  called  by  this  name,  and 
also  Saponite,  has  a  white  or  grayish  color,  impal- 
pable texture,  and  the  consistence  of  butter.  It  con- 
tains 12  to  18  per  cent,  of  water.  It  occurs  at  Lizard 
Point,  t'ornwall,  and  elsewhere.  Dam. 

STE-A-TlT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  soapstone;  of  the 
nature  of  steatite,  or  resembling  iL 

STE-.\T'0-CELE,  11.  [Ur.  r«up,  fat,  and  Kri\r„  a 
tumiir.] 

A  tumor  of  the  scrotum,  containing  fat.  Cijc. 
STE-A-To'iMA,  71.    [Gr.]    A  lupia  or  wen,-i.  c., 
an  encysted  tumor,  containing  matter  like  suet. 

Coxe. 

STE-A-To'JIA-TOUS,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  a  ste- 

atoma.  llosack. 
STED,  STED'FAST.   See  Stead. 
STEE,  71.    A  ladder.    [JVot  in  use.] 
STEED,  71.    [Sax.  .stedc.    du.  .itiid,  a  stone-horse.] 
A  horse,  or  a  horse  for  state  or  war.    ['I'his  wortl 
is  not  mtich  used  in  common  discourse.    It  is  used 
in  poetry  and  descriptive  prose,  and  is  elegant.] 
stout  are  our  men,  and  warlike  are  our  stnds.  Waller. 

STEEK'AN,  71.    In  Holland,  a  wine  measure  of  about 

five  gallons.  lVilcocke\i  Diet. 

STEEL.  71.    [Sax.  stijle ;  D.  staal ;  G.  stalil ;  Dan.  slaal ; 

Sw.  stal ;  probably  from  setting,  fixing,  h.ardncss  ;  G. 
stcllen.] 

1.  Iron  combined  with  a  small  but  definite  portion  of 
carbon.  It  is  called  in  chemistry  Cabiu'ret  of  Iron. 
It  is  used  in  making  instriiiiienis,  and  particularly 
useful  as  the  material  of  edged  tools.  Dr.  Thomas 
Thomson  considers  that  steef  is  most  probably  com- 
posed of  20  equivalents  of  iron  and  1  equivalent  of 
carbon. 

After  relaxing,  steel  strengthens  the  solids.  ArbutJtnot. 
9.  FiiTuraticebj,  weapons  ;  particularly,  offi;nsive 
weapons,  swords,  spears,  and  the  like. 

Bnive  Macbeth  with  his  bmndished  suel.  Sliak. 

While  d<)uLun^  dius  he  stood. 
Received  the  steel  bathed  in  his  b.xjlhcr's  blood.  Dry\Un. 

3.  Extreme  hartliies?  ;  as,  hesds  or  hearts  of  steel. 
STEEL,  a.     Made  of  steel ;  as,  a  steel  plate  or 
buckle. 

STBEL,  7-.  (.  To  overlay,  point,  or  edge  with  steel ; 
as,  to  steel  the  point  of  a  sword ;  to  steel  a  razor  ;  to 
steel  an  ax. 

2.  To  make  hard  or  extremely  hard. 


O  God  of  battles,  steel  my  soldi-'re*  hearts. 
Li.'s  well  sleeted  with  weighty  ar^unieuls. 


Shah. 


3.  To  make  hard  ;  to  make  insensible  or  obdurate  ; 
as,  to  sirel  the  heart  against  pily  ;  to  steel  the  mind  or 
heart  against  reproof  or  admonition. 

STEEL'-CLAD,  a.    Clad  or  armed  with  steel. 

STEEL'KD,  pp.  Pointed  or  edged  with  steel ;  hard- 
ened ;  made  insensible. 

STEEI/-GIRT,  a.    Girded  with  steel.  Heman.^. 

STEEL'-IIEART-ED,  a.  Having  the  heart  hard  as 
steel. 

STEEL'I-XESS,  71.    [from  steel ij.]    Great  hardness. 
STEEL'I.N'G,  ppr.     Pointing  or  edging  with  steel  ; 
hardening;  making  insensible  orunlteling. 

Cli.  Relig.  Jlppeal. 
STEEL'-PL.\T-ED,  o.    Pl.Hert  with  steel. 
STEEI.'Y,  a.    .Made  of  steel ;  consisting  of  steel. 

Br>ach"d  whh  the  steely  point  of  ClitTor^i's  lance.  Shak. 
Around  bis  shop  the  steely  sparkles  tlew.  Gay. 


2.  Hard  ;  firm. 

That  she  would  uiiann  her  noble  he-art  of  Uiul  steely  r..at^Laiiee 
a;;uinfet  tht  sweet  blows  u(  love.  itiitiiey. 

STEEL'YARD,  7i.  [.iteel  and  yard.]  The  Roman 
balance  ;  an  instrument  for  weighing  bodies,  usually 
consisting  of  a  rod  or  bar  markeil  with  notches, 
designating  the  number  of  pounds  anil  ounces,  and 
a  weight  which  is  movable  along  this  bar,  and 
which  is  made  to  balance  the  weight  of  the  bmly  by 
being  reinovi  d  at  a  [impi  r  distance  frmn  the  fiilcniin. 
The  priiicipliM.f  the  steelyard  is  that  of  the  lever; 
where  an  i  iiiiililiriiiiii  is  proiltit'ed,  when  the  products 
of  tin-  v.t-igiiis  till  opposite  sid(-s  into  thfir  rt---.pective 
distances  ttuii\  the  fulcrum,  are  equal  to  one  an- 
other. Hence  a  li-ss  weight  is  maile  to  indicate  a 
greater,  by  being  removed  to  a  greater  distance  from 
the  fulcrum.  Sometimes  the  purpose  is  eficctcd  by 
means  of  a  coiled  spiral  s|iring. 

STEE.N',  /  H.     A  Vessel  of  clay  or  stone.    [JVot  in 

STEAN,  i  use.] 

STKi:.\'l.\G,  j  71.    ir\  architecture,  the  brick  or  stone 
S'l'IcAN'l.N'G,  j     wall,  or  lining  of  a  wall.  Brande, 
S'J'EK.N'KIRK,  (-kurk,)  71.    A  cant  term  for  a  neck- 
cloth.   [AVf  now  in  use.] 
STEI'.P,  a.    [Sax.  steap  ;  allied  to  stoop  and  dip.] 

iMakiiig  n  large  ancle  with  the  plam-  of  the  hori- 
zon ;  ascending  or  descending  with  great  inclina- 
tion ;  precipitous;  .as,  a  steep  hill  or  mountain;  a 
strrp  roof;  a  steep  ascent ;  a  steep  declivity. 
STEEP,  71.    A  precipitous  place,  hill,  mountain,  rock, 
or  ascent ;  any  elevated  object  which  slopes  with  a 
Large  angle  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  a  precipice. 
\Ve  had  on  each  side  rocks  and  mountains  broken  Into  a  thou, 
s-iiid  irregular  steeps  and  prt-cipices.  Adilison. 

STEEP,  p.  f.  (^Probably  formed  on  the  root  of  dip,] 
To  soak  ill  a  litpiid  ;  tt)  macerate  ;  to  imbue  ;  to  keep 
any  thing  in  a  liquid  till  it  has  thoroughly  imbibed 
it,  or  till  the  liquor  has  extracted  the  essential  quali- 
ties of  the  substance.  Thus  cloth  is  steeped  in  lye  or 
other  liquid  in  bleaching  or  dyeing.  Hut  plants  and 
drugs  are  steeped  in  water,  wine,  and  the  like,  for 
the  purpose  of  tincturing  the  liquid  with  their  qualities. 

STEEP,  n.  Something  that  is  steeped  or  used  in  steep- 
ing ;  a  fertilizing  litpiid  for  hastening  the  germina- 
2.  A  ritnntl-hag.    [/.uci/.]  [tion  of  seeds. 

STEEP'£I),  (stecpt,)  pp.  Soaked  ;  macerated  ;  im- 
bued. 

STEEP'ER,  71.  .\  vessel,  vat,  or  cistern  in  which 
things  are  stf-eped.  Edwards,  W.  Indiej, 

STEEP'I-.NESS,  n.  The  st.-ite  or  qu.ality  of  being 
steep.  Iloaelt.  " 

STEEP'IN'G,  ppr.    Soaking;  m.acerating. 

STEE'PLE,  (stee'pl,)  n.    [Sax.  .Hrpd,  slypel.] 

A  turret  of  a  church,  ending  in  a  (Kiint ;  a  spire. 
It  diflers  from  a  tower,  which  usually  ends  in  a 
square  form,  though  the  name  is  sometimes  given  to 
a  tower.  The  bell  of  a  church  is  usually  hung  in 
the  steeple. 

They,  far  from  steeples  and  Uieir  sacretl  sound.  DryUn. 

STEE'PLE-OH.aSE,  71.  A  race  between  a  number  of 
horsemen,  to  see  which  can  first  reach  some  tlistant 
object  (as  a  church  steeple)  in  a  straight  course,  or 
one  marked  out  within  narrow  limits 

STEE'PLKD,  (stee'pid,)  a,  Ftirnishe  I  with  a  stee- 
ple ;  aduriieil  with  steepb-s  or  towers.  Fairfaz, 

STEE'PI.E-llOUSE,n.    A  church.    [J\«f  in  ««.] 

STEEP'LY,  adv.  VVith  steepness  ;  with  precipitous 
declivity. 

STEEP'NESS,  71.  The  .state  of  being  steep ;  precipi- 
tous declivity  ;  as,  the  steepness  of  a  hill,  a  bank,  or 
a  roof.  Bacon, 

STEEP'Y,  a.  Having  a  steep  or  precipitous  declivity ; 
as,  .sterpy  crags  ;  a  poetical  word. 


No  inorr,  my  Foats,  shall  1  behold  you  climb 

ii*rs. 


Dryden. 


The  sleepy  cUt 
STEER,  71.    [Sax.  stem-,  styre  ;  D.  stier.] 

A  young  male  of  the  ox  kind  or  cummnn  ox.  It 
is  rendered  in  Dutch,  a  bull  ;  but  ill  the  United 
."•"tales,  this  name  is  generally  given  to  a  castrated 
taurine  male  from  two  to  four  years  old. 

With  Koleinn  pomp  then  sacrificed  a  steer.  Dryden. 

STEER,  V.  t.  [Sax.  stroran,  to  steer,  to  correct  or 
chide-,  to  discipline;  G.  .vfciirni,  to  hinder,  restrain, 
repress,  to  curb,  to  steer,  to  pilot,  to  aid,  help,  sii|v 
port.  The  verb  is  connected  with,  or  derivt-d  from, 
aleurr,  a  rudder,  a  helm,  aid,  help,  subsidy,  impost, 
tax,  contribution.  D.  sUcren,  to  steer,  to  send,  and 
stuur,  a  helm  ;  stuuren,  to  steer,  to  semi  ;  Dan.  styrer, 
to  Eovern,  direct,  manage,  steer,  restrain,  niodemte, 
curb,  stem,  hinder;  slyre,  a  helm,  niddi  r,  or  iller  ; 
slyr,  moderation,  a  tax  or  assessment ;  Sw.  sly  i,  to 
steer,  to  restrain;  stijre,  a  rudder  or  helm;  Ami. 
stitr,  id. ;  Ir.  ^fiiiram.  VVe  see  the  radical  sense  is,  to 
strain,  variously  applied,  and  this  coincides  with  tlie 
root  of  starch  and  stark  i  stiiTness  being  from  stretch- 
ing.] 

1.  To  direct ;  to  govern  ;  particularly,  to  direct  and 
govern  the  course  of  a  ship  by  the  movemenla  of  the 
helm.  Hence, 

2.  To  direct ;  to  guide  ;  to  show  the  way  or 
course  to. 

That  with  R  stafl*  his  feeble  steps  did  sli^.  Sptnttr. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

l36~  M  M  M  M  ~  Tm 


STE 

STEER,  V.  i.  To  direct  and  soveiu  a  ship  or  otlier 
vessel  in  its  course.  Formerly  seamen  ^tccrtd  by  tlie 
stars  ;  they  now  slcer  by  tlie  compass. 

A  ship  —  where  tlie  wind 
Veera  oft,  a£  ofl  so  steers  aiid  shifts  her  sail.  Milton. 

2.  To  be  directed  and  governed ;  as,  a  ship  steers 
with  ease. 

3.  To  conduct  one's  self;  to  take  or  pursue  a 
course  or  way. 

STEER,  n.    A  rudder  or  helm.    [JVo(  in  use.] 
STEER'AGE,  n.   The  act  or  practice  of  directing  and 
governing  in  a  course ;  as,  the  steerage  of  a  ship. 

.Addison. 

[In  this  scTise,  T believe  the  7cord  is  now  little  used.] 

2.  In  scamcn^s  language,  the  effort  of  a  helm,  or  its 
effect  on  the  ship  ;  or  the  peculiar  manner  in  which 
an  individuiU  ship  is  affected  by  the  liehn. 

Mar.  Diet. 

3.  In  a  ship,  an  apartment  forward  of  the  great 
cabin,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  bulk-head  or 
partition,  or  an  apartment  in  the  fore  part  of  a  ship 
for  an  inferior  cl.iss  of  passengers.  In  sliips  of  war 
it  serves  as  a  hall  or  antechamber  to  the  great  cabin. 

Mtir.  Diet. 

4.  The  part  of  a  ship  where  the  tiller  traverses. 

JUiicyc. 

5.  Direction ;  regulation. 

He  that  hath  the  steerage  of  my  course.    [Little  used.]  ShaJc. 

6.  Regulation  or  management. 

You  raise  the  honor  of  the  peerage, 

Proud  to  attend  you  at  the  steerage.  Suii/l. 

7.  That  by  which  a  course  is  directed. 

Here  he  hong  on  high, 
Tlie  steerage  of  liis  wiii^s.  Dryden. 
[Steerage,  in  the  general  sense  of  direction  or  man- 
agement, is  in  popular  use,  but  by  no  means  an  ele- 
gant word.    It  is  said,  a  young  man,  when  he  sets 
out  in  life,  makes  batl  steeraire ;  but  no  good  writer 
would  introduce  the  word  into  elegant  writing.] 
STEER' AGE-WAY,  n.     In  seamrji's  laiiirua/re,  that 
degree  of  progressive  movement  of  a  sliip,  which 
renders  her  governable  by  the  helm. 
STEER'SD,  pp.    Directed  and  governed  in  a  course  ; 

guided  ;  conducted. 
STEER'ER,  n.    One  that  steers;  a  pilot.  [Little 
ii.^ed.] 

STEER'ING,  ppr.  Directing  and  governing  in  a 
course,  as  a  ship;  guiding;  conducting. 

STEER'ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  directing  and  gov- 
erning a  ship  or  other  vessel  in  her  course  ;  the  act 
of  guiding  or  managing. 

STEER'hNG-WHEEL,  n.  The  wheel  hy  which  the 
rudder  of  a  ship  is  turned  and  the  ship  is  steered. 

STEEU'LESS,  a.  Having  no  slecr  or  rudder.  [JVol 
in  use.]  Qotccr. 

STEEKS'MAN,  n.  [steer  and  man.]  One  that  steers ; 
the  hr  Imsman  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEERS'MaTE,  n.  [steer  ani  mate.]  One  who  steers ; 
a  pilot.    [JVo(  in  itic]  Miltun. 

STEEVE,  V.  i.  To  make  an  angle  with  the  horizon, 
or  with  the  line  of  a  vessel's  keel ;  applied  to  the  bow- 
sprit. Totlen. 

STEEV'ING,  n.  In  seamen's  laniruaff-e,  the  angle  of 
elevation  which  a  shijj's  bowsprit  makes  with  the 
horizon.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEG,  ;i.    [Ice.  stegge.] 

A  gander.    [Local.]  Jlalliwell. 

STEG-A-NOG'RA-PIIIST,  n.  [Gr.  trrcj-oK^t,  secret, 
and  yfiiKjioi,  to  write.] 

One  who  practices  the  art  of  writing  in  cipher. 

jSailey. 

STEG-A-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Supra.]  The  art  of  wri- 
ting in  ciphers,  or  characters  which  are  not  intelligi- 
ble except  to  the  persona  who  correspond  with  each 
other.  Bailey. 

STEG'AN-O-PODS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  aTcyavos,  covered, 
and  jT'ivfj  foot.] 

A  family  of  swimming  birds  with  the  four  toes 
connectetl  by  tile  same  web. 

STEG-NOT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  ureyvMrtK-if.] 

Tending  to  render  costive,  or  to  diminish  excre- 
tions or  discharges  generally. 

STEG-NOT'ie,  n.  A  medicine  which  tends  to  pro- 
duce costiveness  ;  one  that  diminishes  excretions  or 
discbarges  generally. 

STkIN'IIEIL-ITE,  71.  A  blue  mineral ;  n  varii-ty  of 
iolite.  Cleaveland. 

STk'LA,  n.    [Gr.  .rrr/X^.] 

In  architecture,  a  small  column  without  base  or 
capital. 

RTP:^E,  n.    A  Ktale  or  handle  ;  a  stalk.  [Ob.i.] 
STEL'E-CIIITE,  «.    A  fine  kind  ofstorax,  in  larger 

pieces  than  the  calainito.  Cyc. 
BTEK'ENE,  n.    [Gr.  arriXii,  a  column.] 
0>hiriinar. 

BTEI/I.AK,  (0.  [\t.Ble.llareil,.slc.llaris,(rtMnsteU 
S'1'EL'I.A-UY,  I     la,  n  star.; 

1.  Pertaining  to  ularii ;  astral;  as,  stellar  virtue; 
itellar  figure.  Millon.  (Ilanvillr. 

Q.  Hlarry  ;  full  of  ntnrs  ;  ict  with  staru  ;  an,  stella- 
ni  regionn. 
BTEI.'I.ATR,  ( 
BTEL'LA-TED,  i 


[L.  slcUatu.1.] 


STE 

1.  Resembling  a  star  ;  radiated. 

2.  In  Jotu/iy,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  star;  a  term 
used  when  several  narrow,  acute  parts  are  in  opposition 
roitnd  a  comnron  axis.  Lindleu. 

STEL-LA'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  stella,  a  star.] 

Radiation  of  light.    [Au£  in  use.] 
STEL'LED,  (steld,)  a.    Starry.    [J\'ut  in  use.]  Shak. 
STEL-LER'l-DAN,  n.  A  nanie  of  th.at  family  of  echi- 
nodernis  of  which  the  asterias  or  star-fish  is  the  type. 

Brande. 

STEL-LIF'ER-OUS,  o.  [L.  stella,  a  star,  and  fero,  to 
produce.] 

Having  or  abounding  with  stars. 
STEL'U-FORiM,  a.    [L.  stella,  star,  and  form.] 

Like  a  star ;  radiated. 
STEL'LI-FV,  !i.  (.    To  turn  into  a  star.    [JVot  in  use.] 
STELL'ION,  (stel'yun,)  71.    [L.  stellio.]  [Chaucer. 

A  newt.  -'.^iiiswortk. 
STELL'ION-ATE,  n.    [Fr.i(e«iOHa(,  a  cheating ;  Low 
L.  stcllionatas.] 

In  law,  the  crime  of  selling  a  thing  deceitfully  for 
what  it  is  not ;  as  to  sell  that  for  one's  own  which 
beloncs  to  another.    [JVt/(  in  use.]  Bacon. 
STEL'LlTE,  71.    [L.  stella,  a  star.] 

1.  A  fossil  asterias,  or  star-fish.  [Obs.] 

2.  A  zeolitic  mineral  occurring  in  radiated  acicular 
crystals  or  fibers.  Dana. 

STEL'LU-LAR,  a.    Having  the  shape  of  little  stars. 

Humble. 

STEL'O-eHITE,  7i.    A  name  given  to  the  osteocolla. 

STE-LOG'RA-PHY,  71.  [Gr.  GrnXuypaipta ;  arnXoi,  a 
pillar,  and  ypa<pw,  to  write.] 

The  art  of  writing  or  inscribing  characters  on  pil- 
lars. Stackh&use. 

STEM,  7!.  [Sax.  stemn;  G.  stamm,  stock,  stem,  race  ; 
D.  and  Sw.  stam  ;  Dan.  stamme  ;  Sans,  stamma.  The 
Latin  has  stemma,  in  the  sense  of  the  stock  of  a  fam- 
ily or  race.    The  primary  sense  is,  to  set,  to  fix.] 

1.  The  principal  body  of  a  tree,  shrub,  or  plant,  of 
any  kind  ;  the  main  stock  ;  the  firm  part  which  sup- 
ports the  branches. 

Alter  they  are  sliot  up  thirty  feet  in  length,  they  spread  a  very 

larjfe  top,  having  no  hough  or  twig  on  tile  stem.  Italegh, 
The  lowering  spring,  with  lavish  rani, 

Beats  down  the  slender  slcmand  bearded  grain.  Dryden. 

2.  The  peduncle  of  the  fructification,  or  the  pedi- 
cle of  a  flower ;  that  which  supports  the  flower  or 
the  fruit  of  a  plant ;  the  petiole,  or  leaf-stem. 

3.  The  stock  of  a  family  ;  a  race  or  generation  of 
progenitors  ;  as,  a  noble  stem.  MtUon. 

Learn  well  their  lineage  and  their  ancient  sljem.  Ticket. 


4.  Progeny ;  branch  of  a  family. 


This  is  a  ttxm 
Of  that  victorious  stocli. 


Shak. 


5.  In  a  ship,  a  circular  piece  of  timber  to  which  the 
two  sides  of  a  ship  are  united  at  the  fore  end.  The 
lower  end  of  it  is  scarfed  to  the  keel,  and  the  bow- 
sprit rests  upon  its  upper  end.    [D.  slcven.] 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  In  music,  the  short,  perpendicular  line  added  to 
the  body  of  a  note. 

From  stem  to  stem,  is  from  one  end  of  the  ship  to 
the  other,  or  through  the  whole  length. 
STEi\I,  V.  t.    To  oppose,  or  resist,  as  a  current ;  or  to 
make  progress  against  a  current.    We  say,  the  ship 
was  not  able  with  all  her  sails  to  stem  the  tide. 

They  stem  the  flood  with  their  erected  breasta.  Denham. 

2.  To  stop;  to  check;  as  a  stream  or  moving 
force. 

At  length  Erasmus,  that  great  Injured  name, 
Stemmed  the  wild  torrent  of  a  barb.irons  age, 
And  drove  those  holy  Vandals  olT  the  stage.  Pope. 

STEINI'-GLXSP-ING,  a.  Embracing  the  stem  with  its 
base  ;  aiijplexicaul  ;  as  a  leaf  or  petiole.  Martyn. 

STEM'-Lr.AF,  71.    A  leaf  growing  from  the  stem. 

STE.M'LE.'^S,  a.    Having  no  stem.  [Miirlijn. 

ST  EM 'MAT),  pp.    fippiised,  as  a  current ;  stopped. 

K'l'E.M'.MING,  ppr.    Opposing,  as  a  stream  ;  stopping. 

STEM'l'LE,  (stein'pl,)  71.  In  mining,  a  cross-jjar  of 
wood  in  a  shaft.  Encyc. 

STENCH,  71.    [Sax.  stenc,  steneg.   See  Stink.] 

An  ill  smcU  ;  offensive  odor.  Bacon. 

STENCH,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  emit  a  hateful  smell.  [J^ot 
in  use.]  M irtimer. 

9.  To  stanch  ;  to  stop.    [JVot  in  use.]  llarrnj. 

STE.MCH'Y,  o.  Having  an  offensive  smell.  [M  in 
7i\r.]  J)yrr. 

STEN'CIL,  71.  A  piece  of  thin  leather  or  oil  cloth, 
used  in  painting  on  walls,  to  imitate  paper.  The 
pattern  is  cut  out  of  tiie  leather,  &c.,  wliich  is  then 
laid  ll.'it  on  the  wall,  and  the  color  brushed  over  it. 

Buchanan. 

STEN'CIL,  V.  I.  To  paint  or  color  in  figures  with 
stencils.  Encyc. 

2.  To  paint  by  having  the  pattern  cut  out  of  a  thin 
material,  and  applied  to  the  surface  to  be  painted  ; 
the  brush  being  applied  to  the  stencil  permits  the  in- 
terstices nloni^  to  be  painted. 

STKN-E-O-HAII'RH.s,  «,  [Gr.  t7r;i'it,  narrow, strait, 
and  oavpn,  a  li/.ard.] 

A  genus  of  saurians,  whoso  fossil  remains  only  are 
found. 


STE 

STE-NOG'RA-PHER,  71.  [Gr.  arivoi,  close,  narrow, 
and  )  patpiti,  to  write.] 

One  who  is  skilled  in  the  art  of  short-hand  wri- 
ting. 

STEN-0-GRAPH'ie,       )  a.  [Supra.]   Pertaining  to 

STE.V  O-GRAPll'ie-AL,  j  the  art  of  writing  in  short- 
hand ;  expressing  in  characters  or  short-hand. 

STE-NOG'RA-PHV,  71.  [Supra.]  The  art  of  writing 
in  short-hand,  by  using  abbreviations  or  characters 
for  whole  words.  Encyc. 

STENT,  71.    An  allotted  portion  ;  same  as  Stint. 

Halliweil. 

[Used  in  various  dialects  in  England,  and  still  heard 
in  .,^nteriea.] 
STEN'TOR,  11.    [Gr.  XrevTwp.] 

A  herald,  in  Homer,  having  a  very  loud  voice; 
hence,  anv  person  having  a  powerful  voice. 
STEN-To'RI-AN,  a.  [(torn  Stentor.]  Extremely  loud  ; 
as,  a  stentorian  voice. 

2.  Able  to  utter  a  very  loud  sound  ;  as,  stentorian 
lungs. 

S'l'EN-TO-RO-PHON'I€,  a.    [From  Stentor,  a  herald 
in  Homer,  whose  voice  was  as  loud  as  that  of  fifty 
other  men,  and  Gr.  (Atoi'ij,  voice.] 
Speaking  or  sounding  very  loud. 

Of  this  stentorophoTtic  horn  of  Alexander  there  is  a  figure  pre- 
served in  ttie  Vatican.  Derham. 

STEP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  stmppan,  steppan ;  D.  stappen  ;  Gr. 
aT€i0uj.  Qu.  Russ.  stopa,  the  foot.  The  sense  is,  to 
set,  as  the  foot,  or  more  probably  to  open  or  part,  to 
stretch  or  extend.] 

1.  To  move  the  foot ;  to  advance  or  recede  by  a 
movement  of  the  foot  or  feet ;  as,  to  step  forward,  or 
to  step  backward. 

2.  To  go  ;  to  walk  a  little  distance  ;  as,  to  step  to 
one  of  the  neighbors. 

3.  To  walk  gravely,  slowly,  or  resolutely. 

Home  the  swain  retreats. 
His  flock  heforo  him  stepping  to  tile  fold.  Thomson. 

To  .'itep  forth  ;  to  move  or  come  forth.  Cowley. 

To  step  aside  ;  to  walk  to  a  little  distance ;  to  retire 
from  company. 

To  step  in,  or  into ;  to  walk  or  advance  into  a  place 
or  state  ;  or  to  advance  suddenly  in.   ,/o/in  v. 

2.  To  enter  for  a  short  time.  1  just  stepped  into 
the  house. 

3.  To  obtain  possession  without  trouble;  to  enter 
upon  suddenly  ;  as,  to  step  into  an  estate. 

To  step  bach;  to  move  mentally  ;  to  carry  the  mind 
back. 

They  are  stepping  almost  tliree  thousand  years  Ixtck  into  the 
remotest  antiquity.  Pope. 

STEP,  V.  t.   To  set,  as  the  foot. 

2.  To  fix  the  foot  of  a  mast  in  its  step  ;  to  erect. 

Totten. 

STEP,  71.  [Sax.  steep ;  D.  .^tap ;  G.  stnfe ;  W.  tap,  a 
ledge  ;  tapinw,  to  form  a  step  or  ledge.] 

1.  A  pace  ;  an  advance  or  movement  made  by  one 
remov.al  of  tlie  foot. 

2.  One  remove  in  ascending  or  descending;  a 
stair. 

The  breadth  of  every  single  step  or  stair  should  be  never  less 
than  one  foot.  U'oIIon. 

3.  The  space  passed  by  the  foot  in  walking  or  run- 
ning. The  step  of  one  foot  is  generally  about  throe 
feet ;  it  may  be  more  or  less. 

4.  A  small  space  or  distance.  Let  us  go  to  the  gar- 
dens ;  it  is  but  a  step. 

5.  The  distance  between  the  feet  in  walking  or 
running. 

6.  Graiiation  ;  degree.  We  advance  in  improve- 
ment step  by  step,  or  by  steps. 

7.  Progression  ;  act  of  advancing. 

To  derive  two  or  three  general  principles  of  motion  from  phe- 
nomena, and  afterward  tell  us  how  the  properties  and  actions 
of  all  corporeal  things  follow  from  those  manifest  nrinciples, 
wonlil  be  a  great  step  in  philosophy.  i^ewton. 

8.  Footstep;  printorimpressionof  the  foot ;  track. 

Dryden. 

9.  Gait ;  manner  of  walking.  The  approat:li  of  a 
man  is  often  known  by  his  step. 

10.  Proceeding  ;  measure  ;  action. 

The  reputation  ol  a  man  depends  on  the  first  steps  he  makes  in 
tlie  world.  Pope. 

11.  The  round  of  a  ladder. 

12.  Steps,  in  the  plural ;  walk  ;  passage. 
Conduct  my  steps  to  find  the  fatal  tree 

In  this  deep  forest.  l>ry,len. 

13.  The  bottom  support  on  which  the  lower  end 
of  a  mast,  or  of  an  upright  shaft  or  wheel,  rests. 

Haldrman. 

STEP  [Sax.  .■strop,  from  stepan,  to  deprivel  is  prefixed 

to  C(  rtain  words  to  express  a  relation  by  nuirriage. 

Horne  Tooke  supposes  step,  in  step  father,  to  bo  a 

corrupt  spelling  for  sted-falher,  a  father  insleail  of  thi! 

true  father.    Certain  it  is  that,  in  Danish,  .-stcd  is  the 

woril  us(!d  instead  of  step. 
STEl"-l!KflTll-EK,(-briith-<  r,)  n.    A  brother-in-law, 

or  by  marriage. 
STICP'-(;ilIM),  71.    [step  nnt\  child.]    A  sim-in-law  or 

daiigbler-in-law,  {a  chiltl  ileprivetl  of  its  parent.) 
STEP'-DA.ME,  71.    A  mother  by  marriage,  (the  mother 

of  an  orphan  or  one  deprived.) 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  —  METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.  — 


1082 


STE 


STE 


STE 


STKP'-DAUGH-TKR,  (-(law-ti  r,)  ii.  A  ilausjliter  by 
iimrriage,  (an  (ii  pli;iri  daii;.'liti  r.) 

STi;i"-FA-'riIEl!,  n.  A  liitliir  iii-law  ;  a  lather  by 
marriage  only  ;  (tlie  father  of  an  orphan.) 

STEP'-MO'f  II-KR,  (  inuth-er,)  «.  A  niotlier  by  mar- 
riage only  ;  a  niother-in-Uiw ;  (the  inothc-r  of  an  or- 
phan.) 

STKP'-t^IS-TEU,  n.  A  sister- in-laiv,  or  by  marriage, 
(an  (ir|>lian  sister.) 

STIil"-i?0.\,  (  sun,)  n.  A  son-in-law  ;  an  orphan  son. 
[In  the  foregoing'  e.vplication  of  strp,  I  have  fol- 
lowed l.yc-.  The  I),  anil  (J.  write  siirf,  and  the 
Swedes  bi-foro  the  name  ;  a  word  which  does 
not  appear  to  he  connected  with  any  verb  signifying 
to  bereave,  and  the  word  is  not  without  some  dilii- 

"  culties.  I  have  given  the  explanation  which  appears 
to  be  most  probably  correct.  If  the  radical  sense  of 
step,  a  pace,  is  to  part  or  open,  the  word  coincides 
with  Sax.  sUpan,  to  deprive,  and  in  the  compounds 
above,  gtrp  may  iini>Iy  removal  or  distance.] 

STKl'I'K,  (step,)  n.  The  Russian  name  given  to  the 
vast  plains  of  Asia,  corresponding  to  the  prairies  in 
North  America.  Bramlc, 

[This  sense  of  the  Russian  word  is  naturally 
dedncible  from  Sax.  ulepmi,  to  deprive.    Sec  Step.] 

STEP'PKD,  (slept,)  pp.  Set;  placed;  erected;  fi.\ea 
in  its  step,  as  a  mast. 

STKP'PING,  ppr.  Moving,  or  advancing  by  a  move- 
ment of  the  foot  or  feet ;  placing ;  fixing  or  erect- 
ing, as  a  mast. 

STI'.P'PING,  ji.  The  act  of  walking  or  running  by 
steps. 

STEP'PING-SToNE,  n.  A  stone  to  raise  the  feet 
above  the  dirt  and  mud  in  walking.  Swift. 

2.  Hence,  a  means  of  progress  or  furtlicr  advance- 
ment. Smart. 

STEP'-SToNK,  n.  .\  stone  laid  before  a  door  as  a 
stair  to  rise  on  in  entering  the  house. 

STER,  in  composition,  is  from  the  Sax.  stcora,  a  di- 
rector. (See  Steek.)  It  seems  primarily  to  have  sig- 
nified chief,  principal,  or  director,  as  in  the  L.  t/ii'h- 
istcr,  chief  servant  ;  but  in  other  words,  as  in  spinster, 
we  do  not  recognize  the  sense  of  chief,  but  merely 
that  of  a  person  who  carries  on  the  business  of  spin- 
ning. 

STER-eO-R.\'CEOUS,  (  shus,)  a.    [L.  stcrcorcas,  ster- 
corosus,  from  stercus,  dung.] 
Pertaining  to  dung,  or  partaking  of  its  nature. 

jjrbntknot. 

RTER-CO-Ra'RI-AN,  )        rr     .         ,i„„„  i 

STER'eO-RA-NIST,  i        [I- -'f""^- dung.] 

In  ecclesia.'ilical  histonj,  a  nickname  used  in  the 
fifth  and  sixth  centuries,  and  denoting  one  who  held 
that  the  consecrated  elements  in  the  eucharist  un- 
dergo the  process  of  digestion,  so  that  the  divine 
body,  if  materially  present,  must  be  changed  into 
the  feral  substance.  ■  Mnrdoek. 

STER'€O  RA-RY,  n.  A  place  properly  secured  from 
the  weather  for  containing  dung. 

STER-eO-R.\'TION,  n.    [L.  sirrcoratio.] 

The  act  of  manuring  with  dung.    Bacon.  Raii. 

STER-Co'Rl-AN-IS.M,  n.  In  church  histonj,  the  doc- 
trine that  the  host  is  liable  to  digestion. 

STf.RE,  u.  In  the  neio  French  sijstem  of  measures,  the 
unit  for  solid  measure,  equal  to  a  cubic  meter. 

Lnnier. 

STE-RE-0-GR.\PH'ie,        )  a.    [(mm  sterrosrraplni.] 
STE-RE-O  GRAPH'ie-AL,  j     Made  or  done  accord- 
ing 10  the  rules  of  stereography  ;  delineated  on  a 
plane  ;  as,  a  stertographic  chart  of  the  earth. 
Stcrcoarnphic  projection.    See  Projection. 
STE-RE-O-GRAPlI'ie-AL-LY,  ade.    By  delineation 
on  a  plane. 

STE-RE-OG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  Tiptos,  firm,  and 
)  piiihiti,  to  write.] 

Tne  art  of  delineating  the  forms  of  solid  bodies 
on  a  plane  ;  a  branch  of  solid  geometry  which  shows 
the  construction  of  all  solids  which  are  regularly  de- 
fined. Knetfc. 

ST&RE-OM'E-TER,  ?i.  [Gr.  artocns,  solid,  and  /itr- 
("""•] 

An  instrument  for  determining  the  specific  gravity 
of  liquid  bodies,  porous  bodies,  and  powders,  as  well 
as  solids.  Encyc.  Brit. 

srr,-lu:-0-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  [See  Ptereometrt.] 
PiTtaining  to  or  performed  by  stereometry. 

STE-RE-O .M'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  rc."£of,  firm,  fixed,  and 
ptTocu,  to  measure.] 

The  art  of  measuring  solid  bodies,  and  find'og 
their  solid  contents.  Jfarru 

STE-RE-O-TOM'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  per- 
formed bv  stereotomy. 

STE-RE-Ot'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  r'pcos,  fixed,  and  TCftvoi, 
to  cut.] 

The  science  or  art  of  cutting  solids  into  certain 
figures  or  sections,  as  arches,  &c.  Encyc. 
STii'RE-O-TVPE,  n.    [Gr.  rc,"£"S,  fixed,  and  rvvjs, 
type,  form.] 

1.  Literalhj,  a  fixed  metal  type  ;  hence,  a  plate  of 
fixed  or  solid  metallic  types  for  printing  books. 
Thus,  we  say,  a  book  is  printed  on  stereotype,  or 
tn  stereotype.  In  the  latter  use,  the  word  seems 
rather  to  signify  the  workmanship  or  manner  of 
printing,  than  the  plate. 


2.  The  art  of  making  plates  of  fixed  metallic  types, 
or  of  executing  wt»rk  on  sucli  plates. 
STr:'RE-0-T?PE,  a.     Pertaining  tg  fixed  metallic 
types. 

2.  Uone  on  fixed  metallic  types,  or  plates  of  fixed 

types ;  as,  stereotype  work  ;  stereotype  printing ;  u 

stereoti/])c  copy  of  iiie  IJihIe. 
STk'RF.-U-TS'PE,  v.  t.    To  make  fixed  metallic  types 

or  plates  of  type  metal,  corresponding  with  the 

words  and  letters  of  a  bonk  ;  to  compose  a  book  in 

fixed  types;   as,  to  stereotype  the  New  Testament ; 

certain  societies  have  stercuti/ped  the  Hiblc. 
STP.'RE-0-T?P-A'l),  (-tipt,)  pp'.  or  a.  Formed  on  fixed 

metallic  types,  or  plates  of  fixed  types, 
a.  a.    Foriiieil  Ml  a  fixed,  unchangeable  manner; 

ns^  stereoti'ped  opinions. 
STic'RE-O- Ttl'-KR,  n.    One  who  makes  stereotype. 
STk'RE-U-T?P-I.\(;,  ppr.    Making  stereotype  plates 

for  any  work ;  or  impressing  copies  on  stereotype 

plates. 

STE-RE-O-TY-POG'RA-PIIER,  n.  A  stereotype 
printi'r. 

STE-RE-O-TY-POG'RA-PIIY,  n.  The  art  ox  practice 
of  printing  on  stereotype.  Kntick. 

STER'II-E,  (ster'il,)o.  [L.sterilis;  It.  and  Fr.  itcri/c ; 
Sp.  esteril.] 

1.  liarren  ;  unfruitful;  not  fertile;  producing  little 
or  no  crop  ;  as,  sterile  land  ;  a  sterile  desert ;  a  sterile 
year.  Baeon. 

2.  Barren  ;  producing  no  young.  Mare, 

3.  Barren  of  idc.is  ;  destitute  of  sentiment ;  as,  a 
sterile  production  or  author. 

Sterile  flower,  in  botany,  is  a  term  given  by  Tournc- 
fort  to  the  male  flower,  or  that  which  bears  only 
stamens.  MarUjn. 
STE-RIL'I-TY,  n.     [L.  sUrilitas;  Fr.  sterUUi;  It. 
stcrilild.] 

1.  Barrenness  ;  unproductiveness  ;  unfruitfulness  ; 
the  quality  or  state  of  producing  little  or  nolhing  ; 
as,  the  'trritity  of  land  or  soil.  Bacon. 

2.  liatir'nncss ;  unfruitfulness;  the  state  of  not 
producing  >oung;  as  of  animals. 

3.  Barrenness  of  ideas  or  sentiments,  as  in  writ- 
ings. 

4.  Want  of  fertility  or  the  power  of  pioducing 
sentiment;  as,  the  sterility  of  an  author  or  of  his 
mind. 

STEK'IL-IZE,ti.  (.  To  make  barren  ;  to  impoverish, 
as  land  ;  to  exhaust  of  fertility  ;  as,  to  stcrtlize  soil 
or  land.    [Little  used.]  Woodward. 

2.  To  deprive  of  fecundity,  or  the  power  of  pro- 
ducing young.    [Little  iLscd.] 

STER'LET,  n.  A  fish  of  the  Caspian  and  of  the 
rivers  in  Russia,  the  Acipenser  ruthenus  of  Lin- 
naeus, highly  esteemed  for  its  flavor,  and  from 
whoso  roe  is  made  tho  finest  caviare. 

TooUe.  Coze. 

STER'LING,  a.  [Probably  from  Easterlinr,  once  the 
popular  name  of^  German  traders  in  England,  whose 
money  was  of  the  purest  quality.  Cainden.]  An 
epithet  by  which  English  money  of  account  is  dis- 
tinguished ;  as,  a  pound  sterling  ;  a  shilling  sterling  ; 
a  pi  nny  sterling.  It  is  not  now  applied  to  the  coins 
of  England  ;  but  sterling  cost,  sterling  value  are  used. 

2.  Genuine;  pure;  of  excellent  quality;  as,  a 
work  o(  sterling  merit;  a  man  of  sterling  wit  or 
good  sense. 
STER'LING,  71.    English  money. 

And  Roman  wealth  in  EnglUh  tterting  view.  Arbuthnot. 

[In  this  use,  sterling  may  signify  English  coins.] 

2.  Standard  ;  rate.    [Little  used  in  either  sense.] 
STERN,  a,    [Sax.  styrn,  stern;  G.  starr,  staring; 
stiirrig,  stubnorn.    (See  Stare,   Starch,  Stark, 
with  which  this  word  is  probably  connected.)  Gr. 

TCpcof.] 

1.  Severe  ;  austere  ;  fixed  with  an  aspect  of  sever- 
ity and  authority  ;  as,  a  stem  look  ;  a  stmt  counte- 
nance ;  a  stem  frown. 

1  would  oulslarc  Uie  tternest  eyes  that  look.  Sbak. 

2.  Severe  of  manner ;  rigid  ;  harsh  ;  cruel. 
Stern  na  tiitom,  and  :is  miclc*  h.inl.  Dryflen. 
Anibiuuii  should  be  mode  of  glertier  ituff.  abak, 

3.  Hard  ;  afflictive. 

If  wolvpi  had  at^hy  galo  howlwl  that  titm  time.  Shak. 

4.  Rigidly  steadfast;  immovable. 

Slern  virtue  il  the  g^wtli  of  few  soils.  Hamilton. 

STERN,  n.  [Sax.  stcor  and  cm,  place ;  the  steer-plact, 
that  is,  helm-place.] 

1.  The  hind  part  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel,  or  of  a 
boat ;  the  part  opposite  to  the  stem  or  prow.  This 
part  of  a  ship  is  terminated  by  the  tafferel  above,  and 
by  the  counters  below.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  Post  of  management ;  direction. 

And  ail  at  chicli-st  tiem  of  public  weal.  Shak. 
[JVot  in  use.    We  now  say,  to  sU  at  the  helm.] 
J.  The  hinder  part  of  any  thing.    [JVot  elegant] 

Spenser, 

By  the  stem,  is  a  phrase  which  denotes  that  a  ship 
is  more  dei  ply  laden  abaft  than  forward.  I 
STER.N'ACE,  n.    Steerage  or  stem.  Shak.  ] 


STER'NAL,  a.  Pertaining  tu  the  sternum  or  hreiuit 
bone.  I  tumble, 

STKRN'BERG-ITE,  n.  [from  Count  Casper  Sumr 
berg,] 

A  foliated  ore  of  silver,  consisting  of  silver,  iron, 
and  sulphur.  Dana, 

STERN'-BoARI>,  n,  [stem  and  board.]  In  seamen's 
language,  the  backward  motion  of  a  vessel ;  hence, 
a  loss  of  way  in  making  a  tack.  To  make  a  stem- 
board,  is  when  by  ft  curre-nt  or  other  cause,  a  vtrssel 
has  fallen  back  from  the  point  she  had  gained  in  the 
last  tack.  Mar.  Diet 

STERN'-CIISSE,     j  n.    [stem  and  chase.]    A  can- 

STER.\'-CII.^S-ER,  i  non  placed  in  a  ship's  stern, 
pointing  backward,  and  intended  to  annoy  a  ship 
that  is  in  pursuit  of  her.  Mar,  Diet. 

A  stern  eliasc  sometimes  denotes  one  far  behind  or 
long  continued. 

STER.V'Kl),  a.  In  compounds,  h.iving  a  stern  of  a 
particular  shape;  as,  »(\ii:iri>sterned ;  pink^terHC/i, 

STER.VHR,  ;i.    [Sax.  «(raran,  to  steer.]  f&c. 
A  director.    [Mt  in  use.]  Clarke, 

STER.\'  FAST,  71.  [stcr/i  and /u.'f.]  A  rope  used  to 
confine  the  stern  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 

STERN'-FRaME,  71.  [.strrii  and  frame.]  The  sev- 
eral pieces  of  timber  wliich  form  the  stern  of  a  ship. 

Mar.  Diet, 

STERN'I,Y,  o'/i).  [See  Stern.]  In  a  stern  manner ; 
with  an  austere  or  iitrrn  countenance ;  with  an  air 
of  authority. 

Sternly  he  pronounced 
The  ri^d  iiiU-ruiction.  MUton. 

STERN'MoST,  a,  [stem  and  Tiiosf.]  Farthest  in  tho 
rear ;  furthest  astern  ;  as,  the  sternntostsh'ii}  in  a  con- 
voy. Mar,  Diet, 

STERN'NESS,  7i.    Severity  of  look  ;  a  look  of  aus- 
terity, rigor,  or  severe  authority  ;  as,  the  sternness  of 
one's  presence.  Shak. 
2.  Severity  or  harshness  of  manner ;  rigor. 

1  have  sternness  in  my  soul  enough 

To  lii-ar  01  solili.-r's  work.  Drylen. 

STER'NON,  n.  [Gr.]  The  breast-bone.  But  Ster- 
M  M  is  clik'lly  or  wliolly  used. 

STER.N'-PoRT,  II.  [slern  iiuiX  port.]  A  port  or  open- 
ing in  llii'  slern  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'-PoST,  71.  [stern  and  post.]  A  straight  piece 
of  timber,  erected  on  the  extremity  of  the  keel  to 
support  the  rudder  and  terminate  the  ship  behind. 

Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'-PIIEETS,  71.  pi,  [stern  and  slicrt.]  That 
part  of  a  boat  which  is  between  the  stern  and  the 
aflinost  seat  of  the  rowers;  usually  furnished  witli 
seats  for  passengers.  Mar.  Diet. 

STER'NU.M,  71.  [Gr.  renvoi- ;  from  fixing;  setting. 
See  Starch,  Stakk.] 

The  breast-bone  ;  the  bone  which  fiirms  the  front 
of  the  human  chest  from  the  neck  to  the  stomach. 
STER-NU-TA'TION,  n,    [L.  sterntitatio.] 

The  art  of  sneezing.  Quiney. 
STER-NO'TA-TIVE,  a.    [L.  stemuo,  to  sneeze.] 

Having  the  qualitv  of  provoking  to  sneeze. 
STER-NU'TA-TO-RY,  a.    [Fr.  sfcniufaiuire,  from  I>. 
sterniw,  to  sneeze.] 

Having  the  qualitv  of  exciting  to  sneeze. 
STER-NO'TA-TO-RY,  n.    A  substance  that  provokes 
sneezing. 

STER.\'-\VaY,  71.  [stem  and  way.]  The  movement 
of  a  ship  backward,  or  with  her  stern  foremost. 

Mar,  Diet. 

STER-QUIL'I-NOUS,  a,  [L.  s<cro«i2i7iiu7«,  a  dung- 
hill.] 

Pertaining  to  a  dunghill ;  mean  ;  dirty  ;  paltrv. 
STER-TO'RI-OtJS,  /  ri  ,  T  iJIow'ell. 
STER'TO-ROrS,    j       l^'  ■"''^"•J 

Snoring.  The  last  is  the  term  almost  invariably 
used. 

STER'VEV,  to  .itarce,  is  not  In  use.  Spenser, 
STETH'O-SeOPE,  71.    [Gr.  artOos,  the  breast,  and 
cKOTTCto,  to  examine.] 

A  simple  cylinder  of  some  fine-grained,  light  wood, 
as  cedar  or  maple,  jierforated  longitudinally  in  the 
midille,  with  one  extremity  funnel-shaped  and  fur- 
nished with  a  conical  plug;  the  other  with  a  com- 
paratively largo  orbicular  ivory  plate  fastened  by  a 
screw.  This  instrument  is  used  for  distinguishing 
sounds  within  the  thorax,  and  other  cavities  of  the 
body,  the  funnel-shaped  extremity,  either  with  or 
without  the  plug,  being  placed  upon  the  body,  and 
tlie  ivory  plate  to  the  car  of  the  listener.  It  is  mere- 
ly a  substitute  for  the  direct  application  of  the  ear, 
in  cases  in  which  this  would  be  forbidden  by  deli- 
cacy. 

StetJwsenpe  is  an  ill-chosen  term,  since  its  applica- 
tion is  not  confined  to  the  breast,  and  the  termination 
scope  does  not  well  express  its  use.    Plwnophorus  or 
sound-conductor,  would  be  preferable. 
STETH-O-Set  )P'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  stethoscope. 
STEVE,  t7.  U    [from  the  root  of  stenc,]    To  stow,  as 

cotton  or  wool  in  a  ship's  hold.  [ImcoI,] 
STe'VE-DORE,  71.    One  whose  occiipatioa  is  to  load 

or  unload  vessels  in  port.  JVou  York, 

STE'Vi'^V,  TU    [Sax.  sUfnian,  to  call.] 

An  outcry ;  a  loud  call ;  a  clamor.    [JV'ot  in  use,"] 

Spenser, 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VfCIOUS  e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


10H3 


STI 

STEW,  V.  t.    [Fr.  etuver,  to  stew;  cluoe,  a 

ftuve  ;  ll.  stu/arc,  to  stew  ;  sltifa,  a  stove  ;  .stufu, 
weary,  surfeited  ;  Sp.  estufa,  a  stove ;  estofa,  stuff 
quilted;  exjo/ar,  to  quilt  and  to  stew;  D.  sloof,  a 
stove  ;  stuoven,  to  slew ;  Dan.  stiie,  a  room,  (see 
brow,)  and  stueovn,  a  stove  ;  Sw.  stufva,  to  stew 
and  to  stow.] 

1.  To  seethe  or  gently  boil ;  to  boil  slowly  in  a 
niuderate  manner,  or  with  a  simmerinj;  heat;  as,  to 
stew  meat ;  to  stew  apples  ;  to  stew  prunes.  S/iak. 

2.  To  boil  in  heat. 

STEW,  (stu,)  V.  i.    To  be  seethed  in  a  slow,  gentle 

manner,  or  in  heat  and  moisture. 
STEW,  (stu,)  n.    A  hot-liouse  ;  a  bagnio. 

The  Lvilians  were  inhibited  by  Cyrus  to  usg  any  armor,  and  ^ve 
tliciiiselves  to  batlis  and  stetcs.  Attbol. 

2.  A  brothel ;  a  house  of  prostitution  ;  but  gener- 
ally or  always  used  in  the  plural.  Stews. 

3.  A  prostitute.  [.Vot  in  use.]      IBacon.  South. 

4.  (See  Stow.)  A  store  pond  ;  a  small  pond  where 
fish  are  kept  for  tlie  table.    [JVot  used.] 

5.  Meat  stewed  ;  as,  a  stew  of  pigeons. 

6.  Confusion,  as  when  the  air  is  full  of  dust.  [D. 
stuiDCJi,  to  raise  a  dust ;  allied  to  stew,  and  proving 
that  the  primary  sense  of  stew  is  to  drive  or  agitate, 
to  stir  or  excite.]    [JVut  in  use  or  local.]  Grose. 

STEWARD,  (stu'-,)  n.  [Sa\.  stiward.  Ward  is  a 
keeper  ;  but  the  meaning  of  the  first  syllable  is  not 
evident.  It  is  probably  a  contraction  of  G.  stube,  a 
ro  m.  Eng.  stow,  Sax.  .<^tojD,  place,  or  sted,  place,  or 
of  Dan.  sliib,  a  cup.  The  steward  was,  then,  origi- 
nally a  chamberlain  or  a  butler.] 

1.  A  man  employed  in  great  families  to  manage 
the  domestic  concerns,  superintend  the  other  ser- 
vants, collect  the  rents  or  income,  keep  accounts,  &c. 

2.  A  fiscal  agent  of  certain  bodies  ;  as,  the  steward 
of  a  congregation  in  the  Methodist  church,  &c. 

3.  An  officer  of  state  ;  as,  lord  high  steward  ;  stcu>- 
'    ard  of  the  household,  &c.  England. 

4.  In  colleges,  an  officer  who  provides  food  for  the 
students,  and  superintends  the  kitchen. 

5.  In  vessels,  one  who  has  the  charge  of  distribu- 
ting food  and  drink,  or  of  waiting  on  the  olRcers, 
passengers,  &c. 

6.  1)1  Scripture  and  theology,  a  minister  of  Christ, 
whose  duty  is  to  dispense  the  provisions  of  the  gos- 
I)el,  to  preach  its  doctrines  and  administer  its  ordi- 
nances. 

It  is  required  in  sUisards,  that  a  man  be  found  faithful.  —  1 
Cor.  iv. 

STEWARD,  (stu'-,)  v.  t.    To  manage  as  a  steward. 

[A'ot  in  uM.]  Fuller. 
STEW'AUD-ESS,  n.    A  fem.ile  who  waits  on  ladies 

in  steamboats,  &.c. 
STEWARD-Ly,  adv.   With  the  care  of  a  steward. 

[LilJle  used.]  Tooker. 
S'J'EWAUD-SHIP,  71.    Tlie  office  of  a  steward. 

Calamij. 

STEWART-RY,  n.    An  overseer  or  superintendent. 

Tlie  stewarlry  of  proviaions.  Tooke. 

STEWED,  pp.  or  a.    Gently  boiled  ;  boiled  in  heat. 
STEWINC;,  ppr.    Boiling  in  a  moderate  heat. 
S'i'EWI.N'G,  H.   The  act  of  seething  slowly. 
STEWISII,  a.    Suiting  a  brothel.  Hall. 
STEW'PAN,  71.    A  pan  in  which  things  are  stewed. 
STUEN'ie,  a.    [Or.  aWfj-o?.] 

In  TTicrficinc, attended  with  a  protern.itnral  and  mor- 

biil  increase  of  vital  energy,  and  strength  of  action 

in  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  phlogistic. 
STII5'I-.\L,  a.    [E.  stibium,  antimony.] 

Like  or  having  the  qualities  of  antimony  ;  antimo- 

nial. 

STlli-I-A'RI-AN,  ?i.    [from  L.  .■stibium.] 

A  violent  man.  TSliite. 
[Jin  improper  word,  and  uot  in  use.] 

STIB'I-A-TED,  a.    Impregnati  d  with  antimony. 

STIH'I-U.M,  71.    [L.]  Antimony 

STie'A-DOS,  71.    A  plant.  "  .^insirorth. 

STICII,  (stik,)  Ti.    [Gr.  <rrix"t.] 

1.  In  poclrij,  a  verse,  of  whatever  measure  or 
number  of  feet. 

[.S/ii;/i  is  used  in  numbering  the  books  of  Scrip- 
ture.] 

2.  In  nira?  nffairs,  an  order  or  rank  of  trees. 

[In  New  England,  as  much  laud  as  lies  between 
double  furrows,  in  called  stich,  or  a  land.] 

STieil'0-.MA.\-CY,  (stik'o-inan  se,)  n.  [Gr.  orixH 
and  ii.ivTCKi.] 

Divination  by  lines  or  passages  of  books  taken  at 
lia/.ard.  Ilrandr. 

8TICII-O.M'E-TRV,  n.  [Or.  orix'S,  a  line  of  a  book, 
and  iitTwit ,  m<^a«ur(r.] 

An  acroiinlof  ilin  magnitude  or  li  nglh  of  books, 
ns  aKci  rtaincd  by  the  number  of  lines  which  they 
rontain.  jyiurdoc.k. 

STICII'WrjRT     j    .        ,  .  I)  n.     A  grassy -looking 

.STITCirWOIir,  j  V-"""^''^  (  plant  of  the  genus 
i^lollarin.'  Loudon. 

STI(;K,  n.  [Sax.  ftirea;  C.  utrr.krn  ;  I),  siok ;  Dan. 
Mikkr. ;  Hw.  stake,  Htiotia ;  It.  strrra.  Tins  word  is 
conneeti;d  with  the  verb  to  stick,  with  stock,  stark, 
and  other  wordx  having  the  like  elcinents.    The  pri- 

FA  i  E,  FAR,  F^LL,  WIl^T — 

1084 


STI 

mary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  thrust,  to  shoot,  and  to 
set ;  Fr.  tige,  a  stalk.] 

1.  'I'lie  small  shoot  or  branch  of  a  tree  or  shrub, 
cut  off;  a  rod  ;'  also,  a  staff;  as,  to  strike  one  with  a 
stick. 

2.  Any  stem  of  a  tree,  of  any  size,  cut  for  fuel  or 
timber.  It  is  applied  in  America  to  any  long  and 
slender  piece  of  timber,  round  or  square,  from  the 
smallest  size  to  the  largest,  used  in  the  frames  of 
buildings ;  as,  a  stick  of  timber  for  a  post,  a  beam,  or 
a  rafter. 

3.  Many  instniments,  long  and  slender,  are  called 
sticks  f  as,  the  composing  stick  of  ]>rinters. 

4.  A  thrust  witli  a  pointed  instrument  that  pene- 
trates a  body  ;  a  stab. 

Stick  of  eels  ;  the  number  of  twenty-five  eels. 
lialliwell.  A  bind  contains  ten  sticks.  Encyc. 
STICK,  V.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Stuck.  [Sax.  stican,  sti- 
cian  ;  G.  stctchen,  to  sting  or  prick,  and  stccken,  lo 
stick,  to  adhere  ;  D.  steckeo,  hi  pririi  or  st;ib  ;  stikken, 
to  stitch  ;  Dan.  stikker,  to  st.iiL',  tu  k  ;  Sw.  sticka  : 
Gr.  ori^i<>,  art};ta;  W.  ^,^^(J,'■,;;^  .■  1  r.  steacham.  If 
formed  on  the  elements  Dg,  Tg,  this  family  of  words 
coincides  in  elements  with  txiek,  attack,  att<ich.] 

1.  To  pierce ;  to  stab  ;  to  cause  to  enter,  as  a 
pointed  instrument;  hence,  to  kill  by  piercing;  as, 
to  .itick  a  beast  iu  slaughter.  [A  common  use  of  the 
word.] 

2.  To  thrust  in  ;  to  fasten  or  cause  to  remain  by 
piercing  ;  as,  to  stick  a  pin  on  the  sleeve. 

Tlie  points  of  spears  are  stuck  within  the  stiield.  Dryden. 

3.  To  fasten ;  to  attach  by  causing  to  adhere 
to  the  surface  ;  as,  to  stick  on  a  patch  or  plaster ;  to 
stick  on  a  thing  with  paste  or  glue. 

4.  To  set ;  to  fix  in  ;  as,  to  stick  card  teeth. 

5.  To  set  with  something  pointed ;  as,  to  stick 
cards. 

f).  To  fix  on  a  pointed  instrument ;  as,  to  stick  an 
apple  on  a  fork. 

To  stick  out :  to  project,  or  cause  to  be  prominent. 
STICK,  r.  i.    To  adhere  ;  to'  hold  to  by  cleaving  to 
the  surface,  as  by  tenacity  or  attraction  ;  as,  glue 
sticks  to  the  fingers  ;  paste  sticks  to  the  wall,  and 
causes  paper  to  stick. 

1  win  cause  the  fisii  of  thy  rivets  to  slick  to  thy  scales.  —  Ezek. 
xxix. 

2.  To  be  united  ;  to  be  inseparable ;  to  cling  fast 
to,  as  something  reproachful. 

K  on  your  fame  our  sex  a  blot  has  thrown, 

'Twill  ever  stick,  Uirough  malice  of  your  own.  Young. 

3.  To  rest  with  the  memory  ;  to  abide.  Bacon. 

4.  To  stop  ;  to  be  impeded  by  adhesion  or  obstruc- 
tion ;  as,  the  carriage  sticks  in  the  mire. 

5.  To  stop  ;  to  be  arrested  in  a  course. 

My  fallering  tongue 
Sticks  at  Uie  souud.  Sniith. 

6.  To  stop  ;  to  hesitate.  He  sticks  at  no  difficulty  ; 
lie  sticks  at  the  commission  of  no  crime  ;  lie  sticks  at 
nothing. 

7.  To  adhere ;  to  remain  ;  to  resist  efforts  to  re- 
move. 

1  liad  most  need  of  blessing,  and  amen 

Stuck  in  my  tliroat.  Skak. 

8.  To  cause  difficulties  or  scruples;  to  cause  to 
hesitate. 

This  is  the  difficulty  that  sticks  with  the  most  reasonable.  Swi/t. 

9.  To  be  stopped  or  hindered  from  proceeding  ;  as, 
a.  bill  passed  the  senate,  but  stuck  in  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives. 

They  never  doubted  the  commons,  but  heard  all  ^fucfc  in  the 
lords'  house.  Clarendon. 

10.  To  be  embarrassed  or  puzzled. 

'I'liey  will  stick  lon»  at  pirt  of  a  demonstration,  for  want  of 
perceiving  the  connection  between  two  ideas.  Locke. 

11.  To  adhere  closely  in  friendship  and  affection. 

There  is  a  friend  that  sticketh  closer  than  a  broUicr,  —  Prov. 

To  stick  lo  ;  to  adhere  closely  ;  to  be  constant ;  to 
be  firm  ;  to  be  persevering  ;  as,  to  stick  to  a  party  or 
cause. 

The  advantage  will  be  on  our  side,  if  we  stick  to  its  essi'nttaU. 

Addison. 

To  stick  by ;  to  adhere  closely  ;  to  be  constant  ;  to 
be  firm  in  supporting. 

\Ve  arc  your  only  friends  ;  stick  6y  us,  and  we  will  stick  hi/  you. 

Uavenant. 

2.  To  be  troublesome  by  adhering. 

I  am  satistied  to  trifle  away  my  time,  rather  than  let  it  stick  hy  me. 

Pope. 

To  sticli  upon;  to  dwell  iipim  ;  not  to  forsake. 

II  the  mailer  l«  knotty,  the  mind  must  tilop  aiul  buckle  tji  it,  anil 

slick  upon  it  Willi  lalior  and  thought.    INof  elegnnl.  ] 

Lucks. 

To  stick  out;  to  project ;  to  be  |)rominent. 

hones  that  were  not  seen,  sUck  out.  —  Job  xxxiil. 

STICK'I-NESS,  n.  (from  stick.]  The  ipiality  of  a 
thing  which  makes  il  adhere  to  a  plane  surface  ;  ad- 
liesiventrHs  ;  viscinisiiess  ,  gliitiniiusnesH  ;  tenacity  ; 
as,  the  stickinrjis  of  glue  or  paste, 

STICK'-I.AC,  n.  Lac  in  its  natural  state,  incru.sting 
small  twigs 


STI 

STICK'LE,  (stiK'l,)  r.  i.  [fnmi  the  practice  of  prize- 
fighters, who  placed  seconds  with  staffs  or  sticks,  to 
interpose  occasionally.  Johnson.] 

1.  To  take  part  with  one  side  or  other. 

Hudjbras. 

2.  To  contend ;  to  contest ;  to  altercate.  Let  the 
parties  stickle  each  for  his  favorite  doctrine. 

3.  To  trim  ;  to  play  fast  and  loose  ;  to  pass  from 
one  side  to  the  other.  Oryden^ 

STICK'LE,  I'.  L    To  arbitrate.    [JVot  in  use.] 

-  Drayt-on. 
STICK'LE-I!..\CK,  n.    The  popular  name  of  certain 
small  fishes,  of  the  genus  Gusterosteus.    They  have 
their  English  name  from  the  spines  which  arm  their 
back.  Ventral  fins,  and  other  parts. 

Jardine's  J^al.  Lib. 
STICK'LER,  71.    A  sidesman  to  fencers  ;  a  sectmd  to 
a  duelist ;  one  who  stands  to  judge  a  combat. 

Basilius,  Ihe  judge,  appointed  s^klers  and  trumpets  whom  the 
otiicni  should  obey.  Sidney. 

2.  An  obstinate  contender  about  any  thing ;  as,  a 
stickler  for  the  church  or  for  liberty. 

The  lory  or  hi?jli  church  clergy  were  the  srreatf'st  sticklers  against 
the  exurbit.uil  pioceediugs  of  Kuig  James.  Swi/l. 

3.  Fornirrhj,  an  officer  who  cut  wood  for  the  pri- 
ory of  Ederose,  within  the  king's  parks  of  Clarcn- 
ilon.  Cowel. 

STICK'LIXG,  ppr.    Trimming;  contending  obsti- 
nately or  eagrily. 
STICK' Y,  a.    Il:iving  the  qualily  of  adhering  to  a  sur- 
face ;    adhesive ;    gluey  ;   viscous  ;   visciil  ;  gluti- 
nous ;  tenacious.    Gums  and  resins  are  stickii  sut>- 
STID'DY,  71.    [Ice.  stcdia.]  [stiinces. 
An  anvil ;  also,  a  smith's  shop.   [Various  dialects.] 

Halliwcll. 

STIFF,  a.  [.*ax.  stif;  G.  steif  iD.  and  Sw.  sfi^;  Dan. 
.stiv  ;  allied  lo  L.  stipo,  stabilii.  Eng.  staple,  Gr.  irri- 

<,0)H,J,  tTTl/3lilOi,  (TTetfioJ.] 

1.  Not  easily  bent :  not  flexible  or  pliant ;  not  flac- 
cid ;  rigid  ;  applicable  to  ami  substance  :  as,  .stiff'  wood  ; 
stiff  pai)er  ;  cloth  stiff  with  starch  ;  a  limb  stiff  with 
frost. 

They,  rising  on *liy  pinions,  tower 
The  mid  aerial  sky.  A/j/Ion. 

2.  Not  liquid  or  fluid  ;  thick  and  tenacious  ;  inspis- 
sated ;  not  soft  nor  hard.  Thus  melted  metals  grow 
stiff  as  they  cool  ;  they  are  stiff  before  they  are  hard. 
The  paste  is  too  stiff,  or  not  stiff  enough. 

3.  Strong;  violent  ;  impetuous  in  motion  ;  as  in 
seamen^s  language,  a  .ftiff  gale  or  breeze. 

4.  Hardy  ;  stubborn  ;  not  easily  subdued. 

IIow  stiff  is  my  vile  sense  !  Shak. 

5.  Obstinate  ;  pertinacious  ;  firm  in  perseverance 
or  resistance. 

It  is  a  shame  to  stand  stiff  in  a  foolish  argument.  Taylor. 

A  war  ensues  ;  the  Cretans  own  their  caust^, 

Stiff  lo  defend  their  hospiuble  laws.  Dryden. 

6.  Harsh  ;  formal  ;  constrained ;  not  natural  and 
easy  ;  as,  a  .v((^ formal  style. 

7.  Formal  in  manner ;  constr.ained  ;  affected  ; 
starched  ;  not  easy  or  natural  ;  as,  behavior. 

The  French  are  open,  familiar,  ami  talkative  ;  the  Itali  uis  stiff, 
cerenioiiious,  and  reserved.  Addison. 

8.  Strongly  maintained,  or  asserted  with  good  evi- 
dence. 

This  is  slj^  news.  Siiak. 

9.  In  seamen's  language,  a  stiff  vessel  is  one  that 
will  bear  a  press  of  canvas  without  careening  much. 

7uac7i. 

STIFF'KN,  (stiPn,)  v.  t.  [»ax.  stifan  ;  Sw.  sfiifna; 
D.  .stijvcn;  G.  slcifen ;  Dan.  stivner,  to  stiffen,  to 
starch.] 

1.  To  make  stiff;  to  make  less  pliant  or  flexible  ; 
as,  to  stiffen  cloth  with  starch. 

lie  stiffened  his  neck  and  hanlened  his  heart  from  turning  to  the 

iTonl  ijod  of  l&ra.  l.  —  '2  Chron.  xxxvi. 
^tfijTV'i  the  sinews;  summon  up  the  blootl.  Stiak. 

2.  To  make  torpid  ;  as,  stiffening  grief.  Dryden. 

3.  To  inspissate  ;  to  make  more  thick  or  viscous  ; 
as,  to  stiffen  paste. 

STIFF'EN,  (siifu,,  r.  i.  To  become  .stiff;  to  become 
more  rigid  or  less  flexible. 

l.ikc  hrislies  rose  my  st'ffening  hair.  Dryden. 

2.  To  become  more  thick,  or  less  soft ;  to  be  in- 
spissated ;  to  approach  to  hardness ;  as,  melted  sub- 
stances stiffen  as  they  cool. 

The  lender  soil  then  sliff'ening  by  degrees.  Dryden. 

3.  To  become  less  susceptible  of  im]ires>ioii  ;  lo 
become  less  tender  or  yielding  ;  to  grow  more  obsti- 
nate. 

Some  souls,  we  see, 
Grow  hani  and  stiffen  with  iidvi  rsily.  Dryden. 

STIFF'KN-KI),  pp.  or  a.    Made  stiff  or  less  pliant, 
STIFF'KN-ING,  ppr.  or  n.    Making  i>r  becoming  less 

pliable,  or  more  thick,  or  more  ulistinatc. 
ST1FF'A;N-ING,  71.    Sonu-Ilimg  that  is  used  to  make 

a  siilistaiice  more  stiff'  or  less  sort. 
STIFF'-IIEA  Icr'EI),  (-Irlrt'ed.)  n.    [.•<tiff  and  heart.] 
Obstinate;  stulilmrn  ;  contumacious. 

They  are  impud-  rit  children  and  st(f-tiearttd.  —  Erek.  ii. 


MRTE,  I'ReV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. 


STl 

STIFF'LY,  <!//('.  Kiniily  j  st!oii!!ly  ;  as,  tliu  biuiRlis  of 
a  tree  uplieM.  Huron. 

2.  Uigidiy  ;  obsiinatoly  ;  w  itli  stulihoriiiK-ss.  The 
doctrine  of  the  iiifalhhility  of  the  Koiiiaii  Catholic 
church  is  stitlbi  inaiiiliiincd  by  ils  adlitreiils. 

STH"1'''-Ni;(;k-A;i),  (-iickt,)  <i.  [stiff -.im]  neck.]  Stiib- 
b  irn  ;  iulltwibty  obstinate;  conluiiiaciotis  ;  as,  a 
.itilT-nccliril  puople  ;  stiff-necked  priile.  Denlmm. 

S'l'IFF'NliSS,  n.  Ki|;idnrss  j  want  of  plial)Ii  noss  or 
llexibilily  ;  llie  firm  t<  xtiire  or  st:ite  of  a  substance 
vvliich  rt-ndera  it  dilficult  to  bcTid  it  j  as,  tht  stiffness 
of  iron  or  wood ;  Iho  stiffness  of  a  frozen  htnb, 

Baenn. 

9.  Thickness;  spiasitude  ;  a  state  between  softness 
an. I  liiirdness  ;  as,  the  stiffness  of  sirup,  paste,  or  starch. 

3.  Torpidness  ;  inaptitude  to  motion. 

An  icy  itiffnect 
BonuintMi  my  blooil.  Dcnham. 

4.  Tension  ;  as,  tlie  stiffness  of  a  cord.  Drijdcn. 

5.  Obstinacy  ;  stubbornness ;  contumaciousncss. 
Thp  vies  of  olil  h:ivp  the  stiffness  of  it  too.  South. 
Stiffness  ol  iniiiil  15  not  from  adherciico  lo  tru;li,  but  Bulmiinsion 

to  prejudice.  Locke. 

f).  Formality  of  manner  ;  constraint;  alTected  pre- 
cision. 

All  this  rfligioii  But  caiily  upon  him,  without  stiffness  iinil  con- 
stminl.  Attcrbury. 

7.  Rigorousness ;  harshness. 

lint  sppult  no  wonl  to  hf r  of  th-se  aad  plii^tils, 

W'hicli  lior  too  coiistiiut  stiffness  dolli  conatr.vin.  Sjvnger. 

8.  .Affected  or  constrained  manner  of  expression 
or  writinc  ;  want  of  natural  simplicity  and  ease  ;  as, 
stifTnrss  of  stvle. 

STI'VlE,  (stl'tl,)  V.  t.  [The  French  etnuffer,  to  stifle, 
is  nearly  allied  to  etuff'r,  Euft..  stuff',  I.,  stiijni.  But 
stifle  seems  to  be  more  nearly  allied  to  L.  stipo,  and 
Eng.  and  stop  i  all,  however,  of  one  family,  (in. 
Gr.  Tiiptu.] 

1.  To  suffocate  ;  to  stop  the  breath  or  action  of  the 
Innsrs  by  crowding  something  into  the  windpipe,  or 
by  infusing  a  substance  into  the  lungs,  or  by  other 
means  ;  to  choke  ;  as,  to  .<tifle  onu  with  smoke  or  dust. 

2.  To  stop  ;  as,  to  stifle  the  breath ;  to  stifle  resjjira- 
tion. 

;!.  To  oppress  ;  to  stop  the  breath  temporarily  ;  as, 
to  stifle  one  with  kisses  ;  to  bo  sliflrU  in  a  close  room 
or  with  bad  air. 

4.  To  extinguish  ;  <o  deaden  :  to  quench  ;  as,  to 
stifle  flame  ;  to  .stifle  a  tire  by  smoke  or  by  ashes. 

.').  To  suppress ;  to  hinder  from  transpiring  or 
spreading  ;  as,  to  stifle  a  report. 

(i.  To  extinguish  ;  to  check  or  restrain  and  destroy  ; 
to  suppress  ;  as,  lo  stifle  a  civil  war  in  its  birth. 

.^ildison. 

7.  To  suppress  or  repress  ;  to  conceal ;  to  withhold 
frttm  escaping  or  manifestation  ;  as,  to  stifle  passion  ; 
to  .itifle  grief;  to  stifle  resentment. 

8.  To  suppress ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  stifle  convic- 
tions. 

STI'FLE,  71.  The  joint  of  a  horse  next  to  the  but- 
tock, and  corresponding  to  the  knee  in  man  ;  called 
also  the  Stifle  Joint. 

2.  A  disease  in  the  knee-pan  of  a  horse  or  other 
animal.  Cyc. 

STI'FLKD,  pp.  or  a.    Suffocated  ;  suppressed. 

STI'FLING,  ppr.    Suffocating;  suppressing. 

STtfilt,  n.    See  Sty. 

STIC.M.V,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  T'yi'ct,  from  ri^oi,  to 
prick  or  sficA'.j 

1.  A  brand  ;  a  mark  made  with  a  burning  iron.  , 

2.  Any  mark  of  infamy  ;  any  reproachful  conduct 
which  stains  the  purity  or  darkens  the  luster  of  rep- 
utation. 

3.  In  botany,  the  top  of  the  pistil,  which  alw.ays 
has  a  peculiar  structure  different  from  that  of  the 
style,  and  is  moist  and  pubescent,  to  detain  and  burst 
the  pollen  or  prolific  powder.  Martyn. 

STKJ-M a'RI-A,  n.  A  fossil  coal  plant,  having  a  large 
dome  shaped  trunk  or  stem.  Buckland. 

STIG'iNIA-TA,  71.  p(.  The  apertures  in  the  bodies  of 
insects  communicating  with  the  trachea:  or  air- 
vessels  :  the  spiracles.  Kncye. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  cAurcA,  marks  said  to  have 
been  supernaturally  impressed  upon  the  bodies  of 
certain  persons,  in  imitation  of  the  wounds  on  the 
crucified  body  of  Christ.  The  stiirmata  of  St.  Fran- 
cis were  much  blazoned  bv  his  followers.  Moshcim. 

STIG-MAT'ie,        (  a.    Marked  with  a  stigma,  or 

STIG-MAT'ie-AL,  (  with  something  reproachful  lo 
chanirter.  S/iak. 

9.  Impressing  with  infamy  or  reproach. 
STIG-MAT'ie,  71.    A  notorious  prollieale,  or  criminal 

who  has  been  branded.    [Little  used.] 

2.  One  who  bears  about  him  the  marks  of  infamy 
or  punishment.    [Little  used.]  Bullokar. 

3.  One  on  whom  nature  has  set  a  mark  of  deform- 
ity.   \I.MIe  xLsrd.]  Shak 

STIG-.\lAT'ie-AL-LY,  ada.    With  a  mark  of  infamy 

or  defurmiiv. 
STIG'M.\-Tt/.E,  r.  t.    [Fr.  sfiVmafiier.] 

I.  To  mark  with  a  brand,  in  a  lilrral  .irn.ie;  as, 

the  ancients  sti^nati:rd  their  slaves  and  soldiers. 


STl 

2.  To  HGl  fi  nmrk  of  ;  l"  disgrace  with 

some  iiDto  uf  rcpruacJi  or  iiifaiiiy. 

'i'o  riii>i  virlu'-  txlulli'ii  diid  vie?  Hligmntized.  AJiHtnn, 
Siiur  •■(ithnMiasu  idVrct  to  ttigmatise  tti"  l\n<-Ht  nntl  inosi  flrjfnut 


anttmn,  niiciciit  aiiU  inutlcrii, 


I  ilaiig'  ioui  to  rvliirioii. 

AtUiiton. 


STIG'.MA-TIZ-ED,  ;»;7.    Marked  with  disgrace. 
STIG'.MA-TIZ-ING,  ;>;ir.    Ilrindiiig  with  infamv. 
STIG'O-NO-MAN-CY,  71.    [(Jr.  orij-wi',  from  Jt-i^m, 

lo  mark  with  point-s,  hhitcoi.] 

Divination  by  writing  on  the  bark  of  a  tree.  jfsA. 
STI'LAIl,  a.    [from  iti/r.]    Tertaining  to  the  style  of 

a  dial. 

Dmw  a  line  for  the  etilar  line.  !iJoxon. 
STII.'niTE,  71.    [Gr.  r'A/Jw,  to  shine.] 

A  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  in  wliite 
or  yellowishj  semi-pellucid,  rectangular  crystals, 
pearly  and  highly  foliated  in  one  direction  ;  also  in 
sheaf-like  aggregations  and  foliated  masses.  It  con- 
sists of  silica,  nliiinina,  and  lime,  with  17  or  18  per 
cent,  of  water.  Most  commonly  found  ill  aniygila- 
loid  with  other  zeolitic  minerals  Dana. 
STILE,  n.  [This  is  another  spelling  of  Style.  See 
SrvLE  and  Still.] 

A  pin  set  on  the  face  of  a  dial  lo  form  a  shadow. 

Erect  Uie  stile  perpendicularly  over  the  Bul>-stil;ir  line,  go  ns  to 
iniike  "n  onjjle  with  the  duil-pluiic  equal  lo  the  eh  valion  of 
the  pole  of  your  place.  Moion. 

STTLE,  71.  [Sax.  .iti^rel,  a  step,  ladder,  from  stigan,  to 
step,  to  walk,  to  ascend  ;  G.  stcgrl ;  Dan.  stril,  from 
stiver,  to  rise,  to  step  up  ;  Sw.  steir,  a  ^tep,  stigu,  to 
step.    See  Staih.] 

A  step  or  set  of  steps  for  ascending  and  descend- 
ing, in  passing  a  fence  or  wall.  Sieift. 

In  architecture,  the  upright  piece  in  framing  or 
jianeling.  Brunde. 
STI-LET'TO,  71.    [It.,  dim.  from  «(iVo ;  Fr.  sfi//c(.  See 
Style.] 

1.  A  small  dagger  with  a  round,  pointed  blade 

2.  A  poiiiK  d  instrument  for  making  eyelet  lioles  in 
workini;  muslin. 

STI-LET'TO,  r.  L    To  slab  or  pierce  with  a  stiletto. 

Bacon, 

STI-I.ET'TO-£D,;)p.  or  a.  Slabbed  or  pricked  with 
a  stiletto.  Chesterfield. 

STILL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  stillan  ;  O.  and  T).  stiUcn  :  Dan. 
stiller  ;  Sw.  slilla,  to  still,  to  ipiiel  or  appease,  that  is, 
lo  set,  to  repress ;  coinciding  with  G.  .<(c/fni,  to  put, 
set,  place,  Gr.  rt'^^oj,  to  send,  and  with  style,  stool, 
stall.] 

1.  To  stop,  as  motion  or  agitation  ;  to  check  or  re- 
strain ;  to  make  quiet ;  as,  to  still  the  raging  sea. 

2.  To  stop,  as  noise  ;  lo  silence. 

Wiih  his  name  the  moUiera  still  their  bubeg.  Shak. 

3.  To  appease  ;  to  calm  ;  to  quiet ;  as  tumult,  agi- 
tation or  excitement ;  as,  lo  .itill  the  p.assions. 

STILL,  a.  Silent;  uttering  no  sound;  applicable  to 
animals  or  to  Uiinirs.  The  company  or  the  man  is 
still ;  the  air  is  stiU;  the  .sea  is  still. 

2.  (luict ;  calm  ;  not  disturbed  by  noise  ;  as,  a  still 
evening. 

3.  .Motionless  ;  tis,  to  stand  still;  to  lie  or  sit  still. 

4.  Uuiet ;  calm ;  not  agitated  ;  as,  a  stiU  atmos- 
phere. 

STILL,  71.    Calm  ;  silence;  freedom  from  noise;  as, 

the  ,s(i7i  of  midnight.    [.^ poetic  word.]  Skak. 
STILL,  adv.   To  this  lime  ;  till  now. 

It  hath  Ijeen  anciently  rf  ported,  and  ig  still  received.  Bacon. 

[Still  here  denotes  this  time  ;  set  or  fixed. 

2.  Nevertheless ;  notwithstanding. 

The  desire  of  fame  betmyt  nn  amt'ition^  man  into  Indecencies  that 
tesaen  liig  reptit^uion  ;  he  is  stilt  atraid  lest  any  of  hi^t  acliuns 
should  be  thrown  away  in  prtrate.  Adttison. 

[Still  here  signifies  set,  eiien,  and  refers  to  the 
whole  of  the  first  clause  of  the  sentence.  The  de- 
sire of  fame  betrays  an  ambitious  man  into  indecen- 
cies that  lessen  his  reputation  ;  tAof  fact  being  given 
or  set,  or  notteitludanding,  he  is  afraid,  &c.] 

3.  It  precedes  or  accompanies  words  denoting  in- 
crease of  degree  ;  as,  a  still  further  advancement  of 
prices  may  be  expected. 

4.  Always ;  ever ;  continually. 

Traile  l)e^'ls  trade,  and  p-ople  go  much  where  many  people 
have  already  gone  ;  so  men  run  sliU  to  a  crowd  lu  tlie 
stn-eu,  though  only  to  gee.  Temple. 

The  l.-wer  stUt  you  name,  you  wound  the  more.  Pops. 

5.  After  that ;  after  what  is  stated. 

In  Uic  primitive  church,  such  ns  by  fear  were  comp''lle,I  to  sacrifice 
to  strange  pnls,  alter  repcnt«d,  aud  kejA  still  the  ottice  ol 
preaching  liic  gospel.  It7iil^i/(e. 

6.  In  continu.ation. 

And,  like  the  w*atchful  minutes  to  the  hour, 

StiU  anil  anon  clieen.'d  up  the  heavy  time.  Slink. 

STILL,  71.    [L. -stiZ/o,  lo  drop.    See  Distill.] 

A  vessel,  boiler,  or  copper,  used  in  the  distillation  of 

liquors  ;  ns,  vapor  a.scending  out  of  the  stilt.  AVki'oti. 
[The  word  is  used  in  a  more  general  sense  for  the 

vessel  and  apparatus.    A  still  house  is  also  called  a 

still.] 

STILL,  r.(.    [L.  jliHo.] 

To  expel  spirit  from  liquor  by  heal,  and  condense 
it  in  a  refrigeratory  ;  lo  distill.    [See  Distill.] 


'I'he  gravity  nrwl  stillness  of  yoi 
The  wurld  hath  noted. 


STl  ^ 

STILL,  r.  I.  To  drop.  [JiTot  in  use.]  [Sec  Dutill.I 
SriL-LA-'IT'TIOUS,  (-lisli'iis,)  a.    [L.  stillatUius.] 

Falling  in  ilrops;  drawn  by  n  still. 
STII,'LA-TO-KY,  71.    An  alembic;  a  vessel  for  dis- 
tillaliiill.    [Little  used,  or  not  at  all.]  Bacon. 

2.  .\  laboratory  ;  a  place  or  room  in  which  dislil- 
latioii  is  peiforuied.    [Little  used.]    IVotton.  Mnre^ 
STII.L'ltOK.N',  a.    [,«(iH and  ironi.]    Dead  at  the  birlli ; 
as,  n  .-till  horn  chilli. 
2.  .Abortive  ;  as,  a  .still-born  pot;m.  Sxift. 
STILL'IU.'R.V,  I'.  I.    [still  and  hum.]    To  burn  in  tlic- 
jirocess  of  distillation  ;  as,  towtt7f//urn  brandy. 

Umiillftl. 

STILL'f.'D,         [Pee  Still,  the  verb.]    Calmed  ;  ap- 

petlsed  :  ipileteif  ;  silenced. 
STILl.'I'.l!,  71.    One  who  .-tills  or  quicLs. 
S  TIL'LI-CIDE,  n.    [L.  stilUcitlium  ;  stillt^  a  drop, and 

cuilii,  lo  fill.] 

A  ciiiiiiiiual  falling  or  succession  of  drops.  [A'ot 
viiirli  nstil.]  Baean. 

STl  L-Ll CID'l-OUS,  a.    Falling  in  drops.  Broioii. 

.■-TILL'I.M;,  ;//(»•.    (tiliiiing;  silencing;  quieting. 

STILL'l.VG,  11.  The  act  of  calming;  silencing  or 
quieting. 

2.  .'\  stand  for  casks.    [.Vof  used  in  .imerica.] 
STILL'-LIFE,  n.    In  painting,  a  picture  of  dead  game, 
vegetables,  and  other  things  destitute  of  life. 

Mason. 

2.  Dead  aniin.als  or  paintings  representing  the 
de;u].  Oray. 
STILL'.N'ESS,  71.    Freedom  from  noise  or  motion; 
calmness;  quiet;  silence;  as,  the  stillness  of  the 
night,  the  air,  or  the  sea. 

2.  Freedom  from  agitation  or  excitement ;  as,  the 
stillness  of  the  passions. 

3.  Habitual  silence  ;  taciturnity, 
youth 

Slutk. 

STlLL'-ROfJM,  n.    All  apartment  for  distilling. 
STILL' -STAND,  n.     Absence  of  motion.  [Little 

used.  ] 

STl  LI,' Y,  a.    Still ;  quiet ;  calm.  Mure. 

[Jilt  old  trord,  used  chiefly  in  poetry.] 
STILL'Y,  a</e.    Silently;  without  noise. 

2.  Calmly;  qiiiiilv;  without  tumult. 
STILP-NO  SID'E-Rl'rE,  7i.    [Gr.  trr.ATri'os,  shining, 
and  n'iijp  -5,  iron.] 

An  ore  of  iron,  called  also  Pitchy  Inow  Ore, 
occurring  massive,  in  curving  ctuicretions,  with  a 
splendent  resinous  luster.  It  is  a  hydrated  peroxyd 
of  iron.  Dana. 
STILT,  71.  [Gr.  stehe  ;  D.  stelt,  strlten  ;  Dan.  styltrr.] 
A  stilt  is  a  piece  of  wood,  often  with  a  shoulder, 
lo  raise  the  foot  above  the  ground  in  walking.  Boys 
sometimes  use  .stilts  for  raising  their  feel  above  the 
mud  in  walking,  but  they  are  rarely  seen. 

Men  miigt  not  wulk  upon  ftii'ls.  Estrange. 

STILT,  71.  U    To  raise  on  stilts  ;  lo  elevate.  Young. 
2.  To  r,aise  by  itnnatural  means. 

STILT'-IiIRD,  H.  A  long-legged  bird  ;  particularly 
applied  to  a  bird  called  the  Lo.ng-leooed  I'loyer,  of 
the  genus  Ilimantopus.  Brande. 

STILT'ED,  pp.    Raised  on  stilts. 
2.  I-'nri:uionablv  elevated. 

STILT'l.NG,  ppr.    Raising  on  stilLs. 

STI.ME,  H.    A  glim|)se.    [J^'orth  of  England.] 

STIM'lj-LAXT,  a.    [L.  .s(onu/««<.]  [ifalliirell. 
In   viedieine,  producing  a  quickly-diffused  and 
transient  increase  of  vital  energy  and  strength  of 
action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 

STI.M'U-L.ANT,  71.  In  medicine,  an  article  which  pro- 
duces a  quickly-diffused  and  trinsieiit  increase  of 
vital  energy  and  strength  of  action  in  the  heart  and 
arterial  system. 

STI.M'IJ-LATE,  r.  t.  [L.  .slimulo,  lo  prick,  to  goad,  to 
excite  ;  stimulus,  n  goad.] 

1.  Literally,  to  prick  or  goad.  Hence, 

2.  To  excite,  rouse,  or  aiiiinate,  to  action  or  more 
vigorous  exertion  by  some  pungent  motive  or  by  per- 
sutision  ;  as,  lo  stimulate  one  by  the  hope  of  reward, 
or  by  the  prospect  of  glory. 

3.  In  medicine,  to  proiliice  a  quickly-diffused  and 
transient  increase  of  vital  energy  and  strength  of 
action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 

STI.M'IJ-La-TED,  j)/>.  Goaded;  roused  or  eiciled  lo 
more  vigorous  t-xertion. 

STI.M'I'-L.\-TI.\(J,  ppr.  01  a.  Goading;  exciting  lo 
more  vigorous  exertion. 

STI.M-II-L.\'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  goading  or  ex- 
citing. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  quickly -diffused  and  transient  in- 
crease of  vital  energy  and  strength  of  action  in  the 
heart  and  arteries. 
STIM'U-LA-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  slimu- 
I.atinc. 

STI.M'IT-LA-TIVE,  n.  That  which  stimulates;  that 
which  rouses  into  more  vigorous  action. 

STI.M'U-LA-TOR,  n.    One  that  stimulates. 

STIM'i;-LL'S,  71.  [L.  This  word  may  be  formed  on 
the  root  of  .stem,  a  shoot.] 

1.  Lilrralhj,  a  goad  ;  hence,  somethine  that  rouses 
the  mind  or  spirits  ;  as,  the  hope  uf  gain  is  a  power- 
ful stimulus  lu  labor  anti  action. 


TCNE,  BfJLL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  <3  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


M  M  M  M  • 


10H5 


'  STI 

2.  In  medicine,  that  wliicli  produces  a  quickly-dif- 
fused or  transient  increase  of  vital  energy  and 
strenstli  of  action  in  the  circulating  system. 
STINGj  ».  t. ;  preu  and  pp.  Stcng.  Stang  is  obsolete. 
[Goth,  stiffcwan  ;  Sax.  stingan,  stijngan,  to  rush  or 
thrust,  hence  to  sting  ;  G.  stecken,  to  stick,  to  sting ; 
stacliel,  a  prick,  goad,  sting  ;  D.  stecken,  steckcl;  Dan. 
stikkcr,  to  stick,  to  sting  ;  sling,  a  thrust,  a  stitch,  a 
sting;  Sw.  sticka.  The  Dutch  has  stcng,a  pole  or 
perch  ;  Sw.  stang,  id. ;  and  stanga,  to  push  with  the 
hums,  to  gore.  We  see  that  sting  is  slick  altered  in 
orthoiraphy  and  pronunciation.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  the  sharp-pointed  instrument 
with  which  certain  animals  are  furnished,  such  as 
hees,  wasps,  scorpions,  and  the  like.  Bees  will  sel- 
dom sting  persons  unless  they  are  first  provoked. 

9.  To  pain  acutely;  as,  the  conscience  is  stung 
with  remorse. 

Slander  stingt  the  brave.  Po;j«. 

STING,  n.  [Sax.  sting,  stincg :  Ice.  staung,  a  spear ; 
%V.  ystang ;  D.  steng,  a  pole  or  perch  ;  Sw.  stang- :  It. 
stanga,  a  bar.    These  words  are  all  of  one  family.] 

1.  °A  sharp-pointed  weapon  or  instrument  with 
which  certain  animals  are  armed  by  nature  for  their 
defense,  and  which  they  thrust  from  tiie  hinder  part 
of  the  body,  to  pierce  any  animal  that  annoys  or  pro- 
vokes them.  In  most  instances,  this  instrument  is 
a  tube,  through  which  a  poisonous  matter  is  dis- 
charged, which  inrtames  the  flesh,  and,  in  some  in- 
stances, proves  fatal  to  life. 

2.  The  thrust  of  a  sting  into  the  flesh.  The  sting 
of  most  insects  produces  acute  pain. 

3.  Any  thing  that  gives  acute  pain.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  stings  of  remorse ;  the  stings  of  re- 
proach. 

4.  The  point  in  the  last  verse  ;  as,  the  sting  of  an 
epigram.  Dryden. 

5.  That  which  gives  the  principal  pain  or  consti- 
tutes the  principal  terror. 

The  sdng  of  death  ia  sin.  —  I  Cor.  xv. 
STING'ER,  ru    That  which  stings,  vexes,  or  gives 
acute  pain. 

STI.\'6I-LY,  adv.  [from  stingy.]  With  mean  cov- 
etousness  ;  in  a  niggardly  manner. 

STIN'GI-NESS,  n.  [from  sd/U'.'/  ]  E.\treme  avarice ; 
mean  covetousness  ;  niggar(iliness. 

STING' tXG  LY,  adr.    With  sliniins. 

STING'LESS,  a.    [from  sting.]    Having  no  sting. 

STIN"GO,  n.  [from  the  sharpness  of  the  taste.]  Old 
beer.    [A  cant  word.]  Addison. 

STIN'fiY,  a.  [from  straitness ;  W.  ystang,  something 
strait ;  yslangu,  to  straiten,  to  limit.] 

Extremely  close  and  covetous  meanly  avaricious  ; 
niggardly  ;  narrow-hearted  ;  as  a  stingy  churl.  [A 
word  in  popular  use,  but  tow,  and  not  admissible  into  el- 
egant writing.] 

STINK,  f.  i. ;  pret.  Stank  or  Stdnk.  [Sax.  stincan  ;  G. 
and  D.  stinken  ;  Dan.  stinker  ;  Sw.  stinka.] 
To  emit  a  strong,  offensive  smell.  Locke. 

STINK,  n.    A  strong,  offensive  smell.  Dryden. 

STIXK'ARD,  n.    .\  mean,  stinking,  paltry  fellow. 
2.  A  mephitic,  burrowing  quadruped,  the  Mydaus 
meliceps  of  Cuvier,  about  18  inches  in  lenith,  found 
in  Java  and  Sumatra.  C.  //.  SmitJt. 

STINK'ER,  n.  Something  intended  to  oflend  by  the 
smell.  Harney. 

STINK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Emitting  a  strong,  offensive 
smell. 

STINK'ING-LY,  a<h.    With  an  oflTensive  smell. 

SbaJi. 

STINK'-POT,  n.  An  earthen  jar,  charged  with  pow- 
der, grenades,  and  other  materials  of  an  offensive 
and  suffocating  smell ;  sometimes  used  in  bunrdiug 
an  enemy's  vessel.  JUar.  Diet. 

STIXK'-STo.VE,  71.  Swine-stone,  a  variety  of  car- 
bonate of  lime,  which  emits  a  fetid  odor  on  being 
struck.  Dana. 

STINT,  r.  t.  [Sax.  stintan,  to  stint,  or  stunt;  Ice. 
stanta:  Gr.  r""'?,  narrow.] 

1.  To  restrain  within  certain  limits  ;  to  bound  ;  to 
confine  ;  to  limit  ;  as,  to  stint  the  body  in  growth  ; 
to  stint  the  mind  in  knowledge  ;  to  stint  a  person  in 
bis  meals. 

Noture  wiiiely  tlinU  our  npjvtite.  Drytien. 

2.  To  assign  a  certain  task  in  labor,  which  being 
performed,  the  person  is  excused  from  further  labor 
fur  the  day,  or  for  a  certain  time  ;  a  common,  popular 
use  of  the  wtrrd  in  America. 

STINT,  n.  A  small,  grallatory  bird,  the  Tringa  cin- 
rhis. 

STINT,  B.    Limit ;  bound  ;  restraint.  Dryden 
2.  Uuanlity  assigned  ;  proportion  allotted.  The 
workmen  have  their  ttint. 

Our  tlint  of  woo 
II  common.  Shoi 

STINT'ANCE,  n.  Rcntraint ;  stoppage  [JVot  uneil, 
or  lornl.  ] 

STINT  ED,  pp.  or  a.    Restrained  to  a  certain  limit  or 

(|uantily  ;  limited, 
STINT'ED  NEf  S,  n.    State  of  being  "tinted. 
.'S'l'l.NT'ER,  n.    lie  or  that  which  stinto. 


STI 

STINT'ING,  ppr.    Restraining  within  certain  limits  ; 

assigning  a  cert;iin  quantity  to;  limiting. 
STIPE,  n.    [L.  stipes  ;  Gr.  crvrros,  a  stake.] 

In  botany,  iM  b;ise  of  a  frond  ;  or  a  species  of  stem 
passing  into  leaves,  or  not  distinct  from  the  leaf. 
The  stem  of  a  fungus  is  also  called  stipe.  The  word 
is  also  used  for  the  filament  or  slender  stalk  which 
."upports  the  pappus,  and  connects  it  with  the  seed. 

jMartyn. 

STi'PEND,  71.  [L.  stipendium ;  slips,  a  piece  of  money, 
and  pendo,  to  pay.] 

Settled  pay  or  compensation  for  services,  whether 
dailv  or  monthly  wages;  or  an  annual  salary. 
STI'PEND,  V.  t.    To  pay  by  settled  wages.  Skelton. 
STi-PEND'I-A-RY,  a.    [L.  stipendiariiL^.] 

Receiving  wages  or  salary  ;  performing  services 
for  a  stated  price  or  compensation. 

His  ^leat  stipendiary  pn?lale  came  with  troops  of  evil-.-»ppointed 
Ijorsemeii  not  hail  full.  KiiolUs. 

STi-PEND'I-A-RY,  71.  [Supra.]  One  who  performs 
services  for  a  settled  compensation,  either  by  the 
day,  month,  or  year. 

If  thou  an  become 
A  tyrant's  vile  stipendiary.  Cover, 

STIP'I-TATE,  a.  [See  Stipe.]  In  Jo(a!iw,  support- 
ed by  a  stipe  ;  elevated  on  a  stipe ;  as  pappus. 

JMartyn. 

STIP'PLE,  (stip'pl,)  71.  t.  To  engrave  by  means  of 
dots,  in  distinction  from  engraving  in  lines.  Todd. 

STIP'PL£D,  pp.    Formed  or  executed  with  dots. 

STIP'PLINC^  ppr.    Forming  or  executing  with  dots. 

STIP'PLING,  li.  In  engraving  and  miniature  painting, 
a  mode  of  execution  which  produces  the  elfect  by  a 
succession  of  dots  or  small  points  instead  of  lines. 

Jucelya. 

STIP'Tie.    See  Styptic. 
STIP'U  L  \  I 

STIP'ULE  '  (       t^'  "  straw  or  stubble.] 

In  botany,  an  appendage  at  the  base  of  petioles. 
Stipules  are  in  pairs,  or  solitary ;  they  are  lateral, 
extrafoliaceous,  intrafoliaceous,  &c.  Martyn. 

A  leafy  appendage  to  the  proper  leaves,  or  to  their 
footstalks  ;  commonly  situated  at  the  base  of  the  lat- 
ter, in  pairs.  Smith. 
STIP-tJ-L.^'CEOUS,  )  o.    [from  T..  sliptda,  stipularis. 
STIP'U-LAR,  (     See  Stipli.*.] 

1.  Resembling  stipules  ;  consisting  of  stipules. 

2.  Growing  on  stipules,  or  close  to  them  ;  as,  stip- 
ular  glands.  Martyn.  Lee. 

STIP'l.J-LATE,  V.  i.  [L.  stipulor,  from  stipes,  or  from 
tlie  primary  sense  of  the  root,  as  in  stipo,  to  crowd  ; 
whence  the  sense  of  agreement,  binding,  making 
fast.] 

1.  To  make  an  agreement  or  covenant  with  any 
person  or  company  to  do  or  forbear  anything;  to 
contract;  to  settle  terms;  as,  certain  princes  stipu- 
lated to  assist  each  other  in  resisting  the  armies  of 
France.  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  stipu- 
late to  oppose  and  restrain  the  African  slave  traile. 
A  has  stipulated  to  build  a  bridge  within  a  given 
time.  B  lias  stipulated  not  to  annoy  or  interdict  our 
trade. 

2.  To  bargain.  A  has  stipulated  to  deliver  me  his 
horse  for  fiftv  guineas. 

STIP'U-LATE,  a.  [from  stipula.]  Having  stipules 
on  it  ;  as,  a  stipulate  stalk. 

STIP'IJ-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Agreed  ;  contracted  ; 
covenanted.  It  was  stipulated  that  Great  Britain 
should  retain  Gibraltar. 

STIP'II-LA-TING,  ppr.  Agreeing  ;  contracting  ;  bar- 
gaining. 

STIP-U-La'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  sfi>ii/nfio.] 

1.  The  act  of  agreeing  and  covenanting;  a  con- 
tracting or  bargaining. 

2.  An  agreement  or  covenant  made  by  one  person 
with  another  for  the  performance  or  forbearance  of 
some  act ;  a  contract  or  bargain  ;  as,  the  stipulatit 
of  the  allied  powers  to  furnish  each  his  contingent  of 
troops. 

3.  In  botany,  the  situation  and  structure  of  the  stip- 
ules. Marti/n. 

STIP'U-L.\-TOR,  n.    One  who  stipulates,  contracts, 

or  covenants. 
STIP'I'LE,  71.    Sec  Stipula. 

STIP'IJL.-£D,  a.  Furnished  with  stipules  or  leafy 
appendages.  Smith. 

STIR,  (stur,)  B.  f.  [Sax.  .vdriViTi,  .tfi/noTt ;  T).  slooren  : 
G.  storcTi,  to  stir,  to  disturb  ;  VV.  ystwriaw.  This 
word  gives  storm ;  Ice.  stir,  war.J 

1.  To  move  ;  to  change  place  in  any  manner. 

My  fool  I  had  never  yet  in  five  duyt  been  al-Ie  to  #rir.  Temple. 

2.  To  agitate  ;  to  bring  into  debate. 

i'fir  not  questions  of  JilriMiicUon.  Bacon. 

3.  To  incite  to  action  ;  to  instigate  ;  to  prompt 

An  Ate  stirring  hint  to  blood  and  ttrife.  SShak. 

4.  To  excite  ;  to  raise  ;  to  put  into  motion. 

And  for  her  take  tome  mutiny  will  flir,  Dnjdsn. 
To  stir  vp;  to  incite;  to  animate  ;  to  instigate  by 
Inflaming  passions;  as,  to  tlirupa  nation  to  rebel- 
lion. 

The  wonit  of  Judiu  were  ffood,  find  ablo  to  stir  them  up  to 
v.,lor.  —  2  Mncc. 


STI 

2.  To  excite  ;  to  put  into  action  ;  to  begin  ;  as,  to 
stir  up  a  mutiny  or  insurrection  ;  to  stir  up  strife. 

3.  To  ipiicken  ;  to  enliven  ;  to  make  more  lively 
or  vigorous  ;  as,  to  stir  up  the  mind. 

4.  To  disturb ;  as,  to  stir  up  the  sediment  of 
liquor. 

STIR,  (stur,)  V.  i.  To  move  one's  self.  He  is  not  able 
to  stir. 

2.  To  go  or  be  carried  in  any  manner.  He  is  not 
able  to  stir  from  home,  or  to  stir  abroad. 

3.  To  be  in  motion  ;  not  to  be  still.  He  is  contin- 
ually stirring. 

4.  To  become  the  object  of  notice  or  conversation. 
They  fancy  they  have  a  right  to  talk  Cteely  upon  every  lliin?  that 

stirs  or  appears.  Watts. 

5.  To  rise  in  the  morning.    [Colloquial.]  Shak. 
STIR,  (stur,)  71.    [VV.  ystwr.] 

1.  Agitation;  tumult;  bustle;  noise  or  various 
movements. 

Why  all  these  words,  this  clamor,  and  this  stir?  Denham. 
Consider,  after  so  much  stir  about  the  genus  and  species,  hovr 
few  words  have  yet  settled  definitions.  Locke. 

2.  Public  disturbance  or  commotion;  tumultuous 
disorder;  seditious  uproar. 

Bein^  advertised  of  some  sdr  raised  by  his  unnaturtl  sons  in 
England,  he  departed  from  Ireland,  without  a  blow. 

DavUs. 

3.  Agitation  of  thoughts ;  conflicting  passions. 

Shak. 

STIR'A-BOUT,  (stur'-,)  «.  A  Yorkshire  dish  formed 
of  oatmeal  boiled  in  water  to  a  certain  consistency. 

Malone. 

STIR'I-A-TED,  a.    [L.  stiria,  an  icicle.] 

Adorned  wit^'  nendants  like  icicles. 
STIR'I-OUS,  a.    i^Supra.]    Resembling  icicles.  [JVot 

TTiwcA  used.]  Brown. 
STIRK,  (sturk,)  71.    A  young  ox  or  heifer.  [Local.] 
STiR'LESS,  a.    Still  without  stirring. 
STIRP,  (sturp,)  71.    [L.  s(ir;).5.] 

Stock;  race;  family,    [^^ot  English.]  Bac'>n. 
STIR'RED,  pp.    Moved  ;  agitated  ;  put  in  action. 
STlR'RER,  71.    One  who  is  in  motion. 

2.  One  who  puts  in  motion. 

3.  A  riser  in  the  morning.  Shak. 

4.  An  inciter  or  exciter  ;  an  instigator. 

5.  A  stirrer  vp ;  an  exciter  ;  an  instigator. 
STIll'RlNG, /y/r.    Moving;  agitating;  putting  in  mo- 
tion. 

2.  a.  Active  ;  active  in  business  ;  habitually  era- 
ployed  in  some  kind  of  business ;  accustomed  to  a 
busy  life. 

STIR'RING,  71.  [Supra.]  The  act  of  moving  or  put- 
ting in  motion. 

STlR'RUP,  (siur'rup,)  n.  [Sax.  stige-rapa,  step-rope  ; 
stigan,  to  step,  or  ascend,  and  rap,  rope  ;  G.  stcig-bil- 
gel,  step-bow,  or  mounting-bow  ;  D.  styg-beugcl ;  Sw. 
steg-bogel ;  Dan.  stigbojle.  The  first  stirrups  appear 
to  have  been  ropes.] 

1.  ."V  kind  of  ring,  or  bending  piece  of  metal,  hori- 
zontal on  one  side  for  receiving  the  foot  of  the  rider, 
and  attached  to  a  strap  which  is  fastened  to  the  sad- 
dle ;  used  to  assist  persons  m  mounting  a  horse,  and 
to  enable  them  to  sit  steadily  in  riding,  as  well  as  to 
relieve  them  by  supporting  a  part  of  the  weight  of 
the  body. 

2.  .\n10n2  seamen,  a  rope  secured  to  a  yard,  with  a 
thimble  in  its  lower  end,  for  reeving  a  foot-rops. 

Totten. 

STIR'RUP-eUP,  71.  A  parting  cup  taken  on  horse- 
bark.  ScotL 

STIR'RUP-LEATII-ER,  (stur'rup-lelh-er,)  n.  A  strap 
that  supports  a  stirrup. 

STITCH,  [■.  t.  [G.  sticken  ;  D.  stikken  ;  Dan.  stikktr  ; 
Sw.  slicka.    This  is  another  form  of  stick.] 

1.  To  sew  wilh  a  back  puncture  of  the  needle,  so 
as  to  double  the  thread  ;  as,  to  stitch  a  wristband  ;  to 
sew  or  unite  together ;  as,  to  stitch  the  leaves  of  a 
book  and  form  a  pamphlet. 

2.  To  form  land  into  ridges.  J^etc  England. 
To  stitch  up  ;  to  mend  or  unite  with  a  needle  and 

thread  ;  as,  to  .<(i(cA  11^)  a  rent ;  to  stitch  up  an  artery. 

H'iscman, 

STITCH,  f.  I.    To  prartTce  stitching. 

STITCH,  ».    A  single  pass  of  a  needle  m  sewing. 

2.  A  single  turn  of  the  thread  round  a  needle  in 
knitting  ;  a  link  of  yarn  ;  as,  to  let  down  a  stitch;  to 
takt!  up  a  stiuh. 

3.  A  land  ;  tiie  space  between  two  double  furrows 
in  plowed  ground.  IhtUiwelh 

4.  .\  local,  sharp  pain  ;  an  acute  lancinating  pain, 
like  the  piercing  of  a  needle  ;  as,  a  .^tileh  in  the  side. 

STITCII'i-.'l),  (stitht,)  pp.  or  a.  Sewed  wilh  a  back 
puncture  of  the  needle  ;  sewed  together. 

STITCH'EI,,  71.    A  kind  of  hairy  wool.  [Local.] 

STITCirr:R,  n.    one  that  stitches. 

STITCH'ER-V,  71.    .Needlework  ;  in  contempt.  Shak. 

STITCll'-FALI^i-'.N',  a.  Fallen,  as  a  stitch  in  knitting. 
[Au(  in  «.>■<■.]  Drydeti. 

STITCII'ING,  ppr.  Sewing  in  a  particular  manner  ; 
uniting  wilh  a  needle  and  thread. 

ST1TCII'I.\G,  71.    The  act  of  stitching. 

2.  Work  dime  liy  sewing  in  a  particular  manner. 

3.  The  funning  of  land  into  ridges  or  divisions. 


FATE,  FAB,  F^LL,  WHAT — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQOK — 


1086 


STO 

STITCII'WORT,  71.   A  pliint,  cliamomile.  ^insioorth. 
2.  A  grassy-looking  pUiiit,  of  tlie  genus  triellaria. 

STITII,a.    [Sax.]    Strong ;  rigid.    [JVot  in  une.] 
STITH'Y,  71.    [Supra.    Ice  stalia.] 

1.  An  anvil.    [Lor-at.]  Shak. 

2.  A  disease  in  oxen. 

STITH'Y,  V.  t.   To  lorge  on  an  nnvil.  [locil.l 

llalUwdl. 

STITH'Y-ING,  vpr.    Forging  on  an  anvil. 
STtVE,  v.t.    [Sec  Stuff  and  Stew.]    To  slufTup 
close.    [M>t  ill  use]  Snmhj.-s. 
2.  To  make  hot,  sultry,  and  close.    [J\'ot  in  u.ic] 
STI'VKR,  71.    [S\v.  s(i/m,T  ;  1).  .s-(iii«fr.]  [K'oUoit. 
A  Dutch  coin  and  money  of  account,  of  the  value 
of  two  cents,  or  about  one  penny  sterling. 
SToAK,  V.  t.    To  stop  ;  to  choke  ;  in  seamen's  lan- 

truairc. 

SToAT,  71.  An  animal,  the  ermine.  This  animal  is 
called  stoat  when  of  a  reddish  color,  and  ermine  when 
white,  as  in  winter.  It  is  a  digitigrade,  carnivorous 
mammal,  ttie  Piitorius  Erininea.  AV.  F.ncijc. 

STO'e.AH,  71.  [Ir.  and  Erse.]  An  attendant ;  a  wal- 
let bov.    [^ot  Enirlisfij  nor  used.]  S/ienscr. 

STOG-GaDE',  (  H.    [It.  stoccolo,  a  thrust,  from  stoero, 

STOe-GA'DO, )  a  stock  or  race,  a  rapier  or  loni- 
sword  ;  Sp.  Gstocaila  ;  Fr.  estorailc.  This  gives  the 
sense  of  thrust.  Ilut  we  give  the  word  another  sig- 
nification, from  stock,  a  post,  or  fixed  piece  of  timber. 
The  It.  stocco  and  Eng.  stock  are  the  same  word.] 

1.  A  stab  ;  a  thrust  with  a  rapier.  Slmk. 

2.  A  fence  or  barrier  made  with  stakes  or  posts 
planted  in  the  earth ;  a  slight  fortification.  [See 
ST.>rKAnE.] 

STOr-PADE',  V.  I.    To  fortify  with  sharpened  posts. 
STOe-e.^D'El),  ;);>.    Fortified  with  posts. 
STOe-e.\l)'ING,  ppr.    Fortifying  with  posts. 
STO-eilAS'TIC,  (sto-kas'tik,)  a.    [Gr.  iTra\aiTTiKof.] 
Cimjectural ;  able  to  conjecture.    [JVoJ  in  use.] 

Brown. 

STOCK,  71.  [Sax.  star,  a  place,  the  stem  of  a  tree  ;  G. 
stock,  a  stem,  a  staff,  a  stick,  a  block  ;  D.  .mil  I):iii. 
stok,  id. ;  Sw.  stock:  Fr.  estoc  ;  It.  stocco.  This  word 
coincides  with  stal;e,  stick,  stack;  that  which  is  set  or 
Sxed.l 

1.  The  stem  or  main  body  of  a  tree  or  other  plant ; 
the  fixed,  strong,  firm  part;  the  origin  and  support  of 
the  branches.    Job  xiv. 

2.  The  stem  in  which  a  graft  is  inserted,  and  which 
is  its  support. 

The  cion  ovi^rrulelh  the  stock  quile.  Bacon. 

3.  A  post ;  something  fixed,  solid,  and  senseless. 

Wh''ii  All  our  fathers  worjhrp  'd  stocks  anil  stones,  Atiflon. 

4.  A  person  very  stupid,  dull,  and  senseless. 

Ivt'a  be  no  stoics,  nor  no  slocks.  Shak, 

5.  The  part  of  a  toiii  for  boring  wood  with  a  crank 
wliose  end  rests  against  the  breast  of  the  workman. 

Omilt. 

C.  The  wood  in  which  the  barrel  of  a  musket  or 
other  firearm  is  fixed. 

7.  A  thrust  witli  a  rapier.  [JVotinuse.] 

8.  A  crav.it  or  band  for  the  neck. 

9.  A  cover  for  the  leg.    [06s.]    [Now  SrocKiNo.] 

10.  The  original  progeiiittir ;  also,  the  r;tre  or  line 
of  a  family  ;  the  progenitors  of  a  family  and  their  di- 
rect descendants ;  lineage  ;  family.  From  what  stock 
did  lie  spring ! 

Thv  mother  was  no  ^dilcss,  nor  Ihy  ^locJfc 
Vrim  nunliiniis.  Denhnm. 
Mt-n  ami  bn-lhrcn,  children  of  Ihe  stock  of  Abmh.ini.  —  Acts 
xiii. 

11.  A  fund  ;  capital ;  the  money  or  goods  employed 
in  trade,  manufactures,  insurance,  banking,  &c. ;  as, 
the  stock  of  a  banking  company  ;  the  stock  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  in  making  insurance, 
and  Ihe  like.    Stock  may  be  individual  or  joint. 

1-1  .Money  lent  to  government,  or  properly  in  a 
public  debt ;  a  share  or  shares  of  a  national  or  other 
public  debt,  or  in  a  company  debt.  The  United 
States  borrow  of  the  bank  or  of  individuals,  and  sell 
stock  bearing  an  interest  of  five,  six,  or  seven  per 
cent.  British  stocks  are  the  objects  of  jierpetual  spec- 
ulation. 

13.  Supply  provided  ;  store.  Every  one  may  be 
charitable  out  of  his  own  stock.  So  ive  say,  a  slock 
of  honor,  a  stock  of  fame. 

AtlJ  to  that  stock  which  justly  we  bestow.  Drytien. 
M.  In  asricuhuTe,  the  domestic  animals  or  beasts 
belonging  to  the  owner  of  a  farm  ;  as,  a  stock  of  cat- 
tle or  of  sheep.    It  is  also  used  for  the  crop  or  other 
'      property  belonging  to  the  farm.  F.ncijc. 
I        15.  Living  beasts  shipped  to  a  foreign  country  ;  as, 
a  brig  sailed  yesterday  with  stock  on  deck.    The  cat- 
tle ate  called  also  live  stock.  .America. 
IG.  In  the  fFesl  Indies,  the  slaves  of  a  plantation. 

17.  Stocks,  pi. ;  a  machine  consisting  of  two  pieces 
of  timber,  in  which  the  legs  of  criminals  are  con- 
fined h\  way  of  punishment. 

18.  The  frame  or  timbers  on  which  a  ship  rests 
while  building. 

19.  The  stock  of  ijh  anchor  is  the  piece  of  timber 
into  which  the  shank  is  inserted.  Mar.  Dtct. 


STO 

20.  Ill  book-keeping,  the  owner  or  owners  of  the 
books.  Encijc. 
S'l'OC'K,  »>.  f.    To  store  ;  to  supply  ;  to  fill ;  as,  to  slock 
the  mind  with  ideas.    Asia  and  Europe  are  well 
slocked  with  inhabitants. 

2.  To  lay  up  in  store  ;  as,  he  stocks  what  he  can 
not  use.  Johnson. 

3.  To  put  ill  the  stocks.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 
•1.  To  pack  ;  to  put  into  a  pack  ;  as,  to  stock  cartls. 
."i.  To  supply  with  domestic  animals ;  as,  to  stock  a 

farm. 

(>.  To  supply  with  seed ;  ns,  to  stock  land  with 
clover  or  herdsgrass.  American  Farmers. 

7.  To  suffer  cows  to  retain  their  milk  for  twenty- 
four  hours  or  more  previous  to  sale. 
To  stock  up  I  to  extirpate  ;  to  dig  up. 

Edwards's  TV.  Tndirs. 

STO(n{-ADE',  n.  [See  Stoccade.]  In  fortification, 
a  sharpened  post  or  stake  set  in  the  earth. 

2.  .\  lino  of  posts  or  stakes  set  in  the  earth  as  a 
fence  or  barrier. 

STOt'K-.^DE',  V.  t.  To  surround  or  fortify  with  sharp- 
ened posts  fixed  in  the  ground. 

STOCK-aD'ED,  pp.    Fortified  with  stockades. 

STO(.'K-Al)'I.\G,  ppr.  Fortifying  with  sharpened 
]>i)sts  or  slakes. 

ST()CK'-l!lloK-ER,  7i.  [stock  and  broker.]  A  broker 
who  deals  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  stocks  or 
shan  s  in  the  public  funds. 

STOCK'-UOVE,  (-diiv,)  71.  [stork  and  dove.]  The 
Willi  pigeon  of  Europe,  (Coluiiiba  U'nas,)  long  con- 
sidered as  the  stock  of  the  domestic  pigeon,  but  now 
rciiariled  as  a  distinct  species.  Ed.  Enci/c. 

STOCK'-FISH,  71.  [stock  ami  fish.]  Cod  dried  hard 
and  without  salt. 

S'lOCK-GU/LY-FLOVV-EU,  77.  A  plant,  a  species 
of  (.'lieiranthus ;  sometimes  written  Stock  July 
Fi.owEB.  Encvc    Fain,  of  Plants. 

STOCK'HOLD-ER,  n.  [stock  imA  hold.]  One  who  is 
a  proprietor  of  stock  in  the  public  funds,  or  in  the 
funds  of  a  bank  or  other  company. 

STO("K'lN(!,  71.  [from  stock:  It.stoca;  supposed  by 
Johnson  to  be  a  corruption  of  stocken,  plural  o{ stock. 
Ilut  tju.] 

A  garment  made  to  cover  the  foot  and  leg. 
STOCK'ING,  ».  <.    To  dress  in  stockings.  Drijdrn. 
STOCK'ISH,  a.     Hard;  stupid;  blockish.  [IMe 

used.]  Shak. 
STOCK'-JOB-RER,  n.     [stock  and  job.]    One  who 

speculates  in  the  public  funds  for  gain;  one  whose 

occupation  is  to  buy  and  sell  stocks. 
STOCK'-JOB-BING,  71.    The  act  or  art  of  dealing  in 

the  public  funds.  Encijc. 
STOCK'-LOCK,  71.    [stock  and  lock.]    A  lock  fixed  in 

a  wooden  case  or  frame.  Buchanan. 
STOCKS.    Sec  under  Stock. 

STOCK'-STI  LL,  o.  [stock  and  still.]  Still  as  a  fixed 
post ;  perfectly  still. 


Our  preachers  sund  stock-stilt  in  the  puIpiL 


Anon. 


STOCK'Y,  a.  [from  stock.]  Thick  and  firm  ;  stout. 
A  stocky  person  is  one  rather  thick  than  tall  or  cor- 
pulent ;  one  whose  bones  are  covered  well  with  (lesli, 
but  without  a  prominent  belly. 

STo'ie,  71.  [Gr.  rwiKos,  from  s-'"i,a  porch  in  Athens, 
where  the  pliilosopher  Zeno  taught.] 

A  disciple  of  the  philosopher  Zeno,  who  founded 
a  sect.  He  taught  that  men  should  bo  free  from  pas- 
sion, unmoved  by  joy  or  grief,  and  submit  without 
complaint  to  the  unavoidable  necessity  by  which  all 
things  arc  governetl.  Enfield. 

STo'lC,       la.    Pertaining  to  the  Stoics  or  to  their 

STo'lG-AL,  i  doctrines. 

a.  Not  afliTtcd  by  passion;  unfeeling;  manifcst- 
ins  indifference  to  pleasure  or  pain. 

ST6'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  the  Stoics; 
without  apparent  feeling  or  sensibility;  with  indif- 
ference to  pleasure  or  pain.  ChestiTficld. 

STo'ie-AL-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  stoical ;  in- 
difference to  pleasure  or  pain. 

.STo'I-ClSM,  71.  The  opinions  and  maxims  of  the 
Stoics. 

2.  A  real  or  pretended  indifference  to  pleasure  or 
pain  ;  insensibility. 

STOKE  [Sav.  stoccc,  stoe,  place]  is  the  same  woril  as 

,  Stock,  differently  applied.  It  is  found  in  many  Eng- 
lish names  of  towns. 

STo'KEIl,  71.  One  who  looks  after  the  fire  of  a  brew- 
liguse,  or  of  a  steam-engine.  Oreen. 

STo'LA,  n.    [Gr.  irroAi).] 

.•\  long  garment,  descending  to  the  ankles,  worn 
by  Roman  women. 

SToLE,  prel.  of  Steal. 

STOLE,  71.         and  It.  stola ;  Sp.  estola.] 

1.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  along  and  narrow 
scarf,  with  fringed  extremities,  worn  by  a  priest 
around  the  neck,  and  cros.sed  over  the  breast  in  front. 

Hook. 

2.  [I.,  stolo.]  A  sucker;  a  shoot  from  the  root  of  a 
plant,  by  winch  some  plants  may  bo  propagated. 
[Written  also  Stool.] 

Oroom  of  the  stale  ;  the  first  lorii  of  the  bed-cham- 
ber, in  the  household  of  the  king  of  England. 

Brande. 


STO 

STOL'KN,  (stol'n,)  pp.  or  a.  [from  iiUal,  which 
see.] 

Stolen  wulera  are  sweet.  —  Pruv.  ix. 

STOL'II),  tt.  [L.  stolidus!  from  the  root  of  still,  stall, 
to  set.] 

Dull;  foolish;  stupid.    [JVot  used.] 

STO-I,II)'l-TY,  71.  [Supra.]  Dullness  of  intellect ; 
stiipiility.    [Little  used.]  Bentlcij, 

STO'I.O.V,  71.    [\..  stulo.] 

Ill  botany,  a  runner  or  slioot  proceeding  horizon- 
tally from  a  plant,  as  in  the  strawberry. 

ST()l,-0-.\IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  stolo,  a  sucker,  and 
fero,  to  produce.] 

Producing  sui:kers  ;  putting  forth  suckers ;  as,  a 
stnloniferous  stem.  Martyn. 

STo'.M.\,  71.  ![<■'■•]    In  iofaiii/,  oval  spaces  bo- 

ST()M',\-TA,  II.  pi.  i  tween  the  sides  of  cells  open- 
iii!;  into  inli  r-ci  lhihir  cavities  in  the  subjacent  tissue, 
ami  bordered  by  a  rim.  Lindlry. 

STO-.MAG'A-CE,  11.  [Gr.  ariu'i  and  it<n»s.]  A  felor 
of  breath,  arising  from  ulcerated  gums.  Brande. 

STOM'.ACll,  (stiiiii'ak,)  II.  [L.  stomuchus  :  Sp.  <a(o- 
mai^o  :  It.  stomacho  ;  Fr.  eslomac] 

1.  In  animal  bodies,  a  niembraneniis  recept,iclc,  the 
principal  organ  of  digestion,  in  which  food  is  pre- 
IVireil  for  eiilering  into  the  several  part.s  of  the  body 
for  its  iiourisliiitent. 

2.  .Appetite  ;  the  desire  of  food  caused  by  hunger  ; 
as,  a  good  stomach  for  roast  beef. 

\J2  popnlar  use  of  the  icord.] 

3.  Inclination ;  liking.  .  Bacon. 


He  which  hath  no  stomach  to  this  figlit, 
Let  him  depart. 


Shak. 


4.  Anger ;  violence  of  temper. 

St'-rn  was  Irfs  luuk,  urn  I  full  of  stomach  Tiiio.  Spenser. 

5.  Sullenness  ;  resentment ;  willful  obstinacy ; 
stubbornness. 

Tliis  »ort  of  crying  proceedii>^  fsmn  pride,  obstinacy,  and  stomach, 
the  will,  whca-  the  fault  lies,  must  be  bent.  Locks. 


6.  Pride ;  haughtiness. 

He  was  a  ma 

Of  an  unbounded  stomach,  ever  1 
Hiiusell  with  princes. 


nking 


JVoff.  —  This  word,  in  all  the  foregoing  senses  ex- 
cept the  first,  is  nearly  obsolete  or  inelegant. 
STO.M'ACH,  (stiini'ak,')  v.  t.    [L.  stomachor.] 
1.  To  resent ;  to  remember  with  anger. 


This  sense  is  not  7ij;ed  in  .America,  as  far  as  my  ob- 
servation extends.  In  America,  at  least  in  JVeuf  Eng' 
land,  the  sense  is, 

2.  To  brook;  to  bear  without  open  resentment  or 
without  opposition,    [.^^ot  elegant.] 
ST0.M'.\€I1,  jj.  i.    To  be  angry.    [A"o(  in  use.] 

Hooker. 

STOM'A€II-AL,  (I.    [Fr.  stomaeal.] 

Cordial;  helping  the  stomach.  Cotgrate. 
STOM'ACII-AO,  a.  Filled  with  resentment.  Shak. 
STO.M'A-CHER,  n.    An  ornament  or  support  to  the 

bre.'ist,  wtirii  by  females,    /s.  iii.  Shak. 
STO.M'ACIl-FIJL,  (sluiii'ak-,)  a.   Willfully  obstinate  ; 
stubborn  ;  perverse  ;  as,  a  stomachful  boy. 

L'Estrange. 

STOM'AeH-FUL-NESS,  71.  Stubbornness;  sullen- 
ness ;  perverse  obstinacy. 

STO-.MACirie,       la.    Pertaining  to  the  stomach  ; 

S'I'O-.M  ACiriC-AL,  i  as,  storajcAic  vessels.  Harcey. 
2.  Strengthening  to  the  stomach  ;  exciting  the  ac- 
tion of  the  stomach.  Coze. 

STO-.MACirie,  (sto-mak'ik,)  71.  A  medicine  that 
strengthens  the  stomach  and  excites  its  action. 

STO.M'.\CII-I.\G,  p/ir.  Brooking;  bearing  without 
open  resentment. 

ST(^M'A€1I-I.\G,  11.    Resentment.  [Xotinuse.] 

STO.M'ACII-LKSS,  (stuui'ak-,)  a.  Being  without  a 
stomach  or  appetite.  Hall. 

STO.M'ACII-OUS,  0.  Stout;  sullen;  obstinate.  [Xot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

STO.M'.-Veil-PL'^MP,  n,  A  small  pump  or  syringe  with 
a  flexible  tube,  for  drawing  liijuids  from  the  stom- 
ach, or  ftir  injecting  tlieiii  into  it. 

STO.M'.ACll-V,  a.    Obstinate  ;  sullen.  Jennings. 

ST(5'JI.V  P0D,  71.  [Gr.  arojia,  a  mouth,  and  itji  j,  b 
foot.] 

One  of  an  order  of  criist.accoiis  animals,  including 
the  squilla,  in  which  several  of  the  organs  of  the 
nioiilli  have  the  form  of  fret.  Dana. 
STO  .MP;  a  vulgar  pronunciation  of  Stamp,  which 

see. 

STO.XD,  71.  [for  Stand.]  A  stop  ;  a  post ;  a  station. 
[0A.«.]    [See  Stand.] 

STO.N'E,  n.  [Sax.  stan  :  Goth,  staina  ;  C.  stfin  ;  D  and 
Dan.  stern;  t^w.  sten;  Dalmatian,  sitina  ;  Croatian, 
stine.  This  word  may  be  a  derivative  from  the  root 
of  stand,  or  it  may  belong  to  some  root  in  Class  Dn. 
The  primary  sense  is,  lo  set,  to  fix  ;  Gr       ">  ] 

1.  A  mass  of  concreted,  earthy,  or  mineral  matter. 
In  popular  language,  very  large  masses  of  stone  are 
calletl  rocks ;  smaU  masses  are  called  stones ;  and  the 
finer  kinils,  gravel  or  sand,  or  grains  of  sand.  SUine 
is  of  great  and  extensive  use  in  the  construction  of 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VT"CIOU8  C  as  K  ;  6  ns  J  ;  9  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1087 


STO 


STO 


STO 


buildings  of  all  kinds,  for  walls,  fences,  piers,  abut- 
ments, arches,  monuments,  sculpture,  and  the  like. 

When  we  speak  of  the  substance  generally,  we 
use  stone  in  the  singular  ;  as,  a  house  or  wall  of 
stone.  But  when  we  speak  of  particular,  separate 
masses,  w  e  say,  a  stone, or  the  stones. 

2.  A  gem  ;  a  precious  stone. 

luesutnable  stones,  unvalued  jewels.  Shale. 

3.  .\ny  thin?  made  of  stone  ;  a  mirror.  Shak. 

4.  c.ilculous  concretion  in  the  kidneys  or  blad- 
der; the  disease  arising  froin  a  calculus. 

5.  .\  testicle. 

6.  The  nut  of  a  drupe  or  stone  fniit ;  or  the  hard 
covering  inclosing  the  kernel,  and  itself  inclosed  by 
the  pulpy  pericarp.  Martyn. 

7.  In  Oreat  Britain,  the  weight  of  fourteen  pounds. 
[8,  12,  14,  or  16.] 

[.Yiit  used  in  the  United  States,  except  in  reference  to 
t)ie  riders  of  Iwrsc-s  in  races.] 

8.  A  monument  erected  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
the  dead. 

Should  some  relentlfss  fye 
Glance  on  the  stone  where  our  coltl  relics  lie.  Pope. 

9.  It  is  used  to  e.xprcss  torpidncss  and  insensibil- 
ity ;  as,  a  heart  of  stone. 

I  have  not  yd  for^o[  mvself  to  stone.  Pope. 

10.  Stone  is  prefixed  to  some  words  to  qualify  their 
signification.  Thus  stone-dead  is  perfectly  dead,  as 
lifeless  as  a  stone  ;  stone-still,  still  as  a  stone,  per- 
fectly still ;  stone-blind,  blind  as  a  stone,  perfectly 
blind. 

To  leave  no  stone  unturned;  a  proverbial  expres- 
sion which  signifies  to  do  every  thing  that  can  be 
done  ;  to  use  all  practicable  means  to  effect  an  ob- 
ject. 

Meteoric  stones ;  stones  which  fall  from  the  atmos- 
phere, as  aft^T  the  displosiun  of  a  meteor. 

Pkilosopher^s  stone;  a  pretended  substance  that  was 
formerly  supposed  to  have  the  property  of  turning 
any  other  substance  into  gold. 
SToNE,  a.    Made  of  stone,  or  like  stone ;  as,  a  stone 
jug. 

STO.VE,  V.  L    [Sax.  sta-nan.] 

1.  To  pelt,  beat,  or  kill  with  stones. 

And  they  stoned  Steph'rn,  c  iJIins^  on  God,  an<l  saying,  Tjonl  Jtsus, 
receive  my  spinu  —  Actj  vii. 

2.  To  harden. 

O  perjured  woman,  thou  dost  stone  mv  h^art.    \Liit2e  use<?.] 

3.  To  free  frotn  stones  ;  as,  to  .<tone  raisins. 

4.  To  wall  or  face  with  .stones  ;  to  line  or  fortify 
with  stones  ;  as,  to  stxme  a  well  ;  to  stone  a  cellar. 

STo.N'E'-BLI.M),  a.    [stone  and  blind.]     Blind  !is  a 

stone  ;  perftj^ctly  blintl. 
SToN'E'-B6R-ER,  a.    .\n  anitnal  that  bores  stones  ; 

applied  to  certain  bivalve  niollusks  which  form  holes 

in  rocks.  JTirbi/. 
STo.\E'-BoW,  n.    [stone  and  bow.]    .A  cross-bow  for 

shooting  stones. 
STo.NE'-EREAK,  7U     [stone  and   break;   L.  sarif- 

raga.] 

A  plant.  .^inxicort.'t. 

STo.VE'-CH.\T,  I  71.     [stone  and  clmltcr.]  A 

STo.S'E'-CHAT-TER,  I  small  bird  of  the  eastern 
continent,  the  Saxicola  riibicola  of  Bcchstein,  (Mota- 
cilla  nibicola,  Linn.)  It  is  allied  to  the  English 
robin  redbreast,  and  its  note  often  rescmliles  the 
knocking  together  of  two  stones. 

Jar'line.    Ed.  Encyc 

RToXE'-€6AI.,  n.    Hard  coal ;  mineral  coal. 

SToN'K'-GRaV,  n.    A  distemper  in  hawks. 

SToN'E'-eROP,  n.    [Sax.  stan-crop.] 

1.  A  sort  of  tree.  Jifortimrr. 

2.  .\  low,  succulent  plant  of  the  genus  Sediim, 
growing  on  rocks  and  dry,  ariil  places;  wall-pep[ier. 
The  stone-crop  tree  or  shrubby  grass  wort  is  of  the 
genus  Chenopodium.  Loudon.  Lee. 

STd.N'E'-eUR-LHlV,  n.  A  large  species  of  the  plover 
family,  fEdicnejmis  crepitans  of  TiMnjninck.  It  fre- 
quents stony  places,  and  is  also  called  Thick  kneed 
Plover  or  Bustard,  and  Thick-Knee.  Jardine. 

ST6.NE'-eUT-TER,  n.  [stone  cut.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  hew  stones.  Swift. 

STO.N'E'-eUT-TI.VG,  n.  The  business  of  hewing 
Staines  for  walls,  steps,  cornices,  monuments,  &c. 

ST5.NE'-kAT-ER,  n.  An  animal  that  cats  stone  ; 
applied  to  certain  bivalve  niollusks  which  form  holes 

,  in  rocks.  Kirhii. 

STCtS'KO,  pp.  Pelted  or  killed  with  stones ;  freed 
from  stones  ;  walled  with  stones. 

HTfi.VE'-DEAD,  (  ded,)  a.  As  lifeless  as  a  stone, 
i  fTO.N'B'-P.AT  ER,  n.    A u  animal  that  eats  stone. 

STO.N'E'-KER.N,  n.    [*(on«  and /cr/i.j    A  plant. 

Ainsworth. 

STONE'-FL?,  n.    [atone  and  ftij.]    An  insect. 

.^tn-iicorth. 

STONE'-FRCIT,  n.  [*(oi»»  and /nii/.]  Fruits  whose 
vcedti  are  covered  with  a  hard  shell  ('nvelope<l  in  the 
pulp,  as  pcachea,  cherries,  plums,  tec  ;  a  drupe. 

Bo„h. 

STO.NE'-IIAWK,  B.  [ulont  and  hawk.]  A  kmd  of 
hawk,  .^innaoTth. 


STo.NE'-HE.\RT-i:i),  j  a.    [stone  and  Aeurt.J  H.ard- 

STo.\'Y-HEXRT-ED,  (  hearted  ;  cruel ;  pitiless  ; 
unfeeling.      ■  Sliak. 

STo.N'E'HEXCE,  it.  An  assemblage  of  upright  and 
horizontal  stones  on  Salisbury  Plain,  England  ;  gen- 
erally supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  an  ancient  Dru- 
idjcal  temple.  P.  Ci/c. 

STo.N'E'-HORSE,  n.  [stone  and  horse.]  A  liorse 
not  castrated.  Mortimer. 

SToNE'-HOUSE,  n.  [stone  and  house.]  A  house 
bijilt  of  stone. 

SToXE'-PXRS-LEY.n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Cubon. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

SToXE'-PIT,  n.  [stone  and  pit.]  A  pit  or  quarry 
where  stones  are  dug.  IVoodioard. 

STo.NE'-PITCH,  n.  [sfone  and  pitc/i.]  Hard,  inspis- 
sated pitch.  Bacon. 

SToXE'-PLOY-ER,  (-pluv-er,)  n.  [stone  and  plorer.] 
.\  bird.  Jlinsicorth. 

SToX'ER,  71.  One  who  beats  or  kills  with  stones  ; 
one  who  walls  with  stones. 

STo.\E'S'-€SST,      I  n.    [stone  and  cnst  or  throm.] 

SToXE'S'-TllRoW,  j  The  dist.ance  which  a  stone 
ninv  be  thrown  bv  the  hand. 

.STo.XE'S'-.MICK-LE,  71.    A  bird.  Mnsaorlh. 

SToXE'-SaUAR-ER,  11.  [stone  and  square.]  One 
wjio  forms  stones  into  squares.    1  Kings  v. 

SToXE'-STILL,a.  [stoiie  and  s(i«.]  Still  as  a  stone ; 
perfectly  still  or  motionless. 

SToNE'-WALL,  71.  [stone  and  wall.]  A  wall  built 
of  stones.  ■ 

SToNE'-WaRE,  n.  A  species  of  potter's  ware  of  a 
coarse  kind,  glazed  and  baked. 

STo.XE'-WEED,  71.  A  troublesome  weed,  of  the 
genus  Lithospermum,  having  spear-shaped  flowers 
with  yellowish  or  milk-white  corols.  Farm.  Encyc. 

SToXE'-WORK,  (-work,)  n.  Work  or  wall  consist- 
ing of  stone  ;  mason's  work  of  stone.  Mortimer. 

SToX'l-XESS,  71.  [from  stony.]  The  quality  of 
abounding  with  stones;  as,  the  stoniness  of  ground 
renders  it  dirticult  to  till. 

2.  Haidness  of  heart.  Hammond. 
SToN'lXG,  ppr.    Pelting  with  stones ;  walling  with 

stones. 

STo.X'V,  o.    [D.  steenig ;  G.  steinig ;  Sw.  steneg.] 
I.  Made  of  stone  ;  as,  a  stony  tower.  Slink. 
9.  Consisting  of  stone  ;  as,  a  stony  cave.  Milton. 

3.  Full  of  stones;  abounding  with  stones;  as, 
stony  ground. 

4.  Petrifying ;  as,  the  stony  dart  of  senseless  cold. 

Spenser. 

5.  Hard  ;  cruel ;  unrelenting  :  pitiless  ;  as,  a  .stony 
heart.  .Ulilton. 

6.  Insensible;  obdurate;  perverse;  moralh  bard. 
SToX'Y-llESRT-ED,  a.    Hard-hearted.  "Sci-lt. 
STOOD,  prel.  of  Stand. 

STtjOK,  n.    [Scotch  ;  W.  ystmc,  a  shock  of  grain.] 
A  small  collection  of  sheaves  set  up  in  the  tield. 
[In  England,  a  stook  is  twelve  sheaves.] 

STOOK,  V.  t.    To  set  up  sheaves  of  grain  in  stocks, 

[LnCul.] 

STOOK'INO,  71.  The  act  of  setting  up  sheaves  of 
grain  in  stooks  or  shocks. 

STOOL,  II.  [Sax.  stol,  (;oth.  stols,  a  seat,  a  throne  ; 
G.  stulil,  a  stool,  a  stock,  a  pew,  a  chair,  the  see  of  a 
bishop;  D.  and  Dan.  stoel,  id.;  Sw.  stol;  W.  yslal. 
This  coincides  with  stall  and  still.  A  stool  is  that 
which  is  set,  or  a  seat ;  Russ.  prestol,  a  throne  ] 

1.  A  seat  witliotit  aback  ;  a  little  form  consisting 
of  a  board  with  three  or  four  legs,  intended  as  a  seat 
for  one  person.  iVatls. 

2.  The  seat  used  in  evacu.ating  the  contents  of  the 
bowels  ;  hence,  an  evacuation  j  a  discharge  from 
the  bowels. 

3.  r  E.  stolo.]  The  root  or  stem  of  a  tree  or  plant 
cut  olTnear  the  ground,  from  which  shoots  spring  up. 

Brande. 

Stool  of  repentance ;  in  Scotland,  an  elevated  seat  in 
the  church,  on  which  persons  sit,  as  a  punishment 
for  fornication  and  adultery  ;  the  cutty-stool,  which 
see.        3  Johnson. 

STOOL,  V.  i.  In  agricnlture,  to  ramify  ;  to  tiller,  as 
grain  ;  to  shoot  out  suckers. 

STOOL'-BAEL,  71.  [stool  and  ball.]  A  play  in 
which  balls  are  driven  from  stool  to  stool.  Prior. 

STOO.M,  V.  I.  To  put  bags  of  herbs  or  other  ingredi- 
ents into  wine,  to  prevent  fcrnient,atiun.  [Local.] 

Chambers. 

STOOP,  V.  i.    [Sax.  stiiplan  ;  D.  stuipen.] 

1.  To  bend  the  body  downward  and  forward  ;  as, 
to  stoop  to  pick  up  a  book. 

2.  To  bend  or  b  an  forward  ;  to  incline  forward  in 
standing  or  walking.  We  often  see  men  stoop  in 
standing  or  walking,  either  from  habit  or  from  ape. 

3.  I'o  yield  ;  to  submit ;  to  bi'iid  by  compulsion  ; 
as,  Carthage  at  length  stooped  to  Rome.  Drydcn. 

4.  To  descend  from  rank  or  dignity;  to  conde- 
Rccnd.  In  modern  days,  attention  to  agriculture  is 
not  called  stooping,  in  men  of  property. 

Where  nifii  o(  irmit  wcaltii  stoop  to  bi»t>undry,  It  miilil;  li'-lh 
riches  cxc'eiliii(fly.  liacon. 

5.  To  yield  ;  to  be  inferior. 

Tlfse  ore  aiu,  my  princi*, 
In  which  our  Znnia  dws  not  stoop  to  Ituine.  Addison. 


C.  To  come  down  on  prey,  as  a  hawk 

The  bird  of  Jove  stooped  from  liis  airy  tour, 

Two  birds  of  ^ayt-sl  plume  b*/Iore  him  drove.  Milton. 

7.  To  alight  from  the  wing. 

And  sloop  with  closing  pinions  from  above.  Dryden, 

8.  To  sink  to  a  lower  place. 

Cowering  low 

With  blandishments,  each  bird  sux^ttd  on  tus  wing,  blilton. 
STOOP,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  incline  downward  ;  to  sink  ; 
as,  to  stoop  a  cask  of  liquor. 
2.  To  cause  to  submit.    [LitUe  used.] 
STOOP,  71.    The  act  of  bending  the  body  forward  ;  in- 
clination forward. 

2.  Descent  from  dignity  or  superiority  ;  condescen- 
sion. 

Caji  any  loyul  subject  see 
With  patience  such  a  sloop  from  sovereignty  ?  Dryden. 

3.  Fall  of  a  bird  on  his  prey. 
STOOP,  H.    [D.  stoep,  a  step.] 

The  steps  of  a  door.    In  JVea  England,  a  stoop 
has  a  balustrade  and  seals  on  the  sides. 
STOOP,  71.    [Sax.  stoppa ;  D.  stoop,  a  measure  of 
about  two  quarts ;  Sw.  stop,  a  measure  of  about  three 
pints.] 

1.  A  vessel  of  liquor ;  a  flagon  ;  as,  a  stoop  of  wine 
or  ale.  Dcnham.    King.  Sliak. 

2.  A  post  fixed  in  the  earth.  [Local.] 
STOOP'£D,  (stoopt,)  pp.  Caused  to  lean. 
STOOP'EU,  n.    One  that  bends  the  body  for\vard. 

Sherwood. 

STOOP'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Bending  the  body  forward  ; 

vielding  ;  submitting;  condescending;  inclining. 
StOOP'lXG-LY,  adc.    With  a  bending  of  the  body 

forward. 

STOOR,  c.  i.  To  rise  in  clouds,  as  dust  or  smoke ; 
from  tlie  Welsh  y.vdrr,  a  stir.    [Local.]  Halliicell. 

STOOT'ER,  71.  A  small  silver  coin  in  Holland,  value 
2  1-2  stivers.  P.  Ciie. 

STOP,  V.  t.  [D.  stoppen ;  G.  stopfen,  to  stop,  to  clieck, 
to  pose,  to  fill,  to  cram,  to  stuff,  to  quilt,  to  darn,  to 
mend  ;  Dan.  stopper,  to  stop,  to  puzzle,  to  darn,  to 
cram,  to  stuff;  Sw.  stoppa,  to  stop,  to  stii.^;  It.  stop- 
pare,  to  stop  with  tow;  stoppa,  tow,  L.  stupa;  Sp. 
estopa,  tow  ;  estofa,  quilted  stuff ;  estofar,  to  quill,  to 
stew  meat  with  wine,  spice,  or  vinegar ;  Port. 
estofa,  stuff;  estofar,  to  quill,  to  stuff;  Fr.  rtoupc, 
tow  ;  elouper,  to  stop  with  tow  ;  etouffer,  to  choke, 
to  stifle,  (see  Stifle  ;)  L.  stupa,  low  ;  s(i/«i,  to  stuff, 
to  crowd,  and  stupco,  to  be  stupefied,  whence  stupid, 
stupor,  (that  is,  to  stop,  or  a  stop  ;)  It.  stopam,  to  stop, 
to  shut.  The  primary  sense  is  either  to  cease  to 
move,  or  to  stuff,  to  press,  to  thrust  in,  to  cram  ;  prob- 
ably the  latter.] 

1.  To  close  ;  as  an  aperture,  by  filling  or  by  ob- 
slrticting  ;  as,  to  stop  a  vent ;  to  stop  the  ears ;  to  stop 
wells  of  water.    2  Kings  iii. 

2.  To  obstruct ;  to  render  impassable ;  as,  to  stop  a 
way,  road,  or  passage. 

3.  To  hinder;  to  impede;  to  arrest  progress;  as, 
to  stop  a  passenger  in  the  road  ;  to  stop  the  course  of 
a  stream. 

4.  To  restrain  ;  to  hinder ;  to  suspend  ;  as,  to  stop 
the  execution  of  a  decree. 

5.  To  repress  ;  to  sujipress  ;  to  restrain  ;  as,  to  stop 
the  progress  of  vice. 

C.  To  hinder;  to  check  ;  as,  to  stop  the  approaches 
of  old  age  or  infirmity. 

7.  To  hinder  from  action  or  practice. 

Wliose  disposition,  all  the  world  well  knows. 

Will  not  be  rul.ljed  nor  stopped.  Shai. 

8.  To  put  an  end  to  any  motion  or  action  ;  to  in- 
tercept ;  as,  to  stop  the  breath  ;  to  .itop  proceedings. 

9.  To  regulate  the  sounds  of  musical  strings  ;  as, 
to  xiop  a  string.  Bacon. 

10.  In  senmaiiship,  to  make  fast. 

11.  To  point;  as  a  written  composition.  [.Vot  in 
rise.) 

STOP,  ».  t.   To  cease  to  go  forward. 

Some  stntngc  commotion 
Is  in  his  brain  :  he  bili-s  lus  lip,  and  starts ; 
Slops  on  a  sudden,  looks  upon  llle  gr\>uiid.  STiai. 

2.  To  cease  from  any  motion  or  course  of  action. 
When  you  are  accusloiiied  to  a  course  of  vice,  it  is 
very  dilficiill  to  stop. 

The  best  time  to  sU}p  is  at  Uie  beginning.  Lesley. 
STOP,  71.    Cessation  of  progressive  motion  ;  as,  to 
make  a  .>(<i;i.  VF.strange. 

2.  llinderance  of  progress  ;  obstrucOon4  act  of 
stopping. 

Occull  qu;»litif8  put  a  stop  to  the  improvement  of  nalurd  phh 
los^)pliy.  Neicton. 

3.  Repression  ;  hinderance  of  operntiim  or  action. 
It  is  a  (rn-at  stop  u»w.inl  die  masu-ry  of  our  dcsirt^,  to  rive  tliis 

stop  t»  (h'-m.  Locke. 

4.  Intcrruptitin. 

Th-  se  sto}»>  of  thine  fright  me  the  mor\?.  Shak. 

5.  Prohibition  of  sale;  as,  the  atop  of  wine  and 
salt.  Temple. 

C.  That  which  obstructs  ;  obstacle;  impediment. 
A  fitiil  slap  Iravefsi'd  their  heutllony  course.  Daniel. 
So  meliuicholy  n  prospect  should  liuplrc  ui  with  leal  to  opposa 
some  slop  to  the  rising  torienL  Rogers. 


FATE,  FAR,  F/^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


STO 

7.  The  inslrumpiit  by  which  the  soiimls  of  wind 
music  are  regulated ;  as,  tlic  stops  of  a  liuto  or  an 
oriian. 

8.  Regulation  of  musical  chords  by  tlio  fingers. 

In  the  glopt  -of  lutes,  the  higlicr  Ihey  ;;o,  the  lew  (li(;tui»ce  Li 
between  the  frets.  Jitu-OH* 

9.  The  act  of  applying;  the  stops  in  music. 

Tlie  orf^nn-aoiind  a  time  survives  the  stop.  Daniel. 

10.  A  point  or  mark  in  writing,  intended  to  dis- 
tinguisli  the  sentences,  parts  of  a  sentence,  or 
clatises,  and  to  show  th'!  proper  pauses  in  reading, 
'i'iie  stops  generally  used  are  (he  eoniina,  semicolon, 
colon,  and  period.  To  these  may  be  adtled  the 
marks  of  interrogation  and  cvclamation. 

ST01"-eOCI<,  n.  (stop  and  cock.]  A  pipe  for  letting 
out  a  tiiiid,  stopped  by  a  turnins-coi  k.  Grew. 

STOP'-G.\I',  II.  [slop  and  gap.]  A  temporary  expe- 
dient.   [JVut  ujseU.] 

ST01"LESS,  a.    Not  to  bo  stopped.    [.\u(  in  use.] 

Davniaiit. 

STOP'PAGE,  71.  The  act  of  stopping  or  arresting 
progress  or  motion  ;  or  the  state  of  being  stopped  ;  as, 
the  stoppatre  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood  ;  the  stop- 
patre  of  connnerce. 

STOP'FEU,  (stopt,)  pp.  Closed  ;  obstructed  ;  hin- 
dered from  proceeding;  impeded;  intercepted. 

ST01"1'ER,  71.  One  who  stops,  closes,  sliiits,  or  bin- 
ders ;  that  which  stops  or  obstructs;  tliat  which 
closes  or  fills  a  vent  or  hole  in  a  vessel. 

9.  tn  seameti^s  tantrua^e,  a  short  piece  of  rope  used 
ft)r  making  something  fast,  as  the  anchor  or  cables. 
Stoppers  are  also  used  to  prevent  the  running  rigging 
from  coming  up  whilst  the  men  are  belaying  it. 

STOP'PER,  V.  L   To  close  or  secure  with  a  stopper. 

STOP'PEIl-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Closed  or  secured  with  a 
stopper  ;  as,  a  stoppered  retort.  Henry. 

.<5TOP'PER-ING,  ppr.    Closing  with  a  stopper. 

STOP'PIiVG,  ppr.  Closing;  shutting;  obstructing; 
hindering  from  proceeding  ;  ceasing  to  go  or  move  ; 
putting  an  end  to  ;  regulating  the  sounds  of. 

STOP'PLE,  (stop'pl,)  n.    [Sw.  stopp.] 

That  wliich  stops  or  closes  the  moutli  of  a  vessel ; 
as,  a  glass  stopple    a  cork  stopple. 

SToR'AGE,  n.  [from  store.]  The  act  of  depositing 
in  a  store  or  warehouse  for  safe  keeping ;  or  the  safe 
keeping  of  goods  in  a  warehouse. 

2.  Tile  price  charged  or  paid  for  keeping  goods  in 
a  store. 

STo'KAX,  71.  [The  English  corruption  of  L.  styrax. 
Or.  crufiaf.] 

A  fragrant  resin  exuding  from  Ptyrax  officinalis, 
(Linn..)  in  the  form  of  small,  reddish  globules,  but 
usually  brought  to  market  in  large,  flat  masses,  of  a 
reddish-brown  color,  sof :  and  unctuous  to  the  touch, 
but  pliable  and  brittle.  Like  other  resins,  it  is  solu- 
ble in  alcohol,  and  iirsduble  in  water.  When  dis- 
tilled with  alcohol  or  water,  it  scarcely  affords  any 
oil.    In  medicine  it  is  used  as  an  expectorant. 

Tally. 

Liquid  storaz  is  a  fragrant,  bitterish,  honey-like 
siibsiance,  which  exudes  from  various  plants,  differ- 
ing from  storax.  It  is  used  in  medicine  as  an  e.xpec- 
lorant. 

STORE,  n.    [W.  ystor,  that  forms  a  bulk,  a  store  ;  Sax. 
stfir;   Dan.  stor ;  Sw.  id.,  great,  ample,  spacious, 
main  ;  Jr.  stor,  storas:  Heb.  Ch.  Eth.  and  Ar.  -MN, 
at-ar.    Class  Sr,  No.  39.] 
^  1.  A  large  number;  as,  a  store  of  years.  [Obs.] 

Dryden. 

2.  A  large  quantity  ;  great  plenty  ;  abundance  ;  as, 
a  .<ore  of  wheat  or  provisions.  Bacon. 

3.  A  stock  provided  ;  a  large  quantity  for  supply  ; 
ample  abundance.  The  troops  have  great  stores  of 
provisions  and  ammunition;  tlie  ships  have  stores 
for  a  long  voyage. 

[This  is  the  present  usual  acceptation  of  the  word, 
and  in  this  sen.se,  the  plural,  SronEii,  is  commonly 
used.  When  applied  to  a  single  article  of  supply, 
it  is  still  sometimes  used  in  the  singular ;  as,  a  gootl 
store  of  wine  or  of  bread.] 

4.  Ciuantity  accumulated  ;  fund  ;  abundance  ;  as, 
store.i  of  knowledge. 

5.  A  storehouse  ;  a  magazine ;  a  warehouse.  Noth- 
ing can  be  more  convenient  than  the  stores  on  Cen- 
tral Wharf  in  Boston. 

6.  In  (Ac  United  Stales,  shops  for  the  sale  of  goods 
of  any  kind,  by  wholesale  or  retail,  are  often  called 
stores. 

In  store;  in  a  state  of  accumulation,  in  a  literal 
sense ;  hence,  in  a  state  of  preparation  for  supply  ;  in 
a  slate  of  readiness.  Happiness  is  laid  up  in  store 
for  the  righteous ;  misery  is  in  store  for  the  wicked, 
(^ee  also  STonEs.l 
STORE,  a.  Hoarded  ;  laid  up ;  as,  store  treasure, 
f  jViff  in  use,] 

STORE,  V.  u   To  furnish  ;  to  supply ;  to  replenish. 
Wi*'  Pl.vto  B.viil  the  world  with  men  waa  stored.  Denham. 
tier  ii.ind  will,  thiius^uul  virtues  stored.  Prior. 

2.  To  stock  against  a  future  time  ;  as,  a  garrison 
Well  stored  with  provisicns. 

Oo?  iLwing  stored  a  pond  of  four  RCKS  with  carp,  lencli,  and 
other  hsh.  }lalt. 


STO 

3.  To  re|)osit  in  a  store  or  warehouse  for  preserva- 
titin  ;  to  warehouse  ;  as,  to  store  goods.  Jlacon. 
STOR'A'I),  p/i.    Furnished;  supplietl. 

2.  Laid  up  in  store  ;  warehoused. 
SToKE'llOU.SE,  71.     [store  and  house.]    A  building 

for  keeping  grain  or  goods  of  any  kind  ;  a  magazine ; 
a  repository  ;  a  warelioiise. 

Joseph  opened  all  the  storehouses  and  sold  to  tlie  Ei^yptiatis.  — 
lien.  xli. 

9.  A  repository. 

The  Scripture  of  God  ia  a  storehouse  ftlwundinj  willi  inestima- 
ble treiisuresof  wisdom  and  knowledge.  Hutikcr. 

3.  A  great  mass  reposited.  [JVnf  in  use.]  Spen.-:rr. 
SToRE'-KEEP-ER,  n.    [store  and  keeper.]     A  man 

who  has  the  care  of  a  .store. 

SToR'ER,  71.    One  who  lays  up  or  forms  a  store. 

STORE'-ROOM,  71.  Room  in  a  storehouse  or  reposi- 
tory ;  a  room  in  which  articles  are  storeil. 

STORES,  71.  pi.  Military  and  naval  stores  are  arms, 
ammunition,  provisiims,  clothing,  tec. 

2.  In  covtmcreial  nariiration,  the  supplies  of  differ- 
ent articles  provided  for  the  subsistence  and  accom- 
modation of  the  ship's  crew  and  passengers. 

McCulloch. 

STOR'dE,  71.  [Gr.]  Parental  affection  ;  tender  love  ; 
that  strong,  instinctive  affection  which  animals  have 
for  their  young. 

STo'RI-AL,  a.  [from  story.]  Historical.  [J^ot  in 
use.]  Chaucer. 

STO'RI-EI),  (sto'rid,)  pp.  or  a.  [from  story.]  Fur- 
nished with  stories ;  adorned  with  historical  paint- 
ings. 

Some  greetW  minion,  or  imperious  wife, 

The  Irophiuu  arches,  storied  lialls,  invade.  Pope. 

9.  Related  or  referred  to  in  story ;  told  or  recited 
in  history. 

STo'RI-ER,  71.  A  relator  of  stories;  a  historian.  [A'ut 
in_use.] 

STo'RI-Ff,  V.  t.  To  form  or  tell  stories.  [Mt  in 
use.]  Ch.  Relig.  .appeal. 

SToK'ING,  piir.    Laying  up  in  a  store  or  warehouse. 

STORK,  71.    [.«ax.  store  :  Dan.  Sw.  stor*.] 

A  large  bird  with  a  long,  straight,  conical  bill,  al- 
lied to  tlio  heron.  There  are  several  species,  which  be- 
long to  the  genus  Ciconia  of  Brisson,  (Ardea,  Linn.) 
The  stork  is  famed  for  its  great  affection  toward  its 
young  ;  and  the  various  species  render  important  ser- 
vices to  man  in  clearing  away  noxious  animals  and 
tilth.  P.  Cyr. 

STORK'S'-BILL,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pelargoiii- 
iiin,  which  see.  Loudon. 

STOR.M,  71.  [Sax.  storm  ;  D.  Dan.  and  Sw.  storm  ;  G. 
Sturm;  W.  ystorm ;  D.  sfoorc7i,  to  disturb  ;  W.  ystio- 
riaw,  Eng.  to  stir.  In  Italian,  stonno  is  a  fight,  com- 
bat, a  band,  or  troop  ;  slormire,  to  make  a  noise  ;  stor- 
me<rgiarc,  to  throng  together,  to  ring  the  alarm  bell. 
The  Italian  seems  to  be  from  Latin  turma.  The  pri- 
mary  sense  of  storm  is,  a  rushing,  raging  or  violent 
agitation.] 

1.  The  violent  action  of  one  or  more  of  the  meteor- 
ological elements,  wind,  rain,  snow,  hail,  or  thunder 
and  lightning.  According  to  the  etymology,  the  proper 
sense  of  the  word  is,  rushing,  violence.  It  has,  pri- 
marily, no  reference  to  a  fall  of  rain  or  snow.  But, 
as  a  violent  wind  is  often  attended  with  rain  or  snow, 
the  word  storm  has  come  to  be  used  for  a  fall  of  rain 
or  snow  without  wind. 

0,  beat  those  storms,  and  roll  the  seas  in  voJo.  Pope. 

2.  A  violent  assault  on  a  fortified  place  ;  a  furious 
attempt  of  troops  to  enter  and  take  a  fortified  place 
by  scaling  the  walls,  forcing  the  gates,  and  the  like. 

Dnjden. 

3.  Violent  civil  or  political  commotion  ;  sedition  ; 
insurrection;  also,  clamor;  tumult;  disturbance  of 
the  peace. 

Sliolc. 


I  will  stir  up  In  England  some  black  storms. 

tier  sister 

Began  to  scold  and  raise  up  such  a  storm. 


Shai. 


4.  Affliction  ;  calamity  ;  distress  ;  adversity. 

A  brave  man  stnjgghng  with  the  slor7r.«  of  fate.  Pope. 

5.  Violence ;  vehemence  ;  tumultuous  force. 

7{ooker. 

STORM,  V.  t  To  assault ;  to  attack  and  attempt  to 
take  by  scaling  the  walls,  forcing  gates  or  breaches, 
and  the  like ;  as,  to  storm  a  fortified  town. 

STOR.M,  V.  i.    To  raise  a  tempesL  Spenser. 
9.  To  blow  with  violence ;  impersonally ;  as,  it 
storms. 

3.  To  rage ;  to  be  in  a  violent  agitation  of  passion  ; 
to  fume.    The  master  storms. 
STOR.M'-BkAT,  a.    [storm  and  beat.]    Beaten  or  im- 
paired by  storms.  Spenser. 
STORM' KD. pp.    Assaulted  by  violence. 
STOR.M'FUL,  a.    Abounding  with  storms. 
STORM'F(JL-NESS,  n.    Abundance  of  storms. 

Coleri/lfrr. 

STORM'I-NESS,  n.    Tempestnousness ;  the  state  of 

being  agitated  by  violent  winds. 
STORM'ING,  p;ir.     Attacking  with  violent  force  ; 

raging. 

STOR.M'-MEN'A-CING,  a.   Threatening  a  storm. 
STORM'-PET'REL,  7i.     A  name  of  certain  small, 


STO 

black  sea-birds,  often  Hccn,  during  stomia,  flying 
swiftly,  or  seeming  to  run  upon  the  waves.  They 
constitute  Iho  genus  Tlialassidroma  of  Vigors,  a  sub- 
division of  tlic  Linna;aii  genus  Procellaria. 

JiTuttalL    P.  Cyc 
STORM'-PRE-SAG'ING,  a.    Presaging  a  storm. 

Heinans. 

STORM'-SAIL,  n.  A  coarse  or  strong  sail  used  in 
gales  of  wind.  Glynn. 

STORM'-TOSS-£D,  (-tost,)  a.  Tossed,  by  storms  or 
high  winds. 

STOR.M'-VE.\-£D,  (  vext,)  a.  Harassed  with  storms. 

Coleridire. 

STORM'V,  a.  Tempestuous;  agitated  with  furious 
winds;  lioL-terous ;  as,  a  stormy  season;  a  stormy 
day  or  week. 

2.  PrtiCeeding  from  viident  agitation  or  fury  ;  as,  a 
sdirw;/ sound  ;  .sfomiy  shocks.  Mdison. 

3.  Vitdent  ;  passionate.  [Unustial.] 
STORTII'ING,  (stort'ing,)  71.    [Dan.  .stor,  great,  and 

till  IT,  court.] 

The  pttrliameiit  of  Nofway,  elected  once  in  three 
years. 

STO'RY,  71.  [Sax.  sf^r,  slcr ;  li.sloria;  I,,  historia ; 
Gr.  !(TT'if/iii.] 

1.  A  verbiil  narration  or  recital  of  a  series  of  facts 
or  incidents.  We  observe  in  children  a  strong  pas- 
sion for  hearing  stories. 

2.  A  written  narrative  of  a  series  of  facts  or  events. 
There  is  probably  on  record  no  sfory  more  interesting 
than  that  of  Joseph,  in  Genesis. 

3.  History  ;  a  written  narrative  or  account  of  past 
transactitms,  whetlier  relating  to  nations  or  indiviil- 
uals. 

The  four  great  monarchies  make  the  subject  of  ancient  story. 

Temple. 

4.  Petty  tale  ;  relatitm  of  a  single  incident,  or  of 
trifling  incidents.  Mdison. 

5.  A  trilling  tale  ;  a  fiction  ;  a  fable;  as,  the  story 
of  a  fairy.  In  popular  usage,  story  is  sometimes  a 
softer  term  for  a  lie. 

6.  A  loft  ;  a  floor ;  or  a  set  of  rooms  on  the  .same 
floor  t>r  level.  A  .story  compreheitils  the  distance 
from  one  floor  to  another  ;  as,  a  story  of  nine  or  ten 
feet  elevation.  Hence,  each  floor  terminating  the 
sp.ice  is  called  a  story;  as,  a  house  of  one  story,  of 
two  stories,  of  five  stories.  The  farm-houses  in  New 
England  have  usually  two  .stories ;  the  houses  in 
Pans  have  usually  five  stories,  a  few  have  more  ; 
those  in  London  four.  But,  in  the  United  States,  the 
floor  next  the  ground  is  the  first  story:  in  France  anti 
England,  the  first  floorer  story  is  the  second  from 
the  ground. 

7.  A  falsehood.    [Various  dialects.]  Halliwell. 
STo'RV,  V.  I.    To  tell  in  historical  relation  ;  to  nar- 
rate. 

How  worthy  he  i.i,  I  will  leave  to  appear  hereafter,  rather  than 
story  luni  in  his  own  hearing.  Shak. 

It  is  stoned  of  the  bnuen  colossus  in  Rhodes,  Uiat  it  was  sf-veuty 
culjits  higli.  WiUdns. 

[This  verb  is  chiefly  used  in  the  passive  participle.] 

2.  To  range  under  one  another.    [Little  usetl.] 

Bentley. 

STo'RV-ING,  ppr.    Telling  in  historical  relatitm. 
STo'RV-PoST,  71.    A  vertical  post  used  to  su])|iort  a 

floor  or  superincumbent  wall. 
STo'RY-TELL-ER,  71.    [story  and  Ull.]    One  who 

tells  stories  ;  a  narrator  of  a  series  of  incidents  ;  as, 

an  amusing  story-teller. 
9.  A  historian  ;  in  contempt.  Src\fL 

3.  One  who  tells  fictitious  stories. 
STOT,  71.    [Sax.  stoUe,  a  poor  horse.] 

1.  A  horse.    [JVbt  in  use.]  Chattcer. 

2.  A  young  bullock  or  steer.  [ScotiisA.] 

W.  Scott. 

SToTE.    See  Stoat. 
STOU.\D,  V.  u    [Ice.  stunde.] 

1.  To  be  in  pain  or  sorrow,    [^"of  in  u-ve.] 

2.  Stunned.    [J\'"<i£  in  use.]    [See  Astound.] 
STOUND,  71.    Sorrrow  ;  grief.    [J^ot  in  itse.] 

Spenser. 

2.  A  shooting  pain.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

3.  Noise.    [jVo£  111  use.]  Spenser. 
A.  Astonishment;  amazement.    [.A''o(  m  use. ) 

Gay. 

5.  Hour;  time;  season.  [Dan.  s(iin<7.]  [JVot  m 
use]  Gay. 

6.  A  vessel  to  put  small  beer  in.  [Local.] 

Halliwell. 

STOUP,  (stoop,)  71.   A  flagon  ;  a  vessel  or  measure  for 

liquids.    [8i-<ifti.N-A.]  Jamitson, 
STOUR,  71.    [Sax.  slyrian,  to  stir.] 

A  battle  or  tumuli.    [06s.]  Spc7uer. 
[Stour  signifies  a  river  ;  as  in  Sturbridge.] 
STOUT,  a.    [D.  stout,  bold,  stout,  stootrn,  to  push; 
Dan.  sliidcr,  to  push  ;  stuilser,  to  strut.    The  primary 
sense  is,  to  shoot  forward,  or  to  swell.] 

1.  Strong  ;  lusty. 

A  stouter  champion  never  handled  swonl.  Shak. 

2.  Bold  ;  intrepid  ;  valiant ;  brave. 


3.  Large;  bulky.    [.A  popular  use  of  the  vord.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  Ci  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


137 


STR 

4  Proud  ;  resolute  ;  obstinate. 

se. 

DanUl. 

5.  Strong ;  finn ;  as,  a  stout  vessel.  Dryden. 
STOUT,  n.    A  cant  name  for  strong  beer.  Swift. 

iTOVT'-Jl^kl:  ^"""'^  I  Having  a  stout  frame. 
STOUT'-HEXRT-ED,  a.    Having  a  stout  heart. 

Scott. 

STOUT'LY,  adv.  Lustily  ;  boldly  ;  obstinately.  He 
stoHthf  defended  himself. 

STOUt'NESS,  71.    Strength  ;  bulk. 

2.  Boldness  ;  fortitude.  .Ascham. 
"  3.  Obstinacy  ;  stubbornness.  Shak. 

SToVE,  ru  [Sax.  stofa  ;  Sw.  stufca;  D.  stoof;  It.  stu- 
fa ;  Sp.  estufa,  a  warm,  close  room,  a  bath,  a  room 
where  pitch  and  t.ir  are  heated  ;  atofar,  to  stew 
meat,  and  to  quilt ;  Fr.  etuvc  ;  G.  baJstube,  a  bagnio, 
or  hothouse  ;  stiibe,  a  room  ;  .'stubcn-ofcn,  a  stuve  ; 
Dan.  stover,  to  stew  ;  stue,  a  room  ;  ."ttue-orjt,  a  stove. 
This,  primarily,  is  merely  a  room,  a  place.  See 
Stow.] 

1.  A  hothouse ;  a  house  or  room  artificially  warmed. 

Bacon.  Woodward. 

2.  A  small  box  with  an  iron  pan,  used  for  holding 
coals  to  warm  the  feet.  It  is  a  bad  practice  for  young 
persons  to  accustom  themselves  to  sit  with  a  warm 
stow  under  the  feet. 

3.  An  iron  box,  cylinder,  or  fireplace,  in  which  fire 
Is  made  to  warm  an  apartment.  Stoves  for  this  pur- 
pose are  of  various  forms. 

4.  An  iron  box  with  various  apartments  in  it  for 
cooking;  a  culinary  utensil,  of  viirious  forms. 

SToVE,  V.  t.  To  keen  warm  in  a  house  or  room  by 
artificial  heat  j  as,  to  stove  orange-trees  and  myrtles. 

Bacon. 

9.  To  heat  as  in  a  stove  ;  as,  to  stove  feathers. 
SToVE,  prct.  of  Stave. 

STo'VER,  II.  [A  coutr.iction  of  estover.]  Fodder 
for  cattle  ;  primnrittj,  fodder  from  tbreshed  grain  ; 
but  in  New  England,  any  kind  of  fodder  from  the 
barn  or  stack. 

SToV'ING,  ppr.  Keeping  warm  by  the  he.it  of  a 
stove,  or  by  artificial  heat ;  heating,  as  in  a  stove. 

STOW,  i:  t.  [Sax.  stow,  a  place,  a  fixed  place  or  man- 
sion ;  G.  stauen,  D.  sttiwen,  Dan.  stuver,  to  stow,  to 
place;  Sp.  and  Port,  fsf/car,  id.,  coinciding  with  L. 
stipo,  to  crowd,  to  stuff;  Sp.  estiva,  a  rammer;  L. 
stiva,  the  handle  of  a  plow.  Tlie  sense  is,  to  set  or 
throw  dow  n,  from  the  more  general  sense  of  throw- 
ing, driving.] 

1.  To  place  ;  to  put  in  a  suitable  pl.ice  or  position  ; 
to  stviv  bags,  bales,  or  casks  in  a  ship's  hold  ;  to 

bay  in  a  niow  ;  to  stow  sheaves.  The  word  has 
reference  to  the  placing  of  uiany  things,  or  of  one 
thing  among  many,  or  of  a  mass  of  things. 

2.  To  lay  up;  to  reposit. 

Stow,  in  names,  signifies  place,  as  in  BarsUtw. 

To  slow  the  hold  of  a  vessel ;  to  slow  or  arrange  ar- 
ticles in  the  hi/Id.  Totten. 
STOWAGE,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  placing  in  a 
suitable  position  ;  or  the  suit.able  disposition  of  sev- 
eral things  together.  The  .-.lowaire  of  a  ship's  cargo 
to  advantage,  requires  no  little  skill.  It  is  of  great 
consequence  to  iriake  good  stowage. 

[  This  is  the  princtpol  use  of  the  word.] 

2.  Room  for  the  reception  of  things  to  be  reposited. 
lo  evfry  vessel  Ihere  is  gtoienge  for  immciiae  treasures,  Addison. 

3.  The  state  of  being  laid  up.  I  am  curious  to 
have  the  plate  and  jewels  in  safe  stowage. 

4.  Money  paid  for  stowing  goods.    [Little  used.] 
SToVV"£D,  (stode,)  pp.    Placed  in  due  position  or  or- 
der ;  reposited. 

STOWING,  ppr.  Placing  in  due  position  ;  disposing 
in  good  order. 

STRA'IilSM,        )  n.     [I.,  strabismus,  from  .ytraba, 
STRA-lilS'MUS,  (     strubo,  a  squint-eyed  person.] 
A  non-coincidence  of  the  optic  axes  of  the  eyes 
upon  an  object,  occasioned  by  a  permanent  lenL'th- 
ening  of  one  of  the  lateral  muscles  <if  the  ball  of  the 
eye,  and  a  permanent  shortening  of  its  antasonist. 
A  squinting;  the  act  or  habit  of  looking  asquint. 
STRAD'DLE,  v.  i.    [from  tho  root  of  stride;  Sax. 
stredan,  to  scatter.] 

To  part  the  legs  wide  ;  to  stand  or  walk  with  the 
legs  I'.ir  apart. 

STRAD'Dlj;,  I!.  (.  To  place  one  leg  on  one  side  and 
the  other  on  the  other  of  any  thing  ,  as,  to  straddle  a 
fonc(;  (tr  a  horse. 

STIIAD'DEI.N'G,  ppr.  Standing  or  walking  with  the 
legs  far  a|iart ;  placing  one  leg  on  one  side  and  the 
other  on  tin;  ()thi.*r. 

STRAG'GI.E,  (Htrag'l,)  v.  i.  [This  word  seems  to  be 
f.irmed  on  the  root  of  stray.  In  Sax.  stnegan  is  to 
strew,  losfiread  ;  D. •(r/tim,  to  stretch  ;  (l.\lrrichrn, 
lo  pa«,  lo  migrate  ;  VV.  trcigluw,  to  turn,  revolve, 
wander.] 

1.  'i'o  wander  from  the  direct  course  or  way  ;  to 
rove.  When  iroopii  arc  on  the  march,  let  not  tho 
rjien  fftraggle. 

2.  To  wander  at  largo  without  any  certain  direc- 
tion or  object ;  to  ramble. 

TYnr  wolf  B\Arji  u  nrnggllng  kid.  L*Eatrang», 


STR 

3.  To  exuberate  ;  to  shoot  too  far  in  growth. 
Prune  the  straggling  branches  of  the  hedge. 

Mortimer. 

4.  To  be  dispersed ;  to  bo  apart  from  the  main 
body. 

They  came  between  Scylla  and  Charybdia  and  the  straggling 
rocks.  Ralegh. 

STRAG'GLER,  n.  A  wanderer ;  a  rover  ;  one  that 
departs  from  the  direct  or  proper  course  ;  one  that 
rambles  without  any  settled  direction.  Swift. 

2.  A  vagabond  ;  a  wandering,  shiftless  fellow. 

3.  Something  that  shoots  beyond  the  rest,  or  too 
faf. 

4.  Something  that  stands  by  itself. 
STRAG'GLING,  ppr.  or  a.     Wandering;  roving; 

rambling  ;  being  in  a  separate  position. 

STRXHL'STEIN,  n.    [G  strahl,  a  beam  or  gleam, 
and  stein,  stone.] 
Another  name  of  actinolite.  Ure. 

STRAIGHT,  (strale,)  a.  [L.  strictus,  from  stringo  ; 
Sax.  strac  ;  fonned  from  the  root  of  reach,  stretch, 
right,  L.  rectus,  G.  recht,  Fr.  etroit.  It.  strctlo,  in 
which  the  palatal  letter  is  lost ;  but  the  Spanish  re- 
tains it  in  estrccho,  estrechar.  It  is  lost  in  the  Port. 
eslreito.  It  is  customary  to  write  straight  for  direct 
or  right,  and  strait  for  narrow,  but  this  is  a  practice 
wholly  arbitrary,  both  being  the  same  word.  Strait 
we  use  in  the  sense  in  which  it  is  used  in  the  south 
of  Europe.  Both  senses  proceed  from  stretching, 
straining.] 

1.  Right,  in  a  mathematical  sense;  direct;  pass- 
ing from  one  point  to  another  by  the  nearest  course  ; 
not  deviating  or  crooked;  as,  a  straight  line;  a 
straight  course  ;  a  straight  piece  of  timber. 

2.  Narrow  ;  close  ;  tight ;  as,  a  straight  garment. 
[See  Strait,  as  it  is  generally  written.] 

3.  Upright ;  according  with  justice  and  rectitude  : 
not  deviating  from  truth  or  fairness. 

STRAIGHT,  (strate,)  adi).  Immediately;  du-ectlyjin 
the  sliortest  time. 

I  know  thy  ^nerous  temper  well ; 
F!in^  but  th'  appfaniice  of  di^lionor  on  it. 
It  straight  takes  tin?,  and  inonutii  into  a  bl:i2e.  Addison. 

STRAIGHT'-EDGE,  n.  A  small  board  or  piece  of 
metal  having  one  edge  perfectly  straight;  used  to 
ascertain  whether  a  surface  is  perfectly  plain. 

STRaIGHT'£N,  (strat'n,)  v.  t.  To  make  straight ;  to 
reduce  from  a  crooked  to  a  straight  form.  Hooker. 

2.  To  make  narrow,  tense,  or  close  ;  to  tighten. 

3.  To  reduce  to  difficulties  or  distress. 
STRAIGUT'£N-£D,  pp.    Made  straight;  made  nar- 
row. 

STRaIGHT'£N-ER,  71.  He  or  that  which  straight- 
ens. 

STRAIGIIT'SN-ING,  ppr.  Making  straight  or  nar- 
row. 

STRaIGHT'FORTH,  adv.    Directly  ;  henceforth. 

STRAIGHT-FOR'WARD.o.  Proceeding  in  a  straight 
course  ;  not  deviating. 

STRAIGHT-FOR'WARD-NESS,  71.  Direction  in  a 
straight  course  ;  undevialing  rectitude. 

STRAIGHT'LIN-£D,  a.    Having  straight  lines. 

STRAIGIIT'LY,  adv.    In  a  right  line;  not  crookedly. 
2.  Tijihtlv  ;  closely. 

STRAIGHT'NESS,  n.    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
straight ;  rectitude.  Bacon, 
2.  Narrowness  ;  tension  ;  tightness. 

STRAIGMT'-PIGHT,  (slrite'i)ite,)  a.  Literally, 
straight- fixed  ;  erect.  Shak. 

STRAIGHT'WAY,  arfo.  [straight  tmA  way.]  Imme- 
diately ;  without  loss  of  time  ;  without  delay. 

He  took  the  damsel  by  the  hand,  and  said  to  her,  Talitha  eumi. 
And  straighUoay  the  damsel  arose.  —  Mark  v. 

[Strmghtwavs  is  obsolete.] 
STRaIKS,  ti.  pi.    Strong  plates  of  iron  on  the  circum- 
ference of  a  cannon  wheel,  over  the  joints  of  the 
fellies. 

STRAIN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  etreindre  ;  It.  strignere  ;  Sp.  es- 
treiiir ;  L.  stringo.  This  word  retains  its  original 
signification,  to  stretch.  Strain  is  the  L.  stringo,  as 
straight  is  strictiut,  in  different  dialects.] 

1.  To  stretch  ;  to  draw  with  force  ;  to  extend  with 
great  efitirt ;  as,  to  strain  a  rope  ;  to  strain  the 
shrouils  of  a  ship  ;  to  strain  tlie  cords  of  an  instru- 
ment. 

2.  To  cause  to  draw  with  force,  or  with  excess  of 
exertion  ;  to  injure  by  pressing  with  too  much  ef- 
fitrt.  He  strained  his  horses  or  his  oxen  by  overload- 
ing them. 

3.  To  stretch  violently  or  by  violent  exertion  ;  as, 
to  strain  the  arm  or  the  muscles. 

4.  To  put  to  the  utmost  sircnglh.  Men  in  desper- 
ate cases  will  strain  themselves  for  ridief. 

a.  To  press  or  cause  to  pass  through  some  porous 
substance  ;  to  purify  or  separate  from  extraneous 
matter  by  filtration;  to  filter;  as,  to  strain  milk. 
Water  may  be  strained  through  sand. 

Bacon,  .^rbuthnot. 

6.  To  sprain  ;  to  injure  by  drawing  or  stretching. 

Prnrlet  drc-iycd  ie»ont  may  track, 

.Vtrotn  tli.-ir  necks  wltli  looking  iKvck.  Stei/t. 

7.  To  make  tighter ;  to  cause  to  bind  closer. 

I'o  ftpafn  Ills  rftt''n  with  a  stricter  care.  Dryden. 


STR 

8.  To  force  ;  to  constrain  ;  to  make  uneasy  or  un- 
natural. 

His  mirth  is  forced  and  strained.  Deidiam, 
STRAIN,  V.  i.   To  make  violent  efforts. 

To  build  his  fortune  I  will  stToin  a  litde.  Shale. 
Straining  with  too  weak  a  wing.  }*ope. 

2.  To  be  filtered.  Water  straining  through  sand 
becomes  pure. 
STRaI.\,  n.  A  violent  effort  ;  a  stretching  or  exertion 
of  the  limbs  or  muscles  ;  the  force  exerted  on  any 
material  tending  to  disarrange  or  destroy  the  cohe- 
sion of  its  parts. 

2.  An  injury  by  excessive  e.xertion,  drawing  or 
stretching.  Orew. 

3.  Style  ;  continued  manner  of  speaking  or  wri 
ting;  as,  tlie  genius  and  strain  of  the  book  of  Prov- 
erbs. TUlotson. 

So  we  say,  poetic  strains,  lofly  strains. 

4.  Song ;  note ;  sound  ;  or  a  particular  part  of  a 
tune. 

Their  heavenly  harps  a  lower  strain  be^n.  Dryden. 

5.  Turn ;  tendency  ;  inborn  disposition. 

Because  heretics  have  a  strain  of  mailueK,  he  applied  h  r  wiUi 
some  corporal  chastisxenieiits.  liayward. 

6.  Manner  of  speech  or  action. 

Such  take  too  high  a  strain  at  first.  Bacon, 

7.  Race ;  generation  ;  descent. 

He  is  of  a  noble  strain.    [Not  in  use.]  SkaJc. 

8.  Hereditary  disposition. 

Intemperance  and  lust  breed  diseases,  which,  propagated,  spoil 
the  strain  of  a  nation.    [Not  in  use.]  TVlotson. 

9.  Rank  ;  character.    [Mot  in  use.]  Dryden. 
STRaIN'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  strained.  [JVot 

in  use.]  Bacon. 
STRaIN'SD,  pp.  or  a.    Stretched  ;  violently  exert- 
ed ;  filtered. 

STRaIN'ER,  7!.  That  through  which  any  liquid  passes 
for  purification;  an  instrument  for  filtration. 

STRAIN'ING,  ppr.  Stretching;  exerting  with  vio- 
lence ;  making  great  efforts  ;  filtering. 

STRAIN'ING,  71.  The  act  of  stretching ;  the  act  of 
filtering  ;  filtration. 

STRAINT,  71.  A  violent  stretching  or  tension.  [JVoi 
171  use.]  Spenser. 

STRAIT,  (strate.)  a.  [See  Straight.]  Narrow  ; 
close  ;  not  broad. 

Strait  is  the  g^ue,  and  narrow  is  the  way  that  leadeth  to  life,  and 
few  there  be  that  lind  it.  —  Matt.  vii. 

2.  Close  ;  intimate ;  as,  a  strait  degree  of  favor. 

Sidney. 

3.  Strict ;  rigorous. 

He  now,  forsooth,  uakes  on  him  to  reform 

Some  certain  edicts,  and  some  strait  decrees.  ShaJc. 

4.  Difliciilt;  distressful. 

5.  Straight ;  not  crooked. 

STRAIT,  71.  [See  Strak^ht.]  .\  narrow  pass  or 
passage,  either  in  a  mountain  or  in  the  ocean,  be- 
tween continents  or  oflier  portions  of  land  ;  as,  the 
straits  of  Gibraltar;  the  straits  of  Magellan;  the 
straits  of  Dover.  [In  this  sense,  tJie  plural  ts  more  gen- 
erally used  than  the  .'.-ingiilar,  and  often  without  any  ap- 
parent reason  or  propriety.] 

2.  Distress ;  dithculty  ;  distressing  necessity  ;  for- 
merly written  Stkeight.  [Used  eit/ier  in  Uie  singu- 
lar or  plural.] 

Let  no  man,  who  owns  a  Providence,  become  desperate  under 

any  cdamily  or  strait  whauoever.  South. 
Ulysses  made  use  of  the  pretense  ot  natural  infirmity  to  umcea] 
the  straits  he  was  in  at  tliat  tinte  in  his  thoughls.  Broome. 

STRAIT,  V.  t.   To  put  to  difficulties.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

STRAIT'SN,  (strat'n,)  v.  t.    To  make  narrow. 

In  narrow  circuit,  straitened  by  a  foe.  Milton. 

2.  To  contract;  to  confine  ;  as,  to  straiten  the  Urit- 
)sh  commerce.  .Addison. 

3.  To  make  tense  or  tight ;  as,  to  straiten  a  cord. 

Dunciad. 

4.  To  distress  ;  to  perplex  ;  to  press  with  poverty 
or  other  necessity  ;  as,  a  man  straitened  in  his  cir- 
cumstances. 

5.  To  press  by  want  of  sufficient  room. 

Waters,  when  straitened,  as  at  the  falls  of  britlges,  give  a  roar- 
iiitr  noise.  Baron. 

STRAW  F.N- F.n,  pp.  Made  narrow;  contracted; 
perjilexed. 

S'lKAlT'-HAND-ED,  n.  [strait  and  hand]  Parsi- 
monious; sparing;  nijrgardly.    [J^'ot  much  used.] 

STRAIT'-HAND'ED-NESS,  n.  Niggardliness  ;  par- 
simony. JIalJ. 

STKAIT'-LAC-KD,  (-laste,)  a.    Gripi-d  with  stay.s. 
We  have  few  well-shaped  that  are  elrait-taced.  Locke, 

2.  Stiff ;  con.stiaincd.  Hence, 

3.  Kigiil  in  opinii>n  ;  strict. 
STRAIT'LY,  adn.    Narrowly  ;  closely. 

2.  Strictly  ;  rigorously.  [For  this,  Strictlv  is  now 
used.l 

3.  ("loselv  ;  intimately. 

STRAIT'NESS,  n.  Narrowness  ;  as,  the  sirailnr.is  of 
a  plac.o  ;  slrattness  of  miiitl  ;  strattness  of  circum- 
stances. Bacon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T — MiSTE,  PREY  PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  IIQQK.- 


vm 


STR 

3.  Strictness ;  rigor ;  as,  the  straitness  of  a  man's 
procci'ilincs.  Sliuk. 

3.  Distress ;  ditliciilly  ;  pressure  from  necessity  of 
any  kind,  particiilnrly  from  poverty. 

4.  Want;  scarcity  ;  or  ratlier  narrowness;  as,  the 
stniiTitess  of  tile  conveniences  of  life.  hockr, 

STMA  IT'-WAIST-eOAT,  )  n.  An  apparatus  to  con- 
STKaIT'-JACK-ET,         5    fine  the  limbs  of  a  dis- 

tracifd  person. 
ST1{.\KK,  prc(.  of  Strike.    [Ofa.]    [See  Strike.] 
STllAKi:,  II.    [Sp.  .itraca.] 

1.  A  streak.  [Not  used,  unless  in  reference  to  the 
ranse  of  planks  in  a  ship's  side.]    [See  Streak.] 

2.  A  narrow  board.    [JVbl  used.] 

;t.  The  iron  band  of  a  wheel.     [In  the  United 
States,  this  is  called  a  band,  or  the  tire  of  a  wheel.] 
STIlAiM,  0.  i.     [Dan.  strammer,  to  stretch,  to  spreail.] 
'I'o  spread  out  the  limbs;  to  sprawl.    [Local  and 
vulvar.  ] 

STRAM'ASH,  v.  t.    [It.  stramazzarr..] 

To  strike,  beat,  or  bang;  to  break;  to  destroy. 

[Local  ami  r«/H*«r.]  Orosr. 
S'l  IlA-iMIN'E-OUS,  a.    [L.  sfromiHcus,  from  stramcn, 

straw] 

1.  Strawy  ;  consisting  of  straw.  Robinson. 

2.  Chalfy  ;  like  straw  ;  light.  Barton. 
STRA-Mo'NI-U.M,  )  ji.      The   thorn-apple.  Datura 
STR Ai\l'0-N Y,       (     Stramonium,  who.se  seeds  and 

leaves  are  used  in  medicine. 
STRAND,  n.     [Sa.\.  strand;  G.  D.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
strand.] 

1.  The  shore  or  beach  of  the  sea  or  ocean,  or  of  a 
large  lake,  and  perhaps  of  a  navigable  river.  It  is 
never  used  of  the  bank  of  a  small  river  or  pond.  The 
Dutch  on  the  Hudson  apply  it  to  a  landing-place;  as, 
the  strand  at  Kingston. 

2.  One  of  the  twists  or  parts  of  which  a  rope  is 
composed.    [Russ,  struna,  a  cord  or  string.] 

Mar.  Diet. 

STRAND,  V,  i.   To  drive  or  run  aground  on  a  shore 
or  strand,  as  a  ship. 
2.  To  break  one  of  the  strands  of  a  rope. 

Mar.  Diet. 

STRAND,  V.  i.  To  drift  or  be  driven  on  shore  ;  to  run 
aground  ;  as,  a  ship  strands  at  high  water. 

STRA.N'D'ED,  ;j;<.  or  o.    Run  ashore. 
2.  Having  a  stnind  broken. 

STRA.XD'ING,  ;»pr.  Running  ashore;  breaking  a 
strand. 

STIIANO,  a.    Strong.    [JVorth  of  Enfrland.]  Halliwcll. 

S'I'RaNGE,  a.  [Ft.  ctrautre ;  It.  strano,  strange,  for- 
eign, pale,  wan,  nide,  unpolite  ;  strajiare,  to  alien- 
ate, to  reinovof  to  abuse  ;  straniare,  to  separate  ;  Sp. 
extraiio,  foreign,  extraneous,  rare,  wild  ;  L.  eztraneus  ; 
W.  cstronaii,  strange  ;  estrawn,  a  stranger.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  root  (rare,  is  to  depart,  to  proceed  ; 
W.  tramn,  over  ;  (ra«i,  an  advance  or  distance.] 

1.  Foreign  ;  belonging  to  another  country. 

1  do  not  aml'  tnu  tlip  kiiowltnlg^  of  itrange  and  divcra  tonsfues. 
17'Ai«  sense  t*  nearly  obsolete.]  Asdiam. 

2.  Not  domestic;  belonging  toothers. 

So  shf,  inip;>tioiu  her  own  f.iulls  to  set*, 

Turns  frvin  hersett,  niid  in  strange  things  deliglitx.  Davies. 
I  Nearly  obsolet£.\ 

3.  New  ;  not  before  known,  heard,  or  seen.  The 
former  custom  was  familiar  ;  the  latter  was  strange 
tt)  lliein.  Hence, 

4.  Wonderful ;  c.iusing  surprise ;  exciting  curios- 
ity. It  is  strange  that  men  will  not  receive  improve- 
ment, when  it  is  shown  to  be  improvement. 

S  »i''d  At  l<*nglh,  ptrlonsj  I  might  perceive 

6trnng«  iUttT.ition  in  inc.  Milton. 

5.  Odd;  unusual;  irregular;  not  according  to  the 
common  way. 

He's  strange  and  peevish.  Shak. 

6.  Remote.    [Little  used.]  Shale. 

7.  Uncommon ;  unusual. 

Tl»i«  made  D.ivid  to  admire  the  law  of  God  at  lliat  strange  mlt. 

Tiltouon. 

8.  Unacquainted. 


Thc7  > 


I  at  a  gage,  looking  strange  at  one  another. 

Bacon. 


9.  Strange  is  sometimes  uttered  by  way  of  excla- 
mation. 

strange  I  what  cxtrem*"i  should  thill  prr^rve  the  snow 
High  on  die  Alps,  or  in  deep  caves  Ix-low.  Waller. 

This  is  an  elliptical  ex[)ression  for  if  is  stramje. 
A  strange  sail ;  among  seamen,  an  unknown  ves- 
sel. 

STRaXGE,  r.  f.   To  alienate;  to  estrange.    [JVuf  in 
usr.] 

STRaNGE,  r.  i.    To  wonder ;  to  be  astonished.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Olanviile. 
2.  To  be  estranged  or  alienated.    [JVot  in  use.] 

STRaNGE'-LOQK-ING,  a.    Having  an  odd  or  unu- 
sual look. 

STR.^NGK'LY,  ode.    With  some  relation  to  foreign- 
ers.   [06«.]  Sliak. 

2.  VVonderfully  ;  in  a  manner  or  degree  to  excite 
surprise  or  wonder. 

How  strangely  active  an-  the  arts  of  peace  I  Dryden. 
It  would  strangely  delight  you  to  see  with  what  sriril  ho  con- 
venes, laut. 


STR 

STRS.VGE'NESS,  n.    Koreigniiess;  the  slate  of  be- 
longing to  another  country. 

If  1  will  olwy  the  gx)Bpel,  no  distance  of  place,  no  strangeness  of 
cunntry,  cuii  make  any  man  a  slning'rr  to  me.  Sjtrat. 

2.  Distance  in  behavior;  reserve;  coldnos.s  ;  for- 
bidding manner. 

Wilt  you  npt  nhservo 
The  strangeness  of  his  alti-rcd  countenance  ?  Shak. 

3.  Remoteness  from  common  manners  or  notions  ; 
uncouthncss. 

Men  worthier  tlian  himself 
Here  tend  Ihe  siwagc  strangeness  he  pnu  on.  Slirtk, 

4.  Alienation  of  mind  ;   estrangement ;  mutual 
dislike 


Thi 


lirh! 


My  child  is  yet  a  elranger  to  the  world, 
1  was  no  stranger  to  Uic  original. 


[  This  sense  w  obsolete  or  little  usrtl.] 

5.  WonilerfiiliK'ss  ;  the  power  of  exciting  surprise 
and  wonder;  uncommonness  that  raises  wonder  by 
novelty. 

This  raised  greater  tumults  tn  the  hearts  of  men,  than  the 
strangeness  and  seeniinj  unreasonableness  of  all  the  former 
articles.  Soui?i. 

STRAN'GER,  n.    [Fr.  ctranger.] 

1.  A  foreigner!  '""^  '"''"ngs  to  another  coun- 
try. Paris  and  London  are  visited  by  strangers  from 
all  the  countries  of  Europe. 

2.  One  of  another  town,  city,  state,  or  province,  in 
the  same  country.  The  Comiiienceinents  in  Amer- 
ican colleges  are  frequented  by  multitudes  of  stran- 
gers friun  the  neighboring  towns  and  states. 

3.  One  unknown.  The  gentleman  is  a  stranger 
to  me. 

4.  One  unacquainted. 

Shak. 
Dryden. 

5.  A  guest ;  n  visitor.  Milton. 

6.  One  nut  admitted  to  any  communication  or  fel- 
lowship. 

Melons  on  heds  of  ice  are  taiiwhl  to  bear, 

And  strangers  to  the  sun  yet  rip*'n  lieie.  OranvUte. 

7.  In  law,  one  not  privy  or  party  to  an  act. 
STRAN'GER,  V.  t.    To  estrange;  to  alienate.  [J^ot 

in  use.]  Shale. 
STRAN''GLE,  (Strang' gl,)  v.  t.    [Fr.  etrangler;  It. 
stran^lare  ;  L.  strangulo.] 

1.  To  choke  ;  to  siiffocate  ;  to  destroy  life  by  stop- 
ping respiration. 

Our  Saxon  ancestors  compelled  the  adulteress  to  strangte  her- 
self. Aylife. 

9.  To  suppress  ;  to  hinder  from  birth  or  appear- 
ance. ShaJc. 

STRAN"GLE-A-BLE,  (strang'gl-a-bl,)  a.  That  may 
be  strangled.  Chesterfield. 

STRAN"Gt^ED,  pp.  or  a.  Choked  ;  suffocated  ;  sup- 
pressed. 

STRAN"GLER,  n.    One  who  strangles. 
STRAN"GLES,  (-glz,)  n.     Swellings  in  a  horse's 
throat. 

STRAN"GLING,  ppr.  Choking;  suffocating;  sup- 
pressing. 

STRAN"GLING,  n.  The  act  of  destroying  life  by 
stopping  respiration. 

STRAN"GU-LA-TED,  (strang'gii-la-ted,)  a.  In  sur- 
gery, having  the  circulation  stopped  in  any  part  by 
coin[)ression.  A  hernia  is  said  to  be  strangulated, 
when  it  is  so  compressed  as  to  obstruct  the  circula- 
tion in  the  part,  and  cause  dangerous  symptoms. 

Cue. 

STRAN"GU-LS'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  strangle, 
latio.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  strangling  ;  the  act  of  destroying 
life  by  stopping  respiration ;  suffocation. 

Wiseman, 

2.  That  kind  of  suffocation  which  is  common  to 
women  in  hysterics  ;  also,  the  compression  of  the  in- 
testines in  hernia,  so  as  to  suspend  the  circulation  in 
the  part.  Cyc. 

STRAN-GO'RI-OUS,  a.  Laboring  under  strangury  ; 
of  the  nature  of  strangury;  denoting  the  pain  of 
strangury.  Chcyne. 

STR.\N"GU-RY,  n.  [I,,  stranguria ;  GT.uTpayyovfna  ; 
crpayl,  a  drop,  anil  I'vunv,  urine.] 

A  painful  and  slillatitiuus  discharge  of  urine. 

STRAP,  n.  [D.  strop,  a  rope  or  halter;  Uan.  and  Sw. 
strop;  Sax.stropp;  I,,  strupus.  Strap  and  stroji  a\y- 
pear  to  be  from  stripping,  and  perhaps  stripe  also  ;  all 
having  resemblance  to  a  strip  of  bark  peeled  from  a 
tree.] 

1.  A  long,  narrow  slip  of  cloth  or  leather,  of  vari- 
ous forms  and  for  various  uses ;  ,is,  the  strap  of  a 
shoe  or  boot ;  straps  for  fastening  trunks  or  other 
baggage,  for  stretching  limbs  in  surgery,  &c. 

2.  A  piece  of  leather  prepared  for  sharpening  a 
razor ;  a  strop. 

3.  In  botany,  the  flat  part  of  the  eorollet  in  ligulate 
florets;  also,  the  leaf  exclusive  of  its  sheath  in  some 
grasses.  Martyn. 

4.  An  iron  plate  for  connecting  two  or  more  tim- 
bers, into  which  it  is  screwed  by  bolts.  Oieilt. 

5.  A  piece  of  rope  formed  into  a  circle,  used  to  re- 
tain a  block  in  its  position.  Tottcn. 


STR 

STRAP,  V.  t.   To  beat  or  chastise  with  a  strap. 

2.  'I  o  tasti  ii  or  biiiil  with  a  strap. 

3.  To  rut)  on  a  strap  fur  sliai peniiig,  as  a  razor. 
STRAP-l'A'Dd,  n.    [It.  strappala,  a  pull,  strappado, 

strapparr,  to  pull.] 

A  iiiiliiary  piiiiislinii  iit  formerly  practiced.  It  con- 
sistt^d  ill  dratviiig  :in  oIlL  iiilrr  to  the  top  of  a  beam, 
and  letting  him  fall,  by  which  means  a  limb  was 
stuiirtiioos  dislocated.  Shak. 

STRAP  r.\'l)(),  IT.  (.    'I'o  torture.  Miliim. 

STRAP'PA.'I),  (strapl,)  pp.  Drawn  or  rubbed  on  a 
stra|i  ;  beiiteii  with  a  strap  ;  fastened  with  a  strap. 

S'1'RAP'PIN(»,  ppr.    Drawing  on  a  strap,  as  a  razor. 

2.  HiiKling  with  a  strap. 

3.  a.  Tall  ;  lusty  ;  as,  a  strappintr  fellow. 
STRAP'-SHAP-ED,  (-shfiiit,)  a.    Shaped  like  a  strap. 

In  botany,  ligulate. 
STRA.SS,  n.    A  colorless  gl.ass,  which  is  the  base  of  all 

artificial  gems,  and  consists  chieliy  of  silex,  potash, 

borax,  and  oxyd  of  lead.  Ure. 
STRA'T.A,  n.  /)/.    [.-Jee  S  iratum.]    Beds  ;  layers  ;  as, 

strata  of  sand,  clay,  or  coal. 
STRAT'A  (';E.^I,  n.    [L.  strata gcma  :  Fr.  etratageme; 

It.  stratagemma  ;  Gr.  arparrj)  qpa,  from  arpariy  ciji, 

to  lead  an  army.] 

1.  An  artifice,  particularly  in  war;  a  plan  or 
scheme  for  deceiving  an  eiieiny.  Shak. 

2.  Any  artifice  ;  a  irick  by  which  some  advantage 
is  intended  to  be  obtained. 

Those  oft  are  strntngcms  which  errors  seem.  Pope. 

STRAT-A-GEM'ie-AL,  a.  Containing  stratagem  or 
artifice.    [Little  used.] 

STRAT'E-GUS,  n.    [(ir.  irTnaTiyos.] 

An  Athenian  general  ollicer.  Mitford. 

STRA-TK'Gie,       jo.    Pertaining  to  strategy  ;  cf- 

STRA-Tic'Gie-AL,  !     fected  by  artifice. 

STRAT'E-GIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  strategj'  or  the 
science  of  directing  gn  at  military  movements. 

STRAT'E-GY,  71.  Griier«lsliip  ;  the  science  of  mili- 
tary command,  or  the  science  of  directing  great  mil- 
itary movement-:. 

STRATH,  n.  [W.  ystrad.]  A  valley  of  considerable 
size,  through  which  a  river  runs,  [Seoaish.] 

Jainirsan, 

.STRATH'SPEY,  n.    A  lively  dance  of  the  Scotch. 
STRAT-I-FI-eA'TION,   n.     [friun  stratify.]  The 

process  by  which  substances  in  the  earth  have  been 

formed  into  strata  or  layers. 

2.  The  state  of  being  formed  into  layers  in  the 
earth. 

3.  The  act  of  laving  in  strata. 
STR/VT'l-FI-ED,  (-fide,)  pp.  or  a.    Formed  into  a 

layer,  as  a  terrene  substance  ;  arranged  in  strata  or 
l.tyers. 

STRAT'I-FOR-M,  a.  In  the  form  of  strata.  Phillips. 
STKAT'I-Ft,  !'.  t.    [Fr.  slrutifier,  from  L.  stratum.] 

1.  To  form  into  a  l.nyer,  as  substances  in  the  earth. 
Thus  cl.iy,  sand,  and  other  species  of  earth,  are  otlen 
found  .•stratified. 

2.  To  lav  in  strata. 

STRAT'I-F?-ING,  ppr.     Arranging  in  a  layer,  as 

terrene  substances. 
STR.Vr-I-GRAPH'IC-AL,  o.     Belonging  to  stratog- 

raphy.  Sedimrick. 
STRAT-I-GRAPII'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  stratigraph- 

ical  manner.  Scdgieick. 
STRA-TOe'RA-CY,  n.    [Gr.  arparos,  an  army,  and 

Kparci'i,  to  hold.] 
A  military  government;  government  by  military 

chiefs  and  an  armv.  Outhric. 
STRA-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  orpuros,  an  army,  and 

y pri0w,  to  d<;scribe.] 
Description  of  armies,  or  what  belongs  to  an  army. 
STRA-TON'ie,  0.    Pertaining  to  an  army. 
STRA-TOT'ie,  o.    Warlike;  military. 
STRA'TU.M,  n. ;  pi.  Stratl'Ms  or  Strata.    The  latter 

is  most  common.    [L.,  from  stemo,  to  spread  or  lay  ; 

Sax.  streonc.] 

1.  In  geilogy  and  mineralogy,  a  layer;  any  species 
of  earth,  .sand,  coal,  and  the  like,  arranged  in  u  flat 
form,  distinct  from  the  adjacent  matter.  The  thick- 
er strata  are  called  Beds  ;  and  these  beds  are  somts 
times  stratified. 

2.  A  bed  or  layer  artificially  made. 
STRA'TUS,  71.    [L.,  from  .«(<t7io,  to  spread  or  lay.] 

In  meteorology,  a  name  given  to  one  of  the  four  fun- 
damental cliiiids,  from  its  being  spread  over  the  face 
of  the  sky,  either  uniformly  or  in  horizontal  layers. 

Olm.^ted. 

STRAUGHT, pp.  for  Stretched.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

STRAW,  71.  [Sax.  streow,  straw,  and  a  stratum  or  bed  ; 
G.  tttroh  ;  D.  stroo  ;  Dan.  straae;  Sw.  ^fro  ;  L.  .*fra- 
mrntuw,  from  sterno,  strari,  stratum.    See  Strew.] 

1.  The  .stalk  or  stem  of  certain  species  of  grain, 
pulse,  tec,  chiefly  of  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  buck- 
wheat, anil  peas.  When  used  of  single  stalks,  it  ad- 
mits of  a  plural.  Straws.  S(raie.«  may  show  which 
way  the  wind  blows.  We  say  of  grain  while  grow- 
ing, the  straw  is  large,  or  it  is  rusty. 

2.  A  mass  of  the  stalks  of  certain  species  of  grain 
when  cut,  and  after  being  thrashed  ;  as,  a  bundle  or 
a  load  of  strain.  In  this  .sense,  the  word  admits  not 
the  plural  number. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER.  VI"CIOUa  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

.  __  .  in;ii 


STR 


STR 


STR 


3  Any  thing  proverbially  worthless.  I  care  not  a 
straw  lor  the  play  j  I  will  not  abate  a  straw. 

Hiiitibras. 

STRAW,  V.  t.  To  spread  or  scatter.  [See  Strew  and 
Strow.] 

STRAW'BER-RY,  n.  [strain  and  berry  ;  Sax.  straw- 
berie,] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Fragaria.  Straw- 
berries are  of  various  kinds,  all  delicious  fruit. 

SrRAWBER-RY-TREE,  n.  An  evergreen  shrub  of 
the  genus  Arbutus  ;  the  fruit  is  of  a  fleshy  substance, 
like  a  strawberry.  Lee.  Jliller. 

:<TRAW'-BUILT,  (  bilt,)  a.  Constructed  of  straw  ; 
as,  the  suburbs  of  a  straw-built  citadel.  Miltaii. 

STRAVV'-eOL-OR,  (-kuMur,)  «.  The  color  of  dry 
straw  ;  a  beautiful  yellowish  color. 

STRAW'-€OI.-OR -ED,  (  kul-lurd,)  o.  Of  a  light 
vellow,  the  color  of  dry  straw. 

StRA\V'-€RO\VN-£D,  a.    Covered  with  straw. 

STRAW'-eUT-TER,  n.  An  instrument  to  cut  straw 
for  fodder. 

STRAW'-DRaTN,  71.    A  drain  filled  with  straw. 
STRAW-HAT,  ii.    A  hat  made  of  braided  strow. 
STRAW'-ROOF-£D,  (-rooft,)  o.    Having  a  roof  of 

straw.  Hemans. 
STRAW'-STUFF-iTD,    (-stuft,)    a.     Stutfed  with 

straw.  Jlall. 
STRAW-WORM,  (-wurm,)  n.     [strato  and  worm.] 

A  worm  bred  in  straw. 
STRAWY,  a.    Made  of  straw  ;  consisting  of  straw. 

Boijtc. 

2.  Like  straw  ;  light. 
STRAY,  V.  i.  [The  elements  of  this  word  are  not 
certainly  known.  If  they  are  Sirg,  the  word  coin- 
cides with  Sax.  strtetran,  stret^aiijio  scatter,  to  spread, 
the  L.  stravi,  Eng.  to  strow,  strew,  or  straw,  also  with 
G.  strcicken,  to  wander,  to  strike ;  both  probably 
from  the  root  of  reach,  stretch.  Possibly  stray  is 
from  the  It.  straviare,  from  L.  extra  and  via.  I  am 
inclined,  however,  to  refer  it  to  a  Teutonic  origin. 
See  Straggle.] 

1.  To  wander,  as  from  a  direct  course  ;  to  deviate 
or  go  out  of  the  way.  We  say,  to  stray  from  tlie 
path  or  road  into  the  forest  or  wood. 

2.  To  waiuier  from  company,  or  from  the  proper 
limits ;  as,  a  sheep  strays  from  the  flock  ;  a  liorse 
strays  from  an  inclosure. 

3.  To  rove;  to  wander  from  the  path  of  duty  or 
rectitude  ;  to  err ;  to  deviate. 

We  h;\ve  erred  and  strayed.  Com.  Prayer. 

4.  To  wander ;  to  rove  at  large ;  to  play  free  and 
unconflned. 

Lo,  Uie  glad  gnles  o'er  all  hi^r  beatitips  stray, 

BreaUie  on  lit-r  lips  ami  in  her  l^osoni  pl  iy.  Pope. 

5.  To  wander;  to  run  a  serpentine  course. 

Where  Thames  ainonj  Ihe  wanton  valleys  strays.  Denham. 

STRAY,  V.  t.    To  mislead,    [.mil  in  use.]  Shak. 
STRAY,  71.    Any  domestic  animal  that  has  left  an  in- 
closure or  its  proper  place  and  company,  and  wan- 
ders at  large  or  is  lost.    The  laws  provide  that  strays 
shall  be  taken  up,  impounded,  and  advertised. 

Seein*  him  wander  about,  I  took  liiin  up  for  a  stray.  Dryden. 
2.  The  act  of  wandering.    [Little  used.]  Shall. 
STRAY'ER,  7t.    A  wanderer. 

STRAY'ING,  ppr.  Wandering;  roving;  departing 
from  the  direct  course,  from  the  proper  inclosure,  or 
from  the  path  of  duty. 

STRAY'ING,  71.    The  act  of  wandering  away. 

STReAK,  (streek,)  n.  [Sax.  strica,  a  line,  direction, 
course  ;  strican,  to  go  ;  stric,  a  stroke,  a  plague,  and 
slrec,  a  stretch  ;  G.  streich,  a  stroke  or  stripe,  and 
strich,  id. ;  D.  .streek,  a  course  ;  Dan.  ."itretr,  a  stroke 
or  line  ;  strikke,  a  cord ;  strd^,  a  stroke,  a  tract,  a 
row  ;  Svv.  strak ;  Ir.  striae.  These  have  all  the  same 
elements,  and  the  L.  slria  is  probably  a  contraction 
of  the  same  word  ;  Sp.  traca,  without  a  prefix.] 

1.  A  line  or  long  mark,  of  a  different  color  from 
the  ground  ;  a  stripe. 

What  mean  those  colored  streaks  in  heaven  t  lililton. 

2.  In  a  ship,  a  uniform  range  of  planks  on  the  side 
or  bottom,  reaching  from  the  stem  lo  the  stern. 

Mar.  Vict. 

rSometimes  pronounced  stroke.] 
i).  Ill  mincraliigijj  the  color  and  appearance  which 
the  surface  of  a  mineral  presents  when  scratched. 

Dana. 

STHi;AK,  V.  t.  To  form  streaks  or  stripes  in;  to 
Mripi-  ;  Id  variet'ntc  with  lines  of  a  difl'erent  color, 
or  of  dirtercnt  colors. 

A  nnilc  odiniralily  slreaktd  and  dappled  with  while  and  black. 

Haiiflye. 

Now  ttreakid  an<l  glowini;  wiih  ih"  morning  red.  Prior. 

2.  To  Htretch.    [A'ol  rlrnnnL]  Ilnlliwdl. 
STRRAK,  c.  i.    To  run  KwilHy.    Ilencc,  perhaps,  the 
vulgar  expression,  to  streak  it,  i.  e.,  to  stretch  it,  for 
run  Hwiflly. 

8TRKAK'/;I),    (streekt    or    Btreck'ed,)    pp.    or  a. 

Marked  or  variegated  with  Htrifies  of  a  different 
BTKloAK'ING,  ;i/ir.  Making  streaks  in.  [color. 
K'l'ltf;AK'Y,  a.    ilaviiig  Hlripis  ;  striped;  variegated 

with  lines  of  a  different  color. 


STREAM,  7t.  [Sax.  stream;  G.  Strom;  D.  stroom ; 
Dan.  Strom ;  Sw.  strbm ;  W.  ystnjm ;  Ir.  sreamk  or 
.treav.  If  m  is  radical,  this  word  belongs  to  Class 
Rm.] 

1.  A  current  of  water  or  other  fluid  ;  a  liquid  sub- 
stance flowing  in  a  line  or  course,  either  on  the 
earth,  as  a  river  or  brook,  or  from  a  vessel  or  other 
reservoir  or  fountain.  Hence, 

2.  A  river,  brook,  or  rivulet. 

3.  A  current  of  water  in  the  ocean  ;  as,  the  Gulf 
Stream. 

4.  A  current  of  melted  metal  or  other  substance ; 
as,  a  stream  of  lead  or  iron  flowing  fnmi  a  furnace ; 
a  stream  of  lava  from  a  volcano. 

5.  Any  thing  issuing  from  a  source  and  moving 
with  a  continued  succession  of  parts  ;  as,  a  stream  of 
words  ;  a  stream  of  sand. 

A  stream  of  beneficence.  Atterbury. 

6.  A  continued  current  or  course  ;  as,  a  stream  of 
weather.    [JVu(  used.]  Ralegh. 

The  stream  of  his  life.  SItak. 

7.  A  current  of  air  or  gas,  or  of  light. 

8.  Current ;  drift ;  as  of  opinions  or  manners.  It 
is  difilcult  to  oppose  the  stream  of  public  opinion. 

a  Water. 

STREAM,  V.  i.  To  flow  ;  to  move  or  run  in  a  con- 
tinuous current.    Blood  streams  from  a  vein. 

Beneath  the  banks  where  rivers  stream.  Milton. 

2.  To  emit ;  to  pour  out  in  abundance.  His  eyes 
streamed  with  tears. 

3.  To  issue  with  continuance,  not  by  fits. 

From  opening  skies  my  streaming  glories  shine.  Pope. 

4.  To  issue  or  shoot  in  streaks  ;  as,  light  streaming 
from  the  east. 

5.  To  extend  ;  to  stretch  in  a  long  line ;  as,  a  flag 
streaming  in  the  wind. 

STRKAiNI,  V.  t.  To  mark  with  colors  or  embroidery 
in  long  tracts. 

Tlie  herald's  mantle  is  streamed  w'ah  gold.  Bacon. 

STRicAM'ER,  77.  An  ensign  or  flag;  a  pennon  ex- 
tended or  flowing  in  the  wind  ;  a  poetic  use  of  the 
word. 

Brave  Rupert  from  afar  appears, 
Whose  waving  streamers  the  glad  general  knows.  Dryden. 

2.  A  luminous  beam  or  column,  sometimes  called 
auroral  streamer ;  one  of  the  forms  of  the  Aurora  Bo- 
realis. 

STReAM'ING,  ppr.  01  a.  Flowing;  running  in  a 
current. 

2.  Emitting ;  pouring  out  in  abundance ;  as,  stream- 
ing eyes. 

3.  Flowing;  floating  loosely  ;  as  a  flag. 

S'i  ReAM'LET,  71.    A  small  stream ;  a  rivulet ;  a  rill. 

Thomson. 

STReAM'-TIN,  71.    Particles  or  masses  of  tin-ore 

found  in  alluvial  ground.  Brande. 
STReAM'Y,  a.   Abounding  with  running  water. 

Arcadia, 

However  streamy  now,  adusl  and  dry, 

Denied  the  goddess  water.  Prior. 

2.  Flowing  with  a  current  or  streak. 

His  nodding  helm  emits  a  streamy  ray.  Pope. 

STReAM'-WORKS,  71.  pi.    Among  Cornish  miners, 
alluvial  deposits  of  tin-ore,  usually  worked  in  the 
open  air.  l/re. 
STREEK,  7).  t.    [Sax.  streccan,  to  stretch.] 
To  lay  out,  as  a  dead  body.    [JVoi  t7i  use.] 

Brande. 

STREET,  77.  [Sax.  strate,  strete ;  G.  strasse;  D. 
straat ;  Sw.  strdt ;  Dan.  stmde ;  Ir.  sraid  ;  W.  ystryd ; 
It.  strada ;  Sp.  estrada;  L.  stratum,  from  stratus, 
strewed  or  spread.    See  Strew.] 

1.  Properly,  a  paved  way  or  road  ;  but  in  usage, 
any  way  or  roati  in  a  city,  chiefly  a  main  way,  in 
distinction  from  a  lane  or  alley. 

2.  Among  the  people  of  J^ew  England,  any  public 
highway. 

3.  Streets,  pi. ;  any  public  way,  road,  or  place. 

That  there  be  no  complaining  in  our  streets — Ps.  cxliv. 

STREET'-WAEK-ER,  (-wawk-,)  «.  [street  and  walk.] 
A  common  prostitute  tliat  offers  herself  to  sale  in  the 
.streets. 

STRERT'-WARD,  77.  [street  and  ward.]  Formerly, 
an  offirer  who  had  the  care  of  the  streets.  Cowel. 

STUEIGIIT,  (strate,)  7i.  A  narrow.  [Obs.]  [See 
Stuvit.]  * 

STKEIGllT,  arfu.    Strictly.    [Obs.]    [See  Strait.] 

STREl/lTZ,  71.  [Uuss.]  A  soldier  of  the  ancient 
Muscovite  militia.  Brande. 

STRKNE.Ti.    Race ;  ofl'spring.    [Ohs.]  Chaucer. 

STRENfJTII,  71.  [Sax.  strength,  from  streng,  strung. 
See  STHo^^).] 

I.  That  jiroperty  or  quality  of  an  animal  body  by 
which  it  is  enabled  to  move  itself  or  other  bodies. 
We  say,  a  sick  man  has  not  strength  to  walk,  or  to 
raise  his  head  or  his  arm.  We  say,  a  man  has 
strength  to  liR  a  weight,  or  to  draw  it.  This  quality 
is  called  also  Power  and  Force.  But  force  in  also 
used  to  denote  the  effect  of  strength  exerted,  or  the 
quantify  of  motion.    Strength,  in  this  sense,  is  posi- 


tive, or  the  power  of  producing  positive  motion  or 
action,  and  is  opposed  to  Weakness. 

2.  Firmness  ;  solidity  or  toughness;  the  quality  of 
bodies  by  which  they  sustain  the  application  of  force 
without  breaking  or  yielding.  Thus  we  speak  of 
the  strength  of  a  bone,  the  strength  of  a  beam,  the 
strength  of  a  wall,  the  strength  of  a  rope.  In  this 
sense,  strength  is  a  passive  quality,  and  is  opposed  lo 
Weakness  or  Frangirilitv. 

3.  Power  or  vigor  of  any  kind. 

This  act 

Shall  crush  the  strength  of  Satan.  Milton. 
SlrengtJ^  there  iiuisl  be  eiUier  ol  love  or  war.  Ilotyday. 

4.  Power  of  resisting  attacks ;  fastness ;  as,  the 
strength  of  a  castle  or  fort. 

5.  Support;  that  which  supports ;  that  which  sup- 
plies strength  ;  security. 

God  is  our  refuge  and  strengUi. —  Ps.  xlvi. 

6.  Power  of  mind  ;  intellectual  force  ;  the  power  of 
any  faculty  ;  as,  strength  of  memory  ;  strength  of  rea- 
son ;  strength  of  judgment. 

7.  Spirit ;  animation. 

Mcthinks  I  feel  new  strength  within  me  rise.  Milton. 

8.  Force  of  writing ;  vigor ;  nervous  diction.  The 
strength  of  words,  of  style,  of  expression,  and  the 
like,  consists  in  the  full  and  forcible  exhibition  of 
ideas,  by  which  a  sensible  or  deep  impression  is 
made  on  the  mind  of  a  hearer  or  reader.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  Softness  or  Sweetness.  Strength 
of  language  enforces  an  argument,  produces  convic- 
tion, or  excites  wonder  or  other  strong  emotion ;  soft- 
ness and  sweetness  give  pleasure. 

And  praise  the  easy  vijor  of  a  line, 

Where  Denhani's  strength  and  Waller's  sweetness  join.  Pope. 

9.  Vividness  ;  as,  strength  of  colors  or  coloring. 

10.  Spirit ;  the  quality  of  any  liquor  which  has  the 
power  of  affecting  the  taste,  or  of  producing  sensible 
effects  on  olher  bodies  ;  as,  the  strength  of  wine  or 
spirit ;  the  strength  of  an  acid. 

11.  The  virtue  or  spirit  of  any  vegetable,  or  of  its 
juices  or  qualities. 

12.  Legal  or  moral  force  ;  v.ilidity  ;  the  quality  of 
binding,  uniting,  or  securing  ;  as,  the  strmgtli  of  so- 
cial or  legal  obligations  ;  the  strcngtli  of  law  ;  the 
strength  of  public  opinion  or  custom. 

13.  Vigor  ;  natural  force  ;  as,  the  strength  of  natu- 
ral afltction. 

14.  That  which  supports ;  confidence. 

The  allies,  after  a  successful  summer,  ar«  too  apt,  upon  the 
slrengOi  of  it,  to  neglect  preparation  for  the  ensuing  cam- 
paign. Adduon. 

1,5.  Amount  of  force,  military  or  naval;  an  army 
or  navy  ;  number  of  troops  or  ships  well  appointed. 
What  is  the  strength  of  the  enemy  by  land,  or  by 
sea 

16.  Soundness  ;  force  ;  the  quality  that  convinces, 
persuades,  or  commands  assent ;  as,  the  strength  of  an 
argument  or  of  reasoning ;  the  strength  of  evidence. 

17.  Vehemence  ;  force  proceeding  from  motion, 
and  proportioned  to  it ;  as,  the  strength  of  wind,  or  a 
current  of  water. 

18.  Degree  of  brightness  or  vividness  ;  as,  the 
strength  of  light. 

19.  Fortification  ;  fortress ;  as,  an  inaccessible 
strength.    [JVof  in  use.]  Mdton. 

20.  Support ;  maintenance  of  power. 

What  they  boiled  would  be  a  mischief  to  us,  you  are  nroviding 
shall  be  one  of  our  principal  strengths,  [JVol  used.]  Spral. 

STRENGTH,  c.  f.    To  strengthen.    [ATot  in  use.] 
STRENGTH'£N,  fstrengtli'n,)  ti.  (.    To  make  strong 
or  stronger  ;  to  add  strength  to,  either  physical,  legal, 
or  moral  ;  as,  to  strengthen  a  limb  ;  to  strengthen  an 
obligation. 

2.  To  confirm  ;  to  establish  ;  as,  to  strengthen  au- 
thority. 

3.  To  animate  ;  to  encourage  ;  to  fix  in  resolution. 

Charge  Joshua,  and  encourage  him,  and  strengtJten  him,  — 
Dent,  iii. 

4.  To  cause  to  increase  in  power  or  security. 

I.el  noble  Warwick,  Cohham,  and  the  rest, 

With  powerful  policy  strcngUicn  llieirisclves,  57uijt, 

STRENGTH'JCN,  v.  i.    To  grow  strong  or  stronger. 

The  ilisease  that  sliail  destroy  at  length, 

Grows  with  his  growlli,  and  strenguiens  with  his  strength. 

Pope. 

STRENGTH'j:N-i!:D,  pp.  Made  strong  or  stronger ; 
confirmed. 

STRENfiTH'/CN-ER,  7i.  That  which  increases 
strength,  physical  or  inoriil. 

2.  In  medicine,  .somi  thing  which,  taken  into  the 
system,  increases  vital  energy  and  strength  of  ac- 
tion. 

STRENGTir/CN-ING,  ppr.  or  fl.  Increasing  strength, 
physical  or  moral ;  conlirriiing  ;  auiiiiating. 

STREN(;T11'1,ESS,  a.  Wanting  strength;  destitute 
of  powi-r. 

2.  Wanting  spirit.    [Little  used,]  Boyle. 
STREN'lJ-OUS,  (slren'yu-us,)  a.    [L.  strennu.',- ;  It. 
strenuo;  W.  trrn,  force,  also,  inipettiotis.    The  sense 
is,  pressing,  straining,  or  rushing  forward.] 

1.  Eagerly  jiressing  or  urgent ;  zealous  ;  ardent  ; 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WII^T — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK — 


1092 


STR 

as,  a  strenuous  udvocnte  for  national  rights  ;  a  streii' 
uoas  oppiiser  of  African  slavery. 

2.  Bold  and  active  ;  valiant,  intrepid,  and  ardent ; 
as,  a  strenuous  defender  of  his  country. 

STUEN'U.-OUS-LY,  ado.    With  eager  and  pressing 
zeal  i  ardently. 
Q.  Doldly  ,  vigorously  ;  actively. 
STREN'LJ-OUS-NEtJS,  n.     EagernCFS  ;  eaniestncsg  ; 
active  2c<il ;  ardor  in  pursuit  of  an  object,  or  in  opiHv- 
sition  to  a  measure. 
STREI"ENT,  a.    fL.  strrprns,  strepo.] 

Noisy;  loud.    [Little  usM.]  Shenstone. 
STREP'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  strepo.] 

Iioud;  boisterous.    [Little  usr<l.] 
STRESS,  »i.    f  VV.  trais,  force,  violence,  oppression  j 
treissau),  to  force  or  drive;  Ir.  trcise,  force;  Ann. 
tregzen^  a  twist ;  troieia^  trouczal.  to  truss,  Fr.  trous- 
ser.    Hence,  tlistress,  trestle,  &.C.] 

1.  Force  ;  urgency  ;  pressure  ;  importance  ;  that 
which  bears  with  most  weight ;  as,  the  stress  of  a  le- 
gal question.  Consider  how  much  stress  is  laid  on 
the  exercise  of  charity  in  the  New  Testament. 

Tliis,  on  wliicli  tlie  ^'al  stress  of  llie  business  liopt'iicls.  Locke. 
9.  Force,  or  violence  ;  as,  stress  of  weather. 

3.  Force  ;  violence  ;  strain. 

Though  the  facuUicu  of  Ihe  niintl  are  improved  by  exercise,  yet 
Uiey  must  not  t^e  put  to  a  stress  beyond  Ijivir  streiigtli. 

Locke. 

STRESS,  r.  t.  To  press  ;  to  urge ;  to  distress  ;  to  put 
to  dilficiilties.    [Little  used.]  Spenser. 

STRETCH,  V.  L  [Sax.  strecran  ;  D.  .^trekhen  :  G.  streek- 
en  ;  Dan.  strekker  ;  Sw.  strdcka  ;  probably  formed  on 
the  root  of  reach,  riffht,  L.  re^ro,  &lc.] 

1.  To  draw  out  to  greater  length  ;  to  extend  in  a 
line  ;  as,  to  stretch  a  cord  or  a  rttpe. 

2.  To  extend  m  breadth  ;  as,  to  .stretch  cloth. 

3.  To  spread  ;  to  expand  ;  as,  to  stretch  the  wings. 

4.  To  reach  ;  to  extend. 

Stretch  thine  haiul  to  the  poor.  —  EccKii. 

5.  To  spread ;  to  disjjlay  ;  as,  to  stretch  lorth  the 
heavens.  T'itlotson. 

G.  To  draw  or  pull  out  in  length  ;  to  strain;  as,  to 
stretch  a  tendon  or  muscle. 

7.  To  make  tense  ;  to  strain. 

So  the  stretched  conl  the  shackled  dancer  triej.  Smith. 

8.  To  extend  mentally  ;  as,  to  streteh  the  mind  or 
thoughts. 

9.  To  exaggerate ;  to  extend  too  far ;  as,  to  stretch 
the  truth  ;  to  stretch  one's  credit. 

STRETCH,  r.  i.  To  be  extended;  to  be  drawn  out 
in  length  or  in  breadth,  or  both.  A  wet  hempen  cord 
or  cloth  contracts  ;  in  drying,  it  strrtche.i. 

2.  To  be  extended  ;  to  spread  ;  as,  a  lake  stretches 
over  a  hundred  miles  of  earth.  I,ake  Erie  stretches 
from  Niagara  nearly  to  Hnron.  Hence, 

3.  To  streteh  to,  is  to  reach. 

4.  To  be  extended,  or  to  bear  extension,  without 
breaking,  as  elastic  substances. 

The  inner  membrane — because  it  would  stretch  and  yield,  re- 
mained unbroken.  Boyle. 

5.  To  strain  beyond  the  truth  ;  to  exaggerate.  A 
man  who  is  apt  to  stretch  has  less  credit  than  others. 

6.  In  nartigation,  to  sail  ;  to  direct  a  course.  It  is 
often  understood  to  signify  to  sail  under  a  great  spread 
of  canvas  close  hauled.  In  this  it  differs  from  Si  and, 
which  implies  no  press  of  sail.  We  were  .ttandinfr  to 
the  east,  when  we  saw  a  ship  stretching  to  the  south- 
ward. 

7.  To  make  violent  efforts  in  running. 
STRETCH,  n.    Extension  in  lengtli  or  in  breadth  ; 

reach  ;  as,  a  great  stretch  of  wings.  Ray. 

2.  Effort;  struggle;  strain. 

Those  put  lawful  authority  upon  the  stretch  to  the  ahiise  of  power, 
under  color  of  prenigatire.  L' Estrange. 

3.  Force  of  body  ;  straining. 

By  stretch  of  arnts  the  i!isu\nt  shore  to  g^n.  Dryden. 

4.  Utmost  extent  of  meaning. 

duolations,  in  their  utmost  streteh,  can  signify  no  more  than  thai 
Luther  lay  under  s>-vere  agouics  of  tnind.  Auerltury. 

5.  Utmost  reach  of  power. 

This  is  the  utmost  stretch  tliat  nature  can.  Graneilte. 

6.  In  sailing,  a  tack  ;  the  reach  or  extent  of  prog- 
ress on  one  tack.  Mar.  Did. 

7.  Course ;  direction  ;  as,  the  stretch  of  seams  of 
coal.  Kinran. 

STRETCH'Kn,  (strecht,)  pp.  or  o.    Drawn  out  in 

length  ;  extended  ;  exerted  to  the  ntmast. 
STRETCH'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  stretches. 

2.  A  brick  or  stone  laid  with  its  longer  face  in  the 
surface  of  the  wall.  OwilL 

3.  A  piece  of  timber  in  building. 

4.  .\  narrow  piece  of  plank  placed  across  a  boat 
for  the  rowers  to  set  their  feet  against. 

Mar.  nicL 

STRETCH'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  out  in  length  ;  ex- 
tending;  spreading;  exerting  force. 

STREW,  (stru  or  stro,)  r.  (.  [Goth,  siratean  ;  Sax. 
atreaaian,  streoician  ;  G.  sireuen  ;  D.  strnoijen ;  Dan. 
strorr  :  Sw.  sfro  ;  contracted  from  .itrtegan,  which  is 
rctninett  in  the  Saxon.    The  Latin  has  sfemo,  slrnri ; 


STR 

the  latter  is  our  strca,  straw.  This  verb  is  written 
stratp,  strefp,  or  strou) ;  .strato  is  nearly  tibsulete,  und 
straw  is  obsolescent    Strew  is  generally  used.] 

1.  To  scatter  ;  to  spreati  by  scattering  ;  always  ap- 
plied to  dry  subst.iiices  separable  into  parts  or  parti- 
cles ;  as,  to  strew  seed  in  beds  ;  to  strew  sand  on  or 
over  a  floor  ;  to  strew  tiow  ers  over  a  grave. 

2.  To  spread  by  being  scattered  over. 


The  snow  which  does  the  top  of  rin<lu8  streis. 
U  tliiuc  alone  the  seed  that  strews  tile  plam  i 


Spenser. 
Pope. 


3.  To  scatter  loosely. 

And  strewed  his  mangled  limbs  about  the  field.  Dryden. 

STREW'£D,  (strude,)  pp.    Scattered  ;  spread  by  scat- 
tering ;  as,  sand  strewed  on  paper. 

2.  Covered  or  sprinkled  with  something  scattered  ; 
as,  a  floor  strewed  with  sand. 

STREW'INC,  ;)/)r.    Scattering;  spreading  over. 

STREW'INO,  ?i.    The  act  of  scattering  or  spreading 
over. 

2.  Anv  thing  fit  to  be  strewed.  Shak. 
STREW'iSlENT,  n.    Any  thing  scattered  in  decora- 
tion.   [JVot  u.sed.]  Shak. 
STRI'/E,  >i.  p/.  [L.   See  Streak.]    In  naturaUiistjiry, 
small  channels  or  thread-like  lines  in  the  shells  of 
cockles  ant)  in  other  substances. 

2.  The  fillets  between  the  flutes  of  cidiimns,  pilas- 
ters, &c.  Olo.--s.  ofJlrehit. 
STRI'ATE,    j  a.    Formed  with  small  channels ; 
STRI'A-TED,  \  chaniit-led. 

2.  In  natural  hLitury,  streaked  ;  marked  or  scored 
with  superficial  or  very  slender  lines  ;  m.irked  with 
fine  parallel  lines.  Mirtijn.  Smith. 

Striated  fracture,  in  mineralogy,  consists  of  long, 
narrow,  separable  parts,  laid  on  or  beside  each  other. 

Kincan. 

STRI-A'TION,  n.    The  state  of  being  striated  or 

marked  with  fine  parallel  lines. 
STRI'A-TIJRE,  n.    See  Striatiox.  TToodward. 
STRICK,  n.    [Gr.  <rf"(,  L.  .^trix,  a  screech-owl.] 

A  bird  of  ill  omen.    [JVot  in  u.vc]  Spenser. 
STRICK'/;N,  pp.  of  Strike.    Struck;  smitten;  as, 
the  stricken  deer.    [See  Strike.]  Spenser. 
2.  Advanced  ;  worn  ;  far  gone. 
Abrih.im  was  old  and  well  stricken  in  age.  —  Gen.  xxxiv. 
[06..1 

STRICK'LE.  (strik'l,)  n.    A  strike  ;  an  instrument  to 
strike  grain  to  a  level  with  the  measure.    [In  the 
United  States  the  word  Strike  is  used.] 
2.  An  instrument  for  whetting  scythes. 

STRICT,  a.    [L.  strictus,  from  stringo ;  Sax.  striec. 
See  Strain.] 

1.  Strainctl  ;  drawn  close;  tight;  as,  a  .strict  em- 
brace ;  a  .ttrict  ligature.  .^rbuthnoL  Drydrn. 

2.  Tense  ;  not  relaxed  ;  a-s,  a  strict  or  lax  fiber. 

.^rbuihnot. 

3.  Exact ;  accurate  ;  rigorously  nice  ;  as,  to  keep 
strict  watch.  Observe  the  strictest  rules  of  virtue 
and  decorum. 

4.  Severe;  rigorous;  governed  or  governing  by 
exact  rules  ;  observing  exact  rules  ;  as,  the  father  is 
very  strict  in  observing  the  Sabbath.  The  master  is 
very  strict  with  his  apprentices. 

Rigorous  ;  not  mild  or  indulgent  ;  as,  strict 

laws. 

C.  Confined;  limited;  not  with  latitude;  as,  to 
understand  words  in  a  strict  sense. 
STRICT'LY,  adv.    Closely  ;  tightly. 

2.  Exactly;  with  nice  accuracy;  as,  patriotism, 
strictly  so  called,  is  a  noble  virtue. 

3.  Positively.  He  couimanded  his  son  strictly  to 
proceed  no  further. 

4.  Rigorously  ;  severely  ;  without  remission  or  in- 
dulgence. 

Examine  thyself  sInVr/y,  whether  thou  didst  not  best  at  first. 

Bacon. 

STRICT'NESS,  n.    Closeness;  lightness;  opposed  to 
Laxitv. 

2.  Exactness  in  the  observance  of  rules,  laws, 
rites,  and  the  like ;  rigorous  accuracy  ;  nice  regu- 
larity or  precision. 

1  could  not  grant  too  much  or  <listnist  too  little,  to  men  that  pre- 
tended singular  piety  and  religious  strictness.  K.  CharUs. 

3.  Rigor;  severity. 

These  commissioners  pruceede,!  with  such  strictness  and  leTerlty 

as  ilid  much  olecure  the  king's  mercy.  Bacon. 

STRICT't^RE,  (strikt'yur,)   n.     [L.  strictnra.  See 
Strike  and  Stroke,  which  unite  with  L.  stringo.] 

1.  .\  stroke  ,  a  glance  ;  a  Hale. 

2.  A  toucll  of  criticism  ;  critical  remark  ;  censure. 

1  have  given  myself  the  litierty  of  these  strictures  by  way  of 
n-flection  on  evtry  ]xu>s.ige.  Jlommnntt. 

3.  A  drawing ;  a  spastic  or  other  morbid  contrat> 
tion  of  any  passage  of  the  body.  jlrbuthnul. 

STRIDE,  n.    (Sax.  strtede,  a  step  ;  gestridan,  to  stride  ; 
bestridan,  to  bestride  ;  probably  formed  on  the  root 
of  I..  gra/Uar,  Shemitic  nT>,  in  Syr.  to  go,  Ch.  to 
spread.  Sax.  strtSan,  id.] 
A  long  step. 

Her  voice  theatrically  lond. 

Anil  nutsculine  her  stride.  Siri/l. 

STRIDE,  r.  i. ;  pret,  Stkid,   Strode;  pp.  Stbid, 
Stridden. 


STR 

1.  To  walk  with  long  steps. 

Mars  iu  the  middle  of  the  shininr  shk-ld 

U  grav.'il,  and  strides  along  Uic  held.  Dryleit. 

2.  To  Straddle. 

STRIDE,  V.  L    To  [KISS  over  at  a  step 
See  him  stride 

Valleys  wide.  <4rl>ulAnol. 

STRID'ING,  ppr.    Walking  with  long  tteps  ;  (assing 

over  at  a  step. 
STKI'DOK,  H.    [L.]    A  harsh,  creaking  noise,  or  a 

crack.  Dryden. 
STRII)'i;-I,OUS,  0.    [L.  .v(ri</i/(ii.».] 

Making  a  small,  harsh  sound,  or  a  creaking. 

Brown, 

STRIFE,  II.    [.\orm.  «<r//.    See  Strivi." 

1.  Exertion  or  contention  for  superiority ;  contest 
of  emulation,  either  by  intellectual  or  physical  ef- 
forts. Strife  may  be  carried  on  between  students  or 
between  mechanics. 

Doting  idxnit  questions  and  stri/rs  of  wonls.  —  1  Tim.  vl. 
'I'tius  g(  lis  cunu-ndef  1  —  nolile  strife  — 

Who  most  should  ease  tie-  wanu  of  life.  Qingreve. 

2.  Contention  in  angi  i  or  enmity  ;  contest ;  stnig 
glc  for  victory  ;  quarrel  or  war. 

1  and  my  p<-uple  were  at  great  stri/e  with  the  children  of  Ammon. 

—  Judgi-s  sii. 
These  vuws,  thus  grant/'d,  raised  a  stri/e  above, 
B<:twixt  the  god  of  war  and  queen  of  love.  Dryden. 

3.  Opposition  ;  contrariety  ;  contrut. 


I.iv 


Artificial  stri/e 
in  these  touches  livelier  tliAM  Hie. 


Shak. 


4.  The  agitation  produced  by  dilTercnt  qualities; 
as,  the  strife  of  acid  and  alkali.    [Little  used.] 

Johnson, 

STRIFE'FIJL,  0.    Contentious;  discordant. 

The  ape  WHS  slrt/e/ol  and  ambitious, 

And  the  fox  guileful  and  most  covetous.  Spenser, 

STRIOi'II,,  71.  [T,.]  Among  the  anrients,  an  instru- 
nii'iit  of  inetnl,  ivory,  or  horn,  used  for  srraping  the 
skin  at  the  hath.  Smith's  Diet. 

STR KJ'.ME-Vr,  n.    [I,,  strignienlum,  from  "(nniiro.] 
Scraping;  that  which  is  straped  off.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Brovm, 

STRI-GoSE'  ) 

STRT'Co't'S  '  \  ^         ^^''*?^'^t  from  strigo,] 

In  hoiany,  a  strigous  leaf  is  one  set  with  stiff 
lanretilate  bristles.  Martyn. 

STRIKE,  I'.  (. ;  prcl.  Struck  ;  pp.  Strlh-k  and  Strick- 
en ;  hut  struck  is  in  the  most  coniuion  use.  Struck 
is  wholly  obsolite.  [Sax.  astrican,  to  strike,  D. 
stryken,  to  strike,  and  to  stroke,  to  smooth,  to  anoint 
or  rub  over,  to  slitle  ;  G.  streichcn,  to  pass,  move,  or 
ramble,  to  depart,  to  toiirh,  to  stroke,  to  glide  or 
glance  over,  to  lower  OT  strike,  as  sails,  to  curry,  (L. 
stringo,  strigil,)  to  sweep  together,  to  spread,  as  a 
pl.ister,  to  play  on  a  violin,  to  card,  as  wool,  to  strike 
or  w  hip.  as  with  a  rtid  ;  strrich,  strich,  a  stroke, 
stripe,  or  l.ish.  Eng.  streak  :  Dan.  streg,  a  stroke  ; 
stryger,  to  rub,  to  stroke,  to  strike,  to  trim,  to  iron,  or 
smooth,  to  strike,  as  sails,  to  whip,  to  play  on  a  violin, 
to  glide  along,  to  plane  ;  Sw.  stryka,  id.  We  see 
that  strike,  stroke,  and  streak,  and  the  L.  .itringo, 
whence  strain,  strict,  stricture,  &c.,  are  all  radically 
one  word.  Strong  is  of  the  same  family.  Hence 
we  see  the  sense  is,  it»  rub,  to  scraj)e  ;  but  it  includes 
often  the  sense  of  thrusting.  It  is  to  touch  or  graze 
with  a  sweeping  or  stroke.  Hence  our  sense  of 
striking  a  measure  of  grain,  and  strike,  strickle,  and 
a  stroke  of  the  pencil  in  painting.  Hence  the  use  of 
stricken,  applied  to  age,  worn  with  age,  as  in  the  L. 
strigo,  the  same  word  differently  applied.  Hence 
also  we  see  the  propriety  of  the  use  of  stricture,  ap- 
plied to  criticism.  It  seems  to  be  formed  on  the  rtx^t 
of  rake  and  stretch.] 

1.  To  touch  or  hit  with  some  force,  either  with  the 
hand  or  an  instrument ;  to  give  a  blow  to,  either  with 
the  open  hand,  the  fist,  a  stick,  club,  or  whip,  or 
with  a  jHiinted  instniinent,  or  with  a  ball  or  an 
arrow  discharged.  An  arrow  .ttruck  the  shield  ;  a 
ball  strikes  a  ship  between  wind  and  water. 

He  at  Philippi  kept 
His  sword  e'en  like  a  dan&T,  while  1  struck 
The  lean  and  wriiikbil  C;usius.  Shak. 

9.  To  dash  ;  to  throw  with  a  quick  motion. 
Thev  shall  lake  of  the  btotxl,  and  sfriJIre  it  on  the  two  side-posts. 
Ex.  xii. 

3.  To  stamp  :  to  impress  ;  to  coin  ;  as,  to  strike 
coin  at  the  mint;  to  strike  dollars  or  iiovereigiis, 
or  copper  coin. 

4.  'i  ll  thrust  in  ;  to  cause  to  enter  or  penetrate  ; 
as,  a  tree  .ttrikes  its  root  tleep. 

5.  To  punish  ;  to  afllict ;  as  Smi tk  is  also  used. 

To  piini*h  the  Just  is  not  good,  nor  to  sfriJte  princes  far  «juity. — 

6.  To  cause  to  sound ;  to  notify  by  sound  ;  as,  the 
clock  strikes  twelve  ;  the  drums  stri*e  up  a  march. 

Shak.  Knolles. 

7.  In  seamanship,  to  lower  ;  to  let  down  ;  as,  to 
strike  sail ;  to  strike  a  flag  or  ensign  ;  to  strike  a  yard 
or  a  top-mast  in  a  gale  ;  I  that  is,  to  run  or  slip  down.] 

Mar.  Diet. 

8.  To  impress  strongly  ;  to  affect  sensibly  with 


TCNE,  BtJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


NNNN 


10!W 


STR 


STR 


STR 


strong  emotion ;  as,  to  slri!;e  the  minil  with  sur- 
prise ;  to  strike  witil  wonder,  alarm,  dread,  ur  iior- 
rur. 

Nice  works  of  art  ttrVce  and  Burprise  us  moat  on  the  first  vi-'w. 

Atterbury, 

There  please  as  beauties,  here  as  wonders  strike.  Pope. 

9.  To  make  and  ratify  ;  as,  to  .itrike  a  barsjain,  L. 
frdiu  ferire.  This  eApressiun  probably  arose  from 
the  practice  of  the  parties  striking  a  victim  wlien 
they  conchided  a  bargain. 

10.  To  produce  by  a  sudden  action. 

Waving  wide  her  myrtle  wand, 
She  Btrikes  a  universal  peace  through  sea  and  land.  MUton. 

11.  To  affect  in  some  particular  maimer  by  a  sud- 
den impression  or  impulse ;  as,  the  plan  proposed 
strikes  me  favorably  ;  to  strike  one  dead  ;  to  strike 
one  blind  ;  to  A'trtAe  one  dumb.        Sludc.  Dryden, 

12.  To  li  vel  a  measure  of  crain,  salt,  or  the  like, 
by  scraping  off  with  a  straiglit  instrument  what  is 
above  the  level  of  tin;  top. 

13.  To  lade  into  a  cooler.      Edwards,  W.  Indies. 

14.  To  be  advanced  or  worn  with  age  ;  xuie.d  in  the 
participle  ;  as,  he  wai  stricken  in  years  or  age  ;  well 
struck  in  years.  Skak. 

15.  To  run  on  ;  to  ground  ;  as  a  ship. 

To  strike  up  ;  to  cause  to  sound  ;  to  begin  to  beat. 

Strike  up  the  drums.  Shak. 
2.  To  begin  to  sing  or  play;  as,  to  strike  np  a 
tune. 

To  strike  off;  to  erase  from  an  account ;  to  deduct ; 
as,  to  strike  off  the  interest  of  a  debt. 

2.  To  impress  ;  to  print;  as,  to  siritcq^  a  thousand 
copies  of  a  book. 

3.  To  separate  by  a  blow  or  any  sudden  action  ;. 
as,  to  strike  off  a  man's  liead  with  a  cimeter;  to 
strike  off  what  is  superfluous  or  corrupt. 

To  strike  out ;  to  produce  by  collision  ;  to  force  out ; 
as,  to  strike  out  sparks  witli  steel. 

2.  To  blot  out ;  to  efface ;  to  erase. 

To  methodiie  is  as  necessary  as  to  strike  out.  Pope, 

3.  To  form  something  new  by  a  quick  effort ;  to 
devise  ;  to  invent ;  to  contrive  ;  as,  to  strike  out  a 
new  plan  of  finance. 

STIUKE,  V.  i.    To  make  a  quick  blow  or  thrust. 

It  pleased  th''  king 
To  strike  at  me  upon  his  misconstruction.  Shak. 

2.  To  hit;  to  collide;  to  dash  against;  to  clash; 
as,  a  hammer  .-itrikes  against  the  bell  of  a  clock. 

3.  To  sound  by  percussion  ;  to  be  struck.  The 
clock  strikes. 

4.  To  make  an  attack. 

A  puny  6ubj-'Ct  strikes 
At  thy  great  glory.  Shak. 

5.  To  hit ;  to  touch  ;  to  act  on  by  appulse. 
Hinder  light  Iroui  stTiking  on  it,  and  its  colors  vanish.  I-Mcke. 
G.  To  sound  with  blows. 

Whilst  any  trump  did  soinid,  or  drum  struck  np.  Shak. 

7.  To  run  upon  ;  to  be  stranded.  The  ship  struck 
at  twelve,  and  remained  fast. 

8.  To  p.ass  with  a  quick  or  strong  effect ;  to  dart ; 
to  penetrate. 

Now  and  ihr-n  a  l>eam  of  wit  or  p:iSdion  strikes  through  the 
olwcurity  of  the  poem.  Dryden. 

9.  To  lower  a  flag  or  colors  in  token  of  respect, 
or  to  signify  a  surrender  of  the  ship  to  an  enemy. 

10.  To  break  forth ;  as,  to  strike  into  reputation. 
[J\rot  in  use.] 

To  strike  in ;  to  enter  suddenly ;  also,  to  recede 
from  the  surface,  as  an  eruption  ;  to  disappear. 

To  strike  in  witli ;  to  conform  to  ;  to  suit  itself  to  ; 
to  join  with  at  once.  Soutk. 

To  strike  out :  to  wander ;  to  make  a  sudilen  ex- 
cursion;  as,  to  stri/ie  i/iti  into  an  irregular  course  of 
life.  Collier. 

To  strike;  among  workmen  in  manufactories,  in 
Englaiul,  is  to  quit  work  in  a  body,  or  by  combina- 
tion, in  order  to  compel  their  employers  to  raise  their 
wagcH. 

STltlKK,  n.  An  instrument  with  a  straight  edge  for 
leveling  a  measure  of  grain,  salt,  and  the  like,  for 
■craping  off  what  is  above  the  level  of  the  top. 

Jloicrica. 

2.  A  bnshid  ;  four  pecks,    [fjical.]  Tussrr. 

3.  A  measure  of  four  bushels  or  half  a  quarter. 
[Local.]  Kiictjc. 

4.  The  act  of  combining  and  demanding  higher 
wagiw  for  work.    [Modern  F.nalish.  ] 

.1.  In  aeoloijrj,  the  direction  in  which  the  edge  of  a 
8tratiirn  appears  tit  the  stirface. 

.S7ri/ir  of  floL  ;  a  handful  that  may  bo  hackled  at 
once,  [Local.] 
STKIKiZ-llLOCK,  n.    [strike  and  block.]    A  plane 
iihorter  than  a  jointer,  used  for  shooting  a  short  joint. 

Moxon. 

STRTK'ER,  n.  One  that  Htrikes,  or  that  which 
strikes. 

2   In  .Scnptarc,  n  quarrelsome  man.  TH.\. 
STKIKMNc;,  p/<r.    Ililting  with  a  blow  ;  imprenslng  ; 
ini|iriiiting ;    punixhing  ;    lowering,  an  Hails,  or  a 
Miast,  &c, 

2.  a.  AfT'Cting  with  iitrong  einotionii ;  surprising; 


forcible;  impressive;  as,  a  stj-t/iiHo- representation  or 
image. 

3.  Strong  ;  exact ;  adapted  to  make  impression ; 

as,  a  striking  resemblance  of  features. 
STRIK'ING-LY,  ado.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  affect 

or  surprise  ;  forcibly  ;  strongly  ;  impressively. 
STKlK'ING-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  affecting  or 

surprising. 

STRING,  n.  [Pax.  string;  D.  and  Dan.  stren^ ;  G. 
Strang;  also  Dan.  strikke ;  G.striok;  connectetf  witil 
strong,  L.  stringo,  from  drawing,  strstching ;  Ir. 
srang,  a  string  ;  srcangaitn,  to  draw.] 

1.  A  small  rope,  line,  or  cord,  or  a  slender  strip  of 
leather  or  other  like  substance,  used  for  fastening  or 
tying  things. 

2.  A  ribbon. 

Round  Ormoiul's  Itnee  thou  tyest  the  mystic  string.  Prior. 

3.  A  thread  on  which  any  thing  is  filed  ;  and 
hence,  a  lino  of  things  ;  as,  a  string  of  shells  or 
beads.  Jiddison. 

4.  The  cord  of  a  musical  instrument,  as  of  a  har|)- 
sichoid,  harp,  or  violin ;  as,  an  iustruinent  of  ten 
string.*!.  Scripture. 

5.  A  fiber,  as  of  a  plant. 


6.  A  nerve  or  tendon  of  an  animal  body. 

The  string  of  his  long-ue  was  loosed.  —  Mark  vii, 
[This  is  not  a  technical  uord.] 

7.  The  line  or  cord  of  a  bow. 

He  twangs  the  quivering  string.  Pope. 

8.  A  series  of  things  connected  or  following  in 
succession;  any  concatenation  of  things  ;  as,tistring 
of  arguments  ;  a  strnig  of  propositions. 

9.  In  ship-building,  the  highest  range  of  planks  in 
a  ship's  ceiling,  or  that  between  the  gunwale  and  the 
upper  edge  of  the  upper  deck  ports.       J\Iar.  Diet. 

10.  The  tough  substance  that  unites  llie  two  parts 
of  the  pericarp  of  leguminous  plants;  as,  the  strings 
of  beans. 

11.  Among  Cornish  miners,  the  name  of  small, 
filanirntiuis  ramifications  of  a  metallic  vein.  Ure. 

To  have  two  strings  to  the  bow  ;  to  have  two  expedi- 
ents fitr  e.vi-cutiiig  a  project  or  gaining  a  [lurpose  ;  to 
have  a  double  tidvantage,  or  to  have  two  views.  [In 
the  latter  sense,  unusual.] 
STRING,  V.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Strung.  To  furnish 
with  strings. 

lias  not  wise  nature  strung  the  legs  and  feet?  Cay. 

2.  To  put  in  tune  a  stringed  instrument. 

For  liere  the  Muse  so  oft  her  harp  has  »:run^.  Addison. 

3.  To  file  ;  to  put  on  a  line  ;  as,  to  string  beads  or 
pearls.  Spectator. 

4.  To  make  tense  ;  to  strengthen. 

Toil  strung  the  nerves  and  purified  the  blood.  Dryden. 
fi.  To  deprive  of  strings  ;  as,  to  .'String  beans. 
STRING'-lioARI),  71.    A  board  with  its  face  next  the 
well-hole,  in  a  wooden  staircase,  which  receives  the 
enil  of  the  steps.  Brande. 
STRING'-t;oUl!SE,    n.     A  projecting,  horizontal 
band  or  line  of  miildiiigs  in  a  builiiing. 

Oloss.  of.areHt. 
STRING'i^D,  a.    Having  strings  ;  as,  a  stringed  in- 
strument. 

2.  Produced  by  strings;  as,  stringed  noise. 

Jililton. 

STRIN'GRNT,  a.    Binding  strongly  ;  urgent. 

STRING'HAI/r,  [string  and  halt.]  A  sudden 
twitching  of  the  hiniler  leg  of  a  horse,  or  an  invol- 
untary or  convulsive  motion  of  the  muscles  that  ex- 
tenil  or  bend  the  hough.  far.  Diet. 

[This  woril,  in  some  of  the  United  States,  is  cor- 
rupted into  Springhalt.] 

STRING'I-NESS,  ii.    'I'he  state  of  being  stringy. 

STRING'ING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  strings  ;  putting 
In  tune;  tiling;  making  tense;  depriving  of  strings. 

STlUNG'LESa,  a.    Having  no  strings. 

His  tongue  is  now  a  stringtess  instrument.  Slink. 

STRING'-I'lEUE,  n.  A  piece  of  timber  in  bridges. 
STRI  NG'V,  a.    Ctinsisting  of  strings  or  small  threads  ; 

librt)Us  ;  filamentous  ;  as,  a  stringy  root.  drew. 
2.  Ropy  ;  viscid  ;  gluey  ;  that  may  be  drawn  into 

a  thread. 

STRIl',  V.  U  [G.  streifcn,  to  strip,  to  flay,  to  stripe  or 
streak,  to  graze  upon,  to  swerve,  ramble,  or  stroll  ; 
I),  strerpen,  to  stripe,  to  reprimand  ;  D;in.  .stribrr,  to 
stripe  or  streak,  and  stripper,  to  .itrip,  to  skin  or  tiay, 
to  riimble  ;  Hax.  bestrtjpan.  Some  of  the  senses  td' 
these  verbs  stM^in  to  be  derived  from  tin?  noun  .^tripr, 
which  is  probably  from  stripping.  Regularly,  tliis 
verb  should  be  referred  to  the  root  of  rip,  E.  rn;)io.] 

1.  To  pull  or  tear  off,  as  a  covering;  •.if,  lo  strip 
the  skin  IVoni  a  beast ;  to  strip  the  bark  from  a  tree  ; 
to  strip  the  clothes  from  a  man's  back. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  covering ;  to  skin  ;  to  peel ;  as, 
to  strip  a  beast  of  bis  skin  ;  to  strip  a  tree  of  its 
bark  ;  to  .itrip  a  man  of  his  clothes. 

3.  To  deprive  ;  to  bereave  ;  to  make  destitute  ;  ns, 
to  .itrip  a  man  of  his  possessions. 

4.  To  divest ;  as,  to  .itrip  one  of  his  rights  and 


privileges.  Let  us  strip  this  subject  of  all  its  adven- 
titious glare. 

5.  To  rt)b  ;  tt)  plunder ;  as,  robbers  .itrip  a  house. 

6.  To  bereave  ;  to  deprive ;  to  impoverish  ;  as,  a 
man  stripped  of  bis  fortune. 

7.  To  deprive  ;  to  make  bare  by  cutting,  grazing, 
or  other  means;  as,  cattle  strip  the  ground  of  its 
herbage. 

8.  To  pull  off  htisks  ;  to  husk  ;  as,  to  strip  maize, 
or  the  ears  of  maize.  .America. 

9.  To  press  out  the  last  milk  at  a  milking. 

Halliwrll. 

10.  To  unrig  ;  as,  to  .itrip  a  ship.  Locke. 

11.  To  pare  off  the  surface  of  land  in  strips,  and 
turn  over  the  strips  upon  the  adjoining  surface. 

To  strip  off';  to  pull  or  takeoff;  as,  to  strip  off  a 
covering  ;  to  strip  off'ti  mask  or  disguise. 

2.  To  cast  oft'.    [JVvt  in  use.]  Shak. 

3.  To  separate  from  something  connected.  [JVot 
in  use.] 

[We  may  observe  the  primary  sense  of  this  woril 
is  to  peel  or  skin,  hence  to  pull  off  in  a  long,  narrow 
piece  ;  hence  stripe.] 
STRIP,  n.    [G.  strcif,  a  stripe,  a  streak;  D.  sfrec;),  a 
stroke,  a  line,  a  stripe  ;  D;in.  stribe.] 

1.  A  narrow  piece,  comjiaratively  long;  as,  a  strip 
of  cloth. 

2.  Waste,  in  a  legal  sense  ;  destruction  of  fences, 
buildings,  timber,  &.C.    [Norm,  cstrippe.] 

JIassachusetti. 
STRIPE,  n.  [See  Strip.  It  is  probable  that  this  word 
is  taken  from  stri|ipiiig.] 

1.  A  line,  or  long,  narrow  division  of  any  thing,  of 
a  different  color  from  the  grf>und  ;  as,  a  stripe  of  red 
on  a  green  ground  ;  hence,  any  linear  variation  of 
color.  Bacon. 

2.  A  strip,  or  Itmg,  narrow  piece  attached  to  stune- 
Ihing  of  a  different  color  ;  as,  a  long  stripe  sewed 
ujioii  a  garment. 

3.  The  wale,  or  long,  narrow  mark  discolored  by  a 
lash  or  rod. 

4.  A  stroke  made  with  a  lash,  whip,  rod,  strap,  or 
scourge. 

Forty  stripes  may  he  give  him,  and  not  exceed.  — Deut.  xxv. 
[A  blow  with  a  club  is  not  a  .itripe.] 

5.  AlHiction  ;  punishment;  sufferings. 

By  his  stripes  we  are  healed.  —  Is.  liii. 
STRIPE,  1'.  *.    To  make  stripes  ;  to  form  with  lines  of 
different  colors  ;  to  variegate  with  stripes. 
2.  To  strike  ;  to  lash.    [Little  «.«■</.] 
STRIP'KD,  (strlpt,)  pp.    Formed  with  lines  of  diffi;r- 
ent  colors. 

2.  a.    Having  stripes  of  different  colors. 
.STRIP'ING,  ppr.    Forming  with  stripes. 
STKIP'LING,  )i.    [from  strip,  stripe  ;  primarily,  a  tall, 
slender  youth,  one  that  shoots  up  suddenly.] 

A  youth  in  the  state  t)f  adolescence,  or  just  pass- 
ing from  boyhood  to  manhood  ;  a  lad. 

And  the  kin^said.  Inquire  thou  whose  son  the  strijiling  is.  —  1 
Sam,  xviii. 

STRIP'P/^I),  (stript,)  pp.  Pulled  or  torn  off;  peeled  ; 
skinned  ;  tli'iiriveil  ;  divested  ;  made  naked  ;  im- 
poverished ;  husked,  as  maize. 

STRIP'PER,  n.    One  that  strips. 

STRIP'PING,  ppr.  Pulling  off;  peeling;  skinning; 
Having;  depriving;  divesting;  husking. 

STRIP'PINGSS,  „.  The  last  milk  drawn  from  a 
cow  at  a  milking.    JlalliiocU.    [Vurioits  diateets.] 

JVcw  F.nirland. 

STRIVE,  jj.  i. ;  pret.  Strove  ;  pp.  Striven.  [G.  strc- 
ben  ;  I),  strerven  ;  Sw.  strafra  ;  Dan.  stra'ber ;  formed 
pi  rhaps  on  the  Heb.  311.  This  word  coincitlcs  in  el- 
ements with  driee,  and  the  primary  sense  is  nearly 
the  same.    SeeRiv  .i..] 

1.  To  make  efforts  ;  to  use  exertions  ;  to  endeavor 
with  earnestness  ;  to  labor  hard  ;  applicable  to  eier- 
tions  of  body  or  mind.  A  workman  strirrs  to  per- 
form his  ttisk  before  anotlm  r;  a  student  striocs  to 
e.xcel  liis  fellows  in  improve^iient. 

Was  it  for  this  that  his  ambition  strove 

To  npi'd  (a'sar  lirst,  and  after  Jove?  Coirley. 
Strive  with  me  in  your  prayrs  to  t^od  for  me.  — Rom.  xv. 
Strive  to  enter  in  at  the  strait  gate.  —  I.uke  xiii. 

2.  To  contend  ;  to  contest ;  to  .struggle  in  opposi- 
tion to  another  ;  to  be  in  contention  or  dispute  ;  fol- 
lowed by  o'jainst  or  irilh  before  the  person  or  thing 
opposeil  ;  as,  strive  again.it  temptation  ;  strive  for  the 
truth. 

My  spirit  slinll  not  always  strive  with  man.  — Gen.  vi. 

3.  To  oppose  by  contrariety  of  qualities. 

Now  i^riviite  pity  stove  with  public  hate, 

111  ason  with  rag-',  and  eliKpiena'  with  fate.  Verham. 

4.  To  vie  ;  to  "be  comparable  to ;  to  emulate  ;  to 
contend  in  excellence. 

Not  that  sweet  (Jrove 
Of  Daphne  hv  ()rolU--s,  and  the  mj.pired 
CaNtaliun  H|U-uig,  might  with  this  paradisO 

01  F.ib-n  strive'^  AJllton. 

STRIV'ER,  71.  One  that  strives  or  contends;  one 
who  maki's  efforts  uf  body  or  mintl. 

STRI  V'INt;,  Making  elUirts  ;  exerting  Ihe  pow- 

ers of  body  or  mind  with  t.'arncslness ;  contending. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIUD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  IIQOK. 


10<.)4 


STR 


STRIV'IN(5,  n.  The  act  of  making  eflbrts ;  contest ; 
cuiilcitnoit. 

Avoid  Toolish  questions,  nnd  prnralo^ea,  and  cuDtenlioiu,  anil 
tlneingt  at^out  the         —  Til.  lu. 

STRTV'I.\'G-LV,  adc.  With  earnest  efforts;  with 
slrti!;i»les. 

STRIX,  n.    [L.,  an  owl.]    A  channel  in  a  lluted  col- 

tiinn  or  pillar. 
STItfjA.M,  c.  i.    To  uandi  r  about  idly  and  vacantly. 
STKOU'IL,  H.    [L.  .itrobitus.] 

Ill  6»(iiii»,  an  anient,  tlie  carpels  of  which  are 

scale-like,  and  spread  open  and  hear  naked  seeds  ; 

soinclimes  llie  scales  are  thin,  willi  little  cohesion  ; 

hut  lliey  are  often  woody,  and  colii  re  into  a  single 

tuhercuiatud  nia.ss.    H.\ani|ile,  the  fruit  of  the  pines. 

lAmiley. 

STRO-HIL'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  strubilus  and  furma,  su- 
pra.) 

Shaped  like  n  $trohil. 
STRo'CAI.,  /  H.    .\n  instnimcnt  used  liy  glass-makers 
S'l'Ko'K.AL,  \     to  empty  the  metal  from  one  pot  to 
aiiutlicr.  Encyc. 

stkook;  i  f"^  S"^  '-"- 

STUoKlO,  71.  [from  slrikr.]  ,\  blow  ;  the  striking  of 
one  body  .'igainst  another ;  appliciiblf  to  a  club  ur  to 
ajit/  heunt  butiij^  ur  lu  a  rod^  whip^  or  lash,  A  j-iece  of 
timber  I'alliii'.;  may  kill  a  man  by  its  j.(r«/.e  ;  a  man, 
when  whipped,  can  hardly  fail  to  tlinch  ur  wince  at 
every  slrulie. 

Tlie  o.ir»  yxrn  silvpr, 
\V!iich  to  Ihc  time  ot  ttult's  Iteitt  stroke.  J^iaJc. 

S.  A  hostile  blow  or  att.ack. 

He  enu-ntl  and  won  Uie  whole  Itingdoin  of  N«i>l<'«  vvilliout 
Mril^iiif^  n  elrokr.  Bacon. 

3.  A  sudden  attack  of  disease  or  affliction  ;  calam- 
ity. 

At  tliis  onr  gtroke  the  niun  loolteil  dead  in  Inw.  Harle, 

4.  Fatal  attack  ;  as,  the  .stroke  of  death. 

5.  The  sound  of  the  clock. 

Whitl  in  *(  o'clock? 
L'poii  the  slrokf  of  (mir. 

C.  The  touch  of  a  pencil. 
O,  l.-tiiliiir  as  tlio«e  colon  mitv  they  sliine, 
*  itiy  stroke,  yet  liuiltle.ss  .i 


Free  o 


1  thy 


Pope. 

Some  [ttiis  ol  iny  worit  hitve  ticuii  bn^litcncd  hy  the  atroKes  of 
your  lordship's  pencil.  ^tidiUclon. 

7.  .\  touch;  a  masterly  effort;  as,  the  boldest 
strokes  of  poetry.  Dnjileii. 

lie  will  give  one  of  the  fniishin^  ttro^et  to  it.  Atldison. 

8.  .\n  t^lTort  suddenly  or  une.xpectedly  produced. 

9.  Power  ;  efficacy. 

lie  hits  a  ^retti  stroke  with  the  reader,  when  he  condemns  any 
of  iny  poems,  to  miike  the  world  have  a  tjcttcr  opinion  of 
them.  Vryden. 

[I  brlirve  Uus  sense  ob<olrte.'\ 

10.  St  rics  of  operations ;  as,  to  cnrry  on  a  great 
stroke  in  burliness.    [^^  common  itse  of  the  tcord.] 

11.  A  dash  in  writing  or  printing ;  a  line ;  a  touch 
of  the  pen  ;  as,  a  liair-sfroAe. 

12.  fn  seamen's  laniriia^e,  the  sweep  of  an  oar  in 
rowing  ;  as,  to  row  with  a  long  stroke. 

STROK  E,  c.  t.    [Sax.  siracan  :  Sw.  stryka ;  Riiss.  .efro- 
gayUj  stru'jaytL,  to  plane.    See  Strike  and  Strict.] 
1.  To  rub  gi  iitly  with  the  hand,  by  way  of  express- 
ing kindness  or  tenderness ;  to  soothe. 

He  dn'tl  die  f.illinjj  ilrop«,  and,  yet  niorx;  kind, 

He  stroked  her  cheeks.  Dryden. 

S.  To  rub  gently  in  one  direction.  Gaij. 
3.  To  make  smooth. 
STRoK'El),  (strokt,)  pp.    Rubbed  gently  with  the 
hand. 

STltoK'KR,  n.  One  who  strokes  ;  one  who  pretends 
to  cure  by  stroking. 

STUoKES'MAN,  n.  In  rotcin^^  the  man  who  rows 
the  aftmost  oar,  and  whose  stroke  is  to  be  followed 
by  the  rest.  Tottrn. 

STRoK'I.NG,  ppr.    Rubbing  gently  with  the  hand. 

STRol<I<,  r.  i,    [Formcil  probably  on  troll,  roll.] 

'I'o  ritve ;  to  wandty  on  foot ;  to  ramble  idly  or  leis- 
urely. 

These  mothcn  stroll  to  tx-g  sustenance  for  their  helpless  inftnts. 

Sin/t. 

STRoTJ,,  n.  A  wandering  on  foot ;  n  walking  idly 
and  Ifisiirely. 

STRoI.L'KR,  II.  One  who  strolls;  a  vagabond;  a 
vagrant.  Swi/k. 

STRol.l/IXO,  pi>r.    Roving  idly  ;  rambling  on  fooL 

S  TROM, AT'lC,  a.    [Cr.  nT,.iop.t.] 

MHcellaneoiis  ;  composed  of  different  kinds. 

STROM'BITE,  n.  A  petrified  shell,  of  the  genus 
Stronihiis.    [Obs.]  Jameson. 

STRO.M-UU'Ll-FORM,  a.  In  geology,  formed  like  a 
top. 

STROM'RL'S,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  marine  ga>lropo- 
dous  mollusks,  having  the  e.vternal  border  or  lip  dila- 
ted into  a  wing.  Cuvicr. 

STROM'EY-ER-ITE,  n.    [from  M.  Siromeyrr.] 

A  steel-gray  ore  of  silver,  consisting  of  sulphur,  sil- 
ver, and  copper.  Dana. 

S-TROND,  n.  The  beach.  [A'of  much  used.]  [Sec 
STR*riD.)  ' 


STRONO,  a.  [Sax.  slronif,  strau/r,  or  streng ;  frimi  the 
latter  is  formed  strength  ;  G.  stren^r  ;  \).  and  Dan. 
strenff;  Sw.  strdnir,  strict,  severe,  rigid.  As  n  is  cas- 
ual in  this  word,  the  original  orthography  was  strag, 
streg,  or  strog,  coinciding  with  L.  .vincdw,  slringo. 
The  sense  of  the  radical  word  is,  to  stretch,  strain, 
draw,  and  probably  from  the  root  of  stretch  ttnd  rcacA. 
We  observe  in  all  the  kindred  dialects  on  the  con- 
tiiit  nt  tliii  sense  (d"  the  word  is  .somewhat  dillerent 
from  thu^Df  the  English.  'J'hc  Russ.  strogei,  strict, 
rigid,  severe,  retains  the  original  orthography  with- 
out H.l 

1.  Having  physical  active  power,  or  great  physical 
power ;  having  the  power  of  exerting  great  bodily 
force  ;  vigorous.  A  patient  is  recovering  from  sick- 
ness, but  is  not  yet  strong  enough  to  walk.  A  strong 
man  will  lift  twice  his  own  weight. 

Th;il  onr  oxen  may  Ije  strong  to  labor.  —  Ps.  exliv. 

Onifs  the  strong  to  grvau.T  sireliglh  must  yield.  Drylen. 

2.  Having  physical  pa-ssive  power ;  having  ability 
to  bear  or  endure  ;  tirin  ;  solid  ;  as,  a  Constitution 
strong  enough  tt>  bear  the  ftttigues  of  a  campaign. 

3.  Well  fortilieil  :  able  to  sustain  attacks;  not 
easily  subdued  or  taken  ;  as,  a  strong  fortress  ur 
town. 

4.  Having  great  military  or  naval  force  ;  powerful ; 
as,  a  strung  army  or  fleet ;  a  strong  nation  ;  a  iiiition 
strong  at  se.a. 

5.  Having  great  wc.ilth,  means,  or  resources  ;  as, 
a  strong  house  or  ctuiipaiiy  of  merchants. 

6.  Moving  with  raiiiility  ;  violent ;  forcible;  iinpit- 
uotis  ;  as,  a  strong  current  of  water  or  wiinl  ;  the 
wind  was  strong  from  the  north-east ;  we  had  a  strong 
tide  against  us. 

7.  Hale;  sound;  robust;  as,  a  s(ro«<r  constitution. 

8.  Powerful ;  forcible  ;  cogent ;  ailapt->d  to  make  a 
deep  or  effectual  impression  on  the  mind  or  imagina- 
tion ;  as,  a  strong  argument ;  strung  reasons  ;  strong 
evidence ;  a  strong  example  or  instance.  lie  used 
strong  language. 

9.  Ardent ;  eager ;  zealous  ;  earnestly  engaged  ;  as, 
a  strong  partisan  ;  a  .-itrong  whig  or  tory. 

Her  mother,  ever  strong  against  that  match.  Sliak. 

10.  Having  virtut^s  of  great  etfic.icy  ;  or  having  a 
particular  quality  in  a  great  degree ;  as,  a  strong 
powder  or  tincture  ;  a  strung  decoction  ;  strong  tea  ; 
strung  coffee. 

11.  Full  of  spirit;  intoxicating;  as,  sfronir  liquors. 

12.  Affecting  the  sight  forcibly  ;  as,  strong  colors. 

13.  Affecting  the  ta^te  forcibly  ;  as,  the  strong  fla- 
vor of  onions. 

14.  Affecting  the  smell  powerfully  ;  as,  a  strong 
scent. 

15.  Not  of  easy  digestion ;  solid  ;  as,  strong  meat. 
Jlrb.  V. 

111.  Well  established  ;  firm  ;  not  easily  overthrown 
or  altered  ;  as,  a  ciistoiii  grown  strong  by  time. 

17.  Violent;  vehement;  earnest. 

Who,  in  tJie  days  of  his  fl._'sh,  when  he  oli'cretl  up  prayers  with 
siron*  cry  ing  and  tears.  —  Ileb.  v. 

18.  Able  ;  furnished  with  abilities. 

I  was  stronger  in  prophecy  than  in  cnticism.  Dryden. 

19.  Having  great  force  of  mind,  of  intellect,  or  of 
any  faculty  ;  as,  a  man  o[ strung  powers  of  minil  ;  a 
man  of  a  strong  mind  or  intelltJct ;  a  m.an  of  strong 
memory,  judgment,  or  imagination. 

20.  liaving  great  force ;  comprising  much  in  few 
words. 


Like  her  sweet  voice  is  thy  h.armonions  son^. 
As  hi^h,  as  sweet,  as  easy,  and  as  strong. 


Smith. 


21.  Uright  ;  glaring;  vivid  ;  as,  a  sfrono^  light. 
2:2.  Powerful  to  the  extent  of  force  named  ;  as,  an 
arinv  ten  thousand  strong. 
STRciXG'-eOL-OR-KI),  a.    Having  strong  colors. 
STRON'"GER,  (strong'ger,)  a. ;  comp.  of  Stuoxu.  Hav- 
ing more  strength. 
STRO.V'GEST,  (strong'gest,)  a. ;  superl  of  STno.'«o. 

Having  in(»st  strength. 
STRO.\G'-FIST-EI),  a.    [.strong  and /if.]    Il.iving  a 

strong  hand  ;  muscular.  ^rbnlhnvt. 
STRO.NG'-IIA.VI),  11.    [.sfron^  and /la/irf.]  Violence; 
force  ;  power. 

It  was  their  meaning  to  take  what  they  neciled  Ly  stron^.hand. 

liaUgk. 

[-Vof  properftt  a  compound  jrord."] 
STRONG'-IIA.ND-El),  a.    Having  strong  hands,  or 

having  many  hands,  for  the  executitm  of  a  work. 
STRO.VG'llol.O,  71.    [.«(ro/in- and  AoW.]    .\  fastness  ; 

a  fort  ;  a  fortified  place  ;  a  place  of  seciiritv. 
STRO.N'G'LY,  adr.    With  strength  ;  with  great  force 

or  power  ;  forcibly  ;  a  word  of  eitensire  application. 

2.  Firmly  :  in  a  manner  to  resist  attack ;  as,  a  town 
strongly  fortified. 

3.  Vehemently  ;  forcibly ;  eagerly.  The  evils  of 
this  measure  were  strongly  represented  to  the  gov- 
ernment. 

STRUNG'-MIND-ED,  a.    Having  a  vigorous  mind. 

Scull. 

STROXG'-SET,  o.  [strong  and  seL]  Firmly  set  or 
coniinrted.  Swifi. 

STRO.\G'-VOIC-£D,  (strong'voist,)  a.  Having  great 
strength  of  voice.  Scotf. 


STRONG'-WA-TER,  «•  [strong  and  icalcr.]  I)i»- 
tiUi-d  or  artlfiit  spirits.    [J\'ut  in  use.]  ttucun. 

STRt>\'TI.\N,  >  71.    [from  Utrontian,  in  Argyleshire, 

STRON'TIA,    i     where  it  was  first  found.] 

.Ai&eartli  which,  when  pure  and  dry,  is  perfectly 
white,  and  resembles  bary  ta  in  many  of  its  proper- 
ties. It  is  a  compound  of  oxygen  and  a  base  to 
which  is  given  the  name  of  .itrontium,  in  the  propor- 
tion of  ^<  of  the  former  to  44  of  the  1. titer.  Dacy. 

STRON'TIW  I 

STRON  TIT'lC  i       ''6rt!>'"'"g 'o  Btronlian. 

STRfJ.\'TlAN-ITE,  71.  Carbonate  of  strontian,  a 
mineral  that  tu'curs  mn-ssive,  fibrous,  stellated,  and 
cr}  slullijced  in  the  form  of  a  mudified  rhombic  prism. 

Phillips. 

Prismatic  baryte,  a  species  of  heavy  spar.  Vre. 

STR().\-TI'Tl~S,  ,1.    Stnmtiuni,  which  see. 

STIto.N'TIL'.M,  n.    The  base  of  strontian.  Dacy. 

STItOOIC,  for  Stiilck.    [AVj<  ih  inc.] 

STROP,  71.  A  strap.  [Sec  Straf.]  This  orthography 
is  particularly  used  lor  a  .strip  of  leather  used  for 
sharpeiiing  razors,  anil  giving  them  a  fine,  smooth 
edge  ;  a  razor-strop,    lint  STiise  is  preferable. 

2.  [Sp.  cstroeo.]  A  piece  of  rope  spliced  into  a 
circular  wreath,  and  put  round  a  block  fiir  liaiigiiig 
it.  Mar.  Diet. 

STROP,  r.  t.  To  draw  over  a  strop  with  a  view  to 
sllarpc  11.  Ourdnrr. 

Sl'Ro'PIIE,  77.  [Fr.  strophe:  It.  strnfa,  strufc ;  Gr. 
CTo'itltn-i  a  ttirii,  troiii  aroi^it'^ty  to  turn.] 

Ill  thr  ancient  theater,  that  part  of  a  song  Or  fiance 
aroiiiiil  the  altar  wliiih  was  performed  by  turning 
from  llii'  right  to  the  lelt.  It  was  succeeiled  by  the 
anlisiroplie,  in  a  contrary  direction.  Hence,  in  an- 
cient Ij  ric  poetry,  the  Ibriiier  of  two  stanzas  was 
called  the  siruphe,  and  the  latter  the  antistrophe.  To 
these  an  rpodr  was  sometimes  adiled. 

STRa  PIII-O  LATE,     i  a.     [L.  strophium,  a  gar- 

STR6'PlII-0-L.\-TED,  i  land.] 

Furnished  with  a  garland,  or  that  which  resembles 
a  garland.  Smith, 

STROUT,  7\  i.  (ForSTRt;T.]  To  swell ;  U>  piilf  out. 
[.\'<if  171  use.]  Bacon. 

STROVE,  prel.  of  Strive. 

STR6W  is  only  a  different  orthograjihy  of  Strew. 

[Stx'  Strew.] 
STRoWL,  for  Stroll,  is  not  in  use.    [See  Stroll.] 
STROV,  for  Destroy,  is  not  in  use.    [See  DEiTBor.] 
STRl'CK,  pnf.  and  ;//7.  of  Strike.  [SccSirike.] 
STRUCK'/;.\,  the  old  pp.  of  Strike,  is  obsolete. 
STRUe'Ti;R-AL,  (strukt'yiir-al,)  u.     Petlaiiiing  to 

structure.  Mtrshall  Hall. 

STRUC'Tt'RE,  (strukt'yiir,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  .vfriicturo, 
from  siruo.  (for  strugo,)  Iti  set  or  lay  ;  It.  .vfruffiirrt.] 
1.  Act  of  building  ;  practice  of  erecting  buildings. 
His  son  ttiiilds  on,  and  never  i»  content 
Till  III-  U.l  ftrtiiiiij  is  ill  structure  speiiU  Dryden. 
{Rarely  ustd.] 

9.  Manner  i>f  building;  form;  make;  constric- 
tion ;  as,  the  want  of  insight  into  the  structure  and 
coiisliliilioii  of  the  ti  rraipieous  globe.  H'oodinard. 

.3.  .Manner  of  organization  of  animals  and  vegeta- 
bles, 4cc. 

4.  .\  btiililing  of  any  kind,  but  chiefly  a  building 
of  some  size  or  of  magnificence  ;  an  edifice.  The 
iron  bridge  over  tlie  Seine,  in  Paris,  is  a  beautiful 
structure. 

Th(  re  slaiitls  a  sfruelure  of  ni.a}e&tic  ftame.  Pope. 

5.  In  mineralugy,  the  particiil.ar  arrangement  of  the 
integrant  particles  or  molecules  of  a  mineral. 

Brongniart. 

STRf'DE  ) 

S TRollI'"'  (  "■    ^  stock  of  breeding  mares.  Bailey. 

STRL'G'GLE,  (striig'gl,)  r.  i.  [This  word  may  be 
formed  on  the  rtuit  of  stretch,  right.  Sec,  which  sig- 
nifies to  strain  ;  or  more  directly  on  the  same  el- 
ements in  L.  nigo,  to  wrinkle,  and  Eng.  teriggle.  In 
W.  ystreiglatp  is  to  turn.] 

1.  Properly,  to  strive,  or  to  make  efforts  with  a 
twisling,  or  with  contortions  of  the  body.  Hence, 

2.  To  use  great  efforts  ;  to  labor  hard  ;  to  strive  ; 
to  contend  ;  as,  to  struggle  to  save  Iifi; .  to  struggle 
with  the  waves  ;  to  struggle  against  the  stream  ;  to 
strns<rle  with  atlversity. 

3.  To  labor  in  pain  or  anguish  ;  to  be  in  agony  ;  to 
labor  in  any  kind  of  dilliculty  or  distniss. 

•Tis  wisilom  to  Ijeware, 
Anil  Ix-tter  shun  the  bail  than  struggle  in  the  snare.  Drylen, 

STRUG'GI.E,  7».    Great  labor;  forcible  effort  to  ob- 
t.'iiii  an  tdijert,  or  to  avoid  an  evil ;  properly,  a  vio- 
lent effort  with  contortions  of  the  body. 
2.  Content ;  contention  ;  strife. 


3.  Agony  ;  contortions  of  extreme  distress. 
STRTG'GLEK,  11.   One  who  struggles,  strives,  orcon 
lends. 

STRL'G'GLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  great  efforts ; 

using  violent  exertions  ;  affected  with  contortions. 
STRUG'GLl.N'G,  71.    The  act  of  striving  ;  vehement 

or  earnest  elfort. 
STRO'.MA.n.    [L.]    Scrofula  ;  the  king's  evil  ;  a 

cific,  morbid  condition,  considered  by  many  as  a. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS —  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


STU 


peculiar  sort  of  iiitlamii.':itiun,  manifested,  in  very 
many  cases,  by  an  inilnlent  enlargement,  wliicli  soine- 
tiiues  supimrates,  but  .slowly  and  imperfectly,  and 
heals  vvitli  difficulty. 
STIJu'MUUS,  a.    Scrofulous;  having  stnim^ 
STRU.M'PET,  n.    [Ir.  stribrid,  striopach.] 
A  prostitute. 

STRU.M'PET,  a.    Like  a  strumpet ;  false  ;  inconstant. 

Sliali. 

STRUM'PET,  t'.  f.    To  debauch.  Sliali. 

STRU.NG,  prct.  of  String. 

STRUT,  c.  i.    [G.  strolieit;  Dan.  struttrrA 

1.  To  walk  with  a  lofty,  proud  gait  and  erect  head  ; 
to  walk  with  affected  dignity. 

Does  he  not  lioltl  up  his  head  nnd  strut  in  hia  gait  f  ShaJe. 

2.  'I'o  swell ;  to  protuberate. 

The  Iwliyiii^  cmv;is  strutted  with  the  g.Je.  Dryden, 
{Not  used.] 

STRUT,  n.  A  Itifty,  proud  step  or  walk  with  the  head 
erect;  afl'ttlation  of  dignity  in  walking. 

2.  In  arcluttrttire,  :i  piece  of  timber  obliquelj' placed 
from  a  king  or  queen  post  to  support  a  rafter,  some- 
times called  a  Brace.  Bramle. 

STRu'THI-OUS,  a.  [h.striahio.]  Pertaining  to  or 
like  the  ostrich  ;  belonging  to  the  ostrich  tribe. 

STRUT'TER,  n.    One  who  struts.  Swift. 

STRUT'TI.NG,  ppr.  Walking  with  a  lofty  gait  and 
erect  head. 

STRUT'TING,  n.  The  act  of  walking  with  a  proud 
gait. 

STRUT'TING-LY,  adv.  With  a  proud,  lofty  step ; 
boastingly. 

STRVeH'NI-A,    )  n.     [Gr.  irTOVWof,  an  ancient 
STRYCH'NI-NA,  S     Greek  name  for  several  plants, 
STRV'eH'N'I.N'E,  >    most  of  which  were  narcotics. 
A  vegtdable  alkaloid,  the  sole  active  _  principle 
of  Stryclinos  Tieute,  the  most  active  of  the  Jtiva 
poisons,    and   one  of   the    active    principles  of 
Stryclinos  Ignatii,  Str.  Nux-vomica,  Str.  Colubrina. 
etc.   This  alkaloid  h;is  an  intensely  l)ilter  taste,  leav- 
ing an  impression  in  the  mouth  similar  to  that  from 
certain  metallic  salts.    It  is  a  most  valuable  medi- 
cine, nmch  used  at  the  present  day. 
STUli,  H.  steb  ;  Dan.        ;  Sw,  5(u&6c,  a  stock 

or  stern  ;  \j.  stipes  ;  from  setting,  fixing.    See  Stop.] 

1.  The  stuin[>  of  a  tree  ;  that  part  of  the  stem  of  a 
tree  which  remains  fixed  in  the  earth  when  the  tree 
is  cut  down.  [.Sfafi,  in  the  Uijited  Stales,  I  believe, 
is  never  used  tor  the  slump  of  a  herbaceous  plant.] 

9.  A  log  ;  a  block.    [J^^'ut  in  vsc]  J/ilton. 
STUn,  I',  f.    To  grub  up  by  the  roots  ;  to  e.xtirp.ate  ; 
as,  to  .s(u6  np  edible  roots.  Orrw. 

2.  To  strike  the  toes  against  a  stump,  stone,  or  oth- 
er fixed  object.  JVVio  F.nirlaiid. 

STUli'HED,  a.    Short  and  thick  like  something  trun- 
cated ;  blunt;  obtuse.    [Sw.  .-itubliifr.] 
9.  Hardy  ;  not  nice  or  delicate.  Brrkelcy. 

STUH'BED-NESS,  n.    liluntness  ;  obtuseness. 

STUB'BING,  ppr.  Grubbing  up  by  the  roots;  extir- 
pating. 

STUli'BI.E,  (stub'bl,)  n.  [D.  and  G.  stnppel;  Sw. 
stubh  ;  L.  stipule.    It  is  a  diininulive  of  .^tub.] 

The  stumps  of  wheal,  rye,  barley,  oats,  or  buck- 
wheat, left  in  the  ground  ;  the  part  of  the  stalk  left 
by  the  scythe  or  sickle. 

All'.T  the  first  crop  is  oiT,  tliey  plow  in  tiie  Btuhhle.  Mortimer. 

STUB'BLE-GOOSE,n.    [stubble  and  ffoosc]   A  goose 

fed  among  stitbhie.  Ckaucr. 
STUB'BLE-K.aKE,  71.     A  rake  with  long  teeth  for 

rakiUL'  tot'ether  stubble. 
STUB'BORN,  a.    [This  word     donblless  formed  on 

the  root  of  stub  or  stiff,  and  denotes  fixed,  firm. 

Chancer  writes  it  slihhonie,  IM'.iS.    liut  the  origin  of 

the  latter  sj  liable  is  nut  obvious.] 

1.  Unreasonably  obstinate;  inflexibly  fixed  in 
opinion  ;  not  to  be  moved  or  persuaded  by  reasons  ; 
indexible;  as,  a  stubborn  sou;  a  atubburu  mind  or 
»ouI. 

The  queen  U  olwtin:i'«  » 

Stubb'jm  lo  jUKti&i.  Shak. 

2.  Persevering  ;  persisting  ;  steady  ;  constant ;  as, 
gittbbttrn  attriilion.  Locke. 

3.  Stitf;  not  flexible  ;  as,  a  stubborn  bow. 

CUapnuin. 

T.ike  a  pl.uit  of  Bluljlorn  oalc.  Dryden. 

4.  Hardy;  firm;  enduring  without  complaint ;  as, 
gtiibbnrit  Stoics.  Sw(ft, 

.1.  Marsh;  rough;  riiirged.  [fMUewieil.] 
(i.  Refractory  ;  not  eauily  melted  or  ivorked  ;  as,  a 
stubborn  ore  or  metal. 

7.  Refr.icUiry  ;  obstinately  resisting  command,  the 
goad,  or  the  whip  ;  tin,  n  stubborn  ass  or  horse. 
STIIB'BOR.V-LY,  adv.    Obstinately  ;  inllexibly  ;  con- 
tumaciously. 

S'I'lJIl'liOK.V-NESfl,  n.  Perverse  and  iinre.asonable 
obstinni  y  ;  liillexibilily  .  contumacy. 

Htubbornnest  And  oljillnatc  []iM)t)«'lience  rnuit  hft  rmuterr.*!  with 

2.  SlifTneufi  ;  want  of  filianry. 

3.  Ilefractorinciis,  on  of  oreB. 

STUU'BY,  a.    [fruin  irCufr.]    Abounding  with  stiihH. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— 


STU 


2.  Short  and  thick  ;  short  and  strong  ;  as,  stubby 
bristles.  _  Orew. 

STUB'-NaIL,  7i.  [stub  and  nail.]  A  nail  broken  off ; 
a  short,  thick  nail. 

STUe'eO,  )i.  [It.  id.;  Ft.  stuc;  Sp.  estuco;  allied 
probably  to  stick,  stuck.] 

1.  A  general  name  for  pl.ister  of  any  kind  used  as 
a  coating  for  walls;  parttcularhfy  a  fine  plaster,  com- 
posed of  lime  or  gypsum,  with  sand  and  pounded 
marble,  used  for  internal  decorations,  &,c. 

2.  Work  made  of  stucco. 

STUCCO,  V.  t.  To  plaster;  to  overlay  with  fine 
plaster. 

STUe'€o-£D,(-kode,)p;i.  ora.    Overlaid  with  stucco. 

STUe'eO-ER,  n.    One  versed  in  stucco  work. 

STUe'€0-ING,  ppr.    Plastering  with  stucco. 

STUCK,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Stick. 

Stuck  o'er  Willi  titles,  and  hung  round  with  strings.  Pope. 

STUCK,  n.    A  thrust.    [JVut  in  use.]  Sliuk. 

STUCK'LE,  (stuk'l,)  n.  [from  stuok.]  A  number  of 
sheaves  set  together  in  the  field.  [Scottish.]  [JVot  in 
use  in  the  United  States.] 

STUD,  71.  [Sax.  stod,  studa  ;  Ice.  .5(0(2;  D.  s(Mt;  Sw. 
stud;  G.  stutze,  a  stay  or  prop  ;  stittzen,  to  butt  at,  to 
gore  ;  Dan.  sttider,  to  push,  to  thrust,  G.  sfos.s-en.  The 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  set,  to  thrust.  It  coincides 
with  stead,  place,  Ir.  stadam,  to  stay  or  stand,  stid,  a 
prop.] 

1.  In  building,  a  sm.ill  piece  of  timber  or  joist  in- 
serted in  the  sills  and  beams,  between  the  posts,  to 
support  the  beams  or  other  main  timbers.  The  boards 
on  the  outside,  and  the  laths  on  the  inside,  of  a  build- 
ing, are  also  nailed  to  the  studs, 

2.  A  nail  with  a  large  head,  inserted  in  work 
chiefiy  for  ornament ;  an  ornamental  knob. 

A  belt  of  straw,  and  ivy  huds, 

Willi  coral  cLisps  and  anil>er  studs.  Jtategk. 

Crystal  and  niyrrhiiie  cups,  embossed  with  gems 

And  Btud£  of  pearl.  Urdton. 

3.  A  collection  of  breeding  horses  and  mares  ;  or 
the  place  where  they  are  kept. 

In  the  studs  nf  Ireland,  where  care  is  tiken,  we  see  horses  bred 
of  excellent  shape,  vigor,  and  fire.  Temple. 

4.  An  ornamental  button  for  a  shirt  bosom,  &c. 
STUD,  V.  t.    To  adorn  with  shining  studs  or  knobs. 

Their  horses  shall  be  trapped. 
Their  harness  studded  all  with  gold  and  pearl.  Shale. 

2.  To  set  with  detached  ornaments  or  prominent 
objects. 

STUD'DED,  pp.    Adorned  with  studs. 
9.  Set  with  detached  ornaments. 

The  sloping  sides  and  summits  of  our  hills,  and  the  extensive 
plains  that  stretch  before  our  view,  are  studded  with  sub- 
Btantial,  neat,  and  commodious  dwellings  of  freemen. 

Bp.  [lobart. 

STUD'DING,  ppr.  Setting  or  adorning  with  studs  or 
shining  knobs. 

STUD'DIN'G-SaIL,  71.  In  navigation,  a  sail  that  is 
set  beyond  the  skirts  of  the  principal  sails.  The 
studtling-sails  are  set  only  when  the  wind  is  mod- 
erite  and  steady.  They  appear  like  wings  upon  the 
yard-arms.  Mar,  Diet.  Totten. 

STC'DENT,  n.    [L.  studrns,  sturleo.    See  Study.] 

1.  A  person  engaged  in  study  ;  one  who  is  devo- 
ted to  learning,  either  in  a  seminary  or  in  private  ; 
a  scholar  ;  as,  the  students  of  an  .academy,  of  a  col- 
lege or  university  ;  a  medical  student :  a  law  student. 

2.  A  man  devoted  to  books  ;  a  bookish  man  ;  as,  a 
hard  student ;  a  close  student. 

Keep  a  gamester  from  dice,  and  a  good  student  from  his  books. 

Shale. 

3.  One  who  studies  or  examines ;  as,  a  student  of 
nature's  works. 

STO'DENT-SIIIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  student. 
STUD'-IIORSE,  n.    [Sa.x.  stod-hors;  Low  L.  stota- 

rius  :  Cliiiucer,  stnt.] 

A  breeding  horse ;  a  liorse  kept  for  propagating  his 

kind. 

STUI)'I-ED,  (stud'did,)  pp.  [from  studij.]  Read  ; 
closely  examined  ;  read  with  diligence  and  atten- 
tion ;  well  considered.  The  book  has  been  studied. 
The  subject  has  been  well  studied. 

2.  fl.  Learned  ;  well  versed  in  any  branch  of 
learning  ;  qualified  by  study  ;  as,  a  man  well  .studied 
in  geometry,  or  in  law,  or  medical  science.  Bacon, 

3.  Pr< meditated. 

4.  Having  a  particular  inclination.    [A''ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

STUD'I-KD-LY,  (stud'did-Ie,)  orfr.  Prcineditatedly. 
STIJD'I-ER,  n.    [from  studij.]    One  who  studies;  a 
student. 

Llpaius  w.aj  a  great  stutUer  in  llie  slijical  phllosopliy.  Tillotson. 

STfl'DI-O,  n.  [It.]  The  work-shop  of  n  sculptor; 
sometimes,  though  less  properly,  applit^l  to  the  work- 
shoj)  of  a  painter.  Joeclijn. 

STO'DI-OUS,  a.    [Vr.  Hindi rui. :  \j.  studiosus.] 

1.  Given  to  books  or  to  learning;  devoted  to  the 
artpiisilion  of  knowledge  from  books  ;  as,  a  studious 
scholar. 

2.  Contemplative;  given  to  thought,  or  to  the  ex- 
aoMimlion  of  subjects  by  contemplation. 

3.  Diligent;  eager  to  discover  Bomcthing,  or  to 


STU 


eflect  some  object  ;  as,  be  studious  to  please  ;  studi 
ous  lo  find  new  friends  and  allies  Ticlccl.  1 

4.  Attentive  to;  careful;  with  o/. 

Divines  must  become  studious  of  pious  and  reuerable  antiquity.  I 

While. 

5.  Planned  with  study  ;  deliberate. 

For  the  frigid  villainy  of  studious  lewdness,  for  the  calm  malignity 
of  labored  impiety,  what  apology  can  be  invented  I  ! 

Rambler.  I 

6.  Favorable  to  study  ;  suitablt;  for  thought  antl  ' 
contemplation  ;  as,  the  studious  shade.  1 

Let  my  due  feet  never  fail  ! 
To  walk  the  studious  cloister  pale.  Milton.  | 

[The  latter  signijication  is  forced^  and  not  much 

used,]  ' 

STO'DI-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  study ;  with  close  at-  I 

tention  to  books.  j 

2.  With  diligent  contemplation.  Dryden,  | 

3.  Diligently  ;  with  zeal  and  earnestness.  | 

,^ttcrbary, 

4.  CarefiiUv  ;  attentively. 
STU'DI-OUS-NESS,  71.    The   habit  or  practice  of 

study  ;  addictedness  to  books.  Men  of  sprightly 
imagination  are  not  generally  the  most  remarkable 
for  .studiousness. 
STUD'Y,  71.  [Fr.  etude:  L.  stadium,  from  stU(leo,  lo 
study,  that  is,  to  set  the  thoughts  or  mind.  (See  As- 
siduous.) Studco  IS  connected  with  the  English 
stud,  stead.] 

1.  Literally,  a  setting  of  the  mind  or  thoughts  upon 
a  subject;  hence,  application  of  mind  to  books,  to 
arts  or  science,  or  to  any  subject,  for  the  purpose  of 
learning  w  hat  is  not  before  known. 

Hammond  generally  spent  thirteen  hours  of  the  d.ay-in  study. 

fell. 

Study  gives  strenglli  to  the  mind  ;  conversation,  grace.  Temple. 

2.  Attention  ;  meditation  ;  contrivance. 

Just  men  they  seerned,  and  all  their  study  bi  nt 

To  woi^liip  tjod  aright,  and  know  his  works.  Milton. 

3.  Any  particular  branch  of  learning  that  is  -stud- 
ied. Let  your  studies  be  directed  by  some  learned 
and  jiulicious  frieml. 

4.  Subject  of  attention. 

The  Holy  Scriptures,  es]X-clally  the  New  Testament,  are  h-  r 
daily  study.  Laic. 

5.  A  building  or  an  apartment  devoted  to  study 
or  to  literary  em]ilo}  inent.     Clurentlnti.  Dryden, 

6.  Deep  cogitation  ;   perplexity.    [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

7.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  a  work  undertaken 
for  improvement  in  the  art,  and  usually  left  incom- 
plete. 

STUD'V,  V,  i.    [L.  stnileo,] 

1.  To  fix  the  mind  closely  upon  a  subject ;  to 
muse  ;  to  dwell  upon  in  thought. 

1  found  a  moral  first,  and  then  studied  for  a  fdjle.  Sisift. 
9.  To  apply  the  mind  to  books.    He  studies  eight 
hours  in  the  day. 
3.  To  endeavor  diligently. 

That  ye  study  to  be  quiet  and  do  your  own  business. —  I 
Thess.  iv. 

STUD'Y,  II. «.  To  apply  the  mind  to;  to  re.ad  and 
examine  for  the  purpose  of  learning  and  understand- 
ing; as,  to  study  law  or  theology;  to  study  lan- 
guages. 

2.  To  consider  attentively  ;  to  examine  clo.sely. 
Study  the  works  of  nature. 

Study  thyself;  what  ruik  or  wh  it  degree 

Thy  wise  Creator  li.is  ordained  lor  thee.  Dryden. 

3.  To  form  or  arrange  by  previous  thought ;  to  con 
over ;  or  to  commit  to  memory  ;  as,  to  study  a 
spia'ch. 

STUD'Y-ING,  ppr.    Applying  the  mind  to;  reading 

and  examining  closely. 
STO'FA,  n.    [It.,  a  stove.]    A  jet  of  steam  issuing 

from  a  fissure  in  the  earth. 
STUFF,  11.    [D.  stof,  .itnffe ;  G.  staff;  Dan.  .^Wo ;  Sw. 

stoft ;  Goth,  stubyus  ;  It.  stoffa  ;  Sp.  cstofa,  quilted 

stuff;   estofar,  to  quilt,  to  stea.    See  Stove  and 

Stew.] 

1.  A  mass  of  matter,  indefinitely  ;  or  a  collection 
of  .substances ;  as  a  heap  of  dust,  of  chips,  or  of 
dross. 

2.  The  mailer  of  which  any  thing  is  formed  ;  ma- 
terials. The  ear|ii  iili  r  and  joiner  speak  of  Ihc  .lei/^ 
with  which  they  build  ;  nii  cliaiiics  pride  themselves 
on  having  their  wares  made  of  good  stuff. 

Time  is  tlie  sdj/ which  life  is  niatie  of.  ]Pranl;lin, 
Degrailiiig  prose  exiilains  his  menninir  ill. 

And  phows  the  sluj\  and  not  the  workman's  skill.  Roscommon. 
Cesar  haUi  wept ; 
Ambition  shouUl  be  made  of  sUTncr  stujf.  ShaJt. 

3.  Furniture;  goods;  domestic  vessels  in  general. 
He  tocik  away  locks,  and  gave  away  Uie  king's  stuj'.  [Nearly 

obtolele.]  Haymard. 

4.  That  which  fills  any  thing. 

Cleanse  the  sliiHi'd  Uisoni  of  that  perilous  sfuJT 

'i'hat  weighs  ufioii  the  lleail.  Shak. 

!>.  Essence  ;  clemi  ntal  part ;  as,  the  stuff  of  the 
conscience. 

C.  A  medicine.    [Vulgar.]  Shak. 


MRTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


1036 


STU 


STU 


STY 


7.  Cloth  ;  fabrics  of  tlin  loom  ;  as,  silk  stuffs ; 
\\oo\en  stuffs.  In  tlii.s  si  iiso  tlie  word  lias  a  plural. 
Stuff  coiiiprchcnds  all  clollis,  tiut  it  signilies  particu- 
larly woolen  cloth  of  slighl  texture  for  lininjfs. 

Kncttc. 

8.  Matter  or  thing  ;  particularlij,  that  which  is 
trilling  or  worthless;  a  very  eztensivc  use  of  the 
ward,  riiittery  is  fulsome  stuff;  poor  poetry  is  mis- 
erable stuff. 

AnjiT  would  iiulilo 
Such  woful  iluffat  I  or  Sluilwcll  wiilc.  Dryden. 

9.  Among  sca?iicn^  a  ini'lted  mass  of  turpentine, 
tallow,  &c.,  with  which  the  masts,  sides,  and  bot- 
tom of  a  ship  are  smeared.  Mar.  Vict. 

STUKK,  V.  t.    To  (ill ;  as,  to  stuff  a  bedtick. 

2.  To  fill  very  full ;  to  crowd. 
Tltis  crook  (irrw  hazel  boiig^lis  ndown, 

And  Mtujfed  licr  apron  wide  wilh  nuu  so  brown.  Gay. 

3.  To  thrust  in  ;  to  crowd  ;  to  press. 

Pol  rosi"ii  into  ft  gliua  wilh  ii  narrow  moulli,  slujjing  tlicm  close 
togrllior.  Bacon. 

4.  To  fill  by  being  put  into  any  thing. 
With  inward  arms  llio  dire  macliinc  they  loiid, 

And  iron  bowels  ntujf  tlie  dftrii  abode.  Dryden. 

5.  To  swell  or  cause  to  bulge  out  by  putting  some- 
thing in. 

Stuff  me  out  wilh  straw.  Shak. 

6.  To  fill  with  something  improper. 

For  Uiee  I  dim  Ihese  eyes,  and  tluffti^a  head 

Wilh  all  such  reading  ns  w;u  never  re.ui.  Pope. 

7.  To  obstruct,  as  any  of  the  organs. 

I'm  Bluffed,  coucin;  I  tin  nol  Bmeli.  Siiak. 

8.  To  fill  meat  with  seasoning ;  as,  to  stuff  a.  leg  of 
veal. 

9.  To  fill  the  skin  of  a  dead  animal  for  presenting 
and  preserving  liis  form ;  as,  to  stuff  a  bird  or  a 
lion's  skin. 

10.  To  form  by  filling. 

An  Kaslern  kinjr  put  a  lud*e  to  death  for  an  iniquitous  sentence, 
and  urxlert^il  his  hitfe  to  be  stuffed  into  a  cushion,  and  placed 
upon  the  tribunal.  Su:i/t. 

STUFF,  V.  i.    To  feed  gluttonously. 

Taught  harmless  man  to  cnim  and  stuff.  Siei/l. 

STUFF'iCD,  (stuft,)  pp.  or  a.     Filled ;   crowded  ; 
crammed. 

STU  FK' I  NO,  ppr.    Filling;  crowding. 
STUFF'ING,  n.    That  which  is  used  for  filling  any 
thing ;  as,  the  stuffing  of  a  saddle  or  cushion. 

2.  Seasoning  for  meat ;  that  which  is  put  into 
meat  to  give  it  a  higher  relish. 
STOKE,  for  Stucco.    [Aut  in  use.] 
STULM,  71.    A  shaft  to  draw  water  out  of  a  mine. 

Bailci/. 

STULP,  n.    A  post.    [Local.]  HaUiwell. 
STUL'TI-FI-£f),  (-flik-,)  pp.    Made  foolish. 
STUL'Tl-FY,  V.  t.     [L.  slullus,  foolish,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

1.  'I  o  make  foolish  ;  to  make  one  a  fool.  Burke. 

2.  In  /rtw,  to  allege  or  prove  to  be  insane,  for 
avoiding  some  act.  Blackstonc. 

STUL'TI-FY-ING,  ppr.    Making  foolish. 
STUI^TIL'O-aUENUE,  n.     [L.  slultus,  foolish,  and 
loqunttin,  a  trdking.] 

Foolish  talk  ;  a  babbling.  DicL 
STUL-TII>'0-aUY,  II.    [L.  stultiloqtiium,  snpra.] 

Foolish  talk  ;  silly  discourse  ;  babbling.  Taylor. 
STU.M,  n.    [D.  stom,  stum,  dumb  ;  G.  .''(uinm,I)an.  and 
Sw.  stum,  dumb,  mute.] 

1.  Must ;  wine  unfcrmcnted.  Addison. 

2.  New  wine  used  to  raise  fermentation  in  dead  or 
vapid  wines.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Wine  revived  by  new  fermentation.  Hudibras. 
STUM,  1-.  (.    X'o  renew  wine  by  mi.ving  must  with  it, 

and  raising  a  new  fermeiitatiim. 

Wc  stum  our  wines  to  renew  iheir  spiriu.  Ployer, 
2.  To  fume  a  cask  of  liquor  with  burning  brim- 
stone. [Local.] 
STUM'BLE,  r.  i.    [\cc.  stumra.   This  word  is  proba- 
bly from  a  root  that  signifies  to  stop  or  to  strike,  and 
may  be  allied  to  stammer.] 

1.  To  trip  in  w.alking  or  moving  in  any  way  upon 
the  legs  ;  to  strike  the  foot  so  as  to  fall,  or  to  endan- 
ger a  fall  ;  applied  to  any  animal.  A  man  may  stum- 
tie,  as  well  as  a  horse. 

The  way  of  the  wicked  U  as  darkness;  they  know  not  at  wliat 
they  stumbts.  —  Prov.  iv. 

2.  To  err ;  to  slide  into  a  crime  or  an  error. 

He  that  loTeth  tiis  brother,  .abitlelh  in  the  lii^l,  and  there  Is  no 
occasion  of  slumhting  in  htin.  —  I  John  ii. 

3.  To  strike  upon  without  design  ;  to  fall  on  ;  to 
light  on  by  chance.  Men  often  stumble  upon  valua- 
ble discoveries. 

Ond  stumbUd  by  some  Inadrertcnce  upon  Livia  in  a  b«lh. 

Dryden. 

"TUM'BIjE,  t.  t.    To  obstruct  in  progress  ;  to  cause 
to  trip  or  stop. 

2.  To  confound ;  to  puzzle  ;  to  put  to  a  nonplus  ; 
to  perpiex 

Ooe  ininj  more  stumblts  me  In  Uie  rerr  bundalion  of  this  hy- 


STU.M'BLE,  ».    A  trip  in  walking  or  running. 
a.  A  blunder  ;  a  failure. 

One  sturnble  is  enough  to  deface  llic  character  of  an  honomble 
life.  L^Eslrangs. 

STUM'BIiKD,  pp.    Obstructed  ;  puzzled. 

STUM'BLElt,  «.  One  that  stumbles  or  make;  a  blun- 
der. Herbert. 

STUM'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Tripping;  erring;  puz- 
zling. 

STUM'BLING-BI.OCK,  )  n.    [stumble,  and  block  or 
STU.M'BLING-STo.M;,  j     stone.]     Any  ciuse  of 
stumbling  ;  that  which  causes  to  err. 

We  preach  Christ  crucified,  to  the  Jews  a  stumbling-block,  and 

to  the  Greeks  footiahiiehs.  —  I  Cor.  i. 
This  stuffibling'Slone  we  hope  to  take  away.  Burnet, 

STU.M'BLING-LV,  adv.    In  a  litumbling  manner. 
STUM'MKI),  (stumd,)  pp.    Renewed  by  mi.ving  must 

with  it,  and  raising  a  new  fermentation. 
STUMP,  n.    [Sw.  and  Dan.4-(iimp  ;  Dan. .•Jtuinpcr, Sw. 

stijmpa,  to  mutilate  ;  D.  stomp,  a  stump,  ami  blunt ; 

G.  stumpf.] 

1.  The  stub  of  a  tree  ;  the  part  of  a  tree  remaining 
in  the  earth  after  the  tree  is  cut  down,  or  the  part 
of  any  plant  left  in  the  earth  hy  the  scythe  or  sickle. 

2.  The  part  of  a  limb  or  other  body  remaining  af- 
ter a  part  is  amputated  or  destroyed  ;  ns,  li-o  xty;>ip 
of  a  leg,  of  a  finger,  or  a  tooth.      Dryden  Sutft. 

3.  Stumps,  pi.  I  legs;  as,  to  stir  one's  f(-jTij.». 

J{al:iir.ell. 

To  take  the  stump,  or  to  slump  it,  denotes,  in  the 
Western  States,  to  make  public  addresses  fjr  elec- 
tioneering purposes ;  a  phrase  derived  from  the 
s|ieaker's  origin.ally  mounting  the  stump  of  a  tree 
in  making  his  address. 
STU.MP,  tJ.  t.    To  strike  any  thing  fixed  and  hard 
with  the  toe.  [yul'mr.] 
2.  To  challenge,  [yulgar.] 
STUMP'i;i>,  (stumpt,)  pp.    Struck  hard  with  the  toe. 

2.  Challenged. 
STU.MP'-OR'A-TOR,  ».    A  man  who  harangues  the 
populace  from  the  stump  of  a  tree,  or  other  elevation. 

America. 

STUMP'-OR'A-TO-RY,7i.    An  electioneering  speech 

from  a  stump,  or  other  elevation.  America. 
STUMP'Y,  a.    Full  of  stumps. 

2.  Hard  ;  strong.    [Little  used.]  Mortimer. 

3.  Short  and  thick  ;  stubby.    [Little  used.] 

Todd. 

STUN,  V.  t.  [Sax.  stunian  ;  Fr.  etonner.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  strike  or  to  stop,  to  blunt,  to  stupefy.] 

1.  To  make  senseless  or  dizzy  with  a  blow  on  the 
head ;  as,  to  be  stunned  by  a  fall,  or  by  a  falling  tim- 
ber. 

One  hun^  a  pole-ax  at  his  s.addle.bow, 

And  one  a  he.ivy  mace  to  slun  the  foe.  Dryden. 

2.  To  overpower  the  sense  of  hearing ;  to  blunt  or 
stnpefy  the  organs  of  hearing.  To  prevent  being 
stunned,  cannoneers  sometimes  fill  their  ears  with 
wool. 

3.  To  confound  or  make  dizzy  by  loud  and 
mingled  sound. 

A  universal  hubbub  wild 
Of  £(unnin^  sounds  and  voices  ail  contused.  Milton. 

STUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Stiko. 
STUNK,  pret.  of  Stink. 

STUN'Ni;D,  (stund,)  pp.  Having  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing overpowered  ;  confounded  with  noise. 

STUN'NING,  ppr.  or  a.  Ove/poweriug  the  organs  of 
hearing;  confounding  with  noise. 

STUNT,  V.  U  [Ice.  stunta;  Sax.  stintan,  to  stint; 
«(unt,  foolish,  stupid.    See  Sti.vt.] 

To  hinder  from  growth  ;  applied  to  animals  and 
plants ;  as,  to  stunt  a  child  ;  to  .<(un(  a  plant. 

Arbuthnot.    Pope.  Swift. 

STUNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Hindered  from  growth  or  in- 
crease. 

STUNT'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  stunted. 

Cheyne. 

STUNT'ING,  ppr.  Hindering  from  growth  or  in- 
crease. 

^TOPE,  n.    I'L.  stupa,  tow  ;  probably  allied  to  stuff.] 
Cloth  or  flax  dipped  in  warm  modicamenl-s  and  ap- 
plied to  a  hurt  or  sore  ;  fomentation  ;  sweating  bath. 

Wiseman.  Coze, 

STOPE,  V.  U    To  foment.  Wiseman. 
STCPE,  n.    A  stupid  person.    [JVol  in  itsc] 
STU-PE-F ACTION,  ii.  [L.  stupcfacio ;  stupeo,  whence 
stupidus,  and  facio.    .See  Stop.J 

1,  The  act  of  rendering  stupid. 

2.  A  stupid  or  senseless  state ;  insensibility;  dull- 
ness; tor|Kir;  stupidity. 

Resistance  of  Uic  dictates  of  conscience  brin^  a  tianlness  and 
slupe/aclion  upon  it.  South. 

STU-PE-FAC'TIVE,  a.  Causing  insensibility  ;  dead- 
ening or  blunting  the  sense  of  feeling  or  understand- 
ing. 

STC'PE-FI-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Made  dull  or  stupid  ;  hav- 
ing the  perception  or  understanding  blunted. 

STO'PE-FI-ER,  ri.  [from  stupefy.]  That  which 
causes  dullness  or  stupidity. 

STO'PE-F?,  V.  L    (Fr.  stupefer  ;  L.  stuprfacio.] 

1.  To  make  stupid  ;  to  make  dull  ;  to  blunt  the 
faculty  of  perception  or  understanding  ;  to  deprive 


of  .seiiKihility.  It  is  a  great  ain  to  attempt  to  stupefy 
the  coiiHciciice. 

The  fumes  of  p:uMion  inloziciln  lib  discemhig  faculties,  aa  (bo 
(unies  of  drink  stupe/y  Uie  brain.  jiouth. 

2.  To  deprive  of  material  motion. 

It  Is  not  inalicablc  nor  fluent,  but  slupe/ttd.    [Not  in  use.] 

Biicon. 

STO'PE-FV-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Rendered  extremely  dull 

or  insensible. 

[It  would  be  convenient  to  write  Sti'pifactioh, 

Stui'ifactive,  and  place  these  words  after  Srui'io- 

^Ess  ns  indicative  of  their  meaning.] 
STU-PEN'IJOUS,  a.    [Low  L.  atupcndus,  from  stupeo, 

to  astonish.] 

Z.i(('ra//i/,  striking  dumb  by  its  magnitude;  hence, 
astonishing;  wonderful-,  amazing;  particularly,  of 
astonishing  magnitude  or  elevation  ;  as, a  stupendous 
pile  ;  a  stupendous  edifice ;  a  stupendous  nioiinlain  ;  a 
stupendous  bridge.  Milton.  Dnjdcn. 

STU-l'r,.\'l)OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  cxiiite  as- 
tiinislinii'iit. 

STU-I'EN'DOUS-NESS,  n.   The  quality  or  state  of 

being  sttipondotis  or  astonishing. 
STu'PIU,  a.    [Vr.stupide;  h.  stupidu.i,  from  etupeo,  to 

be  stupefied,  properly  to  stop.    See  Stop.] 

1.  Very  dull;  insensible;  senseless;  wanting  in 
understanding  ;  heavy  ;  sluggish. 

O  that  men  should  be  so  stupid  ^own, 

As  to  furs.ike  the  living  Ciod.  Milton. 

W  iih  wild  surprise, 
A  nibment  stupid,  moliunlcss  he  stood.  Thomson. 

2.  Dull ;  heavy  ;  formed  without  skill  or  genius. 

Observe  what  loads  of  stupid  rhymci 

Oppre&j  us  in  corrupted  tiiiie«.  Sioi/t. 

STU-PII)'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  stupid iti  ;  L.  «(BpiiZi(a.«.l 

Extreme  dullness  of  perception  or  understanding; 
insensibililv  ;  sluggishness.  Dntden.  ' 

STU'PI1)-I-V,  adi:  Willi  extreme  dullness  ;  w  ith  sus- 
pension or  inactivity  of  nnilerstanding  ;  sottislily  ; 
absurdly  ;  without  the  exercise  of  re.ison  or  judg- 
nieiit.  Milton.  Dryden, 

STu'PIIVNESS,  n.  Stupidity. 

fiTu'POR,  n.  [L.]  Great  diminution  or  suspension 
of  sensibility  ;  suppression  of  sense  ;  numbness;  as, 
the  stupor  ut  a  limb.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Intellectual  sensibility  ;  moral  stupidity  ;  heed- 
lessness or  inattention  to  one's  interests. 
STU'PRaTE,d.  f.    [  h.  stupro.] 

To  nivisli  ;  tt>  debauch. 
STU-PRa'TION,  n.    Rape ;  vioLition  of  cliastity  by 
force. 

STUR'I)I-LY,  oiiti.  [from  sturdy.]  Hardily  ;  stoutly  ; 
lustily. 

STUK'DI-NESS,  n.  [from  sturdy.]  Stoutness  ;  hardi- 
ness ;  as,  the  sturdiness  of  a  sclii^ol-boy.  Locke. 
2.  Ilnital  strength. 

STUirilY,  a.  [G.  stSrrig,  connected  with  storren,  a 
stub.] 

1.  Hardy  ;  stout ;  foolishly  obstinate  ;  implying 
coarseness  or  rudeness. 

This  must  be  done,  and  I  would  fuin  see 

Mortal  ko  sturdy  its  to  g.uiisny.  Hudibras. 
A  sturdy,  hartteiicd  sinner  advances  to  the  utmost  pitch  of  im- 
piety w  ith  less  reluctance  tiiau  he  took  the  first  st'-p. 

Atterbury. 

2.  Strong ;  forcible ;  lusty  ;  as,  a  sturdy  lout. 

Sidney. 

3.  Violent ;  laid  on  with  strength ;  as,  sturdy 
strokes.  Spenser, 

4.  Stiff ;  stout ;  strong ;  as,  a  sturdy  oak. 

lie  was  not  of  a  delicate  contexture,  hta  limbs  raUier  sturdy  than 
d.uiity.  M'ouon. 

STUR'DY,  71.  A  disease  in  sheep,  marked  by  dull- 
ness and  stupor.  Cyc. 

STUR'CEON,  (stur'juii,)  n.  [Fr.  esturgeon  :  Sp.  e.<tu- 
rion  ;  It.  storione  ;  Low  L.  sturio  ;  D.  ateiir  ;  G.  stiir  ; 
Sw.  stiir  !  the  stirrer,  one  that  turns  up  the  mud  ; 
G.  stbren.] 

A  large  cartilaginous  fish  of  the  genus  Acipenser. 
Several  species  are  toiintl  in  Northern  Europe,  in  the 
Black  and  Caspian  Seas  and  tlieir  tributaries,  the 
lakes  of  North  America,  &c.  Its  rtesh  is  valued  for 
foot!.  Caviare  is  prepared  from  the  roe,  and  isin- 
glass from  the  air-bladder.  F.ncyc.  Am.  P.  Cijc. 
STU-RI-o'NI-A.\,  n.  One  of  a  family  of  cartilaginous 

fishes,  of  which  the  sturgeon  is  the  type. 
STURK,  n.    [Sax.  .vlyrc] 

A  voiiiig  ox  or  heifer.  [Scottish.] 
STUT'TER,  V.  i.    [D.  stotlrren;  G.  stoUcm  ;  that  is, 
to  stop.    Stut  is  not  ii.sed.] 
'J'o  stammer ;  to  hesitate  in  uttering  words. 

Bacon, 

STUT'TER,  n.    The  act  of  stuttering.  Smart. 
STUT'TER-ER,  n.    A  sUiiiimercr. 
STUT'TER-I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Stammering;  speaking 

with  hesitation. 
STUT'TER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  stammering. 
STUT'TER-ING-LY,  adc.    With  stammering. 
STf,  n.    [Sax.  stige.] 

1.  A  pen  or  inciosiire  for  swine. 

2.  A  pl.tce  of  bestial  debauchery. 

To  roll  wilh  ple.aaure  io  a  «rn.u.  1  .ly.  MUUn. 

3.  An  inflamed  tumor  on  the  edge  of  the  eyelid. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IINITR  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  g  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


NNNN* 


1097 


STY 


SUB 


SUB 


STY,  V.  t.    To  shut  up  in  a  sty.  Shak. 
ST"?',  V.  i.    [Sax.  sti^an  ;  GotJi.  stei^an.] 

To  soar;  to  ascend.  [JVot  in  use.]  [See  Stirrup.] 

Spenser. 

S'^Ve'A.  71.   A  Saxon  copper  coin  of  the  lowest  value. 

Lealce. 

SJ  yG'I-AN,  a.    [-L.  Stylus,  Styi.] 

Pertaining  to  Styx,  fabled  by  the  ancients  to  be  a 
river  of  hell  over  which  the  sliades  of  the  dead 
passed,  or  the  region  of  the  dead  ;  lience,  hellish ;  in- 
fernal. 

Al  that  so  sudden  blaze,  the  Stygian  tlironj 
Bent  iJieir  aspect.  ^Tdlon. 
STVI.NG,  ppr.    Shutting  up  in  a  sty. 
STY-LA-GAL-MS'ie,  a.  or  n.   [Gr.  ariiXos  and  aya\- 
iia.'] 

A  term,  in  architecture,  denoting  figures  which  per- 
form the  office  of  columns. 
STYLE,  n.  [L.  stylus;  D.  and  G.  styl;  It.  stile;  Sp. 
estiln  ;  Ft.  style  or  stile  ;  Gr.  rt'X"?,  a  column,  a  pen, 
or  bodkin  ;  from  the  root  of  the  Teutonic  stcllen,  to 
set  or  place.] 

1.  Manner  of  writing  with  regard  to  language,  or 
the  choice  and  arrangement  of  words  ;  as,  a  harsh 
style  ;  a  dry  style ;  a  tumid  or  bombastic  style  ;  a  loose 
style  ;  a  terse  style  ;  a  laconic  or  verbose  style  ;  a  flow- 
ing style;  a  lofty  style:  an  elegant  style;  an  episto- 
lary stijle.  The  character  of  style  depends  chiefly  on 
a  happy  selection  and  arrangement  of  words. 

Proper  words  in  prxjiier  places  maJie  Uie  true  definition  of  Btyle. 
Yet  let  some  lord  but  own  the  happy  lines, 

How  the  wit  brightens  and  tlie  elyle  refines  I  Pope. 

2.  Manner  of  speaking  appropriate  to  particular 
characters  ;  or,  in  gener;S,  the  character  of  the  lan- 
guage used. 

No  etyte  is  held  for  base,  where  love  well  named  is.  Sidney. 
Accortling  to  the  usual  style  of  dedications.  MiddJeton. 

So  we  say,  a  person  addresses  another  in  a  style 
of  haughtiness,  in  a  style  of  rebuke. 

3.  A  characteristic  or  peculiar  mode  of  e.\ecution 
in  the  fine  arts. 

The  ornamental  style  also  possesses  its  ovm  peculiar  merit. 

ReyTiolds, 

4.  A  particular  character  of  music ;  as,  a  grave 
style. 

5.  Title ;  appellation  ;  as,  the  style  of  majesty. 

Propitious  hear  our  prayer, 
Whether  the  sly:e  of  Tiun  please  ihee  more.  Pope, 

6.  Course  of  writing.    [JVot  in  use.]  Dryilen. 

7.  Style  of  court,  is  properly  the  practice  observed 
by  any  court  in  its  way  of  proceeding.  Jlyliffe. 

8.  In  popular  use,  manner ;  form  ;  as,  the  enter- 
tainment was  prepared  in  excellent  stijle. 

9.  A  pointed  instrument  formerly  used  in  writing 
on  tables  of  wax  ;  an  instrument  of  surgery, 

10.  Something  with  a  sharp  point,  as  a  graver ;  the 
pin  of  a  dial  ;  wrilten  also  Stile. 

11.  In  Iwtany,  the  middle  [lortion  of  the  pistil, 
connecting  the  stigma  with  the  germ  ;  sometimes 
called  the  Shaft.  The  styles  n{  plants  are  capillary, 
filiform,  cylindric,  subulate,  or  clavate.  Martyn. 

la.  In  chronology,  a  mode  of  reckoning  time,  with 
regard  to  tlio  Julian  and  Gregorian  calendar.  Style  is 
Old  or  A'Vro.  The  Old  Style  follows  the  Julian  man- 
ner of  computing  the  months  and  days, or  the  calen- 
dar as  established  by  Julius  Cesar,  in  which  every 
fourth  year  consists  of  3ii6  days,  and  the  other  years 
of  30,5  days.  This  is  something  more  than  11  min- 
utes in  a  year  too  much.  Pope  Gregory  XIII.  re- 
formed the  calendar  by  retrencliiiig  10  days  in  Octo- 
ber, 1.582,  in  order  to  bring  back  the  vernal  equinox 
to  the  same  day  as  at  the  lime  of  the  council  of 
Nice,  A.  l").  395;  this  reformation  was  adopted  by 
act  of  parliament  in  Great  Britain  in  1751,  by  which 
act  11  days  in  September,  1752,  were  retrenched, 
and  the  third  day  was  reckoned  the  fourteenth.  This 
mode  of  reckoning  is  call.^d  JVew  Style,  according 
to  which  every  year  tlivisible  by  4,  unless  it  is 
divisible  by  101),  without  being  divisible  by  400,  has 
Sfifi  days,  and  any  other  year  3ii5  days. 

P.  Cyc.    FJ.  Kitcyc. 

STVI.E,  V.  t.  To  call ;  to  name  ;  to  denominate  ;  to 
give  a  title  to  in  addressing.  The  emperor  of  Rus- 
sia is  stilled  autocrat ;  the  king  of  Great  Britain  is 
aiylrd  defender  of  the  faith. 

STVI,'/;i),  pp.    Named;  denominated;  called. 

STVI.ET,  71.  [from  style,]  A  small  poniard  or  dag- 
ger. F.ncyc. 

STV'IJ-FORM,  a.  [style  and  fonti.]  Like  a  style, 
pin  or  pen. 

.f'rV  l.'ING,  ;(pr.    Calling;  denoniin.ating. 

P'l'VI/IHII,  a.  Being  in  fashionable  forui,  or  in  high 
Ktylft.  [Colloquial.] 

8T9'l,I'rK,  II.    [Gr.  ^..Ao<,  a  column.] 

In  rcelrjim.ilical  hiilnry,  the  .Stylitcs  were  a  sect  of 
•olitaricfl,  who  utood  motionleKH  on  columns  or  pil- 
larH  for  the  nxerclHe  of  their  patience. 

BTVm-BATK,  n.  (Gr.  r.  A..?,  a  pillar,  and  /Jnoif, 
base.]  In  archittcturr,  the  iinmterrnpted  or  con- 
tinuoufi  bane  below  a  range  of  columns.  Drande. 

BTY-I.O-BA'TIO.N,  n.    The  pcdpmal  of  n  column. 

HT?-LO-GIlAPirif;,  o.    Pertaining  to  or  n«ed  In 


stylography  ;  as,  stylographic  cards,  cards  which  may 
be  written  upon  with  a  style. 

Stylographic  pencil ;  a  pencil  or  style  fqr  this  kind  of 
writing. 

STY-LOG'RA-PHY,  n.  A  mode  of  writing  or  tracing 
lines  by  means  of  a  style  or  pointed  instrument  on 
cards  or  tablets. 

STY'LOID,  a.    [L.  stylus  and  Gr.  ctlo;.] 

Having  some  resemblance  to  a  style  or  pen  ;  as, 
the  styloid  process  of  the  temporal  bone.  Kncyc. 

STYP'Tie,  a.  [Fr.  slyptique  ;  L.  stypticus ;  Gr.  s-vtr- 
-iKog;  from  the  root  of  L.  stipo.  Eng.  stop.] 

Astringent;  that  produces  contraction;  th.at  stops 
bleeding  ;  having  the  quality  of  restraining  hemor- 
rhage. 

STYP'Tie,  n.  A  medicine  which  has  an  astringent 
quality.    Styptics  are  mere  astringents. 

STYP-TIC'I-TY,  (-tis'e-te,)  n.  The  quality  of  as- 
tringency. 

STY'RAX,  71.  [Gr.  aTVfin^,  the  resin  now  called  in 
English  Storax  ;  also  the  sharp  iron  at  the  lower 
end  of  a  spear  ] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  which  is  typical 
of  the  natural  order  Styraceic,  and  to  which  it  gives 
name.  Sprengel  recognizes  and  describes  seven 
species  of  the  genus  Styrax,  two  of  which  furnish 
articles  of  the  materia  medica,  viz.,  S.  officinalis, 
(Linnffius,)  growing  in  Syria,  Palestine,  Greece, 
Peloponnesus,  and  the  Levant  generally,  which 
furnishes  Storax ;  and  S.  Benzoin,  (Dryander,) 
growing  in  Sumatra,  Borneo,  Java,  and  Siam,  which 
furnishes  Benzoin.  Tully. 

STYTH'Y,  V.  t.    To  forge  on  an  anvil.    [.See  Stitht.] 

STYX,  71.  [L.  ;  Gr.  Sriif.]  In  ancient  mythology,  the 
principal  river  of  the  lower  world;  which  was  to  be 
crossed  in  passing  to  the  regions  of  the  dead.  The 
divinity  of  the  river,  who  dwelt  in  a  rock  palace, 
was  also  called  Styx. 

Su-A-BIL'I-TY,  71.  Liability  to  be  sued  ;  the  state  of 
being  subject  by  law  to  civil  process.  Judge  Story. 

SU'A-BLE,  a.  [(n.m  stie.]  That  may  be  sued  ;  sub- 
ject by  law  to  be  called  to  answer  in  court. 

SUaDE,  for  Persuade,  is  not  in  use.    [Judge  Story. 

SUaGE,  for  Assuage,  is  not  in  use. 

Su'ANT,  a.  [Fr.  suivant,  from  suivre,  to  follow ; 
Norm,  sunnte.] 

Even;  uniform;  spread  equally  over  the  surface. 
[JVfW  F.nirland,  but  local.] 

SUa'SI-BLE,  (swa'se-bl,)  a.    [L.  suadeo.] 

That  may  be  persuaded  or  easily  persuaded. 

SUa'SION,  i^swi'zhun,)  71.  The  act  of  persuading. 
[See  Persuade.] 

SUa'SIVE,  (swa'siv,)  a.    [L.  suadeo.] 

Having  power  to  persuade.  South. 

SUa'.-^IVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  tending  to  per- 
suade. 

SUA'SO-RY,  (swa'so-re,)  a.    [L.  suasorius.] 

Tending  to  persuade ;  having  the  quality  of  con- 
vincing and  drawing  by  argument  or  reason. 

JIvpkins. 

SUAV'I-FI-ED,  pp.    Rendered  afl^'able. 
SUAV'I-F?,  (swav'e-fj',)  v.  t.    [L.  suavis,  sweet.] 

To  make  affable. 
SUAV'I-F?-ING,  ppr.    Making  affable. 
SUA-VIL'O-aUY,  71.    [L.  suavis  and  loquor.] 

Sweetness  of  speech. 
SU.^yi-TER  IJVMO'DO,  [L.]  Agreeably  or  kind- 
ly in  manner. 

SUAV'I-TY,  (swav'e-te,)  71.  [L.  siinDitas ;  Fr.  511a- 
viti ;  It.  soavitd ;  Sp.  suuvidad ;  from  L.  suacis, 
sweet.] 

1.  Sweetness,  in  a  literal  sense.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Broion. 

S.  Sweetness,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  that  which  is 
to  the  mind  what  sweetness  is  to  the  tongue  ;  agree- 
ableness;  softness;  jileasantness  ;  as,  suavity  of 
manners  ;  suavity  of  language,  conversation,  or  ad- 
dress. 

SUB  ;  a  Latin  preposition,  denoting  uniler  or  below, 
used  in  English  as  a  prefix,  to  express  a  subordinate 
degree,  or  imperfect  state  of  a  quality.  Before  / 
and  p  it  is  changed  into  those  letters,  as  in  suJJ'er 
and  suppose  ;  and  before  tti,  into  that  letter,  as  in  sum- 
man. 

SUB-ACID,  a.  [5116  and  aciVi.]  Moderately  acid  or 
sour  ;  as,  a  subacid  juice.  Jlrbiithnot. 

SUIl-AC'II),  71.    A  substance  moderately  acid. 

SUB-AC'KIU,  a.  [sub  a.ni  acrid.]  Motieratcly  sharp, 
pungent,  or  acrid.  Floyer. 

SUB-AGT',  V.  i.     [L.  subactus,  subago ;  sub  and  ago.] 
To  reduce  ;  to  subdue.    [JV'ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

SUB-ACTION,  71.  The  act  of  reducing  to  any  state, 
as  of  mixing  two  bodies  completely,  or  of  beating 
them  to  a  powder.  Bacon. 

SUB-A-CfiTE',  «.    Acute  in  a  moderate  degree. 

SUB-A-K'KI-AL,  a.  [sub  and  aerial.]  Beneath  the 
sky,  or  in  the  open  air  ;  opposed  to  Submarine  ;  as, 
a  subnf'rial  volcano.  Dana. 

6UB-AG-I-TA'TION,  71.    [L.  subagitatio.] 

Carnal  knowledge.  Ch.  Relig.  .Appeal. 

pr'BAII,  II.    In  a  province  or  viceroysliip. 

SO'BAH-DAR,  II.  In /lu/ia,  a  viceroy,  or  the  govern- 
or of  n  province ;  also,  a  native  of  India,  who  ranks 
as  captain  in  the  European  companies. 


Su'BXH  SIIIP,  71.    The  jurisdiction  of  a  subahdar. 
SUB-AL'TERN,  a.     [Fr.  suiia/tcrne;  L.  mb  and  al- 
ternus.] 

Inferior  ;  subordinate  ;  that  in  difTerent  respects  is 
both  superior  and  inferior  ;  as,  a  subaltern  officer.  '  It 
is  used  chiefly  of  military  officers. 

SUB-AL'TERN,  71.  A  subordinate  officer  in  an  army 
or  military  body.  It  is  applied  to  officcis  below  the 
rank  of  captain. 

SUB-AL-TERN'ATE,  a.  [Supra.]  Successive  ;  suc- 
ceeding by  turns.  Hooker. 

SUB-AL-TEKN-A'TION,  71.    State  of  inferiority  or 
subjection. 
2.  Act  of  succeeding  by  course. 

SUB-AN"GU-LAR,  a.    Slightly  angular. 

SUB-AP'EN-NINE,  a.  Under  or  at  the  foot  of  the 
Apennine  mountains. 

2.  In  geology,  a  term  applied  to  a  series  of  tertiary 
strata  of  the  oitler  pliocene  period.  Lyell. 

SUB-A-QUAT'ie,  /       rr       I.      1  .  i 

suB-A'auE-ous, !  °-       ™*  ""^ 

Being  under  water,  or  beneath  the  surface  of  wa- 
ter. Darwin. 
SUB-AR-Ra'TION,  71.    [Low  L.  subarrare.] 

The  ancient  custom  of  betrothing.  Ifhenlly. 
SUB-AS'TRAL,  a.    [sub  and  as(raZ.]    Beneath  the 

stars  or  heavens ;  terrestrial.  Warburton. 
SUB-AS-TRIN'GENT,  a.    Astringent  in  a  small  de- 
gree. 

SUB-AU-D1"TI0N,  (-aw-dish'un,)  71.  [L.  subauditw  ; 
sub  and  audio,  to  hear.] 

The  act  of  understanding  something  not  ex- 
pressed. Richardson. 

SUB-AX'IL-L.\-RY,  a.  [L.  sub  and  axilla,  the  arm- 
pit.] 

Placed  under  the  axil  or  angle  formed  by  the  branch 
of  a  plant  with  the  stem,  or  by  a  leaf  with  the  branch. 

Darwin, 

SUB'-BaSE,  71.    In  music,  the  deepest  pedal  stop,  or 

the  lowest  notes  of  an  organ. 
SUB-BicA'DLE,  (-lie'dl,)  71.     [sub  and  beadle,]  An 

inferior  or  under  beadle. 
SUB-BRIG-A-DlicR',  n.    An  officer  in  the  horse 

guards,  who  ranks  as  cornet.  Encyc. 
SUB-eXR'BU-REr-ED,  a.    Consisting  of  a  greater 

number  of  equivalents  of  the  base  than  of  the 

carbon. 

SUB-eXR-TI-LAG'IN-OUS,  a.  Partially  cartilagin- 
ous. 

SUli-CAU'DAL,  a.    Beneath  the  tail. 
SUB-CE-LES'TIAL,  (  les'cbal,)  a.     Being  beneath 

the  heavens  ;  as,  sub-celeMial  glories.  Olanville. 
SUB-CKN'TRAL,  a.  Being  under  the  center.  Say. 
SUB-CHaNT'ER,  H.    [sub  awd  chanter.]    An  under- 

chanter ;  a  deputy  of  the  precentor  of  a  cathedral. 

Johnson. 

SUB-€La'VI-AN,  o.    [L.  sub  and  clavis,  a  key.] 

Situated  under  the  clavicle  or  collar-bone  ;  as,  the 
.subclaviitn  arteries. 

SUB-eOM  JllT'TEE,  71.  [sub  and  committee.]  An 
under  committee  ;  a  part  or  division  of  a  coniiuittee. 

SUB-eO.M-PRESS'i:D,  (-prest',)  a.  Not  fully  com- 
pressed. 

SUB-€O.V-FORM'A-BLE,  a.    Partially  conformable. 

SUI)-CO.\'ie-AL,  a.    Conical  in  a  slight  degree. 

SUB-CO.N-STEL-LA'TION,  71.  A  subordinate  con- 
stellation. Broicn. 

SUB-eON'TRACT,  71.  A  contract  under  a  previous 
contract. 

SUB-eON-TRACT'ED,   a.      [sub  and  contracted.] 

Contracted  after  a  former  contract.  Shak. 
SUB-eON'TRA-RY,  a.  [sub  and  contrary.]  Contra- 
ry in  an  inferior  degree.  In  geometry,  a  term  applied 
to  a  section  of  an  oblique  cone  on  a  circular  base  by 
a  plane  not  parallel  to  the  base,  but  inclined  to  the 
axis,  so  that  the  section  is  a  circle.  Brandc. 
SUB-eORD'ATE,  a.    [L.  sub  and  cor,  the  heart.] 

In  shape  somewhat  like  a  heart.  Martyn. 
SUB-COS'TAL,  a.    [L.  sub  and  casta,  a  rib.] 

The  stibcostat  muscles  are  the  internal,  intercostal 
mtiscles.  fVinstoio.  Cyc. 

SUB-€RYS'TAL-LINE,  a.     Imperfectly  crystallized. 

Buffon. 

SUB-CU-Ta'NE-OUS,  a.     [sub  and  cutaneous;  h. 
cutis,  skin.] 
Situated  under  the  skin. 

SUB-CU-TICII-LAR,  a.  [L.  sub  and  euticula,  cuti- 
cle.] 

Being  under  the  cuticle  or  scarf-skin.  Dartvin. 

SUB-('YL-IN'I)RI€-AL,  a.    Imperfectly  cylindrical. 

SUB-I)r.A'eu.\,  71.  [sub  and  deacon.]  An  umier  dea- 
con ;  a  deacon's  servant,  In  the  Roman  Catholic 
church.  Jiyliffe. 

SUB-Dl"; A'Cn.V  RY,     In.    The  order  and  office  of 

SUB-Dif.A'eON-SlllI',  i  subdeacon  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  cbiircli. 

SII|!-I)T' AN',  n.  [-1(4  and  dean.]  An  under  dean  ;  a 
dean's  substitute  or  viregerent.  Jlyliffe. 

SUIM)P.AN'F.K-Y,  n.  The  office  and  rank  of  sub- 
dean. 

RUB-DECII-PLE,  a.    [L.  .51/6  and  decuplua  I 

Containing  one  part  of  ten.  John.ton. 
eUB-DENT'El),  a.    [sub  and  dent.]    Indented  be- 
neath. F.ncyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY  PINl',,  MARYNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK — 


SUB 

SUB-DE-POS'IT,  n.     That  wliicli  is  deposited  be- 

iieatli  soirietliiiiK  else.  Sckoulcraft. 
SUB-IJICIM-SO'lll-OU.-',  a.    [L.  aub  nnd  derijar.] 
Ridiculing  witli  moderation  or  delicacy.    Wot  in 

use.]  Jlore. 
SUU-UI-LA'TED,  n.    Partially  dilated. 
SUU-l)I-'ri"T10Ua,  (-de-tlsli'us,)  o.    [L.  subditUius, 

from  nubdo^  to  sul)stitute.] 
Put  secretly  in  tiie  place  of  something  else.  [Lit- 

tie  luieil,] 

SUB  l)I-VKRS'I-FI-ED,  pp.    Diversified  again. 
SUI!  DI-Vi;ilS'I-I"?,  I',  t.    [sub  and  divrrsifij.]  To 

diversily  again  what  is  already  diversilied.  (/.iltte 

used.]  Hate. 
SUB-Dl-VERS'I-F?-ING,  ppr.     Diversifying  again 

what  is  already  iliversified. 
SUB-DI-Vri)i;',"  u.  (.    [.lab  and  divide.]    To  divide  a 

part  of  a  thing  into  more  parts  ;  to  part  into  smaller 

divisions. 

In  the  rise  of  eii;lit  in  tones,  arc  too  half  tones  ;  so  ns  if  yon 
(iivitle  tiie  tones  er^1l,^lly,  the  eiijlit  is  but  seven  whole  luul 
equal  notes  ;  Rnii  it  you  eubtlivvlc  th.it  into  half  notes,  as  in 
ttie  stops  of  a  lute,  it  makes  the  nuiiilier  thirteen.  Bacon. 

The  nro^eiiii-s  of  Chfvin  anil  Janhet  svvanneti  into  colonies,  and 
those  colonics  were  gubdieiaed  into  many  others.  Dryden. 

SUB-Dt-VIDE',  V.  i.    To  be  siU>divided. 
SUB-L)[-VID'ED,  pp.    Divided  again,  or  into  smaller 
parts. 

SUB-DI-VID'ING,  ppr.    Dividing  into  smaller  parts 
that  which  is  alretitly  divided. 

SUB-DI-VIS'I-BI,E,  a.    Susct  ptible  of  subdivisitm. 

SUB-D[-VI"SION,  (-dc-vizh'un,)  n.    The  act  of  sub- 
dividing or  separating  a  part  into  smaller  part!i. 

IVatts. 

2.  The  part  of  a  thing  made  by  subdividing ;  the 
part  of  a  larger  part. 

In  the  decimal  uUe,  the  $ubdivieian»  of  the  cubit,  .aa  span,  palm, 
and  ili^t,  are  deduced  from  the  shorter  cubit.  ArbuUtnot. 

SUB'DO-LOUS,  a.    [L.  subdoliis ;  sub  and  do/its,  de- 
ceit.] 

Ply;  crafty;  cunning;  artful;  deceitful.  [Little 
used.] 

SUB-DOM'[-NANT,  »i.    In  music,  the  fourth  note 

above  the  tonic,  being  under  the  dominant. 
PUB-DU'A  BLE,  a.    That  may  be  subdued.  fVard. 
SUB-Du'AL.n.    [from  snitiue.]    The  act  of  subduing. 

fVarburton. 

SUB-DOCE',  Iv.t.  [L.  subduco;  sub  and  duco,  to 
SUB-DUCT',  i  draw.] 

1.  To  withdraw  ;  to  take  away. 

haps 

Milton. 

2.  To  subtract  by  arithmetical  operation. 

If,  out  of  that  infiuile  multitude  of  antecedent  generations,  wo 
should  tubduct  ten.  Uaie, 

SUB-DOC'fID,  (-dust/,)    pp.     Withdrawn;  taken 
awav. 

SUB-DOC'IXG,  ppr.    Withdrawing;  subtracting  by 

arithmetical  operation. 
SUB-DUe'TION,  n.    The  act  of  taking  away  or 

withdrawing.  Hale. 
2.  Arithmetical  subtraction.  Hale. 
SUB-DOE',  (sub-du',)  v.  t.  [This  ig  a  compound  word, 

and  the  latter  component  part  is  contracted  from 

some  word  in  Class  Db  or  Dg  ] 

1.  To  conquer  by  force  or  the  exertion  of  superior 
power,  and  bring  into  permanent  subjection  ;  to  re- 
duce under  dominion.  Thus,  Cesar  subdued  the 
Gauls;  Augustus  subdued  Egypt;  the  English  sub- 
dued Canacla.  Subduing  implies  conquest  or  van- 
quishinrr  ;  but  it  implies,  also,  more  permanence  of 
subjection  to  the  conquering  power  than  either  of 
these  words. 

I  will  tubdue  rU  thine  enemies.  —  1  Chron.  xvii. 

2.  To  oppress  ;  to  crush  ;  to  sink  ;  to  overpower  so 
as  to  disable  frtmi  further  resistance. 

Notliin;;  could  hare  tttbdited  naturo 

To  such  n  lowness,  but  his  unkind  daughter*.  ShaJe. 
If  au^ht  were  worthy  to  aubdut 

The  soul  of  man.  MUioTU 

3.  To  tame  ;  to  break  by  conquering  a  refractory 
temper  or  evil  passions  ;  to  render  submissive  ;  as, 
to  sitbdue  a  stubborn  child. 

4.  To  conquer ;  to  reduce  to  mildness  ;  as,  to  sub- 
due the  temper  or  passions. 

5.  To  overcome  by  persuasion  or  other  mild  me.ans ; 
as,  to  subdue  opposition  by  argument  or  entreaties. 

6.  To  overcome  ;  to  conquer  ;  to  captivate  ;  as  by 
charms. 

7.  To  soften  ;  to  melt ;  to  reduce  to  tenderness ; 
as,  to  subdue  ferocity  by  tears. 

8.  To  overcome ;  to  overpower  and  destroy  the 
force  of;  as,  medicines  subdue  a  fever. 

9.  To  make  mellow  ;  to  break,  as  land  ;  also,  to 
destroy,  as  weeds. 

«UB-DO'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Conquered  and  reduced  to  sub- 
jection ;  oppressed  ;  crushed  ;  tamed  ;  softened. 
S1-K-D0E'ME\T,  n.    Conquest.  Shak. 
SUB-DO'EK,  n.    One  who  conquers  and  brings  into 
subjection  ;  a  tamer.  Spensrr. 
2.  That  which  subdues  or  destroys  the  force  of. 

.^rbuthnot. 

SUB-DO'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Vanquishing  and  reducing 


SUB 

to  subjection;  crushing;  destroying  the  power  of 
resistance  ;  softening. 
SUB'DU-PI.E,  a.    [L.  sub  and  duplus,  double.] 

Containing  one  part  of  two.  frilUins. 
SUB-DO'PLI-CATE,  a.    [sub  and  duplicate]  Having 

the  ratio  of  the  stpiare  roots.  Cyc. 
RUB-E-LON"GATE,  a.    Not  fully  elongated. 
SUB-K'UUAL,  a.    Nearly  equal.  Martyn. 
SO'BER-ATE,  n.    [h.  suber,  cork.] 

A  salt  formed  by  the  suberic  acid  in  combination 
with  a  base.  Chemt.-:trij. 
SO'BER-ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  cork,  or  extracted  from 

it ;  as,  suberic  acid.  C/icinistnj. 
SO'BE-RIN,  n.    [U.  suber,  the  cork-tree.] 

The  cellular  tissue  t>f  the  thick,  spongy  epidermis 
of  (luercus  Suber,  (LinniEus,)  freed  from  the  ordi- 
nary contents  of  its  cells.  It  constitutes  about  seven 
tenths  of  common  cork.  It  is  not  quite  certain  that 
it  is  a  distinct  individual  vegetable  proximate  princi- 
ple, since  hitherto  it  has  been  but  imperfectly  exam- 
ined. If  it  is  not,  it  should  not  have  the  name  of 
such  a  principle.  It  is  certainly  not  an  alk.-iloid,  and 
at  all  events,  should  not  have  a  name  having  the 
form  appropriated  to  distinguish  that  class  of  com- 
poimds.  TulUj. 
SUB'ER  oSE,  a.    [L.  sub  and  crosus,  gnawed.] 

In  butantj,  having  the  appearance  of  being  gnawed  ; 
appearing  as  if  a  little  eaten  or  gnawed.  Marltjiu 
SO'BER-OUS,  a.    ffrom  L.  suber,  cork.] 

Corky  ;  soft  ami  elastic. 
SUB-FUSC',  a.    [Ij.  subfuscus  ;  sub  a.ni  fuscua.] 
Duskish  ;  moderately  dark  ;  brownish  ;  tawny. 

Tatl'er. 

SUB-GE-I,AT'IN-OUS,  a.    Imperfectly  gelatinous. 

SUB-OE-NER'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  subgenus. 

SUB-CJK'NUS,  n.  A  subdivision  of  a  genus,  compre- 
hending one  or  more  species. 

SUB-GLO-BOSE',  a.    Not  quite  globose. 

SUB-GLOB'ti-LAR,a.  Having  a  form  approaching  to 
globtilar.  Sail. 

SUB-GLLT-.MA'CEOUS,  (-glu-mii'shus,)  a.  Somewh.it 
glumaceous.  Lindlnj. 

SUB-GRAN'lJ-LAR,  a.    Somewhat  granular. 

SUB-HAS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  sub  liasta,  under  the 
spear.] 

A  public  sale  or  auction,  so  called  from  the  Roman 
practice.  Burnet. 
SUB-HORN-BLEND'ie,  a.  Applied  to  rocks  contain- 
ing disseminated  hornblende.         PercivaVs  Gent. 
SUB-HV-DllO-SUL'PIIU-RET,  n.    A  compound  of 
sulphureted  hydrogen  with  a  less  number  of  equiva- 
lents of  the  base  than  of  the  sulphureted  hvdrogen. 
SUB-IN-DI-Ca'TION,  n.    [L.  sub  and  indic'o.] 

The  .act  of  indicating  by  signs.  Barrow. 
SUB-IN-DOCE',  V.  t.  To  insinuate  ;  to  offer  indirectly. 

Sir  K.  ncriu't. 
SUB-IN-FEU-DA'TION,  n.  [sub  and  infeudation.  See 
Feud.] 

1.  In  law,  the  act  of  enfeoffing  by  a  tenant  or 
feoffee,  who  holds  lands  of  the  crown  ;  the  act  of  a 
greater  bartm,  who  grants  land  or  a  smaller  manor 
to  an  inferior  jwrson.  By  31  Edward  III.  all  .>'u/j/n- 
feudations  previous  to  the  reign  of  King  Edward  I. 
were  confirmed.  Blackstone. 

2.  Under  tenancy. 

The  widow  Is  immediate  tenant  to  the  heir,  by  a  kind  of  eubtn- 
feudation  or  under  tenancy.  BUtckttorte. 

SUB-IN-GRES'SION,  (-in-gresh'un,)  n.    [L.  sub  and 

inirressus.] 

Secret  entrance.    [JVot  in  use.]  Boyle. 
SUB-I-Ta'NE-OUS,  a.    [L.  subitanevs.] 

Sudden  ;  hasty. 
SUB'I-TA-NY,  a.    Sudden.  [JVotinusc.] 
SV'BI-TO,[U.]    In  mu,«c,  quick. 
SUB-Ja'CEi\T,  a.  [L.  subjacens ;  juSand  jacco,  tolie.] 

1.  Lying  under  or  below. 

2.  Being  in  a  lower  situation,  though  not  directly 
beneath.  A  man  placed  on  a  hill  surveys  the  subja- 
cent plain. 

SUB'JEGT,  a.    [L.  from  subjicio:  sub  and 

jacio,  to  throw,  that  is,  to  drive  or  force ;  It.  sugget- 
to ;  Sp.  sujcto.] 

1.  Placed  or  situate  under. 

The  eastern  tower, 
Whow>  hight  commands,  as  tubject,  all  th«  vole, 
To  see  Uie  lighu  Sliak. 

2.  Being  under  the  power  and  dominion  of  anoth- 
er ;  OS,  Jamaica  is  subject  to  Great  Britain. 


r  tubjeet  to  Jacob, 


Lodee. 


3.  Exposed  ;  liable  from  extraneous  causes ;  as,  a 
country  subject  to  extreme  heat  or  cold. 

4.  Liable  from  inherent  causes  ;  prone  ;  disposed. 
All  human  tliingi  are  tii^ect  to  decay.  Drydtn. 

5.  Obedient.    TiL  iii.    Col.  ii. 

SUB'JEGT,  n.  [L.  aubjectus  ;  Ft.  sujet  ;  It.  .TOj^-f«o.] 
1.  One  that  owes  allegiance  to  a  sovereign,  and  is 
governed  by  his  laws.  The  natives  of  Great  Britain 
are  subjects  of  the  British  government.  The  natives 
of  the  United  States,  and  naturalized  foreigners,  are 
subject!  of  the  federal  government.  Men  in  free 
governinent.s  arc  subjects  as  well  as  citizens ;  as  citi- 


SUB 

zens,  they  enjoy  rights  and  franchises  ;  as  subjects, 
they  are  bounil  to  obey  the  laws. 

The  tub)«et  nnist  obey  his  prince,  because  God  commands  It,  nnd 
Iniinan  laws  require  il.  Uta^t. 

2.  That  on  which  any  mental  oix-ration  is  per- 
formed ;  that  which  is  treated  or  handled  ;  as,  a  .lub- 
ject  of  discussion  before  the  legislature  ;  a  subject  of 
negotiation. 

This  tubject  for  heroic  sonf  pteued  me.  ^fdlon. 

3.  In  ioi'tc,  the  .tubject  of  a  proposition  is  that  con- 
cerning which  any  thing  is  amrmcd  or  denied. 

IVatt'. 

4.  That  on  which  any  physical  operation  or  experi- 
ment is  [>erformefl ;  as  in  mesmerism,  &.c. 

5.  That  in  which  any  thing  inheres  or  exists. 

An^r  is  c/TIainly  a  kind  of  iHiseness,  aj  it  appear*  well  in  (he 
weakness  of  those  gubjecu  in  whom  it  rci^iis.  Bacon, 

C.  The  person  who  is  treated  of;  the  hero  of  a 
piece. 

Author*  of  biography  arc  apt  to  be  prejudiced  In  favor  of  Iheir 
tubject.  Aliddleton. 

7.  In  grammar,  the  nominative  case  to  a  verb  pas- 
sive. 

8.  In  music,  the  principal  melody  or  theme  of  a 
movement. 

0.  In  (Ac  fine  arts,  that  which  it  is  the  object  and 
aim  of  the  artist  to  express.  Brande. 

10.  In  anatomy,  a  dead  body  for  the  purposes  of 
dissection. 

SUB-JECT',  V.  t.  To  bring  under  the  power  or  do- 
minion of.  Alexander  subjected  a  great  part  of  the 
civilized  world  to  his  dominion. 

FirmiieM  of  mind  that  subject*  every  ^atili&uion  of  sense  to  the 
nile  of  ri^ht  reason.  Middietan. 

2.  To  put  under  or  within  the  power  of. 
In  one  short  view  tubfected  to  our  eye, 

Cods,  emperors,  ln'ro.'s,  sa^es,  beauties,  lie.  Pope. 

3.  To  enslave  ;  to  make  obnoxious. 

He  is  the  most  subjected,  Uie  most  enslaved,  who  is  io  in  hij 
undensttndin^.  Locke. 

4.  To  expose  ;  to  make  liable.  Credulity  subjects 
a  person  to  impositions. 

5.  To  submit ;  to  make  accountable. 

God  is  not  hound  to  subji!cl  his  ways  of  operation  to  the  scrutiny 
of  our  thouf^lits.  Locke. 

6.  To  make  subservient. 

Subjected  to  his  service  angel  wing*.  Milton. 

7.  To  cause  to  tindergo  ;  as,  to  subject  a  substance 
to  a  white  heat  ;  to  subject  it  to  a  rigid  test. 

SUB-JE€T'E1),  pp.  Reduced  to  the  dominion  of 
another ;  enslaved  ;  exposed  ;  submitted  ;  made  to 
undergo. 

SUR-JECT'I.N'G,  ppr.  Reducing  to  submission;  en- 
slaving; exposing;  submitting  ;  causingto  undergo. 

SUB-JEC'TiO.N',  11.  The  act  of  subduing  ;  the  art  of 
van(|uisliing  and  bringing  under  tiio  dominion  of 
another. 

The  conquest  of  the  kingrlom  and  the  suhjecion  of  the  rebels. 

Hale. 

2.  The  state  of  being  under  the  power,  control, 
and  giivernruent  of  another.  The  safety  of  life,  lib- 
erty, and  propirty,  dipenils  on  our  .<nft/«(icm  to  the 
law.s.  'i'ho  isles  of  (he  Wi  st  Indies  are  held  in  sub- 
jection to  the  powers  of  Europe.  Our  ap|>etites  and 
passions  should  be  in  subjection  to  our  reason,  and 
our  will  should  be  in  entire  subjection  to  the  laws  of 
God. 

SUB-JECT'IVE,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  those  inter- 
nal states  of  thought  or  feeling  of  which  the  mind  is 
the  subject:  opposed  to  Orjective,  which  is  applied 
to  things  considered  as  separate  from  the  mind,  and 
as  objects  of  its  attention.  Thus,  subjective  truth  or 
reality  is  that  which  is  verified  by  consciousness  ; 
objeetire  truth  or  reality  is  that  which  results  from 
the  nature  and  relations  of  things.  A  subjective  mo- 
tive is  an  internal  feeling  or  propensity  ;  an  objective 
motive  is  something  external  to  the  mind,  which  is 
suited  to  awiiken  desire.  Subjective  views  are  those 
which  are  produced  or  modified  by  internal  feeling  ; 
objective  views  are  those  which  are  governed  by  ex- 
ternal objects.  That  which  is  subjective  in  one  rela- 
tion may  be  objective  in  another.  Thus,  subjective 
states  of  mind,  when  recalled  and  dwelt  on  for  the 
purpose  of  inspection  or  analysis,  become  objective, 
Enctjc,  .^mer. 

SUB-JECT'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  relation  to  tlie  subject. 

Pearson. 

SUB-JECT'IVE-XESS,  n.   St.ate  of  being  subjective 
SUB-JEGT-IV'I-TY,  n.   The  state  of  being  subject- 
ive. 

SUB'JECT-JIAT'TER,  n.  The  matter  or  thought 
presented  for  consideration'  in  some  statement  or 
discussion.  Blackstone. 

SUB-J01.\',  r.  L    [sub  and  join  ;  Ij.  subjtiniro.] 

To  aild  at  the  end  ;  to  aild  after  something  else  has 
been  said  or  written ;  as,  to  subjoin  an  argument  or 
reason. 

[/(  i>  never  used  in  a  literal  physical  sense,  to  express 


thejoininiT  of  material  things.] 
SUB-JOI.\'KI),  pp.  or  a.  Addc 
said  t>r  written. 


d  after  something  cls« 


TONE,  Bl^LL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US  C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


1090 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB-JOIN'ING,  ppr.  Adding  after  something  else 
said  or  written. 

SLW  JP'DI-CE,  [L.]   Before  the  judge  ;  not  decided. 

SUIi'JU-GATE,  V.  t.  [Ft.  sulrjus-uer ;  L.  subjtigo ;  sut 
and  ju^o,  to  yoke.    See  Yoke.] 

To  subdue  and  bring  under  the  yoke  of  power  or 
dominion  ;  to  conquer  liy  force,  and  compel  to  sub- 
mit to  the  government  or  absolute  control  of  another. 

He  subjugaud  a  kiii^,  and  called  him  his  v;issal.  Baker, 

\ Subjugate  differs  from  subject  only  in  implying  a 
reduction  to  a  more  tyrannical  or  arbitrary  sway ;  but 
the\'  are  often  used  as  synonymous.] 

SUli'JU-GA-TED,  jip.  or  a.  Reduced  to  the  absolute 
control  of  another. 

SUB'JU -Ga-TING,  ppr.  Conquering  and  bringing 
\inder  the  absolute  power  of  another. 

SUli-JL'-(;A'TION,n.  The  act  of  subduing  and  bring- 
ing under  the  power  or  absolute  control  of  another. 

SUB-J UNCTION,  n.  The  act  of  subjoining,  or  state 
of  being  subjoined.  Clarke. 

SUB-JUNC'TIVE,  a.  [L.  subjunctivus ;  Fr.  subjonctifi 
It.  soa-ginnto.    See  SuBjoipf.] 

1.  Subjoined  or  added  to  something  before  said  or 
written. 

9.  In  grammar,  designating  a  form  of  verbs  which 
follow  other  verbs  or  words  expressing  condition, 
hypotliesis,  or  contingency  ;  as,  "  Veni  ut  me  videos," 
I  came  that  you  may  see  me  ;  "  Si  fecerint  aequum," 
If  they  should  do  what  is  just. 

X  Subjunctive  is  often  used  as  a  noun  denoting  the 
subjunctive  mode. 
SUB-KING'DO.\I,  n.    A  subordinate  kingdom. 

Kirby. 

eUB'LA-NATE,  a.    fL.  sub  and  lana,  wool.] 

In  botany,  somewhat  woolly. 
SUB-LAP,Sa'RI-AN,  /       rr       i      17  f  in 

SUB-LAPS'A-RY       i       [L- and  io;<siis,  fall.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Sublapsarians,  or  to  their  opinions. 

Murdock. 

SUB-LAP-Sa'RI-AN,  n.  An  Infralapsarian  ;  one  of 
that  class  of  Calvinists  who  consider  the  decree  of 
election  as  contemplating  the  apostasy  as  past,  and 
tlie  elfct  as  being  in  a  fallen  and  guilty  state.  The 
doctrine  of  their  antagonists,  the  Supralapsarians, 
was,  that  the  decree  of  election  contemitlaled  the 
elect  as  to  be  created,  and  to  apostatize  with  the  rest 
of  the  race,  and  then  to  be  rescued  and  saved  by 
divine  grace.  The  Sublapsarians  considered  the  elec- 
tion of  grace  as  a  reinethj  for  an  eiisting  evil ;  while 
the  Supralapsarians  viewed  it  as  a  part  of  God's  orig- 
inal p\irp(ise  in  regard  to  men.  Murdoch. 

SUB-La'TION,  n.    [L.  sublalio.] 

The  act  of  taking  or  carrying  away.     Bp.  Hall. 

SUB-LET',  V.  t.  [sub  and'  /f(.]  To  underlet  ;  to 
lease,  as  a  lessee  to  another  person.  [Unusual.] 

Sntollctt. 

SUB-LE-Va'TION,  n.    [L.  sublevo.] 
The  act  of  raising  on  high. 

SUB-Li-BUa'RI-AN,  re.    An  under  librarian. 

SU1!-LIEU-TEN'A.NT,  (-lu-ten'ant  or  -lef-ten'ant,)  m. 
An  officer  in  the  royal  regiment  of  artillery  and  fusil- 
eers,  in  which  are  no  ensigns,  and  who  is  the  same 
as  second  lieutenant.  England. 

SUB-LI-Ga'TION,  n.  [L.  subligo ;  sub  ami  ligo,  to 
bind.] 

The  act  of  binding  underneath. 

SUB-LIiM'A-BLE,  a.  [from  .niblime.]  That  may  be 
sublimated  ;  capable  of  being  raised  by  heat  into  va- 
por, and  again  condensed  by  cnbl. 

SUB-LIM'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
subhmable. 

SUB'LI-MATE,r. «.  [from  snbliwe.]  To  bring  a  solid 
substance,  as  camphor  or  sulphur,  into  the  state  of 
vapor  by  heat,  which,  on  cooling,  returns  again  to 
the  solid  st.ate.    [See  Sublimation.] 

2.  To  refine  and  exalt;  to  higliten  ;  to  elevate. 

And  tul  his  actions  rose,  no  rjiae  Ihey  still  Iheir  vein^ 

In  words  wlios^;  weight  Ix-st  suils  a  etthUituLled  stnun.  Dryden. 

SUB'LI-MATE,  re.  The  product  of  a  sublimation. 
Corrosive  sublimate  is  the  prntorhlarid  of  mercury,  a 
valuable  medicine,  which,  in  excessive  doses,  pro- 
duces poisonous  effects,  like  every  other  medicine. 

Blue  sublimate  is  a  preparation  of  mercury  with 
flowers  of  sulphur  and  sal  ainmoniacuin  ;  used  in 
painting. 

SUB'LI-.MATE,  a.  Brought  into  n  state  of  vapor  by 
heat,  and  again  contlensed,  as  solid  substances. 

SUB'LI-MA-TEI),  pp.  or  a.  Brought  into  a  slate  of 
vapor  by  heat,  as  a  solid  substance  ;  refined. 

SUB'M-MA-TING,  ppr.  Converting  into  the  state  of 
vapor  by  heat,  and  condensing,  as  solid  substances. 

SUn-M-MA'TION,  n.  The  o[H;ration  of  bringing  a 
solid  siibntancc  into  the  stale  of  vapor  by  heat,  and 
r^jndensing  it  again  into  a  solid  by  cold.  Sublima- 
tion bears  the  same  relation  to  n  solid  that  distillation 
does  to  a  liquid.  Ilolh  procesws  piiril'y  the  sub- 
stances to  which  they  arc  severally  applied,  by  sep- 
arating  them  from  the  fixed  anil  grosser  mailers  with 
which  they  are  connecii'd. 

ij.  Kxaltatiun;  elevation;  act  of  liiglitening  or  im- 
proving. 

Rcll]^on,  Iho  perfection,  refinement,  niid  tublirmtiun  of  niondity. 

•VoiilA. 


SUB-LI.ME',  a.    [L.  sublimLs ;  Fr.  It.  and  Sp.  sublime.] 

1.  High  in  place  ;  e.valled  aloft. 

Sublimt  on  these  a  tower  of  steel  is  reared.  Dryden, 

2.  High  in  excellence ;  exalted  by  nature ;  ele- 
vated. 

Can  it  be  that  soids  ^blime 
Return  to  visit  our  terresuial  cliine  ?  Dryden. 

3.  High  in  style  or  sentiment ;  lofty ;  grand. 

Easy  in  style  thy  work,  in  sense  sublime.  Prior. 

4.  Elevated  by  joy  ;  as,  sublime  with  expectation. 

5.  Lofty  of  mien  ;  elevated  in  manner.  [.Milton. 
His  fair  lar^  front  and  eye  sublime  declared 

Absolute  rule.  Millon. 

SUB-LIME',  re.  A  grand  or  lofty  style  ;  a  style  that 
expresses  lofty  conceptions. 

The  sublime  rises  from  the  nobleness  of  thoughts,  the  magnifi- 
cence of  words,  or  the  harmonious  and  lively  turn  of  the 
plinise.  Addison. 

SUB-LliME',  V.  t.    To  sublimate,  which  see. 

2.  To  raise  on  high.  Denkain, 

3.  To  exalt ;  to  highten  ;  to  improve. 

The  son  — 
Which  not  alone  the  southern  wit  sublimes, 
But  ripens  spirits  in  cold  northern  climes.  Pope, 

SUB-LIME',  V.  i.  To  be  brought  or  changed  into  a 
state  of  vapor  by  heat,  and  then  condensed  by  cold, 
as  a  solid  substance. 

Particles  of  antimony  which  will  not  eublime  alone.  iVeifffon. 
SUB-LIM'£D,  pp.    Brought  into  a  state  of  vapor  by 

heat,  and,  when  cooled,  changed  to  a  solid  state. 
SUB-LIME'LY,  adv.    With  elevated  conceptions ;  lof- 
tily ;  as,  to  express  one's  self  sublimely. 
In  EnMish  lays,  and  all  sublimely  ^eat, 
Thy  Homer  chiu-ms  with  all  his  ancient  heat.  Parnell, 

SUB-LIME'NESS,  re.  Loftiness  of  style  or  sentiment ; 
sublimity. 

SUB-LIM-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.    [L.  sublimis  and  facio.] 

The  act  of  making  sublime.  Gilpin. 
SUB-LIM'ING,ppr.    Sublimating;  exalting. 
SUB-LIM'I-TY,  n.    [Fr ■  sublimite  !  h.  sublimitas.] 

1.  Elevation  of  place  ;  lofty  hight. 

2.  Ilight  in  excellence  ;  loftiness  of  nature  or 
character;  moral  grandeur;  as,  God's  incomprehen- 
sible sublimity.  Ralegh. 

3.  An  elevated  feeling,  consisting  of  a  union  of 
astonishment  and  awe,  at  the  contemplation  of  great 
scenes  and  objects,  or  of  exalted  excellence. 

4.  In  oratory  and  composition,  lofty  conceptions,  or 
such  conceptions  expressed  in  corresponding  lan- 
guage ;  loftiness  of  sentiment  or  style. 


Milton's  distinguishin«r  excellence  lies  i 
thoughts. 


tlie  su6/imify  of  his 
Adaison. 


SUB-LIN-E-A'TION,  re.    [L.  sub  and  Zinpa.] 

Mark  of  a  line  or  lines  under  a  word  in  a  sentence. 

Let.  to  Mp.  Usher. 
SUB-LIN"GUAL,  (-ling'gwal,)  a.  [L.  sub  and  lingua, 
the  tongue.] 

Situated  under  the  tongue;  as,  the  sublingital 
glands.  Coze. 
SUB-LO'NAR,     )  a.     [Fr.  sublunaire ;  L.  sub  and 
SUB'LU-NA-RY,  (    luna,  the  moon.] 

Literally,  beneath  the  moon  ;  but  sublunary,  which 
is  the  word  chiefly  used,  denotes  merely  terrestrial, 
earthly,  pertaining  to  this  world. 

All  Uiings  etiblunary  are  subject  to  change.  Dryden. 

SUB'LU-NA-RY,  re.    Any  worldly  thing.  Fcltham. 
SUB-LUX-A'TION,  re.    [.to4  and  luxation.] 

In  surgery,  an  incomplete  dislocation. 
SUB-MA-KINE',  (-ina-reen',)  a.    [L.  sub  and  marinus, 
from  mare,  the  sea.] 

Being,  acting,  or  growing,  under  water  in  the  sea ; 
as,  submarine  navigators  ;  submarine  plants. 
SUB-MAX'IL-LA-RY,  a.    [L.  sub  and  maxilla,  the 
jaw-bone.] 

Situated  under  the  jaw.  J\fcd.  Rrpos. 

The  submaxillary  glands  are  two  salivary  glands, 
situated,  one  on  either  side,  immediately  within  the 
angle  of  the  lower  jaw.  fVi^lar. 
SUB-Ml2.'DI-AL,a.    Lying  under  the  middle.  Buffm. 
SUB-Mic'DI-AN,  a.    Lying  under  or  below  the  mid- 
dle of_a  body. 
SUB-MK'DI-ANT,  n.    In  music,  the  sixth  nolo,  or 
middle  note  between  the  octave  and  subdoniinant. 

Busby. 

SUB-MERGE',  (siib-merj',)  u.  U  [L.  snbmcrgo ;  sub 
and  mrrgo,  to  plunge.] 

2.  To  put  under  water;  to  plunge. 

3.  To  cover  or  overflow  with  water;  to  drown. 

So  half  my  Egypt  was  submerged.  SltaJe, 

SUB-MERGE',  (sub-merj',)  v.  i.  To  plunge  under 
water,  as  swallows. 

SUB-MERG'Kl),  pp.    Put  under  water ;  overflowed. 

SUB-MERG'ENCK,  n.  I'lio  act  of  submerging ;  the 
slate  of  being  submerged.  Lyell. 

SUB-MF.RG'ING,  ppr.  Putting  under  water;  over- 
flowing. 

SuIrMEllS'^n.Csub-merst',)!  «•  [I—'"""---] 
Being  or  growing  uiiiler  water,  as  the  leaves  of 
aquatic  plants. 


SUB-MER'SION,  re.    [Fr.,  from  L.  submersus.] 

1.  The  act  of  putting  under  water  or  causing  to  be 
overflowed  ;  as,  the  submersion  of  an  isle  or  tract  of 
land.  Hale. 

2.  The  act  of  plunging  under  water ;  the  act  of 
drowning. 

SUB-MIN'KS-TER,  )  v.  t.  [L.  subministro;  sub 
SUB-MIN'IS-TRATE,  (      and  ministro.] 

To  supply  ;  to  afford.    [JVot  in  u.'ie.]  Hale. 
SUB  MIN'IS-TER,  v.i.    To  subserve ;  to  be  useful  to. 

Our  passions  —  su6mimsfer  to  the  best  and  worst  of  purposes. 

L'Eetrange. 

[JVot  in  use.]    [See  Minister  and  Administer.] 
SUB-.MIN'IS-TRANT,  a.     Subservient;  serving  in 

subordination.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
SUB-.MIX-IS-TRA'TION,  re.    The  act  of  furnishing 

or  supplying.    [JVot  in  u.ie.]  Wotton. 
SUB-MISS',  a.    [L.  submissus,  submitto.] 

Submissive  ;  humble  ;  obsequious.  Milton. 
[Rjtrelij  used,  and  in  poetry  only.] 
SUB-.MIS'SIiiN,  (-mish'un,)  n.    [L.  stibmissio,  from 
submitto  ;  Fr.  soumi-^sion  ;  It.  sommessione.] 

1.  The  act  of  submitting  ;  the  act  of  yielding  to 
power  or  authority  ;  surrender  of  the  person  and 
power  to  the  control  or  government  of  another 

Submission,  dauphin  !  'lis  a  mere  French  word  ; 

We  English  warriora  wot  not  wh.al  it  means.  Shajc 

2.  Acknowledgment  of  inferiority  or  dependence  ; 
humble  or  suppliant  behavior. 

In  all  submission  and  humility, 

York  doth  present  himself  unto  your  highness.  Shak. 

3.  Acknowledginentof  a  fault ;  confession  of  error. 

Be  not  as  extreme  in  submission  as  in  offense.  ShaJc. 

4.  Obedience  ;  compliance  with  the  commands  or 
laws  of  a  superior.  Submission  of  children  to  their 
parents  is  an  indispensable  duty. 

5.  Resignation  ;  a  yielding  of  one's  will  to  the  win 
or  appointment  of  a  superior  without  murmuring 
Entire  and  cheerful  submission  to  the  will  of  God  is 
a  Christian  duly  of  prime  excellence. 

SUB-MISS'IVE,  a.  Yielding  to  the  will  or  power  of 
another  ;  obedient. 

2.  Humble;  acknowledgingone's  inferiority  ;  tes- 
tifying one's  submission. 

Her  at  his  feet,  submissiee  in  distress, 

He  thus  with  peaceful  words  upraised.  Milton, 

SUB-MISS'IVE-LY,  adv.  With  submission ;  with 
acknowledgment  of  inferiority  ;  humbly. 

The  goildess, 

Soft  in  her  lone,  submissively  replies.  Dryden. 

SUB-MISS'IVE-NESS,  71.  A  submissive  temper  or 
disposition. 

2.  Humbleness;  acknowledgment  of  inferiority. 

3.  Confession  of  fault. 

Frailty  gets  pardon  by  submissiveneet.  Herbert. 

SUB-MISS'LY,  orfi).  Humbly;  with  submission.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Taylor, 

SUB-MISS'NESS,  n.  Humbleness  ;  obedience.  [Lit- 
tle jLsed.]  Burton, 

SUB-MIT',  7).  (.  [L.  submitto  ;  sub,  under,  and  Tnifto, 
to  send  ;  Fi,  soumettre;  It.  sommettere ;  Pp.  somcter.] 

1.  To  let  down  ;  to  cause  to  sink  or  lower. 
Sometimes  the  hill  submits  itself  a  while.  Dryden. 

[  Thi-i  use  of  the  word  is  nearly  or  wholly  obsolete.] 

2.  To  yield,  resign,  or  surrender  to  the  power,  will, 
or  authority  of  another ;  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun. 

Return  to  thy  mistress,  and  submit  thyself  under  her  hand.  - 
tien.  XVI. 

Wives,  submit  yourselves  to  your  own  husbands.  — Eph.  v. 
Submit  yourselves  to  every  ordinance  of  man. —  1  Pet.  ii. 

3.  To  refer;  to  leave  or  commit  to  the  discretion 
or  judgment  of  another  ;  as,  to  submit  a  controversy 
to  arbitrators  ;  to  submit  a  question  to  the  court. 

SUB-MIT',  7'.  i.  To  surrender;  to  yield  one's  person 
to  the  power  of  another;  to  give  up  resistance. 
The  enemy  .submitted. 

The  revolted  provinces  presently  stibmitted,  Middleton, 

2.  To  yield  one's  opinion  to  the  opinion  or  au- 
thority of  another.  On  hearing  the  opinion  of  the 
court,  the  counsel  sujimiued  without  further  argu- 
nunl. 

3.  To  bo  subject ;  to  acquiesce  in  the  authority  of 
anolliir. 

To  thv  husband's  will 
Thine  shall  siAmit.  Milton, 

4.  To  bo  submissive;  to  yield  without  murmuring. 
Our  religion  reijuires  us  —  to  submit  to  pain,  disgrace,  m«l  even 

dealli.  liogers. 
SUB-MIT'TEI), pp.  Surrendered;  resigned;  yielded; 
rel'irreil. 

SIIB-MIT'TKR,  n     One  who  submits. 
SUB-MIT'TING,   ppr.      Surrendering;  resigning; 

yielding  ;  n  l'i  rriiig  to  another  for  decision. 
SUIt-MON'ISII,  1'.  I,    [L.  submonio.] 

To  suggest ;  to  prompt. 
8UH-M()-Nl"TION,  (  nish'iin,)  n.  Suggestion. 

Granger. 

SUB-MUL'TI-PLI',  71.     [See  Mri.Tiri.v.]    A  num- 
ber or  qiiaiility  which  is  contained  in  another  an  ox-  I 
act  iiuniber  of  limrs,  or  is  an  ali()Uot  part  of  it. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MBITE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1100 


SUB 

Thus  7  is  the  submnltiiitc  of  5G,  being  contained  in  it 
ci{;ht  times.    The  word  is  used  as  an  adjective  also  ; 
as,  a  trubinKltipU  number  ;  submiiUiple  ratio.  Ci/c. 
SUIi-NAIl-eOT'ie,  a.    Moderalelv  narcotic.  Barton. 
SUB-NAS'CENT,  a.    [L.  sub  and"«a,-.cor.] 

Growing  underneatli. 
SUB-NEeT',  V.  t.    [L.  stibnecto.] 

To  tie,  buckle,  or  fasten  beneath.    [JVot  in  use,] 

Pope. 

SUB-NOR'MAL,  n.    [L.  sub  and  norma,  a  pile.] 

In  geometry,  that  part  of  the  axis  of  a  curve  lino 
which  is  intercepted  between  the  ordinate  and  the 
normal.  Brande. 
SUU-NC'RE',  a.    [L.  sub  and  nudus,  naked.] 

In  botaini,  almost  naked  or  bare  of  leaves.  Lee. 
SUB-OIi-SeORE'LV,  adv.    Somewhat  obscurely  or 

darkly.  Donne. 
SUB-Oe-CIP'I-T.^L,  a.    Being  under  the  occiput ;  as, 

the  suboccipital  nerves.  Parr. 
Sirn-Oe'TAVE,    (  a.    [L.  sub  and  octavus,  or  octu- 
SUU-Oe'TU-I'LE,  (  pie.] 

Containing  one  part  of  eight. 

inikins.  ArbuthnoU 
SUB-OeMJ-LAR,  n.    [I,,  sub  and  oculas.] 

Being  under  the  eye.  Barrow. 
SUB-OR-Bie'q-I-AK,    )  a.     [L.  sub  and  orbUula- 
SUB-OK-lilC'tJ-LATE,  i  tus.] 

Almost  orbiculate  or  orbicular ;  nearly  circular. 

Martyn.  Say. 
SUB-OR'I)IN-A-CV,  n.    [See  SunonmNATE.]  The 
slate  of  being  subordinate  or  subject  to  control  ;  as, 
to  bring  the  imagination  to  act  in  suburdinanj  to 
reason.  Spectator. 
2.  Series  of  subordination.    [Little  "sed.] 

Temple. 

SUB-OR'Dl.\-AN-CY,  n.    [JVot  in  use.]    See  Suboh- 
ni  N  wr. 

SUB-OR'DIN-ATE,  a.    [L.  sub  and  ordinatus,  from 
ordn,  order.] 

1.  Inferior  in  order,  in  nature,  in  dignity,  in  pow- 
er, importance,  &c. ;  a.s,  subordinate  otlicers. 

Il  v/na  Mubordinau,  not  enslared,  to  the  undcntanding.  South. 

2.  Descending  in  a  regular  series. 


The  several  kinds  i 
clistiiiguiilicd. 


nd  tubordinate  species  of  each  are  ensilj 
Woodward. 


SUB-OR'DIN-ATE,  n.  One  who  stands  in  order  or 
rank  below  another.  Milton. 

StJli-OR'DIN-ATE,».t.  To  place  in  an  order  or  rank 
below  something  else ;  to  make  or  consider  as  of  less 
value  or  importance  ;  as,  to  subordinate  one  creature 
to  another  ;  to  .sii(ior(/i?ia(c  temporal  to  spiritual  things. 

2.  To  make  subject ;  as,  to  subordinate  the  passions 
to  reason.  Scotl. 

SUB-OR'DIN-A-TED,  pp.  Placed  in  an  inferior  rank  ; 
considered  as  of  inferior  importance  ;  subjected. 

SUB-Oll'DIN-A  rE-LY,.a(/u.    In  a  lower  rank  or  of 
inferior  importance. 
2.  In  a  series  regularly  descending. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

SUB-OR-DIN-.5'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  Subobdinate.] 
The  state  of  being  inferior  to  another ;  inferiority  of 
rank  or  dignity. 

2.  A  series  regularly  descending. 

Nalural  crc-itures  liiiviiiv  a  local  suttordination.  Holiday, 

3.  Place  of  rank  among  inferiors. 

Persons  who  in  (heir  several  tubordinaUont  would  be  obliged  lo 
fuUow  llie  example  ol  Ihcir  enperiors.  Sun/i. 

4.  Subjection  ;  state  of  being  under  control  or  gov- 
ernment. 

The  most  f;]orioa*  military  aehierements  would  tie  a  calamity  and 
a  cune,  if  purchased  at  the  expense  of  hobiu  of  sutiordina- 
tton  and  love  of  order.  J.  Eoarlt. 

fSi'BonDiNATEKEss  IS  not  used.] 
SUB-ORN',  c.  f.  [Fr.  suborner;  It.  subomare;  Sp. 
subomar ;  L.  subomo ;  sub  and  orno.  The  sense  of 
orno,  in  this  word,  and  the  primary  sense,  is,  lo  piiC 
on,  to  furnish.  Hence,  suborno,  to  furnish  privately, 
that  is,  to  bribe.] 

1.  In  law,  to  prornro  a  person  to  take  such  a  false 
oath  as  constitutes  perjury.  Blackstone. 

2.  To  procure  privately,  or  by  collusion. 

Or  else  tliou  art  tuAorrud  afrainat  his  honor.  Shak. 

3.  To  procure  by  indirect  means. 

Those  who  by  despair  tubom  their  death.  DryrUn. 

SUB-OR-NA'TIO.V,  n.  [Fr.]  In  law,  the  crime  of 
procuring  a  person  to  take  such  a  false  oath  as  con- 
stitutes perjury.  Blackstone. 

2.  The  crime  of  procuring  one  to  do  a  criminal  or 
bad  action.  Shak.  Swift. 

SUB-ORN'f:D,  pp.  Procured  to  take  a  false  oath,  or 
to  do  a  bad  action. 

SUB-ORN'ER,  n.  One  who  procures  another  to  take 
a  false  oath,  or  to  do  a  bad  action. 

SUB-ORN'ING,  ppr.  Procuring  one  to  take  a  false 
oath,  or  lo  do  a  criminal  action. 

Sl'B-o'VAL,  a.    Somewhat  oval. 

SL  B-()'VATE,  0.  [L.  sub  and  ocatus,  from  ovum,  an 
egg.] 

Almost  ovate  ;  nearly  in  the  form  of  an  egg,  but 
having  the  inferior  extremity  broadest.  Martyn. 


SUB 

SUB-PCF'NA  j  "■        ™*  """^  pana,  pain,  penalty.] 
A  writ  commanding  the  attendance  in  court  of  the 

person  on  whom  it  is  served,  as  witnesses,  &c. 
SUB-Pi";'NA,  )v.t.  To  serve  with  a  writ  of  subpena  ; 
SUB-rU>'NA,  !     to  command  attendance  in  court  by 

a  legal  writ. 

SUB-PP.'NA-BD,  pp.    Served  with  a  writ  of  subpena. 

SUB-Pk'NA-ING,  ppr.  Commanding  attendance  in 
court  bv  a  legal  writ. 

SUB-PEll-PEN-Die'U-LAR,  n.  [sub  and  perpendicu- 
lar.] 

A  subnormal,  which  sec. 
SUB-PET'I-O-LATE,  a.    [sub  and  petiole.} 

In  botany,  having  a  very  short  peliohr.  Martyn. 
SUB-POR-P'HY-RIT'ie,  a.    Allied  to  porphyritic,  but 
containing  smaller  and  less  distinctly  marked  points 
or  crystals.  Percival's  Geol. 

SUB-PUI'OR,  «.  [sub  nni  prior.']  The  vicegerent  of 
a  prior  \  a  claustral  oflicer  who  assists  the  prior. 

SoutJi.  Ctfc. 

SUB-PtJR'CIIA-SER,  n.  A  purchaser  who  buys  from 
a  purchaser. 

SUB-UUAD'RATE,  a.    Neariy  square.  Say. 
StlB-UUAD'RU-PLE,  a.    [sub  nud  quadruple.]  Con- 
taining one  part  of  four ;  as,  subquadruple  proportion. 

lVilkin.i. 

SUB-aUIN'aUE-FID,  a.  ^ub  and  quinquefid.]  Al- 
most quinqiiefid.  Lee. 

SUB-UUIN'TU-PLE,  o.  [sub  and  quintuple.]  Con- 
taining one  part  of  five  ;  as,  subquintuple  pro|)ortion. 

mikiiu,: 

SUB-Ra'MoSE,  )  a.  [L.  sub  and  ramosus,  full  of 
SUB-Ra'MOUS,  (  branches.] 

In  botany,  having  few  branches.  Lee. 
SUB-RECTOR,  71.    [sttb  and  rector.]    A  rector's  dep- 
uty or  substitute.  Walton. 
SUB-REP'TION,  n.    [L.  subrcptio,  from  subrepo,  to 
creep  under.] 

The  act  of  obtaining  a  favor  by  surprise  or  unfair 
representation,  that  is,  by  suppression  or  fraudulent 
ctmcealment  of  facts.  Diet. 
SUB-Ri;P-Tl"TIOUS,  (  tish'us,)  j  a.   [L.  surreptUius, 
SUBRKP'TIVE,  (  supra.] 

Falsely  crept  in  ;  fraudulcnlly  obtained.  [See  Sub- 

REPTITIOUS.] 

SUB-REP-TI''TIOUS-LY,  adv.  By  falsehood  ;  by 
stealth.  Sherwood. 

SUB'RO-G  aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  subro^o.] 

To  put  in  the  place  of  another.  [JVbt  in  use.]  [See 
Surrogate^ 

SUB-RO-Ga'TION,  n.  In  (Ac  civil  law,  the  substitut- 
ing of  one  person  in  the  place  of  another,  and  giving 
him  his  rights.  Encyc. 

SUB  RO'S.H,[\^.]  £i((TaHy,  under  the  rose.  Secret- 
ly ;  privately  ;  in  a  manner  that  forbids  disclosure  ; 
the  rose  being,  among  the  ancients,  the  symbol  of  se- 
crecy, and  hung  up  at  entertainments  as  a  token  that 
nothing  there  said  was  to  be  divulged.  Booth. 

SUB-RO-TUND'  a.    [L.  sub  and  rotundus.  round.] 
Almost  round  ;  almost  orbicular.  Lee. 

SUB-SAI--I\E',  a.    Moderately  saline  or  salt.  F.neye. 

SUB'SAIjT,  71.    A  salt  having  an  excess  of  the  base. 

SUB-S,\N-Na'TION,  ;l    [L.  raAaaTino.] 

Derision  ;  scorn.  More. 

SUB-SCAP'tl-LAR,  a.    [L.  sub  and  scapula.] 

The  subscapular  artery  is  the  large  branch  of  the 
axillary  artery,  which  rises  near  the  lowest  margin 
of  the  scapula.  Cijc. 

SUB-S€RIB'A-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  subscribed. 

SUB-S€RIBE',  D.  t.    [L.  subscribo ;  sub  and  scribo,  to 
write  ;  Fr.  souscrire  ;  It.  soscrivcre  ;  Sp.  suiscribir.] 
Literally,  to  write  underneath.  Hence, 

1.  To  sign  with  one's  own  hand  ;  to  give  consent 
to  something  written,  or  to  bind  one's  self  by  writing 
one's  name  beneath  ;  as,  parties  subscribe  a  covenant 
or  contract ;  a  man  subscribes  a  bond  or  articles  of 
agreement. 

2.  'i'o  attest  by  writing  one's  name  beneath  ;  as, 
officers  subscribe  their  official  acts  ;  and  secretaries 
and  clerks  subscribe  copies  of  records. 

3.  To  promise  to  give,  by  writing  one's  name  ;  as, 
each  man  subscribed  ten  dollars,  or  ten  shillings. 

4.  To  submit.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 
SUB-SCRIBE',  V.  i.  To  promise  to  give  a  certain  sum 

by  setting  one's  name  to  a  paper.  The  paper  was  of- 
fered, and  many  subscribed. 
2.  To  assent ;  as,  I  could  not  subscribe  to  his  opinion. 
SUB-SeKTB'J?D,  pp.  Having  a  name  or  names  writ- 
ten underneath.  The  petition  is  svhscribed  by  two 
thousand  persons. 

2.  Promised  by  writing  the  name  and  sum.  A 
large  sum  is  subscribed. 
SUB-SCRIB'ER,  n.    One  who  subscribes  ;  one  who 
contributes  to  an  undertaking  by  subscribing. 

2.  One  who  enters  his  name  for  a  paper,  book, 
map,  and  the  like. 
SUB-SCKIB'ING,  ppr.    Writing  one's  name  under- 
neath ;  assenting  lo  or  attcstinfby  writing  the  name 
beneath  ;  entering  one's  name  as  a  purchaser. 
SUB'SCRIPT,  71.    Any  thing  underwrinen.  BaUleu. 
SUB-SCRIP'TION,  71.    [L.  snbscriptio.] 

1.  Any  thing,  particularly  a  paper,  with  names 
subscribed. 


SUB 

2.  The  act  of  subscribing,  or  writing  o'::'8  name 
underneath  ;  name  subscnbi^d  ;  sigiialure. 

3.  Consent  or  attestation  given  by  undei  writing 
the  name. 

4.  'I'he  act  of  contributing  to  any  undertaking. 

5.  Sum  subscribed  ;  amount  of  sumi  subscribed. 
We  speak  of  an  individual  subscription,  or  of  the 
whole  subscription  to  a  fund. 

fi.  Submission  ;  obetlience.    [JVot  in  rise.] 
SUB-SECTION,  71.    [L.  sub  and  sectio.] 

The  part  or  division  of  a  section  ;  a  subdivision  ; 
the  section  of  a  section.  Diet. 
SUB-SECU-'l'IVE,  a.    [L.  sub.iequor,  mb.iecutus.] 

Following  hi  a  train  or  succession.  [Little  used.] 
SIJB-SE.M'I-ToNE,  71.    In  miisic,  the  leading  note,  of 

sharp  seventh,  of  any  key.  Brande. 
SUB-SEP''i'U-PLE,  a.    [L.  sub  and  septuplus.] 

t.'ontaining  one  of  seven  parts.  fVilkins. 
SUB'SE-UUE.VCE,  71.    [L.  subsequor,  subscquens ;  sub 
and  scquor,  to  follow.] 
A  following  ;  a  state  of  coming  after  something. 

Orete. 

SUB'SE-CIUENT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  subsequens,  supra.] 

1.  Following  in  timo ;  coming  or  being  after  some- 
thing else  at  any  time,  indetinitcly  ;  as,  subsequent 
events;  subsequent  ag(-'s  or  years  ;  a  period  long  sub- 
sequent to  the  foundation  of  Rome. 

2.  Following  in  the  order  of  place  or  succession ; 
succeeding  ;  as,  a  subsequent  clause  in  a  trir.ity.  What 
is  obscure  in  a  passage  may  be  illustrated  by  subse- 
quent words. 

SUB'SE-UUENT-LY,  arfo.  At  a  later  time;  in  time 
after  something  else.  Nothing  was  done  at  the  first 
meeting ;  what  was  subsequently  transacted,  I  do  not 
know. 

2.  After  something  else  fn  order.  These«difficul- 
ties  will  be  subsequently  explained. 
SUB-SERVE',  (sub-serv',)  v.  L     [L.  subservio;  rub 
and  servio,  to  serve.] 

To  serve  in  subordination  ;  to  serve  instriiinental- 
ly.  In  most  engines,  we  make  the  laws  of  matter 
subserve  the  purposes  of  art. 

Ni)t  made  Ut  nil.-, 
But  to  aubserve  where  wisdom  bears  command.  Milton. 

SUB-SERV'KD,  pp.    Served  in  subordination. 
SUB-SEKV'I-E.\CE,  j  71.    Instrumental  use  ;  use  or 
SUB-SERV'I-EN-CY,  j  operation  that  promotes  some 
purpose. 

The  body,  whercin  appears  much  fitness,  use,  and  tubaervieney 

to  infinite  functions.  Bcnxleo. 
There  is  a  regular  sutjonlination  and  tubstrviency  amon^  all  the 
parts  10  benelicial  ends.  CHeyne, 

SUB  SERVI  ENT,  a.    [L.  s^ibserviens.] 

1.  Useful  as  an  instrument  to  promote  a  purpose; 
serving  to  promote  some  end. 

Hammond  had  .-in  incredible  dexterity,  scarcely  ever  reading  any 
tiling  which  he  did  nut  make  tubicrvi^nl  in  one  kind  or 
oUicr.  I-iu, 

2.  Subordinate ;  acting  as  n  subordinate  instru- 
ment. These  are  the  creatures  of  God,  subordinate 
to  liiiii,  and  subservient  to  his  will. 

These  ranks  of  creatures  are  tutttcrvient  one  lo  another.  Bay, 

SUB-SERV'I-ENT-LY,  adv.  In  asubservient  manner. 

SUB-SERVING,  ppr.  Serving  in  subordination ; 
serving  instruincntally. 

SUB-SES'SILE,  (  ses'sil,)  a.    [L.  .tai  and  .sessitis,] 
In  botany,  almost  sessile ;  having  very  short  loot- 
stalks.  Martyn.  Lee. 

SUB-SEX'TU-PLE,  a.    [L.  sub  and  seztup'lus.] 

Containing  one  part  in  six.  IVilkins. 

SUB-SIDE',  V.  1.  [L.  subside ;  mi  and  f  11/0,  to  settle. 
See  Set.] 

1.  To  sink  or  fall  to  the  bottom  ;  to  settle  ;  as  lees. 

2.  To  fall  into  a  state  of  quiet;  to  cease  to  rage; 
to  be  raluied  ;  lo  become  tranquil.  Let  the  passions 
subside.  The  tumults  of  war  will  subside.  Christ 
commanded,  and  the  storm  subsided. 

3.  'J'o  tend  downward  ;  to  sink ;  as,  a  subsiding 
hill.    The  land  .tubsides  into  a  plain. 

4.  To  abate  ;  to  be  reduced. 

In  cases  of  daii^r,  pride  and  envy  naturally  tubtide, 

Mutdlelon. 

StIB-PT'DENCE,  )  n.   The  act  or  process  of  sinking 
SUB  SI'DEN-CY,  (     or  falling,  as  in  the  lees  of 
liquors. 

2.  I'he  act  of  sinking  or  gradually  descending,  as 
ground.  BumeL 
SUB-SI  D'l  A-RY,  a.    [Fr.  subsidiaire  ;  L.  ^ufcii/iariiw. 
See  Subsidy.] 

1.  Aiding  ;  assistant ;  furnishing  help.  Subsidiary 
Iroiips  are  trinips  of  one  nation  hired  by  another  U  r 
military  service. 

2.  Furnishing  additional  supplies  ;  as,  a  subsidiary 
stream. 

SUB-SII)'I-.\-RY,  71.  An  assistant ;  an  auxiliary  ;  he 
or  that  which  contributes  aid  or  atlditional  su|iplies. 

Stephenj*. 

SUB'SI-DIZE,  r.  t.  [from  subsidy.]  To  furnish  with 
a  subsidy  ;  to  purchase  the  assistance  of  another  by 
the  payment  of  a  subsidy  to  him.  Great  Britain 
snbsidiied  some  of  the  German  powers  in  the  late 
war  with  France. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1101 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB 


SUB'SI-DlZ-ED,  pp.     Engaged  as  an  auxiliary  by 

means  of  a  subsidy. 
SUB'Sl-DIZ-INO,  ppr.    Purchasing  the  assistance  of 

by  subsidies. 

SUC'SI-DY,  n.  [Ft.  subside ;  L.  subsidium,  (lom  sub- 
sidu,  literalty,  to  be  or  sit  under  or  by.] 

1.  Aid  in  money  ;  supply  given  ;  a  tax  ;  something 
furnished  for  aid,  as  by  the  people  to  their  prince ; 
as,  the  subsidies  granted  formerly  to  the  kings  of 
England. 

Subsidies  were  a  tax,  not  immediately  on  property, 
but  on  persons  in  respect  of  llieir  reputed  estates,  af- 
ter the  nominal  rate  of  4s.  the  pound  for  lands,  and 
2s.  8d.  for  goods.  Blachstone. 

2.  A  sum  of  money  paid  by  one  prince  or  nation 
to  another,  to  purchase  the  service  of  auxiliary 
troops,  or  the  aid  of  such  foreign  prince  in  a  war 
against  an  enemy.  Thus,  Great  Britain  j>aid  sub- 
sidies to  Austria  and  Prussia,  to  engage  them  to  re- 
sist the  progress  of  the  French. 

SUB-SIGN',  (sub-sine',)  f.  t.  [L.  subsig-no  ;  sub  and 
sig'iiOj  to  sign.] 

To  sign  under;  to  write  beneath.    [Liltle  used.] 

Camden. 

SUB-SIG-Na'TION,  n.  The  act  of  writing  the  name 
under  something  for  attestation.    [Little  used.] 

SUB  S/-i£JV'r/-0,  (-she-o,)  [L.]  In  silence  or  se- 
crecy. 

SUB  SIST',  B.  i.  [Fr.  subsister;  It.  sussistere;  Sp. 
sttbsistir;  L.  subsisto;  sub  and  sisto;  to  stand,  to  be 
fi.xedO 

1.  To  be ;  to  have  existence  ;  applicable  to  mailer  or 
spirit. 

2.  To  continue  ;  to  retain  the  present  state. 

Fiffn  we  subsist,  but  possible  to  swerve.  I^lilton, 

3.  To  live  ;  to  be  maintained  with  food  and  cloth- 
ing. How  many  of  the  human  race  subsist  on  the 
labors  of  others  '.  How  many  armies  have  subsisted 
on  plunder! 

4.  To  inhere ;  to  liave  existence  by  means  of 
something  else  j  as,  qualities  tliat  subsijit  in  sub- 
stances. 

SUB  SIST',  V.  t.  To  feed  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  support 
with  provisions.  The  king  subsisted  liis  troops  on 
provisions  plundered  from  the  enemy. 

SUB-SIST'ENCE,  )n.     [Fr.  subsistence;   II.  sussis- 

SUB-SIST'E.\-CY,  i  tenza.] 

1.  Real  being;  as,  a  chain  of  differing  subsist- 
ertcies.  Glanville. 

Not  only  the  thin^  had  aubsisUnce,  but  the  very  iin.^jes  were 
of  Bonie  creatures  existing.  SliUineJleet. 

2.  Competent  provisions  ;  means  of  supporting  life. 
His  vicervy  could  on!y  propose  to  himself  a  corarurlable  subsist- 
ence out  of  the  plunder  of  his  province.  .itklison. 

3.  That  which  supplies  the  means  of  living;  as 
money,  pay  or  wages. 

4.  Inherence  in  something  else ;  as,  the  subsistence 
of  qualities  in  bodies. 

SUB-SIS'l''E.\T,o.    [L.  subsistens.] 

1.  Having  real  being  ;  as,  a  subsistent  spirit. 

Bromn. 

9.  Inherent;  as,  qualities  iitJa-istoit  in  matter. 

Beiitley. 

SUB'SOIL.,  7!.  [sub  and  .wil]  The  bed  or  stratum  of 
earth  which  lies  between  the  surface  soil  and  the 
base  on  which  they  rest.  Cyc. 

SUB-SPk'CIeS,  (-spE'shuz,)  n.  [sub  and  s]jecies.]  A 
subordinate  species ;  a  division  of  a  species. 

Thomson. 

SUB'STANCE,  n.  [Fr.  ;  II.  sustanza;  Pp.  substancia  ; 
L.  substAintia,  substo ;  sub  and  sto,  to  stand.] 

1.  In  a  treneral  sensPy  being  something  existing  by 
itself ;  that  which  really  is  or  exists  ;  equally  applica- 
ble to  matter  or  spirit.  Thus,  the  soul  of  man  is 
called  an  immaterial  .fubstancr,  a  cogitative  sub- 
stance, a  substance  endued  with  thought.  We  say, 
a  stone  is  a  hard  substance;  tallow  is  a  soft  sub- 
stnnce. 

2.  That  which  supports  accidents. 

That  which  »ubsisu  by  ilwlf  is  c;illed  subsUinee ;  that  which 
■ub»i8l»  iu  mid  by  anoUier  is  calkd  a  mode  or  manner  of 
king.  WalU. 

3.  The  essential  part ;  the  main  or  material  part. 
In  this  epitome  we  have  the  substance  of  the  whole 
btjok. 

'I'liis  edition  is  the  snme  in  $ubstanc«  with  the  Latin.  Burnet. 

4.  Something  real,  not  imaginary;  something  sol- 
id, not  empty. 

Heroic  virtue  did  his  netiona  puide, 

And  he  the  subtUtnce,  not  tii  appearance,  chose.  Drydtn. 

.5.  Body  ;  corporeal  nature  or  matter. 

The  qualities  of  plant*  arc  more  various  than  those  of  nninial 
tuhstancta.  AtbitUinol. 

6.  Goods;  estate;  means  of  living.  JtiU^K  substance 
wot  Kcvcn  thousand  sheep,  three  thousand  camels, 
ttc.   Job  i. 

We  arc  —  ezhatjstinf  our  tubstance,  but  not  fur  our  own  inten-st. 

8Un-.STAN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  Belonging  to  sub- 
Htance;  real;  actually  existing. 

If  this  atheist  wouM  have  his  chnnc-  lo  lie  a  real  and  aitbutnntitit 
afent,  he  is  more  stupid  Uiim  the  vulvar.  ItenUty. 


2.  Real ;  solid  ;  true ;  not  seeming  or  imaginary. 

If  happiness  be  a  substanliai  ^ood.  Deribam. 
The  stibstatnial  onianienta  of  virtue.  VEsirange. 

3.  Corporeal ;  material. 

The  niinbow  appears  like  a  eubslantiaX  arch  in  the  sky.  Watts. 

4.  Having  .substance;  strong;  stout;  solid;  as, 
substantial  cloth  ;  a  substantial  fence  or  gate. 

5.  Possessed  of  goods  or  estate  ;  responsible  ;  mod- 
erately wealthy  ;  as,  a  substantial  freeholder  or  farm- 
er ;  a  substantial  citizen.  Addison. 

SUB-STAN-TIAL'l  Ty,  ji.  The  state  of  real  exist- 
ence. 

2.  Corporeity  ;  materiality. 

The  soul  is  a  stranger  10  such  gross  substantiality.  Gtanvillt. 

SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZE,  v.  t.    To  realize. 
SUB-STAN'TIAL-lZ-£D,  pp.    Made  real  or  solid. 
SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Making  real  in  sub- 
stance. 

SUB-STAN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  sub- 
stance ;  with  reality  of  existence. 

Iu  him  his  Father  shone,  substantially  expressed.  Miiton. 

2.  Strongly  ;  solidly.  Clarendon. 

3.  Truly  ;  solidly  ;  really. 

The  laws  of  this  religion  would  make  men,  if  they  would  tnily 
observe  them,  substantially  religious  toward  God,  chaste  and 
temperate.  TiUotson. 

4.  In  substance  ;  in  the  main  ;  essentially.  This 
answer  is  substantially  the  same  as  that  before 
given. 

5.  With  competent  goods  or  estate. 
SUB-STAN'TIAL-NESS,  n.    The  slate  of  being  sub- 
stantial. 

2.  Firmness  ;  strength  ;  power  cf  holding  or  last- 
ing ;  as,  the  substantialness  of  a  wall  or  column. 

I'fotton. 

SUB-STAN'TIALS,  n.pf.    Essential  parts,  jlyliffe. 
SUB-STAN'TIATE,  v.  t.    To  make  to  exist.  Aylije. 
2.  To  establish  by  proof  or  competent  evidence  ; 
to  verify  ;  to  make  good  ;  as,  to  substantiate  a  charge 
or  allegation  ;  to  substantiate  a  declaration. 

CanniniT.    Adams.    Dexter.    Ch.  Obs. 
SUB'STAN-TIVE,  a.   Betokening  existence  ;  as,  the 
substantive  verb.  ArbutlinoU 
2,  Solid  ;  depending  on  itself.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Bacon. 

Substantive  color ;  one  which  communicates  its 
color  without  the  intervention  of  a  mordant  or  base ; 
opposed  to  adjective  color. 

SUB'STAN-TIVE,  n.  In  grammar,  a  noun  or  name  ; 
the  part  of  speech  which  expresses  something  that 
exists,  either  material  or  immaterial.  Thus  man, 
horse,  city,  goodness,  excellence,  are  substantives. 
[Better  called  name,  L.  nomen,  or  even  noun,  a  cor- 
ruption of  nomen.] 

SUB'STAN-TIVE-LY,  ads.  In  substance;  essen- 
tially. 

2.  In  grmtmar,  as  a  name  or  noun.    An  adjective 
or  pronoun  may  be  tised  substantively. 
SUB'STlLE,  71.    See  Substvle. 

SUB'STI-TUTE,  w.  t.    [Fr.  substituer  ;  It.  snstituire  ; 
Sp.  substituir  ;  L.  substituo  ;  sub  and  statuo,  to  set.] 
To  put  in  the  place  of  another. 

Some  few  verses  are  inserted  or  substituled  in  the  room  of  others. 

(Jon^eve. 

SUB'STI-TUTE,  n.  One  person  put  in  the  place  of 
another  to  ansiver  the  same  purpose.  A  perstm  may 
be  a  substitute  with  full  powers  to  act  for  another  in 
an  olFice.  Representatives  in  legislation  are  the  .'sub- 
stitutes of  their  constituents.  The  orthodox  creed  of 
Christians  is  that  Christ  died  as  the  substitute  of  sin- 
ners. 

2.  One  thing  put  in  the  place  of  another.  If  you 
have  not  one  medicine,  use  another  as  its  substitute. 

SUII'STI-TU-TED, Put  in  the  place  of  another. 

SUli'STI-TU-TINU,  ppr.  Putting  in  the  place  of 
another. 

SUB-STI-TO'TION,  n.  The  act  of  putting  one  per- 
son or  thing  in  the  place  of  another  to  supply  its 
place;  as,  tlie  svb.slitution  of  an  agent,  attorney, or 
representative,  to  act  for  one  in  his  absence  ;  the  sub- 
stitution of  bank  notes  for  gold  and  silver,  as  a  circu- 
lating medium. 

2.  In  grammar,  syllejjsis,  or  the  use  of  one  word 
for  another. 

SUB-S'l'l-Tu'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  substitutitm. 
SUB-STRACT',  i-.  t.    [L.  subtralio,  subtractum.] 
To  subtract. 

A'off.  —  SuiisTBAcT  was  formerly  used  in  analogy 
with  AnsTitacT.  Hut  in  modern  usage,  it  is  written 
according  lo  the  Latin,  Subtract.  [See  this  word 
and  ils  derivatives.] 

SUB-STRAC'I'ION,  n.  In  2aic,  the  withdrawing  or 
withholding  of  some  right.  'J'hus  the  substraction  of 
conjugal  rights,  i.s  when  either  the  husbantl  or  wife 
withdraws  from  the  other  and  lives  separate.  The 
substruction  of  a  legacy  is  the  withholding  or  detain- 
ing of  it  from  lliu  legatee  by  the  executor.  In  like 
manner,  the  withholding  of  any  service,  rent,  duty, 
or  custom,  is  a  substruction,  for  which  the  law  gives  a 
remedy.  Blachstone. 

HUlt'STRATE,  n.  That  which  lies  beneath;  a  siib- 
Hlratum.  Good. 


SUB'STRATE,  a.    Having  very  slight  furrows. 
SUB-STRA'TUiM,7i. ;  pi.  Substrata.    [L.  substratus, 
spread  under  ;  sub  and  sterno.] 

1.  That  which  is  laid  or  spread  under  ;  a  layer  of 
earth  lying  under  another.  In  agrictUture,  the  sub- 
soil. Cyc. 

2.  In  metaphysics,  the  matter  or  substance  supposed 
to  furnish  the  basis  in  which  the  perceptible  qualities 
inhere. 

SUB-STRUC'TION,  7i.    [L.  substructio.] 

Under  building.  JFotton, 

SUB-STRUCT'URE,  n.    [L.  sub  and  structure.] 
An  under  structure  ;  a  foundation. 

SUB-ST? 'EAR,  a.  Substylar  line  ;  the  substyle,  which 
see. 

SUB'STVLE,  71.  [sub  and  stijle.]  In  dialing,  a  right 
line,  on  which  the  style  or  gnomon  of  a  dial  is  erect- 
ed, being  the  common  section  of  the  face  of  the  dial 
and  a  plane  perpendicular  to  it  passing  through  the 
style.  Hutton. 

SUB-SUL'PHATE,  7t.  A  sulphate  with  an  excess  of 
the  base.  Thomson. 

SUB-SUL'TIVE,    j  a.     [from  L.  subsultus,  a  leap, 

SUB-SUL'TO-RY,  j     from  subsullo  ;  sub  and  .lalio.] 
Bounding  ;  leaping  ;  moving  by  sudden  leaps  or 
starts,  or  by  twitches. 

SUB-SUL'TO-RI-LY,  adv.  In  a  bounding  manner  ; 
by  leaps,  starts,  or  twitches.  Bacon, 

SUB-SUL'TUS,  71.  [L.]  In  medicine,  a  starting, 
twilching,  or  convulsive  motion;  a.s,  subsultus  ten- 
diitum.  Coze. 

SUB-SO.ME',  V.  t.    [L.  sub  and  .9umo.] 

To  assume  as  a  position  by  consequence.  [JVot 
used.]  Hammond. 

SUB-TAN'GENT,  71.  In  geometry,  the  part  of  the 
axis  contained  between  the  ordinate  and  tangent 
drawn  to  the  same  point  in  a  curve. 

SUB-TEND',  jj.  (.    [L.  sub  and  tendo,  to  stretch.] 

To  extend  under,  or  be  opposite  to  ;  as,  the  line  of 
a  triangle  which  iuWciitis  the  right  angle;  tlie  chord 
which  subtends  an  arch. 

SUB-TEND'ED,  pp.    Extended  under. 

SUI!-TEND'ING,  ppr.    E.xtending  under. 

SUB-TENSE',  (sub-tens',)  71.    [L.  sub  and  tensus.] 
The  chord  of  an  arc. 

SUB-TEP'ID,  a.    [L.  sub  and  tcpidus,  warm.] 
Very  moderately  warm. 

SUB'TER,  a  Latin  preposition,  signifies  under. 

SUB-TE-RF,TE',  a.    Somewhat  terete  or  taper. 

SUB-TER'FEU-ENT,  (  a.     [L.  subterjluens,  subter- 

SUB-TER'FLU-OUS,  (  fiuo.] 
Running  tinder  or  beneath. 

SUB'TER-FUGE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  subter  and  fugio, 
to  fiec.J 

Literally,  that  to  which  a  person  resorts  for  escape 
or  concealment ;  hence,  a  shift;  an  evasion  ;  an  ar- 
tifice employed  to  escape  censure  or  the  force  of  an 
argument,  or  to  justify  opinions  or  coiiduct. 

Affect  not  titde  sltifls  and  subterfuges,  to  avoid  tlie  force  of  an 
argument.  Waus. 

SUB'TER-RaNE,  77.  [Infra.]  A  cave  or  room  under 
ground.  Bryant. 

SUB-'1'ER-Ra'NE-AN,  j  a.    [L.  subter,  under,  and 

SUB-TER-RA'NE-OUS,  J  te7Ta,  earth  ;  Fr.  soutcr- 
rain  ;  It.  sotterraneo.] 

Being  or  lying  under  the  surface  of  the  earth  ;  sit- 
uated within  the  e,aith  or  under  ground  ;  as,  subter- 
ranean springs  ;  a  subterraneous  passage. 

[Subterbaneal  and  Subterrany  are  not  in  use.] 

SUB-TER-RAN'I-TY,  n.  A  place  under  ground. 
[JVot  171  use.]  Brown. 

SUB'TER-RA-NY,7i.  What  lies  under  ground.  [JVo£ 
177  use.]  Bacon. 

SUB'TER-ReNE,  a.    Subterraneous.  Taylor. 

SUH'TILE,a.  [Vt.  .'rubtil ;  L.subtilis;  It.  snttile.  This 
word,  except  in  the  first  two  senses,  is  now  gener- 
ally pronounced  sut'tl.] 

1.  Thin  ;  not  dense  or  gross;  as,  suitife  air ;  sub- 
tile vapor  J  a  subtile  medium. 

2.  Nice ;  fine  ;  delicate. 

I  do  distinirnish  plain 
Kach  subtile  lino  ol  her  immortal  f  ice.  Davies. 

3.  Acute;  piercing;  as,  swjfi/c  pain.  Prior. 

4.  Sly  ;  artful ;  cunning  ;  crafty  ;  insinuating  ;  as, 
n  subtile  person  ;  a  subtile  adversary. 

5.  Planned  by  art ;  deceitful  ;  na,  a  subtile  scheme. 
11.  Deceitful  ;  treacherous.  Shah. 
7.  Refined  ;  fine  ;  acute  ;  as,  a  subtile  argument. 

SUI!''1'II.E-LY,  u(/e.    Thinly;  not  densely. 

2.  Finely  ;  not  grossly  or  thickly. 

The  opaipiest  bodies,  it  su6u7</y  divided  —  become  perfri-tly  traus- 
piireiit.  Aeioton. 

3.  Artfully  ;  cunningly  ;  craftily  ;  as,  a  scheme 
subtitely  contrived. 

SUIi'TIEE-NESS,  71.  Thinness;  rareness ;  as, the .vui- 
tileness  of  air. 

2.  Fineness ;  acutcncss ;  as,  the  subtilcness  of  an 
argument. 

3.  Cunning  ;  artfulness  ;  as,  the  subtileness  of  a  foo. 
SUB-TIL.'1-ATE,  ti.  t.    To  make  thin.  IJ^otinuse.] 

Harvey. 

SUB-TII^I-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  making  thin  or 
rare.    [JVot  171  ii.vf.]  Boyle. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT — METE,  PUfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1102 


SUB 


sue 


sue 


Smeltie, 

SUH-TIL-I-Za'TION,  n.    [from  subtilize.]    The  act 
of  makiii{;  subtile,  tiiie,  or  thin.    In  t/te  laboratory, 
tlie  operation  of  making  so  volatile  as  to  rise  in 
stt'.im  or  vapor."  Cheijne. 
2.  Uefinenient ;  extreme  acutencss. 

SUB'TIL-I/E,  V.  (.    [Fr.  .-nbtiliscr,  from  I,,  subtilh.] 

1.  To  make  thin  or  line ;  to  make  less  gross  or 
coarse.  Clitijne. 

2.  To  refine  ;  to  spin  into  niceties ;  as,  to  subliliie 
nrgumenta. 

SUli'TIL-IZE,  f.  i.  To  refine  in  argument;  to  make 
very  nice  distinctions. 

Ill  whiilcvcr  maimer  the  papUt  mi^ht  tuhtHize.  Milntr. 

SUB'TIL-IZ-ED,  pp.    Made  thin  or  fine. 
SUB'TIL-rZ-ING,  ppr.  Making  Ihin  or  fine  ;  refining. 
SUB'TIL-TY,  n.    [Vi.  subtiiile  ;  L.  xubtilitas.] 

1.  Thinness  ;  fineness  ;  exility  ;  in  a  pluj.^ical  sense  i 
as,  the  sublilty  of  air  or  light ;  the  snbtilty  of  sounds. 

Bacon.  Qreic. 

2.  Refinement ;  extreme  acuteness. 

Intelligible  ilUcourscs  arc  apoiled  by  too  much  tubtiUy  in  nice 
ilivisioQS,  Locke. 

3.  Slyness  in  design;  cunning;  artifice.  [This 
word,  except  in  the  first  sense,  is  now  generally 
pronounced  siit'tl.'] 

SUB'TLK,  (siit'tl,)  a.  [See  Subtile.]  Sly  in  design  ; 
artful;  cunning;  insinuating;  applied  to  persotis ;  as, 
a  subtle  foe. 

2.  Cunningly  devised  ;  as,  a  subtle  stratagem. 
SUB'TLE-TY,  (sut'tl-te.)    See  Subtiltv. 
SUU'TLY,  (sut'tle,)  ado.    Slily  ;  artfully;  cunningly. 

Tboii  seest  liow  subUy  to  dcluin  Ihce  1  dcvUo.  Miicon. 

2.  Nicely  ;  delicately. 


In  the  nice  bee,  wbttt  sense  so  tublty  true  I 


Pop*. 


SUB-TON're.  (  n.   The  semitone  or  note  next 

SUB-SE.M'I-TSNE,  J  below  the  tonic;  the  leading 
note  of  the  scale. 

SLTIi-TRAeT',  V.  t.  [L.  subtralw,  subtractus  ;  sub  and 
trahOy  to  draw.] 

To  withdraw  or  take  a  part  from  tlie  rest;  to  de- 
duct.   Subtract  5  from  9,  and  the  remainder  is  4. 

SUB-TRAeT'ED,  pp.  Withdrawn  from  the  rest ; 
deducted. 

SUB-TRAGT'ER,  7i.    »e  that  subtracts. 

9.  Tile  number  to  be  taken  from  a  larger  number. 
[jVut  i«n/.]    [See  Subtrahend.] 
SlIB-TR  Aet'ING,  ppr.    Withdrawing  from  the  rest ; 
SUB-TKAe'TION,n.    [h.  subtractio.]  [deducting. 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  taking  a  part  from  the 
rest. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  the  taking  of  a  lesser  number  or 
quantity  from  a  greater  of  the  same  kind  or  denom- 
ination ;  an  operation  by  which  is  found  the  differ- 
ence between  two  sums. 

SUB-TRAGT'lVE,  a.  "Tending  or  having  power  to 
subtract. 

SUB-TR.A-IIEND',  n.  In  arithmetic,  the  sum  or  num- 
ber to  be  subtracted  or  taken  from  another. 

SUB-TRANS-LO'CENT,  <i.    Imperfectly  translucent. 

SUB-TRANS-PAR'ENT,  a.    Imperfectly  transparent. 

SUB-TRI'FII),  a.    Slightly  trifid.  Martyn. 

SUB-TRIP'LE,  (-trip'l,)  a.  [.tui  and  triple.)  Con- 
taining a  third  or  one  |>art  of  three.  IVtlkins. 

SUB-TRIP'LI-CATE,  a.  A  term  applied  to  ratio,  in- 
dicating the  ratio  of  the  cube  roots.    A.  D.  Stanley. 

SUB-TO'TOR,  n.     [sub  and  tutor.]    An  under  tutor. 

SUB'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  subula,  an  awl.]  In  natural 
history,  awl-shaped  ;  linear  ;  very  narrow,  and  taper- 
ing gradually  to  a  fine  point  from  a  broadish  base. 

Lintlley, 

SUB-UN-Da'TION,  71.    [L.  sub  and  unda.] 

Flood  ;  deluge.  Huloet. 

9UB-UN"GU.\L,  (-ung'gwal,)  a.  [L.  sub  and  unguis.] 
Under  the  nail. 

SUB'URB,  n.  s.       )  [L.  suburbium ;  sub  and  urbs,  a 

SUB'URBS,  71.  pi.  \  city.] 

1.  A  building  without  the  walls  of  a  city,  but  near 
them  ;  or,  more  generally,  the  parts  that  lie  without 
the  walls,  but  in  the  vicinity  of  a  city.  The  word 
may  signify  buildings,  streets,  or  territory.  Wes.ay, 
a  house  stands  in  the.tuburbs;  a  garden  is  situated 
in  the  suburbs  of  London  or  Paris. 

2.  The  confines;  the  out  part. 

The  suburb  of  tlicir  strnw-built  citadel.  A/tlfon. 

SUB-URB'NAL  i       [L.  .fwf'«7-iani«.    See  Suburbs.] 

Inhabiting  or  being  in  the  suburbs  of  a  city. 
SI,'B'IIRB-£1),  a.    Bordering  on  a  suburb  ;  having  a 

suburb  on  its  out  part.  Carew. 
.'iUn  l-ltB-I-e.A'RI-A.\,  I  .„  ,       1    1 -  i 

SUB-l'RB'I-eA-RY,       (        iLow  L.  sufturJifOTnuj.] 
Being  in  the  suburbs  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  the 
provinces  of  Italy  which  composed  the  ancient  dio- 
cese of  Rome.  Barrow.  , 
SUB-VA-RI'E-TY,  7i.    [sub  and  variety.]    A  subordi- 
nate variety,  or  division  of  a  variety.  jWineralogy. 
[Such  a  distinction  is  not  now  made.  J5ana.] 
8UB-VEN-TA'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  subuentanem ;  mb 
and  rnuiu.] 

Addle  ;  windy.    [Bad,  and  not  in  use.]  Brmen. 


SUB-VEN'TION,  71.    [L.  subernio.] 

1.  The  act  of  coming  under. 

2.  The  art  of  coming  to  relief;  sujiport ;  aid. 
[/.ittle  u.^tfl.]  Spenser. 

SUB-VER.SE',  (3ub-ver3',)».  t.  To  subvert.  [jYol  in 
li.sT.J  Spenser. 

SIJB-VER'SION,  (-shun,)  7i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  suboersio. 
See  SuiivEHT.] 

Entire  overthrow ;  an  overthrow  of  the  founda- 
tion ;  utter  ruin  ;  as,  the  .subrersian  of  a  govoi  menl 
or  suite  ;  the  subversion  of  desjiotic  power  ;  the  sub- 
versio7i  of  the  constitution  or  laws;  the  subversioni>{ 
an  empire. 

SUB-VERS'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  subvert  ;  having  a 
tendency  to  overthrow  and  ruin.  Every  immorality 
is  subversive  of  private  happiness.  Public  corruption 
of  morals  is  suboer.-iive  of  public  happiness. 

SUB-VEllT',  J'.  L  [I,,  subvcrto  i  sub  and  verto,  to 
turn;  Fr.  and  S[t.  .•.ubvcrtir :  It.  sovvcrtcre.] 

1.  To  overthrow  from  the  foundation;  to  over- 
turn ;  to  mill  utterly.  The  nortlieru  nations  of  Eu- 
rope subverted  'he  Roman  empire.  He  is  the  worst 
enemy  of  man,  'Vho  eiidonvors  to  subvert  the  Chris- 
tian religion.  The  elevation  of  corrupt  men  to  of- 
fice will  slowly,  but  surely,  subvert  a  rejiublicun  gov- 
ernment. 

This  wouUl  $uboeTt  the  princ^lcs  of  all  knowlcdije.  Locke. 

2.  To  corrupt ;  to  cimfound  ;  to  pervert  the  mind, 
and  turn  it  from  the  truth    2  Tim.  ii. 

SUIi-VERT'ED,  pp.  Overthrown;  overturned;  en- 
tirely destroyed. 

SUB-VERT'ER,  n.  One  who  subverts ;  an  over- 
thrower. 

SUB-VERT'I-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  subverted. 
SUB-VERT'ING,  ppr.    Overthrowing;  entirely  de- 
stroying. 

SUB-WORK'ER,  (-wurk'er,)  71.  [sub  and  worker.]  A 
subordinate  worker  or  helper.  South. 

SUe-CE-UA'NE-OUS,  a.  [h.  suecedaneus;  sub  and 
ccdo.] 

Supplying  the  place  of  something  else;  being  or 
employed  as  a  substitute.  Boyle. 

SUe-CE-DA'NE-U,\l,  71.  [Supra.]  That  which  is 
used  for  something  else;  a  substitute.  Warburton. 

SUC-CEED',  V.  t.  SuccEDE  is  the  more  analogical 
spelling,  as  in  concede,  recede.  [Fr.  succcder  ;  It.  sue- 
ccdere ;  Sp.  suceder  ,•  L.  succcdo  ;  sub  and  cedo,  to  give 
way,  to  pass.] 

1.  To  follow  in  order ;  to  take  the  place  which  an- 
other has  left  ;  as,  the  king's  eldest  son  succeeds  his 
fatheron  the  throne.  John  .\(Uim^  succeeded  General 
Washington  in  the  presidency  of  the  United  States. 
Lewis  XVIII.  of  Fiance  has  lately  deceased,  and  is 
succeeded  by  his  brother  Charles  X. 

2.  To  follow  ;  to  come  alter ;  to  be  subsequent  or 
consequent. 

Those  destructive  efTcctJ  tueceeded  the  curse.  Brown. 

3.  To  prosper;  to  make  successful.  [Rare.] 
Succeed  my  wish,  and  second  my  desi|pi.  Dryden. 

SUe-CEED',  V.  t.   To  follow  in  order. 


Not  another  comfort  like  to  this 
Sucee{dt  m  unknown  fate. 


Sbak. 


2.  To  come  in  the  place  of  one  that  has  died  or 
quitted  the  place,  or  of  that  which  has  preceded. 
Day  succeeds  to  night,  and  night  to  day. 

Knjoy  till  I  return 
Short  pleasures ;  for  Ion  j  woes  are  to  succeed.      '  ]^fi!ton. 
Revenge  succeed*  to  love,  and  nige  to  ^ief.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  obtain  the  object  desired  ;  to  uccoinplish 
what  is  attempted  or  intended ;  to  have  a  prosperous 
termination.  The  enemy  attempted  to  take  the  fort 
by  storm,  but  did  not  succeed.  The  assault  was  vio- 
lent, but  the  attempt  did  not  succeed. 

It  is  almost  impossible  for  pocU  to  succeed  without  ambition. 

'  Uryden. 

4.  To  terminate  with  advantage  ;  to  have  a  good 
effect. 

Spenser  endeavored  imitation  in  the  Shepherd's  Kalendar ;  b\it 
neither  will  it  succeed  in  English.  Dryden. 

5.  To  go  under  cover. 

Or  will  you  to  tlie  cooler  cavo  sucetedl  Dryden. 
[Not  much  used,] 

SUt^CEED'ED,  pp.  Followed  in  order;  prospered; 
attended  with  success. 

SUe-CEED'ER,  71.  One  that  follows  or  comes  in  the 
place  of  another  ;  a  successor.  [But  the  latter  wprd 
is  generally  u.sed.] 

SUtJ-CEED'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Following  in  order ;  sub- 
sequent; coming  after;  as,  in  all  succeeding  ages. 
He  attended  to  the  business  in  every  succeeding  stage 
of  its  progress. 

2.  Taking  the  place  of  another  who  h.TS  quitted 
the  place,  or  is  dead  ;  as,  a  son  succeeding  his  father  ; 
an  officer  succeeding  his  predecessor. 

3.  Giving  success  ;  prospering. 
SUe-CEED'ING,  71.    The  act  or  st.nte  of  prospering 

or  having  success.  There  is  a  good  prospect  of  his 
succeeding. 

SUOCEN'TOR,  71.  A  person  who  sings  the  base  in  a 
concert. 

SUe-CESS',  J..  [Fi.  succis;  L.  successus,  from  succedo.] 


1.  The  favorable  or  prosperous  termination  of  any 
tiling  atteiiipti  d  ,  a  leriiiiiialmn  w  hich  aiiswrrs  ilio 
purpose  iiil(;iideti ;  properly  1/1  a  good  ^ense,  but  often 
in  a  bad  sense. 

Or  teach  with  more  success  her  son 

■Tbe  vic<*«  01  tit'-  liiiic  to  *huM.  •  Waller. 
Kvery  re.-isoiiable  man  can  nut  but  wish  me  success  in  Uiis 

iiueinpt.  Tillotson. 
Be  nut  discourag>rd,  In  a  laudable  undenaking,  at  the  ill  success 

of  the  first  alU'itipt.  Ation. 
M  ilitary  successes,  above  all  others,  elevate  the  mluds  of  a  t>.-ople. 

AueTbury. 

2.  Succession.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
JVote. — Succcis,  witliout  an  epithet,  generally  means 

a  prosperous  issue. 

SUe-CESS'FIJL,  a.  Terminating  in  accomplishing 
wliiit  is  wished  or  intended  ;  having  the  desired  ef- 
fect ;  hence,  i<i  a  good  sense,  prosperous  ;  furtuiiate  ; 
happy;  as,  a  application  of  medicine;  a 

succes.-iful  experiment  in  chemistry  or  in  agriculture  ; 
a  succes.<fal  enterprise. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense  ;  aa,  a  succesfful  attempt  to  sub- 
vert the  constitution. 

SUe-CESS'FIJL-LY,  adv.  With  a  favorable  termina- 
tion of  what  is  altempted  ;  prosperously  ;  favorably. 

A  reformation  successfully  carried  on.  S-Mi/t. 

SUC-CE.SS'FyL-NESS,  71.     Prosperous  conclusion  ; 

favorable  event ;  success.  Hammond. 
SUe-CES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  sue- 

cessio.] 

1.  A  following  of  things  in  order  ;  consecution  ; 
series  of  things  following  one  another,  either  in  time 
or  place.  Thus  we  speak  of  a  I.s-uccrj>-.s'(«7i  of  events 
in  chronology,  a  sncces.iion  of  kings  or  bishops,  and 
a  succession  ft(  words  or  sentences. 

2.  The  act  of  succeeding  or  coming  in  the  place  of 
another ;  as,  this  liappeiied  after  the  sueees:iion  of 
that  prince  to  the  throne.  So  we  speak  of  the  succes- 
sion of  heirs  to  the  estates  of  their  ancestors,  or  collat- 
eral succession, 

3.  Lineage  ;  an  order  or  scries  of  descendants. 

A  long  succession  must  ensue.  Milton. 

4.  The  power  or  right  of  coming  to  the  inheritance 
of  ancestors.  He  liolds  the  property  by  the  title  of 
succession. 

What  people  is  so  void  of  common  sense, 

To  vole  succession  from  a  native  prince.  Dryden. 

5.  In  music,  the  successive  notes  in  meloily,  in 
distinction  from  the  successive  chords  of  harmony, 
called  progression. 

.Apostolical  succession,  in  theology,  is  the  regular 
and  uninterrupted  transmission  of  ministerial  au- 
thority, by  a  succession  of  bishops  from  the  apostles 
to  any  subsequent  period.  Jlook. 

Succession  of  crops,  in  a/rricu/ture,  is  more  generally 
called  rotation. 
Sl'C  CES'SION-AL,  a.    Noting  a  regular  order  or 
successi<iii. 

SUC-CES'SION-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  successional  man- 
ner. 

SUC-CESS'IVE,  a.    [Ft.  .successif  ;  \U  successivo.] 

1.  Following  in  order  or  uninterrupted  course,  as 
a  series  of  persons  or  things,  and  either  in  time  or 
place  ;  as,  the  successive  revolutions  of  years  or  ages  ; 
the  successive  kings  of  Egypt.  The  author  holds 
this  strain  of  declamation  through  seven  successive 
pages  or  chapters. 

Send  the  successive  ills  through  ages  down.  Prior. 

2.  Inherited  by  succession  ;  as,  a  successive  title  j  a 
successive  empire.    [Little  used.]      Shak.  Ralegh. 

SUG-CESS'I  VE-LY,  adv.  In  a  series  or  order,  one 
following  another.  He  left  throe  sons,  who  all 
reigned  successivelij. 


The  whiteiif 
and  viol 


I  a*  length  changed  sueeessiuety  into  bluo,  indigo, 
Newton. 


SUe-CESS'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  suc- 
cessive. J/ale. 

SUe  CESS'LESS,  a.    Having  no  success  ;  unprosper- 

ous;  unfortunate;  failing  to  accomplish  what  was 
intended. 

Successless  all  her  soft  cares^s  prove.  Pops. 

Best  iciiipi'ivd  steel  successless  proved  in  field.  Philips. 

SUe-CESS'LESS-NESS,  71.  Unprosperous  conclu- 
sion. Boyle. 
SUe  CESS'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  that  .-succeeds  or  fol- 
lows ;  one  that  takes  the  place  which  another  has 
left,  and  sustains  the  like  parlor  character ;  correla- 
tive*to  Predecessor  ;  a.s,  the  successor  of  a  tleccased 
king;  the  succejisor  of  a  president  or  governor;  a 
man's  son  and  successtn- 

A  gift  to  a  corpomtion,  cither  of  lands  or  of  chattels,  without 
naming  their  successors,  vests  an  absolute  pruneny  in  tliem 
so  luiif  OS  Ute  corpomtion  siiLsists.  Blackstons. 

SUC-CID'U-OUS,  a.    [L.  suceiduus ;  suh  and  eado.] 

Really  lo  fall ;  falling.    [Little  used.] 
SUe-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  ^iicciu!,  juice,  and  /er<7,  to 
bear.] 

Producing  or  conveying  sap. 
SUC'CI-N.A'I'E,  n.    [from  L.  succinum,  amber.] 

A  sail  formed  liv  the  succinic  acid  and  a  base 
SUe'CI-.\A-TEU,  a.    Combined  with  Uie  acid  of  am- 
ber. 


TONE,  BULL,  QNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  aa  K ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1103 


sue 

SUG-CINGT',  a.  [L.  succinctusi  sub  and  cingo^  to 
surroiinil.] 

1.  Tucked  up;  girded  up;  drawn  up  to  permit 
the  legs  to  be  free. 

His  habil  fit  tor  speed  succinct.     [Little  Msed.]  Milton. 

2.  Compressed  into  a  narrow  compass  ;  short  ; 
brief ;  concise  ;  as,  a  succinct  account  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  council. 

Let  all  your  precepts  be  sitcdnct  and  clear,  Jtoscomnton. 
SUe-CINeT'LY,  ailv.    Briefly ;  concisely.    Tlie  facts 

were  succinctly  stated. 
SUe-CINeT'NESS,  n.    Brevity  ;  conciseness  ;  as, 

the  sitccinctness  of  a  narration. 
SU€-CIN'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  amber  ;  drawn  from 

amber  ;  as,  the  succinic  aciil. 
SUe'UI-NITE,  n.    [L.  succinum,  amber.] 

A  mineral  of  an  amber  color,  considered  as  a  vari- 
ety of  garnet.  It  frequently  occurs  in  globular  or 
granular  masses,  about  the  size  of  a  pea. 

Cleaveland. 

SUe'CI-NOUS,  0.    Pertaining  to  amber. 

SUe'eOR,  V.  t.     [Fr.  sccourir;  It.  soccorrere ;  Sp. 

socorrer  ;  L.  succurro  ;  sub  and  curro^  to  run.] 

Litcratlij,  to  run  to,  or  run  to  support ;  hence,  to 

help  or  relieve  when  in  difficulty,  want,  or  distress  ; 

to  assist  and  deliver  from  suffering;  as,  to  succor  a 

besieged  city  ;  to  succor  prisoners. 

He  is  al>le  to  succor  tli"m  that  are  tempteil.  —  Ileb.  ii. 
SUCCOR,  71.     Aid  ;  help;  assistance;  particularly, 

assistance  that  relieves  and  delivers  from  difficulty, 

want,  or  distress. 

My  father 

Flying  for  succor  to  Ids  servant  Banister.  Sfiak. 
2.  The  person  or  thing  that  brings  relief.  The 
city,  when  pressed,  received  succors  from  an  unex- 
jiected  quarter. 

The  mighty  succor  which  mad?  glad  the  foe.  Dryden. 
SUe'eOR-ED,  pp.    Assisted  ;  relieved. 
SUe'eOR-ER,  n.    He  that  affords  relief;  a  helper  ;  a 
deliverer. 

SUe'eOR-IXG,  ppr.    Assisting;  relieving. 
SUe'eOR-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  help  or  relief. 

Thomson. 

SUe'eO-RY,  11.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cichorium, 
commonly  called  Chiccoby  or  Wild,  Endive. 

P.  Cyc. 

SUe'eO-TASH,  v.  in  America,  green  maize  and 
beans  boiled  together.  The  disii,  as  well  as  the  name, 
is  borrowed  from  the  native  Indians. 

sue'eu-BA,  ;     r,     ,  „j    ,  i 
sue'eu-Bus,  i 

A  pretended  kind  of  demon.  Mir.  for  JiTa^. 

SUe'eU-LENCE.  j  n.      [See   Succulent.]  Juici- 
SUe'eU-LEN-CY,  i     ness  ;  as,  the  succulence  of  a 
peach. 

SUe'eU-LENT,  a.  [Fr. ;  L.  succulcntus,  from  succus, 
juice.] 

Full  of  juice  ;  juicy.  Su.rcuhnt  plants  are  such  as 
have  a  juicy  and  soft  stem,  as  distinguished  from 
such  as  are  ligneous,  hard,  and  dry.  Thus  the 
gr.tsses  are  succulent  herbs,  as  are  peas,  beans,  and 
the  like. 

SUe'eU-LENT-LY,  adv.  Juicily. 
SUe-GUlIB',  V.  i.    [L.  succumbo ;  sub  and  cumbo,  cubo, 
to  lie  down.] 

1.  To  yield  ;  to  submit ;  as,  to  succumb  to  a  foreign 
power. 

2.  To  yield  ;  to  sink  unresistingly  ;  as,  to  succumb 
under  calamities. 

SUe  eUMH'I.VG,  ppr.  Yielding  :  submitting  ;  sinking. 
SUe-eiJS-.SS'TION,  ;i.    [L.  smcusso,  to  shake.] 

1.  A  trot  or  trotting.  Brown. 

2.  A  shaking;  succiission. 
SUe-eUS'SlON,  (-kusli'im,)  71.    [L.  succnssio,  from 

succusso,  to  shake  ;  sub  anil  quass-o.] 

1.  The  act  of  shaking;  a  sliake. 

2.  In  medicine,  an  ague  ;  a  shaking. 

SUCH,  0.  [It  is  possible  that  this  word  may  be  a  con- 
traction ot  Sax.  .■swelc,  stoylc,  G.  solch,  D.  lolk.  More 
probably  it  is  the  Uilss.  sitze,  sitzev,  our  vulgar  sichy, 
or  the  old  Scotch  sicli.    Q,u.  Lat.  sic] 

1.  Of  that  kind  ;  of  the  like  kind.  We  never  saw 
melt  a  day ;  we  have  never  had  siuli  a  time  as  the 
present. 

It  has  at  before  the  thing  to  which  it  relates.  Givt; 
your  children  such  precepts  as  tend  to  make  them 
Winer  and  better. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  di  finilive  aiiji'ctive  a 
never  precedes  Hiich,h\H  is  placi-d  bi-lwi  eii  it  and  the 
noun  to  which  it  refi:rs  ;  as,  such  a  man;  such  an 
honor. 

2.  The  name  that.  This  was  the  state  of  tliokingi. 
dom  at  'uch  lime  as  the  enemy  landed. 

3.  The  Bamu  lu  what  has  been  mentioned. 
Th.it  (holt  art  hnppy,  ow  to  (iod  ; 

Th.1t  thou  coiitlnurftt  such,  owe  to  (hyielf.  lijllttin. 

4.  Referring  to  what  haw  been  spt'cified,  I  have 
commanded  my  Hervant  to  be  at  such  a  place. 

5.  Such  and  auch,  in  used  in  reference  to  a  person 
or  place  of  a  certain  kind. 

The  ■ov.-rrijrn  kuthority  may  onAct  a  law,  comnmndlnj;  turh  and 
»urh  an  ««Uon.  South, 


SUD 

SUCK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  sucan,  succan  ;  G.  saugen  ;  D.  zui- 
^en  :  Sw.  su^a ;  Dan.  siicr,  contracted  ;  Ir.  saghum ; 
W.  sugaw ;  L.  sugo  ;  Fr.  sucer  ;  It.  succiare,  succhi- 
are ;  Sp.  and  Port,  sacar,  to  draw  out.] 

1.  To  draw  with  the  mouth  ;  to  ilraw  out,  as  a 
liquid  from  a  cask,  or  milk  from  the  breast ;  to  draw 
into  the  mouth.  To  suck  is  to  exhaust  the  air  of  the 
mouth  or  of  a  tube  ;  the  fluid  then  rushes  into  the 
mouth  or  tube  by  means  of  the  pressure  of  the  sur- 
rou  iding  air. 

1.  To  draw  milk  from  with  the  mouth  ;  as,  the 
young  of  an  animal  suets  the  mother  or  dam,  or  the 
breast. 

3.  To  draw  into  the  mouth  ;  to  imbibe  ;  as,  to  suck 
in  air  ;  to  suck  the  juice  of  plants. 

4.  To  draw  or  drain. 

Old  ocean  sucked  through  the  porous  globe.  Thomson. 

5.  To  draw  in,  as  a  whirlpool ;  to  absorb. 

Dryden. 

6.  To  inhale. 

To  suck  in ;  to  draw  into  the  mouth  ;  to  imbibe  ;  to 
absorb. 

To  suck  out ;  to  draw  out  with  the  mouth  ;  to  empty 
by  suction. 

To  suck  up  ;  to  draw  into  the  mouth. 
SUCK,  II.  i.    To  draw  by  exhausting  the  air,  as  with 
the  mouth,  or  with  a  tube. 

2.  To  draw  tlie  breast ;  as,  a  child,  or  the  young 
of  an  animal,  is  first  nourished  by  sucking. 

3.  To  draw  in  ;  to  imbibe.  Bacon. 
SUCK,  n.    The  act  of  drawing  with  the  mouth. 

Boyle. 

2.  Milk  drawn  from  the  breast  by  the  mouth. 

Sltak. 

SUCK'£D,  (sukt,)  pp.  Drawn  with  the  mouth,  or 
with  an  instrument  that  exhausts  the  air;  imbibed; 
absorbed. 

SUCK'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  draws  with  the 
mouth. 

2.  The  embolus  or  piston  of  a  pump.  Boyle. 

3.  A  pipe  through  which  any  thing  is  drawn. 

Philips. 

4.  The  shoot  of  a  plant  from  the  roots  or  lower 
part  of  the  stem  ;  so  called,  perliaps,  from  its  draw- 
ing its  nourishment  from  the  root  or  stem. 

5.  A  fish  of  the  family  Cyclopteridaj,  one  of  which 
is  called  the  Lump-Sltcker  or  Lump-Fish,  which  see. 
Also,  the  reniora,  which  see. 

6.  A  fresh  water  fish  of  the  carp  family,  and  genus 
Catostoinus.  Storer^s  Mass.  Report, 

7.  A  cant  name  for  an  inhabitant  of  Illinois.  U.  S. 
SUCK'ER,  V.  t.    To  strip  off  shoots  ;  to  deprive  of 

suckers  ;  as,  to  sucker  maize. 
SUCK'ET,  71.   A  sweetmeat  for  the  mouth. 

Cleaveland. 

SUCK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Drawing  with  the  mouth  or 
with  an  instrument;  imbibing;  absorbing. 

SUCK'ING-BOT'TLE,  ?i.  A  bottle  to  be  filled  with 
milk,  for  infants  to  suck  instead  of  the  pap.  Locke. 

SUCK'ING-PUMP,  71.    See  Suction-Pump. 

SUCK'LE,  (suk'l,)  71.    A  teat.    [JVo(  in  use.] 

SUCK'LE,  V.  t.  To  give  suck  to ;  to  nurse  at  the 
breast.  Romulus  and  Remus  are  fabled  to  have  been 
suckled  by  a  wolf. 

SUCK'LEl),  (suk'ld.)  pp.    Nursed  at  the  breast. 

SUCK'LING,  ppr.    Nursing  at  the  breast. 

SUCK'UNG,  71.    A  young  child  or  animal  nursed  at 
the  breast.    Ps.  viii. 
2.  A  sort  of  white  clover.  Cyc. 

SUe'TION,  (suk'shun,)  71.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  suck- 
ing or  drawing  into  the  mouth,  as  fluids. 

Boyle.  ArbuVinot. 
2.  The  act  of  drawing,  as  fluids  into  a  pipe  or 
other  thing. 

SUCTION-PUMP,  n.  The  common  pump,  in  which 
the  water  is  raised  into  the  barrel  by  atmospheric 
pressure. 

SUe-To'RI-AL,  0.  Adapted  for  sucking ;  that  live 
by  sucking ;  as,  the  humming-birds  are  suctorial 
birds.  Swainson. 

2.  C.tpablo  of  adhering  by  suction ;  as,  the  .sitctorial 
fishes.  P.  Cue. 

SUC-TO'RI-AN,  71.  A  name  of  cartitaginoiis  fishes 
with  a  mouth  adapted  for  suction,  as  the  l.imprey. 

Brandc. 

SUC-To'RI-OII.'^,  a.    Suctorial.  [Rare] 
SO'DAK,  71.    A  fish,  a  species  of  Perca.  Toolte. 
SO'JJA  RY,  71.         sudarium,  from  sudo,  to  sweat.] 
A  napkin  or  liandkerchief.    f  JVot  in  use] 

Wielif. 

SU-DA'TION,  71.    [L.  sudalio.] 
A  sweating. 

S0'I).\-TO  RV,  71.  [L.  sxuialorium,  from  sik/o,  to 
sweat.] 

A  hot-house;  a  sweating-bath.  Herbert. 
Pfi'l)A-TO-RY,  «.  Sweating. 

.SUD'DION,  a.  [Sax.  soden  ;  Fr.  soudain  ;  Norm.  othJ- 
dain  ;  h.  subitancits.] 

I.  Happening  vvilhout  previous  notice  ;  coming  un- 
expectedly, or  without  the  common  preiiaratives. 

And  tuitdfn  tear  troiihleth  thee.  —  Job  xxii. 
Kor  when  they  itliidl  it  iv,  F<!iic«  and  •aloty,  then  sutUIen  dcNlruc- 
tlon  conieth  upon  tiu-ln.  —  l  Thcu.  v. 


SUF 

2.  Hasty;  violent;  rash;  precipitate;  passionate. 
[JVof  iit  use.]  Shak. 
SUD'DEN,  71.    An  unexpected  occurrence ;  surprise. 
[Ao(  in  use.] 

On  a  sudden  ;  sooner  than  was  expected  ;  without 
the  usual  preparatives. 

ilow  art  thou  lost,  how  on  a  sudden  lost  I  Milton. 
[Of  a  sudden,  is  not  usual,  and  is  less  elegant.] 
SUD'DEN-LY,  atZii.   In  an  unexpected  manner;  un- 
expectedly ;  hastily  ;  without  preparation. 

Therefore  liis  calamity  shall  come  suddenly.  —  Prov,  vi. 
2.  Without  premeditation. 
SUD'DE.N'-NESS,  7i.    State  of  being  sudden  ;  a  com- 
ing or  happening  without  previous  notice.   The  sud- 
denness of  the  event  precluded  preparation. 
SU-DOR-IF'ie,  a.    [Fr.  sudorifique;  L.  sudor,  sweat, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

Causing  sweat ;  as,  sudorific  herbs.  Bacon. 
SU-DOR-IF'ie,  7i.   A  medicine  that  produces  sweat. 

Coxe. 

Su'DOR-OUS,  a.    [L.  sudor,  sweat] 

Consisting  of  sweat.  Brounu 
Su'DRA,  71.     [Often  spelt  Soodbah.]     The  lowest 

of  the  four  great  castes  among  the  Hindoos. 
SUDS,  n.  sing.    [Qu.  W.  suz,  moisture,  or  its  connec- 
tion, seethe,  sodden.] 

Water  impregnated  with  soap. 
To  be  in  the  suds ;  to  be  in  turmoil  or  difBcuIty ;  a 
familiar  phrase. 
SuE,  (su,)  1'.  (.    [Fr.  suivre,  to  follow,  L.  sequor.  See 
Seek  and  Essay.] 

1.  To  seek  justice  or  right  from  one  by  legal  pro- 
cess ;  to  institute  process  in  law  against  one  ;  to  pros- 
ecute in  a  civil  action  for  the  recovery  of  a  real  or 
supposed  right ;  as,  to  sue  one  for  debt ;  to  sue  one 
for  damages  in  trespass.    Mutt.  v. 

2.  To  gain  by  legal  process. 

3.  To  clean  the  beak,  as  a  hawk ;  a  term  of  fal- 
conry. 

To  sue  out ;  to  petition  for  and  take  out ;  or  to  ap- 
ply for  and  obtain  ;  as,  to  sue  out  a  writ  in  chancery  ; 
to  sue  out  a  pardon  for  a  criminal. 
Sue,  v.  i.    To  prosecute  ;  to  make  legal  claim  ;  to  seek 
for  in  law  ;  as,  to  sue  for  damages. 

2.  To  seek  by  request ;  to  apply  for ;  to  petition  ; 
to  entreat. 

By  adverse  destiny  constrained  to  sue 

For  counsel  and  redress,  he  sues  to  you.  Pope. 

3.  To  make  interest  for ;  to  demand. 

Cesar  came  to  Rome  to  sue  for  the  double  honor  of  a  triumph 

and  die  consulship.  Middleton. 

SO'ED,  (sude,)  pp.    Prosecuted  ;  sought  in  law. 
Su'ET,  71.    [VV.  swijv  and  swtjved,  a  surface,  coating, 

suet,  yest,  &-C.] 
The  fat  of  an  animal,  particularly  the  harder  and 

less  fusible  about  the  kidneys  and  loins. 

Wiseman. 

Su'ET-Y,  a.  Consisting  of  suet,  or  resembling  it ;  as, 
a  stiely  substance.  Sharp. 

SUF'FER,  V.  t.  [L.  suffcro  ;  sub,  under,  and  fcro,  to 
bear;  as  we  say,  to  undergo;  Fr.  souffrir;  It.  so^'c- 
rire;  Sp.  sufrir.    See  Bear.] 

1.  To  feel  or  bear  what  is  painful,  disagreeable, 
or  distressing,  either  to  the  body  or  mind  ;  to  un- 
dergo. We  suffer  pain  of  body  ;  we  suffer  grief  of 
mind.  The  criminal  suffers  punishment ;  the  sinner 
suffers  the  pangs  of  conscience  in  this  life,  and  is 
condemned  to  suffer  the  wrath  of  an  offended  God. 
We  often  suffer  wrong  ;  we  suffer  abuse ;  we  suffer 
injustice. 

2.  To  endure  ;  to  support ;  to  sustain  ;  not  to  sink 
under. 

Our  spirit  and  strength  entire. 
Strongly  to  suJJ^er  and  support  our  pains.  Milton. 

3.  To  allow  ;  to  permit ;  not  to  forbid  or  hinder. 
Will  you  suffer  yourself  to  be  insulted  .' 

I  siiJTer  them  to  enter  and  possess.  Milton. 
Thou  Shalt  in  any  wise  rebuke  lliy  neighbor,  and  not  sujfer  sin 
upon  hint.  —  Lev.  xix. 

4.  To  undergo ;  to  be  affected  by.  Substances 
suffer  an  entire  change  by  the  action  of  fire,  or  by 
entering  into  new  combinations. 

5.  To  sustain ;  to  be  affected  by  ;  as,  to  suffer  loss 
or  damage. 

SUF'FER,  ».  I.  To  feel  or  undergo  pain  of  body  or 
mind  ;  to  bear  what  is  inconvenient.  We  suffer  with 
pain,  sickness,  or  sorrow  ;  we  siijfrr  with  anxiety  ; 
we  suffer  by  evils  past,  and  by  anticipating  others  to 
come  ;  we  suffer  from  fear  and  ftom  disapjiointcd 
liopes. 

2.  To  undergo,  as  punishment. 

The  lather  wa«  first  condemned  to  suffer  on  a  day  appointed,  and 
the  son  alterward,  the  day  following.  Claretulon. 

3.  To  bo  injured  ;  to  sustain  loss  or  damage.  A 
building  suffers  for  want  of  seasonable  repairs.  It 
is  just  that  we  should  suffer  for  neglect  of  duty. 

Public  busiiieiia  suffers  by  private  Inftrmiliei.  Temple. 

SUF'FER-A-BLE,  a.   That  may  bo  tolerated  or  per- 
mitted ;  allowable. 
2.  That  may  be  endurt^d  or  borne.  ffotton. 
SUF'FER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Tolerablenoss.  ScoU. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT  MftTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1104 


SUF 

SUF'FER-A  BLY,  adv.   Tolerably  j  so  as  to  bo  en- 
dured. Mdiim. 
SU1''KER-AN0E,  n.    Tlic  bearing  of  pain;  endur- 
ance ;  pain  endured  ;  misery. 

He  nuiit  not  only  lile, 
Bill  thy  ui)l(iii(ln''u  hIuiII  (Ik-  il«atll  draw  out 
'VoUugKt'xwg  tujj'tiance.  Shale. 

2.  Patience  ;  moderation  ;  a  bearing  with  patience. 
Bill  haely  lioal  tempering  with  tufftraiic*  wige.  Sptmtr. 

3.  Toleration  ;  perinis-sion  ;  allowance  ;  negative 
consent  by  not  forbidding  or  liindering. 

In  proccsi  of  time,  sometimes  by  auj'erance,  sometimes  by  special 
leuve  unj  I'avor,  they  erected  to  Uieinseli 


In  their  Irginniny,  they  are  we«k  n 
But  soon  tliruu^li  duferatict  grow  i 


Hooker. 


I  fearful  end. 


Speneer. 

jJn  estate  at  sufferance,  in  law,  is  where  a  person 
comes  into  possession  of  land  by  lawful  tillt?,  but 
keeps  it  after  the  title  ceases,  without  positive  leave 
of  the  owner.  '  Black.'ilonr. 
SL'F'KER-£D,  pp.  Borne;  undergone;  permitted; 
allowetl. 

SUi'"FEl£-ER,  n.  One  who  endures  or  undergoes 
pain,  eitlier  of  body  or  mind  ;  one  who  sustains  in- 
convenience or  loss  ;  as,  sufferers  by  poverty  or  .sick- 
ness ;  men  are  sufferers  by  fire  or  losses  at  sea  ;  (bey 
are  sufferers  by  the  ravages  of  an  enemy  ;  still  more 
are  tliey  sufferers  by  their  own  vices  ami  follies. 
U.  One  that  permits  or  allows. 

SUF'FER-ING,  p^r.  or  a.  Bearing  ;  undergoing  pain, 
inconvenience,  or  damage  ;  permitting  ;  allowing. 

SUF'FER-ING,  n.  The  bearing  of  pain,  inconven- 
ience, or  loss;  pain  endured  ;  distre.ss,  loss,  or  injury 
incurred  ;  as,  sufferintrs  by  pain  or  sorrow  ;  sufferings 
by  want  or  by  wrongs. 

SUF'FER-ING-I-Y,  arfr.    With  suffering  or  pain. 

SUF-FICE',  (suf-fize',)  v.  i.  [Fr.  suffirc  ;  L.  sufficio; 
sub  and  fucio.] 

To  be  enough  or  sufficient ;  to  be  equal  to  the  end 
prt>posed. 

To  recount  nlmi*hty  works, 
What  wonls  or  tongue  of  S(.-ra[ih  can  tujice  ?  Milton. 

SUF-FICE',  (suf-f  Ize',)  v.  t.  To  satisfy  ;  to  content ; 
to  be  eqmil  to  the  wants  or  demands  of. 

Let  it  tufice  tltec ;  speak  no  more  to  me  of  this  matter. — 
Dent.  iii. 

T.ord,  slinw  us  the  Fatlier,  and  it  aufficeth  us.  —  John  xiv. 
Kiith  ii. 


2.  To  afford  ;  to  supply. 
The  power  appeased,  with  wind  gujieed  the  sail. 
(.Vol  in  use.) 


Dryden. 


SUF-FIC'i-'D,  (suf-f  izd',)  pp.  Satisfied  ;  adequately 
supplied. 

S(IF-FI"CrEN-CY,  (  fish'en-.se,)  ti.  The  state  of  be- 
ing adequate  to  the  end  proposed. 

His  su^ieienry  is  such,  that  he  bestows  SldU  possesses,  his  plenty 
being  nnexliausted.  B*ryU. 

2.  Qualification  for  any  purpose. 

I  am  not  so  confident  of  my  own  su^Sciency  as  not  willingly  to 
admit  the  counsel  of  others.  A',  Ciiariet. 

3.  Competence;  adequate  substance  or  means. 

An  elegant  aujiciency,  content.  7?iOfn*on. 

4.  Supply  equal  to  wants ;  ample  stock  or  fund. 

li'alU. 

5.  Ability  ;  adequate  power. 

Our  sii^icienfy  is  frtim  God.  —2  Cor.  iii. 

6.  Conceit ;  self-confidence.     [See  Self-Suffi- 

CIENCV.l 

SUF-FI"C1ENT,  (  fish'ent,)  a.    [U  suffeiens.] 

1.  Enough  ;  equal  to  the  end  proposed  ;  adequate 
to  wants  ;  competent ;  as,  provision  sufficient  for  the 
family  ;  water  sufficient  for  the  voyage  ;  an  army  suf- 
ficient  to  defend  the  country. 

My  giuee  is  eujlcient  [or  thee.  —  2  Cor.  xii. 

3.  Qualified;  cimipetent;  imssessing  adequate  tal- 
ents or  acconiplishmenis  ;  as,  a  man  sufficient  for  an 
otiice.  Shak. 
3.  Fit ;  able  ;  of  competent  power  or  ability. 
Who  is  fu^cwnt  for  these  things  ?  —  2  Cor.  ii. 

SUF-FI"CIENT-LY,  (-fish'ent-ly,)  adn.  To  a  suf- 
ficient degree  ;  enough  ;  to  a  degree  that  answers  the 
purpose,  or  gives  content ;  as,  we  are  sufficimtliisup- 
plied  with  food  and  clothing  ;  a  man  sufficiently  qual- 
ified  for  Ihe  discharge  of  his  official  duties. 

SUF-FrC'lNG,(^siif-fl7,'ing,)  ppr.  Supplying  what  is 
needed  ;  sntislying. 

SUF-FI'S.\i\CE,  n.  [Fr.]  Sufficiency  ;  plenty.  [A'ot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

SUF'FIX,  n.  [L.  suffixus;  si{ffi^o ;  sub  anil  Jtjfo,  to 
fix.] 

A  letter  or  syllable  added  or  annexed  to  the  end  of 
a  word.  Parkhnrst.    jM.  Stuart. 

SUF-FIX',  V. «.  To  add  or  annex  a  letter  or  syllable 
to  a  word. 

SI'F-FIX'£D,  (-fixt',)  pp.  Added  to  the  end  of  a  word. 
SIIF-FIX'ING,  ppr.    Adding  to  the  end  of  a  word. 
SUF-FLAM'I-NaTE,  r.  (.    [I,,  sufflamrn,  a  slop.] 

1.  To  retard  the  motion  of  a  carriage  hy  prevent- 
ing one  or  more  of  its  wheels  from  revolving,  either 
by  a  chain  or  otherwise. 

2.  To  atop ;  to  impede.    [Aot  in  use.']  Barrow. 


SUG 

SUF-FL^TE',  V.  t.    [L.  sufflo  ;  sub  and  flo,  to  blow.] 
To  blow  up  ;  to  inlltite.    [Little  used.]  Bailey. 

SUF-Fl..;i'TIOlV,  71.    [L.  siifflatw.] 

The  act  of  blowing  up  or  inflating.  Coles. 

St'F'FO-€ATE,  v.  I.  [Fr.  siiffuquer;  It.  suM'ut.'are ; 
Sj).  sufucar ;  L.  suffoco  ;  sub  and  focus,  or  its  rt)Ol.] 

1.  To  choke  or  kill  by  stopping  respiration.  Res- 
piration may  be  stopped  by  the  interceptitm  of  air,  as 
in  hanging  and  strangling,  or  by  the  introduction  of 
smoke,  dust,  or  mephitic  air  into  the  lungs.  Men 
may  be  suffocated  by  the  baiter ;  or  men  may  be  .tuf- 
focttted  in  smoke  or  in  carbonic  acid  gas,  as  in  mines 
and  wells. 

And  let  not  hemp  liis  windpipe  tufocate.  SliaJe. 

2.  To  stifle  ;  to  destroy  ;  to  extinguish  ;  as,  to  su^o- 
cate  fire  or  live  coals. 

A  swelling  discunlent  is  apt  to  euffocate  and  strangle  without 
pass;ige.  Collier. 

SUF'FO-CATE,  a.    Suffocated.  Shak. 

SUF'FO-CA-TEI),  pp.    Choked;  stifled. 

SUF'FO-CS-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Choking  ;  stifling. 

SUF'FO-Ca-TING-LY,  adw.  So  as  to  sutlbcate  ;  as, 
suffocatinirly  ht»t. 

SCF-FO-eA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  choking  or  sti- 
fling; a  stopping  of  respiration,  either  by  intercept- 
ing the  passage  of  air  to  and  from  the  lungs,  or  by 
inhaling  smoke,  dust,  or  air  that  is  not  respirable. 

2.  The  act  of  stifling,  destroying,  or  extinguish- 
inz. 

SUF'FO-eA-TIVE,  n.  Tending  or  able  to  choke  or 
stifle  ;  as,  suffocative  catarrhs.  Jirhuthnot. 

SUF-FOS'SION,  (suf-fosh'un,)  n.  [L.  svffossio  ;  sub 
and  fodio,  to  dig.] 

A  tliggiiig  under;  an  undermining.     Bp.  Ilall. 

SUF'FR.A-G.\N,  a.  [Fr.  suffrafrnnt;  It.  suffrairuneo ; 
Jj.  suffragans,  assisting  ;  suff'ragor,  to  vote  for,  to  fa- 
vor.] 

Assisting ;  as,  a  suffrarran  bishop. 

SUF'FRA-GAN,  n.  A  bisliop  considered  as  an  assist- 
ant to  his  metropolitan  ;  or,  rather,  an  assistant  bish- 
op. By  26  Henry  VIII.  suffragans  are  to  be  denom- 
in.'ited  from  so:iie  principal  place  in  the  diocese  of 
the  prelate  whom  they  are  to  assist.  .  Bp.  Barlow. 

SUF'FRA-GANT,  n.  An  assistant;  a  favorer;  one 
who  concurs  with.    [06s.]  Taylor. 

SUF'FRA-GaTE,  v.  t.    [L.  suffragor.] 

To  vote  with.    [JVot  in  use.]  JIale. 

SUF'FRA-GA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  assists  or  fa- 
vors by  his  vote.  Bp.  of  Chester. 

SUF'FRAGE,  n.  [L.  suffranum;  Fr.  suffrage;  Sax. 
frwgnan,  to  ask,  ii.  fraircn.] 

1.  A  vote;  a  voice  given  in  decitling  a  controvert- 
ed question,  or  in  the  choice  of  a  man  for  an  otiice  or 
trust.  Nothing  can  he  more  grateful  to  a  good  man, 
than  to  be  elevated  to  t)ffice  by  the  unbiased  suf- 
frames  of  free,  enlightened  citizens. 

Laclantius  and  St.  Aiulin  confirm  by  Uleir  ruffraget  the  obser- 
vation made  by  heathen  writers.  Atterbury. 

2.  United  voice  of  persons  in  public  prayer. 

3.  Aid  ;  assistance  ;  a  fMtinisin.    [.Yot  in  use."] 
SUF-FRAG'IN-0U;5,  a.    [L.  suffrage,  the  pastern  or 

hough.] 

Pert.tining  to  the  knee-joint  of  a  be.ast.  Brown. 
SUF-FRU-TES'CE.NT,  a.    Moderately  frutescent. 
SUF-FRO'Tl-COSE,  a.     [L.  sub  and  frutieosas ;  fru- 
tei,  a  shrub.] 

In  botany,  under-shrubby,  or  part  shrubby  ;  perma- 
nent or  woody  at  the  base,  but  the  yearly  branches 
decaying ;  as  sage,  thyme,  hyssop,  &c. 

Jifurtyiu  Cyc, 
SUF-FO'MI-G.^TE,  v.  t.    PL.  suffumigo.] 

To  apply  fumes  or  smoke  to  the  parts  of  the  body, 
as  in  medicine. 
SUF-FO'.MI-G.^-TL\G,  ppr.    Applying  fumes  to  the 

parts  of  the  bodv. 
SUF-FU-MI-GA'tlON,  n.    Fumigation;  the  opera- 
tion of  smoking  any  thing,  or  rather  of  applying 
fumes  to  the  parts  of  Ihe  botly. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  all  medicines  that  are  re- 
ceived in  the  form  of  fumes.  Cue. 
SUF-F0'MI6E,  n.    .\  medical  fume.  Harvey. 
SUF-FOSE',  (suf-fuze',)  v.  U     [L.  saffu.ius,  suffando  ; 
sub  and  fundu,  to  |>our.] 

To  overspread,  as  with  a  fluid  or  tincture;  as, 
eyes  suffused  with  tears ;  cheeks  suffused  with 
blushes. 

When  purple  light  shall  next  tuffuie  the  skies.  Pope. 

SUF-FCS'KD,  (siif-fiizd',)  pp.    Overspread,  as  with  a 

fliiiil  or  with  color. 
SUF-FOS'ING,  ppr.    Overspreading,  as  with  a  fluid 

or  tinclure. 

SUF-FO'SION,  (-zhun,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  I.,  suffnsio.) 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  overspreading,  as  with 
a  fluid  or  with  a  color. 

2.  The  state  of  being  suffused  or  spread  over. 

To  those  that  hare  the  Jaundice  or  like  tuj^usion  oi  eyes,  tibjects 
appear  of  tiut  color.  Hay. 

3.  Tliat  which  is  suffused  or  spread  over. 
SUG,  n.    ri,.  sugo,  to  suck.] 

A  kind  of  worm.  Walton. 
SIJG'AR,  (shug'ar,)  n.    [Fr,  sncre;  Arm.  sucr :  Sp. 
azucar ;   H.  lucchero ;  G.  lucker  ;   D.  suiker :  Dan. 


SUG 

sokker,  sukker ;  S  w.  soeker ;  VV.  tugyr ;  Ir.  natra  t 

L.  saccluirum;  Gr.  aaKXapov ;  Pers.  Ar.^  *— i  ^ 

sukkar ;  Sans.  scJiarkara ;  Slavonic,  takar.  It  la  also 
in  the  Syr.  and  Eth.] 

1.  A  well-known  substance  manufactured  chiefly 
from  the  sugar-cane,  Saccharum  oflicinarum  ;  but  in 
the  United  States,  great  quantities  of  Ibis  article  are 
made  from  the  sugar  maple  ;  and  in  France,  from 
the  beet.  The  saccharine  liquor  is  concentrated  by 
boiling,  which  expels  the  water;  lime  is  added  to 
neutralize  the  acid  that  is  usually  present ;  the  gross- 
er impurities  rise  to  the  surface,  and  are  separated  in 
the  form  of  scum  ;  and  finally,  as  the  li<|uor  cools, 
the  sugar  separates  friuii  the  mola.sses  in  grains.  The 
sirup  or  mola.sses  is  drained  off,  leaving  Hie  sugar  in 
the  state  known  in  commerce  by  ihe  name  of  raw  or 
muscovado  sugar.  This  was  formerly  purified  by 
means  of  clay,  or  more  extensively  by  bullocks' 
blood,  which,  forming  a  cuagulum,  enveloped  the 
impurities.  This  process  is  now  more  iisu:tjly  per- 
formef]  by  means  of  animal  charcoal  or  bone  bl.-ick, 
anil  by  steam.  Thus  clarified,  it  takes  the  names  of 
lump,  Utnf,  refined,  &e.,  according  t(»  the  diflereiit  de- 
grees of  purification.  Sugar  is  a  proximate  eleiiieiil 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and  is  found  in  most  ripe 
fruits,  and  many  farinaceous  roots.  By  ftrmenta- 
tion,  sugar  is  converted  inio  alcoliol,  and  hence  lorms 
the  b.asis  of  those  substanc<«  which  are  used  for 
making  intoxicaling  liquors,  as  molasses,  grapes,  ap- 
ples, malt,  &c. 

The  ultimate  elements  of  sugar  are  oxygen,  carbon, 
ami  hydrogen.  Of  all  vegetable  priiiciplt;s,  it  is 
considered  by  Dr.  Rush  as  the  most  wholesome  and 
nutritious.  P.  Cyc.  Stlttman. 

2.  An  old  chemical  term ;  as,  the  sugar  of  lead, 
(acetate  of  lead,)  so  called  because  it  has  a  close  re- 
sciiiblance  to  sugar  in  appearance,  and  tastes  sweet. 

Tally. 

Sl,'G'.AR,  (shug'ar,)  r.  t.     To  impregnate,  season, 
cover,  sprinkle,  or  mix  with  sugar.  Crasttaw. 
2.  To  sweeten. 

But  (lattery  Btill  in  tugared  wonls  betrays.  Denham. 

SyG'AR-BAIv'ER,  ii.    One  who  makes  loaf-sugar. 

Johnsttn^s  Idler. 

SlJG'.AR-e.AN'DY,  n.  [sugar  and  caiii;;;.]  Sugar 
clarified  and  concreted  or  cry.stallized. 

SIJG'AR-CANE,  h.  [sugar  and  cane.]  The  cane  or 
plant  from  whose  juice  sugar  is  obtained ;  Saccha- 
rum oflicinarum. 

SUG'AR-KI),  (sliiig'ard,)  pp.  or  a.  Sweetened. 

SjjG'AR-IIOUSE,  H.  A  building  in  which  sugar  is 
refined. 

SyO'AR-KET'TLE,  n.  A  kettle  used  in  boiling 
down  the  sup  or  juice  from  which  sugar  is  made. 

SJJG'AR-I.ESS,  a.    Free  from  sugar. 

SljG'AR-I.n.M-',  n.    A  conical  mass  of  refined  sugar. 

s[,'G'AR-MA'I'IjE,  I  II.    A  species  of  maple,  the  Acer 

SJjG'AR-TREE,  (  sacchariiium,  from  whose  sap 
sugar  is  niailc  by  boiling. 

SIJG'AR-MILL,  n.  A  machine  for  pressing  out  the 
juice  of  the  sugar-cane. 

SjjG'AR-MITE,  71.    [.iiigar  and  mite.] 

The  Le))isuia  saccharina  is  an  apterous  or  wing- 
less instict,  covered  wiih  silvery  scales.     Kd.  Encyc, 

SyG'AR-PLUM,  ji.  [.vi/ifur  and  p/u7n.]  A  species  of 
sweetmeat  in  small  balls. 

Syo'AR-V,  (shug'ar-e,)  a.  Tinctured  or  sweetened 
with  sugar  ;  sweet ;  tasting  like  sugar. 

2.  FiMid  of  sugar,  or  of  sweet  things.  Todd. 

3.  Containing  sugar.  jJ.vA. 

4.  Like  sugar.  Ash. 
SU-GES'CENT,  a.    [L.  sugcns,  sucking.] 

Relating  to  sucking.  Palry. 
SUG-<jEST',  (sug-jest',)  v.  t.  [L.  suggero,  suggestas  ; 
sub  anti  gcro:  ll.  suggcrire ;  Fr.  .^uggerer.] 

1.  To  hint ;  to  iiitiiiiate  or  mentiiui  in  the  first  in- 
stance ;  as,  to  suggest  a  new  mode  of  cultivation  ;  to 
suggest  a  different  scheme  or  measure  ;  to  suggest  a 
new  idea. 

2.  To  offer  to  the  mind  or  thoughts. 

Some  ideas  are  tuagested  to  the  mind  by  all  the  ways  of  sensa- 
tion ajid  retlcctiun.  Locke. 

3.  To  seduce  ;  to  draw  to  ill  by  insinuation. 
Knowing  that  tender  youth  u  soon  euggeeud.  Shak. 

[.Vol  in  u*e.l 

4.  To  inform  secretly. 

We  must  euggenl  llie  people.     [.Vol  in  use.]  Shak, 

SUR-GEST'ED,  pp.    Hinted  ;  intimated. 

SIIG-GEST'ER,  71.    One  that  suggests. 

SUG-GEST'I.Vt;,  ppr.    Hinting;  intimating. 

SUG-GES'TIO.\,  (sug-Jest'yun,)  n.  [Fr. ;  from  sug- 
gest.] A  hint ;  a  first  intimation,  proposal,  or  men- 
tion. The  measure  was  adopted  at  the  saggej^tton 
of  an  eminent  philosopher. 

2.  Presentation  of  an  idea  to  the  mind  ;  as,  the 
suggestions  of  fancy  or  imagination  ;  the  suggestions 
of  conscience. 

3.  Insinuation  ;  secret  notification  or  incitement. 

'  Shak. 

4.  In  law,  information  without  oath. 


TONE,  B[;LL,  qXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US  e  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


oooo 


intimation. 


Parker. 


SUI 

SIJG-GEST'IVE,  o.    Containing  a  hint  or 
SUG'OIL,  ».  £.    [L.  .■mfrgitlo.] 

To  defame.    [JV«(  in  use.] 
SUG'GIL-aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  smsirlth.] 

To  beat  livid  or  black  and  blue.    [JVot  in  tise.] 

Wusevian. 

SLTG-CIL-A'TION,  n.     A  livid  or  black  and  blue 

mark  ;  a  blow  j  a  bruise.    [JVot  in  use.] 
SC-I-CI'DAL,  a.    Partaking  of  the  crime  of  suicide. 
SO-I-CI'DAL-LY,  aJc.    In  a  suicidal  manner. 
SO'i-CIDE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  suiciUium  ;  se  and  aedo, 

to  slay.] 

1.  Self-murder ;  the  act  of  designedly  destroying 
one's  own  life.  To  constitute  suicide,  the  person 
must  be  of  years  of  discretion  and  al°  sound  mind. 

Blackstone. 

2.  One  guilty  of  self-murder  ;  a  felo  de  se. 
Su'l-CI-DISM,  II.    State  of  self-murdering. 
SC'l-CIS.M,  fcir  SuicroE,  is  not  in  use. 

SU  J  <}EJ\riER-IS,  [L.]    Of  its  own  or  peculiar  kind  ; 
singular. 

SU'IL-LAGE,  (sQ'il-laje,)  n.    [Fr.  souillage.] 

Orain  of  filth.    [0A<.]  mtton. 
Su'ING,  ppr.  of  Sue.  Prosecuting. 
SO'ING,  n.    [Fr.  suer,  to  sweat,  L.  sudo.] 

The  process  of  soaking  through  any  thing.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Bacon. 
Suit,  (sute,)  n.    [Norm,  .tuil  or  suyt ;  Fr.  suite,  from 
siiivre,  to  follow,  from  1..  sequor.    (See  Seek.)  In 
Law  Latin,  secta  is  from  the  same  source.] 

Literally,  a  following ;  and  so  used  in  the  old  Eng- 
lish statutes. 

1.  Consecution  ;  succession  ;  series ;  regular  order  ; 
as,  the  same  kind  and  suit  of  weather.  [JVot  now  so 
applied.]  Bacon. 

2.  A  set ;  a  number  of  things  used  together,  and 
in  a  degree  necessary  to  be  united,  in  order  to  an- 
swer the  purpose;  as,  a  suit  of  curtains;  a  suit  of 
armor ;  sometimes  vvitli  less  dependence  of  the  par- 
ticular parts  on  each  other,  hut  still  united  in  use; 
as,  a  suit  of  clothes  ;  a  suit  of  apartments. 

3.  A  set  of  the  same  kind  or  stamp  ;  as,  a  suit  of 
cards. 

4  Retinue;  a  company  or  number  of  attendants 
or  followers  ;  attendance  ;  train  ;  as,  a  nobleman  and 
his  suit.  [This  is  sometimes  pronounced  .as  a  French 
word,  .sicfff ;  but  in  all  its  senses,  this  is  the  same 
word,  and  the  afTectatron  of  making  it  French  in  one 
use  and  English  in  another,  is  improper,  not  to  say 
-  ridiculous.  The  French  orthography  Suite  is  re- 
jected very  properly  by  Jameson.] 

5.  A  petition  ;  a  seeking  for  something  by  petition 
or  application. 

M.tny  shull  mn]ie  suit  lo  ihec.  —  Job  xi. 

6.  Solicitation  of  a  woman  in  marriage  ;  courtship. 

Sluilc. 

7.  In  laic,  an  action  or  process  for  the  recovery  of 
a  right  or  claim  ;  legal  application  to  a  court  for 
justice  ;  prosecution  of  right  before  any  tribunal ;  as, 
a  civil  suit ;  a  criminal  snit ;  a  suit  in  chancery. 

In  EiieLiml,  ttift  sever.il  euile,  or  rem»Hii:il  instruments  of  justice, 
are  dUiiiigtiislietl  iiitu  Uiree  liitids,  tictiQus  pers'>nnl,  r^ut,  nnd 
mixed.  Btaclcelone 

8.  Pursuit ;  prosecution  ;  chase.    Spenser.  Cijc, 
Suit  and  serinee  ;  in  fcuiUtl  /aw,  the  duty  of  feuda- 
tories to  attend  the  courts  of  their  lords  or  superiors 
in  time  tif  peace,  and  in  war  to  follow  them  and  per- 
form military  service.  Black.itone. 

To  bring  suit ;  a  phrase  in  law,  denoting  literally 
to  bring  secta,  followers  or  witnesses  to  prove  the 
plaintitf's  demand.  The  phrase  is  antiquated,  or 
rather  it  has  changed  its  signification  ;  for  to  bring  a 
suit,  now,  is  to  institute  an  action. 

Out  of  suits;  having  no  correspondence.  Shak. 

Suil-coi>cnant,  in  law,  is  a  covenant  to  sue  at  a  cer- 
tain court.  Bailey. 

Suit-court ;  in  lau>,  the  court  in  which  tenants  owe 
attendance  to  thiMr  lord.  Bailey. 
SOIT,  V.  I.    To  fit ;  to  adapt ;  to  make  proper.  Suit 
the  .action  to  the  word.    Suit  the  gestures  lo  the  pas- 
sion to  be  expressed.    Suii  the  style  lo  the  subject. 

2.  To  become  ;  to  be  fitted  to. 

Ill  tuiu  hi*  cloth  the  prniite  of  niiliiij  well.  Vryfien. 

-  h'T  riolCB  to  thiit  suhlime  deffr-'C 
Which  Muiu  II  Bong  of  piety  and  tliee.  Prior. 

3.  To  dress  ;  to  clothe. 

Siidi  n  Sr-btiatiiin  wa»  my  brother  too  ; 

So  went  he  tuiud  to  Ilia  wutery  tomb.  Stiak. 

4.  To  please ;  lo  make  content.  He  is  well  suited 
with  hi^  place. 

son*,  V.  i.    To  agree  ;  to  accord  ;  as,  to  suit  with ;  to 
9uit  to.    Pity  suits  with  a  noble  nature.  Dryden. 
Give  me  not  (\n  ofiicfl 
That  »uiu  <eWi  me      ill.  >1*K«on. 
The  pliice  itj/'lf  wiu  tuitinff  to  hU  care.  Dryden. 

ri'he  UHC  of  with  after  suit  is  now  most  frequent.] 
SOIT'A-HIJ;,  (nat'a-bl,)  a.    Fitting  ;  acconluig  with  ; 
agreeable  to  ;  propter  ;  becoming  ;  as,  ornaments  jriiif- 
able  to  one'H  character  and  Htation ;  language  suitable 
to  the  Hiibject. 

3.  Adeqiintn.    Wo  can  not  make  suitable  returns 
for  divine  mercies. 
BOIT'A-BLE-NESH,  n.    Fitness;  propriety;  ngreea- 


SUL 

bleness  ;  a  state  of  being  adapted  or  accommodated. 
Consider  the  laws,  and  their  suitableness  to  our  moral 
state. 

SulT'.A-BLY,  adv.    Fitly  ;  agreeably  ;  with  propriety. 

Let  words  be  suitably  applieil. 
SmTE,(sweet,)>i.  [Fr.]  Retinue.  [See Suit, n. No. 4.] 
SulT'EL),  pp.    Fitted  ;  adapted  ;  pleased. 
SCIT'ING,  ppr.   Fitting;  according  with  ;  becoming; 

pleasing. 

SuIT'OR,  71.    One  that  sues  or  prosecutes  a  demand 
of  right  in  law  ;  as  a  plaintiff,  petitioner,  or  appellant. 

2.  One  who  attends  a  court,  whether  plaintiff,  de- 
fendant, petitioner,  appellant,  witness,  juror,  and  the 
like.  'J'hese,  in  legal  phraseology,  are  all  included 
in  the  word  suitors. 

3.  A  petititmer ;  an  applicant. 

She  butli  been  a  suitor  to  ine  for  lier  brother.  ShoJt. 

4.  One  who  solicits  a  woman  in  marriage ;  a  woo- 
er ;  a  lover. 

SOIT'RESS,  n.    A  female  supplicant.  Rowe. 
IuL'Sa-'tED,  I  «■         sulcus,  a  furrow.] 

In  natural  history,  furrowed  ;  grooved  ;  scored  with 
deep,  broad  channels  longitudinally ;  as,  a  sulcated 
stem.  jyfartyn. 
SULK,  V.  i.    [Sax.  solcen.]    To  be  silently  sullen  ;  to 

be  morose  or  obstinate.  [Ods.] 
SULK'I-LY,  (ido.    Sullenly  ;  morosely.    Iron  Chest. 
SULK'I-NESS,  n.    [from  sulky.]    Sullenness;  sour- 
ness ;  moroseness. 
SULKS,  n.  pi.    To  be  in  the  sulks,  is  to  be  sulky  or  dis- 
contented and  sullen. 
SULK'Y,  a.    [Sax.  .■solcen,  sluggish.] 

Sullen  ;  sour ;  heavy  ;  obstinate  ;  morose. 
While  these  animals  remain  in  tiieir  indosures,  they  are  suJJnj. 

As.  Ites. 

SULK'Y,  7!.  A  two-wheeled  carriage  for  a  single  person. 
SULL,  71.  [Sax.  siiiA.]  A  plow.  [Obs.]  Min.tmorth. 
SUL'LAGE,  71.    [See  SuLLiAGE.]    A  dram  of  filth,  or 

filth  collected  from  the  street  or  highway.  Cijc. 
SUL'LEN,  a.   [Perhaps,  set,  fixed,  and  allied  lo  silent, 

still,  &c.] 

1.  Gloomily  angry  and  silent;  cross  ;  sour;  affect- 
ed with  ill  humor. 

And  sullen  1  forsook  th*  imperfect  feajt.  Prior. 

2.  Mischievous ;  malign.anl. 

Such  sullen  planets  at  iny  birth  did  shine.  Dryden, 

3.  Obstinate ;  intractable. 

Thin  js  are  as  sullen  as  we  are.  TUlotson, 

4.  Gloomy  ;  dark  ;  dism.al. 
Why  are  thine  eyes  fixed  to  the  sullen  earth  f 


Nijlit  with  her  sullen  \ 
No  cheerfuj  breeze  ibis  sullen  i 


S.'hak. 
MiUon. 
knows.  Pope. 

5.  Heavy  ;  dull ;  sorrowful. 

Be  thon  ihe  trumpet  of  our  wrath, 

And  sullen  prestige  of  your  own  decay.  Shak. 

SUL'LEN-LY,  arfc.  Gloomily;  malignantly;  intract- 
ably ;  with  moroseness.  Dryden. 

SUL'LEN-NESS,  71.  Ill  nature  with  silence  ;  silent 
moroseness ;  gloominess ;  malignity  ;  intr.ictableness. 

J\Iilton.  Temple. 

SUL'LENS,  71.  pi.  A  morose  temper;  gloominess. 
[JVot  in  use.]  S/iak. 

SUL'LI-AGE,  71.    [Fr.  souillage.] 
Foulness  ;  filth.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SUL'L[-£D,  (sui'lid,)  pp.    Soiled  ;  tarnished  ;  stained. 

SUL'LY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  souiller ;  from  the  root  of  soil,  G. 
siile.] 

1.  U'o  soil ;  to  dirt ;  to  spot ;  to  tarnish. 

And  8t.atuea  sullied  yet  widi  sacrile^oua  smoke.  Roscommon. 

2.  To  tarnish  ;  to  darken. 

Let  Uiere  be  no  spots  to  sully  tlie  brightness  of  this  solemnity. 

Atlerbury. 

3.  To  stain  ;  to  tarnish  ;  as  the  purity  of  reputa- 
tion ;  as,  virtues  sullied  by  slander;  character  jfuUierf 
by  infamous  vices. 

SUL'LY,  V.  i.    To  be  soiled  or  tarnished. 

Silvering  will  sully  and  c:inker  moie  than  gilding.  Baton. 
SUL'LY,  71.   Soil ;  tarnish ;  spot. 

A  nolile  and  triiirnphnnt  merit  breaks  through  litde  spots  and 
sullies  on  his  reputation.  Specuitor. 

StTL'LY-ING,  ppr.    Soiling;  tarnishing;  staining. 

SUL'PIIATE,  71.  [from  .siil/)/iur.]  A  s.alt  formed  by 
sulphuric  acid  in  combination  with  any  base;  as, 
sulpliute  of  lime.  Lavoisier. 

SUL'PIITTE,  77.  [from  sulphur.'l  A  salt  formed  by  a 
combination  of  sulphurous  aciil  with  a  base. 

Lavoisier. 

SUL-PIIO-C7-AN'ie  ACID,  71.  A  compound  of  sul- 
phur, carbon,  bydrotren,  and  nitrogen. 

SUI.-PIIO  NAPif  rHAL'ie  ACIO,  71.  a  compound 
of  sulphuric  acid  and  naphthaline. 

SUL'PIIO-HALT,  )  n.    A  double  sulphuret,  or  a  salt 

SUL'PIIO-SEL,  i  containing  sulphur  in  both  the 
arid  and  the  base.  Dona. 

fiUL-PIIO-VIN'ie  ACID,  71.  An  acid  formi-d  by  the 
action  of  Hulphiiric  acid  upon  alcohol ;  irnothionic 
ncitl.  Brande. 

SUL'PIIUR,  7u  [L.,  whence  Fr.  soufre;  It.  lolfo;  Sp. 
aiufre ;  Port,  enxnfre  ;  I).  so(fer.] 


SUM 

A  simple  mineral  substance,  of  a  yellow  color, 
brittle,  insoluble  in  water,  but  fusible  by  heal.  It  is 
called  also  Bkimstone,  that  is,  burn-stvuc,  from  its 
great  ronibuslibjiity.  It  burns  with  a  blue  (lame  and 
a  peciilitir  suffocating  odor.  Sulphur  native  or  pris- 
matic is  of  two  kinds,  common  and  volcanic.  It  is 
an  acidifying  and  basifying  princi|ile. 

JVicholson.  Ure. 
SUL'PIIU-RATE,  a.    [L.  sulphuratus.] 

Belonging  to  sulphur;  of  the  color  of  sulphur. 
[Little  used.]  Alore. 
SUL'PHU-RaTE,  v.  U    To  combine  with  sulphur. 
[Obs.] 

SUL'PrtU-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Combined  or  impreg- 
nated with  sulphur;  as,  sulphurated  hydrogen  gas. 
fO^.s.]  Lavoisier. 

SUL'PHU-Ra-TING,  ppr.  Combining  or  impregna- 
ting with  sulphur.  [Obs.] 

SUL-PHU-Ra'TION,  n.  The  subjecting  of  a  thing  to 
the  action  of  sulphur,  especially  wf  sulphurous  gas. 

Ure. 

SUL-PHU'RE-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  sulphur  ;  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  sulphur  or  brimstone ;  impregna- 
ted with  sulphur. 

Her  siKikes  untied,  sulphureous  waters  drink.  Pope. 

SUI.,-PHu'RE-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  sulphureous  man- 
ner. 

SUL-PHO'RE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sul- 
phureous. 

SUL'PIIU-RET,  71.  A  combination  of  sulphur  with  a 
base  ;  as,  a  sulphuret  of  potassium. 

Lavoisier.  Hooper, 

SUL'PIIU-RET-ED,  a.  Applied  lo  bodies  having  sul- 
phur in  combination. 

Sulphurcted  hydrogen  is  a  colorless  gas,  with  the  fet- 
id odor  of  rotten  eggs,  com|iosed  of  one  equivalent 
of  sulphur  and  one  of  hydrogen  ;  also  called  hydro- 
sulphuric  acid. 

SUL-PHO'Rie,  a.  Pertaining  to  sulphur  ;  77iore  strictly, 
designating  an  acitl  formed  by  one  etpiivalent  of  sul- 
phur combined  with  three  equivalents  of  oxygen  ;  as, 
sulphuric  acid,  formerly  called  vitriolic  acid,  iir  oil  of 
vitriol.  Cliemistry. 
Sulphuric  ether;  common  ether.    [See  Ether.]' 

SUL'PHUR-OUS,  a.  Like  sulphur ;  containing  sul- 
phur ;  also,  designating  an  acid  formed  by  one  trquiv- 
alenl  of  sulphur  combined  with  two  equivalents  of 
oxvcen.    This  is  called  stUphurous  acid. 

SUL'PHUR-VVORT,  w.  An  umbelliferous  herb,  hog's 
fennel,  of  the  gentis  Peu(:edaniiin. 

SUL'PHUR-Y,  a.  Partaking  of  sulphur  ;  having  the 
qualities  of  sulphur. 

SUL'TAN,  ji.    [Qu.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Heb.  chv,  to  rule.] 
An  appellation  given  to  the  emperor  of  Ihe  Turks, 
denoting  ruler  or  commander.  The  title  is  sometimes 
given  to  other  Mohammedan  sovereigns. 

SUL-Ta'NA,     ( 71.   The  queen  of  a  sultan  ;  the  em- 

SUL'TAN-ESS,  i     press  of  the  Turks.  Clraveland. 

SUL'TAN-FLOW-ER,  7i.  A  plant ;  a  species  of  Cen- 
laiirea. 

SUL'TAN-R  Y,  n.  An  eastern  empire ;  the  dominions 
of  a  sultan.  Bacon. 

SUL'TAN-SHIP,  71.   The  office  or  slate  of  a  sultan. 

SUL'TRI-NESS,  71.  [from  sultry.]  The  slate  of  be- 
ing sultry  ;  heat  with  a  moist  or  close  air. 

SUL'TRY,  a.  [G.  schwi'il,  sultry  ;  Sax.  saolath,  swole, 
lie.at,  G.  scliwvle.    See  Swelteh.] 

1.  Very  hot,  burning,  and  oppressive;  as,  Libya's 
sultry  deserts.  Addison. 

2.  Very  hot  and  moist,  or  hot,  close,  stagnant,  and 
unelnstic  ;  as  air  or  the  atmosphere.  A  sultry  air  is 
usually  enfeebling  and  oppressive  to  the  human  body. 

Such  us,  born  lieneath  the  buniinijsky 

And  sultry  sun,  Ijolwixt  die  tropics  lie.  Dryden. 

SUM,  77.  [Fr.  somme;  G.suinmc;  D.  som  ;  Dan.  .^Hm; 
Sw.  and  L.  .tumma,  a  sum  ;  Sax.  somed,  L.  simul,  to- 
gether ;  Sax.  somnian,  to  assemble.  Pliese  words 
may  be  from  the  root  of  (^h.  OO,  som,  Syr.  ^QIC)  H"'''- 
nits',  shorn,  to  set  or  place.] 

1.  The  aggregate  of  two  or  more  numbers,  magni- 
tudes, quantities,  or  particulars ,  the  amount  or  whole 
of  any  number  of  individuals  or  particulars  added. 
The  ii-iim  of  5  and  7  is  12. 

How  precious  are  thy  ttioujrhts  to  me,  0  God  1  how  great  ii  the 

sum  of  llieiii  1  —  Ps.  cxxxix. 
Take  the  sum  of  all  the  congregation.  — Num.  I. 
[Sum  is  now  applied  more  generally  to  numbers, 
and  7iiim*cr  to  persons.] 

2.  A  quantity  of  money  or  currency  ;  any  amount 
Indefinitely.  I  sent  him  a  sum  of  money,  a  small 
sum,  or  a  large  sum.  1  received  a  large  sum  in  bank 
notes. 

3.  Compendium  ;  abridgment ;  the  amount ;  the 
substance.  This  is  the  sum  of  all  the  evidence  in  Iho 
case.  This  is  the  sum  and  substance  of  all  his  objec- 
tions.   The  sum  of  all  I  have  said  is  Ihis. 

'I'he  phrase  in  sum  is  obsolete,  or  nearly  so. 

In  sum,  the  gospel,  considered  as  a  law,  prescribes  tmrf  virtlW 
to  our  conduct,  and  lorbiila  every  sin.  Rogers. 

A,  night ;  completion. 

'I'bUN  have  I  told  thee  all  wy  state,  and  brought 

My  Hlory  to  [he  «u7/(  of  earthly  bliss.  Mdton. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — MBTE,  PRBV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


IIOR 


SUM 


SUM 


SUN 


SUM,  V.  t.  To  aild  pnrticiilars  into  one  whole  ;  to  col- 
lect two  or  more  (>  irticiilar  miiiiheis  into  one  num- 
ber i  to  cast  up  i  usually  followed  by  uii,  but  it  is  su- 
pcrtluous.  Custom  enables  a  man  to  num  up  a  long 
column  of  figures  with  surprising  facility  and  cor- 
rectness. 

The  hmr  doth  rather  turn  up  the  momenU,  than  divide  the  dny. 

2.  To  bring  or  collect  into  a  small  compass  ;  to  com- 
prise in  a  few  words  ;  to  condense.  He  summed  up 
ills  arguments,  at  the  close  of  his  speech,  with  great 
force  and  eflcct. 


io  to  the  ant,  thou  «Iug;^nJ,* 
inonil  of  thia  fiiblr. 


1  few  wonls,  tumt  up  [he 
L^Eetrange. 


3.  In plconry,  to  have  feathers  full  grown. 

Witli  proaperoiia  wing  full  #umm«rf.    [UnutuaL]  A/i'lon. 

SO'ALAt",    /  ,  ,,-,,„,t  ,      (  Fr.  sutnach;  G.  id.  ;  D.su- 
SO'MAeH.i^"''";"'"''^"-!    maki   Ar.   and  Pers. 
<J    ^  ■> 

1.  A  plant  or  shrub  cf  the  genus  Rhus,  of  many 
species,  some  of  which  are  used  in  tanning,  some  in 
dyeing,  and  some  in  medicine. 

2.  The  powdered  leaves,  peduncles,  and  young 
branches,  of  certain  species  of  the  sumac  plant,  used 
in  tanning  and  dyeing.  Ure. 

SU.M'LESS,  a.  Not  to  be  computed;  of  which  the 
amount  can  not  be  ascertained. 

The  tumlegB  treasure  of  exhausted  mines.  Pope. 
SUM'M A-RI-I,Y,  adv.    [from  summary.]    In  a  sum- 
mary manner;  brietly  ;  Cf>ucisely  ;  in  a  narrow  com- 
pass or  in  few  words.    Tin;  Lord's  Prayer  teaches  us 
summarily  the  things  we  are  to  ask  for. 
2.  In  a  sliort  way  or  method. 

When  the  piinics  procf^ed  tummarily,  and  thfy  choow^  the  ordi- 
nary way  of  proceeding,  tile  cause  is  nKide  plenary. 

Aylije. 

.SUM'MA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  sommaire;  from  sum,  or  L. 
summa.  ] 

Re<luced  into  a  narrow  compass,  or  into  few 
words;  shoit;  brief;  concise  ;  compendious;  as,  a 
summary  sutement  of  arguments  or  objections  ;  a 
summary  proceeding  or  process, 
SU.M'iM A-RY,  «.  An  abridged  account ;  an  abstract, 
abridgment,  or  compendium,  containing  the  sum  or 
substance  of  a  fuller  account;  as,  the  cotnprehen- 
sive  summary  of  our  duty  to  God  in  the  first  table  of 
the  law. 

SU.M-.M.\'TION,  n.    The  act  of  forming  a  sum  or  to- 
tal amount. 
2.  An  aggregate. 
SUM'MKP,  (siimd,)  pp.    [from  mm.]    Collected  into 

a  total  amount ;  fully  grown,  as  feathers. 
SU.M'MER,  n.    One  who  casts  up  an  account. 

Sherwood. 

PU.M'.MER,  n.  [Sax.  sumcr,  sumor;  G.  and  Don.  som- 
mer ;  D.  lomer  ;  Sw.  sommar  ;  Ir.  sanJi,  the  sun,  and 
summer,  and  samJiradJi,  summer.] 

With  us,  the  season  of  the  year  comprehended  in 
the  months  June,  July,  and  August;  during  which 
lime,  the  sun,  being  north  of  the  equator,  shines 
more  directly  uptm  this  part  of  the  earth,  which,  to- 
gether with  the  increased  length  of  the  days,  renders 
this  the  hottest  period  of  the  year.  In  l.ititudes 
south  of  the  equator,  just  the  opposite  takes  place, 
or  it  is  sunmier  there  when  it  is  winter  here. 

The  entire  year  is  also  sometimes  divided  into 
summer  and  winter,  the  former  signifying  the  warm- 
er, and  the  latter  the  colder,  pari  of  the  year. 

This  word  Is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective. 

Indian  summer ;  in  the  United  States,  a  period  of 
warm  weather  late  in  autumn,  when,  it  is  said,  the 
Indians  go  hunting  to  supply  themselves  with  the 
flesh  of  wild  animals  for  provisions  in  the  winter. 
SUM'MER,  V.  i.  To  pass  the  summer  or  wann 
season. 

The  fowls  shall  summer  upon  them.  — Is.  xviii. 

SUM'MER,  V.  U  To  keep  or  carry  through  the  sum- 
mer. Shak. 

SUM'MER,  n,  [Fr.  sommier,a  hair  quilt,  the  sound- 
board of  an  organ,  the  winter  and  head  of  a  printer's 
press,  a  large  beam,  and  a  sumpter-horse  ;  \V.  su- 
mer,  that  which  supports  or  keeps  together,  a  sum- 
mer. From  the  l.itter  explanation,  we  may  infer 
that  summer  is  from  the  root  of  suvu] 

1.  A  large  stone,  the  first  that  is  laid  over  columns 
and  pilasters,  beginning  to  make  a  cross  vault ;  or  a 
stone  laid  over  a  column,  and  hollowed  to  receive 
the  first  h.aunce  of  a  platband.  Cijc. 

2.  .\  large  timber  supported  on  two  strong  piers  or 
posts,  serving  as  a  lintel  to  a  door  or  window,  Sec. 

Brand  e. 

3.  A  large  timber  or  beam  laid  as  a  central  floor 
timber,  inserted  into  the  girders,  and  receiving  the 
ends  of  the  joists  and  supporting  them.  This  tim- 
ber is  seen  in  old  buildings  in  America  and  in 
France.  In  America,  it  is  wholly  laid  aside.  It  is 
called  in  England  Summer-Tree. 

SUM'.MEK-CoLT,  n.  The  undulating  state  of  the 
air  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  when  heated. 
[A*o(  u^ed  in  Jlmerica.] 


SUM'.MEK-CY'PRESS,  n.  An  annual  plant  of  the 
genus  Kochia.  Loudon, 

SU.M'AIER-KAL'LaW,  n.  [.'*ee  Fallow.]  A  fallow 
made  during  the  warm  months,  to  kill  weeds. 

Gardner. 

SUM'MER-FAI.'LCVV,  ».  (.  To  plow  and  work  re- 
peatedly in  summer,  to  prepare  for  wheat  or  other 
crop. 

SUM'MER-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  apartment  in  a 
garden  to  be  used  in  summer.  Pope.  IVatts. 

2.  A  house  for  summer's  residence. 
SU.M'MER-SET,  n.    [Corriiiition  of  Fr.  soubresuut.] 
A  leap  in  \vhich  the  heels  are  thrown  over  the 
head,  and  the  person  lights  on  his  feet. 

Hudibras.  Walton. 
SUM'.MER-VVHeAT,  n.    Spring  whrat. 
SUM'.MING,  ppr.  of  Si-m.    Adding  together. 
SUM'MIST,  ji.    One  that  forms  an  abridgment.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  •  Derintr, 
SUM'MIT,  n.    [L.  summitas,  from  summiui,  highest.! 

1.  The  top  ;  the  highest  point ;  as,  the  summit  of  a 
mountain. 

2.  The  highest  point  or  degree  ;  utmost  elevation. 
The  general  arrived  to  the  summit  of  human  fame. 

3.  In  coneholotry,  the  most  elevated  part  of  the 
shell,  in  which  the  hinge  is  placed.  Humble, 

Summit  level;  the  highest  level  of  a  canal  or  rail- 
road, &c.,  in  surmounting  an  ascent. 
SUM'MIT-LESS,  a.    Having  no  summit.    //.  Taylor. 
SUM'MIT-Y,  n.   The  hight  or  top  of  aisy  thing. 

Swift. 

2.  The  utmost  degree ;  perfection.  Halliwell. 
SUM'MO.V,  ».  t.    [L.  submonco;  sub  and  moneo  ;  Fr. 
sommer.    See  Admonish.] 

1.  To  call,  cite,  or  notify,  by  authority  to  appear 
at  a  place  specified,  oi  to  attend  in  person  to  some 
public  duly,  or  both  ;  as,  to  summon  a  jury  ;  10  sum- 
mon witnesses. 


i  writ  or  I'^lter. 

Blacktlone. 
Dryden. 


The  parliament  is  tummorud  by  the  k 
Nor  trumpets  summon  him  to  war. 

2.  To  give  notice  to  a  person  to  appear  in  court 
and  defend. 

3.  To  call  or  command. 

Love,  duly,  safety,  aamman  us  away.  Pope. 

4.  To  call  up  ;  to  e.xcite  into  action  or  exertion ; 
with  up.    Summon  up  all  your  strength  or  courage. 

Stilli^n  the  sinews,  sum;«on  up  the  blood,  Shak. 

SUM'MON-ED,  pp.  Admonished  or  warned  by  au- 
thority to  appear  or  attend  to  something ;  called  or 
cited  by  authority. 

SUM'M6N-ER,  h.  One  who  summons  or  cites  by  au- 
thority. In  Enirland,  the  sherirt*'s  messenger,  em- 
ployed to  warn  persons  to  appear  in  court. 

SUM'.MON-liNG,  ppr.  Citing  by  authority  to  appear 
or  attend  to  something. 

SUM'.MO.NS,  »i.  With  a  plural  termination,  but  used 
in  the  singular  number ;  as,  a  summons  is  prepared. 
[L.  subinoneas.] 

1.  A  call  by  authority  or  the  command  of  a  supe- 
rior to  appear  at  a  place  named,  or  to  attend  to  some 
public  duly. 

This  summon*  he  r^solred  not  to  disobey.  JF\U. 
He  Sfin  lo)>uii>inon  the  sethiious  and  to  otfcr  pardon  ;  but  neither 
BUjnmone  nor  panlon  was  regarded.  Hayward. 

2.  In  law,  a  warning  or  citation  to  appear  in  court ; 
or  a  written  notification  signed  by  the  pro|ier  ofiicer, 
to  be  serveil  on  a  person,  warning  him  to  appear  in 
court  at  a  day  specified,  to  answer  to  tlie  demand  of 
the  plaintiff, 

SVM'MUM  BO'^rUM,  [L.]    The  chief  good. 
SU-MOO.M',  n.    A  pestileniial  wind  of  Persia.  [See 
Simoom. ] 

SUMP,  n.  In  metalhiriry,  a.  round  pit  of  stone,  lined 
with  c\ay,  for  receiving  the  metal  on  its  first  fusion. 
[Rare]  Ray. 

2.  A  pond  of  water  reserved  for  salt-works. 

3.  In  minintr,  a  pit  sunk  beli>w  the  levels  of  the 
mine,  to  circulate  air,  &c.    [Rare.]  Carr. 

SUMPH,  71.    A  dunce.    [Scottish.]        John  Wilson. 

SU.MP'TER,  n.    [Fr.sommier;  It.  somaro,] 

A  horse  th.n  carries  clothes  or  furniture  ;  a  bag- 
gage-horse ;  usually  called  a  Pack-Horse.  Shak. 

SUMP'TION,  (sump'shun,)  n.    [L.  sumo,  sumptus.] 
A  taking.    [JVot  in  u^e.]  Taylor, 

SUMPT'tJ-A-RY,  a.  [L.  sumptuarius,  from  sumptus, 
expense  ;  Fr.  somptuaire.] 

Relating  to  expense.  Sumptuary  laws  or  regula- 
tions are  such  as  restrain  or  limit  the  expenses  of 
citizens  in  apparel,  food,  furniture,  Sec.  Sumptuary 
laws  are  abridgments  of  liberty,  and  of  very  difficult 
execution.  They  can  be  justified  only  on  the  ground 
of  extreme  necessity. 

SUMPT-y-OS'I-TY,  n,  [from  sumptuous.]  Expen- 
sivencss  ;  costliness.    [JVot  in  use.]  Ralegh. 

SUMPT'LJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  sumptuosits ;  It.  suntuoso ; 
from  sumptus,  cost,  expense.] 

Costly ;  expensive ;  hence,  splendid  ;  magnifi- 
cent ;  as,  a  sumptuous  house  or  table  ;  sumptuotts 
apparel. 

We  ATt  too  mag^iidcent  and  sumptuous  in  our  tables  nnd  attend- 
ance. AUSrtlury. 


SUMPT'lJ-OUS-LY,  ai/D.    Expensively;  splendidly; 

with  great  magnificence.  Bacon.  SwifL 

SU.MPT'II-OUS-NESS,  n.  Costliness;  eipensiveiiesa. 
1  will  not  fall  out  with  those  who  can  reconcile  sumptuousntas 
and  chanty.  itoyls. 

2.  Splendor ;  magnificence. 
SUN,  7t.    [Sax.  sunjia  ;  Goth,  sunno  ;  G.  sonne  ;  D.  ton ; 
Sans,   sunah.     The  Danish  has  siiudag,  Sunday, 
Sclav,  some.    Qxt.  W.  tan.  It,  leine,  fire,  and  shan, 
in  Betftshan.] 

1.  The  splendid  orb  or  luminary  which,  b.»ing  in 
or  near  the  center  of  our  system  of  worlds,  gives 
light  and  heat  to  all  the  phinels.  The  light  of  the  sun 
constitutes  the  tlay,and  the  darkness  which  prticeeds 
from  its  absence,  or  the  shade  of  the  earth,  consti- 
tutes the  niglit.    Ps.  cxxxvi. 

2.  In  popular  usarre,  a  sunny  pftice  ;  a  place  where 
the  beams  of  the  sun  fall;  as,  to  stand  in  the  sun, 
that  is,  to  stand  where  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  fall. 

3.  /\ny  thing  eminently  splendid  or  luiiiiiioiis  ; 
that  which  is  the  chief  source  of  light  or  honor.  The 
native  Indians  of  America  complain  that  111*  sun  of 
their  glory  is  set. 

1  will  never  consent  to  piil  out  the  sun  of  aoyereigntv  Io  pos, 
terity.  A.  Charles. 

4.  In  Scripture,  Christ  is  called  the  sun  of  righteous- 
ness, as  the  .source  of  light,  animation,  and  comfort 
to  his  disciples. 

5.  The  luminary  or  orb  which  constitutes  the  cen- 
ter of  any  system  of  worlds.  The  fixed  stars  are 
supposed  to  be  suns  in  their  respective  systems. 

Under  the  sun  ;  in  the  world ;  on  earth  ;  a  proverbial 
expression. 

There  is  no  new  thin*  under  the  sun.  —  Ccclcs.  I. 
SUN,  r.  f.    To  expose  to  the  sun's  rays;  lo  warm  or 
dry  in  the  light  of  the  sun  ;  lo  insolate ;  as,  to  sun 
cloth  ;  to  sun  grain. 

Then  lo  sun  thyself  in  open  air.  Dryden. 
SUN'BeAM,  n.    [sun  and  beam.]    .\  ray  of  the  sun. 
Truth  written  with  a  sunbeam,  is  truth  made  obvi- 
ously plain. 

(jliding  through  the  even  on  a  sunbeam.  ^lUton. 
SUN'-RiSAT,  o.    [*nn  and  beat]  Struck  by  the  sun's 

rays  ;  shone  brightly  on.  Dryden. 
SUN'-BRIGHT,(-brile,)a.    [sun  ani  bright.]  Bright 
as  the  sun  ;  like  the  sun  in  brightness  ;  as,  a  sun^ 
bright  shield  ;  a  sun-bright  chariot. 

Spenser.  Milton, 

How  and  which  way  I  may  bestow  myself 

To  be  rt."garded  in  her  sun-brighl  eye.  Shak. 

SUN'-BURN,  V.  L   To  discolor  or  scorch  by  the  sun. 

Oauden. 

SUN'-BUR.\ED,  a.  [sm  and  burnt.]  Discolored  by 
the  heal  or  rays  of  the  sun ;  tanned ;  darkened  in 
hue  ;  as,  a  sun-burnt  skin. 

Hun-burnt  and  swarthy  though  she  be.  Dryden. 
2.  Scorched  by  the  sun's  rays  ;  as,  a  sun-burnt  soil. 

SUN'-BURN-ING,  n.  [^sun  and  burning,]  Thebiirn- 
ing  or  Ian  occasioned  liy  the  rays  of  the  sun  on  the 
skin.  Boyle, 

SUN'-eL.\D,  a.  [sun  and  clad.]  Clad  in  radiance  or 
brightness. 

SUN'-I)A  RT,  ji.    A  ray  of  the  sun.  Hemans, 
SUN'D.AY,  II.  sunna-dwg  ;  G.  sonntag  ;  I),  zon- 

dag ;  Dan.  siSndag ;  Sw.  siindag;  so  called  because 
this  day  was  anciently  dedicated  to  the  sun,  or  lo  its 
worship.] 

The  Christian  Sabbath  ;  the  first  day  of  the  week, 
a  day  consecrated  to  rest  from  secular  employments, 
and  to  religious  worship.  It  is  called  also  the  Lord's 
Day.  Many  pious  persons,  however,  discard  ihe 
use  of  Sunday,  and  call  the  day  the  Sabbath.  [See 
Sarhath.] 

SUN'D.AY,  a.  Belonging  lo  the  Lord's  day,  or  Chris- 
tian Sabbath. 

SUN'DAY-SCHOOL,  n.  A  school  for  the  religious 
instruction  of  children  and  youth  on  ihe  Lord's  day. 

SUN'DER,  V.  t.  [Sax.  sundrinn,  syndrian  ;  G.  son- 
dern  ;  Dan.  sbnder,  torn  in  pieces  ;  Sw.  sUndra,  to  di- 
vide.] 

1.  "To  part;  to  separate;  to  divide  ;  to  disunite  in 
almost  any  manner,  either  by  rending,  cutting,  or 
breaking  ;  as,  lo  sunder  a  rope  or  cord  ;  lo  sunder  a 
limb  or  joinl ;  lo  .tunder  friends,  or  the  ties  of  friend- 
ship. 1  he  executioner  sunders  the  head  from  the 
boily  at  a  stroke.  A  mountain  may  be  sundered  by 
an  earthquake. 

Brin^  me  lightning,  give  me  thunder; 

Jove  may  kill,  but  iicVr  shall  sunder.  Gtanvilis. 

2.  To  expose  lo  Ihe  sun.  [Provincial  in  England.] 
SUN'DER,  n.    In  sunder  :  in  two. 

He  cutteth  the  spear  in  sunder.  —  Ps.  xlvi. 

SUN'DER-f:D,  pp.  or  a.    Sep.arated  ;  divided  ;  parted. 

SUN'DER-ING,  ppr.    Parting;  separating. 

SUN'-DEW,  {sun'du,)  71.  [sun  and  dew.]  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Drosera.  Lee- 

SUN'-DI-AL,  71,  [sun  and  dial.]  An  instrument  lo 
show  the  time  of  day,  by  means  of  the  shadow  of  a 
gnomon  or  style  on  a  plate,  Locke. 

SU.N'-DOG,  n.    A  luminous  spot  occasionally  seen  a 


TONE,  BIJLL,  yNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 

-  -  __- 


SUP 

few  degrees  from  the  sun,  supposed  to  be  formed  by 
tile  intersection  of  two  or  more  iialoes.  Sometimes 
tlie  spot  appears  wlien  the  haloes  tliemselves  are  in- 
visilile.  Olmsted. 

SUX'DOWX,  71.    Sunset ;  sunsetting. 

SUX'-Ultr-ED,  (-dride,)  o.  [sun  and  dry.]  Dried  in 
tlie  nivs  of  the  san. 

SUX'DRV,  o.    [Sax.  sunder,  separate.] 

Several ;  divers  ;  more  than  one  or  two. 
[This  word,  like  several,  is  indefinite  ;  but  it  usu- 
ally signifies  a  small  number,  sometimes  many.] 

I  hwe  composed  eiindry  collects.  Saunderton. 
SuTulry  fot's  Uie  rural  realm  surround.  Dryden. 

SUX'FrSH,  n.  [sun  and  fish.]  A  large,  soft-finned 
sea-fish  of  the  order  Plectognathi,  and  genus  Ortliag- 
ori-iius,  supposed  to  be  so  named  from  its  nearly  cir- 
cular form  and  shining  surface.  These  fishes  look 
more  like  the  dissevered  head  of  a  fish,  than  the  en- 
tire animal.  Jardi)\e^ s  J^''at.  Lib. 

2.  In  tkc  United  States,  a  small,  fresh-water  fish,  of 
the  perch  family,  bulonging  to  the  genus  Pomotis  ; 
also  called  Posd  Perch.     Eneyc.  .^n.    D,  H.  Storer. 

3.  A  species  of  shark,  Selachus  maxiraus,  the 
basking  shark.  Jardine^s  A^at.  Lib. 

SU.\'FLOW-ER,  n.  [sun  and  floirer.]  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Helianthus;  so  called  from  the  form  and 
Cfilor  of  its  flower,  or  from  its  habit  of  turning  to  the 
sun.  The  bastard  sunjiowcr  is  of  the  genus  Heleni- 
um  ;  the  dwarf  sunfiowcr  is  of  the  genus  Rudbeckia, 
and  another  of  the  genus  Tetragonotheca  ;  the  little 
snnfinwer  is  of  the  genus  Cistus.     Fain,  of  Plants. 

SVHG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Sing. 

While  to  Ills  h  irp  divine  Amphion  sung.  Pope. 

SUN'-GILT,  a.    Gilded  by  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

Johnson. 

SUJiK,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Sink. 

Or  losseit  by  hope,  or  sunk  by  care.  Prior. 

SUNK'£N,  a.    Sunk  ;  lying  on  the  bottom  of  a  river 

or  other  water. 
SU.V'LESS,  a.    [ran  and  Z«s.]    Destitute  of  the  sun 

or  its  ravs  ;  shaded.  Thomson. 
SU.V'LKJHT,  (  lite,)  Ji.    The  light  of  the  sun. 
SUN'LIKE,  a.    [.van  and  iiie.]    Resembling  the  sun. 

Cheyne. 

SLT.X'LIT,  a.    Lighted  by  the  sun.  Tudd. 
SUX'.VKI),  pp.    Exposed  to  the  sun's  rays. 
SITi\-.\('AH,  n.     A  name  of  the  sect  of  Sunnites, 
which  see. 

SU.\'.\"I\G,  ppr.  Exposing  to  the  sun's  rays ;  warm- 
ing in  the  light  of  the  sun. 

SL'.V'.MTES,  n.  pi.  The  orthodox  Mohammedans 
who  receive  the  Sunna  (a  collection  of  traditions)  as 
of  equal  importance  with  the  Koran.  E:icyc.Am. 

SL'N'NY,  n,    [from  SUM.]    Like  the  sun  ;  bright. 

Spenser. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  sun  ;  as,  sunny  beams. 

Spenser. 

3.  Exposed  to  the  rays  of  the  sun  ;  warmed  by  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun  ;  as,  the  sunny  side  of  a  hdl 
or  building. 

Her  blooniiri?  mountruiis,  and  her  tunny  shores.  Addison. 

4.  Colored  by  the  sun. 

Her  Kunny  locks 
Hang  on  her  temples  like  a  golden  fleece.  Sliak. 

SUiN'-PL.ANT,  n.    A  plant  cultivated  in  India  and 

Sum.atra,  Crotalaria  juncea,  from  whose  fibers  are 

inad^  small  ropes  pnd  twine. 
SUiV'PROOF,  c    [sun  and  proof.]    Impervious  to  the 

ravs  of  the  sun.  Peele. 
SU.V'RTSE,       j  n.    [.Tun  and  rive]    The  first  appcar- 
SLIN'RIS  LNG,  j     ance  of  the  sun  above  the  horizon 

in  the  morning;  or,  more  generally,  the  time  of  such 

appearance,  whether  in  fair  or  cloudy  weather. 
2.  The  cast.  Ralegh. 
SlT,N'-SeORCH£D,  (-skorcht,)  a.    Scorched  by  the 

sun.  Coleridge. 
SU.N'SET,  )  n.    [sun  and  set.]    The  descent  of 

SU.V'SET-TING,  (    the  sun  below  the  horizon ;  or 

the  time  when  the  sun  sets;  evening. 

Halerrh.  Dryden. 
SUN'.-:|II.\E,  n.    [.lun  and  .-thine.]    The  light  of  the 

."iun,  or  the  place  where  it  shines;  the  direct  rays  of 

the  sun,  or  the  place  where  they  fall. 

But  all  «un«Aine,  ns  wh<*n  his  tx>ains  at  noon 

CulniinHte  from  the  efpidlor.  /ifilton. 

2.  A  place  warmed  and  illuminated ;  warmth  ;  il- 
lumination. 


The  man  thai  sits  within  a  monaich*i  hrarl. 
Anr)  rip'.Mii  m  the  «un«/tine  of  tiia  f-tvor. 


Shak. 


BUN'SIII.NE,  I  a.    nright  with  the  rays  of  the  sun  ; 
SUN'3III.\-Y,  I     clear,  warm,  or  pleasant ;  as,  a  ,»«n- 
shttitj  day  ;  sunAhiny  weather.  Boyle. 
2.  Bright  like  the  sun. 

Klaahini;  l^ms  of  that  aunthiny  shield.  Spenttr, 

SUN'-STROKE,  n.    A  stroke  of  the  sun,  or  his  heat. 
Stf'OJffnF.,  [L.l    In  one's  oivn  right. 
Stro  MAR'TE,  [L.]    By  his  own  otrencth  or  exer- 
tir>n. 

BVP,v.L    r^ax.  lupani  V.  luipen;  Fr.  toupcr.  See 
Pour  and  Sir.] 


SUP 

To  take  into  the  mouth  with  the  lips,  as  a  liquid  ; 
to  take  or  drink  by  a  little  at  a  time  ;  to  sip. 

There  I'll  eup 
E.ilm  and  necuir  in  my  cup.  CrtLshaw. 

SUP,  V.  i.   To  eat  the  evening  meal. 

When  they  had  tupped,  they  brought  Tobias  in.  ToUl. 
SUP,  t).  (.    To  treat  with  supper. 

Sup  ihem  well.    [Not  in  use.\  Shab. 
SUP,  n.    A  small  mouthful,  as  of  liquor  or  broth ;  a 
little  taken  with  the  lips;  a  sip. 

Tom  Thumb  jot  a  little  tup.  Draylon. 
SC'PER,  a  Latin  preposition,  [Gr.  vtrco,]  signifies 
above,  over,  excess.    It  is  much  used  in  composition. 
SU'PER-A-BLE,  a.     [L.  superabilis,  from  supero,  to 
overcome.] 

That  may  be  overcome  or  conquered.  These  are 
suprrable  difficulties.  • 

SO  PER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  con- 
querable or  surmountable. 

SCPER-A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  may  he  overcome. 

SU-PER-A-BOUND',  v.  i.  [super  and  abound.]  To 
be  very  abundant  or  exuberant ;  to  be  more  than 
sufficient.    The  country  superabounds  with  corn. 

SU-PER-A-BOUi\D'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Abounding  be- 
yond want  or  necessity;  abundant  to  excess  or  a 
great  degree. 

SU-PER-A-BUND'ANCE,  n.  More  than  enough  ;  ex- 
cessive abundance  ;  as,  a  superabundance  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  earth.  IVoodward. 

SU-PER-A-BUND'ANT,  a.  Abounding  to  excess  ; 
being  more  than  is  sufficient ;  as,  superabundant  zeal. 

SwifL 

SU-PER-A-BUND'A.\T-LY,  adv.    More  than  suffi- 
ciently. Cheyne. 
SU-PER-A-CID'lI-LA-TED,<i.    [super  and  acidulated.] 

Acidulated  to  excess. 
SU-PER-ADD',  V.  t.    [super  and  add.]    To  add  over 
and  above  ;  to  add  to  what  has  been  added. 
2.  To  add  or  annex  something  extrinsic. 
The  strength  of  a  living  creature,  in  those  external  motions,  is 
Eojnething  diktiuct  from,  and  tuperadded  to,  lis  natural 
gravity.  WiUcins, 

SU-PER-.'YDD'ED,  pp.    Added  over  and  above. 

SU-PER-ADD'ING,  ppr.  Adding  over  and  above; 
adding  something  extrinsic. 

SU-PER-AD-Dr'TION,  (-ad-dish'un,)  n.    [super  and 
addition.]    The  act  of  adding  to  something,  or  of 
adding  something  extraneous.  Jilore. 
2.  That  which  is  added. 

This  superaddilion  is  nothing  but  fat.  Arbuthnot. 

SU-PER-AD-Ve'NI-ENT,  a.  [L.  sJtperadvenien.s.] 
Coming  upon  ;  coming  to  the  increase  or  assistance 
of  something. 

When  a  man  has  done  bravely  by  the  tuperadcenient  aA^istance 
of  his  God.  More, 

2.  Coming  unexpectedly.  [TTtis  word  is  little  used.] 
SU-PER-A.\-(SEL'ie,  a.    [super  and  angelic]  Supe- 
rior in  nature  or  rank  to  the  angels.    One  class  of 
Unitarians  believe  Christ  to  be  a  superangclic  being. 
SU-PER-AN'NU-aTE,  v.  U    [L.  super  and  annus,  a 
year.] 

To  impair  or  disqualify  by  old  age  and  infirmity  ; 
as,  a  superannuated  magistrate.  Swift. 

SU-PER-AN'NU-aTE,  v.  i.  To  last  beyond  the  year. 
[JVof  in  use.]  Bacon. 

SU-PER-A!V'NU-a-TED,  pp.  or  o.    Impaired  or  dis- 
qualified by  old  age. 
2.  Having  passed  the  regular  term  of  service. 

SU-PER-AN-NU-a'TION,  71.  The  state  of  being  too 
old  for  office  or  business,  or  of  being  disqualified  by 
old  age. 

SU-I'ERB',  a.    [Fr.  superbe;  L.  superbus,  proud,  from 

super.] 

1.  Grand;  magnificent;  as,  a  mperb  edifice;  a 
superb  colonnade. 

2.  Rich  ;  elegant ;  as,  superb  furniture  or  decora- 
tions. 

3.  Showy  ;  pompous  ;  as,  a  superb  exhibition. 

4.  Rich;  splendid;  as,  a  iuperA  enterlaiument, 
."j.  August ;  stately. 

SU-PERB'LY,  adv.    In  a  magnificent  or  splendid 

manner ;  richlv  ;  elegantly. 
SU-PER-€XR'GO,  n.    [sup'cr  and  carg-o.'\    An  officer 

or  person  in  a  merchant's  ship,  whose  business  is  to 

manage  the  sales  and  superintend  all  the  commercial 

concerns  of  tfie  voytige. 
SU-PER-CE-LES'TIAL,  (-lest'yal,)  a.    [super  and 

celestial.]    Situated  above  the  firmament  or  great 

vault  of  heaven. 

Trans.  Pausanias.    Raletrh.  IVoodward. 
SU-PER-CHARGE',  t).  t.    In  heraldry,  to  place  one 

bearing  on  another. 
SU-PER-CIIaRG'KI),  pp.    Borne  upon  another. 
SU-PER-CHARG'L\G,/i/)r.    Placing  one  bearing  on 

nnother. 

SU-PER-CIL'IA-RY,  a.  [L.  *iip<T  and  eilium,  the 
eyebrow.) 

Situated  or  being  above  the  eyebrow.    .4.«ia(.  71m. 
The  .superciliary  arch,  is  the  bony  superior  arch  of 
the  orbiL  Cijc. 
SU-PER-CIL'l-OU9,n.  [h.  supcrciliosus.  Sec  above.] 


SUP 

1.  Lofiy  with  pride;  haughty;  dictatorial;  over- 
bearing ;  as,  a  supercilious  officer. 

2.  Manifesting  haughtiness,  or  proceeding  from  it ; 
overbearing ;  as,  a  supercilious  air ;  supercilious  be- 
havior. 

SU-PER-CIL'I-OUS-LY,  adv.  Haughtily;  dogmat- 
ically ;  with  an  air  of  contempt.  Clarendon. 

SU-PER-CIL'I-OUS-NESS,  n.  Haughtiness  ;  an  over- 
bearing temper  or  manner. 

SU-PER-eON-CEP'TION,  n.  [super  and  conception.] 
A  conception  after  a  former  conception.  Brown. 

SU-PER-eON'SE-aUENCE,  n.  [super  and  conse- 
quence.]   Remote  consequence.    [JV</(  used.]  Brown. 

SU-PER-€RE.s'CE.\CE,  n.    [L.  super  and  crescens.j 
That  which  grows  upon  another  growing  thing. 

Brown. 

SU-PER-CRES'CENT,  a.  [Supra.]  Growing  on 
some  other  growing  thing.  Juhnmen. 

SU-PEU-UOM'l.\-A.\T,  n.  In  mu^c,  the  sixth  oT  the 
kev,  in  the  desceiidmg  scale. 

SU-PER-EM'l-i\E.\CE,   I        rr  -i 

SU-PER-E.\I'I-NE.N-CY,  \  ^P""  """"•''■] 

Eminence  superior  to  what  is  common  ;  distin- 
guished eminence  ;  as,  the  supereminence  of  Cicero  as 
an  orator;  the  supereminence  of  Dr.  Johnson  as  a 
writer,  or  of  Lord  Chatham  as  a  statesman. 

SU-PER-EM'l-i\Ei\T,  a.  Eminent  in  a  superior  de- 
gree ;  surpassing  others  in  excellence  ;  as,  a  super- 
eminent  divine  ;  the  supereminent  glory  of  Christ. 

SU-PER-E.M'I-NENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  superior  degree 
of  excellence  ;  with  unusual  distinction. 

SU-PER-ER'O-GANT,  a.    Supererogatory,  which  see. 

Stackhouse. 

SU-PER-ER'O-GaTE,  v.  i.  [L.  super  and  erogatio, 
erogo.] 

To  Qo  more  than  duty  requires.  Aristotle's  follow- 
ers have  supererogated  in  observance.    [Little  used.] 

Olanville. 

SU-PER-ER-0-Ga'TIOi\,  n.  [Supra.]  Performance 
of  more  than  duty  requires. 

There  is  no  such  thing  as  works  of  tuperero^alion.  Tillotton. 

Works  of  supererogation;  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  those  good  deeds  supposed  to  have  been  per- 
formed by  saints,  over  and  above  what  is  required 
for  their  own  salvation.  Hook. 

SU-PER-E-ROG'A-TIVE,  a.  Supersrogatory.  [JVot 
much  used.]  Stafford. 

SU-PER-E  R0G'.\-T0-RY,  a.  Performed  to  an  ex- 
tent not  enjoined  or  not  required  by  duty  ;  as,  super- 
erofratonf  services.  Howell. 

SU-PER-ES-SEN'TIAL,  (  sen'shal,)  a.  [super  and 
essential.]  Essential  above  others,  or  above  the  con- 
stitution of  a  thing.  Pans  niias.  Trans. 

SU-PER-EX-ALT',  (-e^z-,)  c.  t.  [super  and  ezalU] 
To  exalt  to  a  superior  decree.  Barrow. 

SU-PER-E.\-ALT-a'TION,  n.  [super  and  exaltation.] 
Elevation  above  the  common  degree.  Holiday. 

SU-PER-EX-ALT'ED,  pp.  Exalted  to  a  superior  de- 
gree. 

SU-PER-EX-ALT'ING,  ppr.  Exalting  to  a  superior 
degree. 

SU-PER-EX'CEL-LENCE,  n.  [super  and  ezcellence.] 
Superior  excellence. 

SU-PER-E.\'CEL-LENT,  a.  Excellent  in  an  uncom- 
mon degree  ;  very  excellent.  Decay  of  Piety. 

SU-PER-EX-€RES'CE.\CE,  n.  [super  and  ezcrej- 
cence.]    Something  superfluously  growing. 

fVtseman. 

SU-PER-FE  eUND'I-TY,  n.    [si/;jfr  and  fecundity.] 
Superabundant  fecundity  or  multiplication  of  the 
species.  Paley. 
SU-PER-FE'TaTE,  r.  i.    [L.  super  nnd/<r(its.] 
To  conceive  after  a  prior  conception. 

The  female  is  said  to  tuperfetau.  Crete, 
SU-PER-FE-Ta'TIO.\,  n.    A  second  conception  after 
a  prior  one,  and  before  the  birth  of  the  first,  by  which 
two  fetuses  are  growing  at  once  in  the  same  womb. 

Howel. 

SO'PER-FiiTE,  r.  i.    To  superfetate.    [Litt/c  used.] 

Howell. 

SC'PER-FicTE,  V.  t.  To  conceive  after  a  former  con- 
ception.   [Little  used.]  HowelU 

SO'PER-FIUE,  (su'per-fis,)  n.  Superficies;  surface. 
[Little,  used.]    [See  Superficies.] 

SU-PER-Fr'CIAL,  (-fish'al,)  a.  [U.  superfieiale;  Sp. 
superficial ;  Fr.  superficiel ;  from  superficies.] 

1.  Being  on  the  surface  ;  not  penetrating  the  sub- 
stance of  a  thing;  as,  a  superficial  color;  a  superfi- 
cial covering. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  surface  or  exterior  part;  as, 
superficial  measure  or  contents. 

3.  Shallow  ;  contrived  to  cover  something. 

This  tuperficiat  tale 
Ip  but  a  preface  to  her  worthy  praise.  SbaJc, 

4.  Shallow  ;  not  deep  or  profound  ;  reaching  or 
comprehending  only  what  is  obvious  or  apparent ; 
as,  a  superficial  scholar;  superficial  knowledge. 

Dryden, 

SU-PER-FI"CI-AL'I-TY,  (-fish-e-al'o-te,)  n.  The 
qutility  of  being  superficial.    [A'ot  much  used.] 

Brown. 

SU-PER-FI"CI  AL-LY,  adv.  On  the  surface  only ;  as, 
a  substance  superficially  tinged  with  a  color. 


FATE,  FAR,  Fj^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


llOti 


r 


SUP 

2.  On  the  surface  or  exterior  p.irt  only  ;  without 
penetrating  tlie  substance  or  essence  ;  as,  to  survey 
tilings  superficially.  Jililton. 

3.  Witliout  Roinp  deep  or  searching  things  to  tlie 
bottom  ;  sliglitly.    He  rc:isons  supcrjiciallij. 

1  hnve  liiid  down  taperficially  my  preiciit  thou^hu.  Dry<ttn. 
SU-PER-FI"CIAL-NESS,  (-ftsh'al-ness,)  n.  Shallow- 
ness ;  position  on  the  surface. 

2.  Slight  knowledge ;  shallowness  of  observation 
or  learning  ;  show  without  substance. 
SU-l'ER-Fr'ClicS,  (su-per-fish'ez,)  n.    [L.,  from  ju- 
per,  upon,  and/aciiw,  face.] 

The  surface  ;  the  exterior  part  of  a  thing.    A  su- 
perficies consists  of  length  and  breadth  ;  as,  the  sil- 
perficies  of  a  plate  or  of  a  sphere.    Superficies  is 
rectiline.ir,  curvilinear,  plane,  convex,  or  concnve. 
SO'PER-FINE,  a.    [super  and  fine.]    Very  fine  or 
most  tine;  surpassing  others  in  fineness;  :is^  super- 
fine cloth,    'i'lie  word  is  chiefly  used  of  cloth,  but 
sometimes  of  liquors;  as,  superfine  wine  or  cider; 
and  of  other  things,  as  iii;)er/inc  wire,  superfine  flour. 
SU-PEK'FMJ-ENCE,  ii.    [L.  svprr  and  fluo,  to  flow.] 
Superfluity;  more  than  is  necessary.    [Little  luied.] 
Hammond. 

SU-PER-FLO'I-TANCE,  n.  [L.  super  and  fiuito,  to 
float.] 

The  act  of  floating  above  or  on  the  surface.  [Lit- 
tle useJ.\  Brown. 

SU-PER-FLO'l-TANT,  a.  Floating  above  or  on  the 
surface.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

SU-PER-FLu'f-TY,  71.  [Ft.  superfiuiti  ;  U.  superflu- 
itd  ;  L.  superfluitas  ;  super  and  fluo,  to  flow.] 

1.  Superabundance  ;  a  greater  ipiantity  than  is 
wanted  ;  as,  a  superfluitij  of  water  or  provisions. 

2.  Something  that  is  beyond  what  is  wanted  ; 
something  rendered  unnecessary  by  its  abundance. 
Among  the  superfluities  of  life  we  seldom  number 
the  abundance  of  money. 

SU-PEll'FLU-OUS,  o.  [L.  superfluus,  overflowing; 
super  and  fluo,  to  flow.] 

1.  More  than  is  wanted  ;  rendered  unnecessary  by 
superabundance  ;  as,  a  superfluous  supply  of  corn. 

2.  More  than  sufficient;  unnecessary;  useless; 
as,  a  compositi(m  abounding  with  superfluous  words. 
Superfluous  epithets  rather  enfeeble  than  strengthen 
description.  If  what  has  been  said  will  not  con- 
vince, it  would  be  suprrfluous  to  say  more. 

S-perfluous  interval,  in  music,  is  one  that  exceeds  a 
true  diatonic  interval  by  a  semitone  minor.  Cyc. 

Superfluous  poly iramy,  (Polygaulia  superflua  ;)  a 
kind  of  inflorescence  or  compound  flower,  in  which 
the  florets  of  the  disk  are  hermaphrodite  and  fertile, 
and  those  of  the  ray,  though  female  or  pisliliferous 
only,  are  also  fertile  ;  designating  the  second  order 
of  the  class  Syngenesia  of  Linnaus.  jMartyn. 

Superfluous  sound,  or  lone,  is  one  which  contains  a 
semitone  minor  more'than  a  tone.  Cyc. 
SU-PER'FL(;-OIJS-LV',  ailv.    With  excess  ;  in  a  de- 
gree beyond  what  is  necessary. 
SU-PER'FLU-OUS-NESS,  n.  'The  state  of  being  su- 
perfluous or  beyond  what  is  wanted. 
SO'PER-FLU.\,  «,    [L.  super  and  ^uxuj.l 

That  which  is  more  than  is  wanted.    [Little  used.] 

Shale. 

SU-PER-FO-LI-A'TION,  n.  [super  and  foliation.] 
Excess  of  foliation.    f.A'oC  used.]  Broicn, 

SU-PER-lly'MAN,  o.  [super  and  human.]  Above  or 
beyimd  wlial  is  human  ;  divine. 

SU-PER-I. M-PEND'ING,  ppr.  Hanging  over ;  threat- 
ening from  above. 

SU-PER-I.M-POSE',  (su-pcr-im-poze',)  v.  t.  [super  and 
impose.] 

To  lay  or  impose  on  something  else  ;  as,  a  stratum 
of  earth  superimposed  on  a  different  stratum. 

ICirwan. 

SU-PER-IM-PSS'ED,  pp.  or  o.  Laid  or  imposed  on 
something.  Humboldt. 

SU-PER-IM-POS'ING,  ppr.  Laying  on  something 
else. 

SU-PER-IM-PO  Sl"TIO\,  (-im-po.7.ish'un,)  n.  The 
act  of  laying,  or  the  state  of  being  placed,  on  some- 
thing else.  Kirwan. 

SU-PER-IM-PREG-NA'TION,  n.  [super  and  impreg- 
nation.] 

The  act  of  impregnating  upon  a  prior  impregna- 
tion ;  impregnation  when  previously  impregnated. 

Coze. 

SU-PER-IN-eUM'BENT,  a.  [super  and  ineumbenL] 
Lvin;:  or  resting  on  something  else. 

SU-PER-I\-DOCE',  V.  t.  [super  and  inrfucf,]  To 
bring  in  or  upon  as  an  addition  to  something  ;  as,  to 
superiniluee  a  virtue  or  quality  upon  a  person  not  be- 
fore possessing  it. 

Lonf  cuitom  of  linniof  euperinducei  upon  the  soul  n«w  and 
absunl  dctir't.  South. 

SU  PER-IN-DCiC'fD,  (-in-dust',)  pp.  or  a.   Induced  or 

brnught  upon  something. 
SU-PER-IN-DCC'ING,  ppr.    Inducing  on  something 

else. 

SU-PER-IN-DUe'TION,  *.  The  act  of  supcrindue- 
ing. 

Tlw  niptrinjucfion  tt  III  baliib  quiekl/  defuM  Uw  fini  nid« 
drauelil  of  Yinue.  Soulft. 


SUP 

SU-Pi;U  IN-FOSE',  V.  t.    To  infuse  over. 

SU-PEK-INJEC'TION,  n.  [super  and  injecdOTi.]  An 
injection  succeeding  another.  Diet. 

SU-PER-lN-SPEeT',  r.  (.  [super  and  inject.]  To 
oversee;  to  superintend  by  inspection.  [Little  used.] 

SU-PER-IN-STI-TO'TION,  ji.  [super  and  institu- 
tion.] One  institution  upon  another;  as  when  A 
is  instituted  and  admitted  to  a  benefice  upon  a  title, 
and  U  is  instituted  and  admitted  upon  a  presentation 
of  another.  Bailey. 

SU-FER-IN-TEL-LEeT'tJ-AL,  o.  [sTiperand  i;i(c(iece- 
ual.] 

Being  above  intellect.  Pausanias,  Trans. 

SU-PER-IiN-TENU',  u.  (.  [super  and  iji(e>it/.]  To  have 
or  exercise  the  charge  and  oversight  of;  to  oversee 
with  the  power  of  direction  ;  to  take  care  of  with 
authority  ;  as,  an  officer  superintends  the  building  of 
a  ship  or  the  construction  of  a  fort.  God  exercises  a 
superintendinir  care  over  all  his  creatures. 

SU-PER-IN-TEi\I)'ED,  pp.    Overseen  ;  taken  careof. 

SU-PER-IN-TEND'ENCE,  (  n.    The  act  of  siiperin- 

SIJ-PER-IN-TENU'EN-CY,  i  tending;  care  and 
oversight  for  the  purpose  of  direction,  and  with 
authoritv  to  direct. 

SU-PER-l"N-TENIJ'Ei\T,  71.  One  who  has  the  over- 
sight and  charge  of  something,  with  the  power  of 
direction  ;  as,  the  superintendent  of  an  alms-house  or 
work-house  ;  the  superintendent  of  public  worki ;  the 
superintendent  of  customs  or  finance. 

2.  An  ecclesiastical  superior  in  some  ProtMtant 
churches. 

SU-PEIl-IN-TEND'ER,  71.   A  superintendent. 

HItewell. 

SU-PER-IN-TEND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Overseeing  with 
the  authority  to  direct  what  shall  be  done  and  how 
it  shall  be  done. 

SU-PlC'RI-OR,  o.  [Sp.  and  L.  from  super,  above ;  Fr. 
superieur ;  It.  superiore.] 

1.  Higher;  upper;  more  elevated  in  place;  as, the 
superior  limb  of  the  sun  ;  the  superior  part  of  an  im- 
age. .PiTewtan. 

2.  Higher  in  rank  or  office  ;  more  exalted  in  digni- 
ty ;  as,  a  superior  officer  ;  a  superior  degree  of  nobil- 
ity. 

3.  Higher  or  greater  in  excellence;  surpassing 
others  in  the  greatness,  goodness,  or  value  of  any 
quality  ;  as,  a  man  of  superior  merit,  of  superior  bra- 
very, of  superior  talents  or  understanding,  of  supe- 
rior accomplishments. 

4.  Being  beyond  the  power  or  influence  of ;  too 
great  or  firm  to  be  subdued  or  affected  by  ;  as,  a  man 
superior  to  revenge. 

There  is  not  on  earth  a  apeclacle  more  worthy  than  a  fireal  min 
tuperior  to  his  luil'enngs.  Spectator. 

5.  In  botany,  a  superior  flower  has  the  receptacle  of 
the  flower  above  the  germ  ;  a  superior  germ  is  in- 
cliiiled  within  the  corol.  Jlartyn. 

SU-Pe'RI-OR,  71.  One  who  is  more  advanced  in  age. 
Old  persons  or  elders  are  the  superiors  of  the  young. 

2.  One  who  is  more  elevated  in  rank  or  office. 

3.  One  who  surpasses  others  in  dignity,  excellence, 
or  qualities  of  any  kind.  As  a  writer  of  pure  Eng- 
lish, Addison  has  no  superior. 

4.  The  chief  of  a  monastery,  convent,  or  abbey. 
SU-PE-Rl-OR'I-TY,  71.    Preeminence  ;  the  quality  of 

being  more  advanced  or  higher,  greater  or  more  ex- 
cellent than  another  in  any  respect ;  as,  superiority 
of  age,  of  rank  or  dignity,  of  attainments  or  excel- 
lence. The  s«periori(y  of  others  in  fortune  and  rank, 
is  more  readily  acknowledged  than  superiority  of  un- 
derstanding. 

SU-PER-OX'YD,  71.  [super  and  ort/rf.]  An  oxyd  con- 
taining more  equivalents  of  oxygen  than  of  the  base 
with  which  it  is  combined  ;  a  hypcroxyd. 

SU-PER-LA'TION,  71.    [L.  supcrlatio.] 

Exaltation  of  any  thing  beyond  truth  or  propriety. 
fl  believe  not  used.]  B.  Jtmson. 

SU-PER'LA-TIVE,a.  [Fr.  superlatif;  h.supertativus ; 
super  and  UUio,  latus,fero.] 

1.  Highest  in  degree  ;  most  eminent ;  surpassing 
all  other ;  as,  a  man  of  superlative  wisdom  or  pru- 
dence, of  super/aiice  worth  ;  a  woman  of  superlative 
beauty. 

2.  Supreme  ;  as,  the  superlative  glory  of  the  divine 
character. 

3.  In  grammar,  expressing  the  highest  or  utmost 
degree  ;  as,  the  superlative  degree  of  comparison. 

SU-PER'LA-TIVE,  71,  In  grammar,  the  superlative 
degree  of  adjectives  and  adverbs,  which  is  formed 
by  the  termination  est,  as  meanest,  highest,  bravest ; 
or  by  the  use  of  7nos(,  as  most  high,  most  brave  ;  or 
by  least,  as  least  amiable  ;  also  a  word  in  the  super- 
lative degree. 

SU-PER'LA-TIVE-LY,  o<Zt>.  In  a  manner  expressing 
the  utmost  degree. 

1  shall  not  ipeaM  tuperlatirtly  of  them.  Bacon. 
2.  In  the  highest  or  utmost  degree.    Tiberius  was 
superlatively  wicked  ;  Clodius  was  superlatively  prof- 
ligate. 

SU  PER'LA-TIVE-NESS,  n.   The  state  of  being  in 

the  highest  degree. 
SU-PER-LO'NAR,    )  a.    [L.  super  and  luna,  the 
SU-PER-LO'NA-RY,  j  moon.] 


SUP 

Being  above  the  moon  ;  not  sublunary,  or  of  this 
world. 

I'he  head  thai  lurnl  at  guptrlunar  thinp.  Pope. 

SU-PER-.ME'DI-AL,  o.  Lying  or  being  above  the 
midille.  Buffon. 

SU-PEll-MOLE'eULE,  n.  A  compounded  molecule, 
or  combination  of  two  molecules  of  different  sub- 
stances. Prout. 

SU-PER-MUN'DANE,  a.  [super  and  7nunda7ie.]  Be- 
ini:  above  the  world.  Pans.  'Vrans. 

SU-PER-NACU-LUM,  71.  [L.  super  and  G.  nagel,  a 
nail.] 

Good  liquor,  of  which  not  enough  is  left  to  wet 
on*;'s  nail.  Grose. 
SU-PER'N.\L,  a.    [h.  supemus,  super.] 

1.  Being  in  a  higher  p\nce  or  region  ;  locally  higher ; 
as,  the  supernal  orbs  ;  supernal  regions.  Ralegh. 

2.  Relaiiiig  to  things  above;  celestial;  lieaveiily  ; 
as,  supernal  grace. 

Not  \ty  the  hulTrringi  of  tuptrnat  power.  Milton. 

SU-PER-NA'TANT,  a.  [L.  supernntans,  supcmato; 
super  and  nato,  to  swim.] 

Swimming  above  ;  floating  on  the  surface  ;  as,  oil 
supernatant  on  water.  Boyle. 

SU-PER-NA-TA'TION,  77.  The  actof  floatinL'  tin  the 
surface  of  a  fluid.  Bacon. 

SU-PER-NAT'U-RAL,  a.  [super  and  natural.]  Be- 
ing  beyond  or  exceeding  the  powers  or  laws  of 
nature  ;  miraculous.  A  supernatural  event  is  one 
which  is  not  produced  according  to  the  ordinary  or 
established  laws  of  natural  things.  Thus,  if  iron  has 
more  specific  gravity  than  water,  it  will  sink  in  that 
fluid;  and  the  floating  of  iron  tm  water  must  be  a 
supernatural  event.  Now,  no  human  being  can  alter 
a  law  of  nature  ;  the  floating  of  iron  on  water,  there- 
fore, must  be  caused  by  divine  power  specially  ex- 
erted to  suspend,  in  tins  instance,  a  law  of  nature. 
Hence,  supernatural  events  or  miracles  can  be  pro- 
duced only  by  the  immediate  agency  of  divine 
power. 

SU-PEK-NAT'TJ-RAL-ISM,  )  »i.    The  state  of  being 

SU-PRA-NAT'lT-RAL-ISM,  i  supernatural.  Carlylc. 
2.  The  doctrine  of  a  divine  and  supernatural 
asency  in  the  production  of  the  miracles  and  revela- 
tions recorded  in  the  Bible,  and  in  the  grace  which 
renews  and  sanctifies  men  ;  in  opposition  to  the 
dttclrine  which  denies  the  operation  of  any  other 
than  physical  or  natural  causes  in  these  several 
things.  Murduck, 

SU-PEU-NAT'lJ-RAL-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  the 
principles  of  supernatiiralism. 

SU-PER-NAT'li-RAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  mannar  ex- 
ceeding the  established  course  or  laws  of  nature. 
The  prophets  must  have  been  supernaturally  taught 
or  enlightened,  for  their  predictions  were  beyond 
human  foreknowledge. 

Si;-PER-NAT'l.;-KAI--NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  beyond  the  power  or  ordinary  laws  of 
nature. 

SU-PER-NO'MER-.\-RY,  a.  [Fr.  supernuTTierotre  ;  L. 
super  and  numerus,  number.] 

1.  Exceeding  the  number  stated  or  prescribed  ;  as, 
a  supernumerary  officer  in  a  regiment;  a  supernumer- 
ary canon  in  the  church. 

2.  Exceeding  a  necessary,  a  usual,  or  a  round  num- 
ber ;  as,  supernumerary  addresses  ;  snprrnumerary 
expense.  Addison.  Fell. 

SU-PER-.\0'.MER-A-RY,  n.  A  person  or  thing  be- 
yond the  nuiiibt  r  stated,  or  beyond  what  is  neces- 
sary or  usu.1l.  On  the  reduction  of  the  regimenu;, 
several  supernumeraries  were  to  be  provided  ftir. 

SU-PER-PAR-TICq-LAR,  a.  [super  and  particular.] 
Noting  a  ratio  when  the  excess  of  the  greater  term 
over  the  less  is  a  unit ;  as,  the  ratio  of  I  to  2,  or  of  3 
to  4.    [JVo(  III  use.]  Hnttun. 

SU-PER-PAR'TIENT,  (-pir'shent,)  a.  [L.  super  and 
parlio.]  Noting  a  ratio  when  the  excess  of  the 
greater  term  over  the  less  is  more  than  a  unit ;  to, 
that  of  3  to  5,  or  of  7  to  10.    [AO.!  in  use.]  Hitlton. 

SO'PEK-PLANT,  n.    [super  and  plant.)     A  plant 
grotving  on  another  plant ;  as  the  misletoe.  [JVot 
used.  ]  Bacon. 
[We  now  use  Parasite  and  Epiphyte.] 

SO'PER-PLl^S.    See  Stnpi.t.s. 

SO'PER-PLUS-AGE,  n.    [L.  super  and  pliu.]  That 
which  is  more  than  enough  ;  excess.  FeU, 
[We  nt>w  use  Surpi.l-saoe,  which  see.] 
SU-PER-PON'DER-ATE,  r.  t.  I L.  super  and  pondero.] 

To  weiah  over  and  above.    [JVvt  tuied.]  Diet. 
SU-PER-PoSE',  (su-per-poze',)  v.  U    [L.  super  and  Fr. 
poser,  to  lay.] 

To  lay  upon,  as  one  kind  of  rock  on  another. 
SU-PER-POS'£I),  pp.  or  a.    Laid  or  being  up  n  some- 
thing. Humboldt. 
SU-PER-Pf)?'ING,  ppr.    Placing  upon  something. 
SU-PER-P0-SI"T10N,  (  po-zish'iin,)  n.    [super  and 
position.]    A  placing  above  ;  a  lying  or  being  situated 
above  or  upon  something  ;  as,  the  superposition 
rocks.  Humboldt, 

2.  That  which  is  situated  above  or  upon  some- 
thing else. 

SO'PER-PRAISE,  (su'per-prize,)  ».  ».  To  praise  lo 
excess.  SAai. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — 6  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ,  TH  as  In  THIS. 


139* 


^  OOOO" 


1100 


SUP 


SUP 


SUP 


SU-PER-PRO-PoR'TIOX,  ji.  [super  and  proportion.] 
Ovf  rpliis  of  priiportion.  Digby. 

SU-PER-PUR-GA'TIO.V,  n.  [super  and  purgation.] 
More  pur<ration  than  is  sufficient.  Wiseman, 

SU-PER-RE-FLEe'TlON,  n.  [super  and  rejiection.] 
Tile  reflection  of  an  image  reflected.  Bacon. 

SU-FER-RE-WARD',  v.  L   To  reward  to  excess. 

Bacon, 

SU-PER-ROY'AL,a.  [super  and  royal.]  Larger  than 
roval ;  denoting  the  largest  species  of  printing  paper. 

SU-PER-SA'LI-EN-CY,  n.  [L.  super  and  salio,  to 
leap.] 

The  act  of  leaping  on  any  thing.    [LiUle  used.] 

Brown, 

SU-PER-Sa'LI-ENT,  a.   Leaping  upon. 

SU'PER-SALT,  n.  In  chemiitnj,  a  salt  with  a  greater 
number  of  equivalents  of  acid  than  base.  The 
binoiatate  and  quotemozalate of  potassa  are  supersalts, 

SU-PER-^AT'II-RaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  super  and  saturo.] 
To  add  to  beyond  saturation. 

SU-PER-SAT'Ii-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  More  than  sat- 
urated. 

SU-PER-SAT'U-Ra-TING,  ppr.  More  than  satura- 
ting ;  filling  to  excess. 

SU-PER-SAT-lI-R.^'TION,  n.  The  operation  of  add- 
ing beyond  saturation,  or  the  state  of  being  thus 
supersiitiirated.  Fourcroy. 

SU-PER-SeRlBE',  r.  t.  [L.  super  and  scribo]  to 
write.] 

To  write  or  engrave  on  the  top,  outside,  or  sur- 
face ;  or  to  write  the  name  or  address  of  one  on  tlie 
outside  or  cover;  as,  to  superscribe  a  letter. 

SU-PER-?eRIB'KD,  pp.    Inscribed  on  the  outside. 

SU-PER-SCRIB'I.XG,  ;>pr.  Inscribing,  writing,  or  en- 
graving on  the  outside,  or  on  the  top. 

SU-PER-SCRIP'TION,  n.    Tlie  act  of  superscribing. 

2.  That  which  is  written  or  engraved  on  the  out- 
side, or  above  something  else.  P/aller. 

The  tuptrscriptian  of  his  accusalion  was  \vritten  over,  The  King 
of  llie  Jfws.  —  M.irii  xv.    Lake  xxiij. 

3.  An  impression  of  letters  on  coins.  MatL  xxii. 
[Shakspeare  uses  Superscript.] 

SU-PER-SEe'U-LAR,  a.    [super  and  secular.]  Being 

above  the^ world  or  secular  tiiings. 
SU-PER-SeDE',  tJ.  t.    [\,.  superscdeo  ;  super  and  sedeo, 

to  sit.] 

1.  Literally,  to  set  above  ;  hence,  to  make  void,  in- 
cflicacious,  or  useless,  by  superior  power,  or  by  com- 
ing in  the  place  of ;  to  set  aside  ;  to  render  unneces- 
sary ;  to  suspend.  The  use  of  artillery  in  making 
breaches  in  walls,  has  superseded  the  use  of  tile  bat- 
tering-ram. The  eflecl  of  passion  is  to  supersede  the 
workings  of  reason.  Soatk. 


Nothing  is  supposed  that  c 
ml  niotiuii. 


1  superstde  the  known  laws  of  natu- 
BeiiVey. 


2.  To  come  or  be  placed  in  the  room  of ;  hence,  to 
displace  or  render  unnecessary  ;  as,  an  officer  is 
superseded  hv  the  appointment  of  another  person. 

SU  PF.R-SE''DE-,9S,  71.  [L.]  In  law,  a  writ  of  super- 
sedeas, is  a  writ  or  command  to  suspend  the  powers 
of  an  officer  in  certain  cases,  or  to  stay  proceedings. 
This  writ  does  not  destroy  the  power  of  an  officer, 
for  it  may  be  revived  by  another  writ  called  a  proce- 
dendo. Blackstone. 

SU-PER-SeD'OT,  pp.  Made  void  ;  rendered  unnec- 
essary or  jneffiracious  ;  displaced;  suspended. 

SU-PER-SeD'ING,  ppr.  Coming  in  the  place  of;  set- 
ting aside  ;  rendering  useless;  displacing;  suspend- 
in  i;. 

SU-PER-SkDTJRE,  JI.  The  act  of  superseding;  as, 
the  supersedure  of  trial  by  jury.  [Weic] 

Hamilton,  Fed. 
SU-PER-SEN'PI-BLE,  a.    Beyond  the  reach  of  the 
senses;  above  the  natural  powers  of  perception. 

Murdoch. 

SU-PER  PE\S'U-AL,  a.    Above  the  senses. 
SU-PER-SERV'ICE-A-BLE,  a.     [super  and  scnUe- 
•able.] 

Over  officious ;  doing  more  than  is  required  or 
desired.    fJVol  in  use.]  Shak. 
SU  PER-SES'SION,  (-scsh'un,)  n.    The  act  of  super- 
sedins. 

SU-PER-STI"TION,  (-stish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
guper.ftitio,  supersto ;  super  and  sto,  to  stand.] 

1.  Excessive  exactness  or  rigor  in  religious  opin- 
ions or  practice  ;  exlnone  and  unnecessary  scruples 
in  the  observance  of  religious  riles  not  commanded, 
or  of  points  of  minor  importance  ;  excess  or  extrav- 
agance in  religion  ;  the  doin!!  of  things  not  required 
hy  God,  or  abstaining  from  things  not  forbiilden  ;  or 
the  belief  of  what  is  absurd,  or  belief  without  evi- 
dence. Brown. 

Sup9rttition  hnt  rpfeivnee  to  God,  lo  rell^on,  or  lo  Mngs 
■up^hor  to  man.  Enci/e. 

2.  False  religion  ;  fal«e  worship. 

3.  Rite  or  practice  proceeding  from  excess  of  scru- 
ples In  religion.    In  this  sense,  it  admits  of  a  plural. 

Th*-j  th"  innh 
With  tuperttUiont  and  trailiuoiis  I'Unt.  Milton. 

4.  Excessive  nicety  ;  scrupulous  exactness. 

5.  Belief  in  the  direct  agency  of  superifir  powers 
In  certain  extraordinary  or  singular  events,  or  in 
omens  and  prognostics 


SU-PER-STI"TION-IST,  n.  One  addicted  to  super- 
stition. More. 

SU-PER-STI"TIOUS,  (-stish'us,)  a.  [Fr.  supersti- 
tieux ;  L.  superstitiosus.] 

1.  Over  scrupulous  and  rigid  in  religious  obser- 
vances ;  addicted  to  superstition  ;  full  of  idle  fancies 
and  scniples  in  regard  to  religion ;  as,  superstitious 
people. 

2.  Proceeding  from  superstition  ;  manifesting  su- 
perstition ;  as,  superstitious  rites  ;  superstitious  obser- 
vance;!. 

3.  Over  exact ;  scrupulous  beyond  need. 
Superstitious  use ;  in  law,  the  use  of  land  for  a  reli- 
gious purpose,  or  by  a  religious  corporation. 

SU-PER-STI"TIOUS-Ly,  orfr.  In  a  superstitious 
manner;  with  excessive  regard  to  uncouiiuanded 
rites  or  unessential  opinions  and  forms  in  religion. 

Bacon, 

2.  With  too  much  care ;  with  excessive  e.iactness 
or  scruple. 

3.  With  extreme  credulity  in  regard  to  the  agency 
of  superior  beings  in  extraordinary  events. 

SU-PER-STI"T10US-NESS,  n.  Superstition. 

SU-PER-STRaIN',  c.  t.  [jT/;;fr  and  slraiii.]  To  over- 
strain or  stretch.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

SU-PER-STRAIN'ED.pp.    Overstrained  or  stretched. 

SU-PER-STRA'TUM,  n.  [super  and  stratum.]  A 
stratum  or  layer  above  another,  or  resting  on  some- 
thing else.  jisi/j£.  Res. 

SU-PER-STRUCT',  v.  U    [L.  suptrstruo:  super  and 
stnto^  to  lay.] 
To  build  upon  ;  to  erect. 

This  is  the  only  proper  basis  on  which  to  superatruct  first  inno- 
cence and  ttien  virtue.    [Liulexteed.]      Decay  of  Piety. 

SU-PER-STRUeT'ED,  pp.    Built  upon. 
SU-PER-STRUCT'I.NG,  ppr.    Building  upon. 
SU-PER-STRUe'TION,  7i.     An  edifice  erected  on 
something. 

My  own  profession  hath  taught  me  not  to  erect  new  superstruc- 
dons  on  an  old  ruin.  Denham. 

SU-PER-STRUeT'IVE,  a.  Built  or  erected  on  some- 
thing else.  Hammoud. 

SU-PER-STRUeT'IJRE,  n.  Any  stnicture  or  edifice 
built  on  something  else  ;  particwiarZy,  the  building 
raised  on  a  foundation.  This  word  is  used  to  distin- 
guish what  is  erected  on  a  wall  or  foundation  from 
the  foundation  itself. 

2.  Any  thing  erected  on  a  foundation  or  basis.  In 
education,  we  begin  with  teaching  languages  as  the 
foundation,  and  proceed  to  erect  on  that  foundation 
Ihe  s^tperitrncture  of  science. 

SU-PER-SUB-STAN'TtAL,  a.  [super  and  substan- 
tial.] More  than  substantial ;  being  more  than  sub- 
stance. Cijc. 

SU  PER-SUL'PH.\TE,  n.  Sulphate  with  a  greater 
niiinher  of  equivalents  of  acid  than  base. 

SU-PER-SUL'PHU-RET-ED,  a.  Consisting  of  a 
greater  number  of  equivalents  of  sulphur  than  of 
the  base  with  which  the  sulphur  is  combined,  .^ikin. 

SU-PER-TER-ReNE',  a.  [super  and  terrene.]  Being 
above  ground,  or  above  the  earth.  IliU. 

SU-PER-TER-RES'TRI-AL,  a.  Being  above  the 
earth,  or  above  what  belongs  to  the  earth. 

Bucktninster. 

SU-PER-TON'ie,  n.   In  music,  the  note  ne.\t  above 

the  key-note.  Busby. 
SU-PER-TRAG'ie-AL,  a.    Tragical  to  e.tcess. 

fVarton. 

SU-PER-VA-CA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  supervacaneus ;  su- 
per and  vaco,  to  make  void.] 

Superfluous  ;  unnecessary  ;  needless  ;  serving  no 
purpose.  Hotccll. 
SU-PER-VA-GA'NE-OUS-LY,  adv.  Needlessly. 
SU-PER-VA-CA'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.  Needlessness. 

Bailey, 

SU-PER-VE\E',  r.  i.    [L.  supertienio ;  super  and  ve- 

7110.] 

1.  To  come  upon  as  something  extraneous. 

Such  a  nmtii.d  oravilaiion  can  never  lu^eruene  to  mailer,  unless 
impressed  liy  divine  power.  Benliey. 

2.  To  come  upon  ;  to  happen  to. 

SU  PER  Ve'NI-ENT,  a.  Coming  upon  as  some- 
thing additional  or  extraneous 

Th.il  bnuich  of  belief  wna  in  him  taptrvenient  to  Chiislian 

priclice.  Hamnionft. 
DivorC'-s  can  ix  erranted,  a  menga  et  foro,  only  for  titperuenient 
C..U.. ,.        °  i.  Sm/l. 

SU-PER-VE.\'TI0X,  71.   The  act  of  supervening. 
SU-PER-VI'SAL,  (sii-per-vi'zal,)       /  n.    [from  su- 
SU-PER-VI"SION,  (su-per-vizh'iin,)  i  percisc.]  The 

act  of  overseeing  ;  inspection  ;  superintendence. 

Tooke.  WaLih, 
SU-PER-VISE',  (su-per-vize',)  tu    Inspection.  [A'ot 

used.  ]  Shak. 
SU-PER-VISE',  r.  (.  [L.  .iwpcrand  visus,  video,  to  sec.] 
To  oversee  for  direction  ;  to  superintend  ;  to  in- 

spiTt  ;  as,  lo  supervise  the  press  for  correction. 
SU  PER  VTS'KI)  (-vJzd',)  pp.  Inspected. 
SU-PER- VIS'ING,  ppr.   Overseeing;  inspecting;  sii- 

periiiloniliniE. 

SU  PER  VT'SOR,  n.  An  overseer;  an  inspector;  a 
8U|)erinlendeiit ;  as,  the  supervisor  of  a  ptinipblel. 

Dryden. 


SU-PER-Vl'SO-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  having  su 
pervision. 

SU-PER-VIVE',  71  L    [L.  .nipcr  and  vivo,  to  live.] 

To  live  beyond  ;  to  outlive.    The  soul  will  super- 
vive  all  the  revolutions  of  nature.    [Little  used,] 
[See  Sl'Rvive.] 
SU-PI-NA'TION,  71.    [L.  supino,] 

I.  The  act  of  lying,  or  state  of  being  laid,  with  the 
face  upward. 

9.  The  act  of  turning  the  palm  of  the  hand  up- 
ward. ^  Lawrence^s  LecU 
SU-PI-Na'TOR,  71.    In  anatomy,  a.  muscle  that  turns 

the  palm  of  the  hand  upward. 
SU-PL\E',a.    [L.  sKpiTiK.,-.] 

1.  Lying  on  the  back,  or  with  the  face  upward  ; 
opposed  to  Prone. 

2.  Leaning  backward,  or  inclining  with  exposure 
to  the  sun. 

If  the  vine 

On  rising  ground  be  pl.aced  on  hills  supine.  Dryden. 

3.  Negligent ;  heedless  ;  indolent ;  thoughtless  ; 
inattentive. 


He  became  pusiUanimous  and  supine,  and  openly  exposed  to  any 

tenipuilion.  Wooitward, 
These  men  sutier  by  their  supine  credulity.  K,  OtarLes, 

SO'PTNE,  71.    [L.  SMpi/iUTTi.] 

In  irrammar,  a  name  of  certain  forms  or  modifica- 
tioiis  of  the  Latin  verb  ending  in  urn  and  u. 
SU-PlNE'LY,  adv.    With  the  face  upward. 

2.  Carelessly  ;  indolently  ;  drowsily  ;  in  a  heed- 
less, tiioughtless  state. 

Who  on  beds  of  sin  supinely  lie.  Sandys. 
SU-PI.\E'NESS,  71.    A  lying  with  the  face  upward. 
2.  Indolence  ;  drowsiness  ;  heedlessness.  Many 
of  the  evils  of  life  are  owing  to  our  own  supinencss. 
SU  PI.\"I-TY,  for  SupiNENESs,  is  not  used. 
SUP'PAGE,  K.    [from  sup.]    What  may  be  supped  ; 

pottage.    [JVot  in  use.]  Hooker. 
SUP-PAL-Pa'TION,  71.    [Usuppalpor;  sub  and  pal- 
por,  to  stroke.] 

The  act  of  enticing  bv  soft  words.    [JVot  used.] 

Hail. 

SUP-PAR-.A-SI-TA'TION,  71.    [L.  supparasiior ;  sub 
and  parasite.] 

The  act  of  flattering  merely  to  gain  favor.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Hall. 
SUP-PAR'A-SITE,  V.  t.    To  flatter ;  to  cajole. 

i>r.  Clarke. 

SUP-PAWN'.    See  Sep.^ws. 

SUP'PiD,  (supt,)  pp.    Having  taken   the  evening 
meal. 

SUP-PE-Da'NE-OUS,  a,    [L.  sub  and  pes,  the  foot.] 
Being  under  the  feet.  Broirn, 
SUP-PED'I-TATE,  v.  t.    [L.  suppedito,] 

To  supply.    LXol  used/]  Hammond. 
SUP-PED-I-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  suppeditatio.] 

Supply  ;  aid  afforded.    [Little  used.]  Bacon, 
SUP'PER,  71.    [Fr.  souper.    See  Sup.] 

The  evening  meal.    People  who  dine  late  eat  no 
supper.    The  dinner  of  fashionable  people  would  be 
the  supper  of  rustics. 
SUP'PER-LESS,  o.    Wanting  supper;  being  without 

supper  ;  as,  to  go  supprrless  to  bed.  Spectator. 
SUP-PLANT',  V.  I.    [Fr.  supplanter  ;  L.  supplanto ; 
sub  and  plania,  the  bottom  of  the  foot.] 

1.  To  trip  up  the  heels. 

Supplanted  down  he  fell.  JV/t?Ion. 

2.  To  remove  or  displace  by  stratagem  ;  or  lo  dis- 
place and  take  the  place  of ;  as,  a  rival  supplants 
another  in  the  aflectious  of  his  mistres.s,  or  in  the 
favor  of  his  prince. 

Suspecting  that  Uie  connier  had  supplanted  the  ftieod.  Fell. 

3.  To  overthrow  ;  lo  undermine. 
SUP-PLA.NT-A'TIO.N,  >i.    The  .act  of  supplanting. 
SUP-PLANT'ED,  pp.    Tripped  up  ;  displ.aced. 
SUP-PLANT'ER,  n.    One  that  supplants. 
SUP-PLANT'ING,  ppr.    Tripping  up  the  heels;  dis- 
placing by  artifice. 

SUP'PLE,' (sup'pl,)  o.     [Fr.  souple  ;  Arm.  soublat, 
soublrin,  to  bend.] 

1.  Pliant ;  flexiole  ;  easily  bent ;  as,  supple  joints; 
supple  fingers.  Bacon.  Temple. 

2.  Yielding  ;  compliant ;  not  obstinate. 

If  punishment  makes  not  the  will  supple,  it  hanleni  the  offender. 

Locke. 

3.  Bending  to  the  humor  of  others;  flattering; 
fawning.  Jiddison, 

4.  That  makes  pliant ;  as,  supple  government. 

S;ia/r. 

SUP'PLE,  (sup'pl,)  ti.  t.   To  make  soft  and  pliant; 
to  render  flexible  ;  as,  to  supple  leather. 
2.  To  make  compliant. 


SUP'PLE,  V.  i.  To  become  soft  and  pliant ;  na,  stones 
suppleil  into  softness.  Dryden. 

SUP'PLEI),  (siip'pld,)  pp.  Made  soft  and  pliant ; 
made  compliant. 

SUP'PLE-LY,  (siip'pl-lc,)  adv.  Softly  ;  pliantly  ;  mild- 
ly, Cvtgrave. 

SUP'PLi?.-MENT.  TU  [Fr.,  from  L.  supplementum, 
suppleo  ;  sub  and  pleo,  to  fill.] 


FATE,  FAR,  rj\LL,  WHAT  MRTE,  PRBV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1110 


SUP 


SUP 


SUP 


1.  LUeraUij,  a  suiiply  ;  lience,  an  addition  to  any 
tiling,  by  which  its  dufect.s  are  supplied,  and  it  is 
made  more  full  and  complete.  The  word  ia  particu- 
larly used  of  an  addition  to  a  book  or  paper. 

2.  Store;  supply.    [JVot  in  tuie.]  Ckapman. 

3.  In  IrigoHumetry,  the  cpiantily  by  which  an  arc 
or  an  anplc  falls  short  of  180  degrees,  or  a  semicircle. 

SUl"PLe-»lENT,  V.  U  To  add  somcthmg  to  a  wri- 
tiuf:,  &c. 

SUP  PLk-MENT'AL,  )  0.  Additional ;  added  tosup- 
SUP-PLe-MENT'A-RY,  i     ply  what  is  wanted ;  as,  a 

supplemental  law  or  bill. 
SUP'PLE-MENT-ING,  ppr.   Adding  a  supplement. 

Clialmer$, 

SUP'PLE-NESS,  (sup'pl-ness,)  n.  [from  supple.]  Pli- 
ancy ;  pliableness;  flexibility;  the  cpiality  of  being 
easily  bent ;  as,  the  supplcne-is  of  the  joints. 

2.  Readiness  of  compliance  ;  the  quality  of  easily 
yielcliiis  ;  facility  ;  as,  the  supplenessoS  the  will.  Locke. 

SUP'PLi-TI  VEy*  I  «•    f™™      '"•'P''"'  '"P'''^-^ 
Supplying  deficiencies  ;  as,  a  suppletoni  oath. 

illack.itojie. 

SUP'PLE-TO-RY,  n.   That  which  is  to  supply  what 

is  wanted.  Ilammimd. 
SUP-PLI'AL,  n.   The  act  of  supplying.    [JVu(  used.] 

JVarburton. 

SUP-PLI'ANCE,  ji.   Continuance.   [JVot  in  iise.] 

Shak. 

SUP'PLI-ANT,  a.  [Fr.,  from  siipplier,  to  entreat,  con- 
tracted from  L.  supplicOt  to  supplicate ;  sub  and  plico, 
to  fold.    See  CoMruv  and  Api'LV.) 

1.  Entreating  ;  beseeching  ;  supplicating;  asking 
earnestly  and  submissively. 

Tlic  rich  grow  tuppliant^  And  Ihe  poor  grow  proud.  Drydtn. 

2.  Manifesting  entreaty ;  expressive  of  humble  sup- 
plication. 

To  bow  ftini  iiie  for  ^race  with  auppliant  knee.  MiUon. 
SUP'PLI-ANT,  n.    A  humble  petitioner ;  one  who  en- 
treats submissively. 

Spare  tlii»  life,  and  hoar  thy  aupplinnCa  prayer.  Drydtn. 
SUP'PLf-ANT-LY,  adi).   In  a  suppliant  or  submissive 
manner. 

SUP'PLI-eANT,  a.    [h.  supplicans.] 

Entrentin!: ;  asking  submissively.        Bp.  Butt. 
SUP'PLI-CANT,  71.    Une  that  entreats;  a  petitioner 
wlio  asks  earnestly  and  submissively. 

Tlie  wise  supplieaTU  left  the  event  to  God.  Rogers. 
SUP'PLI-e.\T,  n.    In  the  EnirtM  universities,  a  peti- 
tion ;  particularly,  a  written  application  with  a  certif- 
icate that  the  requisite  conditions  have  been  complied 
with. 

SUP'PLI-CaTE,  tj.  f.  [L.  supptico!  sub  and  plico.  See 

SuPfLUNT.] 

1.  To  entreat  for  ;  to  seek  by  earnest  prayer ;  as, 
,  to  supplicate  blessings  on  Christian  efforts  to  spread 

the  gos[iel. 

2.  Til  address  in  prayer ;  as,  to  supplicate  the  throne 
of  cmce. 

SUP'PLI-GATE,  V.  L    To  entreat ;  to  beseech  ;  to  im- 
plore; to  petition  with  earnestness  and  submission. 
A  man  c«n  nut  brook  to  Mupplicau  or  beg.  Bacon. 

SUP'PLI-CA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Entreating ;  imploring. 
SUP'PLI-eA-TING-LY,  adr.  By  way  of  supplication. 
SUP-PLI-Ca'TION,  II.    [Fr.,  from  L.  supplicutio.] 

1.  Entreaty  ;  humble  and  earnest  pniyer  in  wor- 
ship. In  all  Mir  supplications  to  the  Father  of  mercies, 
let  us  remember  a  world  lying  in  ignorance  and  wick- 
edness. 

2.  Petition  ;  earnest  request. 

3.  Ill  Roman  antiiiuitij,  a  religious  solemnity  ob- 
served in  consequence  of^ some  military  success,  and 
also  in  times  of  distress  and  danger,  to  avert  the  an- 
ger of  the  gods.  Smith's  Diet 

SUP'PLI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  supplication  ; 
humble  ;  submissive.  Johnson. 

SUP-Pl.I'ED,  pp.  [from  supply.]  Fully  furnished  ; 
having  a  surticiency. 

SUP-PLI'ER,  n.    He  that  supplies. 

SUP-PLIES',  n.  ••  pi.  of  Suppuv.  Things  supplied  in 
sulliciency.  In  England,  moneys  granted  by  parlia- 
ment fur  public  expenditure. 

SUP-PL?',  V.  L  [L,.  suppleo  ;  sub  and  pleo,  disused, 
to  fill  ;  Fr.  suppleer;  Sp.  suplir ;  It.  supptire.] 

1.  To  fill  up,  as  any  deficiency  happens  ;  to  furnish 
what  is  wanted  ;  to  afford  or  furnish  a  sufficiency  ; 
as,  to  supplii  Ihe  poor  with  bread  and  clothing;  to 
supply  the  daily  wants  of  nature  ;  to  supply  the  navy 
with  masts  and  spars  ;  to  supply  the  treasury  with 
money.   The  city  is  well  supplied  with  water. 

I  wanted  nothing  fortune  could  supply.  Drydtn. 

%  To  serve  instead  of. 

Bnrning  ihipa  Ihe  banished  lun  supply.  Waller. 

3.  To  give ;  to  bring  or  furnish. 
Nearer  care  supplies 

Sighs  to  my  breast,  and  sorrow  to  my  eyes.  Prxtr. 

4.  To  fill  vacant  room. 
The  sun  was  set.  and  Vesper,  to  supply 
His  Rbarnt  beams,  h«d  lighteil  up  the  sky.  Dryden. 

5.  To  fill ;  as,  to  supply  a  vacancy. 


6.  In  general,  to  furnish ;  to  give  or  aflbrd  what  is 
wanted. 

Modern  in(i*lclity  supplies  no  such  molivcs.  Itob.  Halt. 

SUP-PLV,  V.  Sufficiency  of  things  for  use  or  want. 
The  poor  have  a  daily  supply  of  food  ;  the  army  has 
ample  supplies  of  provisions  ami  iniinitidiis  of  war. 
Customs,  taxes,  and  excise  con.stitute  the  supplies  of 
revenue. 

SUP-PLVING,  ppr.    Yielding  or  furnishing  what  is 

wanted  ;  affording  a  stitflciency. 
SUP-PL?'MENT,  II.    A  furnishing.    [JVot  in  use.] 

S/iak. 

SUP-PORT',  V.  t.  [Fr.  supporter:  It.  sopportare  ;  L. 
supportn ;  sub  and  porto,  to  carry.] 

1.  To  bear  ;  to  sustain  ;  to  uphold  ;  as,  a  prop  or 
pill.ar  sii;>;mrt>-  a  structure;  an  abutment  »-ii;>;rortj  an 
arch  ;  the  stem  of  a  tree  supports  the  branches.  Ev- 
ery edifice  must  have  a  foundation  to  support  it;  a 
rope  or  cord  support  a  weight. 

2.  To  endure  without  being  overcome  ;  as,  to  sup- 
port pain,  distress,  or  misfortunes. 

This  fuTCc  demeanor  and  his  insolenco 

The  piitience  of  a  goil  could  not  support.  Dryden. 

3.  To  bear;  to  endure  ;  as,  to  support  fatigues  or 
hardships  ;  to  support  violent  exertions.  The  eye 
will  not  support  the  light  of  the  sun's  disk. 

4.  To  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  fainting  or  sinking ; 
as,  to  support  the  courage  or  spirits. 

5.  To  sustaiii ;  to  act  or  represent  well ;  as,  to  sup- 
port the  character  of  King  Lear ;  to  support  the  part 
a.ssigned. 

6.  I'o  bear ;  to  supply  funds  for  or  the  means  of 
continuing  ;  as,  to  support  the  annual  expenses  of 
government. 

7.  To  sustain  ;  to  carry  on  ;  as,  to  support  a  war  or 
a  contest ;  to  support  an  argument  or  debate. 

8.  To  maintain  with  provisions  and  the  necessary 
means  of  living  ;  as,  to  support  a  family  ;  to  support 
a  son  in  college  ;  to  support  the  ministers  of  the  gos- 
pel. 

9.  To  maintain  ;  to  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  failing  ; 
as,  to  support  life  ;  to  support  the  strength  by  nour- 
ishment. 

10.  To  sustain  without  change  or  dissolution  ;  as, 
clay  supports  an  intense  heat. 

11.  To  bear ;  to  keep  from  sinking  ;  as,  water  swp- 
ports  ships  and  other  botlies  ;  air  supports  a  balloon. 

12.  To  bear  without  being  exhausted;  to  be  able 
to  pay  ;  as,  to  support  taxes  or  contributions. 

13.  To  sustain  ;  to  maintain  ;  as,  to  support  a  good 
character. 

14.  To  maintain  ;  to  verify  ;  to  make  good  :  to  sub- 
stantiate. The  testimony  is  not  sufficient  to  support 
the  charges ;  the  evidence  will  not  support  the  state- 
ments or  allegations  ;  the  inipuachmeiit  ia  well  sup- 
ported by  evidence. 

15.  To  uphold  by  aid  or  countenance;  as,  to  sup- 
port a  friend  or  a  party. 

If).  To  vindicate  :  to  maintain  ;  to  defend  success- 
fully ;  as,  to  be  able  to  .support  one's  own  cause. 

17.  To  act  as  one's  aid  t>r  attendant  on  some  pub- 
lic occasion,  by  sitting  or  walking  at  his  side  ;  as, 
Mr.  O'Connell  left  the  prison,  supported  by  his  two 
sons.  England. 
SUP-P6RT',  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  upholding  or 
sustaining. 

2.  That  which  upholds,  sustains,  or  keeps  from 
falling  i  as  a  prop,  a  pillar,  a  foundation  of  any  kind. 

3.  That  which  maintains  life  ;  as,  food  is  liie  sup- 
port of  life,  of  the  body,  of  strcn|(h.  0.xygen,  or  vi- 
tal air,  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  support  of  respi- 
ration and  of  heat  in  the  blood. 

4.  Maintenance  ;  subsistence  ;  as,  an  income  suffi- 
cient for  the  support  of  a  family ;  or  revenue  for 
the  support  of  the  army  and  navy. 

5.  Maintenance  ;  nn  upholding  ;  continuance  in 
any  st.ite,  or  preservation  from  falling,  sinking,  or 
failing  ;  as,  taxes  necessary  for  the  support  of  public 
credit ;  a  revenue  for  the  support  of  government. 

6.  In  general,  the  maintenance  or  sustaining  of  any 
thing,  without  suffering  it  to  tail,  decline,  or  lan- 
guish ;  as,  the  support  of  health,  spirits,  strength,  or 
courage  ;  the  support  of  reputation,  credit,  &c. 

7.  That  w  hich  upholds  or  relieves ;  aid  ;  help ;  suc- 
cor ;  assistance. 

SUP-PORT' A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  That  may  be  upheld  or 
sustained. 

2.  Th.it  may  be  borne  or  endured  ;  as,  the  pain  is 
supportable,  or  not  supportable.  Patience  renders  evils 
supportable. 

3.  Tolerable  ;  that  may  be  borne  without  resistance 
or  punishment ;  as,  such  insults  are  not  supportable. 

4.  That  can  be  maintained ;  as,  the  cause  or  opin- 
ion is  supportable. 

SUP-PORT' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tol- 
erable. Hammond. 

SUP-PORT' A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  supportable  manner. 

SUP-PORT'ANCE,  It.  Maintenance  ;  support.  [A'ot 
til  use.] 

SUP-PORT-A'TION,  n.  Maintenance  j  support.  [A'oJ 
in  use.] 

SUP-PORT'ED,  pp.  Borne  ;  endured  ;  upheld  ;  main- 
Uiined  ;  subsisted  ;  sustained  ;  carried  on. 


SUP-PORT'ER,  «.    One  that  supports  or  mainlains. 

2.  That  which  supports  or  upholds ;  a  prop,  a  pil- 
lar, iLC. 

The  sockeu  and  supporters  of  fluwers  are  flared.  Bacon. 

3.  Asu.stainer;  a  comforter. 

The  saints  have  a  coinpiiiiun  ami  supporter  In  all  Itielr  mtserie«. 

South. 

4.  A  maintainer  ;  a  defender. 

Worthy  supporters  of  such  a  reigning  impiety.  South. 

5.  One  who  maintains  or  helps  to  carry  on ;  as, 
the  supporters  of  a  war. 

6.  An  advocate  ;  a  defender ;  a  vindicator  ;  as,  the 
supporters  of  religion,  iiioralily,  justice,  &c. 

7.  An  adherent ;  one  who  takes  part ;  as,  the  sup- 
porter of  a  party  or  faction. 

8.  One  who  siLs  by  or  walks  with  another,  on 
some  public  occasion,  as  an  aid  or  attendant. 

9.  Ill  ship-building,  a  knee  placed  under  the  cat- 
head. 

10.  Supporters,  in  heraldry,  arc  figures  of  beasts 
that  appear  to  support  the  arms.  Johnson. 

SUP-POltT'ryL,  a.  Abounding  with  support.  [JV'ot 
nsed.l 

SUP-PoRT'ING,  ppr.  Bearing;  enduring;  uphold- 
ing ;  sustaining  ;  inaintuining  ;  subsisting  ;  vindi- 
cating. 

SUP-PORT'LESS,  a.    Having  no  support. 

Battle  of  Frogs  and  Mice. 
SUP-PORT'ME.\T,  71.    Support.    [JVol  in  use.] 

mitton. 

SUP-POS'A-BLE,  a.    [from  suppose.]    That  may  be 

supposed;  that  may  be  imagined  to  exist.    That  is 

not  a  supposabU  case. 
SUP-POS'AL,  n.     [from  suppose.]    Position  without 

proof  ;  the  imagining  of  something  to  exist;  supiio- 

sition. 

Interest  witli  a  Jew  never  procvds  b\it  upon  supposal,  at  li-ast, 

ol  a  lirm  and  sulficirnt  hultoin.    [CUia.)  South. 

SUP-POSE',  (sup-poze',)  V.  t.  [Fr.  supposer ;  1,.  sup- 
positus,  suppono  i  It.  supporre ;  Sp.  suponer  ;  sub  and 
pono,  to  put.] 

1.  To  lay  down  or  stale  as  a  proposition  or  fact 
that  may  exist  or  be  true,  though  not  known  or  be- 
lieved to  be  true  or  to  exist;  or  to  imagine  or  admit 
to  exist,  for  the  sake  of  argument  or  illustration. 
Let  us  suppose  the  earth  to  be  the  i  enter  of  the  sys- 
tem, what  would  be  the  consequence 

Wiien  we  have  ns  ^e.it  .issuranc*  ttiat  a  thing  is,  !M  we  could 
possiljly,  supposing  it  were,  we  ought  not  to  doubt  of  its 
cxisu-nce.  TiUoleon. 

2.  To  imagine ;  to  believe ;  to  receive  as  true. 

Let  not  my  lord  suppose  that  they  liave  slain  all  the  young  men, 
the  king's  sons;  tor  Ainnon  only  is  dead.  — '2  S.iin.  xiil. 

3.  To  imagine;  to  think. 

1  suppose. 

If  our  propos.als  onc«  agnin  were  heard.  J^fttlon, 

4.  To  require  to  exist  or  be  true.  The  existence  of 
things  supposes  the  existence  of  a  cause  of  the 
things. 

One  fnlseliood  supposes  anoUier,  and  renders  all  you  say  su*. 

peeled.  F)cmaJe  Quixote. 

5.  To  put  one  thing  by  fraud  in  the  place  of  an- 
other,   f  Aoi  in  use.] 

SUP-POSE',  n.    Supposition  ;  position  without  proof. 
Fit  to  1«  trusted  on  a  h:\rr  suppose 
'I'hal  &he  IS  honest.    [.Vol  in  use.\  Dryden. 

SUP-POS'iCD,  pp.  or  a.  Laid  down  or  imagined  as 
true  ;  imagined  ;  btdieved  ;  received  as  true. 

SUP-POS'ER,  n.    One  who  siipptiscs.  Shak. 

SUP-PoS'liN'G,  ppr.  Laying  down  or  imagining  to 
exist  or  be  true  ;  stating  as  a  case  that  may  be  ;  im- 
agining ;  receiving  as  true. 

SUP-PO-SI"TIO.\,  (  po-zish'uni)  n.  The  act  of  lay- 
ing down,  imagining,  or  admitting  as  true  or  exist- 
ing, what  is  known  not  to  be  true,  or  what  is  not 
proved. 

2.  The  position  of  something  known  not  to-be 
true  or  not  proved  ;  hypothesis. 

This  ia  only  an  infallil.iliiy  np.ui  supposition,  that  if  a  thing  be 
true,  it' is  impossible  lo  be  falw;.  TV/olson. 

3.  Imagination  ;  belief  without  full  evidence. 

4.  In  muiic,  the  use  of  two  successive  notes  of 
equal  length,  one  of  which,  being  a  discord,  supposes 
the  other  a  concord. 

SUP-PO-SI"TIOX-AL,  o.    Hypothetical.  South. 

SUP-POS-I-TI"TIOUS,  (-poz-e-tish'us,)  a.  [L.  «ip- 
posititiu.^,  from  suppositus,  suppotio.] 

Put  by  trick  in  the  place  or  character  belonging  to 
another;  not  genuine;  as,  a  supposititious  child;  a 
supposititious  writing.  AddL-ion, 

SUP-PO»-I-TI"TIOUS-LY,  (-tish'us-,)  adv.  Hypo- 
tlielically  ;  bv  siipi»osition. 

SUP-POS-I-Tr'TIOUS-.XESS,  (  tish'us-,)  n.  The 
state  of  being  supposititious. 

SUP-POS'I-TIVE,  a.  Supposed;  including  or  imply- 
ing supposition.  Chilhngtrorth. 

SUP-POS'I-TIVE,  n.  [Supra.]  A  word  denirtiiig  or 
implying  supposition.  Hams. 

SUP-POS'I-TIVE-LY,  <u/o.  Wilb,  by,  or  upon  sup- 
position. Hammond. 

SUP-POS'I-TO-RY,  n.    [Fr.  suppositoirr.] 

In  medicine,  a  pill  or  bolus  introduced  into  the  rec- 


TONE,  BULL,  qXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  a«  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1111 


SUP 


SUR 


SUR 


turn  to  procure  stools  when  clysters  cannot  be  adniin- 
islerpd.  Parr. 
SUP  PRESS',  r.  t.    [L.  suppressus^  supprimo  ;  sab  and 
prenin,  to  press.] 

1.  'J'o  overptiwer  and  cnish  ;  to  subdue ;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  suppress  a  rebellion  ;  to  suppress  a  mu- 
tiny or  riot ;  to  suppress  opposition. 

Every  rfb^llion,  when  il  is  sitpprttstd,  maket  the  lubject  weaker, 
and  Uie  goTerumeiil  wronger.  Davits. 

2.  To  keep  in  ;  to  restrain  from  utterance  or  vent ; 
as,  to  suppress  the  voice  ;  to  stippress  sighs. 

3.  To  retain  without  disclosure ;  to  conceal;  not 
to  tell  or  reveal ;  as,  to  suppress  evidence. 

She  suppresset  the  uame,  and  UiU  Ifeepi  him  in  a  plef(sinw  sng. 
pente.  Broome. 

4.  To  retain  without  communication  or  making 
public  ;  us,  to  supprest  a  letter  ;  to  suppress  a  manu- 
script. 

5.  To  stifle  ;  to  stop ;  to  hinder  from  circulation  ; 
as,  to  suppress  a  report. 

6.  To  stop;  to  restrain;  to  obstruct  from  dis- 
clmrses  ;  as,  to  suppress  a  diarrhea,  a  hemorrhage, 
ant!  the  like. 

SrP-PRESS'/;D,  (-prest',)  ;  p.  or  o.  Crushed  ;  de- 
stroyed ;  retained  ;  conceal  id  ;  stopped  :  obstructed. 

SL'P-PRESS'ING,  ppr.  Subduing;  destroying;  re- 
taining closely  ;  concealing;  hindering  from  disclo- 
sure nr  publication  ;  obstructing. 

SUP-PRES'SION,  (sup-presh'un,)  n  [Fr.,  from  L. 
supprc-isio.] 

1.  The  act  of  suppressing,  crushing,  or  destroy- 
ing; as,  the  suppression  of  a  riot,  insurrection,  or  tu- 
mult. 

2.  The  act  of  retaining  from  utterance,  vent,  or 
disclosure  ;  concealuicnt ;  as,  the  suppression  of  truth, 
of  reports,  of  evidence,  and  the  like. 

3.  The  retaining  of  any  thing  from  public  notice  ; 
as.  the  suppression  of  a  letter  or  any  writing. 

4.  'i'be  stoppage,  obstruction,  or  morbid  retention 
of  discharges  ;  as,  the  suppression  of  urine,  of  diar- 
rhea, or  other  discharge. 

.5.  [u  grammar  or  composilionj  omission  ;  as,  the 

suppresnon  of  a  Word. 
SUP-PRESS'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  suppress  ;  subduing  ; 

concealing.  Seward. 
SUP-PRESS'OR,  71.    One  that  suppresses  ;  one  that 

subdues  ;  one  that  prevents  utterance,  disclosure,  or 

coinniiinication. 
SUP'PU-R.^TE,  V.  i.    [L.  suppuro  ;  sub  and  pus,puris  ; 

Fr.  suppurer  ;  II.  suppurare.] 
To  generate  pus  ;  as,  a  boil  or  abscess  suppu- 

ratfs. 

SUP'PU-R.\TE,  r.  t.    To  cause  to  suppurate. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

\In  this  senxe,  unusual.] 
SrP'Pn-RS-TING,  2'pr.    Generating  pus. 
SUP-PU-RA'TION',  ?i.    [Fr.,  from  L.  suppuratio.] 

1.  The  process  of  producing  purulent  matter,  or  of 
forming  pus,  as  in  a  wound  or  abscess  ;  one  of  the 
natural  terminations  of  phlegmonous  inflammation. 

Cfjc.    Cooper.  Wiseman. 
9.  The  matter  produced  by  suppuration. 
SUP'PU-RA-']'IVE.  o.    [Fr.  suppuralif.] 

Tending  to  suppurate  ;  promoting  suppuration. 
SUP'PL'-RA-TIV'E,  n.     A  medicine  that  promotes 
suppuration. 

SIj  P-PIT-Ta''J'ION,  71.  [L.  supputatio,  suppulo  ;  sub 
anil  piilo,  to  think.] 

Reckoning  ;  account ;  computation.  Holder. 
SL'P-PuTE',  i:  t.    [L.  supputo,  supra.] 

To  reckon  ;  to  compute.    [A'o(  in  use.\ 
SO'PI{.\;  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  above,  over, 
or  betfond. 

SL'-PR'A-AX'ir^LA-RY,  a.  [.^pra  and  azil.]  In 
botany,  growing  above  the  axil  ;  inserted  above  the 
axil ;  as  a  peduncle.    [See  Suprafoliaceocs.] 

Lee. 

SU-PRA-CIL'IA-RY,  a.  [L.  supra  and  ciZiuTji,  eye- 
brow. ] 

Situated  above  the  eyebrow.  Ure. 
Si;-PRA-eRE-TA'CEOrS,  (  ,         ,  (  a.    [L.  .■supra, 
SU-PER-CRE-TA'CEOUS,  j  (-^"^^')  j    or  super,  and 
crrfa.j 

In  geology,  applied  to  rocks  which  lie  above  the 
chalk. 

SU-PRA-DE-eOM'POU.\D,  a.  [supra  and  deeom- 
pouiid.] 

.More  than  decompound  ;  thrirc  compound.  A 
supra-decompouttd  lenf,  is  wlii'U  a  petiole  divided  sev. 
enil  times,  conncris  many  leaflets  ;  each  part  form- 
ing a  drcompounil  leaf  Martyn. 
si:  PRA  FO-I,l  A'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [L.  supra  and 
folium,  a  leaf.] 

In  botany,  iufiertrd  into  the  stem  above  the  leaf,  or 
petr(»lr,  or  axil,  ai  a  p>'(luucl(!  or  flower.  Martyn. 
Rf-PRA-I,AP-SA'RI-A.N,  )  a.    [\..  supra  and  lapsus, 
BL-PIIA-LAP  HA-UV,      (  fall.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Hupralapsarianx,  or  to  Iheir  opin- 
ion'*. Murdoek. 
St;  PRA-LAP-SA'RI  AN,  ti.  One  of  that  clasn  of 
CalvinititH,  who  believed  that  God^t*  decree  of  flec- 
tion was  a  part  of  hiii  original  plan,  nrrording  to 
which  he  determined  to  create  men,  anil  that  they 


should  apostatize,  and  that  he  would  then  save  a 
part  of  them  by  a  Redeemer.    [See  Sublapsarian.] 

jVurdock* 

SU-PRA-MUN'flANE,  a.  [L.  supra  and  mundus,  the 
world.] 

Being  or  situated  above  the  world  or  above  our 
system. 

SU-PRA-NAT'lT-RAL-ISM,  7i.  The  same  as  Super- 
naturalism,  which  see.  Murdock. 

SU-PUA-NAT'lT-RAL-IST,  7>.  The  same  as  Super- 
naturalist,  which  see. 

SU-PRA-ORB'IT-AL,  a.  [supra  and  orbit.]  Being 
above  the  orbit  of  the  eye. 

SU-PRA-Re'NAL,  a.    [L.  supra  and  ren,  renes,  the 
kidneys.] 
Situated  above  the  kidneys. 

SU-PRA-Se.AP'lJ-L.\-RY,  a.    [L.  supra  and  scapula.] 
Being  above  the  scapula. 

SU-PRA-VUL'GAR,  a.  [supra  and  vulgar.]  Being 
above  the  vulgar  or  common  people.  Collier. 

SU-PREM'A-CV,  71.  [SeeSupREME.J  State  of  being 
supreme  or  in  llie  highest  station  ot  power  ;  highest 
authority  or  power  ;  as,  the  supremacy  of  the  king  of 
Great  Britain  ;  or  the  supremacy  of  parliament. 

Tlie  usurped  power  of  the  pope  bein^  destroyed,  the  crown  wai 
restored  to  its  euprcnULcy  orer  spiritual  men  and  cuises. 

BLa^kslone. 

Oath  of  supremacy ;  in  Greaf  Britain, an  oath  which 
acknowlt;dges  the  supremacy  of  the  king  in  spiritual 
affairs,  and  renounces  or  abjures  the  supremacy  of 
the  pope  in  ecclesiastical  or  temporal  affairs. 

Brande. 

SU-PRF-.ME',  a.  [L.  suprcnms,  from  supra;  Fr.  su- 
preme.] 

1.  Highest  in  authority  ;  holding  the  highest  place 
in  government  or  power.  In  the  United  Slates,  the 
congress  is  supreme  in  regulating  commerce,  and  in 
making  war  and  peace.  The  parliament  of  Great 
Britain  is  supreme  in  legislation  ;  but  the  king  is  su- 
preme in  the  administration  of  the  government.  In 
the  universe,  God  only  is  the  supreme  ruler  and  judge. 
His  commands  are  supreme,  and  binding  on  all  his 
creatures. 

Q.  Highest,  greatest,  or  most  excellent ;  as,  «i^>re<7ie 
love  ;  supreme  glory  ;  supreme  degree. 

3.  It  is  sonictinies  used  in  a  bad  sense  ;  as,  supreme 
folly  or  baseness,  folly  or  baseness  carried  to  the  ut- 
most extent. 

[j^  bail  use  of  the  word.] 
SU-PReME'LY,  adv.    VVith  the  highest  authority. 
He  rules  supremely. 

2.  In  the  highest  degree ;  to  the  utmost  extent ; 
as,  supremely  blest.  Pope. 

SUR,  a  prefix,  from  the  French,  contracted  from  L. 

super,  supra,  signifies  over,  above,  beyond,  upon, 
SUR-AD-DI"TIO.\,  (-ad-dish'un,)  71.    [Fr.  sur,  on  or 
upon,  and  addition.] 
Something  added  to  the  name.    [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 

Su'RAL,  71.    [L.  sura.] 

Being  in  or  pertaining  to  the  calf  of  the  leg  ;  as, 

the  sural  artery.  Wiseman. 
SC'RANCE,  for  Assurance,  is  not  used.  Shak. 
SUR'BASE,  71.    [xur  and  base.]    A  cornice  or  series 

of  moldings  on  the  top  of  the  base  of  a  pedestal, 

podium,  &:c.  '  Francis. 

SUR'BaS-£.'D,  (snr'biiste,)  a.    Having  a  surbase,  or 

molding  above  the  base. 
SUR-BaSE'.MENT,  71.    The  trait  of  any  arch  or  vault 

which  describes  a  portion  of  an  ellipse.  Klmes. 
SUR-BaTE',  v.  t.    [It.  sobattere;  either  h.  sub  and 

battere,  or  solea,  sole,  and  battere,  to  beat  the  sole  or 

hoof.J 

1.  To  bruise  or  batter  the  feet  by  travel. 

Cliallty  land  surbaus  and  spoils  oxen's  feet.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  harass  ;  to  fatigue.  Clarendon. 
SUR-B.aT'A'D,  pp.    Bruised  in  the  feet;  harassed; 

fatigued. 

SI'R-BaT'ING,  p/7r.    Bruising  the  feet  of ;  fatigued. 

SUK-BkAT'  or  SUR-BET',  for  Suriiate,  is  not  in  use. 

SUR-BED',  71.  (.  [.iiir  and  bed.]  To  set  edgewise,  as 
a  stone  ;  that  is,  in  a  position  different  from  that 
which  it  had  in  the  quarry.  Plot. 

SUR-BEI)'I)ED,  pp.    Set  edgewise. 

SUR-BEL)'I)I\G,  ppr.    Setting  edgewise. 

SUR-CI'.ASE',  7'.  I.    [Fr.  sur  and  cesser,  to  cease.] 

1.  To  cease  ;  to  stop  ;  to  be  at  an  end.  Donne. 

2.  To  leave  off ;  to  practice  no  lunger ;  to  refrain 
finally. 

So  nnyed  he,  whilst  an  anerl's  roice  from  high 

Biulc  him  turctajie  to  importune  the  sky.  fTarte. 

[This  word  is  entirely  useless,  being  precisely 
Bviionj  inous  with  Cease,  and  il  is  nearly  obsolete.] 
SUK-CKA.SE',  v.  t.     To  stop;  to  cause  to  cease. 
10(1.,.]^ 

SUR-CF.ASF.',  71.    Cessation ;  stop.  [Ob.i.] 
SUR-CIIARGE',ii.(.  [Fr.  surehargcr ;  sur  nnd  charge.] 

1.  To  overload  ;  to  overburden  ;  as,  to  surcharge  a 
beast  or  a  ship  ;  to  surcharge  n  cannon. 

Your  head  reclined,  a*  hidiiiir  ifrief  from  view, 

Droops  like  a  rose  iurcltargtd  with  nioriiitijr  dew.  DryiUn. 

2.  In  law,  to  overstock  ;  to  put  more  cattle  into  a 


common  than  the  person  has  a  right  to  do,  or  more 
than  the  herbage  will  sustain.  Blackstone. 

SUR-CHARGE',  71,  An  excessive  load  or  burden ;  a 
load  greater  than  can  be  well  borne.  Bacon. 

SUR-CHXKC'KD,  pp.    Overloaded  ;  overstocked. 

SUR-CHARG'ER,  71.  One  that  overloads  or  over- 
stocks. 

SUR-CHAR6'ING,  ppr.  Overloading  ;  burdening  to 
excess;  overstocking  with  cattle  or  beasts. 

SUR'ChV'GLE,  (  sing-gl,)  n.  [Fr.  sur,  upon,  and  U 
cingulum,  a  belt.] 

1.  A  belt,  baud,  or  girth,  which  passes  over  a  sad- 
dle, or  over  any  thing  laid  on  a  horse's  back,  to  bind 
it  fast. 

2.  The  girdle  of  a  cassock  by  which  it  is  fastened 
round  the  waist.  Marvel. 

SUR'CI.N"GL£D,  a.   Girt ;  bound  with  a  surcingle. 
SUR'GLE,  (sur'kl,)  71.    [L.  surculu--:] 

A  little  shoot ;  a  twig  ;  a  sucker. 
SUR'COAT,  71.    [Fr.  sur  and  Eng.  coaL] 

A  short  coat  worn  over  the  other  clothes. 

Camden. 

SUR'CREVV,  (sur'kru,)  n.  [s,ir  and  trea.]  Addi- 
tional crew  or  collection.    [Aot  in  use.]  tVotton. 

SUR'CU-LaTE,  I",  f.    [I.,  surcuio.] 
To  prune.    [JVoi  in  use.] 

SUR-eU-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pruning.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Broan. 

SURD,  a.    [L.  surdus,  deaf] 

1.  Deaf;  not  having  the  sense  of  bearing.  [JVot 
used.] 

2.  Unheard.    [JVof  riseJ.] 

3.  Designating  a  quantity  which  can  not  be  ex- 
pressed in  rational  numbers. 

SURD,  71.  In  algebra,  a  quantity  which  can  not  be  ex- 
pressed by  rational  numbers.  Thus  the  square  root 
of  2  is  a  surd. 

SURD'I-TY,  71.    Deafness.    [A'ot  used.] 

SURD'-.\U.M-BER,  71.  A  number  that  is  incommen- 
surate with  unity. 

SORE,  (shure,)  a.  [Fr.  stir,  sear;  Arm.  sur;  Norm. 
seor,  seur.  In  G.  :icar  signifies  indeed,  fo  be  sure,  it 
is  true  ;  which  le:uls  ine  to  suspect  sure  to  be  con- 
tracted from  the  root  of  sever,  in  L.  assecero,  and  to 
be  connected  with  steear,  and  perhaps  with  L. 
vcrus  ;  s  being  the  remains  of  a  prefix.  But  sure 
may  be  a  contraction  of  L.  securus.] 

1.  Certain  ;  unfailing  ;  infallible. 

The  testimony  of  the  Lonl  is  sure.  —  Ps.  xii. 

We  have  also  a  more  sure  word  of  prophecy.  —2  Pet.  I. 

2.  Certainly  knowing ;  or  having  full  confidence. 

We  are  tore  that  the  jud'inenl  of  God  is  accordln<r  to  truth.  — 
Rom.  n. 

Now  we  are  sure  Uiat  thou  knowesl  all  thin^.  —  John  ivi. 

3.  Certain;  safe;  firm;  permanent. 

Thy  kinjriloin  shall  lie  sur*  to  thee.  —  Dan.  it. 

4.  Firm;  stable;  steady;  not  liable  to  failure,  loss, 
or  change  ;  as,  a  sure  covenant.  2  Saiii.  xxiii.  .VeA. 
i.x.    Is.  xxviii. 

Tlic  LorU  will  make  my  lord  a  sur#  house.  —  I  Sam.  xxr. 
So  we  say,  to  stand  sure,  to  be  sure  of  foot. 

5.  Certain  of  obtaining  or  of  regaining  ;  as,  to  be 
sure  of  game  ;  to  be  sure  of  success  ;  to  be  sure  of 
life  or  health. 

6.  Strong ;  secure ;  not  liable  to  be  broken  or  dis- 
turbed. 

Go  your  way,  make  it  as  sure  as  ye  can. —  Matt.  Tixvii. 

7.  Certain  ;  not  liable  to  failure.  The  income  is  S7ire. 
To  be  sure,  ot  be  sure ;  certainly.    Shall  you  go.' 

be  sure  I  shall. 

To  make  sure ;  to  make  certain  ;  to  secure  so  that 
there  can  be  no  failure  of  the  purpose  or  object. 

Alnke  sure  of  Cato.  Addison. 

A  peac.-  can  not  tail,  provided  we  rruike  sure  of  Spain.  Temple. 

Give  all  diligence  to  make  your  c*Uliiic  and  election  surs. — 2 
Pet.  i. 

SCRE,  adv.   Certainly ;  without  doubt ;  doubtless. 

Sure  the  queen  would  wish  him  stilt  unknuw*n.  Smith. 
[But  in  this  sense,  Sukelt  is  more  generally  used.] 
SORE'FOOT-EI),  a.    [.iure  and  foot.]    Not  liable  to 

stumble  or  fall ;  as,  a  .surefooted  horse. 
SORE'LY,  adv.    Certainly  j  infallibly ;  undoubtedly. 

In  tlie  day  thou  eatest  thereof,  thou  shall  surely  die.  — Gen.  fi. 
lie  that  civaied  soineihiiif  out  of  nutiiiug,  surety  can  ruise  great 
things  out  of  small.  iSoulh. 

2.  Firmly  ;  without  danger  of  falling. 

ffe  that  walked]  uprightly  walketh  surely.  —  Pror.  X. 

SORE'NESS,  (shQre'-,)  n.  Certainty. 

For  more  sureness  he  repeats  it.    [Lillfc  ussd.]  Woodtaard. 

SORE'TI-SIIIP,  (shure'te-,)  7l  [from  surety.]  The 
state  of  being  surely  j  the  obligation  of  a  person  to 
answer  for  another,  and  make  good  any  debt  ot  loss 
which  may  occur  from  another's  delinquency. 

He  that  hateth  surstithip  is  sure. —  Prov.  il. 

SORE'TY,  (shure'te,)  n.    [Fr.  .euretd.] 
I.  CerLiiiity ;  intlubitableness. 

Know  of  a  surely,  that  Ihy  seed  shall  bo  a  stranger  In  a  land  that 
is  not  theirs.  —  Gen.  xv. 


2.  Security  ;  safety. 

Yet  for  the  more  surely  they  looked  round  abouL 


Sidney. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

__  _ 


SUR 


SUR 


SUR 


3  Foundation  of  stabilily  ;  support. 

Wc  our  •tiite 

hold.  M  yoii  yoiira,  vvliilc  ouroljcilifiict;  lioUIs; 

On  jthrr  turcly  none.  MiUon. 

4.  Evidence  ;  ratification ;  confirmation. 

She  called  tlio  suiiita  lo  tiirety, 
Thtit  gho  would  ii'-vrr  put  il  Iroui  her  fiii;i<  r, 
Unless  ihe  i^uvc  it  to  younicll'.  Shnk. 

5.  Security  against  loss  or  damage ;  security  for 
payment. 

Th'-re  r''ni«iii»  unp«M 
A  huniln'd  llioimnd  mi-ri-,  in  lurdij  of  llic  which 
One  lurt  of  Aquiutin  u  liuund  to  us.  Sfifik. 

G.  In  law,  one  lliat  is  bnund  with  and  for  another ; 
one  \vh(»  enters  int(»  a  l)orui  or  recttfjnizanro  to  an- 
swer for  anttlher'fi  appearance  in  court,  or  ftir  iiis 
payment  of  a  debt,  or  for  the  performance  of  some 
act,  and  wlio,  in  case  of  the  principal  debtor's  fail- 
ure, is  compellable  to  pay  the  debt  or  damages ;  a 
bondsman  ;  a  bail. 

I!''  III. It  is  surettj  for  ft  itnuiffcr  shidi  sm  irt  fnr  it.  —  Fri>v.  xi. 

'riiy  vrvtmt  became  surety  lor  the  ltd  to  niy  fiilller.  — (ien.  xliv, 

7.  In  Scripture,  Christ  is  called  "  the  surety  of  a 
better  testament."  llrh.  vii.  02.  He  undertook  to 
make  atonement  for  the  sins  of  men,  and  thus  pre- 
pare the  way«o  deliver  them  from  the  punishment  to 
which  they  had  rendered  themselves  liable. 

8.  A  hostase. 

SrUF,  n.  The  swell  of  the  sea  which  breaks  upon 
the  shore,  or  upon  sand-b.anks  or  rocks. 

Mar.  DIcU 

2.  In  apiculture,  the  bottom  or  conduit  of  a  drain. 

r/.f.cH/.i 

SUK'FACE,  n.    [Fr.  sur,  upon,  and  face.] 

1.  The  exterior  part  of  any  thing  that  has  length 
and  breadth  ;  one  of  the  limits  that  terminates  a  sol- 
id ;  the  superficies;  outside;  as,  the  surface  of  the 
earth  ;  the  surface  of  the  sea  ;  the  surface  of  a  di- 
amonrl ;  the  surface  of  the  body  ;  the  surface  of  a 
cylinder;  an  even  or  an  uneven  surface;  a  smooth 
or  rough  surface ;  a  spherical  surface, 

J^'nrton,  Pope. 

2.  In  ^fomrtrv,  a  magnitude  that  has  length  and 
breadth  without  thickness.  KucliU. 

SUll'FlilT,  (sur'fit,)  V.  L  [Fr.  sur,  over,  and  fairc, 
fait,  to  do,  L.  facia.] 

1.  To  feed  with  meat  or  drink,  so  as  to  oppress 
the  stomach  ami  derange  the  functions  of  the  sys- 
tem ;  to  overfeed  and  produce  sickness  or  uneasi- 
ness. 

2.  To  cloy  ;  to  fill  to  satiety  and  disgust.  He  sur- 
feits us  with  his  eulogies. 

SUR'FEIT,  r.  i.  To  be  fed  till  the  system  is  oppressed 
and  sickness  or  uneasiness  ensues. 

Thev  np'  ns  sick  that  tur/eil  with  loo  much,     Ihcy  that  starve 
'with  nolliiiij.  Slialc. 

SUR'FEIT,  71.    Fullness  and  oppression  of  the  system, 
occasioned  by  excessive  eating  and  drinking.  lie 
has  not  recovered  from  a  surfeit. 
S.  Excess  in  eating  and  drinking. 
Now  come*  Uie  sick  hour  thnt  his  surfeit  mide.  S7iaJc. 

SUR'FEIT-ED,  pp.    Surcharged  and  oppressed  with 

eiUini  and  drinking  to  excess;  cloyed. 
SUR'FEIT-EK,  re.    One  who  riots  ;  a  glutton. 

Shak. 

SUR'FEIT-ING,  ppr.  Oppressing  the  system  by  ex- 
cessive eating  and  drinking;  cloying;  loading  or 
filling  lo  disgust. 

SUlt'FEIT-ING,  71.  The  act  of  feeding  to  excess; 
gliiltoiiv.  AiiAexxi. 

SUR'FEiT-VVA-TER,  n.  [s-urfeit  and  teatcr.]  Wa- 
ter for  the  cure  of  surfeits.  Lorke. 

SURGF,  77,    [L.  sur<ro,  to  rise  ;  Pans,  surao,  bight.] 

1.  A  largo  wave  or  billow  ;  a  great,  rolling  swell  of 
water. 

[/(  is  »io<  applied  to  smalt  tcaces,  and  is  chiefly  used  in 
poetry  and  eloquence.] 

He  flies  nlofi,  and,  with  Impetuous  roar. 

Pursues  the  foaininj^  targes  to  the  ithore.  Dryten. 

2.  In  ship-buildini^,  the  tapered  part  in  front  of  the 
whelps,  between  the  chocks  of  a  capstan,  on  which 
the  messenger  may  surge.  Cue. 

SURCE,  r.  u   To  let  go  a  portion  of  a  rope  suddenly. 

.Surirf  the  messenger.  .Mar.  Diet. 

SUUCE,  D.  i.   To  swell;  to  rise  high  and  roll;  as 

waves. 

The  surging  watem  like  a  mountain  rise.  Spenser. 
2.  To  slip  bark  ;  as,  the  cable  surires. 
SUUGE'LESS,  (surj'less,)  o.     Free  from  surges; 

smooth  ;  calm. 
SUR'GEON,  (sur'jun,)  71.     [Contracted  from  cAini7^ 
e'on.] 

One  whose  profession  or  occupation  is  to  cure  dis- 
eases or  injuries  of  the  body  by  manual  operation. 
In  a  more  general  sense,  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
cure  external  diseases,  whether  by  manual  operation, 
or  by  medicines  externally  or  internally. 

SL'IJ'GEO.\-CY,  71.  The  oflice  or  employment  of  a 
siirgenn  in  the  nav.il  or  military  service. 

SUR'GER-Y,  77.  Proprrhi,  the  net  of  healing  by  man- 
ual operation  ;  or  Ihat'branch  of  medical  science 
which  treats  of  manual  operations  mr  the  healing  of 


diseases  or  injuries  of  the  body.    In  a  more  general  j 
seiue,  the  act  or  art  of  healing  exierntil  diseases  by 
manual  operation,  or  by  medicines  ;  or  that  brancii 
of  medical  science  which  has  for  its  principal  object 
the  cure  of  external  injuries.  Cuopcr. 

SUR'Gie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  surgeons  or  surgery  ; 
done  by  means  of  surgery. 

SUR'GING,  ppr.  or  a.  Swelling  and  rolling,  as  bil- 
lows. 

Surging  waves  a^inat  a  solid  rock.  MiltAn. 

SUR'GY,  a.  Rising  in  surges  or  billows ;  full  of 
surges  ;  as,  the  suriry  main.  I'ope. 

SO'lll-CATE,  71.  A  carnivorous  African  quailriiped, 
allied  to  the  ichneumon,  and  belonging  to  Ihe  sub- 
genus Ryz.-en.a.  It  is  somewhat  smaller  than  the  do- 
mestic cat.  C.  //.  .Smi(/i. 

SUK'Ll-LY,  arfti.  [from  surly.]  In  a  surly,  7n.)roso 
manner. 

SUR'Ll-NESS,  n.    Gloomy  morosencss ;  crabbeil  111 

nature  ;  as,  the  surliness  of  a  dm;. 
SUR'LING,  71.    A  sour,  morose  fellow.    [.Vul  in  jtsc] 

Cutndcn. 

SUR'LOIN,  71.    See  SiKLOiN. 

SUR'LY,  a.  [\V.  strr,  surly,  snarling;  sutri,  surli- 
ness, sullenness.    Uu.  its  alliance  witli  .loi/r.J 

1.  Gloomily  morose;  crabbed;  snarling;  sternly 
sour  ;  rough  ;  cross  and  rude;  as,  a  surly  grooom  ;  a 
surly  dog. 

That  surly  spirit,  melancholy.  Sliak. 

2.  Rough ;  dark  ;  tempestuous. 

Now  softened  into  joy  the  surly  storm.  Thotiuon. 

StlR-MIS'AL,  71.    Surmise.    [Au«  771  ji.vc.] 
SURMISE',  (stir-mlze',)  r.  (.     [Norm,  surmys,  al- 
leged ;  surmitter,  to  surmise,  to  accuse,  to  suggest ; 
Fr.  sur  and  mettre,  to  put.] 

To  suspect;  to  imagine  without  certain  knowl- 
edge; to  entertain  thoughts  that  something  does  or 
will  exist,  but  upon  slight  evidence. 
It  wafted  nearer  yet,  and  then  Kite  knew 

That  what  before  she  but  surmised,  was  true.  Drylen. 

This  change  was  not  wronshl  i)y  ulterin^  the  form  or  pei^ituai  of 
the  earth,  a»  wtia  surmised  by  a  very  Icurued  man,  but  by 
dissolving  it.  ,  Wvudtoard. 

SUR-MISE',  71.  Suspicion  ;  the  thought  or  imagina- 
tion th.at  something  may  be,  of  which,  however, 
there  is  no  certain  or  strong  evidence ;  as,  the  sur- 
mises of  jealousy  or  of  envy. 

We  double  honor  gain 

Prom  his  sur77ii,?e  proved  false.  Milton. 

No  man  ought  to  Iw!  cliarged  with  principles  he  disowns,  unless 
hiK  practices  contradict  his  prolessions  ;  not  upon  small  £ur' 
mises.  SiriJ'l. 

SUR-!MIS'£D,  }tp.  Suspected  ;  imagined  upon  slight 
evidence. 

SUR-MIS'ER,  n.    One  who  surmises. 
SUR-MIS'ING,  j»|7r.     Suspecting;  imagining  upon 

slight  evidence. 
SUR-RIIS'Ii\G,  71.   The  act  of  suspecting;  surmise; 

as,  evil  sunnisini^s.    I  7'i77i.  vi. 
SUR-MOUNT',  V.  t.    [Fr.  surmontcr;  sur  and  77i<77«tcr, 

to  ascend.] 

1.  To  rise  above. 

The  monntains  of  Olympus,  Atho,  and  Atlas,  «ur-T7iount  all 
winds  and  clouds.  Jiaiegh. 

2.  To  conquer  ;  to  overcome  ;  as,  to  surmount  dif- 
ficulties or  obstacles. 

3.  To  surpass  ;  to  exceed. 

What  suT-77ioun7s  the  reach 
Of  human  sense.  AfiJton. 

SUR-JIOUNT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  overcome; 
siipcrable. 

SUR-.MOUNT'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being 
surmountable. 

SUR-.MOUNT'ED,  pp.  Overcome  ;  conquered  ;  sur- 
passed. 

2.  o.  In  architecture,  used  to  denote  an  arch  or 
dome,  which  rises  higher  than  a  semicircle. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  term  used  when  one  figure  is  laid 
over  another.  Brande. 

SUR-.MOU.\T'ER,  n.    One  that  surmounts. 
SUR-MOUiNT'lNG,  ppr.    Rising  above ;  overcoming; 
surpassing. 

SUR-MUL'LET,  77.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Miillus,  Q\. 
barbatus,)  remarkable  for  the  brilliancy  of  its  colors, 
and  for  the  cbangi;s  which  they  undergo  as  the  fish 
expires.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  other  species 
of  the  genus,  which  belongs  to  the  perch  family. 

Kil,  Kacyc.   Jardinc^s  J^'*at.  Lib, 

SUR'MU-LOT,  71.  [Fr.]  A  name  given  by  Uiiiron  to 
the  brown  or  Norway  rat.  FA.  Enryc. 

SUR'NaME,  n.  [ Fr.  iur7io77> ;  It.  iopr<!7i7i07M<; ;  Sp.  so- 
brenombre  ;  L.  super  and  nomen.] 

1.  An  additional  name  ;  a  name  or  appellation  add- 
ed to  the  baptismal  or  Christian  name,  and  which 
becomes  a  family  name.  Surnames,  with  us,  origin- 
ally designated  occupation,  estate,  place  of  residence, 
or  some  particular  thing  or  event  that  related  lo  the 
person.  Thus,  William  Rufus,  01  red :  Edmund  Iron- 
sides :  Robert  $7niM,  or  the  £777i(A  ;  William  Turner. 

2.  An  appellation  added  lo  the  original  name. 

My  furriarne  Coriolanus.  Shot. 
SUR-NJME',  c.  (.    [Fr.  «(r7i<777i7n<;r.) 


To  name  or  call  by  an  appellation  added  to  Ihe 
original  name. 

Another  shall  subscr^lx>  with  his  hand  lo  the  I.orO,  aud  fur7Vll7W 

liiuiself  by  the  name  of  Isrol.  —  Is.  xliv. 
And  .Simon  he  tarnarmd  Peter.  — Mark  ill. 

SUR-NAM'ED,  pp.  Called  by  a  name  added  to  the 
fhristian  or  original  name. 

SUR-X/TM'ING,  ppr.  Naming  by  an  appellation  add- 
ed to  the  original  name. 

SUR-O.V'YI),  71.  [ywr  and  <ir;/7i.]  An  oxyd  containing 
a  greater  number  of  eipiiv.denls  of  oxygen  than  of 
the  base  with  which  il  is  coiAblncd.  [French.]  [ATo! 
used.] 

SUR-0.\'YD-ATE,  r.  f.  To  form  a  suroxyd.  [JVot 
u^eil.  ] 

SUR-I*/\SS',  r.  (.  [Fr.  surpasser;  tur  and  passer,  to 
pass  heyoinl.] 

To  e.xceed ;  to  excel  ;  lo  go  beyond  In  any  thing 
good  or  bad.  Homer  .mrpasses  modern  poets  in  sub- 
limity. Pope  surpasses  most  other  poets  in  smontli- 
ness  of  versification.  .Achilles  sitrpa.<^ed  the  other 
Greeks  in  strength  and  courage.  Clodiiis  surpar^srd 
all  men  in  the  prufligary  of  his  life,  Perlbips  no  man 
ever  .surpassed  Washington  in  genuine  patriotism 
and  integritv  of  life. 

SUR  l'ASS'A-HLE,  a.    That  may  he  exceeded.  Diet. 

SUR-FASS't'D,  (-past',)  p;).    Exceeded;  excelled. 

SUR-PASS'IN(;,;i;)r.    Exceeding;  going  beyond. 
2.  a.    E.\cellent  in  an  eminent  degree  ;  exceeding 
others. 

O  thou,  that  with  surpassing  glory  crowned.  filUton. 

SUR-PXSS'ING-LY,  adi:  In  a  very  excellent  man- 
ner, or  in  a  ilegree  surj>ussing  olhi^rs.  '< 

SUR-PASS'IN(;-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  surpassing. 

SUll'PLICE,  (siir'plis,)  71.    [Fr.  .»i/rp/7.<  ;  Sp.  subrcpel-  '■ 
lii ;  L.  super  pellicium,  above  the  robe  of  fur.]  , 
A  white  garment  worn  over  their  other  dress  by  I 
the  clergy  of  the  Roman  Catholic,  Episcopal,  aiid 
certain  other  churclies,  in  some  of  Uieir  miiiislra- 
tiims. 

SUR'PLIC-A'D,  (sur'plist,)  a.   Wearing  a  surplice. 

Malln. 

SUR'PI.ICE-FERS,  71.  p/.  [.^-urplice  nnd  fees.]  Fees 
paid  lo  the  English  clergy  lor  occasiontil  duties, 

IVarton. 

SUR'PLUS,  71.    [Fr.  siir  and  plus,  L.  id.,  more.] 

1.  Overplus  ;  that  Miich  remains  when  use  is  sat- 
isfied ;  excess  tieyond  what  is  prescribed  or  wanted. 
In  the  United  States,  the  sttrplu^  of  whe.at  and  rye 
not  required  for  consumption  or  exportation  is  dis- 
tilled. 

a.  In  law,  the  residuum  of  an  est.ato  after  the  debts 
and  legacies  are  paid. 
SUP.'I'LUS-.AGE,  71.    Stir|iliis;  as,  sii77(/7i,«a^c  of  grain 
or  goods  beyond  what  is  w:tnted. 

2.  In  law,  sjinething  in  the  pleadings  or  proceed- 
ings not  necessary  or  relevant  to  the  case,  and  which 
may  be  rejected. 

3.  In  accounU,  a  greater  disbursement  than  the 
charge  of  the  accountant  amounteth  to.  Rees. 

SUR-PRIS'AL,  (siir-prlz'al.)  71.  [See  SunrnME.]  The 
act  of  surprising,  or  coming  npim  stitldenly  and  un- 
expectedly ;  or  the  st.ate  of  being  taken  unawares. 

SUR-PRISE',  (sur-pri7,e',)  7-.  t.   [  Fr.,  from  surprendrr, ; 
jurand  prendre,  to  Lake  ;  It.  sorftresa, snrprrndere  ;  Sp.  ■ 
sorpresa,  sorprchcndcr  i  L.  super,  supra,  and  prendo, 
to  ttike.J 

1.  To  como  or  fall  upon  suddenly  and  unexpected- 
ly ;  to  take  unawares. 

The  Ciisile  of  M.icilnlV  I  will  surprise.  Sha'i. 
Who  can  apeak 

The  niin^led  pjissions  that  surprised  his  heart  t  Thomson. 

2.  To  strike  with  wonder  or  astonishment  by  some- 
thing sudden,  unexpected,  or  remarkable,  cither  in 
contluct,  words,  or  slor\',  or  by  the  appearance  of 
something  uiuisiial.  Thus  we  are  surprisetl  at  des- 
perate acts  of  heroism,  or  at  the  narnition  of  won- 
derful events,  or  at  the  sight  of  things  of  uncommon 
magnilnile  or  curious  structure. 

3.  To  confuse  ;  lo  throw  ihe  mind  into  disorder  by 
something  suddenly  presented  to  the  view  or  to  Ihe 
mind. 

Up  he  starts,  *lii<overed  and  surprised.  Milton, 
SUR  PRISE',  71.    The  act  of  coming  upon  unawares, 
or  of  taking  suddenly  and  without  prep:ir.ation.  The 
fort  was  taken  by  surprise,  ' 

2.  The  stale  of  being  taken  unexpectedly.  I 

3.  An  emotion  excited  by  something  happening  | 
suddenly  and  unexpectedly,  as  something  novel  told 

or  presented  to  view.  Nothing  could  exceed  his  - 
prise  at  the  narration  of  these  adventures.  It  ex- 
presses less  than  Wondf.r  and  Astonishment. 

4.  .\  dish  with  nothing  in  it.  [A'o(  in  use.]  Kl  i^'. 
SUR-PRIS'f;0,  pp.    Come  upon  or  taken  unawan  .  ; 

struck  with  something  novel  or  unexpected.  ; 
SUR-PRIS'I.\G,  ppr.    Falling  on  or  taking  suddenly  ] 
or  unawares ;  striking  xvith  sonietbing  novel ;  Uiking  | 
by  a  sudden  or  unexpected  atuick.  ; 

2.  a.  Exciting  surprise  ;  extraordinary  ;  of  a  na- 
ture to  excite  wonder  and  astonishment ;  as,  surpris- 
ing bravery  ;  surprising  patience  ;  a  surprising  escape 
from  danger. 

SUR-PRIS'ING-LY,  adv.    In  «  monnci  or  degree  tial 


TONE,  BIJLL,  tJNITE.— 


SUR 


SUR 


I  excites  surprise.  He  exerted  himself  surprisingly  to 
I       save  the  life  of  liis  cuinpaniun. 

I    SUR-PUIS'ING-NESS,  Ji.    St;ite  of  beins  surprisins. 
I    SUR'aUED-RY,  lu    [sur  and  Norm.  Fr.  cuider,  to 
I       think.    Qu.  Sp.  cuidar,  to  heed.    See  Heed.] 

Overweening  pride  ^  arrogance.    [Aot  in  nse.'\ 
\  Spenser. 
1    SUR-R&BUT',  V.  i.    {sur  and  rebut.]    In  le^al  plead- 
I       tnn-s,  to  replv,  as  a  plaintiff  to  a  defendant's  rebutter 
j    SUR-RE-BUf'TER,  n.  Tile  plaintiff's  reply  in  plead- 
I       ing  to  a  defendant's  rebutter.  Blackstone. 
I    SUR-RE-JOIN',  I',  i.   [sur  ani  rejoin.']    In  legal  plead- 
inits,  to  reply,  as  a  plaintill'  to  a  defendant's  rejoin- 
I  der. 

I    SUR-RE-JOIN'DER,  n.    The  answer  of  a  plaintiff  to 
a  defendant's  rejoinder. 
SUR-RE.\'DER,  v.  L    [Fr.  se  rendre,  to  yield.  Sur- 
render is  prol)ably  a  corruption  of  se  rendre] 

1.  To  yield  to  the  power  of  another ;  to  give  or 
deliver  up  possession  upon  compulsion  or  demand  ; 
as,  to  surrender  one's  person  to  an  enemy,  or  to  com- 
missioners of  bankrupt ;  to  surrender  a  fort  or  a  ship. 

[To  surrender  up  is  not  elegant.] 

12.  To  yield  ;  to  give  up  ;  to  resign  in  favor  of  an- 
other ;  as,  to  surrender  a  right  or  privilege  ;  to  sur- 
render a  place  or  an  office. 

3.  To  give  up  ;  to  resign  ;  as,  to  surrender  the 
breath. 

4.  In  law,  to  yield  an  estate,  as  a  tenant,  into  the 
hands  of  the  lord  for  such  purposes  as  are  expressed 
in  the  act.  Blackstone. 

5.  To  yield  to  any  influence,  passion,  or  power; 
as,  to  surrender  one's  self  to  grief,  to  despair,  to  in- 
dolence, or  to  sleep- 

SUR-REN'DER,  r.  i.  To  yield  :  to  give  up  one's  self 
into  the  power  of  anotiier.  The  enemy,  seeing  no 
wav  of  escape,  surrendered  at  the  first  summons. 

SUR-REN'DER,  ?i.  The  act  of  yielding  or  resign- 
ing one's  person,  or  the  possession  of  something, 
into  the  jiower  of  another  ;  as,  the  surrender  of  a 
castle  to  an  enemy  ;  the  surrender  of  a  right,  or  of 
claims. 

2.  A  yielding  or  giving  up. 

3.  In  law,  tlie  yielding  of  an  estate  by  a  tenant  to 
the  lord,  for  such  purposes  as  are  expressed  by  the 
tenant  in  the  act.  ,  BlarUstnne. 

SUK-REN'DER-J=:D,p/).  Yielded  or  delivered  to  the 
power  of  another:  given  up;  resigned. 

SUK-RE.\-DER-EE',  n.  In  lair,  a  iiersoii  to  whom 
the  lord  grants  surrendered  land  ;  the  cestuy  que 
use. 

SUR-REX'DER-IXG,  ppr.   Yielding  or  giving  up  to 

the  power  of  another;  resigning. 
SUR-REX'DER-OR,  n.    The  tenant  who  surrenders 

an  estate  into  the  hands  of  his  lord. 

Till  thft  admittance  of  cestuy  que  uee,  the  lord  takes  notice  of  the 
surrenderor  as  his  tenant.  B^ackstorte. 

SUR-REX'DRY,  n.    A  surrender. 

[Surrender  is  the  most  elegant  and  best  author- 
ized.] 

SUR-REP'TIOX,  n.  [L.  surreptuSj  surrcpo  ;  sub  and 
repo,  to  creep.] 

A  coming  unperceived  ;  a  stealing  upon  insensibly. 
\ Little  used.] 

SUR-REP-TI''TIOUS,  (-tisli'us,)  a.  [L.  surreptitius, 
supra.] 

Done  by  stealth,  or  without  proper  authority  ;  made 
or  introduced  fraudulently  ,  as,  a  surreptitious  passage 
in  a  manuscript. 

A  corp'Ct  copy  of  the  Dunciad,  Itie  mrmv  eurrejititious  on^s  have 
rendered  neceianry.         Leiur  Uj  Publisher  of  Dunciad. 

SUR.REP-TI"TlOUS-I,Y,  (tish'us-le,)  adv.  By 
stealth  ;  without  authority  ;  fraudulently. 

SUR'RO-GaTE,  n.  [Ij.  surrogutus,  surrofro,  subroiro  ; 
sub  and  ro^o,  to  propose.  Ilufro,  to  ask  or  projiose, 
signifies  primarily  to  reach,  put,  or  thrust  forward  ; 
and  subrogo  is  to  put  or  set  in  the  place  of  another.] 
In  a  rreneral  sense,  a  deputy  ;  a  delegate  ;  a  sub- 
stitute ;  partieulnrhj,  in  Entrland,  the  deputy  of  an 
ecclesi.'istical  judge,  most  C'  rninonly  of  a  bishop  or 
his  chancellor.  In  some  of  the  United  fiinlrs,  an  offi- 
cer who  presides  over  the  probate  of  wills  and  testa- 
mi-nt»,  and  the  settlement  of  csl.ttes. 

SUR'RO-GATE,  r.  L  To  put  in  the  place  of  another. 
\f.iUle  lued.] 

BL'R-RO-GA'TIO.X,  n.    The  act  of  substituting  one 

person  in  the  place  of  another.    [Little  used.] 
6UR-RO(JXI)',  r.  (.    [mut  and  round,  Fr.  rond.] 

1.  To  cncompans;  to  environ;  to  inclose  on  all 
sides  ;  as,  to  nurround  a  city.    Thi!y  surrounded  a 
body  of  the  enemy. 
;         2.  To  lie  or  be  on  all  sides  of;  as,  a  wall  or  ditch 

itnrrnund-  till!  city, 
i|  BtlR.IKJUXlt'ElJ,  pp.    Encompaoved  ;  inclo.scd  :  bc- 
I  ^et. 

I  HUK  ROL'.N'D'ING,  m»r  or  o.    Encompassing  ;  inclos- 
iiil!;  lying  on  all  sities  of. 
PI'K  RfjirMVING,  n.    An  I'nroinpasKing. 
8UR  SOI.'II),  n.    [itur  and  nolid    or  mrdeaalid.]  In 
!       minhrmalirt,  the  fifth  ptiwer  of  a  number  ;  or  the 
produri  of  the  fourth  miilliplicatinn  of  n  number 
'Ton-'iilered  an  the  root.    Tliim  3  X  3  =  9,  the  xipiare 
of  3,  and  9X3  =  37,  the  third  power  or  cube,  and 


27x3  =81,  the  fourth  power,  and  81x3  =  243, 
which  is  the  sursolid  of  3. 

SUR-SOL'ID,  a.  .  Denoting  the  fifth  power. 

Sursolid  problem,  is  that  which  can  not  be  resolved 
but  by  curves  of  a  higher  kind  than  the  conic  sec- 
tions. Bees. 

SUR-TOUT',  71.    [Fr.  sur-tout,  over  all.] 

A  man's  coat  to  be  worn  over  his  other  garments. 

SUR'TUR-BRAXD,  n.  Fibrous  brown  coal  or  bitu- 
minous wood  ;  so  called  in  Iceland.  Ure. 

SUR-yE[L'L.aJ<fCE,  (sur-val'yans,)  n.  [Fr.]  Watch  ; 
inspection. 

SUR-VkXE',  v.t.  [Fr.  survenir ;  sur  and  tenir,  to 
come.] 

To  supervene  ;  to  come  as  an  addition  ;  as,  a  sup- 
puration that  survcnes  lethargies.    [Little  itsed.] 

Harvey. 

SUR-VEY',  (sur-va',)  v.  t  [Xorm.  surveer,  surveoir; 
sur  and  Fr.  voir,  to  see  or  look,  contracted  from  L. 
video,  videre.] 

1.  To  inspect  or  take  a  view  of;  to  view  with  at- 
tention, as  from  a  high  place;  as,  to  stand  on  a  hill, 
and  surrey  the  surrounding  country.  It  denotes 
more  particular  and  deliberate  alteution  than  Look 
or  See. 

2.  To  view  with  a  scrutinizing  eye  ;  to  examine. 

With  such  altered  looks, 
All  pale  and  speechless,  he  surveyed  me  round.  Dn/den. 

3.  To  examine  with  reference  to  condition,  situa- 
tion, and  value;  as,  to  survey  a  building  to  deter- 
mine its  value  and  exposure  to  loss  by  fire. 

4.  To  measure,  as  land  ;  or  to  ascertain  thj  con- 
tents of  land  by  lines  and  angles. 

5.  To  examine  or  ascertain  the  position  and  dis- 
tances of  objects  on  the  shore  of  the  sea,  the  depth 
of  water,  nature  of  the  bottom,  and  whatever  may 
be  necessary  to  facilitate  the  navigation  of  the  waters 
and  render  the  entrance  into  harbors,  sounds,  and  riv- 
ers easy  iind  safe.  Thus  orticers  are  employed  to 
survey  the  coast  and  make  charts  of  the  same. 

6.  To  examine  and  ascertain,  as  the  boundaries 
and  royalties  of  a  manor,  the  tenure  of  the  tenants, 
and  the  rent  and  value  of  the  same. 

7.  To  examine  and  ascertain,  as  the  state  of  agri- 
culture. 

SUR'VEY,  (sur'va,)  n.  [Formerly  accented  on  the  last 
syllable.] 

1.  An  attentive  view ;  a  look  or  looking  with  care. 
He  took  a  survey  of  the  whole  landscape. 

Under  hia  proud  survey  the  city  lies.  Devham, 

2.  A  particular  view  ;  an  examination  of  all  the 
parts  or  particulars  of  a  tiling,  with  a  design  to  as- 
cerl;iin  the  condition,  quantity,  or  quality  ;  as,  a  sur- 
vey of  the  stores,  provisions,  or  munitions  of  a  ship. 
So  also  a  survey  of  roads  and  bridges  is  made  by 
proper  officers  ;  a  .^mey  of  buildings  is  intended  to 
ascertain  their  condition,  value,  and  exposure  to  fire. 
A  survey  of  a  harbor,  sound,  or  coast,  comprehends 
an  examination  of  the  distance  and  bearing  of  points 
of  Land,  isles,  shoals,  depth  of  water,  course  of 
channels,  &c.  A  survey  of  agriculture  includes  a 
view  of  the  state  of  property,  buildings,  fences, 
modes  of  cultivation,  crops,  gardens,  orchards, 
woods,  live  stock,  &c.  And  in  general,  survey  de- 
notes a  particular--yievv  and  examination  of  any 
thing. 

3.  The  act  by  which  the  quantity  of  a  piece  of 
land  is  ascertained  ;  also,  the  paper  containing  a 
statement  of  the  courses,  distances,  and  quantity  of 
land.  Bouvier. 

4.  In  the  United  States,  a  district  for  the  collection 
of  the  customs,  under  the  inspection  and  authority 
of  a  particular  officer. 

"trigonometrical  survey ;  a  survey  on  a  large  scale 
by  means  of  a  series  c  f  triangles,  as  for  making  a 
geometrical  map  of  a  country,  or  for  measuring  an 
arc  of  the  terrestrial  meridian.  Brandc, 

SUR-YEY'AL,  n.    Survey  ;  a  viewing. 

SUR-VgY'ED,  (sur-vade',)  pp.  Viewed  with  atten- 
ti<m  ;  examined  ;  measuretl. 

SUR  VgY'lXG,  (sur-va'ing,)  ppr.  Viewing  with  at- 
tention ;  examining  particularly  ;  measuring. 

SUR-VBY'IXG,n.  That  branch  of  mathematics  which 
teaches  the  art  of  measuring  land  ;  the  act  or  busi- 
ness of  measuring  land. 

SUR-VEY'OR,  (sur-vi'ur,)  n.  An  overseer ;  one 
placed  to  superintend  others.  Shak. 

2.  Cine  that  views  and  examines  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining  the  condition,  quantity,  or  quality  of 
any  thing  ;  as,  a  surveyor  of  highways;  surveyors  of 
ordnance. 

3.  One  that  measures  land. 

4.  In  Ike  customs,  n  ganger  ;  an  officer  who  ascer- 
tains the  contents  of  casks,  and  the  quantity  of 
liquors  subject  to  duty  ;  also,  in  the  United  States, 
on  olllcer  who  ascertains  the  weight  and  quantity  of 
goods  Hulijcrt  to  duty. 

BUR-VBY'(JR-GKX'ER-AI,,  n.  A  principal  survey- 
or; ns,  the  surveyor  general  of  the  king's  manors,  or 
of  woodH  and  iiarks  in  Enclniid.  In  the  United 
States,  the  chief  surveyor  of  lands  ;  as,  the  surveyor- 
eer.eral  of  the  L'lnted  Stales,  or  of  a  particular  State. 

HPR-VBY'OH-SMIP,  71.    The  office  of  a  surveyor. 


sus 


SUR-VIEW,  (sur-vu',)  v.  t.  To  survey.  [A'Vit  i;i 
use.]  Spenser. 

SUR-VIEVV,  71.    Survey.    [.'Vot  in  use.]  ' 

SUR-\TiSE',  e.  «.    [Fr.  sur  and  viser.]  | 
To  look  over,    f  JVuf  in  use.]  B.  JoTtson.  ' 

SUR-VIV'.\L,  71.  [See  Survive.]  A  living  beyond  ' 
the  life  of  another  person,  thing,  or  event ;  an  out-  ' 
living.  i 

SUR-VIV'AXCE,  71.    Survivorship.    [LUtieused.]  ' 

Hume. 

SUR-VxVE',  V.  U  [Fr.  survivre  ;  sur  and  vivre,  to 
live;  ll.  sopravvivere  ;  Sp.  sobrevivir  i  Ij.  supervivo.]  ' 

1.  To  outlive;  to  live  beyond  the  life  of  another;  | 
as,  the  wife  survives  her  husband  ;  or  a  husband 
survives  his  wife.  1 

2.  To  outlive  anything  else;  to  live  beyond  any  j 
event.   Who  would  wish  to  survive  the  ruin  of  his  i 
country      Many  men  survive  their  usefulness  or  the 
regular  exercise  of  their  reason. 

SUR-ViVE',  V.  i.   To  remain  alive. 

Try  pleasure, 
Which,  when  no  other  pne.-ny  «urvit>ec, 
Still  conquers  all  the  conquerors,  Dertham. 

SUR-VIV'EX-CY,  71.    A  surviving  ;  survivorship. 
SUR-VlV'ER,  71.    One  that  outlives  another.  [See 

SlRVIVOR.l 

SUR  VIVING,  ppr.  Outliving ;  living  beyond  the 
life  of  another,  or  beyond  the  time  of  some  event. 

2.  a.  Remaining  alive ;  yet  living;  as,  surviving 
friends  or  relatives. 

SUR-VlV'OR,  71.    One  who  outlives  another. 

2.  In  laie,  the  longer  liver  of  two  joint  tenants,  or  ; 
of  any  two  persons  who  have  a  joint  interest  in  any  , 
tiling.  Blackstone. 

SUR-VlV'OR-SHIP,  71.  The  state  of  outliving  another. 
2.  In  law,  the  right  of  a  joint  tenant,  or  other  per-  | 
son  who  has  a  joint  interest  in  an  estate,  to  take  the  | 
whole  estate  upon  the  death  of  the  other.  When  1 
there  are  more  than  two  joint  tenants,  the  whole  [ 
estate  remains  to  the  last  survivor  by  right  of  survi- 
rorsUip.  Blackstone. 

SUS-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  7i.  [from  susceptible.]  The 
quality  of  admitting  or  receiving  either  something 
additional  or  some  change,  affection,  or  passion  ;  as, 
the  susceptibility  of  color  in  a  body  ;  .<:usceptibility  of 
culture  or  refinement ;  susceptibility  of  love  or  desire, 
or  of  impressions. 

SUS-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  suscipio,  to  take  ;  ' 
sub  and  ccipio.] 

1.  Capable  of  admitting  any  thing  additional,  or 
any  change,  affection,  or  influence;  as,  a  body  .^■t^5- 
ceptible  of  color  or  of  alteration  ;  a  body  susceptible 
of  pain  ;  a  heart  susceptible  of  love  or  of  impression. 

2.  Tender  ;  capable  of  impression  ;  impressible. 
The  minds  of  children  are  more  su^-ce/itifr/e  than  those 
of  persons  more  advanced  in  life.  I 

3.  Having  nice  sensibility  ;  as,  a  man  of  a  suscep- 
tible heart.  I 

SU;?-CEP'T1-BLE-NESS,  n.  Susceptibility,  which  " 
see. 

SUS-CEP'TI-BLY,  adv.    In  a  susceptible  manner. 
SUS-CEP'TION,  71.    The  act  of  taking.    [But  little 

used.]  ^yliffe. 
SUS-CEP'TIVE,  a.    Capable  of  admitting  ;  readily 

admitting.   Our  niitures  are  susceptive  of  errors!. 

Hatls. 

SUS-CEP-TIV'I-TY,  71.  Capacity  of  admitting.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  fVollaston. 

SUS-CEP'TOR,  71.  [L.]  One  who  undertakes ;  a 
godfather. 

SUS  CIP'I-EX-CY,  71.    Reception  ;  admission. 
SUS-CIP  I-EXT,  a.    Receiving  ;  admitting. 
SUS-CIP'I-EXT,  71.    One  who  takes  or  admits;  one 

that  receives.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SUS'Cl-TATE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  susciter ;  L.  suscito  ;  sub  and 

cito.] 

To  rouse  ;  to  excite  ;  to  call  into  life  and  action. 
SUS'C1-Ta-TI;1),  ;>p.    Roused  ;  excited.  [Brown.. 
SUS'CI-Ta-TIXG,  ppr.     Exciting  ;  calling  into  life 
and  actitui. 

SUS-C1-T.\'TI0X,  71.    The  net  of  raising  or  exciting. 

Pearson. 

SUS'LIK,  71.  A  spotted  animal,  of  the  marmot  kind. 
A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Aictomys,  of  a  yellowish- 
brown  color,  with  small,  white  spots;  the  earless 
iiiariiiot.  Ed.  Encye. 

SUS-PECl'',  r.  L  [L.  su.^ectus,  suspicio  ;  sub  and  spe- 
cio,  to  see  or  view.] 

1.  To  mi.-trust ;  to  imagine  or  have  a  slight  opin- 
ion 111  It  soiuetlniig  exists,  but  without  proof,  and 
olleii  upon  weak  evidence  or  no  evidence  at  all.  We 
susprrl  not  tuily  from  fear,  jealousy,  or  apprehension 
of  evil,  but,  ill  modern  usage,  we  siutpect  things 
which  give  us  no  apprehension. 

Nothing  makes  u  man  suspect  much,  more  tlian  to  know  hale. 

Ilfiron. 

From  her  hand  1  could  tuspset  no  111.  lilUtvn. 

2.  To  imagine  to  bo  guilty,  but  upon  slight  evi- 
dence or  without  proof.  When  a  theft  is  conniiitted, 
we  are  apt  to  suspect  a  person  who  is  known  to  have 
been  guilty  of  stealing  ;  but  wo  often  suspect  a  per.soii 
who  is  innocent  of  the  crime. 

3.  To  hold  lo  be  uncertain  ;  to  doubt ;  to  mistrust ; 
ns,  to  suspect  the  truth  of  a  story. 


FATE.  FAR,  F^LU  WH^T  MpTE,  PR^Y.-PIXE,  MARINE.  BIBD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

1114  ■  ~ 


sus 


4.  To  liolil  to  1)0  doiiblfiil.  Tlie  vprar.ily  of  ii  his- 
torian, and  till)  iinpurlialily  of  a  judge,  should  not 
be  su.fpecteJ. 

5.  To  conjecture.  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric. 
SUS  PECT',  V.  i.    To  imagine  guilt. 

If  1  tus])ect  without  cauic,  why,  then,  let  mf  bo  your  Jc»t.  ShaJi. 
SUS-PECT',  a.    Doubtful.    [JVot  much  used.] 

Olanrilh. 

SITS-PKCT',  n.    Snspicion.    [Obs.]    Bacon.  Shak. 
SUS-PECT' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  suspected.  [Lit- 
tle il.wl.] 

SUS-PECT'ED,  pp.  or  o.  Imagined  without  proof; 
niistriisti'd. 

SUS-PECT'ED-LY,  arfi).    So  as  to  c.xcito  suspicion; 

so  as  to  be  suspertetl. 
SUS-PECT'ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  suspected  or 

dniibted.  Hobinsoiu* 
SUS-PECT'ER,  n.    One  who  suspects. 
SUS-PECT'1'HL,  a.    Apt  to  suspect  or  mistrust. 

Ii(ule\i. 

SUS-PECTTNG,  ppr.  Imagining  without  evidence; 
mistrusting  upon  slight  grounds. 

SUS-PP,eT'LESS,  a.    Not  suspecting  ;  having  no  sus- 
picion. Herbert. 
f2.  Not  suspected  ;  not  mistrusted.  Bcaum. 

SUS-PENU',  V.  t.  [Vt.  snspendre  ;  U.  so!^cntlcre :  Sp. 
suspender ;  Ij.  siispendo  ;  sub  and  pendo,  to  hang.] 

1.  To  hang  ;  to  attach  to  something  above  ;  as,  to 
suspend  a  ball  by  a  thread  ;  to  suspend  the  body  by  a 
cord  or  by  hooks  ;  a  needle  suspended  by  a  lodestone. 

2.  To  make  to  depend  on.  God  hath  suspended  llic 
primiise  of  eternal  life  on  the  condition  of  faith  and 
obedience. 

3.  To  interrupt ;  to  intermit ;  to  cause  to  cease  for 
a  time. 

The  gii.inl  nor  fights  nor  Hirs  ;  Ih^ir  fatp  so  near  ' 

At  once  tuependa  their  counge  anil  tlicir  t"e.ir.  Denham. 

4.  To  stay ;  to  delay  ;  to  hinder  from  proceeding 
for  a  time. 

Suspend  your  indignation  against  my  brother.  Shtik. 
I  ausjiend  ihcir  doom.  Milton. 

5.  To  hold  in  a  state  undetermined  ;  as,  to  suspend 
one's  choice  or  opinion.  Locke. 

6.  To  debar  from  any  privilege,  from  the  execution 
of  an  office,  or  from  the  enjoyment  of  incotne. 

Goott  men  shuulil  not  l»e  auepervted  (torn  the  exercise  of  their 
ministry  and  deprived  ol  their  liveliliood,  tor  ccn-munii-s 
which  are  acknowlcil^'U  indillerent.  ^rtdereon. 

7.  To  cause  to  cease  for  a  time  from  operation  or 
effect  ;  as,  to  suspend  the  habeas  corpus  act. 

SUS-I'END'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Hung  up  ;  made  to  depend 
on  ;  causetl  to  cease  fi>r  .1  tiipe  ;  tielayed  ;  held  unde- 
termined ;  prevented  frt>m  executing  an  ofiico  or  en- 
jovins  a  right. 

SUS-PEXD'ER,  ji.    One  that  suspends. 

•2.  Suspenders,  pL:  straps  worn  for  holding  up  pan- 
taloons, &c. ;  braces. 

SUS-PE.\D'I\G,  ppr.  Hanging  up  ;  making  to  de- 
pend on  ;  intermitting  ;  causing  to  cease  for  a  time  ; 
holding  undetermined  ;  debarring  from  action  or 
right. 

SUS-PE.NSE',  (sus-pens',)  n.    [L.  .mspensus.] 

1.  A  state  of  uncertainty  ;  indetermination  ;  indecis- 
ion. A  man's  mind  is  in  siu<i>ensc  when  it  is  balan- 
cing the  weight  of  different  arguments  or  considera- 
tions, or  when  it  is  uncertain  respecting  facts  un- 
known, or  events  not  in  his  own  power. 

Ten  (layi  die  prophet  in  aufpenae  [i^maincd.  Denham, 

2.  Stop  ;  cessiition  for  a  time. 

A  cool  autptnae  from  ple:«ure  or  from  pain.  Pope. 

3.  In  /atfl,  suspension  ;  a  temporary  cessation  of  a 
man's  right;  as  when  the  rent  or  other  profits  of 
land  cease  hv  unity  of  possession  of  land  and  rent. 

SUS-PENSE','a.    lield  from  proceeding.  [Little  used.] 

Milton. 

SUS-PENS-I-BIL'I-TV,  n.  The  capacity  of  being 
suspended,  or  sustained  from  sinking;  as,  the  sus- 
pensibilittt  of  indurated  clay  in  water.  Kirtran. 

SUS-PE.\S'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  suspended, or 
held  from  sinking. 

SUS-PEN'SION,  (-shun,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  suspcnsio. 
See  SusFKND.] 

I.  The  act  of  hanging  up,  or  of  causing  to  hang  by 
being  attached  to  something  above. 

9.  The  act  of  making  to  depend  on  any  thing  for 
existence  or  taking  place  ;  as,  the  su-pension  of  pay- 
ment on  the  pcrforin;ince  of  a  condition. 

3.  'i"he  act  of  delayifig  ;  delay  ;  as,  the  stLspen.tion 
of  a  crimin'tl's  execution,  calletl  a  re.y-pite  or  reprieve. 

4.  Act  of  withholding  or  balancing  the  judgment ; 
forbearance  of  determination  ;  as,  the  .tiufpension  of 
opinion,  of  judgment,  of  decisitm,  or  determination. 
Suspension  of  judgment  often  proceeds  from  doubt  or 
ignorance  of  facts. 

5.  Tempor.iry  cessation  ;  intcmiption  ;  intermis- 
sion ;  as,  the  su.tpcnjian  of  labor  or  of  study ;  the 
suspension  of  pain. 

6.  Temporary  privation  of  powers,  authority,  or 
rights,  usually  intended  as  a  censure  or  punishment ; 
as,  the  suspension  of  an  ei  rli  siastic  or  minister  for 
some  fault.  This  may  be  merely  a  suspension  of  his 
office,  or  it  may  be  both  of  his  office  and  his  income. 


.\  military  or  naval  officer's  smpension  takes  place 
when  lie  is  arrestetl. 

7.  Prevention  or  interruption  of  operation  ;  Bg,  the 
suspension  ttf  the  liab(;:is  corpus  act. 

8.  In  rhetoric,  a  keeping  <d'  the  hearer  in  doubt  and 
in  attentive  expectalioii  of  what  is  to  follow,  or  what 
is  to  be  the  inference  or  conclusion  from  the  argu- 
ments or  observations. 

0.  In  Scots  lam,  ii  stay  or  postponement  of  execution 
of  a  sentence  conilcmnatiiry,  i>y  nieaiis  of  letters  of 
suspension  grantt^d  on  application  to  the  lortl  ordi- 
nary Cyc. 

10.  In  inrj-hanics,  points  of  suspension  in  a  balance 
are  the  points  in  tin.'  axis  or  beam  where  the  weights 
are  applied,  or  from  which  they  are  suspemleil. 

llulton. 

11.  In  music,  evrry  sound  of  a  chord  to  a  given 
base,  which  is  continued  to  another  base,  is  a  sus- 
pensiatt.  Cyc. 

Suspension  of  arjns ;  in  war,  a  short  truce  or  cessa- 
tion of  operations  agreed  on  by  the  commanders  of 
the  contending  parties,  as  for  burj  ing  the  dead,  mak- 
ing proposals  for  surrender  or  for  peace,  &c.  Cite. 

SUS-PE.N"SION-BRI0GE,  n.  A  bridge  supported  by 
chains  or  ropes,  which  pass  over  high  piers  or  col- 
umns at  eacli  end, and  are  secured  below.  Buchanan. 

SUS-PENS'IVE,  a.    Doubtful.  Beaum.  If  Fl. 

SUS-PENS'OR,  71.  In  surgery,  a  bandage  to  suspend 
the  scrotum. 

SUS-PE.\S'0-UY,  a.  That  suspends  ;  suspending ;  as, 
a  suspen.'torti  muscle. 

SUS-PENS'd-KY,  n.  That  which  suspends,  or  holds 
up  ;  a  truss.  . 

SUS'PI-CA-BI.E,  a.    [I,.  su.'j>icor.] 

That  may  be  suspected ;  liable  to  suspicion.  [.Vol 
irr  use.]  More. 

SUS-PI''CIO.V,  (sus-pish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  suspicio. 
See  Si;3rECT.] 

The  act  of  suspecting  ;  the  imagin.ation  of  the  ex- 
istence of  something  without  proof,  or  upon  very 
slight  evidence,  or  upon  no  evidence  at  all.  Suspicion 
often  proceeds  from  the  apprehension  of  evil ;  it  is 
tlic  offspring  or  companion  of  jealt)usy. 

Suspicions  amon*  thooglita  are  like  Bats  among  binis ;  they 
ever  fly  by  twilight.  Bacon. 

SUS-PI"CIOUS,  (sus-pish'us,)  a.    [L.  sttspiciosus.] 

1.  Inclined  to  suspect;  apt  to  imagine  without 
proof. 

Nature  itself,  after  it  has  done  an  injury,  will  ever  be  suspicious, 
and  no  man  can  love  lite  person  he  suspecu.  South. 

S.  Indicating  suspicion  or  fear. 

We  have  a  suspiaous,  fearful,  constrained  countenance.  Swift. 

3.  Liable  to  suspicion  ;  adapted  to  raise  suspicion  ; 
giving  reason  to  imagine  ill ;  as,  an  author  of  suspi- 
cious innovations.  Hooker. 

I  spy  a  black,  suspicious,  threatening  cloud.  Sliak. 

4.  Entertaining  suspicion  ;  given  to  suspicion. 
Many  miscliievous  insects  are  daily  at  work  to  make  men  of 

merit  suspicious  of  each  other.  Pops. 

SU.S-PI"CIOUS-LY,  adc.    With  suspicion. 

2.  So  as  to  excite  suspicion.  Sidney. 
SUS-PI"CIOUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  li.'ible 

to  suspicion,  or  liable  to  Jie  suspected  ;  as,  the  suspi- 
ciousness of  a  man's  appearance,  of  his  weapons,  or 
of  his  actions. 

Q.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  apt  to  suspect ;  as, 
the  su.'rpiciousness  of  a  man's  temper  or  mind. 
SUS-PI'UAL,  ri.    [L.  suspiro,  to  breathe;  sub  and 
spiro.] 

1.  A  brcathing-hoIe  ;  a  vent  or  ventiduct.  Rces. 

2.  A  spring  of  water  passing  under  ground  toward 
a  cistern  or  conduit.    [Local.]  Rees. 

SUS-PI-F.A'TION,  n.    [L.  suspiratio,  suspiro,  to  sigh  ; 

sub  and  spiro,  to  breathe.] 
The  act  of  sighing  or  fetching  a  long  and  deep 

breath  ;  a  sigh.  More. 
SUS  PIRE',  V.  i.    [Supra.]    To  sigh  ;  to  fetch  a  long, 

deep  breath  ;  to  breathe.    [Little  used.]  SliaJi. 
SUS-PIR'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Wished  for ;  desired.    [JVot  in 

use.] 

SUS-TaIN',  v.  t.  [L.  sustineo;  sub  and  teneo,  to  hold 
under;  Fr.  soutenir;  It.  soslencre;  Sp.  sostcncr,  sus- 
t£ntar.] 

1.  To  bear;  to  uphold  ;  to  support;  S',  a  founda- 
tion sustains  the  superstructure;  pillars  sustain  an 
edifice  ;  a  beast  sustain.-^  a  load. 

2.  To  hidd  ;  to  keep  from  falling;  as,  a  ro|)e  .rii.?- 
tai7is  a  weight. 

3.  To  supimrt ;  to  keep  from  sinking  in  despond- 
ence. The  hope  of  a  better  life  sustains  the  alllicted 
amiilst  all  their  sorrttws. 

4.  To  maintain  ;  to  keep  alive  ;  to  support ;  to 
subsist ;  as,  provisions  to  sustain  a  family  or  an  army. 

5.  To  support  in  any  condition  by  aid  ;  to  assist  or 
relieve. 

His  son*  who  Kek  Ibe  lynnt  to  sustain.  Drydtn. 

6.  To  bear ;  to  endure  without  failing  or  yielding. 
The  mind  stands  collected,  and  sustains  the  shock. 

Slnll  Turnus  then  such  endless  toil  rusltiin  ?  Drytl^n. 

7.  To  suffer ;  to  bear ;  to  undergo. 

Vou  sliatt  suaUun  more  new  disgraces.  Shak. 


8.  To  maintain  ;  to  support ;  not  to  dismis.-.  or 
abate.  Notwitli.slanding  the  plea  in  bar  or  111  ubatc- 
merit,  (be  court  su-<tained  the  action  or  Nuit. 

9.  To  maintain  as  a  Hiiliicient  ground.  The  testi- 
mony or  the  evidence  is  not  sullicient  In  sustain  the 
action,  the  accusation,  the  charges,  or  the  impeach- 
niint.  , 

111.  In  rnu.s'ic,  to  conlinne,  nn  the  sound  of  notes 
through  their  whole  length.  Uusbij. 
Si;S-T'AI.\'',  JI.    That  which  upholds.    [J\rol  in  use.] 

Milton, 

SUS-T,M\'A-BI,E,  a.     That  may  be  sustained  or 

maiiilained.    The  action  is  not  sustainable. 
SUS-TAI.N'fJI),  pp.     Pome;   upheld;  maintained; 

supported  ;  .subsisteil  ;  suffered. 
SU.S-TAI.N'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  sustains,  iip- 

holtls,  (tr  Sliders. 
SUS-T.^ IN'I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.     Bearing;  upholding; 

maintaiiiini: ;  siillering;  subsisting. 
SUS-TaI.\'.ME.\T,  n.    The  act  of  sustaining;  sup 

ptirt. 

SUS-TAI,'Tie,  a.    \(It.  avaTa\TiKoi;.] 

Mournful  ;  affecting  ;  an  epithet  given  to  a  species 
of  music  by  the  Greeks.  Busby. 
SUS'TE-NANCE,  n.    [.Norm.  Fr.  ;  from  .luslain.] 

1.  Support ;  maintenance  ;  subsistence  ;  as,  the 
sustenance  of  the  b'jdy  ;  l!ie  sitstenanee  of  life. 

2.  That  which  supports  life  ;  food  ;  victuals  ;  pro- 
visions.   This  city  has  ample  sustenance. 

SUS-TEN'TA-CLE,  n.    [L.  sustentaculum.] 

Support.    [JVu(  IK  U.1C,]  More. 
SUS-TEN-TA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  sustentalio, 
sustento.] 

1.  Support ;  preservation  from  falling.  Boyle. 

2.  Use  of  food.  Brown, 

3.  .Maintenance  ;  support  of  life.  Bacon. 
SU-SUR-RA'TIO.V,  n.     [L.  susurratio  ;  susurro,  to 

whisper.] 
A  whispering  ;  a  soft  murmur. 

SO'TIEE,  (su'til,)  a.    [L.  sutilis,  from  sua,  to  sew.] 
Done  by  stitching.    [.Yot  in  u.sc]  Bosxceli. 

SUT'LER,  71.  [D.  -.nctelanr,  as  if  from  loet,  sweet. 
But  in  German,  sndclkoch  is  a  paltry  victualcr,  as  if 
from  sudeln,  to  soil  ;  sudler,  a  dirty  fellow.  In  Dan- 
ish, sudetkock  is  a  pastry  cook,  from  the  same  root ; 
sudler,  to  soil.  The  Danish  may  be  the  original  sig- 
nification.] 

A  person  who  follows  an  army,  and  sells  to  the 
troops  provisions  and  litpiors. 
SUT'LING,  a.    Belonging  to  sutlers;  engaged  in  the 

occupation  of  a  sutler.  Taller. 
SUT-TEE',  n.    In  the  Sanscrit,  or  sacred  lanffuagc  of 
tlic  Hindoos,  a  female  ileity. 

2.  A  widow  who  immolates  herself  on  the  funeral 
pile  of  her  husband. 

;f.  The  sacrifice  of  burning  a  widow  on  the  funeral 
pile  of  her  husband. 
SUT-TEE'IS.M,  71.    The  practice  of  self-immolation 

among  widows  in  Ilindostan. 
SUT'Tl.E,  (sut'll,)a.   Snttlc  weirrht,  in  coTTimcrce, is  the 
weight  when  the  tare  has  been  deducted,  and  tret  is 
yet  to  he  allowetl.l  McCulloch. 
SUT'lfR-.AL,  a.    [L.  sutura,  a  seam.] 
Rel.iting  to  a  suture  or  seam. 
In  botany,  the  dehiscence  of  a  pericarp  is  ^titra^, 
when  it  takes  place  at  a  suture. 
SOT'^K-A-TED,  a.  Stitched;  sewed  or  knit  together. 

Sinillu 

SCT'lfRE,  (sut'yure,)  ji.  [L.  sutura,  from  suo,  to 
sew.] 

1.  Literally,  a  sewing ;  hence,  the  uniting  of  the 
parts  of  a  wound  by  stitching.  Coic. 

2.  The  seam  or  joint  which  unites  the  bones  of 
the  skull ;  or  the  peculiar  articulation  or  connection 
of  those  bones  ;  as,  the  coronal  suture ;  the  sagittal 
suture. 

3.  In  botany,  the  line  or  seam  formed  by  the  union 
of  two  margins  in  any  part  of  a  plant. 

90T'IIR-£D,  a.  Having  sutures;  knit  or  united  to- 
gether. 

StfUM  €UrQUE  TRI-BC'TO,  (-ki'kwe-,)  [L.] 

Give  every  one  his  due. 
SO'ZE-R.MN-TV,  ii.    [Fr.  ^u:craine(^,  from  m:erai>i, 

a  bird  paramount.] 

Paramount  authority  or  command.  F.nfantin. 
SWAB,  (swob,)  11.    [iia\.  .^cebban,  to  sweep;  formed 

perhaps  on  the  root  of  wipe,  as  G.  schwcben,  to  wave 

or  soar,  is  on  that  of  trace,  and  D.  iwcepen,  on  that  of 

whip.] 

1.  A  mop  for  cleaning  floors;  on  board  of  ships,  a 
large  mop  or  bunch  of  old  rope  yarn,  used  to  clean 
the  deck  and  cabin. 

2.  A  bit  of  sponge  fastened  to  a  handle  for  cleans- 
ing the  mouth  of  the  sick,  or  for  giving  them  nour- 
ishment. -Uillfr. 

SWv^B,  B.  (.  [Supra.]  To  clean  with  a  mop  ;  to  wipe 
when  wet  or  after  washing  ;  as,  to  swab  the  deck  of 
a  siiip. 

SWAB'BCT),  (swohd,)  pp.   Cleaned  with  a  mop. 

SWAB'BER,  71.    [D.  iwabber.] 

One  that  uses  a  swab  to  clean  a  floor  or  deck  ;  on 
board  of  ships  of  war,  an  inferior  officer,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  see  tiu.t  the  ship  is  kept  clean. 

SWAB'BI.N'G,  ppr    Cleaning  with  a  mop. 


TONE,  B5;LL,  liXITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  G  .is  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


in.'s 


II 


SWA 


SWA 


SWA 


SWAD,  n.    A  pod,  as  of  beans  or  peas.  [Lorn/.] 
2.  A  short,  fat  person.    [  Ubs.]  B.  .lunson. 

In  JVeio  England,  a  lump,  mass,  or  buncli ;  also, 
a  crowd,  [yulffur.] 
SWAD'DLE,  (swod'dl,)  v.  t.    [Sax.  swathe,  sKethd,  a 
border,  fringe,  or  band  ;  beswcthan,  to  swathe  ;  D. 
zwaad,  G.  schwadcn,  a  swatfl.] 

I.  To  swathe  ;  to  bhid,  as  with  a  bandage  ;  to  bind 
t![;ht  ivith  clothes  ;  used  generally  of  infants  ;  as,  to 
6iratUilc  a  child. 

Tliey  sitaddled  me  in  my  night-gown.  Addison, 

•2.  To  beat;  to  cudgel.    [Loio,  and  not  in  w^c."} 

lludibraa. 

SWAD'DLE,  n.    Clothes  bound  tight  round  the  body. 

'I'liey  put  me  in  bed  in  all  my  sicaddles.  Addison. 
S\y AD' OLED,  pp.    Swathed  ;  bound  in  tight  clothes. 
SVV.^D'DLING,  ppr.  " 


A  band  or  cloth  wraji- 
ped  round  an  infant. 


Swathing;  binding  in  tight 

clothes. 
SWAD  ■  DI,TNG-B  AND, 
SVVAU'DLIi\G-eLOTH, 
Luke  ii. 

SWAG,  u.  i.  [Clu.  Sa.K.  sigan,  to  fall;  Ice.  saeigia ; 
Sw.  svng ;  Dan.  id.,  feeble  ;  Dan.  svtekker,  to  weaken. 
See  Weak.] 

To  sink  down  by  its  weight ;  to  lean.  Grew. 
SWAG'-BEL-LI  .ED,  (-bel-lid,)  a.    Having  a  promi- 
nent, overhanging  belly.  Skuk. 
SWaGE,  v.  t.    [  Probably  allied  to  swag  and  weak ;  from 
falling  or  throwing  down.] 

To  ease  ;  to  soften  ;  to  mitigate. 


Apt  words  hiive  power  to  ticage 
Tlie  tumors  of  a  troubled  mind. 


Milton. 


[See  As3UAOE,  which  is  the  word  now  used.] 
SWAGE,  n.    Among  workmen  in  sheet  iron,  a  tool  used 

for  making  moldings  upon  sheet  iron. 
SWAGE,  V.  I.    To  use  a  swage  ;  to  fashion  a  piece  of 
iron  by  drawing  it  into  a  groove  or  mold,  having  the 
required  shape.  Haldeman. 
SWAG'GER,  V.  i.    [Pax.  swegan,  to  sound  or  rattle.] 
To  bluster;  to  bully  ;  to  boast  or  brag  noisily  ;  to 
tumultuously  proud. 


Wliat  a  pleasure  it  is  to  swagger  at  tlie  bar ! 
To  l3e  great  is  not  to  swagger  at  our  footmen. 


Arbxithnoi. 
Collier. 


SWAG'GER-ER,  n.  A  blusterer ;  a  bully  ;  a  boasiful, 
noisy  fellow.  S/uik. 

SWAG'GER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Blustering ;  boasting 
noisilv. 

SWAG'GING,  ppr.    Sinking  or  inclining. 

isWAG'GY,  a.  [from  sicag.]  Sinking,  hanging,  or 
leaning  by  its  weight.  Brown. 

FWAIN,  n.  [Sax.  «<!cin,  jwaii,  a  boy,  a  youth,  a  ser- 
vant, a  herdsman  ;  Sw.  seen,  a  boy  ;  Dan.  svend ; 
(ce.  seein.] 

1.  A  young  mtin.  Speiuser. 

2.  A  country  servant  employed  in  husbandry. 

3.  A  pastoral  youth.  [Shak. 
Blest  sioains  t  whose  nymphs  in  every  grace  excel.  Pope. 

lit  is  used  chiefly  in  this  sense,  and  in  poetry.] 

SWAIX'ISII,  a.    Rustic.  JfUton. 

SW.A I.V'Mn'l'E,  \  n.    [jjwain  and  mote,  meeting.]  In 

SWiil.V'.Mf/rE,  >     JEiiWanf/,  a  court  held  before  the 

SWAN'I-JloTE,  )  verdcrors  of  the  forest  as  judges, 
by  the  steward  of  the  court,  thrice  every  year ;  the 
swains  or  freeholders  within  the  forest  comjiosing 
the  jury.  Its  principal  jurisdiction  is  to  inquire  into 
the  oppressions  and  grievances  committed  by  the 
otTicers  of  the  forest.  It  rectdves  and  tries  also  pre- 
sentments certified  from  the  court  of  attachments 
against  olfenscs  in  vert  anil  venis  in.  This  court  is 
incident  to  a  forest,  as  a  court  of  piepoudre  is  to  a 
fair.  Blackstone. 

SW.^IP,  ».  1.  To  w.alk  proudly.  [Used  in  the  north  of 
England  for  Sweep.] 

SWALE,  71.    [Probably  from  rah.'\    A  local  word  in 
JVcM)  England,  signifying  an  interval  or  vale  ;  a  tract 
of  lowland. 
9.  In  £;i<r!an'/,  a  shade.  Cyc. 

SWALE,         To  waste.    [See  Sweal.] 

SWALE,  c.t.  To  dress  a  hog  for  bacon,  by  singeing 
or  burning  off  his  hair.    [Local.]  Cijc. 

SWaL'LET,  71.  [See  Weli..]  Among  the  tin- 
miners,  water  breaking  in  upon  the  miners  at  their 
work.  Baileii. 

SW.\L'LOW,  (awoI'lB,)  71.  [Sax.  jwnZcwe  ;  D.  jica- 
ItLW  ;  G.  .-ichtralhe  ;  Dan.  xrale    Sw.  snala.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Ilirnndo,  of  many  specien, 
among  which  are  tlie  barn  stvallow  and  the  martin. 
Swallows  have  great  powers  of  flight,  and  feed  mostly 
on  winged  insects,  which  they  seize  while  flying. 
Tli'T  liavirilK!  tail  forked. 

HW.SL'LoW-FISII,  n.  A  sea  fish  of  the  gentis 
Trigia,  callird  in  Cornwall  Tuh  Fihii  ;  remarkable 
fiir  the  oize  of  itti  gill-fins.  It  Is  called  ul.so  the  Sat- 
rmiii  NK  Gorrw  *nu.  Cf/c. 

SW  A  l/Lr)VV-TAIL,  n.  In  joinery  and  carpentry, 
the  same  n-t  Di'vk-Tail. 

SW.M,'Lr>W-TAIL,  It.    A  dperies  of  willow.  Baron. 

SWAL'LriW-TAIL  ED,  a.    DoVe-tail.,d,  which  s.  e. 

BWAl/LnW-WOUT,  (  wiirt,)  n.  A  phint  of  the 
peniiH  Ascleplas  or  Cynanrlmin.  It  growH  in  the 
miiilhcrn  pan  of  Euro[>c,  and  in  Haiti  to  have  been 


successfully  used  as  a  medicine,  chiefly  in  dropsical 
cases.  Cue. 
The  ..African  ^tcallowwort  is  of  the  genus  Stapelia. 

Lee. 

SW.\  L'LoW,  V.  t.  [Sax.  .^oclgan,  sicilgan,  to  swallow, 
to  swill ;  D.  zwelgen  ;  Sw.  srdija,  to  swallow  ;  svalg, 
the  throat ;  Dan.  smlger.  Ciu.  the  Fr.  acaler,  with 
a  prefix,  and  the  root  of  fall.] 

1.  To  take  into  the  stomach  ;  to  receive  through 
the  gullet  or  esophagus  into  the  stomach  ;  as,  to  swal- 
low food  or  drink.  Food  should  be  well  cheH  ed  be- 
fore it  is  swallowed.  ' 

9.  To  absorb ;  to  draw  and  sink  into  an  abyss  or 
gulf;  to  ingulf ;  usually  followed  by  up.  The  Mael- 
slrtun  oil'  the  coast  of  Norway,  it  is  said,  will  swul~ 
low  up  a  ship. 

Ilfcbof^  sualloteed  up  and  lost.  Milton. 

Tiie  earth  opened  and  swallowed  llicm  up.  —  Num.  xvi. 

3.  To  receive  or  embrace,  as  opinions  or  belief, 
without  examination  or  scruple  ;  to  receive  implicitly. 

Locke. 

4.  To  engross  ;  to  appropriate. 

Homer — has  swallowed  up  tiie  honor  of  those  who  succreded 
him.  Pipe. 

5.  To  occupy  ;  to  employ. 

The  necessary  provision  ot  life  swallows  the  greatest  part  of  their 
time.  Locke. 

6.  To  seize  and  waste. 
Corruption  5ipa/;owtft£  what  the  liberal  liand 

Of  bounty  sc;Utered.  Tliomson. 

7.  To  engross;  to  engage  completely. 

The  priest  and  the  prophet  have  erred  throui^h  strong  drink  ; 
tlicy  are  swallowed  up  of  wine.  —  Is.  xxvlii. . 

8.  To  exhaust ;  to  consume.  His  expenses  swallow 
lip  all  his  income. 

SWAL'LoW,  n.  The  gullet  or  esophagus;  the 
throat. 

9.  Voracity.  South. 
3.  As  much  as  is  swallowed  at  once. 

SWAL'LoVV-£D,  pp.  Taken  into  the  stomach  ;  ab- 
sorbed ;  receiveti  without  scruple  ;  engrossed  ; 
wasted  ;  exhausted. 

SWAL'LoW-ER,  n.  One  who  swallows;  also,  a 
cliitton.  Taller. 

SW.\L'LoW-ING,  ppr.  Taking  into  the  stomach  ; 
absorbing  ;  ingulfing  ;  receiving  implicitly  ;  engross- 
ing ;  wasting  ;  exhausting. 

SW.AL'LoW-ING,  n.  The  act  of  taking  into  the 
stomach  or  of  absorbing ;  the  act  of  receiving  im- 
plicitly ;  the  act  of  engrossing. 

SWAM,  pret.  of  Swim. 

SW.\MP,  (swomp,)n.  [Sa.x.  sirnm,  a  fungus  or  mush- 
rotun  ;  Goth,  swamins,  a  sponge  ;  G.  schwainin,  D. 
iwam,  Dan.  simmp  ;  Sw.  id.,  a  sponge,  a  fungus.] 

Spongy  land  ;  low  grounti  filled  with  water  ;  .soft, 
wet  ground.  In  JVew  England,  I  believe  this  word 
is  never  applied  to  marsh,  or  the  boggy  land  made 
by  the  overflowing  of  salt  water,  but  always  to  low, 
soft  ground  in  the  interior  country;  wet  and  spongy 
land,  but  not  usually  covered  with  water.  This  is 
the  true  meaning  of  the  word.  Swamps  are  often 
mowed.  In  England,  the  word  is  explained  in  books 
by  boggy  land,  morassy  or  marshy  ground. 

SWAMP,  (swomp,)  v  t.  To  plunge,  whelm,  or  sink 
in  a  swamp;  hence,  to  overset  or  sink  and  be  lost  in 
water. 

2.  To  plunge  into  inextricable  difficulties. 
SW.\MP'ED,  (swompt,)  pp.    Overwhelmed  ;  plunged 

into  difliculties. 
SW.AMP'ING,  ppr.    Overwhelming;  plunging  into 

inextricable  difliculties.  Quart.  Bev. 

SW.\MP'-oRE,  n.     In  mineralogy,  an  ore  of  iron 

found  in  swamps  and  morasses ;  bog  ore,  or  bog  iron 

ore.  Cyc. 
SWAMP'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  swamp  ;  like  a  swamp  ; 

low,  wet,  and  spongy  ;  as,  sicampij  land. 
SWAN,  (swon,)  n.    [Sa.x.  siran  ;  D.  iwnan ;  G.  sehwan  ; 

Dan.  seane;  Sw.  svan.    Ciu.  wan,  white,  with  a  i)re- 

fi.v.] 

A  large,  aquatic  fowl  of  the  genus  Cygnus,  ap- 
parently intermediate  between  ducks  and  geese. 
Swans  have  the  neck  viiy  long,  plumage  close, 
thick,  soft,  and  light  They  are  remarkable  for 
grace  and  elegance  upon  the  water.  The  adults  of 
the  common  species  are  white,  but  an  Australian 
specie's  is  black.  JVuttoll.    P.  Cyc. 

SWANG,  >i.  A  piece  of  low  land  or  green  swanl, 
liable  to  be  covered  with  water.  [Local  in  Eng- 
land.] 

SW.\N'S'-D()WN,  71.  A  fine,  soft,  thick  cloth  of 
wool  mixed  with  silk  or  cotton. 

Encyc%  of  Dom.  Eenn. 

SWAN'SKIN,  71.  [s^ran  nt\A  skm.]  A  species  of  flan- 
nel of  a  soil  texture,  thick  and  warm. 

SWAP,  (swop,)  adi\  [Un.  sweep.]  Hastily  ;  at  a 
snatch.    [.O  low  word,  and  local.]' 

SWAP,  (swop,)  II.  f.  To  exchange;  to  barter;  to 
swap,  [.'^ee  Swop.]  [Tins  word  is  not  elegant,  but 
common  in  colloqunil  lonifoagc  in  Jlnicrica.] 

SWAI'i  «•    A  blow  ;  a  stroke.  Bcanm.  Si  Fl. 

.SWAPIC,  n.     [(iu.  6trccp.[     A  pole  supptu'tetl   by  n 


fulcrum,  on  which  it  turns,  used  for  raising  water 
from  a  well,  for  churning,  &c.  Ewrrbank. 

[This  Bailey  spells  Swipe,  and  in  New  England 
it  IS  pronounced  s-weep,  as  in  well-swefp.] 

SWAP'PKD,  (swopt,)  ;)/).    Exchanged;  battered. 

SVV.^P'PING,  ppr.  Exchanging. 

SWARD,  71.  [Sax.  sweard;  Dan.  svier ;  D.  iwoord; 
G.  schwarte,  rind,  skin  ;  W.  gweryd,  an  excretion, 
sward,  moss.] 

1.  The  skin  of  bacon  [Local.] 

2.  The  grassy  surface  of  land  ;  turf;  that  part  of 
the  soil  which  is  filled  with  the  roots  of  grass,  form- 
ing a  kind  of  mat.  When  covered  with  green  grass, 
it  is  called  Gkeen-Sward. 

SWARD,  V.  t.  To  produce  sward;  to  cover  with 
swar'd.  Mortimer. 

SWARD'-€UT-TER,  7i.  An  instrument  for  cutting 
svvai  d  acrt)ss  the  ridges. 

SWARD'ED,  a.    Covered  with  sward.  Drake. 

SWARD'Y,  a.  Covered  with  sward  or  grass;  as, 
sirardy  land. 

SWA  RE,  old  pret.  of  Swear.    [We  now  use  Swore.] 
SWARE,      (  71     A  copper  coin  and  money  of  ac- 
SCIIWaRE,  (     count  in  Bremen,  value  one  fifth  of  a 
groat,  and  72  groats  make  a  thaler,  (rix  dollar.)    It  is 
therefore  worth  nearly  ^  farthing  sterling,  or  i  cent. 

McCulloch. 

SWARM,  7!.  [Sax.  swfarm  ;  G.  .s-c/iiMTTTi ;  U.  iwerm  ; 
Da.n.  sh'crm  J  Sw.  seana.  This  seems  to  be  formed 
on  the  root  of  warm.  The  Sp.  Itereir,  to  boil,  to 
swarm,  is  the  L.  fcrveo,  and  boiling  is  very  ex- 
pressive of  the  motions  of  a  swarm  of  bees.  See 
the  verb.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  large  number  or  body  of 
I  small  animals  or  insects,  particularly  when  in  mo- 
tion ;  but  appropriately,  a  great  number  of  honey 
bees  which  emigrate  from  a  hive  at  once,  and  seek 
new  lodgings  under  the  directitm  of  a  queen  ;  or  a 
like  body  of  bees  united  and  settled  permanently  in  a 
hive.  The  bees  that  leave  a  hive  in  spring,  are 
the  young  bees  produced  in  the  year  preceding. 
Exod.  viii.    Judges  xiv. 

2.  A  swarm  or  multitude ;  parficw/uWi/,  a  multi- 
tude of  people  in  motion.  Sicarais  of  norlliern  na- 
tions overran  the  south  of  Europe  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury. 

j^ot.e.  —  The  applicatitm  of  this  word  to  inanimate 
things,  as  swarms  of  adrajitages,  by  Sbakspetire,  and 
swarms  of  themes,  by  Young,  is  not  legitimate,  for 
the  essence  of  the  word  is  motion. 
SWAR.M,  V.  i.  [Sax.  swcarmian  ;  D.  iwcrmpn  ;  (J. 
sehwdrmen  ;  Dan.  .vrfrmer ;  Sw.  scdrma,  to  swarm,  to 
rove,  to  wander,  to  swerve.] 

1.  To  collect  and  depart  from  a  hive  by  flight  in  a 
boily,  as  bees.  Bees  swarm  in  warm,  clear  days  in 
summer. 

2.  To  appear  or  collect  in  a  crowd  ;  to  run  ;  to 
throng  together  ;  to  congregate  in  a  multitude. 

In  crowds  around  the  sicarming  people  join.  Drydsn. 

3.  To  be  crowded  ;  to  be  thronged  with  a  multi- 
tude of  animals  in  motion.  The  forests  in  America 
often  stearin  with  wilil  pigeons.  The  northern  seas 
in  spring  swarm  with  herrings. 

Kvery  place  swarms  with  soldiers.  Spenser. 

[Such  phrases  as  life  sicanns  with  ills,*'  *'  those 
days  sioarmed  with  fables,"  are  not  legitimate,  or 
wholly  obsolete.    Bi-own.  Young.] 

4.  'I'o  breed  multitudes.  Milton. 

5.  To  climb,  as  a  tree,  by  embracing  it  witli  the 
arms  and  legs,  and  scrambling. 

At  the  top  was  plaa  tl'a  piece  of  money,  as  a  prize  for  those  who 
CouliI  swarm  up  and  seize  it.  Coj«'«  Ruse. 

JViitr.  —  This,  by  the  common  people  in  New  Eng- 
land, is  pronounced  .N-^Htrm  or  51/iiHrm,  and  it  is  evi- 
dently formed  on  ironn,  indicttting  that  worm  and 
warm,  on  which  sicarm  ami  squirm  are  formed,  are 
radically  the  same  word.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
bend,  w  ind,  twist,  as  a  worm  or  a  swarm  of  bees. 
It  may  be  fonnetl  on  the  root  of  veer,  vary.] 

SWARNi,  1'.  t.    To  crowd  or  throng.    [JVot  m  use.] 

SWARM'f.'D,  pp.  of  S«  ARM. 

SVVARM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  from  Swarm.  [Sec  the 
veVb.l 

SWAU  P,  )  a.  [Sax.  sirart,  s-weart;  Sw.sKart !  Dan. 
SWARTII,  I     svwrte  ;  H.  schwuri :  D.  iwart.] 

1.  Being  of  a  dark  hue;  moderately  black; 
tawny. 

A  nation  strange  with  visage  swart.  t^ptnser. 

[I  believi^  Swart  and  Swarth  arc  never  used  in 
the  I'uiied  States,  certainly  not  in  New  England. 
.SwAKiiiv  is  a  cotninoii  word.] 

2.  (Jloomy  ;  inaligiiaul     [JVut  ?'«  ii.vc]  Milton. 
SWAirr,  7..  (.    'I'll  make  lawny.  Brown. 
SW.AU  ril,   (  71.    An  apjiarititui  vt  a  person  about  to 
SWXlUTII,!     die.  Oruse. 


[jVot  used  in  JVew  Englnnd.] 
,'ARTiri-LY,  u</», 


SWAR  TH'l-LY,  oi/i).  [from  sifurt*!/.]   Duskily  ;  with 
a  ta\\'ny  hut;. 

SVVAKTiri-NESS,  71.   Tavvnincss  ;  a  dusky  or  dark 
complexion. 

SWAUTIl'Y,  a.    [See  Swabt.]    Being  of  a  dark  hue 
or  (lusty  ctuniilexiim  ;  tawny.    In  warm  climates. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


SWA 

tlic  complcviiiii  (if  men  i"  iiniviT<;illy  .tvarthy  or 
black.  Tlic  Moors,  J*|):uiiarcls,  anil  Italians,  arc 
more  swarthy  than  the  French,  Guruuins,  and  Eng- 
lish. 

Tlieir  cimrtAy  hoau  woulil  darken  nil  uur  ploini.  AJ^iUon, 

2.  Ulack  ;  as,  tlie  atcarthy  African. 
SWART'l-.N'ES.'',  ti.    A  lawny  color.  Sherwood. 
SWART'lSll,  o.    Somewlial  daik  or  tawny. 
S\VAI!T'V,  a.    Swarthy  ;  tawny.  Burton. 
SWAllVK,  V.  i.    To  swerve.    [JVot  in  use! 

iyprnser, 

S\V.\!?H,  (swosh,)  n.  An  oval  fisnre,  whose  moldings 
arc  oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  work.  .Voion. 
[Ji  cant  uord.  Johnson.^ 

S\V.\rtll,  (swosh,)  II.  A  blustering  noise ;  a  vaporing. 
[A  uf  in  uur,  or  vul^'nr.] 

2.  Impulse  of  water  (lowing  with  violence.  In 
tile  Southern  States  of  Ami  rica,  swash  or  xwush  is  a 
name  given  to  a  narrow  sound  or  channel  of  water 
lying  within  a  sand-liank,  or  between  that  and  the 
shore.  Many  such  are  found  on  the  shores  of  the 
(;ari>linns. 

SWASH,  c.  1.    [D.  iwrtsra,  to  boast.J 

To  bluster ;  to  make  a  great  noise ;  to  vapor  or 
brag.    [JVot  in  use.']  Shak. 

SWASII,     i  a.    Soft,  like  fruit  too  ripe.  [Loral.] 

SWASII'Y,  t  Pe-r^rc. 

SWAsH'-IilJCK-LER,  n.  A  sword-player;  a  bully 
or  bragsadocio.    [.Vw(  in  u.fc.]  JIdtoit. 

SWASH'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  blustering  show 
of  valor  or  force  of  arms.    [M)t  in  use.]  Sliak. 

i\V ATE  {''•'•    To  sweat.    [06s.]  Chaucer. 

SWATcil,  n.    A  swath.    [JVot  in  use.]  Tasser. 

SWATH,  (swawth,)  n.  [Sax.  steathe,  a  track,  a  border 
or  fringe,  a  band  ;  D.  zwaad;  G.  schwaden.] 

1.  .\  line  of  grass  or  grain  cut  and  thrown  together 
by  the  scythe  in  mowing  or  cradling. 

2.  The  whole  breadth  or  sweep  of  a  scythe  in 
mowing  or  cradling  ;  as,  a  wide  swatli.  Fanners. 

3.  A  band  or  fillet.  They  ivrapped  me  in  a  hun- 
dred yards  of  swafh.  Ouardian. 

SWaTUE,  v.  L    To  bind  with  a  band,  bandage,  or 
rollers  ;  as,  to  swatfie  a  child. 
2.  To  bind  or  wrap. 

TlK'ir  rlii)(ir>>n  are  never  tteathed  or  bound  aix>ut  with  any  tiling 
%  hen  Tint  torn.  Abbol. 

SWaTHE,  n.   A  bandage. 

SVV.\'f  H'M),  pp.    Bound  with  a  bandage  or  rollers. 

SWATH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Binding  or  wrapping. 

SWa  Y,  v.  t.  [U.  zwaaijen,  to  turn,  to  wii  ld,  to  swing, 
to  sway.  This  word  is  probably  formed  on  the  root 
of  weigh,  iruoe,  Sax.  totf^,  wetr,  and  swa^,  and  proba- 
bly smns  is  written  for  swig,  and  is  of  the  same  fam- 
ily ;  Ice.  sweigia;  Sw.sriga.] 

1.  To  move  or  wave  ;  to  wield  with  the  hand  ;  as, 
to  swny  the  scepter. 

2.  To  bias  ;  to  cause  to  lean  or  incline  to  one  side. 
IjCt  not  temporal  advantages  svay  you  from  (lie  line 
of  duty.  The  king  was  swayed  by  his  council  from 
the  course  he  intended  to  pursue. 

As  bowls  nin  trtie  by  bpinj  made 

On  pur(X)M  f.ilbe,  and  u>  be  gwayed.  tludibrat. 

3.  To  rule ;  to  govern  ;  to  influence  or  direct  by 
power  and  authority,  or  by  moral  force. 

This  wivs  Uie  race 

To  tipay  the  worM,  and  laml  and  sea  sulxiue.  Ory^en, 

Slie  coiitd  not  sway  h>'r  house.  SliaJr. 

Take  liced  I'  St  m««nn  tieny 
Thy  Jndjrment  to  do  augia  which  else  free  will 

Would  not  admiu  Milton. 

SWAY,  r.  I.  To  be  drawn  to  one  side  by  weight ;  to 
lean.    A  wall  sways  to  tlie  west. 

Ttie  balance  twayt  on  our  part.  Banm. 
[This  sense  seems  to  indicate  that  this  word  and 
sira^'  are  radically  one.] 

2.  To  have  weight  or  influence. 

The  example  of  sundry  churches  —  doth  f  wiy  much.  Hooker. 

3.  To  bear  nile  ;  to  govern. 

Hadst  thou  tuayed  as  Icin^  should  do.  Shak. 

4.  In  seamen^s  language,  to  hoist,  particularly  ap- 
plied to  the  lower  yards  and  to  the  topmast  yards, 
kc. 

SWAY,  n.   The  swing  or  sweep  of  a  weapon. 

To  strike  with  hiigr  two-hnndt^l  #iAty.  Milton, 
3.  Any  thing  moving  with  bulk  and  power. 
Arf  not  von  moved  when  all  the  *i0ay  of  earth 
Shikes  like  a  thin;  onfinn  I  Shall. 

3.  Preponderation  ;  turn  or  cast  of  balance. 

E»li-rt 

When  lo  advance,  or  sl.-^nd,  or  turn  tlie  suuy  of  txittle.  MVton, 

4.  Power  exerted  In  governing;  rule;  dominion; 
control. 

W  Ij.-n  vice  prevails,  and  impious  men  boar  #"eny, 

Tltc  (vtst  of  honor  is  a  private  iLiliuii.  AHi^on, 

5.  InHiience;  weight  or  authority  that  inclines  to 
one  side  ;  as,  the  stray  of  desires.  All  the  world  is 
subject  to  the  sway  of  fashion. 

6.  A  switch  us»:'d  by  (hatcbers  to  bind  their  work. 

.  llattncrU. 


SWE 

SWaY'KD,  (swSde,)  />;i.  Wielded;  inrlineil  to  one 
side;  ruled;  governed;  inlluenced  ;  biased. 

SWaY'I.N'G,  ppr.  Wielding;  causing  to  lean;  bias- 
ing ;  ruling. 

SWAY'I.N'G,  n.  Swaying  of  the  bark,  among  beasts,  is 
a  kind  of  lumbago,  caused  by  a  fall  or  by  being  over- 
loail.d.  Cyc. 

SWk.AL,  v.  I.  [Sax.  swelan,  sometimes  written 
Swale.  In  .America,  it  is  pronounced  as  written, 
swral  itr  sjoeel.] 

1.  To  melt  and  run  down,  as  the  tallow  of  a  can- 
dle ;  to  waste  away  without  feeding  the  name. 

2.  To  blaze  away,    f.'^ee  also  Swale.] 
SWk.AL'ING,  ppr.  "jMcltingand  wasting  away. 
SWE.\R,   (swSre,)   v.   i.  ;  prct.   Swore,  (formerly 

SwARE  ;)  pp.  Sworn.  [.*^ax.  sweriau,  swcrigan  ; 
Goth,  swaran  ;  D.  iweeren  ;  G.  schw'drm  ;  Sw.  scdria, 
to  swear,  and  svara,  to  answer  ;  Dan.  svwrgcr,  to 
swear,  and  srarer,  to  answer.  The  latter  seems 
to  be  from  siarrer,  to  turn.  Eng.  veer.  Swear  seems 
to  be  allied  to  aver  and  the  L.  assevcro,  and  to  bc'oiig 
to  the  root  IVr.] 

1.  To  allirm  or  utter  a  .solemn  declaration,  with  an 
ajipual  to  God  for  the  truth  of  what  is  afTirnied. 

Ye  sh.ill  not  « wear  by  my  name  falsely.  —  Lev.  xix. 
But  I  say  10  you,  i'lrear  not  at  all.  —  Mall.  v. 

2.  To  promise  upon  oalli. 

Jacob  saitl,  Sreear  to  me  lliis  day  ;  and  he  tieore  to  him.  — 
Uou.  XKV. 

3.  To  give  evidence  on  oath ;  as,  to  smear  to  the 
truth  of  a  statement.  He  swore  tlial  the  prisoner 
was  not  present  at  the  riot. 

4.  To  be  [irofane  ;  to  practice  profaneness.  Cer- 
tain classes  of  men  are  accustomed  to  swear.  For 
men  to  swear  is  sinful,  disreputable,  and  odious  ;  but 
for  females  or  ladies  to  swear  appears  more  abomina- 
ble anil  scandalous. 

SWEAR,  t'.f.  To  utter  or  affirm  with  a  solemn  ap- 
peal to  God  for  the  truth  of  the  declaration  ;  as,  to 
swrar  on  oath. 

[This  seems  to  have  been  the  primitive  use  of 
swear  ;  that  is,  to  atlirin.] 

2.  To  put  to  an  oath  ;  to  cause  to  take  an  oath  ; 
as,  to  swrar  witnesses  in  court  ;  to  swear  a  jury  ;  the 
witness  has  been  sworn  j  the  judges  are  sicorrt  into 
oflice. 

■1.  To  declare  or  charge  upon  oatli ;  as,  to  swear 
treason  a'jainst  a  man. 
4.  To  obtest  by  an  oath. 

Now,  by  Apollo,  kinj,  thou  *ifcar'sf  thy  gods  in  vain.  Shnk. 
To  swrar  the  praee  against  one  ;  to  make  oath  that 
one  IS  under  the  actual  fear  of  death  or  bodily  harm 
from  the  person  ;  in  which  case  the  person  must  find 
sureties  of  the  peace, 
SWEAR'ER,  n.    One  who  swears;  one  who  calls 
God  to  w  itness  for  the  truth  of  his  declaration. 
2.  A  profane  person. 

Th<  n  the  liars  and  tioearerj  arc  foots.  Shak. 

SWEaR'ING,  ppr.oTa.  Allirming  upon  oath  ;  utter- 
ing a  declaration,  with  an  appeal  toGod  for  the  truth 
of  it 

2.  Putting  upon  oath  ;  causing  to  swear. 
SWE.\R'ING,  71.    The  act  or  practice  of  atfirming  on 
oath.    Swearing  in  court  is  lawful. 

2.  Profaneness.  .All  swearing  not  required  by 
some  law,  or  in  conformity  with  law,  is  criminal. 
False  swearing,  or  perjury,  is  a  crime  of  a  deep 
dve. 

SWEAT,  (swet,)  n.  [Sai.  steat ;  D.  laeU G.  schweiss ; 
Dan.  sveed  ;  Sw.  svett ;  L.  sudor.] 

1.  The  fluid  or  sensible  moisture  which  is  excreted 
from  the  skin  of  an  animal. 

In  tlie  Mueax  of  thy  face  shall  thou  eat  bread.  — Gen.  iii. 

2.  Labor  ;  toil ;  dnidgery.  Mlton. 

3.  Moisture  evacuated  from  any  substance  ;  as, 
the  swrul  of  hay  or  grain  in  a  mow  or  stack. 

SWE.VT,  (swet,)  v.  i. :  pret.  and  pp.  Sweat  orSwEAT- 
ED.  Swot  is  obsolete.  [Sax.  .fwiptan  ;  Sw.  svetta  ; 
Dan.  svecder  j  D.  zwceten ;  G.  schwilien ;  L.  sudo  ;  Fr. 

1.  To  excrete  sensible  moisture  from  the  skin. 
Horses  sweat;  oxen  sweat  little  or  not  at  all. 

2.  To  toil ;  to  labor ;  to  drudge. 

Ilc'd  have  the  pwts  streak  M'aller. 

3.  To  emit  moisture,  ns  green  plants  in  a  heap. 
SWEAT,  (swet,)  r.  £.   To  emit  or  suffer  to  flow  from 

the  pores  ;  to  exude. 

For  liim  the  rich  Arabia  tteeau  her  irnms.  Dryden. 
2.  To  cause  to  excrete  moisture  from  the  skin. 
His  physicians  att<'m|>ted  to  sweat  him  by  the  most 
powerful  sudorifics. 
SWEAT' ER,  n.    One  that  c.nuses  to  sweat. 
SWEAT'I-I,Y,  (swet'e-le,)  ado.    So  as  to  be  moist 
with  sweat. 

SWEAT'l-.NESS,  (swet'c-ness,)  n.  The  state  of  being 
sW'-aly  or  moist  with  sweat. 

SWEA'i'I.VG,  (swet'ing,)  ppr.    Excreting  moisture 
from  the  skin  ;  throwing  out  moisture  ;  exuding. 
2.  Caiisinc  to  emit  moisture  from  the  skin. 

SWEAT'l.NG-BATII.  «.  A  sudatory  ;  a  hath  for  pro- 
ducing sensible  sweat ;  a  hy|iocausl  or  stove.  Cyc. 


SWE 

SWEAT'I.NG-IIOUSE.  ii.  A  house  for  sweating  per- 
sons ill  sickness.  Cye. 

SWEAT'I.NG-I  UON,  (swet'ing  T  imi,)  n.  A  kind  of 
knife  or  a  piece  of  a  scythe,  used  lo  scrape  off  sweat 
from  horses.  Cyc. 

SWEAT'I.NG-KOOM,  n.  A  room  for  sweating  |)cr- 
sons. 

2.  In  rural  eennomy,  a  room  for  sweating  cheese 
anil  carr\*ing  off  the  siiperfluoiis  juices.  Cyc. 

SWE.\T'L\(;-f:i('K'.\ESS,  ».  A  febrile  epidemic 
disease  which  prevailed  in  some  countries  of  Europe, 
but  particularly  in  England,  in  the  15th  and  llith 
centuries.  Its  first  appearance  was  in  the  army  of 
the  earl  of  liirlimond,  al'lerward  Henry  VII.,  on 
his  landing  at  Milford  llavcn,  in  I4B5.  The  invasion 
of  the  flisease  was  siitlden,  and  usually  marked  by  a 
local  affection  producing  the  sensation  of  inttMise 
heat,  afterward  difTiising  itself  over  the  whole  body, 
a.  ■!  immediately  followed  by  profuse  sweating, 
which  continued  throiioh  the  whole  course  of  the 
(iisi  nse,  or  till  death,  which  oiten  happened  in  a  few 
hours.  C>ie. 

SWEAT'Y,  (swet'e,)  a.  Jloi.-t  with  sweat  ;  as,  a 
sicraty  skin  ;  a  sweaty  garmeiit. 

2.  Consisting  of  sweat. 

No  noisy  wliilTs  or  tteeaty  streams.  Swift. 

3.  Laborious  ;  ioilsome ;  as,  the  sweaty  forge 

Prior. 

SWcDI^,  n.    A  n.ative  of  Sweden. 
2.  .\  Swedish  turnip. 

SVVE-DE.\-BOR'Gl-AN,  n.  A  f.dlower  of  Emanuel 
Swedenborg,  who  claimed  to  have  habitual  inter- 
course with  the  world  of  spirits,  and  to  have  received 
divine  instructions  from  on  high.  He  denied  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  and  maintained  that  Jesus 
Christ  alone  is  God.  He  taught  the  doctrine  of  cor- 
respondences, i.  c,  that  there  is  a  spiritual  meaning  of 
the  Scriptures  lying  b.ick  of  the  literal  one,  which 
constitutes  the  only  true  meaning.        Encyc.  Am. 

SVVE-DEN-BOR'OI-A.N-lS.M,  ii.  The  doctrines  of 
the  Sweilenborgians. 

SWi? D'ISII,  a.    Pertaining  to  Sweden. 

SWkD'ISH-'I'UR'MP,  n.  The  Brassica  campcstrij 
or  rtita  basa,  a  hard  sort  of  tiiriii|),  of  two  kinds,  the 
white  and  the  yellow.    The  latter  is  most  valued. 

Cyc. 

SWEEP,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Swept.  [Sax.  swapan, 
sweopan.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  .twab,  and  may  be 
formed  on  the  root  of  wipe.    G.  schweifen,] 

1.  To  brush  or  rub  over  with  a  brush,  broom,  or 
besom,  for  removing  loose  dirt  ;  to  clean  by  brush- 
ing ;  as,  to  sweep  a  chimney  or  a  floor.  When  we 
say,  to  sweep  n  room,  we  mean  to  .•nceep  the  floor  of 
the  room  ;  and  lo  sweep  the  house,  is  to  sweep  the 
floors  of  the  house. 

2.  To  carry  with  a  long,  swinging,  or  dragging 
motion  ;  to  carry  with  pomp. 

And  like  a  p'-acock,  ttcerp  alon^  his  tail.  Shak. 

3.  To  drivcor  carry  along  or  olTby  a  long,  brushing 
stroke  or  force,  or  by  flowing  on  the  earth.  Thus 
the  wind  sweeps  the  snow  from  the  lops  of  the  hills; 
a  river  sweejis  away  a  dam,  timber,  or  rubbish  ;  a 
flood  sicceps  away  a  bridge  or  a  house.  Hence, 

4.  To  drive,  destroy,  or  carry  off  many  at  a  stroke, 
or  with  celerity  and  violence  ;  as,  a  pestilence 
stceeps  off  multitudes  in  a  few  days.  The  conflagra- 
tion swept  away  whole  streets  of  houses. 

I  have  already  ^wept  tlie  strikes.  Dryden, 

5.  To  rub  over. 

'I'bcir  Ion*  descending  train. 
With  nilites  «lged  and  sapphires,  ateept  llio  ptuin.  Dryden. 

C.  To  strike  with  a  long  stroke. 

Wnke  into  voice  eoch  silent  sirinp. 

And  etsetp  llie  sounding  lyre.  Pope. 

7.  To  draw  or  drag  over  ;  as,  to  srcrrp  the  bottom 
of  a  river  with  a  nut,  or  with  the  bight  of  a  rope,  to 
hook  an  anchor.  .Mar.  Diet. 

SWEEP,  II.  i.  To  pass  with  swiftness  and  violence, 
as  something  broad,  or  brushing  the  surface  of  any 
thing  ;  as,  a  sireepiiig  rain  ;  a  sweeping  flood.  A  fowl 
that  flies  near  the  surface  of  land  or  water,  is  said  to 
sweep  along  near  the  surface. 

2.  To  pass  over  or  brush  along  with  celerity  and 
force  :  as,  the  wind  sweeps  along  the  plain. 

3.  To  p.'iss  with  pomp  ;  as,  a  person  sweeps  along 
with  a  trail. 

She  eteeept  it  through  the  court  with  troops  of  ladle*.  ShaJt. 

4.  To  move  with  a  long  reach  ;  as,  a  sweeping 
stroke.  Dryden. 

SWEEP,  n.   The  act  of  sweeping. 

2.  The  compass  of  a  stroke  ;  as,  a  long  sweep. 
,3.  The  conip.ass  of  any  turning  body  or  motion; 
as,  the  sweep  of  a  door. 

4.  The  compass  of  any  thing  flowing  or  brushing ; 
as,  the  flood  carried  away  every  thing  within  it* 
sweep. 

5.  Violent  and  general  destruction  ;  as,  the  swetp 
of  an  epidemic  disease.  Oraunt. 

6.  Direction  of  any  motion  not  rectilinear;  as,  the 
sweep  of  a  coni[}ass. 

7.  The  mold  of  a  ship  when  she  beein5  to  compass 
in,  at  the  rung  he.ids  ;  also,  any  part  of  a  ship  shaped 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — e  aa  K ;  <5  a»  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


140 


PPPP 


1117 


SWE 


SWE 


SWE 


by  the  segment  of  a  circle  ;  as,  a  flooi-sicccp ;  a  back- 
sweep,  &:c. 

8.  Aiming  refinn-s  of  metals,  tlie  alinond-fiirnace, 

9.  Among  seamen,  a  name  given  to  large  oars,  used 
in  small  vessels,  to  impel  them  during  a  calm,  or  to 
increase  their  speed  during  a  chase,  &c.  Totlen. 

10.  The  pole  or  piece  of  timber  moved  on  a  ful- 
crum or  post,  used  to  raise  and  lower  a  bucket  in  a 
well  for  drawing  water ;  written  by  Bailey,  Swife, 
and  in  Yorkshire,  England,  Swape. 

11.  A  chimney  sweeper. 

Swerp  of  the  tiller;  a  circular  frame  on  which  the 

tiller  traverses  in  large  ships. 
SWEEP'ER,  n.    One  that  sweeps. 
SWEEP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Brushini  over  ;  rubbing  with 

a  broom  or  bes()m  ;  cleaning  with  a  broom  or  besom  j 

bru-^liiug  along  ;  pnssing  over ;  dragging  over. 
SWEEl"l\G-LY,  ado.    By  sweeping. 
SVVEEP'INGS,  n.  p?.    Things  collected  by  sweeping  ; 

rubbish.    The  sweepings  of  streets  are  often  used  as 

manure. 

SVVEEP'-NET,  V.    [sicerp  and  net.]    A  large  net  for 

drawing  over  a  large  compass. 
SWEEP'STaKE,  n.    [sweep  and  slake]    A  man  that 

wins  all ;  usually  Sweepstakes.  Shah. 
SWEEP'STaKES,  71.  pi.    The  whole  money  or  other 

thin2s  staked  or  won  at  a  horse-race. 
SWEEP'-WASH-ER,  n.    The  person  who  e.xtr.acts 

from  the  sweepings,  potsherd^*,  &c.,  of  refineries  of 

gold  and  silver,  the  small  residuum  of  precious 

metal.  Ure. 
SWEEP'Y,  a.    Passing  with  speed  and  violence  over 

a  great  compass  at  once. 

The  braiich''6  bend  before  Ihcir  sweept/  sway.  Dryien. 

2.  Strutting. 

3.  Wavy. 

SWEET,  a.  [Sax.  .wefc;  D.  jort ;  G.  s^'iss;  Bvi.  sot; 
Dan.  sodi  Sans,  sioad.    Clu.  L.  siiavis.] 

1.  Agreeable  or  grateful  to  the  taste  ;  as,  sugar  or 
honey  is  sweet. 

2.  Pleasing  to  the  stnell  ;  fragrant ;  as,  a  sweet 
rose  ;  sweet  odor  ;  sweet  incense.    F.z.  xxvi. 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  ear;  soft;  melodious;  harmo- 
nious ;  as,  the  sweet  notes  of  a  flute  or  an  organ  ; 
sweet  music  ;  a  sweet  voice. 

4.  Pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  beautiful  ;  as,  a  sweet  face  ; 
a  sweet  color  or  complexion  ;  a  sweet  form.  Skak. 

5.  Fresh  ;  not  salt ;  as,  .^weet  water.  Baeon. 
C.  Not  sour  ;  as,  sweet  fruits  ;  sw'eet  oranges. 

7.  Mild  ;  soft;  gentle. 

CaiiPt  thou  bind  the  tieeel  influences  of  Pb  iailes  ?  —  Job  Txxviii. 

8.  Mild  ;  soft ;  kind  ;  obliging;  as,  sweet  manners. 

9.  Grateful ;  pleasing. 

Sweet  iulerchnnire  of  hill  and  valley.  AJiHon. 

10.  Making  soft  or  excellent  music  ;  as,  a  sweet 
singer. 

11.  Not  stale;  as,  sweet  butter;  the  bread  is 
stteet. 

19.  Not  turned  ;  not  sour;  as,  sweet  milk. 
13.  Not  putrescent  or  putrid  ;  as,  the  meat  is 
sweeL 

SWEET,  n.  Something  pleasing  or  grateful  to  the 
mind  ;  as,  the  sweets  of  domestic  life. 

A  litde  bitter  iniuHed  in  our  cup,  leaves  no  relish  of  the  sweet. 

Liicke. 

2.  A  sweet  substance  ;  partinularlii,  any  vegetable 
juice  which  is  added  to  wines  to  improve  them. 

F.rieye. 

3.  A  perfume.  Prior.  DnjUen. 

4.  A  word  of  endearment. 

5.  Sweets,  pi. ;  home-made  wines,  mead,  metheg- 
lin,  &c.  McCnIlae-h.  Also,  cane  juice,  molasses, 
or  other  sweet  vegetable  substance. 

K'lwards,  H^est  Indies. 
SWEET'- AP-PI.E, 71.    [sweeta.m\  apple.]  ThoAnona 

squamosa,  or  sweet-sop,  which  sec.  Lee. 
SWEET'-BREAD,  (bred,)  n.    [sweet  and  bread.]  The 

pancreas  of  a  calf^,  the  pancre:is  of  any  animal. 
SWEET'-BRI-ER,  n.    [sieeet  and  hrier.]    A  shrubby 

plant  of  the  genus  Rosa,  cultivated  for  its  fragrant 

siniM. 

SWEET'-BROOM,  n.    [sieeet  and  broom.]    A  plant. 

,')insworlh. 

SWEET-CtC'E-LY,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Scan- 
dix  ;  and  annther  of  the  genus  Osmorrhiza. 

BWEET-CIS'TUS,  71.  An  evergreen  shrub,  the  Cis- 
tufl.  Mason. 

SWEET'-eORN,  71.  A  variety  of  the  maize,  of  a 
sweet  taste. 

SWEET'f;N,  (sweet'n,)  v.  t.  To  make  sweet;  as,  to 
sweeten  tea  or  coffee. 

2.  To  make  pleasing  or  grnteful  to  the  mind  ;  as, 
to  Mweeten  life  ;  to  i*weeten  rrieiutship. 

3.  To  make  mild  or  kind  ;  as,  to  sweeten  the 
temper. 

4.  'I'o  make  Icsi  painful ;  an,  to  sweeten  the  cares 
of  life. 

5.  To  increase  agreeable  qualities  ;  as,  to  sweeten 
the  jovs  or  pleaHiires  of  life. 

C.  To  soften  ;  to  make  delicate. 

Oom-yeio  h)ta  frinde  his  ntinie  lnimorl;d  by  the  ilr^nj^h  he  hai 
(ivcn  tu  his  fig ur'-s,  and  by  ttmlening  bia  liffhli  iintt  iitiades. 

Drydtn. 


1.  To  niiike  pure  and  salubrious  by  destroying 
noxious  matter  ;  as,  to  sweeten  rooms  or  npurtmeuts 
that  have  been  infected  ;  to  sweeten  the  air. 

8.  To  maVe  warm  and  fertile  ;  as,  to  dry  and 
sweeten  soils. 

9.  To  restore  to  purity  ;  as,  to  sweeten  water,  butter, 
or  meat. 

SWEET'£N,  (swcet'n,)  v.  i.    To  become  sweet. 

Bacon. 

SWEET'EN-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  sweet,  mild,  or 
grateful. 

SVVEET'iJN-ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  sweetens  ;  he 
that  palliates  ;  that  which  moderates  acrimony. 

SWEET'^:N-ING,  ppr.    IMaking  sweet  or  grateful. 

SWEET'£N-ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  sweet ;  that 
which  sweetens.  jlsk. 

SWEET'-FLAG,  71.  An  aromatic  plant  of  the  genus 
Acorus. 

SWEET'-GUM,  71.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Liquidam- 
bnr. 

SWEETTIEART,  71.  A  lover  or  mistress.  Shok. 
SWEET'ING,  71.    A  sweet  apple.  Ascham. 

2.  A  word  of  endearment.  Shak. 
SWEET'lSH,  a.    Somewhat  sweet  or  grateful  to  the 

taste.  Encye. 
SWEET'ISH-NESS,  71.    The  quality  of  being  swcet- 

isl).  Berkeleii. 
SWEET'-JOHNS,  (  jonz,)  71.    A  plant,  a  species  of 

Dianlhus  or  pink. 
SWEET'LY,  adv.    In  a  sweet  manner;  gratefully; 

agreeably. 

He  sweetly  tempered  awe.  Dryien. 
No  poet  ever  sweetly  sunjr, 

Unless  he  was,  lilte  Phoib'us,  younf.  Sioift, 

SWEET-MSR'JO-RAM,  71.  A  very  fragrant  plant  of 
the  genus  Oricaniim. 

SWEET-MAUD'LIN,  71.  A  species  of  Achillea,  al- 
lied to  milfoil.  Loudon. 

SWEET'MeAT,  71.  [sweet  and  meat.]  Fruit  pre- 
served with  sugar;  as  peaches,  pears,  melons,  nuts, 
orange  peel,  and  the  like. 

SWEET'NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  sweet,  in 
any  of  its  senses  ;  as  gratefulness  to  the  taste,  or  to 
the  smell ;  fragrance  ;  agreeableness  to  the  ear,  mel- 
ody ;  as,  sweetness  of  the  voice ;  sweetness  of  elocu- 
tion. Middleton. 

2.  Agreeableness  of  manners  ;  softness  ;  mildness  ; 
obliging  civility  ;  as,  sweetness  of  behavior. 

3.  Softness ;  mildness  ;  amiableness ;  as,  sweetness 
of  temper. 

SWEET'-PeA,  71.  A  pea  cultivated  for  ornament,  an 
annual  leguminous  plant,  of  the  genus  Lathyriis. 

Cye. 

SWEET-PO-Ta'TO,  71.  A  plant  and  the  esculent 
part  of  its  root,  the  Convolvulus  Batatas,  a  native 
of  both  Indies  and  of  China.  It  is  the  potato  of 
Shakspeare  and  coteinporary  writers.  Loudon. 

SWEET'-ROOT,  n.    The  liquorice,  or  Glycyrrhiza. 

SWEET'-RUSH,  71.  Another  name  of  the  sweet-flag, 
a  species  of  Acorus. 

SWEET'-SCENT-ED,  a.  [sweet  and  scent.]  Having 
a  sweet  smell  ;  fragrant. 

SWEET'-SMELL-ING,  a.  [sweet  and  smell.]  Hav- 
ing a  sweet  smell ;  fragrant. 

S  WEET'-SOP,  71.  An  evergreen  shrub  or  tree,  Anona 
squamiisa,  allied  to  the  custard  apple.  It  grows  in 
the  West  Indies,  and  bears  a  greenish  fruit,  sweet 
and  pulpy,  covered  with  scales  like  a  pine-apple. 

P.  Cve. 

SWEET-SUL'TAN,  71.  An  annual  flowering  plant, 
Cenlaurea  moschata. 

SWEET'-TEiM'PER  .ED,  a.  Having  a  sweet  dispo- 
sition. 

SWEET'-ToN-£D,  a.    Having  a  sweet  sound. 

SWEET'-WEED,  n.  A  plant  pf  the  genus  Capraria, 
and  another  of  the  genus  Scoparia. 

SWEET-WIL'LIAM,  11.  The  name  of  several  spe- 
cies of  pink,  of  the  genus  Dianthus.  Cyc. 

The  Dianthus  Barbatus,  a  species  of  pink  of 
many  varieties.  Eneyc.  Lee. 

SWEET-WIL'LOW,  71.  A  plant,  the  Myrica  gale,  or 
Dutc  h  mvrlle.  Lrc, 

SWEET'-WOOD,  71.    A  plant,  a  sjiecies  of  Laurus. 

Lee. 

SWEET'WORT,  71.    Any  plant  of  a  sweet  taste. 

SWELL,  V.  i. ;  pret.  Swelled  :  pp.  Swelleo.  Swol- 
len is  nearly  obsolete.  [Sax.  swellan;  I),  xwellen; 
G.  schwellen  ;  Dan.  svaller  1  Sw.  srdlla.  (iu.  is  it  not 
from  the  verb  to  well,  or  its  root.'] 

1.  To  grow  larger;  to  dilate  or  extend  the  exterior 
surface  or  dimensions,  by  matter  aildeil  to  the  inte- 
rior part,  or  by  expansion  of  the  inclosed  substance. 
ThUR,  the  legs  siDetl  in  dropsy  ;  a  bruiseil  part  swells; 
a  tumor  swells  ;  a  bladder  swells  by  inflation. 

2.  To  increase  in  size  or  extent  by  any  addition  ; 
as,  a  river  sieells,  and  overflows  its  baulks. 

3.  To  rise  or  be  driven  into  waves  or  billows.  In 
a  tempest,  the  ocean  swells  into  waves  mountain 
high. 

4.  To  bo  pufled  up  or  bloated  ;  as,  to  swell  with 
pride. 

5.  To  bo  bloated  with  anger;  to  be  exasperated. 
He  swells  with  rage. 

C.  To  be  inllntud  ;  to  belly  ;  as,  awellinjr  sails. 


7.  To  be  turgid  or  bombastic;  as,  swellinfr  words; 
a  swelling  style.  Roscommon. 

8.  To  protuberate;  to  bulge  out;  as,  a  cask  swells 
in  the  middle. 

9.  To  be  elated  ;  to  rise  into  arrogance. 

Your  equal  mind  yet  swells  not  lnlost.ate.  Dryrlen. 

10.  To  grow  more  violent ;  as,  a  moderate  passion 
may  swell  to  fury. 

11.  To  grow  upon  the  view  ;  to  become  larger. 

And  inonarclis  to  behold  l\\e  swelling  swue.  Shtlk. 

19.  To  become  larger  in  amount.  Many  little 
debts  added,  sioell  to  a  great  amount. 

13.  To  become  louder;  as,  a  sound  gradually 
swells  as  it  approaches. 

14.  To  strut ;  to  look  big. 

Swelling  like  a  turkey-cock.  Shak. 

15.  To  rise  in  altitude  ;  as,  land  swells  into  hills. 
SWELL,  V.  t.  To  increase  the  size,  bulk,  or  dimen- 
sions of ;  to  cause  tt>  rise,  dilate,  or  increase.  Rains 
and  dissolving  snow  swell  the  rivers  in  spring,  and 
cause  floods.  Jordan  is  swelled  by  the  snows  of 
Mount  Libauus. 

2.  To  aggravate  ;  to  highten. 

It  is  low  ebb  with  the  accuser,  when  sucll  peccadillcs  are  put  to 
swell  the  cliarje.  AOerbury, 

3.  To  raise  to  arrogance  ;  as,  to  be  swelled  with 
pride  or  haughtiness. 

4.  To  enlarge.  These  sums  swell  the  amount  of 
taxes  to  a  fearful  size.  These  victories  served  to 
swell  the  fame  of  the  commander. 

ij.  In  music,  to  augment,  as  the  sound  of  a  note. 
SWELL,  71.    Extension  of  bulk.  Skak. 

2.  Increase,  as  of  sound  ;  as,  the  sipetl  of  a  note, 
or  the  increase  and  diminution  of  sound,  crescendo 
and  diminuendo,  in  one  continued  note. 

3.  .\  gradual  ascent  or  elevation  of  land  ;  as,  an 
extensive  plain  ;ibounding  with  little  s-wells. 

4.  A  wave  or  billow  ;  more  generally,  a  succession 
of  large  waves  ;  as,  a  heavy  s-wcll  sets  into  the  liar- 
bor.  Swell  is  also  used  to  denote  the  waves  or  fluc- 
tuation of  the  sea  after  a  storm,  and  the  waves  that 
roll  in  and  break  upon  the  shore. 

5.  In  an  ornan,  a  certain  number  of  pipes  inclosed 
in  a  box,  which,  being  uncovered,  produce  a  swell  of 
sound.  Busby. 

SWELL'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Enlarged  in  bulk  ;  inflated  ; 
tumefied. 

SWELL'ING,  ppr.  Giwving  or  enlarging  in  its  di- 
mensions ;  growing  tumid  ;  inflating ;  growing  or 
making  loutler. 

2.  Tumid  ;  turgid  ;  as  style  or  language. 

SWELL'ING,  71.  A  tumor  or  any  morbid  enlarge- 
ment of  the  natural  size;  as,  a  swelling  on  the  hand 
or  leg. 

2.  Protuberance ;  prominence. 

The  superficies  of  such  plates  are  not  even,  but  have  many  cavi- 
ties and  swellings.  Newton. 

3.  A  rising  or  enlargement  by  passion  ;  as,  the 
swellings  of  anger,  grief,  or  pride.  Taller. 

SWELT,  for  Swelled,  is  not  in  use.  Spenser. 
SWELT,  V.  i.     [Sax.  sweltan;  Goth,  swiltan;  ga-swil- 

(ail,  to  perish,  to  die  ;  yirn/ifWi/,  to  fail,  to  swoon.  Qu. 

is  not  this  formed  on  the  root  of  wilt  ?] 

To  faint ;  to  swoon.    [Obs.]  Chaucer. 
SWELT,  V.  t.    To  overpower,  as  with  heat ;  to  cause 

to  faint.  [Obs.]  [We  now  use  Swelteb.]  Hall. 
SWELT'ER,  II.  i.    [(rom  swell.]  To  be  overcome  and 

faint  with  heat ;  to  be  ready  to  perish  with  heat. 
SWELT'ER,  r.  (.    To  oppress  with  heat.  Bentley. 
SWELT'ER-f;n,  pp.    Oppressed  with  heat. 
SWELT'ER-IN(;,  ppr.    Fainting  or  languishing  with 

heat ;  oppressing  with  heat. 
SWELT'RY,  a.     Sufl"ocating  with  heat;  oppressive 

with  heat ;  sultry.    [See  Sultry,  which  is  probably 

a  contraction  of  Sweltuv.] 
SWEPT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Sweep. 
SWERl),  for  Sward,  is  not  in  use. 
SWERVE,  (swerv,)  v.  i.     [D.  iwerven,  to  swerve,  to 

rove,    in  sense  it  coincides  with  the  verb  to  swarm, 

and  in  German  it  is  rendered  seliwdrmcn.    It  seems 

to  be  formed  on  warp,  and  all  may  spring  from  th» 

root  of  veer.    See  Vary.] 

1.  To  wander  ;  to  rove.  Sidney. 
The  stocreing  vines  on  the  tall  elma  prevail.  Dryden. 

9.  To  wander  from  any  line  prescribed,  or  fn  in  a 
rule  of  duty  ;  to  depart  from  what  is  established  by 
law,  duty,  or  custom  ;  to  deviate. 

1  swerve  luit  from  thy  comniandmenn.  Com.  Prayer. 

'I'hev  swerve  from  tlie  strict  letter  of  the  law.  Clarendon. 
^l.u'ly  who,  through  the  contapun  of  evil  exainjile,  swtrv* 
ex«;edingly  Ironi  the  rules  oi  their  holy  religion.  Auerllitry. 

3.  To  bend  ;  to  incline.  Milton. 

4.  To  climb  or  move  forward  by  winding  or  turn- 
ing. 

The  tn*e  was  hijjh  ; 
Yet  nimbly  up  from  I)OU)fh  to  bou^b  1  swerved,  Dryuen. 

(This  use  of  the  word  coincides  with  that  of  Swarm, 
which  see.] 

SWERVING,  ppr.  Roving  ;  wandering  ;  deviating 
from  any  rule  or  standard  ;  inclining  ;  climbing  or 
moving  by  winding  and  turning. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH/kT  METE,  PRBV.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 

— 


SWl 


SWI 


SWl 


SWEUVINfi,  71.  Tlie  act  of  w;inil.  ring;  devialioii 
rriim  any  rule,  law,  duty,  or  ^tuiidiiig. 

PWK'VEN,  n.    A  dream.  mrlif. 

SVVIK'I",  a.  [Sax.  sjcift,  (wm  swifitn,  to  turn,  to  rove, 
to  wandiT,  to  whirl  round  ;  U.  ztcnocn,  to  rove,  to 
liovtT,  to  tliictiiate;  Dan.  mcoer ;  Sw.  sriyoa  ;  G. 
scliicebni,  to  wave,  soar,  or  liovi  r.  TUt)  lalti>r  ajjpcar 
to  be  formed  on  the  root  of  waoi:  See  Swivel  and 
VVakt.] 

1.  .^h^ving  a  great  distance,  or  over  a  large  space 
ill  a  sliort  time  ;  moving  wiili  ceh'riiy  or  velocity  ; 
fleet  ;  rapid  ;  quick  ;  speedy.  We  say,  sir(tl  winds, 
a  sicift  stream,  swiji  lightnings,  swift  motion,  swift  as 
thought,  a  fowl  stfifl  of  wins,  a  man  swifl  of  foot. 
Swifi  is  applicable  to  any  kind  of  motion, 

2.  Ready  j  prompt. 

Ia'I  ovi-ry  m.in  be  tipi/l  to  licnr,  slow  to  sp^iiik,  vlow  to  wrnlli.  — 

J.tlllCli  i. 

3.  Speedy  ;  that  comes  without  <lelay. 

Tlifn?  flhiill  bp  fill*'  te;iclK'nt  «niong  yuii,  wliu  sImII  privily  Ijrinjj 
ill  d.aniiiiil>le  Ivreui?"*,  fvi-ii  di-nyiti^  ilif  Lonl  lti;\t  liuiiglii 
tliem,  mid  briii^  upon  UiviMtclVL's  twi/t  di-iitructioii. — 'i 
Pet.  ii. 

SWIFT,  71.   The  current  of  a  stream,    [f.ittlr  usfU.] 

IVulton. 

2.  In  domestic  affnirx,  a  reel  or  turning  instrument 
for  winding  yarn,  f  YVii.v  iv  u  sai-tc  direclltj  frum  the 
Stixon  verb.] 

3.  A  bird,  a  species  of  swallow,  so  called  from  the 
rapidity  of  its  flight.  Drrliam. 

■1.  The  common  newt  or  efl,  a  species  of  lizard. 

Cyc. 

SVVIFT'ER,  ;i.  In  a  xhip,  a  rope  iiseil  to  confine  the 
bars  of  the  capstan  in  llu  ir  sockets,  while  men  are 
turnini  it ;  also,  a  rope  ust-d  to  encircle  a  boat  longi- 
tudinally, to  strengllit  n  and  drfend  her  sides  from 
the  impulse  of  other  boats.  Swifters,  also,  are  two 
shrouds  fixed  on  the  starlmard  anil  larboard  sides  of 
the  lower  masts,  above  all  the  olln  r  shrouds,  to  give 
the  ma-^ts  additional  seciirily 

SVVIF  I  'KK,!'.  (.    ']'o  stri  teh^  as  shr  Is  by  tackles. 

SVVlFTER,a.    f  com;),  of  Sa  iKi-.l    .More  swill. 

SWIFT'EST,  (I.    [.vH/j.  of  ^;^vI^■T.]    Mo.sl  swift. 

SWIFT'-FOOT,  a.  Nimble. 

SWIFT'-IIEC;L-£1),  «.    SwilVfoot;  rai>id. 

SVVIFT'J.Y,  oiic.  Fleetly;  rapidly;  with  celerity; 
with  quick  motion  or  velocity. 

SWIF'f'NESS,  n.  Speed;  rapid  motion  ;  quickness; 
celerity  ;  velocity  ;  rapiility.  Siri/tiir.s-.t  is  a  word  of 
general  import,  applicable  to  every  kind  of  motion, 
and  to  every  thing  that  moves ;  as,  the  swj^iies.i  of  a 
bird  ;  the  siciftness  of  a  stream  ;  .ftniftiic.^.t  of  descent 
in  a  falling  body  ;  .'^ciflni^.ts  of  thought,  &c. 

SWIG,  1'.  /.  or  I.    [Ice.  .twiira.    Q.U.  .nick.] 

To  drink  by  large  draughts  ;  to  suck  greedily. 

Orose. 

SWIG,  n.    A  large  draught,  [yiili'iir.'j 

2.  In  seamea^s  Unitraa^f-jti  pulley  wuh  ropes  which 
are  not  parallel. 
SWIG,  r.  (.    [Sax.  steiiran^  to  stupefy.] 

To  castrate,  as  a  ram,  by  binding  the  testicles 
tight  with  a  string,  so  that  they  mortify  and  slougli 
off.    [Ltical.]  Cyc. 
SWIIjIj,  v.  t.    [Sax.  sicelfrajtj  .tirw/o-urt,  to  swallow.] 

1.  To  drink  grossly  or  greedily  ;  as,  to  .twill  down 
gri^at  quantities  of  liquors.  .^rbullmot. 

2.  To  wash  ;  to  drench.  Shak. 

3.  To  inebriate;  to  swell  with  fullness. 

I  ch'.iild  l]C  luiih 
To  meot  the  rudeness  and  ttcUltd  iiiaoleiice 
Ol*  such  lute  wiuisailcrs.  rtfilton. 
SWILL,  r.i.    To  be  intoxicated.    [Obs.]  f/hatehj. 
SWI  LL,  n.    Large  draughts  of  liquor  ;  or  drink  taken 
in  excessive  quantities. 

2.  The  wash  or  mixture  of  liquid  substances, 
given  to  swine;  called  in  some  places  Swillings. 
SWiLL'ED,  pp.     Swallowed  grossly  in  large  quan- 
tities. 

SWILL'ER,  71.    One  who  drinks  voraciously. 
SWILL'I.NG,  ppr.     Swallowing  excessive  quantities 

of  litpiors. 
SVVILL'INGS,  71.  p7.  SwUI. 

SWI.M,  r.  i. ;  prrt.  Swam;  pp.  Swum.  [Sax.  stoim- 
man  ;  D.  iwcinmcn,  to  swim  ;  zwijmen,  to  swoon  ;  G. 
schwemmen,  schwimmcn ;  Dan.  svimler,  sviimmer ;  Sw. 
«niwa,  to  swtion.] 

1.  'i'o  float ;  to  be  supported  on  water  or  other  flu- 
id ;  not  to  sink.  Most  species  of  wood  will  airim  in 
water.  Any  substance  will  swim,  whose  specific 
gravity  is  less  than  that  of  the  fluid  in  which  it  is 
immersed. 

2.  To  move  progressively  in  water  by  means  of  the 
motion  of  the  hands  and  feet,  or  of  fins.  In  Paris, 
boys  are  taught  to  4-irim  by  instructors  ajipoiuted  for 
that  purpose,    fs.  xxv. 

l.eup  in  with  inc  into  this  anjry  flood, 

And  tieirn  to  yonder  point.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  float ;  to  be  borne  alting  by  a  current.  In 
all  states  there  are  men  who  will  swim  witli  the  tide 
of  popular  opinion. 

4.  To  glide  along  with  a  smooth  motion,  or  with  n 
waving  motion. 

She  with  pietty  nnd  with  #iiHmmin|r  crnit.  ShaJt. 
A  ho»crin;  mi.i  came  lui.'/iniin;  o'tr  hu  sisriil.  Drytltn. 


5.  To  lit?  dizzy  or  vertiginous  ;  to  have  a  waving 
motion  of  the  head,  or  a  si  nsalion  of  that  kind,  or  a 
rei'ling  of  the  body.  The  head  »'U'i7/i.>' when  we  walk 
on  high. 

(i.  'i'o  be  floated  ;  to  be  overllowed  or  drenched  ; 
as,  the  earth  swims  in  rain.  Spectator. 

Sitdd^ll  ttie  dildii's  swell,  tlie  meftdows  ttoim.  Tt\um»itn. 
All  the  ntirhl  I  iii.tke  my  bed  to  sioim ;  I  wider  niy  Cuucli  with 
my  teiiiii.  —  Ps.  vi. 

7.  To  overll«w  ;  to  abound  ;  to  liave  abundance. 

They  now  siriin  in  Joy.  Milton. 

SWIM,  1'.  f.     To  pass  or  move  on;  .is,  to  swim  a 
stream.    Deer  arc  known  to  swim  rivers  and  sounds. 

Soiiietiines  lie  thought  to  swim  Uic  ptoniiy  iniiin.  Dnjdtn. 

2.  To  immerse  in  water  that  the  lighter  parts  may 
swim  ;  as,  to  swim  wheat  ftir  seed.  Kitet/c. 

SW1M.\I,  H.  'I'he  bladder  of  fishes,  by  which  they  arc 
saitl  to  bo  supported  iu  water.  Orcie. 

SWIM'.MEll,  II.    One  that  swims. 

2.  A  protuberance  on  the  leg  of  a  horse. 

JRir.  nirl. 

3.  An  order  of  birds  that  swim  are  called  swim- 
niojs.    'J'hey  are  wehfooled,  as  the  duck  and  goose. 

SWI.M'.MI.\<;,  ppr.  or  a.  Floatingou  a  fluid  ;  moving 
on  a  fluid  ;  having  a  waving  or  reeling  motion  ; 
overflowing  ;  abounding. 

SWI.M'.MI.NG,  H.    'I'he  act  or  art  of  moving  on  the 
water  by  means  of  the  liiubs  ;  a  floating. 
2.  Dizziness. 

SWIM'.MiNG-LY,  mlv.  Smoothly;  without  obstnic- 
titiii  ;  with  great  success.    [J\'oi  eln'unt.] 

SWIN'DI.E,  (swin'dl,)  v.  I.    [D.  iwcmlflni.] 

'I'o  cheat  and  defraud  grossly,  or  with  deliberate 
artifice  ;  as,  to  swindle  a  man  out  of  his  property. 

SWI.N'DLKD,  pp.    Grossly  cheated  and  dt:fraiHk-d. 

SWl.N'DLER,  71.    [G.  scliwimiler.] 

A  cheat ;  a  rogue  ;  one  wiio  defrauds  grossly,  or 
one  wlio  makes  a  practice  of  defrauding  others  by 
imposition  tir  deliberate  artifice. 

SW  I  .'V'DI.I.N'f!,  ;)pr.  or  «.    Cheating;  defrauding. 

S\VI.\'l)Lh\'(;,  11.    The  act  of  defrauding  ;  knavery. 

SWl.N'F,,  n.  .<iHw.  and  pi.  [Sax.  xiciii ;  Sw.  and  Daii. 
sriii ;  D.zirijii;  (J.  scliwein  i  L.  suiiiiis.  It  is  found  in 
the  Fr.  iiiiirsiiuiu,  a  porpoise  ;  L.  niarr,  the  sea,  and 
swine  ;  the  seahog  ;  Port,  siiiiw,  pertaining  tt>  swine  ; 
Polish,  sciiiia  :  llohemian,  swine;  Vovu.  swijnia.] 

A  hog  ;  a  pachydermatous  mammal  of  the  genus 
Siis,  which  furnishes  man  with  a  large  |)ortion  of  his 
most  nourishing  food.  The  fat  or  lard  of  this  animal 
enters  into  various  dishes  in  cookery.  The  swine  is 
a  heavy,  stupid  animal,  and  delights  to  wallow  in  the 
mire. 

SWINE'-DREAD,  (-bred,)  n.    A  kind  of  plant,  truflle. 

Bailcii. 

swiNE'-e.^sR, )      4  ,     .  ,  ■. 

SWr\l;'-€oA'l',J  "'r/  '"g-s'y  i  a  pen  f"r  swmc. 
SWTNE'-CROEiJ  [^""'O 

SWi.\E'-(;R.\SS,  o.   A  plant,  knot-gras.s.  .^insworth. 

SWiNE'lIERD,  71.  [swine  and  herd.]  A  keeper  of 
swine.  Tnsser. 

SWIi\E'-o.\T,  71.  [sicine  and  oat.]  A  kind  of  oats, 
cultivated  for  the  use  of  pigs,  as  in  Cornwall  ;  the 
Avena  niula  of  botanists.  Cyc. 

SWI.\E'-PlPE,  71.  [s-iriiie  and  pipe.]  A  species  of 
thrush,  the  red-wing.  Ed.  F.ncyc. 

SWINE'-POX,  71.  A  variety  of  the  chicken-pox,  with 
acuminated  vesicles  containing  a  watery  fluid  ;  the 
water-pox.  Qaod. 

SVVI.\E'S'-eRESS,  71.  A  species  of  cress,  of  the 
genus  Coronopiis  or  Cochlearia. 

SWlNE'-S'l'oNE,  71.  \swine  and  .tf()7ip.]  A  name 
given  to  those  kinds  ot  limestone  which,  when  rub- 
bed, emit  a  fetid  odor,  resembling  that  of  naphtha 
combined  with  sulphureted  hydrogen  ;  also  called 
Stinkstone.  Cijc. 

SWI.\E'-ST?,  71.    A  sty  or  pen  for  swine. 

SWINE'-TIIIS-TLE,  (-this'l,)  lu  A  plant,  the  sow- 
thistle.  Cijc. 

SWING,  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Swuno.  [G.  .ichwiiifren, 
to  swing,  to  brandish,  to  beat  with  a  swingle-.sfaff ; 
D.  iwittirelen,  to  beat  ;  Sw.  svinga;  Dan.  scinirer,  to 
swing,  to  brandish,  to  soar.  It  seems  that  tlii.s'is  the 
Sax.  swiniran,  to  beat,  strike,  flagellate,  wlieiice  to 
swinirle  tlax.    Swing  seems  to  be  formed  on  the  root 

of  lC«i'.] 

1.  To  move  to  and  fro,  as  a  body  suspended  in  tlie 
air ;  to  wave  ;  to  vibrate. 

1  tried  if  .1  pendulum  would  Mujing  faster,  or  continue  tteiniring 
longer  in  our  rvcciver,  if  cxhjusu>«l.  Buyle. 

2.  To  practice  swinging;  as,  a  man  swings  for 
health  or  pleasure. 

3.  To  move  or  float ;  also,  to  turn  round  an  an- 
chor ;  as,  a  ship  swings  witli  tlie  tide.    Mar.  Diet. 

4.  To  be  hanged.  l).  treb.ster. 
SWI.VG,  r.  f.    To  make  to  pl.ay  loosely  ;  to  cause  to 

wave  or  vibrate  ;  as  a  body  suspended  in  the  air. 

2.  To  whirl  round  in  the  air. 

Sieittg  thee  in  air,  Uicn  dash  lliee  down.  Milton, 

3.  To  wave  ;  to  move  to  and  fro  ;  as,  a  mnn 
sicings  his  arms  when  he  walks. 

He  tuingt  his  Uil,  and  swinly  Uims  him  round.  DryJen. 

4.  To  brandish  ;  to  flourish. 


SWI.NG,  71.  A  waving  or  vibratory  motion;  oacilla- 
tion  ;  as,  the  string  of  a  pendulum. 

2.  Motion  from  one  siile  to  the  other.  A  haughty 
man  struts  or  walks  with  a  swinir. 

3.  A  line,  coril,  or  other  thing  siispended  and 
hanging  loose ;  also,  an  apparatus  suspended  for 
persons  to  string  in, 

4.  Inlliieiice  or  power  of  a  body  put  in  motion. 
'J'he  r.iiii  ttint  tatters  down  the  wall, 

>'ur  die  ga'al  tinng  and  rudeness  of  his  poise.  Shai. 

5.  Free  course  ;  unrestrained  liberty  or  license. 

Take  Ihy  $u>inff.  Dryilen. 
To  prevent  any  thing  w  hich  may  prove  an  obstacle  to  tlie  full 
tuting  of  his  ^-nius.  Burke. 

Ci.  The  sweep  or  compass  of  a  moving  body. 
7.  Unrestrained  tendency  ;  as,  the  prevailing  swing 
of  corrupt  nature  ;  the  swing  of  propensities. 

■>  S<nif/i.  Qlanrille. 

SWI.N'G'-nRIDCiE,  11.    [.vicinir  and  AnV/iV.]    .\  bndgo 

that  niay  In*  moved  by  swinging;  usetl  on  canals, 
S^VI.\(_'; i;,  (swiiij,)  ;■.  /.    [Sax.  swirigan,  supra.] 

1.  'I'o  beat  soiiiiilly  ;  to  whip;  to  bastinado;  to 
chastise ;  to  piiuisli. 

You  ttriiii^ed  me  for  my  love.  ShaJc. 
And  twinge*  his  ow  ii  vices  in  his  son,  Orydtn. 

2.  To  move  as     Vish,    [M'ot  in  lue.]  .Milton. 
[  '/'/lis  verb  is  ubsole.-.ccnt  and  vulgar.] 

S^VINfjE,  (swinj,)  n.  .\  sway  ;  a  siving;  the  sweep 
of  any  thing  in  motion.    [jVul  in  use.]  Waller. 

SWL\OH'-HLfCK-I,ER,(swiiij'biick-ler,)K.  A  bully  ; 
one  who  pretends  to  feats  of  arms.    [J^ul  in  use.] 

SKak. 

SWI.\"GKL,(swing'gl,)ii,  That  part  ofa  flail  which 
falls  oil  the  grain  in  threshing,    [  fariouj  dialects.] 

Jlalhwrll. 

SWIIVG'ER,  71,    One  wlio  swings  ;  one  who  Imrls, 

SWliNG'I.NG,  ;ipr,  or  a.  [from  .virin^.]  Waving  ;  vi- 
brating ;  brandishing. 

SWINfi'I.N'G,  H,  The  act  of  swinging;  an  exercise 
for  health  or  pleasure. 

SWI.N'O'ING,  ppr.  of  Swinoe,    Keating  soundly, 
2.  17,    lliiae  ;  verv  large.  [Fiilirnr.] 

SWL\<5'I.\(;-LY,  a//e,    Vastiv  ;  hugely,  [Vulgar.] 

SWI.\'"G  I,E,  (swing'gl,)  c.  i.  '  [from  swing.]    To  dan- 
gle ;  to  wave  hanging, 
2.  To  swing  for  pleasure.    [JVol  in  use.] 

SWI.'VGLE,  (swing'gl,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  stctngan,  to  beat. 
See  SwiNo.J 

I'o  beat ;  to  clean  flax  by  beating  it  with  a  wooden 

instrument  resembling  a  large  knife,  and  called  in 

New  England  a  .SwiN<:Li.-«o-K.virE.    Flax  is  first 

broke  anil  then  swingled. 
SVVIN"G1.E,  77.     In  wire-works,  a  wooden  spoke 

fixed  to  the  barrel  that  draws  the  wire  ;  also,  a 

crank.  Cite. 
SW1N"GLKD,  (swing'gld,)  pp.    Deat  and  cleaned  by 

a  swingling-knife, 
SWIN"GLE-TKEE,  77,    A  whiffle-tree  or  whipple- 

tree.    [.See  Sinole-Tree.] 
SWI,\"GLI.\G,  ppr.    lieating  and  cleaning,  as  flax. 
SWIN"GI,ING-KNIFE,  (  n.    A  wooden  instrument 
SWIN"GLE,  i      lilKj  a  large  knife,  about 

two  feet  long,  with  one  thin  edge,  used  for  cleaning 

flax  of  the  sliives, 
SWIN"Gl,ING-ToW,  n.    The  coarse  part  of  flax, 

separated  from  the  finer  by  swingling  and  liatcb- 

eliiig, 

SWING'-PLOW,  ;  71.  A  plow  without  a  foro- 
SWING'-PLOUGII,  i     wheel  under  the  beam, 

f?(ir^/ficr, 

SWING'-TREE,  n,  [string  and  tree.]  The  bar  of  a 
carriage  to  w  hich  the  traces  are  fastened.  In  Jimcr- 
ica,  it  is  often  or  generally  called  the  WHiFyLE-TaEE, 
or  Whipple-'I'ree, 

SWING'-W  HEEL,  n.  [string  and  irlieel.l  In  a  time- 
piece, the  wheel  which  ilnves  the  pi'iidulum.  In  a 
watch  or  balance  clock,  it  is  called  the  Cbowk- 
Wheel,  Cyc. 

SWI.\''ISII,  II,  [from  swine.]  Refitting  swine  ;  like 
swine;  gross;  hoggish;  brutal;  as,  a  ineiituA  drunk- 
ard or  sot ;  swiniih  gluttony, 

.SWI.\'IS1I-I.Y,  adv.    In  a  swinish  manner. 

SWI.VK,  V.  i.    [Sax,  sirinean.] 

To  labor  ;  to  tod  ;  to  drudge,    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

SWI.NK,  e,  (,    To  overlabor,    [Obs.]  JUilton. 

SWINK,  71,    Labor  ;  toil ;  drudgery,    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

SWINK'EK,  n.    A  laborer  ;  a  plowman,  [Obs.] 

Chaucer, 

SWIPE,  n.    A  swapc  or  sweep,  which  see, 
SWIP'PF.R,  a.    (Sax,  stripun,  to  move  quick,] 

Nimble;  quick,    [jN'ut  iii  use.] 
SWISS,  71.    A  native  of  Switzerland  or  Swisscrland, 

2.  The  laiizuase  of  Switzerland. 
SWITCH,  n.    [Sw.  sregf.) 

1,  A  small,  flexible  twig  or  rod, 

Oo  the  metlal,  Maurit-mia  lea'ls  a  horve  by  »  tliread  with  ont 
hand,  and  in  Uie  otiler  holds  a  tmtch.  Addison. 

2.  On  railways,  a  movable   part  of  the  rail  for 
transferring  a  car  from  one  track  to  another. 

SWITCH,  r.  t.  To  strike  with  a  sin.oll  twig  or  rod  ; 
to  beat  ;  to  lash.  Chapman. 

SWITCH, r.i.  To  walk  with  a  Jerk.  '  Ob.<olete  or  lo- 
cal.] 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"C10L'a-e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  'f  H  as  m  THIS. 


9 


swo 


SYL 


SYM 


SVVITCII'EL,  n.  A  beverage  made  of  molasses  and 
water.  JV'cw  England. 

SVV[V'£L,  (swiv'l,)  n.  [from  Sa.T.  sicifan,  tii  turn  or 
whirl  round  ;  or  from  the  root  of  whiffle,  which  see. 
In  D.  wetfelcn  is  to  p;ilter,  to  waver,  to  whiffle.] 

1.  A  ring  which  turns  upon  a  staple ;  or  a  strong 
link  of  iron  used  in  mooring  ships,  and  which  per- 
mits [he  bridles  to  be  turned  round  ;  any  ring  or  sta- 
ple that  turns.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  small  cannon  or  piece  of  artillerj',  carrying  a 
shot  of  half  a  pound,  fi.i:i  d  in  a  swivel  or  in  a  socket 
on  the  top  of  a  ship's  side,  stern,  or  bow,  or  in  her 
tops,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  turned  in  any  direc- 
tion. .War.  Diet.  Brande. 

SVVI  V'£L,  (swiv'l,)  t'.  i.  To  turn  on  a  staple,  pin,  or 
pivot. 

SWIV'£L-HOOK,  n.  A  hook  that  turns  in  the  end 
of  an  iron  block  strap,  for  the  ready  taking  the  turns 
out  of  a  tackle.  Cyc. 

SWOB,  n.    A  mop.    [See  Swab.] 

SWOB,  V.  U   To  clean  or  w  ipe  W'ith  a  swob.  [See 

SWAB.I 

SWOB'flER,  71.  One  who  swabs  or  cleans  with  a 
mop.    [See  SwAPTir.B.] 

2.  Swabbers  :  four  privileged  cards,  only  used  inci- 
dentally in  betlin*:  at  the  game  of  whist.  SwtfU 

SWoLL'£N,  j  ;(/>.  of  Swell;  irregular  and  obsolescent. 

SWoLN,  j  The  regular  particijjle.  Swelled,  is 
to  be  preferred. 

SWO.M,  aid  pret.  of  Swim,  is  obsolete.  We  now  use 
Swum  and  Swam. 

SWOON,  V.  i.  [Sax.  ast€unan.  Qu.  wane,  vain,  van- 
ish.] 

To  faint ;  to  sink  into  a  fainting  fit,  in  which  there 
is  an  apparent  suspension  of  the  vital  functions  and 
mental  powers. 

Tlie  most  in  years  tioooned  first  away  for  pain.  Dryden. 

He  seemed  ready  lo  swoon  away  in  itic  surprise  of  jny.  Taller. 

SWOON,  n.   A  fainting  fit ;  lipothymy  ;  syncope. 

Coze. 

SVA'OON'ING,  ppr.    Fainting  away. 
SWOOX'ING,  H.    The  act  of  fainting ;  syncope. 

Hall. 

SWOOP,  V.  t.  [This  is  probably  from  sweep,  or  the 
same  root.] 

1.  To  fallen  at  once  and  seize  ;  to  catch  while  on 
the  wing;  as,  a  hawk  .'nconps  a  chicken;  a  kite 
swoops  up  a  mouse. 

2.  To  seize ;  to  catch  up  ;  to  take  with  a  sweep. 

GlanviUe. 

3.  To  pass  with  violence.    [JVoi  in  u-ie.]  Draijton. 
SWOOP,  V.  i.    To  piss  with  pomp.  Drayton. 
SWOOP,  n.    A  falling  on  and  seizing,  as  of  a  rapa- 
cious fowl  on  his  prey. 

The  easle  fell  —  and  carried  away  a  whole  litter  of  cubs  at  a 
ti£OQp,  Li*  Estrange. 

SWOP,  P.  t.  To  exchange;  to  barter;  to  give  one 
commodity  for  another. 

[."^ee  Swap.]  Tliis  is  a  common  word,  but  not  in 
elegant  use. 

SWoRI),  (sword  or  sord,)  ru  [Sax.  sword,  sweord :  G. 
sckwert;  D.  iwaard  ;  svierd  ;  S\\,  seard.] 

1.  An  offensive  weapon  worn  at  the  side,  and 
used  by  hand  either  for  thrusting  or  cutting. 

2.  FiguralieeUj,  destruction  by  war. 

1  will  brinu  a  smord  upon  you.  — Li^v.  rutvi.    Is.  11, 

3.  Vengeance  or  justice. 

She  quits  the  i).il  ince,  and  resijiis  the  sieord.  Drylen, 

4.  Emblem  of  authority  and  power. 

Ttje  ruler  —  twarctli  not  Uio  gword  in  vain.  —  Horn.  xiii. 

5.  War ;  dissension. 

I  came  not  to  s.'nd  peace,  but  a  eword.  —  Matt.  x. 
C.  Emblrin  of  triumph  and  protection. 

Th  -  I.oril  —tin  ewurd  of  thy  eiolli-nce.  —  Dcut.  Illiii. 

SWoRD'-BEa  R-ER,  v.  [sword  and  bear.]  An  officer 
in  the  city  of  London,  who  carries  a  sword  as  an 
emblem  of  justice  before  the  lord  mayor  when  lie 
goes  abroad. 

SWOIID'-BELT,  n.  [sword  and  belt.]  A  belt  by 
which  a  sword  is  suspended  and  borne  by  the  side. 

S\V6Rl)'-BL.\l)i;,  n.  [..«..rJ  and  Worfc]  The  blade 
or  culling  part  of  a  swtiril. 

SWoUD'EI),  (I.    Giriled  with  a  sword.  Milton. 

SWORU'ER,  ri.    A  soldier  ;  a  cut-throat.  [JVal  in  use.] 

Sliok. 

SWORD'-FIf;iI'r,(-fIte,)n.  [.tword  nn<\  ft M.]  Fenc- 
ing; a  combat  or  tri.'il  of  skill  with  swtirds. 

SWORD'FISU,  n.  [sword  .fish.]  A  genus  of  fish- 
en,  called,  in  iciilhyology,  Xii'HiAa  ;  so  named  from 
the  nose,  snout,  or  upper  jaw,  which  is  shaped  like 
a  Kword.  Cijc. 

SWORD'-GRXSS,  ;..  [sword  and  /rrass.]  A  kind  of 
Beilge  glnder  ;  the  sweet  rush,  a  s|iccieK  of  Acorns. 

Jiutsicorth.  ClJC. 

SWOUD'-KNOT,  f-nol,)  n.  [sword  and  knot.]  A 
riMioii  tied  to  Ihe  liilt  of  a  swnrd.  Pope. 

SUTlRD'-LAW,  71.  [staurd  and  law.]  Violence  ;  gov- 
erninent  tiy  force.  Mtltan, 

SW<Mtl)'I..ESS,  a.    DcHlitiite  of  n  sword. 

KWriHD'  M  \N,  n.  [smurd  and  mail.)  A  xoldicr;  a 
fighting  man.  Shak. 


SWoRn'-PL.\Y-ER,  71.  [sTiord  and  player.]  .\  fen- 
cer ;  a  gladiator;  one  who  exhibits  his  skill  in  the 
use  of  the  sword.  Hakewill. 

SWoUD'-SHAP-£n,  (-shiipt,)  a.  [sword  and  shape.] 
Ensiform  ;  shaped  like  a  sword  ;  as,  a  sword-shaped 
leaf.  Martyn. 

SWoRE,  pret.  of  Swear. 

SWoRN,  pp.  or  a.  from  Swear.  The  officers  of  gov- 
ernment are  sworn  to  a  faithful  discharge  of  their 
duty. 

Sworn  friends  is  a  phrase  equivalent  to  determined, 
close  or  lirui  friends. 


I  am  sicor 
To  grim  necessity. 


I  brother,  sweet. 


iSTiol-. 


Sworn  enemies  are  determined  or  irreconcilable  en- 
emies. 

SWOLTND,  K.  i.    To  swoon.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
SWU.\[,  pret.  and  pp.  of  .Swim. 
SWUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Swing. 

I^g^'ja.    [Sa.\.]    Related  by  blood.  [Obs.] 

SYB'.\-RlTE,  71.  [from  Sybaris,  an  ancient  Italian 
town.] 

A  person  devoted  to  luxiiiy  and  pleasure. 
SYB-.VRIT'ie,        I  a.    [From  Sijharita;  inhabitants 
SYB-.'V-RIT'ie-AL,  i     of  Sybaris,  in  Italy,  who  were 
proverbially  voluptuous.] 

LUMirious  ;  wanton.  Bp.  Hall. 

SYe'A-.MIXE.    See  Svcamore. 

SYG'.-V-MORE,  71.  [Gr.  cv'iaiiii'o^,  ovKupopo^,  from 
avtoi,  a  fig,  and  p-ip-i^.] 

A  species  of  fig-tree.  The  name  is  also  incorrectly' 
given  to  the  Acer  pseudo-platanus,  a  species  of  ma- 
ple. Cyc.  Lee. 

The  sycamore,  (falsely  so  called,)  or  plane-tree  of 
Norlh  America,  is  the  Platanns  occidentalis  of  Lin- 
naeus, commonly  called  Button-Wood,  or  Cotton- 

SVe' XmORE-JIOTH,  ti.  a  large  and  beautiful  moth, 
or  night-buttcrily,  so  called  because  its  caterpillar 
feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  svcamore.  Cite. 

SY-CEE',  )  H.    In  China,  silver  in  the  form 

SY-CEE'-SIL'VER,  (  of  small  half  globes,  bearing 
the  stamp  of  the  office  that  issues  it,  and  used  as  a 
currency.  Vincent.  Brandc. 

SY€'lTE,  71.    [Gr.  o-nico;,  a  fig.] 

Fig-stone ;  a  name  which  some  authors  give  to 
nodules  of  flint  or  pebbles  which  resemble  a  fig.  [J\"ot 
used.]  Cyc. 

SY-eo'iM.\,  71.    [Gr.  avKnv,  a  fig.] 
A  tumor  shaped  like  a  (ie. 

SY€'0-P11AN-CY,  7!.  [Infra.]  Oriirinnlhi,  informa- 
tion of  the  clandestine  e.vportation  of  figs  ;  hence, 
mean  tale-bearing ;  obsequious  flattery  ;  servility, 

SY€'0-PH.\NT,7i.  [Gr.  aiKoijiavrr, ;  ovkos,  a  fig,  and 
ipaipoj,  to  discover.] 

Originally,  an  informer  against  those  who  stole 
figs  or  exported  them  contrary  to  law,  &c.  Hence,  in 
time  it  came  to  signify  a  tale-bearer  or  informer,  in 
general ;  hence,  a  parasite ;  a  mean  flatterer  ;  espe- 
cially, a  flatterer  of  princes  and  great  men  ;  hence, 
a  deceiver ;  an  impostor.  Its  most  general  use  is  in 
the  sense  of  an  obsequious  flatterer  or  parasite. 

Encyc.    Patterns  Aniiq. 

SVe'O-PHANT,         )  V.  t.    To  plav  the  sycophant ; 

SYC'O  I'lIAN  T-IZE,  i  to  flatter  meanly  and  ofii- 
cioiislv  ;  to  inform  or  tell  tales  for  gaining  favor. 

SYfi-O-PHANT'ie,  n.  Tale-bearing  ;  more  ircnerally, 
obsequiously  flattering;  parasitic;  courting  favor  by 
mean  adulation. 

2,  Sycophantic  plants,  or  parasites,  are  such  as  ad- 
here to  other  plants,  and  depend  on  them  for  sup- 
port. 

SVe'O-PHANT-RY.n.  Mean  and  officious  tale-bear- 
ing tir  adulation.  Barrow. 

SY-€o'SIS,  H.  A  tubercular  eruption  upon  the  scalp, 
or  bf.irdeil  part  of  the  face. 

SYt)-N'l'.'Ai\,   )  a.    Denoting  a  species  of  white  earth 

SYD-.Nic'IAN,  S  brought  from  Sidney  Cove,  in  South 
Wales.  Kiripan. 

SY'I',.\-I  TE,  71,  A  compound  granular  rock  composed 
of  quartz,  hornblende,  and  feldspar,  of  a  grayish 
color ;  so  called  because  there  are  many  ancient 
monuments  consisting  of  this  rock,  brought  from 
Syene,  in  Upper  Egypt.  It  differs  from  granite  only 
in  containing  hornblende  instead  of  mica. 

I.unier.  Dana. 

SYKE,  71,  A  small  brook  or  rill  in  low  ground.  [A..i- 
cal.] 

SYL-l,AI)'ie,        )  a.    [from  stillublc.]    Pertaining  to 
SYL-LAI!'1€-AL,  i     a  syllabit;  or  syllables;  us,  syi- 
tabic  accent. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  syllable  or  syllables  ;  as,  a  .syl- 
labic augment. 

SVL-LAII'IC  AL  LV,  adr.    In  a  syllabic  manner. 

SVL-LAH-I-CA'  I  KIN,  >i.  The  act  of  forming  sylla- 
lilirs  ;  the  act  or  method  of  dividing  words  into  sylla- 
bles. M. 

SYL'LA-BLK,  71.  [I,,  ayllaba;  Gr.  avXXaffn,  from 
u/iXX  i/i/^ynvu,  to  comprehend;  trvv  and  Aaf/yuiu,  to 
take.] 

1.  A  letter,  or  a  combination  of  letters,  uttered  to- 
gether, or  at  a  aiiigle  ellnrt  or  impulse  of  the  voico. 


A  vowel  may  form  a  S}  liable  by  itself,  as  a,  the  de- 
finitive, or  in  atnrii;  e  in  eren;  o  in  aver,  aiid  the 
like.  A  syllabic  may  also  be  formed  of  a  vouel  and 
one  consonant,  as  in  go,  do,  in,  o^;  or  a  syllable  may 
be  formed  by  a  vowel  with  two  articulations,  one 
preceding,  the  other  following  it,  as  in  can,  but,  tun; 
or  a  syllable  may  consist  of  a  combination  of  conso- 
nants, with  one  vowel  or  diphthong,  as  strong, short, 
camp,  voice. 

A  .syllable  sometimes  forms  a  word,  and  is  then 
significant,  as  in  go,  run,  write,  sun,  moon.  In  other 
cases  a  syllable  is  merely  a  part  of  a  word,  and  by 
itself  is  not  significant.  Thus  ac,  in  active,  has  no 
signification. 

At  least  one  vowel,  or  open  sound,  is  essential  lo 
the  formation  of  a  syllable  ;  hence  in  every  word 
there  must  be  as  many  .syllables  as  there  are  single 
vowels,  or  single  vowels  and  diphthongs.  A  Word 
is  called  according  to  the  number  of  syllables  it  con- 
tains, viz. :  — 

Monosyllable ;  a  word  of  one  syllable. 
Dissyllable  :  a  word  of  two  syllables. 
Trisyllabic :  a  word  of  three  syllables. 
Polysyllable  :  a  word  of  many  syllables. 
2.  A  sm.iU  part  of  a  sentence  or  discourse  ;  some- 
thing very  concise.   This  account  contains  not  a  syl- 
lable of  truth. 

Before  a  eyllahlc  of  thp  law  of  God  was  written.  Hooker. 
SYL'LA-BLE,  v.  t.    To  utter ;  to  articulate.  [J\o( 

used.]  Milton. 
SYL'LA-BUB,  71.   A  compound  drink  made  of  wine 

and  milk  ;  a  different  orthography  of  Sillabub. 
SYL'LA-BUS,  71.    [L.,  from  the  same  source  as  sylla- 
ble.] 

An  abstract ;  a  compendium  containing  the  heads 
of  a  discourse,  &.c. 
SYL-LEP'SIS,  II.    [Gr.  trnXXiitf/i?.    See  Svllable.] 

1.  In  grammar,  a  figure  by  which  we  conceive  the 
sense  of  words  otherwise  than  the  words  import, 
and  construe  them  according  to  the  intention  of  the 
author  ;  otherwise  called  Substitution, 

2.  'J'he  agreement  of  a  verb  or  adjective,  not  with 
the  word  next  to  it,  but  with  some  other  word  in  the 
sentence,  to  which  a  preference  is  given  ;  as,  rez  et 
regina  brati.  J3ndrews  ^  Stoddard. 

SYL'LO-GIS.M,  71.  [L.  syllogUmus :  Gr.  avXXay  la'/jof  ; 
avi',  with,  and  Af)  oi,  to  speak  ;  Aoj-t^o^di,  to  think.] 

A  form  of  reasoning,  or  argument,  consisting  of 
three  propositions,  of  which  the  two  first  are  called 
the  prcmi.ies,  and  the  last  the  conclitsivn.  In  this  ar- 
gument, the  conclusion  necessarily  follows  from  the 
premises  ;  so  that  if  the  two  first  propositions  are 
true,  the  conclusion  must  be  true,  and  the  argument 
amounts  to  demonstration.    Thus  : 

A  plant  has  not  the  power  of  locomotion  ; 

An  oak  is  a  plant ; 

Therefore  an  oak  has  not  the  power  of  locomotion. 
These  propositions  are  denominated  the  major,  the 
minor,  and  tlie  conclusion. 
SYL-LO-GlS'Tie,       )a.  Pertaining  to  a  syllogism ; 
SYL-LO-GIS'Tie-AL,  j     consisting  of  a  syllogism, 
or  of  the  form  of  reasoning  by  syllogisms  ;  as,  syllo- 
gistic argiimenls  or  reasoning. 
SYL-LO-GIS'Tie-AL-LY,  ado.    In  the  form  of  a  syl- 
logism ;  by  means  of  syllogisms ;  as,  to  reason  or 
prove  syllogu'tieally. 
SVL-LO-'GI-ZA'TION,  7i.  A  reasoning  by  syllogisms. 

Harris. 

SYL'LO-GlZE,  t".  t.   To  reason  by  syllogisms. 

Men  hiwe  endeavored  lo  leach  boys  to  syllo^ze,  or  lo  fnme 
argiimenU  uiid  n-l'ule  them,  without  real  knowledge.  V.'aiU. 

SYL'LO-GlZ-ER,  71.  One  who  reasons  by  syllogisms. 
SYL'LO-GI/.-ING,  ppr.    Reasoning  by  syllogisms. 
SYLPH,  (silt,)  71.    [Fr.  sytphide;  Gr.  aiXtpy,  a  moth,  a 
beetle.] 

An  imaginary  being  inhabiting  the  air, 
SYLPIl'Il),  n.    [l"f.  sijiphide.]         [Temple.  Pope. 

A  diminutive  of  Svlph. 
SYLPH'-LIKi;,  a.    Resembling  a  sylph. 
SYL'VA,  71.    [L.,  a  wood  or  forest.]    In  poetry,  a  po- 
etical piece  composed  in  a  start,  or  kind  of  trans|ii)rt. 

2.  A  collection  of  poetical  pieces  of  various  kinds, 

Cyc. 

3.  A  work  containing  a  botanical  description  of  the 
forest  trees  of  any  region  or  country  ;  as  Michaux's 
Siilra  Jimerieiina. 

'1.  The  forest  trees  themselves  of  any  region  or 
coiintrv. 
SYL'VAN.    Sec  Silvan. 

SYL'VAN,  71.    A  fabl.d  deity  of  the  wood  ;  a  satyr; 
a  faun  ;  sometimes,  perhajis,  a  rustic. 
Ifer  private  orchardK,  wulleil  on  every  side, 
To  lawlras  tytvane  all  itcceu  denied.  Pope. 

SYL'VAN-ITE,  ti.  Native  tellurium,  a  metallic  sub- 
stance discovered  in  Transylvania.       Did,  Ure. 

SYL' V ATE,  71.  A  compound  of  sylvic  acid  with  a 
base. 

SYL'VIC  ACID,  71.  A  cryslallizable  substance  ob- 
tiiineii  from  colophony,  or  common  rosin,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  tilcoliol.  Coolcij.  Gra/iarn' 

SV.M'llAL.    Si'c  Omiial. 

SYM'BOL,  71.  [L.  symbuhim  ;  Gr.  avpfiahiv  ;  nvv,  with, 
and  /y<iAA"<,  to  throw  ;  avp/iiiWi-',  to  compare  J 


FATE,  FXE,  PALL,  WU^kT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1120 


SYM 

1  The  sign  or  representation  of  any  moral  thing 
by  the  images  or  properties  ol'  natural  tliin;;s.  Tluis 
tlie  lion  is  the  sijmbul  of  courage  ;  thu  lamb  is  the 
symbol  of  meekness  or  patience  SyinbolM  are  of  va- 
rious kinds  ;  as  types,  enigmas,  parables,  fables,  al- 
legories, emblems,  hieroglyphics,  &.c.  Kncijc. 

2.  An  emblem  or  representation  of  something  else. 
Thus  in  the  eucharist  the  bread  and  wine  are  called 
symbols  of  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ. 

3.  A  letter  or  character  wliich  is  significant.  The 
Chinese  letters  are  most  of  them  si/mboU.  The  sym- 
bols in  algebra  are  arbitrary. 

4.  In  virduh,  a  certain  mark  or  figure  representing 
a  being  or  thing  ;  as  a  trident  is  the  symbol  of  Nep- 
tune, the  iieacock  of  Juno,  6lc. 

5.  Among  Chrisliaiut,  an  abstract  or  compendium  ; 
the  creed,  or  a  summary  of  the  articles  of  religion. 

linker. 

6.  Lot;  sentence  of  adjudication.   [JSlit  in  use.] 

Taiflor. 

SYM-BOL'ie,       )  a.    Representative  ;  exhibiting  or 
SYM-BOL'IC-AL,  j     expressing  by  resemblance  or 
signs  ;  as,  the  figure  of  an  eye  is  symbolical  of  sight 
and  knowledge.    The  ancients  had  their  symbolical 
mysteries. 

The  sacramen*.  is  a  repr^s'*ntAtion  of  Cliriit't  death,  l>y  iiicU 
symbolical  actions  as  lie  ap)>ointr(l.  Taylor. 

Symbolical  philosophy  is  the  philosophy  expressed 
by  hieroglyphics. 
SYM-BOL'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    By  representation  or  re- 
semblance of  properties  ;  by  signs  ;  typically.  Cour- 
age is  siimbolically  represented  by  a  lion. 
SYM-BOL'ies,  n.   The  science  of  creeds. 
SVM'BOL-ISM,  n.    Among  chemists,  consent  of  parts. 

Kitct/c. 

SYM-BOL-r-Z.^'TION,  n.  [See  Svmiioliie.]  The 
act  of  symbolizing ;  resemblance  in  properties. 

Brown. 

SYM'BOL-IZE,  V.  i.    [Ft.  symboUser.] 

1.  To  have  a  resemblance  of  qualities  or  proper- 
ties. 

The  plcasin»  of  color  eymbolizeth  with  the  pIi'.Tsinff  of  a  single 
tone  to  tiie  ear ;  but  tlie  pleasing  of  ortier  tlotli  syjnbahze 
with  hi\rnu>ny.  Bacon. 

They  Ijoth  sy^ribolize  in  this,  th^t  thf-y  love  to  look  upon  lliem- 
Belves  tlirougli  multiplying  glasses.  HoircLl. 

2.  To  agree  ;  to  hold  the  same  faith  or  religious  be- 
lief. 

The  beliovera  in  pretended  miracles  hare  alw.-iys  previously  sym- 
bolized with  llie  perforntera  of  them.  G.  t^iher, 

SYM'BOL-IZE,  V.  t.    To  make  to  agree  in  properties. 
2.  To  make  representative  of  something. 

Some  symbolize  the  same  from  the  mystery  of  its  colors.  liroten. 

SYM'BOL-tZ-f;n,  pp.    Made  to  agree  in  properties. 

SY.M'BOL-IZ-L\G,  ppr.  Representing  by  some  prop- 
erties in  common;  making  to  agree  or  resemble  in 
properties. 

SY.M-BOL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  <rt>>i/?oXof  and  Xoj  of.] 
The  art  of  expressing  by  symbols. 

SY!M'ME-TR.\L,  a.  [from  symmetry.]  Commensura- 
ble.   _  More. 

SYM-Mf,'TRI-AN,  ( n.    [from  s^immetry.']    One  emi- 

SY.M'ME-TRIST,  j  nently  studious  of  proportion 
or  symmetry  of  parts.  Sidney.  IVotton. 

SYiM-MET'Rle-AL,  a.  [from  .symmetry.]  Proportion- 
al in  its  parts ;  having  its  parts  in  due  pro|)ortion  as 
to  dimensions  ;  as,  a  symmetrical  body  t>r  builtling. 

2.  In  botany,  tiowens  are  symmetrical  when  the  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx,  the  petals,  and  the  stamens,  are 
regular,  equal,  and  alike.  Lindlcy. 

Symmetrical  solids:  a  name  given  by  Legendre  to 
solids  which,  though  equal  and  similar,  can  not  be 
brought  to  coincide  with  each  other,  or  to  occupy  the 
same  p  irtion  of  space.  A  man's  two  hanils  alTord 
an  example  of  symmetrical  solids.  Brande. 

SYM-MET'Rie-AL-LY,  adv.  With  due  proportion  of 
parts. 

SYM-MET'RIC-AL-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  be- 
ing symmetrical. 

SYM'ME-TKIZE,  f.  L  To  make  proportional  in  its 
parts  ;  to  reduce  to  symmetry.  Burke. 

SY.M'ME-TRIZ-^;l),  pp.    Made  proportional. 

8YM'ME-TRIZ-1\G,  ppr.    Reducing  to  symmetry. 

SYM'.ME-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  ct'(ifi£r,oia  ;  avy,  with,  to- 
gether, and  \itToov,  mexsure  ;  pcTiicoj,  to  measure ; 
Fr.  symetrie:  it.  and  Sp.  simetria.] 

A  due  proportion  of  the  several  parts  of  a  body  to 
each  other ;  adaptation  of  the  dimensions  of  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  a  thing  to  each  other ;  or  the  union  and 
conformity  of  the  members  of  a  work  to  the  whole. 
Symmetry  arises  from  the  pro|>ortion,  which  the 
Greeks  call  analo^j,  which  is  the  relatiim  of  con- 
formity of  all  the  parts  to  a  certain  measure  ;  as,  the 
«jrninie<ri/  of  a  building  or  an  animal  body.  Cyc. 

Uniform  stjmmetry,  in  architecture,  is  where  the 
same  ordon|iance  reigns  throughout  the  whole. 

Respective  symmetry  is  where  only  the  opposite 
•ides  arc  equal  to  each  other.  Cyc. 

SYM-PA-TllET'ie,       )  a.     [Kr.  .^jmpathique.  See 

SYM  PA-TllET'ie-AL,  (  SvsifATHT.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  sympathy. 

2.  Having  common  feeling  with  another;  suscep- 
tible of  being  afl'ected  by  feelings  like  those  of  an- 


SYM 

other,  or  of  feelings  in  consequence  of  what  another 
feels  ;  as,  a  sympathetic  heart. 

3.  In  medicine,  the  term  sympathetic  is  applied  to 
symptoms  and  affections  which  occur  in  parts  inure 
or  less  remote  from  the  primary  scat  of  disease,  and 
are  occasioned  by  some  nervous  connection  of  the 
parts.  A  disease  which  is  immediately  preceded  and 
occasioned  by  another  disease  is  sometimes  said  to 
be  sympathetic,  in  contradistinction  from  idiupnlhic, 
which  is  applieil  tt>  a  disease  not  preceded  or  occa- 
sioned by  any  other  ;  but,  in  this  case,  the  term  symp- 
tomatic is  not  only  more  appropriate,  but  more  com- 
monly employed. 

4.  Among  alchemists,  an  epithet  applied  to  a  kind 
of  powder,  [mssessed  of  the  wonderful  property  that, 
if  spread  on  a  cloth  dipped  in  the  blood  of  a  wound, 
the  wound  will  be  healed,  though  the  patient  is  at  a 
distance.    This  opinion  is  discarded  as  charlatanry. 

This  epithet  is  given  also  to  a  species  of  ink  or 
liquor,  with  which  a  person  may  write  letters  which 
are  not  visible  till  something  else  is  applied.  [See 
Ink.1 

5.  In  anatomy,  the  term  sympathetic  is  applied  to 
that  system  of  nerves  which  takes  its  origin  from  the 
semilunar  ganglion  in  the  centre  of  tlie  epigastrium, 
and  is  sent  to  the  whole  nutritive  system,  and  also  to 
the  organs  of  reproduction. 

SYM-PA-THET'ie-AL-LY,  adi\  With  sympathy  or 
common  feeling  ;  in  consequence  of  sympathy  ;  by 
communication  from  stuiiethiiig  else. 

SYM'PA-TIIIZE,  u.  i.    [Vt.  sympathiser.    See  Sympa- 

THV.l 

1.  To  have  a  common  feeling,  |13  of  bodily  pleasure 
or  pain. 

The  mind  will  sympathize  so  much  with  the  anguish  and  debility 
of  tlie  tx)dy,  that  it  will  he  too  distracted  to  lix  its'-ll  in  tiiedi- 
tatiou.  liadimittsier . 

2.  To  feel  in  consequence  of  what  another  feels ; 
to  be  affected  by  feelings  similar  to  those  t)f  another, 
in  consequence  of  knowing  the  pt'rstm  to  be  thus  af- 
fected. We  sympathize  with  our  frienils  in  distress; 
we  feel  some  pain  when  we  see  them  pained,  or 
when  we  are  informed  of  their  distresses,  even  at  a 
distance. 

It  is  generally  and  properly  used  of  suffering  or 
pain,  antl  not  tif  pleasure  or  joy.  It  may  be  some- 
times used  with  greater  latitude. 

3.  To  agree  ;  to  fit.    [JVot  in  use.]  Dn/den. 
SYM'PA-THlZ-INt;,  ppr.  or  a.    Feeling  mutually,  or 

in  consequence  of  whtit  another  feels  ;  tender ;  com- 
passionate. 

SYM'P.\-T1IY,  n.  [Gr.  ovpvadcta;  avpTraBcoi ;  avi>, 
with,  and  ttuBo!,  passion  ] 

1.  Fellow-feeling;  the  quality  of  being  affected  by 
the  atfection  of  another,  with  feelings  corriispondent 
in  kind,  if  not  in  degree.  We  feel  sympathy  for  an- 
other when  we  see  hini  in  distress,  or  when  we  are 
informetl  ti^his  tlistnrsses.  This  sympathy  is  a  corre- 
spondent feeling  of  {lain  or  regret. 

Sympathy  is  produced  tlirough  tlie  medium  of  organic  impres- 
sion. Chipsnan. 

I  Talue  myself  upon  sympathy;  1  hato  and  despise  niys'-lf  for 
envy.  Kiimes. 

2.  An  agreement  of  aflcctions  or  inclinations,  or  a 
conformity  of  natural  temperament,  which  makes 
two  persons  pleased  with  each  other.  Encyc, 

To  such  associations  may  be  attributed  most  of  tlie  sympathies  and 
aiitipitthies  of  our  natuiv.  Anon. 

3.  In  medicine,  a  correspondence  of  various  parts  of 
the  body  in  similar  sensations  or  alTections ;  or  an 
affection  of  the  whole  body,  or  some  part  of  it,  in 
consequence  of  an  injury  or  disease  of  another  part, 
or  of  a  local  affection.  Thus  a  contusion  on  the 
head  will  produce  nausea  and  vomiting.  This  is 
said  to  be  by  sympathy,  or  consent  of  parts.  Cijc 

4.  In  riaturni  history,  a  propension  of  inanimate 
things  to  unite,  or  to  act  on  each  other.  Thus  we 
say,  there  is  a  sympathy  between  the  lodestone  and 
iron.  Cyc. 

SYM-PHo'NI-OUS,  a.  [from  sijmphony.]  Agreeing 
in  sound  ;  accordant ;  harmonious. 

Sounds 

Symphonious  of  ten  thous.and  harps.  MUlon. 

SYM'PIIO-i\IST,  n,   A  composer  of  symphonies  or 

instrumental  music. 
SYM'PIIO-NY,  (sim'fo-ne,)  ti.     [U  symphonia;  Fr. 

symphonic  ;  Gr.  Qvptptovia  ;  aov,  with,  and  ipoivrj, 

voice.] 

1.  A  consonance  or  harmony  of  sounds,  agreeable 
to  the  ear,  whether  the  sounds  are  vocal  or  instru- 
mental, or  both. 

The  trumpets  sound, 
And  WftrUke  sympltony  is  heard  around.  Drydsn. 

2.  A  musical  instrument  mentioned  by  French 
writers. 

3.  A  musical  composition  for  a  full  band  of  instru- 
ments ;  formerly  synonymous  with  Overture. 

P.  Cyc 

4.  Also,  a  term  applied  to  the  instrumental  intro- 
ductions, tcriuin.itions,  ice,  of  vocal  compositions. 

P.  Cyc. 

SYM'PHV-SIS,  R.  [Gr.  <ni/r0i(ri5;  iriii',  together,  and 
i^vw,  to  grow.] 


SYN 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  iinitni  of  bones  by  cartilage  ;  a 
connection  of  bones  without  a  movable  joint. 

Coze.  Cyr.. 

2.  In  surgery,  a  coalescence  of  a  natural  passage ; 
also,  the  first  intentitm  of  cure  in  a  wound.  Coze. 

SYM-PI-E-SOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  ffv/rni^w,  to  com- 
press, and  piTiiuv.] 

An  instrument  employed,  like  the  barometer,  for 
measuring  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  A  col- 
umn of  oil  supplies  the  pl.ace  of  the  mercurial  col- 
umn in  the  barometer^  while  hydrogen  gas  occupies 
the  place  of  the  Torricellian  vacuum.  The  instru- 
ment, for  certain  purposes,  is  preferred  to  the  barom- 
eter, being  smaller  and  more  |>ortablc,  and  not  liable 
to  derangement  by  the  motions  of  a  ship  at  se.i. 

Olmsted. 

SYM'PLO-CE,  n.    [Gr.  ff.i(i7rXo«>).] 

In  irrutnmar,  the  repetition  of  a  word  at  tlie^iegin- 
ning  and  aiiotiier  at  the  end  of  successive  clauses. 
.SYM-Po'Sl-A€,  a.    [Gr.  avpTuaia,  a  drinking  togeth- 
er ;  ovv,  together,  and  niv'^,  to  drink.] 

Pertaining  to  compotatinns  and  rncrry-making ; 
happening  where  company  is  drinking  together  ;  as, 
symposiac  meetings.  Brown. 

iSymposiaf  disputations.    {Not  much  used.'\  ATbuthnot. 

SYM-Po'SI-AC,  n.  A  conference  or  conversation  of 
philtistipliers  at  a  banquet.  Plutarch. 

SY.M-Po'SI-ARCH,  71.    [Gr.  irti^/Trixrio..  and  u.oxoj.] 
In  ancient  Greece,  the  master  of  a  feast. 

SYM  Po'SI-UM,  n.  [Supra.]  A  drinking  together; 
a  merry  feast.  Warton. 

SYMP'TO.M,  71.  [Fr.  symptome  :  Gr.  trvprrroypa,  a  fall- 
ing, or  accident,  from  avi  ,  with,  and  irirroi,  to  fall.] 

1.  Properly,  something  that  happens  in  concurrence 
with  another  thing,  as  an  attendant.  Hence,  in  med- 
icine, any  affection  which  accompanies  disease;  a 
pereepltble  change  in  the  body  or  its  functions  which 
indicates  disease.  The  causes  of  disease  often  lie 
beyond  our  sight,  but  we  learn  the  nature  of  them 
by  the  .'^jmptoms.  Particular  symptoms  which  more 
uniformly  ariKimpany  a  morbid  state  of  the  body,  and 
are  characteristic  of  it,  are  called  paUiog-nomonic  or 
diagnostic  symptoms. 

2.  A  sign  or  token  ;  that  which  indicates  the  ex- 
istence of  something  else  ;  as,  open  murmurs  of  the 
people  are  a  stjmptom  of  (lisaffection  to  law  or  gov- 
ernment. 

SYMP-TO-MAT'ie,       )  a.  Pertaining  to  symptoms  ; 

SYMP-TO-MAT'ie-AL,  (  happening  in  concurrence 
with  something  ;  indicating  the  existence  of  some- 
thing else. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  stjmptomatic  disea.se  Is  one  which 
proceeds  from  some  prior  disorder  in  some  part  of 
the  body.  Thus  a  symptomatic  fever  may  proceed 
from  local  injury  or  local  inflammation.  It  is  o[>- 
posed  to  loiopATHic.  Encyc.  Coze. 

3  According  to  symptoms  ;  as,  a  symptumatical 
classification  of  diseases. 

SY.MP-TO-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  symp- 
toms :  in  the  nature  of  symptoms.  IViseman. 

SYMP-TO-MA-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  cvp-T'ofia  and 
A")  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  symptoms  ;  that  part  of  the  science 
of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  s}  niptoms  of  dis- 
eases. Coze. 

SYN-.(ER'E-SIS,  (sin-er'e-sis,)  n.  [Gr.  tn-i-  and  at- 
pe<o.] 

In  grammar,  a  figure  by  which  two  vowels  that 
are  ordinarily  separated  are  drawn  together  into  one 
s\  llalile  ;  the  opposite  of  Di^iresis. 

SY\-A-GOG'ie-AL,  a.  [from  synagogue]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  synagogue.  Did. 

SYN'A-GOGLJE,  (sin'a-gog,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  awa- 
yoiyn:  <"''  )  together,  and  a)  u,  to  drive ;  pro|ierly,an 
assembly.] 

1.  A  congregation  or  assembly  of  Jews  met  for  the 
purpose  of  worship,  or  the  perlormancc  of  religious 
rites. 

2.  The  house  appropriated  to  the  religious  worship 
of  the  Jews. 

3.  The  court  of  tlie  seventy  elJers  among  the 
Jews,  called  the  Great  Svnaoogue,  or  Sanhedbih. 

Cye. 

SYN-A-Lk'PHA,  71.    [Gr.  avva^oiQr,.] 

In  grammar,  a  contraction  of  syllables  by  ^uppre3s- 
ing  some  vowel  or  diphthong  at  the  end  of  a  word, 
before  another  vowel  or  diphthong;  as,  iW  eoc,  for 
itle  ego. 

SYN-AI^LAG-.M.VT'IC,  a.    [Gr.  an  and  aXXanaoi.] 
An  epithet  applied,  in  the  civil  law,  to  a  contract 
which  imposes  reciprocal  obligations  upon  the  par- 
ties. Bouvier, 
SYN'AR-eilY',  11.    [Gr.  trvi-apxia.] 

Joint  nile  or  sovereignty.  Stackhouse. 
SYN-XR-THR<5'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  avf,  with,  ond  aoO^uu, 
to  articulate.] 

Union  of  bones  without  motion  ;  close  union  ;  as 
in  sutures,  symphysis,  and  the  like.  Core. 
SY-.\AX'IS,  If.    [Gr.,  from  omayu,  to  congregate; 
ffi'i'  and  ay  tu.] 

.\  congregation  ;  also,  a  term  formerly  used  for  the 
Lord's  supper.  Saxon  Lavs. 

SYN-exRP'Ol  S,  a.    [Gr.  »ti.  and  zaprof,  fruit.] 


TO.NE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


141 


pppp. 


1121 


In  botany,  having  the  carpels  of  a  compound  fruit 
conipltlely  united ;  as  in  tlie  apple  anil  pear. 

LintUey. 

SYN-CAT-E-GO-RE-MAT'ie,  n.  [Gr.  <tvv  and  Karr)- 
3  oprlii.l.] 

In  /oo-ic,  a  word  which  can  not  be  used  as  a  term 
by  itself ;  as  an  adverb  or  preposition. 
SYN-€HON-DKO'SlS,  n.    [Gr.  gvv  and  x'"'Spos,  car- 
likvKe.] 

Tlie  connection  of  bones  by  means  of  cartilage  or 
gristle.  IViseman, 
SYN'CHRO-NAL,  a.    [Gr.  am,  with,  and  XP"""!, 
time.] 

Happening  at  the  same  time ;  simultaneous. 

SYN'eHRO-NAL,  n.  [Supra.]  That  which  happens 
at  the  same  time  with  something  else,  or  pertains  to 
Ihe^ame  time.  More. 

SYN-eilRON'ie-AL,  o.  [See  Stnchkonism.I  Hap- 
pening at  the  same  time  ;  simultaneous.  Boyle. 

SYN'CHRO-NISM,  n.  [Gr.  aw,  with,  and  xi""'os, 
time.] 

1.  Concurrence  of  two  or  more  events  in  time  ; 
siniultaneonsncss.  Hale. 

2.  Tlie  tabular  arrangement  of  history  according 
to  dates,  cotemporary  persons  or  things  being  brought 
together.  Brande. 

SYN-CHRO-NI-Za'TION,  71.     The  concurrence  of 

events  in  respect  to  time. 
SYN  CHRO-NIZE,  c.  t.    [Supra.]    To  agree  in  time; 

to  be  simultaneous.  Robinson. 
SYN'eilllO-NOUS,  a.    Happening  at  the  same  time  ; 

simultaneous.  Arbuthnot. 
SYN'eHRO-NOUS-LY,a<it>.    [Supra.]    At  the  same 

time. 

SYN'€HY-SIS,  n.    [Gr.  <;i.>.  and  xfw-] 

Confusion  ;  derangement ;  confusion  of  words  in 
a  sentence ;  derangement  of  humors  in  the  eye. 
SYN-CLI'NAL,  a.    [Gr.  cvyKXtvw.]    Inclined  down- 
ward from  opposite  directions,  so  as  to  meet  in  a 
common  point  or  line  ;  0])posed  to  Anticlinal. 
Synclinal  valley ;  a  valley  formed  by  such  a  dip. 

Dana. 

SYN'eO-PATE,  w.  f.  [See  Syncope.]  To  contract, 
as  a  word,  by  taking  one  or  more  letters  or  syllables 
from  the  middle. 

2.  In  7nnsic,  to  prolong  a  note  begun  on  the  unac- 
cented jiart  of  a  bar,  to  the  accented  part  of  the  next 
bar  ;  or  to  connect  tlie  last  note  of  a  bar  with  the  first 
of  the  following  ;  or  to  end  a  note  of  one  part,  in  the 
middle  of  a  note  of  another  part. 

SYN'CO-Pa-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Contracted  by  the  loss  ol 
a  letter  from  the  middle  of  the  word. 
2.  Inverted,  as  the  measure  in  music. 

SYN'eO-PA-TlN'G,  ppr.  Contracting  by  the  loss  of  a 
letter  in  the  middle  of  a  word. 

SYN-CO-PA'TION,  ?!.  The  contraction  of  a  word 
bv  taking  a  letter,  letters,  or  a  syllable  from  the  mid- 
die.  , 

2.  In  mH.iic,  an  interruption  of  the  regular  meas- 
ure ;  an  inversiim  of  the  order  of  notes  ;  a  prolong- 
ing of  a  note  begun  on  the  unaccented  part  of  a  bar, 
to  the  accented  part  of  the  next  bar;  also,  a  term 
used  when  a  note  of  one  part  at  the  beginning  of  a 
measure  or  half  measure  ends  in  the  middle  of  a  note 
of  another  part,  and  is  followed  by  two  or  more 
longer  notes  before  another  short  note  occurs,  of  equal 
length  with  the  first  note,  to  make  the  number  even. 

Encyc.  Brande. 

SYN'eO-PE,  71.    [Gr.  rrvyKO-n,  from  avyKonroj  ;  aw 

■   and  iroTTr.',  to  cut  off.] 

1.  In  music,  the  same  as  Syncopation;  the  di- 
vision of  a  note  introduced  when  two  or  more  notes 
of  one  part  answer  to  a  single  note  of  another. 

2.  In  grammar,  an  elision  or  i^etrenchment  of  one 
or  more  letters  or  a  syllable  from  tlie  middle  of  a 
word. 

3.  In  medicine,  a  fainting  or  swooning;  a  diminu- 
tion or  interruption  of  the  motion  of  the  heart,  and 
of  respiration,  accompanied  with  a  suspension  of  the 
action  of  the  brain  and  a  temporary  loss  of  sensa- 
tion, volition,  and  other  faculties.  Cue. 

SYN'ef/-PIST,  71.    One  who  contracts  words. 
SY.N'CO-PIZE,  ti.  L    To  contract  by  the  omission  of  a 

'irtter  or  syllable. 
SYN'eRE-tiSM,  71.    [Gr.  <TV,  KO,ja,f.] 

Attempted  union  of  principles  or  parties  irrecon- 
cilably at  variance  with  each  other.  Murdock. 
He  !■  pliittinf;  a  carnul  tyncredem,  and  aUemplinff  Ihi^  n-concile- 
rr,.  nt  of  Christ  .MiJ  llnzlrr. 

SYX'CRE-TIST,  7>.  An  appellation  given  to  George 
CalixtuH  and  other  Germans  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, who  sought  to  mitigate  the  asperities  of  the 
Pr  te<tant  seem  toward  each  other  and  toward  the 
Roman  (,'alholic8,  and  thus  occasioned  ii  long  and 
violent  controversy  in  the  Lutlieran  church. 

Murdoek. 

SYN-GRE-TIST'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Syncro- 
tisls. 

SYN-DAG'TYI,,  ri.    [Gr.  <7i.i.  niid  I'afri'Aot.]  Any 
perching  bird  which  has  the  irxtcrnal  and  middle 
toes  united  no  far  aa  the  iiecond  joint.  Hrandr. 
HYN  DAC  TYI/IC,     (a.     Having  tho  cbaraeteris- 
HYN-DAe'TYL-OUS,  (     tica  of  the  syndactyls. 

Partington. 


SYN-DES-MO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  >ivvf'ai,„s.]  The  union 
of  one  ^one  with  another  by  ligaments.  Brande. 

SYN'Die,  71.  [ L.  .«!/;i(/i<;i«  ;  Gr.  aoi'dixos ;  aui/,  with, 
and  (5iM),  justice.] 

An  officer  of  government,  invested  with  different 
powers  in  different  countries  ;  also,  one  chosen  to 
transact  business  for  others  ;  as  in  France,  syndics 
are  appointed  by  the  creditors  of  a  bankrupt  to  man- 
age tlie  property.  In  Geneva,  the  syndic  is  the  chief 
magistrate.  Almost  all  the  companies  in  Paris,  the 
university,  &c.,  have  their  stjndics.  The  university 
of  Cambridge  has  its  syndics,  who  are  chosen  from 
the  senate  to  transact  special  business,  as  the  regu- 
lation of  fees,  forming  of  laws,  Sec. 

Cam.  Calendar. 

SYN'DIC-ATE,  7i.  A  council,  or  body  of  syndics  ;  a 
branch  of  government.  Burnet. 

SYM'DIC-ATE,  v.  t.    To  judge,  or  to  censure. 

SYN'DRO-SIE,7i.    [Gr.  uui'iipofii),  a  running  together.] 

1.  Concurrence.  Qlanmlle. 

2.  In  medicine,  the  concourse  or  combination  of 
symptoms  in  a  disease.  Cyc. 

SYN-EC'DO-CHE,  n.  [Gr.  avvcKSuxn ;  avf  and  ckScxo- 
jiai,  to  take.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  figure  or  trope  by  which  the  wliole 
of  a  thing  is  put  for  a  part,  or  a  part  for  the  whole  ; 
as  the  genus  for  the  species,  or  the  species  for  the 
genus,  &c.  Cyc 
SYN-Ee-DOCH'ie-AL,  a.  Expressed  by  synecdo- 
che ;  implying  a  synecdoche.  Boyle, 
SYN-EC-DOeil'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     According  to  the 

synecdochical  mode  of  speaking.  Pearson. 
SYN-E'CHI-A,  71.    [Gr.  gwcxm.] 

A  disease  of  the  eye,  in  which  the  iris  adjjeres  to 
the  cornea  or  to  the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens. 

Brande. 

SYN-EC-PHO-Nk'SIS,  71.     [Gr.  <rw«0tJi';)(ri5.]  A 

contraction  of  two  syllables  into  one.  jilason. 
SYN'E-PY,  7f.    [Gr.  avfi-ncta,  union  of  sounds.] 

The  interjunction  of  words  in  uttering  the  clauses 
of  sentences.  Smart, 
SYN-ER-GET'ie,  a.    [Gr.  ffUMpj-Tjnxo?.] 

Cooperating.  Dean  Tucker. 

SYN'EK-GIST,  n.    [Gr.  avfepya^ofiai.] 

In  the  Lutheran  church,  one  who  held  that  divine 
grace  required  a  correspondent  action  of  the  will  to 
make  it  effectual.  Brande. 
SYN-ER-GIST'ie,  a.    Cooperating.     Dean  Tucker. 
SYN-GE-Ne'SIA,  71.    [Gr.  avf,  with,  and  ycveais, 
generation,  origin.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  whose  stamens  are 
united  in  a  cylindrical  form  by  the  anthers. 
SYN-GE-Ne'SIAN,    I  a.  Pertaining  to  the  class  Syn- 
SYN-GE-Ne'SIOUS,  i  genesia. 
SYN'GRAPH,  71.    [Gr,  am  and  ypaifin,] 

A  writing  signed  by  both  parties  to  a  contract  or 
bond. 

SYN-I-Ze'SIS,  71.  [Gr.]  An  obliteration  of  the  pupil 
of  the  eye  ;  a  closed  pupil.  Brande. 

SYN-NEU-Ro'SIS,  71.  [Gr.  am  and  vcvpov,  a  nerve.] 
In  anatomy,  the  connection  of  parts  by  means  of 
ligaments,  as  in  the  movable  joints.    Coze.  Parr. 

SYN'O-CHA,  71.  [Gr.]  A  simple  continuous  phlogis- 
tic fever,  not  becoming  atonic  or  asthenic  in  its 
course  and  progress. 

SYN'O-CHUS,  7!.  [Gr.]  A  simple  continuous  fever, 
commonly  said  to  be  phlogistic  in  its  early  stage,  and 
atonic  or  asthenic  in  its  progress. 

SYN'Ol),  7^  [Gr.  aviio6os,  a  convention ;  am  and  uSos, 
way.] 

1.  In  church  history,  a  council  or  meeting  of  eccle- 
siastics, to  consult  on  matters  of  religion.  Synods 
are  of  four  kinds  :  1.  General,  or  ecumenical,  which 
are  composed  of  bishops  from  different  nations.  2. 
J^alional,  in  which  the  bishops  of  one  nation  only 
meet,  to  determine  points  of  doctrine  or  disci|iline. 
2.  Provincial,  in  which  the  bishops  of  one  province 
only  meet.  This  is  called  a  Convocation,  i.  Dio- 
cesan. 

Among  Presbyterians,  a  synod  is  composed  of  sev- 
eral adjoining  presbyteries.  The  members  are  the 
ministers  and  a  ruling  elder  from  each  parish. 

2.  A  meeting,  convention,  or  council ;  as,  a  synod 
of  gods. 

3.  In  astronomy,  a  conjunction  of  two  or  more 
phincts  or  stars  in  the  same  optical  place  of  the 
heavens.    [J\roi  used.]  Encye. 

SYN'OD-AL,  71.  Anciently,  a  pecuniary  rent  paid  to 
the  bishop  or  archdeacon,  at  the  time  of  his  Easter 
visitation,  by  every  parish  priest;  a  jirocuration. 

Encyc. 

.^jnofials  firp  due  of  common  ri^ht  to  tlic  bi-ihop  only,  liibson. 

2.  Constitutions  made  in  provincial  or  diocesan 
synods  are  sometimes  called  synoduls.  Kncyc. 

SYN'OD-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  occasioned  by  a 
synod.  Fuller. 

SYN-On'ie,       j  a.    Pertaining  to  n  synod  ;  trans.act- 

SYN-OD'IC-AI/,  I  cd  in  a  synod  ;  as,  synodical  pro- 
ceedings or  forms  ;  a  synodical  epistle.  Slillinrrfleel. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  period  in  which  two  heavenly 
bodies  pass  from  one  conjunction  to  another  ;  as,  a 
minodienl  month.    [See  Month.]  Olmsted. 

BYN-OD'lC-AI,-LY,  ado.  By  the  outliority  of  a  syn- 
od. Sanderson. 


SYN-OM'O-SY,  71.  [Gr.  amoiixoaia  ;  avp,  with,  and 
Lz/ii't-'if,  to  swear.] 

SwoMi  brotherliood ;  a  society  in  ancient  Greece 
nearly  resembling  a  modern  political  club. 

Mi(ford. 

SYN-ON'Y-MAL-LY,  ado.  Synonymously.  Spelman. 
SYN'O-NYM,  71.    [Gr.  amioi/u/jios ;  avu,  with,  and  ui/- 
i)//o,  name.] 

.\  noun,  or  other  word,  having  the  same  significa- 
tion as  another,  is  its  synonym.  Two  words  contain- 
ing the  same  idea  are  synonyms. 

He  has  extricated  tl/e  synonyms  of  formei  authors. 

Coie^s  Russ. 

SYN-ON'Y-MA,  71.  pi.  Words  having  the  same  sig- 
nification.   But  Synonyms  is  a  regular  English  word. 

SYN-ON'Y-MAL,  a.    Synonymous.    [J^ot  m  use.] 

SYN-ON'Y-MIST,  71.  One  who  collects  and  e.iplains 
synonymous  words. 

2.  Among  botanists,  a  person  who  collects  the  dif- 
ferent names  or  synonyms  of  plants,  and  reduce.s 
them  to  one  another.     '  Cyc. 

SYN-ON'Y-MIZE,  v.  t.  To  express  the  same  meaning 
in  different  words.  Camden. 

SYN-ON'Y-MiZ-/;D,  pp.  Expressed  in  different  words. 

SYN-ON'Y-MIZ-ING,  ppr.  Expressing  the  same  thing 
in  different  words. 

SYN-ON'Y-MOUS,  a.  Expressing  the  same  thing  ; 
conveying  the  same  idea.  We  rarely  find  two  words 
precisely  synonymous.  Wave  and  billow  are  sometimes 
synonymous,  but  not  always.  When  we  speak  of  the 
large  rolling  swell  of  the  sea,  we  may  call  it  a  wave 
or  a  billow  ;  but  when  we  speak  of  the  small  swell  of 
a  pond,  we  may  call  it  a  xcave,  but  we  may  not  call 
it  a  bUlow. 

SYN-ON'Y-MOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  synonymous  man- 
ner;  in  the  same  sense;  with  the"same  meaning. 
Two  words  may  be  used  synonymously  in  some  cases, 
and  not  in  others. 

SYN-ON'Y-MY,  71.  The  quality  of  expressing  the 
same  meaning  by  different  words. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which  synonymous 
words  are  used  to  amplify  a  discourse. 

SYN-OP'SIS,  71.  [Gr.  amoxpig;  cm,  with,  and  oi/<ij, 
view.] 

A  general  view,  or  a  collection  of  things  or  parts 
so  arranged  as  to  exhibit  the  whole  or  the  principal 
parts  in  a  ceneral  view. 

SYN-OP'TIC,        )  a.     Affording  a  general  view  of 

SYN-OP'TIC-AL,  t  the  whole,  or  of  the  principal 
parts  of  a  thing ;  as,  a  synoptic  table  Bucklaud. 

SYN-OP'Tie-AL-LY,  adi).  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
present  a  general  view  in  a  short  compass. 

SYN-O'VI-A,  71.  In  anatomy,  the  fluid  secreted  into 
the  cavities  of  joints,  for  the  purpose  of  lubricating 
them.  Cyc. 

SYN-o'VI-AL,  a.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  synovia  ; 
secreting  a  lubricating  fluid  ;  as,  the  synovial  mem- 
brane ;  .synovial  gland.  Cyc. 

SYN-TAC'Tie,       )  a,    [See  Syntax.]  Pertaining 

SYN-TAC'TIC-AL,  j     to  syntax,  or  the  construction 
of  sentences. 
2.  According  to  the  rules  of  syntax  or  construction. 

Enc'ic. 

SYN-TAC'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.   In  conformity  to  "syn- 
tax. ,, 
SYN'TAX,      j  71.    [L.  siintaxisi  Gr.  avfrnln  ;  am, 
SYN-TAX'IS,  j     together,  and  nraau,  to  put.] 

1.  In  grammar,  the  construction  of  sentences  ;  the 
due  arrangement  of  words  in  sentences,  according  to 
establishetl  usage.  Syntax  includes  cimcord  and 
regimen,  or  the  agreement  and  government  of 
words.  Words,  in  every  language,  have  certain 
connections  and  relations,  as  verbs  and  adjectives 
with  nouns,  which  relations  must  be  observed  in  the 
formation  of  sentences.  A  gross  violation  of  the 
rules  of  syntax  is  a  solecism. 

2.  Connected  system  or  order;  union  of  things. 
[J^Tot  in  use.]  Glanvillc. 

SYN-TE-Re'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  am  and  i-rjotw.] 

Remorse  of  conscience.  Bp.  JVard. 

SYN-TE-RET'IC,  a.    Preserving  health. 
SYN-TET'ie,  a.    Wasting  with  consumption. 
SYN-TEX'IS,  71.    [Gr.]    A  deep  consumption. 
SYN'THE-SIS,  71.    [Gr.  amdcats  !  aw,  and  riOi)/ii,  to 
put  or  set.] 

1.  Composition,  or  the  putting  of  two  or  more 
things  together,  as  in  compound  medicines.  Cyc. 

2.  "ln  logic,  composition,  or  that  process  of  reason- 
ing in  which  we  advance  by  a  regular  chain  from 
principles  before  established  or  assumed,  and  projio- 
sitiuns  already  proved,  till  we  arrive  at  the  conclu- 
sion. Synthesis  is  the  opposite  of  analysis  or  resolu- 
tion. Encyc. 

3.  In  surgery,  the  operation  by  which  divided 
parts  are  reunited.  Cyc. 

4.  In  cheniMry,  the  uniting  of  elements  into  a 
compound;  the  opposite  of  analysis fwUivh  is  the 
separation  of  a  compound  into  its  constituent  parts. 
'J'hat  water  is  composed  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  is 
proved  both  by  analysis  and  si/nlhesis, 

SYN-TIIET'ie,       j  J.  Pertaining  to  synthesis ;  con- 
8YN-'1'HET'I€-AI>,  j     sisting  in  synthesis  or  compo- 
sition ;  ns,  the  synthetic  inethoil  of  reasoning,  as  op- 
[losed  to  the  analytical. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


TAB 


TAB 


TAB 


SYN-THET'ie-AL-LY,  orfo.  By  synthesis;  by  com- 
position. 

SYN'TIIE-TIZE,  II.  t  To  unite  in  regular  structure. 
\jVot  much  used.] 

SYN'TO-MY,  n.    [Or.  awroina.] 
Brevity  ;  conciseness. 

SYN-TON'ie,  a.    [Gr.  aw,  witli,  and  rovoi,  tone.] 
In  miixic,  sharp  ;  intense.  Rous.irau.  ^ 

SYPIl'l-LlS,  (sife-lis,)  n.  [A  term  coined  by  Fracas- 
toriiis,  and  introduced  into  nosology  by  Sauvages. 
Us  etymology  is  unknown.]  A  disease  character- 
ized by  ulcers  of  a  peculiar  cliaractur  on  the  genitals, 
succeeded  by  inguinal  bul>oos.  So  far,  tiie  disease 
is  local.  The  indications  of  a  constitutional  alVec- 
tion  are  ulcers  in  the  throat,  copper-colored  eruptions 
on  the  skin,  pains  in  the  bones,  nodes,  &.c.  This 
malady  is  exclusively  contagious. 

SYPH-I-LIT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  syphilis. 

SY'PIIO.V,  H.    [Gr.  <T,^,M.] 

A  tube  or  pipe.    More  correctly  Siphon,  which  see. 

S?'REi\.    See  Siren. 

SYR'I-Ae,  w.  'J'he  language  of  Syria,  especially  the 
ancient  language  of  that  country. 

SYR'I-Ae,  a.  [from  Syria.]  Pertaining  to  Syria,  or 
its  language  ;  as,  the  Sijriac  version  of  the  Penta- 
teuch ;  Siirittc  Bible. 

SYR'I-A-CIS.M,  n.    A  Syrian  idiom.  Milton. 

SYR'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Syria. 

SYil'l-AN-ISM,  H.  A  Syrian  idiom,  or  a  peculiarity 
in  the  Syrian  language.  Palcy. 

SYR'I-ASM,  n.   The  same  as  Sykianism. 

IVarbiLrton.  Stuart. 

SY-RIN"GA,  n.    [Gr.  o-i'pii  f ,  avpiyyof,  a  pipe.] 
.\  genus  of  plants,  the  lilac. 

SYR'INGE,  (su'iiij,)  H.  [Supra.]  An  instrument 
for  injecting  liiiuids  into  animal  bodies,  into  wounds, 
&.C. ;  or  an  instrument  in  tlie  form  t>f  a  pump,  serv- 
ing to  draw  in  any  fluid,  and  then  to  e.\pel  it  with 
force. 

SYR'INGE,  V.  t.  To  inject  by  means  of  a  pipe  or 
syringe  ;  to  wash  and  cleanse  by  injections  from  a 
syringe. 


SYR'INtS-iSD,  pp.    Injected  by  means  of  a  pipe  or 

syringe. 

SY-RIN"GO-I)EN'0UON,  n.    [Gr.  <rvpty(,  a  pii>e  or 
tube,  and  dcvSixiv,  tree.] 

A  fossil  plant ;  applied  to  many  species  of  sigill.a- 
ria,  from  the  parallel,  pipe-shaped  llulings  that  ex- 
tend from  the  tup  to  the  bottom  of  their  trunks. 

Buckland. 

SYR-IN-GOT'O-MY,  n.     [Gr.  avptyl,  a  pipe,  and 
rtiii'oj,  to  cut.] 
The  operation  of  cutting  for  the  fistula.  Ci/c. 
SYR'MA,  (sur'ma,)  71.    [<Jr.]    A  long  dress,  reaching 

to  the  floor,  worn  by  tragic  actors. 
SYRT,  (surt,)  «.    [L.  ii/riii-.]    A  quicksand  j  a  bog. 

Younir. 

SYR'TIS,  n.    [L.]    A  quicksand.    [JVut  £;iWi.vA.] 

SYll'UP.    See  Sirup.  IMiltim. 

SYS-SAR-Co'SIS,  II.    [Gr.]    The  junction  of  bones 
by  intervening  muscles.  Brandc. 

SYS'TA-S(S,  71.    [Gr.  o-utn-airic.] 

The  consistence  of  a  thing  ;  constitution.  \T,itlle 
v.trd.]  BnrUfi. 

SYS'TEM,  71.    [Ft.  systime ;  h.  systcma  ;  Gr.  avarrijia  ; 
aw  and  larij/ii,  to  set.] 

I.  An  as.seinblage  of  things  adju.sted  into  a  regular 
whole  ;  or  a  whole  plan  or  scheme  consisting  of 
many  parts  connected  in  such  a  manner  as  to  create 
a  chain  of  mutual  dependencies  ;  or  a  regular  union 
of  principles  or  parts  forming  one  entire  thing.  'J'hus 
we  say,  a  stj.item  of  logic,  a  system  of  philosophy,  a 
system  of  government,  a  system  of  principles,  the 
solar  system,  the  Copernican  system,  a  system  of  di- 
vinity, a  system  of  law,  a  system  of  morality,  a  sys- 
tem of  husbandry,  a  system  of  botany  or  of  ciiemistry. 
3.  Regular  metlioil  or  order. 

3.  In  iiiiisic,  rin  interval  compounded,  or  supposed 
to  be  coiiipounded,  of  sev(;r:il  lesser  intervals,  as  the 
fifth,  octave,  ii.c.,  the  elements  of  which  arc  called 
diastems.  Busby. 
SYS-TE.M-AT'ie,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  system  ;  con- 
SYS-TEM-AT'ie-AL,  j  sisting  in  system  ;  method- 
ical ;  formed  with  regular  connection  and  adaptation 


or  subordination  i»f  parts  to  each  other,  anil  to  tii^ 
design  of'  l!  e  whole  ;  as,  a  systematic  arrangi'iiienl  of 
plants  or  animals  ;  a  sysirmntic  course  of  •.ludy. 

2.  Proceeding  .iccording  to  system  or  regular  meth- 
od ;  as,  a  siisteiiiatic  writer. 

SYS-TE.M-A'r'ie-AI^LY,  adv.  In  the  form  of  n  sys- 
tem ;  methodically.  Buyle. 

SYS''i'E.M-A-TIST,  n.  One  who  forma  a  system,  or 
reduces  to  system. 

SYS''I'E.M-A-TIZE,  j  r.  (.  fSysTEMizE  would  be  pref- 

SY.S'TEM-I'/.E,  j  erahle,  as  it  is  the  niore  simple 
form.]  To  reduce  to  system  or  regular  method  ;  as, 
to  sifstemize  plants  or  fossils. 

SYS"i'i;.M-A-TI7,-f:0,  j         Reduced  to  system  or 

SYS' r):M-IZ-/.l),       i  method. 

SYS'TR.M-A-TIZ-ER,  (  n.    One  who  reduces  things 

SYS'  l'K.M  IZ-KR,        i     to  system. 

SY3'Ti'M-A-TfZ-ING,  j  p/ir.    Reducing  to  system  or 

SYS'TEM-IZ-I.NG,       (    due  method. 

SYS-TEM-I-Z.\'TION,7i.  [from  s-ystemiir.]  The  act 
or  operation  of  systemizlngi  the  reduction  of  tilings 
li!  .-ystein  or  regular  nietliod. 

3YS''i  l>M-,M.AK-KR,  71.    t)iie  w  ho  forms  a  system. 

SYS'TK.M-.M0.\"G1CR,  (  niuiig'ger,)  11.  One  given  to 
the  forming  of  systems.  Chesterfield. 

SYS'TO-LE,  71.  [Gr.  avaTo^r),  from  ouanAAu,  to 
contract ;  nvn  and  ariWo),  to  send.] 

1.  Ill  grammar,  the  shortening  of  a  long  syllable. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  contraction  of  the  heart  and 
arteries,  for  expelling  the  blood,  and  carrying  on  the 
circulation.    [See  Diastole.] 

SYS-T()L'1€,  a.    Pertaining  to  systole  or  contraction. 
SYS'T?LE,H.    [Gr.  aw,  with  or  together,  and  aruXus, 
a  column.] 

In  archtteeture,  the  manner  of  placing  columns, 
where  the  space  between  the  two  shafts  consists  of 
two  diameters  or  four  modules.  OiciU. 
SVTIIE.K.    See  Si^THt. 

SYZ'Y-GY,7i.    [Gr.  (ii'sD>  01  ;  oii- and  to  join.l 

A  common  name  for  the  period  both  of  new  and 
full  moon,  wlien  the  sun,  the  moon,  and  the  earth, 
arc  in  one  line.  Olmsted. 


T. 


ri1  IS  the  twentieth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  and 
X  a  close  consonant.  It  represents  a  close  joining  of 
the  end  of  the  tongue  to  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth, 
as  may  be  perceived  by  the  syllable  at,  et,  ot,  ut,  in 
atteiupting  to  pronoui^ce  which,  the  voice  is  com- 
pletely intercepted.  It  is  therefore  numbered  among 
the  mutes,  or  close  articulations,  and  it  differs  from 
d  chiefly  in  its  closeness;  for  in  pronouncing  ad,  ed, 
we  perceive  the  voice  is  not  so  suddenly  and  entirely 
intercepted,  as  in  pronouncing  at  and  el.  T,  by  itself, 
has  one  sound  only,  as  in  take,  turn,  bat,  bolt,  smile, 
bitter.  So  we  are  accustomed  to  speak  ;  but  in  real- 
ity, t  can  be  hardly  said  to  have  any  sound  at  all.  Its 
use,  like  that  of  all  mute  articulations,  is  to  modify 
the  manner  of  uttering  the  vocal  sound  which  pic- 
cedes  or  followa  it. 

When  t  is  followed  by  h,  as  in  think  and  that,  the 
combination  really  forms  a  distinct  sound,  for  which 
we  have  no  single  character.  This  combination  has 
two  sounds  in  English ;  aspirated,  as  in  tJiink,  and 
vocal,  as  in  that. 

The  letters  (i,  before  a  vowel,  and  unaccented, 
usually  pass  into  the  sound  of  as  in  nation,  motion, 
partial,  substantiate  ;  which  are  pronounced  nashon, 
moshon,  parshal,  substanshate.  In  this  case,  I  loses 
entirely  its  proper  sound  or  use,  and  being  blended 
with  the  subsequent  letter,  a  new  sound  results  from 
the  combination,  which  is  in  fact  a  simple  sound. 
In  a  few  words,  the  combination  ti  has  the  sound  of 
the  English  eh,  as  in  Christian,  mixtion,  ifucstion. 

T  is  convertible  with  d.  Thus  the  Germans  write 
tag,  where  we  write  day,  and  gut,  for  good.  It  is 
also  convertible  with  «  and  :,  for  the  Germans  write 
toasser,  for  water,  and  :a/iin,  for  tame. 

T.,  as  an  abbreviation,  slariiis  for  theologia  ;  as,  S. 
T.  D.,  sancliB  Iheoloiri^  doctor,  doctor  of  divinity. 
In  ancient  monuments  and  tcritinfrs,  T.  is  an  abbrevia- 
ture, which  stands  for  Titus,  Titius,  or  Tulltus. 

As  a  numeral,  T,  among  the  Latitis,  stood  for  160, 
and  with  a  dash  over  the  top,  T,  for  IC0,O00.  Encyc. 

In  music,  T  is  the  initial  of  tenor,  vocal  and  in- 
Gtnimental  ;  of  tacet,  for  silence,  as  ailagio  tacet, 
when  a  person  is  to  rest  during  the  whole  movement. 
In  concertos  and  symphonies,  it  is  the  initial  of  tiit^i, 
the  whole  band,  after  a  solo.  It  sometimes  stands 
for  It.  or  (ri//u,  a  shake. 
TAR,  n.  The  latchet  of  a  shoe  fastened  with  a  string 
or  otherwise.    [Local.]  Forby. 

2.  The  end  of  a  lace  ;  a  tag.  Forby. 

3.  A  cup.  [Local.] 


TAB'ARD,  n.  [VV.  tabar,  from  t&b,  a  spread  or  sur- 
face ;  It.  tabarra.] 

A  sort  of  tunic  or  mantle  formerly  worn,  covering 
the  body  before  and  behind,  and  reaching  below  the 
loins,  but  open  at  the  sides,  from  the  shoulders  down- 
ward ;  a  herald's  coat.  Brunde. 

TAB'ARD-ER,  71.    One  who  wears  a  tabard. 

TAB'A-RET,  n.  A  stout,  satin-striped  silk,  used  for 
furniture. 

TAB-A-SIIEER',  n.  A  Persian  word  signifying  a  con- 
cretion found  in  the  joints  of  the  bamboo,  which  has 
been  found  to  be  pure  silex.  It  is  highly  valued  in 
the  East  Indies  as  a  medicine,  for  the  cure  of  bilious 
vomitings,  lilooilv  tliix,  piles,  &c.  Kncyc.  Thomson. 

TAIi'BI-A'O,  (tab'bid,)  pp.  or  a.  Watered;  made 
wa\y. 

TAB'BI-NET,  71.    A  more  delicate  kind  of  tabby. 

TAB'BY,  a.  [See  the  noun.]  Briiided;  brindled; 
diversified  in  color  ;  as,  a  tubby  cat.  .Addison. 

TAB'BY,  71.  [Vr.tabis  ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  tabi;  Dan. 
tabin  ;  1).  tabbyn  ;  G.  (o6iii ;  Ann.  tajlas,  taffeta,  liu. 
Fr.  tai  eler,  to  spot.] 

1.  A  kind  of  waved  silk,  usually  watered.  It  is 
manufactured  like  taffeta,  but  is  thicker  and 
stronger.  Tlie  watering  is  given  to  it  by  the  calen- 
der. Cijc. 

Q.  A  mi.xture  of  lime  with  shells,  gravel,  or  stones 
in  equal  proportions,  with  an  equal  proportion  of 
wati  r,  forming  a  mass,  which,  when  dry,  becomes 
as  hard  as  rock.  This  is  used  m  Morocco  instead  of 
bricks  for  the  walls  of  buildings.  It  was  used  for- 
merly in  Georgia,  U.  S.  Spalding. 

TAB'BY,  1'.  (.  To  water  or  cause  to  look  wavy;  as, 
to  tabby  silk,  mohair,  ribbon,  This  is  done  by  a 
calender  without  water.  Cyc. 

TAB'BY-ING,  71.  The  p.i3sing  of  stuffs  under  a  cal- 
ender to  givi!  them  a  wavy  appearance. 

TAB-E-FAC'TION,  71.  [L.  tabeo,  to  waste,  and/acio, 
to  make.    See  Tabefv.] 

A  wasting  away  ;  a  gradual  losing  of  flesh  by  dis- 
ease. 

TAB'E-F?,  v.  I   [Ileb.  and  Ch.  awn,  to  pine ;  or  Ar. 


DbJ 


tabba,  to  be  weakened,  to  perish.  Class 


consume ;  to  waste  gradually ;  to  lose  flesh. 
[^Little  used.]  Harvey. 
TA-BELL'ION,  (-bel'yiin,)  71.    A  9ccret.ir>'  or  notary 
under  the  Roman  empire,  or  in  France  during  the 
old  monarchy.  Brandc. 


TAB'ERU.    See  Tauabd. 

TAB'ER-NA-€LE,  >i.  [L.  tabemacuJum,  a  t<-nt,  from 
tuberna,  a  shop  or  shed,  from  tabula,  a  board  ;  or 
rather  from  its  root.    See  Tahle.] 

1.  .\  tent.    JV'uHi.  xxiv.    Matt.  xvii. 

2.  A  temporary  habitation.  Milton. 

3.  Among  the  Jews,  a  movable  building,  so  con- 
trived as  to  be  taken  to  pieces  with  ease  and  recon- 
structed, for  the  convenience  of  being  carried  during 
the  wanderings  of  the  Israelites  in  the  wilderness. 
It  was  of  a  rectangular  figure,  thirty  cubits  long,  ten 
broad,  and  ten  high.  The  interior  was  divided  into 
two  rooms  by  a  vail  or  curtain,  and  it  was  covered 
with  four  different  spreads  or  carpets.  Cruden. 

It  is  also  applied  to  the  temple.    P.-,:  xv. 

4.  A  place  of  worship  ;  a  sacred  place.  .Addison. 

5.  Our  natural  body.    2  Cor.  v.    2  Pel.  i. 

C.  God's  gracious  presence,  or  the  tokens  of  it 
Rev.  xsi.  , 

7.  An  ornamented  erection  or  representation  of  an 
edifice  placed  on  Roman  Catholic  altars  as  a  recepta- 
cle of  the  consecrated  vessels. 

Owilt.    Otoss.  of  .Archil. 
T.\B'ER-.\.\-eLE,  T.  i.    To  dwell  ;  to  reside  for  a 
time  ;  to  be  housed  ;  as  we  say,  Christ  tabernacled  in 
the  Mesh. 

T.^B-ER-NAC'lI-LAR,  o.    Latticed.  Ifarton. 

Ta'BkS,  71.  [E.j  A  dyslhetic  or  cachectic  disease, 
characterized  by  a  graduiUly  progressive  emaciation 
of  the  whole  body,  accompanied  with  languor,  de- 
pressed spirits,  and,  for  the  most  p.irt,  imperfect  or 
obscure  hectic,  without  any  tiipical  aO'ection  of  any 
of  the  viscera  of  the  head,  chest,  or  belly.  Tabes 
and  consumption  are  ditfeient  diseases. 

TA-BET'ie,  a.    Tabid  ;  alfectcl  w  ith  tabes. 

TAB'ID,  a.     [Fr.  tabide :  L.  tabidus,  from  tabeo,  to 
waste.] 
Wasted  by  disease. 


In  tabid  persona,  milic  if  llie  bctl  rratontire. 


ArtmlllnoL 


T.^B'ID-NEPS,  71.    State  of  being  wasted  by  disease. 

TAB'I-TUDE,  71.  [L.  tabitudo.]  The  state  of  one  af- 
fected with  tabes. 

T.\B'LA-TliRE,  n,  [from  table.]  Painting  on  walli 
and  ceilings  ,  a  single  piece  comprehended  in  one 
view,  and  formed  according  to  one  design. 

Johnson.    Lonl  Shaflctbury. 
2.  In  music,  the  expression  of  sounds  or  notes  of 
composition  by  letters  of  the  alphabet  or  ciphers,  or 
other  characters  not  used  in  niixlern  music.    In  a 
stricter  sense,  the  manner  of  wnling  a  piece  for  the 


TOXE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — Ai\"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


1123 


TAB 

liitp,  theorbo,  guitar,  base  viol,  or  the  like  ;  which  is 
(lone  by  writing  on  several  parallel  lines  (each  of 
which  represents  a  string  of  the  instrument)  certain 
letters  of  the  alphabet,  referring  to  the  frets  on  the 
neck  of  the  instrument,  each  letter  directing  how 
some  note  is  to  be  sounded.  Cijc. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  division  or  parting  of  the  skull 
into  two  tables.  Cyc. 
TA'BLE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tabula;  It.  tavola;  Sp.. 
tdbla  ;  \V.  tavell,  a  flat  mass,  a  tablet,  a  slice,  a 
siiread  ;  tUb,  tdo,  a  spread,  an  extended  surface  ; 
tavia,  to  throw,  to  project ;  tavu,  to  spread  or  over- 
spread ;  Sax.  Uejl,  a  die,  a  table-man  ;  D.  tafel,  a 
board,  a  table,  whence  in  ships,  tafferel ;  G.  and  Sw. 
tafel,  a  board  or  table  ;  Russ.  id. ;  Fr.  tableau,  a  pic- 
ture.] 

1.  A  flat  surface  of  some  extent,  or  a  thing  that 
has  a  flat  surface  ;  as,  a  table  of  marble. 

2.  An  article  of  furniture,  consisting  usually  of  a 
frame  with  a  surface  of  boards  or  of  marble,  sup- 
ported by  legs,  and  used  for  a  great  variety  of  pur- 
poses, as  for  holding  dishes  of  meat,  for  writing  on, 
&c. 

The  nymph  the  table  spread.  Pope. 

3.  Fare  or  entertainment  of  provisions ;  as,  he 
keeps  a  good  table. 

4.  The  persons  sitting  at  table  or  partaking  of 
entertainment. 

I  drink  to  the  ^neral  joy  of  the  whole  table.  Shak. 

5.  A  tablet ;  a  surface  on  which  any  thing  is  writ- 
ten or  traced.  The  ten  commandments  were  written 
on  I  wo  Uibles  of  stone.    Elzod.  xxxii. 

Wnueii  —  not  on  tables  of  stone,  but  on  fleshly  tahles  of  the  heart. 
—  2  Cor.  iii. 

6.  A  picture,  or  something  that  exhibits  a  view  of 
any  thing  on  a  flat  surface.  f 

Saint  Anthony  has  a  table  that  hangs  up  to  him  from  a  poor 
pe:isaut.  Addison. 

7.  Among  Christians,  the  table,  or  Lord's  table, 
is  the  sacrament,  or  holy  communion  of  the  Lord's 
supper. 

8.  The  altar  of  burnt-ofl^ering.    Mai.  i. 

9.  In  architecture,  a  smooth,  simple  member  or  or- 
nament of  various  forms,  most  usually  in  that  of  a 
long  square. 

10.  In  perspective,  a  plain  surface,  supposed  to  be 
transparent  and  perpendicular  to  the  horizon.  It  is 
called  also  Perspective  Pl.ine.  Cijc. 

11.  In  anatomy,  a  division  of  the  cranium  or  skull. 
The  cranium  is  composed  of  two  tables  or  lamins, 
with  a  cellular  structure  between  them,  called  the 
meditullium  or  diploe.  Cyc.  tVistar. 

12.  In  the  trla.^,-i  manufacture,  a  circular  sheet  of  fin- 
ished glass,  usually  about  four  feet  in  diameter,  each 
weighing  from  ten  to  eleven  pounds.  Twelve  of 
these  are  called  a  sule  or  crate  of  irtass. 

13.  In  literature,  an  index  ;  a  collection  of  heads 
or  principal  matters  contained  in  a  bonk,  with  ref- 
erence to  the  pages  where  each  may  be  found  ;  as,  a 
table  of  contents.  fValts. 

14.  A  synopsis ;  many  particulars  brought  into  one 
view.  B.  Joiuion. 

15.  The  palm  of  the  hand. 

Mistress  of  a  fiurr  table 

Il.uh  not  history  nor  fable.  B.  Jonson. 

16.  Draughts;  small  pieces  of  wood  shifted  on 
squares. 

We  are  in  the  world  lilic  men  playing  at  tables.  Taylor. 

«  17.  In  matjiematics,  tables  are  systems  of  numbers 
calculated  to  be  ready  fur  expediting  operations;  as, 
a  table  of  logarithms  ;  a  multiplication  table. 

18.  Jlstronomical  table.^,  are  computations  of  the 
motitms,  places,  and  other  plienoincna  of  the  plan- 
ets, both  primary  and  secondary.  Cyc. 

19.  In  chemistry,  a  list  tir  catalogue  of  substances 
or  their  propjTties  ;  as,  a  table  of  known  acids;  a 
table  of  aciditiablo  bases  ;  a  table  of  binary  combina- 
tions ;  a  foA/p  of  specific  gravities.  Lavoisier. 

20.  In  general,  any  series  of  numbers  formed  on 
mathematical  or  other  correct  principles. 

21.  A  division  of  the  ten  commandments  ;  as,  the 
first  and  second  tables.  The  first  table  comprehends 
our  more  immediate  duties  to  Cod  ;  the  second  table 
our  more  immediate  duties  to  each  other. 

22.  Among  jewelers,  a  t.ilile  diamond  or  other  pre- 
cioiia  stone,  is  one  whose  upper  surface  is  tpiite  Hat, 
and  the  sides  only  cut  in  angles.  Cyc. 

%\.  A  list  or  catalogue  ;  -as,  a  table  of  stars. 

Raised  table ;  in  scalpturc,  an  embossment  in  a 
frontispiece  for  an  inscription  or  other  ornament, 
supposed  to  be  the  abacus  of  Vitruvius.  Cyc. 

Round  table.  Knights  of  the  round  table  are  a 
military  order,  instituted  by  Arthur,  tin-  first  king  of 
the  Britons,  A.  U.  ."ilt).    [Hee  Ki.umo  Taiii.e.] 

Tieelve  tables  ;  the  laws  of  the  Komans,  so  called, 
probably,  berauNO  engraved  on  so  many  tables. 

To  turn  the  tAhles  ;  to  cliaiigt;  the  condition  or  for- 
tune of  contending  parties  ;  a  metaphorical  oxpros- 
siiin  taken  from  lliu  vicissitudes  of  fortune  in  gaming. 

IJryden. 

To  serve  tables  ;  lo  provide  fur  the  poor ;  or  to  dis- 


TAB 

tribute  provisions  for  their  wants.  Acts  vi.  [See 
Tables.] 

TA'BLE,  V.  i.  To  board  ;  to  diet  or  live  at  the  table 
of  another.    Nebuchadnezzar  tabled  with  the  beasts. 

South. 

Ta'RLE,  v.  t.  To  form  into  a  table  or  catalogue  ;  as, 
to  table  fines.  In  England,  the  chirographer  tables 
the  fines  of  every  county,  and  fixes  a  copy  in  some 
open  place  of  the  court.  Cyc. 

2.  To  board  ;  to  supply  with  food. 

3.  To  let  one  piece  of  timber  into  another  by  alter- 
nate scores  or  projections  frtim  the  middle. 

4.  In  the  Presbyterian  church,  to  enter  upon  the 
docket ;  as,  to  table  charges  against  some  one. 

TAB'LEAU,  (tab'lo,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  picture  ;  a  striking 
and  vivid  representation. 

TJ}B'LE.1UX  yl'VAJ^TS,  (tab'lo  ve'ving,)  [Fr.] 
Living  pictures  ;  au  amusement  in  which  groups  of 
persons,  in  proper  dresses,  in  a  darkened  room,  rep- 
resent some  interesting  scene,  usuaUy  one  described 
by  authors. 

Ta'BLE-BED,  71.  [table  and  bed.']  A  bed  in  the  form 
of  a  table. 

TA'BLE-BEER,  n.    [table  and  Jeer.]    Beer  for  the 

table,  or  for  common  use  ;  small  beer. 
TA'BLE-BELL,  n.    A  small  bell  to  be  used  at  table 

for  calling  servants. 
TA'BLEi-BQOK,  n.     [table  and  book.]     A  book  on 

which  any  thing  is  traced  or  written  without  ink  ; 

tablets.  » 

Pot  into  your  table-book  whatever  you  judge  worthy.  Dryden. 

Ta'BLE-CLOTH,  n.    [table  and  cloth.]    A  cloth  for 

covering  a  table,  particularly  for  spreading  on  a  table 

before  the  dishes  are  set  for  meals. 
TA'BLE  D'HOTE,  (tabl-dot,)   [Fr.]      A  common 

table  for  guests  at  a  French  hotel ;  an  ordinary. 
Ta'BLKD,  pp.    Formed  into  a  table. 
TA'BLE-LAND,  71.    Elevated  flat  land. 
Ta'BLE-MAN,  71.     [table  and  ma7t.]     A  man  at 

draugiils  ;  a  piece  of  wood.  Bacon. 
TA'BLER,  71.  One  who  boards.  Ainsworth. 
TA'BLES,  (ta'blz,)  71,  pi.    An  old  game  resembling 

bac.kgair.mon.  Qifford, 
TA'BLB-SPAR,  n.     The  same  as  Tabular  Spar, 

which  see. 

TAB'LET,  7!.    A  small  table  or  flat  surface. 

2.  Something  flat  on  which  to  write,  paint,  draw, 
or  engrave. 

The  pillared  marble  and  the  tablet  brass.  Prior. 

3.  A  medicine  in  a  square  form.  Tablets  of  arse- 
nic were  formerly  worn  as  a  preservative  against  the 
plague.  Bacon. 

4.  A  solid  kind  of  electu.ary  or  confection,  made 
of  dry  ingredients,  usutJly  with  sugar,  and  formed 
into  little  flat  squares;  called  also  Lozemoe  and 
Troche.  Cyc. 

Ta'BLE-TALK,  (tawk,)  7t.  [table  and  talk.]  Con- 
versation at  table  or  at  meals. 

TA'BLING,  ppr.  Boarding ;  forming  into  a  table  ; 
letting  one  timber  into  another  by  scores. 

TA'BLING,  n.  A  forming  Into  tables ;  a  setting  down 
in  order. 

2.  The  letting  of  one  timber  into  another  by  alter- 
nate scores  or  projections,  as  in  ship-building.  Cyc. 

3.  In  sail-making,  a  broad  hem  made  on  the  skirts 
of  sails  by  turning  over  the  edge  of  the  canvas,  and 
sewing  it  down.  Cyc. 

TA  BOO',  7!.  In  tlie  isles  of  the  Pacific,  a  word  de- 
noting prohibition  or  religious  interdict,  which  is  of 
great  force  among  the  inhabitants. 

TA-BOO',  V.  t.  To  forbid,  or  to  forbid  the  use  of;  to 
interdict  approach  or  use;  .is,  to  taboo  the  ground 
set  apart  as  a  sanctuary  for  criminals.  Tabooed 
ground  is  held  sacred  and  inviolable. 

Ta'BOR,  ji.  [VV.  tabwri;  It.  tabar ;  Old  Fr.  tabour. 
This,  in  some  languages,  is  written  tambour  and  tim- 
brel.  The  atabul  of  the  Spaniards  is  probably  of  the 
same  family.  It  is  probably  named  from  striking, 
beating  ;  Eng.  tap,  Gr.  tvtttoi,  Syr.  "\oi^  tabal.  At. 

^xls  tabaa.    Class  Db,  No.  28.] 

A  small  drum  used  as  an  accompaniment  to  a  pipe 
or  fife.  Cyc. 
TA'BOR,  1).  t.    To  strike  lightly  and  frequently. 

Iter  mai<ls  shnll  lead  her  as  with  the  voice  of  doves,  laboring 
upon  their  biva^ts. — Nahum  ii. 

3.  To  play  on  a  tabor  or  little  drum. 
TA'BOR-ER,  71.    One  who  beats  the  t.tbor.  Shak. 
TAn'0-RET,n.  [from  (aior.]  A  small  tabor.  Spectator. 
TAH'O-IUNE,  )        ri-    ,  ,  f  ,11 

TAB'O-RIN     i  "■    t      tabourtn;  from  tabor.] 

A  tabor  ;  a  small,  shallow  drum.  Shak. 

TA'BOR-ITE,  71.  A  name  given  to  certain  Bohemian 
reformers  who  sulfered  persecution  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury, named  from  Tabor,  n  hill  or  fortress  where  they 
encamped  during  a  part  of  their  struggles.  Rrande. 

TAB'OU-RET.  71.  [I'r.]  A  convex  seat  without  arms 
or  back,  mailo  of  gilt  wood,  cushioned  and  stuffed, 
covered  with  silk  cloth,  and  ornttmcnted  with  silk 
lace,  fringe,  tassels,  &,c. 


TAC 

TAB'RERE,  n.    A  laborer.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
TAB'RET,  n.    [See  Tabor.]    A  tabor.    1  Sum.  xviii. 
TAB'LI-LAR,  a.    [L.  tabniaris,  from  tabula,  table.] 

1.  In  the  form  of  a  table  ;  having  a  flat  or  square 
surface. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  laminse  or  plates. 

3.  Set  down  in  tables  ;  as,  a  tabular  list  of  sub- 
stances. 

4.  Set  in  squares.  Johnson. 
Tabular  crystal ;  one  in  which  the  prism  is  very 

short.  Phillips. 

Tabular  spar;  a  mineral  consisting  of  silica  and 
lime,  occurring  in  rather  brittle,  laminated  masses, 
the  surface  of  thelaminx  having  a  fibrous  and  pearly 
appearance.  It  is  usually  white  or  bluish-wliite.  It 
is  the  schaalstein  of  Werner.  Dana. 

TAB'U-L.aTE,  o.  (.    To  reduce  to  tables  or  synopses. 
2.  To  shape  with  a  flat  surface.  Johnson. 

TAB'IJ-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Having  a  flat  or  square 
flat  surface  ;  as,  a  tabulated  diamond.  Orew. 

TAe-A  -MA-HA'CA,  j  71.    The  popular  name  of  Icica 

TAe'.\-MA-HAe,  (  Tacainahaca,  a  tree  of  South 
America  ;  also  of  Calophyllum  Tacainahaca,  a  tree 
of  Madagascar  and  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  ;  and  ac- 
cording to  the  younger  Michaux,  (but  probably  by 
mistake,)  of  Populus  balsamifera,  a  tree  of  North 
America. 

2.  There  are  two  sorts  of  rc.!i7i  which  bear  this 
name,  one  of  them  said  to  be  the  produce  of  Calo- 
phyllum Tacainahaca  above  mentioned ;  and  the 
other  of  Elaphrium  tonieiitosum,  sometimes  called 
Fagara  octandra,  a  tree  of  the  island  of  Cura^oa,  and 
other  islands  in  its  neighborhood. 

TA'CE,  [from  L.  tacco.]  A  term  used  in  Italian  music, 
directing  to  be  silent. 

TARGET,  [L.]  in  7fin.vtc,  is  used  when  a  vocal  or  in- 
strumental part  is  to  be  silent  during  a  whole  move- 
ment. .  Cyc. 

TACH,    )  ji.    [See  Tace.]    Somi^hing  used  for  tak- 

TACUE,  i  ing  hold  or  holding  ;  a  catch  ;  a  loop  ;  a 
button.  It  is  found  in  Scripture,  but  I  believe  is  not 
now  used  in  discourse  or  writing.    Eiod.  xxvi. 

TA-CHO.M'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  ruxos,  speed,  and  ficr- 
poi:] 

An  instrument  employed  for  measuring  the  veloci- 
ty of  machines,  by  means  of  the  depression  occasioned 
in  a  column  of  fluid  by  the  centrifugal  force,  which 
causes  the  fluid  in  the  cistern  (with  which  the  grad- 
uated column  is  connected)  to  sink  in  the  center 
more  and  more  with  every  increase  of  velocity. 
Thus  the  graduated  column  falls  on  the  scale  as  the 
velocity  is  augmented,  and  rises  as  the  velocity  is 
diminished.  Olmsted. 
TAeil-Y-DRo'MI-AN,  7t.  [Gr.  rami's  and 
swift  course.] 

One  of  a  family  of  wading  birds,  allied  to  the 
plovers  ;  also,  one  of  a  tribe  of  saurian  reptiles. 

Brande. 

TACH-Y-GRAPH'ie,       )  a.  Written  in  short  hand. 
TACH-Y-GRAPH'ie-AL,  (  Oliddon. 
TA-eilYG'RA-PHY,  71.  [Gr.  raxvs,  quick,  and  jpa^u, 
to  write.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  quick  writing. 
[We  now  use  Stenographt  and  Short  Hard 
Writing.] 

TACIT,  (tas'it,)  a.  [Fr.  (ociee  ;  L.  tacitus,  from  taceo, 
to  be  silent,  that  is,  to  stop,  or  to  close.  See  Tack.] 
Silent ;  implied,  but  not  expressed.  Tacit  consent 
is  consent  by  silence,  or  not  interposing  an  objection. 
So  we  say,  a  tacit  agreement  or  covenant  of  men  to 
live  under  a  particular  government,  when  no  objec- 
tion or  opposition  is  made ;  a  tacit  surrender  of  a 
part  of  our  natural  rights  ;  a  tacit  reproach,  &c. 
TAC'IT-LY,  odu.    Silently;  by  implication;  without 

words  ;  as,  he  tacitly  assented. 
TAC'I-TURN,  a.    [L.  taciturnus.] 

Habitually  silent ;  not  free  to  converse  ;  not  apt  to 
talk  or  speak.  SmolletL 
TAC-I-TURN'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  taciturTiit^,  from  L.  taci- 
turnitas,  from  taceo,  lo  be  silent.] 
Habitual  silence  or  reserve  in  speaking. 
Too  great  lotiuacilj  and  too  great  tadlurnity  by  fits. 

Arbuthnot. 

TAC'I-TURN-I,Y,  adv.  Silently;  without  conversa- 
tion. 

T.4CK,  V.  t.  [fir.  raatra,  to  set,  place,  ordain,  the 
root  of  which  was  myo),  as  appears  from  its  de- 
rivatives, rayct^,  ni} /III.  Hence,  Fr.  attachtr.  It. 
altaccare,  Sp.  atacar,  W.  tagu,  to  stop,  Sp.  taco,  n 
stopper.  (See  Attach.)  The  primary  sense  is  ])rob- 
ably  to  thrust  or  send.] 

1.  To  fasten  ;  to  attach.  In  the  solemn  or  grave 
style,  this  word  now  appears  ludicrous ;  as,  to  get  a 
coinniendain  tacked  to  their  sties.  Swift. 

And  tack  tlic  center  to  the  sphere.  HerberL 

2.  To  unite  by  stitching  together  ;  ns,  to  tack  to- 
gether the  sheets  of  a  book  ;  to  tack  one  piece  of 
cloth  lo  another.  [In  the  familiar  style,  tliis  word  is  in 
good  use.] 

3.  To  fasten  slightly  by  nails  ;  as,  to  tack  on  a 
[board  or  shingle. 


TACI^-,  i  t''^- 

A  spot.    [JVot  used.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH*T.  — METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1124 


TAC 


TAI 


TAI 


TACK,  n.    [Ir.  taca ;  Arm.  lack.] 
I.  A  small  nail. 

a.  A  rope  used  to  confine  the  foremost  lower  cor- 
ners of  the  courses  and  stay-sails,  when  the  wind 
crosses  the  ship's  course  obliquely  ;  also,  a  rope  em- 
ployed to  pull  the  lower  corner  of  a  studding-sail  to 
the  boom.  Hence, 

3.  The  part  of  a  sail  to  which  the  tack  is  usually 
fastened  ;  the  foremost  lower  corner  of  the  courses. 
Hence, 

•1.  The  course  of  a  ship  in  regard  to  the  position  of 
her  sails  ;  as,  the  starbonrd  tacli,  or  larboard  tack  ;  the 
former  when  she  is  close-hauled  with  the  wind  on 
her  starboard,  the  latter  when  close-hauled  with 
the  wind  on  her  larboard.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  hold  tuck  ;  to  last  or  hold  out.  Tasscr. 

Tack  of  a  flair;  a  line  spliced  into  the  eye  nt  the 
bottom  of  the  tabling,  for  securing  the  flag  to  the 
halliards. 

TACK,  J),  t.  To  change  the  course  of  a  ship  by  shift- 
ing the  tacks  and  position  of  the  sails  from  one  side 
to  the  other.  Mar.  DicU 

TACK,  n.  In  rural  economy,  a  shelf  on  which  cheese 
is  dried.  [Local.] 

Tack  of  land  i  the  term  of  a  lease.  [Local.'\ 

TACK'ER,  n.    One  who  tacks  or  makes  an  addition. 

TACK'KT,  n.    A  small  nail.  Barrel. 

T.^CK'ING,  ppr.    Changing  a  ship's  course. 

TACK'ING,  11.  In  law,  a  union  of  securities  given  nt 
different  times,  .all  of  which  must  be  redeemed  be- 
fore an  intermediate  purchaser  can  interpose  his 
claim.  Bouvier. 

TACK'LE,  (tak'l,)  n.  [D.  takel,  a  pulley  and  tackle; 
lakelen,  to  rig ;  G.  takcl,  takrln  ;  Sw.  tackel,  tackla ; 
Dan.  taJikcl,takter  ;  W.  (adu,  to  put  in  order,  to  dress, 
deck,  set  right;  tactan,  t.ackling;  accouterments  ; 
laci/l,  a  tool.  This  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of 
tack,  Gr.  rnaaa.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  put  on,  or 
to  set  or  to  put  in  order.] 

1.  .\  machine  for  raising  or  lowering  heavy 
weights,  consisting  of  a  rope  and  blocks  called  a 
pulley.  Mar.  DicL 

2.  Instruments  of  action  ;  weapons. 

She  to  her  tadtU  fell.  Hudibraa. 

3.  An  arrow.  Chaucer. 

4.  The  rigging  and  apparatus  of  a  ship. 
Tackle-fall ;  the  rope,  or  rather  the  end  of  the  rope 

of  a  pulley,  which  falls  and  by  which  it  is  pulled. 

Ground-tackle  ;  anchors,  cables,  &c. 

Oun-taeklc ;  the  Instruments  for  hauling  cannon  in 
or  out. 

Tack-iaekle  ;  a  small  tackle  to  pull  down  the  tacks 
of  the  principal  sails.  Jlfar.  Diet. 

TACK'LE,  (tak'l,)  v.  t.  To  harness;  as,  to  tackle  a 
horse  into  a  gig,  sleigh,  coach,  or  wagon.  [A  legiti- 
mate and  eommon  use  of  the  word  in  America.] 

2.  To  seize  ;  to  lay. hold  of;  as,  a  wrestler  taektes 
his  antagonist ;  a  dog  tackles  the  game.  This  is  a 
common  popular  use  of  the  word  in  New  England, 
though  not  elegant.  But  it  retains  the  primitive 
idea,  to  put  on,  to  fall  or  throw  on.    [See  Attack.] 

3.  To  supply  with  tackle.  Beaum.  ^-  Fl. 
TACK'I.CT,  (tak'ld,)  pp.  or  a.    Harnessed;  seized. 

Q.  Made  of  ropes  tacked  together. 

My  mnn  .hill 

Brin^  thM  cords,  made  like  a  tackled  stair.  57ta^. 

TACK'LING,  pyrr.    Harnessing  ;  putting  on  harness  ; 

seizing  ;  falling  on. 
TACK'LING,  n.    Furniture  of  the  masts  and  yards  of 

a  ship,  as  cordage,  sails,  &.c. 

2.  Instruments  of  action  ;  as,  fishing  tackling. 

Walton, 

3.  Harness;  the  instruments  of  drawing  a  car- 
riage. 

TACKS'MAN,  n.  One  who  holds  a  tack  or  lease  of 
land  from  another ;  a  tenant  or  lessee.  [Local.] 

TACT,  n.  [L.  tactus,  from  tango,  (for  tago,)  to  touch  ; 
Fr.  tact ;  It.  tatto  :  Sp.  tacto.] 

1.  Touch  ;  feeling  ;  fonnerly,  the  stroke  in  beating 
time  in  music.    (Dan.  tttgu] 

2.  Peculiar  skill  or  faculty ;  nice  perception  or 
discernment.  Am.  Rev. 

TACTIC,       )  a.    [See  Tactics.]    Pertaining  to  the 

TAC'Tie-AL, !  art  of  military  and  nav.il  disposi- 
tions for  battle,  evolutions,  &,c. 

TAe-TI"ClAN',  (-tish'an,)  n.    One  versed  in  tactics. 

TAC'TieS,  n.  [Gr.  ronrnof,  from  Tuacui,  rarrut,  to 
set,  to  appoint;  ra^i;,  order;  Fr.  tactiqtie.  See 
TackJ 

1.  The  science  and  art  of  disposing  military  and 
naval  forces  in  order  for  battle,  and  performing  mili- 
tary and  naval  evolutions.  In  the  most  extensive 
sense,  tactics,  la  grande  taclimie  of  the  French,  com- 
prehends every  thing  that  rel.ites  to  the  order,  forma- 
tion, and  disposition  of  armies,  their  encampments, 
Uc. 

2.  The  art  of  inventing  and  making  machines  for 
throwing  darts,  arrows,  stones,  and  other  missile 
weapons.  Cye. 

TACTILE,  (-til,)  a.  [Fr.  tactile,  from  L.  tarti/is,  from 
tango,  to  touch.] 

Tangible  ;  susceptible  of  touch  ;  that  may  be  felt ; 
as,  tactile  sweets  ;  tactile  qualities.  Hale. 


TAC-TIL'I-TY,  n.  Tangibleness ;  perceptibility  of 
touch. 

TACTION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  tactio,  tango,  to  touch.] 

The  act  of  touching  ;  touch. 
TAeT'I.E.-^.S,  a.    Destitute  of  tact.  Kc.  Rev. 

TACT'IJ  AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  touch;  consisting  in 

or  derived  from  touch.  Chalmers. 
TA-I)OK'NA,  71.  [Sp.tadorno.] 

The  sheldrake.  Cyc. 
TAD'PoLE,  n.    [Sax.  farfc,  toad,  with  pola,  coinciding 
with  I.,  fullas,  young.] 

A  frog  in  its  first  state  from  the  spawn  ;  a  por- 
wiggle. 

TjE'Dl-UM,n.    [L.]    Tedium,  which  see. 

Ta:dium  viUe  ;  weariness  of  life  ;  a  mental  disorder. 

TaEL,  (tile,)  j(.  In  China,  :i  denomination  of  money 
worth  nearly  seven  shillings  sterling,  or  about  a  dol- 
lar and  a  half;  also,  a  weight  of  one  ounce  and  a 
third.  McCulloch. 

Ta'KN,  (tfir.e.)   The  poetical  contraction  of  Ta^kn. 

TAF'EL-SPATII,  n.    [G.]    Tabular  spar,  which  see. 

i\af'f'kail'''  i "  f™'" 

The  upper  part  of  a  ship's  st(>.n,  which  is  flat  like 
a  table  on  the  top,  and  sometimes  ornamented  with 
carved  work.  Mur.  Diet.  Cue 

TAF'FE-TA,  ;  n.    [Fr.  tafeta.i ;  tajfelas :  tafelan; 

TAF'FE-TY,  (     It.  taffetta  ;  D.  tof:  G.  taffct.] 

A  fine,  smooth  stiilf  of  silk,  having  usually  a  re- 
markable wavy  luster,  imparted  by  pressure  and 
heat  with  the  application  of  an  acidulous  fluid,  to 
produce  the  effect  called  watering. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Kcon. 

T.\F'I-A,  n.  A  variety  of  rum,  so  called  by  the 
French.  Ure. 

TAG,  n.  [.Sw.  tagg^  n  point  or  prickle  ;  Ice.  tag ;  Dan. 
tagger,  takker.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  a 
shoot,  coinciding  with  the  first  syllable  of  L.  digitus, 
(see  Toe  ;)  or  the  sense  is  from  putting  on,  as  in 
tackle.  In  Goth,  taga  is  hair,  the  liair  of  the  head, 
that  which  is  shot  out,  or  that  which  is  thick.  The 
latter  sense  would  show  its  alliance  to  the  \V.  tagu, 
to  choke.] 

1.  A  metallic  point  put  to  the  end  of  a  string. 

2.  Something  mean  and  paltry  ;  the  rabble.  [Vul- 
gar.] 

ro»-rag  peopl'r  did  not  clsp  him.  S?tak. 

Will  you  heuce 
Bi'fore  the  lag  return  i  SlioJi. 

3.  A  young  sheep  of  the  first  year.  [Local] 

JfalliKell. 

TAG,  V.  t.   To  fit  with  a  point ;  as,  to  tag  lace. 

2.  To  fit  one  thing  to  another ;  to  append  to. 

His  courteous  host 
Tagt  every  seotonce  Willi  some  fiiwninf  word.  Dryden, 

3.  To  join  or  fasten.  SwifL 
To  tag  after  one;  to  follow  closely,  as  it  were  an 

appendage. 

TAG,  n.  A  play  in  which  the  person  gains  who  tags, 
that  is,  touches  another.  This  was  a  common  sport 
among  boys  in  Connecticut  formerly,  and  it  may  be 
still.  The  word  is  inserted  here  for  the  sake  of  the 
evidence  it  affortis  of  the  alfinity  of  languages,  and 
of  the  original  orthography  of  the  L.  tango,  to  touch, 
which  was  tago.  This  vulgar  tag  is  the  same  word  ; 
the  primitive  word  retained  by  the  common  people. 
It  is  used  also  as  a  verb,  to  tag.    [See  Touch.] 

TAG'GJCD,  pp.  or  a.    Fitted  with  a  point  appeniied  to. 

TAG'GING,  ppr.  Fitting  with  a  point;  fitting  one 
thing  to  another. 

T.\GL'IA,  (tal'yl,)  n.  [It.]  In  m«Aam'M,  a  particu- 
lar combin:»tion  of  pulleys.  Brande. 

TAGL-IA-€0'TIAN,(t.al-ya-k3'shan,)a.  [from  Tagli- 
acozzi,  a  Venetian  surgeon.] 

Rhinoplastic  ;  applied  to  the  surgical  operation  for 
restoring  the  nose. 

TAG'RAG,  n.  or  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  lowest  class 
of  people.    [Low.]  *  S/iak. 

TAG'-SoRE,  n.   A  disease  under  the  tail  of  a  sheep. 

Cije. 

TAG'TaIL,  n.  [tar  and  tail.]  A  worm  which  his  its 
tail  of  another  color.  Walton. 

TAIL,  (tale.)  n.  [Sax.  tagl ;  Ice.  tagl ;  dim.  of  tag,  a 
shoot,  or  from  Goth,  tarra,  hair.] 

1.  "The  part  of  an  animal  which  terminates  its  body 
behind.  In  many  quadrupeds,  the  tail  is  a  shoot  or 
projection  covered  with  hair,  hanging  loose  from  the 
extremity  of  the  vertebne.  In  birds,  the  tail  consists 
of  feathers,  or  is  covered  with  them,  which  serve  to 
assist  in  the  direction  of  their  flight.  In  fishes,  the 
tail  is  formed  usually  by  a  gradual  sloping  of  the 
body,  ending  in  a  fin.  The  tail  of  a  fish  may  assist 
the  animal  in  sttrering,  but  its  principal  use  is  to  pro- 
pel the  fish  forward.    It  is  the  instrument  of  swim- 

2.  The  lower  part,  noting  inferiority.  [ming. 
The  I>onl  wUl  mnke  thee  tlic  head,  and  not  the  toi^.— Deut. 

xxviii. 

3.  Any  thing  hanging  long  ;  a  catkin.  Harvey. 
A.  The  hinder  part  of  any  thing.  Butler. 
5.  In  anatomy,  that  tendon  of  a  muscle  which  is 

fixed  to  the  movable  part.  Ci/c. 

G.  In  botany,  the  tad  of  a  seed  is  a  downy  or  feath- 
ery appendage  to  certain  seeds,  formed  of  the  perma- 
nent elongated  style.  Cyc. 


7.  Ilorse^s  tail,  among  the  Tartars  and  Chineye,  is 
an  ensign  or  flag  ;  among  the  Turk.'*,  a  standard  boriio 
hi  fore  the  grand  vizier,  biiviaw.s,  and  the  sangiacs. 
For  this  purpose  it  is  filled  t'j  a  halfpike  with  a  gold 
button,  and  is  called  Touo.  There  are  bashaws  of 
one,  two,  and  three  tails.  Cyc. 

8.  In  heraldry,  the  tail  of  a  hart. 

9.  In  music,  the  part  of  a  note  running  upward  or 
downward. 

10.  The  extremity  or  last  end  ;  as,  the  tail  of  a  storm. 
Tail  of  a  comet;  aluminous  train  extending  from 

the  nucleus  or  body  often  to  a  great  distance,  and 
usually  in  a  direction  opposite  to  the  sun.  OUn^ed. 

Tu  turn  tail  is  to  run  away  ;  to  llee. 

y'ui(  of  a  lock,  on  a  canal,  the  lower  end,  or  en- 
trance into  the  lower  pond. 
TAIL,  n.  [Fr.  tatller,  S[i.  tallar.  It.  tagliare.  Port,  tal- 
liar,  Ir.  tallam,  to  cut  off;  VV.  toil,  to  curtail,  to  sepa- 
rifc'e,  to  deal  out,  from  tawU  a  sending  or  thrtiwing,  a 
cast  or  throw,  a  separation,  diminution,  interruption. 
This  is  from  the  suiiie  rout  as  deal.  Cla^  Dl,  No.  15. 
See  Deal.] 

In  law,  an  eslnle  in  tail  is  a  limited  fee  ;  an  estate 
limited  to  certain  heirs,  and  from  which  the  other 
heirs  are  precluded.  Estates  tail  are  general  or  spe- 
cial; general,  where  lands  and  teneiiit.-iils  are  given 
to  one,  and  to  the  heirs  of  his  body  begotten  ;  special, 
where  the  gilt  is  restrained  to  certain  heirs  of  the 
donee's  body,  as  to  his  heirs  by  a  particular  woman 
named.  [See  Entail.]  Blackstone. 
TAIL,  t).  (.  To  pull  by  the  tail.  Uudibras. 
To  tail  in;  in  architecture,  to  fasten  by  one  of  the 
ends  into  a  wall,  as  a  timber.  Brande. 

tal'l'i^\ge,  i       ■•■  """''•' """-^ 

Literally,  a  .share  ;  hence,  a  lax  or  toll.  [Ohs.] 
Blackstone. 

TaIL'KD,  a.    Having  a  tail.  Orcw. 

TaIL'INGS,  71.  p/.  [from  (oi7.]  The  lighter  parts  of 
grain  blown  to  one  end  of  the  heap  in  winnowing. 
[r,ocal.]  Cyc. 

T.aILLE,  (tile,)  71.  The  fee  which  is  opposite  to  fee- 
simple,  because  it  is  so  minced  or  pared  that  it  is  not 
in  Ins  free  power  to  be  disposed  of  who  owns  it  ; 
but  it  is,  by  i\ie  first  giver,  cut  or  divided  from  all 
other,  and  lied  to  the  issue  of  the  donee.  Cowel, 

TaIL'LKSS,  a.    Having  no  tail.  Lawrence. 

TaI'LOK,  n.  [Fr.  tailteur  ;  from  tailler,  to  cut.  It.  ta- 
gliare, Ir.  tallam.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  cut  out  and  make 
men's  garments. 

TAl'LOR,  r.  i.    To  practice  making  men's  clothes. 

(h-een, 

TAI'LOR-ESS,  71.  A  female  who  makes  garments  for 
men. 

TAI'LOR-JNG,  71.    The  business  of  a  tailor. 
TaIL'-PIkCE,  71.    A  piece  at  the  end,  as  of  a  series 
of  engravings. 

2.  Ill  a  riolin,  a  piece  of  ebony  att.iched  to  the  end 
of  the  instrument,  to  which  the  strings  are  fa.stened. 

Cye. 

TaiL'-RaCE,  71.  The  stream  of  water  which  runs 
from  the  mill  after  it  has  been  applied  to  produce  the 
motion  of  the  wheel. 

TaIL'ZIE,  71.  In  Scottish  law,  an  entailment  or  deed 
whereby  the  legal  course  of  succession  is  cut  utf,  and 
an  arbitrary  one  substituted.  Brande. 

TAINT,  V.  t.  [Fr.  teindre,  to  dye  or  stain  ;  L.  tingo  ; 
Gr.  TC}yo>,  to  dye,  literally,  to  dip,  primarily,  to 
thrust,  the  sense  of  L.  tango;  and  n  not  being  rad- 
ical, the  real  word  is  tego  or  tago,  coinciding  with 
Eng.  duct;  hence  its  sense  in  eztinguo.  See  D»<, 
Attaint,  and  Tinge.] 

1.  To  imbue  or  impregnate,  as  with  some  extra- 
neous matter  which  alters  the  sensible  qualities  of 
the  substance. 

2.  More  generally,  to  impregnate  with  something 
odious,  noxious,  or  poisonous  ;  as,  putrid  substances 
taint  the  air. 

3.  'I'o  infect ;  to  poison.  The  breath  of  consump- 
tive lungs  is  said  to  taint  sound  lungs.  Ilarcey. 

4.  To  corrupt,  as  by  incipient  putrefaction  ;  as, 
tainted  meat. 

5.  To  stain  ;  to  sully  ;  to  tarnish.  Shak. 

6.  To  corrupt,  as  blood  ;  to  attaint.  [A'ot  in  u^c] 
[See  Attaint.]' 

TAINT,  r.  i.  To  be  infected  or  corrupted  ;  to  be 
touched  with  something  corrupting. 

1  cau  not  taint  with  fe&r.  Shak, 

2.  To  be  affected  with  incipient  putrefaction.  Meat 
soon  taints  in  warm  weather. 
TAINT,  71.    Tincture;  stain. 

2.  Infection  ;  corruption  ;  depravation.  Keep  chil- 
dren from  the  (aint  of  low  and  vicious  company. 

3.  A  stain  ;  a  spot ;  a  blemish  on  reputation.  Shak, 

4.  .\n  insect  ;  a  kind  of  spider.  Brown. 
TAINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Impregnated  with  something 

noxious,  (tisagreeable  to  the  senses,  or  poisonous; 

infected  ;  cornifited  ;  stained. 
TAINT'-FREE,  o.    [tahit  and  free.]    Free  from  taint 

or  guilt.  Ilrath. 
TAINT'ING,  ppr.    Impregnating  with  something  foul 

or  imisonous  ;  infecting  ;  corrupting  ;  staining 


■J 


TONE,  BtJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


TAK 

TaINT'LESS,  a.    Free  from  tainl  or  infection  ;  pure. 

Sicift. 

TAINT'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  taint. 

TAiiN'T'tTRE,  71.    [L.  linctura.] 

Taint ;  tinge  ;  defilement ;  stain  ;  spot.  [JVo(  much 
used.]  Sliak. 

TA-JA'eU,   )  n.    The  pecc.iry  or  Mexican  ho";  the 

TA-JAS'SU,  (  Dicoljles  torquatus,  a  pachyderma- 
tous mammal  inhabiting  the  eastern  side  of  South 
America. 

TAKE,  r.  t.  ;  prct.  Took  ;  pp.  Taken.  [Sax.  tacan,  to 
take^  and  to  teach  ;  also,  thiaran,  to  take,  as  food  ;  Sw. 
tagai  Dan.  ta<rer ;  Ice.  taka :  Gr.  ^£\u/iat  L.  doceo. 
This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  th'mk^  for  we  say,  I 
think  a  thing  to  be  so,  or  I  lake  it  to  be  so.  It  seems 
also  to  be  allied  to  Sax.  teoffon,  to  draw,  to  tug,  L. 
duco  :  for  we  say,  to  take  a  likeness,  and  to  draw  a 
likeness.  We  use  takinir  also  for  engaging,  attract- 
ing. We  say,  a  child  takes  to  his  mother  or  nurse, 
and  a  man  takes  to  drink  ;  which  seem  to  include 
attaching  and  holding.  We  observe  that  take  and 
teach  are  radically  the  same  word.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  get  Iiold  or  gain  possession 
of  a  thing  in  almost  any  manner,  either  by  receiving 
it  wlien  offered,  or  by  using  exertion  to  obtain  it. 
Take  differs  from  seize,  as  it  does  not  always  imply 
h.iste,  force,  or  violence.  It  more  generally  denotes 
to  gain  or  receive  into  possession  in  a  peaceable  man- 
ner, either  passively  or  by  active  exertions.  Thus, 

2.  To  receive  what  is  offered. 

Then  I  took  the  cup  al  the  Lord's  hand.  — Jer.  xxv. 

3.  To  lay  hold  of;  to  get  into  one's  power  for  keep- 
ing. 

No  man  shall  take  the  nether  or  the  upper  millstone  to  pledge.  — 
Dent.  XXIV. 

4.  To  receive  with  a  certain  affection  of  mind.  He 
takes  it  in  good  part ;  or  he  takes  it  very  ill. 

5.  To  catch  by  surprise  or  artifice  ;  to  circumvent. 

Men  ill  their  loeae,  unguarded  hours  they  take  ; 

Not  that  Uiemselves  are  wise,  but  others  weak.  Pope. 

6.  To  seize  ;  to  make  prisoner.  The  troops  en- 
tered slew  and  took  three  hundred  janizaries. 

Knolles. 

This  man  was  taken  by  the  Jews.  —  Acts  xiiii. 

7.  To  captivate  with  pleasure ;  to  engage  the  affec- 
tions ;  to  delight. 

Neither  let  her  take  thee  with  her  eyelids.  —  Prov.  vi. 
Cleombrolus  was  so  tMken  with  Itiis  prospect,  that  he  had  no 
patience.  Wake. 

8.  To  get  into  one's  power  by  engines  or  nets  ;  to 
entrap  ;  to  insnare  ;  as,  to  take  foxes  with  traps  j  to 
take  fishes  with  nets,  or  with  hook  and  line. 

9.  To  understand  in  a  particular  sense ;  to  receive 
as  meaning.    I  take  your  meaning. 

You  take  me  rijht.  Bafon. 
Charity,  taken  fn  its  largest  extent,  is  nothing  else  but  the  sin- 
cere love  to  Goil  and  ©ur  neigiiljor.  M'ake. 

10.  To  exact  and  receive. 

Take  no  usury  of  liitii  or  increase.  —  Lev.  xxv. 

11.  To  employ;  to  occupy.  The  prudent  man 
always  takes  time  for  deliberation,  before  lie  passes 
judgment. 

12.  To  agree  to ;  to  close  in  with ;  to  comply  with. 

1  take  thee  al  thy  word.  Rowe, 

13.  To  form  and  adopt ;  as,  to  take  a  resolution. 

Ciarendon. 

14.  To  catch  ;  to  embrace  ;  to  seize  ;  as,  to  take 
^ne  by  the  haml  ;  to  tiike  in  the  arms. 

15.  To  admit ;  to  receive  as  an  impression  ;  to  suf- 
fer ;  as,  to  take  a  form  or  shape. 

Vet  thy  moist  clay  is  pliant  to  command  ; 

Now  take  the  mold.  Dryden. 

16.  To  obtain  by  active  exertion  ;  as,  to  take  re- 
venge or  satisfaction  for  an  injury. 

17.  To  receive;  to  receive  intt)  the  mind. 

They  took  Itnowledge  ot  tlicm  that  they  hati  been  with  Jesus.  — 
Acu»  iv. 

It  n]>p'  ar'-d  in  his  face  that  he  took  great  contentment  in  this  our 
qiK-stion.  Bacon. 

18.  To  swallow,  as  meat  or  drink ;  as,  to  take 
food  ;  to  take  a  glass  of  wine. 

19.  To  swallow,  as  medicine ;  as,  to  talie  pills  ;  to 
talie  stimulants. 

QO.  To  choose  ;  to  elect.  Take  which  you  please. 
But  the  sense  of  choosing,  in  this  phrase,  is  derived 
from  the  connection  of  take  with  pfemc.  So  we  say, 
take  your  choice. 

21.  To  copy. 

Beauty  •lune  could  beauty  take  so  right.  Dnjden. 

28.  To  fasten  on  ;  to  seize.  The  frost  has  taken 
the  com  ;  the  worms  have  taken  the  vines. 


23.  To  acrept ;  not  to  refuse.  lie  offered  me  a 
fee,  but  I  would  not  talie  it. 

Ye  shall  takt  no  salisraction  for  the  life  of  a  murderer.  —  Num. 

XXXV. 

24  To  adopt. 

I  will  Udu  you  I*  rae  for  n  people.  —  Ex.  vl. 


TAK 

25.  To  admit. 

Let  not  a  widow  be  taken  into  the  number  under  threescore.  — 
1  Tmi.  T. 

26.  To  receive,  as  any  temper  or  disposition  of 
mind ;  as,  to  take  shame  to  one's  self;  to  take  de- 
light ;  to  take  pride  or  pleasure. 

27.  To  endure  ;  to  bear  without  resentment ;  or  to 
submit  to  without  attempting  to  obtain  satisfaction. 
He  will  take  an  affront  from  no  man.  Can  not  you 
take  a  jest.^ 

28.  To  draw ;  to  deduce. 

The  firm  lielief  ofa  future  judgment  is  the  most  forcible  motive  to 
a  good  111.?,  beciuse  taken  from  this  consideration  of  the  most 
lasting  happiness  and  misery.  TUlotson. 

29.  To  assume  ;  as,  I  take  the  liberty  to  say. 

Locke. 

30.  To  allow  ;  to  admit ;  to  receive  as  true,  or  not 
disputed  ;  as,  to  take  a  thing  for  granted. 

31.  To  suppose ;  to  receive  in  thought ;  to  enter- 
tain in  opinion  ;  to  understand.  This  I  take  to  be 
the  man's  motive. 

He  took  that  for  virtue  and  affection  which  was  notliing  but  vice 

in  disguise.  South. 
You'd  doubt  his  sex,  and  Ixike  him  for  a  girl.  Tate. 

32.  To  seize ;  to  invade ;  as,  to  be  taken  with  a 
fever. 

33.  To  have  recourse  to ;  as,  the  sparrow  takes  a 
bush  ;  tlve  cat  takes  a  tree.  [In  this  sense,  we  usu- 
ally say,  the  bird  takes  to  a  bush,  the  squirrel  takes  to 
a  tree.1 

34.  To  receive  into  the  mind. 

Those  do  best  who  take  material  hints  to  be  judged  by  history. 

Locke. 

35.  To  hire  ;  to  rent ;  to  obtain  possession  on 
lease  ;  as,  to  take  a  liouse  or  farm  for  a  year. 

3fi.  To  admit  in  copulation. 

37.  To  draw  ;  to  copy  ;  to  paint  a  likeness  ;  as,  a 
likeness  taken  by  Reynolds. 

38.  To  conquer  and  cause  to  surrender ;  to  gain 
possession  of  by  force  or  capitulation ;  as,  to  take  an 
army,  a  city,  or  a  ship. 

39.  To  be  discovered  or  detected.  He  was  taken 
in  the  very  act. 

40.  To  require  or  be  necessary.  It  takes  so  much 
cloth  to  make  a  coat. 

To  take  away ;  to  deprive  of ;  to  bereave  ;  as,  a  bill 
for  talitng  away  the  votes  of  bishops. 

By  your  own  law  I  take  your  life  away.  Dryden. 

2.  To  remove  ;  as,  to  take  away  the  consciousness 
of  pleasure.  Locke. 

To  talie  care ;  to  be  careful ;  to  be  solicitous  for. 
Doth  God  take  care  for  oxen  f  —  I  Cor.  ix. 

2.  To  be  cautious  or  vigilant.  Take  care  not  to 
exjiose  your  health. 

To  lake  care  of;  to  superintend  or  oversee  ;  to  have 
the  charge  of  keepin'^  or  securing. 

To  take  a  course  i  to  resort  to  ;  to  have  recourse  to 
measures. 

The  viul'Mice  of  storming  is  the  course  which  God  is  forced  to 
lake  for  the  destroying  of  sinners.  Hammond. 

To  take  one^s  own  course ;  to  act  one's  pleasure  ;  to 
pursue  the  measures  of  one's  own  choice. 

To  take  down:  to  reduce;  to  bring  lower;  to  de- 
press ;  as,  to  lake  down  pride,  or  the  proud. 

2.  To  swallow  ;  as,  to  take  down  a  potion. 

3.  To  pull  down  ;  to  pull  to  pieces ;  as,  to  take 
down  a  house  or  a  scaffold. 

4.  To  write  ;  as,  to  take  down  a  man's  words  at  the 
time  he  utters  them. 

To  take  from  ;  to  deprive  of. 

1  will  smite  thee,  and  bike  thine  head  from  thee.  —  1  Sam.  xvii. 

2.  To  deduct ;  to  subtract ;  as,  to  take  one  number 
from  another. 

3.  To  detract ;  to  derogate.  Dryden. 
To  take  heed ;  to  be  careful  or  cautious. 

Take  heed  what  doom  against  yourself  you  give.  Dryden. 

To  take  heed  to  i  to  attend  to  with  care.  Take  heed 
to  thy  ways. 

To  take  hold;  to  seize  ;  to  fix  on, 

7't;  take  in ;  to  inclose  ;  to  fence.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  cm  umpass  or  embrace ;  to  comprise ;  to 
comprehend. 

3.  To  draw  into  a  smaller  compass  ;  to  contract ; 
to  brail  or  furl  ;  us,  to  Oike  in  sail. 

4.  To  cheat ;  to  circumvent ;  to  gull  ;  to  deceive. 
[JV'ot  elrgnnt.'j 

5.  To  admit;  to  receive  ;  as,  a  vessel  will  take  in 
more  w.iter ;  the  landlord  said  ho  could  take  in  no 
more  lodgers. 

6.  To  win  by  conquest.    [JVot  in  use.]  Fclton. 

7.  To  receive  into  the  mind  or  understanding. 


Some  bright  gen 


■  can  take  in  a  lung  tram  of  propositions, 

Warn. 


To  take  in  hand:  to  undertake  ;  to  attempt  to  exe- 
cute any  thing.    Luke  i. 

'i'o  take  notice  ;  to  observe ;  or  to  observe  with  par- 
ticular attention. 

2.  To  show  hy  some  act  that  observation  is  made  ; 
to  make  remark  upon.  He  heard  what  was  said, 
but  took  no  notice  of  it. 


TAK 

To  take  oath ;  to  swear  with  solemnity,  or  in  a  ju- 
dicial manner. 

To  take  off;  to  remove,  in  various  ways ;  to  re- 
move from  the  top  of  any  thing ;  as,  to  take  off  a 
load  ;  to  take  ozone's  h.it,  &c. 

2.  To  cut  of}";  as,  to  lake  off  the  head  or  a  limb. 

3.  To  destroy  ;  as,  to  take  off  life. 

4.  To  remove  ,  to  invalidate ;  as,  to  lake  off  the 
force  of  an  argument. 

5.  To  withdraw  ;  to  call  or  draw  away. 

Keep  foreign  ideas  from  taking  oj?"  tlie  mind  from  its  present 
pursuit.  Locke. 

6.  To  swallow ;  as,  to  take  off  a  glass  of  wine. 

7.  To  purchase ;  to  take  from  iii  trade. 

The  Spaniards  having  no  commodities  that  we  will  faKre  off. 

Locke. 

8.  To  copy. 

Take  off  all  their  models  in  wood.  Adi^on. 

9.  To  imitate  ;  to  mimic. 

10.  To  find  place  for ;  as,  more  scholars  than  pre- 
ferments can  take  off. 

To  take  off  from ;  to  lessen  ;  to  remove  in  part. 
This  takes  off  from  the  deformity  of  vice. 

To  take  order  with;  to  check.    [Aut  much  used.] 

Bacon. 

To  take  out;  to  remove  from  within  a  place;  to 
separate ;  to  deduct. 

2.  To  draw  out ;  to  remove  ;  to  clear  or  cleanse 
from  ;  as,  to  take  out  a  stain  or  spot  from  cloth ;  to 
take  out  an  unpleasant  taste  from  wine. 

To  take  part;  to  share.    Tuie  ;>ar£  in  our  rejoicing. 

To  takepart  with  ;  to  unite  with  ;  to  join  with. 

To  take  place ;  to  happen  ;  to  come,  or  come  to 
pass. 

2.  To  liave  effect ;  to  prevail. 

Where  arms  take  place,  all  other  pleas  are  vain.  Dryden. 
To  take  effect;  to  have  the  intended  effect ;  to  be 
efficacious. 

To  take  root ;  to  live  and  grow,  as  a  plant. 
2.  To  be  established,  as  principles. 
To  take  up  ;  to  lift ;  to  raise. 

2.  To  buy  or  borrow  ;  as,  to  take  up  goods  to  a  large 
amount ;  to  take  up  money  at  the  bank. 

3.  To  begin  ;  as,  to  take  up  a  lamentation.  Ezek. 
xix. 

4.  In  surgery,  to  fasten  with  a  ligature. 

5.  To  engross ;  to  employ ;  to  engage  the  atten- 
tion ;  as,  to  take  up  the  time. 

6.  To  have  final  recourse  to. 

Amobius  asserts  that  men  of  llie  finest  parts  took  up  their  rest  in 
the  Christian  religion.  Addison. 

7.  To  seize  ;  to  catch  ;  to  arrest ;  as,  to  fate  up  a 
thief ;  to  take  up  vagabonds. 

8.  To  admit. 

The  ancients  took  up  experiments  upon  credit.  Baeon. 

9.  To  answer  by  reproof ;  to  reprimand. 

One  of  his  relations  took  him  up  roundly.  L' Estrange. 

10.  To  begin  where  another  left  off. 

Soon  as  the  evening  shades  prevail, 

The  moon  lakes  up  tlie  wondrous  tale.  Addison. 

11.  To  occupy  ;  to  fill ;  as,  to  taJce  up  a  great  deal 
of  room. 

12.  To  assume  ;  to  carrj'  on  or  manage  for  another ; 
as,  to  take  up  the  quarrels  of  our  neighbors. 

13.  To  comprise  ;  to  include. 

The  noble  poem  of  Palemon  and  Arcite  takes  up  seven  ye.ars. 

Dryden. 

14.  To  adopt;  to  assume;  as,  to  take  up  current 
opinions. 

They  take  up  our  old  trade  of  conquering.  Dryden. 

15.  To  collect ;  to  exact  a  tax.  Knolles. 
Hi.  To  pay  and  receive ;  as,  to  take  vp  a  note  at 

the  bank.  Johnson^s  Reports. 

To  take  up  arms ;  )  to  begin  war ;  to  begin  rcsist- 

To  take  arms ;      \      ance  by  force. 

7'o  take  up  the  gauntlet.    See  Gauntlet. 

To  take  the  field  ;  in  military  language,  to  encamp  , 
to  commence  the  operations  of  a  campaign. 

CampbeWs  Military  Diet. 

To  take  upon  ;  to  assume  ;  to  undertake.  He  takes 
upon  himself  to  assert  that  the  fact  is  capable  of 
proof. 

2.  To  appropriate  to  ;  to  admit  to  be  imputed  to; 
as,  to  take  upon  one's  self  a  piinisbinent. 

To  take  side ;  to  join  one  of  two  differing  parties  ; 
to  take  an  interest  in  one  party. 

7'u  lake  to  heart ;  to  be  sensibly  affected  by  ;  to  feel 
any  thing  sensibly. 

To  take  adoantage  of;  to  catch  by  surprise ;  or  to 
make  use  of  a  favorable  state  of  things,  to  the  prej- 
udice of  another. 

To  take  the  adcantage  of;  to  use  any  advantage 
offered. 

To  take  air ;  to  be  divulged  or  made  public ;  to  be 
discloscfl ;  as  a  secret. 

To  take  tlie  air;  to  expose  one's  self  to  the  open 
air. 

To  take  a  course;  lo  begin  a  ccrL-.n  direction  or 
way  of  proceeding. 

To  take  trace ;  to  bid  adieu  or  farewell. 


FATE,  FAH,  F^LL,  WHAT — METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  HQQK. — 


TAL 


TAL 


To  take  breatli ;  to  rest ;  to  be  recruited  or  re- 
freshed. 

To  ta/ie  aim  ;  to  direct  the  eye  or  a  weapon  to  a 
particular  object. 

To  Uike  alon^  i  to  carr>',  lead,  or  couvey. 

To  lake  a  way ;  to  begin  a  particular  course  or  di- 
rection. 

TAKE,  vfi.  To  move  or  direct  the  course  ;  to  resort 
to,  or  to  attach  one's  self ;  to  betake  one's  self.  The 
fo.\,  being  hard  pressed,  took  to  the  hedge.  IMy  friend 
has  left  Ins  music,  and  talien  to  books. 

The  (U'tluxion,  taking  to  his  breast,  wusteU  hii  luiis^.  Baeon. 

2.  To  please  ;  to  gain  reception.  Tlie  play  will 
not  take,  unless  it  is  set  off  with  proper  scenes. 

Each  wit  may  prnijfe  it  for  his  own  ilenr  s-ikc, 

Anil  bint  he  writ  it,  if  thf  thii)<;  sliouid  lake.  Addison. 

3.  To  have  the  intended  or  natural  effect. 

In  impressions  from  miiul  to  mint!,  tin"  impression  takelh. 

Bacon, 

4.  To  catch  ;  to  fix,  or  be  fixed.  lie  was  inocu- 
lated, but  the  infection  did  not  take. 

Wlien  flame  tatetA  ontl  openeth,  it  jjivoth  n  noise.  Bacon. 

To  lake  after :  to  learn  to  follow  ;  to  copy  ;  to  imi- 
tate ;  as,  he  takes  after  a  good  pattern. 

2.  To  resemble  ;  as,  the  son  takes  after  his  father. 

To  take  in  with  ;  to  resort  to.  Bacon. 

To  take  for;  to  mistake  j  to  suppose  or  think  one 
thing  to  be  another. 

The  lord  of  the  innd  took  us  for  spies.  — Gen.  xlii. 

To  lake  on  ;  to  be  violently  affected  ;  as,  the  child 
takes  on  at  a  great  rate. 

2.  To  claim,  as  a  character. 

I  lake  not  on  me  here  as  a  physici.in.  ShaJi. 

To  take  to ;  to  apply  to ;  to  be  fond  of;  to  become 
attached  to ;  as,  to  take  to  books ;  to  ta/ie  to  evil 
practices. 

9.  To  resort  to  ;  to  betake  to. 

Men  of  lr.imin?,  who  bLireV  business,  dischar^  it  generally  with 
greater  honesty  thai)  roea  of  the  world.  Addison. 

To  take  up  ;  to  stop. 

iSinners  .it  last  take  up  and  settle  in  a  contempt  of  alt  p^Ii^'on. 
[.Vol  in  use.]  TUlolson. 

2.  To  reform.    [JVot  in  use.]  Locke. 

To  take  up  with  ;  to  be  contented  to  receive  ;  to  re- 
ceive without  opposition ;  as,  to  take  up  with  plain 
fare. 

In  affairs  which  m.ay  hare  an  extensive  influence  on  our  future 
happiness,  we  stiould  not  take  up  leiih  proUibililies.  Walls. 

2.  To  lodge  ;  to  dwell.    [JVot  in  use.]  South. 
To  take  with ;  to  please.    The  proposal  takes  well 
with  him. 

TaK'£N,  (tSk'n,)  pp.  of  Take.    Received;  caught; 

apprehended  ;  captivated,  &.c. 
TAK'ER,  n.    One  th.nt  takes  or  receives;  one  who 
catches  or  apprehends. 

2.  One  that  subdues  and  causes  to  surrender ;  as, 
the  laker  of  captives  or  of  a  city. 
TaK'I.NG,  ppr.    Receiving;  catching;  getting  pos- 
session ;  apprehending. 
2.  a.    Alluring  ;  attracting. 
TAK'ING,  n.    The  act  of  gaining  possession  ;  a  seiz- 
ing ;  sieizure  ;  apprehension. 
2.  Agitation ;  distress  of  mind. 

What  a  taking  was  he  in,  when  your  husband  asked  what  was 
in  the  tAsket  I  Shak. 

TAK'ING-LY,  ado.   In  a  taking  or  attractive  manner. 

Beaitm.  ^-  Fl. 

T.XK'IN'G-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  pleasing.  Taylor. 

T.\L'A-POI.N,  I  n.    In  Siam  and  Burmah,  a  name 

TEL'.\-l'OI.\,  i  given,  by  some  European  nations, 
to  a  priest.    Also,  a  species  of  monkey. 

TAL'BOT,  n.    A  sort  of  dog,  noted  for  his  quick 
scent  and  eager  pursuit  of  game.  [The  figure  of  a  dog 
is  said  to  be  borne  in  the  arms  of  the  Talbot  family.] 
Cijc.  Johnson, 

T.ALC,  n.  [G.  talk,  isinglass  ;  tal/r,  tallow  ;  Sw.  talk, 
lalg,  id. ;  ban.  ttlg,  taUj,  tallow,  and  talk,  talrrsteen, 
tallow-stone  ;  D.  talk,  tallow  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  talco.] 

A  magnesian  mineral,  consisting  of  broad,  flat, 
smooth  lamins  or  plates,  unctuous  to  the  touch,  of  a 
shining  luster,  translucent,  and  often  transparent. 
Ry  the  action  of  fire,  the  lamins  open  a  little,  the 
fragment  swells,  and  the  extremities  arejvith  diffi- 
ctilly  fused  into  a  white  enamel.  When  rubbed 
with  resin,  talc  acquires  positive  electricity.  Its 
prevailing  colors  are  white,  apple-green,  and  yellow. 

Cijc.  Kirwan. 

TALCK'ITE,  n.  A  species  of  talc  of  a  loose  form  ; 
nacrile. 

T.^l.e'oSE,  )  a.  Talcky ;  pertaining  to  or  composed 
TALC'OUS,  !      of  talc. 

TALCK'Y,  a.    Like  talc  ;  consisting  of  talc  ;  as,  a 
talcky  feel  ;  a  talcky  substance. 
2.  Containing  talc. 

TALE,  n.  [See  Tkll.]  A  story  ;  a  narrative  ;  the 
rehearsal  of  a  scries  of  events  or  adventures,  com- 
monly some  trifling  incidents  ;  or  a  fictitious  narra- 
tive ;  as,  the  tale  of  a  tub;  .Marmontel's  tales;  idle 
tales.    Luke  xxiv. 

We  spend  our  years  as  a  tale  thst  is  told.  —  Ps.  xc. 


2.  Oral  relation.  Shak. 

3.  Reckoning  ;  account  set  down.    Kzod.  v. 

In  packing,  Ilii-y  keep  a  Just  talt  of  the  iiun^T.  Carew. 

4.  Ntimber  reckoned.  ~ 

Til'.-  iftnortiit  who  nii-.-isiire  by  tale,  not  by  weight.  Hooker. 

5.  A  telling ;  information;  disclosure  of  any  thing 
secret. 

Birds  are  aptest  by  their  voice  to  telt  tales  what  they  And. 

Bacon. 

6.  In  law,  a  count  or  declaration.  [Tale,  in  this 
sen.sc,  is  obsolete.] 

7.  In  commerce,  a  weight  for  gold  and  silver  in 
China  and  other  parts  of  the  Ea.st  Indies;  also,  a 
money  of  account.  In  China,  each  tale  is  10  maces 
=r  ino  candareeiis  =  1000  cash.  Cije. 

TALK,  r.  i.    To  tell  stories.    [Obs.]  Guwer. 

TALE'lii:.AR-ER,  71.  [tale  aniX  bear.]  A  person  who 
oflicioiisly  tells  tales;  one  who  inipertinenlly  ctim- 
mtinicales  intelligence  or  anecilotes,  and  makes  inis- 
cliief  in  society  by  his  oflicioiisncss. 

Where  thei-e  is  no  talebearer,  tlie  strife  ceaseth.  —  Prov.  ixvi. 

TALE'REAR-IXG,  a.  Officiously  communicating  in- 
formation. 

TALE'IiEAR-IXG,  n.  The  act  of  informing  oflicious- 
ly  ;  cominunication  of  secrets  maliciously. 

TALE'I'JJL,  a.    .Abounding  with  stories.  Thomson. 

TAL'ENT,  n.  [L.  tatcnturn  ;  Or.  raXafrnv,  from  ra- 
Xaio,  to  bear,  allied  to  L.  tallo.  The  word  is  said  to 
have  originally  signified  a  balance  or  scales.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  Greelcs,  ,i  weight  and  de- 
nomination of  money  equal  to  CO  mins  or  COOO 
drachma,'.  The  Attic  t.ilent,  as  a  weight,  was  nearly 
equal  to  57  lbs.  avoinlupois ;  as  a  denomination  of 
silver  money,  £243  15  s.  sterling,  or  more  than 
§1100.  Smith's  Did. 

2.  Among  the  Hebrews,  a  weight  and  denomi- 
nation of  money  equivalent  to  3000  shekels. 
-As  a  weight,  therefore,  it  was  equal  to  about  93{ 
lbs.  avoirilupois  ;  as  a  ilenoniiiiation  of  silver,  it  has 
been  variously  estimated  at  from  £340  to  £396  ster- 
ling, or  from  about  $1500  to  SIHOO.  The  highest 
value  is  that  given  by  the  latest  atithorilies. 

'  jirbuthnol.    P.  Cue.  JIussey. 

3.  Faculty;  natural  gift  or  endon  iiient  ;  a  nut.i- 
phorical  application  of  the  word,  said  tci  be  borroweii 
from  the  scriptural  parable  of  the  talents.   Matt.  .\xv. 

He  is  chi'-fly  to  l)e  consid'-red  in  liis  three  ditrerent  lalenls.  as  a 
critic,  a  satirist,  and  a  writer  of  odes.  Urydsn. 

4.  Eminent  abilities  ;  superior  genius ;  as.  he  is  a 
man  of  talents. 

[Talent,  in  the  singular,  is  sometimes  used  in  a 
like  sense.] 

5.  Particular  faculty  ;  skill.  He  has  a  talent  at 
drawing. 

6.  [Sp.  talante,  manner  of  performing  any  thing, 
will,  disposition.]    Quality  ;  disposition.  Swift. 

TAL'ENT-EO,  a.  Furnished  with  talents  ;  possessing 
skill  or  talents.  C'l.  Spectator. 

[This  word  is  formed  like  a  participle,  but  without 
a  verb,  like  Bigoted,  Turreted,  Tarceteo,] 
TA'Le?,  n.  pi.    [L.  talii,  pi.  tales.] 

In  law,  tales  ac  circutnstantihus,  S|)ectators  in  court, 
from  whom  the  sheriff  is  to  select  men  to  supply  any 
defect  of  jurors  who  are  iinpanneled,  but  who  may 
not  appear,  or  may  be  challenged. 
TALES'.MAN,  n.  A  person  summoned  to  act  as  a 
juror  from  among  the  hy-standers  at  court.  Such 
persons  were  called,  in  law,  tales  de  circumstantibus. 

Bouvier. 

TALE'TELL-ER,  n.    One  who  tells  tales  or  stories. 

Ouardian. 

TA'LI-O.V,  n.    Law  of  retaliation.  Scoff. 
TA-Lf-O'JV/S,  LEX  Ta-LI-O'.VIS,  [L.]    In  law,  the 

law  of  retaliation.    [See  Retaliate.] 
TAL'I-PEO,  n.    [L.  talus,  an  ankle,  and  pes,  a  foot.] 
The  disease  called  club-foot ;  also,  a  person  alfect- 

cd  with  this  disease. 
TAL'IS-.MAN,  71.    [Gr.  Tt\ia;ia,  tribute,  or  rcXeiriios, 

accomplishment,  both  from  rcXcio,  to  terminate.  A 

term  introduced  into  medicine  by  Apollonius  of  Ly- 

dana.  Spreniret.] 

1.  A  magical  figure  cut  or  engraved  under  certain 
superstitious  observances  of  the  configuration  of  the 
heavens,  to  which  wonderful  effects  are  ascribed  ; 
or  it  is  the  seal,  figure,  character,  or  image,  of  a 
heavenly  sign,  constellation,  or  planet,  engraven  on 
a  sympathetic  stone,  or  on  a  metal  corresponding  to 
the  star,  in  order  to  receive  its  influence.  The  talis- 
mans of  the  Sainothr.acians  were  pieces  of  iron, 
formed  into  images  and  set  in  rings,  &c.  They  were 
held  to  be  preservativesagainst  diseases  and  ali  kinds 
of  evil.s.  ■  Cue. 

Talism.ins  are  of  three  kinds,  astronomical,  mairical, 
and  mixed.    Hence,  " 

2.  Something  that  produces  extraordinary  effects ; 
as,  a  tali.'man  to  destroy  diseases.  Swift. 

TAL-IS-M.-\.N'ie,  a.  Magical;  having  the  properties 
of  a  talisman,  or  preservative  against  evils  by  secret 
influence.  Mdison. 

TALK,  (tawk,)  v.  L  [Dan.  talker  ;  Sw.  tolka,  to  inter- 
pret, translate,  explain  ;  D.  (oa«n,  id. ;  Rtiss.  to/Amyii, 
id.   This  is  probably  the  s.anie  word  differently  ap- 


plied. 'J'he  word  is  formed  from  tell.  See  Tell, 
fur  the  Danish  anil  Swedish.] 

1.  To  conver:<e  ftiiiiliarly  ;  to  Hpenk,  as  in  fimiliar 
discourse,  whcHi  two  or  more  persons  interchange 
thoughts. 

1  will  buy  with  you,  sell  with  you,  talk  with  you;  but  I  wilt  not 
cat  with  you.  6*A<Ur. 
In  JFjson's  time 

When  ntt  tilings  talked,  and  talked  in  rhy  me.  TVum^uff. 
I  will  coine  down  and  talk  with  tliee.  —  Num.  xi. 
Did  not  our  hearts  burn  within  us,  while  be  talked  with  us  ty  the 
way  i  —  Luke  xxiv, 

2.  To  prate  ;  to  speak  impertinently.  Milton. 

3.  To  talk  of;  to  relate  ;  to  tell  ;  to  give  account. 
Authors  talk  of  the  wonderful  remains  of  Palmyra. 

The  naturnt  histories  of  Switu-rland  talk  much  of  the  fall  of 

thi's*'  rocks,  and  the  great  damage  done.  Addison. 
So  shall  I  talk  o/Uiy  wondrvaia  works.  —  Ps.  czlx. 

4.  To  speak  ;  to  reason  ;  to  confer. 

L-'t  me  talk  with  thee  of  thy  Judgments.  —  Jer.  xij. 

To  talk  to  ;  in  familiar  lan^uQtre,  to  advise  or  ex- 
hort ;  or  to  rejirove  gently.  I  will  talk  to  my  son 
respecting  his  conduct. 
TALK,  (tawk,)  ti.  F.amiliar  converse  ;  mutual  dis- 
course ;  that  which  is  uttered  by  ime  person  in  fa- 
miliar conversation,  or  the  mutual  converse  of  two 
or  more. 

Should  a  man  full  of  tnlk  be  Justified  f  —  Job  xi. 

Ill  various  talk  ih'  instructive  houn  they  passed.  Pops. 

2.  Report ;  rumor. 

I  h'-ar  a  taJk  up  and  down  of  raising  money.  Locks. 

3.  Subject  of  discourse.  This  noble  achievement 
is  the  talk  of  the  whole  town. 

4.  Among  the  Indians  of  Mrrtk  America,  a  public 
conference,  as  respecting  iieace  or  war,  negotiation, 
and  the  like  ;  or  an  official  verbal  ctmimunication 
made  from  them  to  another  nation  or  its  agents,  or 
made  to  them  by  the  same. 

TALK,  a  mineral.    [See  Talc.] 

TALK' A-TI VE,  (tawk'a-tiv,)  a.  Given  to  much  talk- 
ing ;  full  of  prate  ;  loqiiacititis  ;  garrulous.  One  of 
the  faults  of  old  age  is  to  be  talkative. 

TALK'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  talkative  manner. 

TALK'.\-TlVE-i\'ESS,  (tawk'a-tiv-ness,)  n.  Lo- 
quacity ;  garrulity  ;  the  practice  or  habit  of  speaking 
much  in  conversation.  Swift. 

TALK'ER,  (tawk'er,)  n.    One  who  talks  ;  also,  .a  lo- 
quacious person,  male  or  female  ;  a  prattler.  SAoJt. 
2.  A  boaster.  Taylor. 

TALK'ING,  (tawk'ing,)  ppr.  Conversing;  speaking 
in  familiar  conversation.    Malt.  xvii. 

2.  a.  Given  to  talking  ;  liKjuacious  ;  as,  talking 
age.  Ooldsmil}!. 

TALK'ING,  (tawk'ing,)  ji.  The  act  of  conversing 
familiarly  ;  as,  foolish  talking.    Eph.  v. 

TALL,  (tawl,)  a.  [\X.  tali  lalau,  to  grow  tall.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  stretch  or  extend  ;  W.  tellu,  to 
stretch  ;  Sp.  fa//a,  raised  work,  also  stature  ;  talU, 
shape,  size  ;  tnllo,  a  shoot  or  sprout ;  lalludo,  tall, 
slender;  talon,  the  heel,  that  is,  a  shoot ;  Port,  talo, 

a  stalk;  taludo,  stalky;  Ar.  jUa  taula,to  be  long, 

to  spread,  to  be  e.xtended,  to  defer  or  del.iy,  that  is, 
to  draw  out  in  time,  Eng.  dally,  Cla.ss  Dl,  Xo.  20  ; 
allied,  probably,  to  L.  (oi7o,  Gr.  rcXXoi.  In  Sw.  tall 
is  a  pine-tree.] 

1.  High  in  stature  ;  long  and  comparatively  slen- 
der ;  applied  to  a  person,  or  to  a  standing  tree,  mast, 
or  pole.  Tall  ahv.iys  refers  to  something  erect,  aad 
of  which  the  diameter  is  small  in  projiortion  to  the 
hight.  We  say,  a  tall  man  or  woman,  a  tall  boy  for 
his  age  ;  a  tall  tree,  a  tall  pole,  a  tall  mast ;  but  we 
never  say,  a  tall  house  oi  a  (<i//  mountain.  The  ap- 
plication of  the  word  to  a  palace  or  its  shadow,  in 
Waller,  is  now  improper. 

Dark  shadows  ciut,  and  as  his  p:\tace  tall.  Waller. 

2.  Sturdy  ;  lusty  ;  bold.    [Unugual.]  Shak. 
T  \L'LL\GE  [fr.  taiUer,  tocutoff.  SeeTAii.] 

.IncicnUy,  a  certain  rate  or  tax  paid  by  barons, 
knight-s,  and  inferior  tenants,  toward  the  public  ex- 
penses. When  it  w.as  paid  out  of  knight's  fees,  it 
was  called  Scutaoe  ;  when  by  cities  and  burghs, 
Tali.iaoe;  when  upon  lands  iiot  held  by  military 
tenure,  IIioage.  Blackslane. 

TAL'LAGE,  r.  (.    To  lay  an  impost.         Bp.  F.llis. 

TAL'LI-/:!),  (tal'lid,)  pp.  Scored  with  correspondent 
notchtrs  ;  fitted  ;  suited. 

TAL'LI  ER.n.    One  who  keeps  tally.  Pope. 

TALL  NESS,  JI.    Hight  of  stature    [See  Talu] 

TAL'LOW,  II.    [Dan.  Uelg;  D.  talk;  G.  and  Sw.talg; 

Eth.  mA A  talal,  to  be  fat ;  Ar.  ^Js  talla,  to  be 
moist.    Class  Dl,  No.  21.] 

.\  sort  of  animal  fat,  particularly  that  which  is  ob- 
tained from  animals  of  the  sheep  and  ox  kinds. 
We  speak  of  the  tallow  of  an  ox  or  cow,  or  of  shei  p. 
This  substance  grows  chielly  about  the  kidneys,  and 
on  the  intestines.  The  fat  of  »wine  we  nevrr  call 
tallow,  but  lard.    I  see,  in  English  lnHiks  mention  is 


TONE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


TAL 

made  of  t!ie  tallow  of  hogs,  (see  Cijctojiedia^  article 
Tallow  : )  but  in  America  I  never  heard  the  word 
thus  applied.  It  may  be  applied  to  tlie  fat  of  goats 
and  deer.  The  fat  of  bears  we  call  bear's  ^ease. 
Tallow  is  applied  to  various  uses,  but  chiefly  to  the 
manufacture  of  candles. 

TAL'LoW,  V.  t.    To  grease  or  smear  with  tallow. 

2.  To  fatten  ;  to  cause  to  have  a  large  quantity  of 
tallow  ;  as,  to  tallow  sheep.  Farmers. 

TAL'LoW-CAN'DLE,  n.    A  candle  made  of  tallow. 

TAL'LoW-CHAND'LER,  n.  [Cluindler  is  generally 
supposed  to  be  from  the  Fr.  chandelier^  and  the  word 
to  signify  tallow-candler,  a  maker  of  candles ;  for  in 
Fr.  c/iajuieder  is  a  tallow-chandler.  See  Corn-Chand- 

LER.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  make,  or  to  make  and 
sell,  tallow  candles. 

T.\L'Lo\V-£D,  pp.    Greased  or  smeared  with  tallow. 
2.  Made  fat ;  filled  with  tallow. 

TAL'LoVV-ER,  n.  An  animal  disposed  to  form  tallow 
iiuernally.  Ctic. 

T.\L'LOVV-FaC-M),  (-faste,)  a.  Having  a  sickly 
complexion  ;  pale.  Burton. 

TAL'LoW-ING,  ppr.    Greasing  with  tallow. 

9.  Causing  to  gather  tallow  ;  a  term  in  airricuHure. 

TAL'LoW-ING,  n.  The  act,  practice,  or  art,  of  caus- 
ing animals  to  gather  tallow  ;  or  the  property  in  ani- 
mals of  forming  tallow  internally  ;  a  term  in  agricul- 
inre.  Cyc. 

TAl.'l^CiW  ISH,  o.  Having  the  properties  or  nature 
of  tallow. 

T.\I/I.()W  TREE,  n.  The  Stillingia  sebifera,  a  tree 
of  China  and  other  parts.  It  takes  this  name  from 
its  producing  a  substance  like  tallow,  and  which  is 
applied  to  the  same  purposes.  The  Vateria  Indica, 
a  tree  of  Uindostan,  affords  a  substance,  in  its  gen- 
eral properties,  intermediate  between  wax  and  tal- 
low, and  called  Piney  Tallow.  P.  Cyc. 

TAL'L6\V-Y,  a.  Greasy;  having  the  qualities  of 
tallow. 

TAL'LY,  n.  [Fr.  tailler.  Port,  talhar,  Sp.  tMlar,  to 
cut.    See  Tail.] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  on  which  notches  or  scores  are 
cut,  as  the  marks  of  number.  In  purcliasing  and 
selling,  it  is  customary  for  traders  to  have  two  sticks, 
or  one  stick  cleft  into  two  parts,  and  to  mark  with  a 
score  or  notch,  on  each,  the  number  or  quantity  of 
goods  delivered  ;  the  seller  keeping  one  stick,  and 
the  purchaser  the  other.  Before  the  use  of  writing, 
this,  or  something  like  it,  was  the  only  method  of 
keepingaccounts,  and  are  received  as  evidence 
in  courts  of  justice.  In  the  English  exchequer  are 
tallies  of  loans,  one  part  being  kept  in  the  exchequer, 
the  other  being  given  to  the  creditor  in  lieu  of  an 
obligation  for  money  lent  to  government.  Cyc. 

2.  One  thing  made  to  suit  another. 

They  were  fnimed  the  tallies  for  each  other.  Dryden. 

TAL'LY,  V.  t.  To  score  with  correspondent  notches  ; 
to  fit;  to  suit  ;  to  make  to  correspond. 

They  aj8  not  so  Wf-11  tallied  to  the  prcsTit  juncture.  Pope, 
2.  In  seamanship,  to  pull  aft  the  sheets  or  lower 
corners  of  the  main  ami  fore-sail. 
T.^L'LY,  V.  i.   To  be  fitted  ;  to  suit ;  to  correspond. 

I  found  pieces  of  Ules  that  exactly  tallied  with  the  cliannel. 

,'lddison. 

TAL'LY,  ado.    Stoutly  ;  with  spirit.  [Obs.] 

Biaum.  4-  Fl. 

TAL'LY-Ho  i  the  huntsman's  cry  to  his  liounds. 
•  Booth. 
TAL'LY-ING,  ppr.    Fitting  to  each  other  ;  making  to 
correspond. 

2.  Agreeing;  corresponding. 

3.  Hauling  aft  ths  corners  of  the  main  and  fore- 
sail. Mar.  Diet. 

TAL'LY-MA.V,  n.    [tally  a.ni  man.]    One  who  sells 
for  w  eekly  payment.  Diet. 
2.  One  "wild  keeps  the  tally,  or  marks  the  sticks. 
TAL'LY-SIlOP,  n.    A  shop  at  which  goods  or  articles 
are  sold  to  customi^rs  who  agree  to  pay  for  them  by 
certain  weekly  or  monthly  installments. 

McCnlloeh. 

TAL'MIJD,  n.    fCh.,  from  To'?  lamad,  to  teach.] 

'I'lie  body  of  the  Hebrew  laws,  trailitions,  and  ex- 
planations, or  the  bf)(>k  that  contains  them.  The 
Talnuid  contains  the  laws,  and  a  compilation  of  ex- 
positions of  duties  impositd  on  the  people,  cither  in 
Scripture,  by  Irailition,  or  by  authority  of  their  doc- 
tors, or  by  cunIiiiii.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  the 
MLichna  and  the  Climiira  ;  the  former  being  the 
Krilten  law,  and  the  latter  a  collection  of  traditions 
and  rommentN  of  Jewish  doctors.  Kticyc. 

TAL-.MUD'IC,       j  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Talmud; 

TAL-.VIU)J'ie-AL,  i  contained  in  the 'I'alinud  ;  aa, 
'J'almailtc  fableil.  Kiifield. 

TAI/.MIID-I.'i'i',  n.    C)ne  verned  in  the  Talmud. 

TAL-MI'D-IKT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Tulmud ; 
reKembliiig  the  Talmud. 

TAI/ilN,n.  (Fr.  and  Hp.  (n/on,  the  heel,  that  in,  a 
Hlioot  or  protulHrrnnci*.    Sec  'I'all.J 

1.  The  cinw  of  a  fowl.  Bacon. 

2.  In  archilcrlare,  a  kind  of  molding,  concave  at 
the  bottom  and  convex  at  the  top.    When  the  con- 


TAM 

cave  part  is  at  the  top,  it  is  called  an  inverted  talon. 

It  is  usually  called  by  workmen  an  ogee,  or  O  O, 

and  by  author^  an  upright  or  inverted  cymatinm. 

«f  Cyc. 
TAL'PA,  71.  [L.]    In  zoology  and  surgery,  a  mole, 

which  see. 
Ta'LUS,  71.   [L.  talius,  the  ankle.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  astragalus,  or  that  bone  of  the 
foot  which  is  articulated  to  the  leg. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  slope ;  the  inclination  of  any 
work. 

3.  In /or(i/ica(io?i,  the  slope  of  a  work,  as  a  bastion, 
rampart,  or  parapet. 

4.  Ill  geology,  a  sloping  heap  of  broken  rocks  and 
stones  at  the  foot  of  any  cliflT.  Lyell. 

TaM'A-BLE,  a.  [from  tame.]  That  may  be  tamed  ; 
capable  of  being  reclaimed  from  wildness  or  savage 
ferociousness;  that  mav  be  subdued. 

TaM'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  tamable. 

TAM'A-RACK,  n.  The  American  larch  ;  hackma- 
tack. 

TAM' A-RIN,  71.  The  name  of  several  species  of  small 
South  American  monkeys,  of  the  genus  Midas,  with 
long,  squirrel-like  tails.  Jardine. 

TA.M'A-RIND,  7i.  [Sp.  tamarindo  ;  Fort. -pi.  tamarin- 
dos  i  It.  tamarino,  tamarindi ;  Fr.  tamarin  ;  said  to  be 
a  compound  of  TQn,  the  palm-tree,  and  indus  or  ind, 
the  root  of  India.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Tamarindiis,  which  yields  the 
fruit  called  Tamarinds.  Two  species  are  recognized, 
one  of  which  is  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  and  of 
Arabia  and  Egypt ;  the  other  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies  and  of  South  America.  It  is  cultivated  in 
both  the  Indies  for  the  sake  of  its  shade,  and  for  its 
cooling,  grateful  acid  fruit,  the  pulp  of  which,  dried 
either  alone  or  with  salt,  or  mixed  with  boiled  sugar, 
is  imported  into  northern  countries.  The  stem  of 
the  tree  is  lofty,  large,  and  crowned  with  wide- 
spreading  branches ;  the  flowers  are  in  simple  clus- 
ters, terminating  the  short  lateral  branches. 

P.  Cyc. 

TAM' A-RINDS,  71.  pi.  The  preserved  seed-pods  of  the 
tamarind,  which  abound  with  an  acid  pulp.  Cyc. 

T.^.M' A-RI.SK,  71.  A  tree  or  shrub  of  the  genus  i'am- 
arix,  of  several  species.  Cyc. 

T.^M'B.^C,  71.    An  alloy  of  copper.    [See  Tombac] 

Buchanan. 

2.  Agallochum  or  aloes- wood.  [See  Agallochum.] 

Booth. 

TAM'BOUR,  71.  [Sp.  and  Port,  tambor,  a  drum  ;  It. 
tamburo.    The  m  is  probably  casual.    See  Taror.] 

1.  A  small  drum,  used  by  the  Biscayans  as  an  ac- 
companiment to  the  flageolet.  Cyc. 

a.  In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  the  vase  or 
naked  ground  of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  cap- 
itals, which  bears  some  resemblance  to  a  drum ; 
also,  the  wall  of  a  circular  tein|ile  surrounded  with 
coluiuiis  ;  also,  the  circular  vertical  part  above  or  be- 
low a  cupola.  Owilt. 

3.  A  lobby  or  vestibule,  inclosed  with  folding 
doors,  to  break  the  current  of  wind  from  without, 
as  at  the  entrance  of  a  church,  banking-house,  &c. 

Francis. 

4.  A  round  course  of  stones,  several  of  which 
form  the  shaft  of  a  pillar,  not  so  high  as  a  di- 
ameter. 

5.  In  the  arts,  a  species  of  embroidery  in  Vfhich 
threads  of  gold  and  silver  are  worked  in  leaves, 
flowers,  cfcc.  ;  also,  a  frame  resembling  a  drum,  on 
which  it  is  worked.  llebert. 

T.\iM'liOIJR,  V.  t.    To  embroider  with  a  tambtmr. 
TAM-BOUR-IME',  7i.    [Fr.  tambourin,  from  tambour, 
tabor  ;  Sp.  tamboril.    See  Tabor.] 

1.  A  small  drum.  At  present,  it  is  a  shallow  drum 
with  only  one  skin,  jilayed  on  with  the  hand,  and 
having  bells  at  the  sides. 

2.  A  lively  French  dance,  formerly  in  vogue  in 
operas,  Cyc. 

Ta.ME,  a.  [Sax.  tarn;  Dan.  and  D..  (am;  Sw.  (am, 
lamd  :  G.  zahm.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  That  has  lost  its  native  wildness  and  shyness; 
mild  ;  ai  customed  to  man  ;  domestic  ;  as,  a  tame 
deer  ;  a  tame  bird. 

2.  Crushed  ;  subdued  ;  depressed  ;  spiritless. 
And  you,  tatne  alavt-i  of  the  lal)oriuus  plow.  iioitcomTnort. 

3.  Spiritless;  unanimated  ;  as, a  tatnc  poem.  [JVot 
elegant,  nor  in  use.] 

Ta  .\1  E,  r.  t.  [Sax.  tamian,  getemian  ;  Goth,  ga-tamyan  ; 
Dan.  tieminer ;  Sw.  tdmia  ;  D.  tammen  ;  (».  zahnien  ; 
I,,  domu ;  Gr.  f'n^d'.i;  Fr.  domptcr;  Sp.  and  Port. 
domar  ;  It.  do  mare ;  Cli.  and  lleb.  BIT,  to  be  silent, 


dumb ;  or  .\r. 


katJtama,  to  restrain,  to  stop, 


shut,  silence,  subdue,  tame.  Sec  Class  Dm,  No.  3, 
25,  and  No.  23,  24.] 

1.  To  reclaim  ;  to  reduce  from  a  wild  to  a  domes- 
tic state  ;  to  make  gentle  and  familiar;  as,  to  tame  a 
wild  bea.st. 

2.  To  civilize  ;  as,  to  tame  the  ferocious  inhabitants 
of  the  forest. 

.1.  'J'u  subdue  ;  to  conquer  ;  to  depress  ;  as,  to  tame 
the  pride  or  passions  of  youth. 


TAN 

4.  To  subdue ;  to  repress ;  as  wildness  or  licen- 
tiousness. 

The  tongue  can  no  man  tame.  — James  iii. 

TaM'£D,  p/).  or  a.  Reclaimed  from  wildness;  domes- 
ticated ;  made  gentle  ;  subdued. 

Ta.ME'LESS,  a.  Wild  ;  untamed ;  untamable.  [Abt 
much  used.]  Hall. 

TaME'LY,  adv.  With  unresisting  submission  ; 
meanly  ;  servilely  ;  without  manifesting  spirit ;  as, 
to  submit  tamely  to  oppression  ;  to  bear  reproach 
tamelii. 

TaME'NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  tame  or  gen- 
tle ;  a  state  of  domestication. 

2.  Unresisting  submission;  meanness  in  bearing 
insults  or  injuries  ;  want  of  spirit.  Rogers. 

TaM'ER,  71.  One  that  tames  or  subdues;  one  that 
reclaims  from  wildness.     '  Pope. 

Ta.M'ING,  ppr.  Reclaiming  from  a  wild  state  ;  civil- 
izing ;  subduing. 

TA.M'INE, )  71.    A  strainer  or  bolter  of  hair. 

TAM' MY,  \  Cotgrave. 
2.  The  same  as  Tamis. 

TAM'IS,  71.  A  worsted  cloth  used  for  the  purpose  of 
straining  sauces.  Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

TAM'KIN,  71.    A  stopper.    [See  Tampion.] 

TAilP,  ».  u  To  fill  up  a  hole  bored  in  a  rock  for 
blasting. 

TAM'PER,  V.  i.  To  meddle ;  to  be  busy  ;  to  try  little 
experiments  ;  as,  to  tamper  with  a  disease. 

2.  To  meddle  ;  to  have  to  do  with  without  fitness 
or  necessity. 

'Tis  dangerous  tampering  with  a  muse.  Roscommon. 

3.  To  deal ;  to  practice  secretly. 

OtliTS  tampered 
For  Fleetwood,  Desborough,  and  Lambert.  Hudibras. 

TAM'PER-ING,  ppr.  Meddling;  dealing;  practicing 
secretly. 

TAM'PER-ING,  7i.  The  act  of  meddling  or  practicing 
secretly. 

T.^MP'ING,  71.  [Allied  probably  to  tame,  dam,  stem, 
stamp,  &c.] 

The  filling  up  of  a  hole  in  a  rock  for  the  purpose 
of  blasting  ;  also,  the  matter  used  in  thus  filling  up. 
TAM'PI-ON  I 

TOM'PI-On'  i  ""  ^'"P""' '  Arm.  topoTi.] 

The  stopper  of  a  cannon  or  other  piece  of  ord- 
nance, consisting  of  a  cylinder  of  wood.  Mar.  Dirt. 

TAM'PoE,  71.  A  fruit  of  the  East  Indies,  somewhat 
resembling  an  apple.  It  is  eaten  by  the  n.atives,  and 
called  sometimes  Mangoustan,  though  a  difierent 
fruit,  and  less  agreeable  to  the  taste.  Cue. 

TA.M'TAM,  71.   A  large,  flat  drum  used  by  the  Hin- 

dons. 

TAN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  tanner,  to  tan  ;  tannc,  a  little  black 
spot  on  the  face  ;  It.  tone,  tawny  color.  Gregoire,  in 
his  Armoric  dictionary,  suggests  that  this  may  be 
from  tan  or  dan,  which,  in  Leon,  signifies  an  oak. 
But  this  is  very  doubtful.  In  Ir.  tionus  signifies  a 
tan-house,  and  tionsonaim  is  to  drop  or  distil.  Spot- 
ting is  often  from  sprinkling,  and  dyeing  from  dip- 
ping. In  Gaelic,  dean  is  color.  It  seems  to  be  allied 
to  tatcny,  and  perhaps  to  dun.] 

1.  In  t/ie  arts,  to  cimvert  animal  skins  into  leather 
by  steeping  them  in  an  infusion  of  oak  or  some  other 
bark,  by  which  they  are  impregnated  with  tannin  or 
tannic  acid,  an  astringent  substance  whicli  exists  in 
several  species  of  bark,  and  thus  reiylered  firm,  du- 
rable, and,  in  some  degree,  iiujiervious  to  water. 

2.  To  make  brown  ;  to  iinbrown  by  exposure  to 
the  rays  of  the  sun  ;  as,  to  tan  the  skin. 

TAN,  11.  The  bark  of  the  oak,  &c.,  bruised  and  broken 
by  a  mill  for  tanning  hides.  It  bears  this  name  be- 
fore and  after  it  has  been  used.  Tan,  after  being 
used  in  tanning,  is  used  in  gardening  for  making 
hotbeds  ;  and  it  is  also  made  into  cakes  and  used  as 
fuel. 

T.\N'A-GER,  71.  The  name  of  certain  American 
birilj  allied  to  the  finches  and  sparrows. 

Sirai7i507i. 

TAN'-BED,  71.    [fan  and  bed.]    In  gardening,  a  bed 

made  of  tan  ;  a  bark  bed. 
T.AN'-HOL'SE,  71.    [tan  and  house.]    A  building  in 

which  tanner's  bark  is  stored. 
TAN'-PIT,  71.    [tan  and  pit.]    A  bark  pit;  a  vat  in 

which  hides  are  laid  in  tan. 
TAiN'-SPIJD,  )i.    [tan  and  s-piirf.]    An  instrument  for 

peeling  the  bark  from  oak  ami  other  trees.  [I.ucal.] 
T.AN'-SToVE,  71.    [tan  and  sfocc]    A  hothouse  with 

a  bark  bed. 

TAN'-VAT,  71.  [fan  and  t'a(.]  A  vat  in  which  hides 
arc  steeped  in  liquor  with  tan. 

TAN'-YAKI),  n.  An  iuclosure  where  the  tanning  of 
leather  is  carried  on. 

T.\N'DEM.  [Horseman's  Latin.]  Horses  are  liar- 
nessed  tandem,  when  they  are  placed  single,  one  be- 
fore another,  lint  tandem  properly  refers  to  lime,  and 
not  to  length  of  line. 

TANt;,  71.  [Gr.  ra))r),  rancor;  70)705,  rancid;  It. 
tanfo.] 

1.  A  strong  taste  ;  pardcii/nr/y,  atasto  of  something 
extraneous  to  the  thing  it.self ;  as,  wine  or  cider  has 
a  txing  of  the  cask.  Locke. 

2.  Uelisli ;  taste.    [JVot  elegant.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


TAN 


3.  Sometliins!  (IkiI  leaves  a  sting  or  pain  behind. 

She  li:nl  .-v  toiif^u*'  with  a  tatig.  SfiaJi. 

4.  Sound  ;  tune.  [JVuI  in  vse.]  Holder. 
TAN'G,  1-.  1.    ']'o  riiis  «  itll.    [-Vut  in  ksc]  Sliak. 

(^Tliis  inny  lie  allied  to  (/i.ii'-,  i/oiii'.] 

TA.\'i;K,\'-lJY,  )i.    A  contact  or  toucliiiiR. 

TAN'G  IC\T,  H.  [Vx.  tungciitc  ;  L.  taH^rcrti,  touching. 
See  Touch.] 

In  seometrtj,  a  right  line  which  touches  a  curve, 
but  which,  when  produced,  does  not  cut  it.  In  fn>- 
onomctry,  the  tangent  of  an  arc  is  a  riglit  line  touch- 
ing the  arc  at  one  extremity,  and  terminated  by  a 
secant  pa>;sing  through  the  other  vxtremity. 

TAN-GEN'TI.AL,  a.  Tanactitial  force;  a  force  which 
acts  so  as  to  give  a  trndeni  y  to  a  revolving  body  to 
flv  ofl'  in  a  tangent  to  its  orbit.  Olmsu'd. 

TAN-GEi\'TIAL-LY,  ado.  In  the  direction  of  a  tan- 
gent. Olmsted. 

TA.\-Gt-ntI/I-TY,    )n.   [from  Mnj-/Wf.]  Tlieiiual- 

T.\N'Gr-l!LE-NE.SS,  (  ity  of  being  perceptible  to 
the  touch  or  sense  of  feeling. 

TAN'GI-BLE,  a.    [from  L.  tan<;o,  to  touch.] 
I.  Perceptible  by  the  touch  ;  tactile. 
9.  That  may  be  possessed  or  realized. 

TAN'Gl-nLY,  'adv.    Perceptibly  to  the  touch. 

TAN"GLE,  (tang'gl,)  i'.  t.  [This  word,  if  n  is  casual, 
seems  to  be  allied  to  the  W.  tagit,  to  choke,  Goth. 

ta^a,  hair;  from  crowding  together.    In  Ar. 
dajraa,  signifies  to  involve.] 

1.  To  implicate  ;  to  unite  or  knit  together  con- 
fusedly ;  to  interweave  or  interlock,  as  threads,  so 
as  to  make  it  ditheult  to  ravel  the  knot. 

2.  To  insnare  ;  to  entrap;  as,  to  be  tangled  in  the 
folds  of  dire  necessity.  Milton. 

Tangled  in  amorous  nrts.  bliiton. 

3.  To  embroil ;  to  embarrass. 

Whrii  my  simplf  wcakuoss  struys, 

Tangled  in  rurbiditcii  ways.  Crashaw, 

[Entangle,  the  compound,  is  the  more  elegant 
word.]^ 

TAN"GLE,  V.  i.  To  be  entangled  or  united  con- 
fusedly. 

TA.N"GLE,  (tang'gl,)  n.  A  knot  of  threads  or  other 
things  united  confusedly,  or  so  interwoven  as  not  to 
be  easily  disengaged ;  as,  liair  or  yarn  in  tangles. 

Milton. 

2.  A  kind  of  sea-weed. 
■  TA\"Gl,En,  pp.  or  a.    United  confnsedlv. 
TA\"GLING,  jipr.    Uniting  without  order. 
TA\"GL1NG-LY,  adn.    In  a  tangling  manner. 
TAN'-IIOUSE,»i.    A  building  in  which  tanner's  bark 
is  stored. 

TAN'IST,  n.  [Gaelic,  tanahle.  a  lord,  the  governor  of 
a  country  ;  in  Ireland,  the  heir  apparent  of  a  prince  ; 
probably  from  tan,  a  region  or  territory,  or  from  the 
Gr.  ('ill iiiTTi)j,  a  lord,  whic  h  is  from  iw.iiuu,  to  be 
powerful  or  able,  the  root  of  the  Gaelic  diiine,  a  man. 
But  both  may  be  of  one  family,  the  root  tan,  ten,  Gr. 
Ttiv.>,  L.  leneo,  W.  tannu,  to  stretch,  strain,  or 
hold.] 

Among  the  descendants  of  the  CelLt  in  Ireland,  a 
lord,  or  the  pro|)rietor  of  a  tract  of  land  ;  a  governor 
or  captain.  This  office  or  rank  w.as  elective,  and 
often  obtained  by  purchase  or  briberv.  Dacics. 
TAN'IST-RY,  n.  [Gaelic,  tanaislcach'd.]  In  Ireland,  a 
tenure  of  lands  by  which  the  proprietor  had  only  a 
life  estate,  and  to  this  he  was  .idmitled  by  election. 
The  primitive  intention  seems  to  h.ive  been  that  the 
inheritance  should  descend  to  the  oldest  or  most 
worthy  of  the  blood  and  name  of  the  deceased. 
This  was,  in  reality,  giving  it  to  the  strongest,  and 
the  practice  often  occasioned  bloody  wars  in  families, 
Uavic.'t.  Cue. 

TA\K,  71.     [Ft.  etang,  a  pond;  Sp.  e.-.tanq}te ;  I'ort. 
tAnque  ;  Sans,  tanghi ;  Japan,  tange.    This  seems  lo 
be  trom  the  root  of  sUmch,  to  stop,  to  hold.] 
A  large  basin  or  cistern  ;  a  reservoir  of  water. 

Drnden. 

TANK'ARD,  n.  [Ir.  tancaird  ;  Gaelic,  tancard ;  tank 
and  ard.] 

A  large  vessel  for  liquors,  or  a  drinking  vessel, 
with  a  cover. 

Manns  was  th  -  first  who  ilnnk  out  of  a  silver  tankard,  nftrr  the 
liiAnncrwr  Btccliiis.  Arbu:hnot. 

TAXK'ARD-TUR-XIP,  n.  A  sort  of  liiniip  that 
stands  high  above  the  ground.  Cyc. 

TAN'LING,  n.  One  tanned  or  scorched  bythc  he.it 
of  the  sun. 

TAN'NATE,  n.  A  compound  of  t.annic  acid  and  a 
base.  Brande. 

TAN'NED,  (tand,)  pp.  or  a.    [from  tan.]  Converted 
into  leather.    [See  Tax.] 
2.  Harkened  by  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

TAN'NER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  i-s  to  tin  hides, 
or  rmivert  them  into  leather  by  the  use  of  tan. 

TAN'NER-Y,  n.  The  house  and  apparatus  for  tan- 
nine. 

TAN'NIC  ACID,  It.  The  principle  of  astringency  in 
vjigelahlcs,  as,  f..r  example,  the  bark  of  the  oak, 
chestnut,  and  gall-nuts.  It  is  the  substance  used  lo 
change  niw  hides  into  leather. 


TAN'NI-ER,  II.  One  of  the  popular  niinics  of  ilic 
Arum  esculentum,  an  esculent  root.  Mea-se. 

TAX'XIN,  II.  The  name  formerly  tipplicd  lo  the  tan- 
nic acid,  before  its  acid  character  wua  known  and 
understood. 

TAN'MNti,  p/w.    Converting  raw  hides  into  leather. 

TA.\'i\liNG,  II.  The  practice,  operation,  and  art  of 
converting  the  raw  hides  of  animals  into  leather  by 
the  use  of  tan. 

TAN'KEC,    i  n.    The  popular  name  of  the  several 

TEN'REC,    >    species  of  the  insectivorous  niam- 

TE.N'DRAe, )  malian  genus  Centeiies,  of  v.  hich 
there  are  three  species.  They  are  small  tpiadrupeds, 
inhabiting  Aladagiiscar  and  the  I.sle  of  Eraiicc. 

T.A.N'SY,  II.  [I"r.  tanaisie  ;  It.  and  Sp.  lunaccto  :  L. 
ttinticetiim.  Uu.  Gr.  at),ii'aatii,  immortality.  This 
is  doiilitfiil,  and  rather  improbalile.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  'i'aiiacetum,  of  many  species. 
It  is  extremely  bitter  to  the  taste,  and  used  for  iiie- 
diriiial  and  culinary  purposes.  Cur. 

TA.NT,  n.  A  small  spider  with  two  eyes  and  eight 
lonii  legs,  and  of  an  elegant  scarlet  color.  Cyc. 

TA.\'TA-LIS.\I,  II.  [Sec  'J'axtai.izk.]  The  punish- 
ment of  Tanlalus  ;  a  teasing  or  tormenting  by  the 
hope  or  near  appro.ich  of  good  which  is  nut  attaina- 
ble. 

Is  tiot  such  a  proTision  like  tanlnfism  to  tlils  p*>oplA  ?  J.  Quincy. 
T.\N'TA-LITE,  n.   Another  name  for  the  mineral 
called  CoLUMBiTE,  which  is  found  in  New  England 
and  in  Europe. 
TA\-TA-LI-Za'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  tanl.ali/.ing. 
TAN'TA-LIZE,  i,'.  t.    [from  Tantalus.]    To  tease  or 
torment  by  presenting  some  good  to  the  view  and 
exciting  desire,  but  continually  frustrating  the  ex- 
pectations by  keeping  that  gooil  out  of  reach  ;  to 
tease ;  to  torment. 

Thy  vi\iti  cifsir»?s,  nt  strife 
Within  thcms-.'Ivt-s,  have  tantalized  lliy  life.  Dryden. 

TA.N"TA-LIZ-£D,  pp.  Teased  or  tormented  by  the 
disappointiiieut  of  the  hope  of  good. 

TA.\'TA-LlZ-ER,  n.   One  that  tantalizes. 

TAN'T.\-LIZ-Ii\(;,  ji/ir.  or  a.  Teasing  or  tormenting 
bv  presenting  to  the  view  some  unattainable  gooil. 

TAN'TA-LTZ-IXG-LY,  ado.    Ity  tantalizing. 

TAN'TA-IAJ.M,  n.  A  name  once  used  for  (;iii.i;.mhium, 
the  metallic  basis  of  the  mineral  called  Tantalite 
or  CoLUMinTE. 

TA.\'TA-LUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.]  In  fabulous  history, 
a  Lydian  king  who  was  condemned  to  be  plunged 
in  water,  with  choice  fruits  hanging  over  him,  with- 
out the  power  of  reaching  them  to  satisfy  his  hunger 
or  his  thirst. 

TAN'TA-.MOUNT,  a.  [L.  tanlus,  so  much,  and 
amount.] 

Equal  ;  equivalent  in  value  or  signification  ;  as,  a 
sum  tantamount  to  all  our  expenses.  Silence  is  some- 
times tantamount  to  consent. 

TA.V'J'IV-Y,  ado.    [Said  to  be  from  the  note  of  a 
hunting-horn  ;  L.  taiiCa  ci.]  . 
Tti  ride  tantivy,  is  to  ride  with  great  speed.  John.ion. 

TANT'LLNt;,  n.  [See  Tastali/.i;.  1  One  sei/.ed 
with  the  hope  of  pleasure  unattainable.  S/ia/i. 

T.\P,  i:  t.    I  Fr.  taper;  Arm.  tapa,  tapein  :  Dan.  tapper, 
to  throb;  Gr.  t\i-tm,  tdtt  «.    See  Class  l)b.  No.  US.] 
To  strike  with  something  small,  or  to  strike  a  very 
gentle  blow  ;  to  touch  gently  ;  as,  to  tap  one  with 
the  hand  ;  to  tap  one  on  the  shoulder  with  a  cane. 

T.\P,  V.  i.  To  strike  a  gentle  blow.  He  lapped  at  the 
door. 

T.\P,  V.  t.  [Sa.T.  ttrppan ;  Sw.  lappa;  Dan.  tapper  ;  D. 
lappen  ;  G.  lapfen.] 

1.  To  pierce  or  broach  a  cask,  and  insert  a  tap. 

2.  To  open  a  cask  and  draw  liquor.  Addison. 

3.  To  pierce  for  letting  out  fluid  ;  as,  to  tap  a  tu- 
mor ;  to  lap  a  dropsical  person.  Sharp. 

4.  To  box,  or  bore  into ;  as,  lolapdi  maple-tree  to 
obtain  the  sap  for  making  sugar.  Mease. 

T.\P,  II.  A  gentle  blow  ;  a  slight  blow  with  a  small 
thing. 

She  give*  her  rishl-hand  woman  a  tap  on  the  shoulder. 

AddUan. 

2.  A  spile  or  pipe  for  drawing  liquor  from  a  cask. 
[But  in  Sp.  lapar  is  to  stop,  and  a  lap  may  be  a 
stopper.    In  this  case,  the  verb  lo  lap  should  follow 
the  noun.] 
TAPE,  II.    [Sax.  to'ppe.] 

A  narrow  fillet  or  band  ;  a  narrow  piece  of  woven 
work,  used  for  strings  and  the  like;  .as,  curtains  tied 
with  tape.  Pope. 
TAPE'I.I.\E,n.  .\  painted  tape, marked  with  inches, 
&.C.,  and  inclosed  in  a  case,  used  by  engineers,  ice, 
in  measuring. 

TA'PER,  n.  [Sax.  taper,  tapur.  Qu.  It.  doppierc,  a 
torch,  \V.  tampyr.] 

A  small  wax  candle  ;  a  small  lighted  wax  candle, 
or  a  small  light. 

Gel  me  a  taper  in  my  study,  Lucius.  Sha^:. 

TA'PER,  a.  [Supposed  to  be  from  the  form  of  a  ta- 
per.] 

Regularly  narrowed  toward  the  point ;  becoming 
small  toward  one  end;  conical;  pyramidical  ;  as, 
(a;ifr  fingers.  Dnjdciu 


TA'PEK,  t>.  i.  To  diminish  or  become  gndiially 
Hiualler  toward  one  end  ;  as,  a  sugar  loaf  tupcra  to- 
ward a  point. 

'I'.^'I'I'.R,  e.  t.    To  make  gnidually  smaller  in  diameter. 

TA'PEIUXG,  ppr.    Making  gradually  Hinaller. 

2.  a.    lieciuiiing  ri  giilarly  smaller  in  diameter  to- 
ward one  end  ;  gradu,allv  diminishing  toward  a  jioinl. 

TA'PKK-I.\'(M,Y,  ailr.    In  a  tapering  manner. 

TA'PEIl-NI'.SS,  n.    The  st.atc  of  being  taiK'r. 

TAP'E.S-Tlil-Ji.'D,  |ip.    Ornamented  with  tapestry. 

TAP'ES-TRY,  II.  [Fr.  tapi.i,  a  car|«'t ;  lapisscrie, 
hangings,  tapestry  ;  I.,  tapes,  tap<:stry  ;  Fr.  se  tapir, 
to  crunch,  to  lie  tlal ;  Sp.  tapii,  tapestry,  and  a  grass- 
plot  ;  It.  (u'lyicfj,  a  carpet ;  tappezzeria,  tapestry  ;  Arm. 
(a;i(f  I,  a  carpet ;  (a;jif  zirj/  apcstry.  Uu.  from  weav- 
ing or  spreading.] 

A  kind  of  woven  h'  gings  of  wool  and  sllk^  often 
enriched  with  gold  and  sil%'er,  representing  hgurcs 
of  men,  animals,  landscapes,  JStc.  'I'he  most  ccle- 
brati.'d  were  the  GobeUns,  so  called  from  a  manufac- 
turer in  Paris.  Cyc. 

TAP'E.«-TRY,  V.  t.    To  tidorn  with  tapestry. 

T.AP'ET,  H.    [Supra.]    Worked  or  ligured  stiifT. 

Spenser. 

TAP'E-TI,  (tnp'e-te,)  n.  An  animal  of  the  hare  kind  ; 
the  Lepus  Brasiliciisis,  a  rodent  mammal  inhabiting 
South  America. 

TAPE'-VVOR.M,  (-wurm,)  n.  [tape  and  worm.]  A 
worm  bred  in  the  liiiiiian  intestines.  The  popular 
name  of  various  worms  infesting  the  alimentary 
canal  of  different  aniiiials.  They  are  piircnchyma- 
tous  cntozoa,  of  the  tcnioid  family.  The  broad  tape- 
worm is  the  Botliriacephaliis  latus ;  the  common 
tape-worm  is  the  Tienia  Solium.  Both  of  these  in- 
fest the  human  species,  and  are  destroyed  by  the  oil 
of  turpentine  in  cathartic  doses. 

T.AP'-HOUSE,  n.  [tap  and  house.]  A  house  where 
liquors  are  retailed. 

TAI'-I-O'CA,  II.  The  popular  name  of  the  fecula  ob- 
tained by  scraping  and  w  ashing  the  roots  of  the  cas- 
sava or  cassada  plant,  the  Maiiihot  Cannahina  of  the 
intertropical  parts  of  America.  It  is  made  into  a 
kind  of  bread.  It  was  an  important  article  of  food 
amoni;  the  Caribs  when  they  were  first  discovered  by 
Europeans.    They  called  it  Yloa. 

TA'PIR,  n.  The  name  of  two  quadrupeds,  which 
constitute  a  genus  of  iKichydermatous  mammals,  the 
one  inhabiting  South  .\nierica  genenilly,  and  the 
otiier  Suniatr.a.  These  animals  are  allied  to  the  rhi- 
noceros, but  are  much  smaller,  and  likewise  to  the 
hog. 

Ta'PIS,  n.  [Fr.]  Tapestry  ;  formerly  the  cover  of  a 
council-table.  J7/io«  the  tapis  ;  under  consideration, 
or  on  the  table. 

TAP'Pf;!),  (tapt,)  ])p.    Broached  ;  opened. 

TAP'PI.\G,p;)r.  Broaching;  opening  for  the  discbarge 
of  a  fluid. 

TAP'-ROOT,  n.  [lap  and  root.]  The  nrnt  of  a  ptant, 
which  penetrates  the  earth  directly  downward  to  a 
considerable  depth  without  dividing.  Loudon. 

TAP'STER,  n.  One  whose  business  is  to  draw  ale  or 
other  liquor.  Smifl. 

TAR,  n.  [Sax.  tare,  tiir,  tijrma  ;  D.  leer  :  G.  theer;  Sw. 
tiara:  Dan.  tiere:  (J.aelic,  (can-.  In  l>.  tcercn  signi- 
fies to  smear  with  tar  or  pitch,  and  to  pine,  waste, 
consume,  digest,  prey,  subsist,  feast ;  and  leer  is  ten- 
di  r,  as  well  as  tar.  The  D.  teeren  is  the  G.  zehren, 
Dan.  tairer,  Sw.  fcira,  to  fret,  gnaw,  consume  ;  Eng. 
tare,  in  commerce.  Tar,  then,  is  from  flowing,  or 
from  wasting,  perhaps  in  combustion.] 

1.  A  thick,  impure,  resinous  substance,  of  a  dark 
brown  or  black  color,  obtained  from  pine  and  fir- 
trees,  by  burning  the  wood  with  a  close,  smothering 
heal.  Encyc.  Cyc. 

Tar  inspissated  is  called  Pitch,  and  is  much  used 
in  ships  and  cordtige.  Cyc. 

2.  A  sailor;  so  called  from  his  tarred  clothes. 
Mineral  tar;  a  soft,  native  bitumen. 

TAR,  V.  t.    To  smear  with  tar  ;  as,  to  tar  ropes. 

2.  [Sax.  Uran,  tyrian.]  To  stimulate  ;  to  provoke. 
[J\  of  in  u-te.]  Shak, 

T.AR'.\-NIS,  n.    A  Celtic  divinity,  regarded  as  the 
evil  principle,  but  confounded  by  the  Romans  with 
Jupiter.  Brandt. 
TA-RA.\'TU-LA,  n.    See  Tarestula,  which  in  the 

most  correct  orthography. 
TAR-DA'TIO.N,  II.    [}..  iardo.    Pee  Tardt.] 

The  act  of  retarding  or  delaying.  [J^Tot  used.]  [We 
use,  fir  this.  Retardation.] 
TAR'DI-GRADE,       jo.     [I,,   lardi-rradus ;  tardus, 
TAR'Dl-GRA-DOUS,  j     slow,  and  gradu..;  step.] 
Slow-paced  ;  moving  or  stepping  slowly. 

^roirn. 

TAR'DI-GRADE,  n.  The  t.ardiaradcs  are  a  section  of 
edentate  mammals  or  quadrupeds,  including  the 
Bradypus  or  sloth,  and  so  naiiictl  from  the  slowness 
of  their  motions  on  the  ground. 

TAR'DI-LY,  arfc.  [from  farJi,.]  Slowly  ;  with  slow 
pace  or  motion.  Shatc 

TAR'DI-NESS,  n.  [from  tardy.]  Slowness,  or  the 
slowness  of  motion  or  pace. 

S.  Unwillingness;  reluctance  manifested  by  slow- 
ness. 

3.  Lateness  ;  as,  the  lardi»et3  of  witnesses  or  ju- 


TONE,  BULL,  q.MTE.  — AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


142 


QQQQ 


TAR 


TAR 


TAS 


rors  in  attendance  ;  the  tardiiicss  of  students  in  at- 
tending prayers  or  recitalion. 

TAR'DI-TY.'ii.    [L.  tarjitas.] 

Slowness;  tardiness.    [JVut  «sii7.] 

TXR'DO,  [It.]    In  mitsic,  uenotins  a  slow  movement. 

TAR'DY,  a.  [Ft.  turdif;  Sp.  and  It.  Uirdu,  from  L. 
tardus  ;  from  W.  Uiriaw,  to  strike  af;ainst,  to  stop,  to 
stay,  to  tarrtjf  whence  tartret;  tar,  a  shock;  taran, 
tliat  gives  a  shock,  a  clap  of  thunder  ;  taraiin,  to 
thunder.  We  see  the  word  is  a  derivative  from  a 
root  signifying  to  strike,  to  clash,  to  dash  against, 
hence,  to  retard  or  stop.] 

1.  Slow ;  with  a  slow  pace  or  motion. 

And  check  Ihe  lartfy         of  time.  Sandys. 

2.  Late  ;  dilatory  ;  no  b;;ing  in  season. 

Th'^  tardy  plants  in  our  culd  o.  'ani!  placed.  Waller, 
You  may  freely  cfiusure  bini  foi    ■iiig  tardy  in  his  payitienis. 

Arbuthnot. 

3.  Slow  ;  implying  reluctance. 

Tardy  to  vengeance,  iiiid  witli  niercy  hrave.  Prior. 

4.  In  colleges,  late  in  attendance  on  a  public  exer- 
cise. 

5.  Unwary.    [.Vo<  in  use]  Uudibras. 

6.  Criminal.    [J\''ot  in  m.sc.]  Collier. 
TAR'DY,  V.  i.    [Ft.  tarder.] 

To  delay.    r.V.^f  in  usr.] 
TAR'nY-GAIT"ED,o.   [(urrfy  and  ^ai(.]  Slow-paced; 
having  a  slow  step  or  pace. 

Tlie  Mieilo'.v  horn 
Cliides  the  lardy-gail£d  morn.  Clifton. 

TARE,  n.  [I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word.  See 
the  next  word.] 

1.  A  weed  that  grows  among  corn;  alleged  by 
modern  naturalists  to  be  the  Lolium  temulentum,  or 
Darnel.  Locke. 

Declare  to  us  the  parable  of  the  tares  of  the  field.  —  Mtat.  xiii. 

2.  Tare  is  the  popular  name  of  Vicia  saliva,  and 
also  of  most  of  the  species  of  Ervum,  both  genera 
being  leguniinose  plants. 

3.  In  airnculturc,  a  plant  of  the  vetch  kind,  of 
which  there  are  two  sorts,  the  pttrple-thwcrctl  sprijitr 
or  summer  tare,  and  the  purp^e-Jlowered  wi/ti  aT  winter 
tare.    It  is  much  cultivated  in  England  for  fodder. 

Ctjc. 

TARE,  n.  [Ft.  id. ;  It.  and  Sp.  tara;  D.  tarra:  It.  la- 
rare,  to  abate ;  Dan.  tijerer,  to  waste,  Sw.  tdra,  D. 
teeren,  G.  zcliren.] 

In  commerce,  deficiency  in  the  weight  or  quantity 
of  goods  by  reason  of  the  weight  of  the  cask,  hag,  or 
other  thing  containing  the  commodity,  and  which  is 
weighed  with  it ;  hence,  the  allowance  or  abatement 
of  a  certam  weisln  or  ipiantity  from  thii  weight  or 
quantity  of  a  commodity  sold  in  a  cask,  chest,  hag, 
or  the  like,  which  the  selkr  makes  to  the  buyer  on 
account  of  the  weight  of  such  cask,  chest,  or  bag  ; 
or  the  abatement  may  be  tm  the  price  of  the  com- 
modity sold.  When  the  tare  is  deducted,  the  re- 
maintlcr  is  called  the  net  or  neat  weight. 

TARE,  V.  U    To  ascertain  or  mark  the  amount  of  tare. 

Law:i  of  Penn. 

TARE,  old  prct.  of  Tear.    Wc  now  use  Torb. 

TAK'F.Xi,  pp.  Having  the  tare  ascertained  and  marked. 

TA-REN'TISM  ) 

R^N'TIsiu'  \  f-^*  ^^^^^^^^^1  from  taretitum.'] 
A  fabulous  disease  supposed  to  be  produced  by  the 
bite  of  a  certain  spider,  the  Lycosa  Tarentula,  and 
considered  to  be  incai>al)le  t)f  cure  except  by  jirotract- 
ed  dancing  to  .".ppropriatc  music.  On  some  subjects 
the  bite  of  the  tarentula  produces  no  effect ;  and  on 
others  it  is  about  equal  to  the  sting  of  a  wasp. 

TA-REN'TU-LA,  j  ji.     [L.  diminutive  of  Tarcntum, 

TA-RAN'TU-LA,  |  now  'I'aranto,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples.] 

A  species  of  spider,  or  citigrade  pulmonary  arach- 
nid, the  Lycosa  Tarentula.  Its  bite  simietimes  pro 
duces  a  trifling  effect,  about  equal  to  the  sting  of  a 
wasp. 

TA  KOE,  for  Target,  is  obsolete.  Spensrr. 

TA  R'GET,  n.  [Sax.  targ,  tarna  ;  Fr.  targe ;  It.  tarf/a  ; 
W.  tarrred,  froni  taratOy  to  strike,  whence  tariad,  a 
striking  against,  or  collision,  a  stopping,  a  staying,  a 
tamjinjr ;  tariai/t,  to  strike  against,  to  slop,  to  tarry. 
We  see  that  target  is  that  which  stops  ;  hence,  a  de- 
fense;  and  from  the  root  of  larrij  and  tardy.] 

1.  A  shield  or  biirkb  r  of  a  small  kind,  used  as  a 
defensive  weapon  in  war. 

2.  A  mark  for  Ihu  ariilh'ry  to  fire  at  in  their  prac- 
tice. 

TAR'GET-ED,  a.    Furnished  or  armed  with  a  target. 

Oauden. 

TAK-GET-EER',  n.    One  armed  with  a  targ.  t. 

Ckttpman. 

TAR'GIJM,  n.    [Ch.  D>J-\n,  targum,  Inti^rprctation.] 
A  translation  or  paraphrase  of  the  sacri  il  Scrip- 
tures in  Ihe  (Jhnldee  language  or  dialect.    Of  llii  sc, 
the  Targum  of  Jonnthan,  and  that  of  Onkelos,  are 
held  in  niOHt  esteem  by  the  Ji^wh. 
TAR'GUM-IHT,  n.   The  writer  of  a  Targnm. 

Parkhur.'it. 

TAR'IFF,  n.  [Fr.  Inrif :  It.  tariffa:  Sp.  Tarifa,s\  town 
in  Spain,  at  llie  enlraiice  of  the  Straitt*  of  (>il>r.'tltar, 
where  diitieH  were  formerly  collected.  Ilenco  the 
proper  apelling  would  be  'J'ahik.] 


1.  Properly,  a  list  or  table  of  goods  with  the  duties 
or  customs  to  be  paid  for  the  same,  either  on  impor- 
tation or  e.xportation,  whether  such  duties  are  im- 
posed by  the 'government  of  a  country,  or  agreed  on 
by  the  princes  or  governments  of  two  countries  hold- 
ing commerce  with  each  other. 

2.  A  list  or  table  of  duties  or  customs  to  be  paid 
on  goods  imported  or  exported. 

TAR'IFF,  V.  t.    To  make  a  list  of  duties  on  goods. 

TAR'IN,  11.  [Fr.]  A  European  bird,  of  the  gross- 
beak  kind,  kept  in  cages  for  its  beauty  and  fine 
notes.  Cyc. 

TAR'ING,  ppr.  Ascertaining  or  marking  the  amount 
of  tare. 

TARN,  n.    [Ice.  tiorn.] 

1.  A  lake.  HalUwell. 

2.  A  bog ;  a  marsh  ;  a  fen.  Bay. 
TAR'NISH,  V.  t.    [Fr.  temir,  ternissant.') 

1.  To  sully  ;  to  soil  by  an  alteration  induced  by  the 
air,  or  by  ilii>t,  and  the  like  ;  to  diminish  or  destroy 
lusler  ;  a-;,  to  titrni.ih  a  metal ;  to  tarnish  gilding  ;  to 
tarni.-li  the  brightness  or  beauty  of  color. 

2.  To  diminish  or  destroy  the  purity  of;  as,  to 
tarnish  reputation  or  honor. 

T.KR'NISII,  V.  i.    To  lose  luster ;  to  become  dull ;  as, 
polished  substances  or  gilding  will  tarnish  in  the 
course  of  time.    Metals  tarnish  by  o.xydation. 
TAR'NISU-£D,  (tir'nisht,)  pp.  or  a.    Sullied  ;  having 
lost  its  brightness  by  oxydation,  or  by  some  altera- 
tion induced  by  exposure  to  air,  dust,  and  the  like. 
Gold  and  silver,  when  tarnished,  resume  their  brightness  by 
setting  Ibein  over  ceruiin  lyes.    Copper  and  pewter,  &c., 
tarnished,  recover  their  luster  wiUi  tripoli  and  potashes. 

Cyc. 

TSR'NISH-ING,  ppr.    Sullying  ;  losing  brightness. 

TA'KO,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Arum,  having  leaves 
like  a  water-lily,  and  large,  thick,  olilong  roots, 
which,  when  baked,  are  useil  as  food  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Loudon. 

TAR-PA U'LIN,  re.  [from  tar.]  A  piece  of  canvas 
covered  with  tar,  or  a  composition,  to  render  it 
water-proof,  used  for  covering  the  hatches  of  a  ship, 
hammocks,  boats,  &,c. 

2.  A  name  given  to  hats  covered  with  painted  or 
tarred  cloth,  worn  by  sailors.  Totten. 

3.  A  sailor  ;  in  contempt.  Dennis. 
TAR'QUIN-ISH,  a.    Like  Tarquin,  a  king  of  Rome  ; 

proud  ;  haughty.  Quart.  Rev. 

TAR'RACE.    See  Trass. 

TAR'RA-GON,  re.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Artemisia, 
(A.  dracunculus,)  celebrated  for  perfuming  vinegar 
in  France,  Kd.  Kncyc.  Mease. 

TAR'RAS,  n.    See  Trass. 

TaRRE,  !!.  (.    To  stimulate  or  set  on.  Shak. 

'VaU'RF.D,  (tird,)  pp.  or  a.    Smeared  with  tar. 

TAR'RI-ANCE,  n.  [from  tarry.]  A  tarrying;  delay  ; 
lateness.    [JVut  in  use.] 

TAR'R[-j;D,(tar'rid,)pp.  Waited  for  ;  staid  ;  delayed. 

TAR'RI-ER,  n.    A  dog.    [See  Terrier.1 

2.  [from  iarry.]    One  who  tarries  or  delays. 
["  Tarrier,  in  a  poet  contemporary  with  Shaks- 
peare,  appears  with  a  marginal  explanation,  as  being 
an  unusual  word." 

fVcst.  Rev.  No.  27,  p.  SC.  —  E.  IL  Barker.] 

TXR'RING,  ppr.    Smearing  with  tar.  Shnk. 

TAR'ROCK,  71.  A  sea-fowl,  of  the  gull  kind,  the  Ea- 
rns tridactylus.  It  is  of  the  size  of  the  ciunmon 
pigeon,  and  is  remarkable  for  having  no  hind  toe, 
but  in  lieu  of  it  a  small  protuberance.  Cyc. 

'I'he  tarrock  is  now  considered  the  young  of  the 
kittiwake  gull,  Lams  rissa.  Jardine. 

TAR'RY,  V.  i.  [W.  tariaw,  to  strike  against  any  thing, 
to  stop,  to  stay,  to  tarry  ;  Ir.  and  Gaelic,  tairisim.  It 
is  of  the  same  family  as  tardy  anil  target,  'J'he  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  thrust,  or  drive,  hence,  to  strike 
against,  to  stop  ;  W.  tarw,  L.  taarus,  a  bull,  is  from 
the  same  root.] 

1.  'J'o  stay  ;  to  abide  ;  to  continue  ;  to  lodge. 

Tarry  all  night  and  wash  your  feel.  — Gen.  HiX, 

2.  To  stay  behind.    Ezod.  xii. 

3.  To  stay  in  expectation  ;  to  wait. 

7'arryye  here  for  na,  tilt  we  come  again  to  you. —  Kx.  xxiv. 

4.  To  delay  ;  to  put  otT  going  or  coming  ;  to  defer. 

Come  down  to  me,  tarry  not.  —  Gen.  xiv. 

5.  To  remain  ;  to  stay. 

He  Oiat  lelleth  lies  shall  not  forry  in  my  ti^hl.  — Ps.  ci. 
TAR'RY,  ti.  (.    To  wait  for. 

I  cm  nol  Inrry  dinner.    (A'cl  iji  use.]  Slink. 

TAR'RY,  71.  Stay  ;  stop  ;  delay.  [Ohs.]  Rich.  Dirt. 
'i'AIt'RY,  a.    [from  tar.]    Consisting  of  tar,  or  like 

tar.  More. 
TAR'RY-ING,  ;>/,r.    Slaying;  delaying. 
TAR'KY-I.Vi;,  ».    Delay.  Ps.\\. 

[This  tciird  i.i  in  respectable  w.vc] 
TAR'SAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  taisus. 
TXRSE,  n.    [Fr. ;  Gr.  t-iioitos.] 

The  tarsus,  which  sei'.  Branile. 
TAR'SEL,  )i.  A  male  hawk.  [See  Tercel.]  Stiak. 
TX  It'ST,  71.  ;>/.    The  feet  in  msects,  which  are  arlicii- 

lated,  and  foriiii  d  of  five  or  n  h.'ss  number  of  jointji. 
TAR'SUS,  1.    [(;r.  ra^a.if  ;  Fr.  larse.] 


That  part  of  the  foot  to  which  the  leg  is  articula- 
ted, the  front  of  which  is  called  the  Instep.  Cyc. 
TART,  a.     [Sax.  teart!  D.  taurtig.    See  the  next 
word.] 

1.  Acid;  sharp  to  the  taste;  acidulous;  as,  atari 
apple. 

2.  Sharp ;  keen ;  severe  ;  as,  a  tart  reply  ;  tarl 
language  ;  a  tart  rebuke. 

TART,  n.  [D.  taart :  Sw.  taH  ;  Fr.  taric  ;  It.  turta  ; 
G.torte;  Sp.  tarta.  The  Italian  and  German  orlbog- 
rapliy  seems  to  connect  this  word  with  tiirto,  L.  tortus, 
twisted  ;  and  this  may  be  the  primary  sense  of  tart, 
acid,  sharp,  and  hence  this  noun,  something  acid  or 
made  of  acid  fruit.   But  qu.] 

A  species  of  pie  or  paslry,  consisting  of  fruit 
baked  on  paste. 
TAR'TAN,  71.     Woolen  cloth,  checkered  or  cross- 
barred  with  threads  of  various  colors.  [Scottish.] 
,7amiesan''s  Diet. 
A  checkered  worsted  stuff,  called  Tartan  or  Plaid, 
is  made  in  various  parts  of  England. 

Kncyc.  of  Dom.  Kcon, 
TAR'TAN,  71.    [Sp.  and  It.  tartatia.] 

A  small  coasting  vessel  with  one  mast  and  a  bow- 
sprit, and  the  jiriiicipal  sail,  which  is  very  large,  ex- 
tended by  a  lateen-yard.  Mar.  Did. 
TAR'TAR,  71.    [Fr.  tartre ;  Sp.  tarlaro ;  from  tart, 
acid.] 

1.  An  acid  concrete  salt,  deposited  from  winea 
completely  fermented,  and  adhering  to  Ine  sides  of 
the  casks  in  the  form  of  a  hard  crust.  It  is  white  or 
red,  the  white  being  most  esteemed.  In  its  crude 
state,  under  the  name  of  argal  or  argol,  it  is  much 
used  as  a  tlux  in  the  assaying  of  ores. 

JVicliolson.  Cyc. 
The  tartar  of  wine  is  a  bitartrate  of  potassa,  i.  e., 
common  cream  of  tartar. 

2.  A  popular  name  for  the  concretion  which  often 
incrusts  the  teeth,  consisting  of  salivary  mucus,  ani- 
mal matter,  and  phosphate  of  lime.  Brande. 

3  A  person  of  a  keen,  irritable  temper. 
4.  A  native  of  Tartary. 

To  catch  a  Tartar;  to  lay  hold  of  or  encounter  a 
person  who  proves  too  strong  for  the  assailant. 

TAR'TAR,  71.    [L.  Tartarus.] 

Ilell.    [Jfot  in  -use.]  Shak. 

TAR-Ta'RE-AN,    )  a.    Hellish ;  pertaining  to  Tarla- 

TAR-Ta'RE-OUS,  (     rus.  Milton. 

TAR'TAR  E-iMET'ie,  7i.  A  double  salt,  consisting 
of  tartaric  acid  in  combination  with  potassa  and 
protoxyd  of  antimony.  Brande. 

TAR-TA'RE-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  tartar  ;  resem- 
bling tartar,  or  partaking  of  its  properties.  Grew. 

TA  RT^R'IC  i 

TAR  TA'RE-AN  i       P^i'^'fifS Tartary  in  Asia. 

Tartaric  acid ;  the  acid  of  tartar. 
TAR'TA-RIN,  ?i.     [from  tartar.]     Fixed  vegetable 

alkali  or  potassa. 
TAR'TA-RI-Na-TED,  a.    Combined  with  tartarin. 
T.\R'TAR-IZE,  7).  (.    To  im|)iegnate  with  tartar;  to 

refine  by  means  of  the  salt  of  tartar.  Ctic. 
TAR'TAR-IZ-iCD,  pp.  or  a.    Impregnated  with  tartar ; 

refined  hy  tartar. 
TAR'TAR-IZ-ING,  ppr.   Impregnating  with  tartar  ; 

refining  by  means  of  the  salt  of  tartar. 
TAR'TAR-OUS,  a.    Containing  tartar;  consi»ting  of 

tartar,  or  partaking  of  ils  qualities. 
TAR'TA-RiriM,  71.    A  preparation  of  tartar,  called 

Petrified  Tartar.  Cyr. 
TAR'TA-RUS,  71.    [Gr.  Taprapof.] 

The  name  of  the  infernal  regions,  over  which  Pluto 

or  Haiies  ruled. 
TABT'lSII,  a.    [from  fnr(.]    Somewhat  tart. 
TART'LY,  ai/o.    Sharply;  with  acidity, 

2.  Sharply;  with  poignancy;  severely;  as,  to 
reply  or  rebuke  tartly. 

3.  With  sourness  of  aspect.  Shnk. 
TART'NESS,  h.    Acidity  ;  sharpness  to  the  taste  ;  as, 

the  tartness  of  wine  or  fruit. 
2.  Sharpness  of  language  or  manner;  poignancy; 

keenne.->s  ;  severity  ;  as,  the  tartness  of  rebuke. 
TAR'TRATE,  71.    [from  tartar.]    A  salt  formed  by 

the  combination  of  tartaric  acid  with  a  base  ;  as,  tar- 

Irnte  of  pnlassa  ;  tartrate  of  soda. 
TAR-TRO-VL\'IC  AC'ID,  71.    An  acid  composed  of 

tartaric  acid  in  combination  with  the  eb  mi  nls  of 

rllur.  Brande. 
TaH-TITFFE',  71.    [Fr.  tart»fe.'\    A  nickname  from 

the  French  f.r  a  hypocritical  devotee,  derived  from 

the  name  of  the  hero  in  Moliuro's  celebrated  ronn  dy. 

Brande. 

TAR-TUFF'ISII,  a.    [Fr.  tartiiffe,  a  hypocrite.) 

Precise;  liMiocritical.    [M'ot  in  usi\.]  SIrrne. 
TXR'-WA-Tlil!,  11.    [Mrnnd  vuler.]    A  cold  infusion 

of  lar  ill  wall  r,  used  as  a  medicine.  Cijc. 
TASK,  II.    [Fr.  Inche;  \V.  tasg,  a  bonil,  a  pledge,  that 

which   is  si  llli-d  or  agreed  tn  be  done,  a  job,  0 

tusk  ;  Gaelic  and  Ir.  laig,  task,  and  tasgaire,  a  slave  ; 

II.  tassa.    The  sense  is,  that  which  is  set  or  fixed, 

from  llirowiiig  or  pulling  on.] 

1.  liiisiness  imjioseil  by  aiinther,  often  a  definilo 

quantily  or  ninoiinl  of  labor.    I'acb  man  has  his  fii.vA 

When  he  has  peil'oriiied  his  ta.-k,\\\>i  time  is  hisown 

Kiud.  V. 


FATP,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1130 


TAS 


2.  Business;  einpluymciit. 

Hit  iiieiiuU  )H>wers  wtTC  equal  to  gn'alcr  bitks.  Atlcrbury, 

3.  Bm Jensoiiiu  einployiiieiit. 

To  lalte  to  t(L<k :  to  reprovu  ;  to  reprimanil ;  ;is,  to 
Uihe  Olio  to  tii-'^k  fur  idleness.  Aildison. 
Task,  I),  t.    [\V.  tanirii,  to  bind,  to  rate,  to  task,  to 
sprins;,  start,  luap  hack,  to  ursu.] 

1.  'I'o  impose  a  tiisk  ;  to  assign  to  one  a  definite 
amount  of  i>tisines9  or  labor. 

a.  To  bnrden  with  some  employment;  to  rerpiirc 
to  perform. 

Th'-p-  task  l)iy  maiils,  and  exercise  the  loom.  rtryden. 
TXPK'/'.'D,  (t^Ukt,)  pp.    Required  to  perform  some- 
lliins. 

TASK'I'.R,  n.    One  that  imposes  a  task. 
T.\SK'I.\G,  ppr.    Imposing  a  task  on  ;  reqairing  to 
pfrform. 

TASK'iMXS-TER,  n.  [task  and  maMrr.]  One  who 
imposes  a  task,  or  burdens  with  labor.  Sinful  pro- 
pensities and  appetites  are  mcn*s  most  unrelenting 
ta-ikmnsters.  They  condemn  us  to  unceasing  drndg- 
or)',  and  rewani  us  with  pain,  remorse,  and  poverty. 
Nest  to  our  sinful  propensities,  fashion  is  the  most 
oppressive  taskmaster. 

2.  One  whose  ofiice  is  to  assign  tasks  to  otiiers. 
Krod.  i.  iii. 

TAS'!?EL,  n.  [W.  tasel,  a  sash,  a  bandage,  a  fringe,  a 
tassel  ;  tiuiiaw,  to  tie  ;  to.--,  that  binds  or  hems  in  ;  It. 
tasselh,  the  collar  of  n  cloak.] 

1.  A  sort  of  pendent  ornament,  attached  to  the 
corners  of  cushions,  to  curtains,  and  the  like,  ending 
in  loose  threads. 

2.  .\  small  ribbon  of  silk  sewed  to  a  book,  to  be 
put  between  the  leaves.  Cijc. 

3.  In  bnildiii^,  tassels  are  the  pieces  of  boards  that 
lie  under  the  mantel-tree/ 

4.  A  bur.    [See  Teasel.] 

5.  A  male  hawk  ;  properly  terzol,  It.  terzuolo.  [See 
Tekce-l.] 

T.XS'SEL-ED,  a.    Furnished  or  adorned  with  tassels  ; 

as,  the  t(L-sdcil  horn.  Milton. 
TAS'SES,  n.  pi.    Armor  for  the  thighs  ;  appendages 

to  the  ancient  corslet,  consisting  of  skirts  of  iron  tliat 

covered  the  thighs.     They  were  listened  to  the 

cuirass  with  hooks. 
TaST'A-BI.E,  <i.    [from  (ostc.]    That  may  be  tasted  ; 

savory  ;  relishing. 
TASTE,  t>.  L    [Fr.  ttter,  to  feel;  It.  tastare ;  Norm. 

taster,  to  touch,  to  try  ;  G.  and  D.  tasten  ;  Dan.  tasser. 

The  Dutch  has  toeLien,  to  touch,  to  try,  to  text ;  Dan. 

t(i4er  and,  to  attack  or  assault.    This  shows  that  the 

primary  sense  is  to  thrust  or  drive  ;  allied  perhaps  to 
•  dask;  hence, to  strike,  to  touch,  to  brini;  one  thing  in 

contact  with  another.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  means  of  the  tongue  ;  to  have  a 
certain  sensation  in  c*nise(iuence  of  something  ap- 
plied to  the  tongue,  the  organ  of  taste  ;  as,  to  taste 
bread  ;  to  taste  wine  ;  to  taste  a  swe't  or  an  acid. 

2.  To  try  the  relish  of  by  the  perception  of  the 
organs  of  taste. 

3.  To  try  by  eating  n  little  ;  or  to  eat  a  little. 

Because  I  tastid  a  little  of  this  hoccy.  —  1  Sam.  xiv. 

4.  To  essay  first.  Dnjden. 

5.  To  have  pleasure  from.  Carew. 

6.  To  experience  ;  to  feel ;  to  undergo. 

That  he,  by  the  grace  of  God,  should  taste  death  for  CTCry  man. 
—  Hrl).  ii. 

7.  To  relish  intellectually ;  to  enjoy. 

Thou,  Adam,  wilt  uute  DO  pleasure.  MUton, 

8.  To  experience  by  shedding,  as  blood. 

When  Commodus  had  once  tatud  humau  l>Iood,  he  became  inca- 
palile  of  pity  or  remorse.  Gibbon. 

TASTE,  V.  i.  To  try  by  the  mouth  ;  to  eat  or  drink  ; 
or  to  eat  or  drink  a  little  only  ;  as,  to  taste  of  each 
kind  of  wine. 

2.  To  have  a  smack  ;  to  excite  a  particular  sensa- 
tion, by  which  the  quality  or  flavor  is  distinguished  ; 
as,  butter  tastes  of  garlic  ;  apfles  boiled  in  a  brass 
kettle,  stunetimes  ta<te  of  brass. 

3.  To  distinguish  intellectually. 

Scholars,  when  5i>o<t  sense  describing, 

C»dl  it  casting  and  imUbin*.  Sim/t 

4.  To  try  the  relish  of  any  thing.  Taste  of  the 
fruits  ;  taste  for  yourself. 

5.  To  be  tinctured  ;  to  have  a  particular  qualitj'  or 
character. 


Every  idl»,  nice,  and  ft-anfon  reason 
Shall,  to  the  king,  msu  of  tins  action. 


Sbat. 


6.  To  experience  ;  to  have  perception  of. 

Ttie  valiant  never  taste  of  death  but  once.  Shak, 

7.  To  take  to  be  enjoyed. 

Of  nature's  bounty  men  forbore  to  tast£.  WaUer. 
8  To  enjoy  sparingly. 

For  age  hut  tasus  of  pleasures,  youth  devours.  Dryden. 
9.  To  have  the  experience  or  enjoyment  of. 
They  who  have  tasted  of  Uie  heavenly  mft,  and  the  good  word 
ol  Uod.  —  Hcb.  vi. 

TASTE,  n    The  act  of  tasting  ;  gustation.  Milton. 
2.  A  particular  sensation  excited  in  an  animal  by 


the  application  of  a  substance  to  the  tongue,  the 
proper  organ  ;  as,  the  taste  of  an  orange  or  an  ap- 
ple ;  a  hitter  taste  ;  an  acid  ta-^tc  ;  a  sweet  tasl'-. 

3.  The  sense  by  which  we  perceive  the  relish  of  a 
thing.  This  sense  appears  to  reside  in  the  Iiuiguc 
or  its  papilla-.  Men  have  a  great  variety  of  taslis. 
In  the  inlliieii/.a  of  17W,  the  taste,  for  some  days, 
was  entirely  extinguished. 

4.  Iiitelluctuiil  relish  ;  as,  he  had  no  taste  of  true 
glory.  Jiddison, 

I  have  no  lasts 
Of  pepular  applanje.  Dryden. 

j\'ite,  —  In  this  use,  the  word  is  now  followed  by 
fur.  "  lie  had  no  Inste  for  glory."  When  followed 
by  of,  the  sense  is  ambiguous,  or  ratlier  it  denotes 
experience,  trial. 

5.  JiiilgnienI  ;  discernment;  nice  perception,  or 
the  power  of  perceiving  and  relishing  excellenci^  in 
human  performances  ;  the  faculty  of  discerning 
beauty,  order,  congruily,  proportion,  symmetry,  or 
whatever  coii.<titutes  excellence,  particularly  in  thi; 
fine  arts  and  belles  lettrcs.  7'a.vfe  is  not  wholly  the 
gift  of  nature,  nor  wholly  the  effect  of  art.  It  de- 
pends much  on  culture.  We  say,  a  good  taste,  or  a 
fine  tiiste.  Gerard. 

6.  Style;  manner,  with  respect  to  what  is  pleas- 
ing ;  as,  a  poem  or  music  composed  in  good  taste. 

C'le. 

7.  Essay  ;  trial  ;  experiment.  [JVot  in  use.]  Sluik. 

8.  A  small  poitimi  given  as  a  specimen. 

9.  A  bit  ;  a  little  piece  tasted  or  eaten. 
II).  A  kind  <d°  narrow  ribbon. 

T.aST'ED,  pp.    Perceived  by  the  organs  of  tasto ;  e.\- 
perienced. 

T.^STE'FIJL,  a.    Having  a  high  relish;  savory;  as, 
tasteful  herbs.  Pope. 
2.  Having  good  t.iste. 

TaSTE'FUL-LY,  ado.    With  good  taste. 

TASTE'Fi;i,-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  tasteful. 

TA.STE'LESS,  a.  Having  no  taste ;  insipid  ;  as,  taste- 
less fruit. 

2.  Having  no  power  of  giving  pleasure  ;  as,  tatte- 
less  ainuseinents. 

3.  Ilitving  no  power  to  perceive  taste.  [J^ot  used.] 

4.  Having  no  intellectual  gust.    [Little  ttsrd.] 
T.ASTl-yi.ICSS-l.V,  ado.    In  a  tasteless  manner. 
TaSTI'.'  I.Ef^S-N  ESS,  ji.    Want  of  taste  or  relish  ;  in- 
sipidness :  as,  the  tiistclessness  of  fruit. 

2.  Want  of  perception  of  taste.    [A'ot  in  u-te.] 

3.  Want  of  intellectual  relish.    [JVuL  in  use.] 
TaST'ER,  n.    One  who  tastes. 

2.  One  who  first  tastes  food  or  liquor. 

Thy  tutor  be  thy  taster,  e'er  thou  eat.  Dryden. 

3.  A  dram-cup.  Jlinsviortlu 
TaST'I-EY,  adv.    With  good  taste. 
TaST'ING,  ppr.    Perceiving  by  the  tongue. 

2.  Trying;  experiencing;  enjoying  or  sufTering. 
TAST'liXG,  n.    The  act  of  perceiving  hy  the  tongue. 
2.  The  sense  by  which  we  perceive  or  distinguish 

savors  ;  or  the  perception  of  external  objects  through 

the  instrumentality  of  the  tongue  or  organs  of  taste. 
T.9S'T0  SO'tO,  [It.]  in  miwic,  denotes  that  the  p.ns- 

sage  should  be  performed  with  no  other  chords  than 

unisons  and  octaves. 
TaST'Y,  o.    Having  a  good  taste,  or  nice  perception 

of  excellence  ;  applied  to  persoits ;  as,  a  tasty  lady. 
2.  Being  in  conformity  to  the  principles  of  good 

taste  ;  elegant ;  as,  tastij  furniture;  a  tastij  dress. 
TAT'TA,  71.    In  India,  a  bamboo  frame  or  trellis  over 

which  water  is  suffered  to  trickle,  with  a  view  of 

ctMiling  the  air  as  it  enters  the  windows  or  doors. 
TAT'TER,  r.  t    fCiu.  Sax.  toUeran  ;  compounded  of 

teraii,  to  tear,  and  the  prefix  to,  or  D.  tod,  Scot,  dud, 

a  rag.] 

To  rend  or  tear  into  rags.    [JVo«  «t»«i  acept  in  Uie 

participle.] 

TAT'TER,  11.    A  rag,  or  apart  torn  and  hanging  to 

the  thing  ;  chiefly  used  in  the  plural.  Tatters. 
TAT-TER-DE-.MAL'IO.\,  (-de-inal'yun,)  n.    A  rag- 
ged fellow.  VEstranire. 
TAT'TER-ED,  pp.  or  o.    Rent;  torn;  hanging  in 
rags  ;  as,  a  tattered  garment. 

\Vh;Te  waved  the  tattered  ensigns  of  Rag-fair.  Pope. 
TAT'TLE,  (tat'tl,)  c.  i.    [D.  tateren  ;  It.  tattamrllare.] 
J.  To  prate  ;  to  talk  idly ;  to  use  many  words  with 
little  meaning. 

Excuse  it  by  the  tattling  quality  of  age,  which  is  alwavs  narra- 
tive. Dryden. 

2.  T«  tell  talcs;  to  communicate  secrets;  as,  a 
tatilinir  girl. 

TAT'TLE,  n.    Prate  ;  idle  talk  or  chat ;  trifling  talk. 

They  told  the  Bit's  of  die  day.  Swift. 

TAT'TT.ER,  n.  One  who  tattles ;  an  idle  talker ;  one 
that  tells  tales. 

TAT'Tl.ER-Y,  n.    Idle  tilk  or  chat. 

TAT'TLl.NG,  ppr.    Talking  idly  ;  telling  tales. 
2.  n.    Given  to  idle  talk  ;  apt  to  tell  tales. 

TAT'TLI.\G-LY  adr.    In  a  tattling,  telltale  manner. 

T.\  I'-TOO',  n.    [If  this  word  was  originally  taptoo  or 
tapto,  it  is  from  the  Fr.  tapotcr,  to  beat  ;  tapotex  tons, 
beat,  all  of  you  ;  from  taper,  Gr.  ruirrw.  Eng.  tap.] 
A  beat  of  drum  at  night,  giving  notice  to  soldiers 


to  retreat,  or  to  repair  to  their  quarters  in  garrison, 

or  to  their  tenl-s  in  camp.  Cijc. 

TAT-TOO',  r.  (.  In  Uie  South  Sta  isles,  to  prick  the 
f  kin,  and  stain  the  punctured  spots  with  a  ctdoreil 
fluid  or  substance,  forming  lint^s  and  figure.H  U|ion 
the  body.  In  some  isles,  the  inhabitants  tattoo  th« 
face,  in  others,  only  the  body.  'I'lie  bamc  practice 
exists  among  other  rude  nations. 

Barrow.  Makeniie. 

TAT-TOO',  n.  Figures  on  the  body,  made  by  punc- 
tures and  stains  in  lines  and  figures. 

TAT-TOO'j!:D,(Uit-tood',) ora.  Marked  by  stained 
lilies  anil  figures  on  the  body. 

TAT-TOO'ING,  ppr.  Alarking  with  various  figures 
by  stained  lines. 

TAT-TOO'I.NG,  n.  The  operation  or  practice  of  prick- 
ing the  skin  and  staining  the  punctured  spots  with  a 
coloreil  substance,  so  as  to  form  lines  and  figures  on 
the  body.  /'.  Ci/c. 

TAL'Giri',  (tawt,)  a.  [from  the  root  of  (i^Al.]  Tight; 
stretched  ;  not  slack.  Totten. 

TAUGHT,  (tawt,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Teach.  [L.  doe- 
tus.] 

Experience  taught  him  wisdom.     He  has  been 
tnut^ht  in  the  seluiol  of  experience. 
TAUNT,  a.    Among  *-fa7nc/i,  a  term  signifying  very 

high  or  tall,  as  the  masts  of  a  ship.  Totten. 
TaL'AT,  (tint,)  V.  t.    [Ciu.  Fr.  (a/iccr,  to  rebuke  or 

o  _    ,  ^ 

chide  ;  W.  tantiaw,  to  stretch";  or  Pers.  • 
<au/>ni(/uu,  to  pierce  with  words.] 

1.  To  rejiroach  with  severe  or  insulting  words  ;  to 
revile  ;  to  upbraid. 

Wlicn  1  had  at  my  pleasure  taunted  her.  Shak. 

2.  To  exprobrate  ;  to  censure. 

Rait  thou  in  Kulvia's  phrase,  and  taant  my  faults.  Shak. 

TAUNT,  n.  Upbraiding  words  ;  bitter  or  sarcastic  re- 
proach ;  insulting  invective. 

With  scofl's  and  scorns,  and  contumelious  taunts.  Shak. 
With  sacrilegious  taunt  and  impious  Jest.  Prior. 

TAUNT'ED,  pp.  Upbraided  with  sarcastic  or  severe 
words. 

TXUNT'ER,  n.  One  who  taunts,  reproaches,  or  up- 
braids, with  sarcastic  or  censorious  reflections. 

TXUNT'ING,  ppr.ota.  Treating  with  severe  reflec- 
tions ;  upbraiding. 

TSUNT'ING-EY,  adr.  With  bitter  and  sarcastic 
words  ;  insiiltinglv  ;  scoflingly. 

TAU-RI-eoRN'OUS,a.  [\.,.taurus,  a  bull,  and  comu, 
horn.] 

Havins  horns  like  a  bull.  Broien. 
TAU'RI-FOR.M,  a.    [L.  tuurus,  a  bull,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  bull.  Faber. 
TAU'RI.XE,  a.    f  L.  (uuriis,  a  bull.] 

1.  Relating  to  a  bull. 

2.  Relating  to  the  Taurus  Urus,  the  species  to 
which  the  common  hull,  or  ox,  and  cow  belong, 
and  for  which  there  is  no  peculiar  name  in  Eng- 
lish. 

TAU'RO-COL,  n.    A  gluey  substance  made  from  a 

bull's  hide. 
TAU'RdS,  71.    [L.  ;  W.  tarn,.] 

1.  The  Bull  ;  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac, 
and  the  second  in  order,  or  that  next  to  Aries. 

2.  The  I.innxan  name  of  the  species  to  which  the 
common  bull,  or  ox,  and  cow  belong,  and  for  which 
there  is  no  peculiar  name  in  English. 

TAUT,  a.    Tight.    [See  Tauoht.]  Totten. 

TAU'TO-eilRONE,  7i.    [Gr.  rdvra  and  xpovm.] 

A  curve  line  of  such  property  that  a  heavy  body 
descending  along  it  by  the  action  of  gravity  will  al- 
ways arrive  at  the  lowest  point  in  the  same  time, 
wherever  in  the  curve  it  may  begin  to  fall.  Brande. 

TAU-TO(;',  II.  A  fish  found  on  the  coast  of  New 
England, (Labnis  Americanos,)  valued  forfixxl ;  also 
called  Blackfish.  Storcr*s  Mass.  Rep. 

TAU'TO-I.ITE,  71.  A  velvet-black  mineral  occurring 
in  volcanic,  feldspathic  rocks. 

TAU-TO-LOG'ie,       ( a.    [See  Tautolocv.]  Re- 

TAU-TO-LOG'ie-AL,  (  peating  the  same  thing  ; 
liaving  the  same  signification  ;  as,  a  tautological  ex- 
pression or  phrase. 

Tautological  echo ;  an  echo  that  repeats  the  same 
sound  or  syllable  many  times. 

TAU-TOI.'O-GIST,  71.  One  who  uses  different  words 
or  phrases,  in  succession,  to  express  the  same  sense. 

TAU-TOL'O  GIZE,  c.  i.  To  repeat  the  same  thing 
in  different  words. 

TAU-TOL'O-GOUS,  o.    Tautological.  DieishL 

TAU-TOI/O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  rnvTo\.yia;  raira,  the 
same,  and  \oyof,  word  or  expression.] 

A  repetition  of  the  same  meaning  in  difTerent 
words  ;  needless  repetition  of  a  thing  in  dilferent 
words  or  phrases ;  or  a  representation  of  any  thing 
as  the  cause,  condition,  or  consequence  of  itself,  as 
in  the  following  lines.  Cyc 

The  dawn  is  overcast,  the  morning  lowers, 

And  heavily  in  clouds  bnngs  on  the  day.  Adduon, 

TAU-TO-PIION'ie-AL,  a.  Repeating  the  same 
sound. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


TAX 

TAU-TOPH'0-i\Y,  (tau'-tof  o-ne,)  n.  [Gr.  rdi^ru,  the 
same,  ami  (iiMi/17,  voice.] 

Rc'ijeiiiioii  of  tlie  same  souml. 

TAV'ERN,  11.  [Fr.  taocrAe;  VV.  tararn  ;  L.  taberiia  ; 
lab,  tlie  root  of  table,  a  board,  and  Sa\.  urn,  place.] 

Ahouse  licensed  to  sell  liquors  in  small  quantities, 
to  be  drank  on  the  spot.  In  some  of  the  United 
States,  tavern  is  synonymous  with  inn  or  liotct,  and 
denotes  a  house  for  the  entertainment  of  travelers, 
as  well  as  for  the  sale  of  liquors,  licensed  for  that 
purpose. 

TAV'ERN-ER,  )  ji.    One  who  keeps  a  tavern. 

TAV'ERN-KEEP-ER,  (  In  the  United  States,  one 
who  is  licensed  to  sell  liquors  to  be  drank  in  liis 
house,  and  to  entertain  tr.ivelers  and  lodgers,  to- 
gether with  the  liorses  or  oxen  composing  their 
teams.  Taververs  are  by  law  to  be  j)rovidr(I  with 
suitable  beds  fur  their  guests,  and  with  f  idikr  for 
horses  and  cattle.  of  Cunn.. 

TAV'ERN-HaUNT-ER,  n.  [tavern  a\n\  haunt.]  One 
who  frequents  taverns  ;  one  who  spends  liis  time 
and  substance  in  tippling  in  taverns. 

TAV'ER.V-ING,  n:    A  feastin);  at  taverns.  Hall. 

TAVERN-MAN,  n.    [tavern  and  man.]    The  keeper 
of  a  tavern.    [JVo«  in  iwe.] 
2.  A  tippler. 

TAW,  V.  t.    [Sax.  tawian ;  D.  touwen.    In  Sax.  teaman 

has  the  like  signification.    In  Persic, 
tauidan,  is  to  scrape  and  currj'  hides.] 

To  dress  white  leather ;  to  dress  and  prepare  skins 
in  white,  as  the  skins  of  sheep,  lambs,  goats,  and 
kids,  for  gloves  and  the  like,  by  imbuing  them  with 
alum,  salt,  and  other  mutters.  Cyc. 

TAW,  n.  A  marble  to  be  played  with;  a  gnnie  at 
marbles.  Swift. 

TAW'DRI-I.Y,  adv.    In  a  tawdry  manner. 

TAW'DRI-NE?S,  71.  [from  tawdry.]  Tinsel  in  dress  ; 
e.\cessive  finery ;  ostentatious  finery  without  ele- 
gance. 

A  clumsy  pereon  mnkcs  his  unj^ccfulness  more  niiffrnceful  by 
Jaiodniiess  oi  Unres.  Kicliardson. 

TAW'DRY,  a.  Very  fine  and  showy  in  colors,  with- 
out taste  or  elegance  ;  having  an  excess  of  showy 
ornaments  without  grace  ;  as,  a  tawdry  dress ;  taw- 
dry feathers ;  tawdry  colors. 


He         Troin  morning  to  ni^lit  at  1 
courtiers. 


need  fops  and  taiodry 
SjiecUilor. 


TAW'DRY,  71.    A  slight  ornament.  Drayton. 
TAVV'£0,  (tawd,)  pp.  or  a.   Dressed  and  made  while, 
as  le.nthcr. 

TAW'Ea,  71.    A  dresser  of  white  leather. 

TAW'EK-Y,  n.  A  place  wliere  skins  are  tawed  or 
dyed  with  alum.  Maunder. 

TAWING,  ppr.    Dressing,  as  white  leather. 

TAW'I.MG,  71.  The  art  and  operation  of  preparing 
skins,  and  forming  them  into  white  leather,  by  im- 
buing thcni  with  alum,  salt,  and  other  matters. 

Brande. 

TAW'NI-NESS,  71.   The  quality  of  being  tawny. 

TAW'NY,  a.    [Fr.  tanne,  from  tanner,  to  tan.] 

Of  a  yellowish-dark  color,  like  things  tanned,  or 
persons  who  are  sunburnt ;  as,  a  tawny  Moor  or  Span- 
iard ;  the  tawny  sons  of  Numidia  ;  the  tawny  lion. 

Jlddi.s-un.  Milton. 

TAX,  71.  [Fr.  tare ;  Sp.  tnsa  ;  It.  tassa ;  from  L.  tazo, 
to  tax.  if  from  the  Gr.  Ta{if,  rairo-i.i,  the  root  was 
(an-o,  the  sense  of  which  was  to  set,  to  thrust  on. 
But  this  is  doubtful.    It  may  be  allied  to  task.] 

1.  A  rate  or  sum  of  money  assessed  on  the  person 
or  property  of  a  citizen  by  government,  for  the  use 
of  the  natiim  or  state.  Tuxes,  in  free  governments, 
are  usually  laid  upon  the  property  of  citizens  accord- 
ing to  their  income,  or  the  value  of  their  estates. 
Tuz  is  a  term  of  general  import,  including  almost 
every  species  of  imposition  on  persons  or  property 
for  supplying  the  public  treasury,  as  toils,  tribute, 
subsidy,  excise,  impost,  or  customs.  liut  more  gen- 
erally, lax  is  limited  to  the  sum  laid  upon  polls, 
lands,  houses,  horses,  cattle,  professions,  and  occu- 
p.alions.  So  we  speak  of  a  land  torn,  a  window  tax, 
u  tax  on  carriages,  &c.  Taxes  are  annual  or  perpet- 
ual. 

2.  A  sum  imposed  on  tlie  persons  and  property  of 
citizens  to  defray  the  expenses  of  a  corporation,  so- 
ciety, parish,  or  company  ;  as,  a  city  tax,  a  county 
tax,  a  parish  tax,  and  the  like.  So  a  private  associa- 
tion in.ay  lay  a  lax  on  its  members  for  the  use  of  the 
association. 

3.  'i'liat  which  is  imposed  ;  a  burden.  The  atten- 
tion that  he  gives  to  public  business  is  a  heavy  tax 
on  hia  time. 

4.  Charge  ;  censure.  Clarendon. 

5.  Task. 

VAX,  V.  t.    [L.  tazo !  Fr.  taziri  It.  tassare.] 

1.  To  lay,  impose,  or  assess  upon  citizens  a  certain 
Slim  of  money  or  amount  of  property,  to  be  paid  to 
the  public  tre.-uiury,  or  to  the  treasury  of  a  corpora- 
tion or  company,  to  defray  the  cx|>ciise«  of  the  gov- 
ernment or  coriHiration,  &c. 

We  Br*?  more  lirnvily  Inxed  by  our  Idlonoai,  pride,  and  fully,  than 
wc  Rre  tased  by  government.  J-^nklin. 


TEA 

2  To  load  with  a  burden  or  burdens. 
The  iianator —  never  taxes  our  faitli  beyond  Uje  obvious  hounds 
ol  pruUibility.  Sparka. 

3.  To  assess,  fix,  or  determine  judiciallv,  as  the 
amount  of  cost  on  actions  in  court  j  as,  the  court  tax^ 
es  bills  of  cost. 

4.  To  charge ;  to  censure  ;  to  accuse  ;  usually  fol- 
lowed by  witJt ;  as,  to  tax  a  man  with  pride.  He  was 
taj:cd  with  presumption. 

Men's  virtues  1  h;ive  commended  as  freely  as  1  have  taxed  their 
crimes.  Uri^din. 

[To  tax  of  a  crime,  is  not  in  use,  nor  to  tax fur. 

Both  are  now  improper.] 
TAX-A 4!!L'I-TY,  v.    The  state  of  being  taxable. 
TAX'A-IiEE,  a.    That  may  be  taxed  ;  liable  by  law  to 

the  assessment  of  taxes  ;  as,  taxable  estate.    By  the 

laws  of  some  States,  polls  are  not  (axaWe  after  the  age 

of  seventy . 

2.  That  may  he  legally  charged  by  a  court  against 
the  [ilaintitr  or  defenilaiit  in  a  suit ;  as,  taxable  costs. 
T.\X'A-BLE-NESS,  7!.    The  state  of  being  taxable. 
TAX'A-IiLY,  adv.   In  a  taxable  manner. 
TAX-.\''1'I<  )N,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  taxatio.] 

1.  A  tiiving;  the  act  of  layinji  a  tax,  or  of  impos- 
ing taxi's  on  the  subjects  of  a  state,  by  government, 
or  on  the  members  of  a  corporation  or  (•onipany  by 
tlic-  iiioper  authority.  Taxation  is  probably  the  most 
dilKcult  subject  of  legislation. 

2.  Tax  ;  sum  imposed.    [Little  used.] 

He  ihiily  such  f/ixations  did  exact.  DanUl. 

3.  Charge  ;  accusation.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 

4.  The  act  of  taxing  or  assessing  a  bill  of  cost. 
TAX'ED,  (takst,)  pp.  or  a.     Rated  ;  assessed ;  ac- 
cused. 

TAX'ER,  n.   One  who  taxes. 

2.  In  Cambridge,  A'li^Iaiiii,  the  name  of  two  officers 
chosen  \'early  to  see  the  true  gauge  of  weights  and 
measures  observed.    [See  Taxor.]  Cyc. 

TAX'I-;\.ReH,  ji.  [Gr.  T-a^mpx'fS  )■  ''"J'S')  order,  and 
u/jX')J,  chief.] 

An  Athenian  military  oflicer  commanding  a  taxis 
or  baltalion.  Mitford. 

TAX'I-eOKNS,  71.  pi.    [L.  tazus  and  comu.] 

A  family  of  coleopterous  insects  whose  antennce 
are  larL'est  at  the  apex.  Curier. 

TAX-I-DER'Mie,  a.  Belonging  to  the  art  of  preparing 
and  preserving  the  skins  of  animals. 

TAX'I-DER-.MLS'J',  71.  A  person  skilled  in  preparing 
and  preserving  the  skins  of  animals,  so  as  to  repre- 
sent their  natural  appearance. 

TAX'I-DER-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ra^is,  order,  and  6ep^La, 
skin.] 

The  art  of  preparing  and  preserving  the  skins  of 
animals,  for  cabinets,  so  as  to  represent  their  natural 
appearance. 

TAX'ING,  ppr.    Imposing  a  tax ;  assessing,  as  a  bill 

of  cost  ;  accusing. 
TAX'ING,  n.    The  act  of  laying  a  tax:  taxation. 

Lake  ii. 

TA.X-ON'O-MY,  71.  [Gr.  raf if,  order,  and  vo^ot,  law.] 

1.  That  department  of  natural  history  which  treats 
of  the  laws  and  principles  of  classificiUion. 

2.  The  laws  or  principles  themselves  of  classifica- 
tion. 

TAX'OR,  71.  In  the  university  of  Cambridge,  England, 
an  oflicer  appointed  to  regulate  the  assize  of  bread, 
t^lie  true  gauge  of  weights,  &c.  Ca77i.  Col. 

Tic.\,  (tee,)  71.  [Chinese,  (cAa,  or  tAa.  Orosier.  Kuss. 
tskai ;  Sp.  te ;  It.  ti  ;  Fr.  the.] 

1.  The  leaves  of  the  tea-tree  as  dried  and  import- 
ed. There  are  several  kinds  of  tea  ;  as  inijierial  tea, 
hyson  and  young  hyson,  called  green  teas  ,■  souchong 
and  boliea,  called  black  teas,  &c. 

2.  A  decoction  or  infusion  of  tea-leaves  in  boiling 
water.    Tea  is  a  refreshing  beverage. 

3.  Any  infusion  or  decoction  of  vegetables;  !is, 
sage  tea ;  chamomile  tea,  &.c. 

TkA,  i>. !.   To  take  or  drink  tea.  Halliieell. 
_  [  Various  dialects  of  England.]  - 

Ti;A'-liOARD,  71.  [tea  and  board.]  A  board  to  put 
tea  furniture  on. 

TkA'-CAN-IS-TER,  71.  [tea  and  canister.]  A  canis- 
ter or  box  in  which  tea  is  ke|)t. 

TEA'-CUP,  n.  [tea  and  cii/i.J  A  small  cup  in  which 
tea  is  dj;ank. 

Tk.'\'-I)1';AI,-ER,  71.    A  merchant  who  sells  teas. 
TkA'-L)RINK-ER,  71.    [lea  and  drinker.]    One  who 

drinks  much  tea. 
TkA'-J'LANT,  71.   The  tca-shrnb.  Camellia  Thea. 
TkA'-POT,  n.    [tea  and  pot.]    A  vessel  with  n  spoilt 

in  which  tea  is  made,  and  from  w  hich  it  is  poured 

into  lea-cups. 

TP.A'-SAU-CER,  n.  [tea  and  saucer.]  A  small  sau- 
cer in  which  a  tea-cup  is  sot. 

TlcA'-SPOON,  n.  [lea  and  spoon.]  A  small  spoon 
used  in  (Irmkiiig  tea  and  coffee. 

TlCA'-TA-BEE,  71.  (fra  and  triWc]  A  table  on  which 
tea-fiiriiitnre  is  set,  or  at  which  tea  is  drank. 

Tl~;A'-TKEIO,  71.  [tea  and  tree.]  The  shrub  or  plant, 
Camellia  Thoa,  that  produces  tho  leaves  which  are 
imported  and  ralli  il  Ira.  It  is  a  native  of  China, 
Japan,  and  Tompiin,  but  has  recently  been  intro- 
duced into  South  America.  Kncyc. 


TEA 

TkA'-URN,  71.  A  vessel  in  the  form  of  a  vase,  for 
supplying  heated  water  for  tea. 

Kncyc,  of  Dom.  Econ. 

TeACH,  (teech,)  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Tau<;ht.  [Sax. 
tiBcan,  to  teach,  and  to  tuke  ;  L.  doceo  ;  Ir.  drachtaini, 
to  teach,  to  dictate  ;  Gaelic,  £/caf/i(/(im,  which  seems 
to  be  the  L.  dico,  dicto,  and  both  these  and  the  Gr. 
lUiKw,  to  show,  may  be  of  one  family  ;  all  implying 
sending,  passing,  communicating,  or  rather  leading, 
drawing.] 

1.  To  instruct;  to  inform;  to  communicate  to  an- 
other the  knowledge  of  that  of  which  he  was  before 
ignorant. 

rill  Widk  in  his  paths.  — 
taught  his  disciples.  — 


He  wHl  teach  us  of  his  ways,  and  we  ■ 

Lonl,  ttach  us  to  pray,  as  John  alsi 
Luke  IX. 


2.  To  deliver  any  doctrine,  art,  principles,  or 
words  for  instruction.  One  sect  of  ancient  philoso- 
phers taught  the  doctrines  of  stoicism,  another  those 
of  epicureanism. 

In  vahi  Ihfy  worship  me,  teaching  for  doctrines  the  command- 
Hunts  of  men.  —  M.ilt.  xv. 

3.  To  tell ;  to  give  intelligence.  Tusser. 

4.  To  instruct,  or  to  practice  the  business  of  an  in- 
structor;  to  use  or  follow  the  employment  of  a  pre- 
ceptor ;  as,  a  man  teachr.^  school  tor  a  livelihood 

5.  To  show ;  to  exhibit  so  as  to  impress  on  the 
mind. 

1(  some  men  teach  wicked  thina^s,  it  must  be  that  others  may 
practice  Iheni.  .S'oul/i. 

6.  To  accustom  ;  to  make  familiar. 

They  have  laught  their  tongue  to  speak  lies.  —  Jer.  ix. 

7.  To  inform  or  admonish ;  to  give  previous  no- 
tice to. 

For  he  taught  his  disciples,  and  said.  —  Mark  ix. 

8.  To  suggest  to  the  mind. 

For  Ilie  Holy  Spirit  shall  tetifh  you  in  that  same  hour  what  yc 
ought  to  say.  —  Luke  Mi. 

9.  To  signify  or  give  notice. 

He  teachelh  with  his  fingers.  —  Prov.  vi. 

10.  To  counsel  and  direct.    Ilab.  ii. 

Te.'VCH,  v.  i.  To  jiractice  giving  instruction  ;  to  per- 
form the  business  of  a  preceptor. 

The  heads  thereof  jud^e  for  reward,  ami  the  priests  thereof  teach 
for  hire.  —  Micih  iii. 

TEACH,  n.    [Ir.  and  Gaelic,  leagham,  to  heat.] 
In  sugar  worlis,  the  last  boiler. 

Edwards,  W.  Ind. 
TeACH'A-BLE,  (teech'a-bl,)  a.   That  may  be  taught ; 
apt  to  learn  ;  also,  readily  receiving  instruction  ;  do- 
cile. 

Wc  ouirht  to  bring  our  minds  free,  unbiased,  and  teachoite,  to 
learn  our  religion  from  tlie  word  o'.  God.  trail*. 

TEACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ca- 
pable of  receiving  instruction  ;  more  generally,  a  will- 
ingness or  readiness  to  be  informed  and  instructed  ; 
docility  ;  aptness  to  learn. 

TeACH'ER,  71.    One  who  teaches  or  instructs. 

2.  An  instructor  ;  a  preceptor  ;  a  tutor ;  one  whose 
business  or  occupation  is  to  instruct  others. 

3.  One  who  instructs  others  in  religitm  ;  a  preach- 
er ;  a  minister  of  the  gospel. 

The  teach^rg  in  all  the  churches  assembled  themselves.  JRa/egh. 

4.  One  who  preaches  without  regular  ordination. 

SwifL 

Th.-VCII'ING,  ppr.    Instructing  ;  informing. 
TeACH'ING,  71.    The  act  or  business  of  instructing. 

2.  Instruction. 
TEACH'LESS,  a.    Unteachable  ;  indocile  Shelley. 

T|A^.j7i.  [L.f..a.] 

A  torch  ;  a  flambeau.    [JVui  in  use.]  Spniser. 
TeAGUE,  (teeg,)  71.   An  Irishman  ;  in  contempt. 

Johnson. 

Teak,  )  n.    A  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  which  fiir- 

TEEK,  i  nishes  an  abundance  of  ship  timber.  It  is 
the  tectonia  giandis. 

TeAE,  (teel,)  n.    [D.  txiling.] 

A  web-fciotcd  water-fowl,  nearly  allied  to  the 
common  duck,  but  smaller.  The  common  teal  is 
the  Bosch.as  (Anas,  Linn.)  crecca.  Smainson. 

Team,  (teem,)  n.  [Sax.  team,  oflspring,  progeny, 
race  of  descendants,  hence  a  suit  or  long  series  ;  ty- 
man,  to  teem,  to  bear,  to  bring  forth,  also  to  call,  to 
siiinmon.  The  ))riinary  sense  is  to  shoot  out  or  ex- 
tend.] 

1.  Two  or  more  horses,  oxen,  or  other  beasts  har- 
nessed together  to  the  same  vehicle  for  drawing,  as 
to  a  coach,  chariot,  wagon,  cart,  sled,  sleigh,  and 
tho  like.  It  has  been  a  great  qiiestiiui  whelher 
teams  of  horses  or  oxen  are  most  advantageously  ein- 
plnycil  in  agriculture.  In  land  free  from  stones  and 
stumps,  and  of  easy  tillage,  it  is  generally  agreed 
that  horses  are  preferable  for  teams. 

2.  Any  number  passing  in  u  line  ;  a  long  line. 
I.iku  a  long  tiam  of  snowy  swans  on  hij^h.  Vryden. 

[  This  is  the  primary  .icnse,  but  is  rarely  used.] 
Tr;AM'STER,  71.    [(cam  and  ster.]    One  who  drives  a 
team. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WUyi' — METE,  I'KBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


1132 


TEA 


TED 


TEl 


TkAM'-WOKK,  (Ifcm'wiirk,)  m.  {tram  and  wort.] 
\V<irk  (lone  by  u  team,  as  distiiigiiisliviJ  from  per- 
sonal labor.  AVu)  Kn-'lanU. 

Tk.VR,  (leer,)  ii.  [Gaelic,  dear,  dear:  Uolh.  (u^t, 
contracted  in  Sax.  (cur ;  G.  idlire  ;  S\v.  tar :  Dan. 
taare;  W-daiffi/r;  Gt.  6aKpv  j  from  flowing  or  pour- 
ing forth  i  Ar.  oLj  tauka,  to  burst  forth,  as  tears. 


or  Oi^  vaJaka,  to  drop  or  distil.    See  Class  Dg, 

No.  16,  24,  48,  fi3.] 

1.  Tears  are  the  limpid  fluid  secreted  by  the  laery- 
mal  gland,  and  appi  arins  in  the  eyes,  or  llowin^ 
from  them.  A  tra',  in  the  singular,  is  a  drop  or  a 
small  quantity  of  tliat  fluid.  Tears  are  exrited  by 
passions,  particularly  by  Rrief.  This  fluid  is  also 
called  forth  by  any  injury  done  to  the  eye.  It  serves 
to  moisten  the  cornea  and  preserve  its  transparency, 
and  to  remove  any  dust  or  fine  substance  thai  enters 
the  eye  and  gives  pain. 

2.  Something  in  tlie  form  of  a  transparent  drop  of 
fluid  matter. 

TEAR,  (lire,)  v.  t ;  prcL  Tore  ;  pp.  Tobji  ;  old  prct. 
Tare,  obs.  [Sax.  taran,  to  tear  ;  tiran,  t\tran,  tijriatiy 
ti/ri^raii,  to  fret,  gnaw,  provoke  ;  Russ.  dera,  to  tear. 
In  Sw.  tdra  is  to  fret,  consume,  waste ;  Dan.  tierer, 
id. ;  D.  terren,  G.  lehren,  id.  These  are  probably  the 
same  word  varied  in  signification,  and  they  coincide 
with  L.  trro,  Gt.  rtimo.  In  VV.  tori.  Arm.  torri. 
Corn,  trrhi,  is  to  break;  Ch.  and  Syr.  Vm,  to  tear, 
to  rend.    Class  Dr,  No.  42,  51.] 

1.  To  separate  by  violence  or  pulling;  to  rend  ;  to 
lacerate  ;  as,  to  tear  cloth  ;  to  tear  a  garment ;  to  tear 
the  skin  or  tiesh.  We  use  tear  and  rip  in  difl'crent 
senses.  To  ffar  is  to  rend  or  separate  the  triture  of 
cloth  ;  to  rip  is  to  open  a  seam,  to  separate  parts 
sewed  together. 

2.  To  wound  ;  to  lacerate. 

The  wonvm  beat  Ihctr  breasts,  their  checks  they  tear,  ShaJe. 

3.  To  rend  ;  to  break  ;  to  form  fissures  by  any  vio- 
lence ;  a?*,  torrents  tear  the  ground.  Dryden. 

4.  To  divide  by  violent  measures ;  to  shatter ;  to 
rend ;  as,  a  state  or  government  lorn  by  factions. 

Locke. 

5.  To  pull  with  violence  ;  as,  to  tear  the  hair. 

Dnjden. 

6.  To  remove  by  violence  ;  to  break  up. 

Or  oil  rou^h  seas  tmn  their  foundation  torn,  Dryden. 

7.  To  make  a  violent  rent. 

In  the  niiilst,  a  tearing  groan  diU  break 

TIte  naine  of  Aulouy.  Shnk. 

To  tear  from ;  to  separate  and  take  away  by  force  ; 
03,  an  isle  torn  from  its  possessor. 

Tlie  hand  of  fato 
Has  torn  thee/rom  me.  Addison. 

To  tear  off;  to  pull  ofl"  by  violence ;  to  strip. 
To  tear  out ;  to  pull  or  draw  out  by  violence ;  as, 
to  tear  out  the  eyes. 

To  tear  up  ;  to  rip  up  ;  to  remove  from  a  fixed  suite 
by  violence  ;  as,  to  tear  up  a  floor ;  to  tear  up  the 
foundations  of  government  or  order. 
TK.\R,  (tare,)  v.  i.    To  rave;  to  rage;  to  rant;  to 
move  and  act  with  turbulent  violence  ;  as  a  mad 
bull.  E^tran<re, 
TEAR,  (tare,)  n.    A  rent ;  a  fissure.    [Liltte  u.^ed.'] 
TEAR'ER,  n.    One  who  tears  or  rends  any  Ihing. 

2.  One  that  niges  or  raves  with  violence. 
TEAR'-FALL-ING,  (tcer'fawl-,)  a.    [(ear  and /a//.] 
Shedding  tears  ;  tender  ;  as,  tear-falling  pity. 

Shak. 

Te.\R'-FILL-£D,  (tcer'fild,)  o.    Filled  with  tears. 

Fraser. 

TE.^R'PrL,  (teer'-,)  a.  [tear  and  fait.]  Abounding 
with  tears;  weeping;  shedding  tears;  as,  tearful 
eyes.  S/iak. 

TEaR'ING,  (tare'-,)  ppr.  [from  (car,  to  rend.]  Rend- 
ing; pulling  apart ;  laccrHling  :  violent;  raging. 

TeAR'LESS,  (leer'-,)  a.  Shedding  no  tears  ;  without 
te.ars  ;  unfeeling.  Sandijs. 

Tli.^SE,  (tee/.e,)  v.  t.    [Sax.  («.«an,  to  pull  or  tear.] 

1.  To  comb  or  card,  as  wool  or  rta.\. 

2.  To  scratch,  as  cloth  in  dressing,  for  the  purpose 
of  raising  a  nap. 

3.  To  vex  with  imporlunity  or  impertinence ;  to 
harass,  annoy,  disturb,  or  irrit.ite,  by  felly  reipiests, 
or  by  jests  and  raillery.  Parents  are  often  teased  by 
their  children  into  unreasonable  compliances. 

My  friends  teaje  me  about  him,  tycause  he  has  no  estate. 

Hyectalor. 

Ti>AS'£D,  (_teezd,)  pp.  Carded. 

a.  Vexed  ;  irritated  ;  annoyed. 
TEA'S£1>,  (tee'zl,)  n.    [Sax.  Lrsl] 

1.  .V  plant  of  the  genus  Dipsacus,  one  kind  of 

which  hears  a  large  bur,  which  is  used  for  raising  a 

nap  on  wtmlen  cloth.  Hence, 

_  2.  The  bur  of  the  plant. 
TE.\'SKL.  ».  L   To  cut  and  gather  teasels. 
TE.\  SKLrF.R,  n.    One  who  uses  the  teasel  for  raising 

a  nap  on  cloth.  Krlham. 


TEA'?KI.-ING,  ppr.    Galheriiig  teasels  ;  as  a  noun, 

ilie  cutting  and  galherins  of  li-asels. 
TE ASS'KR,  (leez't  r,)  n.    One  that  teases  or  vexes. 
Tf;AS'I.N'(i,  ppr.    Combing;  carding;  scratrliiiig  for 

the  purpose  of  raising  a  nap ;  vexing  with  inipor- 

Uinily. 

Tk.\T,  j  71.  [Sax.  (i(,  (I'U,  as  it  is  usu.allv  pronounced 
TIT,  j  to  this  day;  G.  idie ;  1).  (r(;  VV.  titli: 
Corn.  (1(1 ;  Ir.  did  ;  liasqiie,  (ida ;  G.aclic,  did:  I"r. 
letoii,  breast,  It.  tetta  ;  I'oit.  and  Sp.  trta  :  Gr.  rirS  is. 
It  coincides  with  tontli,  teeth,  in  elements,  and  radi- 
cal sen.sc,  which  is  a  shoot.] 

The  projecting  part  of  the  female  breast  ;  the  dug 
of  a  bea.st ;  the  pap  of  a  woman  ;  the  nipiile.  It 
consists  of  an  elastic  erectile  siihslance,  eiiiliraciiig 
the  lactiferous  ducts,  w  liieli  tertninate  on  its  surface, 
and  thus  serves  to  convey  milk  to  the  young  of  ani- 
nials. 

Tf, ATIIE,  »i.    The  soil,  manure,  or  fertility,  left  on 

lands  bv  feeding  them.  [Local.] 
Tl-.ATIIE,  t>.  t.   To  feed  and  enrich  by  live  stock. 

[Locnl.]^ 

Ti;A'Zl,r,,  n.    Teasel,  which  see.  P.  Cije. 

TEl'iri-LY,  ade.  [from  tcrliii,  so  written  for  Touchy.] 

Peevishly  ;  fretfully  ;  frowardly. 
TECIl'I-.NESS,  II.    Peevishness;  fretfulness. 

Bp.  Hall. 

TRCirNie,  )  a.  [h.teehnicus  ;Gr.TC\viKii,{{otn 
TEeir.NlC-AI.,  i      Ti\i'ti,  art,  artilicc,  from  rtux-.i, 

to  fabricate,  make,  or  prepare.    This  word  and 

Tuo-fff  i  have  the  same  elements.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  art  or  the  arts.  A  teelmienl  word 
is  a  word  that  belongs  properly  or  exclusively  to  an 
art ;  as  the  verb  to  smelt  belongs  to  metallurgy.  So 
we  say,  trcknical  phras(!S,  trchnical  language.  Every 
artificer  has  his  trclinical  terms. 

2.  belonging  to  a  parlicular  profession  ;  as,  the 
words  of  an  indictment  must  be  technical. 

Blackstone,  Index. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  lmport.anw  clearly  to  understand  the  fecftni- 
cat  urms  used  by  the  Iwstcrn  theoloifiaiis.       Pro/.  Lee. 

TECH'Nie-.AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  technical  manner ;  ac- 
cording to  the  signification  of  terms  of  art  or  the 
professions. 

TEeirNie-.\L-i\ESS,  l  «.   The  quality  or  state  of 

TECH-Nie-AL'I-TV,  j  being  technical  or  peculiar 
to  the  arts.  Forster. 

TECH'NieS,  71.  The  doctrine  of  arts  in  general; 
such  branches  of  learning  as  respect  the  arts. 

TECII-NO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Tf  hnology.]  Per- 
taining to  technology.  Bcddoe.i.  Touke. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  arts  ;  dLS,Uchnolo!rical  institutes. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

TEeH-N'0L'0-GIST,7i.  One  who  discourses  or  treats 
of  arts,  or  of  the  terms  of  art. 

TEeil-XOL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  tcxvi,  art,  and  Xoyo;, 
word  or  discourse.] 

1.  A  description  of  arts  ;  or  a  treatise  on  the  arts. 

2.  An  explanation  of  Ihe  terms  of  the  arts. 

Crabbe. 

TECH'Y,  a.  [So  written  for  Touchy.]  Peevish  ;  fret- 
ful;  irritable.    [.More  correctly  Tout  hy.]  Shnk. 

TEe-TI-BRANeil'I-ATE,  o.  or  7t.  [L.  tego,  tectum, 
and  brauchitr.] 

A  term  denoting  an  order  of  gastropodous  mol- 
lusks,  having  the  hranchiiE  or  gills  covered  more  or 
less  hy  the  mantle,  which  almost  always  contains  in 
its  thickness  a  small  shell.  Cucicr. 

TEe-TO.N'ie,  a.  [Gr.  tcktuviko!,  from  tlvx<j>,  to 
fabricate.] 

Pertaining  to  building.  Bai!e^|. 

TEC'TRI-CE-S,  71.  pi.  [from  L.  tego,  tectum.]  The 
feathers  of  a  bird  which  cover  the  quill  feathers  and 
other  parts  of  the  wing;  the  coverts.  Brande. 

TEl),  V.  £.  [W.  tei  and  tti,  {tetA,)  a  spread ;  teda,  to 
distend.] 

Among  farmers,  to  spread  ;  to  turn  new  mowed 
grass  from  the  swath,  and  scatter  it  for  drying.  [Lo- 
cal.] Mortimer.  MiUon. 

TEU'DED,  pp.  or  a.  Spread  from  the  swaili ;  as, 
tedded  crass.  .Milton. 

TED'DER,  It.  [W.  firf,  a  chain ;  Ir.  tead,  tcidin ; 
Gaelic,  tcad,  teidia,  tend,  a  chain,  cord,  or  rope  ;  Sw. 
tiuder;  prob.ibly  from  extending.    See  Ted.] 

1.  A  rope  or  chain  by  which  an  animal  is  tied  that 
he  may  feed  on  the  ground  to  the  extent  of  the  rope 
and  no  further.  Hence  the  popular  saying,  a  person 
has  gone  to  the  length  of  his  tedder, 

2.  That  by  which  one  is  restrained.  Child. 
TED'DER,  v.'t   To  tie  with  n  tedder ;  to  permit  to 

feed  to  the  length  of  a  rope  or  chain. 
2.  To  restrain  to  certain  limits. 

TED'DER-i;D,  pp.  Tied  with  a  tedder ;  restrained  to 
certain  limits. 

TED'ni.N'O,  ppr.    Spreading  from  the  swath. 

7'A'  DE'UM,  n.  [L.]  A  hymn  to  be  sung  in  churches 
or  on  occasions  of  joy  ;  so  called  from  the  first  words, 
'*  Te  Drum  laudamiu-t,"  thee,  God,  we  praise. 

TE'DI-OUS,  a.  fSp.  and  IL  tedioso,  from  (crfio,  L. 
tadium :  probably  connected  with  VV.  ted,  tedder, 
from  the  sense  of  drawing  out.) 

I.  Wearisome  ;  tiresome  from  continuance,  pro- 
lixity, or  slowness  which  causes  prolixity.    We  say. 


a  man  is  tedinus  in  relating  a  story  ;  a  mini'ter  ll 
tediiiits  in  111"  sermon.    We  say  also,  n  disrcnirse  h 
tedious,  when  it  wearies  by  its  leiiglli  or  dullness. 
2.  Slow  ;  as,  a  tedious  course.  llarte. 

TE'DI-Ol'S-LY,  ade.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  wi'ary. 

TE'DI  OUS-NESS,  n.  Wearisoiiieiiess  by  length  of 
continuance  or  by  prolixity  ;  as,  the  tedioumess  of  an 
oration  or  argument 

2.  Prolixity  ;  length.  Shak. 

3.  Tiresomeness  ;  quality  of  wearying  ;  as,  the 
tediousness  of  delay. 

4.  Slowness  that  wearies. 
TE'DI-U.M,  71.    [L.  Uedium.] 

Irksoiiieness  ;  wearisomencss.  Coteper, 
TE'ni-U.M-STRICK-£.\,  a.    Struck  with  irksome- 

ness.  F.d.  Rev. 

TEE.M,  r.  i.  [Pax.  tyman,  to  bring  forth,  to  bear; 
(cam,  offspring  ;  also,  tijman,  teaman,  to  call,  to  sum- 
ii.  -n  ;  I).  Uemon,  to  whine,  to  cant,  tliat  is,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  bring  forth,  as  young. 

If  she  must  teem. 
Create  her  child  of  spU>eii.  Shak. 

9.  To  be  pregnant ;  to  conceive ;  to  engender 
young. 

Teeming  buds  and  cheerful  preiis  appear.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  full ;  to  be  charged  ;  as  a  breeding  ani- 
mal ;  to  be  prolific.    Every  head  teems  with  politics. 

Adduion. 

4.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  produce,  particularly  in  abun- 
dance. The  earth  teems  with  fruits  ;  the  sea  ttcnu 
with  fishes. 

TEE.M,  V.  L    To  produce  ;  to  bring  forth. 

What's  the  newest  grief f 
E.-tch  minute  teeme  a  new  one,  Sftak. 

[This  transitive  sense  is  nut  common.] 

2.  To  pour.    [JVo(  111  ii.-r.]  Swift 
TEE.M'ER,  11.    One  that  brings  forth  young. 
TEE.\rF!,'I.,  a.    Pregnant ;  prolific. 

2.  Rriinful.  AitimortA, 
TEE.M'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Producing  }'Oung ;  fruitful ; 
prolific. 

TEE.M'LESS,  a.    Not  fruitful  or  prolific  ;  barren  j  ai, 

the  teemless  earth.  Dryden* 
TEEN,  71.  [Infra.]  Grief ;  sorrow.    [.Vo(  in  «i.sc.] 

Spenser. 

TEEN,  V.  t.    [Sax.  teonan,  tynan,  to  irritate.] 
To  excite  ;  to  provoke.    [A"</(  in  use.] 

TEENS,  71.  pi.  [from  (crn,  ten.]  The  years  of  one's 
age  having  the  termination  teen.  These  years  begin 
with  thirteen,  and  end  with  7iinc(ccn.  Miss  is  in  her 
teens. 

TEE'TER,  V.  i.  or  v.  U  To  ride  on  the  ends  of  a  bal- 
anced plank,  &c.,  as  chililren  do  for  sport  [This 
Word,  which  is  common  in  America,  is  the  same  as 
Titer,  a  provincial  word  in  England.  See  UoUo- 
way.] 

TEETII,  71. :  pi.  of  Tooth,  which  see 

In  tlie  tccUi ;  directly  ;  in  direct  opposition  ;  in 
front 

Nor  strive  with  all  the  tempest  in  my  tetth.  Pop«. 
TEETH,  r.  i.    [from  the  noun.]    To  breed  teeth. 
TEETH'ING,  ppr.    Breeding  teeth;  undergoing  den- 
tition. 

TEETH'I.NG,  ti.  The  operation  or  process  of  the  first 
growth  of  teeth,  or  the  process  liy  which  they  make 
tlieir  way  through  the  gums,  called  Demtitioh. 

TEE-TO'TAL-EK.  71.  One  pledged  to  entire  absti- 
nence from  all  intoxicating  drinks ;  a  cant  word 
formed  in  England,  from  the  initial  letter  of  temper- 
ance and  the  adjective  totoL  Hence,  Teetotalism 
and  Tef,tota[_ 

TEE-'ro''rU.M,  71.  A  child's  toy  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  top,  and  twirled  by  the  fingers.  Dickens. 

TEG'.MEN,  71. ;  pJ.  Teg'mi-na.  [L.J  A  tegument  or 
covering.  Brande. 

TEG'l^L  AR,  a.  [L.  tegula,  a  tile,  from  ff^o,  to  cover 
or  make  close.] 

Pertaining  to  a  tile  ;  resembling  a  tile  ;  consisting 
of  tiles. 

TEG'U-LAR-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  tiles  on  a 
roof.  Kinean, 

TEG'(;-ME.\T,  fi.  [L.  tegumentum,  from  Ugo,  to 
cover.] 

A  cover  or  covering  ;  seldom  used  except  in  refer- 
ence to  the  covering  of  a  living  body.  [See  I.nteo- 
ument.J 

TEG-U-MENT'A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  teguments,  or 

consisting  of  teguments. 
TE-IIEE' ;  a  sound  made  in  laughing. 
TB-HEE',  r.  i.    To  laugh.    [A  cant  icord.'l 

TElb-TREE,!        [I- Ir.fcJc] 

The  lime-tree,  otherwise  called  the  Li:<Dst<. 

TEI.N  DS,  71.  pi.    In  Scotland,  tithes. 

TEI.N'O-SeOPE,  n.  [Gr.  rnnu  and  ir/torns.]  An  in- 
strument called  also  the  Prism  Telescofe,  formed 
by  combining  prisms  so  that  the  chromatic  aberra- 
tion of  the  light  is  corrected,  and  the  linear  dimen- 
sions of  objects  seen  through  them  increased  or 
diminished.  Brande. 

TEINT,  (lint,)  n.  [Ft.  teint,  from  teindre,  L.  «i«^o,  to 
dye.] 

Color;  tinge.    [See  Tiht.] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  SII ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


142* 


QQQQ' 


1133 


TEL 


TEL 


1 


TEL-A-Mo'Nf.S,  71.  pi.   [L.,  Gr.]    Figures  of  nun 

supporting  entablatures,  as  caryatides  of  women. 
TEL'A-RY,  a.    [L.  (f/a,  a  web.]' 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  wet'. 

2.  Spinning  webs;  as,  a  tdanj  spider.  [Little 
used,]  Brown. 

TEL'E-GRAPH,  (tel'e-graf,)  n.  [Gr.  rr/Xt,  at  a  dU- 
tance,  and  j  oa^  i,  to  writi'.] 

.\  machine  for  communicalin?  intelligence  from  a 
distance  by  various  signals  or  movements  previously 
agreed  on  ;  wliich  signals  represent  letters,  words, 
or  ideas  which  can  be  transmitted  from  one  station 
to  another,  as  far  as  tlie  signals  can  be  seen.  This 
macliine  was  invented  by  the  French  about  the  year 
1793  or  1794,  and  is  now  adopted  bv  other  nations. 

Cijc. 

Efe^tro-mairjicfic  tde^rapk :  an  instrument  or  ap- 
paratus for  comniunicatinc  words  or  language  to  a 
distance  by  the  use  of  electricity.  [See  Electro- 
Magnetic  Telegraph.] 
TEL'E-GIiAPH,  v.  U  To  convey  or  announce  by  tel- 
egraph. 

TEL-E-GRAPH'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  telegraph  ; 
made  by  a  telegraph  ;  as,  tdc^^rupkic  movements  or 
signals  ;  trlr^mphic  arL 

a.  Communicated  by  a  telegraph  ;  as,  telegraphic 
intelligence. 

TEL-E-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Bv  the  telegraph. 

TEIj-EG'RA-PHV,  ?i.  The  an  or  practice  of  commu- 
nicating intelliixence  bv  a  telrgrajih. 

TE-LE-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertain-ng  to  teleology. 

TE-LK  OL'O-CY,  n.  [Gr.  rcXoi,  end,  and  Auj  i/j,  dis- 
course.] 

The  science  of  the  final  causes  of  thinss. 
TE-LE-O-SAU'RUS,  n.    [Gr.  rtAa.-s,  perfect,  com- 
plete, and  &.ivna^  a  lizard.] 

A  genus  of  fossil  saurians,  with  long  and  narrow 
snouts.  Hi.  HUaire, 

[Sometimes  written  Teleosauu.] 
TEL-E-PHO.\'ie,  a.    [Gr.  Tr,Xc  and  fiMr,.'] 

Far  sounding  ;  that  propels  sound  a  great  distance. 
TEL'E-SeOPE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  Gr.  rt  V  .s,  end,  or  Tr,>-t, 
at  a  distance,  probably  the  latter,  and  aKu-e:^',  to  see ; 
ft.  and  Sp.  tdesctipio.] 

An  optical  instrument  employed  in  viewing  distant 
olijects,  as  liie  lieavenly  bodies.  It  assists  the  eye 
chiefly  in  two  ways  ;  first,  by  eniarging  the  visual 
angle  under  which  a  distant  object  is  seen,  and  thus 
magnifying  lliat  object ;  and  secondly,  by  collecting 
and  conveying  to  the  eye  a  larger  beam  of  light  than 
would  enter  the  naked  organ,  and  thus  rendering 
objects  distinct  and  visible  which  would  otherwise 
be  indistinct  tir  invisible.  Its  essential  parts  are  the 
ofe/ccNWrt-;.?,  or  conc.nve  mirror,  whicl:  collects  the 
beam  of  light,  and  forms  an  image  of  the  object,  and 
the  cije-glass,  which  is  a  microscope,  by  which  t:ie 
image  is  magnified. 

R'fiectini;  telescope ;  a  telescope  in  which  the  image 
is  formed  by  a  concave  speculum,  instead  of  an  ob- 
ject-glass. 

Refracting  telescope ;  a  telescope  in  wliich  the  im- 
age is  formed  liy  an  object-glass. 

Galilean  telescope;  a  refracting  telescope  in  which 
the  eye-glass  is  a  concave  instead  of  a  convex  lens. 
This  was  the  construction  originally  adopted  by  Gal- 
ileo, the  inventor  of  the  instrument. 

Gretrorian  telescope  ;  a  rrfiecting  telescope  of  the 
form  invented  by  James  Gregory,  of  Edinburgh,  in 
which  two  concave  mirrors  are  combined.  It  has, 
for  the  most  part,  given  place  to  the  llerschelian  tel- 
escope. 

Hcrselielian  telescope  ;  a  reflecting  telescope  of  the 
form  invented  by  Sir  William  Herschel,  in  which 
only  one  speculum  is  employed,  by  means  of  which 
an  image  of  the  objrxt  is  formed  near  one  side  of  the 
op»n  end  of  the  tube,  and  to  this  the  eye-glass  is  ap- 
plied directly. 

J\''cwUmian  telescope;  a  reflecting  telescope  of  tli;; 
form  invented  by  Sir  Is,->ac  .S'cwton,  in  which,  by 
means  of  a  plane  mirror,  the  imag';  is  reflected  to  the 
eye  through  one  side  of  the  tube,  where  it  is  viewed 
by  the  eve-glass.  Olmsteil. 

TEL'IvSt'OPE-SIIF-LL,  n.  In  concAo/og-y,  a  s|Hcies 
of  Turbo  with  plane,  striat'-d,  and  numerous  spires. 

TEI^E-.-'eoP'ie,       \a.    Pertaining  to  a  telescope  ; 

TEL-E-St  OP'IC-AL,  i  performed  by  a  tele.scope  ; 
as,  a  Irlf^ieopic  view. 

Q.  Kein  or  discoverable  only  by  a  telescope;  as, 
telrgr.oftir  stars. 

TEI,-E  SCDP'IC-AI,  I,V,  adv.    liy  the  tclcscopR. 

TIM-K'SI  A,  n.    Sai)|ihirc.  U-t. 

TEI.'ESM,  n.  [Ar.J  A  kind  of  amulet  or  magical 
charm.  (Jrc'rortt. 

TEI,  ES-MAT'ie,        Ja.     Pert.iiiiiiig  to  telesms  ; 

TEL-ES-MAT'lC-AI,,  (     magical.  Orezorij. 

TE-LES'TieH,  (tc  lcB'tik,)  n.  [Gr.  rtUf,  end,  and 
(rrivot,  n  verdc.J 

A  poem  in  which  the  final  letters  of  the  lines 
maki'  a  name.  I'uhs.  Tmns.    H.  Jonson, 

TEI/IC,  0.  [Gr.  TiXnf,  end.)  Deiiotrne  the  final  end 
or  purpose.  Thim  iia,  oti.k,  dr.,  when  tran'l.ited 
"  in  order  that,'*  are  said  lo  be  tthr^  as  di.^tingtilshed 
from  their  ecbatic  use,  when  they  denote  •'  no  IliaU" 

Gililis. 


TELL,  r.  t. :  jirct.  and  pp.  Told.  [Sax.  tellnu  :  G.  zalt- 
Icu  ;  D.  tcUeit,  to  count,  number,  i  r  tell  ;  Uan.  C(/?/cr, 
to  count;  talr,r,Ui  talk,  speak,  reason;  Sw.  tala,  to 
speak,  to  talk  -.'tal,  talk,  discourse,  speech,  number; 
Dan.  tale,  Ice.  tala,  id.  Tile  primary  sense  is,  to  throw- 


er drive,  L.  telum,  At.        dalla.    Class  Dl,  No.  6. 

So  L.  appelli)  and  peal,  L.  pello,  Gr.  /jfaXAu.] 

1.  To  utter;  to  express  in  words;  to  communicate 
to  others. 

1  will  not  e.-xl  till  I  have  toid  my  emnd. — Gen.  xxiv, 
9.  To  relate  ;  to  narrate  ;  to  rehearse  iiarticiilars  ; 
as,  to  tell  a  story.    Gen.  xxxvii. 

AnJ  iii't  ,1  niiin  appears  lo  tell  their  f.xle.  Pope. 

3.  To  teach  ;  lo  iufiirm  ;  to  make  known  ;  to  show 
by  words.    Tell  us  the  way. 

Why  diilst  Ihoii  not  tell  me  thai  she  was  thy  wife?  —  Gen.  xii. 

4.  To  discover;  to  disclose  ;  to  betray. 

Tli<"y  will  teU  it  to  the  inhabilaiits  of  tliis  land.  — Num.  xiv. 

5.  To  count ;  to  number. 

Look  now  toward  heaven,  and  UU  the  stare.  — Gen-  xv. 
C.  To  relate  in  confession  ;  to  confess  or  acknowl- 
edge. 

Tell  mc  now  what  thon  hast  done.  —  Josli.  viL 

7.  To  publish. 

Tell  it  r.ot  hi  Galh.  —  2  Sam.  i. 

8.  To  unfold  ;  to  interpret ;  to  explain.  Eirk. 
XX  iv. 

9.  To  make  excuses. 

Tush,  neTer  leU  me.    [Not  elegant.]  Shak. 

10.  To  make  known. 

Our  feeliiii^  leU  us  how  long  they  ou|:ht  tc  have  submitted. 

Junius. 

11.  To  discover;  to  find  ;  to  discern.  The  colors 
are  so  blended  that  I  can  not  tell  where  one  ends  and 
the  other  begins. 

To  trll  off:  to  count ;  to  divide.  W.  Scott. 

Tell,  though  eipiivalent,  in  some  respects,  to  speak 
and  say,  Jias  not  always  the  same  application.  VVe 
say,  to  tell  this,  that,  or  what,  to  tell  a  story,  to  tell  a 
w'ord,  to  tell  truth  or  falsehood,  to  tell  a  number,  to 
tell  the  reasons,  to  f-H  something  or  nothing;  but  we 
never  .say,  to  tell  a  speech,  discourse,  or  oration,  or  to 
tell  an  argument  or  a  lesson.  It  is  much  used  in  com- 
mands. Trll  me  the  whole  story  ;  tell  me  all  you 
know,  or  all  that  was  said.  Tell  has  fretpiently  the 
sense  of  narrate,  which  .<^eak  and  say  have  not. 
TELL,  V.  u    To  give  an  account;  to  make  report. 

That  I  may  poblbll  w  ith  the  voice  of  th  inl;s  Jiviii  J,  and  teli  of  jjl 
thy  \\  oudrous  works.  —  Ps.  xxvi. 

2.  To  take  eflect ;  as,  every  shot  tclU 

:i.  To  produce  some  elfcct ;  as,  every  expression 
tdls. 

To  tell  of,  )  to  inform.    You  must  not  disobey;  I 
To  tell  on  ;  \     will  tell  o/you  if  you  do. 
This  is  a  common  popular  use  of  the  word.  To 
tell  on,  is  quite  vulgar,  as  well  as  impropt  r. 
TELL'ER,  n.    One  that  tells,  relates,  or  communi- 
cates, the  knowledge  of  something. 

2.  One  who  numbers. 

3.  In  tlie  eicliei/ucr  of  England,  there  are  four  i^ffi- 
cers  called  tellers,  w^hose  business  is  to  receive  all 
moneys  tlue  to  tlie  crown,  and  throw  down  a  bill 
through  a  pipe  into  the  tally-court,  where  it  is  re- 
ceived by  the  auditor's  clerks,  who  write  the  words 
of  the  bill  on  a  tally,  and  deliver  it  to  be  entered  by 
the  clerk  of  the  pell.  The  tally  is  then  split  by  the 
two  deputy  chamberlains,  who  have  their  seals,  and 
while  tile  senior  deputy  reads  the  one  part,  the  junior 
examines  the  other  with  the  other  two  clerks.  Cyc. 

[This  word  is  supposed  to  be  from  tally,  being  in 
ancient  records  written  Tallieb.] 

4.  All  olficer  of  a  bank,  who  receives  and  p.ays 
money  on  checks. 

TELL'ER-SIUP,  n.  The  office  or  employment  of  a 
teller. 

TEL-LI'.N'A,  n.    A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  having 

shells  rather  thin  and  delicate. 
TELL'ING,  ppr.     Uttering;   relating;  disclosing; 

counting. 

TEL'LI-NITE,  n.  [from  trllinu,  a  genus  of  testaceous 
animals.] 

A  petrified  or  fossil  biv.alve  shell  of  the  genus  Tcl- 
lina.    [0/is.]  *  Kirtran. 

TEI-L'-TaLE,  a.    Telling  tales  ;  bribhling.  Shall. 

TELL'-TaLE,  71.  [till  and  tale.]  One  who  officious- 
ly coiiiiiiuuicates  iiit'orinatioii  of  liie  private  concerns 
of  intlividiials  ;  out;  «  ho  tells  that  wliirli  prudence 
should  suppress,  and  which,  if  told,  of^en  tloes  mis- 
chief among  neighbors.  Jlilton.  Shak, 

2.  A  movable  piece  of  ivory  or  lead  on  a  chamber 
organ,  that  gives  notice  when  the  wind  is  exhausted. 

Busby. 

3.  In  seamanship,  n  small  piece  of  wood,  traversing 
in  a  groove  across  the  tVont  of  the  poop  deck,  and 
which,  by  comiiiiinir.-iiing  with  a  small  barrel  on  the 
axis  of  the  Klec  riiig  wheel,  indicates  the  iHisilioii  or 
situation  of  the  helm.  Jifar.  DicL 


TEL'LU-RAL,  a.    [L.  teltus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  eartii. 
TEL'LU  RATE,  n.    A  compound  of  telluric  acid  and 
a  base. 

TEL'LU-RET  ED,  «.  Telliireted  hydrogen  is  hydro- 
gen combined  with  tellurium  in  a  gaseous  form. 

Ure. 

Tellarited  hydro'^en  is  an  old  name  for  an  acid, 
coniptjsed  of  hydrogen  and  tellurium,  in  which  the 
former  is  the  base  and  the  latter  the  acidifying  prin- 
ciple. 

TEL-Lu'Rie,  a.    [L.  Ullujs,  the  earth.] 

Pertaining  to  the  earth  or  proceeding  from  the 
earth  ,  as,  a  dise.isc  of  telluric  origin. 
TEL-LU'RIG  ACID,  n.    An  acid  composed  of  one 

equivalent  of  tellurium,  and  three  of  oxygen. 
TEI,-Lu'RI-0.\,  w.    .An  instrument  for  showing  the 
operation  of  the  causes  «  hich  produce  the  succession 
of  day  and  night,  and  the  changes  of  the  seasons. 

Eranci-i. 

TEL'LU-RlTE,  n.  A  compound  of  tellurous  acid 
and  a  base. 

TEL-Lu'UI-UM,  71.  A  metal  discovered  by  Miiller  in 
17¥-2,  combined  with  gold  and  silver  in  the  ores,  and 
received  from  the  Uaniiat  of  Temeswar.  The  ores 
are  denominated  nattce,  graphic,  yellow,  and  black. 
The  native  tellurium  is  of  a  color  between  tin  and 
silver,  and  sometimes  inclines  to  a  steel  gray.  The 
graphic  tellurium  is  steel  gr.ay,  but  somet.ines  yvhite, 
yellow,  or  lead  gray.  These  ores  are  found  massive 
or  crystallized.  Cue 

TEL'LU-ROUS  AC'iD,  n.  An  acid  composed  of  imo 
equivalent  of  tellurium  and  '."iree  of  o.xygen. 

TE.M-E-K.a'RI-O  US,  a.  [Fr.  (cmfraire ;  h.  temcrarius ; 
from  the  root  of  time,  tempest,  which  see.  Tlie  sense 
is,  rushing  or  advancing  forward.] 

1.  Rash;  headstrong;  unreasonably  adventurous ; 
despising  (langer  ;  as,  temerarious  folly.  UE.stranfre, 

2.  Careless  ;  heedless  ;  done  at  random  ;  as,  the 
temerarious  dash  of  an  unguided  pen.  Ray. 

[  This  word  is  not  much  used.] 
TEM-E-Ra'RI-OUS-LY,  adc.   Rashly;  with  excess 

of  boldness.  Smift. 
TE-.MEIl'I-TY,  M.    ["L.  tcmeritas ;  properly,  a  rushing 

forward.    See  Time.] 

1.  Rashness;  unreasonable  contempt  of  danger; 
as,  the  temerity  of  a  commander  in  war. 

2.  Extreme  boldness. 

The  fiijun-^s  ar^:  hold  even  to  temerity.  Coieley. 

TEM'IN,  Ti.  A  money  of  account  in  Algiers,  equiva- 
lent to  2  carubes,  or  29  aspers,  about  3  cents,  or  1  '.d. 
st.-lliliir.  Ed.  Encyc. 

TE.M  TKlt,  V.  t.  [L.  tempero,  to  mix,  or  moderate ;  It. 
trniperare;  Sp.  templar,  to  temper,  to  soften,  or  mod- 
eiate,  to  anneal,  as  gl.ass,  to  tune  an  instrument,  to 
trim  sails  to  the  wind  ;  Fr.  tempcrcr,  to  temper,  allay, 
or  abate;  W.  tymperu,  to  temper,  to  mollify;  tym, 
space  ;  tymp,  enlargement,  birth,  season.  The  latter 
unites  this  word  with  time.  Tlie  sense  of  this  woril 
is  probably  from  making  seasonable  or  timely  ;  hence, 
to  make  suitable.] 

1.  To  mix  so  tliat  one  part  qualifies  the  other;  to 
bring  to  a  moderate  state;  as,  to  temper  justice  with 
mercy.  Milton. 

2.  To  compound  ;  to  form  by  mixture  ;  to  qualify, 
as  by  an  ingredient  ;  or,  in  general,  to  mix,  unite,  or 
combine  two  or  more  things,  so  as  to  reduce  the  ex- 
cess of  the  qualities  of  either,  and  bring  the  whole  to 
the  desired  consistence  or  state. 

Thou  shall  make  it  a  pcrhnne,  a  conlection  after  the  art  of  the 
apoditctry.  tc.npercd  together,  pure  and  holy.  —  Ex.  xxx. 

3.  To  unite  in  due  proportion  ;  to  render  symmet- 
rical ;  to  adjust,  as  parts  to  each  other. 

God  hath  tempered  the  body  together.  —  1  Cor.  xli. 

4.  To  accommodate  ;  to  modify. 

Thy  sustenanc,  servinar  to  the  appetite  of  the  eater,  tempered 
itself  to  every  inairs  liking.  tfuJofn. 

5.  To  soften  ;  to  mollify  ;  to  assuage  ;  to  soothe  ; 
to  calm  ;  to  reduce  any  violence  or  excess. 

SoUiii  —  I  ilx.r.-d  to  temper  the  warlike  courages  of  the  Athenians 
Willi  sweet  drligliu  of  leamiiifT.  Spenser. 
V>'oinaii  !  naturx;  made  thee 
To  temper  man  ;  we  tia.1  been  brutes  without  you.  Ottcay. 

C.  To  form  to  a  proper  degree  of  hardness ;  as,  to 
temper  iron  or  steel. 

The  tempei-C'l  nictali  Clayh,  and  yield  a  silver  sound.  Dnrten. 

7.  T(»J^i'crn.    [A  I,alimsm.]    [J\'ot  in  one.] 

Spensrr. 

8.  In  mu.iie,  to  modify  or  amend  a  false  or  imper 
feet  concord  by  tra  isferring  to  it  a  part  of  the  beauty 
of  a  perfect  one,  that  is,  by  dividing  the  tonijs. 

Cijc. 

TE.M'PF.R,  »i.  Due  mixture  of  diflerent  qualities  ;  or 
the  slate  of  any  conipouiiil  .substance  which  results 
from  the  mixture  of  various  ingredients  ;  as,  the 
temper  of  mortar. 

2.  (Constitution  of  body.  [In  this  sense  we  more 
generally  use  Temi'kramknt.1 

3.  Disposition  of  minil  ;  itie  constitution  of  the 
mind,  pnrliriilarly  w  ith  regard  lo  the  passions  and 
Hll'ectioiis ;  as,  a  calm  temper:  a  hasty  temper;  a  frel- 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PKBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQpK.— 


* 


TEM 

ful  temper.  This  is  applicable  to  beasts  as  well  as  to 
man 

H^'mcmbor  with  wlmt  mild 
And  fTAcioua  temper  \k  boilj  h-'urtl  und  Jmlged.  AJUlon. 

4.  Culinness  ufniind;  inuderaliuii. 

Rector"  yuurs'-lvn  lo  your  temfjcrg,  fallieni.  B.  Joueon. 

To  l.ill  Willi  diffiiiiy,  wiUi  tcmptr  ris'*.  Vope. 

5.  Heat  of  niinii  or  passion  ;  irritation.  The  hay 
showed  a  great  deal  of  temper  when  I  rci)rovi  d  him. 

So  we  say,  a  man  of  vioUiit  temper^  wiicn  we 
speak  of  his  irritahihty.  [This  use  of  the  word  is 
eommoiij  Uiotii^h  a  deoiatiun  from  its  original  and  genu- 
ine meaningS\ 

6.  The  slate  of  a  metal,  particularly  as  to  its  hard- 
ness ;  as,  the  temper  of  iron  or  stf*;!.  Sharp. 

7.  Middle  course  ;  moan,  or  niedium.  Swift. 

8.  In  sugar  worksy  while  lime  or  other  snbstance 
stirred  into  a  clariher  fillt'd  witli  cane-juici*,  to  ncu- 
trali/.e  the  superahundant  aciil.    Edwards^  W.  Indivs. 

TEM'PEU-A-MENT,  n.     [Er.,  from  L.  temprramen- 
tain.] 

1.  Constitntion  ;  state  with  respect  to  the  prt  dom- 
inanro  of  any  quality  j  as,  tlie  temperament  of  the 
body* 

Builie*  nre  df  nominated  hot  and  co!d,  in  proporlion  to  th"?  pres- 
ent tcmperarncnl  ol  th.il  pari  ot  our  buJy  lo  which  ihcy  tire 
upplii-d.  Locke. 

3.  Medium  ;  due  mixture  of  different  qnalitied. 

The  coininun  l;iw  —  Uws  rvilnccd  the  khigdoin  to  its  Just  aiMc  and 
temperament.  Hate. 

3.  In  music,  temperament  is  an  operation  which,  hy 
means  of  a  slifiht  alteration  in  Uic  intervals,  causes 
the  dirterence  between  two  conlij;uoiissounils  to  dis- 
appear, and  makes  each  of  them  appear  identical  with 
the  <»ther.  Ruussrau. 

Temperament  is  llie  accommodation  or  adjustinciit 
of  the  imperfect  suuuds,  hy  irausfi-rriiif;  a  part  of  ihcir 
defects  to  the  more  pi  rfcct  ones,  to  remeiiy  in  part 
the  false  intervals  of  iu^truments  of  tixed  sounds,  as 
llie  Or^an,  harpsichord,  pianoforte,  Ulc.  Busby. 

Tho  hiirshnessof  n  givt-n  conconl  iiicrcaaes  with  Ih"  temprmment. 

Prof.  Ftshfr. 

TEM-PER-A-MENT'AL,  a.  Constitutional. 

much  used.]  Bnijcii. 
TE.M'PER-ANCE,  w.    [Fr.,  from  L.  temperantia,  from 

tempero.  ] 

1,  Moderation  ;  particularly,  habitual  moderation 
in  regard  to  the  intiul*;cnce  of  tiie  natural  appetites 
and  passions  ;  restrained  or  modorate  indul;:ence  ; 
as,  temperance  in  eatiuj;  and  drinking; ;  tenipcranee  in 
the  indulgence  (»f  joy  or  mirth.  Temperance  in  eat- 
ing and  drinkin<:  is  o|ii)osed  to  gluttony  and  drunken- 
iiesSj  and  in  other  induWences  to  excess. 

2.  Patience  y  calmness  ;  scdaleness  ;  moderation  of 
passion. 


TEM 


Ue  &il<iic(1  t)U  wratli  wilji  goodly  temjurance. 


Spcnter. 


TEM'PER-ATE,  a.   [L.  lempfratm.] 

1.  Muikriite  ;  iiol  uxcessjvu  ;  as,  temperate  heat ;  a 
iemiirmtp  c\\\\y,\lc    lempprate  :\\r.  Bacon, 

Moiii-rate  in  the  indiil^L'iice  of  the  nnpetitcs  and 
passions  ;  as,  temjicratc  in  eating  and  drinkin;;  ;  tem- 
perate in  pleasures  ;  temperate  in  speech. 

Be  soIkt  hikI  temperate,  and  you  will  be  liL'iilthy.  PranJiUn. 

3.  Cool  ;  calm  ;  not  marked  with  passion  ;  not  vi- 
ohMit ;  as,  a  temperate  discourse  or  address  ;  temperate 
language. 

4.  Proceeding  fronj  temperance  j  as, teni/jerntc sleep. 

Pope. 

5.  Free  from  ardent  passion. 

Slio  ia  iiol  hut,  bill  temperate  as  the  mom.  SfiaJe. 
Temperate  zone ;  the  space  on  the  earth  between 
the  tropics  and  the  polar  circles,  wiiere  the  heat  is 
less  tlian  in  the  tropics,  and  tlie  cold  less  than  in  the 
polar  cirrler 

TEiM'PEll  ATE-LY,  adv.  Moiierately  ;  without  ex- 
cess or  extravasarce. 

Q.  Calmly  j  without  violence  of  passion  ;  as,  to  re- 
prove one  temperatelii. 
3.  With  moderate  force. 

Winds  that  temperntety  blow.  Addison. 

TE.M'PER-ATE-NESS,  n.  Moderation  ;  freedom  from 
excess  ;  as,  the  tempcrateness  of  tho  weather  or  of  u 
climate. 

9.  (,'ahiiness  ;  coolness  of  mind.  Daniel. 
TEM'PER-A  riVE,  a.    Having  the  |K)wer  or  quality 

of  teiitperini!. 
TEM'PEll-A-TURE,  ii.    [Fr.,  from  L.  le^eralura.] 

1.  In  phiisics,  the  state  of  a  hody  with  regard  to 
heat  or  cold,  as  indicated  by  the  thermometer;  or 
the  degree  of  free  caloric  which  a  body  possesses, 
when  compared  with  other  hoilies.  When  a  body 
applied  to  another  expanils  that  body,  we  say  it  is  of 
a  hifrhcr  temperature,  that  is,  it  possesses  int>re  free 
caloric.  When  it  conlr.acts  another  body,  it  is  said 
lo  be  of  a  lower  temperature.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
temperature  of  air,  of  water,  of  a  climate,  &c.  ;  two 
countries  of  the  same  temperature. 

2.  Constitution  ;  state  ;  degree  of  any  quality. 
Memory  depends  upon  the  consistence  and  temperature  of  tbc 


3.  Moderation  j  freedom  from  iiiiinoderate  passions. 


Ill  lint  proud  |Hirl,  wliich  tier  «o  j-ootlly  ;^.icclb, 
iVlosl  ^odly  Ixinperature  you  may  descry. 
[Sot  in  use.] 


TEM'PER-/;D,  pp.  or  a.    Duly  mixed  or  modified  ;  re- 
duced lo  a  proper  state  ;  softened  ;  allayed  :  hardened. 
"J.  Adjiisti'd  by  musical  temperament. 
3.  a.   Disposed  ;  as,  a  well-ifm^crcf/,  good-(cm;;trfd, 
or  Imd-^^'/ji/icrer/  nian. 

TE.M'PEK-ING,  ppr.  Mixing  and  qualifying;  quali- 
fying by  mixture;  sollening  ;  mollifying;  reducing 
to  a  slate  of  moderation  ;  iKirdening. 

TEM'PEST,  71.  [Fr.  tempclc  ;  L.  tempeslas ;  Sp.  tern- 
pestad ;  It.  iempe.sta;  from  L.  tempus,  time,  season. 
The  pritnary  sense  of  tempus,  time,  is  a  falling,  or 
that  which  falls,  conjos,  or  hajipens,  from  some  verb 
which  signifies  to  fall  or  conie  suddenly,  or  rather, 
to  drive,  to  rush.  Time  is,  properly,  a  coming,  a  sea- 
son, that  which  presents  itself,  or  is  present.  The 
sense  of  tempest  is  from  the  .sense  of  rushing  or  driv- 
ing.   See  TE.MERITV  and  Tkmerarious.] 

1.  An  extensive  current  of  wind,  rushing  with 
great  velocity  and  violence,  and  commonly  attended 
with  rain,  hail,  or  snow;  a  storm  of  extreme  vio- 
lence. We  usually  apply  tlie  word  to  a  violent 
storm  of  considerable  duration  ;  but  we  say  also  of  a 
tornado,  it  blew  a  tempest.  The  currents  of  wind 
are  named,  according  to  their  respective  degrees  of 
force  or  rapidity,  a  breeze,  a  uale,  a  storm,  a  tempest,  a 
hurricane;  but  irate  is  also  used  as  synonymous  \vith 
storm,  and  storui  with  tempest.  Oust  is  usually  ai>- 
plied  to  a  sudden  blast  of  short  duration. 

We,  CiXii^Iil  in  a  fiery  tempest,  sliiiU  be  hurled 

Kach  on  Ills  ruck  tr.uiarixed.  ^riUon. 

2.  A  violent  tumult  or  commotion ;  as,  a  popular 
or  polftical  tempest;  the  tempest  of  war. 

3.  Perturbation  ;  violent  agitation  ;  as,  a  tempest  of 
the  passions. 

TEM'PEST,  i>.  «.   To  disturb  as  by  a  tempest,  ll.ililc 

used.]  Milton. 
TE.M'PEST,  ti.  I.    [Fr.  tempestcr.]    To  storm.  Sandys. 

2.  To  pour  a  tempest  on.  /i.  Jonson. 

TEM'PEST-I!i.:AT-7lN,  a.  [tempest  i^iid  beat.]  HeatSn 

or  slialtered  with  storms.  Drtjden. 
TEM  PEST'lVR,  a.  Seasonable. 
TE.M-PEST-I  V'l-TY,  Ji.    [ L.  tempcstivus.] 

Seasnnahleness.    [JsTot  in  use.]  Brown. 
TEM'PEST-TOST,  a.    [tempest  and  tost.]    Tossed  or 

driven  abmit  by  tempests.  SItalt, 
TEM-PEST'(i-OUS,  (tem-pest'yu-iis,)  a.     [Sp.  tern- 

pestuoso  ;  It.  tempestoso  ;  Fr.  tempHuetix.] 

1.  Very  stormy  ;  turbulent ;  rough  with  wind  ;  as, 
tempestuous  weather  ;  a  tempestuous  night. 

2.  Blowing  with  violence  ;  as,  a  (cm/)c.tK<iin  wind. 
TEM-PEST'tJ-OUS-LY,  ado.    With  great  violence  of 

wind  or  great  commotion  ;  turbulentlv.  .Vdion. 

TEM-PES'i''IJ-OL'S-N'ESS,  n.  Storminess  ;  the  state 
of  being  tempestuous  or  disturbed  by  vitilenl  winds; 
as,  the  tempcstuousness  of  the  winter  or  of  weather. 

TE.M'PLAIl,  n.  [fioni  the  Temple,  a  house  near  the 
Thames,  which  originally  belonged  to  the  Knights 
Templars.  The  latter  took  their  denomination  from 
an  apartment  of  the  palace  of  Baldwin  II.,  in  Jeru- 
salem, near  the  temple.] 

1.  A  student  of  the  law.  Pope. 

2.  Templars,  KnighLi  of  the  Temple;  a  religious  mil- 
itary order,  first  established  at  Jerusalem  ill  favor  of 
pilgrims  traveling  to  the  Holy  Land.  The  order 
originated  with  some  persons  who,  in  II 18,  devoted 
themselves  to  the  service  of  God,  promising  to  live 
in  perpetual  chastity,  obedience,  and  poverty,  alter 
the  manner  of  canons.  In  1228,  this  order  was 
confirmed  in  the  council  of  Troyes,  and  subjected  to 
a  rule  of  discipline.  It  fiourished,  became  immensely 
rich,  and  its  members  became  so  insolent  and  vicious, 
that  the  Older  was  su]>presscd  by  the  council  of  Vi- 
enne,  in  KI12.  Cijc. 

TEM'PLATE,  n.    See  Temi-let. 

TE.M'PLE,  (teni'pl,)  n.  [Fr.  ;  L.  temptum;  It.  tempio  ; 
Sp.  tempio ;  W.  Irmyt,  temple,  tiiat  is  extciidetl,  a 
seat ;  temlu,  to  form  a  seat,  expanse,  or  temple ; 
Gaelic,  teampul.] 

1.  A  public  edifice  erected  in  honor  of  some  deity. 
Among  pagans,  a  building  erected  to  some  preteniled 
deity,  and  in  which'the  people  assembled  to  wor- 
ship. Originaltij,  temples  were  open  places,  as  the 
Stonehenge  in  England.  In  Rome,  some  of  the 
temples  were  open,  and  called  sacella;  others  wi  re 
roofed,  and  called  adcs.  The  most  celebrated  of  the 
ancient  pasan  temples  were  that  of  llelus  in  B.iliy- 
lon,  that  of  Vulcan  at  Memphis,  that  of  Jupiter  at 
Thebes,  that  of  Diana  at  Epiiesus,  that  of  Apollo  in 
Miletus,  that  of  Jupiter  Olympius  in  Athens,  and 
that  of  Apollo  at  Delphi.  Tiie  most  celebrated  and 
magnificent  temple  erected  lo  tho  true  God,  was 
that  built  by  Solomon  in  Jerusalem,  which  is  often 
called,  by  way  of  eminence,  tJie  temple. 

In  Scripture,  the  tabernacle  is  sometimes  called  by 
this  name.    I  Sam.  i. — iii. 

2.  A  church  ;  an  edifice  erected  among  Christians 
as  o  place  of  public  worship. 

Can  he,  whose  life  is  a  p'rpeiiial  insult  to  tlie  anilionty  of  Go<i. 
enter  wiili  any  pliMsurc  a  U/ny;/.  coiiM-crated  lo  devotion  and 
saiictifi  d  by  pr.iyer  I  BucJcminster. 


TEVM 

3.  A  place  in  wliitji  the  divine  presence  specially 
resides;  the  church  as  a  collective  body.    Kplu  li. 

4.  Ill  England,  the  Temple  consists  of  two  inns  of 
court,  thus  called  because  anciently  the  dwellings  of 
the  Knights  Tenifilars.  They  aru  called  the  In.vkb 
anti  the  Middle  Temple. 

TE.M'PLE,  n.  [L.  tempus,  tempora.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  of  this  word  is  to  fall.  See 
Time.] 

1.  Literally,  the  fall  of  the  head  ;  the  part  where 
the  Ili  ad  slopes  from  the  top. 

2.  In  anatomy,  the  anterior  and  lateral  part  of  the 
heati,  where  tlie  skull  is  covered  by  the  temporal 
muscles.  C;/f. 

TE.M'PLE,  tj.  t.  To  build  a  temple  for;  to  appropriate 
a  temple  to.    [Little  used.]  FelUiam. 

TV.Wl'ljF.U,  a.  Furnished  with  a  temple ;  inclosed 
in  a  temple. 

TEM'PI.ET,  n.  In  masonry,  a  mold  used  by  brick- 
layers and  masons  in  cutting  or  setting  out  their 
wirk. 

2.  .\  mold  used  by  mill-wrights  for  shaping  the 
teeth  of  wheels. 

3.  A  short  piece  of  timber  under  a  girder  or  other 
beam.  Brande. 

TE,M'PO,n.    [It.]    In  7nii-Wc,  lime.  Brande. 
O  TIl\PPO  RA,  O  MO'RES,  [L.]    O  the  times,  O 
the  manners. 

TEM'PO-KAL,  a.  [Fr.  tcmporel;  from  L.  temporalis, 
from  tempus,  time.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  this  life,  or  this  world,  or  the  hody 
only  ;  secular  ;  as,  trntporal  concerns  ;  temporal  af- 
fairs. In  this  sense,  it  is  opposed  to  Spibiti'al. 
Let  not  temporal  allairs  or  employmenls  divert  the 
mind  from  spiritual  concerns,  which  are  far  more 
important. 

In  this  sense  also  it  is  opposed  to  Ecclesiasti- 
cal ;  as,  temporal  pf)wer,  that  is,  secular,  civil,  or  po- 
litical power  ;  Irmporul  courts,  those  which  tjike 
cognizance  of  civil  suits.  Tempornl  Jurl^dlction  is 
that  which  regards  civil  and  political  afiairs. 

2.  .Measured  or  limited  by  time,  or  by  this  life  or 
this  slate  of  things;  having  limited  exi.stence  ;  op- 
ptisetl  to  Eter.nal. 

The  thiiiija  which  arc  si'en  an-  temporal,  but  the  things  which  are 
not  ceeii  are  eterii.il.  —    Cor.  iv. 

3.  In  grammar,  the  temporal  augment  is  the  short 
initial  vowel  of  a  verb,  lengthened,  in  certain  tenses, 
into  the  corresponding  long  one. 

4.  [Vr.  temporal.]  Pertaining  to  the  temple  or  tem- 
ples of  the  head  ;  as,  the  teoiporal  bone ;  a  temporal 
artery  or  vein  ;  temporal  muscle. 

TE.M-PO-RAL'I-TIES,  (  n.  pi.    Secular  possessions  ; 

TE.\I'PO-RALS,  i     revenues  of  an  ecclesiiLstic 

proceeding  from  lands,  tenements,  or  lay-fees, 
tithes,  and  the  like.  It  is  opposed  lo  Si>iritualities. 

Bacon. 

TEM'PO-RAL-LY,  adv.    With  resjiect  to  time  or  this 

life  only.  South. 
TEM'PO-UAL-.N'ESS,  n.    Worldlincss.    [JVui  used.] 
TE.M'PO-KAL-TY,  It.     The  laity.    [Little  used.] 
2.  Secular  possp»sions.    [See  Temporalitie*.] 
TEM-PO-RA'i\E-()US,  a.    Temporary.    [Little  used.] 
TE.M'PORA-RI-LY,  a</B.    For  a  time  only;  not  per- 
petually. 

TE.M'Pl)-RA-RI-NESS,  ti.  [from  temporary.]  The 
stale  of  being  Icmpor.'irv  ;  oppost*il  lo  Perpetuity. 

TE.M'PO-RA-RY,  a.    [L.  tetnporarius.] 

Lasting  for  a  time  only  ;  existing  or  continuing 
for  a  liiiiilcil  time  ;  as,  the  patient  h:ts  obtained  tem- 
porary relief.  There  is  a  temporary  cessation  of  hos- 
tilities. There  is  .a  temporary  supply  of  prtivisions. 
In  times  of  great  danger,  Rome  a|ipointed  a  tempo- 
rant  dietalor. 

TEM'-PO-RI  ZA'TION  n.    The  act  of  temporizing. 
TE.M'PO  lUZE,  B.  i.    [Fr.  tcmporiser;  from  L.  tempus, 
tinie.l 

1.  To  comjily  with  the  time  or  occasitm  ;  to 
liiuiior  or  yield  to  the  current  of  opinion  or  to  cir- 
ciiiiislances  ;  a  conduct  that  often  indicates  obset/uioas- 
jiess. 

They  nnifht  their  prVvnnce  inwanlly  camplain, 

But  otitwanlly  tiley  nee«U  intist  ttmporize.  Daniel. 

2.  To  delay  ;  to  |irocr,astinate. 

Wi  II,  you  will  umporize  with  tlie  hours.  [Little  used.]  Shak. 

3.  To  com|)lv.    [.Viir  in  use.]  Sfiak. 
TEM'PO-UrZ-ER,  n.    One  who  yields  to  the  time,  or 

compiles  with  the  prevailing  opinions,  fashions,  or 
ticcasions  ;  a  trimmer.  S'inli. 

TEM'PO-RIZ-I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Complying  with  the 
time,  or  with  the  prevailing  humors  and  opinions  of 
men  ;  time-si-rviiig. 

TEM'PO-RIZ-I.VG,  n.  .\  yielding  to  the  lime  ;  a  com- 
plying with  the  prevailing  opinions,  fashions,  or  oc- 
casiiiiis.  Jfolland. 

TE.M'PO-RIZ-ING-LY,  adc.  In  a  temporizing  man- 
ner. 

TE.MPT,  r.  f.  [Ann.  tempti;  L.  trnto ;  Fr.  tenter ;  IL 
tentare;  Sp.  trutnr.  It  is  from  the  root  of  L.  tcneo, 
Gr.  rta  w,  and  the  primary  sense  is,  lo  strain,  urge, 
pressj 

1.  "To  incite  or  solicit  to  an  evil  art  ;  to  entice  to 
something  wrong  by  presenting  arguments  that  are 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1135 


J 


TEN 

plausible  or  convincing,  or  by  the  offer  of  some 
pleasure  or  apparent  advantage  as  the  inducement. 

My  Lady  Gniy  tempts  him  to  lliU  harsh  extreinity.  Shak. 
Every  man  is  tempted,  when  he  is  drawn  away  by  his  own  lust 
aiid  enticed.  — James  i. 

2.  To  provoke ;  to  incite. 

Tempt  not  the  brave  and  neody  to  despair.  Dn/den. 

3.  To  solicit;  to  draw  ;  without  the  notion  of  evil. 

Still  his  strength  concealeilj 
Which  tempted  onr  attempt,  and  wrought  our  tail.  hTiltan, 

4.  To  try  ;  to  venture  on  ;  to  attempt. 

Ere  leave  be  given  to  tempt  the  nether  sky.  Dryilen. 

5.  In  Scripture,  to  try  ;  to  prove ;  to  put  to  trial  for 
proof. 


Ged  did  tempt  .\bnhani.  —  Gen.  xxii. 
Ye  shall  n*l  ternpt  the  Lord  your  Ciod. 


-  Deut.  ri. 


TEMPT' A-BLE,  a.    Liable  to  be  tempted.  Sw/ft. 
TE.MPT-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  tt  nipting  ;  entice- 
ment to  evil  by  arguments,  by  flattery,  or  by  the 
otfer  of  some  real  or  apparent  good. 

When  the  devil  had  ent!*-d  all  the  temptation,  he  deptuted  from 
him  for  a  seiisou.  —  Luke  iv. 

2.  Solicitation  of  the  passions ;  enticements  to  evil 
proceeding  from  the  prospect  of  pleasure  or  advan- 
tage. 

3.  The  state  of  being  tempted  or  enticed  to  evil. 
When  by  hitmtin  weakness  yuu  are  led  into  tempta- 
tion, resort  to  prayer  fur  relief. 

4.  Trial. 

Lead  us  not  into  temptation.  LoTrl^s  Prayer. 

5.  That  which  is  presented  to  the  mind  as  an  in- 
ducement to  evil. 

Dare  to  be  great  w  ithout  a  guilty  crown ; 

View  it,  and  lay  the  bright  temptation  down.  Dryden. 

6.  In  colloquial  laiifruan-e,  an  alhirement  to  any 
thing  indifferent,  or  even  good. 

TEMPT-A'TlON-LESr!,  a.    Having  no  temptation  or 

motive.    [Little  u.^ed.] 
TE.\lPT'ED,;jp.    Enticed  to  evil;  provoked;  tried. 
TE.MPT'ER,  ;i.    One  that  solicits  or  entices  to  evil. 

Those  who  are  lient  to  do  wickedly  will  never  want  tempters  to 
urge  them  on.  Tillul^un. 

2.  The  great  adversary  of  man  ;  the  devil.  Malt.  iv. 
TEMPT'ING,  ppr.    Enticing  to  evil  ;  trying. 

2.  a.    Adapted  to  entice  or  allure  ;  attractive  ;  as, 

temptinrr  pleasures. 
TE.MPT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  entice  to  evil ; 

so  as  to  allure. 
TE.MPT'ING-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  tempting. 
TEMPT'RESS,  it.    \  female  who  entices. 
TE.MSE,  n.     A  sieve.     [Written  also  Tems  and 

Tempse.] 

TE.\1SE'-1!READ,  (tems'bred,)  j  n.  [Fr.  tamiser, 
TEMS'i'D-BKEAD,  (tem.-t'bred,)  S       It.  tamisare, 

tnmigiare,  to  sift ;  Fr.  turnip.  It.  taini^o,  tamigio,  a 

sieve.] 

Bread  made  of  flour  better  sifted  than  common 
flour.    [I  know  uot  tpkere  tfiis  Word  is  used.]  Johnson. 


TE.M'U-LENCE, 
TE.M'I]-LE.\UV, 


n.  [L.  tetnulentia.] 


Intoxication;    inebriation;    drunkenness.  [JVot 


used.] 

TE.M'U-LENT,  a.    [L.  temulcntus.] 
Intoxicated.    [JVyi  in  use.] 

TE.M'U-LENT-IVE,  a.  Drunken  ;  in  a  state  of  ine- 
briation.   [Aoi  in  use.] 

TE.V,  a.  [iia\.  Iijn ;  D.  tien  :  G.  zelin ;  Dan.  tie ;  Sw. 
tio.  I  suppose  this  wortl  to  be  contracted  from  the 
Gothic  tiguns,  ten,  fron  (i>,  ten.  If  so,  this  is  the 
Greek  6tKii,  L.  decern,  W.  defr,  Gaelic,  deicU,  Fr.  dir. 
It.  dieci,  Sp.  diez.] 

1.  Twice  five  ;  nine  and  one. 

With  twice  ten  sail  I  eross-.d  the  Phrygian  Sea.  Dryden. 

2.  It  ia  a  kind  of  proverbial  number. 

Ther»-''ii  a  proud  modesty  in  merit, 

Aveme  Im  h-gging,  an<l  resolved  to  pay 

Ten  times  the  gill  it  asliS.  Dryden. 

The  meaning  in  this  use  is,  a  great  deal  more, 
indefinitely. 

TE.N'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tctieo,  to  hold.  See 
Tenant.] 

That  may  be  held,  maintained,  or  defi  nded  against 
an  assailant,  or  against  altempts  to  take  it ;  as,  a 
tenable  fortress.  The  works  were  not  deemed  tena- 
ble. 'J'hc  ground  taken  in  the  argument  is  not 
tenable. 

TE.\'A-HI.E-.\'ES.'J,  1       „,,     ..     ...     ,  ,, 
TKN-A-BII/I-TY     (  of  being  tenable. 

TE.N'AC'E,  n.    In  vthist,  the  state  of  holding  the  first 

and  third  hcst  cards.  Smart. 
TENA'CIOCS,  (te-nii'shus,)  a.     [L.  tenax,  from 

tenco,  to  holil ;  Fr.  tenarr.] 

1.  Holding  faxt,  or  ini:liticd  to  hold  fast ;  inclined 
to  rctam  whut  is  in  po-isession  j  as,  men  tenacious  of 
their  jiiHt  rights.  Mi  n  are  iisually  tenacious  of  their 
opinion!,  an  well  ilh  of  their  prop'-rly. 

Locke.  Jlrhuthnot. 

2.  Retentive;  apt  to  retain  long  what  is  com- 
mitted to  it ;  nn,  a  Ir.nucious  memory.  /,(ic/(c. 

3.  Adbenive  ;  apt  to  adhere  to  another  substance  ; 


TEN 

as  oily,  glutinous,  or  vi.scous  matter.     Few  sub- 
stances are  so  tenacious  as  tar. 
4.  Niggarilly  ;  close-listed.  Ainsworth. 
TE-Na'CIOUS-LY,  a:lu.    With  a  disposition  to  hold 
fast  what  is  possessed. 

2.  Adhesively. 

3.  Obstinately;  with  firm  adlierence. 
TE-Na'CIOUS-NESS,  n.     The   ijuality  of  holding 

fast ;  unwillingness  to  quit,  resign,  or  let  go  ;  as,  a 
man's  tenaciousness  of  his  rights  or  opinions. 

2.  Adhesiveness ;  stickiness  ;  as,  the  tenaciousness 
of  clay  or  glue. 

3.  Retentiveness  ;  as,  the  tenaciousness  of  memory. 
TE-N.\C'I-TY,   (te-nas'e-te,)  n.     [Fr.  tenacite  i  L. 

tenacitas,  from  teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  Adhesiveness ;  that  quality  of  bodies  which 
makes  them  stick  or  adhere  to  others  ;  gliitinousness  ; 
stickiness;  as,  the  tenacity  of  oils,  of  glue,  of  tar,  of 
starch,  ami  the  like. 

2.  That  qiitiiity  of  bodies  which  keeps  them  from 
parting  without  considerable  force;  cohesiveness ; 
the  effect  of  attraction  ;  opposed  to  Brittleness  or 
Fragility.  Ct/c. 

TE-NAC'lf-LUM,  n.  [L.]  A  surgical  instrument  by 
which  the  mouths  of  bleeding  arteries  are  seized  and 
drawn  out. 

TEN'A-CY,  n.    Tenaciousness.  [JVotinuse.] 

Barrow. 

TE-NaILLE',  71.  [Fr.  tenaille,  from  tenir,  L.  teneo,  to 
hold.] 

In  fortification,  a  rampart  raised  in  the  main  ditch, 
in  front  of  the  curtain,  between  two  bastions,  having 
two  ftices  parallel  to  tliose  of  the  bastions,  and  often 
a  third  face,  which  forms  a  curtain.  P.  Cyc. 

TE-NAIL'LON,  (te-nal'yun,)  n.  In  fortification,  te- 
naillons  are  works  constructed  on  each  side  of  the 
ravelins,  like  the  lunets,  to  increase  the  strengtli  of 
the  ravelins,  jirocure  additional  ground  beyond  the 
ditch,  or  cover  the  shoulders  of  the  bastions. 

P.  Cyc. 

TEN'AN-CY,  n.  [Sp.  tencueia;  Fr.  tenant;  L.  te- 
■ncns.] 

In  law,  a  holding  or  possession  of  lands  or  tene- 
ments ;  tenure  ;  .as,  tenancy  in  fee-simple  ;  tenancy  in 
tail ;  tenancy  by  the  courtesy  ;  tenancy  at  will.  Ten- 
ancy in  common  happens  where  there  is  a  unity  of 
possession  merely.  Blachstone. 
TEN'ANT,  71.  [Fr.  tenant,  from  tenir,  to  hold ;  L. 
teneo;  Or.  ritviii,  to  strain,  stretch,  extend  ;  W.  (aii- 
7i«,  to  stretch  ;  tynu,  to  pull ;  tijn,  a  stretch  ;  ten, 
drawn  ;  It.  tenere,  Sp.  tencr,  to  hold.] 

1.  A  person  holding  land  or  other  real  estate  under 
another,  either  by  grant,  lease,  or  at  will ;  one  who 
has  the  occupation  or  ttunjiorary  possession  of  lands 
or  tenements,  whose  title  is  in  another ;  as,  a  tenant 
in  tail ;  tenant  in  common  ;  tenattt  by  tlie  courtesy  ; 
tenant  in  parcenery  ;  tenant  for  life  ;  tenant  at  will ; 
tenant  in  dower. 

2.  One  who  has  possession  of  any  place ;  a  dwell- 
er. 

The  happy  tenant  of  your  shade.  Cowley. 

Tenant  in  capite,  or  tenant  in  chief,  by  the  laws  of 
Englanil,  is  one  who  holds  immeiliately  of  the  king. 
According  to  the  feudal  system,  all  lands  in  England 
are  considered  as  held  immediately  or  mediately  of 
the  king,  who  is  styled  lord  paramount.  Such  ten- 
ants, however,  are  considered  as  having  the  fee 
of  the  lands  and  permanent  possession. 

Btackstone, 

TEN'ANT,  V.  t.   To  hold  or  possess  as  a  tenant. 

Sir  Rog'-r's  esuite  is  tenai\ted  by  persons  who  have  s  rved  him 
or  tiis  ancestors.  Addison. 

TE.\'A.\T-.\-BLE,  a.  Fit  to  be  rented  ;  in  a  state  of 
rcp:iir  suitable  Itir  a  tiMitiiit. 

TE.\'A.\'l'-i;i),  ;;/).    Held  bv  a  tenant. 

TEN'ANT-LNG,  ppr.    Holding  as  a  tenant. 

TEN'.\NT-LErfS,  a.  Having  no  tenant ;  unoccu- 
pied ;  ;is,  n  tenantless  mansion.  Thodcy. 

TEN'ANT-RY,  ii.    The  body  of  tenants ;  as,  the 
tenantry  of  a  manor  or  a  kingdom.  Palry. 
2.  'J'l.nnncy.    [JVut  in  ii.ve.]  Ridley. 

TE.\'ANT-SAW.    See  Tenon-Saw. 

TE.\(jH,  n.    (Ft.  tenche  ;  Sp.  tenca;  E.  tiiicfl.] 

A  European  fresh-water'  fish,  of  the  carp  ftimily, 
very  tiuiacious  of  life. 

TENL),  0.  t.  [Contracted  from  attend,  L.  attendo  ;  ad 
and  tendo,  to  stretch,  \V.  tannit.  Alleiitioii  denotes  a 
straining  of  the  mind.] 

1.  To  wtitch  ;  to  guard  ;  to  accompany  as  an  as- 
sistant tir  protector. 

And  naming  ministers  lo  watch  and  tend 

'I'hi-ir  rartl.fv  cliarg.-.  MUton. 

There  is  a  pl'-nhun-  in  thai  simplicity,  in  Uholding  priuc  s  Intd- 

iug  thnr  llocks.  /'c;<c. 

2.  To  hold  and  take  care  of;  as,  to  tend  a  child. 

3.  'J'o  bo  atttmtive  to. 

Unsucked  of  lamb  or  kid  lliat  tend  their  piny.  Milton. 

4.  To  tend  a  vessel,  Ifl  to  cause  her  to  swing,  at 
single  anchor,  ho  as  not  to  ftiul  the  cable  rt>uiitl  the 
stock  or  dukes  of  the  aut  hor.  Tottcn. 

TE.\Ii,  II.  i.  [ \j.  tcnilo  ;  Fr.  lendre  i  It.  tendere  i  formed 
on  L.  teneo,  Gr.  Ttii/w,  Sans,  tan.] 


TEN 

1.  To  move  in  a  certain  direction. 

Having  overheard  two  gentlemen  tending  towiml  that  liffhL 

WolKin, 

Here  Oardaniia  was  born,  and  hidier  tetidt.  Dryrien. 

2.  To  be  directed  to  any  end  or  purpose  ;  to  aim 
at ;  to  have  or  give  a  leaning. 

The  laws  of  our  religion  t^nd  to  the  universal  happiness  of 
mankind.  '  TUlolson. 

3.  To  contribute.  Our  petitions,  if  granted,  might 
tend  to  our  destruction.  Hammond. 

4.  [For  .Attend.]  To  attend ;  to  wait  as  attend- 
ants or  servants. 

He  tenfie  upon  my  father.    ICoUoquial.^  Shak. 

5.  To  attend  as  something  inseparable.  [JVut  in 
use.]  Skak. 

fi.  To  wait ;  to  expect.  [A'ot  in  -use.]  Shak. 
TEXD'.\NCE,  71.    .Mtendance  ;  state  of  expectation. 

2.  Perst>ns  atlemling.  SItak. 

3.  Act  of  waiting  ;  attendance.  Shak. 

4.  Care  ;  act  of  temling.  Milton. 
[This  word  is  entirely  obsolete  in  all  its  senses. 

We  nt)W  use  Attendance.] 
TEND'ED,        Attended;  taken  care  of;  nursed  ;  .as 

an  infant  or  a  sick  person. 
TEND'EN-CY,  n.    [from  tend  ;  L.  tcndens,  tending.] 
Drift ;  direction  or  ctitirse  toward  any  place,  ob- 
ject, effect,  or  result.    Read  such  books  only  as  have 
a  good  nioi  al  tendency,   ilild  language  has  a  tendency 
to  allay  irritation. 

Writings  of  this  kind,  if  conducted  with  candor,  have  a  more 
particular  tendency  to  the  good  of  their  country.  AdtRson. 

TEND'ER,  n.   [from  tend.}   One  that  attends  or  takes 
care  of ;  a  nurse. 

2.  A  small  vessel  employed  to  attend  a  larger  one, 
for  supjilying  her  with  provisions  and  other  stores, 
or  to  convey  intelligence,  and  the  like.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  On  railroads,  a  car  which  attends  on  locomo- 
tives, to  supply  the  fuel. 

4.  [Fr.  tendre,  to  reach.]  In  law,  an  offer,  either 
of  money  to  pay  a  debt,  or  of  service  to  be  performed, 
in  order  to  save  a  penalty  or  forfeiture,  which  would 
be  incurred  by  non-payment  or  non-performance  ; 
as,  the  tender  of  rent  due,  or  of  the  amount  of  a  note 
or  bond  with  interest.  To  constitute  a  legal  tender, 
such  money  must  be  offered  as  the  law  prescribes  ; 
the  offer  of  bank  notes  is  not  a  legal  tender.  So  also 
the  tender  must  be  at  the  time  and  place  where  the 
rent  or  debt  ought  to  be  paid,  and  it  must  be  to  the 
full  amount  due. 

There  is  also  a  tender  of  issue  in  pleadings,  a  ten- 
der of  an  oath,  &c. 

.5.  Any  oft'er  for  acceptance.  The  gentleman  made 
me  a  tender  of  his  services. 

C.  The  thing  offered.  This  money  is  not  a  legal 
tender. 

7.  Regard  ;  kind  concern.    [JVoJ  ire  use.]  Shak. 
TEND'ER,  V.  t.    [Fr.  tendre,  to  reach  or  stretch  out ; 
L.  tendo.] 

1.  To  offer  in  words;  or  to  exhibit  or  present  for 
acceptance. 

All  contlltions,  all  minds,  tender  down 

Their  service  to  Lorxl  Timon.  ShaJc. 

2.  To  hold  ;  to  esteem. 

Tender  yourself  mote  dearly.    [Not  in  use.]  Shak. 

3.  To  offer  in  payment  or  satisfaction  of  a  demand, 
for  saving  a  penalty  or  forfeiture  ;  as,  to  tender  the 
amount  of  rent  or  debt. 

TEN'DER,  a.    [Fr.  tendre;  It.  tenero ;  Port,  tinro  ;  Ir. 
and  Gaelic,  tin ;  W.  tytier ;  L.  tener ;  allied  probably 


to  tliin,  L.  tenuis,  W.  tcnau;  Ar.  wadana,  to 

be  soft  or  thin.  Class -Dn,  No.  12,  and  see  No. 
25.] 

1.  Soft;  easily  impressed,  broken,  bruised,  or  in- 
jured; not  firm  or  hard;  as,  tender  plants;  tender 
flesh  ;  tender  grtipes.    Deut.  xxxii.    Cant.  ii. 

2.  Very  sensible  to  impression  and  pain ;  easily 
pained. 

Our  bodies  are  not  naturally  more  tender  than  our  faces. 

L'i:."s£rang«. 

3.  Delicate  ;  effeminate  ;  not  hardy,  or  able  to  en- 
dure hardship. 

The  teiKter  and  delicite  woman  among  you.  —  Deut.  xxviii. 

4.  \Veak  ;  feeble  ;  as,  tcniter  age.    Oen.  xxxiii. 
.5.  Young  and  carefully  etiucatetl.  Prov.-'iV 

C.  Susceptible  of  the  softer  passitms,  as  love,  com- 
passion, kindness;  compassionate;  pitiful;  easily 
alli  cttjd  by  the  distresses  of  another,  or  aiiviotis  for 
aiiotlier's  good  ;  as,  the  tender  kindness  of  the  church  ; 
a  trndrr  henlt. 

7.  Compa.ssionate ;  easily  excitcil  to  pity,  forgive- 
ness, or  favor. 

The  Lord  Is  pitiful,  and  of  tender  mercy.  —  Jumea  v.    Luko  I. 

8.  Exciting  kind  concern. 

I  love  Valentine  ; 
Ilia  life  '>  as  Umfcr  to  me  as  Ins  soul.  Sliai. 

9.  Exjiressive  of  the  softer  passions ;  aa,  a  tender 
strain. 


FATE,  FAR,  F/^hh,  WH/kT.  —  METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI.F,  BQQK.— 


1136 


TEN 

10.  Careful  to  siivc  iiiviol.ite,  or  not  tii  injure  ; 
with  of.    lie  tender  uf  your  nciglibor's  reputatiun. 

The  civil  authority  sliould  be  Undtr  of  the  bunor  or  Uoil  and 
nli^ion.  TVXaUon, 

11.  Gentle;  mild;  unwilling  to  pain. 

You,  tli;U  uri-"  mi  Uivler  oVt  hid  follicB, 

Will  iiovur  do  hiin  good.  57i<i*. 

1?!.  Apt  to  eive  pain  ;  as,  tliat  is  a  Irnder  subject ; 
thiuKs  Hint  are  lender  and  uuple.isin(!.  Bncon. 

i;t.  Adapted  to  excite  leelinj!  or  sympathy  ;  patliet- 
ic  ;  a-*,  tender  expressions  ;  tender  ex|)ostulation8. 
TE.\D'i;il-Kl), ;./).    Otrered  for  acceptance. 
Ti:.\'l)t;R-IIEART'EO,  (-lUrt'od,)  a.     [tender  and 
heart.]    Havins  great  sensibility  ;  susceptible  of  im- 
pressions or  inriiience. 

Whr-ii  ll''liotHijiin  wna  yooii?-  nml  teiider-hearted,  niul  could  not 
witlijitiiiiJ  thfiii.  —  i  Chroii.  xiii. 

2.  Very  susceptible  of  the  softer  passions  of  love, 
pily,  or  kindness. 

B'-  ye  kind  oiif  to  .inolhT,  and  tender-hearted.  —  Kph.  Iv. 
TKi\'I)ER-IIEXRT'EU-LY,  a</t>.    With  tender  affec- 
tion. 

TEN"1)ER-HE.\RT'ED-NESS,  ii.     Susceptibility  of 

the  Sidler  passions. 
TEi\'l)ER-llEFT-ED,  a.    Having  great  tenderness. 

Sliuk. 

TEND'ER-ING,  ppr.    OlVerinz  for  acceptance. 

TE.\'l)ER-LING,  «.    A  fondling;  one  made  tender 
by  tt)o  much  kindm  ss. 
2.  The  first  liorns  of  a  deer. 

TEN'I)ER-IA)1N,  n.  A  tender  part  of  flesh  in  the 
hind  quarter  of  beef,  the  Psoas  muscle. 

TE.\'UER-LY,  adi;.  Willi  tenderness  ;  mildly;  gen- 
tly ;  softly  ;  in  a  manner  nut  to  ijijure  or  give  pain. 

Bnitiis  Urvierttf  n-proves.  Poji§. 
2.  Kindly  ;  with  pitv  or  affection. 

TEN'DER-.MOUTIl->;i),  a.    Havini;  a  tender  mouth. 

TEN'l)Ell-NESe!,  n.  The  state  of  lieins;  lender  or 
easily  broken,  bruised,  or  injured  ;  softness  ;  bnttle- 
ness  ;  as,  the  tenderness  of  a  thread  ;  the  tenderness  of 
flesh. 

2.  The  state  of  heinc  easily  hurt ;  soreness  ;  as, 
the  tenderness  of  flesh  U'lien  bruised  or  inflamed. 

3.  Susceptibility  of  the  softer  passions  ;  sensibility. 
Well  \v(*  know  your  tetvlerneaa  of  heart.  Shak. 

4.  Kind  attention  ;  anxiety  for  the  good  of  anotlier, 
or  to  save  him  from  pain.  Baeon. 

5.  Scrupulousness;  caution;  extreme  care  or  ctm- 
ccrn  not  to  give  or  to  commit  offense  ;  as,  tenderness 
of  conscience.  South. 

6.  Cautious  care  to  preserve,  or  not  to  injure  ;  as, 
a  tenderness  of  reputation.        Ouv.  of  the  Tongue. 

7.  t'oflness  of  expression  ;  pathos. 

TEND'  ERS,  n.  pi.  Proposals  for  performing  a  service. 
TE.N'D'l.N'tl, /(//r.  Having  a  certain  direction';  taking 
TE.N'D'I.N'G,  H.   The  act  of  attending.  [care  of. 

TE.\U'l\(i,  n.     In  seamen's  lanirua^e,  a  swinging 

rouuil  or  movement  of  a  ship  upon  her  anchor. 
TE.\'L)IN-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  (CH(/iiici<i  ;  It.  tou/iiioso ;  from 

L.  tcndinesj  tendons,  from  tcndo,  to  stretch.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  tendon ;  partaking  of  tlie  nature 
of  tendons. 

2.  Eull  of  tendons  ;  sinewy  ;  as,  nervous  and  tcn- 
dinnns  parts.  fVisenian. 

TE.N'D'ME.NT,  n.    Attendance  ;  care.    [Obs.]  Hall 
TEN'DON,  H.    [L.  tem/u;  Gr.  tcvuv  ;  from  rtivw,  L. 
teneo^  tendu.] 

In  anntomti,  a  hard,  insensible  cord  or  bundle  of 
fibers,  by  which  a  muscle  is  attached  to  a  biuie. 
TEN'DR AC,  wi.    The  popular  name  of  three  insec- 
TEN'REC,    >    tivoroiis  mammals, <if  the  genus  Cen- 
T.\N'REC,    )    tenes.    They  are  small  quadrupeds, 

foil  ml  in  .Madagascar  anil  the  Isle  of  France. 
TEN'DRU,,  ?i.    [Fr.  (/m/nin,  from  (raiV,  to  hold.] 

A  filiform,  spiral  shoot  of  a  plant  that  winds  round 
another  body  for  the  purpose  of  support.  TendriU, 
or  claspers,  are  given  to  plants  that  have  weak  stalks. 

Ra<j. 

They  are  also  given  to  creeping  vines  which  re- 
quire support  on  ttie  earth. 

A  tendril,  in  most  c,L<es,  is  a  peculiar  modification 
of  a  petiole  ;  though  sometimes  it  is  a  modification 
of  some  part  of  the  inflorescence,  as  in  the  vine. 

Lindley. 

TEN'DRIL,  a.    Clasping;  climbing;  as  a  tendril. 

Dt/er. 

TEND'RY,  n.    Proposal  to  acceptance  ;  tender. 

Ileylin. 

TEND'SO.ME,  (ten'siim,)  a.  Requiring  much  attend- 
ance ;  as,  a  tenilsome  child. 

TE.\'E-l!KOUS,    )  a.     !L.  tenebrosus,  from  tcnebra, 

TE-NK'lilU-OUS,  i  darkness.] 

Dark  ;  gloomy.  Young, 

TE.VE-RROUS-.VESS,  )       „    1  1 

TE.V'-lvllROS'I-TY       i  "•    I'''"''*"''^^  i  gloom. 

TEN'E-.ME.NT,  n.  '[Fr. ;  Low  L.  tcncmcntum,  from 
teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  In  common  acceptation,  a  house  ;  a  building  for  a 
babitntiim  ;  or  an  apartment  in  a  building,  used  by 
one  family. 

2.  A  house  or  lands  depending  on  a  manor;  or  a 
fee  farm  depending  on  a  superior.  Cye. 


TEN 

3.  In  (uKi,  any  species  of  permanent  piiipierty  that 
may  bt;  hehl,  as  binds,  houses,  rt-nts.  '.ominoiis,  an  of- 
fice, an  advowson,  a  fraiicliise,  a  fgbl  of  coiuimui,  a 
peerage,  &,c.  These  are  called /rc*f  i».  frank  tenements. 

Tbo  thio^  Ill-Id  1"  II  unenunly  iiml  thi^  poHj-nsor  of  it  i»  tenant,  and 
tiie  iniuiii'-r  of  poKi.  BBioii  IB  c;ttk-d  ttii'tr^.  Btackalotte. 

TEN-E-MENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  Li>  tenanted  lands; 
that  is  or  may  be  held  by  tenants. 

TenemenuU  luiidi  they  diBlributcd  ainon^  tbnr  teoniiti. 

Btaektlont. 

TEN-E-MENT'A-RY,  a.    That  is  or  m.ay  be  leased  ; 

held  bv  tenants.  Spelntan, 
Ti;-NER'I-TY,  II.    Tenderness.    [JV-  t  in  use.] 
TE-NES'MUS,  ?i.  [L. ;  literally,  a  sfaiiiing  or  stretch- 
ing.] 

An  urgent,  distressing,  and  almost  painful  sensa- 
tion, as  if  a  discharge  from  the  iiites'ines  must  take 
place  immediately  ;  always  referred  to  the  lower  ex- 
tremity of  the  rectum. 
TEN'ET,  n.    [U.  tenet,  he  holds.] 

Any  opinion,  principle,  dogma,  or  doctrine,  which 
a  person  believes  or  maintains  a.i  fin- ;  as,  tlie  tenets 
of  Plato  or  of  Cicero.  'I'he  fciirt.  uf  Christians  are 
adopted  from  the  Scriptures  ;  but  <l''fereiit  interpre- 
tations give  rise  to  a  great  iliversiry  ti*"  tenets. 
TE.N'FOLl),  a.    [ten  and  fold.]    Ten  times  more. 

Fire  kindled  imo  tenfold  nige.  Alilton. 
Tl".'NI-OII>,  a.  A  term  applied  to  a  fimily  of  paren- 
cliyiiiatoiis  ento/.oa,  comprising  vi\i.\l  are  commonly 
called  Tapkworms. 
TE.\'NA.\T-tTE,  n.  [from  Smith«<':i  Tcnnnnt.]  A 
blackish,  lead-gray  ore  of  coppc. ,  from  Cornwall, 
consisting  of  copper,  iron,  arsenic,  aiiJ  sulphur. 

Dana. 

TEN'NtS,  n.  [If  this  word  is  from  L.  tenco,  Fr.  fcnir, 
it  must  tie  from  the  sense  of  holding  on,  continuing 
to  keep  in  motion.] 

A  play  in  which  a  ball  is  driven  continually  or 
kept  III  iiiiitioii  liv  rackets. 

TE.WMS,  e.  f.    To  drive  a  ball.  Spenser. 

TE.X'Nls  eOL'RT,  ii.  A  place  or  co'irt  for  playing 
tlm  game  of  tennis.  Rich.  Diet. 

TE.\'.MS-KI),  (ii  n'iiist,)  pp.    Driven,  as  a  ball. 

TEN'NIS-ING,  ppr.    Driving,  as  a  ball 

TEN'O.N,  «.    [Fr.,  froiii  tenir,  L.  tenet,  to  hold.] 

In  buildintr  and  cabinet  work,  tne  end  of  a  piece 
of  timlier,  which  is  reduced  in  its  dimensions  so 
as  to  be  fitted  into  a  mortise  for  i'lsertion,  tir  in- 
serted, fur  fastening  two  pieces  of  timber  together. 
The  form  of  a  tenon  is  various,  as  square,  dove- 
tailed, &c. 

TEN'ON-SAW,  II.  A  saw  with  a  brass  or  steel  back, 
for  cutting  tenons.  GwtlL 

TEN'OR,  II.  [L.  tenor,  from  tcneo,  to  liold  ;  that  is,  a 
holding  on  in  a  continued  course  j  Fr.  tencur  i  It. 
tenore  ;  Sp.  fciior.  ] 

1.  Continued  run  or  currency ;  whole  course  or 
strain.  We  understand  a  speaker's  intention  or 
views  from  the  tenor  of  his  conver-ation  ;  that  Is, 
from  the  general  course  of  his  ideas,  or  general  pur- 
port of  his  speech. 

Dois  not  the  whole  tenor  of  the  divine  la'V  positively  require 
humility  and  meekness  to  all  men  f  Sprat. 

2.  Stamp;  character.  The  conv-rsation  was  of 
the  same  tenor  as  that  of  the  precedifig  day. 

This  Bucceas  would  look  like  chance,  if  it  wer^  Dot  perpetual  and 
ulways  of  the  aame  tenor,  Dry'ten. 

3-  Sense  contained  ;  purport ;  sub'-iance  ;  general 
course  or  drift  ;  as,  close  attention  t(.  the  tenor  of  the 
discourse.    Warnmt-s  arc  to  be  execiued  according 
to  their  form  and  tenor.  Locke, 
Bid  me  tear  (he  twn'l, 
\Vhen  it  is  paid  according  to  the  tenor,  Shak. 

4.  [Fr.  reiior.j  In  mii.sic,  the  most  common  nat- 
ural pitch  of  a  man's  voice  in  singing,  or  the  higher 
of  the  two  kinds  of  voices  usually  belonging  to  adult 
males;  hence,  the  part  of  a  tune  adapted  to  tliis 
voice,  the  second  of  the  four  parts  in  the  scale  of 
sounds,  reckoning  from  the  base  ;  an  i  originally  the 
air,  to  which  the  other  parts  were  auxiliary. 

5.  Tlie  persons  who  sing  the  tenor,  or  the  instru- 
ment that  plays  it. 

TE-NOT'O-.MY,  n.    [Gr.  rrviov  and  to^i;.]    In  *u»^ 

spni,  the  division  or  the  act  tif  divid.pg  a  tendon. 
TE.N'KEC,  ii.     The  name  of  three  small  insectiv- 
orous quadrupeds,  of  the  genus  Cen'cnes,  allied  to 
the  liedgehog,  and  found  in  -Madagasc.nr  and  the  Isle 
of  France.    [/\lso  written  Tanrec  ai  d  Tendrac] 
TENSE,  (tens,)  a.    [L.  tensus,  from  Irndo,  to  stretch.] 
Stretched;  strained  to  stiffness;  rigid;  not  lax  ; 
as,  a  tense  fiber. 

For  the  free  p-awajp*  of  Ihe  louDd  into  tho  ear,  It  is  requisite  tliat 
the  tyinp.tnuiu  fie  tent;  Holder. 

TENSE,  (tense,)  ii.  [Corrupted  from  Fr.  temps,  L. 
tempus.] 

in  grammar,  time,  or  a  particular  form  of  a  verb, 
or  a  rombination  of  words,  used  to  express  the  time 
of  action,  or  of  that  which  is  affirmed;  or  tense  is  an 
infiection  of  verbs,  by  which  they  are  mado  to  sig- 
nify or  distinguish  the  time  of  actions  or  events. 

'i'he  primar}'  simple  tenses  are  three — those  which 
express  time  past,  present,  and  future  ,*  but  these 


TEN 

admit  of  .nodificutions,  wliicli  differ  in  different  lan- 
guages.   Tlie  Eiii;lisli  laimuage  is  rich  in  iciuea,  be- 
yond any  other  language  in  Europe. 
Tf-:NSE'LY,  alio.    With  tension. 

TE.VSE'NliSS,  (tens'iiess,)  n.  The  state  of  being 
tense  or  stretched  to  stiffness  ;  stiffness  ;  opposed  to 
Lai.mess  ;  <is,  the  tenseness  of  a  string  or  fiber  ;  feii.,«- 
ness  of  tf.e  skin.  Sharp. 

Ti:.\S-I-lir^'I-TY,  n.   The  state  that  admits  tension. 

TENS'I-GLK,  a.    Capable  of  being  extended. 

Bacon. 

TENS'ILE  (ten'sil,)  a.    Capable  of  extension. 
TE.\'SK)\,  ten'sliuii,)  n.  (Fr.,  frtiiii  L.  tensto,  tendo.] 

1.  The  act  of  stretching  or  straining  ;  as,  the  leii- 
«ioit  of  ',ne  mii.scles. 

2.  The  state  of  being  stretched  or  strained  to  stifT- 
ness  ;  i.r  the  state  of  being  bent  or  strained  ;  as,  dif- 
ferent deL'.ees  of  tension  in  chords  give  different 
sounils  ;  the  greater  the  iciisioii,  the  more  acute  the 
sound. 

3.  Th-  stretching  or  degree  of  stretching  to  which 
a  wire,  cord,  piece  of  timlier,  &c.,  is  strained  by 
drawing  ii  m  ttie  direction  of  its  length;  strain. 

4.  Dist.ntioii.  [Gutilt. 
TENS'IVE,  a.    Giving  the  sensation  of  tension,  stiff- 
ness or  CO  itraction  ;  as,  a  ffii^iee  pain.  Fiouer. 

TEN'.-^OMf..    See  Tendsome. 

TE.N'S'OK,  II.    \n  anatomy,  a  muscle  that  extends  or 

stretches  i  part. 
TEN'SlJkE  ;  the  same  as  Te.nsion,  and  not  used. 

Bncun. 

TENT,  71.  [W.  tent,  from  fen,  (yii,  stretched  ;  Fr. 
tente  :  .Sp.  tienda  ;  L.  tentorium,  from  tindo,  to 
stretch.] 

1.  pavilion  or  portable  lodge  consisting  of  can- 
vas or  o'iiiT  coarse  cloth,  stretched  and  sustained  liy 
poles;  used  for  sheltering  peisoiis  from  tile  weailier, 
parttcularl'f  soldiers  in  camp.  Tlie  watiitering  .-Xrabs- 
and  Tar'.irs  lodge  in  tents.  The  Israi-Iites  lodged  in 
tents  forty  years,  while  they  were  in  tlie  desert. 

2.  In  SI'  irrro,  a  roll  of  lint  or  linen,  used  to  dilate 
an  opeiii'ig  in  the  flesh,  or  to  prevent  tlie  healing  of 
an  i>|ii'ning  from  which  matter  or  other  fiuid  is  dis- 
charged. Cijc. 

TENT,  II.    fp.  tiiifo,  deep  colored,  from  L.  tinctus,] 
.1  kind  of  .vine  of  a  deep  red  color,  cliierty  from 
Galicia  ni  .Malaga  in  Spain. 

TE.N'T,  V.  i.    To  lodge  as  in  a  tent ;  to  tabernacle. 

Shak. 

TE.N'T,  ti.  '.  To  probe  ;  to  search  as  with  a  tent ;  as, 
lo  tent  a  wjund. 

I'll  tent  him  to  the  qiiich.  Sfuik. 
9.  To  keep  open  with  a  tent.  Itlseman. 
TENT'-lil'.i).  71.    .\  high-post  bedstead,  having  cur- 
idins  in  an  arched  form  above. 

Kncyc.  of  Dam.  Econ, 
TKN'TA-ei.E,      )       7    IT    1    ,    ,    ,     ,  1 
TEN-TAC"(  LA,  (  "'  P''    L^ech.  L.  tcntacula.] 

A  filifjr'u  process  or  organ,  simple  or  branched, 
on  the  li.idies  of  various  animals  of  the  Linn.a-an 
class  Vermes,  and  of  Cuvier's  Mollusca,  Annelida, 
EchinodoiOiata,  Actinia,  Medusa;,  Polypi,  &c.,  either 
un  organ  of  feelini;,  prehension,  or  motion,  some- 
times round  the  mouth,  sometimes  on  tither  part^  of 
tfie  body. 

TE.\-TAe'lJ-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  tentacles. 
TEN-TA€'IJ-LA-TED,  a.    Having  tentacles. 
TEN-TA-ei[-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  tciifucu/um  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Producing  tentacula  or  tentacles.  Kirby. 
TENT'.-\GE,  II.    An  encampment.  [Unusual.] 

Drayton. 

TEN-Ta'TIO.V,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tciitafio;  Unto,  to 
try.] 

Trial  ;  teniptafion.    [Little  used.]  Broten. 
TENf'A-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.J    'I'oing ;  essaying. 
TENT'A-TIVE,  II.    An  ess,ay  ;  trial.  Berkeley. 
TENT'ED,  a.    Covered  or  furnished  with  tents,  as 
soldiers. 

2.  Covered  with  tents  ;  as,  a  tented  field. 
TE.XT'ER,  II.    [I,,  tendo,  tentus,  to  stretch.] 

A  machine  for  stretching  cloth,  by  means  of  hooks, 
called  Temer-IIooks.  llrbrrL 

To  be  on  the  tenters ;  to  be  on  the  stretch  ;  to  be  in 
distress,  uneasiness,  or  suspense.  Iludibras, 
TE.VT'ER,  V.  U   To  hang  or  stretch  on  tenters. 
TE.NT'ER,  V,  i.   To  admit  extension.  [Bacon. 

Woolen  cloUis  wi  1  tenter.  Baton, 

TEXT'ER-KD,  pp.    Stretched  or  hung  on  tenters. 
TENT'ER-tJROUXD,  ii.    Ground  on  which  tenters 
are  erected. 

TENT'ER-HOOK,  ti.  A  sharp,  hooked  nail,  used  in 
stretching  cloth  on  the  frame  called  Tenter. 

TE.NT'EK-ING,  fpr.  Stretching  or  hanging  on  tent- 
ers. 

TENTH,  a,    [from  ten.]    The  ordinal  of  ten  ;  the 

first  after  the  ninth. 
TE.\TH,n.    The  tenth  part. 

2.  Tithe  ;  the  tenth  part  of  annual  pnidiice  or  in- 
crease. The  tcntli  of  income  is  payable  lo  the  clergy 
in  England,  as  it  was  to  the  priests  among  the  Isra- 

3.  In  music,  the  octave  of  the  ihinl  ;  an  interx  il 


TCNE,  BI;LL,  liNITE.  — AN'  GER,  VF'CIOUS — C  ai  K  ;  G  a-s  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII  ;  TH  a-s  in  THIS. 


113;' 


TER 


TER 


TER 


comprehenilini;  nine  conjoint  degrees,  or  ten  sounds, 
nialonically  divided.  Basby. 

TK.Vi'lI'LY,  ailv.    In  the  tenth  place. 

TEN-TIO'IN-OUS,  a.    [L.  teiUigo,  a  stretching.! 
Stiff;  stretclied.    [J\'%i  in  wa'c.  ]  Diet. 

TENT'ING,  ppr.     Probing;  keeping  open  with  a 
tent. 

TENT'O-RY,  J!.    FL.  tentorium.] 

The  awning  of  a  tent.  Enehjn, 
TENT'WORT,  (-wiirt,)  n.    [tent  s.nA  wort.]    A  plant 

of  the  genus  Asplenium. 
TEN'l|-A'J'E,  r.  «.    [Ij.  tenuo.] 

To  make  thin. 
TEN'U-A-TEn,  pp.    Made  thin. 
TEN'U-A-TIXG,  ppr.    Making  thin. 
TEN  q-[-Fo'LI-OUl!i,  a.    [L.  (en«i,s-  and  folium.] 

Ilavinf;  thin  or  narrow  leaves. 
TE-NC'l-OUS,  a.     Rare   or  subtile ;   opposed  to 
Dense. 

TE.\-U-I-ROS'TERS,  v.  pi    [L.  tennis  and  rostrum.] 
A  tribe  of  insessorial  or  perching  birds,  including 
those  which  have  a  long  and  slendrr  bill.  Brando. 
TEN-U-I-ROS'TRAL,  a.     Thin-bdled  ;  applied  to 
birds  with  a  slender  bill,  as  the  humming  birds. 

Swainson. 

TE-Xu'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  tenuiti  ;  L.  tcnuitas,  from  tenuis, 
thin.    See  Thin.J 

1.  Thinness ;  s mallness  in  diameter  ;  exility  ;  thin- 
ness, applied  to  a  broad  substance,  and  slenderness, 
applied  to  one  that  is  long  ;  as,  the  trniiitij  of  paper 
or  of  a  leaf;  the  tenuity  of  a  h.air  or  tilanient. 

2.  Rarity ;  rareness ;  thinness  ;  as  of  a  fluid ;  as, 
the  tenuity  of  the  air  in  the  higher  regions  of  the  at- 
mosphere; the  (cHinVy  of  the  blood.  Bacon. 

3.  Poverty.    [JVut  in  use.]  K.  Cluirles. 
TEN'U-OUS,  a.    [L.  tenuis.] 

1.  Thin;  small;  minute.  Brown. 

2.  Rare. 

.TEN'lIllE,  (ten'yur,)  n.    [Fr,,  from  tcnir,  L.  leneo,  to 
hold.] 

1.  A  holding.  In  En^/isA /aic,  the  manner  of  hold- 
ing lands  and  tenements  of  a  superior.  All  the 
species  of  ancient  tenures  may  be  reduced  to  four, 
three  of  which  subsist  to  this  day.  I.  Tenure  by 
knight  service,  which  was  the  most  honorable. 
This  is  now  abolished.  2.  Tenure  in  free  socage,  or 
by  a  certain  and  determinate  service,  which  is  either 
free  and  honorable,  or  villein  and  base.  3.  Tenure 
by  copy  of  court  roll,  or  copyhold  tenure.  4.  Tenure 
in  ancient  demain.  There  was  also  tenure  in 
frankalmoign,  or  free  alms.  The  tenure  in  free  and 
couimon  socage  has  absorbed  most  of  the  others. 

Bluckstone. 

In  the  United  States,  almost  all  lands  are  held  in 
fee-simple  ;  not  of  a  superior,  but  the  whole  right 
and  title  to  the  property  being  vested  in  tile  owner. 

Tenure  in  general,  then,  is  the  particular  manner 
of  holding  real  estate,  as  by  exclusive  title  or  owner- 
ship, by  fee-simple,  by  fee-tail,  by  courtesy,  in 
dower,  by  copyhold,  by  lease,  at  will,  &c. 

2.  'i'he  consideration,  condition,  or  service  which 
the  occupier  of  land  gives  to  his  lord  or  superior  for 
the  use  of  his  land. 

3.  Manner  of  holding  in  general.  In  absolute 
governments,  men  hold  their  rights  by  a  precari- 
ous tenure. 

TE-O-GAL'LE,  n.    Literally,  God's  house  ;  a  pyramid 
fi.r  the  worship  of  the  gods  among  the  Mexicans  and 
other  aborigines  of  America.  Humboldt. 
TEP-E-FAt;'TH)N,  n.    [L.  Icpefacio;  tepidus,  warm, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

'J'he  act  or  operation  of  warming,  making  tepid  or 
moderately  warm. 
TEP'E-FT-iiD,  (-fide,)  pp.    Made  moderately  warm. 
TEP'E-F?,  V.  t.    [L.  teprfacio.] 

To  make  moderately  warm.  Ooldsmith. 
TEP'E-Fy,  V.  i.    To  become  moderately  warm. 
TEPH'RA-.MAN-CY,  (tef'ra-man-se,)  /(.    [Gr.  rcppa 
and  pavTtni.] 

Divination  by  the  ashes  on  which  the  victim  had 
been  consumed  in  sacrifice.  Swart. 
TEP'ID,  o.     [L.  Icpidus,  from  tepeo,  to  be  warm; 
Kuss.  lophju.] 

Miiilerately  warm;  lukewarm;  as,  a  tepid  bath; 
tcpiti  rays  ;  tepid  vapors. 

'I'rpid  mineral  xoaler.i,  are  such  as  have  less  sensible 
cold  than  common  water.  Cite. 
TEP'ID-.VEjS.S,  (  n.     Moderate  w.trmth  ;  lukew'arm- 
'I'E-PlD'l-'l'Y,  (     noss.  Ramblrr. 
TK'POU,  n.    [I,.]    Gentle  heat ;  moderate  warmth. 

.^rbuthnot. 

TEU'APII,  (ter'nf,)  n.    [Heir.]    .'^opposed  by  some  to 
be  an  idol ;  by  others,  to  be  a  charm  or  amulet. 

.Smart. 

TER'A-PIII.M,  71.  pi.    [Heb.]    Household  deities  or 
images. 

TER-A-TOL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  rcp'ts,  a  prodigy,  and 
Aovot,  discourse.] 

I.  'I'hat  [lart  of  phyniology  which  treats  of  mnlfor- 
mnlions  and  monstrosities. 

3.  liombaitt  in  language;  affectation  of  auhllmity, 
[^<>t  nitcd.]  Biiileij. 
TF.R(;E,  (ters,)  n.     [8p.  tereiai  Fr.  tiers,  tierce,  n 
lljird.] 


A  cask  whose  contents  are  42  gall  oils,  the  third  of 
a  pipe  or  butt.] 
TER'CEL,  n.    [Fr.  tiers,  third;   so  named  for  his 
siiiallness.] 

The  male  of  the  common  falcon,  Falco  peregrinus. 

Ell.  Eiicyc. 

The  name  tercel  is  also  given  to  the  male  of  every 
species  of  falcon  or  hawk,  when  he  has  no  other  in- 
dividual designation.  Booth, 
TERCE'-Ma-JOR,  71.    A  sequence  of  the  three  best 
cards. 

TER'CINE,  (ter'sin,)  n.    [L.  tertius.] 

In  botany,  the  outer  coat  of  the  nucleus  of  the 
ovule  of  a  plant.  Linillev. 
TER'E-BINTH,  n.    [Fr.  terebinthe  ;  Gr.  reoeHiv'iui.] 
The  turpentine  tri'e.  Spenser. 
TER-E-BIN'TIIIN-ATE,  a.    Terebinthine  ;  impreg- 
nated with  the  (pialities  of  turpentine,  Ramsay. 
TER-E-BIX'THLNE,   (-thin,)   a.     [L.  terebinl/unus, 
from  terebinViina.  turpentine.] 

Pertaining  to  turpentine;  consisting  of  turpentine, 
or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 
TER'E-IiR.\TE,  v.  t.    [L.  terebro,  tero.] 

To  bore ;  to  perforate  with  a  gimlet.    [Little  used.] 

Dcrham. 

TER'E-BRa-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Boring;  perforating; 
applied  to  mollusks,  which  form  lioles  in  rocks, 
wood,  &c.  Humble. 
TER-E  BR.5'TI0N,  n.    The  act  of  boring.  [Little 

used.]  Bacon. 
TER-E-BRAT'lJ-LA,  7i.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks, 
of  the  class  Riachiopoda,  in  which  one  of  the  valves 
is  perforated  for  the  transmission  of  a  sort  of  tendi- 
nous ligament,  by  which  the  animal  fixes  itself  to 
submarine  bodies.  P.  Cyc. 

TER-E-BRAT'q-LITE,  7i.    Fossil  terebratula,  a  kind 

of  shell.  [Obs.] 
TER'E-DINE,  (-din,)  n.    [See  Teredo.]    A  borer ; 

the  teredo. 
TE-RE'DO,  71.    [L.,  from  tero,  to  wear.] 

A  genus  of  acephalous  testaceous  mollusks  that 
bore  and  penetrate  the  bottom  of  ships,  and  other 
submersed  wood. 
TE-Rl~;TE',  a.  [Uteres.] 

Cylindrical  and  tapering;  columnar;    as  some 
stems  of  jilants.  Martyn. 
TER-GE.M'I.N-AL,    )       „   .  i 
TER-GE.M'I.\-ATE,         l^- t^rseminus.] 

Tlirire  doiildc  ;  as,  a  terireminate  leaf.  Martyn. 
TER-GE.M'L\-OUS!,  u.    [Supra.]  Threefold. 
TER-GIF'E-ROUS,  a.     [L.  tergum,  the  back,  and 
fern,  to  bear.] 

Tergiferons  plants,  are  such  as  bear  their  seeds  on 
the  back  of  their  leaves,  as  ferns.  Cyc. 
TER'Gl-VER-BATE,  (ter'je-ver-sSte,)  v.  i.    [L.  ter- 
guni,  the  back,  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

To  shift ;  to  practice  evasion.    [Little  used.] 

Bailey. 

TER-GI-VER-Sa'TION,  71.  A  shifting;  shift ;  sub- 
terfuge ;  evasion. 

Wrilin^  is  to  he  pn;ferr-d  before  verbal  conferences,  as  beinj 
more  free  Iroin  passion  and  tergiversation.  Bramhall. 

2.  Change;  fickleness  of  conduct. 
TJie  colonel,  after  alj  lii:>  tergiversation,  lost  his  life  in  the  king's 
service.  Clarendon. 

TER'GUM,  71.  [L.,  the  back.]  In  entomolog-y,  the 
upper  surface  of  the  abdomen.  Brande. 

TERM,  71.  [Gr.  rcpjia ;  Fr.  terme ;  It.  termine;  Sp. 
tcrmino;  L.  terminus,  A  limit  or  bound.ary  ;  W.  ten, 
termjn,  frtun  tero,  extreme.] 

1.  A  limit;  a  bound  or  boundary;  the  extremity 
of  any  thing;  that  which  limits  its  extent. 

Corruption  is  a  reciprocal  to  generation,  and  lliey  two  are  as 
nature's  two  lernis  or  IxjiintLitios.  Bacon. 

2.  The  time  for  which  any  thing  lasts ;  any  limited 
time  ;  as,  the  term  of  five  years  ;  the  term  of  life. 

3.  In  geometry,  a  point,  line,  or  superficies,  that 
limits.  A  line  is  the  term  of  a  superficies,  and  a  su- 
perficies is  the  term  of  a  solid. 

■1.  In  law,  the  limitation  of  an  estate;  or  rather 
the  whole  lime  or  duration  of  an  testate  ;  as,  a  lease 
for  the  term  of  life,  for  the  term  of  three  lives,  for  the 
term  of  twenty-one  years. 

5.  In  lair,  the  time  in  w  hich  a  court  is  held  or  open 
for  the  trial  of  causes.  In  England  there  are  four 
terms  in  the  year;  Hilary  term,  from  .laniiary  23d  to 
February  lith ;  Easter  term,  from  Wednesday, 
fortnight  alter  Easter,  to  the  Monday  next  alter 
Ascension-day  ;  'i'rinity  term,  from  Friday  next  after 
Trinity  Sunday  to  the  VVednesilay  fortnight  after; 
and  I\lirhaeliiias  term,  from  November  (ith  to  the 
2Htli.  These  terms  are  observed  by  the  courts  of 
King's  Bench,  the  Common  Pleas  and  F.xcheipier, 
but  not  by  the  parliament,  the  chancery,  or  by  inferior 
courts.  The  rest  id' the  year  is  called  7)aca£(Vin.  In 
the  United  States,  the  terms  to  be  observed  by  the 
tribunals  of  justice,  are  prescribed  by  the  statutes  of 
congress  and  of  Ilic  several  Slates. 

{>.  In  uniccrsit.iis  and  colleges,  the  time  during 
which  inslnictiiui  Is  regularly  given  to  Ktiidents,  who 
arc  obliged  by  the  statutes  and  laws  of  the  institution 
to  attend  to  the  recitations,  lectures,  and  other  exer- 
cises, i 


7.  In  grammar,  a  word  or  expression  ;  that  which 
fixes  or  determines  ideas. 

In  paintingr,  tiie  greatest  beauties  can  not  be  always  expressed 
for  waul  of  enns.  Oryden. 

8.  In  the  artv,  a  word  or  expression  that  denotes 
something  peculiar  to  an  art ;  as,  a  technical  term. 

9.  Ill  foiWc,  la  syllogism  embraces  three  terms,  the 
major,  the  minor,  and  the  middle.  The  predicate  of 
the  conclusitm  is  called  the  7Hn/or  term,  because  it  is 
the  most  general,  and  the  subject  of  the  conclusion  is 
called  the  7n(/ior  tern),  because  it  is  less  general. 
These  are  called  the  extremes;  and  the  third  term, 
introduced  as  a  common  measure  between  them,  is 
called  the  merin  or  middle  term.  Tlius  in  the  follow- 
ing syllogism  :  — 

Every  vegetable  is  combustible  ; 

Every  tree  is  a  vegetable  ; 

'i'lierefure  every  tree  is  combustible  ; 
Ciimbiistible  is  the  predicate  of  the  conclusion,  or  the 
major  term  ;  every  tree  is  the  minor  term  ;  vegetable 
is  the  middle  term.  Hedge's  Logic. 

III.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  pillar  or  column, 
adorned  on  the  top  with  the  figure  of  a  head,  either 
of  a  man,  woman,  or  satyr.  The  pillar  part  fre- 
quently tapers  downward,  or  is  narrowest  at  the  base. 
Terms  rudely  carved  were  used  for  landinnrks  or 
boundaries.  p.  Cyc.  Oir.ilt. 

11.  Among  the  ancients,  terms,  termini  iniliares, 
were  the  heads  of  certain  divinities  placed  on  square 
landmarks  of  stone,  to  mark  the  several  stadia  on 
roads.  These  were  dedicated  to  Mercury,  who  was 
supposed  to  preside  over  highways.  Cue. 

12.  In  algebra,  a  member  of  a  compound  quantity  ; 
as,  a,  in  a  -f  b  ;  or  ab,  in  ab  4-  cd.  Daif. 

13.  Among  physicians,  the  monthly  uterine  secre- 
tion of  females  is  called  terms.  Baileii. 

14.  In  contracts,  terms,  in  the  plural,  are  condi- 
tions ;  propositions  stated  or  promises  made,  which, 
when  assented  to  or  accepted  by  another,  settle  the 
contract  and  bind  the  parties.  A  engages  to  build  a 
hou.se  for  B  for  a  specilic  sum  of  money,  in  a  given 
time  ;  these  are  his  terms.  When  I!  promises  to 
give  to  A  that  sum  for  building  the  house,  he  has 
agreed  to  the  terms  ;  the  contract  is  completed  and 
binding  upon  both  parties. 

Terms  of  proportion  ;  in  mathematics,  the  four  mem- 
bers of  wiiicli  it  is  composted. 

7'o  make  terms  ;  to  ctiine  to  an  agreement. 

To  come  to  terms ;  to  agree  ;  to  come  to  an  agree- 
ment. 

To  bring  to  terms;  to  reduce  to  submission  or  to 
conditions. 

TER.M, !).  (.    To  name  ;  to  call ;  to  denominate. 

Afen  term  wliat  is  beyond  tlie  limits  of  the  iniiverae  imaerinary 
space.  Locke. 
TER'MA-GAN-CY,  71.     [from  termagant.]  Turbu- 
lence ;  tuniultuousness  ;  as,  a  violent  termagancy  of 
temper.  Buhcr. 
TER'MA-GANT,  a.    [In  Sax.  tir  or  tijr  is  a  deity. 
Mars  or  Mercury,  and  a  prince  or  lord.    As  a  prefix, 
it  augments  the  .sense  of  words,  and  is  equivalent  to 
chief  or  very  great.    The  Sax.  niagan.  Eng.  may,  is  a 
verb  denoting  to  be  able,  to  prevail  ;  from  the  sense 
of  straining,  striving,  or  driving.  Qii.  the  root  of  stir,] 
Tumultuous  ;  turbulent  ;  boisterous  or  furious ; 
quarrelsome  ;  scolding. 

termagant^  imperious,  prodigal,  profligate 
Arbutltuol. 


Tlie  eldest  was 
weucli. 


TER'MA-GANT,  7t.  A  boisterous,  brawling,  turbu- 
lent woman.  It  seems  in  Phakspeare  to  have  been 
used  of  men.  In  ancient  farces  and  puppet-shows, 
Termagant  was  a  vociferous,  tumultuous  deity. 

Siie  lltrew  bis  periwig  into  the  fire.  "  Well,"  said  he,  **  ilinu  art 

a  brave  termagant.'^  Taller. 
The  sprites  of  fiery  Icrmagnnts  in  flame.  Pope. 

TER'MA-GANT-LY,  axlv.  In  a  turbulent  or  scolding 
maimer. 

TERM'/;n, pp.    Called;  denominated. 
TERM'ER,7i.    One  who  travels  to  attend  acourtterm. 

Spenser. 

S.  One  who  has  an  estate  for  a  term  of  years  or 
for  life. 

TER'MkS,  77.;  p?.  Teh'mi-tes.  [Gr.  t£/>;oi,  the  end, 
bi^cause  this  insect  destroys  every  thing  it  attacks.] 

A  iieuropteroiis  insect,  coiiiuionly  called  White 
Ant.  It  is  inoslly  found  within  the  tropics.  It  de- 
stroys every  thing  it  attacks.  It  will  reduce  a  house 
of  wood  to  a  mere  shell  in  a  very  short  lime. 

TERM'-FEE,  71.  Among  liiityers,  a  fi'e  or  certain 
sum  charged  to  a  suitor  for  each  term  his  cause  is  in 
court. 

TERM'IN-A-BLE,  a.  [from  term.]  That  may  be 
bounded  ;  liiiiilable.  Diet. 

TERM'IN-A-ULE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  ter 
iiiinable. 

TEKM'IN-AL,  a,  [from  L.  f«ri7iin«.s-.]  In  botany, 
growing  at  the  end  of  a  bi-ancli  or  stem ;  termina- 
ting ;  as,  a  terminal  scape,  llower,  or  spiki'.  JMarlyn. 

2.  Forming  the  end  or  extremity  ;  as,  a  terminal 
ci\  ge. 

TEll-MIN-A'I.I-A,  71.  p/.  [li.]  Annual  festivals  hold 
by  the  Romans  in  February  in  honor  of  Terminus, 
the  god  of  boundaries.  Brande, 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


TER 

TERM'IN-ATE,  ».  «.  [Fr.  termintr  i  L.  termino  ;  Sp. 
tenititifir;  h.  termiiiare  ;  from  l,.trrmiitu.'iy\V.ternpt^] 

1.  To  linuiul ;  to  limit  -,  to  set  tli«  extreme  point  or 
side  of  a  tliiii); ;  ns,  t»  terminate  n  surface  by  u  line. 

2.  To  end  ;  to  put  axi  end  to ;  as,  to  terminate  a 
controver^v. 

TER.M'l.\-ATE,t). i.  Tobc  limited  ;  to  end  ;  to  come 
to  the  furllie!<t  point  in  space  ;  as,  a  line  terminates 
at  the  »quator ;  tlie  torrid  zone  tenniiiatej  at  the 
tropics. 

0.  To  end  ;  to  close  ;  to  come  to  a  limit  in  time. 
The  sessKtn  of  ronijress,  every  second  year,  must 
terminate  on  the  third  of  March. 

Tlie  wis'iom  of  t)iis  worlil,  it^tlesigtis  and  eflicncy,  terminitte  on 
tittk  iid'i  b«*;ivi;n.         ^  SouUt. 

TERM'l.N'-.T-TED,  p;;.    Limited;  bounded;  ended. 
TEI{.M'l.\-.\-Tl.\G,  ppr.  or  a.     Limiting;  ending; 
citiK-hidine. 

TEli.M-I.N'-A'TION,  K.  The  act  of  limiting  or  setting 
bounds ;  the  art  of  ending  or  concluding. 

2.  Iloiiiid  .  limit  in  space  or  extent ;  as,  the  termi- 
nation (if  a  Ime. 

:t.  Enil  ill  tiiiip  or  existence  ;  as,  the  Imninntion  of 
.the  year  or  uf  life  ;  the  termination  of  happiness. 

4.  In  grammar,  the  end  or  ending  of  a  word  ;  the 
syllaldi;  or  letter  that  ends  a  word.  Words  have 
different  terniinatii)n.t  to  express  number,  time,  and 

5.  End  ;  conclusion  ;  result.  [sex. 
t).  Last  purpose.  IVIiitr. 
7.  Wont;  term,    f-'^'''' '"  ""•]  Slink. 

TEU.M-I.\-A'TIOX-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  forming, 

the  end  or  roncludiiig  s\-llalile.  IVaUcer, 
TER.MM.\-A-T1  VE,  a.    Directing  termination. 

Bp.  Ru.<t 

TERM'I.\-.A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  Absolutely  ;  so  as  not 
til  respect  any  thing  else.  Taijlur. 

TERM'I.V-.A-TOK,  H.  In  a.s?ro7iom«,  the  dividins  line 
between  the  enlightened  and  the  unenlightened  part 
of  the  moon.  Olmsted. 

TER.M'I.\'-ER,  n,  A  determining;  as,  in  oyer  and 
tenniiier. 

TERSI'l.NG,  p/ir.    Calling;  denominating. 

TER.M'I.\-IST,  n.  In  ecclesiastical  histnrtj,  one  of  a 
class  of  theologians  who  maintain  that  God  has  fixed 
a  certain  term  for  the  probation  of  individual  per- 
sons, iliiring  which  period,  and  no  longer,  they  have 
tin-  orter  of  L'race.  Murdock. 

TER M-l N-OI '()  0 V  ) 

TER.M-(i\-OI/O-0V,  i         [^'■-  ^■'''"^•l 

1.  The  doctrine  of  terms  ;  a  treatise  on  terms. 

2.  In  natural  liistartj,  tliat  branch  of  the  science 
which  explains  all  the  terms  used  in  the  description 
of  natural  objects.  F.d.  F.ncijc. 

TER-.MI.\'THUS,n.    [Gr.  nnfttve  ^f,  a  pine  nut.] 

In  medicine,  a  sort  of  carbuncle,  spreading  ill  the 
shape,  and  assuniiiig.lhe  figure  and  blackish  green 
color  of  the  fruit  of  the  pine,  called  Pine-Nct. 

Good. 

TER'MIN'-US,  ». ;  pi.  Termim.  [L.]  A  boundary; 
a  column  ;  tlie  extreme  point  at  eitlier  end  of  a  rail- 
road, &c.  Among  tlie  Ramans,  the  deity  that  pre- 
siileil  over  boundaries. 

TER'.MITE,  71.;  pi.  Termites.  The  white  ant, 
Trrmrs. 

TER.M'LEPS,  a.  Unlimited;  boundless;  as,  termless 
(iiys.  Riilcsh, 

Ti'.R.M'LV,  a.  Occurring  every  term;  as,  a  termbj 
fee.  Bacon. 

TERM'LY,  arfr.  Term  by  term  ;  every  term  ;  as,  a 
fee  ternity  cit'en.  Bacon. 

TER.M-ON'-OL'O-Oy,  n  [Gr.  rto/icir,  a  term,  and 
I      A..V  .(.] 

i        This  is  a  more  correct  word  than  Tebminologt, 
and  is  preferred  by  the  best  authors. 
TER.M'OR,  n.    One  who  h.as  an  estate  for  a  term  of 

years  or  life  ;  spell  also  Termer.  Bladistone. 
TER.V,  II.    [L.  sterna,] 

A  common  name  of  certain  long-winged  aquatic 
fowls  of  the  genus  Sterna,  of  Liiina;us,  closely  allied 
to  the  culls ;  as  the  great  or  common  tern,  or  sea- 
swallnw,  (.S.  I/irundo,)  the  black  tern,  the  lesser 
tern.or  hoodi  d  tern,tc.  The  brown  tern,  or  brown 
gull,  is  cimsidered  as  the  young  of  the  pewit  gull  or 
sea-crow,  (Larns  ridibundus,)  before  molting. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

TERN',  a.    fL.  ternus.^ 

Threefold  ;  consisting  of  three. 

Tern  Irures  ;  in  threes,  or  tdree  by  three  ;  express- 
ing the  number  of  leaves  in  each  whorl  or  set. 

Tern  peduncles  ;  three  growing  together  from  the 
same  axil. 

Tern  floicers  ,*  growing  three  and  three  together.  I 

-Martyn. 

TER\'A-RY,  a.    [L.  Irrnarlns,  of  three.] 

Proceeding  by  threes  ;  rimsisting  of  three.  The 
ternani  number,  in  antiquity,  was  esteemed  a  sym- 
bol of  perfection,  and  held  in  gre.at  veneration.  Cijc. 

TER'Xl-ON    \        I-     tcrnanus,  ternio.j 

The  number  three.  Holder. 
TER.N'ATE,  a.    [L.  tmus,  trrni.] 

In  buianij,  a  ttrnote  leaf  is  one  that  has  three  leaf- 
lets on  a  petiole,  as  in  trefoil,  strawberry,  bramble. 


TER 

kc.  There  are  leaves  also  biternate  and  triternale, 
having  tlirce  tcrnato  or  tliree  biternate  leaflets. 

JUnrti/n, 

These  leaves  must  not  be  confounded  wiih'/u/i'o 
terna,  which  are  leaves  that  grow  three  together  in  a 
whorl,  on  a  stem  or  bnnch.  'J'hese  are,  however, 
more  correctly  called  Vkiitkmlla  i  i>ternate.  Cite, 

Tcrnate  bat;  a  species  of  bat  of  a  large  kind,  found 
in  the  isle  Ternate, and  other  East  India  isles.  [See 
V'ampvre.I 

TERP-Sieir-0-RE'.\iV,  a.    Relating  to  Terpsichore, 

the  muse  who  presided  over  dancing. 
TER'R.VCE,  71.     [Fr.  terra..-se ;  It.  terraizo ;  Sp.  ter- 

rado ;  from  L.  terra,  the  earttl.] 

1.  .\  raised  level  space  or  platform  of  earth,  sup- 
ported on  one  or  more  sides  hy  a  wall  or  bank  of 
turf,  &c.,  used  either  for  cultivation  or  for  a  prome- 
nade. 

2.  A  balcony  or  open  gallery.  Johnson. 

3.  The  flat  roof  of  a  lioiise.  All  tlio  buildings  of 
the  Oriental  nations  are  covered  with  terraces,  where 
lieopie  walk  or  sleep. 

TER'R.XCE,  V.  t.    To  form  into  a  terrace. 

2.  To  ojien  to  the  air  and  light.  tVotton. 

TER'U/\C-/;n,  (ter'raste,)  pp.  or  a.  Formed  into  a 
terrace  ;  having  a  terrace.  Thomson. 

TER'lt.\(MNG, pyjT-.  Forming  into  a  terrace;  open- 
ing to  the  air. 

TER'RA  for  TjJ,  71.  [It.]  Literally,  baked  cl.ay  ;  a 
name  given  to  statues,  architectural  decorations, 
fiiinres,  vases,  &c.,  modeled  or  cast  in  a  paste  made 
of  pipe  or  potter's  clay  and  a  fine  colorless  .sand. 

Brande. 

TER-RA-eUL'XyR-AL,  o.  Denoting  tillage  of  the 
carlli. 

TER-RA-eUL'TtIRE,  ti.    [L.  tCT-ra  and  cu/turo.] 

Cultivatiiiii  of  the  earth. 
TER'KM  FlL'l-US,n.   [L.]  ForTner/iy,  one  appointed 

to  write  a  satirical  Latin  poem  at  tlie  public  acts  in 

the  university  of  Oxford  ;  not  unlike  the  prevaricator 

at  Cambridze,  England. 
TER'RJi  FlR'.V.a,  n.   [L.]   Firm  or  solid  earth. 
TER'Rjl  1JV-€00'J\'-I-7j1,  n.    [L.J.   An  unknown 

recion. 

TKR'R.^  J-^-PO.V/-^.^,  71.  [L.]  The  same  as  Ca- 
techu, a  substance  ohtaiiu^d  from  the  juice  of  a  spe- 
cies of  acacia.  It  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  a 
kind  of  eartli  from  Japan  ;  hence  the  name. 

TER'R^  LK.U'jXI-A,  n.  [L.J  A  species  of  red, 
biliary  earth. 

TER'UA-PIN,  71.  A  name  given  to  a  species  of  tide- 
water tortoise. 

TER  RA  POA'--DE-R0'SJi,n.  [L.J  Darytes  or  heavy 
spar.  Ure. 

TER-RA'aUE-OUS,  a.  [L.  terra,  earth,  and  aqua, 
ivator;  W.  tir,  Sans,  dara,  earth.] 

Consisting  of  land  and  water,  as  the  globe  or  earth. 
This  epithet  is  given  to  the  earth  in  regard  to  the 
surface,  of  which  more  than  three  fifths  consist  of 
water,  and  the  remainder  of  eartli  or  solid  materials. 

TKIl'RAR,  n.    A  register  of  lands.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Cowel. 

TER'RAf ,  77.    Fee  Trass. 

TER'RA  sr-E.V'.\':i,n.  [It.]  A  brown  bole  or  ochre 
from  Sienna,  in  Italy,  used  as  a  pigment. 

TERRE'-HLOE,  (tire'blu,)  n.  [Fr.  terre,  earth,  and 
blue.] 

A  kind  of  earth.  TVoodirard. 
TERRE'-MOTE,  (tare'inote,)  7i.    [L.  terra,  earth,  and 
inotus,  motion.] 

An  earthquake.     [A'ct  in  use.]  Qowcr. 
TBRKE'-PLEIN,  (tare'pline.)    [Fr.  terre,  earth,  and 
plein,  full.] 

In  fort\lication,  the  top,  platform,  or  horizontal 
surface  of  a  rampart,  on  which  the  caiinoa  are 
placed. 

TEURE-TE.N"ANT,  )        rr,  .        ,  .^ 

TER-TEN'ANT,      \  "'    t^''  «"t«-'"""'<-] 

One  who  has  the  actual  possession  of  land  ;  the 
occupant. 

TERRE'-VERTE,  (tare'vartc,)  n.  [Fr.  terre,  e.arth, 
and  rerd,  rerte,  green.] 

A  species  of  olive-green  earth,  used  by  painters, 
coiitainins  oxyd  of  iron,  silica,  potash,  and  water, 
with  other  variable  ingredients 
TER-REEN',  n.  (Fr.  trrrine,  from  L.  terra,  earth.] 
An  earthen  or  porcelain  vessel  for  table  furniture, 
used  often  for  containing  soup.  A  similar  vessel  of 
metal. 

TER'REL,  n.  [from  terra.]  Little  earth,  a  magnet 
of  a  just  spherical  ficiire,  and  so  placed  that  its 
poles,  equator.  Ace,  correspond  exactly  to  those  of 
the  world. 

TER-Rl'..\E',  a.  [L.  tcrrenus,  from  fC7TB,  \V.  tir, 
earth.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  ;  earthy  ;  as,  terrene  sub- 
stance. 

2.  Earthly  ;  terrestrial. 

God  «et  befon  hiin  a  mortal  .md  ln)inon.il  liic,  a  natup?  wli-rtiiU 
and  (rrrtTW.  JSa/egh. 

TER'RE-OL'S,  a.    [L.  terreus,  from  terra,  earth.] 

Earthy ;  consisting  of  earth  ;  as,  terreous  sub- 
stances ;  terreous  particles.  Brown. 


TER 

TER-RES'TRI-AL,  a.    [L.  Urrutris,  from  Urra,Uui 
eart!).] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  ;  existing  on  the  e.arth  ; 
as,  {fT^cvtrm/ animals  ;  bodies  terrestrtaL    1  Cer.  xv. 

2.  Consisting  of  earth  ;  as,  the  terrestrial  globe. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  world,  or  to  the  present  stale  ; 
sublunary.  Death  puts  an  end  to  all  terrestrial 
sciMies. 

TER-RES'TRI-AL-LY,  adv.    After  an  earthly  man- 
ner. Mure. 

TER-RES'TRI-OUS,  a.    Earthy.    [Litile  used.] 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  earth ;  being  or  living  on  the 
earth  ;  terrestrial.  Brown. 

TER'RI-IILE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  terribilis,  from  tc'rto, 
to  friEliteii.] 

1.  Friahtlul ;  adapted  to  e.xcitc  terror ;  drcadfUI ; 
formidable. 

Prudi-nt  in  rvac,  and  terrible  in  w.ir.  Prior. 
Till  lorm  of  tlic  imrxg^;  wa»  Urribli.  —  Daii.  li. 

2.  Adapted  to  impress  dread,  terror,  or  solemn  awe 
and  reverence. 

The  Lord  thy  God  is  anion?  you,  a  mighty  God  and  terrible.— 
D«ul.  vii. 

Let  them  praiM  Uiy  gnat  aiid  terrible  name,  for  il  la  hoty.  — 
Pa.  xcix. 

He  hiilll  ilune  fur  thee  these  ^reat  and  terrible  thin^,  u  hkb 
llliiie  t-yes  h.ive  *eeii. —  Dcie..  x. 

3.  ade.  Severely  ;  very  ;  so  as  to  give  pain  ;  as, 
terrible  cold  ;  a  colloquial  phrase. 

TER'RI-IILE-NESS,  71.     Dreadfulness  ;  foriiiidable- 
ness  ;  the  quality  or  state  of  being  terrible  ;  as,  the 
tcrribleness  of  a  sight. 
TER'UI-HLY,  adi;.  Dreadfully  ;  in  a  manner  to  excite 
terror  or  fi  iglit. 

Wh'-n  he  ariaclh  to  ah:ike  terribly  llic  carlh.  —  la.  li. 
2.  Violently ;  very  greatly. 

Tlie  poor  man  wjnalled  terribly.  Stei/t, 
TER'RI-ER,  71.    [Fr.,  from  terra,  earth.] 

1.  .\  dug  or  little  hound,  that  creeps  into  the 
ground  after  animals  that  burrow.  ]>ryden. 

2.  A  lodge  or  hole  where  certain  animals,  as 
foxes,  rabbits,  badgers,  and  the  like,  secure  them- 
selves. Cye. 

3.  Orijrinally,  a  collection  of  acknowledgments  of 
the  vassals  or  tenants  of  a  lordship,  containing  the 
rents  and  services  they  owed  to  the  lord,  &c. ;  at 
present,  a  book  or  roll  in  which  the  lands  of  private 
persons  or  corporations  arc  described  hy  their  site, 
boundaries,  number  of  acres,  &c.  Cyc. 

4.  A  wimble,  auger,  or  borer.    [L.  tcro.] 

.^msworth. 

TER-RIF'ie,  a.    [I,,  tcrrificus  from  (erreo,  fCTTor,  and 

facio.] 

Dreadful;  causing  terror;  adapted  to  excite  great 
fear  or  dread  ;  as,  a  terrific  form  ;  terrific  sight. 
TER'RI-KT-/;D,  pp.  or  a.    Friglili'ned  ;  affrishted. 
TER'Rl-F?,  1;.  t.    [L.  terror  and  /acio,  to  make.] 
To  frighten  ;  to  alarm  or  shock  with  fear. 
Th-y  wore  terrified  and  «llrighi.-d.   -  Luke  ixiir. 
Wlvn  ye  ah.dl  h-ar  of  war*  uiid  coniniutioiia,  te  not  terrified.  — 
Luke  xxi.   Jeh  vii. 

TEU'RI-FY-ING,  /i;<r.  or  a.  Frightening ;  affrighting. 
TER-RlG'E.\-OUS,  a.    [L.  Icrrigena,  one  born  of  the 

earth  ;  terra  and  sif^noA 

Earth-liorn  ;  produced  by  the  earth. 
TER-RI-'l'O'RI-AL,  a.     (from  territory.]  Pertaining 

to  territory  or  land  ;  as,  territorial  limits  ;  territnrial 

jurisdiction.  Tooke. 
2.  Limited  to  a  cerLain  district.    Rights  may  be 

personal  or  territorial. 
TER-RI-To'RI-AL-LY,  a<h'.    In  regard  to  territory; 

by  means  of  territory.  E.  EceretL 

TER'RI-TO-RI-iCD,  a.  Possessed  of  territory.  Selden. 
TER'RI-TO-RY,  H.    [Fr.  terrifo ire ;  II.  and  Sp.  tcrri- 

torio  ;  L.  tcrritortum,  from  terra,  earth.] 

1.  The  extent  or  compass  of  lanu  within  the 
bounds,  or  behmging  to  the  jurisdiction,  of  any  state, 
city,  or  other  body. 

Linger  not  in  my  ierrijorirt.  Sfink, 
Th'-y  en-ctwl  11  hoit»e  willitii  theirown  territory.  ilayiturd. 
Arts  and  »ci'-nces  look  their  rise  and  lluiimhcd  only  in  Uiu*^  imall 
terrilorite  where  Uie  people  wert  free.  Sieift. 

2.  \  tract  of  land  belonging  to,  or  under  the  do- 
minion of,  a  prince  or  state,  lying  at  a  distance  from 
the  parent  country  or  from  the  scat  of  government  ; 
as,  the  tcmtorie*  of  the  East  India  Conifiany  ;  the 
territories  of  the  United  States  ;  the  territory  of  .Mich-  I 
igan  ;  Xorlh-west  territory.  These  districts  of  coun- 
try, when  received  intotlie  Union  and  acknowledged 
to  be  Stales,  lose  the  ap|)ellation  of  territory. 

Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
TER'ROR,  71.    [L.  terror,  from  ttrreo,  to  frighten  ;  Fr. 
terreur  ;  It.  terrarf. J 

1.  Extreme  fear ;  violent  dread  ;  fright ;  fear  tbat 
agitates  the  body  and  mind. 

The  aword  without  and  terror  within.  —  Dent.  xxxi!. 
The  Urrort  of  God  do  let  Uienuelvea  in  amy  ajainat  me.  — 
Joli  T. 

Aniaje  and  lerror  seiznl  the  rebel  boat.  MiUon, 

2.  That  which  may  excite  dread  ;  the  cause  of  ex- 
treme fear. 

Kuleta  are  not  a  terror  to  good  worita,  but  to  the  eril.  —  Ron. 


Thoac  enonnoua  l^rrora  of  the  Nile. 


Prior.  . 


TONE,  BI.LL,  1;MTE.  — A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1130 


TES 


TES 


TES 


3.  In  Scripture,  the  sudden  judgment?  of  GuJ  are 
cnllfd  trrriirs.     Ps.  Ixxiti. 

4.  Tlie  tlireatpnings  of  wicked  men,  ci  evil  appre- 
hended friini  them.    1  Pet.  iii. 

5.  Awful  majesty,  calculated  to  impreos  fear.  Q 
Cor.  V. 

G.  Death  is  emphatically  styled  the  king  of  ter- 
rors. 

Rritrn  of  terror  i  in  French  history,  lhr*t  period 
duriMS  the  revolution  when  e.xecutions  were  most 
numermis,  and  the  people  were  kept  in  t^e  greatest 
f<:ar  hv  tiK'ir  rulers.  This  extended  fr  m  Octoher, 
17i«,  to  July,  1794.  Brande. 

TEK'IIOR-ISM,  n.  A  state  of  being  te.-rified,  or  a 
stale  impressing  terror.  Jefferson. 

TER'Rl)K,iyT,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  agents  and 
partisans  (if  the  revolutionary  tribunal  riuring  the 
reign  of  terror  in  France.  Brande. 

TKR'ROR-LE.'J.S,  a.    Free  from  terror. 

TER'ROR-SMIT'T£i\,  a.    Smitten  with  terror. 

Coleridge. 

TER'ROR-STRUC'K,  a.    Stricken  with  terror. 
TKRSE,  (ters,)  a.    [L.  tersus,  from  tergo,  to  wipe.] 
Cleanly  written  ;  neat ;  elegant  without  pompous- 
ness  J  as,  terse  language  ;  a  terse  style. 

Difiused,  yet  terse,  poetical,  though  pl;uD,  JJarte. 

TERSE'l.Y,  (ters'ly,)  adv.  Neatly. 

TERSE'NESS,  (ters'ness,)  n.     Neatness  of  style; 

smo'ithness  of  lanuuage.  IFarton. 
TER-SUL'PHU-RET,  n.     A  sulphuret  containing 

three  eipiivalents  of  sulphur. 
TER-TE.V'ANT,  n.    [Fr.  terre  and  tenant.] 

The  occupant  of  land. 
TER'TI.Alj,  a.    A  term  applied  to  the  quills  growing 

on  the  last  or  innermost  joint  of  a  bird's  wiwg. 

'^tDainson. 

TER'TIAI.S,  (-shalz,)  7i.  pi.  In  ornitholooy,  the  tpiill? 
or  large  feathers  which  grow  near  the  junction  of  the 
wing  with  the  body. 

TER'TIAN,  a.    [h.'tertianns,  from  tcrtius,  third.] 
Occurring  every  (»ther  day  ;  as,  a  tertian  f»  ver. 

TER'Tl.^N,  n.  A  disease  or  fever  whose  paroxysms 
return  every  other  day;  an  intermittent  whose  par- 
oxysms occur  after  intervals  of  a  little  loss  than 
forty-eight  hours.  Cijr.  One. 

2.  A  measure  of  84  gallons,  the  third  p-^rt  of  a  tun. 
[Obs.] 

TER'TIA-RY,  a.    Third  ;  of  the  third  formation. 

Teniarij  fnrmtttion ;  in  geology,  a  series  of  strata, 
more  recent  than  the  chalk,  consisting  of  sandstones, 
clay  beds,  limestones,  and  frequently  containing  nu 
inerous  fossils,  a  few  of  which  are  identical  wilh  ex- 
isting species.  It  has  been  divided  into  Eocene, 
MiocEf  E,  and  Pliocene,  which  see.  Dana. 

TER'TIATE,  (ter'shite.)  r.  t.  [L.  tertius,  third  ; 
tertio,  to  do  every  third  day.] 

1.  To  do  any  thing  the  third  time.  Johnson. 

2.  To  examine  the  thickness  of  the  metal  at  the 
muzzle  of  a  gun  ;  or,  in  general,  to  examine  the 
thickness  to  ascertain  the  strength  of  ordn.ince. 

TER'TlA-TED,  pp.    Done  the  third  time. 

TF.R'TIUM  Q £///),  [L.]    A  third  something. 

TER'ZJi  wrj/.i,  (tert'sa  re'mi,)  n.  [It.j  Literally, 
a  peculiar  and  complicated  system  of  vrsification, 
borrowed  by  the  early  Italian  poets  from  the  Trouba- 
dours. Brande. 

TER-ZF.T'TO,  (tert-set'to,)  n.  [It.]  In  viu.<ic,  a 
composition  in  three  parts.  Brande. 

TES'SEL-AR,  o.    Formed  in  squares. 

TES'  -  EL,-aTE,  v.  I.  [  I,,  tessela,  a  little  square  stone.] 
To  form  into  squares  or  checkers  ;  lo  lay  with 
checkered  work. 

TES'SEL-A-TEI),  pp.  or  a.  Checkered  ;  formed  in 
little  squares  or  mosaic  work ;  as,  a  tcaiclated  pave- 
ment. 

2.  In  botany,  spotted  like  a  chess-board  ;  as,  a  tes- 
selited  leaf.  "  Martyn. 
TES'.-^Eb-A-TING,  ppr.    Forming  in  little  squares. 
TES  SEI.-S'TION,  n.    Mor^aic  work,  or  the  oprration 

of  making  it.  Forsyth,  Italn. 

TF.S  SE-R^,  n. ;  pi.  Tesser*.  [Gr.]  A  six-sided  die, 
like  nioilern  dice,  used  among  the  Romans  as  a  to- 
ken, and  in  architecture  in  laying  tessclated  work. 

Brande. 

TES-SE-RS'ie,  a.    TL.  tessera,  a  square  thing.] 

Diversified  by  squares  ;  tessclated.  Mcyns. 
TES'SE-RAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  containing  tessera;. 
2.  In  crystallography,  a  tern»  applied  lo  crystals 
having  equal  axes,  like  the  cube. 
TES'SU-LAIl,  a.    Related  to  the  cube,  or  having 

equal  axes  like  the  cube. 
TEST,  n.    [h.lesta,an  earthen  pot;  It.  testa  or  fcsto  ; 
Fr.  lei.) 

1.  In  metallurgy,  a  large  cupel,  or  a  vessel  in 
the  nature  of  a  cupel,  fmined  of  wood  ashes  and 
finely  powdered  brick  dii»t,  in  which  metals  are 
melted  for  trial  and  rctineiuent.  Cyc. 

2.  Trial  ;  examination  hy  the  cupel ;  hence,  any 
critic'il  trial  and  examination. 

T)iy  vlnu*-,  prinor,  hiu  itoofl  Ui*-  t*at  of  tortuna 

Liif  p<iri-sl  f<>M.  Addlaon. 

3.  M<  anH  of  trial. 

F>ich  tffi  anil  tfi-ry  llj(ht  her  mu¥s  will  tjear.  Drytlen. 


4.  That  wit'ii  which  any  thing  is  compared  for 
proof  of  its  genuineness  ;  a  standard. 


Life,  torce,  aril  oeauly  must  lo  all  impart, 
At  once  ihe.dource,  the  end  and  test  oi  art. 


Pope. 


5.  Discriminative  characteristic  ;  standard. 

Our  test  exol-des  your  tribe  from  benefit.  Dryden, 
C.  Judgment ;  distinction. 

Who  would  eiiy.,  when  few  can  make  a  test 
Betwixt  inditf:rent  writing  and  Uie  best  f  Dryden. 
7.  In  chemistry,  a  substance  emploj  ed  to  detect  any 
unknown  const'f  jent  of  a  compound,  by  causing  it 
to  exhibit  somt,-  known  property.    Thus  ammonia  is 
a  test  of  copper,  because  it  strikes  a  blue  color  with 
that  metal,  by  w*iich  a  minute  quantity  of  it  can  be 
discovered  wb^u  in  combination  with  other  sub- 
stances. Olmsted. 
TEST,  71.    [L.  test's,  a  witness,  properly  one  that  af- 
firms.] 

In  England,  an  oath  and  declaration  against  tran- 
substantiiitinn,  which  all  officers,  civil  and  military, 
were  formerly  oh.'ged  to  take  within  six  months  after 
their  adiiiissior,.  They  were  obliged  also  to  receive 
the  sacrament,  according  to  the  usage  of  the  Church 
of  England.  Tfese  requisitions  were  made  by  stat. 
25  Charles  II.,  Atiich  is  called  the  test  act.  The  re- 
ceiving of  the  sacrament  is  now  dispensed  with,  and 
a  declaration  subitiiuted,  by  a  law  passed  in  1828. 

Brande.  Blackstone. 
TEST,  r.  t.  To  compare  with  a  standard  ;  to  try  ;  to 
prove  the  truth  rr  genuineness  of  any  thing  by  ex- 
periment or  by  's>.me  fixed  principle  or  standard  ;  as, 
to  test  the  soundness  of  a  principle  ;  to  test  the  valid- 
ity of  an  argument. 

The  true  way  of  tcslitig  its  character,  is  lo  suppose  if  [the  system] 
will  be  persevered  in.  ^din,  Remeio, 

Experience  is  the  surest  suandard  by  which  to  test  the  real  tend- 
ency uf  llie  exSung  constitution.    Washington's  Address. 

To  test  this  positi'--,.  Hamilton,  Rep, 

In  order  to  test  '.ne  '■-orreclness  of  this  system.   Adams's  Led. 

This  expedient  ha  .jeeii  already  Walsh,  Reo. 

2.  To  attest  and  date  ;  as,  a  writing  tested  on  such 
a  day. 

3.  In  metaUurgr,  to  refine  gold  or  silver  by  means 
of  lead,  in  a  'cs',  by  the  vitrification,  scorification, 
&c..  of  all  extrai  <;oiis  matter. 

TES'TA,  n.    [L.J    The  shelly  covering  of  testaceous 
animals.  Humble. 
2.  In  britanv,  V    integuments  of  a  seed.  Lindlcy. 

TEST'A-BLE,"o.    [L.  tcslor.    See  Testament.] 

That  may  be  ''i^vised  or  given  bv  will.  Blackstone. 

TES-Ta'CEA,  Shelled  animals.   [See  Tes- 

TES-Ta'CEAN?.,  (  taceous.] 

TES-Ta-CE-(JG".  A-PIIY.    See  Testaceology. 

TES-Ta-CE-OL  0  uY,  7!.  [L.  Ustacea,  or  testa,  and 
Gr.  Xoyas.] 

The  science  n  testaceous  mollusks,  or  of  those 
soft  and  simple  animals  which  have  a  testaceous 
covering ;  conc^ology. 

[Words  tlius  f  ruled  of  two  languages  are  rather 
aniimalous.j 

TES-Ta'CEOUS,  (-ta'shus,)  a.  [L.  testaceu.-!,  from 
testa,  a  siiell.  VI  e  [irimary  sense  of  testa,  testis,  tes- 
tor,  &c.,  is,  to  thrust  or  drive;  hence  the  sense  of 
hardness, compa. mess,  in  tes(a  and  testis:  and  hence 
the  sense  of  attest,  contest,  detest,  testator,  testament, 
all  implying  a  sending,  driving,  &-c.] 

Pertaining  to  si.ells  ;  consisting  of  a  hard  shell,  or 
having  a  hard,  continuous  shell.  Testaceous  animals 
are  such  as  have  a  strong,  thick,  entire  shell,  as  oys- 
ters and  clams :  and  are  thus  distinguished  from 
cnestaceous  anirtals,  whose  shells  are  nitire  thin  and 
soft,  and  consist  i,f  several  pieces  Jointed,  as  lobsters. 

Test/icco7is  med  cines,  are  all  preparations  of  shells 
and  like  substai<t.es,  as  the  powders  of  crab's  claws, 
pearl,  &c.  Ci/c.  Eneyc. 

TEST'A-MENT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  testainentum,  "from 
testor,  to  make  a  will.] 

1.  A  solemn,  a;ithentic  instrument  in  writing,  by 
which  a  person  declares  his  will  as  to  the  disposal  of 
his  estate  and  elects  after  his  death.  This  is  other- 
wise called  a  VV.ll.  A  testament,  lo  be  valid,  must 
be  made  when  the  testator  is  of  sound  mind,  and  it 
must  he  subscribed,  witnessed,  and  published  in  such 
manner  as  the  law  prescribes. 

A  man  in  certain  cases  may  make  a  valid  will  by 
words  only,  and  such  will  is  called  Nunci'pative. 

Blackstone. 

2.  The  name  of  each  general  division  of  the  ca- 
nonical books  of  the  sacred  Scriptures  ;  as,  the  Old 
Testament  ;  the  New  Testament.  The  name  is 
equivalent  to  Covenant,  and  in  our  use  of  it,  we 
apply  it  to  the  hooks  which  contain  the  old  and  new 
dispensations  —  that  of  Moses,  and  that  of  Jesus 
Christ. 

TEST-A-MENT'A-RY,  n.  Pertaining  to  a  will  or  to 
wills  ;  as,  testamentary  causes  in  law. 

2.  neqiieatliid  hy  will;  given  by  testament;  ns, 
testamentary  chanties.  Attcrbnry. 

3.  Done  by  testament  or  will. 

Testamentary  gi>nrdian  of  a  minor.  Is  one  appointed 
by  the  deed  or  will  of  a  father,  until  the  child  be- 
comes of  nee. 

TEST-A-MENT-A'TION,  n.  The  act  or  power  of 
giving  by  will.    [LMlc  used.]  Burke. 


TEST' ATE,  a.    [L.  testat,Ls.] 

Having  made  and  left  a  will  ;  as,  a  person  is  said 
to  die  testate. 
TEST-a'TION,  n.    [L.  tcstatio.] 

A  witnessing  or  witness.  Bp.  Hall. 

TEST-A'TOR,  n.    [L.]    A  man  who  makes  and 

leaves  a  will  or  testament  at  death. 
TEST-a'TRIX,  n.    A  woman  who  makes  and  leaves 

a  will  at  dealii. 
TEST'ED,  pp.    Tried  or  approved  hy  a  test. 

Shak.  ParkhursL 

TES'TER,  71.    [Fr.  tSte,  head.] 

The  top  covering  of  a  bed,  consisting  of  some 
species  of  cloth,  supported  bv  the  bedstead. 

TES'TER,  )  71.     An  old  coin,  of  the  value  of  about 

TES'TON,  i  sixpence  sterling,  originally  eighteen 
pence,  then  ninepence.  Tuone. 

TES'TERN,  71.    A  sixpence;  a  tester. 

TES'TERX,     (.    To  present  with  a  sixpence.  [Obs.] 

TES'TI-CLE,  (tes'te-kl,)  n.  [L.  testiculus  ;  literally,  a 
hard  mass,  like  testa,  a  shell.] 

The  testicles  are  the  glands  which  secrete  the  sem- 
inal fluid  in  males. 

TES-Tie't|-LATE,  a.  In  botany,  shaped  like  a  tes- 
ticle. Lee. 

TEST-I-FI-eA'TION,  jt.  [L.  testifieatio.  See  Tes- 
tify.] 

The  act  of  testifying  or  giving  testimony  or  evi- 
dence ;  as,  a  direct  testification  of  our  homage  to  God. 

So«(/i. 

TEST'I-FI-€a-TOR,  71.  One  who  gives  witness  or 
evidence. 

TEST'I-Fr-£D,  (-fide,)  pp.  [from  testify.]  Given  in 
evidence  ;  witnessed  ;  published  ;  made  known. 

TEST'I-FI-ER,7i.  [(iim  testify.]  One  who  testifies  ; 
one  who  gives  testimony  or  bears  witness  to  prove 
any  thin?. 

TEST'I-FV,  c.  i.  [L.  testificor ;  testis  and  facio;  It. 
testifcare ;  Sp.  testifcar.] 

1.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration,  verbal  or  writ- 
ten, to  establish  some  fact ;  to  give  testimony  for 
the  purpose  of  communicatiii!!  to  others  a  knowledge 
of  something  not  known  to  them. 

Jesus  needed  not  tfiat  any  should  testify  of  man,  for  he  knew 
what  was  in  man.  —  juhn  ii. 

2.  In  judicial  proceedings,  to  make  a  solemn  dec- 
laration under  oath,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 
or  making  proof  of  some  fact  to  a  court ;  to  give  tes- 
timony in  a  cause  depending  before  a  tribunal. 

One  witness  shall  not  testify  against  any  person  to  cause  him  to 
die.—  Num.  ijxv. 

3.  To  declare  a  charge  against  one. 

O  Israel,  1  will  testify  against  thee.  —  Ps.  1. 

4.  To  protest;  to  declare  against. 

1  testified  against  them  in  Uie  day  wherein  they  sold  provisions.  — 
Nell,  xiii, 

TEST'I-FY,  V.  t.  To  affirm  or  declare  solemnly,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  fact. 

We  speak  that  we  do  know,  and  Ustify  that  we  have  seen. — 
John  iii. 

2.  In  la7D,  to  affirm  or  declare  under  oath  before  a 
tribunal,  for  the  purpose  of  proving  some  fact. 

3.  To  bear  witness  to;  to  support  the  truth  of  by 
testimony. 

To  testify  the  gospel  of  the  grace  of  God.  —  Acu  xx. 

4.  To  publish  and  declare  freely. 

Testifying  both  to  the  Jews,  anil  also  lo  Ihe  Greeks,  repentance 
toward  Uod  and  laith  lowartl  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  —  Acu 

XX. 

TEST'I-FY-ING,  ppr.  Affirming  solemnly  or  under 
oath,  fur  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  fact;  giving 
teslinidiiv;  bearing  witness  ;  declaring. 

TEST'I-I,V,  adv.  [from  testy.]  Fretfully  ;  peevishly  ; 
Willi  petulance. 

TEST-I-MO'NI-AL,  7i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  testimonium.] 
A  writing  or  certificate  in  favor  of  one's  character 
or  good  conduct.  Testimonials  are  required  on  many 
occasions.  A  person  must  have  testimonials  of  his 
learning  and  good  cimduct  before  he  can  obtain  li- 
cense to  preach.  Tcittimonials  are  to  be  signed  by 
persons  of  known  respectability  of  character. 

TEST-I-.Mo'Nl-AL,  a.  Relating  to  or  containing  tes- 
timony. 

TEST'I-MO-NY,  71.    [L.  te.v(irao7ii7ir7i.] 

1.  A  solemn  declaration  or  affirmation  made  for 
the  purimse  of  establishing  or  proving  some  fact. 
Such  affirniatiim,  in  judicial  proceedings,  niav  be 
verbal  or  written,  but  must  he  under  oalh.  Trstimo- 
Tii/diflTers  from  rridenee;  testimony  is  the  declaralion 
of  a  witness,  and  evidence  is  the  effect  of  that  decla- 
ration on  the  mind,  or  the  degree  of  light  which  it 
alfiartls. 

2.  Aifirmation  ;  declaration.  These  doctrintis  are 
supported  by  the  uniform  testimony  of  tlie  fathers. 
The  belief  of  past  facts  must  depend  on  the  evi- 
dence of  human  testimony,  or  I  ho  testimony  of  histo- 

3.  Open  attestation  ;  profi'ssion.  [rian». 
Tlinii,  for  the  testitnony  of  truth,  hiuit  tioriie 

UiiiMcnul  ri'proach.  Hilton. 

4.  Witness  ;  evidence  ;  proof  of  some  fact. 
Shake  off  the  dust  under  your  feet,  fur  a  Isitlimoriy  against  Ihein. 

Mark  vl. 


FATE,  PAR,  PALL,  WHAT  METE,  PRJJY  PTNE,  MARINE,  DIKD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1140 


TET 

5.  fn  Scriiiture,  the  two  tables  of  tlie  law. 

Thuii  shiilc  put  into  the  ark  the  Ugtiinony  which  I  shrill  ffire  thcc. 

6.  The  hook  of  the  law. 

lie  l>i-oiif;lii  fon\\  the  kmg's  son  —  and  gave  him  the  testimony.  — 
■2  Kiiigj  li. 

7.  The  gospel,  which  testifies  of  Christ,  and  de- 
clares the  will  of  God.    1  Car.  ii.   2  Tim.  i. 

l<.  The  ark.    F.rml.  xvi. 

9.  The  word  of  God  ;  the  Scriptures. 

The  tet:timony  of  the  Lord  ia  mn,  limiting  wise  the  simple.  — 

10.  The  laws  or  precepts  of  God.  "  I  love  thy  Us- 
(imtKiirs."    "  I  have  kept  thy  trstimonics."  P.ialms. 

11.  That  which  is  equivalent  to  a  declaration  ; 
manifestation. 


12.  Evidence  suggested  to  the  mind  ;  as,  the  tcsti- 
mo/iv  i>f  cnnscionce.    2  Ciir.  i. 

13.  Alteslntion  ;  confirmation. 
TEST'r-.MO-.\Y,  V.  t.    To  witness,    [^rot  in  usr.'\ 

Shak. 

TEST' [-NESS,  71.  [from  teafi/.]  Fretfulncss ;  peevish- 
ness ;  petulance. 

Te.iliiiess  is  .1  disposition  or  aptness  to  be  ait^?.  Locke. 

TEST'ING,  jipr.  [from  (cs(.]  Trying  for  proof ;  prov- 
ing by  a  standaril  or  by  experiment. 

A  plan  for  testing  alltalics.  (fre. 

TEST'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  trying  for  proof. 

2.  In  metallur!_ni,  the  operation  of  refining  l.-irge 
quantities  of  gold  or  silver  by  means  of  lead,  in  the 
vessel  called  a  test.  In  this  process,  the  extraneous 
matter  is  vitrified,  scorified,  or  made  to  change  its 
form,  and  the  metal  left  pure.  This  operation  is  per- 
fortned  in  the  manner  of  cupellation.  Ci,c. 

TES-TOON',  71.  silver  coin  in  Italy  and  Portug;il. 
The  Koman  testoon  is  worth  Is.  rid.  sterling,  or  29 
cents  ;  the  Portuguese,  6d.,  or  about  II  cents.  Kclhj. 

TEST'-Pa-PER,  ;i.  A  paper  impregnated  with  a 
clieniiral  reaeent,  as  litmus,  &c.  Parke. 

TES-Tu'DI-N.AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  tortoise,  or  re- 
setnliling  it.  Fleming. 

TES-TU'1)I-NATE,     )   ,  , 

TES-TC'Dl-NA-TEI),  i  '"""^'-^ 

Shaped  like  the  back  of  a  tortoise  ;  roofed  ;  arched ; 
vaulted. 

TES-TU-DIN'E-OUS,  a.  Resembling  the  shell  of  a 
tortoise. 

TTES-TU'DO,  n.  [L.]  A  tortoise.  Among  the  Ro- 
man.', a  cover  or  screen  which  a  hotly  of  troops 
furmod  with  their  shields  or  targets,  by  holding  them 
over  their  beads  when  standing  duse  to  eaeli  other. 
This  cover  resembled  the  back  of  a  tortoise,  and 
served  to  shelter  tlie.flien  from  darts,  stoni;s,  and 
other  missiles.  A  similar  defense  w,a.s  sometimes 
formed  of  boards  and  moved  on  wheels. 

2.  In  inedicitir,  a  broad,  soft  tumor  between  the 
skull  and  the  skin,  called  also  Talpa  or  .Mole,  as  re- 
sembling the  subterraneous  windings  of  the  tortoise 
or  mole.  Ctic. 

TEST'Y,  a.  [from  Fr.  teste,  tSte,  the  head,  or  from 
the  same  root.] 

Fretful ;  peevish  ;  petulant ;  easily  irritated.  Pyr- 
rhus  cured  his  testy  courtiers  wilh  a  kick. 

Must  I  stand  and  crouch  uiidrr  Jour  testy  liumor  I  Shak. 

TE-TAN'ie,  11.    Pertaining  to  or  denoting  tetanus. 

TET'A-NUS,  71.    [Gr.  Tjr  iK)5,  stretched.]  [P.  Ctjc 
A  disease  chiiract'  rized  by  paroxysms  of  timic 
spasms  in  the  miiscli^a  of  voluntary  motion,  produ- 
cing incurvation  of  the  body. 

TB^TXIl'TO-PRlS-MAT'ie,n.  [Gr.  r£rncro?, fourth.] 
One  fourth  prismatic ;  applied  to  oblique  rhombic 
pri^m.f.  JiIoh.<. 

TE-T  A  UG',  71.  The  name  of  a  fish  on  the  coast  of  New 
England  ;  called  also  Black  Fish.    (See  Tautoo.] 

TETClI'l-.NESS,  j  See  TEniijiEss,  Techy.  [Cor- 

TETCII'Y,  )     riipted  from  touehti,  (oucAinr.-x.] 

TgTE,  (tite,)  71.  [Fr.,  head.]  False  liair ;  a  kind  of 
wig  or  cap  of  false  hair. 

TFTFJ^-TKTE\  (t."ite'a-tate',)  ti.  [Fr.]  Head  to 
head  ;  private  conversation  ;  in  private. 

TETF.'-DF^POjrr',  (tate'de-potig',)  71.  [Fr.]  A 
work  thrown  up  .at  the  entrance  of  a  bridge,  for  cov- 
ering the  communication  across  a  river. 

Campbell's  Mil.  DieU 

TETH'ER,  71.  [See  Teddeb.]  A  rope  or  chain  by 
which  a  beast  is  confined  for  feeding  within  certain 
limits. 

TETH'ER,  r.  f.  To  confine,  as  a  beast,  with  a  rope 
or  chain,  for  feeding  within  certain  limits. 

[It  would  be  well  to  write  this  word  uniformly 
Teoder.] 

TETM'ER-ED,  pp.    Confined  with  a  rope. 

TE-TII5'L)ANS,  71.  pi.    [(Jr.  rr«  {.] 

.■\n  order  of  arephalmis  molliiscan  animals,  cov- 
ered by  a  tunic,  and  not  by  a  shell. 

TE|TI1YS,  n.  [Gr.]  ,\  gel.alinous  animal  of  the  nu- 
dihranchiale  gastrt)|7od  tribe,  having  an  envelope  or 
mantle  that  extends  above  and  beyond  the  head, 
fringed  or  undulated  at  the  margin.  JCirbtj. 


TET 

TET'RA-eilOUI),  11.  [Gr.  Ttrreipu,  four,  and  x<'.»''')i 
a  chord.] 

In  ancient  imiMc,  a  diatessartm  ;  a  series  ttf  four 
sounds,  of  which  the  extremes,  or  first  and  last,  con- 
stituted a  fourth.   These  extremes  weri^  immutable  j 
the  two  middle  sounds  were  changeable.  Cyc. 
TET'R.AD,  71.    [Gr.  rfrpof,  the  number  four.] 

The  number  four;  a  collection  of  four  things. 
TET  RA-D.AC'TYL,  n.    [Gr.]    An  animal  having 

four  toes.  Kirby. 
TET-RA-DAG'TYL-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  rcrna  and  ia^TV- 
Xoi.\ 

Il.aving  four  toes. 
TET-RA-DI-A-PA'SON,  n.    [Gr.  rtr/ia,  four,  and  dla- 
pasoTt.] 

Qu.adniple  diapason  or  octai'e  ;  a  musical  chord, 
otherwise  called  a  Quadbuple  Ei<;hth  or  Twentv- 
NlMTII.  Cijc. 
TET'RA  nRACIIM,  (-dram,)  j  71.     [Gr.  rcroa  and 
TET-RA-I)RAeiI'.MA,  (  (V''V("/.J 

In  ancient  coinajse,  a  silver  coin  worth  ftiur  drach- 
mas. The  Attic  tctradrachm  was  cipial  to  3s.  3d. 
sterling,  or  75  cents.  Smith's  Diet. 

TET-RA-DY-Na'.MI-A,  n.  [Gr.  rcrpn  and  cmapts, 
power,  sv.-ength.] 

In  botany,  \  class  of  plants  having  six  stamens, 
four  of  which  are  looL'er  than  the  oihers. 
TET-RA-DY-N.^'iMI-A.V,  j  a.     Having  six  stamens, 
TET-RA-DYN'A-MOUS,  i     four  of  which  are  uiii- 

fiirmly  longer  than  the  others. 
TET'RA-GON,  n.    [Gr.  TcrimyMV.^  ;  rcrna,  for  rca- 
(Ttiotc,  four,  and  j  oji't!!,  an  angle.] 

1.  In  rcumelry,  a  plane  figure  having  four  angles; 
a  quadransle  ;  as  a  square,  a  rhombus,  Alc. 

2.  In  n.itruloinj,  an  aspect  of  two  planets  with  re- 
gard to  the  earth,  when  they  are  distant  fn-m  each 
other  ninety  degrees,  or  the  fourth  of  a  circlr 

jrnllon. 

TE-TRAG'ON-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  tetragoi.  ■  hav- 
ing four  angles  or  sides.  Thus  a  square,  a  parallelo- 
gram, a  rhombus,  and  a  trapezium,  are  tetragonal 
figures. 

2.  In  botany,  having  prominent  longiludin.al  an- 
gles, as  a  stem.  .Varttin. 

TET'RA-GO-NIS.M,  71.  The  quadrature  of  the  circle. 
[Utile  iLsed.]  Cue. 

TET-R.VGRAM'JIA-TON,  n.  [Gr.  rcrfia  and  y'oup- 
pa.] 

Among  several  ancient  nation.':,  the  name  of  the 
mystic  number  four,  which  was  often  symbolized  to 
represent  the  Deity,  whose  name  was  expressed  by 
four  letters.  Brande. 
TET-RA-GYN'I-A,  7t.  [Gi.  rcrpa,  four,  and  }iwn,  a 
female.] 

In  botany,  an  order  of  monoclinous  or  hermaphro- 
dite plants  having  four  styles.  Linnau.i. 
TET-RA  GYN'I-AN,  j  a.    Being  monoclinous  or  her- 
TE-TRAG'YN-OUS,  j      mapliroditc,  and  having 
four  styles. 

TET-RA-Hic'nRAL,  fl.    [See  Tetbahedron.]  Hav- 
ing four  etpial  triangles.  Hniley. 
2.  In  4(rf«tiw,  having  four  sides.  Martyn, 

TET-RA-Hlc'DRON,  ».  [Gr.  rtrpa,  four,  and  to.na, 
side.] 

In  geometry,  a  solid  figure  comprehended  under 
four  eqiiilati  ral  and  equal  triangit  s  ;  or  one  of  the 
five  regular  Platonic  btulitfs  of  that  figure.  Cyc. 
TET-RA-HE.\-A-1I£'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and 
heznhedral.  ] 

In  cry.-talloirraphy,  exhibiting  four  ranges  of  faces, 
one  above  another,  each  range  containing  six 
faces. 

TET-R.V-IIEX-A-Hk'DRON,  71.  [Gr.  rsrpa,  four,  if, 
six,  and  -i'lin,  face.] 

A  solid  hounded  liy  twenty-four  equal  faces,  four 
corresponding  to  each  face  of  the  cube.  Dana. 
TE-TRA1/0-6Y,  H.    [Gr.  rcron  and  Xoyof.] 

A  collection  of  four  tlrnmatic  pieces,  of  which 
three  were  tragedies  and  one  a  satiric  piece,  repre- 
sented on  the  same  occasion  at  Athens. 

Smith's  Diet. 

TE-TRAM'E-TER,  71.  [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and  ^crpov, 
measure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  consisting  of  four  meas- 
ures, i.  e.,  in  iainhii;,  trochaic,  and  anapestic  verse, 
of  eight  feet  ;  in  other  kinds  of  verse,  of  four  feet. 

LiddcU  t,-  Scutt. 
TE-TUAN'DRI-A,  n.    [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and  afnp,  a 
male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  monoclinous  or  hermaphrodite 
plants  having  lour  stantens.  LinniBus. 
TE-TRA\'I)RI-.\N,  j  a.    Heing  monoclinous  or  her- 
TE-TRA.V'DROUS,  j    niaphrodite,  and  having  four 
stamens. 

TE-TRa'O-NID,  a.  or  71.  A  term  denoting  a  bird  be- 
longing to  the  tribe  of  which  the  tetruo  is  the  type  ; 
as  the  grt)use,  partridge,  quail.  &c. 

TET-RA-PET'AL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and 
iTcr'iXof,  leaf.] 

In  botany,  cimtaining  four  distinct  petals  or  flower 
leaves  ;  as,  a  tetrapetnlotL'  corol.  JIartitn. 

TET-R.VPHAR'.M.A-eON,  n.  [Gr.]  A  comlnnation 
of  w.ax,  resin,  lard,  and  pitch,  composing  an  oint- 
ment. Brande. 


TEX 

TE  TIIAPH'YL-LOU.S,  a.     [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and 

0e,\X..i',  li^af.] 

In  botany,  having  four  leaves;  consisting  of  four 

ilislintt  leaves  or  lealh  ts.  JIarlyn. 
TET'RA-PLA,  71.      [Gr.   rcrpa,  or   rtaoapn,  and 

A  Bible  consisting  of  four  different  versions  ar- 
ranged in  four  columns,  as  by  Origt'U.  Brande. 

TE-TRAP'TER-ANS,  71.  pi.  Insects  which  have  four 
wings.  Brande. 

TE TRAP'TER-Otja,  a.    Having  four  wings. 

TET'RAP-TOTE,  71.  [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and  Trriootf, 
case.] 

In  trrammar,  a  noun  that  has  four  cases  only  ;  as, 
L.  a.<tH.i,  &c. 

TE'TRXRCII,  71.  [Gr.  rirpapxrif;  rcrpa,  four,  and 
apxn,  rule.] 

A  Koinau  governor  of  the  fourth  part  of  a  prov- 
li.'e  ;  a  subordinate  prince.  In  time,  this  word 
came  to  denote  anv  petiv  king  or  sovereiL'U. 
TE-TR.\RCirATE,"n.  The  fourth  part  of  a  province 
under  a  Rouian  tetrarch  ;  or  the  olfice  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  tetrarch. 

TE-TRARCII'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  tetrarchy. 

llerbe'rU 

TET'RARCH-Y,  n.   The  same  as  Tetbabciiate. 
TET-R.\-SP.\S'TO.\,  71.    [Gr.  rirpa,  fuur,  and  trraw, 
to  pull.] 

A  machine  in  which  four  pulleys  act  together. 

Brande. 

TET-RA-SPERM'OUS,  a.  [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and 
oTTCopa,  seed.] 

In  botany,  having  four  seeds.  Martyn. 
A  tetra.'pennoii.i  plant,  is  one  which  produces  four 
seeds  in  each  flower,  as  the  rough-leaved  or  verticil- 
late  plants.  Martijn. 
TE-TUAS'TICH,  (te-tras'tik,)  n.    [Gr.  rcroar-xaSI 
nrna,  four,  and  r'\o5,  verse.] 

A  stanza,  cpigraiu,  or  poem,  consisting  of  four 
verses.  Pope. 
TET'RA-STYLE,  71.    [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and  rfAoj, 
column.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a  building  with  four  columns 
in  front.  Brando. 
TET-RA-SYL-LAIi'IC,       )  a.     Consisting  of  four 
TET-RA-SYL-LAB'ie-AL,  i     syllables.  Cue. 
TET-RA-SYL'LA-BLE,  71.     [Gr.   rcrua,  ftmr,'and 
avXSa/ii:,  syllable.] 
.•\  word  consi.siing  of  four  syllables. 
TET'Rie,  ) 
TET'RIC-AE,    So.    [h.  tetricus.] 
TET'RIC-OUS,  ) 

Froward  ;  perverse;  harsh;  sour;  rugged.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Knolles. 
TET'Rie-AI^NESS,  71.    Frowardness  ;  perverseiiess. 
[.Wit  used.] 

TE-TRIU'I-TY,  (te-tris'c-te,)  7i.  Crabbedness ;  per- 
verseiiess.    [A*(7/  171  HSC] 

TET'TER,  71.    [Sax.  tetcr,  tetr ;  allied  perhaps  to  L. 

tilillo.] 

1.  In  medicine,  a  vague  nair--  ,f  several  cutaneous 
disea.ses. 

2.  In  farriery,  a  cutaneous  tiisease  of  animals, 
which  spreads  on  the  btidy  in  tlilierent  directions, 
and  occasions  a  troublestuiie  itching.  Cyc. 

TET'TER,  V.  U  To  alVect  with  the  disease  called 
'I'kttkbs. 

TET'TISH,  a.    [au.  Fr.  tHr,  head.] 
Captious;  testy.    [A'of  m  itsf.] 

TEr-'l'O.N"ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Teutons,  a  people 
of  Germany,  or  to  their  language  ;  as  a  7101/11,  the 
language  of  the  Teutons,  the  parent  tif  the  German, 
Dutch,  and  Anglo-Saxon  or  native  English. 

Teutonic  order ;  a  military  religious  ortler  of  knights, 
established  toward  the  clo.se  of  the  twelfth  century, 
in  imitation  of  the  Templars  anil  Hospitalers.  It 
was  compospil  chiefly  of  Teuttms  or  Germans,  who 
marrliecl  to  the  llcily  Land  in  the  crusades,  and  was 
establishetl  in  that  ccnintry  for  charitable  piir[K>ses. 
It  incre.asetl  in  numbers  and  strength  till  it  became 
master  of  all  Prussia,  I.ivonia,  anil  Poinerania.  Cyc. 

TEW,  (lu,)  I',  t.    To  work  ;  to  sofken.    [JWit  in  use.'] 
[See  Taw.] 
2.  To  work  ;  to  pull  or  tease  ;  among  seamen. 

TEW,  (ti"i,)  7;.    [probably  tote.]     Materials  for  any 
thing.    [AVf  III  u-vr.]  Skinner. 
2.  .An  iron  chain.    [.Yot  in  iwf.]  .Sinsicorth. 

TEVV'EL,  (tu'cl,)  71.    [Fr.  tuyau.] 

A  pipe  or  funnel,  .as  for  smoke  ;  an  iron  pipe  in 
a  forgo  to  receive  the  pipe  of  a  bellows.  Moron 

TEW'TAW,  (tu'taw.)  r.  t.  To  beat ;  to  break.  [jVot 
ill  use.]    [See  Tew.]  .Mortimer. 

TEXT,  n.  [Fr.  Uzte;  I>.  ttitus,  woven;  It.  tcjto. 
See  Texti'be.] 

1.  A  tliscourse  or  composition  on  which  a  note  or 
commentar>'  is  written.  Thus  we  s|>i'ak  of  the  tezt 
or  original  of  the  Scripture,  in  relation  to  the  com- 
ments upon  it.  Infinite  pains  have  been  taken  to 
ascertain  and  establish  the  genuine  original  teit. 

2.  .\  verse  or  passage  of  Scripture  which  a  preach- 
er selects  as  the  subject  of  a  discourse. 

How  on,  when  P.uit  hii  ^.-rr^^I  us  with  »  text. 

Has  Kpict-  tus,  I'l.il...  Tully  prrache.1  I  Cbwr. 

3.  Any  particular  passage  of  Scri|itiire,  u«ed  as 


TONE,  B}JLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  6  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


143* 


RRRR 


1141 


TH  A 


THA 


THA 


authority  in  argument  for  proof  of  a  doctrine.  In 
modurn  sermons,  texts  of  Scripture  are  not  as  fre- 
quently cited  as  tliey  were  formerly. 

4.  !n  ancient  law  authors,  the  four  Gospels,  by  way 
of  eminence.  Cyc. 
TEXT,  V.  t.    To  write,  as  a  text.    [JVoJ  much  used.] 

Beaxim.  S[  Fl. 

TEXT'-RQOK,  n.  In  universities  and  colleges,  a 
cSassic  autiior  written  with  wide  spaces  between  tlie 
lines,  lt»  give  room  fur  the  observations  or  interpreta- 
tion dictated  by  the  master  or  re^'ent.  Cijc. 

2.  A  hook  containing  the  leading  principles  or 
most  important  points  of  a  science  or  branch  of 
learning,  arranged  in  order  for  the  use  of  students. 

TEXT'-HANl),  n,  A  large  hand  in  writing;  so 
called  because  it  was  the  practice  to  write  tlie  text 
of  a  book  in  a  large  hand,  and  the  notes  in  a  smaller 
hand. 

TE.XT'ILE,  (tekst'il,'!  a.    [L.  textilis.1 

Woven,  or  capable  of  being  woven. 
TEXT'ILE,  (tekst'il,)  n.    That  which  is  or  may  be 

woven.  Bacon.  Wilkiiis. 

TEXT'-M.'VN,  n.    A  man  ready  in  the  quotation  of 

texts.  Saundcrson. 
TEX-TO'RT-AL,  a.    [L.  teitor.] 

Pertaining  to  weaving. 
TEXT'RINE,  (teksl'rin,)  a.    Pertaining  to  weaving; 

as,  the  textrine  art.  Derham. 
TEXT'lJ-AL,  (tekst'yu-al,)  a.    Contained  in  the  text. 

Milton. 

2.  Serving  for  texts.  Bp.  Hall. 

TEXT'I^-AL-LY,  ado.    In  the  text  or  body  of  a  work  ; 

in  accordance  with  the  text. 
TEXT'U-AL  1ST,  ) 

TEXT'll-A-RlST,  S  n.    [Fr.  tcxtuaire,  from  texte.l 
TEXT'lJ-A-RY,  ) 

1.  One  who  is  well  versed  in  the  Scriptures,  and 
can  readily  quote  cexts. 

2.  One  who  adheres  to  the  text. 
TEXT'll-A-RY,  a.    Te.Wual ;  contained  in  the  text. 

Brawn. 

2.  Serving  as  a  text ;  authoritative.  OhinviUe. 
TEXT'li-IST,  71.    One  ready  in  tlie  quotation  of 
texts. 

TEXT'IJRE,  (tekst'yur,)  71.  [L.  textura,  tcxtus,  from 
teio,  to  weave.] 

1.  The  act  of  weaving. 

2.  A  web  J  that  which  is  woven. 

OlIirTs,  fnr  on  tlm  grassy  dale, 
Th^ir  liumijie  texture  weave.  Thomson. 

3.  The  disposition  or  connection  of  threads,  fila- 
ments, or  other  slender  bodies  interwoven;  as,  the 
texture  of  cloth  or  of  a  spider's  web. 

4.  The  disposition  of  the  several  parts  of  any  body 
in  connection  wilh  each  other;  or  the  manner  in 
which  the  constituent  parts  are  unKed  ;  as,  the  tex- 
ture of  earthy  substances  or  fossils  ;  the  texture  of  a 
plant ;  the  teriure  of  paper,  of  a  hat  or  skin  ;  a  loose 
texture  :  or  a  close,   "^cnpact  texture. 

.5.  In  anatoin>.   boc  'I'issue. 
THACK,  for  THATCflf,  Is  l.ical.    [See  Thatch.] 
THX'LER,  n.    [L.  t/ialrrus.] 

The  German  spelling  of  Dollar. 
THA-Ll'A,  11.    [Gr.]    In  mijtkuUiirij,  the  muse  who 
presided  over  pastoral  and  comic  iioetry,  and  who 
was  regarded  as  the  patroness  of  agriculture. 
THAL'I-I)A\,  71.    (Gr.  OuAoi,  bloom.] 

That  group  of  segregate  naked  acephalous  mollus- 
cans,  of  which  the  genus  Thalia  is  the  type.  They 
have  a  small  crest  or  vertical  tin  near  the  posterior 
extremity  «)f  the  back. 
THAL'MTE,  11.    [Gr.  SuAXoj,  a  green  twig.] 

A  varietv  of  epidote. 
THAM'MUZ,  Ji.    The  tenth  month  of  the  Jewish 
civil  year,  containing  29  days,  and  answering  to  a 
part  of  .lune  and  a  part  of  July. 
2.  The  name  of  a  deity  among  the  Phoenicians. 
THAN,  wle.  or  conj.    [Sax.  tlianne  ;  Goth,  tliaii;  D. 
dan.    This  word  signifies  also  Uien,  both  in  English 
and  Dutch.    The  Germans  express  the  sense  by 
u/.(,  as.] 

This  word  is  placed  after  some  comparative  adjec- 
tive or  adverb,  to  express  com|>arison  between  what 
precedes  and  what  follows.  Thus  Elijah  said,  I  am 
not  better  llian  my  fathers  ;  wisdom  is  better  than 
Btrciigtli  ;  Israel  loved  Joseph  more  than  all  his  chil- 
dren ;  all  nations  arc  counted  less  than  nothing  ;  I 
who  am  less  than  the  least  of  all  saints  ;  the  last 
error  shall  be  worse  tlian  the  first;  he  that  denies  the 
faith  is  worse  than  an  infidel. 

After  more,  or  an  ci|uivnlent  termination,  the  fol- 
lowing word  implies  less,  or  wome, ;  after  /c.vy,  or  an 
rcpiivalcnt  Urrinination,  it  implies  ynore  or  better. 
TIIANE,  n.  [.Sax.  Wif^'n,  tlKr.gn,  a  minister  ur  servant ; 
thrirnian,  tJienian,  to  serve ;  I),  and  G.  dicncn,  to 
serve  ;  Kw.  tiena,  to  serve  ;  ticnnre,  a  servant ;  I)an. 
tiencr,  Ui  serve  ;  tiener,  a  servan!.  If  g  is  radical, 
thin  word  belongs  to  Class  Dg ;  if  not,  to  Cla.sa  Dn, 
No.  10.] 

The  thanes  In  England  were  formerly  persons  of 
■oniH  dignity;  of  these  Iherc  were  two  orders,  the 
king's  thanes,  who  attended  the  Sa.\on  and  Danish 
k:ni;<i  In  their  court*,  and  held  lands  immediately  of 


tliem,  and  the  ordinary  thanes,  who  were  lords  of 
manors,  and  who  had  a  particular  jurisdiction  within 
their  limits.  After  the  Conquest,  this  title  was  dis- 
used, and  baron  took  its  filace. 
TllANE'DO.M,  n.  The  property  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
thane. 

TH  aN'E'-LANDS,  71.  pi.    Lands  granted  to  thanes. 

THaNE'SHIP,  71.  The  state  or  dignity  of  a  thane  ; 
or  his  seigniory. 

TIIA.NK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  thancian  ;  G.  and  D.  danken  ;  Ice. 
thaeka ;  Sw.  tacka ;  Dan.  takker.  We  see  by  the 
Gothic  dialects  that  71  is  not  radical.  To  ascertain 
tlie  primary  sense,  let  us  attend  to  its  compounds  ; 
G.  aMai//iCH,  (which  in  English  would  be  off-thank,) 
to  dismiss,  discharge,  discard,  send  aw.ay,  put  off,  to 
disband  or  break,  as  an  officer ;  veriianken,  to  owe  or 
be  indebted  ;  D.  afdanken,  to  cashier  or  discharge. 
These  senses  imply  a  sending.  Hence,  thank  is 
probably  from  the  sense  of  giving,  that  is,  a  render 
or  return.] 

1.  To  express  gratitude  for  a  favor;  to  make  ac- 
knowledgments to  one  for  kindness  bestowed. 

We  are  bound  to  tltattk  God  always  for  you.  —  2  Thcss.  i. 
Joab  bowed  liimself  and  dianked  tlie  king.  — 2  Sam.  xiv. 

2.  It  is  used  ironically. 

Wei^h  the  danger  wilh  the  dnnhtfiil  bliss, 

Aiul  dmnk  yourself,  it  augbt  should  tall  amiss.  Dryden. 

THANK,  n.       )  Generally  in  the  plural.  [Sax.  tlianc ; 

THANKS,  71.  pi.  \     Gaelic,  Ininc] 

Expression  of  gratitude  ;  an  acknowledgment 
made  to  express  a  sense  of  favor  or  kindness  re- 
ceived Gratitude  is  the  feeling  or  sentiment  ex- 
cited by  kindness  ;  thanks  are  the  expression  of  that 
sentiment.    Luke  vi. 

Thanks  he  to  fjod  who  ^vnth  us  the  victory.  —  1  Cor.  XV. 
Tliniiks  be  to  God  for  his  unspeakable  gitt.  —  2  Cor.  ix. 
He  look  t'rcad  and  gave  diaruis  to  God.  —  Acts  x  xvii. 

TIIANK'iCD,  (thankt.)  pp.  Having  received  expres- 
sions of  gratitude. 

THANK'FUL,  a.    [Sax.  thnncfidl :  Gaelic,  taincal.] 
Grateful  ;  impressed  with  a  sense  of  kindness  re- 
ceived, and  reatly  to  ackno\N'ledge  it.    The  Lord's 
supper  is  to  be  celebrated  with  a  thankful  remem- 
brance of  his  sufferings  and  death. 

Be  Ointik/ut  imto  biin  and  bless  his  name,  —  Ps.  c. 

TH.A.NK'F!JL-LY,  adv.  With  a  grateful  sense  of  favor 
or  kindness  received. 

If  yuu  have  lived,  lake  thank/uVy  the  past.  Dryden. 

THANK'FIJL-NESS,  n.     Expression  of  gratitude; 
acknowleilginent  of  a  favor. 
2.  Gratitude ;  a  lively  sense  of  good  received. 

The  C'lebr^lion  of  these  holy  mysteries  brin^  ended,  F'lire  with 
all  thank/uhiess  of  heart  for  having  been  adniiued  to  that 
heavenly  I'eitsl.  Taylor. 

TIIANK'ING,  Expressing  gratitude  for  good  re- 
ceived. 

TH.\NK'LE.''S,  a.  Unthankful ;  ungrateful ;  not  ac- 
knowledging favors. 

That  she  may  feel 
How  stiarper  than  a  aeriient's  tooth  il  ii 
To  have  a  tliajil.less  cliilj.  Sliak. 

2.  Not  obtaining  thanks,  or  not  likely  to  gain 
thanks  ;  as,  a  thankless  office.  tVoUon. 
Til ANK'LESS-LY,  aiiti.  With  ingratitude ;  unthank- 
fullv. 

THANK'LESS-NESS,  7i.  Ingratitude;  failure  to  ac- 
knowledge a  kindness.  Donne. 

TIIANK'-OF-FER-ING,  7t.  [thank mi\  offering.]  An 
offering  made  in  acknowledgment  of  mercy.  Watts. 

THANKS-GIVE',  (tbanks-giv',)  v.  t.  [tJianks  and 
give.]  To  celebrate  or  distinguish  by  solemn  rites. 
[J^'nt  in  use.]  Jllede. 

TH  ANKS-GIV'ER,  71.  One  who  gives  thanks  or  ac- 
knowledges a  kindness.  Bnrrow. 

THANKS-GIVING,  pi>r.  Rendering  thanks  for  good 
received. 

THANKS-GIVING,  n.  The  act  of  rendering  thanks 
or  expressing  gratitude  for  favors  or  mercies. 

Every  creature  of  God  is  i^ood,  and  nothing  to  be  refused,  if 
received  witii  thankitgioing.  —  1  Tim.  iv. 

2.  A  public  celebration  of  divine  goodness;  also, 
a  day  set  apart  for  religious  services,  specially  to  ac- 
knowledge the  goodiKJss  of  God,  eillier  in  any  re- 
markable deliverance  from  calamities  or  danger,  or 
in  the  ordinary  dispensation  of  his  bounties.  The 
practice  of  appointing  an  annual  tlianksgiving  origi- 
nated in  New  I'^iiglaiid. 

TIIANK'WOR'THI-NESS,  (-wur'the  ness,)  71.  The 
stall"  of  beiiii;  thankworthy. 

THANK'WOR-'FIIY,  (-wur'the,)  a,  [thank  and  wor- 
f/ii/.l    Deserving  thanks  ;  meritorious.    1  Pel.  ii. 

TllXllVI,  II.    [Sax.  thearm:  G.  and  D.  diirm.] 
Intestines  twistetl  intti  a  cord.  [Loral.] 

THAT,  on  adjrrfioe,  pronoun,  or  substitute.  [Sax.  tho't, 
that;  Goth.  Uiata :  U.dat;  G.  das;  Dan.  dct  i  Sw.  del. 
(ill.  Gr.  Tfinrot.  This  word  is  called  in  Saxon  and 
German  an  article,  for  it  sometimes  signifies  t/ie.  It 
is  called  also  in  Saxon  a  pronoun,  equivalent  to  >>/, 
istud,  ill  Latin.  In  Swedish  and  Danish,  it  is  called 
a  pronoun  of  llie  neuter  gender.  Hut  these  distiiic- 
tiiiiis  are  groundless  and  of  no  use.  It  is  probably 
from  the  sense  of  setting.] 


1.  That  is  a  word  used  as  a  definitive  adjective, 
pointing  to  a  certain  person  or  thing  before  men- 
tioned, or  supposed  to  be  understood.  Here  is  tAat 
book  we  have  been  seeking  this  hour ;  here  goes 
that  man  we  were  talking  of. 

It  shall  be  more  tolenble  for  Sodom  and  Gomorrah  in  the  day  of 
judgment,  than  lor  Uiat  city.  —  Malt.  x. 

2.  77iat  is  used  definitively,  to  designate  a  specific 
thing  or  person  emphatically. 

Tlie  woman  was  made  whole  from  that  hour.  —  Matt.  ix. 

In  these  cases,  that  is  an  adjective.  In  the  two 
first  examples,  the  may  be  substituted  for  it.  Here  is 
the  book  we  have  been  seeking ;  here  goes  tlie  man 
we  were  talking  of.  liiit  in  other  cases,  the  can 
not  supply  its  place,  and  that  may  be  considered  as 
more  emphatically  definitive  than  the. 

3.  That  is  used  as  the  refireseiitative  of  a  noun, 
either  a  person  or  a  thing.  In  this  use,  it  is  often  a 
pronoun  and  a  relative.  When  it  refers  to  persons, 
it  is  equivalent  to  who,  and  when  it  refers  to  a  thing, 
it  is  equivalent  to  which.  In  this  use,  it  represents 
either  the  singular  number  or  the  plural. 

He  Ihtit  reprnveih  a  scnnier  gett'-lh  to  himsidf  shame.  —  Prov.  ix. 
Thev  Otal  hale  ine  without  a  Ciiuse  .ore  more  Ui  lu  the  hairs  of  my 

head.— Ps.  Ixiii. 
A  judgment  thai  is  equal  and  impartiid  must  incline  to  the  ^ater 

probabiliii-s.  WUkina. 
They  shall  gather  oul  of  his  kingdom  all  things  Ijiat  otleod.  ~ 

Matt.  xiii. 

4.  That  is  also  the  representative  of  a  sentence  or 
part  of  a  sentence,  and  often  of  a  series  of  sentences. 
In  this  case,  that  is  not  strictly  a  pronoun,  a  word 
standing  for  a  noun,  but  is,  so  to  sjieak,  a  pro-scn- 
trnce,  the  substitute  for  a  sentence,  to  save  the  repe- 
tition of  it. 

And  when  Moses  heard  that,  he  was  content.  —  Lev.  x. 
That  here  stands  for  the  whole  of  what  Aaron  had 
said,  or  the  whole  of  the  preceding  verse. 

I  will  know  your  business,  that  I  will.  Shak. 
Ye  detrauil,  and  Otat  your  brelliren,  —  1  Cor.  vi. 

That,  sometimes,  in  this  use,  precedes  the  sen- 
tence or  clause  to  which  it  refers. 

77ial  lie  fir  from  Ihee,  to  do  alter  this  manner,  to  slay  the  right- 
eous wiUi  die  wicked.  — lieu,  xvlii. 

That  here  represents  the  clause  in  Italics. 

5.  That  sometimes  is  the  substitute  for  an  adjec- 
tive. You  allege  that  the  man  is  t;i7tocen( ;  Vial  iie 
is  not. 

6.  That,  in  the  following  use,  has  been  called  a 
conjunction.  I  heard  that  the  Greeks  had  defeated 
the  Turks.  But  in  this  case,  that  has  the  same 
character  as  in  No.  4.  It  is  the  representative  of  the 
part  of  the  sentence  which  follows,  as  may  be  seen 
by  inverting  the  order  of  the  clauses.  The  Greeks 
h.ad  defeated  the  Turks  ;  I  heard  that.  It  is  not 
that  I  love  you  less.  That  here  refers  to  the  latter 
clause  of  the  sentence,  as  a  kind  of  demonstrative. 

7.  That  was  formerly  used  for  that  which,  like 
what. 

We  speak  that  we  do  know,  and  testify  that  we  have  seen.  — 
John  iii. 

This  use  is  no  longer  held  legitimate.] 
.  T/iat  is  used  in  opposition  to  this,  or  by  way  of 
distinction. 

If  the  Lord  will,  we  shall  live,  and  do  this  or  that.  —  James  iv. 

,  9.  When  this  and  that  refer  to  foregoing  words,  > 
tliis,  like  the  Latin  hie  and  Fr.  ccci,  refers  to  the  lat- 
ter, and  Uiat  to  the  former.    It  is  the  same  with  tlicse 
and  those. 

Sel^-love  and  reason  to  one  end  aspire, 

Paiu  their  aversion,  pleasure  their  ilesire  ; 

But  greedy  that,  its  object  would  devour, 

This  t;isle  the  honey,  and  nut  wuuiid  the  flower.  Pope. 

10.  That  sometimes  introduces  an  explanation  of 
something  going  before.  "Religion  consists  in  liv- 
ing up  to  those  principles  ;  that  is,  in  acting  ill  con- 
formity to  them."  Here,  that  refers  to  the  whole 
first  clause  of  the  sentence. 

11.  "Things  are  preached,  not  in  that  they  are 
taught,  but  in  that  they  are  published."  Here,  that 
refers  to  the  words  which  follow'it. 

So  when  that  begins  a  sentence.  "  That  we  may 
fully  understand  the  subject,  let  us  consider  the  foi- 
lowing  proiKisitions."  That  tlenotes  purpose,  or  rath- 
er introduces  the  clause  expressing  jiurpose,  as  will 
appear  by  restoring  the  sentence  to  its  natural  order. 
"  Let  us  consider  the  following  propositions,  that  [for 
the  purpose  expressed  in  the  following  clause]  we 
may  fully  understand  the  subject."  "  Attend  that 
you  may  receive  instruction."  Her^i,  also,  f/iii(  ex- 
presses piir|)ose  elliplically  :  "  Attend  for  the  purpose 
that  you  may  receive  instruction;"  t/mt  referring  to 
the  last  member. 

This  ellijitical  use  of  that  is  very  frequent;  the 
preposition  for  being  iinderstootl.  "  A  man  travels 
tliat  he  may  regain  his  health."  Ho  travels  for  Uiat 
purpose,  be  may  regain  his  health.  The  French 
often  retains  the  preposition  in  such  cases;  ;wii7- 
que.  "  Do  all  things  without  iiiuriniirliigs  and  dis- 
putings,  that  ye  may  be  blameless  ,,id  harmless." 
Phil.  ii.  14.  Do  nil  things  without  miirmiirings,  for 
that  purpose,  to  that  effect,  yo  may  be  blameless. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi>T.  — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W<^LF,  BQQK — 


1143 


THE 

In  that;  phrase  dpnotin:?  conscqnonce,  cause, 
or  reason  ;  tJiat  referrmi;  lo  the  lullowing  sentence. 
Jleh.  V.  7. 

TIIATC'II,  n.  [Pax.  thac,  connected  with  theccnn,  thf- 
cnn,  to  cover  ;  L.  Irgo,  En?,  ikck  ;  G.  Uach,  a  roof ;  I). 
link;  P\v.  ink  ;  Dan.  la^,  lirkke;  Gaelic,  tunlic,  tniijhe. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  put  on,  to  spread  over,  or 
make  close,] 

Straw  or  other  substance  used  to  cover  the  roofs 

of  bnildinss,  or  stacks  of  hay  or  grain,  for  securing 

them  from  rain,  &c. 
TII.VTCII,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  straw,  reeds,  or  some 

similar  substance  ;  as,  to  tkatcli  a  liouse,  or  a  stable, 

or  a  stack  of  grain. 
TUATCII'EI),  (thacht,)  pp.  or  a.  Covered  witli  straw 

or  thatch. 

TIIATCII'UR,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  tliatch 

houses. 

TIIAT<;iI'I\n,  p;>r.    Covering  with  straw  or  thatch. 

TIIATCII'ING,  ;i.  The  act  or  art  of  covering  build- 
ings will)  thatch,  so  as  to  keep  out  water  ;  the  mate- 
rials used  for  this  purpose. 

THAtT'.MA-TROPE,  n.    [Gr.  S/i.  ,,a  and  rooroj.l 

An  optical  toy  or  instrument  for  showing  the  dura- 
tion of  an  impression  of  light  upon  the  eye  after  the 
luminous  object  is  withdrawn.  .  Thus  thi'  rapid  rev- 
olution of  a  card  having  a  chariot  represented  on  one 
side,  and  a  charioteer  i^n  the  other,  causes  the  two 
fmures  to  appear  together,  the  charioteer  driving  the 
chariot.  Olmsted. 

TIIAtl-MA-TrR'rtlC,        la.  fSee  Thaumatlrgy.] 

TllAU-MA-TUK'Ciie-AL,  j     Exciting  wonder. 

Burton, 

TIIAU'MA-TUR-GIST,  n.  One  who  deals  in  won- 
ders, f»r  believes  in  them. 

THAL'-.M.VTUK'GU.^,  n.    [Gr.  ?-n.„.i  and  rpynv.] 
A  miracle-worker.    A  title  given  by  the  Roman 
Catholics  to  some  of  their  saints.  Buchanan. 

THAU'.MA-TUR-CiY,  n.  [Gr.  iav^a,  a  wonder,  and 
£01  -ii;  Work.] 

.T(ic  act  of  performing  something  wonderful. 

Warton, 

THAW,  I'.  !.  [Sax.  thaican  ;  G.  thniien  ;  D.  dooijen  ; 
Dan.  tiicr  ;  Sw.  Ida  ;  Gr.  toku.    Class  Dg.] 

1.  To  melt,  dissolve,  or  become  Huid,  as  ice  or 
enow. 

[It  is  remarkable  that  this  word  is  used  only  of 
things  that  congeal  by  frost.  We  never  say,  to  thaio 
metal  of  any  kind.] 

2.  To  become  so  warm  as  to  melt  ice  and  snow  ; 
v.ted  of  weather, 

THAW,  i>.  (.   To  melt ;  to  dissolve  ;  as  ice,  snow, 

hail,  or  frozen  earth. 
THAW,  n.    The  multing  of  ice  or  snow  ;  the  resolu- 

tiim  of  ice  into  the  slate  of  a  fluid  ;  liquefaction  by 

heat  of  any  thing  congealed  by  frost. 
TH.AW'KI),  (thawd,)  ]>p:'  Melted,  as  ice  or  snow. 
THAW'l.VG,  ppr.    Dissolving  ;  resolving  into  a  fluid  ; 

liquefying  ;  as  any  thing  frozen. 
THE,  an  ailirctirr,  or  definitive  adjective.    [Sax.  the;  D. 

de.    du.  Oil.  HI.] 

1.  This  adjective  is  used  as  a  definitive,  that  is, 
before  nouns  which  are  specific  or  understood  ;  or  it 
is  used  to  limit  their  signification  to  a  sfiecific  thing 
or  things,  or  to  describe  them  ;  as,  the  laws  of  the 
twelve  tables.  The  independent  tribunals  of  justice 
in  our  country  are  tJie  security  of  private  rights,  and 
the  best  bulwark  against  arbitrary  power.  The  sun 
is  the  source  of  light  and  heaL 

This  lio  Milt  Ihe  pn-nchin  J  of  th"  cross.  Simeon. 

2.  The  is  also  used  rhetorically  before  a  noun  in 
the  singular  number,  to  denote  a  species  by  way  of 
distinction ;  a  single  thing  representing  the  whole. 
The  fig-tree  putteth  forth  her  green  figs  ;  the  almond- 
tree  shall  flourish ;  the  grasshopper  shall  be  a  bur- 
den. 

X  In  poetry,  the  sometimes  loses  the  final  vowel 
before  another  vowel. 

Tlie  atloriiinj  ih'f!  with  so  much  art, 

Is  Lttit  a  UirbArous  xl<ill.  Coteley. 

4.  The  is  used  before  adjectives  in  the  comparative 
and  superlative  decree.  The  lonacr  we  continue  in 
sin,  the  more  dijficult  it  is  to  reform.  The  most  stren- 
vous  exertions  will  he  used  to  emancipate  Greece. 
TTie  most  we  can  do  is  to  submit ;  tJie  best  we  can  do ; 
Me  ifor-f  that  can  happen. 
THE-A.\'DU1C,  a,  [Gr.  Oms,  God,  and  omp,  a 
man.] 

Designating  the  union  of  divine  and  human  opera- 
tion in  Christ,  or  the  joint  agency  of  the  divine  and 
human  nature.  '  .Vurdock. 

THE-AN'TllRO-PrsM,  n.    [Gr.  Gioj  and  .o  tf,);..7r)j.] 

A  state  of  being  God  and  man.  Colcridne. 
THK'AR-eilY,  n.    [Gr.  Otot,  God,  and  ap\n,  rule.] 
Government  by  God  ;  more  commonly  called  Thb- 
oeBACT.  Ch.  Rel.  .AppeaL 

THif.'A-TER,  )  n,  [Fr.  theatre  ;  1,.  tlieutrum  ;  Gr.  Jto- 
TUk.'.\-TRE,  \     roee,  from  Jfno„.ii,  to  see.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient.-;  an  edifice  in  which  specta- 
cles or  shows  were  exhibited  for  the  amusement  of 
spectators. 

2.  In  modem  times,  a  house  for  the  exhibition  of 
dramatic  perfonnances,  as  tragedies,  comedies,  and 


THE 

farces  ;  a  playhouse,  comprehending  the  stage,  the 
pit,  the  boxes,  galleries,  and  orchesier. 

13.  Among  the  Italians,  an  assemblage  of  buildings 
which,  by  a  happy  disposition  and  elevation,  repre- 
stMits  an  agreeable  scene  to  the  eye.  Cyc. 

4.  A  place  rising  by  steps  or  gradations,  like  the 
seats  of  a  theater. 

Shitdc  above  shntle,  a  woody  theater 

Ot  BtAU'Iicsl  vit-vv.  MUton. 

5.  A  place  of  action  or  exhibition  ;  as,  the  Vieater 
of  the  world. 

C.  A  building  for  the  exhibition  of  scholastic  exer- 
cises, as  at  Oxford,  or  for  other  exhibitions. 

7.  In  medical  institutions,  a  room  with  circular 
seats,  anil  a  table  in  the  centre  turning  on  a  pivot, 
for  anatomical  demonstrations.  Cyc. 
THif.'A-TlNS,  II.  pi.  All  oriler  of  Italian  monks,  es- 
tablished, ill  15C4,  expressly  to  oppose  the  Reforiiia- 
tiiui,  and  to  raise  the  tone  of  piety  among  Roman 
(Jatiuilics.  They  hold  no  properly,  nor  do  they  beg, 
but  depend  on  what  I'rovidence  sends.  Their  chief 
employment  is  preaching  and  giving  religious  in- 
struction. .\l  one  tune,  they  attempted  missions  to 
Taitary  and  Georgia,  in  .Asia,  but  soon  abandoned 
them.  Their  name,  'Thealins,  is  derived  from  The- 
ate,  or  Chieti,  a  city  <if  Naples,  the  archbishop  of 
which  was  a  principal  fouiuler  of  the  order.  But 
they  bore  various  names  ;  as  Regular  Clerks  of  the 
Community,  Pauline  Monks,  .Apostolic  Clerks,  and  Reg- 
ular Clerks  of  the  Divine  Providence.  Tile  order  never 
floiirislied  much  out  of  Italy.  Murdoch. 
TII|.:'.A-TKAL,a.  Belonging  to  a  theater.  [Aut  inu.te.] 
TIIE-AT'IUe,  j  a.  Pertaining  to  a  theater,  or  to 
THE-AT'Uie-.\L,  (  scenic  representations;  resem- 
bling the  manner  of  dramatic  performers  ;  as,  theat- 
rical dress ;  theatrical  performances  ;  Vieatrical  ges- 
tures. 

THE-AT'Rie-AL-LV,  ailv.    In  the  manner  of  actors 

on  the  stage  ;  in  a  manner  suiting  tin;  stai;e. 
THE-AT'Rie-ALS,  n.  pi.    Dramatic  perfonnances. 
T  M  K  W  E  / 

TIIa  VE   '  !       A  ewe  of  the  first  year.  [_Local,] 
THk'UAN-Ve.AR,  71.    In  ancient  chTondlogy,\\\e  Egyp- 
tian vear  of  3(i3  days  anil  6  hours.  Bryant. 
TIUi  CA,  II.    [L.,  from  Gr.  Oiikl] 

A  sheath  or  case. 
THK'eA-I'HUUE,  11.    [Gr.  inx'i,  a  case  or  cover,  and 
tpon£t<i,  lo  bear  or  carry.] 

In  botany,  the  pedicel  or  stipe  of  an  ovary,  when 
it  has  one,  called  also  Gvnophore,  Basiovnium,  and 
PoDOiJVMUM.  Lindlvy. 
THll'eO-DO.NTS,  71.  pi.    [Gr.  Si/<ti)  and  <:iovs.] 

A  tribe  of  extinct  saurians,  having  the  teeth  im- 
planted in  sockets.  Owen. 
THEE,  pron.:  obj.  case  of  Tiiou.    [('ontracted  from 
Sax.  tlicc;  Cinib.  thig ;  Francic,  thcc ;  Goth,  thuk. 
See  Thou.J 
THEE,  r.  i.    [Goth,  thihan:  Sax.  thcan.] 

To  thrive  ;  to  prosper.    [OA.-J  Chaucer. 
THEFT,  71.    [;f:\\.  ViiiJIhe.    See  Thief.] 

1.  The  act  of  ste.aiing.  In  lam,  the  private,  unlaw- 
ful, felonious  taking  of  another  person's  goods  or 
movab'es,  with  an  intent  to  sti  al  them.  To  consti- 
tute theft,  the  taking  must  be  in  private,  or  %vithoiit 
the  owner's  knowledge  ;  and  it  must  be  unlawful  or 
felonious,  that  is,  it  must  be  with  a  design  to  deprive 
the  owner  of  his  property  privately  and  against  his 
will.  Thefl  dillers  from  robbery,  ns  the  latter  is  a 
violent  taking  from  the  person,  and  of  course  not 
private. 

2.  The  thing  stolen.    F.zod,  xxii. 
THEFT'-UoTE,  n.   [tArft  and  Sax.  Jotf ,  compensa- 
tion.] 

In  late,  the  receiving  of  a  man's  goods  again  from 
a  thief  j  or  a  compensation  for  them,  by  way  of  com- 
position, and  to  prevent  the  prosecution  of  the  thief. 
This  in  England  subjects  a  person  to  a  heavy  fine,  as 
by  this  means  the  punishment  of  the  criminal  is  pre- 
vented. 

THlC'I-FOR.M,  a.    Having  the  form  of  tea. 
TIIit'l.N',  71.    A  principle  obtained  from  tea.    It  is 

identical  with  Cafkein,  which  see. 
THEIR,  (thire,)  a.  pron,    [Sax.  hiora  ;  Ice.  theirra.'J 

1.  Their  has  the  sense  of  a  pronominal  adjective, 
denoting  of  tfiem,  or  the  possession  of  two  or  more  ; 
as,  their  voices  ;  their  garments  j  their  houses  j  Oieir 
land  ;  their  country. 

2.  Theirs  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  adjective 
and  the  noun  to  which  it  refers,  and  in  this  case,  it 
may  be  the  nominative  to  a  verb.  "  Our  land  is 
the  most  extensive,  but  theirs  is  the  best  cultivated." 
Here  theirs  stands  as  the  representative  of  tlieir  land, 
and  is  the  nominative  to  ii. 

Nolhin^  but  ihr  nr\me  of  nppo:\r» 

'Twixl  our  best  actions  anil  the  worst  of  Iheirt.  Dctxham. 

In  this  tise,  theirs  is  not  in  the  possessive  case,  for 
then  there  would  be  a  double  possessive. 
TIlic'IS.M,  n.    [from  Gr.  Ot  -,,  God.] 

The  belief  or  acknowledgment  of  the  existence  of 
a  God,  .as  opposed  to  Atheism.  Theism  dirt'ers  from 
deism,  for  although  deism  implies  a  belief  in  the  ex- 
istence of  a  Goil.  yet  it  sicnifiei,  in  modern  usage,  a 
denial  of  revelation,  which  theisir.  does  not. 


THE 

THS'IST,  It.  One  who  believes  in  the  existence  of  s 
God. 

TME-IST'IC,        )a.    Pertaining  to  theism,  or  to  a 
THE-IS'I''IC-AL,  j     theist ;  according  to  ihe  doctrine 
of  theists. 

THE.M,  pron.,  the  objective  ease  of  Thet,  and  of  both 
genders.  [In  our  mother  tongue,  Uiem  is  an  ad- 
jective, answering  to  tJie,  in  the  dative  and  ablative 
case."*  of  both  numbers,  'i'lie  common  people  con- 
tinue to  use  it  in  the  plural  number  as  an  adjective, 
for  they  say,  bring  tliem  liurses,  or  them  horses  are  to 
be  led  to  water.] 

Go  yc  to  them  time  wll,  and  buy  for  yourselves.  —  Mall.  XXT. 

Tia-ii  shall  the  kin^  say  to  tJietn  on  his  ri^bt  hand,  Conie,  ye 
blessed  of  niy  t  ather.  —  MaU. 

THEME,  n.  [L.  thema;  Gr.  ^ipa,  from  riOnpi,  to  set 
or  place.] 

1.  A  subject  or  topic  on  which  a  person  writes  or 
speaks.  The  preaclier  takes  a  text  for  the  tlieme  of 
his  discourse. 

When  a  soldier  was  the  theiru,  my  namo 

Was  not  far  oil'.  Shak, 

2.  A  short  dissertation  composed  by  a  student. 

Milton. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  radical  verb,  or  the  verb  in  its 
primary  absolute  state,  not  modified  by  inflections  ; 
as,  the  infinitive  mode  in  English.  But  a  large  |ior- 
tion  of  the  words  called  themes  in  Greek,  are  not  the 
radical  words,  but  are  themselves  derivative  forms 
of  the  verb.   'J'lie  fact  is  the  same  in  other  languages. 

4.  In  7/iM.sic,  a  series  of  notes  selected  as  the  text 
or_suhj<x't  of  a  new  composition. 

TIIii'.MIS,  71.  [Gr.]  In  the  mythology  of  the  Greeks, 
the  goddess  of  law. 

THE.M-SELVES',  a  compound  of  them  and  selce^,  and 
added  to  they  by  way  of  emphasis  or  pointed  distinc- 
tion. Thus  we  say,  Uiey  themselves  have  done  the' 
mischief;  they  can  not  blame  others.  In  this  case, 
t/iemselves  is  in  the  nominative  ca.se,  and  may  be  coh- 
sidered  as  an  emphatical  pronoun. 

In  some  cases,  themselves  is  used  without  they,  and 
stands  as  the  only  nominative  to  the  following  verb. 
Themselves  have  done  the  mischief. 

This  word  is  used  also  in  the  objective  case  after  a 
verb  or  preposition.    Tilings  in  themselves  innocent, 
may,  under  certain  circumstances,  cease  to  be  so. 
They  open  to  themseht$  at  length  the  way.  Milton, 

THEN,  adv.  [Goth,  tlianne  ;  Sax.  thanne ;  G,  dann ; 
D,  dan.    See  Thence.] 

1.  At  that  time,  referring  to  a  time  specified,  either 
past  or  future. 

And  the  Can.-ianite  was  then  in  the  land.  —  Gen.  xii. 

That  is,  when  Abram  migrated  and  came  into 
Canaan. 

Now  I  knovt  in  part,  but  then  shall  I  know  even  as  I  ajn  knowD. 
1  Cor.  lii. 

2.  Afterward  ;  soon  afterward  or  immediately. 
First  be  irconcilt'd  to  tliy  broUicr,  and  then  come  and  offer  ihy 

gift.  —  .Matt,  r, 

3.  In  that  case ;  in  consequence,  Oal.  iii.  Job  iii. 
If  all  tliis  be  so,  then  man  has  a  natural  freedom.  Locke. 

4.  Therefore  ;  for  this  reason. 

Now,  Ultn,  be  ull  tliy  weighty  cares  away.  Dryden. 

5.  At  another  time  ;  as,  now  and  CAcn,  at  one  time 
and  another.  Milton. 

C,  That  time. 

Till  t*en  who  knew 
The  force  ol  those  dire  arms  ?  MUlon. 

Then  is  often  used  elliptically  for  the  «Afn  existing; 
as,  the  then  administnition.  Burke, 
THENCE,  (thens,)  aiiv.  [Sax,  thanan,  thanon;  G. 
danncn  ;  from  than,  cfaim,  then,  supra.  Then  signi- 
fies, properly,  place,  or  set  time,  from  setting,  and 
thence  is  derived  from  it.  So  the  Germans  say,  von 
dannen.  from  Uience,] 

1.  From  that  place. 

When  vou  deivul  thence,  shake  off  the  dull  of  your  (etU  — 
Mark  vi. 

It  is  more  usual,  though  not  necessar}',  to  use  from 
before  thence. 

Then  will  I  send  and  fetch  Ihee/rom  Ihtnc*.  — Geo.  xxrii. 

2.  From  that  time. 

There  sliall  be  no  more  tf,enet  an  infant  of  days.  —  Is.  Ixr. 

3.  For  that  reason. 

Not  to  sit  i'lIe  with  so  erral  a  grift 

Us'-leas,  and  lAenc«  ridiculous  about  him.  AfUftm. 

THENCE'FoRTH,  (tfiens'forth,)  adv.  [thence  and 
forth.]    From  that  time. 

If  the  sail  halh  losl  its  savor,  it  is  thtnct/orth  good  for  notbiof . 
—  Mau.  V. 

This  is  also  preceded  by  from,  though  not  from  any 
necessity. 

And  from  IhenerfariX  Pilate  sought  to  release  hiin.  —  John  xlx. 
THENCE-FOR'WARD,  adv.    [OteTue  and  forward.] 

From  that  time  onward.  Kettlactll 
THENCE  FROM',  adv.     [thence  and  from.]  From 

that  pl.ace.    [.Vut  in  use.]  Smith. 


TONT:,  bull,  IfXITE.— AN"GER,  V1"CI0US  €  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


1143 


THE 


THE 


THE 


THE-O-lil'.O'MA,  n.    [Gt.  Oios  and  iipu,ia.] 

1.  Tlie  iKiine  of  a  genus  of  plants  producing  the 
cacau  or  cliuculate  nut. 

2.  A  superior  preparation  of  tlie  cacao  or  cocoa. 

Luuiloiu 

THE-0-GHR[?T'ie,  a.    [Gr.  Oius  and  xp'^ros.] 
Anoiiiiin*;  bv  God. 

THE-Oe'KA  CY,  n.  [Fr.  thcocracie  ;  It.  teocrazia  ;  Sp. 
teucrncia  :  Gr.  Qcos,  God,  and  Kparoi,  power  ;  /c/ju- 
rfi',  to  hold.] 

Giivernnit-nt  of  a  state  by  the  immediate  direction 
of  God  ;  or  tlie  .<tate  thus  governed.  Of  this  soccies 
the  Israelites  furnish  an  illustrious  example.  The 
tkeocracii  lasted  till  the  time  of  Saul. 

THE'o  eitA-SY,  n.    [Gr.  Q:of  and  Kpauis,  mixiiire.] 
In  ancimi  p/iilosopky,  an  intimate  union  of  the  soul 
with  Goil  in  contemplation. 

THE-O-eKAT'ie,        j  «.    Pertaining  to  a  theocracy  ; 

TIlE-u  eilAT'ie-AL,  i  administered  by  the  imme- 
diate direction  of  God  ;  as,  the  tfieocraticat  state  of 
the  Israrliles.  The  government  of  the  Israelites 
WHS  thrMCratic. 

TlIE-OU'l-CY,  71.  [Fr.  Vieodicee,  from  Gr.  0fos,  God, 
and  dtKTi,  justice.] 

A  vindication  of  the  justice  of  God  in  regard  to 
the  natural  and  moral  evil  that  exists  under  his  gov- 
erumenl.  Leibnitz. 

THE-OD'O-LlTE,  n.  [Q\i.  Gr.  Stu,  to  run,  and  6o- 
XiXiif,  long.] 

A  surveyor's  compass  furnished  with  a  small  tele- 
scope for  the  more  accurate  measurement  of  angles. 

Oliruited. 

THE-OG'O-iVIST,  n.    A  writer  on  theogony. 

THE-OG'O-NY,  n.  [Fr.  theosonie;  Gr.  ^toywm ; 
Qeoi,  God,  and  yopr),  or  ytvoix  ti,  to  be  born.] 

In  mythulo^y,  the  generation  of  the  gods  ;  or  that 
branch  of  heathen  theology  which  taught  the  gene- 
alogy of  their  deities.  Hesiod  composed  a  [loem 
concerning  that  theogony,  or  the  creation  of  the 
world  and  the  descent  of  the  gods. 

THE-OL'O-GAS-TER,  n.  A  kind  of  quack  in  divin- 
ity ;  as,  a  quack  in  medicine  is  called  Medicaster. 

Burton. 

THE  O-Lo'GI-AN,  n.  [See  Theologv.]  A  divine  ; 
a  person  well  versed  m  theology,  or  a  professor  of 
divinitv.  Milton. 

THE-O-LOG're,       j  a.    [See  Theology.]  Pertain- 

THE-O-LOG'ie-At,,  j  ing  to  divinity,  or  the  science 
of  God  and  of  divine  things;  as,  a  t/ieoloiricat  trea- 
tise ;  theoUiirical  criticism.  Swift..  Cyc. 

THE-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  oJt).  According  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  theology. 

THE-OL'O-GIST,  n.  A  divine;  one  studious  in  the 
science  of  divinity,  or  one  well  versed  in  that  sci- 
ence. 

TUE-OL'O-GIZE,  V.  t.    To  render  theological. 

Glanvitle. 

2.  V.  i.  To  frame  a  system  of  theology.  [Little 
uspd. ] 

THE-OL'O-GlZ-KD,  pp.   Rendered  theological. 
THE-OL'O-GlZ-ER,  n.    A  divine,  or  a  professor  of 

theology.    [  Unu---ual.]  Boyle. 
THE-OL'O-GlZ-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  theological. 
TIlE'O-LOGUE,  (  log,)  for  Tiieologist,  is  nut  in  use. 
THE-OL'O-GY,  n.    [Fr.  theoh>L't'  :  It-  and  Sp.  tenlo- 
gw ;  Gr.  iin^oyia  ;  Ht'<f,Go(l,  ami  >  -j  .s,  discourse.] 
Divinity  ;  the  science  of  (iod  and  divine  things  ; 
or  the  science  which  teaches  the  existence,  charac- 
ter, and  attributes  of  God,  his  laws  and  government, 
the  doctrines  we  are  to  believe,  and  the  duties  we 
are  to  practice.    Theology  consists  of  two  branches, 
natural  and  revealed.    JVatnral  tkcotoiry  is  the  knowl- 
edge we  have  of  God  from  his  works,  by  the  light  of 
nature  and  reason.    Rcneuled  theology  is  that  which 
is  to  be  learned  only  from  revelation. 

Moral  llieology  teaches  us  the  divine  laws  relating 
to  our  manners  and  actiims,  that  is,  our  moral  duties. 

Speculative  tUeology  teaches  or  explains  the  doc- 
trines of  religion,  as  objects  of  faith. 

Scholastic  tlieology  is  that  which  proceeds  by  rea- 
soning, or  which  derives  the  knowledge  of  several 
divine  things  from  certain  established  principles  of 
faith.  Ttllotsuji.  Cyc. 

TIIE-OM'A  eillST,  (-kist,)  71.    [Gr.  Oti-s,  God,  and 
Ijaxn,  combat.] 
One  who  fights  against  the  gods.  Bailey. 
TIlE-OM'A-eilY,  71.   [Supra.]   A  fighting  against  the 
gods,  as  the  battle  of  the  giants  with  the  gods, 
2.  Opposition  to  the  divine  will. 
TIIK'O-.MAN-CY,  71.    [Gr.  O  os  and  iiavrcia.] 

A  kind  of  divination  drawn  from  the  responses  of 
oracles  among  heathen  nations. 
TIIE-O-PA-TIIET'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  theop.athy. 

/fartley. 

THE  OP'A-TIIV,  71.  [Gr.  eco(,  God,  and  ttoWoj,  pas- 
Hion.] 

Sympathy  with  the  divine  nature  ;  like  feelings  to 
those  of  God.  Hartley. 
THE-OPH'A-NY,  7t.    [Gr.  Gioj  and  ./.airo(/ai,  to  ap- 
pear.] 

A  manifestation  of  God  to  man  by  actual  appear- 
ance. 

THE  O-PHI-LAN'THHO  PI.S  T,  ti.  [Or.  Ocos  and  ^i- 
XavOpujirof.] 


A  title  assumed  by  some  persons  in  France  during 
the  revolution.    Their  object  was  to  establish  reason 
in  the  place  of  Christianilv. 
THE-OP-NEOST'lC,  a.   [Gr.  6ro5  and  TTvcvarinos.] 

Given  byjhe  inspiration  of  the  Spirit  of  God. 
THe'OP-NECST-Y,  71.    Divme  inspiration  ;  the  mys- 
terious power  whicJi  the  divine  Spirit  exercises  in 
making  men  to  know  and  communicate  the  truth. 

Oaussen. 

THE-OR'BO,  71.  [It.  tiorha;  Fr.  tuorbe,  or  teorbe.] 
A  musical  instrument  made  like  a  large  lute,  but 
with  two  beads,  to  each  of  which  some  of  the  strings 
were  attached.  It  was  also  called  the  Abchlute, 
and  was  used  chietiy,  if  not  only,  as  an  accompani- 
ment to  the  voice.    It  has  long  fallen  into  disuse. 

P.  Cyc. 

THe'O-REM,  71.  [fr.  theoreme;  Sp.  and  It.  tcorema; 
Gr.  ^'.Muriiia,  from  Stw/zt'.',  to  see.] 

1.  In  mathcinatie.'',  a  theorem  is  a  proposition  to  be 
proved  by  a  chain  of  reasoning.  A  theorem  is  some- 
thing to  be  proved  ;  a  problem  is  something  to  be 
done.  Day. 

2.  In  algebra  or  analysUs,  it  is  sometimes  used  to 
denote  a  rule,  particularly  when  that  rule  is  ex- 
pressed by  symbols.  Cyc. 

A  universal  Wieorm  extends  to  any  quantity  with- 
out restriction. 

A  particular  theorem  extends  only  to  a  particular 
quantity. 

A  negative  theorem  expresses  the  impossibility  of 
any  assertiim. 
TllE-O-RE-MAT'ie,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  theo- 
THE-O-RE-iMAT'ie-AL,  \    rem  ;  comprised  in  a  tlie- 
TUE-O-REM'ie,  )    rem ;  consisting  of  theo- 

rems ;  as,  theoremic  truth,  Greic, 
THE-O-RET'It;,       j  a.   [Gr.  ScupnTiKo;.  See  The- 
THE-O-RET'ie-AL,  (  orv.] 

Pertaining  to  theory  ;  depending  on  theory  or  spec- 
ulation ;  speculative  ;  terminating  in  theory  or  spec- 
ulation ;  not  practical;  as,  theoretical  learning;  Oieo- 
retic  sciences.    The  sciences  are  divided  into  theoret- 
ical, as  theology,  philosophy,  and  the  like,  and  prac- 
ticnl,  as  medicine  and  law. 
THE-O-RET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  or  by  theory;  in 
speculation  ;  speculatively  ;  not  practically.  Some 
things  appear  to  be  theoretically  true  which  are  found 
to  be  practically  false. 
THE'O-Rie,  11.    Speculation.  Shali. 
THE-OR'ie,  o.    Pertaining  to  the  theorica. 

2.  Theoretic.    [Obs.]  Smith's  Diet. 

THE-OR'I-eA,  II.        [Gr.  Sct.iptKo;.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  public  moneys  expended  at 
Athens  on  festivals,  sacrifices,  anil  public  entertain- 
ments, particularly  Ihealiical  performances,  and  in 
largesses  among  the  people.  Smith's  Diet. 

THE-OR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  Speculatively.    [Ao«  used.] 
THR'O-RIST,     )  71.    One  who  forms  theories;  one- 
THE'O-RIZ-ER,  j     given  to  theory  and  speculation. 
The  greatest  Iheonsts  have  ^iven  the  prefereuce  to  such  a  ^o?- 
ertimrnt  as  Uial  of  tliis  kingdom.  Addison. 

THe'O-RIZE,  v.  i.  To  form  a  theory  or  theories  ;  to 
speculate  ;  as,  to  theorize  on  the  existence  of  phlogis- 
ton. 

THe'O-RiZ-ER,  71.    A  theorist. 
THe'O-RIZ-ING,  ppr.    I'orming  a  theory. 
THe'O-RY,  71.    [Fr.  theorie  ;  It.  teoria  ;  L.  theoria  ;  Gr. 
iiMpta,  from  -S-cwotw,  to  see  or  contemplate.] 

1.  Speculation  ;  a  doctrine,  or  scheme  of  things, 
which  terminates  in  speculation  or  contempl.ition, 
without  a  view  to  practice.  It  is  here  taken  in  an 
unfavorable  sense,  as  imjilying  something  visionary. 

2.  An  exposition  of  the  general  principles  of  any 
science  ;  as,  the  theory  of  music. 

3.  The  science  distinguished  from  the  art;  as,  the 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine. 

4.  The  philoso|ihical  explanation  of  phenomena, 
either  physical  or  moral ;  as,  Lavoisier's  theory  of 
combustion  ;  Smith's  theory  of  moral  sentiments. 

Theory  is  distinguished  from  hypothesis  thus :  a 
tAsori/ is  founded  on  inferences  drawn  from  princi- 
ples which  have  been  established  on  independent 
evidence  ;  a  hyjiotliesis  is  a  proposition  assumed  to 
account  for  certain  phenomena,  and  has  no  other  ev- 
idence of  its  truth  than  that  it  aft'urds  a  satisfactory 
explanation  of  those  phenomena.  Olmsted. 
TIlE-O-SOI'll'ie,       )a.    Pertaining  to  tlicosophv. 
TllE-O-SOPiriC-AE,  j  Murdoch. 
THE  O.S'O-PllISM,  II.    [Gr.  Gtns,  God,  and  ainjnaiia, 
comment ;  tjoiJ>o^,  wise.] 

Thi-osophv,  or  a  process  of  it.  Murdoek. 
TIlE-OS'O  PillST,  71.    One  addicted  to  theosophy. 

Murdoch. 

THE-OS'O-PHIZE,  v.  i.    To  practice  Iheo.sophy. 

Murdoch. 

THE-OS'O-PIIV,  71.  [Gr.  0cof,  God,  and  (7.)(/.i.i,  wis- 
dom.] 

Supposed  Intercourse  with  God  and  superior  spirits, 
and  consequent  attainment  of  suprrhuinan  knowl- 
edge, by  physical  processes  ;  as  by  the  theurgic  oper- 
ations of  siune  ancient  Platonists,  or  by  the  chemical 
processes  of  the  German  fire  philosophers.  Murdoch. 
THER-A-PEO'TIC,  n.  [iir.  »inanivTtxoi,  from  Sipa- 
Trtii'.i.  to  nurse,  »ervi%  or  cure.] 

Curative  ;  that  pertains  lo  the  healing  art ;  that  Is 


concerned  in  discovering  and  applying  remedies  for 
diseases. 

Medicine  is  mstlv  distrili>it«(i  iiilo  propliyiactic,  or  die  art  of  pre- 
serving hetUUi,  and  t'lerapeuuc,  or  Uie  an  yl  restoring  it. 

U  alls. 

THER-A-PEO'TieS,  7i.  That  part  of  medicine  which 
respects  the  discovery  and  ap)}lication  of  remedies 
for  diseases.  Therapeutics  teaches  the  use  of  diet 
and  of  medicines.  Cyc. 

2.  A  religious  sect  described  by  Philo.  They  were 
devotees  to  their  religious  tenets. 

THERE,  (thare,)  adv.  [Sax.  tA<£r  ;  Goth,  thar ;  D. 
daar :  Sw.  dar  ;  Dan.  der.  This  word  was  formerly 
used  as  a  pronoun,  as  well  as  an  adverb  of  place. 
Thus,  in  Saxon,  tluerto  was  to  him,  to  her,  or  to  it.] 

1.  In  that  place. 

The  Lord  God  {Planted  a  ^rden  eastward  in  Eden,  and  thtre  he 
pul  itie  man  whom  he  had  torined.  — Gen.  ii. 

2.  It  is  sometimes  opposed  to  Here  ;  there  denoting 
the  place  most  distant. 

Darkness  Iherz  niiglu  well  seem  twilight  here.  Milton. 

3.  Here  and  there ;  in  one  place  and  another ;  as, 
here  a  little,  and  there  a  little. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  exclamation, 
calling  the  attention  to  something  distant ;  as,  Utere, 
there  I  see  there!  look  there.' 

5.  There  is  used  to  begin  sentences,  or  before  a 
verb  ;  sometimes  pertinently,  and  sometimes  with- 
out signification  ;  but  its  use  is  so  firmly  established 
that  it  can  not  be  dispensed  with. 

Wheiever  ihere  is  sense  or  perception,  Uiere  some  idea  u  actually 
produced.  Locke. 

There  li.ive  been  thai  have  delivered  themselves  from  their  ills  by 
their  gooti  lonone  or  virtue.  Suckling. 

And  there  came  a  voice  from  heaven,  saying,  Thou  an  my 
beloved  Son.  —  Mark  i. 

6.  In  composition,  there  has  the  sense  of  a  pronoun, 
as  in  Saxon  ;  as  tliereby,  which  si;(iifies  by  that. 

THERE-A-BOUT',    j  comp.     [there  and  abouU  The 
THERE-A-BOUTS',  j     latter  is  less  proper,  but  most 
commonly  used.] 

1.  Near  that  place.  Shak. 

2.  Nearly  ;  near  that  number,  degree,  or  quantity ; 
as,  ten  men,  or  thereabouts. 

3.  Concerning  that.  [J^'ut  much  used.]  Lukew'w. 
THERE-AFT'ER,  comp.    [there  at\il  ajler.    Sax.  t/ucr- 

a:ftcr,  after  that.] 

1.  According  to  that ;  accordingly. 

When  you  can  draw  the  head  inditTerenlly  well,  prnporlion  the 
botly  thcrea/ter.  Petuliarn. 

2.  After  that.  Spenser. 
THERE-AT',  comp.    [there  and  of.]    At  that  place. 

Wide  is  the  rate,  and  broad  is  ihe  way,  that  leadetli  to  deslrufr 
tion,  ancf  many  there  be  wliicli  go  in  lliereat. —  Matt.  vii. 

2.  At  that ;  at  tliat  thing  or  event ;  on  that  ac- 
.  count. 

Kvery  error  is  a  stain  to  tlie  beauty  of  nature  ;  for  which  cause  it 
bhislieth  thereat.  Hooker. 

THERE-B?',  comp.  [there  and  by.]  By  that ;  by  that 
means  ;  in  consequence  of  that. 

Acijuiiint  now  thyself  with  him,  and  be  at  peace ;  lA^rcfcy  good 
shall  come  unto  thee.  —  Job  xxii, 

THERE  FOR',  comp.  [there  and  for.]  For  that,  or 
this,  or  it. 

THERE'FORE,  (tlier'fore  or  thare'fore,')  eomp.  [there 
and  for.]  For  that ;  for  that  or  this  reason,  referring 
to  something  previously  stated. 

1  have  married  a  wife,  and  Iheie/ore  1  can  not  come.  —  Luke  xiv. 

2.  Consequently. 

He  blushes  ;  tJiere/ore  he  is  guilty.  Spectator. 

3.  In  return  or  recompense  for  this  or  that. 

Whatshill  we  have,  t)ierf/or« .' —  Mall.  xix. 

THERE-FROM',  comp.  [there  and  from.]  From  this 
or  that. 

Turn  nut  aside  Viere/rom  to  the  right  hand  or  to  the  left.  —  Josh, 
xxiii. 

THERE  IN',  comp.  [there  and  in.]  In  that  or  this 
place,  lime,  or  thing. 

Bring  forth  abuiidanUy  in  the  earth  and  multiply  therein.  — 

Ye  shall  keep  the  Sabbatli  —  whosoever  docth  any  work  therein 

—  Iliat  soul  shall  be  cut  oil.  —  Kx.  xxxi. 
TVierein  our  letters  do  not  well  agree.  Sha!:. 

T HERE-IN-TO',  comp.    [tliere  and  into.]    Into  that. 

Bacon. 

THERE-OF',  comp.    [there  and  of.]    Of  that  or  this. 

In  the  day  tliou  eatest  Oiereo/,  tliou  shall  surely  die.  — Gen.  ii. 

THERE  ON',  comp.    [there  and  oti.]    On  that  or  this. 

Then  the  king  said.  Hang  him  thereon.  —  Esther  vii. 

THERE-OUT',  comp.  [(Acre  and  ou(.]  Out  of  that  or 
this.    Lev.  ii. 

TllfiRE-TO',  )  comp.  [(Acre  and  (o,  or  u7i(o.]  To 
THERE-UN-TO',  j     that  or  this. 

Add  the  filth  pan  Iherelo.  —  Ixi.  v. 
THERE-IIN'DER,  eo77ip.    [there  and  under.]  Under 

that  or  this.  Ralegh. 
THERE-UP-ON',eofflp.    [there  and  upon.]    Upon  that 

or  this. 

Tlio  remnant  of  the  house  of  Jnduh,  they  shall  feed  thereupon. 
Zeph.  II. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  MKTE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1144 


THE 

2.  In  consequence  of  tliiit. 

lie  lioprs  10  flnrl  you  forward, 
And  thereupon  ho  Kiiils  you  litis  <;ooiL  iicwi. 


57.0.V. 


Immcdintrly 

TIlEllE-WlilLE',  comp.  [there  and  while.]  At  llie 
same  Mini'.    [Oiis.]  H'ictif. 

TIIEllE-VVlTii',  comp.  [there  nnd  with.]  Willi  that 
or  tills 

I  h:vvo  l»*:\ni«i  in  wliataocvcriUte  I  om,  tttereiritft  to  confnl. 
—  Phil.  W. 

THERE-WITII-AL',  comp.  [(Acre  and  wiW/a/.]  Over 
and  nhoVR. 

2.  At  the  same  time. 

3.  With  tliat.    [Thi.i  word  i.i  obnolc'r.] 

[The  foresoins  com|H)iiiicls  of  there  u  itli  the  prrp- 
osillons  are  for  the  most  part  deemril  iiu  lcjaiit  and 
olisolrte.  Some  of  them,  however,  are  in  gintd  use, 
and  particniarlv  in  the  law  style.] 

THERF'-lUtEAb,  (tlierf'bred,)  n.  fSax.  thurf,  iheorf, 
unfermenled.l 

Unleavened  bread.    [JVnt  in  use.]  Ifidif. 

T[lK'lU-Ae,     I  n.    [L.  theriaca,  Gr.  Smim;,,  tiea- 

THE-RI'A-eA,  i  cle.] 

A  name  "liven  by  the  ancient!^  to  various  rompo- 
sitions  esteemed  cHicaciotis  against  the  effects  of 
poison,  but  afterward  restrained  cliieliy  to  what  lias 
l)epu  called  Theriaca  Androhachi,  or  Venice 
Treacle,  which  is  a  compound  of  sixty-four  ilriiss, 
prepared,  pulverized,  and  reduced  by  means  of  honey 
to  an  electuary.  Cijc. 

TIIk'RI-.A€,       )  a.    Pertaining  to  tlieriac  ;  me'dici- 

THE-RI'AC-AL,  i     nal.  Bacon. 

TIIER'.M.\L, a.  [ L.  Werniic,  warm  baths ;  Gr.St^/fiai, 
from  ^ri,(,t,  to  warm.] 

Pertainini;  to  heat ;  warm  ;  a  term  applied  chiefly 
to  warm  springs  ;  as,  tlwrmal  waters. 

TIIER'.MI  UOR,  n.  [Gr.  ?c(jn  warm.]  Tlie  name 
of  the  mil  month  of  the  French  republican  year, 
comui  'ncini;  .lulv  10,  and  ending  August  17. 

TIIER'.MO-E-I,Ee-TRIC'I-TY,  n.  [Gr.  Swf  and 
electricitif.]    Electricity  developed  by  heat.  Lyell. 

TIIER'MO-GEN,  n.  [Gr.  i'-iinn,  tieat,  and  ytvaf, 
ytioitu'^  to  generate.] 

The  elementary  matter  of  heat ;  caloric;  a  term 
applied  chitrtlv  lo  warm  springs.  Good. 

THEU'.MO-LA'MP.ii.  [Gr.Sc/</iuf,  warm,  from  hp^r], 
huat,  anil  tamp.] 

An  instrument  for  furnishing  light  by  means  of 
inflammable  gas.  '  Med.  Repo^. 

TIIER-.MOM'E  TER,  n.  [Gr.  ^cpiin^,  warm,  from 
Si/./ii/,  heat,  and  nCTimn,  measure.] 

An  instriinient  for  measuring  heat ;  founded  on 
the  property  which  heat  possesses  of  expanding  all 
bodies,  the  rate  or  quantity  of  expansion  being  sup- 
posed proporl'ional  lo  the  degree  nf  heat  applied,  and 
hence  indicating  that  degree.  The  Iherniuineter  in- 
die lies  only  the  sen.<iblc  heat  of  bodies,  and  gi\'es  us 
no  information  respecting  the  quantity  of  latent  heat, 
or  of  combined  heal,  which  those  bodies  may  con- 
tain.   [See  also  Differe.ntial  Ther.mometer.] 

Olnistrd. 

THER-MO-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  tlier- 
niomeler  ;  as,  the  thermomHrical  scale  f>r  tube. 

9.  Made  by  a  therinoineter ;  as,  tliermomclrical  ob- 
servations. 

TIIER-MO-MET'RI€-AI^LY,  ada.  By  means  of  a 
thfrnnmieter. 

TilER'.MO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.5rp/ii),  he.at,and  aKomw, 
to  see. ] 

An  instrumrnt  contrived  by  Count  Riimford  for 
measuring  minute  differences  of  tempeiiitiire.  As 
modified  by  Professor  Leslie,  it  was  afterward  called 
the  Different!  AL  Thehhometer.  Olni.<tpd. 
THER-.\10-SeOP'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  therino- 
scope. 

THER'MO-STAT,n.  [Gr.  ?f(),iof  and  I-Trr,,!).]  A  self- 
acting  physical  apparatus  for  regulating  temperature, 
by  the  unequal  expansion  of  dilTerent  metals  by 
heat.  Ure. 

THER-MO-STAT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  thermo- 
stat. Ure. 

THER-MO-TEN'SION,  n.  [Gr.  drp/ii?,  liot,  and  L. 
tensio,  a  stretching.] 

Litrralhi,  a  stretrhing  hy  heat.  This  word  is  ap- 
plied by  Professor  Johnson  to  a  process  of  increasing 
the  direct  cohesion  of  wrought  iron.  It  consists  in 
heating  the  metal  to  a  determinate  temperature, 
generally  from  5'JO  to  fiOO  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  in 
Ih.at  slate  giving  to  it,  by  appropriate  machinery,  a 
mechanical  strain  or  tension  in  the  directiini  in  which 
the  strength  is  afterward  to  be  exerted.  The  degree 
of  tensile  force  applied  is  determined  befnreliand  by 
trials  on  the  same  quality  of  nielal  at  ordinary  at- 
mospheric temperature,  lo  ascirtain  what  force 
W'ould,  in  th.at  case,  have  been  suHirieiil  lo  break  the 
piece  which  is  lobe  submitted  lo  thermotensioii.  If 
this  process  should  succeed,  it  may  be  of  great  use 
in  giving  strrngth  to  chain  cables. 

TUKSE,  (thee/.,)  pron. ;  pi.  of  Th  IS ;  used  as  an  adjec- 
tive or  substitute.  These  is  opposed  to  those,  as  this 
is  to  iAo£  ;  and  when  two  persons  or  things,  or  col- 
lections of  things,  are  named,  these  refers  to  the 


Till 

things  or  persons  which  are  nearest  in  place  or  or^ 
der,  or  which  are  last  mentioned. 

Somf!  pt.icc  die  bliss  in  nctioil,  some  in  cnrc  ; 

T/iune  cill  il  pleieiiro,  mill  coiili-ntmciit  ihete.  Pope. 

Here  these  is  a  substitute  for  these  persons,  and  for 
the  persons  last  mentioned,  who  place  their  bliss  in 
ease. 

TIIE'SIS,  n.  [I.,  thesis ;  Gr.  Scai{,  a  position,  from 
TtOiifit,  to  set.] 

1.  A  positi(m  or  proposition  which  a  person  ad- 
vances and  offers  to  maintain,  or  which  is  actually 
maintained  by  argument ;  a  theme  ;  a  subject;  par- 
ticularhj,  a  subject  or  proposition  for  a  school  or  uni- 
versity exercise,  or  the  exercise  itself. 

2.  In  lo!;ie,  every  proposition  may  be  divided  into 
thesis  and  hypotkesis.  Thesis  contains  the  thing  af- 
firmed or  denied,  and  hypothesis  the  conditions  of 
the  affirmation  or  negation.  Cije. 

X  In  MK.sic,  the  unaccented  or  unpercussed  part  of 
till?  me.asure,  which  the  Greeks  expressed  by  the 
downward  beat. 

TIlF.S'.MO-Tlir.TE,  n.  [Gr.  $€aii:if>erm.]  A  law- 
giver; a  legislator;  one  of  the  six  inferior  nrchons 

TilES'PI-AN,  a.    [from  Thespis.]  [at  Athens. 

A  term  applied  to  tragic  acting. 

TIIK' TA,  n.    [Gr.  ((.] 

The  unlucky  letter  of  file  Greek  alphabet,  so  called 
from  being  used  by  the  judges  in  passing  condemna- 
tion on  a  prisoner,  it  being  the  first  letter  of  the  Greek 
lli\-nT  i(,  death. 

TllET'ie-AI.,  a.    [from  Gr.  icrticos.    See  Thesis.] 
Laid  down.  More. 

TIIE-lJR'Gie,        (  a.    [from  thcurery.]  Pertaining 

TllE-Ull'Glt'-AL,  i     to  theurgy. 

7'henrrric  htimns;  songs  of  incantation. 

TIIfi'UK-ClS'l",  n.  OiieWhopretends  to  or  isaddicted 
to  theurgy.  JIallywell. 

TIlK'UR-GY,  n.  [Gr.  Seovpyia;  Ocoj,  God,  and 
cpyi'V,  work.] 

Among  the  F.iryptian  Platonists,  an  imaginary 
science  and  art.  As  a  science,  it  was  supposed  to 
have  been  revealed  to  men  by  the  gods  themselves 
in  very  ancient  times,  and  to  have  been  handed 
down  traditionally  by  the  priests.  As  an  art,  it  was 
the  ability,  by  means  of  certain  acts,  habits,  words, 
and  symbols,  of  moving  the  gods  to  impart  to  us 
secrets  which  surpass  the  powers  of  reason,  lo  lay 
open  to  us  the  future,  and  lo  render  llieniselves 
visible.  See  JambLichtis  dc  Mystcriis  F.trijpt,  I.  c. 
21" — 29.  Murdock. 

THEW,  (thu,)  n.    [Sax.  theaw  :  Gr.  tfl.if.] 

1.  Manner;  custom;  habit;  form  of  behavior. 
[JVot  in  nse.]  Spenser, 

2.  Muscle  or  strength.    [JVe(  in  use.]  Shak. 
THEVV'£D,  (tliQde,)a.  Accustomed  ;  educated.  [JVo« 

in  nse.]  Spenser. 
THEY,  (lha,)  pron.  pi. ;  objective  case,  Them.  [Sax. 
tluTf^c:  Goth,  thai,  thaim.] 

1.  Tlie  men,  the  wiuncn,  the  animals,  the  things. 
It  is  never  used  adjectively,  but  always  as  a  pronoun 
referring  to  persons,  or  as  a  substitute  referring  to 
things. 

They  and  their  fnthcra  have  transgressed  against  me.  —  Ezck.  ii. 
They  of  Inly  salute  yon.  —  llelj.  xiti, 

Bk*»aed  are  Oiey  wliicli  do  hunger  and  Ulirst  alter  ri^llteousness. 
—  .MiUt.  V. 

2.  It  i.s  used  indefinitely,  as  our  ancestors  used 
ma",  and  as  the  French  use  on.  'Iliry  say,  (on  dit,) 
that  is,  it  is  said  by  persons  indefinitely. 

Tilt'liLE,  II.  A  slice;  a  skiniiuer;  a  spatula.  [JVot 
in  use,  or  local.]  Minswmrth. 

Tlll(;iv,  a.  [Sax.  thic,  tliieea;  G.  dick,  dicht:  D.  dik, 
di'jl;  Sw.  tiock  ;  Dan.  tyk  and  diirt,  thick,  tight; 
Gael,  and  Ir.  tiwjh:  \V.  roc,  contracted.  See  Glass 
l)g.  No.  :i,  8,  10,  22,  3(i,  ii".  The  sense  is  probably 
taken  from  driving,  forcing  together,  or  pressing.] 

1.  Dense  ;  not  thin  ;  as,  thick  vapors  ;  a  thick  fog. 

2.  Inspissated  ;  as,  the  paint  is  too  thick. 

3.  Turbid  ;  muddy  ;  feculent;  not  clear;  as,  the 
water  of  a  river  is  thick  after  a  rain. 

4.  Noting  the  diameter  of  a  body  ;  as,  a  piece  of 
timber  seven  inches  thick. 

My  Imie  lirtjer  sh.Ul  be  thicker  than  my  father's  loins.  —  I 
Kin^  xii. 

5.  Having  more  depth  or  extent  from  one  surface 
to  its  opposite  than  usual;  as,  a  Uiick  plank;  Uiick 
cloth  ;  (Aic<:  paper. 

(i.  Close  ;  crowded  with  trees  or  other  objects  ;  as, 
a  thick  forest  or  wood  ;  tJiick  grass  ;  UiUIi  corn. 

The  p-  ople  were  ^uhcrrd  Oitck  togellier.  Lock*. 

7.  Frequent ;  following  each  other  in  quick  suc- 
cession.   The  shot  flew  thick  as  hail. 

Wotton. 
Dn/den. 

8.  Set  with  things  close  to  each  other;  not  easily 
pervious. 

Black  was  tlic  forest,  thick  with  beech  it  stood.  Dryden. 

9.  Not  having  due  distinction  of  syllables  or  good 
articulation  ;  as,  a  thick  utterance.  He  speaks  too 
tAifi. 

10.  Dull ;  somewhat  deaf ;  as,  tAici  of  hearing. 

11.  Intimate.    [Kurioiu  dialects.] 


Favors  cinie  tliick  upon  him. 

Not  thicker  tjdluws  \jenl  the  Libyan  main. 


Tin 

THICK,  71.   The  thickest  part,  or  the  time  when  any 
thing  is  thickest. 

la  the  thick  of  the  dust  and  smoke  he  presentlr  entered  ht«  meo. 

KnoUds. 

2.  A  thicket.    [J\'ot  in  use.]  Drayton. 
Thick  and  Utin ;  whatever  is  in  the  way 

Tlirou<j;li  tliick  and  thin  she  followed  him.  HudSrra*. 
THICK,  adv.    Frequently  ;  fast. 

1  liear  the  trampling  of  Odck  beating  feet.  DnjrUn. 

2.  Closely;  as,  a  plat  of  ground  thick  sown. 

J^Torris, 

3.  To  a  great  depth,  or  to  a  thicker  de|)th  than 
usual;  as,  a  bed  covered  tAicA  with  tan;  land  cov- 
ered thick  with  manure. 

Thick  and  threefold;  in  quick  succession,  or  in 
great  numbers.    [JVot  in  u.ie.]  L'ilstrun^e. 
THICK,  V.  i.    To  become  thick  or  dense.    [JVot  used.] 

Spenser. 

TIIICK'KN,  (thik'n,)  r.  (.    [Sax.  fAiecian.] 

1.  To  make  thick  or  dense. 

2.  To  make  close ;  to  fill  up  interstices ;  as,  to 
thicken  cloth. 

3.  To  make  concrete  ;  to  inspissate  ;  as,  to  tliicken 
paint,  mortar,  or  a  liquitJ. 

4.  To  strengthen  ;  to  confirm. 

And  this  may  hrtp  to  thicken  other  proofs,    [Not  uted.\  Shak. 

5.  To  make  frequent,  or  more  frequent ;  as,  to 
thicken  blows. 

C.  To  make  close,  or  more  close;  to  make  more 
nunieroiis  ;  as,  to  thicken  the  ranks. 
THICK'/;N,  (thik'n,)  v.  i.    To  become  thick  or  more 
thick  ;  tt>  become  detisc  ;  as,  the  fog  thickens 

2.  To  become  dark  or  obscure. 


Thy  hisVT  thickent 
When  he  sliiii<'s  by. 


Shak. 


3.  To  concrete  ;  to  be  consolidated  ;  as,  the  juices 
of  plants  thicken  into  wood. 

4.  To  be  inspissated  ;  as,  vegetable  juices  tliicken 
OS  the  more  volatile  parts  are  evaporated. 

5.  To  become  close,  or  more  close  or  numerous. 
The  press  of  people  thickena  to  the  court.  Dryden. 

6.  To  become  quick  and  animated. 

The  combat  tjiiikent.  Addison. 

7.  To  become  more  numerous ;  to  press  ;  to  be 
crowded.  Proofs  of  the  fact  thicken  upon  us  at 
every  step. 

THICK'/i;N-£D,  (thik'nd,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  dense,  or 

more  dense;  made  more  close  or  compact;  made 

nitire  frequent  ;  inspissated. 
THICK'iCN  ING,  ppr.    Making  dense,  or  more  dense, 

more  close,  or  more  frequent ;  inspissating. 
THICK'KN-ING,  n.    Something  put  into  a  liquid  or 

mass  to  make  it  more  thick. 
THICK'ER,  a.  comp.    More  thick. 
THICK'EST,  a.  superl.    Mo.st  thick. 
TIIICK'ET,  n.     A  wood  or  collection  of  trees  or 

shrubs  closely  set;  as,  a  ram  caught  in  a  thicket. 

Gen.  xxii. 

TIlICK'llEAD-ED,(-l;ed-,)a.    Having  a  thick  skull; 

dull  ;  stupid. 
TIIICK'ISII,  a.    Somewhat  thick. 
TIIICK'I.Y,  ai/r.    Deeply  ;  to  a  great  depth.  Boyle. 

2.  Closely  ;  compactly. 

3.  In  quick  succ(^ssion. 

THICK'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  thick  ;  dense- 
.   ness  ;  density  ;  as,  the  thickness  of  fog,  vajxir,  or 
clouds. 

2.  The  state  of  being  concrete  or  inspissated  ; 
consistence  ;  s|)issitiide  ;  as,  the  thickness  of  paint  or 
mortar ;  the  tliickness  of  honey  ;  the  thickness  of  the 
blood. 

3.  The  extent  of  a  body  from  side  to  side,  or  from 
surface  to  surface  ;  as,  the  thickness  of  a  tree  ;  the 
tliickness  of  a  board  ;  the  tliickness  of  the  hand  ;  the 
titiekncss  of  a  layer  of  earth. 

4.  Closeness  of  the  parts  ;  the  state  of  being 
crtiwded  or  near  ;  as,  the  thickness  of  trees  in  a  for- 
est ;  the  thiekncis  of  a  wood. 

5.  The  state  of  being  close,  dense,  or  impcr\'iou8 ; 
as,  the  tliickness  of  shades.  Addison. 

I).  Dullness  of  «hc  sense  of  hearing  ;  want  of 
quickness  or  acuteness  ;  as,  thickness  of  hearing. 

Swift. 

THICK'SET,  a.    [tAicA  and  «ct]    Close  planted  ;  as, 

a  thickset  wot>tl.  Dryden. 
2.  Having  a  short,  thick  body. 
TIIICK'SKI.N',  n.    [thick  and  skin.]    A  coarse,  gross 

person  :  a  blockhead.  F.ntick. 
TIIICK'SKIILL,  n.    [thick  and  skull.]    Dullness  ;  or 

a  dull  person  ;  a  blockhead.  F.ntick. 
THICK'SKULL-/;D,  a.    Dull ;  heavy  ;  stupid  ;  slow 

to  learn. 

THICK'.SPRIING,  a.    [thick  and  sprung.]    Sprung  up 
close  together.  Fntiek.  Shak. 

THIeF,  (theef,)  n.  ;  pi.  Thieves.    fSax.  theof;  Sw. 
finf,  D.  dief;  G.  dieb  :  Goth.  Viiubs    Daw.  tyc.] 
A  person  guilty  of  theft. 

1.  One  who  secretly,  unlawfully,  nnd  feloniously 
takes  the  goods  or  perstmal  properly  of  another. 
The  thief  takes  the  property  of  another  privaU-ly  ; 
the  robber  by  open  force.  Blackstone, 


TO.NE,  BULL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


144 


RRRR* 


1145 


THI 


THI 


THI 


2.  One  who  takes  the  property  of  another  wrong- 
fully, eitlier  secretly  or  by  violence.    Job  xxx. 

A  C('naiu  man  went  ilown  frpni  Jerusalem  to  Jericho,  and  fell 
anion?  iliieveSt  who  slripped  him  of  his  raiment.  —  Luke  X. 

3.  One  who  sediice.s  hy  false  tioctrine.    John  x. 

4.  One  who  makes  it  his  business  to  cheat  and  de- 
fraud i  as,  a  den  of  thieves.   Matt.  xxi. 

5.  An  excrescence  or  waster  in  the  snuff  of  a  can- 
dle. Jlfai/. 

THlKF'-€ATCn-ER,  n.  [thief  and  catch.]  One 
who  catches  thieves,  or  whose  business  is  to  detect 
thieves  and  brinK  them  to  justice. 

THIkF'-LeAD-ER,  n.  [thief  and  lead.]  One  who 
leads,  or  takes  or  leads  away  a  thief.    [JVuf  vnich 

TIUEF'-TaK-ER,  n.  [thief  ani  talceT.]  One  whose 
business  is  to  find  and  take  thieves,  and  bring  them 
to  jjistice. 

TIIIRVE,  (theve,)  V.  i.    To  steal ;  to  practice  theft. 
THIeV'EU-Y,  7i.    The  practice  of  stealing;  theft. 
[See  Theft.] 
Amon  J  the  Spartans,  thievery  v 
honest. 

a  That  which  is  stolen.  Shah. 
THIEVISH,  a.    Given  to  stealing;  addicted  to  the 
practice  of  theft  ;  as,  a  thievish  boy. 

Or  with  a  base  and  Ijoisterous  sword  enforce 

A  thievish  Hviug  on  tlie  common  road.  Shdk. 

2.  Secret ;  sly ;  acting  by  stealth  ;  as,  thievish  min- 
utes. Shak. 

3.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  theft;  as,  a  thievish 
pr.Tctice. 

THIeV'ISH-LY,  adv.  In  a  thievish  manner;  by 
theft. 

THlK  V'ISH-NESS,  n.    The  disposition  to  steal. 

2.  The  practice  or  habit  of  stealing. 
THIGH,  (till,)  71.    [Sax.  tliea-h,  theo,  or  theoh  ;  D.  dye  ; 
G.  dick-bein,  thick-bone.    The  German  explains  the 
word  ;  tJiiirh  is  thick.] 

That  prirt  of  men,  quadrupeds,  and  fowls,  which 
is  between  the  leg  and  the  trunk.    As  the  word  sig- 
nifies, it  is  the  thick  part  of  the  lower  limbs. 
THiGH'-BoNE,  n.    The  bone  of  the  thigh. 
THILK,  peon.    [Sax.  thtlc] 

The  same.    [OAs.]  Spenser, 
THILL,  n.    [Sax.  thil  or  thill.] 

The  shaft  of  a  cart,  pig,  or  other  carriage.  The 
thills  are  the  two  pieces  of  timber  extending  from 
the  body  of  the  carriage  on  each  side  of  tlie;  last 
horse,  by  which  the  carriage  is  supported  in  a  hori- 
zontal position. 
THILL'ER,  )  ji.     The  horse  which  goes  be- 

THILL'-HORSE,  i  twetn  the  thills  or  shafts,  and 
supports  them.    In  a  team,  the  last  horse. 

Ci/c.  Shak. 

THIM'BLE,  (thim'bl,)  re.  [I  know  not  the  origin  or 
primary  sense  of  this  word.  Possibly  it  may  be 
from  iJtumb.    In  Gaelic,  temeheal  is  a  cover.] 

1.  A  kind  of  cap  or  covta  for  the  finger,  usually 
made  of  metal,  used  by  tailors  and  seamstresses  for 
driving  the  needle  through  cloth. 

9.  In  sea  lanintaire,  an  iron  ring  with  a  hollow  or 
groove  round  its  whole  circumference,  to  receive  the 
rope  which  is  spliced  about  it ;  used  to  keep  the  eye 
of  the  rope  from  being  chafed.  Totteiu 

TIIIM'RLE-RIG,  re.  A  sleight  of  hand  trick  played 
with  three  small  cups,  shaped  like  thimbles,  and  a 
small  ball. 

THI.ME.    See  Thyme. 

THIN,  n.  [Snx.  Uunn,  thynn  ;  G.  diinn  ;  D.  dun;  Sw. 
titnn  ;  Dun.  tynd ;  W.  tenaUy  teneu  j  L.  tenuis  ;  Gaelic, 
tanadh  ;  Russ.  toiikei.  (in.  Gr.  orti/yj,  narrow.  It 
appears  to  be  connected  with  W.  ten,  tan,  stretched, 

extended,  Gr.  Tctnoi.    Qu.  Ar.  wadana.  In 

sense  it  is  allied  to  Syr.  Heb.  Ch.  and  Eth.  |Bp,  hut  I 
know  not  whcthei  the  first  consonant  of  this  word 
is  a  prefix.    See  Class  I)n,  No.  12,  25.] 

1.  Having  little  thickness  or  extent  from  one  sur- 
face to  the  opposite  ;  as,  a  thin  plate  of  metal ;  tliin 
paper;  a  thin  board  ;  a  thin  covering. 

2.  Rare  ;  not  dense  ;  applied  to  fluids  or  soft  mix- 
tures ;  as,  tJiin  blood  ;  thin  milk  ;  thin  air. 

In  the  day  when  the  air  is  more  tltin.  Bacon. 

3.  Not  close  ;  not  crowded  ;  not  filling  the  space  ; 
not  having  the  individuals  that  compose  the  thing  in 
a  close  or  compact  state  ;  as,  the  trees  of  a  forest  are 
thin  ;  the  corn  or  grass  is  thin.  A  thin  audience  in 
church  is  not  uncommon.  Important  legislative 
business  shi.iilil  not  be  transacted  in  a  Utin  house. 

4.  Not  full  or  well  grown.  ' 

S.  v.-n  lAin  earn. —Gen.  ill. 

5.  Slim  ;  small  ;  sleniler  ;  lean.  A  person  becomes 
tAin  by  disease.    Home  animals  are  naturally  Viin. 

0.  Exile;  small;  fine;  not  full. 

Thin,  hollow  lounds,  and  lam«ntahlc  icreamt.  Drytltn. 

7.  Not  thick  or  close  ;  of  a  loose  texture  ;  not  im- 
pervious to  the  ciptil ;  as,  a  lliin  vail. 

8.  ,\dt  crowded  or  well  stocked  ;  not  abounding. 

Kerram  U  very  larjfr,  bnl  eiiremely        of  p-ople,  Atldiwn. 


9.  Slight ;  not  sutlicient  for  a  covering ;  as,  a  thin 
disguise. 

THIN,  adv.    No'  thickly  or  closely;  in  a  scattered 

state ;  as,  seed  sown  thin. 

Spain  is  thin  sown  of  people.  Bacon. 
THIN,  1).  «.    [Sax.  thinnian ;  Russ.  tonyu;  L.  tenuo. 

See  Attenuate.] 

1.  To  make  thin  ;  to  make  rare  or  less  thick ;  to 
attenuate  ;  as,  to  thin  the  blood. 

2.  To  make  less  close,  crowded,  or  numerous  ;  as, 
to  thin  the  ranks  of  an  enemy  ;  to  thin  the  trees  or 
shrubs  of  a  thicket. 

3.  To  attenuate  ;  to  rarefy ;  to  make  less  dense ; 
as,  to  thin  the  air ;  to  thin  the  vapors. 

TIIIN'-OUT,  V.  i.    In  geoloiry,  strata  are  said  to  thin 

out  when  they  gradually  diminish  in  thickness  until 

tliev  disappear.  Brande. 
THL\"-SKIN-N£D,  a.    Having  a  thin  skin  ;  hence, 

unduly  sensitive. 
THiNE,  pronominal  adj.    [Goth,  theins,  tlieina:  Sax. 

thin  ;  G.  dein  ;  Fr.  tien ;  probably  contracted  from 

tlii<jen.    See  Thou.] 
Thy;  belonging  to  thee;  relating  to  thee;  being 

the  property  of  thee.    It  was  formerly  used  for  thy, 

before  a  vowel. 

Then  thou  mayest  eat  grapes  thy  fill,  at  thine  own  pleasure.  — 
Deul.  xxii. 

But  in  common  usage,  thy  is  now  used  before  a 
vowel  in  all  cases. 

The  principal  use  of  thine  now  is  when  a  verb  is 
interposed  between  this  word  and  the  noun  to  which 
it  refers.  I  will  not  take  any  thing  that  is  thine. 
Thine  is  the  kingdom,  and  tho  power,  and  the 
glory. 

In  the  following  passage,  thine  m  used  ai  a  substi- 
tute for  thy  ri^lUeousness. 

I  will  make  mention  of  thy  righteousness,  e?2n  of  thins  on\y.  — 
Ps.  Ixxi. 

In  some  cases  it  is  preceded  by  the  sign  of  the 
possessive  case,  like  nouns,  and  is  then  also  to  be 
considered  as  a  substitute. 

If  any  o/  Vdne  be  driven  out  to  the  utmost  parts  of  he.aven.  — 
Deut.  XXX. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  thine,  like  thou,  is  used  only 
in  the  solemn  style.  In  familiar  and  common  lan- 
guage, your  and  yours  are  always  used  in  the  singular 
number  as  well  as  the  plural. 
THING,  71.  [Sax.  thing,  a  thing,  a  cause  ;  for  his 
thingon,  for  his  cause  or  sake  ;  also,  thing,  and  ge- 
thing,  a  meeting,  council,  or  convention  ;  thingan, 
tliingian,  to  hold  a  meeting,  to  plead,  to  supplicate  ; 
thingere,  an  intercessor  ;  thingung,  intercession  ;  G. 
ding,  a  thing,  a  court;  dingen,  to  go  to  law,  to  hire 
or  linggle  ;  Dingstag,  Tuesday,  (thing's  day  .)  beding, 
condition,  clause  ;  dedingen,  to  agree,  to  bargain  or 
contract,  to  cheapen  ;  D.  ding,  thing,  business  ;  din- 
gen, to  plead,  to  attempt,  to  cheapen  ;  dingbunk,  the 
bar ;  dingdagen,  session-days ;  dinger,  dingster,  a 
pleader  ;  dingtaal,  plea  ;  Dingsdag,  Tuesday  ;  beding, 
condition,  agreement ;  bedingen,  to  condition  ;  Sw. 
ting,  thing,  cause,  also  a  court,  assizes  ;  tinga,  to 
hire,  bargain,  or  agree  ;  Dan.  ting,  a  thing,  affair, 
business,  case,  a  court  of  justice  ;  tinger,  to  strike  up 
a  bargain,  to  haggle  ;  tingbog,  records  of  a  court, 
{thing-book  ,)  tingdag,  the  court  day,  the  assizes  ; 
tinn-AoW,  jurisdiction  ;  ti«o-7«<E;id,  jurors,  jury,  {thing- 
men;)  tinrrsag,  a  cause  or  suit  at  law,  {thing- 
sake.)  The  primary  sense  of  tiling,  is  that  which 
comes,  falls,  or  happens,  like  event,  from  L. 
cvcnio.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root,  which  is  ti> 
or  thig,  is  to  press,  urge,  drive,  or  strain,  and  hence 
its  application  to  courts,  or  suits  at  law  ;  a  seeking 
of  right.  We  observe  that  Dingsday,  Dingdag,  in 
some  of  the  dialects,  signifies  Tuesday,  and  this  from 
the  circumstance  that  that  day  of  the  week  was,  as  it 
still  is  in  some  states,  the  day  of  ojiening  courts  ; 
i\\;\t  i'A,  litigation  day,  OT  suitors' day,  a  day  of  striv- 
ing for  justice;  or  perhaps  combat  day,  l\\e  day  of 
trial  by  battle.  This  leads  to  the  unfoUiing  of  anoth- 
er ftict.  Among  our  ancestors.  Tig,  or  Tiig,  was  the 
name  of  the  deity  of  combat  and  war,  the  Teutonic 
Mars;  that  is,  strife,  combat  deified.  This  word  was 
contracted  into  tiw  or  tu,  and  hence  Titoes-dwg  or 
Tues-dag,  Tuesday,  the  day  consecrated  to  Tiig,  the 
god  of  war.  liiit  it  seems  this  is  merely  the  day  of 
commencing  court  and  trial  ;  litigation  day.  This 
Tiig,  the  god  of  war,  is  strife,  and  this  leads  us  to  the 
root  of  thing,  which  is,  to  drive,  urge,  .strive.  Sorc.<, 
in  Latin,  is  connected  with  rcu.<,  accused.  For  words 
of  like  signification,  sec  Sake  antl  Cai'se.] 

1.  An  event  or  action  ;  that  which  happens  or  falls 
out,  or  that  which  is  dune,  told,  or  proposed,  'i'his 
is  tho  general  signification  of  the  word  in  the  Scrip- 
lures  ;  as,  sifter  these  things,  that  is,  events. 

And  the  thing  wiis  very  ^riL'Vous  in  Abraham's  sight,  because  of 


iilss 


-Gei 


1'hen   I.Lit>.in  and  lUrlliuel  nnawered  and  said,  The  Otirig  pro. 

cedeth  from  the  Lord.— Uen.  x»i». 
And  Jarot)  said,  Alt  these  thing*  are  acainst  me. —  Gen.  xtii. 
!  will  ti'lt  yon  liy  wlint  atilhority  I  do  these  things.  —  Malt.  xxl. 
'I'hese  tilings  said  hls.il.ia  when  he  saw  his  glory.  —  John  xii. 
Ill  teaming  Fnfiich,  choose  tuch  books  OS  will  teach  yun  things 

aj  well  as  laiitfiijge.  Jay  to  LtlUejtage.  I 


2.  Any  substance  ;  that  which  is  created  ;  any 
particular  article  or  commodity. 

He  sent  after  this  manner  ;  ten  asses  ladeu  with  the  good  things 

ol  Eirypt.  —  G-n.  xlii. 
They  took  the  Viinga  which  Micah  had  made.  —  Judges  xviii. 

3.  An  animal ;  as,  every  living  thing ;  every  creep- 
ing thing.     Oen.  i. 

[  Thi^  application  of  the  word  is  improper,  but  common 
in  popular  and  vulgar  langnage,] 

4.  A  portion  or  part ;  something. 

Wicked  men  who  understand  any  thing  of  wisdom.  TiUotson. 

5.  In  contempt. 

I  have  a  thing  in  prose.  Sisift. 

6.  Used  of  persons  in  contempt  or  disparagement. 

See,  sons,  what  tilings  you  are.  Shak. 
Tlie  poor  thing  si^h  d.  Addison. 
I'll  be  this  abject  tJting  no  more.  Cranoitie. 

7.  L^sed  in  a  sense  of  honor. 


I  see  thee  here, 
Thou  noble  Uiing  I 


Shak. 


8.  Things,  pi. ;  clothes.  [Colloquial.] 

Waller  Scott. 

THINK,  t).  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Thought,  (thatit.) 
[Sax.  thincan,  thcncan  ;  Goth,  thagkyan  ;  Sw.  tycka 
and  tatika;  Dan.  tijkker  and  ttenker ;  D.  denken,  lo 
think,  and  gcdagt,  thought ;  G.  denken,  to  think,  and 
geddchtniss,  remembrance;  gedanke,  thought;  nach- 
dcnken,  to  ponder  or  meditate  ;  Gr.  S  iKtoi ;  Syr.  and 
Ch.  pn  ;  allied  to  L.  duco.  We  observe  71  is  casual, 
and  omitted  in  the  participle  thought.  The  sense 
seems  to  be,  to  set  in  the  mind,  or  to  draw  out,  as  in 
meditation.    Class  Dg,  No.  9.J 

1.  To  h.ive  tlie  minil  occupied  on  some  subject ;  to 
have  ideas,  or  to  revolve  ideas  in  the  mind. 

For  that  1  am 

I  know,  because  I  tliink.  Dryden. 
These  are  not  matters  to  be  slightly  thought  on.  TUtotson. 

2.  To  judge  ;  to  conclude  ;  to  hold  as  a  settled  opin- 
ion, f  think  it  will  rain  to-morrow.  I  tliiuk  it  not 
best  to  proceed  on  our  journey. 

Let  them  marry  to  whom  they  think  best.  —  Num.  xxxvi. 

3.  To  intend. 

Thou  tlio'ight'st  to  help  me.  Shak. 
I  Utought  to  promote  thee  unto  ^at  honor.  — Num.  xxiv. 

4.  To  imagine  ;  to  suppose ;  to  fancy. 

Edmund,  I  think,  is  gone  » 
In  pitv  of  his  iiiisL-ry,  to  dispatch 

His  'n'ighted  life.  ShaJt. 
Let  him  that  thinketh  he  stondeth,  Lake  heed  lest  he  fall.  —  I 
Cor.  X. 

5.  To  muse  ;  to  meditate. 

While  Peter  thought  on  the  vision.  —  Acts  x. 

Think  much,  speak  little.  Dryden. 

6.  To  reflect ;  to  recollect  or  call  to  mind. 

And  when  Peter  thought  th.'reun,  he  wept.  —  Mark  xiv. 

7.  To  consider;  to  deliberate.  Think  how  this 
thing  could  happen. 

He  titought  within  himself,  saying,  What  sh.all  I  do  ?  —  Luke  xn. 

8.  To  presume. 

Think  not  to  sav  within  youi^lvcs,  We  have  Abraham  to  ottr 
father.  —  Mall.  iii. 

9.  To  believe  ;  to  esteem. 

To  think  on  or  upon  :  to  muse  on  ;  to  medit.ate  on. 
If  theif  lie  anv  virtue,  if  there  be  any  praise,  think  on  'Jiese 
things.  —  Phil.  iv. 

2.  To  light  on  by  meditation.  He  has  just  thought 
on  an  expedient  tliat  will  answer  the  purpose. 

3.  To  remember  with  favor. 

77i(ttj!:  upon  me,  my  God,  for  good.  —  Neh.  v. 
To  think  of;  to  have  ide.as  come  into  the  mind. 
He  thought  of  what  you  told  him.    I  would  h.ave 
sent  the  books,  but  I  did  not  think  of  it. 

To  think  well  of;  to  hold  in  esteem ;  to  esteem. 
THINK,  V.  t.    To  conceive  ;  to  imagine. 

Charity  thinketh  no  evil.  —  1  Cor.  xiii. 

2.  To  believe  ;  to  consider  ;  to  esteem. 

Nor  think  superfluous  others'  aid.  ^ftlton. 

3.  To  seem  or  appear,  as  in  the  phrases,  me  think- 
eth or  metliinlcs,  and  metliought.  These  are  genuine 
Saxon  phrases,  etpiivalcnt  to  it  seems  to  me,  it  seemed 
tome.  In  these  expressions,  me  is  actually  in  the 
dative  case  ;  almost  the  only  instance  remaining  in 
the  language.  Sax.  genoh  thuht,"  satis  visum  est^ 
it  appiared  enough  or  sufficient;  "me  OiinrXA,"  mihi 
vidctur,  it  seems  to  me  ;  I  perceive. 

To  think  much  ;  to  grudge. 

He  thought  not  much  lo  olothe  his  enemies.  Milton. 
To  think  much  of;  to  hold  in  high  esteem. 
To  think  scorn  ;  to  di.sdain.    Esih.  iii. 
THINK'ER,  n.    One  who  thinks;  but  chiefly,  one 
who  thinks  in  a  particular  manner  ;  as,  a  close 
tliinker  ;  a  deep  thinlicr  ;  a  coherent  thinker. 

Locke.  Swift. 

THINK'ING,  ppr.     Having  ideas;  supposing;  judg- 
ing; imngiiiiiig:  intending;  iniditating. 

9.  fl.  Having  the  fatiilly  of  thought  ;  cogitative; 
capable  of  n  regular  train  of  ideas.  Man  is  a  tAin*- 
ing  being. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T,  — METE,  PttBY.-PINE,  MARINE.  BIRU.-N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  nOQK-- 
1146  ~  ■  ~ 


THI 

IHINK'ING,  n.    Imagination  ;  cogitation  ;  judjinent. 

1  lii'Vinl  A  Itinl  no  ainp, 
Whose  music,  to  my  Utinking,  plumt^-il  Ui<:  kiiijj.  Sliak. 

TIIINK'IN(M-Y,  ai/ti.    Hy  tliousht. 

TIIIN'LY,  aih'.    [from  (Aiii  ]     In  a  loose,  scattercil 

manner ;  not  thickly  ;  as,  p'rotinil  tliinly  planted  with 

trees  ;  a  country  tliinlij  inliabitoil. 
TlllN'NKI),  pp.    Made  thin  ;  made  rare  or  less  thick. 
TIIIN'NKSJ^,  «.    The  state  of  lieins  thin  ;  smalliicss 

of  extent  from  one  side  or  surface  to  tlio  opposite  ; 

as,  tlie  Utinnrss  of  ice  ;  the  titinncss  of  a  plate ;  the 

thinnesx  of  the  skin. 
9.  Tenuity  ;  rareness ;  as,  the  thinness  of  air  or 

other  fhiid. 

3.  A  state  approaching  to  fluidity,  or  even  fluidity  ; 
opposed  to  SrissiTUuE  ;  as,  the  Uiiiincss  of  honey,  of 
wliiteivash,  or  of  paint. 

4.  Exility  ;  as,  the  iJiinness  of  a  point. 

5.  Rareness  ;  a  scattered  state  ;  paucity ;  as,  the 
thinness  of  trees  in  a  forest ;  the  thinness  of  inhahit- 
nnts. 

TIIIN'NING,  ppr.  Making  thin,  rare,  or  less  thick; 
altenuating. 

THIRD,  rihurd,)  a.  [Sav.  thridila  ;  Goth,  thridija  ;  G. 
dritle;  1).  dtrdr ;  S»'.  and  Dan.  tredie;  Fr.  tiers;  L. 
tcrtiits ;  Gr.  rojru,  ;  V\'.  tnjdij.] 

Tlie  first  after  the  second  ;  the  ordinal  of  three. 
The  third  hour  in  the  day,  among  the  ancients,  was 
nine  o'clock  in  the  uiorning. 

Third  estate,  in  the  British  nalinn,  is  the  commons  ; 
or,  in  the  legislature,  the  liouse  of  commons. 

Third  orller,  aiming  the  Roman  Cathnlics,  is  a  sort 
of  religions  order  attached  to  the  Franciscans,  Car- 
nii'lites,  &.r.,  composed  of  associates,  not  bound  by 
vows,  hut  conforming,  to  a  certain  extent,  to  tlie 
gem  ral  designs  of  the  order.  Bninde. 

Third  point,  or  tierce  point ;  in  arekitectnre,  the  point 
of  section  in  the  vertex  of  an  equilateral  triangle. 

Cijc. 

Tliird  rate,  in  navies.  A  third-rate  ship  carries 
from  (14  to  SO  guns. 

Third  sound,  in  musir.    Pee  the  noun  Tninn. 
THIRD,  (ihurd,)  h.    The  third  part  of  any  tiling.  A 
man  takes  laiul  and  tills  it  for  one  third  of  tlio  prod- 
uce, the  owner  taking  two  thirds. 

2.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  second  of  time. 

3.  In  musir,  an  interval  containing  three  diatonic 
sounds  ;  the  major,  coni|)osed  of  two  tones,  called  by 
the  Greeks  Ditomk,  and  the  minor,  called  IIemidi- 
TOK£,  consisting  of  a  tone  and  a  half. 

Roiisscan.  Busby. 
THIRD'-IIOR-OUGH,  (thurd'bur-ro,)  n.     [third  and 
borou^rh.] 

An  under  constable.  Johnson. 

THIRD'I.N'GS,  H.  />/.  The  third  part  of  the  corn  or 
grain  growing  on  the  around,  at  the  ti  uaiit's  death, 
due  to  the  lord  for  a  heriot,  within  the  manor  of  Tur- 
fat  in  Herefordshire.  Ci/c. 

THIRD'LY,  a>/f.    In  the  third  place.  Bacon. 

THIRDS,  (ihurdz,)  ».  pi.  The  tliiril  part  of  the  estate 
of  u  dece:i.sed  husband,  which,  by  law,  the  widow 
is  entitled  to  enjoy  during  her  life.    JVcw  England, 

THIRL,  (thurl,)  o.  U    [Sax.  tliirlian.] 

To  bore ;  to  perforate.  It  is  now  written  Drill 
and  Thrii  l.    [t'ec  these  words,  and  see  Nostril.] 

THIRL' AGE,  (thurl'aje.)  71.  In  EnsHih  customs,  the 
right  which  the  owm  r  of  a  mill  possesses,  hy  contract 
or  law,  to  compel  the  tenants  of  a  certain  district  to 
bring  all  their  grain  to  his  mill  for  grinding.  Cue. 

THIRST,  (thurst,)  n.  [Sax.  thurst,  thijrst;  G.  </iir,«(  ,• 
I).  di>r,.t ;  Sw.  (or.«J;  Dan.  (or.vf,  from  for,  dry;  tHr- 
rcr,  to  dry,  I),  dorren,  h.  torreo,  Sw.  torka.] 

1.  A  painful  sensation  of  the  throat  or  fauces,  oc- 
casioned by  the  want  of  drink. 

WhenYore  is  it  th;tt  tlioii  hnst  broii^lit  us  out  of  Kgypt,  to  kill  m, 
aiitl  our  ctiiiilrei),  and  our  &\lt[i>i  wuli  thiret  i  —  Kx.  xvii. 

2.  A  vehement  desire  of  drink.    Ps.  civ. 

3.  A  want  and  eager  desire  after  any  thing. 

Thirst  of  worltUy  ffood.  Fnirftix. 
Thirat  of  knowii'dge.  MUton. 
Thirst  lit  pr.iiw*.  GranviUe. 
Ttdrst  .u'icr  h.xppincss.  Cftct/ne. 

But  for  is  now  more  generally  used  after  tJtirst; 
as,  a  f/iir..f  for  worldly  honors  j  a  tJtirst  /ur^raise. 

4.  Dryness ;  drought. 

-         Til?  mpiil  curn-nt,  tliroii^i  vrins 
Of  i»rous  f'xrth  with  kindly  thirst  updniwn, 
Kose  i\  trv9h  founUiii.  ARJton, 
THIRST,  (thurst,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  thiirstan;  D.  dorsten; 
G.  dursten  :  Sw.  tbrsta  ;  Dan.  forafer.] 

1.  To  experience  a  painful  sensation  of  the  throat 
or  fauces,  for  want  of  drink. 

Thi*  people  thirsted  tliere  for  water.  —  Ex.  x»ii. 

2.  To  have  a  vehement  desire  for  any  thing. 

My  soul  ihirsisth  for  the  living  God.  — P».  xllt. 
THIRST,  V.  t.   To  want  to  drink  ;  as,  to  thirst  blood. 

[Aof  Engthh.]         .  Prior. 
TIIIRST'ER.  n.    One  who  thirsts. 
T11IRST'1-I>,  ado.    In  a  thirslv  manner. 
TIlIRST'I-NdSS,  n.    [from  thirstij.]     The  state  of 

being  thirsty  ;  thirst.  IVoUon. 
THIRST'ING,  opr.    Feeling  pain  for  want  of  drink  j 

having  eager  clesire. 


THI 

TIIIRST'Y,  a.    [from  thirst.]    Feeling  a  painful  sen- 
sation of  the  tliroat  or  fauces,  for  want  of  drink. 

Give  Ml'-  n  littlo  wnter,  fur  1  ftiu  thirsty.  — Ju'l<"a  i». 
I  wiui  tliirsty,  mul  yo  f ave  iiic  uu  drnik.  —  iM.iU.  XXV, 

2.  Very  dry  ;  having  no  moisture  ;  parched. 

The  thirsty  huid  Bind]  become  springs  of  water.  —  U.  xxxv. 

3.  Having  a  vehement  desire  of  any  thing  ;  as,  in 
blood-(Ai>.</j/.        xliv.  Ixv. 

TIIIR'  I'EICN,  (thur'teeu,)  a.    [Sax.  threottijne ;  thret 
and  fen  ;  Sw.  tritton  ;  (!.  dretjzehn  ;  I),  dertien.] 
Ten  and  three  ;  as,  thirteen  times. 

TIlBi'TEEiNTH,  (tliiir'teenth,)  «.  [Supra.]  The 
third  after  the  tenth  ;  the  ordinal  of  thirteen  ;  as, 
the  Ihirlrrnlh  day  of  the  nioiilli. 

TllIR"ri:K.NTII,'(lhiir'teentli,)  7i.  In  music,  an  inter- 
val fiirmiiig  the  octave  of  the  sixth,  or  sixth  of  the 
octave.  Busbxj. 

TIIIR'TI  ETII,  (thiir'te-eth,)  a.  [from  thirty;  Sax. 
thrittijfotha.] 

The  teulli  threefidd  ;  the  ordinal  of  tliirty  j  as,  the 
thirtieth  day  of  the  month. 
TIIIR'TY,  (thur'te,)  a.    [Sax.  Ihrittis ;  G.  dreissig ; 
D.  dertiir.] 

Thrice  ten  ;  ten  three  times  repeated  ;  or  twenty 
and  ten.  The  month  of  June  consists  o{  thirty  days  ; 
Joseph  was  thirty  years  old  when  he  stood  before 
Pharaoh. 

THIS,  driinitire  adjective,  or  substitute;  pi.  These. 
[Sax.  this;  Dan.  pt.  disse ;  Sw.  dessa,  desse ;  G.  das, 
dcssen  :  I),  dceze,  dit.] 

1.  This  is  a  definitive,  or  definitive  adjective,  de- 
noting .something  that  is  present  or  near  in  place  or 
time,  or  soinetliiiig  just  mentioned.  Is  this  your 
youngi'r  brotlicr.'  VVhat  trespass  is  this  which  ye 
liave  comiiiitted  ? 

Who  did  l/un  nmii  or  his  p;xrenls,  that  he  w.aii  bom  blind — 
Jolui  ix. 

When  tliey  heaitl  tjiis,  they  were  pricked  to  the  lietirt.  —  Acts  ii. 
In  the  latter  passage,  this  is  a  substitute  for  what 
had  preceded,  viz.,  the  discourse  of  Peter  just  deliv- 
ered.   In  like  manner,  fAiioflon  represents  a  word,  a 
sentence,  or  clause,  or  a  series  of  sentences  or  events. 

In  some  cases,  it  refers  to  what  is  future,  or  to  be 
immediately  related. 

But  know  this,  that  if  tho  good  man  of  the  house  had  known  in 
what  watch  tlie  thief  would  come,  he  would  have  watched, 
and  would  not  have  tulleicd  his  iiouse  to  be  broken  up.  — 
Matt.  xxiv. 

Here  this  refers  to  the  whole  subsequent  member 
of  the  sentence. 

2.  By  thii,  is  used  elliptically  for  by  tliis  time ;  as, 
by  Uiis  the  mail  has  arrived. 

3.  77iw  is  used  with  words  dtuioting  time  past ;  as, 
I  have  taken  no  snutf  for  this  mouth  ;  and  ol^en  with 
plural  words.    I  have  not  wept  this  forty  years. 

In  this  case,  this,  in  the  singular,  refers  to  the 
whole  term  of  time  or  period ;  (Ai*  period  of  forty 

4.  This  is  opposed  to  Uiat.  [years. 

This  way  .".nil  that  tlie  wavering  sails  they  bend.  Pope. 
A  body  of  tJtis  or  tjuit  deiiomiu  ition  is  produced.  Boyle. 

This  and  tliat,  in  this  use,  denote  difl'erenco  indef- 
initely. 

5.  When  this  and  tliAt  refer  to  diflerent  things  be- 
fore ex|iressed,  this  refers  to  the  thing  la.st  men- 
tioned, and  that  to  the  thing  first  mentioned.  [See 
These.] 

Their  Judgement  in  this  we  may  not,  and  in  that  we  need  not, 
follow.  hooker. 

6.  It  is  sometimes  opposed  to  other. 

Consider  the  ar<runients  which  the  author  had  to  write  this,  or  to 
design  the  other,  bofon?  you  arr.ugn  him,  Dryden. 

THIS'TLE,  (this'l,)  n.  [Sax.  thistel ;  G.  and  D.  distel; 
Sw.  lisUl.] 

The  common  name  of  numerous  prickly  plants  of 
the  class  Syngenesia,  and  several  genera  ;  as  the 
common  corn  thistle,  or  Canada  thistle  ;  the  spear 
thistle;  the  milk  thistle,  of  the  genus  Carduus  ;  the 
blessed  thistle,  of  the  genus  Ceiitaurea  ;  the  globe 
thistle,  of  the  genus  Ecliinops  ;  the  cotton  thistle,  of 
the  genus  Onopordon  ;  and  the  sow  thi.stle,  of 
the  genus  Sonchiis.  The  name  is  also  given  to  other 
prickly  plants  not  of  the  class  Syngenesia ;  as  the 
fuller's  thistle  or  tea.«cl.  of  the  genus  Dipsacus,  and 
the  melon  thistle,  and  torch  thistle,  of  the  genus 
Melocactus.  Lee.  Biselow. 

One  species  of  thistle  (Carduus  arvensis)  grows 
in  fields  among  grain,  and  is  extremely  troulile.some 
to  farmi'rs.  Itiscallcdiu  America  the  Ca.iao*  This- 
tle, as  it  first  appeareil  in  Canaila,  where  it  was  prob- 
ably introduced  from  France,  as  it  abounds  in  Nor- 
mandy, and  al.so  in  England.  A  larger  species  in 
America  (Carduus  lanceolaliis)  is  indigenous,  but 
it  spreads  slowly,  and  gives  no  trouble. 

Thorns  also  and  thistles  thai]  it  brin^  forth  to  thee.  —  Gen.  iil. 

The  thistle  is  the  national  emblem  of  Scotland. 

Brande. 

THIS'TLY,  (this'ly,)  a.    Overgrown  with  thistles ; 

as,  thL^iht  ground. 
TIIITH'ER,  adv.    [Sax.  tiiider,  thtider.] 
1.  To  that  place  ;  opposed  to  Hither. 

This  city  is  near :  O,  let  me  escape  thither. — Gen.  xix. 
Where  I  am,  thither  ye  c-Ui  not  come.  —  John  vii. 


THO 

2.  To  that  end  or  point. 

Uithrr  and  thither ;  to  this  place  and  to  that ;  one 
wav  and  another. 
THlTU'ER-'rO,  aJu.    To  that  [loint ;  so  far.    [Aot  in 

use.] 

Tlll'f  H'ER-WARD,  adv.  [UuUier  and  ward.]  To- 
ward that  place. 

They  shall  ask  the  way  to  Zion,  with  Iheir  facet  thit/nrward.  — 
Jer.  I. 

TIIO  ;  a  contraction  of  Tnot/aH.   [See  Thoi  oh.] 
2.  TAo,  for  Sa.x.  tAonne,  then.    [ JVbt  in  ii.«e.  ] 

iSpenser. 

TIIOLE,  n.  [Sax.  tJtol ;  Ir.  and  Gaelic,  data,  a  pin  or 
peg.] 

1.  .\  pin  inserted  into  tho  gunwale  of  a  boat,  to 
keep  the  oar  in  tho  row-lock,  when  used  in  rowing. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  The  pin  or  handle  of  a  scvthe-snath. 
THOLE,  I'.  (.    [Sax.  tholian  ;  Goth,  t'lulan ;  G.  and 

D.  dulden  ;  Sw.  tola;  L.  tollo,  tolero.] 
To  bear ;  to  endure  ;  to  undergo.  [Oii«.] 

Oower. 

THOLE,  p.  t.    [Supra.]    To  wait.  [Local.] 

THOLE,  71.    [L.  tholus.] 

The  roof  of  a  temple.    [JVot  used,  or  local.] 

THOL'O-IiATE,  71.  [Gr.  ioXof  ami  liatv''  ,  i')aa,(.] 
The  substructure  on  which  a  dome  or  cupola  rests  ; 
a  term  pro[>osed  by  Mr.  Hosking.    Gloss,  of  Jlrchit. 

THO-.M/E'.AN,  j  71.    A  name  given  in  Europe  to  the 

THO'MITE,  (  ancient  church  of  Christians  estab- 
lished on  the  Malabar  coast  of  India,  and  thought  to 
have  been  originally  founded  by  St.  Thomas. 

Brande. 

TIIo'MA-rsM,  j  71.  The  doctrine  of  Pt.  Thoin.as  .Aqui- 
TllO'MIS.M,     j     n.ts  with  respect  to  predestination 
and  gr:ice. 

TIIo'.MlST,  71.  A  follower  of  Thoma.s  Aquinas,  in 
tipposilion  In  the  Scotists. 

THO.M'SON-ITE,  (tom'suu-,)  71.  [from  r/iom.wn.]  A 
mineral  of  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  generally  in 
mas.-ies  of  a  radiated  structure,  and  glassy  or  vitreous 
luster.  It  consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  with 
some  soda,  and  14  ptT  cent,  of  water. 

The  mineral  Comptonite  is  identical  with  this  spe- 
cies. Dana. 

THONG,  71.    [Sax.  thwans.] 

A  strap  of  leather,  used  for  fastening  any  thing. 

And  nails  for  loosened  spears,  and  thongs  for  iliields,  provide. 

Oryilen. 

THOR,  71.  In  Scandinavian  mytholotri/,  the  son  of  Odin 
and  Freya,  and  tho  deity  that  presitled  over  all  mis- 
chievous spirits  in  the  elements.  This  deity  was 
consideretl  the  god  of  thunder.  From  his  name, 
Tkor,  we  have  Thursday,  and  from  his  attribute  as 
god  of  thunder,  the  Germans  have  their  Donnersta:;. 
f  See  Thch^da v.]  Brattde. 

TIlO-RAC'ie,  (tho-ras'ik,)  a.    [L.  (Aoror,  the  breast.] 
Pertaining  to  the  thorax  or  breast;  as,  the  thoracic 
arteries.  Core. 

The  thoracic  duct,  is  the  trunk  of  the  ab.sorbent 
vessels.  It  runs  up  along  the  spine  from  the  recep- 
tacle of  the  chyle  to  the  left  subclavian  vein,  in 
which  it  termin.ites.  Ciie.  Parr. 

TIIO-RAC'ieS,  71.  pi.  In  ichthyoloiry,  an  order  of  bony 
fishes,  respiring  by  means  of  gills  only,  the  character 
of  which  is,  that  the  bronchia  are  ossiciilated,  and 
the  ventral  fins  are  placed  underneath  the  tliornr,  or 
beneath  the  pectoral  fins.  Linnttus.  Cyc. 

THo'RAL,  a.    [L.  (uriw.] 

Pertaining  to  a  bed.  JJyllJr. 

THo'KA.X,  71.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the 
human  skeleton  which  consists  of  the  bones  of  the 
chest ;  also,  the  cavity  of  the  chest.  Cyc. 

2.  In  entomoloiry,  the  second  segment  of  insects  ; 
that  [lart  of  the  boily  between  the  head  and  the  ab- 
domen. 

3.  A  breastplate,  cuirass,  or  corselet. 
TIIo'RI-.\,    j  11.  A  white,  eartliv  substance,  obtained 
THO-RrNA,  (     by  Berzeliiis,  in  lSSO,  from  the  min- 
eral called  titoritr.    It  is  an  oxyd  of  thorium. 

TIlo'Rl'I'E,  71.  .\  massive  and  compact  mineral, 
ftnind  in  Norway,  and  resembling  gadolinittr.  It  con- 
tains .>S  per  cent,  of  the  rare  earth  thoria,  combined 
with  silica.  Dana. 

TlIo'lU-I'M,    f  7L    The  metallic  ba.se  of  thoria.  It 

TIlO-RrNU.M,  i     is  of  a  gr.ayish  color. 

THOR.N,  71.  [S^\.  tliorn  :  G.  dorn  ;  1).  donrn  ;  Dan. 
tornr ;  Slav,  fern;  (Jolll.  thnurntts ;  \V.  dram,  Qu. 
is  not  the  latter  contracted  from  the  Gaelic  dreag- 
hum  1] 

1.  A  tree  or  shriih  armed  with  spines,  or  sharp,  lig- 
neous sliools  ;  as,  the  black  thorn,  white  thorn,  liaw- 
thorn,  buckthorn,  &c.  The  word  is  souietiiiies  in- 
correctly applied  to  a  bush  with  prickles ;  as,  a  rose 
on  a  thorn. 

2.  .\  sharp,  ligneous,  or  woody  shoot  from  the  stem 
of  a  tree  or  shrub  ;  a  sharp  process  from  the  woody 
part  of  a  plant  ;  a  spine.  7'A<»7-7i  diflers  from 
prickle;  the  latter  being  applied  to  the  sharp  t»'ints 
issuing  from  the  baik  of  a  plant,  and  not  attached  to 
the  wood,  as  in  the  rose  and  bramble.  Itiit,  in  com- 
mon nsnee,  thorn  is  applied  to  the  prickle  of  the  rose, 
and,  in  fact,  the  two  words  are  used  promiscuously. 


TONE,  B5;LL,  I;N1TE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1147 


TIIO 

.1  Any  tiling  troublesome.  St.  Paul  had  a  tliorji  in 
tlie  flesh.    2  Cor.  xii.    jVhm.  xxxiii. 

4.  In  Scripture,  great  difficulties  and  impediments. 

I  will  hetlge  up  Ihy  way  wiUi  thorns,  —  Hos.  ii. 

5.  Worldly  cares  ;  things  which  prevent  the  growth 
of  good  |>rinciples.    Alatt.  xiii. 

TIIORN'-.AP-PLE,  (-np-pl,)n.  [thorn  and  apple-l  An 
aiinii:il  plaint  of  the  genus  l);Uura  ;  a  popular  name 
of  the  Datura  Stramonium  and  Datura  Tatiila. 

BifTclow. 

THORN'BACK,  n.    [thorn  and  back.']    A  fish  of  the 

ray  kind,  which  has  prickles  on  its  back.  Cyc. 
TM6RN''-BUSH,  n.  A  shrub  that  produces  tliorns. 
THOllN'BUT,  n.    A  fish,  a  hurt  or  turbot. 

.^iiLfjoorth. 

TIIOUN"-HED(5E,  n.    [thorn  and  hedffe.]    A  hedge 

or  fence  consisting  of  tliurn. 
TH()I!.\'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  thorns  ;  as,  a  thornless 

sjinilj  or  tree.  MuJUenberg. 
Till  )R.V'-SET,  a.   Set  with  thorns. 
TiiOli.VY,  a.    Full  of  thorns  or  spines  ;  rough  with 

thorns  ;  as,  a  thorny  wood  j  a  Vioriiy  tree ;  a  tJwrity 

diadem  or  crown.  Drydeii.  Ratcifh. 

2.  Troublesome  ;  vex.atioiis  ;  harassing  ;  perplex- 
ing ;  as,  tJiurny  care  ;  the  thorny  path  of  vice. 

3.  Sharp;  pricking;  vexatious;  as,  tftoriii/ points. 

Shak. 

THORN'Y  REST'-HAR-ROW,  n.    A  plant.  Cue. 

THORN'Y-TRe'FOIL,  n.  A  prickly  plant  of  the 
genus  Fagonia.  Lee. 

THOR'OUGH,  (thur'ro.)  a.  [Sax.  Ihnrh  :  G.  diirch  ; 
D.  door.  In  these  languages,  the  word  is  a  preposi- 
tion ;  but  as  a  |)reposition,  we  write  it  Vtruugh.  (See 
this  word.)  It  is  evidently  from  the  root  of  door, 
which  signifies  a  passage,  and  the  radix  of  the  word 
signifies  to  pass.] 

1.  Literally,  passing  through  or  to  the  end  ;  hence, 
complete  ;  perfect ;  as,  a  thorough  reformation  ;  thor- 
ough work  ;  a  thorough  translator  ;  a  thorough  poet. 

Dryden. 

2.  Passing  through ;  as,  thorough  lights  in  a  house. 

Bacon. 

TtiOR'oUGH,  (thur'ro,)  prep.    From  side  to  side,  or 

from  end  to  eiid. 

2.  Rv  means  of.  [Mit  now  used.]  [See  Through.] 
TII0R'6UG[I,  (thur'ro,)  n.    An  inter-furrow  between 

tun  ridses.  Ciic. 
TIIOR'oIJGII-BaSE,  (thur'robase,)  n.  [thorough 

and  base.] 

In  music,  an  accompaniment  to  a  continued  base 
bv  figures.    [See  Base,  7I.,  No.  14.1 
TIIOR'oUGH-BRED,   (tliur'ro-bred,)  a.  [thorough 
and  bred.] 

1.  In  horsemanship,  bred  from  the  best  blood,  as 
horses. 

2.  Completely  bred  or  accomplished. 
THOR'oUGII-FARE,  (thur'ro-lVire,) )!.   [thorough  and 

fare.] 

1.  A  passage  through  ;  a  passage  from  one  street 
or  opening  to  another  ;  an  unobstructed  way. 

2.  Power  of  passing.  Milton. 
THOR'OUGII-Go-ING,  a.    Going  .all  lengths. 

Ining, 

THOR'oUGII-LIGHT-En,(thnr'ro-lit-ed,)a.  A  term 
applied  to  a  room  which  has  windows  on  opposite 
sides.  Qmilt. 

TIIOK'oIJGII-LY,  (thur'ro-le,)  adv.  Fully  ;  entirely  ; 
completely  ;  as,  a  room  thoroughly  swept ;  a  business 
thoroughly  performed.  Let  the  matter  be  thoroughly 
sifted  ;  let  every  jiart  of  the  work  be  thoroughly  fin- 
ished. 

TIIOK'OUGII-.VESS,  (thur'ro-ness,)  n.  Complete- 
ness ;  perfectness.  Stoice. 

TIIOR'oUGII-PaC-KD,  (thur'ro-pSste,)  o.  [thorough 
and  paced.]  Perfect  in  what  is  undertaken  ;  com- 
plete ;  going  all  lengths  ;  as,  a  thorough-paced  tory  or 
whig.  Swift. 

TFOIl'oUGII-SPED,  (thur'ro  sped,)  a.  [thorough  and 
sped.]    Fully  accomplished  ;  tlioroUL'h-paced.  Swift. 

TIIOH'OUGH-STITCII,  (thur'ro-stich,)  ado.  [thor- 
ough and  .stitch.]  Fully;  completely;  going  the 
whole  length  of  any  business.    [JVol  elegant.] 

L^  Estrange. 

TIIOR'oUGII-WAXj  (thiir'ro-wax,)  n.  [thorough  and 
war.]  An  uiiibellilcrous  plant  i.f  the  genus  liupleu- 
riim.  Lee. 

THOIl'oUGII-WcjllT,  (thur'r.)-wurt,)  n.  The  pojiu- 
lar  n.'inie  of  a  plant,  the  Eiipatoriiim  perfoliatuin, 
also  called  Boneskt,  a  native  of  North  America.  It 
ifi  medicinal. 

THORP,  Sax.  thorpe:  D.  dorp;  G.  durf:  S\v.  and  Dan. 
torp  I  \V.  Irer :  (Jaellc,  Ir.  Ireabh ;  h.  tribus.  The 
word  in  Widsh  i<ignin<!s,  a  dwelling-place,  a  home- 
stead, a  hamlet,  a  town.  When  applied  to  a  single 
lifUMe,  it  answers  lo  the  S.-ix.  hum,  a  house,  whence; 
hamlet  and  home.  In  the  Teutonic  dialects,  it  denotes 
n  village.  The  prim  iry  sense  is,  probably,  a  house, 
a  habitation,  from  lixednesn  ;  hence,  a  hamlet,  a  vil- 
lage, a  tribe;  an  in  rude  iigi^s  the  dwelling  of  the 
head  of  a  family  wan  soon  siirrounilcd  by  the 
hoiiiu;K  of  hia  children  and  descendants.  In  our 
language,  it  occurs  now  only  in  nanieii  of  places 
and  iwrsons. 


THO 

THOSE,  pron. :  pi.  of  That  ;  as,  those  men  ;  those  tem- 
ples. When  those  and  these  are  used  in  reference  to 
two  things  or  collections  of  things,  those  refers  to  the 
first-mentioned,  as  these  does  to  the  last-mentioned. 
[See  These,  and  the  example  there  given.] 

THOTH,  71.  Among  the  ancient  Egyptians,  the  god  of 
eloquence,  and  supposed  to  be  tlie  inventor  of  wri- 
ting and  philosophy.  He  corresponded  to  the  Mer- 
curii  of  the  Romans. 

THOU,  pron.;  in  the  obj.  Thee.  [Sax.  thu ;  G.  Sw. 
and  Dan.  du  ;  L.  Fr.  It.  Sp.  Poll,  and  Russ.  tu ;  S.ans. 
tuam.  The  nominative  case  is  probably  contr.'tf  ted, 
for  in  the  oblique  cases  it  is  in  Sw.  and  Dan.  eng,  in 
Goth,  thuk.  Sax.  thee.  So  in  Hindoo,  tu  in  the  nom- 
inative makes  in  the  dative  tiiAo  ;  Gipsy,  tu,  take. 
In  Russ.  the  verb  is  tuknyu,  to  thou.] 

The  second  personal  pronoun,  in  the  singular 
number;  the  pronoun  which  is  used  in  addressing 
persons  in  the  solemn  style. 

Art  thou  he  that  should  come?  — Malt.  xi. 

I  will  fear  no  evil,  for  thou  art  with  ine.  —  Ps.  jxiii. 

Thou  is  used  only  in  the  solemn  style,  unless  in 
very  familiar  language  and  by  the  Cluakers. 
THOU,  V.  t.    To  treat  with  familiarity. 

II  thou  Oiouest  liim  some  thrice,  it  shall  not  be  amiss.  Shak. 

THOU,  V.  i.    To  use  thou  and  tJiee  in  discourse. 

THOUGH,  (tho,)  V.  i.  [Sax.  theah  ;  Goth,  lhauh ;  G. 
doch  ;  Sw.  dock  ;  D.  and  Dan.  dog.  This  is  the  im- 
perative of  a  verb  ;  Ir  daighim,  to  give,  D.  dokken.] 

1.  Grant;  admit;  allow.  "If  thy  brother  be 
waxen  poor,  thou  shalt  relieve  him  ;  yea,  though  he 
be  a  stranger."  Oratit  or  admit  the  fact  that  he  is  a 
stranger,  yet  thou  shalt  relieve  him.    Lev.  xxv. 

Tltough  he  slay  me,  yet  will  1  trust  iu  him.  —  Job  xiii. 
That  is,  grant  or  admit  that  he  shall  slay  me,  yet 
will  I  trust  in  him. 

Though  hand  join  in  band,  the  wicked  shall  not  be  unpunished. 
—  Prov.  xi. 

That  is,  admit  the  fact  that  the  wicked  unite  their 
strength,  yet  this  will  not  save  them  from  punish- 
ment. 

Not  that  I  so  a  fiinn,  though  so  it  seem.  Milton. 
That  is,  grant  that  it  seems  so,  yet  I  do  not  so  af- 
firm. 

2.  Used  with  as. 

In  the  vine  were  three  branches,  and  it  was  as  though  it  budded. 
Gen.  xl. 

So  we  use  as  if;  it  was  as  if  it  budded  ;  and  if  is 
gif,  give.  The  appearance  was  like  the  real  fact,  if 
admitted  or  true. 

3.  It  is  used  in  familiar  language,  at  the  end  of  a 
sentence. 

A  good  cause  would  do  well  though.  Dryden. 
This  is  generally  or  always  elliptical,  referring  to 
some  expression  preceding  or  understood. 

4.  It  is  compounded  with  all  in  Although,  which 
see. 

THOUGHT,  (thawt,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Think. 
THOUGHT,  (thawt,)  71.    [Primarily  the  passive  parti- 
ciple of  think,  supra  ;  Sax.  theaht.] 

1.  Properly,  that  which  the  mind  thinks.  Thought 
is  either  the  act  or  operation  of  the  mind,  when  at- 
tending to  a  particular  subject  or  thing,  or  it  is  the 
idea  consetiuent  on  that  operation.  We  say  a  man's 
thoughts  are  employed  on  government,  on  religion, 
on  trade  or  arts  ;  or  his  thoughts  are  employed  on  his 
dress  or  his  means  of  living.  By  this  we  mean  that 
the  mind  is  directed  to  that  particular  subject  or  ob- 
ject ;  that  is,  according  to  the  literal  import  of  the 
verb  thinlc,  the  mind,  the  intellectual  part  of  man,  is 
set  iiptm  such  an  object,  it  holds  it  in  view  or  con- 
templation, or  it  extends  to  it,  it  stretches  to  it. 

Thought  can  not  be  superadded  to  matter,  so  as  in  any  sense  to 
render  it  true  that  matter  Citn  become  cogitative.  Dwight. 

2.  Idea ;  conception.  I  wish  to  convey  my  thoughts 
to  another  person.  I  employ  words  that  express  my 
tlioughls,  so  that  he  may  have  the  same  ideas ;  in  this 
case,  our  thought's  will  bo  alike. 

3.  Fancy;  conceit;  something  framed  by  the  im- 
agination. 

Thoughta  come  crowding  in  so  fast  upon  me,  that  my  only  dilit- 
cully  is  10  choose  or  reject.  Dryden, 

4.  Reflection  ;  particular  consideration. 

Why  do  you  keep  alone, 
tTsing  those  thoughts  which  should  have  died 
With  them  they  IhiJik  on  (  Shak. 

5.  Opinion  ;  judgment. 

Thus  Bethel  spoke,  who  always  8]y-aks  his  thought*.  Pope, 
(>.  Meditation  ;  serious  consideration. 

Pride,  ol  sll  others  the  most  dangerous  fault, 

Proceeils  Iroin  Want  of  sense  or  want  of  thought.  Hoscommon, 

7.  Design  ;  purpose. 

All  lli'-ir  thoughtt  arc  against  me  for  evil.  —  Ps.  Ivl.  xxxiil. 
Jer.  xxix. 

R.  Silent  contcmpl.ation.  Shak. 
'J.  Solicitude;  care;  concern. 

Ilawls  was  put  in  trouble,  and  died  with  tliought  and  nnffuish 
t>efore  his  business  came  lo  uii  end.  Hacon. 


THR 


10.  Inward  reasoning 
science. 

Their  thoughn  the 
aiiolirer.  —  Horn. 


the  workings  of  con- 


Afliile  accusing  or  else  excusing  one 


11.  A  small  degree  or  quantity  ;  as,  a  thought  long- 
er ;  a  tliought  better.  [JVot  1/1  use.]    /looker,  Sidney. 
To  take  thought ;  to  be  solicitous  or  anxious. 

j\rott.  VI, 

THOUGllT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  thought ;  contemplative ; 
employed  in  meditation  ;  as,  a  man  of  tlioughlful 
mind. 

2.  Attentive  ;  careful ;  having  the  mhid  directed 
to  an  object ;  as,  thoughtful  of  gain.  Philips. 

3.  Promoting  serious  thought ;  favorable  to  musing 
or  meditation. 

War,  horrid  war,  your  tjiougldful  walks  invades.         Pope.  • 

4.  Anxious  ;  solicitous. 

Around  lic-r  crowd  distrusl,  and  doubl,  and  fear, 

And  thout^hl/ul  foresight,  and  lurineiiling  care.  Prior, 

THOUGHT'FUL-LY,  adu.    With  thought  or  consid 

eralion  ;  with  solicitude. 
THOUGHT'FyL-NESS,  71.   Deep  meditation. 

Blaekmore. 

2.  Serious  attention  to  spiritual  concerns. 

3.  Anxiety;  solicitude. 
THOUGHT'LESS,  a.    Heedless  ;  careless  ;  negligent 

Thoughtless  of  the  future.  Rogers. 

2.  Gay  ;  dissipated.  ■ 

3.  Stupid  ;  dull. 

Tltoughtless  as  monarch  oaks  that  shade  the  plain.  Dryden, 

THOUGHT'LES.S-LY,  adv.  Without  thought ;  care- 
lessly ;  stupidly.  Ourth, 

THOUGHT'LESS-NESS,  71.  Want  of  thought ;  heed- 
lessness ;  carelessness;  inattention. 

THOUGHT'-SICK,  a.  [thought  and  sick.]  Uneasy 
with  reflection.  Shak. 

THOU'SAND,  a.  [Sax.  thusend;  Goth,  thusund ;  G. 
tausend  ;  D.  duizend ;  Sw.  tusend  ;  Dan.  tusinil.] 

1.  Denoting  the  number  of  ten  hundred. 

2.  Proverbially,  denoting  a  great  number  indefi- 
nitely. It  is  a  thousand  chances  to  one  that  you  suc- 
ceed. 

THOU'SAND,  71.    The  number  of  ten  hundred. 


Thousand  is  sometimes  tised  pluralhj,  without  the 
plural  teriuinatitm,  as  in  the  passage  above,  ten  thou- 
sand: but  it  often  takes  the  plural  termination.  In 
former  times,  how  many  Viousands  perished  by  fam- 
ine ! 

THOU'SAND-FoLD,  a.    Multiplied  by  a  thousand. 
THOU'SANDTH,  a.   The  ordinal  of  thousand  ;  as,  the 

thousandth  part  of  a  thing  ;  also,  proverbially,  very 

numerous. 

THOU'SANDTH,  n.    The  thousandth  part  of  any 

thing  ;  as,  two  thousandtlts  of  a  tax. 
TlloWL.    See  Thole. 

THRACK,  V.  U    To  load  or  burden.    [jVo«  in  use.] 

South. 

THRALL,  71.  [Sax.  thrall,  a  slave  or  servant;  Dan. 
trirl ;  Sw.  tr'dl ;  Ice.  trocl ;  Ir.  trail ;  Gaelic,  trailL] 

1.  A  slave. 

2.  Slavery.  [Ob.i.] 

THRALL,  ».£.  To  enslave.  [OJs.]  [Enthbali,  is  in 
use.] 

THRALL'DOM,  (thrawi'dum,)  7t.    [Dan.  trasldom,] 
Slavery ;  bondage  ;  a  state  ol  servitude.  The 
Greeks  lived  in  tliralldom  under  the  Turks  nearly 
four  hundred  years. 

He  shall  rule,  and  she  in  thralldom  lire.  Dryden. 
[This  word  is  in  good  use,\ 
THRAL'LESS,  a.    Having  no  thralls. 
THRX'NITE,  71.    [Gr.  Si,a„<rrii.] 

The  uppermost  of  the  three  classes  of  rowers  in 
an  Athenian  trireme.  Brande. 
TIIRAP'PLF,  (thrap'pl,)  71.  The  windpipe  of  an  an- 
imal. [JVot  an  English  word.]  Scott. 
THRASH,  !).  (.  [Sax.  thttr,tcan,  or  ther.tcnn  ;  G.  drcs- 
chcn  ;  D.  dorschen  ;  Sw.  trdska  ;  Ice.  therskia.  It  is 
written  Thrash  or  Thresh.  The  common  pronun- 
ciation is  thra.-sh,] 

1.  T<)  beat  out  grain  from  the  husk  with  a  Hail ; 
as,  to  thrash  whi^at,  rye,  or  oats. 

2.  To  beat  Indian  corn  olf  from  the  cob  or  spike ; 
BS,  to  thrash  maize. 

3.  To  beat  soundly  with  a  stick  or  whip  ;  to  drub. 

Shok. 

THRASH,  V.  I.  To  practice  thrashing;  to  perform 
the  business  of  thrashing  ;  as,  a  man  who  thrashes 
well. 

2.  To  labor  ;  to  drudge. 

I  raUier  would  be  Mcvius,  thrash  for  rhymes. 

Like  his,  the  scorn  and  scandal  of  the  limes.  Dryden, 

TIIRASII'ED,  (thr.isht,)  pp.    Beaten  out  of  tho  husk 
or  olf  the  ear. 
2.  Freed  from  the  grain  by  beating. 
THRASU'ER,  71.    One  who  thrashes  grain. 

2.  'Mie  fox  shark  or  sea-fox,  Alu|iias  Vulpe.s,  n 
large  species  of  shark. 

3.  Urown  thrasher;  an  American  singing-bird  of 
the  thrush  family,  Turdiis  rufus;  the  brown  thrush. 


FATE,  FAR,  Vf^UL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PUBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 


1148 


THIl 

TIIIIAHH'ING,  pi>r.    Beatinpr  out  of  the  liiisk  or  off 

tlie  rar ;  hratiiig  soiindiv  willi  !i  stick  or  wliip. 
TIlllAyiriNG,  n.    The  iict  of  beatiiij;  out  grain  with 

a  Hail  ;  a  sound  (Iriililiiiig. 
TIlKASH'tNG-FLOOR,  n.    [ikrash  and  floor.]  A 

Hoor  (ir  area  on  which  L'rain  is  bi  alcn  out.  Vn/ilen. 
TH11ASI1'ING-1MA-C111(NE',(  slicen',)  ii.  [thrash  and 

niackini:]     A  macliiiio  or  apparatus  for  st- p;iiatin(; 

srain  fniin  tlie  straw.  Brande. 
TIlIlA-SON'ie-AL,  a.    [from  Thraso,  a  boaster  in  old 

conudy.] 

1.  Iloiistins;  given  to  brasRinR. 

2.  lioaslfiil  ;  implying  ostentatious  display.  Shak. 
THRA-SON'ie-AL-l'.Y,  adv.    Boastfully.  Johnson. 
TIIUaVE,  n.    [Sax.  </r<i/;  a  drove.] 

A  drove  ;  a  herd.    [J^ot  in  use.j 
TIIR.A  VE,  n.    [W.  dreva,  twenty-lour ;  drcv,  a  bundle 
or  tie.] 

1.  The  number  of  two  dozen. 
•J.  Tvventy-filur  (in  some  places,  twelve)  sheaves 
of  wheat.    [.Vorlh  of  Euirlaiid.]  Hallimcll. 
THKEAl),  (thrcd,)  n.    [.Sax.  Ihred,  tlmrd ;  D.  draad; 
tiw.trdd:  Dan.  traad:  probably  from  dravviii^.] 

1.  .\  very  small  twist  of  Max,  wool,  cotton,  silk, 
or  other  fibrous  substance,  drawn  out  to  considera- 
ble length. 

2.  Tlie  filament  of  a  flower.  Botany. 
'I'he  lilaiiient  of  any  fibrous  substance,  as  of 

bark. 

4.  A  fine  filament  or  line  of  Rold  or  silver. 

h.  .iir-l!ircnds ;  the  fine,  white  liiaments  which 
are  seen  (lo.iting  in  the  air  in  summer,  the  produc- 
tion of  spiders. 

t).  Something  continued  in  a  long  course  or  tenor  j 
as,  the  thread  of  a  discourse.  Bumct. 

7.  The  prominent  spiral  part  of  a  screw. 
THUE.Af),  (thred,)  ii.  t.    To  pass  a  thread  through  the 
eye  ;  as,  to  thread  a  needle. 

Q.  To  p;iss  or  pierce  through,  as  a  narrow  way  or 
channel. 

'I'li-y  would  not  thread  thf  ffilfs.  ShaJc. 
Hf  iti^y  tr.uliiig  sliips  —  thrending  the  Bospliorus.  J^IiiJ'ord. 

TIIUEAD'llSRE,  a.  [thread  and  bare]  Worn  to 
the  ntiked  thread  ,  having  the  nap  worn  off ;  as,  a 
threadbare  coat  j  threadbare  clothes. 

Spenser.  Dnjdcn. 
2.  Worn  out ;  trite ;  hackneyed  ;  used  till  it  has 
lost  its  novelty  or  interest  ;  as,  a  threadbare  subject ; 
stale  topics  and  threadbare  quotations.  Stcift. 
TIIRCAD'R.^RE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  thread- 
bare or  trite. 

TIIREAD'K.X,  (thred'n,)  a.  Made  of  thread  ;  as, 
threaden  sails.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 

TllRE.VD'-Sll.^l'-SD,  (thred'shapt,)a.  In  ftotani/,  fili- 
ftiriii. 

THRE.VD'Y,  (tlired'e,)  a.  Like  thread  or  filaments; 
slender.  ..  Oran^er. 

2.  (;ontaining  thread.  Dijcr. 
THRK.AP,  f.  (.    [Sax.  tltreapmn,  or  rather  tlireaftan,] 

To  chide,  contend,  or  argue.    [Local.]  .^iiisworth. 
THRE.AT,  (tliret.)  n.    (Sax.  i7ircn(.    See  the  verb.] 
,\  menace  ;  denunciation  of  ill ;  declaration  ot  an 
intention  or  determination  lo  inflict  punishment, 
loss,  or  pain  on  another. 

Th'^re  is  no  U'rror,  C.issins,  in  your  threntt.  ShaJi, 
THREAT,  (thret,)  v.  U     To  threaten,  which  sec. 

Threat  is  used  only  in  poetry.  Dryden. 
THRE.\T'f;N,  (tliret'n,)  f.  (.  [Sa.x.  threatian,  from 
Uircal.  But  threat  appears  to  be  contracted  from 
threagan,  which  is  written  also  threawian  ;  D.  drei- 
gen  ;  G.  drohen  ;  Dan.  tretcer^  to  chide,  to  scold,  dis- 
pute, wrangle.] 

1.  To  declare  the  purpose  of  inflicting  punish- 
ment, pain,  or  other  evil  on  another,  for  some  sin  or 
offense  ;  to  menace.  God  Oircatens  the  finally  im- 
penitent with  everlasting  banishment  from  his  pres- 
ence. 

2.  To  menace  ;  to  terrify  or  attempt  to  terrify  by 
menaces  ;  as  for  e.xtorting  money.  To  send  threat- 
ening letters  is  a  punishable  olfense. 

3.  To  charge  or  enjoin  with  menace,  or  with  im- 
plied rebuke  ;  or  to  charge  strictly. 

L/:'.  us  slriiily  threalfn  (hfin,  ihal  Ihcy  spcnk  hcnwforth  to  no 
m.in  in  t'liia  n.^mc.  —  Acts  ir. 

4.  To  menace  by  action  ;  to  present  the  appearance 
of  coming  evil ;  as,  rolling  billows  threaten  to  over- 
whelm us. 

5.  To  exhibit  the  appearance  of  something  evil  or 
unpleasant  approaching  ;  as,  the  clouds  threaten  us 
with  rain  or  a  storm. 

THREAT'f;i\-£D,  (thrct'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Menaced 
with  evil. 

THREAT'£N-ER,  (thret'n-er,1  n.  One  that  threatens. 

Jifilton. 

THREAT'EN-ING,  (thret'n-ing,)  ppr.  Menacing ;  de- 
nouncing evil. 

2.  a.  Indicating  a  threat  or  menace  ;  as,  a  threat- 
ening loiik. 

3.  Indicating  something  impending  ;  .as,  the  weath 
er  is  threatening  ;  the  clouds  have  a  threatening  as- 
pect, 

THRE.\T'£\-I.\G,  (thret'n-ing,)  n.  The  act  of  men 
Being;  a  menace;  a  denunciation  of  evil,  or  decl.t- 


THR 

r.'ition  of  a  purp^ise  to  inflict  evil  on  n  person  or 
country,  usually  for  sins  and  olfeiiscs.  The  proph- 
ets are  filled  with  (Jod's  threatenings  against  the  re- 
bellious Jews.    ./Sets  iv. 

TI1REAT'£N-ING-LY,  (thret'n-ing  le,)  adv.  With  a 
threat  or  menace;  in  a  threatening  manner.  Shak. 

TIIKEAT'E^L,  (thret'ful,)  a.  Full  of  threats  ;  hav- 
ing a  menacing  appearance  ;  minacious.  Spenser. 

THREE,  a.  [Sax.  threo,  thri,  Vtry,  anil  thrift;  Sw. 
and  Uan.  tre  ;  G.  drei;  D.  drie;  Fr.  tnn.-i ;  It.  Ire; 
Sp.  and  L.  tres :  Gael,  and  W.  (ri ;  Gipsy,  (rc;  Gr. 
r/jCK  >*  Sans. /rrja,  trt.  I  know  not  the  last  radical, 
nor  the  primary  sense  of  three.  Owen,  in  his  \Vi  Isli 
Dictionary,  suggests  that  it  signifies  fied,  Jirm,  But 
see  Extricate  and  Tnic-K.  It  is  probably  contracted 
from  thrig.] 

1.  Two  and  one. 

1  offer  tlice  Oiree  tliinjs.  — 2  S.im,  xxiv. 
Q.  It  is  often  used,  like  other  adjectives,  without 
the  noun  to  which  it  refers. 

Atlsli.ii  —  .ittniiiril  not  unto  thf?  first  tAr«.  —2  Sam.  xxiii. 
3.  Provrrbiathjy  a  small  nutnbcr. 

AWiiy,  llioil  Iftrfe-incliwl  fuol.  Sl.alc. 
[I  belteve  ohsoleu.] 

THREE  -eAP'SOL-£D,  a.  Tricapsular;  having  three 
capsules. 

THREE'-CELLr-£D,  a.    Trilocular ;   having  three 

cells. 

TIIREE'-CLEFT,  a.    Trifid  ;  being  thrice  cleft. 
THREE'-eoR-NER-£I),  0.   [(/tree  and  corner.]  Hav- 
ing three  corners  or  angles  ;  as,  a  three-cornered  hat. 

2.  In  botany,  having  three  prominent,  longitudinal 
angles,  as  a  stem.  Martyn. 

TIIREE'-EOG-KD,  (-ejd,)  a.    Having  three  edges. 

THUEE'-FLO\V-ER-£D,  «.  [(/tree  and^ioiflcr. )  Bear- 
ing three  flowers  together.  JMartijn. 

THREE'FoED,  a.    [Utree  and  fold.]    Three-double  ; 
consisting  of  three  ;  or  thrice  repeated ;  as,  threefold 
justice.  Ralegh. 
A  threefold  corxt  is  not  quickly  broken.  —  Eccles.  iv. 

TIIREE'-GRaIN-£D,  a.    Tricoccous;  having  three 

kernels. 

THREE'-Lf.AF-ED,  (  leeft.)  a.  [three  ani  leaf.]  Con- 
sisting of  three  distinct  leaflets.  Mort'in. 

TIIUEE'-LoB  £0,  a.  [three  am\  lobe.]  A  Ihree-'lobed 
leaf  is  one  that  is  divided  to  the  middle  into  tlirre 
parts,  standing  wide  from  each  other,  and  having 
convex  marcins.  JIartyn. 

THREE'-NERV-£D,  a.  [three  and  nerve.]  A  thrce- 
nerecd  leaf  has  three  distinct  vessels  or  nerves  run- 
ning longitudinally  without  branching.  Marlj/n. 

THREE'-P.^RT-EU,  a.  [three  and  parted.]  Tripar- 
tite. A  titree^partcd  leaf  is  divided  into  turce  parts 
down  to  the  base,  but  not  entirely  separate. 

Martyn. 

THREF/PENCE,  (thrip'ense,)  71.  [three  and  pence.] 
A  small  silver  coin  of  three  times  the  value  of  a 
penny.  Shak. 

THREE'PE.V-NY,  (thrip'cn-nc,)  a.  Worth  three 
pence  only  ;  mean. 

THREE'-PET-AL-£D,  a.  [three  nnd  petal.]  Tripet- 
aluus ;  consisting  of  three  distinct  petals  ;  as  a  corol. 

Botany. 

TIIREE'-PIIiE,  n.    [three  and  pile.]    An  old  name 

for  liood  velvet.  Shak. 
TI1R£E'-1'IL-£D,  a.   Set  with  a  thick  pile.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

THREE'-PL?,  a.    [three  and  Fr.  plier,  L.  plico.] 

Threefold  ;  consisting  of  three  thicknesses,  as  cloth 
or  carpeting. 

THREE'-POINT-ED,  a.   Tricuspidate  ;  having  three 

lengthened  p>iints  ending  in  a  bristle. 
TllREE'-RIB-BKD,  a.    Having  three  ribs. 
THREE'SCoRE,   a.      [three   and  scare.]  Thrice 

twenty  ;  sixty  ;  ,as,  threescore  years. 
THREE'-SEED-ED,  u.     [three  and  seed.]  Having 

three  seeds  ;  a.<,  a  three-seeded  capsule.  Botanti. 
TllREE'-SID-EU,a.    [three  and  side.]    Having  Hiree 

plane  sides;  as,  a  three-sided  stem,  leaf,  pi'tiole, 

peduncle,  scape,  or  pericarp.  Jll.irltm. 
TIIREE'-VALV-£D,  a.    [lArce  and  valve.]  Trival- 

viilar;  consisting  of  three  valves;  opening  with 

three  valves  ;  as,  a  three-valced  pericarp. 
TIIRENE,  n.    [Gr.  .^/i-ivkj.]  [Lee.  Martyn. 

Ivamentation.    [J^''ot  used.] 
THRE-.NET'ie,  a.    Sorrowful ;  mournful.  Shale. 
THRE.N"0-DY,  n.    [Gr.  ipn^os,  lamentation,  and  oj^ii, 

ode.] 

A  song  of  lament.ation.  Herbert. 

THRESH,  V.  L  To  thrash.  [See  THn.nH.]  The 
Latter  is  the  popular  pronunciation,  but  the  word  is 
written  THnAjH  or  Thresh,  indifferemly.  [See  the 
derivation  and  definitions  under  Thbash.I 

THRESH'ER,  n.    A  thrasher,  which  see. 

THRESII'OEn,  n.  [Sax.thrarsewald;  G.  tMirschieellf ; 
Sw.  triiskrl ;  Ice.  throsulldnr.  The  Saxon  and  Swedish 
words  seem  by  their  orthography  to  be  connected  with 
thrash,  thresh,  and  the  last  syllable  to  be  leaW,  wood  ; 
but  the  German  word  is  obviously  compounded  of 
(AMr,  door,  and  schaelle,  sill ;  door-sill.} 

1.  The  door-sill;  the  plank,  stone,  or  piece  of 
timber  which  lies  at  the  bottom  or  under  a  door,  par- 


THR 

ticiil.irly  of  a  d»  elling-house,  church,  temple,  or  the 
like  ;  hence,  entrance  ;  gate  ;  door. 

2.  Entrance  ;  the  place  or  point  of  entering  or  be- 
ginning. He  is  now  at  the  t/ireslwld  of  his  argu- 
ment. 

Many  inrn  thit  Btumblo  Rt  the  Ihrethold.  Shak. 
THREW,  (thrQ,);)re(.  of  Throw. 
THRICE,  adn.     [from  three;  perhaps  three  and  L. 
tJtfc  ;  or  a  change  cf  Fr.  tiers.] 

1.  Three  times. 

Bt  forf  Ute  c  .k  crow,  tiiou  sinit  deny  rne  thrice.  —  M.itt.  xxvl, 

2.  Some'.imcs  used  by  way  of  amplification  ;  very 

77i  ictf  noble  lord,  let  me  entre;it  of  you 

To  jurtion  me.  ShaJt. 

TIIRTCE'-Fa-VOR-£D,  0.    Favored  thrice  ;  highly 

favored.  Irving. 
TI'UII),  ».      [W.  (rmiaw,  to  penetrate ;  lreiduiw,lo 
Cv.''rse,  to  range.] 

T  o  slide  through  a  narrow  pass.age  ;  lo  slip,  shoot, 
or  run  tliiougli,  as  a  needle,  bodkin,  or  the  like. 

Some  thri/1  tlie  nitizy  ringleu  of  her  hair.  Pop*. 
THRin'DED,  pp.    Slid  through. 

Tint  ID'UI.VG, /);)r.  Sliding  through  ;  causing  to  paM 
tllroilt:!). 

THRIFT,  n.  [from  (Artec.]  Frugality  ;  good  hus- 
bandry ;  economical  nianagemenl  in  regard  to  prop- 
erty. 

Tiic  reat  —  willing  10  Tall  lo  thr\ft,  prove  very  g^ooti  hii»t>-'»nil». 

Spenttr. 

2.  Prosperity  ;  success  and  advance  in  the  acqui- 
sition of  property;  iiicrea.se  of  worldly  goods;  gain. 

I  huve  a  iniiid  prvaagi.'S  me  such  tltri/t.  Skak. 

3.  Vigorous  growth,  ,as  of  a  plant. 

4.  In  botany,  a  name  of  sevenil  species  of  flowering 
plants  of  the  genera  Statice  and  Ariiieria.  London. 

THRIFT'I-LY,  a(/i).    Frugally  ;  with  parsimony. 
2.  With  increase  of  worldly  goods. 

THRIFT'I-NESS,  n.  Frugality;  good  husbandry; 
as,  (/iri/li/icsi  to  save ;  thnfliness  in  preserving  one's 
own.  IVottoii.  Sprnser. 

2.  Prosperity  in  business  ;  increase  of  property. 
THRIFT'l.ESS,  a.     Having   no  frugality  or  good 

management;  profuse;  extravagant;  not  thriving. 

Shak. 

THRIFT'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  thriving  ;  extrav- 
agantly. 

THRIFt'LESS-NESS,  71.    A  state  of  being  thrifllcss. 
THRIFT'V,  a.    Frugal  ;  sparing  ;  using  economy  and 
good  management  of  property. 

1  am  gt.til  he  Ins  so  much  youth  and  rigor  left,  of  wltich  he  hM 
not  Ijeen  Uiri/ty.  Suiift. 

9.  Jihrc  generally,  thriving  by  industry  anti  fru- 
gality ;  prosperous  in  the  acquisition  of  worldly 
goods  ;  increasing  in  wealth  ;  as,  a  thrifty  farmer  or 
mechanic. 

3.  Thriving;  growing  rapidly  or  vigorously;  as  a 
plant. 

4.  Well  husbanded. 

I  have  five  hundred  crowns, 
The  thrifly  hire  I  s-ivcd  under  your  f.ilher.  ^uiJr. 

THRILL,  n.    (See  the  verb.]    A  drill. 

2.  A  warbling.    [See  Trill.] 

3.  A  breathing  pl.ace  or  hole.  Herbert. 

4.  ,\  thrilling  sensation  ;  as,  a  thrill  of  horror. 
THRILL,  ti.«.    [S:ix.  thyrlian,  Utirlian;  U.  drMcn,\t\ 

drill,  to  bore;  tnlten,  lo  shiver,  pant,  quaver;  G. 
drillcn,  to  drill ;  Irdler,  a  shake  ;  trillrrn,  to  trill;  Dan. 
driller,  to  bore,  to  drill;  trilder,  Sw.  trttla,  lo  roll; 
Dan.  trille,  a  trill;  W.  Iroliau),  to  troll  or  roll ;  all 
proliably  of  one  family,  from  the  root  of  roU,  Sec 
Drill.] 

1.  To  bore;  to  drill;  to  perforate  by  turning  a 
gimlet  or  other  similar  instrument. 

But  in  the  literal  sense,  Drill  is  now  chiefly  or 
wholly  used.  Spenser  used  it  literally  in  the  cKause 
"  witii  thrilling  point  of  iron  brand." 

2.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  ;  as  something  sharp. 
The  cruel  woni  her  lender  henrl  so  thrilled, 

Th.it  sudden  cold  did  run  ihruugh  every  vein.  ^teiver. 
A  s'!rvant  that  he  bred,  Ihrilted  with  Krmune.  £AaJb. 

THRILL,  V.  i.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  ;  as  something 
sharp ;  particularly,  to  cause  a  tingling  si-n.sation 
that  runs  through  the  system  with  a  slight  shivering ; 
n.s,  a  sharp  sound  Virills  through  the  whole  frame. 

.^ddi-^on. 

A  faint,  cold  fe.ar  thrillt  thron;jh  my  veins.  Shak. 
2.  To  feel  a  8har|>,  shivering  sensation  running 
through  the  body. 

To  seek  sweet  saf'IT  out 
In  v.-vutu  and  prisons ;  and  to  thrill  and  shake.  Shak. 

TIIRTLL'KD,  (thrild,)  pp.  Penetrated  ;  pierced. 
TURIl.L'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Perforating;  drilling. 

2.  Piercing ;  penetrating ;  having  the  quality  of 
penetrating  ;  pa.ssing  with  n  tingling,  shivering  sen- 
sation. 

3.  Feeling  a  tingling,  shivering  sensation  running 
through  the  system. 

THRILL'ING-LY,  adv.    With  thrilling  sensations. 
THRILL'ING-NESS,  n.   The  quality  of  being  thrill- 
ing. 


TONE,  BfJLL,  IINITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K  ;  <S  as  J  ;  9  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


144  « 


1149 


THR 


THR 


THR 


THRILL'INGS,  n.  pi.    Tlirilling  sensations. 

THRING,  1).  L  To  press,  crowd,  or  throng.  [JVot 
v<ed.]  Chaucer. 

THIUPS,  n.    [L. ;  Gr.]    A  small  spotted  fly. 

Harris.  Herrick. 

THRIS'SA,  71.  A  fish  of  the  shad  and  herring  kind, 
whose  flesh  is  considered  as  being  sometimes  poison- 
ous. It  is  found  in  the  waters  of  intertropical 
America,  India,  &c. 

THRIVE,  V.  i. !  prct.  Thrived  ;  pp.  Thrived,  Thriv- 
E."*.  [Dan.  trii'es,  to  thrive,  to  increase  ;  Sw.  trlfcas. 
It  may  belong  to  the  family  of  trip,  to  hasten,  or  to 
that  of  drive.] 

1.  To  prosper  by  industry,  economy,  and  good 
management  of  property  ;  to  increase  in  goods  and 
estate.  A  farmer  thrioes  by  good  husbandry.  When 
the  body  of  laboring  men  tlirive,  we  pronounce  the 
state  prosperous. 

Dili^^nce  aiij  humility  is  Ihe  way  to  thrive  in  the  richf'S  of  the 
uinlerelandinj,  as  well  as  in  gold.  Watts. 

2.  To  prosper  in  any  business ;  to  have  increase  or 
success. 

O  son,  why  sit  we  here,  each  other  viewin* 

Idly,  while  Satan,  our  great  autlior,  thrives?  Milton. 

They  by  vices  tlirive.  .  Sajulijs. 

3.  To  grow ;  to  increase  in  bulk  or  stature  ;  to 
flourish.  Young  cattle  thrive  in  ricli  pastures ;  and 
trees  thrive  in  a  good  Sfiil. 

4.  To  grow  ;  to  advance  ;  to  increase  or  advance 
in  any  thing  valuable. 

THRIV'ER,  n.  One  that  prospers  in  the  acquisition 
of  property. 

THRIVING,  ppr.    Prospering  in  worldly  goods. 

2.  a.  Being  prosperous  or  successful ;  advancing 
in  wealth  ;  increasing  ;  growing;  as,  a  thrieini;  me- 
chanic ;  a  thrivins  trader. 

THRIV'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  prosperous  way. 
.THKIV'ING-NESS,  (  n.     Prosperity;    growth;  in- 

THUlV'ING,  \     crease.         Decay  of  Piety. 

THRO'  ;  a  contraction  of  Throuoh.    [JVo(  now  tised.] 

THROAT,  (thrSte,)  n.  [Sax.  Uiruta,  throte  ;  U.  strote  ; 
Riiss.  griid.] 

1.  The  anterior  part  of  the  neck  of  an  animal,  in 
which  are  the  gullet  and  windpipe,  or  the  passages 
for  the  food  and  breath. 

In  medicine,  the  fauces ;  all  that  hollow  or  cavity 
in  the  part  of  the  mouth  which  may  be  seen  when 
the  mouth  is  wide  open.  Cijc. 

2.  The  throat  of  a  chimney  is  the  part  between  the 
gathering,  or  portion  of  the  funnel  which  contracts 
in  ascending,  and  the  flue.  Gioilt. 

3.  In  ienmoi's  langiw<re,  Ihnt  end  of  agafl"wliich 
is  next  the  mast ;  also,  the  rounded  angular  point 
where  the  arm  of  an  anchor  is  joined  to  the  shank. 

Tottcn. 

4.  In  ship-buildinff,thc  inside  of  the  knee-timber  at 
the  middle  or  turns  of  the  arms. 

Throat-brails  ;  brails  attached  to  the  gaff  close  to 
the  mast. 

Throat-halliards  are  those  that  raise  the  throat  of 
the  gaff.  Mar.  Vict. 

THRoAT,  r.  t.  To  mow  beans  in  a  direction  against 
tiieir  bending.    [Local.]  Ciic. 

THRoAT'-LATC'H,  n.  A  strap  of  a  bridle,  halter, 
&c.,  passing  under  a  horse's  throat. 

THROAT'-PIPE,  71.  [throat  and  pipe.]  The  wind- 
I)ipe,  weasand,  or  trachtra. 

THROAT' WORT,  (throtc'wiirt,)  ;i.  [//iron(  and 7m7^.1 
A  i)lant  of  the  genus  (,^ampanula,  a  perennial  vveetl 
common  in  pasture-ground  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Tracheliuin.  Cyc.  Lee. 

THROAT'Y,  a.    Guttural.  Hoircll. 

THROB,  V.  i.  [Perhaps  allied  to  drive  and  to  drub ;  at 
least  its  elements  and  signification  coincide  ;  Gr. 
/?£■.,.] 

To  beat,  as  the  heart  or  pulse,  with  more  than 
usual  force  or  rapidity  ;  to  heat  in  consequence  of 
agitation  ;  to  palpitate.  The  heart  throbs  with  joy, 
desire,  or  fear;  tlie  violent  action  of  the  heart  is  per- 
ceived by  a  throbbing  pulse. 

My  tiearl  tlirobs  to  know  one  thing.  Sliak. 
Wc  apply  the  word  also  to  the  breast. 
Here  may  hi*  head  live  on  my  throbbing  breast.  ShnJe. 

TIIROn,  71.    A  beat  or  strong  pulsatitm  ;  a  violent 
beating  of  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  a  palpitation. 

Thou  tiilk'.l  like  one  who  n-»er  f  It 

Th'  linp:illenl  llirobt  and  lon{;ings  of  a  »oul 

That  punts  and  reach'-i  alter  disuint  i^ood.  Atblison. 

THROIl'HING,  ppr.  or  a.  Beating  with  unusual  force, 
an  the  heart  and  pulse  ;  palpitating. 

THROB'lll.VC;,  n.  The  art  of  bi  aliiic  with  unu.sual 
force,  a«  the  heart  anil  pulse  ;  palpitation. 

TIIR0I)'I)A;N,  v.  i.  'I'o  grow  ;  to  thrive.  [JVo<  in  use, 
or  hiral.]  Grose. 

TMRr)i;,  (thr5,)  n.  [Sax.  throwiaii,  to  suffer,  to  ago- 
nize ;  but  this  is  the  same  word  as  throw,  and  the 
oenxe  is  to  xtrain,  as  in  twinting,  to  «truggle.] 

Extreme  pain;  violirnl  pang;  ancuish  ;  ngony. 
It  is  partlriihirly  applied  w  tlio  anguish  of  travail  in 
childbirth,  or  parturition. 

My  throe*  came  thicker,  and  niy  cries  Incrriised.  Pryden. 


1  I  lie  greater  than  thou.  —  Gen.  xli. 
i  forever.  — Ps.  ilv. 


THUoE,  V.  i.  To  agonize;  to  struggle  in  extreme 
pain, 

THRoE,  7).  «.    To  put  in  agony.  Shak. 

THROM'BUS,  71.  [Gr.  S  j  v'/^"?.J  A  small  tumor 
which  sometimes  ensues  from  the  escape  of  blood 
into  the  cellular  membrane  in  the  operation  of  bleed- 
ing. Brandt. 

THRoNE,  71.    [L.  thronus  ;  Gr.  J,ooi/oj  ;  Fr.  tronc.] 

1.  A  royal  seat ;  a  chair  of  state.  The  throne  is 
sometimes  an  elegant  chair  richly  ornamented  with 
sculpture  and  gilding,  raised  a  step  above  the  floor, 
and  covered  with  a  canopy. 

2.  The  seat  of  a  bishop.  Jlyliffe. 

3.  In  Scripture,  sovereign  power  and  dignity. 
Only  in  the  Oirone  \ 
Thy  throne,  O  Uod 

4.  Angels.    Col.  i. 

5.  The  place  where  God  peculiarly  manifests  his 
power  anti  glory. 

T  he  heaven  is  my  throne,  and  tlie  earth  is  my  footstool.  —  Is.  Ixvi. 
THRoNB,  7;.  t.    To  place  on  a  royal  seat ;  to  en- 
throne. 

2.  To  place  in  an  elevated  position  ;  to  give  an 
elevated  place  to;  to  exalt. 

True  image  of  the  Father,  whether  throned 

In  the  bosoin  of  bliss  ami  light  of  light.  Milton. 

THRoN'£D,  pp.    Placed  on  a  royal  seat,  or  on  an 

elevttted  seat ;  exalted. 
THRoA'E'LESS,  a.    Having  no  throne. 
THRONG,  71.    [Sax.  thrang  ;  Ir.  drong ;  G.  and  D. 

drang.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  crowd  ;  a  multitude  of  persons  or  of  living 
beings  pressing  or  pressed  into  a  close  body  or  as- 
semblage ;-as,  a  throng  of  people  at  a  playhouse. 

2.  A  great  multitude  ;  as,  the  heavenly  throng. 
THRONG,  V.  i.    [Sax.  thringan  ;  D.  dringen  ;  G.  dr'dn- 

gen;  Dan.  tnsnger  ;  Sw.  trdnga.  If  ji  is  not  radical, 
this  word  coincides  with  Sw.  tnjka,  Dan.  trykker,  to 
press,  to  print.    Class  Rg.] 

To  crowd  together ;  to  press  into  a  close  body,  as 
a  multitude  of  persons  ;  to  come  in  multitudes. 

I  have  seen 

The  dumb  men  throng  to  see  hiui.  Shak. 

THRONG,  I),  t.  To  crowd  or  press,  as  persons  ;  to 
oppress  or  annoy  with  a  crowd  of  living  beings. 

Much  people  followed  him,  and  thronged  him.  —  Mark  v. 

THRONG '£D,  pp.  or  a.  Crowded  or  pressed  by  a 
multitude  of  persons. 

THRONG'ING, /i/ir.  or  a.  Crowding  together  ;  press- 
intr  with  a  multitude  of  persons. 

THRONG'ING,  n.    The  act  of  crowding  together. 

THRONG'LY,  ofit).  In  crowds.  [Mt  in'nse..]  More. 

THRoN'ING,  ppr.  Placing  on  a  royal  seat ;  enthron- 
ing. 

THROP'PLE,  (throp'pl,)  ti.  The  windpipe  of  a  horse. 
[Local. Cyc. 

THROS'TLE,  (thros'l,)  ti.    [Sax.  thorstle ;  G.  drossel.] 
A  bird  of  the  thrush  kind,  Morula  inusica,  ( Tardus 
musicus,  Liiuna;iis  ;)  also  called  Sono  Thrush.    It  is 
found  in  all  the  countriesof  Europe.  Jardine.  P. Cite. 

THROS'TLE,  (thros'l,)  71.  A  machine  for  spinning, 
which  makes  the  wool  smooth  and  wiry. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Kcon. 

THROS'TLING,7i.  A  disease  ol  cattle  of  the  ox  kind, 
occasioned  by  a  swelling  under  their  throats,  which, 
unless  checked,  will  choke  them.  Cue. 

THRO T'TLE,  (thiot'tl,)  71.  [from  throat.]  The  wind- 
pipe or  tiachea.  Broton. 

THROT''i'LE,  V.  i.    To  choke;  to  suffocate;  or  to 
obstruct  so  as  to  endanger  suffocation.  JJnjdrn. 
2.  To  breathe  liard,  as  when  nearly  suffocated. 

THROT'TLE,  v.  t  To  utter  with  breaks  and  inter- 
ruptions, as  a  person  half  suffocated. 

ntr  ottle  (heir  practiced  accents  in  tlieir  li-ars.  Sliok. 

THROT'TL/CD,  (throt'tld,)  pp.    Uttered  with  breaks 

and  interruptions. 
2.  Choked  ;  suffocated. 
THR(n''TI,lNG,  ppr.    Choking;  suffocating. 
TilRi^UGH,  (throii,)  prep.    [Sax.  (/iMi7t  ;  D.  door;  G. 

diirek  ;  \V.  trwy  or  frw,  whence  Irioyaw,  to  pervade  ; 

Ir.  trenghdham,  Gaelic,  Irraghaim,  to  pierce  or  bore.] 

1.  Eroiu  end  to  end,  or  from  side  to  side  ;  from 
one  surface  or  limit  to  the  opposite;  as,  to  bore 
tltrongh  a  piece  tif  timbirr,  or  through  a  board  ;  a  ball 
passtis  through  the  side  of  a  ship. 

2.  Noting  passage ;  as,  to  pass  through  a  gate  or 
avenue. 

Through  the  gate*  of  ivory  he  dUmiascd 

His  valiant  ollspring.  Dry^en. 

3.  By  transmission,  noting  the  means  of  convey- 
ance. 

Throogh  these  hands  this  science  has  passed  with  great  applause. 

TeiniUe, 

Material  things  are  presented  only  tlirough  the  senses,  Chtyne. 

4.  By  mt;ans  of;  by  the  agency  of;  noting  instru- 
mentality. This  signification  is  a  derivative  of  the 
last. 

Through  the  scent  of  water  It  will  htid.  —  Job  xiv. 

Some  tiLroufh  ninliltlon,  or  through  thimt  of  gold, 

Have  aUin  their  broMirrs,  anil  tl.e.r  countrv  sold.  Dryden. 

Sanctify  them  through  thy  truth.  —  John  xvii. 

The  j|iit  uf  God  b  eleriinj  111c  tjirough  Jesus  Christ  our  Lortl.  — 


5.  Over  the  whole  surface  or  extent ;  as,  to  ride 
through  the  country. 

Their  tongue  walketh  tl.rough  the  eurlh.  —  Ps.  Uxiii. 

6.  Noting  passage  among  or  in  the  midst  of ;  as,  to 
move  through  water,  as  a  fish  ;  to  run  through  a 
thicket,  as  a  ileer 

THROUGH,  (throo,)  adv.  Prom  one  end  or  side  to 
the  other  ;  as,  to  pierce  a  thing  through. 

2.  Eroin  beginning  to  end  ;  as,  to  read  a  letter 
thro  ugh. 

3.  To  the  end  ;  to  the  ultimate  purpose ;  as,  to 
carry  a  project  through. 

To  carry  through  ;  to  complete  ;  to  accomplish. 
To  go  tlirough  ;  to  prosecute  a  scheme  to  the  end. 
2.  To  undergo;  to  sustain  ;  as,  to  go  through  hard- 
ships. 

THROUGH' -BRED  should  be  Thorough-bred. 
THROUGH'-LlGHT-ED     should     be  Thorough- 
lighted.    [N'ot  used.] 
THROUGH'LY,  (throo'le,)  ailv.    Completely;  fully; 
wholly.  Bacon. 
2.  Without  reserve  ;  sincerely.  TiLlotson. 
[For  this  Thoroughly  is  now  used.] 
THROUGH-OUT',  (throo-out',)  prep,    [through  and 
out.] 

finite  through  ;  in  every  part ;  from  one  extremity 

to  the  other.    This  is  the  practice  throughout  Ireland. 

A  general  opinion    prevails   throughout  England. 

Throughout  the  whole  course  of  his  life,  he  avoided 

every  species  of  vice. 
TIIKOUGH-OUT',  (throo-out',)  adv.    In  every  part. 

The  cloth  was  of  a  piece  throatrhout. 
THROUGH'-PAC-£D,(throo'paste.)  [JVotused.]  See 

Thorough-paced.  More. 
THROVE,  old  pret.  of  Thrive. 

THROW,  (thro,)  v.  t.  ;  pret.  Threw  ;  pp.  Thrown. 
[Sax.  thrawan  ;  perhaps  D.  draaijcn,  to  turn,  wind, 
twist,  whirl  ;  G.  drchen ;  W.  troi.  The  Saxon  word 
signifies  to  twist,  to  turn,  to  curl,  throw,  and  to  re- 
volve. It  is  contracted,  and  probably  coincides  in 
elements  with  Gr.  rpcxw,  to  run,  for  this  was  applied 
primarily  to  wheels,  as  we  see  by  its  derivatives, 
Tpox'if,  a  wheel,  rpoxiAoj,  a  top,  L.  trochilus.] 

1.  Properly,  to  hurl ;  to  whirl ;  to  fling  or  cast  in 
a  winding  direction. 

2.  To  fling  or  ciist  in  any  manner ;  to  propel ;  to 
send  ;  to  drive  to  a  distance  from  the  hand  or  from 
an  engine.  Thus  we  tliroio  stones  or  dust  with  the 
hand  ;  a  cannon  f/irow.s-  a  ball  ;  a  bomb/iirtJUJA- a  shell. 
The  Roman  balista  t/irew  various  weapons.  A  fire- 
engine  throws  water  to  extinguish  flames. 

3.  To  wind  ;  as,  to  throw  silk. 

4.  To  turn  ;  as,  to  throw  balls  in  a  lathe.  [JVot  in 
general  use.] 

5.  To  venture  at  dice. 

Set  less  than  thou  throwest.  ShaJe. 

6.  To  cast ;  to  divest  or  strip  one's  self  of;  to  put 
off;  as,  a  serpent  tlirows  his  skin.  Shak. 

7.  To  cast ;  to  send. 

I  have  thrown 

A  brave  defiance  in  King  Henry's  teeth.  Sl\ak. 

8.  To  put  on  ;  to  spread  carelessly. 

O'er  his  fair  liinla  a  flowery  vest  he  threw.  Pope. 

9.  To  overturn  ;  to  prostrate  in  wrestling ;  as,  a 
man  throws  his  antagonist. 

10.  To  cast ;  to  drive  by  violence;  as,  a  vessel  or 
sailors  thrown  upon  a  rtick. 

To  throw  atciy :  to  lose  by  neglect  or  folly ;  to 
spend  in  vain ;  as,  to  Uirow  away  time ;  to  throw 
away  money. 

2.  'J'o  bestow  without  a  compensation. 

3.  To  reject ;  as,  to  throw  away  a  good  book,  or  a 
good  offer.  Taylor. 

To  throw  by ;  to  lay  aside  or  neglect  as  useless ;  as, 
to  thrno  by  a  garment. 

To  throw  down  ;  to  subveit;  to  overthrow  ;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  throio  down  a  fence  or  wall. 

2.  To  bring  down  from  a  high  station;  to  depress. 

Spectator. 

To  throw  in  ;  to  inject. 

2.  To  put  in  ;  to  deposit  with  others  ;  also,  to  give 
up  or  relintiuish. 

To  throw  off;  to  expel ;  to  clear  from  ;  as,  to  throw 
off  a  disease. 

2.  To  reject ;  to  discard  ;  as,  to  Utrow  off  all  sense 
of  shame  ;  to  throiv  off  a  dependent. 

To  throw  on ;  to  cast  on  ;  to  load. 

To  throw  out ;  to  cast  out ;  to  reject  or  discard  ;  to 
expel.  Swift. 

2.  To  utter  carelessly  ;  to  speak  ;  as,  to  throio  out 
insinuations  or  observations. 

3.  To  exert ;  to  bring  forth  into  act. 

She  throws  out  thrilling  shrieks.  Spenser. 

4.  To  distance  ;  to  leave  behind.  Mdison. 

5.  To  exclude  ;  to  reject.  The  bill  was  thrown  out 
on  the  seconil  reading. 

To  throw  up  ;  to  resign  ;  as,  to  throw  up  a  commis- 
sion. 

2.  To  resign  angrily. 

Bad  givmes  an-  thrown  up  too  soon.  Iluitibras. 

3.  To  ilisclmrge  from  the  stomach.  .^rbulhnoL 
To  throw  one's  self  down  ;  to  lie  dtiwn. 


FATE,  FAR,  F/^LL,  W^i^T  METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1150 


THR 

To  throw  one's  self  on ;  to  rt'sijin  one's  self  to  the 
favor,  clemency,  or  sustaining  power  of  amither  ;  to 
repose.  Tuijlor. 

To  throw  silk,  is  to  twist  /.ingles  into  a  "onl  ill  a 
diriction  contrary  to  Iliat  in  wliicli  tlie  singles  of 
wliicli  it  is  composed  are  twisted. 
THROW,  V.  i.    To  pi  rfomi  tlie  act  of  tlirowing. 

2.  To  cast  dice. 

To  throw  about ;  to  cast  about;  to  try  expedients. 
rjVu<  much  used.]  Speiiscr. 
TllKoVV,  n.    The  act  of  hurling  or  flinging  ;  a  cast ;  a 
driving  or  propelling  from  the  liand  or  from  an 
engine. 

IIi^  ho:\vp(l  a  stonr,  and,  rislnj  to  Ihe  throw, 

He  viit  il  ill  a  wlurlwiiid  at  tUu  I'uc.  Addison. 

9.  A  cast  of  dice  ;  and  the  manner  in  which  dice 
fall  when  cast ;  as,  a  good  throw.  None  but  a  fool 
hazards  all  upon  one  throw. 

3.  The  distance  which  a  missile  is  or  may  be 
thrown  ;  as,  a  stone's  tliroa. 

4.  A  stroke  ;  a  blow. 

Nor  shiL-Id  ilefeiid  the  thunder  of  his  throws.  Spenser. 

5.  Effort ;  violent  sally. 

Your  youth  admire* 
The  throws  and  swelling  of  a  lloman  soul.  Addison. 

6.  The  agony  of  travail.    [See  Throe.] 

7.  A  turner's  lathe.  [Local.] 

THUoW'ER,  71.    One  that  throws;  one  that  twists 

or  throws  silk  ;  a  throwster. 
THROWING,  p;>r.    Casting;  huiiing  ;  flinging. 
THROWN,  pp.  of  Throw.    Cast;  hurled  ;  Wound  or 

twisted. 

THRoWN'-SlLK,  n.  Silk  consisting  of  two  or  more 
singles  twisted  together  like  a  rope,  in  a  direction 
contrary  to  that  in  which  the  singles  of  which  it  is 
composted  are  twistetl.  McCulloch. 

THRoW'STER,  h.    One  that  twists  or  winds  silk. 

THRUM,  II.  (Ice.  tliranm;  G.  trumni ;  D.  drom,  the 
end  of  a  thing;  Gr.  ^pu/i/in,  a  fragment ;  ^(idtt-u), 
to  break.] 

1.  The  ends  of  weavers'  threads. 

2.  Any  coarse  yarn.  Bacon. 

3.  Thrums;  among  •rardencrx,  the  thread-like,  in- 
ternal bushy  parts  of  flowers  ;  the  stamens. 

THRUM,  I),  i.    (U.  (rum,  a  drum.] 

To  play  coarsely  on  an  instrument  with  the  fingers. 

^  Dnjden. 
THRUM,  V.  t.    To  weave  ;  to  knot ;  to  twist ;  to 
fringe.  Cavsndish. 

2.  Among  seamen,  to  insert  short  pieces  of  rope 
yarn  or  spun  yarn  in  a  sail  or  mat.  Diet. 
THRUM'MING, ppr.    Playing  coarsely  on  an  instru- 
ment. 

2.  Weaving;  knotting;  twisting. 
THRUSH,  n.     [Sax.  thrisa  G.  drossel;  W.  tresgkn  ; 
Sw.  tra^t.] 

1.  A  dentirostral  singing  bird  of  various  species,  as 
the  missel-thrush,  (Morula  viscivora  of  Selby, 
Turdiis  viscivorus  of  Linnwus,)  the  song-thrush  or 
throstle,  (.Merula  musica  or  Turdus  musicus,)  Ihe 
brown  thrush  or  thrasher,  (Turdus  rufiis,)  &c. 
Thrushes  are  nearly  omnivorous,  are  found  in  every 
quarter  of  the  world,  and  some  of  them  are  remark- 
able for  the  melody  of  their  notes.  Jurdine.    P.  Cijc. 

2.  [Clu.  thriuit.]  An  affection  of  the  inflammatory 
and  suppurating  kind,  in  the  feet  of  the  horse  and 
some  other  animals.    In  the  horse  it  is  in  the  frog. 

Cijc. 

3.  In  medicine,  (L.  aphtha,)  minute  ulcers  in  the 
mouth  and  fauces.  Coze.  JirbuUtnot. 

.\  (Ijsease  chamcterized  by  roundish  granular 
vesicles  of  a  pearl  color,  aflecling  the  lips  and  mouth, 
and  sometimes  the  whole  alimentary  canal,  termina- 
ting in  curd-like  sloughs ;  occasionally  occurring  in 
successive  crops.  Oood. 
THRUST,  V.  t.  i  preL  and  pp.  Thrust.  [L.  trudo,  trusum, 

trusito!  Ch.  "l-iO;  Ar.  i  tarada.  Class  Rd,  No. 
63.]  ~ 

1.  To  push  or  drive  with  force  ;  as,  to  thrust  any 
thing  with  the  hand  or  foot,  or  with  an  instrument. 

Neither  sh.ill  one  thrust  another.  —  Joel  ii.   Jolin  xx. 

2.  To  drire  ;  to  force  ;  to  impel. 

To  thrust  away  or  from ;  to  push  away ;  to  reject. 
jJcf.i  vii. 

To  tJtru.H  in  ;  to  push  or  drive  in. 

Thrust  in  thy  sickle  and  reap.  —  RcT.  xW. 

To  thrust  on  ;  to  impel  ;  to  urge.  Shak. 
To  thrust  off;  to  push  away. 

To  thrust  through  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  stab.  JVum.  xxv. 
2  Sam.  xviii. 

To  thrust  out ;  to  drive  out  or  away ;  to  expel. 
Eiod  xii. 

To  thrust  one's  self;  to  obtrude  ;  to  intrude  ;  to 
enter  where  one  is  not  invited  or  not  welcome.  Locke. 
To  thrust  together ;  to  compress. 
THRUS  T,  V.  i.    To  make  a  push  ;  to  attack  with  a 
painted  weapon  ;  as,  a  fencer  thrusU  at  his  antago- 
nist. 

2.  To  enter  by  pushing  ;  to  squeeze  in. 

And  thrust  between  my  fiitber  ant!  Uie  god.  Dryden. 


THU 

3.  To  intrude.  Rotef. 

4.  To  push  forward  ;  to  come  with  force  ;  to  press 
on. 

Vouiiw,  old,  dtrust  th'Te 
In  miglity  cuncourae.  Clinjiman. 

THRUST,  n.  A  violent  push  or  driving,  as  with  a 
))oiutefl  weapon,  or  with  the  liand  or  foot,  or  with 
any  instrument ;  a  word  much  used  in  fencing. 

Polilea  Pyrrhus  with  his  lance  pursues, 

And  often  reaches,  and  his  tfirusts  renews.  Dryden. 

3.  Attack  ;  assault. 

There  Is  one  lArtist  at  your  pur«,  pretended  mechanism.  Mors. 
In  architecture,  a  horizontal,  outward  pressure,  as 
of  an  arch  against  its  abntiiients,  or  of  rafters  against 
the  walls  which  support  tht?m.  Brandc. 

JVote.  Push  anil  shuve  do  not  exactly  express  the 
sense  t)f  f/(r«i(.  The  two  former  imply  the  applica- 
tion of  force  by  one  body  already  in  contact  witii  the 
hotly  to  be  impelli  il.  Thrust,  on  the  contrary,  olti  n 
implies  the  impulse  or  applicatitm  of  ftirce  by  a 
moving  liotly,  a  body  in  motion  before  it  reaches  the 
boily  to  lie  impelled.  This  distinction  does  not  ex- 
ten  tl  to  every  case. 
THRUST'ER,  71.  One  who  thrusts  or  stabs. 
THRUST'ING,  ppr.    Pushing  with  force;  driving; 

impelling  ;  pressing. 
THRUST'ING,  n.    The  act  of  pushing  with  force. 
2.  In  dairies,  the  act  of  squeezing  curd  with  the 
hand,  to  expel  the  whey.    [Local.]  Ci/c 
TIIKUST'INGS,  n.  pi.     In  cheisc- making,  the  white 
whey,  or  that  which  is  last  pressed  out  of  the  curd 
by  the  hand,  anil  of  which  butter  is  sometimes  made. 

Cijc. 

[The  application  of  this  word  to  checse-viaking  is,  I 

beltrre,  riitirehf  unknown  in  AVw  England.] 
THUUST'ING-SCREW,  (-skru,)  n.     A  screw  for 

pressing  curd  in  clieese-making.  [Local.] 
TIIRUS'TI.E,  n.    The  thrush.    [See  Thiiostle.] 
TIlR^'FAI^I.oW,  V.  t.     [thrice  and  fallow.]  To 

give  the  third  plowins;  in  summer.  Tusser. 
THUG,  n.    [Hindoo,  (/ii/irnii,  to  deceive.] 

One  of  an  association  of  robbers  and  murderers  in 

India. 

THu'l,i5,  n.  The  name  given,  in  early  history,  to  the 
northernmost  part  of  the  habitable  world,  as  Norway, 
or,  more  probably,  Iceland ;  hence  the  Latin  phrase 
ultima  thulc. 

THu'I.ITE,  n.  A  variety  of  cpidote,  of  a  peach-blos- 
som color,  found  in  Norway.  Ure. 

THU.MB,  (tliuin,;  «.  [Sax.  Ihuma;  G.  daumen  ;  D. 
diiioi ;  Dan.  tomme  ;  Sw.  tummc] 

The  short,  thick  finger  of  the  human  hand,  or  the 
corresponding  ntember  of  other  animals. 

[The  preferable  orthography  would  be  Tiu  m.] 

THUMli,  (tliuni,)  V.  t.    To  handle  awkwardly;  to 
pl.iy  with  the  fingers  ;  as,  to  Uiumb  over  a  tune. 
2.  To  soil  with  the  fingers. 

TIIU.MH,  (Ihiim,)  c.  i.    To  play  on  with  the  fingers. 

THU.Mli'-llANl),  71.  [thumb  aud  band.]  A  twist  of 
any  thing  as  thick  as  the  tliumh.  Mortimer. 

THUMli'/..!),  (thumd,)  a.    Having  thumbs. 

THU.Mli'Kl),  pp.  Handled  awkwardly;  soiled  with 
the  fingers. 

THUMIi'lNG,  ppr.    Soiling  with  the  fingers. 

THUMB'KI.V,         j  n.    An  instrument  of  torture  for 

TIIU.MH'-SGREW,  (     compressing  the  thumb. 

TIIU.Mli'-RING,  n.  A  ring  worn  on  the  thumb,  fihak. 

THU.MIi'-STALL,  11.  [(AumA  and  sfnH.l  A  kind  of 
thimble  or  ferule  of  iron,  horn,  or  leather,  for  pro- 
tectins  the  thumb  in  making  sails,  &c.  Cue. 

THU.M'ER-SToNE,  n.  The  same  mineral  with  Axi- 
NiTE,  which  see.  Dana. 

THUM'MI.M,  71.  pi.  A  Hebrew  word  denoting  perfec- 
tions. The  Urim  and  Thnmmim  were  worn  in  thi^ 
breastplate  of  the  high-priest ;  but  what  they  were, 
h.ts  never  been  satisfactorily  ascert.iined. 

THUMP,  71.    (It.  Wiimifto.] 

A  heavy  blow  given  with  any  thing  that  is  thick, 
as  with  a  club,  or  the  fist,  or  with  a  heavy  liaminer, 
or  with  the  breech  of  a  gun. 

The  watchman  gave  so  great  a  thump  at  my  door,  that  T  aw-aked 
at  the  knock.  Taller, 

THUMP,  r.  f.  To  strike  or  beat  with  something  thick 

or  heavy.  SItak. 
THU.MP,  v.  i.  To  strike  or  fall  on  with  a  heavy  blow. 
.1  watchman  at  niglit  thumps  with  his  pole.  Sicift. 

TIIUMP'SD,  (thumpt,)  pp.  Struck  with  something 
heavy. 

THUMP'ER,  n.   The  person  or  thing  that  thumps. 
THU.MP'ING,  TTpr.    Striking  or  beating  with  some- 
thing thick  or  blunt. 

2.  a.  Heavy. 

3.  yulgarly,  stout ;  fat ;  large. 
TIIUN'DER,  n.    (Sax.  (Aiimier,  (Aitnor  ;  G.  donner:  D. 

doiutcr  ;  Sw.  dander;  Dan.  dundrcn;  h.  toailru,  from 


tano,  to  sound  ;  Fr.  tonnerre ;  It.  tuono ;  Pers.  .  JsjLj 
thondor,  or  thundur.] 

1.  The  sound  which  follows  a  flash  of  lightning  ; 
the  report  of  a  discharge  of  atmospheric  electricity. 
Thunder  is  caused  by  the  sudden  separation  and 


THU 

reunion  of  the  air  through  which  the  lightning 

passes.  Olm.iled 

[  Thunder  is  not  lightning,  but  the  eflect  of  iU  See 
Johnson's  Dictionary,  under  Thunoer.] 

There  were  thunders  anil  Iiglitiiiiigs.  —  Kx.  xix. 

2.  Thunder  is  used  for  lightning,  or  for  a  thunder- 
bolt, either  originally  through  ignorance,  or  by  way 
of  metaphor,  or  because  the  lightning  and  thunder 
are  closely  united. 

The  rr»engin<r  gods 
'Gainst  parricides  all  the  Diuwler  bend.  Shak. 

3.  Any  loud  noise ;  as,  the  thunder  of  cannon. 

Sons  of  thundsr.  —  Mark  ill. 

4.  Denunciation  published  ;  as,  the  thunders  of  the 

Vatican. 

TIIUN'DER,  17.  i.  To  sound,  rattle,  or  roar,  as  an  ex- 
plosion of  electricity. 

Canst  Uiou  thunder  with  a  volc«  like  him  t  —  Job  zl. 

2.  To  make  a  loud  noise,  particularly  a  heavy 
sound  of  some  continuance. 

His  iln-adful  voice  no  more 
Would  thumler  m  my  c.irs.  Mdton. 

3.  To  rattle,  or  give  a  heavy,  rattling  sound. 

And  roll  the  thundering  chariot  o'er  the  ground.  J.  Trumbull. 

TIIUN'DER,  V.  t.   To  emit  with  noise  and  terror. 

Oracles  si:vere 

Were  daily  thundered  In  our  ge-neml's  car.  Dryden. 
2.  To  publish  any  denunciation  or  threat. 

Au  archde.acon,  as  being  a  prelate,  may  thunder  out  an  ecclesi- 
aslical  c<.Misure.  Aylijf'e. 

THUN'DER-m.XST'ED,n.  Blasted  by  thunder.  .Scoff. 

THUN'DER-nCET,  71.  ((/iiini/cr  and  bolt.]  A  shaft 
of  lightning  ;  a  brilliant  stream  of  the  electrical  fluid, 
passing  fioin  one  part  of  the  heavens  to  anotlii  r, 
and  particularly  from  the  clouds  to  the  earth.  Ps. 
Ixxviii. 

2.  Figuratioehj,  a  daring  or  irresistible  hero  ;  as, 
the  Scipios,  those  ViunderbolU  of  war.  Dryden. 

3.  Fulininatiun  ;  ecclesiastical  denunciation. 

He  severely  threatens  such  with  Uic  Uiunderholt  of  excommuni* 
caiun.  HakewUl. 

4.  In  mineralotrii,  thunder-stone.  Spectator. 
THUN'DKR-HUKST,  u.  A  burst  of  thunder,  llrmans. 
TllUN'DER-GLAP,  II.    [t/iiim/er  and  cfiip.]    A  burst 

of  thunder;  sudden  re|Hirt  of  an  e.\plosioa  of  elec- 
tricity. 

When  suddenly  the  thunder-clap  was  heanl.  Dryden. 

THUN'DER-€LOUD,  71.  [thunder  and  cloud.]  A 
cloud  that  -produces  lightning  and  thunder. 

TllUN'DER-ER,n.  He  that  llMiiiders.  H'aller.  Dn/den. 

THU.N'DER-HOUSE,  «.  An  iii>irunieiit  for  illustra- 
tini;  the  manner  in  which  buildings  receive  damage 
by  ligliliiiiig.  Cijc. 

THUN'DKR-ING,  ppr.  or  0.  Making  the  noise  of  an 
electrical  explosion  ;  uttering  a  loud  sound  ;  fulmina- 
ting denunciations. 

TIIUN'DER-ING,  71.  The  report  of  an  electrical  ex- 
plosion ;  thunder. 

Entp-al  the  l.onI  tliat  there  be  no  more  mighty  thurulerings  and 
hail.  —  Kx.  ix. 

THUN'DER-OUS,  a.    Producing  thunder. 

How  he  I.-fore  the  thunderous  Lhronc  dulh  lie.  hfdlon. 
[Liltte  used.\ 

TIIUN'DER-SHOW-ER,  n.  [(Ai/nrfer  and  sWer.]  A 
shower  accompanied  with  thunder. 

THU,\'DER-.ST6NE,  71.  A  stone,  otherwise  called 
Bro.vtia.  Cijc. 

THUN'DER-STORM,  71.  [thunder  and  .«(orm.]  A 
storm  accoinpnnietl  with  ligliliiing  and  thunder, 
Thunder-clotitis  are  tiften  driven  by  violent  winds. 
In  America,  the  vitilence  of  the  winil  at  the  com- 
nienceini  iit  is  sometimes  equal  to  that  of  a  hurri- 
cane, and  at  this  time  the  explosions  of  electricity 
are  tlie  most  terrible.  This  violence  of  the  wind 
si'ldom  ciiiitiniies  longer  than  a  few  minutes,  and 
after  this  subsides,  the  rain  continues,  hut  the  jieals 
of  tliiiiider  are  less  frequent.  These  violent  showers 
sometimes  conlintie  for  hours  ;  more  generally,  they 
are  of  shorter  duration. 

TIIUN'DER-STRIKE,  r.  t.    [thunder  and  strike.]  To 
strike,  blast,  or  injure,  by  lightning.  Siduey. 
[Little  u/ted  in  its  literal  .sert,.r.  ] 
2.  To  astonish,  or  strike  dumb,  as  with  something 
[Little  ii.verf,  ricrpt  in  the  participle.]  (terrible. 

THUN'DER-STRUCK,  pp.  or  17.  Astonished  ;  amazed  ; 
struck  dumb  by  something  surprising  or  terrible  sud- 
denly presentetl  to  the  mind  or  view. 
[  This  is  a  word  in  common  use.] 

THU.V'DER-Y,  a.  Accompanied  with  thunder.  [Little 
used.  ] 

TIlC'KI-IiEE,  n.    [L.  thuribulum,  from  thus,  Ihuris, 

frankincense.] 
.\  censer  of  metal,  usually  in  the  form  of  a  vase, 

with  a  cover  perforated  to  allow  the  fumes  of  the 

burning  incense  to  escape.  Oloss.  qf  jirchit.  Cowel. 
TIIU-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [I,,  thurifer ;  thus  and /era,  to 

bear.] 

Producing  or  bearing  frankincense. 
THU-RI-FI-t  A'TIO.\,  n.    [L.  thus,  thuris,  and  facio, 
to  make.] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  V1"CI0US.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  §H  ;  TH  as  in  THia 


1151 


THY 


TIC 


TID 


The  art  of  fuming  with  incense ;  or,  the  act  of 
bHriHng  incense.  StilUnsflfel. 
THIJRL.,  )i.    A  short  communication  between  ailiis  in 

mines.  Brande. 
THURS'DAY,  n.  [V)an.  Torsdag;  that  is  Thur'^- day, 
the  day  consecrated  to  Tlwr,  the  god  of  tluinder,  an- 
swering to  tlie  Jove  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  L. 
died  Jovis  ;  It.  Giovedi ;  Sp.  Jiicve^  ;  Fr.  Jciidi,  So  in 
G.  dottnerstag,  D.  dondcrdag,  thunder-day.  This  Thor 
is  frt)rn  tlie  rout  of  \V.  taran,  till'  ider ;  taraio^  to 
strilse,  liit,  or  produce  a  shock  ;  Gat  lie  and  Ir.  tuirn, 
a  great  noise;  toirnms,  tliunder.  The  root  of  tlie 
word  signifies,  to  drive,  to  rush,  to  strike,  la  Sw. 
thbrtlon  is  thunder.] 

The  fifth  day  of  the  week. 
THUS,  H.    [Gr.  tliio),  to  sacrifice.] 

The  resin  of  tlie  spruce  fir,  so  called  from  its  use. 
THUS,  ado.    [Sa.v.  tlius  ;  D.  dus.] 

1.  In  this  or  that  manner;  on  this  wise;  as,  thus 
saith  the  Lord  ;  the  Pharisee  prayed  Wilis. 

TJlus  iliil  NojIi,  according  lo  all  Lhil  God  command^  him. — 
Geii.  vi. 

9.  To  this  degree  or  extent ;  as,  Wiiis  wise  ;  thus 
peaceable.  Hohjday. 

TJius  f.vt  ciilend,  thus  far  thy  bounds.  Aii.'lon. 

3.  In  the  phrase  tkiis  much,  it  seems  to  be  an  ad- 
jective, equivalent  to  this  much. 
THWACK,  !•.  t.  [du.  Sa.\.  tliacnan,  to  feel  or  stroke 
lightly.  It  does  not  well  accord  with  this  verb.  The 
word  twit  is  the  Sax.  tEthttitan,  or  othfcitan,  a  com- 
pound of  mth,  or  oth,  to,  or  at,  and  wi'nn.  In  like 
manner,  thwack  may  be  formed  from  our  vulgar  icA^icA, 


which  is  precisely  the  Eth. 


h.  wakea,  Ar. 

wakan,  to  strike.] 
To  strike  with  something  flat  or  heavy  ;  to  bang  ; 

to  bt-at  or  thrash.  Jirbuthnot. 
THWACK,  n.    A  heavy  blow  with  something  flat  or 

liL'avy.  .^ddisoUt 
THWACK'IN'G,  ppr.  Striking  with  a  heavy  blow. 
THWAI'i'E,  71.    A  fish  ;  a  species  of  the  shad.  [Sec 

TWAITE.]  ClJC. 

2.  A  plain  parcel  of  ground,  cleared  of  wood  and 
stumps,  inclosi-d  and  converted  to  tillage.  [Local.'\ 
THWART,  (Ihwort,)  a.    [D.  dwars  ;  IJan.  tm-r,  tvcrt, 
terrs  ;  Sw.  tvars,  tonrt;  probably  a  compound  of  Sax. 
atlt,  oth,  to,  and  the  root  of  vefr,  L.  vcrto,  versus.] 
Transverse  ;  being  across  something  else. 

Moveil  coiur.iry  wkh  Ihtoart  obliqiiiti' s.        .  AlUton. 
THWART,  (thwort,)  v.  t.    To  cross;  to  be,  lie,  or 
come  across  the  direction  of  something. 

Swift  as  a  shooting  star 
In  antinnn  thwarts  l\w  nijlit.  Aii/lon. 

2.  To  cross,  as  a  purpose ;  to  oppose ;  to  contra- 
vene ;  hence,  to  frustrate  or  defeat.  We  say,  to 
thwart  a  purpose,  design,  or  inclination ;  or  to  thwart 
a  person. 

If  crookfd  fortune  had  not  thwarted  me.  Sliak, 
The  pro[Wsal3  of  llie  one  never  thwarted  the  incIin.atioiis  of  the 
other.  Soudi. 
THWART,  V.  i.    To  be  in  opposition. 

A  proposiuon  th'it  shaft  tliwart  at  all  with  these  internal  oracles, 
^ijiiusnat  aivl  improper .\ 

THWART,  «.  The  seat  or  bench  of  a  bo.at  on  which 
the  rowers  sit,  placed  athwart  the  boat.  Tollen. 

THW.'MIT'KD, /ip.    Crossed;  opposed;  frustrated. 

THWART'ER,  n.  A  distfase  in  sheep,  indicated  by 
sliakins,  trcMibling,  or  convulsive  motions.  Cijc. 

THWART'ING,  ppr.  Crossing;  contravening;  de- 
franVlL'. 

THW.ART'I.XG,?!.    The  act  of  crossing  or  frustrating. 
Til  WART'lXG-LY,  arfi).  In  a  cross  direction ;  in  op- 
posit  ion. 

Til WART'NESS,  n.    Untowardness ;  perversencss. 

TIIVV.\R'r-SHIPS,ar/B.   Across  the  ship.  Mar.  Did. 

TIlWt'rE,  V.  I.    [Sax.  Ihwitan.] 

To  cut  or  clip  with  a  knife.    [Lncal.']  Cliaucer. 

TIIWIT'TLE,  (thwit'tl,)  v.  t.  To  whittle.  [See 
Whittle.]  Chaucer. 

TII?,a.  [Contracted  from  (/iinc,  or  from  some  other 
derivative  of  f'lim.  It  is  probable  that  the  [ironuun 
w.iH  originally  thiir,  thug,  or  thuk,  and  the  atljective 
thijrrn.    See  Thoi;  j 

Thy  is  the  adjective  of  t/i«H,  or  a  pronominal  ad- 
jective, signifying,  of  tliee,  or,  belonging  to  thee,  like 
tuuji,  in  Latin.  It  is  used  in  the  solemn  and  grave 
style. 

Th*"**!  are  t}nj  works,  Parent  of  jood.  Milton, 
THVTXE-WQQI),  ;i.  a  pricioiis  wood,  mentioned 
Hn\  xviii.,  probably  the  wood  of  Caililris  tpiadri- 
valvis,  formerly  called  V'liiijti,  or  Tlniia  articulata, 
known  to  the  Romans  by  a  name  signifying  CiTnort- 
Woon.  Tliid  tree  is  a  native  of  llarbary,  allied  to 
the  pines,  and  is  thought  to  jiroduce  the  sandurac  of 
commerce.  Kitto.    P.  Cijc. 

THV.ME,  (usually  pronounced,  irregularly,  (imc,)  n. 
[Fr.  tlitim  :  L.  thymus  ;  Gr.  ^I'ftof.] 

A  plant  of  the  genuii  Thymus.  The  garden  thyme 
is  a  warm,  pungent  aromatic,  much  unuA  to  give  a 
rrliHh  to  xc-uionings  and  soups. 
TIIV'MUS,  n.   tGr.  Oii,i<j$.] 


In  auatomij,  a  glantliilar  body,  divided  into  lobes, 
situated  behind  the  sternum  in  the  duplicatiire  of 
the  mediastinum.  It  is  largest  in  the  fclus,  dimin- 
ishes after  birth,  and  in  adults  often  entirely  disap- 
pears. It  has  no  excretory  duct,  and  its  use  is  un- 
known. In  calves  it  is  called  SivEEriREAD;  but 
the  term  sweetbread  is  also  applied  to  the  pancreas,  a 
very  different  organ.         Hooper.    IVistar,  Parr. 

TII?'M  V,  (ti'iiie,)a.  Abounding  with  thyme  :  fragrant. 

THY'ROID,  a.  [Gr.  ivoiot,  a  shield,  and  e:^  ,i,  form.] 
Resembling  a  shield  ;  applied  to  one  of  the  carti- 
lages of  the  larynx,  so  called  from  its  figure,  to  a 
gland  situated  near  that  cartilage,  and  to  the  arteries 
and  veins  of  the  gland.  Cijc. 

The  thyroid  cartilage  constitutes  the  anteritir,  su- 
perior, and  largest  part  of  the  larynx,  and  is  some- 
times popularly  called  Adam's  Apple.  Hooper. 

The  tliyroid  gland  is  situated  on  the  sides  and 
front  of  the  lower  part  of  the  larynx,  and  the  upper 
part  of  the  trachea.  It  is  copiously  supplied  with 
blood,  but  is  not  known  to  furnish  any  secretion. 
It  is  tiie  seat  of  the  bronchocele,  or  goiter. 

Hooper.  Parr. 

TTIYRSE,  (thurs,)         )  n.     [L.  thyrsus ;   Gr.  ^vp- 

TIIYU'-SUS,  ithur'sus,)!  o-nj.] 

In  6()?it/(i^,  a  species  of  inflorescence ;  a  panicle,  very 
compact,  with  the  lower  branches  shorter  than  those 
of  the  middle,  as  in  the  lilac.  Lindley. 

THYR'SOID,  (thur-,)  a.  Having  somewhat  tlie  form 
of  a  thvise  or  thyrsus. 

THYR'SUS,  (thur-,)  n.  [Gr.  evpfios.]  A  staff  en- 
twined with  ivy,  which  formed  part  of  the  accoutre- 
ment of  a  Bacchanal,  or  performer  in  the  orgies  of 
Hacclius.  Brande. 

THYS-AN-IJ'RANS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Siitrai/otipoj,  having 
a  long,  busily  tail.] 

An  order  of  apterous  insects,  supported  by  six  feet, 
that  undergo  no  metamorphosis,  and  have  in  addition 
particular  organs  of  motion,  either  on  the  sides  or  at 
the  extremity  of  the  abdomen.  Cuvier. 

THV-SELF',  pron.  [thy  anil  self.]  A  pronoun  used 
after  thou,  to  express  distinction  with  emphasis. 
"  77ioit  thyself  Shalt  go  ; "  that  is,  thou  shalt  go,  and 
no  other.  It  is  sometimes  used  without  thou,  and  in 
the  nominative  as  well  as  objective  case. 

Tl-.\'RA,  n.  [Fr.  Hare;  L.  Sp.  and  It.  tiara;  Gr.  na- 
pa ;  Sax.  tyr.    See  Syr.  >       chadar,  Class  Dr,  No. 

15,  and  Heb.  nioy  atar.  No.  34.  From  the  former 
probably  the  Latins  li  id  their  cidaris,  and  tiara  from 
the  latter;  the  same  word  with  different  prefixes.] 

1.  An  ornament  or  article  of  dress  with  which 
the  ancient  Persians  covered  their  heads  ;  a  kind  of 
turban.  As  different  authors  liescribe  it,  it  must 
have  been  of  different  forms.  The  kings  of  Persia 
alone  had  a  right  to  wear  it  straight  or  erect :  the 
lords  and  priests  wore  it  depressed,  or  turned  down 
on  the  fore  side.  Xenojihon  says  the  tiara  was  en- 
compassed with  the  diatiem,  at  least  in  ceremonials. 

Cyc. 

2.  An  ornament  worn  by  the  Jewish  high  priest. 
Ezod.  xxviii. 

3.  The  pope's  triple  crown.  The  tiara  and  keys 
are  the  badges  of  the  papal  dignity  ;  the  tiara  of  his 
civil  rank,  and  the  keys  of  his  jurisdiction.  It  was 
formerly  a  round,  high  cap.  It  was  afterward  en- 
compassed with  a  crown,  then  with  a  second  and  a 
third.  Cyc. 

TI-A'R.\-£D,  (ti-a'rad,)  a.    Adorned  with  a  tiara. 

TIB'I-.A,  n.  [L.J  The  shin-bone;  the  larger  of  the 
two  bones  which  form  the  second  segment  of  the 
leg.  Brande. 

TIB'I-.AL,  a.  [L.  tibia,  a  flute,  and  the  large  bone  of 
the  leg.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  large  bone  of  the  leg  ;  as,  the 
tibial  artery  ;  tibial  nerve.  Med.  Rcpos. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  pipe  or  flute. 
TIR'U-RO,  71.    A  fish  of  the  shark  kind. 

Tl€  bOU-LOU-Rt.UX',  n.  [Fr.l  A  painful  affec- 
tion of  a  nerve,  coming  on  in  sutliien  attacks,  usually 
in  the  head. 

TICE,  for  Entice.    fJV'of  in  use.']         Bcanm.  ^-  Fl. 
TieirOR-RllINE,  71.    [Gr.  r£i\ns:  and  pii.] 

A  fossil  rhinoceros,  with  a  midiUe,  vertical,  bony 
septum  or  wall  supporting  the  nose.  Brande. 
TICK,  71.  [In  Gaelic,  doigh  is  trust.  But  I 'suspect 
tick  to  signify  a  cut,  a  notch,  W.  tire,  from  the  man- 
ner (if  keeping  accounts  among  unlettered  men.  See 
Dock  and  Ticket.] 

Credit  ;  trust ;  as,  to  buy  upon  tick.  Locke. 
TICK,  71.    [Fr.  tii/ue;  G.  zecke :  It.  iccca.] 

A  little  insect,  of  a  livid  color  and  globose-ovate 
form,  that  infi-sts  sheep,  dogs,  goats,  cows,  &c.,  a 
species  of  .Acanis.  Cye. 
TICK,  71.    [D.  leek,  tijk  ;  probably  from  covering,  L. 
(r;Tij,  Eng.  to  deck  ;  Riiss.  lik,  tent-cloth.] 

The  cover  or  case  of  a  bed,  which  contains  the 
feathers,  wool,  or  other  material. 
TICK,  11.  i.    [from  (ir/.-,  credit.]    To  run  upon  score. 

2.  'I'o  trust.  .^rbuthnot. 
TICK,  V.  I.    [I),  tikken.    It  coincides  in  elements  with 
L.  tango,  tago.  ] 

'I'o  beat ;  to  pat ;  or  to  make  a  small  noise  by  beat- 
ing or  otherwi.<e  ;  as  a  watch. 


TICK'-Bk.'V.N,  71.  A  small  bean  employed  in  feeding 
horses  and  other  animals.  Ci.c. 

TICK'E.M,  II.    Cloth  for  bed-ticks,  or  cases  for  beds. 

TICK'ET,  n.  [i''t.  etiquette;  W.  tocyn,  a  short  piece 
or  si  p,  a  ticket,  frtiiii  tociaw,  to  curtail,  to  clip,  to 
dock.  We  have  dock  and  docket  from  the  same  root. 
It  denotes  a  piece  or  slip  of  paper.] 

\.  A  piece  of  paper  or  a  card  which  gives  the 
holder  a  right  of  admission  to  some  place;  as,  a  ticket 
for  the  playhouse,  or  for  other  exhibition. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  or  writing  acknowledging 
some  debt,  or  a  certificate  that  something  is  due  to 
the  holder.  Spenser. 

3.  A  piece  of  paper  bearing  some  number  in  a  lot- 
tery, which  entitles  the  owner  to  receive  such  prize 
as  may  be  drawn  against  that  number.  When  it 
draws  no  prize,  it  is  said  to  draw  a  blank,  and  the 
holder  has  nothing  to  receive. 

TICK'ET,  7'.  (.    To  distinguish  by  a  ticket.  Bentlcy. 
TICK'ET-E»,  pp.    Distinguished  by  a  ticket. 
TICK'ET-ING,  ppr.    Distinguishing  by  a  ticket. 
TICK'ET-PoRT'ER,  71.    A  licensed  porter  wearing  a 
ticket,  by  which  he  may  be  identified.  [England.] 

Dickcus. 

TICK'ING,  ppr.   Beating;  patting. 
2.  Trusting  ;  scoring. 

TICK'ING,  71.  A  closely-woven  cloth  used  to  contain 
the  feathers  or  other  materials  of  beds. 

TICK'LE,  (tik'l,)  u.  (.  [dim.  of  JoiicA  ;  perhaps  direct- 
ly from  £icA',  to  pat,  or  it  is  the  l5.  titillo,  corrupted.] 

1.  To  touch  ligjytly,  and  cause  a  peculiar  thrilling 
sensation,  which  can  not  be  described.  A  slight  sen- 
sation of  this  kind  may  give  pleasure,  but  when  vio- 
lent it  is  insuffotable. 

2.  To  please  by  slight  gratification  A  glass  of 
wine  may  tickle  the  palate. 

a  nature 

Shai. 

TICK'LE,  (tik'l,)  v.  i.   To  feel  titillation. 

He  with  secret  joy  therefore 
Did  Uckle  inwardly  in  every  vein.  j^ensfr. 

TICK'LE,  a.  Tottering ;  wavering,  or  liable  to  waver 
and  fall  at  the  slightest  touch  ;  unstable ;  easily  over- 
thrown. 

Thy  head  sUinds  so  tickle  on  thy  shoulders,  that  a  milkmaid,  if  in 
luve,  may  sijii  it  oli'.  Shak. 
The  suite  of  Normandy 
Stands  on  d  tickle  point.  Shdk. 

[This  word  is  wholly  obsolete,  at  least  in  New 
England.    Ticklish  is  the  word  used.] 
TICK'LE-NESS,  71.    Unsteadiness.    [A^ot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

TICK'LER,  71.    One  that  tickles  or  pleases. 
TICK'LING.  ppr.    Affecting  with  titillatiim. 
TICK'LING,  71.    The  act  of  affecting  with  titillation. 
TICK'LISH,  a.    Sensible  to  slight  touches  ;  easily 

tickled.    The  bottom  of  the  foot  is  very  ticklish,  as 

are  the  sides  ;  the  palm  of  the  hand,  hardened  by 

use,  is  not  ticklish. 
2.  Tottering ;  standing  so  as  to  be  liable  to  totter 

and  fall  at  the  slightest  touch ;  unfixed ;  easily 

moved  or  affected. 


Ireland  was  a  tichlish  aad  unsettled  st.ate. 


Sacon. 


3.  Difficult;  nice;  critical;  as,  these  are  ticklish 
times.  SwiJ't. 

TICK'LISH-LY,  adi:    In  a  ticklish  manner. 

TICK'LISH-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
ticklish  or  very  sensible. 

2.  The  state  of  being  tottering  or  liable  to  fall. 

3.  Crilicalness  of  condition  or  state. 
TICK'SEED,  71.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Corispermum. 
*  The  tick.seed  sunflower  is  of  the  genus  Coreopsis. 

Z,011l/o71. 

TICK'-TACK,  71.    A  game  at  tables.    [See  Trick- 
track.] 
TID,  a.    [Sax.  tyddcr.] 

Tender  ;  sol^  ;  nice. 
TID'AL,  17.    Pertaining  to  tides;  periodically  rising 
and  falling,  or  flowing  and  ebbing  ;  as,  tidal  waters. 

Modem  English. 
TID'BIT,  71.    [tid  and  bit]    A  delicate  or  tender  piece 
of  any  thing  eatable. 

Tll)'I)}'li'  j  '■  '"^^  'findorness  ;  to  fondle. 
TID'I)L/ii),  pp.  Fondled. 

TIDE,  71.  [Sax.  tidnn,  to  happen;  lid,  time,  season, 
opportunity,  an  hour ;  G.  :ri( ;  I),  tyd  ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
tid.  This  word  is  from  a  root  that  signifies  to  come, 
to  happen,  or  to  fall  or  rush,  as  in  betide  ;  ciurespond- 
ing  in  sense  with  time,  season,  hour,  opportunity. 
7'id,  time,  is  the  fall,  the  occasion,  the  event.  Its 
original  meaning  is  entirely  obsolete,  except  in  com- 
position, as  in  Shrovetide,  WHirsfNTiDt.] 

1.  Time ;  season. 

Which,  at  the  appointed  tide, 

Kach  one  did  make  hiii  liride.  Spenter. 
[ITlie  sense  is  obsolete.] 

2.  The  alternate  rising  and  falling  of  the  waters  of 
the  ocean,  and  of  bays,  rivers,  &r.,  connected  there- 
with. The  tide  ebbs' and  flows  twice  in  a  little  more 
than  twenty-four  hours.  It  is  occasioned  by  the  at- 
traction of  the  sun  and  moon,  (the  influence  of  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQpK.— 


TIE 


TIG- 


TIL 


1 


[See,  also,  ! 
'3.  Slrcuiii ; 


latter  being  three  times  that  of  tlie  former,)  acting  | 
uiieqiially  on  the  wali  rs  in  dilTi  rent  parts  of  the 
earlli,  thus  disturbing  their  equilibrium. 

Oimstrtl. 

We  commonly  distinpuish  the  (low  or  rising  of  the 
water  by  the  name  of  Flood  Tiuc,  and  the  reflux 
by  that  of  Kub  Tide. 

I  Sprin^j-Tide  and  Neak-Tidi;.] 
;  course ;  current ;  as,  tlio  tidt 

times. 

Time's  ung^iUlo  Ude,  Byron. 

4.  Favorable  course. 

There  U  a  tiiU  in  llie  nlTiin  of  men, 

VVIiicli,  taken  at  llic  Huud,  li-.ula  on  to  Torlnne.  S}iak. 

5.  Violent  confluence.    [.Vut  in  «.«■.]  Bmon. 
G.  Among  miners-,  the  period  of  twelve  hours. 

Cijc. 

7.  Current ;  flow  of  blood. 

And  life's  rcJ  tide  rini*  eUiing  from  tlie  woiiivl. 

IxuCe  0/  Pi  a; J  ami  A/ire. 

TIDE,  r.  <.    To  diive  with  the  stream.  Drijdcn. 

TIDK,  I',  i.  To  work  in  or  out  of  a  river  or  harbor  by 
favor  of  the  tide,  and  anchor  wlien  it  btconies  ad- 
vei-se.  Tutten, 

TIDK'-GATE,  n.  A  gate  through  which  water  passes 
into  a  basin  when  the  tide  Hows,  and  which  is  shut, 
to  retain  the  water  from  llowina  back  at  the  irbb 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  place  wliere  the  tide  runs  with 
great  velocity.  Tottm. 

TIlJE'-GAL'CiK,  n.  A  contrivance  for  reuisterini!  the 
state  of  the  tide  continuously  %t  every  instant  of 
time.  Brandc. 

TTDE'LE.SS,  a.    Having  no  tide. 

TIDE'-.MILL,  n.  [tiiU  and  mill.]  A  mill  th.-it  is 
moved  by  tide-water ;  also,  a  mill  for  clearing 
l.an<ls  from  tide-water. 

TIUES'-.M  AN,  fi.  An  officer  who  remains  on  board  of 
n  merrlinnt's  ship  till  the  goods  are  landed,  to  pre- 
vent tlie  evasion  of  the  duties. 

TI1)1V-VV.A|T-ER,  II.  [tidt  and  waiter.]  An  officer 
who  watches  the  landing  of  goods,  to  secure  the 
payment  of  duties. 

TIDE'-WaV,  II.  [tide  and  way.]  The  channel  in 
which  the  tide  sets.  Mar.  Diet. 

TI'I)I-KI),  (ti'did,)  pp.    Made  tidy. 

TI'DI-LY,  ac/c.  [from  fii/y.]  Neatly ;  with  neat  siin- 
piicity  ;  as,  a  female  tidilij  dressed. 

TI'UI-NESS,  II.    Neatness  without  richness  or  ele- 
gance ;  neat  simplicity  ;  as,  the  tidiness  of  dress. 
2.  Neatness  ;  as,  the  tidiness  of  rooms. 

TT'DING-LESS,  a.    Having  no  tidings. 

TI'Ul.N'tJS,  II.  pi.  [Sw.  tidning ;  Dan.  firfoide,  news. 
It  is  the  participle  of  Sax.  tidan,  to  happen,  or  some 
other  verb  connected  with  tide,  and  denotes  coming, 
or  th.at  wiiich  arrives.] 

News  ;  advice  ;  information  ;  intelligence  ;  ac- 
count of  what  has  tak'en  place,  and  was  not  before 
known. 

I  shiitl  niiike  mjr  muter  gl-ij  wiUi  these  tidings,  Shai. 
£«}iold.  I  l.niig  jon  ^o«o  lidings  01  ga*at  joy,  uiikh  shall  l»  (o 
all  people.  —  LiiKe  li. 

TI'DV,  a    [from  tide,  time,  season ;  Dan.  and  Sw. 

tiilig,  seasoimble.] 

1.  In  it^i  primary  sense,  seasonable ;  favorable ; 
being  in  proper  time ;  as,  weather  fair  and  tidy, 

7'asscr. 

2.  Neat ;  dressed  with  neat  simplicity  ;  as,  a  tidy 
lass;  the  children  are  tidy;  their  dress  is  tidy ;  that 
is,  primarily,  proper  for  the  time  or  occasion. 

3.  Neat ;  being  in  good  order.  The  apartments 
arc  well  furnished  and  tidy. 

TI'DV,  e.  (.    To  make  neat ;  to  put  in  gtxid  order. 
TrDV-INU,  ppr.    Making  tidy. 

TIE,  I  V.  t.  [&ix.  tian,  for  fi^i-uii,  to  bind  ;  tig,  tige,  a 
TtE,  j     tie,  a  purse.    The  primary  sense  is  to  strain, 

anil  hence  its  alliance  to  tag,  to  draw,  Sw.  tiga,  L. 

tacro,  to  be  silent.    The  Gr.  h  --t  may  be  the  same 

word.    On  account  of  the  participle  tying,  it  might 

be  Well  to  write  the  verb  Vje.] 

1.  To  bind  ;  to  fasten  with  a  band  or  cord  and 

knot. 

M>  son,  keep  diy  fath-r's  commandnirnts  —  Isnd  tbem  continu- 
ally up<-n  thine  liuart,  and  Ct«  them  about  Ui/  neck  

Prov.  vi. 

3.  To  fold  and  make  fast ;  as,  to  tie  a  knot. 

3.  To  knit ;  to  complicate. 

We  do  Dot     this  knot  with  au  intention  to  puzxle  tbc  argument. 

Burnet. 

4.  To  fasten ;  to  hold  ;  to  unite  so  as  not  to  be 
easily  parted 

In  bond  of  rtrtuous  loTe  together  tied.  Fairfax. 

5.  To  oblige;  to  constr.tin  ;  to  restrain  ;  tocontinc. 
People,  in  their  jealousy,  may  tie  the  hands  of  their 
minister!!  and  public  agents,  so  as  to  prevent  them 
from  doing  good. 

Not  &td  to  rules  of  policy,  Tou  find 

Revenge  less  sweet  than  a  forgiving  mind.  DryUn. 

6.  In  mu.<ie,  to  unite  notes  by  a  crtiss  line,  or  by  a 
curve  line  dmwn  over  them. 

To  tie  up :  to  confine  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  hinder  from 
motion  or  action  ;  as,  to  tie  up  llie  tongue  ;  to  lie  up 
the  bands.  Mdi^mi. 


I  ,  -  ■  ,  W^j.  Hound;  fasted  with  a  knot; 
i  ^  '    "  (     confined  ;  restrained  ;  united,  as 


To  tie  down ;  to  fasten  so  as  to  prevent  from  rising. 
2.  To  restrain  ;  to  confine  ;  to  hinder  from  action. 
TIE,  II.    A  knot;  fastening. 

2.  Bond  ;  obligation,  moral  or  legal ;  af,  the  snored 
tics  of  friendship  or  of  duty  ;  the  tica  of  allegiance. 

3.  A  k||ot  of  iinir.  Young. 

•1.  In  architecture,  n  piece  of  timber  or  metal  for 
binding  two  bodies  together. 

5.  In  music,  a  character  to  connect  syncopated 
notes. 

6.  An  equality  in  numbers,  as  of  votes,  &c.,  which 
prevents  either  party  from  being  victorious. 

TIE'-BkAM,  II.  The  beam  which  connects  the  bot- 
tom of  a  pair  of  principal  rafters,  and  prevents  them 
from  thrusting  out  the  wall.  Guilt. 

TVKl), 

r'i'EU, 

notes,  . 

TI i'U,  (leer,)  n.  [Ileb.  -ivj  t,tr.  Class  Dr,  No.  t.M. 
Sec  TinE.) 

A  rov/  ;  a  rank ;  parlirubrly  when  two  or  more 
rows  are  placed  one  above  another ;  a<,  a  lii  r  of  seats 
ill  a  church  or  tlieati  r.  1'liiis,  in  sliips  of  war,  the 
rauce  of  guns  on  one  deck  and  one  side  of  a  sliip 
is  called  a  fur.  'i'hose  on  the  lower  deck  are  called 
the  lower  fifr,  and  those  above,  tlie  middle  or  upper 
tiers.  Ships  with  three  tiers  of  guns  are  three- 
deckers. 

The  tiers  of  a  cable  are  the  ranges  of  fakes  or 
windings  of  a  cable,  laid  one  within  another  when 
coiled. 

7'ier,  in  organs,  is  a  rank  or  range  of  pipes  in  tlic 
front  of  the  instrument,  or  in  the  interior,  when  the 
compound  stops  have  several  ranks  of  pipes.  Cyc. 
TIERCE,  (lers  or  tecrs,)  ii.    [Fr.,  from  tiers,  third.] 

1.  A  cask  whose  content  is  one  third  of  a  pipe, 
that  is,  forty  gallons  ;  or  it  may  be  the  iiie.asure. 

2.  In  Ireland,  a  weight  by  which  provisions  are 
sold.  The  tierce  of  beef  for  the  navy  is  304  lb.,  and 
for  India,  SSUlb. 

3.  In  miusic,  a  third. 

4.  In  gaining,  a  sequence  of  three  cards  of  the 
same  color. 

5.  A  thrust  in  fencing. 

6.  In  heraldry,  a  field  divided  into  three  parts. 
TIER'CEL,       j  «.    In  falconry,  a  name  given  to  the 
TIERCE'LET,  j     male  hawk,  as  being  a  third  part 

less  than  the  female.  Cyc, 
TlEll'CET,  (teer'set,)  ii.    [from  fierce]    In  poetry,  a 

triplet ;  three  lines,  or  three  lines  rhviiiing. 
TIERS'-ErTAT',{tccn'a.-Vji',)n.    [Fr.J    In  Frniirr, 

the  third  branch,  or  commonalty,  answering  to  the 

commons  in  Great  Britain  ;  [lilcralbj,  the  third  estate.] 
TIFF,  H.    [Uu.  tipple,  tope.] 

1.  Liquor;  or  rather  a  smalj  draught  of  liquor. 
[Vulgar.]  Philips.  Ilaltitnll. 

2.  A  pet  or  fit  of  peevishness ;  u  slight  altercation. 

Johnson. 

[I  knou)  not  where  this  word  is  used  in  Uie  loiter 
sense.] 

TIFF, ».  i.   TobeinapeL    [Lovs.]  Jo!in.ion. 
TIFFjt).  f.    To  dress.    [JVot  in  m.sc] 
TIF'FA-NV,  n.    [According  to  the  Italian  and  S|ian- 
ish  dictionaries,  this  word  is  to  be  referred  to  1'af- 

FETA.] 

A  species  of  gauze  or  very  thin  silk. 

TIFFE-DE-M  ER',  ii.  A  species  of  sea-plant,  so  called 
by  Count  .Marsigli,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  heads 
of  the  Typha  patu.^tris,  or  cat's  tail.  It  has  a  siiiouth 
surface  and  a  velvety  look.  It  prows  to  two  feet  in 
higlit,  and  is  elegantly  branclied.  It  grows  on 
rocks  and  stones,  and  when  first  taken  out  of  tlic 
sea,  is  full  of  a  yellow,  viscous  w.iter ;  but  wIh  ii 
tliis  is  pressed  out,  and  the  substance  is  dried,  it  be- 
comes of  a  dusky-brown  color.  Cye. 

TIF  FIN,  n.  A  word  introduced  from  India,  denoting 
a  lunch  or  slight  repast  between  breakfast  and  din- 
ner. Jilalcoin,  Blackxcood, 

TIG,  n.    A  play.  [SeeTao.] 

TIGE,  (teej,)  «.  [Fr.,  a  stallt.]  The  shaft  of  a  col- 
umn from  the  astragal  to  the  capital.  Bailey. 

Ti'GER,  n.  [l  Y.  fi>re  :  It.  fi^r^u  ;  h.  tigris ;  said  to  be 
from  ■CJ  5-ir,  a  dart ;  whence  "fSTi  tiger.]- 

1.  A  fierce  and  rapacious  animal  of  the  genus  Fe- 
lis,  (F.  f'Vriji,)  one  of  the  largest  and  most  terrible 
of  the  genus,  iiilialiiting  Asia.  American  tiger  is  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  jaguar,  (Felis  jaguar.) 

2.  A  servant  in  livery,  who  rides  with  his  master 
or  mistress. 

TI'GER-e.\T,  71.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
lesser  striped  and  spotted  feline  quadrupeds,  not  in- 
cluding the  timers,  leopards,  and  panthers.  P.  Cue 

TI'GER-FQOT-EU,  a.    Hastening  to  ilovour ;  furious. 

Entick. 

TI'GER  ISII,  0.    Like  a  tiger. 

TI'GER'S-FOOT,  n.  A  pl.iut  of  the  genus  Iponitra 
or  Convolvulus.  J^fr. 

TI'GER-SIIELL,  71.  [tigrrand  shell.]  A  name  given 
to  a  red  shell  with  large  white  spots.  In  the  Lin- 
nxan  system,  the  tiger-s/icU  is  a  species  of  Cj  jiiaia. 

Cyc. 

TIGII,  (ti,)  77.    In  iTriil,  a  close  or  inclosnrc. 
TIGHT,  (tite,)  a.    [G.  dicJit :  I).  .Sw.  and  Dan.  digt ; 
allied  to  tAic*  and  fie,  and  to  Sw.  fi^'u,  to  be  silent, 


L.  taceo ;  that  is,  close,  closely  compreased  ;  fiusa. 
tugei,  stiff.    See  Tack.] 

1.  Close  ;  compact ;  not  loose  or  open  ;  having  the 
joints  so  close  that  no  fluid  can  enter  or  escape  ;  not 
leaky  ;  as,  a  fiVAl  ship,  or  a  fi>/if  cask. 

2.  Close  ;  got  admitting  much  air  ;  as,  a  ti^iU 
room. 

3.  Silting  close  to  the  body ;  as,  a  tigld  coat  or 
other  g;irnient. 

4.  Close  ;  not  having  holes  or  crevices ;  not  loose  ; 
applied  to  many  vessels,  &c. 

5.  Close ;  hard  ;  as,  a  tight  bargain.  [In  common 
%tse  ill  Jlrnerica.] 

6.  Close;  parsimonious;  saving;  as,  a  man  tiglu 
in  his  dealings.    [In  common  u.-ic  in  .America.] 

7.  Closely  dressed  ;  not  ragged. 

I'll  spill  and  card,  and  keep  our  children  tigbL  Gay. 

8.  Hardy  ;  adroit.  Skak. 

9.  Not  slack  or  loose  ;  applied  to  a  rope  extended 
or  stretched  out.  'I'oUen. 

JVote.  —  This  is  the  foul  or  taught  of  seamen, 
applied  to  a  rope  stretched.  The  primary  sense  is, 
strained. 

TIGiri''/;.\,  (lit'n.)  r.t.  To  draw  tighter;  to  straiten  ; 
to  make  more  close  in  any  manner. 

TIGHT'£N-i;U,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn  tighter  ;  strait- 
ened. 

TIGHT'7!.\-ING,  ppr-     Drawing  tighter  ;  making 

more  close  in  any  manner. 
TIGIIT'ER,n.  A  ribbon  or  string  used  to  draw  clothes 
closer.    [^Vof  u.ird.] 
2.  (7.  More  tight. 
TIGHT'LY,  adB.    Closely;  compactly. 

2.  Neatly  ;  adroitly. 
TIGHT'NESS,  71.    Closeness  of  joints  ;  (^onipactneFS ; 
straitness. 

2.  Neatness,  as  in  dress. 

3.  Parsiinonioiisness  ;  closeness  in  dealing. 
TI'GRESS,  n.    [from  fiifrr.l    The  female  of  the  tiger. 
Tl'GRI.NE,  (tl'grin,)  a.    Like  a  tiger. 
Tl'GRI.-<II,  o.    Resembling  a  tiger.  Sidney. 
TIKE,  71.    A  tick.    [See  Tick.) 

TIKE,  71.  [Celtic,  tiak,  liae,  a  plowman  ;  Arm.  liee,  a 
housekeeper.] 

1.  A  countryman  or  clown. 

2.  A  .log.  Sliak. 
TIL'BU-RV,  71.    A  kind  of  gig  or  two-wheeicd  car- 
riage, without  a  top  or  cover.  Scoff. 

TILE,  71.  [Sax.  ligcl;  D.  tegel  or  tichgel;  G.  lie^ei  ; 
Dan.  and  Sw.  tegel ;  L.  ttgula ;  It.  tegola  ;  Sp.  fe;a, 
contracted.  This  word  is  undoubtedly  from  the 
root  of  L.  tego,  to  cover,  Eng.  to  deck.] 

1.  A  plate  or  piece  of  baked  clay,  used  for  cover- 
ing the  roofs  of  buildings. 

The  pins  for  fastening  uiet  are  made  of  oak  or  fir.  Moron. 

2.  In  mftallurgy,  a  small,  flat  piece  of  dried  earth 
or  earthenware.  Used  to  cover  vessels  in  which  met- 
als are  fused. 

3.  A  piece  of  baked  clay  used  in  drains. 
TILE,  ('.  I.   To  cover  with  tilts ;  as,  !o  tile  a  house 

2.  To  cover,  as  tiles. 

The  muecle,  sinew,  ond  tHu, 

Wliich  die  this  house,  will  come  ogalu.  Donne. 
TIL'f;!),  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  tiles. 
TILE'-EAKTH,  (-erth,)  71.     A  species  of  strong, 
clayey  earth  ;  still'  and  stubborn  land.  [Local.] 

Cye. 

TILE'-oKE,  71.  A  variety  of  octahedral  red  copper 
ore.  Urc. 

TIL'ER,  n.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  cover 
buildin:;s  with  tiles.  Bacon. 

TTI/I.Nt;,  ppr.    Covering  with  tiles. 

TIL'I.NG,  71.    A  roof  covered  with  tiles.   Lnke  v. 
9.  Tiles  in  general. 

TILL,  II.   A  vetch  ;  a  tare.  [iMal.] 

TILL,  71.    A  money-box  in  a  shop  ;  a  drawer. 

TILL,  prqi.  or  adc.  [Sa.x.  fii,  fi7/< ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  til ; 
Sax.  altllan,  to  reach  or  come  to.  This  word  in  Sw. 
and  Dan.,  as  in  Scottish,  signifies  to  or  at,  and  is 
the  principal  word  used  where  we  use  to.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  verb  is  expressed  in  the  Saxon.] 

1.  To  the  time  or  time  of.  I  did  not  see  the  man 
till  the  last  lime  he  came  ;  I  wailed  for  him  till  four 
o'clock  ;  1  w  ill  wait  till  next  week. 

7'i71  iioir ;  to  the  present  time.  I  never  heard  of 
the  fact  till  now. 

Till  then ;  to  that  time.  I  never  beard  of  the  fact 
tilt  then, 

2.  It  is  used  before  verbs  and  sentences  in  a  like 
sense,  denoting  to  the  time  specified  in  the  sentence 
or  clause  following.    I  will  wait  tdl  you  arrive. 

He  s.iitl  to  them.  Occupy  tili  I  come.  —  Luke  xix. 

Ct-rtun  Jews  —  tMUna  Ihen^elves  under  a  curse,  saving  Uiat 

Uiey  would  neither  cat  nor  dimk  uU  they  had  killed  Paul.  — 

Acis  xxui. 

Meditate  so  loug  ItU  TOU  make  some  aa  of  prayer  to  God. 

Tlrylor. 

A'atr.  —  In  this  use,  till  is  not  a  conjunction;  it 
does  not  connect  sentences  like  and,  or  like  or.  It 
neithi  r  denotes  union  nor  separation,  nor  an  alterna- 
tive. It  has  always  the  same  oflice,  except  that  it 
precedes  a  single  word  or  a  single  sentence  ;  the 
time  to  which  it  refers  being  in  one  case  expressed 


TONE,  BJJLL,  liNlTE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  aa  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


14.T 


sssa 


11. 


TIL 


by  a  single  word,  as  now,  or  then,  or  time,  with  this, 
or  that,  &.C.,  and  in  the  otlicr  by  a  verb  witli  its  ad- 
juncts ;  as,  occupy  till  I  cnme,  Ijiat  is,  to  1  cotne.  !n 
the  latter  use,  till  is  a  preposition  preceding  a  sen- 
tence, like  mrainst,  in  the  phrase,  against  1  come. 
TILL,  r.  f.  [Sax.  tilian,  tiligan,  to  work,  to  toil,  to 
cultivate,  to  prepare;  \V.  (elu,  to  strain.  In  G.  Ae.s- 
tellen,  from  stcllen,  to  set,  to  |>ut  in  order,  has  the 
sense  of  tilling,  cultivating.  These  words  are  doubt- 
less of  one  family.] 

1.  To  labor ;  to  cultivate  ;  to  plow  and  prepare 
for  seed,  and  to  dress  crops.  This  word  includes 
not  only  plowing,  but  harrowing,  and  whatever  is 
done  to  prepare  ground  for  a  crop,  and  to  keep  it  free 
from  weeds. 

•  The  Loni  God  sent  him  forth  from  the  garden  of  IMen,  to  li^  the 
ground  from  wbfiice  he  was  taiien.  —  Geo.  iii. 

9.  In  the  most  general  sense,  to  till  may  include  ev- 
ery species  of  husbandry,  and  this  may  be  its  sense 
in  Scripture. 

TILL'.\-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  tilled  ;  arable  ;  Ht 
for  the  plow.  Carew. 

TILL' AGE,  71.  The  operation,  practice,  or  art  of  pre- 
paring land  for  seed,  and  keeping  the  ground  free 
from  weeds  which  might  impede  the  growth  of  crops. 
Tillage  includes  manuring,  plowing,  harrowing,  and 
rolling  land,  or  whatever  is  done  to  bring  it  to  a" 
proper  state  to  receive  the  s"ed,  and  the  operations  of 
plowing,  harr()wing,  and  hoeing  the  ground,  to  de- 
stroy weeds  and  loosen  the  soil  after  it  is  planted  ; 
culture;  a  principal  branch  of  agriculture.  Tillage 
of  the  earth  is  the  principal,  as  it  was  the  first,  oc- 
cupation of  man,  and  no  employment  is  more  honor- 
able. 

TILL' ED,  (tild,)  pp.  Cultivated  ;  prepared  for  seed 
and  kept  clean. 

TILL'ER,  n.  One  who  tills  ;  a  husbandman  ;  a  culti- 
vator ;  a  plowman. 

2.  The  bar  or  lever  employed  to  turn  the  rudder  of 
a  ship. 

3.  A  small  drawer  ;  a  till. 

4.  Among  farmers,  the  shoot  of  a  plant,  springing 
from  the  root  or  bottom  of  the  origin.al  stalk  ;  also, 
the  sprout  or  young  tree  that  springs  from  the  root  or 
stump. 

5.  A  voting  timber  tree.  [Local.] 

TILL'ER,  V.  i.  To  put  forth  new  shoots  from  the 
root,  or  round  the  bottom  of  the  original  stalk  ;  as, 
we  say,  wheat  or  r>'e  tillers;  it  spreads  by  tillering. 
The  common  orthography  is  Tiller.  Sir  Joseph 
Banks  writes  it  Tillow. 

TILL'ER-L\G,  ppr.  Sending  out  new  shoots  round 
the  bottom  of  the  orisinal  stem. 

TILL'ER-I.N'G,  ji.  The  act  of  sending  forth  young 
shoots  from  the  root,  or  around  the  bottom,  of  the 
original  stalk. 

TILL'ER-RoPE,  n.  The  rope  which  forms  a  commu- 
nication between  the  fore  end  of  the  tiller  and  the 
wheel.  JIar.  Diet. 

TILL'LVG,  ppr.  Cultivating. 

TILL'ING,  71.  The  operation  of  cultivating  land  ;  cul- 
ture. 

TILL'.M.AX,  7!.    A  man  who  tills  the  earth;  a  hus- 
bandman.   [Oft.-J.]  Tilsstr. 
TILL'Y-FAL-LY,  (  adv.  or  a.    A  word  formi-rly  used 
TILL'Y-VAL-LY,  (     when  any  thing  said  was  re- 
jected as  trifling  or  impertinent.  [04s.] 
TIL'MUS,  71.    [Gr.  tiAAm.] 

Picking  of  trie  bi'd-clothes,  or  floccillation  ;  a  symp- 
tom of  the  fatal  termination  of  some  disorders. 

Brantle, 

TILT,  n.  [Sax.  Uld;  Dan.  tell;  Ice.  tiald;  VV.  tela,  to 
stretch  over.] 

1.  A  tent  ;  a  covering  over  head.  Denham. 

2.  The  cloth  covering  of  a  cart  or  wagon. 

3.  The  cover  of  a  boat ;  a  small  canopy  or  awning 
of  canvas  or  other  cloth,  extended  over  the  stern- 
sheets  of  a  boat.  Mar.  Did. 

TILT,  V.  U   To  cover  with  a  cloth  or  awning. 

PhilVps. 

TILT,  n.  [See  the  verb.]  A  thrust ;  as,  a  till  with  a 
lance.  Jlddison. 

2.  Formerly,  a  military  exercise  on  horseback,  in 
which  the  coinb.itaiits  attacked  each  other  with 
lances;  nt,  lijij  and  toiirnainents. 

3.  A  large  hammer;  a  tilt-hammer ;  used  in  iron 
nianufacttireH. 

4.  Inclination  forward  ;  as,  the  tilt  of  a  cask  ;'  or  a 
cask  is  a-till. 

TILT,  r.  (,  [ffnj.  traltinn,  to  lean,  to  incline,  to  nod  ; 
Dan.  tijlder,  to  pour  out.  In  decant.  In  I),  tilirn  s'g- 
nifies  to  lift,  L.  tullo.  This  is  probably  a  derivative 
verb.] 

I.  'To  incline  ;  to  raise  one  end,  as  of  a  cask,  for 
discharging  liipior;  as,  to  tilt  a  barrel. 
2i  To  point  or  thrust,  as  a  lance. 

fiiiu%  npnlnml  ftlh'-n  tilt  tli--  fiuil  liinc.  Philipt. 

3.  To  hammer  or  forge  with  a  tilt-hammer  or  tilt ; 
lu,  to  lilt  atcei  to  render  it  more  ductile.  Cijc. 

4.  To  cover  with  a  tilt. 

TILT,  V.  i.  'I'o  run,  or  ride,  and  thrust  with  a  lance  ; 
tn  practice  the  military  ifainu  or  BXctcina  of  Ihrusling 
at  each  other  un  horseback.  Mdion. 


TIM 


2.  To  fight  with  rapiers. 

Swonls  oi'i  uiid  ti.'tiitg  ujie  at  otiier's  breast.  Sftak. 

3.  To  riishY.ts  in  combat.  Collier. 

4.  To  play  unsteadily  ;  to  ride,  float,  and  toss. 

The  fleet  svvifi  ti!Uftg  o'er  Uie  surges  flew.  Pope. 

5.  To  lean  ;  to  fall,  as  on  one  side. 

The  trunk  of  the  body  is  kept  from  li.'nn^  forward  by  the  mueclee 
of  the  back.  Grew. 

TILT'-BoAT,  Tt.  A  boat  covered  with  canvas  or 
other  cloth. 

TILT'ED,  pp.    Inclined;  made  to  stoop;  covered 
with  cloth  or  awning. 
2.  flrimniered  ;  prepared  by  bealins,  as  steel. 

TILT'ER,  71.  One  who  tilts  ;  one  who  uses  the  exer- 
cise of  pushing  a  lance  on  horseback ;  one  who 
fights. 

Let  me  alone  to  match  your  titter.   ,  GranvilU. 
2.  One  who  hammers  with  a  tilt. 
TILTH,  II.    [Sax.  tilth  ;  from  till.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  tilled  or  prepared  for  a  crop. 
We  say,  land  is  in  good  tilth,  when  it  is  manured, 
plowed,  broken,  and  mellowed,  for  receiving  the 
seed.  VVe  say,  also,  ground  is  in  bad  fi7t/i.  When 
we  say,  land  is  in  tiltk,  we  mean,  in  good  condition 
for  the  seed  ;  7in(  in  tilth,  in  a  bad  condition. 

2.  That  which  is  tilled  ;  tillage  ground.  [JVot  in 
itse.] 

TILT'-H.\M-MER,  ti.  [tilt  and  hammer.]  A  heavy 
liammer,  used  in  iron-works,  whicli  is  lifted  by  a 
wheel. 

TILT'IXG,  ppr.  Inclining;  causing  to  stoop  or  lean  ; 
using  the  game  of  thrusting  with  the  lance,  on  horse- 
back ;  also,  hammering  with  a  tilt-liamincr. 

TILT'ING,  71.  The  process  by  which  blistcr-steel  is 
rendered  ductile.  This  is  done  by  beating  with  the 
tilt-hammer.  Buchanan. 

TI.M'BAL,  71.    A  kettle-drum.    [See  Tvmbal.] 

TI.M'BER,  77.  [Pax.  fim/jfr,  wood,  a  tree,  structure; 
(i'miriaii,  to  build,  to  edify,  in  amoral  sense;  Goth. 
timbryan,  to  construct  ;  Sw.  timiner,  wotid  fit  ftir 
building  ;  timra,  to  build,  to  Irame  ;  Dan.  tommer, 
timber,.  tomrFr,lo  build;  D.  ('wiiHcr,  an  apartment; 
timber,  a  crest ;  timmeren,  to  build  ;  timnierhout,  tim- 
ber;  G.  zimmer,  an  apartment;  zimmern,  to  stpiare, 
fit,  fabricate  ;  zimmerholz,  timber.  If  m  is  radical, 
which  is  probable,  this  word  coincides  with  Gr.  h- 
pio,  L.  damns,  a  house,  and  Gr.  oc/jaf,  the  body.  The 
primary  sense  is,  prtibably,  to  set,  lay,  or  fouiifl.] 

1.  That  sort  of  wood  which  is  proper  for  buildings 
or  for  tools,  utensils,  furniture,  carriages,  fences, 
ships,  and  the  like.  We  apply  the  word  to  stand- 
ing trees  which  are  suitable  foi  the  tises  abtive  men- 
tioned ;  as,  a  forest  contains  excellent  timber;  or  to 
the  beams,  rafters,  scantling,  boards,  planks,  &.C., 
hewed  or  sawed  from  such  tiees.  Of  ;ill  the  spe- 
cies of  trees  useful  as  timber,  in  our  climate,  the 
white  oak,  and  the  white  pine,  hold  the  lirst  place 
in  importance. 

2.  The  body  or  stem  of  a  tree.  ShaJc. 

3.  The  materials  ;  in  irony. 

Such  dispositions —  are  the  fittest  tijniier  to  make  politics  of. 

Bacon. 

4.  A  single  piece  or  squared  stick  of  wood  for 
building,  or  already  framed. 

Many  of  tlie  ttmbert  were  decayed.  Coze's  Sioitz. 

5.  In  ships,  a  timber  is  a  ril;  or  curving  piece  of 
wood,  branching  outward  from  the  keel  in  a  vertical 
direction.  One  timber  is  composed  of  several  pieces 
united  in  one  frame.  JIar.  Diet. 

Timber,  or  timmer,  of  furs,  as  of  martens,  ermines, 
sables,  and  the  like,  denotes  forty  skins  ;  of  other 
skins,  one  hundred  and  twenty. 

Lnies  of  Ed.  Confessor. 
Timbers  of  ermine,  in  heraldrij,  tieiiote  the  ranks  or 
rows  of  ermine  in  noblemen's  coats. 
TI.M'BER,  V.  U    To  furnish  with  timber     [See  Tim- 

BCREO.J 

TI.M'BER,  V.  i.    To  light  on  a  tree.    [JVuf  in  use.] 

L'Estrange. 

2.  In  f>tlconrij,  to  make  n  nest.  Cyc. 
TIM'BER-A.'I),  pp.  or  a.    Furnished  with  timber;  as, 
a  weU-timbrrcd  house.    In  tJie  United  States,  we  say, 
land  is  well  timbered,  when  it  is  covered  with  good 
timber-trees. 

2.  Built,  funned;  contrived.    [Little  used.] 

IViitton. 

TIM'BER-IIEAn,  (  bed,)  71.  [timber  nniS  head.]  In 
ships,  the  top  end  of  a  timber,  rising  above  the  gun- 
wale, and  serving  for  belaying  ropes,  Ulc.  ;  otlierwi.se 
call -il  Kkvkl-IIi:ao.  Mar.  Vict. 

TIM'BI'.K-IN'G,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  timbir. 

TI.M'BER  SOVV,  «.    A  worm  in  wood.  Baron. 

TI.M'BER-TREE,  n.  [timber  and  tree]  A  tree  suita- 
ble for  timber. 

TI.M'BER-WniiK,  (  wiirk,)  n.  [timber  and  work.] 
Wtiik  forrnetl  of  wood. 

TIM'BER-YARI),  71.  |fii7iftfr  and  i/ari/.]  .'\  yard  or 
place  where  tinilior  is  depositeil. 

TI.M'lIRE,  (lim'bi  r,)  ii.    [I),  limbrr.] 

A  crest  on  a  coat  of  arms,  ll  ought  to  be  written 
Timiii:h. 

TI.M'BREL,  n.    [Sp.  tamboril,  a  tabor  or  drum  ;  It. 


TIM 


tamburo ;  Ft.  tamhoiirin,  tambour;  Ir.  tiompan  ;  fi. 
tijmpanum  i  Gr.  r'  n-'iy  :i'.  'I'iiis  is  probably  tli^;  same 
as  tabor,  or  from  the  same  root;  7/1  being  casual.  It 
is  from  lieatinu  ;  Gr.  TfTrrtj.] 

An  instrument  of  music;  a  kind  of  drum,  tabor, 
or  tabret,  which  has  been  in  use  from  the  highest 
antiquity. 

And  Miriam  took  a  6mhrel  hi  her  hantl  —  and  at]  the  women 
went  out  after  her  with  timbrels  and  with  dances.  — Ex.  xv. 

TIM'BREL-£D,  o.   Sung  to  the  sound  of  the  timbrel. 

Milton. 

TI.ME,  rt.  [Sax.  tim,  tima,  time  in  general  ;  Dan.  time, 
Sw.  timme,  an  hiuir;  L.  tcmpu.^ ;  It.  and  Port,  tempo; 
Sp.  tiempo ;  Fr.  temps,  time  in  general  ;  all  from  the 
root  of  the  Sw.  tima,  to  happen,  to  come,  to  befall ; 
but  the  root,  in  some  of  its  applicaticms,  must  have 
signified,  to  rush  with  violence.  Hence  the  sense  of 
temples,  L.  tempora,  the  falls  of  the  head,  also  tempest, 
&.C.  (See  Te.mpest.)  Time  is  primarily  equivalent  to 
season  ;  to  the  Gr.  ojoa,  in  its  original  sense,  opportu- 
nity, occasion,  a  fall,  an  event,  that  which  comes.] 

1.  A  particular  portion  or  part  of  duration,  wheth- 
er past,  present,  or  future.  The  time  was  ;  the  time 
has  been  ;  the  time  is  ;  the  time  will  be. 

Lost  time  is  never  found  a^iii.  i^Vantfin, 
G.^d,  who,  at  sundry  times  and  in  divers  manners,  siiaiie  iu  time 
past  unto  the  I'.utiere  by  the  prophets.  —  Heb.  i. 

2.  A  proper  time ;  a  season, 

Tliere  is  a  time  to  every  purpose.  —  Eccles.  iii. 
The  time  ol  li^s  was  not  yet.  —  Mark  xi. 

3.  Dur.ation. 

The  equal  and  uniform  flux  of  time  do?s  not  alfect  our  scns-s. 

Cyc. 

Time  is  absolute  or  relative  ;  absolute  time  is  con- 
sidered without  any  relation  to  bodies  or  their  n\i>~ 
tion.s.  Relative  time  is  the  sensible  measure  of  any 
portion  of  duration,  by  means  of  motion.  Thus,  the 
diurnal  revolution  of  tlie  sun  measures  a  space  of 
time  or  duration.  Hence, 

4.  A  space  or  measured  portion  of  duration.  We 
were  in  Paris  two  months,  and  all  that  time  enjoyed 
good  health. 

5.  Life  or  duration  in  reference  to  occupation.  One 
man  spends  his  time  in  idleness  ;  another  devotes  all 
his  time  to  useful  purposes. 

Believe  nip,  your  lime  is  not  your  own ;  it  belongs  to  God,  to 
reli^oii,  to  mankind.  Bucl:ir.inster. 

6.  Age ;  a  part  of  duration  distinct  from  other 
parts  ;  as,  ancient  times  ;  motltrrn  times.  The  Sp:in- 
ish  Armada  was  defeated  in  the  fime  of  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth. 

7.  Hour  of  travail. 

Stie  was  within  one  month  of  her  time.  Clarendon. 
B.  Repetition  ;  repeated  iierforinance,  or  mention 
with  reference  to  repetition.    The  physician  visits 
his  patient  three  times  in  a  day. 

9.  Repetition;  doubling;  addition  of  a  number  to 
itself ;  as,  to  double  cloth  four  times  ;  four  (iwies-  four 
amount  to  sixteen. 

10.  Measure  of  sounds  in  music ;  as,  common 
time,  and  treble  time.  In  coni  erts,  it  is  all  impor- 
tant that  the  performers  keep  time,  or  exact  time. 

11.  The  state  of  things  at  a  particular  period;  as 
\t  hen  we  say,  good  times,  or  bad  times,  hard  times, 
dull  times  for  traile,  &.C.  In  this  sense,  the  plural  is 
generally  used. 

12.  Tiic  present  life;  as,  in  time  or  eternity. 

13.  In  grammar,  tense. 

In  time;  in  good  seasim  ;  sufficiently  early.  He 
arrived  171  time  to  see  the  exhibition. 

2.  A  considerable  space  of  duration  ;  process  or 
continuation  of  duration.  You  must  wait  patient- 
ly ;  you  will  ill  time  recoverj'oiir  health  anil  strength. 

.4(  tiu:es ;  at  distinct  intervals  of  duration.  Mt 
times  he  reads  ;  at  tit  her  times  he  rides. 

The  S;iiri;  began  to  inov,-  hiin  al  limes.  — Juiiges  xiii. 

Time  enough  ;  in  season  ;  early  enough. 

Sliinley,  at  Boswortli  lield,  c;ime  lime  enough  to  sive  liis  life. 

Bacon, 

To  lose  time ;  to  delay. 

2.  To  go  too  slow  ;  as,  a  wittrh  or  clock  loses  time. 

Jlpparent  time  :  in  astronomy,  true  solar  time,  regu- 
lated by  the  apparent  motions  of  the  sun. 

Mean  time:  a  mean  or  average  of  apparejit  time. 
It  is  iiidii  ated  by  a  clock  which  moves  with  entire 
exartnes.s. 

Sidereal  time,  is  that  which  is  shown  by  the  ap- 
parent diurnal  revolutions  of  the  stars. 

Jl.^lrnnoniieal  lime  if  day,  is  the  time  past  infoii  noon 
of  that  d.ay,  and  is  reckoned  on  to  twenty-four  hours 
in  mean  time.  Branile. 
TI.ME,  c.  (.  To  adapt  to  the  time  or  occasion;  to 
bring,  begin,  or  perform  at  the  proper  season  or  time  ; 
as,  the  measure  is  well-tiiii"',  or  ill-/imri/.  .\o  small 
part  1  f  political  wi.sdom  consists  in  knowing  how  to 
time  propositions  and  measures. 

Mercy  ii  good,  bul  king*  mistike  ita  liming.  Dryden. 

2.  To  regulate  as  to  time  ;  as,  he  time^l  the  stroke. 

.addison. 

3.  To  measure  ;  as  in  music  or  harmony.  Shak. 
TIM '/■;!),  pp.    Adapted  to  the  season  or  tKcasioii. 


KATE,  FAR,  F^VLL,  WH^T  MKTE,  PRJjy. .r- PINE,  MAIU.VE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1154 


TIN 


TIN 


TIN 


TIJIE'FlJIi,  n.   Rpasouable ;  timely  ;  stitlicicntly  early. 

\.Viil  milth  ll.s'f//.]  Hilltall. 

TIMF>'-ll()\-01l-£D,  (-on'urd,)  o.  lIonorEd  for  a 
hirii!  lime. 

TI  \I  i;' Iri T,  II.    In  music,  a  pcrforinrr  who  keeps  r<  od 
liiiio.  Buiibij. 
•  One  who  conforms  with  the  times ;  a  tiine- 

1  I.ME'-KB1:P-ER,  n.    [time  and  kerprr.]    A  clock, 

vviitcli,  or  otlior  chronometer. 
TIMiy-l<II,I.-ING,  a.    Ad,i|)ti  d  to  kill  time. 
TIMIVLKSS,  a.    Unseasonable  ;  done  at  an  improper 

time. 

Nor  fits  it  to  prolong  thp  heaTciiif  loajl 

Timtte»9,    [No!  uttd.]  Pope. 

9.  Untimely ;  immature ;  done  or  suffered  before 
the  proper  time  ;  as,  a  «ime/«.M  grave.  [OJs.]  Slink. 

TiME'l.K.SS-LY,  arfi).    Unseasonably.  Millun. 

TIMK'LI-NES.S,  »i.  [Crum  timet ij.]  Seasonableness  ; 
a  bfihi;  in  good  time. 

TIVIE'IjV,  a.  Seasonable;  being  in  (rood  time  ;  suf- 
ficiently early.  The  defendant  lud  timely  notice  of 
this  motion. 

2.  Keeping  time  or  measure.  [JVot  ti.ieil.]  Spenser. 
TI.ME'LY,  ailv.    Early  ;  soon  ;  in  good  season, 

7\mely  nilvLicii,  the  coming  evil  almn.  Prior, 

TI.ME'OUS  LY,  o.   Seasonably;  in  good  time. 

IVatt.t. 

TIME'-PlF.rE,  n.  [/imc  and  piece.]  A  clock,  watch, 
or  other  instrument  to  measure  or  sliow  the  progress 
of  time;  a  chronometer. 

TI.ME'-I'LkAS-ER,  II.  [time  nnil  please.]  One  who 
complies  with  the  prevailing  opinions,  whatever  they 
mav  be.  Sliak. 

TI.ME'-SAiNe-TIO.\-£D,  a.   Sanctioned  by  long  use. 

CAaiiHi/i«-. 

TIME'-SrORN-ER,  n.    One  who  scorns  time. 

TI.ME'-SERV-Elt,  ii.  [time  and  serve.]  One  who 
adapts  his  opinions  and  manners  to  the  times  ;  one 
who  obse()uiously  complies  with  llie  ruling  power. 

IJall. 

>TIME'-SERV-I\G,  a.  Obsequiously  complying  with 
Jhe  humors  of  men  in  power. 

TI.ME'-SER V-ING,  n.  An  obsequious  compliance 
with  the  humors  of  men  in  power,  which  implies  a 
surrender  of  one's  independence,  ;ind  sometimes  of 
one's  intogritw 

TIME'-VVaS  I'-ING,  a.   Wasting  time. 

TIME'-VVoRX,  a.    Impaired  by  time.  Irvin<;. 

TI.M'ID,  a.  [Kr.  timiite  i  L.  tiinidus,  from  timeo,  to 
fear;  Gaelic,  (im,  time,  fear;  S\\  trmlitnr,  to  shake 
with  fear  ;  trmrr,  to  fear.  The  sense  is,  probably,  to 
shake,  or  to  fail,  fall,  rerede,  or  shrink.] 

Fearful :  wanting  courage  to  meet  danger ;  tim- 
orous ;  nut  bold. 


Poor  is  (he  triumph  oV(4lic  timid  han. 


TTiomson. 


TI-MIDT-TY,  71.    (Fr.  timiditi  ;  L.  timidita.i.] 

Fearfulness  ;  want  of  courage  or  boldness  to  face 
danger  ;  timorousness  ;  habitual  cowariliro.  Timid- 
ity in  one  person  may  be  a'  good  trait  of  character, 
while  in  another  it  is  a  deep  reproach. 

TIM'll)  l.Y,  arfu.    In  a  timid  manner;  weakly  ;  with- 
out courage. 

TI.M'ID-NES!^,  n.  Timidity. 

TI.M'I.NG,  ppr.    Adapting  to  the  season  or  occasion. 
TIM'TST.    Sec  Timeist. 

TI-MOe'RA-UY,  II.    [Gr.  ri>ii),  honor,  worth,  and 
xparcf.i,  t<i  hold.] 

Government  by  men  of  property,  who  are  pos- 
sessed of  a  certain  income.       OiUies's  Aristotle, 
TIM-O-NEER',  n.    [Fr.  timon  ;  L.  tcmo.] 

A  hi'lmsinan.  Jlfar.  Diet. 

/riM'OR-OUS,  a.    [It.  (iinoroso  ,•  from  L.  (iiiutr.  See 
Timid.] 

1.  Fearful  of  danger ;  timid  ;  destitute  of  cour- 
age ;  as,  a  timorous  female. 

2.  Indicating  fear;  full  of  scruples;  a!>,  timorous 
doubts  ;  timorous  beliefs.  Broipn.  Prior. 

TI.M'OR-OUSLY,  adv.    Fearfully;  timidly;  without 
boldness  ;  with  much  fear. 

Let  duitirtj  souls  be  timoroutiy  wise.  Philipt, 

TIM'OR-OUS-NESS,n.  Fearfulness  ;  timidity  ;  want 

of  courage.  Sirifl, 
T(M'0-T11Y  GRX?S,n.  A  valuable  grass. the  Phleum 

pratense,  or  cal's-tail  grass,  much  prized  in  America 

for  fiMlder.  Farm,  tlncve. 

TI'.MOUS,  a,    [from  time.]     Early ;  timely.    [J\"ot  in 

«-■«.]  Bacon. 
TI'MOUS-LY,  adv.  In  good  sca-son.  f.Vot  in  ii.«.l 
CA.  Rrli.j.  AppraL 
TIN,  n.    [Sax.  (in;  I),  (in;  G.  iiim;  Sw.  teim;  Dan. 

tin,  pewter,  and  tinblik,  tin,  that  is,  tin-plate:  Ir. 

Stan  ;  \V.  ystaen,  that  is,  spread  or  is  sprinkled  over,  a 

stain,  and  tin  ;  Corn,  staen  :  Ann.  stran  ;  Fr.  rtain  ; 

L.  A'faiinuiii ;  Sp.  estano  ;  Port,  estanho  ,-  It.  sta^no. 

The  Latter  signifies  tin,  pewter,  and  a  pond,  L. 

sta^num.] 

1.  A  white  metal,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  yellow. 
It  is  soft,  non-elastic,  very  mnlb\nble,  and  when  a  bar 
of  it  is  bent  near  the  ear,  distinguished  bv  a  crack- 
ling sound  called  the  er^of  tin.  It  is  used  for  culina- 
ry vessels,  being  for  this  purpose  usually  combined 


with  lead,  forming  prmirn  and,  alloyed  with  small 
proportions  of  aiitim  ny,  copper,  and  bismuth,  is 
formed  into  various  wares  reseiiibling  silver,  under 
the  names  of  hlock-tin,  hritiniiiiu,  &.c.  Eipial  parts  of 
tin  and  lead  compose  sodrr.  Tin,  muled  wuli  copper 
in  dirterent  proportions  forms  bmnir,  belt-me'ut,  and 
speculum-metal.  Tinfiiil  ctiated  U'illi  <|uicksilver  forms 
the  reflecting  surface  of  glass  mirrors. 

Olmsted.  Ure. 
9.  Thin  plati'S  of  iron  covered  with  tin. 

TIN,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  tin,  or  overlay  with  tinfoil. 

TING'AL,  11.  A  name  of  crude  borax,  as  it  is  im- 
ported from  the  East  Indies,  in  yellow,  gre;isy  crys- 
tals. Ure. 

TIN'CIIEL,  71.  A  circle  of  sportsmen,  who,  by  sur- 
rounding an  extensive  space,  and  gradually  cit>sing 
in,  bring  a  number  of  deer  and  game  within  a  nar- 
row compass.  Waller  Scott, 

TIM(  'T,  V.  t.    [  h.  tiniro,  tinelus.] 

To  stain  or  color ;  to  imbue.  [OJs.] 

TI.\eT,  n     Stain  ;  color. 

[  Obsiilete,    Wo  now  use  Tinge  and  TiNCTi'nn.] 

TINC-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Tiactvriul  matter  is  coloring 
matter.  Ure, 

TINCTURE,  (tinkt'yur,)  M.  [h.  tinctura ;  Fi,Uinture. 
See  TiMoi:.] 

1.  The  finer  and  more  volatile  parts  of  a  substance, 
separated  by  a  solvent  ;  or  iin  extract  of  a  part  of  the 
substance  of  a  body,  communicated  to  the  solvent. 
Hence, 

a.  In  mrr/iciiic,  a  spirituous  solutiim  of  such  of  the 
proximate  principles  of  vegetabU^s  and  animals  as  are 
soluble  in  pun;  alcidiol,  or  jiroof-spirit ;  spirit  con- 
taining medicinal  substances  in  solution. 

Ci/c.  Coxe. 

3.  A  tinge  or  shade  of  color ;  as,  a  tincture  of 
red. 

4.  Slight  taste  superadded  to  any  substance  ;  as,  a 
ttiictiirc  of  onmge-peel. 

5.  Slight  quality  added  to  any  thing ;  as,  a  tincture 
of  French  manners. 

All  mnnnera  take  a  Hneturg  from  our  own.  Pope. 

fi.  In  heraldry,  a  term  applied  to  metals,  colors, 
and  furs.  Brande. 
TINCTURE,  ».  t.     To  tinge ;  to  communicate  a 
slight  foreign  color  to ;  to  impregnate  with  some  ex- 
traneous matter. 

A  lilUe  black  p-iinl  will  tincture  and  spoil  twenty  gay  colors, 

H'alU. 

2.  To  imbue  the  mind  ;  to  communicate  a  portion 
of  any  thing  foreign ;  as,  a  mind  tinctured  with 
skepticism. 

TINe'T^R-KD,  (tinkt'yurd,)  pp.  Tinged;  slightly 
impregnated  with  snmutliing  foreign. 

TINe'TlJR-INO,  ppr.  Tinging;  imbuing;  impreg- 
nating with  a  foreign  substance. 

TIiN'l),  V.  U  [Sax.  tendan,  tijnan,  to  kindle;  Goth. 
tfindynn  ;  Sw.  tdnda  ;  Dan.  ucnder  ;  Eng.  tine  ;  tinder, 
G.  lunder ;  probably  allied  to  Ir.  and  Gaelic,  triHC 
fire,  W.  Corn,  and  Ann.  tan;  and  perhaps  our  word 
sun  is  of  the  same  family.] 
To  kindle.    [Obs.]    Hut  hence, 

TIN'DER,  II.    [Sax.  tyndre.] 

Something  very  inllaminable,  used  for  kindling 
fire  from  a  spark,  as  scorched  linen.  Swift. 

TIN'DER-noX,  n.  [tinder  and  box.]  A  box  in 
which  tinder  is  kept.  Alterbunj. 

TIN'DER-l.TKE,  a.  [(inrfcr  and  W.C.]  Like  tinder  ; 
verv  inllamm:ilile.  Shak. 

TINE,  I),  t.    [Sax.  tynnn.] 

To  kindle  ;  to  set  on  fire.    [04*.]    [See  Ti>o.] 

Spenser. 

TI.XE,  r.  t    [Sax.  tijnan  ;  I,,  teneo.] 

To  shut  or  inclose  ;  to  till.    [A''ot  in  u.ie,  or  local.] 
n.NE,  II.    [.~^ax.  tinder:  Ice.  tindr;  probably  the  L. 

dens,  G.  zahn,  VV.  dant,  a  tooth  ;  at  any  rate,  it  is  a 

shoot.] 

1.  1  be  tooth  or  spike  of  a  fork  ;  a  prong ;  also,  the 
tooth  of  a  harrow  or  tirap. 

2.  'J'rouble  ;  distress.  (JVut  in  tise.]  Spenser. 
TINE,  If.  L    [Sax.  tynan,  from  teine,  tnn,  fire,  supra.] 

To  rage  ;  to  smart  ;  to  fight.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
TIN'KD,  a.    Furnished  with  tines  :  as,  a  thrce-tiiied 
fork. 

TINE'.M  AN,  71.  Anciently,  an  officer  of  the  forest  in 
England,  who  had  the  nocturnal  care  of  vert  and 
venison.  Ciic. 

TT'.NET,  n,  [tine,  to  shut,  supra,]  In  old  writers, 
briishwtxid  and  thorns  for  making  and  repairing 
heilgps.  Cue. 

TIN'-FOIL,  n.    [(in  and  l../olium,  a  leaf.] 
Tin  reduced  to  a  thin  leaf. 

TLNG,  II.    A  sharp  sound. 

[A'ot  in  ute.     Children  use  Dino,  Dono.]  [See 

TiNOLE.] 

TING,  V.  i.   To  sound  or  ring.    [AVit  in  vsr,] 
TI.N'GE,  r.  L    [L.  tingo:  Gr.  rt>>w,  Sax.  deai^an : 
Eng.  to  dye  ;  G.  lunAen,  to  dip  ;  Fr.  teindre,  to  stain. 

See  Dve.  Ar.  ^^Ua  <aic/ia,  to  perish,  to  die,  to  tinge. 
Class  Dg,  No.  40.    See  also  No.  8,  and  19.  Tinging 


is  from  dipping.  The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  l» 
to  plunge,  or  to  throw  down,  to  thrust,  and  InlraiiSi- 
tively  to  f;ill  ;  hence  we  see  the  words  to  dir,  that  is, 
to  fall  or  perish,  and  to  dye,  or  color,  may  be  from  one 
root.] 

To  imbue  or  impregnate  with  something  foreign  ; 
to  comniiiiiicate  the  ipialities  of  one  substance,  in 
8i>ine  degree,  to  another,  either  by  inixtiiie,  or  by 
adding  them  to  the  surface  ;  as,  to  tin^re  a  blue 
color  with  red  ;  an  infusion  tinned  with  a  yellow 
color  by  salfion  ;  to  tinge  a  ilecoction  with  a  bttUr 
taste.    The  jaunilice  tinges  the  eyes  with  yellow. 

Th^  virtuos  of  Sir  Ro^r,  us  well  as  his  iiiiperfcctiout,  nf  tinged 
w  ith  rxtrav.^i^uucc.  Atidieon. 

TINGE,  n.  Color;  dye;  taste;  or  rather  a  slight 
degree  of  some  cobir,  taste,  or  something  foreign, 
int'iised  into  another  substance  or  mixture,  or  added 
to  it;  tincture;  as,  a  red  color  that  has  a  tinire  of 
blue  ;  a  dish  of  food  that  has  a  tinge  of  orangc-peel 
in  its  taste. 

TISCs'FA),  (tinjd,)  pp.    Inihued  or  impregnated  with 

a  small  portion  ol^ something  foreign. 
TING'E.N"!',  a.    Having  the  power  to  tinge. 

As  for  ill"  whili'  pirl,  it  ttptieiirfil  much  less  enriched  with  the 
(indent  property.    [LiUte  uBed  ]  Boyte, 

TlNG'I.Nt;,  ppr.     Imbuing  or  impregnating  with 

stinielbing  foreign. 
TI.\'-G  l.A.SS,  II.    Uisnmth,  which  see. 
TIN"GI.E,  (ting'gl,)  ti.  t.    [W.tinciul,  tincian,  or  tin- 

ciaw,  to  tiiik,  to  tinkle,  or  tingli;,  to  ring,  to  draw, 

or  drain  the  last  drop.    Uu.  D.  lintclcn,  Fr.  tinier,  I.. 

tinnio.] 

1.  To  feel  a  kind  of  thrilling  sound. 

At  which  both  ttic  ears  of  every  one  that  hearclb  it  shall  tingle. 
—  1  tJain.  iii. 

2.  To  feel  a  sharp,  thrilling  pain. 

The  pale  boy  soimtor  yet  tingling  stamls.  Pope. 

3.  To  have  a  thrilling  sensation,  or  a  sharp,  slight, 
penetrating  sens;itioii. 

Th<'y  suck  pollution  through  tlieir  tingling  veins.  Ticket. 

TIN"GLI.\G,  ppr.    Having  a  thrilling  sensation. 
TIN"G1.I.\G,  (ting'gliiig,)  n.    A  thrilling  sensation. 
TINK,  V.  i.    [W.  tineinw,  supra.] 

To  make  a  sharp,  shrill  noise;  to  tinkle.  [TTu 

latter  is  irenerally  usr4.] 
TI.NK'EK,  n.    [VV.  linccri,  the  ringer,  from  tinciaie,  to 

ring.] 

A  mender  of  brass  ki  ttles,  pans,  and  the  like. 
TINK'Ell-l.NG,  71.    Tlie  act  or  cmployineiit  of  a 
tinker. 

TINK'ER-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  tinker. 

i/ucAenn-i//. 

TI.NK'EE,  (tink'l,)  v.  i,    [\V.  tincial,  supra,  under 

tingle.] 

1.  '1  o  make  small,  quick,  sharp  sounds,  as  Dy 
striking  on  metal ;  to  clink. 

Ami  have  not  charity,  I  am  Ijecomc  as  sounding  brass,  or  a 

tinkling  cyniUal.  —  I  Cor.  xiii.    Is.  iii. 
The  spriBThtly  horse 
Moves  to  the  music  of  hm  linkUng  b'lls.  DoiUley. 
The  moni'-iu  the  money  Unkiee  in  the  diest,  the  soul  momiu  out 

01*  purgatory.  Ttuci  in  AlUner. 

2.  To  hear  a  small,  sharp  sound. 

And  Itis  can  unklcd,  mid  hts  color  tied.  ZhyiUn. 
TINK'LE,  r.  u    To  cause  to  clink  or  make  sharp, 

quick  sounds. 
TINK'LER,  n.    A  tinker.    [J\rorth  of  England.] 
TINK'Ll.NG,ppr.  or  a.    Making  a  small,  quick,  sharp 

noise. 

TINK'LLNG,  n.    A  small,  quick,  sharp  sound. 

Making  a  UnkUn^  wiUl  Ihnr  icit.  —  Is.  iii. 

TIN'MAN,  n.  [tin  and  man.]  A  manufacturer  of  tin 
vessels ;  a  dealer  in  tin  ware.  Prior. 

TI.\'-iMI.\E,  n.  [(in  and  mine]  A  mine  where  tin  is 
obtained. 

TIN'.\f;I),  (tind,)  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  tin. 
TIN'.NER,  n.    [from  (in.]    One  w  ho  works  in  the  tin 

mines.  Bacon, 
TIN'NI-ENT,  a.    Emitting  a  clear  sound.  [Obs.] 
TI.N'.M.NG,  ppr.    [from  (in.]    Covering  with  tin  or 

tinfoil. 

Tl.N'NI.VG,  n.    The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  covering 
or  lining  any  thing  with  melted  tin,  or  with  tinfoil, 
as  kilelieii  utensils,  lucks,  bits,  &.C. 
2.  The  covering  or  lining  thus  put  on. 
TIN'NY,  n.    .MioundiiiR  with  tin.  Drayton. 
T1.\'-PE.N'-.N Y,  II.    [(in  and  penny.]    .\  customary 
duty  in  England,  formerly  paid  to  tilliingmen. 

Bniley. 

TIN'-PLaTE,  n.    Thin  sheet-iron  coated  with  tin. 
TI.\-Py -RI'TkS,  n.     A  native  siilpliuret  of  tin, 
usually  containing  some  copper,  and  sometimes  iron. 

Buchanan. 

TIN'-STfiNE,  n.     A  native  o.xyd  of  tin,  found  in 

Cornwall.  Buchanan. 
TI.N'SEI,,  n.    [Fr.  ^(incfJ/f,  a  spark.] 

1.  Something  very  shining  and  gaudy  ;  something 
siiperfici:tlly  shining  and  showy,  or  having  a  false 
luster,  and  more  gay  than  valuable. 

Who  cAn  discern  the  linjet  from  the  yold  I  Drylan, 
II  the  man  will  loo  eunonsly  examuie  the  superficial  t''***^  (f«"i 
he  undeceives  hinis-  a  to  his  cost.  Norru. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  9  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SI! ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ll.->5 


TIP 


Fairfax, 


2.  A  kind  of  shining  cloth. 
'i.  A  Itind  of  lace. 
TIN'SEL,  0.    Gaudy  ;  showy  to  excess  ;  specious ; 
superticial. 

TIN'SEL,  V.  t.    To  adorn  with  something  glittering 
and  showy,  witliout  much  value  j  to  make  gaudy. 
She,  tinseled  o'er  in  robes  of  varying  hues.  Pope. 

TIN'SKL-£D,  j>p.    Decorated  with  gaiuly  ornaments. 

TIN'SEL-ING,  ;i;)r.  Adorning  with  imsel  or  superfi- 
cial luster. 

TINT,  71.  [U.tiiita;  Fr.  tcint;  from  L.  tinctus,  tingo. 
See  Tinge.] 

A  dye  ;  a  color,  or  rather  a  slight  coloring  or 
tincture  distinct  from  the  ground  or  principal  color ; 
as,  red  with  a  blue  tint,  or  tii:t  of  blue.  In  painting, 
tints  are  the  colors  considered  as  more  or  less  bright, 
deep,  or  thin,  by  the  due  use  and  intermixture  of 
whicli  a  picture  receives  its  shades,  soilness,  and 
variety. 

Or  blend  in  beauteous  tint  Uie  colored  mass.  Pope. 
Tiieir  vigor  sickens,  and  their  lijits  decline.  Harle. 

TINT,  V.  t.    To  tinge  ;  to  give  a  slight  coloring  to. 

Seward. 

TIN-TA-MXU',  n.  [Fr.  tintamarre;  L.  tinnitus  and 
Mars.  Ash.] 

A  hideous  or  confused  noise.    [Jv'ot  in  vse.] 

TINT'ED,  pp.  Tinged. 

TINT'ING,  ppr.   Giving  a  slight  coloring  to. 

TINT'ING,  71.    A  forming  of  tints. 

TIN-TIN-NAB'I^-L.\-KY,  a.  [L.  tintinnabulum,  a  lit- 
tle bell.] 

Having  or  making  the  sound  of  a  bell. 
TIN'-WOR.M,  (-wurm,)  n.    [tin  and  worm.']    An  in- 
sect. Bailey. 
TIN'Y,  a.    [from  the  root  of  thin,  which  see.]  Very 
small  ;  little  ;  puny.    [jI  word  used  by  children,  and 
in  burlesque] 

When  thai  I  was  a  little  tiny  boy.  iSTiafr, 
TIP,  71.    [D.  tip,  a  different  orthography  of  top ;  G. 
lipfel;  that  is,  a  shoot  or  extension  to  a  point.  Uu. 

Eth.  thybc,  the  nipple.] 

1.  The  end  ;  the  point  or  extremity  of  any  thing 
small;  as,  the  (ip  of  the  finger;  the  dp  of  a  sjiear ; 
the  tip  of  the  tongue  ;  the  tip  of  the  ear. 

j^ddison.  Pope. 

2.  One  part  of  the  play  at  ninepins.  Drydcn. 

3.  In  botany,  an  anther.  ff'ithering. 
TIP,  V.  t.    To  form  a  point  with  something  :  to  cover 

the  tip,  top,  or  end  ;  as,  to  lip  any  thing  with  gold  or 
silver. 

With  truncheon  &pped  widi  iron  head.  Hudihras. 

Tipped  with  Jet, 
Fair  ermines  spollcss  as  the  snows  they  press.  Thomson. 

2.  [For  Tap.]  To  strike  slightly,  or  with  the  end 
of  any  thing  small ;  to  tap. 

A  tliird  rogue  tips  me  by  the  eII)ow,  Swift, 

3.  To  lower  one  end,  or  to  throw  upon  the  end  ; 
as,  to  tip  a  cart  for  discharging  a  load.  jXcw  -England, 

To  tip  the  wink;  to  direct  a  wink,  or  to  wink  to  an- 
other for  notice.  Pope. 
TIP,  V.  i.    In  the  phrase,  to  tip  off,  that  is,  to  fall  head- 
long ;  hence,  to  die. 

TIPT      '  i        H.iving  the  end  covered. 
TIP'p'eT,  71.    [Sax.  ta:ppct.    It  seems  to  be  formed 

from  tiTjipr,  tape.]  ^ 
A  narrow  gnrnient  or  covering  for  the  neck,  worn 

by  females.    It  is  now  made  of  fur,  though  formerly 

of  some  kind  of  cloth.  Bacon, 
TIP'PING,  ppr.    Covering  the  end  or  tip. 

2.  In  miisicj  a  distinct  articulation  given  to  the 

flute,  by  striking  Die  tongue  against  the  roof  of  the 

mouth. 

TIP'I'LE,  (lip'pl,)  V.  I.  [Qii.  T>.  luipen ;  Fr.  toper. 
This  word  and  are  probably  of  one  family,  and 
I  suspect  them  to  be  from  the  root  of  dip.  t5ee 
VmrtK.] 

To  drink  spiritons  or  strong  liquors  habitually  ;  to 
indulge  in  the  frequent  and  imjiroper  use  of  spirit- 
ons liquors.  When  a  man  begins  to  tipple,  let  his 
crc  ditors  secure  their  debts. 
TIP'PLE,  V.  U  To  drink,  .'is  strong  liquors,  in  luxury 
or  excess. 

Himself  for  saving  charges 
A  peeled,  sliced  onion  cats,  and  tipples  verjuice.  Dnjdcn. 

TIP'PLE,  71.    Drink  ;  liquor  taken  in  tippling. 

L'Estrange. 
TIP'PLED,  (tip'pld,)  pp.    Drank  in  excess. 

9.  o.    Intoxicated  ;  inebriatcil.  Dryden. 
TIP'PI.ER,  n.    One  who  liabitiially  indulges  in  the 

excessive  use  of  spiritous  litpiors.    It  often  signifies 

a  person  who  h.iliilually  drinks  strong  liijuors,  vvith- 

onl  nb->*iiliite  drunkenness. 
TIP'PI,IN(;,  ypr.     Inibilging  in  the  habitual  use  of 

strong  rir  spiritoiH  liquors. 
TIP'PMNG,  n.    The  habitual  prartlcc  of  drinking 

strong  f>r  spiritoiin  liquors  ;  a  drinking  to  excess. 
TII"n,ING-llOIJSE,7i.    [Ilpidr:mi\  A<m.»r.]    A  house 

Id  which  li>|iiors  are  sold  in  drams  or  Niiiall  iiniiuii- 

tics,  and  wliere  men  nro  ncciistomed  to  vpenii  tlieir 

time  and  money  in  excessive  drinking. 


TIS 

TIP'SI-LY,  ado.    In  a  tipsy  manner. 
TIP'STaFK,  7!.     [(,;,  and  staff.]     An  officer  who 
bears  a  staff  tipped  with  metal ;  a  constable. 
2.  A  staff  tipped  with  metal.  Bacon. 
TIP'SV,  a.     [from  tipple.]    Fuddled;  overpowered 

willi  strong  drink  ;  intoxicated. 
TIP'ToE,  71.    [tip  and  tue.]    The  end  of  the  toe. 

Upon  his  tiptoes  stalketh  stately  by.  Spenser, 
To  be  or  to  stand  a  tiptoe  ;  to  be  awake  or  alive  to 
any  thing;  to  be  roused ;  as,  to  be  a  tiptoe  with  ex- 
pectatiim. 

TIP'TOP,  71.    The  hishest  or  utmost  degree. 
TIP'lJ-LA-RY,  a.    [L.  tipula.] 

Pertaining  to  insects  of  the  genus  Tipula  or  crane 
fly._  Humboldt. 
TI-IIaDE',  71.    [It.  tirata  ;  Fr.  tirade,  a  train  or  series, 
from  tircr,  to  draw.] 

1.  Formerly,  in  French  music,  the  filling  of  an  in- 
terval by  the  interniediate  diatonic  notes.  Cijc, 

9.  In  modern  usage,  a  strain  or  flight;  a  series  of 
violent  declamation. 

Here  he  delivers  a  violent  tirade  against  all  persons  who  profess 
to  itnow  any  Uiilig  about  angels.  Quart.  Iteview. 

TI-RAlL'LEUR,{te-ri\'ym,)n,  A  French  skirmish- 
ing soldier,  often  put  in  f^ront  of  the  line,  to  annoy 
the  enemy.  Smart. 

TIRE,  71.  [Ileb.  1113  titr,  a  row  or  series.  See  Class 
Dr,  No.  2-1,  31,  35,  38,  and  No.  1.5.] 

1.  A  tier  ;  a  row  or  rank.  This  is  the  same  word 
as  TiEii,  diffi  iently  written.    [See  Tier  and  Tour.] 

2.  A  liead-iliess  ;  something  that  encompasses  the 
head.    [See  Ti  aba.]    £:<-A-.  xxiv.    Is,  '\\\, 

On  her  head  she  wore  a  tire  of  gold.  Spenser, 

3.  Furniture;  apparatus;  as,  the  tire  of  war. 

Philips. 

A,  .Attire.    [See  Attire.] 

5.  A  band  or  hoop  of  iron,  used  to  bind  the  fellies 
of  wheels,  to  secure  them  from  wearing  and  break- 
ing; as,  cart-fire  ,■  wagon-firc.  This  tire,  however, 
is  sometimes  formed  of  difl'erent  pieces,  and  not  one 
entire  hoop. 

TIRK,  II.  (.  To  adorn;  to  attire;  to  dress;  as  the 
hoail.    [OA.S.]    [See  Attire.]       Kings  \\, 

TIRE,  V,  t,  [Sax.  trorian,  ateorian,  gcleorian,  to  fail. 
In  D.  teeren  signifies  to  tar,  to  pine,  to  waste  or  con- 
sume, to  digest;  Gr.  rtipoi;  L.  tero.  In  Ir.  and 
Gaelic,  tor,  toras,  tuirse,  is  weariness  ;  tuirsighim,  to 
weary,  to  tire.] 

1.  To  weary  ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  exhaust  the  strength 
by  tpil  or  labor ;  as,  to  tire  a  horse  or  an  ox.  A  long 
day's  work  in  summer  will  tire  the  laborer. 

Tired  with  toil,  all  hopes  of  safely  p.ast.  Dryden, 

2.  To  weary  ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  exhaust  the  power  of 
attending,  or  to  exhaust  patience  with  dullness  or  te- 
diousness.  A  dull  advocate  may  fire  the  court  and 
jury,  and  injure  his  cause. 

To  tire  out ;  to  weary  or  fatigue  to  excess ;  to  har- 
ass. TickcL 

TIRE,  V,  i.  To  become  weary;  to  be  fatigued;  to 
have  the  strength  fail  ;  to  have  the  patience  exhaust- 
ed.   A  feeble  body  soon  tires  with  hard  labor. 

TIR'KD,  pp,  or  a.    Wearied  ;  fatigued. 

TIR'iSD-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  wearied  ;  weari- 
ness. Hakcwill, 

TIRE'SOME,  (tire'sum,)  a.  Wearisome  ;  fatiguing ; 
exliausting  the  strength  ;  as,  a  tiresome  day's  work  ; 
a  f'rc-ij/of  journey. 

2.  Tedious;  exhausting  the  patience;  as,  a  fiVe- 
sovie  discourse.  The  debates  in  congress  are  said  to 
be  sometimes  very  tire.'^ome, 

TIRE'SO.ME-NESS,  71.  The  act  or  quality  of  tiringor 
exhausting  strength  or  p.atience;  wearisomeness ; 
tediousness;  as,  the  tircsomeitess  of  work,  or  of  a 
dull  speaker. 

TIRE'WiDM-AN,  n.  [tire  and  wommt.]  A  woman 
whose  occupatitm  is  to  make  head-dresses.  Locke. 

TIIl'ING,  ppr.  Wearying;  fatiguing;  exhausting 
strength  or  patience. 

TIR'I.N'G-IIOUSE,  /  71.    The  room  or  place  where 

TIR'ING-ROOM,   ]     players  dress  for  the  stage. 

Shak, 

TI-RO'NI-AN,  a,  Tironinn  notes;  the  slioitliaiiil  of 
Rtuiiaii  antitinity.  Brande, 

TIR'KIT,  71.    Terror  ;  affright.  Shak, 

TIR'WIT,  71.  A  giallatory  bird,  the  Tringa  Vanellus, 
ns  large  as  a  tiigeon,  of  a  bronze-black,  with  a  Ittiig 
and  slender  crest.  It  arrives  in  Europe  in  the  spring, 
biiiltis  its  nest  in  the  fields  and  meadows,  anil  de- 
parts in  the  autumn.  Its  eggs  are  esteemed  a  great 
delicacy.    It  is  found  also  in  Asia  and  Africa. 

N.  It.  The  lapwing  is  called  'j'EEWixin  Scollaijd, 
(F.d,  F.nctjc)  and  is  the  same  bird. 

'Tl."*,  a  contraction  of  it  is. 

TIS'lC,  la.  [Tor  Pirriiisic,  Phthisical.]  Ciui- 
TIS'lf'-AL,  j  8iiiii|)live. 

TIf'IC,  71.    [Supra.]    (Jonsuniption  :  niorbiil  wasti'. 

TIS'KI,  (ti/.'ri,)  11.  'I'he  first  Hebrew  moiilli  of  the 
civil  year,  and  the  seventh  of  the'  ^■(■(■l^^^asIl(■al  ;  an- 
swering to  a  part  of  our  September  and  a  part  of  Oc- 
loher. 

TIW'SIIE,  (tish'yii,)  71.  [Fr.  fi'.v.™,  woven  ;  tisser,  to 
lay  the  groundwork  of  lace,  to  weave.] 


TIT 

1.  Cloth  interwoven  with  gold  or  silver,  or  with 
figured  colors. 

A  robe  of  tissue,  stiff  with  golden  wir*.  Dryden. 

2.  In  anatomy,  texture  or  organization  of  parts. 
The  peculiar,  intimate  structure  of  a  part  is  called  its 
tissue.  A  part  of  a  fibrous  structure  is  called  a 
fibrous  tissue.  The  organs  of  the  body  are  made  up 
of  simpler  elements,  some  generally  diffused  through 
the  body,  and  others  pecuii.ar  to  particular  organs. 
These  simpler  structures  are  called  the  tis.-<ues  of  the 
body;  as,  the  cellular  tissue,  the  mucous  tissue,  &c. 
The  cellular  tissue  is  the  cellular  membrane. 

Bichul.  Cye. 

3.  A  connected  series  ;  as,  the  whole  story  is  a  tis- 
sue of  forgeries  or  of  falsehood. 

Tissue  paper ;  very  thin,  gauze-like  paper,  such  as 
is  used  to  prt)tect  engravings  in  books. 
TIS'SUE,  (tish'yu,)  v,  t.    To  form  tissue  ;  to  inter- 
weave ;  to  variegate. 

The  ch.triot  was  covered  with  cloth  of  gold  tissued  upon  blue. 

Btuon. 

TIS'SU-ED,  (tish'yiide,)pp.  Interwoven  ;  formed  with 
variegated  work. 

TIS'SU-ING, (tish'yu-ing,)  ;)pr.  Interweaving;  form- 
ing with  variegated  work. 

Tl'I',  71.  A  small  horse,  in  contempt;  a  woman,  in  con- 
tempt ;  a  small  bird  ;  a  titintiuse  or  tomtit. 

TI-T  AN-IT'ie  j       Pertaining  to  titanium. 

TI-TAN-1F'Er'-OUS,  a.    [titanium  and  L.  fero,] 

Containing  or  afJording  titanium  ;  as,  tilaniferous 
pyrites._  Cleaeeland, 

Tl'TAN-lTE,  71.  The  same  mineral  with  sphene, 
which  see.  Dana. 

Tl-TA'NI-UM,  71.  In  mineralogy,  a  metal  discovered 
by  Gregor,  in  1T91,  in  Cornwall,  England.  It  is  of  a 
dee|)-blue  color.  It  occurs  in  different  states  of  oxy- 
dation  or  intermixture,  in  various  parts  of  the  world. 
The  ores  of  this  metal  are  called  menachanite,  from 
Mcnachan,  in  Cornwall,  where  it  was  originally 
found  ;  iserinr,  frniii  the  River  Iser,  in  Silesia  ;  711- 
grine,  from  its  black  color;  sphene,  rutile,  and  octahe- 
drite, 

TIT'lilT,  71.    A  tender  piece.    [See  Tidbit.] 
TITII'A-BLE,  0.    Subject  to  the  payment  of  tithes. 

Sic//(. 

TITHE,  71.  [.Sax.  teotha,  probably  contracted  from 
teoiretha,  as  the  verb  is  Uighthian,  to  decimate.  See 
Ten.] 

The  tenth  part  of  any  thing ;  but  appropriately,  the 
tenth  part  of  the  increase  annually  arising  from  the 
profits  of  land  and  stock,  allotted  to  the  clergy  for 
their  supptnt.  Tithes  are  personal,  predial,  or  tntxcd  ; 
personal,  when  accruing  from  labor,  ait,  trade,  anil 
navigation  ;  predtal,  when  issuing  from  the  earth,  as 
hay,  wood,  and  fruit ;  and  mized,  when  accruing 
from  beasts  which  are  fed  from  the  ground. 

Blaekstone, 

TITHE,  1).  f.  To  levy  a  tenth  part  on ;  to  tax  to  the 
amount  of  a  tenth. 

When  tliuu  hast  made  an  end  of  titldng  all  the  tithes  of  thine 

increase.  —  Dejit.  xxvi. 
Ye  tithe  niint  and  rue.  —  Luke  xi. 

TITHE,  71.  i.    To  pay  tithes.  Tusser. 
TIT iri';D,  (tlthd,)  pp.    Taxed  a  tenth. 
TiTHE'-FREE,  a.     E.xeinpt  from  the  payment  of 
tithes. 

TiTHE'-PaY-ING,  a.  Paying  tithes;  subjected  to 
pay  tithes.  Franklin. 

TIT'H'ER,  71.    One  who  collects  tithes. 

TITll'ING,  ppr.  Levying  a  tax  on  to  the  amount  of 
a  tenth. 

TITll'ING,  71.  A  decennary;  a  number  or  company 
of  ten  householders  who,  dwidling  near  each  other, 
were  sureties  or  free  pledges  to  the  king  for  the  good 
behavior  of  each  other.  The  institution  of  tilhings 
in  England  is  ascribed  to  Alfred.  Blaekstone. 

TIT H'ING-MAN,  71.  [tithing  and  man.]  'I'he  chief 
man  of  a  tithing;  a  headborough;  one  elected  to 
preside  over  the  tithing.  Blaekstone. 

2.  A  peace  officer  ;  an  under  constable. 

3.  In  J^'cto  England,  a  parish  oliicer  annually  elect- 
ed to  preserve  good  order  in  the  cluircli  during  divine 
service,  and  to  make  complaint  of  any  disorderly 
ciuidiict. 

TI-TIION'IC,  17.    [Gr.  Tiflwi/of.] 

Peilaining  to  or  denoting  those  rays  of  light  which 
produce  cbeniical  edects. 
TI  Tll O-.MC'I-TV,  11.  A  name  given  to  that  properly 
of  light  by  which  it  pnuliices  chemical  ell'ects  ;  siip- 
jiosed  by  .some  to  be  a  distinct,  imponderable  agent. 

Draper, 

TITH'Y-M.AL,  11.  [Fr.  tithymale;  Gr.  rtrti/iuAoj,  from 
7-ir()<i{,  the  breast.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Euphorbia. 
Tl'I"!  I.-I.aTE,  d.  i.    [L.  litillo.] 
To  tickle. 

The  piniir^nl  f  rotnt  of  titilUtting  dust.  Pope. 

TIT'II,  I.A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Tickling. 
Tri'-ll.  I.A'TION,  11.    [I'r.,  from  }..  Iitillalio.] 

1.  The  act  of  tickling  ;  or  the  stale  of  being  tick- 
led. Baron.  .Srbulhnat. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PHBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  UIUD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  DQQK — 


1156 


TO 

3.  Any  slight  pleasure. 

The  prmlncu  o(  Uiose  UtiUation*  l)i:it  rc.ich  no  tii^)i'T  thim  ili>- 
ecnHO*.  GUittcUle, 

TIT'LXRK,  7!.    [tit  and  lurk.]    A  small  bird,  a  spe- 

oi("s  of  Alaiida,  or  lai  k. 
TI'T1,E,  (ti'tl,)  II.    [Ij.tilntus!  It.  tiloto.    This  may 

belong  to  the  family  of  Gr.  to  set  or  put ;  Sax. 

tit/iian,  to  give.] 

1.  An  inscription  put  over  any  thing  as  a  name  by 
which  it  is  known. 

2.  The  inscription  in  the  beginning  of  a  book,  con- 
taining the  subject  of  the  work,  and  sometimes  the 
author's  name. 

;i.  Ill  Ike  civil  and  cano/i  taios,  a  chapter  or  division 
of  a  btittk. 

4.  An  appellation  of  dignity,  distinction,  or  pre- 
eminence given  to  persons  ;  as  duke,  marquis,  and 
the  like.  Cijc. 

5.  A  name  ;  an  appellation. 

Ill  worthy  1  snch  title  8lioiiUt  belong 

To  mc  irans^cssor.  Mifton. 

6.  Right ;  or  that  which  constitutes  a  just  cause  of 
c.tclusive  possession  ;  thai  which  is  the  foundation 
of  ownership ;  as,  a  good  title  to  an  estate ;  or  an 
imperfect  title.  The  lowest  <legree  of  title  is  naked 
possession,  then  comes  the  right  of  possession,  and 
lastly  the  right  of  property,  all  which  united  com- 
plete the  title.  BlnrkMiine. 

But  pusscfsion  is  not  essential  to  a  coin|)lete  title. 
A  title  to  personal  property  may  be  acquired  by  oc- 
cufiancy.    A  claim  is  not  a  title. 

7.  The  instrument  which  is  evidence  of  a  riiibt. 

8.  In  tite  canon  lau),  that  by  which  a  beneliciary 
holds  a  benefice.  This  is  true  and  valid  or  cnlurulile. 
A  valid  title  gives  a  right  to  the  benefice.  A  colora- 
ble title  appears  to  be  valid,  but  is  not.  Cijc. 

9.  In  ancient  church  records,  a  church  to  which  a 
priest  was  ordained,  and  where  he  was  to  reside. 

Cowel. 

TI'TLE,  V.  t.  To  name  :  to  call ;  to  entitle.  Milton. 
TI'TLKD,  (ti'tid,)  pp.    Called  ;  named. 

2.  a.    Having  a  title. 
TI'TLE-LIiSS,  a.    Not  having  a  title  or  name.  [J^ot 

in  uxe.]  Shale. 
TI'TLE-PaGE,  71.    [(We  and  page.]    The  page  of  a 

book  which  contains  its  title. 
TI'TLING,  ppr.    Calling;  denominating;  entitling. 
TIT'MOUSE,  n. ;  pi.  Titmice,  [til,  small,  and  mouse.] 
A  small  bird  of  the  genus  Parus,  of  Linnaeus. 
There  are  numerous  species,  which  feed  on  insects, 
seeds,  &.C.    Their  notes  are  shrill  and  wild. 

Dnjden.  Jardine. 
TIT'TER,  V.  i.    To  laugh  with  the  tongue  striking 
against  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth ;  to  laugh  with 
restraint.  Pope. 
TIT'TER,  n.    A  restrained  laugh. 

2.  A  weed. 
TIT'TER-IXG,  71.   Restrained  laughter. 
TIT'TLE,  (tit'll,)  71.    [from  tit,  small.]    A  small  par- 
ticle .  a  minute  part  ;  a  jut ;  an  iota. 
TIT'TLE-TAT'TLE,  n.    [tattle  doubled.]    Idle,  tri- 
fling talk  ;  empty  prattle.  Pnor. 
2.  An  idle,  tritling  talker,    [icss  proper.] 
TIT'TLE-TAT'TLE,  v.  i.    To  talk  idly ;  to  prate. 

Sidney. 

TIT'TLE-TAT'TLING,  7i.  The  act  of  prating  idly. 
TIT'U-BATE,  c.  i.    [U  titabo.] 

To  sliinible. 
TIT-U-B.A'TION,  71.    [L.  titubo,  to  stumble.] 

The  act  of  stiinibling. 
TIT'lJ-LAR,  o.    [Fr.  titulaire  ;  from  L.  titiUun.] 

1.  Existing  in  title  or  name  only  ;  nominal ;  having 
or  conferring  the  title  only  ;  as,  a  iituliir  king  or  prince. 

2.  Having  the  title  to  an  office  or  dignity  without 
discharging  the  duties  of  it. 

Both  Valerius  tind  Austin  were  tUutar  bistiopa.  Ayli^e. 
TIT'U-I,.\R,     j  71.    A  person  invested  with  a  title,  in 
TIT'll-LA-RV,  i     virtue  of  which  he  holds  an  office 

or  benefice,  whether  he  performs  the  duties  of  it  or 

not.  Cijc. 
TIT-IJ-LAR'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  titular. 
TIT'U-LAR-LV,  ode.    Noininallv  ;  by  title  only. 
TIT'lj-LA-RY,  a.    Consisting  in  a  title.  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  title.  Bacon. 
TIV'Ell,  ;i.    A  kind  of  ocher  which  is  used  in  niark- 

inc  sheep  in  siuiie  parts  of  Enuland.  [Loral.]  Cue. 
TIV'ER,  V.  t.    To  m  irk  sheep  with  tiver,  in  different 

ways  and  for  diflerent  purposes.  [/.ofu/.J 
TIV'ER-I.NG, /i/ir.    Marking  with  tiver.  [Anro;.] 
TI  V'ER-I.NG,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  marking  with 

tiver.    [Local.]  Cue. 
TIV'Y,  ailv.    [f'ec  Taktivt.]    With  great  speed  ;  a 

huntsman's  word  or  sound.  Dnjden. 
T.Mf.'SIS,  n.    [Gr.]    A  figure  by  which  a  compound 

word  is  separated,  by  the  intervention  of  one  or 

more  words';  as  qiue  meo  cutique  animo,  fur  guacunqiie 

meo  animo. 

TO,  prep.  [Sax.  to ;  D.  te,  or  toe :  G.  :ii ;  Ir.  and  Gaelic, 
do  ;  Corn.  tho.  This  is  probably  a  conlracteil  wtirtl, 
bill  from  what  verb  it  is  not  easy  lo  ascertain.  The 
sense  is  obvious;  it  denotes  p.assing,  moving  toward. 
The  pronunciation  is  to  or  too,  and  this  depends 
much  on  its  application  or  its  emphasis.] 


TO 

1.  .Noting  motion  towaril  a  place  ;  ofiposed  lo 
I'loiM,  or  plaet  il  after  aiiiilhcr  word  expressing  mo- 
tion Inward.    Me  is  coini;  (ii  cliiirell. 

2.  Noting  !uotiiui  loward  a  stale  or  eonililion.  He 
is  going  lo  a  trade  ;  he  is  rising  lo  w  eallli  aiitl  honor. 

a.  Noting  accord  or  ailaptation  ;  as,  an  iiceiipatiiin 
suited  to  his  t-asle  ;  she  has  a  liiisliaiiil  lo  her  mind. 

4.  Noting  address  or  conipellatioii,  or  the  diri  t  tiiui 
of  a  discourse.  Tlieso  remarks  were  addressed  to  a 
large  audience. 

To  yoti,  my  noble  Ion!  of  Westmoreland ; 

1  plod^  yoor  ffnice.  Shak. 

5.  Noting  attention  or  application. 

Go,  Idickic  10  the  law.  Dryden. 
Mciiinttf  oil  these  thiiijp ;  give  thyself  wholly  to  Ihcin.  —  1 
Tim.  iv. 

6.  Noting  addition. 

AiM  to  yoor  (ailh  virtue  — 2  Pet.  I. 

Wistloiii  lu'  h;ui,  ami  lo  his  wisiloiii,  courage.  Denham. 

7.  Noting  opposition.  They  engaged  hand  hand. 

8.  Noting  amount,  rising  to.  They  met  us  to  the 
number  of  three  hundred. 

9.  Noting  proportion  ;  as,  three  is  to  nine  as  nine 
is  to  twenty  seven.  It  is  ten  to  one  that  you  will 
oll'end  by  your  officioiisness. 

10.  Noting  possession  or  appropriation.  We  have 
a  gooti  setit ;  let  us  keep  it  to  ourselves. 

11.  Noting  perception;  as,  a  substance  sweet  lo 
the  taste  ;  an  event  painful  to  the  miuil. 

12.  Noting  the  subject  of  an  attirnialion. 

1  have  a  king*s  oritli  to  the  contrary.  Shak. 

13.  Noting  the  subject  of  remark  ;  as,  I  shall  speak 
to  one  point  only.  Lord  ChulJiain. 

14.  In  comparison  of. 

All  that  they  iliil  w;is  piety  to  lliij.  J3.  Joneon. 

15.  As  far  as. 

Few  of  the  f>quiinaux  can  count  to  leo.        Quart.  Iteuicio, 

16.  Noting  intention. 

Marks  aiul  points  out  each  man  of  us  fo  slaughter.  B.  Jonton. 
[In  this  sense.  For  is  now  used.] 

17.  After  an  adjective,  noting  the  object;  as,  deaf 
to  the  cries  of  distress  ;  alive  to  the  sutlerings  of  the 
poor.  He  was  attentive  to  the  coinjiany,  or  to  the 
discourse. 

18.  Noting  obligation  ;  as,  duty  to  God,  and  to  our 
parents. 

19.  Noting  enmity  ;  as,  a  dislike  to  spiritous 
liquors. 

20.  Toward  ;  as,  she  stretched  her  arms  to  heaven. 

Urtjden. 

21.  Noting  effect  or  end.  The  prince  was  flattered 
to  his  ruin.  He  engaged  in  a  war  to  his  cost.  Vio- 
lent factions  exist  to  the  prejudice  of  the  state. 

NuntU  rs  were  crowiIcU  to  dt-ath.  Qarendon. 

22.  To,  as  a  sign  of  the  infinitive,  precedes  the 
radical  verb.  Sometimes  it  is  used  instead  of  the 
ancient  forni,/ur  lo,  noting  purpose.  D^vid  in  his 
lifetime  intiMided  to  build  a  temple.  The  legisla- 
ture assembles  annually  Ui  make  and  amend  laws. 
The  court  will  sit  in  February  to  try  some  important 
causes. 

23.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb  after  adjectives, 
nnling  the  object ;  as,  ready  to  go  ;  prompt  to  obey  ; 
quick  to  hear,  but  slow  to  censure. 

24.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb,  noting  the  object. 
The  delay  of  our  hopes  teaches  us  lo  mortify  our  d'-sires. 

SriuiUridge. 

25.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb,  noting  conse- 
quence. 

I  have  done  my  utmost  lo  lead  my  life  so  pleasantly  as  lo  forget 
my  iit'isforluiics.  Pope. 

2fi.  It  notes  extent,  degree,  or  end.  He  languishes 
to  death,  even  to  death.  The  water  rises  to  the 
hight  of  twenty  feeL  The  line  extends  from  one 
end  to  the  other. 

27.  After  the  substantive  verb,  and  with  the  radi- 
cal verb,  it  denotes  futurity.  The  construction,  we 
are  to  meet  at  ten  o'clock,  every  man  at  death  i.s  to 
receive  the  reward  of  his  deeds,  is  a  particular  form 
of  expressing  future  time. 

28.  Alter  have,  it  denotes  duty  or  necessity.  I 
have  a  debt  to  pay  on  Saturday. 

29.  To-daij,  lo-niuht,  to~morroiD,  are  peculiar  phrases 
derived  from  our  ancestors.  To,  in  the  two  first,  has 
the  sense  or  force  of  this;  this  day,  this  night.  In 
the  last,  it  is  equivalent  to  in  or  oh  ;  in  or  on  the 
morrow.  The  words  may  be  considered  as  com- 
pounds, to-day,  to-nisrht,  to-morroic,  and  usually  as 
adverbs.  But  soniutiines  they  are  used  as  nouns; 
ns,  fo  day  is  ours.  Coiclry. 

To  anil  fro;  backward  and  forward.  In  this  phrase, 
to  is  adverbial. 

To  the  face ;  in  presence  of ;  not  in  the  absence  of. 

1  withstood  him  fact  to  fact.  —  Gal.  ii, 

To-tiMTToa,  to-inorroto,  aiul  lo-iTiorroi:'  ; 

Cret'ps  ill  this  pt-tly  pac-  from  day  to  day.  ShaJc. 

JVoff.  —  In  the  foregoing  explanation  of  to,  it  is  to 
be  considered  that  the  definition  given  is  not  always 
the  sense  of  to  by  itself,  hut  the  sense  rather  of  tile 
word  preceding  it,  or  connected  with  it,  or  of  to  in 


TOC 

coniieelinn  with  other  words.  In  general,  to  is  used 
in  till-  sense  of  iimving  toward  a  place,  or  loward  an 
objerl,  or  it  expresses  direction  foiodri/ a  place,  end, 
obji  ct,  or  |iiir|Hise. 

7*0  is  tifleii  used  adverbi.'illy  to  modify  the  seii^e  of 
verbs;  as,  to  co//ic  to  ;  tohturrto.  The  sense  of  such 
phrases  is  explained  under  lite  verbs  res|H'clively. 

In  popular  jilirases  like  the  following,  "  I  will  not 
come  ;  you  shall  lo  or  too,"  a  genuine  Saxon  phrase, 
to  denotes  moreover,  besides,  L.  insuper, 

TOAD,  n.    [Sax.  tade,  ladfje.] 

A  paddoc  ;  n  batrachiaii  reptile,  of  the  genus  Biifo, 
a  small, clumsy  animal,  the  body  warty  and  thick, 
perfectly  harmless,  and  indeed  it  is  said  to  be  useful 
in  gardiMis  by  feeding  on  noxious  iiisi  cls. 

ToAD'-E.\T-ER,  n.  A  vulgar  iiaine  given  to  a  fawn- 
ing, obsequious  parasite;  a  mean  sycophant. 

ToAD'-FlSH,  n.  [toad  and./«//.)  A  fish  of  the  genus 
wtraclius,  allied  lo  the  fishing  frog  or  nngler. 

Stvrer'n  Jta.is.  Rep. 

ToAD'-FLAX,  71.  [load  and  flac]  A  plant,  the 
Linaria  vulgaris  or  calves'  snout. 

ToAD'ISH,  a.    Like  a  toad.    [jVot  used.]  Stafford. 

TO.\I)'-STONi;,  n.  [fo«</ and  .vlo'ir.]  \n  mineraloiry, 
a  variety  of  irap  rock,  of  a  brow  nisli-gray  color. 
The  toad-stone  of  Derbyshire  is  cenerally  a  dark- 
brown  basaltic  ainygtlaloid,  coiupused  of  basalt  and 
green  earth,  and  c.  ntaining  oblong  cavities  filled  with 
calcarc'ous  spar.  Cyc. 

ToAD'-STOOL,  n.  [toad  and  stool.]  A  mushroom, 
a  plant  which  comniuiily  grows  in  moist  and  rich 
grutinds. 

ToAD'V,  n.    A  to.ad-eater.    [k'ulgar.]       fT.  Scott. 
To.AST,  t>.  t.    [Sp.  and  Port,  lostur,  to  toast  or  roasL 
Qu.  are  these  (rom  the  L.  tostus  1  ] 

1.  To  dry  and  scorch  by  the  heat  of  a  fire;  as,  to 
toast  bread  or  cheese. 

[It  is  chiifiy  limited  in  its  application  to  tlicse  two 
articles  ] 

2.  To  warm  thoroughly;  as,  to  toast  'he  feet. 
[JVot  much  lu/ed.] 

3.  To  name  »  hen  a  health  is  drank  ;  to  drink  to 
the  health  in  honor  of ;  as,  to  fuu^f  a  lady.  Addi.son 
writes  "  to  toast  the  health  ; "  a  form  of  expression, 
I  believe,  not  now  used. 

To.AST,  n.  Bread  dried  and  scorched  by  the  fire  ;  or 
such  bread  dipped  in  melted  butter,  ur  in  some 
liquor.  Dry  toast  is  bread  scorched,  ur  it  is  scorched 
bread  with  butter  spread  upon  it.  Soft  toast  is  made 
by  iinniersing  to:>.sted  bread  in  melted  butler,  and 
callcti  dipped  toast. 

2.  A  female  w  hose  health  is  drank  in  honor  or  re- 
spect. 

Tlie  wise  man's  p.as.sinn,  and  the  vain  man's  loasf.  Pope. 

3.  He  or  that  which  is  named  in  honor  in  drinking. 
To.AST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Scorched  by  heat ;  named  in 

drinking  the  heallh. 
ToAST'ER,  ;i.    One  who  toasts. 

2.  An  instrument  for  toasting  bread  or  cheese. 
To.AST'lNG, /);)r.    Scorching  by  fire  ;  drinking  lo  the 

honor  of. 

TO-BACeO,  71.  [Perhaps  from  Tahaco,  a  province  of 
Yucatan,  in  Spanish  America,  where  it  was  first 
found  by  the  Spaniards.  Bui  this  account  of  its 
origin  is  very  doubtful.  Las  Casas  says  that  in  the 
first  voyage  of  Columbus  the  Spaniards  saw  in  Caba 
many  persons  smoking  dry  herbs  or  leaves  rolled  up 
in  tubes  called  tabacos.  Charlevoix,  in  his  History 
of  St.  Uuniinique,  says  that  the  inslrumant  used  in 
smoking  was  called  tabaco.] 

A  plant,  a  native  of  America,  of  the  genus  Nico- 
tiana,  much  used  for  smoking,  antt  chewing,  and  in 
snuff.  As  a  medicine,  it  is  narcotic,  emetic,  and 
cathartic  ;  and  it  possesses  two  additional  powers  at 
least,  if  not  more.  Tobacco  has  a  strong  disagree- 
able smell,  and  an  acrid  t.aste.  When  first  used,  it 
sometimes  occasions  vomiting,  &c. ;  but  Ihe  practice 
of  using  it  in  any  form  soon  conquers  distaste,  and 
forms  a  relish  for  it  that  is  strong  and  almost  un- 
conquerable. 

TO-li AC'CO-.VTNG,  n.  Smoking  tobacco.  Bp.  mil. 
TO-l!.\€'eO-NIST,  n.    A  dealer  in  tobacco;  also,  a 

manufacturer  of  tobacco. 
TO-BAe'€0-PIPE,  rt.    [tobacco  and  pipe.]    A  pipe 

used  for  smoking  tobacco,  often  made  of  clay  and 

b.'iked,  siinu-tiines  of  other  material. 
TO-BAC'CO-PfPE  CL.aY,  n.    A  sjiecies  of  clay  used 

in  ni-'ikirii:  Inhaeco  pipes;  called  also  Cimolite. 
TO-BAC  €l)-PIPE  FISH,  n.    A  name  of  the  Syng- 

iiathus  Acus,  of  Linna:us  ;  called  also  Nkedle-Fish. 

Cyc. 

TO-BAe'eO-STOP'PER,7i.  An  instrument  for  press- 
ing down  the  tobacco  as  it  is  smoked  in  a  pipe. 

To'BINE,  (-bin,)  >i.  A  stout  twilled  silk,  used  for 
dresses  ;  it  much  resembles  the  Florentine. 

TO€-€A' T.I,  Ji.   [It.]    In  mii.MC,  a  prelude. 

TOCK'AY,  n.  A  species  of  geeks  or  spotted  lizard  in 
India.  Cyc 

TO-eOL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  roitoj,  and  X'-yof.] 

The  science  of  obstetrics  or  midwifery  ;  or  that 
department  of  medicine  which  lieaLs  of  parturition. 

TOe'SI.N,  n.  [Fr. ,  Armoric,  torv,  a  stroke,  from  the 
root  of  touch,  and  sonn  or  seing,  sound.] 


TONE,  BI;LL,  liNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


145 


ssss* 


1157 


TOI 

An  alarm  hell,  or  the  ringing  of  a  bell  for  the  pur- 
pose of  alarm. 
TOI),  n.    [In  tiaelic,  tod  is  a  cloil,  a  mass.] 

1.  .-\  b:ish  ;  a  thick  shrub.    [Ot*.]  Spenser. 

2.  A  quantity  of  wool  of  twenty-eight  pounds,  or 
two  stone. 

3.  A  fo.\.  B.  Jonson. 
TOD,  V.  L   To  weigh  ;  to  produce  a  tod.    [JWl  in 

usr.]  SftaJct 

TO  UaY',  n.    [to  and  day.}    The  present  day. 

TOD'DLE,  (tod'dl,)  v.  i.  To  walk  with  short  stops, 
as  a  child.  HaUitcptt. 

TOD'OY,  H.  A  juice  drawn  from  various  kinds  of  the 
palm  in  tlie  E;ist  Indies ;  or  a  spiritous  liquor  pre- 
|)ared  from  it. 

2.  .\  mixture  of  spirit  and  water  sweetened. 
Tiiddij  ditfers  from  gro^  in  having  a  less  proportion 
of  spirit,  and  in  being  sweetened. 

To'DV",  n.  The  popular  name  of  an  insectr\'orous 
genus  of  passerine  birds  of  America,  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  king^shers.  „ 

ToE,  (to,)  n.  [Sax.  ta:  G.  icke  ;  Sw.  ta  ;  Dan.  taae; 
Fr.  dai^t  du  pied ;  L.  digitus.  Toe  is  contracted 
from  fti^,  the  primary  word  on  which  L.  digitus  is 
formed,  coincidmg  with  dut;,  and  signifying  a  shoot. 
Class  Dg.] 

1.  One  of  the  small  members  which  form  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  foot,  corresponding  to  a  finger  on  the 
hand.  The  toes,  in  their  f  jrra  and  structure,  reseni- 
ble  ttie  fingers,  hut  are  shorter. 

2.  The  fore  part  of  the  hoof  of  a  horse,  and  of 
other  hoofed  animals. 

3.  The  member  of  a  beast's  foot  corresponding  to 
the  toe  in  man. 

To'jEH,  (tode,)  a.    In  compounils,  having  toes  ;  as,  nar- 

row-^jp^;  tiiick-tofd ;  slender-ifc/.  Hitchcock. 
TO-FoRE',  prep,  or  ado.    [Sa.v.  toforan;  to  and  fi<re.] 

Before;  formerly.    [04s.]  Skak. 
TOFT,  71.    [Probably  from  the  root  of  fii/J.] 

1.  A  prove  of  trees.  Cyc. 

2.  [Dan.  tofle  or  tomt.']  In  law  'book^,  a  place 
where  a  messuage  has  stood,  but  is  decayed. 

To'FUS,  71.    See  Ti'FA.  [Cowel.  C>/c. 

To'GA-TED,  jo.      [L.    toga,  a  gown  ;  tog'atus, 

To'G/JD,        i  gowned.] 

Gowned  ;  dressed  in  a  gown ;  wearing  a  gown  ; 
as,  tarred  consuls.  Sfuik. 

rO'OA  Vl-RTUS,  [L.]  The  manly  gown.  This 
was  assumed  by  Roman  boys  about  the  time  of  com- 
pletins  their  fourteenth  year.  Smit)i's  Dirt. 

TO-GETII'ER,  ndB.    [Sa.'!.  to^iethre;  to  and  trather.] 

1.  In  c(Kn[>any.    We  walked  (y^^c(.'*cr  to  the  wood. 

2.  In  or  into  union. 

The  liiiisj  joineil  huni;init7  and  policy  together.  Bacon. 

3.  In  the  same  place ;  as,  to  live  together  in  one 
house. 

4.  In  the  same  time  ;  as,  to  live  together  in  the 
same  age. 

5.  In  concert ;  as,  the  allies  made  war  upon  France 
together. 

t).  Into  junction  or  a  state  of  union;  as,  to  sew, 
knit,  pin,  or  fasten  two  things  together  ;  to  mi.\ 
things  together. 

Together  with. ;  in  union  with  ;  in  company  or  mix- 
ture with. 

T.tke  the  bad  together  with  the  ^ooii.  Drytlen. 

TOG'GKL,  n.  A  small  wooden  pin  tapering  toward 
both  ends.  .Mar.  Diet. 

TOG'GER-Y,  n.  [L.  toga.]  Clothes;  garments. 
{Sportive  or  hir.] 

TOG'GLE-JOINT,  n.  An  elbow  or  knee-joint,  con- 
sisting of  two  bars  so  connected  that  they  may  be 
brought  into  a  straight  line. 

TOIL,  V.  i.  [Sax.  teolan,  tiotan,  to  strive,  strain,  urge, 
to  prepare,  to  heal,  to  toil,  and  tilian,  tiligan,  to  pre- 
pare or  provide,  to  tilt,  to  toil,  to  study  or  be  solicit- 
ous ;  Russ.  dialatja.  The  primary  sense  is  e.tpressed 
in  the  Saxon,  to  strain,  to  urge.    Class  Dl.] 

'I'o  labor  ;  to  work  ;  to  exert  ."trength  with  pain 
and  fatigue  of  body  or  mind,  particularly  of  Ihc  body, 
with  efforts  of  some  continuance  or  duration. 

TOIL,  V.  t.    To  toil  out;  to  labor  ;  to  work  out. 

Toiled  out  my  uncouth  pius.ige.  Tifilton. 

2.  To  weary  ;  to  overlabor  ;  as,  toiled  with  works 
of  war.    [.Vot  in  use,  nor  proper.]  Shak. 

TOM,,  n.  Labor  with  pain  and  fatigue;  labor  that 
oppresses  the  body  or  mind.  Toil  may  be  the  labor 
of  the  field,  or  the  workshop,  or  of  the  camp.  What 
toiU  men  endure  for  the  acquisition  of  wealth,  power, 
and  honor  I    Gni.  v. 

TOIL,  ;t.  [Fr.  toilei,  snare,  trap  ;  tr.  did,  n  snare  or 
|!in  :  L.  tela,  a  web  ;  from  spreading,  extending,  or 
laying.) 

A  ni  t  or  iinare  ;  any  thread,  web,  or  string  spread 
for  taking  prey. 
TOIL'Elt,  71.    One  who  toil",  or  labors  with  pain. 
TOIL'KT,  n.    [Fr.  toilette,  from  lode,  cloth.] 

I.  A  covering  or  cloth  of  linen,  silk,  or  tapestry, 
ppread  over  a  table  in  a  chamber  or  dressing-rooiii. 
Hence, 

S.  A  dreswing-lable.  Pope. 

3.  Mode  of  drcHsmi; ;  as,  her  toilet  la  perfect. 


TOL 

To  malcc  one\<  toilet ;  to  adjust  one's  dress  with 
care. 

TOl-LI  \ETTE',  71.  [Fr.]  A  cloth,  the  weft  of 
which  is  of  woolen  yarn,  and  the  warp  of  cotton 
and  silk.    It  is  used  for  waistcoats. 

F.ncifc  of  Dom.  Econ. 

TOIL'ING,  ppr.    Laboring  with  pain. 

TOIL'LESS,  «.    Free  from  toil. 

TOIL'SO.ME,  a.  Lal)orious ;  wearisome;  attended 
with  fatigue  and  pain  ;  as,  toilsome  work  ;  a  toiUome 
task. 

\Vh.-\t  can  tie  toilsome  in  these  pleasant  walks  ?  MiUon, 

2.  Producing  toil  ;  as,  a  toiUome  dav  or  journey. 
TOIL'SOME-LY,  a<iii.    In  a  toilsome  manner. 
TOIL'SO.ME-XESS,  n.    Laboriousness  ;  wearisome- 

ness. 

TOISE,  (toiz,)  71.  [Fr.]  A  fathom  or  Ion;  measure  in 
France,  containing  six  French  feet,  or  about  six  and 
a  half  English  feet.    It  is  equal  to  two  meters. 

Edia.  Eiiciic.  McCnlloch. 

TO-KaY',  71.  A  kind  of  wine  produced  al  Tokay  in 
Hungary,  made  of  white  grapes.  It  is  distinguished 
from  other  wines  by  its  aromatic  taste.  It  is  not 
good  till  it  is  about  three  years  old,  and  it  continues 
to  improve  as  long  as  it  is  kept. 

TC>'K.E\,  (to'kn,)  7U  [Sax.  tacn,  taeen  ;  Goth,  taikn.t  ; 
D.  teekrn  ;  Dan.  tegn  ;  Sw.  teckn  ;  G.  zeie/ten.  This 
may  be  the  same  word  as  the  L.  signum,  dialectically 
varied,  or  from  the  s  ame  radix  ;  Gr.  ^tiK'  e/ii.] 

1.  A  sign  ;  something  intended  to  represent  or  in- 
dicate anothertliing  or  an  event.  Thus  the  rainbow 
is  a  token  of  God's  covenant  established  with  Noah. 
The  blood  of  the  paschal  lamb,  sprinkled  on  the 
doors  of  the  Hebrews,  was  a  token  to  the  destroying 
angel  of  God's  will  that  h«  should  pass  by  those 
houses.    Oen.  ix.    Eiud.  xii. 

Show  nie  a  token  fur  good.  —  Ps.  Ixuxvi, 
9.  A  mark.    In  pestilential  di.sea~<es,  tokens  are 
livid  spots  upon  the  hiidy,  which  indicate  the  ap- 
proach of  death.  Cye. 

3.  A  memorial  of  friendship  ;  something  by  which 
the  fi  icndsliip  of  another  person  is  to  be  kept  in  mind. 

S/l<7/£. 

4.  In  coinage,  tokens  were  coins  struck  in  the 
reign  of  Elizivbeth  in  the  cities  of  Bristol,  Oxford, 
and  Worcester,  and  also  by  private  persons,  which 
Were  put  into  circulation,  and  upon  being  returned, 
the  issuer  gave  the  value  of  them  in  current  money. 

Ci/c. 

5.  In  printing,  ten  quires  of  paper  ;  an  extra  quire 
is  iisu:illy  added  to  every  other  token,  when  counted 
out  for  the  press. 

T6'K£.V,  V.  L   To  make  known.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

To'KEN-ED,  a.    Being  marked  with  spots.  Shak. 
To'KEN-lNG,  p;ir.    Making  known;  marking  with 

spots. 
ToL,  r.  t.    [L.  tollo.] 

To  take  away  ;  a  law  term.    [See  Toll.]  Cijc. 
To'LA,  71.    In  India,  a  weight  for  gold  and  sdver,  but 

different  in  ililTerent  places. 
ToL'-BO(5Tll.    .See  ToLL-BooTH. 
ToLD,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Tell. 

Who  toid  th'-e  th.it  thou  wast  nuked  ?  —  G^n.  iii. 
Thou  h;i5l  iiiiickeii  iiie,  and  told  nie  li  3.  — xvi. 
Sheep  and  oxeti  that  could  not  be  toUi.  —  1  Kin^  viii. 

ToLE,  I'.  (.    [I  know  not  from  what  source  we  have 

this  word  ;  but  it  coincides  with  the  Ar.  J>i  dalla, 

to  draw.   The  Ethiopic  has  TA©  talwaf  taloOy  to 

follow,  and  atalno.  to  cause  to  follow.  It 

is  a  legiliiuate  word,  and  in  good  use.] 

To  draw  or  cause  to  follow  by  presenting  some- 
thing pleasing  or  desirable  to  view;  to  allure  by 
some  bait,  'i'hus  our  farmers  tole  sheep  and  make 
them  follow,  by  htiltliiig  to  them  a  measure  of  corn 
or  some  portion  of  fodder.  In  J^'Vw  England,  it  is 
applied  only  to  the  alluring  of  beasts.  Locke  h.as 
applied  it  tti  men. 

ToL'KI),  pp.    Drawn  ;  allured  ;  induced  to  follow. 

TO-Ll-'.'DO,  It.  A  sword  of  the  finest  temjier ;  so 
called  from  Toledo,  in  Spain,  once  famous  for  its 
swords.  B.  ./oiison. 

TOL'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  fvm  L.  tolcrabilU  See 
Tolerate.] 

1.  That  may  be  home  or  endured  ;  supportable, 
either  physically  or  mentally.  'I'he  cold  in  Canada 
is  severe,  but  taUrohlr,  'I'iie  insults  and  indignities 
of  our  enemies  are  not  tolerable. 

It  shall  he  more  tofernble  lor  the  land  of  Sodotn  and  Gomomdl  in 
tlie  da>  of  jiidffineiit,  than  for  tiMl  city.  —  M.itt.  X. 

2.  Moileratel)'  good  or  agreeable  ;  not  contempti- 
ble ;  not  very  exrellriit  or  pleasiiii;,  but  such  as  can 
he  borne  or  received  without  disgust,  resenlini  nt,  or 
opposition  ;  as,  n  tolerolde  translation  ;  a  tolerable  en- 
tertainment ;  a  fii/Tiiifp  administration.  Sirift. 

TOL'ER-A  ULE-NESS,  71.  'I'he  state  of  being  tolera- 
ble. 

TOL'ER- ABLY,  ado.  Supportably;  in  a  manner  to 
be  endured. 


o.    Enduring  ;  indulgent ;  favoring 


TOL 

2.  .Moderalely  well  ;  p.assably  ;  not  perfectly  :  as,  a 
constitution  tolerably  firm.  The  advocate  speaks  fi7l- 
erabln  well. 

TOL  ER  ANCE,  71.     [L.  tolerantia,  from  tolero,  to 

bear  ] 

'I'he  power  or  capacity  of  enduring  ;  or  the  act  of 
eniluriug. 

Diojr'ii-s,  one  freely  niorinn?,  came  to  the  markel-plac* ,  shak- 
in?,  to  show  his  to'erartce.  Bacon. 

[Little  used.     But  I.ntolebance  is  in  common 
use  ] 
TOL'ER-ANT, 
toleration. 

TOL'ER-aTE.  v.  t.  [Fr.  tolerer  ;  L.  tolero,  from  tollo, 
to  lilt  ;  Ch.  Vn,  to  lilt  or  raise.  Class  Dl,  No.  3,  and 
see  No.  fi,  7,  18,  20,  28,  33.] 

To  suffer  to  be  or  to  be  done  without  prohibition 
or  hiuderauce  ;  to  allow  or  permit  negatively,  by  not 
preventing;  not  to  restrain  ;  as,  to  fo/mife  opinions 
or  jjractices.  The  Protestant  religion  is  tolerated  in 
France,  and  the  Romish  in  Great  Britain. 

Cryina:  should  not  Ix- lo/erare'/ in  children.  Ijjeke. 

Tlie  l.tw  of  love  tolcraus  no  vice,  and  pttroniz-s  evry  viiiite. 

O.  .Spring. 

TOL'ER-A-TED,  pp.  Suffered  ;  allowed  ;  not  pro- 
hibited or  restrained. 

TOL'ER-A-TIXG,  ppr.  Enduring  ;  suffering  to  be  or 
to  be  done;  allowing;  not  restraining. 

TOL-ER-A'TION,  71.    [L.  tolerotio.] 

The  act  of  toleratin2  ;  the  allowance  of  that  which 
is  not  «iiolly  approved  ;  appropriately,  the  allowance 
of  religious  opinions  and  moties  of  worship  in  a 
state,  when  contrary  to  or  different  from  those  of  the 
established  church  or  belief.  Toleration  implies  a 
right  in  the  sovereign  to  control  men  in  their  tipin- 
ions  and  worship,  or  it  implies  the  actual  exercise  of 
power  in  such  control.  Where  no  power  exists,  or 
none  is  assumed,  to  establish  a  creed  and  a  mode  of 
worship,  there  can  be  no  toleration,  in  the  strict  sense 
of  the  word,  for  one  religious  denomination  iias  as 
good  a  right  as  another  to  the  free  enjoyment  of  its 
creed  and  worship. 

ToL'ING,  ppr.    Drawing  away  ;  inducing  to  follow. 

TOLL,  71.  [.^ax.  toll:  D.  tol :  Sw.  tn!l :  Dan.  tohl:  G. 
loll :  W.  toll,  a  fraction,  a  toll ;  toli  and  toliaic,  to  cur- 
tail, to  diminish,  to  take  away,  to  spare  or  save,  to 
deal  out,  from  tawl,  a  throw,  a  casting  off,  a  separa- 
tion, a  cutting  off ;  f»//i,  from  toll,  to  subtract,  to  take 
toll ;  Gr.  t  X  15,  toll,  custom,  and  end,  exit,  from  cut- 
ting off ;  Fr.  taillrr,  to  cut  off,  (see  Tail  ;)  Ir.  deilim, 
to  separate  ;  dail,  a  share.  Eng.  dole;  diolain,  to  sell, 
to  exchange,  to  pay  toll.  This  is  from  the  rout  of 
deal.    See  De.il,  Sax.  bedmlan.    Class  Dl,  No.  12.] 

1.  A  tax  paid  for  some  liberty  or  privilege,  partic- 
ularly for  the  privilege  of  passinsover  a  bridge  or  on 
a  hii.'hway,  or  for  that  of  vending  goods  in  a  fair, 
market,  or  the  like. 

2.  A  liberty  to  buy  and  sell  within  the  bounds  of  a 
manor.  Ci(c. 

3.  A  portion  of  grain  taken  by  a  miller  as  a  com- 
pensation for  grindins. 

TOLL,  V.  i.    To  pay  toll  or  tallage.  Shak. 

2.  To  take  toll,  as  by  a  miller.  TtiM.frr. 
Toll,  v.  i.    [W.  tol,  tolo,  a  loud  sound,  a  din  ;  Pers. 
tJ  ,  - 

J^iXj^Lj  talidan,  to  sound,  to  ring.    We  see  that 

W.  tairl,  supra,  is  a  throw  or  cast,  a  driving,  and 
this  is  the  radical  sense  of  Sound.] 

To  souiiil  or  ring,  as  a  bell,  with  strokes  uniformly 
repeated  at  iiiterv;ils,  as  at  funerals, or  in  calling  as- 
semblies, or  to  announce  the  death  of  a  person. 

Now  sink  ill  sorrows  with  a  tolling  bell.  Pope. 

TOLL,  ».  (.  [Supra.]  To  cause  a  bell  to  sound  with 
strokes,  slowly  anti  uniformly  repeated,  as  for  sum- 
moning public  bodies  or  religious  congregations  to 
their  meetings,  or  for  announcing  the  deatli  of  a  per- 
son, or  to  give  solemnity  to  a  funei.il.  Tolling  is  a 
different  thing  from  ringing. 

TOLL,  e.  f.    [L.  f«//<i.] 

1.  To  take  away;  to  vacate;  to  annul;  a  law 
term. 

2.  To  draw.    [See  Tole.]  Baeon. 
TOLL,  II.    .\  particular  sounding  of  a  bell.    [See  the 

verb.] 

TOLL'-B.XR,  71.    [  of/and  bar.]    A  bar  or  beam  used 
for  stop|iinL'  boats  on  a  canal  at  the  toll-house,  or  on 
a  road  for  slopping  pas-engers. 
TOLL'-BOOTIl,  II.    [f,,// and  ftniifA.]    A  place  where 
goods  are  weighed  to  ascertain  the  duties  or  toll. 
9.  A  prison.  Jilnsworlh. 
TOLL'-BOOTII,  V.  t.    To  imprison  in  a  loll-hooih. 

CorbrL 

ToLL'-BRIDGE,  71.  A  bridge  where  toll  is  paid  for 
jiassiug  it. 

TOLL'ER,  71.    One  who  collects  taxes  ;  a  toll-gatherer. 

BarrcL 

2.  One  who  tolls  a  bell. 
T';!.!/  DISH  n.    A  dish  for  measuring  toll  in  mills. 
ToLL'-GATR,  71.    A  gate  where  toll  '  taken. 
TOLl.'-G  ATll-ER-i;i;,  ti.    The  man  who  takes  toll. 
T(')Lli'-IIOI/SE,  11.    A  house  or  M\vi\  placed  by  a  road 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.  — METE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  nQOK — 


1158 


TON 

near  a  toll-Bate,  or  at  the  end  of  a  toU-brulse,  or  by  a 
canal,  where  the  man  wlio  lakes  the  toil  remains. 
TOLI/ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Causing  to  sound  in  a  slow, 
grave  manner. 

2.  Takins  away  ;  removing. 

3.  8uun(lin|z,  ns  a  hell. 
TOI.T,  H.    [I..  tollU,  t„llo.] 

Ill  Eii^'li^li  court.i,  the  precept  of  a  sheriff,  l>y  wliii  h 
a  wrii  of  rlL'lil  is  removed  from  the  court  baron  into 
the  oonntv  court.  Bluckslone. 

TO-Lr'  IIAL'SA.M,  n.  A  resin,  or  oleo-resin,  pro- 
duced by  a  tree  of  South  America,  the  Myrospermum 
toluiferum.  It  is  said  to  have  been  first  broui;hl  from 
a  place  railed  Tolu.    In  mnllcinr,  it  is  called  BaUam 

TOL-U-TA'TION,  ;i.    [L.  t,:liilo.]  [of  Tula. 

A  pacing  or  ambling.    [Au(  u.<ril.'] 

IlrowH.  Iltidihras, 

TOM'A-IIAWK,  71.    An  Indian  hatelut. 

TO.M'A-IIAWK,  t!. «.  To  cut  or  kill  with  a  hatchet 
called  a  ioui  ihawk. 

TO.M'A-IIA\VK-f;n,  (-hawkt)  pp.  Smitten  or  killed 
with  a  tomahaw  k. 

TO.M'A-IIAWIC-ING,  jipr.  Striking  or  killing  with  a 
tomahawk. 

TO-MA'TO  or  TO-MX'TO,  n.  A  plant  and  its  fruit, 
the  Lycopersicum  esculentum  of  late  botanists,  and 
the  Solanuin  lycopersicum  of  the  older  ones.  It  Is 
called  sometimes  the  Love- Apple. 

TOMli,  (toom,)  H.  [Yr.tombp^toinbran  ;  W.  tom^tovten^ 
ttom,  tiomp,  a  mound,  a  heap  ;  Ir.  tiioma;  Sp.  lumba  ; 
L.  lumuliis,  a  heap  or  hillock  ;  linnro,  to  swell ;  Gr. 
Ti<iiii,i!.  Class  Dm.  This  name  was  pivcn  to  a 
place  for  the  dead  by  men  who  raised  a  heap  of  earth 
over  the  dead.] 

1.  A  grave ;  a  pit  in  which  the  dead  body  of  a  hu- 
man being  is  deposited. 

A3  one  (IcLiJ  ill  tlie  Ixjttoin  of  a  lomb.  Shak. 

2.  A  house  or  vault  formed  wholly  or  partly  in  the 
earth,  with  walls  and  a  roof  for  the  reception  of  the 
dead. 

3.  A  monimient  erected  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
the  dead. 

TOM  It,  I'.  (.    To  bury  ;  to  inter.    [See  Kntomb.] 

TOM'BAC,  n.  .\»  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  or  a  spe- 
cies of  brass,  with  an  excess  of  zinc.  When  arsenic 
is  added,  it  is  white  tintibac.  Brande. 

TOMIi'Kl),  (toomd,)  a.    Deposited  in  a  tomb. 

TO.Mli'LEss,  (to  'less,)  a.    Destitute  of  a  tomb  or 

sepulchral  monument. 

TfiMB'NOlMlY,  II.    A  Shetland  bird,  the  pulTin. 

TOM'ltOY,  II.  [Tom,  Tlioma.i,  and  boij.]  .\  rude, 
bolsternus  boy  ;  also,  in  sarcasm,  a  romping  girl. 
I  Vul  'ar.\ 

TO.MIi'STONE,  (toom'-,)  n.  [tomb  and  stone.]  A 
stone  erected  over  a  giave,  to  preserve  the  memory 
of  the  deceased  ;  a  numnnient. 

TOM'eOD,  n.  .\  smaH  American  fish  of  the  cod  kind, 
about  ten  or  twelve  inches  long.  Storrr. 

ToME,  II.  [Fr.,  from  G.  r /;i  j,  a  piece  or  secti<m, 
from  r.<-(ii'6i.  to  cut  olf.] 

A  bcKik  ;  as  many  writings  as  are  bound  in  a  vol- 
ume, formin;;  the  part  of  a  larger  work.  It  may  be 
applied  to  a  siiiL'le  volume. 

TO-ME\'TOUS  '  i       t'""  '"""^'"'""i  <l»"-n.] 

In /wMni/,  downy  ;  nappy;  cottony;  or  florky  ; 
covered  with  hairs  so  cluse  as  scarcely  to  be  discern- 
ible, or  with  a  whitish  down,  like  wool ;  as,  a  tomm- 
tou.<  stem  or  leaf.  Martyn.  Lee, 

TOM'FOOL,  II.    A  great  fool  ;  a  triflcr. 

TOM-FOOI.'ER-Y,  n.    Foolish  trifling.       Ee.  Ri-v. 

T(1.M'-.VOI)-l)Y,  n.    A  sea-bird,  the  puffin.  Booth. 

TO-.MOR'UoVV,  n.  [to  and  tmrniic]  The  day  after 
the  present. 

Oiif  totliy  U  worth  two  Uyinorroui.  FrankUii. 

TO.M'PI-OX,  II.    [Fr.  tampon,  a  stopple.1 

1.  The  stopper  of  a  cainion.    [Sei- 'J  a.mpio?c.] 

2.  The  iron  bottom  to  which  srape-shot  are  fixed 
TOM'RIG,  n.  .\  rude,  wild,  wanton  girl.  DcHiiis. 
TO.M'TIT,  II.    A  little  bird,  the  titmouse. 

TO .M 'TOM,  II.  Same  as  Tamtam,  a  large,  flat  drum, 
used  by  the  Hindoos. 

TO.N,  the  terniinatiou  of  names  of  place.s,  is  town,  a 
hill  or  fortress.    [See  Town-.] 

TO.N,  II.    [Fr.]    The  prevailing  fashion. 

T0.\,  (inn,)  II.  [Sax.  (uiiiio;  Fr.  tonne;  Sp.  tonci,  a 
cask,  a  tun  or  butt  ] 

The  weiiihl  of  twenty  hundred  gross,  or  2240 
pounds.  In  scune  of  the  United  States  the  ton  is  es 
tiinaled  at  2001)  pounds.  The  orlboiiraphy  TfN  would 
be  preferable,  as  more  accordant  with  the  derivation. 
The  word  is  from  the  Saxon  (iiiiiin,  a  cask,  and  the 
sense  of  weight  is  t.aken  from  that  of  a  cask  or  butt 

TO.NE,  n.    [Fr.  (uii;  Sp.  (mio  ;  It.  (iioiio  ;  Sw.  and  fi. 
t^iii ;  D.  fdoit ;  Dan.  fiHic  ;  1^.  teiiiiv    Gr.  roi-  K,  sound 
L.  tvno,  Gr.  r'j'  "W,  to  sniind,  iVom  the  root  of  rfu-f.i 
to  strain  or  stretch.    The  L.  sonus  is  girobably  til 
same  word  in  a  diflerent  dialect.] 

1.  Sound,  or  a  modification  of  sound  ;  any  impulse 
or  vibration  of  the  air  which  is  p-Tceptible  by  the 
ear;  as,  a  low  tone,  hiixh  ^iii'*,  or  loud  tone  t  a  grave 
tone  :  an  acute  tone ;  a  sweet  tone ;  a  harsh  tone. 

2.  Accent;  or  rather,  a  particul.ar  inMcclion  of  the 


TON 

voici',  adajited  to  express  emotion  or  passion ;  a 
rhtturical  sense  of  the  word,  E,  Porter, 

F-^ig'^r  tiia  lone,  Hiiil  anlciil  were  Ilia  ey«i.  Dryttsn. 

3.  A  whining  sound  ;  a  whine;  a  kind  of  mourn- 
ful strain  of  voice  ;  as,  children  ollcn  read  with  a 
tone, 

4.  .An  atTected  sound  in  speakinir. 

5.  In  i««.-if,  an  interval  of  sound  ;  as,  ilie  dilTer- 
ence  between  the  tiUh  or  diapento  and  f 'iirtli  or  di- 
atessaron,  is  a  (uiif.  Of  tones  there  are  two  kinds, 
major  and  minor.  The  time  major  is  in  the  ratio  of 
8  to  ;>,  which  results  from  the  dill'erence  betwei'n  the 
fourth  and  fifth.  The  time  minor  is  as  9  to  10,  re- 
sulting from  the  diflerence  between  the  minor  third 
and  the  fourth.  Cijr. 

f).  The  (uiie  of  an  instrument,  is  its  pociiliar 
sound  with  regard  to  softness,  evenness,  and  the 
like.  Ciic 

7.  In  jnerfic/nr,  that  state  of  a  body,  in  which  the 
animal  functions  are  healthy  and  piTformed  with  due 
vigor.  Tone,  in  its  primary  signification,  is  tension, 
and  tension  is  the  primary  signification  of  stren:;Ih. 
Ilenci'  its  application  to  tiie  natural  healtliy  state  of 
animal  organs.  Tone,  tlierefiire,  in  medicine,  is  the 
strength  and  activity  of  the  organs,  from  which  pro- 
ceed healthy  functions.  So  wi:  say,  the  body  is  in  a 
sound  state,  the  health  is  sound  or. /inn. 

8.  In  painting,  the  harmonious  relation  of  the  col- 
ors of  a  picture  in  liijht  and  shade.  The  term  is 
often  used  to  tpialily,  or  as  synonymous  with.  Depth, 
Richness,  and  Spi.ENnoii,  in  pictures.  It  has  also 
more  recently  been  used  to  denote  the  characteristic 
expression  of  a  picture,  as  distinguished  by  its  color. 
In  musical  science  the  word  Key  performs  a  similar 
office,  Jocdtjn, 

TO.N'E,  V.  t.    To  utter  with  an  affected  tone. 

2.  To  tune.    [See  Tune.] 
TON'/;!),  a.    Having  a  tone  ;  used  in  composition  ;  a.«, 

hii;h-fiiiii''/ ;  sweet-fmicf/. 
To.VE'I.ESS,  a.    Having  no  tone  ;  nninnsical.  Entick. 
TO.NE'-SYL-LA-BLE,  n.    An  accented  svllable. 

'M.  Stuart, 

TONG,  (tuns;,)  n.  [See  Toncs.]  •  The  catch  of  a 
buckle.    [JVot  nsed.]    [See  Tdngi.'e.]  Spenser. 

TONGS,  n.  pi.  [Sax.  tan^;  Dan.  and  tang ;  G. 
zange  ;  Sw.  ;  Ice.  fniuio' ;  Gaelic,  (rniij-as.  This 
seems  by  its  orthography  to  be  the  same  word  as 
tongue,  tongue,-!,  and  to  signif>  projections,  shoots.] 

An  instrument  of  metal,  consisting  of  two  parts  or 
long  shafts  j<iined  at  one  end  ;  used  for  handling 
tilings,  particularly  fire  or  heated  metals.  We  say, 
a  pair  of  tongs,  a  smith's  tongs. 

TONGUE,  (tung,)  [Sax.  tang,  tjivga  :  Goth,  tnggo  : 
Sw.  tunga  :  Dan.  tnnire  :  D.  tong  ;  G.  zunge  ;  Ir.  and 
Gaelic,  tranga:  Ant.  Ij.  tingua.  We  see  by  the 
Gothic,  that  n  is  not  radical  ;  the  word  belongs  to 
Cl.iss  Dg.  It  signifies  a  shoot  or  extensi.m,  like  L. 
digitus  and  dug.  Tunu  would  be  the  preferable 
orthography,  in  accordance  with  the  etymology.] 

1.  In  man,  one  of  the  instriuueuls  of  taste,  and 
also  one  of  the  instruments  of  speech  ;  and  in  other 
animals  one  of  the  instruments  of  taste.  It  is  also 
an  instruiueut  of  deglutition.  In  some  animals,  the 
toniiiie  is  used  fir  drawing  the  food  into  the  mouth, 
as  in  animals  of  the  bovine  genus,  ^c.  Other  ani- 
mals lap  their  drink,  as  dogs. 

The  tongue  is  covered  with  membranes,  and  the 
outer  one  is  full  of  papillie  of  a  pyrarnidical  figure, 
under  w  hich  lies  a  thin,  solt,  reticular  coat,  perfor- 
ated with  iniluinerable  holes,  and  always  lined  with 
a  thick  and  white  or  yellowish  mucus.  Ci/c. 

2.  Speech ;  discourse ;  sometimes,  fluency  of 
speech. 

Mud]  tongiit  ami  niucb  Jutlginciil  acUlom  go  toji'ttKr. 

J.'luslran^e. 

3.  The  power  of  articulate  utterance ;  speech. 

PiirruU  iiniutin^  htiiimn  fon^u<.  Drydtn. 

4.  Speech,  as  well  or  ill  used  ;  mode  of  speaking. 

K'-t'p  a  oro!,<l  tongue  in  thy  h-'tul.  Shale, 
The  tongue  ot  the  wine  i»  IumIUi.  —  Prov.  xii. 

5.  A  language  ;  the  whole  sum  of  words  used  by  a 
particular  nation.  The  English  tongue,  within  two 
liunilred  vcars,  will  probably  be  spoken  by  two  or 
three  hundred  millions  of  people  in  North  America. 

I).  Speech  i  words  or  decl.trations  only  ;  opposed  to 
Thovciits  or  Actions. 

Let  m  not  I.iv"  in  wont,  neither  in  tongue,  but  in  deed  and  in 
truth. —  I  John  iii. 

7.  A  nation,  as  distinguished  by  their  language. 

I  will  ^tther  ntl  nation!  and  languet, —  Is.  Ixvi. 

8.  A  point ;  a  projection ;  as,  the  tongue  of  a 
buckle  or  of  a  balance. 

9.  A  projection  on  the  side  of  a  board  which  fits 
into  a  grtiove. 

10.  A  point,  or  Ions,  narrow  strip  of  land,  project- 
ins  from  the  main  into  a  sea  or  a  lake. 

11.  The  taper  part  of  any  thing;  in  the  rilling  of 
a  ship,  a  short  piece  of  rope  spliced  into  the  upper 
part  of  standing  backstays,  &c.,  to  the  size  of  the 
niast-h'ad. 

To  hold  the  tongue ;  to  be  silent.  .Addison, 


TOO 

TONGUE,  (tung,)  v.  t.    To  chide  ;  to  scold. 

How  nii^^ht  she  tongue  me.  Sl'oJr. 

TONGUE,  (tung.)  v.  i.    T'.  talk  ;  to  prate.  Shak. 
TONGU'/."U,  (tiingd,)  a.    Having  a  tongue. 

Tongued  like  the  night-crow.  Donne. 

TONGUE'-GRXFT'ING,(tung'-,)  n  A  mode  of  graft- 
ing by  inserting  the  end  of  a  ciun  in  a  particular 
manner. 

TO.\<;UE'LESS,  (lung'-,)  a.    Having  no  tongue. 


2.  Speechless  ;  as,  a  tonguetesn  block. 

3.  Unnamed  ;  not  spoken  of. 
One  gowl  deed  dyin<;  tonguetese.    [Not  uted.] 

TONGUE'-PAO,  (tung-,)  n.    A  great  talker. 


Sluik, 


Sliak. 
[.Vut  in 

w-r.  I  Tatter, 
TONGUE'-SIIaP-KD,  (tung'-shfipt,)  a.    In  botany,  a 
tongue-shaped  leaf,  is  linear  and  lleshy,  blunt  at  the 
end,  convex  underneath,  and  having  usually  a  car- 
tilaginous border.  jVarttjn. 
TONGUE'-TIK,  (tnng'ti,)  v.  t,    [tongue  and  lie.]  To 
deprive  of  speech  or  the  power  of  speech,  or  of  dis- 
tinct articulation.  Goodman. 
TO\GIIE'-Tia;I),  (tiins'tlde,)    a.    Destitute  of  the 
power  of  tlistiiict  articulation  ;  having  an  impedi- 
ment in  the  speech.  Holder. 
2.  Unable  to  speak  freely,  from  whatever  cause. 

Love  iuul  tougue-tied  »iinpliciiy.  ShaSt. 

TON'ie,  0.    [from  Gr.  r        L.  (uniij.    See  Tone.] 

1.  Literutlij,  increasing  tension  ;  heuce,  increasing 
'  strength  ;  as,  (oiiic  power. 

2.  In  medicine,  iiicreasinfr  strength,  or  the  tone  of 
the  animal  system  ;  obviating  the  elTects  of  debility, 
and  restoring  healthy  functions. 

3.  Relating  to  tones  or  sounds. 

4.  Extelldetl.    [J^'ot  in  m-si*.]  Broitne. 

Tonic  spasm,  in  mnlicine,  is  a  steady  and  continu- 
ous spastic  contraction  enduring  for  a  comparatively 
long  time.  It  is  opposed  to  a  dome  spa^m,  in 
which  the  muscular  fibers  contract  and  relax  alter- 
nately in  very  quirk  snrcessinn,  proiliicing  the 
appearance  of  agitation.  In  Ionic  spasms,  however, 
there  is  always  alternate  contraction  and  rehixation. 
Tin;  s-pasms  of  tetanus  are  Ionic. 

TO.N'ie,  ?i.  A  medicine  that  increases  the  strength 
and  gives  vigtir  of  action  to  the  system. 

2.  In  music,  the  key-note  or  orincip:d  sound  which 
generates  all  the  rest.    [Fr.  'jitit/ue.]  Cyc. 

3  In  music,  a  certain  tlegree  of  tension,  or  the 
sound  produced  by  a  vocal  string  in  a  given  degree 
of  tension.  • 

TO.N'KA-I!v-..AN,  j  n.  The  fruit  of  the  Dipteris 
TO.N'UUIN-Bk.V.N,  I    odorata,  a  shruWiy  plant  of 

Guiana.    It  has  a  peculiarly  agreeable  smell,  and  is 

employeil  in  the  scenting  of  sniitf.  Buchanan. 
TO-.\iGHT',  71.    [to  and  night.]    The  present  night, 

or  the  nii-'ht  alter  the  present  day. 
TON'N.AGE,  (tun'-,)  ii.    [from  tun.]    The  wejght  of 

goods  carrieil  in  a  boat  or  ship. 

2.  The  cubical  content  or  burthen  of  a  ship  in 
tuns  ;  or  the  aiiioiint  of  weight  which  »he  may  carry 

3.  A  duty  or  impost  on  ships,  estimated  per  tun  ; 
or  a  duty,  toll,  or  rate  payable  on  goods  |ier  tun, 
Iransporietl  on  canals. 

TON'SII.,  n.  [h.  lonsillir.  This  word  seems  to  be 
formed  from  tonsus,  toodeo,  to  clip.] 

In  anatomy,  a  glaiitlular  body  in  the  throat  or 
fauces.  The  tonsils  are  called  also,  from  their  shape, 
amygdala,  and,  in  popular  language,  almonds.  The 
ton.sils  have  several  excretory  ducts  opening  into  the 
month.  die.  Hooper. 

TO.N'SII.F,,  (-sil,)  a.   That  may  be  clipped.  -Voson. 

TO.N-So'Rl-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  barber  or  to  shav- 

iUL'. 

TON'SURE,  (ton'shure,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  lonsura, 
from  tonsus,  shaved  ;  tondfn,  to  clip  or  shave.] 

1.  The  act  of  clippiiii;  the  hair,  or  of  shaving  the 
crown  of  the  head  ;  or  the  state  of  being  shorn. 

.Addison. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  tonsure  is  the  first 
ceremony  nsed  for  devoting  a  person  to  the  service 
of  God  and  the  church  ;  the  first  degree  of  the  rleri- 
cate,  iiivcn  by  a  bisliop,  who  cuts  olf  a  part  of  Ins 
hair  with  prayers  anil  benedictions.  Hence  tnn.^ure 
is  used  to  denote  entrance  or  admission  into  holy 
orders.  Cyc. 

3   In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  corona  or 
crown  which  priests  wear  as  a  mark  of  their  order 
and  of  their  rank  in  the  church.  Cue. 
TON-TJ.NE',  (tiui-teen')  n.    [Fr.  tontine;  said  to  be 
from  its  inventor,  Tonti,  an  Italian.] 

An  annuity  or  surviv«irship ;  or  a  loan  raised  on 
life-annuities,  with  the  benefit  of  survivorship.  Thus 
an  annuity  is  shared  among  a  number,  on  tlie  prin- 
ciple that  the  share  of  each,  at  his  death,  is  enjoyed 
by  the  survivors,  until  at  last  the  whole  goes  to  the 
hist  survivor,  or  to  the  last  two  or  three,  according  to 
the  terms  on  which  the  money  is  advanced. 
TO  NY,  «.  .A  simpleton.  [Ludicrous.]  Dryden. 
TOO,  nih.    [Sax,  Ui.] 

I.  Over  ;  more  than  enough  ;  notinE  excess  ;  as,  a 
thing  is  loo  loiiz,  loo  short,  or  too  wide  ;  too  high  ; 
too  many  ;  too  much. 

Hii  will  too  itroii^  to  bend,  loo  proud  to  kun.  Oomttf, 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE,— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3,  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  »  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


iir.9 


TOO 


TOP 


TOP 


2.  Likewise;  also;  in  addition. 

A  courtier  and  a  patriot  too.  P:pe. 

L'  t  t'lose  eyfs  that  view 
The  d-iring  crime,  behold  the  vei;  jeaiice  loo.  Pope. 

3.  Too,  too,  repeated,  denotes  excess  empliatically  ; 
but  Ihis  repetition  is  not  in  respectable  use. 

[The  original  application  of  to,  now  too,  seems  to 
have  been  to  a  wi  "I  signifying  a  sreat  quantity  ;  as, 
spealiing  or  giving  to  much;  that  is,  to  a  great 
amount.    To  was  thus  used  by  old  authors.] 
TOOK,  pret.  of  Take. 

Enocli  was  not,  for  God  look  him.  —  Gen.  t, 
TOOL,  n.    [Sax.  tot.    ftu.  Fr.  outil.    In  old  Law 
Latin,  we  hnd  attitc,  a///7(a,  stores,  tools,  implements, 
(iu.  artillery,  by  corruption.] 

1.  An  instniment  of  manual  operation,  particu- 
larly such  as  are  used  by  farmers  and  mechanics  ;  as, 
the  tools  of  a  joiner,  smith,  or  shoemalver. 

2.  A  person  used  as  an  insirumeut  by  another  per- 
son ;  a  word  of  reproarh.  .Men  ol'  intrigue  always 
have  their  (oo.'s,  by  wiiose  agency  tliey  accomplish 
their  purposes. 

TOOL,  V.  U    To  sliape  with  a  tool.  F.ntick. 

TOOL'ING,  n.    Workmanship  performed  witli  a  tool. 

TOO.M,  a,    Emptv.    [.Vol  in  mr.]  mdif. 

TOO.N'-VVgOD,  /!.  A  wood  of  a  rertdish-bmwn  col- 
or, employed  in  India  for  cabinet-work.  It  is  the 
Cedrela  Toona  nf  botanists.  P.  Ci/c. 

TOOT,  V.  i.  [Sax.  totian,  to  shoot,  to  project";  D. 
toeten,  to  blow  the  horn  ;  toet-horn,  a  bugle-horn  ;  G. 
dvteti  i  Sw.  tittta.  This  word  corresponds  in  ele- 
ments with  Or.  -iOniii  and  W.  doili,  to  put,  set,  lay, 
give  ;  L.  do,  dcJi.  The  Saxon  expresses  the  primary 
sense.] 

1.  To  stand  out  or  Be  prominent.    [J^ot  in  vse.] 

Howell. 

2.  To  make  a  particular  noise  with  the  tongue,  ar- 
ticulating with  the  root  of  the  ui)|ier  teeth,  at  the  be- 
ginning and  end  of  the  sound  ;  also,  to  sound  a  horn 
in  a  particular  manner. 

This  writer  should  wear  a  tooting  horn.  Ho-JieU. 

3.  To  peep  ;  to  look  narrowly.  [JVot  in  ukc,  and 
prohably  a  mistaken  intcrprptation.']  Speiuer, 

TOOT,  V.  U    To  sound  ;  as,  to  tool  the  horn. 
TOOT'ER,  n.    One  who  plays  ui)on  a  pipe  or  horn. 

B,  Joiison, 

TOOTH,  71. ;  pi.  Teeth.  [Sax.  toth,  pi.  teth.  It  cor- 
responds with  \V.  did  and  tSth,  a  teat,  Gaelic,  did, 
deiul,  and  with  toot,  supra  ;  signifying  a  shoot.  If  n 
is  not  radical  in  the  L.  dens,  Gr.  o6ovs,  oSjvtos,  this 
is  the  same  word.] 

1.  A  bony  substance  growing  out  of  the  jaws  of 
animals,  and  serving  as  the  instrument  of  mastica- 
tion. The  teeth  are  also  very  useful  in  assisting  per- 
sons in  the  uttrranre  of  words,  and  when  well- 
formed  anil  sound,  they  are  ornamental.  The  teeth 
of  animals  dilfr  in  shape,  being  destined  fir  dilTt-r- 
ent  offices.  The  front  teeth,  in  men  and  quadru- 
peds, are  called  inci.wr^,  or  incisive,  or  cutting  teeth; 
next  to  these  are  the  pointed  teeth,  called  luniarti,  ca- 
nine,or  do!!  teeth;  and  on  the  sides  of  Uie  jaws  are 
tile  molar  teet/i  or  trrinders. 

2.  Taste  ;  pal.ile. 

These  ai^  not  dishes  for  thy  dainty  toalh.  Dryien. 

3.  A  tine;  a  prong;  something  pointed  and  re- 
sembling an  animal  tooth ;  as,  the  tontk  of  a  rak",  a 
comb,  a  card,  a  harrow,  a  saw,  or  of  a  wheel.  The 
teeth  of  a  wheel  are  sometimes  called  Cons,  and  are 
destined  to  catch  correspondiyg  p.'uts  of  other 
wheels 

Tooth  and  nail ;  [by  biting  and  scratching,]  with 
one's  utmost  power;  by  all  possible  means. 

L^E^trantrc. 

To  Vie  teeth ;  in  open  opposition  ;  directly  to  one's 
face. 

Thai  I  ihall  live,  and  Idl  hini  to  his  teeth.  Slta-i. 

To  co.«t  in  the  teeth ;  to  retort  reproachfully  ;  to  in- 
sult to  the  face.  Uookrr. 

In  spite  of  the  teeth;  in  defiance  of  oppositiim  ;  in 
opposition  to  every  effort.  Shak. 

To  show  the  teeth  ;  to  threaten. 

Wiien  the  Law  glioied  her  lerlh,  I  ut  dares  not  Iiite.  Vouns". 

TOOTH,  e.  t.  To  furnish  with  teeth  ;  as,  to  /.oo(/i  a 
rake. 

2.  To  indent  ;  to  cut  into  teeth  ;  to  jag  ;  as,  to 
tooth  a  Raw. 

3.  To  lock  into  each  otliT.  Miron. 
TOOTIIMCHE,  (tooth'ike,)  n.  [tooth  nnd  ache.]  Pain 

m  the  teeth. 

TOOril'ACIIF.-TI!F.F,,  n.  An  evergreen  slinih  of 
the  genus  Xanlhf'Wluui.  /,re. 

TOf)Tir-I)UA\V.i:it,  n.  [lonth  and  draw.]  One 
whose  business  is  to  extract  teeth  with  instruments. 

tVitrinan. 

TOOTn'-nitAW-ING,  71.  The  net  of  extracting  a 
liiiilh  ;  the  practice  of  extracting  teeth. 

TOO'rH'Kf),  (tnotbl,)  pp.  or  a.  Having  teeth  or  jags. 
Ill  botany,  dentate  ;  h.'tving  projecting  points,  remote 
from  e:irli  ntliiT,  about  the  edge.    .Mortim.  Smith. 

TOOTirKDGK,  (  ej.)  n.  [fm,(/iaiid  ril.se.]   The  seina- 
tinn  eiriled  liy  grating  sounds,  and  by  the  tniirh  ofi 
certain  substances.  Oaricin.  I 


Tiniiling  uneasiness,  almost  amountinz  to  pain,  in 
the  teeth,  from  stndulotis sounds,  vellication,  or  acid 
or  acrid  substances.  Ooud. 
TOOTH'Ff^-L,  a.'    Palatable.    [jXot  in  use.] 
TOOTH'LESS,  fl.    Having  no  teeth.  Dryden. 
TOOTH'LET-ED,  a.    In  botany,  denticulate  ;  having 
very  small  teeth  or  projecting  points ;  as  a  leaf. 

jMartyn. 

TOOTH'PICK,        )  71.    [tooth  and  pick.]    An  iiistru- 

TOOTH'PICK  ER,  (  nient  for  cleaning  the  teeth  of 
substances  lodged  between  them.  Shak. 

TOOTH'SO.ME,  (tooth'suin,)  a.  Palatable;  grateful 
to  the  taste.  Curew. 

TOOTH'.SOME-NESS,  7i.    Pleasantness  to  the  taste. 

TOOTH'WORT,  (tooth'wurt,)  71.  A  plant  whose 
roots  resemble  human  teeth,  such  as  the  Lathnea 
squaniaria,  various  species  of  Dentaria,  the  Coral- 
lorrliiza  innata,  &c.  This  name  is  also  given  to  the 
lead-wort,  of  the  genus  Plumbago,  from  its  toothed 
corol.  Cue. 

TOOTH'Y,  a.    Toothed  ;  having  teeth.  Croikl. 

TOOT'ING,  ppr.  Sounding  in  a  particular  manner,  as 
a  horn. 

TOP.  71.  [Sax.  «op;  D.  and  Dan.  top;  Sw.topp;  W. 
lob  or  top ;  topiaw,  to  top,  to  form  a  crest.] 

1.  Tlie  highest  part  of  any  thing;  the  upper  end, 
edge,  or  extremity  ;  as,  the  tap  of  a  tree  ;  the  top  of 
a  spire  ;  the  top  of  a  house  ;  the  top  of  a  mountain. 

2.  Surface  ;  upper  side  ;  as,  the  top  of  the  ground. 

3.  The  highest  place ;  as,  the  top  of  preferment. 

Locke.  Swift. 

4.  The  highest  person  ;  the  chief.  Shak. 

5.  The  utmost  degree. 

The  top  of  my  anititiou  is  to  contribute  to  lhat  work.  Pope. 
If  you  attain  the  top  of  your  desires  in  fame.  Pope. 

6.  The  highest  rank.  Each  boy  strives  to  be  at 
the  top  of  his  class,  or  at  the  top  of  the  school. 

7.  The  crown  or  upper  surface  of  the  head.  Shak. 

8.  The  hair  on  the  crown  of  the  head ;  the  fore- 
lock. Shak. 

9.  The  head  of  a  plant.  Watts. 

10.  [G.tiipf]  An  inverted  conoid  which  children 
play  with  by  whirling  it  on  its  point.  One  sort  has 
its  motion  continued  by  means  of  a  whip.  Shak. 

11.  }u  ship-buitdintr,  a  sort  of  platform,  surround- 
ing the  head  of  the  lower  mast,  and  projecting  on  all 
siiles.  It  serves  to  extend  the  slirotuls,  by  W'hich 
means  they  more  etiectually  support  the  mast ;  and, 
in  ships  of  war,  the  top  furnishes  a  convenient 
stand  for  swivels  and  small  arms  to  annoy  the  ene- 
my. Cyc. 

TOP'-.XR-JIOR,  77.  In  .?/»>s,  a  railing  on  the  top,  sup- 
ported by  stanchions  and  equipped  with  netting. 

TOP'-l!LOCK,  11.  In  ships,  a  block  hung  to  an  eye- 
bolt  ill  the  cap,  used  in  swaying  and  lowering  the 
top-mast. 

TOP'-CHaIN,  71.  In  .«/ii;is,  a  chain  to  sling  the  lower 
yards  in  time  of  action,  to  prevent  thi'ir  falling, 
when  the  ropes  by  which  they  are  hung  are  shot 
away. 

TOP'-GLOTH,  71.  In  ships,  a  piece  of  canvas  used 
to  cover  the  hammocks  which  are  lashed  to  the  top 
in  action. 

TOP'-DR.\lN  IXG,  71.    The  act  or  practice  of  drain- 

in'j  the  surface  of  land. 
TOP'-HRESS-IXG,  71.   A  dressing  of  manure  laid  on 

the  surface  of  land.  Ct/c. 
TnP'FI  L,  a.    [lop  nni  fall.]    Full  to  the  brim. 
TOP-G.\L'LAN'i',  a.    [See  Top-Sail.]  [Watts. 
2.  Highest ;  elevated  ;  splendid  ;  as,  a  top-gallant 

spark.  UEstranrrc. 
TOP'-IIEAV-Y,   (top'hev-e,)  a.      [top   and  heamj.] 

Having  the  top  or  upper  part  too  heavy  for  the  lower. 

Wutton. 

TOP'-KNOT,  (-not,)  71.    [top  and  knot.]  A  knot  worn 

liy  females  011  the  top  of  the  head. 
TOP'LESS,  a.    Having  no  top ;  as,  a  topless  hight. 

Chapman. 

TOP'JIAN,  71.    [(0/7  and  771071.]    The  man  who  stands 
above  in  sawing. 
9.  In  ships,  a  man  standing  in  the  top. 

TOP'.M.\S  r,  71.  In  .ihip.^i,  the  secimd  mast,  or  that 
which  is  next  above  the  lower  mast.  Above  lhat  is 
the  top-u'allanl-mast. 

TOP'.MoST,  a.  [top  and  77ins(.]  Highest;  upper- 
most ;  as,  the  topmost  dill";  the  topmost  branch  of  a 
tree.  Dryden.  .^ililtson. 

TOP'-PROUn,  a.  [top  and  proud'.]  Proud  to  the 
highest  degree.  Shak. 

TOP'-ltriPF.,  71.    A  rope  to  sway  up  a  topmast,  &.c. 

TOP'-SAIL,  71.  A  sail  extended  across  the  toji-inast, 
above  which  is  the  top-gallant-sail. 

T0P'-SIIAP-/;D,  (-shSpt,)  a.  In  bolanii,  turbinate, 
i.  e.,  inversely  conical,  with  a  contraction  toward  the 
point. 

TOP'-SOIL-I\G,  71.  The  act  or  art  of  taking  off  the 
top-soil  of  laud,  before  a  canal  is  begun. 

TOP'-STri.N'E,  71.  .\  stone  that  is  placed  on  the  top, 
or  whirli  foriii"  the  ti^p. 

TOP'-TA(,'K-Li:,  (tak'l,)  77.  A  large  tackle  hooked 
to  the  lower  end  of  the  topmast  top-ropi'  and  to  the 
deck.  .Uilr.  niel. 

TOP,  1).  1.  To  rise  aloft  ;  to  bo  cinini  iir;  as,  lofty 
ridges  and  (I'/ij'/ii^r  mountains.  Derhnm. 


2.  To  predominate  ;  as,  topping  passions  ;  topping 
uneasiness. 

3.  To  excel ;  to  rise  above  others. 

But  wr'.le  thy  best  and  Io;>.  Hrydtn. 
TOP,  c.  L   To  cover  on  the  top ;  to  tip ;  to  cap. 

A  mount 

Of  alabaster,  topped  with  goId':n  spires.  Milton. 
M'junlaiiis  topped  with  snow.  Waiter. 

2.  To  rise  above. 

A  goiinl — climliing  by  the  bougha  twined  about  them,  till  it 

lopped  and  covered  ibe  tree.  L'J^nlrange. 
To]*]mig  alt  oUiers  in  tioaslinj.  Shak. 

3.  To  outgo  ;  to  surpass. 

4.  To  crop ;  to  take  olT  the  top  or  upper  part. 
Tup  your  rose-trees  a  little  with  your  knife  near  a  leaf-hud. 

Eve!yn. 

So  in  America  we  say,  to  top  corn,  that  is,  maize, 
by  cutting  otT  the  stalk  just  above  the  ear. 

5.  To  rise  to  the  top  of ;  as,  he  topped  the  hill. 

Denfiain. 

fi.  To  perform  eminently.    [Aot  in  ti.w.] 
To'P.W,  II.    A  name  of  the  horned  Indian  rhinoceros 
bird,  the  Buceros  rhinoceros,  of  tlie  Passerine  ordiT. 

Cyc. 

To'PSReil,  71.     [Gr.  To-os,  a  place,  and  apx^s,  a 
chief.] 

The  principal  man  in  a  place  or  country. 
To'PAReil-Y,  71.    A  little  state,  consisting  of  a  few 
cities  or  towns  ;  a  petty  country  governed  by  a  to- 
parcli.   Judea  was  formerly  divided  into  ten  ioparchr- 
ies. 

To'PAZ,  71.    [Gr.  TOTra^ioi'.] 

A  mineral,  said  to  be  so  called  from  Topazes,  a 
small  isle  in  the  Arabic  Gulf,  where  the  Romans  ob- 
tained a  stone  which  they  called  by  this  name,  but 
which  is  the  chrysolite  of  the  moderns.  Topaz  is 
one  of  the  gems.  It  occurs  in  rhombic  prisms,  and 
is  generally  of  a  yellowish  color  and  pellucid  ;  but 
is  also  met  with  colorless,  and  of  greenish,  bluish, 
or  brownish  shades,  and  sometimes  massive  and 
opaque.  It  consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  Huoric 
acid.  _  Dana. 

TO-P,\Z'0-LlTE,  71.    A  variety  of  precious  garnet,  of 
a  topaz  yellow  color,  or  an  olive  green. 

Ure.  Cleaveland. 
ToPE,  71.    A  fish  of  the  shark  family,  and  genus  Ga- 
leus,  resembling  the  dog-tish  in  its  general  aspect. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 
2.  In  Hindostan,  a  grove  or  clump  of  trees. 

Jilalcom, 

TOPE,  r.  i.    [Fr.  toper.    On.  dip.] 

To  drink  hard  ;  to  drink  strong  or  spiritous  li- 
quors to  excess. 

If  you  tope  in  form,  and  treat.  Dryden. 
To'PER,  7!.    One  who  drinks  to  e.xcess  ;  a  drunkard  ; 
a  sot. 

TOP'ET,  71.    A  small  bird,  the  crested  titmouse. 

N.  B.  —  The  crested  titmouse  of  Latham,  Parus 
bicolor,  is  the  toupet  titmouse  of  Pennant. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

TOPH,  I  71.  [from  the  Latin  tophus.]  A  kind  of 
TOPH'IN,  I  sandstone. 

TO-PHA'CEOUS,  (to-fa'shus,)  a.     Gritty;  sandy; 
rough  :  stony.  ArbuthnoL 

To'PIICT,  (tb'fct,)  71.    [Ileb.  nsn  tophct,  from  sn, 
toph,  a  drum.] 

Hell ;  so  called  from  a  place  east  of  .Tcrusalem, 
where  children  were  burnt  to  Moloch,  and  where 
drums  were  used  to  drown  their  cries. 

TOP'I-A-RY,  a.    [L.  topiarius,  ornamented.] 

Shaped  by  cutting;  as,  topiary  work,  which  con- 
sists ill  giving  all  kinds  of  fanciful  forms  to  arbors 
and  thicket.s,  trees  and  hedges.  Francis. 

TOP'ie,  71.     [Gr.  To-ros,  place;  L.  topicus,  lopica; 
Sans,  topu.] 

1.  .^iiy  subject  of  discourse  or  amument.  The 
Scriptures  furnish  an  nnlimiti  d  number  of  topics  tot 
the  preacher,  and  topics  infinitely  interesting. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  probable  argument  drawn  from 
the  several  circumstances  and  places  of  a  fact. 
Aristotle  wrote  a  book  of  topics.  Cicero  defines 
topics  to  be  the  art  of  finding  arguments.  Cyc. 

3.  Principle  of  persuasion. 

Contumacious  pcnionii  whom  no  topics  can  work  upon. 

irru-in». 

4.  In  medicine,  an  external  remedy  ;  a  remedy  to 
be  applied  outwardly  to  a  particular  part  of  the  body, 
as  a  plaster,  a  poultice,  a  blister,  and  the  like. 

Cyc. 

TOP'ie,       )  17.    [Supra.]    Pertaining  to  a  place ; 
TOP'IG-AL,  j     limited  ;  local ;  as,  a  topical  remedy, 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  topic  or  subject  of  discourse,  or 

to  a  general  head. 
TOP'ie-.\L-LY,  adr.    Locally;  with  limitation  to  n 

part. 

2.  With  application  to  a  particular  part ;  as,  a  rem- 
edy topieollii  applied. 
TO-i*i)(;'R.\-PIIER,  71.     [Sec  Topoobaphy.]  Ono 
who  describes  a  particular  place,  towni,  city,  or  tract 
of  land. 

TOP  1)  (JRAI'll'ir,        )  0.    Pertaining  to  topogra- 
'I'Ol' 0  (;RA1'II'1C-AL,  (     phy  ;  descriptive  of  o 
place. 


FATE,  FAR,  TfiLl.,  WH/kT  MRTE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1160 


TOR 

TOP-O  GKAPlI'ie-AL-LY,  adc.  In  tlie  iiinnner  of 
tupd^rapliv. 

TO  l'OCJ'RA-PIIY,  n.  fGr.  roffoj.  place,  and  ypaipri, 
de:«cri|)ti()ii.J 

TliK  dosrription  of  a  particular  place,  city,  town, 
manor,  parish,  or  tract  of  land.  It  is  of  more  lim- 
ited application  tlian  Chorooraphv. 

TOP'P/'.'U,  (to|)t,)  j  ;»/).  or  a.     (;ov<Ted  on  the  top; 

TOP'I',  j      capped ;    surpassed ;    cropped  ; 

havinii  the  top  cut  off. 

TOI"l'[.\G,  ppr.  Covering  the  top;  capping;  sur- 
p-assinn;  croppirt)!;  lopping. 

2.  a.  Fine  ;  ^allniil.  Johtison. 
[But  Jultii,son^i<  definition  is  probably  incorrect^] 

3.  Proud;  assuming  si'.periority.  [T/iix  is  the 
sense  ill  which  the  cuiiiinoii  peiipte  of  JVcio  Kti^fttind  u.s-c 
the  word,  and  1  believe  the  true  dense ;  but  it  is  not  ele- 
sniil.] 

TOP'PlNG,  n.  \n  seamen's  lanrpia^e,  t\\e  act  of  pull- 
ing one  extremity  of  a  yard  higher  than  the  otiier. 

Mir.  Diet. 

TOP'PI.VG-LIFT,  n.  A  large,  strong  taciile  em- 
ployed to  suspend  or  top  the  outer  end  of  a  gair,  or 
of  the  boom  of  a  main-sail,  in  a  brig  or  schooni  r. 

Mar.  Diet. 

TOP'PLNG-LY,  adv.  Proudly  ;  with  airs  of  disdain. 
[JVat  an  elt'frant  leord,  nor  unich  usfd.\ 

TOP'PLt;,  (lop'pl,)  l:  i.  [from  top.]  To  fall  for- 
ward ;  to  pitch  or  tumble  down. 

Tlioti;;h  caatli'*  I0}tjile  on  their  wnnlere'  lipnds.  Sliok. 

[This  word  is  used  chiejlij  of  children  when  beginning 
to  wnlh.] 

TOP'Pl.ING,  ppr.    Falling  forward. 

TOP'SV-TUR' VY, oi'o.  In  an  inverted  posture;  with 
the  top  or  head  downward ;  as,  to  turn  a  carriage 
ti'psif'titrvif.  SoittJi. 

TOUUK,  (tbk,)  )  n.    [Fr.,  a  cap.]   A  kind  of 

TO-UL'ET',  (to-kii',)  !  bonnet  or  iiead-dro.ss  for 
women. 

TOK,  n.    [Sav.  tor  :  L.  lurris.] 

A  tower  ;  a  turret;  also,  a  high,  pointed  hill ;  used 
in  names. 

TORCH,?!.  [It.  torcia;  Sp.  antoreha;  Fr.  torche  ;  D. 
toorts  ;  prob.ihiy  a  twist  ;  It.  torciare,  to  twist,  S|). 
torcSry  VV.  torci,  L,  torqueo,  tortus.] 

A  light  or  luminary  formed  of  some  combustible 
suhstance,  as  of  resinous  wood;  a  large  candle  or 
tlumbeau. 

Tii-^y  liglil  die  nuptial  torch.  Mi'ion. 

TORCH'-BEaR-ER,  7t.   [torcli  anA  bear.]   One  whose 

ottice  is  to  carry  a  torch.  Sidncij. 
TORCH'ER,  H.    One  that  gives  light.    [JVot  ih  k.<c. ] 

Shak. 

TORCII'-LIGHT,  (-lite,)  «.    [torch  and  light.]  The 
liglit  of  a  torch  or  of  ttirclies. 
2.  A  light  kindled  to  supply  the  want  of  the  sun. 

Bacon. 

TORCir-THIS-TLE,  '(-this-l,)  «.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cereus.  Lee. 

Tile  common  name  of  a  genus  of  the  order  Cacta- 
ce.T,  called  cereus,  troiii  cera,  wax,  frt>in  the  resem- 
blance of  the  stems  to  a  wax  candle.  Torch-thistle 
is  from  the  prickly  stems  used  by  the  Indians  for 
torches.  Cijc. 
TORCirWORT,  (-wurt,)  n.    A  plant.  More. 
Tore,  prct.  of  TcAR.    He  tore  his  robe. 
ToKE,  H.    [Perhaps  from  tear  ;  W.  ton,  to  break.] 
The  dead  grass  th  it  remains  on  mowing  land  in 
winter  and  spring.    [Used  in  JVew  England.] 

Mortimer. 

TORE,  rt.    [L.  torus.] 

In  architecture,  a  large,  round  molding  tui  the 
base  of  a  column  ;  a  turns.  Olo.<s.  of  Jirehit. 

TO-REU-.MA-TOG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  Tuoti/tu, sculp- 
ture, and  yn:i.pii,  description.] 

A  description  of  ancient  sculptures  and  basso- 
relievtis.  Ci/c. 
TO-REi;-,MA-T0L'0-GY,  n.   [Gr.  Tonevpa,  sculpture, 
and  \  ly  Kj.] 

'J'he  art  or  description  of  sculpture  and  bas-relief. 
TO-RE0"l"ie,  a.    [(Jr.  mo  v-o,,  ix.lished.] 

In  sculpture,  highly  finished  or  polished;  applied 
properlti  to  figures  in  liard  wood,  ivory,  J(*c.  Brande. 
TOR'Mli.VT,  H.  [Fr.  tourment;  L.  tormeutum ;  It. 
and  Sp.  tormrnto ;  probably  from  the  rtxit  of  L.  tor- 
tjueo,  torn,  Eng.  tour  ;  that  is,  from  twisting,  strain- 
ing.] 

1.  Extreme  pain  ;  anguish  ;  the  utmost  degree  of 
misery,  either  of  body  or  mind. 

The  more  I  lee 
Pletunre  about  me,  so  much  I  feci 

Torment  within  nv',  Milton. 
Lest  thry  aUu  come  into  tliil  place  of  torment.  —  l.ukc  xvi. 
Rev.  ix.  xiv. 

2.  That  which  gives  pain,  vexation,  or  misery. 

They  brought  unto  him  all  sick  peoi.!*  that  were  taj^cn  with  tliren 
(lisCAJ«-»  anil  tortnents. —  Ivliitt.  iv, 

3.  An  engine  for  casting  stones.  FJyoL 
TOK-M  E.NT', ».  (.  To  put  to  exln? me  pain  or  nngiiish  ; 

to  intllct  excruciating  pain  and  misery,  cither  of  body 
or  mind. 

An  Ummi  come  hither  to  torment  ui  liefore  the  lime  f  —  MfUU  TiiL 
He  ahall  U;  lormtuted  with  lirv  aiul  bhi»»toni'.  —  Rc».  xit. 


TOR 

2.  To  pain  ;  to  distress. 

I.onI,  iny  Brrv.tnt  li  -lh  nl  home  sick  of  the  pnliy,  frievouaty  tor* 
meiiutt.  —  Mntt.  viii. 

3.  To  tease  ;  to  vex  ;  to  harass  ;  as,  to  be  tormented 
with  iinportiinities,  or  with  petty  annoyances. 

'1.  To  put  into  great  ngilatioii. 

They,  aonrin^  on  main  wiiir^, 
7'ormenleti  nli  the  air.    \lfttitauai.]  MUton. 

TOR-MENT'EU,  pp.  Pained  to  extremity  ;  teased  ; 
harassed.  , 

TOK'MEN-TIL,  n.  [Fr.  tormentitle ;  It.  tormentilla.] 
The  scplfiiil,  Potentilla  Tormentilla.  The  root  is 
usetl  in  medicine  as  a  powerful  astringent,  and  for 
alleviating  gripes  or  tormina  in  cases  of  diarrhea, 
whence  its  name.  Cyc. 

TOR-MENT'Ii\(J,  ppr.  or  a.  Paining  to  an  extreme 
degree  ;  inflicting  severe  distress  and  anguish  ;  leas- 
ing; vexing. 

TOR-MENT'ING,  n.    In  ttgrieullurc,an  imperfect  sort 

of  horse-hoeing.  Cue. 
TOR-.\lENT'I.\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  tfendirig  to 

prtniiice  distress  or  anguish. 
T(JR-ME.\T'OR,  j  71.    lie  or  that  which  torments: 
TOR-iMEi\T'El(,  i     one  who  inllirts  penal  anguish 

or  tortures.  Milton.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  In  agriculture,  an  instriinienl  for  reducing  a  stiff 

soil,  resembling  a  harrow,  but  running  upon  wheels, 

HeberU 

TORN,  pp.  or  a.    [from  tear.] 

Nfitli'T  shall  ye  eat  any  flesh  that  is  torn  by  the  bc:uU  in  the 
llrM.  — Ex.  xxil. 

TOR-NS'DO,  71.  [from  the  root  of  (iirTi;  that  is,  a 
whirling  wind.  The  Sp.  and  Port,  tornada  is  a  re- 
turn.] 

.\  violent  gust  of  wind,  or  a  tempest,  distinguished 
by  a  whirling  motion.  Tornadoes  of  this  kind  hap- 
pen after  extreme  heat,  and  sometimes,  in  the  United 
States,  lend  up  fences  and  trees,  anti  in  a  few  in- 
stances have  overthrown  houses  and  torn  them  to 
pieces.  Tornatloes  are  nsiially  accoiiipaiiied  with 
severe  Ihiiiiiler,  lightning,  and  torrents  of  rain;  but 
tlipv  are  of  short  iliiralion,  and  narrow  in  breadth. 

TO-lioSE',  )  ,  , 

TO'KOUS,  (  «■    t'-  <<"-"«"■•] 

In  botany,  protuberant ;  swelling  in  knobs,  like  the 
veins ^iid  imisdes  ;  as,  a  torous  pericarp.  Martyn. 

TOR-Pk'DO,  71.    [  L.,  from  tvrpco,  to  he  iimiib.] 

1.  The  cramp  tish  or  electric  ray.  Tliis  name 
designati!s  a  genus  of  fishes  of  several  species,  which 
are  t-oniiiionly  confounded  with  each  other.  'J'hese 
fishes  are  usually  taken  in  forty  fathoms  water,  on 
the  coast  of  France  anil  England,  niid  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, A  touch  of  thtMii  occasions  a  niiiiibness 
in  the  'iiiib,  acconip.'inietl  with  an  iiidescribtible  and 
painful  -ensation,  and  is  really  an  electric  shock. 
When  de.id,  they  lose  the  power  of  producing  this 
sensation.  Cyc. 

2.  An  engine  invented  for  the  purpose  of  destroy- 
ing ships  by  blowing  tliein  up. 

TOR'PE.XT,  a.    [I.,  lorpcus,  lorpeo.] 

Deniinibed  ;  torpid  ;  liaviiig  no  motion  or  activity  ; 
incapable  of  motion. 

A  fr.iil  and  lorpent  memory.  Evelyn. 
TOR'PE.XT,  71.    In  medicine,  that  which  diminishes 

the  exertion  of  the  irritative  iiuitions.  Darwin. 
TOR-PErt'CE.N'CE,  h.    A  state  of  insensibility  ;  tor- 

[lidness  ;  iiiiiiibness:  stupldltv. 
TOR-PES'CENT,  a.    [I,,  torpeicens.] 

Heconiing  torpid  or  numb.  Shm.Hone. 
TOR'PIl),  a.    [L.  torpidus,  torpco  !  perhaps  VV.  t</rj7,  a 
lump.] 

1.  Having  lost  motion  or  the  power  of  e.xertion  and 
feeling  ;  numb  ;  as,  a  torpid  limb. 

Without  heal  all  thin:^  would  be  torpid.  Hay. 

2.  Dull ;  stupid  ;  sluggish  ;  inactive.  The  mind, 
as  well  as  the  body,  becomes  torpid  by  indolence. 
Impenitent  sinners  remain  in  a  state  of  torpid  se- 
riirilv.  Barrington. 

TOR.PID'I-TY,  n.  Torpidness. 

ToR'PIl)  I.Y,  ado.    In  a  liiill,  inactive  manner. 

TOR'PIl)  NESS,  j  71.     The  st.ite  of  being  torpid; 

TOR'PI-TUUE,  1       numbness.     Torpidness  may 
amount  to  total  insensibility  or  loss  of  sensatitm. 
9.  Dullness;  inactivity;  sluggishness;  stupidity. 

TOR'PI  FI-f;i),  (  fide,)        Rendered  torpid. 

TOK'PI  F?,  r.  (.    To  make  torpid. 

TOIt'PI  Ft-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  torpid. 

TOR'POR,  11.  [L.j  N'liiiibiiess ;  inactivity;  loss  of 
motion,  or  of  the  power  of  motion.'  Torpor  may 
amount  to  a  total  loss  of  sensation,  or  complete  in- 
sensibility. It  may,  however,  be  applied  to  the  state 
of  a  living  body  which  has  not  lost  all  power  of 
feeling  and  motion. 
9.  Dullness;  laziness;  sluggishness;  stupidity. 

TOR  PO-RIF'ie,  a.    [L.  torpor  and /ucio.] 
Tending  to  produce  torpiir. 

TOR  RE  KAC'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  torrefacio  ; 
torrtdu.<  and  focio.] 

1.  The  operation  of  drying  by  a  fire. 

2.  In  metallurgy,  the  operation  of  roasting  ores. 

3.  In />/i«riniic/(,  the  drying  or  roasting  of  drugii  on 
a  metalline  plate,  placed  over  or  before  coals  of  Ore, 


TOR 

till  they  become  friable  to  the  fingers,  or  till  Home 
oilier  desireil  ell'cct  Is  produced.  Cyc. 

TOR'RE-FI-/;i),  (  fide,)  pp.  or  a.  Dried  ;  roasted; 
scorched.  Torrefied  earth,  in  airriruiture,  Is  that 
ivlilcli  has  undergone  the  action  ul  fire.  Cyc, 

TOR'Ri:-F?,  V.  t.  [L.  torrefacio;  L.  lorridus,  torreo, 
and  fueio  ;  Fr.  tarrefier.] 

1.  I'o  dry  by  a  fire  Brown. 

2.  In  metallurgy,  to  roast  or  scorch,  tm  metallic  ore.<i. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  to  dry  or  parch,  as  drn^s,  on  a 
metalline  plate  till  they  are  friable,  or  are  reiluced  to 
aiiv  slate  tiesired. 

TOli'RE-FS-ING,  ppr.  Drying  by  a  fire;  roasting; 
parching. 

TOK'REiN'T,  71.  [L.  <«7Tcn.«.  This  is  the  participle  of 
torreo,  to  parch.  Ihil  the  sense  of  the  woril  torrent 
allies  it  to  the  \V.  tori,  to  break,  and  the  Eng.  tear. 
'i'liey  ve  all  of  one  family,  denoting  violent  ac- 
tion.] 

1.  A  violent  rushing  stream  of  water  or  other 
fluid  ;  a  stream  suddenly  raised  and  running  rapidly, 
as  down  a  precipice  ;  as,  a  torrent  of  lava. 

2.  A  violent  or  rapid  stream  ;  a  strung  current ; 
as,  a  torrent  of  vices  and  follies;  a  torrent  of  cor- 
ruption. 

Erasmus,  that  ffreat,  Inlurfd  name, 
Slommed  the  wjKl  lorTeot  of  a  bnroitroua  age.  Pope. 

TOR'RENT,  a.  Rolling  or  rushing  in  a  rapid  etream  ; 
as,  w.aves  of  torrent  fire. 

TOR-RI-CEL'EI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Torricelli,  an 
Italian  philosopher  and  matlieniallcian,  who  discov- 
ered the  true  principle  on  wliicli  the  barometer  is 
constructed. 

Torricellian  tube,  is  a  glass  tube  thirty  or  rrwre 
inches  in  length,  open  at  one  enil,  and  hermetically 
sealed  at  the  other,  such  as  is  used  in  the  barom- 
eter. 

Torricellian  vacuum  ;  a  x'acunm  produced  by  filling 
with  mercury  a  tube  liernielically  closed  at  one  end, 
and,  after  iiiiiiiersing  the  other  end  In  a  vessel  of 
mercury,  allowing  Ilie  Inclosed  mercury  to  descend 
till  it  is  counti:r  balanced  by  the  weight  of  an  etiual 
column  of  the  atmosphere,  as  in  the  barometer. 

Hutton. 

TOR'RID,  a.    [L.  torridu.i,  from  torreo,  to  roast.] 

1.  Parched  ;  dried  with  beat ;  as,  a  torrid  plain  or 
desert. 

2.  Violently  hot ;  burning  or  parching  ;  as,  a  torrid 
lieat.  Milton. 

Torrid  lone:  in  geography,  that  space  or  broad 
belt  of  the  earth  included  between  the  tropics,  over 
wliii  li  the  sun  Is  vertical  at  some  period  every  year, 
and  where  the  heat  is  always  great. 
TOR'RID-iNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  very  hot  or 
parched. 

TOltSE,  71     [Fr.  torse;  L.  tortus.] 

In  heraldry,  a  wreath. 
TOR'SEL,  71. "  [Supra.]   Any  thing  in  a  twisted  form ; 

as,  torsrls  for  mantel-trees,  Mozon. 
TOR'SION,  71,    [L.  Uirsio,  from  torqueo,  to  twist,] 
The  act  of  turning  or  twisting. 
Torsion  balance,  an  instrument  for  estimating  very 

minute  forces  by  the  motion  of  an  Index  atlaclied  to 

the  ends  of  two  fine  wires  or  threads,  which  twist 

around  each  other.  Olmstrd. 
TOR'SO,  II.   [It.j  The  trunk  of  a  statue  itilated 

of  head  and  limbs  ;  as,  the  tors^  of  Hercules. 
TORT,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  tortus,  twisted,  from  tfirquco. 

The  primary  sense  is,  to  turn  or  strain';  hence,  to 

twist.] 

1.  In  law,  any  wrong  or  injury.  Torts  are  inju- 
ries done  to  the  person  or  property  of  another,  as 
trespass,  assault  and  battery,  defamation,  and  the 
like.  Blacli.-itune. 

2.  Mischief ;  calamity.  Speii.ser. 
[Ercept  in  tlte  legal  sense  above  explained,  it  is  ob- 
solete.] 

TOR'TE  AU,  (tor'to,)  n.    In  heraldry,  a  red  roundel.  — 

K.  H.  Barker. 
TORT'ILE,  (tort'il,)  a.    [L.  tortilis.] 

Twistetl ;   wreathed  ;  colled.    In  botany,  colled 
like  a  rope  ;  as,  a  tortile  awn.  Martyn. 
TOR'TIO.V,  (tor'shiin.)  n.    [L.  tortus.] 

Torment;  pain.    [j\'ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
TOR'TIOUS,  ^tor'shus,)  a.    [from  tart.]  Injurious; 
done  by  wrong. 

2.  In  law,  implying  tort,  or  injury  for  which  the 
law  gives  damages. 
TORT'IVE,  a.    [U  tortus.] 

Twistetl  ;  wreathed.  Shak. 
TOR'TOISE,  (tor'tis,)  n.    [from  L.  (or(ii.«,  twisted.) 

1.  An  animal  of  llie  order  Tesludinatji,  or  Clielo- 
nia,  covered  with  a  shell  or  crust. 

2.  In  (Af  niiiitari/ art,  a  defense  used  by  tlieancients, 
formed  by  the  troops  arrnncing  themselves  in  close 
order  and  placing  their  bucklers  over  their  heads, 
making  a  cover  resembling  a  tortoise-shell. 

TOR'TOISE-SHEIJ,,  n,  [lortoL-'e  and  shell.]  The 
shell,  or  horny  scutes  or  plates  of  the  tortoi-e,  used 
in  inlaying  and  in  various  manufactures  ;  particu- 
larly, the  shell  of  a  species  of  sea  turtle,  the  hawk's 
hill  turtle,  Clielone  iiiibricala,  Brande. 

TOKT-U-OSE  ,  a.    Wreallied  ;  twisted  ;  winding, 

Lautlon* 


TO.N'E,  BgLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  a«  Z  ;  fH  as  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


146 


1161 


TOS 

TORT-TJ-OS'I-Ty,  n.  [Uom  tortuous.]  Tile  state  of 
being  twisted  or  wreatlicd ;  wreatli ;  flexure. 

Broipn, 

TORT'U-OUS,  a.    [L.  torluosus  ;  Fr.  tortueux.] 

1.  Twisted  ;  wreathed  ;  windiiie  ;  as,  a  tortuotu 
train ;  a  toTtuuus  leaf  or  corul,  in  botany. 

Mtltoii.  Jtlartyn. 

2.  Tortious.    [J'/ot  used.]    [See  Tortious.] 

Spejiser. 

TOKT'U-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  winding  manner. 
TOIiT'U-OUS-NESS,  n.    Tlie  state  of  being  twisted 
TORT'URE,  (tort'yur,)  n.    [Fr.  torture;  It.  and  Sp. 

toriura;  from  L.  tortus,  torqucOj  to  twist,  \V.  torgi; 

probably  from  tlie  root  of  turn.    See  Tour.] 

1.  Extreme  pain  ;  anguisli  of  body  or  mind ;  pang; 
agony  ;  torment. 

Gh;ully  spasm  or  nickiiij  torlure.  i  Milton. 

9.  Severe  pain  inflicted  judicially,  either  as  a  pun- 
ishment fur  a  crime,  or  for  tlie  purpose  of  e.xtorting 
a  confession  from  an  accused  person.  Torture  may 
be,  and  is,  inflicted  in  a  variety  of  ways,  as  by  water 
or  by  fire,  or  by  the  boot  or  thiimbkin.  But  the  most 
usual  mode  is  by  the  rack  or  wheel.  Paleij.  Cue. 
TORT'URE,  V.  t.    To  pain  to  extremity  ;  to  torment. 

2.  To  punish  with  torture  ;  to  put  to  the  rack ;  as, 
to  torture  an  accused  person. 

3.  To  vex  ;  to  harass.  .Addison. 

4.  To  keep  on  the  stretch,  as  a  bow.   [JVu(  in  use.] 

Bac  n. 

TORT'tTR-£D,  (tort'yurd,)  pp.  Tormented  ;  stretched 

on  the  wheel ;  harassed. 
TORT'UR-ER,  n.    One  who  torments  ;  a  tormenter. 

Bacon. 

TORT'UR-IXG,ppr.    Tormenting;  stretching  on  the 

rack  ;  vexins. 
TORT'UR-ING-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  torture  or  torment. 

Beaum.  t{  Fl. 
TORT'TJR-OUS,  a.    Tormenting.    [.Vut  in  tu^e.] 

More. 

TOR-U-LoSE',  a.  In  botany,  cylindrical,  with  several 
swells  and  contiactiuns. 

To'RUS,  71.  [L.]  In  architecture,  a  large  molding 
used  in  the  bases  of  columns.  Its  profile  is  semicir- 
cular. Brande. 

2.  In  botany,  the  receptacle,  or  part  of  the  flower 
on  which  the  carpels  are  seated.  Lindley. 

TUU'Vl-TY,  n.    [L.  torvitas ;  from  twisting,  supra.] 
Sourness  or  severity  of  countenance. 

TOR'V'OUS,  a.  [L.  tortus,  from  the  root  of  torqueo, 
to  twist.] 

Sour  of  aspect;  sl^rn  ;  of  a  severe  countenance. 

Derham. 

To'RY,  n.  [Said  to  be  an  Irish  word,  denoting  a  rob- 
ber ;  perhaps  from  tor,  a  bush,  as  the  Irish  banditti 
lived  in  the  mountains  or  among  trees.] 

The  name  given  to  an  adherent  to  the  ancient  con- 
stitution of  England  and  to  the  ecclesiastical  liierar- 
chy.  The  tories  form  a  party  which  are  charged  with 
supporting  more  arbitrary  principles  in  government 
than  the  whigs,  their  opponents. 

In  America,  during  the  revolution,  those  who  op- 
posed the  war,  and  favored  the  claims  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, were  called  tories. 

To'RY,  n.    Pertaining  tn  the  tories. 

To'RY-ISM,  n.    The  principles  of  the  tories. 

ToSE,  V.  t.    To  tease  wool.  in  u.ie,  or  local.] 

TOSS,  r.  L  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Tossed  or  Tost.  [W.  tosiam, 
to  toss,  to  jerk.    (Iti.  G.  .sto.tsen,  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  throw  with  the  hand  ;  particularly,  to  throw 
with  the  palm  of  the  hand  upward,  or  to  throw  up- 
ward ;  as,  to  toss  a  ball. 

2.  To  throw  with  violence.  Shak. 

3.  To  lift  or  throw  up  with  a  sudden  or  violent 
motion  ;  as,  to  toss  thfc  head  ;  or  to  toss  up  the  head. 

11*:  tossed  hU  ivrin  aloft.  Adtlison. 

4.  To  cause  to  rise  and  fall ;  as,  to  be  tcssed  on  the 
waves. 

We  (jcing  exceedingly  lotsed  wilh  a  lempeet.  —  Acta  xxvii. 

5.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other.    Prov.  xxi. 

6.  To  agitate  ;  to  make  restless. 

Calm  n-ffion  once, 
And  full  of  peace,  now  tost  and  tiirtjiilent.  Milton. 

7.  To  keep  in  play  ;  to  tumble  over  ;  as,  to  spend 
four  years  in  tossing  the  rules  of  grammar,  .^scham. 

To  loss  the  oars,  in  a  boat,  is  to  throw  them  with 
their  blades  up,  in  a  perpendicular  direction,  as  a  sa- 
lute. 

TOSS,  r.  t.  To  flinK  ;  to  roll  and  tumble  ;  to  writhe  ; 
to  be  in  violent  cuminotiun. 

To  tost  and  Ring,  and  to  Ije  reklieaa,  only  frcla  and  enra^ra  our 

P^dn.  Tulofon. 
2.  To  he  tossed.  Shak. 
7* o  toss  up,  is  to  throw  a  coin  Into  the  air,  and  wa- 
ger on  what  side  it  will  fall.  Bramp.ilon. 
TOSS,  n.    A  throwing  upward  or  wilh  a  jerk  ;  the  act 
of  toHrting  ;  an,  the  toss  of  a  ball. 

2.  A  throwing  up  of  the  lnr,\i\  ;  a  particular  man- 
ner of  rai..iing  the  head  with  a  jerk.  It  ii  miirh  np- 
plii'd  til  liorrteH,  and  may  hi^  applied  to  an  affected 
ninniier  of  raising  the  head  in  nion. 
TOSS'AJ),  ftont,)  pp.  Thrown  iipwnrd  Hiiddenly  or 
Willi  a  jerk  ;  made  to  ri.ne  and  fall  Ninlilenly. 


TOU 

TOS'SEL.    See  Tassel. 
TOSS'ER,  n.    One  who  tosses. 

TOSS'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  upward  with  a  jerk  ;  rais- 
ing suddenly  ;  as  the  head. 

TOSS'IXG, /(.  The  act  of  throwing  upward  ;  arising 
and  falling  suddenly  ;  a  rolling  and  tumbling. 

Dire  was  the  tossing,  tljep  tlie  groans.  Milton. 

TOSS'POT,  71.    [toss  and  pot.]    A  toper ;  one  habit- 
ually given  to  strong  drink. 
TOST,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Toss. 

In  a  troubled  sea  of  passion  tost.  Mitlon. 

To'TAL,  a.    [Fr.  ;  L.  totalis,  totus  ;  W.  tw:.] 

1.  Whole;  full;  complete;  as,  total  darkness;  a 
total  departure  from  the  eviilence  ;  a  total  loss  ;  the 
total  sum  or  amount. 

2.  Whole ;  not  divided. 

Myself  llic  total  crinne.  Milton. 

TO'TAL,  71.  The  whole  ;  the  whole  sum  or  amount. 
These  sums  added  make  the  grand  total  of  five  mil- 
lions. 

TO-TAL'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  totalite.] 

The  whole  sum  ;  whole  quantitv  or  amount. 

T6'TAL-LY,  ado.  Wholly  ;  entirely  ;  fully  ;  com- 
pletely ;  as,  to  be  totally  exhausted  ;  all  hope  totally 
failed  ;  he  was  tolallii  absorbed  in  thought. 

To'TAL-NESS,  ti.  Entireness. 

ToTE,  V.  t.    To  carry  or  bear. 

[A  word  used  in  slaveholding  countries;  said  to 
have  been  introduced  by  the  blacks.  This  word  is 
said  also  to  be  the  same  as  Tolt,  which  see,  the  I 
being  omitted.  It  is  most  used  in  the  Southern  and 
Middle  United  States,  is  occasionally  heard  in  New 
Eniiland,  and  is  said  also  to  be  used  in  England.] 

ToTE,  71.    [L.  totus.] 

The  entire  body,  or  all ;  as,  the  whole  tote.  [Hal- 
liwell  says  still  in  iise.]    [  Colloquial.] 

ToT'ED,  pp.    Carried  or  borne. 

T'OTII'ER  ;  a  vulgar  priuiiinciation  of  the  other. 

TOT'l-DEM  VER'BIS,  [L.]  In  so  many  words;  in 
the  very  words. 

TO'TI-ES  QUO'Tl-SS,  (to'she-eez-k  wo'she-eez,) 
[L.]    As  often  as  one,  so  ofXen  the  other. 

TO'TO  C(E'Z,0,  (-see'lo,)  [L.]    By  the  whole  hemi- 
sphere ;  as  opposite  as  possible. 
In  toto,  [L.]    In  the  whole. 

TOT'TER,  V.  i.    [This  may  be  allied  to  titter.] 

1.  To  shake  so  as  to  threaten  a  fall ;  to  vacillate  ; 
as,  an  old  man  totters  with  age ;  a  chilil  totters  when 
he  begins  to  walk. 

2.  To  shake  :  to  reel  ;  to  lean. 

As  a  bowing  wall  shall  ye  be,  and  as  a  loMerin^  fence.  —  Ps. 
Ixu. 

Troy  nods  from  high,  and  toUers  lo  her  fall.  Drydsn. 

TOT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Shaking,  as  threatening  a 

fall ;  vacillating  ;  reeling  ;  inclining. 
TOT'TER-ING-LY,  a&i.    In  a  tottering  manner. 
TOT'TER-Y,  )  a.    Shaking ;  trembling  or  vacillating, 
TOT'TY,       i     as  if  about  to  fall ;  unsteady.  [JVot 

in  itse.] 

[Spenser  wrote  Tottle,  as  the  common  people  of 
New  England  still  pronounce  it.] 
TOU'CAN,  71.  A  bird  of  tropical  America,  of  several 
s[>ecies,  belonging  to  the  genus  Ramphastos,  remark- 
able for  the  large  size  of  its  bill.  The  feet  of  tou- 
cans, like  those  of  parrots,  are  formed  for  grasping. 

P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  small  modem  constellation  of  the  southern 
hemisphere.  Hutton. 
TOUCH,  (tuch,)  V.  t.  [Fr.  toucher:  Arm.  touicha,  tou- 
chan,  or  touchcin  :  Goth,  tckan,  attekan;  G.  ticken;  D. 
tckticn;  Sp.  and  Port,  tocar ;  Il.toccare;  Gr.  Siyoj;  L. 
tango,  originally  tago,  (our  vulgar  tag  ;)  pret.  tetigi, 
pp.  taclus.  The  sense  is,  to  thrust  or  strike.  Class 
Dg.  It  appears  by  the  laws  of  Numa  Pompilius, 
that,  in  his  days,  this  word  was  written  without  ti. 
"  Pellcx  aram  Junonis  ne  tagito  "] 

1.  To  come  in  contact  with  ;  to  hit  or  strike 
against. 

He  touched  the  hollow  of  his  thi^fh.  —  Gen.  xrxii.    Matt.  ix. 
Esliier  drew  near  and  touched  Uic  lop  of  the  scepter.  —  Esth.  v. 

2.  To  perceive  by  the  sense  of  feeling. 

Nothing  but  body  can  be  touched  or  touch,  Creech. 

3.  To  come  to  ;  to  reach  ;  to  attain  to. 

The  god  vindictive  doometl  Ih'-m  never  more, 

Ah,  men  unbl'.'ssed  I  to  touch  that  naUd  slioro.  Pope. 

4.  To  try,  as  gold  with  a  stone. 

Wherein  1  nnean  to  touch  your  love  indeed.  Shak. 

5.  To  relate  to ;  to  concern. 

TJie  qtmri^'I  touchetlt  none  but  thee  alona.  Shak. 
[This  sense  is  vow  nearly  obsolete.] 
(!.  To  handle  slightly.  Urown. 

7.  'J'o  meddle  with.    I  have  not  touched  the  books. 

8.  To  affect. 

What  of  sweet 

Ilatli  touched  my  senw,  flat  seems  to  this.  Milton, 
0.  To  move  ;  to  soften  ;  to  melt. 
The  tender  sire  was  touched  willi  what  ho  said.  Addison. 
10.  To  mark  or  ilelinonle  slightly. 

The  lines,  ilH.iitfh  touched  but  faintly.  Pope. 


TOU 

11.  To  infect ;  as,  men  touched  with  pestilent  dis- 
eases.   [Litlle  11,-rif.]  Bacon. 
13.  To  make  an  impression  on. 

Its  face  must  be  —  so  hard  that  the  file  will  not  toucA  it.  Moxon. 

13.  To  strike,  as  an  instrument  of  music ;  to 
play  on. 

They  touched  then-  golden  harps.  Milton. 

14.  To  influence  by  impulse  ;  to  impel  forcibly. 

No  decree  of  mine, 
To  toucA  with  lightest  momeal  of  impulse 
His  free  will.  Milton. 

15.  To  treat  slightly.  In  his  discourse,  he  barely 
touched  upon  the  subject  deemed  the  most  interest- 
ing. 

16.  To  afflict  or  distress.    Oen.  xxvi. 

To  touch  up:  to  repair;  or  to  improve  by  slight 
touches  or  emendations.  .Addison. 

To  tottcli  the  wind:  in  scamen''s  language,  is  to  keep 
the  ship  as  near  the  wind  as  possible. 
TOUCH,  (tuch,))!.  t.    To  be  in  contact  with  ;  to  be  in 
a  state  of  junction,  so  that  no  space  is  between. 
Two  spheres  touch  only  at  points.  Johttson. 

2.  To  fasten  on  ;  to  lake  effect  on. 

Strong  waters  will  Ujuch  upon  gold,  that  will  not  foucA  silver. 

Bacon, 

3.  To  treat  of  slightly  in  discourse.  Addison. 

4.  Among  seamen,  the  sails  are  said  to  toitcA  when 
they  are  braced  so  sharp,  or  so  near  the  wind,  that 
they  begin  to  shake.  Tutten. 

To  touch  at ;  to  come  or  go  to,  without  stay.  The 
ship  touched  at  Lisbon. 

The  next  day  we  touched  at  Sidon.  —  Acis  xxvii.  , 
To  touch  on  or  upon ;  to  mention  slightly. 
If  the  an[iqii:uies  have  touched  upon  it,  they  have  immediately 

quilted  iu  Ad/lieon. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  touch  ai.    [Little  used.] 
TOUCH,  (tuch,)  77.     Contact;  the  hitting  of  two 
bodies ;  the  junction  of  two  bodies  at  the  surface,  so 
that  there  is  no  space  between  them.   The  mimosa 
shrinks  at  the  slightest  touch. 

2.  The  sense  of  feeling  or  common  sensation,  one 
of  the  five  senses.  We  s.ay ,  a  thing  is  cold  or  warm 
to  the  touch  ;  silk  is  soft  to  the  toucli. 

The  spider's  toucli,  liow  exquisitely  fine  !  Pope. 

3.  The  act  of  touching.  The  toucA  of  cold  water 
made  him  shrink.  « 

4.  The  state  of  being  touched. 

That  never  touch  was  welcome  to  thy  hand 

Unless  1  touched,  Shak. 

5.  Examiii.ation  by  a  stone.  Shak. 
G.  Test ;  that  by  which  any  thing  is  examined. 

Equity,  the  true  toucA  of  all  laws.  Carem. 

7.  Proof ;  tried  qualities. 

My  friends  of  noble  touch,  Shak. 

8.  Single  act  of  a  pencil  on  a  picture. 

Never  give  the  least  toucA  with  your  pencil,  till  you  hare  well 
examined  your  design.  Vryden, 

9.  Feature ;  lineament. 

Of  many  fices,  eyes,  and  hearts, 

To  have  the  touches  dearest  prized.  Shak. 

10.  Act  of  the  liand  on  a  musical  instrument^ 

Soft 

Become  llie  K 

11.  Power  of  exciting  the  affections. 

Not  alone 

The  deaUi  of  Fulvia,  wiUi  more  urgent  touches 
Do  stroug^ly  speak  l'  tis. 

12.  Something  of  passion  or  affection. 

He  both  makes  intercession  to  God  for  sinnera,  and  exercises 
dominion  over  all  meu,  with  a  true,  natural,  and  sensible 
touch  of  mercy.  Hooker, 

13.  Particul.ar  application  of  any  thing  to  a  person. 

Six'cch  of  touch  toward  otiiere  should  be  sp;iringly  used.  [Obs.\ 

Bacon. 

14.  A  stroke;  as,  a  tflucA  of  raillery  ;  a  satiric  (nucA. 

Addison. 

15.  Animadversion;  censure;  reproof. 

I  never  bore  any  touch  of  conscience  with  greater  regret, 

K.  CharUt. 

IG.  Exact  performance  of  agreement. 

1  keep  foucA  wilh  my  promise.    [06s. J 

17.  A  small  quantity  intermixed. 
Madam,  I  have  a  loucA  of  your  conscience. 

18.  A  hint ;  suggestion  ;  slight  notice 
A  small  lourA  will  put  him  in  mind  of  them. 

19.  A  cant  word  for  a  slight  essay. 

Print  mv  prrfice  in  such  fonn  as.  in  the  booksel 
make  a  six|H-nny  lourA.    {Sot  in  use.] 

20.  In  viiisic,  the  resistance  of  the  keys  of  an  in- 
strument to  the  fingers;  as,  a  heavy  tuucA  or  light 
touch. 

21.  In  77iu.eic,  an  organ  is  snid  to  have  a  good  touch 
or  slop,  when  the  keys  close  well. 

22.  In  ship-building,  touch  is  the  hrt.adest  part  of  a 
plank  worked  top  and  butt ;  or  the  middle  of  a  plank 
worked  anchor-stock  fashion  ;  also,  the  angles  of  the 
stern  limbi'rs  at  the  ct)unters.  Cyc 


;illness  and  t)ie  night 
■.dies  of  sweet  harmony. 


Shak. 


Shak. 


More. 


Shak. 


Bacon, 


It's  phrase,  will 
iftrt/t. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBV — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  QQQK  


I 


TOU 


TOW 


TOUCII'A-BLE,  (tuch'a-bl,)  a.  That  inny  be  touched  ; 

t.msible. 

TOUClI'lIoI-E,  (liicli'hSIc,)  V.  [toiuh  and  Iwle.] 
The  vt'tn  (tt"  a  caniiuri  or  other  sjn'cirs  of  tiri-arnis^ 
by  which  lire  is  (.'oiiiiiiiiiiicated  to  tlie  powder  of  tlic 
cliarge.    It  is  now  called  tlie  Vent. 

TOUCIl'I-LY,  (tuch'e-le,)  adv.  .With  irritation  ; 
pecvislilv. 

TOUCiri-NESS,  (tiich'c-ncss,)  n.  [from  touchij.] 
I'eevishnpss  ;  irritability  ;  irascibility. 

K.  Charles:. 

TOUCiriNG,  (tuch'inj,)  ppr.  Coming  in  contact 
with;  hitting;  striking';  allodiiij. 

2.  Concerning;  relating  to;  witli  respect  to. 

Now,  US  touciiiitg  tiling*  oflercd  to  idols. —  1  Cor.  vLi. 

3.  a.    .Affectini ;  moving;  pathetic. 
TOUCH'I.N'G,  (tuch'ing,)  n.     Touch;  the  scnise  of 

feeling. 

TOUCiriNG-TA',  (tuch'ing-lc,)  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
move  the  passions  ;  feelinirlv.  Garth. 

TOUCII'-.ME-NOT,  II.  A  piant  of  the  genus  Impa- 
tiens,  and  anotlier  of  the  genus  Moinordica. 

TOUCH'-NKE-ULE,  (tuch'uee-dl,)  ii.  [tuuc/iand  nee- 
dle] 

Totich-iieedle.i  are  small  bars  of  gold  and  silver, 
some  of  which  are  pure,  and  others  alloyed  with 
various  definite  proportions  of  coijper,  prepared  Ibr 
trying  gold  and  silver  by  the  tourhsiou^',  by  compar- 
ison with  the  mark  they  leave  njitui  it. 
TOIICll'STo.VE,  (tnch'stonej  n.  [tonclt  and  .stone] 
I.  A  variety  of^  e.vtremely  compact  siliciiius  schist, 
ahni>st  as  close  as  tltnt,  used  for  ascertaining  the 
purity  of  gold  and  silver  by  the  streak  impressed  on 
the  stone;  also  called  Ijvdian  .'^tIink. 

■J.  Any  test  or  criterion  by  which  the  qualities  of  a 
thing  are  tried  ;  as,  nuuiey,  the  tonchAttnir  tif  common 
honesty.  Eslruiiirc. 

Irish  touchstone,  is  the  basalt,  the  stone  which 
composes  the  Giant's  Causeway. 
TOUCII'WOOD,  (tuch'wood)  «.  [to'ich  and  wood.] 
Decayed  wood,  used  like  a  match  for  taking  lire 
from  a  spark.  IfotarU. 
TOU(;iI'Y,(tuch'e,)n.  [Vulgarly  Techv.1  Peevish; 
irritable;  irascible;  apt  to  take  lire.    [JVot  elegant.] 

.^rbuilmvt. 

TOtIGH,  (tnf,)  a.  [Sa.\.  toh;  D.  taai;  G.  lUhc.  Qu. 
tight,  thick.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  flexibility  without  brittle- 
ness  ;  yielding  to  force  witlioiit  breaking.  The  liga- 
ments of  animals  aiul  India  rubber  are  remarkably 
lough.  Tough  timber,  like  youns  ash,  is  the  most 
proper  for  the  shafts  and  springs  of  a  carriage. 

3.  Firm  ;  strong  ;  not  easily  broken  ;  able  to  en- 
dure iiardship  ;  as,  an  animal  of  a  tough  frame. 

Dnjdcn. 

3.  Not  easily  separated  ;  viscous  ;  clanuuy  ;  tena- 
cious ;  ropy  ;  as,  tough  phlegm. 

4.  Stiff;  not  flexible. 

TOUGII'iCN,  (tuf'n,)  t;.  i.    To  grow  tough. 

jl/orfiiricr. 

TOtJGir^;N',  (tuf'n,)  V.  t.    To  make  tough. 

TOtJGir/,"X-EI),  pp.    Made  or  become  tough. 

TOUGH'/Ci\-ING,  ppr.    Making  tough. 

TOUGtriSII,  (tuf'ish,)  a.    Tough  in  a  slight  degree. 

TOUGII'LY,  (tuf'le,)  ado.    In  a  tough  manner. 

TOUtJll'NESS,  (tuf'iiess,)  ii.  The  quality  of  a  sub- 
stance which  renders  it  in  some  degree  flexible, 
without  brittleness  or  liability  to  fracture  ;  flexibility 
with  a  firm  adhesion  of  parts  ;  as,  the  toughness  of 
steel.  Drijden. 

2.  Viscosity;  tenacity;  clamminess;  glutinous- 
ness  ;  as,  the  toughness  of  mucus. 

3.  Firmness;  strength  of  constitution  or  texture. 

Shak. 

TOU-PEE',  I  -,  .  j  n.    [Fr.  toupct,  from  touffe, 

TOU-PfiT',  i  j     a  (,(/),  or  its  root.] 

A  little  tuft ;  a  curl  or  artificial  lock  of  hair. 
TOUR,  (toor,)  n.    [Fr.  tour,  a  turn;  D.  toer;  Heb. 

Tin,  -Ar.^lj  taiira,  to  go  round.    Class  Dr,  No.  38.] 

1.  Litrralhi,  n  going  round  ;  hence,  a  journey  in  a 
circuit;  as,  the  tour  of  Europe;  the  tour  of  France 
or  England. 

2.  A  turn  ;  a  revolution  ;  its,  the  (our*  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies.    [vVtif  noiD  in  use.] 

3.  A  turn ;  as,  a  tour  of  duty  ;  a  military  use  of 
the  word. 

4.  A  tress  or  circular  Iwrder  of  hair  on  the  head, 
worn  sometimes  by  both  sexes.  Cijc. 

5.  .\  tower.    [Aot  in  ««•.] 
TOUR-lilL'LION,  (toor-bil'yon,)  n.    An  ornament.al 

firework,  peculiar  for  turning  round,  when  in  the  air, 
so  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  a  scroll  of  fire. 

Francis. 

TOUR'IST,  (toor'ist,)  n.    One  who  makes  a  tour,  or 

performs  a  journey  in  a  circuit. 
TOUR'.M  A-LIN,  j  n.    [Probably  a  corruption  of  Tour- 
TUR'.MA-LIN,    \     NAMAL,  a  iiaiiie  given  to  this  stone 

in  Ceylon.] 

A  mineral  occurring  usu.ally  in  black  three-sided 
or  six-sided  prisms,  terminated  by  three-sided  pyra- 
mids.   It  also  presents  brown,  blue,  green,  and  red 


colors.  The  blue  has  been  called  I  ivoicolitk  ;  the  red, 
lloKKLLiTi:.  B<ith  the  green  iiiid  red  varieties  are  high- 
ly esteemed  in  jewelry,  when  clear  and  of  a  large 
size.  The  black  tourmalin  was  formerly  called 
Schorl. 

Cryst,als  of  tourmalin,  when  heated,  are  remarka- 
ble for  exhibiting  electric  polarity.  Dana. 

TOURN,  K.  The  sheriff's  turn  or  court ;  also,  a  spin- 
ning-wlieel.    [J^ot  Jlmrrican.] 

TOURN'A-MENT,  (turn'a-inent,)  n.  [from  Fr.  fonr- 
ner,  to  turn.] 

A  mock-fight  or  military  sport,  in  which  quite  a 
number  of  combatants  were  engaged  as  an  exhibition 
of  their  address  and  bravery,  it  differed  from  the 
joust,  which  was  a  trial  of  skill  between  one  man 
and  another. 

TOURN'l-tiUKT,  (turn'e-ket,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  surgical 
instrument  or  bandage  which  is  straitened  or  re- 
la.\ed  with  a  screw,  and  used  to  check  heinorrhagcs. 

Cijc. 

TOURN'EY,  (tnrn'e,)  n.    A  tournament.  [Supra.] 
TrtURN'EY,  (tnrn'e,)  v.  i.     To  tilt;   to  perform 

tournaments.    '  Spenser. 
TOUIi-J^OIS' ,  (toor-nwa',)  n.    A  Here  tonrnois  was  a 

French  money  of  acctuint  worth  20  sous,  or  a  franc. 

It  was  thus  called  in  distinction  from  the  Paris  livre, 

which  contained  25  sous.  Diet,  de  V.^cad. 

TOUR-J^DRE',n.    [Fr.]    Turn  ;  contour. 
TOIISE,  w.    A  pulling  ;  a  disturbance.  JIaltiiccU. 
TOUSE,  (tonz,)  o.  t.    [G.  lauscn,  to  pull.] 

To  pull  ;  to  haul  ;  to  tear.    [Ilence  Towseh.] 
As  a  bc:\T,  whom  hungry  curs  have  tousid.  Spenaer. 

TOU'ST.E,  j  ,,„,„„  >  \v.t.    The  same  as  Touse  ;  to 

TOLT'Si'L,  i  j     put  into  disorder;  to  tum- 

ble; to  tangle.  [Used  by  tlie  common  people  of  J\\w 
England.] 

TOU'J',  K.  I.    To  toot,  which  see. 

2.  To  ply  or  seek  for  customers.  Ilence,  a  touter 
is  one  who  touts  for  an  inn.    [Various  DiulccU.] 

Smart.  JIalliwclt. 

TfjVV,  t.  [Sax.  trogan,  tcon  ;  Fr.  toucr  ;  O.  liehcn, 
to  pull ;  iitj-,  a  pulling,  a  tug  i  h.  duco.  See  Class 
Ug,  No.  02,  G4.] 

To  drag,  as  a  boat  or  ship,  through  the  water  by 
means  of  a  rope.  Towing  is  performed  by  another 
boat  or  ship,  or  by  men  on  shore,  or  by  horses.  Bouts 
on  canals  are  usually  towed  by  horses. 

TOW,  H.  [Sax.  (mo  ;  Fr.  e(oH;ic  ;  Ij.  stupa;  U-stoppa; 
Sp.  estopa.    It  coincides  with  stuff.] 

The  coarse  and  broken  part  of  flax  or  hemp,  sepa- 
rated from  the  finer  part  by  the  liatchel  or  swingle. 

ToWAGE,  II.  [from  toio,  the  verb.]  The  act  of  tow- 
ing. 

2.  The  price  paid  for  towing.  tVulsh. 
To'\V.-\RI),  (to'ard,)  prep.    [Sa.\.  toward  ;  to  and  ward, 

weard  ;  L.  versus,  vertu.] 
I.  In  the  direction  to. 

He  set  his  face  lowai-ii  the  wiMerness.  —  Num.  xxiv. 
Q.  With  direction  to;  in  a  moral  sense;  with  re- 
spect to ;  regarding. 

H is  f-ye  sliiill  be  evil  toioiird  his  brother.  —  Dent,  xjtviii. 

lieruin  do  I  exercise  invBi'li  to  li  ive  idways  a  conscience  void  of 

oll'-nai-  toiMr'f  Uod  and  totrard  men.  —  Acts  xxiv. 
Hcarini^  ot  thy  love  and  failli  which  thou  hast  lomnrd  the  Lord 

Jt'sus  Christ,  and  toioard  all  saints.  — Phileiuou  5. 

3.  With  ideal  tendency  to. 

This  was  the  first  alarm  England  receivcU  toward  any  tronble. 

Clarendon. 


4.  Nearly. 


1  toward  nine  years  older  sincfl  I  left  you. 


To'WARD,  adv.  Near ;  at  hand  ;  in  a  state  of  prepa- 
ration. 

To'\V.\RD,  o.    Re.ady  to  do  or  learn;  not  froward  ; 

apt  ;  as,  a  toward  youth. 
To'WARD-LI-NESS,  n.    [(torn  towardly.]  Readiness 
to  do  or  learn  ;  aptness ;  docility. 

The  beauty  aixl  touiardlinesa  of  Ibcic  childreo  moved  her  breth. 
ren  to  envy.  liaUgh. 

To'WARD-LY,  a.   Ready  to  do  or  learn  ;  apt ;  do- 
cile ;  tractabit*  ;  ctuiipliant  with  duty.  Bacon. 
To'WARD-NES.<,  n.    Docility;  towardliness. 

South. 

ToW'-BoAT,  71.  A  boat  which  is  tovred,  or  drawn 
by  a  tow-line. 

TOWEL,!!.  [Fr.  touaille :  GacUc,  Utbailt ;  U.  tota- 
gliai  Port,  toatha  ;  .Arm.  tounilhon  ;  Sp.  tobnlla,tobnja, 
touja,OT  toaUa.  in  Italian,  the  word  signifies  a  table- 
cloth.] 

A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the  hands,  and  for  other 
thincs. 

TOW'EL-ING,  n.    Cloth  for  towels. 

TOWER,  71.  ['^:\\.  tor,  tirre ;  \r.  lor  ;  Fr.  and  Arm. 
tour;  Sp.  It.  anil  Port,  torre  ;  W.  Iwr,  a  heap  or  pile; 
Corn.  id. ;  G.  thurm  ;  D.  form  ;  L.  tuiyis ;  Gr.  Tv^jat  j  ; 
Ileh.  miia.    Class  Dr,  No.  24.] 

1.  A  biiildint:,  either  round  or  square,  rai.sed  to  a 
cimsiderable  elevation,  and  ctmsistiiig  of  several  sto- 
ries. When  towers  are  erected  with  other  biiihlings, 
ns  they  usually  are,  they  rise  above  the  main  edifice. 
They  are  generally  flat  im  the  top,  thus  differing  from 
steeples  or  spires  ;  and  hence  the  lowcrofa  church  is 
that  part  which  contains  the  bells.    Before  the  in- 


vention of  guns,  pl.aces  were  fortified  with  towrra, 
and  attacked  with  movable  towers  nioiiiiled  on 
wlii'els,  which  placed  the  besiegers  on  a  level  with 
the  walls.  Cyc. 

2.  A  citadel ;  a  fortress.    Ps.  Ixi. 

3.  A  high  head-dress.  Hadibra-f. 

4.  High  flight  ;  elevation.  Johnson. 
Tower  bastion  ;  in  fortiftcution,  a  small  tower  in  tlie  " 

form  of  a  bastion,  with  rooms  or  cells  underneath 
for  men  and  guns.  Cyc. 

Tower  of  London  ;  a  collection  of  buildings  in  the 
eastern  part  of  London,  formerly  containing  a  state- 
prison,  and  now  used  as  an  arsenal  and  repository  of 
various  objects  of  public  interest.  P.  Cyc. 

Round  tower.    Set?  Rui;nu  Tower. 
TOWER,  V.  i.    To  rise  and  fly  high  ;  to  st^ar;  to  be 
lofty. 

Sublime  thoughts,  which  tower  above  the  clouds.  Locke. 
TOWER-ED,  a.    Adorned  or  defended  by  towers. 

.Milton. 

TOWER  ING,  ppr.  Rising  aloft ;  mounting  high  ; 
soaring. 

2.  a.    Verv  high  ;  elevated  ;  as,  a  toirm'no" height. 

TOWER-Mtj'S-TARI),  71.  [tower  nuA  mustard.]  An 
annual  phiiit  of  the  geiAis  Turrltis,  whose  leaves 
and  seeds  give  the  stt^ni  a  pyramidal  form,  /.oudon. 

TO  WER-Y,  a.  Having  towers  ;  adorned  or  defended 
by  towers  ;  as,  lowery  cities.  Pope. 

TOWING,  ppr.    Drawing  on  water,  as  a  boat. 

TOW-LINE,  n.  [tow  and  iinc]  A  Bnuill  hawser, 
used  to  tow  a  ship,  &c. 

TOW-PATH,       in.    .V  path  used  by  men  or  horses 

TOWING-PATH,  (     that  tow  boats. 
To  wit ;  to  know  ;  iianielv. 

TOWN,  n.  [Sax.  tun  ;  W.  din,  dinas,  a  fortified  hill,  a 
fort ;  G;ielic,  dun  ;  .Sax.  dun,  dune,  a  hill,  whence 
doitns.  The  Sax.  tun  signifu^s  an  inclosiire,  a  gar- 
den, a  village,  a  town,  and  tynun  is  to  shut,  to  make 
f:i>t  ;  G.  zaun,  a  hedce  ;  D.  tun,  a  garden.  If  the 
original  word  signified  a  hill,  the  sense  is  a  mass  or 
collection.  But  probably  the  original  word  signified 
fortified,  and  the  rude  fortifications  of  uncivilized 
men  were  formeil  with  hedges  and  stakes  ;  hence 
also  a  garden.  (See  Garden  and  Tun.)  Sax. /rac- 
tune,  a  garden,  that  is,  leek-town,  an  inclosure  ftir 
leeks,  that  is,  plants.  This  shows  that  the  primary 
sense  of  town  is  an  inchisure  for  defense.] 

1.  Originally,  a  Walled  or  fortifitid  place  ;  a  collec- 
tion of  houses  inclosed  with  walls,  hedges,  or  pick- 
ets for  safety.  Rahab's  house  was  on  the  town  wall. 
Josh.  ii. 

.\  loirn  that  hath  gates  and  bars.  —  1  Sam.  xxiii. 

2.  Any  collection  of  houses  ftirger  than  a  village. 
In  this  use  the  word  is  very  indefinite,  and  a  town 
may  consist  of  twenty  houses  or  of  twenty  thou- 
sand. 

3.  In  England,  any  number  of  houses  to  which  be- 
longs a  regular  market,  and  which  is  not  a  city  or 
the  see  of'  a  bishop.  Johnson. 

A  town,  in  modern  times,  is  general^  without 
walls,  which  is  the  circumstance  that  usually  distin- 
guishes it  from  a  city.  Cyc. 

In  the  United  States,  the  circumstance  that  distin- 
guishes a  town  from  a  city,  is,  generally,  that  a  city 
is  incorporated  with  special  privileges,  and  a  town  is 
not.    But  a  city  is  often  called  a  town. 

4.  The  inhabitants  of  a  town.  The  (oicn  voted  to 
send  two  representatives  to  the  legislature,  or  they 
voted  to  lay  a  tax  for  repairing  the  highways.  [A'eie 
England.]  Chapman. 

5.  In  popular  lutoge,  in  .^mfrica,  a  township;  the 
whole  territory  within  certain  limits. 

G.  In  England,  t\ie  court  end  of  London.  Pope. 

7.  The  inhabitants  of  the  metropolis.  Pope. 

8.  The  metropolis.  The  gentleman  lives  in  Imm 
in  winter;  in  summer,  he  lives  in  the  country.  The 
same  form  of  expression  is  used  in  regard  to  other 
populous  towns. 

TOWN'-€LERK,  71.    [town  and  eterk.]    An  officer 

who  keeps  the  records  cf  a  town,  and  enters  all  its 

otliei.-il  proceedings. 
TOW.X-CRI'ER,  71.    [town  and  en/.]    A  public  crier ; 

ont^  who  makes  proclamation.  Shak. 
TOWN'-IIALL,  n.    A  public  room  or  building  for 

transacting  the  business  of  a  town. 
TOWN'-HOUSE,  71.    [t:nru  and  Aoa.«r.]    The  house 

where  the  public  business  of  the  town  is  transacted 

by  the  inhabitants,  in  legal  meeting. 

JWic  England. 
2.  .\  house  in  town ;  in  opposition  to  a  house  in 
the  country. 

TOW.N'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  inhabitants  cf  a 
town  ;  like  the  town. 

TOWN'LESS,  a.    Having  no  town.  Ilowftl. 

TOWN'SHIP,  n.  The  district  or  terriIor>'  of  a  town. 
In  jVrie  England,  the  States  are  divided  into  town- 
ships of  five,  six,  seven,  or  perhaps  ten  miles  square, 
and  the  inhabitants  of  such  tow  nships  are  invesU-d 
with  cert;iin  powers  for  regulating  flu  ir  own  affairs, 
such  as  repairing  roads,  providing  for  the  |i<«ir,  4cc. 

TOWNS'.M.\N,  n.    [town  and  man.]    An  inlinbitani 
of  a  place  ;  or  one  of  the  same  town  with  nnolher. 
2.  A  selectman  ;  an  oflicer  of  the  town  in  New 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


1163 


.1 


TRA 

Enilanil,  wlio  assists  in  managing  the  affairs  of  tlie 

ti'WM.    [See  Selei  tmen.] 
TOWX'-'l'AI.K,  (  tavvk,)  71.    The  common  tallf  of  a 

(liace,  or  itie  subject  of  common  conversation. 
ToW'-Kol'K,  n.    [tnw  and  rope.]    Any  rope  used  in 

towing  sliips  or  hoats.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOWS' KH.  n.    [from  touse.]    The  name  of  a  dog. 
TOX'i  eAI,,  a.    [Gr.  roj. 

Poisonous.    [LtUle  lued.] 
TOX-l-eO-LOG'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  toxicology. 
TOX-l-eO-L06'ie-AL-LY,  Olio.    In  a  toxicological 

manner. 

TOX-l-eor>'0-(5TST,  n.    One  who  treats  of  poisons. 

TOX-l-euL'U-GY,  71.  [Gr.  to^ikov,  pertaining  to  an 
arrow ;  and  as  arrows  were  frequently  poisoned, 
hence,  a  poison:  and  A  /  s,  a  treatise.] 

Tiiat  branch  of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  mor- 
bid and  deleterious  effects  of  excessive  and  inordi- 
nate doses  and  quantities  of  medicines,  commonly 
called  ptii<oning. 

T0X'O-D0i\,  71.  [Gr.  rojof,  a  bow,  and  oiovq,  a 
tooth.] 

A  gigantic,  pachydermatous  quadruped,  now  ex- 
tinct, having  teeth  bent  like  a  bow.  Brande. 
TOX-OI'il'l-LITE,  71.    [Gr.  to^uv,  a  bow  or  an  ar- 
row, aiul  ipiX  i;,  a  lover.J 

A  lover  of  archery.  Smart. 
TOY,  71.    [Qu.  D.  (i/oi,  tire,  ornament.] 
1  A  plaything  for  children  ;  a  bawble. 

2.  A  tritie;  a  thing  for  amusement,  but  of  no  real 
value. 

3.  An  article  of  trade  of  little  value. 

They  exchan^  juld  and  pearl  for  loyt.  Abbot. 

4.  Matter  of  no  importance. 

Nor  liglil  oiwl  idle  toys  my  lines  may  vainly  swell.  Zhayton. 

.5.  Folly  ;  trifling  practice  ;  silly  opinion. 

C.  Aiuiirnus  dalliance  ;  play;  sport.  Milton. 

7.  An  old  story  ;  a  silly  tale.  Sliak. 

8.  Slight  representation  ;  as,  the  toy  of  novelty. 

Hooker. 

9.  Wild  fancy  ;  odd  conceit.  S/iak. 
TOY,  V.  i.    [Dan.  tiiver,  Sw.  (o/i'a,  to  stay,  to  tarry,  to 

dally.  This  seems  to  be  Ilie  true  origin  of  t07j,  supra.] 
To  dally  amorously  ;  to  trifle  ;  to  play. 

TOY,  V.  t.    To  treat  foolishly.    [JVut  used.]  Bering. 

TOY'ER,  71.  One  wlio  toys ;  one  who  is  full  of  tri- 
fling tricks. 

TOY'FIJL,  a.    Full  of  trifling  play.  Donne. 
TOY'ING,  ppr.    Dallying;  trifling. 
TOY'ISH,  a.    Trifling  ;  wanton.  Crowley. 
TOY'ISH-NESS,  71.    Disposition  to  dalliance  or  tri- 
fling. 

TOY'AIAN,  71.  [toy  and  tjioti.]  One  that  deals  in 
tovs. 

TOY'SHOP,  71.  [toy  and  shop.]  A  shop  where  toys 
are  sold. 

TnZE,  ».  t.    To  pull  by  violence.    [See  Touse.] 
TRa'UE-A,  71.    [L.]    in  Roman  history,  IX  robe  worn 

by  kings,  consuls,  and  augurs. 
TRA-nE-A'TION,  71.    [L.  irubs,  a  beam.] 

In  architecture,  the  same  as  Entablature. 
TRACE,  H.    [Fr.  id. ;  It.  traccia  :  Sp.  traza  :  L.  tractus, 
tracto.    See  Track,  and  the  verb  Trace.] 

1.  A  mark  left  by  any  thing  passing  ;  a  footstep  ;  a 
track  ;  a  vestige  ;  as,  the  trace  of  a  carriage  or  sled  ; 
the  trace  of  a  man  or  of  a  deer. 

a.  K( mains  ;  a  mark,  impression,  or  visible  ap- 
pearance of  any  thing  li  ft  when  the  thing  itself  no 
longer  exists.  We  are  told  that  there  are  no  traces 
of  ancient  Babylon  now  to  be  seen. 


'J'tie  shady  empire  shall  retain  no  trnce 
Oi  war  or  blood,  but  in  [he  sylvan  ch.ise. 


Pope. 


TRACE,  71.    [Fr.  tirasse ;  or  W.  tres.    See  Trestle.] 
Traces,  in  a  harness,  are  the  straps,  chains,  or 
ropes  by  which  a  carriage  or  sleigh  is  drawn  by 
liorscs.   [LocaH)/,  these  arc  called  Tugs  ;  Sax.  teogan, 
to  draw.] 

TRACE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  (rnerr ;  It.  trar.eiare ;  Sp.  trazare  ; 
L.  trur.to,  from  traho.  Eng.  to  draw,  to  drag.] 

1.  'i'o  mark  out;  to  draw  or  di-lineate  with  marks  ; 
a?,  to  truce  a  figure  with  a  pencil ;  to  trace  the  outline 
of  any  thing. 

2.  To  follow  by  some  mark  that  has  been  left  by 
something  which  lias  preceded  ;  to  follow  by  foot- 
elep.4  or  trucks. 

You  nity  trarx  the  tlehij^e  quite  round  the  globe.  Burnet. 

1  feel  (by  power  10  Iroc*  Oic  ways. 
Of  highest  agents,  Milton. 

3.  To  follow  with  cxactnesa. 

Thai  s'Tvile  poth  thou  nobly  dost  decline, 

01  tracing  word  by  word,  and  line  by  line.  DenJiam. 

4.  To  walk  over. 

We  do  tract  this  alley  up  and  down.  Shak. 
TRXCE'A-ULE,  a.    That  may  be  traced. 

/>7*Hm7nft7irf. 

TRACE' A-BLE-NE9S,  n.   Tho  state  of  being  tracea- 
h\i: 

TKACE'A-ITIyy,  ado.    In  n  traceable  manner. 
I'RA'CA'U,  (trut,)  pp.    Marked  out ;  delineated  ;  fol- 
lowed. 

TRA'CER,  n.    One  that  trncen  nr  follows  by  marks. 
TRA'CER-Y,  »i.   In  Gothic  architecture,  nn  ornaniental 


TRA 

divergency  of  the  niullions,  in  the  he.ad  of  a  window, 
into  arches,  curves,  and  flowing  lines,  enriched  with 
foliations;  also,  the  subdivisions  of  groined  vaults, 
&c.  Owilt. 

TRA'eHE-A,  (tra'ke-a,)  71.  [Low  L.,  from  Gr.  rpa- 
XI'!,  rough.] 

In  anatomy,  the  windpipe. 

TRa'CIIE-jE,  71.  pi.  The  spiral  vessels  of  leaves  and 
insects. 

TRA'eilE-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  trachea  or  wind- 
pipe ;  as,  the  tracheal  artery.  Coze. 
TRA-€HEL'I-POD,  ;i.    [Gr.  rpaxeXos,  the  neck,  and 

TTOl'J,  foot.] 

A  univalve  mollusk  with  a  spiral  shell,  having  the 
foot  proceeding  from  or  joined  to  the  neck. 
TRA-eHEL-IP'O-llOUS,  a.    Having  the  foot  united 
with  the  neck;  having  the  characters  of  a  trachel- 
ipod. 

TRA'eHE-O-CELE,  71.    [trachea  and  Kri\r,,  a  tumor.] 
An  enlargement  of  the  thyroid  glanti ;  bronchocele 
or  goiter.  Cifc. 
TRA^eilE-OT'O-M  Y,  71.    [trachea  and  rt/ii/w,  to  cut.] 
In  surgery,  the  operation  of  making  an  opening 
into  the  windpipe.  Cyc. 
TRA'CllYTE,  (tra.'kitR,)  71.    [Gr.  Tonx'is,  rough.] 
A  nearly  compact,  fi  ldspathic,  volcanic  rock,  break- 
ing with  a  rough  surface,  and  often  containing  crys- 
tals of  glassy  feldspar,  with  somethnes  hornblende 
and  mica.  Dana. 
TRA-CH  YT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  trachyte,  or  consist- 
ing of  it. 

TRa'CING,  ppr.  [from  trace.]  Marking  out ;  draw- 
ing in  lines  ;  following  by  marks  or  footsteps. 

Tracintr  lines,  in  a  ship,  are  lines  passing  through  a 
block  or  thimble,  and  used  to  hoist  a  thing  higher. 
TRA'CING,  71.    Course^  regular  track  or  path. 

Davies. 

TRACK,  71.  [It.  traccia;  Sp.  traia;  Fr.  trace.  (See 
Trace.)  Track  is  properly  a  mark  made  by  draw- 
ing, not  by  stepping  ;  the  latter  is  a  derivative 
sense.] 

1.  A  mark  left  by  something  that  has  passed  along  ; 
as,  the  track  of  a  ship,  a  wake  ;  the  track  of  a  me- 
teor ;  the  track  of  a  sled  or  sleigh. 

2.  A  mark  or  impression  left  by  the  foot,  either  of 
man  or  beast.  Savages  are  said  to  be  wonderfully 
sagacious  in  finding  the  tracks  of  men  in  the  forest. 

3.  A  road  ;  a  beaten  path. 

Behold  Tonjiiatus  the  same  tract:  pursue.  Drydtn. 

4.  Course  ;  way  ;  as,  the  track  of  a  comet. 
TRACK,  V.  t.    To  follow  when  guidetl  by  a  trace,  or 

by  the  footsteps,  or  marks  of  the  feet ;  as,  to  track  a 

deer  in  the  snow. 
2.  To  tow  ;  to  draw  a  vessel  by  a  line  reaching 

from  her  to  the  shore. 
TRACK' AftE,  71.    A  drawing  or  towing,  as  of  a  boat. 
TRACK'£D,  (tnikt,)  pp.    Followed  by  the  footsteps. 
TRACK'ING,  ppr.     Following  by  the  impression  of 

the  feet ;  drawing  a  boat ;  towing. 
TRACK'LESS,  a.    Having  no  track  ;  marked  by  no 

footsteps  ;  untrodden  ;  as,  a  trackless  desert. 
TRACK'LESS-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  leave  no  track. 
TRACK'LESS-NESS,  71.    The  stale  of  being  without 

a  track. 

TRACK'-RoAD,  71.    [track  and  road.]    A  towing- 
path.  Cijc. 
TRACK'-SeOUT,  71.    [track  and  D.  .tchuit,  boat.] 
A  boat  or  vessel  employed  on  the  canals  in  Hol- 
land, usually  drawn  by  a  horse.  See  Tbeckschuyt.] 

Cyc. 

TRACT,  71.  [L.  tractu.t;  It.  tratto ;  Fr.  trait,  from  L. 
traho,  Fr.  traire,  to  draw.] 

1.  Something  drawn  out  or  extended. 

2.  A  region,  or  quantity  of  land  or  water,  of  in- 
definite extent.  We  may  apply  tract  to  the  sandy 
and  barren  deserts  of  Syria  and  Arabia,  or  to  the  nar- 
row vales  of  Italy  and  Sardinia.  We  say,  a  rich  tract 
of  land  in  Connecticut  or  Ohio,  a  stony  tract,  or  a 
mountainous  tract.  We  apply  tT-act  to  a  single  farm, 
or  to  a  township  or  state. 

3.  A  treatise ;  a  written  discourse  or  dissertation 
of  indefinite  length,  but  generally  not  of  great  extent. 

4.  In  hunting,  the  trace  or  footing  of  a  wild  beast. 

Cyc. 

5.  Treatment ;  exposition.    [JVot  in  use.]  ShaL 
C.  Track.    [JVot  in  use.] 

7.  Continuity  or  extension  of  any  thing  ;  as,  a 
tract  of  speech.    [A"k(  much  used.] 

8.  Continued  or  protracted  duration ;  length  ;  ex- 
tent ;  as,  a  long  tract  of  time.  Milton. 

TRACT,  V.  t.  To  trace  out ;  to  draw  out.  [JVot  in 
use] 

TRAeT-A-niL'I-TY,n.  [from  (ractnWc.l  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  tractable  or  docile;  docility; 
tractalilcness.  Beddoes. 

TRAGT'A-HLE,  a.  [L.  tractabilis,  from  tracto,  to 
handle  or  load  ;  Fr.  trtiitnbte;  It.  trattahile.] 

1.  That  Miny  be  easily  led,  taught,  or  managed  ; 
docile  ;  manageable  ;  governable  ;  as,  tractable  chil- 
dren ;  a  tractable  learner.  Locke. 

3.  Palpable  ;  such  us  may  be  handled ;  as,  tractable 
measures.  Holder. 

TRACT' A-RLE-N ESS,  71.    Tho  state  or  quality  of 


TRA 

being  tractable  or  manageable  ;  docility ;  as,  the 
trartableness  of  children.  Locke. 
TRACr'A-BLY,  ado    In  a  tractable  manner;  with 

ready  compliance. 
TRACT-A'RI-AN,  n.  A  term  applied  to  the  writers  of 

the  Oxford  tracts  in  favor  of  Puseyism,  which  see. 
TRACT' ATE,  71.    [L.  traclatus.] 

A  treatise  ;  a  tract.    [jVoi  71010  in  use.] 

Brown.  Hale. 

TRACT-A'TION,  ti.    [L.  tractalio.] 

Treatment  or  handling  of  a  subject ;  discussion. 

Bp.  Hall. 

TRACT-a'TRIX,  71.    In  geometry,  a  curve  line. 
TRACT'ILE,  (trakt'il,)  a.    [L.  tractus.] 

Capable  of  being  drawn  out  in  length  ;  ductile. 

Eoiiies  are  tractile  or  inlractile.  Bacon. 
TRACT-IL'I-TY,  71.   The  quality  of  being  tractile ; 

ductility.  Derliam. 
TRACTION,  (-shun,)  71.    [L.  tractus,  traho.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing,  or  state  of  being  drawn ; 
as,  the  traction  of  a  muscle.  Holder. 

2.  Attraction  ;  a  drawing  toward.  Cyc. 
TRAe-TI"TIOUS,  (  tish'us,)  a.    Treating  of;  han- 
dling. 

TRACT'OR,  71.  That  which  draws,  or  is  used  for 
drawing.  Journ.  of  Science. 

The  metallic  tractors  of  Perkins  were  two  small, 
pointed  bars  of  brass  ami  steel,  wliich,  being  drawn 
over  diseased  parts  of  the  body,  were  supposed  to 
give  relief  through  the  agency  of  electricity  or  mag- 
netism. 

TRA€T'0-RY,  )  rr  ,  i.  i 
TUACT'RIX,    i  "•  "■'^"•J 

A  curve  whose  tangent  is  always  equal  to  a  given 
line. 

TRADE,  71.  [Sp.  and  Port,  trato;  tratar,  to  handle,  to 
trade  ;  It.  tratbi,  trattare  ;  from  L.  tracto,  to  handle, 
use,  treat.  The  Fr.  traite,  trailer,  are  the  same 
words.] 

1.  The  act  or  business  of  exchanging  commodities 
by  barter  ;  or  the  business  of  buying  and  selling  for 
money;  commerce;  traffic;  barter.  Trade  compre- 
hends every  species  of  exchange  or  deahng,  cither 
in  the  produce  of  lantl,  in  manufactures,  in  bills,  or 
money.  It  is,  however,  chiefly  used  to  denote  the 
barter  or  purchase  and  sale  of  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandise,  either  by  wholesale  or  retail.  Trade  is 
either  foreign  or  domestic,  or  inland.  Foreign  trade 
consists  in  the  exportation  and  importation  of  goods, 
or  the  exchange  of  the  commodities  of  difl'en  nt 
countries.  Domestic  or  home  tratle  is  the  exchange 
or  buying  and  selling  of  goods  within  a  country. 
Trade  is  also  by  the  wholesale,  th.it  is,  by  the  pack- 
age or  in  large  quantities,  or  it  is  by  retail,  or  in 
small  parcels.  The  carrying  trade  is  that  of  trans- 
porting commodities  from  one  country  to  another  by 
water. 

2.  The  business  which  a  perstm  has  learned,  and 
which  he  carries  on,  for  procuring  subsistence,  or  for 
profit;  occupation  ;  particularly,  mechanical  employ- 
ment ;  distinguished  from  the  liberal  arts  and  learned 
professions,  and  from  agriculture.  Thus  we  speak 
of  the  trade  of  a  smith,  of  a  carpenter,  or  mason  ;  but 
we  never  say,  the  trade  of  a  farmer,  or  of  a  lawyer, 
or  physician. 

3.  Business  pursued ;  occupation;  in  contempt:  as, 
piracy  is  their  trade. 

Hunting  their  sport,  and  plundering  was  their  trade.  Dryden. 

4.  Instruments  of  any  occupation. 

The  shepherd  bears 
His  house  and  household  goods,  his  trade  of  war.  Dryden, 

5.  Employment  not  manual ;  habitual  exercise. 

Bacon. 

6.  Custom  ;  habit ;  standing  practice. 

Thy  sin 's  not  accidental,  but  a  trade.  Shak. 

7.  Men  engaged  in  the  same  occupation.  Thus 
booksellers  speak  of  the  customs  of  the  trade. 

8.  The  trades  ;  the  trade-winds. 

TRADE,  1).  i.  To  barter,  or  to  buy  and  sell ;  to  deal  in 
the  exchange,  purchase,  or  sale  of  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandise,  or  any  thing  else  ;  to  traflic  ;  to  carry 
on  commerce  as  a  business.  Thus,  American  mer- 
chants trade  with  the  English  .it  London  and  at  Liv- 
erpool ;  they  trade  with  the  French  at  Havre  and 
Bordeaux,  and  Ihey  trade  with  Canada.  The  coun- 
try shopkeepers  trade  with  London  merchants.  Our 
banks  are  permitted  to  trade  in  bills  of  exchange. 

2.  To  buy  and  sell  or  exchange  properly,  in  n  sin- 
gle instance.  Thus  we  say,  a  man  treats  with  an- 
other for  his  farm,  but  can  not  trade  with  him.  A 
traded  with  B  for  a  horse,  or  a  number  of  sheep. 

3.  'I'o  act  merely  for  money. 

How  dill  you  dare 
To  trnrfe  and  trallic  with  MacbcUi?  l^ak. 

A.  To  have  a  trade-wind. 

Tliey  on  the  trading  flood  ply  toward  the  pole.  [C^'nucuitf.] 

Miiton. 

TRADE,  11.  t.    To  sell  or  exchange  in  commerce. 

They  traded  the  persotis  of  men.  —  V.iek.  xxvii. 
[This,  I  apiirehend,  must  be  a  mistake  ;  at  least, 
it  IS  not  to  be  vindicated  as  a  legiliinato  use  of  the 
verb.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


TRA 

TRAD'KD,  a.    Versed  ;  practiced.    [JVot  in  use.) 

S/tak. 

TRADE'F}JL,  a.   Commercial ;  busy  in  traffic. 

Spenser, 

TR.'in'ER,  ti.  One  engaRCd  in  trade  or  commerce  ;  a 
dealer  in  buyinR  and  selling  or  barter;  as,  a  trader 
to  the  East  Indies;  a  trader  lo  Canada;  a  country 
trader. 

TRaUE'-SaLE,  n.  An  auction  by  and  for  booksell- 
ers. 

TRaDES'FoLK,  n.  People  employed  in  trade.  [Mot 
in  u.ie.  1  Swifl.. 

TRaDES'MAN,  n.  [(raiZe  and  mail.]  A  shopkeeper. 
A  niercliant  is  called  a  trader,  but  not  a  tradesman. 

Jotnison. 

[In  .America,  a  shopkeeper  is  usually  called  a  rt- 
tailer.] 

TR.Al)ES'VVOM-AN,  n.  A  woman  who  trades  or  is 
skilled  in  trade. 

TRaDE'-VVIND,  n.  [trade  and  wind.]  A  name  given 
to  winds  in  the  torrid  zone,  and  often  a  little  beyond 
it,  which  blow  from  the  same  quarter  throughout  the 
year,  unless  when  affected  liy  local  causes.  Their 
general  direction  is  from  N.  E.  to  S.  VV.  on  the  north 
side  of  the  equator,  and  from  S.  E.  to  N.  VV.  on  the 
south  side  of  the  equator.  Olmsted. 

TRaD'INO,  ppr.  Trafficking  j  exchanging  commod- 
ities by  barter,  or  buying  and  selling  them. 

2.  a.  Carrying  on  commerce  ;  as,  a  trading  com- 
pany. 

TUaD'ING,  n.   The  act  or  business  of  carrying  on 

commerce. 

TRA-l)l"TION',  (-dish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  traditio, 
from  Irado,  to  deliver.) 

1.  Delivery  ;  the  act  of  delivering  into  tlie  hands 
of  another. 

A  deed  Uikrs  elTect  only  from  tlic  tradiHon  or  dclivt^ry. 

BInckttone. 

The  «aIc  of  ft  moTable  is  compleled  by  «imple  tradiuon.  Cyc. 

2.  The  delivery  of  opinions,  doctrines,  practices, 
rites,  and  custiinis,  from  lather  to  .son,  or  from  an- 
cestors to  posterity  ;  the  transmission  of  any  opin- 
ions or  practice  from  forefathers  to  descendants  by 
oral  communication,  without  written  memorial. 
Thus,  children  derive  their  vernacular  language 
cliietly  from  tradition,  Most  of  our  early  notions  are 
received  by  tradition  from  our  parents. 

3.  That  which  is  handed  down  from  age  to  age  by 
oral  communication.  The  Jews  pay  great  regard  to 
tradition  in  matters  of  religion,  as  do  the  Roman 
Catholics.  Protcstanu  reject  the  authority  of  tra- 
dition in  sacred  things,  and  rely  only  on  the  written 
word.    Traditions  may  be  good  or  bad,  true  or  false. 

Sund  fnst,  and  lioUl  ttie  traditions  which  ye  iiave  been  laug;lit, 
whfUicr  by  word  or  uiir  epiBiK*.  — 'i  Thess.  ii. 

Wliy  do  ye  ulso  tnms^^M  the  commandment  of  God  by  your 
traditions  ?  —  Muu.  xv. 

TRA-Dl"TION-AL,  ' )  ,  ,.  .  ,„„  ,  j  a.  Delivered 
TRA-l)l"TlON-A-UY,  i  j     orally  from  fa- 

ther to  son  ;  communicated  from  ancestors  to  descend- 
ants by  word  only  ;  transmitted  from  age  to  age  with- 
out writing;  as,  traditional  opinions;  traditional  evi- 
dence ;  the  traditional  expositions  of  the  Scriptures. 
The  nrvi^rii'i  of  ihc  Talmud,  fi  coHi'ciion  of  Jewish  tradilionary 
uilerpululiuns,  .ire  unriv;iled  in  Uic  regions  of  ubiuirdiLy. 

BucJitninsler. 
2.  Observant  of  tradition.    [JVot  tis*(/.l 
TRA-D1"TI0N-AL-LV,  (-dishorn-,)  adv.    By  trans- 
mission from  father  to  son,  or  from  age  to  age;  as, 
an  opinion  or  doctrine  traditionallij  derived  from  the 
apostles  is  of  no  authority. 
TRA-DI"TION-A-RI-LY,  (  dish'un-,)  adv.   By  tradi- 
tion. DwiTlit. 
TR.\-DI"TION-A-RY,  (  dish'un-,)  n.  Among t/ieJeic.?, 
one  who  acknowledges  the  authority  of  traditions, 
and  explains  the  Scriptures  by  them.   The  word  is 
used  in  opposition  to  Cairite,  one  who  denies  the 
authority  of  traditions. 
TRA-DI"TIO.\-ER,  \  ,  .j^h'nn  1 !       0"e  «ho  "d- 
1KA-UI"TI0N-IST,  i  I"'-"  """'^  j     heres  to  tradi- 
tion. Oregory. 
TRAD'I-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  trade] 

Transmitted  or  transmissible  from  father  to  son, 
or  from  age  to  age,  by  oral  conimuniLation. 

Suppose  we  on  thinefs  Iradilivt  divide.  Dryden. 

TRAD'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A  deliverer;  a  name  of  in- 
famy given  to  Christians  who  delivered  the  Scrip- 
tures or  the  goods  of  the  church  to  their  persecutors, 
to  save  their  lives.  Jlldner. 

TRA-DOCE',  V.  u  [L.  tradueo :  trans,  over,  and  duco, 
to  lead  ;  Fr.  traduire  :  It.  tradurrc] 

1.  To  represent  as  blamable  ;  to  condemn. 

The  best  ilnitn^m  thai  Salnn  ha'h,  is  by  traducing  the  form  nnd 
manner  of  the  dcTout  prayers  of  Go<l's  church.  Hooker. 

2.  To  calumniate;  to  vUify  ;  to  defame;  willfully 
to  misrepresent. 

As  lon^  MS  men  are  malic-'ous  and  desi^nin^,  th''y  will  be  tra- 

during.  Gou.  of  ttu  Toneut. 

Ho  had  die  baseness  lo  Induce  m:  in  libel.  Dryden. 

3.  To  propagate  ;  to  continue  by  deriving  one  from 
another. 

Froni  th'se  only  the  nice  of  perfect  animals  was  propaFnted  and 
 Iraductd  over  the  earth.    [iVol  in  use.)  Halt. 


TRA 

TRA-DOC'KD,  (tra-dust',)  pp.  .Misrepresented  ;  ca- 
lumniated. 

TRA-UOCE'SIENT,  71.  Misrepresentation;  ill-found- 
ed censure  ;  defamation;  calumny.    [Little  ii.^rd.] 

Shak. 

TRA-DO'CENT,  a.    Slandering  ;  slanderous. 

Kntick. 

TR.A-DOC'ER,  n.  One  that  traduces  ;  a  slanderer  ;  a 
calumniator. 

TRA-»0'C1-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  orally  derived  or 
propagated.    [LiUlHtised.]  Hale. 

TKA-DOC'ING, Slandering;  defaming;  calum- 
niating. 

TRA-UOC'ING-LY,  adv.    Slanderously;  by  way  of 

tlefimation. 
TUA-UUCT',  V.  t.    [L.  traductus,  tradueo.] 

To  ilerive.    [JVot  u.ied.]  FoUierby. 
TRA-DUe'TION,  n.    [L.  traditctio.] 

1.  Derivation  from  one  of  the  same  kind  ;  propaga- 
tion. 

If  bv  Iraduction  came  thy  mind, 
Our  wonder  is  tlie  less  lo  fnul 

A  soul  so  ciiurniing  from  n  stuck  so  good.  Dryden. 

2.  Tradition;  transmission  from  one  to  another; 
as,  traditional  coiniuunicatiun  and  traduction  of  truth. 
[Little  used.]  I/iile. 

3.  Conveyance  ;  transportation  ;  act  of  transter- 
ring  ;  as,  the  traduction  of  animals  from  Europe  to 
America  by  shipping.  Hale. 

4.  Transition.  Bacon. 
TRA-DUCT'IVE.a.  Derivable;  that  may  be  deduced. 

H'arburton. 

TRAF'FIC,  n.  [Fr.  trafic;  It.  trnffico ;  Sp.  trafago  i 
a  compound  of  L.  frnii.--,  Celtic  (ra,  and  facio,  or  some 
other  verb  of  the  like  elements.] 

1.  Trade  ;  commerce,  either  by  barter  or  by  buy- 
ing and  selling.  This  worti,  like  Trade,  compre- 
hends every  species  of  dealing  in  the  exchange  or 
passing  of  goods  or  inercliantlise  from  hand  to  liand 
for  an  equivalent,  unless  the  business  of  retailing 
may  be  excepted.  It  signifies  approjiriately  foreign 
trade,  but  is  not  limited  to  th.at. 

My  father, 

A  merchant  of  ^reat  lra_fie  tlirou^li  the'  world.  lihak. 

2.  Commodities  for  market.  Oay. 
TRAF'Fie,  V.  i.     [Fr.  trufiquer ;  It.  trafficarej  Sp. 

trajicar  or  trafagar.] 

1.  To  trade  ;  to  pass  goods  and  commodities  from 
one  person  to  anotlier  for  an  etpiivalunt  in  goods  ttr 
money  ;  to  barter  ;  to  buy  anil  sell  wares  ;  to  carry 
on  commerce.  The  English  and  Americans  traffic 
with  all  the  world.    Oen.  xlii. 

2.  To  trade  meanly  or  mercenarily,  Shak. 
TRAF'FIC,  V.  I.    To  e.xchange  in  traffic. 
TRAF'Fie-A-BLE,  a.    Marketable.    [J^'ot  in  use.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

TRAF'FICK-£D,  (traf'fikt,)  j>p.  Exchanged  in 
tiartic. 

TRAF'FICK-KR,  n.    One  who  carries  on  commerce  ; 

a  trader  ;  a  merchant.    /.-■.  viii.  Shak. 
TRAF'FICK-1.\G,  ppr.    Trading;  bartering;  buying 

and  selling  goods,  wares,  and  commodities. 
TH  AF'FlC-l.E.-^S,  a.    Destitute  <d  trade. 
TRAG'A-CANTll,  n.    [L.  tragacaiithum  ;  Gr.  rpaya- 

KanOa;  Tfi'iym,  a  goat,  and  aKavOa,  thorn.] 

1.  Goat's  thorn  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Astragalus, 
of  several  species,  growing  in  Syria,  Candia,  &c., 
almost  all  of  which  were  included  by  Linnaeus  in  the 
tragacanthas,  and  all  of  which  produce  the  gum 
tragacantli. 

2.  .•\  gum  obtained  from  the  goat's  thorn.  It 
comes  in  small,  contorted  pieces,  resembling  worms. 
It  is  of  different  colors  ;  that  which  is  white,  clear, 
smooth,  and  vermicular,  is  the  best.  It  is  sume^vliat 
soft  to  the  touch,  but  only  imperfectly  soluble.  It  is 
softening,  and  used  in  coughs  and  catarrhs. 

_  JVicAo/son.  Cijc. 

TRA-GU'DI-AN,  n.    [I,,  tragadus.    See  Tragedv.] 

1.  A  writer  of  tragedy.  StiUmgjlcet. 

2.  More  generallii,  an  actor  of  tragedy.  Drtjden. 
TRAG'E-DY,  71.    [Fr.  tragedie;  It.  and  Sp.  tragedia  ; 

Gr.  Tf)aYii)6ia  i  said  to  be  com[iosed  of  rpayn^,  a 
go.at,  and  coin,  a  song,  because  originally  it  consisted 
in  a  hymn  sung  in  honor  of  Bacchus  by  a  chorus 
of  music,  with  dances  and  the  sacrifice  of  a 
goat.] 

1.  A  dramatic  poem  representing  some  signal  ac- 
tion performed  by  illustrious  persons,  and  generally 
having  a  fatal  issue.  jEscliylus  is  called  the  father 
of  tragedy. 

All  our  tragedies  are  of  kinjs  and  priaces.  Taylor. 

2.  A  fatal  and  mournful  event ;  any  event  in 
which  human  lives  are  lost  by  human  violence, 
more  particularly  by  unauthorized  violence. 

TRAG'ie,  jo.  [L.  tragicusi  Ft.  tragique ;  It. 
TRAG'I€-AL,  \  tragteo.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  tragedy  ;  of  the  nature  or  charac- 
ter of  tragedy  ;  as,  a  Ira^c  poem ;  a  tro»-ic  play  or 
representation.  Shak. 

2.  Fauil  to  life  ;  mournful  ;  sorrowful ;  calamitous  ; 
as,  the  tragic  scenes  of  Hayti ;  the  tragic  horrors  of 
Scio  and  Missilunghi ;  the  tragical  fate  of  the 
Greeks. 


TRA 

3.  Motirnriil  ;  expressive  of  tragedy,  the  loss  of 
life,  or  of  sorrow. 

I  now  must  clianj^e  those  notes  lo  tragic.  MUlon. 

TRAG'ie- A L-LY,  adv.  In  a  tragical  manner;  with 
fatal  issue  ;  mournfully  ;  sorrowfully.  Tlie  play 
ends  trairicalhi. 

TRAG'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  Fatality;  mournfulness ; 
sadness, 

Wc  moralize  the  fable  In  the  tragicalnest  of  the  event. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

TRAG-I-COM'E-DY,  n.  [Fr.  tragi-comcdie ;  tragedy 
ami  rMmrdij.] 

A  kind  of  dramatic  piece  representing  some  action 
passed  among  eminent  persons,  the  event  of  which 
is  iM)t  unhappy,  in  which  serious  anri  comic  scenes 
arc  blended  ;  a  species  of  composition  not  now  used, 
or  held  in  little  estimation.  Cyr. 
T;: 'VG-l-eo.M'lC,  fa.  Pertaining  to  tragi-ccunc- 
TRaJ-I-COM'IC-AL,  i     dy  ;  partaking  of  a  mixture 

of  grave  and  ciunic  scenes. 
TRAG-l-eoM'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  tragi  comical 
manner. 

TR.^ II,,  (tr."ile,)  v.  t.  [VV.  rhel,  a  (lagging,  a  trailing  ; 
rhrUjiD,  a  trail  ;  t<p.  tntdlar,  to  level  tile  croitnd  ;  trai- 
lla,  a  leash,  packthread,  an  iiisitriiiiieiit  fir  leveling 
the  ground  ;  VV.  fraiV,  a  drawing  over,  a  trail,  a  turn, 
as  if  from  traigyl,  a  turn  or  revolution  ;  treilliaw,  to 
turn,  to  roll,  to  traverse,  to  dredge  ;  (;aelic,  (rm/fnm, 
to  go,  to  walk,  (qii.  travel;)  Port,  frnf/iii,  a  fishing 
net,  as  if  from  drawing,  L.  traho  ;  1).  treillrn,  lo  draw, 
to  tow  ;  Norm,  trnillcr,  to  search  for.  The  Welsh 
seems  to  accord  with  troll:  the  others  appear  lo  be 
formed  on  drag,  L.  traho.  Clu.J 

1.  To  hunt  by  the  track.  [See  the  Norman, 
supra.] 

2.  '1  o  draw  along  the  ground.    Trad  your  pikes, 

Aiul  huntr  his  li'-ad,  and  trailed  liis  le^rs  along.  Dryden. 
They  sh.dl  not  frait  ine  through  die  sovets 
Like  a  wild  beasl.  Mi'ton. 
Tlial  long  behind  he  froi/«  his  pompous  robe.  Pojje. 

3.  To  lower  ;  as,  to  trail  arms. 

4.  In  .America,  to  tread  down  grans  by  walking 
through  ;  to  lay  flat ;  as,  to  trad  grass. 

TRAII,,  (trale,)  v.  i.    To  be  drawn  out  in  length. 

Wlien  ilia  lirultier  saw  the  red  bluod  trait.  Speraer. 
TRaIL,  n.    Track  followed  by  the  hunter  ;  scent  left 
on  the  ground  by  the  animal  pursued. 

How  clieerfully  on  llie  false  trail  Ihey  cry  !  ShaJc. 

2.  Any  thing  drawn  to  length ;  as,  the  frai;  of  a 
meteor  ;  a  trail  of  smoke.  Driidrn. 

When  lightning  shoots  in  glittering  trails  a!on_^.  Rotse. 

3.  Any  thing  drawn  behind  in  long  undulations; 
a  train. 

And  drew  liehind  a  radiant  trail  of  hair.  Poj>t. 

4.  The  entrails  of  a  fowl;  applied  sometimes  to 
those  of  sheep.  Smollett, 

Trail-boariU,  in  ship-building,  a  term  for  the  carved 
work  between  the  cheeks  of  the  head,  at  the  heel  of 
the  figure.  Cue. 

TRAIL'/'.D,  pp.  or  a.  Hunted  by  the  tracks  ;  laid  Mat ; 
drawn  along  on  the  ground  ;  brought  to  a  lower  |io- 
sition  ;  as,  trailed  arms. 

TRAIL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Hunting  by  the  track  ;  draw- 
ing on  the  ground  ;  treading  down  ;  laying  tlat  ; 
bringing  to  a  lower  position  ;  drawing  out  in 
length. 

Since  the  flames  pursued  the  trailing  smoke.  Dryien. 
Swift  men  of  foot,  whose  bro.ad-set  tMcks  ibeir  trailing  h-iir  did 
liide.  Ctiapman. 

TRAIN,  V.  t.  [Fr,  trainer;  It  trainare,  tranare,  to 
draw  or  drag  ;  Sp.  traina,  a  train  of  gunpowder.  Clu. 
drain  ;  or  is  it  a  contracted  word,  from  L.  traho,  to 
draw  ?] 

1.  lo  draw  along. 

In  hollow  cube  he  (rained 
His  devilish  en^ruiery.  Ardton, 

2.  To  draw  ;  to  entice;  to  allure. 

If  but  twelve  French 
Were  there  in  arms,  tht  v  wutild  W  ns  a  call 
To  train  ten  thuus.uid  hnglish  to  their  side.  Shak. 

3.  To  draw  by  artifice  or  stratagem. 

O,  train  me  nut,  sweet  inermaiil,  with  thy  note.  Shak. 

4.  To  draw  from  act  to  act  by  persuasion  or  prom- 
ise. 

We  dsl  fpoin  him  on.  STiak. 

5.  To  exercise  ;  to  discipline  ;  to  teach  and  form  by 
practice;  as,  to  train  the  militia  to  the  manual  exer- 
cise ;  to  train  soldiers  to  the  use  of  arms  and  to 
tactics.  Abram  armed  his  trained  servants.  Oen. 
xiv. 

The  warrior  home  here  bred  he's  lauglit  to  train,  Dryden. 
C.  To  break,  tame,  and  accustom  to  diTiw,  as 
oxen. 

7.  In  gardening,  to  lead  or  direct  and  form  to  a 
wall  or  espalier;  to  form  to  a  proper  shajie  by 
growth,  lopping,  or  pruning  ;  as,  to  (jain  young 
trees. 

8.  In  mining,  to  trace  a  lode  or  any  mineral  ap- 
pearance to  its  head. 

To  train  a  gun,  is  to  point  it  at  some  object  either 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


146 


TTTT 


1165 


TRA 

forward  or  else  abaft  the  beam,  i.  e.,  not  directly  on 
Uie  side.  Tottcn. 

To  train  or  train  up  ;  to  educate  ;  to  teach  ;  to  form 
by  instruction  or  practice  ;  to  bring  up. 

Train  up  a  child  in  Ihe  way  he  should  go,  and  when  he  is  old 

he  will  not  depart  from  it.  —  Prov.  xxii. 
The  first  Christians  were,  by  great  hardsliips,  trairifd  up  for 
glorj.  TiLlotson. 

TRaIN,  n.    Artifice  ;  stratagem  of  enticement. 

Now  to  my  clianns, 
And  to  my  wily  Irai/is.  MUtan, 

2.  Something  drawn  along  behind,  the  end  of  a 
gown,  &c.  ;  as,  the  train  of  a  gown  or  robe. 

3.  Tlie  after  part  of  a  gun  carriage.  Totlcn. 

4.  The  tail  of  a  bird. 

The  train  steers  their  flight,  aiid  turns  their  bodies,  like  the  rud- 
der uf  a  sliip.  Ray. 

5.  A  retinue ;  a  number  of  followers  or  attend- 
ants. 


My  train  ate  men  of  choice  and  rarest  parts. 
The  king's  daughter  with  a  lovely  train. 


fll:rtk. 
Adtlison. 


6.  A  series ;  a  consecution  or  succession  of  con- 
nected things. 

Rivers  now  stream  and  draw  their  humid  train.  Milton. 
Other  truths  p^quire  a  train  of  ideas  placetl  in  order.  Locke. 
The  train  of  ills  our  love  would  draw  behind  it.  Addisun. 

7.  Process  ;  regular  method  ;  course.  Things  are 
now  in  a  (rain  for  settlement. 

If  things  were  once  in  this  Imin  —  our  duty  would  take  root  in 
our  nature.  Sutijt. 

8.  A  company  in  order ;  a  procession. 

Fairest  of  sUtrs,  last  in  the  (rain  of  night.  Aftlton. 

9.  The  number  of  beats  which  a  watch  makes  in 
any  certain  time,  Ci/c. 

in.  A  line  of  gunpowder,  laid  to  lead  fire  to  a 
charge,  or  to  a  quantity  intended  for  execution. 

II.  A  continuous  line  of  cars  on  a  railroad. 

Train  of  artillery ;  any  number  of  cannon,  mor- 
tiirs,  &c.,  with  the  attendants  and  carriajes  which 
follow  them  into  the  field.       Campbell'.^  Mil.  Diet, 
TR.5I.\'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  trained.  [Little 

TR.^1N'-HAND,  71.  [train  and  band.]  A  band  or 
company  of  militia.  Train-bands,  in  tlie  plural  i  mili- 
tia ;  .«o  called  because  trained  to  military  exercises. 

TRa[N'-BE.\R-ER,  Ti.  [(rai)i  and  iifarcr.]  One  who 
liolils  up  a  tram, 

TRaIN'/:D,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn  ;  allured  ;  educated  ; 
formed  by  instruction. 

TRaIN'ER,  n.    One  who  trains  up  ;  an  in.structor. 

Msh. 

9.  One  who  trains  or  prepares  men,  horses,  &c., 
for  atlili^tic  exercises. 
TRaI.N'IIS'G,  ppr.     Drawing;   alluring;  educating; 

teaching  and  forming  by  practice. 
TRaIN'ING,  h.   The  act  or  process  of  drawing  or  ed- 
ucating ;  education. 

9.  The  act  of  preparing  men  for  athletic  exercises, 
or  horses  for  the  race. 

3.  The  disciplining  of  troops. 

4.  In  gardening,  flie  operation  or  art  of  forming 
young  trees  to  a  wall  or  espalier,  or  of  causing  them 
to  grow  in  a  shape  suitable  for  that  etui.  dir. 

TR.aIX'-OIL,  [train  and  oil]  The  oil  procured 
frciiii  the  blubber  or  fat  of  whales  by  boiling.  Cijc. 

TKa1\'-Ro.\D,  71.  [train  and  road.]  In  TTiinps,  a 
slight  railway  for  small  wagons.  Cue 

TRaI.V'-T.ACK-I.E,  h.  A  tiickle  hooked  to  the  train 
(if  a  gun,  to  hold  it  to  its  place.  Tottcn. 

TKaLN'Y,  a.    Belonging  to  train-oil.    [J^ot  in  vse.] 

Gaij. 

TRAIPSE,  (trapse,)!),  t.  To  walk  sluttishly  or  care- 
lesslv.    [A  low  tcord.]  Pirpe. 

TRaIT,  (trite,)  n.  [I'r.  trait,  from  traire,  to  draw; 
L.  Iractux.    See  Tr.(ct  and  Tke.it.] 

1.  A  stroke  ;  a  touch. 

By  this  single  trait,  Horner  makes  an  essential  dilTercnc/*  between 
the  lli.id  and  Odyssey,  JJrooine. 

2.  A  line  ;  a  feature  ;  as,  a  trait  of  character. 
TR.^I'TOR,  7).    [Fr.  Iraitre  ;  Ann.  treitre,  trcytor ;  Sp. 

traidur :  from  L.  traditur  ;  trado,  to  deliver.] 

1.  One  who  violates  his  allegiance  and  betrays  his 
country ;  one  guilty  of  treason  ;  one  who,  in  breach 
of  trust,  delivers  his  country  to  its  enemy,  or  any 
fort  or  place  intrusted  to  his  defense,  or  who  surren- 
ders an  army  or  body  of  troops  to  the  enemy,  unless 
when  vanquished  ;  or  oni^  who  takes  arms  and  lev- 
ies war  against  his  country  ;  or  one  who  aids  an  en- 
emy in  conquering  his  country.    [See  I'deason.] 

2,  One  who  betrays  his  trust. 
TRAI'TOR-LY,  a.    Treacherous.    [Mot  in  use.] 
TRAI'TOR-OUH,  a.    Guilty  of  treason  ;  treacherous  ; 

perfidiouii;  faithless;  as,  a  traituroiu  olhcer  or  sub- 
ject. 

2.  Consisting  In  treason  ;  partaking  of  treason  ; 
implying   breach   of  allegiance  ;  as,  a  traitorous 
«ch(  iii^ir  conspirncy. 
TRArTOR-0(J.S-l,V,  udi:    In  viol.ation  of  allegiance 
and  trust  ;  treacherously  ;  perfidiously. 

'I'h''y  liad  traitoroutlj/  eudeuvoreU  to  subvert  the  fniidnmenlAl 
IttWi.  Clarendon. 


TRA 

TR.\I'TOR-OUS-NESS,  ;i.  Treachery;  the  quality 
of^ being  treasonable.  Scott. 

TRaI'TRESS,  71.  A  female  who  betrays  her  country 
or  her  trtist.  '  Drydcn. 

TRA-JECT',  I).  £.  [L,  trajectus,  trajicio ;  trans  and 
jacin,  to  throw,] 

To  throw  or  cast  through ;  as,  to  traject  the  sun's 
light  through  three  or  more  cross  prisms.  J\rewlon. 

TR.^J'EGT,  71.  A  ferry ;  a  passage,  or  place  for  pass- 
ing water  with  boats.  SItalc. 

TRA-JECT'ING,  ppr.    Casting  through. 

TR.A-JEC'TION,  (tra-jek'shun,)«.  The  act  of  cast- 
ing or  darting  tlnough.  Boyle. 

2.  Transportation. 

3.  Emission.  Brown. 
TRA-JECT'O-RY,  7i.    The  curve  which  a  body  de- 
scribes in  space,  as  a  planet  or  comet  in  its  orbit,  or 
a  stone  thrown  upward  obliquely  in  the  air. 

Braiide, 

TRA-La'TION,  71.    [from  L.  translatio.] 

A  change  in  the  use  of  a  word,  or  the  use  of  a 
word  in  a  less  proper  but  more  significant  sense. 

Bp.  Hall. 

TRAL-A-TI"TI0US,  (tral-a-tish'us,)  a.  [L.  transta- 
tus,  transfero.] 

Metaphorical  ;  not  literal. 
TRAL-A-TI"TI0US-LY,  (tral-a-tish'us-le,)  adv.  Met- 
aphorically ;  not  in  a  literal  sense.  Holder. 
TRA-LIN'E-aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  trans  and  tinea,  line.] 
To  deviate  from  any  direction,    [A'ot  in  u.^e.] 

Drtiden. 

TRA-Lu'CENT,  a,    [L,  traluccns ;  trans  and  luceo.] 
Transparent  ;  clear,  Dacies. 

TRAM,  71.  A  name  given  to  coal  wagons  m  some 
parts  of  England,  especially  at  Newcastle. 

TRAM'-AVaY,  )  n.    A  road  laid  with  narrow  tracks 

TRAM'-RoAD,  j  of  stone,  wood,  or  iron,  for  trams, 
or  wagons.  The  iron  tram-rail  has  a  Hange  on  the 
side,  to  prevent  wagons  from  running  olT  the  track, 
thus  differing  from  the  eUge-iixil  of  our  common  rail- 
roads. Brandc. 

TR.\.M'MEL,  71.  [Fr.  tramail,  a  drag-net ;  tra  and 
mail.  In  Sp,  traba  is  a  fetter,  Fr.  cntraccs.  This 
seems  to  be  a  different  word.] 

1.  A  kind  of  long  net  for  catching  birds  or 
fishes. 

The  trammel  differs  not  much  from  the  shape  of  the  bunt. 

Careiff. 

9.  A  kind  of  shackles  used  for  regulating  the  mo- 
tions of  a  horse  and  making  him  amble. 

3.  An  iron  hook,  of  variotis  forms  and  sizes,  used 
for  hanging  kettles  and  other  vessels  over  the  fire. 

4.  In  mechanics,  a  joiner's  instrument  for  drawing 
ovals  upon  boards.  One  part  consists  of  a  cross 
with  two  grooves  at  right  angles  to  each  other;  the 
other  is  a  beam  carrying  two  pins  which  slide  in 
those  grooves,  and  also  the  describing  pencil. 

Brande. 

TR.\M'MEL,  V.  t.  [Sp.  trabar,  to  join,  to  seize,  to 
shackle.  Qu.] 

1.  To  catch  ;  to  intercept.  Sliak. 

2.  To  confine  ;  to  hamper  ;  to  shackle. 
TRAM'.MEL-£D,  pp.    Caught;  confined;  shackled. 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  horse  is  said  to  be  trammeled, 
when  he  has  blazes  or  white  marks  on  the  fore  and 
hind  fc»ot  of  one  side.  Cyc. 
TRA.M^^tEL-I^'G,  yiir.    Catching;  confining  ;  shack- 
ling. 

TRA-MON'TANE,  71.  One  living  beyond  the  moun- 
tain ;  a  stranger. 

TRA-.M(),\'T.\.\E,  o.  [It.  tramontana  ;  Ira,  L,  trans, 
beyond,  and  mnns,  mountain.] 

'Litrrnllij,  lying  or  being  beyond  the  mountain  ; 
foreign ;  barbarous.  The  Italians  sometimes  use 
this  epithet  for  ii;«rrtnio«(aiif,  and  apply  it  to  the  coun- 
tries north  of  the  Alps,  as  France  aiii  Germany,  and 
particularly  to  their  ecclesiastics,  jurists,  painters, 
&c,  ;  and  a  north  wind  is  called  a  tramontane  wind. 
The  French  lawyers  call  certain  Italian  canonists 
tramontane  ^^r  ultramontane  dticttu's  ;  considering  them 
as  favoring  too  much  the  court  of  Rome,  [See  Ui.- 
TRAMoNTANi:.]  Brandc.  Cyc. 

TR.A.MP,  !i.  (.    [Sw.  t'ampa.] 
To  tread. 

TRAM  I',  r.  i.    To  travel  ,  to  wander  or  stroll. 

TUAMP'Ell,  71.    A  stroller,  a  vagrant  or  vagabond. 

TRAM'PLE,  (train'pl,)  v.  t.  [G.  trampeln,  trampen  ; 
Dan.  tramper;  Sw.  trampa.  If  m  is  casual,  as  I  su[>- 
pose,  these  words  are  the  D.  trappcn,  to  tread  ;  trap, 
a  step.] 

1.  To  tread  under  foot;  especially,  to  tread  upon 
with  pride,  contempt,  triumph,  or  scorn. 

Neither  cast  ye  your  pearls  b4*fore  swine,  lest  they  trample  them 
under  dair  feet.  —  Matt.  vii. 

2.  To  tread  down ;  to  prostrate  by  treading  ;  as,  to 
trample  grass. 

3.  To  treat  with  pride,  contempt,  and  insult. 
TRAi\I'PLE,  1-.  i.    To  tread  in  contempt. 

Diogenes  trampled  on  PliUo's  pride  with  creater  of  his  own. 

Ooo.  o/rte  Tongue. 
2,  To  tread  with  force  and  rapidity.  Dryde.n, 
TRAM'PI.E,  71.    'J'he  act  of  treading  under  ftuit  with 
contempt.  Milton. 


TRA 

TRA.M'PLKD,  pp.    Trod  on  ;  trodden  under  foot 
TR.V.M'PLER,  71.    One  that  tramples;  one  that  treads 
down. 

TR,\iM'PLING,  ppr.  Treading  under  foot ,  prostrat- 
ing by  treading;  treading  with  contempt  and  insult. 

TRAM-POOSE',  t'.  (.  [See  Trami'Le.]  To  walk  with 
labor,  or  heavily. 

TRAM-POOS'ING,  ppr    TraveUng  heavily. 

TRA-Na'TION,  71.    [L.  trano.] 

The  act  of  passing  over  by  swimming.  [JVot  in 
use.] 

TRANCE,  71.  [Fr.  transe  ;  supposed  to  be  from  the  L. 
transitus,  a  passing  over  ;  iranseo,  to  pass  over  ;  fran.s 
and  eo.  The  L.  trans  seems  to  be  the  W.  tra,  It. 
tra  and  tras,  Sp.  tras,  and  Fr.  trcs,  very  ;  so  that  it 
may  be  inferred  that  ii  is  not  radical.] 

1.  An  ecstasy  ;  a  state  in  which  the  soul  seems  to 
have  passed  out  of  the  body  into  celestial  regions,  or 
to  be  rapt  into  visions. 

My  soul  was  ravished  quite  as  in  a  trance.  Spenser. 
While  tliey  made  rcadj',  he  fell  into  a  (ranee,  and  siiw  heaven 
opened.  —  Acts  x. 

2,  In  7ncdicine,  catalepsy,  i.  e  ,  total  suspension  of 
mental  power  and  voluntary  motion  ;  pulsation  and 
breathing  continuing  ;  muscles  flexible  ;  body  yield- 
ing to  and  retiiiuing  any  given  position  not'incom- 
patible  with  the  laws  of  gravitation.  Trance,  or 
catalepsy,  differs  from  ecstasy  in  the  circumstance 
that  in  the  latter  the  muscles  are  rigid,  and  the  body 
erect  anil  inrte.xible.  Good. 

TRANC'jED,  (triinst,)  a.    Lying  in  a  trance. 

And  there  I  left  him  tranced.  Shale. 

TRAN'GRAM,  ti.    An  odd  thing  intricately  contrived. 

^rbutftnot. 

[ft  is  said  to  be  a  cant  word,  and  is  not  used.] 
TRAN'NEL,  used  by  Moxon,  is  a  mistake  for  Tree- 
nail, pronounced  by  ship-builtlers  trnn'nd. 
TRAN'CiUIL,  (trank'wil,)  a.    [Fr.  tranquille ;  L.  tran- 
quillus.] 

Quiet ;  calm  ;  undisturbed  ;  peaceful ;  not  agitated 
The  atmosphere  is  tranquil.  The  state  is  tranquil.  A 
tranquil  retirement  is  desirable ;  but  a  tranquil  mind 
is  essential  to  happiness. 

TRAN-QUIL-I-Za'TION,  71.  The  act  of  tranquiliz- 
ing,  or  state  of  being  tranquilized.  JiTewman. 

TR.-VN'aUIL-iZE,  (trank'wil-Ize,)  v.  t.  To  quiet ;  to 
allay  when  agitated  ;  to  compose  ;  to  make  calm  and 
peaceful  ;  as,  to  tranquilne  a  slate  disturbed  by  fac- 
tions or  civil  commotions  ;  to  tranqntlize  tile  mind. 

TRAN'aUIL-lZ-£D,  (trank'wil-izd,)  pp.  Quieted; 
calmed  ;  coniposed, 

TRAN'aUIL-lZ-EU,  n.  A  kind  of  chair,  in  which  a 
raving  maniac  may  be  so  fixed  as  to  be  motionless. 
It  is  used  for  the  production  of  tranquillity,  in  a  par- 
oxysm of  raving, 

TRAN'aUIL-IZ-ING, ppr,  or  a.  Quieting;  compos- 
ing. 

TRAN'QUIL-IZ-ING-LY,  ado.    So  as  to  tranquilize. 

TRAN-QUIL'LI-TY,  n.    [L.  tranquillitas.] 

Quietness  ;  a  calm  state  ;  freedom  from  disturb- 
ance or  agitation.  We  speak  of  the  tranquillity  of 
public  affairs,  of  tlie  state,  of  the  world,  the  tranquil- 
lity of  a  retired  life,  the  tranquillity  of  mind  proceed- 
ing from  conscious  rectitude. 

TRAN'QUir^LY,  ade.    Quietly;  peacefully, 

TRAN'QUIL-NESS,  71,    Quietness  ;  peaccfiilne.ss, 

TR-^JyS,  a  Latin  preposition,  used  in  English  as  a 
prefix,  signifies  over,  beyond,  as  in  transalpine,  be- 
yond the  Alps,  Hence,  in  a  moral  sense,  it  denotes  a 
complete  change  ;  as,  to  transform;  also,/r£i)n  one  to 
another;  as,  to  traii,s/cr, 

TRAXS-ACT',  V.  t  [L,  transactus,  transigo ;  trans 
and  ago,  to  act  or  drive  through,] 

To  do ;  to  perform  ;  to  manage  ;  as,  to  transact 
commercial  business.  We  transact  business  in  per- 
son or  by  an  agent. 

TR.\NS-AeT',  V.  i.  To  conduct  matters ;  to  treat ;  to 
manage.  South. 

TRANS-ACT'ED, pp.   Done;  performed;  managed. 

TRANS-ACT'ING,  ppr.    Managing;  performing. 

TK.\NS-Ae'TION,  71.  The  doing  or  performing  of 
any  business  ;  management  of  any  all'air. 

2.  That  which  is  done  ;  an  all'air.  We  are  not  to 
expect  in  history  a  minute  dt^tail  of  every  transaction. 

3.  In  the  civil  law,  an  adjustment  of  a  dispute 
between  parties  by  mutual  agreement. 

TRANS-ACT'OR,  n.  One  who  performs  or  conducU 
any  business,  Otrham. 

TRANS-AL'PINE,  (-al'pin,)  a.  fL,  trans,  beyond, 
and  Jilpine,  of  the  Alps,] 

Lying  or  being  beyontl  the  Alps  in  regard  to  Rome, 
that"  is,  on  the  north  or  west  of  the  Alps  ;  as.  Trans- 
alpine Gaul  ;  opposed  to  Cisali-ine. 

TRA.\S-A.\'1-MA'1'K,  v.  t.  [Irnns  and  animate.]  To 
animate  by  the  ctmveyance  of  u  soul  to  another  body. 

King. 

TR.\NS-AN'I-MA-TED,  pp.    Animated  by  the  con- 
veyance of  the  soul  from  one  body  to  another. 
TRA.\S-AN-I-MA'TION,  71.    [L.  (rnii.i  and  niiimn.] 
Conveyance  of  the  .soul  from  one  body  to  another; 
trnnsinigrntion.  Broicn. 
[  The  latter  is  the  word  generally  used.]  ^ 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.— METE.  PREY  PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


1166 


JL 


TRA 


TRANS-AT-LAN'Tie,  a.     [L.  trans,  beyond,  and 

Lying  or  being  beyond  tlie  Alhintic.  When 
used  by  a  person  in  EiiropL*  or  Africa,  transatlantic 
signifies  being  in  America ;  wlion  by  a  person  in 
Anivricn,  it  denotes  being  or  lying  in  Europe  or  Afri- 
ca. W'e  apply  it  cliietly  to  sonictbing  in  Kiirope. 
TKANS-CENI)',  (trans-send',)  v.  t.  [L.  trunsccndo  ; 
trans  and  scanilo,  to  climb.] 

1.  To  rise  above  ;  to  snrinonnt ;  as,  lii^Iits  in  the 
heavens  transcending  tlie  region  of  the  clouds. 

2.  Ty  pass  over  ;  to  go  beyond. 

It  U  a  dangerous  opiiiiou  to  such  bopci  ni  sh.'\U  tranecfnd  Ihclr 
liniiis.  Bacon. 

3.  To  surpass ;  to  outgo  ;  to  excel ;  to  exceed. 
How  much  llcr  worth  transcended  till  her  kind,  Dnjden. 

TRANS-CEND',  v.  i.   To  climb.    [JVuJ  in  use] 

Brown. 

TR.\NS-CEND'ED,  pp.  Overpassed;  surpassed  ;  ex- 
ceeded. 

TUANS-CEND'ENCE,  j  n.  Superior  excellence  ; 
TRANS-CENI)'EN-CY,  j  supereminence. 

2.  Elevation  above  truth  ;  exaggeration.  Bacon. 
TR.\.\S-CEND'ENT,  a.    [L.  transccndcns.] 

1.  Very  excellent ;  superior  or  supreme  in  excel- 
lence ;  surpassing  others;  as,  transcendent  watlh  \ 
transcendent  valor. 

Clothed  with  trtintcendcnt  brlglitncs?.  I^rtUon, 

2.  In  the  Kantian  philosopliti,  transcending  or  going 
beyond  the  hounds  of  human  knowledge  ;  applied  to 
basrless  or  iltnsorn  knowletl^e.  Murdoch. 

TRANS-CEND-ENT'AL,  a.  Supereminent ;  surjjass- 
ing  others;  as,  transcendental  being  or  qualities. 

Grew. 

2.  In  the  Kantian  philosophy,  pertaining  to  ih.at 
which  can  he  determined  a  prion  in  regard  to  the 
fundau)ental  principles  of  all  human  knowledge. 
What  is  (ra;wccn(ic«(/i/,  therefore,  transcends  empiri- 
cism ;  hut  it  does  not  transcend  all  human  knowl- 
edge, or  become  transcendent.  Murdock. 

Transcendental  qnantitij ;  in  algebra,  a  quantity 
which  can  not  be  represented  by  an  algebraic  expres- 
sion of  a  finite  numher  of  terms. 

Transcendental  c</untion;  an  equation  into  which  a 
transcendental  quantity  enters. 

Transcendental  curve;  a  curve  defined  by  a  trans- 
cendental equation.  Brandc. 
TRANS-CEND-ENT'AL-ISM,  n.  In  the  Kantian 
philosophy,  the  transcending  or  going  beyond  empiri- 
cism, and  ascertaining  a  priori  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  human  knowledge.  Hut,  as  Schelling  and 
Hegel  claimed  to  have  discovered  the  absolute  iden- 
tity of  the  objective  and  subjective  in  human  knowl- 
edge, or  of  things  and  human  conceptions  of  them, 
the  Kantian  distinecion  between  transcendent  and 
transcendental  ideas  can  have  no  place  in  their  philoso- 
phy. And  hence,  with  them,  transcendentalism 
claims  to  have  a  true  knowledge  of  all  things,  mate- 
rial and  innnaterial,  human  and  divine,  so  far  as  the 
mind  is  capable  of  knowing  them.  Aiul  in  this  sense 
tlie  word  transcendentalism  is  now  most  use<l. 

Miirdock. 

The  word  is  also  sometimes  used  for  that  which  Is 
vague  and  illusive  in  philosophy. 
TRANS-UE.\l)-ENT'AL-IST,  n.    One  who  believes 

in  transcendentalism. 
TRAN.<-(;E.ND-ENT'AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  transcend- 
ental manner. 
TRANS-CEiMVENT-LY,  adv.      Very   e.TccIlently ; 
supereminently;  by  way  of  eminence. 

The  law  of  Chnslianity  b  emiiiPiiUy  and  trangcendently  called 
the  woixl  of  truth.  jb'outA. 

TRANf'-CEND'ENT-NESS,  n.  Superior  or  unusual 
excellence. 

TRA.N'S-CE.VD'ING,  ppr.    Rising  above;  surmount- 

ini;  ;  surpassine. 
TRANS'eO-LATE,  c.  L     [L.  tran3  and  eolo,  to 

strain.] 

To  stniin  ;  to  cause  to  pass  through  a  sieve  or  col- 
ander. Harvey. 
TRA.\S'eO-LA-TING,  ppr.     Straining  through  a 
sieve. 

TRAN-SeuinE',  V.  t.    [L.  transeribo ;  trans,  over,  and 

scribo,  to  write.] 
To  copy  ;  to  write  over  again  or  in  the  same  words ; 

to  write  a  copy  of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  transcribe  Livy 

or  Tacitus  :  to  tran.tcribc  a  letter. 
TRAN-Sei!Tn'f;D,  pp.  Copied. 

TRAN-seRIIJ'ER,  7i.  A  copier;  one  who  writes 
from  a  copv.  Mdison. 

TRAN'-SeRf B'ING,  ppr.  Writing  from  a  copy  ;  writ- 
ing a  copy. 

TRAN'SCRIPT,  n.    [L.  transeri,;tum.] 

1.  A  copy  ;  a  writing  made  fnun  and  according  to 
an  original ;  a  writing  or  composition  consisting  of 
the  same  words  with  the  original. 

Tlie  decalogue  of  Mosef  wjis  but  a  (ron#crip(,  not  oil  ori?innl. 

South. 

2.  A  copy  of  any  kind. 

The  Romoo  learuiog  waj  a  tranteripi  of  the  Grecian. 

GlanvilU. 


TRA 


TRAN-SeniP'TION,  (irau-skrip'shun,)  ».  [Fr.l  The 
act  of  copying.  Corruptions  creep  into  books  l>y  re- 
peated transcriptions. 

TKAN-SeRll'T'lVE-LY,  adv.    In  manner  of  a  copy. 

Broicn. 

TRANS-GUR',  «.  i.  [Ij.  transcurro;  trans  a.\\ii  carro, 
to  run  J 

'I'o  run  or  rove  to  and  fro.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 
TRA.N'S-CUR'REiVCE,   «.     A    roving    hither  and 
thither. 

TRANS-eUR'.SION,  (trans-kur'shnn,)  n.  [.Supra.] 
A  rambling  or  ramble  ;  a  passage  beyond  certain 
limits  ;  extraordinary  deviation  ;  as,  the  transcnrsion 
of  a  comet.  More. 

I  am  to  make  of^cn  tntnecuntions  into  the  niMgiiborinjj  fon-Hts  a« 
1  piifia  tilung.  ^  Howell. 

[Excursion  ha^  in  a  great  measure  superseded 
this  word.) 

TRANS-OUe'TION,  7i.    [I.,  fraii^  and  duco.] 

The  act  of  conveying  over.  Kntick. 
TR.XNSE,  H.    Ecstasy.    [See  Trance.] 
TUANS-EL-E-MENt-A'TION,  n.     [trans  and  ele- 
ment.] 

The  change  of  the  elements  of  one  body  into  those 
of  auotluT,  as  of  the  bread  :ind  wine  into  the  actual 
body  and  blood  of  Christ ;  transnbslantiation. 

Bnrnet. 

TRAN'SEPT,  ;i.  [L.  Irons  and  .septum.]  The  trans- 
verse portion  of  a  cruciform  church,  being  one  of  the 
arms  projecting  each  way  on  the  side  of  the  stem  of 
the  cross.  Qwilt. 

TRA.\-.<E.\'IO.\,  (-sck'shiin,)  n.    Change  of  sex. 

TRAi\'S-l'"ER',  v.  (.  [h.  Iransfero ;  trans  and /cro,  to 
carry.] 

1.  '1  o  convey  from  one  place  or  person  to  another  ; 
to  transport  t)r  remove  to  another  place  or  jierson  ; 
as,  to  transfer  the  laws  of  one  country  tf)  another. 
'J'he  seat  of  government  was  transferred  from  New 
York  to  Albany.  We  say,  a  war  is  trnnsfirrcd  from 
France  to  Germany.  Pain,  or  the  s(;at  of  disease  in 
the  body,  is  often  transferred  from  one  part  to  an- 
other. 

2.  To  make  over  ;  to  pass  ;  to  convey,  as  a  right, 
from  one  person  to  another  ;  to  sell ;  to  give.  The 
title  to  land  is  transferred  by  deed,  'i'lie  property  of  a 
hill  of  exchange  may  be  transferred  by  indorsement. 
K^tocks  are  transferred  by  assignnieiit,  or  entering  the 
same  under  the  name  of  the  purchaser  in  the  proper 
books. 

TR.iiNS'FER,  n.  The  removal  or  conveyance  of  a 
thing  friun  one  place  or  person  to  another. 

2.  The  conveyance  of  right,  title,  or  property,  ei- 
ther re.il  or  personal,  from  one  person  to  another,  ei- 
ther by  sale,  by  gift,  or  otherwise. 
TRAN.S-FER'A-ULE,  a.    That  may  be  transferred  or 
conveyed  from  <uic  place  or  person  to  another. 

2.  Negotiable,  as  a  note,  bill  of  exchange,  or  other 
evidence  of  properly,  that  may  bo  conveyed  from  ime 
person  to  another  by  indorsement  or  other  writing. 
The  stocks  of  the  public,  and  of  com|)anies,  are 
transfrrnlile. 

TRANS-FliR'R/;D,  pp.  Conveyed  from  one  to  an- 
other. 

TRA.\S-FER-REE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  a  trans- 
fer is  made.  Hamilton. 

TRANS-FER'RE.\CE,  n.    Act  of  transferring. 

TUANS-FER'RER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  transfer  or 
conveyance. 

TRANSi-FER'RING,  ppr.  Removing  from  one  place 
or  person  to  another;  conveying  to  another,  as  a 
right. 

TRANS-FIG-IT-RA'TtON,  n.  [Ft.  See  TnANsFin- 
UBE.]  A  change  of  form  ;  particularly,  the  sui)ernal- 
ural  change  in  the  personal  appearance  of  our  Savior 
on  the  mount.    See  Matt.  xvii. 

2.  A  feast  held  by  the  Roman  Catholic  church  on 
the  Gth  of  Aueust,  in  commemoration  of  the  miracu- 
lous change  above  mentioned.  Cyc. 

TRANS-FIG'IJRE,  (-fig'yur,)  v.  U  [L.  trans  and  fi- 
ffurn;  Fr.  transfgurer.] 

To  transform  ;  to  change  the  outward  form  or  ap- 
pearance. 

Ami  was  transfigured  before  dicm.  —  M.att  xvii. 

TRANS-FIG'TJR-KD,  pp.    Changed  in  form. 
TRANS-FIG'tJR-ING, ppr.    Transforming;  changing 

the  external  form. 
TR.\NS-FlX',r.  t.    [L.  tranj^fixus,  traiwifigo;  tran.«and 

Jig"-] 

1  o  pierce  through,  as  with  a  pointed  weapon  ;  as, 
to  transfir  one  witli  a  dart  or  spear.  Dryden. 

TRA.\S-FlX'f;D,  (  fiksl',)  pp.  Pierced  throimh. 

TRA\S-FI.\'I\G,  ppr.  Piercing  through  with  a  point- 
ed weapttu. 

TRANS'FO-RaTE,  r.  fc    [L.  transforo.] 
To  bore  throuch. 

TRANS'TO-Ra-TED,  pp.    Pierced;  perforated. 

TKA.NS'FO-RA-TING,  ppr.    Boring  through. 

TRANS-FOR.M',  r.  t.  [Ft.  transformer  ;  L.  trans  and 
forma  A 

1.  To  change  the  form  of ;  to  change  the  shape  or 
appearance ;  to  metamorphose ;  as,  a  caterpillar 
transformed  into  a  buttertiy. 

2.  To  change  one  substance  into  another ;  to 


TRA 


TRANS-FORM',  v.  i.  To  bo  changed  in  form  ;  to  be 
nietamorphosetl. 

Ihi  hair  transforms  to  down.  Addison. 

TRANS-FOR.M-A'TIO.N,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of 
changing  the  form  or  external  appearance. 

2.  i'^letamorphosis  ;  change  of  form  in  insects;  as 
froui  a  caliTpillar  to  a  butterfly. 

3.  Traiisuiiitation  ;  the  change  of  one  metal  into 
another,  as  of  copper  or  tin  into  gold. 

4.  The  change  of  the  soul  into  a  divine  substance, 
as  among  the  mystics. 

5.  Transuhstaiitialion. 

(>.  In  theology,  a  change  tif  heart  in  man,  by  which 
his  disposititMi  and  temper  are  conformed  to  tin;  tli- 
vine  image  ;  a  change  from  enmity  to  holiness  and 
love. 

7.  In  algebra,  the  change  of  nn  equaticm  into  one 
of  a  dilTerent  form,  without  destroying  the  Pipialily  of 
its  ineiiiliers;  a  change  into  another  form  without  al- 
tering the  v.ilue.  Jl.  D.  Stanlrii. 

TRANS-FOK.M'A-TIVE,  a.  Having  power  or  a  le'nd- 
enrv  to  traiisronii.  Ducirs. 

TKA.NS-FOR.M'i;D,  pp.  Changed  in  form  or  exter- 
nal appearance;  nietainoipiiosed  ;  transmuted;  re- 
newed. 

TRANS-FORM'ING,  ppr.  Changing  the  form  or  ex- 
ternal appearance;  meUiinorphosing ;  transmuting; 
renewiii!;. 

2.  a.  Elfecting,  or  able  to  effect,  a  change  of  form 
or  state  ;  as,  the  transforming  power  of  true  rcligiim. 

TRANS-FREIGHT',  (traiis-frate',)  v.  i.  To  pass  over 
the  sea.    [JVot  in  vse.]  Waterland. 

TRAN.S-FRE-Ta'T10.\,  n.  [L.  trans  and  fretum,  a 
strait.] 

The  passing  over  a  strait  or  narrow  sea.  [Little 
used.]  Davies. 
TRANS-FUND',  r.  «.    [L.  tramfundo.] 

To  pour  from  one  vessel  into  another.   [Aut  used,] 
TRANS-FIJND'EI),  pp.  Transfused. 
TRANS-FUNIl'ING,  ppr.    Transfusing.  Barrow. 
TRANS-FCSE',  (trans-fuze',)  v.  U    [L.  traiisfusus, 
transfundo  :  trans ',nn\  fnndo.] 

1.  To  pour,  as  liquor,  out  of  one  vessel  into  an- 
other. 

2.  To  transfer,  as  blood,  from  one  animal  to  an- 
other. 

3.  To  cause  to  pass  from  one  to  another  ;  to  cause 
to  be  instilled  or  imbibed  ;  as,  to  tran.ifase  a  spirit  of 
pnirioiisin  from  one  to  aiiotlier;  to  lrnii^u«  a  love 
of  letters. 

TRANS-FC'S'i^D,  pp.  Poured  from  cue  vessel  into 
another.  | 

TRANS-FO'SI-BLE,  (-(u'zc-bl,)  a.     That  may  be  , 
transfused,  &c.  Boyle,  \ 

TRANS-FCS'l.NG,  ppr.  Pouring  out  of  one  vessel  into 
another;  transferring. 

TRANS-Fu'SlON,  (trans-fu'zhun,)  n.  The  act  of 
pouring,  as  liquor,  out  of  one  vessel  into  nnollier. 
In  chemistry  and  pharmacy,  (ran.N/i<,>i«nj'  of  liquors 
are  frequent.  Cyc. 

2.  The  act  or  operation  of  transferring  the  bimid  of 
one  animal  into  the  vascular  system  of  another  by 
means  of  a  tube.  Cyc.  ' 

TR.\.\S-(;RKSS',  ».  (.   [Fr.  franso're.'Sfr  ;  L.  f rims o-rM- 

trnnsgredior  i  trans  and  gradior,  to  pass.]  ( 

1.  To  pass  over  or  beyond  any  limit ;  to  surpass. 

Dryden. 

2.  In  a  moral  sen.'se,  to  overpass  any  rule  prescribed 
as  the  limit  of  duty  ;  to  break  or  violate  a  law,  civil  or 
moral.  To  transgress  a  divine  law,  is  sin.  Legis- 
lators should  not  trans^css  laws  of  their  own 
making. 

TRANS-GRESS',  r.  i.    To  ofTcnd  by  violating  a  law  ; 

to  sin.    1  Chron.  ii. 
TRANS-CRESS'£D,  (trans-grest',)  pp.  Overpassed; 

violated. 

TRANS-GRESS'ING,  ppr.    Passing  beyond  ;  surpass- 

ini ;  vinlatins  :  sinning. 
TRA.NS-tJKES'SION,  (-gresh'un,^  n.    [Fr.]    The  act 

of  passing  oyer  or  beyond  any  law  or  rule  of  moral 

duty  ;  the  violation  of  a  law  or  known  principle  of 

rectitude  ;  breach  of  command. 

He  mournrd  because  of  th"  tmnsgreieion  of  the^  that  iwd  been 

c.rri.^l  away.  —  Eiri  X. 
Forgive  Uiy  people  all  Ui'-ir  transgressions,  —  I  King*  Tul. 

2.  Fault ;  otTcDse  ;  crime.  Skak. 


transmute.  The  alchemists  sought  to  trannform 
lead  into  gold. 

Ill  theology,  to  change  the  natural  disposilion 
and  leuipi  r  of  man  finiii  a  stale  ol  eiiiiniy  in  (;ihI 
ami  Ins  law  into  tlie  image  of  Gml,  or  into  a  dispo- 
sition and  temper  conformed  to  tiie  will  of  God. 

Be  ye  tmns/ormut  by  the  rem-wiiig  of  your  iniuj.  —  Horn.  xlj. 

4.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  to  change  the  ele- 
ments, bread  and  wine,  into  the  llesh  and  blood  of 
Christ. 

."i.  Among  the  mystics,  to  change  the  contemplative 
soul  into  a  divine  substance,  by  which  it  is  lost  or 
swallowed  up  in  the  divine  nature. 

G.  In  algebra,  to  change  an  equation  into  another 
of  a  ditl'erent  form,  tvillioiit  destroying  the  equality 
of  its  iiienihers  ;  to  change  into  another  form  with- 
out altering  the  value. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — A.\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 

_____      -  j-jg7 


TRA 

TRAAS-GRES'flON-AI-,  (-gresh'uii-al,)  a.  Tbat  vi- 
olntcs  a  law  or  rule  of  duty. 

TRANS-GIIESS'IVE,  a.  Faulty;  culpable;  apt  to 
transgress.  Brown. 

TRA.\S-GRESP'IVE-LY,  adv.    Bv  transgressing. 

TRANS-GRESS'OR,  n.  One  who  breaks  a  law  or  vi- 
olates a  command  ;  one  who  violates  any  known  rule 
or  principle  of  rectitude  ;  a  sinner. 

The  way  of  transgressors  is  hard.  —  Prov.  xiii. 

TRAN-SHIP',  r. «.  [trans  and  ship.]  To  convey  from 
one  siiip  to  another  ;  a  commercial  iportl. 

TRA.N'-SlllP'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  transferring,  as 
go(]ils,  from  one  ship  to  another. 

TRA.\-SII1P'P£D,  {-ihipt',)  pp.  Carried  from  one  ship 
to  anoIli^T. 

TRA^'-^^H1P'PING,  ppr.  Carrying  from  one  ship  to 
another. 

TR  A.\  't^l  ENT,  (tran'shent,)  a.  [L.  transiens,  transeo ; 
tran.-i  and  eo.] 

1.  Passing  ;  not  stationary  ;  henre,  of  short  dura- 
tion ;  not  permanent ;  not  liisting  or  durable.  How 
transient  are  tile  pleasures  of  this  life  I 

Measured  this  Iransient  worlti.  J\ri!ton. 

2.  Hasty  ;  momentary  ;  imperfect ;  as,  a  transient 
view  of  a  landscape. 

TravMcnt  person  :  a  person  that  is  passing  or  trav- 
eling through  a  place ;  one  without  a  settled  habita- 
tion. .America. 

Transient  ejfect,  in  painting,  is  a  representation  of 
appearances  in  nature  produced  by  causes  which  are 
not  stationary,  as  the  shadows  cast  by  a  passing 
cloud.  The  term  Accidenh  has  often  the  same 
sigiiilication.  Jocehm. 
TRAN';?1ENT-LY,  (-shent-,)  ailv.  [.Supra.]  In' pas- 
sage ;  for  a  short  time ;  not  with  continuance. 

1  touch  here  I)iit  transiently  —  on  some  few  of  those  many  rules 

of  imitating  nature,  which  Arislolte  drew  from  Homer. 

nryden. 

TRAN'SIENT-NESS,  (-shent-,)  n.    [Supra.]  Shoit- 

Tiess  of  continuance  ;  speedy  passage. 
TRAN-SIl/I-ENCE,  )n.     [h.  trausuiens,  transiUo  ; 
TRAN-SIL'l-EN-CY,  (     trans  and  i^alio.] 

A  leap  from  thing  to  thing.    [^Vo(  muck  used.] 

OlanviUe. 

TRANS'IT,  n.   [L.  transitas,  from  tranxeo.'j 

1.  A  passing  ;  a  passing  over  or  through  :  convey- 
ance ;  as,  the  transit  of  goods  throuL'h  a  country. 

D.  i'he  passing  of  an  inferior  planet  across  the 
sun's  di»k.  I  witnessed  the  transit  of  Venus  over 
the  sun's  disk,  June  3,  ITtiO.  When  a  smaller  body 
passes  behind  a  larger,  it  is  said  to  suffer  an  occulta- 
tion. 

3.  The  culmination  or  passage  of  a  heavenly  body 
over  the  meridian  of  a  place. 

TRANS'IT,  e.  t.  To  pass  over  the  disk  of  a  heavenly 
hml  V.  Cijc. 

TRANS'IT-DO'TY,  v.  A  duty  paid  on  goods  that 
pass  through  a  country. 

TRAXS'IT-ED,  pp.  Passed  over  the  disk  of  a  heav- 
enly hotly. 

TRAN-SI"TION,  (tran-sizh'un,)  n.    [L.  transitio.] 

1.  Passage  from  one  place  or  state  to  another ; 
change;  as,  the  transition  of  the  weather  from  hot 
to  cold.  Sudden  transitions  are  sometimes  attended 
witli  evil  effects. 

The  spotR  are  of  the  same  eolor  Ihronfjhoul,  there  bein^  an  im- 
mediate Iraiisilion  from  white  to  Muck.  ^Vooduiard. 

2  In  rhetoric,  a  passing  from  one  subject  to  an- 
other. This  should  be  done  by  means  of  some  con- 
nection in  the  parts  of  the  discourse,  so  as  to  appear 
natural  and  easy. 

He  wiUi  transition  sweet  new  speech  resumei.  Milton, 
3.  In  mnsic,  a  change  of  key  from  major  to  minor, 
or  the  contrary  ;  or,  in  short,  a  change  from  any  one 
genus  or  key  to  another  ;  also,  the  softening  of  a  dis- 
junct interval  by  the  introduction  of  iiilerinediate 
titiiinds.  Cijc.  Biishij. 

Transition  rocks ,'  in  geoloiry,  a  name  formtTly  ap- 
plied to  the  lowest  uncrystalline  stratified  rocks, siip- 
posetl  to  contain  no  fossils,  and  so  called  because 
thought  to  have  been  formed  when  the  world  was 
paiisiug  from  an  uninhabitable  to  a  habitable  state. 

Dana. 

TRAN-SI"TION-AL,  (-sizh'un-,)  a.    Containing  or 

denoting  transition. 
TttAN.S'I-Tl  VE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  passing. 

Bacon. 

2.  In  frrnmmar,  a  transitive  verb  is  one  which  is  or 
may  be  followeil  by  an  ohjrrt ;  a  verb  expressing  an 
nction  which  passes  from  the  agent  to  an  <dijcct,froni 
the  subject  which  i/ors  to  the  object  on  which  it  is 
done.  Thu«,  "  Cicero  ^rrnle  letters  to  Atticiis."  In 
this  sentence,  the  act  of  writing,  perfurmed  by  Cice- 
ro, the  agent,  terininntcs  on  letters,  the  object.  All 
verbs  not  passive  mtiy  bo  arranged  in  two  classes, 
tranjiirive  and  intransittve.  In  Kiiglish,  this  division 
is  correct  and  complete, 

TRA.N'.S'l-Tl  VE-I.V,  adv.    In  a  transitive  manner. 
TRANS'I»riVlv.NE.SH,  n.  .state  of  being  Iraiisilivc. 
TRA\S'l-TO-RI-I,y,  odr.   [.Sec  Tii* xsiTouv.]  With 

HbnrI  Cfintiimiince. 
TUANS'I-TO  RI-NES.S,  n.  A  pafwinK  with  ohort  con- 


TRA 

tinuance  ;  speedy  departure  or  evanescence.  Who 
is  not  convinced  of  the  traiusitoriness  of  all  sublui.ary 
happiness 

TRAiNS'l-TO-RY,  a.    [L.  transitorius.] 

1.  P.issing  witiiout  continuance  ;  continuing  a  short 
time;  fleeting;  speedily  vanishing. 

O  Lont,  comfort  and  succor  ail  tliem  who,  in  this  transitory  life, 
are  in  truul^Ie.  Com.  Prayer. 

2.  In  law,  a  transitory  action  is  one  which  may  be 
brought  in  any  county,  as  actions  for  debt,  detinue, 
slantler,  and  the  like.    It  is  opposed  tn  local  action. 

Blackstone.  Bouvier. 
TRANS-LaT'A-BLE,  a.    [from  translate.]  Capable 
of  being  translated  or  rendered  into  another  lan- 
guage. 

TR.'\NS-LaTE',  ».  (.  [L.  translatits,  from  transfero ; 
«ra«s,  over,  and  /iro,  tobear;  Sp.  trosladar ;  ll.tras- 
latirc.] 

J.  To  bear,  carry,  or  remove,  from  one  place  to 
snotlier.  It  is  applied  to  the  removal  of  a  bishop 
from  one  see  to  another. 

The  bishiip  of  Rochester,  when  the  kin  j  would  have  translated 
him  to  a  Ijetter  Ijialiopric,  refused.  Camden. 

2.  To  remove  or  convey  to  heaven,  as  a  human 
being,  without  death. 

By  fiith  Enoch  was  translated,  that  he  should  not  see  death.  — 
Heu.  xvi. 

3.  To  transfer ;  to  convey  from  one  to  another.  2 
Sam.  iii, 

4.  To  cause  to  remove  from  one  part  of  the  body 
to  another  ;  as,  to  translate  a  disease. 

5.  To  clinnge. 

Happy  is  your  grace, 
That  can  translate  the  stuljboriiness  of  fortune 
Into  so  quiet  and  so  sweet  a  style.  Shaft. 

6.  To  interpret ;  to  render  into  another  language  ; 
to  express  the  sense  of  one  language  in  the  words  of 
another.  The  Old  Testament  was  translated  into  the 
Greek  lansuage  more  than  two  hundred  years  before 
Christ.  The  Scriptures  are  now  translated  into  most 
of  the  languages  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

7.  To  explain. 

TRANS-LaT'ED,  pp.  Conveyed  from  one  place  to 
another ;  removed  to  heaven  without  dying ;  ren- 
dered into  another  language. 

TRANS-LaT'ING,  ppr.  Conveying  or  removing  from 
one  place  to  another;  conveying  to  heaven  without 
dying  ;  interpreting  in  another  language. 

TRAiN'.S-La'TIO.N,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  translatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  relieving  or  conveying  from  one 
place  to  another ;  removal ;  as,  the  translation  of  a 
disease  from  the  foot  to  the  breast. 

2.  The  removal  of  a  bishop  from  one  see  to  an- 
other. 

3.  The  removal  of  a  person  to  heaven  without 
subjecting  him  to  death. 

4.  The  act  of  turning  into  another  language;  in- 
terpretation ;  as,  the  translation  of  Virgil  or  Homer. 

5.  Th;it  which  is  proiliiced  by  turning  into  another 
language  ;  a  version.  We  have  a  good  translation  of 
the  Scriptures. 

TRANS-LA-T1"TI0US,  (-tish'us,)  a.  Transposed; 
transported. 

TRANS-La'TIVE,  a.    Taken  from  others. 

TRANS-La'TOR,  h.  One  who  renders  into  another 
language  ;  one  who  expresses  the  sense  of  wortls  in 
one  language  by  etpiivalent  words  in  another. 

TR ANS'LA-TO-RY,  a.  Transferring ;  serving  to  trans- 
late. Arbathnot. 

TRANS-La'TRESS,  n.    A  female  translator. 

TRANS-LO-Ca'TION,  n.  [L.  trans  and  lucatio.  loco.] 
Removal  of  things  reciproctilly  to  each  other's 
places ;  or  rather  substitution  of  one  thing  for  an- 
other. 

There  happened  certain  transloailions  of  animal  and  vegetable 
enbst^uices  at  the  deluge.  Woodmard. 

TRANS-I.C'CEN-CY,  j  71.     [L.  translucens  ;  trans, 
TRAXS-LO'CENCE,    j      through,   and   luceo,  to 
shine.] 

1.  'J'he  property  of  transmitting  rays  of  light  with- 
out permitting  objects  to  be  setMi. 

2.  Transparency. 

TRANS-LO'CENT,  a.     Transmitting  rays  of  light 
without  permitting  objects  to  be  seen. 
2.  Transparent ;  clear. 

Itcplenislicd  from  the  cool,  fran«Zucenf  springs.  Pope. 

TRANS-LO'CENT-LY,  ado.  In  a  translucent  man- 
ner. 

TRAiVS-LO'ClI),  0.    [L.  translncidu.^,  supra.] 
Transparent;  clear.    [See  Tk*nslucent.] 

Bacon. 

TRAN.S-MA-RtNE',  (-ma-reen',)  n.  [1..  transmartnus ; 

trans  and  vtartnus  :  mare,  sea.] 

Lying  or  being  beyond  the  sea.  Howell. 
TRANS-MEW,  (  niu',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  transmucr;  L.  trans- 

vivto.] 

To  transmute  ;  to  transform  ;  to  metamorphose. 
[A'ol  in  use. )  Upenscr. 

TUANS'.Ml-GRANT,  a.  [See  TnANsMioitATK.]  Mi- 
gratin^r;  passing  inio  aiioiher  coiinlry  or  state  fur 
residence,  or  into  another  form  or  body. 

TRAN.S'MI-GRANT,  n.  One  who  migrates,  or  leaves 


TRA 

his  own  country  and  passes  into  another  for  sellle- 
nient.  Bacon. 
9.  One  who  passes  into  another  st.ite  or  body. 
TRA.N'S'JM-GRa  I  E,  V.  i,    [L.  transmigro ;  trans  and 
miirro,  to  migrate.] 

1.  To  migrate  ;  to  pass  from  one  country  or  juris- 
diction to  another,  for  the  purpose  of  residing  in  it; 
as  men  or  families.  Brown. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  body  into  another. 

Tlieir  souls  may  transmigrate  into  eacli  otiier.  Howell. 

TRANS'MI-GRa-TING,  ppr.  Passing  from  one  coun- 
try, state,  or  body,  into  another. 

TRAxNS-MI-GRA'tlON,  ».  The  passing  of  men  from 
one  country  to  another  for  the  purpose  of  residence, 
particularly  of  a  whole  people. 

2.  The  passing  of  a  thing  into  another  state,  as  of 
one  substance  into  another.  Hooker. 

3.  The  passing  of  the  soul  into  another  body,  ac- 
cording to  the  opinion  of  Pythagoras. 

TRANS'MI-GRa-TOR,  n.    One  who  transmigr.ates, 

FMis. 

TRANS-MI'GRA-TO-RY,  a.    Passing  from  one  place, 

body,  or  state,  to  another.  Fubrr. 
TRANS-MIS-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [from  transmissible.] 

The  quality  of  being  transmissible. 
TRANS-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.      [See  Transmit.]  That 
may  be  transmitted  or  passed  from  one  to  another. 

Blackstonc.  Burke. 
2.  That  may  be  transmitted  through  a  transparent 
body. 

TRANS-MIS'SION,  (trans-mish'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  I, 

transmissio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  sending  from  one  place  or  person  to 
another;  as,  the  trun.^-mission  of  letters,  writings, 
papers,  news,  and  the  like,  from  one  country  to  an- 
other :  or  the  trans7nis.<ivn  of  rights,  titles,  or  privi- 
leges from  father  to  son,  and  from  one  generation  to 
another.  JVewton.  Bacon. 

2.  The  passing  of  a  substance  through  any  body, 
as  of  light  through  gl.ass. 

TRANS-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Transmitted;  derived  from 
one  to  another. 

Itself  a  Sim,  it  with  transmissiee  light 

Enlivens  worlds  deiucd  to  human  sight.  Prior. 

TR,\NS-MIT',  v.t.  [L,  transmitto  ;  trans  and  mitto,  to 
send.] 

1.  To  send  from  one  person  or  place  to  another ; 
as,  to  transmit  a  letter  or  a  memoritil  ;  to  tran..,-mit 
dispatches;  to, transmit  money  or  bills  of  exch.-inge 
from  one  city  or  country  to  another.  Light  is  trans- 
mitted from  the  sun  to  the  earth  ;  sound  is  transmitted 
by  means  of  vibrations  of  the  air.  Our  civil  anil  re- 
ligious privileges  have  been  transmitted  to  us  from 
our  ancestors  ;  and  it  is  our  duty  to  transmit  them  to 
our  children. 

2.  To  suffer  to  pass  through  ;  as,  glass  transmits 
light ;  metals  transmit  electricity. 

TRANS-.MIT'TAL,  7i.    Transmission.  Sirift. 

TRANS-MIT'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Sent  from  one  person  or 
place  to  another  ;  caused  or  suffered  to  pass  through. 

TRANS-.MIT'TER,  n.    One  who  transmits. 

TRANS-MIT'TI-BLE,  a.    Tli.at  may  be  transmitted. 

TRANS-RIIT'TING,  pjir.  Sending  from  tine  person 
or  place  to  aniithi  r ;  suffering  to  pass  through. 

TRANS-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [See  Transmute.] 
Susceptibility  of  change  into  another  nature  or  sub- 
stance. 

TRANS-Mu'TA-BLE,  a.  [from  transmute.]  Capable 
of  being  changed  into  a  different  substance,  or  into 
something  of  a  different  form  or  nature. 

The  fluiils  antl  solitis  of  an  animal  body  are  transmutable  into 
one  anotlier.  Artiutlinot. 

TRAN.S-Mu'TA-BLY,  adv.    With  capacity  of  being 

clianged  into  another  substance  or  nature. 
TRANS-MU-Ta'TION,  n.    [L.  trunsmutatio.] 

1.  The  change  of  any  thing  into  another  substance, 
or  into  something  of  a  different  nature.  For  a  long 
time,  the  fraii.s'»iufafiti7i  of  base  metals  into  golti  was 
deemed  practicable,  but  nature  proved  refractory, 
and  the  alchemists  were  frustrated. 

2.  In  geometry,  the  change  or  reduction  of  one  figure 
or  body  into  another  of  the  same  area  or  solidity,  but 
of  a  different  form,  as  of  a  triangle  into  a  square. 

Brande. 

3.  The  change  of  colors,  as  in  the  case  of  a  decoc- 
tion of  the  nephritic  wood.  Cyr. 

4.  In  the  vriretable  ecanomy,  the  change  of  a  plant 
into  another  form,  as  of  wheat  into  chess,  according 
to  the  popular  opinion.    [See  Chess.] 

TR ANS-.M  U-'1'a'T1UN-IST,  7i,  One  who  believes  in 
the  transmutation  of  metals.  Lijcll. 

TRANS-MOTE',  v.  U  [L.  transmuto ;  trans  and'mufo, 
to  change.] 

To  change  from  one  nature  or  substance  into  an- 
other. Water  may  |)C  transtnnted  into  ice,  and  ice 
into  water;  the  juices  of  plants  are  transmuted  into 
solid  substances  ;  but  human  skill  has  not  been  able 
to  transmute  lead  or  copper  into  goltl. 

A  holy  conscli'nce  Bubllmatcs  every  thing;  it  transmutes  lh« 
cuiiunoii  ntluini  of  hii]  into  acu  of  soleiim  woraliip  tn  (lod. 

J.  M.  Mason. 

The  carrsies  of  pnrentj  and  tlio  blanililhmenU  of  Iriends  Iran*. 
rnuu  UN  into  idoU.  liuckmtniter. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


TRA 


I'RANS-MCT'KI),  ;)/).  Clianged  into  another  sub- 
stance or  natiirf. 

TKANS-,\1C'I"KI{,  n.    One  th;it  transmutes. 

'I'KANS-MOT'IN'O,  ppr.  Clianuing  or  transforming 
jnt(»  anotlier  nature  or  substance. 

TIIAN'SO.M,  n.  [L.  transeniia,  from  trans,  over, 
across.) 

1.  A  beam  or  timber  extended  across  the  stern  post 
of  a  ship,  to  strengthen  tlio  afl-part  and  cive  it  due 
form.  Jilar.  Diet. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  horizontal  niullion  or  cros.s-l)ar 
in  a  u'inilow  ;  or  a  lintel  over  a  door  ;  tlie  vane  of  a 
cross-statf.  Ci/c.  Jnhiuuit, 

TKAN.S'1'A-DANE,  a,  [L.  trans  aiid  PaUus,  the 
Kiver  I'o.] 

Being  lieyond  the  River  Po.  Stephens. 
TRA.\.S-l'Al{'i;.\-CY,  n.  [See  TnANsPAHENT.]  That 
stale  or  property  of  a  body  by  winch  it  sutfers  rays  of 
liglit  to  pass  through  it,  so  that  objects  can  be  dis- 
tinctly seen  through  it;  diaphaneity.  This  is  a 
property  of  glass,  water,  and  air,  which,  when  clear, 
admit  the  free  passage  of  light.  Transparency  is  op- 
posed to  "PAtifENESS. 

2.  .\  picture  prepared  on  very  thin  cloth,  and  with 
semi-transparent  materials,  to  be  exhibited  by  light 
passing  Ihrougli  it  from  behind. 
TUA.\S.1*.\R'KNT,  a.    [Fr.  id. ;  L.  trans  and  pareo, to 
appear.] 

1.  Having  the  property  of  transmitting  rays  of  light, 
so  that  bndies  can  be  distiiu-lly  seen  through  ;  pervi- 
ous to  light;  diaplianoiis  ;  pellueid  ;  as,  traiiyparent 
glass  .  a  transparent  diamond  ;  opposed  to  OpvquE. 

2.  Admitting  the  p;issage  of  light ;  open  :  porous  ; 
as,  a  transparent  veil.  Oniden. 

TKA.\S.|'All'ENT-LY,  adc.  Clearly;  so  as  to  be 
seen  through. 

TIlA.N.-^-l'All'ENT-.N'BPS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

transpireiit  ,  transparency. 
TKA.\.-!-l'XSS',  u.  J.    [truMs  and  To  pass  over. 

[A'V'?  f»  M-r.]  Grei^ortl. 
TU.ANS-l'ASS',  0.  1.    To  pass  by  or  away.    [JVdt  in 

n<e.]  D  .nicl. 

TUA.N.'^-l'ie'tZ-OUS,  n.    [I.,  trans  unA  spccio,Xo  see.] 
Transparent ;  pervious  to  the  sight. 

Tlie  w  ill'  ,  lranJ;y!fuou»  ftir.  Milton. 

TRA.VS-PFf.RCE',  (-peers',)  v.  t.    [Fr.  transpereer.] 
To  pierce  through  ;  to  penetrate  ;  to  permeate  ,  to 
pass  through. 

Ilia  forc'fiil  gpr.ir  the  sidos  trampUrceil .  Dryden. 

TRANS-PI  eRC'£D,  (-peerst',)  pp.  Pierced  through; 
penetrated. 

TRA.\S-PIF;RC'I.\G,  p/.r.  Penetrating;  passing 
throiiijh, 

Tl{ \.\S-l'TR'A-ni,F,,  a.    [Fr.  ;  from  (raii.»piVc.] 

('ap:it»le  of  being  emitted  through  pores. 
'J'RA.NS-PI-R.\'TIO.\,  II.    [Ki. ;  from  Iranspirc.'] 

The  act  or  process  of  passing  otf  through  the  excre- 
tories  of  the  skin  ;  cutaneous  exhalation  ;  as,  the 
fm/iA7ji>///ifl/i  of  obstructed  iltiids.  Sharp. 
TR  A.NS-I'IRE',  II.  L     [Fr.  transpirer ;  L.  traiuipiro  ; 
trans  and  spiro.] 

To  emit  through  the  excretories  of  the  skin ;  to 
send  otf  in  vapor. 
TRA.VS-I'TRF.',  e.  i.  To  be  emitted  through  the  ex- 
cretories of  the  skin  ;  to  exhale  ;  to  pass  olT  in  insen- 
sible perspirati(ui ;  as,  lluids  transpire  from  iheiiuman 
body. 

■3.  To  escape  from  secrecy ;  to  become  public. 
The  proceedings  of  the  council  liave  not  yet  (raii*- 
pirrtl. 

3.  To  happen  or  come  to  pass. 
TRA\f!-l'IR'/;D,  pp.    Emitted  through  the  excretories 

of  the  skin  ;  evhalcd. 
2.  Escaped  from  secrecy. 

TRAN'SPIR'I.NG,  p/ir.  Exhaling;  passing  olT  in  in- 
sensible perspiration  ;  becoming  public. 

TRA.N'S-PI^ACE',  r.  (.  [tra«i  and  ;;;ace.J  To  remove  ; 
to  put  in  a  new  place. 

U  w.tji  transpiactd  ln>m  ih**  Ifft  •idf  of  the  Vatican  to  A  more 
eii.tiiriit  pNc-'.    [Lilde  UMed.\  Wilkitu. 

TRANS-PLANT',  v.  U  [Fr.  transplanter;  trans  and 
plant,  li.  planto,] 

1.  To  remove  and  plant  in  another  place  ;  as,  to 
transplant  trees. 

2.  To  remove  and  settle  or  establish  for  residence 
in  another  jilace  ;  as,  to  transplant  inhabitants.  Sal- 
uianeser  transplanted  the  Cuthites  to  Samaria. 

3.  To  remove.  Clarendon.  Atitton. 
TRANS-PbA.N'T  .\'TIO\,  n.    The  act  of  transplant- 
ing ;  the  removal  of  a  plant  or  of  a  settled  inhabitant 
to  a  different  place  for  growth  or  residence. 

2.  Removal ;  conveyance  from  one  to  another. 
Formerly  men  believed  in  the  transplantation  of  dis- 
eases. Bakrr.  Cue. 
TRANS-PLANT'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Removed  and  planted 

or  settleil  m  another  place. 
TRA.N'S-PLA.NT'ER,  n.    One  who  transplants. 

2.  A  machine  for  transplanting  trees. 
TRANS  PL,VN'1"I.\G,  ppr.    Removing  and  planting 

or  settling  in  another  place. 
TRAN-Sl'LEND'EN-CY,  ».    [L.  Irani  and  s;>lCTirfn«. 
See  Splendor.] 

Supereminent  splendor.  JUore. 


TRAN  SPLEND'ENT,  o.  Resplendent  in  the  highest 

degree. 

TKAN-SPLEND'E.NT-LY,  adc.  With  eminent  splen- 
dor. Mure. 

TK,\NS-P5RT',  V.  L  [L.  transporto  ;  trans  and  piirto, 
to  carry.] 

1.  To  carry  or  convey  from  one  p'^ce  to  another, 
either  by  means  of  be.asis  or  vehicles  on  land,  or  by 
ships  on  w.aler,  or  by  balloons  in  air;  as,  to  transport 
the  baggage  of  an  army  ;  to  transport  goods  from  one 
country  to  anotlier  ;  to  transport  troops  over  a  river. 

2.  To  carry  into  banishment,  ns  a  rriiiiiiial.  Crim- 
inals are  transported  as  a  piintshuient  for  their  crimes, 
wliich  often  amounts  to  tiaiiishiiieiit. 

3.  To  hurry  or  carry  away  by  violence  of  passion. 


Tii'-y  Iiiuirh  as  if  iramported  with  »onie  fit 
Of  p;l»»iuil. 


Milton. 


4.  To  ravish  with  pleasure  ;  to  hear  away  the  soul 
in  ecstasy  ;  as,  to  be  transported  with  joy.  Millon. 

.5.  To  remove  from  one  place  to  another,  as  a  ship 
by  means  „(  hawsers  and  anchors.        Mar.  Diet. 
TR.\.\S'l'ORT,  71.    Transportation;  carriage;  con- 
veyance. 

The  Uoiimnt  stipulnti'd  with  (he  CarthagiiiLins  to  furnish  them 
u  itli  alti^oi  lur  Irandport  aiitl  war.  ^r-bulAiiot. 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  employed  for  transporting  ;  par- 
ticularly for  carrying  soldiers,  warlike  stores,  or  pro- 
visions, from  one  place  to  another,  or  to  cimvey  con- 
victs to  the  place  of  their  destination. 

3.  Rapture ;  ecstasy.  The  news  of  the  victory 
was  received  with  transports  of  joy. 

4.  A  convict  transported  or  sentenced  to  exile. 
TRANS-PCRT'A-liLE,  a.    That  may  be  Iraiispurted. 

Beddoes. 

TRANS-PoRT'ANCE,  ii.  Conveyance.   [A'oi  m  u-r.] 

Sliak. 

TRA.\S-PoR-T.^'TION,  n.  The  act  of  carrying  or 
conveying  from  one  place  to  another,  either  on 
beasts  or  in  vidiicles,  by  land,  or  water,  OT  in  air. 
Goods,  in  Asia,  are  'ransported  on  camels;  in  Europe 
and  America,  either  on  beasts  or  on  carriages  or 
sleds.  But  transportation  by  water  is  the  great  means 
of  commercial  intercourse. 

2.  Banishment  for  felony. 

3.  Transmission  ;  conveyance.  Dryden. 

4.  Transport ;  ecstasy.    [Little  used.]  South. 

5.  Removal  from  (Uie  country  to  another ;  as,  the 
transportation  of  plants. 

TRANS-l'oRT'EI),;);).  Carried  ;  conveyed  ;  removed  ; 

ravished  with  di'light. 
TRANS-PoRT'KI)-LY,  adv.    In  a  state  of  rapture. 
TRANS-PORT'ED-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  rapture. 

lip.  Hall. 

TRANS-PORT'ER,  n.  One  who  transports  or  re- 
moves. 

TRANS-PoRT'ING,  ppr.  Conveying  or  carrying  from 
one  place  to  another;  removing;  banishing  fur  a 
crime. 

2.  a.  Ravishing  with  delight;  bearing  away  the 
soul  in  pleasure  ;  ecstatic;  as,  transportintr  juy. 

TRANS-l'nK  T'ING  I.Y,  adv.  Ravisliiiigly. 

TRANS-PoRT'iMENT,  n.  Transportation.  [/.i<f/c 
used.]  llall. 

TR.AN.S-PoS'AL,  (trans-poz'al,)  Ji,  [from  (ran..;iu,e.] 
'I'he  act  of  changing  the  places  of  things,  and  put- 
ting each  in  the  place  vvhicii  was  before  occupied  by 
the  other. 

TRANS-PoSE',  (trans-poze',)  v.  U  [Fr.  transpaser: 
trans  and  poser,  to  put.] 

1.  To  change  the  jilace  or  order  of  things  hy  put- 
ting each  ill  the  place  of  the  other  ;  as,  to  transpose 
letters,  words,  or  propositions.  Locke. 

2.  To  put  out  of  place.  Slink. 

3.  In  altrrbra,  to  bring  any  term  of  an  eipiatioii 
from  one  side  over  to  the  otlier,  without  destroying 
the  etpiation.  Thus,  if  a  -H  /)  =  c,  and  we  make  a  =  c 
—  b,  then  b  is  said  to  be  transposed. 

4.  In  trrammar,  to  change  the  natural  order  of 
5   In  mK-ic,  to  change  the  key.  [words. 

TRANS-PftS'KI),  (traiis-p6/.d'.)  pp.  Being  clianged 
in  place,  and  one  put  in  llie  place  of  the  other. 

TRA.NS-PfiS'IN(;,  ;);/r.  Changing  the  place  of  things, 
and  putting  each  in  the  place  of  the  other. 

2.  Bringing  any  term  of  an  equation  from  one  side 
over  to  the  other. 

3.  Changing  the  natural  order  of  words. 
TRANS-PO-Sl"TION,  (-zish'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L. 

transpnsitio.  ] 

1.  A  changing  of  the  places  of  things,  and  putting 
each  in  the  place  before  occupied  by  the  other;  a*, 
the  trttii.-.position  of  words  in  a  sentence. 

2.  The  state  of  being  reciprocally  changed  in  place, 

iVoodtrard. 

3.  In  algebra,  the  bringing  of  any  term  of  an  eipi.a- 
tion  from  ime  side  over  to  the  other,  without  destr.  y- 
ing  the  equation. 

4.  In  oTO»nmar,  a  change  of  the  natural  order  of 
words  in  a  sentence.  The  Latin  and  (;reek  lan- 
guages admit  transposition  without  inconvenience  to 
a  much  greater  extent  than  the  English. 

5.  In  mitMC,  a  change  in  the  coiii|)nsition,  either  in 
the  transcript  or  the  performance,  by  which  the  whole 
is  removed  into  another  key.  Bushu. 


TRAN.-^-PO  sr'TION-AL,  (  zish'un  al.)  o.  Peniiiii- 

ing  to  (rtii-position,  Peiiijt. 

TRA.\S-P<iSI-TIVE,  a.  Made  by  trans|Mwiiig  ."cun- 
sisiiiig  in  transposition. 

TRA.NS-SII A  PE',  0.  (.  [trans  ani  shape.]  7'o  chanjje 
into  another  form. 

TRANS-SllAl"/'.-!),  (  shapl',)  pp.  Transformed. 

TRA.\S-.s!|I  AP'ING,  ppr.  Transforming. 

TKANS-SIIIP',  r.  t.    .See  Tkanship. 

TRAN-SI;B-STAN'TIATE,  ».  t.  [Fr.  lran.-mbstan- 
tier ;  trans  and  substance.] 

To  change  to  another  substance  ;  as,  to  traninib- 
stanstiate  the  sacraiiienMiI  elements,  breail  and  wine, 
into  the  llesh  and  blood  of  Christ,  according  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  doctrine. 

TRAN-Sl.'li-STAN'T1A-TED,  pp.  Clianged  to  an- 
other substance. 

TRAN-Si;H-STAN'TIA-TING,;>;.r.  Changing  to  an- 
other Sllbstauci;. 

TRAN-SL'B-STAN-TI-A'TION\(-sian-she-i'shun,)  n. 
Change  ttf  substance. 

In  the  liomun  CatJiidie  thenlotrij,  the  siipfHised  con- 
version of  the  bread  and  wine  in  the  eucharisl  into 
the  Imilv  and  blood  of  Christ.  Ci/r. 

TRAN-Si.'B-STAN'TIA  'I OR,  n.  One  who  main- 
tains the  Roman  Catholic  doctrine  of  Iransiilisiaiitiu- 

tioll.  Barroio, 

TRA.\'-SIJ-I)A'TK)N,  n.  (from  traiwide.]  The  act 
or  process  of  passing  otf  through  the  pores  of  a  sub- 
stance, as  sweat  or  otln-r  tin  id.  Boole. 

TRAN-SC'DA  TtJ-RY,  n.    Passing  bv  transudatii.ii. 

TR.\N-SCI)K',  e.  I.    [I,.  Irnos  anil  ./«</.,,  to  sweat.] 
To  pass  ttiroiii:h  the  pores  ur  iniersliees  of  texture, 
as  iierspiialite  matter  or  other  tliiid    as,  liquor  may 
frff/rvi/*/**  tlirniigh  leather  or  IlirniiL'li  wiKid. 

TRA.\-SC'U'1\(;,  ppr.  I'assiiiL'  tliiciiigh  the  pores  of  a 
siitistanee,  as  svi-eat  or  other  lliiid. 

TRA.V-SOAIE',  V.  t.  [L.  transutnu;  trans  and  sumo,  to 
take.] 

To  take  from  one  to  another.    [Little  lued.] 
TRA.N-SL'.MP  T',  (-siiiiit',)  n.    A  copy  ur  exeniplitica- 

riiui  of  a  reenrM.    [J\'ot  in  use,]  llerhrrt, 
TRAN-.s|,'.MI"'ri().\,   (-sum'shnn,)   it.     The  act  of 
taking  rroiit  one  phice  to  another.    [Little  u.vrr/.  ] 

South, 

TRAN-STMPT'IVE,  a.  Taking  from  one  to  another. 
TRANS- VEC'TION,  ii.    [L.  tronsnetw.] 

The  act  of  conveying  or  carrying  over. 
TR.^NS-\'ERS'AL,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  Iraiw  and  ver- 
sus,] 

Running  or  lying  across ;  as,  a  transversal  line. 

Hale. 

TRANS- VERS' A L,  7i.  In  geometry,  a  straight  or 
curved  line  which  traverses  or  intersects  any  system 
of  other  lines;  as  a  line  interseciiiig  the  three  sides 
of  a  triangle.  Brande. 

TRANS- VERS'AL-LV,  adv.  In  a  direction  crosswise. 

n'tlkins. 

TRANS-VERSE',  (-vers',)  a.  [V..  tram-mt^sus  :  trans 
and  versus,  verto.] 

1.  Lying  or  being  across  or  in  a  cross  direction  ;  as, 
a  transverse  diameter  or  axis. 

2.  In  botanij,  a  transverse  partition,  in  a  pericarp, 
is  at  right  angles  with  the  valves,  as  in  a  sihque. 

Martifn. 

TRANS' VERSE,  n.  The  longer  axis  of  an  ellipse. 
TRANS- VERSE',  {-vers',)  ». /.    To  oveilnrn.  [LittU 

used.] 

TItANS-VERS'KD,  (-verst',)  pp.  Overturned. 
TRANS-VERSE'LV,  (  vers'le,)  adv.    In  a  cross  di- 
rection ;  ns,  to  cut  a  thing  transrcrsrlij. 

At  Stuiicli<  iii^-,  Ule  stutiea  lie  Iransvrrnett/  iipuli  each  ntlier. 

HutUurtleeL 

TRANS-VERS'ING,  ppr.  Overturning. 
TR.AN'TER,  n,    A  carrier,    [yarwus  dialects  in  F.nir- 

Innd.]  llallimrll. 
TRAP,  n.    [Snx.trapp,  trepp;  Fr.  trape ;  lu  trupula; 

Sp.  tranipa.] 

1.  All  engine  that  shuts  suddenly  or  with  a  spring, 
used  for  taking  game  ;  as, a  trap  for  foxes.  A  trap  n 
a  very  diHereut  thing  from  a  snare  :  though  the  lat- 
ter word  may  he  iiseil  in  a  figurative  sense  for  a  trap. 

2.  .All  engine  for  catching  nun.  [S'ut  used  in  the 
Vnded  Slulrs.] 

3.  An  auiliush  ;  a  stratagem  ;  any  device  hy  which 
men  or  other  animals  may  be  caught  unawares. 

Iv'l  (li'  ir  LiLIe  !«•  iii;utc  a  tiiare  aii<l  .i  Imp.  ~  Rutn.  xl. 

4.  .\  play  in  which  a  hall  is  thnm  n  up  into  the  air 
by  striking  the  end  of  a  balanced  stick  on  m  h:rh  it 
rests,  and  is  then  struck  with  a  bat.  Stmlt. 

TR.\P,  n.  [."sw.  trappu,  Dan.  trnppe,  a  stair,  because 
the  rocks  of  this  class  often  occur  in  large,  tabular 
masses,  rising  one  above  another,  like  steps.] 

A  heavy,  igneous  rock,  of  a  greenish-black  or  gray- 
ish color,  consisting  of  an  intimate  niivliire  of  feld- 
spar and  hornblende.  When  the  horiiblenile  is  re- 
pl.aceil  by  angite,  it  is  termed  Bamai.t  ;  and  when,  in 
addition,  the  feldspar  is  replaced  by  I»nbr.idorite,  the 
rock  is  called  Dolerite.  GREENaTOMC  is  another 
name  for  the  rock.  Onna, 

TRAP,  B.  L  To  catch  in  a  trap  :  as,  to  trap  foxes  or 
beaver. 

2.  To  insnnre ;  to  take  hy  stratagem. 

I  trapped  ihe  foe.  f>^»i#n. 


TONE,  C},'LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  Sll  ;  Tll  as  in  THIS. 


147 


TTTT' 


TRA 


TRA 


TRA 


3.  To  adorn  ;  to  dress  with  ornaments.  [See 
Trappings.]    [2"Ae  verb  is  little  used  in  this  sense] 

Spenser, 

TRAP,  B.  f.  To  set  traps  for  game  ;  as,  to  trap  for 
beaver. 

TKA-PAN',  V.  U    [Sax.  treppan  ;  from  trap.] 

To  insnare ;  to  catch  by  stratagem.  South. 

TRA-PA.N"',  n.    A  snare  ;  a  stratagem. 

TR.\-PA.\'XER,  n.    One  who  insnares. 

TRA-PA.VXIAG,  ppr.  Insnanng. 

TRAP'-DoOR,  71.  [trap  and  duor.]  A  door  in  a  floor, 
which  shnts  cidse  like  a  valve.  Ray. 

TRA  PE,  V.  i.  To  traipse  ;  to  walk  carelessly  and  slut- 
tislily.    [JVot  much  used.] 

TR.^PES,  n,    A  slattern  ;  an  idle,  sluttish  woman. 

TRA-Pis'ZI-AN,  a.  [See  Trapezium.]  In  crystal- 
lography, having  the  lateral  planes  composed  of  tra- 
peziiini-i  situaled  in  two  ranges,  between  two  bases. 

TRA-Pe'ZI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  trape- 
zinm._  * 

TRA-Pe'ZI-U.M,  n. ;  pi.  Trapezia  or  Trapeziums. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  Tri,a-ntC,iov,  a  little  table.] 

1.  In  ireometry,  a  plane  figure  contained  under 
four  right  lines,  of  which  both  the  opposite  pairs  are 
not  parallel.  Ilutton. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  bone  of  the  carpus. 
TRAP-E-ZO-llE'DRON,  n.    [Gr.  TpaJTe!;wv  and  iSpa, 

side.] 

A  solid  bounded  hy  tweniy-four  equal  and  similar 
trapeziums.  Clcavclaud. 
TRAP'E-ZOID,  n.    [Gr.  r/jaTtCioi'  and  ekSoj.] 

A  plane,  four-sided  figure,  having  two  of  the  op- 
posite sides  parallel  to  each  other.  Olinstcd. 
TR.AP-E-ZOIU'AL,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  trape- 
zoid. 

2.  Having  the  surface  composed  of  twenty-four 
trapeziums,  all  equal  and  similar.  Cleavcland. 
.TRAP'PE-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  denoting  trap  or 
trap-rock. 

TRAP'P^I),  (trapt,)  pp.  Caught  in  a  trap ;  insnared. 
TRAP'PER,  n.    [from  Trap.]    One  who  sets  traps  to 

catch  beavers  and  other  wild  animals,  usually  for 

furs.  Irciiig. 
TR.^P'PING,  ppr.    Setting  traps  for  wild  animals; 

rised  also  as  a  7wun, 
TRAP'PINGS,  71.  pi.    [from  trap.    The  primary  sense 

is,  that  whicji  is  set,  spread,  or  put  on.] 

1.  Ornaments  of  Jiorse  furniture. 

Capirisons  and  steeds, 
Bases  and  liusel  trappings.  Ait/ton. 

2.  Ornaments ;  dress ;  external  and  superficial 
decorations. 

These  but  the  trappings  and  the  suits  of  woe.  Shak. 
Trappings  of  lite,  for  orniimenl,  not  use.  Drytien. 
Afi'ccuniuu  is  jurt  ot  the  trappings  of  lully.  RainbLer. 

TR.VP'PIST,  71.  One  of  a  very  strict  religious  order 
founded  in  IHO,  in  the  valley  of  La  Trappe,  and  still 
existing  in  Normandy. 

TRAP'POUS,  a.  [from  trap,  in  geology.  It  ought  to 
be  Tbappv.] 

Pertaining  to  trap ;  resembling  trap,  or  partaking 

of  its  form  or  qualities.  Kirwan. 
TRAP.S,  ;i.  pi.  Goods,  furniture,  &c.  Ilaltiwill. 
TRAP'STICK,  71.    A  stick  used  by  boys  at  the  game 

of  trap  ;  hence,  a  slender  leg.  .Addison. 
TRAP'-Tu-F.\,  I  n.    A  kind  of  sandstone  made  up 
TRAP'-TUFF,  i    of  fragments  and  earthy  materials 

from  trap-rocks.  Dana. 
TRAi^H,  n.    [In  G.  dri'ise  Is  a  gland  ;  drusen,  dregs. 

In  Sw.  (7-aj.a  is  a  rag.    Tlie  word  may  be  allied  to 

thrash.] 

1.  An)'  waste  or  worthless  matter. 

Who  stc.ils  my  purse,  sle-ils  trash.  ShaJe. 

2.  Loppings  of  trees  ;  bruised  canes,  &c.  In  the 
West  Indies,  the  decayed  leaves  and  stems  of  canes 
are  cn]U:t\  firld-trash  ;  the  briiist^d  or  macerated  rind 
of  ctines  is  called  cane-trash ;  and  both  are  called 
trash.  Kilicards,  W.  Indies. 

3.  Fruit  or  other  matter  improper  fur  food,  but 
eaten  by  children,  Slc  It  is  used  particularly  of  un- 
ripe fruits. 

4.  A  worthless  person.    [J^^it  proper.]  Shale. 

5.  A  piece  of  k  atlier  or  other  thing  fastened  to  a 
dog's  neck,  to  retard  his  speed. 

TRASH,  r.  t.    To  lop  ;  lo  crop.  fVarburton. 

2.  To  strip  of  leaves  ;  as,  to  trash  raloons. 

Kdwards,  W.  Indies. 

3.  To  crush  ;  to  humble  ;  as,  to  trash  the  Jews, 

Hanunond. 

4.  To  clog  ;  to  encumber;  to  hinder.  Shak. 
TRASH,  V.  i.    To  follow  with  violence  and  trampling. 

Todd. 

TRASII'f;D,  (trasht,)  pp.  Lopped  ;  stripped  of  leaves. 
TKASU'Y,  o.    Waste;  rejected;  worthless;  usele.ss. 

Ih-yden. 

TRASS,  71  A  Volcanic  earth  or  sand-rock  resembling 
puzzulana,  uacd  as  a  remont ;  or  si  coarse  sort  of 
plaster  or  mortar,  durable  in  water,  and  u«;d  to  line 
cisterns  and  other  reservoirs  of  water.  'I'he  Dutch 
trasB  is  made  of  a  soft  mr  k  stone,  fuitml  near  C'ol- 
len,  on  the  lower  part  of  the  Rhini'.  It  is  burnt  like 
lime,  and  reduced  to  powder  in  mills.  It  is  of  a 
(rayish  color.  Cije. 


TRAU'LISJI,  V.    A  stammering.    [JVut  in  use.] 
TUAU-.MAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  rpai'fia,  a  wound.] 

1.  Pertaining^  or  applied  to  wounds.  Coze. 

2.  Vulnerary  ;  adapted  to  the  cure  of  wounds. 

tf'tsernan. 

TRAU-.MAT'ie,  71.  A  medicine  useful  in  the  cure  of 
wounds. 

TRAVAIL,  (trav'il,)  v.  i.  [Fr.  travailler;  W.  tra- 
vaelu,  to  toil  ;  a  compoitnd  of  VV.  tra,  that  is,  tras,  L. 
trans,  over,  beyond,  and  7itiic;,  work.  Eng.  7«iHi;  It. 
travajrliare ;  Sp.  trabajur.] 

1.  To  labor  with  pain  ;  to  toil. 

2.  To  suffer  the  pangs  of  childbirth;  to  be  in  par- 
turition.   Ocn.  WW. 

TRAVAIL,  V.  t.  To  harass  ;  to  tire ;  as,  troubles 
sufficient  to  traiiail  the  realm.    [JVut  in  use.] 

Ilayward. 

TRAVAIL,  7!.    Labor  with  pain  ;  severe  toil. 

As  every  tiling  of  price,  so  Joth  this  require  travail.  [Obs,] 

Hooker. 

2.  Parturition ;  as,  a  severe  traiiail ;  an  easy 
travail. 

TRA  VAIL-JCD,  pp.  Harassed  ;  labored  in  childbirth. 
TRAVAIL-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Laboring  with  toil ;  being 

in  parturition.    Is.  xlii. 
TR.^VE,    (  7t.    fSp.  traU ;  Fx.  entraves.    See  Tram- 
TKAVIS,  j  MEL.] 

1.  A  wooden  frame  to  confine  a  horse  while  the 
smith  is  setting  his  s„oes.  This  is  not  used  fur 
hor.ses  in  America,  but  a  similar  frame  is  used  for 
confining  oxen  for  shoeing. 

2.  A  beam  ;  a  lay  of  joists  ;  a  traverse.  Wood. 
TRAVEL, !).  1.  [A  ditfe-ent  orlhography  and  applica- 
tion of  Travail.] 

1.  To  walk  ;  to  go  or  march  on  foot ;  as,  to  travel 
from  London  to  Dover,  or  from  New  York  to  Phila- 
delphia. So  we  say,  a  man  ordinarily  travels  three 
miles  an  hour. 

[This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  which 
implies  toil.] 

2.  To  journey;  to  ride  to  a  distant  place  in  the 
same  country  ;  as,  a  man  travels  for  his  health  ;  he 
is  travtlin:;  to  Virginia.  A  man  traveled  from  Lon- 
don to  Edinburgh  in  five  days. 

3.  To  go  to  a  distant  country,  or  to  visit  foreign 
states  or  kingdoms,  either  by  sea  or  land.  It  is  cus- 
tomary for  men  of  rank  and  property  to  travel  for 
improvement  ;  EnglisL.nen  travel  to  France  and 
Italy  ;  some  men  travel  for  pleasure  or  curiosity  ;  oth- 
ers travel  to  extend  their  knowledge  of  natural 
history. 

4.  To  pass ;  to  go ;  to  move.  News  travels  with 
rapidity. 

Ticne  travels  in  divera  paces  with  divers  peraons.  Shak. 

5.  To  labor.    [See  Tkavail.] 

6.  To  move,  walk,  or  pass,  as  a  beast,  a  horse,  ox, 
or  camel.  A  horse  travels  fifty  miles  in  a  day ;  a 
camel,  twenty. 

TRAVEL,  V.  t.  To  pa's;  to  journey  over;  as,  to 
travel  the  whole  kingdom  of  England. 

1  travel  tliis  profound.  J\ri!ton. 
2  To  force  to  journey. 

The  corparations — shall  not  be  traveled  forth  from  their  fran- 
chisL-s.    [Nal  used.]  Sjienser. 

TRAVEL,  71.    A  passing  on  foot ;  a  walking. 

2.  Journey  ;  a  passing  or  riding  from  place  to 
place. 

His  travels  ended  at  Iiis  country-seat,  Dryrfen. 

.1.  Travel  or  travels;  a  journeying  to  a  distant 
country  or  countries.  The  gentleman  has  just  re- 
turncil  from  his  travels. 

4.  The  distance  which  a  man  rides  in  the  ])erform- 
ance  of  his  official  duties;  or  the  fee  paid  for  passing 
that  distance  ;  as,  the  travel  of  the  sheriff  is  twenty 
miles  ;  or  that  of  a  representative  is  seventy  miles  ; 
his  travel  is  a  dollar  for  every  twenty  miles. 

United  States. 

i5.  Travels,  in  the  plural ;  an  account  of  occur- 
rences and  observations  made  during  a  journey  ;  as, 
a  bttok  of  travels  ;  the  title  of  a  book  that  relates  oc- 
currences in  traveling  ;  as,  travels  in  Italy. 

G.  Labor;  toil;  parturition.    [See  Travail.] 
TRAVEL-/;D,  pp.    Gaii.ed  or  made  by  travel;  ns, 
(rni'cW  observations.    [Unusual.]        Quart.  Rev. 

2.  n.  Having  made  journeys.  IVutton. 
TRAVEL  ER,  71.    One  v.  ho  travels  in  any  way.  Job 
xxxi. 

2.  One  who  visits  foreign  countries. 

3.  In  sAip.<,  an  iron  ring  made  to  travel  on  a  rope 
or  boom.  Tutten. 

TRAV'EL-ER'S  JOY,  71  The  Clematis  vitalha,  a 
climbing  plant  with  white  ffowers.  London. 

TRAV'EL-ING,  ppr.  Walking;  going;  making  a 
journey.    Mutt.  xxv. 

2.  a.  Pertaining  lo  or  connected  with  travel;  as, 
a  travelinrr  companion,  expenses,  fees, &.C. 

TRAVEL  ING,  71.  A  pi.ssing  from  place  to  place; 
the  art  of  periorining  a  journey.  .^.ih. 

TRAVEI..-TAINT  El),a  [travel  anAtuinted.]  Har- 
assed ;  fatigued  with  travel.    [jVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

TRAVERS,  [Fr.]   [See  Travebse.J  Across; 

athwart.    [JVot  used.]  S/tak. 


TRAV'ERS-A-liLE,  a.    [See  Traverse,  in  law.] 
That  may  be  traversed  or  denied ;  as,  a  traversable 
allegtition. 

TRAVERSE,  ado.  [Ft.,  a  traverse.]  Athwart ;  cross- 
wise. 

The  ridges  of  the  field  lay  traverse.  Hayirard, 
TRAVERSE,  prep.    [Supra.]    Tlirough  ;  crosswise 
He  traverse 

The  whole  battalion  views  their  order  due.    [Little  used.] 

Mllon. 

TRAVERSE,  a.  [Fr.  traverse;  tra,  tras,  and  L.  ver- 
sus ;  transvcrsus.] 

Lying  across  ;  being  in  a  direction  across  some- 
thing else  ;  as,  paths  cut  with  traverse  trenches. 

Ilayward. 

Oak  — may  be  trusted  in  traverse  work  for  summers.  WoUon. 

TRAVERSE,  71.  [Supra.]  Any  thing  laid  or  built 
across. 

There  is  a  traverse  placed  in  the  lyft  where  she  sittelh.  Bacon. 

2.  Something  that  thwarts,  crosses,  or  obstructs  ; 
a  cross  accident.  He  is  satisfied  he  should  have  suc- 
ceeded, had  it  not  been  for  unlucky  traverses  not  in 
his  power. 

3.  In  fortification,  a  trench  with  a  little  parapet  for 
protecting  men  on  the  flank ;  also,  a  wall  raised 
across  a  work.  Cyc. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  gallery  or  loft  of  communica- 
tion in  a  church  or  other  large  biiililing.  Owilt. 

5.  In  naviiration,  traverse  sailing  is  the  mode  of 
computing  the  place  of  a  ship  by  reducing  several 
short  courses  made  by  sudden  shifts  or  turns,  to  one 
lunger  ct>urse.  Olmsted. 

G.  In  law,  a  denial  of  what  the  opposite  p.arty  has 
advanced  in  any  stage  of  the  pleadings.  VVhen  the 
traverse  or  denial  comes  from  the  defendant,  the 
issue  is  tendered  in  this  manner,  "  and  of  this  he 
puts  himself  on  the  country."  When  the  traverse 
lies  on  the  plaintiff",  he  prays  "this  may  be  inquired 
of  by  the  country."  Blackstone. 

'I'he  technical  words  introducing  a  traverse,  are 
absque  hoc,  without  this  ;  that  is,  without  this  which 
follows. 

7.  A  turning  ;  a  trick. 
TRAVERSE,  v.  t.    To  cross  ;  to  lay  in  a  cross  direc- 
tion. 

The  parts  should  be  often  traversed  or  crossed  by  the  flowing  of 
the  lolds.  Drxjden. 

2.  To  cross  by  way  of  opposition  ;  to  thwtirt ;  to 
obstruct. 

Frog  thought  to  traverse  this  new  project.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  wander  over ;  to  cross  in  traveling ;  as,  to 
traverse  the  habitable  globe. 

What  seas  you  traversed,  and  what  fields  you  fought.  Pope. 

4.  To  pass  over  and  view  ;  to  survey  carefully. 

My  purpose  is  to  traverse  the  nature,  principles,  and  properties 
of  this  detestiible  vice,  ingratitude.  SouUi, 

5.  To  turn  and  point  in  any  direction  ;  as,  to  trav- 
erse a  cannon.  Cyc. 

G.  To  plane  in  a  direction  across  the  grain  of  the 
wood  ;  as,  to  traverse  a  board.  Cyc. 

7.  In  law  plcadinjTs,  to  deny  wh.at  the  opposite 
party  has  alleged.  When  the  plaintiff'  or  defendant 
advances  new  matter,  he  avers  it  to  be  true,  and 
travcr.ies  what  the  other  party  has  affirmed.  So  to 
traverse  an  indictment  or  an  office,  is  to  deny  it. 

To  traverse  a  yard,  in  sailing,  is  to  brace  it  aft. 
TR.W'ERSE,  V.  i.    In  fencing,  to  use  the  posture  or 
motions  of  opposition  or  counteraction. 

To  see  thee  fight,  to  see  thee  traverse.  Shak. 

2.  To  turn,  as  on  a  pivot ;  to  move  round  ;  to 
swivel.  'I'he  needle  of  a  coinjiass  traverses  ;  if  it  does 
not  traverse  well,  it  is  an  unsafe  guide. 

3.  In  the  manege,  to  cut  the  thread  crosswise,  as  a 
horse  that  throws  his  croup  to  one  side  and  his  head 
to  the  other.  Cyc. 

TRAVERSE-PoARD,  71.  [trarerse  and  board.]  In 
a  ship,  a  small  board  to  be  hung  in  the  steerage,  and 
bored  full  of  holes  upcm  lines,  showing  the  points  of 
compass  upon  it.  liy  moving  a  peg  on  this,  the 
steersman  keeps  an  account  of  the  number  of  glasses 
a  ship  is  steered  on  any  point.       Cyc.    Mar.  Diet. 

TRAVERS-ER,  71.  A  term  in  law  for  one  who  trav- 
erses or  opposes  a  plea. 

TRAVERSE-TA-liLE,  71.  [traverse  and  table.]  In 
navigation,  a  table  of  diff'erence  of  latitude  and  de- 
parture. 

TRAVERS-ING,  ppr.  Crossing  ;  passing  over ; 
thwarting;  turning;  denying. 

TRAVER-TIN,  71.  A  while  concretionary  limestone, 
usually  hard  and  semi-crystalline,  deposited  from 
the  water  of  springs  holding  lime  in  solution. 

Lyell. 

TRAVES-TI-J;D,  (trav'es  tid,)  pp.  Disguised  by 
dross;  turned  into  ridicule. 

TRAVES-TY,a.  [Infra.]  Having  an  unusual  dress  ; 
disguised  by  dress  so  as  to  be  ridiculous.  It  is  ap- 
plied to  n  book  or  composition  translated  in  a  manner 
to  make  it  burlesque. 

TRA  VES-TY,  71.  A  parody;  a  burlesque  translation 
of  a  work.    Travesty  may  be  intended  lo  ridicniv  ab- 


FATE,  FAB,  FAUU  Wn;ST,  —  METE,  PBBV — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

"  1170 


TRE 


siirility,  or  to  convert  a  grave  performance  into  a 
hiiiniiruus  one. 
TKA\"ES-TY,  11.  t.    [Fr.  trartMir;  It.  Iravestire  ;  tra, 
trax,  over,  and  Fr.  vc.ttir,  vllir,  to  clothe.] 

To  tr:insl:ite  into  sucli  langiiage  aa  to  render  ridic- 
ulous or  ludicrous. 

I  i.  BatUiU  Lftlii  tmvertied  Virgil,  or  lumM  tilm  into  lulian  biii^ 
Ifwiiie  vfTHj.  Oyc.    Good's  ^ktcred  Idylt. 

TRAV'BS-TY-ING,  ppr.    Turning  into  ridicule. 
TKAW'L'EK,  ;i.    A  lishini;  vessel  wliicU  trails  or 

draps  a  net  lieliind  it.  [£'1^'.] 
TRaY,  71.    [Sw.  tratr.  Sax.  troir,  Dan.  trtur,  a  traxi<;h. 

It  is  the  same  word  as  Thouch,  dillerenlly  written  ; 

L.  Inta.] 

.\  .small  troiifh  or  wooden  vessel,  sometimes 
scooped  out  of  a  piece  of  timber  and  made  hollow, 
used  for  making  bread  in,  chopping  meat,  and  other 
domestic  purposes. 

TKAY'-TUII",  n.    A  kind  of  play.  Shah. 

TRIOACII'ER,  ) 

TRK.\CirET-OUR,  J  (trecli-,)  n.    [Fx.  trichmrA 

TREACll'OUR,  ) 

A  traitor.    [O&a*.]  Spenser. 

TREACU'ER-OUS,  ftrcch'er-us,)  a.  [See  Treach- 
F.KY.]  Violatini  allegiance  or  faith  pledged  ;  faith- 
less ;  traitorous  to  the  slate  or  sovereign  ;  perfidious 
in  private  life  ;  betraying  a  trust.  A  man  miiy  be 
trcacfiernux  to  his  country,  or  tretiehcrous  to  his  friend, 
bv  violating  his  engagements  or  his  faith  pledged. 

TREACH'ER-()U.«-LY,  (trech'er-us-ly,)  adv.  By 
violating  allegiance  or  faith  pledged  ;  by  betraying  a 
trust;  faithlessly;  perfidiously;  as,  to  surrender  a 
fort  to  an  enemy  treacherously ;  to  disclose  a  secret 
treaehcrouslij. 

You  treadtgrous!y  pniclicetl  to  undo  me.  Otioay. 

TREACH'ER-OUS-NESS,  (trech'er-us-nes,)  n. 
Brcacli  of  allegiance  or  of  faith  ;  faithlessness  ;  pcr- 
fidiousness. 

TREACH'ER-Y,(trech'er-e,)n.  [Fr.  <ric/itric,  a  cheat- 
ing ;  triclier,  to  cheat.  This  word  is  of  the  family  of 
tricky  intriirue.  iutricate.'\ 

Violation  of  allegiance  or  of  faith  and  confidence. 
The  man  who  betrays  his  country  in  any  manner, 
vidl.Ttes  his  allegiuiir  c,  and  is  guilty  of  trmchrnj. 
This  is  treason.  The  man  who  violates  his  faith 
pledged  to  his  friend,  or  betrays  a  trust  in  which  a 
promise  of  fidelity  is  implied,  is  guilty  of  Ircuchrrij. 
The  disclosure  of  a  secret  committed  to  one  in  con- 
fidence, is  treachery.    This  is  perfidy. 

TRicA'eLE,  (trC'kl,)  71.  [Fr.  tlieriaque;  It.  teriaca; 
Pp.  triaca  ;  L.  tlieriaca;  Gr.  ^rtfua^Tj,  from  ^iip,  a 
wild  beast;  ^TjptaKtx  (paoptiKa.] 

1.  A  viscid,  uncrystallizable  sirup,  which  drains 
from  the  sugar-refiner's  molds,  sometimes  called  t*v- 
OAn-IIousE  MoLASSiis.  Moljisscs  is  the  drainings  of 
crude  sugar.  The  word  treacle,  however,  is  often 
used  for  molasses. 

2.  A  saccharine  fluid,  consisting  of  the  inspissated 
juices  or  decoctions  of  certain  vegetables,  as  the  sap 
of  the  birch,  scyamore,  etc.  Cijc. 

3.  A  medicinal  compound  of  various  ingredients. 
[Pee  THFRiAe.l 

TRF.A'eLE-MUS'TARD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Thinpsi,  whose  seeds  are  used  in  the  theriaca ; 
Milhridate  miist:ird.  Cyc. 

TRkA'CEE-WA'TER,  71.  A  compound  cordial,  dis- 
tilled with  n  spiritous  menstruum  from  any  cordial 
and  sudorific  drugs  and  herbs,  with  a  mixture  of 
Venice  treacle.  Cyc. 

TREAD,  (tred,)  r.  i. ;  prel.  Trod  ;  pp.  Trod,  Trod- 
den. [Sax.  Inedan,  trcdan  ;  Goth,  tnidan  ;  1).  tred,  a 
step  ;  treeden,  to  tread  ;  G.  (rctC7i ;  Dan.  trader  ;  Sw. 
Irada  :  Gaelic,  troidh,  the  foot ;  W.  (rocrf,  the  foot ; 
troediaic,  to  use  the  foot,  to  tread.  It  coincides  in 
elements  with  L.  t'-udo.] 

1.  To  set  the  foot. 

WlirreVr  you  tread,  llic  liltiahing  flowprs  ihall  rise.  Pope, 
Fouls  rush  in  where  nii^U  fe^ir  to  tread.  Burke. 

2.  To  walk  or  go. 

Evriy  place  whereon  the  «oIei  of  your  feet  liiaU  tread,  shall  te 
yonr*.  —  Deut.  zi. 

3.  To  walk  with  form  or  state. 

Ye  that  Btntely  tread,  or  lowly  crvvip.  Milton. 

4.  To  copulate,  as  fowls,  Shak. 
To  tread  or  tread  on ;  to  trample  ;  to  set  the  foot  on 

in  contempt. 

Thou  ihatt  (read  upon  dieir  htgh  place*.  —  Deuk  xxxiil. 
TREAD,  (tred,)  v.  u    To  step  or  walk  on. 

Korbid  to  tread  tlie  promised  laud  he  saw.  Prior. 

2.  To  press  under  the  feet. 

3.  To  beat  or  press  with  the  feet ;  as,  to  tread  a 
path  ;  to  tread  land  when  too  light ;  a  vreM-trodden 
path. 

4.  To  walk  in  a  formal  or  stately  manner. 

lie  thought  she  Irod  die  grounj  with  greater  prttce.  Dryden, 
.■>.  To  crush  under  the  foot;  to  trample  in  con- 
tempt or  hatred,  or  to  subdue.    Ps.  iliv.  Ix. 
t).  To  ciunpress,  as  a  finvl. 

To  tread  the  stage :  to  act  as  a  stage-player ;  to  per- 
form a  part  in  a  drama. 


To  tread  or  tread  out!  to  press  out  with  the  feet ; 
to  press  out  wine  or  wheat;  as,  to  tread  out  grain 
with  cattle  or  horses. 

Tlu^y  tread  their  wine-presies  acd  luffer  thirst.  —  Job  xxW, 
TREAD,  (tred,)  11.    A  step  or  stepping  ;  pressure  with 
the  foot ;  as,  a  nimble  tread ;  cautious  tread ;  doubt- 
ful tread.  Milton.  JJnidcn. 

2.  Way  •  track  ;  path.    ILiltle  used.]  Slwk. 

3.  The  act  of  copiihtlion  in  birds. 

4.  Manner  of  stei)pingi  as,  a  liorse  has  a  good 
tread. 

rt.  In  architecture,  the  horizontal  part  of  a  step,  on 
which  the  foot  is  placed.  Braude. 

TRKAD'ER,  (tred'er,)  11.    O.ie  who  treads.    /.-■.  xvi. 

TREAD'INt;,  (tred'mg,)  ptr.  Stepping;  pressing 
with  the  foot  ;  walking  on. 

TREAD'I.Vt;,  II.    Act  of  pressing  with  the  foot. 

TRIOAD'LE,  j  ,  (71.    The  part  of  a  loom  or 

TKED'DLi;,  i  '■"'^'^  S  other  machine  which  is 
moved  by  the  tread  or  foot. 

2.  The  albuminous  cords  which  unite  the  yelk  of 
the  egg  to  the  white. 

TRE.\I)'-.^IILL,  (Ired'mill,)  n.  A  mill  worked  hyper- 
sons  treading  on  steps  upon  the  periphery  of  a  wide 
horizontal  wheel.  It  is  used  chielly  as  a  means  of 
prist>n  tliscipline. 

TRK.'VGUE,  (treeg,)  71.  [Gc;h.  tn'^j^ica;  It.  trcfiio  ; 
Ice.  triffd,  a  truce,  a  league  ] 

A  truce.    [  Obt.]  Spenser. 

TRKA'SON,  (trC'zn,)  71.  [Fr.  trahison  ;  Norm,  fra- 
hir,  to  draw  in,  to  betray,  to  comuiit  trea.son,  Fr. 
traliir,  L.  tralio.    See  Draw  and  Drag.] 

Treason  is  the  highest  crime,  of  a  civil  nature,  of 
which  a  man  can  be  guilty  Its  signification  is  dif- 
ferent in  ditfercnt  countries.  In  srcucral,  it  is  the  of- 
fense of  attempting  to  overihrow  the  government  of 
the  state  to  w  hich  the  olfcnder  owes  allegiance,  or  of 
betraying  the  state  into  the  hands  of  a  foreign  power. 
In  m»7inrc/ij>.s-,  the  killing  ol  the  king,  or  an  attempt  to 
take  his  life,  is  treasiui.  lu  Kii^/aiK;,  to  imagine  or 
compassthe  lieath  of  the  k'lg,  or  of  tlie  prince,  or  of 
the  queen  consort,  or  of  the  heir  apparent  of  the 
crown,  is  high  treason;  as  are  many  other  otl'cnses 
created  liy  statute. 

In  the  Uiuted  States,  treason  is  ccmfined  to  the  ac- 
tual levying  of  war  against  the  United  Statics,  or  in 
adhering  to  their  enemit^s,  uivinsr  them  aid  and  com- 
fort. Canstitv^ion  of  the  United  States. 

Treason,  in  f?rca(  Britain,  is  of  two  kinds,  lii^h 
trea-ton  aiiti  petit  treason,  biak  treason  is  a  crime  that 
immediately  affects  the  kipjOr  state  ;  such  as  the  of- 
fenses just  enumerated.  Petit  treason  involves  a 
breach  of  fiilelity,  but  affecis  individuals.  Thus,  for 
a  wife  to  kill  her  husband,  a  servant  his  master  or 
lord,  or  an  ecclesiastic  his  lord  or  ordinary,  is  petit 
treason.  But  in  the  United  St.ates  this  crime  is  un- 
known ;  the  killing,  in  the  latter  cases,  being  mur- 
der only. 

TREA'S5  0.\-A-BEE,  (tre'zn-a-bl,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
treason;  consisting  of  treason;  involving  the  crime 
of  treason,  or  partaking  of  'ts  guilt. 

Most  men's  hea'ls  had  been  intoxicated  with  imawinntions  of 
plots  uiid  treasonable  piuctivcs.  Clarendon. 

TRl",A'SON-A-BLE-NESS,  77.  Quality  of  being  trea- 
sojiable. 

TRr.A'SON-A-BLY,  orfTj.    In  a  treasonable  manner. 
TRl-.A'¥0.\-OUS,  for  Treajjnahle,  is  not  in  use. 
TREAS'lIRE,  (trezh'iir,)  n.     [Fr.  tresor;  Sp.  and  It. 
tesauro  ;  L.  thesaurus;  Gr.  ^jjaauooy.] 

1.  Wealth  accumulated  ;  particularly,  a  stock  or 
store  of  money  in  reserve.  Henry  VII.  was  frugal 
and  penurious,  and  collected  a  great  treasure  of  gold 
and  silver. 

2.  A  great  quantity  of  any  thing  collected  for  fu- 
ture use. 

We  have  treasures  in  tli''  fietil.  jf  wheat  and  of  barley,  and  of 
oil  and  of  honey.  —  Jer.  xli 

3.  Something  very  much  valued.    Ps.  cxxxv. 

Ye  shall  be  a  [peculiar  treasure  to  me.  —  Ex.  xix. 

4.  Great  abundance. 

In  whorii  arc  hid  All  tlie  treasures  of  wisdom  and  Iinowle<I'»'e.  — 
Col.li. 

TREAS'^RE,  (trezh'ur,)  B.  /,  To  hoard;  to  collect 
and  reposit,  either  money  or  other  things,  for  future 
use  ;  to  lay  up  ;  as,  to  treasvre  gold  anti  silver  ;  usu- 
ally with  up.  Sinners  are  said  to  treasure  up  wrath 
against  the  dav  of  wrath.    Horn.  ii. 

TREAS'tJRF.-(;lT-Y,  (trezh'ir-sil-e,)  n.  A  city  for 
stores  and  magazines.    Kr.  i. 

TREAS'I.m-KD,  (trezh'urd,)  pp.  Hoarded ;  laid  up 
for  future  use. 

TREAS'I'RI^-HOt'SE,  (Irczh'ur  lious,)  n.  A  house 
or  building  where  treasures  and  stores  are  kept. 

Tar /I  or. 

TREA$'tJR-ER,  (trezh'ur-er.1  n.  One  who  has  the 
care  of  a  treasure  or  treasury  ;  an  oflicer  who  re- 
ceives the  public  money  arising  from  taxes  and  du- 
ties, or  other  sources  of  revenue,  takes  charge  of  the 
same,  and  disburses  it  iipcui  onlers  drawn  by  the 
proper  authority.  Incorporated  companies  and  pri- 
vate societies  have  also  their  treasurers. 

In  Enirland,  the  lord  high  treasurer  is  the  principal 


olficer  of  the  crown,  under  whoso  cliargo  is  all  the 
national  revenue. 

The  treasurer  of  the  household,  in  the  nbicnce  of 
the  lord-steward,  has  power  with  the  coiiiridli  r  and 
other  officers  of  the  Green-cloth,  and  the  stewaril  ri.' 
the  Marshalsea,  to  hear  and  deteriiiiiie  treasons,  fel- 
onies, and  other  crimes  cominilteil  within  the  kiiig'n 
palace.  There  is  also  the  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and 
tli<'  treasurers  of  the  county.  Cue. 

TREAS'^R-ER  SHIP,  (trczh'ur-cr-sliip,)  71.  The  of- 
fice of  treasurer. 

TREAS'UR-ESS,  (trezh'ur-ess,)  n.  A  female  who 
has  charge  of  a  treasure.  J)irin^. 

TREAS'IiRE-TROVE,  (lrczh'ur-tr6ve,)  71.    [treasure  j 
and  Fr.  trouri,  foiinil.] 

Any  money,  bullion,  and  the  like,  found  in  the 
earth,  the  owner  of  which  is  not  kiitjwn.  /■.'«/,'.  Law. 

TREAS'Ull-ING,  ;)/7r.  Hoarding;  laying  up  for  fu- 
ture use. 

TRE.\S'UR-Y,  (trezh'ur-c,)  71.  A  place  or  building 
in  which  stores  of  wealth  are  reposited  ;  particularly, 
a  place  whe-re  the  public  revt-'iiues  are  deposited  and 
ke|it,  and  where  money  is  disburs<  il  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  government. 

2.  A  biiililing  apprii|iriated  for  keeping  public  mon- 
ey. John  viii.  Also  for  keeping  accounts  of  public 
money. 

3.  The  olTiccr  or  olliccrs  of  the  treasury  depart- 
ment. 

■l.  A  repository  of  abundance.    Ps.  cxxxv. 
TRkAI',  (trei  t,)  K.  f.     [fr.  truitrr  ;  It.  IraUure  ;  Sp. 
tratar  ;  L,.  trarto  ;  Sax.  trahtian.] 

1.  'I'o  hamlle  ;  to  manage  ;  to  use.  Subject.s  are 
usually  faithful  or  treacherous,  according  as  tlu^y 
are  well  or  ill  treated.  To  treat  prisoners  ill,  is  the 
characteristic  of  barbarians.  Let  the  wife  of  your 
bosom  be  kindly  treated. 

2.  To  discourse  on.  This  s^ulhor  treats  various 
subjects  of  morality. 

3.  To  handle  in  a  particular  manner,  in  writing  or 
speaking  ;  as,  to  treat  a  subject  dillusely. 

4.  To  give  food  or  drink,  especially  the  Latter,  as  a 
compliment  or  expression  of  regard  ;  as,  to  treat  the 
whole  conipanj'. 

."i.  To  negotiate ;  to  settle ;  as,  to  treat  a  peace. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

I).  To  manage  in  the  application  of  remedies  ;  as, 
to  treat  a  disease  or  a  patient. 

7.  To  subject  to  the  action  of ;  as,  to  (rtot  a  sub- 
stance with  sulphuric  acitl.  Ure. 
TREAT,  V.  i.     To  discourse  ;  to  handle  in  writing  or 
speaking  ;  to  make  discussions.    Cicero  treats  of  the  [ 
nature  of  tlie  gods;  lie  treats  of  old  age  and  of  du-  ; 
ties. 

2.  To  come  to  terms  of  accommodation.  i 

Inform  us,  —  will  the  emperor  treat  ?  S:e{/1.  | 

3.  To  give  food  or  drink,  especially  the  latter,  as  a  ' 
comiiliment  or  expression  of  regaril. 

To  treat  rrith  ;  to  negotiate  ;  to  make  and  receive 
proposals  for  adjusting  differences.    Envoys  were 
appointed  to  treat  with  France,  but  without  success. 
TKh.VT,  n.    An  entertainment  given  as  an  expression 
of  regard  ;  as,  a  parting  trtaf.  Dryden. 
2.  Something  given  for  entertainment;  as,  a  rich 
^.  Emphatically,  a  rich  entertainment.  [treaL 
TRE.\T'A-BLE,  a.    .Moderate  ;  not  viident. 

Tlie  heats  or  the  colds  of  s^Ni&ons  ore  less  treatahle  than  with  us. 
[iVotmuse.]  Temple. 

TRk.VT'A-BLY,  adv.    Moderately.    [JVof  in  use.] 

Hooker. 

TRkAT'ED,  p;..     Handled;  managed;  used;  dis- 

ciuirsed  on  ;  entertained. 
TKi;AT'ER,  71.    One  that  treats  ;  one  that  handles  or 

discourses  on  ;  one  that  entertains. 
TRE.\T'1.\G,  ppr.      Ilanilliiig;  managing;  using; 

discoursing  on  ;  entertaining. 
TREAT  ISE,  (treet'is,)  71.    [I,,  tractatus.] 

■\  tract ;  a  written  composition  on  a  particular 

subject,  in  which  the  principles  of  it  are  iliscussed 

or  explained.    A  treatise  is  of  an  indefinite  length  ; 

but  it  implies  more  form  and  method  than  an  essay, 

anil  less  fullness  or  copiousness  than  a  system.  Cyc 
TRE.\T'IS-ER,  71.   One  who  writes  a  treatise.    [jVot  ■ 

used.]  Featley. 
TREAT'MENT,  71.    [Fr.  traitrmcnt.] 

1.  Management ;  manipulation  ;  manner  of  mix- 
ing or  combining,  of  decomposing,  and  the  like;  as, 
the  (r/'A/ment  of  substances  in  cheiiiicai  experiments. 

2.  Usage;  manner  of  using ;  good  or  bad  behavior 
toward. 

Accept  such  treatment  a*  a  swain  affortls.  Pope. 

3.  Manner  of  applying  remedies  to  cure  :  mode  or 
course  pursued  to  check  and  destroy  ;  as,  the  treat-  ■ 
f7ie7i«  of  a  disease.  I 

4.  Manner  of  applying  remedies  to;  as,  the  treat- 
ment of  a  patient. 

TRe.XT'Y,  71.    [Fr.  trai(<?;  It.  trattalo.] 

1.  Negotiation  ;  act  of  treating  for  the  adjustment 
of  differences,  or  for  forming  an  agreement ;  as,  a 
treaty  is  on  the  carpet. 

He  cast  by  rreoTy  and  by  ttftin* 

Her  to  prreuailo.  Spenser , 

2.  An  agreement,  league,  or  contract,  between  two 


TONE,  RUl'U  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  t5  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1171 


A  cucking-stool :  a  tumbrel. 


TRE 

or  iTKire  natinns  or  sovt-reigns,  fiifinally  signed  by 
cornnnssioiu-rs  properly  aulliorized,  and  snlcnmly 
latilifd  by  the  several  sovereigns,  or  the  supreme 
power  of  eacli  state.  Treaties  are  of  various  kinds; 
as  trcattps  for  regulating  cotnniercial  intercourse,  trea- 
ties of  alliance,  offensive  and  defensive,  treaties  for 
hiring  troops,  treaties  of  peace,  &.C. 
3.  Entreaty.    [A"u(  in  u.~e.]  Sliak. 

TRF.A'r'Y-MAK-ING,  a.  Authorized  to  make  or  form 
treaties.  The  treat y-makinrr  power  is  lodged  in  the 
executive  Bovernnient.  In  monarchies,  it  is  vested 
in  lire  king  or  emperor;  in  the  United  States  of 
America,  it  is  vested  in  the  president,  by  and  with 
the  rt}n.ieiit  of  the  senate. 

TRER'LE,  (trib'l,)  a.  [Vr.  triple  :  L.  triplei,  trip!  us ; 
tres,  three,  and  plexus,  fold.    This  should  be  written 

TbI  RLE.] 

1.  Threefold  ;  triple  ;  as,  a  lofty  tower  with  treble 
walls.  Drtjden. 

2.  In  music,  acute  ;  sharp ;  as,  a  treble  sound. 

Bacnn. 

3.  That  plays  or  sings  the  highest  part  or  most 
aculp  situnds  ;  that  plays  or  sings  tlie  treble  ;  as,  a 
treble  violin  or  voice.  Cvc. 

TREH'LE,  (trib'l,)  «.  The  highest  of  the  four  pr'inci- 
pf»!  parts  in  music;  the  part  usually  sung  by  females, 
'i'his  is  sometimes  called  the  Tiust  Trehle,  to  dis- 
tinguish It  fnun  the  Second  Treble,  which  is  sung 
h\-  Iiiwer  female  voices. 

TR'EU'LE.  (trib'l,)  V.  t.   [L.  triplico;  Fr.  tripler.] 

Tn  make  thrice  as  much  ;  to  make  threefold. 
Compound  iiiterest  soon  trebles  a  debt. 

TREIi'l.E,  (trib'l,) !).  i.  To  become  threefold.  A  debt 
al  compound  inte  est  soon  trebles  in  amount. 

TREB  LE-.\ESS,  (trih'l-ness,)  n.  The  state  of  being 
treble  ;  as,  the  trebleness  of  tones.  h(ieon. 

TREB'LV,  (trib'le,)  ado.  In  a  threefold  number  or 
q'lantilv  ;  as,  a  gpod  deed  trebly  recompensed. 

TRjf'lUIt'K-ET,  ( 

TREB'U-CIIET,  ( 
2.  A  kind  of  trap. 

TRF.CIC-SCMUYT,  n.  [D.,  track-bo.tt.]  A  covered 
boat  for  goods  and  passengers  on  the  Dutch  and 
Flemish  canals.  Brande. 

TREE,  I).  [Pax.  treo,  treow;  Dan.  tree  :  Sw.  trd,  wood, 
and  trdd,  a  tree;  Gr.  (ipnf.-  Slav,  drevn  :  Sans,  dru/i, 
or  drus.  Qu.  VV.  dar,  an  oak  ;  Sans,  tnru,  a  tree.  It 
is  not  easy  to  ascertain  the  real  original  orthogra- 
phy ;  most  probably  it  was  as  in  the  Swedish  or 
Greek.] 

1.  A  plant  whose  stem  or  stock  is  woody,  branched, 
and  perennial,  and  above  a  certain  size.  Trees  and 
shrubs  differ  (uily  in  size,  and  there  is  no  absolute 
limit  between  them.  VV'hen  a  pbinl  of  the  above  de- 
scription is  more  than  eight  or  ten  feet  high,  aiui  not 
climhing,  \-  is  generally  called  a  tree.  When  it  is  less 
than  this,  it  is  called  n  sUrub;  but  there  are  many  ex- 
cepti(ms  to  this,  on  both  sides. 

Trees  are  of  various  kinds  ;  as  nuciferous,  or  nut- 
bearing  trees;  bacciferous,  or  berry-bearing;  cotiifer- 
oiiv,  or  cone-bearing,  &c.  Some  are  /orf.t/.-frc ra-,  and 
nsefid  for  timber  or  fuel  ;  others  are  fruit-trees,  and 
cultivated  in  L'lrdens  and  orchards;  others  are  used 
clHetly  for  shade  and  ornament. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  tree,  consisting  of  a 
stem  or  stalk  and  branches  ;  as,  a  genealogical  tree. 

3.  In  ship-building,  (lieces  of  timber  are  called  chess- 
trees,  crn.-ts-trees,  roif-trees,  tressel-trees,  &cc. 

4.  In  Scripture,  a  cross. 

J'-airg,  whom  ihey  slew  and  lianj^'d  on  q  tree.  —  Acts  x. 

5.  Wood.    [OAs.]  IViclif 
TREE,  V.  t.    To  drive  to  a  tree  ;  to  cau.se  to  ascend  a 

tree     .*\  dog  trees  a  squirrel. 

TREE'-FRoG,  n.    [tree  and  froir.]  )  A  batrachian  rep- 

TREE'-ToAl),  n.  [tree  nmi  tond.]  \  tile,  differing 
from  proper  frogs  in  having  the  extremities  of  their 
toes  expanded  inti>  a  rouniled,  viscous  surface,  tii.at 
enables  them  to  adhere  to  bodies,  and  to  climb  trees, 
where  they  remain  all  summer,  living  upon  insects. 
There  are  numerous  species.  Their  generic  name  in 
natural  history  is  /Ivla. 

TREE'-GER-MAN'DER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Teiicriiim.  Cyc. 

TREE'l.ESS,  a.    Destitute  of  trees.  Byron. 

TREE'-l,OUSE,  n.  [tree  and  louse.]  An  insect  of 
the  genus  Aphis. 

TREE -.MOSS,  n.    A  species  of  lichen.  Cyc. 

TRBEN,  a.    Wooden;  made  of  wood.  [OS.?.] 

Camden. 

TREEN,  n.    The  old  plural  of  Tree.  [Obs.] 

B.  Jonson. 

TREE'NA IL,(<:o?nmonfi/pronounccii  trun'nel,)  7i.  [tree 
and  <iad.\ 

A  long,  wooden  pin,  used  in  fastening  the  planks 
(■f  a  xliip  lo  the  timbi  rri.  Mar.  Did. 

TREE'-'»i"-EIFE',  n.  An  evergreen  tree  of  the  gc- 
iiin  Tliiiia. 

TREE'-TAaD,  B.    [free  nnd  tonrf.l    Sec  Tbee-Fkoo. 

TRK'KOII,,  n.  IFr.  Irt^e  :  L.  tnfulium  ;  tres,  three, 
and  fnlium,  leaf.  J 

I.  The  rommon  name  for  many  Hperies  of  Trifo- 
liiim,  a  genus  of  pljiits  incltiding  white  rbiver,  red 
clover,  tLC,  ;  also,  a  |ilanl  of  the  medic  and  lucern 


TRE 

kind,  the  .Medicago  Lupuliiia,  or  nonesuch,  cultivat- 
ed for  fodder.  Cyc. 

2.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  of  three  cusps  in  a 
circle,  resembling  three-leaved  clover.  Brande. 
TREIL'LAGE,  (trel'laj,)  re.     [Fr.,  from  trei/iii,  trel- 
lis.] 

In  gardenintr,^  sort  of  rail-work, consistingof  light 
posts  and  rails  for  supporting  espaliers,  and  some- 
times for  wall-trees.  Cijc. 

TREL'LIS,  n.    [Fr.  treillLt,  grated  work.] 

A  structure  or  frame  of  cross-barred  work,  or  lat- 
tice-work, used  for  v.arious  purposes,  as  for  screens 
for  siipportina  i)lants. 

TREL'LIS-£D,  (irel'list,)  a.  Having  a  trellis  or  trel- 
lises. Herbert. 

TRE-M.^JV'DO,  [It.]  Trembling;  applied,  in  music, 
to  a  general  shaking  of  the  whole  chord.  Brande. 

TRE.M'BLE,  (trem'bl,)  v.  i.  [Fr.  trembler;  L.  tremo  ; 
Gr.  Tpf, »aj;  It.  tremare;  Sp.  tremer.] 

1.  To  shake  involuntarily,  as  with  fear,  cold,  or 
weakness  ;  to  quake  ;  to  quiver ;  to  shiver  ;  to  shud- 
der. 

Frighted  Turiius  trembled  as  he  spoke.  Dryden. 

2.  To  shake  ;  to  quiver  ;  to  totter. 

Sinai's  gr.iy  top  shall  tremble.  Milton. 

3.  To  quaver ;  to  shake,  as  sound  ;  as  when  we 
sav,  the  voice  trembles. 

TREM'BLE-.MENT,  lu  In  French  music,  a  trill  or 
shake. 

TRE.M'BLER,  n.    One  that  trembles. 
TRE.M'BLLNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Shtiking,  as  with  fear,  cold, 

or  weakness;  quaking;  shivering. 
TRE.M'BLING,  n.    The  act  or  slate  of  shaking  invol- 

iintarilv. 

TRE.M'liLI\G-LY,  ado.  So  as  to  shake;  with  shiv- 
ering or  quaking. 

Tremblmghj  she  stood.  Shale. 

TREM'BLING-POP'LAR,  n.  The  aspen-tree,  so 
called  ;  Popiilus  treiiiula. 

TRE-.MEL'EA,  n.  A  fungus  of  a  gelatinous  consist- 
ence ;  the  name  of  a  genus  of  fungi  found  in  moist 
grounds. 

TRE-.MEN'DOUS,  a.  [L.  tremendus,  from  trcmo,  to 
tremble.] 

1.  Such  as  may  excite  fear  or  terror;  terrible; 
dreadful.  Hence, 

2.  Violent ;  such  as  may  astonish  by  its  force  and 
violence  ;  as,  a  tremendous  wind  ;  a  tremendous 
shower ;  a  tremendous  shock  or  fall ;  a  tremendous 
noise. 

TRE-.M  EN'DOUS-LY,  adi\  In  a  manner  to  terrify  or 
astonish  ;  with  great  violence. 

TRE-MEN'lJOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
heins  tremendous,  terrible,  or  violent. 

TRE.M'O-LlTE,  n.  A  mineral,  so  called  from  Tremo- 
lo, a  valley  in  the  Alps,  where  il  was  discovered.  It 
is  a  white  vtiriely  of  liorublemle,  in  long,  lihide-like 
crystals,  and  coarseh  filirous  mtisses.  Dana. 

TRfe'.MoR.  n.    [E.,  from  tremo.] 

An  invtiluntary  Ireiiihling  ;  a  shivering  or  shak- 
ing ;  a  quivering  or  vibrtitory  motion  ;  as,  the  tremor 
of  a  person  who  is  weak,  infirm,  or  old. 

Hf  fell  into  a  univiTs.il  Uetnor.  Harvey. 

TRE.M'lJ-LOUS,  a.  [L.  tremulus,  from  tremo,  to  trem- 
ble.] 

1.  Trembling ;  affected  with  fear  or  timidity  ;  as,  a 
treiiiblni^r  Christian.  Decoy  of  Piety. 

2.  Shaking  ,  shivering  ;  quivering  ;  ,as,  a  tremulous 
limb  ;  a  treonilous  niolion  of  the  hand  or  the  lips  ;  the 
tremulous  leaf  of  the  poplar.        Holder.  Thomson. 

TRE.M'I|-LUUS-LY,  ado.  With  quivering  or  trepida- 
tion. 

TRE.M'IJ-LOUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  trembling  or 

quivering  ;  as,  the  tremulousness  of  an  aspen-leaf. 
THEN,  n.    A  fish-spear.  .^msworth 
TRE.N'CII,  V.  t.    [Fr.  trnncher,  to  cut;  It.  trincen,  a 
trtmch  ;  trineiare,  to  cut ;  Sp.  trincar,  trtnchear ;  Arm. 
trouclia  ;  VV.  try^n.] 

1.  To  cut  or  dig,  as  a  ditch,  a  channel  for  water, 
or  a  long  hollow  in  the  earth.  We  trench  land  for 
draining. 

[  This  is  the  appropriate  sense  of  the  ipord.] 

2.  To  fortify  by  cutting  a  ditch  and  raising  a  ram 
part  or  breastwork  of  earth  thrown  out  of  the 
ditch. 

[In  this  sense.  Entrench  is  more  generally  used.] 

3.  To  furrow  ;  to  form  with  deep  furrows  by  plow- 
ing. 

4.  To  cut  a  long  gash.    [JVot  in  u.ie.]  Shak. 
TRENCH,  I',  i.    To  encroach.    [See  Entrench.] 
TRENCH,  n.    A  long,  narrow  cut  in  the  earth  ;  a 

ditch  ;  as,  a  trench  for  draining  land. 

2.  In  forti^ficotion,  a  deep  dilch  cut  ftir  defense,  or 
to  iiilerriipl  the  approach  of  an  enemy.  The  wall  or 
breaslwork  formed  by  the  earth  thrown  out  <if  the 
ditch,  is  also  calletl  a  trench,  as  alst>  any  raised  work 
formeil  with  bavins,  gabions,  wool-parks,  or  other 
solid  materials.  Hence  the  phrases,  to  mount  the 
trenches,  to  guard  the  trenches,  to  clear  Oie  trenches, 
&c. 

To  open  the  trenches  ;  to  begin  to  dig,  or  to  form  the 
lines  of  approach. 


TRE 

TRENCH'ANT,  a.    [Fr.  tranchant.] 

Ciittini! ;  sharp.    [Little  used.]  Spenser. 
TRENCH'SD,  (trencht,)  pp.    Cut  into  long  hollows 

or  ditches  ;  furrowed  (leep. 
TRENCH'ER,  n.    [Fr.  tranchoir.] 

1.  .\  wooden  plate.  Trenchers  were  in  use  among 
the  common  people  of  New  England  till  the  revolu- 
tion. 

2.  The  t.ible.  ShaL 

3.  Food  ;  pleasures  of  the  table 

It  would  lie  no  ordiinry  declnnsion  thai  would  hrin^  some  men 
to  place  their  summum  iionum  upon  their  trenchers. 

South. 

TRENCII'ER-FE?,  ii.  [trennher  and  fly.]  One 
that  haunts  the  tables  of  others  ;  a  parasite. 

KUrantre. 

TRENCH'ER-FRIEND,  (  frend,)  n.  [trencher  and 
friend.]  One  who  frequents  the  tables  of  others  ;  a 
sponger. 

TRENCH'ER-MAN,  n.    [trencher  and  man.]    A  feed- 
er ;  a  great  eater.  Shak. 
2.  A  cook.  [Obs.] 

TRENCH'ER-MaTE,  n.  [trencher  and  mate.]  A  ta- 
ble companion  ;  a  parasite.  Hooker. 

TRENCH'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  into  trenches  ;  digging ; 
ditching. 

TRENCH'ING,  n.  The  preparation  of  soils  by  digging 
two  or  more  spades  deep,  and  exposing  the  soil. 

Gardner. 

TRENCH'-PLOW,      )  n.     [trench  and  ploic]  A 
TRENCH'-PLOUGH,  j      kind  of  plow  for  opening 
land  to  a  greater  depth  than  that  of  commt>n  fur- 
rows. Cue. 
TRE.NCH'-PLOW,      )  v.  t.    [trench  and  plow.]  To 
TRE.NCH'-PLOnGH,  )     plow  with  deep  furrows. 
TRENCH'-PLOW-ING,     /  n.    The  practice  or  op- 
TRENCH'-PLOUGII-ING,  j       eratitm    of  plowing 
with  deep  furrows,  for  the  purpose  of  loosening  the 
land  to  a  greater  depth  than  usual.  Cye. 
TREND,  V.  i.    [This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  (r«i!- 
dle  or  to  run.] 

To  run  ;  to  stretch;  to  tend  ;  to  have  a  particular 
direction  ;  as,  the  shore  of  the  sea  trends  to  the 
.south-west. 

TRE.NI),  n.  Inclination  in  a  particular  direction  ;  as, 
the  trend  of  a  coast.  li'Ukes. 

TREiND,  r.  (.  In  rural  economy,  to  free  wool  from  its 
fillii.    [Local.]  Cyc. 

TRE.N'D'ER,  n.  One  whose  business  is  to  fiee  wool 
frcun  its  filth.    [Local.]  Cyc. 

TREND'ING,  ppr.    Running;  tending. 
2.  Cleaning  wool.  [Local.] 

TRE.ND'l.NG,  )i.    Incliiiatitui  ;  stretching. 

2.  The  operation  of  freeing  wool  from  filth  of  va- 
rious kinds.  Cyc. 

TREN'DEE,  n.  [Sax.  ;  probably  connected  with 
trundle;  Sw.  trind,  round;  that  is,  round,  with  a 
prefix.] 

Any  thing  roimd  used  in  turning  or  rolling  ;  a  little 
wheel, 

TRE.\'TAL,  n.  [Fr.  trente,  thirty;  contracted  from 
L.  tri<riiita,  It.  trenfa.] 

All  orticc  fiir  the  dead  in  the  Roniiui  Catholic 
service,  consisting  of  thirty  masses  reb'-arsed  for 
thirty  days  successively  after  the  party's  death. 

Cyc. 

TREPAN',  71.    [Fr.  trepan;  It.  trapano ;  Gr.  rpiirii- 

voi',  from  Tfivn  1(0,  to  bore  ;  T(si-r:a,  a  hole  ;  rpoot. 

Uu.  L.  tero,  Icrcbra,  on  the  rout  Rp.] 

In  surirrry,  a  circular  saw  for   perforating  the 

skull.    It  resembles  a  wimble.  Ci/r. 
TRE  PAN',  V.  t.    To  perforate  the  skull  and  take  out 

a  piece  ;  a  surgical  operation  for  relieving  the  brain 

from  pressure  or  irritalion.  Cyc. 
TRE  PAN',  a  snare,  and  TRE  PAN',  to  insnnie,  are 

from  trap,  and  written  Trapan,  which  see. 
TRE-PA.N'Nf.'l),  ;);;.    Having  the  skull  perforated. 
TRE-PAN'NER,  n.    One  who  trepans. 
TRE-PAN'NING,  ppr.    Perforating  the  skull  with  a 

trepan. 

TRE-PAN'NING,  v.  The  operation  of  making  an 
opening  in  the  skull,  for  relieving  the  brain  from 
compressitm  or  irritation.  Ci/c. 

TRE-PHINE'  or  TRE-PHtNE',  n.  [See  TnEi'AN.] 
An  instrument  for  trepanning,  more  modern  than 
the  trepan.  It  is  a  circular  or  rylimlrieal  saw,  with 
a  handle  likir  that  of  a  gimlet,  and  a  little  sharp  per- 
forator, called  the  center-pin.  P.  Cyc. 

TRE  PHINE',  V.  t.  To  perlbrate  with  a  trephine  ;  to 
tri  paii.  P.  Cyc. 

TRE-PIIIN'/'.D,  (tre-f Ind',)  pp.  Trepanned. 

TREP'll),  a.    [I,,  trrpidus.] 

Treinliling  ;  quaking.    [JVot  used.] 

TREP-I-Ua'TION,  71.  [I,,  tripidatio,  from  trepido,  to 
tremble ;  Russ.  trcpcg,  a  trembling  ;  trepcichu,  to 
tremble.] 

1.  An  involuntary  trembling  ;  a  quaking  or  quiv- 
ering, particularly  from  fear  or  terror  ;  hence,  a  state 
of  terror.    The  men  were  in  great  trrpidalom. 

2.  A  trembling  of  the  limbs,  as  in  paralytic  affec- 
tions. 

3.  In  the  old  astronomy^  a  libration  of  the  eighth 
sphere,  or  a  motion  winch  the  Ptolciimic  system 


FATE,  FAR,  F/^Lh,  Wll^kT.— MKTE,  PRgV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1172 


TRl 


TRI 


TRI 


ascribes  l<>  the  firiiKinirnt,  lo  nrcoiiiit  for  the  clinnges 
and  niotiiMi  u(  tlir  axis  iif  tlie  wurlii.         HuUon,  i 
4.  Hiirry  ;  confused  haste. 
TRGS'PASS,  r.  i.    [Norm,  trespasser;  trfs,  L.  trans,  , 
beyond,  and  passer,  lo  pass.] 

1.  LittralUi,  to  pass  beyond  ;  hence,  jtrimarihj,  to 
pass  over  the  boundary  hne  of  another's  land  ;  to 
enter  nnlavvfiilly  a\>on  the  hind  of  another.  .■\  man 
may  trespass  by  walkinj  over  tlie  gronnd  of  another, 
and  the  law  gives  a  remedy  for  damages  .sustained. 

2.  To  commit  any  offense,  or  lo  do  any  art  that  in- 
jures or  annoys  another ;  lo  violate  any  rule  of  recti- 
tude, to  the  injury  of  another. 

If  anv  m!\ii  ■li.ii:  tretptut  n^.iinit  hi>  n'-iglibor,  nnd  nn  oath  be 
l.<itl  upon  liiiii.  —  1  Kiiig>  vlii.   Sc<f  Luke  ivii.  3  iinti  4. 

3.  In  a  moral  sense,  to  transgress  voluntarily  any 
divine  law  or  command  ;  to  violate  any  known  rule 
of  duty. 

In  til'*  lim«  or  his  diieoie  did  he  trttpatt  yet  more.  —  2  Cbron. 
xxviir. 

We  have  tresptuied  A^inst  our  God.  —  Ezra  x. 

4.  To  Intrude  ;  to  go  too  far ;  to  put  to  inconveni- 
ence by  demand  or  importunity  ;  as,  to  trespass  upon 
the  time  or  patience  of  another. 

TRES'PA^'f,  n.  In  law,  an  unlawful  act,  committed 
with  force  and  violence  (ri  et  armu<)  on  the  person, 
property,  or  relative  rights  of  another.  Btackstone. 

2.  Any  injury  or  offense  done  to  another. 

If  ye  forgive  not  m-n  ihpir  tretpasiet,  neither  will  your  Fnlher 
forjive  your  trespcuset.  —  M.ui.  vi. 

3.  .\ny  voluntary  transgression  of  the  moral  law  ; 
any  violation  of  a  known  rule  of  duty  ;  sin.    Cot.  ii. 

You  h-ith  he  quit^ned,  who  were  dead  in  tretpatut  and  siua. 
—  Kph.  ii. 

TRES'P.APS-ER,  «.  One  who  commits  a  trespass  ; 
one  who  enters  upon  another's  land,  or  violates  his 
rights. 

2.  A  transgressor  of  the  moral  law  ;  an  offender;  a 
sinner. 

TRES'P.AfS-IXG,  ppr.  Entering  another  man's  in- 
cli>sure;  injuring  or  annoying  another  j  violating  the 
divine  law  ttr  moral  duty. 

TRESS,  n.  [Ft.  and  Dan.  tresse:  Sn:  tress,  a  lock  or 
wefl  of  hair  ;  Dan.  tresser,  Sw.  trasa,  Russ.  tresuyu, 
10  weave,  braid,  or  twist.  The  Sp.  htis  trenza,  and 
the  Port,  trauma,  a  tress.  The  French  tresse  may  pos- 
sibly be  from  the  It.  treccia,  but  probably  it  is  from 
some  dialect  of  the  north  of  Europe.] 
A  knot  or  curl  of  hair  ;  a  ringlet. 

F.iir  tresee*  ni:in'&  ini]>-n»I  nice  iu^nare.  Pope, 

TRESS'KD,  (trest,)  a.    Having  tresses. 

9.  f'tirled  ;  formed  into  ringlets.  Spenser. 

TRF.-;s'f:i,,  n.    See  Trestle. 

'rHI'.>^S'rKE,  n.    In  herabtnj,  a  kind  of  border. 

TUI'.S' TLE,  (tres'l,)  n.  [Fr.  Ir^tran,  for  (M.<£eait ;  W. 
tr(s,  a  trace,  a  chain,  a  stretch,  l.ibor  ;  tresiam,  to 
labor,  that  is,  to  strain  ;  trestijl,  a  strainer,  a  trestle. 
This  Mill  occurs  in  stre'si  and  dUtress.] 

1.  The  frame  of  a  table,  [tiu.  D.  driestal,  a  three- 
legged  stool.] 

2.  A  movable  form  for  supporting  any  thing. 

3.  In  briilges,  a  frame  consisting  of  Hvo  posts  with 
a  he.ad  or  cross  beam  and  braces,  on  which  rest  the 
string-pieces.  [This  is  the  use  tif  the  word  in  New 
England.  It  is  vulgarly  pronounced  triissel  or 
trassl.] 

Trestle -tree',  in  a  ship,  are  two  strong  bars  of  tim- 
ber, fixed  horizontally  ttn  the  opposite  sides  of  the 
iiiast-head,  to  supjiurt  the  frame  of  the  top. 

TiMen. 

TRET,  n.    [Probably  from  L.  tntu.'i,  tero,  to  wear.] 
In  commerce,  an  allowance  to  ptirch.xsers,  for  waste 
or  refuse  matter,  of  4  pounds  on  every  104  pounds 
of  suitle  weight,  or  weight  after  the  tare  is  deducted. 

McCuUocfu 

TRETiri.NGS,  n.  pU  [\V.  trlth,  a  tax;  treMii,  to 
tat.] 

Taxes  ;  imposts.  Johnson. 

[  /  knoio  nut  where  used.    It  is  unknown,  J  believe,  in 
the  Uniled  S:ate.<.] 
TREV'ET,  n.    [three-feet:  tripod;  Fr.  Irepird.] 

.\  stool  or  other  Uiing  that  is  supported  by  three 
leirs. 

TREY,  trS,)  n.         tres,  Eng.  lAree,  Fr.  trois.] 

A  three  at  cards  ;  a  caril  tif  three  spitls.  Shak. 
TRI,  a  prefix  in  words  of  Greek  and  Latin  origin,  sig- 
nifies three,  from  Gr.  t-jch. 
TRI'A-BLE,  a.    [{mm  tni.]    That  may  be  tried  ;  that 
may  be  subjected  to  trial  or  lest.  Boyle. 

2.  That  m.ay  undergo  a  judicial  examination  ;  that 
may  properly  ciune  under  the  co:;nizance  of  a  court. 
.A  cause  may  be  triable  before  one  court,  which  is 
not  triable  in  another.  In  England,  testamentary 
causes  are  triable  in  the  ecclesi.istical  courts. 
TRI'A-nLE-.VES;?,  n.  The  stale  of  being  triable. 
TRI-A  eO.N-TA-IlE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  Ty<li«o^ra,  thir- 
ty, and  J*po,  side.] 

Having  thirty  sides.    In  mineraiogy,  bounded  by 
tbiny  rhombs.  CleactUmd, 
TRI'A-eO.N-TER,  n.    [Gr.  Toinrofrno-Jt.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  a  vessel  of  thirty  oars.  Mitford. 
TRI  AD,  n.    [L.  trias,  from  tres,  three.] 
The  union  of  three  ;  three  united. 


In  music,  the  commim  chord,  consisting  of  a  note 
.sounded  along  with  its  third  and  fifth,  with  or  with- 
out I  he  octave.  Cnllcotu  EUt.  F.ncyc. 
TRI'.AL,  n.  [from  try.]  Any  elfort  or  exerlitm  of 
strength  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  its  effect,  or 
\vh:it  can  be  done.  A  man  tries  to  lift  a  stone,  and 
on  trial  finds  ho  is  not  able.  A  team  iitleiiipts  to 
draw  a  load,  and  after  unsuccessful  (ri<i/,  the  attempt 
is  relinquished. 

9.  Examination  by  a  test;  experiment;  as  in 
chemistry  and  metallurgy. 

3.  Experiiiieut ;  .act  of  examining  by  experience. 
In  gardening  and  agriculture,  we  learn  by  trial  what 
land  will  produce ;  and  olU<n  repeated  trioi^  arc 
necessary. 

4.  Experience  ;  suffering  that  piiLs  strength,  pa- 
tience, or  faith  to  the  lest ;  altlicliims  or  tempta- 
tions that  exercise  and  prove  the  graces  or  virtues 
of  men. 

Otheri  had  trial  of  cruel  mocking  and  scotirjinjfl.  —  Ueb.  xi. 

5.  In  law,  the  examination  of  a  cause  in  contrtv 
versy  between  parties,  before  a  proper  tribunal.  Tri- 
als are  civil  or  criminal.  Tri.al  in  civil  causes  may 
be  by  record  or  inspection  ;  it  may  be  by  witnesses 
and  jury,  or  by  the  court.  By  the  laws  of  England 
and  of  the  United  States,  trial  by  jury,  in  criminal 
cases,  is  held  sacred.  No  criminal  can  be  legally  de- 
prived of  that  privilege. 

6.  Temptation  ;  test  of  virtue. 

Every  slHtion  is  exposed  to  lomc  Iricl*.  Rogert. 

7.  State  of  being  tried.  Shak. 
TRT-.\L'I-TY,  Ti.    [from  Viree.]    Three  united  ;  state 

of  being  three.    [Little  used.]  Wharton. 
TRI-A.\'DUI-A,  n.     [Gr.  rpti;,  three,  and  aiijo,  a 
male.] 

A  class  of  monoclinous  or  hermaphrodite  plants, 
having  three  distinct  and  equal  stamens. 

Linnipus. 

TRT-AN'DRI-AN, )  a.  Having  three  distinct  and 
TKI-A.X'DROUS,  (      equal  stamens,  in  the  same 

flower  with  a  pistil  or  pistils. 
TRI'.\.\"GLE,  (tri'ang-gl,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  Ij.  triansu- 

lum  ;  tres,  tria,  three,  and  anirulus,-^  corner.] 

1.  In  ircomctry,  a  figure  bounded  by  three  lines, 
and  containing  three  angles.  The  three  angles  of  a 
plane  triangle  are  equal  to  two  right  angles,  or  180', 
the  number  of  degrees  in  a  semicircle. 

If  the  tlirec  lines  or  sides  of  a  triangle  are  all  right, 
it  is  a  plane  or  rectilinear  triangle. 

If  all  the  three  sides  are  equal,  it  is  an  equilateral 
triangle. 

If  two  of  the  sides  only  are  equal,  it  is  an  isosceles 
or  eqnicrural  triangle. 

If  all  the  three  sides  are  unequal,  it  is  a  scalene  or 
scalenous  triangle. 

If  one  of  the  angles  is  a  right  angle,  the  triangle 
is  rectangular. 

If  one  of  the  angles  is  obtuse,  the  triangle  is  called 
obtiisantrular  or  amblygonous. 

If  all  the  angles  are  acute,  the  triangle  is  acutetn- 
gular  or  orygunous. 

If  tlie  three  lines  of  a  triangle  are  all  curves,  the 
triangle  is  said  to  be  curriliiiear. 

If  some  of  the  sides  are  r  ght  and  others  cur»'e, 
the  triangle  is  said  to  be  miztilinear. 

If  the  sides  are  all  arcs  of  great  circles  of  the 
sphere,  the  triangle  is  said  to  be  spherical.  Cue. 

2.  An  instrument  of  (lercussion  in  music,  made  of 
a  rod  of  polished  steel,  bent  into  tlie  form  of  a  tri- 
ancle. 

3.  In  militani  puni.ihments,  three  halberts  stuck  in 
the  ground  and  united  at  the  top,  to  wliicli  soldiers 
are  bound  when  tlogged. 

TRI'A.V'GI.EI),  a.    Having  three  angles. 
TIlI-Ai\"GU-LAR,  a.    Having  three  angles. 

In  botany,  a  triangular  stem  has  three  prominent 
longitudinal  anglt^s  ;  a  /riani»'«'arff<^/*  has  three  prom- 
inent angles,  without  any  reference  to  their  measure- 
ment or  direction.  Martyn,  Smith. 

Triangular  numbers  ;  the  series  of  nuiiibers  formed 
by  the  successive  sums  of  the  terms  of  an  arithmetic- 
al progression,  of  wliich  the  common  difference  is  1. 

Brande, 

TRT-AN"GU-LAR-LY,  adv.  After  the  form  of  a  tri- 
angle. Harris. 

TRI-A\"GU-L.^'TION,  n.  The  use  of  a  series  of 
triangles  in  a  trigonometrical  survey  ;  or  the  series 
of  triangles  thus  used.  D.  Stanley. 

TRI'XReil-Y,  ».    [Gr.  r/j'tt  and  aoxn-] 
Government  by  three  persons. 

TRT-A'RI-AN,  a.    [I.,  Iriani.] 

Occupying  the  third  [lost  or  place.  Cowley, 

TRI'AS,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  upper 
new  red  sandstone.  I.yell. 

TRI-.AS'SIf,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  trias. 

TRT'BAL,  a.    Belonging  to  a  tribe. 

TRIBE,  n.  [W.  tree ;  Gael,  treabh  ;  Sax.  thorpe,  D. 
dorp,  G.  dorf;  Sw.  and  D.an.  tirrp,  a  hamlet  or  vil- 
lage ;  L.  tribus.  \Ve  have  tribe  from  the  last.  In 
Welsh,  the  word  signifies  a  dwelling-place,  home- 
stead, hamlet,  or  town,  as  does  the  Sax.  thorpe.  The 
Sax.  trirf  is  a  tent ;  Russ.  derevni,  an  esLUe,  a  h;im-  j 
leu    From  the  sense  of  house,  the  word  came  tosig-  I 


nify  a  family,  a  race  of  descenthints  from  one  pro- 
genitor, who  originally  settled  round  him  and  formed 
a  village.] 

1.  A  family,  race,  or  scries  of  generations,  de- 
scending from  the  same  progenitor,  and  kept  dis- 
tinct, as  in  the  case  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  de- 
scended fnun  the  twelve  sons  of  Jacob. 

2.  A  division,  class,  or  distinct  [Hirtion  of  people, 
from  whati^ver  cause  that  distinction  may  have  orig- 
inated. The  city  of  Athens  was  divided  into  ten 
tribe.1.  Rome  was  originally  diviiled  into  three 
tribes ;  nllerward  the  people  were  disiribiiled  into 
thirty  tribes,  and  afXerward  into  thirty-five. 

Rinnan  Hist. 

3.  A  number  of  things  having  certain  characters 
or  res«Miiblaiices  in  common  ;  as,  a  tribe  of  plants ;  a 
tribe  of  animals. 

LinntEus  distributed  the  vegetable  kingdom  into 
C'ree  tribes,  viz.,  .Monocotyledonoiis,  Dicotyledonous, 
and  Acotyledonoiis  plants,  and  these  he  siibtlivuled 
into  gentes  or  natitms.  JMartyn. 

By  recent  natiirahsts,  tribe  has  been  used  for  a  di- 
vision of  animals  or  vegetables,  intermediate  be- 
tween order  and  genus.  Ctivier  divides  his  orders 
into  familie^-i,  and  his  families  into  tribes,  including 
under  the  latter  one  or  more  genera.  Leach,  in  his 
arrangement  of  insects,  makes  his  tribes,  on  the  cim- 
trary,  the  primary  subilivisiiuis  of  his  ortlers,  and  his 
families  subordinate  to  them,  and  immediately  in- 
cluding the  genera.  Curier.    Fid,  Enrye. 

Tribes  of  planU,  in  gardening,  are  such  as  are  re- 
lated to  each  other  by  some  natural  airinityor  resem- 
blance ;  as  by  their  duration,  the  annual,  biennial, 
and  perennial  tribes  ;  by  their  roots,  as  the  butbims, 
tuberous,  and  fibrou,i-rooted  tribes  ;  by  the  loss  or  re- 
tention of  their  leaves,  as  the  deciduous  and  crer- 
green  tribes  ;  by  their  fruits  and  seeds,  as  the  leiru- 
minous,  baccifcrous,  coniferous,  nuciferous,  ani\  pomifer- 
ous  tribes,  &c.  Cyc 

4.  .\  division  ;  a  number  considered  cxdiectively. 

5.  A  nation  of  savages ;  a  body  of  rude  people 
united  under  one  leader  or  government ;  as,  the 
tribes  of  the  six  nations ;  the  Seneca  tribe  in  Amer- 
ica. 

6.  A  number  of  persons  of  any  character  or  pro- 
fession ;  in  conle7n|;t ;  as,  the  scribbling  tribe, 

Rnsrommon. 

TRIBE,  r.  t.    To  distribute  into  tribes  or  cl.asses.  [A'ot 

much  u-sc//.]  Bp,  AlckoUon. 

TRIB'LET,     j  n.     A  goldsmith's  tool  for  making 
TRIB'O-LET,  i     rings.  .^insworth. 
TRI-HO.M'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  t/)i/3w,  to  rub  or  wear, and 

pero  measure.] 

An  instninient  to  ascertain  the  degree  of  friction 

in  riibbins  surfaces.  Brande. 
TRI'ltKA€lI,   n.     [Gr.   rotij,  three,  and  iJuaxvs, 

short.] 

In  ancient  prosody,  a  poetic  foot  of  three  short  syl- 
lables, as  miriiis. 
TRI-BRAC'TE-.-VTE,  a.    Having  three  bracts. 

Dreandolle. 

TRIB-fT-LS'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  tribulo,  to  thrash, 
to  beat.] 

Severe  affliction  ;  distresses  of  life  ;  vexations.  In 
Scripture,  it  often  denotes  the  troubles  and  distresses 
wliich  proceed  from  persecution. 

When  tritiulation  or  p  m-cuiion  aria^th  became  of  the  word,  by 
and  by      a  oe'Hnd.  d.  —  MjIU  xiu. 

In  the  world  ye  •h.tll  h:ive  tribulation.  — John  xvl. 

TRI-BC'N.AL,  n.    [I,,  tribunal,  from  triiunui,  a  trib- 
une, who  administeretl  justice.] 

1.  Properly,  the  seat  of  a  judge;  the  bench  on 
which  a  judge  and  his  associates  sit  for  administer- 
ing justice. 

2.  Jli/re  generally,  a  court  of  justice  ;  as,  the  house 
of  lords  in  England  is  the  highest  tribunal  in  the 
kingdom. 

3.  [Ft.  tribunel.]  In  France,  a  pnllery  or  eminence 
in  a  church  or  other  pl.ace,  in  w  hich  tlie  musical  per- 
formers are  pbiced  ftir  a  concert. 

TRIB'Q-.\.A-RY,  a.    [from  triiiin*.]    Pertaining  to 
tribunes. 

TRIR'I-.NE,  (trib'yunc,)  n.    [Fr.  tribun ;  L.  tribunus, 
from  tribus,  tribe  ;  Sp.  and  It.  tribuno,] 

1.  In  ancient  Rome,  an  officer  or  magistrate  chosen 
by  the  people,  to  protect  them  from  the  oppression  of 
the  patrici;ins  or  nobles,  and  lo  defend  their  liberties 
against  any  attempts  th.at  might  be  made  upon 
them  by  the  senate  and  consuls.  These  magistrates 
were  at  first  two,  but  their  number  was  incre-ased 
ultimately  to  ti  n.  There  were  also  military  tribunes, 
officers  of  the  army,  of  whom  there  were  from  fmr 
to  six  in  each  legion.  In  the  year  of  Rome  731,  the 
senate  transferred  the  authority  of  the  tribunes  to 
Augustus  and  his  successors.  There  were  also  other 
officers  called  tribunes ;  as,  tribunes  of  the  treasury, 
&c.  Cyc,    Smith's  IhcL 

2.  A  bench  or  elevated  place,  from  which  speeches 
were  delivered. 

3.  In  France,  a  pulpit  or  elevated  place  in  the 
chamber  of  deputies,  where  a  speaker  stands  lo 
address  the  assembly. 

TRIB'I'NF.-SIIIP,  (  n.    The  office  of  a  tribune. 
TRIB'U-NATE,     (  Mdisatt. 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


147* 


1173 


TRI 


TRI 


TRI 


TRIB-U-NI"CrAN,  (trili-yu-iiisli'an,)  )  a.  Pertaining 

TRlB-y-NI"TIAL,  (irib-yu-iiish'al,)  (    to  tribunes  ; 
as,  tribunician  power  or  authority.  Middleton. 
2.  Suiting  a  tribune. 

TRIB'U-TA-RI-LY,  adv.    In  a  tributary  manner. 

TRIB'li-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tribu- 
tary. 

TRIB'lf-TA-RY,  a.  [from  tribute.]  Paying  tribute  to 
another,  either  from  compulsion,  as  an  acI<nowle(ig- 
ment  of  submission,  or  to  secure  protection,  or  for 
tile  purpose  of  purchasing  peace.  The  republic  of 
Ragusa  is  tribiitarij  to  the  grand  seignior.  Many  of 
the  powers  of  Europe  are  tributarij  to  the  Barbary 
Stales. 

2.  Subject;  subordinate. 

He,  to  2T-'Ce  liis  Iribitlary  jods.  MUlon. 

3.  Paid  in  tribute. 

No  flaitery  lunes  tliese  tributary  lays.  Concanen, 

4.  Yielding  supplies  of  anything.  The  Ohio  has 
many  large  tributary  streams,  and  is  itself  tributary 
to  the  Mississippi. 

TRlIi'U-TA-RY,  n.  One  that  pays  tribute  or  a  stated 
sum  to  a  conqueting  power,  for  the  purpose  of  secur- 
ing peace  and  protection,  or  as  an  acknowledgment 
of  submission,  or  for  the  purchase  of  security.  VYhat 
a  reproach  to  nations,  that  they  should  be  the  tributa- 
ries of  Algiers  ! 

TRIB'UTE,  (trib'yute,)  n.  [Fr.  tribut;  L.  tributum, 
from  tribuo,  to  give,  bestow,  or  divide.] 

1.  An  annual  or  stated  sum  of  money  or  other 
valuable  thing,  paid  by  one  prince  or  nation  to  an- 
other, either  as  an  acknowledgment  of  submission, 
or  as  the  price  of  peace  and  protection,  or  by  virtue 
of  some  treaty.  The  Romans  made  all  their  con- 
quered countries  pay  tribute,  as  do  the  Turks,  at  this 
day  ;  and  in  some  countries  the  tribute  is  paid  in 
children.  Cijc. 

2.  A  personal  contribution  ;  as,  a  tribute  of  re- 
spect. 

;).  Something  given  or  contributed. 
TRIB'U'I  E,  ».  (.    To  pay  as  tribute. 
TRIB'U-TEI),  pp.    Paid  as  tribute. 
TRIB'IJ-Tl.N'G,  ppr.    Paying  as  tribute. 
TRl-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.    [L.  tres,  three,  and  capsula,  a 
little  chest.] 

In  baOtny,  three-capsuled  ;  having  three  capsules 
to  each  flower.  Marlijn. 

TRICE,  II.  (.    To  haul  up  by  means  of  a  rope. 

TRICE,  71.  A  very  short  time;  an  instant;  a  mo- 
ment. 

If  they  get  rieTer  so  ^reat  spoil  at  any  time,  they  waste  the  same 

in  a  trice.  13pen8er. 
A  man  shall  make  his  fortune  in  a  trict.  Young. 

TRI-CEN'NI-AL,  a.    [L.  triccnmum.} 

Denoting  thirty  years,  or  what  pertains  to  that 
number. 

TRI-eHOT'O-MOUS,  (tri-kot'o-mus,)  a.  [See  Tri- 
chotomy.] Divided  into  three  parts,  or  divided  by 
threes  ;  as,  a  trichotoinous  stem.  Martyn. 

TRl-€HOT'0-MY,  (tri-kot'ivme.)  n.  [Gr.  rpixa, 
thrice,  and  rt/n  w,  to  cut  or  divide.] 

Division  into  three  parts.  Watts. 

TRI'eHRO-ISM,  n.    [Gr.  rntu  and  xpnpi.i.] 

The  quality  of  presenting  different  colors  in  three 
different  directions.  Dana. 

TRICK,  71.  [D.  (/fi,  a  pull  or  drawing,  a  (r/ci ;  trek- 
ken,  to  draw,  to  drair ;  bedrie'ren,  to  cheat  ;  drie^en,  to 
tack  or  baste  ;  G.  trieijen,  to  deceive  ;  trug,  betrug, 
fiaud,  trick;  Dan.  trekke,  a  trick  ;  trehker,  to  draw, 
to  entice ;  Fr.  tricher,  to  cheat  ;  It.  treceare,  to  cheat ; 
trecca,  a  huckster  ;  i  reccia,  a  lock  of  hair,  from  fold- 
ing, involving,  Gr.  b/n^  ;  Sp.  trica,  a  quibble  ;  L.  Iri- 
cor,  to  play  tricks,  to  trifle,  to  bafile.  VVe  see  the 
same  root  in  the  Low  L.  intrico,  to  fold,  and  in  in- 
trirrue.  Trick  is  from  drawintr,  that  is,  a  drawing 
aside,  or  a  folding,  interweaving,  implication.] 

1.  An  artifice  or  stratagem  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
ception ;  a  fraudful  contrivance  for  an  evil  purpose, 
ur  an  underhand  scheme  to  impose  upon  the  world  ; 
a  cheat  or  cheating.  We  hear  of  tricks  in  bargains, 
and  tricks  of  state. 

lie  comes  to  me  for  counsel,  and  1  show  him  a  trick.  South. 

2.  A  dextrous  artifice. 

On  one  nice  Iricit  depends  the  general  fate.  Pope. 

3.  Vicious  practice  ;  as,  the  tricks  of  youth. 

4.  The  sly  artifice  or  legerdemain  of  a  juggler;  as, 
Ihc  tricks  of  a  merry -andrew. 

5.  A  parcel  of  cards  falling  to  a  winner  at  one 
turn. 

6.  An  unexpected  event. 

Some  Iric*  not  worth  nn  rgg.    [UnutuaL]  Slink. 

7.  A  particular  habit  or  manner;  as,  he  has  a  trick 
of  driimiiiini;  with  his  fingers,  or  a  trick  of  frowning. 

[  This  word  is  in  common  use  in  .America,  and  by  no 
means  vulvar.] 

H.  Among  ieamm,lhc  period  spent  by  a  sailor  at 
the  helm.  Tnllrn. 
TRICK,  0.  f.    To  deceive;  to  Impose  on  ;  to  defraud  ; 

to  cheat ;  as,  to  trick  another  in  the  sale  of  a  horse. 
TRK'K,  r.  t    [W.  treciate,  to  furnish  or  harness,  to 
trick  out ;  tree,  an  iinjilement,  haniesn,  gear,  from 


Wief,  a  breaking  forth,  properly  a  throwing  or  ex- 
tending. This  may  be  a  varied  application  of  the 
foregoing  word.] 

To  dress  ;  to  decorate ;  to  set  off;  to  adorn  fantas- 
tically. 

Trick  her  off  in  air.  Pope. 
It  is  often  followed  by  up,  off,  or  out. 
People  ai^  lavish  in  tricking  up  their  children  in  fine  clothes,  yet 
starve  their  minds.  Locke. 

TRICK,  V.  u   To  live  by  deception  and  fraud. 

Dry  den. 

TRICK'£D,  (trikt,)pp.    Cheated  ;  deceived  ;  dressed. 

TRICK'ER,      )  n.    One  who  tricks;  a  deceiver;  a 

TRICK'STER,  j  cheat. 

TRICK'ER,  >i.    A  trigger.    [See  Tbiogeb.] 

TRICK'ER- Y,  71.  The  art  of  dressing  up;  artifice; 
stratagem.  Parr.  Burke. 

TRICK'IN'G,  ppr.  Deceiving;  cheating;  defraud- 
ing. 

2.  Dressing ;  decorating. 
TRICK'ING,  71.    Dress  ;  ornament.  Shak. 
TRICK'ISH,  o.    Artful  in  making  bargains  ;  given  to 

deception  and  cheating  ;  knavisii.  Pope. 
TRICK'ISH-LY,  adv.    Artfully  ;  knavishly. 
TRICK'ISH-NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  tiickish  or 

deceitful. 

TRICK'LE,  (trik'l,)  v.  i.  [Allied  perhaps  to  Gr.  rptxoi, 
to  run,  and  a  diminutive.] 

To  flow  in  a  small,  gentle  stream  ;  to  run  down  ; 
as,  tears  trickle  down  the  cheek;  water  trickles  from 
the  eaves. 

Fast  be.-ide  tliere  trickled  soRly  down 

A  gentle  stream.  Spenser. 

TRICK'LING,  ppr.  Flowing  down  in  a  small,  gentle 
stream. 

TRICK'LING,  71.  The  act  of  flowing  in  a  small,  gen- 
tle stream. 

He  wakened  by  the  trickling  of  his  blood.  ^ViBenuln. 

TRICK'MENT,  71.    Decoration.    [JVot  used.] 
TRICK'SY,  a.     [from  trick.]    Pretty;  brisk.  [JVot 

much  u.-ied.]  Shale. 
TRICK'-TRACK,,  71.    A  game  resembling  backgam- 

mim. 

TRie'LI-NATE,  71.  [Gr.  t/)ij,  threefold,  and  kXwu, 
to  incline.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  term  applied  to  crystals  in  which 
the  three  axes  are  all  obliquely  inclined  to  one  an- 
other, as  in  the  oblique  rhomboidal  prism.  Dana. 
TRi-CLIN'I-A-RY,  a.    [L.  tric^iniaris,  from  triclinium, 
a  couch  to  recline  on  at  dinner.] 

Pertaining  to  a  coticli  for  dining,  or  to  the  ancient 
mode  of  reclining  at  table. 
TRI-€WV'I-UM,  71.    [L.,  from  Ires  and  clino.] 

Among  t^ie  Roinan.i,  a  couch  for  reclining  on  at 
meals,  usually  fur  tiirce  persons  ;  also,  a  diuing- 
roou!,  furnished  with  such  couches  on  three  sides. 

SmithKi  Diet. 

TRT-eOCeOUS,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  coccus,  a 
berry.) 

A  tricoccous  or  three-grained  capsule  is  one 
which  is  swelling  out  in  three  protuberances  inter- 
nally divided  into  three  cells,  with  one  seed  in  each  ; 
as  in  Euphorbia.  Martyn. 

TRI'eOL-OR,  71.  The  national  French  banner,  of 
three  colors,  blue,  white,  and  red,  adopted  at  the 
first  revolution. 

TRl'eOL-OR-£D,  a.  Having  three  colors  ;  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  [irescnt  flag  of  France. 

TRi  eOR-NlG'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  tres  and  C07viii.] 
Having  three  horns. 

TEi  eoR'PO-RAL,  a.  [L.  tricorpor ;  tres  and 
corpus.] 

Having  three  bodies.  Todd. 

TRieUSP'ID,  a.  Having  three  points;  as,  the  tri- 
cuspid valve,  i.  e.,  the  valve  of  the  right  ventricle  of 
the  heart.  Brande. 

TRi-eUSP'I-DATE,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  ciispis,  a 
point.] 

In  botany,  three-pointed  ;  ending  in  three  points ; 
as,  a  tricu^infiate  stamen. 
TRI-DAC'TYL-OUS,  o.    [Gr.  rpeis,  three, and  (Jasru- 
AiM,  a  toe.] 

Having  three  toes. 
TRIDE,  a.    Amtmg  Imnters,  short  and  ready;  fleet; 

as,  a  tride  pace.  Bailnj.  Cyc. 

TRI'DlvNT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tridcns  ;  tres,  three,  and 
rfriiv,  tot)th.] 

In  mytholotry,  a  kind  of  scepter  or  spear  with  three 
prongs,  which  the  fables  of  antiquity  put  into  the 
hands  of  Neptune,  the  deity  of  the  ocean. 
TUT'DKNT  / 

TKI'DrNT-I'D  (       'IivinB 'hree  teeth  or  prongs. 
TRI  DENT'ATE,  a.    [L.  tres  and  dens,  tooth.] 

Having  three  teeth.  Lee, 
TRM)ENT'INE,  a.    [from  L.  Tridmlam.] 

I'erlaiiiing  to  Trent,  or  the  celebrated  council  held 
in  lhal  city.  Knci/c.  .^m. 

TRI-DI-A-PA'SON,  71.    [Iri  und  diapason.]    In  77m.«ic, 

a  trtpli?  octave  or  twenty-second.  Bu.iby. 
TRI'DING.    See  Tkitming. 

TRi  nO  DEC  A-Hk'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rptif,  three,  and 
dodecahedrat.] 


In  crystallo^aphy,  presenting  three  ranges  of  faces, 
one  above  another,  each  containing  twelve  faces. 
TRID'lJ-AN,  a.    [L.  triiUum  ;  tres  and  dies,  day.] 

Lasting  three  days,  or  happening  every  third  day. 
[Little  used.] 

TRI-EN'NI-AL,  a.  [Fr.  triennal;  L.  triennis,  trienni- 
u.n  ;  tres,  three,  and  annus,  year.] 

1.  Continuing  three  years  ;  as,  triennial  parlia- 
ments. 

2.  Happening  every  three  years ;  as,  triennial  elec- 
tions. Trieiiuial  elections  and  parliaments  were  es- 
tablished in  England  in  1G95;  but  these  were  discon- 
tinued in  1717,  and  septennial  elections  and  parlia- 
ments were  adopted,  which  still  continue. 

TRi-EN'NI-AL-LY,  adi'.    Once  in  three  years. 
TRT'iWS,  71.    [L.]    A  Roman  copper  coin,  equal  to 

one  third  of  the  as. 
TRI'ER,  7!.    [from  try.]    One  who  tries ;  one  who 

makes  experiments ;  one  who  examines  any  thing 

by  a  test  or  standard. 

2.  One  who  tries  judicially  ;  a  judge  who  tries  a 
person  or  cause.    [See  Trior.] 

3.  A  name  given  to  persons  appointed  according  to 
law,  to  try  whether  a  person  challenged  to  the  favor 
is  qualified  to  serve  011  a  jury.  Bonvier. 

4.  A  test ;  that  which  tries  or  approves.  Shak. 
TRl'ER-ARCH,  71.  [Gr.  rpinpris,  a  trireme,  and  u/jx"Si 

a  chief.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  the  commander  of  a  trireme  ; 
particularly  at  .Athens,  one  who,  at  his  own  expense, 
equipped  the  vessel,  kept  it  in  repair,  and  procured 
the  crew.  Smith's  Diet. 

TRI'EU-AReH-Y,  71.  The  office  or  duty  of  a  trierarch. 

Smith's  Diet. 

TRl-E-TER'ie-AL,  a.  [L.  trictcricus ;  tres,  three,  and 
Gr.  trof,  year.] 

Triennial  ;  kept  or  occurring  once  in  three  years. 
[Little  used.]  Gregory, 
TRI  FAL-LoW,  11.  f.    [L.  tres,  three,  and  fallow.] 
To  plow  land  the  third  time  before  sowing. 

Mortimer. 

TRl'FAL-LoVV-£D,  pp.  Plowed  the  third  tune  before 
sowing. 

TRI  FAL-LoW-ING,  ppr.     Plowing  the  third  time 

before  sowing.  .^sh. 
TRI-Fa'RI-OUS,  a.    Arranged  in  three  'ows. 

P.  Cyc. 

TRi'FID,  a.  [L.  trijidus  ;  tres,  three,  and  fndo,  to 
divide.] 

Ill  botany,  divided  half  way  into  three  parts  by 
linear  sinuses  with  straight  margins  ;  three-cleft. 

Marliin. 

TRI-FIS'TU-LA-RY,  o.    [L.  tres  and  ^tuJa,  a  pipe.] 

Having  three  pipes.  Brown. 
TRi'FLE,  (tri'fl,)  71.     [It  coincides  with  TuiTiii,, 
which  see.] 

1.  A  thing  of  very  little  value  or  importance  ;  a 
word  applicable  to  any  tiling  and  every  tiling  of  this 
character. 

With  such  poor  triJleK  playin*.  Drayton. 
Moments  make  the  year,  and  trifles,  life.  I'ouji^. 
Trifles 

Are  to  the  jealous  confirmation  strong,  Sliak. 

2.  A  dish  composed  of  alternate  layers  of  sweet- 
meats and  cake,  with  syllabub. 

.3.  A  cake. 

TRI'FLE,  V.  i.  To  act  or  talk  without  seriousness, 
gravity,  weight,  or  dignity  ;  to  act  or  talk  with  lev- 
ity. 


2.  To  indulge  in  light  amusements.  Law. 

To  trifle  with  ;  to  mock  ;  to  play  the  fool  with  ;  to 
treat  without  respect  or  seriousness. 

To  trifle  with,   t  to  spend  in  vanity  ;  to  waste  to  no 

To  trifle  amy  i  \  miod  purpose;  as,  to  trifle  with 
time,  or  to  trifle  away  time  ;  to  trifle  with  advantages. 
TRI'FLE,  V.  t.  To  make  of  no  importance.  [jVot  in 
vsr.  ] 

TRI'FLER,  71.    One  who  trifles  or  acts  with  levity. 

Bacon. 

TRI'FLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Acting  or  talking  with  levity, 
or  without  seriousness  or  being  in  earnest. 

2.  0.  Being  of  small  value  or  importance  ;  trivial ; 
as,  a  trifling  debt  ;  a  trifling  alTair. 

TRI'FLING,  71.    Emjiloyment  about  things  of  no  im- 
porlanco. 

TRI'FLING-LY,  adr.    In  a  trifling  manner;  with 

levity  1  without  seriousness  or  dignity.  Locke. 
TRI'FLING-NESS,  71.    Levity  of  manners  ;  lightness. 

F.ntick. 

2.  Smnllness  of  value ;  emptiness;  vanity. 
TRI-FLO'ROUS,  a.    [L.  tres,  three,  and  flos,  floris, 
flower.] 

Three  flow-ered ;  bearing  three  flowers;  as,  a  fri- 
flonius  peiluncle.  Marli/n. 
TRI-FO'LI-ATE,  a.    [L.  tres,  three,  and/oii«m,  leaf.] 

Having  three  leaves.  IJiirte. 
TRI-FO'Ll-O-LATE,  a.    Having  three  foliolcs. 

Decantlolle. 

TRI'FO-LY,  71.   Sweet  trefoil.    [See  1  refoil.] 

Jl/risn71. 

TRI-FO'RI-UM,  71.   [L.]   The  gallery  or  open  space 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^lT.— METE,  PRfiV — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1174 


TRI 

between  tlie  vaulting  and  tlie  ruof  of  the  aisles  of  a 

cliiircli.  Owilt. 
TRI'FCJK.M,  a.    [L.  tr{formis ;  trcs  and  fortna.] 

Ilavinf*  a  triple  form  or  shape;  as,  the  triform 

countenance  of  the  moon.  MiUon. 
TRI  FUK'eA-TED,  a.     Having  three  branches  or 

forks. 

TUIU,  ».  t.    [W.tritrauL   See  TaiocEn.]    To  fill ;  to 
stuir.    [JVui  in  u.<».] 
3.  To  stop,  as  a  wheel.  Baitey. 
TRIG,  a.    Full  ;  trim  ;  neat.    [JVot  in  use.] 
TKiG'A-MOI'S,  a.    [C,t.  r.pfit  and  i  nfios,  marriage.] 
In  bulanij,  having  three  sorts  of  (lowers  in  the  same 
head,  male,  female,  and  herniaplirodite.  Brandt. 
TRIG'A-.MY,  lu    [Gr.  r^i£i$,  three,  and  jo/zoj,  mar- 
riage ] 

State  of  being  married  three  times  ;  or  the  state  of 
having  three  husbands  or  three  wives  at  the  same 
time.  Herbert. 
TRIG'GF.R,  n.  [W.  trigaw,  to  stop;  Dan.  (rp/.Acr,  to 
draw  ;  tnt/ilcer,  to  press  or  pinch  ;  or  trytrircr^  to  make 
sure  ;  trug^  Sw.  tnjgg,  satV*,  secure  ;  trycka^  to  press. 
This  is  the  Eng.  true,  or  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  A  catch  to  hold  the  wheel  of  a  carriage  on  a  de- 
clivity. 

2.  The  catch  of  a  musket  or  pistol ;  the  part  which, 
being  pulled,  looses  the  lock  for  striking  tire. 

TRI  Gl.N  TALS,  n.  pi.    [L.  triginla.] 

Trenlals.    [Sec  Trehtal.] 
TRIG'LYIMI,  (trig'lif,)  n.    [Gr.  rpcij,  three,  and  y\v- 
ifiri,  sculpture.] 

.■\n  ornament  in  the  frieze  of  the  Doric  column, 
repeated  at  equal  intervals.  Each  triglyph  consists 
of  two  entire  gutters  or  channels,  cut  to  a  right  an- 
gle, railed  glyplts,  and  separated  by  three  interstices, 
called  femora.  Cl/c. 
TRt-GLYI'H'ie,  (a.  Consisting  of  or  pertaining 
TRI-GI-Yl'irie-AL,  t    to  triglyphs. 

2.  Containing  three  sets  of  characters  or  sculp- 
tures. Qiidilon. 
TRI'GON,  n.    [Gr.  rotit,  three,  and  j  umo,  angle.] 

1.  A  triangle  ;  a  term  used  in  astrology  for  a  divis- 
ion consisting  of  three  signs  ;  also,  trine,  an  aspect 
of  two  planets  distant  120  degrees  from  each  other. 

JIulton, 

2.  A  kind  of  triangular  lyre  or  harp  used  among 
the  ancients. 

TRIG'O-NAL,     )a.  Triangular;  having  three  angles 

TRIG'0-\OUS,  i     or  corners. 

S.  In  botany,  having  three  prominent  longitudinal 
ansles.  J\Iartipi. 

TRIG-0-.\0-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  trigo- 
nometry ;  performed  by  or  according  to  the  rules  of 
trigonometry. 

TRIG-O-NO-MET'Rie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to 
the  rules  or  principles  of  trigonometry. 

^siat.  Ren. 

TRIG-O-NOM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  rpiyaivos,  a  triangle, 
and  ^ir(t€i,ij  to  measure.] 

The  measuring  of  triangles  ;  the  science  of  deter- 
mining the  sides  and  angles  of  triangles,  by  means 
of  certain  parts  which  are  given.  When  this  science 
is  applied  to  the  solution  of  plane  triangles,  it  is 
called  plane  trigonometry  ;  when  its  application  is  to 
spherical  triangh  s,  it  is  called  .■■•phcricai  trigonometry. 

TRI  f;n  A.M-MAT'ie,  a.  Containing  three  sets  of 
fliar;u:(ors  or  letters.  OUddoiu 

TUI-CJRA.M'iMie,  o.  [Gr.  rptif,  three,  and  ypappia,  a 
letter.] 

Consisting  of  three  letters. 
TRI'GRAPII,  (-graf,)  n.    [-iitif  and  ypo-^.] 

A  name  given  to  three  letters  having  one  sound. 
TRI-6YN'I-A,  n.    [Gr.  rptif,  three,  and  yvvn,  a  fe- 
male.] 

In  boltiny,  an  order  of  plants  having  three  styles. 
TRt-GY.\'I-A.V,   (  a.      In    botany,    having  three 
TRIG'Y.V-OUS!,    i  stvles. 

TKI  IlK'niiAL,  a.    [See  Trihedron.]  Havingthrce 

e(iiial  side-*  (tr  faces. 
TRMlK'DROX,  n.    [Gr.  rntif,  three,  and  tcpo,  side.] 

A  ligure  having  three  equal  sides. 
TRM'U-GOUS,  a.    [L.  (re..-,  three,  and  jugvm,  yoke.] 
In  botany,  having  three  pairs  of  leatlets.    A  triju- 
gotLs  leaf  is  a  pinnate  loaf  with  three  pairs  of  leaflets. 

Jifartyn. 

TRT-LAT'ER-AL,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  tres,  three,  and 

lalus,  side.] 

Having  lliree  sides. 
TRM.AT'ER-AI^LY,  adv.   With  three  sides. 
TRI-LIN"GUAL,  (  ling'gwal,)  a.     [L.  tres  and  tin- 

gua.] 

Consisting  of  three  languages  or  tongues. 
TRI-LIT'ER^AL,  a.    [L.  (r«,  three,  and  lUera,  let- 
ter.] 

Consisting  of  three  letters  ;  as,  a  Irilitcral  root  or 
word. 

TRT-LIT'ER-.\L,  n.  A  word  consisting  of  three  let- 
ters. 

TRIL'I-THO.\,  n.  [Gr.  rpcif,  three,  and  AiSof,  a 
sttmc] 

Three  stones  placed  together  like  door  posts  and  a 
lintel. 

TRILL,  n.  [It.  triUo  ;  Dan.  trillr ;  G.  triller  :  W.  treil- 
liate,  to  turn,  to  roll.    But  the  latter  may  be  con- 


TRl 

tracted  from  treiglato,  to  turn  ;  frai(/,  traiipjl,  a  turn 
or  roll,  from  the  root  of  draw,  dra^r.  Trill  coincides 
with  Ihirl  and  drill ;  D.  drilicn.    tiu.  reel.] 

A  quaver ;  a  shake  of  the  voice  in  singing,  or  of 
the  sound  of  an  instrument.    [See  Shake.] 
TRILL,  o.t.  [n.triaarc] 

To  utter  with  a  quavering  or  tremulousness  of 
voice ;  to  shake. 

Tlic  •oU;r-(*iiUed  iongstn'M  trills  Iicr  lay.  ThomMon. 
TRILL,  V.  i.    To  flow  in  a  small  stream,  or  in  drops 
rapidly  succeeding  each  other  ;  to  trickle. 

Am)  ni'W  niul  Itien,  an  Hiiiple  tear  trilled  down 

lior  tlcliwle  cliffk.  Sltak. 

2.  To  shake  or  quaver ;  to  play  In  tremulous  vibra- 
tions of  sound. 

To  jiitige  of  trilling  notca  and  trippinj  fccU  Dryden. 
TRILL'£D,  pp.    Shaken  ;  uttered  with  rapid  vibra- 
tions. 

TItlLL'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  with  a  quavering  or 
sha-ke. 

TRILL'IO.\,  {tril'yun,)  n.  [A  word  formed  arbitra- 
rily of  three,  or  Gr.  rfiiTut,  and  million.] 

According  to  the  Enirlish  notation,  the  product  of  a 
million  involved  to  the  third  power,  or  the  product 
of  :i  million  multiplied  by  a  million,  and  that  product 
multiplied  by  a  iiiillKm  ;  the  product  of  the  square  of 
a  million  multiplii'd  by  a  million.  Thus,  1,0Q0,000 
X  I, ll(m,0()l)  =  1,0(10,000,000,01)1),  and  this  product 
multiplied  by  a  million   -  1,0  0,000,000,000,000,000. 

According  to  the  French  notation,  the  number  ex- 
pri!ssed  by  a  unit  with  twelve  ciphers  annexed  = 
1,000,000,000,000. 

TRM,6'ltATE,  a.    [L.  tres  and  lobus.] 

Having  three  lobes.  Journ.  of  Science. 

TRI'LO-lilTE,  71.  [Gr.  rpcij,  three,  and  Xo/ios,  a 
lobe.] 

One  of  an  extinct  family  of  Crustacea,  found  in  the 
earliest  fossiliferous  strata. 

TRI-LOCy-LAR,  a.    [ L.  Ires  and  /oru.s-,  a  cell.] 

In  botany,  tlirce  celled ;  having  three  cells  for 
seeds ;  as,  a  trilocular  capsule. 

TRIL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  rptij  and  Xoyoj.]  A  series  of 
three  dram.as,  which,  although  e.ich  of  them  is  in 
one  sense  complete,  yet  bear  a  mutual  relation,  and 
form  but  parts  of  one  historical  and  poetical  picture. 
Phakspeare's  Henry  VI.  is  an  example. 

TRI-LO'.MIN-AR,    (  a.    [L.  Ires  and  Inmen,  light.] 

TRI-LU'MIN-OUS,  (     Having  three  lights. 

TRIM,  a.  [Sax.  trum,  firm,  stable,  strong,  secure; 
tryman,  getrymian,  to  make  firm,  to  strengthen,  to 
prepare,  to  order  or  dispose,  to  exhort,  persuade,  or 
animate.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  set,  to  strain,  or 
to  make  straight.] 

Firm;  compact;  tight;  snug;  being  in  good  or- 
der. We  say  of  a  ship,  she  is  trim,  or  trim-built ;  ev- 
ery thing  about  the  man  is  (rim.  We  say  of  a  per- 
son, he  is  trim,  when  his  body  is  well-shaped  and 
firm  ;  and  we  say  his  dress  is  trim,  when  it  sits 
closely  to  his  body  and  appears  tight  and  snug;  and 
of  posture  we  say,  a  man  or  a  soldier  is  trim,  when 
he  stands  erect.  It  is  particularly  applicable  to  sol- 
diers, and  in  Saxon,  (ruma  is  a  troop  or  body  of  sol- 
diers. 

TRI.M,  V.  t.  [S'ax.  (rwminn,  trymian,  to  make  firm  or 
strong,  to  strengthen,  to  prepare,  to  put  in  order.] 

1.  In  a  general  sen.<e,  to  make  right,  that  is,  to  put 
in  due  order  for  any  purpose. 

The  liermil  trimmed  liia  liule  fire.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  dress  ;  to  put  the  body  in  a  proper  state. 

1  wo*  trimmed  in  Juli.\'«  gown.  Sltok. 

3.  To  decorate  ;  to  invest  or  embellish  with  extra 
ornaments  ;  as,  to  trim  a  gown  with  lace.  Dryden. 

4.  To  clip,  as  the  hair  of  the  head  ;  also,  to  shave  ; 
th.1t  is,  to  put  in  due  order. 

5.  To  lop,  as  superfluous  branches ;  to  prune  ;  as, 
to  trim  trees.  Mortimer. 

G.  To  adjust  for  use  ;  as,  to  trim  a  lamp. 
7.  To  make  neat ;  to  adjust. 


I  found  her  trimming  op  ihe  diiulem 
On  hrr  dvud  inioirvM. 


Shale. 


8.  In  carpentry,  to  dress,  as  timber;  to  make 
smooth. 

9.  To  adjust  the  cargo  of  a  ship,  or  the  weight  of 
persons  or  goods  in  a  boat,  so  equally  on  each  side  of 
the  center  and  at  each  end,  that  she  shall  sit  well  on 
the  water  and  sail  well.  Thus  we  say,  to  trim  a  ship 
or  a  boat. 

10.  To  rebuke  ;  to  reprove  sharply  ;  a  popular  use 
of  the  leord. 

11.  To  arrange  in  due  order  for  sailing  ;  as,  to  trim 
the  sails. 

To  trim  in  :  in  carpentn/jU)  fit,  as  a  piece  of  timber 
into  other  work.  Mozon. 

To  trim  up  ;  to  dress  ;  to  put  in  order. 
TRI.M,  V.  L    To  balance  ;  to  fluctuate  between  parties, 

so  as  to  appear  to  favor  each.  SoulJt. 
TRIM,  n.    Dress;  gear;  ornaments.  Dryden. 

2.  The  state  of  a  ship  or  her  cargo,  ball.ist,  masts, 
tc,  by  which  she  is  well  prepared  for  sailing. 

7'rim  of  the  masts,  is  their  position  in  regard  to  the 
ship  and  to  each  other,  as  near  or  distant,  far  forward 
or  much  aft,  erect  or  raking.  .^ar.  Diet. 


TRI 

7Vim  of  sails,  is  that  position  and  arrangement 
which  is  best  adapted  to  impel  the  ship  forward. 

Mar.  DicL 

TRI-MES'TER,  n.  [L.  trimastru),  tres,  three,  and 
mensii,  month.] 

A  term  or  period  of  three  months. 

Ger.  UHiotrnititH. 
TRIM'E-TER,  n.    A  poetical  division  of  verse,  con- 
sisting of  three  measures.  Loath. 
TRI.M'E-TER,         (a.    [Gr.  rpi'^crpof,  three  mcas- 
TRI-MET'Rie-AL,  i  ures.] 

(Consisting  of  three  poetical  measures,  forming  an 
iambir  of  six  feet.  Roscommon. 
TRI-.MET'Rie,  a.    [Gr.  ro.j,  threefold,  and  ptrijai/, 
measure.] 

In  mineralogy,  crystals  with   the  axes  of  three 
kinds,  the  three  being  unequal,  as  the  rectangular 
and  rhoniliic  prisms.  Dana. 
TRI.M'LY,  aJd.    Nicely;  neatly;  in  good  order. 

Spenser. 

TRIM'M/^D,  (triind,)  pp.  Put  in  good  order  ;  dressed  ; 

ornauieiited  ;  clipped;  shaved;  balanced;  rebuked. 
TRI.M'.MER,  n.    One  that  trims  ;  a  linie  servcr. 

2.  A  small  beam,  into  which  are  framed  the  ends 
of  several  joists,  as  when  a  well-hole  is  to  be  left  for 
stairs,  or  to  avoid  bringing  joists  near  chimneys,  &c^oUL 

(Iwilt.  »|J' 

TRIM'MING,  ;ipr.  Putting  in  due  order ;  dressing  ; 
decorating;  pruning;  balancing;  fluctuating  be- 
tu'ccn  parties. 

TRI.M 'MING,  n.  Ornamental  apiiendages  to  a  gar- 
ineiit,  ns  lace,  ribbons,  and  the  like. 

TUI.M'.Ml.VG-LY,  ado.    In  a  trimming  manner. 

TKI M'.\ lO.-'S,  71.  Neatness;  snugness;  the  state  of 
being  close  and  in  good  order. 

TRI'NAL,  a.    [L.  trinus,  three.]    Threefold.  Milton. 

TRINE,  a.  Threefold  ;  as,  trine  dimensions,  that  is, 
leiiL'th,  breadth,  and  thickness. 

TRI.NF,,  ji.  (^Siipra.]  In  u.v(™;/ini/,  the  aspect  of  plan- 
ets distant  trom  each  other  liO  degrees,  or  one  third 
of  the  zodiac.  Brande. 

TRI.NE,  I).  (.   To  put  in  the  aspect  of  a  trine. 

Dryden. 

TRIN'KD,  pp.    Put  in  the  aspect  of  a  trine. 

TKI-.N'ERV'ATE,  a.    [L.  tres  and  nervus.] 

In  botany,  having  three  unbranched  vessels  extend- 
ing from  tile  base  to  the  ape.x  of  the  leaf 

TRI  NERVE,     j  a.    In  botany,  a  Irinervcd  or  three- 

TRl'NER  V-A'D,  \  nerved  leaf,  has  three  unbranched 
vessels  extending  from  the  base  to  the  apex  or 
point. 

TRIN"GLE,  (tring'gle,)  n.  [Fr.]  In  architecture,  a 
little  stpiare  member  or  ornament,  as  a  listel,  reglet, 
platband,  and  the  like,  but  particularly  a  little  mem- 
ber fixetl  exactly  over  every  triglyph.  Cye. 

TRIN-I-Ta'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Trinity,  or 
to  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 

TRIN-1-Ta'RI-AN,  71.  One  who  believes  the  doctrine 
of  the  Trinity. 

2.  One  of  a  religions  order  who  made  it  their 
business  to  redeem  Christians  from  Turks  or  infi- 
dels. 

TRIN-I-Ta'RI-AX-IS.M,  n.  The  doctrine  of  Trinita- 
rians. 

TRIN'I-TV,  71.  [L.  trinitas ;  tres  and  urnu,  unitas, 
one,  unity.] 

In  theology,  the  union  of  three  persons  in  one  God- 
head, the  Father,  the  Son,  and  the  Holy  Spirit. 

In  my  whoW  ess.-iy,  there  ia  not  Kay  tiling  lilte  an  olij'-clion 
against  the  TVinily.  Locke. 
TRIN'I-TY-HOUSE,  7i.    An  institution  in  London 
for  the  promotion  of  commerce  and  navigation,  by 
licensing  pilots,  ordering  and  erectiii"  beacons,  4cc. 
TRINK'ET,  71.  [If  ;i  is  casual,  this  isfrom  W'.treciaa, 
to  furnish.    See  Thick.] 

1.  A  small  ornament,  as  a  jewel,  a  ring,  and  the 
like.  Drydrn.  Smifl, 

2.  A  thing  of  little  value ;  tackle  ;  tools. 

Tusser.  Kstrangt. 
TRINK'ET  RY,  n.  Ornaments  of  dre.ss  ;  trinkets. 
TRI-No'MI-AL,  a.    [L.  (rf.«and  nomrii.] 

In  mathtmaticji ,  a  trinomial  quantity  is  a  quantity 
consisting  of  three  terms,  connected  by  the  signs  4- 
or  —  .    Thus  I  -)-  1/  -t-  :,  or  a  -H  A  —  e. 
TRI-No'MI-AL,  n.    A  quantity  consisting  of  three 
terms. 

TRI'0, 71.    Three  united. 

2.  In  77IUSIC,  a  composition  in  three  parts;  often 
pronounced  trVo.  Brande. 
TRI-OH'O-LAR,     )  a.     [I.,  triobolaris  ;  tres  and  obo- 
TRI-OH'0-LA-RY,  (  lu.i.j 

Of  the  value  of  three  oDoli ;  mean  ;  worthless. 

Cheyne. 

TRT-Oe-TA-HF.'DRAL,  a.  [(ri  and  ortaA^W.)  In 
crystallography,  presenting  three  ranges  of  faces,  one 
above  another,  each  range  containing  eight  fact  s. 

TRI-Oe'TILE,  71.  JL.  tres,  three,  and  octo,  eight.] 
In  astrology,  an  aspect  of  two  planets  with  regard 
to  the  earth,  when  they  are  three  oclanus  or  three 
eighths  of  a  circle,  that  is,  135  degrees,  distant  from 
each  other.  llutton. 

TRIN'I-TY-SUN'DAY,  ti.  The  Sunday  next  after 
Whitsunday  ;  so  called  from  the  feast  held  on  Uiat 
day  in  honor  of  the  Holy  Trinity. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  aj  SH  ;  TU  as^in  THIS. 


1175 


t 


TRI 


TRI 


TRI 


TRT'O  LF.T,  H.  A  stiin/.a  of  eight  liiius,  in  wliich  tlie 
fir<l  line  is  tlirire  rppeuted.  Brandc 

TKI'OR,  («.    [from  tr?,.]    In /aw,  a  person  appointed 

TKI  Ell,  i  bv  the  court  to  examine  whi  ther  a  chal- 
leiise  to  a  panel  of  jurors,  or  to  any  juror,  is  just. 
The  triors  are  two  indifferent  persons.  C;,c. 

TRIP,  ».  I.  [G.  trippdii ;  D.  (ri>/ie«  ;  Sw.  trippa  ;  Dan. 
tripper  :  W.  tripimo,  to  trip,  to  stumble  ;  from  rhip,  a 
skipping.    See  r|-'I3  and         in  Caslell.] 

1.  To  supplant  ,  to  cause  to  full  by  striking  the  feet 
suddenly  from  un(.  T  tlie  person  ;  usually  followed 
by  up  ;  .as,  to  trip  up  a  man  in  wrestling  ;  to  trip  up 
the  heels.  Shak. 

2.  To  supplant ;  to  ov>>rtlirow'  by  depriving  of  sup- 
port, Bratiihall. 

3.  To  catch  ;  to  detect.  Shuk. 

4.  To  loose  an  anchor  from  the  bottom  by  its  cable 
or  buoy -rope.  -Wur.  DM. 

TRIP,  r.  1.    To  stuittble;  to  strike  the  foot  against 
something,  so  as  to  lose  the  step  and  come  near  to 
fall  ;  or  to  stumble  and  fall. 
2.  To  err ;  to  fail ;  to  mistake  ;  to  be  deficient 


TRIPH'YL-LOUS,  a.    [Gr.  Tf.4is,  three,  and  ^uAAot, 
leal'.' 


Virjil  prcienda  tometiineB  to  trip. 


Dryden. 


TRIP,  V.  i.  [Ar.  wvjja  tariba,  to  move  lightly;  al- 
lied perhaps  to  Sw.  trappa,  Dan.  trappe,  G.  treppe, 
stairs.) 

To 


1 

step 


run  or  step  lightly  ;  to  walk  with  a  light 


She  boundpd  by  and  tripped  so  li^iit 
They  had  not  lime  lo  Uke  a  sle.idy  siyht. 
Thus  from  the  lion  trips  the  treinbliti^  doe. 


Dryden. 
Dn/den. 


2.  To  take  a  voyage  or  journey. 
TRIP,  Ji.    A  stroke  or  catch  by  which  a  wrestler  sup 
plants  his  antagonist. 

And  watclies  with  a  trip  his  foe  to  foil.  Dryden. 

2.  A  stumble  by  the  loss  of  foothold,  or  a  strikiu! 
of  the  foot  against  an  object. 

3.  A  failure  ;  a  mistake. 

Fiiruratively,  a  slight  error  arising  from  haste  or  in 
consideration. 

Each  seeniinf  trip,  and  each  di^ssive  stirl.  Harte. 

4.  .K  brief  journey,  or  a  voyage  ;  an  excursion  or 
jaunt. 

I  look  a  trip  to  London  on  the  death  of  the  queen.  Pope. 

5.  In  navigation,  a  single  board  in  plying  to  wind- 
ward.        °  Cyc. 

6.  Among  farmers,  a  small  flock  of  sheep,  or  a 
small  stock  of  them.    [Local]  Ciic. 

TIUP'.'VR-TITE,  a.  {Ft.,  from  L.  triparlitus ;  tres, 
three,  and  partitus,  divided  ;  partior.] 

1.  Divided  into  three  parts.  In  botany,  a  tripnrtiU 
leaf  is  one  which  is  divided  into  three  parts  down  to 
the  base,  but  not  wholly  separate.  Marlyn. 

2.  Having  three  corresponding  parts  or  copies  ;  as, 
indentures  tripartite, 

TRl-PA.K-TI"TION,  (  tish'un,)  71.  A  division  by 
three,  or  the  taking  of  a  third  part  of  any  number  or 
quantity.  Q"<^- 

TRII'K,  n.  [Ft.  id. :  Sp.  tripa  :  It.  trippa  ;  G.  tripp  ;  Russ. 
trrbacha ;  \V.  tripa,  from  rkip,  from  rhib,  a  streak  or 
driblet.  In  Sp.  tripe,  Uan.«n>,  is  shag,  plush.  This 
word  is  probably  from  tearing,  ripping,  like  .strip.] 

1.  Propcrtii,  the  entrails ;  but  in  common  iu^a:re, 
the  large  stomach  of  ruminating  animals,  prepared 
for  fond. 

2.  In  ludicrous  lan^uaire,  the  belly. 
TRIP'E-DAL,  <j.    [L.  trwand  pes.] 

Having  three  feet. 
TRIPB'-M  AN,  n.    A  man  who  sells  tripe. 

TRi:pl'N'NATE,'  \  "■  '"'"""•^ 
In  botami,  a  tripinnate  leaf  is  a  spi  cies  of  supradc- 

conipoiind  leaf,  wnen  a  petiole  has  bipinnale  leaves 

ranged  on  each  side  of  it.  Martyn. 
TRI-PKR'.-:Oi\-AL,  a.    [h.  tres  nud  persona.] 

Cimsisting  of  tliree  persons.  Milton. 
TRI-PER-SON-AL'I-TV,  n.    The  state  of  existing  in 

three  persona  in  (me  Godhead.  Milton. 
TRT-PKT'AL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  r/jtis,  three,  and  fftroAor, 

leaf.] 

In  botany,  thrce-petaled  ;  having  three  petals  or 
flower  leaves. 
TRIP'-HAM-MER,  n. 
forces. 

TRI'PII  WE,  n.    [Gr.  roeif  and  fawo).] 

A  mineral,  spodumene. 
TRIPH'TIIONG,  (irif'thong,)  n.  [Gr. 
and  <plt      'I,  Bound.] 

A  coalition  of  three  vowels  in  one  compound 


Johnson. 


Swift. 


A  large  hammer  used  in 


Ure. 
three, 


goiind.  or  in  one  Rvllable.  as  in  adieu,  rye. 
TRIPH-THON"GAI,,  (trif  thong'gal,)  n.  Pertaining  to 

a  Iriplilhong  ;  consiHling  of  a  Iriplilliong. 
TRIPH'V-LI.N'E,  (-lin,)  n.    [Gr.  r^m,  threefold,  and 
<pvXn,  family,  in  alluuion   U>  ita  containing  three 
phf>sphates.  j 

A  mineral  of  a  grayish-green  or  bluish  color,  con- 
flating of  ths  |ihuii|ibatvs  of  iron,  inangaiiese,  and 
lilliia.  '■'""'^ 


In  botany,  three-leaved  ;  having  three  leaves. 
TRIP'LE,  (trip'l,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  triplex,  triplus  ; 
tres  and  plico,  to  fold.] 

1.  Threefold  ;  consisting  of  three  united  ;  as,  a 
triple  knot ;  a  triple  tie. 

By  Uiy  triple  shape  as  th  m  an  seen.  Dryden. 

2.  Treble  ;  three  times  repeated.    [Pee  Treble.] 
Triple  salt :  in  cltemistni,  a  salt  in  which  two  bases 

are  combined  with  one  acid  ;  more  properly  regarded 
as  a  double  salt.  Brande. 

Triple  time,  in  music,  is  that  in  which  each  bar  is 
divided  into  three  measures  or  equal  parts,  as  three 
minims,  three  crotchets,  three  quavers,  &.c. 
TRIP'LE,  V.  t.  To  treble;  to  make  threefold,  or 
thrice  as  much  or  as  many.  [Usually  written 
Treble.] 

TRlP'LE-€ROWN-ED,  a.    Having  three  crowns. 
TIUP'LJ=;D,  (trip'ld,)  pp.    Made  threefold. 
TRIP'LE-HEAD-ED,  a.    Having  three  heads. 
TRIP'LET,  71.    [from  triple.]    Three  of  a  kind,  or 
three  united. 

2.  In  poetry,  three  verses  rhyming  together. 

3.  In  music,  three  notes  sung  or  played  in  the  time 
of  two. 

TIUP'Li  eATE,  a.    [L.  triplicatus,  triplico  ;  tres  and 
plico,  to  fold.] 

JIade  thrice  as  much ;  threefold. 
Triplicate  ratio  is  the  ratio  wliich  cubes  be.ar  to 
each  other.  Cyc. 
TItlP'LI-eATE,  71.  A  third  paper  or  thing  correspond- 
ing to  two  others  of  the  siiine  kind. 
TRIP'LI-e.'VTE-TERN'ATE,  a.     In  botany,  thrice 

ternate.    The  same  as  Triternate,  which  see. 
TRIP-L1-€a'T[ON,  77.    The  act  of  trebling  or  making 
threefold,  or  adding  three  together.  Olaiiville. 

2.  In  the  cicil  law,  the  same  as  surrejoinder  in 
common  law. 

TRI-PLIC'I-TV,  (tri-plis'e-te,)  77.    [Fr.  tripUciti  ;  from 
L.  tripler.] 

Trebleness  ;  the  state  of  being  threefold.  Watts. 
TRIP'LING,  71.    Making  threefold. 
TRIP'LITE,  71.    An  imperfectly  crystallized  mineral, 
of  a  very  dark-brown  color,  consisting  of  phosphoric 
acid  anti  the  oxyds  of  manganese  and  iron.  Dana. 
TRIP'1.V-RIB-B£D,  (-ribd,)  a.    [triple  and  rib.]  In 
botanii,  iLiving  a  pair  of  large  ribs  branching  off  froni 
the  main  one  .ibove  the  base,  as  in  the  leaves  of 
many  species  of  sunflower.  Smith. 
TRIP'-M.AD-AM,  71.    A  |)lant.  jVur(ii7ier. 
TRI'POD,  71.    [L.  tripus,  Iripodis  ;  Gr.  Tpmovi  ;  rptis, 
three,  and  ttkus,  foot.] 

A  bench,  stool,  or  seat  supported  by  three  legs,  on 
which  the  priest  and  sibyls  in  ancient  times  were 
placed  to  render  oracles.  Dryden.  Cyc. 

TIIIP'O-LI,  (trip'o-le,)  n.  In  mineralogy,  an  earthy 
substance  origin.ally  brought  from  Tripoli,  used  in 
polishing  stones  and  metals.  It  has  a  dull,  argilla- 
ceous appearance,  but  is  not  compact.  It  has  a  fine, 
hard  grain,  but  does  not  soften  by  w.ater,  or  mix 
with  it.  It  is  principally  silica,  and  has  been  found 
to  consist  almost  wholly  of  the  cast  shells  of  micro- 
scopic animalcules.  Dana.  Cyc. 
TRIP  O-LINE,  (-lin,)  a.  Pertaining  to  tripoli. 
TRI  POS,  n.;  pi.  Triposes.    A  tripos  pajier,  which 

2.  One  who  prepares  a  tripos  pajier. 
TRl'POS  P.\'PER  71.  .\\.  the  unii^ersitii  of  Cambridge, 
Entiland,  a  printed  list  of  the  successful  candidates  for 
muUHiii.iiical  honors,  accompanied  by  a  piece  in 
Latin  verse.  There  are  two  of  these,  designed  to 
coinmcinorate  the  two  Tripos  days.  The  first  con- 
tains the  names  of  the  wrangh  rs  and  senior  op- 
times,  and  the  second  the  names  of  the  junior  o|)- 
times.  The  word  tripos  is  supposed  to  refer  to  the 
three-legged  stmd,  formerly  used  at  the  examinations 
for  these  honors,  though  some  derive  it  from  the 
three  brackets  formerly  printed  on  the  back  of  the 
paper.  C..^.  Bristed. 

Classical  tripos  eiamination  ;  the  final  university 
examination  for  classical  honors,  optional  to  all  who 
have  taken  the  mathematical  honors. 

C.  j3.  Brxstcd. 
TRIP'PKD,  (tript,)  pp.    [from  trip.]  Supplanted. 
TRIP'PER,  71.    One  who  trips  or  supplants  ;  one 

w  nlks  iiiiiiblv. 
TRIP'PING,  ppr.    Supplanting;  stumbling  ;  falling  ; 
stepping  nimbly. 
2.  a.  Qiiick  ;  nimble.  Mdlon. 
TRIP'PI.VG,  71.    The  act  of  tripping. 

2.  A  light  dance.  Milton. 

3.  The  loosing  of  an  anchor  from  the  ground  by 
its  cable  or  liiioy-ropc. 

TKIP'PINXJ-LY,  adv.    Nimbly  ;  with  a  light,  nimble, 
quick  step  ;  with  agility. 


connection  with  the  use  of  the  hot  hath,  which  is 

com  n  in  Egypt,  Turkey,  Greece,  and  Russia,  in 

modern  times,  and  which  was  practiced  by  the  an- 
cients. It  is  used  in  India  without  the  bath.  In 
modern  Greek,  it  is  called  tripsimon.  It  is  also  called 
Shampooing. 

TRIP'TOTE,  77.   [Gr.  rneis,  three,  and  Trrutri?,  case.] 
In  erainmar,  a  name  or  noun  having  three  cases 
only.  ,  Clarke. 

TRI-PU'DI-A-RY,  o.    [L.  (ripurfiuTn.] 

Pertaining  to  dancing  ;  performed  by  dancing. 

Brown. 

TRi-PU'DI-aTE,  c.  i.    [L.  tripudio.] 

To  dance.  Cockeram. 
TRI-PU-DI-a'TION,  71.    [L.  tripudio,  to  dance.] 

Act  of  (lancing.  Johnson. 
TRI-QUe'TROUS,  a.    [L.  triquetrus,  from  triijuetra, 
a  triangle.] 

Three-sided  ;  having  three  plane  sides.  Encyc 
TRI-Ra'DI-a-TED,  a.    [L.  tres  and  radius.] 

HavinL'  three  rays. 
TRI'RE.ME,  71.    [L.  triremis ;  tres  and  remus.j 

A  galley  or  vessel  with  three  benches  or  ranks  of 
oars  on  a  side.  Mitford. 
TRT-RH0M-B0ID'.\L,  o.   [tri  and  rhomboidai.]  Hav- 

iii"  three  rhombic  faces  or  sides. 
TRI-SAG-RA-MENT-A'RI-AN,  71.     [L.  tres,  three, 
and  sacrament.] 

One  of  a  religious  sect  who  admit  of  three  sacra- 
ments and  no  more.  Cyc 
TRIS-A'GI-ON,  77.     [Gr.  rpcis,  three,  and  ayior, 

''"a  hymn  in  which  the  word  holy  is  repe.tted  three 
times.  Cyc. 
TRi-SEeT',  V.  t.    [L.  tres,  three,  and  seco,  to  cut.] 

To  cut  or  divide  into  three  equal  parts.  Mien. 
TRi-SEeT'ED,  pp.    Divided  into  three  equal  parts. 
TKI-SEGT'ING,  ppr.    Dividing  into  three  equal  parts. 
TRI-SEe'TION,  71.    [L.  tms  and  srctio,  a  cutting  ] 
The  division  of  a  thing  into  three  parts  ;  purticu- 
larly,  in  acometry,  the  division  of  an  angle  into  three 
equal  par°ts.  Hutlon. 
TRi-SEP'A-LOUS,  0.    In  botany,  having  three  sepals, 

or  small  bracts  of  a  calyx.  DecandoUe. 
TRIS-Oe-T.\-Hi5'DRON,  71.    [Gr.  rpif,  three  times, 
oKTi.i,  eight,  and  tt^.m,  face.] 

A  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four  equal  faces,  three 
corresponding  lo  each  face  of  an  octahedron.  Dana. 

TRI-SPASn'oN,  (  "•  f^'-  ''""'•^ 
In  mechanics;  a  machine  with  three  pulleys  for 
raising  great  weights.  Brande. 
TRI-SPER.M'OUS,  a.    [Gr.  rptif,  three,  and  tm-fipa, 
seed.] 

Three-seeded  ,  containing  three  seeds ;  as,  a  Iri- 
.vpermons  capsule. 
^rIsT'fUL  l"-  ll^-tristis,s^d.] 


that 


Shiff  aii<l  d.uif';  it  trippingly, 
iipvak  llic  ■p.:txh  Irippingty  c 


Shale. 


the  tongue, 

TRIP'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  TP'tpif,  friction,  the  act  of  rub- 
bing, from  rpi/yi.i,  to  rub.] 

The  process  of  rubbing  and  percussing  the  whole 
surface  of  the  body,  and,  at  the  same  tune,  flexing 
ond  extending  the  limbs,  and  racking  the  joints,  in 


Sad  ;  sorrowful  ;  gloomv.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
TRIST'FUL-LY,  adv.  Sadlv. 
TRIS-TI''TIaTE,  (-tish'ite,)  v.  t.    [L.  tristitm.] 

To  make  sad.    [Aot  used.]  Feltham. 
TRI'SIILC,  71.    [L.  triiulcus.] 

Something  having  three  furrows.    [JVot  m  use.] 

Brown, 

TRT-SULC'.'VTE,  a.    Having  three  furrows. 

TRlS-YL-LAB'ie,       j  a.     [from  trisyllable.]  Per- 

TRIS-YL-L.\B'ie-AL,  (  taining  lo  a  trisyllable  ;  con- 
sisting of  three  syllables ;  as,  a  trisyllabic  word  or 
root.  ,      „  , 

TRIS-YL'LA-BLE,  71.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  syllaba, 
syllable.) 

A  word  consisting  of  three  syllables. 

TRITE,  a.    [L.  Iritu.<,  from  tero,  to  wear.] 

Worn  out;  common;  used  till  so  common  as  to 
have  lost  its  novelty  and  interest  ;  as,  a  trite  remark  ; 
a  trite  subject. 

TUl  TE'LY,  adv.    In  a  common  manner. 

TRlTE'NESS,  71.  Cimiinoiincss ;  staleness  ;  a  state 
of  being  worn  out;  as,  the  triteness  of  an  observa- 
tion or  a  subjert. 

TRi-TERN'ATE,  a.    [L.  tres,  three,  and  ternate.] 

Three  times  ternate  ;  applied  to  a  petiole  which 
separates  into  three,  and  is  again  divided  at  each 
point  into  three,  and  on  each  of  these  nine  points 
bears  Ihree  leaflets. 

TRI'TIIE  ISM,  71.  [Fr.  trithei.^me  ;  Gr.  rptij,  three, 
and  Oruf,  God.)  ,  ..  ,    o  •. 

The  opinion  that  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit, 
are  three  beings  or  Gods.  Miirdock. 

TRI'TIIE-IST  71.  One  who  believes  th.it  Ihe  three 
persons  in  the  Godhead  are  three  distinct  beings  or 
(;iids.  •  Murdock. 

TRT-THE-IST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  tritheism. 

TRI'TIIE  ITE,  71.    A  tritheist. 

TRI'TIIING  71.  [from  (/ircr.)  One  of  Ihe  divisions 
of  the  county  of  York,  in  England,  which  is  divided 
into  three  parts.    It  is  now  called  Run  no. 

Bliickstone. 

TRIT'ie-AL,a.    [fromlrilf.]    Trite ;  common.  [JVo( 

171  «.*f .]  „.  .  ,  , 

TRIT'IC-AL-NESS,  71.   Triteness.    [JVtif  used.] 

H'arton. 

TRI'TON,  71.    In  mytholo/ry,  a  fabled  sea  denii-god, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.- METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD— NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


1176 


TRI 

supposed  to  be  tlie  trumpeter  of  Neptune.  He  is 
represented  by  poets  and  painters  as  lialf  man  and 
half  fish.  Ciic. 

2.  According  to  Linna?us,  a  penus  of  !\Iollusca 
compreliendiiif;  only  one  species,  wliicli  inhabits  the 
cavities  uf  sul>marine  rocks  in  Italy. 

3.  According  toCuvier,  a  genus  of  Ratrncliinn  rep- 
tiles, or  aquatic  salamanders, comprehending  numer- 
ous S[)ecies. 

TRI'TONE,  n.    [L.  ires  and  (ohiw.I 

In  music,  a  false  concord,  or  dissonant  interval, 
consisting  of  three  tones,  or  of  two  tones  and  two 
8emit<tnes,  Cyc. 

TRI-TO.X'YD,  n.    [Gr.  rpiroi,  third,  and  oTijd.] 

In  clicmistrij,  a  nun-acid  compound  of  one  ecjuiva- 
lent  of  a  base,  with  three  equivalents  of  oxygen. 

TKIT'll-RA-liLE,  a.  fSee  Tritubati:.]  Capable  of 
being  reduced  to  a  fine  powder  by  pounding,  rub- 
bing, or  grinding.  Bromi. 

TKIT'lJ-KATE,  i>.  t.  [L.  Irlluro,  from  trilus,  tcru,  to 
wear.] 

To  rub  or  grind  to  a  very  fine  powder,  and  prop- 
erly to  a  finer  powder  than  that  made  by  pulveriza- 
tion. 

TRIT'I^-Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  a  very  fine 
(Kjwder. 

TRIT'l!-RA-TING,  ppr.    Grinding  or  reducing  to  a 

very  fine  powder. 
TRIT-IJ-RA'TION,  ti.    The  act  of  reducing  to  a  fine 

powder  l)y  grinding. 
TRIT'URE,  n.    A  rubbing  or  grinding.  [^Totvsed.] 

Ckcync. 

TRT-TC'RI-UM,  n.    A  vessel  for  separating  liquors  of 

different  densities. 
TRI'L!.MI'H,Ti.    [Vt.triomphe;  It.trionfo;  Sp.  (riun/u  ; 

L.  triumplius;  Gr.  S(/(a/;/?«$.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  pompous  cere- 
mony performed  in  honor  of  a  victorious  general. 
He  was  allowed  to  enter  the  city  crowned  with  a 
wreath  of  laurel,  bearing  a  scepter  in  one  han<l,  and 
a  branch  of  laurel  in  the  otiier,  riding  in  a  circular 
chariot,  of  a  peculiar  form,  drawn  by  four  horses.  He 
was  preceded  by  the  senate  and  magistrates,  musi- 
cians, the  spoils,  the  captives  in  fetters,  &c.,  and 
followed  by  his  army  on  foot  in  marching  order. 
The  procession  advanced  in  this  manner  to  the  Cap- 
itoline  liill,  where  sacrifices  were  offered  and  the  vic- 
torious commander  entertained  with  a  public  feast. 
The  honor  of  a  triumph  was  granted  by  the  senate 
only  to  a  dictator,  consul,  or  prelor,  and  after  a  de- 
cisive victory  or  the  complete  subjugation  of  a  prov- 
ince. The  ovation  vi  ns  an  honor  inferior  toa  triumph, 
and  less  imposing  in  its  ceremonies.    Smitli^s  Diet, 

2.  State  of  being  victorious. 

Hprciilra  fr«m  Spain 
A  rriveil  in  triumpk,  from  Gt'ryyn  •tain.  Dryden, 

3.  Victory  ;  con<|ues(. 

The  Tnin  coqiiiMd's  the  trifling  triumpha  bonst.  Log;ie, 

4.  Joy  (ir  exultation  for  success. 

Great  triumph  and  rejoicing  was  in  heaven.  Milton, 

5.  A  card  that  lakes  all  others ;  now  written 
Tbump,  which  see. 

TRI'UMPH,  V.  i.  To  celebrate  victory  with  pomp;  to 
rejoice  for  victory. 

How  long  ihall  the  wickwl  triumph  7  —  Pi.  xcitr. 

2.  To  obtain  victory. 

There  fix  thy  faith,  ami  triumph  o'er  the  world.  Roiee, 
AttirttI  with  itam,  we  shall  furcver  tit 

Triumphing  over  deatii.  Milton, 

3.  To  insult  upon  an  advantage  gained. 

Liet  not  my  enemiea  triumph  over  me.  —  P».  XXT. 

Sorrow  on  all  the  pitck  ol  you 

That  triumph  thus  upon  my  mijery.  Shak. 
i.  To  be  prosperous ;  to  flourish. 

Where  eominerec  Iriumpheti  on  the  faTorin*  p-atei.  TrumbuU. 

To  triumpli  oter;  to  succeed  in  overcoming;  to 
fturniount ;  as,  to  triumpli  over  all  obstacles. 
TRI-UMPirAL,  a.    [Kr.,  from  L.  triumphalLo.] 

Pertaining  to  triumph  ;  used  in  a  triumph  ;  as,  a 
triumpluil  crown  or  car  ;  a  triumphal  arch. 

Pope.  Sicift, 

TRT-UMPirAL,  n.    A  token  of  victory.  Milton. 
TRI-U.MPH'ANT,  a,    [L.  triumplians.] 

1.  Celebrating  victory  ;  as,  a  triumphant  chariot. 

South, 

2.  Rejoicing  as  for  victor)'. 

Succestiful  beyond  hope  to  lead  you  forth 

Triumphant  out  of  Uiis  inlernal  pit.  Milton. 

3.  Victorious  ;  graced  with  conquest. 

So  ihalt  it  be  in  the  church  triumphant,  Perkint, 
Athena,  war's  tnumphnnl  inaiit.  Pope, 

4.  Celebrating  victory  ;  expressing  joy  for  success  ; 
as,  a  triumphant  song. 

TRI-UMPll'ANT-I,V,arfr.  In  a  triumphant  manner; 
with  the  Joy  and  exultation  that  proceeds  from  vic- 
tory or  success. 

Tbroufh  armed  moki  triumphantly  she  drive*.  GlanvilU. 

2.  Victoriously  ;  with  success. 

Triumphantiy  tread  on  thy  country's  rriio.  Shak, 

3.  With  insolent  exultation.  South. 


TRO 

TRI'Ui\Il'II-ER,n.    One  who  triumphs  or  rejoices  for 
victory  ;  one  who  vanquishes. 
2.  Une  whj  was  honored  with  a  triumph  in  Rome. 

Pearham. 

TRI'UMPH-ING, ppr.  Celebrating  victor)' with  |)omp; 
vani|iiishing ;  rejoicing  for  victory;  insulting  on  an 
advantage. 

TRI  UM'VIR,  n. ;  pt.  Trium'vibi  or  Trium'virs.  [L. 
£rM,  three,  and  vir,  man.] 

One  of  three  men  united  In  office.  The  tri- 
umvirs (L.  triumviri)  of  Rome  were  three  men 
who  jointly  obtained  the  sovereign  power  in  Rome. 
The  first  of  these  were  Julius  Cesar,  Crasstis,  and 
Ponipey. 

TRI-UM'VI-RATE,  n.     A  coalition  of  three  men  ; 
particularly,  the  union  of  three  men  who  obtained 
the  government  of  the  Roman  em|)ire. 
2.  Government  by  three  men  in  coalition, 
TRI'lJNE,  (tri'yiinc,)  a.    [L.  tres  and  ii/iits.] 

Three  in  une  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  God,  to  express 
the  unity  of  the  Godhead  in  a  trinity  of  persons. 

Cyc. 

TRI-tJ'NI-TY,  n.  Trinity. 

TUI-VALV'li-LAR,  a.  Three-valved  ;  having  three 
valves. 

TRIV'ANT,  n.    A  truant.  Burton. 

TRi-VERiri-AL,  a.    [I,,  triverbium.] 

Triverbial  days,  in  the  Roman  calendar,  were  ju- 
ridical or  court  days,  days  allowed  to  the  pretor  for 
hearing  causes;  culled  also  Dies  Fasti.  There  were 
only  twenty-eight  in  the  year.  Cyc. 

TRIVET,  «.    A  three-legged  stool.    [See  Tbevet.] 

TRIV'I-.AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  triralis,  probably  from 
theGr.  rpi/ioi,  L.  tcro,trivi,  to  wear,  or  from  Irivium, 
a  liighway.] 

1.  Trifling;  of  little  worth  or  importance;  in- 
considerable ;  as,  a  trivial  subject ;  a  trivial  aflair. 

Drtjdcn.  Pope, 

2.  Worthless  ;  vulgar.  Roscommon. 
Trivial  name  ;  in  natural  histonj,  the  name  for  the 

species,  which  adtled  to  th«;  generic  name  forms  the 
complete  dent>ininati<M)  of  the  plant ,  me  specific 
name.  Thus  in  Lathtjrus  aphaca,  luthtjrns  is  the 
generic  name,  and  apltaca  the  trivial  or  specific  name, 
and  the  two  combined  form  tiie  complete  denomina- 
tion of  the  plant.  Linnaeus  at  first  applied  the 
phrase  sprcijic  name  to  the  essential  character  of  the 
species,  now  called  the  sjtcci^fic  definition  or  difference; 
but  it  is  now  ajtplied  solely  to  the  trivial  name. 

Martyn.  Cyc. 

TRIV-t-AI-'I-TV,  71.    Trivialness.    [JVot  much  used.] 

TRIV'I-AL-LY,  adv.    Commonly  ;  vulgarly. 

2.  Lightly  ;  inconsiderably  ;  in  a  trifling  degree. 

TRIV'I-A1.-NESS,  )i.  Commonness. 
2.  Lightness;  unimpttrttince. 

TRiy'l  UM,  n.  [L.]  The  three  arts  of  grammar, 
logic,  and  rhetoric.  Sti  the  quadrivium  was  the 
four  arts,  music,  arithmetic,  geometry,  astrontimy. 
Tliese  are  the  seven  liberal  sciences.  Brandc. 

TRoAT,  t".  i.    To  cry,  as  u  buck  in  rutting  time. 

Diet. 

TR6AT,  n.    The  cry  of  a  buck  in  rutting  time. 
TRO'GXR,  n.    [Fr.  un  trois  quart,  expressive  of  its 

triangular  point.] 

A  surgical  instrument  for  tapping  dropsical  persons 

and  the  like. 

TRO-eHA'ie,        )a.    [See  Trochee.]     In  poetry, 

TRO-GII A'lC-AL,  (  consisting  of  trochees;  as,  tro- 
chaic measure  or  verse. 

TRO-CIIAN'TER,  (  kan'ter,)  n.    [Gr.  TpoxavTiip.] 
In  anatomy,  the  trochanters  are  two  processes  of 
the  thigh-bone,  at  its  upper  end,  called  major  and  mi- 
nor, the  tnajor  on  the  outside,  and  the  minor  on  the 
inside.  Coze.  Cyc. 

TRO'eilE,  (tro'kC,)  n.    [Gr.  rpoyn,  a  wheel.] 

A  form  of  medicine  in  a  circular  cake  or  tablet,  or 
a  stiff  paste  cut  into  proper  portions  and  dried.  It 
is  made  by  mixing  the  meilicine  with  sugar  and  mu- 
cilage, and  is  intended  to  be  gradually  dissolved  in 
the  mouth  and  slowly  swallowed,  as  a  demulcent. 

TRO'eilEE,  (tro'kee,)  n.  [L.  trodiaxLa;  Gr.  Tpoxui"f, 
from  rfj£x<J.J 

In  verse,  a  foot  of  two  syllables,  the  first  long  and 
the  second  short. 

TRO-€IHL'ie,  a.  Having  power  to  draw  out  or  turn 
roll  ml. 

TRO-eillL'ieS,  n.    [Gr.  rpoxiXio,  from  rptxw  i  L. 
irochilus.'\ 
The  science  of  rotary  motion. 
TROeH'l-LUS,  I  n.    [L.  lro(;Ai/i« ;  Gr.  rpoYiXoj,  from 
TRO'CHIL,       1     r-jrx-..,  to  run.] 

1.  In  laHlo/pj,  the  humming-bird  or  honey-siicker, 
a  kind  of  beautiful  little  birds,  natives  of  America. 

Cyc. 

2.  In  orcAif<c(iir«,  a  hollow  ring  round  a  column  ; 
called  also  Scotia,  and  by  workmen  the  Casehe:it. 

Cyc. 

3.  An  aqu.atic  bird,  a  swift  runner,  with  long  legs, 
which  is  said  to  get  its  meat  out  of  the  crocodile's 
mouth.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

4.  A  name  given  to  the  golden-crowned  wren. 

Cyc. 

TRO'eillNGS,  (tro'kingz,)  n.  pL  The  small  branches 
on  the  top  of  a  deer's  liead.  Cyc. 


TRO 

TRO'eillSClI,  (trS'kish,)  n.    [Gr.  r,)„Y"r«"t.] 
A  kind  of  tablet  or  lozenge.    [See  TRocnr.] 

Bacon. 

TROeil'LE-A,  (trok'-,)  n.  [L.,  a  pulley,  from  Gr. 
Tpc\(o,  to  run.] 

A  pulley-like  cartilage,  through  which  the  tendon 
of  the  trochlenrv  muscle  passes.         Core.  Parr, 
TROeU'LE-A-RV,  a.    [from  L.  trochlea.] 

Pertaining  to  the  trochlea;  as,  the  froc/i/r/iry  mus- 
cle, the  superior  oblique  muscle  of  the  eyt;  ;  the  trueh- 
leary  nerve,  the  pathetic  nerve,  which  goes  to  that 
muscle.  Parr. 
TRO'CHOID,  (iro'koid,)  n.  [Gr.  Tpox°fi  L.  Iroehiu, 
from  rptxto,  to  run,  and  ciini.] 

In  gromrtry,  the  curve  described  by  any  point  in  a 
wheel  rolling  straight  forward  on  a  level ;  a  cycloid. 

Brande, 

TROD,  pret.  of  Tread. 
TROD,  I        f  ,„ 

TROD'DK.V,  i  J^"':*''' 
TRfiDE,  old  pret,  of  Tbead. 

TR6DE,  n.    Tread ;  footing.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
TROG'LO-DTTE,  n,     [Gr.  r/JujA/),  a  cavern,  and 
6vM,  to  enter.] 

One  dwelling  in  a  subterraneous  cave  ;  applied  by 
the  ancients  to  certain  tribes  living  far  up  the  Nile. 
TROLL,  p.  (.    [G.  trollen ;  W.  troliaw,  to  troll,  to  roll  ; 
troelli,  to  turn,  wheel,  or  wliirl  ;  froeU,  a  ivheel,  a 
reel  ;  trol,  a  roller.    It  is  probably  formed  on  roll.] 

To  move  in  a  circular  direction  ;  to  roll ;  to  move 
volubly  ;  to  turn  ;  to  drive  about. 

They  k-am  to  roll  the  eye,  and  IroU  the  tongue.  Anon, 

TRoLL,  V.  i.  To  roll ;  to  run  about  ;  as,  to  troll  in  a 
coach  and  six.  SicifU 

2.  Among  anglers,  to  fish,  as  fi>r  pikes,  with  a  rod 
whose  line  runs  tui  a  wheel  or  pulley.    Oay.  Cyc. 

TRCilA.'F.n,  pp.    Ridleil  ;  turned  about. 

TRoLL'ING,  ppr.  Rolling;  turning;  driving  about; 
fishing  with  a  mil  anil  reel. 

TROL'LOr,  «.    (<;.  trulle  ;  from  troll,  strolling.] 

A  stroller;  a  loiterer;  a  woman  loosely  dressed  ;  a 
slattern.  Milton. 

TROL  LOP-EE',  n.  Formerly  a  loose  dress  for  fe- 
males.   [Ohs.]  OoUsmiVl, 

TROL'MV'-DAiMES,  n.    [Fr.  trou-madame.] 

The  game  of  nine-holes.  Shak. 

TRO.M'HoNE,  n.  [It.]  A  deep-toned  instriinieiit  of 
the  trumpet  kind,  consisting  of  three  tubes  ;  the  first, 
to  which  the  mouth-piece  is  attached,  and  the  third, 
which  terminates  in  a  bell-shaped  orifice,  are  placed 
side  by  side  ;  the  middle  tube  is  doubled,  and  slides 
into  the  other  two  like  the  tube  of  a  telesco|>e.  liy 
the  slitlc  of  the  tube  it  cunimaiitls  every  semitone 
throughout  its  whole  compass,  and  surpasses  every 
other  instrument  in  admitting,  like  the  violin  or  the 
voice,  the  introduction  of  the  slide.      K.  'J'.  Filch. 

TROiMP,  ;i.  [See  Tbl'mpet.]  A  blowing  machine 
formed  of  a  hollow  tree,  used  in  furnaces. 

TROMP'IL,  n.    An  aperture  in  a  tromp. 

TRO'N.'V,  n.  A  native  sest|iiicarbonatc  of  soda,  found 
on  the  banks  of  the  soda  lakes  of  Sukena,  in  Af- 
rica. Brande. 

TRo'NAGE,  n.  Formerly,  a  toll  or  duty  paid  for 
weighing  wool.  Cijc. 

TRO-NA'TOR,  11.  An  officer  in  London  whose  busi- 
ness was  to  weigh  wool. 

TRON'eO,  n.    [L.  truncus.] 

A  term,  in  Italian  music,  directing  a  note  or  sound 
to  be  cut  short,  or  just  uttered  and  then  discontin- 
ued. Cye. 

TRS.NE,  n.  A  provincial  word,  in  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, for  a  small  drain.  Cyc 

TRONEsi"-  A  steelyard.  [JTorth  of  England.] 
TRON'-U  EIGHT,  n.  A  weight  formerly  used  in 
Scotland.  A  pound  in  this  weight  varied  from  21  to 
28  ounces  avoirdupois.  Brande. 
TROOP,  II.  [I'r.  troupe;  It.  truppa;  Sp.  anil  Port,  tro- 
pa;  Daii.  and  D.  frop  ;  G.  trupp :  Sw.  tropp.  The 
Gaelic  trapan,  a  bunch  or  cluster,  is  probably  the 
same  word.  The  sense  is,  a  crowd,  or  a  moving 
crowd.] 

1.  A  collection  of  people  ;  a  company  ;  a  number  ; 
a  multitude.    Oen,  xlix.    2  Sam.  xxiii.    IIos.  vii. 

That  which  should  accompany  old  a^, 

As  honor,  love,  obedience,  Iroops  ot  Inendj, 

1  mu»t  nut  look  to  have.  Shak. 

2.  A  body  of  soldiers.  But,  applied  to  infantry,  it 
is  now  used  in  the  plural,  troops :  and  this  word  signi- 
fies soldiers  in  genenl,  whether  more  or  less  numer- 
ous, including  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery.  We  ap- 
ply the  word  to  a  company,  a  regiment,  or  an  army. 
'J'he  captain  ordered  his  troops  to  halt  ;  the  coliuiel 
commanded  his  troops  to  wheel,  and  take  a  position 
on  the  flank  ;  the  general  ordered  his  troops  to  at- 
tack ;  the  troops  of  France  amounted  to  400,000  men. 

3.  Troop,  in  the  singular ;  a  small  body  or  com|iany 
of  cavalry,  light  horse,  or  dragoons,  commanded  bj 
a  captain. 

4.  A  company  of  stage-players.       C«xe'»  Rusa, 
TROOP,  V.  i.    To  collect  in  numbers. 

Armies,  at  the  call  of  trumpet. 
Troop  to  their  standanl.  Millo*. 


TONE,  BfJLL,  UNITE.  — AiV'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  SII  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


148 


vvvu 


1177 


TRO 


TRO 


TRO 


2.  To  march  in  a  budy. 

I  do  not,  as  an  enemy  to  ivnce, 

Troop  in  the  throngs  of  military  men.  Shale. 

3.  To  march  in  liaste  or  in  company. 

Shak.  Chapman. 
TROOP'ER,  71.    A  private  or  soldier  in  a  body  of  cav- 
alry ;  a  horse-soldier. 
TROOP'ING,  ppr.     Moving  togetlier  in  a  crowd  ; 

marching  in  a  body. 
TRoPE,  71.    [L.  tropus  :  fir.  ro.jTrnf,  from  tocttoi,  to 
turn  ;  VV.  troua,  a  turn,  a  tropic;  trov&u,  to  turn.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  word  or  expression  used  in  a  differ- 
ent sense  from  tliat  .vhich  it  properly  signifies  ;  or  a 
word  changed  from  its  original  signilication  to  an- 
other, for  the  sake  cf  giving  life  or  emphasis  to  an 
idea ;  as  when  we  call  a  stupid  fellow  an  ass,  or  a 
shrewd  man  a  fox. 

Tropes  are  chielly  of  four  kinds  ;  metaphor,  meton- 
yrjnj,  synecdoche,  and  irony.  Some  authors  make  fig- 
ures the  genus,  of  which  trope  is  a  species  ;  others 
make  them  different  things,  delining  trope  to  be  a 
cliange  of  sense,  and  figure  to  be  any  ornament,  ex- 
cept what  becomes  so  by  such  change. 
TRo'PHI,  7!.  pi.    [Gr.  rp.jc^os,  one  who  feeds.] 

In  eiitomoUigit,  the  parts  employed  in  feeding. 
TRo'PHI-£D,  (tro'fid,)  a.    [from  trophy.}  Adorned 
with  tropliies. 

The  Irophied  arches,  storied  linlls  invade.  Pope. 

TRO-PHO'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Grecian  archi- 
tect Trophonius,  or  his  cave,  or  his  architecture. 

DwighU 

TROPH'O-SPERM,  71.  [Gr.  rpo-pos,  one  who  feeds,  a 
nurse,  and  o-^eofta,  seed.] 

In  botany,  that  part  of  the  ovary  from  which  the 
ovules  arise.  It  is  most  commonly  called  Placenta, 
sometimes  Spermaphore,  and  sometimes  Recepta- 
cle of  ttie  seeds.  Lindley. 

TRo'PHY,  (tro'fe,)  7!.  [L.  tropieum  ;  Gr.  rpov.atov ; 
Fr.  Irophee  ;  Sp.  and  It.  trofeo.} 

1.  Among  (Ac  ancient?,  a  pile  of  arms,  taken  from 
a  vanquished  enemy,  raised  on  the  field  of  battle  by 
the  conquerors,  oden  placed  on  Ihe  trunk  of  a  tree, 
fixed  on  an  elevation  ;  also,  the  representation  of 
such  a  pile  in  marble,  on  medals,  and  the  like. 
Hence, 

2.  Any  thing  taken  and  preserved  as  a  memorial 
of  victory  ;  as  arms,  flags,  standards,  and  tlie  like, 
taken  from  an  enemy.  , 

Around  the  posts  hun^  helmets,  dirts,  and  spean, 

And  cipiive  chiriuta,  axes,  sliiflds,  and  liars, 

And  broken  beiiks  of  ships,  the  trophita  of  their  wars.  Dryden. 

3.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  representing  the 
stem  of  a  tree,  charged  or  encompassed  with  arms 
and  military  weapons,  offensive  and  defensive. 

Cyc. 

4.  Something  th;it  is  evidence  of  victory;  memo- 
rial of  conquest.  Present  every  liearer  to  Christ  as  a 
trophii  nf  grace. 

TRo'PUY-MO.V-EY,  (trS'fc-mun-ne,)  71.  A  duty  paid 
in  England  annually,  by  hcjusekeepers,  toward  pro- 
viding harness,  drums,  colors,  &c.,  for  the  militia. 

Cyc. 

TROP'ie,  71.  [Fr.  Iropiqne;  L.  tropicus;  from  the  Gr. 
rpn-nri,  a  turning  ;  t/jctw,  to  turn.] 

1.  In  aslronomi/,  a  name  given  to  two  parallels  of 
latitude,  one  (the  tropic  of  Cancer)  being  23°  28' 
north  of  the  equator,  and  the  other  (the  tropic  of 
Capricorn)  being  23°  28'  south  of  the  equator.  They 
mark  the  point  at  which  the  sun  turns  again  toward 
the  equator  from  its  utmost  declination  to  the  north 
or  south.  The  space  lying  between  the  tropics  is 
called  the  torrid  zone.  Olmsted. 

TROP'ie-AL,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  tropics ;  being 
within  the  tropics  ;  as,  tropica;  climates  ;  (ropicanati- 
tudes  ;  tropical  heat ;  tropical  winds. 

2.  Incident  to  the  tropics ;  as,  fro/iiVai  diseases. 

3.  [from  trope.}  Figurative  ;  rhetorically  changed 
from  its  projier  or  original  sense. 

The  foundation  of  all  paral-les  is  some  analo!^  or  simililjule 
bftween  the  tropicnj  or  allusive  part  of  the  iiartble  and  the 
tiling  Intended  by  it.  South. 

Tropical  writins,  or  hieroglyphic,  \a  such  as  repre- 
sents a  thing  by  qualities  which  resemble  it. 

IVarburton, 

TROP'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  tropical  or  figurative 
manner.  Enfield. 

TR(JP'IC-AI,-Yr.AR,  7!.  The  period  occupied  by 
Ihe  sun  in  pa^jsing  from  one  tropic,  or  one  eqtti- 
nox,  to  the  other.  On  account  of  the  precession  of 
the  equinoxes,  it  ia  20  m.  20  s.  shorter  than  the  si- 
dereril  year.  Olmsted. 

TROP'IC-HTRn,  (  hnrd,)  n.  An  atpiatic  fowl  of  Ihe 
genus  Pha  tnii,  having  Very  Iring  wings  and  two  long 
clender  tail  fcathers,  found  in  or  near  the  torrid  zone. 

Fd.  y.ncyc. 

TRA'PIST,  71.  [from  Inrpe.}  One  who  explains  tho 
Scriptures  by  tropes  and  figures  of  speech  ;  one  wlio 
deals  in  IrnpeH.  ^ 

TROP-f)  I,fj6'IC-AI.,  0.  [Pee  Thopoloot.]  Varied 
by  tr»|M?s  ;  changed  from  the  original  import  of  tho 
words. 


TRO-POL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  rpoToj,  trope,  and  Xnyos, 
discourse.] 

A  rhetorical  mode  of  speech,  including  tropes,  or 
change  from  the  original  import  of  tlie  word. 

Brown. 

TROSS'ERS,  7t.  pi.  Trowsers.  [JVot  used.]  [See 
Trowsers.]  Shak. 

TROT,  V.  L  [Fr.  trotter  ;  G.  troUen,  to  trot,  to  tread  ; 
It.  trottare  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  trotar ;  allied  probably  to 
tread  and  to  strut.] 

1.  To  move  faster  than  in  walking,  as  a  horse  or 
other  quadruped,  by  lifting  one  fore  foot  and  the 
hind  foot  of  the  opposite  side  at  the  same  time.  Cyc. 

2.  To  walk  or  move  fast;  or  to  run. 

He  that  rises  hte  must  trot  all  day,  and  will  scarcely  overtake 
his  business  at  ni^ht.  I^-anklvi, 

TROT,  71.  The  pace  of  a  horse  or  other  quadruped, 
when  he  lifts  one  fore  foot  and  the  hind  loot  of  the 
opposite  side  at  the  same  time.  This  pace  is  the 
same  as  that  of  a  walk,  but  more  rapid.  The  trot  is 
often  a  jolting,  hard  motion  ;  but  in  some  horses,  it  is 
as  easy  as  the  amble  or  pace,  and  has  a  more  stately 
appearance. 
2.  An  old  woman  ;  in  contempt. 

TROTH,  71.  [Sax.  ircothc;  the  old  orthography  of 
truth.    See  Tkijth.] 

1.  Belief;  faith ;  fidelity  ;  as,  to  plight  one's  troth. 
[Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  Truth  ;  verity ;  veracity  ;  as,  in  troth ;  by  my 
troth.    [  Obs.] 

TROTH'LESS,  a.    Faithless  ;  treacherous.  [Obs.] 

Fairfax. 

TROTH'-PLIGIIT,  (-pllte,)  v.  t.  To  betroth  or  affi- 
ance.   [  Obs.] 

TROTII'-PLIGHT,  (-pllte,)  o.  Betrothed  ;  espoused  ; 
affianced.    [Ob.-;.]  '  Shak. 

TROTH'-PLlGUT,  (-pllte,)  n.  The  act  of  bctrolhing 
or  plighting  faith. 

TROTH'-PLIGHT-ED,  a.    Having  fidelitv  pledged. 

TROT'TER,  71.    A  beast  that  trots,  or  that  usually 
trots. 
2.  A  sheep's  foot. 

TROT'Tli\G,  ;i;ir.  or  a.  Moving  with  a  trot ;  walking 
fast,  or  running. 

TR<)U'BA-DO(JR,  71.    [from  Fr.  tnnwrr,  to  find.] 

Oneofaschoid  of  poets  who  flourished  from  the 
eleventh  to  the  latter  end  of  the  thirteenth  century  ; 
principally  at  Proveme,  in  the  south  of  France,  and 
also  in  the  nortli  of  Italy.  Brande. 

TROUli'LE,  (trub'l,)  «.  t.  [Fr.  troublrr;  It.  turbare: 
Sp.  and  Port,  turbar ;  Ij.  turbo;  Gaelic,  treabhlaim, 
which  seems  to  he  cunnerted  with  (rt'd/i/iam,  to  plow, 
that  is,  to  turn  or  to  stir,  W.  torva,  L.  turba,  a  crowd, 
and  perhaps  trova,  a  turn  ;  Gr.  t'>;-(ii.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  turn  or  to  stir,  to  whirl  about,  as  in  L. 
turbo,  turbinis,  a  whirlwind.  Hence  the  sense  of 
agitation,  disturbance.] 

1.  To  agitate;  to  disturb;  to  put  into  confused 
motion. 

God,  looking-  forth,  will  trouble  all  his  host.  Milton, 
An  an;^*l  went  down  at  a  certain  season  into  the  pool,  and 
troubled  the  water.  —  John  v. 

2.  To  disturb  ;  to  perjilex. 

Never  tro»6/e  your8<-l(  about  those  faults  which  age  will  cure. 

Locke. 

3.  To  afflict ;  to  grieve  ;  to  distress. 

Those  ih.it  trouble  me  rejoice  when  I  am  moved.  —  Ps.  xili. 

4.  To  busy  ;  to  cause  to  be  much  engaged  or  anx- 
ious. 

Martha,  thou  art  careful,  and  troubled  about  manr  things.  — 
l.uke  X. 

5.  To  tease  ;  to  vex  ;  to  molest. 

The  boy  so  troubles  rue, 
'Tis  past  eniiurinij.  Shak. 

6.  To  give  occasion  for  labor  to.  I  will  not  trouble 
you  to  deliver  the  letter.  I  wdl  not  trouble  myself  in 
this  affair. 

7.  To  sue  for  a  debt.  He  wishes  not  to  trouble  his 
debtors. 

TRf)IJB'LE,-(trub'l,)n.  Disturbance  of  mind  ;  agita- 
tion ;  commotion  of  spirits  ;  perplexity  ;  a  word  of 
very  extensive  application. 

2.  Afiliction ;  calamity. 

He  shall  ilelivcr  thee  in  six  troublee.  —  Job  T. 

Hedeein  Israel,  O  God,  out  of  all  hia  trouhlee.  —  Ps.  JIT. 

3.  Molestation;  inconvenience;  annoyance. 

I,est  [he  fiend  some  new  Irou6/e  raise.  Milton. 

A.  Uneasiness;  vexation.  Milton. 
5.  That  which  givi?s  disturbance,  annoyance,  or 
vexation  ;  that  which  afflicts. 
TROUli'I,KI),  (Irub'ld,)  pp.  or  a.     Disturbed;  agi- 
tated; alllictcd  ;  annoyed;  molested. 
TROUli'I.ER,  (trub'lcr,)  n.    One  who  disturbs  ;  one 
who  afflicts  or  molests;  a  disturber;  as,  a  troubler  of 
tho  peace. 

Thn  rich  troulilere  ttt  tho  world's  repose.  Waller. 

TROIin'I.E-HOMI",,  (ttub'l  siim,)fl.    Giving  trouble  or 
disturbance;  molesting;  annoying;  vexatious.  In 
warm  climates,  insects  are  very  trouble.'{o?nc. 
2.  ISurdenHome  ;  tiresome  ;  wearisome. 

My  inoUier  will  never  I*  troubleeome  to  me.  Pope. 


3.  Giving  inconvenience  to.  I  wish  not  to  be 
troublesome  as  a  guest. 

4.  Teasing  ;  importunate  ;  as,  a  troublesome  appli- 
cant. 

TROUB'LE-SOME-LY,  (trub'l-sum-le,)  adv.     In  a 

manner  or  degree  to  give  trouble  ;  vexatiously. 
TROUB'LE-SOME-NESS,  (trub'l-sum-nes,)  n.  Vexa- 
trousness;  the  quality  of  giving  trouble  or  of  molest- 
ing. Bacon. 
2.  ITnseasonable  intrusion  ;  importunity. 
TROUB'LE-STaTE,  71.    A  disturber  of  the  commu- 

nitj'.    [JVot  used.] 
TROUB'LING,  (trub'ling,)  ppr.    Disturbing;  agitat- 
ing ;  molesting  ;  annoying  ;  afflicting. 
TROUB'LING,  (trub'ling,)  n.    The  act  of  disturbing 
or  putting  in  commotion.   John  v. 
2.  The  act  of  afflicting. 
TRfiUB'LOUS,  (trub'lus,)  a.   Agitated;  tumultuous; 
full  of  commotion. 

A  tall  ship  tossed  in  troublous  seas.  Speneer. 
2.  Full  of  trouble  or  disorder ;  tumultuous;  full  of 
affliction. 

The  street  shall  be  built  again,  and  the  wall,  even  in  troubloue 
times.  —  Dan.  ix. 

TROUGH,  (travvf,)  [Sal.  trog  ;  D.  and  G.  trog ;  Dan. 
trug  ;  It.  truogo.] 

1.  A  vessel  hollow  longitudinally,  or  a  large  log  or 
piece  of  timber  excavated  longitudinally  tm  the  upper 
side  ;  used  for  various  purposes. 

2.  A  tray.  [  IVtls  is  tlie  same  word  dialectically 
altered.] 

3.  A  canoe  ;  the  rude  boat  of  uncivilized  men. 

Mbot. 

4.  The  channel  that  conveys  water,  as  in  mills. 
Trough  of  the  sea;  the  space  between  two  high 

waves. 

TRoUL,  for  Troll.    See  Troll. 
TROUNCE,  (trouns,)  ti.  t.    [Qu.  Fr.  tron^em,  tron;on- 
ncr.] 

To  punish,  or  to  beat  severely.    [j3  low  word.] 

TROUiVC'ING,  ppr.    Beating  severely. 

TROUNCING,  n.    A  severe  beating. 

TROUSE,  (trowz,)  ti.  [See  Tbowsehs.]  A  kind  of 
trowsers  worn  by  children. 

TROU'SERS,  71.  pi.    See  Trowsers. 

TROUS-SEAU',  (troo-s6',)  71.  [Fr.]  The  collective 
lighter  equipments  of  a  lady  when  about  to  be  mar- 
ried. 

TROUT,  71.  [Sax.  truht ;  Fr.  truite  ;  It.  trota  ;  D.  truit ; 
L.  trutta ;  Sp.  trucha.  Trout  is  contracted  from 
trocta.] 

A  name  applied  to  various  fresh-^vater  fishes  of  the 
genus  Salino,  variegated  with  spots,  and  esteemed  as 
most  delicate  fttod. 
TROUT'-eOL-OR-™,  (-ktil-lurd,)  o.  White  with 
spots  of  black,  bay,  or  sorrel  ;  as,  a  trout-colored 
horse. 

TROUT'-FISH-ING,  71.    The  fishing  for  trouts. 
TROUT'-STREAM,  71.     A  stream  in  which  trout 
breed. 

TRO'VER,  »i.  [Fr.  trouver.  It.  trovare,  to  find  ;  S\v. 
trdffa,  to  hit ;  Dan.  trrffer,  to  meet  with  ;  truf,  an  ac- 
cident ;  D.  and  G.  treffen,  to  meet,  to  hit.] 

Trover  is,  properly,  the  finding  of  any  thing. 
Hence, 

1.  In  law,  the  gaining  possession  of  any  goods, 
whether  by  finding  or  by  other  means. 

2.  An  action  which  a  man  has  against  another 
who  has  found  or  obtained  possession  of  any  of  his 
goods,  and  who  refuses  to  deliver  them  on  demand. 
This  is  called  an  action  of  trover  and  conversion.  In 
this  case,  the  trover  or  finding  is  an  immaterial  fact ; 
but  the  plaintiff  must  prove  his  own  property,  and 
the  possession  and  conversion  of  the  gotids  by  the 
defendant.  BUickstone. 

TR("5VV,  V.  i.  [Sax.  treowian,  trrowan,  to  believe,  to 
trust;  G.  traiicn;  Sw.  tro  ;  Dan.  trocr ;  contracted 
from  trogan,  and  coinciding  with  the  root  of  (rutA. 
See  Tri/e.] 

To  believe  ;  to  trust ;  to  think  or  suppose.    [  Obs.] 
Spenser.  Hooker. 
TRfiW  is  used  in  the  imperative,  as  a  word  of  inquiry. 

What  moans  the  fool,  trowl 
TROVV'EU,  n.    [Fr.truellc;'L.trulla;'D.troffel.  Qu. 
D.  and  G.  treffen,  to  hit,  to  strike,  hence  to  put  on.] 

1.  A  mason's  tool,  used  in  spreading  and  dressing 
mortar,  and  breaking  bricks  to  shape  them. 

2.  A  gardener's  tool,  somewhat  like  a  trowel,  made 
of  iron  and  scooped ;  used  in  taking  up  plants,  and 
for  other  purposes.  Cyc. 

TR0WEI,-A;1),  a.  Formed  with  a  trowel ;  as,  /roto- 
clcd  stucco,  i.  e.,  stucco  laid  on  and  rtady  for  the  re- 
ception of  paint. 

TROWSERS,  rt.  ;)/.    [Gaelic,  triusan  ;  Fr.  truus.ie,  a 

truss,  a  bundle;  W.  trws,  n  gar  nl  that  covers; 

trouse,  dress;  tnvsa,  a  trii.ss.  a  packet;  trwsiaw,  to 
dress  ;  Gaelic,  (riLsam,  to  piril  or  (rnss  uji.] 

A  loose  garment  worn  by  males,  extending  from 
the  waist  to  the  knoo  or  to  the  ankle,  and  covering 
the  lower  limbs. 

TROY,  j  n.    [Said  to  have  been 

TROV'-WglGHT,  (  vvfite,)  j    na  d  from  Troyes.  ln 

France,  where  it  was  first  adopted  in  Europe.  'I'he 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiV  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


117« 


TRU 

troy  ounce  is  supposed  to  liave  been  brought  from 
Cairo  during  the  crusades.  Some  persons,  however, 
say  that  tlie  original  name  was  (row.] 

The  weight  by  which  gold  and  silver,  jewels,med- 
kines,  &c.,  are  weighed.  In  this  weiglit,  20  grains 
=  a  scruple,  3  scruples  =  a  dram,  8  drams  =  an  ounce, 
and  12  ounces=onc  pound.  In  weighing  gold,  sil- 
ver, &c.,  scruples  and  drams  are  not  used,  hut  the 
pennytaeight,  which  is  24  grains,  is  employed  in  their 
stead  ;  the  pennyweight  is  not  used  in  weighing 
medicines. 
TRO'A.\T,  o.    [Fr.  truanil.) 

Idle  ;  wandering  from  business ;  loitering ;  as,  a 
truant  boy. 

Wliilc  truant  3ovf,  in  infant  pride, 

PliiyoJ  barclbot  on  Olympus'  siile.  Trumbull. 

TRO'.ANT,  n.    An  idler  ;  an  idle  boy.  Dnjden. 

TKC'ANT,  f.  i.  To  idle  away  time ;  to  loiter  or  be 
absent  fr<im  employnienL  Shak. 

TRO' ANT-LY,  ado.    Like  a  truant ;  in  idleness. 

TRO'ANT-SIIir,  n.  Idleness  j  iieglett  of  employ- 
ment. Ascham. 

TRUBS,  n.    An  herb.  ^insworUi. 

TRUB'T.^ IL,  71.    A  short,  squat  woman.  [Obs.] 

^tnsiDorth. 

TROCE,  71.  [Goth,  triggioa;  li.  tregua;  Norm,  trewe : 
Ice.  Iriird:  Cinibric,  trugth;  properly,  a  league  or 
pact,  from  the  root  of  trick,  to  make  last,  to  fold.  See 
Teue.] 

1.  In  jcar,  a  suspension  of  arms  by  agreement  of 
the  commanders  ;  a  temporary  cessation  of  hostili- 
ties, either  for  negotiation  or  other  purpose. 

2.  Intermission  of  action,  pain,  or  contest;  tempo- 
rary cessation  ;  short  quiet. 

Tii>-n>  he  mny  find 
TVuce  to  his  rvBtieu  llionjhls.  Mi'ton. 
TRCCE'-BREAK-ER,  n.    [(nice  and  breaker.]  One 
who  violates  a  truce,  covenant,  or  engagement.  2 
Tim.  ill. 

TRUCH'.MAN,  n.  An  interpreter.  [See  Draooman.] 
TRU-CI-Da'TION,  71.    [L.  trucido,  to  kill.] 

The  act  of  killing. 
TRUCK,  V.  i.    [Fr.  troquer;  Sp.  and  Port,  trocar;  al- 
lied probably  to  \V.  trwc,  L.  trochus,  a  round  thing. 
Eng.  truck ;  Gr.  rpoxni,  Tf>cx<o.] 

To  exchange  commodities  ;  to  barter.    Our  traders 
truck  with  the  Indians,  giving  them  whisky  and  trin- 
kets for  skins.    [Truck  is  now  vulgar.] 
TRUCK,  V.  t.    To  exchange  ;  to  give  in  exchange  ;  to 
barter  ;  as,  to  truck  knives  for  gold  dust.  [Kulwar.] 

Sifi/(. 

TRUCK,  71.  Permutation  ;  exchange  of  commodities ; 
barter. 

2.  A  small,  wooden  wheel,  not  bound  with  iron  ; 
a  cylinder. 

3.  A  small  wheel ;  hence  trucks,  a  low  carriage  for 
carrying  goods,  stonft^  &.c,,  either  on  common  roads 
or  on  railroads.  Indeed,  this  kind  of  carriage  is  often 
called  a  trucA',  in  the  singular. 

4.  A  small,  wooden  cap,  at  the  summit  of  a  flag- 
BtafTor  mast-head. 

Truck  .--ijstem ;  the  practice  of  paying  workmen  in 
goods,  instead  of  money.  McCuUoch. 
TRUCK' AGE,  71.    The  practice  of  bartering  goods. 

jVilton. 

TRUCK'ER,  »u  One  who  traffics  by  exchange  of 
goods. 

TRUCK'IXG,  jrpr.  Exchanging  goods  ;  bartering. 
TRUCK'LE,  (truk'I,)  n.    A  small  wheel  or  caster. 

Hudibras. 

TRUCK'LE,  r.  i.  [dim.  of  truck.]  To  yield  or  bend 
obsequiously  to  the  will  of  another;  to  submit;  to 
creep.    Small  states  must  truckle  to  large  ones. 

Religion  iuelf  is  forc-d  to  truckle  w  ilb  worldly  policy.  Norrij. 

TRUCK'LE-DED,  ii.  [truckle  and  bed.]  A  bed  that 
runs  on  wheels  and  may  be  pushed  under  another ; 
a  trundle-bed. 

TRUCK'LI.\G,;)pr.  Yielding  obsequiously  to  the  will 
of  another. 

TRCeU-LENCE,  n.  [L.  truculmtia,  from  truz,  fierce, 
savage.] 

1.  Savageness  of  manners;  ferociousness. 

2.  Terrihleness  of  countenance. 
TRO'€U-LEi\T,  a.    Fierce  ;  sa\'age  ;  barbarous  ;  as, 

the  truculent  inhabitants  of  Scytliia.  Ray. 

2.  Of  a  ferocious  aspect. 

3.  Cruel ;  destructive  ;  as,  a  truculent  plague. 

Harvey. 

TRCeU-LEXT-LY,  arfr.    Fiercely  ;  destnictively. 

TRUDGE,  t.  i.    To  travel  on  foot.    The  father  rode  ; 
the  son  trudged  on  behind. 
2.  To  travel  or  march  with  labor. 

And  trudged  to  Rome  upon  mv  n:d(ed  feet.  Dryden. 

TROE,  (tru,)  a.  [Sax.  (reoir,  treowe,  faithful,  and,  as 
a  noUn,  faith,  trust  ;  Sw.  tro,  Dan.  tree :  G.  trru  ;  D. 
trouw,  trust,  loyalty,  fidelity,  faith  ;  trouicen,  to  mar- 
ry ;  Goth,  triggus,  faithful ;  triggiea,  a  pact  or  league, 
a  (nice.  This  is  the  real  orthography,  coinciding  with 
Sw.  trygg,  Dan.  (nii^,  safe,  secure,  and  W.  Irigiate, 
to  stay,  to  tarry,  to  dwell,  that  is,  to  stop,  to  set.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  make  clo*e  and  fast, 
to  set,  or  to  stretch,  strain,  and  thus  make  straight 
and  close.] 


TRU 

1.  Conformable  to  fact ;  being  in  accordance  with 
the  actual  state  of  things  ;  as,  a  true  relation  or  nar- 
ration ;  a  true  history.  A  declaration  is  (riir,  when 
it  states  the  facts.  In  this  sense,  true  is  opposed  to 
fuLse. 

2.  Genuine  ;  pure  ;  real ;  not  counterfeit,  adulter- 
ated, or  false  ;  as,  true  balsam  ;  the  (nie  bark  ;  true 
love  of  country ;  a  true  Christian. 


The  true  liglit  which  lighleth  every  man  that  ( 
world.  —  Joint  i. 


letli  into  Uie 


3.  Faithful ;  steady  in  adhering  to  friends,  to  prom- 
ises, to  a  prince,  or  to  the  state  ;  loyal ;  not  false, 
fickle,  or  perfidious  ;  as,  a  true  friend  ;  a  true  lover  ; 
a  man  true  to  his  king,  iriie  to  his  country,  true  to 
his  word  ;  a  husband  true  to  his  wife  ;  a  wife  true  to 
her  husband  ;  a  servant  true  to  his  master ;  an  officer 
(me  to  his  charge. 

4.  Free  from  falsehood  ;  as,  a  (nie  witness. 

5.  Honest ;  not  fraudulent ;  as,  good  men  and  true. 

If  King  Kdward  he  as  (rue  and  Just.  Shak. 

6.  Exact ;  right  to  precision  ;  conformable  to  a  rule 
or  pattern  ;  as,  a  true  copy ;  a  true  likeness  of  the 
original. 

7.  Straight ;  right ;  as,  a  true  line  ;  the  true  course 
of  a  ship. 

8.  Not  false  or  pretended  ;  real ;  as,  Christ  was  the 
(7*116  Messiah. 

9.  Rightful ;  as,  George  IV.  is  the  true  king  of 
England. 

TRCE'-UILL,  71.  In  /cio,  these  words  are  indorsed 
on  a  bill  of  indictment,  when  a  grand  jury  are  of 
opinion  that  there  is  sufficient  cause  for  putting  the 
accused  on  trial.  Bouvier. 

TRCE'-HLOE,  n.  An  epithet  applied  to  a  person  of 
inflexible  honesty  and  fidelity  ;  from  the  true  or  Cuo- 
enrrii  blue,  forinetly  celebrated  for  its  unchanging 
color.  Toone.  I/alliwcU. 

TROE'-BORN,  0.  [(rue  and  Aoni.]  Of  genuine  birth  ; 
having  a  right  by  birth  to  any  title  ;  as,  a  true-born 
Etiglisliman.  Shak. 

TRuE'-BREU,  fl.  [true  a\u\  bred.]  Of  a  genuine  or 
right  breed  ;  as,  a  true-bred  beast.  ■  Dryden. 

'2.  Being  of  genuine  breeding  or  education  ;  as,  a 
true-bred  gentleman. 

TROE'-HEXRT'ED,  o.  [tnie  and  Ararf.]  Being  of  a 
faithful  heart;  honest;  sincere;  not  faithless  or  de- 
ceitful :  as,  a  true-hearted  friend. 

TKOE'-IIEART-EU-NESS,  7i.  Fidelity  ;  loyalty  ;  sin- 
cerity. 

TRuE'-LOVE,  (tru'luv,)  n.    One  really  beloved. 
2.  A  plant,  the  herb  Paris. 

TRUE'-LOVE'K.NOT,  (tri'i'luv'not,)  7i.  [ftu.  is  not 
this  from  the  Dan.  truluver,  to  betroth,  to  promise  in 
marriage  ;  (roe,  true,  and  lover,  to  promise;  the  knot 
of  faithful  promise  or  engagement.] 

.■V  knot  composed  of  lines  united  with  many  invo- 
lutions ;  the  emblem  of  interwoven  afl'ection  or  en- 
gagements. 

TRC'E'NESS,  71.    Faithfulness;  sincerity. 

2.  Reality  ;  genuineness. 

3.  Exactness  ;  as,  the  (niene^s  of  a  line. 
TROE'PEN-.N'Y,  n.     [(nie  and  penny.]     A  familiar 

phrase  ftir  an  honest  fellow.  Bacon, 

TRuF'FLE,  (trufl,)  n.  [Fr.  triiffe ;  Pp.  trufa,  deceit, 
imposition,  and  truffles ;  and  if  this  vegetable  is 
named  from  its  growth  under  ground,  it  accords  with 
It.  traffare,  to  deceive.] 

A  subterraneous  vegetable  production,  a  kind  of 
mushroom,  of  a  fleshy,  fungous  structure  and  round- 
ish figure ;  an  esculent  substance,  much  esteemed. 
It  is  of  the  genus  Tuber.  Cyc. 

TROF'FLE-WOR.M,  (trufl-wurm,)  n.  A  worm  found 
in  truffles,  the  larva  of  a  fly.  Cue. 

TRUG,7i.  Ahod.  This  is  our  TnounH  and  Tray  the 
original  primunciation  being  retained  in  some  parts 
of  England.  The  word  was  also  used  formerly  for  a 
measure  of  wheat,  as  much,  I  suppose,  as  was  car- 
ried in  a  trough  ;  three  trugs  making  two  bushels. 

TRC'ISM,  n.  [from  true.]  An  undoubted  or  self- 
evident  truth. 

Triilin^  Iruismt  clothed  in  great,  fwellin^  words  of  vanity. 

J.  P.  Snuth. 

TRULI,,  77.  [W.  troliarr,  to  troll  or  roll,  whence  stroll ; 
or  truliaic,  to  drill,    tin.  Or.  fiorptjAAi/.] 
A  low,  vagrant  strumpet. 
TRUL-LI-ZA'TIO.N,  n.    IL.  trullisso.] 

The  laying  of  strata  ol^  pla-ster  with  a  trowel. 
TRCLY,  adv.    [from  true.]    In  fact;  in  deed  ;  in  re- 
ality. 

2.  According  to  truth  ;  in  agreement  with  fact ; 
as,  to  see  things  truly,  the  facts  are  (riify  repre- 
sented. 

3.  Sincerely  ;  honestly  ;  really  ;  faithfully  ;  as,  to 
be  truly  attached  to  a  lover  ;  the  citizens  are  truly 
loyal  to  their  prince  or  their  country. 

4.  Exactly  ;  justly  ;  as,  to  estimate  truly  the  weight 
of  evidence. 

TRU.MP,  n.  [It.  tromba;  Gaelic,  trompa.  See 
Tblmi-et.] 

I.  A  trumpet ;  a  wind  instrument  of  music  ;  a  po- 
etical word  usetl  for  Trvmfet.  It  is  seldom  used  in 
prose,  in  common  disctiurse,  but  is  used  in  Scripture, 


TRU 

where  it  seems  peculiarly  a|ipropriata  to  the  grandeur 
of  the  subject. 

At  tile  lust  Irum;! ;  for  the  trumpet  thai!  i/iund,  and  the  dead 
tlmit  he  r-iiwid.  —  1  Cor.  xv.    1  Tliiia.  ir. 

2.  [Contracted  from  triumph  ;  It.  trionfo,  Fr.  tri- 
omphe.]  A  winning  card  ;  luio  of  the  suit  of  cards 
which  takes  any  of  the  other  suits. 

3.  An  old  game  with  cards. 

To  put  to  the  Irmnp.-i ;  t  to  reduce  to  the  last  expe- 
To  put  on  the  trumps  i  \     dleiit,  trf  to  the  utmost 
exertion  of  power. 
TRUiMP,  V.  t.    To  take  with  a  trump  card. 

2.  To  obtrude  ;  also,  to  deceive.  [Fr.  tromper.] 
[.>V('(  in  use.] 

To  trump  up;  to  devise  ;  to  seek  and  collect  from 

every  quarter. 
TRU.MP,  B.I.    To  blow  a  trumpet.  fiklif. 
TRU.MP'iD,  (truiiipt,)  pp.     Taken  with  a  trump 

card. 

TRU.MP'ER-Y,  71.    [Fr.  tromperie.] 

1.  Falsehood  ;  em|ity  talk.  Ralegh. 

2.  Useless  mailer ;  things  worn  nut  and  cast  aside. 
[This  is  the  sense  of  the  word  in  jVcuj  Knglantt.] 

TRUMP'ET,  71.  [It.  tromba,  trombcUa ;  Sp.  trompa, 
tromptta;  Fr.  trumpcUc;  Glivlic,  trompa,  trumjjaid  ;  G. 
tromptle;  I),  and  Hw.trompct ;  Dan.  trbmprlle  ;  Arm. 
trompett.  'I'he  radical  letters  and  the  origin  are  not 
ascertained.] 

1.  A  wind  instrument  of  music,  used  chiefly  in 
war  and  military  exercises.  It  consists  of  a  long 
metallic  tube,  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  parabolic 
conoid,  with  a  bill-shaped  opening  at  one  end  for  the 
emission  of  sound. 

The  trumpeCa  loud  ciao^r 

Excites  us  to  uriiu.  Dryden. 

2.  An  instrument  for  conveying  or  receiving  artic- 
ulate sounds  with  increased  force,  called  in  the  ftir- 
nier  case  a  Speaki.vq  Thuufet,  and  in  the  latter  an 
Ear  Trl'Mpet. 

3.  In  the  military  style,  a  trumpeter. 

He  wiicly  desired  that  a  trumpet  naghl  be  firrt  aent  for  a  jmm. 

Clarendon. 

4.  One  who  praises  or  propagates  praise,  or  is  the 
instrument  of  propagating  it.  A  great  politician 
was  pleased  to  be  the  trumpet  of  his  praises. 

TRU.MP'ET,  f.  (.  To  publish  by  sound  of  tmnipet; 
also,  to  proclaim  ;  as,  to  trumpet  good  titliiigs. 

They  did  nothing  but  publish  nnd  trumpet  all  tlie  reproaclies  tlicjr 
could  device  against  Uie  Irish.  Uaeon. 

TRU.MP'ET-€ALL,  n.  A  call  at  the  sound  of  the 
trumpet. 

TRUMP'ET-ED,  p;).    Sounded  .abroad  ;  proclaimed 
TRUilP'ET-ER,  71.    One  who  sounds  a  trumpet. 

Dryden. 

2.  One  who  proclaims,  publishes,  or  denounces. 

These  men  are  goo<l  trum^tetere.  Bacon. 

3.  A  bird,  a  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon.  Also, 
a  bird  of  South  .America,  the  agami,  of  ilic  genus 
Psoptiia,  about  the  size  of  the  domestic  fowl,  and 
siunewhat  resembling  both  the  plie;usants  and  the 
cranes  ;  so  called  from  its  uttering  a  htillow  noise, 
like  that  of  a  trumpet.  It  is  sometimes  domesti- 
cated. P.  Cyc.    Kd.  F.ncye. 

THU.MP'ET-FISII,  n.  A  sea-fish,  so  named  from  its 
tubular  muzzle,  the  Centriscus  scolopax,  called  also 
the  Sea  -Snipe.  Jardinc''s  JVaL  Lib. 

TRU.MP'ET-FLOW-ER,  71.  A  flower  of  Ihe  genus 
Bignonia,  another  of  the  genus  Tecoina,  and  another 
still  of  the  genus  Lonicera.  Cwc. 

TRU.MP'ET-IION'EY-SUCK-LE,  (-hun'ne-suk-i.)  n. 
A  twining  plant  of  the  genus  Cnprifoliuin  or  loni- 
cera, with  trumpet-shaped  flowers.  fjoudon. 

TRUAIP'ET-IISG,  J7ir.  Blowing  the  trumpet;  pro- 
claiming. 

TRUMP'ET-SIIELL,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of 
univalvular  shells,  of  the  form  of  a  trumpet,  (Bucci- 
num,  I.iiinteiis.)  Cre. 

TRU.MP'ET-TO-VGU-KD,  (  tungd,)  a.  Having  a 
tongue  vociferous  as  a  trumpet.  Shak. 

TRU.MP'I.NG,  ppr.    Taking  with  a  tnimp  card. 

TRUMP'LIKE,  a.    Re.«eiiibling  a  trum|pet.  Chapman. 

TRUNe'.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  trunk  or  body. 

TRUNCATE,  v.  t.    [L.  trunco,  to  cut  off;  \V.  tryfu. 
Arm.  troucha;  coinciding  with  Fr.  Irancher.] 
To  cut  off ;  to  lop  ;  to  maim. 

TRUNCATE,  a.  In  botany,  appearing  as  itout  ofl^at 
the  tip;  ending  in  a  transverse  line;  as,  a  trancalt 
leaf.  .Mariyn. 

TRUNC A-TED,  pp.  or  o.  Cut  off ;  cut  short  ;  maimed. 
A  truncated  cone  is  one  whose  vertex  is  cut  ofl'  by  a 
plane  parallel  to  its  base. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  replaced  by  a  plane  equally  In- 
clined to  the  adjoining  faces  ;  as,  a  truncated  edge. 

Dana. 

TRUNCA  TING,  ppr.    Cutting  off. 
TRUN-CA'TIO.X,  n.   The  act  of  lopping  or  cutting 
ofr. 

2.  A  state  of  being  tninc.ited. 

3.  In  mineralogTi,  the  replacement  of  nn  edge  by  a 
plane  equally  inclined  to  the  adjoining  faces. 

Dana. 


TONE,  Bt'LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


TRU 


TRU 


TRY 


TRUN'CirEON,  (tiun'slmn,)  n.  [Fr.  trun^on,  from 
tronc^  trunk)  L.  iruncus.] 

1.  A  short  staff;  a  club  ;  a  cudgel. 

2.  A  baton,  or  military  staff  of  command. 

The  laarshal's  truncheon  nor  the  judge's  robe.  Shak, 

3.  A  name  given  to  stent  stems  of  trees,  with  the 
branches  lopped  off,  to  produce  rapid  growth. 

Oardner, 

TRUN'CIIEON,  (trnn'shun,)  v.  U  To  beat  with  a 
tniiirheon  ;  to  cudgel.  Shak. 

TKUi\-CllEON-EER',  n.  A  person  armed  with  a 
triinrhe(m. 

TRUN'DLE,  (trun'dl,)  i'.  i.  [Sax.  trcendle;  trendle, 
any  round  body;  D;in.  and  Sw.  triad,  round;  W. 
tr^n,  a  circle,  a  nmnd,  a  throne  ;  Irdni,  to  rim  ;  from 
the  root  of  randle,  round.] 

1.  To  roll,  as  on  little  wheels ;  as,  a  bed  trundles 
under  anothe.^ 

9.  To  roll,  as  a  hoop. 

TRUN'DLE,  ».  (.  To  roll,  as  a  thing  on  little  wheels ; 
as,  to  trundle  a  bed  or  a  gun-carriage. 

TRUN'DLE,  71.  A  round  body  ;  a  little  wheel,  or  a 
kind  of  low  cart  with  small  wooden  wheels. 

TRUN'DLE-liED,  n.  A  bed  that  is  moved  on  trun- 
dles or  little  wheels  ;  called  also  Tbuckle-Bed. 

TRUN'DLKD,  pp.  Rolled. 

TRUN'DLE-HEAD,  (trun'dl-hed,)  n.     The  wheel 

that  turns  a  mill-stone. 
TRUN'DLE-TaIL,  n.    A  round  tail ;  a  dog  so  called 

from  his  tail.  Shak. 
TRUN'DLING,  ppr.    Rolling,  as  a  thing  on  little 

wheels. 

TRU.VK,  n.  [Fr.  trojic :  It.  troncone;  Sp.  tronco;  L. 
Iruncus,  (torn  trunco,  to  cut  off.  The  primitive  Celtic 
word  of  this  family  is  in  Fr.  traticker,  It.  trinciare, 
Sp.  triiicar,  trinchar.  The  n  is  not  radical,  for  in 
Arm.  the  word  is  troucha,  W.  fr^fit.] 

1.  The  stem  or  body  of  a  tree,  severed  from  its 
roots.  This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  word  ;  but, 
surprising  as  it  may  seem,  it  is  used  most  improper- 
ly to  signify  the  stem  of  a  standing  tree  or  vegetable 
in  general.  Milton.  Drijden. 

2.  The  body  of  an  animal  without  the  limbs. 

Slialc. 

3.  The  main  body  of  any  thing ;  as,  the  trujik  of  a 
vein  or  of  an  artery,  as  distinct  from  the  branches. 

4.  The  snout  or  proboscis  of  an  elephant ;  the  limb 
or  instrument  with  which  he  feeds  himself. 

5.  The  proboscis  of  an  insect.  [Obs.] 

6.  That  segment  of  the  body  of  an  insect  which 
is  between  the  head  and  abdomen,  and  bears  the 
organs  of  motion. 

7.  In  architecture,  the  shaft  of  a  column. 

8.  A  long  tube  through  which  pellets  of  clay  are 
blown.  Ray. 

9.  A  box  or  chest  covered  with  skin,  for  contain- 
ing clothes,  &c. 

10.  A  watercourse  made  of  planks,  and  generally 
to  conduct  the  water  from  the  race  to  the  water- 
wheel. 

Fire-trunks  ;   in  fire-ships,  wooden  funnels  fixed 
under  the  shrouds,  to  convey  or  lead  the  flames  to 
the  masts  and  rigging. 
TRUNK,  V.  t.    To  lop  off;  to  curtail ;  to  truncate. 

[jVof  in  use.]  Spenser. 
TKUNK'^;D,(trnnkt,)  pp.  Cut  off ;  curtailed.  [Obs.] 

2.  a.  Having  a  trunk.  Howell. 
TRUNK'-HoSE,  n.    [trunk  AnA  hose.]   Large  breech- 
es formerly  worn.  Prior. 
TRUN'NIO'N,  (trun'yiin,)  n.    [Fr.  trognon.] 

The  trunnions  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  are  two 
kmbs  which  project  from  the  opposite  sides  of  a 
piece,  whether  gun,  mortar,  or  howitzer,  and  serve 
to  support  it  on  the  cheeks  of  the  carriage. 

Jlfar.  Did. 

TRU^'NION-PLATE,  n.  The  trunnion-plates  are  two 
plates  in  guns  h.'iving  traveling  carriages,  mortars, 
and  howitzers,  which  cover  the  upper  parts  of  the 
siile-pieces,  and  go  under  the  trunnions.  Cyc. 
TRUN'N  ION-RING,  it.  A  ring  on  a  cannon  next  be- 
fore the  trunnions. 
TRu'SION,  (tru'zhun,)  n.    [L.  trudo.] 

The  act  of  pushing  or  thrusting.  Bentley. 
TRUSS,  n.    fFr.  trousse ;  Dan.  trossr.,  a  cord  or  rope  ; 
Sw.  tross;  W.  trwsa,  a  truss,  a  packet.    See  Tbow- 


•  £RS.I 

1.  in  > 


1  a  general  sense,  a  bundle  ;  as,  a  truss  of  hay 
or  straw.  A  truss  of  hay,  in  England,  is  half  a  hun- 
dred. A  truss  of  straw  is  of  different  weights  in  dif- 
ferent places. 

2.  In  surfrery,  a  bandage  or  apparatus  used  in  cases 
of  hernia,  to  keep  up  the  rctluced  parts  and  hinder 
further  protrusion,  and  for  other  purposes.  Cyc. 

3.  Among  botanuts,  a  truss  or  bunch  is  a  tuft  of 
flowers  formed  at  the  top  of  the  main  stalk  or  stem 
of  certain  plants.  Cyc. 

4.  In  reari^rotion,  the  rope  used  to  keep  the  c<  nter 
of  a  yard  to  the  mast.  7'otten. 

5.  In  architecture,  a  framed  assemblage  of  timbers 
fur  fastening  or  binding  n  beam,  or  for  supporting  a 
rcKjf,  tcc. 

a.  [See  Trouse.] 
TRUSS,  V.  t.    To  bind  or  pack  close.  ShaJi. 


2.  To  skewer  ;  to  make  fast. 

To  truss  up :  to  strain  ;  to  make  close  or  tight. 

TRUSS'ED,  (trust,)  /ip.    Packed  or  bound  closely. 

TRUSS'ING,  ppr.    Packing  or  binding  closely. 

TRUST,  71.  [Dan.  trost,  consolation  ;  troster,  to  com- 
fort, that  is,  to  strengthen  ;  mistriister,  to  distrust,  to 
discourage  ;  Sw.  trdst,  confidence,  trust,  consolation  ; 
trUsla,  to  console ;  mistrSsla,  to  distrust,  to  despair. 
The  Saxon  has  trywsiun,  to  trust,  to  obligate.  <iu. 
Gr.  ^aoaoj,] 

1.  Confidence ;  a  reliance  or  resting  of  the  mind 
on  the  integrity,  veracity,  justice,  friendship,  or  other 
sound  principle  of  another  person. 

He  that  puucth  his  trust  in  the  Lord  shall  be  safe.  — ProT.  xxii. 

2.  He  or  that  which  is  the  ground  of  confidence. 

0  Lord  God,  thou  art  my  trust  from  my  youth.  — Ps.  Ixxi. 

3.  Charge  received  in  confidence. 

Reward  them  welt,  if  they  observe  their  trust.  Denham. 

4.  That  which  is  committed  to  one's  care.  Never 
violate  a  sacred  trust. 

5.  Confident  opinion  of  any  event. 
His  trust  was  with  th'  Eternal  to  be  deemed 

Equal  ill  slrenjlh.  MUton. 

6.  Credit  given  without  examination  ;  as,  to  take 
opinions  on  trust. 

7.  Credit  on  promise  of  payment,  actual  or  im- 
plied ;  as,  to  take  or  purchase  goods  on  (ritst. 

8.  Something  committed  to  a  person's  care  for  use 
or  management,  and  for  which  an  account  must  be 
rendered.  Every  man's  talents  and  advantages  are 
a  trust  committed  to  him  by  his  Maker,  and  for  the 
use  or  employment  of  which  he  is  accountable. 

9.  Confidence  ;  special  reliance  on  supposed  hon- 
esty. 

10.  State  of  him  to  whom  something  is  intrusted. 

1  serve  him  truly,  that  will  put  me  in  trust,  ShaJc. 

11.  Care;  management.    1  Tim.\\. 

12.  In  law,  an  estate,  devised  or  granted  in  confi- 
dence that  the  devisee  or  grantee  shall  convey  it,  or 
dispose  of  the  profits,  at  the  will  or  for  the  benefit  of 
another ;  an  estate  held  for  the  use  of  another. 

Blackstone. 

TRUST,  V.  t.    To  place  confidence  in  ;  to  rely  on. 
We  can  not  trust  those  who  have  deceived  us. 
He  that  trusts  every  one  without  reserve,  will  at  last  be  deceived. 

Rambler. 

2.  To  believe  ;  to  credit. 

Trust  me,  you  look  well.  Shak. 

3.  To  commit  to  the  care  of,  in  confidence.  Triist 
your  Maker  with  yourself  antl  all  your  concerns. 

4.  To  venture  confidently. 

Fooled  by  thee,  to  trust  thee  from  my  side.  Milton. 

5.  To  give  credit  to;  to  sell  to  upon  credit,  or  in 
confidence  of  future  payment.  The  merchants  and 
manufacturers  trust  their  customers  annually  with 
goods  to  the  value  of  millions. 

It  is  happier  to  be  sometimes  cheated,  than  not  to  trust. 

HciMer. 

TRUST,  V.  i.  To  be  confident  of  something  present 
or  future. 

1  trust  to  come  to  you,  and  speak  face  to  face.  —  2  John  xii. 
We  trust  we  have  a  good  conscience. —  Heb,  xiii. 

2.  To  be  credulous  ;  to  be  won  to  confidence. 
Well,  you  may  fear  tt>o  far  — 
Safer  than  trust  loo  far.  Shalt. 

To  trust  in  ;  to  confide  in  ;  to  place  confidence  in  ; 
to  rely  on  ;  a  use  frequent  in  the  Scriptures. 

Trust  in  the  Lord,  and  do  good.  —  Ps.  xxxvii. 
Thi  y  shall  be  greatly  ashamed  th.at  tru«l  in  graven  imaj^es.  — 
Is.  xlii. 

To  trust  to ;  to  depend  on  ;  to  have  confidence  in  ; 
to  rely  on. 

The  men  of  Israel  —  trusted  to  the  liera  in  wait.  —  Judjes  XX. 

TRUST'ED,  pp.  Confided  in;  relied  on;  depended 
on  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Sold  on  credit,  as  goods  or  property. 

3.  Delivered  in  confidence  to  the  care  of  another  ; 
as,  letters  or  goods  trusted  to  a  carrier  or  bailee. 

TRUST-EE',  71.  A  person  to  whom  property  is  legally 
committed  in  trust,  to  be  applied  either  for  the  ben- 
efit of  specified  individuals,  or  for  public  uses. 

TRUST'ER,  71.    One  who  trusts  or  gives  credit 

TRUST'FUl,,  a.  Faithful. 

TRU.ST'fIJL-LY,  adv.    In  a  trustful  manner. 

TRUST'FiJi.-NESS,  n.  Faithfulness. 

TRUST'l-LY,  ai/ii.  [from  (7Tis<y.]  Faithfully ;  hon- 
estly ;  with  fidelity. 

TRUST'l-NESS,  71.  [from  tnuity.]  Th.at  quality  of  n 
p<;rson  by  which  he  ihwerves  the  confidence  of  oth- 
ers ;  fidelity;  faithfulness;  honesty;  as,  the  trusti- 
ness of  a  servant. 

TRUS'i''lNG, ppr.  Confiding  in  ;  giving  credit ;  rely- 
ing on. 

TRUST'ING-LY,  adv.  With  trust  or  implicit  confi- 
dence. 

TRUST'LESS,  a.    Not  worthy  of  trust ;  unfaithful. 

Spenser. 

TRURT'I.KSa-NESS,  n.    Unworthiness  of  trust. 
TRIJST'WOR  TIII-NESS,  (-wur-the-nes,)  n.  Uuality 
of  being  trustworthy. 


TRUST'WOR-THY,  a.  Worthy  of  trust  or  confi- 
dence. 

TRUST'Y,  a.  That  may  be  safely  trusted  ;  that  just- 
ly deserves  confidence  ;  fit  to  be  confided  in  ;  as,  a 
trusty  servant.  Mdison. 

2.  That  will  not  fail;  strong;  firm;  as,  a  trusty 
sword.  Spenser. 

TROTH,  71.  [Sax.  treowth,  truth,  and  troth  ;  G.  treue  ; 
D.  getrouwheid,  fidelity,  from  trouw,  trust,  faith, 
fidelity,  whence  trouwen,  to  marry.] 

1.  Conformity  to  fact  or  reality  ;  exact  accordance 
with  that  which  is,  or  has  been,  or  shall  be.  The 
friitA  of  history  constitutes  its  whole  value.  We  re- 
ly on  the  truth  of  the  scriptural  prophecies. 

My  mouth  shall  speak  truth.  —  Prov.  viii. 

Sanclily  them  through  tliy  trutji  ;  thy  word  is  truth.  —  John  xvii. 

2.  True  st.nte  of  facts  or  things.  The  duty  of  a 
court  of  justice  is  to  discover  the  truth.  Witnesses 
are  sworn  to  declare  the  truth,  the  whule  truth,  and 
nothing  but  thi'  truth. 

3.  Conformity  of  words  to  thoughts,  which  is  called 
moral  truth. 

Shall  Truth  fail  to  keep  her  word  f  Milton. 

4.  Veracity  ;  purity  from  falsehood  ;  practice  of 
speaking  truth  ;  habitual  disposition  to  speak  truth  ; 
as  when  we  say,  a  man  is  a  man  of  trulL 

5.  Correct  opinion.  Harte. 

6.  Fidelity  ;  constancy. 


Song. 


7.  Honesty  ;  virtue. 


It  must  appear 
That  malice  bears  down  truth. 


Shak. 

8.  Exactness  ;  conformity  to  rule. 

Plows,  to  go  true,  depend  much  on  the  truth  of  the  iron  work. 
[Not  in  use.]  Mm-tiiner, 

9.  Real  fact  or  just  principle;  real  state  of  things. 
There  are  innumerable  trutlis  with  which  we  are  not 
acquainted. 

10.  Sincerity. 

God  is  a  spirit,  and  they  that  worahip  him  must  worship  him  in 
spirit  and  in  truth.  — John  iv. 

11.  The  truth  of  God  is  his  veracity  and  faithful- 
ness.   Ps.  Ixxi. 

Or  his  revealed  will. 

1  have  walked  in  thy  truth.  —  Ps.  xxvi. 

12.  Jesus  Christ  is  called  the  truth.    John  xiv. 

13.  It  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  concession. 
She  said,  Truth,  Lord  ;  yet  the  dogs  eat  of  the  crumbs,  —  Matt. 

XV. 

That  is,  it  is  a  truth  ;  what  you  have  said  I  admit 
to  be  true. 

/"  truth!  in  reality;  in  fact. 

Of  a  truth!  in  reality  ;  certainly. 

To  do  truth,  is  to  practice  what  God  commands 
John  iii. 

TROTH'FUL,  a.    Full  of  truth.  Barrinalon. 
TROTH'FijL-LY,  adv.    In  a  truthful  manner. 
TRCTIl'FjjL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  true,  or 
the  truth. 

TRuTH'LESS,  a.    Wanting  truth  ;  wanting  reality. 

2.  Faithltss.  Fulln-. 
TRCTH'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  stateof  being  truthless. 
TKuTII'-SPeAK-ING,  a.    Uttering  truth. 
TROTH'-TELL-ER,  n.    One  who  tells  the  truth. 
TRU-TI-Na'TION,  n.    [L.  trutiua,  a  balance  ;  tniti- 

nirr,  to  weigh.] 

The  .let  of  weighing.    [JVo(  used.]  Brown, 
TRUT-TA'CEOUS,  (-sbus,)  a.    [from  L.  trutia,  trout.] 
Pertaining  to  the  trout ;  as,  lish  of  the  truttaceous 

genus.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

TRY ,  c. «.    [This  word  is  from  the  root  of  Dan.  trekker, 

to  draw,  or  trykker,  Sw.  trycka,  to  press,  to  urge; 

tracht^,  to  seek  or  strive  to  obtain  ;  D.  tragten,  to 

endeavor ;  Dan.  tragtcr,  id.    The  primary  sense  of 

all  these  words  is,  to  strain,  to  use  effort,  to  stretch 

forward.] 

To  exert  strength  ;  to  endeavor ;  to  make  an  effort ; 
to  attempt.  TVy  to  learn  ;  try  to  lift  a  weight.  The 
horses  (rifrf  to  draw  the  load. 

[  These  phrases  give  tlte  true  sense.] 
TR?,  II.  (.   To  examine  ;  to  make  experiment  on ,  to 
prove  by  experiment. 

Come,  try  upon  yourselves  what  you  have  seen  me.  Shak. 

2.  To  experience ;  to  have  knowledge  by  expe- 
rience of. 

Or  try  the  Libyan  heat,  or  Scythian  cold.  Dryden. 

3.  To  prove  by  a  test ;  as,  to  try  weights  and 
measures  by  a  standard  ;  to  (ry  one's  opinions  by  the 
divine  oracles. 

4.  To  act  uptm  as  a  test. 

The  tire  seven  times  tried  this.  Shak. 

5.  To  examine  judicially  by  witnesses  and  the 
principles  of  law  ;  as,  causes  tried  in  court. 

6.  To  essay  ;  to  attempt. 

L,et  us  try  adventurous  work.  Milton. 

7.  To  puriiy ;  to  refine ;  bs,  silver  seven  time* 
tried. 

8.  To  search  carefully  into.    Ps.  xi. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WUfy.T — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI.F,  BC^K. 

iiiS 


TUB 


TUF 


T  U  M 


9.  To  use  as  means;  as,  to  Cry  remedies  fur  n 
disease. 

10.  To  slr.iin  ;  as,  to  try  the  eyes  ;  the  lileral  sense 
of  the  word. 

Til  try  on ;  to  put  on  a  gnrmeiit  to  see  if  it  Hts  tlie 
person. 

To  try  tallow,  &c.,  is  to  melt  and  separate  it  from 
the  inetntiranes. 

To  try  out ;  to  pursue  efforts  till  a  decision  is  ob- 
tained. 

TU?'(JON,  n.    [Gr.  rpvyiiv,  a  sort  of  fish.l 

The  name  ol  a  genus  of  tishes,  to  which  the  sting- 
ray belongs. 

TR?'I\0,  ppr.    Exerting  strength  ;  attempting. 

2.  E).\amining  by  searching  or  comparison  with  a 
test;  proving;  using;  straining,  dec. 

3.  a.    Adapted  to  try,  or  put  to  severe  trial. 
TRY'-SaIL,  n.    A  sail  used  by  a  ship  in  a  storm; 

literally,  the  iitrain-.-iaLl. 
TUB,  71.    [D.  <«66e;  G.  iiiJer;  Gaelic,  (u&a».l 

I.  An  open  wooden  vessel  formed  with  staves, 
beading,  and  hoops  ;  used  fur  various  domestic  pur- 
poses, as  for  washing,  for  making  cheese,  &c. 

3.  A  state  of  salivation  ;  so  called  because  the 
patient  was  formerly  sweated  in  a  tub.  [JVut  in  tisc] 

Shak. 

3.  A  certain  quantity  ;  as,  a  tub  of  tea,  which  is 
60  pounds  ;  a  tub  of  camphor,  from  56  to  80  pounds ; 
a  tub  of  vermilion,  from  600  to  400  pounds.  [Local.] 

Cyc. 

A.  A  wooden  vessel    in   which  vegetables  are 
planted,  for  the  sake  of  being  movable  and  set  in 
a  house  in  cold  weather. 
5.  A  small  cask. 

TUB,  r.  (.    To  plant  or  set  in  a  tub. 

TUB'BER,  71.  In  Cornwall,  a  mining  instrument  called 
in  other  places  a  Beele.  The  man  who  uses  this 
tool  is  called  Tubber-Maw  or  Beel-Mah.  Cyc. 

TUB'BIXG,  ppr.    Setting  in  a  tub. 

TUB'BY,  a.  [from  tuA.J  Wanting  elasticity  of  sound  ; 
a  term  in  music.  Percival. 

Tube,  ji.    [Fr.  tube;  h.  tubus.] 

1.  A  pipe  ;  a  siphon  ;  a  canal  or  conduit ;  a  hollow 
cylinder,  either  of  wood,  metal,  or  glass,  used  for 
the  conveyance  of  tluids,  and  for  various  other  pur- 
poses. 

9.  A  vessel  of  animal  bodies  or  plants,  which  con- 
veys a  fluid  or  other  substance. 

3.  In  botany,  the  narrow,  hollow  part  of  a  monopet- 
alous  corol,  by  which  it  is  fixed  to  the  receptacle. 

Martyn. 

4.  In  artillery,  an  instrument  of  tin,  used  in  quick 
firing.  Cyc. 

TOBE,  V.  U    To  furnish  with  a  tube;  as,  to  tube  a 

spring.  J nurn.  of  Science, 
Tfilff-I),  pp.    Furnished  with  a  tube. 
TC'llE'FOK.M,  a.    In  (he  form  of  a  lube. 
TC'liER,  71.  [I,.]  In  botany,  a  knob  in  roots  ;  a  fleshy, 

rounded  stem  or  root,  usually  containing  starchy 

matter,  as  the  potato  or  arrow-root. 

Jtfartyn.  Louflon. 
TO'BER-eLE,  (tu'ber-kl,)  71.    [Fr.  tubercule,  from  L. 

tubrrculum,  from  tuber,  a  bunch.] 

1.  A  pimple  ;  a  small  push,  swelling,  or  tumor,  on 
animal  hndles.  In  cutaneous  diseases,  it  is  a  small, 
hard,  superficial  tumor,  circumscribed  and  perma- 
nent, or  suppurating  partially.  A  scrofulous  or  stru- 
mous tubercle  is  a  tumor  containing  a  curdy  and 
often  a  little  ichorous  matter.      Bateman.  Tully. 

3.  A  little  knob,  like  a  pimple,  on  plants:  a  little 
knob  or  rough  point  on  the  le.'vves  of  some  lichens, 
supposed  to  be  the  fructification.  Martyn. 

TU-BER'eU-LAR,    (a.    Full  of  knobs  or  tubercles. 

TU-BER'eU-l,OUS,  i  Fourcroy. 

2.  Air«-cted  with  tubercles.        Joum.  of  Science. 
TU-BER'eU-LATE,  a.    Having  small  knobs  or  tuber- 
cles, as  a  plant.  Lee. 

Ti;-BER-IF'Ell-OlJS,  a.   Producing  or  bearing  tubers. 

TOBE'KCSE  or  Tu'BER-OSE,  71.  [A  corruption  of 
L.  tuberosa,  knobby.]  A  plant  with  a  tuberous  root 
and  a  liliaceous  flower;  the  Polianthrs  tuberosa. 

TU-liER-OS'I-TY,  71.  The  state  of  being  knobbed  or 
protuberant. 

TO'BER-OUS,  a.    (from  L.  tuber,  a  bunch.] 

Knobbed.  In  boraTiy,  consisting  of  rouniiish,  fleshy 
bodies,  or  tubers,  connected  into  a  bunch  by  inter- 
vening threads,  as  the  roots  of  potatoes.  Marlyn. 

TUB'-F.\ST,  n.  An  old  mnde  of  treatment  for  the 
venereal  disease,  by  sweating  in  a  close  place  or 
tub,  and  fasting.  IVarburton  on  ShaJt. 

TIIB'-FISH,  71.  [(H*  and  ./?.»».]  A  species  of  Trigia 
or  Gurnard,  sometimes  called  the  Kl»ino-Fuh. 

Cyc. 

TC'Bi  eORN,  71.    [L.  tubus  nnd  comu.] 

One  of  a  family  of  ruminant  animals  having  horns 
composed  of  a  horny  axis,  covered  with  a  horny 
sheath.  Brande. 

TCB'ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  a  tube. 

TO'BI-POKE,  n.  [tube  blM  pore.]  One  of  a  genus  of 
coral  zoophytes  ;  organ-pipe  coral.  The  coral  con- 
sists of  a  cluster  of  small  tubes,  and  has  a  red  color. 

TP'BI-PO-RITE,  71.    A  fossil  tubipore. 

TUB'-MAN,  71.    Inthe  eiche([ueT,  a  barrister  so  called. 

England. 


TO'BU-LAR,  a.    [from  L.  tubus.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  tube  or  pipe  ;  consisting  of  a 
pipe  ;  fislular ;  as,  a  tubular  snout ;  a  tubular  calyx. 

Martyn. 

TO'BU-La-TED,  i  a.    Made  in  the  form  of  a  small 
TO'BU-LOUS,     i      tube.  Fife. 
2.  Furnished  with  a  small  lube  ;  as,  a  tubulated 
retort. 

TO'BULE,  71.    [U  lubulus.] 

A  small  pipe  or  fistular  body.  Woodward. 
TO'BU-LI-FUR.M,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  small 

tu  be.  Kirwan, 
TC'BU-LOUS,  a.    Lonfitudinally  hollow. 

2.  Containing  small  tubes  ;  composed  wholly  of 
tubulous  florets  ;  as,  a  tubulous  compound  flower. 

3.  In  botany,  having  a  bull-shaped  border,  with 
five  reflex  segments,  rising  from  a  lube;  as,  a  tubu- 
lous floret.  Marlyn. 

TUCII,  71.    A  kind  of  marble.  Herbert. 
TUCK,  71.    [Gaelic,  tuca  ;  VV.  Iteca  ;  from  the  sense  of 

cutting  or  thrusting,  and  the  root  of  dock.    The  It. 

has  stocco,  and  the  Fr.  estnc] 

1.  A  long,  narrow  sword  ;  a  rapier.  Ilalliwell. 

2.  A  kind  of  net.  Carew. 

3.  [from  the  verb  following.]  In  a  ship,  the  part 
where  the  ends  of  the  bottom  planks  are  collected 
under  the  stern.  Cyc. 

4.  A  horizontal  fold  made  in  the  garment,  tu  ac- 
commodate it  to  the  height  of  a  growing  person. 

HalltwclL 

5.  A  pull ;  a  lugging.   See  Too. 

TUCK,  V.  t,  [In  G.  lucken  signifies  to  stir,  to  stoop,  to 
shrug.  In  some  parts  of  England,  this  verb  signifies 
to  full,  as  cloth  ;  Ir.  tucalam,] 

1.  To  thrust  or  press  in  or  together ;  to  fold  under  ; 
to  press  into  a  narrower  compass  ;  as,  to  tuck  up  a 
bed  ;  to  tuck  up  a  garment ;  to  tuck  in  the  skirt  of 
any  thing.  Jiddison. 

2.  To  inclose  by  pushing  close  around  ;  as,  to 
tuck  a  child  into  a  bed.  Locke. 

3.  To  full,  ,is  cloth.  [Local] 

TUCK,  V.  i.  To  contract ;  to  draw  together.  [JVot  171 
use.]  Sharp, 

TUCK'A-HoE,  71.  A  curious  vegetable  of  the  South- 
ern States  on  the  Atlantic,  growing  under  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  like  the  iruttle  of  Europe.  Some- 
times called  1^D1AN  Breao  or  Indian  Loaf. 

Farm.  Encyc. 

TUCK'ED,  (tukt,)  pp.    Pressed  in  or  together. 

TUCK'ER,  71.    A  small  piece  of  linen  for  shading  the 
breast  of  women.  Addison. 
2.  A  fuller,  whence  the  name.  [iocaZ.l 

TUCK'ET,  71.    [It.  tocofo,  a  touch.] 

1.  A  slight  flourish  on  a  trumpet.  Halliwell. 

2.  [It.  tocehrtto.]    A  steak  ;  a  collop. 
TUCKfET-So-NAN'CE,  71.    The  sound  of  the  tucket. 

Shak. 

TUCK'ING,  ppr.  Pressing  under  or  together;  fold- 
ins. 

TOE' FALL,  71.  A  building  with  a  sloping  roof  on  one 
side  only.  England. 

TOES'DAY,  (tuze'dy,)  71.  [Sw.  Ti^rfa^  ;  Dan.  7Vr.<- 
rfn;' ;  D.  Dins^sdaa  ;  G.  Dingslarr ;  Sax.  Tiwtcsdtrg  or 
Tuesdieg,  from  Tig,  Tiig,  or  Tuisco,  the  Mars  of  our 
ancestors,  the  deity  that  presided  over  combats, 
strife,  and  litigation.  Hence  Tuesday  is  court  day, 
assize  day  ;  the  day  for  combat  or  commencing  liti- 
gation. See  Thino.1 
The  third  day  of  tlie  week. 

TU'FA,  )  71.    [It.  tufo,  porous  ground  ;  Fr.  t^f,  soft 

TUFF,  j     gravel-stone  or  sandstone  ;  G.  to/.] 

1.  A  soft  or  porous  stone  formed  by  depositions 
from  water,  usually  calcareous. 

2.  A  volcanic  sand-rock,  rather  friable,  formed  of 
agglutinaied,  volcanic  earth  or  scoria;  also, a  similar 
rock  of  trap  or  basaltic  material.  Dana. 

TU-FA'CEOUS,  (tu-fa'shus,)  a.    Pertaining  to  tufa; 

consisting  of  tufa,  or  resembling  it. 
TUFF,  71.    See  Tupa. 

TUF-FOON',  n.  [.A  corruption  of  (ypAo7i.]  A  violent 
tempest  or  tornado  with  thunder  and  lightning,  fre- 
quent in  the  Chinese  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin. 

TUFT,  71.  [W.twf:  Vt.  touffe,  toupet ;  Sw.  <(;/»■;  S p. 
tupe,  a  tuft  ;  tupir,  to  press  together  ;  (»;7a,  satiety.] 

1.  A  collection  of  small  things  in  a  knot  or  bunch  ; 
as,  a  tuft  of  flowers;  a  tuft  of  feathers;  a  tuft  of 
grass  or  hair.  A  tif/l  of  feathers  forms  the  crest  of  a 
bird.  Dryden.  Addison. 

2.  A  cluster;  a  clump;  as,  a  tuft  of  trees  ;  a  tufi 
of  olives.  Skak. 

3.  In  botany,  a  head  of  flowers,  each  elevated  on  a 
partial  st;ilk,  and  all  forming  together  a  dense,  round- 
ish ma.ss.  The  word  is  sometimes  applied  to  other 
collections,  as  little  bundles  of  leaves,  hairs,  and  the 
like.  Cyc. 

TUFT,  r.  t.   To  separate  into  tufts. 

2.  To  adorn  with  tufts  or  with  a  tuft.  Thomson. 
TUF-TAF'FE-TA,  71.    A  villous  kind  of  silk.  [JVot 
in  use.] 

TUFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Adorned  with  a  tuft;  as,  the 
tufted  duck  ;  growing  in  a  tuft  or  clusters  ;  as,  a  tufted 
grove.  JHillon.  Pope. 

TUFT'-HUNT-ER,  71.  A  cant  term  in  the  English 
universities  for  a  hanger-on  to  noblemen  and  per- 


sons of  quality.    So  called  from  the  ti^(  in  the  capof 
the  latter.  Ilalliwell. 
TUFT'ING,  ppr.  Separating  into  tufts  ;  adorning  with 
tufts. 

TUFT'V,  0.  Abounding  with  tufts  ;  growing  in  clus- 
ters ;  busby.  Thomson. 

TUG,  V.  t  [Sax.  teogan,  teon;  G.  tiehen,  to  draw; 
lug, n  tug;  Ft.  touer ;  h.  duco.    See  Tow,  to  drag.] 

1.  To  pull  or  draw  with  great  effort ;  to  drug  along 
with  continued  exertion  ;  to  haul  along. 

TliTC  iwciil,  Ihffc  itniin,  tug  tht  laburiou*  o.u.  lioMcommon. 

2.  To  pull ;  to  pluck. 

To  raM  the  p\in, 
Hii  tugged  fan  tuflVrrd  wKlt  a  striun.  Itud'ibra*. 

TUG, ».  1.  To  pull  with  great  effort ;  as,  to  tug  at  the 
oar  ;  to  tug  against  the  stream. 

2.  To  labor;  to  strive  ;  to  struggle. 
They  limf  wn-stlril  fiiiit  atrt-iiuoualy  lugged  for  thoir  liberty.  — 
[TAu  i»  nol  elecaiU.]  Home. 

TUG,  n.    [G.  111^.] 

1.  A  pull  with  the  utmost  effort. 

M  th<-  tug  \v  fulls  — 
V.iit  ruiiii  COMIC  along.  Dryden. 

2.  A  sort  of  carriage,  used  in  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land for  conveying  bavins  or  fagots  and  other  things. 

Cyc. 

3.  A  steam-ve.ssel  used  to  tow  ships  ;  a  steam-tug. 

4.  In  .•i07ne  parts  of  JVVto  England,  the  traces  of  a 
harness  are  called  tugs. 

TUG'G/;l),  pp.    Pulled  with  great  effort. 
TUG'GER,  n.    One  who  tugs  or  pulls  with  great  ef- 
fort. 

TUG'GING,  ppr.    Pulling  or  dragging  with  great  ex- 
ertion ;  hauling. 
TUG'GINfJ,  71.    Laborious  pulling. 
TUG'GING-LY,  adv.    With  laborious  pulling. 

Bailey. 

TU-I"TION,  (tu-ish'un,)  71.  fL.  tuilio,  from  luror,  to 
see,  behold,  protect,  &c.  This  verb  is  probably  con- 
tracted from  tui'o,  Ir.  tuighim.  If  so,  it  coincides 
with  the  Dan.  tugl,  education,  tugter,  to  chastise,  D. 
fii^l,  G.  lucht.  In  this  case,  it  coincides  nearly  with 
L.  duco,  to  lead.] 

1.  Guardianship;  superintendingrare  overayoung 
person  ;  the  particular  watch  and  care  of  a  tutor  or 
guardian  over  his  pupil  or  ward. 

2.  More  especially,  instruction  ;  the  art  or  business 
of  teaching  the  various  branches  of  learning.  We 
place  our  children  under  the  preceptors  of  ac.ailemies 
for  tuition.  [This  is  now  the  common  acceptation  of  the 
word.] 

3.  The  money  paid  for  instruction.  In  our  col- 
leges, the  tuition  is  from  thirty  to  forty  dollars  a  year. 

TU  I"TION-A-RY,  (  isli'un-,)  a.  Pertaining  to  tu- 
ition. 

TO'LIP,  71.  [Fr.  tulipe;  L.  («h>a;  U.tulipanoi  Sp. 
tulipan;  D,  tutp ;  G.  tulpe;  Sw.  tulpan;  Dan.  tuli- 
pan.] 

A  bulbous  plant  and  a  flower  of  the  genus  Tiilipa, 
of  a  great  variety  of  colors,  and  much  cultivated  for 
its  beauty. 

T0-LIP-O-.M.\'NI-A,  71.  A  violent  passion  for  th«  ac- 
quisition or  cultivation  of  tulips.  P.  Cyc. 

TO'LIP-TREE,  71.  An  American  tree,  growing  to  a 
large  size,  an<i  bearing  flowers  resembliiic  the  tulip, 
the  Liriodendron  Tiilipifera;  also  called  White- 
wood.  Lee. 

TuLLE,  71.    [Fr.]    A  kind  of  silk  open  work  or  lace. 

TUL'LI-AN,  a.    Belonging  to  Tully  or  Cicero. 

TUM'BLE,  f.  i.  [Sax. /umAian,  to  tiunble,  to  dance  ; 
Sw.  lumla,  to  fall,  to  tumble  ;  Dan.  tuniirr,  to  shake, 
toss,  reel,  tumble  ;  Fr.  tombrr  ;  Sp.  tninbar,  to  tumble, 
roll,  keel,  as  a  ship,  to  throw  down  ;  tuinba,  a  tomb,  a 
vault,  a  tumble  or  fall  ;  L.  tumulus,  tumultus,  tumeo  ; 
It.  lomare,  to  fill ;  tombolare,  to  tumble  ;  W.  twmp,  a 
hillock  ;  (;.  taumrlu,  to  reel.] 

1.  To  roll;  to  roll  about  by  turning  one  way  and 
the  other  ;  as,  a  person  in  pain  tumbles  and  tosses. 

Shak, 

2.  To  fall ;  to  come  down  suddenly  and  violently  ; 
as,  to  tumble  from  a  scaffold. 

3.  To  roll  down.  The  stone  of  Sisyphus  is  said  to 
have  tumbled  to  the  bottom,  as  soon  as  it  was  carried 
up  the  hill.  Addison. 

4.  To  play  mountebank  tricks  by  Tarious  libra- 
lions  and  movements  of  Ihe  body.  Rowe. 

TU.M'BI.E,  e.  t.  To  turn  over;  to  turn  or  throw 
about  for  examination  or  searching  ;  sometimes  with 
orcr ."  as,  to  tumble  orer  books  or  papers  ;  to  tumble 
oeer  clothes.  [To  tumble  over  in  thought,  is  not  ele- 
gant.] 

2.  To  disturb  ;  to  rumple  ;  a.«,  to  tumble  a  bed. 
To  tumble  out ;  to  throw  or  roll  out  ;  as,  to  tumble 
out  casks  frimi  a  store. 

To  tumble  down  ;  to  throw  down  carelessly. 

Locke, 

TUM'BI.E,  n.    A  fall.  L'F.-trange. 
TUM'BLED,   pp.     Rolled  ;    disturbed  ;    rumpled ; 

thrown  down. 
TUM'BI.ER,  71.    One  who  tumbles;  one  who  playi 

the  tricks  of  a  mountebank.  Pope, 

2.  A  large  drinking  glass. 

3.  A  varietv  of  the  domestic  pigeon,  »o  called  from 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


148' 


UUUU' 


1181 


TUM 

his  practice  of  tumbling  or  turning  over  in  fliplit.  It 
is  a  sliort-bodied  pigeon,  of  a  plain  color,  black,  blue, 
or  white.  Cijc. 

4.  A  sort  of  dos,  so  called  from  his  practice  of  tum- 
bling before  he  attacks  his  prey.  Swan. 

TUM'BLIN'G,  ppr.  Rolling  about;  falling;  disturb- 
ing; rumpling. 

Titmbling-liomc,  in  a  ship,  is  the  inclination  of  the 
top  sides  from  a  perpendicular,  toward  the  center  of 
the  ship  ;  or  the  part  of  a  shjp  which  falls  inward 
above  the  extreme  breadth.  Ci/c.    Mar.  Diet. 

TUM'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  tumbling;  the  perform- 
ances of  a  tumbler. 

TUM'BLING-BaY,  n.    In  a  conal,  an  overfall  or  weir. 

Cyc. 

TUM'BREL,  n.  [Fr.  tomhereau,  from  tomber.  See 
Tumble.] 

1.  A  ducking-stool  for  the  punishment  of  scolds. 

2.  A  rough  cart ;  a  dung-cart.     Tuaser.  Tatter. 

3.  A  cart  or  carriage  with  two  wheels,  which  ac- 
companies troops  or  artillery,  for  conveying  the  tools 
of  pioneers,  cartridges,  and  the  like. 

TUM'BIUL,  n.  A  contrivance  of  the  basket  kind,  or 
a  kind  of  cage  of  osiers,  willows,  &.C.,  for  keeping 
hay  and  other  food  for  sheep.  Ctjc. 

TU-ME-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  lumefacio,  to  make  tumid. 
See  Tumid.] 

The  act  or  process  of  swelling  or  rising  into  a  tu- 
mor; a  tumor;  a  swelling. 

TU'JIE-FI-£D,  (ta'me-f Ide,)  pp.  or  a.  [from  tumrfy.'] 
Swelled  ;  enlarged  ;  as,  a  tumefied  joint.  TViseman. 

TO'ME-Fy,  V.  t.  tumefacio  ;  tumidus,  tuineo,  and 
faclo.] 

To  swell,  or  cause  to  swell. 
Tu'ME-FV,  V.  i.    To  swell  ;  to  rise  in  a  tumor. 
TC'ME-FY-ING,  ppr.    iSwelhng;  rising  in  a  tumor. 
Tu'MIU,  a.    [L.  tumidius,  from  tiimco,  to  swell.] 

1.  Being  swelled,  enlarged,  or  distended  ;  as,  a  tu- 
mid leg  ;  tumid  flesh. 

2.  Protuberant ;  rising  above  the  level. 

So  higii  as  heaved  the  tumid  liills.  Milton, 

3.  Swelling  in  sound  or  sense;  pompous;  puffy; 
bombastic  ;  falsely  sublime  ;  as,  a  ttnnid  expression  ; 
a  tumid  style.  Boyle. 

Tu'MID-LY,  adv.    In  a  swelling  form. 
Tu'MID-NESS,  n.    A  swelling  or  swilled  state. 
Tu'MOR,  71.    [L.,  from  tumeo,  to  swell.] 

1.  In  suri^trT/,  a  swelling  ;  a  morbid  enlargement 
of  any  part  of  the  body  ;  a  word  of  very  comprehen- 
sive .signification. 

The  morbid  enlargement  of  a  particular  part,  with- 
out being  caused  by  inffainmution.  Parr. 

Any  swelling  which  arises  from  the  growth  of 
distinct  superduous  parts  or  substances,  which  did 
not  make  any  part  of  the  original  structure  of  the 
body,  or  from  a  inorbiil  increase  in  the  bulk  of  other 
parts,  which  naturally  and  always  existed  in  the  hu- 
man frame.  Cyc. 

The  term  tumor  is  limited,  by  Abernethy,  to  such 
swellings  as  arise  from  new  productions,  and  in- 
cludes only  the  sarcomatous  and  encysted  tumors. 

Parr. 

An  encysted  tumor  is  one  which  is  formed  in  a 
membrane  called  a  cyst,  connected  with  the  sur- 
rounding parts  by  the  neighboring  cellular  substance. 
There  are  also  fatty  tumors,  called  lipomatous  or  adi- 
pose, (adipose  sarcoma,)  formed  by  an  accumulation 
of  fat  in  a  limited  e.xteiit  of  the  cellular  substance. 

Cyc. 

2.  Affected  pomp;  bombast  in  language;  swelling 
words  or  expressions  ;  false  magniticence  or  sublim- 
ity.   {Little  used.]  IVotton. 

Tu'.MOR-/;D,  a.    Distended  ;  swelled.  Junius. 
TO'MOR  OUS,  a.    Swelling;  protuberant.  IVoUon. 
2.  Vainly  pompous  ;  bombastic ;  as  language  or 

style.    [Little  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

TUMP,  n.    [Infra.]    A  little  hillock. 
Tir.MP,  r.  (.    [VV.  ticnip,  a  round  mass,  a  Iiillock  ;  L. 

tumalus.    .See  Tomii.] 

In  irardenina,  to  form  a  mass  of  earth  or  a  hillock 

round  n  plant  ;  as,  to  lump  teasel.    [This  English 

phr.ase  is  not  used  in  America,  but  it  answers  nearly 

to  our  HiLLinG.    See  Hill.] 
TUMP'a:D,  (tumpt,)  pp.    Surrounded  with  a  hillock 

of  earth. 

TU.MP'l.N'G,  ppr.  Raising  a  mass  of  earth  round  a 
plant. 

TO'iM(J-LAR,  a.    [L.  tumulus,  n  Iicap.] 

Consisting  in  a  heap ;  formed  or  being  in  a  heap  or 
hillock.  Pinkcrton. 
TO'.MIM-ATE,  t).  K    To  swell.    [J\rot  in  use.] 
TU-MIJ-LOS'I-TV,  71.    [Intra.]    llilliness.  Bailey. 
T0'MU-I,O(JS,  a.    [U.  tumulosus.] 

Full  of  hills.  Bailey. 
TCMULT,  n.    [L.  tumullus,  a  derivative,  from  tuineo, 
to  swell.] 

1.  'I'he  commotion,  disturbance,  or  agitation  of  a 
multitude,  uxunlly  nccimipanied  with  great  noise, 
uproar,  and  confusion  of  voices. 

Willi  m'-anfUi  ihe  noli*-  of  Ihb  tumuU7  —  I  Bam.  It. 
'nil  in  luiiil  lumuJI  nil  Uie  (ip  i'iii  al<»T.  Pt^t. 

2.  Violent  commotion  or  ngitntion,  with  confusion 
of  Hounds;  an,  the  tumult  of  the  elements.  Spectator. 


TUN 

3.  Agitation  ;  high  excitement ;  irregular  or  con- 
fused motion  ;  as,  the  tumult  of  the  spirits  or  pas- 
sions. 

4.  Bustle ;  .stir. 

Tu'AIULT,  V.  i.  To  make  a  tumult ;  to  be  in  great 
commotion.  Milton. 

TU-MULT'y-A-RI-LY,  adv.  [from  tumultuary.]  In 
a  tumultuary  or  disorderly  manner. 

TU-MULT'l|-A-RI-N'ESS,  71.  Disorderly  or  tumultu- 
ous conduct ;  turbulence;  disposition  to  tumult. 

K.  Charles. 

TU-MULT'IJ-A-RY,  a.  [Fr.  tumuttuaire ;  from  L.  tu- 
multus.] 

1.  Disorderly  ;  promiscuous ;  confused  ;  as,  a  tu- 
multuary conrtict.  K.  Charles. 

2.  Restless  ;  agitated ;  unquiet. 

Men,  who  live  without  religion,  live  always  in  a  tumultttary  and 
rcsllfss  suite.  AUerbury. 

TU-MULT'IJ-aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  tumult'uo.] 

To  mtike  a  tumult.    [JVot  used.]  South. 

TU-MIJLT-II-A'TION,  71.  Commotion;  irregular  or 
disorderly  movement ;  as,  the  tumultuation  of  the 
parts  of  a  fluid.  Boyle, 

TU-.MULT'Ii-OUS,  (-mult'yu-us,)  a.  [Fr.  lumul- 
tueux.] 

1.  Conducted  with  tumult  ;  disorderly  ;  as,  a  tu- 
multuous conrtict ;  a  tumultuous  retreat. 

2.  Greatly  agitated  ;  irregular  ;  noi.sy  ;  confused  ; 
as,  a  tumultuous  assembly  or  meeting. 

3.  Agitated  ;  disturbed  ;  as,  a  tumultuous  breast. 

4.  Turbulent ;  violent ;  as,  a  tumultuous  speech. 

5.  Full  of  tumult  and  disorder;  as,  a  tumultuous 
state  or  citv.  Sidney. 

TU-MULT'U-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  disorderly  man- 
ner ;  bv  a  disorderly  multitude. 

TU-MULT'lI-OUS-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  tu- 
multuous ;  disorder ;  commotion. 

TVMU-LUS,  71.  [L.]  An  artificial  hillock  raised 
over  those  who  were  buried  in  ancient  times. 
Hence  toTiiA. 

TUN,  71.  [Sax.  tiiTiTia,  Sw.  tunna,  a  cask  ;  Fr.  tonne, 
touneau  ;  Ir.  tonna;  Arm.  ionnel ;  Sp.  and  Port,  tonel, 
tonelada  :  G.  (oimc ;  D.  ton  ;  W.  tynell,  a  barrel  or  tun. 
This  word  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  L.  teneo,  to 
hold,  Gr.  r£ii/r.',  to  stretch,  W.  tijn,  stretched,  strained, 
tight,  tyn&u,  to  strain,  to  tighten  ;  and  this  seems 
also  to  be  the  Sax.  tun,  a  town  ;  for  this  word  signi- 
fies also  a  garden,  evidently  from  inclosing,  and  a 
class,  from  collecting  or  holding.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  large  cask  ;  an  oblong  ves- 
sel bulging  in  the  mitJdle,  like  a  pipe  or  puncheon, 
and  girl  with  hoops. 

2.  A  certain  measure  for  liquids,  as  for  wine,  oil, 

3.  A  quantity  of  wine,  consisting  of  two  pipes  or 
four  hogsheads,  or  232  gallons.  In  different  coun- 
tries, the  tun  differs  in  quantity. 

4.  In  commerce,  the  weight  of  twenty  hundred 
gross,  each  hundred  consisting  of  112  lbs.  =2240  lbs. 
But  by  a  law  of  Connecticut,  passed  June,  1827, 
gross  weight  is  abolished,  and  a  tun  is  the  weight  of 
21)00  lbs.  It  is  also  a  practice  in  New  York  to  sell  by 
2000  lbs.  to  the  tun. 

5.  A  certain  weight  by  which  the  burden  of  a  ship 
is  estimated  ;  as,  a  ship  of  three  hundred  tuns,  that 
is,  a  ship  that  will  cany  three  hundred  times  two 
thousand  weight.  Forty-two  cubic  feet  are  allowed 
to  a  tan. 

6.  A  certain  quantity  of  timber,  consisting  of  forty 
solid  feet,  if  round,  or  (ifty-four  feet,  if  square. 

Cyc. 

7.  Proverbially,  a  large  quantity.  Shak. 

8.  In  burlesque,  a  drunkard.  Dryden. 

9.  At  the  end  of  names,  tiiii,  (on,  or  don,  signifies 
(017171,  village,  or  hill. 

TUN,  77.  (.    To  put  into  casks.  Bacon.  Boyle. 

TuN'A-BLE,a.    [from  (iiiic]    Harmonious  ;  musical. 

And  tunnhle  as  sylvan  pipe  or  song.  Mitton. 

2.  That  may  be  put  in  tune. 
TTN'A-BLE-NESS,  71.    Harmony;  melodiousness. 
TON'A-III.Y,  ai/i'.    Harmoniously;  musically. 
TUN'-BEI.-M-KD,  a.     [tun  and  belly.]     Having  a 

laree,  protuberant  belly.  Enticlc. 
TUN'-DISH,  71.    [(nil  and  di-sA.]    A  tunnel. 
TONE,  71.    [Fr.  tun:  It.  tuono  ;  D.  (oo«  ;  W.  ton;  Ir. 

to77a;  L.  (01111.V.    It  is  a  different  spelling  of  Tone, 

which  see.] 

1.  A  series  of  musical  notes,  in  scmie  particular 
measure,  and  consisting  of  a  single  series,  for  one 
voice  or  instrument,  Ihe  effect  of  which  is  melody  ; 
or  a  union  of  two  or  more  series  or  parts  to  be  sung 
or  played  in  concert,  the  effect  of  which  is  harmony. 
Thus  we  say,  a  merry  tune,  a  lively  tune,  a  grave 
tunc,  a  poalm  (uiir,  a  martial  tunc. 

2.  Sound  ;  note.  Shall. 

3.  Harmony;  order;  concert  of  parts. 


4.  The  stale  of  giving  the  proper  sound.'! ;  as  when 
we  say,  a  harpsichord  is  in  tune:  that  is,  when  the 
several  chords  are  of  that  tension,  that  each  gives 
its  proper  sound,  and  the  sounds  of  nil  are  at  due  in- 
tervals, both  of  tones  and  semitones. 


TUN 

5.  Proper  state  foi  use  or  application  ;  right  dispo- 
sition ;'fit  temper  or  humor.  The  mind  is  not  in 
(u7ie  for  mirth. 

A  child  will  learn  three  times  as  fast  when  he  ii  in  tunt,  as  he 
will  when  he  is  dragged  to  his  task.  JUoclce. 
TONE,  71.  t.    To  put  into  a  state  adapted  to  produce 
the  proper  sounds  ;  as,  to  tune  a  piano-forte;  to  tune 
a  violin. 

Tune  your  h-trps.  Dryden. 

2.  To  sing  with  melody  or  harmony 
Fountains,  and  ye  that  warhle  as  yc  flow 

Melodious  iriurnluri,  warbling  tune  his  praise.  Milton. 

So  we  say  of  birds,  they  time  their  notes  or  lays. 

3.  To  put  into  a  state  proper  for  any  purpose,  or 
adapted  to  produce  a  particular  effect.    [Little  used.] 

TuNE,  V.  i.   To  form  one  sound  to  anotlier.    [Shak.  „ 
While  tuning  to  the  waters'  fall, 

The  small  birds  sang  to  her.  Drayton. 
2.  To  utter  inarticulate  harmony  with  the  voice. 
TuN'£D,  pp.    Uttered  melodiously  or  harmoniously  ; 

put  in  order  to  produce  the  proper  sounds. 
TuNE'FJJL,  a.    Harmonious;  melodious;  musical; 

as,  tuneful  notes  ;  tuneful  birds.    Milton.  I>niden. 
TuNE'FlJL-LY,  (k/d.    Harmoniously;  musically. 
TuNE'LESS,  a.    Unmusical ;  unharmonious. 

2.  Not  employed  in  making  music  ;  as,  a  tuneless 
harp. 

TON'ER,  71.    One  who  tunes.  Sliak. 
2.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  tune  musical  instru- 
ments. 

TUNO'STATE,  71.   A  salt  formed  of  tungstic  acid  and 

TUNG'STEN,  71.  [Sw.  and  Dan.  tung,  heavy,  and 
sten,  stone.] 

1.  A  metal  discovered  by  D'Elhiiyart,  in  1781.  It 
has  a  grayish-white  color,  and  considerable  luster. 
It  is  brittle,  nearly  as  liard  as  steel,  and  less  fusible 
than  manganese.  Its  specific  gravity  is  near  I7.G. 
When  heated  to  redness  in  the  open  air,  it  takes  fire, 
and  is  converted  into  tungstic  acid.    It  is  sometimes 

called  WoLFRAMIUM. 

2.  An  obsolete  name  for  the  mineral  tungstate  cf 
lime. 

TUNG-STEN'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  procured  from 
tungsten.  [Obs.] 

TUNG'STie  ACID,  71.  Ab  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  the  metal  tungsten,  and  Uwe  equiva- 
lents of  oxygen. 

Tu'Nie,  71.  [Fr.  tuiiiyue ;  L.  tunica.  See  Town  and 
TuN.j 

1.  An  under  garment  worn  by  both  sexes  in  ancient 
Rome  and  the  East,  reaching  to  or  below  the  knees. 

Smithes  Diet. 

9.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  ckureh,  a  long  under  gar- 
ment worn  by  the  officiating  clergy.  Cyc. 

3.  In  anatomy,  membrane  that  covers  or  composes 
some  part  or  organ  ;  as,  the  tunics  or  coats  of  the 
eye  ;  the  tunics  of  the  stomach,  or  the  membranous 
and  muscular  layers  which  compose  it.  Cyc. 

4.  A  natural  covering ;  an  integument ;  as,  the 
tunic  of  a  seed. 

Tu'Nie-A-RY^,  n.  [from  (iiiiic]  An  animal  of  the 
molluscan  tribe,  enveloped  with  a  double  tunic. 

Kirby. 

Tu'NI€-S-TED,  a.  In  botany,  covered  with  a  tunic, 
or  membranes ;  coated. 

A  tunicated  bulb,  is  one  composed  of  numerous  con- 
cenlric  coats,  as  an  onion.  Murtyn. 

TC'Ni  eLE,  (IQ'ne-kl,)  71.  [from  tuTitc.]  A  natural 
covering  ;  an  integument.  Ray.  Bcntley. 

TC'N'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  harmoniously  or  melodi- 
ously ;  putting  in  due  order  for  making  the  proper 
sounds. 

TCN'ING-FORK,  n.  A  steel  instrument  consisting  of 
two  prongs  and  a  handle ;  used  for  tuning  instru- 
ments. Bushy. 

TON'ING-HAM-MER,  71.  A  tool  for  tuning  instru- 
ments of  music.  Busby. 

TUNK'ER,  71.    [G.  tiiriirn,  to  dip.] 

The  Tunkers  are  a  religious  sect  in  Pennsylvania, 
of  (ierman  origin,  resembling  the  English  Baptists. 

TUN'NAGE,  71.  [from  tun.]  The  amount  of  tuns 
that  a  ship  will  carry  ;  the  content  or  burden  of  a 
ship.    A  ship  pays  tliity  according  to  her  tannage. 

2.  The  duly  charged  on  ships  according  to  their 
burden,  or  the  number  of  tuns  at  which  they  are 
rated.  U.  States^  Laws. 

3.  A  duty  laid  on  liquors  according  to  their  meas- 
ure. Cyc. 

4.  A  duty  paid  to  mariners  by  merchants  for  un- 
loading their  ships,  after  a  rate  by  the  Iiin.  Cyc. 

5.  The  whole  amount  of  shipping,  estimated  by  the 
tuns. 

TUN'NEL,  71.    [Fr.  tonnelle.] 

1.  A  vessel  with  a  broad  month  at  one  end,  and  a 
pijie  or  tube  at  the  other,  for  conveying  liquor  into 
casks,  bottles,  ic. 

2.  The  opening  of  a  chimney  for  the  passage  of 
smoke  ;  called  generally  a  Fonnel. 

3.  An  artificial  arch  or  passage  for  conducting 
canals  or  railroads  under  elevated  ground,  for  the 
forinntlon  of  roads  under  rivers  or  canals,  and  th» 
construction  of  sewers,  drains,  &c.  llebert. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WIl^T  METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARJNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


1183 


TUR 

TUN'NEL,  I'.  (.    To  I'Driii  like  a  tunnel ;  as,  to  funnel 
flbrous  plants  into  nest^s.  Derham, 
a.  'I'o  catch  in  a  net  called  a  tnnnel-net. 

3.  To  form  with  net-work,  Dcrham, 

4.  To  make  an  opening  or  way  for  pastage, 
throush  a  hill,  or  mountain,  or  under  a  river. 

TlIN'NEL-£l)j  pp.  Formed  like  a  tunnel  i  penetrat- 
ed liy  an  arlihcial  opening  for  a  passage. 

TUN'NElr-ING,  p/ir.  Forming  like  a  tunnel;  pene- 
trating' liy  a  subterraneous  passage. 

TUiN'NEL-Kll.N,  (-kil,)  n.  A  lime-kiln  in  which  coal 
is  hurut,  as  distinguished  from  a  Fl^me-Kiln,  in 
which  wood  or  peat  is  used.  Cijc. 

TUN'NEL-NET,  ii.  A  net  with  a  wide  mouth  at  one 
end  and  narrow  at  the  other.  Cue. 

TUN'NEI^PIT,  n.  A  sliart  sunk  from  the  lop  of  the 
ground  to  the  level  of  an  intended  tunnel,  for  draw- 
ing up  the  earth  and  stones. 

TUN'NING,  ;);jr.    I'utting  into  casks. 

TU.N'NY,  71.  [It.  fu;i«o;  Fr.  tkon;  G.  thunfisdi  ;  L. 
tlLyniiiis.'\ 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Thynnus,  of  the  mackerel  fami- 
ly. Its  form  is  similar  to  that  of  the  mackerel,  hut 
much  larger,  rounder,  and  with  a  shorter  snout.  It 
is  one  of  the  largest  of  fishes,  tunnies  weighing  1000 
pounds  not  lieing  rare  in  the  Mediterranean.  Tlie 
tunny  is  considered  e.vcellent  food. 

TUP,  11.    Aram.    [Local.]  [Jardinc's  JVat.  Lib. 

TUP,  V.  t.    [Gr.  rmrio.] 

1.  To  but,  as  a  rani.  [Local.) 
9.  To  cover,  as  a  ram.  [Local.] 

TO'PE-LO,  n.  A  North  American  tree  of  the  genus 
Nyssa.  Some  of  the  species  are  called  Ulack-Gum, 
Sour-Gum,  Gum-Tbee,  &c.  Drayton.  Mea.sc. 
TUP'-iMAN,  n.  A  man  who  deals  in  tups.  [Local.] 
TUR'U.W,  n.  [Ar.]  A  head  dress  worn  by  the  Ori- 
entals, consisting  of  a  cap,  and  a  sash,  scarf,  or 
shawl,  usually  of  cotton  or  linen,  artfully  wound 
about  the  cap,  and  sometimes  hanging  down  the 
neck.  Brande. 

The  name  is  also  applied  to  a  head-dress  worn  by 
ladies. 

2.  In  concholomj,  the  whole  set  of  whirls  of  a  shell. 

Ci/c. 

TUR'B.\N-eROVVN-£D,  a.    Crowned  with  a  turban. 

fVc.1t.  Rev. 

TUR'BAN-£D,  a.  Wearing  a  turban  ;  as,  a  turbaned 
Turk.  Sluik. 

TUR'HAN-SIIELL,  n.  A  popular  name  given  to 
Echini,  or  sea-urchins,  when  deprived  of  their  spines, 
from  stinie  resemblance  to  a  turban.  Dana. 

TUK'l!A.N-TOP,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Helvella  ;  a 
kind  of  t'lingus  or  inushroum.  Ci/c. 

TUll'BA-RY,  II.    [from  turf  :  Latinized,  tnrbaria.) 

1.  In  lam,  a  riglit  of  digging  turf  on  another  man's 
land.  Common  of  turbary,  is  the  liberty  which  a 
tenant  enjoys  of  digging  turf  on  the  lord's  waste. 

2.  The  place  where"  turf  is  dug.  Cowel. 
TUR'BIU,  a.     [L.  turbidus,  from  turbo,  to  disturb, 

that  is,  to  stir,  to  turn.] 

Properly,  having  the  lees  disturbed  ;  hut  in  a  more 
general  sense,  muddy  ;  foul  with  extraneous  matter  ; 
thick,  not  clear  ;  used  of  liquids  of  any  hind  ;  as,  turbid 
water  ;  turbid  wine.  Streams  running  on  clay  gen- 
erally appear  to  be  turbid.  This  is  often  the  case 
with  the  River  Seine. 

TUU'BID-LV,  adv.  Proudly  ;  lutughtily  ;  a  Latinism. 
[JViit  in  iise.]  Young, 

TUR'lilU-NESS,  n.    Muddiness  ;  foulness. 

TUR-Iill.L'ION,  (-bil'yun,)  n.    [Fr.  tourbiUon.] 

A  whirl  ;  a  vortex.  Spectator. 

TUU'BIN-ATE,     to.    [L.  <«rAina(««,  formed  like  a 

TUR'I!IN-A-TED,  j     top,  from  turbo,  turbcn,  a  top.] 

1.  In  concholoiry,  spiral,  or  wreathed  conicnlly  from 
a  larger  base  to  a  kind  of  apex  ;  as,  turbinated  shells. 

Cue. 

2.  In  botany,  shaped  like  a  top  or  cone  inverted  ; 
narrow  at  the  base,  and  broad  at  the  apex  ;  as,  a 
turbinated  genn,  nectary,  or  pericarp.  Lee. 

3.  Whirling.    [Little  used.] 
TUR-BI\-A'T10>I,  n.    The  act  of  spinning  or  whirl- 
ing, as  a  top. 

TUR'BLN'-ITE, )  n.     A  petrified  shell  of  the  genus 

TUR'lilTE,       i     Turbo.  [Obsolete]    Cyc.  Kirwan. 

TUR'BIT,  n.  A  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon,  re- 
markable for  its  short  beak  ;  called  by  the  Dutch 
kort-brak,  short  beak.  Cyc.    Ed.  Encyc. 

2.  The  turbot.  ^  Cyc. 

TUR'BITH,  71.  An  incorrect  spelling  of  Tdrfeth, 
which  see. 

TUR'BOT,  77.  [Fr.l  A  flat-fish  of  the  genus  Rhom- 
bus of  Cuvier,  (Pleuronectes,  Linn.,)  with  a  body 
nearly  circular.  It  grows  to  the  weight  of  twenty  or 
thirtv  pounds,  and  is  much  esteemed  by  epicures. 
TUR'ifU.LENCE,  )  n.  [See  Turbulent.]  A  dis- 
TUR'BU-LE.\-CY,  (  turbed  state;  tumult;  confu- 
sion ;  as,  the  turbulence  of  the  times ;  turbulence  in 
political  aflairs.  Milton. 

2.  Disorder  or  tumult  of  the  passions  ;  as,  turbu- 
lence of  mind.  Dryden. 

3.  Agitation ;  tumultuousnesa ;  as,  turbulence  of 
blood.  SwifL 

4.  Disposition  to  resist  authority  ;  insubordination ; 
as,  the  turbulence  of  subjects. 


TUR 

TUR'HU-LENT,  a.    [L.  turbulentus,  from  tu7-6u,  to 
disturb.] 

1.   Disturbed;  agitated;    tumultuous;  being  in 
violent  commotion  ;  as,  the  turbulent  ocean. 


Cnlm  irgion  one*, 
Ami  full  of  p«ucr,  now  tusjiud  und  turbuUnt. 
Tho  turbuUnt  niirtli  of  wine. 


Vrydtn. 


2.  Restless  ;  unquiet ;  refractory  ;  disposed  to  in- 
subordination and  disorder;  as,  turbulent  spirits. 

3.  Producing  commotion. 

Whose  hCiiilB  Uiut  turliulenl  liquor  filli  willi  fumes.  Millon. 

TUR'BU-LENT-LY,  a(/t).  Tumiiltuously  ;  with  vio- 
lent agitation;  with  refractoriness. 

TUR'CiSM,  71.    The  religion  of  the  Turks. 

TU-REEN',  71.    [Fr.  terrine.] 
A  vessel  for  holding  soup. 

TURF,  71.  [Sax.  tijrf ;  D.  turf;  G.  and  Sw.  torf;  Fr. 
tourbc  ;  Ir.  tarp,  a  clod.  The  word  seems  to  signify 
a  collection,  a  mass,  or  perhaps  an  excrescence.] 

1.  That  upper  stratum  of  earth  and  vegetable 
mold,  which  is  filled  with  the  roots  of  grass  anil 
other  small  plants,  so  as  to  adhere  and  form  a  kind 
of  mat.    This  is  otherwise  called  Sward  and  Sod. 

2.  Peat ;  a  peculiar  kind  of  blackish,  fibrous,  veg- 
etable, earthy  substance,  used  as  fuel.] 

[Dryden  and  Addison  wrote  Turfs,  in  tho  plural. 
But  when  turf  or  peat  is  cut  into  small  pieces,  the 
practice  now  is  to  call  them  Turves.] 

3.  Race  ground  ;  or  horse-racing. 

The  honors  of  Uie  rur/are  all  our  own.  Cowper. 

TURF,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  turf  or  aod  ;  as,  to  turf  a 

bank  or  the  border  of  a  terrace. 
TURF'-CLAD,  o.    Covered  with  turf. 
TURF'-t;5V-ER-£D,  a.    Covered  with  turf.  Tooke. 
TURF'-DRAIN,  n;   A  drain  filled  with  turf  or  peat. 

Cue 

TURF'£D,  (turfl,)  pp.  Covered  with  turf  or  g"reen 
sod. 

TURF'iC.V,  a.    Made  of  turf;  covered  with  turf. 
TURF'-IIEDCE,  71.    A  hedge  or  fence  formed  with 

turf  and  plants  of  dillerent  kinds.  Ciic 
TURF'-IIOUSE,  71.    A  house  or  shed  formed  of  "turf, 

coinmuii  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe. 

Cyc.  Tooke. 

TURF'I-NESS.Ti.  [(mmlurfy.]  The  stale  of  abound- 
ing with  turf,  or  of  having  the  consistence  or  qualities 
of  turf. 

TUKF'l.VG,  ppr.    Covering  with  turf. 

TURF'ING,  71.    The  operation  of  laying  down  turf,  or 

covering  with  turf. 
TURF'ING-I-RON,  7i.    An  implement  for  paring  off 

turf. 

TURF'ING-SPaDE,  n.  An  instniment  for  under- 
cutting turf,  when  marked  out  by  the  plow.  Cyc. 

TURF'-MOSS,  71.  A  tract  of  turfy,  mossy,  or  boggy 
land.  Cyc. 

TURF'-SPADE,  n.  A  spade  for  cutting  and  digging 
turf,  lunger  and  narrower  than  the  common  spade. 

Cyc 

TURF'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  turf. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  turf. 
TUR'GENT,  a.    [L.  tureens,  from  turgeo,  to  swell.] 
Swelling  ;  tumid  ;  rising  into  a  tumor  or  puffy 
state  ;  as,  when  the  humors  are  turgenL 

Oov.  of  the  Tongue. 
TUR-GES'CENCE,  )       rr   ,  t 
TUR-GES'CEN-CY,  i  "•    l-L-  turgescens.] 

1.  The  act  of  swelling. 

2.  The  state  of  being  swelled.  Brown. 

3.  Empty  pompousncss ;  inllalion  :  bombast. 
TUR-OES'CENT,  a.    Swelling  ;  growing  big. 
TUR'OII),  a.    [L.  targidws,  from  turgeo,  to  swell.] 

1.  Swelled  ;  bloated  ;  distended  beyond  its  nat- 
ural state  by  some  internal  agent  or  expansive  force. 

A  bladder  held  by  Uie  fire  grvvf  turgid.  Boyle. 

More  generally,  the  word  is  applied  to  an  enlarged 
part  of  the  body  ;  as,  a  turgid  limb. 

2.  Swelling  in  style  or  language ;  vainly  ostenta- 
tious; tumid;  pompous;  inflated;  bombastic;  as,  a 
turgid  style  ;  a  turgid  manner  of  t.alking.  Watts. 

TUR-GID'I-TY,  n.  Slate  of  being  swelled  ;  tumid- 
ness. 

TUR'GID-LY,  arft).   With  swelling  or  empty  pomp. 
TUR'GID-NESS,  71.    A  swelling  or  swelled  suateofa 

thing  ;  distention  beyond  its  natural  stale  by  some 

internal  force  or  agent,  as  in  a  limb. 
2.  Poinpousne.ss ;  inflated  manner  of  writing  or 

speaking;  bombast;  as,  the  (ui-g-tdnejs  of  language 

or  style. 

TU-RI-O-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  turio,  a  shoot,  and 

fero,  to  bear.] 

Producing  shoots.  Barton. 
TUR'KEY,7i.    [.\s  this  fowl  was  not  brought  from 

Turkey,  it  would  be  more  correct  lo  write  the  name 

TuRKr,  as  it  is  written  in  the  Encyclopedia  Brilan- 

nica.] 

A  large  gallinaceous  fowl,  the  Meleagris  g.allopavo. 
It  is  a  native  of  America,  and  its  flesh  furnishes 
most  delicious  food.  Wild  turkeys  abound  in  the 
foresu  of  America,  and  domestic  turkeys  are  bred  in 
other  countries,  as  well  as  in  America.    There  is  an- 


TUR 

other  species,  the  Meleagris  ocellata,  found  about  tho 
Hay  of  Honduras. 
TUR'KEY-llU'/,'/,ARD,  71.  In  America,  a  common 
species  of  vulture,  having  a  distant  reseiiiblaiice  lo  a 
turkey,  and  remarkable  fur  its  graceful  lliglil  lu  the 
higher  regions  of  the  air.    It  is  the  C'atharies  aura. 

Ilaldeinan. 

TUR'KEY-RED,  71.  A  fine,  durable  red,  dyed  with 
madtler  upon  calico  or  woolen  cloth.  Brande. 

TUK'KEY-STO.NE,  n.  Another  name  of  the  oil- 
stone, from  Turkey. 

TURK'ISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Turks. 

TURK'ISH-LY,  ado.    In  Ihe  niamur  of  the  Turks. 

TUR-K(JIS',  (-koiz'  or-keez',)  71.  [Fr.  turquoise  i  from 
Turkey.] 

A  mineral,  called  also  Calaite,  brought  from  Per- 
sia, of  a  peculiar  bluish-green  color,  occurring  in  reni- 
foriii  masses,  with  a  bolryoidal  surface.  It \»  suscepti- 
ble of  a  high  polish,  and  is  used  in  jewelry,  and  when 
highly  colored  is  much  esteemed  as  a  gein.  Dana. 

TURK'S'-CAP,  71.  A  plant  of  ihe  genus  Lilium  ;  and 
also  of  the  genus  Melocactiis. 

TURK'S'-IIEAD,  (  hed,)  71.  A  name  of  plants  of  the 
genera  Maiiiiiiillaria  and  Melocactus. 

TURK'S'-TUR-BAN,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ra- 
nunculus. 

TUR'LU-PLN'S,  71.  p(.  In  French  ecclesiastical  history, 
a  nickname  for  the  precursors  of  Ihe  reformation, 
corresponding  to  Lollards,  &.c.  Brande. 

TURM,  71.    [L.  (i(r77m.] 

A  troop.    [.Vot  English.]  Milton. 

TUR'MA-LLN,  71.    An  electric  stone.    [Sec  Toubma- 

1,1  N.J 

TUR'.SlER-ie,  n.  [It.  turtumaglio.  Thomson  says, 
iSaiis.  and  Pers.  lur,  yellow,  and  77(iricA,  pepper.] 

A  medicinal  root  brought  from  the  East  Indies,  the 
Ciirciiiiia  longa.  It  is  externally  grayish,  but  inter- 
nally of  a  deep,  lively  yellow  or  saffron  color.  It  has 
a  slight  aromatic  smell,  and  a  bitterish,  slightly  acrid 
Taste.  It  is  used  for  dyeing,  and  as  a  medicine. 
This  name  is  sometimes  given  to  the  blood-ro<it 
(Sanguinaria  (Canadensis)  of  America,  and  also  to 
the  Hydrastis  Canadensis.  Cyc.  Bigcloic. 

TUR-.MOIL',  71.  [I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word  ; 
but  it  is  probably  from  the  root  of  the  L.  (ur6a,  tur- 
bo, turma,  or  of  turn.] 

Disturbance  ;  tumult ;  harassing  labor;  trouble; 
molestation  by  tumult. 


Thcrt-  I'll  p'st,  aa  after  much  turmoil 
A  blessed  soul  dolh  in  Llysiuin. 


Shai. 


TUR-MOIL',  I'.  (.   To  har.ass  with  commotion. 

It  is  tier  faul  misfortune —  to  be  miserably  bussed  and  turmoiltd 
with  these  storms  of  allliction.  Sjitnter. 

2.  To  disquiet ;  to  weary.  Milton. 

TUR-MOIL',  V.  i.  To  be  disquieted  ;  to  be  in  com- 
motion. Milton. 

TUR-MOIL' A"D,  pp.    Ilar.assed  with  commotions. 

TURN,  r.  t.  [Sax.  turnan,  tyman;  L.  toriio ;  Gr. 
Titpvoio  I  Fr.  toumer ;  Arm.  turncin  i  It.  torno,  a 
wheel,  Ij.  turnus ;  torniare,  to  turn;  tomare,  to  re- 
turn ;  torneure,  tomire,  to  turn,  lo  fence  round,  to 
till  ;  torniamento,  loiiruament ;  Sp.  torno,  tornear ;  G. 
turnier,  a  till ;  Sw.  tornera,  to  run  tilt,  Dan.  turnerer ; 
W.  (irrn,  ttirn,  from  (iir,  a  turning  ;  Gaelic,  turna,  a 
spinning  wheel ;  turnoir,  a  turner.    This  is  probably 

a  derivative  verb  from  the  root  of  Ar.  jli  daura, 

to  turn.    Class  Dr,  No.  3,  and  see  No.  15,  13,  18, 

38.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  in  a  circular  course;  as,  to 
turn  a  wheel  ;  to  turn  a  spindle  ;  to  fiirii  the  body. 

2.  I'o  cnange  or  shit^  sides;  to  put  the  upper  side 
downward,  or  one  side  in  the  place  of  the  other.  It  ( 
is  said  a  lirn  (iiriu  her  eggs  ullen  when  sitting. 

3.  To  alter,  as  a  posit^n. 

Expert 

When  to  advance,  or  stand,  or  turn  the  sway  of  battle.  Milton. 

4.  To  cause  to  preponderate  ;  to  change  the  state 
of  a  balance  ;  as,  to  furTi  the  scale.  Dryden. 

To  bring  the  inside  out ;  as,  to  (urn  a  coat. 

6.  To  alte^  as  the  posture  of  Uie  body,  or  direction 
of  the  look. 

The  monarch  turru  him  to  hii  royal  gucsL  Popt. 

7.  To  form  on  a  l.allie  ;  to  make  round. 

8.  To  form  ;  to  shape  ;  used  in  the  participle ;  as,  a 
body  finely  turned. 

His  timU  now  tumtd.  Pop*. 

9.  To  change ;  to  transform ;  as,  to  (urn  evil  to 
good  ;  to  turn  goods  into  money. 

InipatienoT  (urns  an  ague  into  a  feTer.  Thytor. 
I  pniy  the-,  lurfi  tiie  counid  of  Atiilbophel  into  fooUsbneas.  —  3 
Sam.  I«. 

10.  To  metamorphose  ;  as,  to  (utti  a  worm  into  a 
winged  insect. 

11.  To  alter  or  change,  as  color ;  as,  to  turTi  green 
to  blue. 

12.  To  change  or  alter  in  any  manner ;  to  vary. 

Shak. 

13.  To  translate ;  as,  to  turTi  Greek  Into  English. 

Who  lurn*  a  Persian  tale  for  half  a  cnjwn.  ^7*. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


TUR 

14.  To  change,  as  the  manner  of  writing ;  as,  to 
turn  prose  into  verse. 

15.  To  change,  as  from  one  opinion  or  party  to  an- 
otlier  ;  as,  to  turn  one  from  a  tory  to  a  whig  ;  to  turn 
a  Mohammedan  or  a  pagan  to  a  Christian. 

16.  To  change  in  regard  to  inclination  or  temper. 
Turn  ihee  to  me,  and  have  mercy  on  me.  —  Ps.  ixt. 

17.  To  change  or  alter  from  one  purpose  or  effect 
to  another. 

God  will  make  ihes?  evils  the  occasion  of  greater  e^ood,  by  (um- 
tfij  lliein  to  our  advantage.  TUtolson. 

18.  To  transfer. 

Therefore  he  slew  him,  and  turned  the  kingdom  to  David.  —  I 
Chron.  X. 

19.  To  cause  to  nauseate  or  loathe  ;  as,  to  turn  the 
stonhtch. 

20.  To  mal<e  giddy. 


Eastern  priesta  in  giddy  circles  run, 
And  turn  their  heaits  lo  imitate  the  SUD. 


Pope. 


21.  To  infatuate  ;  to  make  mad,  wild,  or  enthusi- 
astic ;  as,  to  turn  the  brain.  ..Addison, 

22.  To  change  direction  to  or  from  any  point ;  as, 
to  turn  the  eyes  to  the  heavens ;  to  turn  the  eyes 
from  a  diszusting  spectacle. 

23.  To  direct  by  a  change  to  a  certain  purpose  or 
object ;  to  direct,  as  the  inclination,  thoughts,  or 
mind.    I  have  turned  my  mind  to  the  subject. 

My  thoughts  are  turned  on  peace.  Addison. 

24.  To  revolve  ;  to  agitate  in  the  mind. 

Turn  those  ideas  about  in  your  mind.  Watlt. 

25.  To  bend  from  a  perpendicular  direction  ;  as,  to 
turn  the  edge  of  an  instrument. 

26.  To  move  from  a  direct  course  or  straight  line  ; 
to  cause  to  deviate  ;  as,  to  turn  a  horse  frtun  the  road, 
or  a  ship  from  lier  course. 

27.  To  apply  by  a  change  of  use. 

When  the  passage  is  open,  land  will  be  turned  most  to  cattle. 

Temple. 

28.  To  reverse. 

The  L.ord  thy  Gofi  will  turn  thy  captivity,  and  have  compassion 
on  thee.  —  D.  ut.  xxx. 

29.  To  keep  passing  and  changing  in  the  course  of 
trade  ;  as,  to  turn  money  or  stock  two  or  three  times 
in  the  year. 

30.  To  adapt  the  mind  ;  chirjlij  in  the  participle. 

He  was  perfectly  well  turned  for  trade.  Addison. 

31.  To  make  acid  ;  to  sour ;  as,  to  turn  cider  or 
wine  ;  to  turn  milk. 

32.  To  persuade  to  renounce  an  opinion  ;  to  dis- 
suade from  a  purpose,  or  cause  to  change  sides. 
You  can  not  turn  a  firm  man. 

To  turn  aside  ;  to  avert. 

To  turn  away  ;  to  dismiss  from  service  ;  to  discard  ; 
as,  lo  turn  away  a  servant. 

2.  To  avert ;  as,  to  turn  away  wrath  or  evil. 

To  turn  back :  to  return  ]  as,  to  turn  back  goods  to 
the  seller.    [Little  used.]  SJtak. 

To  turn  dawn  ;  to  foltl  or  double  down. 

To  turn  in  ;  to  fold  or  double  ;  as,  to  turn  in  the 
edge  of  cloth. 

To  turn  off:  to  dismiss  contemptuously  ;  as,  to  turn 
off  a  sycophant  or  parasite. 

2.  To  give  over  ;  to  resign.  We  are  not  so  wholly 
turned  off  frum  that  reversion. 

3.  To  divert ;  to  deflect ;  as,  to  turn  offtXie  thoughts 
from  serious  subjects. 

To  be  turned  of  :  to  be  advanced  beyond  ;  as,  to  be 
turned  of  sixty-six. 

To  turn  out :  to  drive  out ;  to  expel ;  as,  to  turn  a 
family  out  of  doors,  or  out  of  the  house. 

2.  To  put  to  pasture,  .as  cattle  or  horses. 

To  turn  over:  to  change  sides  ;  to  roll  over. 

2.  To  transfer ;  as,  to  (arn  over  business  to  another 
hand. 

3.  To  open  and  examine  one  leaf  after  another ; 
as,  to  turn  over  a  Concordance.  Swift. 

4.  To  overset. 

To  turn  to  ;  to  have  recourse  to. 
Helvetiiia'fl  Libb-a  may  be  turned  to  on  all  occasions.  Locke. 
To  turn  upon  ;  to  retort ;  to  throw  bark  ;  as,  to 
turn  the  arguments  of  an  opptment  u;wn  himself. 

.^tterburtf. 

To  turn  Ike  back  ;  to  flee  ;  to  retreat,    flxod.  xxiii. 
To  turn  Ike  back  upon ;  to  quit  with  contemj>t ;  to 
forsake. 

To  turn  the  die  or  dice :  to  change  fortune. 
TURN,  r.  i.    To  move  round  ;  lo  have  a  circular  mo- 
tion ;  as,  a  wheel  turns  on  its  axis  ;  a  spindle  tumj 
on  a  ptvol  ;  a  man  turm  on  his  heel. 

2.  To  be  directed. 

The  undenlandiiig  turns  inwar) 
o|yr.l...r.i. 

3.  To  show  regard  by  directing  the  look  toward 
any  thing. 

Turn,  mirhty  monnrcll,  turn  ttiis  way  ; 

Do  not  rililaf!  to  hear.  Dryden. 

4  To  move  the  body  round  lie  turned  to  me 
with  a  nmile. 

5.  To  move  ;  to  change  posture.  I^'t  your  body 
be  at  rest ;  do  not  turn  in  the  leoHl. 


TUR 

6.  To  deviate  ■,  as,  to  turn  from  the  road  or  course. 

7.  To  alter;  to  be  changed  or  transformed;  as, 
wood  turns  to  stone  ;  water  turns  to  ice  ;  one  color 
turns  to  another. 

8.  To  become  by  change  ;  as,  the  fur  of  certain 
animals  turns  in  winter. 

Cygnets  from  gray  turn  white.  Bacon. 

9.  To  change  sides.  A  man  in  a  fever  turns  oflen. 

Swift. 

10.  To  change  opinions  or  parties;  as,  to  turn 
Christian  or  Mohammedan. 

11.  To  change  the  mind  or  conduct 

Turn  from  thy  fierce  wrath.  —  Ex.  ixxS. 

12.  To  change  to  acid  ;  as,  milk  turns  suddenly 
during  a  thunder-storm. 

13.  To  be  brought  eventually  ;  to  result  or  termi- 
nate in.  This  trade  has  not  turned  to  much  account 
or  advantage.  The  application  of  steam  turns  to 
good  account,  both  on  land  and  water. 

14.  To  depend  on  for  decision.  The  question 
turns  on  a  single  fact  or  point. 

15.  To  become  giddy. 

I'll  look  no  more, 
Lest  my  brain  turn.  Shak. 

16.  To  change  a  course  of  life ;  to  repent. 

Turn  ye,  turn  ye  from  your  evil  ways,  for  why  will  ye  die  t  — 
E^-k.  xxxiii. 

17.  To  change  the  course  or  direction  ;  as,  the  tide 
turns. 

To  turn  about ;  to  move  the  face  to  another  quar- 
ter. 

To  turn  away  ;  to  deviate. 

2.  To  depart  from  ;  to  forsake. 

To  turn  in  i  to  bend  inward. 

2.  To  enter  for  lodgings  or  entertainment.  Gen. 
xix. 

3.  To  go  to  bed. 

To  turn  off;  to  be  diverted  ;  to  deviate  from  a 
course.    The  road  turns  off  to  the  left. 
To  turn  on  or  upon ;  to  reply  or  retort. 
2.  To  depend  on. 

To  turn  out ;  to  move  from  its  place,  as  a  bone, 

2.  To  bend  outward  ;  tt)  project. 

3.  To  rise  from  bed  ;  also,  to  come  abroad ;  to 
prove  in  the  result. 

To  turn  over;  to  turn  from  side  to  side;  to  roll ;  to 
tumble. 

9.  To  change  sides  or  parties. 

To  turn  to  ;  to  be  directed  ;  as,  the  needle  turns  to 
the  magnetic  pole. 

To  turn  under  ;  to  bend  or  be  folded  downward. 

To  turn  up  ;  to  bend  or  be  doubled  upward. 
TURN,  n.    Thi:  act  of  turning  ;  movement  or  motion 
in  a  circul.tr  direction,  whether  horizontally,  verti- 
ciUy,  or  otherwise ;  a  revolution;  as,  the  turn  of  a 
wheel. 

2.  A  winding ;  a  meandering  course ;  a  bend  or 
bending  ;  as,  the  turn  of  a  river.  Addison. 

3.  A  walk  to  and  fro. 

I  will  take  a  turn  in  Jonr  garden.  Dryden. 

4.  Change ;  alteration  ;  vicissitude  ;  as,  the  turns 
and  varieties  of  passions.  Hooker. 

Too  well  the  turns  of  mortal  chance  1  know.  Pope. 

5.  Successive  course. 


Noblen-'ss  and  bounty  - 
nature. 


which  virtues  had  their  turnM  in  the  king's 
Bacon. 


6.  Manner  of  proceeding;  change  of  direction. 
This  affair  may  take  a  different  turn  from  that  which 
we  expect. 

7.  Chance;  hap;  opportunity. 

Every  one  has  a  fair  turn  to  be  as  great  as  he  pleases.  Collier. 

8.  Occasion  ;  incidental  opportunity. 

An  old  dog,  falling  from  his  speed,  was  loaded  at  ever^  turn  with 
blows  and  reproaches.  L'Lstrange. 

9.  Time  at  which,  by  successive  vicissitudes,  any 
thing  is  to  be  had  or  done.  They  take  each  other's 
turn. 

His  turn  will  come  to  laugh  at  you  again.  Denham. 

10.  -Action  of  kindness  or  malice. 

Thatiks  ari»  half  lost  when  good  tarns  are  delayed.  Fairfax. 
Some  malicious  nalua-s  place  their  delight  in  doing  ill  turns. 

L'Eetrange. 

11.  Reigning  inclination  or  course.  Religion  is 
not  to  be  ailapletl  to  the  turn  and  fashion  of  the  age. 

12.  A  step  off  the  ladder  at  the  gallows.  Butler. 

13.  Convenience;  occasion;  purpt>se ;  exigence; 
as,  this  will  not  serve  his  turn. 

Clarendon.  Temple. 

14.  Form;  cast;  shape;  manner;  in  a  lilt;ral  or 
figurative  sense  ;  as,  the  (imi  of  thought ;  a  man  of 
a  sprightly  turn  in  conversation. 

The  turn  of  hit  thoughts  and  expression  Is  unharmonions, 

nniden. 

Female  virtues  are  of  a  domestic  turn.  Addison. 
The  Kontan  poeu,  in  their  il'-scrlptlun  of  ft  beautiful  man,  often 
mention  the  turn  of  his  neck  and  arms.  Afldtson. 

l,*).  Manner  of  arranging  words  in  n  sentence. 
IC.  Change  ;  new  position  of  things.    Some  evil 
hapiwns  at  every  turn  of  afftiirs. 


TUR 

17.  Change  of  direction ;  as,  the  turn  of  the  tide 
from  flood  to  ebb. 

18.  One  round  of  a  rope  or  cord. 

19.  In  mining,  a  pit  sunk  in  some  part  of  a  drifL 

Cye. 

20.  Turn,  or  toum,  in  law.  Tlie  sheriff's  turn  is  a 
court  of  record,  held  by  the  sheriff  twice  a  year  in 
every  hundred  within  his  county.  England, 

By  turns;  one  after  another;  alternately.  They 
assist  each  other  by  turns. 

2.  At  intervals. 

They  feel  6y  turns  the  bitter  change.  MUton. 

To  take  turns ;  to  take  each  other's  place  alter- 
nately. 

TURN'-BENCH,  n.  [turn  and  icjic/i.]  A  kind  of 
iron  lathe.  Mozon. 

TURN'-CAP,  n.  A  chimney-top  which  turns  round 
with  the  wind.  Francis. 

TDRN'CoAT,  n.  [turn  and  coaf.]  One  who  forsakes 
his  party  or  principles.  Slmk. 

TURN'ED,  pp.    Moved  in  a  circle  ;  changed. 

TURN'ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  form 
things  with  a  lathe  ;  one  who  turns. 

TURiN'ER-lTE,  n.  A  rare  mineral,  occurring  in  small 
crystals  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  externally  bril- 
liant and  translucent.  Phillips. 

It  somewhat  resembles  sphene  in  its  crystals,  but 
differs  from  sphene  in  containing  alumina,  lime,  mag- 
nesia, and  a  little  iron,  but  no  titanium.  Dana. 

TURN'ER-Y,  n.   The  art  of  forming  solid  substances 
into  cylindrical  or  other  forms  by  means  of  a  lathe. 
2.  Things  made  by  a  turner  or  in  the  lathe. 

TURN'ING,  ppr.  Moving  in  a  circle ;  changing  ; 
winding. 

TURN'ING,  n.  A  winding;  a  bending  course;  flex- 
ure ;  meander. 

2.  Deviation  from  the  way  or  proper  course. 

3.  Turnery,  or  the  act  of  forming  solid  substances 
into  various  forms  by  means  of  a  lathe. 

TURN'ING-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  turning;  tergiver- 
sation.   [JVut  in  nse.]  Sidney. 

TURN'ING-POINT,  n.  The  point  which  decides  a 
case. 

TUR'NIP,  n.  [A  compound  of  tur,  round,  and  Sax. 
TUPpe,  L.  napus,  a  turnip,  j 

■I'he  common  name  of  two  bulbous  roots  or  plants, 
Brassica  rapa  and  Brassica  campestris,  distinct  spe- 
cies, bntli  of  great  value  for  food. 

TURN'KkY,  n.  A  person  who  has  charge  of  the  keys 
of  a  prison,  for  opening  and  fastening  the  doors. 

TURN'OUT,  n.  [turn  and  out.]  The  act  of  coming 
forth  ;  a  quitting  of  employment. 

2.  The  place  in  a  railway  where  cars  turn  out  of 
the  wav  ;  applied  also  to  an  equipage. 

TURN'PiKE,  n.  [(urn  and  pike.]  Strictly,  a  frame 
consisting  of  two  bars  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles,  and  turning  on  a  post  or  pin,  to  hinder  the 
passage  of  beasts,  but  admitting  a  person  to  pass  be- 
tween the  arms. 

2.  A  gate  set  across  a  road  to  stop  travelers  and 
carriages  till  toll  is  paid  fur  keeping  the  road  in  re- 
pair. 

3.  A  turnpike  road. 

4.  In  military  affairs,  a  beam  filled  with  spikes  to 
obstruct  passage.  Cyc. 

TURN'PIKE,  V.  t.  To  form,  as  a  road,  in  the  manner 
of  a  turnpike  road  ;  to  throw  the  path  of  a  ruati  into 
a  rounded  form.  Med.  Repos.  Knowles. 

TURN'PlK-ED,  (  plkt,)  pp.  Formed  in  the  manner 
of  a  turnpike-road. 

TURN'PIKE-RoAD,  n.  A  road  on  which  turnpikes 
or  toll-gates  are  established  by  law,  and  which  are 
made  and  kept  in  repair  by  the  toll  collected  from 
travelers  or  passengers  who  use  the  road.  Ci/c. 

TURN'-SERV-ING,  n.  [turn  and  srrpc]  The  actor 
practice  of  serving  one's  turn,  or  promoting  private 
interest.  Bacon. 

TURN'SICK,  a.    [(urn  and  siei.]    Giddy.  Bacon. 

TURN'.SOLE,  n.    [turn  and  L.  sol,  the  sun.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Heliotropium,  so  named  be- 
cause its  flower  is  supposed  to  turn  toward  the  sun  ; 
the  heliotrope. 

TURN'SPIT,  n.  [turn  and  spit.]  A  person  who 
turns  a  spit. 

His  loptsliip  is  his  majesty's  turnspit.  Burke. 
2.  A  variety  of  the  dog,  so  called  from  turning  the 
spit. 

TURN'STILE,  n.  [turn  and  stile.]  A  revolving 
frame  in  a  footpath.  Gay. 

TURN'SToNE,  n.  [(urn  and  .vfnnt.]  A  bird,  called  the 
Sea-1)ottcrkl,  of  the  genus  Strepsilas,  ('I'ringa  mo- 
rinella,  l.inn.,)  a  little  larger  than  nn  English  black- 
bird. This  bird  takes  its  name  from  its  practice  of 
turning  up  small  stones  in  search  of  mollusks,  &c. 

P.  Cyc. 

TURN'-TA  BLE,  n.  A  large  revolving  platform,  for 
turning  railroad  cars,  locomotives,  &c.,  into  a  differ- 
ent direction.    It  is  also  called  Tubn-Platl. 

Buchanan. 

TUR'PEN-TINE,  n.  [L.  terebinlliina :  Sp.  and  It.  tre- 
menlina:  G.  trrpentin.  I  know  not  the  origin  of  this 
woril  ;  the  first  syllable  nniy  coincide  with  the  root 
of  tar.] 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1184 


TUT 

An  olpo-rpsinmis  sulislnncc,  flowing  naturally  or 
by  iMi  ision  froin  several  sjiecii's  of  trees,  as  from  the 
pine,  larch,  fir,  pistiiria,  CciinnKin  turpentine  is 
of  alxnit  tile  consistence  of  honey  ;  but  there  are  sev- 
eral varieties.  Cijr. 

TUR'PEN-TINE-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  senna  I'ia- 
tacia,  a  native  of  tlie  eastern  continent,  whieli  j  ielils 
turpentine,  and  produces  not  only  its  proper  fruit,  but 
a  knid  of  horny  substance  which  prows  on  Ilie  sur- 
face of  its  leaves.  'J'his  is  an  excrescence,  thi-  effect 
of  the  puncture  of  an  insert,  and  is  produced  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  galls  of  other  filants.    P.  Cijc. 

TUR'PE'I'II,  11.    [\..  turiietum  :  Gr.  riiivj^fr.] 

The  name  of  the  root  of  Iponieca  Turpethum,  a 
plant  of  Ceylon,  Malabar,  and  New  Holland,  wliich 
has  a  cathartic  power.  It  is  sometimes  called  Vp.ct- 
TiiKLE  TuBi-ETH,  to  distinguish  it  from  Mineral  Tuu- 

PETH. 

TUIM'ETir-M[.\'ER-AL,  ix.  A  name  applied  to  the 
diprotosulphalo  of  mercury,  a  salt  composed  of  two 
equivi>leuts  of  tlie  protoxyd  of  mercury  and  one 
eipiivolcnt  of  sulphuric  arid.    It  is  a  good  emetic. 

TUU'l'I-TUDE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  turpitado,  from  tur- 
pis,  ftail,  base.] 

1.  Inherent  baseness  or  vilenosa  of  principle  in  the 
human  heart;  extreme  depravity. 

2.  Baseness  or  vileness  of  words  or  actions;  shame- 
ful wickedness.  Soiit/i. 

TVR'RKU,  n.    A  tool  used  by  coopers.  Skcrwuod. 
TURiRET,  n.    [L.  turrU:] 

1.  .'V  little  tower  ;  a  small  eminence  or  tower  at- 
tached to  a  building  and  rising  above  it. 

And  lift  her  turrets  neartT  to  the  sky.  Pope. 

2.  In  the  art  of  war,  movable  turrets,  used  formerly 
by  the  Romans,  were  buildings  of  a  stjuare  form, 
consisting  of  ten  or  even  twenty  stories,  and  some- 
times one  hundred  and  twenty  cubits  high,  usually 
moved  on  wheels.  They  were  employeil  in  ap- 
proaches to  a  fortified  place,  for  carrying  soldiers, 
engines,  ladders,  casting-bridges,  and  other  necessa- 
ries. Smith's  Dirt.  CiJC. 

"^'UR'HET-ED,  a.   Formed  like  a  tower;  as,  a  titrret- 
ed  lamp.  Bacon. 
2.  Furnished  with  turrets. 

'''UR  RIL-I  I'E,  n.  A  fossil  belonging  to  an  extinct 
genus  of  turreted  chambered  shells,  allied  to  the  am- 
monites. Ltirll. 

TUR'TLE,  (tur'tl,)  it.  [Sax.  id. ;  Fr.  touHerd'le ;  L. 
tartar  ;  Gaelic,  turtair ;  It.  tortora,  tortola,  tortorclla.] 

1.  A  gallinaceous  bird,  the  Coliimba  Turtur,  culled 
also  the  Turtle-Dove  and  Turtle-Pigeon.  It  is  a 
wild  species,  frequenting  the  thickest  parts  of  the 
woods,  and  its  note  is  plaintive  and  tender. 

Kil.  Enciic. 

2.  The  name  sometimes  given  to  the  common  tor- 
toise. 

3.  The  name  given  to  the  large  sea-tortoise.  Cye. 
TUR'TI,E-1)0VE,  (tur'tl-diiv,)  ».    A  sjiecies  of  the 

genus  Columba,  celebrated  for  the  constancy  of  its 

affection.    ISiee  Turtle.] 
TUR'TLE-SHEIJ,,  n.    [turtle  and  shell.]    A  shell,  a 

beautiful  species  of  Aluiex  ;  also,  tortoise-shell. 
TUS't;.\N,a.  Pertaining  to  Tuscany  in  Italy;  an  ep 

ithet  given  to  <me  of  the  orders  of  architecture,  the 

most  ancient  and  simple. 
TUtf'e.W,  ;i.    An  inhabitant  of  Tuscany. 
Tl'.-^U :  an  exclamation  indicating  check,  rebuke,  or 

ci.'itrnipt.  Tosh,  tujih!  never  tell  me  such  a  stor>- 
TUSIl,  H.    [Sax.  tuz.]  [as  that ! 

.\  tooth. 
TUSK,  H.    [.«ax.  <i(j.l 

The  long,  pointed  tooth  of  certain  rapacious,  car- 
nivorous, or  fighting  animals  ;  as,  the  (lists  of  the 

boar. 

TUSK,  r.  i.   To  gnash  the  teeth,  as  a  boar.  [Ois.] 

B.  Jon.-'-on. 

TUSK  .KO,  (tuskt,)  )  a.  Furnished  with  tusks  ;  as,  the 
TUSK'V',  j     taskij  boar.  Dryden. 

TUri'SLE,  (lus'sl,)  n.    A  struggle  ;  a  conflict,  [yul- 

gnr.]     [."^ee  TousE.] 
TUS'SUCK,  (  n.    A  tuft  of  grass  or  twigs.  \Obs.^ 
TU.S'SOCK,  i  Oreu>. 
TUT;  an  exclamation,  used  for  checking  or  rebuking. 
TUT,  n.   .\n  imperial  ensign  of  a  golden  globe  witlia 

cross  on  iL 

Tut  bartrain  ;  among  miners,  a  bargain  by  the 
lump.    UXn.  L.  tutas.]  Q/c 
TO'TEL-ACE,  n.    [from  L.  tutela,  protection,  i'rom 
tiuoT,  to  del'end.] 

1.  Gu;irdianship  ;  proteclicm  ;  a/ip/iVd  to  the  person 
proteaing  ;  as,  the  king's  right  of  seignior)-  and  tuU- 

Bacoiu 

a.  State  of  being  under  a  guardian. 
TC"TE-LAR,      (       ri   ,  ,  7 
TC'TE-LA-RY    i        ^     tutclarts,  supra.] 

Having  the  guardianship  or  charge  of  protecting  a 
person  or  a  thing  ;  guardian  ;  protecting  ;  as,  tutelary 
6«"",;  ;«'''<i'-y  goddesses.  Temple.  Dryden. 

TOJTE-.N'AG,  «.  Chinese  copper,  an  alloy  of  copper, 
zinc,  and  nickel. 

2.  .\  name  given,  in  India,  to  zinc  or  spelter. 

TC'TOR,  n.    [L.,froin  tueor,  to  defend  ;  Fr.  lutrurl] 


TWA 

1.  Ill  the  eiril  luiB,  a  guardian  ;  one  wlio  has  the 
charge  of  a  child  or  pupil  and  his  rstale. 

2.  One  who  has  the  l  are  <•(  iiisimctiiig  another  in 
various  branches  or  in  any  branch  of  human  learn- 
ing. Some  gcntleniin  ein|iloy  a  tutor  to  teach  in 
their  families,  others  to  attend  a  son  in  his  travels. 

3.  In  Knirlish  nnirersities  and  colleges,  an  officer  or 
member  of  some  hall,  who  has  the  charge  of  hearing 
tile  lessons  of  the  students,  and  otherwise  giving 
them  instruction  in  the  sciences  and  various  branches 
of  learning. 

In  the  jimrrican  colleges,  tutors  are  graduates 
selected  by  tlie  trustees,  fur  the  instruction  of  under- 
graduates of  Ihe  three  first  years.  The}'  artr  iistinliy 
ofticers  of  the  instit'ition,  who  have  a  share,  with 
the  president  and  professors,  in  the  government  of 
the  students. 

TO'TOR.iJ.  (.    To  teach  ;  to  instruct.  Slial;. 

2.  To  treat  with  authority  or  severity.  Mduiou. 

3.  To  correct. 

TO'TOR-.\OE,  n.  In  the  civil  law,  guardianship  ;  the 
charge  of  a  pupil  and  his  estate.  In  France,  (wtorai'e 
does  not  expire  till  the  pupil  is  twenty-five  years  of 
age. 

2.  The  authority  or  solemnity  of  a  tutor.  [Little 
used.  ]  / 

TO'TOR-KD,  pp.    Instructed  ;  corrected  ;  disciplined. 

TO'TOR  ESS,  H.  A  female  tutor ;  an  instructress;  a 
governess,  More. 

TU-TO  RI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  or  exercised  by  a 
tutor  or  instructor. 

TO'TOR-ING,  ;)pr.  Teaching;  directing;  correct- 
ing. 

Tu'TOR-ING.  n.    The  act  of  instructing  ;  t-nication. 
Tu'TOR-SlIlP,  »L    Otiire  of  a  tutor.  IlaoUer. 
2.  The  care  of  one  who  is  unable  to  take  care  of 
himself. 

TC'TRIX,  i>.    A  female  guardian.  Smollett. 

TUT'SAN,  n.  A  plant,  park-leaves,  of  the  genus  Hy- 
pericum. Lee. 

TUVrr,  (toot'tc,)  71.    rit.,o7/;  L,  toti.1 

In  Italian  music,  a  ciirection  for  all  to  play  in  full 
concert, 

TUT'TY,  ji.    [It,  tutia;  Low  L.  (Kti'a.] 

An  impure  protoxyd  of  zinc,  collected  from  the 
chimneys  of  smelling  furnaces.  It  is  said,  also,  to 
have  been  found  native  in  Persia.  Buchanan. 

TUZ,  n.  [Uu.  fouic]  A  lock  or  tuft  of  hair.  [JVot  in 
use.  ]  Dryden. 

TVVAD'DI.E,  (twod'dl,)  ti.  i.    [Sax.  twade.] 

'j'o  prate  much  in  a  weak  and  silly  manner,  like 
one  whose  faculties  are  decayed. 

TVVAD'DLER,  «.  One  who  prates  in  a  weak  and 
sillv  manner,  like  one  whose  faculties  are  decayed. 

TVVAD'DUING,  >i.  Silly  talk,  as  of  one  whose  facul- 
ties are  decayed, 

TVVAD'OY,  )i.  Idle  trifling;  insignificant  dis- 
course. 

TWAIN,  a.  or  n.     [Sax.  tmegen;  Sw.  tvenne ;  Dan. 
ti^ende,  for  tregende.    Whether  two  is  contracted  from 
tioeg,  is  not  apparent,  but  wo  see  in  the  Danish  tcendc 
the  first  syllable  of  twenty  ;  twen-tig,  two  tens.] 
Two. 

When  ol<l  winter  splits  the  rocks  in  twain.  Dryden. 
[JVearlu  obsolete  in  common  discourse,  but  used  in 
poetry  and  hurlestpie.] 
TWaITE,  n.    A  fish,  a  species  of  shad,  Alosa  finta, 
found  on  the  liritish  coast.  Yarrell. 

2.  In  old  writers,  wood  grubbed  up  and  converied 
into  arable  land.    [Local.]  Cyc. 
TWANG,  r.  i.    [D,  dwang,  Dan.  tmng,  Sw.  tvang,  G. 
twang,  force,  compulsion  ;  G.  zwdngen,  twingen,  D. 
dwingen,  Sw.  tringa,  Dan.  tvinger,  to  constrain,] 

To  sound  with  a  quick,  sharp  noise  ;  to  make  the 
sound  of  a  string  which  is  stretched  and  suddenly 
pulled  ;  as,  the  twanging  hows.  Philips. 
TWANG,  r.  f.    To  make  to  sound,  as  by  pulling  a 
tense  string  anil  letting  it  go  suddenly.  Shak. 
SouikI  the  tougli  horn,        twang  111,'  ritiiverin^  string.  Pope. 
TWANG,  n.    A  sharp,  quick  sound  ;  as,  the  twang  of 
a  bowstring  ;  a  (wuni'of  the  nose,  Butler. 

2,  An  allVcted  modulation  of  the  voice;  a  kind  of 
nasal  soiiml. 

H''  hns  a  ttean^  in  his  discourse,  Arbitthnot. 
TWANG'ING,  ppr.    Making  a  sharp  sound. 

2.  a.  Conteinptilily  noisy.  Shak. 
TWAN"GLE,  (twang'gl,)  ».  i.  To  twang.  Shak. 
TWA.N'K  ;  a  corruption  of  Twang.  Mdison. 
TWA.N'KAY,  n.  A  sort  of  green  tea.  McCulloclu 
'TWAS  ;  a  contraction  of  It  waj. 
TW.\T''1"LE,  (twot'tl,)  r.  i.  [G.  achwat-.cn,  with  a 
dilTi  rent  prefix.    See  Twitter.] 

To  prate ;  to  talk  much  and  idly;  to  gabble;  to 
chatter;  as,  a  (iffiW/iwi,'- gossip.  L' Ilttran  rre. 

TWAT'TLE,  r.  L  To  pet ;  to  make  much  of.  [Local.] 

Oru.vf. 

TWAT'TLING,  p?r.  or  a.  Prating;  gabbling;  chat- 
tering. 

TWAT'TI.ING,  n.    The  act  of  prating  ;  idle  talk. 
TWA  Y,  for  Twain,  two.    [JVut  in  «.«f.]  S/)r«.srr, 
TWaY'-BUaDE,  j  n,     [tway  and  blade.]     A  plant, 
TWY'-ULAUE,    j     Listera  ovata,  growing  in  Urit- 
nin. 


TWI 

TWk.A<},  j  r.  t.  [Sax,  twiccian,  to  twitch  ;  G.  laicken  ; 
TWloAK,  I     D.-  iwikken.     It  is  radically  the  i<aine 

W(<rd  as  Twitch,  and  of  the  same  >iLiiilic:ttiiin,J 
1*0  twitch  ;  tt)  pinch  and  pull  with  a  sudden  ji-rk  ; 

as,  to  tweag  or  tweak  the  nose.  Shuk.  Swift 

TWkAG,  h.    Distress;  a  pinching  condition.  [A'ot 

1/1  use,]  .Srbuthnot. 
TWEE'DLE,  (twe'dl,)  v.  t.    To  handle  lightly  ,  used 

of  awkward  fiddling.    [Ciu.J  Jlddi.<on. 
TWEEL,  V.  t.   To  weave  with  multiplied  li  a>lii  s  in 

the  harness,  by  increasing  the  number  of  llireails  in 

each  split  of  the  reed,  and  the  number  of  treddles, 

Sec. ;  to  twill.  Cyc. 
TWEER,  11.    [Fr.  luyau.] 

In  a  smelting  furnace,  the  point  of  the  blast-pipe. 

It  is  sometimes  written  Twier  or  Tuver. 
TWEE'ZER-CaSE,  n.    A  case  for  carrying  tweezers. 
TWEE'ZEKS,  «.  pi.    [This  seems  to  be  formed  on 

the  root  of  iii.<f,  an  instrument  for  pinching.] 
Nippers  ,  small  pincers  used  to  pluck  out  hairs. 
TWELFTH,  a.    [fax.  tice(fla  ;  tiw.  tolftc;  D-jlII.  tolcte ; 

I),  twaalfdc:  G.  -.wulfle.] 
The  second  afti  r  the  tenth  ;  the  ordinal  of  twelve. 
TWELFTH'-TII)E,«.  [t,ce(;'lh  ai\d  tide.]  The  twi  lfth 

day   after  Christmas,   or  Epiphany  ;  called,  also, 

Twelfth-Dav  ;  so  twelfth-night  is  the  evening  of 

Epiphany.  7'u.wrr. 
TWELVE,  (twelv,)  a.    [Sax.  twelf;  D.  twaalf;  G. 

iwdlfi  Sw,  tolf ;  Dan,  toh.    Uu,  two  left  afler  ten,] 
The  sum  of  two  and  ten;  twice  six;  a  dozen. 

Twelve  men  compose  a  petit  jury. 
TWELVE'MONTH,  (twelv'niiinth,)  n.    [twelve  and 

month.]    A  year  which  consists  of  twelve  calendar 

moiit.'is. 

I  bImH  laii^h  at  this  a  taetpemonth  hence.  Shak. 
TWELVE'PE.NCE,  v.    [twelve  and  pence.]    A  shil- 
ling. 

TWELVE'PEN-NY,  a.    Sold  for  a  shilling  ;  worth  a 

shilling  ;  as,  a  twelreitcnmj  gallery.  Dryden. 
TWELV E'SCORE,  a.     [twelve  and  .icore.]  Twelve 

times  twenty  ;  two  hundred  and  forty.  Dryden. 
TVVE.V'TI-E'i'H,  a.     [Sax.   twcntigtha,  twcntogotha. 
See  Twenty.] 
The  ordinal  of  twenty  ;  as,  the  twentietli  year. 

Dryden. 

TWEN'TY,  a.  [."ax.  twenii,  Iwentig ;  composed  of 
twend,  twenne,  tW(Sn,  Iwo,  anti  Goth,  ti^',  ten,Gr.  iiKu, 
L.  decern,  W.  dcg.    See  Twain.] 

1.  Twice  ten  ;  as,  twenty  men  ;  twenty  years. 

2.  Proverbially,  ait  indefinite  number. 
MaxiniilKin,  upon  iwenty  respects,  could  not  have  oeeo  the  miin. 

liacon. 

TWEN'TY-FOLD,  a.    Twenty  times  as  many. 
TVVI'lilL,  n.    [£ifo  and  bit.]    A  kind  of  mattock,  and 
a  lialhert. 

TWICE,  adv.    [from  two.]    Two  times. 

He  turice  essayed  to  Citst  lus  son  in  gold,  Dryden. 

2.  Doubly  ;  as,  (icicc  the  sum.  He  is  (icice  as  fortu- 
nate as  his  neighbor. 

3.  Twice  is  iisetl  in  composition  ;  as  in  tiricc-told, 
twice-\n\T\\,  tirifc-planled,  (imVr-conquered. 

TWID'LE,  for  Tweeule.  S(;e  Tweedle. 
TWI'FAL-LoW,  c  (.    [twi,  two,  and  fallow.]  To 

jilow  a  si  cond  time  land  that  is  fallowed, 
TWI'FAL-L0W-£1), /i;).    Plowed  twice,  as  summer 

faljow, 

TWi'FA1/-LoW-ING,  ppr.    Plowing  a  .second  time. 
TWi'FAL  LoVV-LXG,  ii.   The  operation  of  plowing 

a  second  time,  as  fallow  land,  in  preparing  it  for 

seed. 

TWi'FoLD,  a.    Twofold.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
TWK;,  n.    [Sax.  finV;  D.  twyg ;  G.  iwcig.    Qu.  L. 

vigeo,  with  a  prefix.] 

A  small  shoot  or  branch  of  a  tree  or  oilier  plant,  of 

no  definite  length  or  size. 

illow  tieigt,  corertHi  on  the 
RaleiK. 

TWIG'GK.V,  a.    Made  of  twigs  ;  wicker.  Orcw. 
TWIG'GV,  a.    Full  of  twigs;  abounding  with  shoots. 

Kvflyn. 

TWI'LIGIIT,  (  lite,)  n.  [Sax.  tweon-leohl,  doubtful 
light,  from  tweon,  twcogan,  to  doubt,  from  twegen, 
two.l 

1.  The  faint  light  which  is  reflected  upon  the 
earth  after  sunset  and  before  sunrise ;  crepuscular 
light.  In  latitudes  remote  from  the  equator,  the 
twilight  is  of  much  hinger  duratitm  than  at  and  near 
the  equator. 

2.  Dubious  or  uncertain  view  ;  as,  the  twilight  of 
probability.  I^ke. 

TWI'LIGliT,  a.  Obscure  ;  imiierfectly  illuininuted  ; 
shaded. 

O'er  the  tteilighl  proves  and  dusky  cares  Pope. 
9.  Seen  or  done  by  twilight.  Milton. 
TWILL,  c.  f.   To  weave  in  ribs  or  ridges ;  to  quill. 

[^See  UuiLu] 
TWILL'/.D,  pp.  or  a.    Woven  in  ribs  or  ridges. 
TWILT,  n.    A  quilt.    [Uea!.]  lirost. 
TWIN,  71.    [Sax.  tifiaan,  to  twine  ;  from  two.] 

1.  One  of  twoyouiig  produced  at  a  birth  by  an  an- 
imal that  ordinarily  brings  but  one  ;  used  mostly  in 
the  plural,  twins  ;  applied  to  the  young  of  beasts,  as 
well  as  to  human  beings. 


The  Brilrins  had  boats  made  of  ' 
outride  with  hi.li-s. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  qNlTE.  — A.V'GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K ;  «S  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SlI ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


149 


1185 


TWl 

2.  The  Ticins,  jil. ;  a  sign  of  the  zodiac  ;  Gemini. 

Thuinsan, 

3»  One  very  much  respmbling  another. 
TWIN,  a.    Noting  one  of  two  l3orn  at  a  birth  ;  as,  a 
tain  brother  or  sister. 

2.  Very  much  resembling. 

3.  In  botany,  swelling  out  into  two  protuberances, 
as  an  anther  or  germ.  Martijn. 

4.  In  mincraloiTti,  a  term  applied  to  a  crystal  com- 
posed of  two  united  cr\'stals.  Dana, 

TWIN  ,  V.  i.    To  be  born  at  the  same  birth.  SImk. 

2.  To  bring  two  at  once.  Tu-iser. 

3.  To  be  paired  ;  to  be  suited.  Sandys. 
[This  verb  is  little  used.] 

TWIN,  V.  t.    To  separate  into  two  parts.  Chaucer. 
TWIN'-BORN,  a.    [twin  and  burn.]  Born  at  the  same 
birth. 

TWiNE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  ticinan  ;  D.  twynm ;  Sw.  tviiina  ; 
Ban.  tcinder ;  from  tico.] 

1.  To  twist ;  to  wind,  as  one  thread  orcord  around 
another,  or  as  any  flexible  substance  around  another 
body  ;  as,  fine  twined  linen.    Ezod.  xxxix. 

2.  To  unite  closely  ;  to  ding  to  ;  to  embrace. 

3.  To  gird  ;  to  wrap  closely  about. 

Let  wreaths  of  triumph  now  my  temples  limine.  Pope. 
TWINE,  V.  i.   To  unite  closely  or  by  interposition  of 
parts. 

Friends  now  fast  sworn,  who  tiptn«  in  love.  Shak. 

2.  To  wind  ;  to  bend  ;  to  make  turns. 

As  rivers,  though  tltey  bend  and  tteine.  Swi/L 

3.  To  turn  round  ;  as,  her  spindles  twine. 

Oiapman. 

TWINE,  71.  A  strong  thread  composed  of  two  or 
three  smaller  threads  or  strands  twisted  together, 
used  for  binding  small  parcels,  and  for  sewing  sails 
to  their  bolt-ropes,  &.c.  Twine  of  a  stronger  kind 
is  used  for  nets. 

2.  A  twist ;  a  convolution ;  as  Typhon's  snaky 
twine.  Milton. 

3.  Embrace  ;  act  of  winding  round.  Philips. 
TWIN'ED,  pp.    Twisted  ;  wound  round. 
TWINGE,  (iwinj,)  v.  t.     [Sw.  tviii^ra,  D.  dwingen, 

Dan.  tvinger.  G.  zwingen,  to  constrain ;  but  the 
sense  is  primarily  to  twttck.  See  Twang,  Tweak, 
Twitch.] 

1.  To  affect  with  a  sharp,  sudden  pain ;  to  tor- 
ment with  pinching  or  sharp  pains. 

The  gnat  ttringed  the  lion  till  he  made  him  tear  himself,  nnd  so 
he  mastered  liim.  L'Eslronge. 

2.  To  pinch  ;  to  tweak ;  to  pull  with  a  jerk  ;  as, 
to  tteinire  one  by  the  ears  and  nose.  Hudihras. 

TWINGE,  (twin],)  v.  i.  To  liave  a  sudden,  sharp, 
local  pain,  like  a  twitch  ;  to  suffer  a  keen,  darting, 
or  shooting  pain  ;  as,  the  side  twinges. 

[This  is'tlie  sense  in  which  this  word  is  generally 
used  within  the  limits  of  my  acquaintance.] 

TWINGE,  (twinj,)  n.  A  sudden,  sharp  pain  ;  a  dart- 
ing, local  pain  of  momentary  continuance;  as,  a 
twinge  in  the  arm  or  side. 

2.  A  sharp  rebuke  of  conscience. 

3.  A  pincii ;  a  tweak  ;  as,  a  twinge  of  the  car. 

L'Estrange. 

TWING'IXG,  ppr.    SiifTi'ring  a  sharp,  local  pain  of 

short  continuance  ;  pinching  with  a  sudden  pull. 
TWING'ING,  71.    The  act  of  pinching  with  a  sudden 

twitch  ;  a  sudden,  sharp,  local  pain. 
TWi.V'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Twisting;  winding  round; 

uniting  closely  to  ;  embracing. 
2.  In  botany,  ascending  spir.ally  around  a  branch, 

stem,  or  prop.  Jlartvn. 
TWINK.    See  Twinkle. 

TWINK'LE,  (twink'l,)  v.  i.  [Pax.  twinelian:  most 
probably  formed  from  wink,  with  the  prefix  etJi,  ed, 
or  oth.  like  twit.] 

1.  To  sparkle  ;  to  flash  at  intervals  ;  to  shine  with 
a  tremulous,  intermitted  light,  or  with  a  broken, 
quivering  light.  The  fi.ved  stars  twinkle ;  the  planets 
do  not. 

These  «tars  do  not  tmnkte,  when  viewed  through  telescopes  that 
hdve  lurge  iipcrtures.  t^eiclon. 

2.  To  open  and  shut  the  eye  by  turns  ;  as,  the 
twinkling  tiwl.  L'Kstrange. 

3.  To  play  irregularly  ;  as,  her  eyes  will  twinkle. 

Donne. 

TWINK'LE,      (  ji.    A  sparkling  ;  a  shining  with  in- 
TWI.NK'LI.VG,  1     tcrinitled  light;  as,  the  twinkling 
of  the  ritars. 

2.  A  motion  of  the  eye.  Drijden. 

3.  A  motion  ;  an  instant ;  the  time  of  a  wink. 

]n  a  tnoiitf-nt,  In  the  tmnkVing  of  nn  eye,  ut  the  last  trump  —  the 
denil  ah-iU  in  raistd  iiic<'rruplilile.  —  1  Cor.  xv. 
TWINK'MNG,  ppr.  ora.  Sparkling. 
TWIN'-LTKE  NES.-<,  n.    Near  resemblance. 
TVVI.\'M.N(;,  «.    (fromdoin.J    A  twin  lamb.  r«.»sor. 
TVVIN'N/;D,  a.    [from  twin.]    Produced  at  one  birth, 

like  twinx  ;  united.  Milton. 
TWIN'.N'Ell,  n.    [from  firm.]  \  A  breeder  of  twins. 

Tusser. 

TWI.N'TER,  71.  [two  and  winter.]  A  heant  two  win- 
terH  tild.    [Local.]  Grose. 

TWritE,  r.  i.  To  take  short  flighln;  to  flutter  ;  to 
quiver;  to  twitter.    [Aot  in  luie.]      Bmam.  If  Ft. 


TWI 

TWIRL,  (twurl,)  r.  t.  [D.  dwarlcn  :  G.  querlen : 
formed  on  whirl.  The  German  coincides  with  our 
vulgar  quirb,] 

To  move  or' turn  round  with  rapidity;  to  whirl 
round. 

See  ruddy  maids, 
Some  taught  with  dextrous  hand  to  lurirl  the  wheel.  Dodstey. 

TWIRL,  V.  i.  To  revolve  with  velocity  ;  to  be  whirled 
round. 

TWIRL,  71.  A  rapid,  circular  motion ;  quick  rotation. 
2.  Twist  ;  convolution.  Woodward. 

TWIRL'/oD,  pp.    Whirled  round. 

TWIRL'ING,  yipr.    Turning  with  velocity;  whirling. 

TWIST,  V.  t.  [Sax.  gctwtstan. ;  D.  tiouitra,  to  dispute, 
Sw.  teista  ;  Ran.  tvistrr,  to  dispute,  to  litigate  ;  G. 
iwist,  a  dispute.  In  all  the  dialects  except  ours,  this 
word  is  used  figuratively,  but  it  is  remarkably  ex- 
pressive and  well  applied.] 

1.  To  unite  by  winding  one  thread,  strand,  or  oth- 
er flexible  substance  round  another ;  to  form  by  con- 
volution, or  winding  separate  things  round  each  oth- 
er ;  as,  to  twist  yarn  or  thread.  So  we  say,  to  double 
and  twist. 

2.  To  form  into  a  thread  from  many  fine  filaments ; 
as,  to  twist  wool  or  cotton. 

3.  To  contort ;  to  writhe  ;  as,  to  twist  a  thing  into 
a  serpentine  form.  Pope. 

4.  To  wreathe  ;  to  wind  ;  to  encircle. 

Pillars  of  smoke  twisud  about  with  wreaths  of  (lame.  Burnet. 

5.  To  form  ;  to  weave  ;  as,  to  twist  a  story.  Shak. 
6-  To  unite  by  intertexture  of  parts  ;  as,  to  twist 

bays  with  ivy.  IValhr. 

7.  To  unite  ;  to  enter  by  winding;  to  insinuate; 
as,  avarice  twisu  itself  into  all  human  concerns. 

8.  To  pervert ;  as,  to  twUt  a  passage  in  an  author. 

9.  To  turn  from  a  straight  line. 

TWIST,  V.  i.  To  be  contorted  or  united  by  winding 
round  each  other.  Some  strands  will  twist  more  ea- 
sily than  others. 

TWIST,  71.  A  cord,  thread,  or  any  thing  flexible, 
formeil  by  winding  strands  or  separate  things  round 
each  other. 

2.  A  cord  ;  a  string ;  a  single  cord. 

3.  A  contortion  ;  a  writhe.  .Addison. 

4.  A  little  roll  of  tobacco. 

5.  Manner  of  twisting.  ^rhuthnot. 
(1.  A  twig.    [JVT/f  in  -use.] 

TWIST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Formed  by  winding  threads  or 

strands  round  each  other. 
TWIST'ER,  71.    One  that  twists. 

2.  The  instrument  of  twisting.  Wallis. 
TWIST'ING,  ppr.     W'inding  different  strands  or 

threads  round  each  other;  forming  into  a  thread 

by  twisting. 

TWIT,  V.  U  [Sax.  othwitan,  edwitan,  atwitan,  to  re- 
proach, to  upbraid  ;  a  compound  of  ad,  teth,  or  oth, 
and  witan.  The  latter  verb  signifies  to  know.  Eng. 
to  wit,  and  also  to  impute,  to  ascribe,  to  prescribe  or 
appoint,  also  to  reproach;  and  with  ge,  a  different 
prefix,  gewitan,  to  depart.  The  original  verb  tlien 
signifies  to  set,  send,  or  throw.  We  have  in  this 
word  decisive  evidence  that  the  first  letter,  t,  is  a  pre- 
fix, the  remains  of  leth  or  oth,  a  word  that  probably 
coincides  with  the  Ij.  ad,  to;  and  hence  we  may 
fairly  infer  that  other  words,  in  which  t  precedes  w, 
are  also  compound.  That  some  of  them  are  so,  ap- 
pears evident  from  other  circumstances.] 

To  reproach  ;  to  upbraid  ;  as  for  some  previous  act. 
He  twitted  his  friend  of  falsehood. 

With  this  these  scoffers  tteiUed  the  Christians.  Tillotson. 

JE^op  minds  men  of  their  errors,  witliuut  tioitdng  them  tor  what 
IS  ainifis.  L*Eetrange. 

TWITCH,  J).  (.    [Sax.  twiccian.    See  Twang.] 

To  pull  with  a  sudden  jerk  ;  to  pluck  with  a  short, 

quick  motion;  to  snatch;  as,  to  lirilch  one  by  the 

sleeve  ;  to  twitch  a  thing  out  of  another's  hand  ;  to 

twitch  off  clusters  of  gra|ies. 
TWITCH,  71.    A  pull  with  a  jerk;  a  short,  sudden, 

quick  pull ;  as,  a  twitch  by  the  sleeve. 

2.  A  short,  spastic  contraction  of  the  fibers  or  mus- 
cles ;  as,  a  twilcli  ill  the  side ;  convulsive  twitches. 

Sharp. 

TWITtni'En,  (twitcht,)  pp.    Pulled  with  a  jerk. 

TWITCH' ER,  71.    One  that  twitches. 

TWITCH'-GUASS,  71.  Couch-grass;  a  species  of 
grass  which  it  is  diflicult  to  exterminate.  Tins  term 
is  applied  to  various  specii!S  of  grass  that  are  difficult 
to  pull  out  of  the  ground.    PjUt  qu.  is  not  this  word  a 

corruption  iif  (iuiTCH-GRASS,  or  <It'ICII-(jRA38 

TWrrCH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Pulling  with  a  jerk  ;  suffer- 
ing short  spastic  contractions. 

TWI'J'CII'ING,  71.  The  act  of  pulling  with  a  jerk; 
the  art  of  suffering  short  spasmodic  contractions. 

TWIT'TKI),  pp.  Upbraided. 

TWIT'TER,  I).  (.  [D.  kwelteren  ;  Dan.  quidrer  ;  Sw. 
quittra.] 

I.  To  make  a  succession  of  small,  tremulous,  In- 
termitted noises  ;  as,  the  swallow  twiUers,  Drydcn. 
9.  To  have  a  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves. 

3.  To  make  the  sound  of  a  half-suppressed  laugh  ; 
to  litter. 

TWIT'TER,  71.  [from  twit.]  One  who  twits  or  ro- 
proacIieH. 


TYM 

TW'T'TER,  71.  A  small,  intermitted  noise,  as  in 
half-suppressed  laughter ;  or  the  sound  of  a  swal 
low. 

2.  A  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves. 
TWIT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Uttering  a  succession  of 

small,  interrupted  sounds,  as  in  a  half-suppressed 

laugh,  or  as  a  swallow. 
TWIT'TING,  ppr.    Ujibraiding ;  reproaching. 
TWIT'TING-LY,  ajr.    With  upbraiding.  Junius. 
TWIT'TLE-TWAT'TLE,{twil'tl-twot'tl,)  n.  Tattle; 

gabble.    [  Vulgar.]  U  Estrange. 

'TWIXT  ;  a  contraction  of  Betwixt,  used  in  poetry. 
TWO,  (too,)  a.    [Sax.  twa ;  Goth,  twa,  twai,  twos ;  D. 

twee ;  G.  zicei ;  Sw.  tva  ;  Ir.  and  Gaelic,  da  or  do ; 

Russ.  tva,  tvoe  ;  Slav,  dwa  ;  Sans,  dui,  dwoja  ;  Gipsy, 

duj;  Hindoo,  Ch.  and  Pers.  du;  L.  duoi  Gr.  6vo  ; 

It.  due  ;  Sp.  dos  ;  Port,  dous  ;  Fr.  deux.] 

1.  One  and  one.    Two  similar  horses  used  together 
are  called  a  span,  or  a  pair. 

2.  Two  is  used  in  composition  ;  as,  in  tuto-legged. 
JIan  is  a  two-legged  animal. 

In  two  :  into  two  parts ;  as,  cut  in  two. 
TWO'-eAP-SuL-£D,  (too'kap-suld,)  a.  Bicapsular; 

having  two  distinct  capsules. 
TWO'-CELL-£D,  a.    Bilociilar  ;  having  two  cells. 
TWO'-CLEFT,  a.    Bifid  ;  divided  half  way  from  the 

border  to  the  base  into  two  segments. 
TWO'-EDG-f;D,  (too'ejd,)  a.    Having  two  edges,  or 

edges  on  both  sides  ;  as,  a  (iro-edged  sword. 
TW0'-FLOW-ER-£D,  a.    Bearing  two  flowers  at  the 

end,  as  a  peduncle. 
TWO'FoLD,  a.    [tico  and  fold.]    Two  of  the  same 

kind,  or  two  different  things  existing  together;  as, 

twiifold  nature  ;  a  twnfidd  sense  ;  a  twofold  argument. 

2.  Double  ;  as,  twofold  strength  or  desire. 

3.  In  botany,  two  and  two  together,  growing  from 
the  same  place  ;  as,  twofold  leaves.  Martyn. 

TWTj'FoLD,  adv.  Doubly  ;  in  a  double  degree.  MatL 
xxiii. 

TWO'-FORK-ED,  (too'forkt,)  a.  Dichotomous ;  divid- 
ed into  two  parts  somewhat  after  the  manner  of  a 
fork. 

TWO'-HAND-ED,  a.    H.aving  two  hands. 

2.  Used  with  both  hands;  as,  a  two-handed  sword. 

3.  An  epithet  used  as  equivalent  to  Labge.  Stout, 
and  Strong.  Milton. 

TWO'-LeAV-£D,  a.  Diphyllous;  having  two  dis- 
tinct leaves. 

TWO'-LoB-£D,  a.  Bilobate ;  having  two  distinct 
lobes. 

TWO'-MSST-ED,  a.    Having  two  masts. 

TWO'-PXRT-ED,  a.  Bipartite;  divided  from  the 
border  to  the  base  into  two  distinct  parts. 

TWO'-PENCE,  71.    A  small  coin.  SJtak. 

TWO'-PEN-NY,  a.    Of  the  value  of  two-pence. 

TWO'-PET-AL-£D,  a,  Dipet.alous  ;  having  two  per- 
fectly distinct  petals. 

TWO'-PLY,  a.    [two  and  Fr.  plier,  L.  plico.] 

Double  ;  consisting  of  two  thicknesses,  as  cloth. 

TWO'-SEED-ED,  a.  In  botany,  disperinous ;  con- 
taining two  seeds,  as  a  fruit ;  having  two  seeds. 

Martyn. 

TWO'-TIP-PED,  (too'tipt,)  a.    Bilabiate  ;  divided  in 

such  a  manner  as  to  resemble  the  two  lips  when  the 

mouth  is  more  or  less  open. 
TWO'-TONGU-£D,  (too'tungd,)  o.    Double-tongued  ; 

deceitful.  Sandys. 
TWO'-VALV-£D,  a.    Bivalvular,  as  a  shell,  pod,  or 

glume. 

TY-€HON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Tycho  Brahe,  or  des- 
ignating his  system  of  astronomy.  ll'ilbtrforce. 

TtE.  (tl,)  V.  t.   [See  Tie,  the  more  usual  orthography, 
and  Tviso.] 
To  bind  or  fasten. 

TYE,  71.    A  knot.    [See  Tie.] 

2.  A  bond  ;  an  obligation. 

By  tlie  soft  tye  and  snored  name  of  friend.  Pope. 

3.  In  ships,  a  runner  or  short,  thick  rope. 
TVER,  71.    One  who  ties  or  unites.  Fletcher. 
TV'GER.    See  Tiger. 

TV'ING,  ppr.  [See  Tie  and  Tye.]  Binding ;  fa.sten- 
ing. 

[As  this  participle  must  be  written  with  y,  it 
niifht  be  well  to  write  the  verb  Tvk.] 
TYKE.  71.    A  dog ;  or  one  as  contemptible  as  a  dog. 

'  S/i«/.-. 
TVM'BAL,  71.    [Fr.  timhale;  It.  taballo ;  Sp.  timbal. 
M  is  probably  not  radical.    It  is  from  beating,  Gr. 

TV-T-  '.] 

A  kind  of  kettle  drum. 
A  tymbdl'l  sound  were  Utter  than  my  voice.  Prior. 
TYM'PAN,  71.    [L.  tympanum.    See  Tymral.] 

Among  priiifiTs  a  frame  covereil  with  parchment 
or  cloth,  im  which  the  blank  sheets  are  put,  in  order 
to  be  laid  on  the  form  to  bo  impresseil. 
TYM-PAN-I'TkS,  II.    In  7nn/iciiie,  a  flatulent  disten- 
tion of  the  belly  ;  tympany.  Cye. 
TYM-P.'VN-IT'IC,  a.     Relating  to  tympany  or  tym- 

paniles  ;  affected  with  tympany  or  tynipaniles. 
TV.M'PAN-IZE,  r.  i.    To  act  the  part  of  a  drummer. 
TYM'PAN  TZE,  r.  U   To  stretch,  as  a  skin  over  the 
head  of  a  drum. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU.^T — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  DQQK.— 


u 


TY.M'P.\N-TZ-KD,pp.    Stretched,  aa  a  skin  over  tlie 

lieiiil  (if  a  iliuin. 
TYM'I'AN-IZ-IXn,  ppr.    Ptrctcliing,  ns  a  skin  over 

tlie  lii  atl  nf  a  drum. 
TYM'l'AN-UM,  n.    [I,.]    The  drum  of  tlie  i-ar. 

2.  In  mechanics,  a  wlii'ol  placed  rdiiiid  an  axis. 

3.  The  area  of  a  pediment ;  also,  tlio  part  of  a  ped- 
estal railed  tlie  Truxk  or  Dve.  Cijc. 

4.  Tlie  panel  of  a  door. 

.").  A  trianjinlar  spare  or  table  in  the  corners  or 
sides  of  an  arcli,  usually  oniiclied  with  lisures. 

TY.M'1'AN-Y,  n.  A  tlatulont  distention  of  the  belly. 
[See  Tymp\nitks.] 

TYN'Y,  a.    Small.    [See  TiNV.] 

T9I'K,  H.  [Vr.  type ;  h.  tijpus ;  Gr.  nmn;,  from  the 
rout  i<(  tap,  Gr.  rurT'  i,  to"  beat,  strike,  impress.] 

1.  The  mark  of  something;  an  emblem;  that 
which  represents  something  el.se. 

Thy  emblem,  pracious  qneon,  the  nritishrose, 

Tyj>e  of  AWL'tt  rule  ;iiiii  penile  iiuij'-tly.  Priur. 

2.  A  sign  ;  a  symbol ;  a  figure  of  something  to 
come  ;  as,  .Abraham's  sacrifice  and  the  paschal  lamb 
were  types  of  Christ.  To  this  word  is  opposed  Anti- 
type.   Christ,  in  this  case,  is  the  antitype. 

3.  A  model  or  form  of  a  letter  in  metal,  or  other 
hard  material ;  used  in  printing. 

4.  In  medicine,  some  peculiarity  in  the  form  of  a 
disease. 

5.  In  natural  history,  that  which  combines  most 
prominently  the  several  characteristics  of  a  group. 
Thus,  a  particular  individual  may  be  the  type  of  a 
species  ;  a  species  the  type  of  a  genus  ;  a  genus  of  a 
family,  &c.  Dana. 

fi.  A  stamp  or  mark.  Sliak. 

T?PE,  r.  t.  To  prefigure  ;  to  represent  by  a  modei  or 
symbol  beforehand.    fLttllc  White. 

Tf'l'E'-IMET-jiL,  71.  A  compound  of  lead  and  anti- 
mony in  the  proportion  of  three  to  one  ;  useil  in 
making  types.  Turner. 

TV-PnP:'.\.\,  (2.  Pertaining  to  Typlioeus,  the  fabled 
ciant  with  a  hundred  heads. 

TS'PHOII),  a.    [typhus  and  Gr.  ci6:>!,  form.] 

Resembling  typhus  ;  weak  ;  low.  Say. 

TVPHON,  ji.  The  evil  genius  in  Egyptian  mythol- 
ogy. Brandc. 

T?-i'IIOON',  n.    [Gr.  ru^Mi'.] 

The  name  given  to  a  violent  tornado  or  hurricane 
in  the  Chinese  seas.  Brande. 

T-f'PHOUS,  a.    Relating  to  typhus. 

Tt'PHUS,  II.  [Gr.  TV  >><><-,>,  to  render  stupid,  to  burn 
with  a  smothered  fire,  and  with  more  smoke  than 
flame  ;  hence  rvip  'i,  stupor  or  coma.] 

A  genus  nf  simple,  continuous  fevers,  essentially 
attended  with  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  atony  or 
exhaustion,  throughout  their  whole  course,  and  from 
beginning  to  end.  A  preternatiinilly  weak  pulse 
always  attends  all  tlifcse  fevers.  They  are  liable  to 
be  attended  with  coma  in  some  of  their  stages. 

TY'P'ie,       fa.    Emblematic  ;  fiiurative  ;  rcpresent- 

TYP'IC-AL,  t  ing  something  future  by  a  form,  mod- 
el, or  resemblance.   Abraham's  otl'ering  uf  his  only 


UBI 


son,  Isaac,  was  typical  of  the  sacrifice  of  Christ.  The 
bra/.en  serpent  was  typical  of  the  cross, 

2.  In  natural  /ii,s(ori/,  pertaining  to  or  constituting  a 
type. 

7'i/;i/c/(-!'cr,  is  one  that  is  regular  in  its  attacks; 
ofiposod  to  erratic  fever.  Cye. 

TVP'IC-.AL-I.Y,  nr/e.  Inn  typical  manner;  by  way 
of  image,  .syiiiliol,  or  resemblance. 

TYP'IC-.AL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  typical. 

'V\'P'l-VJ-El>,  pp.    Represented  liysyiiiliol  oreinlilem. 

TYP'I-E?,  V.  t.  To  represent  by  an  image,  form, 
model,  or  resemblance.  The  washing  of  baptism 
typifies  the  cleansing  of  the  soul  from  sin  by  the  lilimd 
of  Christ.  Our  Savior  was  typified  by  the  goat  that 
was  slain.  Hroitn. 

TYP'I-FV-I.N'G,  ppr.    Representing  by  model  or  em- 

TYP'O-eOS-.MY,  n.    [Gr.  Ti.rr-.f  and /cut^i..,.]  [''Icm. 
A  representation  of  the  world.    [JVnf  much  useil.\ 

Camden. 

TY  POG'U.V-PIIER,  B.  [SeeTvpoGRAPHY.]  A  printer. 

JVartitii. 

TV  PO-GRAPirie,  j  a.  Pertaining  to  printing; 
T?-PO-GR.\Pirie-AL,  (     as,  the  lypu<rraphic  art. 

a.  Emblematic. 
T?-PO-GRAPII'ie-AI,-LY,«iJo.    By  means  of  types; 
atler  the  manner  of  printers. 

2.  Emblematically;  figuratively. 
Ty-POG'RA-PUY,  71.    [Gr.  tvttus',  type,  and  ypm/iw, 
to  write.) 

1.  Tile  art  of  printing,  or  the  operation  of  impress- 
ing letters  and  words  on  forms  of  types. 

2.  Emblematical  or  hieroglyphic  represent.ation. 

Brown. 

TYP'O-LITE,  71.    [Gr.  tvt"s,  form,  and  \ifl:i(,  stone.] 
In  natural  history,  a  stone  or  fossil  which  has  on  it 
inipressioRs  or  figures  of  plants  and  animals.  Cye. 
TV'R.W,  71.    A  tyrant.    [A'uf  iii  ii-c]  Spenser. 
TYR'AN-NESS,  n.    [from  tyrant.]    A  female  tyrant. 

Spenser.  Akenside, 
TV-U.\N'Nie,       (  a.    [Fr.  tyrannique ;  Gr.  rvpav- 
T5-RA.\'Me-AL,  i  t.] 

Pertaining  to  a  tyrant ;  suiting  a  tyrant ;  arbitra- 
ry ;  unjustly  severe  in  government  ;  imperious ; 
despotic  :  cruel  ;  as,  a  tyrannical  prince  ;  a  tyrannical 
m.Tster;  tyrannical  government  or  power. 

Our  Bocts  a  inon:  fyrnnnic  power  assume.  Jtoecommon. 
Til'  opijrr^or  uiK-d  tyrannic  wliep;  lie  diiret.  Pops. 

Tt-RAN'Nie--AL-I,Y,  ado.    With  unjust  exercise  of 

power  ;  arbitrarily  ;  oppressively. 
T?-RAi\'Nie-AL^NESS,  71.   Tyrannical  disposition 

or  practice.  Ch.  Relitr.  .Appeal. 

TY-RAN'M-CU)E,  71.    [L.  lyrannus,  tyrant,  and  ca:do, 

to  kill.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  killing  a  tyrant. 

2.  One  who  kills  a  tyrant.  Hume. 
TYR'AN-NING,  ppr.  or  a.    Acting  as  a  tyrant,  [Aut 

used.\  Spenser, 
TYR'AN-NIZE,  v.  i.    [Fr.  «yra7i7ii.<pr.] 

To  act  the  tyrant ;  to  exercise  arbitrary  power ;  to 
rule  with  unjust  and  oppressive  severity  ;  to  exercise 
power  over  others  not  permitted  by  law  or  required 


UGL 


by  justice,  or  with  a  severity  not  necessary  to  the 
ends  of  justice  and  giivernnieiit.  A  prince  will  often 
tyranniie  over  his  subjects;  republican  legislatureji 
sometimes  tyrannize  over  their  feltow-eili/.ens  ; 
masters  sometimes  tyrannize  over  their  Hifrvaiils  or 
apprentices.  A  husband  may  not  tyrannize  over  bis 
wile  and  rliililren. 
TYR'Ai\-NIZ-i.l),  pp.  Ruled  with  oppressive  se- 
verity. 

TYU'.\.N-.\IZ-ING,  ppr.    Exercising  arbitrary  power ; 

ruling  with  unjust  severity. 
TYR'.X.VNOUS,  o.    Tyrannical;  arbitrary;  unjustly 

severe  ;  ilespotic.  Sidney. 
TVK' A.\-.\  Y,  71.    (Fr,  f!/ra7iiiic;  from  tyran.] 

1.  Arbitrary  or  despotic  exercise  of  power  ;  the 
exercise  of  power  over  subjects  and  others  with  a 
rigor  not  aiitliori/ed  bylaw  or  justice,  tir  not  reipiisile 
for  the  purposes  of  government.  Hcnro  tyranny  is 
oflen  synonymous  with  Cnt'Ki.TV  and  (_)pphession. 

2.  Cruel  government  or  discipline  ;  as,  the  tyranny 
of  a  master. 

3.  Unresisted  and  cruel  power. 

4.  Absolutti  monarrliy  cruelly  administered. 

5.  Severity  ;  rigor  ;  inclemency.  Shak. 
TVK  ANT,  77.     [L.  tyrannic;  Gr.  Tvpavvf.  The 

Welsh  has  teyrn,  a  king  or  sovereign,  which  Owen 
says  is  compounded  of  te  (that  spreads)  and  tryrn, 
imperious,  supreme,  from  iryr,;\  drivin;;.  The  (iaelic 
has  liarna  and  ti^'hearna,  a  iord,  prince,  or  ruler,  from 
tigh,  a  house ;  indicating  that  Ihe  word  originally 
signified  the  master  of  a  family  merely,  or  the  heail 
of  a  clan.  There  is  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  real 
origin  of  the  word.  It  originally  signified  merely  a 
chief,  king,  or  prince  ] 

1.  A  iiionarcli  or  other  ruler  or  master,  who  uses 
power  to  oppress  his  subjects  ;  a  person  who  exer- 
cises unlawful  authority,  or  lawful  authority  in  an 
unlawful  manner  ;  one  who  by  taxation,  injustice, 
or  cruel  punishment,  or  the  demand  of  unreasonable 
services,  imjioses  burdens  and  hardships  on  Ihuse 
under  his  control,  which  law  and  humanity  do  not 
authori/.e,  or  wliich  the  purjioses  of  government  do 
not  require. 

2.  A  despotic  ruler  ;  a  cruel  m.aster  ;  an  oppressor. 
Luve,  to  a  yictJiiig  licvn,  '\»  a  king,  10  a  rc»i<tiiig  heart,  i«  a 

tyrant.  .Stfiney. 

T?RE.    See  Tire.  JIakewiU. 
TYRE,  i>.  i.    To  prey  upon.    [See  Tire.] 
TYK'l-AN,  71.    A  native  of  Tyre. 
TVR'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  ancient  Tyre. 

2.  lleing  t)f  a  iHirple  ctilor, 
TY'RO,  n.     [li.  tiro:  Sp,  (iron,  from  tirar,  to  draw, 
tug,  pull  ;  Port,  (irar ;  Fr.  tirrr.   Hence  L.  tirocinium.] 

1.  A  beginner  in  learning;  a  novitiate;  one  who 
tugs  in  the  rudiments  of  any  branch  of  study. 
Hence, 

2.  .\  person  imperfectly  acquainted  with  a  subject. 
TVTHE.    See  Tithe. 

T?Tiri.\G.    See  Tnmso. 

TZAR,  (zlir,)  71.    The  emperor  of  Russia.  [Sec  Czar.] 
TZAK-('.\.\,  (7.ir-£'iii,)  n.    The  empress  of  Russia. 
[See  CzARi.NA.j 


UIS  the  twenty-first  letter  and  the  fifth  vowel  in 
the  English  alphabet.  Its  true  primary  sound,  in 
Anglo-Saxon,  was  the  sound  which  it  still  retains  in 
most  of  the  languages  of  Europe  ;  that  of  00  in  cn<i(, 
tool,  answering  to  the  French  ou  in  tour.  This 
sound  was  changed,  probably  under  the  Norman 
kings,  by  the  attempt  maile  to  introduce  the  Norman 
French  language  into  common  use.  However  this 
fact  may  be,  the  first  or  long  and  proper  sound  of  11, 
in  English,  is  now  not  perfectly  simplif,  and  it  can 
not  be  strictly  called  a  vowel.  The  sound  seems  to 
be  nearly  that  of  eu,  shortened  and  blendi  d.  This 
sound,  however,  is  not  precisely  that  of  eu  or  yu, 
except  in  a  few  words,  as  in  unite,  union,  uniform ; 
the  sound  does  not  begin  with  the  distinct  sound  of 
e,  nor  end  in  the  distinct  sound  of  00,  unless  when 
prolonged.  It  can  not  be  well  expressed  in  letters. 
This  sound  is  heard  in  the  unalTected  prtmunci.ation 
of  annuity,  numerate,  brute,  mute,  dUpute,  duke,  true, 
truth,  ride,  prudence,  opportunity,  infusion. 

Some  modern  writers  make  a  distinction  between 
the  sound  of  11,  when  it  follows  r,  as  in  rude,  truth, 
and  its  sound  when  it  follows  other  letters,  as  in 
mule,  duke  :  making  the  former  sound  equivalent  to 
00  ;  rood,  trooth  1  anil  the  latter  a  diphthong  equiva- 
lent to  eu  or  yu.  This  is  a  mischievous  innovation, 
and  not  authorized  by  any  generil  usage  either  in 
England  or  the  United  St.ates,  The  dilference,  very 
nice  indeed,  between  the  sound  of  u  in  mule  and  in 
Tvde,  is  owing  entirely  to  the  articulation  which  pre- 
cedes that  letter.    For  example,  when  a  labial,  as  771 


or  p,  precedes  w,  we  enter  on  its  sound  with  the  lips 
closed,  and  in  opening  them  to  the  position  required 
for  uttering  11,  there  is  almost  necessarily  a  slight 
sound  of  e  formed  before  we  arrive  at  the  proper 
sound  of  M.  When  r  precedes  u,  the  mouth  is  open 
before  the  sound  of  u  is  commenced.  But  in  both 
cases, «  is  to  be  considered  as  having  the  same  sound. 

In  some  words,  as  in  bull,  full,  pull,  the  sound  of  « 
is  that  of  the  Italian  ii,  the  French  ou,  but  shortened. 
This  is  a  vowel. 

U  has  another  short  .sound,  as  in  tun,  run,  sun, 
turn,  rub.    This  also  is  a  vowel. 
IJ'BER-OUS,  a.    [I.,  ubrr.] 

Fruitful;  copious.    [Little  used.] 
y'BER-TY,  71.    [L.  ubertas,  from  uber,  fruitful  or  co- 
pious.] 

Abundance  ;  fruitfiilness.    [Little  used.] 

{i:^{'f:TY;"-"''|»-   tL.«M,  where.] 

The  state  of  being  in  a  place  ;  local  relation,  f  JVnt 
much  used.)  GlaurilU. 

II'lil-tiriST,  (vu'be-kwist,)  j  11.  In  c/nirc/i  Ai-v- 

U-BIU-UI-Ta'RI-AN,  (yii-bik'we-,)  i  ferr,  the  Ubi- 
qiiists  were  a  schtMil  of  Lutheran  divines,  so  called 
from  their  tenet  that  the  body  of  Christ  is  present  in 
the  eiicharist,  in  virtue  of  his  omnipresence.  Brandc. 

U-BI(i'UI-TA-RI-NESS,  (yu-bik'we-,)  n.  Existence 
every  where.    [Liillr  «>c</.]  Fuller. 

U-BICi'UI-TA-RY,  (yu-bik'wo-ter-re,)  a.    [L.  ubique, 
from  ubi,  where.] 
Existing  every  where,  or  in  all  places,  HoicelL 


lI-RICi'UI-TA-RY,(yu-bik'wc-tcr-re,)?i.  [Supra.]  One 
that  exists  every  where.  Hall. 

t[-BIU'UI-TOUS,  a.    Existing  or  being  every  where. 

IJ-ItlU'Ul-TY,  (yu-bik'we-te,)  71.  [L.  ubique,  every 
where.] 

Existence  in  all  places  or  every  where  at  the  same 
time  ;  omnipresence.  The  tibiynity  of  God  is  not 
disputed  by  those  who  admit  his  existence. 

SoutJL. 

VBI  SC'PR.i,  [\..]  In  the  place  above  mentioned  ; 
noting  reference  to  some  passage  or  page  before 
named. 

II'DAI,,  fvri'dal,)7i.  A  freehold  in  the  Shetland  Isles, 
II'UAI,-ER,  71.    A  freeholder  in  the  Shetland  Isles, 

without  feudal  dependencies.  Jamteson. 
UU'DER,  n.     [Sax.  udcr ;  G.  tHter;  1).  uycr;  (Jr. 

011^(7/..] 

The  breast  of  a  fem.ale ;  but  the  word  is  applied 
chiellyor  wholly  to  the  glandular  orcan  of  female 
breasts,  in  which  the  milk  is  secreted  and  retained 
for  the  nourishment  of  their  yoiinc,  commonly  called 
the  Bao,  in  cows  and  (>lher  quadrupeds. 

UI)'I)ER-/;I),  a.    Furnished  with  udders.  Oay. 

i;-DO,M'E-TER,  n.    fGr.  Wuip  and  ,i;t.).,i..] 

7\n  in-trunient  for  measuring  the  quantity  of 
w.ati  r  which  falls  from  the  atmosphere ;  a  raio- 
gaiige. 

UG'LI-LY,  adv.    In  an  ugly  manner  ;  with  deformity. 
UG'LI-NESS,  n.   [from  u;rhj.]   Total  want  of  beauty  ; 
deformity  of  person ;  as,  old  ngc  and  ugliness. 

Dn/Sen. 


TONE.  BIJIX,  tTNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US  C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


1187 


ULT 

2.  Turpitude  of  mind ;  moral  depravity  ;  loatlie- 
somrness. 

Vtitir  dull  ribal(li7  must  be  offensive  to  any  one  who  does  not,  for 
tlie  sake  of  the  an.  pardon  the  uglinets  of  its  circumsumces. 

South. 

Vd'hY,  a,  [W.  Aao',  a  cut  or  gash ;  hagyr,  ugly, 
rough.    See  Hack.] 

Deformed ;  offensive  to  the  sight ;  contrary  to 
heauty  ;  hateful ;  as,  an  uglij  person  j  an  ugly  face. 

0,  I  have  p,\ssed  a  niiseraljle  niglit, 

So  lull  of  ugly  sight.'*,  of  ghastly  dreams.  Shak, 

IJ-KaPE',  71.  In  Russia,  a  proclamation  or  imperial 
order  published,  having  the  force  of  law.  Brande. 

U'L.-\XS,  II.  pi.  A  certain  description  of  militia  among 
the  modern  Tartars.  Jones. 

UL'CER,  n.    [Fr.  ulcere;  It.  ulcera;  L.  ulcus;  Gr.  e\- 

A  sore  ;  a  solution  of  continuity  in  any  of  the  soft 
parts  of  the  body,  either  open  to  the  surface  or  to 
some  natural  cavity,  and  attended  with  a  secretion 
of  pus  or  some  kind  of  discharge.  Cooper. 

UL'CEK-aTE,  v.  i.  To  be  formed  into  an  ulcer ;  to 
become  ulcerous. 

UL,'OER-ATE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  ulcerer :  L.  ulcero.] 

To  affect  with  an  ulcer  or  with  ulcers.  Harvey. 

UL'CER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Affected  with  ulcers. 

UL'CER-A-TIi\G,  ppr.  Turning  to  an  ulcer  ;  generat- 
ing ulcers. 

UL-CER  a'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ulceratio.'] 

1.  The  process  of  lurming  into  an  ulcer ;  or  the 
process  of  becoming  ulcerous. 

2.  .\n  ulcer;  a  morbid  sore  that  discharges  pus  or 
other  fluid.  Jlrbulhnnt. 

UL'CER-£It,  a.    Having  become  an  ulcer.  Temple. 
UL'CER-OUS,  a.    Huving  the  nature  or  character  of 
an  ulcer ;  discharging  purulent  or  other  matter. 

Harvey. 

9.  Affected  with  an  ulcer  or  with  ulcers. 
UI/L'ER-Or.S-LV,  adr.    In  an  ulcerous  manner. 
UL'CER-OUS-NESS,  ji.    The  state  of  being  ulcerous. 
UL-CUS'GULE,  71.    [L.  ulcuscultuiij  from  ulcus.] 

A  little  ulcer. 

IJ-liK'MA,  71.  In  Turkey,  a  corporation  composed  of 
the  hierarchy,  viz.,  the  imans,  or  ministers  of  relig- 
ion, the  muftis,  or  doctors  of  law,  and  the  cadis,  or 
administrators  of  justice. 

ULE'-TREE,  71.  In  botany,  a  tree  whose  milky  juice 
yields  that  kind  of  elastic  gum  called  by  the  Mexi- 
cans Ule.  Cyc. 

tJ-LlG'IN-OUS,  a.  [L.  uliginosus,  from  iiligo,  oozi- 
ness.] 

•Muddy;  oozy;  slimy.  Woodward. 

Uli'LAGE,  71.  In  cummerce,  the  wantage  of  casks  of 
liipior,  or  what  a  cask  wants  of  being  full.  Cyc. 

UL'Mie  ACID,  71.    [L.  i/Zmu.?,  an  elm.] 

A  vegetable  acid,  exuding  spontaneously  from  the 
elm,  the  chestnut,  the  oak,  and  various  other  trees. 
It  is  a  dark-brown  and  nearly  black  solid,  insipid, 
inodorous,  and  very  sparingly  soluble  in  water  and 
alcohol.  It  constitutes  the  essential  ingredient  of 
peat,  &c.  It  appears  to  constitute  what  is  usually 
callitd  vegetable  vmnare.       Tk.  Thomson.  Turner. 

UL'-MIN,  n.  An  exploded  name  of  iiliuic  acid,  applied 
before  its  salifying  powers  had  been  discovered. 

UL'NA,  71.  [L.]  The  larger  of  the  two  bones  of  the 
fore-arm,  which  forms  the  point  of  the  elbow. 

UI..'.N.\GE.    See  Alnage,  AuNACE. 

UL'NAR,  a.    [L.  ulna.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ulna  or  cubit ;  as,  the  ulnar 
n-vc.  Coze. 

T^-Lo-DEX'DRON,  ti.    [Gr.  nvlnf  and  ncv!ioov.] 

A  genus  of  trees  now  extinct,  and  fuuntl  only  in  a 
fossil  state. 

ULT.    Last :  a  contrartiim  from  Ultimo. 

UL-Te'RI-OR,  a.  [I,.,  comparative.]  Further;  as, 
ulterior  demands  ;  ultrrior  propositions.  What  ulte- 
rior measures  will  be  adopted  is  uncertain.  SmolleU. 

9.  In  geography,  being  or  situated  beyond  or  on 
the  further  side  of  any  line  or  boundary  ;  opposed  to 
C'lTEBioR,  or  hither. 

UL'Tl-M.i  HA' n  o,  [L.]  The  last  reason  or  argu- 
ment. 

VL  TI-.M.II  RA'TI-0  RE'Oa^r,  [h.]    The  last  rea- 
son of  kinu's  is  war,  force  of  arms. 
UL'TI-.MATE,  a.    [L.  n/dmi/.v,  furthest.] 

1.  Furthest ;  most  remote  ;  extreme.  We  have 
not  yet  arrived  at  the  ultimate  point  of  progri!Ssion. 

2.  Final  ;  being  that  to  which  all  the  rest  is  di- 
rected, as  to  the  main  object.  The  ultimate  end  of 
our  actions  should  be  the  glory  of  God,  or  the  displ.-iy 
of  his  exalted  exci  llence.  The  ultimate  end  and  aim 
of  men  is  to  be  happy,  and,  to  attain  to  this  end,  we 
must  yield  that  obedience  which  will  honor  the  law 
and  clinracter  of  God. 

3.  Last  in  a  train  of  conscqucn(x:s ;  intended  in 
the  last  resort. 

Many  unions  sj*  to  procure  fiime  are  not  conducive  to  this  our 
uMmaU  happiness.  AMiMon. 

4.  Laat ;  terminating  ;  being  at  the  furthest  point. 

Darwin. 

5.  The  ln«t  Into  which  a  substance  can  he  re- 
■ulved  ;  conslitiient.  IMncin. 

KJUimate  anulyniA,  In  ehemvttry,  in  the  resolution  of 


UMB 

a  substance  into  its  elements  ;  opposed  to  the  proxi- 
mate analysis. 

Ultimate  ratio  ;  the  ratio  of  evanescent  quantities. 

UL'TI-AIATE-LY,  adv.  Finally  ;  at  last ;  in  the  end 
or  last  consequence.  Afflictions  often  tend  to  cor- 
rect immoral  habits^  and  ultimately  prove  blessings. 

VL'TI-MA  THD'LE,  [L.]  The  utmost  stretch  or 
boundary.    [See  Thule.] 

UL-TI-Ma'TUM,  7!.  [L.]  In  diplomacy,  the  final 
propositions,  conditions,  or  terms,  offered  as  the  ba- 
sis of  a  treaty  ;  the  most  favorable  terms  that  a  nego- 
tiator can  offer,  and  the  rejection  of  which  usually 
puts  an  end  to  negotiation.  It  is  sometimes  used  in 
the  plural,  ultimata. 
2.  Any  final  proposition  or  condition. 

UL-TIi\I'I-TY,  7i.  The  last  stage  or  consequence. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 

UL'TI-MO,  71.    [L.  ultimo  mense.] 

The  last  month  preceding  the  present ;  as,  on  the 
first  ultimo. 

UL'TRA,  a.  [L.]  Beyond;  hence,  extreme ;  as,  itJ- 
tra  principles  ;  used  also  to  denote  a  person  who  ad- 
vocates extreme  measures. 

UL'TR.VIS.M,  II.  The  principles  of  men  who  advo- 
cate extreme  measures,  as  a  radical  reform,  &c. 

H.  More. 

UL'TRA-IST,  71.  One  who  pushes  a  principle  or 
measure  to  extremes. 

UL-TRA-MA-RINE',  (-reen',)  a.  [L.  ultra,  beyond, 
and  viarinus,  marine.] 

Situated  or  being  beyond  the  sea.  .^insinorth. 

UL-TRA-MA-RINE',  71.  [Supra.]  A  beautiful  and 
durable  sky-blue  ;  a  color  formed  of  the  mineral 
called  lapis  lazuli. 

Acconiing  to  Gmelin  of  Tubingen,  sulphuret  of 
sodium  is  tiie  coloring  principle  of  lapis  lazuli,  to 
which  the  color  of  ultramarine  is  owing.  He  has 
succeeded  in  preparing  artificial  ultramarine  byheat- 
inz  sulphuret  of  sodium  with  a  mixture  of  silicic  acid 
and  alumina.  An.  de  Ch. 

2.  Azure-stone. 

Ultramarine  askes  ;  a  pigment  which  is  the  residu- 
um of  lapis  lazuli,  after  the  ultramarine  has  been  ex- 
tracted.  Their  appearance  is  that  of  the  ultrama- 
rine, a  little  tinged  with  red,  and  diluted  with  white. 

Cyc. 

UL-TRA-IMON'TANE,  a.    [Ft. ;  L.  ultra  and  inonta- 

71  us.] 

Being  beyond  the  mountains,  or  .Alps,  in  respect 
to  the  one  who  speaks.  This  term  was  first  applied, 
somewhat  contemptuously,  by  the  Italians,  to  the 
nations  nortli  of  the  Alps,  especially  Germany  and 
France,  their  painters,  jurists,  &;c.  At  a  later  period, 
the  French  and  Germans  applied  it  to  the  Italians. 
It  is  now  more  jiarticularly  used  in  respect  to  religious 
matters  ;  and  ultramontane  doctrines,  when  spoken  of 
north  of  the  Alps,  denote  the  extreme  views  of  the 
pope's  rights  and  supremacy  maintained  by  Bellar- 
min  and  other  Italian  writers.        Diet,  de  VAcad. 

UL-TRA-MON'TANE,  71.  A  foreigner;  one  who  re- 
sides bevond  the  mountains. 

UL-TRA-MON'TA-NIS.M,  71.  A  term  applied,  north 
of  the  Alps,  to  those  who  maintain  e.xtreme  views  as 
to  the  pope's  supreinacv.  Enciic.  Am. 

UL-TRA-MON'TA-NIST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  ul- 
tra inontanism. 

UL-TRA-MUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  ultra  and  mundus, 
world.] 

Being  beyond  the  world,  or  beyond  the  limits  of 

our  system. 

UL-TliO'NE-OUS,  o.  [L.  ultra,  of  one's  own  ac- 
cord.] 

Spontaneous ;  voluntary.    [A'ot  u-sed.] 
UL'If-LATE,  V.  i.    [L.  ululo,  to  howl.] 

To  howl,  as  a  dog  or  wolf.  Herbert. 
UL-n-LA'TIO.M,  71.  A  howl,  as  of  the  wolf  or  dog. 
U.M'BEL,  71.    [L.  umbella,  a  screen  or  fan.] 

In  botany,  a  particular  mode  of  inflorescence  or 
flowering,  which  consists  of  a  number  of  flower- 
stalks  or  rays,  nearly  equal  in  length,  spreading  from 
a  ciunmon  center,  their  summits  farming  a  level,  con- 
vex, or  even  globose  surface,  more  rarely  a  concave 
one,  as  in  the  carrot.  It  is  simple  or  compound  ;  in 
the  latter,  each  peduncle  bears  another  little  umbel, 
umbellet,  or  uinbelliile.  Cyc  JMartyn. 

Umbel  is  stmietimcs  called  a  rundlc,  from  its  round- 
ness. 

U.M'BEL-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  umbel ;  having 

the  form  of  an  umbel. 
UM'BEL-LATE,     )  a.    Bearing  umbels  ;  consisting 
Ui\l'BEL-LA-TED,  (     of  an  umbel;  growing  on  an 

iimliel  ;  as,  umbdhite  |ilants  or  flowers. 
UM'BEL-I.ET,    )  II.    A  little  or  partial  umbel. 
UM'liEL-LIJLE,  i  Martyn. 
UM-I!EL'LI-FEU,  ii.    [I,,  umbella  and  /mi.] 

In  holanii,  a  plant  producing  an  umbel.  Lindley. 
UM-BEL-LIF'ER-UUS,  a.    [L.  umbella  and  fcro,  to 

bear.] 

I'rodiiriiig  the  infloresceni:e  called  an  umbel;  bear- 
ini;  umbels  ;  as,  nmhilltj'rrou.i  plants. 
U.M'IIER,  II.  In  niinrrol<igy,  nn  ocherous  ore  of  iron, 
of  a  brown,  yello«  i>h,  or  blackish  brown  color,  so 
railed  from  Onibna,  in  Italy,  whi  re  it  was  first  ob- 
tained.   It  is  iised  ill  painting.    A  specimen  from 


UMP 

Cyprus  afforded,  of  a  hundred  parts,  48  parts  of  oxyd 
of  iron,  20  of  oxyd  of  manganese,  the  remainder  ei- 
lex,  alumina,  and  water.  Cijc. 

Also,  a  variety  of  peat  or  brown  coal,  of  a  similar 
color,  and  used  for  a  similar  purpose.  Brande, 
UM'BER,  71.    The  Scopus  unibretta,  a  bird  of  the  gral- 
lic  order  and  heron  family,  inhabiting  Africa. 

Sl^a  1715071. 

UM'BER,  71.  A  fish  of  the  salmon  family,  called  the 
Gravling,  or  Thymallus  vulgaris,  a  fresh-water  fish 
of  a  fine  taste.  Cyc. 

UM'BER,  V.  t.  To  color  with  umber;  to  shade  or 
darken.  Sliak. 

UxM'BER-KD,  a.    [h.  umbra,  a  shade.] 

1.  Shaded  ;  clouded.  Shak. 
9.  [from  umber.]    Painted  with  umber. 

UM-BIL'ie,  71.    [Infra.]    The  navel ;  the  center. 

HerberL 

UM-BIL'ie,  )  rr  II-  ..  n 
UM-BIL'ie-AL  i       ['-'• '""'"'"^"■')  "'6  navel.] 

Pertaining  to  the  navel ;  as,  umbilical  vessels  ;  um- 
bilical region. 

Umbilical  points  ;  in  mathematics,  the  same  as  fnci. 
Umbilical  vessels,  in  vegetables,  are  the  small  ves- 
sels which  pass  from  the  heart  of  the  seed  into  the 
side  seed-lobes,  and  are  supposed  to  imbibe  the  sac- 
charine, farinaceous,  or  oily  matter  which  is  to  sup- 
port the  new  vegetable  iu  its  germination  and  infant 
crowth.  Cyc.  Darwin. 

UAl-lilL'IC,  71.  In  coiicAo/ooT/,  a  conical  depression  at 
the  base  of  a  univalve  shell. 

UM-BIL'ie-ATE,     la.     Navel-sh.aped ;  formed  in 

UiM-BIL'ie-A-TED,  t     the  middle  like  a  navel ;  as 
flower,  fruit,  or  leaf.  Martun.  Cyc. 

UM'BLES,  (um'blz,)ii.pZ.  [Fr.]  The  entrails  of  a  ileer. 

UM'BO,  71.  [L.]  The  boss  or  protuberant  part  of  a 
shield.  Cyc.  Swift. 

2.  In  conchology,  the  point  of  a  bivalve  shell  im- 
mediately above  the  hinge. 

UM'BO-i\ATE,  j  a.  In  botmiy,  having  a  boss  or  el- 
UM'BO-Na-TED,  i    evated  point  in  the  middle. 

P.  Cyc. 

UM'BRA,?!.  [L.]  A  shadow.  In  osirOTiorai/,  a  term 
applied  to  the  dark  cone  projected  from  a  planet  or 
satellite,  on  the  side  opposite  to  the  sun.  Brande. 

UM-BRAe'U-LI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an 
uinhraculiim  or  arbor. 

UM'BRAGE,  7t.  [Fr.  077i>rag-<,  from  077i6re ;  h.  umbra, 
a  shade.] 

1.  A  shade  ;  a  screen  of  trees ;  as,  the  umbrage  of 
woods.  JMilton. 

2.  Shadow;  shade;  slight  appearance. 

The  opinion  c.irri^s  no  show  of  truth  nor  umbrage  of  reason  on 
lis  side.    [Obs.]    [See  S'liadouj.]  Woodward. 

3.  Suspicion  of  injury  ;  offense  ;  resentment.  The 
court  of  France  totik  umbrage  at  the  conduct  of 
Spain. 

UM-BRa'GEOUS,  (-jus,)  a.    [Fr.  ombrageuz.] 

1.  Shading;  forming  a  shade  ;  as,  U7ii6ra^peH.«  trees 
or  foliage.  Thomson. 

2.  Shady  ;  shaded  ;  as,  an  umbrageous  grotto  or 
garden. 

Umbrageous  grots  and  ctrcs  of  cool  recess.  ^ftlton. 

3.  Obscure.  JVotton. 
UM-BRa'GEOUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  umbrageous  manner. 
U.M-BRA'GEOUS-NESS,  71.    Shadiness ;  as,  the  iiiti- 

bratreousness  of  a  tree.  Ralegh. 
UM'BRATE,  I),  t.    [L.  umbro,  to  shade.] 
To  shade  ;  to  shadow.    [Little  used.] 
U.M'BRA-TED,  pp.    Shadctf ;  shadowed. 

Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 
UM-BRAT'ie,        )       rt        y    ,■  ^ 
UM-BRAT'ie-AL,  \  C^" 

1.  Shadowy  ;  typical.  Barrow. 

2.  Keeping  in  the  shade  or  at  home.   B.  Joiison. 
U.M'BRA-TILE,  (-til,)  a.    [L.  umbratilis.] 

1.  Being  in  the  shade.  Johnson. 

2.  Unreal ;  unsubstantial.  B.  Jonsoiu 

3.  Being  in  retirement ;  secluded  ;  as,  an  umbra- 
tile  We.    [iMtleuscd.]  Bacon. 

UM-BRA'TIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [See  Umbrage.]  Sus- 
picious ;  apt  to  distrust ;  captious ;  disposed  to  take 
uintirage.    [Little  used.]  ff'otton. 

UJI-liREL'  is  nearly  obsolete. 

UM-BREL'LA,  n.    [from  L.  7i77iJrn,  shade.] 

A  shade,  screen,  or  guard,  carried  in  the  hand  for 
sheltering  the  person  from  the  rays  of  the  sun,  or 
from  rain  or  snow.  It  is  formed  of  silk,  cotton,  or 
other  cloth  extended  on  strips  of  whahrhorie,  or  other 
elastic  material,  inserted  in  or  fastened  to  a  rod  or 
stick.    [See  Parasol.] 

UM-BRIERE',  (-breer',)  n.    The  visor  of  a  helmet. 

Spenser. 

UM-RRIF'ER-OUS,  o.    [L.  umbra  and  fero.] 

Casting  or  making  a  shade. 
UM'ltHOSE,  a.  Shady. 
U.M-liROS'l  TY,  71.    I  L.  umbrosus.] 

Shadiness.    [Little  used.]  Brawn, 
UM'PI-RAGE,  II.    [from  iiiiipirr.]    The  power,  right, 
or  authority  of  an  umpire  to  deciile. 

Pre.iident'a  Message,  Oct.  1803. 
9.  The  decision  of  an  umpire. 


FATE,  FAR,  Fi^LL,  WH;>T.  —  METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


1188 


UNA 


UNA 


UNA 


U.M'I'IRK,  H.  [Sorm.  impere  i  L.  iniperium,  contracted 
as  in  empirt.] 

1.  A  person  to  whose  sole  decision  a  controverny 
or  question  between  parlies  is  refi  rred.  Thus,  the 
emperor  of  Russia  was  constituted  umpire  lietween 
Great  Britain  and  tlie  United  .States,  to  decide  the 
controversy  res|»-clMit!  the  slaves  carried  from  the 
States  by  the  Uritish  troops. 

2.  In  \aw,  a  third  person  called  in  to  decide  a  con- 
troversy or  question  submitted  to  arbitrators,  when 
the  arbitrators  do  not  agree  in  opinion.  BlacLitonc. 

UM'l'IlUj,  c.  t.  To  arbitrate  J  to  decide  as  umpire; 
to  settle,  as  a  dispute.    [Little  iia'd.]  Bacon. 

UN,  a  prefix  or  inseparable  preposition,  [Sax.  uii  or  on, 
usually  an,  G.  un,  1).  o«.  Sans,  an,]  is  the  same  word 
as  the  L.  in.  It  is  a  particle  of  negation,  giving  to 
words  to  which  it  is  prefixed  a  negative  significa- 
tion. We  use  uit  or  in  indifferently  for  this  purpose  ; 
and  the  tendency  of  modern  usage  is  to  prefer  the 
use  of  in,  in  some  words,  where  u«  was  formerly 
used.  Un  admits  of  nochangcof  n  into  i,  m,  or  r,  as 
1/1  does,  in  iUnininatr^  imrnense,  irresolute.  It  is  pre- 
fixed generally  to  adjectives  and  participles,  and  al- 
most at  pleasure.  In  a  few  instances,  it  is  prefixed 
to  verbs,  as  in  ujibentl,  utibinily  unfiarne.'^.'i.  Ah  the 
compounds  formed  with  un  are  so  common  and  so 
well  known,  the  composition  is  not  noticed  under 
the  several  words.  For  the  etymologies,  see  the 
simple  words. 

UN-.\-ll.\N' DON-ED,  o.    Not  abandoned. 

UN-.\-B.AS'f;D,(-l)aste',)a.  Not  abased  ;  not  humbled. 

UN-A-B.\Sir£U,  (-basht',)  a.  Not  abashed  ;  not  ccm- 
fused  with  shame,  or  by  modesty.  Pope. 

U.N-.-V-BAT'KD,  a.  Not  abated;  not  diminished  in 
strength  or  violence.    The  fever  remains  unabated. 

UN-A-UAT'ING,  u.  Not  abating  ;  continuing  in  full 
force,  or  wiiboiit  alli  viation  or  diminution. 

UN-AB-BllE'VI-A-TED,  a.  Not  abbreviated;  not 
shortened. 

U-V-A-BET'TED,  a.    Not  abetted  ;  not  aided. 
lJ.\-.\-KID'I.\'l},  o.    Not  abiding  or  permanent. 
UN-A-nfD'(NG-LY,  ado.    Mot  abidingly. 
UN-.^-BID'ING-NESS,  n.   State  of  being  not  perma- 
nent. 

UN-A-nrLT-TY,  (  n.    Want  of  ability.    [JVut  used.] 
UN-a'BLE-NESS,  (     [We  use  InAnii-iTV.] 
UN-.AB-JuR'i"D,  a.    Not  abjured  ;  not  renounced  on 
oath. 

UN-A'BLE,  (-a'bl,)  a.  Notable;  not  having  sufficient 
strength  or  means ;  impotent ;  weak  in  power,  or 
poor  in  substance.  A  man  is  unable  to  rise  when 
sick;  he  is  unaMr  to  labor;  he  unable  to  support 
his  family  or  to  purchase  a  farm  ;  he  is  unable  for  a 
particular  enterprise. 

2.  Not  having  adequate  knowledge  or  skill.  A  man 
is  unable  to  paint  a  good  likeness  ;  lie  is  unable  to 
command  a  ship  or  an  army. 

U.VA  BOL'Ir^H-A-BLF;,  a.  Not  abolishable ;  that 
may  not  be  abolished,  annulled,  or  destroyed. 

Milton. 

UN-A-BOL'ISH-ED,  (-a-bol'isht,)  a.  Not  abolished; 
not  repealed  or  annulled  ;  remaining  in  force. 

Hooker. 

UN-.\B-R.KD'ED,  a.    Not  abraded  or  worn  by  friction. 

ManUll. 

UN-A-BRIDG'ED,  a.    Not  abridged  ;  not  shortened. 
U.\-AB'RO-Ga-TED,  a.     Not  abrogated;   not  an- 
nulled. 

U.N-.\B-SOLV'£D,  a.  Not  absolved  ;  not  acquitted 
or  forgiven. 

(JN-AB-SORB'A-RLE,  a.  Not  absorbable ;  not  capa- 
ble of  being  absorbed.  Damj. 

UN-AB-SORB'ED,  a.    Not  absorbed  ;  not  imbibed. 

U.N-.A-BCS'ED,  (-a-buzd',)  a.    Not  abused.  [Davy. 

U.\-Ae-CEL'ER-A-TED,  a.  Not  accelerated  ;  not 
hastened. 

UN-AC-CENT'ED,  a.  Not  accented  ;  having  no  ac- 
cent ;  as,  an  unaccented  syllable.  Holder. 

UN-Ae  cEPT'.VBLE,  a.  Not  acceptable  ;  not  pleas- 
ing; not  welcome;  not  such  as  will  he  received 
with  plea-siire.  Clarendon. 

UN-Ae-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not 
pleasing.  Collier, 

UN-Ae-CEPT'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unwelcome  or  un- 
plcasing  manner. 

UN-.\€-CEPT'ED.  a.  Not  accepted  or  received  ;  re- 
jected. Prior. 

UN-Ae  CES.S'I-BLE,  a.  Inaccessible. 
[T^Ais  lattrr  tcord  is  now  used.] 

CN-AC  CE.SS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.     State  of  not  being 
appmachable  ;  inaccessibleness. 
(  The  latter  is  the  word  noto  used.  ] 

UN-.\e-CESS'I-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unaccessible  man- 
ner. 

IIN-Ae-eLI'M.^-TED,  n.    Not  inured  to  the  climate. 

UN-AC-eO.M'.MO-DA-TED,  a.     Not  accommodated  ; 
not  furnished  with  external  conveniences!.  Sltak. 
2.  Not  fitted  or  adapted.  Mitford. 

UN-Ae-eO.M'.MO-DA-TING,  a.  Not  accommodating ; 
not  readv  to  oblige  ;  uncompliant. 

UN-Ae-eOM'PA-NI-ED,  (  kum'pa-nid,)  a.    Not  at- 
tended ;  having  no  attendants,  companions,  or  fol- 
lowers. Hayaard. 
2.  Having  no  appendages. 


UN-Ae  eo.MTI.ISll-ED,  (-ak-kom'plishi,)  a.  Not  ac- 
complished ;  not  finished  ;  incomplete.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  refined  in  manners  ;  not  furnished  with  el- 
egant literature  or  with  polish  of  iiiannrrs. 

UN-Ae-eo.M'PLISH-.MEi\T,  w.  Want  of  accom- 
plishment or  execution.  Milton. 

UN-Ae  eoRD'ANT,  a.  Not  accordant  or  harmo- 
nious. 

UN-Ae-eORD'ING,  a.    Not  according  ;  not  agreeing. 

Fearn. 

UN-AC  eOUNT-A-BIL'I-TY,  ji.  The  state  or  quali- 
ty of  not  being  accountable ;  or  the  state  of  being 
unaccountable  fiir.  Swift. 

UN-Ae  eoUNT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  accounted  for. 
Such  folly  is  unaccountable. 

2.  Nut  explicable  ;  not  to  be  solved  by  reason  or 
the  light  possessed  ;  not  reducible  to  rule.  The 
union  of  sonl  and  body  is  to  us  unaccountable.  Swijl. 

3.  Not  subject  to  account  or  control ;  not  subject 
to  answer  ;  not  responsible. 

UN-AC-eOUNT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Strangeness. 

2.  Irresponsibility. 
UN-Ae-eOUNT'.\-liLY,  ado.     In  a  manner  not  to 

be  explained  ;  strangely.  MdLion, 
UN-Ae-eRED'IT-En,  a.     Not  accredited  ;  not  re- 
ceived ;  not  authon/.ed.    The  minister  or  the  consul 
remained  unaccredtted. 
UN-Ae'eU-R.VTE,  o.    Inaccurate  ;  not  correct  or  ex- 
act. Boyle. 
[But  IxAccfmxE  is  now  used.] 
U.\-Ae'eU-R.\TE-NESS,  n.    Want  of  correctness. 
[But  we  now  use  Isaccurateness  or  Inacci;- 

RACV.] 

UN-.\e-euS'ED,  (-ak-kuzd',)  a.  Not  accused;  not 
charged  with  a  crime  or  fault. 

UN-AG-eUS'TO.M-fiD,  a.  Not  accustomed  ;  not  used  ; 
not  made  familiar ;  not  habituated  ;  as,  a  bullock  un- 
accustomed to  the  yoke.  Jer.  xxxi. 

2.  New  ;  not  usual ;  not  made  familiar;  as,  unac- 
eustomed  air  ;  unaccustomed  ideas.  fVatts. 

UN-A-CHIkV'A-BLE,  a.  Tliat  can  not  be  done  or 
acconiplis^ied.  Farindon. 

UN-A-t'IIIi;V'ED,  a.  Not  achieved;  not  accom- 
plished or  performed. 

UN-AeiI'I.\(;,  (-ik'ing,)  a.  Not  aching  ;  not  giving 
or  feeling  pain.  Shah. 

UN-Ae-KNOWL'EDG-ED,  (-nol'ejd,)  a.  Not  ac- 
knowledged ;  not  recognized  ;  as,  an  unacknowledged 
agent  or  consul. 

2.  Not  owned  ;  not  confessed  ;  not  avowed  ;  as, 
an  nnacknowledned  crime  or  fault. 

UN-.ie-aUAINT'A.\CE,  n.  Want  of  acquaintance 
or  familiarity;  want  of  knowledge;  followed  by 
with  i  as,  an  utter  unacquaintance  with  hi3  design. 

liiouth. 

U-VAC-aUAINT'ED,  a.    Not  well  known  ;  unusual. 
And  Ui'  unacquainted  light  be;^n  tu  fc.-ir.    [xVoI  in  ute.\ 

iSyenstr. 

2.  Not  having  familiar  knowledge ;  followed  by 
with. 

My  <*an  are  unaejuainttd 
Wilh  Biich  bold  tniUis.  Dcvham. 

UN-A€-aUAlNT'ED-NESS,  n.  Want  of  acquaint- 
ance. Whiiton. 

UN-AG-aUIR'ED,  a.   Not  acquired  ;  not  gained. 

U.\-Ae-QUIT'TED,  a.  Not  acquitted;  not  declared 
innocent. 

UN-.\eT'ED,  a.    Not  acted  ;  not  performed  ;  not  exe- 
cuted. Shak. 
UN-AGT'IVE,  a.    Not  active  ;  not  brisk. 
[We  now  use  Inactive.] 

2.  Having  no  employment. 

3.  Not  busy  ;  not  diligent ;  idle. 

4.  Having  no  action  or  erticacy.  [See  Ihactite.] 
UN-AGT'Ii-A-TED,  a.    Not  actuated  ;  not  moved. 

OlanciUe. 

UN-A-DAPT'ED,  a.    Not  adapted ;  not  suited. 

MUford. 

UN-A-BAPT'ED-NESS,  n.  Unsuitableness. 
UN-AD-DICT'ED,  a.    Not  addicted ;  not  given  or  de- 
voted. 

UN-AL)-DRE.SS'ED,  (-drest',)  a.   Not  addressed. 
UN-AI)-Hk  S1VE,  a.    Not  adhesive. 
U.N-.^D-JUDG'ED,  a.    Not  adjudged;  not  judicially 
decided. 

UN-AR-JUST'ED,  a.  Not  adjusted  ;  not  sclUcd  ;  not 
regulated  :  as,  differences  unadjtuted. 

2.  Not  settled  ;  not  liquidated  ;  as,  unadjusted  ac- 
counts. 

tr.VAD-MIX'IS-TER-ED,  a.    Not  administered. 

UN-AD- .MIR'El),  a.  Not  admired  ;  not  regarded  with 
great  afferlion  or  respect.  Pope. 

ITN-AD-iMIR'lNG,  a.    Not  admiring. 

U.V-AD-MON'ISH-ED,  (-mon'isht,)  a.  Not  admon- 
ished ;  not  cautioned,  warned,  or  advised.  Milton. 

UN-.A-DOPT'EU,  a.  Not  adojiled  ;  not  received  as 
one's  own. 

UN-A-DOR'ED,  a.    Not  adored  ;  not  worshiped. 

Milton. 

UN-.\-DOR.\'ED,  a.  Not  adorned ;  not  decorated  ; 
not  embellished.  Mdton. 

UN-A-DUiyTER-A-TED,  a.  Not  adulterated  ;  genu- 
ine :  pure.  Addison. 

UN-A-DUL'TER  OUS,  a.    Not  guilty  of  adultery. 


UN-A-DUL'TER-OUS-LY,  adv.  Without  being  guilty 
of  adultery. 

UN-AD-VEN'TITR-OUS,  o.  Not  adventurous  ;  not 
bold  or  resolute.  Mtlton. 

UN-AD- VIS'A-BLE,  a.  Not  advisable  ;  not  to  be  rec- 
ommended ;  not  expedient ;  not  pmdent. 

UN-AD- VIS'.V-BLY,  ailv.  In  an  unadvisable  man- 
ner. 

UN-AD- VIS'ED,  (-vizd',)  a.  Not  prudent;  not  dis- 
creet. Shak. 

2.  Done  without  due  considenition  ;  rash ;  as,  an 
unadvised  measure  or  proceeding.  Shak. 

UN-AD- V'IS'ED-LY,  adv.  Imprudently  ;  indiscreetly  ; 
rashly  ;  without  due  consideration.  Hooker. 

UN-.M)-VIS'EI)-.\ESS,  n.    Imprudence;  rashness. 

UN-A'ER-A-TED,  a.  Not  combined  with  carbonic 
acid. 

UN-AF'F.V-BLE,  a.    Not  affable;  not  free  to  con- 

%  -rse  ;  reserved. 
UN-AF-FEe  T'ED,  a.    Not  affected  ;  plain  ;  natural ; 

not  labored  or  artificial ;  simple  ;  as,  unajftcted  case 

and  grace. 

2.  Real ;  not  hypocritical ;  sincere ;  as,  unaffieted 
sorrow.  Dryden. 

U.  Not  moved  ;  not  having  the  heart  or  passions 
touched.  .Men  otlen  remain  unaffected  under  all  the 
solemn  monitions  of  Providence. 
UN-AF-FECT'ED-LY,  adv.  Really;  in  sincerity; 
withimt  disguise;  without  attempting  to  produce 
false  appearances.    He  was  unaffectedly  cheerful. 

Locke. 

UN-AF-FEeT'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unaf- 
fected. 

UN-AF-FEGT'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  affected. 

Cudworlh, 

UN-AF-FECT'ING,  a.  Not  pathetic  ;  not  adapted  to 
movi'  the  passions. 

UN-AF-FEt;'TION-ATE,  a.  Not  affectionate ;  want- 
ing affection. 

U.V-.AI'-FIRM'ED,  a.    Not  affirmed  ;  not  confirmed. 
U.V-AF-FLieT'ED,  a.     Not  alllicted  ;    free  from 
trouble. 

UN-AF-FRIGHT'ED,  (-frit'ed,)  a.    Not  frightened. 
UN-AG'GRA-VA-TED,  a.    Not  aggravated. 
UN-.\G'I  TA-TED,  a.    Not  agit.aled  ;  calm. 
UN-A-GREE'.V-BLE,  a.    Not  consistent;  unsuitable. 

.»/i/(on. 

UN-A-GREE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unsuitableness  ;  in- 
consistency with.  Decay  of  Pietu. 

UN-A-GREE'A-BLY,  ado.  In  an  unagreeable  iiian- 
ncr. 

UN-AID'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  aided  or  assisUd.  [JVot 

used.  ] 

UN-AID'ED,  a.    Not  aided  ;  not  assisted.  Blaekmore. 
U\-AI.M'ING,  a.    Having  no  particular  aim  or  direc- 
tion. OlanvtlU. 
i:.\-AIR'ED,  a.    Not  aired. 

UN-A-L.\Rjr£D,  a.  Not  alarmed;  not  disturbed 
with  fear.  Cowper. 

U.V-A-LX  R.M'ING,  a.    Not  alarming. 

U.\'-aL'IEN-A-BLE,  (-il'ycn-a-bl,)a.  Not  alienable  ; 
that  can  not  be  alienated  ;  that  may  not  be  trans- 
ferred ;  as,  unalienable  rights.  SwifL 

UN-AL'IE.\-.\-BEY,  <i(ie.  In  a  manner  that  admits 
of  no  alienation  ;  as,  property  unalicnably  vested. 

UN-aL'IE.\-ATE,  (-al'yen-ate,)  a.    N'ot  alienate. 

//.  Taiilor. 

UN-AL'IEN-a-TED,  a.  Not  alienated;  not 'trans- 
ferred ;  not  estranged. 

U.N'-.\L-LaY'£D,  a.  Not  allayed  ;  not  appeased  or 
quieted. 

2.  For  U:«Ai.LovED.    [See  Uhalloyed.] 
UN-.\L-Lf;'VI-A-TED,  a.    Not  alleviated;  not  miti- 
gated. 

UN-.\L-LT'.\-BI,E,  a.  That  can  not  be  allied  or  con- 
nected in  amity.  Chryne. 

UN-.AIy-LI'ED,  (-al-llde',)  a.    Having  no  alliance  or 
connection,  cither  by  nature,  marriage,  or  treaty  ;  as, 
unallied  families,  or  nations,  or  substances. 
2.  Having  no  [wwerfiil  relation. 

U.\-AL-L0W'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  not  be  allowed. 

UN-.AL-LOW'/.'D,  a.    Not  allowed  ;  not  permitted. 

U.\-.\L-LOY'/;i),  a.  Not  alloyed  ;  not  reduced  by 
foreign  admixture  ;  as,  metals  unalUnjed. 

I  pojoyrij  unajloyed  a:itiaf.icuoii  in  bia  company.  Mit/ord. 

UN-Al^Lf'R'ED,  a.    Not  allured  ;  not  enticed. 

UN-.AL-LCR'ING,  a.    Not  alluring  ;  not  tempting. 

'  MUford. 

I7N-AL-I,rR'ING-I,Y,  adv.    Not  alluringly. 

U.VXL.MS'ED,  (un-iimzd',)  a.  Not  having  received 
alms.    [Bad.]  PoUok. 

UN-AI,'TER-.\-nLE,  a.  Not  alterable;  unchangea- 
ble ;  immutable.  Sauth. 

UN-AL'TER-A-BLE-NEPS,  (  n.   Unchangeableness ; 

UN-AL-TER-A-BIL'I-TY,    j  immuuibilily. 

H'oodwnrd. 

UN-AL'TER-A-BLY,  adv.  Unchangeably  ;  inimuta- 
hlyV 

UN-AL'TER-ED,  a.    Not  altered  or  changed. 

Drydm, 

U.\-AL'TER-I\G,  a.    Not  altering.  Wiseman. 
UN-A-MAZ'£D,  o.    Not  amazed  ;  free  from  astonish- 
ment. MUtmi, 


TONT;,  bull,  liNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US  e  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


149' 


WW 


1189 


UNA 


UNA 


UNA 


UN-AM-BIG'lI-OUS,  a.  Not  ambiguous  ;  not  of 
doubtful  meaning  ;  pl.iin  ;  clear ;  certain. 

Chesterjteld. 

Ui\-AM-BIG'lI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  clear,  explicit 
manner. 

UX-.\M-BIG'lT-OUS-NESS,  I  n.    Clearness;  e.xplicit- 

(JN-AM-Bf-GC'I-TV,  j  ness. 

UN-AM-BI"TrOL'S,  (-am-bish'us,)  a.  Not  ambitious ; 
free  from  ambition. 

9.  Not  affecting  shew  ;  not  showy  or  prominent ; 
as^  uttatnbitioiig  ornaments. 

UN-.\M-BI"TIOlj!5-LY,  mlv.    Not  ambitiously. 

UN-A.M-BI"TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  ambi- 
tion. _ 

UN-.A-Mf,'N A-BLE,  a  Not  amenable  or  responsible. 
UN-A-IIEND'A-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  emendation. 

Pope. 

UN-A-MEND'ED,  a.    Not  amended  ;  not  rectified. 

UN-a',AII-A-BLE,  a.  Not  amiable  :  not  conciliating 
love  ;  not  adapted  to  gain  affection.  Spectator. 

UN-A'.MI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Want  of  amiableness. 

UN-A-MuS'^D,  (-muzd',)  a.  Not  aumsed  ;  not  en- 
tertained. 

UN-AMCS'ING,  a.  Not  amusing;  not  affording  en- 
tertainment. Roscoe.  Mitford. 

UN-A-.MCS'IN'G-LY,  adv.    Not  amusingly. 

LrN-A-Mu'."^IV'E,  a.    Not  affording  amusement. 

tJ\-AN-A-LOG'ie-AL,  a.   Not  analogical. 

UN-A-NAL'O-GOUS,  a.  Not  analogous ;  not  agreea- 
ble to.  Daririn. 

UN-AN'A-I,yZ-?:D,  a.  Not  analyzed;  not  resolved 
into  siin[)le  part-^.  Botile. 

UN-AXeH'OR-iD,  a.    Not  anchored  ;  not  moored. 

Pope. 

UN-A-NeL'£D,  a.  Not  having  received  extreme  unc- 
tion.   [See  Akele.]  Shak. 

UN-AN"GU-LAR,  (-ang'gu-Iar,)  a.  Having  no  an- 
gles. 

UN-AN'I-MAL-IZ-£D,  a.  Not  formed  into  animal 
matter. 

UN-AN'I-Ma-TED,  a.  Not  animated  ;  not  possessed 
of  life. 

2.  Not  enlivened  ;  not  having  spirit ;  dull. 
VN-AN'I-.MA-TING,  a.  Not  animating  ;  dull. 
Q-N.i-NI.M'I-Ty,  (yu-na-nim'e-tc,)  v.     [Fr.  unani- 

intte  ;  L.  ttnus^  one,  and  animus^  mind.] 

Agreement  of  a  number  of  persons-  in  opinion  or 

determination  ;  as,  there  was  perfect  unanimUij  among 

the  members  of  the  council. 
IJ-.VAN'I-JIOUS,  (yu-nan'e  inus,)  a.    Being  of  one 

mind  ;  agreeing  in  opinion  or  determination  ;  as,  the 

house  of  assembly  was  unanimous;  the  members  of 

the  council  were  unanimous. 

9.  Formed  bv  unanimity  :  as,  a  unanimous  vote. 
y-NAN'I-MOUS-LY,  adv.  '  With  entire  agreement  of 

minds,  j3ddi.<on. 
XI-X  A.\'I-MOUS-NEPS,  n.    The  state  of  being  of  one 

mind. 

2.  Proceeding  from  unanimity  ;  as,  the  unanimous- 

ness  of  a_vote. 
UN-AN-NlsAL'i^D,  a.    Not  annealed;  not  tempered 

by  heat ;  sudiienly  cooled. 
UN-AN-NEX'£D,  (  an-nekst',)  a.    Not  annexed  ;  not 

joined. 

UN-AN-Nl'HI-LA-BLE,  o.  That  can  not  be  annihi- 
lated. 

UN-AN-NOUN'C£D,(-an-nounst',)a.  Not  announced 

or  proclaimed. 
tI.\-.\.\-.N'Oy'£D,  a.    Not  annoyed  or  incommoded. 
UN-A-NUINT'El),  a.    Ncjt  anointed. 

2.  Not  having  received  extreme  unction.  Shak. 
UN-AN'SWER-A-BLE,  (-an'ser-a-b!,)  a.    Not  to  be 

satisfactorily  answered  ;  not  capable  of  refutation  ; 

as,  an  unansinfrnble  argument. 
UN-A.\'SWER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

unanswerable. 
UN-AN'SWER-A-BLY,  arfc.    In  a  manner  not  to  be 

answered  ;  beyond  refutation.  South. 
UN-.AN'SWER-KD,  a.    Not  answered;  not  opposed 

by  a  reply.  Milton. 
9.  Not  refuted.  Hooker. 
X  Not  suitably  returned.  Dryden. 
UN-AN-'ri(,"I-PA-TEI),  a.    Not  anticipated. 
UN-ANX'IOUS,  (-ank'shuD,)  a.    Free  from  anxiety. 
UN-A-I'OG'RY-rHAL,  a.    Not  apocryphal;  not  of 

duiihtful  authority.  Milton. 
UN-AP-I'AM,';;i),  (-ap-pawld',)  a.  Not  apiiallod  ;  not 

daunted  ;  not  impressed  with  fear. 

With  iry':%  erccl,  uiid  viaiifc  unnppalled,  SmiOi. 

UN-AP-PAR'EL-£D,  a.    Not  appareled  ;  not  clothed. 

Bacon. 

UN-AP-PAR'ENT,  a.    Not  apparent,  obscnre ;  not 

visible.  Milton. 
UN-AP  PF;AI,'A-ni-E,  a.    Not  appealable  ;  admitting 

no  nppr  al  ;  that  can  not  be  carried  to  a  higher  court 

by  aiipeal  ;  as,  an  unoppr.nlahle  cause. 
UN-AP-PkAS'A  HI,E,  a.    Not  to  bu  appeased  or  paci- 

fie<l  ;  as,  an  unnjiprasahle  clamor. 

2.  Not  placable  ;  as,  unappranaldr  wrath. 
UN-AI'-PkAS'A'I),  (  ap  pe/.d',)       Not  ap|>eased  ;  not 

pacified.  J>njden. 
UN^P-PI-AUD'EI),  a.    Not  applauded. 


UN-AP-PLAUD'IN'G,  a.  Not  applauding. 
UN-AP-PLAU'SIVF.,  a.  Not  applauding. 
UN-AP-PLl'A-BLE,  a.    Inapplicable.    [Littie  used.] 

Milton. 

UN-AP'PLI-CA-BLE,  a.  Inapplicable ;  that  can  not 
be  applied.    [We  now  use  Inapplicable.] 

UN-AI'-Pt,l'£D,  a.  Not  applied  ;  not  used  according 
to  the  destination  ;  as,  unapplied  funds. 

UN-APTO-SITE,  (-ap'po-zit,)  a.  Not  apposite  ;  not 
suitable.  Oerard, 

UN-AP-PRK'CIA-BLE,  a.    Not  appreciable. 

UN-AI'-PRE'ClA-TEO,  a.  Not  duly  estimated  or  val- 
ued. 

UN-AP-PRE-IIEND'ED,  a.  Not  apprehended  ;  not 
taken. 

9.  Not  understood.  Hooker. 
UN-.\P-PRE-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  being 

understood.  Smith. 
UN-AP-PRE  HEN'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being 

unapproheii-^ilile. 
UN-.\P-PRE-HE\'.''IVE,  a.    Not  apprehensive;  not 
fearful  or  suspecting. 
9.  Not  intelligent ;  not  ready  of  conception.  South. 
UN-AP-PRE-IIEN'SIVE-LY,   adv.     Not  apprehen- 

UiVAP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being 

unapprehensive. 
UN-AP-PRIS'£D,  a.    Not  apprised  ;  not  previously 

informed. 

UN-AP-PRoACH'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  ap- 
proached :  inaccessible. 

UN-AP-PROACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Inaccessibleness. 

UN-AP-PUoACH'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proachable. 

UN-AP-PRoACH'£D,    (-ap-procht',)    a.      Not  ap- 
proached ;  not  to  be  approached.  Milton. 
UN-AP-PRo'PRI-ATE,  a.  Inappropriate. 
UN-AP-PRo'PRI-A-TEn,  a.    Not  appropriated  ;  not 
applied  or  directed  to  be  applied  to  any  specific  ob- 
ject ;  as  money  or  funds.  Hamilton. 

2.  Not  granted  or  given  to  any  person,  company, 
or  corporation ;  as,  unappropriated  lands. 

B.  Trumbull 

UN-AP-PROV'£n,  (-ap-proovd',)  a.    Not  approved  ; 

not  having  received  approbation.  Milton. 
UN-AP-PKOV'INfi,  a.    Not  approving. 
UN-AP-PROV'ING-LY,  adv.    With  disapprobation. 
UN-APT',  a.    Not  apt ;  not  ready  or  propense. 

A  soldier,  unapt  to  weep.  ShaJc. 

2.  Pull ;  not  ready  to  learn. 

3.  Unfit ;  not  qualified  ;  not  disposed  ;  with  to  be- 
fore a  verb,  and  for  bul'tire  a  noun  ;  as,  unapt  to  ad- 
mit a  conference  with  reason.  Hooker. 

Unapt  for  noble,  wise,  spiritual  ejnployments.  Taytor. 

4.  Improper ;  unsuitable.  Johnson. 
I'N-APT'LY,  adv.  Unfitly  ;  improperly.  Orcw. 
UN-APT'NESS,  n.    Unfitness;  unsuitableness. 

Spenser. 

2.  Dullness  ;  want  of  quick  apprehension.  Shak. 

3.  Unreadiness  ;  disqualificatitm  ;  Wiint  of  pro- 
pension.  The  mind,  by  excess  of  exertion,  gets  an 
unaptness  to  vigorous  attempts.  Locke. 

UN-XR'GU-£D.  a.    Not  argued  ;  not  debated. 

2.  Not  disputed  ;  not  opposed  by  argument. 

Jl/i(t071. 

3.  Not  censured  ;  a  Latinism.    [JVot  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 

UN-.\RM',  V.  t.    To  disarm  ;  to  strip  of  armor  or 

arms.    [JVot  used.]    [See  Disarm.]  Shak. 
UN-ARM'£D,  a.    Not  having  on  arms  or  armor  ;  not 

equipped.    Man  is  born  uHarroed;  it  is  mean  to  attack 

even  an  enemy  unarmed. 
9.  Not  furnished  with  scales,  prickles,  or  other 

defense,  as  animals  and  plants. 
UN-AR-RaIGN'£U,  a.    Not  arraigned;  not  brought 

to  trial.  Daniel. 
UN-AR-RaNG'£D,  a.    Not  arranged;  not  disposed  in 

order. 

UN-AR-RaY'£D,  a.    Not  arrayed  ;  not  dressed. 

Dryden. 

9.  Not  liisposed  in  order. 
UN-AR-RI".S'1''ED,  o.   Not  stopped  ;  not  apprehended. 
UN-AR  RIV'£D,  a.    Not  arrived.    [Ill  formed.] 

Younir. 

UN-XRT'ED,  a.    Ignorant  of  the  arts.    [J^'oi  in  use.] 

IVoterhouse. 

UN-XRT'FIIL,  a.    Not  artful;  artless;  not  having 
cunning.  DrijiJen. 
2.  Wanting  skill.    [Little  nseil.]  Chnme. 

UN-AR'I''FIJL-LY,  adv.  Without  art ;  in  an  unartful 
mannir.  Swift. 

[In  lieu  of  these  words.  Artless  and  Artlessly 
are  g<?nerallv  used.] 

UN-AR-Tie'i;-LA-TED,  a.  Not  articulated  or  dis- 
tinctly pronounced.  Knciie. 

UN-AR-T1-FI"CI  AL,  (-ar-te-fish'al,) a.  Not  artificial ; 
not  formed  by  art. 

UN-AR-TI-FI"CIAI,  LY,  adv.  Not  with  art;  in  a 
manner  rontrnrv  to  nit.  Detham. 

UN-AR'TIST-I.IKE,  a.    Not  like  an  artist. 

irN-A!<  ('ENI)'EI),  a.    Not  asri  iided. 

UN-AS-(;Ei\I)'M1EE,  o.    That  ran  not  be  ascended. 

Marshall. 


UN-AS-CER-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  ascer- 
tained, or  reduced  to  a  certainty;  that  can  not  be 
certainly  known. 

Tlie  mistees  are  unascertainabte.  U7i*alort'»  Rep. 

UN-AS-CER-TaIN'^D,  a.  Not  reduced  to  a  certain- 
ty ;  not  certainly  known.  Hamilton. 

UN-A-SHAJI'£D,  a.    Not  ashamed. 

UN-ASK'£D,  (un-askt',)  a.  Not  asked  ;  unsolicited  ; 
as,  to  bestow  favors  unasked ;  that  was  an  unasked 
favor. 

9.  Not  sought  by  entreaty  or  care. 

The  tieanled  corn  ensued 
From  earth  unoBked.  DryrUn. 

UN-AS-PEGT'IVE,  a.  Not  having  a  view  to.  Felthnm. 
UN-AS'PI-Ra-TED,  a.    Having  no  aspirate.  Parr. 
UN-AS-PiR'ING,  a.    Not  aspiring ;  not  ambitious. 

Rogers. 

UN-AS-PiR'ING-LY,  adv.  In  an  unaspiring  manner. 
UN-AS-SaIL'A-BLE,  0.    Not  assailable  ;  that  can  not 

be  assaulted.  Shak. 
UN-.\S-S.UL'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  to  be  unassail.ible. 
UN-AS-SaIL'£D,  a.    Not  assailed  ;  not  attacked  by 

violence. 

To  keep  my  life  and  honor  unassailed.  MilU}n. 
UN-AS-SAULT'ED,  a.    Not  assaulted  ;  not  attacked. 
UN-AS-SaY'£D,  (-as-sade',)  a.    Not  essayed  ;  not  at- 
tempted.   [We  now  use  Unessaved.] 
2.  Not  subjected  to  assay  or  trial. 
UN-AS-SEM'BL£D,  a.    Not  assembled  or  congre- 
gated. 

UN-AS-SERT'ED,  a.    Not  asserted  ;  not  affirmed  ; 

not  vindicated. 
trN-AS-SESS'£D,  (-as-sest',)  a.    Not  assessed  ;  not 

rated. 

UN-AS-SIGN'A-BLE,  a.  J>fot  assignable  ;  that  can 
not  be  transferred  by  assignment  or  indorsement. 

Junes.  IVheaton. 

UN-AS-SIGN'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unassignable  man- 
ner. 

UN-AS-SlGN'£D,  (  sind',)  a.  Not  assigned  ;  not  de- 
clared ;  not  transferred, 

UN-AS-Sl.M'I-LA-TED,  a.  Not  assimilated  ;  not 
made  to  resemble. 

2.  In  phijsiulogy,  not  united  with,  and  actually 
made  a  part,  either  of  the  proper  fluids  or  solids  of 
the  body  ;  not  animalized,  as  food. 

UN-AS-SISI'l-LA-TING,  a.    Not  assimilating. 

UN-AS-SIST'ED,  a.  Not  assisted ;  not  aided  or 
helped  ;  as,  unassisted  reason.  Ro/rers. 

UN-AS-SIST'I_NG,  a.    Giving  no  help.  Drydeu. 

UN-AS-So'ClA-TED,  a.  Not  associated  ;  not  united 
with  a  society. 

9.  In  Connecticut,  not  united  with  an  ecclesiastical 
association  ;  as,  an  unassoeiated  church. 

UN-AS-SORT'El),  a.  Not  assorted ;  not  distributed 
into  sorts. 

UN-AS-SUaG'£D,  a.    Not  appeased. 

UN-AS-SuM'£D,  a.    Not  assumed. 

UN-AS-SuM'ING,  a.  Not  assuming;  not  bold  or  for- 
ward ;  not  making  lofty  pretensions  ;  not  arrogant ; 
modest ;  as,  an  ujiassuminff  youth  ;  unassuming  man- 
ners. 

UN-AS-SuR'£D,  (-ash-shurd',)  a.  [See  Sure.]  Not 
assured  ;  not  confident  ;  as,  an  unassured  c()unte- 
nance.  Olnnville. 

2.  Not  to  be  trusted  ;  as,  an  unassured  foe. 

Spensf^. 

3.  Not  insured  against  loss ;  as,  goods  unassured. 
UN-A-ToN'A-BLE,  a.   Not  to  be  appeased  ;  not  to  be 

reconciled.  Milton. 

UN-A-ToN'£D,  a.    Not  expiated. 

A  brother's  tlood  yet  urtatoned.  Rowe. 

UN-AT-TACH'£D,  (-tacht',)  a.  Not  attached  ;  not  ar- 
rested. Junius. 

2.  Not  closely  adhering  ;  having  no  fi.xed  interest ; 
as,  unattached  to  any  parly. 

3.  Not  united  by  aflection. 
UN-AT-TACK'A  RLE,  a.    Not  attackable. 
UN-A'I'-TACK'£D,  (-at-takt',)  a.    Not  attacked  ;  not 

assaulted. 

UN-AT-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  gained  or  ob- 
tained ;  as,  unattainable  good. 

UN-AT-TAIN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
bej  ond  the  reach  of  power.  I.nrke. 

UN-AT-TAIN'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  un.attalnable  man- 
ner. 

nN-AT-TAlN'£n,  a.    Not  attained  or  reached. 

UN-AT-Ta1N'IN(;,  a.    Not  attaining. 

UN-AT-TAINT'EI),  a.  Not  attainted  ;  not  r^riupt(;il. 

UN-AT-TEM'PER-£D,  a.    Not  tempered  by  mixture, 

UN-AT-TEMPT'ED,  a.  Not  attempted;  not  tried; 
not  essayed. 

Tilings  unatlfmpled  yet  in  prose  or  rhyme.  liliHon. 

UN-AT-TEND'El),  a.  Not  attended  ;  not  accompa- 
nied ;  having  no  retinue  or  attendance.  Milton. 

2.  Forsaken.  Shak. 

3.  Not  medically  attended  ;  not  dressed  ;  as,  unat- 
tendril  wounds.  Mitford. 

UN-AT-TEND'ING,  a.  Not  attending  or  listening; 
not  being  attentive. 

Ill  Is  lost  thst  pniso 
Thnt  is  nddri'Bsi'il  to  iinaneruting  uiira.  MUlon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI,,  WHAT  MP.TE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


1190 


UNB 

tJN-AT-TEi\"J'IVE,  a.  .\c>t  regarding;  iiialleiitive. 
J  Tlif  latter  ward  u  vow  used.} 

UN-AT-TKN'U-A-TEU,  «.    Nut  iitteimatfil. 

UN-AT-TEST'ED,  a.  Not  attested;  liavinj  no  at- 
teslatiuii.  Barrow, 

ITN-A'I'-TIK'KD,  a.    Not  attired  ;  not  adorned. 

UN-AT-TKACT'EU,  a.  Not  attracted  ;  not  affected 
hy  altrariitiM. 

UN-AT-TJIACT'IVE,  a.    Not  attractive. 

IJ-NAU',  H.  An  i  di'ntate  inaniiiial,  the  Bradypns  di- 
daelylus,  or  two-toed  sloth.  This  animal  is  laryer 
by  one  lialf  tlian  a  cat ;  is  of  a  niiiform  grayish- 
brown  color,  sometimes  with  a  reddish  ti4it.  It  is 
fuuntl  (inlv  in  the  hot  parts  of  Sonlli  America. 

[JN-.\Ul)'rr-El),  n.    Not  audited  or  adjusted. 

UN-AUG-.ME.\T'EI),  n.  Not  augmented  or  increased  ; 
in  grammar,  having  no  augment,  or  additional  sylla- 
ble. Richarilson. 

U.\-AU-TIIEN'Tie,  a.  Not  authentic  ;  not  genuine 
or  true. 

UN-AU-TIIEN'Tie-.\-TED,  a.    Not  authenticated  ; 

not  made  certain  hy  auttiority. 
UN-AU-TllOll'l-TA-TIVE,  a.    Not  authoritative. 

Cainpbdl, 

UN-AU-TIIOR'I-TA-TIVE-LY,  ado.  Without  au- 
thority. 

UN-AU'THOR  TZ -KD,  n.  Not  aiilhorized  ;  not  war- 
ranted by  proper  authority  ;  not  duly  commissioned. 

UN-A-VAIL'A  1!U:,  o.  Not  available  ;  not  having 
sufficient  power  to  produce  the  intended  effect ;  not 
ctrectual ;  vain  ;  useless.  Hooker. 

UN-A-VaIL'A-ULE-NESS,  n.  Inefficacy  ;  useless- 
ness.  Sandys 

UN-A-VaIL'A-BLY,  adv.  Without  availing  or  suc- 
cess. 

UN-A-VaIL'ING,  a.    Not  having  the  effect  desired 
ineffectual  ;  useless ;  vain  ;  as,  unavailing  efforts ; 
unurniJiii^  prayers. 

UN-.\-VAlL,'lNG-LY,  adv.    Without  effect. 

UN-A-VEN(5 E' A-IiLE,  a.    Not  avengeable. 

UN-A-VE.\<5'KI),  a.    Not  avenged  ;  not  having  ob- 
tained satisfaction  ;  ai*,  a  person  is  unaccnircd. 
2.  Not  punished  ;  as,  a  crime  is  unavenged. 

UyS-AVK-SV-KD,  a.    tiaviiig  no  avenue.  Pollok. 

U.\-A-VER'r'EI),  a.    Not  averteil  ;  not  turned  away. 

C/'-V^i  FO'Cf;,  [L.]    With  one  voice  ;  unanimously. 

UN-.\-VOIU'A-ULE,  a.  That  can  not  be  made  null 
or  void.  Bladiistiinr. 

2.  Not  avoidable  ;  not  to  be  shunned  ;  inevitable; 
as,  unavoidable  evils. 

3.  Not  to  be  missed  in  ratiocination.  Locke. 
UN-A-VOII)'A-BLE-NES.S,  n.    The  state  of  being 

unavoidable  ;  inevitablencss.  Olanville. 
UN-A-VOIl)'A-ULY,  adv.    Inevitably;  in  a  manner 

that  prevents  failure  or  escape. 
IIN-A-VOID'EIJ,  a.    Not  avoided  or  shunned. 

2.  Inevitable.    [J^ol  legitimate.]  B.  Jon.ton. 

US-A-VOW KU,  a.  Not  avowed  ;  not  acknowledged  ; 

not  owned  ;  not  confessed. 
U.\-A-\V.aK'/':1),       )  a.    Not  awakened  ;  not  roused 
UN-A-VVAK'f;.\-f:n,  j     from  sleep. 

2.  Not  roused  from  spiritual  slumber  or  stupidity. 

ScotL 

UN-A-WaK'KN-ING,  a.    Not  awakening. 
UN-.VWaUE',  a.    Without  thought ;  inattentive. 

Siei/t, 

UN-A-WaRE',  )    adv.     Suddenly;  unexpectedly; 
U.\-A-WaRES',  )       without  previous  preparation. 
The  evil  came  upon  us  iinaHiarf.«. 

2.  Without  premeditated  design.  He  killed  the 
man  unawares. 

.Ht  unawares ;  unexpectedly. 

Ht'  bn*;ik8  at  ujiairaret  upon  our  walVs.  Dryden. 
UN-A W'/;D,  o.    Not  awed  ;  not  restrained  by  fear ; 

undaunted.  Dryden. 
UN-IiACK'£D,  (-hakt',)  a.    Not  having  been  backed  ; 
OS,  an  unbacked  colt. 

2.  Not  tamed  ;  not  taught  to  bear  a  rider.  Shak. 

3.  Unsupported  ;  left  without  aid.  Daniel. 
UN-ItAF'Fl,KD,  a.    Not  defeated  ;  not  confounded. 
UN-H.aK'KI),  (-Imkt',)  a.    Not  baked. 
U.N'-IIAL'ANC-KI),  (-bal'anst,)  a.    Not  balanced  ;  not 

poised  ;  not  in  equipoise. 

Let  E.irtb  unbalanced  irom  her  orbit  fly.  Pope. 

2.  Not  adjusted ;  not  settled  ;  not  brought  to  an 
equality  of  debt  and  credit;  as,  an  unbalanced  ac- 
count. 

3.  Not  restrained  by  equal  power ;  a.s,  unbalanced 
parties.  J.  Mams. 

UN-liAI/LAST,  II.  1.  To  free  from  ballast;  to  dis- 
charge the  ballast  from.  ToUen. 

UN-BAL'LAST-EI),  pp.    Freed  from  ballast. 

2.  a.  Not  furnished  with  ballast;  not  kept  steady 
by  ballast  or  by  weight ;  unsteady  ;  its,  unballantcd 
wits. 

"  Unballast  vessel,"  for  unballasted,  in  Addison,  is 

an  unauthorized  phrase. 
UN-nAN'DAG-£D,  a.    Not  bandaged. 
UN-BAND'ED,  a.    Stripped  of  a  band  ;  hanng  no 

band.  Shak. 
UN-BA\'.\ER-KD,  a.  Il.aving  no  banner.  Pollok. 
UN-BAP-TI7.'^:i),  a.  Not  baptized.  Hooker. 
UX-BAP-TIZ'ING,  a.    Not  baptizing.  Colendge. 


UNB 

UN-B.\U',  ».  t.    To  remove  a  bar  or  bars  from;  to  un- 
fasten ;  to  open  ;  as,  to  unbar  a  g:ite. 
UN-BXRM'Kl),  a.    Not  shaven.   [JVut  in  u.s-e.]  SItak. 
UN-UARK'£;U,  (-bilrkt',)  a.    Stripped  of  its  bark. 

Bacan. 

[We  now  tise  Barked  in  the  same  sense.] 
UN-l!AR'R£L),(-bird',) pp.  Having  its  bars  removed  ; 
unfastened. 

UN-BAR'RING,  ppr.  Removing  the  bars  from;  un- 
fastening. 

UN-B.\SH'FUL.,  a.    Not  bashful ;  bold  ;  impudent. 

Shak. 

UN-B.\S[I'FUL-LY,  adv.    Boldly  ;  impudently. 
UN-BaT'ED,  a.    Not  repressed  ;  not  blunted.  [M'ot 
in  use.] 

UN-BaT H'KD,  a.  Not  bathed  ;  not  wet.  Dryden. 
UN-BAT'TEK-A'D,  a.    Not  battered  ;  not  bruised  or 

injureii  by  blows.  Sliak. 
UN-BAY',  V.  L    To  open  ;  to  free  from  tlie  restraint  of 

mounds. 

1  oujjlit  to  unbay  the  current  of  my  pawjioni.  NorrU. 
{.\ot  in  use.] 

UN-BESR'.\-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  borne  or  endured. 
UN-BkARD'ED,  (un-berd'ed,)  a.    Having  no  beard  ; 
beardless. 

UN  BEAK'ING,  a.    Bearing  or  producing  no  fruit. 

Dryden. 

UN-Bi;AT'£N,  a.    Not  beaten;  not  treated  with 

blows.  Corbet. 
2.  Untrod ;  not  beaten  by  the  feet ;  as,  unbeaten 

paths.  Roscommon. 
UiV-BEA0'TF--OUS,  )  ,  ,  .,,    ,        I  Not  beautiful; 
UN-BEAC'TI-F}JL,  i  V"""'®-'^"-    j       having  no 

beauty.  Hammond. 
UN-BEAO'TE-OUS-LY,  ado.     In  an  uiibeauteous 

manner. 

UN-HEACi'TI-FI-^;D  a.    Not  beautified  or  adorned. 
UN-BEAO'TI-FIJL-LY,  adv.    In  an  uiibeautiful  man- 
ner. 

UN-BE-eOME',  (-be-kuni',)  v.  t.  Not  to  become ;  not 
to  be  suitable  to  ;  to  misbecome.    [.Yot  used.] 

Sherlock. 

UN-BE-eOM'lNG,  (-kum'ing,)  a.  .Unsuitable;  im- 
proper for  the  person  or  character ;  indecent ;  in- 
decorous. 

My  frief  lets  unbecoming  apeeches  fall.  Dryften. 

UN-BE-eOM'ING-LY,  adv.  In  an  unsuitable  man- 
ner ;  indecorously.  Barrow. 

UN-BE-eO.M'I.VG-"NESS,  71.  Unsuitableness  to  the 
person,  character,  or  circumstances;  impropriety; 
indecorousiiess.  Locke. 

UN-BED',  ».  u   To  raise  or  rouse  from  bed. 

Eels  unbed  tliemselvi-a  and  stir  at  llie  noise  of  lliiuuler.  Walton. 

UN-BEll'DEI),  pp.    Raised  from  bed  ;  disturbed. 

UN-BE1)'DING,  ppr.    Raising  from  bed. 

UN-BE-FIT'TING,  a.  Not  befitting  ;  unsuitable  ;  un- 
beeominu.  Swift-. 

UN-BE-FRIEND'ED,  (-bc-frend'ed,)  a.  Not  befriend- 
ed ;  not  supported  by  friends  ;  liaving  no  friendly 
aid.  "  KUlingbeck. 

UN-BE  GET',  B. «.    To  deprive  of  e.Tistence.  Dryden. 

UN-BEGOT',         j  a.    Not  generated  ;  eternal. 

UN-BE-GOT'TKN,  \  StUlingJleet. 

2.  Not  yet  generated.  Shak. 

3.  Ni't  begotten  ;  not  generated.  South. 
UN-BE-GUII,E',  1-.  t.  To  undeceive  ;  to  free  from  the 

influence  of  deceit. 

Then  unbeguiU  tliyaelf.  Donne. 

UN-BE-GlTTL'Kn,  pp.  Undeceived. 
UN-BE-GUIL'ING,  ppr.  Undeceiving. 
U.\'-BE-GUN',  a.    Not  begun.  Hooker. 
UN-BE-HELD',  a.  Not  beheld ;  not  seen  ;  not  visible. 

Milton. 

UN-Bk'ING,  a.    Not  e.Tisting.  [JVot  in  u.ie.]  Brown. 
UN-BE-LIicF',  (-be-leef,)  n.    [Sax.  ungelec^a.] 

1.  Incredulity;  the  withholding  of  belief ;  as,  itn- 
belief  is  blind.  jMiUon. 

2.  Infidelity;  disbelief  of  divine  revelation. 

Hooker. 

3.  In  the  JVew  Testament,  disbelief  of  the  truth  of 
the  gospel,  rejection  of  Christ  as  the  Savior  of  men, 
and  of  the  doctrines  he  tsiiight ;  distrust  of  God's 
prcmiises  and  f;iithfulness,  &c.  Matt.  xiii.  Mark  xvi. 
Heb.  iii.    Rom.  iv. 

4.  Weak  faith.   Mark  ix. 
UN-BE-LIEVE',  V.  L    To  discredit ;  not  to  believe  or 

trust.  ffoUon. 
2.  Not  to  think  real  or  true.  Dryden. 
UN-BF--LlKV'Kl),pp.    Not  believed;  disci-edited. 
UN-BE-LIiiV'ER,  n.    An  incredulous  person;  one 
who  does  not  believe. 

2.  An  infidel ;  one  who  discredits  revelation,  or 
the  mission,  character,  and  doctrines  of  Christ. 
2  Cor.  vi._ 

UN-BE-LU;V'I.\G,  a.    Not  believing  ;  incredulous. 
2.  Infidel ;  discrediting  divine  revelation,  or  the 
mission,  character,  and  doctrines  of  Christ ;  as,  the 
unbelicrinj  Jews.    Acts  xiv.    Rev.  xxi. 

UN-BE-L1£V'ING-LY,  adv.  In  an  unbelieving  man- 
ner. 

UN-BE-LIe  V'ING-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unbeliev- 
ing. 


UNB 

UN-BIC-LOVAD,  (  luvd',)  u.    .Not  loved.  Dryden. 
UN-BE-MOAN'/'JI),  a.    Not  laineiiteil.  I'oUok. 
UN-BENU',  V.  L     To  free  from  flexure;  to  make 
stniglit ;  as,  to  unbend  a  bow.  Dryden. 

2.  To  relax ;  to  remit  fr'oui  a  strain  or  from  exer- 
tion ;  to  set  at  ease  for  a  time;  as,  to  unbend  the 
mind  from  study  or  care.  Dcniiam. 

3.  To  relax  effeminately. 

You  unbend  your  noble  itirn^h.  iSTuiJIr. 
H.  In  seamanship,  to  take  the  sails  from  their  yardH 
and  st;iy3  ;  also,  to  cast  loose  a  cable  from  the  an- 
chors ;  also,  to  untie  one  rope  from  another. 

Brande. 

UN-BEND'ING,  ppr.  Relaxing  from  any  strain  ;  re- 
mitting ;  taking  from  their  yards,  ti-c,  as  sails. 

2.  a.    Not  suffering  llexiire. 

3.  Unyielding;  resolute;  \nl\ex\h\c  \  applied  to  per- 
sons. 

4.  Unyielding;  inflexible;  firm;  applied  to  things ; 
as,  unbending  truths.  J.  M.  Mason. 

5.  Devoted  to  relaxation. 

1  iiope  ii  may  enberLiin  your  lonlship     an  unbending  hour. 

liOiM. 

UN-BEND'ING-LY,  adv.  Without  bending;  obsti- 
nately. 

UN-BE'N'E-FIC-ED,  (-ben'e-fist,)  a.   Not  enjoying  or 

liaving  a  benefice.  Dryden. 
UN-BEN-E-FI"CIAL,  (-fish'al,)  a.    Not  beneficial. 
UN-BEN'E-FIT-EI),  a.    Not  having  received  benefit. 
UN-BE-NEV'O-LENT,  a.    Not  benevolent ;  not  kind. 

■  Rogers. 

UX-BE-NEV'O-LENT-LY,  adv.  In  an  unbenevolent 
nianner. 

UN-BE-NIGHT'ED,  (-nlt'ed,)  a.  Never  visited  by 
darkness.  Milton. 

UN-BE-NIGN',  a.  Not  benign  ;  not  favorable  or  pro- 
pitious ;  malignant.  Milton, 

UN-BE.NT',  ;>/).  of  Unbend.  Relaxed;  remitted;  re- 
lieved from  strain  or  exertion.  Denltam. 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  taken  from  the  yards; 
loosed  ;  as,  the  sails  are  unbent;  the  cable  is  unbent. 

3.  Not  strained  ;  unstrung;  as,  a  bow  unbent. 

4.  Not  crushed  ;  not  subdued  ;  as,  the  soul  is  unbent 
by  woes. 

UN-BE-UUE.\Tirf;D,  (-be-kweethd',)  a.     Not  be- 

queallieil ;  not  given  by  legacy. 
UN-1!E-SHEM'1NG,  a.    Unbecoming;  not  befitting; 

uusuitilble. 

UN-BE-SEE.M'ING-LY,  adv.  In  an  unbecoming 
m;inner. 

UN-BE-SEEM'ING-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unbe- 
seeming. 

UN-liE-SOUGIIT',  (un-be-sawt',)  a.    Not  besought  ; 

not  soiiuht  by  petition  or  entreaty.  Milton.  • 

UN-ltE-Sl'olv'£N,  a.    Not  bespoken,  or  ordered  be-. 

forehand. 

U.\-BE-STAR'RED,  (-stard',)  a.  Not  adorned  or  dis- 
tinguished by  st.irs.  Pollok. 

UN-liE-SToW'£U,  a.  Not  bestowed  ;  not  given  ; 
not  disposed  of. 

U.\-BE-TRAY'KD,  a.    Not  betrayed.  Daniel 

UN-BE-WAlL'i'.'D,  a.    Not  bewailed  ;  not  lamented. 

Sliak. 

UN-BE-WITCH',  V.  t.   To  free  from  fa-scination. 

South. 

UN-BI'AS,  V.  U    To  free  from  bias  or  prejudice. 

The  tniest  service  a  private  man  CJin  do  hid  couiiiry,  is  to  unUas 
his  mind,  tu  much  as  possiUe,  between  the  tivaI  powers. 

Sai/l. 

UN-RI'AS-£D,  (-bi'ast,)  pp.  Freed  from  prejudice  or 
bins. 

2.  a.  Free  from  any  undue  partiality  or  prejudice; 
imiiartial ;  as,  an  unbiased  mind  :  unbiased  opinion  or 
decision. 

UN-BI'AS-£D-LY,  ado.  Without  prejudice ;  impar- 
tially. 

U.\-Bi'.\S-£D-NESS,  n.    Freedom  from  bias  or  preju- 

dici!.  Bp.UaU. 
UN-BID',        )  a.    Not  bid  ;  not  commanded. 
UN-liID'D£N,  i  Milttm. 

2.  Spontaneous ;  as,  thorns  shall  the  earth  produce 
unhid.  Milton. 

3.  Uninvited  ;  not  requested  to  attend  ;  as,  unbid- 
den guests.  Shak. 

UN  BIC'OT-ED,  a.    Free  from  bigotry.  MdL<on. 

UN-BI.Nl)',  F.  t.  To  untie;  to  remove  a  band  from; 
to  unfasten;  to  loose;  to  set  free  from  shackles. 
Unbind  your  fillets  ;  unbiTid  tlio  prisoner's  arms ;  un- 
bind the  load. 

UN-BI.N1)'ING,  ppr.    Untying;  setting  free. 

UN-BISH'OP,  ti.  L    To  deprive  of  episcopal  orders. 

South. 

UN-BISH'OP-ED,  (-bish'opt,)  pp.  Deprived  of  epis- 
co|t.al  orders. 

UN-BIT',  a.    Not  bitten.  Younf. 
UN-BIT',  V.  t.    In  seamanship,  to  remove  the  turns  of 

a  cable  from  otf  the  bitts.  ToUen. 
2.  To  unbridle. 
UaV-BIT'TED,  pp.  Removed  from  the  bitts  ;  unbridled. 
UN-BIT'TING,  ppr.    Unbridling  ;  removing  from  the 

bitts. 

UN-BLaM'A-BLE,  o.  Not  bl.amablc  ;  not  ciilrable  ; 
innocent.  Bmon. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IINITE.  — AN  'GER,  VI'  CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  aa  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1191 


UNB 

UN-BLaM'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  chargea- 
ble with  no  blame  or  fault.  JTure. 

UN-I!LaM'A-BLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  incur 
no  blame.    1  Tkcss.  ii. 

UN-BLa.M'£D,  a.    Not  blamed  ;  free  from  censure. 

Pope. 

UN-BLXST'ED,  a.    Not  blasted  ;  not  made  to  wither. 

Pcacham. 

UN-BLkACH'£D,  (-bleecht',)  a.  Not  bleached;  not 
whitened. 

UN-HLEED'IXG,  a.  Not  bleeding  ;  not  suffering  loss 
of  blood.  Byron. 

UN-1!LE.M'ISH-.\-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
blemished.  .Milton. 

UN-BLE.M'ISII-A-BLY,  adv.  Without  being  blem- 
ishable. 

UN-BLEM'ISII-CT,  (-hiem'isht,)  a.    Not  blemished  ; 
not  stained  ;  free  from  turpitude  or  reproach  ;  in  a 
moral  sense  :  as,  an  unblemished  reputation  or  life, 
2.  Free  from  deformity. 
UN-1!LENCH'£1),  (-blendit',)<i.    Not  disgraced  ;  not 
injured  by  any  stain  or  soil  j  as,  unblenched  majesty. 

Millon. 

UN-BLENCH'ING,  a.  Not  shrinking  or  flinching  ; 
firm. 

UN-BLEND'ED,  a.    Not  blended  ;  not  mingled. 

niancille. 

UN-BLEST',  a.  Not  blest ;  excluded  from  benediction. 

Bacon. 

2.  WrPtched  ;  unhappy.  Prior. 
UN-BLIGIIT'ED,  a.    Not  blighted  ;  not  blasted. 

Coirper. 

UN-BLtGHT'ED-LY,  adv.   Without  being  blighted. 
UN-HLIND  ED,  a.    Not  blinded. 
U\-liLOCK-AD'ED,  a.    Not  blockaded. 
UN'-1!I,OOU'E»,  a.    Not  stained  with  blood.  Shak. 
UN-BLOOD'Y,  a.    Not  stained  with  blood. 

2.  Not  shedding  blood  ;  not  cruel.  Dryden. 
UN-BLOS'SOM-I.\G,  a.    Not  producing  blossoms. 
UX-BLOT'TED,  a.    Not  blotted.  [Mason. 
HN-BLoVVN',  a.    Not  blown  ;  not  having  the  bud  ex- 
panded. Sliak. 

2.  Not  extinguished.  More. 

3.  Not  intiated  with  wind.  Sandys. 
UN-BLUNT'ED,  a.    Not  made  obtuse  or  dull  ;  not 

blunted.  Cowley. 
UN-BLUSH'ING,  a.  Not  blushing ;  destitute  of  shame  ; 

impudent.  Thomson. 
UN-BLUSH'ING-LY,  adv.    In  an  impudent  manner. 
UN-BoAST'ED,  a.    Not  boated. 
UN-Bo.AST'FJJL,  a.     Not  boasting  ;  unassuming  , 

modest.  Thomson. 
UN-BoAST'FUL-LY,  adv.    Without  being  boastful. 
UN-B0D'[-£DV  (-bod'id,)  a.     Having  no  materia! 
*  body  ;  incorporeal  ;  as,  unbodied  spirits.  fVat^t. 

2.  Freed  from  the  body.  Spenser. 
UN-BOIL'£D,  a.    Not  boiled  ;  as,  unboiled  rice. 

Bacon. 

UN-B6LT',  V.  t.  To  remove  a  bolt  from  ;  to  unfasten  ; 

to  open  ;  as,  to  unbolt  a  gate.  Shak. 
UX-BOLT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Freed  from  fastening  by 

bolts. 

2.  Unsifted  ;  not  bolted  ;  not  having  the  bran  or 
coarse  part  separated  by  a  bolter  ;  as,  unbolted  meal. 
UN-BoLT'ING,  ppr.   Freeing  from  fastening  by  bolts. 
UN-BO.\'.VET-El),  a.    Having  no  bonnet  on.  Shak. 
UN-BOOK'I.SH,  a.    Not  addicted  to  books  or  reading. 

2.  riot  cultivated  by  erudition.  Shak. 
UN-BOOT',  i:  I.    To  take  off  boots  from. 
UN-BOOT'En,  pp.    Stripped  of  boots. 

2.  a.  Not  having  boots  on. 
UN-BOOT'I.\(;,  ppr.    Taking  off  boots. 
UN-BOUN',  )  a.    [It  is  accented  either  on  the  first  or 
UN'BORN,  i     second  syllable.] 

Not  born  ;  not  brought  into  life  ;  future. 
Some  unborn  sorrow,  riiv  in  fortune's  womb.  Shale, 
'Vhr  woi-»  to  comf  tiie  children  yet  unborn 
SiiM  fee]  thti  day.  Shak, 

UN-BOR'RoW-£D,  a.  Not  borrowed  ;  genuine  ; 
original  ;  native  ;  one's  own  ;  as,  unborrowed  beau- 
ties ;  unborrowed  gold  ;  unborrowed  excellence. 

UN  BO'SO.M,  V.  t.     To  disclose  freely  one's  secret 
opinions  t)r  feelings.  Milton. 
2.  To  reveal  in  confidence. 

UN-BO'SO.M-£U,  pp.  Disclosed,  as  secrets  ;  revealed 
in  confidence. 

U.\-BO'SO.M-ING.  ppr.  Disclosing,  as  secrets;  re- 
vealing in  confiilcnce. 

UN-BOT'TO.M-£D,  a.  Having  no  bottom ;  bottom- 
less. 

The  dnrlr,  unbotlomed,  Infiiiltff  ahyu.  Mttton. 
2.  Having  no  Htdid  foundation.  Itammond. 
UN-BOUGHT',  (iin-bawt',)  a.    Not  bought ;  obtained 
without  money  or  purchtiKe. 

The  unhought  (hiimi''«  of  th-T  poor.  DnjfUn. 

2.  Not  havipK  a  purchaser.  I.oeke. 
UN-BOUND',  a.   Not  bound  ;  loose ;  wanting  a  cover ; 

as,  unbound  hooku. 
S.  Nut  bound  by  obligation  or  covenant. 

3.  pret.  of 

UN-BfJf/ND'EI),  a.  Having  no  bound  or  limit;  un- 
limited in  extent;  infinite;  interminable;  uh,  un- 
bonded  Hpace  ;  unbound' d  power. 


UNB 

2.  Having  no  check  or  control ;  unrestrained.  The 
young  man  has  unbounded  license  ;  his  extravagance 
is  unbounded. 

UN-BOUND'ED-LY,  atfc.  Without  bounds  or  limits. 
UN-BOUND'ED-NESS,  n.    Freedom  from  bounds  or 

limits.  Cheyne. 
UN-BOUN'TE-OUS,  o.    Not  bounteous ;  not  liberal. 

Milton, 

UN-BoW',  J),  t.  To  unbend.  Fuller. 
UN-BoW£D,  a.  Not  bent.  Shak. 
UN-BoW'£D,  a.    Not  arched. 

UN-BO  W'EL,  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  the  entrails  ;  to  ex- 

enterate  ;  to  eviscerate.  Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-BOVV'EL-£D,  pp.  Eviscerated. 
UN-BOW'EL-ING,  ppr.    Taking  out  the  bowels. 
UN-BRaCE',  v.  t.    To  loose  ;  to  relax  ;  as,  to  unbrace 

a  drum  ;  to  unbrace  the  arms  ;  to  unbrace  the  nerves. 
UN-BRaC'£D,  (-brist',)  pp.    Loosed  ;  relaxed. 
UN-BRaC'ING,  ppr.    Loosing;  relaxing. 
UN-BRaID',  v.  t.    To  separate  the  stranils  of  a  braid  ; 

to  disentanale. 
UN-BRAlD'ED,pp.  Disentangled,  as  the  strands  of  a 

braid. 

UN-BRaID'ING,  ppr.  Separating  the  strands  of  a 
braid. 

UN-BRa\CH'£D,  (-brincht',)  a.    Not  ramified  ;  not 

shooting  into  branches. 
UN-BKaNUH'ING,  a.    Not  dividing  into  branches, 

Ooldsinith. 

UN-BREAST',  (un-brest',)  v.  t.  To  disclose  or  lay 
open.  P.  Fletcher. 

UN-BREAST'ED,  pp.    Disclosed  ;  laid  open. 

Ux\-HKEAST'ING,  ],pr.  Disclosing. 

UN-liRjiA'f  II'A-BLE,  a.  Not  breathable  or  respira- 
ble. 

UN-BRKATn'£D,  (-brethd',)  a.  Not  exercised. 

Oor  unbreatlied  iticmories.  Shak. 

UN-BREATH'ING,  a.  Unanimated;  as,  unbreathing 
stones.  Shak, 

UN-BRED',  a.    Not  well  bred ;  not  polished  in  man- 
ners ;  ill-educated  ;  rude  ;  as,  unbred  minds  ;  unbred 
servants.  Locke. 
2.  Not  taught;  as,  HnJrcrf  to  spinning.  Dn/den. 

UN-BREECH'£D,  a.    Having  no  breeches.  Shak, 

UN-liREW'£D,  (-brude',)  a.  Not  mixed  ;  pure  ;  gen- 
uine. Youn'r. 

UN-BRIB'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  bribed. 

Feltham, 

UN-BRIB'£D,  a.  Not  bribed  ;  not  corrupted  by  mon- 
ey J  not  unduly  influenced  by  money  or  gifts. 

Dryden. 

UN-BRIDG'£D,  a.     Not  furnished  or  crossed  by  a 

bridge  ;  as,  an  unhridgcd  stream. 
UN-BUr'DLE,  1-.  t.    To  free  from  the  bridle. 
UN-liRl'DL£D,  pp.    Loosed  from  the  bridle. 

2.  a.    Unri'sirained  ;  licentious  ;  as,  u«6ri(iZc(J  lust ; 

unbridled  boltltiess  ;  unbridled  passituis. 
UN-BRIG HT'£N-£D,  a.    Not  brightened. 
UN'-HRtiKE',     j  a.    Ntd  broken  ;  not  violated.  Pre- 
UN-BRoK  £X,  j     serve  your  vows  unbroken. 

2.  Not  weakened  ;  not  crushed  ;  not  subdued. 
How  broAti  liis  shooMera  spread,  by  oge  unbroke.  Pope, 

3.  Not  tamed  ;  not  taught ;  not  accustomed  to  the 
saddle,  harness,  or  yoke  ;  as,  an  unbroken  horse  or  ox. 

UN-BROTH'ER-LV,  (-bruth'er-le,)  a.  Not  becoming 
a  brother ;  not  suitable  to  the  character  and  relation 
of  a  brother;  unkind. 

[Unhrotherlike  is  not  used,] 

UN-BRuIS'£D,  (-bruzd',)  a.  Not  bruised;  not  crushed 
or  hurt.  Shak, 

UN-BUCK'LE,  (-buk'l,)  v,  t.  To  loose  from  buckles  ; 
to  unfasten;  as,  to  unbuckle  a  shoe;  to  unbuckle  a 
girtlle  ;  to  unbuckle  a  helm.  Skak. 

UN-BUGK'L£D,  pp.  Loosed  from  buckles;  unfast- 
ened. 

U.N-BUCK'LING,  ppr.  Loosing  from  buckles  ;  un- 
fastening. 

UN-BUl  LD',  f-bild',)  v.  t.  To  demolish  what  is  built ; 
to  raze  ;  to  tlestroy.  Milton, 

U.N-IUJII,T',  (-hilt',;  a.    Not  yet  built;  not  erected, 

UN  BUr)Y'£D,  (-bwnyd',)  a.  Not  buoyed  or  borne  up. 

UN-B^R'^£^'-^^5.ME,  a.    Not  oppressive. 

UN-BUR'I-£D,  (un-ber'rid,)  a.  Not  buried  :  not  in- 
terred. Driidrn, 

UN-BURN'£D,  j  a.    Not  burned;  not  consumed  by 

UN-BUR,\T',    j  fire. 

2.  Not  injured  by  fire  ;  not  scorched. 

3.  Not  baked,  as  brick. 
UN-BURN'ING,  a.    Not  consuming  away  by  fire. 
UN-BUK'TH£.\,  j  f.  t.    To  rid  of  a  lt)ad  ;  to  free 
UN-BUR'D/'.'N,    (     from  a  burden;  to  ease.  Shale. 

2,  To  throw  off.  Shak. 

3.  To  relieve  the  mind  or  heart  by  disclosing  what 
lies  heavy  tui  it.  ShaJc. 

UN-BUR'T11£N-£D, )  pp.  Freed  from  a  load  ;  thrown 
UN-BUR'I)£N-£1),    (     off;  eased  ;  relieved. 
UN-nUR'TllKiN-l.N'G,  )  ppr.     Freeing  from  a  load  or 
UN-BUR'D£N-ING,    j    burden ;  relieving  from  wliat 
is  n  burden. 

UN-I1US'I-£D,  (un-biz'zid,)  a.    Not  busied  ;  not  em- 
ployed ;  idle.  Bp.  Rainbow. 
TIN -BUS'l-NESS-LTKE,  a.    Not  business-like, 
UN  BUS'Y,  (un-bi/.'zy,)  a.    Not  busy. 


UNC 

UN-BUT'TON,  V.  t.    To  loose  from  being  fastened  by 

billions  ;  to  loose  buttons.  Shak. 
UN-BUT'TON-£D,  pp.    Loosed  from  buttons. 

.^dtlisoTU 

UN-BUT'TON-ING,  ppr.    Loosing  from  bultons, 
UN-CaGE',  v.  t.    To  loose  from  a  cage. 
UN-€aG'£D,  pp.    Released  from  a  cage  or  from  con 
finement. 

UN-eAL-CIN'£D,  a.    Not  calcined.    [See  Calcine,] 

Boyle. 

UN-eAL'eU-LA-TED,  a.  Not  subjected  to  calcula- 
tion, ./.  Barlow. 

UN-eAL'€U-LA-TING,  a.    Not  making  calculations. 

UN-eAL'eU-LA-TING-LY,  adv.  Without  calcula- 
tion. 

UN-eALL'£D,  (-kawld',)  a.  Not  called  ;  not  sum- 
mimed  ;  not  invited.  Milton. 

Uncalled  for ;  not  required ;  not  needed  or  de- 
manded, 

UN-CALJI',  (  kim',)  »,  <,  To  disturb.  [J^Tot  in  use, 
and  an  ill  word.']  Dryden. 

UN-eA-LU.M'NI-A-TED,  a.  Not  calumniated  or  de- 
famed. 

UN-eAN'CEL-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  can- 
celed. 

UN-eAN'CEL-£D,  a.    Not  canceled;  not  erased; 

not  abrogated  or  annulled.  Dryden. 
UN-CAN'DID,  a.    Not  candid  ;  not  frank  or  sincere  ; 

not  fair  or  impartial. 
UN-€AN'DID-LY,  ado.   In  an  uncandid  manner. 
UN-CA-NON'ie-AL,  a.  Not  agreeable  to  the  canons  ; 

not  acknowledged  as  authentic.  Barrow. 
UN-eA-NON'ie-.'VL-LY,  adv.    In  an  uncanonical 

manner. 

UN-GA-NON'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uncanonical.  Lloyd. 

UN-CAN'ON-IZE,  t;,  t.  To  deprive  of  canonical  au- 
thority. 

2.  To  reduce  from  the  rank  of  a  canon  or  saint. 
UN-eAN'0-PI-£D,  a.    Not  covered  by  a  canopy. 
UN-€AN'VASS-£D,  (  kan'vast,)  a.    Not  canvassed 
UN-GAP',  r.t.    To  remove  a  cap  or  cover  ;  to  open. 
UN-Ga'PA-BLE,  a.  Incapable.  [The  latter  word  has 

superseded  Uncafable.] 
UN-GaPE',  v.  t.    Among  sportsmen,  to  let  loose,  or 

to  let  out  of  a  bag  ;  as,  to  uncape  a  fox,  Shak. 
UN-eAP'P£D,  (  kapt',)  ;»;).  Ojiened, 
UN-GAP'TI-Va-TED,  a.    Not  captivated.  Rambler. 
UN-GaR'ED  fiir,  a.  Not  regarded  ;  not  heeded.  Hooker. 
UN-GA-RESS'£D,  (-ka-rest',)  a.    Not  caressed. 
UN-€aR'NATE,  a.    Not  fleshly.  Brown. 
UN-GAR'PET-ED,  a.    Not  covered  with  a  carpet. 
UN  GASE',  ».  f.    To  disengage  from  a  covering;  to 

lake  off  or  out. 

2.  To  flay  ;  to  strip.  L'Estrangc, 
UN-GAS'£D,  (-kaste',)  pp.    Stripped  of  a  covering  or 

case. 

UN-GaS'ING,  ppr.   Disengaging  from  a  cover, 

UN-GAS'TRa-TED,  a.    Not  castrated. 

UN-GAT'E-CHIS-£D,  (-kat'e-klzd,)  a.  Not  cate- 
chised ;  iinlaught.  Milton. 

UN-GAUGHT',  (un-kawl',)  a.  Not  yet  caught  or 
taken.  Shak. 

UN-GAUS'£D,  a.  Having  no  precedent  cause ;  ex- 
isting without  nn  author. 

UN-€AU'T10US,  a.  Not  cautious  ;  not  wary  ;  heed- 
less._  [Incautious  is  now  generally  used.]  Dryden. 

UN-CeAS'ING,  a.  Not  ceasing;  not  inlermitiing ; 
continual. 

UN-GeAS'ING-LY,  adv.  'Without  intermission  or 
cessation  ;  continually, 

UN-GeD'ED,  a.  Not  ceded ;  not  granted  or  trans- 
ferred. 

UN-GEL'E-BRa-TED,  a.   Not  celebrated;  not  sol- 
emnized. Milton. 
UN-CE-LES'TIAL,  (-lest'yal,)  a.   Not  heavenly. 

FclUiam. 

UN-CE-MENT'CD,  a.    Not  cemented. 
UN-CEN'SIJR-A-BLE,  a.    Not  worthy  of  censure. 

Dwijiht. 

UN-CEN'SyR-A-BLY,  adv.  In  nn  uncensurable  man- 
ner. 

UN-CEN'STTR.£D,  a.    Not  censured;  exempt  from 

blame  or  reproach. 

Whose  ri^ht  It  is  uneenMUred  to  be  dull.  Pope. 
UN-CEN'TRie-AL,  a.   Not  central ;  distant  from  the 

center. 

UN-t,"ER-E-Ma'NI-AL,  a.    Not  ceremonial, 
UN-CER-E-Mo'Nl-OUS,  a.   Not  ceremonious ;  not 
formal. 

UN-GER-E-Mo'NI-OUS-LY,  adv.  Without  ceremony 
or  form. 

UN-GER'TAIN,  (-ser'tin,)  a.  Not  certain  ;  doubt- 
ful ;  not  certainly  known.  It  is  uncertain  who  will 
be  the  next  president. 

2.  Doubtful ;  not  having  ccrtnin  knowledge. 
Man,  without  the  protection  of  u  puiwrior  Eeinjj  —  is  unetrtain 

of  every  thing  thet  lie  lioiK-s  for.  TiUotMon. 

3.  Not  sure  in  the  conseipicnce. 

Or  wliistling  slings  dismissed  th*  uncertain  stone.  Qay, 

4.  Not  sure  ;  not  exact. 

Soon  bent  Ills  bow,  uneeriMn  in  Ills  i\im.  DrytUn, 

5.  Unsettled  ;  irregular.  Hooker. 


FATE,  PAR,  PALL,  WHAT  METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK,— 


1102 


UNC 

UN-CEIl'TAIN-LY,  adv.     Not  surely  ;  not  certainly. 
2.  Not  confidently.  [Dnjden. 
StAiul.mlti  tint  c:u)  nut  be  known  at  ult,  or  but  inip(.'r1tH:tly  nnU 
uncerlAiuty,  Locke, 

UN-CER'TAIN-TY,  n.  Doubtfiilncss  ;  diibloiisneiis  ; 
The  triitli  is  not  ascerlnini-d ;  tlic  latest  accounts 
have  not  removed  the  uncertainty. 

2.  Want  of  certainly  ;  want  of  precision  ;  as,  the 
uncn-taiiitij  of  the  signification  of  words. 

3.  Contingency. 

Steadf.isUv  gnupiii^  the  ffrvatest  find  moil  alippcry  uncertainiet. 

Soulk. 

4.  Something  unknown. 

Our  shepii-'ni's  case  is  every  man's  case  Ibat  quits  a  ceruiinty  for 
an  uncertainty.  L^tlstrange. 

UN-CES'SANT,  a.    Continual  j  Incessant. 

[  77ie  latlmr  is  tlic  word  now  used.  ] 
UN-CES'SANT-LY,  a./f.    Incessantly.  [06s.] 
UN-CHaIN',  b.  t.    To  free  from  chains  or  slavery. 

Prior. 

UN-CHAlN'jBD,pp.  Disengaged  from  chains,  shackles, 
or  slavery. 

UN-CHaIN'ING,  jjpr.  Freeing  from  chains,  bonds, 
or  restraint. 

UN-CHAL'LEN6E-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  chal- 
lenged. Scott. 

UN-CHAL'LENGE-A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  to  be  unchal- 
lengeable. 

UX-CIIJNGE'A-nLE,  o.    Not  capable  of  change; 

iininiitable  ;  not  subject  to  variation.    God  is  an  un- 

chantreaiile  being. 
UN-CHaNGE'A-BLE-NEPS,  n.    The  state  or  quality 

of  being  subject  to  no  change;  immutability. 

UN-C1IaNGE'.\-BLY,  adv.  Without  change  ;  im- 
miitablv. 

UN-CIIANG'KD,  a.    Not  changed  or  altered. 

Drtjdcn. 

2.  Not  alterable. 
UN-CI1aNG'1i\G,  a.    Not  changing  ;  suffering  no  al- 
teration. 

UN-CHaNG'ING-I-Y,  adv.    Without  changing. 
UN-eUAR-Ae-TEK-IS'Tie,  a.    Not  characteristic; 

not  exhibiting  a  cliaractcr.  Qregonj. 
UN  eilAR-Ae-TER-IS'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.    Not  in  a 

characteristic  manner. 
UN-CHXRGE',  i;.  t.    To  retract  an  accusation.  [JVoJ 

use,l.\ 

UN-CHXRG'f:D,<!.    Not  charged;  not  loaded.  Shak. 

UN-CHAR'I-TA-ULE,  a.  Not  charitable  ;  contrary 
to  charity,  or  the  universal  love  prescribed  by  Chris- 
tianity ;  as,  uncharitable  opinions  or  zeal. 

UN-CHAR'I-TA-llLE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  charity.  If 
we  hate  our  enemies  we  sin  ;  we  are  guilty  of  un- 
charitablenegs. 

UN-CHAR'I-T.\-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  contrary  to 
charity. 

UN-CHARM',  V.  t.  To  release  from  some  charm,  fas- 
cination, or  secret  power.  Bcaunu 

UN-CHARM'AO,  a.    Not  charmed  ;  not  fascinated. 

UN-CI1.\R.M'1NG,  a.  Not  charming;  no  longer  able 
to  charm.  Dnjden. 

UN-CHART'ED,  a.  Not  described  or  delineated  on  a 
chart. 

UN-CHXRT'ER-£n,  a.    Having  no  charter. 
UN-CHaR'Y,  o.    Not  wary  ;  not  frugal.    [JVut  used.] 

Shak. 

UN-CHaPTE','  a.    Not  chaste  ;  not  continent ;  not 

pure  ;  libidinous  ;  lewd.  Sidney.  .Milton. 

UN-CHaSTE'LY,  adv.    Incontinently  ;  lewdly. 

Alilton. 

UN-CHAS-TIS'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Chastise.]  That 

can  not  be  chastised.  Milton. 
UN-CHAS-TIS'£D,  a.    Not  chastised  ;  not  punished. 

2.  Not  corrected  ;  not  restnined. 
UN-CH AS'TI-TY,  n.    Incontinence;  lewdness;  un- 
lawful indul^'ence  of  the  sexual  appetite. 

IVbodaard. 

UN-CHi?AT'ED,  a.    Not  cheated. 

UN-CHECK'£D,  (-chekt',)  a.    Not  checked  ;  not  re- 
strained ;  not  hindered.  jMilton. 
2.  Not  contradicted.  Shak. 

UN-CHECK'ER-£D,  a.  Not  checkered  ;  not  diversi- 
fied. 

UN-CHEER'™,  a.   Not  cheered. 

UN-CIIEER'FJJL,  a.    Not  cheerful ;  sad.  Shak. 

UN-CHEER'Kl'L-I,Y,  adv.  In  an  uncheerful  manner. 

UN-CIlEER'FljL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  cheerfulness; 
sadness.  Spectator. 

UN-CIIEER'Y,  a.    Dull  ;  not  enlivening.  Sterne. 

UN-CI1EW'£D,  (-chude',)  a.  Not  chewed  or  masti- 
cated. Dnjden. 

UN-CHID'ED,  a.    Not  chided  or  rebuked. 

UN-CHILD',  V.  t.  To  bereave  of  children.  [jVot  in 
un-l  Shak. 

UN  OllIV'AL-ROUS,  (  shiv'al-nis,)  a.  Not  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  chivain'. 

UN-PllIV'AI^ROUS-LY,  adv.    Not  chivalrously. 

UN-eHOI/ER-ie,  a.    Not  choleric.  Carlisle. 

UN-eiIRlS'TA;.\-£D,  a.    Not  baptized  and  named. 

UN-eilRlSTIAN,  (-krist'yan,)  a.  Contrary  to  the 
laws  of  Christianity  ;  as,  an  uiicAmlian  reflection  ; 
unchristian  temper  or  conduct. 


UNC 

2.  Not  evangelized  ;  not  converted  to  the  Christian 
faith  ;  infidel. 

UN-CHRUS'I'l  AN,  i:  I.  To  deprive  of  the  constituent 
t|ualities  of  ( 'lirislianity.  Smilh. 

UN-CIIRIS'TIAN-IZE,  r.  t  To  turn  from  Hie  Cliris- 
tian  faith  ;  to  cause  lo  degenerate  from  the  belief 
and  profession  of  Christianity.  Burhitnan. 

UN-CHRIS-TIAN-T/.  /Jl),  /i/'.    Not  Christianized. 

UN-CHIU.SI'I  A.V-l.IKF.,  a.    Not  like  a  Christian. 

UN-CIIUIS'TIAN  I.V,  «.  (•"iitiary  to  the  laws  of 
('hristianity  ;  unttfcoining  Cliri.-.Iians.  .Milton. 

UN-CHItIS'i'lA\  l,V,  adr.  In  a  manner  contrary  to 
Christian  principles.  Hrdcll. 

UN-CHRIl^'TIAN-NliSS,  n.  Contrariety  to  Chris- 
tianilv.  K.  Chnrlrs. 

UN-t"HRON'I-CI.,f;D,  a.    Not  recorded  in  a  chronicle. 

UN-ClU'RCir,  r.  (.  To  expel  from  a  cliurcli ;  to  de- 
prive of  the  character  and  rights  of  a  church. 

Milnrr. 

UN-CHl'RCII'KI),  (-churcht',)  pp.  Expelled  from  a 
church. 

U.\-(;I1I;RCI1'ING,  ppr.    Expelling  fmm  a  church. 
UN'CIAI,,  (un'shal,)  a.    [I,,  uncialis.] 

rertaining  to  or  denoting  letters  of  a  largo  size, 
used  in  ancient  nianusrri|i's. 
UN'CI.\L,  71.    An  uncial  letter. 

UN'CI-KtJR.M,  a.  Having  a  ciir\-ed  or  hooked  form. 
UN'CI-.\.\TE,  «.    [I..  uiiciHatu.i,  from  uncus,  a  hook.] 

In  botany,  hooked  at  the  end.  Murtyn. 
UN-CIR'CU-L.\R,  a.   Not  circular  or  spherical. 

Chandler. 

UN-CIR'eU.M-CIS-£D,  a.   Not  circumcised. 

Scripture. 

UN-CIR-eUM-CI".«ION,  (  sur-kuin-sizh'un,)  ;i.  Ab- 
sence or  want  of  circumcision.  Hammond. 

2.  In  Scripture,  the  (ientiles  who  did  not  practice 
circumcision.    Rum.  iv.  9. 

[JN-CIR'CU.M-SCRIH-A;I),  a.  Not  circumscribed  ; 
not  bounded  ;  not  limited. 

Wlicre  the  prince  i*  undrcunucriltedf  obedience  oiiRht  to  be 
unlimited.  Addtnon. 

UN-CIR'eUM-SPE€T,  o.  Not  circumspect ;  not  cau- 
tious. Iltnjirard. 

UN-CIR'eU.M-SPECT-LY,  adv.  Without  circum- 
spection. 

UN-CIR-CUM-STAN'TIAL,  a.   Not  important.  [JVot 

ill  u.-ip.]  Brown. 
L'.V-CI  V'lL,  a.    Not  civil  ;  not  complaisant ;  not  cour- 

leiius  in  manners  ;  applied  to  persons. 
2.  Not  polite;  rude;  applied  to  manners;  as,  un- 

rifil  beha\'ior. 
I'.X-l'IV-lI^lZ.x'TION,  n.    A  state  of  savageness ; 

rude  state.  Did. 
l'N-('l\''IL-iZ-CT),  a.    Not  reclaimed  from  savage 

life  ;  as,  the  uncivilized  inhabitants  of  Canada  or 

New  Zealand. 
2.  Coarse  ;  indecent ;  as,  the  most  uncivilized  words 

in  our  language.    [A'ot  in  use.]  .^ddisun. 
UN-CI  V'lL-LY,  adv.  Not  coniplaisantly  ;  not  courte- 
ously ;  rudely.  Brown. 
U.V-€L.\I)',  a.    Not  clad  ;  not  clothed. 
UN-t'LAlM'£D,  a.   Not  claimed  ;  not  ileinandcd  ;  not 

called  for  ;  as,  unclaimed  dividends  of  a  bank. 
UN-€1,AR'I-Fl-/:U,  a.    Not  purified  ;  not  fined  ;  not 

depurated  by  a  separation  of  feculent  or  foreign 

matter. 

(JN-€LaSP',  t!.  t  To  loose  a  clasp  ;  to  open  what  is 
fastened  with  a  clasp;  as,  to  uncla.^p  a  book.  Shak. 

lTX-('l..\sr'I.\(;,  p;»r.    Loosing  a  clasp. 

l'.\-CLA!r'.SlC,        j  a.   Not  classic;  not  according 

UN-CLASiSie-.\L,  )  to  the  best  models  of  writing. 
2.  Not  pertaining  to  the  classic  writers  ;  as,  un- 
elassic  ground. 

I'N-CLA.S'Sie-AL-LY,  adv.  Not  according  to  the 
classics. 

L'.N'CLE,  (unkl',)  n.    [Fr  onele;  contracted  from  L. 
avunculus. 
The  hrother  of  one's  father  or  mother. 
U.\-eLl-..\N',  a.    Not  clean  ;  foul ;  dirty  ;  filthy. 

2.  Ill  the  Jewish  law,  ceremonially  impure  ;  not 
cleansed  by  ritual  practices.  AVm.  xix.  Lev.  xi. 
Rom.  xiv. 

3.  Foul  with  sin.    Matt.  x. 

That  hu'y  pluoe  where  no  unclean  thing  shall  enter.  Rogers. 

4.  Not  in  covenant  with  God.    1  Cor.  vii. 

5.  Lewd  ;  unchaste. 

AJulu-ry  of  the  heart,  consisting;  of  inordinate  and  unclean 
a;l.-i-llon..  Perkins. 

Ko  unclean  person  —  hath  any  inheritance  in  the  kin»;du(n  ol 
Christ  and  of  God.  —  Eph.  v. 

UN-eLl";AN'A-BLE,  a.   That  can  not  be  cleansed. 

Swift. 

U.\-eLEANiLI-NE.SS,  (un-klcn'le-ness,)  n.    Want  of 

cleanliness  ;  filthiness.  Clarendon. 
UN-eLE.\N'LY,  (un-klen'ly,)  a.   Foul ;  filthy  ;  dirty. 

Shuk. 

3.  Indecent ;  unchaste  ;  obscene. 
It  is  a  pity  that  these  harmonious  writers  have  indulged  any  thing 
uncleanly  or  impure  to  defile  Iheir  paper.  tt'alls. 

UN-CLEAN'NESS,  n.  Foulness;  dirtiness;  filthi- 
ness. 

Be  not  troublesome  to  ihysalf  or  to  others  by  uncleannett. 


UNC 

2.  Want  of  ritual  or  cereinonini  purity.    Ln.  xv. 

3.  Moral  iiiipurily  ;  defilenieiit  by  sin  ;  i>infiilii«89. 
1  will  s.iTe  you  from  lUt  your  uncleanneai.  —  V.vk.  ixxtI. 

4.  Lewdness  ;  incontinence.    Od.  in.    2  fri.  ii. 
UN-eLEANS'£D,  (-klenzd',)  a.    Not  cleansi  il  ;  not 

purified.  Bacon. 
UN-eLKAV'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  cleaved, 

split,  or  divided. 
UN-CLEW',  e.  t.    To  undo;  to  unwind,  unfold,  ol 

untie. 

UN-CLEWED,  pp.  Undone;  unwound,  or  untied. 
UN-CLINCH',  0.  t.    To  ol>eii  the  closed  hand  ;  as,  to 

unclineh  the  fist.  Garth. 
UN-ei.INCH'AU,  r-klinclil',)  pp.    Opened;  unclosed. 
UN-CLn"l'KD,(-klipt',)  a.  Not  clipped  ;  not  cut  ;  not 

duninished  or  shortt-iied  by  clipping;  as,  undipped 

nitmey  ;  undipped  hair. 
W-€Ij01',v.  t.    To  disencumber  of  difficulties  and 

obstructions ;  to  free  from  eiicunibrances,  or  any 

tiling  that  retards  motion. 
UN-CLOG'Gf;!),  (  klogd',)  pp.  or  a.    Disencumbered  ; 

set  free  from  obstructions. 
UN-eLOG'GfN(;,  ppr.  Disencumbering. 
UN-CLOIS'TER,  v.  t.   To  rclea.se  from  a  cloister  or 

from  confinement ;  to  set  at  liberty.  J\'urris. 
llN-eLOIiS'TER-f;0,  pp.    Released  from  a  cloister  or 

from  coiifiiitMiient. 
UN-CLOLS'TER-ING,  ppr.    Releasing  from  confine- 
ment. 

UN-eLOK'£D,  (-kI6kt',)a.    Not  covered  or  disguised. 
llN-CLOSE',  v.  t.    To  open  ;  to  break  tlie  seal  of;  as, 
to  unclose  a  letter.  Pope. 
2.  To  disclose  ;  to  lay  open. 
UN-€LoS'KD,  (  klozd',)  pp.  Opened. 

2.  a.    Not  separated  by  inclosures;  open. 

Clarendon. 

3.  Not  finished  ;  not  concluded.  Madisutu 

4.  Not  closed  ;  not  sealed. 
UN-CLOS'I.N'G,  ppr.    Opening;  breaking  the  seal  of. 
IJN-CLoTlIE',  t).  (.    To  strip  of  clothes;  to  make 

naked ;  to  divest. 

I'o  have  a  diatinct  knowledge  of  Uiings,  we  must  uncfolAe  them. 

H'aUB. 

UN-€LoTH'£D,  pp.    Stripped  of  clothing  or  covering. 

Not  for  lliat  we  would  be  unclothed,  but  clothed  upon.  —  2Cor.  r. 

2.  a.    Not  clothed  ;  wanting  clothes. 
UN-CLoTH'ED-LY,  mlv.    Without  clothing.  Bacon. 
UN-€LoTiriNG,  ppr.    Stripping  of  clothing. 

2.  n.    Act  of  taking  off  clothes. 
ITN-CLOUD',  j;.  L    To  unvail ;  to  clear  from  obscurity 
or  clouds. 

UN-CLOUD'ED,  a.    Not  cloudy;  free  from  clouds; 

clear  ;  as,  an  unclouded  sky. 
2.  Not  darkened  ;  not  obscured. 
UN-CLOUD'ED-NESS,  n.     Freedom  from  clouds; 

clearness. 

2.  Freedom  from  obscurity  or  gloom.  Boyle. 
UN-CLOUD'ING,  ppr.    Clearing  from  clouds  or  ob- 
scurity. 

UN-CLOUD'Y,  «.     Not  cloudy;  clear;  free  from 

clouds,  obscurity,  or  gloom.  Oay. 
UN-CLUTCH',  V.  L    To  open  something  closely  shut. 

Undutch  his  griping  h-ind.  Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-CO-AG'lI-LA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  coagu- 
lated. Good. 

UN-CO-AG'U-La-TED,  a.  Not  coagulated  or  con- 
creted. 

UN-CoAT'ED,  a.  Not  coated  ;  not  covered  with  a 
coat. 

UN-eOCK'£D,  (-kokt',)  a.    Not  cocked,  as  a  gun. 

2.  Not  made  into  cocks,  as  hay. 

3.  Not  set  up,  as  the  bnni  of  a  hat. 
UN-eOF'FIN-£D,  a.    Not  furnished  with  a  coffin. 
UN-Co'GENT  a.    Not  cogent  or  forcible.  BojUt. 
L/N-eOIF',  t).  «.    To  pull  the  cap  off.  JlrbiiUinot. 
irN-COIF'A'D,  (-koifl',)  a.    .Not  wearing  a  coif. 
UN-COIL',  V.  t.    To  unwind  or  open,  as  the  turns  of 

a  rope  or  other  line. 

f'N-eoiL'KD,  pp.    Opened;  unwound. 

UiV-COIL'I.NG,  ppr.    Opening;  unwinding. 

UN-eOlN'£D,  a.    Not  coined  ;  as,  uncoined  silver. 

UN-COL-LECT'ED,  a.  Not  collected  ;  not  received  ; 
as,  uncollected  taxes  ;  debts  uncollected. 

2.  Not  collected  ;  not  recovered  from  confusion, 
distraction,  or  wandering  ;  as,  the  mind  yet  uncol- 
lected. ' 

UN-COL-LECT'ED-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  not  being 
collected. 

UN-COL-LECT'I-BLE,  a.  Not  collectible  ;  that  can 
not  be  collected  or  levied,  or  paid  by  the  debtor;  as, 
uncollectible  taxes  ;  uncollectible  debts.  IfolrotL 

U.N-COL'OR-AD,  (-kul'lurd,)  a.     Not  colored  ;  nu« 
stained  or  dyed.  Bacon. 
2.  .Not  higlilencd  in  description. 

UN-eoMB'£U,  (komd',)  a.  Not  combed  ;  not  dressed 
with  a  comb.  Drydm. 

UN-COM-HIN'A-nLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  combining 
or  of  being  combined.  Davy. 

U.N'-eOM-BlN'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  uncombinable 
manner. 

UN-COJI-BIN'£D,  a.  Not  combined  ;  separate  ;  sim- 
ple. 


TCNE,  Bt;LL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


150 


WW* 


1193 


UNC 


UNC 


lIX-eOME'LI-NESS,  (-kiini'le-ness,)  71.  Want  of 
coiiieliiieis  ;  want  of  beauty  or  grace;  as,  uiicumeli- 
Ttcss  of  person,  of  dress,  or  behavior. 

Locke.  Wotton. 
UN-eOME'LY,  (-kum'Ie,)  a.    Not  comely  ;  wanting 
grace ;  as,  an  uncomely  person  ;  uncomely  dress  ;  wn- 
comely  manners. 
2.  Unseemly;  unbecoming;  unsuitable. 
IJ.\-eO.M'FORt-A-BLE,  (-lium'fort-,)  a.  Affording 
no  comfort ;  gloomy. 

Chrislmas — the  most  uncom/ortal'.e  time  of  the  year.  Addison. 

2.  Giving  uneasiness  ;  as,  an  uncomfortable  seat  or 
condition. 

UX-eOM'FORT-A-BLE-NESS,  (-kum'fort-,)  n.  AVant 
of  comfort  or  cheerfulness.  Taylor. 
2.  Uneasiness. 

UN-eO.M'FORT-A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  uncomfortable 
manner ;  without  comfort  or  cheerfulness  ;  in  an  un- 
easy state. 

UN-t'OM-MSND'En,  a.  Not  commanded  ;  not  re- 
quired by  precept,  order,  or  law  ;  as,  uncommonded 
austerities.  South. 

UN-eOiM-.\IEM'0-RA-TED.  a.    Not  commemorated. 

E.  Eoerett. 

UN-€OM-MEND'A-BLE,  a.    Not  commendable  ;  not 

worthy  of  coniniendation  ;  illaudabie.  Feltham. 
UN-€OM-MEND'ED,  a.  Not  praised  ;  not  commended. 

South. 

UN-flOM-lIER'CIAL,  (-mer'shal,)  a.  Not  commer- 
cial :  not  carrying  on  commerce. 

UN-eOM-.MER'CIAL-LY,  adv.  Not  according  to 
commercial  usage. 

UN-eo.M-JIIS'ER-A-TED,  o.  Not  commiserated  ;  not 
pitied. 

UN-eo.M-MIS'SION-ED,  (-mish'und,)  o.    Not  com- 
missioned ;  not  having  a  commission.  Tooke. 
UN-CO JI-.MIT'TED,  a.    Not  committed.  Hammond. 

2.  Not  referred  to  a  committee. 

3.  Not  pledged  by  any  thing  said  or  done. 
UN-eOM'MON,  a.    Not  common  ;  not  usual ;  rare  ; 

as,  an  uncommon  season  ;  an  uncommon  degree  of 

cold  or  heat ;  uncommon  courage. 
2.  Not  frequent ;  not  often  seen  or  known  ;  as,  an 

uncommon  production. 
UN-€0M'J10N-LY,  adv.    Rarely  ;  not  usually. 

2.  To  an  uncommon  degree. 
UN-GO. M'. MO N-N ESS,  ?i.     Rareness  of  occurrence  ; 

infrequency.    The  uncommonness  of  a  thing  often 

renders  it  valuable. 
UN-eO.M-:*10'NI-€.A-TED,  a.     Not  communicated; 

-not  disclosed  or  delivered  to  others. 

2.  Not  imparted  to  or  from  another ;  as,  the  uncom- 

municalcd  perfections  of  God. 
UN-eo.M-MC'NI-eA  TING,  a.    Not  making  commu- 
nication. 

UN-eo.M-MU'.M-eA-TIVE,  a.    Not  communicative  ; 

not  free  to  communicate  to  others  ;  reserved. 
UN-eOM-PA€T',  a.    Not  compact ;  not  firm;  not  of 

close  texture  ;  loose.  Jlddison. 
UN-eO.M-P.-ieT'ED,  a.    Not  compact ;  not  firm. 

Johnson. 

UN-eOAI-PAeT'ED-LY,  adv.    Not  compactedly. 
UN-€O.M'PA-NI-£D,  (  kum'pa-nid,)  a.     Having  no 

companion.  Fairfax. 
rUNACcoMPAMro  is  mostly  used.] 
U.V-eOM-PAN'ION-.\-BLE,  a.    Not  companionable 

or  sociable. 

U.N-eO.M-PAS'SIO\-ATE,  (-pash'un-,)  a.  Not  com- 
passionate ;  having  no  pity.  Shale, 

UN-eO.M-PAS'SION-£U,  (-pash'und.)  a.    Not  pitied. 

UN-eO.M-PEL'LA-BLE,  a.  Not  compellable;  that 
can  not  be  forced  or  compelled.  Feltham. 

UN-eOM-PELL'£D,a.  Not  forced;  free  from  com- 
pulsion. Pope. 

UX-€O.M-PEN'S.\-TED,  a.  Not  compensated  ;  unre- 
warded. 

UN-eO.M-PLAl.\'ING,    a.     Not  complaining;  not 

murmuring  ;  not  disposed  to  murmur. 
UN-eO.M-PLAIN'lNG-LY,  ado.    Without  complain- 

UN-eO.M-PLAIX'ING-NESS,  n.  An  uncomplaining 
slate. 

UN-eOM'PLAI-SANT,  a.  Not  complaisant ;  not 
civil ;  not  courteous.  Locke. 

UN-CO.M'PLAI-SANT-LY,  adv.  Uncivilly  ;  discour- 
teously. 

UN-€O.M-PI,F.TE',  a.    Not  complete  ;  not  finished  ; 

not  pfrfert.    fDut  I.xcompi.ete  is  chiefly  used.] 
U.\-eo.M-PI,E'l''EI),  a.    Not  finished  ;  not  completed. 
UN-eOM'Pf.l  eA-TED,  a.    Not  complicated  ;  simple. 
UN-COM-PI,r-MENT'A-RY,  a.    Not  complimentary. 
UN-eo.M-PL?'I.\G,  a.    Not  complying  ;  not  yielding 

to  recpieAl  or  rnmniand  ;  unbending. 
UN-eO.M-POS'A.I),  a.  Not  coui|Kistd. 
UN-eOM-POUNIi'ED,  a.     Not  compounded ;  not 

mixed. 

Hanln'-M  ma/  be  Ircjconed  the  prupcny  of  nil  unajmpourvitd 

nijiliiT.  Niwton. 
Q.  Pimple  :  not  Intric.ite,  Hammond. 
UN-CO.M  POUND'EU  LY,  adv.    Wilhoul  being  com- 
pouriileil. 

U.V-eo.M-POUND'ED-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  mix- 
ture; aimplicity  of  iu  balance.  Hammond. 


UN-eO.M-PRE-HEN'SIVE,  a.    Not  comiirehensive. 

2.  Unable  to  comprehend.  South. 
UN-€O.M  PRESS'EU,  (-koni-prest',)  a.    Not  com- 
pressed ;  free  from  compression.  Bovle. 
UN-eO.M'PRO-.AIIS-ING,  a.    Not  admitting  of  "com- 
promise;  not  agreeing  to  terms ;  not  yielding. 

RevieiB. 

UN-€OX-CeAL'A-BLE,  a.   Not  concealable. 
UN-eON-CEAL'£D,  a.    Not  concealed. 
UN-eON-CEIV'A-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  conceived  or 
understood  ;  that  can  not  be  comprehended.  Locke. 
[But  Inconceivable  is  chiefly  used.] 
UN-eC'N-CElV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  beinj;  inconceivable.    [Little  useU.]  Locke. 
UN-eO.\'-CElV'£D,  a.    Not  thought ;  not  imagined. 

Creech, 

UN-eON-CERN',  71.    AVant  of  concern  ;  absence  of 

anxiety  ;  freedom  from  solicitude.  Swift, 
UN-€ON-CERN'£)D,  a.  Not  concerned  ;  not  anxious  ; 
feeling  no  solicitude.    He  is  unconcerned  at  what  has 
happened.    He  is  unconcerned  about  or  for  the  future. 
H:.ppy  mort-ils,  unconcerned  for  more.  Dryden, 
[It  has  at  sometimes  before  a  past  event,  but  aJoiit 
or  for  is  more  generally  used  before  a  past  or  future 
event.] 

2.  Having  no  interest  in.    He  is  unconcerned  in  the 
events  of  the  day. 

UN-eON-CERN'ED-L Y,  adv.  Without  interest  or  af- 
fection ;  without  anxiety. 

And  uncancernedly  cast  his  ejrea  around.  Dryden. 

UN-eON-CERN'ED-NESS,n.  Freedom  from  concern 
or  anxiety.  South. 

UN-€ON-CERN'ING,  a.  Not  interesting  ;  not  affect- 
ing; not  belongina  to  one.    L/Vul  t/se^/.]  Mdison. 

UN-€ON-CERN'MENT,  ti.  The  state  of  having  no 
share.    [J\"u(  n.<ed.]  South, 

U.\-€ON-CERT'ED,  a.    Not  concerted. 

UN-eON-CIL'I-A-TED,  a.   Not  reconciled. 

UN-eON-CIL'I-A-TING,  a.  Not  conciliating  ;  not 
adapted  or  disposed  to  gain  favor,  or  to  reconcilia- 
tion. 

UN-€0N-CIL'I-A-T0-RY,  a.  Not  tending  to  concili- 
ate. Jefferson. 

UN-eON-€LuD'I-BLE,  a.  Not  determinable.  [Mt 
used.]  More. 

UN-eON-€LuD'ING,  la.    Not  decisive;  not  infer- 

UN-eO.\-eLuD'ENT,  )  ring  a  plain  or  certain  con- 
clusion or  consequence.    [Little  used.] 

Hale,  Locke, 
[In  the  place  of  these.  Inconclusive  is  generally 
used.] 

UN-eO.\-€LuD'ING-NE3S,  n.    Quality  of  being  in- 
conclusive.   [JVo(  used,]  Boyle, 
UN-eO.\-eLt5'SIVE,  a.    Not  decisive.  Uammotid. 

[But  Inconclvsite  is  now  used.] 
UN-eON-eoeT'ED,  a.    Not  concocted  ;  not  digested. 

Brown, 

UN-eON-DE.MN'£D,  (-kon-demd',)  a.  Not  con- 
demned ;  not  judged  guilty. 

A  man  that  is  a  Roman  and  uncondemned.  — Acta  xxii. 
5.  Not  disapproved  ;  not  pronounced  criminal ;  as, 
a  practice  yet  uncondemned.  Locke. 
UN-eON-DE.\S'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  con- 
densed. 

UN-eO.V-DENS'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being 
incapable  of  condensation. 

UN-eO.\-DE.\S'£D,  (-kon-denst',)  a.  Not  con- 
densed. 

UN-eo.\-DI"TIO\-AL,  (-kon-dish'un-,)  a.  Abso- 
lute ;  unreserved  ;  not  limited  by  any  conditions. 
AVe  are  required  to  make  an  unconditional  surrender 
of  ourselves  to  our  Maker.  The  king  demanded  an 
unconditional  submission. 

O,  pis9  not,  LonI,  an  altsoiiile  d«ree, 

Or  liiid  thy  sentence  uncomiitionai.  Dryden. 

UN-eON-ni"TION-AL-I.Y,  adv.     Without  condi- 
tions ;  without  terms  of  limitation  ;  without  reserva- 
tion.   The  troops  did  not  surrender  unconditionally^ 
but  by  rapitulatitm. 
UN-e().\-!)OC'I.N'f;,  a.    Not  leading  to.  Phillips, 
UN-eO.\-DUeT'ED,  a.    Not  led;  not  guided. 

Barrow. 

UN-eO.V-FESS'£D,  (-kon-fest',)  a.    Not  confessed  ; 

not  acknowledged. 
UN-eO\-FESS'lNG.  a.    Not  making  confession. 
UN-€ON-FIN'A-BLE,  (-kon-f in'a-bl,)  a.  Unbound- 
ed.   r.V"t  used.]  Shali. 
2.  That  can  not  be  confined  or  restrained. 

Thomson. 

UN-eON-FT.N'KD,  a.     Not  confined  ;  free  from  re- 
straint ;  free  from  control.  Pope. 
2.  Having  nolmiita;  illimitable;  unbounded. 

Spectator. 

UN-CON-FIN'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  confinement  or 
limitation.  Barrow. 

UN-eo.V  FIRM'£D,  (  kon-furmd',)  a.  Not  fortified 
by  rcsohiliim  ;  weak  ;  raw  ;  as,  troops  unconfirmed 
by  experience. 

2.  Not  confirmed  ;  not  strengthened  by  additional 
testimony. 

Ilia  wilnrM  uricon/rmfd.  t^itlton. 

3.  Not  confirmed  according  to  the  church  ritual. 


UN-eON-FORM',  a.    Unlike  ;  diss  milar;  not  analo- 
gous.   [J\';(  in  use.]  Milton. 
UN-fON-FOR.M'A-BLE,  a.     Not  consistent  ;  not 
agreeable  ;  not  conforming. 

Mora]  evil  is  an  action  uncon/ormablt  to  Che  rule  of  our  ilnty. 

Wiuis. 

2.  In  geology,  not  lying  in  a  parallel  position,  as 
strata.  "  Mantell. 

UN-€ON-FORM'A-BLY,  arfo.  In  an  unconformable 
manner. 

UN-€ON-FORM'I-TY,  n.  Incongruity;  inconsisten- 
cy ;  want  of  conformity.  South. 

UN-eoN-FOUND'ED,  n.    Not  confounded. 

UN-eON-FOUND'EU-LY,  adv.  AA'ithout  being  con- 
founded. 

UN-eON-FuS'£D,  a.    Free  from  confusion  or  disor- 
der. Locke. 
2.  Not  embarrassed. 
UN-eON-FuS'ED-LY,  adv.     AVithout  confusion  or 

disorder.  Locke. 
UN-€ON-FuT'A-BLE,  a.    Not  confutable  ;  not  to  be 
refuted  or  overthrown  ;  that  can  not  be  disproved  or 
convicted  of  error  ;  as,  an  unconfutable  argument. 

Sprat. 

UN-eON-GE.'X.L'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
ctmgealed. 

UN-eON-GKAL'£D,  a.   Not  frozen  ;  not  congealed  ; 

not  concreted.  Brown. 
UN-eON-Gi'.'NI-AL,  a.    Not  congenial. 
UN-€ON'JU-GAL,  a.  .Not  suitable  to  matrimonial 

faith  ;  not  befitting  a  wife  or  husband.  .Villon. 
UN-eON-JUNG'TIVE,  a.    That  can  not  be  joined. 

[Little  used.]  .Hilton. 
U.N-eON-NECT'ED,  a.    Not  connected  ;  not  united  ; 

separate. 

2.  Not  coherent ;  not  joined  by  proper  transitions 
or  dependence  of  parts;  loose;  vague;  desultory; 
as,  an  unconnected  discourse, 

UN-eON-NI\''lXG,  a.  Not  conniving  ;  not  o%'erlook- 
ing  or  winking  at.  MUton. 

UN-eON'QUER-.\-BLE,  a.  Not  conquerable;  invin- 
cible ;  that  can  not  be  vanquished  or  defeated  ;  that 
can  not  be  overcome  in  contest ;  as,  an  unconquera- 
ble foe. 

2.  That  can  not  be  subdued  and  brought  under 
control  ;  as,  niiconqnerahle  passions  or  temper. 

UN-€ON'aUER-A-liLY,  adv.  Invincibly  ;  insupera- 
bly ;  as,  foes  unconqiirrabhj  strong.  Pope. 

UX-€ON'aUER-£U,  (-konk'erd,)  a.  Not  vanquished 
or  defeate<l. 

2.  Unsubdued  ;  not  brought  under  control. 

3.  Invincible;  insuperable.  Sidney. 
UN-eON-SCl-EN'TlOUS,  (-kon-she-en'shus,)  a.  Not 

conscientious  ;  not  regulated  or  limited  by  conscience. 

Kent. 

UN-eON'SCION-A-BLE,  a.  Unreasonable  ;  exceed- 
ing the  limits  of  any  reasonable  claim  or  expecta- 
tion ;  as,  an  unconscionable  request  or  demand. 

L^Estrange, 

2.  Forming  unreasonable  expectations.  You  can 
not  be  so  unconscionable  as  to  expect  this  sacrifice  on 
my  part. 

3.  Enormous ;  vast ;  as,  unconscionable  size  or 
strides.    [A'ot  elegant.] 

4.  Not  guided  or  influenced  by  conscience. 

South. 

UN-eON'SCIO.\-.\-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unreasonable- 
ness of  hope  or  claim. 

UN-€ON'SCION-A-BLY,  adv.  Unreasonably  ;  in  a 
manner  or  degree  that  conscience  and  reason  do  not 
justify.  Hudibras. 

UN-CON'SCIOUS,  a.  Not  conscious;  having  no 
mental  perceptitui ;  as,  unconscious  causes. 

Blackmore. 

2.  Not  conscious  ;  not  knowing;  not  perceiving; 
as,  unconscious  of  guilt  or  error. 

UN-eON'SCIOUS-LY,  adv,  AA'ithout  perception  ; 
without  knowledge. 

UN-eON'SUIOUS-NESS,  n.  AA'ant  of  perception  ; 
want  of  kn(>wledge. 

UN-eoN'SE-eRATE,  v,  t.  To  render  not  sacred  ;  to 
desecrate.    [^Vof  rued.]  South. 

UN-eON'SE-CRA-TEL),  a.  Not  consecrated  ;  not  set 
apart  for  a  sacred  use  by  religious  ceremonies  ;  not 
dedicated  or  devoted;  as,  a  temple  unconsecratcd ; 
uneonsecrated  bread. 

UN-eON'SE-eRA-TED-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being 
iinconsec  rated. 

UN-eON-SENT'ED  to.  Not  consented  to;  not  yield- 
ed ;  not  agreed  to.  Wake. 

UN-eON-SE.N'T'ING,  a.  Not  consenting;  not  yield- 
ing consent. 

UN-€0.\-SIU'ER-£D,  a.  Not  considered  ;  not  at- 
tended to.  Shak. 

UN-eON-SlD'ER-ING,  a.    Not  considering. 

UN-t;0.\-Sf5L'£l),  a.    Not  consoled  ;  \u>\  tnmforted. 

UN-eON-SOL'I-DA-TED,  o.  Not  consolidated  or 
made  solid. 

UN-eoN-SOL'ING,  a.  Not  consoling  ;  affording  no 
ctinifitrt.  Bochminster 

UN-eON'SO-NANT,  a.  Not  consonant ;  not  consist- 
ent ;  inconcruous  ;  unfit.  Hooker, 

U.\-ef).N-SPie'II-OUS, a.  Not  open  to  the  view  ;  not 
connpicuoiis. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WH.^T.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MAIUNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


UNC 

UN-eON-SPIR'ING-NES;S,  ji.  Absence  of  plot  or 
conspiracy,    [^n  ill-farmed  word,  and  not  used.] 

Boiile. 

UN-eON'STANT,  o.    Not  constant;  not  stcaAy  or 
fiiithful;  fickle;  clmngeable.  Sluk. 
[Inconstant  is  now  used.] 

UN-eOi\-STl-T0'TU)N-AI,,  a.  Not  aErceal.lc  to  the 
constitution  ;  not  aulhorizcil  by  the  constitution  ; 
contrary  to  the  principles  of  the  constitution.  It  is 
not  unconstitutional  for  the  king  of  Great  Britair  to 
declare  war  without  the  consent  of  parliament ;  but 
for  tile  president  of  the  United  Slates  to  declare  war, 
without  an  act  of  congress  autliori/.ing  it,  would  he 
unconstitulionat, 

UN-eON'-STI-'I'U-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.  Tlic  quality  of 
beiiij;  unautliori/.cd  by  the  cnustitiition,  or  contrary 
to  its  provisions  or  principles.  Tlie  Supreme  Court 
ho-s  power  to  decide  ujioti  ttie  uncoiutitutionalitij  of  a 
law. 

U.\-eON-STI-TC'TION-AL-I,Y,  adv.    In  a  manner 

not  warranted  by  or  contrary  to  the  constitution. 
UN-eON-STRAlN'/';i),  a.    Free  from  constraint ;  act 
in^  voluntarily  ;  voluntary.  JJnjilen. 
2.  N<tt  proceedinj;  from  constraint,  as  actions. 
UX  eON-STKAI.N'ED-LY,  aih:     Williout  force  or 
constraint;  freely;  spontaneously;  voluntarily. 

Si)«(A. 

UN-eON-STR.^INT',  n.    Freedom  from  constraint; 

ease.  Felton. 
ITN-CO\-SUT,T'ED,  o.    Not  asked  or  consulted. 
UN-eON-SULT'INU,  a.   TakiiiR  no  advice  ;  rash  ; 

imprudent.  Sidncij. 
UN  eoX  SO.M'KD,  a.    Not  consumed  ;  not  wasted, 

expi-nded,  or  dissipated  ;  not  deslroved.  Milton. 
UN-eON-SUM'.MATE,  a.    Not  consummated. 

Drriden. 

UN-eON-TEMN'CT,  (-temd',)  a.    Not  despised. 
UN-eo.\-TEM'PI-.A-TED,  a.    Not  contemplated. 
UN-eO.V-TENl)'EU,  u.    Not  disputed.  Drydcn. 
Uncontcnded  for ;  not  contended  for;  not  urged 
for. 

U-V-eON-TENO'ING,  a.  Not  contending  ;  not  con- 
testins  :  not  disputing. 

UN-eoN-TENT'ED,  a.  Not  contented  ;  not  satis- 
fied. Driiden. 

UN-eON-TENT'lNG-NESS,  n.  Want  of  power  to 
satisfy.    [JVnA  in  use.]  Boi/lc. 

UN-eON-TEST'A-BI,E,  a.  Indisputable  ;  not  to  be 
controverted.  [Incontestable  is  the  word  now 
used.] 

UN-eON-TEST'ED,  a.    Not  contested  ;  not  disputed. 

2.  Evident ;  plain.  Btackmnre. 
UN-eON-TRA-DieX'A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be 

contradicted.  Fitch. 
UN-eON.TR.\-DieT'ED,  a.     Not  contradicted;  not 

denied.  Pearson. 
UN-eON'TRITE,  a.    Not  contrite  ;  not  penitent. 

Hammond. 

UN-eON-TRIVBD,  a.    Not  contrived  ;  not  formed 

bv  design.  Du>ii;ht. 
UN-eON-TRIV'lNG,  a.  Not  contriving ;  improvident. 

aoldsmiUi. 

UN-eON-TROLL'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  con- 
trolled ;  ungovernable  ;  that  can  not  be  restrained  ; 
as,  an  nncontroltabte  temper  ;  uncontrollable  subjects. 

2.  That  can  not  be  resisted  or  diverted;  as,  un- 
controtlable  events. 

3.  Indisputable;  irrefragable;  3is,at\uncontrollnblc 
maxim  ;  the  king's  uncontrollable  title  to  the  English 
throne. 

UN-eoN-TROLL'A-BLY,  adv.  Without  power  of 
opposition. 

2.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that  admits  of  no  re- 
straint or  resistance  ;  as,  a  stream  uncontrollably  vio- 
lent. 

UN-eON'-TROLL'JoD,  a.  Not  governed ;  not  sub- 
jected to  a  superior  [wwer  or  autliority ;  not  re- 
strained. 

2.  Not  resisted  ;  unopposed.  Dnjden. 

3.  Not  convinced  ;  not  refuted.  [Unusual.] 

Hatrward, 

UN-eON-TROLL'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  control  or 
restraint ;  without  elTectual  ojiposition. 

Dcca^-of  Piety. 
UN-eo\'TRO-VERT-ED,  a.     Not  disputed  ;  not 
contested  ;  not  liable  to  be  called  in  question. 

OlanvWe. 

UN-€ON-VERS'.\-BLE,  a.    Not  free  in  conversation  ; 

not  social ;  reserved. 
2.  Not  suited  to  conversation.  Rogers. 
UN-CON'VER-PANT,  a.     Not  conversant;  not  fa- 

niiliarlv  acquainted  with.  .MUford. 
UN-eo.X-VERT'EI),  a.    .Not  converted  ;  n<itchang..d 

in  opinion  ;  not  turned  from  one  faith  to  another. 

2.  Not  persuaded  of  the  truth  of  the  Christian  re- 
ligion ;  as,  unconverted  pagans.    .Addison,  Hooker. 

3.  Not  renewed  ;  not  regenerated  ;  not  having  the 
natiiml  enmity  of  the  heart  subdued,  and  a  principle 
of  grace  implanted.  Baxter. 

4.  Not  turned  or  changed  from  one  form  to  an- 
other. 

UN-CON- VERT'I-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  convert- 
ed or  changed  in  form.  Lead  is  unconvertible  into 
silver. 


UNC 

UN-eC)N-VI.\'C/CD,  C-kon-vinst',)  a.  Not  convinced  ; 
not  persuaded.  Locke. 

UN  roN-VI\'CING,  a.    Not  sufficient  to  convince 

UN-t'0.\-VULS'iCn,  (-kon-vulsl',)  n.  Not  convulsed. 

UN-€  (JRD',  V.  t.  To  loose  from  cords  ;  to  unfasten 
or  unbind  ;  as,  to  uncord  a  bed  ;  to  uncord  a  pack- 
age. 

UN  eORD'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  cords  ;  unbound. 
UN-rORD'I-AL,  a.    Not  cordial  ;  not  heartv. 
UN-eoRD'ING,  ppr.    Unfastening  ;  iinbinilin!!. 
UN-COKK',  II.  t.    To  draw  the  Cork  from  ;  as,  to  un- 
cork  a  bottle. 

UN-eoRK'/jn,  (  korkt',)  pp.  Not  having  the  cork 
drawn. 

UN-eORK'ING,  ppr.    Drawing  the  cork  from. 
UN-eOR'O-NET-EL),  a.    Not  lionored  with  a  coronet 

or  title.  Pollok. 
UN-euR'PIJ-LENT,  a.    Not  corpulent ;  not  fleshy. 

PoUok. 

UN-eOR-REGT'EO,  a.  Not  corrected  ;  not  revised  ; 
not  rendered  exact ;  as,  an  uncorrected  copy  of  a 
writing. 

2.  Not  reformed ;  not  amended ;  as,  life  or  man- 
ners uncorrected. 

UN-COU'RI-Cil-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  he  corrected  ; 
depraved  beyond  correction. 

[  For  this,  Incohkioihle  is  now  used.] 

U.\-ei)R-ROB'0-RA-'i'El),  a.    Not  conlirmed. 

UN-euR-KUPT',  a.  Not  corrupt  ;  not  depraved  ;  not 
perverted  ;  not  tainted  with  wickedness  ;  not  influ- 
enced by  iniquitous  interest ;  as,  aii  uncorriipt  judg- 
ment;  «iici>rr«;»«  manners.  /looker. 

UN-eOR-RUPT'EI),  a.  Not  corrupted  ;  not  vitiated  ; 
not  depraved  ;  as,  the  dictates  of  iiHriirTH/>(/'</ reason  ; 
uncorrupted  records.  Onidcn.  Locke. 

UN-eOR-RUPT'EU-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  uncor- 
rupted. Milton. 

UN-COR-RUPT'I-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  cor- 
rupted. 

[But  Incorruptible  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-fOR-RUPT'LY,  ado.    With  integrity  ;  honestly. 

Cti.  Relig.  Appeal. 
UN-eOR-RUPT'NESS,  n.     Integrity  ;  uprightness. 
Til.  ii. 

UN-eOUN'SEL-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  advised  ;  not 
consistent  with  good  advice  or  prudence. 

Clarendon. 

UN-eOUN'SEL-£D,  a.  Not  having  counsel  or  ad- 
vice. Burke. 

UN  €OUNT'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  counted  ; 
innumenible.  Ralegh. 

UN-eOUNT'ED,  a.  Not  counted  ;  not  nunibere<l.  Shah. 

UN-COUN'TE-NANC-£l),  (-kouu'te-nanst,)  a.  Not 
encouraged. 

UN-COUN-TER-AGT'ED,  a.  Not  counteracted  ;  not 
cfTectually  opposed.  JV.  W.  Taiilor. 

UN-CUUN'TER-FEIT,  a.  Not  counterfeit ;  not  spu- 
rious ;  genuine ;  as,  uncountcrfeit  zeal.  Sprat. 

UN  eOUN'TER-FEIT-EI),  a.    Not  counterfeited. 

UN-CdUN-TER-.MAND'En,  a.    Not  countermanded. 

UN-COUP'LE,  (un-kup'pl,)  ij.  t.  To  loose  dogs  from 
their  couples ;  to  set  loose ;  to  disjoin. 

Shah.  Dnjden. 

UN-eOUP'Li'D,  (un-kup'pld,)  pp.  Disjoined  ;  set 
free.  — 

UN-eOUP'LING,  (un-kup'pling,)  ppr.  Disuniting; 
settins  free. 

UN-eOURT'E-OUS,  a.  Uncivil;  unpolite  ;  not  kind 
and  complaisant.  Sidnetf. 

UN-eOI,'RT'E-OUS-LY,  adv.    Uncivilly;  impolitely. 

UN-eOURT'E-OUS-NESS, 7U  Incivility;  disobliging 
trealincnt. 

UN-CoURT'LI-NESS,  n.     Unsuitableness  of  man- 
ners to  a  court;  inelegance;  as,  uncourtlincs.t  of 
manners  or  phrases.  .^dJison. 
UN-€OURT'LY,  a.    Inelegant  in  manners;  not  be- 
coming a  court ;  not  refined  ;  not  polite  ;  as,  uncourt- 
ly  behavior  or  language.  Swift. 
2.  Not  courteous  or  civil ;  as,  an  uneourtly  speech, 
.f.  Not  versed  in  the  manners  of  a  court. 
UN-eOUTIl',  (  kooth',)  n.    [Sax.  uncuth,  unknown.] 
Odd;  strange;  unusual;  not  rendered  pleasing  by 
familiarity  ;  as,  an  uncouth  phrase  or  expression  ;  un- 
couth manners  ;  uncouth  dress. 
UN-eOUTir-LOOK-lNG,  o.    Having  uncoutii  looks. 

Irrinir. 

UN-eOUTII'LY,  adv.    Oddly  ;  strangely.  Driiden. 

UN-€OUTH'NE!fS,  (-koolh'ness,)  n.  Odilncss  ; 
strangeness  ;  want  of  agreeableness  derived  from 
familiarity  ;  as,  the  uncouthness  o(  ti  word  or  of  dress. 

UN-eOV'E-NANT-ED,  a.  Not  promised  by  cove- 
nant ;  not  resting  on  a  covenant  or  promiiie. 

S.  MMer. 

UN-eOV"ER,  (un-kiiv'er,) ». «.  To  divest  of  a  cov- 
er ;  to  remove  any  covering  from  ;  a  aord  if  general 
use. 

2.  To  deprive  of  clothes  ;  to  strip  ;  to  make  naked. 

Shak. 

3.  To  unroof,  as  a  building. 

4.  To  lake  off  the  hat  or  cap  ;  to  bare  the  head. 

5.  To  strip  of  a  vail,  or  of  any  thing  that  conceals  ; 
to  lav  open  ;  to  di.-^close  to  view. 

UN-<  OV'ER-KD,  (-kuv'erd,)  pp.  Divested  of  a  cov- 
ering or  clothing ;  laid  open  to  view  ;  made  bare. 


UNC 

UN  COV'ER-ING,  ppr.  Divesting  of  a  cover  or  of 
cliitlies  :  stripping  of  a  vail ;  laving  open  to  view. 

UN-COWL',  r.  L    To  dejirive  of  a  cowl. 

UN-CO\\  L'/;i),  i)p.    Deurived  of  a  c(jwl. 

UN-CRA.MP'A'D,  (-krniiipl',)  a.  Not  cramped  ;  not 
confined  or  fettered  ;  free  from  consiraiiii. 

Kd.  Rev 

UN-GRE-ATE',  v.  I.  To  annihilate  ;  to  deprive  of 
existence. 

Who  CM)  unerenle  lh^*»,  thou  ■lialt  know.  Milton. 

UN-eRE-AT'ED,  pp.  Reduced  to  nothing;  deprived 
of  existence. 

2.  a.  Not  yet  created  ;  as,  misery  uncreated. 

Milton. 

3.  Not  produced  by  creation.  Go<l  is  an  uncreated 
beinir.  Locke. 

UN-CRE-AT'I.NG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  existence. 
UN-CRED'I-ULF,,  a.    Not  to  be  believed  ;  not  entitled 

to  creilit.    f  Fomliis,  Increoiule  is  used.] 
UN-CRE1)'IT-A-BLE,  a.    Not  in  good  credit  or  repu- 
tation ;  not  reputable.  Hammond. 
2.  Nut  for  the  credit  or  reputation.  Miiford. 
UN-CREU'ri'-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Want  of  reputation. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
2.  The  quality  of  being  disreputable. 
UN-CRED'IT-EU,  a.    Not  believed.  Warner. 
UN-CRIT'IC-AL,  a.    Not  critical. 

2.  Not  according  to  the  just  rules  of  criticism. 

.V.  StuarU 

UN-CRIT'ie-AL-LY,  adr.    Not  crilicallv. 

UN-CROP'PAI),  (-kropt',)  a.  Not  cropjied  ;  not  gath- 
ered. Milton. 

UN-CRO.SS'BD,  (-krost',)  a.  Not  crossed  ;  not  can- 
celed. 

2.  Not  thwarted  ;  not  opposed. 

UN  CROWU'F.I),  a.  Not  crowded  ;  not  Compressed; 
not  straitened  for  want  of  room. 

UN-CROWN',  0.  £.  To  deprive  of  a  crown  ;  to  de- 
throne. 

2.  To  pull  off  tile  crown.  Drydm. 

UN-eRO\V.\'f;D,  pp.    Deprived  of  a  crown. 
2.  a.  Not  crowned  ;  havinj;  no  crown. 

UN-CROWN'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  a  crown. 

UN-CRU.SII'BD,  (  krusht',)  «.    Not  crushed. 

UN-eRYS'TAl.^LT.\E,  a  Not  crystalline;  not  hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  crystal ;  not  prcsentiiiK  a  dis- 
tinct crystalline  texture.  Dona. 

UN-CRYS'TAL-LIZ-A-BLE,  a.  Not  susceptible  of 
crystallization.  Ure. 

UNfRY.S'TAL-LlZ-CT,  a.    Not  crystallized. 

UNCTION,  ;i.  [Fr.  onction  :  L.  unctio,  from  ungo,  to 
anoint.] 

1.  The  act  of  anointing.  Hooker. 

2.  Unguent ;  ointmenl.    [Unusual.]  Dnjden. 

3.  The  act  of  anointing  medically  ;  as,  mercurial 
unction.  .drbuUinot. 

4.  Any  thing  softening  or  lenitive.  Shak. 

5.  That  fervor  and  tenderness  of  address  which 
excites  piety  and  devotion.  Johnson. 

C.  Ricliness  of  gracious  afTcctions. 

7.  Divine  or  sanctifying  grace.    1  ./ohn  i. 

Extreme  unction  ;  the  rite  of  anointing  in  the  last 
hours  ;  or  the  application  of  sacred  oil  to  tlie  head, 
the  hands,  and  the  feet,  of  a  dying  |H>rson. 

Kneijc.  jjm. 

UNCT-T^-OS'I-TY,  n.    Oiliness ;  fatness ;  the  quality 

of  being  greasv.  Brown. 
UNCT'U-OUS,  a.    Fat ;  oily  ;  greasy. 

Milton.  Dryden. 
2.  Having  a  resemblance  to  oil ;  as,  tlie  unctuou* 
fee]  of  a  stone. 
UNeT'^-OUS-NESS,  n.    Fatness;  oiliness. 

2.  The  quality  of  resembling  oil. 
UN-eULL  KI),  a.    Not  gathered. 

2.  Not  separated  ;  not  selected. 
UN-eUL'P.V-BLE,  a.    Not  blamable  ;  not  faulty. 

Ho'okcr. 

U.N-eULT',  a.    [un  and  L.  cuttus.]  Uncultivated; 

rude  ;  illiterate.    [.Vot  in  use.]    Cb.  Reli^r.  .ippeal. 
UN-CUL'Tl-VA-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  being  tilled 

or  cnltivaleJ. 

UN-eUL'TI-VA-TED,  a.  Not  cultivated  ;  not  tilled  ; 
not  used  in  tillage  ;  as.  an  uncultivated  tract  of  land. 

2.  Not  instructed  ;  not  civilized  ;  rude  ;  rough  in 
manners  ;  as,  an  uncultivated  natirn  or  ace. 

Locke.  Roseomm.*n. 
UN  eUL'TI-VA-TED-NESS,  n.     An  uncultivbted 
state. 

UN-CU.M'BER-ED,  a.  Not  burdened  ;  not  emb  .r- 
rassed.  Drydrn. 

UN-CCR'A-BLE,  a.  Incurable.  [The  latter  is  mostly 
used.  ] 

UN-COR'A-BLY,  adv.  Incurably. 

U.N'-ei'RB'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  curbed  or 
checked.    lAuI  i;i  use.]  Shak. 

UN  eURB'/;l),  a.  Not  curbed  ;  not  restrained  ;  licen- 
tious. Shak. 

UN-CURL',  V.  L   To  loose  from  ringleU. 

The  lion  uncur/j  hij  angry  mane.  DryiUn. 

UN-CURL',  r.  i.  To  fall  from  a  curled  stale,  as  ring- 
lets ;  to  become  straight.  Shak. 

UN-CURL'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  ringlets. 
2.  a.  Not  curled  ;  not  formed  into  ringlets. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


111)5 


UND 

I'N-eURL'ING,  ppr.    Loosing  from  ringlets. 

DN  eUR'RE.VT,  a.  Not  current ;  not  passing  in  com- 
mon payment ;  as,  uncurrent  coin  or  notes.  Shak, 

UN-eURSE',  (un-kurs',)  v.  L  To  free  from  any  exe- 
cration.   [jVot  used.]  Shak. 

VS-€VRS'ED,  I  a.    Not  cursed  ;  not  execrated. 

UN-CURfT',    \  K.  Charles. 

(JN-ei'R-TAIL'£D,  a.    Not  curtailed  ;  not  shortened. 

UN-Cl'R'TAIN,  V.  t.  To  remove  a  curtain  or  cover 
ins  from. 

UN-eUS'TOJI-A-RI-LY,  adv.  In  an  unusual  man- 
ner. 

UN-eUS'TOM-A-RI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  not 
CMstomarv. 

UN-eUS'TOSI-A-RY,  a.    Not  customary  ;  not  usual. 

Dwigkt. 

UN-€US'TOJl-£D,  a.    Not  subjected  to  customs  c 

duty.  jJsA. 
9.  That  has  not  paid  duty,  or  been  charged  will, 

customs.  Smollett. 
UN-eUT',  a.  Not  cut ;  as,  trees  uncut  Waller. 
UN-DAM',  V.  t.    To  free  from  a  dam,  mound,  or  ob 

struction.  Dnjderu 
IjP1-DAM'AG-£D,  a.  Not  damaged  ;  not  made  worse  j 

as,  nndamatred  goods. 
UN-DAiM'M£D,  pp.    Freed  from  a  dam,  mound,  or 

obstruction. 

UN-DAMP'£D,  (-dampt',)  a.  Not  damped  ;  not  de- 
pressed. 

UN-Da N'GER-OUS,  o.    Not  dangerous.  Thomxon. 

UN-DXRK'£N-£D,  a.   Not  darkened  or  obscured. 

UN'DA-TED,  a.    [L.  undalus ;  unda,  a  wave.] 

Waved  ;  rising  and  falling  in  waves  toward  the 
margin,  as  a  leaf.  Lee. 

UN-DaT'ED,  a.    Not  dated  ;  having  no  date. 

UN-DXUNT'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  daunted.  Ilarmar. 

UN-D.iiUNT'ED,  a.  Not  daunted  ;  not  subdued  o- 
depressed  bv  fear  ;  intrepid.  Dryden. 

UN-DA UNT'ED-LY,  a(7c.    Boldly  ;  intrepidly.  South. 

UN-DAUNT'ED-NESS,  n.  Boldness;  fearless  brav- 
ery ;  intrepidity.  Pope. 

UN-DAWN'ING,  a.  Not  yet  dawning;  not  growing 
light  ;  not  opening  with  brightness.  Cowper. 

UN-DAZ'ZL£D,  (-daz'zld,)  a.  Not  dazzled  ;  not 
ciinfuspd  by  splendor.  Milton.  Boyle. 

UN-DeAF',  (-deef '  or  -def ',)  v.  U  To  free  from  deaf- 
ness.   [JVot  m  use.] 

UN-DE-BAR  K£D,  (-bard  ,)  a.     Not  debarred. 

UN-DE-BaS'£D,  (-biste',)a.  Not  debased;  not  adul- 
terated. 

UN-DE-BAUCH'BD,  (-bawcht',)  a.    Not  debauched  ; 

not  corrupted  ;  pure.  Drijden. 
UN-DEC A-GON,  n.    [L.  undecim,  eleven,  and  Gr. 

yuivta.,  angle.J 
A  figure  of  eleven  angles,  and  consequently  of 

eleven  sides. 

UN-D&e.AY'££),  a.  Not  decayed  ;  not  impaired  by 
age  or  accident ;  being  in  full  strength.  Dryden. 

UN-DE-CaY'ING,  a.    Not  decaying ;  not  sulfering 
diminution  or  decline. 
9.  Immortal:  as,  the  uHf/rMy/wtr  joys  of  heaven. 

UN-DE-CkIT'F!;L,  a.    N(.t  deceitful. 

UN-DE-Cl'.IV'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deceived  ; 
Not  subject  to  deccpti(m.  Holder. 

UN-DE-Cr.IVE',  r,  t.  To  free  from  deception,  cheat, 
fallacy,  or  mistake,  whether  caused  by  others  or  by 
ourselves.  If  we  rely  on  our  ownVorks  foKsalva- 
tioii.  tlie_Scriptures  ma^'  undeceive  us. 

UN-I)E-Ui-.IV'£D,  pp.   'Disabused  of  cheat,  decep- 
tion, or  fallacy. 
9.  Not_deceivcd  ;  not  misled  or  imposed  on. 

U\-DE-Clil  V'ING,  j);)n  Freeing  from  deception  or 
fallacv. 

UX-Dk'CE.V-A-RY,  0.    [L.  nnderim,  eleven.] 

Eleventh  ;  occurring  once  in  every  period  of  eleven 

years.  Pres.  Stiirs. 

UN-Dk'CEN-CY,  71.     Unbecomingness  ;  indecency. 

[The  latter  word  is  nmc  used.] 
UN-DR'CENT,  o.   Not  decent ;  indecent.  [ThelaUer 

is  the_v!ord  used.] 
U.\-Di-,'CENT-LY,  adv.    Indecently.    [The  latter  is 

the  leord  vjied.] 
UN-DE  CEPTIVE,  a.    Not  deceptive. 
UN-DE-CID'A-BLE,  a.   That  can  not  be  decided. 

Soi/(/i. 

UN-DE-CrO'ED,  a.   Not  decided  ;  not  determined  ; 

not  settled.  llnuker. 
U.\-DE-CID'ED-LY,  ado.     In  an  undecided  man- 

UN-DE-CI  PIIER-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deci- 
phered. 

UN-DE-CT'PIIER-A-BLY,  ado.  So  as  not  to  be  deci- 
pherable. 

UN-DE-CrPIIER-£D,  a.  Not  deciphered  or  ex- 
plained. 

UN-DE-Gt'SIVE,  o.  Not  decisive;  not  conclusive; 
not  determining  the  controversy  or  contest. 

Olanrille. 

UN-DF,f'K',  B.  L    To  divest  of  ornaments.  Shak. 
UN-DECK'£D,  (-dekt',)  pp.    Deprived  of  ornriineiits. 

2.  a.  Not  decked  ;  not  adorned.  Mtlion. 
UN-DF,-ei,AR'A'D,  <.    Not  declared  ;  not  avowed. 
UN-DE  €LIN'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  derlini  d. 

2.  Not  lo  be  avoided.  Ilarkelt. 


UND 

UN-DE-CLTN-JED,  a.  Not  deviating  ;  not  turmil 
from  the  right  way.  Sandys, 

9.  Not  varied  in  termination  ;  as,  a  noun  unde- 
dined. 

UN-DE-eLTN'ING,  a.    Not  declining. 

UN-DE-eO.M-PoS'A-BLE,  a.  Not  admitting  decom- 
position ;  that  can  not  be  decomposed.  Chemistry. 

UN-DE-eOM-PoS'£D,  o.  i\ot  decomposed  ;  not  sep- 
arated ;  as  constituent  particles.  Chemistry. 

UN-DE-eOM-POUND  ED,  a.    Not  decompounded  . 

Dacy. 

UN-DEe'O-RA-TED,  a.  Not  adorned  ;  not  embel- 
lished ;  plain. 

To  leave  ilie  rharacler  of  Christ  undecoraledy  to  mnlte  its  own 
impn-ssioii,  Buikmirisler. 

UN-DED'I-€a-TED,  a.  Not  dedicated;  not  conse- 
crated. 

9.  Not  inscribed  to  a  patron. 
UN-DEED'ED,  a.    Not  signalized  by  any  great  action. 

Shok. 

9.  Not  transferred  by  deed  ;  as,  undeeded  land. 
[Local.] 

UN-DE-FaCE'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  defaced. 
UN-DE-FaC'£D,  (-fiste',)  a.     Not  deprived  of  its 

form  ;  not  disfigured  ;  as,  an  undefaced  statue. 
UN-DE  F  aC'ED-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  undefaced. 
UN-DE-FkAS-I  BL.E,  a.    Not  defeasible. 

tBut  INDEFEASIBLE  is  chicfiv  Used.] 
IE-FEN  D'ED,  a.    Not  defended  ;  not  protected. 
9.  Not  vindicated. 

3.  Open  to  assault ;  being  without  works  of  de- 
fense. 

UN-DE-FEND'ING,  a.   Not  making  defense. 
UN-DE-FI'£D,  (-fide',)  a.    Not  set  at  defiance  ;  not 

challenged.  Spenser. 
UN-DE-FIL'£D,  a.    Not  defiled  ;  not  polluted  ;  not 

vitiated.  Milton. 
UX-DE  FlX'.\-BLE,  a.    Not  definable  ;  not  capable 

of  being  described  or  limited  ;  as,  the  undefinable 

bounds  of  space.  Orcw. 
2.  That  can  not  be  described  by  interpretation  or 

definition. 

Simple  itlens  are  undefinabte.  Locbe. 

UX-DE-FIX'.\-Bt,E-NESS,  71.   The  quality  or  state 

of  beinL'  undefinable.  £.  7'.  Fitrh. 

UN-DE-FIX'£D,  a.    Not  defined ;  not  described  by 
definitiim  or  explanatioti. 
•J.  not  having  its  limits  described. 
UX-DE-FLOUR'£D,  a.  Not  debauched  ;  not  vitiated. 

Milton. 

UN-DE-FORM'ED,  a.    Not  deformed  ;  not  di^fi•_'ured. 
UX-DE-FKAUD'ED,  «.    Not  defrauded.  [Pope. 
r.N'-DE-FUA V'£r),  a.    Not  defrayed  ;  not  [taid. 
II.N-DE-GRaD'ED,  a.    Not  degraded. 
1;X-Dk'I-FI-£D,  pp.   Reduced  from  the  state  of  deity. 
UN-Di','I-FV,  11.  L    To  reduce  from  the  state  of  deity. 

Addison.' 

I'X-DE-LaY'£U,  (-de-lade',)  a.    Not  delayed. 
UN-DE-LaY'IXG,  a.    Not  making  delay. 
UN-DELiE-Ga-TED,  a.  Not  delegated  ;  not  deputed  ; 

not  granted  ;  as,  undelegated  authority  ;  undelegated 

ptiWers. 

UX-DE-LtB'ER-ATE,  a.    Not  deliberate. 

UN-DE-LIB'ER-A-TED,  a.  Not  carefully  considered  ; 
as,  an  undelibcratcd  measure.    [JVai  correct.] 

Clorrndoji. 

IIN-DE-LIB'ER-ATE-NESS,  71.  Want  of  delibera 
tion. 

UN-DE-IJB'ER-A-TIXG,  a.  Not  deliberating ;  not 
hesitating  ;  hasty  ;  prompt. 

UX-DE-LIGHT'ED,  a.  Not  delighted;  not  well 
pleased.  Milton. 

UX-DE-LIGHT'FIJL,  a.  Not  giving  delight  or  great 
pleasure.  Clarendon. 

UN-DE-LlGHT'FllL-LY,  adv.  Without  giving  de- 
light. 

UN-DE-LIV'ER-£D,  a.  Not  delivered  ;  not  commu- 
nicated. 

r;N  DF,-I,uD'ED,  a.    Not  deluded  or  deceived. 
UN-DIM, C'SIVE,  a.    Not  delusive. 
UN-DE-Lli'SIVE-LY,  ado.    Not  delusively. 
UN-DE-LO'SIVE-NESS,  71.    State  of  being  not  delu- 
sive. 

UN-DE-MAND'ED,  a.    Not  demanded  ;  not  required. 
UN-DE-.MOL'l.';il-£D,  (  de-mol'isht,)  a.    Not  demol- 
ished ;  not  pulled  down.  Sicifl. 
9.  Not  di-stroved. 
UN-DE-MON'StRA-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  fuller 

evidence.  Hooker. 
9.  Not  capable  of  demonstration. 
UN-DF^MON'S  TRA-BLY,  adv.    Without  proving  by 

demonstration. 
UN-DE-MON'STRJ-TED,  a.    Not  proved  by  demon- 

strali<m.  Chalmers. 
UN-DE-NI'A  BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  denied  ;  as, 

undeniable  evidence. 
UN-DE-M'A-HI..Y,  aih.    So  plainly  as  to  admit  no 

contradiction  or  dcniiil.  Dri/den. 
UN-DE-I'END'ING,  a.  Not  dependent.  MUlan. 
UN-DF,  P1.0R'£D,  a.  Not  lamented.  Dryden. 
UN-DE-POS'A  BLE,  a.     Thtit  can  not  be  deposed 

from  office.  Milton. 
UN-»E-PRAV'£D,  a.    Not  corrupted  ;  not  vitiated. 


UND 

UN-DEP'RE-Ca-TED,  a.    Not  deprecated. 

UN-DE-PRk'CIa-TED,  a.  Not  depreciated  ;  not  low- 
ered in  v.ilue.  Walsh. 

UN-DE-PRiV'£D,  a.  Not  deprived;  not  divested  of 
by  authority  ;  not  stripped  of  any  possession. 

UN'DER,  prep.  [Goth,  undar ;  Sax.  under;  D.  onder; 
G.  unler;  probably  compounded  of  on  and  nether;  on 
the  nether  side.] 

I.  Beneath  ;  below  ;  so  as  to  have  something  over 
or  above.  lie  stood  under  a  tree  ;  the  carriage  is  hh- 
der  cover.  We  may  see  things  under  water ;  we  have 
a  cellar  under  the  whole  house. 

9.  In  a  state  of  pupilage  or  subjection  to ;  as,  a 
youth  under  a  tutor  ;  a  ward  under  a  guardian  ;  colo- 
nies under  the  British  government. 

1  also  am  a  man  under  aulhorily,  having  solJicre  vmUr  me.  — 
M.iU.  viii. 

3.  In  a  less  degree  than.  The  effect  of  medicine 
is  sometimes  under  and  sometimes  above  or  over  its 
natural  strength.  Hooker. 

4.  For  less  than.  He  would  not  sell  the  horse  un- 
der forty  pounds. 

5.  Less  than  ;  below.  There  are  parishes  in  Eng- 
land under  forty  pounds  a  year. 

6.  With  the  pretense  of ;  with  the  cover  or  pretext 
of.  He  does  this  under  the  name  of  love.  This  ar- 
gument is  not  to  be  evaded  under  some  plausible  dis- 
tinction. 

7.  With  less  than. 

Several  Joung  men  could  never  leave  the  pulpit  under  half  a 
dozen  conceits.  Swift. 

8.  In  a  degree,  state,  or  rank  inferior  to. 

It  was  too  ^eat  an  honor  for  any  man  under  a  duke.  Ad^on. 

9.  In  a  state  of  being  loaded  ;  in  a  state  of  bearing 
or  being  burdened  ;  as,  to  travel  under  a  heavy  load ; 
to  live  under  extreme  oppression. 

10.  In  a  state  of  oppression  or  stibjection  to ;  the 
state  in  which  a  person  is  considered  as  bearing  or 
having  any  thing  laid  upon  him  ;  as,  to  have  forti- 
tude under  the  evils  of  life  ;  to  have  patience  under 
pain,  or  under  misforttmes  ;  to  behave  like  a  Christ- 
ian under  reproaches  and  injuries. 

II.  In  a  state  of  liability  or  obligatiorL  No  man 
shall  trespass  but  under  the  pains  and  penalties  of 
the  law.  Attend  to  the  condition  under  which  you 
enter  upon  your  office.  We  are  under  the  necessity 
of  obeying  the  laws.  Nuns  are  under  vows  of  chas- 
tity. \\'e  all  lie  under  the  curse  of  the  law  untU  re- 
deemed by  Christ. 

19.  In  the  state  of  bearing  and  being  known  by ; 
as,  men  trading  under  the  firm  of  Wright  &  Co. 

13.  In  the  state  of ;  in  the  enjoyment  or  possession 
of.    We  live  under  the  gospel  dispensation. 

14.  During  the  time  of.  The  American  revolution 
commenced  under  the  administration  of  Lord  North. 

15.  Not  having  reached  or  arrived  to  ;  below.  He 
left  three  sons  under  age. 

16.  Represented  by  ;  in  the  form  of.  Morpheus  is 
represented  under  the  figure  of  a  boy  asleep.  [But 
morph,  in  Ethiopic,  signifies  cessation,  rest.] 

17.  In  the  state  of  protection  or  defensej  Under 
favor  of  the  prince,  our  author  was  promoted.  The 
enemy  landed  under  cover  of  their  batteries. 

18.  As  bearing  a  particular  character. 

Tlie  dul<e  may  be  mentioned  undgr  Uie  double  capacity  of  a  poet 
and  a  divuie.  FetU)n. 

19.  Being  contained  or  comprehended  in. 

Under  tliis  head  may  be  mentioned  the  contest*  between  the  popea 
and  the  secular  princes.  Lesley. 

20.  Attested  by  ;  signed  by.  Here  is  a  deed  under 
his  hand  and  seal. 

He  has  letl  us  evidence  under  his  own  hand.  Locke. 

91.  In  a  state  of  being  handled,  treated,  or  dis- 
cussetl,  or  of  being  the  subject  of.  The  bill  is  now 
MTiiifr  discussion.  We  shall  have  the  subject  M7id<T 
consideration  next  week. 

99.  In  subordination  to.  C7iuferGod,  this  is  our 
only  safety. 

93.  In  subjection  or  bondage  to ;  ruled  or  influ- 
enced by  ;  in  a  moral  sense  ;  within  the  dominion  of. 
They  are  all  under  sin.  —  Rom.  iii. 

Under  a  signature  ;  bearing,  as  a  name  or  title. 

Under  the  lee;  to  the  leeward  ;  as,  under  the  lee  of 
the  hind.  7V<(/cn. 

Under  way ;  in  seamen's  language^  moving ;  in  a 
condition  lo  make  progress. 

7*0  keep  under ;  to  hold  in  strtijection  or  control  ;  to 
restrain. 

I  itrep  under  my  botly.  —  1  Cor.  ix. 
UN'DER,  a.    Lower  in  degree  ;  subject ;  subordinate  ; 
as,  an  under  officer  ;  under  sheriff. 

Under  is  much  used  in  composition.    For  the  et- 
ymologies, see  the  princi|Hil  words. 
UN-DER-Ae'TIO\,  71.    Subordinate  action;  action 
not  essential  to  the  main  story. 

The  least  epidodei  or  undemcdonM  —  are  parta  nece^anrv  lo  the 
main  dt'Hl^n.  Drydtn. 

UN-DER-A'GENT,  n.    A  subordinate  agcnU  South. 
UN-DE-RAN(5'£D,  a.    Not  deranged. 
UN-DER-BEAR',  v.  I.    To  support ;  to  endure. 

Shak. 


FATE,  FAE,  F^LL.  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1196 


UND 

9.  To  line  ;  to  guard  ;  as,  cloth  of  gold  vnderborne 
with  liliie  tinsel.    [Ois.J  Sliak. 

UN-I)ER-HKAR'ER,  ?..  In  funerals,  one  who  sus- 
ta'ns  the  porpse. 

Ui\-JEU-Hm',  V.  t.  To  bid  or  ofTer  less  than  anoth- 
er, as  in  auctions,  when  a  contract  or  service  is 
set  lip  to  the  lowest  bidder. 

UN-DER-Hin'DING,  ppr.    Bidding  less  than  another. 

UN-DER-IIORNE',  pp.  Supiwrted. 

UN-DER-ltOUGHT',  (-bawt',)  ;>/).  Bought  at  less  than 
a  thins:  is  worth. 

UN'DEll-KREl),  a.    Of  inferior  breeding  or  manners. 

UN'TlER-liUUSII,  n.  Shrubs  and  small  trees  in  a 
wood  or  forest,  growing  under  large  trees. 

UN-DER-nU?',  V.  t.  To  buy  at  less  than  a  thing  is 
wortli.    rjVoi  vseilA  Bcaum.  S(  Fl. 

UN-DER-CHaM'BER-LAIN,  n.  A  deputy  chamber- 
lain of  tlie  exchequer. 

UN'DER-eLAY,  n.  A  stratum  of  clay  lying  beneath 
other  strata.  Lycll. 

UN'DER-eijERK,  it.  A  clerk  subordinate  to  the  prin- 
cipal rlt'rk. 

UN'l)ER-€ROFT,  n.  A  vault  tinder  the  choir  or 
chancel  of  a  church ;  also,  a  vault  or  secret  walk 
under  ground.  BiMokar. 

UN-DER-eUR'RENT,  n.  A  current  below  the  surface 
of  the  water,  frequently  contrary  to  that  on  the  sur- 
face. Tottcn. 

UN-DER-DITCU',  v.  t.  To  form  a  deep  ditch  or 
trench  to  drain  the  surface  of  land. 

UN-DER-DO',  V.  t.    To  act  below  one's  abilities. 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  do  less  than  is  requisite.  Grew. 

UN-l)ER-I)ONE',  jip.    Done  less  than  is  requisite. 

UiX'Dr.R-DoSE,  71.    A  quantity  less  than  a  dose. 

UN'-DER-DOSE',  c.  i.    To  take  small  doses.  Chrrine. 

UN'nER-DR.^IN,  11.  A  drain  or  trench  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground. 

UN-DER-I)R.aK\',  !>.  t.  To  drain  by  cutting  a  deep 
channel  below  the  surface. 

UN-DER-I)RAlN'i5D,  pp.  Drained  by  cutting  a  deep 
channel  below  the  surface. 

UN-DER-FAe'TION,  n.    A  siibordin.ate  faction. 

UN-DER-FX  R.M'ER,  n.    A  subordinate  farmer. 

UN'DER-FEL-LoW,  n.   A  mean,  sorry  wretch. 

Sidney. 

UN-DER-FILL'ING,  n.  The  lower  part  of  a  building. 

Wulton. 

UN-nER-FONG',  v.  t.  fangan,  to  seize.] 

To  take  in  hand.  [Ois.]  Spen.^er. 
UN-DER-FOQT',  adv.  Beneath.  Milton. 
UN-DER-FOQT',  a.    Low  ;  base  ;  abject ;  trodden 

down.      '  '  Milton. 
UN-DER-FUR'NISri,  c.  t   To  supply  with  less  than 

enough.  Collier. 
UN-DER-FUR'NISH-ED,  (-fur'nisht,)  pp.  Supplied 

witli  less  than  enough. 
UN-DER-FUR'NISII-ING,   ppr.      Furnishing  with 

less  than  enoush. 
UN-DER-FUR'RoVV,  ado.    In  airrimilture,  to  sow  un- 

dtrfitrroiD,  is  to  plow  in  seed.    This  phrase  is  applied 

to  other  operations,  in  which  something  is  covered 

by  the  furrow-slice. 
UN-DER-GIRD',  (-gurd',)  r.  t    [SeeGiBi>.]    To  bind 

below  ;  to  gird  round  the  bottom.    Acts  .xxvii. 
UN-DER-GIRD'h\G,  ppr.    Binding  below  ;  girding 

round  the  bottom. 
UN-DER-Go',  V.  L    To  suffer;  to  endure  something 

burdensome  or  painful  to  the  body  or  the  mind  ;  as, 

to  undergo  toil  and  fatigue  ;  to  unrfcrn-o  pain  ;  to  un- 

dergo  grief  or  anxiety  ;  to  undergo  the  operation  of 

amputation. 

2.  To  pass  through.  Bread  in  the  stomach  under- 
goes the  process  of  digestion  ;  it  undergoes  a  material 
alteMtion. 

3.  To  sustain  without  fainting,  yielding,  or  sink- 
ing.   Can  you  undergo  the  operation  or  the  fatigue  .' 

4.  To  be  the  bearer  of ;  to  possess. 

Virtii''s  — 

Al  Infinite  u  man  majr  undergo.    ^Not  in  ute.]  ShaJc. 

5.  To  support ;  to  hazard. 

I  ha»e  nioTed  crrLiin  Romans 

To  undergo  with  me  an  enU'rpriif.   {0&«.]  Shak. 

6.  To  be  subject  to. 

CI  vuiiio  undergoet  my  challenge.    [Ob*.]  ShaJt. 

UN-DER-Go'I.\G,  ppr.    Suffering  ;  enduring. 

UN-DER-GONE',  (iin-der-gawn',)  pp.  Borne ,  suf- 
fered ;  sustained ;  endured.  Who  can  tell  how 
many  evils  and  pains  he  has  undergone  7 

UN-DER-GRAD'U-ATE,  n.  A  student  or  member  of 
a  university  or  college,  who  has  not  taken  his  first 
degree. 

UX-DER-GRAr>'i;-.'VTE-SHIP,n.   The  state  of  being 

an  iinilernradnate.  Life  of  Palry. 

U.N-DER-GROUND',  n.    A  place  or  space  beneath  the 

surface  of  the  ground.  Sliak. 
UN'DER-GROIJND,  o.    Being  below  the  surface  of 

the  grnund  ;  as,  an  underground  story  or  apartment. 
UN-nER-GROUiND',  adv.    Beneath  the  surface  of  the 

earth. 

UN'DER-GROVVTH,  n.  That  which  grows  under 
trees ;  shrubs  or  small  tree*  growing  among  large 
ones-  Milton. 


UND 

UN'I)ER-HANU,  ode.    By  secret  means;  in  a  clan- 
destine manner.  Hooker. 
2.  By  fraud  ;  by  fraudulent  means.  Dnjden. 
UN'DER-IIANI),  a.     Secret  ;   clanilitstine  ;  usually 
implying  meanness  or  frauil,  or  bulli.    lie  obtained 
the  place  bv  underhand  practices. 
UN-DER-H.\NI)'En,  a.    Underhand  ;  clandestine. 
[yViw  is  the  word  in  more  general  u.se  in  the  United 
Stales.] 

UN-DER-IIAND'ED-LY,  adv.  Secretly  ;  clandestinely. 

UN-DER-IIEVV,  V.  t.  To  hew  a  piece  of  timber 
which  should  be  square,  in  such  a  manner  that  it 
appears  to  contain  a  greater  number  of  cubic  feet 
than  it  really  does.  Ilaldnnan. 

UN-DE-RIVKD,  a.  Not  derived  ;  not  borrowed  ;  not 
received  from  a  foreign  source. 

UN-DER-KEE1"ER,  n.    \  subordinate  keeper. 

Gray. 

UN-DER-LA'BOR-ER,  n.    \  subordinate  workman. 

mikin.-.: 

UN-DER-LXID',  pp.  or  o.  [from  underlay.]  Having 
something  lying  or  laid  beneath  ;  as,  saiiu  underlaid 
with  clay. 

UN-DER-LSY',  v.  t.    To  lay  beneath  ;  to  support  by 

something  laid  under. 
UN-DER-LaY'ING,  ppr.    Laying  beneath  ;  support- 
ing by  laying  something  under. 
UN'DER-LEAF,  n.    A  sort  of  apple  good  for  cider. 

Ci/c.  Mortimer. 
UN-DER-LET',  v.  t.    To  let  below  the  value. 

Smollett. 

2.  To  let  or  lease,  as  a  lessee  or  tenant ;  to  let 
under  a  lease, 

ll  is  a  mailer  of  much  imporUncc  —  that  llie  tenant  tboulil  have 
power  to  underlet  his  farms.  Cyc. 

UN-DER-LET'TER,  n.    A  tenant  who  leases. 
UN-DER-LET'TING,  ppr.    Letting  or  leasing  under 

a  lease,  or  by  a  lessee. 
UN-DER-LET'TING,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  let- 
ting lands  by  lessees  or  tenants. 


fTliis  is  called  also  Sublettino.] 
N-DER-LTE',  1).  i.    To  lie  beneath. 


UN 

U.\-DER-LI.\i;',  I',  t.    To  mark  with  a  line  below  the 
words;  sometimes  called  Scoring. 
9.  To  inHuencc  secretly.    [JVot  u.icd.]  Wotton. 
yN-DER-LI.N'£D,  pp.     Marked  witii  a  line  under- 
neath. 

UN'DER-LING,  n.    An  inferior  person  or  agent ;  a 

mean,  sorry  fellow.  Milton. 
UN-DER-LIN'ING,  ppr.    Marking  with  a  line  below. 
UN'DER-LOCK,  71.    A  lock  of  wool  hanging  under 

the  belly  of  a  sheep.  Ci;c. 
UN-DER-MSST'ED,  a.  Denoting  vessels  which  have 

masts  under  the  usual  dimensions.  Tolten. 
UN-DER-MXS'TER,  n.    A  master  subordinate  to  the 

principal  inaster.  Lotctli. 
UN'DER-MliAL,  n,    A  repast  before  dinner. 

B.  Jonson. 

UN-DER-MINE',  r.  u  To  sap  ;  to  excavate  the  earth 
beneath,  for  the  purpose  of  suffering  to  fall,  or  of 
blowing  up;  as,  to  undermine  a  wall. 

2.  To  excavate  the  earth  beneath.  Rapid  streams 
often  undermine  their  banks  and  the  trees  growing 
upon  them. 

3.  To  remove  the  foundation  or  support  of  any 
thing  by  clandestine  means  ;  as,  to  undermine  reputa- 
tion ;  to  undermine  the  constitution  of  the  State. 

1  who  are  like  to  linrfermine  him.  Locke. 


He  should  be 

UN-DER-MTN'£D,  pp.  Sapped  ;  having  the  founda- 
tion removed. 

UN-DER-Mr.\'ER,  n.  One  that  saps,  or  excavates  the 
earth  beneath  any  thing. 

2.  One  that  clandestinely  removes  the  foundation 
or  support ;  one  that  .secretly  overthrows ;  as,  an  un- 
dermiuer  of  the  church. 

UN-DER-MIN'I.\G,  ppr.  Sapping;  digging  away  the 
earth  beneath  ;  clandestinely  removing  the  supports 
of 

UN'DER-MOST,  a.    Lowest  in  place  beneath  others. 
2.  Lowest  in  state  or  condition. 

The  party  that  is  undermost.  Addieon. 

UN'DERN,  n.    [Pax.]    The  third  hour  of  the  dav,  or 

nine  o'clotjt.    [JVoi  in  use.]  Chaucer. 
U.N-DER-NeATII',  adv.     [under  and  ncaUi.  See 
Nether.] 
Beneath  ;  below  ;  in  a  lower  place. 
Or  Buil'-n  mole  thai  runneth  undemealh.  Aftlton. 
The  slate  dill  not  lie  flat  upon  it,  but  left  a  free  passaire  untier- 
nealh.  Addiion. 

UN-DER-NeATH',  prfp.    Under;  beneath. 
Underneath  this  stone  doth  lie 

As  much  beauty  aj  could  die.  B,  Joneon. 

UN-DER-OF'FI-CER,  n.   A  subordinate  officer. 
UN-DE-ROG'A-TO^RY,  a.    Not  derogatory.  BoyU. 
U.\'I)ER-PXRT,  n.    A  subordinate  part.  Dryden. 
UN-DER-PET'TI-COAT,  n.    A  petticoat  worn  under 

n  shirt  or  another  petticoat  Spectator. 
U.N-DER-PIN',  r.  t.    To  lay  stones  under  the  sills  of 

a  building,  on  which  it  is  to  rest. 
2.  To  support  by  some  solid  foundation  ;  or  to 

place  something  underneath  for  support. 


UND 

UN  DER  l'IN'N/;l),  (-pind',)  pp.  Supported  by  stonei 

or  a  foundation. 
UN-I)ER-PIN'NING,  ppr.    Placing  stones  under  the 

sills  for  support. 
UN-DER  PIN'NLNG,  n.     The  act  of  Laying  stones 

under  sills. 

2.  The  stones  on  which  a  building  iiniuediatcly 
rests. 

UN'DER-PLOT,  n.    A  series  of  events  in  a  play, 
proceeding  collaterally  with  the  main  story,  and 
subservient  to  it.  Dryden. 
2.  A  clandestine  scheme. 
UN-DER-PRaISE',  v.  U    To  praise  below  desert. 

Driiden. 

UN-DER-PRIZE',  r.  (.  To  value  at  less  than  the 
worth  ;  to  iindrrv;ilue.  Shak, 

UN-1)EK  PRI7/A;n,  pp.  Undervalued. 

UN-DER-PRI'/'IN(;,  ppr.  Undervaluing. 

UN-DER-PRtiP',  V.  t.    To  support ;  to  u))hold. 

And  underprop  the  head  that  bears  the  crown.  /Vnton. 

UN-DER-PRO-P0R'TION-£D,  a.  Having  too  little 
proportion. 

Scanty  and  underproportioned  returns  of  ciTility.  Cottier. 
UN-DER-PR0P'P/:D,  (  propt',)  pp.    Supported;  up- 
held. 

2.  a.    Having  props  underneath.  Barter. 

UN-DER-PyLL'ER,  «.  An  inferior  puller.  [JVol  in 
use.]^  Collier. 

UN-DER-RaTE',  v.  t.  To  rate  too  low  ;  to  rate  be- 
low the  value  :  to  undervalue.  Buck. 

UN'DER-RaTE,  n.  A  price  less  than  the  worth  ;  as, 
to  sell  a  thing  at  an  underrate. 

U.\-DER-RAT'ED,  pp.    Rated  too  low  ;  undervalued. 

UN-DER-RU.\'',  V.  t.  To  pass  under  in  a  boat ;  as,  to 
underrun  a  cable.  Totten. 

To  underrun  a  tackle ;  to  separate  its  parts  and  put 
them  in  ordi  r.  ^V<ir.  Diet. 

UN-DER-SAT'U-Ra-TED,  a.  Not  fully  saturated  ;  a 
chemical  term. 

UN-DER-SaY',  v.  t.  To  say  by  way  of  derogation  or 
coiitrailiction.    [JVot  in  iL-te.]  Spenser. 

UN-DER-SCoRE',  v.  L    To  draw  a  mark  under. 

UN-DER-SeoR'/:i),  pp.    Marked  underneath. 

UN-DER-St  oR'IN(J,  ppr.    .Marking  unilerneath. 

UN-DER-SEC'RE-TA-RY,  n.  A  secretary  subordi- 
nate to  the  principal  secretary.  Bacon. 

UN-DER-!SE1.L',  V.  t.  'I'o  sell  the  same  articles  at  a 
lower  price  than  another. 

UN-DER-SELL'INC,  ppr.    Selling  at  a  lower  price. 

UN-DER-SERV'ANT,  n.    An  inferior  servant. 

UN-DER-SET',  r.  t.    To  prop  ;  to  support.  Bacon. 

UN'DER-SET,  ii.  A  current  of  water  below  the 
surface.  Mar.  Diet. 

UN-DER-SET'TER,  n.  A  prop;  a  pedestal;  a  sup- 
port.   I  Kin^.i  vii. 

U.N-DER-SET'TING,  ppr.    Propping;  supporting. 

UN-DER-SET'TING,  11.  The  lower  part ;  the  pedestal. 

IVoltan. 

UN-DER-SIIER'IFF,  71.    A  sheriff's  deputy. 

UN-DER-SUER'IFF-RY,  )i.  The  office  of  an  under- 
sheriff.    [.^■|/^  in  use.] 

UN'DER-SllUT,  a.  Moved  by  water  passing  under 
the  wheel ;  opposed  to  Overshot  ;  as,  an  undershot 
mill  or  mill-wheel. 

UN'DER-SIHlUB,  71.  A  low  shrub,  permanent  and 
woody  at  the  base,  but  the  branches  decaying  yearly. 

Barton.  Murtyn. 

UN-DER-SlGN',  r.  t.  To  write  one's  name  at  the 
foot  or  end  of  a  letter  or  any  legal  instrument. 

UN-DER-SlGN'£D,  pp.  Written  or  subscribed  at  the 
bottom  or  end  of  a  writing. 

UN-DER-.«I(;.\'/:D,  «.    One  who  undersigns. 

UN-DER-SKJN'ING,  ppr.  Subscribing. 

UN-DER-SIZ'£D,  a.  Being  of  a  size  less  than  com- 
mon. 

UN'DEK-SOIL,  71.    Soil  beneath  the  surface  ;  subsoil. 

JisiaL  Rev. 

UN-DER-SoLD',  pp.    Sold  at  a  lower  price. 
UN'DER-SONG,  7i.    Chorus  ;  burden  of  a  song. 

Mennlcas  shall  sustain  his  undertong.  Dryden. 

UN-DER-SPAR'RED.    See  Undermasted. 
UN-DER-STAND',  v.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  Ukderstood 

[under  and  stand.  The  sense  is,  to  support  or  hold  in 

mind.] 

1.  To  have  just  and  adequate  ideas  of;  to  com- 
prehend ;  to  know  ;  as,  to  understand  a  problem  in 
Euclid  ;  to  understand  a  proposition  or  a  declaration. 

2.  To  have  the  same  ideas  as  the  person  who 
speaks,  or  the  ideas  which  a  person  intends  to  com- 
municate. I  understood  the  preacher  ;  the  court  per- 
fectly understand  the  advocate  or  his  argument. 

3.  To  receive  or  have  the  ideas  expressed  or  in- 
tended to  be  conveyed  in  a  writing  or  book  ;  to  know 
the  meaning.  It  is  important  that  we  should  under- 
stand the  sacred  oracles. 

4.  To  know  the  meaning  of  signs,  or  of  any  thing 
intended  to  convey  ideas  ;  as,  to  uii</oritaiM/  a  nod, 
a  wink,  or  a  motion. 

5.  To  suppose  to  mean. 

The  most  learned  Interpreters  understood  the  word*  of  sin,  and 
not  of  Abel.  i.oc**. 

6.  To  know  by  experience.  Milton. 


TONE,  BJILL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI'  CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


150  • 


1197 


UND 

7.  To  know  by  instinct. 

Amorous  intent,  well  undeTstood.  RRLion. 

8.  To  interpret,  at  least  mentally.  Stillinirfleet. 

9.  Tt)  know  another's  meaning.  J^lilton. 

10.  To  hold  in  opinion  witli  conviction.  Milton. 

11.  To  mean  without  expressing. 

War  tli'^n,  war, 
Open  or  un-ierslood,  most  be  resolved.  Millan. 

12.  To  know  what  is  not  expressed.  Milton. 

I  brin^  them  to  receive 
From  thee  their  namei,  and  pay  thee  fealty 
With  low  subjecttou  :  underslaitd  the  eame 
Of  lish.  Milton. 

13.  To  learn  ;  to  be  informed.  I  understand  that 
confijess  have  passed  the  bill. 

UN-DER-STAND',  v.  i.  To  have  the  use  of  the  intel- 
lectual faculties  ;  to  be  an  intelligent  and  conscious 
being. 

All  my  soul  be 
Imp'\radis'?d  in  you,  in  whom  alone 
I  und£rsuind,  and  grow,  and  see.  Donne. 

2.  To  be  informed  by  another  ;  to  learn. 

I  understood  of  tiie  evil  that  Eliashib  did.  —  Nth.  xiii. 

UN-DER-ST.\.\D'A-BLE,a.  That  can  be  understood. 
[JVut  muck  used.]  ChillinrnDorth. 

UN-DER  STA.VD'ER,  n.  One  who  underswnds  or 
knows  hv  experience.    [Little  used.]  Beaum.  S[  Fl. 

UN-DER-STA.XD'ING,  ;;;<r.  Comprehending;  appre- 
hending the  ideas  or  sense  of  another,  or  of  a  writ- 
ing ;  learning  or  being  informed. 

2.  a.  Knowing  ;  skillful.  He  is  an  understanding 
man. 

UN-DER-STAND'ING,  n.  The  faculty  of  the  human 
mind  by  which  it  apprt  hends  the  real  state  of  things 
presented  to  it,  or  by  which  it  receives  or  compre- 
hends the  ideas  which  others  express  and  intent!  to 
communicate.  The  understanding  is  called  also  the 
intellectual  faculti/.  It  is  the  faculty  by  means  of 
wliich  we  obtain  a  great  part  of  our  knowledge. 
Luke  xxiv.   Eplu  i. 

By  understanding ,  I  m^-an  that  facalty  wh-^reby  we  ar^  enabled 
to  apptvhend  the  objects  of  knowledge,  generals  or  particu- 
lars, absent  or  preeeot,  and  to  jud^  of  their  truth  or  false- 
hood, good  or  evil.  Walts. 
There  ia  a  spirit  in  man,  and  the  inspinition  of  the  Ahnighty 
gfivetb  liim  understand  ng. — Joi>  xxxii. 

2.  Knowledge  ;  exact  comprehension. 

Right  understanding  consists  in  the  perception  of  the  visible  or 
probable  agreement  or  disagreement  of  ideas.  Locke. 

3.  Intelligence  between  two  or  more  persons ; 
agreement  of  minds  ;  union  of  sentiments.  There  is 
a  good  understanding  between  tlie  minister  and  his 
people. 

U.\DER-STAND'ING-LY,  adv.  Intelligibly;  with 
full  knowledge  or  comprehension  of  a  question  or 
subject ;  as,  to  vote  upon  a  question  undcrstandinghj ; 
to  act  or  judge  understandingly. 

The  gospel  may  be  n«glec*.cd,  but  it  can  not  be  understfindingly 
dislx'lieved.  J.  Hau;es. 

UN-DER-STaTE',  v.  U  To  state  or  represent  less 
strongly  than  the  truth  will  bear. 

UN-DER-STOOD',  prf(.  and  pp.  of  Understand. 

UN'DER-STRAP-PEK,  n.  A  petty  fellow  ;  an  infe- 
rior agent.  "  SioifL 

UN-DER-STRS'TUM,  71.  Subsoil  ;  the  bed  or  layer 
of  earth  on  which  the  moltl  or  soil  rests.  Cyc. 

UN-DER-STRr>KE',  v.  t.    To  underline.  SiDift. 

U\-DER-TaK'A-1JLE,  a.    That  may  be  undertaken. 
[.Vof  in  CliiUingworth. 

UN-I)ER-TaKE',  r.  t. ;  prct.  Undertook;  pp.  Un- 
dertaken,   [under  and  take.] 

1.  To  engage  in  ;  to  enter  upon  ;  to  fake  in  hand  ; 
to  begin  to  perform.  When  I  undertook  this  work,  I 
had  a  very  inadequate  knowledge  of  the  extent  of 
my  labors. 

2.  To  covenant  or  contract  to  perform  or  execute. 
A  man  undertakes  to  erect  a  house,  or  to  make  a  mile 
of  canal,  when  he  enters  into  stipulations  for  that 
purpose. 

3.  To  attempt ;  as,  when  a  man  undertakes  what 
he  can  not  perform. 

4.  To  assume  a  character.    [JJ'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

5.  To  engage  with  ;  to  attack. 

Your  lorilship  should  not  undertake  every  companion  you  olfend. 
(Nolinusj.)  Sliak. 

6.  To  have  the  charge  of. 

Who  undertakes  you  to  your  end.    [iVot  in  use.]  Sltak. 

UN-DER-TAKE',  r.  i,'  To  take  upon  or  assume  any 
butiinesi^  or  province. 

0  l.ord,  I  am  oppfvMed  ;  unilertake  for  me.  —  Is.  xxxviii. 

2.  To  venture  ;  to  hazard.  They  dare  not  under- 
take. 

3.  To  promi.ic  ;  to  be  bound. 

1  d  ire  unitertaJce  they  will  not  lose  their  labor.  Woodieard. 

To  undertake  for;  to  be  bound  ;  to  become  surety 
for. 

tJ,\-DER-TAK'f:N,  pp.  of  Undebtake.    The  work 

wnH  undertaken  at  his  own  expense. 
UN-DER-TAK'ER,  n.     One  who  undertakes;  one 

who  engages  in  any  project  or  businexs. 

Clarendon. 


UND 

2.  One  who  stipulates  or  covenants  to  perform  any 
work  for  another.  Sioift. 

3.  One  who  manages  funerals.  Young. 
UN-DER-TAKJING,  ppr.     Engaging  in  ;  taking  in 

hand  ;  beginning  to  perform  ;  stipulating  to  exe- 
cute. 

UN-DER-TaK'ING,  n.  Any  business,  work,  or  proj- 
ect which  a  person  engages  in,  or  attempts  to  per- 
form ;  an  enterprise.    The  canal,  or  the  making  of 

■  the  canal,  from  the  Hudson  to  Lake  Erie,  a  distance 
of  almost  four  hundred  miles,  was  the  greatest  uti- 
dcrtaking  of  the  kind  in  modern  times.  The  attempt 
to  find  a  navigable  passage  to  the  Pacific  round 
North  America,  is  a  hazardous  undertaking,  and 
probably  useless  to  navigation. 

UN-DER-TE.\'ANT,  n.  The  tenant  of  a  tenant; 
one  wIjo  holds  lands  or  tenements  of  a  tenant. 

UN'DER-TlME,  7!.  Undern-tide  ;  the  time  after  din- 
ner, or  in  the  evening.    [JV'ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

UN-DER-TOOK',  pret.  of  Undertake. 

UN'DER-ToVV,  tj.  [under  and  tow.]  A  current  of 
water  below,  in  a  different  direction  from  that  on 
the  surface. 

UN-DER-TREAS'lJR-ER,  (un-der-trezh'ur-er,)  ti.  A 
subordinate  treasurer. 

UN-DER-VAL-IJ-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  valuing  be- 
low the  real  worth  ;  rate  not  equal  to  the  worth. 

UN-DER-VAL'IJE,  v.  t.    To  value,  rate,  or  estimate 
below  the  real  worth. 
2.  To  esteem  lightly  ;  to  treat  as  of  little  worth. 

I  undervalued  all 
Atterbury. 


In  comparison  of  the  discharge  of  my  du 
designs  of  authority. 


3.  To  despise ;  to  hold  in  mean  estimation. 

I  write  not  this  with  the  least  intention  to  underoalue  the  other 
parts  of  poetry.  Dryden. 

UN-DER-VAL'TJE,  7i.  Low  rate  or  price  ;  a  price 
less  than  the  real  worth.  Hamilton. 

UN-DER-VAL'U-£D,  pp.  Estimated  at  less  than  the 
real  worth  ;  slighteti  ;  despised. 

UN-DER-VAL'li-ER,  n.    One  who  esteems  lightly. 

Jf'alton. 

UN-DER-V.\L'IT-ING,  ppr.    Estimating  at  less  than 

the  real  worth  ;  slighting  ;  despising. 
UN-r)ER-WEx\T',  pret.  of  Undergo.    He  undenoent 

severe  trials. 

UN'DER-VVOOD,  7i.  Small  trees  that  grow  among 
large  trees  ;  coppice.  Mortimer. 

UN'DER-VVORK,  (iin'der-wurk,)  71.  Subordinate 
work  ;   petty  affairs.  Mdison. 

U.\-DER-\VORK',  (un-der-wurk',)  v.  t.  To  destroy 
by  clandestine  measures.  Shak. 

2.  To  work  or  labor  upon  less  than  is  sufficient  or 
proper.  Dryden. 

3.  To  work  at  a  less  price  than  others  in  the  like 
employment ;  as,  one  mason  may  underwork  anoth- 
er ;  a  shoemaker  can  not  umlencork  a  joiner. 

UN'DER-WORK-ER,  7i.  One  who  underworks  ;  or 
a  subordinate  workman. 

UN-DER-VVORK'ING,  ppr.  Destroying  clandestine- 
ly ;  working  at  less  price  than  others  in  the  like  em- 
ployment. 

Ui\-DER-VVORK'MAN,  71.    A  subordinate  workman. 
UX-DER-WRITE',  (-rite',)  i\  t.    [See  Write.]  To 
write  under  something  else. 

The  change  1  have  made,  I  have  here  underwritten. 

Saunderson. 

2.  To  subscribe.  We,  whose  names  are  undertcrit- 
ten,  agree  to  pay  the  sums  expressed  against  our  re- 
spective names. 

3.  To  subscribe  one's  name  for  insurance ;  to  set 
one's  name  to  a  policy  of  insurance,  for  the  purpose 
of  becoming  answerable  fur  loss  or  damage,  for  a 
certain  premium  per  cent.  Intlivitluals  underwrite 
policies  of  insurance,  as  well  as  companies. 

The  broker  who  procures  Insurance,  ought  not,  by  underwriting 
tlie  policy,  to  deprive  the  parties  of  bis  unbiased  t-'stiniony. 

Marshail. 

UN^-DER-WRlTE',  t).  1.    To  practice  insuring. 

UN'DER-WRIT-ER,  71.  One  who  insures;  an  in- 
surer ;  so  called  because  he  underwrites  his  name  to 
the  conditions  of  Ilie  policy. 

UN-DER-WRIT'ING,  ppr.  Writing  under  some- 
thing. 

2.  Subscribing  a  policy  ;  insuring. 

UX'DER WKIT-ING,  71.  The  act  or  practice  of  in- 
suring ship"i,  poods,  houses,  &.c. 

U.NDER-WRIT'TA'N,  pp.  Written  under;  sub- 
scribed. 

UN-l)E-S('ENI)'I-nLE,  a.  Not  descendible  ;  not  ca- 
pable of  ilcsrending  to  lieirs. 

UN  DE-SeRIli'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  de- 
scribt;tl. 

UN'-DE-SeRIR'/CI),  a.    Not  described.  Hooker. 
U.\'-DE-SeRI£l)',  a.    Not  descried  ;  not  discovered  ; 

not  seen.  Wollaston. 
UN-I)E-SERV'£D,  a.    Not  deserved  ;  not  merited. 

Sidnni. 

UN  DE-SERV'ED-LY,  ado.    Without  desert,  either 

gooti  or  evil.  Milton.  Dryden. 

UN-Oi:  SERV'ED-NESS,  7t.    Want  of  being  worthy. 

JVVwCon. 

UN  DE-SERVER,  71.    One  of  no  merit.  Shak. 


UND 

UN-DE-SERV'ING,  a.  Not  deserving;  not  having 
merit.  God  continually  supplies  the  wants  of  bis 
undeserving  creatures. 

2.  Not  meriting,  with  of;  as,  a  man  undeserving  of 
happiness,  or  of  punishment.  Sidney.  Pope. 

UN-DE-SERV'ING-LY,  ado.  Without  meriting  any 
particular  advantage  or  harm.  Milton. 

UN-DES'IG-Na-TED,  a.    Not  designated.  IVartcn. 

UN-DE-SIGN'£D,  (-sind',)  a.  Not  designed  ;  not  in- 
tended ;  not  proceeding  from  purpose ;  as,  to  do  an 
undesigned  injury. 

UN-DE-SlGN'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  design  or  inten- 
tion. 

UN-DE-SlGN'ED-NESS,  n.    Freedom  from  design  or 

set  purpose.  Palcy. 
UN-DE-SlGN'IN'G,  a.    Not  acting  with  set  purpose. 
2.  Sincere;  upright;  artless;  having  no  artful  or 

fraudulent  purpose.    It  is  base  to  practice  on  uiitie- 

signing  minds. 
UN-DE-SlR'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  desired ;  not  to  be 

wished  \_  not  pleasing.  Miltnn. 
UN-DE-SlR'£D,  a.    Not  desired,  or  not  solicited. 
UN-DE-SIR'ING,  a.    Not  desiring;  not  wishing. 

Dryden, 

UN-DE-SIR'OUS,  a.    Not  desirous. 
UN-DE-SPaIR'ING,  a.   Not  yielding  to  despair. 

Dyer. 

UN-DE-SPOIL'SD,  a.    Not  despoiled. 

UN-DES'TIN-jED,  a.    Not  destined. 

UN-DE-STROY'A-BLE,  a.  Indestructible.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Boyle. 

UN-DE-STRO\''.ED,  a.  Not  destroyed  ;  not  wakted  ; 
not  ruined.  Locke. 

UN-DE-TACH'ED,  (un-de-tacht',)  a.  Not  detached  ; 
not  separated. 

UN-DE-TE€T'ED,  a.  Not  detected  ;  not  discovered  ; 
not  laid  open.  R.  O.  Harper. 

UN-DE-TERII'IN-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deter- 
mined or  decided.  Locke. 

UN-DE-TER.M'IN-ATE,  a.  Not  determinate;  not 
settled  or  certain.  [But  Indeterminate  is  now 
generally  used.l 

UN-DE-TERM'IN-ATE-NESS,  n.  Uncertainty ;  un- 
settled state. 

UN-DE-TER.M-IN-A'TION,  71.  Indecision;  uncer- 
tainty of  mind.  [See  Indetermination,  which  is 
chiefly  used.] 

UN-DE-TERM'IN-£D,  a.    Not  determined  ;  not  set- 
tled ;  not  decided.  Locke. 
2.  Not  limited  ;  not  defined  ;  indeterminate. 

Hide. 

UN-DE-TER'R£D,  a.   Not  deterred  ;  not  restrained 

by  fear  or  obstacles.  .Milfurd. 
UN-DE-TEST'ING,a.    Not  detesting ;  not  abhorring. 

Thomson. 

UN-DE-VEL'OP-£D,  (-de-vel'opt,)  a.  Not  opened  or 
unft)lded. 

UN-De'VI-A-TING,  a.    Not  deviating  ;  not  depart- 
ing from  the  way,  or  from  a  rule,  principle,  or  pur- 
pose ;  steady ;  regular ;  as,  an  undeviating  course  of 
virtue.  Pimopiist. 
2.  Not  erring ;  not  wandering ;  not  crooked. 

Cotoper. 

UN-De'VI-A-TING-LY,  adv.  Without  wandering; 
steadily  ;  regularly. 

UN-De'VI-OUS,  a.    Not  devious. 

UN-DE'VI-OUS-LY,  adv.    Not  deviously. 

UN-DE-V^oT'ED,  a.    Not  devoted.        '  Clarendon. 

UN-DE-V0UR'£D,  a.    Not  devoured. 

UN-DE-VOUT',  a.  Not  devout;  having  no  devo- 
tion. 

UN-DEX'TROUS,  a.    Not  dextrous  ;  clumsy. 
UN-1)I'A-DEM-£D,  a.    Not  adorned  with  a  diadem. 
UN-Dl-APU'A-NOUS,  a.    Not  transparent ;  not  |)el- 

lucid.  Boyle. 
UN-DID',  pret.  of  Undo. 

UN-DIF-FCS'ED,  (-dif-fuz'ed,)  o,    Not  diffused. 
UN-DIG'E-NOUS,  (-dij'e-nus,)  a.    [L.  u«</o,  wave, 
and  Gr.  jfiot,  kind.] 

Generated  by  water.  Kirtron. 
UN-DI-GEST'ED,  a.    Not  digested;  not  subdued  by 

the  stouiuch  ;  crude.  .^rbtitJinot. 
UN-DIGHT',  (-dite',)  v.  t.    To  put  off.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

UN-DIG'NI-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  0.  Not  dignified  ;  com- 
mon ;  mean.  Sir///. 

UN-DI-MIN'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  diminu- 
tion. Scott. 

UN-DI-MIN'ISII-A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  diniin- 
ishable. 

UN-DI-MIN'ISH-£D,  (  de-min'isht,)  a.  Ni>l  dimin- 
ished ;  not  lessened  ;  unimpaired.  Miltnn.  Drvdcn. 

UN-I)I-MIN'ISI1-I.\G,  a.  Not  diminishing;  not  be- 
coming less. 

UN-DIM'M£D,  a.    Not  ninde  dim  ;  not  obscured. 

Mien. 

UN-DINE',  n.  [L.  unda.]  A  name  given  by  the 
C'abalists  to  a  class  of  spirits  residing  in  the  waters. 

Brande. 

UN-DINT'ED,  a.    Not  impressed  by  a  blow.  Shak. 
UN-l)ll'-LO-M.\T'ie,  a.    Not  according  to  the  rules 

of  diplomatic  btidies. 
UN-DIP'P£D,  (-dipt',)  a.    Not  dipped  ;  not  plunged. 

Dryden. 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WH/IT.  — METE,  PUfiV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


119» 


UND 

UN-DI-RECT'ED,  a.    Not  directed  ;  not  guided  ;  left 
without  directiou. 
y.  Not  addressed  ;  not  superscribed  ;  as  a  letter. 
UN-UIS-Al'-POINT'ED,  a.   Not  disappointed. 

Elphinstonu 

UN-DIS-I!AND'KD,  a.    Not  disbanded. 

UN-UIS-CEIIN'£U,  (-diz-zernd',)  a.  Not  discerned  ; 
not  seen  ;  not  observed  ;  not  descried  ;  not  discov- 
ered ;  as,  trutlis  undisccrned.  Brown. 

UN-1)IS-CERN'ED-LY,  (-diz-7.ern'cd-lc,)  ado.  In 
sucli  a  manner  a.H  not  to  be  discovered  or  seen. 

Boiile. 

UN-DIS-CRRN'I-BLE,  (-diz-zem'e-bl,)  a.  Tliat  can 
not  be  discerned,  seen,  or  discovered  ;  invisible  ;  as, 
undiscernibla  objects  or  distinctions.  Rogers. 

UN-DIS  UEUN'I-llLE-NESS,  (-diz-zern'-,)  ?i.  The 
state  or  (pialitv  of  being  undiscernible. 

UN-I)IS  Ci:ilN''I-ULY,  adn.  In  a  way  not  to  be  dis- 
covered or  seen  ;  invisibly  ;  imperceptibly.  South. 

UN-DIS-CERN'I.\G,  (-diz-zern'-,)  a.  Not  discerning  ; 
not  malting  just  distinctions  ;  wanting  judgment  or 
the  power  of  discrimination. 

UN-DIS-UERN'ING,  n.    Want  of  discernment. 

Spectator. 

UN-DIS-CHXRG'KD,  a.    Not  discharged. 

UN-DIS'CI-PI,IN-f;U,  a.  Not  disciplined  ;  not  duly 
exercised  and  taught ;  not  subdued  to  regularity  and 
order  ;  raw  ;  as,  utidisciplined  troops  ;  uniHsc.iplincd 
valor.  Mndiion. 

3.  Not  instructed ;  untaught ;  as,  undisciplined 
minds. 

UN-DIS-ei,OSE',  (nn-dis-kloze',)  v.  t.  Not  to  dis- 
cover,       bad  word.]  Daniel. 

UN-DI.S-eLOS'KD,  a.    Not  disclosed  ;  not  revealed. 

UN-DIS-eOL'OR-£D,  (-dis-kul'liird,)  a.  Not  dis- 
colored. 

UN-DIS-eON-CERT'ED,  a.    Not  disconcerted. 
UN-UrS-eORD'ANT,  a.    Not  discordant. 
UN-DIS-CORD'ING,  a.    Not  disagreeing  ;  not  jarring 
in  nmsic  ;  harmonious ;  as,  unducording  voices. 

Mdton. 

UN-nif-eOIJR'AG -KD,  a.    Not  disheartened. 

UN-DIS-eOV'EU-A  BI-E,  (-kuv'cr-,)ff.  That  can  not 
be  discovered  or  found  out ;  as,  undiscoccrable  prin- 
ciples. 

UN-DIS-eOV'ER-A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  to 

be  discovered. 
UN-DI.S-eOV'ER-ED,  (-kuv'erd,) a.   Notdiscovered  ; 

not  seen  ;  not  descried.  Drydcn. 
UN-iys  eRED'IT-ED,  a.  Not  discredited. 

fVarburton. 

UN-niS  eREET',  a.    Not  discreet  ;  not  prudent  or 

t Instead  of  this.  Indiscreet  is  used.]  [wise. 
(IS-CREET'LY,  adv.     Indiscreetly.     [Sea  In- 
discreetly.] 
UN-DIS-eRnrI.\-A-TI.VG,  a.    Not  discriminating. 
UN-DlS-eUSS'£D,  (-dis-kust',)  a.    Not  discussed; 

not  argued  or  debated.  Du  Ponceau. 

UN-1)IS-GRaC'£D,  (-dis-grast',)  o.  Not  disgraced  or 
dishonored. 

U.N-DIS-GIIIS'A-RLE,  a.  That  can  not  he  disguised. 
UN-DIS-GUIS'£D,  (  gizd',)  a.     [.See  Guise.]  Not 

disguised  ;  not  covered  with  a  mask,  or  with  a  false 

appearance.  Dnjden. 
2.  Open  ;  frank  ;  candid  ;  plain  ;  artless.  Rogers. 
UN-l)IS-IIEXRT'£\-K»,  a.    Not  discouraged. 
UN  DlS-lION'OR-ftD,  f-diz-on'urd,)a.  [See  Honor.] 

Not  dishonored  ;  not  disgraced.  Shak. 
UN-DIS-MaY'KD,  (made',)  a.    Not  dismayed  ;  not 

disheartened  by  fear ;  nut  discouraged  ;  as,  troops  un- 

di.-imftyed. 

UN-DIS-O-BLIG'ING,  a.    Inoffensive.    \fLitlte  used.] 

Brown. 

UN-DIS-OR'DER-ED,  a.  Not  disordered;  not  dis- 
turbed. 

UN-DIS-PENS'£D,  (  dis-penst',)  a.    Not  dispensed. 

2.  Not  freed  fr<mi  obligation. 
UN-DIS-PENS'ING,  a.    Not  allowing  to  be  dispensed 

with.  jMillon. 
UN-DIS-PERS'£D,  (-dis-pcrst',)  a.    Not  dispersed; 

not  scattered.  Boyle. 
UN-DIS-PI,SY'£D,  n.    Not  displayed  ;  not  unfolded. 
tJN-DlS-PoS'£D,  (  dis-pozd',)  a.    Not  disposed. 

Undisposed  of;  not  disposed  of ;  not  bestowed  ; 
not  parted  with ;  as,  einploymonkj  undisposed  of. 

Swift. 

UN-DIS-POS'ED-NESS,  n.  Indisposition;  disincU- 
nation. 

UN-DIS'PU-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  disputable. 

[Bill  the  word  now  used  is  Indisputable.] 
UN-blS'PU-T.V-BLE  NESS,  n.   A  state  of  not  being 
disputable. 

U.\-UIS-POT'ED,  a.  Not  disputed;  not  contested; 
not  called  in  question;  as,  an  undLfputed  Xil\*i  ;  un- 


disputed  truth. 
UN-DIS-aUI'ET-ED,  a. 

turhed. 
UN-DIS-SEM'BL£D,  a. 


Dryden. 
Not  disquieted  ;  not  dis- 
Tooke. 

Not  dissembled  ;  open  ;  un- 


disguised ;  unfeigned ;  as,  undisscmbled  friendship 


or  piety. 
UN-DIS:SEM'BLING,  a. 


fVarton.  AtUrbvry, 
Not  dissembling  ;  not  ei 
liibiting  a  false  appearance  ;  not  false.  Thomson. 
UN-DIS'SI-PA-TED,  a.  Not  dissipated  ;  not  scattered. 

Bmjle. 


UND 

UN-DIS-SOI.V'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Dissolve.]  That 
can  not  he  dissolved  or  melted.  Greenhill. 

2.  That  may  not  be  loosened  or  broken  ;  as,  the  un- 
dissoltmble  ties  of  friendship. 
UN-l)IS-SOLV'£D,  a.    Not  dissolved  ;  not  melted. 

Cowper. 

UN-DIS-SOLV'ING,a.    Not  dissolving  ;  not  melting; 

as,  the  unilissolvintr  ice  of  the  Alps. 
UN-D[S-TEiM'PER-£D,  a.    Not  diseased  ;  free  from 

malady. 

2.  Free  from  perturbation.  Temple. 

UN-DIS-TENI)'E1),  a.    Not  distended  ;  not  enlarged. 

UN-UIS  TIL1.'£1),  n.    Not  distilled. 

UN-DIS-TIN"0U1SII-A-HLE,  (  ting'gwish-a-bl,)  o. 
That  can  not  be  distinguished  by  the  eye;  not  to  be 
distinctly  seen.  Shak. 

2.  Not  to  be  known  or  distinguished  by  the  intel- 
lect, by  any  peculiar  property.  Locke. 

UN-DIS-TIN"GUISII-A-BLY,  adv.  Without  distinc- 
tion ;  so  as  not  to  be  known  from  each  other,  or  to  be 
separately  seen.  Barrow. 

UN-l)IS-TIN"GUISn-ED,  (-dis-ting'gwisht,)  a.  Not 
distinguished  ;  not  so  marked  as  to  be  distinctly 
known  from  each  other. 

Undistinguished  seeds  of  good  nnd  ill.  Ihyden. 

2.  Not  separately  seen  or  descried.  Dnjden. 

3.  Not  plainly  discerned.  Swift, 

4.  Having  no  intervenient  space.  Shak. 

5.  Not  marked  by  any  particular  property. 

*  Dcnham, 

6.  Not  treated  with  any  particular  respect. 

Pope. 

7.  Not  distinguished  by  any  particular  eminence. 
UN-DIS-TIN"GU1SI1-ING,B.    iMaking  no  diliereiice  ; 

not  discriminating  ;  as,  undistingnishing  favor. 

Undistinguiehing  iliitril^ution  of  good  and  evil.  Addison. 
UN-DIS-TORT'ED,  a.    Not  distorted  ;  not  perverted. 

More. 

UN  DIS-TRACT'ED,  a.  Not  perplexed  by  contra- 
riety or  confusion  of  thoughts,  desires,  or  concerns. 

Boiilc. 

UN-DIS-TRACT'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  disturbance 
from  contrariety  of  thoughts  or  multiplicity  of  con- 
cerns. Boiile. 

UN-DIS-TRAeT'ED-NES.«i,  n.  Freedom  from  dis- 
turbance or  interruption  from  contrariety  or  multi- 
plicity of  thoughts  and  concerns.  Boyle. 

UN-l)IS-TRIU'lJ-TEI),a.    Not  distributed  or  allotted. 

UN-DlS-TURB'il),  «.  Free  from  interruption  ;  not 
molested  or  hindered  ;  as,  undisturbed  with  com- 
pany or  noise. 

2.  Free  from  perturbation  of  mind ;  calm  ;  tran- 
quil ;  placid  ;  serene  ;  not  agitated.  To  be  undii- 
ttirbed  by  danger,  by  perplexities,  by  injuries  re- 
ceived, is  a  most  desirable  object. 

3.  Not  agitated  ;  not  stirred  ;  not  moved  ;  as,  the 
surface  of  water  undisturbed.  Dryden. 

UN-DIS-TURB'ED-LY,  arfw.    Calmly;  peacefully. 

Locke. 

UN-DIS-TURB'ED-NESS,  n.  Calmness;  tranquil- 
lity i  freedom  from  inolest.ition  or  agitation. 

UN-l)IS-TURIi  lAG,  a.    Not  disturbing. 

UN-DI-VERS'l-FI-£D,  a.  Not  diversified  ;  not  va- 
ried ;  uniform.  Roscoe. 

UN-DI-VERT'ED,  a.  Not  diverted;  not  turned  aside. 
2.  Not  annised  ;  not  entertained  or  pleased. 

UN-UI-VID'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  divided  ;  not 
separable  ;  as,  an  undividuble  scene.  j'Shok, 

UN-DI-VID'ED,  a.     Not  divided  ;  not  separated  or 
disunited  ;  unbroken  ;  whole  ;  as,  undivided  atten- 
tion or  affections. 
2.  In  Jufnnu,  not  lobed,  cleft,  or  branched.  Cijc. 

UN-Dl-VID'ED-LY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  parted. 

Feltham. 

UN-DI-VoRC'£D,  (-dc-vorst',)  a.    Not  divorced. 

Younir, 

UN-DI-VULC;'£D,  a.  Not  divulged  ;  not  revealed  or 
disclosed  ;  secret.  Belknap.  Robertson. 

UN-DO',  V.  U  ;  pret.  Undid  ;  pp.  Undone.   To  reverse 
what  h.as  been  done  ;  to  annul ;  to  bring  to  naught 
any  transaction.  We  can  mido  many  kinds  of  work  ; 
but  we  can  not  undo  crimes,  errors,  or  faults. 
To-morrow,  f  re  ihe  •citing  6ini, 

Sbe'd  ull  undo  wli.-il  she  liud  done.  Swi/t. 

2.  To  loose ;  to  open  ;  to  take  to  pieces ;  to  un- 
ravel ;  to  unfasten  ;  to  untie ;  as,  to  undo  a  knot. 

rVaUer. 

3.  To  ruin  ;  to  bring  to  poverty ;  to  impoverish. 
Many  are  undone  by  unavoidable  losses  ;  but  more 
und<i  themselves  by  vices  and  dissipation,  or  by  in- 
dolence. 

4.  To  niin,  in  a  mor.al  sense  ;  to  bring  to  everlast- 
ing destruction  and  misery. 

5.  To  ruin  in  n  piilation. 

U.N-DOCK',  V.  U  To  take  out  of  dock  ;  as,  to  undock 
a  ship.  Encije. 

UN-DO'ER,  71.  One  who  undoes  or  brings  destruc- 
tion ;  one  who  reverses  what  has  been  done ;  one 
who  ruins  the  reputation  of  another. 

UN-DO'ING,  ppr.  Reversing  what  has  been  done  ; 
ruining. 

UN-UO'ING,  71.   The  reversal  of  what  has  been  done. 
2.  Ruin  ;  destruction.  Hooker. 


UND 

UN-I)(J-.ME.S'Tie,  a.    Not  domestic. 
UN-UO-.MES'TIt;-A  TEI),  a.    Not  domesticated  ;  not 
accustomed  to  a  family  life.  CluUmtrs. 
2.  Not  tamed. 
UN-UO.NE',  (un-dun',)  TO.   Reversed;  annulled. 

2.  Ruined  ;  destroyed. 

When  tiiL-  li^gialalurc  b  Cuirupted,  Uie  people  are  unilonM. 

J.  Aflamt. 

3.  a.  Not  done  ;  not  perfonned  ;  not  executed. 
Wi!  are  apt  to  leave  undone  what  we  ought  to  do. 

UN  DUUHT'EU,  (un-doul'ed,)  a.  Not  doubled  ;  not 
c:ille(T  in  question;  iniliibilaltle ;  indisputable;  as, 
undottbleil  \ttm(  ;  undoubted  tnHU.  Jlilton. 

UN-l)OUHl''EI).I,Y,  (uii-dout'ed-ly,)  orfii.  Without 
doubt ;  without  question  ;  indubitably.  Tillolson. 

U.N'DOUliT'FlJL,  (un-dout'ful,)  a.  Not  doubtful; 
not  ambiguous  ;  plain  ;  evident.  Shak. 

U.N-DOUBT'ING,  (iin-doiit'ing,)  a.  Not  doubting; 
not  hesitating  respecting  facts  ;  not  fluctuating  in 
uncertainty  ;  as,  an  undoubting  believer;  an  undoubt- 
ing  faith.  Hiioimond. 

tJN-UOUBT'I.\G-LY,  adv.    Without  doiiljliiig. 

UN-I)RaIN'£U,  a.  Not  drained;  not  freed  from 
water. 

UN-I)RA-MAT'ie,       fa.    Not  dramatic;  not  ac- 

UN-DRA-MAT'ie-AL,  j  cording  to  the  rules  of  the 
drama,  or  not  suited  to  the  drama.  Young. 

UN-I)RaP'£D,  (-drapt',)  a.  Not  covered  with  drapery. 

UN-DRAWN',  a.  Not  drawn  ;  not  pulled  by  an  ex- 
ternal i'orce.  JtlUton. 

2.  Not  allured  by  motives  or  persuasion. 

3.  Not  taken  from  the  box  ;  as,  an  undrawn  ticket. 
UN-DREAD'ED,  (un-dred'ed,)  a.    Not  dreaded  ;  not 

feared.  JMUton. 
UN-nREAD'LN'G,  a.    Not  dreading  ;  fearless. 
UN-DR£A.M'£D,  a.    Not  dreamed  ;  not  thought  of. 

Shak. 

UN-DRESS',  ».  U    To  divest  of  clothes;  to  strip. 

.^ddtson. 

2.  To  divest  of  ornaments,  or  the  attire  of  osten- 
tation ;  to  disrobe.  Prior. 
UN'DRESS,  n.    A  loose,  negligent  dress.  Dryden. 

2.  Anioiig  soldiers,  dress  worn  when  not  on  duty. 
U.\-DRESS'£D,  (un  drest',)  pp.    Divested  of  dress; 
disrobed. 

2.  a.  Not  dressed  ;  not  attired. 

3.  Not  prepared  j  as,  meat  undressed. 

4.  Not  pruned;  not  trimmed;  not  put  in  order; 
as,  an  undressed  vineyard. 

UN-DRI'£D,  (-dride',)  a.    Not  dried  ;  wet ;  moist ;  as, 

undried  cloth. 
2.  Not  dried  ;  green  ;  as,  undried  hay  ;  undried 

liops.  .Mortimer. 
UN-DRILL'ED,  a.    Not  drilled. 
UN-DRINK' A-BLE,  a.    Not  drinkable. 
UN-DRI  V'£N,  a.    Not  driven  ;  not  impelled.  Dryden. 
UN-DROOP'ING,  a.    Not  drooping  ;  not  sinking  ;  not 

despairing.  Thomson. 
UN-DROSS'Y,  a.    Free  from  dross  or  recrement. 

Pope. 

U.\-DROWN'£D,  a.    Not  drowned.  Shak. 
UN-DC lil-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  doubted;  unques- 
tionable. 

[But  the  word  now  used  is  Indubitable.] 
UN-DuE',  a.    Not  due  ;  not  yet  demandable  by  right; 
as,  a  debt,  note,  or  bond  undue. 

2.  Not  right;  nut  legal;  improper;  as,  an  undue 
proceeding. 

3.  Not  agreeable  to  a  nile  or  standard,  or  to  duty  ; 
not  proportioned  ;  excessive ;  as,  an  undue  regard  to 
the  externals  of  religion  ;  an  undue  attacliiiient  to 
forms  ;  an  undue  rigor  in  the  f;\eculion  of  law. 

UN-DCKE',  r.  t.    To  deprive  of  dukedom.  Swift 
UN'DU  LA-RY,  a.    [L.  undula,  a  little  wave.] 

Playing  like  waves  ;  waving.  Brown. 
UN'DU-L.\TE,    j  a.    Wavv  ;  waved  obtusely  up  and 
U.\'DU-La-TED,  i    dovvn,'near  the  margin, 'as a  leaf 

or  cored.  Lee.  Smith. 

UN'DU-L.aTE,  v.  t.  [h.  undula,  a  little  wave  ;  undo, 
a  wave  ;  Low  I.,  undulo.] 

To  move  back  and  lurth,  or  up  and  down,  as 
waves  ;  to  cause  to  vibrate. 

Breath  vocalized,  th;i(  ta,  vil;nite<l  and  ujulalaUd.  Holdtr. 

UN'DU-LaTE,  f.  i.  To  vibrate  ;  to  move  back  and 
forth  ;  to  wave  ;  as,  undulating  air.  Pope. 

UN'DU-La-TING,  ppr.    Waving  ;  vibrating. 
2.  a.    Wavv  ;  rising  and  falling. 

UN'DU-La-TING-LY,  adv.    In  the  form  of  waves. 

UN-DU-L.A'TION,  71.  [from  iinrf«/a(p.]  A  waving 
motion  or  vibration  ;  as,  the  undulatiojis  of  a  fluid, 
of  water,  or  air;  the  undulations  of  sound.  The 
unilulations  of  a  fluid  are  propagated  in  concentric 
circles. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  particular  uneasy  sensation  of  an 
undiilatury  motion  in  the  heart.  Cyc. 

3.  In  7nii.s-ic,  a  rattling  or  jarring  of  sounds,  as 
when  discordant  notes  are  sounded  together.  It  is 
called  also  Beat.  Cyc 

4.  In  surgtTy,yi  certain  motion  of  the  matter  of  an 
abscess  when  pressed,  which  indicates  its  fitness  for 
opening.  Cyc 

UN'DU-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [from  vnrfuiaTtl  Moving  in 
the  manner  of  waves  ;  or  resembling  the  motion  of 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


UNE 


UNE 


UNE 


waves,  which  successively  rise  or  swell  and  fall.  We 
speak  ol  the  iimlulalory  motion  of"  water,  of  air,  or 
other  lluid,  and  this  uttdnlutury  motion  of  air  is  sup- 
posed to  he  the  cause  of  sounds.  Tiiis  is  sometimes 
called  vibratory  i  but  undulatury  secuis  to  be  most 
correct. 

Undnlatory  theory  ;  in  optics,  the  theory  that  the 
phenoinena  of  light  are  prtiduced  by  the  undulations 
of  an  independent  medium,  set  in  motion  by  the  lu- 
minous body;  opposed  to  the  theory  of  emanations, 
according  to  which  light  is  a  material  fluid  of  ex- 
treme suhtilty.  According  to  tlie  former  theory,  the 
fluid  is  only  the  medium  of  light,  as  air  is  the  me- 
dium of  sound,  and  the  impression  is  conveyed  from 
the  radiant  to  the  eye  by  successive  undulatiims  of 
this  medium;  according  to  the  latter,  the  motion  is 
simply  that  of  a  chain  of  particles  moving  in  right 
lines.  Olmsted. 

UN-DULL',  !\  (.  To  remove  dullness  or  obscurity  ;  to 
clear  ;  to  purify.    [JVut  used.]  fVhitlock. 

UN-l)0'LY,  ado.    Not  according  to  duty  or  propriety. 
9.  Not  in  proper  proportion ;  excessively.  His 
strength  was  unduly  exerted. 

UN-DuR'A-BLE,  a.  Not  durable  ;  not  lasting.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Amway. 

UN-DUST', !).  t.    To  free  from  dust.    [JVo(  in  use.] 

Mountague. 

UN-Du'TE-OUS,  a.  Not  performing  duty  to  parents 
and  superiors  ;  not  obedient;  as,  an  unduteous  child, 
apprentice,  or  servant.  Dryden. 

UN-fiU'TI-FUL,  a.  Not  obedient ;  not  performing 
duty  ;  as,  an  unduliful  son  or  subject.  Tillotson. 

UN-Du'Tl-FUL-LY,  adv.  Not  according  to  duty  ;  in 
a  disobedient  manner.  Dryden. 

UN-Du'TI-FlJL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  respect ,  viola- 
tion of  duty  ;  disobedience  ;  as,  the  undutifulness  of 
children  or  subjects. 

UN-DY'ING,  a.    Not  dying  ;  not  perishing. 

2.  Not  subject  to  deatli ;  immortal ;  as,  the  undying 
souls  of  men. 

UN-EAKN'£D,  (-emd',)  o.  Not  merited  by  labor  or 
services. 

Hoping  Heaven  will  bless 
Thy  siif^hted  fniits,  and  give  Ihce  bread  unearned.  Philips. 

UN-EARTH',  (un-erth',)  v.  t.    To  drive  from  the 

earth  ;  to  uncover. 
UN-EARTH'£D,  (-ertht',)  a.     Driven  from  a  den, 

cavern,  or  burrow.  Thomson. 
UN-EARTtI'LY,  (-erth'le,)  a.    Not  terrestrial.  Shal:. 
UN-eAS'I-LY,  ado.    Witli  uneasiness  or  pain. 

He  livrs  uneasify  under  the  burden.  L'Estrange. 
9.  With  difliculty  ;  not  readily.  Boyle. 
UN-EAS'I-NESS,  n.     A  moderate  degree  of  pain; 

restlessness  ;  want  of  ease  ;  disquiet. 

2.  Unquietness  of  mind  ;  moderate  anxiety  or  per- 
turbation ;  disquietude. 

3.  That  which  makes  uneasy  or  gives  trouble  ; 
ruggedness  ;  as,  the  uneasijiess  of  tlie  road.  [Unu- 
sHol.]  Burnet. 

UN-kAS'Y,  a.  Feeling  some  degree  of  pain  ;  restless ; 
disturbed  ;  unquiet.    The  patient  is  uneasy. 

2.  Giving  some  pain  ;  as,  an  uneasy  garment. 

3.  Disturbed  in  mind  ;  somewhat  anxious  ;  un- 
quiet. He  is  uneasy  respecting  the  success  of  his 
project. 

The  soul,  uneany  and  confined  from  home, 

Rests  and  expnuatea  in  a  life  lo  come.  Pope. 

4.  Constraining ;  cramping  ;  as,  uneasy  rules. 

Roscommon, 

5.  Constrained;  stiff;  not  graceful ;  not  easy  ;  as, 
an  uneasy  deportment.  Locke. 

6.  Giving  some  pain  to  others;  disagreeable;  un- 
pleasing. 

A  sour,  untractahle  nature  makes  him  uneaty  to  those  who 
approach  hint.  Spectator, 

7.  Diflicult. 

Things  —  so  umaey  to  be  satisfactorily  understood,    [Not  tn  tise.] 

Boyle. 

U.N-EAT'A-BLE,  a.    Not  eatable  ;  not  fit  to  be  eaten. 

Miller. 

UN-EAT'£N,  a.    Not  eaten  ;  not  devoured. 

Clarendon. 

UN-E.ATH',  adv.    [un  and  Sax.  eath,  easy.] 

I.  Not  easily.    ]jVot  in  use.]  Shak, 
Q.  Beneath  ;  below.   [JVut  m  use.]  [See  Neither 
and  Bene*th.]  Spenser. 
UN-EBB'ING,  a.    Not  ebbing. 
UN-ECirO-IN(;,  (  ck'o  ing,)  a.    Not  echoing. 
UN-E-CLI1'S'£0,  (-klipst',)  a.    Not  eclipsed ;  not  ob- 
Hcured. 

UN  i;  ei)-\OM'ie-AL,  o.   Not  economical.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-E1)'I-F9  ING,  o.  Not  edifying;  not  improving 
to  the  mitiil.  Jltterburii. 

DN-ED'I-FY-ING-LY,  adv.  Not  in  an  edifying  man- 
ner. 

UN-KD'H-GA-TED,  a.    Not  cdiirated  ;  illiterate. 
UN-EF  FA'Ci-'D,  (  f  iHtc',)  n.    Not  cHaced  ;  not  oblit- 

erati-il.  Cheyne. 
UN  EF  FECT'F.D,  a.    Not  em  cted  or  performed. 
U,\  EF-FEe'J''IJ-AL,  a.    Ineflectual.     [The  tatter  is 

the  word  nojn  used.] 
UN  E-LAB'OR  A'l'E,  a.    Fininhcd  with  little  labor  or 

•tudy. 


UN-E-LAS'Tie,  a.  Not  elastic  ;  not  h.tving  the  prop- 
erty of  recovering  its  original  state,  when  bent  or 
forced  out  of  its  form. 

UN-E-LAS-TIC'I-TY,  n.    State  of  being  unelastic. 

UN-E-LaT'ED,  a.    Not  elated  ;  not  puffed  up. 

UN-EL'BoAV-£D,  a.  Not  attended  by  any  at  the  el- 
bow. Pope. 

UN-E-LECT'ED,  o.  Not  elected  ;  not  chosen  ;  not 
preferred.  Shak. 

UN-EL'E-GANT,  a.  Not  elegant.  [JVot  used.]  [See 
Inelegant.] 

UN-EL'I-GI-BLE,  a.  Not  proper  to  be  chosen ;  ineli- 
gible.   [  The  latter  is  the  -word  now  used.] 

UN-E-MAN'CI-Pa-TED,  a.  Not  emancipated  or  lib- 
erated from  slavery. 

UN-EM-BXL.M'BD,  a.    Not  embalmed. 

UN-E.M-BAR'RASS-£D,  (  rast,)  a.  Not  embarrassed  ; 
not  perplexed  in  mind  ;  not  confused.  The  speaker 
appeared  unejnbarrassed. 

2.  Free  from  pecuniary  difficulties  or  encumbrances. 
He  or  his  property  is  unembarrassed. 

3.  Free  from  per|ilexing  connection  ;  as,  the  ques- 
tion comes  before  tlie  court  unembarrassed  with  irrel- 
evant matter. 

UN-E,M-B0D'[-ED,  a.    Free  from  a  corporeal  body  ; 

as,  unembodied  spirits.  Elliott, 
2.  Not  embodied;  not  collected  into  a  body;  as, 

unembodied  militia.  Smollett. 
UN-EIM-BR0ID'ER-£D,  a.    Not  embroidered.  ./3s/i. 
UN-EJI-PIIAT'ie,  a.    Having  no  emphasis. 
UN-EM-PHAT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    Without  energy  or 

emphasis. 

UN-EM-PLOY'KD,  a.  Not  employed  ;  not  occupied  ; 
not  busy  ;  at  leisure  ;  not  engaged.  ,Sddison. 

2.  Not  being  in  use  ;  as,  unemployed  capital  or 
money. 

UN-EM-P0W'ER-£D,  a.  Not  empowered  or  author- 
ized. 

UN-E.\IP'TI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  emptied  ;  inex- 
haustible.   [JVot  in  use]  Hooker. 

UN-EIM'lf-LA-TING,  a.  Not  emulating ;  not  striving 
to  excel.  Ruffhead, 

UN-EN-CHXNT'ED,  a.  Not  enchanted ;  that  can 
not  be  enchanted.  Mdton, 

UN-EN-eOUNT'ER-£D,  a.    Not  encountered. 

UN-EN-eU.M'BER,  v,  t    To  free  from  encumbrance. 

UN-EN-eUM'BER-SD,  pp.  Disengaged  from  encum- 
brance. 

2.  a.    Not  encumbered  ;  not  burdened. 

UN-EN-DEAR'ED,  a.  Not  attended  with  endear- 
ment. Milton. 

UN-EN-DEAV'OR-ING,  (-dev'-,)  a.  Making  no  effort. 

UN-END'ED,  o.    Not  ended.  Bcnlham. 

UN-ENI)'ING,  a.    Not  ending.  JV.  Ji.  Rev. 

UN-EN-DOW'£D,  a.  Not  endowed  ;  not  furnished  ; 
not  invested  ;  as,  a  man  unendowed  with  virtues. 

2.  Not  furnished  with  funds ;  as,  an  unendowed 
college  or  hospital. 

UN-EN-UuR'A-BLE,  o.  Not  to  be  endured  ;  intoler- 
able. 

UN-EN-DuR'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  endured. 

UN-EN-DuR'ING,  a.  Not  lasting  ;  of  temporary  du- 
ration. Dwigkt. 

UN-E-NERVa-TED,  a.  Not  enervated  or  weak- 
ened. Beattie. 

UN-EN-FEE'BL£D,  a     Not  enfeebled. 

UN-EN-GaG'jEO,  a.  Not  engaged  ;  not  bound  by  cov- 
enant or  promise  ;  free  from  obligation  to  a  particu- 
lar person  ;  as,  a  lady  is  unengaged. 

2.  Free  from  attachment  that  binds ;  as,  her  affec- 
tions are  unengaged. 

3.  Unemployed  ;  unoccupied  ;  not  busy. 

4.  Not  appropriatetl ;  as,  unengaged  revenues.  [We 
generally  say,  unappropriated  revenue  or  money.] 

UN-EN-GaG'ING,  fl.    Not  adapted  to  engage  or  win 

the  attention  or  affections  ;  not  inviting. 
UN-EN"GLISH,  (-ing'glish,)  o.    Not  English. 

If  est.  Rev, 

UN-EN-JOY'£D,  a.    Not  enjoyed  ;  not  obtained  ;  not 

possessed.  Dryden. 
UN-EN-JOY'ING,  a.    Not  using ;  having  no  fruition. 

Creek. 

UN-EN-LXRG'£D,  a.  Not  enlarged  ;  narrow. 

Watts. 

UN-EN-LIGHT'EN-£D,(  lIt'nd,)a.  Not  enlightened ; 
not  illuminated.  jStterbuni. 

UN-EN-Ll  V'KN-KD,  a.    Not  enlivened.  Moore 

UN-EN-SLAV'/:i),  a.    Not  enslaved  ;  free.  Mdison. 

UN-EN-TAN"GI,E,  (-tang'gl,)  r.  t.  To  free  from 
complication  or  perplexity  ;  to  disentangle.  Donne, 

UN  EN-TAN"GLA;D,  pp.  Disentangled. 

2.  a.  Not  entangletl ;  not  complicated  ;  not  per- 
plexed. 

UN-EN'TER-PRIS-ING,  a.  Not  enterprising;  not 
adventurous. 

I;N-EN'TER-PRI»-ING-LY,  adv,  Witlmut  enterprise. 

UN-EN-TER-TAIN'iNG,  a.  Not  entertaining  or 
amusing  ;  giving  no  delight.  Pope, 

UN-EN-TER-TAIN'ING-LY,  ado.  Without  enter- 
tainment. 

UN-EN-TER-TAIN'ING-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of 

being  tinentertaining  or  dull. 
UN-EN-TIIHALL'£D,  a.  Not  enslaved  ;  not  reduced 

to  Ihralldom. 


UN-EN-TOMB'£D,  (-toomd',)  a.    Not  buried  ;  not  in- 

terreil.  Dryden. 
UN-EN-TO-MO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Not  entomological. 

Kirby. 

UN-E-Nu'MER-A-TED,  a.    Not  numbered  ;  not  in- 
cluded among  enumerated  articles. 
UN-EN'VI-A-BLE,  a.    Not  enviable.  Byron, 
UN-EN' VI-£D,  o.  Not  envied  ;  exempt  from  the  envy 
of  others, 

UN-EN'VI-OUS,  a.  Not  envious  ;  free  from  envy. 
UN-EN'VY-ING,  a.    Not  envying.  Ed.  Rev, 

UN-E-PIS'eO-PAL,  a.    Not  episcopal.        Ed.  Rev. 
UN-EP'I-TAPH-£D,  (-e-taft,)  a.    Having  no  epitaph. 

Pollok. 

UN-K'QUA-BLE,  a.  Different  from  itself;  different 
at  diflerent  times  ;  not  uniform  ;  diverse ;  as,  une- 
quable motions  ;  unequable  months  or  seasons. 

UN-K'Q.UAL,  a,    [L.  inaqualis,]  [Bentley, 

1.  Not  equal ;  not  even  ;  not  of  the  same  size, 
length,  breadth,  quantity,  &c. ;  as,  men  of  unequal 
stature  ;  houses  of  unequal  dimensions. 

2.  Not  equal  in  strength,  talents,  acquirements, 
&c.  ;  inferior. 

3.  Not  equal  in  age  or  station  ;  inferior. 

4.  Insuflicient ;  inadequate.  His  strength  is  une- 
qual to  the  task. 

5.  Partial ;  unjust ;  not  furnishing  equivalents  to 
the  different  parties  ;  as,  an  unequal  peace  ;  an  une- 

6.  Disproportioned  ;  ill-matched.       [quul  bargain. 

Against  unequal  arms  to  light  in  pain.  Milton. 

7.  Not  regular;  not  uniform;  as,  unequal  pulsa- 
tions. Dryden, 

8.  In  botany,  not  having  the  two  sides  symmetri- 
cal. Lindley, 

UN-E'QUAL-A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  equaled.  Boyle. 

UN-£'CiUAL-£D,  a.  Not  to  be  equaled  ;  unparal- 
leled ;  unrivaled  ;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense  ;  as,  une- 
quated  excellence  ;  unequaled  ingratitude  or  baseness. 

UN-E'Q,UAL-LY,  adv.  Not  equally  ;  in  different  de- 
grees ;  in  disproportitm  to  each  other. 

9.  Not  witli  like  sentiments,  temper,  or  religious 
opinions  or  habits.   2  Cor,  vi. 

UN-E'tiUAL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unequal ;  in- 
equality. Temple, 

UN-E-aUIP'P£D,  (-kwipt'j)  a.    Not  equipped. 

UN-EQ'UI-TA-BLE,  (-ek'vve-ta-bl,)  a.  Not  equita- 
ble ;  not  just. 

2.  Not  impartial.  [Inequitable  is  generally 
used.] 

UN-E-UUIV'O-GAL,  a.  Not  equivocal ;  not  doubt- 
ful;  cle.'ir  ;  evident;  as,  uiicryuieoro^  evidence. 

2.  Not  ambiguous  ;  not  of  doubtful  signification  ; 
not  admitting  different  interpretations  ;  as,  uiLcqtiivo- 
cal  words  or  expressions. 

UN-E-QUIVO-CAL-LY,  adv.  Without  doubt ;  with- 
out room  to  doubt  ;  plainly  ;  with  full  evidence. 

UN-E-aUlVO-CAL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  un- 
equivocal. 

UN-E-RAD'I-eA-BLE,a.  Th.it  can  not  be  eradicated. 

.^Uen. 

UN-E-RAD'I-Ca-TED,  a.  Not  eradicated  ;  not  ex- 
terminated. 

UN-ER'RA-BLE,  a.    Incapable  of  erring ;  infallible. 

Sheldon. 

UN-ER'RA-BLE-NESS,  n.   Incap.icity  of  error. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
UN-ERR'ING,  a.    Committing  no  mistake  ;  incapable 
of  error  ;  as,  the  unerring  wisdom  of  God. 

9.  Incapable  of  failure  ;  certain.  He  takes  unerr- 
ing aim. 

UN-ERR'ING-LY,  arfo.   Without  mistake.  Otanville, 

UN-ES-CHEW'A-BLE,  a.  Unavoidable.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Carew. 

UN-ES-eUTCH'EON-£D,  (-kuch'und,)  a.  Not  hav- 
ing a  coat  of  arms  or  ensign.  Wordsworth. 

UN-ES-PI'£D,  (-es-pide',)  a.  Not  espied  ;  not  dis- 
covered ;  not  seen.  Dryden, 

UN-ES-SaY'£D,  a.    Not  essayed  ;  unattempted. 

Milton, 

UN-ES-SEN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  Not  essential ;  not 
absolutely  necessary  ;  not  of  prime  importance. 

2.  Not  constituting  the  essence. 

3.  Void  of  real  being  ;  as,  unessential  night. 

Milton. 

UN-ES-SEN'TIAL,  n.  Something  not  constituting 
essence,  or  not  of  absolute  necessity.  Forms  are 
among  the  unesscntials  of  religion. 

UN-ES-SEN'TIAL-LY,  adv.    Not  essentially. 

UN-I'.S  TAli'LlSII,  1'.  f.  To  unfix;  to  deprive  of  cs- 
tablishliieiit.    [Little  used.]  Milton. 

UN-ES-TAII'LISH-£D,  a.  Not  establi-shed  ;  not  per- 
manently fixed. 

UN-EO-eilA-RIST'ie-AL,  a.    Not  cucharistical. 

£c.  Rev. 

UN-E-VAN-GEL'ie-AL,  a.    Not  orthodox;  not  ac- 
cording to  the  gospel.  Milner. 
UN-E-V.AN'GEL-I/.-£D,  a.    Not  evangelized. 
UN-E-VAP'O  RA-TED,  a.   Not  evaporated. 

Coleridge. 

UN-E'V£N,  (un-C'vn,)  a.    Not  even  ;  not  level  ;  88, 
un  uneven  road  or  «'ay  ;  uneven  ground.  Addison, 
2.  Not  t^qiuil ;  not  of  etpiiil  length. 

Hebrew  vers.-  consists  of  un«i>sn  feet.  Peadiam, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1200 


UNE 


UNF 


UNF 


3.  Nut  uiiilunn  ;  ax,  an  uiievcii  temper. 
Uneven  nuinbcr ;  a  number  ni(t  divisible  by  two 
witlinnt  a  remainder;  un  odd  number. 
UN-K'V£.N-LY,  ado.    In  an  uneven  manner. 
UN-I'yVfiX-NES.-^,  ?i.    Surface  not  level ;  inequality 
of  surface  ;  as,  tlie  unevennens  of  ground  or  of  ruadd. 

Raij. 

2.  Turbulence;  change;  want  of  uniformity;  as, 
the  unciirHiiu'^  of  King  Edward's  reign.  [Unusual.] 

Hale. 

3.  Want  of  uniformity  ;  as,  unevenncss  of  temper. 

4.  Want  of  smoothness. 
UN-E-VE.\T'Fyi,,  a.    Not  eventful.  SohMo/. 
UN-EV'I-T.\-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  e.-;caped  ;  unavoida- 
ble.   [The  word  now  used  is  Inevitaiile.] 

UN-E-VOLV'£U,  pp.    Not  evolved. 

UN-E-X-ACT',  (-eR/.-,)  a.    Not  e.\act.    [Sec  Inexact, 

which  is  cenerally  used.] 
U.\-EX-.\eT'ED,  (-egz-,)  a.    Not  exacted  ;  not  taken 

bv  force.  Dryden. 
UN"-EX-.VG'GER-A-TED,  o.    Not  exaggerated. 

Budiminstcr. 

UN-EX-A6'GER-A-TING,  a.  Not  enlarging  in  de- 
scription. 

UN-EX-AM'IN-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  examined  or  in- 
quired into  Milton. 

UN-EX-AM'IN-£D,  a.  Not  examined  ;  not  interro- 
gated strictly  ;  as  a  witness. 

3.  Not  inquired  into;  not  investigated;  as  a  ques- 
tion. 

3.  Not  discussed  ;  not  debated. 

UN-EX-.\M'IN-ING,  a.  Not  examining  ;  not  given  to 
examination.  j^llen. 

UN-E.X-A.M'PLED,  (-egz-,)  a.  Having  no  example  or 
similar  case  ;  liaving  no  precedent;  unprecedented; 
unparalleled  ;  as,  the  unexampled  love  and  sufferings 
of  onr  Savior. 

UN-EX-CEPT'ED,  a.    Not  excepted.  Chalmers. 

UN-EX-CEP'TION-A-ItLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  any  ex- 
ception or  objection  ;  unobjectionable  ;  as,  unexcep- 
tionable conduct ;  unexceptionable  testimony. 

UN-EX-CEP'TIO.N-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Slate  or  qu.al- 
ity  of  being  nnexceplinnable.  .More. 

UN-EX-CEP'T10N-A-1!LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  lia- 
ble to  no  objection ;  as,  a  point  unexceptionabUj 
proved. 

UN-E.X-CIS'£:D,  (-cks-slzd',)  a.  Not  charged  with  the 
duty  of  excise. 

UN-EX-CIT'ED,  a.    Not  excited  ;  not  roused.  Brown. 

UN-EX  eLCD'ED,  a.    Not  excluded.  Wurd-^eorVt. 

UPi-EX-CLf 'SIVE,  a.    Not  exclusive.      Ed.  Reo. 

UN-EX-eoG'I-T.\-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  found  out. 
[A'lit  in  use.]  Ralegh. 

UN-EX-eO.M-MO'NI-eS-TED,  a.  Not  excommuni- 
cated. Scutt. 

UN-EX  eOS'A-nLE,  a.  Not  excusable.  [We  now  use 
I.xi;xcus*BLE.) 

UX-EX-eC'S'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Inexcusableness, 
wliicll  see. 

UN-E.X'E-eU-TED,  8.     Not  performed;  not  done; 

as,  a  task,  business,  or  project  unexecuted. 

2.  Not  signed  or  sealed  ;  not  having  the  proper  at- 
testations or  forms  that  give  validity  ;  as,  a  contract 

or  deed  unexecuted. 
UN-EX'E.M-PLA-KV,  (-egz'-,)a.  Not  exemplary  ;  not 

accordini;  to  example.  Swift. 
UN-EX-EM'PLI  FI-A-D,(-«gz-em'pIe-fidc,)a.  Notex- 

emplitied  ;  not  illustrated  bv  example.  Boyle. 
UN-EX  E.MPT',  (-egz-,)  a.   is'ot  exempt ;  not  free  by 

privilese.  Milton. 
UN-E.\'ER-CIS-£D,  a.  Not  exercised  ;  not  practiced  ; 

not  disciplined  ;  not  experienced.  Dryden. 
UN  EX-EIIT'ED,  (-<;gz-,)  a.    Not  called  into  .action; 

not  exerted.  Brown. 
U.N'-EX-IIAUST  ED,  (  egz-,)  a.    Not  exhausted  ;  not 

drained  to  the  bottom,  or  to  the  last  article.  .Addison. 
2.  Not  s(>ent ;  as,  unexhausted  patienc<-  or  strength. 
U.N-EX-IST'ENT,  (-egz-,)  a.    Not  existing.  Brawn. 
UN-E.X-IST'1.\G,  (  egz-,)  «.    Nut  existing.  Brown. 
UN-E.X'OR-CIS-£D,  a.    Not  exorcised  ;  not  cast  out 

by  exorcism. 

UN-EX-PAND'ED,  a.    Not  expanded  ;  not  spread  ouL 

BUickinore. 

UN-EX-PEeT-A'TIO.V,  n.  Want  of  foresight.  [jXol 
in  «.-•<•.]  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-E.\-PEeT'ED,  a.  Not  expected  ;  not  looked  for  ; 
sudden  ;  not  provided  against.  Hooker. 

UN-E.X-PEGT'ED-LY,  adv.  At  a  time  or  in  a  man- 
ner not  expected  or  looked  for  ;  suddenlj'. 

UN-E.V-PEeT'ED-NES!?,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
unexpected,  or  of  coming  suddenly  and  by  surprise. 

UaU.-i. 

UN-EX-PEe'TO-RA-TING,  a.     Not  expectorating; 

not  discharging  friim  the  lungs. 
tJ.\-EX-PE'DI-ENT,  a.    Not  expedient.    [But  I.hex- 

PEDiENT  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-EX-PEND'ED,  a.    Not  expended  ;  not  laid  out. 

There  is  an  unexpended  balance  of  the  appropriation. 
UN-EX-PENS'IVE,  a.    Not  expensive  ;  not  costly. 

Milton. 

UN-EX-Pe'RI-ENC-£D,  (-eks-pC're-ensI,)  a.  Not 
experienced ;  not  versed  ;  not  acquainted  bv  trial  or 
practice.  Dryden. 
2.  Untried  ;  appltcd  ta  (Ainffj.    [Unusual.]  Cheyne. 


Not  having  tlie  power  of  ex- 


UN-EX-PER-I-MENT'AL,  a.    Not  e.\pLriineiital. 

Kd.  Rer. 

UN-EX-PERT',  a.   Wanting  skill ;  not  ready  or  dex- 
trous in  performance.  Prior. 
U,\-EX-PI:RT'LY,  U'/e.    Inexpertly;  without  skill. 
U.\-EX-PIR'/CI),  a.    Nut  expired  ;  not  ended. 
UN-E.X-PL.^IN'A-BLE,a.  That  can  not  be  explained. 

Med.  Itepos. 

UN-EX-PLSIN'ED,  a.     Not  explained ;   not  inter- 
preted ;  not  illustrated. 
UN-EX-PLOR'£U,  a.    Not  explored  ;  not  searched  or 
examined  by  the  eye  ;  unknown. 
2.  Not  examined  intellectuallv. 
UN-EX-PI.O'PI  VE,  a.    Not  explosive. 
UN-E.X-PoRT'El),  a.    Not  exported  or  sent  abroad. 
UN-EX-P6S'/;i),  a.  Not  laid  open  to  view  ;  concealed. 

R.  n.  Harper. 

2.  Not  laid  o|M'n  to  censure. 
UN-EX  POUND  ED,  a.     Not  expounded  ;    not  ex- 
plained. 

UN-E.X-PRESS'KD,  (  eks-prest',)  a.    Not  expressed  ; 

not  mentioru'd  or  n.-iinc  J  ;  not  exhibited. 
UN  E.X-PRES.S'1-1!LE,  a.    That  can  not  bcexpressed. 

[But  iNEXi'UEsjiMLt:  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-EX-PRESS'l-ULY,  ado.     Inexpressibly.  [The 

latter  i.v  most  used  ] 
UN-EX-PRESS'IVE, 

pressing. 

2.  Inexpressible  ;  unuttenible.  Shak. 
UN-EX-PRESS'lVE-LY,  ado.    Inexpressibly;  unut- 
terably. 

UN-EX-PtrNG'KD,  a.    Not  expunged. 
UN-EX-TE\D'ED,  a.     Occupying    no  assignable 

space  ;  having  no  dimensions ;  as,  a  spiritual,  an  un- 

extended  subst;ince.  Locke. 
UN-EX-TINGT',  a.     Not   extinct ;  not  being  de- 

.stroved  ;  not  having  perished. 
U.\-EX-TIN"GU1SI1.A-BLE,  f-eks-ting'gwish-,)  a. 

That  can  not  be  cxtinguislieu  ;  unquenchable  ;  as, 

unextinirui-ihahlc  (ire. 
2.  That  can  not  be  annihilated  or  repressed  ;  as, 

an  unextiniTuishabte  thirst  for  knowledge.    [But  Ir»- 

EXTiNcuisHABLE  is  uiore  g<!nerally  used.] 
UN-EX-TIN"GUISII-A-Bl,Y,  ado.    in  a  manner  or 

decree  that  precludes  extinction.  Johnson. 
UN-EX-TIN"GU1SH-£D,  (  cks-ting'gwisht,)  a.  Not 

extinguished ;  not  quenched  ;  not  entirely  repressed. 

Dniden. 

UN-EX-TIR'Pa-TED,  a.  Not  extirpated  ;  not  "rooted 
out. 

UN-EX-TORT'ED,  a.    Not  extorted  ;  not  wrested. 
UN-EX-TRAeT'ED,  a.    Not  extracted  or  drawn  out. 
UN-FAD'ED,  a.     Not  faded  ;   not  having  lust  its 
strength  of  co^r. 

2.  Unwitliered,  as  a  plant.  Dryden. 
UN-FaD'I.NG,  a.    Not  liable  to  lose  strength  or  fresli- 
ness  of  coloring. 
2.  Not  liable  to  wither ;  as,  u?i/ii£jiW  laurels.  Pope. 
UN-FaD'1\G-LY,  ado.    In  an  unfading  manner. 
UN-FaD'ING-NESS),7i.   The  state  or  quality  of  being 

unfading.  Hall. 
UN-Fa IL'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  fail.  [A'o<  in  use] 

Hall. 

U.N-F.AlL'.\-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  nn- 

failable.    [JVot  in  use.]  Hall. 
UN-FaIL'L\G,  a.    Not  liable  to  fail;  not  capable  of 

being  exhausted  ;  as,  an  unfailing  spring;  unfailing 

sources  of  supply. 
2.  That  does  not  fail ;  certain ;  as,  an  unfailing 

promise. 

U.\-FA1L'ING-I,Y,  ado.   Without  failure. 

UN-FAIL'ING-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  unfail- 
ing. Hall. 

UN-FaI.\T'ING,  a.  Not  fainting;  not  sinking;  not 
failing  under  toil.  Sandys. 

UN-FAIR',  a.  Not  honest ;  not  imparti.al ;  disingenu- 
ous ;  using  trick  or  artilice  ;  as,  an  ui\fair  dealer. 

2.  Not  honest;  not  just;  not  equal;  as,  unfair 
practices. 

3.  Proceeding  from  trick  or  dishonesty ;  as,  unfair 
advantages. 

UN-F.AlR'LY,  ado.  Not  in  a  just  or  equitable  manner. 

Parndt. 

UN-F.\IR'NE?S,  n.  Dishonest  or  disingenuous  con- 
duct or  practice  :  use  of  trick  or  artifice  ;  applied  to 
persons.    He  is  noted  for  his  unfairness  in  dealing. 

2.  Injustice;  want  of  equitableness ;  as,  tlie  un- 
fairness of  a  proceeding. 

U.V-FAITH'FljL,  a.  Not  observant  of  promises, 
vows,  allegiance,  or  duty;  violating  trust  or  confi- 
dence ;  treacherous ;  perfidious ;  as,  an  unfaiiJiful 
subject ;  an  unfaithful  husband  or  wife  ;  an  u^faitltfal 
servant ;  an  unfattlifnl  bailee  or  agent. 

2.  Not  performing  the  proper  duty. 

My  feet  throu^ti  wine  unfaithful  to  their  weighL  Pope. 

3.  Impious  ;  infidel.  Milton. 

4.  Negligent  of  duty  ;  as,  an  unfaithful  workman. 
UN-FAITH'FIJL-Ly,  ado.    In  violation  of  promises, 

vows,  or  duty  ;  tre.acherously  ;  perfidiously.  Bacon, 
2.  Negligently  ;  imperfectly  ;  as,  work  unfaithfully 
done. 

UN-FA ITH'FUL-NESS,  n.  Neglect  or  violation  of 
vows,  promises,  allegiance,  or  other  duty  ;  breach  of 


cuiifiileiice  or  trust  repo.sed  ;  perfidiuusness ;  treach- 
ery ;  as,  the  unfaithfulness  of  a  subject  lo  Ins  prince 
or  the  stale  ;  the  unfaithfulness  of  a  husband  to  his 
wife,  or  of  a  wife  to  her  husband  ;  the  unfailhfulneu 
of  an  agent,  servant,  or  officer. 

UN-FAL'eA-TED,  a.  Not  curtailed  ;  having  no  de- 
ductions. Swift. 

U.V-FAI.L'EN,  a.    Not  fallen.  Young. 

UN-F.\L'EOW-£D,  a.    Not  fallowed.  Philips. 

UN-FAL'TER-ING,  a.  Not  faltering;  not  failing; 
not  hesitating. 

UN-KAI.'TER-ING-LY,  adp.  Without  faltering  ;  un- 
hesitatiiiL'ly. 

UN-F.\-.M1L'I.\R,  a.    Not  accustomed  ;  not  common  ; 

not  reiidi  red  agreeable  by  frequent  use.  IVarlon. 
UN-FA-.MIL-IAR'I-TY,  n.    Want  of  familiarity. 

Johnsotl. 

UN  FA  .MII/IAR-I,Y,  ado.    Not  familiarly. 

UN-FA.S'UIN-A-TEI),  a.    Not  fascinated. 

UN-FA.S'(;iN-A-TI\G,  a.    Not  fascinating. 

UN-FA.'^II'ION-A-BLE,  a.  Not  fashionable;  not  ac- 
cording to  the  prevailing  mode  ;  as,  unfashionable 
dress  or  language. 

2.  Not  regulating  dress  or  manners  according  to 
the  reigning  custom  ;  as,  an  unfashionable  man. 

UN-FASU'ION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Neglect  of  the  pre- 
vailing mode  ;  deviation  from  reigning  custom. 

Ijicke. 

UN-FASH'ION-A-BLY,  ado.  Not  according  to  the 
fashion  ;  as,  to  be  unfashionably  dressed. 

U.\-F.-\SIl'IO.\-£D,  a.  Not  modified  by  art;  amor- 
phous ;  shapeless  ;  not  having  a  regular  form  ;  as,  a 
lifeless  hiinp  unfashioned.  Dryden.  Oood. 

UN-FXST',  a.    Not  safe  ;  not  secure. 

UN-FA.ST'£.V,  (  fls'n,)  v.  t.  To  loose  ;  to  unfix  ;  to 
unbind  ;  to  untie. 

U.\-F.\ST'£N-f:D,  pp.    Loosed;  untied;  unfixed. 

UN-F.\ST'ING,  a.    Not  fasting. 

UN-FA'TIH:R-£1),  a.    Fatherless.  Shak. 

UN-Fa 'THER-LY,  a.  Not  becoming  a  father  ;  un- 
kind. Cowper. 

UN-FATirOJI-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  sounded 
by  a  line  ;  as,  an  unfaViomable  lake.  Mdison, 

2.  So  deep  or  remote  that  the  limit  or  extent  can 
not  be  found.  The  designs  of  Providence  arc  often 
unfathomable. 

U.\-FATll'O.M-A-BLE-NESS,  >i.    The  state  of  being 

unfalhoniahle.  .iVorris. 
UN-FATiroM-A-BLY,  ado.    So  as  not  to  be  capable 

of  beinc  sounded.  Thomson. 
U.N-FATll'OJI-£D,  a.     Not  sounded;  not  to  be 

souniled.  Dryden. 
UN-FA-TIGU'jED,  C-fa-teegd',)  a.    Not  wearieil ;  not 

tired.  Philips. 
UN-FAUL'TY,  a.    Free  from  fault ;  innocent. 

Milton. 

UN-FA'VOR-A  BEE,  a.  Not  favorable  ;  not  propi- 
tious ;  not  disposed  or  adapted  to  countenance  or 
su|)port.  We  found  the  minister's  opinitju  unfioora- 
ble  to  our  project.  The  committee  made  a  report  un- 
fao&rable  to  the  petitioner. 

2.  Not  propitious  ;  imt  adapted  to  promote  any  ob- 
ject ;  as,  weather  unfaoorablc  for  harvest. 

3.  Not  kind  ;  not  obliging. 

4.  Discouraging  ;  as,  unfavorable  prospects. 
UN-Fa'VOR-A-BLE-NESS,7i.  Unpropitiousness;  un- 

kindness;  want  of  disposition  to  countenance  or 
promote. 

UN-FA'VOR-.\-BLY,  ado.  Unpropitiously  ;  unkindly  ; 

so  as  not  to  countenance,  support,  or  promote  ;  in  a 

mannt^r  to  discourage. 
UN-FA' VOR-£D,  a.    Not  favored  ;  not  assisted. 

QoldsmitJl. 

UN-FeAR'£D,  a.    Not  affrighted  ;  not  daunted. 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  Not  feared  ;  not  dreaded.  Milton. 
UN-Ff..\R'FUL,  a.    Not  fearful ;  courageous. 
U.N-FE.AR'ING,  a.    Not  fearing.  Monti'omery. 
UN-Fr.AR'I.\G-LY,  ar/r.    Without  fear.  Coleridge. 
U.\-Fi5.\S'I-BLE,  a.    That  c;in  not  be  done  ;  imprac- 
ticable. 

UN-FEATI1'ER-£D,  a.  Having  no  feathers  ;  un- 
fledg('d  ;  implumous;  naked  of  feathers.  Druden. 

UN-Fic.\T'UR-£D,  o.  Wanting  regular  fe»  tures ;  de- 
formed. 

Vii-T»e  rouyh, 
Deformed,  unjeatarrd.  Dryden. 

UN-FED',  a.    Not  fed  ;  not  supplied  with  food. 

Spenser. 

UN-FEED',  a.    Not  feed  ;  not  retained  by  a  fee. 

2.  Unpaid  ;  as,  an  unfeed  lawyer.  Shak. 
UN-FEEL'ING,  a.    Insensible  ;  void  of  sensibility. 

2.  rruel  ;  hard. 
UN-FEEL'ING-LY,  adv.   In  an  unfeeling  or  eruel 
manner. 

UN-FEEL'ING-NESS,  n.  Insensibility  ;  hardness  of 
heart ;  cniclty.  Darwin. 

U.\-F6IGN'£D,  (-fund',)  a.  Not  feigned  ;  not  coun- 
terfeit ;  not  hypocritical  ;  real  ;  sincere  ;  as,  uit- 
feigned  piety  to  God  ;  unfeigned  love  to  man. 

UN-FfilGN'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  hypocrisy  ;  really ; 
sincerely. 

He  pardonrth  all  them  th>t  truly  repent,  aaJ  un/rifntdly  t»lieie 
hia  holy  £o*pel.  (Mm.  Pn^/ar. 


TCNE,  BULL,  ITNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THia 


151 


WW  WW 


1201 


UNF 

UN-FE-LIC'I-Ta-TIXG,  a.    Not  producing  felicity. 

r  Unusual.]  J,  Lathrop. 

UN-FEL'LoW-£D,  a.    Not  matched. 
UN-FELT',  a.    Not  felt ;  not  perceived.  Dnjden. 
UN-FEM'I-NINE,  a.    Not  feminine ;  not  according  to 

the  female  character  or  manners.  RdbcrUi. 
UN-FENCE',  (-fens',)  v.  u    To  strip  of  fence  ;  to  re- 
move a  fence  from.  SonOi. 
UN-FENCED,  (-fenst',)  pp.    Deprived  of  a  fence. 
2.  a.    Not  fenced  ;  not  inclosed  ;  defenseless ;  as, 

a  tract  of  land  uufenced, 
UN-FER-MENT'ED,  a.    Not  fermented ;  not  having 

undergone  the  process  of  fermentation  ;  as  liquor. 
2.  Not  leavened  ;  as  bread. 
U.\-FER'TILE,  (-fer'til,)  a.    Not  fertile;  not  rich; 

not  havins  the  qualities  necessary  to  the  production 

of  good  crops. 

2.  liarren  ;  unfruitful;  bare;  waste. 

3.  Not  prolific. 

[This  word  is  not  obsolete,  but  Infertile  is  much 
used  instead  of  it.) 
UN-FER'TILE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  unfertile. 

Johnson. 

UN-FET'TER,  v.  t.  To  loose  from  fetters ;  to  un- 
chain ;  to  unshackle. 

2.  To  free  from  restraint ;  to  set  at  liberty  ;  as,  to 
unf'ttfT  the  mind. 
UN-FET'TER-ED,  pp.     Unchained  ;  unshackled  ; 
freed  from  restraint. 
2.  a.    Not  rt  slrained. 
U.\-FET'TEU-iXG,  ppr.     Unchaining  ;  setting  free 

from  restraint. 
UN-FIG'l^R-£D,  a.    Representing  no  animal  form. 

li'utton. 

UN-FIL'I.AL,  (-fil'yal,)  a.  Unsuitable  to  a  son  or 
child;  undiitiful;  nut  becoming  a  child.  Shak. 

UN-F1L'I.\L#-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  unbecoming  a 
child. 

UN-FILL'£D,  a.    Not  filled  ;  not  fully  supplied. 

Taylor. 

UN-FILM'£D,  a.    Not  covered  with  a  film. 

Brit.  Spy. 

UN-FIN'ISH-ED,  (un-fin'isht,)  a.  Not  finished  ;  not 
complete  ;  not  brought  to  an  end  ;  imperfect;  want- 
ing the  last  hand  or  touch  ;  as,  an  unjinuihed  house  ; 
an  iiufinL-ihed  painting.  Dryden. 

UN-FiR'JvD,  o.    Not  fired  ;  not  inflamed. 

UN-FIR.M',  a.  [See  Firm.]  Not  firm  ;  weak  ;  fee- 
ble ;  infirm. 

J^'iifc.  —  When  we  speak  of  the  weakness  of  the 
human  fmme,  we  use  Infirm.  When  we  speak  of 
the  weakness  of  other  things,  as  a  bridge,  wall,  and 
the  like,  we  say,  it  is  Unfirm. 

2.  Not  stable';  not  well  ti-xed. 

Wilh  feel  u/i/jrm.  Diydcn. 

UN-FtRM'NESS,  n.    A  weak  state  ;  instability. 

U.\-FIT',  a.    Not  fit ;  improper  ;  unsuitable.  Milton. 
2.  Unqualified  ;  as,  a  man  vnft  for  an  office. 

U.V-FIT',  11.  t.  To  disable;  to  make  unsuitable;  to 
deprive  of  the  strength,  skill,  or  proper  qualities  for 
any  thing.    Sickness  unjifs  a  man  for  labor. 

2.  To  disqualify  ;  to  deprive  of  the  moral  or  men- 
tal qualities  necessary  for  any  thing.  Sin  unfits  us 
for  the  society  of  holy  beings. 

UN-F[T'LY,  adv.    Not  properly  ;  unsuitably. 

UN-FIT'NESS,  71.  Warn  of  suitable  powers  or  quali- 
fications, physical  or  moral ;  as,  the  uyifitness  of  a 
sick  man  for  labor,  or  of  an  ignorant  man  for  oflice ; 
the  unfitness  of  sinners  lor  the  enjoyment  of  heaven. 

2.  VVaiit  of  propriety  or  adaptation  to  character  or 
place  ;  as,  unfitness  of  behavior  or  of  dress. 

UN-FIT'TED,  pp.  Rendered  unsuitable;  disquali- 
fied. 

UN-FIT'TING,  ppr  Rendering  unsuitable ;  disqual- 
ifying. 

2.  «.    Improper;  unbecoming. 
UX-FIX',  r.  (.    'j'o  loosen  from  any  fastening;  to  de- 
tach from  any  thing  that  holds ;  to  unsettle  ;  to  un- 
hinge ;  as,  to  unfit  the  mind  or  atfectious. 
2.  'I'o  make  fluid  ;  to  dissolve. 

Nor  cm  the  riain  j  *un 
Vnfii  Uieir  fro»u.  Dryden. 

UN-FIX'jrn,  (-fikst',)  pp.    Unsettled  ;  loosened. 

2.  a.  Wandering  ;  erratic  ;  inconstant ;  having  no 
settled  habitation. 

n.  Having:  no  settled  view  or  object  of  pursuit. 

UN-FIX'I'.I)-.\'ES.-J,  n.    The  state  of  be  ing  unsettled. 

UN-FIX'IXG,  ppr.    Unsettling  ;  loosening. 

UN-FI.AG'GI.NC;,  a.  Not  flagging;  not  drooping; 
mnintainine  strength  or  spirit.  South. 

UN-FLAT'  l  ER-f.D,  a.    Nut  flattered.  YounT. 

UN-FLAT'TER-IXG,  o.  Not  flattering;  not  gratify- 
ing with  obseipiious  behavior;  not  coloring  the  truth 
to  please. 

2.  Not  afTiirding  a  favorable  prospect ;  as,  the 
weather  in  unjlallrnng. 
UN  FLAT'TER.I\(;  LY,  adv.    Without  nnllery. 
UN-FI.AW'£D,  (-flawd',)  a.    Il.ivint'  no  flaw. 
UN-FI<t;i)G'£D,  a.    Not  yet  fiirni»lied  with  feathers  ; 
impliiinoUH  ;  as,  nn  unfiedired  bird. 
2.  Young  ;  not  having  attained  to  fuF.  growth. 

IJN-FLESH'KD,  (-flcuht',)  a.    Not  ncBlicd  ;  not  »ea- 


UNF 

Foned  to  blood  ;  raw  ;  as,  an  unfieshcd  hound  ;  un- 
ficslud  valor.  Shale 

UN-FLINCH'ING,  o.  Not  flinching;  not  shrinking; 
determined.     '  Allen. 

UN-FLIT'TIXG,  a.    Not  flitting.  E.  Irving. 

UN-Fl.OAV'ER-ING,  a.   Not  flowering.  .Montgomery. 

UN-FOIL'£D,  a.    Not  vanquished  ;  not  defeated. 

Temple. 

UN-FoLD',  V.  t.  To  open  folds ;  to  e.\pand  ;  to  spread 
out. 

2.  To  open  any  thing  covered  or  close ;  to  lay  open 
to  view  or  contemplation  ;  to  disclose  ;  to  reveal  ;  as, 
to  ui}foId  one's  designs ;  to  unfold  the  principles  of  a 
science. 

3.  To  declare  ;  to  tell ;  to  disclose. 

Unfold  llie  passion  of  my  love.  Shak. 

4.  To  display  ;  as,  to  unfold  the  works  of  creation. 

5.  To  release  from  a  fold  or  pen  ;  as,  to  unfold 
sheep.  Shak. 

UX-FoLD'ED,  pp.  Opened  ;  e.xpanded  ;  revealed  ; 
displayed  ;  released  from  a  fold. 

UN-FOLD'ING,  ppr.  Ope'iing;  expanding;  disclos- 
ing ;  displaying;  releasing  from  a  fold. 

UN-FoLD'ING,  ru  The  act  of  e.vpandjng,  displaying, 
or  disclosing ;  disclosure. 

UN-FOL'LoVV-£D,  o.    Not  followed.  Scott. 

U.N'-FOOL',  c.  u    To  restore  from  folly.    [.Vbf  in  use.] 

UN-FOR-BEaR'ING,  a.    Not  forbearing. 

U.X-FOR-BID',  a.    Not  forbid  ;  not  prohibited  ; 

UN-FOR-BID'D£N,  j     applied  to  persons.  Milton. 
2.  .Allowed;  permitted;  legal;  applied  totkincrs. 

UN-FOR-BID'D£X-NESS,  ii.  The  state  of  being 
unforbidden.    [.Vot  in  use.]  Boyle. 

UN-FoRC'£D,  (  lorst',)  a.  Not  forced  ;  not  com- 
pelled ;  not  constrained.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  urged  or  impelled.  Donne. 

3.  Not  feigned  ;  not  higlitened  ;  natural ;  as,  un- 
forced passions;  unforced  expressions  of  joy. 

4.  Not  violent ;  easy ;  gradual ;  as,  an  easy  and 
unforced  ascent.  Dcnham. 

5.  Easy  ;  natural ;  as,  an  unforced  posture. 
UN-FoR'Cl-BLE,  a.    Wanting  force  or  strength  ;  as, 

an  unforcible  expression.  Hooker. 
UN-FoRD'A-BLE,  a.    Notfordable;  that  can  not  be 

forded,  or  passed  by  wading ;  as,  an  nnfordable 

river.  Whitnker. 
UN-FoRE-B(5D'ING,  a.  Giving  no  omens.  Pope. 
UN-FoRE-KNoWN',  a.    Not  previously  known  or 

foreseen.  Milton. 
UX-FoRE-PEE'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  foreseen. 

[j?  bad  word^  and  uot  in  use.]  SoutA. 
UN-FoRE-SEEN',  o.    Not  foreseen  ;  not  foreknown. 

*  Druden. 

UN-FoRE-SEE'INC,  a.    Not  foreseeing.  South. 

UN-FoRE'SKIX-N£D,  a.    Circumcised.  [Bad.] 

UN-FoRE-TOLD',  a.    Not  predicted.  [Mdton 

UN-FoRE-WARN'£D,  a.  [See  Warx.]  Not  pre- 
viously warned  or  admonished. 

UN-FOR'FEIT-ED,  a.    Not  forfeited.  Rorrers. 

UN-FOR-GET'FUL,  a.    Not  forgetful.  Ifilson. 

UN-FOR-GIV'£.\,  a.    Not  forgiven  ;  not  pardoned. 

UN-FOR-GIV'IXG,  a.  Not  forgiving ;  not  disposed  to 
overlook  or  pardon  offenses  ;  implacable.  Dryden. 

UN-FOR  GOT',         )  a.     Not  forgot  ;   not   lost  to 

UN-FOR-GOT'T£N,  j     memory.  Knolles. 
2.  Not  overlooked  ;  not  neglected. 

UN-FOR.\l',  V.  t.  To  destroy ;  to  unmake  ;  to  decom- 
pose or  resolve  into  parts.  Good. 

UN-FOR.M'AL,  a.    Not  formal.  Blackwood. 

UN-FOR.M'£D,  pp.  Decomposed  or  resolved  into 
parts. 

2.  o.  Not  molded  into  regular  shape ;  as,  unformed 
matter.  Spectator. 

UN-FOR-SaK'£N,  a.  Not  forsaken  ;  not  deserted  ; 
not  entirely  neglected. 

UN-FOR'TI-FI-£D,  (  fide,)  a.  Not  fortified  ;  not  se- 
cured from  attack  by  walls  or  mounds.  Pope. 

2.  Not  guarded  ;  iiot  strengthened  against  tempta- 
tions or  trials  ;  weak  ;  exposed  ;  defenseless  ;  as,  an 
unfortified  mind. 

3.  Wanting  securities  or  means  of  defense. 

Collier. 

UN-FOR'TTI-NATR,  a.  Not  successful ,  not  pros- 
perous  ;  as,  an  unfortunate  adventure  ;  an  unfrrtunatc 
voyage  ;  unfortunate  attempts  ;  an  unfortunate  man  ; 
an  unfortunate  commander  ;  unfortnnate  business. 

UN-FOR'Tq-NATE-LY,  adn.  VVilhout  succe.ss  ;  un- 
successfully ;  unhappily.  The  seheiiio  unfortunately 
miscarried. 

UN-FOR'TIJ-NATE-NESS,  n.    Ill  luck  ;  ill  fortune  ; 

failure  of  success.  Sidney. 
UN-FOS'SII^r/  £1),  a.    Not  fossilized. 
UN-FOS'TER  £1),  a.    Not  fostered  ;  not  nourished. 

2.  Not  countenanced  by  favor;  not  patronized. 
UN-FOUGHT',  (  fawt',)  a.    Not  fought.  Knolle.i. 
UN-FOUL'£I),  a.     Not  fouled;   not  polluted;  not 

Roiled  ;  not  corrupted  ;  pure.  Young. 
UN-FOUND',  o.     Not  found  ;  not  met  with. 

Dryden. 

UN-FOUND'ED,  o.  Not  founded  ;  not  built  or  estab- 
lished. 

3.  Having  no  foundation;  vain;  idle;  a»,  un- 
founded expectations. 


UNG 

UN-FOUND'ED-LY,  adv.  In  an  idle  or  unfounded 
manner. 

UN-FRa'GRANT,  o.    Not  fragrant. 
UN-FRa.AI'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  framed  or  molded. 

[Aot  ill  use.]  Hooker. 
UN-FRa.M'.A-BLE-NESS,  71.   The  quality  of  not  be- 
ing framable.    [JVot  in  use.]  Sanderson. 
UN-FR.\.M'£D,  a.    Not  framed ;  not  fitted  for  erec- 
tion ;  as,  unframed  timber. 
2.  Not  formed  ;  not  constructed  ;  not  fashioned. 

Dryden. 

UN-FRA-TER'NAL,  a.    Not  brotherly. 
UN-FRA-TER'NAL-LY,  adv.     In  an  unbrotherly 
manner. 

UN-FREE',  0.    Not  free;  as,  un/rec  peasants.  Tooke. 

UN-FRE'aUEN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  unfre- 
quent.  Cotepcr. 

UN-FRe'QUENT,  a.  Not  frequent ;  not  common  ; 
not  happening  often  ;  infrequent.  Brown. 

UN-FRE-aUEXT',  v.  t.  To  cease  to  frequent.  [JVo« 
in  use.]  Philips. 

UN-FRE-aUENT'ED,  a.  Rarely  visited  ;  seldom  re- 
sorted to  by  human  beings  ;  as,  an  unfrequented  place 
or  forest.  Addison. 

UN-FRli'aUENT-LY,  adv.    Not  often  ;  seldom. 

Brown. 

UN-FRI'A-BLE,  a.    Not  easily  crumbled.  Paley. 

UN-FRIEND',  71.    One  not  a  friend.    [Bail]  Scott. 

UN-FRIEXD'ED,  (un-frend'ed,)  a.  Wanting  friends  ; 
not  countenanced  or  supported.  Shak. 

UN-FRIEND'Ll-NESS,  (-frend'le-ness,)  71.  Want  of 
kindness  ;  disfavor.  Boyle. 

UN-FRIEND'LY,  a.  Not  friendly  ;  not  kind  or  be- 
nevolent ;  as,  an  unfriendly  neighbor. 

2.  Not  favorable  ;  not  adaptecl  to  promote  or  sup- 
port any  object ;  as,  weather  unfriendly  to  heidtli. 

UiX-FRIEND'SHIP,  n.    State  of  being  unfriendly. 

Scott. 

UN-FROCK',  V.  t.    To  divest  Hard. 
UN-FROCK'£D,  (-frokt',)  pp.   Divested  of  a  gown. 
UX-FRoZ'£N,  a.    Not  frozen  ;  not  congealed.  Boyle. 
UN-FRU'G.AL,  a.   Not  frugal ;  not  saving  or  econom- 
ical. 

UN-FRUIT'FTJL,  a.  Not  producing  fruit;  barren; 
as,  an  unfruitful  tree. 

2.  Not  producing  oflspring ;  not  prolific;  barren; 
as,  an  unfruitful  female. 

3.  Not  producing  good  effects  or  works ;  as,  an  un- 
f mil  fid  life. 

4.  Unproductive;  not  fertile;  as,  an  unfruitful 
soil. 

UN-FRuIT'FyL-LY,  adv.  Without  [iroducing  fruit. 
UN-FRurr'FjjL-XESS,  n.    Barrenness;  infeciindi- 

ty  ;  unproductiveness  ;  applied  to  persons  or  thini's. 
UN-FRUS'TR.\-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  frustrated. 

I-UIwards. 

UN-FUI^FILL'£D,  a.  Not  fulfilled  ;  not  accom- 
plished ;  as,  a  prophecv  or  prediction  unfulfilled. 

UN-FuM'£D,  <7.    Not  fumigated. 

2.  Not  exiialing  smoke  ;  not  burnt.  Milton. 

UN-FIIND'EI),  0.  Not  funded;  having  no  permanent 
funds  for  the  jiayment  of  its  interest ;  as,  an  unfunded 
debt.  Hamilton. 

UN-FURL',  v.  t.  To  loose  and  unfold  ;  to  expand ;  to 
open  or  spread  ;  as,  to  unfurl  sails. 

UN-FURL'£D,  pp.    Unfolded  ;  expanded. 

UN-FURL'lNG,p/ir.    Unfolding;  spreading. 

UN-FUR'XISH,  V.  t.    To  strip  of  furniture ;  to  di- 
vest ;  to  strip. 
2.  To  leave  naked.  Shak. 

UN-FUR'NISII-£D,  f-fur'nisht,)  pp.  Stripped  of  fur- 
niture ;  degariiisheu. 

UN-FUR'XISH-£D,  (  fnr'nisht,)  a.  Not  furnished  ; 
not  supplied  with  furniture  ;  as,  an  unfurnished  room 
or  house. 

2.  Uiisupplied  with  necessaries  or  ornaments. 

3.  F.m|>tv  ;  not  supplied. 
UN-Ff'S'£lj,  a.    Not  fuzed  ;  not  melted. 
UN-FUS'I-BLE,  a.     Infusible.     [The  latter  word  is 

generally  used.] 

UN-GaI.\'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  gained.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Pierce. 

UN-GAIN'FUL,  a.    Unprofitable;  not  producing  gain. 

Hall. 

UN-G.XIX'FJ.II,-LY,  adv.  UnpKvfitably. 
UX-G.XIN'l.i-.\ESS.  71.    Clumsiness;  awkwardness. 
UN-G.Al.N'LY,  (1.    l.'Sax.  ungicgne.] 

Not  esprit  or  dextrous  ;  clumsy  :  awkward  ;  un- 
coiilli ;  as,  an  ungainly  strut  in  walking.  Swift. 
[1  bi-lifve  1'm:ain  is  nut  used.] 
UX-(;A1,'I,ANT  or  UN-GA1,  LA.NT',  a.  Not  galhuil. 

[Sec  Gallant.]  F.d.  Rev. 

UN-GAI.'LAXT-LY  or  UN-GAL-LANT'LY,  adv. 

Not  L'allantlv. 
UN-<;AI,I.'£D,  0.    Unhurt ;  not  galled.  Shak. 
UN-GXR'L.VXD  ED,a.   Not  crowned  with  a  garland. 

Mrs.  Bnllrr. 

UN-GXR'NIPn-£D,  (-gUr'nisht,)  a.  Not  garnished  or 
fiirnisheil  ;  unadorned. 

UN-GAR'RI-SOiN'  KD,  a.  Not  garrisoned;  not  fur- 
nished with  troops  for  dV'fense. 

UN-GAR'TI;R-^;1),  fl.    Being  without  garters.  Sliak. 

UN-G.A'fll'ER  £1),  a.  Not  gathered;  not  rropiied  ; 
not  picked.  Dryden. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT — M£TE,  PREY  PINK,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


1202 


UNG 

UN-CkAR',  r.  ^    To  iinliiirnesa  ;  to  strip  uf  gear. 

UN  Gk.\K'/;1),  /);).  Uiiliiiriiesscd. 

UN  (ii'.AK'ING,  ppr.    IStrippiiiK  of  lnuncss  or  Rear. 

UN  OK.\'KR-a-TED,  o.  iluvjiig  110  btgiiiiilni,' ;  uii- 
bedottpn.  halei'h. 

UN-OKN'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Not  capable  of  bcRi  lting  a 
c!iil(l  ;  as,  *'a  motion  tliat^s  unirencrativcy^^  i.  e.,  a 
iiiort'  puppet,  incapable  of  generation.  Sftak. 

UN-CEN'EK-OUS,  a.  Not  of  a  noble  mind  ;  not  lib- 
eral ;  applied  to  persons ;  tx^,  an  uiiffcncrous  man  or 
prince. 

2.  Not  noble  ;  not  liberal ;  applied  to  tilings ;  as,  an 
UHiTCnrroHS  act.  Pope, 
X  Uislionorable  ;  ignominious, 

Tlip  victdr  n(?vcr  will  impose  OH  Cato 

Vnscntroaa  ternru.  Aflilison, 

UN  CE.N'EK  OUS-LY,  adv.  Unkindly  ;  dishonora- 
bly. 

U.\-(5e'NI-AL,  a.  Not  favorable  to  nature  or  to  nat- 
ural growth  f  as,  ungenial  air  ;  unrreiiial  soils. 

Sultcn  seas  thai  washed  III'  utigeniat  pole.  Thomson. 

UN-GEN-TEEL',  a.  Not  genteel;  vscd  of  persons  ; 
not  consistent  with  polite  manners  or  good  breed- 
ing ;  used  of  manners. 

UN  GEN-TEEL'LY,  a</».  Uncivilly;  not  with  good 
manners. 

UN-O.K\'TLE,  <7.    Not  gentle  ;  harsh  ;  rude.  Shak. 
UN-GEN'TLE-M  AN-LIKE,  a.    Not  like  a  gentleman. 

Chesler/ield. 

UN-GEN'TLE-MAN-LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing ungentlemanlike.  Quart.  Rev. 

U.\  i;E.\'TLE-M,\.\-LY,  a.  Not  becoming  a  gentle- 
man. 

UN-GEN'TLE-NESS,n.    Want  of  gentleness  ;  harsh- 
ness ;  severity  ;  rudeness.  Tusser. 
2.  Unkindness  ;  incivility.  Shak. 

UN-6EN'TLY,  arfo.  Harshly;  with  severity;  rude- 
ly. Sliak. 

UN-GE-O-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Not  agreeable  to  the 
rules  of  geometry.  Cheyne. 

UN-GIFT'EI),  a.  Not  gifted;  not  endowed  with  pe- 
culiar faculties.  .irbuthnot. 

UN-oIlT''^^'  i  silt ;  not  overlaid  with  gold. 

UN-GII.D'ING,  a.    Not  gilding. 

UN-GIRD',  (-gurd',)  D.  (.    [See  GtBo.]  Tolooscfroin 

a  girdle  or  band  ;  to  unbind.    Oen.  xxiv. 
UN-GIRD'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  a  girth  or  band. 
UN-GTRD'ING,  ppr.    Loosing  from  a  girdle  or  band. 
UN-GIRT',  (  gurt',)  pp.  Unbound. 

9.  a.    Loosely  dressed.  Waller. 
UN-GIV'KN,  a.    Not  given  or  bestowed. 
UN-GIV'ING,  a.    Not  bringing  gifts.  Dnjden. 
UN-GI,AD'DK.\-ED,  a.    Not  gladdened. 
UN-GLaZE',  b.  t.    To  strip  of  glass;  to  remove  the 

glass  from  windows. 
UN-GLSZ'ED,  a.    Destitute  of  glass:  not  furnished 

with  glass  ;  as,  the  windows  are  unglaicd ;  the  house 

is  yet  unglazed. 

2.  Wanting  glass  windows. 

3.  Not  covered  with  vitreous  matter  ;  as,  unglazed 
potter's  ware. 

UN-G LAZ'LN'G,  ppr.    Depriving  of  glass  in  windows. 

UN-GLO'RI-Fr-£D,  (-fide,)  a.  Not  glorified;  not 
honored  with  praise  or  adoration. 

UN-GLo'Rf-F?,  I'.  (.   To  deprive  of  glory.  fVatts 

UN-GLO'Rl-OUS,  a.  Not  glorious;  bringing  no  glory 
or  honor.  J.  Lathrop. 

UN-GLOVE',  (-gluv',)  V.  t.  To  take  off  the  gloves. 
[JVo«  ill  use.]  Beaum.  If  FL 

U.\-G  LOVED,  a.   Without  glove  or  gloves.  Bacon. 

UN-GLOE',  V.  t.  To  separate  any  thing  that  is  glued 
or  cemented.  Sici/(. 

U.\-GLO'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  glue  or  cement. 

UN-GI.O'ING,  ppr,    Sepaniting  what  is  cemented. 

U.V-GoAD'ED,  a.    Not  goaded.  Coleridge. 

UN-GOD',  V.  t.    To  divest  of  divinity.  Dnjdeit. 

UN-GOD'LI-LY.arfo.    Impiously;  wickedly. 

Oov.  of  the  Tongue. 

UN-GOD'LI-NESS,  n.  Impiety  ;  wickedness  ;  disre- 
gard of  God  and  his  comm.nnds,  and  neglect  of  his 
worship  ;  or  any  positive  act  of  disobedience  or  ir- 
reverence. 


UN-GOD'LY,  a.  Wicked  ;  impious  ;  neglecting  the 
fear  and  worship  of  God,  or  violating  his  commands. 
1  Pet.  iv. 

2.  Sinful ;  contrary  to  the  divine  commands  ;  as, 
ungodly  deeds.    Jude  iv. 

3.  Polluted  by  wickedness ;  as,  an  ungodly  day. 

Shak. 

U.V-G5R'£D,  a.    Not  gored;  not  wounded  with  a 
horn. 
2.  Not  wounded. 
UN-GORG'£D,  a.    Not  gorged  ;  not  filled  ;  not  sated. 

Dnjden. 

UX-GOT',  )  j<,  ,  ■  A 
UN-GOT'TEN  ( gained. 

2.  Not  bego'tten.  SAaA-. 
UN-GOV'ERN-A-BLE,  (-giiv'em-,)  a.    That  can  not 
be  governed  ;  that  can  not  be  ruled  or  restrained. 


UNG 

3.  Licentious;  wild,  unbridled;  as,  ungovernable 
passions.  JiUerhuni. 

UN-(;OV'ERN-.\-ULY,ndu.  So  as  not  to  be  governed 
or  resi  rained.  Goldsmith. 

UN-GO V'ER.V-ED,  a.    Not  being  governed. 

2.  .Not  subjected  to  laws  or  principles;  not  re- 
strained or  regulated;  unbridled;  licentious;  as, 
ungooernrd  appetite  ;  ungoverncd  passions. 

UN-(iO\VN',  V.  I.  To  strip  of  a  gown,  as  a  clergy- 
man. 

UN-GOWN'ED,  a.  Not  having  or  not  wearing  a 
gown.  Polloli. 

U.\-GOVVN'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  a  gown. 

UN-GRaC'EI>,  (-grist',)  a.    Not  graced.  SeoU. 

UN-GRACE'I' l.'l.,  a.  Not  gract  ful  ;  not  marked  with 
ease  and  dignity  ;  wanting  beauty  and  elegance  ;  as, 
ungraceful  manners.  Without  politeness,  learning 
is  ungracffal.  Locke.  Addison. 

Ux\-GRACE'E5JL-I'Y,  adv.  Awkwardly  ;  inele- 
gantly. 

UN-GRACE'FJ.IL-NESS,  n.  AVant  of  gracefulness; 
want  of  case  and  dignity  ;  want  of  elegance  ;  awk- 
wardness ;  as,  ungracrfulness  of  manners. 

UN-GUA'CIOUS,  a.    Wicked  ;  odious;  hateful. 

SItak.  Dryden. 

2.  Offensive  ;  unpleasing  ;  as,  ungracious  manners. 

3.  Unaccejitable  ;  not  well  received  ;  not  favored. 

Any  thine  o'  grnce  loward  the  Irifcli  flIicIs  was  as  un^acinut  til 
Ox'oixl  fis  ul  Lon^lon.  Ciareiuion, 

UN-GRA'CIOUS-LY,  ado.    With  disfavor.   The  pro- 
posal was  received  ungraciously. 
2.  Not  in  a  pleasing  manner. 
UN-GUAM-I\IAT'I€-AL,  a.    Not  according  to  the  es- 
tablished and  correct  rules  of  gruminar. 
UN-GRA.M-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  con- 
trary to  the  rules  of  grammar. 
UN-GRaNT'ED,  a.    Not  granted  ;  not  bestowed  ;  not 
transferred  by  deed  or  gift;  as,  ungranteii  lantls. 

U.  States.  Ilantilton. 
0.  Not  granted  ;  not  yielded  ;  not  conceded  in  ar- 
gument. 

UN-GRATE',  a.  Not  agreeable  ;  ungrateful.  [Mot  in 
use.]  Taylor.  Swift. 

UN-GRATE'FJJL,  a.  Not  grateful ;  not  feeling  thank- 
ful fur  favors. 

2.  Not  making  returns,  or  making  ill  returns  for 
kindness.  South. 

3.  Making  no  returns  for  culture  ;  as,  an  ungrate- 
ful soil. 

4.  Unpleasing ;  unacceptable.  Harsh  sounds  are 
ungrateful  to  the  ear. 

UN-GRA'TE'FyL-LY,  atio.    With  ingr.ititude.  Wake. 

2.  Unpleasingly  ;  unacceptably. 
UN-GRATE'FIJL-NESS,  n.     Ingratitude  ;  want  of 
due  feelings  of  kindness  for  favors  received  ;  ill  re- 
turn for  good. 
2.  Disagreeableness  ;  unpleasing  quality. 
UN-GRAT'I-FI-ED,  (-fide,)  a.    Not  gratified  ;  not 
compensated. 

2.  Not  pleased. 

3.  Not  indulged;  as,  unorafi/iei appetite. 
UN-GRaVE'LY,  adv.  Without  gravity  or  seriousness. 
UN-GRE-GA'RI-OUS,  a.    Not  gregarious.  Good. 
UN-GRoAN'ING,  a.    Not  groaning.  Byron. 
UN-GROUND'ED,  a.    Having  no  foundation  or  sup- 
port ;  ,13,  ungrounded  hopes  or  confidence. 

UN-GROUND'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  ground  or  sup- 
port ;  without  reason,  Kay. 

UN-GROUND'ED-NESS,  n.  Want  of  foundation  or 
support.  Steele. 

UN-GRUDG'ED,  a.    Not  grudged.  Dwiirlit. 

UN-GRUDG'IN(;,  a.    Not  grudging  ;  freely  giving. 

UN-GRUDG'ING-LY,  adv.  Without  ill  will ;  heartily  ; 
cheerfullv  ;  as,  to  bestow  charity  ungrudgingly. 

UN"GU.\L,  (ung'gwal,)  a.    [L.  unguis.] 

A  term  applied  to  such  bones  of  the  feet  as  have 
attached  to  them  a  nail,  claw,  or  hoof.  Humble. 

UN-GUXRD'ED,  a.    Not  guarded  ;  not  watched. 

2.  Not  defended  ;  having  no  guard. 

3.  Careless;  negligent;  not  attentive  to  danger; 
not  cautious  ;  as,  to  be  unguarded  in  conversation. 

4.  Negligently  said  or  done ;  not  done  or  spoken 
with  caution  ;  as,  an  unguarded  expression  or  action. 

UN-GUAUD'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  watchful  atten- 
tion to  danger  ;  without  caution ;  carelessly  ;  as,  to 
speak  or  promise  unguardedly. 

UN'GUE.N'T,  (un'gwent,)  n.  [L.  ungueiUum,  from 
ungo^  to  anoint.] 

Ointment ;  a  soft  composition  used  as  a  topical 
renii^dy,  as  for  sores,  burns,  and  the  like.  An  un- 
guent is  stiffer  than  a  liniment,  but  softer  than  a  ce- 
rate. Ci/f. 

UN-GUENT'OUS,  )  a.    Like  unguent,  or  partaking 

UN'GUEN-TA  RY,  j     of  its  qu.alities. 

UN-GJJESS'ED,  (-gest',)  a.  [See  Guest.]  Not  ob- 
tained by  guess  or  conjecture.  Spenser. 

UN-GUEST' LIKE,  a.  [See  Guest.]  Not  becoming 
a  guest,  Milton. 

UN"GUIC-AL,  (ung'gwik-al,)  a,  [L.  unguU,  a  claw.] 
Pertaining  to  a  claw  ;  like  a  claw.    "  Mantell. 

UN-GUie'lJ-LAR,  a.    [L.  unguis,  the  nail.] 

In  botany,  the  lengtli  of  the  human  nails,  or  half 
an  inch.  Lee.  Martyn. 


UNH 

UN-GUie'U-LATE,     \       ~  '.        !  I 

UN-GUIf'lj-LA-TED,  (       l"^  v^guu,  a  claw.] 

1.  Clawed;  having  claws.  Encyc 

2.  In  botany,  clawed  ;  having  a  narrow  base  ;  OA 
the  petal  in  a  polypetalous  corol.  Martyn. 

UN-GUID'ED,  a.    Not  guided  ;  not  led  or  conducted, 

2,  Not  regulated, 
UN-GUII)'EI)  LY,  adr.    Without  a  guide, 
UN"GUI-FOR.M  a.    Shaped  like  claws. 
UN-GUILT'I  LV,  a</e.    Withmit  guilt. 
UN  GUILT'Y,  (un-gilt'y,)  a.    Not  guilty  ;  not  stained 

with  crime  ;  innocent.  Spenser. 
UN'GUI.N'-OUS,  (un'gwin-us,)  a.    [L.  unguinosus.] 
Oily  ;  unctuous  ;  coiin'isting  of  fat  or  oil,  or  resem- 
bling it.  Foster,  JVorth.  Ftyugci. 
UN"GU-LA,n.    [L.,  a  hoof,]    In  /j-pomrfrw,  a  section 
or  part  of  a  cyliniler,  cone,  or  other  soliil  of  revolu- 
tion, cut  off  by  a  plane  oblique  to  the  base, 

Brande. 

UN"GU-LATE,  a.    Shaped  like  a  hoof, 
UN-IIAI!'IT-A  liLE,  a,    [Fr.  inhabitable  ;  L.  inhabitab- 

ilis,  inhuliilo.] 
Thai  rail  not  be  inhabited  by  human  beings ;  un- 

inhaliilable. 

{The  Utttrr  word  is  generally  usejl.] 
UN-HA-mT'U-A-TED,  a.    Not  habituateil ;  not  ac- 

ciistomeil.  Tookc. 
UN-HACK'ED,  (hakt',)  a.    Not  hacked;  not  cut, 

notched,  or  mangled.  Shak. 
UN-HACK'NEY-£D,  a.   Not  hackneyed;  not  much 

used  or  practicetl, 
UN-HALE',_o.    Unsound;  not  entire  ;  not  healthy, 
UN-II.\L'Lo\V,  r.  (.    To  profane  ;  to  desecrate. 

'I'lic  canity  unlialloioa  th<.  vliniie.  L*Ealrange. 

UN-HAL'LoW-£D,  pp.    Profaned  ;  deprived  of  its 
sacretl  character. 
2.  0.  Profane  ;  unholy  ;  impure  ;  wicked. 

Milton.  Dryderu 
la  liie  cause  of  truth,  no  unhalloiaed  violence  —  is  either  neee». 
nry  or  adiiii»*iljle.  E.  D.  Grijin. 

UN-IIAL'LoW-ING,  p/rr.    Profaning;  desecrating, 
UN-HAND',  0.  t.    To  loose  from  the  hand ;  to  let  go, 

Shak. 

UN-HA.ND'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  the  hand  ;  let  go. 
UN-IIAND'I-LV,  adv.    Awkwaiilly  ;  clumsily. 
UN-IIAND'I-NESS,  n.    Want  of  dexterity;  clumsi- 
ness. 

UN-HAND'LED,  a.  Not  handled ;  not  treated  ;  not 
touched.  SkaJi. 

UN-1IAND'S0.ME,  (-han'sum,)  a.  Ungraceful;  not 
beautiful, 

I  cm  not  admit  that  llicrc  is  any  thing;  unhandsomt  or  irn'^ular 
in  llie  glulie.  Woodward. 

2,  Unfair  ;  illiberal ;  disingenuous. 

3,  Uncivil ;  unpolite, 
UN-HAND'SO.ME-LY,  adv.     Inelegantly;  ungrace- 
fully. 

2.  Illiberally  ;  unfairly. 

3.  Uncivilly  ;  uiipolitoly. 
UN-HAND'SO.ME-NESd,  71.    Want  of  beauty  and  el- 
egance. 

2.  Unfairness;  disingcnuoiisncss, 

3,  Incivility, 

UN-HAND'Y,  a.  Not  dextrous;  not  skillful;  not 
ready  in  the  use  of  the  hands;  awkward  ;  as,  a  per- 
son unhandy  at  his  work, 

2.  Not  convenient ;  as,  an  unhandy  posture  for 
writing. 

UN-H.ANG',  V.  U  To  divest  or  strip  of  hangings,  as  a 
room, 

2.  To  take  from  the  hinges  ;  as,  to  unhang  a  gate. 
UN-IIANG'£D,  j  o.    Not  hung  or  hanged  ;  not  pun- 
UN-HUNG',      (      ished  by  hanging.  SAaA. 
UN-IIAP',  n.    Ill  luck  ;  misfortune.    [.Vot  in  use  ] 

Sidney. 

UN-IIAP'PI-£D,  a.    Made  unhappy.   [Mot  in  use.] 

Sliak. 

UN-IIAP'Pl-LY,  adv.   Unfortunately  ;  miserably  ;  ca- 
lamitously, MUlon. 
U.\-UAP'PI-NESS,7i,  Misfortune;  ill  luck.  Burnet. 

2.  Infelicity;  misery. 

It  is  our  ^-at  unJinppinett,  when  any  cUumities  tall  upon  us, 
tlinl  we  are  unciu>y  and  disa;itUJied.  naJte. 

[Rut  it  usually  expresses  less  than  Misert  or 
Wretchedness.] 

3.  Mischievous  prank.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
UN  H.VP'PY,  a.     Unfortunate;   unlucky.     He  has 

been  unhappy  in  his  choice  of  a  partner.  Affairs 
have  taken  an  unhappy  turn. 

2.  Not  happy  ;  in  a  degree  miserable  or  wretched. 
She  is  unhapim  in  her  marriage.  Children  some- 
times render  Ihcir  parents  unhappy. 

3.  Evil ;  calamitous ;  marked  by  infelicity  ;  as,  an 
unhapjty  day. 

This  unhappr/  mom.  ^Filum. 

4.  Mischievous  ;  irregular,  Shak. 
UN  H.Ml'ASS-ED,  (-har'ast,)  a.    Not  harassed  ;  not 

vexed  or  troubled,  TrumbuU. 
UN-HAR'BOR,  r.  L    To  drive  from  harbor  or  shelter. 
UN-HAR'BOR-£D,  a.    Not  sheltered,  or  Blfording  nu 

shelter.  MiUom, 
U.N'-HXR'nOR-ING,  a.    Not  harboring.  Scott 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE,  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1203 


UN  II 


UNI 


UN-HARD'£x\-£D,  (-hird'nd,)  a.     Mot  hardened  ; 
not  indurated  ;  as  metal. 
2.  Not  hardened  J  not  made  obdurate ;  as  the  heart. 

Slmk. 

UN-HARD'Y,  o.   Not  hardy  ;  feeble  ;  not  able  to  en- 
dure fatigue. 
2.  Not  having  fortitude  ;  not  bold ;  timorous. 

MUloiu 

UN-HARM'£D,  a.    Unhurt;  uninjured;  unimpaired. 

Locke. 

UN-H.KRM'FJJL,  o.  Not  doing  harm  ;  harmless  ;  in- 
noxious. 

Themselves  urtharm/ul^  let  them  live  unharmed.  Dryden. 

UN-HA  R-Mo'NI-OUS,  a.     Not  having  symmrtrj- or 
congruity  ;  disproportionate.  JUillon. 
2.  Discordant ;  unmusical ;  jarring  ;  as  sounds. 

SwifL 

UN-HAR  Mo'NI  OUS-LY,  arfc.  With  jarring ;  dis- 
cordaiilly. 

UN-HAR'NESS,  v.  t.    To  strip  of  harness  ;  to  loose 
from  harness  or  gear. 
2.  To  disarm  ;  to  divest  of  armor. 

UN-HAR'NESS-£D,  (-har'nest,)  pp.  Stripped  of  har- 
ness i  divested  of  armor. 

UN-HAR'NESS-ING,  ppr.  Stripping  off  harness  or 
gear. 

UN-H.ITCU'ED,  (-hacht'O  a.  Not  hatched  ;  not  hav- 
ing left  the  egg. 

2.  Not  matured  and  brought  to  light ;  not  dis- 
closed. 

UN-HAZ'ARD-ED,  a.  Not  hazarded  ;  not  put  in  dan- 
ger ;  not  exposed  to  loss  ;  not  adventured.  Milton. 

UN-HAZ'ARl)-OUS,  a.    Not  hazardous.  ColerUlfe. 

UN-HEAD',  (-hed',)  ii.  (.  To  take  out  the  head  of; 
as,  to  unhead  a  cask. 

UN-HEAD'ED,  (-hed'ed,)  pp.  Having  the  head  taken 
out. 

UN-HE  AD'ING,  (  hed'-,)  ppr-    Taking  ont  the  head  of. 

UN-HE.\LTH'FI,1L,  (-helth'-,)  a.  Not  healthful  ;  in- 
jurious to  health  ;  insalubrious  ;  unwholesome  ; 
no.xious  ;  as,  an  unhcaWiful  climate  or  air. 

2.  Abounding  with  sickness  or  disease  ;  sickly ; 
as,  an  unheaWifid  season. 

UN-HEALTH'FJJL-LY,  adv.  In  an  unhealthful  man- 
ner. 

UN-HEALTH'FBL-NESS,  (-helth'-,)  a.  Unwhole- 
sonieness;  insalubriousncss ;  noxiousness  to  health. 

2.  The  state  of  being  sickly  ;  as,  the  unhealt/if ill- 
ness of  the  autumn. 

UN-HEALTH'I-LY,  (-helth'-,)  adv.  In  an  unwhole- 
some or  unsound  manner.  Milton. 

UN-IIEALTH'I-NESS,  (-helth'-,)  n.  Want  of  health  ; 
habitual  weakness  or  indisj)osition  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons. 

2.  Unsoundness;  want  of  vigor;  as,  the  unhealth- 
iness  of  trees  or  other  plants. 

3.  Unfavorableness  to  health ;  as,  the  unhcaltliiness 
of  a  climate. 

UN-HEALTH'Y,  (-helth'e,)  a.  Wanting  health  ; 
wanting  a  sound  and  vigorous  state  of  body ; 
habitually  weak  or  indisposed ;  as,  an  unhealthy 
person. 

2.  Unsound  ;  wanting  vigor  of  growth  ;  as,  an  un- 
healthy  plant. 

3.  Sickly  ;  abounding  with  disease  ;  as,  an  un- 
hcaWty  season  or  city. 

4.  Insalubrious ;  unwholesome  ;  adapted  to  gen- 
erate diseases  ;  as,  an  unhealthy  climate  or  country. 

5.  Morbid  ;  not  indicating  health. 
UN-HEARD',  (  herd',)  a.    Not  heard  ;  not  perceived 

by  the  ear.  Mdton. 

2.  Not  admitted  to  audience. 

What  pan^  I  feel,  unpiticti  and  uijieard  t  Dryden. 

3.  Not  known  in  fame  ;  not  celebrated. 

Nor  was  his  name  unheard.  Milton. 

4.  Unheard  of;  obscure  ;  not  known  by  fame. 

OranviUe. 

Unheard  of;  new  ;  unprecedented.  Sicifi. 
UN-HEART',  r.  t.    To  discourage;  to  depress;  to 

dishearten.    [A"u(  in  nse.]  Shiili. 
UN-HkAT'ED,  a.    Not  heated;  not  made  hot. 

Boyle. 

UN-HEAV'KN-LY,  (-hev'n-le,)  a.    Not  heavenly. 
UN-HEDG'iiD,  a.    Not  hedged  ;  not  surrounded'  by  a 
hedge. 

UN-HEED'ED,  a.  Not  heeded;  disregarded;  neg- 
lected. 

The  wortd's  great  viclor  pnised  unheeded  bj.  Pope. 

UN-HEED'ED-LY,  adv.    Without  being  noticed. 

fiijron. 

UN-IIEED'FUL,  a.  Not  cautioug  ;  inattentive;  care- 
les".  Bcaum. 

UN-IIEED'F!JL-LY,  a/h.    Not  heedfully. 

UN-IIEED'ING,  a.  Not  heeding;  carelenn ;  negli- 
cent.  Dryden. 

UN-IIEED'INn-LY,  adv.    Without  giving  hecil. 

UN  HEED' Y,  a.    Prccipilale  ;  Budden.  Spenser. 

UN-lIiiLE',  V.  t.    To  uncover.    [JVut  in  rise.] 

Spenser. 

UN-HEI.M',  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  a  helm  or  guide. 

ScotL 


UN-HELM'£D,  pp.    Deprived  of  a  helm. 

2.  a.    Having  no  helm.  Pollok. 
UN-HELM'ET,  ».  (.    To  deprive  of  a  helmet.  Scott. 
UN-HELM'ET-ED,  pp.    Deprived  or  destitute  of  a 
helmet. 

UN-HELM'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  a  helm. 

UN-HELP'JED,  (-helpt',)  a.  Unassisted ;  having  no 
aid  or  auxiliary  ;  unsupported.  Dryden. 

UN-HELP'FJJL,  a.    Affording  no  aid.  Shak. 

UN-HEI.P^FlJL-LY.arfi'.    In  an  unhelpful  manner. 

UN-HE-Ro'I€,  o.    Not  heroic  ;  not  brave.  Pope. 

UN-HES'I-Ta-TING,  a.  Not  hesitating ;  not  remain- 
ing ill  doubt  ;  prompt ;  ready.  Eclcc.  Review. 

UN-HES'I-TA-TING-LY,  adv.  Without  hesitation  or 
doubt. 

UN-HEWN',  (-hune',)  a.    Not  hewn  ;  rough. 

Dniden. 

UN-HlDE'BOUND,  a.     Not  hidebound;  capacious. 

[JVuf  used.]  Mdton. 
UN-HIN'DER-ED,  a.    Not  hindered ;  not  opposed  ; 

exerting  itself  freely.  S.  Clarke. 

UN-HINGE',  (un-hinj',)  t.  t.     To  take  from  the 

hinges  ;  as,  to  unhinge  a  door. 

2.  To  displace  ;  to  unfix  by  violence.  Blackmore. 

3.  To  unfix ;  to  loosen  ;  to  render  unstable  or 
wavering ;  as,  to  unhinge  the  mind  ;  to  unhinge  opin- 
ions. 

UN-HING'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  a  hinge  or  fastening. 

UN-1IL\GE'.MENT,  n.  The  act  of  unhinging  or  state 
of  bi'iiia  unhinged.    [Unusual.]  Chalmers. 

UN-IlIi\G'lNG,  ppr.  Loosening  from  a  hinge  or  fast- 
ening. 

UN-HIR'^D,  a.    Not  hired. 

UN-lllS-TOR'ie-AL,  a.    Not  historical.  Park. 
UN-IliVE',  »'.  (.    To  drive  from  a  hive. 

2.  To  deprive  of  habitation  or  shelter,  as  a  crowd. 
UN-inV'£D,  pp.    Driven  from  the  hive  or  shelter. 

JVeal. 

UN-H0.4RD',  V.  t.   To  steal  from  a  hoard  ;  to  scatter. 
UN-HoARD'ED,  pp.    Stolen  from  a  hoard  ;  scattered. 
UN-HoARD'ING,  ppr.  Scattering. 
UN-IIO'LI-LY,  adv.    In  an  unholy  manner. 
UN-Ho'LI-NESS,  n.    Want  of  holiness;  an  unsanc- 

tified  state  of  the  heart. 
2.  Impiety  ;  wickedness  ;  profaneness.  Ralrrrh. 
UN-Ho'LY,a.    Not  holy;  not  renewed  and  sanctified. 

Tim.  iii. 

2.  Profane  ;  not  hallowed  ;  not  consecrated  ;  com- 
mon.   JItb.  X. 

3.  Impious  ;  wicked. 

4.  Not  ceremonially  purified.   Lev.  x. 
UN-HON'EST,  (-on'est,)  a.     [See  Honest.]  Dis- 
honest; dishonorable.    [Obs.]  jischam. 

UN-HON'OR-SD,  (-on'urd,)  a.  [Pee  Honor.]  Not 
honored ;  not  regarded  with  veneration  ;  not  cele- 
brated. Dryden. 

UN-HOOK',  V.  U    To  loose  from  a  hook. 

UN-H06k'£D,  (  hookt',)  pp.    Loosed  from  a  hook. 

UN-H66P',  j).  (.    To  strip  of  hoops.  J3ddison. 

UN-H66P'£D,  (-ho9pt',)  pp.    Stripped  of  hoops. 

UN-H6P'£D,  (-hopt',)  a.  Not  hoped  for ;  not  so  prob- 
able as  to  excite  hope. 

Willi  unhoped  success.  Dryden. 

Unhoped  for ;  unhoped,  as  above. 
UN-HoPE'FUL,  a.    Such  as  leaves  no  room  to  hope, 

Boyle. 

UN-HoPE'FpL-LY,  adv.  In  an  unhopeful  manner. 
UN-HURN'£'b,  a.  Having  no  horns.  Tooke. 
UN-HORSE',  (-hors',)  ti.  t.    To  throw  from  a  horse  ; 

to  cause  to  dismount.  Shak. 
UN-HORS'£D,  (-hojst',)  pp.    Thrown  from  a  horse. 

Dryden. 

UN-HORS'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  from  a  horse  ;  dis- 
mounting. 

UN-IIOS'PI-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  kind  to  strangers. 

[Rut  Inhospitaiile  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-IIOS''J'lLE,  (-hos'til,)  a.    Not  belonging  to  a  pub- 
lic enemy.  Philips. 
UN-HOUSE',  (-houz',)  v.  U    To  drive  from  the  house 
or  liahitation  ;  to  dislodge.  Milton. 
2.  To  di  privc  of  shelter. 
UN-HOUS'£D,  (-houzd',)  pp.    Driven  from  a  house 
or  habitation.  Shak. 

2.  a.    Wanting  a  house  ;  homeless.  Shak, 

3.  Having  no  settled  habitation.  Shak. 

4.  Destitute  of  shelter  or  co\'er.  Cattle  in  severe 
weather  should  not  be  left  unhoused. 

UN-110US'EL-£D,  o.  Not  having  received  the  sacra- 
ment. ShaJi. 

(IN-llOUit'ING,  ppr.    Driving  from  a  habitation. 

UN-llf"MAN,  a.  Inhuman. 

llJut  Inhuman  is  llie  word  now  used.] 

UN-llO'iMAN-IZE,  D.  «.  To  render  inhuman  or  bar- 
barous. J.  Bnrloic. 

UN-IIU.M'RLKD,  a.  Not  humbled;  not  allected 
will)  shame  or  confusion  ;  not  contrite  in  s|)irit. 

Milton. 

9.  In  theology,  not  having  the  will  and  the  natural 
cnniitv  of  the  heart  to  (i<id  and  his  law  subdued. 
IJN-nUNG',  a.    Not  hanged. 
UN-nUNT'ED,  a.    Not  hunted. 

UN-IlUR'l'',  a.  Not  hurt;  not  harmed;  free  from 
wound  or  injury.  Dryden. 


UN-HURT'FUL,  a.  Not  hurtful ;  harmless  ;  innoxious 

Shak. 

UN-HURT'FUL-LY,  adv.  Without  harm  ;  harmlessly. 

UN-HUS'BAND-ED,  a.    Deprived  of  support;  neg- 
lected. Browne. 
2.  Not  managed  with  frugality. 

UN-HUSK'£D,  (-huskt',)  a.  Not  being  stripped  of 
husks. 

TJ-NI-AX'AL,  a.    Having  but  one  axis. 
l|-NI-e.\P'SU-LAR,  a.    [L.  ujius,  one,  and  eapsula, 
chest.] 

Having  one  capsule  to  each  flower.  Wartyn. 
X^'NI-CORN,  n.    [L.  unicornis ;  units,  one,  and  comu, 
horn.] 

1.  An  animal  with  one  horn;  the  monoceros. 
This  name  is  often  applied  to  the  rhinoceros. 

2.  The  unicorn,  in  heraldry,  is  the  fabulous  unicorn, 
represented  with  the  figure  of  a  horse  and  a  single 
horn  issuing  from  its  forehead.  Brande. 

3.  The  «ea  umcorn,  called  nanral,  is  of  the  whale 
kind,  and  is  remarkable  for  a  horn  growing  out  at 
his  nose.  Cyc. 

4.  A  bird.  Qrew. 
FossU  unicorn,  or  fossil  unicornis  ham  ;  a  substance 

formerly  of  great  repute  in  medicine,  a  terrene  crus- 
taceous  spar,  nametl  from  having  been  supposed  to 
be  the  bone  or  born  of  the  unicorn.       Rees.  Cyc. 

lJ'NI-€ORN-ROOT,  n.  A  popular  name  of  two  plants, 
viz.  Chamffilirium  Carolinianuin,  to  which  this  name 
was  first  applied,  and  Aletris  farinosa,  to  which  it 
has  been  subsequently  applied  ;  both  used  in  medicine. 

tJ-NI-€ORN'OUS,  a.    Having  only  one  horn.  Brown. 

UN-I-Df?'AL,  a.    Not  ideal  ;  real.  Johnson. 

IJ-NI-Fa"CIAL,  a.  Having  but  one  front  surface  ; 
thus,  some  foliaceous  corals  are  unifacial,  the  polyp- 
mouths  being  confined  to  one  surface.  Dana. 

IJ-NI-FLo'ROUS,  a.  [h.  wins,  one,  and  flos,  flower.] 
Bearing  one  flower  only  ;  as,  a  uniflorous  pedimcle. 

.^lartyn. 

IJ'NI-FORM,  a.  [L.  uniforinis  ;  unus,  one,  and  forma, 
form.] 

1.  Having  always  the  same  former  manner;  not 
variable.  Thus  we  say,  the  dress  of  the  Asiatics  is 
uniform,  or  has  been  uniform  from  early  ages.  So  we 
say,  it  is  the  duty  of  a  Christian  to  observe  a  uniform 
course  of  piety  and  religion. 

2.  Consistent  with  itself;  not  different;  as,  one's 
opinions  on  a  particular  sulijert  have  been  uniform. 

3.  Of  the  same  form  with  others;  conscmant ; 
agreeing  with  each  other ;  conforming  to  one  rule  or 
mode. 

How  f.ir  churches  are  bound  to  be  uniform  in  their  ceremonies  is 
doubled.  hooker. 

4.  Having  the  same  degree  or  state  ;  as,  uniform 
temperature. 

Uniform  motion  ;  the  motion  of  a  body  is  uniform 
when  it  passes  over  equal  spaces  in  equal  times. 

Olmsted. 

Uniform  matter,  is  that  which  is  all  of  the  same 
kind  and  texture.  Cyc. 

li'NI-FOR.M,  71.  A  dress  of  the  same  kind,  by  which 
persons  are  purposely  assimilated  who  belong  to  the 
same  body,  whether  military,  naval,  or  any  ether. 
We  say,  the  uniform  of  a  company  of  militia,  the  uni- 
form o(  the  artillery  or  matross  comjiauies,  the  uni- 
form of  a  regiment,  &c.  niis  dress  is  called  a  uni- 
form, because  it  is  alike  among  all  those  composing 
the  class  or  bodv. 

IJ-NI-FORM-l-TA'RI-AN,  n.  A  term  applied  to  theo- 
rists in  geology,  who  believe  that  existing  causes,  act- 
ing in  the  same  manner  as  at  the  present  time,  are 
sutlicient  to  account  for  all  geological  changes.  Dana. 

li-NI-FORiM'I-TY,  71.  Resemblance  to  itself  at  all 
times  ;  even  tenor  ;  as,  the  uniformity  of  design  in  a 
poem. 

2.  Consistency;  sameness;  as,  the  uni/urmiVy  of  a 
man's  opinions. 

3.  Cimformity  to  a  pattern  or  rule;  resemblance, 
consonance,  or  agreement ;  as  the  uniformity  of  dif- 
ferent churches  in  ceremonies  or  rites. 

4.  Similitude  between  the  parts  of  a  whole  ;  as, 
the  uniformity  of  sides  in  a  regular  figure.  Beauty  is 
said  to  consist  in  uniformity  with  variety.  Cyc. 

5.  Continued  or  unvaried  sameness  or  likeness, 
jjr/  of  uniformity ;  In  England,  the  act  of  parliament 

by  which  the  form  of  public  prayers,  administration 
of  sacraments,  and  other  rites,  is  jircscribi'd  to  be  ob- 
si'rved  in  all  the  churches.  1  £/ii.  and  13  and  14 
Car.  II. 

tl'NI-FORM-LY,  adv.     With  even  tenor ;  without 

variation  ;  as,  a  temper  uniformly  mild. 
2.  Without  diversity  of  one  from  another. 
II-NI-GEN'I-TQRE,  71.     [L.  unigenitus ;    unus  and 

genitns.] 

The  state  of  being  the  only  begotten. 
IJ-NIG'E-NOUS,  a.    [L.  uJiigena.] 

Of  one  kind  ;  of  the  same  genus.  Kinran. 
IJ-NI-LA'BI-ATE,  o.    In  botany,  having  one  lip  only, 

as  a  corol.  Martyn.    .^siat.  Res. 

IJ-NI-LAT'ER-AL,  a.    [L.  Hnii.v,  one,  and  /adi.i, side.] 

1.  Being  on  one  side  or  parly  only.  [Unusual.] 

2.  Having  one  side. 

A  unilateral  raceme,  is  when  the  flowers  grow  only 
on  one  side  of  the  common  peduncle.  Martyn. 


FATE,  FAB,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — MftTE,  PRBY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 
1204  ■ 


UNI 

IJ-NI-LIT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  litera, 
letter.] 

Cdiisistina  of  one  letter  only. 
UN-IL-1,0'MIN-S-TED,  a.    Not  illumiiiiitcd  ;  not  en- 
lightened ;  d.irk. 
•2.  Iffiiorant. 
UN-tl.-LC'M'IN-KD,  a.    Not  illumined. 
UN  II,  I.US'TRA-TED,  a.  Not  illustrated  ;  not  made 

|)l:iin.  Oood. 
UN-II.-UJS'TR.\-TIVE,  a.    Not  illustnitive. 
IJ-Nl-LOenj-LAR,  ryu-ne-lok'yu-liir,)  a.     [L.  anus, 
one,  and  /ocm/h.v,  cell.] 

IlavinR  one  cell  or  chamber  only  ;  as,  a  unilocular 
pericarp  or  shell.  ^ 
UN-nt-.\G'IN-.\-RLE,  a.    Not  to  be  imajrined  ;  not 

to  be  conceived.  TilUitsoii. 
UN-IM-AC'IN-.-V-BLY,  adu.    To  a  degree  not  to  be 

imagined.  Boyle. 
UN-I.M-A(5'IN-A-TIVE,  a.    Not  imaginative. 

IVordsworth, 

UN-IM-A<j'IN-ED,  a.  Not  imagined  ;  not  conceived. 
UN-I.M-lilT'TER-SD,  a.    Not  inibittered  ;  not  aggra- 

val(Hl.  Roscor. 
U.\'-I.M  l!0'f;n,  a.  Not  imbued  :  not  tinctured.  Drake, 
UN-l.M'l-TA-HI,E,  a.    Tlint  can  not  Le  imitated. 

I  liut  the  word  now  used  is  Inimitable.] 
UN-LM'I>rA-TEn,  a.    Not  imitated.  Joknson. 
UN-I.M-.MOR'TAL,  a.   Not  immortal ;  perishable. 

Mtllon. 

UN-IM-PaIR'A-HLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  waste  or  dimi- 
nution. Unkncill. 

UN-I.M  PaIR'ED,  a.  Not  impaired  ;  not  diminished  ; 
not  enfeebled  by  time  or  injury  j  as,  an  unimpaired 
constitution. 

U.\-!.M-PAS'SION-ATE,  a.    Not  impassionate. 

UN-IM-PAS'SION-ATE-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being 
uniuipassionalc. 

UN-I.M-PAS'SION-JCD,  a.  Not  endowed  with  pas- 
sions. Tliumson. 

2.  Free  from  passion  ;  calm  j  not  violent ;  as,  an 
vnimpassioncd  address. 

UN-I.M-PkACH'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  im- 
peached ;  that  can  not  be  accused  ;  free  from  stain, 
guilt,  or  fault;  as,  an  unimpeachable  reputation. 

2.  That  can  not  be  called  in  question  ;  as,  an  un- 
imptachahlf.  claim  or  testimony. 

UN-I.M-Pl-.ACU'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  im- 
))eachahj^e. 

UN-I.M-PKACn'£D,  (-im-peecbt',)a.  Not  impeached  ; 
not  charged  or  accused;  fair;  as,  an  uninipcacficd 
character. 

2.  Not  called  in  question  ;  as,  testimony  unim- 
prachrd 

IIN-I.M-PeD'ED,  a.    Not  impeded  ;  not  hindered. 

Ratrle. 

UN-TM'PLr-e.\-TED,  a.  Not  implicated;  not  in- 
volved. Mitfurd, 

UN-I.M  PLI'KD,  (-im-pllde',)  a.  Not  implied  ;  not  in- 
cluded bv  fair  inference.  Madison. 

UN-fiM-PLoK'fiD,  a.    Not  implored  ;  not  solicited. 

Mdton, 

UN-IM-PORT'ANCE,  n.    Want  of  importance. 

Dwight. 

UN-IM-PORT'ANT,  a.  Not  important;  not  of  great 
moment. 

2.  Not  assuming  airs  of  dignitv.  Pope. 
UN-IM-PORT'ANT-LY,  ado.     Without  weight  or 
importance. 

U.\-1.M-POR-TON'£D,  a.  Not  importuned  ;  not  soli- 
cited. 

UN-IM-POS'ING,  a.  Not  imposing  ;  not  commanding 
respect. 

2.  Not  enjoining  as  obligatory  ;  voluntarj'. 

Thomson. 

UN-IM-PREG'N.^-TED,  a.   Not  impregnated. 
UN-IM-PRESS'I-HLE,  a.    Not  impressible. 
UN-I.M-PRESS'IVE,  a.     Not  impressive;  not  forci- 
ble ;  not  adapted  to  affect  or  awaken  the  passions. 

Bcddofs. 

UN-IM-PRESS'lVE-LY,  adv.  Unforcibly  ;  without 
impression. 

UN-l.M-PRIS'ON-ED,  a.    Not  confined  in  prison. 

UN-I.M-PRo'PRI-S-TED,  a.    Not  impropriated. 

UN-I.M  PROV'A-HLE,  (-im-proov'a-bl,)  a.    Not  capa- 
ble of  improvement,  melioration,  or  advancement  to 
a  better  condition.  Rambler. 
2.  Incapable  of  beinc  cultivated  or  tilled.  It'olenlt. 

UN-IM-PROV'A-I!LE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
not  iinprov:;ble.  Hammond. 

UN-I.M-PROV'A-BLY,  adv.  Without  being  improva- 
ble. 

UN-I.M-PROV'KD,  (-im-proovd',)  a.  Not  improved; 
not  niaile  better  or  wiser ;  not  advanced  in  knowl- 
edge, manners,  or  excellence. 

Rattle.    Pope.  Olanrille. 

2.  .\ot  used  for  a  valuable  purpose.    How  many 
advantages  unimproccd  have  we  to  regret ! 

As.  Reiearrh.  I.  x. 

3.  Not  used  ;  not  employed.  Hamilton.  Ramsap. 

4.  Not  tilled  ;  not  cultivated  ;  as,  unimproved  land 
or  soil ;  unimproved  lots  of  ground. 

Latos  of  Penn.    Franklin.  Ramitay. 

5.  Uncensured  ;  not  disapproved.     [This  sense, 
from  the  L.  improbo,  is  entirely  obsolete.] 


UNI 

UN-IiM  PROVING,  a.  Not  improving;  not  tending 
to  advance  or  instruct.  Jalin.mn. 

UN-I.M-PO T'A-ULE,  a.  Not  imputable  or  chargea- 
ble to. 

lI-Nl-.MUS'eU-I,AR,  a.  Having  one  muscle  only, 
and  one  muscular  impression,  as  a  bivalve  mollus- 
can.  Kirby. 

UN-IN-eXR'NATE,  a.    Not  incarnate. 

UN-IN-CENS'iiD,  (-senst',)  a.  Not  incensed  or  angry. 

Ash. 

UN-IN-CIT'ED,  a.    Not  incited.  Wordewurih. 
UN-IN-CLOS'A.T),  a.    Not  inclosed. 
UN-lN-enR'PO-liA-TrOl),  a.    Not  incorporated. 
UN-IN-€Rlc.\S'A-liLE,  a.    Admitting  no  increase. 

[J^Tiit  in  use]  Suijle. 
UN-lN-eRE.'<S'£D,  (-kreest',)  a.   Not  increased. 

A.fh. 

UN-IX-eU.M'nER-£D,  a.  Not  encumbered  ;  not  bur- 
dened. 

2.  I'ree  from  any  temporary  estate  or  interest,  or 
from  mortgage,  or  other  charge  or  debt;  as,  an  es- 
tate uneiicumhrrrd  with  dower. 
UN-I.\-nEllT'EI),  (■-det'-,)  n.    Not  indebted. 

2.  Not  borroweu.    [Unusual.]  Youn/r. 
UN-IN-DIF'EER-ENT,  a.    Not  indirtercnt ;  not  unbi- 

aseil  ;  partial ;  leaning  to  one  party.  Hooker. 
UN-L\  DORS'iJD,  a.    Not  indorsed;  not  assigned; 

as,  an  unindorsed  note  or  bill, 
UN-lN-DCiC'/^D,  (-duste',)  a.    Not  induced. 
UN-IN-lJUS'TRl-OUS,  a.    Not  industrious;  not  dili- 
gent in  labor,  study,  or  other  pursuit. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-IN-nUS'TRI-OUS-I-Y,  adv.    Without  industry. 
UN-IN-KECT'EI),a.  Not  infected  ;  not  contaminated 
or  affected  by  foul,  infectious  air. 
2.  Not  corrupted. 
UN-IN-l'Ee'TlOUS,  a.    Not  infectious;  not  foul; 

not  capable  of  communicating  disease. 
UN-IN-FEST'ED,  a.    Not  infested. 
DN-IN  FLaM'£D,  a.    Not  inflamed  ;  not  set  on  fire. 

Bacon. 

9.  Not  highly  provoked. 

UN-IN-FLAM'MA-RLE,  a.  Not  iriflammable  ;  not 
capable  of  being  set  on  fire.  Boyle. 

UN-IN'FI.U-ENC-ED,  (-in'llu-enst,)  a.  Not  influ- 
enced ;  not  persuaded  or  moved  by  others,  or  by  for- 
eign considerations  ;  not  biased  ;  acting  freely. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  influence,  bias,  or  preju- 
dice ;  as,  uninfluenced  conduct  or  ac'ions. 

UN-IN-FLU-EN'TIAL,  a.    Not  having  influence. 

UN-IN-FORM'£D,  a.    Not  informed  ;  not  instructed  ; 
untaught.  Jlilton. 
2.  Unanimated  ;  not  enlivened.  Spectator. 

UN-IN-FURM'ING,  a.  Not  furnishing  information  ; 
iininstriictive.  Mitford. 

UN-lN-Gi?.N'IOUS,  a.    Not  ingenious  ;  dull.  Burke. 

UN-IN-Gi?N'IOU.S-I.,Y,  adv.    Without  ingenuity. 

UN-IN-GEN'U-OUS,  a.  Not  ingenuous;  not  frank 
or  candid  ;  disingenuous.  Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-IN-GEN'lJ-OUS-LY,  adv.    Not  ingenuously. 

UN-IN-GEN'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  ingenuous- 
ness. 

UN-IN-HAB'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Not  inhabitable;  that  in 
which  mea  can  not  live ;  unfit  to  be  the  residence  of 
men.  Raleirh. 

UN-lN-IIAB'IT-.\-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uninhabitable. 

UN-IN-HAB'IT-EI),a.  Not  inhabited  by  men  ;  hav- 
ing no  inhabitants.  Stcifl. 

UN-IN-I"TIATE,  (-ish'ate,)       )  ,    „  ,  ;„-„-„,„j 

UN-IN-I"T1A-TEIJ,  f-ish'a  ted,)  j       ^ot  initiated. 

UN-IN'JUR-£D,  a.  Not  injured  ;  not  hurt;  suffering 
no  harm.  Mdton. 

UN-IN-JU'RI-OU9,  a.    Not  injurious. 

UN-lN-aUIR'ING,  a.  Not  inquiring  or  disposed  to 
inquire. 

UN-IN-UUIS'I-TIVE,  a.  Not  inquisitive ;  not  curi- 
ous to  search  and  inquire.  IVarton. 

UN-IN-StRrB'iiU,  a.  Not  inscribed ;  having  no  in- 
scription. Pope. 

UN-IN-SI'IR'£D,  a.  Not  h.aving  received  any  super- 
natural instriirli<m  or  illumination.  Locke. 

UN-IN-tiPlR'IT-ED,  a.    Not  inspirited. 

UN-IN'STI-TU-TED,  a.  Not  instituted.  TVithcrspoon. 

UN-IN-STRUeT'ED,  a.  Not  instructed  or  taught  ; 
not  educated. 

2.  Not  directed  by  superior  authority  ;  not  fur- 
nished with  instructions. 

UN-I.\-STRlJeT'ING,  a.    Noting  acting. 

UN-IN-STRIJCT'IVE,  a.  Not  instructive;  not  con- 
ferring improvement.  Addison. 

UN-IN-STRUCT'IVE-LY,  adv.    Not  instnictively. 

UN-IN'.SU-La-TEI),  a.  Not  insulated  ;  not  being 
separated  or  detached  from  every  thing  else.  lire. 

UN-IN  SIJLT'EU,  a.    Not  insulted. 

UN-IN-SCR'A'D,  (-shurd',)  a.  [See  Sure.]  Not  in- 
sured ;  not  assured  against  loss. 

UN-IN-TEL-LECT'U-AL,  a.   Not  intellectual. 

Good. 

UN-IN-TEL-LEGT'TJ-AL-LY,  adv.  Not  intellectually. 
UN-IN-TEL'LI-GENT,  a.    Not  having  reason  or  con- 
sciousness ;  not  possessing  understanding. 

BeT\tley. 

2.  Not  knowing;  not  skillful ;  dull.  Locke. 


UNI 

UN-IN-TKI/M-GENT  LY,  adv.  Not  intelligenlly. 
UN-I.\-TEL-I,I-Gl-UIL'I-TY,ii.  The  quality  of  being 

not  illtelligihlo.  Burnet. 
UN-IN-TKL'U  GI-BLE,  a.      Not  intelligible  ;  that 

can  not  be  undiTstooil.  Smrt. 
UN-IN-TEL'LI-GI-BLE-NESS,  n.     State  of  being 

u  nintelligible. 

UN-IN-'I'EL'LI-GI-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be 
understood. 

UN-1N-TE.\D'ED,  a.   Not  intended  ;  not  designed. 

Loeke. 

UN-IN-TEN'TION-AL,  a.  Not  intentional  ;  not  de- 
signed ;  done  or  happening  without  design.  Bmile. 

UN  IN  TEN'TION-AL-l-Y,aJt;.  Without  design  or 
ptlrpi>se. 

UN-IN'TER-EST-ED,  a.  Not  interested  ;  not  having 
any  interest  or  property  in;  having  nothing  at 
stake  ;  as,  to  be  uninterested  in  any  business  or  ca- 
Itt/xily. 

2.  Not  having  the  mind  or  the  passions  engaged  ; 

as,  to  be  uninterested  in  a  discourse  or  narration. 
UN-IN'TER-E.ST-ING,  a.    Not  capable  of  exciting  an 

interest,  or  of  engaging  the  mind  or  passions;  as, 

an  uninterestinir  story  or  poem. 
UN-IN'TER-EST-I\G-LY,  ado.   So  as  not  to  excite 

iiilerest. 

UN-IN-TER-MIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)  n.  Defect  or 
failure  of  intermission.  Parker. 

UN-IN-TER-iMri''TED,  a.  Not  inlermitted  ;  not  in- 
terrupted ;  not  suspended  for  a  time  ;  continued. 

Hale. 

UN-IN-TER-JIIT'TED  LY,  adv.  Without  being  in- 
termitted. 

UN-IN-TER-MIT'TING,  o.    Not  intermitting;  not 

ceasing  for  a  time  ;  continuing. 

UN-IN-TER-.MIT'TING-LY,a</f.  Without  cessation  ; 
continiiallv.  Mitford. 

UN-IN-TEli-MIX'KD.a.  Not  intermixed  ;  not  mingled. 

UN-IN'TER-PO-LA-TED,  a.  Not  interpolated  ;  not 
inserted  at  a  time  subsequent  to  the  original  writing. 

UN-IN-TER'PRET-ED,  a.  Not  explained  or  inter- 
preted. 

UN-IN-TER'RKH,  a.    Not  buried.  Pollok. 

UN-IN-TEK-KUPT'ED,  a.     Not  interrupted  ;  not 
broken.  Addison. 
2.  Not  disturbed  bv  intrusion  or  avocation. 

UN-IN-TER-RUP'i''E"l)-LY,  adv.  Without  interrup- 
tion ;  without  disturbance. 

UN-IN-TOX'I-e.\-TING,  a.    Not  intoxicating. 

UN-IN-TRENCH'AD,  (-in-trencht',)  a.  Not  in- 
trenched ;  not  defended  by  intreiicliments.  Pope. 

UN-IN'TRI-eA-TED,  a.  Not  periilexed  ;  not  obscure 
or  intricate.    [J^utinusc.]  Hammond. 

UN-IN-TRO-DuC'iCI),  (-iii  tro-duste',)  a.  Not  intro- 
duced ;  not  properly  conducted  ;  obtrusive.  Young. 

UN-IN-OR'£D,  a.  Not  inured  ;  not  hardened  by  use 
or  practice.  Philips. 

UN-IN-VaD'ED,  a.    Not  invaded. 

UN-IN-VE.\T'ED,  a.    Not  invented  ;  not  found  out. 

UN-IN-VENT'IVE,  a.    Not  inventive.  [Milton. 

UN-IN-VENT'IVE-LY,  adv.    Not  inventively. 

UN-IN-VEST'ED,  a.    Not  invested  ;  not  clothed. 

Dwight. 

2.  Not  converted  into  some  species  of  property  less 
fleeting  than  money  ;  as,  money  uninvested. 

Hamilton. 

UN-IN- VES'TI-GA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  inves- 
tigated or  searched  out  Ray. 

UN-IN-VES'TI-Ga-TED,  a.   Not  investigated. 

UN-IN-VES'TI-GA-TIVE,  a.  Not  adapted  or  given 
to  investigation. 

UN-IN-VIl>'I-OUS,  a.    Not  invidious. 

UN-IN-VIT'ED,  a.  Not  invited  ;  not  requested  ;  not 
solicited.  Philips. 

UN-IN- VIT'ING,  a.    Not  inviting.  Sl^irart. 

UN-IN- VOK'£D,  (-in-vokt',)  a.    Not  invoked. 

IJ'NI-O,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  fresh-wuter  bivalves, 
commonly  called  Fkesh-Wateb  Clams.  Dana. 

IJN'ION,  (yun'yun,)  n.  [Fr.  union;  It.  uniane ;  L. 
unwy  to  unite,  from  unus^  one.] 

J.  'J'he  act  of  joining  two  or  more  things  into  one, 
and  thus  forming  a  compound  body  or  a  mixture  ;  or 
the  junction  or  coalition  of  things  thus  united. 
Union  diflera  from  conneetton^  as  it  implies  the 
bodies  to  be  in  contact,  without  an  intervening 
body  ;  whereas  things  may  be  connected  by  the  inter- 
vention of  a  third  body,  as  by  a  cord  or  chain. 

One  kiiig^tom,  Joy  nnd  union  withoul  end.  Mitton. 

2.  Ctmcord  ;  agreement  and  conjunction  of  mind, 
will,  affections,  or  inlerest.  Ilapfiy  is  the  family 
where  perfect  union  subsists  between  all  its  mem- 
bers. 

3.  The  junction  or  united  existence  of  spirit  and 
matter;  as,  the  union  of  soul  and  body. 

4.  .Among  painters^  a  symmetry  and  agreement 
betweim  the  several  parts  <if  a  paiiiliiig.  Cye. 

5.  In  arcMUcture,  harmony  between  the  colors  in 
the  materials  of  a  building.  Cy' 

C.  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  the  combining  or  consoli 
dating  of  two  or  more  churches  into  one.  This  can 
not  be  done  without  the  consent  of  the  bishop,  th» 
patron,  and  the  incumbent.  Uniim  is  by  «cfj.«ioii, 
when  the  united  benefice  becomes  an  accessory  of 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


151  * 


W  W  W  W  * 


1205 


UNI 


UNI 


UN  J 


the  principal ;  by  eovfusion^  wiiere  tlie  two  titles  are 
suppressed,  and  a  new  one  created,  incliidinfi  both  ; 
and  by  equality,  where  the  two  titles  subsist,  but  are 
equal  and  independent.  Cyc. 

7.  States  united.  Thus  the  United  States  of 
America  are  sometimes  called  the  Union. 

Marshall.  Hamilton. 

8.  A  pearl.    [L.  unio.']    [JVu(  in  use.] 

9.  In  Vie  JUitr  of  the  United  States,  a  square  portion 
at  the  upper  left-hand  corner,  in  which  the  stars  are 
united  on  a  blue  ground,  denoting  the  union  of  the 
States.  Totten. 

The  British  flag  has  a  similar  union,  composed  of 
the  three  crosses  of  St.  George,  St.  .•Andrew,  and  St. 
Patrick,  denoting  the  union  of  the  three  kingdoms. 

Olynn. 

Union  dotoniBard ;  a  signal  of  distress  at  sea  made 
by  reversing  the  flag,  or  turning  its  union  rlownwanl. 

Union,  or  act  of  union  ;  the  act  by  which  Scotland 
was  united  to  England,  or  liy  which  the  two  king- 
doms were  incorporated  into  one,  in  1707. 

LegULUive  union  ;  the  union  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  in  1800. 

Union  by  the  first  intention ;  in  surgery,  the  process 
by  which  the  opposite  surfaces  of  recent  wounds, 
when  they  are  kept  in  contact  with  each  other,  grow 
together  and  unite  without  suppuration  ;  tlie  result 
of  a  wonderful  self-healing  power  in  living  bodies. 

Cyc. 

Q-Xir'A-ROUS,  a.     [L.  unus,  one,  and  pario,  to 
bear.] 

Producing  one  at  a  birth.  Brown. 
TJ-NiaUE',  (yu-neek',)  a.    [Fr.]    Sole  ;  unequaled  ; 

single  in  its  kind  or  excellence. 
lJ-Nt(iUE'LY,  adv.    In  a  unique  manner. 
U-NI-Ra'DI-a-TED,  a.    Having  one  ray.  Eneijc. 
UN-IR'RI-Ta-TEI),  a.    Not  irritated  ;  not  fretted. 

2.  Not  provoked  or  angered. 
UN-IR'RI-Ta-TIXG,  a.    Not  irritating  or  fretting. 

2.  Not  provoking. 

3.  Not  exciting.  Beddoes. 
UN-IR'RI-Ta-TING-LY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  irritate. 
IJ-NI-Se'RI-ATE,  a.  Having  a  single  line  or  series. 
U-NI-Se'RI-ATE-LY,  adv.  In  single  line  or  series. 
U-NI-SEX'lJ-AL,  a.  In  botany,  having  one  sex  only. 
l^'NI-SON,  n.    [L.  unus,  one,  and  sonu3,  sound.] 

1.  In  music,  an  accordance  or  coincidence  of 
sounds  proceeding  from  an  equality  in  the  nutnbeF 
of  vibrations  made  in  a  given  time  by  a  sonorous 
body.  If  two  chords  of  the  same  matter  have  equal 
length,  thickness,  and  tension,  they  are  said  to  be  in 
uni.^on,  and  their  sounds  will  be  in  unison.  Sounds 
of  very  dilferent  qualities  and  f  irco  may  be  in  uni- 
son :  as  the  sound  of  a  bell  may  he  in  unison  with  a 
sound  of  a  flute,  t/'nijoii  then  consists  in  sameness 
of  degree,  or  similarity  in  respect  to  gravity  or  acute- 
nc.ss,  and  is  applicable  to  any  sound,  whether  of  in- 
struments or  of  the  human  organs,  ice. 

2.  A  single,  unvaried  note.  Pope. 
In  unison  ;  in  agreement  ;  in  harmony. 

IJ'NI-SON,  a.    Sounding  alone. 

Sounds  inleriiiixcd  with  voice, 
Ciionl  or  uniMon.  Anon. 

IJ-NIS'O-NANCE,  n.    Accordance  of  sounds. 

What  constitufs  unisOTVinee  is  tli^  f*miilily  of  thp  nunil)<»r  of 
vibr.ilioDS  of  s^tioruiis  bodies,  in  ti^o  i'qu.il  times.  Cyc. 

TJ-NIS'O-NANT,  a.     Being  in  unison ;  having  the 

same  degree  of  gravity  or  acuteness. 
tJ-NIS'O-NOUS,  a.    Being  in  unison.  BiiaJ;/. 
IJ'NIT,  (yu'nit,)  n.    [L.  unus,  one  ;  unltas,  unity.] 

1.  One  ;  a  word  which  denotes  a  single  thing  or 
person  ;  the  least  whole  number. 

Unitt  are  Ihe  integral  parts  of  any  large  number.  WaUe. 

2.  In  mathematics,  any  known  determinate  quantity, 
by  the  constant  repetition  of  which,  any  other  quan- 
tity of  the  same  kind  is  measured.    [See  UniTv.] 

Olm.iUd. 

IJ-NI-TA'RI-A.V,  n.    [L.  unitas,  unu.".] 

One  who  denies  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity,  and 
ascribes  divinity  to  God  the  I'ather  only.  'J'he  .Ariari 
and  .Sucinian  are  both  comprehended  in  the  term 
Unitarian. 

II-NI-TA'RI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Unitarians. 
lT-.M-TA'RI-AN-ISM,n.  The  doctrines  of  Unitarians, 

who  deny  the  divinity  of  Christ. 
IJ-NITE',  ti.  L    [L.  unio,  uuitus  ;  Fr.  and  Sp.  unir  ;  It. 

unire.] 

1.  To  put  tog(rther  or  join  two  or  more  things, 
which  make  one  compound  or  mixture.  Thus  we 
uni(>^  the  parts  of  a  buililing  to  make  one  structure. 
The  kingdoms  of  England,  Scollanil,  and  Ireland 
united,  form  one  empire.  So  we  unite  spirit  and 
water  and  other  liquors.  We  unite  strands  to  make 
n  rope.  The  States  of  North  America,  united,  form 
one  nation. 

2.  To  join  ;  to  connect  in  a  near  relation  or  alli- 
ance ;  an,  to  unite  families  by  marriage  j  to  unite 
naiionH  by  treaty. 

3.  To  make  to  agree  or  be  uniform  ;  as,  to  unite  a 
kingdom  in  one  form  of  worships  to  unite  men  in 
opinions.  Clarendon. 

4.  To  cause  to  adhere  ;  an,  to  unite  bricks  or  stones 
by  cement. 


5.  To  join  in  interest  or  fellowship.    Ocn.  xlix. 

6.  To  tie;  to  splice;  as,  to  unite  two  cords  or 
ropes. 

7.  To  join  ill  afl'ection  ;  to  make  near ;  as,  to  unite 
hearts  in  love. 

[  Unite  is  followed  by  to  or  with.  To  unite  to,  is  to 
join.  Oen.  xlix.  vi.  To  unite  icith,  is  to  associate  ; 
but  the  distinction  is  not  always  obvious  or  impor- 
tant.] 

To  unite  the  heart;  to  c.iuse  all  its  powers  and  afl^ec- 
tions  to  join  with  order  and  delight  in  the  same  ob- 
jects. Ps.  Ixxxvi. 
TJ-NlTE',  V.  i.  To  join  in  an  act ;  to  concur  ;  to  act 
in  concert.  All  parties  united  in  petitioning  for  a 
repeal  of  the  law. 

2.  To  coalesce ;  to  be  cemented  or  consolidated  ; 
to  combine ;  as,  bodies  unite  by  attraction  or  af- 
finity. 

3.  To  grow  together,  as  the  parts  of  a  wound. 

The  spur  of  a  young  coclt,  gnifled  inlo  the  comb,  will  untie  and 
grow.  Duhamel. 

4.  To  coalesce,  as  sounds. 

5.  To  be  mixed.    Oil  and  water  will  not  unite. 
U-NTT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Joined  ;  made  to  agree  ;  ce- 
mented ;  mixed  ;  attached  by  growth. 

United  Brethren  ;  a  religious  community  commonly 
called  Moravians. 

United  flowers,  are  such  as  have  the  stamens  and 
pistils  in  the  same  flower.  Cyc. 

TJ-NIT'ED-LY,  adv.    With  union  or  joint  efl'tirts. 

lJ-.\IT'ER,  71.    The  person  or  thing  that  unites. 

IJ-.\IT'ING,  ppr.  Joining;  causing  to  agree  ;  consoli- 
dating; coalescing;  growing  together. 

lJ-NI"TION,  (yu-nisli'un,)  n.  Junction;  act  of  unit- 
ing.   [JVu'  in  use.]  Wiseman. 

IJ'NI-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  uniting.  [JVof 
used.']  JVorris. 

IJ'.VIT-JXR,  71.  A  small,  insulated  Leyden  jar,  placed 
between  the  electrical  machine  and  a  larger  jar  or 
battery,  so  as  to  announce,  by  its  repeated  dis- 
charges, the  number  of  them  which  have  passed 
into  the  larger  jar.  Brande. 

IJ'NI-TY,  (yu'ne-te,)  ti.    [L.  it7ii(as.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  one  ;  onene.'S.  Unify  may 
consist  of  a  simple  substance  or  existing  being,  as  the 
soul  ;  but  usually  it  consists  in  a  close  junction  of 
particles  or  parts,  constituting  a  body  detached  from 
other  bodies.  Unity  is  a  thing  undivided  itself,  but 
separate  from  every  other  thing.    School  Philosophy. 

2.  Concord;  conjunction;  as,  a  uTiiti/ of  proofs. 

Shak. 

3.  Agreement  ;  uniformity  ;  as,  utiity  of  doctrine  ; 
unity  of  worship  in  a  church.  Hooker. 

4.  In  Chriitian  theology,  oneness  of  sentiment,  af- 
fection, or  behavior. 

How  gootl  and  how  pleasant  il  is  for  brethren  to  dwell  together 
in  unity  I  —  Ps.  cxxxiii. 

5.  In  mathematics,  the  abstract  expression  for  any 
unit  whatsoever.  The  number  1  is  u)ii(i/  when  it 
is  not  applied  to  any  particular  object ;  but  a  unit, 
when  it  is  so  applied.  Olmsted. 

6.  In  poctftj,  the  principle  by  which  a  uniform  tenor 
of  story  and  propriety  of  representation  is  preserved. 
In  the  Greek  drama,  the  three  unities  required  were 
those  of  action,  of  time,  and  of  place  ;  in  other  woriis, 
that  there  should  be  but  one  main  plot ;  that  the 
lime  supposed  should  not  exceed  twenty-four  hours  ; 
and  that  the  [dace  of  the  .action  before  the  spectators 
should  be  one  and  the  same  throughout  the  piece. 

7.  In  music,  such  a  combination  of  parts  as  to  con- 
stitute a  whole,  or  a  kind  of  symmetry  of  style  and 
character.  Rousseau. 

8.  In  law,  the  properties  of  a  joint  estate  are  de- 
rived from  its  unity,  which  is  fourfold  ;  unity  of  in- 
terest, unity  of  title,  unity  of  tine,  and  unity  of  pos- 
session ;  in  other  words,  joint-tenants  have  one  and 
the  same  interest,  accruing  by  one  and  the  same  ctm- 
veyance,  commencing  at  the  same  time,  and  held 
by  one  and  the  same  undivided  possession. 

Blaclcgtone. 

9.  In  laiv,  unity  of  possession  is  a  joint  possession 
of  two  rights  by  several  titles,  as  when  a  man  h.as  a 
lease  of  land  upon  a  certain  rent,  and  afterward  buys 
the  fe(!-simple.  This  is  a  unity  of  possession,  by  whicit 
the  lease  is  extinguished. 

Unity  of  faith  is  an  equal  belief  of  the  same  truths 
of  Goil,  and  possession  of  the  grace  of  faith  in  like 
form  and  degree.  Brown. 

Unity  of  spirit  is  the  oneness  which  subsists  be- 
tween Christ  and  his  saints,  by  which  the  same  spirit 
dwells  in  both,  and  both  have  the  sanifMlisposition 
and  aims  .  ami  it  is  the  oneness  of  Christians  amotig 
themselves,  united  under  the  same  hi!;id,  having  the 
same  spirit  dwelling  in  them,  and  possessing  the 
same  graces,  faith,  love,  hope,  &c.  Brown. 

II'NI-VAI..VE,  rt.    [ L.  M7IW.V,  one,  and  ?'a/jV7'.] 
Having  one  valve  luily,  as  a  shell  or  pericarp. 

IJ'NI-VAIiVE,  71.  A  shell  having  one  valve  <mly  ; 
a  molliisk  whose  shell  is  composed  of  a  single  piece. 
The  univalves  form  one  of  the  three  divisions  into 
which  shells  are  usually  divided.  I.inno'us. 

y-NI  VALV'lJ-I.AU,  a.  Having  one  valve  oidy  ;  as, 
a  univalvular  pericarp  or  shell.  Miirtijn.  Cyc. 


II-NI- VERS' AL,  a.    [  L.  universalis :  unus  and  ver.tor.] 

1.  .Ml;  exlcridiiig  to  or  coiiiprehendiiig  the  whole 
number,  quantity,  or  space;  as,  universal  ruin  ;  uni- 
versal good ;  universal  benevolence. 

The  unieereal  cause 
Acts  not  by  partial,  but  by  general  laws.  Pope. 

2.  Total ;  whole. 

From  harmony,  from  heavenly  harmony. 

This  univerBiil  frame  began.  Dryltn. 

3.  Comprising  all  the  particulars  ;  as,  universal 
kinds.  Davics. 

4.  In  botany,  a  universal  umbel  is  a  primary  or  gen- 
eral umbel  ;  the  first  or  largest  set  of  rays  in  a  com- 
pound umbel ;  opposed  to  partial.  A  universal  in- 
volucre is  not  unfretpiently  placed  at  the  foot  of  a 
universal  umbel.  Martya. 

Universal  dial  is  a  dial  by  which  the  hour  may  he 
found  by  the  sun  in  any  part  of  the  world,  or  under 
any  elevation  of  the  pole. 

Universal  joint :  a  contrivance  employed  to  give 
motion  obliquely  to  certain  instruments,  as  the  tele- 
scope. Two  universal  joints  are  so  combined  as  to 
give  motion  separately,  in  directions  at  right  angles 
to  each  other,  e.  g.,  one  horizontally  and  the  other 
vertically  ;  but,  when  both  act  together,  the  motion 
is  oblique  between  the  two  separate  directions.  It 
usually  consists  of  two  arms  terminating  in  semicir- 
cles, connected  by  pins  or  shafts  at  right  angles  to 
each  other.  Olmsted. 

Universal  proposition  ;  one  in  which  the  subject  is 
taken  in  its  widest  extent,  and  the  predicate  applies 
to  every  thing  which  the  subject  can  denote. 

Whately. 

IJ-NI-VERS'AL,  71.  [See  the  adjective.]  lnlogic,a. 
universal  is  complex  or  incomplex.  A  complex  universal 
is  either  a  universal  proixisition,  as  "  every  wiiole  is 
greater  than  its  parts,"  or  whatever  raises  a  mani- 
fold conception  in  the  mind,  as  the  definition  of  a 
reasonable  animal. 

An  incomplex  universal  is  what  produces  one  con- 
ception only  in  the  mind,  and  is  a  simple  thing  re- 
specting many  ;  as  human  nature,  which  relates  to 
every  individual  in  which  it  is  found.  Cyc. 

2.  The  whole ;  the  general  system  of  the  universe. 
rAo(  in  use.'\ 

IJ-NI-VERS'AL-ISM,  n.  In  theology,  the  doctrine  or 
belief  that  all  men  will  be  saved  or  made  happy  in  a 
future  life. 

II-NI-VERS'AE-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine 
that  all  men  will  be  saved. 

2.  One  who  afl'ecls  to  understand  all  particulars. 
[Obs.]  Beiiilcy. 
y-NI-VER-SAI,'I-TY,  71.    The  state  of  extending  to 
the  whole  ;  as,  the  universality  of  a  proposition  ;  the 
universality  of  sin  ;  the  universality  of  the  deluge. 

fPoodward. 

y-NI-VERS'AL-iZE,  c.  t.    To  make  univers.al. 

Colcridirc. 

II-NI- VERS'AL-IZ-£D,  pp.   Rendered  universal. 

More. 

IT-NI-VERS'AL-lZ-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  universal. 

Howe. 

[J-NI-VERS'AL-LY,  adv.  With  extension  to  the 
whole  ;  in  a  manner  to  comprehend  all  ;  without  ex- 
ception. Air  is  a  fluid  universally  dilTused.  God's 
laws  are  universallif  binding  on  his  creatures. 

IJ-NI-VERS'AE-NESS,  7i.  Universality. 

JVofc.  —  Universal  and  its  derivatives  are  used  in 
cominnn  discourse  for  General.  This  kind  of  uni- 
versality is  by  the  schoolmen  called  moral,  as  admit- 
ting of  some  exceptions,  in  distinction  from  TJirta- 
physiral,  which  prerludes  all  exceptions. 

tl'Nl-VERSE,  71.    [Vr.univcrsi  L.  universitns.] 

The  collective  name  of  heaven  and  earth  and  .all 
that  belongs  to  thein  ;  the  whole  system  of  created 
things  ;  the  to  trau  of  the  Greeks,  and  the  mundus  of 
the  Latins. 

tJ-NI-VERS'I-TY,  71.  An  assemblage  of  colleges  es- 
tablished in  any  place,  with  professors  for  instructing 
students  in  the  sciences  and  other  branches  ttf  learn- 
ing, and  where  degrees  are  conferred.  A  univer.iity 
is  properly  a  universal  school,  in  which  are  taught 
all  branches  of  learning,  or  the  four  faculties  of  the- 
ology, medicine,  law,  and  the  sciences  and  arts. 

Cyc. 

IJ-NIV'O-e.Mi,  n.    [I,,  units,  one,  and  vox,  word.) 

1.  Having  one  meaning  (uily.  A  univocal  word  is 
oppo.scil  to  an  equivocal,  which  has  two  or  more  sig- 
nifications. Watts. 

2.  Having  unison  of  sounds,  as  the  octave  in  mu- 
sic anti  its  rt'plicales.  Rousseau. 

3.  ('erlain  ;  regular ;  pursuing  always  one  tenor. 
[Little  M.<fi/.]  Brown. 

U-NI VU-CAL-LY,  adv.    In  one  term  ;  in  one  sense. 

How  Is  sin  unipom/Zv  distinguished  inlo  venial  and  mortal,  if  the 

venial  b<;  not  sin?  Uale. 
2.  In  one  tenor.    [Little  used.]  Ray. 
y-NIV-tJ-CA'TION,  n.     Agreement  of  name  and 

me.'ining.  Cyc. 
U.\  JXR'RING,  a.    Not  discordant. 
UNOEAI.'OUS,  (-Jel'us,)  a.    Not  mistrusting. 
t;N-J()IN'/;I),  n.    Not  joined.  llookrr. 
UN-JOINT',  I'.  (.    To  disjoint.  Fuller. 


FATE,  FAR,  FftLL,  WH^P  METE,  PRBY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N0T15,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W(.n,F,  BQQK.— 

laoT 


UNL 

I'N-JOINT'ED,  ;»/«.    Disjointed  ;  separated.  Milton. 
2.  a.  Having  no  juiiit  or  urlicululiuii ;  aa,  uii  ««- 
jointed  t^ltm.  Botany. 
ON-JOY'OUS,  a.    Not  joyous;  not  gay  or  rlicerl'iil. 

Thomson. 

UN-JOY'nrS-LY,  adv.    Uncliecrfully  ;  not  joyously. 

UN-JUDO'Kl),  (jujd',)  a.  Not  judged;  not  judicially 
delirrninc'd.  Prior. 

UN-JUST',  a.  Not  just ;  acting  contrary  to  tile  stand- 
ard ofrii-lit  e.-italilislied  liy  the  divine  law  ;  not  equi- 
table ;  as,  an  unjust  man. 

2.  Contrary  to  justice  and  rislit ;  wrongful ;  as,  an 
unjust  sentence  ;  an  unjust  demand  ;  an  unjust  accu- 
sation. 

UN-JUST'I-FI-A  BLE,  n.  Not  justifiable  ;  that  can 
not  be  proved  to  be  rif;lit  ;  not  to  be  vindicated  or 
defended  ;  as,  an  unjustijiubtc  motion  or  action. 

Jlttcrbiiry. 

UN-JUST'r-FI-.\-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
beins  justitialile.  Clorendon. 

UN-JUST'I-FI-A-HLV,  (k/h.  In  a  manner  that  can 
not  be  justified  or  vindicated. 

TTN-JUST'I-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  a.  Not  justified  or  vindi- 
cated. 

2.  Not  pardoned.  J.  M.  Mason. 

UN-JUST'LY,  ado.  In  an  unjust  manner;  wrong- 
fully. 

UNK'ED,  I  for  Uhcouth.  Odd;  strange.  [A'ot  i« 
U.NK'll),  i  h.nc] 

UN-Ki:.M'MKU,  j  a.    Uncombed;  unpolished. 
UN-KE.MPT',     i  Spenser. 

[  Obsotrte  ficeiit  in  poetry.] 
UN-KEN'NEL,  v.  t.    To  drive  from  his  hole;  as,  to 
unkennel  a  fox.  Sfiak. 

2.  To  rouse  from  secrecy  or  retreat.  Shak. 

3.  To  release  from  a  kennel. 
U.N-KE.N'.NEL-Kn,  pp.    Driven  or  let  loose  from  con- 

linemont,  as  a  fo.v  or  dog. 
UN-KENT',  a.    [un  and  toi,  to  know.]  Unknown. 

[OA,-;.]  Spenser. 
U.V-KEP  I",  a.  Not  kept ;  not  retained  ;  not  preserved. 
2.  Not  observed  ;  not  obeyed  ;  as  a  command. 

Hooker. 

UN-KEU'CIIIEF-KD,  (-ker'chift,)  a.  Not  having  on 
a  kercliief, 

UN  K  i:ilN'EI>-ED,  n.    Destitute  of  a  kernel.  Pollok. 
UN-KI.MJ',  a.    Not  kind  ;  not  benevolent ;  not  f.ivor- 
uble  ;  nut  olili^ing.  Shak. 
2.  Unnatural.  *  .  Spenser. 

UN-KIND'LI-NESS,  n.  Uiifavorahleness. 
UN-KI.\I)'LY,  a.    Unnatural ;  contrary  to  nature  ;  as, 
an  unkindly  crime.  Spenser. 
2.  Unfavorable  ;  malignanl ;  as,  an  unkindly  fog. 

J)idlMn. 

UN-KT.\D'I,Y,  ai/t).    Without  kindness;  without  af- 
fection ;  as,  to  treat  one  unkindly. 
2.  In  a  manner  contrary  to  nature  ;  unnaturally. 
Alt  works  or  n:\(iir^, 
Aborltvi?,  moiulrouj,  or  unkiivtty  inixed.  Miilon. 

U.\-KIND'NESS,  n.  Want  of  kindness  ;  want  of  nat- 
ural alfection  ;  want  of  good  will. 
2.  Disobliging  treatment ;  disfavor. 
UN-KINC;',  r.       To  deprive  of  loyalty.  Shak. 
1'N-KIN(J' LIKE,  j  a.    l.'iibecoining  a  king;  not  no- 
I^N-KINIJ'LY,      t     hie-  MUner.  Shak. 

UN-KISS' /:D,  (-kist',)  a.    Not  kissed.  Shak. 
UNK'I.E.    See  U.ncle. 

UN-KNEIJ/KD,  (-neld',)  n.    Untolled.  Byron. 
U.\-K.\'T(;HT'I.Y,  a.    Unhocoming  a  knight.  Sidnmi. 
UN-K.MT',  (-nit',)  u.  I.    'i'o  separate  threads  that  are 
knit ;  tu  open  ;  to  loose  work  that  is  knit  or  knotted. 

Shak. 

2.  To  open.  ,  Shak. 

UN-K.\()T',  (-not',)  V.  t.  To  free  from  Irnots  ;  to  untie. 
U.\  KNOT'TED,  pp.    Freed  from  knots  ;  untied. 
UN-K.NoW',  (-no',)  v.  U   To  cease  to  know.    [JVoJ  in 
tur.] 

U.\-K.\6W'.\-BLE,a.  That  can  not  be  known.  l\'att.i. 
UN-K.NoWING,  a.    Not  knowing;  ignorant;  with 
of. 

Unknoteing  of  Acw'A.  Popt. 
UN-KN6W'ING-LY,  a//o.  Ignorantly  ;  without  knowl- 

cd:;e  or  design.  jjddi<on. 
UN-K.NoWN',  a.    Not  known.    The  author  of  the 
inventitin  is  unknown. 
2.  Greater  than  is  imagined.  Bacon. 
n.  Not  having  had  cohabitation.  Sliak. 

4.  Not  having  rominunicatiop.  ^dilison. 
UN-L,.\'liOR-/;D,  a.    Not  produced  by  labor  ;  as,  un 

labored  harvests.  Dn/den. 

2.  Not  cultivated  by  labor  ;  not  tilled.  Blackmore. 

3.  Spontaneous ;  voluntary ;  that  olTcrs  without 
effort  ;  natural. 

Anil  from  the  thpiDC  unlabortd  t^uUet  rise.  Ticket. 

4.  Easy;  natural;  not  stiff;  as,  an  uiUoiored  style. 

Roscoe 

UN-LA-BO'UI-OUS,  a.  Not  laborious  ;  not  ditlicult  to 
be  done.  Milton. 

UN-I..\-I!6'RI.0US-LY,  adv.    Without  labor. 

UN-LaCE',  v.  L    To  loose  from  lacing  or  fa.stening  by 
a  cord  or  strinis  p,-issed  through  loops  and  holes  ;  as, 
to  un/ore  a  helmet  or  a  garment. 
2.  l  o  loose  a  woman's  dress. 


UNL 

3.  To  divest  of  ornaments.  Shak. 

4.  In  sea  tanirua^e^  to  loose  and  take  off  a  bonnet 
from  a  sail,  or  to  cast  off  any  lacing  in  any  part  of 
the  riggini;  of  a  vessel.  Totlcn. 

UN-LAC'KD,  (-liste'j) p^.  Loosed  from  lacing;  un- 
fastened. 

UN-L.XC'I.VG,  ppr.  Loosing  fVoin  lacing  or  fastening. 
UN-LACK'EY-i;D,  (-lak'id,)  a.     Unattended  by  a 

lacki'y.  •  Coicper. 

UN-LADE',  ».  (.    To  unload;  to  take  out  the  cargo 

of;  as,  to  unlade  a  ship. 
2.  To  unload ;  lo  remove,  as  a  load  or  burden. 

.^cls  xxi. 

UN-LAD'KN,  pp.  of  L»dl'.  Unloaded. 
U.\-LAD'ING,  ppr.    Removing  the  cargo  from  a  ship. 
UN-La'DY-LIKK,  a.    Not  ladylike. 
UN-LAID',  a.    Not  placed  ;  nut  fixed.  Hooker. 

2.  Not  allayed  ;  not  pacified  ;  not  suppressed. 

Milton. 

3.  Not  laid  out,  as  a  corpse.  B.  Junson. 
UN-L.\-MENT'ED,  a.    Not  lamented;  whose  loss  is 

not  deplored. 

Tims  unlamented  pass  the  proud  nw&j.  Pope. 

UN-L.KNCII'KD,  a.    Not  lanchcd. 

UN-LAP',  II.  t.    To  unfold. 

UN-LAP'PKD,  (-lapt',  pp.  Unfolding. 

UN-LAP'PLNG,  /v<r.  Uiil.ililing. 

UN-LXKD'ED,  a.    Not  intermixed  or  inserted  for  im- 

provrunnt.  Chesterfield. 
U.N- LA  TCH',  V.  i.    To  open  or  loose  by  lifting  the 

latih. 

UN-L.\TCII'lNG,p;;r.  Opening  or  loosing  by  lifting 
the  latch. 

UN-LXUNCII'JCD,  (-lilncht',1  a.    Not  launched. 
UN-LAU'IIEL-^;D,  a.    Not  crowned  with  laurel ;  not 

honored.  Byron. 
UN-LAV'ISII,  a.    Not   lavish;    not  profuse;  not 

wasteful. 

UN-LAV'ISII-ED,  (-lav'isht,)  a.    Not  lavished;  not 

spent  wasti?fully. 
UN-L.\W',  V.  L    To  deprive  of  the  authority  of  law. 

Milton. 

UN-LAW'FIJL,  a.    Not  lawful ;    contrary  to  law  ; 

illegal  ;  not  permitted  by  law.  Dryden. 
Unlawful  assembly  ;  in  law,  the  meeting  of  tiiree  or 

more  persons  with  intent  mutually  to  assist  each 

other  in  the  execution  of  .some  enterprise  of  a  private 

nature  with  force  anil  violence.  Buucier. 
UN-LAVV'FU'L-Ly,a<;i).    In  violation  of  law  or  right; 

illegally.  Taylor. 
2.  Illegitimately;  not  in  wedlock;  as,  a  child  un- 

laiefulhi  born.  .Hddison. 
UN-LAVV'FIJL-NESS,  n.     Illegality  ;  contrariety  to 

law.  South. 
2.  Illegitimacy. 
UN-LA W'LIKE,  a.    Not  lawlike. 
UN-LKACII'ED,  (-leeclit',)  a.    Not  leached;  as,  u«- 

leached  ashes. 

UN  LEARN',  (-Icin',)  r.  «.  To  forget  or  lose  what 
has  been  learned.  It  is  most  important  to  us  all  to 
unlearn  the  errors  of  our  early  education. 

1  li;vd  IcarucU  liuthin^  riglit ;  I  had  to  unteam  everything. 

Luther  in  Milner, 

UN-LEAIl.\'£D,  (pp.  pron.  un-Iernd',  and  a.  un-Ierii'- 
ed,)  pp.  Forgotten. 

2.  a.  Not  learned  ;  ignorant ;  illiterate  ;  not  in- 
structed. Dryden. 

3.  Not  gained  by  study  ;  not  known.  Milton. 

4.  Not  suitable  to  a  learned  man ;  as,  unlearned 
verses.  Shak. 

UN-LEAR.V'En-r,Y,  adv.  Imorantly.  Brown. 
UN-LEARN'ED-NESS,  n.    Want  of  le.arning  ;  illiter- 

atent;ss.  Sylvester. 
UN-LEARN'ING,  ppr.     Forgetting  what  one  has 

learned. 

UN-LEAV'KN-ED,  (-lev'nd,)  a.  Not  leavened  ;  not 
raised  by  leaven,  barin,  or  yea.st.    Exod.  xii. 

UN-LEe'TIJIl-/CD,  a.    Not  taught  by  lecture.  Young. 

UN-LF;D',  a.    Not  led  or  conducted. 

UN-LEIS'I;R-£D,  (-leezh'urd  or -lezh'urd,)  a.  Not 
havini;  leisure.    [.Vuf  in  iise.]  Milton. 

UN-LENT',  a.    Not  lent. 

UN-LESS',  conj.  [Sax.  onlesan,  to  loose  or  relea.se.] 
Except ;  that  is,  remove  or  dismiss  the  fact  or 
thing  stated  in  the  sentence  or  clause  which  follows. 
"  We  can  not  thrive  unless  we  are  industrious  and 
frugal."  The  sense  w  ill  be  more  obvious  w  ith  the 
clauses  of  the  sentence  inverted.  Unless  [remove 
this  fact,  suppose  it  not  to  exist]  we  are  indu.'<trious 
and  frut^al,  we  can  not  thrive.  C/n/cvv,  then,  answers 
for  a  negation.  If  ^'e  are  not  industrious,  wc  can 
not  thrive. 

UN-LESS'EN-ED,  a.    Not  diminished. 

UN-LES'SON-SD,  a.   Not  taught ;  not  instructed. 

Shak. 

UN-LET'TER-jED,  a.    Unlearned  ;  untaught ;  ieno- 

rant.  Dri/dcn. 
UN-LET'TER-£D-NESS,  ju   Wont  of  learning. 

lyatrrhouse. 

UN-LEV'EL-£D,  a.   Not  leveled  ;  not  laid  even. 

Ticket. 

UN-LI-BID'I.V-OUS,  a.    Not  libidinous ;  not  lustful. 

Mdton. 


UNL 

UN-LI'CEN.S-ED,  (  li'sensl,)  a.  Not  licensed  ;  not 
liaving  permission  by  authority  ;  us,  an  unlicented 
innkeeper. 

The  veiidinfT  of  aitliTiit  spirits,  in  ptsMs  Itccascd  or  unlirenttd, 

is  a  tremendous  evil.  L.  Uttdier. 

UN-LICK'£D,  (  likt',)  a.    Shapeless  ;  not  formed  to 

Hiiioolliness  ;  as,  an  untickrd  bear  whelp.  Sliak. 
UN-LIGHT'ED,  a.    Not  lighted  ;  not  illuininaled. 

Prior. 

2.  Not  kindled  or  set  on  fire. 
UN-LIGiri''.><0.\IK,  (-lite'suin,)  o.     Dark  ;   gloomy  ; 

wantiii!;  ligliL  MUttm, 
U.N-LIKE',  a.     Dissimilar;  lia»ing  no  resemblance. 

Never  were  two  men  more  unlike.   Tlie  cases  arc 

entirely  unlike. 
2.  Improbable  ;  unlikely.  Bacon. 
UN-LIKE'LI-IIOQD,  j  ii.  Improbability. 
UN-LIKi:'LI-NESS,  j  South.  I^cke. 

UN-LIKE'LY,  a.    Improbable;  such  as  cannot  be 

reasonably  expected  ;  as,  an  unlikely  event.  The 

tliini;  you  nu-ntion  is  very  unlikely. 
2.  Not  promising  siicce.ss.    He  employs  very  un- 

likelii  means  to  effect  his  object. 
U.N'-LlKH'LY,  ade.    Improbably.  Addison. 
U.N-LIKE'NKSS,  n.    Want  of  resemblant^  ;  dissimil- 
itude. Dryden. 
U.\-LlM'nER,   a.     Not  limber;    not  flexible;  not 

yieldinj;. 

UN-LIM'liER,  I'.  (.    In  military  /ain'i/o^f,  to  take  off 

the  limbers  ;  ns,  lo  unlinibrr  the  gnus. 
UN-LI  M'HER-KI),  pp.    Freed  from  the  limbers. 
UN-LI.M'I!ER-ING,  ppr.    Takinj;  off  the  limbers. 
U.N'-LIM'I'l'-A-IiLE,  u.    Admitting  no  limits;  bouiid- 
[We  now  use  Illimitable.]  [less. 
U.N-LI.M'IT-ED,  a.    Not  limited  ;  having  no  bounds; 

boundless.  Boyle. 

2.  Undefined  ;  indefinite  ;  not  bounded  by  proper 
exceptions;  a.s,  uH/irwi/r-ri  terms, 

3.  Unconflned  ;  not  restrained. 

AkgHN*  not  to  God  such  no  unluniitd  exercise  of  merer  as  may 
d.->lroy  his  JiiBtice.  Kogert. 

Untimiled  problem,  is  one  which  is  capable  of  an 
infinite  number  of  solutions.  Cyc 

UN-LI.M'IT-ED-LY,  ado.    Without  bounds. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-LIM'IT-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  bound- 
less, or  of  being  undeiiried.  Johnson. 

UN-LIN'E-AL,  a.  Not  in  a  line;  not  coming  in  the 
order  of  succession.  Shak. 

UN-LINK',  V.  t.  To  separate  links  ;  lo  loose  ;  to  un- 
fasten ;  to  untwist.  Shale. 

U.\-Lia'UI-DA-TED,  (-lik'we-di-ted,)  a.    Not  li(|ui- 
daled  ;  not  settled  ;  not  having  the  exact  amount 
ascertained ;  as,  an  unliquidated  debt ;  unlii/nidated 
accounts.  J/nrutlttm. 
2.  Unpaid  ;  tinadjiisted.  H'lieaton. 

U.VLia'UI-FI-ED,  (-llk'we-fidc,)  a.  Unmelted  ;  not 
dissolved.  .Sildi'^on. 

U.N-LKi'UOR-ED,  (  lik'iird,)  a.  Not  moistened  ;  not 
smeared  with  liijuor  ;  not  filled  »vitli  liquor. 

Bp.  Hull.  Milton. 

U.\-LIS'TEN-ING,  a.  Not  listening;  ntit  hearing; 
not  reuardiii::.  Thomson, 

UN-LIVE'LI-NESP,  n.    Want  of  life  ;  dullness. 

U.\-LIVE'LY,  a.    Not  lively  ;  dull.  [MUton. 

U.V-Lo.AD',  V.  t.  To  take  the  load  from  ;  to  discharge 
of  a  load  or  cargo  ;  as,  to  unload  a  ship ;  to  unload  a 
cart. 

2.  To  disburden  ;  as,  to  unload  a  beast. 

3.  To  disburden  ;  to  relieve  from  any  thing  oner- 
ous or  troublesome.  Shak. 

UN-LO.\D'ED,  pp.  Freed  from  a  load  or  cargo;  dis- 
burdened. 

U.V-Lo.VD'ING,  ppr.     Freeing  from  a  load  or  cargo  ; 

disbiirdenins  ;  relievina  of  a  burden. 
UN-Lo'eA-TED,  a.     Not  placed  ;  not  fixed  in  a 

place. 

2.  In  .America,  iinlocated  lands  are  such  new  or 
wild  lands  as  have  nut  been  siirveyeil,  appropriated, 
or  designated  by  marks,  limits,  or  boundaries,  to 
some  individual,  company,  or  corporation. 
U.\-L01;K',  v.  U  To  mifaslcn  what  is  lucked  ;  as,  to 
unlock  a  door  or  a  chest. 
2.  To  open,  in  general ;  to  lay  opti. 

Uiiloek  your  sprinys,  and  oficn  all  your  shades.  Pop*. 
U.N'-LOCK'ED,  (  lukl',)  pp.  Opened. 
2.  a.    Not  locked  ;  not  made  fast. 
Unlooked  for:  not  expected  ;  not  foreseen.  Bacon. 
U.N-LOOSE',  (iin-loos',)  c.  U    To  ltM>se. 

Shak.    John  i.  27. 
[This  word  is  unnecessary,  the  idea  being  ex- 
pressed by  Loose] 
U.N'-LOOSE',  (iin-lo<is',)  v.  i.    To  fall  in  pieces  ;  to 
lose  nil  connertioii  or  union.    [See  above.]  Collier. 
UN-LOS'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  lost.   yVot  in 

use.]  Boyle. 
I.'N-LOV'ED,  (-hivd',)  a.    Not  loved.  Sidney. 
U.N'-LOVE'LI-NESS,  n.    Want  of  loveliness ;  una- 
miablenesa  ;  want  of  th»  qualities  which  attract 
love.  Silney. 
UN  I.OVE'LY.  (  luv'Ie,)  a.    Not  lovely  ;  n.it  amia- 
ble ;  destitute  of  the  qiiiilities  which  attract  love,  or 
possessing  qualities  that  excite  dislike. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE  —  AN 'GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1207 


UNM 


UNM 


UNM 


UN- LOVING,  a.    Not  loving  ;  not  fond.  Sliak. 
UN-LOV'ING-LY,  adv.    In  an  unloving  manner. 
UN-LO'BRI-eA-TED,  a.    Not  lubricated. 
UN-LUCK'I-LY,  0(/«.    Unfortunately,  by  ill  fortune. 

UN-LUCK'I-NESS,  n.    Unfortunateness  ;  ill  fortune. 

2.  Miscliievousness.  [./IJdi.son. 
UN-LUCK'Y,  a.    Unfortunate  ;  not  successful ;  as, 
an  unliickij  man. 

2.  Unfortunate ;  not  resulting  in  success  ;  as,  an 
unlucky  adventure;  an  ujilaclcy  throw  of  dice  ;  an 
unlucky  game. 

[This  word  is  usually  applied  to  incidents  in  which 
success  depends  on  single  events,  to  games  of  haz- 
ard, Sec,  rather  than  to  things  which  depend  on  a 
long  series  of  events,  or  on  the  ordinary  course  of 
providence.  Hence  we  say,  a  man  is  unlucky  in 
play  or  in  a  lottery  ;  but  not  that  a  farmer  is  unlucky 
in  his  husbandry,  or  a  commander  unlucky  in  the  re- 
sult of  a  campaign.] 

3.  Unhappy;  miserable;  subject  to  frequent  mis- 
fortunes. Spenser, 

4.  Slightly  mischievous  ;  mischievously  waggish  ; 
as,  an  unlucky  boy  ;  an  unlucky  wag. 

5.  Ill-omened  ;  inauspicious. 

Haunt  me  not  with  that  unlucky  face.  Dryden, 

UN-LUS'TROUS,  a.    Wanting  luster ;  not  shining. 

Sliak. 

UN-LUS'TROUS-LY,  adv.    With  want  of  luster. 
UN-LUST' Y,  a.    Not  lusty  ;  not  stout ;  weak. 
UN-LCTE',  V.  t.    To  separate  things  cemented  or 

luted  ;  to  take  the  lute  or  clay  from. 
UN-LUT'ED,  -pp.    Separated,  as  luted  vessels. 
UN-LuT'ING,  ppr.    Separating,  as  luted  vessels. 
UN-LUX-U'RI-OUS,  a.    Not  luxurious. 
UN-.M.\D'D£N-£:D,  a.    Not  maddened. 
UN-MaDE',  pp.    Deprived  of  its  form  or  qualities. 

fVoodward. 

2.  a.    Not  made  ;  not  yet  formed.  Spenser. 

3.  Omitted  to  be  made.  Blackmore. 
UN-MAG-NET'ie,  a.   Not  having  magnetic  proper- 
ties. Cavallo. 

UN-MaID'£N-LY,  a.    Not  becoming  a  maiden.  Hall. 

UN-MAIM'£I),  a.  Not  maimed  ;  not  disabled  in  any 
limb  ;  sound  ;  entire.  Pope. 

UN-MAIN-TaIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  main- 
tained or  supported.  Story. 

UN-MaK'A-BLE,  a.  Not  possible  to  be  made.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Grew. 

UN-MaKE',  c.  <.  To  destroy  the  form  and  qualities 
which  constitute  a  thing  what  it  is. 

God  does  not  make  or  unmake  things  to  try  experiments. 

Buriut. 

2.  To  deprive  of  qualities  before  possessed. 

UN-.MaK'ING,  ppr.  Destroying  the  peculiar  proper- 
ties of  a  thing. 

UN-MA-LI"CI0U.'',  (-lish'us,)  a.    Not  malicious. 

UN-MAL-LE-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unmalli  able. 

UN-MAL'LE-A-BLE,n.  Not  malleable  ;  not  capable  of 
being  hammered  into  a  plate,  or  of  being  e.vteuded  by 
beating. 

UN-iMAN',  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  constitutional 
qualities  of  a  liimian  being,  as  reason,  &c.  South. 

2.  To  deprive  of  men  ;  as,  to  uninan  a  ship. 

3.  To  emasculate  ;  to  deprive  of  virility. 

4.  To  deprive  of  the  courage  anfl  fortitude  of  a 
man;  to  break  or  reduce  into  irresolution;  to  dis- 
hearten ;  to  deject.  Dryden.  Pope. 

5.  To  dispeople  ;  as,  towns  unmanned.  Goldsmitli. 
UN-.MAN'AGE-A-BLE,  a.    Not  manageable  ;  not  ea- 
sily restrained,  governed,  or  directed;  not  controll- 
able. 

2.  Not  eaiily  wielded.  Locke. 
UN-MAN'AGE-A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  man- 
ageable. 

UN-MAN'A-G£D,  a.    Not  broken  by  horsemanship. 

Taylor. 

2.  Not  tutored  ;  not  educated.  Felton. 
UN-MAN'LTKE,  j  a.    Not  becoming  a  human  being. 
UN-.MAN'LV,     (  Collier. 

2.  Unsuitable  to  a  man  ;  effeminate. 

Unmanly  warmth  and  tcnilernt-Bi  of  love.  Adtliton. 

3.  Not  Worthy  of  a  noble  mind  ;  ignoble ;  base ; 
ungenerous  ;  cowardly. 

UN-MAN'Lr-NES.S,  n.    State  of  being  unmanly. 
U.\-M AN'N£I),  pp.     Deprived  of  the  qualities  of  a 
man. 

UN-.MAN'NER  TCn,  n.    Uncivil  ;  rude.     B.  Jonson. 
UN-MAN'NER-r,l-M;ss,  n.     Want  of  good  man- 
ners; breach  of  civility  ;  rudeness  of  behavior. 

Locke. 

UN-MAN'NER  LY,  a.  Ill  brcd  ;  not  having  good 
manner*;  rude  in  behavior;  as,  an  unmannerly 
youth. 

2.  Not  according  to  good  manners;  as,  an  unman- 
nerly jegt.  Sivift. 

UN->1AN'NER  LY,  ado.*  Uncivilly.  Shuk. 

UN-MAN'NING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  powers  or 
qiialitieR  of  a  man. 

UN-M  AN'TLKD,  a.  Not  covered  or  furnished  with  a 
mantle. 


UN-MAN-II-FAe'Ti;R-£D,  a.  Not  manufactured  j 
not.  wrought  into  the  proper  form  for  use. 

UN-M.VNuR'^D,  a.  Not  manured  ;  not  enriched  by 
manure. 

2.  Uncullivatt^d.  Spenser. 
UN-MARK'£D,  t-mairkt',)  a.  Not  marked  ;  having  no 
mark. 

2.  Unobserved  ;  not  regarded  ;  undistinguished. 

Pope. 

UN-MAR'R£D,  a.  Not  marred;  not  injured;  not 
spoiled  ;  not  obstructed. 

UN-MAR'RI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  marriageable.  [Little 
used.  ]  Milton. 

UN-MAR'RIAGE-A-BLE,  (-mar'rij-a-bl,)  a.  Not  fit 
to  be  married. 

UN-MAR'RIA6E-.\-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  not  being  tit  to  be  married. 

UN-IMAR'RI-/.D,(-mar'rid,)  a.  Not  married  ;  having 
no  husband  or  no  wife.  Bacon. 

UN-MAIi'RY,  D.  f.    To  divorce.  Milton. 

UN-M;\R'SH.\L-£D,  a.  Not  disposed  or  arranged 
in  due  order. 

UN-MAS'eU-LSTE,  v.  t.    To  emasculate.  Fuller. 

UN-.MAS'€U-LINE,  (-lin,)  a.  Not  masculine  or  man- 
ly ;  feeble  ;  effeminate.  Milton. 

UN-MAS'eU-LLNE-LY,  adv.  In  an  unmasculine 
manner. 

UN-MASK',  V.  t.  To  strip  of  a  mask  or  of  any  dis- 
guise ;  to  lay  open  what  is  concealed.  Roscommon. 

UN-iMASK',  V.  i.    To  put  off  a  mask. 

UN-MaSK'£D,  (-miiskt',)  pp.  Stripped  of  a  mask  or 
disguise. 

2.  a.    Open  ;  e.-?posed  to  view.  Dryden. 
UN-MaSK'ING,  ppr.    Stripping  off  a  mask  or  dis- 
guise. 

UN-MAS'TER-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  mastered 

or  subdued.    [JVyE  in  use.]  Brown. 
UN-MS.S'TER-£D,  a.    Not  subdued;  not  conquered. 
2.  Not  conquerable. 

He  can  not  liis  unmastered  grief  sustain.  Dryden. 
UN-MAS'TI-eA-BLE,  a.      Not  capable  of  being 
chewed. 

UN-.MATCH'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  matched  ; 

tliat  can  not  be  equaled  ;  unparalleled.  Hooker. 
UN-.M.\TCH'ED,  (-inatcht',)  a.    Matchless  ;  having 

no  match  or  equal.  Dryden. 
UN-MkAN'ING,  a.    Having  no  meaning  or  significa- 
tion ;  as,  unmeaning  words. 

2.  Not  expressive  ;  nut  indicating  intelligence ;  as, 
an  unmeaning  face. 

There  pride  sits  blazoned  on  th'  unmeaning  brow.  Trumbull. 
UN-Me.\N'I.NG-LY,  a/lv.    Without  significance. 
UN-Me.VN'ING-NESS,  n.    Want  of  meaning. 

Dr.  Campbell. 

UN-MEANT',  (un-ment',)  a.     Not  meant ;  nut  in- 
tended. Dnjdcn. 
UN-MEAS'1;R-A-BLE,  (-mezh'ur-a-W,)  a.    That  can 
not  be  measured  ;  unbounded  ;  boundless.  Swift. 
[For  this,  Immeasubarle  is  generally  used.] 
UN-MEAS'1|R-A-BLY,  udi\    Beyond  all  measure. 

Howell. 

UN-MEAS'rR-£D,  a.    Not  measured  ;  plentiful  be- 
yond measure.  Milton. 
2.  Immense;  infinite;  as,  ujimcosared  space. 

Blackmore. 

UN-ME-eHAN'I€-AL,  a.  Not  mechanical  ;  not  ac- 
cording to  the  laws  or  principles  of  mechanics. 

UN-.ME-eHAN'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  Not  according  to  the 
laws  of  mechanics. 

UN-.ME€H'AN-IZ-£D,  a.  Not  formed  by  design,  art, 
or  skill.  Foley. 

UN-I\IEU'DL£D  WITH ;  not  meddled  with  ;  not 
touched  ;  not  altered.  Carew. 

UN-.MEO'DLING,  a.  Not  meddling;  not  interfering 
with  the  concerns  of  others  ;  not  otiiciuiis. 

Clieslerjicld. 

UN-MED'DLING-LY,  adv.   Without  meddling. 

UN-MED'DIJNG-NESS,  n.  Forbearance  of  interpo- 
sition.   [JVot  in  iLse.]  Hull. 

UN-.MED'l-TA-TED.a.  Not  meditated  ;  not  prepared 
by  previous  thought.  Milton. 

UN-MEET',  a.  Not  fit;  not  proper;  not  worthy  or 
suitable.  Milton.  Prior. 

UN-MEET'LY,  adv.  Not  fitly;  not  properly;  not 
suitablv.  .S/if/i,ffr. 

UN-MEET'NES.=!,  n.    Unfitness;  nnsuitablem  ss. 

Milljni. 

UN-MEL'Lf5W-£D,  a.  Not  mellowed;  not  inWy 
matured.  Skak. 

UN-ME-Lf^'DI-OUS,  a.  Not  melodious;  wanting 
melody  ;  harsh.  HerberL 

UN-M1«:-L0'II1-<)US-LY,  adv.    Without  meloilv. 

UN-ME-LO'DI-OUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  desti- 
tute of  me  lody. 

UN-MELT'El),  a.    Undissolved  ;  not  melted. 

tVullcr. 

2.  Not  Boftenctl. 
UN-1MELT'E1)-NE.><S,  n.    State  of  being  unmelted. 
UN-ME.M'BER,  v.  t.    To  deprive  of  membership  in  a 
rliurrh. 

UN-.MEM'BER-KD,  pp.  Deprived  of  membership. 
UN-MEN'A-C"£D,  (-men'ust,)  a.    Not  threatened. 

Byron. 


UN-MEN'A-CING,  a.    Not  threatening. 
UN-MEN'A-CING-LY,  adv.    Without  menacing. 
UN-MEN'TION-A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  mentioned. 

£c.  Rev. 

2.  71.    As  a  noun,  a  garment  not  to  be  named. 
UN-MEN'TION-£D,  a.    Not  mentioned  ;  not  named. 

Clarendon. 

UN-MER'eAN-TILE,  (-til,)  a.  Not  according  to  the 
customs  and  rules  of  commerce. 

UN-MER'CE-NA-RY,  a.    Not  mercenary  ;  not  hired. 

UN-MER'CHANT-A-BLE,  a.  Not  merchantable; 
not  of  a  quality  fit  for  the  market. 

UN-.MER'CI-F}JL,a.  Not  merciful ;  cruel,  inhuman 
to  such  beings  as  are  in  one's  power ;  not  disposed 
to  spare  or  forgive.  Rogers. 

2.  Unconscionable  ;  exorbitant ;  as,  unmerciful  de- 
mands. Pope. 

UN-.MER'CI-FIJL-LY,  adv.  Without  mercy  or  ten- 
derness ;  cruelly.  Mdison. 

UN-MER'CI-FUL-NESS,  71.  Want  of  mercy ;  want 
of  tenderness  and  compassion  toward  those  who  are 
in  one's  power ;  cruelty  in  the  exercise  of  power  or 
punishment.  Taylor. 

UN-.MER'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Having  no  merit  or  desert 
[JVot  in  use.]  Sbak. 

UN-MER'IT-ED,  a.  Not  merited  ;  not  deserved  ;  ob- 
tained without  service  or  equivalent ;  as,  unmerited 
promotion. 

2.  Not  deserved  ;  cruel ;   unjust ;  as,  unmerited 
sufferings  or  injuries. 
UN-.MER'IT-ED-LY,  adv.    Not  deservedly. 
UN-MER'IT-ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  unmerited. 

Boyle. 

UN-MET',  a.    Not  met.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-.ME-TAL'Lie,  a.    Not  metallic;  not  having  the 

properties  of  metal  ;  not  belonging  .  i  metals.  Encyc. 
UN-MET-A-PHYS'ie-AL,  a.    Not  metaphysical  ;  riot 

pertaining  to  metaphysics. 
UN-.METH'OD-lZ-£D,  a.    Not  methodized. 

H.  Taylor. 

UN-JIlGIIT'Y,  (-mite'-,)  a.  Not  miglity  ;  not  pow- 
erful. 

UN-MILD',  a.    Not  mild  ;  harsh  ;  severe  ;  fierce. 
UN-MILD'LY,  arfo.    Not  mildly  ;  harshly. 
UN-MILD'NESS,  7i.    Want  of  mildness;  harshness. 

Mdlon. 

UN-MIL'I-TA-RY,  a.  Not  according  to  military  rules 
or  customs. 

UN-MILK'£D,  (-milkt',)  a.    Not  milked.  Pope. 

UN-MILL' £D,  a.  Not  nulled  ;  not  indented  or  grained  ; 
as,  unmilled  coin. 

UN-MlND'EI),a.   Notminded;  not  heeded.  Milton. 

UN-MlND'FtJL,  a.  Not  mindful;  not  heedful;  not 
attentive  ;  regtirdless ;  as,  unmindful  of  laws  ;  vn- 
mindfiil  of  health  or  of  duty.  Milton. 

UN-MlND'FUL-LY,  adv.    Carelessly  ;  heedlessly. 

UN-MIND'FtjL-NESS,  n.  Heedlessness  ;  inatten- 
tion ;  carelessness. 

UN-MIN"GLE,  (-ming'gl,)  v.  t.  To  separate  things 
mixed.  Bacon. 

UN-MIN"GLE-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  mixed. 
[J^ot  in  use.]  Boj/le. 

UN-.M[N"GL£D,  (-ming'gld,)  a.  Not  mingled';  not 
mixed  ;  pure.  Pope. 

2.  Pure  ;  not  vitiated  or  alloyed  by  foreign  admi-x- 
ture  :  as,  unminrrled  }oy. 

UN-MIN-IS-Tk'RI-AL,  a.    Not  ministerial. 

UN-MIN-IS-Tk'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  Unsuitably  to  a 
minister. 

UN-MI-RA€'U-L0US,  a.    Not  miraculous. 
UN-MI-RAe'l|-LOUS-LY,  adv.    Without  a  miracle. 
UN-MIR'Y,  a.    Not  miry  ;  not  muddy  ;  not  foul  with 

dirt.  Gay. 
UN-MISS'ED,  (-mist',)  a.   Not  missed;  not  perceived 

to  be  gone  or  lost.  Gray. 
UN-MI.-^-TaK'A-BLE,  a.   That  can  not  be  mistaken. 

[Little  used.]  Ckeyne. 
UN-MIS-TaK;'£N,  a.   Not  mistaken  ;  sure. 

7'rii7ii4H7;, 

UN-MI.S-TRUST'ING,  a.  Not  mistrusting  ;  nut  sus- 
pecting; unsuspicious. 

UN-MIT'1-GA-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being  miti- 
gated, softened,  or  le.ssened.  '  Shak. 

UN-MIT'I-Ua-TED,  a.  Not  mitigated  ;  not  lessened  ; 
not  soflcni'd  in  severity  or  harshness.  Stiak. 

U.N-MIX'El),  I  a.    Not  mixed;  not  mingled;  pure; 

UN-MIXT',    i      unadulterated;  unvitiated  by  for- 
eign admixture.  Bacon. 
2.  I'll  re  ;  un.illoyed  ;  as,  wnmu:cii  pleasure. 

UN-Mf)A\'£l),  fl.    Not  lamented.  Shnk. 

UN-M()I)'I-FI-A-BLE,  a,  Tliiit  can  not  be  inodilied 
or  altered  in  form  ;  that  can  not  be  reduced  to  a 
niori'  ai'ceplalile  or  desired  form, 

UN-M()l)'l  Ff-£1),  (  fide,)  a.  Not  modified;  not 
altered  in  form  ;  not  qualified  in  meaning, 

UN-MOD'ISII,  a.  Not  modish  ;  not  according  to  cus- 
tom, I'l'l'O- 

UN-MOD'T^-La-TED,  a.    Not  modulated.  Shelly. 

UN-MOIST',  a.    Not  moist ;  not  hiiinid  ;  dry. 

Philips. 

UN-MOIST'£N  £D,  a.    Not  made  moist  or  humid. 

Boyle. 

UN-MOLD',  )  ti.  t.  To  change  the  form  ;  to  reduce 
UN-MOULD',  j     from  any  form. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK,— 


12U8 


UNN 

UN-MOLD'ED,  PI).    Not  changed  in  form. 
'J.  a.    Not  riiolileii  ;  not  shapfd  or  funned. 

UN-.MoI.U'EU-I.NtJ,  a.  Not  cruniblin;;  or  wasting 
a\v:iv.  Bniaut. 

UN-MO-LEST'EU,  a.  Not  molested  ;  not  disliirbi-d  ; 
free  from  disturbance.  Pope. 

U.N-AION'EY-fil),  (-inun'nid,)  a.    Not  liavinu  uinnev. 

U.\-.MO-NOI"0-LIZE,  a.  To  recover  from  being 
nion  poliKed.    [jVoi  t«  itsc]  JMillun. 

Ui\-.MO-.N'Ul"0-LIZ-i;D,  v.  U    Not  monopolized. 

UN-.MOUK',  V.  I.    In  sea  language,  to  briiii;  to  the  state 
of  ridniR  with  a  single  anclior,  after  having  been 
moored  by  two  or  more  cables.  C<jc. 
2.  To  Uiiise  from  anchorage.  yupe. 

U.\-.MOOIl'f.l),  pp.  Loosed  from  anchorage,  or 
liroiiiiht  to  ride  with  a  single  anchor. 

U.N-.MUOR'I.N'U,  ppr.  Loosing  from  anchorage,  or 
bringing  to  ride  with  a  single  anchor. 

UN-.MOH'.\L-IZ-£I),  a.  Untutored  by  morality  ;  not 
conformed  to  gwd  morals.  A'orrii. 

UN-.MOKT'G.\G-£l),  (-mor'gajd,)  a.  [See  Mort- 
gage.]   Not  mortgaged  ;  not  pledged. 

Mdison.  Drydm. 

UN-MOR'TF-FI  .ED,  a.    Not  mortified  ;  not  shamed. 
2.  Not  subdued  by  sorrow  ;  as,  unmort{tied  sin. 

UN-MO'f  ll'ER-LY,  a.    Not  becoming  a  mother. 

UN-.MoIJLI)'.   To  change  the  form.    [See  Unmold.] 

UN-MOUNT'ED,  a.  Not  mounted.  £/;imuu«(«J  dra- 
goons are  such  as  have  not  horses. 

UN-.MOUllN' /■;!),  a.    Not  lamented.  Rogers. 

UN-MOV'A-BLE,  (-inoov'a-bl,)  a.    That  can  not  be 
moved  or  shaken  ;  firm  ;  fixed.  Locke. 
[Immovable  is  more  generally  used.] 

UN->10V'A-BLY,  o</r.    Unalterably.  EllLi. 

UN-MOVi'D,  (-moovd',)  a.  Not  moved  ;  not  trans- 
ferred from  one  place  to  another.  Locke. 

2.  Not  changed  in  purpose;  unshaken  ;  firm. 

Mlton. 

3.  Not  affected  ;  not  having  the  passions  excited  ; 
not  touched  or  impressed.  Pope. 

4.  Not  altered  by  passion  or  emotion.  Drydcn. 
UN-.M<3V'EI)-LY,  arfe.    Without  being  moved. 
UN-.MOV'ING,  a.    Having  no  motion.  Cheijne. 

2.  Not  exciting  emotion  ;  having  no  power  to  af- 
fect the  passions. 
UN-MUF'FLE,  (  muf'fl,)  v.  t.   To  take  a  covering 
from  the  face.  Milloa. 
9.  To  remove  the  muffling  of  a  drum. 
UN-MUF'FLED,  pp.  Uncovered. 
UN-MUF'FLING,  ppr.    Removing  a  covering. 
"UN-.MUR'JIUU-£D,  a.    Not  murmured  at. 

Bcauin.  4-  Fl. 

UN-MUR'MUR-ING,  a.  Not  murmuring;  not  com- 
plaining ;  as,  unmurmuring  patience. 

U.\-.MIJK'MUR-ING-LY,  adr.  Uncomplainingly. 

UN-.MO'Sie-.VL,  a.  Not  musical ;  not  harmonious  or 
melodious. 

2.  Harsh  ;  not  pleasing  to  the  ear.      B.  Jonson. 
UN-MC"Sie-AL-LY,  adc.    Without  harmony  ;  harsli- 
U.\-.Ml!'SI.VG,  a.    Not  musing.  [ly. 
UN-M0'S1.\G-LY.  adv    In  an  unmusing  manner. 
UN-.MO'TI-LA-TED,  a.    Not  mutilated  ;  not  deprived 

of  a  member  or  part ;  entire. 
UN-MUZ'7,LE,  r.  (.   To  loose  from  a  muzzle.  Shak. 
UN-.MUZ'ZL£D,  pp.    Loosed  from  a  muzzle. 
UN-NaM'£U,  a.    Not  named;  not  mentioned. 

Milton. 

UN-NA'TION-AL,  (-na'shun-  or  -nash'un-,)  a.  Not 
n!ttion:il. 

UN-Na'TIVE,  a.    Not  native ;  not  natural ;  forced. 

Thomson. 

UN-NAT'II-R,AL,  a.  Contrary  to  the  laws  of  nature  ; 
contrary  to  the  natural  feelings.  L'Estrange. 

2.  .'\cting  without  the  alTections  of  our  common 
nature  ;  as,  an  unnatural  father  or  son. 

3.  Sot  in  conformity  to  nature ;  not  agreeable  to 
the  real  state  of  persons  or  things  ;  not  representing 
nature  ;  as,  afi'ected  and  unnatural  thoughts  ;  unnot- 
ural  imases  or  descriptions. 

UN-NAT' U-RAL-IZE,  ti.  t.  To  divest  of  natumi  fcel- 
ines.  Hales. 

UN-NAT'IT-RAL-IZ-£D,  pp.  Divested  of  natural 
feelings. 

2.  a.  Not  naturalized  ;  not  made  a  citizen  by  au- 
thority. 

UN-.\.\T'U-R.AL-LV,  adc.    In  opposition  to  natural 

feelings  and  seiiltiiicnts.  7'iUotson. 
UN-NAT'U-R.\L-NESS,  n.    Contrariety  to  nature. 

Sidney. 

UN-NAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.    Not  navigable. 

[But  iNNAVinARLE  is  more  generally  used.] 

UN-NA V'l-GA-TED,  a.  Not  navigated;  not  passed 
over  in  ships  or  other  vessels.         Cook's  Voyages. 

UN  .\EC'ES-SA-R1-LY,  adc.  Without  necessity; 
needlessly.  Hooker. 

U.\-.\EC'ES-S.\-RI-.\ESS,  nu  The  stateof  being  un- 
iicressary  ;  needlessnesd. 

U.N-.NEC'KS-SA-RY,  a.  Not  necessary;  needless; 
not  required  by  the  circnmsUinces  of  the  case  ;  use- 
less ;  as,  unntcfj-sary  labor  or  care  ;  unn«cs.«ari/ rigor. 

ryrydrn. 

UN-\E-CES'SI-TA-TED,  a.  Not  required  by  neces- 
U.N-XEED'ED,  a.    Not  needed. 


UNO 

UN-NEED'FJJL,  a.  Not  needful ;  not  wanted  ;  need- 
less. Milton. 

UN-NEED'FUL-LY,  arfr.    Not  needfully. 

UN-NBI(iiri!UR-LY,  (  iia'bor-le,)  a.  Not  suitable  to 
the  duties  of  a  neigiilior;  not  becoming  persons  liv- 
ing near  each  other  ;  not  kind  and  friendly. 

UN-NEIGII'UOR-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  not  suitable 
to  a  neighbor ;  in  a  manner  contrary  to  the  kindness 
and  friendship  which  should  subsist  among  neigh- 
bors. Shak. 

UN-NER\''.\TE,  a.    Not  strong;  feeble.  [A«(  in  use] 

Broome. 

UN-NERVE',  (un-nerv',)  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  nerve, 
force,  or  strength  ;  to  weaken;  to  enfeeble  ;  as,  to 
nnneroc  the  arm.  Addvion. 

UN-.\ERV'£D,  pp.    Deprived  of  strength.  Ultak. 
2.  a.    Weak  ;  feeble. 

UN-NERVING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  strength. 

UN-NETH',      j  ui/r.  Scarcely  ;  hardly.  [04s.]  [See 

UN-.N'lTI'HES',  i     Uneath.]  Spenser. 

UN-.\  K0''1'R.\L,  a.    Not  neutral ;  not  unintt  sted. 

U.\-NO'BLE,  a.    Not  noble;  ignoble;  mean.  Shuk. 

UN-.VOT'ED,  a.    Not  noted  ;  notobserved;  not  heed- 
ed ;  not  regarded.  Pope. 
2.  Not  honored. 

UN-N'o'TIC-£D,(-n5'tist,)  a.  Notobserved;  not  re- 
garded. 

2.  Not  treated  with  the  usual  marks  of  respect ; 

not  kindly  and  hospitablv  entertained. 
UN-NO'TIC-Ii\G,  a.  Not  taking  notice. 
UN-NUM'BER-£l),a.    Not  numbered  ;  innumerable; 

indefinitely  numerous.  Prior. 
UN-NUK'TUR-£D,  a.    Not  nurtured  ;  not  educated. 
UN-NU-TRl"TIOUS,  (-trish'us,)  a.    Not  affording 

nourishment. 

UN-0-liEY'£D,  (-o-bade',)  a.    Not  obeyed.  J>/i7(«». 

UN-O-HEY'I.NG,  a.    Not  yielding  obedience. 

UN-Oli-JEGT'ED,  a.  Not  objected  ;  not  charged  as  a 
fault  or  error.  AUcrbunj. 

UN-OB-JEC'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  objec- 
tiim  ;  that  need  not  be  condemned  as  faulty,  false, 
or  improper.  Stephens. 

UN-(JU-JEe'TION-.\-BLY,  adv.  In  a.manner  not  li- 
able to  objection. 

UN-0-BLIG'£D,  a.   Not  obliged. 

UN-O-BLlG'ING,  a.  Not  belonging  or  disposed  to 
oblige. 

UN-OH-LIT'ER-A-TED,  a.  Not  obliterated  or  ef- 
faced. 

UN-OH-NOX'IOUS,  a.  Not  liable  ;  not  exposed  to 
harm.  Milton. 

UN-OB-NOX'IOUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  unobnoxious 
manner. 

UN-OB-seuR'£D,  a.   Not  obscured  ;  not  darkened. 

Milton. 

UN-OB-Se'QUI-OUS,  a.     Not  obsequious;  not  ser- 

vilelv  submissive. 
UN-OB-SE'aUI-OUS-LY,  adc.  Not  with  servile  sub- 

niissivcness. 

U.\-OB-SK'uUI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  servile  sub- 
missiveness  or  compliance  ;  incompliance. 

UN-OB-SERV'.\-BLE,  a.  That  is  not  observable  ; 
not  discoverable.  Boyle. 

UN-OB-SERV'A.\CE,  n.  Want  of  observation  ;  in- 
attention ;  regardlessness.  Whitlock. 

UN-OB-SER V'ANT,  a.   Not  observant;  not  atten- 
tive ;  heedless.  OlanvUlc. 
2.  Not  obsequious. 

UN-OB-SER V'ANT-LY,  adv.    Not  obscn-antly. 

U.\-()B-SERV'£D,  a.  Not  observed;  not  noticed; 
not  seen  ;  not  regarded  ;  not  heeded.  Bacon. 

UN-OB-SERV'ED-LY,  adv.   Without  being  observed. 

UN-OB-SERV'ING,  a.  Not  observing;  inattentive; 
heedless.  Drijdcn. 

U.N-OB-SERV'ING-LY,  adc.  Inattentively. 

UNOB-STRUCT'ED,  a.  .\ot  obstructed  ;  not  filled 
with  impediments  ;  as,  an  unobstructed  stream  or 
channel. 

2.  Not  hindered  ;  not  stopped.  Blackmore. 
UN-OB-STKUCT'ED-LY,  adv.     Without  being  ob- 
structed. 

UN-OB-STRUCT'IVE,  a.  Not  presenting  any  obsta- 
cle. Blackmore. 

UN-OB-STRUeT'IVE-LY,  adr.  Withcul  obstruc- 
tion. 

UN-OB-STRUCT'IVE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  not 
obstructive. 

UN-OB-TAl.N".\-nLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  obtained ; 
not  within  reach  or  power. 

UN-OB-TaIN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  un- 
obtainable. 

UN-OB-TAIN'£D,  a.  Not  obtained  ;  not  gained  ;  not 
acquired.  Hooker. 

UN-UB-TRO'SIVE,  a.  Not  obtrusive  ;  not  forward  ; 
mildest.  Vounir. 

UN-UB-TRO'SIVE-LY,  a/lr.  Modestly. 

UN-OB-TRu'SIVE-NESS,  n.  Slate  of  being  unob- 
trusive. 

UN-OB' VI-OUS,  a.  Not  obvious;  not  readily  occur- 
ring to  the  view  or  the  understanding.  Boyle. 

UN-Oe'eU-PT-£D.  a.  Not  occupied  ;  not  possessed  ; 
as,  unoccupied  land. 

2.  Not  engaged  in  business ;  being  at  leisure.  The 
man  is  unoccupied. 


UNP 

3.  Not  employed  or  taken  up  ;  a.*,  lime  unoccupied. 
UN-OF-FEND'ED,  a.     Not  offended ;  not  having 

tiken  offense. 
UN-OF-FE\D'ING,  a.    Not  offending;  not  giving 

2.  Not  sinning  ;  free  from  sin  or  fault.  [otl'ense. 

3.  Harmless  ;  innocent. 
UN-OF-FENS'IVE,  a.    Not  offensive;  giving  no  of- 
fense ;  harmless. 

[For  this,  Inofkehkite  is  more  generally  used.] 

UN-OF'FER-£D,  a.  Not  offered  ;  not  pro|H)»ed  to  ac- 
ceptance. Clarendon. 

UN  OF  FICIAL,  (-fish'al,)  a.  Not  official  ;  not  per- 
taining to  office. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  the  proper  officer  or  from 
due  authority  ;  as,  unofficial  news  or  notice. 

UN-OF-Fl"CIAL-LY,  ode.  Not  officially  ;  not  in  the 
course  of  otlicial  duty.  The  man  was  wwfficiallij  in- 
formed liv  the  sheriff  or  commander. 

UN-OF-FI'''CIOUS,  (-fish'us,)  a.  Not  officious;  not 
forward  or  intermeddling. 

U.\-OF-Fl"CIOUS-LY,  adv.   Not  officiously. 

UN-OF-Fl"CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  not  being 
officious. 

UN-OFT'£N,  (-ciffn,)  adr.    Rarely.    [A'ot  ii.«ed.] 
UN-OIL',  ?•.  t.    To  free  from  oil.  Dryden, 
UN-OIL' £1),  pp.    Freed  from  oil. 

2.  a.    Not  oiled  ;  free  from  oil. 
UN-6'P£N-£D,  (-6'pnd,)  a.    Not  opened  ;  remaining 

fast,  close,  shut,  or  sealed.  Chesterfield. 
UN-0'I'£.N'-ING,  a.  Not  opening.  Pope. 
U.N-OP'ER-A-TIVE,  a.    Not  operative  ;  producing  no 

effect.  South, 
[But  Inoperative  is  generallv  used.] 
UN-0-l'ER'€U-LA-TEU,  a.     Having  no  cover  or 

operculum. 

UN-0I'-I'oS'£D,  a.  Not  opposed  ;  not  resisted  ;  not 
meeting  with  any  obstruction  ;  as,  an  army  or  stream 
unopposed.  J}ryden.  ' 

UN-OH-l*RESS'£I),  '  <jp-presl',)  a.  Not  oppressed; 
not  unduly  burdened. 

L'lN'-OP-I'RESS'.  VE,  a.    Not  oppressive. 

UN-OR'DER  fcU,  a.    Not  ordered. 

UN-OR'DEll-LY',  a.  Not  orderly;  disordered;  irreg- 
ular 

[Disorderly  is  more  generally  used.]  Sanderson, 
UN-OR'Dl-NA-RY,  a.    Not  ordinary  ;  not  cnminon. 

[.Vot  in  use.]  Locke. 
U.N-OR'G.\N-IZ-£D,  a.    Not  organized  ;  not  having 
organic  structure  or  vessels  for  the  preparation,  se- 
cretion, and  distribution  of  nourishment,  &.C.  .Pet- 
als are  unoriraniied  bodies. 

[This  word  is  in  use,  but  I.noroan'ieo  is  also 
used.] 

UN-O-RI-E.VT'AL,  a.    Not  oriental.  Byron. 
UN-0-RlG'I.\-AL,  a.    Not  original  ;  derived. 

2.  Havins  no  birth  ;  ungenerated.  .Vj7(on. 
UN-O-RIG'I.N-A-TED,  a.  Not  originated;  having  no 
birth  or  creation. 

Gml  is  underived,  unongiiuLted,  and  K-If^^iistrnL  Stephens. 

UN-OR-.NW-MENT'AL,  a.    Not  ornamental.  IVcsU 

U.\-OR'.\A-.ME.\T-KD,  a.  Nut  ornamented  ;  not 
adorned  ;  plain.  Cocentry. 

UN-OR'THO-UOX,  a.  Not  orlhodoi ;  not  holding  the 
genuine  doctrines  of  the  Scriptures.    Decoy  of  Piety 

UN-OU'THO-DOX-LY,  adr.    Not  orthodoxly. 

UN-OS-TEN-TA'TIOUS,  a.  Not  ostenialious  ;  not 
boastl'iil  :  not  making  show  and  parade  ;  inodesL 

2.  Not  glaring  ;  not  showy  ;  as,  unostentatious  col- 
oring. 

UN-OS-TEN-TA'TIOUS-LY,  odr.    Without  show, 

parade,  or  ostentation. 
UN-OS-TEN-TA'TIOUS-NESS,  n.     State  of  being 

free  from  ostentation. 
UN-0\V'£l),  (-ode',)  a.    Not  owed  ;  not  due. 
UN-oWN'£I),  a.    Not  owned  ;  having  no  known 

owner  ;  ni.t  claimed. 
2.  Not  avowed  ;  not  acknowledged  as  one's  own; 

not  admitted  as  done  by  one's  self. 
UN-OX'Y-Da-TED,  1 

UN-OX'V-DIZ-£U,        la.    Not  having  oxygen  in 
UN-OX' Y-GEN-A-TED,  f  combination. 
UN-OX'Y-GE.\-IZ-£D,  J 

UN-P.\-CIF'IG,  a.  Not  pacific  ;  not  dispased  to  peace ; 

not  of  a  peaceable  disptisition.  iVarton. 
UN-P.\-CIF'ie-AULY,  adr.    Not  pacificallv. 
UN-P.\(;'1-FI-£D,  (-pas'e-fide,)  a.    Not  (Kicified  ;  not 

appeased  ;  not  caliiied.  Browne. 
UN-P.ACK',  V.  t.   To  open,  as  things  packed  ;  as,  to 
unpack  gouds. 
2.  To  disburden.    [Little  ujsed.]  Shak. 
UN-PACK'£D,  (-pakl',)  pp.    Opened,  as  goods. 

2.  a.    Not  packed  ;  not  collecled  by  unlawful  arti- 
fices :  as.  an  unpacked  jurj*.  Hudibras. 
UN-PAt'K'ING,  ppr.    Opening,  as  a  packace. 
UN-PAID',  a.    Not  paid  ;  not  discharged  ;  as  a  debt. 

.MiUon. 

9.  Not  having  received  his  due ;  as,  unpaid  » nrk- 
men.  Pope. 
Unpaid  for:  not  paid  for  ;  taken  on  credit. 
UN-PA1N'£D,  a.    Not  pained  ;  suffering  no  pain. 

MiltDn. 

UN-PaINTUL,  a.   Not  painful ;  giving  no  pam. 

Licke. 


TONE,  Bl^^LL,  XJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SII  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


152 


1209 


UNP 


UNP 


UNP 


U.\'-r.\I\'FlJL-LY,  adv.    Without  pain. 
;T\  I'a1.\T'EI),  0.  Not  painted. 

UN  P.\L'A-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  palatable ;  disgustinff  to 

the  laste.  Cultier. 
2.  Not  such  as  to  be  relished  ;  disagreeable  ;  as,  an 

nvpulatnble  law.  Drijden. 
UN-l'AL'A-TA-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  relished. 
U.\-l'ALb'/CD,  a.    Not  deadened. 
UN-l'AN'0-PI.I-i:D,  (-paii'o-plid,)  a.     Destitute  of 

patioply  or  complete  armor.  Pullolc. 
tTN-PAR'A-DISE, ». «.    To  deprive  of  happiness  like 

that  of  paradise  ;  to  render  unhappy.  Young. 
UN-I'AR'A-GON-£D,  a.    Unequaled  ;  unmatched. 

SImk. 

UN-PAR'AL-LEL-£D,  a.  Having  no  parallel  or 
equal ;  unequaled  ;  unmatched.  Addison. 

Tlie  unparalleled  perseverance  of  Uie  armies  of  (he  Uniled 
States,  under  every  sali'ering  aiid  discoura^-menl,  w;is  little 
short  of  a  miracle.  Washirtgtun, 

UN-P.\R'DON-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  forgiven;  that 
can  not  be  pardoned  or  remitted  ;  as,  an  unpardona- 
ble sin.  Rogers. 

UN-Pa R'DON-A-BLY,  adv.    Beyond  forgiveness. 

Aiterbury. 

UN-PXR'DON-£D,  a.  Not  pardoned  ;  not  forgiven  ; 
as,  unpardonrd  offenses.  Rogers. 

2.  Nut  having  received  a  legal  pardon.   The  con- 
vict returned  unpardoned. 

UN-PAR'DON-ING,  a.  Not  forgiving;  not  disposed 
to  pardon.  Drydcn. 

UN-P>iR-LrA-MENT'A-RI.LY,  adv.  Not  according 
to  the  rules  of  parliament. 

UN-PA R-LIA-MENT'A-;iI-NESS,  n.  Contrariety  to 
the  rules,  usages,  or  constitution  of  parliament. 

Clarendon. 

UN-PaR-LIA-.MENT'A-FY,  a.  Contrary  to  the  usages 
or  rules  of  proceeding  in  parliament. 

2.  Contrary  to  the  rules  or  usages  of  legislative 
bodies. 

UN-PaRT'ED,  a.  Not  parted  ;  not  divided  ;  not  sep- 
arated. Prior. 

UN-PAR'TIAL,  a.  Not  partial.  [Mt  in  use.]  [See 
Impartial.] 

UN-PXR'TIAL-LY,  orfc.  Fairly  ;  impartially.  [JVot 
used.] 

UN-PAR-TIC'I-PA-TED,  a.  Not  participated  or  shared. 

Allen. 

UN-PAR-TIC'I-Pa-TING,  a.    Not  participating. 

UN-PASS' A-BLE,  a.  Not  admitting  persons  to  pass  ; 
impassable ;  as,  unpassable  roads,  rivers,  or  moun- 
tains. 

[Impassable  is  more  generally  used.] 
2.  Not  current ;  not  received  in  common  pay- 
ments ;  as,  unpassable  notes  or  coins. 

[ln>;lead  of  this,  Uncubri;nt  and  Not  Current 
are  now  used.] 
UN-PAS'SION-ATE,     )  a.     Calm  ;  free  from  pas- 
UN-PAS'SION-a-TED,  S     sion  ;  inip,artial. 

[Instead  of  these  words,  Dispassionate  is  now 
uspd.] 

UN-PAS'SrON-ATE-LY,    adv.     Without  passion ; 

calmly.-  K.  Charles. 

[For  this,  Dispassionately  is  now  used.] 
UN-PAS'SION-£D,  a.    Not  e.vcited  by  passion  ;  cAm. 
UN-PAS'TOR-AL,  a.    Not  pastoral;  not  suitable  to 

pastoral  manners.  IVarton. 
UN-PAT'ENT-ED,  a.  Not  granted  by  patent.  Crunch. 
U.N-PATH'iCD,  (-pathd',)  a.    Unmarked  by  passane  ; 

not  trodden.  Shuk. 
2.  Not  being  beaten  into  a  path ;  as,  unpathed 

SIK>W. 

UN-PA-TtlET'ie,  a.  Not  pathetic ;  not  adapted  to 
move  tile  passions  or  excite  emotion.  IVurton. 

UN-PA-THET'IG-AL-LY,  adv.  Without  moving  the 
passions  or  exciting  emotion. 

UN  PA-TRI-OT'ie,        /       .T  ,     ,  ■  ,■„ 

UN-PA-TRI-OT'ie-AL,  1  I'-it"""'- 

UN-PS-TRI-OT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Not  patriotically. 

UN-PA'l"RON-rZ-/;D,  a.  Not  having  a  patron ;  not 
supported  hy  friends.  Johnson. 

UN-PAT'TERN-£D,  a.    Having  no  equal. 

Beaum.  S[  Fl. 

UN-PA V'KD,  a.  Not  paved  ;  not  covered  with  stone. 
UN-PA  WN'£D,  a.  Not  pawned  ;  not  pledged.  Pope. 
UN-Pa  Y',         To  undo.  in  use.]  SItalc. 

2.  Not  to  pay  or  coinpi^nsate.    [JVot  used.] 
UN-PaY'ING,  a.    Neglecting  payment. 
UN-PaY'ING-LY,  adv.  Unprofitablv. 
UN-PkACE'A-ULE,  a.    Not  peaceable  ;  quarrelsome. 

Hammond. 

UN-PeACE'A-BLE-NESS,  71.  Unquietness  ;  quarrel- 
someness. Parker. 

UN-PF:ACE'A-nLY,  adv.  Unquictly. 

UN-Pf:ACE'F!;L,  a.  Not  pacific  or  peaceful ;  un- 
quiet. Cowley. 

UN-Pl":ACR'FIJI^I.Y,  ado.    Not  pe.vefiilly. 

UN-Pr;ACF,'F|JI,-NEK.S,  7,.    Disquiet;  inquietude. 

UN-PED'I-GREED,  a.  Not  distinguished  by  a  pedi- 
Rree.  PolM. 

UN-PKG',  V.  t.    To  loose  from  pegs  ;  to  open. 
2.  'I'o  pull  out  till-  peg  from. 

UN-PEG'GKI),  p/j.    I.onxed  from  pegs;  opened. 

UN-PIXT'ED,  a.  Not  pelted;  not  assailed  with 
stones. 


UN-PEN',  V.  t.  To  let  out  or  suffer  to  escape  by 
breaking  a  dam  or  opening  a  pen. 

If  a  man  unpens  another's  water.  Blaclcstone. 

UN-Pe'NAL,  a.    Not  penal ;  not  subject  to  a  penalty. 

Clarendon. 

UN-PEN'E-TRA-BLE,  a.    Not  to  he  penetrated. 

[But  Impenetrarle  is  chiefly  used.] 
UN-I'EN'E-TRa-TED,  a.    Not  entered  or  pierced. 
UN-FEN'I-TENT,  a.    Not  penitent. 

iliiit  Impenitent  is  the  word  now  used.] 
'EN'NSD,  pp.    Unfastened  ;  let  out. 
UN-PEN'iVING,  ppr.    Suffering  to  escape  ;  unlocking. 
UN-PEN'SI0N-£;D,  «.    Not  pensioned  ;  not  rewarded 
by  a  pension  ;  as,  an  unpensioned  soldier. 

2.  Not  kept  in  pay  ;  not  held  in  dependence  by  a 
pension.  Pope. 
UN-PEO'PLE,  (  pg'pl,)  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  inhabit- 
anlsj  to  depopulate  ;  to  dispeople.    Jililton.  Drydcn. 
UN-PeO'PLjED,  (-pe'pld,)  pp.    Depopulated  ;  dispeo- 
pled. 

UN-PiiO'PLING,  (-pG'pling,)  ppr.  Depopulating. 
UN-PER-CiilV'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  perceived  ;  not 
perceptible. 

UN-PER-CeIV'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be 
perceived. 

UN-PER-CkIV'ED,  a.  Not  perceived;  not  heeded; 
not  observed  ;  not  noticed.  MilUm. 

UN-PER-CeIV'ED-LY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  per- 
ceived. Boyle. 

UN-PER'FECT,  a.    Not  perfect ;  not  complete. 
[But  the  word  now  used  is  Imperfect.] 

UN-PER'FECT-ED,  a.  Not  perfected;  not  com- 
pleted. Hammond. 

UN-PER'FEGT-NESS,  n.  Want  of  perfectuess  ;  in- 
completeness. [Imperfectness  and  Imperfection 
are  now  used.] 

UN-PER'FO-RA-TED,  a.  Not  perforated  ;  not  pene- 
trated by  openings. 

UN-PER-FORM'£D,  a.    Not  performed  ;  not  done  ; 
not  executed  ;  as,  tlie  business  remains  unperformed. 
2.  Not  fulfilled  ;  as,  an  unperformed  promise. 

Tanlor. 

UN-PER-FORM'ING,  a.  Not  performing;  not  dis- 
charging its  office.  Dryden, 

UN-PER'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  Not  perishable  ;  not  subject 
to  decay.    [The  word  now  used  is  Imperishable.] 

UiV-PER'ISH-A-BLY,  adv.  Imperishably. 

UN-PER'ISH-ING,  a.    Not  perishing  ;  durable. 

UN-PER'ISH-ING-LY,  adv.    Not  perisliingly. 

UN-PER'JUR-£D,  a.    Free  from  the  crime  of  perjury. 

Dryden. 

UN-PER'MA-NENT,  a.  Not  permanent ;  not  durable. 
UN-PER-iMIT'TED,  a.    Not  permitted.  Southey. 
UN-PER-PLEX',  V.  t.   To  free  from  perplexity. 

Donne, 

UN-PER-PLEX'£D,  (-per-plekst',)  a.  Not  perplexed  ; 
not  har.assed  ;  not  embarrassed. 
2.  Free  from  perplexity  or  complication  ;  simple. 

UN-PER'SE-eC-TED,  a.    Free  from  persecution. 

UN-PER-SPIR'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  perspired, 
or  emitted  through  the  pores  of  the  skin.  ArbullmoU 

UN-PER-SUaD'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  per- 
suaded, or  influenced  by  motives  urged.  Sidney. 

UN-PER-TURB'£D,  a.    Not  disturbed.  Scott. 

UN-PE-RuS'ED,  a.    Not  read. 

UN-PER-VERT'ED,  a.    Not  perverted  ;  not  wrested 

or  turiifil  to  a  wrong  sense  or  use. 
UN-PET'RI-Fl-£D,  (  pet're-flde,)  a.    Not  petrified; 

not  converted  into  stone. 
UN-PHIL-AN-THROP'ie,  a.    Not  philanthropic. 
U.N-PHIL-O-SOPH'ie,        la.    Not  according  to  the 
UN-PllIL-O-SOPIl'ie-AL,  i     rules  or  princiiiles  of 

sound  philosophy ;  contrary  to  philosophy  or  right 

reason.  Mcwlon. 
UN-PHlL-O-SOPH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner 

contrary  to  the  principles  of  sound  philosopliy  or 

right  reason.  South. 
UN-PHlE-0-SOPH'I€-AL-NESS,    n.  Incongruity 

with  philosophy.  J^orrit. 
UN-PHI-I,OS'0-PHTZE,  v.  t.    To  degrade  from  the 

character  of  a  philosopher.  Pope. 
UN-PHl-LO.S'O-PIIIZ-iSD,  pp.  or  a.    Degraded  from 

the  rank  cf  a  philosopher. 
2.  Not  sophisticated  or  perverted  by  philosophy ; 

ns,  unphilosophized  revelation.  Oood. 
UN-PHRi;-NO-LOC:'ie-AL,  a.     Not  pertaining  to 

pIirennIog\'. 

UN-PIIYS'klK-KD,  (-fi/.'ikt,)  a.   Not  influenced  by 

inedirine  ;  not  pliysicked.  [JVof  used.]  Iloiceil. 
UN-Pie-TUIl-ESCiUE',  C-esk',)  a.  Not  picturesque. 
UN-PlERCE'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  pierced. 

Southey. 

UN-PIeRC'KD,  f-peerst',)  a.  Not  penetrated.  Gay. 
UN-PIL'LAR-KI),  a.    Deprived  of  pillars;  as,  an  ««- 

pillared  temple.  Pope, 
UN-PIL'LOW-£D,  a.    Having  no  pillow  ;  having  the 

head  not  supporttjd.  J\hlton, 
UN-PI'LOT-ED,  a.    Not  steered  by  a  pilot. 
UN-PIN',  r.  t.    To  loose  from  pins  ;  to  unfasten  what 

is  held  together  by  pins  ;  us,  to  unpin  u  frock  ;  to  u/i- 

pin  the  frame  of  a  building. 
UN-PlNK'iOD,  f-pinkt',)  a.    Not  pinked  ;  not  marked 

cr  set  with  eyelet  holes.  Shak. 


UN-PIN'NED,  pp.    Loosed  from  pins. 
UN-PIN'NING,  ppr.    Unfastening  what  is  held  to- 
gether by  pins. 
UN-PIT'l-A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  pitied. 
UN-PIT'I-£D,  (-pit'id,)  a.    Not  pitied  ;  not  coinpas 
sionated  ;  not  regarded  with  sympathetic  sorrow. 

Dryden.  Pope, 
UN-PIT'I-FJJL,  a.    Having  no  pity;  not  merciful. 

Daoies, 

2.  Not  exciting  pity. 

UN-PIT'I-FIJL-LY,   adv.     Unmercifully  ;  without 
mercy.  Shak. 

UN-PIT'Y-ING,  a.   Having  no  pity ;  showing  no  com- 
passion. Orunvdlc. 

UN-PLa'CA-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  appeased. 
[Implacable  is  the  word  now  u.sed.] 

UN-PL.'i'C£D,  (-pliste',)  a.    Having  no  office  or  em- 
ployment under  the  government.  Pope. 

2.  Undetermined  as  to  place;  as,  unplaced  kings, 
wiiose  position  in  the  series  of  Egyptian  kings  is  un- 
determined. Oiiddon. 

UN-PLAGU'£D,  (-plagd',)  a.    Not  plagued  ;  not  har- 
assed ;  not  tormented.  Shak. 

UN-PLANT'ED,  a.    Not  planted;  of  spontaneous 
growth.  Waller. 

UN-PLAS'TER-£D,  a.    Not  plastered. 

UN-PLAUS'I-BLE,  a.   Not  plausible  ;  not  having  a 
fair  appearance ;  as,  arguments  not  unplausiblc. 

Milton. 

UN-PLAUS-I-BEY,  adv.   Not  with  a  fair  appearance. 

Sioift. 

UN-PLAU'SIVE,  a.    Not  approving;  not  applaud- 
ing. 

UN-PLeAD'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  pleaded. 

South, 

UN-PLEAS'ANT,  (un-plez'ant,)  a.     Not  pleasant; 

not  aflbrding  pleasure  ;  disagreeable.  Hooker, 
UN-PLEAS'ANT-LY,  (un-plez'ant-ly,)  adv.     In  a 

manner  not  pleasing;  uneasily.  Pope. 
UN-PLEAS'ANT-NESS,  (un-plez'ant-ness,)  n,  Dis- 

agreeableness ;  the  state  or  quality  of  not  giving 

pleasure.  Hooker. 
UN-PLisAS'£D,  a.   Not  pleased  ;  displeased. 

_  Dryden. 
UN-PLeAS'ING,  a.    Offensive  ;  disgusting. 

_  Milton.  Dryden. 

UN-PLeAS'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  displease. 
UN-PLeAS'ING-NESS,  71.     Want  of  qualities  to 

please.  Milton. 
UN-PLEAS'llR-A-BLE,  a.   Not  pleasurable. 

Coleridge. 

UN-PLEDCi'ED,  a.    Not  pledged  ;  not  mortgaged. 
UN-PLi'A-BLE,  a.    Not  pliable  ;  not  easily  bent. 
UN-PLl'A-BLY,  adv.    In  an  unpliable  manner. 
UN-PLI'ANT,  a.   Not  pliant ;  not  easily  bent ;  stiff. 

fVotton. 

2.  Not  readilv  yielding  the  will  ;  not  compliant. 
UN-PLl'ANT-LY,  adv.    Not  pliantly  ;  stiffly. 

UN^PLOUGH^l'D,  i  V^owed.         Mortim  r, 

UN-PLUMB',  (-plum',)  a.   Not  perpendicular 

Burke. 

UN-PLuME',  V,  U  To  strip  of  plumes  or  feathers  ;  to 

degrade.  Otanvitle. 
UN-PLu.M'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Deprived  of  plumes  ;  desti- 
tute of  plumes. 
UN-PLUN'DER-£D,  a.    Not  plundered  or  stripped. 
UN-PO-ET'ie,        (  a.    Not  poetical ;  not  having  the 
UN-PO  ET'ie-AL,  i    beauties  of  verse. 

2.  Not  becoming  a  poet.  Corbet. 
UN-PO-ET'ie-AL-LV,  flrfi'.    In  a  manner  not  com- 
porting with  the  nature  of  poetry. 
2.  In  a  manner  unbecoming  a  poet. 
UN-POINT'ED,  a.    Having  no  point  or  sting. 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  Not  having  marks  by  which  to  distinguish  sen- 
tences, members,  anil  clauses  in  writing. 

y.  Not  having  the  vowel  points  or  marks  ;  as,  an 
unpointed  manuscript  in  Hebrew  or  Arabic. 

M.  Stuart. 

UN-POIS'£D,  (  poizd',)  a.    Not  poised  ;  not  balanced. 

Thomson. 

UN-POIS'ON,  V.  t.    To  remove  or  expel  poison. 

South. 

UN-Po'LAR-IZ-£D,  a.   Not  polarized  ;  not  having 
polarity. 

UN  POL'I-CI-£D,  (-pol'e-sid,)  a.    Not  having  civil 
polity,  or  a  regular  form  of  government. 

UN-P6L'ISII-£I),  (-pol'isht,)  a.    Not  polished  ;  not 
made  smooth  or  bright  by  attrition.  Stillingfleel. 

2.  Not  refined  in  manners ;  uncivilized  ;  rude ; 
plain.  Dnjden, 

UN-PO  LITE',  a.    Not  refined  in  manners ;  riot  ele- 
gant. 

2.  Not  civil;  not  courteous;  rude.  [See  Impo- 
lite.] 

UN-PO-LITE'LY,  adv.    In  an  uncivil  or  rude  man- 
ner. 

UN-PO-LITE'NESS,  n.    Want  of  refinement  in  man- 
ners ;  rudeness. 

2.  Inrivilily  ;  want  of  courtesy. 
UN-POL'I-TIC,  a.    Impolitic.    [The  latlir  is  used.] 
UN-Pr)lili'£l),  a.    Not  registered  as  a  voter. 

2.  Unplundered  ;  not  stripped.  Fansliav. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

viui 


UNP 

UN-POL-I,CT'ED,  a.  Not  polluted  ;  not  defiled  ;  uot 
corrupti'il. 

UN-roH'C-LAU,  a.     Not  popular;  not  having  the 
public  favor  ;  an,  an  unpupular  niai;i.<lratc. 
2.  Not  pleasing  the  people  ;  as,  an  unpopular  law. 

UN-POP-U-LAIl'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  not  enjoying 
the  public  favor,  or  of  not  pleasin;:  the  people. 

UN-POP'U-LAK-LY,  a<li\   Not  popularly. 

Ui\-PoRT'.\-liLF,,  a.    Not  to  be  carried.  Ralr!:h. 

Ui\'-PoK'TIO\-KI),  a.  Not  endowed  or  furnislied  with 
a  |K>rIion  or  fortune  ;  as,  an  unportionrd  daughter. 

UN-PollTT.-OUS,  a.    Having  no  ports.  Burke. 

UN-POS-.^Ef'S'KI),  (-pos-sest',)  a.  Not  possessed  ; 
not  lield  ;  nut  ocrupied.  Milton. 

UN-P()S-sr,SS'ING,  a.    Having  no  possessions.  SItak. 

UN-P(1S'S1  ULK,  a.    Not  possible.  [Ofo.] 
f'riie  W(»rd  now  used  is  [.Mros^iiiLL.] 

UN-Po'TA-HLIO,  a.    Not  drinkable. 

UN-POWDER./'JD,  a.    Not  sprinkled  with  powder. 

UN-PR.\e'Tl-eA-BLE,  a.  Not  feasible;  that  can 
not  be  performed. 

[The  word  now  used  is  Impracticable.] 

UN-PR.\e'TlC-£U,  (-prak'iist,)  a.    Not  having  been 
taught  by  practice  ;  not  skilled  ;'not  having  experi- 
ence ;  raw  ;  unskillful.  Sliak. 
2.  Not  known  ;  not  familiar  by  use.    [J\uf  v.--ril.] 

Prior. 

UN-PR.AIS'£D,  (-prazd',)  a.  Not  praised  ;  not  cele- 
brated. Jliltou.  Drijilen. 

UN-PRk.\CII'ING,  a.  Not  preaching  ;  as,  vnprtach- 
intr  prelates.  //.  J\liirc. 

UN-PUE-CA'RI-OUS,  a.  Not  dependent  on  another  ; 
not  uncertain.  Blackmore. 

UN-PRE-CkD'ED,  n.    Not  preceded. 

UN-PREC'E-DENT-ED,  a.  Having  no  precedent  or 
example  ;  not  preceded  by  a  like  case  ;  not  h.iving 
the  authoritv  of  prior  example.  Stnfl. 

UN-PR  EC  E-DENT-ED-LY,  adv.  Without  precedent. 

UN-PRE-CTSE',  o.    Not  precise;  not  exact.  IVarton. 

UN-PRE-DES'TIN-SD,  a.  Not  previously  determined 
or  destined.  jMittun. 

UN-PRE-DICT',  V.  U    To  retract  prediction.  Milton. 

UN-PR E-FER'R£D,  (-ferd',)  a.  Not  preferred  ;  not 
advanced.  Collier. 

UN-PREG'NANT,  a.    Not  pregnant. 

2.  Not  prolific  ;  not  quick  of  wit.  Sliak. 

UN-PREJO'Di-eATE,  a.  Not  prepossessed  hysettled 
opinions.    [Little  used.]  Taylor. 

UN-PREJ'lJ-blC-£D,  (-pred'ju-dist,)  a.  Not  preju- 
diced ;  free  from  undue  bias  or  prepossession  ;  not 
preoccupied  by  opinion  ;  impartial ;  as,  an  unpreju- 
diced mind.  Mdiion. 

2.  Not  warped  by  prejudice  ;  as,  an  unprejudiced 
judgment. 

UN-PREJ'U-DIC-£D-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  un- 
prejudiced. Clarke. 
UN-PRE-LAT'ie-AL,       Unsuitable  to  a  prelate. 

Clarendon. 

UN-PRE-LAT'fe-AL-LY,  adv.  Unlike  or  unsuitably 
to  a  prelate. 

UX-PRE-.MED'I-TATE,     )  a.    Not  previously  medi- 
UN-PRE-JIED'I-Ta-T£D,  j    tated  or  prepared  in  the 
mind. 

2.  Not  previously  purposed  or  intended  ;  not  done 
bv  design. 

UN-PRE-MED'I-Ta-TED-LY,  adv.  Without  pre- 
meditation. 

UX-PRE-OCeU-PI-ED,  o.   Not  preoccupied. 

UN-PRE-P.\R'£D,  a.  Not  prepared;  not  ready;  not 
litted  or  furnished  by  previous  measures.  Milton. 

2.  Not  prepared,  by  holiness  of  life,  for  the  event 
of  death  and  a  happy  imnmrtalitv.  Roscommon. 

UN-PRE-PaR'EI)-L.Y,  ode.    Without  pre|iaration. 

UN-PRE-PAtt'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unpre- 
pared. 

UN-PRE-POS-SESS'ED,  (  pos-sest',)  a.  Not  prepos- 
sessed ;  not  biased  by  previous  opinions  ;  not  partial. 

Soiii/i. 

UN-PRE  POS-SESS'ING,  a.  Not  having  a  winning 
appearance. 

UN-PRE-SERV'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  pre- 
served. 

UN-PRESS'JCD,  (  prest',)  a.    Not  pressed. 

Slink  Ticket. 

2.  Not  enforced.  Clarendon. 
UN-PRE-SU.M'IXG,  a.    Not  too  confident  or  bold. 
UN-PRE-SU-MPT'^-OUS,  a.    [See  Presume.]  Not 
presumptuous;  not  rash;  modest;  submissive. 

Cowper. 

UN-PRE-SU.MPT'II-OUS-LY,  adc.  Without  pre- 
sumption. 

UN-PRE-TEND'ING,  a.   Not  claiming  distinction  ; 

modest.  Pope. 
UN-PRE-TEXDTNG-LY,  adv.    Without  pretension. 
UN-PRE-VaIL'IXG,  a.    Being  of  no  force  ;  vain. 

Shak. 

UN-PREV'A-LEXT,  a.    Not  prevalent 
UN-PRB-VEXT'A-BLE,  a.    Not  preventable. 
UN-PRE-VENT'ED,  a.  Not  prevented  ;  not  hindered. 

Sliak. 

2.  Not  preceded  bv  anv  thing.    [06*.]  Milton. 
UN-PRIEST',  V.  L    To  deprive  of  the  orders  of  a 

pries'.  Miltnn. 
UN  PRIEST'LY,  a.   Unsuitable  to  a  priest.  Bate. 


UNP 

UN-PRIXCE',  (iin-priiis',)  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  princi- 
pality or  sovereignty.  Strifl. 

U.V-PRIXCE'LY,  ''Pi-prins'ly,)  a.  Unbecoming  a 
prince;  not  reseinoliiig  a  prince.  A'.  Charles. 

UN-PRI.\'CI-PLKI),a.  ?:nt  having  settled  principles  ; 
as,  souls  unprincipxcu  in  virtue.  Milton. 

2.  Having  no  gcHid  moral  principles ;  destitute  of 
virtue;  not  restrained  bv  conscience  ;  protiig.tte. 

UX-PRIX'CI-PLAD-NESS,  «.    Want  of  principle. 

UN-PKIXT'ED,  a.    Not  printed,  as  a  literary  work. 

Pope. 

2.  Not  stamped  with  figures  ;  white ;  as,  unprinted 
cotton. 

UN-PRIS'OX-JED,  (-iiri/.'nd,)  a.  Set  free  from  con- 
fineliietit.  Donne. 

U.N'-PRI  V'l-LEG-rn,  a.  Not  privileged;  not  enjoy- 
ing a  particular  immiinily.  JeJ'erson. 

U.X-PRI7.'.\-BLE,  a.    .Not  valued  ;  not  of  estimation. 

UX-PKT/'KD,  a.    Not  valued.  Sliuk. 

UN-PRD-ei.Al.M'KD,  a.  Not  proclaimed;  not  noti- 
fied liv  public  declaration.  Milton. 

UN-PRO-OUe'TlVE,  a.   Not  productive  ;  barren. 

Burke 

2.  More  rrpnernlbj^  not  producing  large  crops  ;  not 
making  profitable  returns  for  labor;  as,  unproductive 
land. 

3.  Not  profitable  ;  not  producing  profit  or  interest ; 
as  capital  ;  as,  unproducttee  funds  or  stock. 

'1.  Not  eflicient ;  not  producing  any  effect. 
UN-PRO-UUe'TIVB-LY,  adv.     Barrenly;  without 
profit. 

UX-PRO-DUe'TIVE-XESS,  ti.    The  state  of  being 

unpr<idiictive,  as  land,  stock,  capiuil,  labor,  &c. 
UN-PRO-1-'aX'£;D,  a.    Not  profaned  ;  not  violated. 

I}rijden. 

UX-PRO-FEPS'KD,  (-pro-fest',)  a.    Not  professed. 

UN-PKO-FES'SIOX  AI,,  (-fesh'un-al,)  a.    Not  per- 
taining to  one's  profession.  Beddocs 
2.  Xut  heloiiciug  to  a  profession. 

UX  PRO-l'ES'SlOX-AL-LY,  adv.  In  opposition  to 
professional  practice. 

UX-PR()-KI"UIEN-CY',  (-fish'en-se,)  n.  Want  of 
prolicieiicv  or  improvement.  Hall. 

UN-PROF'IT-.'V-BLE,  n.  Bringing  nri  profit ;  produc- 
ing no  gain  beyond  the  labor,  expenses,  and  interest 
of  capital  ;  as,  unprojitable  land  ;  unprojitable  stock  ; 
unprofitable  einployiiienl. 

2.  Producing  no  improvement  or  advantage  ;  use- 
less ;  serving  no  purpose  ;  as,  an  unprojitable  life  ; 
unprofitable  study.    Job  xv. 

3.  Not  useful  to  others. 

4.  Misiniproving  talents ;  bringing  no  glory  to 
God  ;  as,  an  unprofitable  servant.    Mail.  xxv. 

UN-PROF'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  pro- 
ducing no  profit  or  good  ;  uselessness  ;  inutility. 

Addison. 

UN-PROF'IT-A-BLV,  adv.  Without  profit ;  without 
clear  gain  ;  as,  capital  unprofitabhj  employed. 

2.  Without  any  good  effect  or  advantage  ;  to  no 
good  purpose.  Addison. 

U.X-PROF'IT-ED,  a.   Not  Imving  profit  or  gain.  Shak. 

UX-PRO-GRESS'IVE,  a.    Not  advancing. 

UN-PRC)-HIB'IT-ED,  a.  Not  prohibited  ;  not  forbid  ; 
lawful. 

UX-PRO-JEGT'ED,  a.    Not  planned  ;  not  projected. 

South. 

UN-PRO-LIF'ie,  a.   Not  prolific;  barren;  not  pro- 
ducing young  or  fruit.  Hale. 
2.  Not  producing  in  abundance. 

tTN-PRO.M'l-NEXT,  a.    Not  prominent. 

UX-PR().M'IS-£D,  (-prom'ist,)  a.  Not  promised  or 
engagi.-d. 

UX-PRO.M'IS-IXG,  a.  Not  promising;  not  affording 
a  favonible  prospect  of  success,  of  excellence,  of 
profit,  &c.  ;  as,  an  unpromising  youth;  an  unprom- 
isinir  season. 

UN-PROMPT'ED,  a.    Not  prompted  ;  not  dicUited. 
2.  Xot  excited  or  instigated. 

UN-PRO-XOUNCE'A-BLE,  (un-pro-nouns'a-hl,)  a. 
That  can  not  be  pronounced.  Walker. 

UN-PRO-XOUXC'£I),  (  pro-nounst',)  a.  Not  pro- 
nounced ;  not  uttered.  Milton. 

UN-PROP',  r.  t.  To  remove  a  prop  from  ;  to  deprive 
of  support. 

UN-PROP'ER,  a.    Not  fit  or  proper.  [04s.] 

[Improper  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UX-PROP'ER-LY,  adv.    Unfitly.    [Obs.]    [See  Im- 

PRnPERLV.J 

UX-PRO-PHET'ie,       )  a.    Not  foreseeing  or  not 
U\-PRO-PHET'ie-AT,,  j     predicting  future  events. 
UX-PROPIl'f:T-LIKE,  a.    Not  like  a  prophet. 
UX-PRO-PI"TIOi;s,  (-pish'us,)  a.    Not  propitious  ; 
not  favorable  ;  not  disposed  to  promote ;  inauspicious. 

Pope. 

UN-PRO-PI"TIOUS-LY,  adv.  Unfavorably  ;  un- 
kindly. 

UN-PRO-PI"TIOUS-NESS,  iu    State  or  quality  of 

being  nil  propitious. 
UN-PKO-POR'TION-A-BLE,  a.    W^anting  due  pro- 

fMirti<m. 

UX-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLY,  adv.  Not  in  due  pro- 
(lorlion. 

UN-PRO-POR'TION-ATE,  a.  Wanting  proportion  ; 
disproportionate  ;  unfit.- 


UNQ 

UN-PR()-P0R'TION-£D,  a.     Not  proportioned  ;  ni< 

suitable.  Sliak. 
UN-PRO-P0S'£D,  a.    Not  proposed  ;  not  ofTen-d. 

Vrifdrn, 

UN-PROP'P£D,  (■-propt',)  a.    Not  propped  ;  not  sup- 
ported or  upheld.  MiUon. 
UN-PROS'E-L?-TED,  a.   Not  made  a  convert. 

ScotL 

U.\-PROS'PER-OUS,a.  Not  prosperous  ;  not  attended 
Willi  success;  unfortunate.  Pope. 

UN-PROS'PER-OUS-LY,  adv.  Unsuccessfully  ;  iin- 
tortuiiiitelv.  Taylor. 

UN-PROJi'PER-OUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  success; 
failure  of  the  desired  result.  Hammund. 

UX-PROS'TI-TU-TED,  a.  Not  prostituted  ;  not  do- 
based. 

UN-PRO-TEeT'ED,  a.   Not  protected  ;  not  defended. 

Hooker. 

2.  Not  countenanced  ;  not  supported. 
UN-PRO-TEGT'EU-LY,  adv.     Without  being  pro- 
tected. 

UN-PttO-TEeT'ING,  a.  Not  protecting  ;  not  defend- 
ing. 

UX-PRO-TRACT'ED,  a.  Not  protracted  ;  not  drawn 
out  in  length. 

UX-PROV"£U,  (-proovd',)  a.  Not  proved  ;  not  known 
by  trial.  Spenser. 

2.  Not  established  as  true  by  argument,  demon- 
stration, or  evidence. 
UN-PRO- VIDE',  V.  U   Tounfurnish  ;  to  divest  or  strip 

of  qualilicatioiis.  Southern. 
UN-PRO- VID'ED,  pp.    Divested  of  qualifications. 
2.  a.    Not  provided  ;  unfurnished  ;  unsupplied. 

Drijden. 

IJN-PROV'I-DEXT,  a.    Improvident.  [Obs.] 

UN-PRO-VI"SION-£D,  (-jiro-vizh'und,)  a.  Not  fur- 
nished with  provisions.  Pollok. 

UN-PRO- VoK'£l),  (-pro-vokt',)  a.  Not  provoked.; 
not  incited  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Xot  proceeding  from  provocation  or  just  cause; 
as,  an  unprorokrd  attack.  Addison, 

UN-PRO- VOK'ING,  a.  Giving  no  provocation  or 
offense.  Ftctticood. 

UN-PRO- VoK'IXG-LY,  adv.  Without  giving  provo- 
cation. 

UN-PRU-DEN'TIAL,  a.    Imprudent.    [jXot  used.] 

Mdton. 

UX-PRuN'£D,  a.    Not  pruned  ;  not  lopped.  Sluik. 
UN-PCB'LIG,  a.    Not  public;  private;  not  generally 

seen  or  known.  Taylor. 
UN-PUB'LISH-£D,  (  pub'lisht,)  a.    Not  made  public ; 

secret  ;  private.  Sluik. 
2.  Not  published  ;  as  a  manuscript  or  book.  Pope. 
UN-PUNC'TU-AL,  (-punkt'yu-al,)  a.    Not  punctual; 

not  exact  in  time.  Pope. 

U^:?rSc'TU:A{:Nns,  i  of  punctuality. 

UX-PUXe'TlT-AL  LY,  adv.    Not  punctuallv. 
UN-PUXt;'TU-A-TEt),    a.      Not  punctuated ;  not 

pointed.  Busby. 
UN-PUX'ISH-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  not  be  punished. 

Milton. 

UN-PUN'ISH-£D,  (-pun'isht,)  a.  Not  punished  ;  suf- 
fered to  pass  without  punishment  or  with  impunity  ; 
as,  a  lUitf  unpunished ;  an  unpunuthed  crime.  Dryden. 

U.X-PUX'ISH-IXG,  a.    Not  punishing. 

UN-PL"R'CH.VS-A-BLE,  a.   That  can  not  be  bought. 

Adams. 

UN-PUR'CHAS-£D,  (-pur'chast,)  a.  Not  purchased  ; 
not  bought.  Denham. 

UX-PPRE',  a.  Not  pure  ;  impure.  [Ois.]  [See  Im- 
pure.] 

UX-PURG'£D,  a.    Not  purged  ;  unpurified.  Milton. 
UX-PU'RI-Fi-£D,  (-fide,)  a.    Not  purified  ;  not  freed 
from  recrement  or  foul  matter. 
2.  Not  cleansed  from  sin  ;  unsanctified. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
UN-PUR'POS-£D,  (-pur'pust,)  a.   Not  intended ;  not 

designed.  Shak, 
UN-PURS'£D,  (-purst',)  a.    Robbed  of  a  purse. 

Pollok, 

UX-PrR-SO'£D,  a.    Not  pursued  ;  not  followed  ;  not 

prosecuted.  Milton. 
UX-Pu'TRE-FI-£D,  a.    Not  putrefied  ;  not  corrupted. 

Bacon. 

UN-aUXFF'£D,  (-kwaft',)  a.  Not  quaffed  ;  not  drank. 

Byron. 

UN-CiU.AlI..'IXG,  a.  Not  failing  ;  not  sinking  ;  firm. 
UN-UUaK'ING,  a.    Not  shaking  or  trembling. 

frd.-on. 

UN-aUAL'I-FT-ED,  (-kwoPe-ride,)  a.  Not  qualified  ; 
not  fit ;  not  having  the  requisite  talents,  abilities,  or 
accoinplisliiiients.  Sirifi, 

2.  Not  having  taken  the  requisite  oath  or  oaths. 

3.  Not  modified  or  restricted  by  conditions  or  ex- 
ceptions ;  as,  unmialilted  praise.  • 

U.\-UU.^L'I-FI-£U-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  so  as  not 
to  be  qiinlified. 

UN-Ql'AL'l-FI-£D-NESS,  n.  Condition  of  being  un- 
qualified. 

UX-(iUAL'I-FY,  p.  I.   To  direst  of  qualifications. 

[But' instead  of  this,  DuqUAiipr  is  now  used.] 
UX-UUAL'l-Ft-ING,  ppr.     Divesting  of  qualifica- 
tions. 


TOXE,  BIJLL,  yXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


UNR 

I;N-QUAL'1-TI-£D,  (-k«  ol'e-tid,)  a.  Deprived  of  the 
usual  facilities.    [JVo(  in  use.]  Shak. 

UN-aUAU'KRL-A-BLE,  a.  TbM  can  not  be  iin- 
[iiiL'nf(i.    [.Vol  in  use.]  Brown. 

UN-UUEEN',  V.  t.    To  divest  of  the  dignity  of  queen. 

Sliak. 

UN-aUELL'A-BLE,  a.   That  can  not  be  q\ielled. 
UN-aUELL'£D,  o.    Not  quelled  ;  not  subdued. 

Thomson. 

UN-aUEXCH'A-BLE,  a.  Tliat  can  not  be  quenched  ; 

tlip.t  will  never  be  extinguished;  inextinguishable. 

.Man.  iii.    /.nke  iii. 
UN-UUE.\CH'A-BLE-.\ES3,  n.   The  state  or  quality 

of  heiuL'  inextinguishable.  HakewilU 
Ui\-ai'E.\CH'A-BLY,  ode.   In  a  manner  or  degree 

so  as  not  til  be  quencliea. 
UN-aUE.\'CIl'£U,  (-kwencht',)  a.    Not  extinguished. 

Bacon. 

UN-atIES'TION-.4-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  questioned  ; 
not  to  be  doubted  ;  indubitable  ;  certain  ;  as,  unques- 
tionable evidence  or  truth  ;  unquestionable  courage. 

.^ddtson. 

UN-atlES'TION-A-BLY,  adv.  Without  doubt ;  in- 
duliitaiilv.  SpraL 

UN-QIIES'TION-£D,  a.  Not  called  in  question  ;  not 
doubted. 

2.  Not  interrogated  ;  having  no  questions  asked ; 
not  examined.  Dnjden. 

3.  Indis[iiuable  ;  not  to  be  opposed.     B.  Jonson. 
UN-aUES'TION-ING,  a.    Not  calling  in  question; 

nut  ilonliting  ;  unhesitating.  J.M.Mason. 
UN-CiUrCK',  a.    Not  quick  ;  slow. 

2.  Not  alive  ;  motionless.   [JVof  in  use.]  Daniel. 
UN-aUICK'SN-ED,  a.    Not  animated  ;  not  matured 

to  vitality  ;  as,  unqnickened  progeny.  Blackstone. 
UN-UUl'iiT,  a.     Not  quiet;  not  calm  or  tranquil; 

restless ;  uneasy  ;  as,  an  unquiet  person  ;  an  unquiet 

mind. 

2.  Agitated;  disturbed  by  continual  motion;  as, 
tlie  unquiet  ocean. 

3.  Un-^atisfied  ;  restless.  Pope. 
UN-aUl'ET,  V.  t    To  disquiet.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Herbert. 

UN-QLTET-LY,  adv.    In  an  unquiet  state  ;  without 

rest  ;  in  an  agitated  state.  Shak. 
UN-aUI'ET-NESS,  n.     Want  of  quiet;  want  of 
tranquillity  ;  restlessness  ;  uneasiness. 

Taylor.  Denham. 
9.  W.ant  of  peace  ;  as  of  a  nation.  Spenser. 
3.  Turbulence;  disposition  to  make  trouble  or  ex- 
cite disturbance.  Dnjden. 
UN-QUT'E-TUDE,  n.    Uneasiness  ;  restlessness. 
[Ob.s.] 

[For  this,  Disqi'iETUDE  and  IsquiETuoE  are  used.] 
UN-RACK'ED,  (-rakt',)  a.    Not  racked;  not  poured 
from  the  lees. 

[JN-R.\IS'£D,  a.    Not  elevated  or  raised.  Coleridge. 
UN-RaK'£D,  (-rakt',)  a.    Not  raked  ;  as,  land  un- 
raked. 

2.  Not  raked  together ;  not  raked  up  ;  as  fire. 

Shak. 

UN-R.'4XG'£D,  a.    Not  ranged  ;  not  reduced  to  order. 
UN-RAN"'SACK-£D,  (-ran'sakt,)  a.    Not  ransacked  ; 
not  searcheil. 
9.  Nut  iiillaged.  KnoUes. 
UN-RAN'.S(5.M-£0,  a.    Not  ransomed  ;  not  liberated 
from  captivity  or  bondage  by  payment  for  liberty. 

Pope. 

UN-R.iSH',  a.    Not  rash  ;  not  presumptuous. 

Clare7}dnn. 

UN-RAV'AG-£D,  a.  Not  w.astcd  or  destroyed.  Burke. 
UN-RA V'£I>,  ti.  (.    To  disentangle;  to  disengage  or 
separate  threads  that  are  knit. 

1.  To  free;  to  clear  from  complication  or  diffi- 
culty, .dddhon. 

3.  To  separate  connected  or  united  parts  ;  to  throw 
Into  disorder. 

N.iturc  all  unraveled.  Dryden. 

4.  To  unfold,  as  the  plot  or  intrigue  of  a  play. 

Pope. 

LrN-RAV'£L,  ■».  i.  To  be  unfolded  ;  to  be  disen- 
tiinjled. 

UN-KAV'£L-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  disentan- 
Elerl. 

U.\-RAV'£E-£D,  ;>p.    Unfolded;  disentangled. 
UN-RA  \ '£L-1.\G,  jrpr.     Disentangling;  unfolding; 

clearing  from  difficulty. 
UN-RAV'£L-.\IENT,  n.    The  development  of  the 

plot  in  a  play.  Mickcl. 
U\-RA"/OR-£n,  a.  Unshaven.  MUton. 
UN-Rr:A(;il'£D,  (  reecht',)  a.    Not  reached  ;  not  atr 

taiiiPil  lo.  Dnjden. 
UN-READ',  (-red',)  a.    Not  read;  not  recited;  not 

pi.TUied.  /looker.  Dry/en. 

2.  L'nt.aught ;  not  learned  in  books.  IJrijden. 
UN-Jir;AD'A-ULE,  a.    Not  legible;  that  can  not  be 

read. 

UNREADT-LY,  (rcd'c-le,)  ado.  Not  promptly;  not 
clii-irl'iillv.  Mitford. 

I;N-REAI)'I-NE8S,  (-red'c-ness,)  n.    Want  of  rcadi- 
nen  i  want  of  proniptiicsH  or  dexterity  Hooker. 
9.  Want  of  |)reparation.  Taylor. 

UN-READ'Y,  (-rcd'o,)  a.  Not  ready;  not  prepired  ; 
nut  fit.  '  Shak. 


4JNR 

2.  Not  prompt ;  not  quick.  Brown. 

3.  Awkward  ;  ungainly.  Bacon. 
UN-Re'AL,  a.   Not  real ;  not  ssbstantial ;  having  ap- 
pearance only.  jr  Milton.  Sliak. 

UN-RE-AL'I-T  Y,  7t.  Want  of  icality  or  real  existence. 

Fearn. 

UN-Re'AL-IZ-ING,  a.  Not  realizing ;  not  making 
real._ 

UN-ReAP'£D,  (-reept',)  a.     Not  reaped ;  as,  un- 

reaprd  wheat ;  an  unrcaped  field. 
UN-Rk.A'SON,  (-re'zn,)  n.    Want  of  reason. 
UN-Re A'S  ON- A-BLE,  a.   Not  agreeable  to  reason. 

Hooker. 

2.  Exceeding  the  bounds  of  reason  ;  claiming  or 
insisting  on  more  than  is  fit ;  as,  an  unreasonable  de- 
mand. 

3.  Immoderate  ;  exorbitant ;  as,  an  unreasonable 
love  of  life  or  of  money. 

4.  Irrational.    [In  this  sense,  see  Irrational.] 
UN-REA'SON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Inconsistency  with 

reason  ;  as,  the  unreasonableness  of  sinners. 

2.  Exorbitance;  excess  of  demand,  claim,  passion, 
and  Uie  like  ;  as,  the  unreasonableness  of  a  proposal. 
UN-Re  A'S  ON- A-BLY,  ado.   In  a  manner  contrary  to 
reason. 

2.  Excessivelv  ;  immoderately  ;  more  than  enough. 
UN-ReA'SON-£D,  a.    Not  reasoned.  Burke. 

2.  _Not  derived  from  reasoning.  Chalmers. 
UN-ReA'SON-ING,  a.    Not  reasoning;  not  having 

reasoning  faculties.  Everett. 
UN-RE.\VE',  V.  t.     [See  Reave,  Unbeeve,  and 
Ravel.]    To  unwind  ;  to  disentangle  ;  to  loose. 

Spenser. 

9.  Not  to  rive  ;  not  to  tear  asunder ;  not  to  unroof. 

[Mt  in  u.9e.  ]  Hall. 
UN-RE-BAT'£D,  a.  Not  blunted.  Hakewill. 
UN-RE-BuK'A-BLE,  a.    Not  deserving  rebuke;  not 

obnoxious  lo  censure.    1  Tim.  vi. 
UN-RE-BUK'A-BLY,  ado.    Not  rebukablv. 
UN-RE-BuK'£D,  (-bukt',)  a.    Not  rebuked. 
Tri\-RE-€ANT'ED,  a.    Not  retracted. 
UN-RE-CErV'£D,  a.    Not  received  ;  not  taken  ;  as, 

sacraments  unreceived. 

2.  Not  come  into  possession  ;  as,  a  letter  unreceived. 

3.  Not  adopted  ;  not  embraced  ;  as,  opinions  unre- 
ceived. 

UN-RECK'  ON-£D,  a.    Not  reckoned  or  enumerated. 

Bp.  Gardiner. 

UN-RE-€LaIM' A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  reclaimed, 
reformed,  or  domesticated. 

UN-RE-CLaIM'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  reclaim- 
able. 

UN-KE-CLAlM'fiD,  a.  Not  reclaimed  ;  not  brought 
to  a  domestic  state  ;  not  lamed  ;  as,  a  wild  beast  un- 
reclaimed. 

2.  Not  reformed ;  not  called  back  from  vice  to  vir- 
tue. Bothers. 

UN-RE-€LaIM'ING,  a.    Not  reclaiming. 

UN-RE-CLtN'ING,  a.    Not  reclining  or  resting. 

UN-RE-eOG'NI-Z.\-BI,E,  a.  That  can  not  be  recog- 
nized.   [See  Recognizable.]  Coleridge. 

UN-REe'OG-NIZ-£D,  a.  Not  acknowledged  or 
known. 

UN-RE€'OM-PENS-£D,  (-rek'om-penst,)  a.  Not  rec- 
ompensed ;  not  rewarded. 

UN-REe-ON-CIL'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  recon- 
ciled ;  that  can  not  be  made  consistent  with ;  as, 
two  unrcconciUible  propositions. 

[In  this  sense,  Irreconcilable  is  generally  used.] 

2.  Not  reconcilable ;  not  capable  of  being  ap- 
peased ;  implacable.  Sliak. 

3.  That  can  not  be  persuaded  to  lay  aside  enmity 
or  opposition,  and  to  become  friendly  or  favorable  ; 
as,  unrrconcilable  neighbors.     [Irreconcilable  is 


generally  used.] 

M-CIL'A-1 

rilable. 


UN-REG-ON-i 


BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  recon- 


UN-REe'ON-CrL,-£D,  o.    Not  reconciled ;  not  made 
consistent. 

2.  Not  appeased  ;  not  having  become  favorable. 

3.  In  a  theolo^rical  sense^  not  having  laid  aside  op- 
position and  eniiiity  to  God  ;  not  having  made  peace 
with  (Jod  through  faith  in  Christ. 

UN-RE-eORl)'EI),  a.    Not  recorded  ;  not  registered  ; 
as,  an  unrecorded  deed  or  lease. 

2.  Not  kept  in  remembrance  by  public  monuments  ; 
not  rccordeil  in  the  rolls  of  fame.  Pope. 
UN-RE-CUUNT'EI),  a.    Not  recounted;  not  told; 

not  related  or  recited.  Skak. 
UN-RE-COV'ER-A-BEE,  (  kuv'er-a-bl,)  a.   That  can 
not  be  recovered  ;  past  n  covery.  Fcllliam. 
2.  That  can  not  be  regained. 
UN-RE-eOV'ER-£D,  a.    Not  recovered  ;  not  recalled 
into  possession  ;  not  regained.  Drayton. 
2.  Not  restored  to  health. 
UN-RE-eR01T'A-liI,E,a.  That  can  not  be  recruited. 
2.  Incapable  of  recruiting.    [Bad,  and  not  u.ir.d.] 

Milton. 

UN  REe'TI-FI-£D,  a.    Not  rectified  ;  not  corrected 
or  set  right. 

UN-RE  eUM'BENT,  a.    Not  reclining  or  reposing. 
UN-RE-eOH'ING,  a.    That  can  not  bo  cured.  [JVo( 

in  use.  J  ShaJi. 
UN-RE  CUR'RING,  a.    Not  recurring. 


UNR 

UN-KE-DEE.^I'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  re- 
deemed. 

UN-RE-DEEM'£D,  a.    Not  redeemed  ;  not  ransomed. 
2.  Not  paid  ;  not  recalled  into  the  treasury  or  bank 
by  payment  of  the  value  in  money  ;  as,  unredeemed 
bills,  notes,  or  stock. 
UN-KE-DRESS'£D,  (-drest',)  a.   Not  redressed  ;  not 
relieved  from  injustice  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Not  removed  ;  not  reformed  ;  as,  unredressed 
evils. 

UN-RE-DuC'£D,  (-duste',)  a.    Not  reduced  ;  not  les- 
sened in  size,  quantity,  or  amount. 
UN-UE-Du'CI-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  reduction. 

UN-RE-DC'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
being  capable  of  reduction.  South. 

UN-REELi'£U,  a.  Not  reeled,  or  wound  on  a  reel, 
from  cocoons 

UN-REEVE',  (un-recv',)  v.  t.  To  withdraw  or  take 
out  a  rope  from  a  block,  thimble,  &c.  [See  Un- 
reaveJ 

UN-RE-FIN'£D,  a.   Not  refined  ;  not  purified  ;  as, 
unrrjined  sugar. 
2.  Not  refined  or  polished  in  manners. 
UN-RE-FOk.M'A-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  being  put 
into  a  new  form.  Hammond. 
2.  That  can  not  be  reformed  or  amended. 

Cowper. 

UN-RE-FORM'£D,  a.  Not  reformed  ;  not  reclaimed 
from  vice;  as,  an  unreforme/l  youth. 

2.  Not  amended;  not  corrected;  as,  unrefomed 
manners  ;  vnreformed  vices. 

3.  Not  reduced  to  truth  and  regularity ;  not  freed 
from  error  ;  as,  an  unreformed  calendar.  Holder. 

UN-RE-FRAeT'ED,  a.  Not  refracted,  as  rays  of 
light. 

UN-RE-FRESH'£D,  (-re-fresht',)  a.  Not  refreshed; 
not  relieved  from  fatigue  ;  not  cheered. 

UN-RE-FRESH'FIJL,  a.    Not  adapted  to  refresh. 

UN-RE-FKESH'ING,  a.  Not  refreshing  ;  not  invig- 
orating ;  not  cooling;  not  relieving  from  depression 
or  toil.  Beddoes. 

UN-RE-FCS'ING,  o.  Not  rejecting ;  not  declining  to 
accept. 

UN-RE-FuT'ED,  a.    Not  proved  to  be  false. 

UN-RE-G.\RD'ED,  a.  Not  regtirded  ;  not  heeded  ; 
not  noticed  ;  neglected  ;  slighted.    Dryden.  Swift. 

UN-RE-GARU'FIjL,  a.  Not  giving  attention;  heed- 
less ;  negligent. 

UN-RE-GaRD'FUL-LY,  adv.    Not  regardfiilly. 

UN-RE-OEN'ER-A-CY,  n.  State  of  being  unregener- 
ate  or  unrenewed  in  heart.  Hammond. 

UN-RE-GEN'ER-ATE,  a.  Not  regenerated  ;  not  re- 
newed in  heart ;  remaining  at  enmity  with  God. 

Stephens. 

UN-RE-GEN-ER-A'TION,  n.   Want  of  regeneration. 

//.  Martxin. 

UN-REG'IS-TER-£D,a.  Not  registered  ;  not  recorded. 

Sliak. 

UN-RE-GRET'TED,  a.   Not  lamented. 
UN-REG'IJ-La-TED,  a.    Not  regulated  ;  not  reduced 

to  order.  Mtlner. 
UN-RE-HEARS'£D,  (un-re-herst',)  a.    Not  recited  or 

repeated,  as  words. 
UN-REIN'£D,  (un-rand'j)  a.   Not  restrained  by  the 

bridle ;  unchecked.  Milton. 
UN-RE-JOIC'ING,  a.    Unjoyous ;  gloomy  ;  sad. 

Thomson. 

UN-RE-JOIC'ING-LY,  adv.    Unjovously  ;  gloomilv. 

UN-RE-LaT'£D,  a.    Not  related  by  blood  or  affinity 
2.  Having  no  connection  with. 

UN-REL'A-TIVE,  a.     Not  relative;  not  relating; 
having  no  relation  to.  Chesterfield. 
[Irrelative  is  more  generally  used.] 

UN-REL'A-TIVE-LY,ado.  Without  relation  to.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Bolingbrokc. 

UN-RE-LAX'ING,  a.  Not  slackening ;  not  abating 
in  severitv  or  attention. 

UN-RE-LAX'ING-LY,  adv.   Without  relaxation. 

UN-RE-LENT'ING,  a.  Not  relenting;  having  no 
pity  ;  hard  ;  cruel ;  as,  an  unrelenting  heart. 

2.  Not  yielding  to  pity  ;  as,  unrelenting  cruelty. 

3.  Not  yielding  to  circumstances  ;  intlexibly  rigid  ; 
as,  an  unrclentinir  rule.  Palcy. 

U.\-RE-EE\'T'ING-LY,  aiip.    Without  relenting. 
UN-RE-L1eV'.\-BLE,  a.    Admitting  no  relief  or  suc- 
cor. Boyle. 
UN-RE-LIeV'£D,  (-re-Iecvd',)  a.    Not  relieved  ;  not 
eased  or  delivered  from  pain. 

9.  Not  succored  ;  not  delivered  from  confinement 
or  distress  ;  as,  n  garrison  unrelieved. 

3.  Not  released  from  duty ;  as,  an  unrelieved  senti- 
nel. 

IIN-RF^LI6'I0US,  a.    Not  religious. 

UN-RE-LUeT'ANT,  a.    Not  unwilling. 

UN-RE-l.UeT'ANT-I,Y,  arfn.    Willingly.  Scott. 

UN-RE-AIARK'A-BLE,  a.    Not  remarkable  ;  not  wor- 
thy of  particular  notice. 
2.  Not  capable  of  being  observed.  Digby. 

IJN-RE-MARK'A-BLY,  adv.    Not  remarkably. 

UN-RE-MARK'£D,  (rc-milrkt',)  a.  Nut  remarked; 
unobserved.  Mclmoth. 

UN  RE-l\lK'DI-.\-BI,E,  a.  That  can  not  be  cund  ;  | 
admitting  no  remedy.  Sidney. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH.^T  METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1212 


UNR 

tJN-lU;-.MK'I)I-A-ni.Y,  aih.    Without  ri-nwcly. 
UN-Kli.M'li-Ul-j;U,  o.    Nut  cured;  not  reiiitdioil. 

MiUon. 

UN-RE-MEM'BER  .ED,  «.  Not  remembered  ;  not  re- 
tained in  the  mind  ;  not  recullccted.  IVuUuiu 

UN-RK-.MKM'llEU-ING,  a.  Having  no  memory  or 
recnilerlion.  Drtjttcn, 

UN-RE-IIE.M'BRANCE,  n.  Forgetfulness  ;  want  of 
reinenilirancc.    [JVo(  in  i«c]  IVatls. 

UN-RE-AirND'EO,  a.    Nut  put  in  mind. 

UN-RE-MIT'TED,  o.  Not  remitted  ;  not  forgiven  ; 
as,  punislnnent  unremitteil. 

2.  Not  liaving  a  temporary  relaxation ;  as,  pain 
unremitted. 

3.  Not  relaxed  ;  not  abated. 
UN-RE-MIT'TING,  a.     Not  abating;  not  relaxing 

for  a  time  ;  incessant ;  continued  ;  tis,  unremitting 
exertions. 

UN-RE-MIT'TINQ-LY,  orfu.  Without  abatement  or 
cessation.  Ficmini;. 

UN-RIO-iMIT'TING-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unre- 
mitting. 

UN-RE-.MOV'A  BLE,  o.   That  can  not  be  removed  ; 

fixed.  aiiak. 
UN-RE-MOV'A-I!LE-NESS,w.    The  state  or  quality 

of  being  fixed  and  not  capable  of  being  removed. 

HM. 

UN-RE-MOV'A-BLY,  Of/i).    In  a  manner  that  admits 

of  no  removal.  Shak. 
UN-RE-MOV'Kl),  a.    Not  removed  ;  not  taken  away. 
2.  Not  cap.ible  of  being  removed. 

Liku  AUaa  uHremoved.  Milton. 

UN-RE-NEWJCl),  a.  Not  made  anew  ;  as,  the  lease 
is  unrenewed. 

2.  Not  regenerated  ;  not  born  of  the  Spirit ;  as,  a 

heart  unrenewed. 
UN-RE-NOWN'£D,  a.    Not  celebrated  or  eminent. 
Ui\-UE-I'AID',a.    Not  repaid;  nut  compensated  ;  not 

recompensed  ;  as,  a  kindness  unrejiaid.  Johnson, 
UN-RE-l'AIR'/vD,  a.    Not  repaired  or  mended. 
UN-KE-I'kAL'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  nut  be  repealed. 
UN-KE-Pi:.\L'i;i),  a.    Not  repealed  ;  not  revoked  or 

abrogated  ;  remaining  in  force. 
UN-RE-Pff.AT'El),  a.    Not  repeated. 
UN-RE-I'icAT'ING,  a.    Not  repeating. 
UN-RE- PENT'ANCE,  n.    State  of  being  impenitent. 

[LitUe  u.^ed.]  IVartun. 
1;N-RE-PENT'ANT,  J  0.     Not  repenting;  not  peni- 
UN-RE-PENT'ING,  \    tent ;  not  contrite  for  sin. 

Uryden. 

UN-RE-PENT'ED,  a.    Not  repented  of.  Hooker. 

UN-RE-PENT'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  repentance. 

UN-RE-PIN'ING,  a.  Not  repining  ;  not  pei^vishly 
murmuring  or  complaining.  Rowe. 

UN-RE-PI\'ING-LY,  ads.  Without  peevish  com- 
plaints. 

UN-RE-PLEN'tSri-£D,-  f-plen'isht,)  a.  Not  replen- 
ished ;  not  filled  ;  not  adequately  supplied.  Boyle. 

UN-RE  PoRT'ED,  a.    Not  reported. 

UiN'-RE-PoS'/;i),  a.    Not  reposed. 

UN-REP-RE-SENT'ED,  a.  Not  represented  ;  having 
no  one  to  act  in  one's  stead. 

UN-RE-PRESS'£;D,  (-presf,)  a.  Not  crtished;  not 
subdued. 

UN'-RE-PREPP'I-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  repressed. 
UN-UE-PRlEV'.\-BLE,a.   That  can  not  be  reprieved 

or  rf'spiicd  Jrom  death. 
U.N-KE-PRIkV'ED,  a.    Not  reprieved  ;  not  respited. 
UN-RE-PRf)ACirA-BLE,  o.   Not  deserving  reproach. 
UN-UE  PR0ACI1'A-BLE-NESS,  tu   State  of  being 

unrcproachable. 
Ui\-RE-PR5ACirA-BLY,  adv.   So  as  not  to  be  re- 

I)roarhable. 

UN-RE-PROACII'£D,  (re-procht',)  a.  Not  upbraided  ; 

not  reproached. 
UN-RE  PRoACiriNG,  a.    Not  reproaching. 
UN-RE-PROV'A-BLE,  a.     Not  deserving  reproof; 

thai  can  not  be  justly  censured.   Col.  i. 
UN-RE-PRO V'£D,  a.    Not  reproved  ;  not  censured. 

Sandys. 

9.  Not  liable  to  reproof  or  blame.  Milton. 
UN-RE-PUG'NANT,  a.   Not  repugnant ;  not  op|)osite. 
UN-REP'U-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  reputable.  [Hooker. 

[For  tliis,  DisREruTAHLE  is  generally  used.l 
UN-REP'II-TA-UEY,  adv.  Disreputably. 
UN-RE-aUEST'ED,  a.    Not  requested  ;  not  asked. 

Knolle.'. 

UN-RE-CIUTR'OT,  a.    Not  demanded  ;  not  needed. 
UN-RE-aUIT'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  retaliated. 

Boyle. 

UN-RE-QUIT'ED,  a.  Not  requited  ;  not  recompensed. 
UN-RES'€U-jED,  a.    Not  rescued  ;  not  delivered. 

PoUok. 

UN-RE-SENT'ED,  a.    Not  resented  ;  not  regarded 

with  anuer.  Rogers. 
UN-RE-SENT'ING,  a.    Not  regarding  with  anger. 
UN-RE-SERVE',  (-re-zerv',)  n.    Absence  of  reserve  ; 

frankness;  freedom  of comnmnication.  fVarton. 
UN-RE  SERVED,  a.     Not  reserved  ;  not  retained 

when  a  part  is  granted. 
2.  Not  limited;  not  withheld  in  part ;  full;  entire; 

oa,  unreserved  obedience  to  God's  commands. 

Rogers. 


UNR 

3.  Ojien  ;  frank;  cuncealius  or  williholiling  noth- 
ing ;  free  ;  as,  an  unreserved  disc-Insure  of  farts. 
UN-RE-SERV'ED-LY,  adv.     Without  limitation  or 
reservation.  Boyle. 

2.  With  open  disclosure  ;  frankly ;  without  con- 
cealment. Pope. 
UN-RE-SERV'ED-NESS,  n.    Frankness;  openness; 
freedum  of  coiiimuiiication  ;  uiiliinitedness. 

Boyle.  Pope. 

UN-RE-SIGN'£D,  a.    Not  git  en  up ;  not  surrendered. 

2.  Nut  siibiiiissivc  to  God's  will. 
UN-RE-SIST'ED,  (-re-zist'ed,)  a.  [See  Resist.]  Not 
resisted  ;  not  op|iosed.  Beniley. 

2.  Resistless;  such  as  can  not  be  successfully  op- 
posed. Pope. 
UN-RE-SIST'I-BLE,  a.    Irresistible.  Temple. 
UN-KE-SI.ST'ING,  a.    Not  making  resistance  ;  yield- 
ing to  physical  force  or  to  persuasion.  Uryden. 
2.  Submissive;  humble.  Buekminster. 
UN-RE-SIST'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  resistance. 

Randolph. 

UN-RE-SOLV'A-BLE,  a.   That  can  not  be  solved  or 

resolved.  Sontli. 
UN-RE-S0LV'/;D,  a.    Not  resolved  ;  not  determined. 

Shnk. 

2.  Not  solved  ;  not  cleared.  I.oeke. 
UN-RE-SOLV'ED  NESS,  11.    State  of  being  undeter- 
mined ;  irresdliiliun. 
UN-RE-SOLV'ING,  a.  Not  resolving  ;  undetermined. 

Ihnjden. 

UN-RE-SPECT'A-BLE,  a.     Not  respectable.  [JVot 

used.']  jil'alone. 
UN-RE-SPECT'ED,  a.    Not  respected  ;  not  regarded 

with  respect.  iihak. 
UN-RE-SPEGT'IVE,  a.     Inattentive;  taking  little 

notice.    LV(/<  in  use.]  Shak. 
UN-RE-PPlR'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  breathed. 
UN-RES'PIT-ED,  a.    Not  respited. 

2.  Admitting  no  pause  or  intermission.  Jililton. 
UN-RE-^P<JNS'I-BLE,a.  Nut  answerable  ;  not  liable. 
2.  Not  able  to  answer  ;  not  having  the  property  to 

respond. 

iluREspoNsinLE  Is  ajso  used  in  the  like  sense.] 
tE-SI'ONS'iVE,  a.    Not  responsive. 
UN-REST',  71.     Unquietness;  uneasiness.  [Little 

used.]  Spenser.  Wotton. 

UN-REST'ED,  a.   Not  rested  ;  not  laid  on  for  support. 

£.  Ervinir. 

UN-REST'ING,  a.  Not  resting ;  continually  in  mo- 
tion. Byron. 

UN-REST'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  rest. 

UN-RE-SToR'KD,  a.  Not  restored;  not  having  re- 
covered health. 

2.  Not  restored  to  a  former  place,  to  favor,  or  to  a 
former  condition. 

UN-RE-STRAIN' A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  re- 
strained. Varjcin* 

UN-RE-STRAIN'£D,  a.  Not  restrained  ;  not  con- 
trolled ;  not  confined  ;  not  hindered.  Dryden. 

2.  Licentious  ;  loose.  Shak. 

3.  Not  limited;  as,  an  unrestrained  power;  mtre- 
strained  truth. 

UN-RE-STRAINT',  n.   Freedom  from  restraint. 
UN-RE-STRieT'ED,  a.    Not  restricted  ;  not  limited 

or  confined.  Smollett. 
UN-RE-TRACT'ED,  a.    Not  retracted  ;  not  recalled. 

Collier. 

UN-RE-TR  ACT'ILE,  a.   That  can  not  be  withdrawn. 
UN-RE-TURN'AI),  a.    Not  returned. 
UN-RE-VEAL'£D,a.    Not  revealed  ;  not  discovered  ; 

not  disclosed.  Pope. 
UN-RE-VeAL'ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  uiire- 

vealed.  Bajter. 
UN-RE-VENG'£D,  a.   Not  revenged  ;  as,  an  injury 

unrerenged. 
2.  Not  vindicated  by  just  punishment. 

Scipio'i  ghost  walk*  unrevenged.  Additon. 

UN-RE-VENGE'F}JL,  (-re-venj'-,)  a.  Not  disposed 
to  revenge.  Hacket, 

UN-RE-VENGE  FJJL-LY,  adv.   Without  revenge. 

UN-REV'E-NO-£D,  (-rev'e-nOde,)  a.  Not  furnished 
with  a  revenue.  Pollok. 

UN-RE-VkR'£D,  a.    Not  revered. 

UN-REV'ER-EN-C£D,  (-rev'er-enst,)  a.  Not  rever- 
enced. 

UN-REV'ER-END,  a.    Not  reverend. 

2.  Disrespectful  ;  irreverent  ;  as,  an  unrevrrend 

tongue.  Sliak. 
UN-REVER  ENT,  a.  Irreverent 

[  The  latter  is  ehiefiy  used.] 
UN-RE  VER-ENT-LY,  adv.    Irreverently,  which  sec. 
UN-RE-VERS'£D,  (-re-verst',)  a.    Not  reversed  ;  not 

annulled  by  a  counter  decision  ;  as,  a  judgment  or 

decree  ttnreverseU. 
UN-RF-VERT'ED,  o.  Not  reversed  ;  not  turned  back. 
UN-RE- \'IS'£D,  a.    Not  revised  ;  not  reviewed  ;  not 

corrected. 

UN-RE-VIV£D,  a.  Not  revived  ;  not  recalled  into 
life  or  force. 

UN-RE-VoK'£D,  (-re-vokt',)  a.  Not  revoked  ;  not 
recalled  ;  nut  annulled.  Milton. 

UN-RE-WARD'ED,  a.  Not  rewarded;  not  compen- 
sated. Pope. 


UNR 

UN-RE-WARU'ING,  a.    Nut  r.  compeii«ing. 
UN-RHE-TUR'lf-AI.,(-r.!-tor'ik-al,)a.  Nut  rlieU.rical. 
UN-RIIE-TOR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Not  in  u  rlictorical 
manner. 

UN-RII?M'£D,  a.    Not  put  Into  rhyme.     Kd.  Ret. 
UN-RI1)'U£N,  a.    Not  nd.Ieii. 

UN-RID'DLE,  t).  f.    To  solve  or  explain;  as,  to  un- 
riddle all  enigma  or  mystery. 
2.  'i'o  explain. 

And  wliirc  you  cao'l  unriddtt,  lewm  to  Inist.  Pamtll. 

UN-RII)'I)LKD,        Explained;  interpreted. 
UN  RID'DLER,  n.    One  who  explains  an  enigma. 
UN-RlI)'DhIN(;, /vr.    Solving;  explaining. 
UN-R!-DI€'t;-LUUS,  a.    Not  ridiculous. 
UN-RI'FL£D,  a.  Not  rified  ;  not  robbed  ;  not  stripped. 

JIume. 

UN-RIG',  r.  t.  To  strip  of  both  standing  and  running 
rigging  ;  as,  to  unriir  a  ship.  Totten. 

U!V-RKi'(J£D,  pp.    Stripiwii  of  rigging. 

UN-RIG'GING,  ppr.    Stripping  of  rigging. 

UN-RIGHT',  ji.    Not  right ;  wrong.  [Ubs.] 

UN-RKJHT'EOUS,  (un-ri'chus,)  a.  [Sax.  unrildvoia ; 
that  is,  not  right-wise.] 

1.  Not  lighteuiis  ;  not  just;  not  conformed  in  heart 
and  life  to  the  divine  law  ;  evil ;  wicked  ;  used  of 
persons. 

2.  Unjust ;  contrary  to  law  and  equity  ;  as,  an  un- 
righteous decree  or  sentence. 

UN-RIGIIT'EOUS-LY,  (iin-ri'chus-ly,)  adv.  Un- 
justly ;  wickedly  ;  sinfully.  Unjden. 

UN-RIG nT'EOUS-NE:?S,  (un-ri'chiis-noss,)  n.  In- 
justice ;  a  violation  of  the  divine  law,  or  <if  the  plain 
principles  of  justice  and  equity;  wickedness.  Un- 
righteousness may  consist  of  a  single  unjust  art,  but 
more  generally,  when  applied  to  |>ersons,  it  denotes 
un  habitual  course  of  wickedness.  Mom,  i.  vi.  2 
Cor.  vi. 

Every  Iransffression  of  Ihe  law  is  unrigKleoutnett.  Hail. 


list.  Shak. 


UN-RIG IIT'FIJL,  a.    Not  rightful ;  not  j 
UN-RI(;I1T'FI;L-LY,  adv.  Wrongfully. 
U.V-RIGIlT'FfjL-NESS,  n.    Stale  of  being  unrightful. 
UN-RING',  V.  L    To  deprive  of  a  ring  or  of  rini;s. 

Hudibras, 

UN-RING'ING,  jrpr.  Depriving  of  a  ring  or  rings. 
UN-RI'UT-ED,  a.    Free  from  rioting.    [jVot  used.] 

Mail. 

UN-RIP',  V.  t.    To  rip.  Baeo'n, 
[This  word  is  unnecessary,  the  idea  being  ex- 
pressed by  Rip.] 

UN-RIPE',  a.  Not  ripe  ;  not  mature  ;  not  brought  to 
a  state  of  perfection  ;  as,  unripe  fruit.  Shak, 

2.  Not  seasonable  ;  not  yet  proper. 

lie  fijied  hi*  unripe  Tengc.iiice  to  defer.  Dn/den. 

3.  Not  prepared ;  not  completed  ;  as,  an  unripe 
scheme. 

4.  Too  early  ;  as,  the  unrip$  death  of  Dorilaus. 
[Unusual.]  Sidney, 

UN-RlP'£N-£D,  a.    Not  ripened  ;  not  matured. 

,1ddison. 

UN-RTPE'NESS,  n.   Want  of  ripeness  ;  immaturity  ; 

as,  the  unripeness  of  fruit  or  of  a  [iroject. 
UN-RIS'£N,  (-riz'n,)  a.    Not  risen.  .Ycele. 
UN-RI'VAL-£D,  a.     Having  no  rival ;  having  no 
competitor.  Pope, 
2.  Having  no  equal ;  pecrlcs. 
UN-RIVET,  V.  L   To  loose  from  rivets  ;  to  unfasten. 

/rale. 

UN-RIV'ET-ED,  pp.  Loosed  from  rivets  ;  unfastened. 
UN-RIV'ET-ING,  jijjr.     Unfastening;  loosing  from 
rivets. 

UN-R6BE',  V.  t.  To  strip  of  a  robe  ;  to  undress;  to 
disrobe.  Young, 

UN-RoH'£D,  pp.    Undressed  ;  disrobed. 

UN-Rol!'ING,  7>;>r.    Divesting  of  robes;  undressing. 

UN-R01L'£D,  a.  Not  rendered  turbid  ;  not  disturbed 
in  mind. 

UN-RoLL',  r.  (.  To  open  what  is  rolled  or  convolved  ; 
as,  to  unroll  cloth. 
2  To  display.  Dryden, 
UN-R6LI.'£D,  pp.    Opened,  as  a  roll  ;  displayed. 
U\-RoLL'ING,  ;ipr.    Opening,  , is  a  roll;  displaying. 
UN-Ro'M  AN-I/.-£D,  a.  Not  subjected  to  Roman  .arms 
or  customs.  Whduker, 

2.  Not  subjected  to  the  principles  or  usages  of  the 
Roman  Catliulic  church. 
UN-RO-MA.N'Tie,  a.    Not  romantic  ;  not  fanciful. 

SirijX, 

UN-RO-MAN'Tie-AL-LY,  arfp.    Not  romantically. 
UN-ROOF',  V.  L    To  strip  olfthe  roof  or  covering  of  a 

house. 

UN-ROOF'ED,  (-roofl',)  pp.  Stripped  of  tlic  roof. 

U.N-ROOF'I.N'G,  ppr.    Stripping  of  the  roof. 

UN-ROOST'ED,  a.    Driven  from  the  roost.  Shak, 

UN-ROOT',  V.  t.  To  tear  up  by  the  roots  ;  to  extir- 
p.ite  ;  to  eradicate  ;  as,  to  unroot  an  oak.  Dryden. 

UN-ROOT',  r.  i.    To  be  torn  up  by  the  roots. 

UN-ROOT'ED,  pp.    Extirpated  ;  torn  up  by  the  roots. 

UN-ROOT'ING,  ppr.  Tearing  up  by  the  roots  ;  extir- 
pating. 

UN-ROUGH',  (un-rufT,)  a.    Not  rough;  unbe.yded; 

smooth.  Shak, 
UN-ROUND'ED,  a.    Not  made  round.  Donne. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Tll  as  in  THIS. 


xxxx 


1213 


UNS 

UN-ROUT'ED,  a.  Not  routed;  not  thrown  into  dis- 
firdi-r.  Bciium, 

UN-ROY'AL,  a.    Not  royal  ;  iinprincelv.  Sidnni. 

UN-ROY'AL-LY,  a.  Not  like  a  king  ;  "not  bftconiing 
a  kine-  Potter. 

UN-RUF'FLE,  (-ruf'fl,)  v.  i.  To  cease  from  being 
ruffled  or  agitated ;  to  subside  to  smoothness. 

JSildi.'ion, 

UN-RUF'FLED,  a.    Calm  ;  tranquil ;  not  agitated. 

Calm  and  unruled  as  a  Bummer's  sea.  Addison. 
2.  Not  disturbed ;  not  agitated ;  as,  an  unruffled 
temper. 

UN-RuL'£D,  a.  Not  ruled  ;  not  governed  ;  not  di- 
rected bv  superior  power  or  authority.  Spoiler. 

UN-RU'Li-NESS,  71.  [from  iin7-«;i/.]  Disregard  of 
restraint ;  licetitiou,-:ness  ;  turbulence  ;  as,  the  unru- 
liiiess  of  men,  or  of  their  passions. 

2.  The  dispi>sitiou  of  a  beast  to  break  over  fences 
and  wander  from  an  inclosure  ;  the  practice  of  break- 
ing or  leaping  over  fences. 

UN-RO'LY,  a.  Disregarding  restraint;  licentious; 
disposed  to  violate  laws;  turbulent;  ungovernable; 
as,  an  unruly  youth. 

The  tongue  can  no  man  tame  ;  it  is  an  unruly  evil.  —  James  iv. 

2.  Accustomed  to  break  over  fences  and  escape 
from  inclosures ;  apt  to  break  or  leap  fences ;  as,  an 
unruly  ox. 

Tlie  owner  of  the  unruly  ox  paid  a  sum  of  money,  as  a  civil 
jienidly  for  the  ransom  of  his  life.  iS.  E.  Dtoight. 

UN-Ru'.MI-Na-TED,  a.  Not  well  chewed  ;  not  well 
digested.  BuUnirbroke. 

UN-RU.M'PLE,  V.  U  To  free  from  rumples  ;  to  spread 
or  lav  even.  Addison. 

UN-RUM'PLi!D,  pp.    Freed  from  rumples. 

UN-SAB'BATH-LIKE,  a.  Not  according  to  usage  on 
the  Sabbath. 

UN-SAD'D£N,  (un-sad'n,)  v.  t.    To  relieve  from  sad- 
ness. fVhitlock. 
UN-SAD'DSX-M),  pp.    Relieved  from  sadness. 
UN-SAD'DiJN-ING,  jypr.    Relieving  from  sadness. 
UN-SAD'DLE,  (  sad'dl,)  v.  t.    To  strip  of  a  saddle  ; 

to  take  the  saddle  from  ;  as,  to  unsaddle  a  horse. 
UN-SAD'DLED,  pp.    Divested  of  the  saddle. 

2.  a.    Not  saddled  ;  nut  having  a  saddle  on. 
UN-SAFE',  a.    Not  safe;  not  free  from  danger;  ex- 
posed to  harm  or  destruction.       Milton.  Dryden. 
2.  riazardous  ;  as,  an  unsafe  adventure. 
UN-SaFE'LY,  o<;».    Not  safely  ;  not  without  danger  ; 
in  a  state  exposed  to  loss,  harm,  or  destruction. 

Orem. 

UN-SaFE'NESS,  n.    State  of  being  unsafe.  nUlL-:. 
UN-SaFE'TY,  n.    State  of  being  unsafe  ;  exposure  to 

danger.  Bacon. 
UN-SAID',  (un-sed',)  jtp.  or  a.  Not  said  ;  not  spoken ; 

not  uttered.  Dryden. 
UN-SAINT',  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  saintship.  South. 
UN-SaINT'ED,  pp.    Not  sainted. 
UN-SAINT'LY,  a.    Not  like  a  saint. 
UN-SAL' A-BLE,  a.    Not  salable  ;  not  in  demand  ; 

not  meeting  a  ready  sale  ;  as,  unsalable  goods. 
UN-SALT'ED,  a.    Not  salted  ;  not  pickled  ;  fresh  ; 

as,  unsalted  meat. 
UN-SA-I.OT'EI),  n.    Not  saluted  ;  not  greeted. 
UN-SANe-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.    A  state  of  being  un- 

sanctified, 

UN-SANC'TI-FT-iSD,  (-fide,)  a.    Not  sanctified  ;  un- 
holy. Tlwdcy. 
2.  Not  consecrated. 
UN-SANC'TION-ED,  a.    Not  sanctioned;  not  rati- 
fied ;  not  approved  ;  not  authorized.  Walsh. 
UN-SAN'DAL-£D,  a.    Not  wearing  sandals. 
UN-SAT'ED,  a.    Not  sated ;  not  satisfied  or  satiated. 

Shenstone, 

UN-Sa'TIA-BLE,  a.   That  can  not  be  satisfied. 

[But  Insatiable  is  gcnerallv  tised.] 
UN-Sa'TIATE,  a.    Not  satisfied.    [0/w.]  More. 

(I>5ATiATK  is  the  word  now  used. J 
UN-Sa'TIa-TING,  a.    Not  satiating.  Tucker. 
UN-SAT'INO,  a.    Not  sating  or  tilling. 
UN-SAT-IS-FAC'TION,  n.    Dissatisfaction.  Brmm. 
UN-SAT-IS-FAe'TO-RI-LY,  ado.    So  as  not  to  give 
satisfaction. 

UN-SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  not  being  satisfactory  ;  failure  to  give  satis- 
faction. Bntfle. 

UN-SAT-IS-FAG'TO-RY,  a.  Not  giving  satisfaction  ; 
not  c«»nvincing  the  mind. 

2.  .\ol  giving  content;  as,  an  unsatisfactory  cam- 
pensaiion. 

UN-SAT'lS-FI-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  he  satisfied. 

Tattlor. 

UN-SAT' IS  FI-KD,  a.  Not  satisfied  ;  not  having 
enough  ;  not  filled  ;  not  gratified  to  the  full ;  a^,  un- 
aatisfird  appetites  or  ilrsircs. 

2.  Not  content ;  not  plcniied  ;  ns,  to  be  nnsatisfed 
with  the  ch<iico  of  an  officer  ;  to  br  untati^ied  with 
the  wages  or  compensation  allowed. 

3.  Not  settled  in  opuiion  ;  not  resting  In  confidence 
of  the  truth  of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  be  uuitattuficd  as  to 
the  freedom  of  the  will. 

4.  Not  convinced  or  fully  persuaded.  The  Judges 
appeared  to  be  unsali.'t/ied  with  the  evidence. 


UNS 

5.  Not  fully  paid. 

An  execution  returned  unsatisfied.  Daggett,  Whealon's  Rep. 

UN-SAT'IS-FI-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  not 
satisfied  or  content. 

UN-SAT'IS-FV-ING,  a.  Not  afl'ording  full  gratifica- 
tion of  appetite  or  desire ;  not  giving  content ;  not 
convincinii  the  mind.  Addison. 

UN-SAT'IS-F^-ING-NESS,  n.  Incapability  of  grati- 
lying  to  the  fill.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-SAT' y-RA-TED,  a.  Not  saturated ;  not  supplied 
to  the  full.  Chemistry. 

UN-SAV'£D,  0.   Not  saved  ;  not  having  eternal  life. 

Pullok. 

UN-Sa'VOR-I-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  displease  or  disgust. 

Milton. 

UN-SA'VOR-I-NESS,  n.    A  bad  taste  or  smell. 

Johnson. 

UN-SA'VOR-Y,  a.  Tasteless  ;  having  no  taste.  Job  vi. 

2.  Having  a  bad  taste  or  smell.    Milton.  Brown. 

3.  Unpleasing;  disgusting.  Hooker.  Skak. 
UN-SAY',  V.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Unsaid.    To  recant  or 

recall  what  has  been  said  ;  to  retract ;  to  deny  some- 
thing declared. 

S.iy,  and  unsay,  feign,  flatter,  or  abjure.  Milton. 

UN-SGa'LY,  a.  Not  scaly  ;  having  no  scales.  Oay. 
UN-SeAN'N£D,  a.   Not  measured  ;  not  computed. 

Sliak. 

UN-Se.\R'i?D,  a.    Not  scared  ;  not  frightened  awav. 

UN-f^CA  R'RKD,  a.  Not  marked  with  scars  or  wounds. 

UN-^^eATH'EI),  (-skatht',)  a.    Uninjured.  [Shak. 

UN-SeAT'TER-£D,  a.  Not  scattered  ;  not  dispersed  ; 
not  thrown  into  confusion. 

UN-SCEP'TER-£D,  a.  Having  no  scepter  or  royal 
authority  ;  not  crowned  as  king. 

UN-S€H6l'AR-LY,  (-skol'ar-le,)  a.  Not  suitable  to 
a  scholar.  Asiat.  Res. 

UN-St'HO-LAS'Tie,  a.    Not  bred  to  literature  ;  as, 
unsckolastic  statesmen.  Locke. 
2.  Not  scholastic. 

UN-SeHOOL'£D,  a.  Not  taught;  not  educated  ;  il- 
literate. Hooker. 

UN-SCI-EN-TIF'ie,  a.    Not  scientific;  not  according 
to  the  rules  or  principles  of  science. 
2.  Not  versed  in  science.  Mantell. 

UN-SCI-EN-TIF'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manivjr  con- 
trary to  the  rules  or  principles  of  science. 

UN-SCIN'TIL-La-TING,  a.  Not  sparkling  ;  not 
emitting  sparks.  J.  Barlnc. 

UN-SeuUeH'£D,  (-skorcht',)  a.  Not  scorched ;  not 
aftected  by  fire.  Shak. 

UN-Seo'Ri-FI-£D,  a.  Not  scorified  ;  not  converted 
into  dross. 

UN-SeoUR'ED,  a.  Not  scoured  ;  not  cleaned  by  rub- 
bing ;  as,  unsconred  armor.  Shak. 

UN-SeRATCH'£D,  (-skracht',)  a.  Not  scratched; 
not  turn.  Sliak. 

UN-S€REEN'£D,  a.  Not  screened  ;  not  covered  ;  not 
sheltered  ;  not  protected  ;  not  sifted.  Boyle. 

UN-S€REW',  (-skru',)  v.  t.  To  dravy  the  screws 
from  ;  to  loose  from  screws  ;  to  unfasten.  Burnet, 

UN-SCREW£D,  pp.    Loosed  from  screws. 

UN-SeREVV'lNG,  ppr.    Drawing  the  screws  from. 

Ui\-SeRlP'TqR-AL,  a.  Not  agreeable  to  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  not  warranted  by  the  authority  of  the  word  of 
God  ;  as,  an  unscriptural  doctrine. 

UN-SCRIP'TUR-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  ac- 
cording with  the  Scriptures. 

UN-SeRu'PU-LOUS,  a.  Not  scrupulous  ;  having  no 
scruples.  Mil  ford. 

UN-S€Ru'PU-LOUS-LY,  atlv.  In  an  unscrupulous 
maniK^r. 

UN-SCRCPU-LOUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  scrupulous- 
ness. Miiford. 

UN-SeRu'TA-BLE.    See  InscnnTASLE. 

UN-SeiILP'T(TR-£D,  pp.    Not  engraved. 

UN-S€UTUII'EO.N-£D,  (-skuch'uiid,)  a.  Not  hon- 
ored with  a  coat  of  arms.  '  Pollok. 

UN-Si'f.AL',  V.  t.  To  break  or  remove  the  seal  of;  to 
open  whtit  is  sealed  ;  as,  to  unseal  a  letter. 

UN-S|7:AL'£I),  pp.    Opened,  as  something  sealed. 
2.  a.    Not  sealed  ;  having  no  seal,  or  the  seal 
broken.  Shak. 

UN-Sl"?.AL'ING,  ppr.  Breaking  the  seal  of;  opining. 

UN-SkAM',  v.  t.    To  rip;  to  cut  open.  Shak. 

UN-SkAiM'£D,  pp.    Ripped;  cut  open. 

U.N-S1:aRC11'A-IILE,  (-serch'a-bl,)  a.  That  can  not 
be  searched  or  explored  ;  inscrutable ;  hidden  ;  mys- 
terious. 

The  counsels  of  God  ar«  to  ns  unsearcAa&/«.  Rogers. 

UN-SE ARCH'A-BLE-NESS,  (-serch'a-bl-ness,)  n  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unsearchable,  or  l)i>ytuid  the 
power  of  man  to  explore.  Branihall. 

UN-SEARCII'A-BLY,  (-scrch'a  bly,)arfu.  In  a  man- 
ner HO  as  not  to  be  explored. 

UN-SEARCir£D,  (  sercht',)  a.  Not  searched  ;  not 
explored  ;  not  critically  examined. 

UN  SKARCH'ING,  a.  Not  searching;  not  penetrat- 
ing. 

UN-SI-.AR'£D,  n.    Not  seared  ;  not  hardened.  Pollok. 

UN-SkA'S5()N  A  RLi;,  (  sC'zn-a-bl,)  a.  Not  seasona- 
ble ;  not  being  in  the  prfi|H'r  setison  or  time.  He 
called  at  an  unseasonable  hour. 


UNS 

2.  Not  suited  to  the  time  or  occasion  ;  unfit;  un- 
timely ;  ill-timed  ;  as,  unseasonable  advice  ;  an  unrea- 
sonable digression. 

3.  Late  ;  being  beyond  the  usual  time.  He  came 
home  at  an  unseasonable  time  of  night, 

4.  Not  agreeable  to  the  time  of  the  year  ;  as,  an 
UJiseasonable  frost.  The  frosts  of  1816,  in  June,  July, 
and  August,  in  New  England,  were  considered  tin- 
seasonable,  as  thev  were  unusual. 

UN-SEA'S  ON- A-liLE-NESS,  n.  [Supra.]  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  unseasonable,  ill-timed,  or  out 
of  the  usual  time. 

UN-SkA'SO.\-A-BLY,  arfe.  Not  seasonably  ;  not  in 
due  time,  or  not  in  the  usual  time  ;  not  in  the  time 
bestjidaptcd  to  success.  Dniden.  Arbulhnot. 

UN-Sl.:A'SON-£D,  (-sE'znd,)  a.  Not  seasoned;  not 
exhausted  of  the  natural  juices,  and  hardened  for 
use  ;  as,  unseasoned  wood,  boards,  timber,  &,c. 

2.  Not  inured;  not  accustomed;  U't  fitted  to  en- 
dure any  thing  by  use  or  habit ;  as,  men  unseasoned 
to  tropical  climates  are  exposed  to  fevers. 

3.  Unformed  ;  not  qualified  by  use  or  experience  ; 
as,  an  unseasoned  courtier.  Shak. 

4.  Not  salted  ;  not  sprinkled,  filled,  or  impregnated 
with  any  thing  to  give  relish  ;  as,  unseasoned  meat. 

5.  _Unseasonable.  [JVo«  in  use.]  Shak. 
UN-SkAT',  II.  (.  To  throw  from  the  seat.  Cowper. 
UN-SEAT'ED,  pp.    Thrown  from  the  seat. 

2.  a.    Not  seated  ;  having  no  seat  or  bottom. 

3.  Not  settled  with  inliabitants  ;  as,  unseated  lands. 
[^ye  usually  say  Unsettled.]  [fVolcott. 

UN-tr-;AT'ING,  ppr.   Throwing  from  a  seat. 
UN-SicA'VVOR-THI-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

unable  to  sustain  the  ordinary  violence  of  the  sea  in 

a  tempest.  Kent. 
UN-SiiA'WOR-THY,  a.    Not  fit  for  a  voyage  ;  not 

able  to  sustain  the  violence  of  the  .sea;  as,  the  ship 

is  nnsraworthy. 
UN-SECOND  ED,  a.    Not  seconded  ;  not  supported. 

The  motion  was  unseconded ;  the  attempt  was  unsec- 

onded. 

2.  Not  exemplified  a  second  time.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Brown. 

UN-SE'CRET,  a.   Not  secret ;  not  close ;  not  trusty. 

Slwk. 

UN-SE'CRET,  jj. «.  To  disclose;  to  divulge.  [JVot 
u.ied.]  Bacon. 

UN-SEC-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Not  sectarian  ;  not  intended 
or  adapted  to  promote  a  sect.  Buckham. 

UN-SEC'U-LAR,  a.    Not  worldly. 

UN-SEC'U-LAR-IZE,  v.  t.  To  dstach  from  secular 
things  ;  to  alienate  from  the  vrorld.  CA.  Obs. 

UN-SE-CORE',  a.    Not  secure  ;  not  safe. 
[But  Insecure  is  generally  used.] 

UN-SE-CUR'£D,  a.    Not  secured. 

UN-SED'EN-TA-RY,  a.  Not  accustomed  to  sit  much. 

Wordsworth. 

UN-SE-DCC'£D,  f-dust',)  a.  Not  seduced  ;  not  drawn 
or  persuaded  to  deviate  from  the  path  of  duty. 

Milton. 

UN-SEED'ED,  a.    Not  seeded  ;  not  sown. 

Ash.  Cotcper. 
UN-SEE'ING,  a.    Wanting  the  power  of  vision  ;  not 

seeing.  Shak. 
UN-SEEM',  V.  i.    Not  to  seem.    [JVot  in  iwc]  SItak. 
UN-SEEM'LI-NESS,  71.    Uncomeliness  ;  indecency; 

indecorum  ;  impropriety.  Hooker. 
UN-SEE.M'LV,  a.    Not  fit  or  becoming;  uncomely; 

unbecoming  ;  indecent. 

My  sons,  let  your  unseemly  discord  cease.  Dryden. 

UN-SEEM'LY,  adv.    Indecently  ;  unbecomingly. 

Philips. 

UN-SEEN',  a.    Not  seen  ;  not  discovered.  Milton. 

2.  Invisible  ;  not  discoverable  ;  as,  the  unseen  God. 

3.  Unskilled  ;  inexperienced.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Clarendon. 

UN-Sk.IZ'£D,  a.    Not  seized  ;  not  apprehended. 

2.  Not  possessed  ;  not  taken  into  possession. 
U\-SEL'DOM,  nrfii.    Not  seldom.  [Dniden. 
UN-SE-LECT'ED,  a.    Not  selected  ;  not  separated  by 
choice. 

UN-SE-T,E€T'ING,  a.    Not  selecting. 

UN-SELF'1S|{,  a.  Not  selfish;  not  unduly  attached 
to  one's  own  interest.  Spectator. 

ITN-SKLF'ISII-I,Y,  adv.    Without  selfishness. 

UN-SEXS'£D,  (-senst',)  a.  Wanting  a  distinct  mean- 
ing ;  without  a  certain  signification.  Puller. 

UN  SE.XS'I-BLE,  a.    Not  sensible. 
[But  Insensihle  is  now  used.] 

UN-SE\S'l^-AL-I7.-£D,  a.    Not  sensualized. 

UN-SENT',  a.  Not  sent;  not  dispatched  ;  not  trans- 
mitted. 

Unsent  for;  not  called  or  invited  to  attend. 
UN-PE\'TIENT,  (-seu'shent,)  a.    Not  sentient. 
UN-SEN'T1-NEL-£D,  o.    Without  a  sentinel. 

F.d.  Rev. 

UN-SEP'A  RA-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  parted. 

[But  iNsEPAnAHLE  is  noiv  used.] 
UN-SEP'A-RA-TED,  a.    Not  separated  or  parted. 
UN-SKP'UL-eilER-£D,  j  a.    Having  no  grave  ;  un- 
UN-SEP'UL-CIIRKl),      \     buried.  Chapman. 
UN-SEP'ni,  Ti;R-£D,  a.  Unburied. 
UN-SERV'£D,  a.    Not  served. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T  METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1214 


UNS 


UNS 


UNS 


UN-SERV'ICE-A-HLK,  a.  Nnt  serviceable  ;  not 
brinsing  advaiUiiKC,  use,  prnlit,  nr  coiiveiiieni  e ; 
useless  ;  as,  an  un<arr'ierahle  ulensil  or  parnirnt  ;  an 
unsPrrirrabU  tract  of  land  ;  nnstrvict'tittle  niti>k('la. 

U.\-SEKV'l(,'E-A-nLK-i\KSS,  «.  The  quali'y  or 
slate  of  being  useless ;  unfitness  for  use. 

Stiitder.ton, 

UN-SERV'ICE-A-BLY,  adv.  Without  use  ;  without 
advantage.  It'oodwarJ. 

UN-SKT^  a.    Not  set ;  not  placed.  Jlouker. 
2.  Not  sunk  below  the  hori/.on. 

UN-.SET'TLE,  V.  I.  To  unfix  j  to  move  or  loosen 
from  a  fixetl  state;  to  unhinge  ;  to  make  uncertain 
or  fluctuating;  as,  to  unsettle  doctrines  and  opin- 
ions. 

2.  To  move  from  a  place.  UKstratige. 

3.  To  overthrow.  Fleetwood. 
UN-?ET'TI.E,  B.  i.  To  become  unfixed.  Shak. 
UN-SET'TLf,"D,  pp.    Unfixed  ;  unhinged  ;  rendered 

fluctuating. 

2.  a.    Not  settled  ;  not  fixed  ;  not  determined  ;  an 
doctrines,  questions,  opinions,  and  the  like. 

3.  Not  established.  Dnjden. 

4.  Not  regular;  unequal;  changeable;  as,  an  un- 
settled season  ;  unsettled  weather.  Bentleij. 

5.  Not  having  a  legal  settlement  in  a  town  or  par- 
ish. 

6.  Having  no  fixed  place  of  abode.  Hooker. 

7.  Not  having  deposited  its  fecal  matter;  turbid; 
as,  unsettled  liquor. 

8.  Having  no  inliabitants  ;  not  occupied  by  perma- 
nent inhabitants  ;  as,  unsettled  lands  in  America. 

Belknap.  Hamilton. 
UN-SET'TLKD-NEPS,  n.     The  state  of  being  un- 
fixed, unsettled,  or  undetermined. 

2.  Irresolution  ;  fluctuation  of  mind  or  opinions. 

3.  Uncertainly. 

4.  Want  of  fixedness  ;  fluctuation.  South. 
UN-PET'TLE-.MENT,  n.     Unsettled  state;  irreso- 
lution. Barrow. 

UN-SET'TLING,  ppr.  Unfixing;  removing  from  a 
settled  state. 

UN-SK-Vi-.RE',  a.    Not  severe.  Potlok. 

UN-gEV'ER-£D,  a.  Not  severed  ;  not  parted  ;  not 
divided.  Shak. 

UN-SEX',  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  sex,  or  to  make 
otherwise  than  the  sex  commonly  is.  Shak. 

U.\-SEX'£l),  (-sekst',)  pp.  Jlade  otherwise  than  the 
sex  commonly  is. 

UN-SIIACK'LE,  (-shak'l,)  v.  t.  To  unfetter  ;  to  loose 
from  bonds  ;  to  set  free  from  restraint ;  as,  to  un- 
sliaekle  the  hands  ;  to  uiu^hackle  the  mind. 

UN-SHACK'LED,  pp.  Loosed  from  shackles  or  re- 
straint. 

UN-SHACK'LING,  ppr.  Liberating  from  bonds  or 
restraint. 

UN-SHAD'ED,  a.    Not  shaded;  not  overspread  with 
shade  or  darkness.  Boyle. 
2.  Not  clouded  ;  not  having  shades  in  coloring. 
UN-.^HAD'OW-ED,  a.    Not  clouded  ;  not  darkened. 
IIN-SII.A'DY,  a.    Not  shady. 

UN-SH.5K'.-V-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  shaken.  [.Vot 
in  h.ncJ  Shak. 

VS-SU.\K'FX>,  for  Unshaken,  is  not  in  use.  Shak. 

UN-SH.^K'E.\,  a.  Not  shaken;  not  agitated;  not 
moved  :  firm  ;  fixed. 

2.  Not  moved  in  resolution  ;  firm ;  steady. 

3.  Not  subject  to  concussion. 
UN-SH.\.M'£D,  a.    Not  shamed;  not  ashamed;  not 

abashed.  Dniden. 

UN-SHa.ME'Fa-C£D,  (-fastc,)  a.  Wanting  modes- 
ty ;  impudent. 

UN-SI1aME'Fa-C£D-NESS,  n.  Want  of  modesty ; 
impudence.  Chalmers. 

UN-SllAP'.\-nLE,  a.   That  can  not  be  shaped.  Oood. 

UN-SIIaPE',  r.  £.  To  throw  out  of  form  or  into  dis- 
order ;  to  confound ;  to  derange.    [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

UN-SHaP'jEN,  a.    Misshapen ;  deformed  ;  ugly. 

.Addison. 

UN-Sn.\R'ED,  a.  Not  shared  ;  not  partaken  or  en- 
jiiyed  in  common  ;  as,  unshared  bliss.  .Milton. 

UN-SIIaV'KD,  a.    Not  shaved.  Tuoke. 

UN-SHr.ATHE',  v.  L  To  draw  from  the  sheath  or 
scabbard. 


Unsheathe  thy  sword. 


ShaJc, 


To  unsheathe  the  sieord ;  to  make  war. 
UN-PIIKATII'KD,  pp.    Drawn  from  the  sheath. 
UN-.«He.\TH'ING,  ppr.    Drawing  from  the  scab- 
bard. 

UN-SHED',  a.    Not  shed ;  not  spilt ;  as,  blood  unshed. 

Milton, 

UN-.«IIEET'ED,  a.    Not  furnished  with  sheets. 
U.\-glIEL'TER-£D,  a.    Not  sheltered  ;  not  screened  ; 
not  defended  from  danger  or  annoyance. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
UN-SIIEL'TER-rNG,  a.    Not  protecting ;  not  defend- 

t 

U 


ing  from  danger  or  annoyance. 
TN  SllEN'T',  a.    Not  spoiled  ;  not  disgr 
j.N  SlUif.LD'ED,  a.    Not  defended  by  i 


sgraced. 

shield  ;  not 

P."'';  '"'ed  ;  exposed.  Dnjdcn. 
UN-flHFT'lNG,  a.    Not  changing  place,  position,  or 
expedients.  £.  Erring. 


UN-.SIIIP',  ».  (.    To  take  out  of  a  ship  or  other  water 

craft ;  as,  to  unship  goods. 
2.  'i'o  rtmove  I'nim  the  place  where  it  is  fixed  or 

fitted  ;  as,  to  unship  an  oar  ;  to  unship  capstan  bars  ; 

to  unship  the  tiller.  J/./r.  Diet. 

V N-irllll" I' KD,  (sltipl',)  pp.     Removed  from  a  ship 

or  from  its  place. 
2.  Destitute  of  a  ship. 
UN-SHlllT'ED,  a.    Not  covered  with  a  shirt. 
UN-Slll  V'ER-KI),  a.    Not  shivered  or  split. 
U.\-PIIIV'ER-1N«,  a.    Not  shivering. 
UN-Slll  V'ER-ING  LY,  a/ie.    Without  shivering. 
U.\-S1II.V'ER-I.\G-NESS,  n.   State  of  being  unshiv- 

erin;;. 

UN  SIIOCK'ED,  (-shokt',)  a.    Not  shocked  ;  nol  dis- 
gusted ;  not  aslonislK'd.  Ticket. 
U.\-SilOD',  a.    Not  sliod  ;  having  no  shoes. 

Clarendon. 

UN-SHOOK',  a.    Not  shaken  ;  not  agitated.  I'ope. 
UN-SHoIlN',  a.  Not  shorn  ;  not  sheared ;  not  clipped  ; 

as,  unshorn  locks.  Milton. 
UN-tJHG'i'',  a.    Not  Iiit  by  shot.  Waller. 

2.  Not  shot  ;  not  discharged. 
UN-SHOUT',  ti.  t.    To  retract  a  shout.    [jVo(  m  j/ar.] 

Shak. 

UN-SHOW'ER-ED,  a.    Not  watered  or  sprinkled  by 

showers  ;  as,  unshowercd  grass.  Milton. 
UN-SIlRlN'£D,  a.    Not  deposited  in  a  shrine. 

Soulhe7f. 

UN-SHRINK'ING,  a.  Not  shrinking  ;  not  withdraw- 
ing from  danger  or  toil ;  not  recoiling  ;  as,  unshrink- 
ing firmness. 

UN-SH1U.\K'1XG-LY,  arfe.    Witliout  shrinking. 

UN-Slll!I\  'f;\,  n.    Not  shriven. 

UN-Slll!()(JU'i;i),  a.    Not  shrouded  or  covered. 

UN-SIIROi:i)'ING,  a.    Not  shrouding. 

UN-SHRUNK',  a.    Not  shrunk  ;  not  contracted. 

U.X-SI1UN'\A-I!LE,  a.  That  can  not  be  shunned; 
inevitable.    [J\u(  in  use.]  Shak. 

UN-.-^II l'.\'Ni;D,  a.    Not  shunned  ;  not  avoided. 

tJ.\  SHUT',  a.    Nut  shut;  open;  unclosed. 

UN-SI  FT'ED,  a.    Not  sifted  ;  not  separated  by  a 
sieve.  May. 
2.  Not  rriticallv  examined  ;  untrted. 

UN-StGHT'  UN-SEEN';  a  vulgar  phrase,  denoting  un- 
seeiuir  unseen,  or  unseen  repeated  ;  as,  to  buy  a  thing 
nnsiirht  unseen,  that  is,  without  seeing  it.  jiudibras. 

UN-SIGH'ING,  (-si'ing,)  a.    Not  sighing.  Buron. 

UN-SiGHT'ED,  (-sit'ed,)  a.  Not  seen;  invisible. 
[  Obs.]  Shak. 

U.N-SiGHT'LI-NESS,  n.  Disagreeableness  to  the 
sight;  deformity;  ugliness.  Wiseman. 

UN-SIGHT'LY,  (-sit'le,)  a.  Disagreeable  to  the  eye ; 
ugly  ;  deformed.  Milton. 

UN-SIG'NAL-IZ-£;D,  a.  Not  signalized  or  distin- 
guished. 

UN-SIG-NIF'I-eANT,  a.  Having  no  meaning.  [Obs.] 

[See  Insion^ficant.] 
UN-SIG'NI-Fi-£D,  a.    Not  made  known  by  words  or 

signs. 

UN-S1L'VER-£D,  a.    Not  covered  with  quicksilver; 

as,  an  un.tihercd  mirror.  Ure. 
UN-SIN-CKRE',  a.    Not  sincere  ;  hypocritical.  [See 

Insincere.] 

2.  Not  genuine;  adulterated.  Boyle. 

3.  Not  sound  ;  not  solid. 

[Obsolete  in  the  two  liust  significations,  and  for  the 
first.  Insincere  is  generally  used.] 
UN-SIN-CER'I-TY,  n.     Insincerity;   cheat.  [jVot 


used.]  [See  Insin*  ehity.] 
UN  S  I  N'EW,  V.  U    To  depr 


prive  of  strength.  Dryden. 
UN-SIN'EW-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Deprived  of  strength  or 

force  :  weak  ;  nerveless.  S/iak. 
UN-SIN'EVV-ING,  ppr.   Depriving  of  strength;  en- 
feebling. 
UN-SIN'FIJL,  a.    Not  sinful. 

UN-SIN'Fl.L-NESS,  n.    St.ate  of  being  unsinful. 
UN-SING'£D,  (-sinjd',)a.   Not  singed  ;  not  scorched. 

Brown. 

UN-SIN'GL£D,  a.    Not  singled ;  not  separated. 

Drydeti. 

UN-SINK'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  sunk. 
UN-SINK'I.\G,  a.    Not  sinking ;  not  failing. 
UN-SIN'NING,  a.    Committing  no  sin  ;  impeccable  ; 
untainted  with  sin;  as,  unsinning  obedience. 

Roirers. 

UN  SIS'TER-LY,  ado.  or  a.    Not  like  a  sister. 
UN-SIZ'.\-HLE,  a.     Not  being  of  the  proper  size, 

masnilude,  or  bulk.  Smollett. 
UN-SIZ'£D,  a.    Not  sized  or  stifltned  ;  as,  unsized 

paper. 

UN-SKILL'£D,  a.    Wanting  skill ;  destitute  of  readi- 
ness or  dexterity  in  performance.  Pope. 
2.  Destitute  of  practical  knowledge.  Dryden. 

UN-SKILL'FfJL,  a.  Nol  skillful ;  wanting  the 
knowledge  and  dexterity  which  are  acquired  by  ob- 
serv.aiion,  use,  and  experience;  as,  an  unskillful  sur- 
geon :  an  unskillful  mechanic  ;  an  unskillful  logician. 

UN-SKILL'FyL-LY,  adv.  Without  skill,  knowledge, 
or  dexleritv  ;  clumsilv.  Shak. 

UN-SKILL'FyL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  art  or  knowl- 
edge ;  want  of  that  readiness  in  action  or  execution, 
which  is  acquired  by  use,  experience,  and  observa- 
tion. Taylor. 


UN-SLACK'£I),  (iin-slnkl',)  a.   Not  saturated  with 

v^'ater  ,  as.  unslacked  liiiio. 
UN-SI, ACK'£N-£1),  a.    Not  slackened. 
I'N-SLAIN',  «.    N. . I  slam  ;  ntil  killed.  pryden. 
UN-SLAK'£D,  (  slakt',)  a.   Nol  slaked  ;  unqueiiclied  ; 

as,  unslakid  lliirst. 
UN-SLEEP'ING,  a.    Not  sleeping  ;  ever  wakeful. 

Milton. 

UN-SLEPT',  a.    Not  slept. 

UN-SLI.\G',  r.  f.  In  seamcn^s  laniruarre,  lo  take  off 
the  slings  of  a  yard,  a  cask,  tcc. ;  to  release  fnnii  the 
slings.  Totten. 

UN-SLIP'PING,  a.   Not  slipping ;  not  liable  to  slip. 

Sliak. 

UN-SLOW',  a.    Not  slow.    [JVot  in  use.] 
UN-SLU.M'IiER-ING,  a.    Never  sleeping  or  slumbei^ 

ing  ;  alwavs  watching  or  vigilant.  Thodey. 
UN-SLU.M'ItF.R-ING-LY,  arfr.    Wiihout  slumbering. 
UN-S.MIRCH'f-.D,  (-smurcht',)  a.    Not  stained;  nol 

soiled  or  blacked.  Shak. 
UN-S.MIRK'ING,  a.  Not  smirking.  Chesterfield. 
UN-SMoK'£D,  (-sinOkl',)  a.    Not  smoked  ;  not  dried 

in  smoke. 

2.  Not  used  in  smoking,  as  a  pipe.  Swift 
UN-S.MOOTH',  a.   Not  smooth  ;  not  even  ;  rough. 

Milton* 

UN-SMOOTH'£D,  a.    Not  made  smooth.  ScvtL 
UN-So'HER,  a.    Not  sober.    [JVot  used.] 
UN-SO'CIA-BLE,  a.     .Not  suitable  lo  society;  not 
having  the  qualities  whicli  are  proper  for  society, 
and  which  render  it  agreeable ;  as,  an  unsociable 
temper. 

2.  Not  apt  to  converse ;  not  free  in  conversation  ; 
reserved. 

UN-SO'CI  A-BLF^NESS,  /  n.    Slate  of  being  unsocia- 
UN-SO-CIA-BIL'l-TY,    (  bic. 
UN-So'CIA-BLY,  adv.    Not  kindly. 

2.  With  reserve. 
UN-So'ClAL,  a.    Not  adapted  to  society  ;  not  benefi- 
cial to  society.  Shenstvne. 
UN-SOCK'ET,  V.  I,    To  loose  or  take  from  a  socket, 

Siri/t 

UN-SOD'ER,  r.  L   To  separate  what  is  sodered. 
UN-SOFT',  a.    Not  soft ;  hard.    [jVot  u.'^ed.]  Chaucer. 
UN-SOFT',  arfr.    Not  with  softness.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
U.\-S(  )F  r'£X-£n,  a.    Not  softened. 
UN-SOIL'£D,  a.  Not  soiled  ;  not  stained  ;  unpolluted. 

jjryden, 

2.  Not  disgraced  ;  not  tainted  ;  as  character. 
UN-SOL'AC-£D,  a.    Not  comforted  or  consoled. 
UN-SoLD',  a.    Not  sold  ;  not  transferred  for  a  con- 
sideration. 

UN-SoL'DIER-£D,  a.    Not  having  the  qualities  of  a 

soldier.    [J^'^ot  in  use.]  Beaum. 
UN-SoL'DIER-LIKE,  ( a.     [See  Soldier.]  Unbe- 
UN-SoL'DIER-LY,     (     coming  a  soldier.  Broome. 
UN-SOL'EJIN,  a.    Not  sacred,  serious,  or  grave. 

Taylor. 

UN-SO-LIC'IT-ED,  a.    Not  solicited  ;  nol  requested  ; 

unasked.  Halifax. 
2.  Nol  asked  for ;  as,  an  unsolicited  favor. 
UN-SO-LIC'IT-ED-LY,  adv.  Without  being  earnestly 

requested. 

UN-SO-LIC'IT-OUS,  o.  Not  solicitous ;  not  anxious ; 
not  very  desirous. 

UN-SOL'ID,  a.  Not  solid  ;  not  firm  ;  not  substantial ; 
as,  unsolid  arguments  or  reasoning ;  an  unsolid  found- 
ation. 

2.  Fluid.  Locke. 

UN-SOLV'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  solved  ;  inex- 
plicable. More. 

LTN-SOLV'£D,  a.    Nol  solved  ;  not  explained.  Watts. 

U.\-So'XA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  sounded.  [Obs.] 

UN-SO.N'SIE,  a.    Unlucky;  not  fortunate.  r&oftwA,] 

UN-SOOT',  for  Unsweet.    [04^.1  Spenser. 

UN-SO-PIIIST'ie-A-TED,  a.  Not  adulterated  by 
mixture  ;  not  counterfeit ;  pure  ;  as,  unsophisticated 
drugs  ;  un.wphistieated  arguments.  Locke. 

UN-i30R'RoW-£D,  a.   Not  lamented  ;  not  bewailed. 

Hooker. 

UN-SORT'ED,  a.  Not  separated  into  sorU;  not  dis- 
tributed according  lo  kinds  or  classes  ;  as,  unsorted 
tvpes  ;  unsorted  ideas.  Walts. 

UN-SOUGHT',  (  sawi',)  a.  Not  sought ;  not  searched 
for. 

2.  Had  without  searching ;  aa,  unsought  honor ; 
unsought  ideas.  Locke. 

UN-S5UL',  V.  L  To  deprive  of  mind  or  understand- 
ing. Shelton. 

UN-SOUND',  a.  Not  sound  ;  defective  ;  as,  unsound 
timber. 

2.  Infirm  ;  sickly;  as,  unsound  in  health  ;  an  un- 
tound  constitution. 

3.  Nol  orthodox  ;  defective  ;  as,  unsound  in  faith  ; 
unsound  doctrine.  Mdner. 

4.  Not  Sound  in  character;  not  honest ;  not  faith- 
ful ;  not  to  be  trusted  ;  defective  ;  deceitful.  Shak. 

5.  Not  true  ;  not  solid  ;  nol  real  ;  nol  substantial  ; 
as,  unsound  pleasures  ;  un.iound  delights.  Spenser. 

6.  Nol  close  ;  not  compact ;  as,  unsound  cheese. 

Mortimer 

7.  Not  sincere  ;  not  faithful ;  as,  uiisound  love. 

Oay. 

6.  Not  solid  ;  not  material.  Spenser. 


TONE,  B^LL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


UNS 

9.  Erroneous  ;  wrong  ;  deceitful ;  sophistical ;  as, 
uiisoutid  arguments, 

10.  Nut  strong  ;  as,  unsound  ice. 

11.  N(il  fast ;  not  calm  ;  as,  wi-wimd  sleep. 

12.  Not  well  established  ;  defective  :  questionable  ; 
as,  unsound  credit.  Hamilton. 

UN-SOUND'Kl),  a.  Not  sounded ;  not  tried  with  the 
lead. 

UN-SOUND'LY,  adv.  Not  with  soundness  ;  as,  he 
reasons  unsoundUj  ;  he  sleeps  mtsoundly. 

UN-SO(JND'NESS,  n.  Defectiveness;  as,  the  un- 
soundness of  limber. 

2.  Uefectivi-ness  of  faith  ;  want  of  orthodoxy. 

Hooker. 

3.  Corruptness  ;  want  of  solidity  ;  as,  the  unsound- 
ness of  prhiviples.  Hooker. 

4.  Defectiveness;  as,  the  wiiioiiiiAieois  of  fruit. 

5.  Infirmity  ;  weakness  ;  as  of  body  ;  as,  the  ««- 
soundness  of  the  body  or  constitution. 

UN-S01IR'£;D,  a.    Not  made  sour.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  made  morose  or  crabbed.  Drijdcn. 
UN-SoVV'ivD,  I  a.    Not  sown  ;  not  sowed  ;  as,  unsown 
UN-SoVVN',    \     or  unsowed  ground.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  scattered  un  land  for  seed  ;  as,  seed  unsown, 

3.  Not  propagated  by  seed  scattered  ;  as,  unsown 
flowers.  Dniden. 

UN-SPaR'£D,  o.    Not  spared.  MMon. 
UN-SPAR'ING,  a.  Not  parsimonious  ;  liberal ;  profuse. 

.Mdlon. 

2.  Not  merciful  or  forgiving.  Milton. 
UN-SPaK'ING-LY,  a</B.    In  at]Undance  ;  lavishly. 
UN-SPaR'ING-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  lib- 
eral or  profuse.  Mdford. 

UN-SPAUK'LING,  a.  Not  emitting  sparks  ;  not  glit- 
tering^ Wdson. 

UN-SPeAK',  v.  t.  To  recant;  to  retract  what  has 
been  spoken.  Shak. 

UN-SPe.AK'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  uttered  ;  that 
can  not  be  expressed  ;  unutterable  ;  as,  unspeakable 
grief  or  rage.   2  Cor.  xii. 

Joy  unspeakable  and  full  of  glory.  —  1  Pet.  i. 

UN-SPeAK'A-BLY,  adr.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that 
can  not  be  expressed  ;  inexpressibly  ;  unutterably. 

UN-SPkAK'ING,  a.    Not  uttering  words. 

UN-SPEC'I-FI-fn5,  (-spes'e-f  ide,)  a.  Not  specified  ; 
not  particularly  mentioned.  Brown. 

UN-SPk'CIOUS,  (-spe'shus,)  a.  Not  specious  :  not 
plausible.  ,Ssiat.  Res. 

UN-SPe'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    Not  speciously. 

UN-SPEG'lJ-LA-TIVE,  a.  Not  speculative  or  theo- 
retical. 

UN-SPED',  a.  Not  performed  ;  not  dispatched.  [OAs.] 

Garth. 

UN-SPENT',  a.    Not  spent ;  not  used  or  wasted  ;  as, 
water  in  a  cistern  unspent. 
9.  Not  exhausted';  as,  strength  or  force  unspent. 

3.  Not  having  lost  its  force  or  impulse ;  as,  an  un- 
spent ball. 

UN-SPlir:RE',  V.  U   To  remove  from  its  orb.  Sliak. 
UN-PPHkR'£D,  pp.    Removed  from  its  orb. 
UN-SPl'£D,  n.    Not  searched  ;  not  explored.  .Milton. 

2.  Not  seen  ;  not  discovered.  Ticket. 
UN-SPILT',  a.    Not  spilt ;  not  shed. 

2.  Not  spoiled.    [jVof  in  use.]  Tusser. 
UN-SPIR'IT,  V.  t.    To  depress  in  spirits  ;  to  dispirit; 
to  dishearten.    [Little  used.]    [The  word  used  is 
Dispirit.] 
UN-SPIR'IT-ED,  pp.  Dispirited. 
UN-SPIR'IT-IJ-AL,  o.  Not  spiritual;  carnal ;  worldly. 

Sioift. 

UN-SPIR'IT-lJ-AL-rZE,  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  spiritu- 
ality. Snnth. 

UX-SPIR'IT-tT-AL-TZ-ED,  pp.  Deprived  of  spirituality. 

I'.\  SPIIl'IT-i:-AE-LV,  ui/f.    AVorldly  ;  carnally. 

UN-SPLIT',  a.  Not  split ;  as,  unsplit  wood  will  not 
season. 

UN-SPOIL'ED,  «.    Not  spoiled  ;  not  corrupted  ;  not 
ruined  ;  not  n-ndered  useless.  Pope. 
2.  Not  plundered  ;  not  pillaged. 

UN-SPoK'KN,  a.    Not  spoken  or  uttered. 

UM-SPoKTS'MAN-LrKK,  a.    Not  like  a  sportsman. 

UN  SPf)T'TED,  a.    Not  stained  ;  free  from  spot. 

Q.  Free  from  moral  stain;  untainted  with  guilt; 
unbleinisht'd  ;  immaculate  ;  as,  unspotted  reputation. 

UN-SPC)T'TED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  free  from 
stain  or  guilt.  Feltham. 

UN-SPREAD',  (-spred',)  n.  Not  stretched  or  extend- 
ed ;  not  Pel  and  furnished  with  provicions. 

UN-SClUAIl'JEl),  o.  Not  made  square;  as,  un.iquarcd 
timber.  — 

2.  Not  rBBular;  not  formed.  fihttk. 
UN-SaL'IRE',  V.  I.    To  divert  of  the  title  or  privilege 

of  an  e>iquire.  Swift. 
UN-8TA'ltLE,  a.    [  L.  in'lahdi,.] 
1.  Not  iitahle  ;  not  (i\oA. 

9.  Not  iil«ady  ;  inconstant  ;  irresolute  ;  wavering. 
.hmm  i. 

UX-STA'BLE-NESfl,  n.  Instability. 

UN-STAID',  a.    Not  slendy  ;  mtitalile  ;  not  settled  in 

Jiidgmenl ;  volatilo  ;  fickle;  un.ituid  youth.  H/mk. 
UN-STAID'NESS,  n.    Unfixed  or  volatile  mate  or  dis- 

poKitiim  ;  mutability  ;  ficklencxii  ;  indiscretion. 

3.  Uncertain  motion  ;  unsteadinens.  Hidnmj. 


UNS 

UN-STaIN'KD,  o.    Not  stained  ;  not  dyed. 

2.  Not  polluted  ;  not  tarnished  ;  not  dishonored ; 
as,  an  unstained  character. 

UN-STA.MP'£D',  (-staiut',)  a.  Not  stamped  or  im- 
pressed. 

UN-STANCH'ED,  (-stincht',)  o.  Not  stanched  ;  not 
stopped  ;  as  blood. 

UN-STaTE',  ti. «.    To  deprive  of  dignity.  Shak. 

UN-STATES'MAN-LlK£,  a.  Not  becoming  a  states- 
man. 

UN-STa'TION-£D,  a.    Not  stationed. 

UN-STAT'U-TA-BLE,  a.  Contrary  to  statute;  not 
warranted  by  statute.  Swift. 

UN-STaY'£D,  a.  Not  stayed ;  not  stopped  or  re- 
tarded. 

UN-STEAD'FAST,  (-sted'fast,)  a.     Not  fixed;  not 
standing  or  being  firm. 
2.  Not  firmly  adiiering  to  a  purpose. 
UN-STEAD'F.\"ST-LY,  adv.    Not  steadfastly. 
UN-STEAD'FAST-NESS,  (-sted'fast-ness,)  n.  Want 
of  steadfastness ;  instability ;  inconstancy. 

K.  James. 

UN-STEAD'I-£D,  (-sted'id,)  a.  Not  supported ;  not 
kept  from  shaking. 

UN-STEAD'I-LY,  (  sted'e-le,)  adv.  Without  steadi- 
ness :  in  a  wavering,  vacillating  manner. 

2.  Inconstantly;  in  a  fickle  manner. 

3.  Not  in  the  same  manner  at  different  times  ;  va- 
riously. Locke. 

UN-STEAD'I-NESS,  (-sted'-,)  n.    Unsfableness  ;  in- 
constancy ;  want  of  firmness ;  irresolution  ;  muta- 
bleness  of  opinion  or  purpose.  Mdison. 
2.  Frequent  change  of  place  ;  vacillation. 

UN-STEAD'Y,  (-sted'e,)  a.  Not  steady  ;  not  constant ; 
irresolute.  Denham, 

2.  Mutable;  variable;  changeable;  as,  unsteady 
winds. 

3.  Not  adhering  constantly  to  any  fixed  plan  or 
business. 

UN-STEEP'£:D,  (un-steept',)  a.  Not  steeped ;  not 
soaked.  Bacon. 

UN-STIG'MA-TIZ-ED,  a.  Not  marked  with  disgrace. 

UN-STIM'IT-La-TED,  a.  Not  stimulated  ;  not  excit- 
ed ;  as,  unstimuinted  nature.  L.  Beecker. 

UN-STIM'lJ-LA-TING,  a.  Not  exciting  motion  or 
action. 

UN-STING',  V.  t.   To  disarm  of  a  sting.  South. 

Elc^nt  dissertations  on  virtue  and  vice  —  will    not  unBting 
ciliimity.  /.  M.  Mason. 

UN-STI\G'£D,  pp.    Deprived  of  its  sting.  Pollok. 
UN-STINT'ED,  a.    Not  stinted  ;  not  limited.  Skclton. 
UN-STIR'R£D,  (-sturd',)  a.    Not  stirred ;  not  agita- 
ted. Boyle. 
UN-STIR'RING,  a.    Not  moving  ;  not  agitating. 
UN  STITCH',  u.  t.    To  open  by  picking  out  stitches. 

Collier. 

UN-STITCH'£D,  (-sticht',)  a.    Not  stitched. 
UN-STITCiriNG,  ppr.     Opening  by  picking  out 
stitches. 

UN-STOOP'ING,  a.  Not  stooping  ;  not  bending ;  not 
yielding  ;  as,  unsto(Tpin^  firmness.  Shak. 

UN-STOP',  V.  t.  To  free  from  a  stopple,  as  a  bottle 
or  cask. 

2.  To  free  from  any  obstruction  ;  to  open.  Boyle. 
UN-STOP'P£D,  C-stopl',)  pp.  Opened. 

2.  a.    Not  meeting  any  resistance.  Drydcn. 
UN-STOP'PING,  /)/"••   Taking  out  a  stopper;  open- 
ing; freeing  from  obstruction. 
UN-SToR'£D,  a.    Nut  stored  ;  not  laid  up  in  store  ; 
ntJt  warehoused. 

2.  Not  supplied  with  stores  ;  as,  a  fort  unstored 
with  provisions. 
UN-STo'RI-£D,  pp.    Not  related  in  story. 
UN-STORM'£D,  a.    Not  assaulted;  not  taken  by  as- 
sault. .Addison. 
UN-STRaIN'£D,  a.    Not  strained  ;  as,  uMsfraiiirri  oil. 
2.  Easy  ;  not  forced ;  natural ;  as,  an  unstrained 
derivation.  UaUnrdl. 
UN-STRAIT'£N-£D,  a.     Not  straitened  ;  not  ctm- 
tracted. 

UN-STRAT'I-FI-ED,  a.  Not  stratified;  not  formed 
or  being  in  strata  or  layers.  Clcavcland. 

UN-STRENGTII'£N-£b,  a.  Not  strengthened  ;  not 
supported  ;  not  assisted.  Hooker. 

UN-STRING',  V.  t.  To  relax  tension  ;  to  loosen  ;  as, 
to  nnstrintr  the  nerves. 

2.  To  deprive  of  strings  ;  as,  to  unstring  a  harp. 

3.  To  loose  ;  to  untie. 

4.  To  take  from  a  string  ;  as,  tt)  unstring  beads. 
LTN-STRING'ING,  ;)pr.  Depriving  of  strings;  loosing 

frtun  a  siring. 

UN-STRUCK',  a.  Not  struck  ;  not  imprcsspti  ;  not 
afl'ecli'd  ;  as,  unslrurk  with  horror.  Philips. 

UN-STRUNt;',  pp.  Relaxed  in  tension;  loosed;  un- 
tied ;  taken  fnnn  a  string,  as  bi'atls. 

UN-STU1)'I-£1),  (-stud'id,)  a.  Not  studied  ;  not  pre- 
medilalod.  Drytlrn. 

2.  Not  labored  ;  easy  ;  natural  ;  as,  an  unstudied 
Btyle. 

UN'STO'DI-OUS,  a.  Not  studious;  not  diligent  in 
stiiilv.  Dwiaht, 

UN  S-i  lTFF'£D,  (-stuft',)  a.  Not  stuffed  ;  not  filled  ; 
not  crowded.  Shak, 


UNS 

Ui\-STUNG',  ;;p.    Not  stung. 

UN-SUB-DO'£D,  a.    Not  subdued  ;  not  brought  into 
subjection  ;  not  conquered ;  as,  nations  or  passions 

unsubdned. 

UN-SUB'JEGT,  a.   Not  subject ;  not  liable ;  not  ob- 
noxious. 

UN-SUB-JECT'ED,  a.    Not  subjected  ;  not  subdued. 

UN-SUB'JU-GA-TED,  a.    Not  subjugated. 

UN-SUB-.MISS'IVE,  o.   Not  submissive  ;  disobedient. 

UN-SUB-MISS'IVE-LY,  adv.    Not  submissively. 

UN-SUB-MIT'TING,  a.    Not  submitting;  not  obse- 
quious ;  not  readily  yielding.  Thomson, 

UN-SUB-OR'DI-NA-TED,  a.     Not  subordinated  or 
reduced  to  subjection. 

UN-SUB-ORN'£D,  a.    Not  suborned  ;  not  procured 
by  secret  collusion.  Jish.  Hume. 

UN-SUB-SCRIB'ING,  a.    Not  subscribing.  Cowper. 

UN-SUB'SI-DIZ-£D,  a.    Not  engaged  in  another's 
service  by  receiving  subsidies. 

UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.    Not  substantial , 
not  solid.  Milton, 
2.  Not  real ;  not  having  substance.  ,^ddison, 

UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZ-£D,  a.    Not  made  substan- 
tial. 

UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL-LY,  adv.   Without  solidity  or 
substance. 

UN-SUB-VERT'ED,  a.   Not  overthrown  ;  not  entire- 
ly destroyed. 

UN-SUe-CEED'ED,  a.   Not  succeeded ;  not  followed 

Milton, 

UN-SUe-CESS'F{JL,  a.    Not  successful ;  not  prodi;- 
cing  the  desired  event;  not  fortunate.  .Addison. 

UN-SUe-CESS'FUL-LY,  adv.  Without  success  ;  with- 
out a  favorable  issue  ;  unfortunately.  South. 

UN-SUe  CESS'FUL-NESS,  n.    Want  of  success  or 
favorable  issue. 

UN-SUe-CESS'IVE,  a.    Not  proceeding  by  a  flux  of 
parts  or  by  regular  succession.  Hale, 

UN-SUCK'£D,  (un-sukt',)  a.    Not  having  the  breasts 
drawn.  Mdton, 

UN-SUF'FER-A  BLE,  a.    Not  sufltrable ;  not  to  be 
endured  ;  intolerable. 

[But  the  word  now  used  is  Insufferable.} 

UN-SUF'FER-A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  endured. 
[For  this,  Insufferablt  is  chiefly  used.] 

UN-SUF'FER-ING,  a.    Not  sutfering  ;  not  tolerating. 

Youn^, 

UN-SUF-FI"CIENCE,  (-fish'ens,)  n.   Inability  to  an- 
swer the  end  proposed. 
[For  this,  Insufficieptct  is  used.] 
UN-SUF-FI"CIENT,  (-fish'ent,)  a.    Not  suflicient; 
inadequate. 

[For  this,  Insufficieut  is  now  used.] 
UN-SIJG'AR-£D,  a.    Not  sweetened  with  sugar. 

Bacon. 

UN-SuIT'A-BLE,  a.    Not  suitable  ;  unfit;  not  adapt- 
ed ;  as,  timber  unsuitable  fiir  a  bridge. 

2.  Unbecoming  ;  improper  ;  as,  a  dress  unsuitable 
for  a  clerg>inan  ;  unsuitable  returns  for  favors. 

UN-StlT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Unfitness  ;  incongruity  ; 
impropriety.  South, 

UN-SuIT'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  unbecoming  or 
improper. 

2.  Incongruously  ;  as,  a  man  and  wife  unsuitably 
matched. 

UN-SuIT'ED,  a.    Not  suited;  not  fitted;  not  adapt- 
ed ;  not  accommodated. 
UN-SuIT'ING,  a.    Not  fitting  ;  not  becoming.  Shak, 
UN-SUL'LI-£D,  a.    Not  sullied  ;  not  stained ;  not 
tarnished. 

2.  Not  disgraced  ;  free  from  imputation  of  evil. 
UN-SUL'LI-£D-LY,  adv.  Without  being  sullied. 
UN-SUNG',  a.  Not  sung ;  not  celebrated  in  verse ;  not 

recited  in  verse.  Addison, 
UN-SUN'N£D,  a.    Not  having  been  exposed  to  the 

sun.  Milton, 
UN-SU-PER'FLU-OUS,  a.    Not  more  than  enough. 

Mdton, 

UN-SUP-PLANT'ED,  a.    Not  supplanted  ;  not  over- 
thrown by  secret  means  or  stratagem. 

UN-SMP-PLT'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  supplied. 

UN-SUP-PLI'£D,  a.     Not  supplied  ;  not  furnished 
with  things  necessary.  Dniden. 

UN-SUP-PoRT' A-BI/E,  a.  That  can  not  be  su|iported  ; 
intolerable,    [But  Insupportaiile  is  geiierallj'  used.] 

UN-SUP-PdRT'A-BLE-NESS,  h.  Insujiportableness. 
[The  hitler  is  chirflii  UJiCd.] 

UN-SUP-PoKT'A-liLY,  adv.    Insupportably,  [The 
latter  is  oeneralhi  used.] 

UN  SUP-PoRT'ED,  a.    Not  supported;  not  -iplield  ; 
not  sustained.  Mdlim. 
2.  Not  roiiiiti  nanced  ;  not  assisted.  Brown. 

UN-SUP-l'l!i:sS';;i),  -sup-prest',)a.  Not  supjiressed  ; 
not  subdiii  il  ;  not  extinguished. 

UN-SUP'PU-RA-TIVE,  a.    Not  suppurating. 

UN-SOKE',  (-shure',)  a.   [See  Sure.]   Not  fixed  ;  not 
certain.  Pope.  ' 

UN-SUR'GIC-AL,  a.    Not  in  n  surgical  manner;  not 
according  to  the  principles  and  rules  of  surgery, 

U.\-SltR-MI«'/;D,  a.    Not  surniisetl. 

UN-SIJR-MOIJNT'A  BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  sur- 
mounted or  overcome  ;  insuperable.  Locke. 

UN-SUR-PASS'£D,  (-sur-pAjit',)  a.    Not  surpassed; 
not  exceeded. 


FATE,  FAR,  FftU,,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BJUD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF  BOOK.— 


1216 


UNT 


(rN-.«UK-KK\'I)EK-£U,  a.    Not  suriendcreil ;  not 

virldt'd  ti)  (ilhors.  Stonf, 

UN-Sirs.<'KI>"l"[-BLK,</.  NotsMsccptiblo  ;  n(>tc;ipa- 
l)le  (if  ailniitliii«  or  ifcciviiig  ;  as,  a  lifart  i/M-ii.vcc/jfi- 
blt  K>f  imprcssiotis  ;  a  substaiicti  unsusceptible  ot'chaiigc 
(ir  (It  periiiaiiciit  colors. 

Ui\-.<US-CI;1"TI-BM;-NESS,  J  «.    Want  of  sucepti- 

UX-S(JS-CEI'-TI-l!II-'l-TY,    (  bllity. 

nN-SnS-('Kr"l'I-liLY,  adv.    VVitlioiit  susceptibility. 

UN  SITS-I'ECT',  for  Unsuspected,  is  not  in  use. 

U.V-SUS  PHCT'El),  a.  Not  suspected  ;  not  consid- 
ered as  likely  to  have  done  an  evil  act,  or  to  liave  a 
disposition  to  evil.  Swi/t.  Drijdcn. 

UN-s!US-l'i;€T'EL)-LY,  ailv.  In  a  manner  to  avoid 
suspicion.  P(j;jf. 

UN-SUS-PEeT'ING,  a.  Not  imagining  tliat  any  ill 
is  designed  ;  free  from  suspicion.  Pope. 

UN-SUS-l'Ee'r'IN(;-LV,  adv.    Without  suspicion. 

U.\-SUS.Pl"CIOU.s,  (-sus-pisli'us,)  u.     Having  no 
suspicion  ;  not  indulging  tlio  imagination  uf  evil  in 
others  ;  as,  an  unsuspieiuus  youth. 
2.  Not  to  be  suspected  j  as,  u/wu^T^tcious  testimony. 

JMilfurd. 

UN-!=iUS-PI"CIOUS-I,Y,  adv.    Without  suspit-iou. 

UN-SUS-TAIN'A-ULE,  a.  Not  sustainable  ;  that  can 
not  be  maintained  or  supported  ;  as,  unsustainable 
pain  ;  a  suit  in  law  unsustainable. 

UN-SUS-TAIN'A'D,  a.  Not  sustained  ;  not  supported  ; 
not  seconded. 

UN-SUS-TaIN'ING,  a.    Not  sustaining. 

UN-SWaT HE',  r.  t.  To  take  a  swathe  from  ;  to  re- 
lieve fnun  a  bandage.  Mdison. 

UiN-SWATil'KD,  pi>.    Relieved  from  a  bandage. 

UN-SWAY'A-BLG,  a.  That  can  nut  be  swayed,  gov- 
erned, or  inlluenced  by  another.    [Little  used.] 

Shall. 

UN-SWaY'KD,  (-swSde',)a.  Not  swayed  ;  not  wield- 
ed ;  as  a  .scepter. 
2.  Not  biased  ;  not  controlled  or  influenced. 
UN-SWaY'ED-NES.S,  ji.    Steadiness;  state  of  being 

nngoverned  by  another.  Ifale. 
UN-SWEAR',  V.  L    To  recant  or  recall  an  oath. 

Spenser. 

UN-SWEAT',  (-swet',)  v.  L    To  ease  or  cool  after  e.x- 

ercise  or  toil.  Milton. 
UN-SWEAT'INfi,  (-swet'ing,)  a.    Not  sweating. 

Dnjdcn. 

UN-SWEET',  a.    Not  sweet.    [Little  used.] 

Spenser. 

UN-SWEPT',  a.     Not  cleaned  with  a  broom  ;  not 

swept ;  not  brushed.  Shak. 
UN-SUS-PENI)'ED,  a.    Not  hung  up;  not  delayed; 

not  held  undetermined.  H'ordsworth. 
UN  SWERVING,  a.    Not  roving  ;  not  deviating  from 

any  rule  or  standard. 
UN-SWERV'I.NG-LY,  arfu.    In  a  firm,  undeviating 

manner. 

UN-SWORN',  a.  Not  "sworn  ;  not  bound  by  an  oath  ; 
not  having  taken  an  oath ;  as,  the  witness  is  uti- 
stcarn. 

UN-SY.M-MET'RIC-AL,  a.  Wanting  symmetry  or 
due  proportion  of  parts. 

9.  In  botany^  unsyminelrical  flowers  are  such  as 
have  not  the  segments  of  the  caly.\  and  corolla,  and 
the  sepals  and  petals,  and  also  the  stamens,  regular 
and  similar.  Lindley. 

U^-SY.M-.MET'UIe-AL-LY,C(^I!.  Not  symmetrically. 

UN-SYM'PA-TIIIZ-ING,  a.    Not  sympathizing. 

UN-SY.M'PA-THIZ-ING-LY,a(ie.  Without sympalhv. 

UN-SYS-TEM-AT'ie,       )  a.    Not  systematic  ;  not 

UN-SYS-TE.M-AT'ie-AL,  i  h.tving  regular  order, 
distribution,  or  arrangement  of  parts.  .Smes. 

U.\-SYS-TE.M-AT'ie-AI,-LY,  adv.    Without  system. 

UN-SY.-^'TEM-A-TI'/-£D,  j  a.    Not  svstemized  ;  not 

UN-SYS'TE.M-IZ-ED,  j  arranged  in  due  order ; 
not  formed  into  system. 

UN-TACK',  V.  U  To  separate  wh.at  is  tacked  ;  to  dis- 
join ;  to  loosen  what  is  fast.  Jtlilton. 

UN-TAIXT'ED,  a.  Not  rendered  impure  by  admix- 
ture ;  not  impregnated  with  foul  matter;  as,  un- 
tainted air. 

2.  Not  sullied  ;  not  stained  ;  unblemished;  as,  un- 
iaintrd  virtue  or  reputation. 

3.  Not  rendered  unsavory  by  putrescence  ;  as,  un- 
tainted meat. 

4.  Not  charged  with  a  crime  ;  not  accused  ;  as,  he 
lived  nntaintrd.  Shak. 

U.\-TAINT'EI)-I,Y,  adr.     Without  spot;  without 

blemish;  without  miputation  of  crime. 
UN-TAINT'ED-\ESS,  n.    State  or  quality  of  being 

untainted:  purity.  Hull. 
UN-TAK'KN,  (-tik'n,)  a.    Not  taken  ;  not  seized  ; 

not  apprehended  ;  as,  a  thief  untaken. 

2.  Not  reduced  ;  not  subdued  ;  as,  untaken  Troy. 

Pope. 

3.  Not  swallowed. 

Untaken  away  ;  not  removed.    2  Cor.  iii. 
Untaken  up  ;  not  occupied  ;  not  filled.  Boyle. 
UN-TALK'S!)  of:  not  talked  of;  not  made  the  sub- 
ject of  conversation. 
UN-TAM'A-BI,E,  a.    That  can  not  be  tamed  or  do- 
mesticated ;  that  can  not  be  reclaimed  from  a  wild 
stale-  Oreic. 
2,  Not  to  be  subdued  or  reduced  to  control. 


UN-Ta.M'A-BLY,  adv.    Not  t.amably. 

UN-Ta.M'/;D,  a.    Not  rerlaiiiu-d  from  wildness;  not 

domeslicati'd  ;  not  made  familiar  with  nmn  ;  as,  an 

untamed  beast. 

2.  Not  subdued  ;  nut  brought  under  control ;  as,  a 
turbul(-nt,  untamrd  mind.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  sol'tened  or  rendered  mild  bycultur(-;  as,  an 
untamed  people,  Spenser. 

IJN-TAN'GI-BI.Y,  adv.  Intangibly. 
UN-'i'AN"GLE,  (  taug'gl,)  i\  (.    To  disentangle  ;  to 

loose  from  tangles   or  intricacy ;  as,  to  untangle 

thread. 

Untansle  this  cnu-I  cliain.  Prior. 

UN-TAN"GLCT),  (-tang'gld,)  pp.  Disentangled. 
UN-TAN"GLING,  ppr.  Disentangling. 
UN-T.!iR'NISH-f;i),  (-tilr'nislit,)  a.    Not  soil;.!;  not 

tarnished  ;  not  stained  ;  unblemished  ;  an,unlur7UsUd 

silk  ;  untarnished  reputation. 
UN-TXSK'Kl),  (-tUskt',)  a.    Not  tasked. 
U.N-TAST'ED,  u.    Not  tasted  ;  not  tried  by  the  taste 

or  tongue. 
2.  Not  enjoyed  ;  as,  vntastrd  pleasures. 
UN-TASTE' I'l^'L,  a.    Having  no  taste ;  being  without 

taste. 

UN-TaSTE'FIJL-LY,  adv.    Without  taste  or  grace- 
fulness ;  in  bad  taste.  Br.  liev. 
L'N-'l'AST'lNG,  a.    Not  tasting;  nit  perceiving  by 

the  taste.  Smith. 
UN-TAUGHT',  (-tawt',)  a.  Not  taught  ;  not  instruct- 
ed ;  not  educated  ;  unlettered;  illiterate.  J)rydrn. 
2.  Unskilled;  new;  not  having  use  or  practice. 
A  loiigLie  untaught  to  plead  for  favor.  .Shalt. 

UN-TAX'Ji:D,  (-takst',)  a.    Not  taxed  :  not  charged 
with  taxes. 
2.  Not  accused. 
UN-Tk.\CII',  r.  (. ;  prrt.  and  pp.  Untaught.  To 
cause  to  forget  or  lose  what  has  been  taught. 

Experience  will  unteach  us.  Broien. 

UN-TkACH'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  taught  tir 
instructed  ;  indocile.  Milton. 

UN-TioACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
readily  receiving  instruction  ;  indocility.  Scutt. 

UN-Tl'^E.M'ING,  a.    Not  producing  j'ouiig;  barren. 

UN-TEM'PER-A'l'E,  a.  Intemperate. 
[Tltr  latter  ict  now  used.] 

UN-TEM'PER-£I),  a.  Nut  tempered  ;  not  duly  mixed 
for  use  ;  nut  durable  or  strong. 

UN-TE.MI'T'ED,  a.  Nut  tempted  ;  not  tried  by  en- 
ticements or  persuasions ;  not  invited  by  any  thing 
alluring. 

UN-TE.MPT'ING,  a.  Not  tempting;  not  ada|)ted  to 
tempt,  invite,  or  allure.  Bacun. 

UN-TE.MPT'ING-LY,  adv.  Not  in  !i  tempting  man- 
ner. 

UN-TEN' A-BLE,  a.  Not  tenable;  that  can  not  be 
held  in  po.ssession  ;  as,  an  untenable  post  (U'  fort. 

Dryden.  Clarendon. 
2.  Th.it  can  not  be  maintained  or  supported  ;  not 
defensible  ;  as,  an  untenable  doctrine  ;  untenable 
ground  in  argument. 

UN-TEN'ANT-A-ULE,  a.  Not  fit  for  an  occupant; 
not  in  suitable  repair  or  conditicyi  for  a  tenant. 

UN-TE.\'ANT-ED,  a.  Not  occupied  by  a  tenant ;  not 
inhabited.  Temple. 

UN-TEND'ED,  a.  Not  tended;  not  having  any  at- 
tendant. JVionison. 

UN-TEN'OER,  a.    Not  tender  ;  not  soft. 

2.  Wanting  sensibility  or  affection.  Shak. 

UN-TE.\D'ER-£r),  a.  Not  tendered  ;  not  offered  ;  as, 
untrndcrrd  money  or  tribute.  Shak. 

UN-TEN'DER-LY,  adv.    Without  tenderness. 

UN-TE.\T',  II.  L  To  bring  out  of  a  tent.  [Little 
used.]  Shak. 

UX-TE.\T'ED,  a.  Not  tented  ;  not  having  a  tent  ap- 
plied. Shak. 

U.N-TERM'IN-a-TING,  a.    Not  limiting ;  not  ending. 

UN-TER'RI-FI->;n,  (-re-f  ide,)  a.  Not  terrified  ;  nut 
afl'righlc  d  ;  not  daunted.  Milton. 

UN-TEST'ED,  a.  Not  tested ;  not  tried  by  a  stand- 
ard. Mams^s  Lett. 

UN-THA.VK'ED,  (  thankt',)  a.  Not  thank(,-d  ;  nut  re- 
'paid  with  acknowledgments.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  received  with  thankfulness  ;  as,  an  un- 
thanked  reprieve.    [Unusual.]  Drtfden. 

U.N-THANK'Ft;L,  a.    Not  thankful ;  ungrateful ;  not 
making  acknowledgments  for  good  received. 
For  be  is  kind  to  Uic  unthankful  and  to  tlic  evil.  —  Luke  vi. 

UN-THANK'FIJL-LY,  adv.  Without  thanks  ;  with- 
out a  grateful  acknowledgment  of  favors.  Bot/le. 

UN-TIIANK'F}JL-NESS,  n.  Neglect  or  omissum  of 
acknowledgment  for  good  received  ;  want  of  a  sense 
of  kindness  or  benefits  ;  ingratitude. 

Idimotlenite  f;ivora  breed  first  unthank/uiiutg,  and  ufterw^inl 
liitte.  ilnywarti. 

[See  Tatitu.i'3  Jinn,  iv.  18.] 

UN-THA\V'£D,  a.  Not  thawed  ;  not  melted  or  dis- 
solved ;  as  ice  or  snow.  Pope. 

UN-THE-O-RET'IC,       j  a.    Not  depending  on  the- 

UN-THE-O-RET'ie-AL,  j  ory  or  speculation  ;  not 
Bpeciilative.  ,  Coleridge. 

UN-THL\K',  r.  ^   To  dismiss  a  thought.  Shak. 


UN-TIIINK'IN(;,  a.  Not  thinking  ;  not  hcedfuJ  j 
tlionghtlcss  ;  inconsiderate  ;  ns,  unlhinkinft  youth. 

2.  Not  indicating  ihoiightor  reflection ;  iLs,  a  round, 
unthinkinif  face.  I'ope. 

UN-THINK'ING-LY,  adv.  Without  reflection  ; 
thoughtlessly. 

UN-TlliNK'ING-NE.-JS,  n.    Want  of  thought  or  re- 
flection ;  habitual  tlioughtlcssnes"".  Halifax. 
UN-TIIORN'Y,  a.    Not  thorny  ;  free  frimi  thorns. 

Brown. 

UN-TIIOUGHT'FI.'L,  (  thawt'ful,)  a.  Thoughtless; 

heedless.  Cowley. 
UN-TH()I'(;HT'  </;  not  thought  of;  not  reganfed  ; 

not  heeded.  Shak. 
UN-THUEAI)',  (  thred',)  B. «.   To  draw  or  take  out 

a  tliread  Ironi  ;  as,  to  unOiread  a  needle. 

2.  'i'd  loose.  .Milton. 
UN-Til KEAU'En,  pp.    Deprived  of  a  thread. 
I'.N-TllUEAD'lNi;,  ppr.    Depriving  of  a  thread. 
UN-THKEAT'A,\-/.D,  (-thret'nd,)  a.     Not  threat- 
ened ;  nut  menaced.  K.  Charles. 
UN-TIIKE.\T'K.N-I.\G,  a.    Not  indicating  a  mt^nace. 
UN'TIIUIFT,  n,    A  prodigal;  one  who  wastes  his 

estate  by  e.\tra\"agance.  Dryden. 
UN-TilRIFT'l  l,Y,  adc.    Without  frugality.  Collier. 
UN-TIlKIFT'I-.NEf^S,  ii.    Waste  of  property  without 

necessity  or  use  ;  prodigality;  profusion.  Ilaywurd. 
UN-THRIFT'Y,  a.    Prodigal";  lavish  ;  profuse  ;  sjiend- 

ing  property  without  necessity  or  use.  Sidney. 

2.  Ntjt  thriving  ;  not  gaining  property  ;  as,  an  un- 
thrifty farmer. 

3.  Not  gaining  flesh  ;  as,  an  unthrifty  ox. 

4.  .Not  vigorous  in  growth,  as  a  plant. 

UN  THllI  V'lNG,  a.  Not  thriving  ;  not  prospering  in 
temporal  ntfairs  ;  not  gaining  property. 

UN-THKo.NE',  r.  t.  To  remove  from  a  tlironc,  or 
from  supreme  authority  ;  to  dethrone. 

U.N-THKoN'A'D,  pp.  llenioyed  from  a  throne;  de- 
posed. 

tI.N-TIIKO.NG'£:n,  a.    Not  crowded  by  a  multitude. 

lI.\-Tri)I-LV,  adv.    Ill  an  untidy  manner. 

UN  Ti'DI-NE.SS,  n.    Want  of  tidiness  or  neatness. 

2.  Unseusonableness. 
UN-TI'1)Y,  a.    Not  tidy  ;  not  seasonable  ;  not  ready. 

2.  Not  neatly  dressed  ;  not  in  good  or(ier. 
UN-TIi;'|  T,,  t.    To  loosen,  as  a  knot ;  to  disengage 
the  [larts  that  form  a  knot.    Untie  the  knot. 

2.  To  unhiiid  ;  to  free  from  any  fastening  ;  as,  to 
untie      iron  chain.  Waller. 

3.  To  loosen  from  coils  or  convolution  ;  as,  snakes 
untied.  Pope. 

4.  To  loose  ;  to  separate  something  attached  ;  as, 
to  untie  the  tongue. 

5.  To  resolve  ;  to  unfold  ;  to  clear.  fVatts. 
UN-TI'f;n,  (-tide',)  pp.  Loosed,  as  a  knot ;  unbound ; 

separated  ;  resolved. 

2.  a.  Not  tied  ;  not  bound  or  gathered  in  a  knot ; 
loose. 

3.  Not  fastened  with  a  knot. 

4.  Not  held  by  any  tie  or  band. 

UN-TIL',  prip.  [un  and  till.  See  Till.]  To;  used 
of  time. 

Ue  and  his  sons  were  priests  of  the  triU:  of  Dan,  until  the  day 
of  Uie  captivity.  —  Judges  xviii. 

2.  To;  used  of  objects.    [Obs.]  Spcn.^er. 

3.  Preceding  a  sentence"  or  clause,  to;  that  is,  to 
the  event  mentioned,  or  the  time  of  it ;  as,  until  this 
hour  ;  until  this  year. 

The  scepter  shall  not  depart  from  Juduh  —  unlii  Sliiloh  come. — 
Gen.  xlix. 

4.  To  the  point  or  place  of. 

In  open  prospect  nothing  bounds  our  eve, 

VnUt  die  earth  seems  joined  unto  the  sky.  Dryden. 

5.  To  the  degree  that. 

Tlion  slt;Ut  push  Syria,  unti/  tliey  be  consumed.  —  2  Chroii. 
xviij. 

J^ote. —  Until  is  always  the  same  part  of  sjieech  in 
fact,  and  has  the  same  signification.  The  only  dif- 
ference is,  that  it  is  followed  sometimes  by  a  single 
word  denoting  time,  and  in  other  cn.ses  by  a  verb  de- 
noting an  event,  or  a  word  denoting  place  or  degree. 
The  sense  is  in  all  cases  to  ;  and  tiU  may  be  u.sed  .as 
its  substitute,  and  in  modern  usage  it  is  most  com- 
nnm. 

U.N-TII.E',  r.  (.    To  take  the  tiles  from  ;  to  uncover 

by  reniuving  tiles.  Swift. 
UN-TIL'A"D,  pp.  or  a.    Stripped  of  tiles  ;  not  tiled. 
r.N-TTI/ING,  ppr.    Slrip|iing  of  tiles. 
U.\-TI1,L'£U,  a.    Not  tilled  ;  not  cultivated. 

Mortimer. 

UN-TLM'BER-A;D,  a.    Not  furnished  with  timber. 

ShaJi. 

2.  Not  covered  with  timber-trees  ;  as,  unttmbcred 
l.inil. 

U.N-TI.ME'LY,  a.  Happening  before  the  usu.-il  time; 
03,  untimely  frost. 

2.  Map|H-ning  before  the  natural  time;  premature; 
as,  untimely  death  ;  untimely  fate.  Dryden. 
UN-TI.ME'LY,  adv.    Before  the  n.itural  time. 

\Vh.it  Is  untimely  done.  Shai. 
UN-TI.\C'TI;U-/:D,  a.    Not  tinctured  ;  not  tinged, 
stained,  mixed,  or  infected.  GoldsmitA. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  yNITE.-  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  xs  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


153 


X  XX  X- 


121" 


UNT 


UNT 


UNV 


UN-TINe'£D,  (-tinjd'O  a.    Not  tinged  ;  not  stained  ; 

not  discolored;  as,  water  untingcd;  uniiiigcd  beams 

of  light.  Buyh. 
2.  Not  infected.  Sxift 
UN-TTR'A  BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  wearied  ;  inde- 

fatigahle;  unwearied.  Skak. 
UN-TIll'A-BLE-.\ES.S,  71.    The  state  of  being  untira- 

ble. 

UN-TlR'£D,  0.   Not  tired  ;  not  exhausted  by  labor. 

Drydetl. 

I/N-TIR'IXG,  (I.  Not  becoming  tired  or  exhausted; 
as,  iniiirin<T  patience. 

UN-TTR'ING-LY,  niZc.  Indefatigably. 

1  fN-TIT H'£l),  a.    Not  subjected  to  tithes.  Pnllnli. 

'fN-TI'TL£D,  a.  Having  no  title;  as,  an  untitled  ty- 
rant. Skak. 

UN'TO,  prep.  [^Compound  of  un,  not,  and  to.']  It  is 
used  instead  ot  to,  but  it  is  not  in  our  mother  tongue, 
nur  is  it  used  in  popular  discourse  or  in  mudern 
writing-".  It  is  therefore  to  be  rejected,  as  obsolete 
and  nut  legitimate. 

UN-ToLD',  a.    Not  told  ;  not  related  ;  not  revealed. 

Waller.  Drydetl, 
9.  Not  numbered  ;  as,  money  untold. 

UN-TOMB',  (-toorn',)  t>.  (.    To  disinter.  Fulhr. 

UN-T0MB'£;D,  (-toomd',)  pp.  disinterred  ;  removed 
from  a  tomb. 

UN-TOOTH'SOME,  a.    Not  nleasant  to  the  taste. 

UN-TOR-.MEXT'EI),  a.    Noi  put  in  pain  ;  not  teased. 

UN-TOSS'£D,  (-tost',1  a.    Not  tossed. 

UN-TOUCH'A-BLE,(-tuch'a-bl,)a.  Not  to  be  touched. 

Fclt/iam. 

UN-TOUCH'£D,  (un-tucht',)  a.  Not  touched  ;  not 
reached  ;  not  hit.  Stephens. 

2.  Not  moved ;  not  affected  ;  as,  the  heart  un- 
touched. 

3.  Not  meddled  with  ;  as,  books  untouched  for 
years. 

UN-To'\V.^RD,  a.    Froward;  perverse  ;  refractory  ; 
not  easily  guided  or  taught.    Afcs  ii. 
2.  Awkward  ;  ungraceful ;  as,  untoward  words. 

Creech. 

S.'Inconvenient  ;  troublesome;  unmanageable; 
as,  an  untoward  vow.  Iludibras. 

UN-To'VVARD-LY,  arZo  In  a  froward  or  perverse 
manner;  pi-rversely  ;  ungainly.  Tiliotson. 

UN-To'\V.\RU-LY,  a.  Awkward  ;  perverse  ;  fro- 
ward. Loeke. 

UN-To'\VARD-NESS,  n.  Awkwardness ;  froward- 
ness  ;  perverseness.  Bp.  IViUon. 

UN-TOVV'ER-SD,  n.    Not  defended  hv  towers. 

U.N-TRACE'.V-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  traced  or  fol- 
lowed. Sovtk. 

UN-TR.\C'£:D,  (un-traste',)  a.  Nut  traced;  not  fol- 
lowed. 

2.  Not  marked  by  footsteps.  Denham, 

3.  Not  marked  out. 

irN-TRAC:K'£D,  (  trakt',)  a.     Not  tracked ;  not 
marki'd  by  footsteps. 
2.  .Not  followed  by  the  tracks. 
UN-TRAeT'A-BLE,  a.    [L.  intractabilh.] 

1.  Not  tractable  ;  not  j'ielding  to  discipline  ;  stub- 
born ;  indocile ;  ungovernable ;  as,  an  untractable 
son.  Locke. 

2.  Rough  ;  difficult.  MUton. 

3.  Not  yielding  to  the  heat  or  to  the  hammer,  as 
an  ore. 

[iNTnArTABLE  is  more  generally  used.] 
UN-TRACT' A-liLE-NESS,  «.    Refractoriness  ;  stub- 
bornness ;  (mwilliijguess  to  be  governed,  controlled, 
or  managed.  Locke, 
UN-TRAD'ING,  0.    Not  engaged  in  commerce ;  as,  an 

untrad'fia  country  or  city. 
UN-TR.AlX'y:;!),  a.    Not  trained  ;  not  disciplined  ;  not 
skillful.  MUton. 
2.  Not  educated  ;  not  instructed. 


My  wit  aiUrained. 


Shak. 


3.  Irregular;  ungovernable;  as,  untrained  hope. 

Herhert. 

UN-TRAM'MEL-BD,  a.  Not  tranuncled  ;  not  shack- 
led. Herbert. 

UN-TRAM'PLCT,  a.    Not  trod  upon. 

UN-'J'RA.\g-FER'A-BI.E,  a.  That  can  not  be  trans- 
fcrreil  or  passed  from  one  to  another  ;  as,  jiower  or 
right  untran.-^frrabte. 

UN-TRANS-FER'RKD,  a.  Not  transferred  ;  not  con- 
veyed or  assigned  to  another  ;  as,  title.s  or  rights  un- 
trnnsfrrrrd. 

UN-TRANS-FOR\I'£n,  a.  Not  metamorphosed  ;  not 
transmuted. 

UN-TUANS-L.KT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
translated.  Gray. 

UN-TRANS-I,.^'I"KI),  o.  Not  translated  or  rendered 
into  another  language. 

UN-TRANH'.MI-(JRA-TED,  a.    Not  transmigrated. 

Scott, 

UN-TRANS-MIT'TF,n,  a     Not  transmitted. 
UN-TUANH-.MOT'A -llI,E,o.  'I'liatcan  not  beclianged 

into  a  diff'-rent  Nulntance. 
UN-TRANH  rSR'ENT,  a.    Not  transparent  ;  not  di- 

aiilianous  ;  op  upii'  ;  not  permeable  by  light.  Ilonlc, 
UN-'1'KANS-I'IR'£I),  a.    Not  liaving  escaped  from 

•ccrecy. 


UN-TRANS-PoRT'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  trans- 
ported. Kd.  Rcc. 

UN-TRANS-PoRT'ED,  a.    Not  transported. 

UN-TRAN.S-PoS*£D,  (un-trans-p5/.d',)  a.  Not  trans- 
posed ;  having  the  natural  order.  Rambler. 

UN-TRAV'EL-£D,  a.  Not  traveled  ;  not  trodden  by 
passengers  ;  as,  an  untrnveled  forest. 

2.  Having  never  seen  foreign  countries  ;  as,  an  un- 
trareled  Enclisbnian.  Jlddi.son. 

UN-TRAV'ERS-SD,  (-trav'erst,)  a.  Not  traversed  ; 
not  passed  over. 

UN-TREAD',  {un-tred',)  c.  t.  To  tread  back  ;  to  go 
back  in  the  same  steps.  Shuk, 

UN-TREAS'UR-KD,  (un-trezh'urd,)  a.  Not  treas- 
ured ;  not  laid  up  ;  not  reposited.  Shak. 

UN-TRkAT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  treatable  ;  not  practica- 
ble.   [JVo(  i/sc//.]  Decay  of  Pietii. 

UN-TREM'BLING,  a.  Not  trembling  or  shaking  ; 
firm  ;  steadv.  Jlontiroment, 

UN-TREM'BLING-LY,  adv.  Without  trembling  ; 
firmly. 

UN-TRENCn'£D,  (  trencht',)  a.  Not  cut  into  long 
hollows. 

UN-TRES'PASS-ING,  a.  Not  violating  another's 
rieht. 

UN-TRI'£D,  a.    Not  tried  ;  not  attempted.  Milton. 

2.  Not  yet  exp-rienced  ;  as,  aji/ri>(;  sufferings. 

3.  Not  having  passed  trial ;  not  heard  and  deter- 
mined in  law.    The  cause  remains  untried. 

UN-TRIM'.M£D,  a.    Not  trimmed;  not  pruned;  not 

dressed  ;  no!  put  in  order. 
UN-TRIT'I'-RA-TED,  a.    Not  reduced  to  powder  by 

riibhins  or  grinding.  Journ.  Sci. 

UN-TRI'U.MPH-A-IILE,  a.    That  admits  no  triumph. 

\Barbaronft,  and  not  itse.d.'^  Hudibras. 
U.N-TRI'UMPII-£D,  (-tri'umft,)  a.    Not  triumi.lied 

over. 

TJN-TROD',  )  a.  Not  having  been  trod;  not 
UN-TROD'D£N,  j     passed  over  ;  not  marked  by  the 

feet.  Milton.  .Iddison. 

UN-TRoLL'£D,  a.    Not  bowled  ;  not  rolled  along. 

Driiden. 

UN-TROUB'L£D,  (un-trub'ld,)  a.  Not  troubled  ;  not 
disturbed  by  care,  sorrow,  or  business ;  free  from 
trouble.  Shak. 

2.  Not  agitated;  not  ruffled  1  not  confused  ;  free 
from  passion  ;  as,  an  untroubled  mind.  Mdton. 

3.  Not  agitated ;  not  moved ;  as,  an  untroubled 
lake. 

4.  Not  disturbed  or  interrupted  in  the  natural 
course  ;  as,  untroubled  nature.  Spenser. 

5.  Not  foul;  not  turbid;  clear;  as,  an  untroubled 
stream. 

UN-TROUB'LED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  free  from 
trouble;  unconcern.    [J^otused,'\  Hammond. 

U.N-TROE',  a.  Not  true;  false  ;  contrary  to  the  fact. 
The  story  is  untrue. 

2.  Not  faithful  to  another  ;  not  fulfilling  the  duties 
of  a  husband,  wife,  vassal,  &,c. ;  false  ;  disloyal. 

3.  Inconstant,  as  a  lover.  [Dryden. 
UN-TRO'LY,  adv.    Not  truly  ;  falsely  ;  not  according 

to  reality. 

UN-TRUSS',  V,  t.  To  untie  or  unfasten  ;  to  loose 
from  a  truss  ;  to  let  out.  Dryden, 

UN-TRUSS'£D,  (  trust',)  a.  Not  trussed;  not  tied 
up. 

UN-TRUST'I-NESS,  n.  Unfaithfulness  in  the  dis- 
charge of  a  trust. 

UN-TRUST'\VOR-THY,  a.  Not  deserving  of  confi- 
dence. 

UN-TRUST'Y,  a.    Not  trusty  ;  not  worthy  of  confi- 
dence ;  unfaithful. 
UN-TROTir,  n.    Contrariety  to  truth ;  falsehood. 

2.  Want  of  veracity.  Sandt/s. 

3.  Treachery  ;  want  of  fidelity.    [Oii.]  Shak, 

4.  False  assertion. 

No  untruth  can  possibly  avail  Uie  patron  and  defender  lonp. 

Hooker, 

UN-TRPTH'FTJL,  a.   Wanting  in  veracity. 
UN-TRf'TII'FlJI^LY,  ado.    Not  iruthfullv  ;  falsely. 
UN-TR0T11'FI]L,-NESS,  n.     Want  of  voracity  or 
fidelity. 

UN-TUCK',  r.  f.    To  unfold  or  >indo  a  tuck.  ,^sh. 
UN-TUCK'ER-£D,  a.    Having  no  tucker;  as,  an  vn- 

tnckrred  neck.  Jiddison, 
UN-TU.M'BL£D,  a.    Not  rolled  :  not  rumpled. 
UN-TON'A-BLE,  a.    Not  harmonious  ;  not  musical. 

Biteon, 

9.  Not  capable  of  making  music.  Tatter. 

3.  Not  capable  of  being  tuned  or  brought  to  the 
proper  pitch. 
UN-'I'ON'A-llI.E-NEPS,  71.    Want  of  harmony. 
UN-TON' A-Ur.Y,  wlr.  Inhannoniously. 
UN-TC'.NE',  II.  t.    To  make  incapable  of  harmony. 

Vntuot  Unit  tU'm£.  Slink. 

2.  To  disorder. 

Untuned  and  jarrinjr  iPni^f.  Shak. 
UN-TON'£D,  pp.    Mtide  incapable  of  producing  har- 
mony. 

UN-TUR'BAN-KD,  a.    Not  wearing  a  tnrbnn. 

.*<oulhejj, 

UN.TURN'£D,  a.  Not  turned.  He  left  no  stone  un- 
turned. 


UN-Tu'TOR-£r),  a.     Uniustructcd  ;  untaught;  as, 

untntnred  intancy.  Prior, 
UN-TWINE',  1:.  t.    To  untwist.  Waller, 

2.  To  open  ;  to  disentangle.  Bacon. 

3.  To  separate,  as  that  «  hich  winds  or  clasps. 

./i.vcAam. 

UN-T\V^N'ED,  pp.    Untwisted  ;  disentangled. 
UN-TWIST',  V.  t.    To  separate  and  open,  as  threads 
twisted  ;  or  to  turn  back  that  which  is  twisted. 
2.  To  open  ;  to  disentangle  ;  as  intricacy. 
UN-TWIST'ED,  pp,    Separateil  ;  opened. 
UN-TWIST'ING,  ppr.   Separating  ;  disentangling. 
UN-Ty.    See  Untie. 

UN-U'NI-FOR.M,  a.    Not  uniform  ;  wanting  uniform- 


ity.   [Little  used,] 
UN-U-IVTT'ED,  a.    Not  united.  Cudworth. 
UN-UP-|!RaIO'ING,  a.    Nut  upbraiding. 
UN-UP-HELD',  a.    Not  upheld  ;  not  sustained. 

Pollok. 

UN-UP-LIFT'ED,  a.    Not  raised  up. 

UN-UR(;'£D,  (-urjd'j)  a.  Not  urged ;  not  pressed 
with  solicitation.  Shak. 

UN-US'£D,  (-yuzd',)  a.  Not  put  to  use;  not  em- 
ployed. 

2.  That  has  never  been  used. 

3.  Not  accustomed  ;  as,  liands  unused  to  labor  ; 
hearts  unused  to  deceit. 

UN-IJSE'FJJL,  a.    Useless  ;  serving  no  good  purpose. 

Philips. 

UN-US'lJ-AL,  (-yu'zhu-al,)  a.  Not  usual  ;  not  com- 
mun  ;  rare  ;  as,  an  unusual  season ;  a  person  of  unu- 
sual graces  or  erudition. 

UN-lJS'lJ-AL-LY,  (-yu'zhii-al-le,)  adv.  Not  common- 
ly ;  not  frequently  ;  rarely.  This  summer,  1838,  has 
been  unusually  rainy. 

UN-IJS'LI-AL-NESS,  71.  Unconimonness ;  infrequen- 
cy  ;  rareness  of  occurrence.  Broome, 

UN-UT'TER-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  uttered  or 
expressed  ;  ineffable  ;  inexpressible  ;  as,  unutterable 
anguish  ;  unutterable  joy. 

UN-Va'Ca-TED,  a.    Not  made  vacant.      H.  Clay. 

UN-VaIL',  V,  t.  To  remove  a  vail  fnun  ;  to  uncover  ; 
to  disclose  to  view.    She  unvailcd  her  face. 

UN-Va[L'£D,  a.    Stripped  of  a  vail  ;  disclosed. 

UN-VaIL'ING,  a.  Removing  a  vail  from  ;  uncover- 
ing ;  disclosing. 

UN-V'.AL'U-A-BLE,  a.  Being  above  price  ;  inv.iluable. 
[But  Invaluable  is  the  word  now  used.j 

UN-V,\L'[J-£D,  (  varyude,)  a.  Not  valued  ;  not 
prized  ;  neglected.  Shak. 

2.  Inestimable;  not  to  be  valued.  Shak. 

3.  Not  estimated  ;  not  having  the  value  set. 
UN-VAN'aUISH-A-BLE,  a.   That  can  not  be  con- 
quered. Bp,  Kinir, 

UN-VAN'aUISII-£D,  (-vank'wisht,)  a.  Nut  con- 
quered ;  not  overcome.  Milton. 

Ui\-Va'RI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  vari.able  ;  not  changeable 
or  alterable.  [But  Invariable  is  the  word  now 
used.] 

UN-Va'RI-£D,  a.  Not  varied  ;  not  altered  ;  not  di- 
versified. 

UN-Va'RI-E-Ga-TED,  a.  Not  variegated;  nut  di- 
versified. 

UN-VXR'NISH-£D,  (-vdr'nisht,)  a.  Not  overlaid  with 
varnish. 

2.  Not  artificially  colored  or  adorned  ;  not  artftilly 
embellished  ;  plain. 

1  will  a  round,  unvarnUhed  tale  deliver.  Shak. 

UN-V.A'RY-ING,  a.  Not  altering;  not  liable  to 
change  ;  uniform.  Lorke. 

UN-VA  RY-ING-LY,  adi:  Without  being  liable  to 
change. 

UN-\  EH/,  (-vale'.)    See  Unvail. 
UN-VEIL'ED-LY,  urfp.    Plainlv  ;  without  disguise. 
[Little  used,] 

UN-VEN'ER-.\-BLE,  a.  Not  venerable  ;  not  worthy 
of  veneratiim.  Shak. 

UN-VEN'TI  La-TED,  a.  Not  fanned  by  the  wind; 
not  purified  by  a  free  current  of  air. 

UN-VI;R'D.\NT,  a.  Not  verdant ;  not  green  ;  having 
no  verdure.  Conirreve, 

UN-VER'I  TA-BLE,  a.    Not  true.  [A"i;(inu.Nc] 

Braipn, 

UN-VI'US'£D,  (-versi',)  a.    Not  skilled  ;  not  versed  ; 

unaciiuaiiili'il  ;  as,  7/iii'cro-e(/ in  spinning.  Hlackmore, 
UN-VI'.X'KI),  (  vekst',)  a.    Not  ve.xed  ;  not  lionlilcd  ; 

nut  liisturlied  or  irritated.  Drnden, 
UN-VIN'l)l-€.x-TEl>,(!.    Not  defended. 
UN-VI'O-La-TED,  u.    Not  violated;  not  injured  ;  as, 

unriolatri/  Inmur. 
2.  .Not  broken  ;  not  transgressed  ;  as.  laws  unvio 

hiled. 

U.\-VIR'TIT-OUS,  (  vurl'yu-ua,)  a.    Not  virtuous  ; 

destiliiteof  virlne.  Shak, 
UN-VIH'TU-OUS-LY,  adi\    Not  virtuously. 
UN-VIS'Altl),  r.  (.    To  unmask.  Milton, 
UN-VIS'IT-El),  a.    Not  visited  ;  not  resorted  to  ;  not 

frcqinnted. 

UN-VI'TAL,  a.    Not  vital :  not  affecting  life. 

Med.  Repns. 

|rN-VI"TIA-TEn,  )  f.vis,,/ii.,ed  )  [  »■  • 
UN-VI"CIA-TED,  i  '  i     not  corrupted. 

B.  Jonson, 


FATE.  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT — METE,  PREY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1218 


UNW 

UN-VIT'RI-FI-/:D,  o.  Not  vitrified;  not  converted 
illtn  El.-iss. 

UN-VOI/.\-TII,-IZ-/:l),  a.    Not  volatili/.ed.  ^liiii. 

UN-Vo'l'K',  I'.  (.  'I'ci  coiitrnvene  by  voto  a  t'ormcr 
Vote  ;  to  iinniil  a  former  vote.  Butke. 

(J\-V'OU('ll'f;i),  (-voiiclil',)  a.    Not  fully  attested. 

UN-V(J\V'f."D,  a.  Not  consccrnted  by  solemn  prom- 
ise. IIoo'in\ 

tJ.N'-VOW'KI/  Er),  (I.    Havins  no  vowels.  Skinnrr. 

UN-VOY'.\Gt;-.\-llLK,  n.  Not  to  be  navigated  ur 
pas-!ed  t)ver  on  a  fluid.    [JVot  tt^cd,]  ^Icltan, 

U.\-VIJL'(5AR,  a.    Not  common.  B.  Joiisaii. 

UN-VUL'NKIl  A-nLK,  a.  Not  vulnerable;  that  can 
n{it  be  wounded.    [Ir^vuLNERAnLE  is  mostly  used.] 

UX-U'AIT'EI)  on  ;  nut  attended. 

UN-WAK'fi.V  f:D,  a.  Not  awakened;  not  roused 
from  sleep  or  stupidity. 

UN-\VAlX'/-'Il,  a.  Not  surrounded,  fortified,  or  su|>- 
ported  by  a  wall.  A'/iof/r.<. 

1;N-VVA\T'ED,  a.    Not  wanted.  Mi:/ord. 

UN-WAKKS',  ailit.  Unexpectedly. 
[For  tbis,  Unawares  is  used.j 

UN-\V.\'UI-hV,  ado.  Without  vigilance  and  cau- 
tion ;  heedlessly.  Dt^/bij. 

UN-VVa'RI-NESS,  n.  Want  of  vigilance;  want  of 
caution  ;  carelessness  ;  heedlessness.  Spectator. 

UN-WAR'UKE,  a.  [See  Wab.]  Not  fit  for  war; 
not  used  to  war ;  not  military.  IValler. 

UN-WAR.M'£D,  a.    [.^ee  Warm.]    Not  warmed. 
2.  Not  excited  ;  not  animated.  ^ddifon. 

UN-WARN'KD,  a.  [See  Wahn.]  Not  cautioned  j 
not  previously  admonished  of  danger.  Locke. 

UN-WARP',  V.  t.  [See  Wabp.]  To  reduce  back 
what  is  warped.  Ere-lyn. 

U.\-WARP'7;i),  f-worpt',)  a.  Not  warped  ;  not  bi- 
ased ;  not  turned  from  the  true  direction  ;  impartial. 

T/iom^on. 

UN-WARP'ING,  a.  Not  bending;  unyieldins;;  not 
deviatinff.  Dwi^ht. 

U.\-W \R'RANT-A-BLE,  a.  Not  defensible;  not 
vindicabid  ;  not  justifiable  ;  illegal  ;  unjust  ;  im- 
proper. South. 

UN-WAR'RANT-A-BLE-NESS,  71.  State  of  being 
unwarrantable. 

U.\-WAR'RANT-.VBLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  can 
not  be  justified.  fVake. 

UN-WAR'RANT-ED,  a.  Not  warranted  ;  not  au- 
thorized. 

2.  Not  ascertained  ;  not  assured  or  certain. 

3.  Not  covenanted  to  be  good,  sound,  or  of  a  cer- 
tain quality  ;  as,  an  uinDarrmitcd  horse. 

UN-W.\'RY,  a.    Not  vigilant  against  danger ;  not 
cautious  ;  unziiarded  ;  precipitate.    Locke.  Dnjdcn. 
2.  Unexp-Tted.  [06.-.-.] 
UN-WASH'f;r),  (-wosht',)  )  a.     Not  washed  ;  not 
UN-W.\SU'i:N,  \       cleansed  by  water. 

Mull.  \v. 

UN-W.AST'ED,  a.  N'ot  lost  by  extravagance  or  neg- 
ligence ;  nitt  lavished  away  ;  not  dissipated. 

2.  Not  consumed  by  time  or  violence. 

3.  Not  lost  by  e.xiiaustion,  evaporation,  or  other 
means. 

UN-WAST'ING,  a.    Not  growing  less  ;  not  decaying. 

PojlC. 

U\-WaST'INO-LY,  adv.    Without  waste. 
U.\-W  >TCI1'£1),  (-wotcht',)  a.    Not  guarded  with 
vinjlance. 

UN-WATCII'F^'L,  a.    Not  visilant.  Scott. 
UN  W,VTER-£D,  a.    [See  Watkb.]    Not  watered  ; 

dry.  Pope. 
UN-Wa'VER-INC;,  a.    Not  wavering  or  unstable; 

firm  ;  not  Huctuatin?. 
UN-WA'VER-1.\(;-LY,  ado.    With  firm  constancv. 
UN  WAY'KI),  (  wide',)  a.  Not  used  to  travel.  [Bad, 

and  not         1  Suckling. 
U.\-Wf.AK'£.\-£D,  a.     Not  weakened;    not 'cn- 

fe<blert.  Boyle. 
UN-VVEALTH'Y,  (un  »velth'y,)  a.    Not  wealthy. 

Lonf^hiiriie. 

UN-Wf.AN'ED,  a.     Not  weaned;  not  withdrawn 

from  the  mother's  milk. 
UN-WEAP'0.\-£D,  (un-wcp'nd,)  a.     Not  furnished 

with  weapons  or  otTensive  arms.  Ralfh. 
U.\-Wr.A'RI-A-liLi;,  o.    That  can  not  be  wearied; 

indefjitinalile.    [Little  ti.ie/l.]  Huokcr. 
UN-WE.\'R1-£D,  a.    Not  tired  ;  not  fatigued. 

T)rtjden. 

2.  Indefatisable  ;  conlinnni ;  that  does  not  tire  or 
sink  under  fatigue  ;  as,  unwearied  pi-rsevernnce. 

Roifrr.f. 

UN-Wif,A'RI-£D-LY,  adv.  Without  tiringor  sinking 
under  fatit'iie. 

UN-WeA'R1-£D-.\ESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  unwea- 
ried. Baxter. 

U\-Wi"?.A'RY,  (-wee're,)  a.    Not  weary  ;  not  tired. 

UN-WEA'RY,  ti.  t.   To  refresh  after  fatigue. 

Temple. 

UN'  WkA'RY-ING,  o.    Not  making  wean-. 
UN-Wi?  AVE',  r.  f.    To  unfold;  to  undo  what  has 

been  woven.  Sandiii. 
UN-WEAVING,   ppr.     Undoing  what  has  been 

woven. 

UX  VVEn',  a.  Unmarried.  Skak. 
U\-WED'DED,  o.    Unmarried;  remaining  single. 


UNW 

UN-WEI)GE'A-liLE,  (un-wedj'a-bl,)  a.     Not  to  be 
split  with  wedgi's.    [Barliuroiu-,-,  and  nut  used.] 

Shak. 

UN-WEED'ED.  a.     Not   weeded;  not  cleared  of 
weeds.  Shak. 

UN-WERP'£n,  (-weepf.)    ."ec  Unwept. 

UN-WEET'ING,  a.    [See  AVeet  and  Wit.]  Igno- 
rant ;  unknowing.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

UN-WEET'ING-LY,  arfu.    Ignorantly.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

UN-Wf,rGH'EU,(-wSde',)a.  Not  weighed  ;  not  hav- 
ing the  weight  ascertained. 

Solomon  Iffl      ihe  vcs3'?l«  untoeighed.  —  1  Kings  vii. 

2.  Not  deliberately  considered  and  examined  ;  as, 
to  leave  arguments  or  testimony  iniwri-rlied. 

3.  Not  considerate  ;  negligent ;  as, words  umreitrhed. 

Pope. 

UN-WEIGIl'ING,(-wri'ing,)<?,  Inconsiderate ;  tliought- 

Icss.  Shak. 
UN-VVEI/eOME,  a.     Not  welcome;  not  grateful; 

not  pleasing;    not  will  received;   as,  unwelcome 

news  ;  an  utnreleume  guest. 
U.N-WF.I/COME-I.Y,  adv.  Not  in  a  welcome  manner. 
UN-WELL',  a.    Not  well ;  iiulisposed;  not  in  good 

health. 

[It  expresses  Ics  than  Sick.] 
UN-WELL'NESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  indisposed.  [JiTot 

in  use.]  Chesterfield. 
UN-WEi'T',  a.    Not  lamented;  not  mourned.  The 

protiisate  lives  ilespised,  and  dies  unwept. 
U\-WET',  n.    Not  wet  or  moist.  Dn/dcn. 
U.\-WHIP'P£D,  (-whipt',)  /  a.     Not  whipped;  not 
UN-WHIPT',  i    corrected  with  the  rod. 

Pope. 

UN-WIirS'PER-£n,  a.    Not  whispered. 
U.\-WI1(>LE',  a.  [See  Whole  ]    Not  sound;  infirm. 
[JK'ot  in  use.] 

UN-WilOLE'^SOME,  (  hol'sum,)  a.    Not  wholesome  ; 
unfavorable  to  health;  insalubrious;  as,  unwholesome 
air  or  food.  Bacon. 
2.  Pernicious  ;  as,  Vfurhotesomc  advice. 
UN-WIIoLE'SOME-NESS,  n.     Insalubrity;  state  or 
quality  of  being  injurious  or  noxious  to  he.dth ; 
as,  the  umrholesomeness  of  a  climate. 
UN-WIELU'I-LY,  arfo.    Heavily;  with  difiicnlty. 

Dnjdcn. 

UN-WIK.LD'I-NEPS,  n.    Heaviness  ;  difficulty  of  be- 
ing moved  ;  as  the  unwieldiness  of  a  corpulent  body. 

Donne. 

UN-WIkLD'Y,  a.    That  is  moved  with  difficulty; 

unmanageable;  bulky;  ponderous;  as,  an  miwieldij 

bulk  ;  an  umrieldy  rock. 
U.\-WILL'£D,  a.    Tiot  willed  ;  not  produced  by  the 

will. 

UN-WILL'ING,  a.    Not  willing;  loath;  disinclined; 
reluctant ;  as,  an  unwilling  servant. 

UN-WILL'ING-LY,  adv.    Not  with  good  will;  not 
cheerfully  ;  reluctantly. 

UN-WILL'ING-NESS,  lu  Loathncss  ;  disinclination  ; 
reluctance. 

UN-WILT' ED,  a.    Not  wilted  ;  fresh. 

UN-VVlNl)',  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  U.Nwot  ND.    To  wind 
otT;  10  loo.se  or  sepamte  what  is  wound  or  con- 
volved ;  as,  to  miKind  thread  or  a  ball. 
2.  To  disentangle.  Hooker. 

UN-WT.N'D',  1'.  I.    'I'o  admit  evolution.  Mortimer. 

UN-\\7.\D'1NG,  n.    Not  winding. 
2.  ppr.    Winding  off. 

UN-WI\(;'£D,  a.    Not  provided  with  wings. 

UN-WIP'£1),  (-wipt',)  a.    Not  cleaned  by  rubbing. 

SImk. 

UN-\\^SE',  a.     Not  wise;  not  choosing  the  best 

means  for  the  end  ;  defective  in  wisdom  ;  as,  an  un- 

viise  man  ;  unieLie  kings. 
2.  Not  dicLiled  by  wisdom;  not  adapted  to  the 

end  ;  as,  umcise  measures. 
UN-WISE'LY,  a</e.    Not  wisely;  not  prudently;  as, 

nnwisely  rigid  ;  unicisrlji  studious, 
UN-\\'ISII',  V.  t.    To  wish  that  which  is  not  to  be. 

[JViil  in  use.]  SkaJi. 
UN-WISH'£D,  (-wisht',)  a.  Not  wished  ;  not  sought ; 

not  desired.  Pope. 
U\-WIST',a.  Not  known.  [Ofo.j  Spenser. 
UN-WIT',  V.  t.    To  deprive  of  understanding.  [JVu« 

in  use.]  Shak. 
UN-WITII-nRAW'I.VG,  a.    Not  withdrawine;  con- 

tinuallv  liberal.  Milton. 
U\-WrfirF.K-£n,  a.    Not  withered  or  faded. 
UN-WITU'ER  ING,  a.    Not  liable  to  wither  or  fade. 

Cuwper. 

UN-WITII-STOOD',  a.    Not  opposed.  Plulipn. 
UN-\Vrr'.N'ESS-£D,  (-wit'liest,)  a.    Not  witnessed; 

not  attested  by  witnesses  ;  wanting  testimony. 
UN-WI  I  'TI-LY,  a/ir.    Without  wit.  Cowley. 
UN-WIT'l'ING-LY,  adv.     Without  knowledge  or 

consciousness ;  ignorantly  ;  as,  he  has  unwittingly 

injured  himself,  or  his  neighbor. 
UN-WIT'TY,  a.    Not  witty  ;  destitute  of  wit. 

Shen  stone. 

UN-WlV'KD,  0.  Having  no  wife.  [A'utused.]  Selden. 
UN-\VO.\I'.VN,  V.  L   To  deprive  of  the  qualities  of  a 

woman.  Sundys. 
UN-WOM'AN-LY,  a.    Unbecoming  a  woman. 


UP 


UN-Wrt.VT',  )  ,„.,,„,,  X  (a.  Unaccustomed;  iin- 
UN-^\■0.^•T'ED,  (  f     used;  not  m;,Je  fa- 

miliiu  by  practice;  as,  a  cliilil  unwonted  to  sir.m- 
gers  ;  eea  calves  unwonted  to  f  resh  water.  May. 

2,  Uncommon  ;  unusual  ;  infrequent ;  rare  ;  as, 
an  Hnir**;(/f(/ meteor  ;  unwe/i^frf  changes.  Drydm. 
UN-WO.NT'EU-LY,  adv.   In  an  unaccustomed  man- 
ner. 

UN-WONT'ED-NESS,  n.  Uncommonness  ;  rareness. 

7'atdor. 

UN-WOOD'ED,  a.  Destitute  of  trees,  liinlier,  or 
wood';  not  producing  trees.  The  prairies  of  tlie  west 
are  unitoudcd. 

UN-WO()'£U,  a.    Not  wooed  ;  not  courted.  Shak. 

UN-WORK'LNG,  n.    Living  without  labor.  Locke. 

UN-WfiRK'.MAN-LTKE,  a.  Unskillful. 

UN-Wf)RLD'LI-NESS,  n.   State  of  being  unworldly. 

UN-WOKLD'LY,  (-wurld'le,)  a.    Not  worldly. 

UN-WOR.M'£U,  a.    Not  wormed.    [Ml  used.] 

Beaum.  4*  ^l. 

UN-WoRN',  a.    Not  worn  ;  not  iinpain  d.  Young. 

UN-WOR'RI-/:i),  (-wiir'riil,)  a.    Not  worried. 

UN-VVf)R'SIIIP-£U,  (-wur'shipt,)  a.  Not  worshiped  ; 
not  adored.  Milton. 

UN-WOR'SIIIP-ING,  a.  Not  worshiping  ;  habitually 
neclectini  the  worship  of  God.       J.  M.  Maliheios. 

UN-WOR'TIII-LY,  (-wur'the-le,)  adv.  [Sec  Wobtht 
and  Worth.]  Not  according  to  desert ;  without  due 
regard  to  merit ;  as,  to  treat  a  man  unworthily. 

UN-WOR'THI-NESS,  )i.    Want  of  worth  or  merit. 

UN-WOR''f  IIY,  (-wur'the,)  a.  Not  di  serving  ;  fol- 
lowed by  of.  As  sinners,  we  arc  utterly  unworthy  of 
the  divine  favor. 

2.  Not  deserving ;  wanting  merit.  Receive  your 
unworthy  son  into  favor.  One  great  evil  of  govern- 
ment is,  that  unworthy  men  are  elected  or  appointed 
to  fill  important  offices. 

3.  Unbecoming;  vile;  base;  as,  unworthy  usage 
or  treatment.  Drydtn. 

4.  Not  suitable  ;  inadequate.  This  opinion  is  un- 
worthii  of  its  author. 

U.V-WOUND',  pp.  of  Unwind.   Wound  off;  untwist- 
ed. Mortimer. 
UN-WOUND'ED,  a.     Not  wounded  ;  not  hurt  ;  not 
injur«'d  in  body  ;  as,  nnwonndcd  enemies.  Milton. 
2.  Not  hurt ;  not  olTended  ;  as,  unwounded  ears. 

Pope. 

UN-WOUND'ING,  a.    Not  hurting. 
UN-WoVE',  pret.  of  Unweave. 
U.\-WoV'£N,  a.    Not  woven. 

UN-WR.\P',  (-rap',)  v.  t.  To  open  what  is  wrapped 
or  folded. 

UN-WReATHE',  v.  U    To  untwist  or  untwine. 

Boyle. 

UN-WRENCII'£D,  (-rencht',)  a.  Not  strained  ;  not 
distorted.  Cowpcr. 

UN-WRINK'LE,  (rink'l,)  v.L  To  reduce  wrinkles  ;  to 
smooth.  j9nacJtarsis. 

UN-WRINK'LED,  a.  Not  shrunk  into  furrows  and 
rillues. 

UN-WRTT'ING,  a.  Not  writing  ;  not  assuming  the 
character  of  an  author  ;  as,  an  unwritintr  citizen. 

UN-WRIT'T£.\,  (-rit'n,)  a.    Not  written  ;   not  re- 
duced to  writing  ;  verbal. 
2.  Blank  ;  containing  no  writing.  South. 
Unwritten  doctrines,  in  religion,  are  such  as  have 
been  handed  down  by  word  of  mouth  ;  oral  or  tradi- 
tional doctrines. 

Unwritten  lajcs,  are  such  as  liave  been  delivered 
down  by  tradition  or  in  songs.  Such  were  the  laws 
of  the  early  nations  of  Europe. 

The  unwritten  taw  (L.  lez  non  scripta)  of  England 
and  of  the  United  States,  called  common  law.  is  such 
as  has  not  the  authority  of  statutes,  not  having  origi- 
nated from  any  legislative  act,  or  oricinatine  from 
some  act  not  now  extant.  This  law  is  now  contained 
in  the  re|K>rLs  of  judicial  decisions. 

UN-WRONG'£D,  a.    Not  treated  unjustly. 

UN-WROUGHT',  (-rawt',)  a.  Not  labored;  not 
manufactured  ;  not  reduced  to  due  form.  Drvden. 

UN-WRU.N"G',  {-rung',)  o.    .Not  pinched.  Shak. 

UN-YIkLD'ED,  (-yeeld'ed,)  a.  Not  yielded;  not 
conceded  ;  not  given  up.  Drvden. 

UN-YIf:LD'ING,  a.  Not  yicldine  to  force  or  persua- 
sion ;  unbending;  nnpliani;  still;  firm;  obstinate. 

Med.  Repos. 

2.  Not  givinc  place.  Thomson. 
UN-YIkLI)'I.\'(;  I.Y,  ndr.  Unhendinclv  ;  obstiii.atelv. 
UN-Ylr.LD'I.NtJ-Ni:S.S,  n.    State  of  being  unyield- 
ing. 

UN-YoKE',  r.  t.  To  loose  from  a  yoke  ;  to  free  from 
a  yoke. 

Unyoke  Ihe  itccrs.  Shak. 
2.  To  part  ;  to  disjoin.  Shak. 
UN-Yf)K'£I),  C-yckt',)  pp.   Freed  from  the  yoke. 

2.  a.    Not  having  worn  the  yoke.  Dryden, 

3.  Licentious  ;  unrestrained.  Shak, 
If.\-YoK'ING,  ppr.    Freeing  from  the  yoke. 
U.\-Zo.\'£D,  a.    Not  bound  with  a  girdle  ;  as,  an 

loned  bosom.  Prior, 
UP,  B(/r.    [Sa.T.  up,  upp  ;  G.  anf ;  D.  and  Dan.  op ; 
Sw.  up.] 
1.  Aloft  ;  on  high. 

But  up  or  don'D.  MiUom, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


Tlie  g'enile  arcUliishop  of  York  is  up. 
My  soal  is  up  in  arms. 


UPB 

2.  Out  of  bed.    He  is  not  up.  Sliak. 

3.  Having  risen  from  a  seat. 

sir  Roger  was  up.  Addison. 

■1.  From  a  state  of  concealment  or  discumbiture. 
5.  In  a  state  of  being  built. 

Up  with  my  tent.  Shdk. 
6  Above  the  horizon.    The  sun  is  ■uji. 

7.  To  a  state  of  excitement.  He  was  wrought  Hp 
to  a  rage. 

8.  To  a  state  of  advance  or  proficiency. 

Till       have  wrought  ourselves  up  to  this  degree  of  Christiao 
iiiuilletence.  AtteTbury. 

9.  In  a  state  of  elevation  or  exaltation. 

Those  that  were  up  kept  others  low.  Spenser. 

10.  In  a  state  of  climbing  or  ascending.  We  went 
up  to  the  city  or  town. 

11.  In  a  state  of  insurrection. 

Shak. 
Dryden. 

12.  In  a  state  of  being  increased  or  raised.  The 
river  is  xip ;  the  flood  is  up.  Dryden. 

13.  In  a  state  of  approaching ;  as,  up  comes  a  fox. 

UEstrani^e. 

14.  In  order.    He  drew  up  his  regiment. 

15.  From  younger  to  elder  years ;  as,  from  his 
youth  up. 

Up  and  down ;  from  one  place  to  another ;  here  and 
there. 

2.  From  one  state  or  position  to  anotlier;  back- 
ward and  forward. 

Up  to ;  to  an  equal  liiglit  vt'ith  ;  as,  up  to  the  chin 
in  water. 

2.  To  a  degree  or  point  adequate.  Live  up  to  the 
principles  professed. 

Up  with;  raise  ;  lift;  as,  i<p  with  the  fist;  up  with 
the  timber. 

Up  is  much  used  to  modify  the  actions  expressed 
by  verbs.  It  is  very  often  useful  and  necessary,  verj' 
often  useless. 

To  brar  up  ;  to  sustain. 

To  ffo  up  ;  to  ascend. 

To  lift  up  :  to  raise. 

To  iret  up ;  to  rise  from  bed  or  a  seat. 

To  bind  up;  to  bind  together. 

To  blow  up ;  to  inflate  ;  to  distend  ;  to  inflame. 

To  g-nm  up  ;  to  grow  to  mritiirity. 

Up  stream;  from  the  mouth  toward  the  head  of  a 
stream  ;  against  the  stream  ;  hence,  «p  is  in  a  direc- 
tion toward  the  head  of  a  stream  or  river ;  as,  vp  the 
country. 

Up  sound;  in  the  direction  from  the  sea;  opposed 
to  down  sound,  that  is,  in  the  direction  of  Ihe  ebb  tide. 

Up  is  used  elliptically  for  fret  up,  expressing  acom- 
nand  or  exhortation. 

Up,  let  us  be  goittg.  — Judges  xii. 

U  ?,  prep.    From  a  lower  to  a  higher  place.    Go  up  the 
lill.  Bneon. 

n.  A  tree  common  in  the  forests  of  Java  and 
t  f  the  neighboring  isles,  the  secn  tions  of  which  are 
jioisonous.  It  has  been  fabulously  reported  that  the 
itmosphere  surrounding  it  is  deleterious. 

P.  Cijc.  Brande. 
\  P-BESR', ».  t.;  p««.  Upbore;  pp.  Uieobne.  [wp 
and  bear.    See  Bear.] 

1.  To  raise  aloft ;  to  lift;  to  elevate.  Milton. 

2.  To  sustain  aloft ;  to  support  in  an  elevated  sit- 
uation. 

Upborne  they  fly.  Pope. 

3.  To  support;  to  sustain.  Spenser. 
UP-IilNIV,  V.  t.    To  bind  up.  Collins. 
UP-BLoW,  V.  t.    To  blow  up.    [JVo*  used.]  Spenser. 
UP-liRAID',  V.  t.      [Sax.  up^eiredun,  to  reproach; 

frebrw.dan,  to  roast,  to  dilate  or  extend,  to  ilraw,  as 
a  sword  ;  bredan,  to  braid  ;  Dan.  bebrejdcr,  to  up- 
braid.] 

1.  To  charge  with  something  wrong  or  disgrace- 
ful ;  to  reproach  ;  to  cast  in  the  teeth  ;  followed  by 
with  or  for,  beforn  the  thing  imputed  ;  as,  to  upbraid 
a  man  for  his  folly  or  his  intemperance. 

Yet  do  not 

Upbraid  nil  vith  our  distri^M.  Sha/c. 
lit:  upbrauUd  them  with  their  unbcli'rf.  —  Mall.  xvl. 

[The  use  of  to  and  of,  after  upbraid,  —  as,  to  up- 
braid a  man  of  his  gain  by  iniquity,  to  upbraid  to  a 
man  his  evil  practices,  —  has  been  long  discontin- 
ued.] 

2.  To  reproach  ;  to  chide. 

God,  who  j^ivcth  to  all  men  libcriilly,  and  upbraidcth  not.  — 
JuDics  i. 

3.  To  reprove  with  severity. 

Then  h"  ln-gan  to  upbra'ul  the  citiei  wherein  most  of  his  mighty 
works  were  done.  —  Mall.  xi. 

4.  To  bring  reproach  on.  Mdison. 
How  much  doUi  thy  kindn'-M  upbraid  my  wickedness  I  Sidney, 
fi.  To  trent  with  cimti  inpl.    [0A>.]  Spenser. 

UP-liKAID'KO,  pp.    ('barged  with  nomething  wrong 

or  dingrfici  ful  ;  n  proarlied  ;  reproved. 
irP-lillAll)'i;i{,  n.    One  who  iii>braid«  or  reproves. 
UP-IIRAII)'IN(;,  ppr.    Accusing;  casting  in  the  teeth  ; 

reproaching ;  reproving. 


UPO 

UP-BRaID'ING,  H.  A  charging  with  something  wrong 
or  disgraceful;  the  act  of  reproaching  or  reproving. 

I  have  too  long  borne 
Tour-blunl  upbraiding.  Shak. 

2.  The  reproaches  or  accusations  of  con.=cience. 
UP-BRaID'ING-LY,  ado.    In  an  upbraiding  manner. 
UP-BRAY',  for  UpBRiiD,  to  shame,  is  not  in  use. 

Spenser. 

UP-BROUGHT',  (up-brawt',)  a.     Brought  np;  edu- 
cated.   [JVti^  in  use.']  Spenser. 
UP'CAST,  a.    Cast  up  ;  a  term  in  bowling. 
2.  Thrown  upward  ;  as,  with  upcast  eyes. 

Dryden. 

UP'GAST,  ?!.    In  Jmr/innr,  a  cast ;  a  throw.  Sliak. 
UP-€UI  L'KD,  a.    JIade  into  a  coil.  IVordsrrnrth. 
UP-eOlL'ING,  a.    Winding  into  a  coil.  Soulliey. 
UP-DRAW,  J).  (.    To  draw  up.    [JVot  in  use.] 
UP-DRAWN",  pp.    Drawn  up.  [Milton. 
UP-FILL'ING,  a.    Filling  up. 
UP-FLU.\G',  a.    Thrown  U]). 
UP-GATH'ER,  V.  t.    To  contract.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

UP-GROW',  ».  i.    To  grow  up.    [Jy'ot  in  use.) 

Milton. 

UP'HAND,  a.    Lifted  by  the  hand.  Moxon. 
UP-1I1CAV'.'\L,  n.    A  heaving  or  lifting  up. 
UP-HkAVE',  !).  t.    Til  heave  nr  lift  up  from  beneath. 
UP-!li;AV'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Heaved  or  lifted  up  from 
beneath. 

UP-IIif.AV'ING,  ppr.    Heaving  or  lifting  up. 
UP-HELD',  pret.  and  pp.  of  Uphold.  Sustained  ;  sup- 
port-d. 

UP'IIEKS,  n.  pi.  In  architecture,  a  name  given  to 
poll  s  used  in  scafliilding.  Brande. 

UP'llILL,  a.  Diffii  ult,  like  the  act  of  ascending  a 
hill  ;  as,  uphill  labor.  Clurissa. 

UP-IIoARD', !).  «.    To  hoard  up.    [Jfot  used.] 

Spenser.  Shah. 

UP-HOI.D',  V.  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Upheld.  [Upholden 
is  obsdIetP.] 

1.  To  lift  on  high  ;  to  elevate.  Dniden, 

2.  To  support ;  to  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  falling  or 
slippiag. 

Honor  shall  uphold  the  humble  in  spirit.  —  Prov.  xxix. 

3.  To  keep  from  declension.  Merbury. 

4.  To  support  in  any  state.  Raleirh. 

5.  To  continue  ;  to  maintain.  Hooker. 
G.  To  keep  from  being  lost. 

Faulconbridge, 
In  spite  of  spite,  alone  upholds  the  day.  Shak. 

7.  To  continue  without  failing.  Holder. 

8.  To  continue  in  being.  Hahewill. 
UP-HoLD'ER,  )i.    One  that  upholds  ;  a  supporter  ;  a 

defender  ;  a  sustainer.  Sioift.  Hale. 

£.  An  undertaker  ;  one  who  provides  for  funerals. 

Oati. 

UP-HoL'STER-ER,  n.  [from  up  and  hold.]  One 
who  furnishes  houses  with  beds,  curtains,  and  the 
like.  Pope. 

UP-Hc)L'STER-Y,  n.  Furniture  supplied  by  uphol- 
sterers. 

UP'LAND,  n.  [np  and  land.]  High  land  ;  ground  el- 
evated above  the  meadows  and  intervals  which  lie 
on  the  banks  of  rivers,  near  the  sea,  or  between 
hills  ;  land  which  is  generally  dry.  It  is  opposed  to 
Meadow,  Marsh,  Swamp,  Interval,  &.c.  Uplands 
are  particularly  valuable  as  affording  pasture  for 
sheep. 

UP'LAND,  a.  Higher  in  situation  ;  being  on  upland  ; 
as,  upland  inhabitants. 

2.  IVrlaining  to  uplands  ;  an,  upland  pasturage. 
UP-LAND'lSIl,  a.    Pert.aining  to  uplands  ;  dwelling 

on  high  lands  or  mountains.  Chapman. 
UP-LAY',  V.  t.    To  lay  up ;  to  hoard.    [JSTot  in  use.] 

Donne. 

UP-LicAD',  V.  t.    To  lead  upward.  Milton. 
UP-LED',  pp.    Led  upward. 

UP-LIFT',  71.  /.  To  raise  aloft;  to  raise;  to  elevate  ; 
as,  to  uplift  the  arm.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  the  jiarti- 
ciple  ;  as,  uplifted  eyes ;  uplifted  arms. 

Milton.  Sirlft. 

UP-IiIFT'r,D,  pp.  or  a.  Raised  high ;  lifted  ;  ele- 
vated. 

UP-LIFT'ING,  ppr.    Lifting  up  ;  elevating. 
UP-LOOK',  V.  t.    To  look  up.    fJVut  in  use.]  Sliak. 
UP'MoST,  a.    [up  and  most.]    Highest ;  topmost. 

Dryden. 

[Little  used.    We  generally  use  Uppermost.] 
UP-O.N"',  prep,    [iiiix.  ufm,  Jifon,  or  ufe.    This  is  prob- 
ably up  and  on;  the  Sax.  ii/e  being  the  G.        up  ] 
On.    Upon  has  the  sense  of  on,  and  might  perhaps 
be  wholly  dispensed  with. 

1.  Resting  or  being  on  the  top  or  surface  ;  as,  be- 
ing upon  a  hill,  or  upon  a  rock  ;  upon  a  flt'ld  ;  upon  a 
table  ;  upon  n  rivv.r  ;  7/pfjrt  the  altar  ;  upon  llie  roof. 
He  has  his  coat  upon  his  back  ;  his  hat  is  upi>»  his 
head. 

2.  In  a  state  of  resting  or  deiiendcnce  ;  as,  upon 
this  condition  ;  he  will  cimlrart  with  you  7/po/i  these 
terms.  Upon  our  repentance  we  hope  to  be  for- 
given. 

3.  Denoting  resting,  as  a  burden.  Impose  upon 
yourself  this  task. 


UPR 

4.  In  the  direction  or  part  of;  as;,  upon  the  right 
hand. 

5.  Relating  to.  They  are  now  engaged  upon  the 
afi"airs  of  the  bank. 

(i.  In  consideration  of ;  as,  upon  the  whole  matter. 

Z>ryden. 

7.  Near  to ;  as,  a  village  7;po7t  the  Thames. 

8.  With,  or  having  received.  He  came  «po;i  an 
hour's  warning. 

9.  On  the  occasion  of ;  engaged  in  for  the  execu- 
tion of.    He  sent  the  officer  upon  a  bold  enterprise. 

10.  In  ;  during  the  time  of ;  as,  upon  the  seventh 
day  ;  upon  the  first  of  January. 

11.  Noting  security;  as,  to  borrow  money  upon 
lands,  or  upo7i  mortgage. 

12.  Noting  approach  or  attack. 

The  Phitistiiies  be  upon  Ihce,  Samson.  — Judges  xvi. 

13.  Noting  exposure  or  incurring  some  danger  or 
loss.  You  (To  tliis  upon  pain  of  death,  or  upon  the 
penalties  of  the  law. 

14.  At  the  time  of;  on  occasion  of.  What  was 
their  conduct  upon  this  event.' 

1. 'i.  By  inference  from,  or  pursuing  a  certain  sup- 
position. Upon  his  principles,  we  can  have  no  stable 
government.  t 

Hi.  Engaged  in.    What  is  he  i/pira  ?  Locke. 
17.  Having  a  particular  manner.  The  horse  is  now 
upon  a  hard  trot.  Dryden. 

15.  Resting  or  standing,  as  on  a  condition.  He  is 
put  upon  his  good  beliaviur. 

19.  Noting  means  of  subsistence  or  support.  Cat- 
tle live  upon  grass. 

20.  Noting  dependence  for  subsistence;  as,  pau- 
pers come  upon  the  parish  or  town. 

To  take  upon  ;  to  assume. 

Til  assume  upon  ;  in  lain,  to  promise  ;  to  undertake. 
UP'PER,  a.    [camp,  from  up.]    Higher  iu  place  ;  as, 
the  upper  lip  ;  the  upper  side  of  a  thing.    An  upper 
story  is  a  higher  one  ;  the  upper  story  is  the  highest. 
So  the  7/ppcr  deck  of  a  ship. 

2.  Superior  in  rank  or  dignity  ;  as,  the  upper  house 
of  a  legislature. 

Upper-works ;  in  a  ship,  the  parts  above  water 
when  the  ship  is  properly  balanced  for  a  voyage  ;  or 
that  part  which  is  above  the  main  wale.  Ci/c. 

UP'PER-LEA'f  H'ER,  (-leth'er,)  n.  The  leather  for 
the  vamps  and  quarters  of  shoes. 

UP-PER-H AND',  »i.    Ascendency  ;  superiority. 

UP'PER-I\IoST,  n.  siipcrl.    [upper  and  7/io..(.] 

1.  Highest  in  place  ;  as,  the  uppermost  seats. 

2.  Highest  in  power  or  authority. 

Whatever  faction  happena  to  be  uppermCBl.  Siri/t. 

3.  Predominant ;  most  powerful.  Dryden. 
UP-PTL'ED,  a.    Piled  upward.  Wordsworth. 
UP'PI.'^H,  (I.    Proud  ;  arrogant.    [J}  lou)  word.] 
UP-RAISE',  V.  t.   [up  and  raise.]    To  raise ;  to  lift  up. 
UP-RAIS'ED,  pp.    Lifted  up. 

UP-RAIS'ING,  71.    A  raising  or  elevation. 

UP-ReAR',  v.  t.  [up  and  rear.]  To  rear  up;  to 
raise.  Qay. 

UP-RkAR'£D,  pp.    Reared  up;  raised. 

UP'RIGHT,  (up'rlte,)  a.  [up  and  riV/i«.  This  word 
is  markeil  in  books  with  the  accent  on  the  first 
syllable.  But  it  is  frequently  pronounced  with  the 
accent  on  the  second,  and  the  accent  on  either  syl- 
lable of  its  derivatives  is  admissible.] 

1.  Erect;  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  hori- 
zon ;  as,  an  upright  tree  ;  an  upright  post.  Among 
■mechanics,  plumb. 

2.  Erected  ;  pricked  up  ;  shooting  directly  from 
the  body. 

All  have  their  ears  upright.  Spenser. 
With  chattering  leelli  and  bristling  hair  upright.  Di-yden! 

3.  Honest;  just;  adhering  to  rectitude  in  all  social 
intercourse  ;  not  deviating  from  correct  moral  priii- 
cijiles  ;  as,  an  upright  man.    Job  i. 

4.  Conformable  to  moral  rectitude. 
Conscience  rewards  upright  conduct  with  pleasure. 

J.  AJ.  Mason. 

UP'RIGHT,  71.  In  architecture,  a  representation  or 
draught  of  the  front  of  a  building  ;  called  also  an 
Ji-EVATioN,  or  Orthography.    [Little  used.] 

Cyc.  Gwill. 
2.  Something  standing  erect  or  perpeiidicular. 
UP-RIGHT' EOUS-LY,  (-rl'chus-,)  otic.  In  an  upright 

or  just  manner.  Sliah. 
UP'|tii;in'-HEART'ED,  a.   Having  an  upright  heart. 
UP'RKillT-LY,  a(/u.    In  a  direction  perpendicular  t<? 
the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  in  an  erect  position. 

2.  Honestly;  with  strict  oliservaiice  of  rectitude, 
as,  to  live  uprightly.  Dryden. 
lie  thai  walketh  ujnishlly  wnlkoth  surely.  —  Prov.  x. 

UP'RIGHT-NESS,  7i.    Perpendicular  erection. 

Waller. 

2.  Iliinesly ;  integrity  In  principle  or  practice ; 
conformity  to  rectitude  and  justice  in  social  dealings. 

The  truly  upright  man  is  iiiflexUiIe  in  his  uprightness. 

All^rbtir^. 

UP-HT!*E',  V.  i. ;  pret.  Uprose  ;  pp.  Uprisen.  To  rise 
friini  bed  or  from  a  seat. 

Uprose  the  virgin  with  the  morning  light.  Pope. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WJl^T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK — 


1220 


URA 

3.  To  ascend  abiive  the  horizon. 

t'jirose  \Uo  iun.  CtjMr.'^y. 
3.  T(i  ascend,  as  a  hni.    [OIi.*.]   '  Shak. 
UP-UISE',  n.    A  rising;  appearance  above  the  liori- 

zc.ii.    IO/«.]  Sliuk. 
UP-KIS'I.NG,  ppr.    Rising;  ascending. 
Ul'-IIIS'ING,  n.    The  act  of  rising. 

Ttiou  kjjowm  mj  down-ftiuing  and  niiiio  upruing.  —  P«. 
cxxxix. 

UP'RO.AR,  n.  [D.  oproer;  G.  nii/rulr;  aitf,  up,  and 
rii/tren,  to  stir,  to  beat,  D,  roereii^  Hw.  rora,  uprar. 
In  verse,  it  is  sonietitiios  accented  i  n  tlie  second 
syllable.) 

Great  tumult ;  violent  disturbance  and  noise ; 
bustle  and  clanmr. 

Tlie  Jinvs  w'lo  believed  not  —  «et  all  Ihe  clly  in  an  uproar. — 
Acts  xvit. 

Horror  Ihus  prevailed, 
And  wild  uproar.  Philipf. 

UP-RO.\R',  V.  L   To  throw  into  confusion.   [A'ot  in 

ust:  I 

UP-Ko.\R'I-OUS,  a.  Making  a  great  noise  and  tu- 
mult. 

UP-R(1AR'I-0US-LY,  adv.  With  great  noise  and 
tumult. 

UP-KoLL',  V.  L    [up  and  roll.]    To  roll  up.  Milton. 
VP-Rol-U ED,  pp.    Rolled  up. 

UP-KOO'l"',  V.  t.  [up  and  root.]  To  root  up;  to  tear 
up  by  the  roots  ;  as,  to  uproot  the  hills  or  trees. 

DnjUen. 

UP-ROOT'ED,  pp.    Torn  up  by  the  roots. 

UP-K(JUSE',  (up-rou/.',)  v.  u'  [up  aiid  rouse.]  To 
rouse  fr(un  sleep  ;  to  awake.  Shak. 

VP-llOVS'F.l),  pp.    Roused  from  sleep. 

IJP-KorjS'lNG,  ppr.    Rousing  from  sleep. 

UP-i^ET',  V.  t.  [u/i  and  scL]  To  overturn;  to  over- 
throw ;  to  overset ;  as  a  carriage. 

UP-SET',  n.  An  overturn  ;  an  overthrow  ;  as  of  a 
carriage. 

UP'fHOT,  n.  [up  and  shot.]  Final  issue  ;  conclu- 
sion ;  end  ;  as,  the  up.^hot  oi  the  matter. 

Here  19  Uie  upshot  und  result  of  all.  Burnet. 

Vpxide.  itoicii ;  the  upper  part  undermost.    As  a 
pAra^'f,  this  denotes  in  confusion;  in  complete  dis- 
order. Sout/i. 
UP-SNATCH'ING,  o.    Snatching  up ;  seizing. 

.^tfiprstonr. 

UP'SPRING,  n.    [up  and  spring.]    An  upstart.  [JVut 

in  usp.'l  Shak. 
UP-SPrLN'O',  v.  L    To  spring  up.    [JVot  in  use] 

SackvUle. 

UP-STAND',  r.  u    To  be  erected.    [AVt  used.] 

.May. 

UP-STXRT',  v.  i.    [up  and  start.]    To  start  or  spring 

up  suddenly.  Dnjden. 
UP'STXRT,  n.    One  that  suddenly  rises  from  low 
life  to  wealth,  power,  or  honor.  Spenser. 
2.  Something  that  springs  up  suddenly. 

Milton.  Bacon. 

UP'STXRT,  a.    Suddenly  raised.  Shak. 

UP-STAV,  b.  t  [up  and  stay.]  To  sustain  ;  to  sup- 
port. Milton. 

UP-ST.\Y'ING,  ppr.  Supporting. 

UP-SWAR.M',  c.  U  [See  Swarm.]  To  raise  in  a 
swarm.    [J^^ol  in  itsf.J  Shak. 

UP-TaKE',  v.  t.  [up  and  take.]  To  take  into  the 
hand.    [J^oi  in  use.)  Spenser. 

UP-TE.\R',  V.  U    [up  and  tear.]    To  tear  up. 

Milton. 

UP-TRAIX',  r.  t.    [up  and  train.]    To  train  up ;  to 

educate.    [A'ut  in  use.]  Spenser. 
UP-TURN',  V.  L    [up  and  (urn.]    To  turn  up ;  to 

throw  up  ;  as,  to  upturn  Ihe  ground  in  plowing. 

M'dlon.  Pope. 
UP'WARD,  0.    [up  and  toarrf.  Sax.  weard,  L.  rfT.«its.] 
Directed  to  a  higher  place  ;  as,  with  upward  eye  ; 

with  upward  speed.  Dnjdcn.  Prior. 

UP'WARD,  n.    The  top.    [A^jf  in  mav.]  S/ia!:. 
UP'\V.\RD,  adv.    Toward  a  higher  place  ;  opposed  to 

Downward. 

Upward  I  lift  my  eye,  Waas. 

2.  Toward  heaven  and  God. 

L^kin'  inw.inl,  we  arc  strudc  dumb ;  looking  upuard.  we  apeak 
and  prevail.  Hooker. 

3.  With  respect  to  the  higher  part. 

UpiMrd  man, 
Downwarl  fish.  ^futon. 

4.  More  than,  indefinitely.  Upward  of  ten  years 
have  elapsed ;  upward  of  a  hundred  men  were 
present. 

5.  Toward  the  source.    Trace  the  stream  upward. 
And  trace  the  muses  upward  to  th-'ir  spring.  Pope. 

UP-WHIRL',  (-hwurl',)  r.  i.  [up  and  whirl.]  To 
rise  npwRrd  in  a  whirl ;  to  whirl  upward.  Milton. 

UP-VVIITRL',  V.  L  To  raise  upward  in  a  whirling 
direction. 

UP-\\1ND',  r.  f.    [up  and  wind.]    To  wind  up. 

Spenser. 

U'RAN'-GLIM'MER,  n.    Uranite,  which  see. 
U-RA'\I-A,  n.    In  mntholo^j^  the  muse  of  astronomy. 
li'RA.S'-ITK.  n.    An  ore  of  uranium,  of  a  bright  green 


URG 

or  yellow  color,  and  foliated  like  mica.  The  green 
variety  consists  of  oxyd  iif  ur.iiiiitm.  phosphoric  acid, 
ami  copper,  and  is  called  <'HAt.Liii,iTE  or  CorpEii 
Uramte.  The  yellow  contains  lime  instead  of 
copper,  and  is  called  Lime  Uranite.  Dana. 
U-RA.\'-IT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  uranite,  or  resem- 
"bliiig  it. 

IJ-R  A'.\I-UM,  n.  [Gr.  oDoacof,  heaven,  or  a  planet  so 
called.] 

A  metal  discovered  in  1789  by  Klaprolh,  in  the 
mineral  called  pitchblende.  It  is  occasionally  found 
native  in  urau-ocher  and  uran-niica  ;  but  more  gen- 
erally it  is  obtained  from  pitchblende,  in  which  it  ex- 
ists with  iron,  copper,  lead,  and  sonictiines  with 
arsenic,  cobalt,  and  zinc.  Uranium  is  of  a  reddish- 
brown  color,  has  a  metallic  luster,  and  is  coiiinioiily 
obtained  in  a  crystalline  form.  It  suffers  no  change 
from  exposure  to  the  air  at  common  temperatures, 
but  when  heated  in  open  vessels,  it  absorbs  oxygen, 
and  is  converted  into  a  protoxvd.  Jlenrtj. 

IJ'RAX-.MI'eA,  n.   Uranite,  which  see. 

IT'KA.X-o'eilER,  )  71.    A  yellow,  earthy  incrustation, 

IJ'R.-V.X-O'CHRE,  i  supposed  to  be  the  oxyd  of  ura- 
nium, combined  with  carbonic  acid.  This  name  is 
also  applied  to  pitchblende,  which  see.  Dana. 

U-RAN-OG'RA-PIIY,  n.    [Gr.  oupucoj  and  ypa,poi.] 
A  description  of  the  lieavcns. 

tJ-R.\N-OL'0-<jV,  n.     [Gr.  ovpavos,  heaven,  and 
Ao)  OS,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  heavens.  MitchilL 

IJ-RAN-OS't'O-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ov/iapus,  heaven,  and 
OAOTCtj,  to  view.] 

Contemplation  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

U'R.\-N'US,  n.  [L.]  One  of  the "iirimary  planets.  It 
is  about  1,800,000,000  miles  from  the  suii,  about 
35,01)0  miles  in  diameter,  and  its  period  of  revolution 
round  the  sun  is  nearly  84  of  our  years.  It  has  also 
been  called  IIerschel  and  Geuruilu  Sidi's. 

Brande. 

IJ-R.\'0,  n.  The  native  name  of  a  sesqiiicarboiiate  of 
soda  found  in  Mexico  and  South  America;  the  same 
with  Trqna.  Ure. 

U.'R.A'I'E,  n.    A  compound  of  uric  acid  and  a  base. 

UR'BAN,  a.    [L.  itrbanus,  from  urhs,  a  city.] 
Belonging  to  a  city  ;  as,  an  urban  population. 

UR-Ba.VE',  a.    [.See  above.] 

Civil ;  courteous  in  manners  ;  polite. 

UR-ItA.\'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  urbanile  ;  L.  urbanitas,  from 
urbs,  a  city.] 

1.  That  civility  or  courtesy  of  manners  which  is 
acquired  by  associating  with  well-bred  people;  po- 
liteness ;  polished  manners.         Dnjden.  Brown. 

2.  Facetiousness.  L'Estrange. 
UR'BAN-IZE,  1).  t    To  render  civil  and  coiirtenus  ; 

to  polish.  HowelL 
UR'CE-O-LATE,  a.    [L.  urceolus,  urceus,  a  pitcher.] 
In  botany  and  concholotry,  shaped  like  a  pitcher  ; 
swelling  out  like  a  pitcher,  as  respects  the  body,  and 
contracted  at  the  orifice  ;  as  a  calyx  or  corol. 

Martyn.  Lee. 
UR'CHIN,  n.    [Arm.  AeurPucAin  ;  \j.  erinaccus.] 

1.  A  name  given  to  the  hedgehog 

2.  A  name  of  slight  anger  given  to  a  child  ;  as,  the 
little  urehin  cried. 

IJRE,  n.    Use;  practice.    [Obsolete,  but  retained  in 

IsiRE.] 

II'KE-A,  n.  An  animal  substance  obtained  from 
urine.  It  is  crystalline,  transparent,  and  colorless, 
and  of  a  pearly  luster.  It  lias  the  form  of  a  tetralie- 
dral  prism.  It  is  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  ni- 
trogen, and  o.xygen,  and  is  a  salifiable  base. 

l^-Rii'TER,  71.  [Gr.  ovpirtip,  from  owpEw.  See 
Urime.] 

The  excretory  duct  of  the  kidney,  a  tube  convey- 
ing the  urine  from  the  kidney  to  the  bladder.  There 
are  two  ureters,  one  on  each  side.   Coie.  Quincy. 
IJ-Re'TURA,  n.     [Gr.  uvpn^i^a,  from  ovpeui.  See 
Ubine.] 

The  canal  by  which  the  urine  is  conducted  from 
the  bladder  and  discharged.  Coie. 

IJ-Re'THRAL,  o.    Pertaining  to  the  urethra. 

URGE,  c.  (.  [L.  ur^eo.  'i'his  belongs  probably  to  the 
family  of  Gr.  itpyi.',  and  L.  arceo.] 

1.  To  press  ;  to  push  ;  to  drive  ;  to  impel ;  to  apply 
force  to,  in  almost  any  manner. 

And  f  re.\t  Act)ill''-s  urge  Uif  Trojan  fate.  Dryden. 

2.  To  press  the  mind  or  will ;  to  press  by  motives, 
arguments,  persuasion,  or  importunity. 

My  brother 

Did  urge  me  in  liis  :icL  ShaJc. 

3.  To  provoke ;  to  exasperate. 

L'rge  not  niy  father's  anger.  ShaJt. 

4.  To  follow  close ;  to  impel. 

\t<-'ir  urgee  heir,  like  wave  impelling  wave.  Pope. 

5.  To  labor  vehemently  ;  to  press  with  eagerness. 

Thn>iigh  the  thick  deaeru  headlong  urged  his  flight.  Pope. 

6.  Tt>  pre.ss  ;  as,  to  ur^-e  an  argument ;  to  urge  a 
petition  ;  to  i/r^e  the  necessity  of  a  case. 

7.  To  imp«irtune  ;  to  solicit  earnestly.  He  urged 
his  son  to  withdraw. 

8.  To  apply  forcibly ;  as,  to  ur^e  an  ore  with  in- 
tense heat. 


USA 

URGE,  r.  L   To  press  forward  ;  as,  be  strives  to  ur^e 
upward. 

VHCS'F.l),  pp.    Pressed;  iin|).  lied  ;  importuned. 
URG'I:!.\'-CY,  n.    Pressure;  iiii|H>rtuiiity  ;  earnest  ao- 
licilalion  ;  as,  the  urgency  of  a  reipiest. 

2.  Pres-sure  of  necessity  ;  as,  the  urgency  of  want 
or  distress  ;  the  urgency  of  the  occasion. 
URCE.N'T,  a.    Pressing  with  iiiiiiortunity.    Eiod.  xii. 
2.  Pressing  with  necessity;  violent;  vehement; 
as,  an  ur>rfnt  case  or  occasion. 
URG'E.\"r  i,Y,a(/ii.    With  pre-sing  imjiortunity  ;  vio- 

liMilly  ;  vehemently  ;  forcibly. 
URft'Eli,  n.    One  who  urges;  one  who  importunes. 
URGE'-WO.\-UER,  (-wuii-der,)  n.    A  sort  of  grain. 

Mortimer. 

URG'ING,  ppr.    Pressing;  driving;  impelling. 
2.  a.  Pressing  with  solicitations ;  importunate. 

L"l^-'f'ie^AC'iD,  i      [^'-  """"-^ 

An  acid  contained  in  urine,  and  in  gouty  concre- 
tions. It  is  white,  tasteless,  and  inodorous.  It 
forms  salts,  which  are  called  Urates  or  Litiiatei. 

T^'RIM,  (vQ'riin,)  7i.    'IM).  0>-iiN.] 

'i'he  Uriui  and  'rnumiiiiiii,  among  the  Israelites, 
signify  lights  and  perfections.  These  were  a  kind  of 
oriiain(*nt  beloitgiiig  to  the  habit  t>f  the  high  priest, 
in  virtue  of  winch  he  gave  orariilar  answers  to  the 
people  ;  hut  what  they  were  has  not  been  satisfacto- 
rily ascertained.  Cyc 

X|'Ri.\-AL,  7^    [Fr.  urinal;  L.  urinalis,  from  urina, 
urine.] 

1.  A  bottle  in  which  urine  is  kept  for  inspection. 

2.  A  vessel  for  containing  urine. 
li'RIN-A-RY,  a.    [from  urine]    Pertaining  to  urine  ; 

as,  the  urinary  bladder  ;  urinary  calculi ;  urinary  ab- 
scesses. 

TJ'RIN-A-RY,      }n.    In  asriculture,  a  reservoir  or 

Ij-RIN  A'Rl-UM,  j     place  for  the  reception  of  urine, 
&c.,  for  manure.  Cye. 

IT'RIN-A-TI  VE,  a.    Provoking  urine.  Bac^n. 

i;-RI.\-A'TOR,  n.    [L.,  from  unno,  to  dive.] 

A  diver;  one  who  plunges  and  sinks  in  water  in 
search  of  something,  as  for  pearls.  Ray. 

IJ'RINE,  (yii'rin,)  n.     [L.  urina;  Gr.   ovpov,  from 
ovpiGi ;  ii.  harn,  harnen.] 

An  animal  fluid  or  liquor  secreted  by  the  kidneys, 
whence  it  is  conveyed  into  the  bladder  by  Ihe  ure- 
ters, and  through  the  urethra  discharged.  The  urine 
of  beasts  is  sometimes  called  Stale. 

U'RI.N'-ATE, )  V.  i.    [Supra.]    To  discharge  urine. 

U'RINE,        i  Bacon. 

li'RIX-OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  urine,  or  partaking  of 
its  qn.alities.  .^rbuthnot. 

IJ'RITII,  n.    The  fle.\ible  rods  bound  around  hedges. 
[Provincial.]  Farm.  Encuc, 

UR.\,  71.    [L.  urnn.] 

1.  ,A  kind  of  vase  of  a  roundish  form,  largest  in 
the  middle  ;  used  as  an  ornament.  Cyc. 

2.  A  vessel  for  water. 

3.  A  vessel  in  which  the  ashes  of  the  dead  were 
formerly  kept. 

4.  A  Roman  measure  for  liquids,  containing  about 
three  gallons  and  a  half,  wino  measure.  It  was  half 
the  amphora,  and  four  times  the  congius.  Cue. 

UR.\'-SIIaP-£D,  (urn'shapte,)  a.    Having  the  shape 
of  an  urn. 

i;-ROS'eO-PV,  n.    [nr.  otmoi'  and  (ntfirrw.] 

The  judgment  ol  diseases  by  inspection  of  urine. 

Brown. 

UR'RY,  n.    A  sort  of  blue  or  black  cKay,  lying  near  a  ■ 

vein  of  coal.  Mortimer. 
UR'SA,  n.    [L.]    A  bear. 

Ursa  major;  the  Great  Bear,  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous of  the  northern  constellations,  situated 
near  the  pole.  It  contains  the  stars  which  form  the 
Dipper,  or  Charles's  IVain. 

Ursa  Minor ;  the  constellation  nearest  the  north 
pole.    It  contains  the  pole-star,  which  is  situated  in 
the  extremity  of  the  tail.  Olmsted. 
UR'SI-FORM,  a.    [L.  ur.<a,  bear,  and  form.] 

In  the  sha|>e  of  a  bear. 
UR'SI.VE,  (iir'sin,)  a.    [L.  ursinus.] 

Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  bear. 
UR'SU-I,I.\'E,  a.   Deiititing  an  orderof  nuns, socallcd 
from  their  institutress,  St.  Ursula,  who  devole  them- 
selves to  the  succor  of  poverty  and  sickness,  and 
the  educ.ttion  of  the  young.    Used  also  as  a  noun. 

{j;{VF«.jn.    [L.ur«.,.]  iCy- 

1.  The  wild  bull. 

2.  In  natural  histonj,  the  trivial  or  specific  name  of 
the  species  of  Bos  or  Taurus,  to  which  the  common 
bull  or  ox  and  cow  belong.  In  its  wild  stale,  it  for- 
merly inhabited  Ihe  central  parts  of  Europe. 

US,  pron. ;  objective  case  of  We. 

Give  ue  this  day  our  daily  bre.ad.  Lord'a  Prayer. 

U.  S.  ;  an  abbreviation  for  United  States.    V.  S.  A., 
ftir  United  Statfs  of  .America. 

t:'.«A-l!LE,  a.    That  may  be  used. 

li'SAGE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  user,  to  use.    See  Use.] 

1.  Treatment ;  an  action  or  series  of  actions  per 
formed  by  one  person  toward  another,  or  which  di- 
rectly alfecl  him;  as,  pood  usage;  ill  usage;  hard 


TO.N'E,  BI;LL,  unite.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


153 


1221 


USE 


USU 


UTM 


usai'c.  Gentle  usa^e  will  often  effect  wlwit  haisli 
UNdi'-e  will  nut.  The  elephant  may  be  goveineii  by 
mild  usase* 

9.  Use,  or  ong-continued  use ;  custom  ;  practice. 
Uninterrupted  usage  for  a  Ions  time,  or  inimemnrial 
vsa<re^  constitutes  prescription.  Custom  is  a  local 
u.-iaire:  prescri|>tion  is  a  personal  usage.  In  language, 
u.-ittge  is  the  foundation  of  all  rules. 

of  ihiii^  once  received  and  coiifirinej  by  use,  long  usi^e  is  a 
li\w  surtiaeiit.  lloo'^er. 

3.  Manners;  behavior.    [Oi,>-.]  Sprnser. 
IJ'SAO-ER,  (yu'za-jer,)  n.    [Kr.]    One  who  has  the 
use  of  any  thing  in  trust  for  another.    [JVoJ  in  use.] 

Daniel. 

IJ'SANCE,  (yu'zans,)  n.    [Fr.]    Use  ;  proper  employ- 
ment. Spenser. 

2.  Usury  ;  interest  paid  for  money.  SliaJi. 

3.  [n  commerce,  the  time  wiiicli,  by  usai^e  or  cus- 
tom, is  allowed  in  certain  countries  for  tlie  payment 
of  a  bill  of  exchange.  This  time  may  be  one,  two, 
or  three  months  after  the  date  of  the  bill,  according 
to  the  custom  of  the  places  between  which  the  ex- 
changes run.  Bouvier. 

ySE,  (yuse,)  re.    [L.  usus;  It.  uso;  Fr.  us,  pi.] 

1.  The  act  of  handling  or  employing  in  any  man- 
ner, and  for  any  purpose,  but  especially  for  a  profita- 
ble purpose;  as,  the  vse  of  a  pen  in  writing ;  the 
use  of  books  in  study  ;  the  use  of  a  spade  in  digging. 
Use  is  of  two  kinds  —  that  which  employs  a  thing 
without  destroying  it  or  its  forju,  as  the  use  of  a  book 
or  of  a  farm;  or  it  is  the  employment  of  a  thing 
which  destroys  or  wastes  it,  as  the  use  of  bread  for 
provision  ;  the  use  of  water  for  turning  a  mill. 

2.  Employment;  application  of  any  thing  to  a  pur- 
pose, good  or  bad.  It  is  our  duty  to  make  a  failliful 
use  of  our  opportunities  and  advantages  for  improve 
ment. 

Books  can  never  teacti  the  use  of  books.  Bacon. 

3.  Usefulness  ;  utility ;  advantage  ;  production  of 
benefit.  The  value  of  a  thing  is  to  be  estimated  by 
its  use.    His  friendship  has  been  of  use  to  me. 

'Tis  use  alone  that  sanctilies  expense.  Pope. 

4.  Need  of  employment,  or  occasion  to  employ.  I 
have  no  further  use  for  this  book. 

5.  Power  of  receiving  advantage.  [Unusual.] 

Drydeiu 

6.  Continued  practice  or  employment. 

Sweetness,  Inilh,  aiui  every  gr.xce, 

Wliich  time  ami  use  are  wont  to  teach.  Waller. 

7.  Custom  ;  common  occurrence, 

0  Cesar,  tliese  thin^  are  beyond  all  use.    [Unusual.]  Sltalc. 

8.  Interest;  the  premium  paid  for  the  possession 
and  employment  of  borrowed  money.  Snutli. 

9.  In  lam,  the  benefit  or  profit  of  lands  and  tene- 
ments. Use  imports  a  trust  and  confidence  reposed 
in  a  man  for  the  bidding  of  lands.  He  to  whose  use 
or  benefit  the  trust  is  intendeil,  shall  enjoy  the 
profits.  An  estate  is  granted  and  limited  to  A  for 
tlie  use  of  B. 

Statute  of  M.5CS;  in  Enslami,  the  Stat.  27  Henry 
VIII.,  cap.  10,  which  transfers  uses  into  possession, 
or  wliioli  unites  the  use  and  possession. 

Cestui/  que  use ;  in  (aw,  the  person  who  has  the  use 
of  lands  and  tenements. 

Contingent  use,  in  law.  A  contingent  or  springing 
use,  is  where  the  use  is  suspended  on  a  future 
event. 

Resulting  use,  is  one  which,  being  limited  by  the 
deed,  expires  or  can  not  vest,  and  results  or  returns 
to  him  who  raised  it,  after  such  expiration. 

SeconiUirii  or  shifting  use,  is  that  whicli,  though  ex- 
ecuted, may  change  from  one  to  another  by  circum- 
stances, Black.stone. 

In  use ;  in  employment ;  as,  the  book  is  now  in 
use. 

2,  In  customary  practice  or  ob.<crvancc.  Such 
words,  rites,  and  ceremonitis,  have  long  been  in  use. 
IJSE,  (yuzc,)  B.  «,    [Fr,  user;  It,  usare ;  Sp,  u.tar  ;  L. 
utor,  usus  :  Gr.  cOnn] 

1.  To  employ  ;  to  handle,  hold,  occupy,  or  move, 
for  some  purpose  ;  as,  to  use  a  plow  ;  to  u.$e  a  chaT ; 
to  Mvc  a  book  ;  to  use  time.  Most  men  use  the  rigiit 
hand  with  more  convenience  than  the  left,  and 
hence  its  name,  right. 

2.  T(»  waste,  consume,  or  exhaust,  by  employment ; 
as,  to  use  fioiir  for  foocl  ;  to  use  beer  fi)r  drink;  to 
use  water  for  irrigation,  or  for  turning  the  wheel  of 
a  mill. 

To  accustom;  to  habituate;  to  render  familiar 
by  practice  ;  as,  men  usrd  to  cold  and  liuntier;  sol- 
diers used  to  hardships  and  danger.  Jiihlisnn.  Sioift. 

4.  'I'o  treat  ;  as,  to  lue  one  well  or  ill  ;  to  use  peo- 
ple with  kindneaii  and  civility  ;  to  use  a  beast  with 
cruelly. 

Cato  has  utt'I  me  ill,  Aihtiion. 

T>.  To  practice  customarily. 

l/ae  h(j«pilnlity  one  to  aiiolher.  —  I  Pel.  Iv. 
To  use  one's  self;  to  behave,   [  OA.V.J  Shak. 
\\%E,v.i.    To  be  accustomed  ;  to  practice  customarily. 
The/  ute  to  place  hirn  ttiat  shall  bo  their  capuin  on  n  ■tune. 


9.  To  be  wont. 

Fears  used  to  be  represented  in  an  imaginary  fishion.  Bacon, 

3.  To  frequent ;  to  inhabit, 

Wiiere  never  foot  did  use,  Spenser, 

XIS'F.T),  (yuzd,)  pp.    Employed  ;  occupied  ;  treated. 

USE'FyL,  (yuse'ful,)  a.  Producing  or  having  power 
to  produce  good  ;  beneficial  ;  profitable  ;  helpful  to- 
ward advancing  any  purpose;  as,  vessels  and  instru- 
ments useful  in  a  family  ;  books  useful  for  improve- 
ment ;  useful  knowledge  ;  useful  arts. 

IJSE'FUL-LY,  arfii.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  produce 
or  advance  some  end;  as,  instruments  or  time 
fully  employed. 

IJSE'FIJL-NESS,  77.  Conduciveness  to  some  end, 
properly  to  some  valuable  end  ;  a.s,  the  usefulness  of 
canal  navigation;  the  usefulness  of  machinery  in 
manufactures. 

IJSE'LESS,  a.  Having  no  use  ;  unserviceable  ;  pro- 
ducing no  good  end  ;  answering  no  valuable  piir|)ose  ; 
not  advancing  the  end  proposed  j  as,  a  iwc/cs-v  gar- 
ment ;  useless  pity,  Oiiii. 

XJSE'LESS-LY,  adv.  In  a  useless  manner  ;  without 
profit  or  advantage,  Locke. 

II.SE'LES.S-1\ESS,  re.  Unserviceahleness  ;  unfitness 
for  any  valuable  purpose,  or  for  the  purpose  intended ; 
as,  the  uselessness  of  pleasure. 

US'ER,  n.    One  who  uses,  treats,  or  occupies, 

USH'EK,  re.  [Fr.  kuissier,  a  door-keejicr,  from  htiis. 
It.  uscio,  a  door.] 

1.  Properhj,  an  offirer  or  servant  who  has  the  care 
of  the  door  of  a  court,  hall,  chamber,  or  the  like; 
hence,  an  olhcer  whose  business  is  to  introduce 
strangers,  or  to  walk  before  a  person  of  rank.  In 
the  king's  household  there  are  four  gentlemen-ushers 
of  the  privy  ch;imher.  Tiiere  is  also  an  usher  of  the 
excheiiuer,  who  attends  the  barons,  sherifl's,  juries, 
&c.    [England.]  Cije. 

2.  An  under-teacher  or  assistant  to  the  preceptor 
of  a  school. 

USH'ER,  r.  t.  To  introduce,  as  a  forerunner  or  har- 
binger ;  to  forerun. 

The  stars,  that  usher  evenin?,  rosi?.  IMVton. 
The  J-ixaminer  w^is  ushered  into  the  world  by  a  letter,  selling 
forth  the  great  genins  of  the  author.  Addison. 

USH'ER-OT,  pp.  Introduced. 
USiI'ER-I.\G,  ppr.    Introducing,  as  a  forerunner. 
USH'ER-SHIP,  71.    The  oflice  of  an  usher. 
US'QUE-BAUGH,   (us'kwe-baw,)   7t,      [Ir,  uisge, 

water,  anil  bagh,  life.] 
A  compound  distilled  spirit.    From  this  word,  by 

contraction,  we  have  Whiskv, 
US'TION,  (ust'yiin,)  re.    [Fr,  ustion  ;  L.  M.<(io,  from 

uro,  ustns,  to  burn.] 
The  ^ict  of  burning  ;  the  state  of  being  burnt. 
US-To'RI-OUS,  a.    [Supra.]    Having  the  quality  of 

burning.  fVutts. 
US-TU-La'TION,  re.    [L.  nstuhitus.] 

1.  The  act  of  burning  oi-  scaring.  Petty. 

2.  In  metullargy,  ustulation  is  tlie  operation  of  ex- 
pelling one  substance  from  another  by  heat,  as  sul- 
phur and  arsenic  from  ores,  in  a  muffle. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  the  roasting  or  drying  of  moist 
substances  so  as  to  prepare  them  for  pulverizing  ; 
also,  the  burning  of  wine.  Cyc. 

liS'U-AL,  (yu'zhu-al,)  a.    [Fr.  usuel;  from  luc] 

Customary  ;  common  ;  frequent :  such  as  occurs 
in  ordinary  practice  or  in  the  ordinary  course  of 
events,    Kainy  weather  is  not  usual  in  this  climate, 

Consnltalion  with  oracles  was  formerly  a  thing  very  usual. 

Hooker. 

US'TJ-AL-IjY,  adi\  Commonly  ;  customarily  ;  ordina- 
rily. Men  usually  find  some  excuse  for  their  vices. 
It  is  usually  as  cold  in  North  America  in  the  fortieth 
degree  of  latitude,  as  it  is  in  the  west  of  Europe  in 
the  fiftieth. 

TTS'lJ-AL-NESS,  71.    Commonness;  frequency, 
li-SU-CAP'TION,  71,    [L,  usus,  use,  and  ca;<io,  to 
take,] 

In  the  civil  lam,  the  same  as  Prkscription  in  the 
common  law  ;  the  acquisition  of  the  title  or  right  to 
property  by  the  uninterrupted  and  unilispiitetl  pos- 
session of  it  for  a  certain  term  prescribed  liy  law. 
IJ'SU-FRUCT,  n.    [L.  usus,  use,  and  fructus,  fruit.] 
In  law,  the  right  of  enjoying  a  thing  which  be- 
longs to  another,  and  of  deriving  from  it  all  the 
profit  or  benefit  it  m.ty  produce,  provided  it  be  with- 
out nllering  the  substance  of  the  tiling.  Bouricr. 
IJ-SU-FRUeT'y-A-RY,  re.    A  person  who  has  the  use 
and  enjoyment  of  property  for  a  time,  without  hav- 
ing the  title  or  property.  .lohnson. 
IIS'lJRE,  i>.  i.    To  practice  usury.  [Kotinuse.] 

Shah, 

IJS'tJ-UER,  (yi'zhii-rer,)  n.    [See  tlsenv.]  Formerly, 

a  person  who  lent  money  and  took  interest  fiir  it. 
9.  In  present  usage,  one  who  lends  money  at  a  rale 

of  interest  beyond  that  established  by  law, 
TJ-SO'Rl-Oirs,  (yu-zu'rp-us,)  a.     Practicing  usury  ; 

taking  exorbitant  interest  for  the  use  of  money  ;  as, 

a  u,turious  person. 
2,  Partaking  of  usury  ;  containing  usury  ;  ns,  a 

usurious  conlract,  which  by  statute  is  void. 
IJ-SO'lU-OUH-LY,  atto.    In  a  usurious  manner. 


IJ-Su'RI-OUS-NESS,  re.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
usurious. 

IJ-SURl",  (yu-ziirp',)  ti,  t,  [Fr,  usurper  ;  L.  usurpo.] 
To  seize  and  hold  in  possession  by  force  or  with- 
out right ;  as,  to  usurp  a  throne  ;  to  usurp  the  pre- 
rogatives of  the  crown  ;  to  usurp  power.    To  iisurp 
the  right  of  a  patron,  is  to  oust  or  dispossess  him. 

Vice  sometimes  usurps  the  place  of  virlue.  Denham. 

[Usurp  is  not  applied  to  common  dispossession  of 
private  propertv.] 

lJ-SURP-A'TIOi\',  re.  [Supra.]  The  act  of  seizing  or 
occupying  and  enjoying  the  power  or  property  of 
anotiier  without  right ;  as,  the  usurpationof  a  throne  ; 
the  usurpation  of  the  supreme  power.  Usurpation, 
in  a  peculiar  sense,  denotes  the  absolute  ouster  and 
dispossession  of  the  patron  of  a  church,  by  present- 
ing a  clerk  to  a  vacant  benefice,  who  is  thereupon 
adiuilted  and  instituted.  Cyc, 

U-SURP'A-TO-RY,  a.  Usurping;  marked  by  usurpa- 
tion. 

y-SURP'ED,  (yu-zurpt',)  pp.  or  a.  Seized  or  occu- 
pied and  enjoyed  by  violence,  or  without  right. 

IJ-SURP'ER,  71.  One  who  seizes  or  occupies  the  pow- 
er or  property  of  another  without  right ;  as,  the 
usurper  of  a  tiuone,  of  power,  or  of  the  rights  of  a 
patron.  Shale.    Dryden.  Cyc. 

IJ-SURP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Seizing  or  occupying  the 
power  tir  property  of  another  without  right. 

XJ-SURP'ING-LY,  at/«,  Dy  usurpation;  without  just 
riglit  or  claim.  Shall. 

I^S'U-RY,  (yii'zhu-re,)  n.  [Fr,  usure;  L,  usura,  from 
utor,  to  use.] 

1.  Formerly,  interest ;  or  a  premium  paid,  or  stipu- 
lated to  be  paid,  for  the  use  of  money, 

[Usury  formerly  denoted  any  legal  interest;  but  in 
this  sense,  the  word  is  no  longer  in  use.] 

2.  In  present  usage,  illegal  interest;  a  premium  or 
compensation  pain,  or  stipulated  to  be  paid,  for  the- 
use  of  money  borrowed  or  returned,  beyond  the  rate 
of  interest  established  by  law. 

3.  The  praitice  of  taking  interest,  [Ohs.]  Bacon. 
USUS  LO-Q,UEjY'D[,  [L.J     The   usual  mode  of 

speaking. 

UT  ;  the  first  note  in  Guidu's  musical  scale  ;  now  usu- 
ally superseded  by  Do. 

IJ-TEN''.SIL,  re.  [Fr.  utensile.  This  seems  to  be  formed 
on  the  participle  of  the  L.  utor.] 

An  instrument ;  that  which  is  used  ;  particularly, 
an  instrument  or  vessel  u.sed  in  a  kitchen,  or  in  do- 
mestic and  farming  business. 

U'TER-[.\E,  (yii'ter-in,)  a.  [Fr,  uterine;  L,  uterinus, 
from  uterus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  womb.  Uterine  brother  or  sister, 
is  one  born  of  the  same  mother,  but  by  a  dilli  rent 
father.  Ci/c. 

IJ-TE-RO-GES-TA'TION,  re.  Gestation  in  the  womb 
from  conception  to  birth.  PrUchard. 

IJ'TE-RUS,  re.    [L.]    The  womb. 

U'TILE,  (yu'til,)  u.    Profitable;  useful. 

U'Tl-LE  DUL'CI,  [L.j  The  useful  with  the  agree- 
able. 

IJ-TIL-I-Ta'RI-AN,  n.  Consisting  in  or  pertaining  to 
utility  ;  pertaining  to  utilitarianism, 

y-TIL-I-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine 
of  utilitarianism. 

IJ-TIL-l-TA'RI-AN-ISM,  re.  The  doctrine  that  the 
greatest  liapi>iness  c  f  the  greatest  nuinber  should  be 
the  end  and  aim  of  all  social  and  political  institu- 
tions. J.  Brntham. 

2.  The  term  has  also  been  applied  to  the  doctrine 
of  llumc,  that  utility  is  the  sole  standard  of  moral 
conduct;  or  that  evtiry  thing  is  right  which  appears 
to  be  useful,  irrespective  of  God's  decision  on  the 
subject  in  liis  Woril. 

3.  'J'lie  term  has  also  sometimes  been  applied  to 
the  doctrine  that  virtue  is  founded  in  utility  ;  or  that 
the  practice  of  virtue  is  enjoined  by  God  solely  on  llie 
ground  of  its  tendency  to  promote  the  highest  happi- 
ness of  the  universe, 

T.J-TII/I-TY,  (yu-til'e-te,)  re.  [Fr,  utiliti  ;  L,  utilitas, 
from  i('"i-,  to  use.] 

Usefulness;  production  of  good;  profitableness  to 
some  valuable  end  ;  as,  the  utility  of  maiiures  upon 
land;  the  iifidfi/ of  the  sciences;  the  of  medi- 

cines. .  . 

n-TlL-I-7.A'TION,  re.  A  making  prnfitable  ;  a  gaining, 
IJ'TIL-IZE,  V.  t,    [It.  utdiuarc;  Sp.  uldizar ;  from 
utile,  util,  iisefuH 

1.  To  gain  iirolit ;  to  acquire,     Joum,  of  Science. 

2.  To  Iiirn  to  profitable  account  or  use, 
IT'T1I.-I'/-A;n,  ;>;i.    Made  profitable. 
ti'TIL-IZ-lN(;,;i;'i-.    Rendering  profilabic  ;  gaining. 
U'7'I  P0S-SI-1)E''I'1S,   [I-.,  as  you    possess.]  In 

politics,  the  basis  or  principle  of  a  treaty  which  leaves 
belligerents  mutually  in  possession  of  what  Ihey  have 
acquired  by  their  arms  during  tlie  war.  Brande. 
U'TIS,  n.    [Fr.  huit.] 

1.  An  ancient  law  term,  signifying  the  eighth  nay 
after  any  festival  ;  it  also  denotes  the  festival  itself, 

7  ()(I7IC. 

2.  Hustle  ;  stir.  Sludt. 
UT'MO.ST,  a.     [Sax.  ulma:tt,  ulmesi :  ut,  out,  and 

mest,  most,  that  is,  to  the  outermost  point.] 


FATE,  FAIl,  F^VLL,  WH^T  METE,  PUBY,— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  HQQK —   _ 


VAC 


VAC 


VAD 


I.  Extreme  ;  being  al  Ilic  fiirtliust  point  or  ex- 
tremity ;  as,  the  utmo.tt  limit  uf  Nurlli  America  ;  the 
ulmiist  limits  uf  tlio  land  ;  tlic  utnKul  extent  uf  human 
knowledge. 

a.  IJcing  in  the  greatest  or  highest  degree  ;  as,  tho 
utiiwsL  assiduity  ;  the  utmost  harniuny ;  the  utmost 
misery  or  lia|i|)iness  ;  the  utmost  peril.  Sftak. 
UT'.MtjST,  71.  The  most  that  can  lie;  the  greatest 
P'uver,  degree,  or  effort,  lie  lias  dune  his  utmost. 
Try  your  utmost, 

I  will  he  frPB 

Kvt-n  to  ihe  utmost  as  1  pk-anc  in  vvonls.  Shale. 

tJ-To'Pl  A,  n.  A  term  invented  by  Sir  Thomas  More, 
[Iriim  the  Gr.  oir.^T.n,  no  place,]  and  applieil  to  an 
iuKtginary  isle,  wliich  he  represents  ;vs  enjoying  the 
greatest  perfection  in  politics,  laws,  &c.  'J'lie  word 
is  Tiow  used  in  all  the  languages  of  Europe,  to  sig- 
nify a  state  of  idi  al  perfection.  Hrande. 

y-TO'PI-AN,  n.  [from  iMore's  Utopia.]  Ideal ;  chi- 
merical ;  fanciful  ;  not  well  founded. 

l|-'l'0'l'l-.Ai\-IS.M,  n.  Chimerical  schemes  in  theory 
or  practice.  .  Chalmrrs. 

U'Tltl-CLE,  (yu'tri-kl,)  n.  [L.  ufricu/iis,  a  little  bag  or 
buttle.) 

1.  A  little  bag  or  bladder  ;  a  little  cell ;  a  reservoir 
in  plants  to  receive  the  sa[>.      Fonrcroy.  J)Iarti/n. 

2.  A  capsule  of  one  cell,  and  containing  a  solitary 
seed,  often  very  thin  and  semi-transparent,  con- 
stantly destitute  of  valves,  and  falling  with  the  seed. 

0(Ertner,  Cijc.  Sinitfl. 
IJ-TRie'lI  LAR,  a.     Containing  utricles  ;  furnished 

with  glandular  vessels  li!;e  small  bags  ;^s  plants. 
UT''1'1'.K,  a.    [Sax.  ;  that  is,  outer.]    Situated  mi  the 

outside  or  remote  from  the  center.  J\IiUon. 


'J.  I'laced  or  being  beyond  any  compass  ;  out  of 
any  place  ;  as,  the  uttrr  deep.  Miitmi. 

1.  i;.Mreme  ;  excessive  ;  utmost ;  as,  uller  darkness. 

4.  Complete  ;  total  ;  final  ;  as,  nlicr  ruin. 

5.  Peremptory  ;  absolute  ;  as,  au  utter  refusal  or 
denial. 

0.  Perfect;  mere;  quite;  as,  i/Kcr  strangers. 

Uttrr  barrister  !  one  recently  admitted  as  barrister, 
who  was  accnstoun'd  to  plead  without  the  bar,  as 
distinguished  t'roin  the  bcncliers,  wliu  were  permitted 
to  pli  ad  within  the  bar.  Cowei. 
UT'TEK,  V.  t.  Tu  speak  ;  to  pronounce  ;  to  express  ; 
as,  to  ii//fr  words  ;  to  tiJfcr  sounds.  Mdison. 

'J.  To  disclase  ;  to  discover;  to  divulge;  to  pub- 
lish. He  never  utters  a  syllable  of  what  1  suppose  to 
be  intended  as  a  secret. 

3.  To  sell ;  to  vend  ;  as,  to  utter  wares. 
[Thii  u  ohstiletr,  unless  in  the  law  style.] 

4.  To  put  or  semi  into  circulation  ;  to  put  ofT,  as 
currency,  or  caust^  to  pass  in  commerce  ;  as,  to  vtter 
com  or  notes.  A  man  utters  a  false  note,  who  gives 
it  in  payment,  knowing  it  to  be  false. 

UT'TER-A-liLE,  a.  Tiiat  may  be  uttered,  pro- 
nounced, or  expressed. 

UT'TER-ANCE,  k.  'I'he  act  nf  uttering  words  ;  pro- 
nunciation ;  manner  uf  speaking  ;  as,  a  good  or  bad 
utterance. 

Tbcy  l»>^n  to  ipenk  with  other  toii^og,  na  the  Spirit  g.ire  tliriii 
utterance.  —  Acl»  ii. 

2.  Emission  from  the  mouth  ;  vocal  e.rprcssion  ; 
as,  the  utterance  uf  sounds. 

3.  (Fr.  outrancc.]  Extremity  ;  furthest  part.  [JV'oi 
oi  itse.]  Shuli, 

V'V'TFAl-F.D,  pp.  Spoken;  pronounced;  disclosed; 
published;  put  into  circulation. 


UT''I"EU  EK,  n.  Une  who  utters;  one  who  pio- 
iiuiinces. 

2.  t)iii;  who  divulges  or  discloses. 

3.  One  who  puts  into  circulation. 

4.  A  seller  ;  a  veiiib  r. 

UT'TER-I.NG,  pfir.  Pronouncing;  disclosiiig ;  put- 
ting into  circulation  ;  selling. 

UT"I'EK  LY,  aitv.  'i'o  the  full  extent :  fully  ;  perfect- 
ly ;  totally  :  as,  utlerhj  'ired  ;  uttrrly  debased  ;  ullerhj 
lost  tu  all  sense  uf  Kliaiiie  ;  it  is  utterly  vuin  ;  ulierly 
out  I  f  my  [lower. 

U'J''TEK-.\loST,  a.  [ii«cr  and  most.]  Extreme  ;  be- 
ing ill  the  furthest,  great!  st,  or  highest  degree  ;  as, 
the  utlrnnnsl  extent  or  end  ;  the  uttermost  distn  ss. 

UT'TER-.MoST,  M.  The  grvutesU  'i'he  uUermost  we 
can  do  is  to  be  patient. 

V'o  the  uttermost ;  in  the  most  extensive  degree ; 
fully.    Urb.  vii. 

U' V'E-()L'.'<,  (yQ've-us,)  a.    [L.  una,  a  grape.] 

1.  Resembling  a  grape.  Ray. 

2.  The  ut^euHs  coat  of  the  eye,  or  iieca,  is  the  pos- 
terior lamina  of  the  iris  ;  so  called  by  liie  ancients, 
because  in  the  animals  which  they  dissected,  it  re- 
sembles an  unripe  grape.  Parr. 

tl'VU-LA,  71.  [I. .J  .\  soft,  roiiiid,  spongy  body,  sus- 
pended from  the  palate  near  the  foraiiiiiia  uf  the 
nostrils,  over  the  glottis.  lyuiemun. 

The  small  conical  body  projecting  from  the  middle 
of  Jhe  soft  palate.  Cyc. 

UX-O'RI-OUS,  a.    [I..  uTorius,  from  uzor,  wife.) 
Siibiuissively  fond  of  a  wife.  Bacon. 

UX-O'RI-OUS-LY,  ado.  With  fond  or  servile  submis- 
sion to  a  wife.  Drydi-'H. 

UX-0'RI-OlJS-i\ESS,  u.  Connubial  dotage;  foolish 
fondness  for  a  wife.  .Mure. 


V. 


VIS  the  twenty-second  letter  of  the  English  al|)ha- 
bet,  and  a  labial  articulation,  formed  by  the  Junc- 
tion of  the  upper  teeth  with  the  lower  lip,  as  in  pro- 
nouncing av,  fi),  on,  vain.  It  is  not  a  close  articula- 
tion, but  one  that  adniitsof  some  sound.  It  is  nearly 
allied  to  /,  being  formed  by  the  same  organs  ;  but 
V  is  vocal,  and  /  is  aspirate,  and  this  constitutes 
the  principal  difference  between  tliein.  y  and  u 
were  formerly  the  same  letter,  derived,  no  doubt, 
from  the  Oriental  vau  or  wato  ;  but  they  have  now  as 
distinct  uses  as  any  tw;o  letters  in  the  alphabet,  and 
are  therefore  to  he  considered  as  different  letters,  f 
has  one  sound  only,  as  in  vent,  vote,  larisk. 

As  a  numeral,  V  stands  for  5.  \Vitli  a  dash  over 
it,  in  old  books,  V,  it  stands  for  5000. 

V.  K.,  among  IJtc  Roman.t,  stood  for  M(i  roffas,  as 
you  desire  :  V.  C.  for  vir  con.iularis  ;  V.  G.  for  verbi 
^atia  ;  V.  L.  for  ridelicit. 

In  music  for  iiisfrumcHts,  V.  stands  for  violin;  V. 
V.  for  riolitis. 

VaCVN-CV,  n.  [L.  vaeans,  from  men,  to  he  empty  ; 
Fr.  vacancc  ;  It.  racan:a;  Sp  vaeaneia  ;  W.  gtoa^  ; 
Heb.  p3,  to  empty.    Class  Bg,  No.  28.] 

1.  Empty  space  ;  vacuity. 

[In  Ibis  sense,  Vacuity  is  now  generally  used.] 

Shak. 

2.  Chasm  ;  void  space  between  bodies  or  objects  ; 
as,  a  i-acancy  between  two  beams  or  boards  in  a 
building;  a  vacancy  between  two  buildings;  a  ra- 
caney  between  words  in  a  writing.  IValts. 

3.  The  st.ate  of  being  destitute  of  an  incumbent ; 
want  of  the  regular  olficer  to  othciate  in  a  place. 
Hence, 

4.  The  office,  post,  or  benefice  which  is  destitute 
of  an  incumbent  ;  as,  a  vacancy  in  a  parish  ;  racart- 
eies  in  the  treasury  or  war  office.  There  is  no  ca- 
caney  on  the  brnch  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

5.  Time  of  leisure ;  freedom  from  employment ; 
intcrmi.ssion  of  hu.siness. 

Those  liltle  vacanc\et  from  toil*  .ire  sweet.  Drydtn. 

6.  Eiflllessness  ;  emptiness  uf  thought.  IVotton. 

7.  A  place  or  office  not  occupied,  or  destitute  of  a 
person  to  till  it ;  as,  a  vacancn  in  a  school. 

VA'GA.NT,  a.    [  Fr..  from  L.  racaii.*.] 

1.  Empi^' ;  not  filled  ;  void  of  every  substance  ex- 
cept air  ;  as,  a  vacant  space  between  houses  ;  vacant 
room.  .Villon. 
3.  Empty  ;  exhausted  of  air  ;  as,  a  i-acan(  receiver. 

Bnyle. 

3.  Free ;  unencumbered  ;  unengaged  with  busi- 
ness or  care. 

Pluluwiphy  i»  the  inten-nt  of  Ihoie  onljr  who  are  vacant  from  the 
aliiiin  ol  the  world.  More. 

4.  Not  filled  or  occupied  with  an  incumbent  or 
possessor  ;  as,  a  vacant  throne  ;  a  vacant  parish. 

5.  Iteing  unoccupied  with  business  ;  as,  vacant 
hours  ;  vacant  moments.  .^ddi^on. 


6.  Empty  of  thought  ;  thoughtless;  not  occupied 
with  study  or  reflection  ;  as,  a  vacant  mind. 

7.  Indicating  want  of  thought. 

The  liiike  li;ui  n  pli-is,-\nt  ftml  vacant  face.  Wotton. 

8.  In  law,  abandoned  ;  having  no  heir;  as,  vacant 
effects  or  goods. 

Va'CANT-LY,  adv.    In  a  vacant  manner. 
Va'CaTE,  c.  U    To  annul  ;  to  make  void  ;  to  make 
of  no  authority  or  validity  ;  as,  to  vacate  a  commis- 
Biun  ;  to  vacate  a  charter. 

The  nec-ssily  of  olaervin*  tlie  Jewish  8.-ihhith  was  vacated  hy  the 
iipostoiiwl  iiiBUtutiou  of  the  Loril's  lUy.  Nelson. 

2.  To  make  vacant ;  to  quit  possession  and  leave 
destitute.  It  was  resolved  by  parliament  that  James 
had  racatcd  tlie  throne  of  England. 

3.  To  defeat ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

He  tacaies  iny  n?»en^.    [t/nusuat.]  Dryden. 

VA'€a-TED,  pp.    Annulled  ;  made  void  ;  made  va- 
cant. 

Va'Ca-TING,  ppr.    Milking  void  ;  making  vacant. 
VA-Ca'TIO.V,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  vaeatio.] 

1.  The  .act  uf  making  void,  vacant,  or  of  no  valid- 
ity ;  a^,  the  vacation  of  a  charier. 

2.  Intermission  of  judicial  proceedings;  the  space 
of  time  between  the  end  of  one  term  and  the  begin- 
ning of  the  next  ;  non-term. 

3.  The  intermission  of  the  regular  studies  and  ex- 
ercises of  a  college  or  other  seminary,  when  the  stu- 
dents have  a  recess. 

4.  Interinissiim  of  a  stated  employment. 

5.  The  time  when  a  see  or  other  spiritual  dignity 
is  vacant. 

During  the  Kirvilion  of  n  hisliopric,  the  dcin  ami  chipt'-r  nre 
goiinliaiis  o!  tlif  Bpintii.iliiii-3.  Cye. 

6.  Leisure  ;  freeilom  from  trouble  or  per|)lexity. 
[JVnw  ttttle  used.]  Hammond. 

V.\e'eA.RY,  n.    ( L.  rncca.  a  cow.] 

An  old  word  signifying  a  cow-liouse,  dairy-house, 
or  a  cow  pasture.  Bailey.  Cue. 

VAC'CI.N-aTE,  {vak'sin-5te,)».  t   [L.  vncc.a,  a  ciiw.] 
To  inoculate  with  the  cow-pox,  or  a  virus  taken 
from  cows,  called  vaccine  matter. 

CotC'poz  is  small-poT,  niotlined  by  the  fact  uf  its 
having  been  cominunic.ated  to  a  cow. 
V.ACCI  N-A-TEI),  pp.    Inoculated  with  the  row-pox. 
V.'\e'CIN-A-TIN'G,  ppr.    Inoculating  with  the  cow- 
pox. 

VAC-CIN-A'Tin.N,  n.    The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  in- 
oculating persons  with  the  cow-pox. 
VAC'CIN-A-TOR,  (  n.    One  who  inoculates  with  the 
VAecl.N-IST,      (  cow-pox. 

VACCINE,  (-sin,)  a.  [L.  raecinits,  from  vaeen,  a  cow.] 
Pertaining  to  cows;  derived  from  cows;  as,  the 
vnreine  disease  or  cow-pox. 
VAC  lI  ER-V,  (vash'er-y,)  n.    [Fr.  vache,  a  cow.] 
A  pen  or  inclusiire  for  cows.  Flint. 


VAC'IL-LAN-CV,  (vas'sil  Ian  .sc,)  n.     [L.  racHlans, 
from  vacitlo,  to  waver,  Eng.  to  teaggie,  from  the 
rout  of  teag,  which  see.] 
A  state  of  wavering;  fluctuation;  inconstancy. 

More. 

VAC'IL-LANT,  a.  [Supra.]  Wavering ;  niirluating  ; 

unsteaily.  Smrlhe. 
VAC'Il.-L.^TE,  V.  i.    [I.,  racillo  :  G.  irackeln  ;  Eng.  to 

waggle,  a  diiuiuiilive  uf  trug.    See  Wag.] 

1.  To  w  aver  ;  to  move  une  way  ami  the  otIlcr  ;  to 
reel  or  stagger. 

2.  To  fluctuate  in  mind  or  upiniun ;  to  waver  j  to 
be  unstt^atly  or  inconstant. 

V.\C'IL-La-T1.\G,  ppr.  Wavering;  reeling;  fluctu- 
ating. 

2.  a.  Unsteady  ;  inclined  to  fluctuate. 
VAC'II,-L.A-TI.\G-LV,  adv.  I'nstcadilv. 
VAC-IL-La'TIO.\,  n.    [Fr.,  from  I.,  ra'cllatio.] 

1.  A  wavering  ;  a  moving  one  way  and  the  other; 
a  reeling  or  staggering. 

2.  Fliictii.'itiiui  uf  mind  ;  unsteadiness  ;  change 
from  une  object  to  another.  S.  Lee. 

VAe-U-A'TIO\,  71.    [ L.  eaeun.] 

The  .act  of  emptying.    [Little  used.]    [See  Evicu- 

ATION.) 

VAG't'-IST,  71.  [from  rafU7/7n.]  One  who  holds  to 
the  doctrine  of  a  vacuum  in  nature  ;  opposed  to  a 
Plemst.  Boyle, 

VA  eO'l-TY,  n.    [E.  vaeuilas,  from  rncHiis.] 

1.  Emptiness  ;  a  slate  tif  being  unfilled. 

Honker  is  such  a  timr  ot  vaeuily  as  to  rr^qiiirv  a  fresh  supply. 

ArttulknoL 

2.  Space  unfilled  or  unoccupied,  or  occupied  with 
an  invisible  fluid  only. 

A  iHiiruiry  is  iiUersp<-nK-(l  Kmon^  th?  panicles  of  mailer. 

Benlley. 

3.  Emptiness  ;  void. 

Goil  only  can  tilt  every  vaeuity  ot  the  soul.  liogers. 

4.  Inanity  ;  emptiness  ;  want  of  reality. 

<}ranrille, 

.5.  Vacuum,  which  see. 
VACT-Ol'S,  a.    Empty  ;  tinfilled  ;  void.  .Vi.'fe/i. 
VAe'li-OCS-N'ESS,  71.    The  state  of  bring  eiiipiy. 

"  .Minttita'fne. 

V.Ae'T!-UM,  71.  [I,.]  Spare  empty  or  devoid  of  all 
matter  or  bmly.  Whi  ther  there  is  siirh  a  thing  as 
an  absolute  vacuum  in  nature,  is  a  question  which 
lias  been  much  ciuitrovcrted.  The  Peripatetics  as- 
sert that  nature  abluirs  a  vacuum. 

Torrteellinn  racuum  ;  the  vacuum  produced  by  suf- 
ficiently filling  a  lube  with  mercury,  nnil  allowing  it 
to  dt'scelid  till  It  is  counterbalanced  hy  the  weight  of 
the  atliiusphere,  as  in  the  barometer  invented  l>y  Tor- 
ricelli. 

VaOE,  v.  i.    [I,,  ro-/..] 

To  vanish  .  to  pass  away.  [A'ot  in  use.]  IFoUeii. 

VA'DE-.ME'eC.M,  71.    [U,  go  with  me.]    A  book  or 


TONE,  BIv'LL,  IJNITE.  —  A.V'GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  03  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SI! :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1223 


VAI 


VAL 


VAL 


other  tliinff  that  a  person  carries  with  liim  as  a  con- 
stant companion  ;  a  manual. 

Va'FROUS,  a.  [L.vofer.] 

Crafty  ;  ciinnnig.  More. 

VAG'A-BOXU,  a.  [L.  va^aburtdus,  from  va^or,  to 
wander;  from  tlie  root  of  ma^.] 

1.  Wandering;  moving  from  place  to  place  with- 
out any  settled  liabitation  ;  as,  a  vagabond  exile. 

Shall. 

2.  Wanderin;;;  floating  about  without  any  certain 
direction  ;  driven  to  and  fro. 

Like  to  a  vagabond  flag  upon  the  stream.  SftaJt. 

VAG'.A-BO.VD,  H.  [Supra.]  A  vaprant;  one  who 
wanders  frcpui  town  to  town  or  place  to  place,  having 
no  certain  dwelling,  or  not  abiding  in  it,  and  usually 
without  the  means  of  honest  livelihood,  liy  the 
laws  of  England  and  of  the  Unit!  d  States,  vagabonds 
are  liable  to  be  taken  up  and  punished. 

VAG'A-B8N'Dmri  "■  of  """""'"S 

VA0'1bSnD-KY  •  \  i""-'"''^''- 
VAG'A-BOND-IZE,  v.  t.    To  wander  about  in  idle- 
ness. 

VA-GA'RY,  71.    [L.  vagus,  wandering.] 

A  wandering  of  the  thoughts;  a  wild  freak;  a 
whim  ;  a  whimsical  purpose. 


Tlify  cliaiijeii  their  mimls, 
lid  into  strange  oagarits  lull. 


Flew  ofr, 

Va'GI-EN'T,  a.    [L.  ragiens.] 

Crving  like  a  child.    [JVot  in  tise-l  More. 
VA-Gl'NA,  71.    [L.,  a  sheath.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  canal  which  leads  from  the  e.x- 
ternal  orifice  to  the  uterus  or  womb.  For.fiftk. 

2.  In  botany,  the  leaf-stalk  of  those  plants  in 
which  it  becomes  thin  and  rolls  round  the  stem,  to 
which  it  then  forms  a  sheath.  Brande. 

VAG'I-NAL,  (vaj'e-nal,)  a.  [L.  vagina,  a  sheath. 
See  Wain.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  sheath,  or  resembling  a  sheath  ; 
as,  a  vaginal  membrane. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the. vagina. 
VAG'I-NANT,  a.    [L.  i-au-ina.] 

In  botany,  sheathing  ;  as,  a  vaginant  leaf,  one  in- 
vesting the  stem  or  branch  by  its  base,  which  has 
the  form  of  a  tube.  Martiin. 
VA6'I-NA-TEr),  a.     In  botany,  sheathed;  invisted 
by  the  tubular  liase  of  the  leaf;  as  a  stem.  Martiin. 
VAG-I-NO-PE.V'NOUS,  a.    [L.  vagina  and  pcji«a.j 
Having  the  wings  covered  with  a  hard  case  or 
sheath,  as  some  insects  ;  sheath-winged. 
Va'GOUS,  a.    [L.  rag-iis;  Fr.  I'ag-ae.] 

Wandering ;  unsettled.    [Little  vscd.'\  Jlyliffe. 
Va'GRAN  CY,  71.    [from  vagrant.]    A  state  of  wan- 
dering without  a  settled  home.    Vagraoey,  in  idle 
strollers  or  vagabonds,  is  punishable  by  law. 
Va'GR.\NT,  a.    [L.  ragor.] 

1.  Wandering  from  place  to  place  without  any  set- 
tled habitation  ;  as,  a  vagrant  beggar. 

2.  Wandering  ;  unsettled  ;  moving  without  any 
certain  direction. 

Tiiat  bcautrons  Kmma  vagrant  courses  took.  Prior. 

Va'GR.WT,  71.    [Norm.  frirrur««(.] 

An  idle  wanderer  ;  a  vagtiboutl  ;  one  who  strolls 
from  place  to  place  ;  a  sturdy  beggar  ;  one  who  has 
no  settled  habitation,  or  who  does  not  abide  in  it. 
Vagrantt  and  outlaws  shiill  olTcnd  Uiy  view.  Prior. 
VA'GR.^NT-LY,  adv.     In  a  wandering,  unsettled 
manner. 

VaGUE,  (vag,)  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  vagus,  wandering.] 

1.  VVandering;  vagrant;  vagabond;  as,  i-airuc  vil- 
lains.   [//I  thiii  litertd  sen-ir,  not  u.^ed.]  Hayirard. 

2.  Unsettled;  unfi.ed;  undetermined;  inil^fi- 
nite.  He  appears  to  have  very  tiu^'ue  ideas  of  this 
subject. 

3.  Proceeding  from  no  known  authority  ;  flying; 
uncertain  :  as,  a  vague  report. 

VAII<,  71.  [Fr.  voile  :  It.  vrlo  :  L.  velum,  from  veto,  to 
Cover,  to  spread  over  ;  Gaelic,  folac.k,  a  vail.  It  is 
correctly  written  Vail,  for  e,  in  Latin,  is  our  a.] 

1.  Any  kind  of  cb  tli  which  is  used  for  intercept- 
ing the  view  antl  hiding  something  ;  as,  the  vail  of 
the  temple  among  the  Isrtieliti  s. 

2.  A  piece  of  thin  cloth  or  silk  stufl',  used  by  fe- 
males to  hide  their  faces.  In  some  Ea-^tern  countries, 
certain  classes  of  females  never  apjiear  abroad  with- 
out vails. 

A  cover ;  that  which  conceals;  as,  the  vail  of 
oblivion. 

4.  In  botanu,  the  membranous  covering  of  the  per- 
men  in  the  Miisci  and  liepaticu:  ;  the  calypler.  Cye. 

5.  VaiU  i  money  given  to  nervants.  [J^'ot  n.-ird  in 
America.  ]  JJryden. 

VAII.,  «.  I.  [h-vrlo.] 

To  cover  ;  to  hide  from  the  night ;  as,  to  rail  the 
face. 

VAIL,  ».  L  [Fr.avaJer.] 
1.  To  let  fall. 

Ttiej  ■nniv  refused  to  vail  (heir  bonneU.  Cat  fui. 

{1  luliitl  wttollj/  obtolltr.] 

Q.  To  let  fall  ;  to  lower ;  lui,  to  vail  the  top-sail. 
[Obt.J 

3.  To  let  fall ;  to  Rink.    [Obs.]  Sliak. 


VaIL,  f.  1.  To  yield  or  recede ;  to  give  place ;  to 
show  respect  by  yielding. 

Thy  convenience  must  vail  to  thy  neighbor's  necessity.  (Otij.] 

Soul/t. 

VaIT/SD,  pp.  or  a.   Covered;  concealed. 
VaIL'EK,  71.   One  who  yields  from  resjiect.  [Ok.] 

OverbuTy. 

V.\1L'ING,  ppr.    Covering;  hiding  from  the  sight. 
VAlN,a.    [Fr.  rain;  H.  vano  :  L.  7'aiiuv> ;  Gaelic, /arm, 

weak  ;  /ao;i,  void  ;  W.  gwan  ;  Sans,  vana  ;  probably 

allied  to  Eng.  wan,  wane,  traiif.] 

1.  Empty  ;  worthless  ;  having  no  substance,  value, 
or  importance.    1  Pet.  i. 

To  your  vain  answer  will  you  have  recourse.  Blackmore. 
Every  man  walketh  in  a  wiirt  show.  —  Ps.  xxxix. 
Why  do  llie  people  imagine  a  vain  thing  ?  —  Ps.  ii, 

2.  Fruitless ;  ineftectual.  All  attempts,  all  eflbrts 
were  vain. 

Vain  is  the  force  of  man.  Dryden. 

3.  Proud  of  petty  things,  or  of  trifling  attainments  ; 
elated  with  a  high  opinion  of  one's  own  accomplish- 
ments, or  with  things  more  showy  than  valuable  ; 
conceited. 

The  minstrels  played  on  every  side, 
Fain  of  their  art.  Dryden. 

4.  Empty  ;  unreal ;  as,  a  rain  chimera. 

5.  Sliowy;  ostentatious. 

L-oad  some  vain  church  with  old  theatric  stale.  Pope. 

6.  Light ;  inconstant ;  worthless.    Prov.  xii. 

7.  Empty;  unsatisfying.  The  pleasures  of  life 
are  vain. 

8.  False ;  deceitful ;  not  genuine ;  spurious. 
James  i. 

9.  Not  eff'ectual ;  having  no  eflicacy. 

Bring  no  more  vain  ohlatioiis.  —  Is.  !. 
In  vain  ;  to  no  pufpose  ;  withoBt  effect ;  Ineflfect- 
ual. 

In  vain  do  they  worship  me.  —  Matt.  xv. 
To  take  the  name  of  Ood  in  vain ;  to  use  the  name 
of  God  with  levity  or  profaneness. 
VAI.\-GLo'RI-OU'S,  a.    [vain  and  glorious.] 

1.  Vain  to  excess  of  one's  own  achievements ; 
elated  beyond  due  measure ;  boastful. 

Vainglorious  man.  Spenser. 

2.  Boastful ;  proceeding  from  vanity. 

Arrogant  and  vainglorious  expression.  Hale. 

VaIN-GL6'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  empty  pride. 

JVfi7(o7i. 

VaIN-GLo'RY,  71.  [Dai;i  and  o-fori/.]  Exclusive  van- 
ity excitetl  by  one's  own  performances  ;  empty  pride  ; 
undue  elation  of  mind. 

He  halh  nothing  of  vainglory.  Baron. 
Let  iioiiiiiig  Ije  done  tlirongli  strife  or  vainglory.  —  Phil.  it. 

V.aIN'LY,  ar/(i.  Without  effect ;  to  no  purpose  ;  inef- 
fectually ;  in  vain. 

In  weak  complaints  you  wunly  waste  your  breath.  Drytlfn. 

2.  Boastingly ;  with  vaunting;  proudly;  arro- 
gantly. 

Humility  teaciies  us  not  to  Uiink  vainly  nor  vauntingly  of  our- 
selves. Delany, 

3.  Idly  ;  foolishly. 

Nor  vainly  \\o\tt  to  be  inviilnenible.  Milton. 

VAIX'N'ESS,  71.   The  state  of  being  vain  ;  hieflicacy  ; 
inellVclualiiess  ;  as,  the  vainness  of  efforts, 
2.  Empty  pride  ;  vanity. 

VaIR,     (a.    In  AcraUTT/,  charged  withvair;  varie- 

VaIR'Y,  i  gated  with  argent  and  azure  colors,  when 
the  term  is  7'air_i/  proper;  and  with  other  colors,  when 
it  is  voir  or  vairy  composed.  7^odd. 

VaIR,  71.  A  kind  of  fur  [of  frequent  occurrence  in 
early  heraldry  ;  it  is  not  now  known  of  what  ani- 
mal. It  is  represented  by  little  bell-shaped  pieces  al- 
ternately of  two  colors,  and  usually  white  and  blue. 
—  K.  11.  Barker.] 

VaI'VODE,  n.  [Pclav.]  A  prince  of  the  Daciafn 
provinces  ;  sometimes  written  VVaiwode,  for  this  is 
the  iirominciatioii. 

V.\L'Ai\'CE,  71.  [(iu.  Fr.  avataat,  falling;  Norm. 
valaunt,  descending.] 

A  piece  of  drapery  hanging  round  the  tester  and 
heail  of  a  bed,  and  also  from  the  head  of  window- 
curtains.  Swift. 

VAL'ANCE,  ti.  «,    To  decorate  with  hanging  fringes. 

Shak. 

VAL'AN-Cf;D,  (val'anst,)  pp.  Decorated  with  hang- 
ing fringes. 

VALE,  H.  [Fr.  i-n« ;  It.  valle;  L.  vallis.  Qu.  W. 
fficocl,  low,  anil  Eng.  to  fall,  Fr.  avaler.] 

1.  A  tract  of  low  ground  or  of  land  between  hills  ; 
a  valley.  [Ku/c  is  u.si^d  in  poetry,  and  i^allcy  in  prose 
and  commtin  discourse.] 

In  those  fair  vales,  \>y  nature  formed  to  plenie.  Ilarte. 

2.  A  little  trough  or  canal  ;  as,  a  pump  vale  to  car- 
ry off  the  water  from  a  ship's  pump. 

H.  Fa/r".«   money  given  to  servants,  [araif.".]  [^"ol 
used  in  .America.] 
VAL  E-DIG'TIO.N,  71.    [L.  valcdico  ;  vale,  farewell, 
und  dico,  to  say,] 

A  farewell  ;  a  bidding  farewell. 


VAL-E-Uie-To'RI-AN,  7i.  The  student  of  a  college 
who  pronounces  the  valedictory  oration  at  the  an- 
nual commencement. 

VAL-E-mC'TO-RY,  a.  Bidding  farewell ,  as,  a  raj- 
edictonj  oration. 

VAL-E-DI€''1'0-RY,  71.  In  American  colleges,  an  ora- 
tion or  address  spoken  at  comnienceinent,  by  a  mem- 
ber of  the  class  which  receive  the  degree  of  bachi  lor 
of  arts,  and  take  their  leave  of  college  and  of  each 
other. 

VAL'EN-TINE,  71.  A  sweetheart  or  choice  made  on 
Valentine's  day.  IVolton. 

2.  A  letter  containing  professions  of  love  or  ati'ec- 
tion,  sent  by  one  young  person  to  another  on  Valen- 
tine's day.  Barton. 

VAL'E.\'-TiNE'S-UaY,  71.  A  day  sacred  to  St.  Val- 
entine, the  14th  of  February.  It  was  a  very  old  no- 
tion, alluded  to  by  Shakspeare,  that  on  this  day  birds 
begin  to  couple.  Hence,  perhaps,  arose  the  custom 
of  sending  on  this  day  letters  containing  professions 
of  love  and  affection. 

VA-Le'RI-.\N,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Valeriana, 
of  many  species.  The  root  of  the  otiicinal  valerian 
( Valeriana  qflicinalis)  has  a  strong  smell,  is  very  at- 
tractive to  cats  and  rats,  and  is  much  used  in  medi- 
cine. P..Cj/c. 

VAL'ET,  (val'et  or  val'li,)  ti.  [Fr. ;  formerly  writ- 
ten Vadlet,  Valect,  Vallet,  &.C.] 

1.  A  waiting  servant ;  a  servant  who  attends  on  a 
gentleman's  person. 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  kind  of  goad  or  stick  armed 
with  a  point  of  iron.  Cyc. 

VAL'ET  HE  CHAM'BRE,  (val'la  de  sham'br,)  [Fr.] 

A  bodv  servant  or  personal  attendant. 
VAL-E-TU  DI-N'a'RI-AN,  )  a.     [L.  valetudinari^is, 
V.\L-E-TO'DI-NA-RY,       j      from    valetado,  from 

valeo,  to  be  well.] 
Sickly;    weak;    infirm;    seeking   to  recover 

health. 

VAL-E-TU-DI-Na'RI-AN,  j  71.    .\  person  of  a  weak, 
VAL-E-Tu'DI-N.\-RY,      j     infirm,  or  sickly  con- 
stitution ;  ime  who  is  seeking  to  recover  health. 
Valetudinarians  must  live  where  they  can  command  and  scold, 

Sioi/I. 

VAL-E-TU-DI-Na'RI-.\N-IS.M,  71.  A  state  of  feeble 
health  ;  infirmity.  C/i.  Sprctator. 

VAL-IIAV LA,  n.  In  the  Scandinnrian  myt'i.ilogy,  the 
palace  of  immortality,  inhabited  by  the  souls  of  he- 
roes slain  in  battle,  Brande, 

VAL'I.'\NCE,  (val'yans,)  7i.  Bravery;  valor.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

VAL'IANT,  (val'yant,)  a.  [Fr.  oaiV/anf,  from  valoir, 
L.  valeo,  to  be  strong.] 

1.  Primarily,  strong;  vigorous  in  body  ;  as,  a  val- 
iant fencer.  fValton. 

2.  Brave;  courageous ;  intrepid  in  danger ;  heroic  ; 
as,  a  valiant  soldier. 

Be  tlion  valiant  fur  me,  and  fight  the  Lord's  biUtles.  —  1  Sam. 
xviii. 

3.  Performed  with  valor;  bravely  conducted  ;  he- 
roic ;  as,  a  valiant  action  or  achievement ;  a  valiant 
combat.  J\''f/.fo«. 

VAL'I.AiN'T-LY,  ado. ■  Stoutly;  vigorously;  with  per- 
sonal strength.  ' 
2.  Courageously  ;  bravely  ;  heroically. 
VAL'IANT-NESS,  n.    Stoutness;  strength. 

2.  Most  generally,  valor;  bravery;  intrepidity  in 
danger. 

Achiinetps,  havin*  won  the  top  of  the  walls,  by  the  valiantnest 
of  Uie  defeiid;iiits  was  forced  to  retire.  KnoUes. 

VAL'ID,  a.  [Fr.  valide  ;  L.  validus,  from  ruleo,  to  be 
strong.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  strain  or 
stretch.] 

1.  Having  sufficient  strength  or  force  ;  founded  in 
truth  ;  sound  ;  just  ;  good  ;  that  can  be  siipportiid  ; 
not  weak  or  defective ;  as,  a  valid  reason  ;  a  valid 
argument ;  a  valid  objection. 

2.  Having  legal  strength  or  force  ;  eflicacious; 
executed  with  the  proper  formalities;  that  can  not 
be  rightfully  overthrown  or  set  aside  ;  supportable  by 
law  or  right;  as,  a  valid  deed;  a  t<a(i(/ covenant ;  a 
valid  instrument  of  any  kind  ;  a  valid  claim  or  title  ; 
a  r^alid  marriage. 

3.  Strong ;  powerful ;  tn  a  literal  soise ;  as,  fafiii 
arms,    [.Kot  in  use.] 

VAL-II)-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  giving  validity  to. 

Knowles. 

VA-I,in'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  validity  ;  fiimi  valid.] 

1.  Strength  or  force  to  convince  ;  justness;  sound- 
ness; as,  tlie  iin/ii/ifi;  of  an  argument  or  proof;  the 
validity  of  an  objection, 

2.  Legal  strength  or  force  ;  that  quality  of  a  thing 
which  renders  it  supportable  in  law  or  equity  ;  as, 
the  validity  of  a  will ;  the  validity  of  a  grant ;  the 
tia/iditv  of  a  claim  or  of  a  title.  Certain  forms  and 
solemnities  are  usually  requisite  to  give  validity  to 
contrai  ls  and  conveyances  of  rights. 

3.  Value.    [J^ot  in  use.]  Slia'.. 
VAL'IO-LY,  adv.    In  a  valid  manner;  In  such  0 

manner  or  degree  as  to  make  firm  or  to  convince. 
VAL'in-N'ESS,  n.    Validity,  «  hu  h  see, 
VAL'LN'CII,  n,    A  tube  for  drawing  liquors  from  tt 

cask  by  the  bung-hole. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK,- 


1224 


VAL 

VA-UrtK',  (V!i-lees',)  n.    [Fr.]    A  siikiM  leather  sack 

ur  c:ist;,  upeiiiiiK  <>n  the  side,  for  cuniamhi^  tlie 

clcitlies,  &c.,  of  a  traveler. 
VAL  LAN'CY,  n.    [from  valance]    A  large  wig  tlint 

BliaclcH  the  face.  DnjUcii. 
VAI,-LA'TIOi\,  H.   [L.  vallatu.1,  from  vallum,  a  wall.] 

A  rnnpart  or  entreticliniciit.  fVart^)/!. 
VAL'LEY,  H.;  p(.  Valleys.     [Fr.  vallie  ;  L.  valtis. 

See  Vale,] 

1.  A  hollow  or  low  tract  of  land  between  liills  or 
moti  mains'. 

2.  A  low,  extender!  plain,  usually  alluvial,  pene- 
trated or  washed  by  n  river.  Tin;  vallnj  of  the  Con- 
necticut is  remarkable  for  its  fertility  and  beunty. 

Ye  rnoiintiins,  sink  ;  yp  valieys,  rise  : 

Pn-'piiPe  llie  LoiU  |U4  w.^)'.  Watlt, 

3-  In  buHdimr,  the  gutter  or  internal  angle  formed 
by  lwi>  inclined  sides  of  a  roof.  liramle. 
VAL'LU.M,  H.    [L.]    A  rampait,  trench,  or  wall. 

Warion. 

V.^-LO'NI-.A,  n.  A  species  of  acorn,  produced  in  the 
Morea  and  the  Levant,  and  used  by  tanners. 

McCuUoch. 

V.\I/OR,  n.  [L.  valor  :  Fr.  valctir ;  from  L.  valco,  to 
be  strong,  to  be  worth.] 

Strength  of  mind  in  regard  to  danger ;  that  quality 
which  enables  a  man  to  encounter  danger  with  firm- 
ness ;  personal  bravery  ;  courage  ;  intrepidity  ;  prow- 
ess. 

When  valor  piyyt  on  renson, 

It  e.iu  the  xwont  it  hghta  wiih.  Sliak, 
Kor  coiilcmpl.itioii  lieund  valor  formed.  Rlillon. 

VJI-LO' REM,  [f,.]  [n  commerce,  according  to 
the  valine ;  as,  an  a*/  valorctn  duty. 

VAL'OK-OUS,  a.  Brave;  courageous;  stout;  in- 
trepid ;  as,  a  valorous  knight. 

VA  Ij'OR-O  US-LY,  a//i>.  In  a  brave  manner;  heroic- 
allv. 

VA1.'U-  A-RI,E,  a.    [Fr.  valahle  ;  from  ra/iic] 

1.  Having  value  or  worth  ;  having  some  good 
qtialities  which  are  useful  and  esteeinetl  ;  precious  ; 
as,  a  imlaahU  horse  ;  valuable  land  ;  a  valuable  house. 

Worthy  ;  estimable ;  deserving  esteem  ;  as,  a 
valuable  friend  ;  a  valuable  companion. 
VAI,-I!-.^'TION,  71.  [from  value.]  The  act  of  esti- 
mating the  valui;  or  worth ;  the  act  of  setting  a 
price  ;  t;:-,  the  just  valuation  of  civil  and  religious 
privileges. 

2.  Apprizemcnt ;  as,  a  valuation  of  lands  for  the 
purpose  of  taxation. 

3.  Value  set  uptm  a  thing ;  estimated  worth. 

So  sligtit  a  ealaation,  Stiak. 

VAI,-II-A'TOR,  n.  One  who  sets  a  value ;  an  ap- 
pri/er. 

VAI/I'E,  (val'yu,)  n.  [Fr.  raloir,  valu ;  from  L.  vaior, 
from  valrn,  to  be  worth  j.  It.  vatore ;  Sr>.  valor.] 

1.  Worth  ;  that  property  or  those  ,  roperties  of  a 
thing  which  render  it  useful  or  estimaole  ;  or  the  rie- 
gri'e  of  that  proi>erty  or  iif  such  properties.  The  real 
value  of  a  thing  is  its  utility,  its  power  or  capacity  of 
procuring  or  producing  good.  Hence,  the  real  or  in- 
trinsic value  of  iron  is  far  greater  than  that  of  gold. 
But  there  is,  in  [iiany  things,  an  estimated  value,  de- 
pending on  opinion  or  fashion,  such  as  the  value  of 
precious  stones.  The  ralue  of  land  depends  on  its 
fertility,  or  on  its  vicinity  to  a  market,  or  on  both. 

2.  Price  ;  the  rate  of  worth  set  upim  a  commodity, 
or  the  amount  for  which  a  thing  is  sold.  We  say, 
the  rahie  of  a  thing  is  what  it  will  bring  in  market. 

3.  Worth  ;  applied  ta  persons. 

Ye  ur"  all  pliysici;ins  of  no  valut.  —  Job  xiii. 

Ye       of  iiioK  v<Uue  thuji  many  iparrowa.  —  Mntt.  x. 

4.  High  rate. 


O'sMf  i«  w.'ll  acquainted  with  your  rirtue, 
And  Uiervfure  seu  this  value  on  your  life. 


Addison. 


5.  Importance;  efficacy  in  producing  etfects ;  as, 
considerations  of  no  value. 

Before  events  sh.ill  have  decided  on  the  value  of  the  mensnres. 

Marshall. 

6.  Import  ;  precise  signification  ;  as,  the  value  of  a 
word  or  phra.se.  Milfurd. 

VAI/I;e,  (val'yu,)  v.  U  To  estimate  the  worth  of;  to 
rate  at  a  certain  price  ;  to  apprize  ;  as,  to  i-ufuc  lands 
or  goods. 

2.  To  rate  at  a  high  price  ;  to  have  in  high  esteem  ; 
as,  a  va/tieJ  poem  or  picture.  .\  man  is  apt  to  value 
his  own  performances  :it  too  high  a  r.'it:; ;  he  is  even 
disfiosed  to  value  himself  for  liis  humility. 

3.  To  esteem  ;  to  hohl  in  respect  and  estimation  ; 
M,  to  value  one  for  his  works  or  virtues. 

4.  To  take  account  of. 

The  mind  doih  value  every  moment.  Bacon. 

5.  To  reckon  or  estimate  with  respect  to  number 
or  power. 

The  queen  is  valued  thirty  thous-and  strong.  ShaJc. 

6.  To  consider  with  respect  to  importance. 

The  kine  must  t.al(e  it  ill, 
So  tllghtiy  valued  in  his  inesseii^.T.  Shale. 
Nei[h,.r  of  ihein  valued  Uieir  pruuiisea  acconlinf  to  the  rul'.-s  of 
honor  or  inlc^ty.  Ctarttuton. 


VAN 

7.  To  raise  to  estimation. 

Some  mine  iliemaelves  lo  their  country  hy  jecilomies  to  llie  crown. 
[.Vol  in  ute.\  Temiile. 

8.  To  be  worth.    [JVut  in  use.]  Sliak. 
VAI/U-Kl),  (v.il'ytide,)      or  a.    Estimated  at  a  cer- 
tain rate  ;  appri/.ed  ;  esteetned. 

VAI/IJE-LEtirf,  a.    Being  of  no  value  ;  having  no 
worth. 

VAL'IJ-EU,n.    One  who  values;  an  apprizor;  one 
who  hulits  in  esteem. 

VALM  J-INt;,  ppr.    Setting  a  price  on  ;  estimating  the 
worth  of;  esteeming. 

VAijV'ATE,  a.   [See  Valve.]   Having  or  resembling 
a  valve  ;  consisting  of  valves  ;  valvular. 

VALVE,  (valv,)  n.    [L.  valvee,  folding  doors ;  coincid- 
ing with  iii;/('i<.] 
1.  A  folding  door. 


Swift  ihrougli  tlie  valvet  the  visonory  fair 
Repassed. 


Pope. 


2.  A  lid  or  cover  to  an  npertnrej  so  formed  as  to 
open  a  communication  in  one  tlirection,  and  close  it 
in  the  f)lher.  Thus  the  valve  of  a  common  pump 
opens  upward  to  admit  the  water,  and  closes  down- 
ward tti  prevent  its  return. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  membranous  partition  within  the 
cavity  of  a  vessel,  which  opens  to  allow  the  passage 
of  a  fluid  in  one  direction,  und  shuts  to  prevent  its 
regurt;itati(M).  I'arr. 

4.  In  botany,  n  name  given  tothe  pieces  into  which 
a  pericarp  naturally  separates  when  it  bursts  ;  also  to 
similar  parts  in  other  organs,  as  the  anther.  Brande. 

,5.  One  of  the  pieces  or  tlivisiuns  in  bivtilve  and 
miiltivalve  shells.  Ed.  Encyc. 

VALV'Kl),  n.    Having  valves  ;  composed  of  valves. 
VALV'LET,  j  ;(.    A  little  valve;  luie  of  the  pieces 
V.ALV'LJLE,  (     which  comjiuse  the  outer  covering  of 

a  pericarp. 
VALVy-LAR,  a.    Containing  valves. 

Moor.    Med.  Diet. 
VA.'^I'BRaCE,  n.    [Fr.  avnnt-bras.] 

In  plate  armor,  the  piece  which  protected  the  arm 
beli'W  the  elbow.  ■  Brandr. 

VA.Ml",  II.    [VV.  gieam,  that  incloses,  m  goes  partly 
round.] 
The  upper  leather  of  a  shoe. 
VA.MP,  I'.  (.    To  piece  an  old  thing  with  anew  part; 
to  repair. 

I  h;nl  never  mucli  hopes  of  your  vamped  p!.iy.  SwifL 

VAMP'/^D,  (vampt,) /jp.    Pieced;  repaired. 

VAJIP'EK,  n.  One  who  pieces  an  old  thing  with 
something  new. 

VAMP'I.N'C!,  Pin-.    Piecing  with  something  new. 

VA.M'PlRE,  n.    [G.  vampijr.] 

1.  In  mythology,  an  imaginary  demon,  which  was 
fabled  to  suck  the  blood  of^  persdus  diirinc  the  night. 

9.  In  -.oolony,  the  Liiina>an  trivial  or  ipecilic  name 
of  Pteropiis  Eihvardsii,  or  the  great  bat  of  iM;iilagas- 
car  ;  also,  the  jiopiilar  name  of  I'liyllostoma  spectrum, 
or  the  Vampyre  bat  of  .New  Spain  ;  also,  the  po|iular 
name  of  the  genus  of  bats  named  Vaiiipyriis.  The 
Piiyllostoina  spectrum  has  been  accused  of  causing 
the  death  of  men  and  brute  animals,  by  sucking 
their  blood.  The  length  of  this  bat  is  about  six 
inches,  ami  the  wound  which  it  makes  is  very  small. 
It  can  h;irdly,  therefore,  ilo  serious  injury.  There 
can  be  little  dnulit  thai  the  ancient  fable  has  crept 
into  the  works  of  some  of  the  naturalists. 

VA.M'PIR  IS.M,  n.  'I'lie  actions  of  a  vampire;  the 
practice  of  blood-sucking  ;  Jiirarativelij,  tlie  practice 
of  extorti(»n. 

VA.M'I'L.^TE,  n.  A  round  plate  of  iron  on  a  tilling 
spe;tr,  to  [iriitect  the  hand.  FosbroUe. 

VA.\,  11.  [The  radical  word  from  which  is  formed  the 
Fr.  avant,  avanrer,  Eng.  adranee,  advantarre.  It  is 
from  the  root  of  L.  vcnio,  the  primary  sense  of  which 
is  to  pass.] 

1.  The  front  of  an  army  ;  or  the  front  line  or  fore- 
most division  of  a  fleet,  either  in  sailing  or  in  battle. 

2.  Among  farmers,  a  fan  for  winnowing  grain. 
[This  in  New  England  is  alwttys  pronoti.Tccd  Fa.n, 
which  see.  But  the  winnowing  machine  has  nearly 
supcrsedeil  the  use  of  it  ] 

3.  In  miniiii',  the  cleansing  of  ore  or  tin  stufT  by 
means  of  a  shovel.  Cyc. 

4.  A  wing  with  which  the  air  is  beaten. 

He  wheeled  in  air,  and  strvtcli-'d  his  van*  in  viiin.  Dryden. 

5.  In  England,  a  large,  light,  covered  wagon  for  the 
transportalMUi  of  goods,  &c. 

V.\N,  V.  U    [Fr.  vanncr.] 

To  faiL    [JVut  in  use.]    [See  Faft.] 

V.\\'.\-n ATE,   (  n.    A  compound  of  vanadic  acid 

VA-.NA'UI-ArE,  j     and  a  base. 

V.A-.XAD'ie  .VC'ID,  n.  A  compound  of  vanadium 
and  oxygen  in  the  pro|)onMin  of  one  equivalent  of 
vanailiiiiii  and  three  of  oxyzen.  Berielius. 

VA-.N AD'IN-ITE,  n.  The  miiieml  vanadate  of  lead, 
occurring  in  yellowish  and  brownish  hexagonal  crys- 
tals. ■  Vnna. 

VA-.\A'DI-UM,  n.  [from  Vanadis,  a  Scandinavian 
deity.] 

A  inet.al  discovered  by  Scfstriim  in  This 
metal  has  a  white  color, and  a  strong  metallic  luster. 


VAN 

coiisiilerably  resembling  silver,  but  still  mote  like 
niolyliileniim.  It  is  extremely  brittle.  It  is  imt  nx- 
ydized  either  by  air  or  wafer,  lhoii<;h  by  conliiiiioiis 
cipiisiire  lo  the  atmosphere,  lU  luster  grows  weaker, 
and  it  acquires  a  redilish  tint. 
VA\-C01J'RI-EKS,  (  koo're-crz,)  n.  pi.  [Fr.  avantr 
coureurs.] 

In  armies,  light-armed  soldiers  sent  before  armies 
to  beat  the  road  upon  the  approach  of  an  enemy; 
precursors.  Cijc. 

VAN'DAL,  n.  [It  signifieg  a  wanderer.]  The  name 
of  one  of  the  most  barbarous  of  the  northern  na- 
tions that  invaded  Rome  in  the  5tli  century,  notori- 
ous for  destroying  the  monuments  of  art  and  litera- 
ture. Hence, 

2.  One  hostile  to  the  arts  and  literature  ;  one  who 
is  ignorant  and  barbarous. 

VAN-DAL'ie.  n.  Pertaining  to  the  Vandals;  desig- 
nating till!  south  shore  of  the  Baltic,  where  once 
lived  the  Vandals,  a  nation  of  ferocious  barliariaiis ; 
hence,  ferocious  ;  rude  ;  barbarous. 

VAN'D.AL-IS.M,  ri.  The  spirit  or  conduct  of  Vandals  ; 
ferocious  cruelty;  hostility  to  the  arts  and  literature. 

lianisay. 

VAN-DYKE',  71.  A  small,  round  covering  lor  the 
neck,  worn  by  females,  as  seen  in  the  portraits  of 
persons  painted  by  Vandyke  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 

VANE,  71.  [V).  vaan.  The  [iriinary  sense  is,  extend- 
ed.] 

1.  A  plate  or  thin  slip  of  metal,  wood,  &c.,  placed 
on  a  spindle  at  the  top  of  a  spire,  for  the  purpose  of 
showing,  by  its  turning  and  direction,  which  way  the 
wind  blows.  In  ships,  apiece  of  bunting  is  used  for 
the  same  purpose. 

2.  The  thin,  membranous  part  or  web  of  a  feather 
on  the  side  of  the  shaft.  Paley. 

VAN'FOS.S,  71.  A  ditch  on  the  outside  of  the  coun- 
terscarp. Cyc. 

VANG,  n.  The  vangs  of  a  ship  are  a  sort  of  braces  to 
steady  the  peak  of  a  gaff.  Tutten. 

VAN'-GUARD,  71.  [laji  and  guard.]  The  troops 
who  march  in  front  of  an  army  ;  the  first  line. 

VA-N1L'L.'\,  a.  A  genus  of  orchidaceous  plants,  na- 
tives of  tro|iical  America.  The  capsule  of  Vanilla 
arumatica  is  remarkable  for  its  fnigraiit  odor,  and  for 
the  vol.itile,  odoriferous  oil  extracted  from  it.  As  a 
medicine,  it  is  supposed  to  possess  powers  analogous 
to  valerian,  while,  at  the  same  time,  it  is  far  more 
grateful.  Cyc. 

VAN'ISH,r.i.  \Xj.  vanesco Tr.evanouir;  \l.  scauire  ; 
from  L.  vanus,  vain,  or  its  root ;  Eng.  to  wane.  'J'he 
primary  sense  is,  lo  withdraw  or  depart.] 

1.  To  d i.sappear ;  to  pa-ss  from  a  visible  to  an  in- 
visible state  ;  as,  vapor  eaiiw/icv  from  the  sight  by  be- 
ing dissipated.  Light  vanishes  when  Ihe  riys  of  the 
illiiminaling  body  are  intercepted  ;  dufkiicss  vanishes 
before  the  rising  sun. 

2.  To  disappear  ;  to  pass  beyond  the  limit  of  vision  ; 
as,  a  ship  vanishes  from  the  sight  of  specttitors  on 
land. 

3.  To  disappear;  to  pass  away  ;  to  be  annihilated 
or  lost.  How  cheering  is  the  well-founded  hope  of 
enjoying  delights  which  can  never  vanish! 

VAN'iSll,  H.    A  sound  that  gradually  becomes  weak- 
er till  it  ceases.  Rush. 
VA.\'ISII-A"U,  (van'islil,)  a.    Having  no  peneplible 

existence.  Pupe. 
VA.\"ISI1-ING,  ;ipr.    Disappearing;  passing  from  the 
sight  or  possession  ;  departing  forever. 

Vanishing  line;  in  persprclire,  the  intersectiim  of 
the  parallel  of  any  original  plane  and  the  picture. 

Vanishing  point:  the  point  to  which  all  parallel 
lines  in  the  same  plane  tend  in  the  representaliim. 

OicilU 

VAN'ISH-MENT,  71.    A  vanishing.  Qainey. 
V,\.\'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  vaniti;  L.  vanitas,  from  ranus, 
vain.] 

1.  Emptiness ;  want  of  substance  to  satisfy  de- 
sire ;  uncertainty  ;  inanity. 

Vanily  of  vamties.  Siiith  the  pn*actier  ;  all  iA  vanity.  —  Eccle*.  L 

2.  Fruitless  desire  or  endeavor. 

Vanity  possesseih  luiiny  who  an:  d'>»iroui  to  know  the  c^rlnlnty 
01  tiling  to  come.  Sidney. 

3.  Trifling  labor  that  produces  no  good.  Ralegk. 

4.  Emptiness  ;  untruth. 

Here  I  nmy  well  eliuw  the  vanity  of  what  is  reported  in  the  stoiy 
of  \Vi\Ujiigh.uii.  IJavtee. 

5.  Empty  ph^asure ;  vain  pursuit ;  idle  show  ;  un- 
substantial  enjoyment. 

Sin  with  vanity  had  filled  the  works  of  men.  filillon. 
Think  nut  when  wonun's  transient  brc.ith  is  (led, 
That  all  her  oantlies  at  onc<^  ap*  d'-ad  ; 

Succeeding  vaiiiut*  slie  sliil  if  gnrds.  Pop*. 

6.  Ostentation  ;  arrogance.  Ratrglu 

7.  InlUalion  of  mind  upon  slight  grounds :  empty 
pride,  inspired  by  an  overweening  conceit  of  one's 
personal  attainments  or  decorations.  Fops  cau  not 
be  cured  of  their  ru;iily. 

Yamty  is  the  (00.I  of  fo<il8.  Strifl. 

No  niaii  •vnipittliizi's  with  tite  sorrows  of  vaMly.  Johiuvn. 
VAN'aUISH,  (vank'wish,)  ».  t.    (Fr.  vainere:  h. 
vinco  ;  It.  vinrrre  ;  Sp.  vincer ;  probably  allied  lo  L. 
rirjci0,  to  bind.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


154 


Y  Y  YY 


VAP 


VAR 


VAR 


To  conquer;  to  overcome  ;  to  subdue  in  battle  ; 
as  an  enemy. 

Tliey  Kin<piished  Ute  rebels  id  all  eDCOunten.  Clarendon, 
2.  To  defeat  in  any  contest ;  to  refute  in  argument. 

VAN'QUISH,  (vank'wish,)  n.    A  disease  in  slieep,  in 

wliich  they  pine  away. 
VAi\'aUISH-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  conquered. 

Oayton. 

VAN'aUISil-ED,  fvank'wisht,)  pp.  or  a.  Overcome 
in  battle  ;  Auluhied  ;  defeated. 

VA.\'Ul'IPH-EIl,  n.    A  conqueror ;  a  victor.  Milton. 

VAX'tlUI:?H-lNC;,  ppr.  Conquering;  subduing;  de- 
feating ;  refuting. 

VAN'SIRE,  n.  In  zoology,  the  Mangusta  galera,  a 
digitigrade,  carnivorous  mammal ;  a  sntall  quadru- 
ped, somewhat  resembling  a  weasel,  of  a  deep-brown 
color,  speckled  wilh  yellow,  the  tail  of  equal  size  its 
whole  length  ;  inhabiting  Madagascar  and  the  Isle  of 
France. 

VXNT,  V.  i.    fFr.  vanter.] 

To  boast.  [This  is  the  more  correct  orthography. 
See  Vaunt.] 

VAN'TA6E,  n.  [Sp.  ventaja ;  from  the  root  of  L.  ve- 
nio.    See  Advantage  and  Van.] 

1.  Gain  ;  profit.  [Obs.] 

2.  Superiority  ;  state  in  which  one  has  better  means 
of  action  or  defense  than  another. 

[This,  I  believe,  is  used  only  in  the  compound, 
Vantage-Ground.], 

3.  Opportunity;  convenience.    [OJi.]  SItak 
VAN'TAGE,  B.  (.    To  profits  [J^'ot  in  use.] 
VaN'TAGE-GROUND,  7!.     Superiority  of  state  or 

place ;  the  place  or  condition  which  gives  one  an  ad- 
vantage over  another. 

VANT'BRASS,  n.    [Fr.  avant-bras.] 

Armor  for  the  arjn.    [Obs.]  Milton. 

VAP'ID,  a.  [h.  vapidus.  The  radical  verb  is  not  in 
the  Latin,  but  the  sense  must  be,  to  pass  or  fly  off,  to 
escape  ;  or  to  strike  down,  L.  vapulo.  It  is  probably 
allied  to  vapor.] 

1.  Having  lost  its  life  and  spirit;  dead  ;  spiritless  ; 
flat ;  as,  vapid  beer  ;  a  vapid  state  of  the  blood. 

2.  Dull ;  unanimated. 
V.AP'ID-LY,  adv.    In  a  vapid  manner. 
VAP'ID-NESS,  )  n.    The  .'^tate  of  having  lost  its  life 
VA-PID'I-TY,  (     or  spirit;  deadness ;  flatness;  as, 

the  vapidncss  of  ale  or  cider. 
2.  Dullness  ;  want  of  life  or  spirit. 
VA'POR,  7i.    [L.  and  Sp.  7'«/>or ;  V v.  vapeur  ;  It.  vapore. 
It  is  probably  from  a  verb  signifying  to  depart,  to  fly 
off.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  an  invisible,  elastic  fluid,  ren- 
dered aeriform  by  heat,  and  capable  of  being  con- 
densed, or  brought  hack  to  the  liquid  or  solid  state 
by  cold.  The  vapor  of  water  is  distinguished  by  the 
name  of  Steam,  which  sec. 

2.  A  visible  fluid  floating  in  the  atmosphere.  All 
substances  which  impair  the  transparency  of  the  at- 
mosphere, as  smoke,  fug,  &c.,  are  in  common  lan- 
guage called  vapors,  though  the  term  vapor  is  tech- 
nically applied  only  to  nn  invisible  and  condensible 
substance,  as  in  Xo.  1 ;  fog,  &c.,  being  vapor  con- 
densed, or  water  in  a  minute  state  of  division.  Ka- 
por  rising  into  the  higher  regions  of  the  atmosphere, 
and  condensed  in  large  volumes,  forms  cloud.i. 

Olmsted. 

3.  Substances  resembling  smoke,  which  sometimes 
fill  the  atmosphere,  particularly  in  America  during 
the  autumn. 

4.  Wind  ;  flatulence.  Bacon. 

5.  Mental  fume ;  vain  imagination  ;  unreal  fancy. 

Hammond. 

6.  Vapors ;  a  disease  of  nervous  debility,  in  which 
a  variety  of  strange  images  float  in  the  brain,  or  ap- 
pear as  if  visible.  Hence  hypochondriacal  affections 
and  spleen  are  called  vapors. 

7.  Something  unsubstantial,  fleeting,  or  transitory. 

For  wlijit  i»  your  life  ?    Il  is  cvt-n  a  vapor,  that  nppcarvlh  for  a 
li'.llc  liine,  and  itirn  variinheUi  tvway.  —  James  iv. 
VA'POR,  V.  i.    [L.  vaporo.] 

1.  To  pass  otr  in  fumes,  or  a  moist,  floating  sub- 
stance ;  to  steatn  ;  to  be  exhaled  ;  to  evapomte. 

[In  this  sense,  EvArouATE  is  generally  used.] 

2.  To  emit  fumes. 

Running;  water  vaport  not  so  much  as  standing  water.  [Littlt 
uted.]  Bacon. 

3.  To  bully ;  to  boast  or  vaunt  with  a  vain,  osten- 
tatious display  of  worth  ;  to  brag. 

[Thii  is  the  most  usual  signification  of  the  aord.] 
And  whnl  in  rcai  v.iiue  'n  wauling, 

l:iuppl/  witit  vaporing  and  ranliup.  Hfidlbrat, 

VA'POR,  r.  t.  To  emit,  cast  off,  or  scatter  in  fumes 
or  uteain  ;  a«,  to  tia;/or  away  a  heated  fluitl. 

Another,  sigtiin^,  vaport  Torlh  liui  suul.  B.  Jonton. 

VAP-0-UA-I!IL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  capa- 
ble iif  vaporization.  Dispensalonf. 

VAP'O-RA  liI.E,  a.  Capable  of  being  converted  into 
vajKir  bv  the  agency  of  caloric. 

VAP'O-RATE,  t».  1.     To  emit  vapor.    [See  Etapo- 

RATR.] 

VAP-O  RA'TION,  n.    [U  raporatio.] 


The  act  or  process  of  converting  into  vapor,  or  of 
passing  off  in  v.apor. 
Va'POR-BaTH^  h.    [vapor  and  bath.]    The  applica- 
tion of  vapor  to  the  body  in  a  close  place  ;  also,  the 
place  itself. 

2.  In  chemistry,  an  apparatus  for  heating  bodies  by 
the  vapor  of  water.  Cyc, 
VA'POR-ED,  a.    Moist ;  wet  with  vapors. 

2.  Splenetic  ;  peevish.  Oreen. 
VA'POR-ER,  71.    A  boaster;  one  who  makes  a  vaunt- 
ing display  of  his  prowess  or  worth  ;  a  braggart. 
VAP-O-RIF'ie,  a,    [L.  fa;)or  and /acio,  to  make.] 
Forming  into  vapor ;  converting  into  steam,  or  ex- 
pelling in  a  volatile  form,  as  fluids. 
Va'POR-ING,  ppr.    Boasting;  vaunting  ostentatious- 
ly and  vainly. 
V.^'POR-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  boasting  manner. 
VA'POR-ISH,  a.    Full  of  vapors. 

2.  Hypochondriac  ;.  splenetic  ;  affected  by  hyster- 
ics. 

VAP'O-Rl-ZA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  converted 
into  vapor. 

VAP-O-RI-Za'TION,  71.  The  artificial  formation  of 
vapor. 

VAP'OR-IZE,  v.  t.    To  convert  into  vapor  by  the  ap- 
plication of  heat  or  artificial  means. 
VAP'OR-IZE,  V.  i.    To  pass  off  in  vapor. 
VAP'OR-lZ-£D,  ;>;>.    E.vpelled  in  vapor. 
VAP'OR-IZ-ING,  ;);)r.    Converting  into  vapor. 
VA'POR-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  vaporenz.] 

1.  Full  of  vapors  or  exhalations ;  as,  the  vaporous 
air  of  valleys.  Derkam. 

2.  Vain ;  unreal ;  proceeding  from  the  vapors. 

Bacon. 

3.  Windy  ;  flatulent;  as,  vaporous  food  is  the  most 
easily  digested.  Jlrbnthnot. 

Va'POR-OUS-NESS,  7!.  State  of  being  full  of  vapors. 

VA'POR-Y,  a.    Vaporous  ;  full  of  vapors.  Thomson. 
2.  Hypochondriac;  splenetic;  peevish.  Thomson. 

VAP-1!-La'TIOi\',  71.    [L.  vapulo.] 

The  act  of  beating  or  whipping.    [A'ot  in  use.] 

VaRE,  7!.    [Sp.  7-ara.] 

A  wand  or  staff  of  justice.    [JVot  in  use.]  Howell. 

VAR'EC,  7!.  The  French  name  for  kelp  or  incinera- 
ted sea-weed  ;  wrack  ;  Fucus  vesiculosus.  Ure. 

Va'RT,  >t.  In  zoology,  the  Prosimia  catta,  a  quadrii- 
manous  mammal,  the  ring-tailed  lemur,  a  quadruped 
having  its  tail  marked  with  rings  of  black  and  white  ; 
a  native  of  Madagascar.  The  vari  of  Buffon  is  the 
black  maucauco,  Prosimia  nigra,  with  the  neck  beard- 
ed like  a  ruff.  Cyc.    Ed.  F.ncyc. 

VA'RI-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  See  Vary.]  That  may  vary 
or  alter ;  capable  ot  alteration  in  any  manner ;  change- 
able ;  as,  variable  winds  or  seasons  ;  variable  colors. 

2.  Susceptible  of  change  ;  liable  to  change  ;  nnita- 
ble  ;  fickle;  unsteady  ;  inconstant;  .as,  the  affections 
of  men  are  variable  ;  passions  are  variable. 

His  heart  1  Itnow,  how  variable  and  vain  I  liTtUon. 

3.  In  mathematics,  subject  to  continual  increase  or 
decrease  ;  in  opposition  to  Constant,  retaining  the 
same  value. 

Va'RI-A-BLE,  77.  In  mathematics,  a  quantity  which 
is  in  a  state  of  continual  increase  or  decrease.  Tlie 
indefinitely  small  quantity  by  which  a  variable  is 
cotitinually  increased  or  diminished  is  called  its  dif- 
ferential, and  the  method  of  finding  these  quantities 
the  differential  calculus.  Hutton. 

VA'RI-A-BLF^NESS,  j  7!.   Sttsccptibility  of  change  ; 

V.A-Rl-A-BIL'I-TY,  j  liableness  or  aptness  to  al- 
ter ;' changeablenesa  ;  as,  tlie  variableness  of  the 
weather. 

2.  Inconstancy;  fickleness ;  unsteadiness ;  levity; 

as,  the  variableness  of  human  passions. 
VA'RI-A-BLY,  adv.    Changeably  ;  with  alteration ;  in 

an  inconstant  or  fickle  manner. 
VA'RI-ANCE,  71.    [See  Vary.]    In  law,  an  alteration 

of  sometliitig  formerly  laid  in  a  writ ;  or  a  difference 

between  a  declaration  and  a  writ,  or  the  deed  on 

which  it  is  grounded. 

2.  Any  alteration  or  change  of  condition. 

3.  Dil'"erence  that  produces  dispute  or  controversy  ; 
disagreement ;  dissetision  ;  discord.  A  mere  variance 
may  become  a  war.  Without  a  spirit  of  condescen- 
sion, there  will  be  an  everlasting  variajicc. 

M  variance;  in  disagreement;  in  a  state  of  differ- 
ence or  want  of  agreement. 

2.  In  a  sttite  of  dissension  or  controversy ;  in  a 
Btate  of  enmity. 
VA'UI-ANT,  a.    Different ;  diverse.  Rawle. 
VA'RI-ATE,  v.  t.    To  alter;  to  make  different. 

ICin-T. 

2.  To  vary.    [.4  bad  word.] 
VA-RI-A'TION,  71.     [Fr.,  riom  L.  variatio.  See 
Vary.] 

1.  Alteration  ;  a  partial  change  in  the  form,  posi- 
tion, statt!,  or  qualities  of  the  same  thing;  as,  a  7'a- 
riation  of  color  in  different  lights  ;  a  variation  in  the 
size  of  a  plant  from  day  to  day  ;  the  unceasing, 
though  slow,  variation  of  language  ;  a  variation  in  a 
noil  from  year  to  year.  Our  opinions  are  subject  to 
continual  variatiotvi. 

'J'lic  essences  of  thing*  are  conceived  not  cnpahte  of  such  txirintion. 

Lacks. 


2.  Difference  ;  change  from  one  to  another. 

In  BOnie  oth<T  p!;tces  pre  Iwrti  more  females  lhan  males  ;  which, 
upon  tliis  varialian  of  proportion,  1  recommend  lo  the  curious. 

CiVounl. 

3.  In  grammar,  change  of  termination  of  nouns 
and  adjectives,  constituting  what  is  called  case,  num- 
ber, and  gender  ;  as,  the  variation  of  words. 

4.  Deviation ;  as,  a  variation  of  a  transcript  from 
the  original.  Dniden. 

5.  In  astronomy,  the  variation  of  the  moon  is  an  in- 
equality of  the  moon's  motion,  depending  on  the  an- 
gular distatice  of  the  moon  from  tiie  sun.  Brande. 

C.  In  geography  and  navigation,  the  deviatitm  of 
the  mtignetic  needle  from  the  true  north  point ;  called 

also  DEtLlNATlON.  ClfC. 

The  variation  of  the  needle  at  New  Haven,  in  1819, 
as  ascertained  from  the  mean  of  numerous  observa- 
tions made  by  Professor  Fisher,  was  4°  23'  25"  west ; 
and  from  that  lime  to  1847  it  was  increasing  at  the 
rate  of  about  4'  annually.  Olmsted. 

7.  In  Tiiusic,  the  different  manner  of  singing  or 
playing  the  same  air  or  tune,  by  subdividing  the 
notes  into  several  others  of  less  value,  or  by  adding 
graces,  yet  so  that  the  tune  itself  may  be  discovered 
tiirough  all  its  embellishments.  Cyc. 

Calculus  of  variations  ;  a  branch  of  mathematics 
whose  principal  object  is  to  solve  certain  classes  of 
questions  respecting  maxima  and  minima,  which  can 
not  be  solved  by  the  ordinary  processes  of  the  differ- 
ential calculus.  Brnnde. 

V.'VR'i  eO-CliLE,  71.  [L.  varii,  a  dilated  vein,  and 
Gr.  Kr]\n,  a  tumor.  A  bad  term,  being  part  Greek 
and  part  Latin.  Cir90cele  is  the  correct  term,  and 
is  that  which  is  nmcli  the  most  commonly  used.] 

In  surgery,  a  varicose  enlargement  of  the  veins  of 
the  spermatic  cord  ;  or,  more  rarely,  a  like  enlarge- 
ment of  the  veins  of  the  scrotum.  Cyc. 

VAR'I-CoSE,  )  a.     [L.  varicosus,  having  enlarged 

VAR'I-eOUS,  i  veins.] 

Preternaturally  enlarged,  or  permanently  dilated  ; 
applied  only  to  veins. 

VA'RI-£D,  (vii'rid,)  pp.  or  a.  from  Vart  Altered  ; 
partially  changed  ;  changed. 

VA'Rt-£D-LY,  ado.  Diversely. 

Va'RI-E-GaTE,  v.  t.  [It.  varieggiare ;  from  L.  vario, 
varius.    See  Vary.] 

To  diversify  in  external  appearance  ;  to  mark  with 
different  colors  ;  as,  to  variegate  a  floor  wilh  marble 
of  different  colors. 

The  shells  are  filled  with  a  white  spar,  which  txlrie^les  and  adds 

to  the  beauty  of  the  stone.  Woodunrd. 
toadies  liite  variegated  tulips  sliow.  Pope. 

Va'RI-E-G.^-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Diversified  in  colors  or 
external  appearance. 

Variegated  leaves,  in  botany,  are  such  as  are  irreg- 
ularly marked  with  white  or  yellow  spots.  Cyc. 

VA'Rl-E-GA-TING,  ppr.    Diversifying  wilh  colors. 

VA-RI-E-Ga'TION,  71.  The  act  of  diversifying,  or 
stale  of  being  diversified,  by  difterent  colors  ;  diver- 
sity of  colors. 

VA-Ri'E-TY,  71.  [Fr.  varicte  ;  L.  varietas,  from  vario, 
to  vary.] 

1.  Intermixture  of  different  things,  or  of  things 
different  in  form  ;  or  a  succession  of  different  things. 

Variety  is  notliin^  else  but  a  continued  novelty.  .^oitlh. 
The  variety  of  colors  depends  on  the  composition  of  lijlit. 

iVemton. 

2.  One  thing  of  many  which  constitute  variety. 
In  this  sense,  it  has  a  plural ;  as,  the  varieties  of  a 
species. 

3.  Difference  ;  dissimilitude. 

There  is  a  variety  in  the  tempeia  of  good  men.  Atlerbury. 

4.  Variation  ;  deviation  ;  change  from  a  former 
stale.  Hale. 

5.  Many  and  different  kinds.  The  shopkeeper 
has  a  great  variety  of  cottons  and  silks. 

lie  wants  to  do  a  variety  of  good  things.  Laa. 
C.  In  natural  history,  a  difference  not  permanent 
or  invariable,  hut  occasioned  by  nn  accidental  change; 
as,  a  variety  of  any  species  of  plant. 

Naturalists  formerly  eired  very  much  in  supposing 
an  accidental  variety  of  plants,  animals,  or  minerals, 
to  be  a  distinct  species.  Ray  has  established  a  gooii 
test  for  farictios  in  botany.  A  plant  is  distinct,  which 
propagates  itself  in  its  own  form  by  its  seed  ;  but 
when  the  difference  disappears  in  the  new  plant,  it 
is  only  a  variety.  Variety,  th^n,  is  a  difference  be- 
tween individuals,  not  permanent  nor  important ; 
such  as  in  size,  fullness,  curling,  &c. 

7.  Different  sort ;  as,  I'arirties  of  soil  or  land. 
Va'RI-FORM,  n.    Having  difterent  shapes  or  forms. 
Va'RI-FORM-£D,  a.    Formed  with  diirerent  shapes. 
VA'Rl-FORM-ING,  ppr.    Waking  of  dilll-rent  forms. 
VA'UI-O-LITE,  77.    [L.  fariiw  and  Gr.  A. Out,  stone.] 
A  kind  of  porphyrilic  rock,  in  which  the  inibeddcd 
substances  are  imperfectly  crystallized,  or  are  rounded, 
giving  the  stone  a  spotted  appearance.  Cyc. 
VA'RI-O  LOll),  71.    [L.  Dario/«',  and  Gr.  tu!of,  forin.l 
A  name  recently  given  to  a  parlicul.ir  variety  of 
the  small  pox. 
VA-Rt'O-LOUS,  a.    [L.  varioLe,  from  rario,  to  di- 
versify.] 

Porlaming  to  or  design.aling  the  small-pox  ;  having 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAl.—  METE,  PREY.  — PINU,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B(.)QK.— 


1826 


VAR 

pits  or  sunken  imprcssiuns  like  those  of  the  small- 
■  po.v. 

yA-Hl-O'RUM,  [L.]   Variorum  tJition.i  of  the  classics 
are  those  cont^iinin^  tlic  notes  of  various  cuiiiinentu- 
tors«  cttin  notis  variurum,  Brande, 
VA'Kl-OUS,  a.    [L.  varius.]    [See  Vabv.] 

1.  DitrereiTt ;  several ;  iiianifiild  ;  as,  men  of  vari- 
ous names  and  various'  occupation!^. 
'J.  Changeable  ;  uncertain  ;  unfixed. 
The  luuncs  of  mixed  modcA  —  are  very  various  and  doubtfiil. 

Locke. 

3.  Unlike  each  other  ;  diverse.  Drijdcn. 
So  many  and  so  vnrioue  laws  arc  given.  Milton. 

4.  Varieirated  ;  diversified.  Milton. 
VA'RI-OUS-LV,a</i'.  In  dlHerent  ways  ;  with  change; 

Willi  diversity  ;  as,  (jbjects  varion.shj  represented  j 
flowers  carwusly  colored.    'I'lie  human  system  is  va- 
n'oH.'.fi/ affected  by  different  medicines. 
VA'IIIX,  K.   [L  ]   An  uneven  and  permanent  dilata- 
tion of  a  vein. 
VAR'LET,  7(.    [Old  Fr.    See  Valet.]    .Anciently,  a 
servant  or  footman.  Tu-iscr. 
2  A  scoundrel ;  a  rascal ;  as,  an  impudent  varlet. 

Mdi.ion. 

VAR'LET-RY,  ii.  The  rabble;  the  crowd.  [JVot  in 
usr.]  thak. 

VAK'NISH,  n.  [Fr.  rcrnis;  Sp.  barniz;  Port,  verniz  ; 
It.  vernice  ;  Low  L.  ve.  nii. ;  (.i. _liritiss  ;  D.  vernis,] 

1.  A  thick,  viscid,  glossy  liquid,  consisting  of  a 
solution  of  resinous  matter,  lai  I  on  work  by  paint- 
ers and  others,  to  give  it  a  smooth,  hard  surface,  and 
a  beautiful  gloss.  Varnishes  are  made  of  diffi-rent 
materials,  and  for  different  purposes.  Amber  var- 
nish is  made  of  amber,  lintseed  oil,  litharge,  and 
turpentine.  Ulack  varnish,  for  japanning  wood  and 
leather,  is  made  by  mixing  lauiphlaek  u  ilh  a  proper 
quantity  of  a  strong  solution  of  lac  in  spirit  of  wine. 

Ciic. 

5.  An  artificial  covering  to  give  a  fair  appearance 
to  any  act  or  conunrt. 

VAU'iMSH,  V.  I.    [Fr.  rcrnisser,  i^cniir.] 

1.  To  lay  varnish  on  ;  to  cover  willi  a  liquid,  for 
giving  any  thing  a  glossy  surface  ;  as,  to  vartiis/i  a 
sideboard  or  table. 

2.  To  cover  with  something  that  gives  a  fair  ex- 
ternal appearance. 

Close  ambition,  vamiehed  o'er  wiih  ical.  Milton. 

3.  To  give  a  fair  external  appearance  in  words  ;  to 
give  a  fair  coloring  to  ;  as,  to  varnish  errors  or  de- 
formity. 

Ca(o'»  voice  was  ne'er  employed 
To  clear  xhe  f  iiiliy,  and  to  varnish  crimes.  Addigon. 
Atid  bow  the  knee  to  pomp  lliut  [oven  to  pamuh  e^ilt.  Byron, 

VAR'NISH-ED,  (vir'nisht,)  pp.    Covered  with  var- 
nish ;  made  glossy. 
2.  Rendered  fair  in  external  appearance. 

VAR'Nltfll-F.R,  n.  On"e  who  varnishes,  or  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  varnish. 

2.  One  who  disguises  or  palliates ;  one  who  gives 
a  fair  external  appearance.  Pu/ie. 

VXIt'NISH-[NG,  7i;<r.  Laying  on  varnish  ;  giving  a 
fair  external  appearance. 

VXR'NISll-ING,  n.    The  act  of  laying  on  varnish. 

VAR'.MSH-TRKE,  n.  The  popular  English  name  of 
Rhus  veriiicifera,  a  large  shrub,  or  small  tree,  of 
Japan,  nearly  resembling  the  North  American  Rlius 
venen.ata,  or  swamp  sumac. 

VART'A-BED,  n.  One  of  an  order  of  ecclesi.istics  in 
the  Armenian  church.  They  differ  from  tlie  priests 
by  living  in  seclusion  and  in  celibacy.  They  also 
preach,  while  the  priests  do  not.  The  bishops  are  all 
taken  from  the  order  of  Vartabeds,  and  are  ordained 
by  them.  Coleman. 

VXR'VELS,  )        ,  r„ 

VER'VELsM  "-P'-   [Fr.  rm-c?.] 

Silver  rings  about  the  legs  of  a  hawk,  on  which 
the  owner's  name  is  engraved.  Diet. 

VA  R'VI-CITE,  a.    An  ore  of  manganese.  Brandt. 

Va'RV,  v.  t.  [L.  vario  ;  Fr.  varier ;  Sp.  variar  ;  It. 
rariare;  probably  allied  to  Eng.  veer,  Sp.  birar,  L. 

vrrto,  Etli.  bari,  whence  to  alter- 

nate.   See  Class  Hr,  No.  11,  and  No.  23.] 

1.  To  alter  in  form,  appearance,  substance,  or  po- 
sition ;  to  make  different  by  a  partial  change ;  as,  to 
rory  a  thing  in  dimensions;  to  vary  its  properties, 
proportions,  or  nature  ;  to  nary  the  posture  or  attitude 
of  a  thing  ;  to  vary  one's  dress. 

2.  To  change  to  something  else. 
Goda,  that  never  change  their  state, 

Vary  oil  their  love  anil  hale.  WaHer. 
We  are  to  vary  the  customs  according  to  the  liroo  and  country 
where  the  scene  of  action  li  -s.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  of  different  kinds. 

God  hath  varied  the  inclinaliuns  of  men,  Kccordio;  to  the  variety 
of  actions  to  be  perl'ormed.  Brount. 

4.  To  diversify  ;  to  variegate. 

Gal  hath  here 

Varitd  bis  bounty  so  with  nt;w  delights.  A/iVlon. 
VA'RV,  v.  i.   To  alter  or  be  altered  in  any  manner  ; 
to  suffer  a  partial  change.    Colors  often  vary  when 
held  in  different  positions.    Customs  rari/  from  one 
age  to  another,  until  they  are  entirely  changed. 


VAS 

2.  To  bo  changeable  ;  to  alter  ;  as,  the  varying 
hues  iif  the  clouds  ;  the  varyin'r  plumage  of  a  dovi'. 

3.  To  differ  or  be  different;  to  be  unlike.  The 
laws  of  different  countries  rury.  The  laws  of  France 
vary  frimi  those  of  England. 

4.  To  be  changed  ;  to  become  different.  The 
man  varies  in  his  opinions ;  his  opinions  vary  with 
the  times. 

5.  To  become  unlike  one's  self ;  to  alter. 

He  varies  from  himself  no  loan.  Pops. 

6.  To  deviate  ;  to  depart ;  as,  to  vary  from  the 
law  ;  to  vary  from  the  rules  of  justice  or  reason. 

Locke. 

7.  To  alter  or  change  in  succession. 

While  fear  and  any^r,  with  alternate  grace. 

Pant  in  her  breast,  and  vary  in  her  liice.  Addison. 

8.  To  disagree;  to  be  at  variance;  as,  men  wary 
in  opinion. 

VA'RY,  n.    Alteration;  change.  [JVotinusc.]  Sliak. 
Va'RY-ING,  ()^r.    Altering;  changing;  deviating. 
VAS'GU-LAli,  a.    [L.  vasculutny  u  vessel,  from  vas, 
id.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  vessels  of  anim.al  or  vegetable 
bodies  ;  as,  the  vaseular  functions. 

2.  Full  of  vessels  ;  consisting  of  animal  or  vege- 
table vessels,  as  arteries,  veins,  lacteals,  and  the  like ; 
as,  the  ra.tciilar  system.  Animal  tlesh  is  all  vascular, 
none  of  it  parenchymous.  Cyc. 

VAS-eU-LA'RES,;i.  pi.  Plants  which  have  staniens, 
pistils,  anil  spiral  vessels,  and  bear  proper  flowers. 

Lindley. 

VAS-eU-LAR'I-TY,  n.   The  state  of  being  vascular. 

Jiled.  Rcpos. 

VAS-eU-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  vasculum  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

y<isculif<rous  plants,  are  such  as  have  seed-vessels 
diviilcd  into  cells.  Cye. 
VASE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rat,  vasa,  a  vessel ;  It.  vaso.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  domestic  use,  or  for  use  in  tem- 
ples ;  as,  a  ca.«c  for  sacrifice,  an  urn,  &.c. 

•2.  ancient  vessel  dug  out  ot^  the  ground  or 
from  rubbish,  and  kept  as  a  curiosity. 

3.  In  architecture,  an  ornament  of  sculpture,  placed 
on  socles  t)r  [ledestals,  representing  the  vessels  of  the 
ancients,  as  incense-pots,  rtower-pots,  &c.  They 
usually  crown  or  finish  facades  or  frontispieces. 

Ciic. 

4.  The  body  or  naked  ground  of  the  Corinthian 
and  Composite  capital ;  called  also  the  Tamdour  or 
Drum. 

5.  Among y!ori,<t£s,  the  calyx  of  a  plant.  Cyc. 

6.  Among  goldsmitlis,  the  middle  of  a  church  can- 
dlestick. Cyc. 

7.  A  solid  piece  of  ornamental  marble.  Johnson. 
[Down  to  the  time  of  Walker,  this  word  was 

made  to  rhyme  with  ba.<e,  case,  &c.,  and  is  still  so 
pronounceil,  to  a  great  extent,  in  the  United  States. 
In  England,  it  is  more  commonly  pronounced,  as 
Walker  gives  it,  vaze,  though  by  some  vdz,  and  by  a 
few  roioz.  —  £</.] 
VAS'SAL^n.  [Fr.  vassal;  It.  vassallo ;  Sp.  vasallo  ; 
VV.  gic&s,  a  boy  or  youth,  a  page,  a  servant ;  gwasau, 
to  serve.] 

1.  A  fcud.atory  ;  a  tenant ;  one  who  holds  land  of 
a  superior,  and  who  vows  fidelity  and  homage  to 
him.  A  rear  vassal  is  one  who  holds  of  a  lord  who 
is  himself  a  vassal. 

2.  A  subject;  a  dependent.  Hooker. 

3.  A  servant.  Shnk. 

4.  In  common  language,  a  bondman  ;  a  political 
slave.  We  will  never  be  the  vassals  of  a  foreign 
prince. 

VAS'SAL,  V.  t.    To  subject  to  control ;  to  enslave. 
VAS'S.\L-AGE,  n,    [Vr.  vasselagc;  vasalage.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  vassal  or  feudatory"! 

2.  Political  servitude  ;  dependence  ;  subjection  ; 
slavery.  The  Greeks  were  long  held  in  vassalage  by 
the  Turks. 

VA  S'SAL-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Enslaved ;  subjected  to  ab- 
solute power  ;  as,  a  va.<!saled  land.  Trumbull. 

VAST,  a.  [L.  fa.<tu^' ;  Fr.  vaste  ;  IL  tia^-(o.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  root  must  be,  to  part  or  spread,  as 
this  is  connected  with  the  verb  to  waste  ] 

1.  Being  of  great  e.xtent;  very  spacious  or  large  ; 
as,  the  vast  ocean  ;  a  vast  abyss  ;  the  vast  empire  of 
Russia  ;  the  vast  plains  of  Syria ;  the  vast  domains 
of  the  Almighty. 

2.  Huge  in  bulk  and  extent ;  as,  the  vast  iiv>un- 
tains  of  Asia  ;  the  vast  range  of  the  Andes. 

3.  Very  great  in  numbers  or  amount;  as,  a  vast 
army  ;  vast  numbers  or  multitudes  were  slain  ;  tiait 
Slims  of  money  have  been  expended  to  gratify  pride 
and  ambition. 

4.  Very  great  in  force ;  mighty  ;  as,  vast  efforts ; 
vast  labor. 

5.  Very  great  in  importance  ;  as,  a  subject  of  vast 
concern. 

VAST,  n.    An  empty  waste. 

Through  the  vast  of  heaven  it  sounded.  MUon. 
The  watery  vasL  Pops. 

VAS-TA'TION,  n.   [L.  vastatio,  from  rasto,  to  waste.] 
A  laying  waste;  waste;  depopulation. 
[Devastation  is  generally  used.] 


VAS-TII)'I-TV,  n 

English.] 
VAST'I-TUDE,  n. 


VAU 

Vastness;   immensity.  [J\'ol 
Shuli. 

Vastness ;  immense  extent. 

fo^lrr. 

VAST'LY,  adv.  Very  greatly  ;  to  a  great  extent  or 
degree ;  as,  a  space  vastly  cxt.-sndtd.  Men  differ 
va-itly  ill  their  opinions  anil  manners. 

VAST'NESS,  n.  Great  extent;  immensity;  as,  the 
vastness  of  the  ocean  or  of  space. 

2.  Immense  bulk  and  extent ;  as,  the  vajlnes$  of  a 
mountain. 

3.  Iniiiicnse  magnitude  or  amount ;  as,  the  va.itness 
of  an  army,  or  of  the  sums  of  money  necessary  to 
support  it. 

4.  Immense  importance. 

VAST'Y,  a.    Being  of  great  extent ;  very  spacious. 

1  can  call  spiiitd  from  Uie  vasty  deep.    [Little  used.]  Sluik. 
V.\r,  n.    [D.  vat :  Sax.  fat ;  G.  fuss.] 

1.  A  large  vesT'l  or  cistern  for  holding  liquors  in 
an  immature  state  ;  as,  vats  for  wine. 

Let  him  produce  bis  vals  and  tubs,  In  opposition  to  heap*  of  arms 
and  staiidarda.  Addison. 

2.  .\  square  box  or  tistern  in  which  hides  arc  laid 
for  steeping  in  tan. 

3.  All  oil  measure  in  Holland  ;  also,  a  wine  meas- 
ure. 

4.  A  square,  hollow  place  on  the  back  of  a  cal- 
cining furnace,  where  tin-ore  is  laid  to  dry.  Cyc. 

VAT'I-CAN,  71.    [L.  vates.] 

In  Home,  a  magnificent  palace  of  tlio  pope  on  the 
Vatican  hill,  adjoining  the  celebrated  church  of  St. 
Peter,  containing  vast  repositories  of  the  arts,  &c. 
From  its  being  the  pope's  residence,  wo  have  the 
phrase,  the  thunders  of  Ike  Vatican,  lucanilig  the 
anathemas  or  denunciations  of  the  pope. 

VAT'l-CIDE,  11.  [L.  vates,  a  prophet,  and  cado,  to 
kill.] 

'I'he  murderer  of  a  prophet.  Pope, 
V.\-TIC'I-N.\L,  (va-tis'e-nal,)  a.     [L.  valUinor,  to 
prophesy.] 

Containing  prophecy.  Wartort. 
VA-TIC'l-NATE,  v.  i.    [L.  vaticinar,  from  vates,  a 
prophet.] 

To  prophesy  ;  to  foretell ;  to  practice  prediction. 
[Little  tused.]  Hoicell. 
VA-TIC-I-NA'TION,  n.    Prediction  ;  prophecy. 

Benllty. 

VAUDE'VIL, (vode'vil,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  song  common 
among  the  vulgar,  and  sung  about  the  streets.  A 
ballad  ;  a  trivial  strain. 

In  the  French  theater,  a  vandrrillc  is  a  piece  whose 
dialogue  is  intermingled  with  light  or  comic  songs. 

Diet,  de  I'Acad. 
VAULT,  71.    [Fr.  rofife;  It.  volta,  a  vault;  volto,t.\\e 
face,  visage,  and  a  vault,  L.  viiltus ;  a  derivative  of 
L.  Volvo,  volutus ;  Sp.  voltear,  to  turn,  to  tumble.] 

1.  A  continued  arch,  or  an  arched  roof  Vaults 
are  of  various  kinds,  circular,  elliptical,  single, 
double,  cross,  diagonal,  Gothic,  Ace.  Cyc. 

2.  A  cellar. 

To  banish  rats  that  haunt  our  vault.  Saifl. 

3.  A  cave  or  cavern. 

The  silent  vaults  of  death,  uiiknowu  lo  light.  Sandys. 

4.  A  repository  for  the  dead.  Sluik. 

5.  In  tlie  manege,  the  leap  of  a  horse. 
VAULT,  t'.  (.    To  arch  ;  to  form  with  a  vault ;  or  to 

cover  with  a  vault;  as,  to  vault  a  passage  to  a  court. 
VAULT,  [Sp.  tio/lMr ;  It.  vollure  ;  Fr.  rautrer.] 

1.  To  leap  ;  to  bound  ;  to  jump;  to  spring. 
Vaulting  ambition,  which  o'erlcaps  itself.  Shak. 
Leaning  on  his  lance,  he  vaulted  on  a  tree.  Dryden. 
Lucin  vaulted  upon  Pegasus  with  ol!  the  heat  and  intr>-pidity  of 

youth.  Addison. 

2.  To  tumble;  to  exhibit  feats  of  tumbling  or  leap- 
ing. 

VAULT'AGE,  71.    Vaulted  work;  an  arched  cellar. 

[jViit  in  use.]  Sliak. 
VAULT'ED.  pp.  or  a.     Arched  ;  concave  ;  as,  a 

vaulted  roof. 

2.  Covered  with  an  arch  or  vault. 

3.  a.  In  botany,  arched  like  the  roof  of  the  mouth, 
as  the  upper  lip  of  many  ringentjUowcrs.  .Vartim. 

VAULT'ER,  II.  One  that  vaults;  a  leaper;  a  tum- 
bler. 

VAULT'ING,  ppr.    Arching  ;  covering  with  an  arch. 

2.  Leaping;  tumbling;  exhibiting  feats  of  leaping. 
VAULT'Y,a.    Arched;  concave.  [JVut  in       ]  Shak. 
VAUNT,  I?,  i.    [Fr.  vanter ;  It.  rrtiitar^fi,  from  ranto,  a 
boasting,  from  raiio,  vain,  L.  vanas.   This  ought  to 
be  written  Vant.] 

To  boast ;  to  make  a  vain  display  of  one's  own 
worth,  attainments,  or  decorations  ;  to  talk  witli 
vain  ostentation  ;  to  brag. 

Phde  —  prompts  a  m&n  to  vaunt  and  overvalue  w  itat  he  is. 

Gov.  o/  ths  Tonlus. 

VAUNT,  V.  ^  To  boast  of;  to  make  a  vain  display  of. 
My  vanquisher,  spofled  of  his  vaunUd  spoil.  Millan. 
Charily  vaunUlh  nol  ilsell".  —  1  Cor.  a  in. 

VAUNT,  71.  Boast ;  a  vain  display  of  what  one  is,  or 
has,  or  has  done  ;  ostentation  from  vanity. 

Ilim  I  tedncrd 
With  other  vaunts  and  other  promises.  ATOitm, 


TONE,  BULL,  liNlTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  e  as  K;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


12127 


VEG 


VEIl 


VEL 


VAUNT,  (v.inl,)  n.    [Fr.  nranf.J 

Thi-  lirst  p:irt.    [.Vol  vsi-il.]  Sliak. 
VAU.\'f-eOU'Rl-EK,  (-koo're-er,)  n.     [Ft.  avant- 

Cimrnlr.] 

A  prMcnrsor.  Sltak. 
VAU.VT'EU,  pp.  or  a.     Vainly  boas  -il  of  or  dis- 
pl'iyed. 

VAL'.N'T'ER,  7!.  A  vain,  conceited  boaster;  a  brag- 
purl  :  a  man  given  to  vain  ostentation.  Spp.7iser. 

VA  U.VT'FUL,,  a.    Boastful;  vainly  ostentatious. 

VAU.VT'I.Vt;,  jrpr.  Vainly  boasting;  ustentatiously 
Sftt  n^'  f.irtli  wliat  one  is  or  lias. 

VAU.N'  T'IN'O,  n.'  Vain-glorious  boasting. 

VArNT'lN'G-LY,  <u/i).  Boastfully;  with  vain  osten- 
tation. Shak. 

VAUNT'-MuRE,  7!.    fFr.  avant-nur.] 

\  false  wall ;  a  work  raised  in  front  of  the  main 
wall.  Camden. 

VAUaUE'LIN'-TTE,  (voke'lin-Ite,)  n.  Chroniate  of 
copptT  and  lead,  ureen,  of  varittus  shades.  Urc 

VAV'A-.SOR,H.  [This  word,  in  old  books,  is  variously 
wriltHU,  V'alvasor,  Vatasol-r,  Valvasour.  It  is 
said  to  be  frojn  r««a/.    I!ut  qu.] 

Camden  iKilds  that  the  rava.<or  was  next  below  a 
baron.  Du  Cange  maintains  that  there  were  two 
sorts  of  vavasors  ;  the  greater,  who  held  of  the 
king,  surh  as  barons  and  counts;  and  the  lesser, 
called  raipasini,  who  held  of  the  former.  'J'he  dig- 
nity or  rank  is  no  longer  in  use,  and  the  name  is 
know'n  only  in  books.  C)jc. 

V.\V'A-SO-i!V,  II.  The  quality  or  tenure  of  the  fee 
hell!  bv  a  vavasor.  Cue. 

VA'WAKD.n.  [can  and  ward.]  The  fore  part.  [  Ois.] 

SImk. 

V.  D.  M. ;  an  abbreviation  for  L.  verbi  Dei  minister, 

niinister  of  God's  word. 
VkAL,  n.     [Fr.  vcau,  a  calf;  probably  contracted 
from  L.  vit.ellii.i,] 
The  flesh  of  a  calf  killed  for  the  table. 
VEe'TIO.\,  n.    [h.  vrctio,  from  vrho,  to  carrj'.] 

The  act  of  carrying,  or  state  of  being  carried. 
VEe-TI-TA'T10.\'  n.    [L.  vectito.] 

A  carrying.    [JVot  in  use.]  Arbuthnol. 
VEG'TOR,  71.    [L.,  from  i:r/io,  to  carry.] 

In  astronomy,  coninionly  called  Radiui  Vector, 
\^'hich  see. 

VE€'TURE,  71.    [L.  vectura,  from  veho,  supra.] 

A  carrying ;  carriage ;  conveyance  by  carrying. 
[r.ittle  used.]  Bacon. 

VE'I)  \,n.  The  generic  name  of  the  four  oldest  sa- 
cred books  of  the  Hindoos,  viz..  Rig,  Yajust,  Saman, 
and  Atliarvan,  which  were  considered  as  directly 
revealed  by  Brahma.  These  are  divided  into  four 
parts  or  vedas.  The  word  is  sometimes  written  Ve- 
DAM.  S'r  fy.  Jones.  Colebrouke. 

VE-DETTE',  n.  [Fr.  vedeUe ;  It.  vedetta,  from  vedere, 
L.  tjideo,  to  see.] 

A  sentinel  on  horseback  ;  a  dragoon  or  horseman 
stationed  on  the  outpost  of  an  army,  to  watch  an  en- 
emy and  give  notice  of  danger. 

VEEU,  r.  i.  [Fr.  vircr  :  Sp.  birar ;  D.  vieren;  allied 
probably  to  L.  rario  and  rerto.    See  Ware  ] 

To  turn  ;  to  change  direction  ;  as,  the  wind  veers 
to  the  west  or  north. 


And  .-xs  he  leads,  the  foUowinj  nary  veera. 
Ami  turn  your  veering  heart  with  every  gale. 


Dryrien. 
Roscommon. 


To  veer  and  haul,  as  wind  ;  to  alter  its  direction. 
VEER,  V.  t.    To  turn  ;  to  direct  to  a  diflerent  course. 
To  veer  ont ;  to  sufi'er  to  run  or  to  let  out  to  a 
greater  length  ;  as,  to  crer  ont  a  rope. 

To  veer  away  ;  to  let  out ;  to  slacken  and  let  run  ; 
as,  to  rf^r  airny  the  cable.  I'his  is  called  also  pay- 
ing out  the  cable. 

To  veer  and  fuul ;  to  pull  tight  and  slacken  alter- 
natclv.  7\>ttcn, 
VEER'A-BLE,  a.    Changeable;  shifting.    [JVot  in 

use.]  Randolph. 
VEER' ED,  (vecrd,)  pj).    Turned;  changed  in  direc- 
tion ;  Ift  out. 

VEER'ING,  ppr.   Turning;  letting  out  to  a  greater 
h-niiih. 

VERR'I\G-LV,  a</7'.    Chaniinglv  ;  shiftinply. 
VEG-E-TA-lilE'l-TY,  71.    [from  vrrrrtablc.]  Vegeta- 
ble nature;  the  quality  of  growth  without  sensation. 

Brown. 

VEft'E-TA-BLE,  7i.    [Fr.,  from  vegetcr,  L.  vigco,  to 
grow.] 

1.  A  plant;  an  orianized  body  destitute  of  sense 
and  voluntary  motion,  deriving  its  nourishment 
through  pores  on  il.4  outer  surface  or  vesseN,  in  most 
instances  ndhermg  to  some  other  bony,  ns  the  earth, 
and  in  general,  propagating  itself  by  seeds.  Some 
vegetJibles  have  spontaneous  motion.  Vegetables 
alone  have  the  power  of  deriving  nourishmi  nt  from 
inorganic  matter,  or  organic  matter  entirely  de- 
comprmed. 

y.  In  a  more  limited  srn.te,  vegetables  are  Kuch 
plantH  !UH  are  uned  for  culinary  purpoHe<i  and  cult! 
vated  in  gardens,  or  arc  destined  for  feeding  cattle 
and  Kheep.  Vegetables,  for  thesB  uses,  are  such  as 
nre  of  a  more  soft  and  flrBhy  substance  than  trees 
and  shrubs  ;  such  as  cabbage,  caulillower,  turnips, 
potatoes,  pens,  beans,  Ice. 


VEG'E-TA-BLE,  a.    Belonging  to  plants  ;  as,  a  vege- 
table nature  ;  vegetable  qualities  ;  vegetable  juices. 

2.  Consisting  of  plants  ;  as,  the  vegetable  king- 
dom. 

3.  Having  the  nature  of  plants ;  as,  a  vegetable 
body. 

Vegetable  marrow;  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  gourd, 
Cucurbita  ovifera,  a  n.ative  of  Persia.  It  is  used  for 
culinary  purposes,  and  is  named  from  the  peculiar 
tenderness  and  soilness  of  its  liesh.    Fann.  F.ncyc. 

Vegetable  inory ;  a  close-grained,  and  very  liard 
veg;aable  substance,  resembling  the  hnest  ivory  in 
te.Mure  and  color,  and  often  vrought  into  ornamental 
work.  It  is  the  product  of  a  species  of  palm,  the 
Phytelephas  macrocarpa,  in  the  form  of  a  nut  called 
IvuRv  Ni'T,  often  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg.  Silliman. 

VEG'E-'J'AL,  a.   Having  power  to  cause  growth.  As 
a  noun,  a  vegetable.    [JVui  in  use.] 

VEG'E-TATE,  V.  i.    [L.  vegelo  ;  Fr.  vegeter ;  from  L. 
vigeo,  to  llourish.] 

I'o  sprout ;  to  germinate  ;  to  grow  ;  as  plants  ;  to 
grow  and  be  enlarged  by  nutriment  imbibed  from  the 
eaith,  air,  or  water,  by  means  of  roots  and  leaves. 
Plants  will  not  vegetate  without  a  certain  degree  of 
heat  ;  but  serine  plants  vegetate  with  less  heat  than 
others.  Potatoes  will  vegetate  after  they  are  pared, 
provided  what  are  called  the  eyes  or  chits  are  not 
removed  or  injured. 


See  dyiii":  ve^t-iblcs  life  sustain, 
See  life  dissulving  vegetau  ag.iin. 


Pope. 


VEG'E-Ta-TING,  ppr.  Germinating;  sprouting; 
growing  ;  as  plants. 

VEG-E-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  process  of  growing, 
as  plants,  by  means  of  nourishment  derived  from  the 
earth,  or  from  water  and  air,  and  received  through 
roots  and  leaves.  We  observe  that  vegetation  de- 
pends on  heat  and  on  certain  substances  which  con- 
stitute the  nutriment  of  plants.  Ra\>\A  vegetaiionis 
caused  by  increased  heat  and  a  rich  soil. 

2.  Vegetables  or  plants  in  general.  In  June,t)e^c- 
tatiOTi  in  our  climate  wears  a  beautiful  aspect. 

Vegetation  of  salti,  so  called,  consists  in  certain 
crystalline  concretions  formed  by  salts,  after  solution 
in  water,  when  set  in  the  air  for  evaporation.  These 
concretions  appear  round  the  surface  of  the  liquor, 
affixed  to  the  sides  of  the  vessel. 

VEG'E-TA-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  vegetatif.] 

1.  Growing,  or  having  the  power  of  growing,  as 
plants.  Ralegh. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  produce  growth  in  plants ; 
as,  the  verretatire  |)roperties  of  soil.  Broome. 

VEG'E-TA^TIVE-NESS,  7t.    The  quality  of  produ- 
cing growth. 
VE-GETE'.a.    [U  vegetu.'!.] 

Vigorous  ;  active.    [Utile  ii.^ed.]  WaJlis. 
VEG'E-TIVE,  a.    [L.  vegeto,  vigeo.] 

Vegetable  ;  having  the  nature  of  plants  ;  as,  vege- 
tine  life.    [Little  iLscd.]  Tiisser. 
VEG'E-TIVE,  n.   A  vegetable.    [Aot  in  use.] 

Sandys. 

VEG'E-TO-AN'I-MAL,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature 
both  of  vegetable  and  animal  matter.  J^fgeto-animal 
matter,  is  a  term  formerly  apjilied  to  vegetable  gluten, 
which  is  found  in  the  seeds  of  certain  plants,  in  a 
state  of  union  with  fecula  or  starch.  It  is  remarka- 
bly elastic,  and  when  dry,  semi-transparent.  By  dis- 
tillation it  affords,  like  animal  substances,  ammonia, 
and  an  empyreuniatic  oil.  Cyc.  Fourcroy. 

VEG'E-TOUS,  a.  Vigorous;  lively;  vegete.  [JVot 
in  use.]  B.  Jonson, 

VK'HE-MEN'CE,  )  71.   [Fr.  wAcmeTice;  from  I.,  vehe- 

Ve'HE-MEN-CV,  j  7716115,  from  veho,  to  carry,  that 
is,  to  rush  or  drive.] 

1.  Violence  ;  great  force  ;  properly,  force  derived 
from  velocity  ;  as,  the  vehemence  of  wind.  But  it  is 
applied  to  any  kind  of  forcible  action;  as,  to  speak 
with  vehemence. 

2.  Violent  ardor ;  great  heat ;  animated  fervor ;  as, 
the  vehemence  of  love  or  atfection ;  the  vehemence  of 
anger  or  other  passion. 

I  tremble  at  his  vehemence  of  temper.  Addison. 

VE'HE-MENT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  E.  vehement.] 

1.  Violent;  acting  with  great  force  ;  furious;  very 
forcible  ;  ns,  a  vehement  wind  ;  a  veliement  torrent ;  a 
vehement  fire  or  heat. 

2.  Very  ardent ;  very  eager  or  urgent ;  very  fer- 
vent ;  as,  a  vehement  afTi-ction  or  passion  ;  vehement 
desire  ;  rrhemrnl  eloquence.  Jilitton. 

Vk'IIE-MENT-LY,  adv.  With  great  force  and  vio- 
lence. 

2.  Urgently  ;  forcibly ;  with  great  zeal  or  pathos. 

7'i7/o«.s-on. 

VP.'HI-eEE,  (vc'he-kl,)  7«.  [Tt.  vehicule ;  L.  vehieu- 
lum,  from  ve/io,  to  carry.] 

1.  That  in  which  any  thing  is  or  may  be  carried  ; 
any  kind  of  carriage  moving  on  land,  either  on 
wheels  or  runners.  'J'his  word  comprehends  coaches, 
chariots,  gigs,  sulkies,  wagons,  carts  of  every  kind, 
sleighs,  ami  «leds.  These  are  all  vehicles.  But  the 
word  is  more  generally  applied  to  wheel  carriages, 
and  rarely,  I  believe,  to  water  craft. 

2.  Thai  which  is  used  as  the  instrument  of  con- 
veyance.   Language  is  the  vehicle  which  conveys 


ideas  to  others.  Letters  are  vehicles  of  communica- 
tion. 

A  simple  style  forms  the  t)est  velacle  of  thought  to  a  mopular 
assembly.  Wtrl. 

3.  A  substance  in  which  medicine  is  taken. 

4.  A  menstruum  in  which  paints,  gums,  &c.,  are 
dissolved  and  prepared  for  use. 

Vif.'HI-eL£U,  a.    Conveyed  in  a  vehicle.  Orcen. 

VE-llie'U-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  vehicle. 

VicIl'Mie,  a.  Vehniic  courts  were  the  tribunals  of  a 
secret  society  in  Germany  during  the  middle  ages, 
which  for  a  time  held  a  powerful  sway  over  the  peo- 
ple by  their  terrible  e.tecutions.  Braude. 

VElL,Vvale,)  ii.    [L.  velum.] 

1.  A  cover ;  a  curtain  ;  something  to  intercept  the 
view  and  hide  an  object. 

2.  A  Cover  ;  a  disguise.  [See  Vail.  The  latter 
orthography  gives  the  Latin  pronunciation  as  well  as 
the  Eiigli>h,  and  is  to  be  pit  f'-rred.] 

VEIL,  (vile,)  V.  t.    'I'o  cover  with  a  veil ;  to  conceal. 

2.  To  invest ;  to  cover. 

3.  To  hide.    [See  Vail.] 

VEIN,  71.  [Fr.  veine  :  L.  vena,  from  the  root  of  venio, 
to  come,  to  pass.  The  sense  is,  a  passage,  a  conduit.] 

1.  A  vessel  in  animal  bodies,  which  receives  the 
blood  frtim  the  extreme  arteries, and  returns  it  to  the 
heart.  The  veins  may  be  arranged  in  three  divis- 
ions. (1.)  Those  that  commence  from  the  capilla- 
ries all  over  the  body,  and  return  the  blood  to  the 
heart.  (2.)  The  pulnumary  veins.  (3.)  The  veins 
of  the  vena  portie,  in  which  the  blood  that  has  circu- 
lated through  the  organs  of  digestion  is  conveyed  to 
the  liver.  Cijc. 

2.  In  plants,  a  tube,  or  an  assemblage  of  tubes, 
through  which  the  sap  is  transmitted  along  the  leaves. 
'J'he  term  is  more  properly  applied  to  the  finer  and 
more  complex  raniificatitms,  which  interbranch  with 
each  other  like  net-work;  the  larger  and  more  di- 
rect assemblages  of  vessels  being  called  Rms  and 
Nerves.  Veins  are  also  found  in  the  calyx  and  coiol 
of  flowers.  Cyr. 

The  vessels  which  branch  or  variously  divide  over 
the  surface  of  leaves  are  called  Veins.  jVartyn. 

3.  In  geology,  a  seam  of  any  substance,  more  or 
less  wide,  in'tersecting  a  rock  or  stratum,  and  not 
corresponding  with  the  stratification.,  Dana.  CtjC. 

4.  A  streak  or  wave  of  different  color,  appearing 
in  wood,  marble,  and  other  stones  ;  variegatitm. 

5.  A  cavity  or  fissure  in  the  earth  or  in  other  sub- 
stance. 

6.  Tendency  or  turn  of  mind  ;  a  particular  dispo- 
sition or  cast  of  genius  ;  as,  a  rich  vein,  of  wit  or 
humor ;  a  satirical  vein. 

Invoke  the  muses,  and  improve  my  vein.  ^VaUer. 

7.  Current. 

He  can  open  a  vein  of  true  and  noble  thinking.  Stoi/L 

8.  Humor;  particular  temper.  Shak. 

9.  Strain  ;  quality  ;  as,  my  usual  vein.  Oldham. 
VEIN'£D,  (vand,)  a.    [from  vein.]     Full  of  veins ; 

streaked  ;  variegated  ;  as,  veined  marble. 
2.  In  botany,  having  vessels  branching  over  the 

surface,  as  a  leaf. 
VEI.N'ING,  (van'ing,)  a.    Forming  veins. 
VEIN'LESS,  a.    In  botany,  having  no  veins ;  as,  a 

vcinless  leaf.  Barton. 
VEIN'-SToNE,  71.    The  rock  or  mineral  material 

which  accompanies  or  incloses  ores  in  veins  ;  the 


gangue. 


Ure. 


VEIN'Y,  (van'e,)  a.    Full  of  veins ;  as,  veiny  marble. 

Thomson. 

VE-LIF'EU-OUS,  o.    [L.  velum,  a  sail,  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

Bearing  or  carrying  sails.  Evelyn. 
VEL-I-TA'TION,  7i.    [L.  velitatio.] 

A  dispute  or  contest ;  a  slight  skirmish.    [JVot  in 
use.]  Burton. 
VE-LIV'O-LANT,  a.    [L.  velum  and  volo.] 

P.assing  under  full  sail. 
VELL,  71.    [Uu.  fell,  a  skin.] 

A  rennet  bag.  [Local.] 
VELL,  r.  t.    [Uu. /■//,  a  skin.] 

To  cut  off  the  turf  or  sward  of  land.  [Local.] 

Cyc. 

VEL-Lf;'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  vellcile  :  from  L.  velle,  to  will.] 
A  term  by  which  the  schools  express  the  lowest 
degree  of  desire.  Locke. 
VEL'LI-CaTE,  v.  t.   [L.  vellico,  from  vello,  to  pull.  It 
may  be  from  the  root  of  pull.] 

To  twitch  ;  to  stimulate  ;  applied  to  the  muscles  and 
fbcrs  of  animals  ;  to  cause  to  twitch  convulsively. 

Cyc. 

VEL'IJ-CA-TED,  pp.    Twitched  or  caused  to  twitch. 
VEL'LI-CA-TING,  7V"-.    Twitching;  convulsing. 
VEL-LI-Ca'TIDN,  n.    The  act  of  twitching,  or  of 

causing  to  twitch. 
2.  A  twitching  or  convulsive  motion  of  a  muscular 

fiber. 

VEI/LI-CA-TIVE,  ...    Having  the  power  of  vclhcn- 
ling,  plucking,  or  twitching.  ,  „  „ 

VEL'LIIM,  71.    [Fr.  tic'iii.    It  coincides  with  /i</,  U. 
vcl,  skill ;  probably  from  the  root  of  L.  vello.] 

A  finer  kind  of  parchment  or  skin,  rendered  clear 
and  while  for  writing. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT  METE,  PRBY  PINE,  MAKINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1228 


VEN 

VEL'I^UJl-POST,  K.  A  peculiar  sort  of  superior 
«ritiiit'-(ia|iiT. 

VEL'l.U.M-Y,  a.    Resembling  vullum. 

yE-/.0'CK,  (vr\-l5'clii,)  fit.]    In  im/.-ic,  (|uick. 

VE-LOC'I-I'KDE,  n.  [L.  viloi,  swift,  anil  pes,  foot.] 
A  carriajie  for  one  person,  having  two  wlieels 
placed  one  liefore  tlie  other,  in  the  same  lino,  and 
connected  by  a  iH'am,  on  which  the  person  sits 
astride,  ni,id  propels  the  vehicle  by  striking  the  tips 
of  his  toes  acainsi  the  earth. 

Vi;-LOC'l-TY,(-los'e-le,)n.  [Fr.vdociti;  h.vclocUas, 
from  relor,  swit^,  allied  to  vuto,  to  fly.] 

1.  Swiftness  ;  celerity  ;  npidity  ;  as,  the  velocity  of 
wind  ;  th  r  vclocilij  of  a  planet  or  comet  in  its  orbit  or 
course  ;  the  velocity  of  a  cannon-ball  ;  the  vrlucity  of 
light.  Ill  these  phrases,  velocity  is  more  generally 
used  than  crlcrity.  We  apply  celerity  to  animals  ;  as, 
a  horso  or  an  ostrich  runs  with  celerity,  and  a  stream 
runs  with  rapidity  or  velocity;  but  bodies  moving  in 
the  air  or  in  ethereal  space  move  with  greater  or  le«3 
velocity,  not  celerity.  This  usage  is  arbitrary,  and 
perhaps  not  nniversnl. 

2.  In  philosophy,  velocity  is  that  affection  of  motion 
by  which  a  body  moves  over  a  certain  space  in  a  cer- 
tain time.  Velocity  is  in  direct  proportion  to  llie 
space  over  which  a  body  moves.  Velocity  is  absolute 
or  relative :  absolute,  when  a  body  moves  over  a  cer- 
tain space  in  a  certain  time  ;  relative,  when  it  has 
respect  to  another  moving  body.  Velocity  is  also 
uniform  or  equal :  or  it  is  uuequal,  that  is,  retarded  or 

VEL'IJRE,  n.    [Fr.  «ic(i)urs.]  [accelerated. 
Velvet.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

VEL'VET,  71.  [It.  relluto;  Sp.  velludo ;  Fr.  velours; 
L.  vellus,  hair,  nap.] 

A  rich,  silk  stutf,  covered  on  the  outside  with  a 
close,  short,  line,  soft  shag  or  nap. 

Cotton  velvet:  an  imitation  of  velvet,  made  of  cot- 
ton ;  also  called  relveteeu. 

VEL'VET,  c.  (.    To  paint  velvet.  Pcacham. 

VEL'VET,        )  a.    Made  of  velvet ;  or  soft  and  del- 

VEL'VET-Ef),  j     icate,  like  velvet. 

VEL-VET-EE.N',  n.  A  kind  of  cloth  made  of  cotton, 
in  iniit.-ition  of  velvet ;  cotton  velvet. 

VEL'VET-ING,  H.    The  fine  shag  of  velvet.  Cyc. 

VEL'VET-PaV-£D,  a.   Paved  with  velvet. 

VEL'VET-V,  a.  ^lade  of  velvet,  or  like  velvet ;  soft  j 
snuKith  ;  delicalfJ.  Med.  Hepos. 

Ve'N  AL,  a.    [L.  veta,  a  vein.] 

Pertaining  to  a  vein  or  to  veins ;  contained  in  the 
veins;  as,  venal  blood.  [See  Venous,  which  is  gen- 
erally used.] 

VE'NAL,  a.    [L.  vcnal'is,  from  veneo,  to  he  sold.] 

1.  Mercenary  ;  prostitute  ;  that  may  be  bought  or 
obtained  for  money  or  other  valuable  consideration  ; 
as,  a  venal  muse  ;  venal  services. 

2.  That  may  be  sold  ;  set  to  sale ;  as,  all  offices  are 
venal  in  a  corrupt  government. 

3.  Piircha.sed  ;  as,  a  tenal  vote.  Junius. 
VE-NAL'I-TV,  n.    Mercenariness  ;  the  state  of  being 

inllnenced  by  money  ;  prostitution  of  talents,  ollices, 
or  services,  lor  money  or  reward  ;  as,  the  venality  of 
a  corrupt  court. 
VEN'A-RY,  o.    [L.  venor,  to  hunt.] 

Relatins  to  hunting. 
VE-NAT'ie,       j  a.     [L.  venatieus,  from  venor,  to 
VE  N.\T'IC-AL,  (  hunt.] 

Used  in  hunting. 
VE-Na'TIOiN,  II.    [L.  venalio,  from  venor,  to  hunt.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  hunting.  Brown. 

2.  The  state  of  being  hunted.  Brown. 

3.  In  botany,  the  manner  in  which  the  veins  of 
leaves  are  arranged.  Lindley. 

VE.N'D,  r.  t.  [L.  vendo;  Fr.  vendre;  It.  vendcre;  Sp. 
vender.  ] 

To  sell ;  to  tninsfer  a  thing  and  ihe  exclusive  right 
of  posse.ssing  it  to  another  person,  for  a  pecuniary 
equivalent;  as,  to  vend  goods;  to  vend  meat  and 
vegetables  in  market.  Feuding  dilfers  from  barter. 
VV*e  vend  for  mimey  ;  we  barter  for  commodities. 
Vend  is  applicable  only  to  wares,  merchandise,  or 
other  small  articles,  not  to  lands  and  tenements.  We 
never  say,  to  vend  a  farm,  a  lease,  or  a  bond,  a  right, 
or  a  hearse. 

VEND'ED,  pp.  Sold  ;  transferred  for  money  ;  as 
goods. 

VEN'll-EE',  n.   The  person  to  whom  a  thing  is  sold. 

VEND'ER,  n.    [Fr.  vendeur.] 

A  seller  ;  one  who  transfers  the  exclusive  right  of 
paise.ssing  a  thing,  either  his  own,  or  that  of  anoth- 
er as  his  agent.  Auctioneers  are  the  venders  of  goods 
for  other  men. 

VE.\n-r-BIL'I-TV,    (n.  The  stale  of  being  vendible 

VEND'I-BLE-NESS,  i    or  salable.  ' 

VE.\D'I-BLE,«.   L.  [rtndibUis.] 

Salable ;  that  may  be  sold  ;  that  can  be  sold  ;  as, 
vendible  goods.  Vendible  dilTers  from  marketable ;  the 
latter  signifies  proper  or  Jit  for  market,  according  to 
the  laws  or  customs  of  a  place.  Vendible  has  no 
reference  to  such  legal  fitness. 

VEND  I-BLE,  n.  Something  to  be  sold  or  offered  for 
siile.  Mitford. 

VEND'I-BLV,  adv.    In  a  s.alable  manner. 

VEN-DI-Ta'TIO.\,  n.    [ L.  vrnditatia.] 

A  boastful  display.    [A'ut  m  use.]       B.  Jonson. 


VEN 

VE\-DI"T10N,  (ven-disli'un,)  n.  [Ft.,  from  L.  ven- 
dilio.] 

The  act  of  selling  ;  s.ilc. 

VF,Nl)'Oll,  n.    A  vender  ;  a  seller. 

VEN -DOE',  71.    [Fr.  venda,  sold.] 

Auction  ;  a  public  sale  of  any  thing  by  outcry,  to 
the  liiu'liest  bidder. 

VEN-DuE'-.M.\S'TER,  n.  One  who  is  authorized  to 
make  sale  of  any  property  to  the  highe.st  bidder,  by 
notification  and  public  outcry  ;  an  auctioneer. 

VE  NEER',  v.  t.  [Vt.fumieniu  This  word  seems  to 
be  t'rom  the  root  of  famish,  the  primary  sense  of 
which  is,  to  put  on  ] 

To  lay,  or  fix  firmly,  thin  leaves  of  a  fine  or  supe- 
rior wood  over  a  coarse  or  inferior  wooil,  so  as  to 
give  the  latter  the  appearance  of  a  solid  mass  of  the 
former.  Ilebcrt. 

VE-NEEIl',  n.  A  thin  leaf  of  a  superior  wood  for 
overlaying  an  inferior  wooil. 

VE-NEER'KU,  pp.  Overlaid  with  a  thin  leaf  of  a  su- 
perior wood. 

VE  NEER'ING,  ppr.    Overlaying  with  a  thin  leaf  of 

a  superior  wood. 
VE-NEER'I.\G,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  overlaying  a 
coarse  or  inferior  w<iod  with  thin  leaves  of  superior 
wood  ;  the  covering  thus  laid  oil. 
VEN'E-FICE,  (-fis,)  n.    [L.  eciif/iciiim.] 

The  practice  of  poisoning.    [JVut  i;i  use.] 
VEN-E-FI"CIAI„  f-fish'al,)    j       r,         c  ■  i 
VEN-E-FI"ClOUS,  (-fish'us.)  I 

Acting  by  poison  ;  bewitching.    [Little  used.] 

Brotrn. 

VEN-E-FI"CIOUS-LY,  adv.  By  poison  or  witchcraft. 

[f.ittlc  used.]  Brown. 
VEN'EM-Ol/S.    See  Venomous. 

VE.N'E-NaTE,  1-.  I.  [L.  veneno  ;  venenum,  poison  ;  W. 
gwrnxcyn  ;  from  r.'iging.] 

To  poison  :  to  infect  with  poison.  Harvey. 
VEN-E-\A'TION,  71.    The  act  of  poisoning. 

2.  Poison  J  venom.  Brown. 
VE-Nl"o\E',      )  1 
VEN'E-NoSE,  i  '"•"""'■r-] 

Pois(uioiis  ;  venomous.    [.\'ol  uned.]  Harvey. 
VEN-ER-A-BIL'I-TV,  71.    State  or  qaality  of  being 

venenible.   JJVot  u^ed.]  More. 
VEN'EK-A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  venerabilis,  from 
veneror,  to  honor,  to  worshij).] 

1.  Worthy  of  veneration  or  reverence  ;  deserving 
of  honor  and  respect;  as,  a  venerable  magistrate  ;  a 
venerable  parent. 

2.  Rendered  sacred  by  religious  associations,  or 
being  consecrated  to  God  and  to  his  worship;  to  be 
regarded  with  awe  and  treated  with  reverence  ;  as, 
the  venerable  walls  of  a  temple  or  church. 

The  pl.iccs  when?  8Aiiit»  have  tufrere'l  for  Uie  lesUmony  of  Christ 
—  rendered  venerabt*  by  ihcir  death.  Hooker. 

VF,N'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  venerable.  South. 

VEN'ER-A-BLY,  air.  In  a  manner  to  excite  rever- 
ence. 

An  awt^l  pfle  I  itands  venerably  great.  Addison. 

VEN'ER-aTE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  venerer ;  L.  veneror.] 

To  regard  with  respect  and  reverence ;  to  rev- 
erence ;  to  revere.  We  venerate  an  old,  faithful 
magistrate ;  we  venerate  parents  and  elders ;  we 
venerate  men  consecrated  to  sacred  offices.  We 
tifiifrate  old  age  or  gray  hairs.  We  ccTterafe,  or  ought 
to  venerate,  the  gospel  and  its  precepts. 

And  seemed  to  venerate  the  sacred  shade.  Dryden. 

VEN'ER-a-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Reverenced  ;  treated  with 
honor  and  respect. 

VE.\'ER-A-TING,  ppr.    Regarding  with  reverence. 

VEN-ER-a'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  vcneratw.] 

The  highest  decree  of  respect  and  reverence  ;  re- 
spect mingled  with  some  degree  of  awe  ;  a  feeling  or 
sentiment  excited  by  the  dignity  and  superiority  of  a 
person,  or  by  the  sacrediiess  of  his  character,  and 
with  regard  to  place,  by  its  consecration  to  sacred 
services. 

We  find  a  wcret  nwe  nnd  venenHon  Tot  one  who  moves  about 
us  in  a  re^lar  and  ilUistrious  course  of  virtue.  Adilison. 

VE\'ER-A-T0R,  71.  One  who  venerates  and  rever- 
ences. 

VE-.Nk'RE-AL,  a.  [L.  venereus,  from  Venu.t ;  W. 
Ginener,  from  ^wen,  w  hite,  fair.    See  Ve.nus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  sexual  intercourse. 

2.  Connected  with  sexual  intercourse  ;  as,  a  vene- 
real disease  ;  venereal  virus  or  poison. 

X  Adapted  to  Ihe  cure  of  venereal  diseases  ;  as, 
venereal  medicines. 

4.  Adapted  to  excite  venereal  desire  ;  aphrodisiac. 

Cyc. 

5.  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  copper,  formerly 
railed  by  chemists  Vemus.    [04s.]  Boyle. 

VE-Nl-:'RE-AN,  a.    Venereal.    [JVot  used.]  IIoicelL 
VE-Nf;'RE-OUS,  a.    [h.  venereus.] 

Lustful  ;  libidinous.  Dcrliam. 
VEN'ER-Oirs,  for  Vemereoos.    [JVnf  used.] 
VEN'ER-Y,  n.    [from  J'e7iu*.]    Sexual  intercourse. 

Contentment,  without  the  pleasure  of  lawful  renery,  is  ccnli- 
nence;  of  unlawful,  chastity.  Grcie. 


VEN 

VE.N'Eli-V, /I.  [Vi.venrrie;  from  Li.  venor,  lo  hunt, 
that  is,  to  drive  or  rush.] 

The  act  or  exercise  of  hunting  ;  the  sports  of  the 
chase. 

Ik'asts  of  venery  and  fishes.  JJrottn. 

VEN-E-SEG'TION,  n.  [L.  re7ia,  vein,  and  aecUo,  a 
cutting.] 

'I'lie  net  or  operation  of  opening  a  vein  for  letting 
lilond  ;  blood-letting  ;  phlebotomy.  Cyc.  H'iseman, 
VE-Nl";'TIAN,  a.    Belonging  to  Venice. 

Venetian  chalk;  a  white,  compact  talc  or  steatite, 
used  for  marking  on  cloth.  Sic.  Dana. 

Vcnttian  door:  a  door  having  long,  narrow  win- 
dows on  the  sides. 

Venetian  window  :  one  consisting  of  a  main  win- 
dow with  a  long  and  narrow  window  on  eai  h  side. 

Venetian  blind :  a  blind  for  windows,  iloors.  Sec, 
made  of  thin  slats  set  in  a  frame,  movable  011  end- 
piiis,  and  so  disposed  as  to  overlap  each  when  rbise, 
and  to  show  a  series  of  open  spaces  for  the  admis- 
sion of  air  and  light  when  in  the  other  position. 
VEN'EV,  71.    [Fr.  venez,  from  venir,  to  come.] 
A  bout ;  a  thrust ;  a  hit ;  a  turn  at  fencing. 
Tlin-e  veneyg  tor  a  dUh  of  stewed  prunes.    [Obt.]  SItak. 
[Soint'times  spelt  Venew.] 
VENGE,  (venj,)  v.  t.    [Fr.  vender.] 

To  avenge  ;  to  punish.  [JVi/t  in  usf.]  [See  Ave:vc;e 
nnd  Revenoe.]  Shak. 
VENGE'A-ULE,  (venj'a-bl,)  a.    [from  rfnj»f.l  Rt^ 
veiigct'ul ;  as,  vengcuble  despite.    [JVwt  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

VE.VGE'ANCE,  (vcnj'ance,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  vcn^'cr,  k: 
revenge,  L.  vindico.] 

The  infiirtion  of  pain  on  another,  in  return  for  an 
injury  or  offense.  Such  infliction,  when  it  proceeds 
from  malice  or  mere  resentment,  and  is  not  neces- 
sary fiir  the  purposes  of  justice,  is  revenge,  nnd  a 
most  hoinoiis  crime.  When  such  infliction  proceeds 
from  a  mere  love  of  justice,  and  the  necessity  of 
punishing  ofieiulers  fur  the  support  of  the  laws, 
it  is  rentreanec,  and  is  warrantable  and  just.  In 
this  case,  vengeance  is  a  just  retribution,  recom- 
pense, or  punishment.  In  this  latter  sense  the 
word  is  used  in  Scripture,  and  frequently  ap- 
plied to  the  punishments  inflicted  by  Uod  on  sin- 
ners. 

To  me  lylonfffth  vengeance  and  recompense.  —  Dent,  xsiii. 
The  Lord  will  ulte  vengeance  on  his  advers-irit-s.  —  N.tliuin  i. 
With  a  venrreance,  in  familiar  lanirttage,  signifies 
with  great  violence  or  vehemence;  as,  to  strike  one 
with  a  ren'reancc. 

Formerly,  what  a  vengeance,  was  a  phrase  used  for 
what  emphatical. 

But  irhat  a  vengeance  makes  thee  fly  !  tlodibrru. 
VENGE'FJjL,  (venj'ful,)  a.    Vindictive  ;  retributive  ; 
as,  God's  venireful  ire.  Milton. 
2.  Revensefiil. 
VENGE'FIJL-LY,  adv.  Vindictively. 
VENGE'.ME.NT,  (venj'ment,)  n.  Avengcment ;  penal 
retribution. 
[AvENOEMENT  is  generally  used.] 
VE.NG'ER,  71.    An  avenger.   [Ao(  i;i  use.]  Spenser. 
VE'JVT,  Vi'Dt,   vrcl.     [L.]     I    came,  I  saw,  I 
conquered.    These  were  the  words  which  Cesar 
used  when  he  informed  the  Roman  senate  of  his 
victories  in  Gaul. 
Vi;'NI-A-BI>E,  a.    [See  Vewial.]    Venial ;  pardon- 
able.   [A'"<i(  771  use.]  Brown. 
V£'NI-A-BLY,  ado.    Pardonably;  excusably.  [Jfol 

K.«</.]  Brown. 
ViC'NI-AL,  a.     [It.  veniate;  Sp.  venial:  Fr.  veniel; 
from  L.  veuia,  pardon,  leave  to  depart,  fnim  the  niot 
of  I'cnin,  and  signifying  literally  a  giung  or  pa.ssiiig.] 

1.  That  may  be  fiirgiven  ;  pardonable  ;  as,  a  venial 
fault  or  transgression.  The  reformed  churches 
liolil  all  sins  to  be  venial,  through  the  merits  of  the 
Redeemer;  but  the  most  trifling  sins  not  to  be  venial, 
e\cept  through  the  righteousness  and  atonement  of 
Christ. 

Venial  sin,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  sin 
which  weakens,  but  does  not  whtilly  destroy,  sancti- 
fying grace,  like  mortal  or  deadly  sins.  It  docs  not, 
tiierefore,  exclude  from  absolution  and  communion, 
when  there  is  evidence  of  re[M-ntance. 

Brande.    Kneyc.  Mm. 

2.  In  familiar  laniruatre,  excusable  ;  thai  may  be 
allowetl  or  |>erniittcd  to  pass  without  censure;  as,  a 
venial  slip  or  fault. 

3.  Allowed. 

Permitdn?  him  the  while 
Veniat  discourse  unUaincd.  Milton, 

Vk'NI-AL-LY,  adv.  Pardonably. 
Ve'NI-.AL-NESS,  71.   Slate  of  being  excusable  or  par- 
donable. 

VE^YI'RE  F.^'Cr-JiS,  or  VE-JVPRK,  [I..]  In  law, 
a  writ  or  precept  directed  to  the  sherilT,  requirini;  him 
to  summon  twelve  men,  to  try  an  issue  between  par- 
ties. It  is  .-'so  a  writ  in  the  nature  of  the  summons 
to  cause  the  party  indicted  on  a  penal  statute  to  afh 
pear. 

VEN'I-SON,  (ven'e-7.n  or  ven'zn,)  n.    [Fr.  renouim, 
from  L.  rf7in7io,  a  hunting,  from  rrnor,  to  hunL] 
The  flesh  of  edible  be.asts  of  chase. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — A.\"GER,  VF'CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


154 


\  Y  YV  - 


VEN 


VEN 


VER 


In  England,  the  word  is  more  especially  applied 
to  the  (iesli  of  deer,  hares,  and  certain  birds  called 
game.  Booth. 

It  is,  in  the  United  States,  applied  exclnsively  to 
the  flesh  of  the  deer  or  cervine  genus  of  animals. 
VEN'O.M,  71.  [Fr.  Denm;  U.  veni^no ;  L.  Bnicnum  ;  W. 
g^neuiDijn.  It  appears  by  the  Welsh  word  and  its 
affinities,  that  the  primary  sense  is  ragins,  furious ; 
and  hence  it  is  to  be  referred  to  the  root  of  L.  veiior, 
to  hunt,  to  drive,  or  chase  ;  vmio,  to  come.  See 
Venus,  &c.] 

1.  Poison  ;  matter  fatal  or  injurious  to  life.  Ven- 
om is  generally  used  to  express  noxious  matter  that  is 
applied  e.viernally,  or  that  is  discharged  from  animals, 
ns  that  of  bites  and  stings  of  serpents,  scorpions,  &c. ; 
and  poison,  to  express  substances  taken  into  the 
stontach.  Ctjc. 

2.  Spite ;  malice. 

VEN'O.M,  J).  (.   To  poison  ;  to  infect  with  venom. 

[Little  used,  but  Envenom  is  in  use  and  elegant. 
Venom  may  be  elegantly  used  in  poetry.] 

VEX'O.M-i;b,  -pp.    Poisoned  ;  infected  with  poison. 

VEX'O.M-OUS,  a.  Poisonous  ;  noxious  to  anim  il  life  ; 
as,  the  bite  of  a  serpent  m.ay  be  vennmotis.  The  sack 
at  the  base  of  the  rattlesnake's  teeth  contains  ven- 
omous matter. 

2.  Noxious;  mischievous;  malignant;  as,  a  ven- 
omous progeny.  Ilroion. 

3.  Spiteful  ;  as,  a  venomous  writer. 
VEN'O.M-OUS-LY,  adc.    Poisonously  ;  malianantly; 

spitefully.  Drvilen. 

VEN'O.M-OIJS-NESS,  71.    Poisonousness ;  noxious- 
ness to  animal  life. 
2.  iMalignity  ;  spitefulness. 

VE'NOUS,  a.    [L.  vcnostis,  from  vena,  a  vein.]  . 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  vein  or  to  veins  ;  contained  in 
veins;  as,  venous  blood,  which  is  distinguished  from 
arterial  blood  by  its  darker  color. 

2.  In  botany,  veined.  A  venous  leaf  has  vessels 
branching,  or  variously  divided,  over  its  surface. 

MartTjn. 

VENT,  71.  [Fr.  vente,  Sp.  venta,  sale,  from  rcndre,  Sp. 
vender  ;  from  the  root  of  L.  venio.  Eng.  wind,&.c. ; 
properly,  a  passage.] 

1.  A  small  aperture ;  a  hole  or  passage  for  air  or 
other  fluid  to  escape  ;  as,  the  vent  of  a  cask. 

2.  The  opening  in  a  cannon  or  other  piece  of  artil- 
lery, by  which  fire  is  communicated  to  thi'  charge. 

3.  Passage  from  secrecy  to  notice  ;  publication. 

notion. 

4.  The  act  of  opening.  Philips. 

5.  Emission;  passace ;  escape  from  confinement; 
as,  his  smothered  passions  urge  for  vent. 

6.  Discharge;  utterance;  means  of  discharge. 

H.kI  like  grief  been  dewed  in  te;irs, 

Without  the  vent  of  words.  Milton. 

7.  Sale  ;  as,  the  vent  of  a  thousand  copies  of  a  trea- 
tise. Pope. 

8.  Opportunity  to  sell ;  demand. 

There  is  no  vent  for  any  commodity  except  wool.  Temple. 

9.  [Sp.  venta.]  An  inn  ;  a  baiting  place.  [JVu£  in 
use.] 

10.  In  birds,  the  place  fur  the  discharge  of  excre- 
ment. 

To  ffive  vent  to  ;  to  suffer  to  escape ;  to  let  out ;  to 
pour  forth. 

VENT,  V.  I.    To  let  out  at  a  small  aperture. 

2.  To  let  out  ;  to  suffer  to  escape  from  confinement ; 
to  utter ;  to  pour  forth  ;  as,  to  vent  passion  or  com- 
plaint. 

The  queen  of  heaTcn  did  lAuB  her  fury  vent.  Dryden. 

3.  To  Utter ;  to  report.    [Mt  in  use.]  Stephens. 

4.  To  publish. 

The  secl.ito™  did  gnnOy  enrich  their  inventions  hy  venting  the 
stolen  tnriifiures  of  tlivine  letters.    [Not  used.]  Hategh. 

5.  To  sell. 

Therefore  did  those  n.iUons  vent  such  spice.    [Not  in  itite.] 

Italcgh. 

[Instead  of  vent,  in  the  latter  sense,  we  use  Vend.] 
VENT,  7!.  i.  To  snuff.  [.^Tot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
VENT'AGE,  71.  A  small  hole.  [Molinuse.]  Shall. 
VENT'AIL,-  71.  [Fr.,  a  folding  door.]  That  part  of  a 
helmet  maile  to  be  lifted  up;  the  part  intended  for 
the  admission  of  air,  or  ft)r  breathing  ;  the  visor  of  a 
VEN-TAN'NA,  71.    [Sp.  vrntana.]  [helmet. 

.\  window.    [JVuf  KnjrlLsh.]  Dn/tlen. 
VENT'EK,  n.    One  who  utters,  reports,  or  publishes. 

Barroto. 

VENT'EU,  71.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  the  abdomen,  or 
lower  belly  ;  fTirmerly  applied  to  any  large  cavity 
containing  viscera,  as  the  head,  thorax,  and  abilu- 
men,  railed  the  three  renters.  Purr. 

2.  The  womb;  anil  hence,  mother.  A  has  a  son 
B  hy  one  venter,  and  a  tlaughter  (J  bv  another  7J/rrt(cr  ; 
children  by  dillerent  nenlrrs.  Late  Lan^ruaifc. 

'.i.  'I'he  belly  of  a  muscle. 
VK.N'TI-IXJGT,  n.    [L.  ventus,  wind,  and  ductus,  a 
canal  ;  It.  venttdiitti!] 

In  biulding,  a  passage  for  wind  or  air  ;  a  passage  or 
pipe  for  veniilnting  apartinenLs.  Omili. 
VE.V'TI  I.ATE,  0.  ^     [L.  vcntilo,  from  vrntiu,  wind  ; 
Fr.  venlUer.] 


1.  To  fan  with  wind  ;  to  open  .and  expose  to  the 
free  passage  of  air  or  wind  ;  as,  to  ventilate  a  room  ; 
to  ventilate  a  cellar. 

2.  To  cause  the  air  to  pass  through  ;  as,  to  ventilate 
a  mine. 

3.  To  winnow  ;  to  fan  ;  as,  to  ventilate  wheat. 

4.  To  examine;  to  discuss;  that  is,  to  agitate; 
as,  to  ventilate  questions  of  policy.    [JVot  now  in  use.] 

VE.N'T  [-La-ted,  pp.    Exposed  to  the  action  of  the 

air;  fanned;  winnowed;  discussed. 
VEN'TI-La-TING,  ppr.    Exposing  to  the  action  of 

wind  ;  fanning  ;  discussing. 
VEN-TI-LA'TION,  Ji.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ventilatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  ventilating ;  the  act  or  operation  of 
exposing  to  the  free  passage  of  air,  or  of  causing  the 
air  to  pass  through  any  place,  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
pelling impure  air  and  dissip.ating  any  thing  no.x- 
ious. 

2.  The  act  of  fanning  or  winnowing,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  separating  chaft'  and  dust. 

3.  Vent ;  utterance.    [JV"i)(  i;i  use.]  Wotton. 

4.  Refrigeration.    [JVoE  in  use.]  Haroey. 
VEN'TI-La-TOR,  71.    A  contrivance  or  machine  for 

drawing  off  or  expelling  foul  or  stagnant  air  from  any 
close  place  or  apartment,  and  introducing  that  which 
is  fresh  and  pure.  Ventilators  are  of  very  dilferent 
constructions  and  sizes. 

VE.VT'I.NG,  ppr.    Letting  out;  uttering. 

VEN-TOS'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  ventosite;  from  L.  vento- 
s».^.] 

Windiness  ;  flatulence.  Bacon. 
VEN'TRAL,  a.    [from  L.  venter,  belly.] 
Belonging  to  the  belly. 

The  ventral  fins,  in  fishes,  are  placed  between  the 
anus  and  the  throat.  Ed.  Enctic 

VEN'TRI-t  LE,  (ven'tre-kl,)  71.  [L.  ventriculus,  ifiom 
venter,  belly.] 

In  a  ireneral  sense,  a  small  cavity  in  an  animal 
body.  It  is  applied  to  the  stomach.  It  is  also  applied 
to  two  cavities  of  the  heart,  which  propel  the  blood 
into  the  arteries.  The  word  is  also  applied  to  cavi- 
ties in  dilferent  [)art3  of  the  brain.  Cije. 
VE.V'TRI-eOSE,  j  a.  [L.  veniricostis,  from  venter, 
VEN'TRI-eOUS,  i  belly.] 

In  natural  history,  bellied  ;  distended  ;  swelling  out 
in  the  middle;  as,  a  ven^ricoi/s  perianth.  Martyn. 
VEN-TRie'U-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  ventricle. 

Tully. 

VEN-TRie'lJ-LOUS,  a.  [Supra.]  Someivhat  dis- 
tended in  the  niidtlle. 

VEN-TRI-LO-eO'TION,  n.  A  speaking  after  the 
manner  of  a  ventriloquist. 

VE.\'-TRI-LO'aUI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ventrilo- 
quism. 

VE.M-TRIL'O-ftUISM, )  71.  [L.  venter,  belly,  and 
VEN-TRIL'O-aUY,     (     loquor,  to  speak.] 

The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  speaking  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  the  voice  appears  to  come,  not  from  the  per- 
son, but  from  some  ilistant  place,  as  from  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  room,  from  the  cellar,  &c. 
VE.N'-TRIL'O-aUIS'P,  7i.  One  who  speaks  in  such  a 
manner  that  his  voice  appears  to  come  from  some 
distant  place. 

Tlie  ancient  ventriloquiatt  seemed  to  speak  from  their  bellies. 

Encyc. 

VEN-TRIL'O-aUOUS,  a.  Speaking  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  make  the  sound  appear  to  come  from  a 
place  remote  from  the  speaker. 

VEN'TIIRE,  (vent'yur,)  71.  [Fr.  aventnre ;  It.  and 
Sp.  Ventura  i  from  L.  venio,  ventus,  ventitrus,  to 
come.] 

1.  A  hazard  ;  an  undertaking  of  chanco  or  dan- 
ger; the  risking  of  something  upon  an  event  which 
can  not  be  foreseen  with  tolerable  certainty. 

I,  in  tliis  venture,  double  gains  piinjue.  Dryrien. 

2.  Chance  ;  hap  ;  contingency  ;  luck  ;  an  event 
that  is  not  or  can  not  be  foreseen.  Bacon. 

3.  The  thing  put  to  hazard  ;  particularly,  some- 
thing sent  to  sea  in  trade. 

My  ventures  are  not  in  one  bottom  trusted.  Shak. 
Jit  a  venture;  at  hazard  ;  without  seeing  the  end 
or  mark  ;  or  without  foreseeing  the  issue. 

A  bargain  at  a  venture  made.  Hudihras. 
A  certain  man  drew  a  bow  at  a  venture.  —  t  Kings  xxii. 

VEN'TIJRE,  T).  i.    To  dare;  to  have  courage  or  pre- 
sumption to  tlo,  untlertake,  or  say.    A  man  ventures 
to  mount  a  lailtler  ;  Uc  ve.iturcs  into  battle;  he  titn- 
lures  to  assert  things  vv'hicli  he  docs  not  know. 
2.  To  run  a  hazard  or  risk. 

Who  frvights  IV  siiip  to  venture  on  tlie  seas.  Drij'ien. 
To  venture  at,  )  to  tiare  to  engage  in  ;  to  at- 

To  vcntiire  on  or  upon;  \     tempt  without  any  certainty 
of  success.    It  is  rash  to  venture  upon  such  a  project. 
And  whi'ii  I  venture  at  the  comic  style.  Waller. 

VEN'TIiRE,  7).  t.  To  expose  to  hazard  ;  to  risk  ;  as, 
to  venture  one's  person  in  a  balloon. 

2.  To  put  or  send  on  a  venture  or  chance  ;  ns,  to 
venture  n  horse  to  the  West  Indies. 

Vi;.\''i'IJIl.*;i),  pp.    Put  to  the  hazard  :  risked. 

VEN'TIJR  EU,  II.  One  who  ventures  ur  puts  to  haz- 
ard. 


VEN'TIIRE  SO.ME,  (vent'yur-sum,)  o  Bold;  dar- 
ing; intrepid  ;  as,  a  venturesome  boy. 

VE.V'TIJRE-SO.ME-LY,  adv.  In  a  bold,  daring  man- 
ner. 

VEN'TT'R-ING,  ppr.    Putting  to  hazard  ;  daring. 
VEN'TLjR-ING,  71.    The  act  of  putting  to  risk  ;  ahaz- 
ardintr. 

VEN'TITR-OTJS,  o.  Daring;  bold;  hardy  ;  fearless  ; 
intrepid  ;  adventurous ;  as,  a  venturous  soldier. 


With  vcn(uroi«  ann 
lie  plucked,  he  tasted. 


lilUton. 


VEN'TUR-OUS-LY,arfi).  Daringly;  fearlesslv  ;  bold- 
ly- Bacon. 

VEN'TUR-OUS-NESS,  7t.  Boldness;  hardiness; 
fearlessness;  intrepidity.  The  event  made  them  re- 
pent of  their  venturousness. 

VEN'UE,  )       ri     ■  ■  ■     A-  1 

VJSNE     i       [L.  Titcmia ;  r«orm.  TJisnc] 

In  taw,  a  neighborhood  or  near  place  ;  the  place 
where  an  action  is  laid.  In  certain  cases,  the  court 
has  power  to  change  the  venue.  Cye. 

The  twelve  men  who  are  to  try  the  cause,  must  be  of  the  same 
venue  where  tlie  demand  is  made.  DLackstone. 

VEN'lJE,  71.    A  thrust.    [See  Veney.] 
VEN'q-LtTE,  71.    A  petrified  shell  of 
nus.    [JVo(  used.] 


the  genus  Ve- 


Vk'NUS,  71.  [L. ;  W.  Otoener,  from  gwen,  white,  fair, 
the  feminine  of  gwyn,  white,  fair,  that  affords  hap- 
piness ;  also ^ci/H,  rage,  violent  impulse  of  the  mind, 
lust,  smart;  gicyniiu,  to  whiten;  gieynt,  \\''\nt\,  L. 
ventas  ;  gwynawg,  full  of  rage  ;  gioent,  an  open  coun- 
try ;  gwenii,  to  smile  ;  gtcenwtjn,  poison,  L.  veneytitm. 
Eng.  venom  :  gwcnjcynaw,  to  poison,  to  fret  or  irritate. 
These  aflinities  lead  to  the  true  origin  of  these  words. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  shoot  or  rush,  as 
light  or  wind.  From  light  is  derived  the  sense  of 
white,  fair,  Venus,  or  it  is  from  opening,  parting; 
and  from  rushing,  moving,  comes  toind,  anti  the  sense 
of  raging,  fury,  whence  L.  venenum,  poison,  that 
whicli  frets  or  causes  to  rage.  These  words  all  coin- 
cide with  L.  venio,  which  signifies  to  rush,  to  fall,  to 
happen  ;  venor,  to  hunt,  &.c.  'I'fie  Greeks  hail  the 
same  idea  of  the  goddess  of  love,  viz.,  that  her  name 
signified  fjiirness,  whiteness,  anil  hence  the  fiilile  that 
she  sprung  from  froth,  whence  her  Greek  name 
Ai[)OoStTt],  from  ai^ou^,  froth.  But  Venus  may  be 
from  lust  or  raging.] 

1.  In  mytholoiry,  the  goddess  of  beauty  and  love; 
that  is,  beauty  or  love  deified  ;  just  as  tile  Gaelic  and 
Irish  cliana,  swiftness,  impetuosity,  is  denominated 
the  goddess  of  hunting. 

2.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  inferior  planets,  whose 
orbit  is  between  the  Earth  and  Mercury.  As  morn- 
ing star,  it  was  called  by  the  ancients  Lucifer;  as 
evening  star,  Hesperus.  Its  disttince  from  the  sun 
is  about  68,000,000  of  miles  ;  its  diameter,  770  1  miles; 
and  its  period  of  revolution  round  the  sun,  224  days. 

Olmsted. 

3.  In  the  old  chemLHry,  a  name  given  to  copper. 

4.  In  conchology,  a  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  in- 
cluding the  common  clam. 

Vli'NUS'S  €oMU,  71.  An  annual  plant  of  the  genus 
Scandix;  shepherd's  needle.  Lee. 

Vis'NUS'S  FL?'-TRAP,  n.  A  plant,  Dionoea  mils- 
cipula.  It  seizes  and  holds  fast  insects  which  brush 
against  its  leaves. 

VE'NUS'S  LOOK'ING-GLXSS,  71.  An  annual  plant 
of  the  genus  Campanula,  allied  to  the  bell-flower. 

VE'NUS'S  Na'V£L-VVORT,  71.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Omphalodes  or  Cynoglossum,  so  named  from 
the  shape  of  its  seetls.  Loudon. 

VE-NUST',  a.    [L.  vennstus.] 
Beautiful.    [JVof  used.] 

VE-R.A'CIOLTS,  a.    [L.  verax,  from  wriis,  true.] 

1.  Observant  of  truth  ;  habitually  disposed  to  speak 
truth. 

2.  True.    [Little  used.]  Pinkcrton. 
VE-Ra'CIOUS-LY,  adv.  Truthfully. 
VE-RAC'I-TY,  (ve-r.as'c-te,)  «.    [It.  veracitd ;  from  L. 

verax,  from  verus,  true.] 

1.  Habitual  observance  of  truth,  or  habitual  truth; 
as,  a  man  of  veracity.  His  veracity  is  not  called  in 
question.  The  question  of  the  court  is,  whether  you 
know  the  witness  to  bo  a  man  of  veracity.  We  rely 
on  history,  when  we  have  confidence  in  the  veracity 
and  industry  of  the  historian. 

'•  Tlie  veracity  of  facts,"  is  not  correct  language. 
Truth  is  applicable  to  men  and  to  facts ;  veracity  to 
men  only,  or  to  sentient  beings. 

2.  Invariable  expression  of  truth;  as,  the  iicracity 
of  our  senses.  Kuines. 

VE  R.AN'DA,  71.  An  Oriental  word  denoting  a  kind 
of  open  portico,  formed  by  extending  a  sloping  roof 
beytuid  the  main  budding.  Chalmers. 

VE-Ra'TUINE,  ) 

VE-RAT'IM-NA,  S  ji.    [L.  veratrum.] 

VE-KA'TKI-A,  > 

A  vegetable  alkaloid,  obtained  from  Asagrtsn 
oflii  inalis,  and  culled  Vebatbine  from  a  mistake 
of  the  analyst,  who  supposed  lie  \v»  analyzing  the 
seeds  of  Veratrum  Saliadilla.  Although  called 
veratrine,  it  is  not  known  to  be  containod  in  any 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIIj>T.  —  METE,  PREY  -PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1230 


VER 


VER 


VER 


species  of  tlie  qeniis  veratriim.   This  alkaloid  is  re- 

iiiarli:il)le  for  its  slormitatnry  powers.  TttlLy. 
VE-Ka'TUUJI,  ti.    A  genus  of  plants  having  very 

poisonous  qualities. 
VKIIH,H.         verbum;  Fr.  vcrbe;  Pp.  and  It.  verba; 

U.feiirb  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  L./cro.] 

1.  In  frrummar,  a  part  of  speech  that  expresses 
action,  motion,  being,  suffering,  or  a  request  or  com- 
mand to  do  or  forbear  any  thing.  The  verb  aliirms, 
declares,  asks,  or  commands;  as,  I  write;  he  runs; 
the  river  Jlows  ;  they  sleep  ;  we  see  ;  they  are  deceived  ; 
depart;  >rn  ;  eome  ;  write;  docs  he  improve  1 

When  the  action  expressed  by  a  verb  is  exerted  on 
tin  object,  or  terminates  upon  it,  the  act  is  considered 
us  (Hissing  to  that  object,  and  the  verb  is  called  (raii- 
sittve;  as,  I  read  Livy.  When  the  act  cxiyessed  by 
the  verb  terminates  in  the  agent  or  subject,  the  verb 
is  called  intransitive  ;  as,  I  ran ;  \  walk  ;  I  sleep. 

When  the  agent  and  oliject  change  places,  and  the 
agent  is  considered  as  the  instrument  by  which  the 
object  is  affected,  the  verb  is  called  passive;  as, 
Goliath  was  slain  by  David. 

2.  A  word.  South. 
VERIi'AL,  a.    [Fr.  ;  L.  rerbalis-^i 

1.  Spoken  ;  expressed  to  the  ear  in  words  ;  not 
written  ;  as,  a  verbal  message  ;  a  verbal  contract ; 
verbal  testimony. 

2.  Oral ;  uttered  by  the  mouth.  Shale. 

3.  Consisting  in  mere  words  ;  as,  a  verbal  reward. 

4.  lles|)ectiug  words  only  ;  as,  a  verbal  dispute. 

5.  Minutely  exact  in  words,  or  attending  to  words 
only  ;  as,  a  verbal  critic. 

ti.  ijiteral ;  having  word  answering  to  word  j  as, 
a  verbal  translation. 

7.  In  grammar,  derived  from  a  verb ;  as,  a  verbal 
noun. 

8.  Verbose;  abounding  with  words.  Sliak. 
VEKD'AL,  II.    In  grammar,  a  noun  derived  from  a 

verb.  Srande. 
VKRIi'AI^ISM,  ji.    Something  expressed  orally. 
VEKB-.'\L'I-TY,  n.    Mere  words  ;  bare  literal  expres- 

si(uis.  Brown. 
VERU'AL-IZE,  r.  (.    To  convert  into  a  verb. 
VERB'.\L-LY,  adv.     In  words  spoken;  by  words 
uttered  onilly.  SoutJt. 
2.  Word  for  word  ;  as,  to  translate  vcrbalhi. 

Dn/den. 

VER-Ba'TIM,  adv.  [L  ]  Word  for  word  ;  "in  the 
same  words  ;  as,  to  tell  a  story  verbatim  as  another 
has  rcjated  it. 

VER-Ue'i\.'\,  n.  Vervain  ;  a  genus  of  plants.  Two 
sorts  are  extensively  cultivated,  one  for  its  lenton- 
scenli-d  foliage,  and  the  other  fi>r  the  great  beauty  of 
its  (lowers.  Mead. 

VER'IiEN-ATE,  v.  t.    [L.  verbena,  vervain.] 
.Strewed  with  vervain. 

VER'HEN-A-TED,  pp.  Strewed  or  .s.inctilicd  with 
vervain,  according  to  a'custoin  of  tlie  ancients. 

VER'I5EN-.^-TL\G,  ppr.    Strewing  with  vervain. 

Drake. 

VER'BER-aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  verbcro.] 

To  b-at ;  to  strike.    [JVut  in  luse.] 
VER-BEU-A'TION,  ji.   A  beating  or  striking  blows. 

^irbuthnot. 

2.  The  impulse  of  a  body,  which  causes  sound. 

Oje. 

VERB'I-.\CE,  n.  [Fr.]  Verbosity  ;  use  of  many 
words  without  necessity;  superabundance  of  words. 

VEK-BOSE',  «.    [L.  verbosus.] 

Abounding  in  worils  ;  using  or  containing  more 
w'ords  tli;in  are  necessary ;  prolix ;  tedious  by  a 
innltiplicily  of  words;  as,  a  verbose  speaker;  a  rcr- 
hiisc  ar!;uun*nt. 

VEit-UOSE'LV,  adv.  Wordily. 

VER-BOS'l-TY,  In.  Emplo\ment  of  a  snperabund- 
VER-BoSE'NESS,  i      ance  of  words;  the   use  of 

more  words  than  are  necessary  ;  as,  the  verbosity  of  a 

speaker. 

2.  Su|ierabundance  of  words  ;  prolixity ;  as,  the 
vrrbosUii  of  a  discourse  or  argument. 
VER'DAN-CY,  h.    [See  Veudapit.J  Greenness. 

J^''orris. 

VER'DAN'T,  a.     [Fr.  verdoijant;  L.  viridans,  from 
viridi.<,  from  vireu,  to  bo  green.    The  radical  sense 
of  the  verb  is,  to  grow  or  advance  with  strength.] 

1.  Green  ;  fresh  ;  covered  with  growing  plants  or 
grass  ;  as,  verdant  fields  ;  a  verdant  lawn. 

S.  Flourishing. 

VER'DAi\T-LY,  arfti.    Freshly;  flourishingly. 

VERU-,\N-TmUE',(verd-an-teek',)n.  [Fr.]  Ancient 
green  ;  a  term  given  to  a  green  incrustation  on  an- 
cient coins,  brass  or  copper.  It  is  a  hydraled  dicar- 
bonate  of  copper.  Turner. 

2.  A  mottled-green  serpentine  marble;  also,  a 
green  porphyry,  used  as  marble, and  called  Oriental 
VEfiD-ANTiquE.  Dana. 

VER'DER-ER,  j  n.  [Fr.  verdier,  from  verd,  green  ;  or 
VER'DER-OR,  (     Low  L.  viridarius.] 

An  officer  in  England,  who  has  the  charge  of  the 
king's  forest,  to  preserve  the  vert  and  venison,  keep 
the  assizes,  view,  receive  and  enroll  attachments 
and  presentments  of  all  manner  of  trespasses. 

BlacLitone. 

VER'DIGT,  a.   [L.  eerum  dictum,  true  declaration.] 


1.  The  answer  of  a  jury  given  to  the  court  con- 
cerning any  matter  of  fact  in  any  cause,  civil  or 
criminal,  committed  to  the-ir  trial  and  examination. 
In  criminal  causes,  the  jury  decide  the  l.jw  as  well  as 
the  fact.  Verdicts  are  trenrral  or  special ;  /reneral, 
when  they  decide  in  general  terms,  or  in  the  terms 
of  the  general  issue,  as  no  wrontr,  nu  disseisin  ;  special, 
when  the  jury  find  and  state  the  facts  at  large,  and 
as  to  the  law,  pray  the  judgment  of  the  court. 

Blackstone. 

2.  Decision  ;  judgment ;  opinion  pronounced  ;  as, 
to  be  condemned  by  the  verdict  of  the  public. 

Tiicflfl  cnoriniuca  were  coiidciniicU  by  Uic  verdict  of  common 
tiiiinanily.  .S'oulA. 

VER'DI-GRIS,  (vur'de-grees,)  n.  [Fr.  verd  and  gris ; 
green-gray.] 

Disacet.ite  of  copper.  In  an  impure  state,  it  is 
much  used  .as  a  preen  pigment.  In  a  pure  state,  it  is 
employed  in  medicine. 
VER'DI-TER,  H.  [verde-terrc,  green  earth  ;  terreverte.] 
A  fine  a'/.ure-bluo  mineral.  It  is  a  liydrated  sub- 
sesqnicarhonate  of  copper.  It  is  prepared  artificially, 
but  the  process  is  kept  secret.  It  is  sometimes  used 
as  a  pigment.  Thomas  Thomson. 

VER'UI-'i'l.'RE,  n.  The  faintest  and  palest  green. 
VERD'qRE,  (verd'yur,)  71.    [Fr. ;  from  L.  vireo.] 

Green  ;  greeniurss  ;  freshness  of  vegetation  ;  as, 
the  verdure  of  the  meadows  in  June  ;  the  verdure  of 
sjiring. 

VERU'lJR-OUS,  a.  Covered  with  green;  clothed 
w  ith  the  fresh  color  of  vegetables  ;  as,  verdurous  pas- 
tures. Philips. 

VER'E-CU.N'D,  a.    [L.  verrciindas.] 

Bashful  ;  modest.    [J\'ol  much  used.']  JVutlon. 

VER-ECUND'I-TY,  n.  Bashfulness  ;  modesty; 
blushing.    [A'ot  m  niMcA  use.\ 

VERGE,  (verj,)  n.  [Fr. ;  It.  verga,  L.  virga,  a  rod, 
that  is,  a  shoot.] 

1.  A  rod,  or  something  in  the  form  of  a  rod  or 
staff,  carried  as  an  emblem  of  authority  ;  the  mace 
of  a  dean.  Swift. 

2.  The  stick  or  wand  with  which  persons  are  ad- 
milted  tenants,  by  holding  it  in  the  hand,  and 
swearing  fealty  to  the  lord.  On  this  account,  such 
tenants  are  called  tenants  by  the  verge. 

Cye.  Knr^land. 

3.  In  law,  the  compass  or  extent  of  the  king's  court, 
within  which  is  bounded  the  jurisdiction  of  the  lord 
steward  of  the  king's  hou.sehold  ;  so  called  from  the 
verge  or  stalV  which  the  marshal  bears.  Cowcl. 

4.  The  extreme  side  or  end  of  any  thing  which  has 
some  extent  of  length;  the  brink;  edge;  border; 
mamin. 

[This  seems  to  be  immediately  connected  with  the 
L.  vergo.] 

5.  Among  gardeners,  the  edge  or  outside  of  a 
border;  also,  a  slip  of  grass  adjoining  to  gravel- 
walks,  and  dividing  them  from  the  borders  in  the 
paiterre-garden.  Cye. 

G.  A  part  of  a  timepiece 
VERGE,  v.  i.    [I,,  vergo.] 

1.  To  tend  downward ;  .t  leni  ;  to  slope  ;  as,  a 
bill  verges  to  the  north. 

S.  To  tend  ;  to  incline  ;  to  approach. 
I  find  mysi'lf  verging  to  lli;it  perioU  of  lilc  wliich  Is  to  M  Ir\bor 
and  sorrow.  Sm/t. 

VERG'ER,  71.  He  that  carries  the  mace  before  the 
bishop,  dean,  &c.  Farijuhar.  Cye. 

2.  An  officer  who  carries  a  white  wand  before  the 
justices  of  either  bench  in  England.  Cyc. 

3.  A  pew-opcner  or  attendant  at  a  church. 
VERG'ING,  ;j/ir.    Bending  or  inclining  ;  tending. 
VEK'GOU-LEOSE,  n.    A  variety  of  pear ;  contracted 

to  Vebgaloo  ;  written  also  Veroalieu. 

VE-RID'IC-AE,  a.    [L.  veridicus;  verus  and  dico.] 
Telling  truth.    [JVot  used.] 

VER'l-FI-.\-BLE,  o.  [from  verify.]  That  may  be 
verified  ;  that  may  be  proved  or  confirmed  by  in- 
contestable evidence.  Sauth. 

VER-I-FI-e.\'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  Verify.]  The 
act  of  verifying  or  proving  to  be  true  ;  the  act  of 
confirming  or  establishing  the  authenticity  of  any 
powers  granted,  or  of  any  transaction,  by  legal  or 
competent  evidence. 

VER'I-FI-ED,  (ver'e-fide,)  pp.  Proved  ;  confirmed 
by  competent  evidence. 

VER'I-FI-ER,  II.  One  that  proves  or  makes  appear 
to  be  true. 

VER'I-F?,  V.  L  [Fr.  verifier;  L.  verus,  true,  nnd 
faeio,  to  make  ;  G.  wahr,  D.  waar,  W.  ^-iriV,  pure, 
true,  ether,  purity  ;  gwiraw,  to  verif^'.] 

1.  To  prove  to  be  true ;  to  confirm. 

This  ii  vrrijied  by  a  number  of  examplci.  Bacon. 

2.  To  fulfill,  as  a  promise  ;  to  confirm  the  truth  of 
a  prediction  ;  to  show  to  be  true.  The  predictions 
of  this  venerable  patriot  have  been  ver(l'ied.  Oen. 
xlii.    1  Kings  viii. 

3.  To  confirm  or  establish  the  authenticity  of  any 
thing  by  examination  or  competent  evidence.  The 
first  act  of  the  house  of  represenLitives  is  to  verify 
their  powers,  by  exhibiting  their  credentials  to  a 
committee  of  ^le  house,  or  other  proper  authority. 

United  States. 


VER'I-r?-I.N'G,  7</?r.  Proving  to  be  true  ;  connrmliig  ; 
estuhlisliing  as  aiilhenlic. 

VER'I-LY,  aJu.  [IVoiu  very.]  In  truth;  in  fact;  cer- 
tainly. 

2.  Really  ;  truly  j  with  great  confidence.    It  waa 
verily  thought  the  entefprise  would  succeed. 
VEK  I-.SI.M'I-I.AR,  a.     [L.  verisimilis  ;  verus,  true, 
and  siinitis,  like.  ] 

Having  the  appearance  of  truth  ;  probable  ;  likely. 

H'hile. 

VER-I-SI-MIL'I-TUDE,  n.    [L.  »fri<iiiii;i(ii<;D. ] 

The  appearance  of  truth  ;  probability  ;  likelihood. 
Verinimi/itude  and  opinion  nrn  rii  e.iay  purcIi.uo:  bul  truB 
iinowlrd!,'^  is  dfiir  mid  diincult.  OlanviUe. 

VER-I-SI-.MIL'I-TY,  for  Verisiuilitude,  is  not  in 
use. 

VER'I-TA-BLE,  a.    [Fr.]    True ;  agreeable  to  fact. 

■ "  ■  ■        ■  ■  Sliak. 


[Little  used.] 
VER'I-TABLY, 


!  cin  ^orem  while 
South. 


adv.    In  a  true  manner.  [Obs.] 
VKR'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  veriti  ;  L.  Veritas,  from  verus, 
true  ;  W.  gwirtz;  Sans,  wartha.] 

1.  Truth  ;  consonance  of  a  statement,  proposition, 
or  other  thing  to  fact.    1  Tim.  ii. 

It  is  a  proposiiion  of  eternal  verity,  lliat  ni 
lie  is  dc-spised. 

2.  A  true  assertion  or  tenet. 

By  tliia  it  Bcein.-.  to  iv;  a  verity,  Davieg. 

3.  Moral  truth  ;  agreement  of  the  words  with  the 
thoughts.  Johnson. 

VER'JulCE,  (-juse,)  n.  [Fr.  verjus,  that  is,  verd  jus, 
the  juice  of  green  fruits.] 

A  liquor  expressed  from  crab-apples,  sour  grapes, 
&c.,  used  in  sauces,  ragouts,  and  the  like.  It  is 
used  also  in  the  purification  of  wax  for  candles,  in 
poultices,  See..  Cyc. 

VER'MEIL.    See  Vermilion 

VEK-.ME-OL'O-GIST,  n.  [Infra.]  One  who  treate 
of  vermes. 

VER-ME-OL'O-GY,  n.  [L.  vermes,  worms,  and  Gr. 
Xoyos,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  vermes,  or  that  part  of 
natural  history  which  treats  of  vermes.    [JWt  used.] 
[IIelminthologv  is  the  legitimate  term.] 
VER'.MI'.S,  n.  pi.    IE.]    Worms:  this  is  the  same 

word,  varied  in  ortliogiaphv. 
VER-.MI-CEI/Ll,  (ver-ine-chel'Iy  or  ver-me-sel'ly,)  n. 
[It.  vermicello,  a  little  worm,  L.  vcrmiculus,  from  ver- 
niii,  a  worm.] 

In  cookery,  little  rolls  or  threads  of  paste,  or  a  com- 
position of  flour,  eggs,  sugar,  and  saffron  ;  used  in 
soups  and  pottages. 
VER-MI"(:;E0US,  (ver-mlsh'us,)  a.    [L.  vermes.] 

Pertaining  to  worms  ;  wormy. 
VER-.MIC'lJ-LAR,  a.    [L.  vcrmiculus,  a  little  worm, 
from  vermis,  a  worm.] 

Pertaining  to  a  worm  ;  resembling  a  worm  ;  par- 
ticularly, resembling  the  motion  of  a  worm  ;  as,  the 
vermicular  motion  of  the  intestines,  called  also  Peri- 
staltic. Cyc 
Vermieiilar  work.    See  Vermicx'lated. 
VER-MIC'IJ-LaTE,  r.  t.    [h.  vcrmicuUilus.] 

To  inlay  ;  to  form  work  by  inlaying  which  resem- 
bles the  motion  or  the  tracks  of  worms. 
VEIl-.Mie'lJ-LA-TEO, or  a.    Formed  in  the  like- 
ness of  the  motion  of  a  worm. 

fermiculiited  work;  rustic  work  so  wrought  as  to 
have  the  appearance  of  having  been  eaten  into  or 
tracked  by  vvorins.  OwilU 
VER-Mie'U-I.A-TIN'G,  ppr.  Forming  so  as  to  resem- 
ble the  motion  of  a  worm. 
VER-.MIC-IJ-EA'TION,  ii.  The  art  or  operation  of 
moving  in  the  form  of  a  worm  ;  continuation  of  mo- 
tion from  one  part  to  another,  as  in  the  peristaltic 
motion  of  the  intestines.  Hale. 

2.  The  act  of  forming  so  as  to  resemble  the  mo- 
tion of  n  worm. 
VER.M'I-eULE,  n.    [L.  vcrmiculus.] 

A  little  worm  or  grub.  Derham. 
VER-MIC'tI-Lt")SE,  (       r,  •    ,  i 

VER-MIC'U-LOUS,  [L-^rmicuW.] 

1.  Full  of  worms  or  grubs. 

2.  Resembling  worms. 

VER.M'I-FOR.M,  a.  [L.  vermis,  a  worm,  nnd  forma, 
form.] 

Having  the  form  or  shape  of  a  worm ;  as,  the 

vermiform  process  of  the  cerebellum. 
VER.M-IF'i;-GAL,  a.    Tending  to  prevent  or  destroy 

vermin,  or  lo  expel  worms.  Lindley. 
VER.M'I-FUGE,  71.    [L.  vermis,  a  worm,  and  fago,  to 

expel.] 

A  medicine  or  snbsl.ance  that  expels  worms  from 
animal  bodies  ;  an  anthelmintic. 
VER'.MIL,  lu    [Fr.  vcrmeiL]    Vermilion.  [Obs.] 

Sprnsrr. 

VER-MIL'ION,  (ver-mil'yiin,)  n.  [Fr.  rermrd,  ver- 
milion; It.  vrrmigliane ;  from  L.  vcrmiculus,  rrnnes  ; 
a  name  sometimes  improperly  given  to  tfie  kernies. 
See  Crimson.] 

1.  A  bright-red  sulphiirct  of  mercury,  consisting  of 
sixteen  parts  of  sulphur  anil  one  hundred  p.irts  of 
mercurj'.  It  is  sometimes  found  native,  of  a  red  or 
brown  color,  and  is  then  called  Cinnabar.  It  is 
used  as  a  pigment.  Dana. 


TONE,  ByLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ,  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a.i  in  THIS. 


VER 


VER 


VER 


'J.  Tlie  cuchiiieul,  a  small  insect  found  on  a  paitic- 
ulnr  iiliiiii. 

I  liitiirtiper  or  obsolcte.'\ 

3.  All}  heniitifiil  red  color.  In  blushing,  the  deli- 
cate ciii-ek  is  covered  w  ith  vermilion. 

VEK-MlIVIOiN,  (vor-niil'yun,)  i).  t.    To  dye  red  ;  to 

cover  with  n  delicate  red, 
VEK-.MIL'10N-£U,  pp.  or  a.   Dyed  or  tinged  with  a 

liriffht  red. 

VER.M'liV,  n.  sino-.  anJ  pi. ;  used  chiefly  in  the  plu- 
ral.   [Fr.  and  It.  vtrmine:  from  L.  vermes,  worms.] 

1.  All  sorts  of  small  anin.als  which  are  destructive 
to  grain  or  oilier  produce  ;  all  noxious  little  animals 
or  insects,  as  squirrels,  rats,  mice,  worms,  grubs, 
flies,  &.C. 

TtH-se  vermin  do  great  injuriM  in  the  field.  Mortimer, 

2.  Used  of  noxious  human  beings  in  contempt;  as, 
base  vfrmin.  Hadibras. 

VER.M'I.N'-aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  vermino.'i 

To  breed  vermin. 
VER.M-lN-A'TIOiV,  B.   The  breeding  of  vermin. 

Vcrham. 

2.  A  griping  of  the  bowels. 
VER.M'I.N'-LY,  adv.  or  a.    Like  vermin;  of  the  na- 
ture of  vermin. 
VEUM'IN-OUS,  a.   Tending  to  breed  vermin. 

The  verminous  dlBposiuoii  of  the  body.  Harvey. 

VER-.MIP'A-ROUS,  a.    [L.  verges,  worms,  and  pario, 
to  bear.] 

Producing  worms.  Brown. 
VER-.MI  V'O-ROUS,  a.    [L.  vermes,  worms,  and  voro, 
to  devour.] 

Devouring  worms  ;  feeding  on  worms.  Vermivo- 
rniis  birds  are  very  useful  to  the  farmer. 
VER-N'Ae'LJ-LAR,  a.    [L.  veruaculiis,  born  in  one's 
house,  from  vernu,  a  servant.] 

1.  .Native;  belonging  to  the  country  of  one's  birth. 
English  is  our  verimcnlar  language.  Tiie  vrritucalar 
idiotii  is  seldom  perfectly  acquired  by  foreigners. 

2.  Native  ;  belonging  to  the  person  by  birth  or  na- 
ture. Mdner. 

A  vernacular  disease  is  one  which  prevails  in  a  par- 
tinilar  country  or  district ;  more  generally  called  En- 

DK.-MIC. 

VKR-.N  Ae'TT-LAR-lSM,  n.    A  vernacular  idiom. 
VEK-\Ae't;-LAR-LY,  a<ic.    In  agreement  with  the 

vi  riiacular  manner. 
VER-NAC'U-LOUS,  a.    [Supra.]    Vernacular ;  also, 

scoffing.    [OAs.]  Bruicn.  Spenser. 

VERONAL,  a.    [L.  ventalis,  from  rer,  spring.] 

1.  Ilelonging  to  the  spring;  appearing  in  spring; 
as,  vernal  bloom. 

Vernal  flowers  .ire  preparilives  to  autumu.-il  fruits.  Rambler, 

9.  Belonging  to  youth,  the  spring  of  life. 
Vernal  siifiis ;  the  signs  in  which  the  sun  appears 
in  the  spring. 

Vernal  eqninox  ;  the  equinox  in  spring  or  IMarcIl  : 
opp:iseil  to  the  autiintnal  equinur,  in  ??e|)teinber. 
VER'NANT,  a.    [L.  vernans ;  verno,  to  llourisli,] 
Flourishing,  as  in  spring;  as,  vcrnant  flowers. 

Jlltllon. 

VER'NaTE,  f.  I.    To  become  young  again.    [JVu(  in 

VEr11i.\' TIO.V,  71.    [L.  verno.] 

fu  botany,  the  dispt>sition  of  the  nascent  leaves 
within  the  bud.  [It  is  called  also  Foliation  or 
LEAKINf:  ]  Martljn. 
VER'NIK.R,  n.  [from  the  inventor.]  A  contrivance 
attached  to  the  graduated  limb  of  an  instrument,  for 
the  [lurpo.se  of  measuring  aliquot  parts  of  the  small- 
est spaces  into  which  the  instrument  is  divided. 

Olmsted. 

VER-Nri.'I-TY,  n.    [L.  vrmilis,  from  verna,  a  slave.] 
.'^ci  vility  ;  fawning  behavior,  like  that  of  a  slave. 
[JVHt  in  u--tr.'\  Bailey. 
VE-UO.\'l-€A,  n.    [vera-icon,  true  image.] 

1.  A  portrait  or  representation  of  the  face  of  our 
Savior  on  handkerehiefs. 

2.  In  botany,  a  genus  of  plants.  Speedwell. 
VEIl'RU-Go.'^E,  }  a.    [L.  verrnca,  a  wart ;  vemicosus, 
VER'lUI-eoU.S,  i     full  of  warts.] 

Warty  ;  having  little  knobs  or  warts  on  the  sur- 
face; a«,  a  rprr/icoMjj  capsule.  Martyn. 
VEH-RO'eU-LoSE,  a.     Having  minute,  wart-like 
prominences. 

VERS-A-niE'I-TY,  )n.  [L.  versabilis,  {mm  vcrsor, 
VERS'A-ULE-MES.'J,  (     to  turn.] 

Aptness  to  be  turned  round.    [JVuf  u-iprf.]  Dirt. 
VER.S'A-RLE,  n.  [Supra.]  That  may  be  turned.  [JVut 
tijied. ) 

VKRS'AIi,  for  (JNivrnmi,.  [JVot  used,  or  verij  vulirttr.l 
Vr.RS'ANT,  a.  Familiar. 

VER.S'A-TII,E,  (vers'a-til,)  a.     [I,,  versalilis,  from 
versnr,  to  turn.] 

1.  'i'hat  may  be  turned  round  ;  as,  a  versalile  boat 
or  Hpilidle.  //arte. 

2.  I.ialile  to  be  turned  in  opinion  ;  changeable;  va- 
riable ;  unsteady  ;  as,  a  man  of  rer^atdr  disposition. 

.').  Turning  with  ease  from  one  thing  to  aiiolher  ; 
readily  applied  to  a  new  t.ask,  or  to  various  subjects  ; 
aR,  a  man  of  rernatdc  genius. 

4.  ill  natural  Ai^fori/,  ca{mble  of  revolving;  freely 


movable  ;  as,  a  versatde  ■.iiiXUer,  which  is  fi.ved  at  one 

point,  but  freely  movable.  Lindlerj. 
VERS' A-TI  l,E-LY,  ado.    In  a  versatile  manner. 
VERP-A-Tll,'l-'I'Y,     In.    The  quality  of  being  vers- 
VERS'A-TILE-NESS,  i     atile  ;  ajitness  to  change; 

readiness  to  be  turned  ;  variableness. 
2.  The  faculty  of  easily  turning  one's  mind  tc  new 

tasks  or  subjects;  as,  the  versatility  o(  genius. 
VERSE,  (vers,)  ji.    [L.  versus ;  Fr.  vers  -  from  L.  ver- 

to,  to  turn.] 

1.  In  poetry,  a  line  ctmsisting  of  a  certain  number 
of  long  and  siiort  syllables,  disposed  according  to  the 
rules  of  the  species  of  poetry  which  the  author  in- 
tends to  compose.  Verses  are  of  various  kinds,  as 
hexameter,  pentameter,  and  tetrameter,  &,c.,  accorttiiig  to 
the  number  of  feet  in  each.  A  verse  of  twelve  syl- 
lables is  called  an  Jilexandrian  or  Aleiandriae.  Two 
or  more  verses  form  a  stanza  or  strophe 

2.  Poetry  ;  metrical  language. 


Virlue  w.TS  taii^hl  in  verse. 
Verse  enitKilins  virlue. 


Prior. 
Dwne. 


3.  A  short  divisiim  of  any  composition,  particular- 
ly of  the  chapters  in  tlie  J-criptnres.  The  author  of 
tile  division  of  the  Old  Testament  into  versm  is  not 
ascertained.  The  New  Testament  was  divided  into 
verses  by  Robert  Ste|)hcns. 

4.  A  piece  of  poetry.  Pope. 

5.  A  poitiim  of  an  anthem  to  be  peiformed  by  a 
single  voice  to  each  part. 

Blank  verse ;  poetry  in  which  the  lines  do  not  end 
in  rhymes. 

Heroic  verse usmiWy  consists  ot  ten  syllables,  or,  in 
English,  of  five  accented  syllables,  con:>tituting  five 
feet. 

VERSE,  V.  t.    To  tell  in  verse  ;  to  relate  poetically. 

Pljyinj  oil  pipes  of  corn,  and  versing  love.  Sfiak. 
To  be  versed,  [L.  versor ;]  to  be  well  skilled  ;  to  be 
acquainted  with ;  as,  to  be  versed  in  history  or  in  ge- 
ometry. 

VERS'KO,  (verst,)  pp.  Skilled. 
VERS'Kll  SINE.    See  Pine. 

VERSE'-HON'OR-ING,  a.    Doing  honor  to  poetry. 

Lamb, 

VERSE'MAN,  )  n.   A  writer  of  verses  ;  in /iir;;- 

VI;RSE'.M0N"GER,  i     crous  lanirua^re.  Prior. 
VERri'ER,  71.    A  maker  of  verses  ;  a  versifier. 

B.  ./oiison. 

VERS'I-eLE,  (vers'e-kl,)  n.    [L.  versiculus.] 

A  little  verse.' 
VERS'l-eOE-OR,  r-knl-liir,)         )      „         ■  ,  -i 

V£RS'i-eoi.-oRlf;ij,  (-kui-iurd,)  i     t^- ''«'-™''''»--] 

llavinu  various  colors  ;  changeable  in  color. 

VER-SICQ-LAR,  u.  Pertaining  to  verses  ;  designat- 
ing distinct  divisions  of  a  writing. 

VEK-SI-FI-eA'TiON,  n.    [Fr  ,  from  versifier.] 

The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  coniposiiig  poetic  verse. 
Versification  is  the  result  of  art,  labor,  and  rule, 
rather  than  of  invention,  or  the  fire  of  genius.  It 
consists  in  adjusting  the  long  and  short  syllables, 
and  forming  feet  into  harmonious  measure.  Cyc. 

VERS'I-Fi  eA-TOR,  71.  A  versifier.  ILittle  used.] 
[See  Vkrsipier.J 

VERS'I-FI-£D,  (-tide,)  ;);;.  from  Vkrsify.  Formed 
into  verse. 

VERS  I-FI-ER,  71.  One  who  makes  verses.  Not  ev- 
ery versifier  is  a  poet. 

2.  One  who  converts  into  verse  ;  or  one  who  ex- 
presses the  ideas  of  another  written  in  prose  ;  as.  Dr. 
Watts  was  a  versifier  of  the  Psalms. 

VERS'I-P'9,  r.  i.    To  make  verses. 

I'll  versify  in  spite,  and  do  tny  best.  Dryden. 

VERS'I-FV,  V.  U   To  relate  or  describe  in  verse. 

I'll  rer*//y  the  truth.  Daniel, 
2.  To  turn  into  verse  ;  as,  to  versify  the  Psalms. 
VERS'I-FY-ING,  pirr.    Converting  into  verse. 
VER'SION,  (ver'shun  )  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rcr.--iD.] 

1.  A  turning  ;  a  clinuge  or  transformation  ;  as,  the 
ver.iioii  of  air  into  water.    [Unusual.]  Bacon. 

2.  Change  of  direction  ;  as,  the  version  of  the 
beams  of  light.    [Unusual,]  Bacon. 

3.  The  act  of  translating  ;  the  rendering  of  thoughts 
or  ideas,  expres.sed  in  one  language,  into  words  of 
like  signification  in  another  language  How  long 
was  Pope  engaged  in  the  version  of  Homer.' 

4.  'i'ranslation ;  that  which  i.s  rendered  from  an- 
other language.  We  have  a  good  version  of  the 
Scriptures.  'I'here  is  a  good  fmion  of  the  Penta- 
teuch ill  the  Samaritan.  The  Septuagint  vrr,sion  of 
the  Old  Testament  was  made  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Jews  in  Alexandria. 

VERS  T,  71.  A  Russian  measure  of  length  containing 
1111(15  yards,  or  3500  feet;  about  two  thirds  of  an 
English  mile. 

yjlH'aUS,  [I..]  Against ;  as,  John  Doe  versus  Richard 
Roe. 

VF.R  SuTE',  «.    Crafty;  wily. 
VERT,  71.    [Fr.  vrrd,  grtren,  L.  riridis.] 

1.  In  the  forest  /fimi,  every  thing  that  grows  and 
btN'irs  a  green  leaf  within  tile  forest.  To  preserve 
vert  and  venison  is  the  duty  of  the  vcrderer. 

^  England. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  green  color. 


VERT'E-I!ER,  )  „ 
VERT'E-HKe!  j  Vehtebra. 
VERT'E-KRA,  7i. ;  pi.  Vebtebrje.    [L.  vertebra,  from 
verto,  to  turn.] 

A  Joint  of  the  spine  or  back-bone  of  an  animal. 
VERT'E-liRAL.,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  joints  of  the 
spine  or  back-hone. 

2.  1  laving  a  back-bone  or  spinal  joints ;  as,  vertebral 
animals. 

VERT'E-BRAL,  n.    An  animal  of  the  class  which 

have  a  baek-Iione. 
VERT'E-BRATE,  71.   An  animal  having  a  spine  with 

joints. 

VERT'E-BRaTE,     )  rr 

VERT'E-BRA-TED,  \  t^" 

Having  a  back  hone,  or  vertebral  column,  contain- 
ing the  sjiinal  marrow,  as  an  animal ;  as  man,  quad- 
rupeds, birds,  anipliibia,  and  fishes.  Curier. 

VERT'E-BRaTES,  (  71.  pi.    Vertehrated  animals,  in- 

VERT-E-BRa'TA,  i    eluding  niammals,  birds,  rep- 
tiles, and  fishes. 

VERT'E-BRE.    See  Vertedra. 

VERT'EX,  71.    [L.,  from  verto,  to  turn  ;  primarily,  a 
round  point.] 

1.  The  crown  or  top  of  the  head.  Coze. 

2.  The  top  of  a  hill  or  other  thing ;  the  point  of  a 
cone,  pyramid,  angle,  or  figure  ;  the  pole  of  a  glass, 
in  optics.  'I'lie  vertex  of  a  curve  is  the  point  from 
which  the  diameter  is  drawn,  or  the  intersection  of 
the  diameter  and  the  curve. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  zenith  ;  the  point  of  the  heav- 
ens perpendicularlv  over  the  head.  Cue. 

VERT'I-CAL,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  vertex.] 

1.  Placed  or  being  in  the  zenith,  or  perpendicularly 
over  the  head.  The  sun  is  vertical  to  the  inhabitants 
within  the  tropics  at  certain  times  every  year. 

2.  Being  in  a  position  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of 
the  horizon. 

Vertical  leaves,  in  botany,  are  such  as  stand  so  erect 
th.at  neither  of  the  surfaces  can  be  called  the  upper 
or  under. 

Vertical  anthers  are  such  as  terminate  the  fila- 
ments, and,  being  inserted  by  their  base,  stand  no 
less  upright  than  the  filaments  themselves.  Cyc. 

Vertical  angles;  in  geometry,  the  opposite  angles 
formed  by  two  insecting  straight  lines.  Brandr. 

Vertical  circle  in  astronomy,  a  great  circle  passing 
through  the  zenith  and  the  nadir.  The  meridian  of 
any  place  is  a  vertical  circle.  The  vertical  circles  are 
called  azimuth  circles.  Hutimi. 

Vertical  line;  in  dialing,  a  line  perpendicular  to  the 
horizon  ;  in  eonics,  a  right  line  drawn  on  the  vertical 
plane,  and  passing  through  the  vortex  of  the  cone. 

Brande. 

Vertical  plane,  in  coHicf,  is  a  plane  passing  through 
the  vertex  of  a  cone,  and  through  its  axis. 

Prime  vertical ;  a  great  circle  of  the  sphere,  per- 
pendicular to  the  horiz./n,  and  passing  through  the 
zenith  and  the  east  and  west  points 
VERT'l-CAI^EY,  adv.    In  the  zenith. 
VERT'I-€AL-NESS.  n.    'J'he  state  of  being  in  the  ze- 
nith, or  perpendicularly  over  the  head.  [Vektical- 
ITV  is  ntit  used.] 
VEKT'1-CIE,  71.    [I..  verticiUus,  from  vertex,  supra.] 
In  botany,  a  little  whirl ;  a  mode  tif  intlorescence, 
in  which  tlie  flowers  surround  the  stem  ill  a  kind  of 
ring.  Cyc. 
VER-TIC'IL-LATE,  a.    [.«upra.]    In  botany,  vertic- 
illate  flowers  are  such  as  grow  in  a  whirl,  around 
the  stem  or  in  rings,  one  above  another,  at  eai  h 
joint.  The  term  is  also  applied  in  this  sense  to  leaves 
and  branches.    Vcrticillate  plants  are  such  as  bear 
whirled  flowers.  Martyn.  Lee. 

VER-TIC'I-TV,  (-tis'c-te,)  ti.    [from  vertex,  supra.] 
The  power  of  turning  ;  revolution;  rotation,  /.oekc, 
2.  That  property  of  the  loadstone  by  which  it  turns 
to  some  particular  point. 

The  Btlr;>ction  of  the  magnet  was  known  long  before  its  vertuity. 

VER-Tl6'IN-OUS,  a.    [L.  verti^inosus,] 

1.  Turning  round  ;  whirling;  rotary;  as,  a  7>frti^ 
inous  motion.  Bcntlry. 

2.  Oidtiv  ;  alfected  with  vertigo.  Wooditard. 
VER-TIG'IN-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  a  whirling  or  gid- 

dini^ss. 

VER-TlCi'IN-OUS-NE.SS,  71.   Giddiness ;  a  whirling, 

or  sense  of  whirling  ;  unsteadiness.  Taylor. 
VERT'I-GO,  71.    [1,.,  from  verto,  to  turn.] 

Giddiness;  dizziness  or  swimming  of  the  head; 
an  atfertimi  of  the  head,  in  which  objects  appear  to 
move  in  various  directions,  tliougli  stallonaiy,  and 
the  person  afl'ected  finds  it  ditiicult  to  maintain  an 
erect  posture. 

[This  woril  is  also  pronounced  by  some  vcr-lVgo, 
and  by  others  ver-ti'go.] 
VER'VAI.N,  71.    A  plant;  the  poiiul.ar  name  of  some 

species  of  the  genus  Verbena. 
VER'VAIN-MAI/EOW,  n.   A  specie!  of  Mallow, the 
VER'VELS,  71.        [ft.  vcrvcUc.]    [Malva  alcea.  Cj/e. 

Labels  tied  to  a  hawk.  .^iusaortlt. 
VER'Y,  a.    [Fr.  vrai;  L.  ocrii* ;  G.  wahr ;  0.  icuar.] 
'J'ruu ;  real. 

Wheilier  thou  be  my  very  ion  Eiau  or  not.  — Oen.  xjivii. 

1  lu  Ihiil  repeateth  ft  mutter,  nepiir.ilelh  very  irieiidft.  —  ProT.  TtJU. 


FITE,  PAR,  FALl".  WHAT  METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK._ 

7232  '  ~  ~ 


,1 


VKS 


VES 


VEX 


Si)  we  say,  in  renj  liet'il,  in  the  rcrrj  licavens,  tliis 
is  tin;  very  niiin  we  want.  In  tlirse  plirasi-s,  very  ih 
enipliatical  \  tint  its  si^^niticatiun  is  tntfy  real. 

VKIl'Y,  As  an  nilvirli,  or  nimlifiur  of  adjectives 

anil  adverlis,  very  denotes  in  a  great  degree,  an  emi- 
nent or  higli  degree,  but  not  generally  the  highest ; 
as,  a  very  great  nionntain  ;  a  very  bright  sun  ;  a  vtry 
cold  day  ;  a  very  pernicious  war;  a  very  benevolent 
di>*positi(in  ;  the  river  Hows  very  rapidly. 

VES'l-CAflT,  n.  [Inl'ra.J  A  blistering  application  ; 
an  epispastic.  Biselow. 

VES'I-CaTE,  I'.  (.  [L.  rcsica,  a  little  bladder;  Gr. 
^tvtJKT)^  from  'guffaw,  to  inllate.] 

To  blister ;' to  raise  little  bladders,  or  ."separate  the 
cuticle  by  inllaining  the  skin.  Celsus  recommends 
to  vesicate  the  external  parts  of  wounds.  Wiseman. 

VES'I-CA-TKI),  pp.  Blistered. 

V1:S'I-€a-TI.\'(;,  ppr.  Blistering. 

VES-I-€A'TION,  «.  The  process  of  raising  blisters  or 
little  cuticular  bladders  on  the  skin. 

VES'l-GA-TO-RY,  n.    [Kr.  vc-ticaloire.] 

A  blistering  application  or  plaster  ;  an  epispastic. 

VEST-GLE,  (ves'e-kl,)  n.  [L.  vesicula.  See  Vesi- 
cate.] 

1.  A  little  bladder,  or  a  portion  of  the  cuticle  sep- 
arated from  the  skin  and  filled  with  some  humor. 

2.  Any  small,  membranous  cavity  in  animals  or 
vegetables.  Tlie  lungs  consist  of  vesicles  admitting 
air.  Ray.  Cyc. 

VE-SIC'IJ-LAR,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  vesicles;  con- 
VE-SIU'II-LOUS,  j     sisting  of  vesicles. 

9.  Hollow  ;  full  of  interstices.  Cheyve. 

3.  Having  little  bladders  or  glands  on  the  surface, 
as  the  leaf  of  a  plant. 

VE-Sie'lI-LATE,  a.    B'addery  ;  full  of  bladders. 
VES'PEU,  71.    (L.    This  word  and  Hesperus  are 

probably  of  one  origin,  and  both  from  the  root  of 

wcsf.  ] 

The  evening  star  ;  Venus  ;  also,  the  evening. 
VES'l'ERS,  K. ;)(.    The  evening  song  or  evening  ser- 
vice in  tlie  Roman  ('ntliolic  church. 

Sicilian  rexpers :  the  era  of  tho  general  massacre 
of  the  French  in  Sicily,  on  Easter  evening,  iiSi,  at 
the  loll  of  the  bell  for  vespers. 
VES'PEIl-TI.MC,  a.    [L.  vespertinux.    See  Vesper.] 
I'ertaining  to  the  evening  ;  happening  or  being  in 
the  evening. 

VES'l'I-A-RY,  n.  The  nest  or  habitation  o{  wasps, 
hornets,  &C.C. 

VES'SEL,  n.  f  ft.  vasfllo,  from  va.io,  a  vase  or  vessel ; 
Fr.  raisseaiL ;  Sp.  vasija  ;  from  L.  vas,  vasis.  This 
word  is  probably  the  Eng.  v<U,  in  a  diflerent  dialect ; 
O.  f'L^s,  a  vat ;  irefdss,  a  vessel  ;  fo-^sen,  to  hold  ;  al- 
lied probably  to  fast.  fa.iten.  'l"he  Sp.  vasija  is  from 
the  Latin  ;  but  the  Spanish  has  also  huiel,  a  general 
name  of  all  floating  buildings ;  probably  of  Celtic 
origin.] 

1.  A  cask  or  utensil  proper  for  holding  liquors  and 
other  things,  as  a  tun,  a  pipe,  a  puncheon,  a  hogs- 
head, a  barrel,  a  firkin,  a  bottle,  a  kettle,  a  cup,  a 
A\>\\,  &c. 

2.  In  anatomy,  any  tube  or  canal,  in  which  the 
blood  anil  other  humors  are  contained,  secreted,  or 
cirrnlaled,  as  the  arteries,  veins,  lymphatics,  sper- 
matics,  &c.  Cyc. 

3.  In  tlie  pkysioloiry  of  plants,  a  canal  or  tube  of 
very  small  bore,  in  which  the  sap  is  contained  and 
conveyed  ;  also,  a  bag  or  utricle,  filled  with  pulp,  and 
serving  as  a  reservoir  for  sap;  also,  a  spiral  canal, 
usually  of  a  larger  bore.  Martyn.  Grew. 

4.  Any  structure  ni.ide  to  float  upon  the  water,  for 
purposes  of  connnerce  or  war,  whether  impelled  by 
wind,  steam,  or  oars.  Tutten. 

5.  Something  containing.  jVdton. 
Vessels  of  wratk,\n  Scripture,  nre  such  persons  as 

are  to  receive  the  full  eir-cts  of  (Jod's  wrath  and  in- 
dignation, as  a  punishment  for  their  sins. 

yessels  of  mercy,  are  persons  who  are  to  receive 
the  eflects  of  God's  mercy,  or  future  happiness  and 
glory. 

Clwsen  vessels:  ministers  of  the  gospel,  as  appoint- 
ed to  hear  the  glad  ncivs  of  salvation  to  others ; 
called  also  fartAett  vessels,  on  account  of  their  wirak- 
ness  and  fmilty. 
VES'SEI^,  V.  £.    To  put  into  a  vessel.    [J^ot  in  itse.] 

Bacon. 

VES'SETS,  n.    A  kind  of  cloth.  On. 
VES'Sie-  -VOX.  ;i.    [  r-.  vesica.] 

A  soft  swelling  on  a  horse's  leg,  called  a  VVimd- 
GALL.  Cyc. 
VEST,  n.    [Fr.  vejste;  It.  testa  ;  L.  reMis,  a  coat  or  gar- 
ment ;  vestio,  to  cover  or  clothe,  Goth,  vestyan ;  W. 
gioisff.] 
1.  An  outer  garment. 


Over  his  Iiiciil  armi 
A  miliuiry  vest  of  purple  fluwcil. 


2.  A  waistcoat  or  body  garment  for  men,  without 
sleeves,  and  worn  under  the  coat. 

[This  word,  in  the  latter  sense,  has  passed  from 
France  into  the  United  States,  and  has  chiefly  taken 
the  place  of  Waistcoat.  In  F.itirland,  on  the  con- 
trary, the  latter  word  is  the  ■only  one  in  common  use. 
—  tUl.] 


VEST,  r.  t.  To  clothe ;  to  cover,  surround,  or  encom- 
pass closely. 

Willi  rllicr  vettrdauii  n  purj)!*'  eky.  Dryten. 

3.  To  dress ;  to  clothe  w  itii  a  long  garment ;  as, 
the  vested  jiriest.  JMiltan. 

3.  In  laie,  to  give  an  immediate,  fixed  right  of 
present  or  future  enjoyment ;  as,  an  estate  is  vested 
in  possession.  Bauvier. 

To  vest  witk  ;  to  clothe  ;  to  furnish  with  ;  to  invest 
with  ;  as,  to  vest  a  man  with  authority  ;  to  vest  a 
court  with  power  to  try  cases  of  life  and  death;  to 
vest  one  witit  the  right  of  seizing  slave  ships. 

Had  I  been  vested  tcilli  llic  ino:i:in;li'«  jiowcr.  Prior. 

To  vest  in;  to  put  in  possession  of ;  tofurnish  with  ; 

to  clothe  with.    'I'he  supreme  ex(!cutive  power  in 

England  is  ve.':tcd  in  the  king;  in  the  United  States, 

it  is  vested  in  the  iiresident. 
2.  To  clothe  with  another  form  ;  to  convert  into 

another  substance  or  species  of  property^  as,  to  vest 

money  in  goods ;  to  vest  money  in  land  of  houses  ;  to 

vejt  money  in  bank  stock,  or  in  six  per  cent,  stock  ; 

to  vest  all  one's  property  ih  the  public  funds. 
VEST,  V.  i.    To  come  or  descend  to  ;  to  be  fixed  ;  to 

take  eflect,  as  a  title  or  right.  Upon  the  death  of  the 

ancestor,  the  estate,  or  the  right  to  the  estate,  vests 

in  the  heir  at  law. 
VES'T.A,  n.    [L.]    In  mytltolo^j,  tho  virgin  goddess 

of  the  hearth  or  fire. 
2.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  asteroids,  discovered 

by  Dr.  Olbers  in  ISUT. 
VEST'AL,  a.    [L.  vcstalis,  from  festa,  the  goddess  of 

fire,  Gr.  ttrnn.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Vesta,  the  goddess  of  ijro  among 
the  Romans,  and  a  virgin. 

9.  Pure  ;  chaste.  Shak. 

VEST'AL,  H.  A  virgin  consecrated  to  Vesta,  and  to 
the  service  of  watching  the  sacred  fire,  which  was 
to  be  perpetually  kepi  burning  upon  her  altar.  The 
Vestals  were  six  in  number,  and  they  made  a  vow  of 
perpi  tual  virginity. 

VEST'El),  pp.  Clothed  ;  covered  ;  closely  encom- 
passed. 

2.  a.  Fixed;  not  in  a  state  of  contingency  or  sus- 
pension ;  as,  vested  rights. 

Vested  legacy :  in  law,  a  legacy  the  right  to  which 
commences  in  presenti,  and  does  not  depend  on  a 
contingency,  as  a  legacy  to  one,  to  be  paid  when  he 
attains  to  twenty-one  years  of  age.  This  is  a  vested 
legacy,  and  if  the  legatee  dies  before  the  testator,  his 
representative  shall  receive  it.  Blackstone. 

Vested  remainder,  is  where  the  estate  is  invariably 
fixed,  to  remain  to  a  determined  person,  after  the 
particular  estate  is  spent.  This  is  called  a  remainder 
executed,  by  wliicli  a  jiresent  interest  passes  to  tl;e 
party,  though  to  be  enjoyeil  in  future.  Blackstone. 
VES'r'I-A  RY,  H.    A  wardrobe. 

VE.S-TIB'U-LAR,  a.   Pertaining  to  or  like  a  vestibule. 

VES'TI-RULE,  H.    [Kr. ;  L.  vestibuliim.] 

1.  The  porch  or  entrance  into  a  house,  or  a  large 
open  space  before  the  door,  hut  covered.  Vestibules 
for  magnificence  are  usually  between  the  court  and 
garden. 

9.  A  little  antechamber  before  the  entrance  of  an 
ordinary  aparlinent. 

3.  An  apartment  in  large  buildings,  which  leads 
into  a  hall  or  suit  of  rooms  or  offices.  An  area  in 
which  a  magnificent  staircase  is  carried  up  is  some- 
times called  a  vestibule. 

4.  In  anatomy,  a  cavity  belonging  to  the  labyrinth 
of  the  ear.  Cyc. 

VES'TI-G.5TE.    See  Investioate. 
[Vestioate  is  not  in  use.) 

VES'TIGE,  (ves'tij,)  71.  [Fr.  ;  h.  vcstiirium.  This 
word  and  vestibule  show  tliat  some  verb  signifying 
to  tread,  from  which  they  are  derived,  is  lost  ] 

A  track  or  footstep ;  the  mark  of  the  foot  left  on  the 
earth  ;  but  mostly  used  for  the  mark  or  remains  of 
something  else  ;  as,  the  rcjjdVfj  of  ancient  magnifi- 
cence in  Palmyra;  cc.vfi^M  of  former  population. 

VEST'ING,  />;/r.  [from  vest.]  Clothing;  covering; 
closely  encompassing  ;  descending  to  and  becom- 
ing permanent,  as  a  right  or  title  ;  converting  into 
other  species  of  property,  as  money. 

VEST'ING,  7».    Cloth  for  vests;  vest  p.itterns. 

United  States. 

VEST'MENT,  71.  [L.  vestimentum,  from  vestio,  to 
clothe  ;  Fr.  vStement.] 

.\  covering  or  garment ;  some  part  of  clothing  or 
dress  ;  especially  some  part  of  outer  clothing  ;  but  it 
is  not  restricted  to  any  particular  garment. 

Tbc  Kulptur  could  nut  ^ve  vtttrntnu  suiuible  to  the  qiinlity  of 
Ihe  p>-nions  repivsciikd.  Dryden. 

VEST'RV,  n.    [L.  vestiariiem  ;  Tf^esliaire.] 

1.  A  room  appendant  to  a  church,  in  which  the 
sacerdotal  vestments  and  sacred  utensils  are  kept, 
and  where  parochial  meetings  are  held. 

2.  In  the  church  of  y.nnland,  a  parochial  assembly, 
so  called  because  held  in  a  vestry.  Clarendon. 

3.  In  the  Episcopal  church  of  the  United  States,  a 
committee  chosen  annually  by  the  parish,  who,  in 
conjunction  with  the  church-wardens,  manage  its 
teiiipor.il  concerns.  Crosioell. 


VEST'RV-ei-EKK,i..  [crslry  nni\  rierk.]  An  ulTirer 
chosen  by  the  vestry,  who  keeps  the  |iari.ili  uccoiiiiiji 
and  bonks.  Cyc. 

VEST'RY-.MA.X,  n.  In  the  Kpiseopal  chvrch,  one  be- 
longing to  a  sirlect  number  of  persons  in  each  panr>h, 
who  manage  its  teiiipural  concerns.    [See  Vestbv.J 

VEST'URE,  (ve.st'yiir,)  n.    [Fr.  vHure.    See  Vstr.] 

1.  A  garment ;  a  robe. 

Their  polished  cllcnlJ  eiilbroitlercd  veglure  gruc/jd.  Pop*. 

2.  Dress;  garments  in  generar;  habit;  clothing; 
vestment ;  as,  the  vesture  of  priests. 

3.  Clothing  ;  covering. 

RociiH,  precip'Cea,  ami  ffvilfi,  appareled  wldi  a  vetlare  of  planti. 

BenlJeo. 

And  jrild  (he  huiiiMc  o€«ture$  of  the  plain.  TrurntjuU. 

4.  In  old  law  books,  the  corn  with  which  land  was 
covered  ;  as,  the  vesture  of  an  acre. 

."j.  \n  old  books,  »fi^iu  .  possession.  [06.*.] 
VE-SO'VI-A.\,  a.    Pertaining  to  Vesuvius,  a  volcano 
near  Naples. 

VE-SO'VI-AN,  n.  In  mineralogy,  tho  same  with  Ido- 
CRASE,  which  see.  Dana. 

VETCH,  71.  [Fr.  vesee;  It.  reccia;  L.  vicia ;  Sp.  oeza ; 
I),  wik,  wtkke,  vetch,  and  a  weight ;  wikken,  to  weigh  ; 
G.  wic/ic,  a  vetch  ;  wickel,n  rtiiier ;  iric/i/i^',  weighty  ; 
wickeln,  to  wind  up.  We  see  vetch  is  from  the  root 
of  weiirh,  wair,  wi^'^rle,  and  signifies  a  little  niller.] 

A  leguminous  plant  of  the  genus  Vicia.  It  is  a 
coininon  name  of  most  species  of  the  genus.  The 
name  is  also  apjilied,  with  various  epithets,  to  many 
other  leguminous  plants  of  dilferent  genera  ;  as,  the 
chichting  vetch,  of  the  genus  Lathyrns  ;  the  horse- 
shoe vetch,  of  the  genus  lii|ipocrepis ;  the  inilk  vetcli, 
of  the  genus  Astragalus,  Ate.  Lee. 

VETCII'LI.NG,  H.  (from  velrh.]  In  botany,  a  name 
of  a  leguniiiioiis  plant,  the  Lalliyrus  aphaca,  expres- 
sive of  its  diminutive  size.  Tile  meadow  vetehling 
is  a  wild  plant  coiiiinoii  in  meadows,  which  makes 
good  bar. 

VETCli'V,  o.    Consisting  of  vetches  or  of  pea  straw  ; 
as,  a  vetch y  bed.  Spenser. 
9.  AbciiiiMling  with  vetches. 

VET'EK-AN,  a.  [I<.  vetcranus,  from  vetero,  to  grow 
old,  from  vetus,  old.] 

liaving  been  long  exerci.sed  in  any  thing;  long 
practiced  or  experienced  ;  as,  a  veteran  oflicer  or  sol- 
dier ;  veteran  ^kiW.  Thomson. 

VET'ER-A.V,  71.    tine  who  has  been  long  exercised  in 
any  service  or  art,  particularly  in  war;  one  who  has 
grown  old  in  service,  and  has  hail  much  exiierience. 
Kiidiirns  ihiil  pierceil  Ihe  foe's  reinolfsi  Iine«, 
The  hardy  vruran  with  leani  reaigii*.  Addiaon. 

VET-ER-I-Na'RI-AN,  71.    [L.  veteriuarias.] 

One  skilled  in  the  diseases  of  cattle  or  domestic 
animals.  B-^own. 

VET'ER-I-N.\-RV,  a.  [.Supra.]  Pertaining  to  the  art 
of  healing  or  treating  the  diseases  of  domestic  ani- 
mals, as  oxen,  horses,  sheep,  &c.  A  veterinary  col- 
lege was  established  in  England  in  I7ihi,  at  .St.  Pan- 
eras,  in  the  vicinity  of  l.oniUui.  The  ini|iroveinent 
of  the  veterinary  art  is  of  great  importance  to  the  ng- 
riciiltnral  interest. 

VE'TO,  71. ;  pi.  Vetoes,  (ve'toze.)  [L.  t-rto,  I  forbid.] 
I.  The  pov>  er  possessed  by  the  executive  bruich 
of  a  legislative  body,  as  a  king,  president,  governor, 
&,c.,  to  neg.itive  a  bill  which  lias  passed  the  other 
branches  of  the  legislature.  Also,  the  act  of  exer- 
cising this  power.  Boncier. 
9.  In  a  looser  scn.ie,  any  authoritative  prohibilion. 

VK'TO,  0.  t.  To  withhold  assent  to  a  bill  for  a  law, 
and  thus  prevent  its  enactment. 

VE'TO-f;D,  (-loile,)  prel.  and  pp.  of  Veto,  which  see. 

VE''1'0-ING,  ppr.  Withholding  assent  to  and  pre- 
venting the  enactment  of. 

VET-TU'RjI,  n.    An  Italian  four-wheeled  carriage. 

VET-TU-RPjVO,  n.  In  Italy,  one  who  carries  travel- 
ers from  one  place  to  another  in  a  vettura,  or  four- 
wheeled  carriage,  at  a  price  agreed  on. 

VEX,  r.  t.  [Ij.  veio  ;  Fr.  vezer  ;  It.  vessare  ;  Sp. 
verar.] 

1.  To  irritate  ;  to  make  angry  by  little  provoca- 
tions ;  a  popular  use  of  the  word. 
9.  To  plague  ;  to  torment ;  to  liarasa ;  to  afflict. 
Ten  lhou5.-\nd  tormenu  vis  my  he:>rt.  Prior. 

3.  To  disturb  ;  to  disquiet ;  to  agitate. 

White  curl  Uie  whvcj,  nod  the  vezed  ocean  ro.in.  Popi. 

4.  To  trouble  ;  to  distress. 

1  will  also  PCX  Uie  hearu  of  many  people.  —  Y,v\.  xxxii. 

5.  To  persecute.    Acts  xii. 

G.  To  stretch,  as  by  hooks.    [.AVf  in  use.] 

Dryden. 

VEX,  V.  i.    To  fret ;  to  be  teased  or  irritated. 

Chapman. 

VEX-.A'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  veiatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  irritating,  or  of  troubling,  disquiet- 
ing, and  harassing. 

2.  State  of  being  irritated  or  disturbed  in  mind. 

3.  Disquiet ;  agitation  ;  great  uneasiness. 

Pauioni  too  violent  —  attorvl  u«  vxnaon  and  pain.  Tmplt. 

4.  The  cause  of  trouble  or  disquiet. 

Vonr  chtldr-n  weiv  vesnlion  to  your  youth.  Shak. 


TONE,  BKLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUe.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


155 


L  [ 


VIB 

6  Afflirtions  ;  great  troubles    severe  judgments. 
The  Lord  shall  send  on  Ihee  cursi..^,  vexaiion,  and  rcbuke.  — 
Deul.  zxviii. 

6.  A  harassing  by  law.  Bacon. 

7.  A  slight,  teasing  trouble. 
VEX-A'TIOUS,  (vek-sa'shus,)  o.     Irritating ;  dis- 
turbing or  agitating  to  the  mind  ;  causing  disquiet  ; 
afflictive  J  as,  a  vexatious  controversy  j  a  vexatious 
neighbor. 

2.  Distressing;  harassing;  as,  vexatious  wais. 

South. 

3.  Full  of  trouble  and  disquiet. 

He  leads  a  vsxa^ous  life.  Digby. 

4.  Teasing;  sliglitly  troublesome  ;  provoking. 

A  vexatious  suit,  i"  'aw,  is  oue  commenced  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  trouble,  or  without  cause. 

VEX-A'TIOCS-LY,  adc.  In  a  manner  to  give  great 
trouble  or  disquiet. 

VEX-.\'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  giving  great 
trouble  and  disquiet,  or  of  teasing  and  provoking. 

VEX'f;D,  (vext,)  pp.  or  a.  Teased  ;  provoked  ;  irri- 
tated ;  troubled  ;  agitated  ;  disquieted  ;  afflicted. 

VEX'ER,  71.    One  who  vexes,  irritates,  or  troubles. 

VEX  IL'LUM  S  "■         '-'''■'^'""'"i  standard.] 

A  flag  or  standard.    In  botany,  the  upper  petal  of 

a  papilionaceous  tiower.  JMartyn. 
VEX'IL-L.\-RY,  II.    A  standard-bearer. 
VEX'IL.-L.-V-RV,a.    Pert.iiiiing  to  an  ensign  orstand- 

ard. 

VEX-IL-L.X'TIO\,  7!.    [L.  rexillatio.] 

A  company  of  troops  under  one  ensign. 
VEX'ING,  ppr.    Provoking;  irritating;  afflicting. 
VEX'ING-LY,  adu.    So  as  to  vex,  tease,  or  irritate. 

Tatler. 

Yl'.K,  n.  [L.]  A  way  Fia  Albany,  by  the  way  of 
Albany. 

\TA-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  vie,  life,  from  L.  vivo,  to  live.] 
Capable  of  living,  as  a  new-born  infant  or  prema- 
ture child.  T.  Miner. 

Vl'A-DU€T,  71.  [L.  via,  way,  and  duco,  to  lead. 
See  Duke.] 

A  structure  made  for  conveying  a  carriage  way 
from  one  road  to  another,  either  by  perforation 
through  hills,  by  leveling  uneven  ground,  or  by  rais- 
ing mounds  or  arched  supports  across  rivers  or 
rnarshes.  Sanckeij  on  Railroads. 

Vl'AL,  71.    [Fr.  viole  ;  Gr.  fia^n  ;  L.  phiala.] 

A  phial ;  a  small  bottle  of  thin  glass,  used  partic- 
ularly by  apothecaries  and  druggists. 

Samuel  took  a  vial  of  oil,  and  pouted  it  on  his  head.  —  I  Sam.  x. 

yials  of  God's  wrath,  in  Scripture,  are  the  execution 
of  his  wrath  upon  the  wicked  for  their  sins.  Mev. 
jvi. 

Vl'AL,  v.  t.    To  put  in  a  vial.  jMilton. 
VI'AL-EI),  pp.    Put  in  a  vial. 
VI'AI^I\G, Inclosing  in  a  vial. 
Vl'A.\D,  71.    [Fr.  viande;  from  It.  vicanda  ;  h.  viven- 
dus,  vivo,  to  live.] 
Meat  dressed  ;  food. 

Viands  of  various  Itiiids  allure  the  taste.  Pope. 
\It  is  used  chiejiy  in  Hie  plural.] 
Vl'.'\-RY,  a.    Happening  in  roads. 
VI-AT'lG,  a.    [L.  viaticum,  from  via,  way.] 

Pertaining  to  a  journey  or  to  traveling. 
VI-AT'I-eU.M,  71.    [L.  supra.]    Provisions  for  a  jour- 
ney. 

2.  Among  the  ancient  RoTiians,  an  allowance  to 
officers  who  were  sent  into  the  provinces  to  exercise 
any  office  or  perform  any  service,  also  to  the  officers 
and  soldiers  of  the  army.  Cyc. 

3.  In  tite  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  communion  or 
encharist  given  to  persons  in  their  last  moments. 

VI' BR  ATE,  c.  1.  [L.  vibro  ;  It.  cibrare.  This  word 
belongs  to  the  root  of  Eng.  wabble;  W.  irmibiaw,  to 
wander,  to  move  in  a  circular  or  serpentine  direc- 
tion.] 

1.  To  swing  ;  to  oscillate  ;  to  move  one  way  and 
the  other  ;  to  play  to  and  fro  ;  as,  the  pendulum  of  a 
clock  vibrates  more  or  less  rapidly,  as  it  is  shorter  or 
longer ;  the  chords  of  an  instrument  vibrate  when 
touched. 

2.  To  quiver ;  as,  a  whisper  viirates  on  the  ear. 

Pope. 

3.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another ;  as,  a  man 
vibrates  from  one  opinion  to  amither. 

VI'BRATE,  v.  L    To  brandish  ;  to  move  to  and  fro  ; 
to  swing  ;  as,  to  vibrate  a  sword  or  staff.    The  pen- 
dulum of  a  clock  vibrates  seconds. 
2.  To  cause  to  quiver. 

Breath  vocaliiet),  that  is,  vit^raled  or  undulated,  may  difTercntl^ 
atlecl  the  lip«,  and  imprew  a  swi/t,  tremulous  motion. 

Holdtr. 

VT'UnA-TED,  pp.  Brandished  ;  moved  one  way  and 
the  olher. 

VI'BRA-TILE,  (-til,)a.  Aflapted  to  or  used  in  vibrato- 
ry motion  ;  as,  the  vibratile  organs  of  certain  insects. 

Say. 

VT-llRA  TIL'I-TY,  n.  Disposition  to  preterniiltirnl 
vibration  or  motion.    [JVril  murh  used.]  Hush. 

VT'IIKA-TING,  ppr.  Brandishing;  moving  to  and 
fro,  a*  a  peniiiilum  or  musical  chord. 


VIC 

VI-BRA'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  nbro.] 

1.  The  act  of  brandishing  ;  the  act  of  moving  or 
state  of  being  moved  one  way  and  the  other  in  quick 
succession. 

2.  In  mechanics,  a  regular,  reciprocal  motion  of  a 
body  suspended  ;  a  morion  consisting  of  continual 
reciprocations  or  returns ;  as  of  the  pendulum  of  a 
time-keeper.  This  is  frequently  called  Oscillation. 
The  number  of  vibrations  in  a  given  time  depends  on 
the  length  of  the  vibrating  body  ;  a  pendulum  three 
feet  long  makes  only  ten  vibrations,  while  one  of  nine 
inches  makes  twenty.  The  vibratiojis  of  a  pendu- 
lum are  somewhat  slower  at  or  near  the  equjitor  than 
in  remote  latitudes.  The  vibrations  of  a  pendulum 
are  isochronal,  whether  performed  in  larger  or  smaller 
arcs.  Hutton. 

3.  In  physics,  alternate  or  reciprocal  motion  ;  as, 
the  vibrations  of  the  nervous  fluid,  by  which  sensa- 
tion has  been  supposed  to  be  produced,  by  impres- 
sions of  external  objects  propagated  thus  to  the  brain. 

Cyc. 

4.  In  music,  the  motion  of  a  chord,  or  the  undu- 
lation of  any  body,  by  which  sountl  is  produced. 
The  acuteness,  elevation,  and  gravity  of  sound,  de- 
pend on  the  length  of  the  chord  and  its  tension. 

VI-BRA'TI-UN-€LE,  (-unk-1,)  7i.   A  small  vibration. 

Chambers.  Cyc. 

VT'BRA-TIVE,  a.   That  vibrates.  JVewton. 

Vl'BR.\-TO-RY,  a.    Vibrating;  consisting  in  vibra- 
tion or  oscillation  ;  as,  a  vibratory  motion. 
2.  Causing  to  vibrate. 

VICAR,  71.  [Fr.  vicairc;  It.  vicario ;  L.  vicarius,  from 
vicis,  a  turn,  or  its  root.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  person  deputed  or  author- 
ized to  perforin  the  functions  of  another  ;  a  substi- 
tute in  office.  The  pope  claims  to  be  vicar  of  Jesus 
Christ  on  earth.  He  has  under  him  a  grand  vicar, 
who  is  a  cardinal,  and  whose  jurisdiction  extends 
over  all  priests,  regular  and  secular. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  the  priest  of  a  parish,  the 
predial  tithes  of  which  are  impropriated  or  appropri- 
ated, that  is,  belong  to  a  chapter  or  religious  house, 
or  to  a  layman,  who  receives  thein,  and  only  allows 
the  vicar  the  smaller  tithes  or  a  salary.  Cyc. 

.Apostolic  vicar,  in  the  Rowan  Catholic  church,  is  an 
officer  of  high  standing,  who  has  received  power 
from  the  pope  to  decide  in  certain  cases  without  in- 
structions. Encyc.  Jim. 

Vie'AR-AGE,  71.  The  benefice  of  a  vicar.  .4  vicar- 
age, by  endowment,  becomes  a  bentfice  distinct  from 
the  parsonage.  Ctjc. 

Vie'.\R-GEi\'ER-AL,  71.  A  title  given  by  Henry 
VIII.  to  the  earl  of  Essex,  with  power  to  oversee  all 
the  clergy,  and  regulate  all  church  affairs.  It  is  now 
the  title  of  an  office,  which,  as  well  as  that  of  offi- 
cial principal,  is  united  in  the  chancellor  of  the  dio- 
cese. The  business  of  the  vicar-general  is  to  exer- 
cise jurisdiction  over  matters  purely  spiritual.  Cyc. 

Vl-eA'RI-.\L,  a.  [from  cit-ar.]  Pertaining  to  a  vicar; 
small  ;  as,  vicarial  tithes. 

VI  €A'I{I-.\TE,  a.    Having  delegated  power,  as  vicar. 

Barrow. 

\^-eA'R^ATE,  ti.    a  delegattid  office  or  power. 
Vl-eA'RI-OUS,  a.    [L.  vicarius.]         [Lord  J^'orth. 

1.  Deputed  ;  delegated  ;  as,  vicarious  power  or  au- 
thority. 

2.  Acting  for  another ;  filling  the  pKace  of  another; 
as,  a  vicarious  agent  or  officer. 

3.  .Substituted  in  the  place  of  another;  as,  a  cica- 
rious  sacrifice.  The  doctrine  of  vicarious  punishment 
lias  occasioned  much  controversv. 

Vi  eA'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  the  place  of  another  ;  by 
substitution.  Burke. 

VICAR-SHIP,  71.  The  office  of  a  vicar;  the  ministry 
of  a  vicar. 

VICE,  71.  [Fr.  vice;  It.  vizio;  Sp.  vicio ;  L.  vitium; 
\V.  gjpyd.] 

1.  Properly,  a  spot  or  defect ;  a  fault ;  a  blemish  ; 
as,  the  vices  of  a  political  constitution.  Madison. 

2.  In  ethics,  any  voluntary  action  or  course  of  con- 
duct which  deviates  from  the  rules  of  moral  recti- 
tude, or  from  the  plain  rules  of  propriety  ;  any  moral 
unfitness  of  conduct,  either  from  defect  of  duty  or 
from  the  transgression  of  known  principles  of  recti- 
tude. Fice  differs  from  crime  in  being  less  enor- 
mous. We  never  call  murder  or  robbery  a  cicc ;  but 
every  act  of  intemperance,  all  falsehood,  duplicity, 
deception,  lewdness,  and  the  like,  is  a  vice.  The 
excessive  indulgence  of  passions  and  appetites,  which 
in  themselves  are  innocent,  is  a  vice.  The  smoking 
of  tobacco  and  the  taking  of  snuff  may,  in  certain 
cases,  be  innocent,  and  oven  U-seful  ;  but  these  prac- 
tices may  be  carried  to  such  an  excess  as  to  become 
vices.  This  word  is  also  used  to  denote  a  habit  of 
transgressing  ;  as,  a  life  of  vice.  Vice  is  rarely  n  sol- 
itary invader ;  it  usually  brings  with  it  a  frightful 
train  of  followers. 

3.  Depravity  or  corruption  of  manners ;  as,  an  age 
of  vice. 

M'hen  vie*  prevaili,  and  Impious  men  bear  tway, 

'I'lie  post  of  honor  u  a  private  station.  AdJiton. 

4.  A  fault  or  bad  trick  in  a  horse. 

r>.  In  </ie  old  F.nirliih  drama,  (the  mysteries,  &.C.,) 


VIC 

a  buffoon  wearing  a  cap  with  ass's  ears,  whose  office 
was  to  torment  and  belabor  another  buffoon  who 
represented  the  devil.  P.  Cyc. 

6.  An  iron  press  with  a  screw,  for  holding  articles 
fast  when  filed,  &c.  [This  would  more  properly  be 
written  Vise,  like  the  French  vis,  a  screw.] 

7.  A  gripe  or  grasp.    [  Obs.]  Shak. 
VICE,  V.  t.     To  press  or  screvi  vp  to  a  thing  by  a 

kind  of  violence.    [JVot  in  use.]    [See  Vise.]  Shak. 

VICE  [L.  vice,  in  the  turn  or  place]  is  used  in  compo- 
sition to  denote  one  ?iii  vicem  gerit,  who  acts  in  the 
place  of  another,  or  is  second  in  authority. 

ViCE-AD'.MI-RAL,  7i.  In  the  navy,  the  second  officer 
in  command.  His  flag  is  displayed  at  the  fore  top- 
gallant mast  heatl.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  civil  officer,  in  Great  Britain,  appointed  by  the 
lords  commissioners  of  the  admiralty  for  exercising 
admiralty  jurisdiction  within  their  respective  dis- 
tricts. 

VICE-AD'.\lI-RALr-TY,  7i.  The  office  of  a  vice-ad- 
miral ;  a  vice-admiralty  court. 

VlCE-A'GENT,  71.  [vice  and  agent.]  One  who  acts 
in  the  place  of  another.  Hooker, 

VlCE-CHAM'I!ER-LAIN,  (-lin,)  71.  An  officer  in 
court  next  in  command  to  the  lord-chamberlain. 

Entrland. 

VICE-CHSN'CEI.rLOR,  71.  An  officer  in  a  univer- 
sity, in  En<.'land,  a  distinguished  member,  who  is 
annually  elected  to  manage  the  affairs  in  the  absence 
of  the  chancellor.  Cyc. 

VICE-eON'SUL,  71.  One  who  acts  in  the  place  of  a 
consul. 

VI'C£D,  (vist,)  a.    Vicious ;  corrupt.  [J^otinuse.] 

Shak. 

ViCE-DoGE',  71.  .\  counselor  at  Venice  who  repre- 
sents the  doge  when  sick  or  absent.  Ciic. 

VICE-Ge'REN-CY,  71.  [See  Vicegerent.]  The  of- 
fice of  a  vicegerent ;  agency  under  another  ;  dejiiited 
power  ^  lieutenancy.  South. 

\1CE-Ge'RENT,  71.  [L.  viccm  gerens,  acting  in  the 
place  of  another.] 

A  lieutenant;  a  vicar;  an  officer  who  is  deputed 
by  a  superior  or  by  proper  authority  to  exercise  the 
powers  of  another.  Kings  are  sometimes  called 
Ood's  vicegerent':.  It  is  to  be  wished  they  would  al- 
ways d_eserve  the  appellation. 

VICE-Ge'RENT,  a.  Having  or  exercising  delegated 
power ;  acting  by  substitution,  or  in  the  place  of  an- 
other. Jtlilton. 

ViCE-LEG'.4TE,  71.  An  officer  employed  by  the  pope 
to  perform  the  office  of  spiritual  and  temporal  gov- 
ernor ill  certain  cities,  when  there  is  no  legate  or  car- 
dinal to  command  there.  Cyc. 

VIC'E-NA-RY,  a.    [L.  Kiceiiariits.] 
Beloiising  to  twenty. 

VlCE-PRES'I-DEi\-CY,  71.  The  office  of  vice-presi- 
dent. Stonj. 

VICE-PRES'I-DENT,  71.  An  officer  next  in  rank  be- 
low a  president.  United  State.'i. 

VICE-Re'GAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  viceroy  or  vice- 
rovaltv. 

VICE'ROY,  71.    [Fr.  viceroi.] 

The  governor  of  a  kingtlom  or  country  who  rules 
in  the  name  of  the  king  with  rcgti!  authority,  as  the 
king's  substitute.  Swift. 

VICE-ROV'AL-TY,  71.  The  dignity,  office,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  viceroy. 

VICE'ROY-SHIP,  71.  The  dignity,  office,  or  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  viceroy. 

VICE-SUP-PRESS'ING,  a.  Adapted  to  suppress 
vice. 

VI'CE-TY,  71.    Nicety  ;  exactness.  B.  Jonson. 

[JV(i(  in  use;  probably  a  viistakc] 
VI'CE  VEH'SA,  [L.]    The  terms  or  the  case  being 
reversetl. 

VI"CI.\TE,  (vish'ate,)  v.  t.  [L.  vitio.  This  verb  is 
usually  written  Vitiate  ;  but  as  vice,  from  L.  vitium, 
is  e.-itablished,  it  would  be  well  to  write  the  verb 
ViciATE,  as  we  write  Api-keciate  and  DErnEciATE, 
from  Ij.  prctium.] 

1.  To  injure  the  substance  or  properties  of  a  thing 
so  as  to  impair  its  value,  and  lessen  or  destroy  its  use; 
to  make  less  pure,  or  wholly  impure  ;  to  depr.ave,  in 
a  physical  or  moral  sense;  as,  to  viciatc  the  blood  ;  to 
viciaie  taste  or  style  ;  to  viciate  morals. 

2.  To  rentier  defective,  and  thus  destroy  the  valid- 
ity of;  to  invalidate  by  defect ;  as,  loiiciate  a  deed 
or  bfuitl. 

V1"C1A-TED,  (vish'i-ted,)  pp.  or  a.  Depraved  ;  iin- 
pairetl  in  substance  or  quality  ;  rendered  defective 
and  void. 

V1"CIA-TIXG,  ppr.  Injuring  in  substance  of  proper- 
ties ;  rendering  defective  ;  making  void. 

VI"CI-A'TION,  n.    Depravalitm  ;  corruption. 

VIC'IN-AGE,  71.  [from  L.  ticinia,  neighborhood  ;  vi- 
cious, near.] 

Neighborhood  ;  the  place  or  places  atljoining  or 
near.  A  jury  must  be  of  the  vicinage,  or  body  of  the 
coiintv. 

In  Inw,  common  because  of  vicinage  is  where  the 
inhabitants  of  two  townships  contiguous  lu  each 
other  have  usually  intercoiiimuned  with  (me  anoth- 
er ;  the  beasts  of  one  stmying  into  the  other's  fieldi 
without  molestation  from  either.  Btackstone. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PUgY  PINU,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


VIC 


VIE 


VIG 


VIC'I-NAL,  j  a.  Near ;  neighboring.  [Litlle  used.] 
VIU'INE,  OlaiwiUe. 
VI-CIN'I-TY,  n.    [I,.  vicinila.i.-\ 

1.  Nenrness  in  place  ;  as,  the  vicinity  of  two  coun- 
try seats. 

3.  Ncieliborliood  ;  as,  a  seat  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
nu'tropolm. 

3.  Neiglihoring  country.    Vecetablcs  produced  in 
tho  vicinilij  of  the  city  arc  daily  brought  to  market. 
The  vicinitti  is  full  of  gardens. 
VI"CI-OS'I-TY,  n.    Depravity  ;  corruption  of  man- 
ners. ^ 
[But  ViciousNEss  is  generally  used.] 
VI"C10Uf,  (vish'us,)  (I.    [Pr.  vicieuz  ;  L.  vitiosus.] 

1.  Drfi'ctive ;  imperfect ;  as,  a  system  of  covcrn- 
nient  vicious  and  unsound.  llartc. 

2.  Addicted  to  vice  ;  corrupt  in  principles  or  con- 
duct ;  depraved  ;  wicked  ;  habitually  transgressing 
the  moral  law  ;  as,  a  vicious  race  of  men  ;  vicious  pa- 
rents ;  vicious  children. 

3.  Corrupt ;  contrary  to  moral  principles  or  to  rec- 
titude; as,  t'l'cioiis  examples  ;  vicious  conduct. 

4.  Corrupt,  in  a  physical  sense;  foul ;  impure  ;  insa- 
lubrious ;  as,  vicious  air. 

5  Corrupt;  not  genuine  or  pure;  as,  vicious  lan- 
guage ;  vicioiis  idioms. 

6.  Unruly  ;  refractory ;  not  well  tamed  or  broken  ; 
OS,  a  vicious  liorse.  Smart. 
VI"CIOUlS-LY,  adv.    Corruptly  ;  in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  rectitude,  moral  principles,  propriety,  or  pu- 
rity. 

a.  Fatillily  ;  not  correctly.  Burnet. 
VI"C10l'S-NESS,  n.    Addictedness  to  vice  ;  corrupt- 
ness of  moral  principles  or  practice  ;  habitual  viola- 
tion of  the  moral  law,  or  of  moral  duties ;  depravity 
in  principles  or  in  manners. 

\Vh:il  iii.ikt'i*  ti  governor  Jually  do^pl^d,  id  tttciousnes»  niul  ill 
mor.vlH.  Soutfi. 

5.  Unruliness;  refractoriness;  as  of  a  beast. 

JVcw  Rngland. 
VI-CIS'SI-TUDE,  71.     [L.  vieissitudo ;  from  vicis,  a 
turn.] 

1.  Kegulnr  change  or  succession  of  one  thing  to 
another  ;  as,  [he  vicissitudes  of  day  and  night,  and  of 
winter  and  summer;  the  vicitsitudes  of  the  seasons 

2.  Change  ;  revolution  ;  as  in  human  affairs.  We 
are  exposed  to  continual  vicissitudes  of  fortune. 

VI-CIS-SI-TU'DI-NA-RY,  o.    Changing  in  succes- 
sion. Donne. 
Vl-eON'TI-EL,  a.  [h.  vice-comitalia.  See  Viscount.] 
In  old  lam  books,  pertaining  to  the  sheriff. 
yiconticl  rents,  arc  certain  rents  for  which-  the  sher- 
iff pays  a  rent  to  the  king. 

Vieontirl  writs,  are  such  as  are  triable  in  the  coun- 
ty or  sheriff  court.  Cue. 
VI-eO\'TI  EI.S,  n.  pi.  Things  belonging  to  the  sher- 
iff; particularly,  farms. for  which  the  sheritf  pays  rent 
to  the  king.  Cyc, 
VITtJUNT,  n.    [L.  vice-comes.] 

1.  In  law  books,  the  sheriff. 

2.  .\  degree  of  nobility  next  below  a  count  or  carl. 
IPee  Viscount.]  Cfc. 

Vie'TI.M,  H.    [L.  victima  ;  Fr.  victime.] 

1.  A  living  being  sacrificed  to  some  deity,  or  in  the 
performance  of  a  religious  rite  ;  usually,  some  beast 
slain  in  sacrifice  ;  but  human  beings  have  been  slain 
by  some  nations,  for  the  purpose  of  appeasing  the 
wrath  or  concili.atin"  the  favor  of  some  deity. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  destroyed  ;  a  perscm  or  thing 
sacrificed  in  the  pursiiil  of  an  object.  How  many 
persons  have  fallen  victims  to  jealousy,  to  lust,  to 
ambition  ! 

Vie'TI.M-ATE,  V.  U   To  sacrifice.    [J^ot  in  «.«c.l 

Bullokar. 

VIC'TIM-IZE,  t;.  t.  To  m.ike  a  victim  of ;  to  sacri- 
fice or  destroy.    [.^  cant,  but  common  word.] 

VICTOR,  «.  [L.,  from  vinco,  victus,  to  conquer,  or 
the  same  root.  A"  not  being  radical,  the  root  is  vico 
or  vigo ;  Sax.  iri;^,  iciirtr,  war ;  wirra,  a  warrior,  .a  he- 
ro, a  victor  ;  uigan,  to  war,  to  tight.  The  prim.iry 
sense  is,  to  urge,  drive,  or  strive  ;  hence,  lo-suhduc.J 

1.  One  who  conquers  in  war  ;  a  vanquisher  ;  one 
who  defeats  an  enemy  in  battle.  Victor  diirL,rs  from 
conqueror.  We  apply  conqueror  to  one  wjio  subdues 
countries,  kingdoms,  or  nations  ;  as,  Alexander  was 
the  conqueror  of  .\sia  or  India,  or  of  many  nations,  or 
of  the  world.  In  such  phrases,  we  can  not  substi- 
tute cicfor.  Hut  we  use  victor  whep  wo  speak  of  one 
who  overcomes  a  particular  enemy,  or  in  a  particular 
battle  ;  as,  Ce>ar  was  victor  at  I'barsalia.  The  duke 
of  Wellingloii  was  nctor  at  Waterloo.  Victor,  then, 
is  not  fidlowed  by  the  possessive  case;  for  we  do  not 
say,  Alexander  was  the  victor  of  Darius,  tliou;:li  we 
say,  he  was  eictor  at  Arbela.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  vanquishes  another  in  private  combat 
or  contest ;  as,  a  nctar  in  the  Olympic  games. 

3.  One  who  wins  or  gains  the  advantage. 

In  love,  the  eictorc  from  the  Taiiqtiished  fly  ; 

Tif  v  lijr  ih.tl  wounil,  nod  Ihi-y  poniie  that  die.  WcOltr. 

4.  Master ;  lord. 

These  ririor  of  liii  h'allh,  his  rottuiie,  frieniU.  Popt. 
[Sot  luual,  nor  tegiumau.] 

Vlfc'TOR-ESS,  n,  A  female  who  vanquishes.  Spenser. 


Vie-TO'RI-OUS,  a.    [Fr.  rictorieux.] 

1.  Having  ctmquered  in  ballle  or  contest ;  having 
overcome  an  enemy  or  antagonist ;  conquering  ;  van- 
quishing ;  as,  a  victorious  general ;  victorious  troops  ; 
a  victorious  admiral  or  navy. 

2.  That  produces  conquest ;  as,  a  victorious  day. 

Pope. 

3.  Emblematic  of  conquest ;  indicating  victory  ; 
as,  brows  bound  with  victorious  wreaths.  Sliali. 

Vie-TO'RI-OUS-LY,  nJti.  With  conquest  ;  with  de- 
feat of  an  enemy  or  antagonist  ;  triuniplinnlly  ;  us, 
grace  will  carry  us  victoriously  through  all  dill'iculties. 

Hammond. 

VIC-TO'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  victo- 
rious. 

VIC'I'O-R  Y,  ti.  [L.  victoria,  from  vinco,  victvs,  to  con- 
quer ;  Fr.  victoire.] 

1.  Conquest ;  the  defeat  of  an  eni'iiiy  in  liatlle,  or 
of  an  nntagonist  in  contest  ;  n  gaining  of  the  superi- 
ority in  war  or  combat.  Victory  stijiposes  the  power 
of  an  enemy  or  anlagoiiist  to  prove  inferior  to  that 
of  the  victor.  Victory,  however,  depends  not  al- 
ways on  superior  skill  or  valor  ;  it  is  often  gained  by 
the  fault  or  mistake  of  the  vanquished. 

Victory  tn.iy  he  hoiiumhle  to  lliu  urma,  hut  Bhanicfvil  to  the  coun- 
HiTs  of  a  nation.  liohn^broke, 

2.  The  advantage  or  superiority  gained  over  spiril- 
u.il  enemies,  over  passions  and  appetites,  or  over 
temptations,  or  in  any  struggle  or  competition. 

VICTRESS,  II.    A  female  that  coiuiuers,  Sha!i. 

VICT'UAL.    See  Victuals. 

VICT'UAL,  (vit'l,)  r.  t.    [from  victual,  the  noun.] 

1.  To  supply  with  provisions  for  subsistence ;  as, 
to  victual  an  army  ;  to  victual  a  garrison. 

2.  To  store  with  provisions  ;  as,  to  victual  a  ship. 
VICT'OAL-fiD,  (vit'ld,)  pp.     Supplied  with  provis- 
ions. 

VICT'UAL-ER,  (vit'ler,)  n.  One  who  furnishes  pro- 
visions. 

2.  One  who  keeps  a  house  of  entertainment. 

3.  A  provision-ship  ;  a  ship  employed  to  carry  ^iro- 
visions  for  other  ships,  or  for  supplying  troops  at  a 
distance. 

VICT'UAL-ING,  (vit'ling,)  ppr.  Supplying  with  pro- 
visions. 

VICT'UAL-ING-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where  provis- 
ion is  inatle  ftir  stranger.-,  to  eat. 

VICT'UALS,  (vit'tlz,)  n.  [Fl.  victuailles  ;  It.  vello- 
vaglia  :  Sp.  vitualla;  from  L.  I'lcfu*-,  food,  from  the 
root  of  vivo,  which  was  vigo  or  vico,  coinciding  with 
vigeo  ,•  Basque,  vicia,  life.  This  word  is  now  never 
used  in  the  singular.] 

Food  for  human  beings,  prepared  for  eating;  that 
which  supports  liuiiian  life;  (irovisions  ;  meat;  sus- 
tenance. We  never  apply  this  word  to  that  on 
which  beasts  or  birds  feed,  and  we  apply  it  chiefly 
to  food  for  men  when  cooked  or  |irepared  for  the  ta- 
ble. We  do  not  now  give  this  name  to  flesh,  corn, 
or  flour  in  a  crude  st.ate  ;  but  we  say,  the  victuals  are 
well  cooked  or  dressed,  and  in  great  abundance. 
We  s,ay,  a  man  eats  his  victuals  Willi  a  good  relish. 

Such  phrases  as,  to  buy  victual  for  the  army  or 
navy,  to  lay  in  victuals  for  the  winter,  &c.,  are  now 
obsolete.  We  say,  to  buy  provisions  ;  yet  we  use  the 
verb,  to  victual  an  army  or  ship. 

VlDAMtJ ,  n.  Ill  French  feudal  iurv^mdence,  a  name 
given  to  a  class  of  officers  who  represented  the  bish- 
ops, and  who  subseipiently  erected  their  offices  into 
fiefs,  and  became  feudal  nobles.  Brandc. 

Vl'PF.,  [L.]  See. 

V1-I)EI,'1-CET,  adv.    [L.,  for  vidcre  licet.] 

To  wit;  namely.  An  abbreviation  for  this  word 
VFDE  UT  SOfflL^,  [\j.]  See  as  above.  [is  riz. 
VID'tJ-AL,  a.    [I.,  viduus,  deprived.] 

Belonging  to  the  slate  of  a  widow.    [JVol  used.] 
VI-DC'l-TY,  H.    [L.  viduiuts.] 
Widowhood.    \^jVot  used.] 
VIE,  V.  i.    (S.ix.  xctgan,  to  war,  to  contend,  that  is,  to 
strain,  to  urge,  to  press.    See  Victor.] 

To  strive  for  superiority  ;  to  couieii'l ;  to  use  effort 
in  a  race,  contest,  competition,  rivalship,  or  strife. 
How  delislitfiil  it  is  to  see  children  pie  with  each 
other  in  diligence  and  in  duties  of  obedience  ! 

In  ft  trading  nation,  the  younger  ions  may  he  placed  in  a  way  of 
lile  to  vxe  with  Uic  hctt  ot'  their  family.  Addison. 

VTE,  r.  t.   To  show  or  practice  in  competition  ;  as,  to 
vie  power;  to  vie  ch-ifilies.    [J^ot  legitimate] 
2.  To  urge  ;  to  press. 

She  hunsr  ahoiil  my  neck,  and  kisi  and  kiss  . 

She  vied  so  fast.    [.Vol  t;i  use,\  Shak. 

VK-ELLE',  (ve-yel',)  n.  [Fr.]  .\  stringed  instrument 
played  upon  with  a  wheel ;  a  hurdy-gurdy. 

Buchanan. 

VI  FT  AR'MrS,  [L.]  In  Ian,  with  force  and  arms  ; 
words  expressive  of  a  trespass.  Bouvicr. 

VIEW,  (vii,)  r.  t.  [Fr.  rue,  from  voir,  to  see,  con- 
tracted from  L.  vidcre,  Russ.  rij'ir.  Sans.  vid.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  reach  or  extend  to.] 

1.  To  survey ;  to  examine  with  the  eye  ;  to  look 
on  with  attention,  or  for  the  purpose  of  examining  j 
to  inspect;  to  explore.  View  dilfers  from  look,  see, 
and  behold,  in  expressini  more  partiriilar  or  contin- 
ued attciilinn  to  the  thing  which  is  the  object  of 


sight.  We  ascended  .Mount  ilolyoke,  and  viewed  the 
charming  landscape  below.  We  viewed  with  delight 
the  rich  valleys  of  the  Connecticut  about  the  town 
of  Northampton. 

Go  up  and  viea  the  country.  —  Josh.  vii. 
1  vitiDtd  tlic  walls  of  Joru»alein.  —  Nch.  vii. 

2.  To  see  ;  to  [lerceive  by  the  eye.  Pope. 

3.  To  survey  intellectually  :  to  examine  with  the 
mental  eye  ;  to  consider.  View  the  subject  in  all  its 
aspects. 

VIEW,  (vu,)  n.    Prospect ;  sight;  reach  of  the  eye. 

'riie  walls  of  Pluto's  paLice  urc  in  vieir.  Dryden. 

2.  Tlie  whole  extent  seen.  Vast  or  cxiensive 
views  present  themselves  to  the  (-ye. 

3.  Sight ;  potver  of  seeing,  or  limit  of  sight.  The 
mountain  was  not  within  our  view. 

4.  Intellectual  or  mental  sight.  These  things  give 
US  a  just  ricio  t»f  the  d-'signs  of  Provitlenct;. 

5.  Act  of  seeing.  The  facts  nienlioned  were  veri- 
fied by  actual  ricio. 

C.  Sight  ;  eye. 

Ot)J'-cu  near  our  wieir  are  ttioujjtit  greater  than  thoao  of  larger 
siw-,  Uiat  are  more  remote.  Locke. 

7.  Survey  ;  inspection  ;  examination  by  the  eye. 
The  assessors  took  a  view  of  the  premises. 

Surveying  nature  w-itti  too  nic«  a  vieut.  Oryden. 

8  Intellectual  survey ;  ment.al  examination.  On 
a  just  view  of  all  the  arguments  in  the  case,  the  law 
appears  to  be  clear. 

9.  Ap|)earance  ;  show. 

O races  — 
Which,  by  tlie  splendor  of  her  vieia 
Darded,  ix  fore  we  never  kocw.  H'aiUr. 

10.  DispLiy  ;  exhibition  to  the  sight  or  mind. 

To  give  a  rijht  view  of  this  mistaken  part  of  liberty.  l.ocke. 

11.  Prospect  of  interest. 

No  man  sets  htriiself  about  any  thing,  but  upon  some  vieiB  or 
other,  which  serves  him  fur  a  rc.uiun.  Locke. 

12.  Intention  ;  purpose  ;  design.  With  that  view 
lie  began  the  expedition.  With  a  view  to  commerce, 
he  pa.ssed  through  Ijgypt. 

13.  Opinion;  manner  of  seeing  or  understanding. 
These  are  my  viciis  of  the  policy  which  ought  to  be 
pursued. 

ViriB  of  frankpledge;  in  law,  a  court  of  record, 
held  in  a  hundred,  lordship,  or  manor,  before  the 
steward  of  the  leet.  Blarkstone. 
Point  of  view .-  the  direction  in  which  a  thing  is  seen. 
VIEVV'KD,  (vude,)  /);).     Surveyed  ;  examined  by  the 

eye  ;  inspected  ;  ctuisidered. 
VIEWER,  (vQ'cr,)  n.    One  who  views,  surveys,  or 
examines. 

2.  In  jVew  England,  a  town  officer  whose  duty  is 
to  inspect  something ;  as,  a  viewer  of  fences,  who 
inspects  them  to  deleimine  whether  they  are  suffi- 
cient in  law. 

VIEW'I.\(J,  (vu'ing,)  ppr.  Surveying;  examining 
by  the  eye  or  by  the  mind  ;  inspecting  ;  exploring. 

VIEWING,  (vu'ing,)  n.  Tlie  act  of  beholding  or  sur- 
vt>ying. 

VIEWLESS,  (vQ'less,)  a.  Th.it  ran  not  be  seen  ; 
not  being  perceiv.ible  by  the  eye;  invisible;  as, 
viewless  winds.  SItak. 

Swift  through  the  valves  the  visionary  fair 
Repassed,  and  vieieless  mixed  with  connnon  air.  Pope. 
VIEWLY,  (vu'le,)  a.    Striking  to  the  view. 
VI-GES-I-Ma'TIO.\,  71.    [L.  vigcnmus,  twentieth.] 
The  act  of  putting  to  death  every  twentieth  man. 

Bailetj. 

VIG'IL,  (vij'il,)  71.  [L.  vigilia  ;  Fr.  rigile :  L.  vigil, 
waking,  watchful ;  vigilo,  to  watch.  This  is  formed 
on  the  root  of  Eng.  iro/.-c.  Sax.  W(Pcan,  wccan.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  stir,  or  excite,  to  rouse,  to  agitate,] 
).  Watch  ;  devotion  performed  in  the  customary 
hours  of  rest  or  sleep. 

So  Ihev  in  heaven  tjieir  odes  and  vigilt  tuned.  firilion. 

2.  Ill  church  affairs,  the  eve  or  evening  before  any 
feast,  the  erclesi.Tstical  day  b-  ginning  .at  six  o'clock 
in  the  evening,  and  continuing  till  the  same  hour 
the  following  evening ;  hence,  a  religious  Service 
performed  in  file  evening  precetling  a  holiday.  Cye. 

3.  A  fast  observed  on  the  day  preceding  a  holiday  ; 
a  wake.  Ciic 

4.  Watch  ;  forbearance  of  sleep ;  as,  the  rigils  of 
the  card-table.  .Addison. 

Vigils  or  watchings  of  flowers  ;  a  term  used  by 
Linnieus  to  exjiress  a  peculiar  faculty  belonging  to 
the  flowers  of  certain  plants,  of  opening  and  closing 
their  petals  at  certain  hours  of  the  day.  Ct/c 
VIG'I-LA.VCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  n>i7«7i,->.  See  Vioil.] 

1.  Forbearance  of  sleep  ;  a  stale  of  being  awake. 

Purr. 

2.  Watchfulness  ;  circumspection  ;  altentiim  of 
the  mind  in  discovering  and  guarding  against  dan- 
ger, or  providing  for  saft-ty.  Vigilance  k  a  virtue  of 
prime  importance  in  a  general.  The  vigilance  of  the 
dog  is  no  less  remarkable  than  his  fidelity. 

3.  Guard  ;  watch. 

In  at  this  gate  none  p-is^ 
The  rigiiuics  here  placed,    (t/iuuaa/.)  MOUm. 
VlG'I-LAN-CY,  for  Vioilauce,  is  not  \iaei. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IJNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  S  aa  Z ;  CU  as  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


VIL 


VIL 


VIN 


Vlft'I-LANT,  a.    [Fr.,  fri.m  L.  vi:,'ilnn^.} 

VVKtcliful ;  circumspect ;  iittentive  to  discover  and 
avoid  danger,  or  to  provide  for  safety. 

T^e  your  places  and  be  vigHani.  Shak, 
Be  sober,  be  vigila.nl.  —  1  Pel.  v. 

VIG'I-LANT-LY,  adv.  [Supra.]  Watchfully;  with 
attention  to  danger  and  the  means  of  safety ;  cir- 
cnin-^pectlv- 

VI-<5l.\-TIV'r-RATE,  n.    [L.  tnn-mfi  and  tiiri.] 

A  body  of  officers  of  government,  consisting  of 
twenty  men.  Murphy. 

VIG-NET'J'E',  {cmnmonhj  pronounced  vin'yet,)  n.  [Fr. 
vignette.^  from  vigne^  a  vine.] 

"a  name  given  to  small  engraved  embellishments 
with  which  books,  bank  notes,  &c.,  are  ornamented. 
Such  embellishments  were  originally  painted  on  the 
margins  of  manuscripts,  usually  in  the  form  of  small 
vines,  {vi^nntlrs,)  whence  the  name.  Properly,  there- 
fore, a  cignette  is  a  design  which  is  not  surrounded, 
like  ordinary  pictures,  with  a  border. 

Luaier.    Landsecr  on  Engravinfr. 

VIG'OR,  n.  [L.,  from  vifreo,  to  be  brisk,  to  grow,  to 
be  strong ;  allied  to  vivo,  rnxi,  to  live,  and  to  Sax. 
wigan,  to  carry  on  «  ar,  and  to  wake.] 

1.  Active  strength  or  force  o(  body  in  animals  ; 
physical  force.  , 

The  vigor  or  this  arm  was  never  vain.  Drt/rJen. 

2.  Strength  of  mind  ;  intellectual  force  ;  energy. 
We  say,  a  man  possesses  vigor  of  mind  or  intellect. 

3.  Strength  or  force  in  animal  or  vegetable  motion  ; 
cs  a  plant  grows  with  vigor. 

4  Strength  ;  energy  ;  efficacy. 

!n  llie  fruitful  earth 
His  Ix-ams,  onactive  else,  Uieir  vigor  find.  Milton. 

VIG'OR,  V.  t.  To  invigorate.    [JVo(  in  use.]  FeWiam. 

VlO-0-RO'SO,  [It.]  In  music,  with  energy. 

VIG'OR-OUS,  a.  Full  of  physical  strength  or  active 
force  ;  strong ;  lusty  ;  as,  a  vigorous  youth  ;  a  vigor- 
ous body. 

Q.  Powerful ;  strong ;  made  by  strength,  either  of 
body  or  mind;  as,  a  vigorous  attack  ;  vigorous  exer- 
tions.   The  enemy  expects  a  vigorous  campaign. 

I'he  b^^inninjs  of  confederacies  have  been  vigorous  and  suo- 
wssful.  Daoenant. 

VIG'OR-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  great  physical  force  or 
strength;  forcibly;  with  active  exertions;  as,  to 
prosecute  an  enterprise  vigorously. 

VIG'OR-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  vigor- 
ous or  possessed  of  active  strength. 

[Vigor  and  all  its  derivatives  i.mply  active  strength, 
or  the  power  of  action  and  exertion,  in  distinction 
from  passive  strength,  or  strength  to  endure.] 

VIL^ED  j  l^"*^"'     '""'^  Spenser. 

VILE,  a.  [L.  vilis;  Fr.  and  Sp.  vil;  IL  vile;  Gr. 
0aitA'<5.] 

1.  Base  ;  mean  ;  worthless  ;  despicable. 

The  inhabiuiiu  account  gold  a  vUe  thing.  Ahhot. 
A  man  in  viU  raiment.  —  James  ii. 

Wherefore  are  v^e  counted  aa  beasts,  and  reputed  as  vile  in  your 
sight? — Job  xviii. 

2.  Morally  base  or  impure ;  sinful ;  depraved  by 
sin  ;  wicked  ;  hateful  in  the  sight  of  God  and  of  good 
men.  The  sons  of  Eli  made  themselves  vile.  1 
Sam.  iii. 

Behold,  1  am  vile ;  what  shall  I  answer  ?  —  Joli  xl. 
VIL'ED,  a.    Abusive;  scurrilous;  defamatory.  [JVo( 

in  usp.]  Ilinjicard. 
VILE'LY,  adv.    Basely;   meanly;  shamifully ;  as, 
Hector  vilehj  dragged  about  the  walls  of  Troy. 
S.  In  a  cowardly  manner.    2  Sam.  i.  [Philips. 
The  Volscians  viUty  yiol<lcd  the  town.  Skak. 

VILE'NESS,  71.  Baseness  ;  meanness  ;  despicable- 
ness. 

His  vileness  us  sh^dl  never  awe.  Drayton. 
2.  Moral  baseness  or  depravity  ;  degradation  by 
sin  ;  extreme  wickedness;  as,  the  riifdcw  of  man- 
kind. Prior. 
Vlh'EST,  a.    Most  vile.  Burrow. 
VI!^I-FI-CA'TIO.\,  M.    The  act  of  vilifying  or  de- 
faming. 

VII/I-FI-ED,  (vil'e-flde,)  pp.  [from  vilify.]  De- 
famtMl  ;  traduced  ;  debased. 

VII/I-FI-ER,  n.    One  who  defames  or  traduces. 

VIL'I-FV,  V.  t.  [from  vile.]  To  make  vile  ;  to  de- 
base ;  to  degrade. 

Their  Mulc-r's  image 
Fonook  them,  when  themielvci  the/  mliJUd 
To  icrve  ungovemed  appetite.  Milton. 

2.  To  defame ;  to  traduce  ;  to  attemj)!  to  degrade 
by  dander. 

Many  piusioni  dinpowr  us  to  depreas  and  vili/ij  llie  merit  of  one 
ruing  ill  Ih"  c»u:ein  of  inankiinl.  AtUIiaon. 

[Thv*  in  the  moat  unval  .trnne  of  thr  ?irr6.] 
VIL'I-FY  ING,ppr.  Debasing;  defaming. 
VII.'l  Pi;.Nn,  V.  L    [L.  vilipemla.] 

To  (leHnlHe.    [JVot  in  une.] 
VIL  I  I'END'EN-CY,  n.    Uisestcem  ;  slight.  [JTotin 

UMf.] 

VIL'f-TY,  n.    Vilencss;  baseness.  [Jfolinvse.] 

KenntU 


VILL,  II.    [L.  villa;  Fr.  ville.] 

A  village  ;  a  small  collection  of  houses.  Hale. 
The  statute  of  Exeter,  14  Edward  I.,  mentions 
entire-vitls,  deifii-vills,  and  hamlets.  Cyc. 
VIL'LA,  n.    [L.  villa  ;  Fr.  ville.] 

A  country-seat ;  usually  one  for  the  residence  of  a 
wealthy  person. 
VIL'LAGE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  tii7/a.]  A  small  assem- 
blage of  houses,  less  than  a  town  or  city,  and  in- 
habited chiefly  by  farmers  and  other  laboring  people. 
In  England,  it  is  said  that  a  village  is  distinguished 
from  a  town  by  the  want  of  a  market.  Cijc. 

In  the  United  Slates,  no  such  distinction  exists,  and 
any  small  assemblage  of  houses  in  the  country  is 
called  a  village. 
VIL'LA-GER,  n.    An  inhabitant  of  a  village. 

Milton. 

VIL'LA-6ER-Y.  Ji.    A  district  of  villages.  Shak. 

VIL'L.\IN,  H.  [Fr.  vilain  ;  It.  and  Sp.  villano  ;  Norm. 
vilainU  According  to  the  French  orthography,  this 
word  is  formed  from  vile  ;  but  the  ortliography  in 
other  languages  connects  this  word  with  vill,  village, 
and  this  is  probably  the  true  origin.] 

1.  In  feudal  law,  a  villain,  or  villein,  is  one  who 
holds  lands  by  a  base  or  servile  tenure,  or  in  viU 
lenage.  Villains  were  of  two  sorts  :  villains  regard- 
ant, that  is,  annexed  to  the  manor,  aiLscriptitii  glebce  ; 
or  villtiins  in  gross,  that  is,  annexed  to  the  person  of 
their  lord,  and  transferable  from  one  to  another. 

Blackstone 

2.  A  vile,  wicked  person  ;  a  man  extremely  de- 
praved, anti  capable  or  guilty  of  great  crimes.  We 
call  by  the  name  of  villain  the  thief,  the  robber,  the 
burglarian,  the  murderer,  the  incendiary,  the  rav- 
isher,  the  seducer,  the  cheat,  the  swindler,  &c. 

Calm,  thinking  villains,  whom  no  faiUi  could  fix.  Pope. 

VIL'LAIN-OUS,  a.    [from  villain.]    Base  ;  very  vile. 

2.  Wicked  ;  extremely  depraved  ;  as,  a  villainous 
person  or  wretch. 

3.  Proceeding  from  extreme  depravity;  as,  a  vil- 
lainous action. 

4.  Sorry;  vile;  mischievous;  in  a  familiar  sense; 
as,  a  villainous  trick  of  the  eye.  Shak. 

Villainous  judgment;  in  old  law,  a  judgment  that 
casts  reproach  on  the  guilty  person. 

VIL'LAIN-OUS-LY,  adv.  Basely;  with  extreme 
wickedness  or  depravity. 

VIL'LAIN-OUS-NESS,  n.  Baseness;  extreme  de- 
pravity. 

VIL'LAIN-Y,  n.  Extreme  depravity  ;  atrocious  wick- 
edness ;  as,  the  villainy  of  the  thief  or  the  robber  ; 
the  villainy  of  the  seducer. 

The  commendation  is  not  in  his  wil,  but  in  his  villainy.  Shak. 

2.  A  crime  ;  an  action  of  deep  depravity.  [In  this 
sense,  the  word  has  a  plural.] 

Such  vittainies  roused  Homce  into  wrath.  Dryden. 

VIL'LA-KIN,  71.  A  little  village.  [j1  word  used  by 
Oay.] 

VIL'LAN-ACE,  71.  The  state  of  a  villain  ;  base  ser- 
vitude. 

2.  A  base  tenure  of  lands  ;  tenure  on  condition  of 
doing  the  meanest  services  for  the  lord,  usually  writ- 
ten VlLLENAfiE. 

3.  Baseness;  infamy.    [See  Villainy.] 
VIL'LAN-IZE, ti. «.    To  debase;  to  degrade;  to  de- 
fame ;  to  revile. 

Were  virtue  by  descent,  a  noble  name 
Could  never  villanize  his  father's  lame.  Dryden. 
[LitUe  ueed.] 

VIL'LAN-IZ-£D,  pp.  Defamed;  debased.  [Little 
used.  ] 

VIL'LAN-TZ-ING,  ppr.  Defaming;  debasing.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

VIL'LAiV OUS,  a.  [frnm  villain.  It  is  desirable  that 
this  and  the  three  following  words  should  be  spelt 
with  I,  as  villainous,  &c.,  as  given  above,  because 
they  come  regularly  from  villain.] 

1.  Base  ;  very  vile. 

2.  Wicked  ;  extremely  depraved ;  as,  a  villanous 
person  or  wretch. 

3.  Proceeding  frtmi  extreme  depravity  ;  as,  a  vil- 
lanous action. 

4.  Sony  ;  vile  ;  mischievous  ;  in  a  familiar  sense  ; 
as,  a  villanous  trick  of  the  eye.  Shak. 

Villauous  judgment;  in  old  law,  a  judgment  that 
casts  reproach  im  the  guilty  perstm. 

VII/LAN OMS-IA',  drfn.  Basely  ;  with  extreme 
wickedness  or  depravity, 

VII,'LAN-OUS-NESS,  n.  Baseness;  extreme  de- 
pravity. 

VII/I/.\N-Y,  71.  Extreme  depravity;  atrocious  wick- 
edne.is;  as,  the  villnny  of  the  thief  or  the  robber; 
the  villany  of  the  seducer. 

The  commeiidaliun  la  not  In  his  wit,  but  in  his  villary,  A'halc. 
2.  A  crime  ;  an  action  of  deep  depravity.    In  this 
sense,  the  word  has  a  plural. 

Such  vUlaniet  rmined  Horace  Into  wrath.  Dryden. 

VIL-LAT'ie,  a.    [L.  viUaticus.] 
Pertaining  to  a  village. 

Tame,  oiltelic  fowl.  Mitlon. 


VIL'LEN-AGE,  71.    [{rum  villain.]    A  tenure  of  lands 

and  tenements  by  base  services.  Blackstone. 
VIL'LI,  71.  pi.    [L.,  from  villus.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  fine,  small  fibers. 

2.  In  botany,  fine  hairs  on  plants. 
VIL'LOUS,  a.    [L.  villostis,  from  villus,  hair,  Eng. 

wool.] 

1.  Abounding  with  fine  hairs  or  wooly  substance  ; 
nappy  ;  shaggy  ;  rough  ;  as,  a  villous  coat. 

Tlie  villous  coat  of  the  stomach  and  intestines  is 
the  inner  mucous  membrane,  so  called  from  the  in- 
numerable villi  or  fine  fibrils  with  which  its  internal 
surface  is  covered.  Cyc.  Parr. 

2.  In  botany,  covered  with  soft  hairs. 
VIM'IN-AL,  «.    [L.  viminalL^.] 

Pertaining  to  twigs;  consisting  of  twigs;  produc- 
ing twigs. 

Vl-MIN'E  OUS,  a.  [L.  vimincus,  from  vimai,  a 
twig.] 

Made  of  twigs  or  shoots. 

In  the  hive's  vimineous  dome.  Prior. 

VI-Na'CEOUS,  (vi-ni'shus,)  a.    [L.  vinaceus.] 

1.  Belnnging  to  wine  or  grapes.  White. 

2.  Of  The  color  of  wine. 
VIJV-Al-GRETTBl  ,n.    [Fr.]    A  small  box  of  silver, 

&,c.,  with  perforations  on  the  top,  for  holding  aro- 
matic vinegar  contained  in  a  sponge,  and  used  like  a 
smellinii-botlle. 
VIN'CI-liLE,  a.     [from  L.  vinco,  to  conquer.  See 
Victor.] 

Conquerable ;  that  may  be  overcome  or  sub- 
dued. 

He  not  vincible  in  spirit.  Haymard, 

VIN'CI-BLE-NESS, )  71.  The  capacity  of  being  con- 
VIN-CI-BIL'I-TY,    I    quered;  conquerableness. 

Diet. 

VINC'TURE,  71.    [L.  vinetura.] 
A  binding.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

VINe'U-LU.M,  7i.  [L.]  A  bond  of  union  ;  particu- 
larly, in  mathematics,  a  straight  mark  placed  over 
several  members  of  a  compound  quantity,  which  are 
to  be  subjected  to  the  same  operation.  Day. 

VIN-De'MI-AL,  a.  [L.  vindemialis,  from  vindcmia, 
vintage  ;  vinea  and  demo.] 

Belonging  to  a  vintage  or  grape  harvest. 

VIN-De'MI-aTE,  v.  i.  [Supra.J  To  gather  the  vin- 
tage. Evelyn. 

VIN-DE-MI-a'TION,  71.  The  operation  of  gathering 
grapes.  Bailey. 

VIN-DI-eA-BIL'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being  vin- 
dicable,  or  capable  of  support  or  jtistification. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

VIN'DI-eA-BLE,  a.  [Infra.]  That  may  be  vindi- 
cated, justified,  or  supported.  Lhoight. 

V1N'DI-€aTE,  v.  t.    [L.  vindico.] 

1.  To  defend  ;  to  justify;  to  support  or  maintain 
as  true  or  correct,  against  denial,  censure,  or  objec- 
tions. 

When  the  respondent  denies  any  proposition,  the  opponent  must 

vindicate  it.  tt'atts. 
Laugli  wtiere  we  must,  he  candid  where  we  can  ; 
But  vindicate  the  ways  of  God  to  man.  Pope. 

2.  To  assert ;  to  defend  with  success ;  to  maintain  ; 
to  prove  to  be  just  or  valid  ;  as,  to  vindicate  a  claim  or 
title. 

3.  To  defend  with  arms,  or  otherwise  ;  as,  to  vin- 
dicate our  rights. 

4.  To  avenge  ;  to  punish  ;  as,  a  war  to  vindicate  or 
punish  infidelity.  Bacon. 

Ood  is  more  powerful  to  exact  subjection  and  to  vindicate  rebel- 
lion. Pearson. 

[This  latter  use  is  entirely  obsolete.] 

VIN'DI-eA-TED,  pp.  Defended  ;  .supported  ;  main- 
tained ;  proved  to  be  just  or  true. 

VIN'DI-e.\-TlNG,;)/;r.  Defending  ;  supporting  against 
denial,  censure,  charge,  or  impeachment;  proving  to 
be  true  or  just ;  defending  bv  force. 

VIN-D1-€a'TION,  n.    [Fr  ,  from  L.  vindico.] 

1.  The  defense  of  any  thing,  or  a  justification 
against  denial  or  censure,  or  against  objections  or 
accusations;  as,  the  t'iiii/icntion  of  opinions  or  of  a 
creed  ;  the  vindication  of  the  Scriptures  against  the 
objections  and  cavils  of  infidels. 

2.  The  act  of  supporting  by  proof  or  legal  process; 
the  proving  of  any  thing  to  bo  just ;  as,  the  vindica- 
tion of  a  title,  claim,  or  right. 

3.  Di'fense  by  force  or  otherwise  ;  as,  the  vindica- 
tion of  the  rights  of  man  ;  the  vindication  of  our 
liberties  or  the  rights  of  conscience. 

VIN'DI-GA-TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  vindicate. 
2.  Revengeful. 

[This  is  now  generally  VinDicTiri.] 
VIN'Oi  eA-TOR,  71.    One  who  vindicates;  one  who 

justifies  or  maintains  ;  one  who  defends.  Dryden. 
VIN'DI-GA-TO-RY,  a.    Punitory  ;  inflicting  punish- 
ment ;  avenging. 

The  alTlicliuiis  of  Job  were  not  uinrfimlory  punishmenls. 

liramhalt. 

2.  Tending  to  vindicate  ;  justificatory. 
VIN  DICTIVE,  a.    [Kr.  vindicatif.] 
Revengeful ;  given  tt)  revenge. 

I  am  viruiictive  enough  to  repel  force  by  force.  Dryilen, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PIIBV — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  -  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B99K.— 


VIO 

VI.\-Die'TIVE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  revenge;  re- 
veiiRefiTllv. 

VIN  Die'f  IVE  MESS,  n.   A  revengeful  temper. 

9.  RevL'iiycfulness. 
VTNE,  n.    (b.  vinea;  Fr.  visrne;  from  the  It.  t>i>na, 

S|>.  I'ina,  ii  vineyard  ;  \V.  gwinien,  vine,  and  gwin, 

wine.    t<ee  Wine.] 

1.  A  woody,  climbing  plant,  that  produres  prapcs, 
of  the  (lenus  Vitis,  and  of  a  great  number  of  varie- 
ties. 

2.  The  Ions,  slender  stem  of  any  plant,  that  trails 
on  the  (.'round,  or  climl>:<  and  supiuirts  itself  by  wind- 
ing round  a  fixed  object,  or  by  seizing  any  fixed  thing 
with  its  tendrils  or  cl.asper.s.  Thus  we  speak  of  tlie 
hop  vine,  the  bean  eine,  the  vines  of  melons,  squashes, 
pumpkins,  and  other  cucurbitaceous  plants. 

Vi.VE'-eLAlJ,  a.    Clad  or  covered  with  vines. 

#  Coleridge. 
VIN'ED,  a.    Having  leaves  like  those  of  the  vine. 

IVutlon. 

VINE'-UREfS-ER,  n.  [vine  and  dresser.]  One  who 
dresses,  trims,  prunes,  and  cultivates  vines. 

VINE'-FKET-TEU,  n.  [vine  and  freL]  A  small 
insect  that  injures  vines,  an  aphis  or  puceron. 

V1N'E-G.\ll,  71.    [Fr.  vin,  wine,  and  aigre,  sour.] 

1.  An  acid  liquor  obtained  from  wine,  cider,  beer, 
&c.,  I)y  the  acetous  fermentation.  Vinegar  may  dif- 
fer indefinitely  in  the  degree  of  its  acidity.  VVhen 
highly  concentrated,  it  is  called  Radical  Vinegar. 
The  acid  of  vinegar  is  the  acetic. 

2.  Any  thing  really  or  metaphorically  sour.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Skak. 

VI.\E'-(.RUn,  n.  [vine  and  grtib.]  A  little  insect 
that  infests  vines;  the  vine-freiler  or  puceron.  Cijc. 

VI.\'ER,  n.    An  orderer  or  trimmer  of  vines.  Ilaloet. 

VI'NER-Y,  II.  In  gardening,  an  erection  for  supjwrt- 
ing  vines  and  exposing  them  to  artificial  heat,  con- 
sisting of  a  wall  with  .=toves  and  Hues. 

VI.\E'YAIIU,  (vin'yard,)  ;i.  [Sax.  vingcard;  It.  fiong- 
horL    The  correct  ortliograpliy,  from  the  Saxon,  is 

Vl  NVARD.] 

A  plantation  of  vines  producing  grapes  ;  properly, 
an  incldsure  or  yard  for  grape-vines. 
VIN'NEVV-£D,  a.  [»a\.f,jnig.] 

Molily  ;  niustv.    [JVo£  in  use]  JVctc/on. 
Vr.\'NE\V-f;i)-N"ESS,  n.    Musliness;  moldiness. 

[Aot  in  itse.j  Barret. 
VIN'NY,  a.    [.Supra.]    Moldy  ;  musty.    [JVut  i«  uic.l 
VIN'O-LE.V-CY,  n.  [Ji.  vinolcnlia,  from  vmum,  vvine.J 

Drunkenness.    [JV'of  used.] 
VIN'O-I.ENT,  a.    Given  to  wine.  [Mused.] 
VI-NOS'l-TY,  n.    State  or  quality  of  being  vinous. 

ScoU. 

VI'NOUS,  a.    [Fr.  vineux,  from  L.  rinum,  wine.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  wine  ;  pertaining  to  wine  ; 
as,  a  vinous  taste  ;  a  vinous  Havor;  vinous  fernicnta- 
tiini. 

VINT'AftE,  n.    [Fr.  vendange,  from  L.  vindemia.] 

1.  The  produce  of  the  vine  for  the  season.  The 
vintage  is  abundant. 

2.  The  time  of  gathering  the  crop  of  gnpes. 

3.  The  wine  produced  by  the  crop  of  grapes  in  one 
season.  Cyc. 

VI.\T'A-CER,  M.    One  that  gathers  the  vintage. 
VI.\T'AGE-tfl*RI.\G,  7i.    .\  wine-fount. 
VINT'NER,  71.    Cine  who  deals  in  wine;  a  wine- 
seller. 

VINT'RY,  n.    A  place  where  wine  is  sold. 

Ainsworth. 

VI'NY,  a.    Belonging  to  vines;  producing  grapes. 

2.  .\bonnding  in  vines.  P.  Fletcher. 

VI'OL,  711    [Kr.  viole  ;  It.  and  Sp.  viola  ;  Ir.  bioL] 

1.  A  strmged  musical  instrument,  of  the  same 
form  as  the  violin,  but  larger,  and  having  formerly 
six  strings,  to  be  struck  with  a  bow.  Viols  are  of 
different  kinds.  The  largest  of  all  is  the  base  viol, 
whose  tones  are  deep,  soft,  and  agreeable.  The 
violin  now  takes  the  pl.ace  of  the  old  viol. 

Mc  fofler  airi  befit,  and  njflcr  string* 

or  lute,  or  oiot,  atill  mon  apt  tor  niuumrut  tliingf.  MiUon. 

2.  Among  seamen,  n  large  rope  sometimes  used  in 
weighing  anchor  ;  also  written  Vovol.  Totten. 

VI'O-LA,  71.  [It.]  A  larger  kind  of  violin  ;  a  tenor 
violin. 

VT'0-L.\-BLE,  a.    ['L.  vialabUis.    See  Violate.] 

That  may  be  violated,  broken,  or  injured. 
VI-O-La'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  viola,  a  violet.] 

Resembling  violets  in  color.  Encye. 
VI'O-LATE,  e.  t.    [Fr.  vioUr ;  L.  violo  ;  It.  violare 
Sp.  violar.] 

1.  To  break  upon  in  a  violent  manner;  to  injure; 
to  burt ;  to  interrupt ;  to  disturb  ;  as,  to  violate  sleep. 

Milton. 

KIndnesi  for  ntAn,  and  pity  for  hi*  fitte, 

Mny  mix  with  bliu,  and  yd  not  violau.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  set  aside  in  a  violent  manner  ;  to  break  ;  to 
infringe  ;  to  transgress  ;  as,  to  violate  the  laws  of  the 
state,  or  the  rules  of  gnoil  breeding  ;  to  violate  the 
divine  commands  ;  to  violate  one's  vows  or  promises. 
Promises  and  commands  may  be  violated  negatively, 
by  non-observance. 

3.  To  injure  ;  to  do  violence  to. 

Fortid  to  oiotau  the  tacretl  fruit.  3/i/Ion. 


VIO 

4.  To  treat  with  irreverence;  to  profane;  aa,  to 

violate  the  sanctity  of  a  httly  place. 

5.  To  ravish  ;  to  compress  by  force. 
VTO-LA-TEI),  pp.  or  a.     Injured  ;  broken  ;  trans- 
gressed ;  ravished. 

VI'0-La-TL\G,  7>;)r.  Injuring  ;  infrinciiig  ;  ravishing. 
VI-O-LS'TION,  71.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  violating  or  in- 
juring ;  inlerruplioii,  as  of  sleep  or  peace. 

2.  Infringement ;  transgression  ;  non-observance  ; 
as,  the  violation  of  law  or  positive  comnianil  ;  a  vio- 
lation of  covenants,  engagcment^i,  and  promises;  a 
violation  of  vows. 

3.  Al  t  of  irreverence  ;  profanation  or  contemptu- 
ous treatment  of  sacred  things  ;  as,  the  violation  of  a 
church. 

4.  Ravishment ;  rape. 

VI'O-I.A-TI  VE,  a.    Violating, or  tending  to  violate. 
VI'O-La-TOR,  71.    One  who  violates,  injures,  inter- 
rupts or  disturbs  ;  as,  a  violator  of  repose. 

2.  One  who  infringes  or  transgresses  ;  as,  a  violator 
of  law. 

3.  One  who  profanes  or  treats  with  irreverence  ; 
as,  a  violator  of  sacred  things. 

4.  A  ravishcr. 
VI'O-LENCE,  71.    [L.  violentia.] 

1.  Physical  force  ;  strength  of  action  or  motion ; 
as,  the  violence  of  a  storm  ;  the  violence  of  a  blow  or 
of  a  conflict. 

2.  IMoral  force  ;  highly  excited  feeling  ;  vehemence. 
The  critic  attacked  the  work  with  violence. 

You  nsk  with  violence.  ShaJc. 

3.  Outrage  ;  unjust  force  ;  crimes  of  all  kinds. 


4.  Highly-excited  action  ;  vehemence  ;  as,  the 
violence  of  the  disease. 

5.  Injury  ;  infringement.  Offer  no  violetice  to  the 
laws,  or  to  the  rules  <if  civility. 

I">.  Ravishment ;  rape. 

7't>  do  violence  to  or  on  ;  to  attack  ;  to  murder. 

But,  as  it  seemi,  dirt  violence  on  lierwif.  ShaJe. 
To  do  violence  to ;  to  outrage  ;  to  force ;  to  injure. 
He  does  violence  to  his  own  opinions. 
VT'O-LENCE,  V.  t.     To  assault ;  to  injure  ;  also,  to 
bring  by  violence.    [Little  used.] 

B.  Jonson.  FcWiam. 
Vl'0-LE.\T,  a.    [Ft.  ;  L.  violcntus.] 

1.  Forcible  ;  moving  or  acting  with  physical 
strength  ;  urged  or  driven  with  force ;  as,  a  violent 
wind  ;  a  i-iolent  stream  ;  a  violent  assault  or  blow  ;  a 
violent  conflict. 

2.  Vehement ;  outrageous  ;  as,  a  violent  attack  on 
the  niinistt  r. 

3.  Produceil  or  continued  by  force  ;  not  spontane- 
ous or  natural. 

No  violent  state  can  be  perpetu.\].  Barrul. 

4.  Produced  by  violence  ;  not  natural ;  as,  a  violent 
death. 

5.  Acting  by  violence  ;  a.ssailant ;  not  authorized. 
Rome  violent  liaiida  were  laid  un  Humphry's  life.  ShaJc. 
G.  Fierce  ;  vehement ;  as,  a  violent  philippic ;  a 

violent  remonstrance. 

We  niiglil  be  reckoned  fierce  and  violent.  Hooker. 

7.  Severe  ;  extreme  ;  as,  violent  pains. 

8.  Extorted  ;  not  voluntary. 

Vows  made  in  pain  are  violent  and  void.  fiJUton. 
T^tolent  presumption,  in  law,  is  presumption  that 
arises  from  circumstances  which  necessarily  attend 
such  facts.    Such  circiimst.ances  being  proved,  the 
mind  infers  with  confidence  that  the  fact  has  taken 
t)lace,  and  this  confidence  is  a  violent  presumption, 
which  amounts  to  proof. 
VI'O-LEiNT,  71.    An  as.sailant.    [JVot  iti  twc.J 
VI'O-LE.NT,  v.  t.     To  urge  with  violence  [JVot 

used.]  Fuller. 
VI'0-I.ENT-I,Y,  adv.    With  force;  forcibly;  vehe- 
mently ;  as,  the  wind  blows  violently. 

Forfeiture*  must  not  be  exacted  violenlly.  Taylor. 

VI  O-LES'CENT,  a.   Tending  to  a  violet  color. 

VI'O-LET,  71.  [l^r.  violctte  ;  \t.  violctto  ;  L.  viola.]  A 
plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Viola,  of  many  spe- 
cies. They  are  genenilly  low,  herbaceous  plants,  and 
the  flowers  of  many  of  the  species  are  of  some  shade 
of  blue, 

VI'O-LET,  a.    Dark  blue,  inclining  to  red. 
VI-O-LIN',  n.    [It.  viotmo  :  Fr.  violon  ;  from  viol.] 
.\  musical  instrument  with  four  strings,  played 
with  a  bow  ;  a  fidille;  one  of  the  most  perfect  and 
most  powerful  instruments  that  has  been  invented. 

O/e. 

VI-O-LIN'IST,  n.    A  person  skilled  in  playing  on  a 

violin.  Farcy. 
VI'O-MST,  ?i.    A  plaver  on  the  viol.  7'oiUL 
Vl-0-I.O.\-CEL'LIst,?i.    One  who  plays  on  the  vio- 
loncello. 

VT-0-LO.\-CEL'LO,  (ve-o-lon-chel'lo  or  ve-o-lon- 
sel'lo,)  71.  [It.]  .\  stringed  instrument  of  music; 
a  base  viol  of  four  strings,  or  a  base  violin  with  long, 
large  strings,  giving  sounds  an  octave  lower  than  the 
tenor  violin.  Encnc.    P.  Cyc. 


VIR 


yl-O-LO'M'E,  n.  A  large  base  violin,  called  a  Dou- 
ble Base,  whose  strings  lie  an  octave  below  the 
viuliincello.  Branile. 

VI  PER,  71.  [Ij.  vipera;  Fr.  vipere  ;  \\ .  giviber,  (ttm 
gtoib,  n  quick  course,  a  driving,  flying,  or  ser|»enline 
motion,  a  wanttering.] 

1.  A  European  serpent,  the  Vipera  Beriis,  whose 
bite  is  venomous.  'J'wo  harmless  snakes  are,  in  this 
country,  culled  improperly  by  this  name. 

A  viper  came  out  uf  the  heat,  and  fajtened  on  his  hand,  —  Acu 
xxix. 

2.  A  iierson  or  thing  mischievous  or  malignant. 

Shak. 

VI'PER-INE,  a.    [I.,  riperinus.] 

Pertaining  to  a  viper  or  to  vipers. 
VI'PEROi;.-;,  a.    [I,,  vipercus.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  a  viper;  malignant;  ven- 
'■•iious  ;  as,  a  viperous  tongue.  Sliak. 
VI' 1  Kit's  HO'GLOSS,  71.     A  plant  of  the  geuuv 
EchiiiiM. 

VI'PER'S  GU.>iSH,n.  A  plantofthe  gi  niisScor/.onera. 
VI  RA-OI.\'l-A.\,  11.    Ilavingtliequnlitiesiif  a  virago. 
VI-R.A-GI.N'I-TS',  71.    The  iiu.alities  of  a  virago. 
VI-Ra'(;(),  71.    [L.,  from  vir,  a  man.] 

1.  A  woman  of  extraordinary  stature,  strength,  and 
courage  ;  a  female  who  has  the  robust  body  and  mas- 
culine mind  of  a  man  ;  a  female  warrior. 

To  arms  1  to  anna  1  tlio  fierce  pira^o  cnes.  Pope. 

2.  In  common  language,  a  bold,  impudent,  turbu- 
lent woman  ;  a  teriiiagaiit. 

VIRE,  (veer,)  71.    [Hp.  uiru.] 

An  arrow.    [Obs.]  Oower. 
VIR'E-LAY,  71.    [Fr.  virelni,  from  virer,  to  turn.] 

-An  ancient  French  song  or  short  poem,  derived 
from  Provence,  of  a  peculiar  measure,  and  usually 
of  a  sportive  character.  The  modem  rinlay  turns 
upon  two  sets  of  rhymes,  the  first  of  w  hich  pre- 
vails throughout  the  piece,  and  the  other  occurs 
only  from  time  to  time,  to  produce  variety. 

Diet,  de  VAcad.  Lunier. 

To  which  a  lady  sung  a  mrelay.  Dryden. 

VI'RENT,  a.  [L.  virens,  from  vireo,  ta  flourish,  or  be 
green.] 

(Jreen  ;  verdant  ;  fresh.  Brown. 
VI-RES'CENT,  a.    Slightly  green  ;  beginning  to  be 
green. 

VIR'GATE,  (nearly  vur'g.lte,)  a.    [L.  virga,  a  rod.] 
In  botany,  having  the  shape  of  a  rod  ur  wand  ;  as, 
n  virgate  stem. 
VIR'GATE,  n.    A  yardland.  WarUm. 
VIRGE.    See  Veboe. 

VIR-GIL'I-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Virgil,  the  Roman 
poet. 

2.  Resembling  the  style  of  Virgil.  Young. 
VIR'GIN,  {nearly  vur'jin,)  n.     [It.  virgint ;  Sp.  vir- 
gcn  f  Fr.  viergc  ;  L.  virgo.] 

1.  A  woman  who  has  had  no  carnal  knowledge  of 
man. 

2.  A  woman  not  a  mother.    [Unusual.]  MilOin. 

3.  A  person  of  either  sex  who  has  not  been  mar- 
ried.   1  Cor.  vii.  2.). 

4.  The  sign  Virgo.    [See  Vibro.)  JUilton. 
VIR'GIN,  a.    Pure;  untouched  ;  as,  mVn-iTi  gold. 

JVoodu^ard. 

2.  Fresh  ;  new  ;  unused  ;  as,  virgin  soil. 

Belknap. 

3.  Becoming  a  virgin  ;  maidenly  ;  modest ;  indi- 
cating modesty  ;  as, a  virgin  blush  ;  virgin  shame. 

4.  Pure;  chaste.  [Cowley. 
VIR'(5L\,  r.  i.    To  play  the  virgin  ;  a  cant  word. 

Shak. 

VIR'GIN-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  virgin  ;  maidenly  ; 
as,  virginal  chastity.  Hammond. 

V1R'GI.\-AL,  71.  A  keyed  instrument  of  one  string, 
jack  and  qiiill  to  each  note,  like  a  spinet,  but  in 
shape  resembling  Uie  forte  piano ;  out  of  use. 

Cyc.  Bacoru 

VIR'CIN-AL,  v.i.    To  pat ;  to  strike  as  iin  a  virginal. 

[A  cant  word.]  Shak, 
VIR-CI.N"I-TY,  71.    [L.  virginita.1.] 

Maidenhood  ;  the  state  of  having  had  no  carnal 

knowletlge  of  man. 
VIR'GIN'S  BOWER,  71.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

Clematis. 

VIR'GO,  71.  [L.]  A  sign  of  the  zodiac  which  the  sun 
enters  in  August ;  a  rnnstellation  of  the  /.odiuc. 

VIR'GO-LEC'SE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  variety  of  pear  of  an 
excellent  quality  ;  with  us  pronounced  cirgoloo,  or 
vergohm.  [See  Vekgoulei'se,  the  correct  orthog- 
raphy. ] 

VI-Rli)'l-TY,ii.    [L. cirirfitiM, fromrir«,lo  begreen.] 
Greenness;  verdure;  the  color  of  fresh  vc^itables. 

y.relyn. 

VT'RILE,  (vl'ril,)  a.  [L.  virilis,  from  vir,  n  niiiii,  Sax 
irrr;  .'^aiis.  rira,  strong  ;  from  the  root  of  I.,  rirfa.l 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  man,  in  the  eminent  si  nse  of  tne 
word,  (not  to  iTian,  in  the  sense  of  the  huni.an  race  ;) 
belonging  to  the  male  sex  ;  as,  virile  age. 

2.  .Masculine  ;  not  puerile  01  feminine  ;  as,  r«ril« 
strenclh  or  vigor. 

VI  RIL'l-TY,  II.    (Fr.  ririliti :  L.  ririlUas.] 

I.  .Manhood  ;  the  state  of  the  male  sex,  which  has 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  a-i  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


155* 


ZZZZ 


123" 


r- 


VIR 


arrived  to  the  maturity  and  strength  of  a  man,  and 
to  the  power  of  procreation. 

2.  The  power  of  procreation. 

3.  Cliaracter  of  man.    [  Unu.'su.a!.'] 

VIR'Ti;,  n.  [It.  tiiXtt.]  A  love  of  the  fine  arts;  a 
tasle  for  curiosities.  Clitsterfield. 

VIR'TU-AL,  (vurt'yu -al,)  a.  [Fr.  viriuel;  from  vir- 
ttie.    See  Virtue. ] 

1.  Potential  ;  h.-iving  the  power  of  acting  or  of  in- 
visible efficacy  without  the  material  or  sensible  part. 

Every  kind  that  iives, 
Fomented  by  )iis  virtual  power,  and  warmed,  Milton, 
Neitiier  an  uctuitl  nor  rirtuat  intention  of  the  mind,  but  only  that 
which  may  be  g.ittiered  from  the  outwartl  acts.  SlilUngJleeL 

2.  Being  in  essence  or  effect,  not  in  fact ;  as,  the 
virtual  presence  of  a  man  in  his  agent  or  substitute. 

Virtiiid  focus  i  in  optics,  the  point  from  which  rays, 
having  been  rendered  divergent  by  reflection  or  re- 
fraction, appear  to  isstie. 

Virtual  velocitij  ;  in  mcclianics,  the  velocity  which  a 
body  in  equilibrium  would  actually  acquire  during 
the  first  instant  of  its  motion  in  case  of  the  equilibri- 
um being  disturbed,  Brande. 

VIR-TU-AL'I-TY,  n.    Efficacy.  Broicn. 

VIR'TU-AL-LY,  ade.  In  efficacy  or  efltct  only  ;  by 
means  of  some  virtue  or  influence,  or  the  instru- 
mentality of  something  else.  Thus,  the  sun  is  lAr- 
tuallij  on  earth  by  its  light  and  heat,  Tlie  citizens  of 
an  elective  government  are  virlualUj  present  in  the 
legislature  by  tlieir  representatives.  A  man  inayrir- 
tualhj  agree  to  a  proposition  by  silence  or  withholding 
objections.  Addison.  CifC. 

VIR'TU-aTE,  v.  t.  To  make  eflicacious.  [J^'ot  in 
M,ve.]  Harvey. 

VIR'TUE,  (vurt'yu,)  n.  [Fr.  vertu;  It.  virtu  j  Sp. 
vertudi  L.  virtus,  from  vircOy  or  its  root.  (See 
Worth.)  The  radical  sense  is  strength,  from  strain- 
ing, stretching,  extending.  This  is  the  primary  sense 
of  L.  rir,  a  man.    Class  Br.] 

1.  Strength  ;  that  substance  or  quality  of  physical 
bodies,  by  which  they  act  and  produce  etfocts  on  oth- 
er bodies.  In  this  literal  and  proper  sense,  we 
speak  of  the  virtue  or  virtues  of  plants  in  medicine, 
and  the  virtues  of  drugs.  In  decoctions  the  virtues 
of  plants  are  extracted.  By  long  standing  in  the  open 
air,  the  virtues  are  lost. 

2.  Bravery ;  valor.  This  was  the  predominant 
signification  of  virtue  among  the  Romans. 

Trust  to  thy  single  virtues.  Shalt. 
[This  sense  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete."] 

3.  Moral  goodness ;  the  practice  of  moral  duties 
and  the  abstaining  from  vice,  or  a  conformity  of  life 
and  conversation  to  the  moral  law.  In  this  sense, 
virtue  may  be,  and  in  many  instances  must  be,  distin- 
guished from  reliirion.  Tlio  pr.actice  of  moral  duties 
merely  from  motives  of  convenience,  or  from  com- 
pulsion, or  from  regard  to  reputation,  is  virtue,  as 
distinct  from  religion.  The  practice  of  moral  duties 
from  sincere  love  to  God  antl  his  laws,  is  virtue  and 
religion.    In  this  sense  it  is  true, 

Th:tt  virtue  only  makes  our  bli^  below.  Pope. 
Virtue  is  nothing  but  voIunLiry  obedience  (o  truth.  Durigltt. 

4.  A  particular  moral  excellence  ;  as,  the  virtue 
of  temperance,  of  chastity,  of  charity. 

Remember  all  his  virtues.  Adtlieon. 

5.  Acting  power  ;  something  efficacious. 

Jesus,  knowing  that  virtue  had  ffone  out  of  him,  turned. — 
M.irk  iii. 

6.  Secret  agency ;  efficacy  without  visible  or  mate- 
rial action. 

She  moves  the  body  which  she  doth  possess ; 

Yet  no  part  toucheth,  but  by  virtue's  touch.  Davies. 

7.  Excellence;  or  that  which  constitutes  value  and 
merit. 

Terence,  who  thought  the  sole  grace  and  virtue  of  th'-ir  frible  the 
sucking  in  of  Bfiiteiices.  B.  Jonson. 

8.  One  of  the  orders  of  the  celestial  hierarchy. 

Thrones,  dominations,  princedoms,  rirlues,  powers,  Milton. 

9.  Efficacy  ;  power. 

He  used  to  travel  thron<rh  Gn.'ece  by  virtue  of  this  feble,  which 
pr(jcun_-d  him  rca-piiun  in  all  the  towns.  Addison. 

10.  Legal  efficacy  or  power ;  authority.  A  man 
administers  the  laws  by  virtue  of  a  commission. 

In  virtue ;  in  consequence  ;  by  the  efficacy  or  au- 
thority. 

This  they  shall  ntliln,  partly  in  virtue  of  Iho  prpmise  of  God,  and 
partly  ifi  i;irlue  of  piety.  Atterbury. 

VtR'TIIE-LESS,  (vurt'yu-,)  a.    Destitute  of  virtue. 
2.  Destitute  of  efficacy  or  operating  qualities. 

Virtuelest  she  wished  nil  her  herbs  nn<l  ch  irms.  Fairfax. 

VIR-TIJ-O'HO,  n.  [It,]  A  man  skilled  In  the  fine 
arts,  particularly  in  music  ;  or  n  man  skilled  in  an- 
tiquities, curlosllieH,  and  the  like. 

Firluoso  the  Italians  call  n  man  who  loves  the  noble  nrts,  and  is 
a  critic  in  ihciii.  Dryden. 

VIR  TU  O'SO-SHIP,  It.   The  pursiilta  of  a  virtuoso. 

Hard. 

VIR'TU-OUS,  (vurt'yu-UB,;  a.  Morally  good  ;  nrllng 
in  conformity  to  the  mural  law  ;  practicing  tlie  mor- 


VIS 

al  duties,  and  abstaining  from  vice ;  as,  a  virtuous 
man. 

2.  Being  in  conformity  to  the  moral  or  divine  law  ; 
as,  a  utrtuoiw action  ;  a  virtuous  life. 

The  mere  performance  of  virtuous  actions  does  not  denominate 
an  agent  virtuous.  Price. 

3.  Chaste  ;  ajiplicd  to  women. 

4.  Efficacious  by  inherent  qualities  ;  as,  virtuous 
herbs  ;  virtuous  drugs.    [JVof  in  use.]  C/iapinan. 

5.  Having  great  or  powerful  properties  ;  as,  virtu- 
ous steel ;  a  virtuous  stafl";  a  virtuous  ring.  [JVot  in 
use.]  JMillon.  Spenser, 

6.  Having  medicinal  qualities.    [JVot  used.] 

BacoTu 

VIR'TU-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  virtuous  manner;  in 
conformity  with  the  moral  law  or  with  duty;  as,  a 
life  virtuously  spent.  Venltani. 

A  child  virtuously  educated.  Addison. 
VIR'TU-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  character  of 

being  virtuous.  Spenser. 
VIR'U-LENCE,  j  n.    [from  virulent.]    That  qu.ality 
VIll'U-LEN-CY,  \     of  a  thing  which  renders  it  ex- 
tremely active  in  doing  injury;  acrimony;  malig- 
nancy ;  as,  the  virulence  of  poison. 

2.  Acrimony  of  temper  ;  extreme  bitterness  or  ma- 
lignity ;  as,  the  virulence  of  enmity  or  malice  ;  the 
virulence  of  satire  ;  to  attack  a  man  with  virulence. 

Addison. 

VIR'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  virulentus,  from  virus,  poison, 
that  Is,  strength,  from  the  same  root  as  vir,  vireo. 
See  Venom.] 

1.  Extremely  active  in  doing  injury  ;  very  poison- 
ous or  venomous.  No  poison  is  more  uiriiicnt  than 
that  of  some  species  of  serpents. 

2.  Very  bitter  in  enmity ;  malignant;  as,a»ir«;enf 
invective. 

VIR'U-LENT-LY,  adv.  With  malignant  activity; 
with  bitter  spite  or  severity. 

Vl'RLTS,  n.  [L.  See  Virulent.]  Active  or  conta- 
gious matter  of  an  ulcer,  pustule,  &c. ;  poison. 

VIS,  n.  [L.]  Force;  power;  as,  vis  vita,  the  vital 
force.  The  term,  however,  is  used  chiefly  in  me- 
chanics. 

VIS'AGE,  (viz'aj,)  n.  [Fr. ;  from  ll.  visaggio;  from 
Ij.  visus,  video.] 

The  face  ;  the  countenance  or  look  of  a  person,  or 
of  other  animal;  chiefly  applied  to  human  beings; 
as,  a  wolfish  visage.  Shak. 

Love  and  beauty  still  that  visage  grace.  Waller. 
His  visage  was  so  marred,  more  than  any  man.  —  Is.  lii. 

VIS'A-G£D,  a.    Having  a  visage  or  countenance. 

Milton. 

VIS'ARD,  71.    A  mask.    [See  Visor.] 
VIS'ARD,  V.  t.    To  mask. 

VIS'A-VIS',  (viz'a-vS'j)  n.  [Fr.,  opposite,  face  to 
face.]  A  carriage  in  which  two  persons  sit  face  to 
face. 

VIS'CE-RA,  71. ;  pi.  of  Vi9cD3.  [L.]  The  bowels  ; 
the  contents  of  the  abdomen,  thorax,  and  cranium. 

In  its  most  general  sense,  the  organs  contained  in 
any  cavity  of  the  body,  particularly  in  the  three 
venters,  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen. 

Cyc.  Parr. 

VIS'CE-RAL,  a.    [L.  viscera.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  viscera. 

2.  Feeling;  having  sensibdity.  [Unusual.] 

Reynolds. 

VIS'CER-aTE,  II.  t.    [Supra.]     To  exenlerate ;  to 
embowel  ;  to  deprive  of  the  entrails  or  viscera. 
[Eviscerate  is  generally  used.] 
VIS'CID,  a.    [h.  viscidus ;  wt.vctt.s",  birdlime.] 

Glutinous  ;  sticky  ;  tenacious  ;  ntit  readily  sepa- 
rating ;  as,  turpentine,  tar,  gums,  &c.,  are  more  or 
less  viscid. 

VIS-CID'I-TY,  n.  Ghitinousness ;  tenacity;  sticki- 
ness. 

2.  Glutinous  concretion.  Floyer. 
VISeOS'l-TY,      In.    Gliitinoiisness  ;  tenacltv  ;  vls- 
VIS'COUS-iXESS,  i     cidlty  ;  that  quality  of  soft  sub- 
stances which  makes  them  adhere  so  us  not  to  be 
easily  parted. 

VLS'eOUiN'T,  (vi'kount,)  71.  [L.  vice-comes;  Fr. 
vicointe.] 

1.  An  officer  who  formerly  supplied  the  place  of 
the  count  or  earl ;  the  sherilf  of  the  county. 

England. 

2.  A  degree  or  title  of  nobility  next  in  rank  below 
an  earl.  Cowel.  England. 

VIS'COU NT-ESS,  (vi'kount-ess,)  II,  The  lady  of  a 
viscount  ;  a  peeress  of  the  fourth  order.  Johnson. 

VIS'COUNT-SlllP,  (vi'kount-ship,)  ( 71.    The  quality 

VIS'€OUNT-Y,  (vl'kount-y,)  \     and  office  of 

a  viscount.  fVilliams. 

VlS'eOUS,  a.  [Fr.  vist/ucux ;  from  L.  viscus,  bird- 
lime.] 

Gliitlntms ;   clammy  ;   sticky  ;   adhesive  ;  tena- 
cious ;  as,  a  viscous  juice. 
VIS'CIJ.'',  n. :  7>/.  Viscera.  [I..]  An  entrall,  one  of  the 

contents  of  the  cranium,  tliorax,  or  abdomen. 
VISK,  71.    [Fr.  t)i>,  a  screw.] 

An  engine  or  instrument  for  griping  and  holding 
things,  closed  hy  a  screw  ;  used  by  arlifierrs. 
yl-SK',  (vec-za',)  [Fr.]    Litcrully,  seen  ;  an  indorse- 


VIS 

ment  made  by  the  police  officers  in  large  towns  of 
France,  Belgium,  &c.,  on  the  back  of  a  passport,  de- 
noting that  it  has  been  examined,  and  that  the  per- 
son who  bears  it  is  permitted  to  proceed  on  his  jour- 
ney. Hence,  travelers  speak  of  getting  their  pass- 
ports visaed. 

VISII'XU,  n.  In  the  Hindoo  mythology,  the  name  of 
one  of  the  chief  deities  of  the  trimuiti  or  triad.  He 
is  the  second  person  of  this  unity,  and  a  personifica- 
tion of  the  preserving  powers.  Cyc.  Encyc. 

VIS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [from  visible:  Fi.  risibilite.] 

1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  perceivable  to  the 
eye  ;  as,  the  visibility  of  minute  particles,  or  of  dis- 
tant objects. 

2.  The  state  of  being  discoverable  or  apparent ; 
conspicuousness ;  as,  the  perpetual  vuiibitity  of  the 
church.  Stillingfleet. 

VIS'I-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  vi-iibilis.] 

1.  Perceivable  by  the  eye  ;  that  can  be  seen  ;  as,  a 
visible  st^r ;  the  least  spot  is  visible  tm  white  paper; 
the  fine  dust  or  other  matter  in  air,  agitated  by  heat, 
becomes  visible ;  as  in  the  air  near  a  heated  stove,  or 
over  a  dry,  sandy  pl.iin,  appearing  like  pellucid 
waves. 

Virtue  made  visible  in  outward  grace.  Young. 

2.  Discovered  to  the  eye  ;  as,  visible  spirits.  Shale. 

3.  Apparent ;  open  ;  conspicuous.  Factions  at 
court  became  more  visible.  Clarendon. 

Visible  church  ;  in  theology,  the  apparent  church  of 
Christ ;  the  whole  body  of  professed  believers  in 
Christ,  as  contradistinguished  from  the  real  or  invisi- 
ble church,  consisting  of  sanctified  persons. 

Visible  horizon ;  the  sensible  horizon.  [See  Hori- 
zon, No.  1.1 

VISS'l-BLE-NESS,  71.  State  or  quality  of  being  visi- 
ble ;  visibility. 

VIS'I-BLY,  ai/o.  In  a  manner  perceptible  to  the  eye. 
The  day  is  visibly  governed  by  the  sun ;  the  tides  are 
visibly  governed  by  the  moon. 

VIS'I-GOTH,  71.  The  name  of  the  Western  Goths,  or 
that  branch  of  the  Gothic  tribes  which  settled  in 
Dacia,  as  distinguished  from  the  Ostrogoths,  or  East- 
ern Goths,  who  had  their  seats  in  Pontus. 

Encuc.  Am. 

VIS-I-GOTH'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Visigoths. 

VIS  IJ\r-ER'TlJE,n.  [L.]  The  resistance  of  matter 
to  change  as  respects  motion.  There  are  four  con- 
ditions under  which  matter  resists  change  as  re.^pects 
motion  ;  as,  1,  when  It  is  brought  from  rest  to  mo- 
tion ;  2,  when  it  is  brought  from  motion  to  rest ; 
3,  when  the  direction  of  the  motion  is  changed  ; 
and,  4,  when  the  velocity  Is  changed.  Vis  inertu£ 
and  inertia  are  not  strictly  synonymous.  The  former 
implies  Ihe  resistance  itself,  which  is  given,  while  the 
latter  implies  merely  the  property,  by  which  it  is 
given.  Gravitation  is  always  exactly  proportioned 
to  inertia. 
2.  Inertness  ;  inactivity. 

VI"SION,  (vizh'un,)  7t.  [Fr.,  from  L.  visio,  from  vi- 
deo, visas.] 

1.  The  act  of  seeing  e.\ternal  objects ;  actual  sight. 
Faith  liere  is  turned  into  vision  there.  Hammond. 

2.  The  faculty  of  seeing;  sight.  Vision  is  far 
more  perfect  and  acute  in  some  animals  than  in 
man. 

3.  Something  Imagined  to  be  seen,  though  not  re- 
al ;  a  phantom  ;  a  specter. 

No  dreams,  but  visions  strange.  Siflney. 

4.  In  Scripture,  a  revelation  from  God  ;  an  a|ipear- 
ance  or  exhibition  of  something  siiperiiaturally  pre- 
sented to  the  minds  of  the  prophets,  hy  which  they 
were  informed  of  future  events.  Such  were  the 
visions  of  l.saiah,  of  Amos,  of  Ezeklel,  &c. 

5.  Something  imaginary  ;  the  production  of  fancy. 

Loclce. 

6.  Any  thing  which  is  the  object  of  sight. 

Thomson. 

VI"SION-AL,  (vizh'un-,)  a.    Pertaining  to  a  vision. 
Vl'SlON-A-Rl -NESS,  )i.    Thequalily  of  being  vision- 
ary. 

VI"SION-A-RY,  (vizh'un-,)  a.    [Fr.  viMonnaire.] 

1.  Affected  by  phantoms;  disjioscd  to  ri!ceive  im- 
pressions on  the  Imagination. 

Or  hill  to  n-st  tin-  visionary  maid.  Pope. 

2.  Imaginary  ;  existing  in  imagination  only  ;  not 
real  ;  having  no  solid  foundation  ;  as,  a  visionary 
prospect ;  a  visionary  scheme  or  project. 

Vl"SION-A-RY,  71.  One  whose  imagination  is  dis- 
turbed. 

2.  One  who  forms  impracticable  schemes  ;  one 
who  is  confident  of  success  in  a  project  which  oth- 
ers perceive  to  be  idle  and  fanciful, 

[V1810NIST,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  used.] 
VI"$ION-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  visions. 

-Mrs.  Butler. 

VIS'IT,  V.  t,  [I<.  visito  !  Fr.  vLiiter;  It.  visitarr  :  from 
li.  n\(),  to  go  to  see  ;  W.  gtctst,  gwesta,  to  visit,  to 
go  about;  irw«.v(  a  going,  a  visit ;  nieii.v,  that  is  go- 
ing or  moving.  We  see  the  sense  is,  to  go,  to  move 
to.] 

f.  To  go  or  come  to  see  ;  to  attend.  The  phy- 
sician visits  his  patient  and  prescribes.    One  friend 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,' WHAT.  —  METE,  PRgV  PINE,  MARl.NE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK. 


1238 


VIS 

visits  another  fmm  respect  or  afft'Ction.  and 
Bariiabus  visited  the  churches  they  had  planted,  to 
know  their  stale  and  cont'irm  their  faith.  Men  visit 
Enghind,  France,  or  Italy  in  tlicir  travels. 

2.  To  so  or  conic  to  see  for  inspection,  examina- 
tion, correction  of  nhnses,  &c. ;  as,  a  bishop  visits 
his  diocc-ie  ;  a  superintendent  visits  those  persons  or 
works  wliich  are  under  his  care. 

3.  To  SiUute  with  n  present. 

Samson  insited  his  wife  with  a  kkl.  —  Jtuljjca  xv. 

4.  To  go  to  and  to  use  ;  as,  to  visit  the  springs. 

5.  In  naval  affairs,  to  enter  on  hoard  a  vessel  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  her  character  without 
searching  her. 

To  visit  in  mercy;  in  scriptural  lnntrun<re,  to  be  pro- 
pitious ;  to  grant  requests  ;  to  deliver  from  trouble  ; 
to  support  and  comfort.  It  is  thus  God  visits  his  peo- 
ple.   Oen.  xxi.    Zrch.  x.    Luke  xii. 

To  visit  rvitk  the  rod:  to  punish.    Ps.  Ixxxix. 

To  visit  in  icruthj  or  visit  iniquity  or  sins  upon  ;  to 
chastise;  to  bring  judgments  on;  to  afflict.  Exod, 

XX. 

To  visit  the  faifierlrss  and  widow,  or  tlie  sick  and  im- 
prisoned :  to  show  them  regard  and  pity,  and  relieve 
their  wants.  Jl«£f.  xxv.  James  i. 
VIS'lT,  II.  i.  Tokeepupthe  interchange  of  civilities 
and  salutations  ;  to  practice  going  to  see  others.  We 
ought  not  to  visit  for  pleasure  or  ceremony  on  the 
Pablialh. 

VIS'lT,  n.  The  act  of  going  to  see  another,  or  of 
calling  at  his  house  ;  a  waiting  on  ;  as,  n  visit  of  ci- 
vility or  respect;  a  visit  of  ceremony;  a  short  cuit  ; 
a  long  vi^it  i  a  pleasant  visit. 

2.  'I'lie  act  of  going  to  see  ;  as,  a  visit  to  Saratoga 
or  to  Niagara. 

3.  A  going  to  see  or  attending  on  ;  as,  the  visit  of 
a  physician. 

4.  The  act  of  going  to  view  or  inspect ;  as,  the 
visit  of  a  trustee  or  inspector. 

VIS'IT-.\-BI,E,  a.    Liable  or  subject  to  be  visited. 
All  hospitals  in  England,  built  since  the  reforma- 
tion, are  visitable  by  the  king  or  lord  chancellor. 
VIS'I  r-.\NT,  n.    One  that  goes  or  comes  to  see  an- 
other ,  one  who  is  a  guest  in  tlie  house  of  a  friend. 
NVlicn  the  vigitaiu  comes  ugaiii,  he  is  no  more  n  elnmgcr.  South. 
VIS-IT-A'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  visito.] 
1.  The  act  of  visiting. 


Nothing  but  peace  nnil  gentle  visitation. 
2.  Object  of  visit. 


Shale. 


O  flowers  1 

My  early  vititation  antl  my  LuU    [UnuBuat,]  Milton. 

3.  In  laiv,  the  act  of  a  superior  or  superintending 
oflicer,  who  visits  a  corporation,  college,  church,  or 
other  house,  to  examine  into  the  manner  in  vvliich  it 
is  coiuliict«-il,  and  see  that  its  laws  and  regulations 
are  duly  observed  and,  executed.  In  Knzlaiid,  the 
visitation  of  the  diocese  belongs  to  the  bishop  ;  pa- 
rochial visitation  belongs  peculiarly  to  the  archdea- 
cons. Cyc. 

4.  In  Scripture,  and  in  a  relifrious  setise,  the  send- 
ing of  afflictions  and  distresses  on  men  to  punish 
them  for  their  sins,  or  to  prove  them.  Hence  afflic- 
tions, calamities,  and  jutigments  are  called  visita- 
tions. 

NVhat  will  ye  tlo  in  the  day  of  visitation  ?  —  Is.  x. 

5.  Communication  of  divine  love  ;  exhibition  of 
divine  goodness  and  mercy.  Hooker. 

(i.  In  naval  affairs,  the  act  of  a  naval  commander 
who  visits  or  enters  on  board  of  a  vessel  belonging  to 
another  nation,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  her 
character  and  object,  but  without  claiming  or  exer- 
cising a  right  of  searching  the  vessel. 

7.  A  church  festival  in  honor  of  the  visit  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  to  Elizabeth,  celebrated  on  the  second 
of  July.  Brande. 
VIS'IT-ED,  pp.  Waited  on  ;  attended  ;  inspected  ; 
subjected  to  sulforings;  favored  with  relief  or 
mercy. 

VIS'IT-ING,  ppr.  Going  or  coming  to  see  ;  attending 
on,  as  a  physician  ;  inspecting  otiicially;  afflicting; 
showing  mercy  to. 

2.  a.  Authorized  to  visit  and  inspect ;  as,  a  visit- 
ins  committee. 

VIS'IT-I.NG,  n.  The  act  of  going  to  see  or  of  attend- 
ing :  visitation. 

VIS'IT-OR,  n.    [Fr.  visitrur.] 

1.  One  who  comes  or  goes  to  see  another,  as  in 
civility  or  friendship. 

2.  A  superior,  or  persim  authorized  to  visit  a  cor- 
poration or  any  institution,  for  the  purpose  of  seeing 
that  the  laws  and  regulations  are  observed,  or  that 
the  duties  and  conditions  prescribed  by  the  founder, 
or  by  law,  are  duly  performed  and  executed. 

The  king  is  tlie  pi^tor  ol  all  lay  corponitions.  B'.ackstont. 

VIS-IT-0'RI-.\L,  a.  [from  visitor;  improperly  writ- 
ten Visitatorial.]  Belonging  to  a  judicial  visitor  or 
superintendent. 

Ad  michdcACon  luu  vititorial  power  in  parishes.  Aylifft. 
VI'SIVE,  a.    [from  L.  vis-us.] 

Pertaining  to  the  power  of  seeing;  formed  in  the 
act  of  seeing.    [Ao(  in  use.]  Brown. 


VIT 

V1.SNE,  (veen,)  n.    [Norm.,  from  Ij.  oicinia.] 

Neighbi>rhood.    [See  Vem'E.] 
VIS'NO  M  Y,  ji.    [A  barbarous  contraction  of  physiog- 
nomy.] 

Fiice  ;  countenance.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser, 
VIS'OK,  n.    [Fr.  ri.vtVrc;   It.  visiera;  from  L.  visus, 
video;  written  also  Visauo,  Visar,  Vizard.] 

1.  A  perforated  part  of  a  helmet.  Sidney. 

2.  A  jiead-piecu  or  mask  used  to  disfigure  and  dis- 
guise. 

My  weaker  govenimcnt  since  makes  you  pull  olF  the  t?i*or. 

.SV/ney. 

Swarms  of  knaves  the  risor  quite  disgrace.  Voun^. 
VIS'OR-£D,  a.     Wearing  a  visor  j   masked  ;  dis- 
guised. .Milton. 
VIS'TA,  n.  [It.,  sight  ;  from  L.  visn.'i,  video.] 

A  view  or  prospect  through  an  avenue,  its  between 
rows  of  trees  ;  hence,  the  trees  or  other  things  that 
form  the  avenue. 

The  liiiisheil  garden  to  the  view 

lu  vistas  optMis  and  iu  alleys  green.  Thomson. 
VIS'U-AL,  (vizh'yu-al,)  a.    [Fr.  visuel ;  It.  visuale; 
from  L.  w(A-Kjf.] 

Pertaining  to  sight ;  used  in  sight ;  serving  as  the 
iustrumeiit  of  seeing ;  as,  the  visual  nerve. 

Bacon.  Jililton. 

The  nir, 

Nowhere  go  clear,  sharpened  his  visuat  ray.  Milton. 
Visual  angle;  in  »;i(ics,  the  angle  under  which  an 
object  is  seen ;  the  angle  formed  at  the  eye  by  the 
rays  of  light  coining  from  the  extremities  of  the  ob- 
ject. Brande. 

Visual  point ;  in  perspective,  a  point  in  the  horizon- 
tal line  ill  which  the  visu:il  ra>s  unite.  Qwilt. 

Visual  ray  ;  a  line  tif  light  supposed  to  come  from 
n  point  of  the  object  to  the  eye.  Oicilt. 
VIS'q-AL-I'/E,  v.  t.    To  make  visual. 
VIS'tr-AL-IZ-f.-D,  pp.    Ilendered  visual.  Coleridge. 
VI'TAL,  a.    [L.  vilal'is,  from  vita,  life.    This  must  be 
a  contraction  of  victa,  for  vivo  forms  vixi,  victus:  Gr. 
jSi'ij,  from  fiiotii,  coiitractcil.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  life,  cither  animal  or  vegetable; 
as,  vital  energies  ;  vital  powers. 

2.  Ciintributing  to  life  ;  necessary  to  life  ;  as,  vital 
air ;  vital  blootl. 

3.  Containing  life. 

Spirits  that  live  throughout, 
Vital  in  cvi-ry  part.  JV/i7on. 
And  vital  virtue  infused,  and  vital  warmth.  Milton. 

4.  Being  the  seat  of  life  ;  being  that  on  which  life 
depends. 

The  dftit  flew  on,  and  pierced  a  vital  part.  Pope. 

5.  Very  necessary' ;  highly  important ;  essential. 
Religion  is  a  business  of  vital  concern.  Peace  is  of 
vital  importance  to  our  ctmntry. 

C.  So  disposed  as  to  live. 

Pythagoras  and  Hippocrat'-s  aflirm  the  birth  of  the  seventh  month 
to  be  vital.    [Ltttle  used.]  Brown, 

Vital  air ;  oxygen  gas,  which  is  essential  to  ani- 
mal life. 

VI-TAL'I-TY,  n.    [from  vital.]    The  principle  of  ani- 
mation, or  of  life  ;  as,  the  vitality  of  vegetable  seeds 
or  of  eggs.  Ray. 
2.  The  art  of  living  ;  animation. 

VI-TAL-I-Z.\'TION,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  in- 
fusing the  vital  principle.  C.  Caldicelt. 

VI'TAL  IZE,  V.  t.    To  give  life  to.  Trans.  Pausania.i. 
2.  To  furnish  with  the  vital  principle  ;  as,  vitalized 
blood.  Caldieetl. 

VI'TAL-IZ-£D,  p2).  or  a.    Supplied  with  the  vital 
principle. 

VrTAI.,-IZ-IXG,  ppr.     Furnishing  with  the  vital 
principle. 

VI'TAL-LY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  give  life. 
The  organic  structure  of  human  bodies,  by  which  they  ore  fitted 
to  liv^nd  move,  anil  to  he  vitally  iitfornn'^i  by  the  soul,  is 
the  wlrkinunship  of  a  most  \vi»e  and  beneficent  Maker. 

lientley. 

2.  Essentially  ;  as,  vitally  iniportanL 
WTAhS,  n.  pi.    Parts  of  animal  bodies  essential  to 
life,  such  as  the  viscera  dependent  upon  the  great 
sympathetic  nerve.  Prior. 

2.  The  part  essential  to  life,  or  to  a  sound  state. 
Corruption  of  manners  jireys  upon  the  vitals  of  a 
state. 

VIT'EL-LA-RY,  n.    [L.  vitellus,  the  yelk  of  an  egg.] 
The  place  where  the  yelk  of  an  egg  swims  in  the 
white.    [Little  used,]  Brown. 
VI"TIaTE,  (vish'ate,)  r.  L    [L.  vitio.   See  Vice  and 

ViCIATE.J 

1.  To  injure  the  substance  or  qualities  of  a  thing, 
so  as  to  impair  or  spoil  its  use  and  value.  Thus  we 
say,  luxury  vitiates  the  humors  of  the  body  ;  evil  ex- 
amples vitiate  the  morals  of  youth  ;  language  is  vi- 
tiated by  foreign  idioms. 

This  uuili>tinguis!iing  corapluiunce  will  vitiate  the  taite  of  rradcrs. 

Garth. 

2.  To  render  defective  ;  to  destroy ;  as  the  validity 
or  binding  force  of  an  instrument  or  transaction. 
Any  undue  influence  exerted  on  a  jury  vitiates  their 
verdict.    Fraud  vitiates  n  contract. 

VI"TlA-TED,  (vish'S-ted,)  pp.  or  a.    Depraved  ;  ren- 
dered impure  ;  rendered  defective  and  void. 


VIT 

VI"TIA-TING,  ppr.  Depraving;  rendering  of  no  va- 
lidity. 

VI"TI-A'TION,  (vish-e-a'shuii,)  71.  The  act  of  vi- 
tiating ;  deprivation ;  corruption  ;  as,  the  vitiation  of 
the  blood.  Harvey, 

2.  A  rendering  invalid  ;  as,  the  vitiation  of  a  con- 
tract. 

VIT-I-LIT'I-GATE,  r.  i,    (L.  i>i(iW»  and  liligo.] 

To  contend  in  law  litigiously  or  cavilously.  [Abt 

in  use.] 

Vrr-I-LIT-I-GA'TION,  It.  Cnvilous  litigation.  [JVot 
111  use.]  Uuilibras. 

VI"TI-OS'I-TY,  (vish-e-os'e-te,)  n.  A  corrupted 
stale  ;  depravation. 

Vr'TIOUS,  ) 

VI"TIOUS-LY,  J  See  Vicious  and  its  derivatives. 
VI"TIi)Uf!-NESS.  ) 

Vl'l''UE-0-E-LEe'TRie,  a.  Containing  or  exhibit- 
ing positive  electricity,  or  that  which  is  excited  by 
riilibing  glass.  Ure, 

VIT'UE-OIJS,  a.  [L.  vitreus,  from  vitrum,  glass  or 
xvoad  ;  VV.  gtrydyr,  glass,  a  greenish-blue  color.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  ghiss. 

2.  Consist!  Ill"  of  glass  ;  as,  a  vitreous  substance. 

3.  Resemtfliiig  glass  ;  as,  the  vitreous  humor  of  the 
eye,  so  called  from  its  resembling  melted  glass.  [See 
Humor.]  » 

VIT'KE-OUS-NESS,  71.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
vitreous;  resemblance  of  glass. 

VI-TRES'CENCE,  n.    [from  L.  Difriim,  glass.] 

Gl.'issiness,  or  the  quality  of  being  capable  of  con- 
version into  glass  ;  susceptibility  of  being  formed 
into  glass.  Kirwan. 

VI-TRES'CENT,  a.  Capable  of  being  formed  into 
glass  ;  tending  to  become  glass. 

VI-TnE.-<'CI-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  vitrified.  Encyc. 

VIT-Rl-FAC'TION,  71.  [See  Vitrikv.]  The"  act, 
process,  or  operation  of  converting  into  ghass  by- 
iieat ;  as,  the  vitri/action  of  sand,  flint,  and  pebbles 
with  alkaline  salts. 

VIT'KI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  [from  7,i(n/y.l  Capable  of 
being  converted  into  glass  by  heal  and  fusion.  Flint 
and  alkalies  are  vitrifiable. 

VI-TRIF'ie-A-BLE,  for  Vitrifiari.e.    [A^ut  used.] 

VIT'UI-FI-CaTE,  for  Vitrifv.    [.Vut  tuied.]  Bacon. 

VIT-UI-FI-eA'TION,  for  Vitrifaction.  [See  Vix- 
RiFAcTioN,  which  is  generally  used.] 

Vrr'UI-I''i-/'.'l),  pp.  or  a.    Converted  into  glass. 

VlT'lU-FOK.M,  a.    [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  resemblance  of  gla.ss. 

Fourcroy. 

VIT'UI-F?,  v.  t.  [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and  facio,  to 
make.] 

To  convert  into  glass  by  fusion  or  the  action  of 
he.it ;  as,  to  vitrify  sand  and  alkaline  salts. 
VIT'RI-Fy,  r.  i.    To  become  glass  ;  to  be  converted 
into  glass. 

Chemists  make  vessels  of  animal  substances  calcined,  which  wUl 
not  vitrify  in  the  fire.  Arbulhnot. 

VIT'RI-FV-ING,  ppr.    Converting  into  glass. 

VIT'RI-OL,  n.  [Fr.  vitriol ;  It.  vUriuolo  :  Sp.  vUriola  ; 
from  L.  vitrum,  glass  ;  from  their  crystalline  form  or 
their  translticeiicy,  or  iierliaps  from  their  color.] 

A  soluble  sulphate  of  either  of  the  metals.  Cop- 
peras or  green  sulphate  of  iron  is  called  green  vitriol; 
a  red  sulphate  of  iron  is  red  vitriol,  or  vitriol  of  jVars; 
sulphate  of  copper  has  a  blue  color,  and  is  called 
blue  vitriol ;  a  white  sulphate  of  zinc  is  called  white 
vitriol ;  a  sulphate  of  cobalt  is  cobalt  vitriol. 

Oil  of  vitriol  is  sulphuric  acid.  Dana. 

VIT'RI-O-LATE,  r.  (.  To  convert  into  a  vitriol ;  as 
iron  pj  rites  by  the  absorption  of  oxygen,  which  re- 
duces the  iron  to  nn  oxyd,  and  the  sulphur  to  sul- 
phuric acid.  Thus  the  sulphuret  of  iron,  when  viiri- 
oluted,  becomes  sulphurate  of  iron  or  green  vitriol.  • 

VIT'RI-O-La-TED,  pp.  Converted  into  a  sulphate  or 
a  vitriol. 

VIT'RI-O-LA-TING,  ppr.  Turning  into  a  sulphate 
or  a  vitriol. 

VIT-RI-O-LA'TION,  71.  The  act  or  process  of  con- 
verting into  a  sulphate  or  a  vitriol. 

VIT-RI-OL'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  vitriol ;  having  the 
qualities  ot  vitriol,  or  obtaiiietl  from  vitriol. 

Vitriolic  acid,  in  modern  chemistry,  is  denominated 
sulphuric  acid,  the  base  of  it  being  sulphur ;  one 
equivalent  of  sulphur  combined  with  three  equiva- 
lents of  oxvgen. 

VIT'RI-OL  TZ-A-RLE,  o.  Capable  of  being  con- 
verted into  a  vitriol. 

VIT-RI-OL-I-ZA'TION.    See  Vitriolatioh. 

VIT'RI-OL-IZE.    See  Vitriolate. 

VIT'RI-OL-IZ-f;D.    See  Vitriolated. 

VlT'RI-OL-IZ-L\G.    See  Vitbiolatino. 

VIT'LJ-LINE,  a.    [L.  ritu/iiii«.] 
Belonging  to  a  calf,  or  to  veal. 

VI-TC"PEK-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Vituperate.]  Blame- 
worthy ;  censurable.    [JSTot  used.] 

VI-TO  PEU-ATE,  r.  t.    [L.  vUupero.] 
To  blame  ;  to  censure. 

VI-TU-PER-A'TION,  7u    [L.  vUuperatio.] 
Blame ;  censure. 

VI-Tu'PER-A  TI VE,  o.  Uttering  or  writing  censure ; 
containing  censure.  Pope 


TONE,  BJJLL,  yNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  aa  SU  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


VIV 


voc 


vol 


VI-Tu'PER-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.    With  vituperation. 
yl- FA'  CE,  (ve-vi'chdi.)    In  mujic,  brisk  anil  livetj'. 
VI-Va'CIOUS,  a.    [L.  viraz,  from  vivo,  to  live.] 

1.  Lively  ;  active  j  sprightly  in  temper  or  conduct. 

HmDcll. 

2.  Long  lived.    [Aot  in  use.'\  Bentley. 

3.  Having  vigorous  powers  of  life  ;  as,  vivacious 
plants.  JJ/cd.  Rcpo9, 

VI-Va'CIOUS-LY,  adv.  With  vivacity,  life,  or  spirit. 
Vl-VA'CIOUS-.NESS,  n.  Activity  ;  liveliness;  spright- 
liness  of  temper  or  behavior;  vivacity.  Dr-jden. 
2.  Powci  of  living  ;  also,  long  life.    [J\'"o(  in  nse.'[ 
Brown.  Boyle. 
VI-VAC'I-TY,  71.    [Fr.  vivacite  ;  L.  vivacitas.] 

1.  Liveliness  ;  sprighlliness  of  temper  or  behavior; 
as,  a  lady  of  great  vivacity. 

2.  Air  of  life  and  activity;  as,  ru'acifi/ of  counte- 
nance. 

3.  Life  ;  animation  ;  spirits  ;  as,  the  vivacity  of  a 
discourse. 

4.  rower  of  living.    [JVot  itsed.^  Boyle. 

5.  Longevity.    [Wofin«^e.]  Brown. 
VI'VA-RY,  M.    [L.  vivarium,  from  vivo,  to  live.] 

A  warren  ;  a  place  for  keeping  living  animals,  as  a 
pond,  a  p:irk,  &c.  Cowel. 
ri'VAT  RES-PUB'LI--e.a,  [L.]    Long  live  the  T<y 
public. 

VI'VJIT  REX,  [L.]    Long  live  the  king. 

yi'y.,ir  RE-OI'X'A,  [L.]    Long  live  the  queen. 

VI 'VA  VO'CE,  [L.]  By  word  of  mouth  ;  as,  to  vote 
viva  voce. 

VIVE,  a.    [Fr.  rif:  L.  vivus.] 

Lively  ;  forcible.    [JVot  in  use.']  Bacon. 

VIVE,  (veev,)  [Fr.]  Long  live  ;  success  to  ;  as,  vive 
le  roi,  long  live  the  king ;  vive  la  bagatelle,  success  to 
triHes  or  sport. 

VTVE'LY,  adv.    In  a  lively  manner.    LVoi  used.] 

VI'VEX-CY,  n.    [L.  vivens,  from  vivo.] 

Manner  of  supporting  life  or  vegetation.  [Kot  in 
use.]  Brown. 

ViVES,  n.  A  disease  of  brute  animals,  particulirly 
of  horses,  seated  in  the  glands  under  the  ear,  where 
a  tumor  is  formed  which  sometimes  ends  in  suppu- 
ration.   _  Cyc. 

VIV'I-AN-lTE,  n.  A  phosphate  of  iron,  of  various 
shades  of  blue  and  green.  Phillips. 

VIVID,  a.    [L.  vividus,  from  vivo,  to  live.] 

Bright ;  strong ;  exhibiting  the  appearance  of  life 
or  freshness  ;  as,  the  vivid  colors  of  the  rainbow  ;  the 
vivid  green  of  flourishing  vegetables. 

Arts  which  pn*sent.  with  all  the  vivid  charms  of  paintin*.  the 
liuii).tn  t^ic«  and  human  form  divine.  Bp.  Holart. 

2.  Lively  ;  sprightly  ;  forming  brilliant  images,  or 
painting  in  lively  colors  ;  as,  a  vivid  imagination. 
VIV'ID-LY,  adv.   With  life  ;  with  strength. 

Sensitive  obj'-cts  affect  a  man  much  more  vietdly  than  those 
which  alfect  only  his  mind.  South. 

2.  With  brightness  ;  in  bright  colors.  Boyle. 

3.  In  glowing  colors  ;  with  animated  exhibition  to 
the  mind.  The  orator  vioidly  represented  the  mise- 
ries of  his  client. 

Vi\'ID'i"tY^'  j  strength;  sprightliness. 

2.  Strength  of  coloring ;  brightness. 
VI-VIF-'e-AL,  j  SeeV.virv.] 

Giving  lile  ;  reviving  ;  enlivening.  Bailey. 
VI-VIF'I-CaTE,  v.  L    [L.  vivifco  ;  vivus,  alive,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  give  life  to;  to  animate.    [See  Vivirr.] 

More. 

2.  In  chemistrrj,  to  recover  from  such  a  change  of 
form  as  seems  to  destroy  the  essential  qualities  ;  or 
to  give  to  natural  bodies  new  luster,  force,  and  vigor. 
[Rare.]  [See  Retivb  and  Kculce,  llie  terms  now 
used.]  Cyc. 

VIV-I-FI-Ca'TION,  n.  The  act  of  giving  life  ;  revi- 
val. Bacon. 

2.  Among  chemisLi,  the  act  of  giving  new  luster, 
force,  and  vigor ;  as,  the  viv^cation  of  mercurj*.  [See 
Revivification,  which  is  more  used.]  Cyc. 
VI  VI-FI-Ga-TIVE,  a.   Able  to  animate  or  give  life. 

Alore, 

VIV'I-FI-ED,  pp.    Revived  ;  endued  with  life. 
VIV'I-FV,  £>.  (.    [Fr.  vivijier;  L.  vivijico ;  vivus,  alive, 

and  /uciu,  to  maKc.l 
To  endue  with  life  ;  to  animate ;  to  make  to  be 

living. 

sitting  on  cggt  doth  vivify,  not  nouruh.  Bacon. 
VIV'I-F?-ING,  ppr.    Enduing  with  life ;  comniuni- 
citing  life  to. 

VI- VIP'.^-ROUS,  a.  [L.  vivus,  alive,  and  pario,  to 
bear.] 

1.  Prodiicini;  young  in  a  living  slate,  ns  nil  mam- 
mifcrs,  OS  diKtingiiinhf d  from  Oviparous,  producing 
egg'*,  as  fowN.  If  fowls  were  vtriparous,  it  is  dif- 
ciilt  to  aee  how  the  female  would  tly  during  preg- 
nancy. 

2.  Ill  botany,  producing  its  otfipring  alive,  either 
by  bulbs  instead  of  HCfilii,  or  by  the  seeds  themselves 
gerniiiiating  on  the  plant,  instead  of  falling,  as  they 
Ufiuallv  do  :  nn,  a  viviparous  plant.  Murtyn, 

VI  V-l-«Ee'TION,  n.    [  L.  vii'u.-  and  $eeo.] 


The  dissection  of  an  animal  while  alive,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  some  physiological  discovery. 
VIX'£\,  II.    [Vixen  is  a  she-fox,  or  a  fox's  cub.] 

A  froward,  (urbulent,  quarrelsome  woman.  Shak. 
VIX'£N-LY,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  a  vLxen. 

Barrow. 

VIZ.,  [a  contraction  of  videlicet.]  To  wit ;  that  is, 
namclv. 

VIZ  ARD.   See  Visor.   

VIZ'IER,  (viz'yer,)  n.    [Ar.,  from  wazara,  to 

bear,  to  sustain,  to  administer.  Sometimes  spelt  Vis- 

lER  or  ViZER.] 

A  councilor  of  state  ;  the  grand  vizier  is  the  chief 
minister  of  the  Turkish  empire.  Brande. 

VIZ'lER-ATE,  n.    The  office  of  vizier. 

VIZ-Ili'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  issued  by  the  viz- 
ier. 

Vo'€.\-BLE,  n.  [L.  vocabulum;  It.  vocaholo.  See 
Voice.] 

A  word  ;  a  term  ;  a  name.  .Ssiat.  Res. 

VO-€AB'U-LA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  vocabulaire,  from  L.  vo- 
cabulum, a  word.] 

A  list  or  collection  of  the  words  of  a  language,  ar- 
ranged in  alphabetical  order  and  explained  ;  a  dic- 
tionary or  lexicon.  We  often  use  vocabulary  in  a 
sense  somewhat  tlifTerent  from  that  of  dictionary,  re- 
strictrng  the  signification  to  the  list  of  words  ;  as 
when  we  s,ay,  the  vocabulary  of  Johnson  is  more  full 
or  extensive  than  that  of  Entick.  We  rarely  use  the 
word  as  synonymous  with  dictionary;  but  in  other 
countries  the  corresponding  word  is  so  used,  and  this 
mav  be  so  used  in  En^'lish. 

VO-eAB'lJ-LIST,  n.  The  writer  or  former  of  a  vo- 
cabulary ;  a  lexicoaraphcr  or  linguist.  Oliddon. 

Vo'CAL,  a.    [Fr.,  fium  L.  vocalts.    See  Voice.] 
1.  Having  a  voice. 


To  hill  or  valley,  fountain  or  fresh  shade. 
Made  vocal  by  my  son^. 


MiUon. 


2.  Uttered  or  modulated  by  the  voice;  as,  vocal 
melody  ;  vocal  prayer ;  vocal  praise. 

Vocal  music  ;  music  made  by  the  voice,  in  distinc- 
tion from  instrumental  tnusic  ;  hence,  music  or  tunes 
set  to  words,  to  be  performed  by  the  human  voice. 
Vo'e.^L,  M.    Among  the  Roman  Catholics,  a  man  who 

has  a  right  to  vote  in  certain  elections.  Cyc. 
VO-€.AL'ie,  a.     Consisting  of  the  voice  or  vowel 
sounds. 

Vo'CAL-IST,  71.  A  public  singer  distinguished  for  ex- 
cellence of  voice. 

VO-CAL'I-TV,  71.    [L.  vocaliia.1.] 

Ciualily  of  being  utterable  by  the  voice  ;  as,  the 
vocjility  of  the  letters.  Holder. 

Vo'C4L-IZE,  v.  t.  To  form  into  voice ;  to  make  vo- 
cal. 

It  is  one  thing  to  give  impulse  to  breath  alone,  and  another  to 
vocalize  that  breath.  Holder. 

Vo'C.\L-IZ-ED,  pp.    Jl.ide  vocal ;  formed  into  voice. 
VC)'e.\L-lZ-I.\G,  ppr.    Forming  into  voice  or  sound. 
Vo'e.\L-LY,  adv.     With  voice  ;  with  an  audible 
sound. 

2.  Ill  words ;  as,  to  express  desires  vocally.  Hale. 
V0-€a'T10N,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  vocatio,  from  voco,  to 
call.    See  Voice.] 

1.  Among  divines,  a  calling  by  the  will  of  God  ;  or 
the  bestowment  of  God's  distinguishing  grace  upon 
a  person  or  nation,  by  which  that  person  or  nation  is 
put  in  the  w.iy  of  salvation  ;  as,  the  vocation  of  the 
Jews  under  the  old  dispensation,  and  of  the  Gentiles 
under  the  gospel. 

2.  Summons  ;  call ;  inducement. 

What  can  be  urred  for  them  who,  not  having  tlie  vocation  of 
poverty  to  scribble,  out  of  mere  wantonness' maiie  thcinselves 
ridiculous !  Oryden. 

3.  Designation  or  destination  to  a  particular  state 
or  profession. 

None  is  to  enter  the  ecclesiastic  or  monastic  state,  without  a  par. 
ticul  ir  vocation.  Cyc. 

4.  Employment;  calling;  occup;ition  ;  trade;  a 
word  that  includes  professions  as  well  as  mechanical 
occupations.  Let  every  divine,  every  physician,  ev- 
ery lawyer,  and  every  mechanic,  be  faithful  and  dili- 
gent in  his  vocation. 

VOe'.\-Tl  VE,  n.    [Vt.rocttlif  :  \..  vocativus.] 

Relating  to  calling;  denoting  that  case  of  the  noun 
in  which  a  person  is  addresseil ;  as,  the  vocative  case 
in  grammar. 

VOC'A-'l'lVE,  71.  In  fframmar,  the  fifth  case  or  state 
of  nouns  in  the  Latin  language  ;  or  the  case,  in  any 
language,  in  which  a  wonl  is  placed  when  the  per- 
son is  addressed  ;  as,  Domine,  O  Lord. 

VO-CIF'ER-.aTE,  r.  i.    [L.  vocifcro  ;  vor  and  fero.] 
To  cry  out  with  vehemence  ;  to  exclaim. 

VO-CIF'ER-ATE,  r.  L    To  utter  with  a  loud  voice. 

VO-CIF'ER-S-TI.NG,  p;>r.  Crying  out  with  vehe- 
mence :  utterins  with  a  loud  voice. 

VO-CIF-ER-A'TIO.N,  n.  A  violent  outcry ;  vehement 
utterance  of  the  voice.  .SrbulhnoL 

VO-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.  Making  a  loud  outcry;  clnnior- 
oiiH  ;  noiHy  ;  as,  vociferous  heralds.  Chapman. 

VO-CIK'ER-OU.S-LY,  adv.  With  great  noise  in  call- 
ing, shouting,  &c. 


VO-CIF'ER-OUS-NESS,  71.  Clainoroiisness. 

VoGUE,  (vog,)  71.  [Fr.  vogue,  a  rowing  ;  It.  vo^a,  a 
rowing,  mode,  fashion  ;  vognre,  to  row  ;  Sp.  voga  ; 
Togar,  to  row.  This  word  belongs  to  the  family  of 
Bg,  Wg.  (See  Wag  and  Wav.)  The  sense  of  vogue 
is  way,  or  the  going  of  the  world.] 

The  way  or  fashion  of  people  at  any  particular 
time  ;  temporary  mode,  custom,  or  practice  ;  popular 
reception  for  the  time.  We  say,  a  particular  form  of 
dress  is  now  in  vogue;  an  amusing  writer  is  now  in 
vogue;  such  opinions  are  now  in  vogue.  The  phrase, 
the  vogue  of  the  world,  used  by  good  writers  formerly, 
is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete. 
Use  may  revive  the  olKioletesl  word, 

And  bauish  tiiose  that  now  are  most  in  vogue.  Roscommon. 
VOICE,  71.  [Fr.  voix ;  L.  vox;  It.  voce;  Sp.  voz ; 
Gaelic,  bagh,  ,a  word ;  baigham,  to  speak  to ;  Ir. 
focal,  a  word  ;  Sans,  vach,  to  speak,  L.  voco.  The 
sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  throw,  to  drive  out  sound  ; 
and  foice  is  that  which  is  driven  out  ] 

1.  Sound  or  audible  noise  uttered  by  the  mouth, 
either  of  human  beings  or  of  other  animals.  We  say, 
the  voice  of  a  man  is  loud  or  clear ;  the  voice  of  a 
woman  is  soft  or  musical  ;  the  Twice  of  a  dog  is  loud 
or  harsh  ;  the  voice  of  a  bird  is  sweet  or  melodious. 
The  voice  of  human  beings  is  articulate  ;  that  of 
be.asts.  inarticulate.  The  voices  of  men  are  differ- 
ent, and,  when  uttered  together,  are  often  dissonant. 

2.  Any  sound  made  by  the  breath  ;  as,  the  trum- 
pet's voice. 

3.  A  vote  ;  suffrage;  opinion  or  choice  expressed. 
Originally  voice  was  the  oral  utterance  of  choice,  but 
it  now  signifies  any  vote,  however  given. 

Some  laws  onLtin,  and  some  attend  the  choice 

Of  holy  senates,  and  elect  by  ooicc.  Dryden. 

I  have  no  words  ; 
My  voice  is  in  my  sword.  Shak. 

4.  Language;  words;  expression. 

f  .et  us  call  OD  God  in  the  voice  of  his  church.  Fill, 

5.  In  Scripture,  command  ;  precept. 

Ye  would  not  be  obedient  to  the  voice  of  the  Lord  your  God.  — 
Reut.  viU. 

6.  Sound. 

After  the  (ire,  a  still,  small  voice.  —  1  Kin*s  xix. 
Canst  thou  thunder  with  a  voice  like  Hiin  ?  —  Job  xl. 
The  floods  have  lifted  up  their  voice.  —  Ps.  xciii. 

7.  Language;  tone;  mode  of  expression. 

I  desire  to  be  present  with  you  now,  and  to  change  my  voice.  — 
Ual.  iv. 

8.  In  grammar,  a  particular  mode  of  inflecting  or 
conjugating  verbs  ;  as,  the  active  voice ;  tlie  passive 
voice. 

VOICE,  V.  U    To  rumor  ;  to  report. 

It  was  voiced  that  the  ting  purposed  to  put  lo  death  E<iward 
PUmageiieL    [Lkule  used.\  Shak. 

2.  To  fit  for  producing  the  proper  sounds ;  to  regu- 
late the  tone  of ;  as,  to  voice  the  pipes  of  an  organ. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

3.  To  vote. 

VOICE,  ».  i.    To  clamor  ;  to  exclaim.  fOfts.]  Bacon. 
VOIC'£D,  (voist,)  pp.    Fitted  to  produce  the  proper 
tones. 

2.  a.    Furnished  with  a  voice.  Denham. 
VOICE'LESS,  (vois'less,)a.  Having  no  voice  or  vote. 

Coke. 

VOICING,  ppr.  Fitting  the  pipe  of  an  organ  for  pro- 
ducing its  proper  quality  of  tone. 

VOICING,  71.  The  act  of  giving  to  an  organ-pipe  its 
proper  quality  of  tone. 

VOID,  a.  [Fr.  vuide ;  \t.  veto  ;  L.  vidnus  ;  Sw.  Sde  ; 
G.  and  Dan.  ode,  waste,  which  seems  to  be  the  Eng. 
wide  ;  so  waste  and  vast  are  from  one  root.  It  coin- 
cides with  Gr.  tSioi,  and  the  root  of  L.  divido,  .\r. 


4\j  badda,  to  separate.  Class  Bd,  No.  1.  See  also 
No.  48.] 

1.  Empty;  vacant;  not  occupied  wilh  any  visible 
matter ;  as,  a  void  space  or  place.    1  Kings  xxii. 

2.  Empty ;  without  inhabitants  or  furniture. 
Oen.  i. 

3.  Having  no  legal  or  binding  force;  null;  not 
effectual  to  bind  parties,  or  to  convey  or  support  a 
right ;  not  suflicient  to  produce  its  effect.  Thus  a 
deed  not  duly  signed  and  sealed  is  void.  A  fraudu- 
lent contract  is  void,  or  may  bo  rendered  void. 

My  wonl  shall  not  return  to  inc  void,  but  it  tli:ill  accomplish  that 

which  1  please.  —  Is.  Iv. 
I  will  malte  void  the  counsel  of  Judah  and  Jcruialeni  In  this  place. 

—  Jer.  lii. 

4.  Free  ;  clear ;  as,  a  conscience  void  of  offense. 
.Sets  xxiv. 

5.  Destitute  ;  as,  I'oiii  of  learning ;  void  of  reason 
or  common  sense. 

lie  that  u  void  of  wistiom  despiselh  his  neighbor.  —  Prov.  xl. 
fi.  ITnsupplied  ;  vacant ;  unoccupied  ;  having  no 
incumbent. 

Divers  offices  that  had  b?«n  long  void.  Camdin. 
7.  Unsubstantial ;  vain. 

I^ifeless  Idol,  poi<f  and  v»ln.  Pope. 

Void  space  ;  in  physics,  a  vacuum. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1240 


VOL 

To  make  void ;  to  violate  ;  lo  transgress. 

T1k7  have  jiia/U  voi/t  ihy  law,  —  cxix. 
2.  To  reniU'r  useless  or  of  no  elTuct.    Rum.  iv. 
VOID,  ji.    An  empty  space  ;  a  vacuum. 

Pri<le,  wlirre  wit        »tepi  in  to  our  dct'enie, 
Ami  lilU  up  III!  tho  iiiiglily  void  ol  tcnie.  Pope. 
Til'  illiiiiiuiLile  void.  Tho: 


VOID,  V.  t.    To  quit ;  to  leave. 

Bill  tlipin  come  down, 
Or  mid  the  ti>-lil.  Shak. 

2.  To  emit ;  to  send  out ;  to  evacuate  ;  as,  to  void 
excreinentitioiis  mattt  r ;  to  void  worms. 

3.  'i'o  vacate  ;  to  annul ;  lo  nullify ;  to  render  of 
no  validity  t>r  effect. 

U  htxt  b-'cocne  a  practice  — 10  tJoiJ  the  tccurity  given  for  money 
borrwwctl.  Clareixdon. 

4.  To  make  or  leave  vacant. 

VOID,  B.  i.    To  1)6  emitted  or  evacuated.  Wi.irman. 
VOID'A-BLE,  a.  Tiiat  may  be  annulled  or  made  void, 
or  that  may  bo  adjudged  void,  invalid,  or  of  no  force. 
Sucli  ndniiiiititration  is  not  voij,  but  voidable  by  sentence. 

Aylife. 

2.  That  may  be  evacuated. 
VOID'A.NUE,  71.    The  act  of  emptyinff. 

2.  The  act  of  ejectinj;  from  a  bem  lice  ;  ejection. 

3.  Vacancy;  want  of  an  incumbent.  Cijc. 

4.  Evasion  ;  subterfuge.  Bacon. 
VOID'El), />p.    Thrust  out  ;  evacuated. 

2.  fl.    Ill  hcrahtnj^  [an  ordinary  is  said  to  bei'oiV/crf, 
when  the  inner  part  is  cut  away,  and  only  the  out- 
side strips  left.  —  F,.  H  Barker.] 
VOID'ER,  II.    A  basket  in  which  broken  meat  is  car- 
ried from  the  table.  Clcavdand. 

2.  One  who  evacuates. 

3.  One  who  nullilic!!. 

4.  In  hrraldnj,  one  of  the  ordinaries,  whose  figure 
Is  much  like  that  of  the  tlanch  or  flasqiie. 

[This  word  is  scarcely  recognized  in  the  nomen- 
clature of  heraldry. —  E.  II.  Barker.] 

5.  In  agriculture,  a.  provincial  name  of  a  kind  of 
shallow  basket  of  open  work.  Kngland. 

VOID'I.NG,  ;</jr.    Ejecting;  evacuating. 

2.  .Making  or  declaring  void,  or  of  no  force. 

3.  Quitting  ;  leaving. 

4.  a.  Receiving  wiiat  is  ejected  j  as,  a  voiding 
lobby.  Shak. 

VOID'iVESS,  n.    Emptiness;  vacuity;  destitution. 

2.  Nullity;  inetficacy  ;  want  of  binding  force. 

3.  Want  t)f  substantiality.  HukcwiU. 
VOIR  nlRFJ,  (vwor  deer',)  [Law  l,.  verum  dicere.] 

In  laie,  an  oath  administered  to  a  person  intended 
as  a  witness,  requiring  him  to  make  true  answers 
to  qoestitms  as  to  preliminary  or  collateral  points, 
before  he  is  allowed  to  testify  as  to  the  main  point  at 
issue.  It  is  often  atlministered  to  such  as  are  sup- 
posed to  be  interested,  «r  lo  have  funned  opinions  to 
bias  the  mind.  Bourier. 
VOI'TIIRE,  n.  [Fr.  irf. ;  It.  vcltura,  from  L.  vectus, 
velio.  ] 

Carriage.    [JVui  F.nrli^h.]  Arbuthnot. 
VO-L.\'CI()OS!,  a.    [I,,  colo.] 

Apt  or  fit  to  tlv. 
VOL-AI,'KA-L(,  (-al'ka-ll  or  -le,)  n.    Volatile  alkali ; 

bij  contraction.  Kirwan,  Geol. 

VO'LAXT,  a.     [Fr.,  flying,  from  voler,  L.  volo,  to 
fly.] 

1.  Flying;  passing  through  the  air;  as,  ro/ant  au- 
tomata. Ifilkins. 

2.  .Nimble  ;  active  ;  as,  rolant  touch.  Milton. 

3.  In  kcraldnj,  represented  as  flying  or  having  the 
wings  spreail. 

VOL'.V-TILE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  votatilis,  from  volo,  to 
fly.] 

1.  Flying  ;  passing  through  the  air  on  wings,  or  by 
the  buoyant  force  of  the  atmosphere. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  fly ;  as,  birds  are  volatile 
animals.  Ratj.  Bacon. 

3.  Capable  of  wasting  away,  orof  e.tsily  passing  into 
the  neriforui  st;ite.  'I'hus substances  which  affect  the 
smell  with  pungent  or  fragrant  odors,  as  musk,  harts- 
horn, and  essential  oils,  are  called  volatile  substances, 
because  they  wa.ste  away  on  e.vposure  to  tin;  atmos- 
phere. AlrolKil  and  ether  are  called  volatile  liquids 
for  a  similar  reason,  and  because  they  easily  pass  into 
the  slate  of  vapor  on  the  application  of  heat.  On  the 
contrary,  gold  is  a  fixed  substance,  because  it  does  not 
suffer  waste,  even  when  exposed  to  the  heat  of  a 
furnace  ;  anil  oils  are  called  fixed  when  they  do  not 
evaporate  on  simple  e.xposure  to  the  atmosphere. 

4.  Lively  ;  gay  ;  full  of  spirit ;  airy  ;  hence,  fickle  ; 
apt  to  change  ;  as,  a  volatile  temper.  tVatis. 

You  «re  lis  givMy  and  volatile  ah  ever.  Sie\fl. 
Volatde  alkali ;  an  old  name  of  aminnnia. 
VOL'A-TILE,  n.    A  wiuged  animal.    [Liule  m.w/.] 

Broton. 

VOL'A-TILE-NESS, )  ,  , 

VOL-A-TIL'I-TY,      (  ""'"'''"^O 

.1.  Disposititm  to  e.xhale  or  evaporate  ;  the  quality 
of  being  capable  of  evaporation  ;  that  property  of  a 
substance  which  disjioses  it  lo  rise  and  float  in  the 
air,  and  thus  to  be  dissipated  ;  as,  the  rolalditij  of 
rtuid.s.    Ether  is  remarkable  for  its  volalilitij.  Many 


VOL 

or  most  si>lid  bodies  are  susceptible  uf  toUilitity  by 

the  action  of  intense  heat. 

By  the  spirit  of  a  plant,  we  tinderxtand  that  pure,  el.ihnrnted  oil, 
witiol),  by  reitdOII  of  iu  exlrellie  volalility,  exlinlei  ■poiitiine- 
ously,  and  In  which  Uie  odor  or  ■inell  conaisu.  ArbuOinoL 

2.  Great  spriglitliness  ;  levity  ;  liveliness  ;  whence, 
mutability  of  mind  ;  fickleness  ;  as,  the  volatility  of 
youth. 

VC)1.'A-TIL-I7-A-HLE,  n.    That  may  be  volatilized. 

VOL-A-TIL-I-ZA'TIO.\,  ji.  [from  ro/ri(i7i:f.]  The 
act  or  process  of  rendering  volatile,  or  rather  of  caus- 
ing lo  rise  and  Moat  in  the  air.  Boyle. 

VOL'A-TIL  IZE,  II.  (.    [Fr.  volatiliser.] 

To  render  volatile  ;  to  cause  to  e.xhale  or  evapor- 
ate ;  to  cause  to  pass  oft"  in  vapor  or  invisible  efliu- 
via,  and  to  rise  and  float  in  the  air. 

The  water  —  diijtolving  Uie  oil,  and  volatilizing  It  by  the  nction. 

A'emlon. 

VOL'A-TIL-IZ-ED,  pp.  Rendered  volatile;  caused 
to  rise  and  float  in  air. 

VOL'A-TIL-IZ-LNG,  p;ir.  Rendering  volatile  ;  caus- 
ing to  rise  and  float  in  air. 

VOL-e.AN'ie,  a.  [from  volcano.]  Pertaining  to  vol- 
canoes ;  as,  volcanic  heat. 

2.  Protliiced  by  a  volcano  ;  as,  volcanic  tufa. 

3.  Changed  or  affected  by  the  heat  of  a  volcano. 
VOL-CAN'-IC'I-TY,  (-ia'e-tc,)  «.    State  of  bein  gvol- 

canic  ;  volcanic  iK)wer.  Humboldt, 
VOL'e.\N-IST,  71.    [from  volcano.]    One  versed  in 
the  history  and  phenomena  of  volcanoes. 

2.  One  who  believes  in  the  effects  of  eruptions  of 
fire  in  the  formation  of  mountains. 
VOL-GAN'I-Ty,  H.  The  state  of  being  volcanic,  or  of 

volcanic  origin. 
VOL-eAN-I-Z.\'TIOX,  n.      [from  volcanizc.]  The 
process  of  undergoing  volcanic  heat,  and  being  af- 
fected by  it. 

VOL'GAN-IZE,  r.  t.  To  subject  to  or  cause  to  under- 
go volcanic  heat,  and  to  be  allecled  by  its  action. 

Spallanzani. 

VOL'CAN-IZ-ED,  pp.    Affected  bv  volcanic  heat. 
VOL-€.\'NO,  H.    [It.,  from  Vulcan.] 

1.  In  geology,  an  opening  in  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  or  in  a  mountain,  from  which  smoke,  flames, 
stones,  lava,  or  other  substances,  are  ejectetJ.  Such 
are  seen  in  Etna  and  Vesuvius,  in  Sicily  and  Italy, 
and  Hecia,  in  Iceland.  It  is  vulgarly  called  a  burn- 
ing mountain. 

2.  The  mountain  that  ejects  fire,  smoke,  &c. 
VoLE,  ;t.   [Fr.,  from  voler,  to  fly.] 

A  deal  at  cards  that  draws  all  the  tricks.  Swift, 
VO-LEE',  (vo-la',)  n.    [Fr.,  a  flying.]    A  rapid  flight 

of  notes  in«niusic. 
Vo'LER-V,  71.    [Fr.  iioZcrie,  from  uoJer,  to  fly.] 

1.  A  flight  of  birds.  Locke. 

2.  A  large  bird-cage  in  which  the  birds  have  room 
to  fly.  Cyc, 

VOL-I-Ta'TION,  71.    [L.  volito,  dim.  of  volo,  to  fly.] 
The  ac  t  of  flying  ;  flight.  Brown, 
VO-LI"TIO.\,  (-lish'un,)  n.    [L.  volitio,  from  volo,  to 
will.    See  Will.] 

1.  The  act  of  willing ;  the  act  of  determiningchoice, 
or  forming  a  purpose.  There  is  a  great  difference 
between  actual  volition  and  the  approbation  of  judg- 
ment. Sull(/l. 

Yoli^n  is  the  actual  exercise  of  the  power  which  the  mind  liaj 
of  considering  or  furbe.irin^  to  consider  an  idea.  Locke. 

2.  The  power  of  willing  or  determining. 
VOL'I-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  to  will. 

They  not  only  perfect  the  intellectual  faculty,  but  the  volitive. 

Hate. 

VOL'LEY,  71. ;  pi.  Vollets.  [Fr.  volee,  a  flight,  from 
voler,  to  fly,  L.  volo.] 

1,  A  flight  of  shot  j  the  discharge  of  many  small 
arms  at  once.  Waller. 

2.  A  burst  or  emission  of  many  things  at  once ;  as, 
a  volley  of  words.  S/iak. 

But  rattling  nonsense  in  full  votteyt  breaks.  Po}>e. 

VOL'LEY,  r.  t.    To  discharge  with  a  volley. 
VOL'LEY,  V.  i.  To  throw  out  or  discharge  at  once. 

.Via/.-. 

VOL'LEY-KD,  (vol'lid,)  a.  [from  volley.]  Displod- 
ed  ;  discharged  with  a  sudden  burst ;  as,  volleyed 
thunder.  jMtlton.  Philip.i. 

VoLT,  71.  [Fr.  volte,  a  ring ;  It.  voUa,  a  turn  ;  from  L. 
volutu.i,  rolvo.] 

1.  A  round  or  circular  tread  ;  a  gait  of  two  treads 
ni:idc  by  a  horse  going  sideways  round  a  center. 

Far.  Diet. 

2.  In  fencing,  a  sudden  movement  or  leap  to  avoid 
a  tbrii.st. 

VOL'T.I,  in  Italian  music,  signifies  that  the  part  is  to 
be  repeated  one,  twtt,  or  more  times. 

VOL-TA'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Volta,  the  discoverer  of 
voltaism  ;  as,  the  voltaic  pile. 

Voltaic  apparatus;  the  apparatus  used  for  accumu- 
lating galvanic  electricity.  The  agent  itself  is  de- 
ntiminated  ffalvanism,  after  its  discoverer,  Oalcani, 
while  the  instruments  used  for  exciting  and  accumu- 
lating it  are  called  voltaic,  in  honor  of  Volta,  who  first 
contrived  this  kind  of  apparatus. 

Voltaic  pile  ;  a  column  formed  by  successive  pairs 


VOL 

of  metallic  disks,  as  silver  and  zinc,  with  liiDlKteiied 
clolh  between  every  Iwii  coiiliguniis  (laim. 

Voltaic  electricity  :  llie  kind  of  eleclricily  which  it 
ev(>lved  by  voltaic  apparatus. 

Voltaic  battery  ;  the  larger  forms  of  vollalc  appara- 
tus, used  for  accumulating  galvanic  elertncily. 

VOL'TA-IS.M,  n.    [from  Volta,  mi  llalian.] 

That  branch  oi  electrical  scieiue  which  has  its 
source  in  the  chemical  action  between  iiietals  and 
dilferent  liquids.  It  is  more  (iropcrly  called  (;alv«n- 
isM,  from  Oalcani,  who  first  proved  or  brought  into 
notice  its  remarkable  influence  on  nniiiials. 

VOL-TAM'E-TER,  h.    [  Volta  and  iilt,,  n:] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  voltaic  electricity 
passing  through  it. 

V0IJT1,  [It.]    In  mu.iit,  turn  over. 

VOL'TI-CEIjR,  (-zhur,)  n.  A  light-horseman  or  dra- 
goon. In  the  army  of  the  United  Stales,  each  dra- 
goon or  horsemtiii  has  a  ftiut-soldier  atlaelieil  to  him, 
who,  in  case  of  necessity,  iiiouiits  behind  on  the 
same  horse  ;  thus  presenting,  whenever  they  meet 
the  enemy,  a  line  of  infantry  and  of  dragiuuis  in  the 
same  regiment.  Crittenden. 

VOL'TI  SC'RI-TO,  [It.]    Turn  over  quicklv. 

VO-LCHlIz-ATE,  la.   In  gardening,  a  voliibilalc  stem 

VOL'Q-BILE,  (  is  one  that  climbs  by  winding  or 
twining  round  another  body.  Cyc 

VOL-I.J-BIL'1-TY,  71.  [Fr.  volubilitii  L.  votubUitas, 
from  volco,  to  roll.] 

1.  The  capacity  of  being  rolled  ;  aptness  to  roll ; 
as,  the  oolubilitii  of  a  bowl.  lyattj, 

2.  The  act  ol"  rolling. 

By  irregular  volubiliti/.  Hooker. 

3.  Ready  motion  of  llie  tongue  in  speaking ;  flu- 
ency of  speech. 

She  rin  over  the  catnlo^ie  of  divnnions  with  rich  n  eoIu£t/i.*y 
of  tongue,  as  drew  a  genUe  repriimuid  from  her  fiither. 

Female  Quixote. 

4.  Mutability  ;  liableness  to  revolution  ;  as,  the 
volubilitii  of  human  affairs.  [Unusual.]  Fstraufre. 

VOL'y-H"LE,  (vol'yu-bl,)  a.    [L.  volubdis.] 

1.  Formed  so  as  to  roll  with  ease,  or  to  be  easily 
set  in  motion  ;  apt  to  roll ;  as,  voluble  particles  of 
matter.  Boyle. 

2.  Rolling  ;  having  quick  motion. 

This  less  voluble  earth.  Milton. 

3.  Nimble ;  active  ;  moving  with  ca.se  and  smooth- 
ness in  uttering  words  ;  fluent ;  as,  a  flippant,  volu- 
ble tongue. 

4.  Fluent ;  flowing  with  ease  and  smoothness  ;  as, 
a  voluble  speech.  SJiak. 

5.  Having  fluency  of  speech. 

Cassio,  a  knave  very  voluble.  Shak. 

VOL'IJ-RLY,  ade.   In  a  rolling  or  fluent  manner. 

Ifadibras, 

VOL'lJME,  (vol'yum,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  voluinen,  a 
roll ;  volvo,  lo  roll.  To  make  u  long,  in  this  word,  is 
palpably  wrong.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  roll,  as  the  ancients  wrote  on  long 
strips  of  bark,  parchment,  or  other  material,  which 
they  formed  into  rolls  or  folds.  Of  such  volumes, 
Ptolemy's  library  in  Alexandria  contained  three  or 
seven  hundred  thousand. 

2.  A  roll  or  turn  ;  .as  much  as  is  included  in  a  roll 
or  coil ;  as,  the  volume  of  a  serpent.  Dryden, 

3.  Dimensions  ;  ctmipass  ;  sjiace  occupied  ;  as,  the 
volume  of  an  elephant's  body  ;  a  volume  uf  gas. 

Daricin,  Parke. 

4.  A  swelling  or  spherical  body. 

The  undulating  billows  rolling  their  silver  volumta.  Irving. 

5.  A  book  ;  a  collection  of  sheets  of  paper,  iisiinlly 
printed  or  written  paper,  folded  and  bound,  or  cov- 
ered. A  book  consisting  of  sheets  once  folded  is 
called  a  folio,  or  a  folio  volume:  of  sheets  twice  f-ild- 
ed,  a  quarto  :  and  thus,  according  to  the  number  of 
leaves  in  a  sheet,  it  is  called  an  ortavo  or  a  duodecimo. 
The  Scriptures,  or  sacred  writings,  bound  in  a  single 
volume,  are  called  Ihe  Bible.  The  number  of  volumfj 
in  the  Royal  Library,  in  Rue  de  Richelieu,  at  Paris,  is 
variously  estimated.  According  to  the  returns  in 
183U,  there  were  more  than  7l)U,0O0  volume^. 

An  o<ld  volume  of  a  set  of  books  bean  Dot  the  value  of  lis  pro- 
portion to  the  set.  FranJctin. 

6.  In  mu.tic,  the  comp.nss  of  a  voice  from  grave  to 
acute  :  the  tone  or  power  of  voice.  Busbii. 

V0L'II.M-/;D,  (vol'yumd,)  o.  Having  the  form  of  a 
volume  or  roll  ;  as,  voliimed  mist.    Percy's  .Ma.tque, 

VO-L0'.MI.\-OL'S,  a.  Consisting  of  many  coi!<  or 
coiuplicatiuns. 

The  serpent  rolled  tra'urmnous  awl  v.-isl.  MUton. 

2.  Consisting  of  many  volumes  or  books.  The 
collections  of  Alumtori  and  of  the  Byzantine  history 
are  very  voluminous. 

3.  Having  written  much,  or  made  many  volumes  ; 
as,  a  voluminous  writer. 

4.  Copious  ;  dilTusive.  He  was  too  voluminous  in 
discourse.    [A'bt  in  use,] 

VO-Ltj'ML\-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  many  volumes  ;  very 
copiously.  Oranrille. 

VO-LO'MI.N'-OUS-NES.S,  it.  State  of  being  bulky  or 
in  many  volumes. 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SIl ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1 


ZZZZ' 


1241 


VOL 


VOll 


VOU 


ely  to  voliinUlTy  notion,  is  tlie 
N.  W.  Taylor. 


VOL'lJ-MIST,  n.  One  who  writes  a  voltinie  ;  an  au- 
thor.   [M't  in  iiseA  Milton. 

VOL'UN-TA-Rl-LY,  adv.  [from  voluntarxj.']  Spon- 
taneously ;  of  one's  own  will ;  w  ithout  being  niovetl, 
intluenced,  or  inipelleii,  by  others. 

To  be  n^pnu  volMnlirily  .a  our  own  destroctioD,  is  asrainst  God 
and  iijtui*.  'Hooker. 

VOL'UN-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  volun- 
tarv  or  optional. 

VOL'UN-TA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  volontaire  ;  L.  voluntarius, 
from  voluntas,  will,  from  volo.  Voluntary  is  applica- 
ble only  to  beings  that  have  Tcill ;  spontaneouf^  is  ap- 
plicable to  physical  caiises,  as  wSll  as  to  the  will  of  an 
agent.] 

1.  Actinc  hy  choice  or  spontaneously ;  acting  with- 
out being  infliienceil  or  impelleti  by  another. 

2.  Free,  or  having  power  to  act  by  choice  ;  not  be- 
ing under  restraint ;  as,  man  is  a  voluntary  agent. 

Hooker. 

3.  Proceeding  from  choice  or  free  will 

Tliat  sill  or  ^lill  pirtuiiis  excluj 
true  principle  of  orthodoxy, 

4.  Willing  ;  acting  with  willingness. 

She  tell  to  lust  a  volunlary  prey.  Pave. 

5.  Done  by  design  ;  purposed;  intended.  Ifamar> 
kills  another  by  lopping  a  tree,  here  is  no  voluntary 
murder. 

C.  Done  freely,  or  of  choice  ;  proceeding  from  free 
will.  He  went  into  voluntary  exile  ;  he  made  a  vol- 
untary surrender. 

7.  Acting  of  his  own  accord  ;  spontaneous ;  as, 
the  voluntary  dictates  of  knowledge. 

8.  Subject  to  the  will ;  as,  the  voluntary  motions 
of  an  anim  A.  Thus  the  motion  of  a  leg  or  an  arm 
is  voluntary,  but  the  motion  of  the  heart  is  imolun- 
tary. 

A  voluntary  escape,  in  law,  is  the  escape  of  a  pris- 
oner by  the  express  consent  of  the  sheriff. 

Voluntary  jurisdiction,  is  that  which  is  exercised 
in  doing  tliat  which  no  one  opposes;  as  in  granting 
dispensations,  &.c. 

Voluntary  affidavit  or  oath,  is  one  made  in  an  extra- 
judicial matter. 

Voluntary  waste,  is  that  which  is  committed  by 
positive  acts. 

VOL'UN-TA-RY,  n.  One  who  engages  in  any  affair 
of  his  own  free  will ;  a  volunteer.  [In  this  sense, 
VoLUNTEEB  is  now  generally  used.] 

2.  In  music,  a  piece  played  by  a  musician,  often 
extemporarily,  according  to  his  fancy.  In  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  we  have  a  method  of 
writing  voluntaries  as  fast  as  the  musician  plays  the 
notes.  This  is  by  a  cylinder  turning  under  the  keys 
of  the  organ.  Cyc. 

3.  .\  composition  for  the  organ. 
VOL-UN-TEEK',  n.    [Fr.  volontaire.] 

A  person  who  enters  into  military  or  other  service 
of  his  own  free  will.  In  inilitary  affairs,  volunteers 
enter  into  service  voluntarily,  but  when  in  service, 
they  are  subject  to  discipline  and  regulations  like 
other  soldiers.  They  sometimes  serve  gratuitously, 
brit  often  receive  a  compensation. 

VOL-UN-TEER',  a.  Entering  into  service  of  free 
will  ;  as,  vulmitfcr  comp.anies. 

VOL-UN-TEER',  v.  t.  To  offer  or  bestow  voluntarily, 
or  without  solicitation  or  compulsion  ;  as,  to  volun- 
teer one's  services. 

VOL-UN-TEER',  v.  i.    To  enter  into  any  service  of 
one's  free  will,  without  solicitation  or  compulsion, 
lie  volunteered  in  that  undertaking. 
\  These  verbs  are  in  respectable  luie.] 

VO-LUI"TU-A-RY,  (vo-lupt'yu-a-ry,)  n.  [L.  voluptu- 
arius,  from  volnptas,  pleasure.] 

A  man  addicted  to  luxury  or  the  gratification  of 
the  appetite,  and  to  other  sensual  ple.asutes. 

Jittcrbury. 

VO  LUP'TU-OUS,  (vo-Iupt'yu-us,)  a.  [Fr.  volup- 
tueuz;  \j.  voluptuonus,] 

Given  to  the  enjoyments  of  luxury  and  pleasure  ; 
indulging  to  excess  in  sensual  gratitirations. 

Soffned  with  ptenure  and  coluptiwui  life.  Afi/Ion. 

VO-T,i;i'  TU-OUS-LY,  adv.  Lnxuriotisly  ;  wilh  free 
Indulgence  of  sensual  pleasures  ;  as,  to  live  voluptu- 
ouslii. 

VO-LUP'TU-OUS-NESS,  n.  Luxuriousness ;  nddict- 
edness  to  pleasure  or  sensual  gratification. 

Where  no  voluptaoutnettf  yet  nil  delight.  Donne. 
VOL-TJ-TA'TIO.N,  n.    [L.  volutatio,  from  valuta,  from 
Volvo,  Eng.  to  wallow.] 

A  wallowing  ;  a  rolling  of  the  body  on  the  earth. 
[Bee  VVallow.1 
VO-LCTE',  n.    [Ft.voluU;  It.  voUua  ;  from  L.  vola- 

tUA,  Volvo.] 

1.  In  archilrr.ture,  a  kind  of  spiral  scroll,  used  in 
the  Ionic  and  Composite  capitals,  of  which  it  is  a 
principal  ornament.  The  number  of  volutes  in  the 
Ionic  order  is  four ;  in  the  Composili',  eight.  There 
arc  also  eight  angular  voliitea  in  the  Corinthian  cap- 
ital, accompanied  with  eight  smaller  ones,  called 
Helices.  Cyc. 

'J.  In  natural  history,  n  name  given  to  the  moltM.-.kn 
of  the  genus  Vuluta.    1'hey  have  opirnl,  unilocular 


shells,  with  the  pillar  or  culuinella  plaited,  and  are 

prized  for  their  beauty  and  rarity.  P.  Cyc. 

VO-LuT'ED,  o.    Having  a  vtdiite  or  spiral  scroll. 
VO-Lu'TION,  n.'   A  spiral  turn  or  wreath. 
VOL'U-TITE,  71.     A  petrified  shell  of  the  genus 

Volii'ta.    [JVot  used.]  Jameson. 
VOM'I-CA,  71.    [L.]    An  abscess  in  the  lungs. 
VO:<I'ie-NUT,  71.    [L.  vomica,  emetic,  and  nux,  a 

nut.] 

The  seed  of  the  Strychnos  mix  vomica,  a  medium- 
sized  tree  growing  in  various  parts  of  India  ;  com- 
monly called  Nt'x  Vomica.  The  fruit  is  of  the  size 
of  a  small  orange,  and  of  the  same  color,  covered 
with  a  tough  rind,  and  filled  with  a  pulp,  in  which 
the  seeds  are  imbedded.  Almost  all  parts  of  this 
tree  are  medicinal,  but  more  especially  the  seeds. 
They  are  not  emetic,  however,  as  their  name  im- 
plies. The  snake-wood  docs  not  belong  to  this  tree, 
as  some  have  asserted,  but  to  Strychnos  colubrina, 
another  species  of  the  same  genus. 
VO.M'IT,  I',  i.  [L.  t'uwio;  Fr.vomir;  It.  fomiVc  ;  Sans. 
vamathu.  Probably  the  Gr.  t/Jtw  is  the  same  word, 
with  the  loss  of  its  first  letter.]  • 

To  eject  the  contents  of  the  stomach  by  the  mouth. 
Some  animals  vomit  with  ease,  as  cats  and  dogs  ;  but 
horses  do  not  vomit.  Cyc. 
VOM'IT,  V.  t.  To  throw  up  or  eject  from  the  stomach ; 
to  discharge  from  the  stomach  through  the  mouth. 
It  is  followed  often  by  up  or  out,  hut  without  neces- 
sity, and  to  the  injury  of  the  language.  In  the  yel- 
low fever,  the  patients  often  t>07nit  dark-colored  mat- 
ter, like  coffee  grounds. 

The  fish  vomited  out  Jonah  upon  the  dry  land.  —  Jonah  ii. 

2.  To  eject  with  violence  from  any  hollow  j  lace. 
Volcanoes  vomit  flames,  ashes,  stones,  and  liquid 
lava. 

VOiU'IT,  n.   The  matter  ejected  from  the  stomach. 

Sandys. 

2.  That  which  excites  the  stomach  to  discharge  its 
contents ;  an  emetic. 

Black  tmnit:  a  copious  vomiting  of  dark-colored 
matter,  resembling  coflee  grounds  ;  one  of  the  most 
fatal  attendants  of  the  yellow  fever. 
VOiM'IT-ED.p^.  Ejected  from  the  stomach  through 
the  mouth,  or  from  any  deep  place  through  an  open- 
ing. 

VO.M'IT-ING,  ppr.  Discharging  from  the  stomach 
through  the  mouth,  or  ejecting  from  any  deep  pl.ace. 

VO.M'IT-ING,  11.  The  act  of  ejecting  the  contents  of 
the  stomach  through  the  mouth.  Vomiting  is  essen- 
tially an  inverted  action  of  the  stomach  and  esoph- 
agus. Cyc. 

2.  The  act  of  throwing  out  substances  with  vio- 
lence from  a  deep  hollow,  as  a  volcano,  &c. 

VO-MI"TION,  (vo-niish'un,)  n.  The  act  or  power  of 
vomiting.  Orew. 

VO.M'I-TIVE,  a.    [Fr.  vomitif.] 

Causing  the  ejection  of  matter  from  the  stomach 
emetic.  Brown. 

VO-MI'TO,  (vo-me'to,)  71.  [Sp.]  The  yellow  fever 
in  its  worst  form,  when  it  is  usually  attended  with 
the  black  vomit. 

VOM'I-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  vomitorius.]  Procuring  vom- 
iting ;  causing  to  eject  from  the  stomach  ;  emetic. 

Brown. 

VO.M'I-TO-RY,  71.  An  emetic.  Uirvey. 
2.  A  principal  door  or  entrance  of  a  large  building, 

as  of  an  ampiiitheater.  Oibbon 
VO-Ra'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.    [Fr.  and  It.  vorace;  L. 

voroJT,  from  voro,  to  devour ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  "lya,  to 

clear  away,  to  consume  ;  Gr.  liopa,  food.    Class  Br, 

No.  U.] 

1.  Greedy  for  eating ;  ravenous ;  very  hungry  ;  as, 
a  voracious  man  or  appetite. 

2.  Rapacious;  eager  to  devour;  as, voracious  ani- 
mals. 

3.  Ready  to  swallow  up ;  as,  a  voracious  gulf  or 
whirlpool. 

VO-R.A'CIOUS-LY,  aifo.  With  greedy  appetite ;  rav- 
enoiislv. 

VO-Ra'CIOUS-NES.S,  n.     Greediness  of  appetite  ; 

nivenoiisness  ;  eagerness  to  devour ;  rapaciousness. 
VO-RAC'I-TY,  (-ras'e-te,)  n.    Greediness  of  appetite  ; 
voraciousness. 

Cre«tur<'s,  by  their  voradty  pernicious,  have  commonly  fewer 
young.  Verham. 

V0-R.M5'1N-0US,  o.    [L.  voraffinosus,  vorago.] 

Full  of  gulfs.  SeotU 
VOR'TEX,  71. ;  pi.  Vortices  or  Voutexes.    [L.,  from 
verto,  aiit.  vorto,  to  turn.] 

1.  .\  whirlpool  ;  a  whirling  or  circular  motion  of 
water,  forming  a  kind  of  cavity  in  the  center  of  the 
circle,  and  in  some  instances  drawing  in  water  or 
absorbing  other  things. 

2.  A  whirling  of  the  nir  ;  a  whirlwind.  Cyc. 

3.  In  the  Cartesian  system,  a  collection  of  particles 
of  matter,  forming  an  ether  or  lluid  endowed  with  a 
rapid  rotary  motion  around  an  axis.  Ity  means  of 
these  vorlice,i,  Desc.irtcs  nltempted  to  account  for  the 
foriii.'ition  of  the  universe.  Brande. 

VOIt'TI-CAL,  a.    Whirling;  turning  ;  ns,  n  vortical 

motion.  JVewton.  Bentley. 

VOR'TI-CEL,  71.    The  name  of  certain  wheel-animal- 


cules, which,  by  the  rapid  rotary  motion  of  the  organs 
roiiml  the  mouth,  create  a  vortex  in  the  water,  and 
obtain  their  food.  Kirby. 
Vo'TA-RESS,  71.    A  female  devoted  to  any  service, 
worship,  or  st,ate  of  life. 

No  rosary  tliis  volarese  needs.  Cleaveland. 

Vo'TA-RIST,  71.  [See  Votart.]  One  devoted  or 
given  up  to  any  person  or  thing,  to  any  service,  wor- 
ship, or  pursuit. 

I  am  no  idle  votanst.  Shale. 
[Votary  is  now  used.] 
Vo'TA-RY,  a.     [from  L.  votus,  from  voveo.  See 
Vo«-.] 

Devoted  ;  promised  ;  consecrated  1)y  a  vow  or 
promise  ;  consequent  on  a  vow. 

VoUiry  resolution  is  ni,^de  equipollent  to  custom.  Bacon. 

Vo'TA-RY,  71.  One  devoted,  consecrated,  or  engaged 
by  a  vow  or  promise  ;  hence,  more  generally,  one  de- 
voted, given,  or  addicted  to  some  particular  service, 
worship,  study,  or  state  of  life.  Every  goddess  of 
antiquity  had  her  votaries.  Every  pursuit  or  study 
has  now  its  votarieji.  One  is  a  votary  to  mathemat- 
ics, another  is  a  uotori/ to  music,  and  alas!  a  great 
portion  of  the  world  tire  votaries  of  sensual  pleas- 
ures. 

It  was  the  coldness  of  the  votary,  not  the  prayer,  wliich  was  ia 
fault.  Fell. 

Vote,  71.  [It.  and  Sp.  voto ;  L.  votum,  from  voveo,  to 
vow.    Votum  is  properly  wish  or  will.] 

1.  Suffrage  ;  the  expression  of  a  wish,  desire, 
will,  preference,  or  choice,  in  regard  to  any  measure 
proposed,  in  which  the  person  voting  has  an  iiite.'est 
in  common  with  others,  either  in  electing  a  man  to 
office,  or  in  passing  laws,  rules,  regulations,  and  the 
like.  This  vote  or  expression  of  will  may  be  given 
by  holding  up  the  hand,  by  rising  and  standing  up, 
by  the  voice,  (viva  voce,)  by  ballot,  by  a  ticket,  or 
otherwise.  All  these  modes  and  others  are  used. 
Hence, 

2.  That  by  which  will  or  preference  is  expressed 
in  elections,  or  in  deciding  propositions  ;  a  ballot ;  a 
ticket,  &c. ;  as,  a  written  vote. 

3.  Expression  of  will  hy  a  majority  ;  legal  decis- 
ion hy  some  expression  of  the  iniiids  of  a  number  ; 
as,  the  vote  was  unanimous. 

4.  United  voice  in  public  prayer. 

VOTE,  71.  i.  To  express  or  signify  the  mind,  will,  or 
preference,  either  viva  voce,  or  by  ballot,  cStc,  in 
electing  men  to  office,  or  in  passing  laws,  regula- 
tions, and  the  like,  or  in  deciding  on  any  proposition 
in  which  one  has  an  interest  with  otli<_rs.  In  elec- 
tions, men  are  bound  to  vote  for  the  best  men  to  fill 
oirices,  according  to  their  best  knowledge  and  be- 
lief. 


To  vote  for  a  duelist,  is  to  assist 
indirectly  to  encourage  the  c 


1  the  prostration  of  justice,  nnd 
ine.  L.  Beecher. 


Vote,  v.  t.  To  choose  by  suffrage  ;  to  elect  by  some 
expression  of  will  ;  as,  the  citizens  cufcii  their  candi- 
date into  office  with  little  o|)position. 

2.  To  enact  or  establish  by  vote  or  some  expres- 
sion of  will.  The  legislature  voted  the  resolution 
unanimously. 

3.  To  grant  by  vote  or  expression  of  will. 
Parliament  voted  them  a  hundred  thousand  pounds,  Stoifl. 

VOT'ED,  pp.  Expressed  by  vote  or  suffrage ;  deter- 
mined. 

VoT'ER,  71.  One  who  has  a  legal  right  to  vote  or 
give  his  suffrage. 

VOT'ING,  ppr.  Expressing  the  mind,  will,  or  prefer- 
ence ill  election,  or  in  determining  questions  pro- 
posed ;  giving  a  vote  or  suffrage  ;  electing,  deciding, 
giving,  or  enacting  by  vote. 

VoT'lNG,  71.  The  act  of  expressing  the  mind,  will, 
or  preference  by  vote  or  suflVage. 

VO'TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  vol  if  i  L.  votivus,  from  votus, 
vowed.] 

Given  by  vow  ;  devoted  ;  as,  votive  offerings.  A 
votive  medal  is  one  struck  in  grateful  coiiiiiiemoration 
of  some  auspicious  event ;  a  votive  offering  is  u  tab- 
let, picture,  &c.,  dedicated  in  consequence  of  the 
vow  of  a  worshiper. 

Venus,  take  my  votive  glass.  Prior, 

Vo'TIVE-LY,  adv.    liy  vow. 

VOUCH,  II.  (.    [Norm,  voucher ;  L.  voco.    See  Voice.] 

1.  To  call  to  witness ;  to  obtest. 

Anil  vouch  the  silent  stars  and  conscious  moon.  Dryden. 

2.  To  declare  ;  to  aliirm  ;  to  attest ;  to  warrant ;  to 
maint.iin  by  affirmations. 

'I'hey  iimdo  him  inhaiiHHl  10  vouch  the  Irulli  of  the  lelatinn,  lind 
attervvanl  to  credit  it.  AtUrliury. 

3.  To  warrant ;  to  confirm  ;  to  establish  proof. 
The  consistency  of  the  discourse  —  vouchee  it  to  bi*  worthy  of  tlie 

great  apostle.  Locke. 

4.  In  law,  to  call  into  court  to  vvarriinl  and  defend, 
or  to  make  good  a  warranty  of  title. 

He  vouchee  Ijio  tenant  in  t.iii,  who  vouchee  over  the  conunon 
vouchee.  *  C'ficitslorl*. 

VOUCH,  II.  t.   To  bear  witness  ;  to  give  testimony  or 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


w 

full  iittestntion.  1  can  not  voucA  fur  tlie  truth  of  the 
report. 

He  cVd.ires  he  Vfill  nol  lelievc  hor»  till  the  elector  of  Ilnnover 
■li.ill  uoucA  for  ttio  trutU  of  wUut  llte  hna  ao  •ulenmly  al- 
nnned.  Sjri/l. 

VOdCH,  n.    Warrant ;  attestation.  Sliak. 
VOUCH'F.D,  (voucht,)  pp.     Called  to  witness;  af- 

firineil  or  fully  altcsleiJ  ;  called  into  court  to  make 

pmd  a  warranty. 
VOIICII-KK',  n.    In  laa,  the  person  who  is  vouched 

or  called  into  court  to  support  or  make  good  ins 

warranty  of  title  in  the  process  of  coniinon  recovery. 

Blackvtone. 

VOUCIl'ER,  n.    One  who  gives  witness  or  full  attes- 
lalton  to  any  thing. 


The  srri'nt  wrilers  of  that  i 
cacli  other's  reputation 


'  stund  up  togethe 


1  vouehera  for 
iS'^ectotor, 


3.  In  law,  the  net  of  calling  in  a  person  to  make 
good  his  warranty  of  title. 

3.  A  book,  paper,  or  document  which  serves  to 
vouch  the  truth  of  accounts,  or  to  confirm  and  estab- 
lish facts  of  any  kind.  The  merchant's  books  are  his 
vouclierj  for  the  correctness  of  his  accounts.  iNotes, 
bonds,  receipts,  and  other  writings,  are  used  as 
t'liuclirrs  ill  proving  facts. 
VOlJt'Il'ER,  j  H.  Ill /tiir,  the  tenant  in  a  writ  of  right ; 
VOUCIl'OK,  i  one  who  calls  in  another  to  establish 
his  warranty  of  title.  In  common  recoveries,  there 
may  be  a  single  vouckcr,  or  double  voucher.^: 

Blackstonc. 

VOUCH'ING,  ppr.  Calling  to  witness;  attesting  by 
atfirmalion  ;  calling  in  to  maintain  warranty  of 
title. 

VOUCH-SSFE',  t).  t.  [vouch  and  sqfe;  to  vouch  or 
answer  for  safety.] 

1.  To  permit  to  he  done  without  danger. 

2.  To  condescend  to  grant. 

Shall  I  vouehta/e  your  worship  a  wont  or  two  ?  Sftak. 
It  U  not  KlU  by  the  ivpo^tlc  that  (lod  voucfita/ed  to  the  he:il)icn 
the  means  of  i.tlvatioii.  South. 

VOUCH-SAFE',  V.  i.  To  condescend  ;  to  deign  ;  to 
yield. 

Voucftsn/e,  illuflrious  Ormond,  to  behold 

WhiU  power  the  churnis  ot  beauty  hatl  of  old.  Dryden. 

VOUCH-SAF'£D,  (-stia',)  pp.  Granted  in  condescen- 
sion. 

VOUCH-SaFE'MENT,  71.  Grant  in  condescension  ; 
as,  God's  greatest  coniinunicated  voudisafcments. 

Boijle. 

VOUCIl-SAF'ING,  ppr.  Condescending  to  grant ; 
deigning. 

yOUS'SOfR',  (voos'wor',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  wedge-like 
stone  forming  part  of  an  arch.  Gwilt. 

VOW,  n.  [Fr.  ttrit ;  It.  voto  ;  L.  votum,  from  vocco,  to 
vow  ;  probably  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  A  solemn  promise  matio  to  God,  or  by  a  pagan 
to  his  deity.  Tlie  Roman  generals,  when  they  went 
Co  war,  sometimes  niatle  a  voie  that  they  would  builit 
a  temple  to  some  favorite  deity,  if  he  would  give 
them  victory.  A  vote  is  a  promise  of  something  to 
bo  given  or  done  hereafter. 

.\  person  is  constituted  a  religions  by  taking  three 
rotes,  of  chastity,  of  poverty,  and  of  obedience. 
Among  the  J.rraelitci,  the  mtns  of  children  were  not 
binding,  unless  ratified  by  the  express  or  tacit  con- 
sent of  their  father.   JVam.  xxx. 

2.  A  solemn  promise  ;  as,  the  mips  of  unchangea- 
ble love  and  fitlelity.  In  a  mtiral  and  religititis  sense, 
votes  are  promises  to  God,  as  they  appeal  to  Gtid  to 
witness  their  sincerity,  and  the  violation  of  them  is 
a  most  heinous  offense. 

VOW,  V.  I.    [Fr.  votier;  h.  voveo.] 

1.  To  give,  consecrate,  or  dedicate  to  God  by  a  sol- 
emn promise.    When  Jacob  went  to  Mesopotamia, 


WIS  the  twenty-third  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet. It  takes  its  written  form  and  its  name  from 
the  union  of  two  Fs,  this  being  the  form  of  the  Rt>- 
nian  capital  letter  which  we  call  V.  The  name, 
double  u,  being  given  to  it  from  its  form  or  compo- 
sition, and  not  from  its  sound,  ought  not  to  be  re- 
tained. Every  letter  should  be  named  from  its  sound, 
especially  the  vowels.  Wis  properly  a  vowel,  a  sim- 
ple sound,  formed  by  opening  the  minith  with  a  close, 
circular  configuration  of  the  lips.  It  is  precisely  the 
OM  of  the  French,  and  the  ii  of  the  Spaniards,  Ital- 
ians, and  Germans.  With  the  other  vowels  it  forms 
diphthongs,  which  are  of  easy  pronhnciatinn  ;  as  in 
veil,  leant,  will,  dtoeli ;  pronounced  oori,  ooant,  ooill, 
daoelL  In  English,  it  is  always  followed  by  another 
vowel,  except  when  followed  by  A  or  r,  os  in  irAcn, 
tereek ;  but  this  case  is  an  exception  only  in  writing, 


w 

he  votecd  to  God  n  tenth  of  his  substance,  and  liis 

own  future  devotion  to  his  service.    Otn.  xxviii. 
Wtieii  Ui'ju  vuireat  a  vow,  defer  not  to  pay  It.  —  Kccloi.  t. 
2.  To  ilevote.  Spenstr. 
VOW,  V.  i.    To  make  vows  or  solemn  promise.s.  He 

that  vows,  must  be  careful  to  perform. 
VOW'A'D,  pn.    Solemnly  promised  to  God ;  given  or 

consecrated  by  solemn  promise. 
VOW'ELi,  n.    [Ij.  vocaltD,  from  vocv ;  Fr.  voijelle :  It. 

voealc] 

1.  In  irrammar,  a  simiile  sound  ;  a  sound  uttered 
by  simply  opening  the  mouth  or  organs  ;  as  the  sound 
of  a,  f,  0. 

2.  The  letter  or  character  which  represents  a  sim- 
ple sound. 

VOW'KIj,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  vowel  ;  vocal, 
V0W'EL-/:D,  n.    Furnished  with  vowels. 
VOW'ER,  n.    One  who  makes  a  vow. 
VOW'-FEL-LOVV,  n.    [rote  und /Mote.]    One  bound 

by  the  same  vow.  [Ijittlc  tt:ied.] 
VOWING,  ppr.  Mailing  a  vow. 
VOY'AGE,  tt.    [Ft.,  from  voir,  or  the  same  rotit,  Eng. 

tcaif,  Sax.  teie-r,  tectr.    See  Wao  and  Way.] 

1.  A  passing  by  sea  or  water  from  one  jilace,  port, 
or  country  to  another,  especially  a  passing  or  jour- 
ney by  wtiter  to  a  distant  place  or  country.  Captain 
L.  made  more  than  a  hundred  voyages  to  the  West 
Indies.  A  votia/^e  over  Lake  Superior  is  like  a  votj- 
age  to  Bermuda. 

2.  The  practice  of  traveling.    [Aof  iii  use.] 

Bacon. 

VOY'AGE,  v.  i.    To  sail  or  pass  by  water.  Pope. 
VOY'AGE,  v.  t.    To  travel ;  to  jiass  over. 

I  with  Twill 

VoyngedlW  unreal,  vait,  unlxiundeu  de'-p.  MUion. 
VOY'.V-GER,  n.    One  who  sails  or  passes  by  sea  or 
water. 

A  private  voynger  1  p.iiia  the  main.  Pope. 

yOrA-GF.UR',(,vwA'y'X-/.]mr',)n.  [Fr.]  LtleralU,,n 
traveler  ;  the  Canadian  name  of  a  class  of  men  em- 
ployed by  the  fur  com]>aiiies,  &c.,  in  transporting 
goods  by  the  rivers  and  across  the  land,  to  and  from 
the  remote  stations  at  the  north-west. 

VOY'Oli,  n.  Among  seamen,  a  large  rope,  sometimes 
used  in  weighing  the  anchor  ;  also  written  Viul. 

VOX,  «.    [L.]    A  voice.  [ToUcn. 
Voz  piipittt ;  the  voice  of  the  people. 
ytiT  Dei !  the  voice  of  God. 

VUL'C.AN,  71.  [I,.  I'lticaHiis.]  In  mtjthnlo^tj,  the  god 
who  presided  over  the  working  of  metals.  The  hus- 
band of  Venus. 

VUL-C  a'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Vulcan,  or  to  works 
in  iron,  &c.  Umart. 

As  an  epithet,  in  geolo^j,  the  same  as  Plutoxia ji, 
which  see.  Smart. 

VUL'CAN-IST.    See  Volcasist. 

VUL-€a'NO.    Sec  Volcano. 

VUL'GAR,  a.  [Fr.  vulirairc  ;  It.  vulgare  ;  L.  vulstiris, 
from  vtil^us,  the  common  people,  that  is,  the  crowd. 
Eng. /<,;/.•.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common,  unlettered  people  ; 
as,  vtiiirar  lite. 

2.  Used  or  practiced  by  common  people  ;  as,  rtil^nr 

3.  Vernacular;  national.  [sports. 
It  mi^ht  be  mure  U8eful  to  the  English  reader  to  write  in  our 

vulgar  language.  Fell. 

4.  Common  ;  used  by  all  classes  of  people;  as,  the 
vtilgar  version  of  the  Scriptures, 

5.  Public  ;  as,  vulgar  report. 

G.  Mean  j  rustic  ;  rude  ;  low  ;  unrefined  ;  as,  vul- 
gar niinds;  vulgar  manners. 

7.  Consisting  of  coinmon  persons. 

In  rc.-i(lin(^  an  account  of  a  txittle,  we  follow  the  hero  with  our 
whole  attcotion,  but  leldom  rcAecl  on  the  witgar  hea)>i  of 
slaughter.  HatnbUr. 


w. 


and  not  in  pnmnnciation,  for  A  precedes  te  in  utter- 
ance ;  trhen  being  pronounced  hooen.  In  Welsh,  te, 
which  is  sounded  as  in  English,  is  used  without  an- 
other vowel,  as  in  ftel,  a  fo  d  ;  dtcn,  dun  ;  dteb,  mor- 
tar ;  gien,  a  gun  and  a  gown. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  Romans  pronounced 
V  as  we  do  te,  for  their  votro  is  our  teallote  ;  and  voto, 
velle,  is  the  English  will,  G,  teollen.  But  this  is  un- 
cer.ain.  The  German  c  h.as  the  sound  of  the  Eng- 
lish/, and  IB  that  of  the  English  v. 

IV,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  often  silent  after  a  and 
0,  as  in  late,  sate,  lote,  soti^.  In  many  words  of  this 
kind,  te  represents  the  Saxon  g ;  in  other  ctises,  it 
helps  to  form  a  tliphthong,  as  in  note,  row,  new,  strew. 

As  an  abbreviation,  W.  stands  for  teest ;  VV.  N. 
W.  for  teest-north-teejt ;  W.  S.  W.  for  viesl-sotUh- 
tecst.  Sec. 


WAC 

y ulirar  fractions ;  in  ariUtmetic,  fractionv  expreosed 
by  a  numerator  and  denominator ;  thus,  j. 
VUL'GAR,  n.    The  common  people. 

[U  has  tio  plural  tcriniiiation,  btU  has  often  a  plural 
verb.] 

The  vulvar  imairliie  the  Pretender  to  have  been  a  ehllil  impoted 
on  the  nation.  ^'w\/l. 

VUL'GAR-ISM,  71.    Crossness  of  manners;  vulgar- 
ity.   [Little  ti.ied.] 
2.  A  vulgar  phrase  or  cx|iression. 
[This  U  the  usual  /cense  of  the  word.] 

VUI^GAR'I-TY,  j  «.    .Mean  condititm  of  life  ;  the 

VUL'GAR-NESS,  j  state  of  the  lower  chusscs  of  so- 
ciety. Brown. 

2.  Grossness  or  clownisliness  of  manners  or  lan- 
guage ;  as,  rultrartty  of  behavior ;  vulgarilij  of  ex- 
prt^ssittn  tir  l:inguage.  JJrtiden, 

VL'I,'GAK-r/E,  r.  (.    To  make  vulgar.  Foster. 

VUL'(;AR-IZ-KI),  pp.    .Made  vulgar. 

VUL'G,\R-I7,-Ii\G,  ppr.    lienil.  ring  vulgar. 

VUL'GAR-LY,  ailr.  Commonly  ;  in  the  ordinary 
manner  among  the  common  people. 

Such  one  we  vulgarly  c-dl  a  i\''s[r:r.iU:  person.  Uarnmaiid. 

2.  Meanly  ;  rudely  ;  clownishly, 

VUL'GATE,  n.  Avery  ancient  Latin  version  of  th<! 
Scrijitures,  and  the  only  one  w  hich  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic chinch  admits  to  be  authentic.  It  is  so  calleil 
from  its  common  use  in  the  Latin  church.  Cyc. 

VUL'CVTE,  a.  Perttiiiiing  to  the  old  Latin  version 
of  the  Scriptures. 

VUUNER-A  UIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  vul- 
nerable. 

VUL'.\KR-A-BLE,a,  [Fr.,from  L.  eu/nfro,  to  wound, 
from  ruliitis,  a  wound.] 

1.  That  may  be  wounded  ;  susceptible  of  wounds 
or  external  injuries  ;  as,  a  vtUneraile  botly. 

Acliill-  H  waa  vulnerable  in  his  heel  ;  and  there  w  ill  never  b« 
wauling  a  Tans  to  infix  the  dart.  Dwight. 

9.  Liable  to  injury  ;  subject  to  be  affected  injuri- 
ously ;  as,  a  vulnerable  reputation. 
VUL'NER-A-RY,  a.     [Fr.  uuf/icraire;    L,  vulncr(t- 
rius.] 

Useful  in  healing  wounds  ;  adapted  to  the  cure  of 
external  injuries;  as,  vulnerary  plants  or  [Kitions. 

Ctjc. 

VUL'NER-A-RY,  71.    Any  plant,  drug,  or  composi- 
tion, useful  in  the  cure  of  wounds.     Certain  un- 
guents, balsams,  and  the  like,  are  used  as  vulncraries. 
VUL'iNER-ATE,  v.  t.    [L.  vtilttero.] 

To  wound  ;  to  hurt.  JAut  in  u.-c]  Olanville, 
VUL-NER-A'TIOX,  h.    The  act  of  wounding.  [JVot 
'  171  use.  1  Pearson. 
VUL'PINE,  (viil'pin,)  a.    [L.  vulpinu.t,  from  viiloes,  a 
fox.    Vulpes  is  our  English  wolf,  the  same  word  ap- 
plied to  a  ilill'erent  animal.] 

Pertaining  to  the  fox  ;  cunning  ;  craftv  ;  artful, 
VUL'Pl.N-ITE,  77.    [from  Fu(;)i7io,  in  Itaiy.)    A  vari- 
ety of  Anhydrite,  containing  stime  silica,  and  pre- 
senting a  grayish-white  color  and  high  luster. 

Dana. 

VUL'TtJRE,  (vult'yur,)  71.    [L.  )-77/(ur.] 

An  accipitriiH?  bird  of  the  genus  Vtiltiir.  Vultures 
have  a  large  and  strong  beak,  the  nostrils  pierced 
transversely  to  its  base  ;  the  head  and  neck  without 
feathers  or  caruncles,  and  a  collar  of  long  feathers, 
or  of  down,  .at  the  root  of  the  neck.  Proper  vultures 
have  hitherto  been  found  only  on  the  eastern  conti- 
nent. Cuvier. 

VUL'TtJR-IN'E,  (vult'yiir-in,)  a.    [L.  vuLurintis.] 
Belonging  to  the  vulture  ;  having  the  qualities  of 
the  vulture ;  resembling  the  vulture  ;  rap.aciuus, 

VUL'TITR-ISII,  a.    Like  a  vulture. 

VUL'TUR-OUS,  o.    Like  a  vulture  ;  rapacious. 

VS'ING,  ;7;77-.    Competing;  emulating. 


W.^B'BLE,  (wob'bl,)  ti.  i.     [W.  ^liiauj,  10  wander, 
to  move  in  a  circular  form.] 

To  move  from  one  side  to  the  other ;  to  vacillate  ; 
as  a  turning  or  whirling  body.  So  it  is  said  a  top 
wobbles,  when  it  is  in  motitm,  and  deviates  from  a 
perpendicular  directiim  ;  a  spindle  wabbles,  when  it 
moves  one  way  and  the  other  A  millstimc  in  mo- 
tion, if  not  well  balanced,  will  wabble. 

[  This  word  is  applied  chiefly  to  bodies  when  turning 
with  a  circular  motion,  and  its  place  can  not  be  supplitd 
by  any  other  word  in  the  language.  It  is  neither  low 
nor  barbarous.] 

WAB'BLE,  n.    A  hobbling,  unequal  motion. 

WAB'BLING,  ppr.  or  o.    Having  an  irregtilar  motion, 
backward  and  forward. 

WACK'E,  j  71.  A  rock  nearly  allied  to  basalt,  of  which 

WACK'Y,  1     it  may  be  regarded  as  a  more  soft  and 


TONE,  BIJLL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  0  a«  J  ;  S  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1243 


WAF 


WAG 


AVAI 


earliiy  varic'ty.  ll->  color  is  a  gre s  nish-nray,  brown, 
or  black.  It  is  opaque,  yields  easily  to  the  knife,  and 
has  often  a  p-easy  feel.  Lijdl.  Cijc. 

Gratj-wacke  is  a  name  given  to  certain  hard  sand- 
stones, or  grit-rocks,  and  the  associated  ^rata  occur- 
rina  below  the  coal  formation.  Dana. 

WAD,  (wod,)  n.  [G.  waUe  ;  Dan.  vat,  a  wad  ;  that  is, 
a  mass  or  collection.] 

1.  A  little  mass  of  some  soft  or  fle.\ible  material, 
such  as  hay,  straw,  tow,  paper,  or  old  rope  yarn, 
used  for  slopping  tlie  charge  of  powder  in  a  gun  and 
pressing  it  close  to  the  sliot,  or  for  kee])ing  the  pow- 
der anil  sliot  close. 
9.  A  little  mass,  tuft,  or  bundle,  as  of  hay  or  tow. 

W.SP,    In.    In  miiieni!o<rij,  an  earthy  oxyd  of  nian- 

VV.\DD,  i  ganese,  of  wliich  there  are  four  varieties  ; 
fibrous,  ochery,  pulverulent  ochery,  and  dendritic.  In 
some  places,  plumbago,  or  black  lead,  is  called  wad 
or  watlfl.  Cyc. 

W AD'DED,  a.    Formed  into  a  wad  or  mass. 

WAD'DING,  71.    [G.  watte] 

1.  A  wad  or  the  materials  for  wads  ;  any  pliable 
substance  of  which  wads  may  be  made. 

2.  .\  kind  of  soft  stuff  of  loose  texture,  used  for 
stuffing  garments  ;  also,  sheets  of  carded  cotton  pre- 
pared for  the  same  purpose.  y 

WAD'DLE,  (wod'dl,)  !).  i.  [This  seems  to  be  a  di- 
minutive formed  on  the  root  of  wade,  L.  vado,  to  go  ; 
G.  waten,  to  wade  ;  wat-ichHn,  to  waddle.] 

1.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other  in  walking ;  to 
deviate  to  one  side  and  the  other ;  to  vacillate  ;  as,  a 
child  waddlci  when  he  begins  to  walk  ;  very  fat  peo- 
ple walk  with  a  kind  of  waddling  pace.  So  we  say, 
a  duck  or  a  goose  waddle:^. 

2.  To  walk  with  a  waddling  motion. 

And  iiardly  waddles  forth  to  cool.  Swift. 

WAD'DLER,  (wod'dler,)  n.    One  that  waddles. 
WAD'DLING,  ppr.  or  u.    Moving  from  side  to  side  in 
walking. 

WAD'DLING-LY,  adv.    With  a  vacillating  gait. 

Entick. 

W.^DE,  V.  i.  [Sw.  vada;  D.  waaden;  G.  XDaten  ;  Dan. 
vader;  Fr.  i^tieer,  for  ffuedtrr  ;  It.  truadare  ;  Sp.  vade- 
ar;  L.  l  ado,  to  go.    du.  Heb.  avad,  to  go.] 

1.  To  walk  through  any  substance  that  yields  to 
the  feet ;  as,  to  wade  through  water  ;  to  wade  through 
sand  or  snow.  To  rtade  over  a  river,  is  to  walk 
through  on  the  bottom.  Fowls  that  wade  have  long 
legs. 

2.  To  move  or  pass  with  difficulty  or  labor ;  as, 
judges  wade  through  an  intricate  law  case.  It  is  not 
my  purpose  to  waile  through  these  controversies. 

The  king's  atlmirable  conduct  has  waded  through  all  tlipsfl  diffi- 

ciliLs.  Dactnant. 
And  loades  through  fumes,  and  gropes  his  way.  Dryden. 

WADE,  V.  t.  To  pass  by  walking  on  the  bottom  ;  as, 
to  wade  a  river. 

[This  is  a  common  expression,  but  elliptical  for,  to 
wade  tbruugh  a  river.] 
WaD'ER,  71.    One  that  wades.    An  order  of  birds 

that  wade  in  water  for  their  prey  are  called  waders. 
WaD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Walking  through  a  substance 

that  yields  to  the  feet,  as  through  water  or  sand. 
WaD'ING-BIRD.    See  Wader. 
WAD'SF.TT,  71.    [Sax.  wied,  teed,  a  pledge.] 

In  Scottish  law,  a  kind  of  pledge  or  mortgage. 

Brande. 

WAD'SETT-ER,n.  One  who  holds  by  wadsett.  Cijc. 
WAD'Y,  (  vnd'e,)  n.    [.^r.]    The  channel  of  a  water- 
course, which  is  dry  except  in  the  rainy  season. 

Rabiii.'ion. 

Wa'FER,  71.  [D.  wafel;  G.  waffel ;  Van.  vaffel ;  Sw. 
vo£la:  Riiss.  vnphel:  Fr.  .^auffre.] 

1.  A  thin  cake  or  leaf ;  as,  a  wafer  of  bread  given 
by  the  Rinnan  Catholics  in  the  eucliarist. 

2.  A  thin  leaf  of  |Kiste,  or  a  composition  of  flour, 
the  white  of  eggs,  isinglass,  and  yeast,  spread  over 
with  gum-water  and  dried  ;  used  in  sealing  letters. 

Wa'FEK,  I'.  (.    To  seal  or  close  with  a  wafer. 
WS'FER-A;D,  pp.    Sealed  with  a  wafer. 
W.\K'F1,K,  (wof'fl,)  71.    [D.  wafel,  G.  waffel.] 

A  thin  rake  baked  hard  and  rolled,  or  a  soft  in- 
dented cake  baked  in  an  iron  utensil  on  coals. 
WA^"'FI,^%I  RON,  (wof 'fl  l-urn,)  71.    A  utensil  for 

b:iking  wallles. 
WAFT,  V.  t.    [Perhaps  from  wave;  if  so,  it  belongs  to 
the  riKit  of  wa^r.'j 

1.  'I'd  bear  through  a  fluid  or  buoyant  medium  ;  to 
convey  through  water  or  air ;  as,  a  balloon  was  wafl- 
ed  over  the  channel. 

Sprfd  Ih"  soft  Intereonme  from  soul  to  soul, 

And  ua/l  ii  si^h  from  Indus  tu  the  pole.  Pope. 

Q.  To  convey,  as  nhipn.  Cije, 

3.  To  buoy  ;  to  cause  to  float ;  to  keep  from  sink- 
ing. Brown. 

4.  To  beckon  ;  to  give  notice  liy  something  in  mo- 
tion.   [JViil  in  une.] 

(ThiH  verb  Is  regular.   But  wafl  was  formerly  used 
hy  Kome  wiilers  for  waflrd.] 
WXFT,  r.  I.    To  float;  to  be  moved  or  to  pass  In  a 
buoyant  medium.  ' 

And  now  the  shouts  wafl  near  the  citnilcl.  Dryden. 


WAKT,  71.  A  filiating  body;  also,  a  signal  displayed 
from  a  ship's  stern,  by  hoisting  an  ensign  furled  in  a 
roll  to  the  heatl  of  the  staff.  Cyc. 

WAFT'AGE,  71. 'Conveyance  or  transportation  through 
a  buoyant  medium,  as  air  or  water.  Shale. 

WAFT'ED,  pp.  Borne  or  conveyed  through  air  or 
water. 

WAFT'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  wafts;  a  passage- 
boat. 

2.  The  conductor  of  vessels  at  sea.   [jin  old  word,] 
WAFT'ING,  ppr.    Carrying  through  a  buoyant  me- 
dium. 

WAFT'ING,  77.    A  bearing  or  floating  in  a  fluid. 
WAFT'URE,  n.    The  act  of  waving.    [JVot  in  use.] 

SJuik. 

WAG,  V.  L  [Sax.  warrian  and  wecgan ;  G.  bewegen  ;  D. 
beweegen,  to  move,  io  stir ;  weegen,  to  weigh  G.  wd- 
gen,  to  weigh  ;  Sw.  vdga,  Dan.  vajer,  to  wag,  to  weigh. 
This  is  the  radix  of  the  L.  vaciUo,  En^.  fickle,  wagon, 
wain,  way,  wave,  waggle,  &.C.] 

To  move  one  way  and  the  other  with  quick  turns ; 
to  move  a  little  way,  and  then  turn  the  other  way  ; 
its,  to  wag  the  head. 


[Wag  expresses  particularly  the  motion  of  the 
head  and  body  used  in  buffoonery,  mirth,  derision, 
sport,  and  mockery.    It  is  applied  also  to  birds  and 
beasts  ;  as,  to  leag  the  tail.] 
WAG,  V.  i.    To  be  quick  in  ludicrous  motion  ;  to  stir. 

'Tis  merry  in  h  'll,  wh'Te  ii-nrds  wag  all.  ShaJc. 
Tremble  and  start  at  waggirtg  of  a  strav.  Shak. 

2.  To  go  ;  to  depart ;  to  pack  off. 

I  win  provoke  him  to 't,  or  let  him  wag.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  moved  one  way  and  the  other. 

The  resty  sieve  wagged  ne'er  the  more.  Dryden. 
WAG,  71.    [from  the  verb.]    A  droll ;  a  man  full  of 
low  sport  and  humor;  a  ludicrous  fellow. 

We  wink  at  wags,  when  they  ortend.  Drytlen. 
The  counselor  never  pleaded  without  a  niec<^  of  packthn-ail  in  his 
h.»nd,  which  he  used  to  twist  about  nis  finger  all  the  while  he 
was  speaking  ;  tile  Mgt  used  to  call  it  Uie  thread  of  his  dis- 
course. '  Addison, 

W5GE,  ».  t.  [G.  wagen;  D.  aaagen;  Sw.  vaga,  to 
venture,  to  dare,  to  wage  ;  Fr.  gager,  for  guager,  to 
lay  or  bf t :  from  the  root  of  wag.  The  sense  is,  to 
throw,  to  lay  or  throw  down,  as  a  glove  or  gaunt- 
let.] 

1.  To  lay  ;  to  bet ;  to  throw  down,  as  a  pledge- ;  to 
stake  ;  to  put  at  hazard  on  tlie  event  of  a  contest. 
This  is  the  common  popular  sense  of  the  word  in 
New  England  ;  as,  to  wage  a  dollar;  to  wage  a 
horse. 

2.  To  venture ;  to  hazard. 

To  wake  and  wage  a  danger  profitless.  iS7taJl:. 

3.  To  make  ;  to  begin  ;  to  carry  on  ;  that  is,  to  go 
forward,  or  advance  to  attack,  as  in  invasion  or  ag- 
gression ;  used  in  the  phrase  to  wage  war.  He  waged 
war  with  all  his  enemies. 

He  pondered,  which  of  all  his  sons  was  fit 

To  rei^n,  and  wage  ininiurtal  war  wiUi  wit.  Dryden. 

4.  To  set  to  hire. 

Thou  must  wage 
Thy  works  for  weallli.    [A'ol  in  use.']  Spenser. 

5.  To  take  to  hire  ;  to  hire  for  pay  ;  to  employ  for 
wages;  as,  7/>7i'/fd  soldiers.  He  was  well  waced  and 
rewarded.    [Fr.]    [Ofo.]  Rulegh. 

To  wage  one^s  law  ;  to  give  security  to  make  one's 
law.  The  defenilant  is  then  to  swear  that  he  owes 
nothing  to  the  plaintiff,  and  eleven  neighbors,  called 
cnmpiirgatiir.i,  are  to  avow  upon  their  oaths  that  they 
believe  in  their  consciences  that  he  has  declared  the 
truth.    This  is  called  wager  of  law.  Blackstone. 

Wa'G£D,  71/1.  Laid  ;  deposited,  as  a  pledge  ;  made  or 
beuiin,  as  war. 

Wa'GER,  71.  Something  deposited,  laid,  or  hazarded, 
on  the  event  of  a  contest  or  some  unsettled  question  ; 
a  bet. 

Besides  these  plates  for  horsc-nccs,  tlie  wagert  may  tie  as  the 
persons  pl'-iise.  Teinjtle. 

If  any  nlheisl  c;in  stake  his  soul  for  a  wager  against  such  an 
inexhaufltihle  diaproportiun.  Bentley. 

2.  Subject  on  which  bets  arc  laid.  Sidney. 

3.  In  law,  an  offer  to  make  oath  of  innocence  or 
non-indebtedness  ;  or  the  act  of  making  oath,  to- 
gether with  the  oaths  of  eleven  compurgators,  to  for- 
tify the  defi  ndant's  oath. 

H'ager  of  battle,  is  when  the  tenant  in  a  writ  of 
right  offers  to  prove  his  right  by  the  body  of  his 
champion,  and,  throwing  down  his  glove  as  a  gage 
or  pli^dge,  thus  Wiiges  or  stipulates  battle  with  tiii; 
champion  of  the  demandant,  who,  hy  taking  up  the 
glove,  accepts  the  chrdlenge.  The  champions,  armed 
with  batons,  enter  the  list,  and,  taking  each  other  by 
the  hand,  each  swears  to  the  justice  of  the  cause  of 
the  parly  for  whom  he  appears  ;  they  then  fight  till 
the  stars,  appear,  and  if  the  champion  of  the  tenant 
can  defend  himself  till  that  time,  his  cause  prevails. 

Blackstone. 

The  wager  of  battle,  which  has  long  been  in  dis- 
use, was  abolisheil  by  law  in  England  in  Witt. 

IVndr. 


Wa'GER,  r.  t.  To  lay  ;  to  bet ;  to  hazard  on  the  is- 
sue of  a  contest,  or  (Ui  some  question  that  is  to  be 
decided,  or  on  some  casualty.  Dryden. 

Wa'GER-KI),  pp.    Laid  ;  pledged  ;  as  a  bet. 

Wa'GEK-ER,  71.   One  who  wages  or  lays  a  bet. 

Wa'GER-LM;,  /ipr.    Laying;  betting. 

Wagering  policy  ;  in  commerce,  a  policy  of  insur- 
ance, insuring  a  sum  of  money  when  no  property  is 
at  hazard  ;  as  a  policy  to  insure  money  on  a  ship 
when  no  property  is  on  board  ;  that  is,  insurance,  in 
terest  or  no  interest;  or  a  wagering  policy  may  be  a 
policy  to  insure  property  which  is  already  in-sured. 
Such  policies,  in  England,  are,  by  statute  19  Geo 
III.,  made  null  and  void. 

Wa'GES,  71.  Plural  in  termination,  but  singular  in 
signification.    [Fr.  gage,  gages.] 

1.  Hire  ;  reward  ;  that  which  is  paid  or  stipulated 
for  services  ;  but  chiefly  for  services  by  manual  labor, 
or  for  military  and  naval  services.  We  speak  of 
servant's  wages,  a  laborer's  wages,  or  soldier's  wages ; 
but  we  never  apply  the  word  to  the  rewards  given  to 
men  in  office,  which  are  called  feejs  or  salary.  The 
word  is,  however,  sometimes  applied  to  the  compen- 
sation given  to  representatives  in  the  legislature. 

United  Stutes. 
Tell  me,  what  shall  thy  wages  he  F  — Geo.  xxix. 
Be  content^  with  your  wages.  —  Luke  iii. 

2.  Reward;  fruit;  recompense;  that  which  is 
given  or  received  in  return. 

The  wages  of  sin  is  death.  —  Rom.  vi. 

W.AG'GEL,  )  71.    A  name  given  in  Cornwall  to  the 

WAG'EL,  i  young  of  the  great  black-backed  gull, 
Larus  marinus  ;  formerly  considered  a  distinct  spe- 
cies, and  called  Larus  na;rius.  Jardine. 

WAG'GER  Y,  71.  [from  wag.]  Mischievous  merri- 
ment ;  sportive  trick  or  gayety  ;  sarcasm  in  good  hu- 
mor ;  as,  the  waggery  of  a  school-boy.  Locke, 

WAG'GISH,  a.  Mischievous  in  sport;  roguish  in 
merriment  or  good  humor ;  frolicsome ;  as,  a  com- 
pany of  waggish  boys.  L^Estrange. 

2.  Done,  made,  or  laid  in  waggery  or  for  sport ;  as, 
a  teanrgish  trick. 

WAG'GISII-LY,  adv.  In  a  waggish  manner  ;  in 
sport. 

WAG'GISH-NESS,  71.    Mischievous  sport;  wanton 

merriment.  Bacon. 
WAG'GING,  ppr.    Moving  the  head  one  way  and  the 

other  with  quick  turns. 
WAG'GLE,  (wag'gl,)  v.  i.    [D.  waggelen ;  G.  wackeln ; 
L.  vacillo,  dim.  of  wag.] 
To  waddle  ;  to  reel  or  move  from  side  to  side. 
Why  do  you  go  nodding  and  waggling  so  1  Estrange. 

WAG'GLE,  V.  t.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other ; 
as,  a  bird  waggles  his  tail. 

WAG'ON,  n.  [D.  and  G.  wagen;  Sw.  vagn;  Sax. 
W(Cgn,  wan;  VV.  gwain,  a  wagon,  wain,  or  sheath, 
L.  vagina,  the  Latter  being  from  wag,  and  signifying 
a  passage  ;  Gaelic,  baighin,  a  wagon  ;  Malabar,  wag- 
ahani  ;  Sans,  wahana.  The  old  orthography,  Wag- 
gon, seems  to  be  falling  into  disuse.    See  Wao.] 

1.  A  vehicle  moved  on  four  wheels,  and  usually 
drawn  by  horses  ;  used  for  the  transportation  of 
heavy  commodities.  In  America,  light  icagons  are 
used  for  the  conveyance  of  families,  and  for  carry- 
ing light  commodities  to  market,  particularly  a  very 
light  kind  drawn  by  one  horse. 

2.  A  chariot,    [^'ot  in  use.]  Spen.^er. 
WAG'ON.  v.  t.    To  transport  in  a  wagon.    Goods  are 

wagonea  from  Ix)ndon  to  the  interior. 
W.'VG'ON,  V.  t.    To  practice  the  transportation  of 

goods  III  a  wagon.    'I'he  man  loagons  between  Phil- 

adelpliia  and  Pittsburgh. 
WAG'ON-AGE,  ti.     Money  paid  for  carriage  in  a 

wagon. 

WAG'0\-KD,  pp.   Transported  in  wagons. 
WAG'ON-ER,  7t.   One  who  conducts  a  wagon. 

2.  A  constellation,  Charles's  Wain. 
WAG'ON-ING,  ppr.    Transjiorting  in  a  wagon. 
WAG'ON-ING,  71.   The  business  of  transporting  in  a 
wagon. 

WAG'TAIL,  »i.  [7r(7ir  and  faiV.]  A  small  bird  of  sev- 
eral species,  beloiigiiig  to  the  genus  Motacilla, 
(Linn.,)and  named  from  the  incessant  motion  of  its 
long  tail. 

WA-IIA  BEE,  71.  A  follower  of  Abdel  Wahab,  a  re- 
former of  Moliammedanism,  about  17G0.  His  doc- 
trines prevail  particularly  among  the  Bedouins,  and 
the  sect,  tluiiigh  checked  in  its  influence,  exiends  to 
most  parts  of  Arabia.  Brande. 

WAII).  a.    Crushed.    [JVot  in  u.ie.]  Shak. 

WAIF  n.    [.Norm,  wef,  wrif:  from  waive.] 

Goods  found,  of  which  the  owner  is  not  known. 
These  were  originally  such  goods  as  a  thief,  when 
pursued,  threw  away  to  prevent  being  apprehended. 
They  belong  to  Ihe  king,  unless  the  owner  makes 
fresh  suit  ol  tlie  felon,  takes  hiin,  and  brings  him  to 
justice.  Blackstone. 

WAIL.  V.  I.     Ice.virla;  It.  guaiolare;  Gaelic,  gnilam 
or  uaill ;  \V.  gioylaw  and  wylaw ;  Arm.  goela,  to 
liowl.   lleb.  and  Ar.  SiN  ami] 
To  lament ;  to  moan  ;  to  bewail. 

Or  if  no  rnon'  net  ..Uenl  loni  she  leoiis.  Pope. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — WOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE  \\(}\.V,  BfpQK. 


1244 


WAI 

WAIL, »;.  (.   To  weep  ;  to  express  sorrow  audibly. 
Tlicrefore  1  will  wail  and  howl.  —  Miaih  I. 

WAIL,  n.    Loud  weepins  ;  violent  Inincntation. 
WAlI/Ft.'L,  a.    Sorrowful  ;  niournnil.  Sliak. 
WAIL'l.NG,  ppr    Litinentiiig  with  audible  cries. 
WAIL'ING,  K.    Loud  cries  of  sorrow i  deep  lamenta- 
tion. 

There  gh.^l  be  walling  and  gutuhing  of  teelli.  —  Malt.  xu\. 

WAIL'INO-LY,  adv.    In  a  wailing  manner. 
WAIL'I\IE>JT,  n.    Lamentation.  JIacket. 
WAIN,  n.    [Sax.  toien,  W.  ffteain;  contracted.  See 
Wagon.] 

1.  A  wafon  ;  a  carriage  for  the  transportation  of 
goods  on  wheels. 

2.  A  constellation,  Charles's  Wain. 
W.^I\'A6_K,  n.    A  finding  of  carriages.  .9insworllu 
WAIN'-BoTE,  n.    Tnnber  for  wagons  or  carts. 

Entr.  Law. 

WAIN'-HOUSE,  n.    A  house  or  shed  for  wagons  and 


carts.  [Local.] 
WAIiN'-RoPE,  n. 


Cyc. 


A  rope  for  binding  a  load  on  a 
waaon  ;  a  cart-rope.  Sliak. 
WAIN'SeOT,  n.    [D.  wa^rnsckot.] 

In  building,  a  wooden  lining  or  boarding  of  walls 
made  in  panels. 
WAl.\'SeOT,  V.  L    To  line  with  boards;  as,  to  wain- 
scot a  hall. 

Music  douiicU  bcUer  in  cUamb^ra  wainscoted  than  hanged. 

Bacon. 

S.  To  line  with  different  materials. 

The  ether  ia  wainscoted  with  looltin^-glau.  Addison. 

WAIN'SeOT-ED,  pp.    Lined  with  boards  or  panels. 
WAlN'SeOT-I.\G,  ppr.    Linins  with  boards. 
W.aIR,  n.    A  piece  of  plank  two  yards  long,  and  a 

foot  broad.    [1  knoto  not  wher*  tised.]  Smart. 
W.KIST,  n.    [W.  /rw&sir,  pressure,  squeeze,  the  waist, 

tile  part  where  tlie  girille  is  tied  ;  allied  to  jjiyufcif.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  human  body  which  is  iiiinietli- 
ately  below  the  ribs  or  thorax  ;  or  the  small  part  of 
the  body  between  the  thorax  and  hips. 

2.  That  part  of  a  ship  which  is  between  the  qu.ir- 
ter-deck  and  forecastle.  But  in  many  ships  now 
built,  there  is  no  quarter-deck,  and  in  such  the  waist 
is  the  middle  part  of  the  ship. 

WaIST'BAND,  «.  The  band  or  upper  part  of  breeches, 
trowsers,  or  pantaloons,  which  encompasses  the 
waist. 

WAIST'CLOTIIS,  n.  Coverings  of  canvas  or  tarp,-\u- 
ling  for  the  hammocks,  stowed  on  the  gangways,  bt^ 
tween  the  quarter-deck  and  the  forecastle. 

Mar.  Diet. 

WAIST'CoAT,  71.  [wai.it  and  coat.]  A  short  coat  or 
garment  for  men,  extending  no  lower  than  the  hips, 
and  covering  the  waist  ;  a  vest.  This  under  gar- 
ment is  now  generally  called  in  .'\inerica  a  Vest. 

WAIST'ER,  n.  In  ships,  waisters  are  men  who  are 
stationed  in  the  waist  in  working  the  ship. 

Mar.  DicU 

WAIT,  e.  i.  [Fr.  guelter;  It.  ^alare  ;  W.  g-wcitiaw, 
to  wait;  yn^/iai//,  attendance,  ^he  sense  is,  to  stop, 
or  to  continue.] 

1.  To  stay  or  rest  in  expectation  ;  to  stop  or  remain 
stationary,  till  the  arrival  of  some  person  t>r  event. 
Thus  we  say,  I  went  to  the  place  of  meeting,  and 
there  waited  an  hour  for  the  moderator  or  chairman. 
I  will  go  to  the  hotel,  and  there  wait  till  you  come. 
We  will  icnit  for  the  mail. 

2.  To  stay  proceedings,  or  suspend  any  bnsincss, 
in  eftpectation  of  some  person,  event,  or  the  arrival 
of  some  hour.   The  court  was  obliged  to  wait  for  a 

.  witness, 

3.  To  rest  in  expect.ition  and  patience. 

All  the  dayi  of  niy  appointed  tiinc  will  1  trail,  til]  my  change 
cuiiie.  — Jul>  XI*. 

4.  To  stay  ;  not  to  depart. 

Haste,  mj  dear  £ither ;  *tu  no  time  to  wait.  Dn/den. 

5.  To  Stay  ;  to  continue  by  reason  of  liindrance. 
£.  To  lie  in  ambush,  as  an  enemy. 

Such  amUuh  wailed  to  inler^pt  tliy  way.  Milton. 

To  wait  on  or  upon  ;  to  attend,  as  a  servant ;  to  per- 
form menial  services  for ;  as,  to  wait  on  a  gentleman  ; 
to  wait  on  the  table. 

Til  wait  on  ;  to  attend  ;  to  go  to  see  ;  t<i  visit  on 
business  or  for  ceremony.  Tell  the  gentleman  I  will 
wait  on  him  at  ten  o'clock. 

2.  To  pay  servile  or  submissive  attendance. 

3.  To  follow,  as  a  cimseqiience ;  as,  the  ruin  that 
wails  on  such  a  supine  temper. 

[Instead  of  this,  we  use  Await.] 

4.  To  look  watchfully. 

It  ia  a  puint  of  ciinnii<?  to  wail  on  him  with  whom  you  apeak 
with  your  eye.    \Vnusuat.\  Bacon. 

5.  To  attend  to ;  to  perform. 

Aaron  and  hia  lona  ah.all  waU  on  their  priett'a  office.  — Num.  iii. 
<lli.    Ruin.  lii. 

6.  To  be  ready  to  serve  ;  to  obey.  Ps.  xxv. 
Pron.  XX. 

To  wait  at ;  to  attend  in  service  ;  to  perform  ser- 
vice au    1  Cot.  ix. 

To  wait  for;  to  watch,  as  an  enemy.    Job  xv. 


WAK 

WAIT,  V.  t.  To  stay  for ;  to  rest  or  remain  stationary 
in  expectation  of  the  arrival  of. 

Awed  with  theie  worda,  in  campa  ttiey  adll  abide, 

And  trail  with  longing  eyea  their  pruuiiaed  guide.  Dryden. 

[Elliptical  for  Wait  fob.] 

9.  To  attend  ;  to  accompany  with  submission  or 
respect. 

lie  choae  a  thousand  horae,  the  (lower  of  all 

Ilia  watiike  trooj-a,  to  trail  the  fui.enil.  Dryden. 

[This  use  is  not  justi/iiiblc,  but  by  poetical  license.] 
3.  To  attend  as  a  consequence  of  something. 

Such  doom  trail*  luxury.  Philips. 

[JVut  in  use.]  [Ill  this  sense,  we  use  Attend  or 
Attend  on  ] 

WAIT,  71.    Ambush.    As  a  uovn,  this  word  is  used 
only  in  certain  phrases.    To  lin  in  wait,  is  to  lie  in 
ambush  ;  to  be  secreted  in  i  rder  to  fall  by  surprise  on 
an  enemy  ;  hence,  fiauraliveUi,  to  lay  snares,  or  to 
make  insidious  attempts,  or  tti  watch  for  the  purpose 
of  insnariiig.    Josh.  viii. 
In  wait  is  used  in  a  like  sense  by  Milton. 
To  lait  wait;  to  set  in  ambush.   Jer.  ix. 
WAIT'Eb.pp.    Stayed  for;  attended. 
WAIT'ER,  71.    One  who  waits  ;  an  attendant ;  a  ser- 
vant in  attendance. 

The  trailer*  stand  in  miilta  ;  the  yeomen  cry, 

"  >lake  room,"  aa  if  a  duke  were  paiiaing  by.  Swift. 

2.  A  server  or  salver;  a  vessel  on  which  tea  fur- 
niture, &.C.,  is  carried. 

WAIT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Staying  in  expectation. 

WaifiiiT  on;  attending;  accompanying;  serving. 
Waiting  for;  staying  for  the  arrival  of. 
Waiting  at ;  staying  or  attending  at  in  expectation 
or  in  .service. 

In  waiting  ;  in  attendance. 

WAIT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  staying  in  expectation  ; 
attendance. 

WAIT'INC-LY,  adv.   By  waiting. 

WAIT'I.NG-.MAII),       (71.    An  upper  servant  who 

WAIT'ING-WCM-AN,  (    attends  a  lady. 

[Waiting-Gentlewoman  is  sometimes,  though 
less  commoiilv,  used.] 

WAITS,  71.  ;)/.  '[Goth,  ton/it*,  watch.] 

These  were  formerly  minstrels  or  musical  watch- 
men, who  attended  on  great  men,  and  soiiiuled  the 
watch  at  night.  They  have  now  degeiurrated  into 
itinerant  musicians,  who  give  notice  of  the  approatli 
of  Christmas.  Fosbmke. 

WAI  VE,  71.  A  woman  put  out  of  the  protection  of  the 
law.  Cyc 

WAIVE,  r.  U  [from  waif.]  To  relinquish,  not  to  in- 
sist on  or  claim.    [See  \\  aye.] 

WaIV'KU,  pp.    Rellnipiished,  as  a  claim. 

WAIVER,  71.  In  /am,  the  act  of  waiving  or  not  in- 
sisting on  some  right,  claim,  or  privilege. 

WAIVING,  ppr.    Rellni|tiishing,  as  a  claim. 

VV.Al'VVODE,  n.  In  the  Turkish  empire,  the  governor 
of  a  small  province  or  town  ;  a  general.  Cyc. 

WAKE,  V.  i.  [Goth.  waAaii :  Sax.  witcan  ;  G.  waehen; 
1).  waaken,  wekken;  Sw,  vdcka,  up-vdcka  ;  Dan.  va^k- 
kcr ;  L  vigil,  vigito.  The  root  wok  is  allietl  to  wag. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  stir,  to  rouse,  to  excite. 
The  transitive  verb,  in  Saxon,  is  written  vcxecan,  ice- 
can  ;  but  both  are  from  one  root.] 

1.  To  be  awake  ;  to  continue  awake ;  to  watch  ; 
not  to  sleep.    Ps.  cxxvii. 

The  father  wrdceOi  for  the  ciMighter.  Ecelus. 

I'liou^h  wisiluiii  wakes,  sns|<iciun  atreps.  AJUton. 

I  c;in  not  think  any  time,  waJnng  or  sleepin|^,  w*ithoul  tt.-ing 

6en9il>le  of  it.  Locke. 

2.  To  be  excited  or  roused  from  sleep  ;  to  awake  ; 
to  be  awakened.    He  ieal.cs  al  the  slightest  noise. 

3.  To  cease  to  sleep ;  to  awake. 

4.  To  be  quick  ;  to  be  alive  or  active.  Dryden. 

5.  To  be  exciteil  from  a  torpid  state ;  to  be  iitit  in 
motion.  The  dormant  powers  of  nature  wake  from 
their  frosty  slumbers. 

Cientle  aiia  to  fan  the  eonli  now  uaktd,  MiUon, 

WAKE,  V.  U    To  rouse  from  sleep. 

The  angel  that  talked  with  me,  came  again  and  waked  me.  — 
Zech.  iv. 

2.  To  arouse  ;  to  excite  ;  to  put  in  motion  or  ac- 
tion. 

Prepare  war,  vake  up  the  mighty  men.  —  Joel  iii. 

[The  use  of  up  is  common,  but  not  necessary.] 

To  wake  tlie  auul  by  tender  strokes  of  art.  Pope. 

3.  To  bring  to  life  again,  as  if  from  the  sleep  of 
death. 

To  second  life 

Waked  in  the  renoration  of  the  Just.  Milton. 

WAKE,  n.  The  annual  commemoration  of  the  dedica- 
tion of  a  church,  formerly  kept  by  watching  all 
night.  Dryden.  King. 

2.  Vigils  ;  state  of  forbearing  sleep. 

Their  merry  wakes  and  pastimes  keep.  Milton. 

3.  The  setting  up  of  persons  with  a  dead  body, 
usually  attended  with  drinking.  Ireland. 

4.  Act  of  waking.  Old  Song. 
Wake  of  a  ship;  the  track  it  leaves  in  the  water, 

formed  by  the  meeting  of  the  water,  which  rushes 


WAL 

from  each  side  to  fill  the  space  which  the  «hip  makes 
in  pa  -sing  through  it. 

To  be  in  the  walir  of  a  ship,  is  to  be  in  her  track  or 
in  a  line  with  her  keel. 
WAK'f-'D,  (wikt,)  pp.    Roused  from  sleep;  put  in 
action. 

WAKE'FJJL,  a.   Not  sleeping  ;  indisposed  to  sleep. 
Dijs'Mnbiing  sleep,  but  wakeful  with  the  fright.  Dryilsn. 
2.  Watchful  ;  vigilant. 
WAKE'KIJL-LV,  n</ij.  With  watching  or  sleeplessness. 
VVAKE'I'j^L-.NESS,  n.    Indisposition  to  sleep. 

2.  Forbearance  of  sleep  ;  want  of  sleep.  Baron. 
WAK'fi.N,  (wiik'n,) d.  i.    [This  seems  to  be  the  .Saxon 
infinitive  retained.]    To  wakie ;  to  cease  to  sleep  ;  to 
be  awakened. 

K.irly  TurnUB  iroXrenin;  with  the  light.  Dryden. 

WAK'£.\,  (wak'n,)  v.  t.  To  excite  or  rouse  from 
sleep. 

Go,  troJIren  Ere.  Milton. 

2.  To  excite  to  action  or  motion. 

Thru  Homer's  and  Tyrueus*  martial  muse 

^Vakencd  tlie  world.  Roscommon. 

3.  To  excite  ;  to  produce  ;  to  rouse  into  action. 

Th-'y  inlrotluce 

Their  s.acred  song,  and  waken  raptures  liigh.  Milton. 
WXK'E^-EO,  (wak'Dd,)fp.   Roused  from  sleep;  ex- 
cited into  action. 
VVAK'£N-ER,  7i.    One  who  rouses  from  sleep. 

Ei'llhnm. 

WAK'£N-ING,  ppr.    Rousing  from  sleep  or  stupidity  ; 

calling  into  action. 
WAK'ER,  71.    One  who  watches;  one  who  rouses 

from  sleep.  B.  Jonson. 

WAKE'-ROB-IN,  71.    A  plant;  Arum  mactilatuin,  of 

Europe. 

W.\K'ING,  ppr.    Being  awake  ;  not  sleeping. 

2.  Rousing  from  sleep;  exciting  into  motion  or 
act'on. 

Waking  hours  :  the  hours  when  one  is  awake. 
WAK'l.XG,  71.    The  period  of  being  awake.  Butler. 

2.  Watch.  [Obs.] 
WAL-DEN'SkS,  71.  pL  A  .sect  of  Christians  profess- 
iiig  substantially  Protestant  principles,  who  never 
submitted  to  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  They  re- 
side in  the  valleys  of  Piedmont. 
WALE,  71.  [This  may  be  the  W.  gTcia/en,  a  rod  or 
twig,  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  In  cloth,  a  ridge  or  streak  rising  above  the  rest. 
We  say,  cloth  is  wove  with  a  wale. 

2.  A  streak  or  stripe  ;  the  mark  of  a  rod  or  whip 
on  animal  Hesh. 

Wales  of  a  ship  ;  an  assemblage  of  strong  planks, 
extending  along  a  ship's  sides,  throughout  the  whole 
length,  at  dilferent  liights,  and  serving  to  strengthen 
the  decks  and  form  the  curves.  They  are  distin- 
guished into  the  main  wale  and  the  channel  wale. 

Jiliir.  Diet. 

WALE,  r.  (.    To  mark  with  stripes.  Smart, 

WAL'KD,  a.    Marked  w  ith  wales. 

WALK,  (wauk,)  ».  L  [Sax.  wealcan,  to  roll  or  revolve  ; 
trcalcere,  a  fuller,  whence  the  name  Walker:  D. 
watken,  to  work  a  hat ;  G.  walken,  to  full,  tt>  felt  hats  ; 
walker,  a  fuller,  Sw.  valkare  ;  Dan.  valkrr,  to  full  or 
mill  cloth;  valker,  a  fuller;  valke,a  pad  or  stuffed 
roll  ;  G.  wallen,  to  stir,  to  be  agitated,  to  rove,  to 
travel,  to  wander.  From  the  same  root  are  Riiss. 
ralyu,  G.  walien,  to  roll,  and  wcUsch,  foreign,  Celtic, 
Welsh,  that  is,  wanderers.  The  primary  sense  is, 
simply,  to  move  or  press,  but  appropri.itely,  to  roll,  to 
press  by  rolling,  as  in  hatting,  and  this  is  the  origin 
of  trnlker,  ft»r  the  practice  of  felting  hats  must  have 
preceded  that  of  fulling  cloth  in  mills.  Our  ances- 
tors appropriated  the  verb  to  moving  on  the  feet,  and 
the  word  is  peculiarly  expressive  of  that  n  Ming  or 
wagging  motion  which  marks  the  walk  of  clownish 
people.    Uu.  Heb.  iSv] 

1.  To  move  slowly  on  the  feet;  to  step  slowly 
along;  to  advance  by  steps  moderately  repeated  ;  as 
animals.  Walking,  in  men,  differs  from  running  only 
in  the  rapidity  and  length  of  the  steps  ;  but  in  quad- 
rupeds, the  motion  or  order  of  the  feet  is  sometimes 
changed. 

At  the  end  of  twelve  months,  he  walked  in  the  poiaca  of  the 

kingdom  of  Babylon.  —  Dan.  ir. 
Allien  Peter  had  come  down  out  of  the  ship,  he  walked  on  the 

water,  to  go  Vi  J.  aus.  —  Matt,  xiT. 

2.  To  move  or  go  on  the  feet  for  exercise  or  amuse- 
ment. Hundreds  of  students  daily  walk  on  Dow  ning 
terrace,  in  Cambridge. 

3.  To  appear,  as  a  specter. 

The  spirits  of  the  dead 
May  walk  again.  Shak. 

4.  To  net  on  any  occasion. 

Do  you  Uiiuk  I'd  iM^  in  any  plot f    t^*!  B.  Jonson. 

5.  To  be  in  motion,  as  a  clamorous  tongue. 

Her  tongue  did  walk 
In  foul  reproach.    [06».|  Spenser. 

6.  To  act  or  move  on  the  feet  in  sleep. 

When  waa  it  she  la»l  walked  7  SKak. 
[But  this  is  unusual.  When  we  speak  of  somnam- 
buialion,  we  say,  to  walk  in  sleep.] 


TONE,  BfJLL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


156* 


1245 


WAL 


WAL 


WAN 


7.  To  range  ;  to  be  stirring. 

Affairs  that  vaVc, 
As  they  say  spirits  do,  at  mithiighl,    [UnusvaL]  Shak. 

8.  To  move  off;  to  depart. 

When  he  comes  forth,  he  will  make  their  cows  aod  ^rnins  tealk. 
INol  elegant.]  Spenser. 

9.  In  Scripture,  to  live  and  act  or  behave ;  to  pur- 
sue a  particular  course  of  life. 

To  walk  icWi  Qod ;  to  live  in  obedience  to  his  com- 
mands, and  have  communion  with  him.    Orn.  v. 

To  walk  in  darkness  :  to  live  in  ignorance,  error, 
and  sin,  without  comfort.    1  John  i. 

To  walk  in  the  liald  :  to  live  in  the  practice  of  reli- 
gion, and  to  enjoy  its  consolations.    1  John  i. 

To  walk  by  faiUi:  to  live  in  the  firm  belief  of  the 
gospel  and  its  promises,  and  to  rely  on  Christ  fur  sal- 
vation.  2  Cor,  V. 

To  walk  Virough  the  fire;  to  be  exercised  with 
severe  afflictions.    Isa.  xliii. 

To  walk  after  tlie  flesh ;  to  indulge  sensual  appetites, 
and  to  live  in  sin.    Rom.  viii. 

To  walk  after  Vie  Spirit ;  to  be  guided  by  the  coun- 
sels and  influences  of  the  Spirit  and  by  the  word  of 
God,  and  to  live  a  life  of  holy  deportment.  Rom. 
viii. 

To  walk  in  the  flesh  ;  to  live  this  natural  life,  which 
is  subject  to  infirmities  and  calamities.    2  Cor.  x. 

To  walk  in ;  to  enter,  as  a  house,  tfalk  in,  gentle- 
men. 

WALK,  (wauk,)  v.  t.  To  pass  through  or  upon  ;  as, 
to  walk  the  streets. 

[Tliis  is  elliptical  for  to  walk  in  or  through  the 
streets.] 

2.  To  cause  to  walk  or  step  slowly  ;  to  lead,  drive, 
or  ride  with  a  slow  pace.  He  found  the  road  so  bad, 
he  was  obliged  to  walk  his  horse.  The  coachman 
walked  his  horses  from  VVoodbridge  to  Princeton. 
WALK,  (wauk,)  n.  The  act  of  walking;  the  act  of 
moving  on  the  feet  with  a  slow  pace. 

2.  The  act  of  walking  for  air  or  e.xercise ;  as,  a 
morning  walk  ;  an  evening  walk.  Pope. 

3.  Planner  of  walking  ;  gait ;  step.  We  often 
know  a  person  in  a  distant  apartment  by  his  ira/t. 

4.  Length  of  way  or  circuit  through  which  one 
walks;  or  a  place  for  walking:  as,  a  longwa/t;  a 
short  walk.  The  gardens  of  the  Tuileries  and  of  the 
Luxembourg  are  very  pleasant  waUis, 

5.  .\n  avenue  set  «'ith  trees.  Milton. 

6.  Way  ;  road  ;  range ;  place  of  wandering. 

The  mountains  are  his  lealks.  Snndys. 
The  sLarry  watks  above.  Dryilen, 

7.  Region  ;  space. 

He  opened  a  boundless  leaUc  for  liis  imagination.  Pope, 

8.  Course  of  lifK  or  pursuit.  This  is  not  within 
the  walk  of  the  historian. 

9.  The  slowest  pace  of  a  horse,  ox,  or  otlier  quad- 
ruped. 

10.  A  fish.    [.V  mistake  for  Whelk.]  .^insworth. 

11.  In  the  fVcst  Indies,  a  planlafiim  of  canes,  &;c. 

Edwards's  fV.  Ind. 
A  sheep  walk,  so  called,  is   high  and  dry  land 
where  sheep  are  pastured. 
WALK'.\-BLE,  (wauk'a  bl,)  a.    Fit  to  be  walked  on. 

[jVot  much  used.'\  Sioift, 
WALK'ER,  (wauk'er,)  n.    One  who  walks. 

2.  In  our  mother  timgue,  a  fuller. 

3.  In  law,  a  forest  officer  appointed  to  walk  over  a 
certain  space  for  inspection  ;  a  forestt;r. 

4.  One  who  deports  himself  in  a  particular  man- 
ner. 

5.  A  fulling-mill.    [»VoI  in  use,  or  loeal.l 
WALK'ING,  (wauk'ing,)  ppr.    Moving  on  the  legs 

with  a  slow  pace  ;  moving  ;  ciuiducting  one's  self. 

WALK'ING,  (wauk'ing,)  n.  The  act  of  moving  on  the 
feet  with  a  slow  pace. 

WALK'[.\G-STAFF,  )  n.    A  staff  or  stick  carried  in 

WALK'I.VG-STICK,  (  the  hand  for  support  or 
amusement  in  walking. 

WALK'-.MILL,  (wauk'mill,)  «.    A  fulling-mill. 
J /.oca/.]  Cyc. 

WALL,  71.  [L.  vallum;  Sax.  weal;  D.  wal;  G.  wall; 
Tr.  and  Gaelic,  balla  and  fal ;  Russ.  val ;  W.  ffiral. 
In  L.  rallus  is  a  stake  or  post,  and  probably  vullum 
was  originally  a  fence  of  stakes,  a  p.ilisadc  or  stock- 
ade ;  the  first  rude  fortification  of  uncivilized  men. 
The  primary  sense  o(  vallum  is  a  shoot,  or  that  which 
is  set,  and  the  latter  may  be  the  sense  of  wM, 
whether  it  is  from  rallu.i,  or  from  some  otlii-r  root.] 

I.  A  work  or  structure  of  stone,  brick,  or  ot^ier 
materials,  raisi'.t  to  some  hipht,  and  intended  for  a 
defense  or  security.  Walls  of  stone,  with  or  without 
ccineni,  arc  much  used  in  America  for  fences  on 
fnrmn  ;  wals  are  laid  as  the  foundations  of  houses 
and  the  security  of  cellars.  WalU  of  stone  or  brick 
form  the  exterior  of  biiilclings,  and  they  are  often 
raised  round  cities  and  forts  as  a  defense  against 
enemies. 

%  Ifatls,  in  the  plural,  is  used  for  fortifications  in 
general ;  works  fur  defense. 

I  rush  undaunted  to  defend  the  iealU.  Drydtn. 

3.  A  defense  ;  means  of  security  or  protection. 
1  Sam.  XXV. 


To  take  the  wall ;  to  take  the  upper  or  most  hon- 
orable place. 

I  will  take  die  irall  of  any  man  or  maid  of  Montague's.  Shak. 

WALL'-CREEP-ER,  n.  A  small  bird  of  the  genus 
Certhia,  Linn.,  which  frequents  rocks  and  walls, 
and  feeds  on  insects  ;  the  spider-catcher. 

FjI.  Encyc. 

WALL'-CRESS,  n.  [wall  and  cress.]  The  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Arabis.  They  grow  on  walls 
and  in  dry,  stony  places.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Turritis.  Lee. 

WALL'-E'tE,  71.  [wall  and  eye.]  In  horses,  an  eye 
in  which  the  iris  is  of  a  very  light  gray  or  whitish 
color.  Booth. 

[Johnson  has  defined  wall-eye  to  be  **  a  disease  in 
the  crystalline  humor  of  the  eye  ;  glaucoma."  But 
glaucoma  is  not  a  disease  of  the  crystalline  humor, 
nor  is  wall-eye  a  disease  at  all,  but  merely  a  natural 
blemish.  Tally.  In  the  JVorth  of  England,  ns  lirock- 
ett  states,  persons  are  said  to  be  wall-eyed  when  the 
white  of  the  eye  is  very  large  and  distorted,  or  on 
one  side.  Richardson  derives  wall  in  this  case,  and 
also  whall,  wltally,  whally-eyed,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon 
kwelan,  to  wither,  to  pine  away,  in  allusion  to  the 
faded  color  or  unnatural  appearance  of  such  eyes.  — 
Ed.] 

WALL'-EV£D,  (-Ide,)  a.  In  horses,  having  an  eye  of 
a'very  light  cray  or  whitish  color.  Booth. 

9.  Shakspeare,  in  using  wall-eyed  as  a  term  of  re- 
proach, as  "  tea/i-cyed  rage,"  a  wall-eyed  wretch," 
alludes  probably  to  the  idea  of  unnatural  or  distorted 
vision.  [See  VVall-Eve.]  It  is  an  eye  which  is 
utterly  and  incurably  perverted,  an  eye  that  knows 
no  pity. 

WALL'-FLOW-ER,  71.  [wall  and  flower.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Cheiranthus,  which  grows  in  old  walls, 
&c. ;  a  stock  gillyflower. 

WALL'-FRCIT,  7!.  [wall  and  fruit.]  Fruit  which, 
to  be  ripened,  must  be  planted  against  a  wall. 

WALL'-KNOT,  7t.  A  single  wall-knot  is  made  by  un- 
twisting the  ends  of  a  rope,  and  making  a  bight  with 
the  first  strand  ;  then  passing  the  second  over  the  end 
of  the  first,  and  the  third  over  the  end  of  the  second, 
and  through  the  bight  of  the  first.  The  double  is  made 
by  passing  the  ends,  singly,  close  underneath  the 
first  wale,  and  thrusting  them  upward  through  the 
middle,  only  the  last  end  comes  up  under  two  bights. 

Cyc. 

WALL'-LOUf  E,  71.  [wall  and  louse]  An  insect  or 
small  bug.  Ainsworth. 

WALli'-M0Si3,  71.  A  species  of  moss  growing  on 
walls. 

WALL-PEN'NY-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cotyledon. 

WALL'-I'EP-PER,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sedum. 
WALL'-I'lE,  71.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Asplenium. 

Lee. 

WALL'-SID-ED,  a.  Having  sides  nearly  perpendicu- 
lar, as  a  ship. 

WALL'-SPRIXG,  71.     A  spring  of  water  issuing  from 

stratified  rocks. 
WALL'-WORT,  71.   A  plant,  the  dwarf  elder  or  dane- 

wort  ;  Sambucus  Eliulus. 
WALL,  V.  t.    To  inclose  with  a  wall ;  as,  to  wall  a 

city. 

2.  To  defend  by  walls. 

And  terror  of  his  name  that  waits  us  in 

From  d^tn^r.  Dcnham. 

3.  To  fill  up  with  a  wall. 

WALL'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Inclosed  or  fortified  with  a 
wall. 

WALL'ER,  71.    One  who  builds  walls  in  the  country. 

Cyc. 

WAL'LER-ITE,  71.  A  mineral,  or  variety  of  clay, 
ftiund  in  small  compact  masses  of  the  si/.e  of  a  nut, 
white  and  opaque,  or  yellowish  and  translucent.  [.Vot 
iisrrf.]  Clcareland. 

WAL'LET,  (wol'let,)  71.  A  hag  for  carrying  the  neces- 
saries for  a  journey  or  march  ;  a  knapsack.  Also,  a 
pocket-book  or  place  for  keeping  money  about  one's 
person. 

2.  Any  thing  protuberant  and  swagging  ;  as  wat- 
hts  of  flesh.  Shak. 

WAI.L'ING,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  fortifying  with  a  wall. 

WALL'LNG,  H.  Walls  in  general;  materials  for 
walls. 

WAL'I.OP,  (wol'lop,)  f.  I.  [formed  on  G.  loallen. 
Sax.  wealan,  to  boil  or  bubble  ;  D.  opwallcn  ;  Eng.  to 
well.    See  Wei.i..] 

1.  To  boil  with  a  continued  bubbling  or  heaving 
and  rolling  of  the  liquor,  with  noise.  Broekctt. 

2.  To  move  in  a  rolling,  cumbersome  manner. 

Forby. 

WAL'LOP-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Boiling  with  n  heaving 

and  noise  ;  moving  in  a  cumbersome  manner. 
WAL'LOW,  (wol'lu,)  ti.  I.    [Sax.  wealwian;  Sw.  vHlf- 

va ;  Goth,  walu^an :  G.  wahrn.    The  latter  is  the 

Eng.  welter,  but  of  the  same  family  ;  L.  tolro  :  Sp. 

volrer ;  Russ.  ralyu,  baliayu.    This  verb  seems  to  be 

connected  with  well,  walk,  &c.] 

1.  To  roll  one's  body  on  the  earth,  in  mire,  or  on 

other  sulwlnnre  ;  to  tumble  and  roll  iu  water.  Swine 

teiMou)  in  the  imro. 


2.  To  move  heavily  and  clumsily. 

Part  huge  of  bulk, 
Wallowing  unwieldy,  enormous  in  their  gait, 
Tempest  the  ocean,    [t/nueucl.]  Millon. 

3.  To  live  in  filth  or  gross  vice  ;  as,  man  wallow- 
ing in  his  native  impurity.  South. 

WAL'LOW,  V.  t.    To  rull  one's  body. 

11  au'oio  thyself  in  asiies.  —  Jer.  vi. 
W.\L'LoW,  71.  A  kind  of  rolling  walk. 
WAL'LoW-BD,  pp.  Rolled  in  the  inire. 
WAL'LoW-ER,  n.    One  that  rolls  in  mire. 

2.  A  wheel  that  turivs  the  trundle-head  in  a  mill. 
W.\L'LoW-ING,  ppr.     Rolling  the   body  on  any 
tiling. 

WALL'-PEL'LI-TO-RY,  7i.  A  plant,  Parietaria  of- 
ficinalis, growing  on  old  tvalls,  &c.,  in  Europe  ;  for- 
merly esteemed  medicinal.  P.  Cyc. 

WALL'-PLaTE,  II.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  hor- 
izontally upon  a  wall,  on  which  joists,  &c.,  rest. 

WALL'Fv.OE,  71.   An  herb,  Asplenium  ruta-muraria. 

Loudon. 

W.\L'NUT,  71.  [D.  walnoot;  Sax.  walh,  foreign,  and 
hnnta,  nut.  The  Germans  call  it  walschc  nujs,  Welsh 
nut,  that  is,  foreign  or  Celtic  nut.] 

A  tree,  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Juglans.  This 
genus  comprehends  six  species,  of  which  three  are 
natives  of  the  United  States,  viz.,  Juglans  nigra,  or 
black  walnut,  J.  cinerea,  or  butternut,  and  J.  Fra.x- 
inifolia  or  ash-leaved  walnut.  Juglans  regia,  Per- 
sian walnut,  is  cultivated  in  America.  J.  pterocarpa 
grows  on  Mount  Caucasus,  and  J.  baccata  in  Jamai- 
ca and  Hispaniola. 

In  America  there  are  several  species  of  Carya  or 
hickory  called  by  this  name. 

W.\L'RUS,  n.  [G.  wall,  as  in  wallflsch,  a  whale,  and 
ross,  a  horse.] 

The  morse,  sea-e'ephant,  sea-horse,  or  sea-cow,  an 
amphibious,  carnivorous  mammal,  inhabiting  the  arc- 
tic seas.  It  is  the  Trichecus  Rosmarus,  the  only  spe- 
cies of  its  genus.  It  surpasses  the  largest  ox  in  size, 
attaining  to  the  length  of  twenty  feet.  It  is  covered 
with  short,  yellowish  hair.  It  is  sought  for  on  ac- 
count of  its  oil  and  tusks,  the  ivory  of  which,  though 
rough-grained,  is  employed  in  the  arts.  The  skin  is 
used  fttr  coach-braces.  The  seals  are  the  only  utiier 
amphibious  luainiiials  at  present  known.  Cuvier. 

WAL'TROX,  71.    Another  name  of  the  walrus. 

Woodward. 

WALTZ,  71.  [Ger.  wal-.en.]  A  German  national 
diince,  and  also  the  species  of  music  by  which  it  is 
accompanied. 

WALTZ,  V.  i.    To  dance  a  waltz. 

WALTZ'ER,  71.    A  person  who  waltzes. 

WALTZ'ING,  71.    The  act  of  dancing  a  waltz. 

WAM'BLE,  (wom'bl,)  i'.  1.  [D.  wemelen;  Dan.  uotti- 
ler;  Sw.  vamjas.] 

To  be  disturbed  with  nausea ;  as,  a  aamilinir  stom- 
ach.   [  yulirar.]  VEstrange. 

WAM'BLE-eROP-P£D,  (-krcpt,)  a.  Sick  at  the 
stomach.  [Vulgar.] 

WA.M-PEE',  71.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Cookia,  and  its 
fruit.  The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg, 
grows  in  bunches,  and  is  much  esteemed  in  China. 

Loudon. 

WAM'PU.M,  71.  Small  beads  made  of  different  colored 
shells,  used  by  the  North  American  Indians  as  mon- 
ey, and  also  wrought  into  belts,  &.C.,  as  an  ornament. 

7V«m4ii//. 

WAN,  a.  [Sa.x.  wan,  wann,  deficient  ;  wanion,  to  fail, 
toiciinc;  wan,  pale,  that  is,  deficient  in  coloA;  allied 
probably  to  laiii.  Ciu.  W.  gaan,  weak,  and  gwyn, 
white.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  withdraw  or  de- 
part.] 

Pale  ;  having  a  sickly  hue ;  languid  of  look. 

Sivd  to  view,  his  visa^'  pale  and  i«ln.  Spenser. 
^^■hy  so  p.ale  antt  lijan,  loud  lover  i  Suckling. 

WAN,  for  Won  ;  pret.  of  Win.  [OAs.] 
W.^ND,  (wond,)  n.    [D.  caaTirf.l 

1.  A  small  stick  ;  a  rod.  If  a  child  runs  away,  a 
few  strokes  of  a  wand  will  bring  him  back. 

2.  A  stair  of  authority  ;  as,  a  silver  wand. 

Millon. 

3.  A  rod  used  by  conjurers  or  diviners. 

Picus  bore  a  bucVIer  in  liis  hand  ; 

Ills  other  waved  a  long  divini.ng  wand.  Dryden. 

WAN'DER,  ti.  I.  [Sax.  wandrian;  D.  wnndelrn,  to 
walk  ;  G.  wandeln,  to  wander,  to  walk,  to  change, 
exchange,  or  transform  ;  Sw.  vanda,  to  turn  :  randra, 
to  wamler;  n:\n.randler,  to  walk,  to  wander,  to 
trade  ;  vandcl,  behavior,  deportment,  conversatitui ; 
It.  andare,  Sp.  and  Port,  andar,  to  go ;  Sans,  andara, 
a  wanderer.] 

1.  To  rove  ;  to  ramble  here  .and  there  without  any 
certain  course  or  object  in  view  ;  as,  to  wander  over 
the  fields  ;  to  wander  about  the  town,  or  about  the 
country.  Men  may  sometimes  wander  for  amuse- 
ment or  exercise.  Persons  sometimes  wander  be- 
cause lliey  have  no  home  and  arc  wretched,  and 
sometimes  because  they  have  no  occupation. 

They  wnnilered  alioul  In  sheep-skins  and  gval-skius.  — Ucb.  xi. 
He  teandereth  ntjrtiad  for  lirroii. —  Job  sv. 
He  was  vamttring  in  the  (l<  ld.  — Ueli.  xxsvli. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PEfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1246 


WAN 

2.  To  leivve  home  ;  to  depart ;  to  migrate. 

Whoii  (toil  ciiusoil  ino  to  vatuler  from  my  frttlier'f  house.  — 
U.  ii.  XX. 

3.  Til  (lep.'irt  from  the  subject  in  discussion  ;  as,  to 
wander  from  the  point. 

•1.  In  a  moral  snt.ie,  to  stray  ;  to  deviate  ;  to  depart 
from  duty  or  rectitude. 

0.  Icl  me  not  wnntUr  from  Ihy  commantimrntt.  —  Pi.  cxix. 

5.  To  be  delirious  ;  not  to  bo  under  the  guidance  of 
reason  ;  as,  llie  miiid  wanders. 
WAN'DEK,  V.  t.    To  travel  over  without  a  certain 
course. 

Waritlering  many  a  famoul  re.-ilm.    {Elliptical.]  Milton. 

VVAN'DKR-f;i),  pp.    Kamblcd  ;  traveled  over  roving- 
ly  ;  deviali'd  from  duty. 

VVaN'DKR-EK,  11.    A  rambler;  one  that  roves;  one 
tiiat  deviates  from  duty. 

W.XN'DlCR-I.XfJ,  ppr.  or  a.    Roving;  rambling;  de- 
viatin;;  from  duty. 

W.\N'DEK-I.\(;,  n.   Peregrination  ;  n  traveling  with- 
out a  settled  course. 

?.  Aberration;  niLstaken  way  ;  deviation  from  rec- 
titude ;  as,  a  wandering  from  duty. 

3.  A  roving  of  the  mind  or  thoughts  from  the  point 
or  business  in  which  one  ought  to  be  engaged. 

Locke. 

4.  The  roving  of  the  mind  in  a  dream. 
.">.  The  roving  of  the  mind  in  delirium. 

G.  Jjucertaintv  ;  want  of  being  fixeil.  Locke. 
WAN'I)ER-ING-LY,  aJij.     In  a  wandering  or  un- 

sieadv  m:inner.  Taylor. 
\V.\N-i)ER-00',  n.    A  b.ihoon  of  Ceylon  and  Mala- 
bar,  the  Mac.acus  silenus  of  I,acepede.    It  has  a  lung 
beard  or  mane  of  a  grayish  or  whitish  color  sur- 
rounding the  face.  P.  Cijc.  Jardine. 
W^ND'Y,  a.   Long  and  flexible,  like  a  wand. 

Briickelt. 

VVa.N'E,  v.  i.     [Sax.  wanian,  to  fail,  fall  otT,  or  de- 
crease.) 

1.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  decrease  ;  particularly 
applied  to  the  illuniiiiated  part  of  the  moon.  We 
say,  the  moon  wanes,  that  is,  the  visible  or  illunii- 
nati'd  part  decreases. 

H'ani/ig  moons  tlvir  fietllcil  ptTiod*  keep.  Addison. 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail ;  to  sink  ;  as,  the  icaniiirrage 
of  life. 

You  saw  but  sorrow  In  its  waning  form.  Dryden. 
Land  and  trade  ever  will  wax  and  iMne  toother.  Child. 

IViNE,  V.  U    To  cause  to  decrease.    [Obs.  ] 

B.  Jonson, 

VVSNE,  n.    Decrease  of  the  illuminated  part  of  the 
moon  to  thi?  eye  of  a  spectator. 

2.  Decline  ;  failure  ;  diiniitution  ;  decrease  ;  de- 
clension. 


You  are  cost  upon  an  nge  ir>u*hich  die  churctt  is  in  i 


South. 


WAN'ED,  pp.    Caused  to  decrease  ;  diminished. 
VVANO,  n.    [Sax.  wantr,  weng,  wong.'] 

1.  The  jaw,  jaw-bone,  or  cheek-bone.  [Little 
used,  or  vulgar.] 

2.  The  latcliet  of  a  shoe.  (Sax.  sceo-lhwang,  shoe- 
thong.l    [Aut  111  use.'] 

WAN-<;EE',  n.  A  species  of  tough,  flexible  cane,  im- 
ported from  China,  sometimes  called  the  Japan  Cane. 

McCulloch. 

WANG'-TOOTH,  n.    A  jaw-tooth.  Cijc. 
W.XN'liaPE,  71.    Want  of  hope.    [Kot  used.] 
VVAN'UORN,  II.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Kajinpferia. 

Lee. 

Wa.\'I.\G, ppr.    Decreasing;  failing;  declining. 

WAXK'LE,  (wonk'l,)  a.  Weak;  unstable;  not  to  be 
ilepended  on.  Orose, 

WAN'I.Y,  adv.    In  a  pale  manner;  palely. 

W.\\'NKD,  a.    M.ide  wan  or  pale  Shak. 

WAN'NE.^S,  n.  Paleness  ;  a  sallow,  dead,  pale  col- 
or ;  as,  the  wanness  of  the  cheeks  after  a  fever. 

WAN'NlSH,a.    Somewhat  wan  ;  of  a  pale  hue. 

Fairfaz. 

WANT,  (waunt,)  n.  [Sax.  wan,  supra;  iraiiian,  .to 
fail ;  Goth,  tcoii,  deliciency,  want.  This  seems  to  be 
primarily  a  participle  of  wane.] 

1.  Deficiency;  defect,  the  absence  of  that  which 
is  necessary  or  useful ;  as,  a  icaii^  of  power  or  knowl- 
edge for  any  purpose ;  want  of  food  and  clothing. 
The  want  of  money  is  a  common  want.  2  Cor. 
viii.  ix. 

Prom  having  wishes  in  consequence  of  our  watitt,  we  oflen  feel 
u<inls  in  cuim^ucncc  of  our  wishes.  Rambler. 

2.  Need  ;  necessity  ;  the  effect  of  deficiency. 
Pride  is  as  loud  a  l«^gJa^  as  uanl,  and  more  saucjr.  I\ankUn. 

3.  Poverty ;  penury  ;  indigence. 

Nothing  is  so  han]  for  those  who  abound  iu  riches,  as  to  conceive 
how  oiIkts  cxrt  be  in  tranl.  Sir\/L 

4.  The  state  of  not  having.  I  can  not  write  a  let- 
ter at  present  for  want  of  time. 

5.  That  which  is  not  possessed,  but  is  desired  or 
necessary  for  use  or  pleasure. 

Habitual  superfluities  become  actual  uianu.  Paley. 

6.  A  mole.    [Obs.]  Heidin. 
"  A^T,  (waunt,)  r.  t.   To  be  destitute  ;  to  be  de- 


WAN 

ficicnt  in  ;  not  to  have  ;  a  word  of  general  applica- 
tion ;  as,  to  want  knowledge  ;  to  waiif  judgment ;  to 
want  learning;  lo  want  food  and  clothing;  to  wuiit 
money. 

2.  'i'o  he  defective  or  deficient  in.  Timber  may 
want  strength  or  soliility  to  answer  its  purpose. 

3.  To  fall  short  ;  not  to  ciuitaiii  or  have.  The 
sum  wants  a  dollar  of  the  amount  of  debt. 

Nor  ttiiiilt,  tiiouf;)!  men  were  none, 

'I'hiit  heaven  would  aant  sjic-ctaton,  God  want  praise.  MUlon. 

4.  'J'o  be  without. 

Tlip  unliappy  never  uanl  enemies.  Richardson. 

5.  Tt>  need  ;  to  have  occasion  for,  as  useful,  proper, 
or  reijuisito.  Our  inannurs  want  correction.  In  win- 
ter we  want  a  fire  ;  in  summer  we  want  cooling 
brei'/.es.  We  all  icuiit  more  public  spirit  and  more 
virtue. 

li.  To  wish  for;  to  desire.  Every  man  want*  a  lit- 
tle prctiminence  over  his  neighbor.  Many  want  that 
which  they  can  not  obtain,  and  which,  if  they  could 
obtain,  would  certainly  ruin  them. 

What  wants  my  son  1  Addison. 

WANT,  (waunt,)  i>.  i.  To  be  deficient ;  not  to  be  suf- 
ficient. 

Am  in  bodies,  thus  in  souls,  we  6nd 

Wh.it  wants  in  blood  and  spirits,  swelled  with  wind.  Pops. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  be  deficient ;  to  bo  lacking. 

No  time  shall  fun]  me  ti?antin^  to  my  truth.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  missed  ;  not  to  be  jiresent.  The  jury  was 
full,  wanting  one. 

4.  To  fall  short ;  to  be  lacking. 

Twelve,  wanting  one,  he  slew.  Dryden. 
WANT' .ACE,  71.    Deficiency;  th.at  which  is  wanting. 
WANT'EI),  pp.    Needed  ;  desired. 
WANT'ING,  ppr.    Needing;  lacking;  desiring. 

2.  (1.  Absent ;  deficient.  One  of  the  twelve  is 
wanting.  We  have  the  means,  but  the  application  is 
wanting. 

3.  Slack  ;  deficient.  I  shall  not  be  wanting  in  ex- 
ertion. 

WANT'LESS,  a.  Having  no  want ;  abundant ;  fruit- 
ful. tVarncr. 

W.VN'TON,  a.  [W.  gwantan,  apt  to  run  off,  variable, 
fickle,  wanton  ;  gwantu,  to  thrust,  to  sever;  allied 
probably  to  wander.] 

1.  Wandering  or  roving  in  gayety  or  sport ;  sport- 
ive ;  frolicsome;  darting  asiile,  or  one  way  and  the 
other.    IVantvn  boys  kill  flies  for  sport. 

Note  a  wild  and  inanlon  herd.  Shak. 

2.  Jloving  or  flying  loosely ;  playing  in  the  wind. 

She 

Her  unadomcl  golden  tresses  wore 

Oiahcveleii,  but  in  wanton  ringli-ts  waved.  Milton. 

3.  Wandering  from  moral  rectitude  ;  licentious  ; 
dissuliilc  ;  indulging  in  sensuality  without  restraint; 
as,  men  grown  icanlvn  by  prosperity.  Roscommon. 

My  plenteous  joys. 
Wanton  in  I'ullneas.  Shak. 

4.  More  appropriately,  deviating  from  the  rules  of 
chastity  ;  lewd  ;  lustful ;  lascivious  ;  libidinous. 

Thou  arl  frowartl  by  nature,  enemy  lo  peace, 
I.itscivious,  wanton.  Shak. 
Ye  have  lived  in  pleasure  on  the  earth,  and  been  wanton.  — 
James  v. 

5.  Disposed  to  unchastity ;  indicating  wantonness. 
Isa.  iii. 

C.  Loose  ;  unrestrained  ;  running  to  excess. 

How  does  your  tongue  grow  tcanlon  in  her  praise  I  Addison. 

7.  Luxuriant ;  overgrown. 

What  we  by  <lay  lop  overgrown, 
One  ni*ht  or  two  wiUi  tMinlon  growth  deride*. 
Tending  to  wild.  Milton. 

8.  Extravagant ;  as,  wanton  dress.  Milton. 

9.  Not  regular ;  not  turned  or  formed  with  regu- 
larity. 

The  quaint  mazes  in  the  wanton  green.  Milton. 
WAN'TON,  n.    A  lewd  person  ;  a  lascivious  man  or 
woman.  South.  Shak. 

2.  A  trifler ;  an  insignificant  flutterer.  Sliak. 

3.  A  word  of  slight  endearment. 

Pence,  my  wanlon.    [Little  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

W.\N'TON,  V.  i.   To  rove  and  ramble  without  re- 
straint, rule,  or  limit ;  to  revel ;  to  play  loosely. 
Nature  here 

Wantoned  as  in  her  prime.  Milton. 
Her  g.'lden  tresses  tMsnfon  in  the  wind.  Anon. 

2.  To  ramble  in  lewdness  ;  lo  play  Lasciviously. 

Prior. 

3.  To  move  briskly  and  irregularly. 
WAN'TO.\-ING,  ppr.    Roving;  flying  loosely  ;  play- 

ini  without  restraint ;  indulging  in  licentiousness. 
VV.ekN'TO.\-IZE,  V.  i.    To  behave  wantonly.  [JVot 
in  use.] 

VV.\N'TON-LY,  adr.    Loosely  ;  without  regularitv  or 
restraint ;  sportively  ;  g.ayly  ;  playfully  ;  lasciviou'sly. 
\VA.\'TON-NESS,  n.    Sportiveiiess  ;  gayety  ;  frolic- 
somencss ;  wagger>'. 

As  sad  as  ni^hl 
Only  for  t^anlonncss.  Shak. 


WAR 

2.  Licentiousness;  negligence  of  restraint. 

The  tumults  threatened  lo  abuso  alt  ecu  of  grace,  and  turn  'hem 
iiitu  wantonness.  K.  Charles. 

3.  Lasciviousness  ;  lewdness,  Rom.  xiW.  2  Prt.  ii. 
WAN'I''-WIT,  n,    [wanf  and  wit.]    One  destitute  of 

wit  or  sense;  a  fool.    [J^ot  in  much  use.]  Shak. 

WAN'TY,  n.    [D.  wanf,  cordage,  tackling.  Clu.] 

A  broad  strap  of  leather,  used  for  binding  a  load 
upon  the  hack  of  a  beast.    [Local.]  'I'ussir. 

WAl"A-f  IJT,  71.  The  spotted  owl  of  Hudson's  Hay, 
Sirix  Wapaciitliu,  a  noctiirnul  accipitrine  bird  o( 
P'ey,  about  two  feet  long. 

Wa'PFA),  (wapt,)  a.  [from  the  root  of  L.  vnpulo,  to 
strike,  and  aiohap,  whap,  whit!h  the  common  people 
in  New  England  use  and  pronounce  whop,] 

Dejected  ;  cast  down  ;  crushed  by  misery.  [JVof 
in  use.]  Shak. 

W.\P'E.\-TAKE,  j  n.  [Sax.  wiepen-tnc ;  but  it  is  rather 

WAP'EN-TAC,  i  Gothic,  as  this  divisiim  of  a 
county  was  peculiar  to  the  northern  counties;  w<r- 
jicn,  a  weapon,  and  tac,  lace,  touch;  Goth,  tekan. 
(See  Touch.)  This  name  had  its  origin  in  a  custom 
of  touching  lances  or  spears  when  the  hundrcder  or 
;hief  entered  on  his  otticc.  "Cum  quis  accipieb.at 
prajfectiiram  wapentachii,  die  staliito  in  loco  ubi 
consueverant  congregari,  omiies  majores  iiatn  contra 
eum  conveniebant,  et  descendentc  eo  de  equu  suo, 
omncs  assiirgebant  ei.  Ipse  vero  erecta  lancea  sua, 
ab  omnibus  secundum  morcin  fiediis  accipiebat  ; 
onines  enim  qiiotqiiot  vcnisseiit  cum  lanceis  suis  ip- 
siiis  hastain  langehant,  et  ila  se  confirinabant  per 
contactuui  arinorum,  pace  palam  concessa.  Wiepnti 
enim  anna  sonat ;  tac,  tactus  est  —  hac  de  causa 
totus  illo  conventus  dicitur  Wapmtac,  eo  quod  per 
tacttim  arinorum  suonini  ad  invtcem  confitderati 
sunt."  /./,.  Kdward  Confessor,  33.  Wtlkins. 

hye  seems  to  doubt  this  explanation  of  the  word 
wapentac,  because  the  word  tac  is  not  found  in  the 
Saxon.  He  seems  not  to  have  considered  that  the 
word  is  known  only  in  the  north  of  EngKand,  where 
the  Giilhic  dialects  prevailed  ;  and  surely  the  word 
niiist  have  been  understood  in  the  age  of  Edward 
the  Confessor.] 

In  some  northern  counties  of  England,  a  division 
or  district,  answering  to  the  IIunoreo  or  Cantred 
in  oilier  counties.  Yorkshire  is  divided  into  wapen- 
takes, instead  of  hundreds.  The  name  was  first 
given  to  the  meeting,  supra. 

Selilen.    Blarkstone.  Wilkins. 

WAP'IN-SCHAW,  71.  An  exhibition  of  arms,  accord- 
ing to  the  rank  of  the  individual,  made  at  certain 
seasons  in  each  district.  [Scottish.]  Jainieson.  fV.  Scott, 

WAP'I-TI,  71.  This  word  is  iisetl  in  books  for  the 
North  American  stag,  (Cervus  Canadensis.)  But  in 
America,  the  animal  is  incorrectly  called  Elk.  The 
true  elk  is  the  Cervus  Alces,  often  called  .Moose. 

WAPP,  n.  In  a  ship,  the  rope  with  which  the  shrouds 
are  set  taught  in  wale-knots.  Ctjc. 

WAP'PE,  II.  A  species  of  cur,  said  to  be  so  called 
from  his  voice.  His  only  use  is  to  alarm  the  family 
by  barking,  when  any  person  approaches  the  house. 

Cue. 

WAP'PEN-£D,  a.  The  wappened  widow,  in  Tiinon 
of  Athens,  is  one  who,  though  her  charms  have 
been  enjoyed  by  another,  can  wed  again  because  she 
has  gold.  Stuens. 

WAP'PER,  71.  A  fish  ;  a  name  given  by  some  to  the 
smaller  species  of  the  river  gudgeon.  Cyc. 

WAR,  (waur,)  n.  [Sax.  war;  Fx.  guerre  ;  It.  Sp.  and 
Port,  gurrra  ;  D.  warren,  to  quarrel,  wrangle,  entan- 
gle ;  Dan.  rirrrr ;  G.  verwirren,  to  perplex,  embroil, 
ilisturb.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  strive, 
struggle,  urge,  drive,  or  to  turn,  to  twist.] 

1,  A  contest  between  nations  or  states,  carried  on 
by  force,  cither  for  defense,  or  for  revenging  insults 
and  redressing  wrongs,  n>r  the  extension  of  com- 
merce or  acquisition  of  territory,  or  for  obtaining  and 
establishing  the  superiority  and  dominion  of  one  over 
the  other.  These  objects  are  accomplished  by  the 
slaughter  or  capture  of  troops,  and  the  capture  and 
destruction  of  ships,  towns,  and  property.  Among 
rude  nations,  war  is  often  waged  and  carried  on  for 
plunder.  As  war  is  the  contest  of  nations  or  states, 
it  alw.ays  implies  that  such  contest  is  authorized  by 
the  monarch  or  the  sovereign  power  of  the  nation. 
When  war  is  commenced  by  attacking  a  nation  in 
peace,  it  is  called  an  offrn.fice  war,  and  such  attack 
is  aggressive.  When  war  is  undertaken  to  repel  in- 
vasion or  the  attacks  of  an  enemy,  it  is  called  defen- 
sive, and  a  defensive  war  is  considered  as  justifiable. 
Very  few  of  the  wars  that  have  desolated  nations 
and  deluged  the  earth  with  blood,  have  been  justifia- 
ble. Happy  would  it  be  for  mankind,  if  the  preva- 
lence of  Christian  principles  might  ultiinalely  extin- 
guish the  spirit  of  war,  and  if  the  ambition  to  be 
great,  might  yield  to  the  ambition  of  being  good. 


2.  In  poetical  language,  instniments  of  war. 

His  complement  of  storvs,  and  total  isor.  Prior. 

3.  Poeticallij,  forces  ;  army. 

O'er  the  erobnldeil  ranks  the  waves  return, 


And  ovcrwh'-Im  their  war. 


truttm. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE — AN'GEK,  VfCIOUS  €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1247 


WAR 

4.  Tlie  profession  of  arms  ;  art  of  war ;  as,  a  fierce 
man  of  war.    Is.  ii.  WisJum. 

5.  Hostility  ;  state  of  opposition  or  contest ;  act  of 
opposition.  Skak. 

6.  Enmity  ;  disposition  to  contention. 

The  worb  of  his  mouth  were  »mooUier  Uiaii  bulter,  bul  leor  was 
ill  his  he.irt.  —  Pa.  It. 

Man-of-war;  in  naval  affairs,  a  national  ship  of 
large  size,  armed  and  ecjuipped  for  attack  or  de- 
fense. 

Hohj  war;  a  crusade  ;  a  war  undertaken  to  deliver 
the  Holy  Land,  or  Judea,  fruni  infiilels.  These  /wty 
wars  were  carried  on  by  most  unlioly  means. 
WAR,  r.  i.  To  make  war ;  to  invade  or  attack  a  na- 
tion or  state  witli  force  of  arms  ;  to  carry  on  hostili- 
ties ;  or  to  be  in  a  state  of  contest  by  violence. 

He  Ie:tchelh  my  h^nds  to  iKlr.  —  2  Sam.  xxii. 

Ami  ihev  tcarred  a^.tinst  tlie  Midianitps  — Num.  xxxi. 

Why  shioia  I  uMr  without  the  walls  of  Troy  !  Shak. 

2.  To  contend  ;  to  strive  violently  ;  to  be  in  a  state 
of  opposition. 

Lusls  which  irar  against  the  sotll.  —  I  PeL  ii. 

WAR,  V.  t.    To  make  war  upon  ;  as,  to  war  the  Scot. 
[S-ot  used.'] 
2.  To  carry  on  a  contest. 

That  thou  mightest  war  a  good  warfare.  —  I  Tim.  i. 

WAR'-BeAT,  )  a.  [war  and  beat.}  Worn  down 
WAR'-BeAT-EX,  i     in  war.  J.  Barlow. 

WAR'-BE-ReAV'£D,  a.    Bereaved  by  war. 

Hoicitt, 

WAR'BLE,  (wor'bl,)  v.  t.  [Gr.  wirbcln,  to  turn, 
wliirl,  warble  ;  iririe/,  a  whirl,  a  vortex  ;  wirbelbein, 
a  turning-bone  or  joint,  L.  vertebra  ;  Dan.  kcirvler, 
Eng.  to  icliirl.  These  words  are  all  of  one  family  ; 
L.  verto,  Eng.  veer,  vary,  &,c.] 

1.  To  quaver  a  sound  or  the  voice  ;  to  modulate 
with  turns  or  variations.  Certain  birds  are  remark- 
able for  warbling  their  songs. 

2.  To  cause  to  quaver. 

And  touch  the  icarbled  strine.  Milton. 

3.  To  utter  musically  ;  to  be  modulated. 


If  she  be  right  invoked  with  tearbled  song. 
Warbling  sweet  the  nuptial  lay. 


Trumbull. 


WAR'BLE,  V.  i.    To  be  quavered  or  modulated. 

Such  strains  ne'er  warble  in  the  linnet's  throat.  Gatf. 

2.  To  be  uttered  melodiously  ;  as,  warbling  lays. 
For  warbling  notes  from  inward  cheering  fluw.  Sidney. 

3.  To  sing. 

Binls  on  the  branches  aarbting.  .  Milton. 
WAR'BLE,  n.    A  quavering  modulation  of  the  voice  ; 

a  song.  Gray. 
WAR'BLED,  pp.     Quavered;  modulated;  uttered 

musically. 

WAR'BLER,  n.  A  singer;  a  songster;  used  of 
birds. 

In  lullin*  EtiTuns  the  feathered  iflar6.'er*  woo.  Ticket. 
2.  The  common  name  of  a  genus  of  small  birds, 
(Sylvia,)  comprising  most  of  the  smtdl  woodland  song- 
sters of  Europe  and  North  America.  They  feed  on 
insects,  and  are  very  lively  and  active,  'riie  blue- 
bird is  arranged  by  some  as  a  species  of  the  genus. 

Ell.  Encrjc.  ff^tlson. 
WAR'BLES,  (wor'blz,)  n.  In  farriery,  small,  hard 
tumors  on  the  backs  of  horses,  occasioned  by  the 
heat  of  the  saddle  in  traveling,  or  by  the  uneasiness  of 
its  situation  ;  also,  small  tumors  produced  by  the  lar- 
vas  of  the  gadHv,  in  the  b.icks  of  horses,  cattle,  &c. 

Cyc. 

WAR'BLIN'G,  ppr.  Quavering  the  voice;  modu- 
lating notes  ;  singing. 

2.  o.  Filled  with  musical  notes  ;  as,  the  warbling 
glade.  Trumbull. 

WAR'BLI.VG,  n.  The  act  of  sh.iking  or  modulating 
notes  :  singing. 

WAK'BLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  warbling  manner. 

WAK'-eOU.V-CIL,  71.    A  council  of  war. 

WARD,  in  composition,  as  in  toward,  homeward,  is  the 
Sax.  wrard,  from  the  root  of  L.  verto,  &,c.  It  corre- 
Hponds  to  the  L.  versiLs.  ^ 

WARD,  (waurd,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  treardian;  Sw.  varda; 
Dan.  ricrirrr  ;  probably  from  Sax.  warian,  wrrian  ; 
Goth,  wnryan  ;  I),  wccrcn,  to  defend,  guard,  prevent  ; 
W.  gwaru,  to  fend  ;  allied  to  wary,  airare ;  Fr.  /rar- 
drr,  for  guarder.  It.  ffiiardare,  Sp.  iruardar.  'i'hc  pri- 
mary Hcnsc  19,  to  repel,  to  keep  off ;  hence,  to  stop; 
hence,  to  defend  by  repelling  or  other  means.] 

1.  To  guard  ;  to  keep  in  safety  ;  to  watch. 
Wh<»e  ett'  I  h'r  found  tut  shut,  no  living  wighl 

To  irarrf  tl,.;  r>,.Mi.-.  Sprnter. 

[In  this  sense,  ward  Is  obsolete,  as  we  have  adopted 
the  French  of  the  same  word,  to  fruard,  ^Ve  now 
nirver  apply  ward  to  the  thing  to  Im-  defended,  bul  al- 
ways to  the  thing  against  which  it  is  to  he  defended. 
We  ward  off  a  blow  or  dagger,  and  we  ^uard  a  per- 
«on  or  pliH  i'.] 

2.  To  defend  ;  to  protect. 

T>-II  him  it  wns  a  hand  that  uarded  him 

From  thuuMod  djinfn.  ShaJc. 

[Oht.]    [See  the  remark,  Bupra.] 


WAR 

3.  To  fend  off ;  to  repel  ;  to  turn  aside  any  thing 
iniscI)ievou;9  that  approaches. 

Now  ward*    falling  blow,  now  Btrikes  again.  Daniel. 

The  pointed    Weliii  warded  ojfhis,  rage.  Addisun. 
Il  iiisirucLs  f   ->  Bcliol:\r  in  the  v^mous  methods  of  warding  qff  the 

force  of    jjeciions.  Walts. 

[This  is  the  present  use  of  ward.    Totcardoff  Ss 
now  the  more  general  expression  j  nor  can  I,  with 
Johnson,  think  ii  less  elegiant.] 
WARD,  (waurd,)  c.  i.    To  be  vigilant ;  to  keep  guard. 
[Obs.] 

2.  To  act  on  the  defensive  with  a  weapon. 

She  drove  the  stran^r  to  no  other  shift,  than  to  xeard  and  go 

Uiclt.  Sidt^ey, 
And  on  their  varding  arms  li^ht  bucklers  bear.  JJryden. 

WARD,  n.    Watch  ;  act  of  guarding. 

Still,  when  she  slept,  he  kept  both  watch  and  ward.  Spenser. 

2.  Garrison;  troops  to  defend  a  fort;  as,  small 
wards  left  in  forts.    [JVwt  in  use.]  Spenser. 

3.  Guard  made  by  a  weapon  in  fencing. 

For  want  of  other  ward. 
He  lifted  up  his  hand  liis  front  to  guard.  Dryden. 

4.  A  fortress  ;  a  strong  hold.  Shak. 

5.  One  whose  business  is  to  guard,  watch,  and  de- 
fenil  ;  as,  a  fire-ward. 

6.  A  certain  district,  division,  or  quarter  of  a  town 
or  city,  committed  to  an  alderman.  There  are  twen- 
ty-six wards  in  London. 

7.  Custody  ;  confinement  under  guard.  Pharaoh 
ptit  his  butler  and  baker  in  ward.    Gen.  xl. 

8.  A  minor  or  person  under  the  care  of  a  guardian. 
See  Blackstone's  chapter  on  the  rights  and  duties  of 
guardian  and  ward. 

9.  The  state  of  a  child  under  a  guardian. 

I  must  attend  his  majesty's  commands,  to  whom  1  am  now  in 
icard.  Shak. 

10.  Guardianship ;  right  over  orphans. 

It  is  inconvenient  in  Ireland,  that  the  leards  and  marriages  of  jen- 
tlemen's  children  should  be  in  the  dis|)oeal  of  any  of  those 
lords.  Spenser. 

11.  The  division  of  a  forest. 
I'X  The  division  of  a  hospital. 

13.  A  part  of  a  lock  which  corresponds  to  its  prop- 
er kev. 

WARD'ED,  pp.  Guarded. 

hoarded  off;  prevented  from  attacking  or  injuring. 
WARD'£N,  71.    .A  keeper;  a  guardian. 

2.  An  olficer  who  keeps  or  guards  ;  a  keeper ;  as, 
the  warden  of  the  Fleet  or  Fleet  prison. 

3.  A  large  pear. 

Warden  of  the  cinque  ports  ;  in  England,  an  officer 
who  has  the  jurisdiction  of  the  cinque  ports,  with  a 
salary  of  £3000  a  year.  Brande. 
Warden  uf  a  aillege,  is  the  master  or  president. 
WARD'£N-SHIP,  (  n.    The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
WARD'£N-RY,     i  warden. 
WARD'ER,  7!.    A  keeper ;  a  guard. 

Tlie  warders  of  the  gate.  Dryden. 

2.  A  truncheon  by  which  an  officer  of  arms  forbade 
fight.  Shak. 

Wardens  of  the  Totcer ;  officers  who  attend  state 
prisoners. 

WARD'I.N'G,  ppr.    Guarding;  defending. 

WARD'-MoTE,  n.  [ward  and  Sax.  7n£j(c,  meeting.] 
In  London,  a  meeting  of  the  ward  ;  also,  a  court  of 
the  ward,  whose  province  is  to  present  defaults  in 
matters  relating  to  the  watch,  [mlice,  &c. 

P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

WARD'RoBE,  n.    [ward  and  robe;  Fr.  garde-robe.] 

1.  .\  room  or  apartment  where  clothes  or  wearing 
apparel  is  kept. 

2.  A  portable  closet  for  hanging  up  clothes. 

3.  Wearing  apparel  in  general. 
WARD'ROO.NI,  7t.     [ward  and  room.]     In  a  ship,  a 

room  over  the  gunroom,  where  the  lieutenants  and 
other  principal  officers  sleep  and  mess.    JIar.  Diet. 
WARD'SIIIP,  n.    Guardianship ;  care  and  j)rotection 
oi'  a  ward. 

2.  Right  of  guardianship. 

Wardship  is  incident  to  tenure  in  socage.  Blaekstone. 

3.  Pupilage  ;  slate  of  being  under  a  guardian. 

AT.  Charles. 

WARD'-STAFF,  7t.  A  constable's  or  watchman's 
staff. 

WARE,  prct.  of  Wiab.  [Obs.]  [It  is  now  written 
Wore.] 

WARE,  a.  [Sax.  war;  Dan.  r<rr.  It  belongs  to  the 
root  of  ward.  We  never  use  ware  by  itself ;  hut  we 
use  il  in  iiware,  beware,  and  in  wary.  Il  was  formerly 
in  use.] 

1.  Being  in  expectation  of;  provided  against.  2 
Tim.  iv. 

2.  Wary ;  cautious.  Milton. 
WARE,  t).  i.    To  take  heed  of. 

Then  ware  a  rising  lemiK'st  on  Uie  main.    [O&i.]  Dryden. 
[We  now  use  ilEvrARs  as  a  single  word,  though 
in  fact  it  is  not.] 
WARE,  ».  t    \n  .iramanship.    See  Wear,  No.  5. 
WARE,  n. ;  pi.  Warks.    [Sax.  ware;  D.  waar;  G. 
waare  ;  Sw.  I'flra  ;  Dan.  rare.] 
Goods  ;  conmiodities  ;  merchandise  ;  usually  in  the 


WAR 

plum  but  we  say,  China  ware,  earthen  ware,  pot- 
ters .rare.  It  was  formerly  used  in  the  singular,  and 
mn  .  be  so  used  siill. 

L.et  the  dark  shop  commend  the  loare.  Cteaceland. 
Sea  ware ;  a  marine  plant,  a  species  of  Fucus. 

Lee. 

WaRE'FIJL,  a.  [from  icare,  war)'.]  Wary;  watch- 
ful ;  cautious.    [JVut  used.] 

WaRE'FUL-NESS,  n.  Wariness ;  cautiousness. 
[Obs.]  • 

WARE'HOUSE,  n.    [ware  a.nii  house.]    A  storehouse 

for  goods.  Addison. 
WaRE'IIOUSE,  (  houz,)  v.  U    To  deposit  or  secure 

in  a  warehouse. 
2.  To  place  in  the  warehouse  of  the  government 

or  custom-house  stores,  to  be  kept  until  duties  are 

paid. 

WARE'HOUS-ED,  (-houzd,)  pp.    Placed  in  a  store 

for  safe  keeping. 
WARE'IIOUS-IXG,  ppr.    Repositing  in  a  store  for 

safe  keeping. 

WaRE'HOUS-ING,  n.  The  act  of  placing  goods  in 
a  warehouse,  or  in  a  custom-house  store. 

Warehousing  system  ;  an  arrangement  for  lodging 
imported  articles  in  the  custom-house  stores,  without 
payment  of  duties,  until  they  are  taken  out  for  home 
consumption.  If  reexported,  they  are  not  charged 
with  a  duty.  P.  Cyc. 

WaRE'LES'S,  a.    Unwary ;  incautious.    [  Obs.] 

Spenser. 

2.  Suffered  unawares.  [Obs.] 
WARE'LY,  aJo.   Cautiously.   [Obs.]   [See  Warily.] 
WAR'FaRE,  71.    [war  and  fare.  Sax.  faran,  to  go.] 

1.  Military  service;  military  life;  war. 

The  Philistines  gathered  their  armies  for  war/are. —  I  Sam. 
xxviii. 

2.  Contest ;  struggle  with  spiritual  enemies. 

The  weapons  of  our  war/are  .are  not  carnal.  — 2  Cor.  X. 

WAR'FaRE,  v.  i.  To  lead  a  military  life ;  to  carry 
on  continual  wars. 

In  that  credulous,  i«ir/ann^  age.    [Little  used.]  Camden. 

WAR'FIeLD,  71.    Field  of  war  or  battle. 

WAR'HA-BLE,  a.    [war  and  L.  habdis.] 

Fit  for  war.    [JVoI  in  use.]  Spenser. 

WAR'WHOOP,  71.  [war  and  whoop.]  The  savage 
j^ell  of  war;  a  yell  uttered  on  entering  into  battle. 

Wa'RI-LY,  adv.  [from  wary.]  Cautiously;  with 
timorous  prudence  or  wise  foresight.  Great  enter- 
prises are  to  be  conducted  warily.  Change  of  laws 
should  be  warily  proceeded  in.  Hooker. 

WAR'INE,  71.  A  species  of  monkey  of  South  Amer- 
ica, belonging  to  the  group  of  sapajous. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

Wa'RI-NESS,  71.  Caution  ;  prudent  care  to  foresee 
and  guard  against  evil.  The  road  was  so  slippery, 
and  the  danger  so  great,  that  we  were  obliged  to 
proceed  with  wariness. 

To  determine  what  are  little  things  in  religioij,  great  wariness  is 
to  be  used.  Sprat. 

WaR'ING,  ppr.  Turning  a  ship  by  her  stern  to  the 
wind. 

WAR'-IN-SOR'ANCE,  7i.    Insurance  on  vessels  in 

time  of  war,  which  enhances  premiums.  Jefferson. 
WARK,  71.    Work  ;  a  building.  Spenser. 

[It  is  obsolete,  except  in  Bulwark.] 
WAR'LiKE,  a.    [war  and  like.]    Fit  for  war;  dis- 
posed for  war ;  as,  a  warlike  state. 

Old  Siward  with  ten  thousand  warlike  men.  Shak. 

2.  Mililarj' ;  pertaining  to  war;  as,  warlike  loil. 

Milton. 

3.  Having  a  martial  appearance. 

4.  Ihtving  tbe  appearance  of  war. 
WAR'LlKE-XESS,  ii.    A  warlike  disposition  o.  char- 
acter.   [Little  used.]  Sandys. 

WAR'LING,  71.    One  often  quarreled  with  ;  a  word 
coined,  perhaps,  to  rhyme  with  darling.     [JiTot  in 
use.]  Camden. 
WAR'LOCK,  j  71.    [  Wa-r-loga,  in  Saxon,  signifies  per- 
WAR'LUCK,  J    fiilious,  false  to  covenants.    Q.u.  Ice. 
vard-lookr.] 

.\  male  witch  ;  a  wizard.  Dryden. 

il^hU  word  is  not  in  use.] 
i.M,  (w.iurin,)  o.    [Goth.  D.  and  G.  warm >  Sax. 
wcarm  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  varm  ;  Ant.  L.  forinus.  This 
word  is  probably  a  derivative  from  the  root  of  L. 
fcrveo,  whence  fcrmentum.  Eng.  barm.    See  Swarm.] 

1.  Having  heat  in  a  mt)derate  tlegree  ;  not  cold  ; 
as,  warm  blood  ;  warm  milk.  The  flesh  of  living  an- 
imals is  warm,  if  their  bitiod  is  warm.  But  some  ani- 
mtils  have  not  warm  blood. 

2.  Subject  to  heat ;  having  prevalence  of  heat,  or( 
little  or  no  winter;  as,  Iho  warm  clinnile  of  Eg)pt. 

3.  Zealous  ;  ardent ;  as,  to  be  warm  in  the  cause 
of  our  country  or  of  religion. 

Each  wann  wish  springs  mutual  from  the  heart.  Pope. 

4.  Habitually  ardent  nr  passionate ;  keen ;  irrita- 
ble ;  as,  a  warm  temper. 

5.  Easily  excited  or  provoked  ;  irritable  ;  as,  tcunii 
passions. 

G.  Violent ;  furious  ;  ns,  a  warm  contest  We 
shall  have  irar77i  work  to-diiy. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRBY  PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1248 


WAR 

7.  Busy  in  action ;  boated  in  action  ;  anient,  lie 
warm  in  li^zht. 

ti.  FnnQifiil ;  entliusiastic ;  a^i,  a  warm  Iiead. 

y.  Vigorous  ;  sprightly. 

Now  uyirm  in  youlli,  now  wilhirinj  in  lliy  blouiii, 

Lupl  in  tt  coavf  nl'ii  soliufy  gloom.  Fope. 

10.  IVarm  colors,  in  paintinir,  arc  those  which  have 
yellow  or  yellow-red  for  llieir  basis,  and  are  opposed 
to  cold  colors,  whicil  are  blue  and  its  compounds. 

Jocflijn. 

WARM,  t".  t.    [Pan.  iBcarmian  ;  Goth,  warjiiijaii.] 
"l.  To  coninninicate  a  moderate  degree  of  lu  at  to  ; 
as,  a  stove  aarms  an  apartment ;  the  sun  in  suuiuier 
jcarms  the  earth,  and  gives  life  to  vegetation. 

2.  To  make  engaged  or  earnest ;  to  interest ;  to 
engage  ;  to  e.vrite  ardor  or  zeal  in  j  as,  to  warm  the 
liearl  with  love  or  zeal. 

1  forin?rly  tcarmed  niy  hc.id  with  rending  controversial  writings. 

WAUM,  r.  i.  To  become  moderately  Iieated.  The 
earth  soon  icarms  in  a  clear  day  in  summer. 

2.  To  become  ardent  or  animated.  The  speaker 
should  warm  as  he  proceeds  in  the  argument,  for  as 
he  becomes  animated,  he  excites  more  interest  in  his 
au(iionce. 

WAR.M'£D,  pp.  Moderately  heated;  made  ardent; 
excited. 

WAR.M'-HEXRT-ED,  a.  Noting  lively  interest  or 
atlection  ;  cordial ;  sincere  ;  hearty. 

WAR.M'ING,  ppr.  Making  nmdcrately  hot;  making 
ardent  or  zealous. 

WAR.M'li\G-PAN,  n.  [innrm  and  pan.]  A  covered 
pan  with  a  long  handle,  for  warming  a  bed  with  ig- 
nited roali. 

VVAtt.M'l.VG-^To.VE,  II.  [warm  anil  slonc]  A  stone 
diig  in  Cornwall,  which  retains  heat  a  groat  while. 

liaij. 

WARM'I.Y,  ado.    With  gentle  heat.  J\rilt„n. 
2.  Eagerly  ;  earnestly  ;  ardenlly  ;  as,  to  espouse 
warml(i  the  cause  of  Bible  societies. 
WAR.M'NESS,  j  n.    Gentle  heat;  as,  the  warmth  of 
VVAR.MTII,       j     the  blood. 

2.  A  state  of  lively  and  excited  interest ;  zeal ; 
ardor  ;  fervor  ;  as,  the  tcarmlh  of  love  or  of  piety. 

3.  Earnestness;  eagerness.  The  cause  of  the 
Greeks  has  been  espoused  with  warmth  by  all  parties 
in  free  countries. 

4.  Some  degree  of  anger  or  rcsenlmcnt ;  excite- 
ment ;  animation  ;  as,  the  warmth  of  passion.  The 
preacher  declaimed  with  great  warmth  against  the 
vices  of  the  age. 

5.  Fancifulness  ;  enthusiasm  ;  as,  warmth  of  head. 

Temple. 

6.  In  painlinfr,  that  glowing  effect  which  arises 
from  the  use  of  warm  colors,  [see  Warm,]  and  also 
from  the  use  of  transparent  colors,  in  the  process  of 
glazing;  opposed  to  le;^len  coldness.  Jucctijn. 

WAR.V,  (waurn,)  v.  U  [Sax.  warnian;  Sw.  varna  ; 
6.  uarneii ;  formed  on  the  root  of  ware,  wary,  Sax. 
warian.  This  i.s  our  garnish,  as  used  in  law,  Norm. 
garuisher;  a\so  garner,  for  guarner,  to  warn,  to  ad- 
monish or  give  notice.] 

1.  To  give  notice  of  approaching  or  probable  dan- 
ger or  evil,  that  it  may  be  avoided  ;  to  caution  against 
any  thing  that  may  prove  injurious. 

Jtltnrnn  trtzrrt*  tlie  DauillAn  diicf 

or  Laitsufi'  dAnf^-T.  Dnjtlen. 
Biiag  iMrned  l>y  Ciod  in  a  drc;\ni,  that  th''y  shouUI  not  rcnirn  to 

Ili?m<!,  they  departed  into  tlioirown  country  another  wav, — 

M.ilt.  ii. 

2.  To  caution  against  evil  practices.    1  Thcss.  v. 

3.  To  admonish  of  any  duty. 

Cornfliiia  —  waa  trarrud  from  Oi-d  by  a  holy  ang«'I  to  ecnd  for 
Uiee.  — Acta  x. 

4.  To  inform  previously  ;  to  give  notice  to.  Shak. 

*  Warned  of  tlic  cn«nin»  lijlit.  Dn/Jen. 

5.  To  notify  by  authority  ;  to  summon  ;  as,  to 
warn  the  citizens  to  meet  on  a  certain  day  ;  to  icarii 
soldiers  to  appear  on  parade. 

6.  To  ward  olf.    [A'ot  in  vsc.'j  Spenser. 
WARS'  ED,  pp.    Cautioned  against  danger;  admon- 
ished of  approaching  evil  ;  notified. 

WAR.N'ER,  11.    An  admonishcr. 

VVARN'ING,  ppr.  Cautioning  against  danger;  ad- 
monishing; giving  notice  to ;  summoning  to  meet  or 
appear. 

WAR.N'I.VG,  n.  Caution  against  danger,  or  against 
faults  or  evil  practices  which  incur  danger. 

Could  toarniitg  nialte  tlie  world  mor.'  just  or  wise,  Dryden. 
Hear  til"  worl  at  niy  luouUi,  and  give  them  earning  from  me. 
—  Ezck.  iii. 

2.  Previous  notice  ;  as,  a  short  warning.  Fie  had  a 
month's  warninfr.  Driiiten. 

VVAR'-OF-FICE,  n.  An  office  in  which  the  military 
aifiiirs  of  a  country  are  superintended  and  managed. 

Warp,  (waurp,)  «.  [Sax.  wcarp ;  D  werp,  a  cast  or 
tlirow.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  In  manufaciurcs,  tne  threads  which  are  extended 
lengthwise  in  the  loom,  and  crossed  by  the  woof. 

2.  In  osAip,  a  rope  employed  in  drawing,  towing, 
or  removing  a  ship  or  boat ;  a  towing-line. 

Mar.  Dirt. 

3.  In  agriculture,  a  slimy  substance  deposited  on 


WAR 

land  by  marine  tides,  by  wliich  u  rich  alluvial  soil  is 
formed.    [Local.]  Lyell. 

■I.  In  coKJji,  n  premature  casting  of  the  young.  [See 
the  verb  ]  [Local.] 
WARP,  V.  I.  [Sax.  v>eorj)an,  wurpan,  wyrpan,  to  throw, 
to  return  ;  G.  werfen,  to  cast  or  throw,  to  wlielji ;  1). 
werpen,  to  throw  or  fling,  to  whelp,  kitten,  or  litter  ; 
Dan.  vwrper,  to  lay  eggs  ;  varper,  to  low  ;  S«'.  vdrpii, 
to  lay  eggs ;  Ir.  and  Gaelic, yinruKi,  to  bend,  twist,  in- 
cline.] 

1.  To  turn,  twist,  or  be  twisted  out  of  a  straight 
direction  ;  as,  a  board  warps  in  Beasuning,  or  in  the 
heat  of  the  sun,  by  shrinking. 

Tli'.y  cl;iinp  one  jiiece  of  wood  to  the  end  of  anotli  r,  to  Iteep  it 
from  c.i&tin£  or  isarping.  .1/ojron. 

S.  To  turn  or  incline  from  a  straight,  true,  or  projicr 
course ;  to  deviate. 

There's  oura)nirr:r.>:p.ii, 
Prom  which  wc  would  not  li.ive  vihi  i^arp.  Sh.r.U. 

y        MetJni.ki  ' 
My  favor  here  begins  \o  i^irp.  S/iaJe. 

3.  To  fly  with  a  bending  or  waving  motiim  ;  to 
turn  and  wave,  like  a  lloci;  of  birds  o,r  insects.  The 
following  use  of  warp  is  inimitably  beautiful : 

Afi  wlieii  the  potent  rod 
Of  Amrnui's  «on,  in  Kj^ypt's  evil  day, 
Wuv.'.|  round  tin!  coast,  up  called  a  pitchy  cloud 
Of  locubls,  varying  on  the  eastern  wind.  Milton. 

4.  To  slink ;  to  cast  the  young  prematurely ;  as 
cows. 

lu  an  Inclosure,  near  a  do^'kennel,  ci^^ht  heifers  out  of  twenty 
vyarped.    [Loail.]  t'l/c. 

WARP,  t>.  (.  To  turn  or  twist  out  of  shape,  or  out  of 
a  straight  direction,  by  contraction.  The  heat  of  the 
sun  warjis  boards  and  timber. 

2.  To  turn  aside  from  the  true  direction  ;  to  cause 
to  bend  or  incline  ;  to  pervert. 

This  first  avowed,  nor  fjlly  warped  iny  miittl.  Drytlen. 
1  h  ive  no  private  considerations  (o  toarp  Ine  in  this  controversy. 

A  Idiion. 

Zc.al,  to  a  tlega-c  of  warmUi  altle  to  iMr;>  the  sacred  rule  of  Goal's 
wonl.  Locke. 

3.  In  jteamcii's  language,  to  tow  or  move  with  a 
line  or  warp  attached  to  buoys,  to  anchors,  or  to 
other  ships,  &c.,  by  which  means  a  ship  is  drawn 
usually  in  a  bending  course,  tir  with  various  turns. 

4.  In  rural  economy,  to  cast  the  young  prematurely. 
[Local.] 

5.  In  agriculture,  to  let  in  the  tide,  for  the  purpose 
of  fertilizing  the  ground  by  a  deposit  of  warp  or 
slimy  substance.  IVarp  here  is  the  tkrotc,  or  that 
which  is  cast  by  the  water.  [Local  in  Lincolnshire 
and  Yorlcshire,  Kng.]  Cijc. 

G.  In  rnpe-making,  to  run  the  yarn  off  the  winches 
into  hauls  to  be  tarred. 

To  warp  water,  in  Shakspcare,  for  freeze  it,  is  forced 
and  unusual ;  indeed,  it  is  not  English. 
WARP'KD,  (worpt,)  pp.  Twisted  by  shrinking  or 
seasoning  ;  turned  out  of  the  true  direction ;  per- 
verted ;  moved  with  a  warp ;  enticlied  with  warp, 
as  land. 

W.\RP'ING,  ppr.  Turning  or  twitting ;  causing  to 
incline  ;  perverting;  moving  with  a  warp;  enriching 
with  warp,  as  land. 

WARP'ING-IIQOK,  n.  A  hook  used  by  rope-makers 
for  hanging  the  yarn  on,  when  warping  into  hauls 
for  tarring.  Ci'c. 

WARP'lNG-PoST,  n.  A  strong  post  used  in  warping 
rope  yarn.  Cijc. 

WAR'-PLU.ME,  M.    A  plume  worn  in  war. 

WAR'-PROOF,  n.  .[war  and /woo/.J  Valor  tried  by 
war. 

WAR'RANT,  (wor'rant,)  v.  t.  [Gaelic,  barantas,  a 
warrant  or  pledge ;  baranta,  a  warrantee  or  surety  ; 
VV.  gwarantn,  to  warrant  or  guaranty  ;  gttarar.t,  war- 
rant, attestation,  authority,  security ;  said  to  be  from 
gwar,  smooth,  placid,  secure  ;  Norm,  garranty,  w;ir- 
ranted,  proved  ;  garren,  {guarren,)  a  warren  ;  Fr. 

f'arantir,  (^guarantir,)  to  warrant ;  garenne,  a  warren  ; 
t.  guarcntire.  'J'his  is  from  the  root  of  guard,  war- 
ren, and  wary.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to 
stop  or  hold,  or  to  repel,  and  thus  guard  by  resisting 
danger ;  as  we  say,  to  keep  off.  Hence  the  sense 
of  security.  The  Welsh  sense  of  smonth,  placid,  is 
derivative,  eilher  from  security,  or  from  repressing. 
See  GfAiiD  and  GAUni^oN.] 

1.  To  authorize  ;  to  give  authority  or  power  to  do 
or  forbear  any  thing,  by  which  the  person  authorized 
is  secured  or  saved  harmless  from  any  loss  or  damage 
by  the  act.  .A  commission  warrants  an  olliccr  tosel/.e 
an  enemy.  VVc  arc  not  warranted  to  resist  legitimate 
government,  except  in  extreme  cases. 

2.  To  maintain  ;  to  support  by  authority  or  proof. 

Rcuoii  ttarranU  it,  and  we  may  safely  r-C.  ive  it  as  tru-*. 

.Inon. 

3.  To  justify. 


Tnie  fortitude  is  se^n  in  ^nt  exploits, 

Tiiat  Justice  uarranu,  and  that  wisdom  guides. 


Addison. 


4.  To  secure  ;  to  exempt ;  to  privilege. 

I'll  iKirranl  him  from  drowninjr.  SJujt. 
In  a  place 

Ix-«s  uvirmnud  than  tills,  or  less  sec:ire, 

1  cjui  not  be.  A/i-'Ijn. 


WAR 

5.  Tu  declare  with  assurance. 

My  neck  is  as  smoolh  as  silk,  1  unrrani  je.  L'Ettrctngt, 

6.  In  law,  to  secure  to  a  grantee  an  estate  granted  ; 
to  assure. 

7.  To  secure  to  a  purchaser  of  goods  the  title  to 
the  same;  or  to  indeiiinify  him  against  loss. 

8.  To  secure  to  a  xiiircliascr  the  good  quality  of  the 
goods  sold.    [See  WARnsMTv.] 

<J.  To  assure  that  a  thing  is  what  it  appears  to  be, 
which  im[)lies  a  covenant  to  make  good  any  defect 
or  \<>r':<  incurred  by  il. 
W.\R'R AN  T,  n.  .\n  act,  instrument,  or  obllg.atlon, 
by  which  one  person  authorizes  another  to  do  some- 
thing which  he  has  not  otherwise  a  right  to  do ;  an 
act  or  iiistninieiit  investing  one  with  a  right  or  au- 
tlitirity,  and  thus  securing  him  from  loss  or  damage  ; 
a  ircrd  of  general  application, 

2.  A  precept  aulliorizing  an  officer  to  seize  an  of- 
fender and  bring  him  to  justice.  A  general  warrant 
to  seize  suspected  persons  is  illegal. 

3.  Authority  ;  power  th.it  authorizes  or  justiflca 
any  .act.  Those  who  preach  the  gospel  have  the  war- 
rant of  Scripture.  Wc  have  the  warrant  of  natural 
right  to  do  what  the  laws  do  not  furbiil ;  but  civility 
anil  propriety  may  sometimes  render  things  improper 
which  ii.'ttural  right  warrants. 

4.  .\  commission  that  gives  authnritv,  or  that  ju8- 
tifi's. 

.5.  A  voucher;  that  which  attests  or  proves. 
G.  Right ;  legality. 


Which  steals  it;f'.ll  wli.: 


I  lll^t  tlie.l 
no  inercy  l.-ft. 


I0i>s.]  SbaJc. 

7.  .A  writing  which  authorizes  a  person  to  receive  / 
money  or  other  thing. 

Warrant  of  attorney;  written  authority  given  by  a 
client  to  his  attorney,  to  appear  for  hiin  in  court,  and 
to  suiter  judgment  to  pjLss  against  him  by  confessioii 
in  favor  of  some  specified  person.  Bouvier. 

Land-jcarrant ;  a  warrant  isstietl  at  the  local  land- 
oflici-s  of  the  United  States  to  purchasers  of  public 
lanils,oii  the  surrender  of  which  at  the  general  land- 
olhce  at  Washington,  they  receive  a  conveyance 
from  the  government. 

Search-warrant ;  a  precept  authorizing  a  person  to 
enter  houses,  shops,  &.C.,  to  search  for  a  criminal,  or 
for  stolen  or  smuggled  goods. 

Ifarrant  officer ;  an  olficer  holding  a  warrant  from 
the  navy-board,  such  as  the  master,  surgeon,  purser, 
&c.,  of  a  ship. 
WAll'RANT-.A-BI.E,  o.  Authorized  by  commission, 
precept,  or  right ;  Justifiable  ;  defensible.  The  seiz- 
ure of  a  thief  is  always  warrantable  by  law  and  jus- 
tice.   Falsehood  is  never  warrantable. 

His  meals  are  coarse  and  short,  his  employment  icarrantable. 

South. 

WAR'RANT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
justifiable.  Sidney. 

W.^R'R.ANT-A-nLY,  adc.  In  a  manner  that  may  be 
justified  ;  juslifiably.  fi'ake. 

WAR'RA.Vi'-ED,/!;;.  Authorized  ;  justified  ;  secured ; 
assured  by  covenant  or  by  implied  oblig.ition. 

WAR-R.AN-TEE',  71.  The  person  to  whom  land  or 
other  thing  is  warranted.         Ch.  Justice  Parsons. 

WAR'R.ANT-ER,  n.  One  who  gives  authority  or 
legally  empower.?. 

2.  One  who  assures,  or  covenants  to  assure  ;  one 
who  contracts  to  secure  another  in  a  right,  or  to 
make  good  any  defect  of  title  or  quality ;  as,  tlie 
warranter  of  a  horse. 

WAR'R.ANT-IN(^,  ppr.    Authorizing  ;  empowering. 
'  2.  Assuring  ;  securing  to  another  a  right,  or  cov- 
enanting to  make  good  a  defect  of  title  in  lands,  or 
of  qualitv  in  goods. 

WAR'UAN-TISE,  n.  Authority  ;  security.  [JVof  in 
use.]  SAaA. 

WAU-RANT-OR',  n.    One  who  warrants. 

WAR'R.AN-TY,  71.  In /uio,  a  promise  or  covenant  by 
deed,  made  by  the  bargainer  for  himself  and  bis 
heirs,  to  warrant  or  secure  the  bargiiinee  and  bis 
heirs  against  all  men  in  the  enjoyment  of  an  estate 
or  other  thing  granted.  Such  warranty  passes  from 
the  seller  to  the  buyer,  from  the  feoffor  to  the  feoffee, 
and  from  the  releaser  to  the  releasee.  Warninty  is 
real,  when  annexed  to  lands  and  tenements  granted 
in  fee  or  for  life,  &.C.,  and  is  in  deed  or  in  l.iw  ; 
and  personal,  when  it  respects  goods  sold  or  tbeir 
quality. 

In  the  contract  of  insurances  there  are  also  certain 
warranties  which  induce  the  insurer  to  enter  into 
it,  as  that  the  vessel  is  seaworthy,  &c. 

In  common  recoveries,  a  fictitious  person  is  called 
to  warranty.  In  the  sale  of  goods  or  personal  pro|)- 
crty,  the  seller  warrants  the  title  ;  for  warranty  Is 
express  or  implied.  If  a  man  sells  goods  which  are 
not  his  own,  or  which  he  has  no  right  to  sell,  the 
purchaser  may  have  s.atisfaction  for  the  injury.  And 
if  the  seller  expressly  warrants  the  goods  to  bo  sound 
and  not  defective,  and  they  prove  to  be  otherwise,  be 
must  indemnify  the  purchaser.  Hut  the  warranty 
must  be  at  the  time  of  sale,  and  not  afterward.  In 
general,  there  is  no  implied  warranty  of  the  uuality 
of  the  goods  sold.  Blackstont 


I 


TO.VE,  BJJIX,  XJNITE  Ai\"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


A  A  A  A  A 


1910 


WAS 


WAS 


WAS 


2.  Authority ;  justificatory  mandate  or  precept. 

II  they  disobey  any  pn^ccpt,  that  is  no  excuse  to  us,  nor  givf6  as 
any  warranty  to  disobey  likewise.  KeUleujeU, 

[In  tliis  sense,  Warrant  is  now  used.] 

3.  Security. 

The  stamp  was  a  warranty  of  the  public.  Lodes. 
WAR'RAN-TY,  v.  t.    To  warrant ;  to  guaranty. 
WAr'RaV,  v.  I.    [Fr.  guerroyer,  from  ffuerre.] 

To  make  war  upon.    [  Obs.]  Spenser, 
VVARRE,  (wor,)  a.    [Sax.  wiirra,  for  wicrso.] 

Worse.    [  06s.]  iipenser, 
VVAR'REN,  (wor'ren,)  n.    [from  the  root  of  wear,  an 
inclosed  place;  Fr.  garenne;  D.  waarande;  Goth. 
warijan,  Sax.  waritiii,  to  defend.    See  Guard,  War- 
rant, and  Wary.] 

1.  A  piece  of  ground  appropriated  to  tlie  breeding 
and  preservation  of  rabbits. 

2.  In  law,  a  francliise  or  place  privileged  l)y  pre- 
scription or  grant  from  the  king,  for  keeping  beasts 
and  fowls.  Tlie  warren  is  the  next  franchise  in  de- 
gree to  the  park  ;  and  a  forest,  which  is  the  highest 
in  dignity,  compreliends  a  chase,  a  park,  and  a  free 
warren.  Cijc. 

3.  A  place  for  keeping  fish  in  a  river.  Cyc. 
W^R'REN-ER,  n.    The  keeper  of  a  warren. 

Jo/inson. 

WAR'EI-AN"GLE,  (-ang'gl,)  n.    A  hawk. 

Jiinsworth. 

WAR'RIOR,  (vvar'yur,)  n.  [from  war  :  Fr.  gucrricr  ; 
It.  guerriere  ;  Sp.  guerrero,  guerreador.] 

1.  In  a  general  seiifie,  a  soldier  ;  a  man  engaged  in 
military  life. 

2.  Emphatically,  a  brave  man;  a  good  sohlier. 
WAR'RIOR-ESS,  n.    A.  female  warrior.  Spenser. 
WART,  n.    [Sax.  weart ;  D.  wrat ;  G.  wane;  Sw. 

vdrta  ;  L.  verruca;  Fr.  verrue.] 

1.  A  firm,  arid,  harsh,  insensible  extuberance  of 
the  common  integuments  ;  found  chietly  on  the 
hands.  OooU. 

2.  In  korses,  warts  are  spongy  excrescences  on  the 
hinder  pasterns,  which  suppurate.  Cyc. 

3.  A  sessile  gland  or  protuberance  on  trees. 

Ltndlcy. 

WART'ED,  a.  In  botany,  having  little  knobs  on  the 
surface  ;  verrucose  ;  as,  a  wartcd  capsule.  Martyn. 

WART'LESS,  a.    H:iving  no  ivart. 

WAR'-TORCII,  n.    The  torch  that  kindles  war. 

WART'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Euphorbia, 
which  is  studded  with  hard,  warty  knobs  ;  also,  a 
plant  of  the  genus  Heliotropium,  and  antpther  of  the 
genus  Lapsana.  Cyc.  Lee. 

WART'Y,  a.    Having  warts  ;  full  of  warts ;  over- 
grown with  warts  ;  as,  a  warty  leaf.  Lee. 
2.  Of  the  nature  of  warts. 

WAR'-WaST-ED,  a.    Wasted  by  war.  Coleridge. 

WAR'WHOOP,  n.  The  Indian  yell  in  war.  [See 
WarhoopJ 

WAR'-WoRN,  a.  [war  and  worn.']  Worn  with  mil- 
itary service  ;  as,  a  war-worn  coat ;  ^war-worn  soldier. 

WA'RY,  a.  [Sax.  weer;  Ice.  var.  See  Ware  and 
Warn.] 

Cautious  of  danger ;  carefully  watching  and  guard- 
ing against  dece|>tk)n,  artifices,  and  dangers;  scru- 
pulous ;  timorously  prudent.  Old  men  are  usually 
more  wary  than  the  young.  It  is  incumbent  on  a 
general  in  war  to  be  always  wary. 

WAS,  (woz,)  the  past  tense  of  the  substantive  verb ; 
Sax.  wesan ;  Goth,  wejian ;  L.  esse,  for  vesse,  to  be,  to 
exist,  whence  Eng.  is,  in  the  present  tense,  and  was. 
In  the  past ;  as,  I  was ;  he  was. 

WASH,  (wosh,)  V.  t.  [Sax.  wmscan;  G.  waschen;  D. 
wasschen.] 

1.  To  cleanse  by  ablution,  or  by  rubbing  in 
water ;  as,  to  wash  the  hands  or  the  body  ;  to  wash 
garments. 

2.  To  wet ;  to  fall  on  and  moisten ;  as,  the  rain 
leashes  the  flowers  or  plants. 

3.  To  overflow.    The  tides  wash  the  meadows. 

4.  To  overflow  or  dash  against ;  to  cover  with 
water  ;  as,  the  waves  7cash  the  strand  or  shore ;  the 
sea  wa-^hes  the  rocks  on  the  shore  or  beach. 

5.  To  scrub  in  water ;  as,  to  wash  a  deck  or  a  floor. 

6.  To  separate  extraneous  matter  from  ;  as,  to 
viash  ore  ;  to  wash  grain. 

7.  In  water-color  painting,  to  spread  or  float  colors 
thinly  over  broad  masses  or  spaces  of  a  picture. 
Thus  work  is  washed  with  a  pale  red  to  imitate  brick, 
&c.  Jocclyn. 

8.  To  rub  over  with  sonic  liquid  substance  j  as,  to 
vash  trees  for  removing  inscxts  or  diseases. 

D.  To  squeeze  and  cleanse  in  water  ;  na,  to  wash 
wool,  Hu  sheep  are  said  to  be  washed,  when  thiiy  are 
immersed  in  water  and  their  wool  scpieezed,  by 
which  means  it  is  clean  ^ed. 

10.  To  cleanse  by  a  current  of  water ;  as,  sIiowits 
viash  the  streets. 

11.  To  overlay  with  a  thin  coat  of  metal ;  as,  steel 
XBoshed  with  silver, 

12.  To  purify  from  the  pollution  of  sin. 

But  ye  are  aathed,  but  ye  nre  miiclift'  <l.  —  1  Cur.  vl. 
To  wash  a  ship  ;  to  bring  all  her  guns  to  one  side 
to  make  her  heel,  and  then  to  wash  and  scrape  her 
side. 


W/kSH,  (wosh,)  V.  i.    To  perform  the  act  of  ablution. 
Wash  iu  Jordan  seven  times.  —  2  Kings  v. 
[Elliptical.]  _ 

2.  To  perforin  the  business  of  cleansing  clothes  in 
water. 

She  can  toash  and  scour.  Shak. 
To  wcLst  off;  in  calico  printing,  to  soak  and  rinse 
pritited  calicoes,  to  dissolve  and  remove  the  gum  and 
paste.  Cyc. 
WASH,  (wosh,)  71.    Alluvial  matter;  substances  col- 
lected and  deposited  by  w.iter  ;  as,  the  wash  of  a  river. 

2.  A  bog  ;  a  marsh  ;  a  fen. 

3.  A  cosmetic  ;  as,  a  wash  for  the  face,  to  help  the 
complexion. 

4.  A  lotion  ;  n  medical  liquid  preparation  for  ex- 
ternal application. 

5.  A  superficial  stain  or  color.  Collier. 

6.  Waste  liquor  of  a  kitchen  for  hogs. 

7.  The  act  of  washing  the  clothes  of  a  family  ;  or 
the  whole  quantity  washed  at  once.  There  is  a 
great  wash,  or  a  small  wash. 

8.  With  distillers,  the  fermented  wort  from  which 
the  spirit  is  extracted.  In  the  distillery  of  malt,  the 
wash  is  made  by  mixing  the  water  hot,  with  the 
malt  ground  into  meal.  Ure. 

9.  The  shallow  part  of  a  river,  or  arm  of  the  sea  ; 
as,  the  washes  in  Lincolnshire.  Cyc. 

10.  The  blade  of  itn  oar ;  the  thin  part  which 
enters  the  water,  and  by  whose  impulse  the  boat  is 
moved. 

11.  A  color  spread  or  floated  thinly  over  broad 
masses  or  spaces  of  a  picture. 

12.  A  substance  laid  on  boards  or  other  work  for 
beauty  or  preservation. 

13.  A  thin  coat  of  metal. 

14.  In  the  fVest  Indies,  a  mixture  of  dunder,  mo- 
lasses, water,  and  scummings,  for  distillation. 

Edwards^s  fVest  Indies. 

WASH'-BALL,  n.  [wash  and  ball.]  A  ball  of  soap, 
to  be  used  in  washing  the  hands  or  face. 

W.\SH'-BoARD,7!.  [wash  antl  board.]  A  broad,  thin 
plank,  fixed  occasionally  on  the  top  of  a  boat  or 
other  small  vessel's  side,  to  prevent  the  sea  from 
breaking  over;  also,  a  piece  of  plank  on  the  sill  of 
a  lower  deck  port,  for  the  same  purpose.  Mar.  Diet 
2.  A  board  in  a  room,  next  to  the  floor. 

WASH'£D,  (vvosht,)  pp.  Cleansed  in  water;  pu- 
rified. 

2.  Overflowed  ;  dashed  against  with  water. 

3.  Covered  over  with  a  thin  coat,  as  of  metal. 
WASII'ER,  n.    One  who  washes. 

2.  An  iron  ring  between  the  nave  of  a  wheel  and 
the  linchpin. 

3.  A  piece  of  iron,  leather,  &c.,  at  the  base  or  head 
of  a  screw,  to  prevent  the  surfaces  from  being  in- 
jured, or  to  render  the  junction  tight.  BranSe. 

WASH'ER-WOM-AN,  n.    A  woman  that  washes 

clothes  for  others,  or  for  hire. 
WASH'ING,  ppr.    Cleansing  with  water;  purifying; 

overflowing ;  overspreading. 
WASH'ING,  n.    The  act  of  cleansing  with  water; 

ablution.    Hcb.  ix. 
2.  A  wash  ;  or  the  clothes  washed. 
WASH'ING-MA-CHJNE',  (wosh'ing-nia-sheen',)  n. 

A  m.achine  fiir  washing  clothes. 
WASH'-LEATH-ER,  (  leth-er,)  n.     The  same  as 

Shammv  ;  a  preparation  of  leather  which  will  bear 

to  be  washed, 

WASII'-POT,  n.  A  vessel  in  which  any  thing  is 
washed.  Cowley. 

WASII'-TUB,  n.  A  tub  in  whicji  clothes  are  washed. 

WASH'Y,  (wosh'e,)  a.  [from  wash.]  Watery  ;  damp  ; 
soft ;  as,  the  washy  ooze.  Miltitn. 

2.  Weak  ;  not  solid.  fVotton. 

3.  Weak  ;  not  firm  or  hardy  ;  liable  to  sweat  pro- 
fusely with  labor  ;  as,  a  washy  horse.  [JVew  Eng- 
land.] 

Wasp,  (wosp,)  n.  [Sax.  wa;sp  or  wa^ps;  D.  wesp  ;  G. 
tDftrpe  ;  h.ve.'tpa;  hr.guipe;  S[i.avispa;  Pott,  besjia.] 
In  entomology,  the  popular  name  of  certain  hymen- 
opterous  insects  of  the  genus  Vespa.  The  mouth  is 
horny  ;  the  upper  wings  plicated  ;  the  abdomen  joined 
to  the  thorax  by  a  thread-like  pedicle,  and  the  sting 
concealed.  W.asps  construct  combs,  and  rear  their 
young  in  the  cells.    The  sting  is  painful.  Cyc. 

WASP'-BITE,  n.   The  bite  of  a  wasp. 

WjjlSP'ISH,  (wosp'ish,)  a.  Snappish  ;  petulant  ;  ir- 
ritable ;  irascible  ;  quick  to  resent  any  trifling  af- 
front. 

Much  do  I  BulTer,  much,  to  keep  in  pence 
Tills  JealuuB,  watipLiit,  wrunj;.head,  rhyniins^  race.  Pops. 
2.  Having  a  very  slender  waist,  like  a  wasp. 
WASP'lSll-l.Y,  orfo.    Petulantly;  in  a  snappish  inan- 
nir. 

WASP'ISH-NESS,  71.  Petulance  ;  irascibility  ;  snap- 
pishness. 

WAS'.SAIL,  (wos'sil,)  71.  [Sax.  wiis-lunl,  health  be  to 
you.] 

1.  A  liquor  made  of  apples,  sugar,  and  ale,  for- 
merly much  used  by  English  goud-fi  llows.  Johnson. 

2.  A  drunken  bout.  Shak. 

3.  A  iiurrry  stuig.  .^insworth. 
[  This  word  is  unknoirn  in  America.] 


WAS'SAIL,  (wos'sil,)  v.  i.  To  hold  a  merry,  drinking 
meeting. 

WAS'SAIL-BoWL,  71.  A  bowl  for  holding  wassail. 
WAS'SAIL-€UP,  (wos'sel-kup,)  71.    A  cup  in  which 

wassail  was  carried  to  tlie  company.  Cyc. 
WAS'SAIL-ER,  71.  A  toper;  a  drunkard  Milton. 
WAST,  (wost,)  past  tense  of  the  substantive  verb,  in 

the  second  person  ;  as,  thou  wast.^ 
WASTE,  V.  «.    [Sax.  westan,  awestan;  G.  verw^tstrn; 

D.  verwoesteii ;  L.  vaslo  ;  It.  guastare;  Sp.  and  Port. 

gastar,  for  guastar ;  Fr.  gdier ;  Arm.  goasta.  The 

W .  gwasgaru,  to  scatter,  seems  to  be  compound.  The 

primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  scatter,  to  spread.  Class 

Bz,  No.  2.] 

1.  To  diminish  by  gradual  dissipation  or  loss. 
Thus,  disease  wastes  the  patient ;  sorrows  waste  the 
strength  and  spirits. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  lost ;  to  destroy  by  scattering  or 
by  injury.  Thus,  cattle  waste  their  fodder  when  fed 
iu  the  open  field. 

3.  To  expend  without  necessity  or  use  ;  to  destroy 
wantonly  or  luxuriously  ;  to  squander  ;  to  cause  to 
be  lost  through  wantonness  or  negligence.  Careless 
people  waste  their  fuel,  their  food,  or  their  property. 
Children  waste  their  inheritance. 

And  wasted  his  substance  with  riotous  living.  —  Luke  xv. 

4.  To  destroy  in  enmity  ;  to  desolate  ;  as,  to  waste 
an  enemy's  country. 

5.  To  suffer  to  be  lost  unnecessarily;  or  to  throw 
away  ;  as,  to  waste  the  blood  and  treasure  of  a  na- 

6.  To  destroy  by  violence,  [tion. 

The  Tiber 

Insults  our  walls,  and  wa.'^tes  our  fruillul  grounds.  Dryden. 

7.  To  impair  strength  gradually. 

Now  waeling  years  my  former  strength  confounds.  Broome. 

8.  To  lose  in  idleness  or  misery  ;  to  wear  out. 

Here  condemned 
To  loaste  eternal  days  in  woe  and  pain.  Milton. 

9.  To  spend  ;  to  consume. 

O,  were  I  able 

To  wast£  it  all  myself,  fjati  leave  you  none  I  Milton. 

10.  In  law,  to  damage,'  impair,  or  injure,  as  an  es- 
tate, voluntarily,  or  by  suflering  the  buildings, 
fences,  &c.,  to  go  to  decay.    [See  the  noun.] 

1 1.  To  exhaust ;  to  be  consumed  by  time  or  mor- 
tality. 

Till  your  carcasses  be  wasted  in  the  wilderness.  —  Num.  xiv. 

12.  To  scatter  and  lose  for  want  of  use  or  of  occu- 
piers. 

Fall  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 

And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air.  Gray. 

WASTE,  V.  i.  To  dwindle  ;  to  be  diminished  ;  to  lose 
bulk  or  substance  gradually  ;  as,  the  body  wastes  in 
sickness. 

The  barrel  of  meal  shall  not  waste.  —  1  Kings  xvK. 

2.  To  be  diminished  or  lost  by  slow  dissipation, 
consumption,  or  evaporation  ;  as,  water  wastes  by 
evapur.ition  ;  fuel  wastes  in  combustion. 

3.  To  be  consumed  by  time  or  mortality. 

But  man  dieth,  and  wastelh  away.  —  Job  xiv. 
WASTE,  a.    Destroyed  ;  ruined. 

The  Sophi  leaves  all  waste  in  bis  retreat.  Milton. 

2.  Desolate;  uncultivated;  as,  a  wo.sfe  country  ;  a 
waste,  howling  wilderness.    Dent,  xxxii. 

3.  Destitute  ;  stripped  ;  as,  lands  laid  waste, 

4.  Sujierfluous  ;  lost  for  want  of  occupiers. 

And  strangled  with  her  toasts  fertility.  Milton. 

5.  Worthless  ;  that  which  is  rejected,  or  used  only 
for  mean  purposes  ;  as,  iraste  wood. 

G.  That  of  which  no  account  is  taken,  or  of  which 
no  value  is  found  ;  as,  waste  paper. 
7.  Uncultivatt^d  ;  untilled  ;  unproductive. 

There  is  yet  much  waste  land  in  England.  Cyc. 
Laid  waste;  desolated  ;  ruined. 
WASTE,  n.    The  act  of  squandering  ;  the  dissipation 
of  property  through  wantonness,  ambition,  extrava- 
gance, luxury,  or  negligence. 

For  all  Ihis  toasts  of  wealth,  and  loss  of  blood.  Milton. 

2.  Consiiniptitm  ;  loss;  useless  expense;  any  loss 
or  destruction  which  is  neither  nece.s.sary  nor  promo- 
tive of  a  good  end  ;  a  loss  for  which  there  is  no 
equivalent ;  as,  a  waste  of  goods  or  money  ;  a  toaste 
of  time  ;  a  waste  of  labor  ;  a  lou.vHc  of  words. 

Little  toastes  in  gr'-iU  estattlishnienta,  constantly  occurring,  may 
delL-at  llio  energies  of  a  mighty  capital.  L.  Besitier. 

3.  A  desolate  or  uncultivated  country.  The  plains 
of  Arabia  are  niosilv  a  wide  waste, 

4  Land  untilli  d,  though  capable  of  tillage ;  as,  the 
wastes  in  England. 

5.  Ground,  space,  or  place  unoccupied  ;  as,  the 
ethereal  waste. 

In  the  dead  watts  and  middle  of  the  night.  Shak. 

6.  Region  ruined  and  deserted. 

All  the  leid"y  nation  sinks  at  last. 

And  Vulcan  ridc'i  in  triumph  o'er  thn  toasts.  Drydsn. 

7.  IMischief ;  destruction. 

He  will  never,  1  think.  In  the  way  of  toasts,  attempt  ut  "^J^* 


FATE,  FAR,  Ff^lA.,  WH^T — MftTE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


WAT 


8.  In  lair,  spoil,  destruction,  or  injury  done  to 
liduses,  Hoixls,  fi  nces,  lands,  &.C.,  by  a  tenant  for 
liff  or  fur  years,  to  tile  prejudice  of  the  heir,  or  of 
lliin  in  ri'vcrsion  or  remainder.  Waste  is  voluntarrj, 
as  hy  piiUin?  down  buildings;  or  permissive,  by 
sulfcring  tdom  to  fall  for  want  of  necessary  repairs. 
Whatever  dues  a  lasting  damage  to  the  freehold,  is 
a  wa.-ite.  BlaekMoue. 

W.aSTE'-ROOK,  n.  Among  mercAaiit.-,  a  book  in 
which  rou^h  entries  of  transactions  are  made,  pre- 
vious to  their  being  carried  into  the  journal. 

WSST'EI),  i>p.  Expended  without  necessity  or  use  ; 
lost  tlirougli  negligence  ;  6(]uaudered. 

2.  Uiniiiiishcd ;  dissipated ;  evaporated ;  ex- 
hausted. 

3.  Desolated  ;  ruined  ;  d^troyed. 
WASTE'FIJL,  a.    Lavish;  prodigal ;  expending  prop- 
erty, or  that  which  is  valuable,  without  necessity  or 
use  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Destructive  to  property  ;  ruinous  ;  as,  leaslrful 
practices  or  negligence  ;  inasleful  expenses. 

3.  Desolate  ;  unoccupied  ;  untilled  ;  uncultivated. 
[Ofc.] 

In  witdernesi  and  vatteful  deserts  stmycd.  Spenter. 

WASTE'FIJL-LY,  adv.  In  a  lavish  manner;  with 
prodigality  ;  in  useless  expenses  or  consumption. 

Her  U-ivish  hi\nii  is  vKutefuUy  profuec.  Dryden. 

WASTE'FyL-NESS,  n.     Lavishness ;  prodigality; 

the  act  or  practice  of  expending  what  is  valuable, 

without  necessity  or  use. 
WaSTE'-GaTE.ii.    a  gate  to  let  the  water  of  a  pond 

pass  otr  when  it  is  not  wanted.  Cyc. 
W.\S'TEL,  (wos'tel,)  n.    A  particular  sort  of  bread  ; 

fine  bread  or  cake.  Lotcth.  Cyc. 

WASTE'NESS,  71.    A  desolate  state  ;  solitude. 

That  cUy  is  a  day  of  wrath,  a  diiy  of  trouble  and  dUtress,  n  day 
of  watlenesM.  —  Zeph.  i. 

WaSTE'-PIPE,  n.  A  pipe  for  conveying  off  waste 
water,  &c. 

WaST'ER,  n.  One  who  wastes  ;  one  who  squanders 
property  ;  one  who  consumes  extravagantly  or  with- 
out use. 

He  also  that  ie  stntlifid  in  his  work,  is  brother  to  him  who  is  a 

ffnjat  waster,  —  Prov,  >  viii. 
Scones  atf  g^rtfat  toascert  of  cindles.  Swi/t. 

2.  .\  kind  of  cudgel.  Beaum. 

WaSTE'THRIFT,  n.    [v),isU  and  thrift.]  A  s|H'nd- 

llirift.         _  Beaum. 

WaSTE'-WkIR,  n.    An  overfall  or  wier  for  the  su- 

perlliiuiis  water  of  a  canal.  Cyc. 

WAST'IN'G,  ppr.  Lavishing  prodigally;  expending 
or  consuming  without  use  ;  diminishing  by  slow  dis- 
sipation ;  desolating;  laying  waste. 

Watting  and  ndrittl.'ss  war  ha«  inadf  rava-r^s,  with  hut  few  and 
short  inl<-rniiteii)n»,  front  i  h<^  days  of  the  tyrant  Nimrod  down 
to  the  Ninirod  of  onr'own  age.  J,  Lyman. 

2.  a.    Diminishing  by  dissipation  or  by  great  de- 
struction ;  as,  a  u>a.iting  disease. 
WaST'REL,  7t.    A  state  of  waste  or  common.  [Lo- 
cal.] 

WASr'REL,  )  7!.  Waste  substances;  anv  thing 
WAST'O-REL,  i     cast  away  as  bad.  [Local.] 

Cyc. 

WAT,  (woi,)  II.  A  Siamese  term  for  a  sacred  place, 
within  which  are  pagodas,  monasteries,  idols,  tanks, 
&-C.  Malcom. 

W.\TCH,  (wotch,)  n.  [Sax.  wircca,  from  wiecan, 
Vixccan,  to  wake;  Sw.  vacht  or  rakt,  watch,  guard  ; 
vackla,  to  watch :  Dan.  ragt.  It  is  from  tile  same 
rot)t  as  leake,  which  see.] 

1.  Forbearance  of  sleep. 

2.  Attendance  without  sleep. 

All  the  long^  night  Ihfir  mournful  uMtch  they  keep.  Addison. 

3.  Attention  ;  close  observation.  Keep  waUh  of 
the  suspected  man. 

4.  Guard ;  vigilance  for  keeping  or  protecting 
against  danger. 

He  kept  both  uatck  and  ward.  Spenser. 
.").  A  watchman  or  watchmen  ;  men  set  for  a  guard, 
either  one  person  or  more,  set  to  espy  the  approach 
of  an  enemy  or  other  danger,  and  to  give  an  alarm 
or  notice  of  such  danger;  a  sentinel ;  a  guard.  He 
kept  a  watch  at  the  gate.  Bacon. 

Ve  have  a  lealeh ;  go  your  way,  make  it  as  sure  as  ye  can.  — 
Matt,  xxvii. 

6.  Among  seamen,  a  certain  number  of  men  who 
attend  together  to  the  working  of  the  ship.  When 
there  are  but  two  divisions  of  this  kind,  they  are  said 
to  take  it  watch  and  watch.  ToUen. 

7.  The  place  where  a  guard  is  kept. 

He  upbraids  Ia»o,  that  he  made  bira 

Brave  me  upon  the  uateh.  ShaJc, 

8.  Post  or  office  of  a  watchman. 

As  1  did  stand  my  valch  upon  the  bill.  ShaJc. 

9.  A  period  of  the  night,  in  which  one  person  or 
one  set  of  persons  stand  as  sentinels  ;  or  the  time 
from  one  relief  of  sentinels  to  another.  This  period, 
among  the  Israelites,  seems  to  have  been  originally 
four  hours,  but  was  afterward  three  hours,  and  there 
were  four  w.itches  during  the  night.  Hence  we  read 


in  Scripture  of  the  morning  watch,  and  of  the  sec- 
ond, third,  and  fourth  watch;  the  evening  watch 
commencing  at  six  o'clock,  the  second  at  nine,  the 
third  at  twelve,  and  the  fourth  at  three  in  the  morn- 
ing.   Kiod.  xiv.    Matt.  xiv.    Luke  xii. 

10.  A  small  timepiece  or  chronometer,  to  he  car- 
ried in  the  pocket  or  about  the  person,  in  which  the 
machinery  is  moved  by  a  spring. 

11.  At  sea,  the  space  of  time  during  which  one  set 
or  division  of  the  otiicers  and  crew  remain  on  deck 
to  perform  the  nece.ssary  duties.  This  is  dilVerent  in 
diliereiit  nations.  Cyc. 

To  be  on  llic  watch;  to  be  looking  steadily  for  some 
evi-nt. 

WATCH,  (wotch,)  I),  i.  [Sax.  wacian,  wacan ;  Sw.  vdcka, 
uprdcha;  Dan.  rttliker ;  G.  wachm  ;  Uiiss.  rttchayn.] 

1.  To  be  awake  ;  to  be  or  continue  without  sleep. 

1  have  two  ni^lils  watched  with  you.  ii'fi'tk. 

2.  To  be  attentive ;  to  look  with  attenticm  or  stead- 
iness.   IVatek  anil  see  whi  n  the  man  passes. 

3.  To  look  with  expectation. 

My  soul  wail'  th  for  the  I.onl  more  than  they  that  iratch  Cur  the 
iiioriiiiig.  —  Ps.  cxxx. 

4.  To  keep  guard  ;  to  act  as  sentinel ;  to  look  fur 
danger. 

He  ^ve  si^al  to  the  minister  that  loatched.  MUton. 

5.  To  be  attentive ;  to  be  vigilant  in  preparation 
for  an  event  or  trial,  the  time  of  whose  arrival  is  un- 
certain. 

H'afeA ,  therefore  :  for  ye  know  not  what  hour  your  Lord  doth 
come.  —  Malt.  xxiv. 

C.  To  be  insidiously  attentive  ;  as,  to  watch  for  an 
opportunity  to  injure  another. 

7.  To  attend  on  the  sick  during  the  night ;  as,  to 
watch  with  a  man  in  a  fever. 

Til  watch  over;  to  be  cautiously  observant  of ;  to 
inspect,  superintend,  and  guard  from  error  and  dan- 
ger.   It  is  our  duty  constantly  to  watch  over  our  own 
conduct  and  that  of  our  children. 
WATCH,  V.  t.   To  guard  ;  to  have  in  keeping. 

Flaming  ministers  viatcft  and  lend  their  charge,  Milton, 

2.  To  observe  in  ambush  ;  to  lie  in  wait  for. 

Saul  also  sent  messengers  to  David's  house  to  toatch  him,  and  to 
slay  him. —  1  Sam.  xix. 

3.  To  tend  ;  to  guard. 

Paris  watched  the  flocks  in  the  groves  of  Ida.  Broome, 

4.  To  observe  in  order  to  detect  or  prevent,  or  for 
some  particular  purpose  ;  as,  to  watch  a  suspected 
person  ;  to  watch  the  progress  of  a  bill  in  the  legisla- 
ture. 

WATCH'ED,  (wotclit,)  pp.   Guarded  ;  observed  with 

steady  vigilance. 
WATCH'ER,  (wotch'er,)  n.   one  who  sits  up  or  con- 
tinues awake  ;  particularly,  one  who  attends  upon 
the  sick  during  the  night. 

2.  A  diligent  observer  ;  as,  an  attentive  watcher  of 
the  works  of  nature.    [jVof  in  ytse.]  More, 
WATCH'ET,  (wotch'-,)  a.    [Sax.  wcBced,  weak.] 
Pale  or  light  blue. 

Who  slares  in  Germany  at  vatchel  eyes  ?  Dryden, 
[iVot  in  use.] 

W.\TCH'FIJL,  a.  Vigilant;  attentive;  careful  to  ob- 
serve ;  observant ;  cautious.  It  has  of  before  the 
thing  to  be  regulated  ;  as,  to  be  watchful  of  one's  be- 
havior ;  and  avainst  before  the  thing  to  be  avoided  ; 
as,  to  be  watchful  against  lUe  growth  of  vicious  habits. 

Locke,  Law. 

WATCH'FUL-LY,  adv.  Vigilantly  ;  heedfully  ;  with 
careful  observation  of  the  approach  of  evil,  or  atten- 
tion to  dutv.  Boyle. 

WATCH'FI]L-NESS,  n.  Vigilance;  heedfolness; 
heed  ;  suspicious  attention  ;  careful  and  diligent  ob- 
servation for  the  purpose  of  preventing  or  escaping 
danger,  or  of  avoiding  mistakes  and  misconduct. 

2.  VVakefulness ;  indisposition  or  inability  to 
sleep. 

M'atch/ulness  —  ollen  precedes  too  great  sleepiness.  Arbuthnot, 

WATCH'-GLXSS,  n.  [teaUh  and  pIoss.]  In  ships,  a 
half-hour  glass,  used  to  measure  the  time  of  a  watch 
on  deck. 

2.  A  concavo-convex  glass  for  covering  the  face  or 
dial  of  a  watch. 
W.\TCH'-HOUSE,  n.    [watch  and  house.]    A  house 

in  which  a  watch  or  guard  ispLaced.  Gay. 
W.ATCH'I.N'G,  ppr.    Hcing  awake  ;  guarding  ;  attend- 
ing the  sick  ;  carefully  observing. 
WATCH'ING,  71.    Wakefulness ;  inability  to  sleep. 

fyij:eman. 

W.\TCn'-LIGHT,  (wotch'lite,)  ti.  [watch  and  light.] 
A  candle  with  a  rush  wick.  .Addison. 

VVATCH'.MAK-ER,  n.  [watch  and  maker.]  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  and  repair  watches. 

W;^TCII'.MAN,  n.  One  .set  for  a  guard  in  an  armed 
place,  especially  by  night ;  a  sentinel. 

2.  One  who  guards  the  streets  of  a  city  or  a  large 
building  by  night. 

Jl  watchman's  rattle,  is  nn  instniment  having  .-it  tlie 
end  of  a  handle  a  revolving  arm,  which,  hy  the  ac- 
tion of  a  strong  spring  upon  cogs,  produces,  when  in 
motion,  a  loud,  harsh,  rattling  sound. 


7<»  .tiiring  a  rattle,  is  to  put  this  instniment  in  mo- 
tion for  the  sake  of  calling  in  the  aid  of  other  watch- 
men. 

WATCH'TOW-ER,  ii.  [watch  and  lower.]  A  tower 
on  which  a  sentinel  is  placed  to  watch  fur  enemies 
or  the  approach  of  danger.  Bacon. 

W.STCirWORU,  (wotch'wurd,)  n.  [watch  and  word.] 
The  word  given  to  senlineN,  and  to  such  as  have  oc- 
casion to  vi:>il  the  guards,  used  as  a  signal  by  which 
a  friend  is  known  from  an  enemy,  or  a  person  who 
has  a  right  to  pass  the  watch,  from  one  who  has 
not. 

WA'TEK,  (waii'ter,)  n.  [Sa.t.  wa't'r,  was ;  I),  water ; 
<;.  was.-ier ;  Dan.  vatrr ;  Sw.  vattea ;  Goth,  wato  ; 
Russ.  I'orfu.  'i'his  m.iy  he  from  the  root  of  i/rf,  Gr. 
vcrnf.  Sans.  udum.  In  Ar.  waili  signihes  a  stream, 
or  the  channel  where  water  flows  in  winter,  but 
which  is  dry  in  summer;  a  tiling  common  on  the 
plains  of  .Syria  and  Arabia.] 

1.  A  fluid,  the  most  abundant  and  most  necessary 
for  living  beings  of  any  in  nature,  except  air.  Water, 
when  pure,  is  colorless,  de.stilute  of  taste  and  smell, 
pondi  rous,  transparent,  and  in  a  very  small  degree 
compressible.  It  is  repositcd  in  the  earth  in  inexhaus- 
tible (|iiaiitities,  where  it  is  preserved  fresh  and  cool, 
anil  from  which  it  issues  in  springs,  which  fiirni 
streams  and  rivers.  But  the  great  reservoirs  of  wa- 
ter on  the  globe  are  the  ocean,  seas,  and  lakes,  which 
cover  more  than  three  fifths  of  its  surface,  and  from 
which  it  is  rai.sed  by  evaporation,  and  uniting  with 
the  air  in  the  state  of  vapor,  is  wafted  over  the  l  anh, 
ready  to  be  precipitated  in  the  form  of  rain,  snow,  or 
hail. 

Water,  by  the  abstraction  or  loss  of  heat,  becomes 
solid,  or,  in  othe  r  words,  is  converted  into  ice  or  snow  ; 
and  by  heat  it  is  converted  into  steam,  an  elas- 
tic vapor,  one  of  the  most  imwerful  agents  in  nature. 
Water  is  a  compound  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen  ;  two 
volumes  or  measures  of  hydrogen  gas,  and  one  of 
oxygen  g.as.  The  proportion  of  the  ingredient-s  in 
weight,  is  8S.9  parts  of  oxygen  to  11.1  of  hydrogen. 

Bcr:clius. 

2.  The  ocean  ;  a  sea  ;  a  lake ;  a  river ;  any  great 
collection  of  water;  as  in  the  phrases,  to  go  by 
water,  to  travel  by  water. 

3.  Urine  ;  the  animal  liquor  secreted  by  the  kidneys 
and  discharged  from  the  bladder. 

4.  The  color  or  luster  of  a  diamond  or  pearl,  some- 
times, perhaps,  of  other  precious  stones  ;  as,  a  dia- 
mond of  the  first  water,  that  is,  perfectly  pure  and 
transparent.  Hence  the  figurative  phrase,  a  man  or 
a  genius  of  the  ,4rst  water,  IhiU  is,  of  the  first  excel- 
lence. 

5.  fVater  is  a  name  given  to  several  liquid  sub- 
stances or  humors  in  animal  bodies  ;  as,  the  water  of 
the  pericardium,  of  dropsy,  Slc.  Cyc. 

Water  of  crystallization  ;  the  water  forming  a  con- 
stituent of  many  s.tlts,  so  called  because  considered 
essential  to  their  crjstallization.  The  term  is  going 
out  of  use.  Dana. 

Mineral  waters  are  those  waters  which  arc  so  im- 
pregnated with  foreign  ingredients,  such  as  ga-seous, 
sulphureous,  and  saline  substances,  as  to  give  them 
medicinal,  or  at  least  sensible  properties.  Most  nat- 
ural waters  contain  more  or  less  of  these  foreign 
substances,  but  the  proportion  is  generally  too  minute 
to  affect  the  senses.  Olm.<ted. 

To  hold  water ;  to  be  sound  or  tight.  [  Otisolrte  or 
vulgar.]  L'Eslrange. 

VVA'TE'R-BaIL'IFF,  71.  An  officer  of  the  customs, 
iii  England,  for  searching  ships. 

W<\'TER-BEAR-ER,  71.  [water  and  bearer.]  In  <w- 
tronomy,  a  sign  of  the  zodiac,  called  also  AquABiL's, 
from  L.  a7tia,  water. 

WA'TER-liEAT-£.N,  a.  Beaten  by  water  or  the 
waves. 

WA'TER-BEL'LOWS,  71.  [water  and  bellows.]  A 
liiachine  for  blowing  air  into  a  furnace,  by  means  of 
a  column  of  water  falling  through  a  vertical  tube. 

WA'TER-BoRNE,  a.  Borne  by  the  water  ;  floated  ; 
liaving  water  sufficient  to  float ;  as,  ships  water-borne 
by  the  flowing  tide.  Smollett. 

WA'TER-CAL'A-MINT,  71.  [water  and  calamint.]  A 
species  of  mint  or  Mentha.  Cyc. 

WA'TER-CAR'RIAGE,   7i.     [water  and  carriage,] 
I'ransportation  or  conveyance  by  water,  or  the 
means  of  transporting  bv  water. 
2.  A  vessel  or  boat.    [jVot  in  use,]  JirbuthnoU 

WA'TER-GART,  n.  [ifn(<T  and  cnrf.]  A  cart  bear- 
ing a  large  cask  of  water,  which  is  conveyed  into  a 
cylinder  full  of  holes,  by  means  of  w  hich  the  water 
is  sprinkled  upon  the  ground. 

WA'TER-CEM'EXT,  ti.  A  cement  made  of  a  pecul- 
iar kind  of  lime,  which  hardens  beneath  water. 

WA'TER-CIR'CLKD,  (-sur'kld,)  \  a.  Surrounded  by 

WA'TER-r;iRD'Li;D,  (  gur'dld,)  (     water.  SeotU 

WA'TER-eLOCK,  n.  [mater  and  eioek.]  The  clep- 
sydra ;  an  instrument  or  machine  serving  to  meas- 
ure time  by  the  fall  of  a  certain  quantity  of  water 

Kncyc. 

WA'TER-€LOS'ET,  n.    A  closet  for  easing  natt.re, 
having  a  contrivance  for  carrying  off  the  discharges 
by  a  stream  of  water  through  a  waste-pipe  below. 
2.  In  sttamboau,  a  privy. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


WAT 

WA'TER-eOL-OR,  (-kul-lur,)  71.  [water  and  ailor.] 
Watci-coUirs,  in  paiiUing  or  limning,  are  colors  mixed 
with  cuni-water,  and  made  up  into  small  cakes. 
^Vater-colors  are  so  called  in  distinction  from  oil- 
ci^lors.  Eiictjc. 

WA'TER-CoURSE,  Ti.  [water  and  course.]  A  stream 
of  water  ;  a  river  or  brook.    Isa.  .\liv. 

2.  A  channel  or  canal  fur  the  conveyance  of  water, 
particularly  in  draining  lands. 

WA'TER-CRXFT,  n.  Vessels  and  boats  plying  on 
water. 

WA'TER-CRESS,  n.  [water  and  cress.]  A  small, 
creeping  plant  growing  in  watery  places ;  applied 
particularly  to  t.he  Nasturtium  otTiciiiale  a  plant  of  an 
agreeable  riavor,  much  cultivated  in  Europe  as  a  rel- 
ish for  breakfast.  Loudoru 

WA'TER-€RoVV'FOOT,  ji.  [Koter  and  croafuot.]  A 
plant,  the  Ranunculus;  aquatilis,  on  which  cows  arc 
said  to  be  fond  of  feeding.  Cijc. 

VVA'TER-DRaIN,  71.  A  drain  or  channel  for  water 
t.i  run  off". 

WA'TER-DRaIN'AGE,  n.  The  draining  off  of 
w  ater. 

WA'TER-DROP,  71.     [water  and  drqt.]     A  drop  of 

water.  Skak. 
WA'TER-DROP'WORT,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genu^ 

CEiianthe.  Lcc. 
VVA'TER-EL'E-PHANT,  »i.    A  name  given  to  the 

hippopotamus. 
WA'TER-EN'GINE,  71.     [xcater  and  engine.]  An 

engine  to  raise  water ;  or  an  engine  moved  by 

water. 

WA'TER-FALL,  n.  [water  and  fall.]  A  fall  or  per- 
pendicular descent  of  the  water  of  a  river  or  stream, 
or  a  descent  nearly  perpendicular  ;  a  cascade  ;  a  cat- 
aract. But  the  word  is  generally  used  of  the  fall  of 
a  small  river  or  rivulet.  It  is  particularly  used  to  ex- 
press a  cascade  in  a  garden,  or  an  artificial  descent 
of  water,  designed  as  an  ornament.  Cue. 

VVA'TER-FLAG,  71.  [water  and  fiag.]  Water  flower- 
de-luce,  a  species  of  /ris. 

WA'TER-FLOOD,  (-tlud,)  71.  [water  ^ni  Jiood.]  A 
liood  of  water:  an  inundation. 

WA'TER-FLY,  71.  [loater  and  ^1/.]  An  insect  that 
is  seen  on  the  water. 

WA'TER-FOVVL,  »i.  [water  and  fg^d.]  A  bird  that 
frequents  the  water,  or  lives  about  rivers,  lakes,  or 
on  or  near  the  sea  ;  an  aquatic  fowl.  Of  aquatic 
fowls,  soipe  are  waders,  or  furnished  with  long  legs  ; 
others  are  swimmers,  and  are  furnished  witi.  w  ebbed 
feet. 

WA'TER-FOX,  71.  [water  and  fox.]  A  name  given 
to  the  carp,  on  account  of  its  cunning.  IValton. 

\VA'TER-FUR'Ro\y,  n.  [water  and  fnrrnw.]  In 
agricuUure,  a  deep  furrow  made  for  conducting  w'ater 
from  the  ground  and  keeping  it  dry. 

WA'TER-FUK'RoW,  v.  t.  To  plo\y  or  open  water- 
furrows. 

WA  TER-GAGE,    )  77.    [water  and  ga'rc.]    An  in- 

WX'TER-GUaGE,  i  strunient  for  measuring  or  as- 
certaining the  depth  or  quantity  of  water. 

WA'TER  -GALL,  71.   A  cavity  made  in  the  earth  by 
a  torrent  of  water. 
2.  An  appearance  in  the  rainbow.  .'ftevens. 

WA'TER-GER-MAN'DER,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
'i'eucrium.  Ctjc. 

VVA'TER-GILD-IXG,  ji.  The  gilding  of  metallic 
surfaces  by  covering  them  with  a  thin  coating  of 
amalgam  of  gold  anil  then  volatilizing  the  mercury 
by  heat.  Brande. 

WA'TER-GOD,  n.  [water  and  god.]  A  deity  that 
presides  over  the  water. 

VVA'TER-GRU'EL,  Ti.  [water  and  gniel.]  A  liquid 
food,  composed  of  water  and  a  small  portion  of  meal 
or  other  farinaceous  substance  bbilcd. 

VVA'TER-II.^IR'GKXt-S,  71.  A  species  of  grass,  the 
Aira  aquatica.  Ci/c. 

WA'TER-IIAiM'MER,  71.  A  column  of  water  "in  a 
vacuum,  which  not  being  supported  as  in  the  air, 
falls  against  the  end  of  the  vessel  with  a  peculiar 
noise.  It  may  be  formed  by  corking  a  vessel  of 
water  while  it  is  boiling.  The  vapor  condensing  as 
it  cools,  a  vacuum  is  formed. 

VVA'TER-IIEMP-AG'RI-MO-NV,  71.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Hidens.  J^ee. 

WA'TER-I1E.\,  71.  [water  and  Acii.]  A  water-fowl 
of  the  genus  Gallinula  of  Latham,  closely  allied  to 
the  Railn,  and  named  from  its  quaint  resei'nblance  to 
the  common  domestic  fowl;  al?o  called  Gallimt,e. 
Several  species  of  this  genus,  and  also  the  Soree,  or 
common  K.ail  of  America,  are  called  Gallinijles  or 
VV'ATr.ii-llr.<u.  A'uttall. 

VVA'TER-IIOG,  77.  [water  and  hog.]  A  quadruped 
ol  HoulU  America,  the  llydroclurrua  capybara,  a  ro- 
dent mnmmal,  inlialiiting  the  shores  of  liio  gri.at  riv- 
<  r»  of  South  America,  its  length  is  about  three  feet. 
Naturalists  consider  it  as  neatly  allied  to  the  cobaya 
or  iTuiitea-pig 

W  A''i  EU-L.ASH-£;D,  (-lasht,)  a.  Lashed  by  the 
water. 

W  A'TKO-LAU'REL,  n.  fi/iufpr  and  (aurr/.]  A  plant. 
WA'TER-LkAF,  71.    [iratrr  nnA  leaf.]    All  American 

ulant  of  the  genus  Il\ diopliylliim.  Arc. 
W'A'TER-LES.S,  a.    iJestilulc  of  water.  Tuukr. 


WAT 

W^V'TER-LEV'EL,  a.  {toater  and  level.]  The  level 
formed  by  the  surface  ol  still  water. 

WA' TER-LIL'Y,  71.  [water  and  lily.]  The  common 
name  of  the  a()uatic  plants  of  the  genera  Nymphma 
and  Nuphar,  distinguished  for  tlieir  beautiful  ilow- 
ers  and  large,  floating  leaves.  P.  Cyc. 

WA'TER-LINE,  71.  [water  and  line.]  A  horizontal 
line  supposed  to  be  drawn  about  a  ship's  bottom,  at 
the  surface  of  the  water.  Tliis  is  higher  or  lower, 
according  to  the  depth  of  water  necessary  to  float 
her.  .Mar.  Diet.  Cue. 

WA'TER-LOG-GED,  a.  [water  and  log.]  Lying 
like  a  log  on  the  water.  A  ship  is  said  to  be  water- 
logged, when,  by  leaking  and  receiWng  a  great  quan- 
tity of  water  into  her  hold,  she  has  become  so  heavy 
as  not  to  be  manageable  by  the  helm,  and  to  be  at 
the  mercy  of  the  waves.  Brande. 

WA'TER-M.-\N,  7!.  [jcater  and  man.]  A  boatman;  a 
ferryman  ;  a  man  wJio  manages  water-craft.  Oay 

VVA'TER-IM;\RK,  77.  [water  and  mark.]  The  mark 
or  limit  of  the  rise  of  a  flood.  Drydrn. 

WATER-.MEL'ON,  7!.  [water  and  -melon.]  A  plant 
and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Cucurbita  or  Cucumis, 
(C.  citrullus.)  This  plant  requires  a  warm  climate 
to  bring  it  to  perfection.  It  also  requires  a  dry, 
sandy,  warm  soil,  and  will  not  grow  well  in  any 
other.  The  fruit  abounds  with  a  sweetish  liquor  re- 
sembling w.-xter  in  color,  and  the  pulp  is  remarkably 
rich  and  delicious. 

WA'TER-IIILL,  71.  [water  and  77!i7/.]  A  mill  whose 
liiachinery  is  moved  by  w  ater,  and  thus  distinguished 
from  a  wind-mill.  • 

VVA'TER-MINT.    See  VVatzr-Calamint. 

WA'TEK-NEVVT,  71.  [water  and  7icw(.]  An  animal 
of  the  lizard  tribe,  (Lacerta  aquatica  of  Linnaeus.) 

WA'TER-OR'DE-AL,  n.  [water  and  ordeal.]  A  ju- 
dicial trial  of  persons  accused  of  crimes,  by  means 
of  water ;  formerly  in  use  among  illiterate  and  super- 
stitious nations. 

WA'TER-OU'SJEL,  n.  [water  and  ousel.]  A  bird  al- 
lied to  the  thrushes,  the  Cinctus  aquaticus,  found  in 
Europe  and  parts  of  Asia.  It  frequents  streams  of 
water.  P.  Cyc, 

The  water-ousel  is  the  turdus  cinctus  of  Latham. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

WA'TER-PaRS'NEP,  «.  [water  and  2'arsncp.]  A 
jilant  of  the  genus  Sium.  Lre. 

WA'TER-PLANT,  h.  A  plant  that  grows  in  water  ; 
an  aquatic  plant. 

WA'TER-Po'A,  71.  A  valuable  species  of  grass,  the 
I'oa  aquatica,  which  is  cultivated  in  England  for  fod- 
der. Loudon. 

WA'TER-POISE,  71.  [water  and  poise.]  A  hydrom- 
eter, or  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  specific  grav- 
ity of  diiFereiit  liquids.  Francis. 

WA'TER-POT,  71.  [icater  and  pot.]  A  vessel  for 
holding  or  conveying  water,  or  for  sprinkling  water 
on  cl  th  in  bleaching,  or  on  plants.  &c. 

VVA'TER-PROOF,  a.  [water  and  proof.]  Impervious 
to  water ;  so  firm  and  comjiact  as  not  to  admit  wa- 
ter ;  as,  water-proof  cloth,  leather,  or  felt. 

WA'TER-RAD'ISII,  71.    [ica(cr  and  radish.] 

A  species  of  Sisymbrium,  Lee. 

WA'TER-RaIL,  71.  [icatcr  and  rai7.]  A  wading  bird 
ol'  the  genus  Rallus. 

WA'TER-RA.M,  71.  A  machine  by  which  water  is 
raised  much  above  its  level  by  the  momentum  of  a 
larger  stream  than  the  one  which  is  raised.  Francis. 

WA'TER-RAT,  71,  [water  and  rat.]  An  animal  of 
tiie  genus  Arvicola  (Mus,  Linn.,)  which  lives  in  the 
banks  of  streams  or  lakes. 

WA'TER-ROCK-iiD,  (  rokt,)  a.  Rocked  by  the 
waves. 

WA'TER-ROCK'ET,  71.    [water  and  rocket.]    A  spe- 
cies of  Sisymbrium.  Johnson. 
2.  A  kind  of  firework  to  be  discharged  in  the  water. 

WA'TER-ROT,  v.  L  [water  ami  rat.]  To  rot  by 
steeping  in  water;  as,  to  wnler-rot  hemp  or  flax. 

WA'TER-ROT-TED,  pp.  Rotted  by  being  steeped  in 
water. 

WA'TER-ROT-TING,  ppr.   Rotting  in  water. 
WA'TER-.SaIL,  71.    [water  and  sail.]    A  small  sail 
tised  under  a  studding  sail  or  driver  boom. 

jifar.  Diet. 

WA'TBU-SAP'PHIRE,  (-saff  ire  07--sarfer,)  71.  lolite, 

a  kind  ot  p!ue  precious  stone. 
WA'TER-SeoR'PI-ON,  71.    [water  and  .■teorpivn.] 

A  name  given  to  aquatic,  hemiiiteroiis  insects  of 
the  fiimily  Nepida;  (gi  nus  Nepa,  Linn.)  fron  their 
fore  legs  being  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  tiiC  scor- 
pion.   They  feed  on  other  ai|uatic  insects. 

Partington. 

U'A'TER-SIIEI),  n.    A  range  of  high  land  that  casta 

tlie  water  in  dilli  rcnt  directions.  RtiOinson. 
WA'TER-SIIOOT,  71.    [icu^r  and  s/ioot.l    A  sprig  or 

slioot  from  the  root  or  stock  of  a  tree,  [/.oeal.] 
VVA'TER-SN.aKE,  71.    [water  and  snalic.]    A  snake 

tliiit  frequents  the  water. 
VVA'TER-SOAK.u.  t.  [water  and  MoA,]  To  soak  or  fill 

tiie  interstices  with  water. 
VVA'TER-SOAK-J'JI),  (-sokt,)  pp.  or  a.    Soaked,  or 

liiiviiig  its  interstices  filled  with  water;  an,  waUr- 

.tonked  wood  ;  n  watrr-soalied  hat. 
VVA'TER-SOL'UIER,  (-sol'jcr,)  71.    An  aquatic  plant 


WAT 

of  the  genus  Stratiotes,  with  long,  sword-like  k  avcs, 
and  flowers  resembling  plumes  of  white  feathers. 

London. 

WA'TER-SP.\N'IEL,  f-span'ycl,)  n.  [water  and 
spaniel.]    A  dog  so  called.  (■ulnn,. 

WA'TER-SPOUT,  71.  A  remarkable  natural  plienbm- 
cnon  usually  observed  over  the  sea,  but  .sometimes 
over  the  land.  It  usually  consists  of  a  dense,  black 
cloud,  depending  from  the  sky  in  a  conical  firm  t(v 
ward  the  earth.  Sometimes  it  unites  with  a  corre- 
sponding portion  ascendingfrom  below,  thus  forming 
a  continuous  column  from  the  surface  of  theear.h  to 
the  cloud.  It  often  discliaiges  great  quantities  of 
water,  whence  its  name.  Olmsted. 

WA'TER-STAND'ING,  a.  Wet  with  water;  as, 
a  water-standing  eye.  "  Ci/c.  Sliak. 

WA'TEK-Ta'BLE,  71.  [traier  and  table.]  In  ar- 
cliitectnre,  a  strong,  coarse  molding,  or  other  projec- 
tion, in  the  wall  of  a  building,  to  throw  ott"  the  water. 

Bacluinan. 

WA'TER-TATII,  71.  In  England,  a  species  of  coarse 
grass  growing  in  wet  grounds,  and  supposed  to  be 
injurious  to  sheep.  Cyc. 

WA'TER-THER-MOM'E-TER,  n.  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  precise  degree  of  cold  at  which 
water  attains  its  niaxinium  density.  This  is  about 
40'  of  Fahrenheit ;  and  from  that  point  down  to  32°, 
or  the  freezing  point,  it  expands.  Water  thus  forms 
a  remarkable  exception  to  the  general  law  of  expan- 
sion by  heat  and  contraction  by  cold.  Olmsted. 

WA'TER-TIGHT,  (-tite,)  a.  [water  and  tight.]  So 
tight  as  to  retain  or  not  to  admit  water.  IVhewell. 

WA'TER-TRE'FOIL,  n.  A  jilaut,  Menyanthes  tri- 
foliala. 

WA'TER-VI'O-LET,  71.  [water  and  violet.]  An 
aquatic  plant  of  the  genus  Hottonia.    Mdler.  Lee. 

WA'TER-WaY,  71.  [irater  and  Way.]  In  a  ship^s 
deck,  a  ijiece  of  timber,  forming  a  channel  for  con- 
ducting wat.-r  to  the  scuppers. 

WA'TER-WHEEL,  71.    [water  and  wheel.]    A  wheel 
moved  by  water. 
2.  An  encine  for  raising  water  in  large  quantities. 

WA'TER-\VIL'LoVV,  71.  [water  and  wdlow.]  A 
plant.  jJinswoHk. 

WA'TER-WINGS,  71.  pi.  Walls  erected  on  the  banks 
of  rivers,  next  to  bridges,  to  secure  the  foundation 
from  the  action  of  the  current.  Francis. 

WA'TER-WITH,  11.    [water  and  with.]    A  plant. 

Derham. 

WA'TER-WORK,  (-wur!;,)  71.  [water  and  irorA.] 
VVater-works  are  Iiydraulic  machines  or  engines, 
particularly  such  as  form  lutificial  fountains,  spouts, 
and  the  like^ 

WA'TER-WoRN,  a.   Worn  by  the  force  of  water. 

WA'TER-WORT,  ti.  An  aquatic  plant  of  the  genus 
Elatine.  Lee. 

WA'TER,  (wau'ter,)  c.  t.  To  irrigate  ;  to  overflow 
with  water,  or  to  wet  with  water  ;  as,  to  icaterkind. 
Showers  water  the  earth. 

2.  To  supply  with  water.  The  hilly  lands  of  New 
England  are  remarkably  well  watered  witli  rivers  and 
rivulets. 

3.  To  supply  with  water  for  drink  ;  as,  to  wa!er 
cattle  and  horses. 

4.  To  diversify;  to  wet  and  calender;  to  give  a 
■wavy  appearance  to  ;  as,  to  water  silk. 

WA'TER,  (wau'ter,)  v.  i.  To  shed  water  or  liquid 
matter.    His  eyes  l)egan  to  water. 

2.  To  get  or  take  in  water.  The  ship  put  into  port 
to  water. 

The  mouth  waters ;  a  phrase  denoting  that  a  person 
has  a  longing  desire. 
WA'TER-AGE,  71.    Money  paid  for  transportation  by 
water. 

WA'TER-JED,  pp.  or  a.  Overspread  or  sprinkleil  with 
water ;  made  wet ;  supplied  with  water ;  made  lus- 
trous by  being  wet  and  calendered. 

WA'TER-ER,  71.    One  who  waters.  Careu). 

WA'TER-I-NESS,  11.  [from  ira/rri/.]  Moisture  ;  hu- 
midity ;  n  state  of  abounding  with  water,  .^rbuthn-'^t. 

WA'TER-ING,  ;ipr.  Overflowing;  sprinkling  or  wet- 
ting with  water;  supplying  witli  water;  giving  wa- 
ter for  drink  ;  giving  a  wavy  appearance  to. 

WA'TER-INC;,  n.    The  act  of  overflowing  or  sprink- 
liiig  with  water ;  the  act  of  supplying  with  water  for 
drink  or  other  purposes  ;  the  act  of  wetting  and  cal- 
endering tor  giving  luster  to,  as  cloth. 
2.  The  place  where  water  is  su|)plied. 

WA'TER-ING-PLAGE,  71.  A  place  where  water  may 
be  obtained,  as  for  a  sliip,  for  cattle,  &.C. 

2.  .\  place  to  which  people  resort  fur  mineral  wa 
ter,  or  for  the  use  of  water  in  some  way  or  other. 

WA'TER-ING-TROUGll,  ij-tiauf,)  71.  A  trough  in 
which  cattle  and  horses  drink. 

WA'TER-ISH,  a.     Resembling  water;  thin,  as  n 
liquor.  fhryden. 
a.  Moist ;  somewhat  watery ;  ns,  wulerish  land. 

/late. 

WA'TER-ISH-NEPS,  71.  Thinness,  as  of  a  liquor  ;  ro- 
sembliiiicc  to  water. 

WnUHthnesi,  which  U  hkc  llic  nrrmUy  of  mir  blooil.  /■loyw. 

WA'TER-LESa,  a.    Destitute  of  water.  Milford. 
WA'TER-MEAS'IJRE,  (-niezh'ur,)  71.     A  measure 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PK6Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BOpK.— 


1252 


i 


WAV 


WAY 


WAY 


for  arlifles  hroiiKlU  hy  water,  as  coals,  oysters,  &c. 
This  bushel  is  larjier  than  the  Winchester  measure. 
WA'TEU-Y,  a.    Uesemblin^  water  ;  thin  or  transpa- 
rent ;  as  u  liquid  ;  as,  watery  huuiora. 

The  oily  uiid  uMtery  piiru  of  tilo  cleinclil.  Arbuthnoi. 

2.  Tasteless  ;  insipid  ;  vapid  ;  spiritless ;  as,  wa- 
terij  turnips.  -  Pliilipi. 

3.  Wet ;  abounding  with  water ;  as,  watery  land  ; 
watery  eyes.  Prior. 

4.  Pertaining  to  water;  as,  the  watery  god. 

Dryihn. 

5.  Consisting  of  w.atcr;  as,  a  watery  desert. 

Milton. 

WAT'TLE,  (wot'tl,)  n.  [Sax.  tr«(e/,  a  twig;  allied 
perlia|is  to  witlie,  L.  pifij.',  tli:it  is,  a  shoot.] 

1.  Properly,  a  twig  or  flexible  rod  ;  and  hence,  a 
hurdle  made  of  sucli  rods. 

2.  The  fleshy  excrescence  that  grows  under  the 
throat  of  a  cock  or  turkey,  or  a  like  substance  on  a 
tish.  Cijc.  Hiilton. 

3.  A  rod  laid  on  a  roof  to  support  the  thatch. 
WAT'TLE,  I',  t.    To  bind  with  twigs. 

2.  To  twist  or  interweave  twigs  one  with  anoth- 
er ;  to  plat ;  to  form  a  kind  of  net  work  with  flexible 
branches  ;  as,  to  wattle  a  hedge.  ,Mortimrr. 

WAT'TLED,  pp.    Bound  or  interwoven  with  twigs. 

WAT'TLING.  ppr.    Inter\v;caving  with  twigs. 

WAUIj,  ??.  i.    To  cry  as  a  cat. 

WAITL'ING,  ppr.    Crying  as  a  cat. 

WAVE,  n.  [Sax.  weg,  tcirir,  a  wave,  a  way  ;  both  the 
same  word,  and  both  coinciding  witli  the  root  of 
«?(!«■,  wairou,  vacillate,  ireiir/i,  &.C.  The  sense  is,  ago- 
ing, a  moving,  appropriately  ii  moving  one  way  and 
the  other  ;  G.  woi;e  ;  Svv.  x>ag ;  It.  biiaice.] 

1.  A  moving  swell  or  volume  of  u'ater  ;  u.fftnlhj, 
a  swell  raised  and  driven  liy  wind.  A  pebble  thrown 
into  still  w.ater  i)roducc3  wauM,  which  form  comen- 
tric  circles,  receding  from  the  point  where  the  pebble 
fell.  But  wavc.^  are  generally  raised  and  driven  by 
wind,  and  the  word  comprehends  any  moving  swell 
on  the  surface  of  water,  irom  tlie  smallest  ripple  to 
the  billows  of  a  tempest. 

Thi:  wave  Ijchiiid  impels  the  wave  before.  Pope. 

2.  Unevenness;  inequality  of  surface.  JVncton. 

3.  The  line  or  streak  of  luster  on  cloth  waten  d  and 
calendered. 

W.^VE,  K.  I.  [Sa.t.  wajian;  probably  u  corrupt  or- 
thography.] 

1.  To  play  loosely  ;  to  move  like  a  wave, one  way 
and  the  other  ;  to  float ;  to  undulate. 

Ilis  purple  rotx's  Wdved  urele^  to  iho  wiiida.  Trumbull. 

2.  To  be  moved,  as  a  signal.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  To  fluctuate  ;  to  waver;  to  be  in  an  unsettled 
Slate.    [  Ob.i.] 

WAVE,  p.  (.  [See  Wavhi.]  To  raise  into  inequali- 
ties of  surface.  Slink. 

2.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other  ;  to  brandish  ; 
as,  to  wave  the  hand  ;  to  waue  a  sword. 

JMilton.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  waft ;  to  remove  any  thing  floating. 

Brown. 

A.  To  beckon  ;  to  direct  by  a  waft  or  waving  mo- 
tion. Shak. 
W.\VE,  7\f.    [Norm,  ifryrcr,  to  ware  or  waive;  waif- 
nei,  waived  ;  Trc/,-,  we(fs,  waifs,  j 

1.  To  put  ofl" ;  to  cast  oH";  to  cast  away  ;  to  reject ; 
as,  to  wave  goods  stolen  ;  usually  written  Waive. 

2.  To  quit ;  to  depart  from. 

He  resolved  not  to  wave  hts  way.  WoUon. 

3.  To  put  oflT;  to  put  aside  for  the  present,  or  to 
omit  to  pursue  ;  as,  to  wave  a  motion,  ile  offered  to 
wave  the  subject. 

[  TAis  is  the  usual  sense.'^ 

4.  To  relinquish,  as  a  right,  claim,  or  privilege. 
[Generally  written  Waive.] 

WAV'JCD,  pp.  Moved  one  way  and  the  other;  bran- 
dished. 

2.  Put  off;  omitted. 

3.  n.  In  heraldry,  indented. 

4.  Variegatj^d  in  luster  ;  .as,  waved  sWk. 

5.  In  natural  histitni,  having  on  the  margin  a  suc- 
cession of  arched  segments  or  incisions.  Humble. 

WaVE'LESS,  a.    Free  from  waves  ;  undisturbed  ; 

iinagit.ited  ;  as,  the  wavele.^.^  sea. 
W.^  VE'-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  wave  ;  undulating. 
WA'VEI>-I.ITE,  n.    [from  Jfact/,  the  discov  rer.] 
A  phosphate  of  nliiiiiina,  occurring  usually  in 

hemispherical  conorelions,  consisting  of  tine,  radiated 

fibers  ;  and  nirely  in  distinct  crystals  secondaries  to 

a  rhombic  prism.  Dana. 
WAVE'-I.OAF,  n.    [irare  and  loaf.]    A  loaf  for  a 

wave-ofli'rinff. 
VVAVE'-OF'FER-ING,  n.    An  oflering  made  with 

waving  toward   the  four  cardinal  points.  JVum. 

xviii. 

VVA'VER,  e.  i.  [Sax.  wnfan ;  Dan.  srirver,  from 
raver,  to  weave,  that  is,  to  move  one  way  and  the 
otherj 

1.  To  plav  or  move  to  and  fro  ;  to  move  one  way 
and  Ihe  other.  Boyle. 

2.  To  fluctuate ;  to  be  unsettled  in  opinion  ;  to 


vacillate  ;  to  be  undcteriiiined  ;  as,  to  waver  in  opin- 
ion ;  to  waver  ill  faith. 

Let  UB  tiold  Tiisl  tlic  profcsainn  of  our  fiiith  without  wareriuff. — 
Heb.  I. 

3.  To  totter ;  to  reel ;  to  bo  in  danger  of  falling. 

Iloltjday. 

WA'VER,  n.  A  name  given  to  a  sapling  or  young 
timber-tree  in  England.  [Loral.] 

WA'VER-Ell,  71.  One  who  wavers  ;  one  who  i>i  un- 
settled in  doctrine,  faith,  or  opinion. 

VVA'VER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Fluctuating;  being  in 
tloiibt  ;  iinileteriuined. 

WA'VER  h\G-LY,  adv.  In  a  fluctuating,  doubtful 
manner. 

WA'VEiMXG-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being 
wavering.  Jiluuntnrrue, 

WAVE'SON,  71.  A  name  given  to  goods  which,  after 
shipwreck,  appear  floating  tui  the  sea.  Bourier. 

WAVE'-.SUB-JEeT'EU,  a.  Subject  to  be  overflowed. 

Oold.<mitli. 

WAVE'-WORN,  a.  [wooc  and  icorn.]  Worn  by  the 
waves. 

The  shore  that  o'er  hid  wave.wom  basis  bowed.  Slink. 

WAVING,  ppr.  or  a.    Moving  as  a  wave ;  playing  to 

and  fro  ;  brandishing. 
WAV'ITRE,  71.    The  act  of  waving  or  putting  ofl". 

n.  Perl. 

W.\'VY,  a.  [from  wave.]  Rising  or  swelling  in 
waves  ;  full  of  waves  ;  as,  the  wary  sea.  Chapman. 

2.  Playing  to  and  fro  ;  undulating. 

Let  her  glad  valleys  smile  with  wavy  corn.  Prior. 

3.  Undulating  on  the  border  or  on  the  surface  ;  a 
hotaiiicrti  it.s'c. 

WAWES  or  WAES,  (wawz,)  for  Waves.  [JVotin 

n.ic.J 

W.'\X,7i.  [Sax.  wti'x,  ircx  ;  G.  waclis  ;  D.  wasch ;  Sw. 
vaz  i  Russ.  vaksa  ;  E.  vu/cus,  riVcum.] 

1.  .\  thick,  viscid,  tenacious  substance,  excreted 
by  bees  from  their  bodies,  and  employed  in  the  ctm- 
siruction  of  their  cells  ;  usually  called  Bees'  Wax. 
Its  native  color  is  yellow,  but  it  is  bleached  for  can- 
dles, &.C. 

2.  .\  thick,  tenacious  substance  excreted  in  the 
ear. 

3.  A  substance  secreted  by  certain  plants,  forming 
a  silvery  powder  on  tlie  leaver  and  fruit,  as  in  the 
wax-palm  anu  wax-isyrtle.  Cyc. 

4.  A  substance  used  ir.  sealing  letters  ;  called  Seai.- 
iwg-Wax  or  Spa«i9h-Wax.  This  is  a  compttsition 
of  lac  and  resin,  colored  with  some  pigment.  Cyc. 

5.  A  thick  substance  used  by  shoemakers  ftir  rub- 
bing their  thread. 

IVax,  mineral.    See  Ozocerite. 

WAX,  71.  t.  To  smear  or  rub  with  wax  ;  as,  to  wax  a 
thread  or  a  table. 

WAX,  r.  i. :  pret.  W^axed  ;  pp.  Waxed  or  Waxe!^. 
[  Sax.  weazan  ;  G.  wachsen  ;  Sw.  vaza ;  allied  proba- 
bly to  L.  auiTco,  atui,  Gr.  af(aj,  and  iiii^/.t.j 

1.  To  increase  in  size ;  to  grow  ;  to  become  larger ; 
as,  the  waiini;  and  the  walling  moon.  HakewUl. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another ;  to  become  ; 
as,  to  war  strong  ;  to  wax  warm  or  ctild  ;  to  wax  fee- 
ble ;  to  wax  hot ;  to  wax  old  ;  to  wax  worse  anil 
worse.  Scripture. 

WAX '-CAN-DEE,  ti.    [wax  and  candle.] 

A  caiidli^  made  of  wa.T. 
WAX'-CH.\M)-LER,  7i.     [wax  and  chandler.]  A 

maker  of  wax-candles. 
WA.X'£D,  (wakst,)  pp.     Smeared  or  rubbed  with 

wax. 

VVAX'£N,  a.    Made  of  wax  ;  as,  waxen  cells. 

Milton. 

2.  Resembling  wax.  A'rf.  Encyc. 

WAX'-E.M),      I  n.    ,\  thread  pointed  with  a  bristle 

VVAX'i."U-END,  j  and  covered  with  shoemaker's 
wax  ;  used  in  sewing  shoes.  Brockett. 

WAX'ING,  ppr.  Growing;  increasing;  becoming; 
smearing  with  wax. 

WAX'-.MOTII,  71.    The  bee-moth,  which  see. 

W AX'-M YR-'I'LE,  7i.  The  Myrica  cerifera,  a  shrub  of 
North  America  ;  also  called  Ca:«dleberrv-Tree  and 
Bavhekrv,  the  berries  of  which  are  covert>d  with  a 
greenish  wax,  called  myrtle-wax  or  bayberry  talloir. 

Bitrclow. 

WAX'-PALM,  (-p'lm,)  77.  A  species  of  palm,  the 
Ceroxylon  andicola,  a  native  of  the  Andes,  the  stem 
of  which  is  covered  with  a  secretion,  consisting  of 
two  thirds  resin  and  one  third  wax. 

Bonpland.  Vauquelin. 

VVAX'WING,  71.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Bombycilla, 
abiiiit  six  or  eight  inches  long.  There  are  several 
beautiful  species  so  named,  because  most  of  them 
have  sm.all,  oval,  horny  appendages  on  the  seconda- 
ries of  the  wings,  of  the  color  of  red  sealing-wax. 

P.  Cijc.  Jardine. 

WAX'-WORK,  (-work,)  71.  Figures  formed  of  wax, 
in  imiuitiiin  of  real  beings. 

WAX'Y,  a.  Soft  like  wax  ;  resembling  wax  ;  viscid  ; 
adhesive. 

WAY,  71.  [Sax.  wag,  weg ;  G.  and  D.  weg  ;  Dan.  vrj  ; 
Sw.  ran- ;  I,,  and  It.  na  ;  Fr.  voie  ;  coinciding  in  ori- 
gin with  wag,  weigh,  wagon,  vogue,  &.C.] 


1.  Litrrallij,  a  passing  ;  hence,  a  [lassage  ;  the  place 
of  passing  ;  hence,  a  road  of  any  kind  ;  a  hmhwiiy  ; 
a  private  road  ;  a  lane  ;  a  street  ;  any  place  fur  the 
passing  of  men,  cattle,  or  other  aniiiiuis  ;  n  word  of 
very  campreheiusive  signijication. 

2.  Lenuth  ot  space  ;  as.  a  great  way;  a  little  way. 

3.  Course  ;  direction  of  inolitui  or  travel.  What 
way  A'ui  he  take.'  Which  way  ^WM  1  go  ?  Keep  iu 
the  way  of  truth  and  knowledge. 

M.irk  what  way  I  noilte,  Sliak. 

4.  Passage;  room  for  passing.  ^lake  way  for  Ihe 
jury. 

5.  Course  or  regular  course. 

And  let  cteninl  ju.«tice  Uihe  the  way.  Dryden. 

6.  Tenilency  to  any  meaning  or  act. 

I'liere  is  iiotbiii^  in  the  wunis  that  touiiils  <Jiat  wsy.  AtUrbury. 

7.  Sphere  of  observation. 

i.'lc  general  ullici--n»  and  the  public  niliiUten!  that  fell  in  my  teau. 

TempU. 

8.  Manner  of  doing  any  thing  ;  method;  means  of 
doing.  Seek  the  best  way  of  learning,  and  pursue  it. 

By  nulile  isayt  we  (X^nquesls  will  pn^pare.  Dryden. 

9.  Method  ;  scheme  of  management. 

What  impious  wayg  my  wisle  s  tt)ol<.  Prior. 

10.  Manner  of  thinking  or  behavior;  particular 
turn  tif  opinion  ;  determination  or  humor.  Let  him 
have  his  waij,  when  that  will  not  injure  him,  or  any 
other  person.  Itiil  iniiUiluiles  of  children  are  ruined 
by  being  periuittril  to  have  their  way. 

11.  iMaiiner;  mode.  In  no  way  docs  this  matter 
belong  to  iiie.  We  admire  a  person's  way  of  express- 
ing his  iili  as. 

12.  Method  ;  manner  of  practice.  Find,  if  you 
can,  the  easiest  waij  to  livi-. 

Having  lust  Uie  way  of  nobleness.  Sidnty. 

13.  Method  or  plan  of  life  and  conduct.  Instruct 
your  children  in  the  right  way. 

Her  wayt  are  tt>a^«  of  pleasantness,  and  all  her  paths  ore  pnce. 

Prov.  iii. 

All  fl'  sh  had  corrupted  his  leny.  —  Gen.  vj. 

14.  Course  ;  process  of  things,  good  or  bad.  Things 
are  in  a  prosperous  way. 

15.  Right  method  to  act  or  know. 

We  are  tiuite  out  of  the  iray.  Lockt. 

16.  General  scheme  of  acting. 

Men  who  go  orit  of  the  way  to  hint  free  tbinj^a,  must  be  gnilty  of 
absurdity  or  rudeness.  Claritta. 

17.  Sect ;  denomination  of  a  particular  faith,  creed, 
or  worship.   jJcts- xix.  23. 

18.  IVay ;  among  seamen,  progress  ;  as,  a  ship  has 

way. 

19.  Ifay.i,  pi. ;  the  timbers  on  which  a  ship  is 
launched. 

To  make  way;  to  give  room  for  passing  ;  or  to  make 
a  v.acancy. 

To  give  way ;  to  recede ;  to  make  room  ;  or  to 
yield  ;  to  ctmcetie  the  place  or  tiiiinion  to  another. 

To  make  one^s  way ;  to  advance  in  life  by  elfurts ;  to 
advance  successfully. 

By  the  way  ;  en  passant ;  as  we  proceed  ;  a  phrase 
introducing  sonu'tliiiig  in  discourse  not  immediately 
connected  with  the  subject. 

To  go  one^s  way,  or  to  come  one'^s  way ;  to  go  or  come 
along.  Shale. 

To  go  the  way  of  all  the  earth  ;  to  die. 

In  the  way:  a  phrase  noting  obstruction.  What  is 
there  171  Uie  way  of  your  success 

In  Scripture,  the  ways  of  God  are  his  providential 
government  or  his  works.    Rom.  xi.    Job  xl. 

lyay  and  ways  are  used  in  certain  phrases  in  the 
sense  of  wise,  tie  is  no  ways  a  match  for  his  antag- 
onist. 

'Tis  no  way  the  interest  even  of  the  priestiiood.  Popt. 

To  be  under  way  ;  in  seamen^s  language,  to  be  in 
motion,  as  wlien  a  ship  begins  to  move.  So  a  ship 
is  said  to  have  headway,  when  she  moves  forward  in 
her  course,  and  sternwatj,  when  she  is  driven  astern. 
She  is  said  also  to  gattier  way,  or  to  lose  way.  lee- 
way is  a  movement  of  a  ship  aside  of  her  course,  or 
to  the  leeward. 

Milky  way  ;  in  astronomy,  the  galaxy  ;  a  broad,  lu- 
minous belt  or  space  in  the  heavens  supposed  to  be 
occasioned  by  the  blentled  light  of  an  immense  num- 
ber of  stars. 

Covert  way;  in  fortification,  a  passage  covered  from 
the  enemy's  fire. 

fVays  and  means  ;  in  Irgi.slation,  means  for  raising 
money  ;  resources  fur  revenue. 

Waii-gotng  crop,  among  farmers,  is  the  crop  which 
is  taken  from  the  ground  the  ^ar  the  tenant  leaves 
the  farm.  England.  Cyc. 

WAY'-BAG'GAGE,  »i.   The  baggage  or  luggage  of  a 

way-passenger  on  a  railroad,  &c. 
WAY'-BILL,  71.    A  list  of  passengers  in  a  public  ve- 

liicle.  United  Stairs. 

WAY'-BREAD,  (  bred,)  71.   A  name  given  to  the  herb 

plantain,  (Plantago  iii.ijor.)  Loudon. 
WAY'FAR-EK,  ii.    [way  and  fare,  Sax.  faran,  to  go  1 
A  traveler  :  a  jiassenger.  Carew. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOTJS.  — €  as  K  ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  7, ;  CH  as  Sll ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1." 


A  A  A  A  A' 


12.53 


WEA 


WE  A 


WEA 


VVaY'FaR-ING,  a.    [Supra.]    Traveling;  passing; 

heinz  on  a  jnurney.    Judges  xix. 
WaY'FaR-ING-TREE,  n.    A  shrub,  a  species  of  Vi- 
burnum. Cyc. 
VVAY'LAID,  pp.   Watched  in  the  way.    [See  Wav- 


l-AY.] 

WaY'LaY,  v. 


t.  [way  and  tay.]  To  watch  insid- 
iously in  the  way,  with  a  view  to  seize,  rob,  or  slay  ; 
to  beset  in  ambush ;  as,  to  waylay  a  traveler. 

Milton.  Dryden. 
[In  this  word  there  is  little  difference  of  accent.'] 
VVaY'LaY-ER,  n.     One  who  waits  for  another  in 

ambush,  with  a  view  to  seize,  rob,  or  slay  him. 
WaY'-LeAVE,  71.    A  provincial  term  for  the  ground 
purchased  for  a  wagon-way  between  coal-pits  and  a 
ru'er.    [Local.]  Cyc. 
W.AY'LESS,  a.    Having  no  road  or  path  ;  pathless; 

trackless.  Drayton. 
\Va  Y'-.MaK-ER,  n.    One  who  makes  a  way  ;  .1  pre- 
cursor. Bacon. 
VV.aY'-.MXRK,  7!.    [tcay  and  mark.]    A  mark  to  guide 

in  travelinj.    Jcr.  xxxi. 
WaY'.MENT,  v.  i.    [Sax.  wa,  woe.] 

To  lament.    [JVot  in  itse.]  Spenser. 
WaY'-P.^iNE,  n.    A  slip  left  for  cartage  in  watered 
land.    [Local.]  Cyc.  ' 

WaY'-PAS'SEX-GER,  71.    A  passenger  on  a  railroad 
or  in  a  stage-coach,  taken  up  at  some  intermediate 
place  between  the  principal  stopping-places. 
WaY'-THIS-TLE,  (-this-1,)  n.    A  troublesome  plant 

or  perermi:il  weed.  Cyc. 
VVa\''\VARD,  a.    [way  and  ward.]    Froward  ;  peev- 
ish ;  perverse  ;  liking  his  own  way. 

\Vayu)ftrd  beauty  doth  not  fancy  move.  Fair/ax. 

VVaY'-WARD-^N,  71.  In  local  usage,  the  surveyor  of 
a  roati. 

WaY'\VARD-LY,  orfp.    Frowardly;  perversely. 

Sidney. 

WaY'VVARD-NESS,  7t.    Frowardness;  perverseness. 

H^otton. 

Wa  Y'VVlS-ER,  71.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
distance  which  one  has  traveled  on  the  road  ;  called 
also  Perambulator,  and  Podometer  or  Pedome- 
ter. Cyc. 

WaY'WODE,  I  77.    [Slav,  voyna.  war,  and  vodit,  to 

WaI'WODE,  (  lead.] 

A  name  originally  given  to  military  commanders 
in  various  Slavonic  countries,  and  afterward  to  gov- 
ernors of  towns  or  provinces.  It  was  assiinieil  for  a 
time  by  the  rulers  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  who 
are  now  called  Hospodar-;,  and  has  also  been  given 
to  some  inferior  Turkish  officers.  P.  Cyc. 

WaY'VVODE-SHIP,  71.  The  province  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  «'ayvvode.  ££077. 

WAY'WORN,  a.    Wearied  by  traveling. 

We,  pron. ;  pi.  of  I ;  or  rather  a  difTi  rent  word,  denot- 
ing the  person  speaking  and  another  or  others  with 
him.  /  and  .lohn  the  speaker  calls  we,  or  /  and  Johji 
and  Thomas ;  or  /  and  many  others.  In  the  objective 
case,  715. 

We  is  used  to  express  men  in  general,  including 
the  speaker. 

Vice  8''en  to»  oft,  familiar  with  lier  face, 

We  firat  endtire,  then  pity,  then  emUnic«.  Pope. 

WeAK,  (week,)  a.  [Sax.  wane,  wace ;  G.  wrick, 
schwach  ;  D.  iwak ;  Dan.  vecg,  vtrtr ;  Sw.  vck.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  yield,  fail,  give  way, 
recede,  or  to  be  soft.] 

1.  Having  little  pliysical  strength  ;  feeble.  Chil- 
dren are  born  weak;  men  are  rendered  wcali  by  dis- 
ease. 

2.  Infirm  ;  not  healthy;  as,  a  weak  constitution. 

3.  Not  able  to  bear  a  great  weight ;  as,  a  weak 
bridge  ;  weak  timber. 

4.  Not  strong  ;  not  compact;  easily  broken  ;  as,  a 
weak  ship  ;  a  weak  rope. 

5.  Not  able  to  resist  a  violent  attack  ;  as,  a  weak 

6.  Soft ;  pliant ;  not  stiff.  [fortress. 

7.  Low  ;  small  ;  feeble  :  as,  a  weak  voice. 

8.  Feeble  of  mind  ;  wanting  spirit  ;  wanting  vigor 
of  understanding  ;  as,  a  weak  prince  ;  a  weak  magis- 
trate. 

To  think  every  thinjj  dinputAbli 
captious  o-inper. 

9.  Not  much  impregnated  with  ingredients,  or  with 
things  that  excite  action,  or  with  stimulating  and 
nourishing  substances  ;  as,  weak  broth  ;  weak  tea  ; 
weak  ttiddy  ;  n  weak  solution  ;  a  weak  decf)Ction. 

10.  Not  politically  powerful  ;  as,  a  weak  nation  or 

StiltC. 

11.  Not  having  force  of  authority  or  energy  ;  as,  a 
wcat  piivernmenl. 

J2.  Not  having  moral  force  or  power  to  convince  ; 
not  well  supported  by  truth  or  reason  ;  as,  a  weak  ar- 
gument. 

1.').  Not  well  supported  by  argument ;  aa,  weak  rea- 
son in  g. 

H.  Unfortified  ;  accessible  ;  impressible  ;  as,  the 
ioeaJc  side  of  a  pcrsttn. 

15.  Not  having  full  conviction  or  confidence  ;  as, 
weak  in  faith. 

Id.  fVeak  land.  Is  land  of  0  light,  thin  soil.  Cyc. 

[/  betievt  never  uned  in  JVeic  England.] 


I  proof  of  a  vtcnk  mind  and 
Btauie. 


Weak,  71.  (.    To  make  weak.    [JVu(  used.] 
WE.-iK,  V.  i.    To  become  weak.    [JVue  used.] 

__  ^  Chaucer. 

WeAK'KN,  (week'n,)  tJ.  U  [Sax.  wacan,  to  languish, 
to  vacillate.] 

1.  To  lessen  the  strength  of,  oi-  to  deprive  of 
strength  ;  to  debilitate  ;  to  enfeeble  ;  as,  to  weaken 
the  body  ;  to  weaken  the  mind  ;  to  weaken  the  hands 
of  the  magistrate  ;  to  weaken  the  force  of  an  objection 
or  an  argument. 

2.  To  reduce  in  strength  or  spirit ;  as,  to  weaken 
tea  ;  to  weaken  anv  solutit)n  or  dectjction. 

WeAK'£N-£D,  pp'.  Debilitated  ;  enfeebled  ;  reduced 
in  strength. 

WeAK'£N-ER,  71.    He  or  that  which  weakens. 

WeAK'£N-ING,  ppr.  Debilitating;  enfeebling;  re- 
ducing the  strength  or  vigor  of  any  thing. 

2.  a.    Having  the  quality  of  reducing  strength. 

WeAK'-E?-£D,  f-ide,)  a.    Having  weak  eyes. 

WeAK'-HEAD  ED,  a.    Having  a  weak  intellect. 

WeAK'-HEART-ED,  a.  Having  little  courage  ;  dis- 
piritetl. 

WeAK'LING,  71.    A  feeble  creature.  Sliak. 
WeAK'LY,  adv.  Feebly  ;  with  little  physical  strength  ; 
faintly  ;  not  forcibly  ;  as,  a  fortress  weakly  defended. 

2.  With  want  of  efficacy. 

Wa3  plighted  fAith  so  weakly  sealed  above  f  Dryden. 

3.  With  feebleness  of  mind  or  intellect;  indis- 
creetly ;  injuriously. 

Beneath  pretended  Justice  weakly  fall.  Dryden. 

_4.  Timorously  ;  with  little  courage  or  fortitude. 
WeAK'LY,  a.     Not  strong  of  constitution  ;  infirm  ; 
as,  a  weakly  woman  ;  a  man  of  a  weakly  constitution. 

Ralegh. 

Wi5AK'NESS,  71.  Want  of  physical  strength  ;  want 
of  ftirce  or  vigor;  feebleness;  as,  the  weakness  of  a 
child  ;  the  weakness  of  an  invalid  ;  the  weakness  of  a 
w.all  or  bridge,  or  of  thread  or  cordage. 

2.  Want  of  sprightliness. 

Soft,  without  weakness  ;  without  glarings,  gay.  Pope. 

3.  Want  of  steadiness. 

By  such  a  review,  we  shall  discern  and  strenetheo  our  weak' 
nesses.  Rogers. 

4.  Infirmity;  unhealthiness ;  as,  weakness  of  con- 
stitution. Temple. 

5.  Want  of  moral  force  or  efTect  upon  the  mind  ; 
as,  the  weakness  of  evidence ;  the  weakness  of  argu  • 
ments. 

G.  Want  of  judgment ;  feebleness  of  mind  ;  fool- 
ishness. 

All  wickethiess  is  uienknees.  Millon. 
7.  Defect;  failing;  fault;  with  a  plural. 

Many  take  pleasure  in  spreading  abroad  the  weaknesses  of  an 
exalteil  cliaracter.  Spectator. 

WeAK'SIDE,  n.  [weak  and  side.]  Foible  ;  defi- 
cience  ;  failing  ;  infirmity.  Temple, 

WeAK'-SiGHT-ED,  a.    Having  weak  sight. 

WeAK'-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.    Having  weak  spirits. 

We.'\L,  71.  [Sax.  wela;  G.  wohl ;  Dan.  vcl ;  from  the 
same  root  as  well,  Sw.  vdl ;  L.  valeo,  to  be  strong,  to 
avail,  to  prevail.  The  primary  sense  of  weal  is 
strength,  soundness,  from  the  sense  of  straining, 
stretching,  or  advancing.] 

1.  A  sound  stale  of  a  person  or  thing ;  a  state 
which  is  prosperous,  or  at  least  not  unfortunate,  not 
declining;  prosperity;  happiness. 

As  we  love  tlie  went  of  our  souls  and  bodies.  Bacon. 
Tlie  treat  or  woe  in  thee  is  placed.  Mitton. 

So  we  say,  the  public  weal,  the  general  weal,  the 
weal  of  the  nation  or  state.  B.  TVumbull. 

2.  Republic  ;  state  ;  public  interest. 

[Hut  we  now  use  Commo.nwealth,  in  the  sense 
of  state.] 

WeAL,  71.  The  mark  of  a  stripe.  [See  Wale.1 
WEALD,  WALD,  WALT,  WOLD,  in  Saxon  and 
other  Teutonic  dialects,  signifies  a  wood  or  forest. 
It  is  found  in  names, as  in  Walt-ham,  wood-house; 
corruptly  pronouncetl  Wal-tham. 
WeALD'EN,  a.  A  term  applied  in  England  to  cer- 
tain strata  of  the  upper  part  of  the  oolitic  series. 

Mantcll. 

WeALS'MAN,  n.    [meal  and  man.]    A  name  given 

sneerinnly  to  a  luilitician.  Skak. 
WEALTH,  (welth,)  71.     [from  weal;  Sax.  welcga, 
welga,  rich.] 

\.  Prosperity  ;  external  happiness.  [Obs.] 
2.  Riches  ;  largt^  possessions  of  mtmcy,  gotjds,  or 
land  ;  that  abundance  of  worldly  est.nte  which  ex- 
ceeds the  estate  of  the  greater  j)art  of  the  commu- 
nity ;  atlluence ;  opulence. 

Kach  day  new  wealth  without  their  care  provide*.  Dryrlen, 

WEALTir  oiV-ING,  a.    Yielding  wealth. 
WKAI/ril'l-EU,  o.  ciimp.    .More  wealthy.  Borrow. 
WEALTll'I  LY,  (welth'e-le,)  arfi).    Rirlily.  Sltak. 
WEALTH'LNESS,  71.    State  of  being  wealthy  ;  rich- 
ness. 

WEAIiTH'V,  (welth'c,1  a.  Rich,  having  large  poa- 
flessitins  in  lantis,  gootls,  money,  or  securities,  or 
largerthan  the  generality  of  men  ;  opulent;  atiluent. 
Ah  wtN'illh  ia  a  coniparative  thing,  a  man  may  be 
wenlihy  in  one  place,  and  not  bo  in  another.    A  man 


may  be  deemed  wealthy  in  a  village,  who  would  not 
be  so  considered  in  London. 
WeAN,  (ween,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  wenan,  gewmnan,  to  ac- 
custom ;  from  the  root  of  wont,  wont;  gewunian,  to 
delay  ;  D.  wenan,  afwejian  ;  G.  entwbhncn  ;  Sw.  vdnja. 
See  Wont.] 

1.  To  aciaistom  and  reconcile,  as  a  child  or  other 
young  animal,  to  a  want  or  deprivation  of  the 
breast. 

And  the  child  grew  and  was  weaned.  — Gen.  xii. 

2.  To  detach  or  alienate,  as  the  affections,  from 
any  object  of  desire  ;  to  reconcile  to  the  want  or  loss 
of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  wean  the  heart  from  temporal 
enjoyments. 

Wf;AN'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Accustomed  or  reconciled  to 
the  want  of  the  breast  or  other  object  of  desire. 

WeAN'EL,     j  71.    A  child  or  other  animal  newly 

WeAN'LING,  i     weaned.  Milton. 

WeAN'ING,  jj/ir.  Accustoming  or  reconciling,  as  a 
young  child  or  other  animal,  to  a  want  of  the  breast ; 
reconciling  to  the  want  of  any  object  of  desire. 

WEAP'ON,  (wep'n,)  7!.  [Sax.  wa!pn,wepn;  D.  and  G. 
wapen  ;  Dan.  vaabcn  ;  Sw.  vapen.  This  word  seems 
to  be  from  some  root  signifying  to  strike,  L.  vapula, 
our  vulgar  whap,  awhap.] 

1.  Any  instrument  of  offense  ;  any  thing  used  or 
designed  to  be  used  in  destroying  or  annoying  an  en- 
emy. The  -weapons  of  rude  nations  are  clubs,  stones, 
ami  bows  and  arrows.  Modern  weapons  of  war  are 
swords,  muskets,  pistols,  cannon,  and  the  like, 

2.  An  instrument  fur  contest,  or  for  combating 
enemies. 

The  weapons  of  our  warfare  are  not  carnal.  —  2  Cor.  x. 

3.  An  instrument  of  defense. 

4.  fVeapons,  in  btdany,  arms  ;  thorns,  prickles,  and 
stings,  with  which  plants  are  furnished  for  defense  ; 
enumerated  among  the  fulcres  by  LinuEUS. 

Jifartyn. 

WE.\P'ON-KD,(wep'nd,)a.  Armed;  furnished  with 

weapons  or  arms  ;  equipped.  Hayward, 
WEAP' ON-LESS,  a.    Unarmed;  having  no  weapon. 

Milton. 

WEAP'ON-PALVE,  (-s4v,)  77.  [weapon  and  salve.] 
A  salve  which  was  supposed  to  cure  the  wound, 
by  being  applied  to  the  weapon  that  made  it.   [  Obs.] 

Boyle. 

WEaR,  (ware,)  !).  t. ;  pre(.  Wore  ;  pp.  Worn,  [W. 
gwariaw,  to  spend  or  consume  ;  Sax.  weran,  werian, 
to  carry,  to  wear,  as  arms  or  clothes.] 

1.  To  waste  or  impair  by  rubbing  or  attrition  ;  to 
lessen  or  diminish  by  time,  use,  or  instruments.  A 
current  of  water  often  wears  a  channel  in  limestone. 

2.  To  carry  appenilant  to  the  body,  as  clothes  or 
weapons  ;  as,  to  wear  a  coat  or  a  robe  ;  to  wear  a 
sword  ;  to  wear  a  crown. 

On  her  white  breast  a  sparkling  cross  she  wore.  Pope. 

3.  To  have  or  exhibit  an  appearance  ;  to  bear ;  as, 
she  wears  a  smile  on  her  countenance. 

4.  To  affect  by  degrees. 

Tri,als  ifefir  us  into  a  liking  of  what  posalbly,  in  tlie  first  essay, 
displeased  us.  Locke. 

To  wear  away;  to  consume;  to  impair,  diminish, 
or  destroy,  by  gradual  attrition  or  decay.  Dryden. 

To  wear  off;  to  diminish  by  attrition  or  slow  de- 
cay. Sontk. 

To  wear  out;  to  consume,  to  render  useless  by  at- 
trition or  decay  ;  as,  to  irrar  out  a  coat  or  a  bmik, 

2.  To  consume  tediously  ;  as,  to  wear  out  life  in 
idle  projects. 

3.  To  harass  ;  to  tire. 

He  shall  wear  out  the  saints  of  the  Most  Hijh.  —  Dan.  vii, 

4,  To  waste  the  strength  of;  as,  an  old  man  worn 
out  in  the  service  of  his  country, 

5,  In  navigation,  to  wear  (originally  veer)  is  to  put 
the  ship  on  the  other  tack,  by  turning  her  round, 
stern  toward  the  wind.  Mar.  Dirt. 

WEAR,  (ware,)  v.  i.  To  be  wasted  ;  to  be  diminished 
by  attrition,  by  use,  or  by  time. 

Thou  wilt  surely  wear  away. —  Ex.  xviii. 

2.  To  bo  tediously  spent. 

Thus  loore  out  ni^ht.  Milton. 

3.  To  be  consumed  by  slow  degrees.  It  is  better 
to  wear  out  than  to  rust  out. 

To  wear  off;  to  pass  away  by  degrees.    The  fiillics 
of  youth  wear  off  with  age. 
WEAR,  (ware,)  ri.    The  art  of  wearing;  diminution 
by  friction  ;  as,  the  tocar  and  tear  of  a  garment. 
2.  The  thing  worn. 

tVear  and  tear;  the  loss  by  wearing,  .as  of  niacliin- 
ery  in  use. 

Wear,  (weer,)  n.  [Sax  witr,  wer ;  from  the  root  of 
werian,  to  hold,  defend,  protect ;  D.  wnnren  or  weeren ; 
ofltm  written  uJicr,    See  Warren  and  Guard.] 

1.  A  dam  in  a  river  to  stop  and  raise  the  water, 
for  conducting  it  to  a  mill,  fir  taking  fish,  &.c. 

2.  A  fence  of  stakes  or  twigs  set  in  a  stream  for 
catching  fish. 

[This  word  is  also  spelt  Weir  or  Uier.] 
WEAR'A-nLE,  a.    That  can  be  worn.  Swift 
WEARD,  Sax.,  a  warden,  in  names,  denotes  watch- 


FATB,  PAR,  P/\LL,  WHAT,— Me'IE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  IIQQK.- 


1354 


I 


WEA 


WEA 


WED 


fulne.ss  or  cnre  ;  but  it  must  not  be  confjunded  with 
ward  in  toward 

WBAR'EU,  n.    [from  wear.']    One  who  wears  or  car- 
ries as  appendant  to  tlic  body  ;  as,  tlie  vjcarcr  of  a 
clonk,  a  sword,  or  a  crown. 
_Q.  That  whicli  wastes  or  diminishes. 

VVv:A'RI-f:D,  (wO'rid,)  pp.  or  a.    Tired  ;  fatigued. 

VVf.A'RI-LY,  ai/r.    In  a  tired  or  weary  manner. 

VVe.\'R1-NESS,  )i.  [from  icion/.l  The  stiitc  of  be- 
ing weary  or  tired  ;  that  hissitiide  or  exhaustion  of 
strength  whicli  is  induced  l>y  labor;  fatigue. 

With  aearineet  iiml  wine  oppn'aaod.  Dryden. 

1.  Lassitude  ;  uneasiness  proceeding  from  contin- 
ued waiting,  disappointed  expectation,  or  exhausted 
patience,  or  from  other  cause. 

WEaR'ING,  ppr.  Bearing  on  or  appendant  to  the 
person  ;  diminishing  by  friction;  consuming. 

2.  a.  Denoting  what  is  worn  ;  as,  wfarinir  ap- 
pajrel. 

WEAR'ING,  n.    Clothes ;  garments.   [Obs.]  Shak. 

VVEaR'ISH,  0.    Boggy  ;  watery.    [JVui  irt  u^r.] 

2.  Weak  ;  wasliy.    [jYut  in  use/]  Carew. 

Wk.\'RI-SO.ME,  (we're-sum,)  a.  [from  wcanj.]  Caus- 
ing weariness  ;  tiresome  ;  tedious  ;  fatiguing;  as,  a 
wtarUome  march  ;  a  wearisome  day*s  work. 

Wearitomt  ni;rliu  i\re  ;»ppointi-tl  to  mc. — Job  vil. 

Wf.A'RI-POME-LY,  adv.  Tediously  ;  so  as  to  cause 
weariness.  Uute^h. 

VVEA'RI.SO.ME-NESS,n.  The  quality  of  exhausting 
strength  or  patience  ;  tiresomeness  ;  tediousness  ;  as, 
the  wearu!iomene:iS  of  toil,  or  of  waiting  long  in  anx- 
ious expectation. 

WliA'RY,  (we're,)  a.  [.Sa.T.  «>m» ;  allied  perhaps  to 
icear.] 

1.  Having  the  strength  much  exhausted  by  toil  or 
violent  exertion  ;  tired  ;  fatigued. 

[It  should  be  observed,  however,  that  this  word 
expresses  less  than  Tired,  particularly  when  applied 
to  a  beast  ;  as,  a  tired  horse.  It  is  followed  by  of 
before  the  cause  of  fatigue  ;  as,  to  be  weary  of  march- 
ing ;  to  be  weary  of  reaping ;  to  be  weary  of 
study. 

2.  Having  the  patience  exhausted,  or  the  mind 
yielding  to  discouragement.  He  was  weary  of  asking 
for  redress. 

3.  Causing  weariness  ;  tiresome;  as,  a  weary  way  ; 
a  weary  life.  Spenser.  Sbak. 

WeA'RY,  ti.  (.  [from  the  adjective.]  To  reduce  or 
exhaust  the  physical  strength  of  the  body  ;  to  tire  ; 
to  fatigue  ;  as,  to  weary  one's  self  with  labor  or  trav- 
eling. 

The  people  shall  weary  themselves  for  very  vanity.  —  Hub.  ii. 
3.  To  make  impatient  of  continuance. 

I  stuy  too  long  by  thee  ;  I  weary  thee.  Shale. 

3.  To  harass  by  any  thing  irksome  ;  as,  to  be 
wearied  of  waiting  for  the  arrival  of  the  post. 
To  weani  out:  tti  subdue  or  tixhaust  by  fatigue. 

We.\'RY-I.\(J,  ppr.  Exhausting  the  strength  of  the 
body ;  fatiguing. 

Wf.A'S.A.XI),  /  >i.      [Sax.   wasend,  wxsend;  perhaps 

We'S.A.MD,  S  from  the  root  of  wheeic,  and  Goth. 
and,  Dan  aande,  breath.] 

The  windpipe  or  trachea  ;  the  canal  through  which 
a^r  passes  to  anti  from  the  lungs. 

WeA'SA;L,  j  n.    [Sax.  wisle :  Dan.  rrsel ;  G.  wiesel : 

WEE'S£L,  (  D.  wcczel.  I  know  not  the  meaning  of 
this  name.    In  G.  wiese  is  a  nit-atlow.] 

A  small  qu.-idruped  of  the  genus  .Miistela,  which 
lives  under  the  roots  of  tret>s,  or  in  other  holes,  and 
feeds  on  small  birds,  but  particularly  cm  mice.  It 
has  a  long,  slender  body,  and  short  legs.  A  weasel 
that  frequents  barns  and  corn  houses,  frees  them 
from  rats  and  mice,  and  is  sometimes  deemed  a  very 
useful  inmate. 

WeA'SEL-COOT,  n.  The  red  headed  sinew,  or  Mer- 
gus  miniitus.  Ci/c. 

WEA'SKL-FAC-Kn,(-<riste,)<i.  Having  a  thin,  sharp 
face,  like  a  weasel.  [Spelled,  also,  Weezel  and 
We»7.es.1 

WEATH'ER,  (weth'er,)  n.  [Sax.  wedrr,  wander,  or 
wether  ;  G.  wetter  ;  O.  weder  or  werr ;  Dan.  rejr :  S  w. 
vdder ;  Sans,  widara,  a  storm,  'i'he  |iriinary  sense  of 
this  word  is  air,  wind,  or  atmosphere;  probably  the 
Gr.  iiHri",  whence  ethrr.] 
Properly,  the  air  ;  hence, 

1.  The  state  of  Ilie  air  or  atmosphere  with  respect 
to  heat  or  cold,  wetness  or  dryness,  calm  or  storm, 
clearness  or  cloudiness,  or  any  other  ineteorohigical 
phenomena  ;  as,  warm  weather ;  cold  weather  ;  wet 
weaVier ;  dry  weather;  ei\\in  weather;  tempestuous 
weather;  fait  weatJtcr  I  cloudy  lefo/Acr ;  hazy  weather ; 
and  the  like. 

3.  Change  of  the  state  of  the  air.  Bacon. 

3.  Storm  ;  tempest.  Dryden. 

[These  last  sitrn{fication3  are  net  now  iji  itsc,  unless 
by  a  poetic  license.] 

Stress  of  weather;  violent  winds;  force  of  tem- 
pests. 

WEATH'ER,  (weth'er,)  r.  L  To  air  ;  to  expose  to 
the  air.    [Rarely  used.]  Spmser.  Tusser. 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  to  sail  to  the  windward  of 


something  else  ;  as,  to  weallier  a  cape  ;  to  weather 
another  ship.    As  this  is  often  difficult,  lience, 

3.  To  bear  up  against  and  resist,  though  with 
difficulty  ;  as,  to  weather  the  storm.  Hale. 

To  weather  a  point;  to  gain  or  accomplish  it  against 
opposit  itin .  J3ddison. 

To  wrallicr  out ;  to  encounter  successfully,  though 
with  difficulty  ;  as,  to  weather  out  a  storm. 

Weather  is  used  with  several  words,  either  as  an 
adjective,  or  as  forming  part  of  a  compound  word. 

WEATU'ER-BicAT'^;.'^,  (weth'er  bi  et'n,)  a.  Bi  alen 
or  harassed  by  the  weather.  J\hltun.  lirnnde. 

WEATH'EU-BIT,  n.  A  turn  of  the  cable  about  the 
end  of  the  winillass,  without  the  knight-heads. 

WEATIl'ER-BoARI),  ii.  That  side  of  a  ship  which 
is  toward  the  wind  ;  the  windward  side.  So,  in 
other  words,  weather  sigiiilies  towaril  the  wiiul  or 
windward  ;  as  in  weuthcr-Xmw ,  icraf/trr-braces,  wenth- 
fr-gage,  weutJirr-\'\{\s,  ?rfrtt/;(T-quarter,  weather- 
shroiitls,  weuthrr-s\Ac,  wcfl(/ifT'Shore,  &c. 

2.  .\  hoard  forming  a  close  junction  between  the 
shingling  of  a  roof  and  the  side  of  the  building  be- 
neath, tisuallv  at  the  ends  where  there  is  no  cornice. 

VVE.Vf  H'ER-l'iflARn,  r.  (.  To  nail  hoards  lapping 
one  over  another,  in  order  to  exclude  rain,  snt>w,&.c. 

GtDilt. 

WEATH'ER-BOARn  I.N'G,  71.  The  act  of  nailing  up 
boards  lapping  one  over  another;  or  the  boards  them- 
selves. 

WEATII'ER-BoARnS,  n.  pi.  Pieces  of  planks 
placed  in  the  ports  of  a  ship,  when  laid  up  in  ordi- 
narv.  vVur.  Diet. 

VVE.<TirER-nOUND,  a.    Delayed  by  bad  weather. 

WEATH'ER-CEO'f  IIS,  «.  pi.  Long  pieces  of  canvas 
or  tarpaiiling  used  to  preserve  the  hammocks  from 
injury  by  the  weather  when  stowed,  or  to  defend 
perstuis  from  the  wind  and  spray.  .Mar.  Diet. 

WEATlI'ER-eOCK,  11.  [weather  nnA  cock.]  A  vane 
or  we.tther-vane  ;  something  originally  in  the  shape 
of  a  cock,  placed  on  the  top  of  a  spire,  which,  by 
turning,  shows  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

2.  Any  thing  or  person  that  turns  easily  and  fre- 
quently ;  a  fickle,  inconstant  person.  Dri/den. 

WEATII'ER-nRIV-i^N,  (weth'er-driv-n,)  71.  [wratli- 
er  and  driven.]  Driven  by  winds  or  storms  ;  forced 
by  stress  of  weather.  Carew. 

WEATH'ER-FEND,  v.  U  [weather  and  fend.]  To 
shelter. 

WEATH'ER-GALL,  n.  A  secondary  rainbow,  said 
to  be  a  sign  of  bad  weather.    [Mirth  of  F.njriand.] 

WEATH'ER-GaGE,  71.  [weather  anA  gaite.]  A  ship 
is  said  to  have  the  wrathrr-trage  of  another,  when 
she  is  at  the  windward  of  her,  and  thus  has  the  ad- 
vantage. 

Hence,  in  JIudibras, 

To  veer,  nnil  tnck,  anil  Bleer  a  ctuse 
Affjinst  Uie  weat/ier-gage  uf  laws, 

denotes  to  evade  sheer  force  by  dextrous  shifts. 
WEATH'ER-GL.^ISS,  71.    [7<ir«;/ier  and  ^?u.w.]  An 
instrument  to  indicate  the  state  of  the  atmosphere. 
This  word  includes  the  barometer,  thermometer, 
hygrometer,  manometer,  and  anenioineter. 

Ilatton. 

WE.\TH'ER-HELM,  71.  [wrnllier  and  helm.]  A  ship 
is  said  to  carry  a  weather-helm,  when  she  is  inclined 
to  come  too  near  the  winil.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATH'ER-ING,  71.  In  geoloirij,  the  action  of  the 
elements  on  a  rock  in  altering  its  color,  texture,  or 
composition,  or  in  roiiniliiig  off  its  edges.  Dana. 

WEA'i'H'ER-.MOST,  a.  [wcallter  and  most.]  Being 
furthest  to  the  windwarif. 

WEATII'ER-I*ROOF,a.  [weather  and  proof.]  Proof 
against  rough  weather. 

WEATH'ER-RoLI.,  «.  [weather  roll.]  The  roll 
of  a  ship  to  the  windward  ;  opposed  to  LEE-Lt'nrH. 

WE.ATH'ER-SPV,  n.  [weather  and  ^-py.]  A  star- 
gazer;  one  that  foretells  the  weather.    [Little  used.] 

Donne. 

WEATH'ER-TlDE,  n.  [weather  and  tide.]  The  tide 
which  sets  against  the  lee-side  of  a  ship,  impelling 
her  to  the  wiiulward.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATII'ER-TINT-ED,  a.    Tinted  by  the  weather. 

WEA'f  H'ER-WISE,  a.  [weather  and  wise.]  Skillful 
in  foreseeing  the  changes  or  state  of  the  weather. 

WE.'^'f  H'ER-WIS-ER,  71.  Something  that  foreshows 
the  weather.    [JVut  used.]  Dcrham. 

WE.VTH'ER  .ED.pp.  Passed  to  the  windward ;  passed 
with  dilhciilly. 

2.  a.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  applied  to  a  specimen, 
when  the  surface  is  altered  in  color,  texture,  or  com- 
position, or  the  edges  are  rounded  olf  by  exposure  to 
the  elements.  Dana. 

WEA'f  ll'ER-ING,  ppr.  Passing  or  sailing  to  the 
windward  ;  passing  with  difficulty. 

Wl~;AVE,  (weev,)  v.  t.  ;  prrt.  Wove;  pp.  Woven, 
Wove.  The  regular  form,  Weaveo,  is  rirely  or 
never  used.  [Sax.  wefan  ;  G.  weben  ;  D.  weeven  ;  Sw. 
vafca;  Dan.  rtreer;  Vkxs.  baftan ;  Gr.  I't/xito.] 

1.  To  unite  threads  of  any  kind  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  form  cloth.  This  is  done  by  crossing  the 
threads  by  means  of  a  shuttle.  The  inoiles  of  weav- 
ing, and  the  kinds  of  texture,  are  various.  The 
threads  tirst  laid  in  length  are  called  the  Warp  ; 


those  which  cross  thein  in  the  direction  of  the 
breailth  arc  called  the  Weft  or  Woof. 

2.  To  unite  any  thing  flexible  ;  as,  to  weave  twigg. 

3.  To  unite  by  intermixture  or  close  connection  ; 
as,  a  form  of  religion  woven  into  the  civil  govi^n- 
ment.  Mdison. 

4.  To  interpose  ;  to  iiiserL 

This  weavee  itself  perforirc  ii)l«  my  buainets.  Sliak. 
Weave,  ».  i.    To  practice  weaving  ;  to  work  with  s 
It^om. 

VVe.\  V'ER,  71.  One  who  weaves  ;  one  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  weave. 

3.  The  common  name  of  the  genus  Ploceiis,  of 
several  S|)ecies,  passerine  birds,  natives  of  Africa 
and  the  East  Indies  ;  so  called  because  they  con- 
struct curious  ^nd  often  pensile  nests,  by  interweav- 
ing twigs  and  fibers.  Ed.  Kncyc. 

WeAV'ER-I'ISH,  ;i.  A  fish  of  the  perch  family. 
[See  Weever.] 

Weaving, /»;7r.  Forming  cloth  by  intermixture  of 
threads. 

WeA  VLNG,  71.    The  act  or  art  of  forming  cloth  in  a 
loom,  by  the  union  or  intertexture  of  threads. 
2.  The  task  or  work  to  be  done  in  making  cloth. 

We.'V'ZA'N,  (we'zn,)  a.  Thin;  sh.irp  ;  as,  a  iriarm 
face.  Dickens. 

WEI!,  71.    [Sax.  irci ;  Sw.  rS/.    See  Weave.] 

1.  Texture  of  threads  ;  plexus  ;  any  thing  woven. 
Penelope  devised  a  web  to  deceive  her  wooers. 

Spenser. 

2.  Locally,  a  piece  of  linen  cloth. 

Entrland.  Ireland. 

3.  A  dusky  film  that  forms  over  the  eye  and  hin- 
ders the  sight  ;  siidusion.  Shak. 

4.  Some  part  of  u  sword.  Qu.  net-work  of  the 
handle  or  hilt.  Shak.  Fairfax. 

.').  In  ship-buiUlinir,  the  thin  partilitm  on  the  inside- 
of  the  rim  and  between  the  spokes  of  a  sheave. 

Cye. 

C.  In  ornitholony,  the  mcinbranc  which  unites  the 

toes  of  many  water-fowls. 

Spider^s  web  :  a  plexus  of  very  delicate  threads  or 

lilaiiients  which  a  spidi'r  spins  fi't>m  its  bowels,  and 

which  serves  as  a  net  to  catch  Hies  or  other  insects 

for  its  food. 

IVcb  of  a  coulter,  is  the  thin,  sharp  part. 
WEB'B£1),  (webd,)  n.    [from  web.]    Having  the  toes 

united  by  a  membrane,  or  web  ;  as,  the  webbed  feet 

of  aquatic  fowls. 
WEB'BING,  71.    A  strong  fabric  of  hemp,  two  ortliree 

inches  wide,  made  fur  supporting  the  seats  of  stulfed 

chairs,  sofas,  &.c. 
WEB'-FOOT-ED,  a.  [web  and  fool.]   Having  webbed 

feet  ;   p:iluiiped.     A  goose  or  duck  is  a  webfooted 

fowl. 

WED,  r.  t.  [Sax.  weddian,  to  covenant  ;  to  promise  ; 
to  marry  ;  Sw.  voilja  ;  Dan.  vedder,  to  wager  ;  W. 
gwezH  ;  h.  rador,  to  give  bail,  or  fa^dus,  a  league  ; 
probably  both  are  of  one  family.] 

1.  To  marry  ;  to  take  for  husband  or  for  wife. 

Since  the  (lay 

I  saw  thee  first,  and  weddtd  Ihet.  ^lUlon. 

2.  To  join  in  marriage. 

Ami  Adam,  weddtd  to  anetlier  Eve, 

Shall  live  wiUi  her.  Milton. 

3.  To  unite  closely  in  affection  ;  to  attach  firmly. 
We  are  apt  to  be  wedded  to  our  own  customs  and 
opinions. 

Men  are  wedded  to  llieir  Instj.  TiUolton. 

4.  To  unite  forever. 

TliDU  art  icedded  to  calamity.  ShaJe. 

5.  To  espouse  ;  to  take  part  with. 

They  wedded  his  cause.  [Otit.]  Ctarendon. 
WED,  V.  i.    To  marry  ;  to  contract  matrimony. 

When  shrill  I  leeii.'  Shalt. 
WED,  71.    A  pledge 

WED'DED,  pp.  or  a.    Married  ;  closely  attached. 
WED'DING,  ppr.    Marrying;  uniting  with  in  niatri- 
niiuiy. 

WED'DING,  71.  Marriage  ;  nuptials ;  nuptial  ceremo- 
ny ;  nuptial  festivities. 

I.et  her  tjeauly  be  her  tpedding  dtwet,  Shak. 

WED'DING-ei.oTHES,  71.  Iwedding  and  clothes.] 
Garments  for  a  bride  or  a  briae{ruom,  to  be  worn  a( 
marriage. 

WED'DING-DAY,  n.  [wedding  and  day.]  The  daj[ 
of  marriage. 

WED'DING-FeAST,  71.  [wedding  and  feast.]  A 
feast  or  entertainment  prepared  for  the  guests  at  a 
wedtling. 

WEDGE,  (wej,)  71.  [Sax.  tnecg,  wircg;  Dan.  veg; 
Sw.  vigg;  D.  wig.  This  word  signifies  a  mass,  a 
lump.] 

1.  Am.-tssof  metal ;  as,  a  wedge  of  gold  or  silver. 
Josh.  vii. 

2.  A  piece  of  metal,  particularly  iron,  thick  at  one 
end  and  sloping  to  a  tliin  edge  at  the  other,  used  in 
splitting  wood,  rocks,  &.C.  This  is  one  of  the  five 
mechanical  powers.  A  like  piece  of  wiKxI  is  by 
some  persons  called  a  wedge,  or  a  glut. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOi;S  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


WEE 


WEI 


3.  In  geometry^  a  solid  fif  five  sides,  viz.,  a  rectan- 
gular base,  two  rhotnbi)id:il  sides  meeting  in  an  edge, 
and  two  triansnlar  ends.  Day, 

4.  SometliinE  in  the  form  of  a  wedge.  Some- 
times bodies  of  troops  are  drawn  up  in  the  form  of  a 

WEDGE,  (wej,)  v.t.  To  cleave  with  a  wedge;  to 
rive.    {LitUe  used.] 

2.  To  drive  as  a  wedge  is  driven  ;  to  crowd  or 
compress  closely.  We  were  wedged  in  by  tlie 
crowd. 

3.  To  force,  as  a  wedge  forces  its  way  ;  as,  to 
wedge  one's  way.  Milton, 

4.  To  fasten  with  a  wedge  or  with  wedges  ;  as,  to 
wedge  on  a  scj'Ihe  ;  to  wedge  in  a  rail  or  a  piece  of 

5.  To  fix  in  the  manner  of  a  wedge.  [timber. 
Wedgtd  in  the  rocky  shuiUs,  and  sticking  fast.  Dryden. 

WED6'£D,  (wejd,)  pp.  Split  with  a  wedge  ;  fast- 
ened with  a  wedse ;  closely  compressed. 

WEDGE'-Sn.^P-£D,  (wej'shapt,'!  a.  [wedge  and 
sliape.]    Having  the  shape  of  a  wcdiie  ;  cuneiform. 

A  wedge-shaped  leaf  is  broad  and  truncale  at  the 
summit,  an<l  tapering  down  to  the  base.  Smith. 

WEDG'WOOD-W.^RE,  n.  [from  the  name  of  the 
inventor.}  A  kind  t)f  semi-vitrified  potter>',  withi*(it 
much  superficial  glaze,  but  capable  of  receiving  all 
kinds  of  colors  by  nit^ans  of  metallic  oxyds  and 
ochers.  Admirable  imitations  of  Etruscan  and  otiier 
vases  liave  been  eiiecuted  in  this  ware.  Ure. 

WEDG'I.N'G,  p/ir.  Cleaving  with  a  wedge  ;  fastening 
with  wedses  ;  compressing  closelv. 

WED'LOCK,  71.  [au.  wed  and  lii^k,  or  Sa.t.  lae,  a 
gift.] 

Marriage  ;  matrimony.  Jlddison. 

WED'LOCK,  r.  (.    To  niarrv.    [Little  naed.]  Milton. 

WED'LOCK-SD,  (wed'lokt,)  pp.  United  in  mar- 
riase.    [Little  used.]  Milton. 

WEDXES'DAY,  (wenz'de,)  n.  [Sax.  JVndensdieg, 
Woden's  da>' ;  Sw.  Odensdag  or  Onsdag ;  from 
Wodin  or  Odin,  a  deity  or  chief  among  the  north- 
ern nations  of  Europe.] 

The  fourth  day  of  the  week  ;  the  next  day  after 
Tuesday. 

WEE,  a.    [Contracted  from  G.  ?ccniV.] 

Small ;  little.    [.Vo£  in  use.] 
WEECH'ELM,  )        .  ^   ,  d 

WITCH'-ELM  i       A  species  of  elm.  Bacon. 

WEED,  n.    [S.a.v.  weorl.] 

1.  The  general  name  of  any  plant  that  is  tiseless 
or  troublesimie.  The  word,  therefire,  has  no  defi- 
nite application  to  any  particular  plant  or  species  of 
plants ;  hut  whatever  plants  grow  among  corn, 
grass,  or  in  hedges,  and  which  are  either  of  no  use 
to  man  or  injurious  to  crops,  are  denominated  weeds. 

2  .Any  kind  of  unprofitable  substance  among  ores 
in  mines,  as  mundic  or  marcasite.  [Local.] 
WEED,  71.    [Sax.  tcicd,  wada,  a  vesluient,  any  gar- 
ment, that  which  is  put  on.] 

1.  Properly,  a  garment,  as  in  Spenser,  but  now 
used  only  in  the  plunil,  weeds,  fur  tile  mourning  ap- 
parel of  a  female  ;  as,  a  widow's  weeds.  MilVm. 
Q.  An  upper  garment.    [Ol)s.]  Chapman. 
WEED,  r.  (.    [Sax.  wrodian  :  D.  treeden.] 

1.  To  free  from  noxious  plants  j  as,  to  weed  corn  or 
onions  ;  to  weed  a  garden. 

2.  To  take  away,  as  noxious  plants  ;  as,  to  weed  a 
writing  of  invectives. 

3.  To  free  from  any  thing  hurtful  or  offensive ;  as, 
to  weed  a  kingdom  of  bad  subjects. 

4.  To  root  out  vice  ;  as,  to  weed  the  hearts  of  the 
young.  Locke,  .ischnm. 

WEED'ED,  pp.  Freed  from  weeds  or  whatever  is 
noxious. 

WEED'ER,  71.  One  that  weeds  or  frees  from  any 
thinz  noxious. 

WEED'ER-Y,  n.  Weeds  collectively  ;  a  place  full  of 
weeds  or  for  the  growth  of  weeds. 

WEKD  -GRfiW.V,  a.    Overgrown  with  weeds. 

WEED'-HOOK,        j  71.    [weed  and  hook.]     A  hook 

WEED'I.\C;-HOOK,  j  used  for  cutting  aw.ay  or  ex- 
tirpating weetfs.'  Tiisser. 

WEED'ING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  weeds  or  wliatevcr 
is  noxious  to  growlh. 

WEED'ING,  71.  The  operation  of  freeing  from  nox- 
ifius  weeds,  as  a  crop.  Cue. 

WEED'Ii^G-CIIIS'EL,  n.  A  to.d  with  a  divided 
chisel  pouit,  for  cutting  the  roots  of  large  weeds  with- 
in the  ground.  Cyr.. 

WEED'ING-FOU'CEPS,  (  n.      An   instrument  for 

WEKD'I.NG-TO.VGS,  j  taking  up  some  sorts  of 
plants  in  weedinjr. 

WEED'I.NG-KORK,  n.  A  strong,  three-pronged  fork, 
used  in  clearing  trround  of  weeds. 

WEE»'I.\G-RIIIM,  n.  An  implement  somcwhatlikc 
the  frame  of  a  whi-el-barrow,  used  for  tearing  up 
weeds  on  summer  fallows,  &.c. ;  used  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land. Cue. 

WEED'LESS,  0.   Free  from  weeds  or  noxious  matter. 

JJrytlen. 

WEED'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  weeds;  as,  wtr'ihi  tro- 
phies. Shak.' 

3.  Abounding  with  weeds  ;  as,  weedy  grounds  ;  a 
weeAy  garden  ;  weedy  corn. 


WEEK,  71.    [Sax.  weoc ;  D.  week  ;  G.  woche  ;  Dan.  ugc ; 
Sw.  vecka.] 

1 .  Tiie  space  of  seven  days. 

1  fast  twice  in  the  ireek. —  Luke  xviii. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  prophetic  week,  is  a  week  of 
years,  or  seven  years.    Dan.  ix. 

WEEK'-DaY,  ;i.    [week  and  d<iy.]    Any  day  of  the 

week  except  the  Sabbath.  Pope. 
WEEK'LY,  n.    Coming,  happening,  or  done  once  a 

week  ;  hebdomadary  ,  as,  a  weekly  payment  of  bills  ; 

a  weekly  gazette  ;  a  weekly  allowance. 

Dryden.  Sicifl. 
WEEK'LY,  adv.    Once  a  week  ;  by  hebdomadal  pe- 

rioils  ;  as,  each  performs  service  weekly.  Jiyliffe. 
WEEL,  71.    [See  Well.    Sax.  wal,  from  weallan,  to 

boil.] 

A  wliirlpool.    [,^'<^^  in  use.] 
WEEL,     I  71.    A  kind  of  twiggen  tfap  or  snare  for 
WEEL'Y,  i     fish.  Carew. 
WEEN,  V.  i.    [Sax.  wenan,  to  think,  suppose,  or  hope, 
and  to  irean.    The  sense  is,  to  set,  fix,  or  hold  in  the 
mind  ;  G.  wnhnen,  to  imagine  ;  D.  iraaiicii.j 
To  think  ;  to  imagine  ;  to  fancy. 

Speiiscr.  Milton. 

[Ob-.olete,  ercept  in  bHrle.sque.] 
WEES'lSG,  ppr.    Thinking;  imairining.  [Olis.] 
WEEP,  r.  1.;  pret.  and  pp.  Wept.  Weeped,  I  believe, 
is  never  used.    [.Sax.  wepan ;  evidently  the  same 
word  as  whoop.    (See  Whoop.)    The  primary  sense 
is,  to  cry  out.] 

1.  To  express  sorrow,  grief,  or  anguish  by  outcrj'. 
This  is  the  original  sense.  But  in  i)resent  usage,  to 
manifest  and  express  grief  by  outcry  or  by  shedding 
tears. 

They  all  wept  sore,  and  fell  on  Paul's  neck,  and  kissed  iiini.  — 
Acls  XX. 

Phociun  u-as  rarely  seen  to  weep  or  to  laugh.  i^lit/ord. 

2.  To  shed  tears  from  any  passion.  Persons  some- 
times weep  for  joy, 

3.  To  lament ;  to  complain.   JVum.  xi. 
\VEEP,  V.  t.    To  lament ;  to  bewail ;  to  bemoan. 


We,  watulering.  go 
Through  dreary  wastes,  and  i^eep  eacti  other's  woe. 


Pope. 


2.  To  shed  moisture  ;  as,  to  weep  tears  of  joy. 

Groves  whose  rich  trees  wept  odorous  gum  and  bidin.  ^lUton. 

3.  To  drop  ;  as,  the  weeping  amber.  Pope. 

4.  To  abound  with  wet ;  as,  weeping  grounds. 

Mortimer. 

WEEP'£D,  (weept,)  pp.  Lamented ;  bewailed  ;  shed 
tears. 

WEEP'ER,  71.  One  who  weeps ;  one  who  sheds  tears. 

Dryden. 

2.  A  white  border  on  the  sleeve  of  a  nmurning 
coat.  Johnson, 

3.  A  species  of  monkey,  of  the  sapajou  group, 
found  in  Guiana,  the  Cebus  Apella. 

Jardine,    P,  Ci't. 

WEEP'IN'G,  p;7r.  or  a.    Lamenting;  shedding  tears. 
WEEP'I.NG,  71.  Lamentaticm. 
WEEP'L\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  weeping  manner. 
WEEP'IXG-KOL'K,  7i.    [weep  and  rock.]    A  porous 

rock  frnni  which  water  graduallv  issues. 
WEEP'IXG-SPRLNG,  n.    A  spring  that  slowly  dis- 

charces  water. 
WEEP'I.NG-WIL'LoW,   n.     A  species  of  willow 

whose  brmclies  grow  very  long  and  slender,  and 

ham  down  nearly  in  a  perpendicular  direction. 
WEER'ISH,  a.    Insipid;  weak;  w.ashy  ;  surly.  [J\'ot 

io  iisr.]  j9scham. 
WEE'S/;L;  the  more  proper  spelling  of  Weasel. 
WEET,  1!.  I. ;  pret.  Wot.  [Sax.  witan  ;  D.  weeten ;  Sw. 

reta ;  G.  wissen  ;  Rtiss,  vidayu ;  allied  jirobably  to  L. 

video,  Gr.  Cii5oJ.] 

To  know.  [Obs.] 

WEE'I  'LESS,  a.    Unknowing.  [Ohs.] 

WEE'VER,  71.  A  kind  of  fish  belonging  to  the  perch 
family,  a  species  of  Tracliinus,  of  which  about  fiuir 
species  are  well  known.  They  intiict  wounds  with 
the  spines  of  their  first  dorsal  fin,  which  are  much 
dreaiied.    Their  fiesh  is  esteemed. 

WEE'V/L,  71.    [Sax.  wrfl ;  G.  wibcl.] 

.\  small  insect  of  the  bi^etle  tribe,  with  a  long 
snout.  It  is  destructive  to  many  buds  and  fruits, 
and  also  to  magazines  of  grain.        F..  C,  Jlrrrick, 

WEE'V/L-Y,  a.    Infested  with  weevils. 

WEK'ZKL,  n.  Thin;  sharp  ;  as,  a  wceie;  face.  [F.o- 
c'll.]    [.*^e(^  VVkasel.J  Smart. 

WKFT,  old  pret,  of  Wave.  Spenser. 

WEFT,  71.  [friun  uicnvc.]  The  woof  of  cloth  ;  the 
threads  that  cross  the  warp  from  selvedge  to  selv- 
edge. 

2.  A  web  ;  a  thing  woven.  Cyr. 

WEFT,  71.  A  thing  waved,  waived,  or  cast  away. 
[JVo7  iLied.]    [See  Wai7-.] 

WEFT' AGE,  II.    Texture.    [JVot  used.]  Grew. 

WEIGH,  (wi,)  f.  (.  [Sax.  wieg,  weg,  a  balance  ;  wx- 
gnn,  to  Weigh,  to  bear,  to  carry,  L.  veho  ;  D.  weegen, 
wikken  ;  G.  wdgen  ;  Sw.  vdga ;  Dan.  vejer,  to  weigh  ; 

Riiss.  vaga,  a  balance  ;   Amharic,  awaki, 
weight.    See  Wao.] 
1.  I'n  examine  by  (he  balance  ;  to  ascertain  the 


weight,  that  is,  the  force  with  which  a  thing  tends 
to  the  center  of  gravity  ;  as,  to  weigh  sugar  ;  to  weigh 
gold. 

2.  To  be  equivalent  to  in  weight ;  that  is,  accord- 
ing to  the  Saxon  .sense  of  the  verb,  to  lift  to  an  equi- 
poise a  weight  on  the  other  side  of  the  fulcrum. 
Thus,  when  a  body  balances  a  weight  of  tv.enty- 
eight  pounds  avoirdupois,  it  lifts  or  bears  it,  and  is 
said  to  weigh  so  much.  It  weighs  a  quarter  of  a  hun- 
dred. 

3.  To  raise  :  to  lift ;  as  an  anchor  from  the  ground, 
or  any  other  body ;  as,  to  weigh  anchor ;  to  wct/'h  an 
old  hulk. 

4.  To  pay,  allot,  or  take  by  weight. 

They  weighed  for  my  pric«  thirty  pieces  of  silver.  —  Zech.  xi. 

5.  To  ponder  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  or  examine 
for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  opinion  or  coming  to  a 
conclusion ;  as,  to  weigh  the  advantages  and  disad- 
vanUiges  of  a  scheme. 

Reg.ird  not  who  it  is  which  speakelh,  but  trei^A  onlv  what  is 
»ix>kcn.  hooker. 

6.  To  compare  by  the  scales. 

Here  in  nice  balance  truth  with  gold  she  weighs.  Pope. 

7.  To  regard  ;  to  consider  as  worthy  of  notice. 

1  ireigh  not  you.  Shai. 
To  weigh  down  ;  to  overbalance. 
2.  To  oppress  with  weight ;  to  depress. 
WEIGH,  (wa,)  V.  i.    To  have  wsight ;  as,  to  weigh 
lighter  or  heavier.  Brown. 

2.  To  be  considered  as  important;  to  have  weight 
in  the  intellectual  balance.  This  argument  weighs 
with  the  considerate  part  of  the  community. 

3.  To  bear  heavily ;  to  press  hard. 
Cleanse  the  stuffed  bosom  of  that  perilous  stuif. 

Which  weighs  upon  the  hi  iH't.  Skak. 

To  weigh  doicn;  to  sink  by  its  own  weight. 
WEIGH,  (wa,)  n.    A  certain  quantity.    [See  Wev.] 
WEIGH'.VBLE,  a.    That  may  be  weighed. 
WEIGH'AGE,  71.    A  duty  or  toll  paid  for  weighing 

merchandise.  Bonder, 
W£1GH'£D,  (Wilde,)  pp.    Ex.amined  by  the  scales  ; 

having  the  weight  ascertained. 

2.  ConsiileretT. 

3.  o.  Experienced:  as,  a  young  man  not  weighed 
in  state  atfairs.    [A'ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

WEIGII'ER,  (wa'er,;  «.    One  who  weighs. 

2.  .An  otiicer  whose  duly  is  to  weigh  comintidities. 
WEIGH'ING,  (wa'ing,)  ppr.    Examining  by  scales; 
considering. 

WElGH'l.XG,  71.    The  act  of  ascertaining  weight. 

2.  As  much  as  is  weighed  at  once ;  as,  a  iceighing 
of  beef. 

WEIGH'I\G-€aGE,  71.  A  cage  in  which  small  liv- 
ing animals  may  be  conveniently  weighed.  Ci/r. 

WE1GH'I.\G-H0USE,  71.  A  building  furnished  with 
a  dock  and  other  conveniences  for  weighing  com- 
modities and  ascertaining  the  tunnage  of  boats  to  be 
used  on  a  canal.  Cyc. 

WEIGH'ING-.MA-CiriXE',  (wi'ing  nia-sheen',) «.  A 
machine  for  weighing  heavy  bodies,  and  particularly 
wheel-carriages,  at  turnpike  gales.  [England.]  Cyc. 
2.  A  machine  for  weighing  cattle,  &.cl 

WEIGHT,  (wite,)  n.  [Sax.  wMi  Sw.  vigt;  Get.  ge- 
wieht.    See  Weigh.] 

1.  The  quantity  ot  a  body  ascertained  by  the  bal- 
ance ;  that  property  of  bodies  by  which  ihey  tend 
toward  the  center  of  the  earth  in  a  line  perpendicu- 
lar to  its  surface  ;  gravity. 

In  a  strictly  philosophical  sense,  weight  is  the  measure 
of  the  force  of  gravity,  and  not  gravity  itself ;  but 
the  above  is  the  popular  use.  The  weight  of  a  body 
is  in  direct  proportion  to  its  quantity  of  matter. 

S^'etcton. 

2.  .\  mass  of  iron,  lead,  brass,  or  other  metal,  to 
be  used  for  ascertaining  the  weight  of  other  bodies; 
as,  a  weight  of  an  ounce,  a  pound,  a  quarter  of  a 
hundred,  &.c.  The  wcighui  of  nations  are  diflerent, 
excejit  those  of  England  and  the  United  States,  which 
are  the  same. 

3.  A  standard  of  weight;  as,  troy  weight;  apothe- 
caries* weight,  &.C. 

4.  In  7iici:/iaiiii;.<,  that  which  receives  motion;  op- 
posed to  the  power  which  gives  motion. 

5.  .\  ponderous  mass ;  something  heavy. 

.\  niriu  leaps  better  w  ith  weights  in  his  hands.  iiacon. 

6.  Pressure  ;  burden  ;  as,  the  weight  of  grief ;  7ceight 
of  care  ;  weight  of  business ;  weight  of  goyornment. 

7.  Importance;  power;  influence;  etficacy;  con- 
sequence ;  moment ;  impressiveness ;  as,  an  argu- 
ment of  great  weight :  a  consideration  of  vast  weight. 
The  dignity  of  a  man's  character  adds  weight  to  hit 
Words. 

WEIGHT'I-LY,  (watc'-j)  adv.   Heavily  ;  ponderously. 
2.  With  force  or  inipressiveness  ;  with  moral 
l>ower. 

WglGHT'I-NESS,  (wale'-,)  n.  Ponderousness;  gravi- 
ty ;  heaviness. 

2.  Solidity;  force;  impressivcness  ;  power  of  con- 
vincing ;  as,  the  wnghtintts  of  an  argument. 

Locke. 

3.  Importance.  Hayward. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MT.TE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


WEL 

WEIGH'l''LESt!,  (wate'less,)  a.  Having  no  \V(  i!;lil ; 
li^ht.  Unjdcii. 

W^UJUT'Y,  (wat'e,)  a.  Having  great  weiglit ;  iu'iivy  ; 
Iioiiiif  rtms  ;  as,  a  loeiglttij  body. 

i>.  lni|Mirtant  J  fuicible;  nionientoiis  ;  adapteil  to 
turn  tile  balance  in  the  mind,  or  to  convince  ;  as, 
weiir/Uy  reasons  ;  weiglity  matters  ;  weighty  consider- 
ations or  arguments.  Shak. 

3.  Rigorous  ;  Bcvere  ;  as,  our  leeighlier  judgment. 
[A"o(  lit  use]  Shak. 

WicIR,  71.    [Sax.  wxr,  wer  ;  T).  waarrn,  or  wreren.] 

1.  A  dam  in  a  rivei,  to  stop  and  raise  the  water 
for  conducting  it  to  a  mill,  t'ot  taking  lisli,  tec. 

2.  A  fence  of  staki^s  or  tu  igs  set  in  a  stream  for 
taking  fisli.    [Sec  also  Wear.] 

VVCIRU,  (weerri,)  n.    A  spell  or  charm.     B'.  Sent?, 
VVkIRD,  a.    Skilled  in  witchcraft.    [jVut  iit  itsr.] 

S/uik. 

WEIVE,  for  Waive.    [JVot  in  use.]  Ouwer. 

WEL'A-WaY  ;  an  exclamation  expressive  of  grief  or 
sorrow,  equivalent  to  Alas.  It  is  a  compound  tif 
Pax.  wa,  woe,  and  la,  oh.  The  original  is  ma-ln,  which 
is  doubtless  the  origin  of  our  common  exclamation, 
O  la,  and  to  this  ten,  woe,  is  added.  The  true  orthog- 
raphy would  be  Walawa.  But  the  word  is,  1  be- 
lieve, wholly  obsolete. 

WEL'eO.ME,  (vvel'kum,)  a.  [Sax.  ml-cuma ;  well  and 
come;  that  is,  your  coming  is  pleasing  to  me.] 

1.  Received  with  gladness;  admitted  willingly  to 
the  house,  entertainment,  and  company  j  as,  a  wel- 
come  guest. 

2.  Producing  gladness  in  its  reception  ;  grateful ; 
pleasing;  as,  a' wc/cojhp  present ;  ief/ct»;;if  news. 

3.  Free  to  liave  or  enjoy  gratuitously.  Vou  are 
welcome  to  the  use  of  my  library. 

To  bid  welcome  ;  to  receive  with  professions  of 
kindness.  Hacon. 
WEL'tO.ME  is  used  elliptically  for  you  are  welcome. 

Welcomt,  gre.it  mpn.irch,  to  your  own.  Dry<!en. 
WEL'eOME-TO-OUR-HOUSE,  n.    An  herb. 
WEL'eO.VlE,  n.    Salutation  of  a  new  comer. 

Welcome  ever  smiles.  ShaJt, 
2.  Kind  reception  of  a  guest  or  new  comer.  We 
entered  the  house  and  found  a  ready  welcome. 

Truth  finds  an  entrance  and  a  welcome  too.  SoutJi, 
WEL'eOME,  V.  t.    [Sax.  wilcumian.] 

To  salute  a  new  comer  with  kindness  ;  or  to  re- 
ceive and  entertain  hospitably,  gratuitously,  and 
cheerfully. 

Thus  we  salute  thee  with  our  early  Bon^, 

.4  nd  teelcome  thee,  and  wUh  thee  luu^.  MUton. 

WEI,'e01I-£D,   (wel'kumd,)  pp.     Received  with 

gladness  and  kindness. 
WEL'eO.ME-LY,  ade.    In  a  welcome  manner. 

Brown. 

WEL'eOME-NESS,  n.  Gratefulness  ;  agreeableness ; 
kind  reception.  Boyle. 

WEL'eO.M-ER,  n.  One  who  s.ilutes  or  receives  kind- 
ly a  new  comer.  Shak. 

WEL'eO.M-ING,  jipr.  Saluting  or  receiving  with 
kindness  a  new  coiner  or  guest. 

WELD, )  71.    A  plant  used  by  dyers  to  give  a  yellow 

W6LD,  \  color,  and  sometimes  called  Dver's  Weed. 
It  is  much  cultivated  in  Kent  for  the  London  dyers. 
It  is  naturalized  in  some  parts  of  (Jonnecticut.  It  is 
the  Reseda  Luteola  of  the  botanists.  Cyc. 

WELD,  t).  t.    To  wield.    [Obs.]  Spenser., 

WELD,  t>.  t.  [Sw.  vdlla,  to  weld  ;  G.  wellen,  to  join  ; 
D.  loelUn,  to  well,  to  spring,  to  sodcr. ] 

To  unite  or  hammer  into  firm  union,  as  two  pieces 
of  iron,  when  heated  almost  to  fusion.  Ure. 

WELD'ED,;>p.  Forged  or  beat  into  union  in  an  in- 
tense heat. 

WELD'ER,  n.    One  who  welds  iron. 

2.  A  manager  ;  an  actual  occuiianL    [jVoi  in  use] 

Swift. 

WELD'ING,  ppr.    Uniting  in  an  intense  heat. 
WELD'ING,  n.   The  act  or  process  of  uniting  iron  by 
intense  heat. 

WELD'LNG-HeAT,  n.  The  heat  necessary  for  weld- 
ing irrtn  bars. 

WEL'F.^RE,  n.  [well  and  fare,  a  good  going;  G. 
wotdfahrl ;  D.  wehaarl ;  Sw.  vaOart ;  Dan.  vc(fitrd.] 

1.  Exemption  from  misfortune,  sickness,  calamity, 
or  evil ;  the  enjoyment  of  health  and  the  common 
blessings  of  life;  prosperity;  happiness;  applied  U> 
persons. 

2.  Exemption  from  any  unusual  evil  or  calamity ; 
the  enjoyment  of  peace  and-  prosperity,  or  the  ordi- 
nary blessings  of  society  and  civil  government ;  ap- 
plied to  states.  « 

WELK,  r.  i.    [G.  and  D  welken,  to  wither,  to  fade,  to 
decay  ;  primarily,  to  shrink  or  contract,  as  things  in 
drying,  whence  the  Saxon  weolc,  a  whilk  or  whelk, 
a  shell ;  from  its  w  rinkles.] 
To  decline  ;  to  fade ;  to  decay ;  to  fall 
When  ruddy  PiKTibus  'gitie  to  uetk  in  west.    [Ob*. I  Spenatr. 
WELK,  V.  L   To  contract ;  to  shorten. 

Now  tad  winter  treUeed  hath  the  d.-iy.  Spemer. 
[nis  word  is  obsolete.     But  its  signification  has 
keretqf'orc  been  misundxrstood.] 


WEL 

WELK'£D,  (welkt,)  pp.  or  a.  Contracted  into  wrin- 
kles or  ridges. 

Horns  weUced  and  waved  like  the  enridgrcd  soa.  Shak. 

WEL'KIN,  n.    [Sax.  wolc,  wotccn,  a  cloud,  the  itir, 
ether,  the  vault  of  heaven  ;  G.  wolke,  a  cloud.  Qvl. 
Sax.  wealcan,  to  roll,  to  full.] 
The  visible  regions  of  the  air;  the  vault  of  heaven. 

Chaucer.  Milton. 
[This  is  obsolete,  unless  in  poetry.] 
Welkin  eye,  in  Shakspeare,  is  interpreted  by  John- 
son, a  blue  eye,  from  welkin,  the  sky  ;  by  Todtl,  a 
rolling  eye,  from  Sax.  wealcan,  to  roll ;  and  by  Eiitick, 
a  languishing  eye.    (See  Welk.)    It  is  obsolete,  at 
least  in  New  England. 
WRI.K'liXG,  ;v)r.    Fading;  declining;  contracting. 
WELL,  71.    [.Sax.  well,  a  spring  or  fountain  ;  wellan,  to 
well,  to  boil  or  bubble,  to  spring,  to  rise  ;  D.  wel,  wel- 
len, id, ;  G.  quelle,  a  spring  ;  quellrn,  to  spring,  to  is- 
sue forth,  to  KUsh,  to  well,  to  swell ;  wallrn,  to  swell. 
In  G.  welle  is  a  wave.    On  this  word  I  suppose  swell 
to  be  formed.] 

1.  A  spring;  a  fountain;  the  issuing  of  water 
from  the  earth. 

Bi'giii,  tlien,  sisters  of  the  sacred  uell.  Milton. 
[In  this  seniie,  obsolete.] 

2.  A  pit  or  cylindrical  hole,  sunk  perpendicularly 
into  the  earth  to  such  a  depth  as  to  reach  a  supply  of 
water,  anil  walled  with  stone  to  prevent  the  earth 
from  caving  in. 

3.  In  ships,  an  inclosure  in  the  middle  of  a  ship's 
hold,  around  the  pumps  from  the  bottom  to  the  lower 
deck,  to  preserve  them  fmin  damage.     Mar.  Vict. 

4.  in  a  fishing-  vessel,  an  apartment  in  the  middle 
of  the  hold,  made  tight  at  the  sides,  but  liaving  holes 
perforateil  in  the  bottom  to  let  in  fresh  water  for  the 
preservation  of  fish  wliile  they  are  transported  to 
marki^t.  Mar.  Vict. 

5.  In  the  military  art,  a  hole  or  excavation  in  the 
earth,  in  mining,  from  which  run  branches  or  gal- 
leries. Cue. 

WELL,  «.  1.    [Sax.  wellan.] 

To  spring ;  to  issue  forth,  as  water  from  the  earth. 
[Little  used.]  Spenser.  Vrydcn. 

WELL,  V.  t.    To  pour  forth,    f  Obs.]  Spenser. 

WELL,  n.  [Sax.  or  well;  G.  wohl ;  D.  tccl ;  Sw. 
veil :  Dan.  vcl ;  W.  gwell,  better  ;  gwella,  to  make 
better,  to  mend,  to  improve  ;  Ann.  guelluat;  L.  valeo, 
to  be  strong ;  Gr.  6Aof,  whole,  and  nuXw,  to  be 
well  ;  S.ins.  bala,  bali,  strength.  The  primary  sense 
of  valeo  is,  to  strain,  stretch,  whence  to  advance,  to 
prevail,  to  gain,  according  to  our  vulgar  phrase,  to 
get  ahead,  which  coincides  with  prosjier,  Gr.  irnorre- 
pw.  I  do  not  find  well  used  in  other  languages  as 
an  adjective,  but  it  is  so  used  in  English.  See 
Weal.] 

1.  Being  in  health ;  having  a  sound  body,  with  a 
regular  performance  of  the  natural  and  proper  func- 
tions of  all  the  organs  ;  applied  to  animals  ;  as,  a  well 
man  ;  the  patient  has  recovered,  and  is  perfectly 
well. 

While  you  are  well,  you  may  do  much  good.  Taylor. 
Is  your  father  well  ?  — Gen.  xliii. 

2.  Fortunate  ;  convenient ;  advantageous  ;  happy. 
It  is  well  for  us  that  we  are  sequestered  so  far  from 
the  rest  of  the  world. 

It  was  well  with  us  in  Egypt.  —  Num.  xL 

3.  Being  in  favor. 

He  was  well  witli  Ilcnry  tlic  Fourtii.  Drydcn. 
WELL,  ado.    In  a  proper  manner;  justly;  rightly; 
not  ill  or  wickedly.    James  ii. 

If  thou  doeat  not  well,  sin  lieth  at  the  door. —  Gen.  \v. 

2.  Skillfully ;  with  due  art ;  as,  the  work  is  well 
done  ;  he  writes  well ;  he  rides  well ;  the  plot  is  well 
laid,  and  well  executed. 

3.  Sufficiently  ;  abundantly. 

Lot  —  beheld  all  the  pfxin  of  Jordan,  tlul  it  was  well  watered 
every  wherw  — Gen.  xiii. 

4.  Very  much  ;  to  a  degree  that  gives  pleasure.  I 
liked  the  entertainment  well. 

5.  Favorably  ;  with  praise. 

Ail  tlie  world  speaks  well  of  you.  Pope. 

6.  Conveniently  ;  suitably  ;  advantageously.  This 
is  all  the  mind  can  well  contain.  I  can  not  well  at- 
tend the  meeting. 

7.  To  a  sufficient  degree  ;  perfectly.  I  know  not 
well  liow  to  execute  this  task. 

8.  Thoroughly ;  fully.  Let  tho  cloth  be  well 
cleansed.    Let  the  steel  be  well  polished. 

She  looketh  well  to  the  ways  of  her  household.  —  Prov.  xxxi. 

9.  Fully ;  adequately. 

We  are  wU  able  to  overcome  it.  —  Num.  xliL 

10.  Far ;  as,  to  be  well  advanced  in  life. 

.^s  well  as:  together  with  ;  not  less  than  ;  one  as 
much  as  the  other ;  as,  a  sickness  long  as  well  as  se- 
vere. London  is  the  largest  city  in  Europe,  as  well  as 
the  principal  banking  city. 

fVell  enough  ;  in  a  moderate  degree  ;  so  as  to  give 
satisfaction,  or  so  as  to  require  no  alteration. 

Well  is  him,  seems  to  be  elliptical  for  well  is  to  him. 


WEL 

To  be  well  off  ;  to  be  in  a  good  condition,  especially 
as  to  property. 

IVell  is  sometimes  used  elliptically  for  it  is  well, 
and  as  an  expression  of  satisfaction  with  what  iios 
been  said  or  done  ;  and  sometimes  it  is  merely  ex- 
pletive. Wcll^  the  work  is  done.  IVcU,  let  us  go. 
H'ell,  well,  be  it  so. 

Well  is  prefi.xed  to  many  words,  expressing  what 
is  right,  fit,  laudable,  or  not  defective ;  as,  well- 
nfTected  ;  wc/Z-designed  ;  leeH-direcfed  ;  toc/tordcred ; 
well-formed  ;  we^^mcaIlt ;  tee/^minded  ;  ucU^eo- 
soned  ;  wf/i-tasted. 

WELL'A-DaY,  alas,  Johnson  supposes  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  Welawav,  which  see.        Shall.  Gay. 

WELI.r-Ae-eOU'TER-Ji;D,  (  a.    Fully  furnished  with 

WELL-AC-eOU'TRAD,     (     arms  or  dress. 

WELL-AD-JIJST'A'D,  a.    Rightly  adjusted, 

WELL-AlM'AD,  a.    Rightly  aimed. 

WELI.-ANeiruR-£;D,  a.  Safely  moored  ;  well  es- 
tablished. Mien. 

WELI.-AP-POINT'ED,  a.  Fully  furnished  and 
equippetl  ;  as,  a  well-appointr/l  army. 

WELL-AU-TIIEN'TIC-A-TED,  a.  Supported  by 
good  authority. 

WELL-UAL'ANC-£D,  (-bal'anst,)  a.  Rightly  bal- 
anced. 

WELL'BE-ING,  71.  [well  and  being.]  Welfare  ;  h.ap- 
pine.ss ;  prosperity ;  as,  virtue  is  essential  to  tho 
well-being  of  men  or  of  society. 

WELL'-HE-LOV'iCD,  (-be-luvd' tw-luv'ed,)  a.  Great- 
ly beloved.   Mark  xii. 

WELL'-IIORN,  a.  [well  anA  bom.]  Born  cf  a  noble 
or  respectable  family  ;  not  of  mean  birth. 

IViUler.  Vryden. 

WELL'-BRED,  a.  [well  and  bred.]  Educated  to 
polished  manners  ;  polite.  Ru.>cummon. 

WELL'-BUILT,  «.    Built  in  a  substantial  maiiiu  r. 

VVELl^eO.M-PLEX'IO.\-£;D,  a.  Having  a  good  com- 
plexion. 

VVELL-eON-DI"TIOX-£D,  (-dish'uiid,)  a.  Being  in 
a  good  slate. 

WELL-eOUCII'£D,  (-koucht',)  a.  Couched  in  prop- 
er terms. 

WELL-Di;  FI.X'KD,  a.    Truly  defined, 
WE1,L-DE-SCRIB'AD,  a.    Truly  described, 
WELL-DE-Vi.S'/';n,  a.    Rightly  devised. 
WELL-DI-GEST'ED,  a.    Fully  digesteil. 
WELL-DIS-CERN'>;D,  a.    RiL'htly  discerned, 
WELL-DIS-PaS'£D,  a.    Righlly  disposed. 
WELL'-DO-ER,  71.  One  who  performs  his  moral  and 
social  duties. 

WELL'-DO-ING,  71,  A  doing  well;  performance  of 
duties. 

WELL-DONE',  exclam.  [well  and  done.]  A  word  of 
praise  ;  bravely  ;  nobly  ;  in  a  right  manner. 

WELL'-DR.AiN,  71.  [well  and  drain.]  A  drain  or 
vent  for  water,  somewhat  like  a  well  or  pit,  serving 
to  discharge  the  water  of  wet  land.  Cyc. 

WELL'-DR.\IN,  1-.  f.  To  drain  land  by  means  of 
wells  or  pits,  which  receive  the  water,  and  from 
which  it  is  discharged  by  machinery.  Cyc. 

WELL'-DRAWN,  a.    Truly  drawn. 

VVELL-DRESS'£D,  (-drest',)  a.  Handsomely  dressed. 

WELL-ED'q-CA-TEU,  a.  Having  a  good  educa- 
tion. 

WELL-ES-TAB'LIStI-£D,  (  lisht,)  a.  Firmly  estab- 
lished. _ 

WELL'FaRE  is  now  written  Welfare. 
WELI>-F-\'VOR-f;D,  a.    Handsome;  well  forii)ed ; 

beautiful ;  pleasing  to  the  eve.    Gen.  xxix. 
WELL-FLa'VOR-£D,  a.    Having  a  high  flavor. 
WELL-FOIl,M'£D,  a.    Formed  well. 
WELL-FOUND'ED,  a.    Founded  on  good  and  valid 

reasons,  or  on  strong  probabilities. 
WELL-GROIJND'ED,  a.    [well  and  ground.]  WeW 

founded  :  having  a  solid  ftjundntion. 
WELL'-HEAD,  (wel'lied,)  «.    [well  a.ld  head.]  A 

source,  spring,  or  fountain.    [Oii;>-.]  Spenser. 
WELL'-HoLE,  71.     Ill  a  flight  oj  .stairs,  the  open 

space  in  the  middle,  beyond  the  ends  of  the  st.iirs. 

Gwilt, 

2.  A  cavity  which  receives  a  counterbalancing 
weight  in  certain  mechanical  contrivances,  and  also 
for  other  purposes.  Buchanan. 

WELL-HUS'BAND-ED,  a.    Husbanded  properly. 

WELL-LN-FOR.M'KD,  a.    Corrcctlv  informed. 

WELL-IN-STRUGT'ED,  a.  Rightly  or  fully  in- 
structed. 

WELL-I.\-TEND'ED,  a.  Intended  for  a  good  pur- 
pose, or  with  upright  motives. 

WELL-IN-TEN'TION-£D,  a.  Having  upright  in- 
tentions or  purpose.  Milner. 

WELL'-KNoWN,  a.    Fully  known. 

WELL-MAN'NER-£D,  a.  [acU  aud  manner.]  Polite; 
well-bred  ;  compl.tisant.  Vryden. 

WELL'-MeA.\-ER,  71.  [weU and  ni«an.]  One  whose 
intention  is  good.  Vrydrn. 

WELL'-M£AN-ING,  a.    Having  a  good  intention. 

Killinirheek. 

WELL'-MEANT,  (-ment,)  a.    Rightly  intended. 
WELL-MET',  eiclam.    A  term  of  salutation  denoting 

jov  .at  meeting. 
WE'LI^.Mt.N'D'ED,  a.     [well  and  miTui.]     Well  di»- 

posed  ;  having  a  good  mind. 


TONE,  BJv'LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


1257 


WEN 


WET 


WHA 


\ 


VVELL-.MOR'AL-IZ-£D,  a.  Regulated  bv  good  morals. 

Mdner. 

VVELL'-Na-TUR-£D,  a.  [well  and  naturetL]  Good 
natiired  ;  kind.  Dniden. 

WELL'-NlGH,  adv.  [well  and  7!i>A.]  Almost  ; 
ni'urlv. 

H'ELL-OR'DER-^D,  a.    Rightly  ordered. 
U'ELL-l'^rN'T'ED,  a.    Painted  well. 
V\"ELL-POL'I-Cl-£D,  (-pol'e-sid,)  a.    Having  a  good 
policy. 

\VELI^POL'ISH-£n,  a.    Hislily  polished. 
WELL'-READ,  (  red,)  o.    Having  e.xtensive  reading. 
\VEL[^REG'U-La-TED,  a.     Having  good  regula- 
tions. 

WELL'-ROOM,  n.    [well  and  roonu]    In  a  boat,  a 
place  in  the  bottom  where  the  water  is  collected, 
;ind  whence  it  is  thrown  out  with  a  scoop. 
WEIjL'-SET,  a.    Having  go  d  symmetry  of  parta 
WELL'-SET-TL£D,  a.     Fully  settled:  well  mar- 
ried. 

WELL'-S[i\K-ER,  w.    One  who  digs  wells. 
WELL'-SPED,  o.    Having  good  success. 
VVELL'-SPENT,  o.     [well  and  spent.]     Spent  or 

passed  in  virtue ;  as,  a  well-spent  life  ;  well-spent 

days.  Pope. 
WELL'-SPoK  .EN,  o.    [well  and  spealc.]  Speak/ng 

well  ;  speaking  with  fitness  or  grace ;  or  speaking 

kindly. 

3.  Spoken  with  propriety  ;  as,  well-spoken  words. 
WELL'-SPRING,  ,i.    [locll  and  spring.]    A  source  of 

continual  supply.    Prov.  xvi. 
VVELI^8ToK'£b,  a.    Fully  stored. 
WELL'-SVVEEP.    See  Sweep. 
WELL-TEM'PER-£D,  a.    Having  a  good  temper. 
WELL-Tl.M'fil),  a.    Done  at  a  proper  time. 
WELL-TRaK\'£U,  a.    Correctly  trained. 
\VELL-TRI'£D,  a.    Having  been  fully  tried. 

Southeij. 

VVELL'-WA-TER,  n.  [well  and  icater.]  The  w  ater 
that  flows  into  a  well  from  subterraneous  springs; 
water  drawn  from  a  well. 

WELL-WILI/EK,  n.  [weU  and  will]  One  who 
means  kindly.  Sidney.  Hooker. 

VVELL-WfSH',  n.  [well  and  icisA.]  A  wish  of  hap- 
piness. .Addison. 

WELL-WrSH'ER,  n.  [Supra.]  One  who  wishes  the 
good  of  another.  .Addison. 

WELSH,  a.  [Sax.  weallisc,  from  wealh,  a  foreigner  ; 
wrallian,  to  wander ;  G.  wdlsch,  foreign,  strange, 
Celtic,  Welsh  I  fi^ulscfie  spracke,  the  Italian  language, 
that  is,  foreign  or  Celtic] 

Pertaining  to  the  Welsh  nation. 

WELSH,  n.  The  language  of  Wales  or  of  the  Welsh. 
9.  The  general  name  of  the  inhabitants  of  Wales. 
The  word  signifies  foreigners  or  wanderers,  and  was 
given  to  this  people  by  other  nations,  probably  be- 
cause they  came  from  some  distant  country.  The 
Welsh  call  themselves  Cymnj,  in  the  plural,  and  a 
Welshman  Cymro,  and  their  country  Cijmru,  of 
which  the  adjective  is  Cymreig,  and  the  name  of 
their  language,  Cymraeg.  They  are  supposed  to  be 
from  the  Cimbri  of  Jutland.  Owen. 

WELSH-RAB'BiT,  n.  [properly  mish  rare-bit.] 
Cheese  melted  into  a  masu,  and  usually  spread  over 
slices  of  toasted  bread. 

WELT,  n.  [W.  gwald,  from  gwal,  a  fence,  a  wall; 
gwaliaw,  to  inclose  ;  giraldti,  to  hem.    See  Wall.] 

A  small  cord  covered  with  cloth  and  sewed  on 
seams  or  borders  to  strengthen  them. 

WEL'I",  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  welt ;  to  sew  a  welt 
tm  a  seam  or  bord-jr. 

WELT'EI),  pp.  or  a.    Furnishing  with  a  welt. 

WEL'TER,  V.  i.  [Sax.  irullan :  Sw.  villtra ;  G. 
walzen ;  Dan.  vj-Alcr  ;  allied  probably  to  wallow,  L. 
voliito.] 

To  roll,  as  the  body  of  an  anim.-il ;  but  usually,  to 
roll  or  wallow  in  some  foul  matter;  as,  to  welter  in 
blood  or  in  filth.  Dryden. 

WEL'TER-Ia\G,  ppr.  Rolling  ;  wallowing  ;  as  in 
mire,  blood,  or  other  filthy  matter. 

WEM,  n.    [Sax.]  A  spot ;  a  scar.  [Ofo.]  Brcrewood. 

WEM,  V.  t.    [Sax.  wemman.] 
To  corrupt.  [Obs.] 

WE.N,  71.  [Sax.  wcnn ;  D.  wen ;  Arm.  guennacn,  a 
wart.] 

An  encysted  tumor  which  is  movable,  pulpy,  and 
often  clastic  to  the  touch. 
WE.NCH,  n.    [Sax.  wcncle.    Qu.  G.  wenig,  little.] 
L  A  young  woman.    [fMxle  used.] 

Sidney.  Donne. 

2.  A  young  woman  of  ill  fame.  Prior. 

3.  In  Jlinerica,  a  black  or  colored  female  servant ; 
a  negress. 

WE.NCH,  v.  i.    To  frequent  the  company  of  women 

of  ill  fame.  Mdison. 
WEMMrElt,  71.    A  li  wd  man.  Grew. 
WE.S'CH'I.NG,  ppr.    Fri(iueiiting  women  of  ill  fame. 
WEM),  B.  1.    [Sax.  ircni/a/i.] 
\.  To  go  ;  to  pau  to  or  from. 

o.  To  turn  round.    [Obs.]   [Weso  and  Wind  are 
from  the  same  root.] 
WE.N'.VEL,  71.    A  weancl.    [Sec  Weanel.]  [Obs.] 
WKN'.N'ISM,  /  a.    [from  wen.]    Having  the  nature  of 
WE.V'NY,     I    n  wen. 


WENT,  prf«.  of  the  verb  Wend.  We  now  arrange 
went  in  grammar  as  the  preterit  of  go,  but  in  origin  it 
has  no  connection  with  it. 

WEPT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Weep. 

When  he  had  coine  near,  he  beheUi  the  city,  and  wept  over  it.  — 
Lufce  xtx. 

WERE,  (pron.  wer,  which,  when  prolonged,  becomes 
■ware.)  This  is  used  as  the  imperfect  tense  plural  of 
be  ;  we  were,  you  were,  they  were;  and  in  some  other 
tenses.  It  is  the  Danish  verb  vicrer,  to  be,  to  exist, 
Sw.  vara,  and  in  origin  has  no  ctmiiection  with  be, 
nor  with  was.  It  is  united  with  be,  to  supply  its 
want  of  tenses,  as  went  is  with  go. 

WkRE,  71.    A  dam.    [See  Wear.] 

WkRE'GILD,  71.  [Sax.  wer,  man,  and  the  estimated 
value  of  a  man,  and  gild,  geld,  money.] 

Formerly,  the  price  of  a  man's  head  ;  a  compensa- 
tion paid  for  a  man  killed,  partly  to  the  king  for  the 
loss  of  a  subject,  and  partly  to  the  lord  of  the  vassal, 
and  partly  to  the  next  of  kiu.  It  was  paid  by  the 
niurdfrer.  Blaclcstone. 

WER-Nk'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Werner,  the  Ger- 
iian  mineralogist  and  geologist  who  arranged  min- 
erals in  classes,  &c.,  according  to  their  external  char- 
acters, and  advocated  the  theory  that  the  strata  of 
the  earth's  crust  were  formed  by  depositions  from 
water. 

WER'NER-ITE,  n.     The  same  with  Scaholite, 

which  see.  Dana. 
WERT,  the  second  person  singular  of  the  subjunctive 

imperfect  tense  of  te.    [See  Were.] 
WERTH,  WORTH,  in  names,  signifies  a  form,  court, 

or  village,  from  Sax.  weorthig.  ^V^y  Diet. 

We'SIL,  for  Weasand.    [J^'ot  in  xisc] 
WES'LEY-,\N,  a.    Pertaining  to  Wcsleyanism. 
WES'LEY-AN,  n.    One  who  adopts  the  principles  of 

Wesleyanism. 
WES'LEY-.\N-ISM,  n.    Arminian  Methodism;  the 

system  of  doctrines  and  church  polity  inculcated  by 

John  Wesley. 

WEST,  71.  [Sax.  west;  D.  and  G.  west;  Dan.  vest; 
Bw'.vester;  Fr.  ouest.  This  word  probably  signifies 
decline  or  fall,  or  departure  ;  as  in  L.  oecidens,  and 
in  other  cases.    In  elements  it  coincides  with  waste.] 

1.  In  strictness,  that  point  of  the  horizon  midway 
between  the  north  and  south  points,  on  the  side, 
where  the  heavenly  bodies  set;  opposed  to  East, 
which  is  the  corresponding  point  on  the  side  where 
they  rise.  In  a  less  strict  sense,  the  region  of  the 
hemisphere  near  this  point.  Thus  we  say,  a  star 
sets  in  the  west,  a  meteor  appears  in  the  west,  a  cloud 
rises  in  the  west. 

2.  A  country  situated  in  a  region  toward  the  sun- 
setting,  with  respect  to  another.  Thus,  in  the  United 
States,  the  inhabitants  of  the  Atlantic  States  speak 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Ohio,  Kentucky,  or  Missouri, 
and  call  them  people  of  the  west ;  and  fo^ierly,  the 
empire  of  Rome  was  called  the  empire  of  the  IVest, 
in  opposition  to  the  empire  of  the  East,  the  seat  of 
which  was  Constantinople. 

WEST,  a.  Being  in  a  line  toward  the  point  in  the 
horizon  midway  between  the  north  and  south  points, 
on  the  side  where  the  sun  sets  ;  or,  in  a  looser  sense, 
being  in  the  region  near  the  line  of  direction  toward 
that  point,  either  on  the  earth  or  in  the  heavens. 
Tliis  sh.ilt  be  your  tceet  border.  —  Num.  xxxiv. 
2.  Coming  or  moving  from  the  west  or  western 
region  ;  as,  a  west  wind. 

WE.ST,  ado.  To  the  western  region ;  at  the  west- 
ward ;  more  westward  ;  as,  Ireland  lies  west  of 
England. 

WES'i',  V.  i.  To  pass  to  the  west ;  to  set,  as  the  sun. 
[JW(  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

WEST'ER-ING,  a.  Passing  to  the  west.  [/  believe 
not  now  used.]  Milton. 

WEST'ER-LY,  a.    Being  toward  the  west ;  situated 
in  the  western  region ;  as,  the  westerly  parts  of  Eng- 
land. Oraunt. 
2.  Moving  from  the  westward  ;  as,  a  westerly  wind. 

WEST'KR-LY,  adv.  Tending,  going  or  moving  to- 
ward the  west ;  as,  a  man  traveling  westerly. 

WEST'ERN,  a.    [west  and  Sax.  a^rn,  place.] 

1.  Being  in  the  west,  or  in  the  region  nearly  in  tjie 
direction  of  west;  being  in  that  quarter  where  the 
sun  sets  ;  as,  the  western  shore  of  France  ;  the  west- 
ern ocean. 

2.  Moving  in  a  line  to  the  part  where  the  sun  sets ; 
as,  the  ship  makes  a  western  course. 

WEST'ING,  71.  Space  or  distance  westward  ;  or  de- 
parture westward  ;  as,  the  westing  and  southing  of  a 
ship. 

WEST'WARD,  aJy,  [Sax,  westweara ;  west  and  weard, 
L.  versus.] 

Toward  the  west ;  as,  to  ride  or  sail  westward. 
WEST'WARD-LY,  adv.    In  a  direction  toward  the 

west ;  as,  to  j)ass  westwardly. 
WET,  o.    [Sax.  i^(j'( ;  Sw.  rciia,  Dan.  va:de,  moisture, 

Gr.  vtroi  ;  L.  udus.] 

1.  Containing  water;  as,  wet  land,  or  a  wet  cloth  ; 
or  having  water  or  oilier  liquid  upon  the  surface  ;  as, 
a  wet  table.  H'et  implies  more  water  or  liquid  than 
MuuT  or  Hi.'MiD. 

2.  Rainy  ;  as,  wet  weather  ;  a  wet  season. 


WET,  71.    Water  or  wetness ;  moisture  or  humidity  in 

considerable  degree.    Wear  thick  shoes  or  pattens  to 

keep  your  feet  from  the  weU 
•2.  Rainy  weather ;  foggy  or  misty  weather.  Swift. 
WET,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Wet.    But  WETrED  is 

sometimes  used.     [Sax.  wtetan;  Sw.  vdta;  Dan. 

vtzdcr/j 

1.  To  fill  or  moisten  with  water  or  other  liquid  ;  to 
siirinkle  or  biiinectate  ;  to  cause  to  have  water  or 
other  fluid  adherent  to  the  surface  ;  to  dip  or  soak  in 
liquor  ;  as,  to  wet  a  sponge  ;  to  wet  the  hands  ;  to  wet 
cloth. 

Wet  the  thirsty  earUi  with  falling  showers.  Alilton. 

2.  To  moisten  with  drink.  Walton. 
WETIl'ER,  n.   [.Sax.  wether  or  wedder   In  Dan.  vteder 

is  a  ram.] 

A  ram  castrated. 

WET'NESS,  71.  The  st,-ite  of  being  wet,  either  by 
being  soaked  or  filled  with  liquor,  or  by  having  a 
liquid  adherent  to  the  surface  ;  as,  the  wetness  of 
land  ;  the  wetness  of  a  cloth.  It  implies  more  water 
or  liquid  than  Humidness  or  Moisture. 

2.  A  watery  or  moist  slate  of  the  atmosphere ;  a 
state  of  being  rainy,  foggy,  or  misty  :  as,  the  wetness 
of  weather  or  the  season. 

WET'-NURSEj  7i.  A  nurse  who  suckles  a  child,  op 
posed  toa  Dhv  Nurse,  who  brings  up  children  by  hand 

WET'TISH,  a.    Somewhat  wet ;  moist;  humid. 

WEX,  V.  t.  or  I.  To  grow  ;  to  wax.  [JVot  to  be  used.] 
[See  Wax.] 

WEY,  (wa,)  71.    [from  weigh.]    A  certain  quantity. 
In  England,  a  weigh  of  wool  is      tods,  or  182  lbs.  ; 
a  weigh  of  butter  of  cheese  varies  from  2  to  3  cwt. ; 
a  weigh  of  com  or  salt  is  40  bushels  ;  a  weigh  of  oats 
or  barley,  48  bushels,  &c.  McCulloch.  Cyc. 

Wk'ZAND,  for  VYeasand.    [See  the  latter.] 

A'ote  In  words  beginning  with  wh,  the  letter  A, 

or  aspirate,  when  both  letters  are  pronounced,  pre- 
cedes the  sound  of  w.  Thus  what,  when,  are  pro- 
nounced hwat,  hwen.  So  they  were- written  by  our 
ancestors,  and  so  they  ought  to  be  written  still,  as 
they  are  by  the  Danes  and  Swedes. 

WHACK,  (hwak,)  v.  t.  To  strike.  This  is  probably 
the  primary  word  on  which  is  formed  thwack.  [See 
Twit.]    Whack  is  a  vulgar  word. 

VYHaLE,  (hwale,)  7i.  [^ax.  hwal,  hwiel ;  G.  wallfiseh, 
from  wallen,  to  stir,  agitate,  or  rove  ;  D.  walvisch  ; 
Sw.  and  Dan.  heal.  This  animal  is  named  from 
roundness,  or  from  rolling;  for  in  Dan.  hvalt  is 
arched  or  vaulted  ;  hvieller,  to  arch  or  vault,  D. 
welven.] 

The  general  name  of  an  order  of  animals  inhabit- 
ing the  ocean,  arranged  in  zoology  under  the  name 
of  Ccte  or  Cetacea.  and  belonging  to  the  class  Mam- 
malia, in  the  Linnaean  system.  The  Greenland 
whale  is  of  the  genus  Bala;na.  When  fully  grown, 
it  is  from  fifty  to  sixty-five  or  seventy  feet  in  length, 
and  from  thirty  to  forty  feet  in  its  greatest  circum- 
ference. The  whale  furnishes  us  with  oil,  whale- 
b(me,  &c.    [See  Cachalot.] 

WHaLE'-B6.-\T,  71.  .\  long,  narrow  boat,  sharp  at 
both  ends,  used  by  whalemen. 

WHaLE'BoNE,  71.  [ic/m/e  and  iriTic]  Afirm, elastic 
substance,  taken  from  the  upper  jaw  of  the  whale, 
used  as  a  stiflening  in  stays,  fans,  screens,  &c. 

WHaLE'-FISH-ER-Y,  71.  The  fishery  or  occupation 
of  taking  whales. 

WHaLE'MAN,  71.  .K  man  employed  in  the  whale- 
fishery. 

WHaL'ER,  71.    A  ship  employed  in  the  whale-fishery. 
WH.^L'ING,  7t.    The  business  of  taking  whales. 
WHALL,  )  71.     A  greenish-white  state  of  the  eyes. 
WHAUL,  t     [See  Wall-Eve.] 

WHALL'Y,  a.  Having  greenish-white  eyes.  [See 
Wall-Eve.] 

WHaME,  7t.    A  species  of  fly,  Tabanus,  the  burrel  fly, 

that  annoys  horses. 
WHANG,  71.    [Sax.  tliwang.] 

A  leather  thong.    [JV"o£  171  use.] 
WHANG,  r.  U    To  beat    [Mit  in  use,  or  local.] 

Orosc. 

WH.fkP,  71.    A  blow.    [Vulgar.]    [See  Awhap.] 

WH.\P'PER,  (liwop'per,)  71.  Something  uncommonly 
large  of  the  kind.  So  thumper  is  connected  with 
thump,  to  strike  with  a  heavy  blow ;  applied  partic- 
ularly to  a  bold  lie.  [yulgar.] 

WHARF,  (hworf,)  71.  [Sax.  hioarf,  hweorf ;  D.  wrrfi 
Dan.  verf;  Russ.  vorph.  In  I>.  werrcjt  signifies  to 
raise  or  levy.  In  the  plural,  Wharks  and  Wharves 
are  both  used.] 

A  perpendicular  bank  or  mound  of  timber  or  stone 
and  earth,  raised  on  the  shore  of  a  harbor,  river, 
canal,  &c.,  or  extending  some  distance  into  the 
water,  for  the  convenience  of  lading  and  unlading 
ships  and  other  vessels.  The  two  longest  wharfs  ill 
New  England,  are  at  Boston  and  at  New  Haven. 
..The  latter  is  much  the  longest,  extending  into  the 
harbor  about  three  quarters  of  a  inilo. 

WHARF,  V.  t.  To  guard  or  secure  by  a  wiiarf  or  firm 
wail  of  timber  or  stone ;  as,  the  western  bank  of  the 
Connecticut  is  wharfcd  at  Hartford,  to  prevent  the 
river  from  wearing  away  the  land. 

WIIAKF'AGE,  n.    The  fee  or  duty  paid  for  the  priv- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 


WHE 


WHE 


WlIE 


ileae  of  usinR  a  wharf  for  loading  or  unloading  goods, 
timber,  wood,  itc. 

WIIAUF'IiVC,  71.    Whiirfa  in  genKnil. 

VVllAltF'I.N-Gi:R,  n.  A  man  wlio  lias  tlie  care  of  a 
wiiaif,  or  tlic  proprietor  of  a  wharf. 

WHAT,  (hwt>t,)  pronoun  relative  or  substitute,  [Sax. 
haxtti  Goth,  aaiht ;  D.  louf;  G.  was;  llan.  and  Sw. 
hottd ;  Scot,  i/uhat ;  L.  quod,  qniil.  The  Sax.  Aific', 
hwatj  si^iHties  brisk,  lively,  vigorous  ;  which  shows 
tliat  this  pronoun  is  the  same  word  as  wiglU,  a  living 
being,  from  the  root  of  the  L.  vivo,  for  vigo.  (See 
WioHT.)  The  Gothic  A  represents  the  Latin  c  in 
vicius.] 

1.  That  which.  S.\y  what  you  will,  is  the  same  as 
say  Unit  which  yon  wilj, 

2.  Which  part.  Consider  what  is  due  to  nature, 
and  what  to  art  or  lal>or. 

:).  IVhat  is  the  siib-stitiitc  for  a  sentence  or  clause 
of  a  sentence.  "  I  tell  thee  tnliiii,  corporal,  I  could 
tear  her."  Here  what  relates  to  the  last  clause,  "  I 
could  tear  her  ;  "  this  is  what  I  tell  you. 

4.  IVhat  is  used  as  an  adjective,  of  both  genders, 
often  in  specifying  sorts  or  particulars.  See  what 
colors  this  silk  exhibits.  1  know  wlnit  qualities  you 
desire  in  a  friend  ;  that  is,  I  know  the  qualiliis  which 
you  desire. 

5.  Wiut  is  much  used  in  asking  cpiestions.  JVhat 
sort  of  character  is  this.'  If'hat  poem  is  this  IVhat 
man  is  this  we  see  C(uning 

().  Ifhat  time ;  at  the  time  or  on  the  day  when. 

Wltal  lime  the  morn  niyst'-rioviB  visioiw  briii^i.  Pope. 
7.  To  how  great  a  degree. 

What  ptinial  jiidgx-s  tire  our  love  mid  hate  I  Dryilen. 
fe.  Whatever. 

Wholhei-  it  was  lln:  shormoiis  of  his  forcsijlit,  the  Btrenjrth  of  hie 
will  —  or  what  il  wi\s.  Bacon. 

9.  Some  part,  or  some.  "  The  year  before,  h<!  had 
so  used  the  matter,  that  wfint  by  force,  what  by  policy, 
lie  had  taken  from  the  Christians  above  thirty  cas- 
tles;" that  is,  he  had  taken  above  thirty  castles,  a 
part  or  some  by  force,  a  part  or  some  by  policy  ;  or 
what  may  be  interpreted  partly,  KniiUci. 

Sometimes  ichnt  has  no  verb  to  govern  it,  and  it 
must  be  considered  as  adverbially  used.  "  H'hnt 
with  carrying  apples  and  fuel,  he  liiids  himself  in  a 
hurry  ;  "  that  is,  partly,  in  part. 

10.  What  is  sometimes  used  elliptically  for  what  is 
tills  ?  or  how  is  this  ? 

What  I  coulil  ye  mil  watch  with  me  one  hour  ?  —  Matt.  xxvi. 

11.  /f/ia£  is  used  interrogatively  and  elliptically,  as 
equivalent  to  what  will  be  the  consequence  1  What 
will  follow  ?  as  in  the  phrase,  what  if  I  undertake  this 
business  myself.' 

tVhal  though ;  that  is,  grant  this  or  that ;  allow  it  to 
be  so. 

IVhat  ho;  an  exclamation  of  calling. 

WH.\T,  (hwot,)  n.  Fare;  things;  matter.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

WH.\T-EV'ER,  pron.  [what  and  ever.]  Heing  this 
or  that ;  being  of  one  nature  or  another;  being  one 
thing  or  another ;  any  thing  that  may  be.  IVhatcrer 
is  re.id,  let  it  be  read  witli  attention.  Wliatccer 
measure  may  be  adopted,  let  it  be  with  iliio  caution. 
Whatever  yon  do,  let  it  be  done  with  pruiliuice. 
2.  All  that ;  the  whole  that ;  all  particulars  that. 

At  once  time  loith  whaleuer  creeps.  Mitloii. 

WH.\T-SO-EV'ER,  a.,  compound  of  what,  so,  and 
cprr,  has  the  sense  of  whatever,  and  is  less  us;-tl  than 
the  latter.  Indeed,  it  is  nearly  obsolete.  IVIialso,  in 
a  like  sense,  is  entirely  obsolete. 

WHRAl,,  n.    A  pustule.    [See  Weal.] 

WHEAT,  (liweet,)  n.  [Sax.  hwiete :  Goth,  hwit;  Ice. 
hveitrnu  :  G.  weitzen  ;  Sw.  hvete ;  Dan.  hcede  ;  D.  weit. 
an.  Heb.  non  ;  Syr.  id.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Triticum,  and  the  seed  of  the 
plant,  which  furnishes  a  while  flour  for  bread,  and, 
next  to  rice,  is  the  grain  most  generally  used  by  the 
human  race.  Of  this  grain  the  varieties  are  numer- 
ous, as  red  wheal,  while  wheat,  balil  wheat,  bearded 
wheat,  winter  wheat,  summer  wheat,  &.c. 

WHeAT'-BIKD,  n.    A  bird  that  feeds  on  wheat. 

yirginia, 

WHEAT'-E.XR,  n.  A  small  bird,  common  in  Europe, 
the  Saxicola  (.Motacilla,  I. inn.)  cenanthe  of  Bech- 
stein  ;  called  also  White-Tail  and  Fallow-Fi.nch. 
Il  IS  allied  to  the  stonechat  and  whincUat.  P.  Ojc. 

WHeAT'^N,  (hweet'n,)  a.  Made  of  wheal  ;  as, 
wheaten  bread.  ArbuOtnot.  Pope, 

WHeAT'-FLY,  n.  A  name  given  to  several  insects 
injurious  to  wheal.  It  includes  the  Hessian-tiy, 
wheat-moth,  &c.  F.,  C.  Hcmck. 

WHeAT'-.MOTH,  n.  An  insect  whose  grubs  devour 
the  grains  of  wheat,  chiefly  after  it  is  harvested ; 
probably  the  same  as  the  Aiigournois  moth. 

E.  C.  Herriek. 

WHgAT'-PLUM,  n.    A  sort  of  plum. 

WIIEE'DLE,  (hwee'dl,)  ti.  t.    [Qu.  Gi  yonTtvu,  or 
xojriAXu.] 
To  flatter ;  to  entice  by  soft  words. 
To  learn  Ibe  unhicky  art  of  laheediing  fool*.  DryUn. 

WHEE'DLE,  V.  i.    To  flatter ;  to  coax. 


WIIEE'OI.KI),  pp.    Flattered  ;  enticed  ;  coaxed. 
WIIEE'DLING,  ppr.     Flattering;  enticing  by  soft 
worils. 

WIIEK'DLI.NG,  71.    The  act  of  flattering  or  enticing. 

WIIEEIi,  n.  [Sax.  hiceul,  liweohl,  hwcofrl,  hweoirul ;  L). 
wiel :  Sw.  hiul.  This  seems  to  have  li'ir  or  llf  for 
its  elements.  Sec  Syr.  and  Ar.  No.  IG,  17,  C'lass 
Cg.] 

1.  A  circular  frame  of  wood,  iron,  or  other  metal, 
consisting  of  a  nave  or  hub,  into  which  are  iiisertetl 
spokes  wliicli  sust-iii  a  rim  or  felly  ;  the  whole  turn- 
ing on  an  axis.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  solid 
circular  or  round  pieccNif  wood  or  metal,  which  re- 
volves on  an  axis.  The  wheel  and  axle  constitute 
one  i'(  the  mechanical  powers.    [See  Axis,  No.  4.] 

2.  A  circular  bmly.  Shak. 

3.  A  carriage  that  moves  on  wheels.  Pope. 

4.  An  iiistrunient  for  torturing  criminals;  as,  an 
examination  made  by  the  rack  and  the  wheel. 

Mdison. 

5.  A  machine  for  .spinning  thread  of  various 
kinds. 

Ci.  Rotation  ;  revolution  ;  turn  ;  as,  the  vicissitude 
and  wheel  of  things.  Soutlu 

7.  A  turning  about ;  a  compass. 

He  throws  his  fligllt  in  many  an  airy  toheel.  Millon. 

8.  In  potlerij,  a  round  board  turned  by  a  lathe  in  a 
hori/.oiital  position,  on  which  the  clay  is  shaped  by 
the  hand. 

9.  A  circular  frame  having  handles  on  the  periph- 
ery, and  connected  by  the  tiller-ropes  with  the  rud- 
der, used  for  steering  a  ship. 

WHr.I-,I.'-AN-I-MAI,,  )n.    One  of  a  class  of 

WIIKHI-'-AN-l-MAI,'€Ur-E,  (  animalcules,  with 
arms  for  Uiking  their  prey  resembling  wheels;  a  ro- 
tifer. Brande. 

WIlEEt,'-I!AR  Ri")W,  n.  [wheel  and  barrow.]  A 
frame  with  a  box,  supported  by  one  wheel,  and 
rollcil  bv  a  single  man. 

WHEKL'-HOAT,  n.  [wheel  xmA  boat.]  A  boat  with 
wheels,  to  be  used  either  on  water  or  upon  inclined 
planes  or  railways. 

WHEEL'-GAR-RIAGE,  n.  [wheel  ani  carriage,]  A 
carriage  moved  on  wheels. 

WHEEL'-RaCE,  71.  The  place  in  which  a  water- 
wheel  is  fixed.  Francis, 

WHEEL'-SHaP-KD,  (hwcel'slmpte,)  a.  [wheel  and 
shape.]  In  botany,  rotate  ;  nionopetalous,  expanding 
into  a  flat  bordi'r  at  top,  with  scarcely  any  lube  ;  as, 
a  wheel-shaped  corol.  Smith. 

WIIEEL'WRlGHT,(hweel'rItc,)7i.  [wheel  and  ionV/i(.l 
A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  make  wheels  antl 
wheel-carriages,  as  carts  and  wagons. 

WHEEL,  I'.  <•  To  convey  on  wheels;  as,  to  wheel  a 
load  of  hay  or  wood. 

2.  To  put  into  a  rotary  motion  ;  to  cause  to  turn 
round.  Millon, 

WHEEL,  I",  t.    To  turn  on  an  axis.  Brntlcij, 

2.  To  turn  ;  to  move  round  ;  as,  a  body  of  troops 
wheel  to  the  right  or  left. 

3.  To  fetch  a  compass. 

Then  icheeling  down  U»c  steep  of  he.ivcn  he  flies.  Pojie, 

4.  To  roll  forward. 

Thuoiler 

Must  wheel  on  the  earth,  devouring  where  il  rolls.  Millon. 
WHEEL' AD,  ji;7.     Conveyed  on  wheels;  turned; 

rolled  round. 
WIIEKL'ER,  71.    A  maker  of  wheels.  [Ob.-!.] 
WIIKEL'I.N'G,  ppr.    Conveying  on  wheels  or  in  a 

wheel-carriage  ;  turning. 
WHEEL'ING,  71.    The  act  of  conveying  on  whoels. 

2.  The  act  of  passing  rm  wheels,  or  convenience 
for  passing  on  wheels.  We  say,  it  is  gtwxl  wheelinir, 
or  bad  wheeling,  according  to  the  stale  of  the  roads. 

3.  A  turning  or  circular  nioveinenl  of  troops  em- 
bodied. 

WIIEEL'Y,  a.    Circular;  suitable  to  rotation. 

Philips. 

WHEEZE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hweosan ;  Arm.  chueia;  Sw. 
hes,  hoarse  ;  Dan.  hvinser ;  Sw.  hvdsa,  to  hiss,  to 
whiz ;  Dan.  kvaes,  a  whistling.  Wheeze,  whiz,  and 
probably  whisper,  are  of  one  family,  and  accord  with 
the  root  of  the  L.  fistula.] 

To  breathe  hard  and  with  an  audible  sound,  as 
persons  affected  with  asthma.        Dnjden,  Swift, 

WlIEEZ'IiNG,  ppr.  Breathing  with  dilficiilly  and 
noise. 

WHEEZ'ING,  71.  The  act  of  breathing  with  diflicnlty 
and  niii.se. 

WHELK,  (liwelk,)  n.  A  wrinkle  ;  inequality  on  the 
surface  ;  protuberance  ;  a  pustule.  fSec  Welk  and 
Weal.] 

2.  A  inolliisk,  the  Biiccimim  undatum,  having  a 
shell  univalvnlar,  spirol,  and  gibbous,  with  an  oval 
aperture  ending  in  a  short  canal  or  gutter.  Whelks 
are  much  used  for  food  in  England. 

Linnwus.    P.  Cyc, 
WIIELK'Y,  o.   Protuberant;  embossed;  rounded. 

Spenser, 

WHELM,  V,  t,  [Sax.  ahwylfan;  Goth,  hulyan;  Ice. 
wilina  or  hmUma.] 

1.  To  cover  with  water  or  other  fluid  ;  to  cover  by 
immersion  in  something  th.it  envelops  on  all  sides  ; 


a.s,  to  whelm  a  person  or  a  company  in  the  seas ;  to 
whelm  a  caravan  in  sainl  or  dust. 

2.  To  cover  completely  ;  to  immerse  deeply  ;  to 
overburden  ;  as,  to  whelm  one  in  sorrows. 

3.  To  throw  over  so  as  to  cover.    [«Vot  used.] 

Mortimer, 

WHELM'KD,  pp.    Covered,  as  by  being  plunged  or 
immersed. 

WIIELM'I.N'G,  ppr.    Covering,  as  by  immersion. 
WIIKLP,  71.    [Dan.  hvalp  ;  Sw.  valp :  D.  welp.  This 
word  coincides  in  elements  with  wolf,  L.  rulpes,] 

1.  The  young  of  the  canine  species,  and  of  sev- 
eral other  bi^.ists  of  prey  ;  a  puppy  ;  a  cub ;  as,  a 
bear  robbed  of  hei  whelps  ;  lion's  whelps, 

2.  A  son  ;  in  contempt,  Shak. 

3.  A  young  man  ;  iii  contempt.  .^ddisun. 
WHELP,  II.  i.    To  bring  forth  young,  as  the  female  of 

the  canine  species  and  some  other  beasts  of  prey. 

Boyle. 

WHEX,  adv.    [Goth,  hwan  ;  Sax.  hwicnne ;  G.  wann  ; 
D.  wanneer  ;  L.  qaando  ;  Gaelic,  cuinne.] 

1.  At  the  time.  We  were  present  when  General 
La  Favette  embarked  at  Havre  for  New  York. 

JV.  W. 

2.  At  what  time  ;  interrogatively. 

Wlien  shall  these  things  be?  —  MmI.  xxiv. 

3.  Which  time. 


I  was  adopted  heir  hy  his  consent  ; 
Since  when,  his  oath  is  hroke. 


4.  After  the  time  that.  When  the  act  is  passed, 
the  public  will  be  satisfied. 

5.  At  what  lime. 

Kin^  may 

Take  their  advantage  when  and  how  tliey  list.  Daniel. 
Wlien  as  ;  at  the  time  when  ;  what  lime.  [06.<.] 
When  ae  s^icred  lijiit  hei^.m  to  dawn.  Anilon. 
WHENCE,  adv.    [Sax.  huianon,] 

1.  Frimi  what  place. 

UTi^ncc  and  whnt  art  Uiou  t  Millon. 

2.  From  whtit  source.  Whence  shall  wo  derive 
hope  .'    Whence  conies  this  honor .' 

Whence  hath  tiiia  man  this  wisdom  ?  —  Matt.  xiii. 

3.  From  which  premises^  iirinciples,  or  facts.  These 
facts  or  principles  are  atlinitled,  whence  it  follows  that 
judgment  must  be  entered  for  the  plaintifT. 

4.  How  ;  by  what  way  or  means.    Mark  xii. 

5.  In  general,  from  which  jierson,  cause,  place, 
principle,  or  circumstance. 

From  whence  may  be  consiilered  as  tautological, 
/roi7i  being  implied  in  whence:  but  the  use  is  well 
authorized,  antl  in  some  cases  the  use  of  it  seems  to 
give  force  or  beauty  to  the  phrase.  We  ascended 
the  mountain,  from  whence  we  took  a  view  of  the 
beaiitit'til  plains  below. 

Of  wheiue  is  not  now  used. 
WHENCE-SO-EV'ER,  aitv.    [whence,  so,  and  tcer,] 
From  what  place  soever ;  from  wliat  cause  or  source 
soever. 

Any  idea,  vhencetoeoer  we  have  il.  Locke, 

WHENCE-EV'ER.    See  WHEnsoEVEn. 

WHE.\-E\"ER,  ai/e.  [irAcn  and  ecrr.]  At  whatever 
lime.  Whenever  you  come,  you  will  be  kindly  re- 
ceived. 

WIIEN-SO  EV'ER.  a.  [when,  so,  and  ever,]  At  what 
time  soever  ;  at  whatever  time.  Loeke. 

WHERE,  (li  wire,)  adv,  [Sax.  hwwr  ;  Goth.  Airar ;  Sw. 
Arur 1).  iraar.] 

1.  .At  which  place  or  places. 

She  visited  the  place  where  first  she  was  so  happy.  Sidney, 
III  all  plao's  where  I  reaini  my  name,  1  will  come  to  thee  and  1 
will  bless  ihee.  —  Ex.  XX. 

2.  At  or  in  what  place. 

Adam,  where  art  thou  t  — Gen.  Ui. 

3.  At  the  pl.ace  in  which. 
Where  I  thought  the  n'nmanl  of  my  o^e 

Should  have  been  cherished  by  lier  childlike  duly.  Shak, 

4.  Whither ;  to  what  place,  or  from  what  place. 
Where  are  you  going  .'    W here  are  you  from  .' 

[These  uses  of  iWin-e  arc  ctuiiiiion,  and  the  first 
can  not  be  condemned  as  vulgar.] 

jjiiy  where  ;  in  any  place.  I  sought  the  man,  but 
could  not  lind  him  any  where, 

J\''ole.  —  Where  seems  to  have  been  originally  a 
noun,  and  was  so  used  by  Spensor.  "  He  shall  find 
no  where  safe  to  him."  In  this  sen.se,  it  is  obsolete  ; 
yet  it  implies  place,  its  original  signification. 
WHERI>A-BOUT',  comp.  [where  and  about.]  Near 
what  place.    Whereabout  did  you  meet  your  friend? 

2.  Near  which  place.  Shak, 

3.  Concerning  which. 

The  object  whereabout  they  arc  conveivant.  Hooker, 
[VVhereabopts  is  also  used.] 
VVHERi:-AS',  (hware-!ix',)  eojnp.     [where  and  as,\ 
When  in  fact  or  truth ;  implying  opposition  to  some- 
thing that  precedes. 

Are  not  those  found  to  be  the  grcalest  kaIoU,  who  are  nwat 
notni^iMuly  ignorant  f  whereat  true  seal  tllutdd  always 
begin  with  tnie  knowledge.  Spral. 

2.  The  thing  being  so  that ;  considering  that  things 
are  so  ;  implying  an  admission  of  facts,  sometimes 


TuNE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1259 


WHE 

followed  by  a  different  statement,  and  sometimes  by 
inferences  or  something  consequent,  as  in  the  law 
style,  where  a  preamble  introduces  a  law. 

WTtereae  wars  Rie  generally  causes  of  poverty.  Bacon, 

3.  Whereat;  at  which  place.    [Ods.l  Spenser. 

4.  But  on  the  contrary.  [See  No.  1.]  Woodward. 
WHERE  AT',  comp.    [where  and  at.]    At  which. 

^STheTeal  he  was  no  leas  an^ry  and  ashamed  than  desirous  to 

obey  Zelmane.  Sidney. 
9.  At  what :  mtcrrorratively.    Whereat  are  you  of- 
fended .> 

WilEllE-BY',  comp.    [where  and  by  ]    By  which. 

You  take  my  life, 
Wben  you  do  take  the  means  wh£rebtf  I  live.  Shak, 

2.  By  what ;  interrogatively. 

Mlierebi/  shall  I  know  this  ?  —  Luke  i. 
WlIEKE'FoRE,  comp.    [where  and  for.]    For  which 
reason. 

Mliere/ore,  by  tlieir  fniits  ye  shall  know  them.  —  Matt.  vii. 
2.  Why  ;  for  wliat  reason. 

U7(iTe/ore  didst  lliou  doubt  ?  —  Matt.  xiv. 
WMERE-IX',  covip.    [where  and  in.]    In  which;  in 
which  thing,  time,  respect,  book,  Sec.    This  is  the 
thing  wherein  you  liave  erred.  > 
2.  In  what. 
Yet  ye  say,  Wherein  have  we  wearied  him  ?  —  Mai.  ii. 
WHERE-I.\-TO',   comp.      [wltere  and   irita.]  Into 

which.    [Ohs.]  Bacon. 
WHERE'NESS,  n.    Ubiety;  imperfect  locality. 

A  point  h  nth  no  dimensions,  but  only  a  tehereneeSy  and  ia  next 
to  notliin^.  Grew, 

[  This  word  is  nut  used^  nor  has  it  any  intelligible  sig- 
nijieation.] 

WHERE-OF',  comp.  [where  ani  of .]  Of  which.  We 
are  not  guilty  of  the  crime  whereof  we  are  accused. 

2.  Of  what.  Whereof  was  this  house  built  ? 
[Obs.] 

How  this  world,  when  and  wftereo/created.  Ait/ton. 
WIIERE-ON',  camp,    [tohere  and  on.]   On  which ;  as, 
Ihf  ground  whereon  we  tread. 
9.  On  what.    JKAovoh  do  we  stand  [Ois.l 
WHERE'SO,  comp.    [06,9.]    See  Wheresoever. 
WHERE  SO  EVER,  comp.    [where,  so,  and  ever.]  In 
wliiit  piace  soever;  in  whatever  place,  or  in  any 
place  indefinitely.    Seize  the  thief,  wheresoever  he 
may  be  found. 

[\Vherever  is  the  preferable  word.] 
WHERE'THUOCGH,  through  which,  is  not  in  use. 
WHERE-TO',  comp.    [where  and  to.]    To  which. 

WJlcrelo  we  have  already  attained.  — Phil.  iii. 

2.  To  what  ;  to  what  end.    [Little  used.] 
WHERE-UN-TO',  adv.     The  same  as  Whereto. 
[Oh..] 

WHERE-UP-ON',  comp.   Upon  which. 

The  townsmen  muttnicil  and  sent  to  Essex,  whereupon  he  came 
tliither.  Clarendon. 
W  HER-EV'ER,  co;np.  [where  and  ever.]  At  whatever 
place. 

He  can  not  hut  love  virtue,  vhzrever  it  is.  .Atterhury. 

WHERE-WITH',  comp.  [where  and  with.]  With 
which.  , 

The  love  icherewiOt  (hou  hast  loved  me.  —  John  xvii. 

2.  With  what ;  interrogatively. 

lilieretrith  shall  I  pave  Israel  t  —  Judaea  vl. 

WHERE-WIT H  AL',  comp.  [See  Withal.]  [where, 
with,  and  alt.]    The  same  as  Wherewith. 

WIIER'RET,  t).  «.    [G.wirren.  Qti.] 

To  hurry;  to  trouble  ;  to  tease  ;  to  give  a  box  on 
the  ear. 

t/.o7v5,  and  not  used  in  .America.] 
;R'UET,  n.    A  box  on  the  ear.    [J^ot  in  use.] 
Beaum.  4"  Fl. 

WHER'RY,  n.  [A  different  orthography  of  Ferry, 
formed  with  a  strong  breathing,  like  whistle,  from  the 
root  of  L.  Jistala.] 

1.  A  shallow,  light  boat,  built  very  sharp  at  both 
ends,  for  fast  rowing  or  sailing,  especially  on  tide 
rivers.  Ilebert. 

The  term  has  also  been  applied  to  some  decked 
vcoscia  used  in  fishing,  in  dilicrent  parts  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  lii]Uor  made  from  the  pulp  of  crabs,  after  the 
verjuice  isexprea.sed  ;  sometimes  called  Crab-Wheb- 
BV.  [Local.] 

WHET,  (hwet,)  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Whetted  or 
Whet.  [Sax.  hwcllan;  Sw.  hvassa;  Dan.  hvas, 
sharp  ;  hnedscr,  to  whet  ;  D.  wetlen  ;  G.  wetzrn.] 

1.  'i'o  rub  for  the  purpose  of  sliarpening,  as  an 
edge-tool ;  to  sharpen  by  attrition  ;  as,  to  whet  a 
scythe  or  an  ax. 

2.  To  provoke ;  to  excite ;  to  stimulate ;  as,  to  whet 
the  appetite. 

3.  To  provoke ;  to  make  angry  or  acrimonious. 

Binc<  Caulut  flrat  did  whet  me  agalnat  Cesar, 

I  have  not  slept.  StuUc. 

To  whet  on,  or  whet  forward ;  to  urge  on  ;  to  in"ti- 
gatc.    [Jt'ol  used,  nor  proper.]  Shak. 


WHI 


Will 


WHET,  n.    The  act  of  sharpening  by  friction, 
i       2.  Something  that  provokes  or  stimulates  the  ap- 
petite ;  as,  sips,  drams,  and  whets.  Spectator. 

WHETH'ER,  ])ronoun  or  substitute.  [Sa.\.  hwather. 
This  word  see'ms  to  be  connected  with  wluit  and  the 
L.  vter,  the  latter  not  being  aspirated.  The  sense 
seems  to  be  what,  or  which  of  two,  referring  either 
to  persons  or  to  sentences.] 

1.  Which  of  two. 

"iVhelher  of  them  twain  did  the  will  of  his  father  f  —  Matt.  xil. 

Here,  wActAcr  is  a  substitute  for  one  of  two,  and  sig- 
nifies which;  which  of  the  two ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is 
obsolete. 

2.  Which  of  two  alternatives,  expressed  by  a  sen- 
tence or  the  clause  of  a  sentence,  and  followed  by 
or.  "  Resolve  whether  you  will  go  or  not ;  "  that  is, 
you  will  go  or  not  go  ;  resolve  which. 

JVote.  —  In  the  latter  use,  which  is  now  most  com- 
mon, whetlier  is  called  an  adverb.  This  is  a  mistake. 
It  is  the  same  part  of  speech  as  in  the  former  exam- 
ple. The  only  difference  is,  that  in  the  former  ex- 
ample it  repre-sents  or  refers  to  a  noun,  and  in  the 
latter  to  a  sentence  or  clause. 

WHETH'ER-ING,  n.  The  retention  of  the  after-birth 
in  cows.  Gardner. 

WHET'SToNE,  n.  [whet  and  stone.]  A  stone  used 
for  sharpening  edged  instruments  by  friction. 

WHET'SToNE-SLaTE,  )  n.    IS'ovaculite,  a  variety 

WHET'-SLATE,  j     of  slate  used  for  sharp- 

ening instruments  of  iron.  The  light-green  colored 
variety  from  the  Levant  is  the  most  valuable,  and  is 
called  HoNESToNE.  It  should  be  kept  in  a  damp 
place,  that  it  may  not  become  too  dry  and  hard. 

WHET'TED,  pp.  Rubbed  for  sharpening;  sharp- 
ened ;  provoked ;  stimulated. 

WHET'TER,  n.  He  or  that  which  whets  or  sharp- 
ens. 

WHET'TING,  ppr.  Rubbing  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 
ing sharp;  sharpening;  provoking;  iuciting  ;  stim- 
ulating. 

WHEW'ER,  n.  Another  name  of  the  widgeon.  [Lo- 
cal/] 

WHEY,  (hwa,)  n.    [Sax.  hwtcg:  D.  wei  or  hui.] 

The  serum  or  watery  part  of  milk,  separated  from 
the  more  thick  orcoagulable  part,  particularly  in  the 
processor  making  cheese.  In  this  process,  the  thick 
part  is  called  curd,  and  the  thin  part  whey. 
WHEY'EY,  (wha'e,)  a.  Partaking  of  whey  ;  resem- 
bling whey.  Bacon. 
WHEY'ISH,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  whev. 

Philips. 

WHEY'-TUB,  n.  A  tub  in  which  whey  stands  for 
yielding  cream,  &c.  Cyc. 

WHICH,  pron.  [If  this  is  from  the  Saxon  hwilc  or 
hwylc,  it  is  from  the  Gothic  hwelciks,  which  coincides 
with  the  Latin  qualis ;  D.  welk,  G.  wclche,  welcher, 
Dan.  hwilken,  hwilket,  Sw.  hwilken.  This  is  the  prob- 
able origin  of  the  word,  and  its  true  sen.se  is  that  of 
the  Latin  quis,  qualis,  quicunque.  In  these  senses  it 
occurs  in  all  Saxon  books.  Its  proper  use  was  as  a 
pronoun  of  interrogation,  "  Hwylc  man  is  of  eow  ?  " 
what  man  is  thereof  you.'  Jl/af(.  vii.  9.  "Hwylc 
is  min  niodor.'"  who  is  my  mother.'  Jl/ai (c  iii.  33. 
Its  use  for  who,  Saxon  hwa,  as  in  Ihe  Lord*s  prayer, 
"  Our  Father  which  art  in  heaven,"  is  an  improper 
application  of  the  word.  In  its  original  sense  it  is 
used  for  all  genders  ;  as,  which  man,  which  woman, 
w/iic/i  thing.'  As  an  interrogative  we  still  use  it  in 
this  manner.  Its  use  for  zcAo  was  of  long  continu- 
ance, but  is  happily  discontinued  ;  and  our  present 
practice  actyjrds  with  its  original  use  in  the  Saxon.] 

1.  A  pronoun  or  word  of  interrogation  in  all  gen- 
ders ;  as,  which  man  is  it .'  which  woman  was  it  ? 
which  is  the  house  .' 

2.  In  reference  to  things,  or  in  the  neuter  gender, 
it  is  n  relative  referring  to  something  before  men- 
tioned ;  as,  "  God  rested  on  the  seventh  day  from  all 
his  work  which  he  had  made."  Qen.  ii.  2.  In  some 
phrases,  the  relative  may  precede  the  noun  to  which 
it  refers. 

3.  Which,  like  other  pronouns,  may  be  used  as  a 
substitute  for  another  word  or  for  a  sentence.  "  We 
are  bound  to  obey  all  the  divine  commands,  which 
we  can  not  do  without  divine  aid."  Here  which  is  a 
substitute  for  obey  all  Vie  divine  commands.  The  man 
was  said  to  he  innocent,  which  he  was  not.  Here 
■which  is  a  substitute  for  innocent. 

4.  Thai  w  hich  ;  those  which  ;  as,  take  which  you 
will. 

The  which,  by  the  which,  See,  are  obsolete. 
WHICII-EV'ER,       )pron.    Whether  one  or  thi*  oth- 
WHICH-SO-EV'ER,  (    cr.  WAtcAcucr  road  you  take, 

it  will  conduct  you  to  town. 
WHIFF,  n.   [W.  firif,  a  whiff  or  puff,  a  hiss ;  ^wijiaw, 
to  whiff,  and  ftwi/,  a  quick  gust.] 

].  A  sudden  expulsion  of  air  from  the  mouth;  a 
puff;  as,  the  whiff'  of  a  Smoker. 

And  seasons  hid  ir/if^s  with  imiXTtlnent  jokes.  Pope. 
9.  In  ichthyology,  a  flat-fish  of  the  turbot  group, 
Rhombus  megastuina.  Jardine's  JVat.  Lib. 

WHIFF,  r.  t.    To  puff;  to  throw  out  In  whiffs;  to 

ronsiime  in  whiffs. 
WHIF'FLE,  (whif'il,)  v.  L    [D.  wcifelm,  to  waver; 


iweeren,  to  hover.  This  accords  in  sense  with  G 
zweifdn,  to  duubt,  which  would  .seem  to  be  from 
-wei,  two,  or  its  root.  The  G.  has  also  schweifen,  to  rove 
or  wander,  which  seems  to  be  allied  to  sweep.  The 
D.  has  also  twyffelen,  to  doubt,  from  twee,  two,  or  its 
root ;  Sw.  tvijia,  Dan.  Ivivler,  from  the  root  of  two. 
Yet  whiffle  seems  to  be  directly  from  whiff.] 

To  start,  shift,  and  turn  ;  to  change  from  one  opin- 
ion or  course  to  another ;  to  use  evasions  ;  to  pre- 
varicate ;  to  be  fickle  and  unsteady. 

A  person  of  whijling  and  unsteady  turn  of  mind,  can  not  keep 
close  to  a  point  of  a  controversy.  Watu. 
WHIF'FLE,  V.  t.    To  disperse  with  a  puff;  to  scatter. 

J\Iore. 

WHIF'FLE,  71.    .Anciently,  a  fife  or  small  flute. 
WHIF'FLE-TREE,  )  n.    The  bar  to  which  the  traces 
WHIP'PLE-TREE,  j    of  a  carriage  are  fastened  for 
draught. 

WHIF'FLER,  n.  One  who  whiffles  or  frequently 
changes  his  opinion  or  course;  one  who  uses  shifts 
and  evasions  in  argument. 

2.  A  harbinger  ;  an  officer  who  went  before  pro- 
cessions to  clear  the  way  by  blowing  the  horn  or 
trumpet.  Toone.  Shak. 

3.  A  young  man  who  goes  before  a  company  in 
London  on  occasions  of  public  solemnity.  Cyc. 

WHIF'FLIiN'G,  ppr.  Shifting  and  turning;  prevari- 
cating ;  shuffling. 

WHIF'FLING,  n.  Prevarication. 

WHIG,  (hwig,)  n.    [Sax.  hwag.    See  Whey.] 

Acidulated  whey,  sometimes  mi.\ed  with  butter- 
milk and  sweet  herbs ;  used  as  a  cooling  beverage. 
[Local] 

WHIG,  n.  [Ash,  in  his  Dictionary,  informs  us  that 
this  word  is  from  whiggam,  a  term  used  in  Scotland 
in  driving  horses  ;  icAi^^roraor,  one  who  drives  lior  ies. 
In  1648,  a  party  of  these  people  marched  to  Eilin- 
burgh  to  oppose  the  king  and  the  duke  of  Hamilton  ; 
and  hence  the  name  of  whig  was  given  to  the  party 
opposed  to  the  court.] 

One  of  a  political  party  which  had  its  origin  in 
England  in  the  seventeenth  century,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  or  II.,  when  great  contests  existed  respect- 
ing the  royal  prerogatives  and  the  rights  of  the  peo- 
ple. Those  who  supported  the  king  in  his  high 
claims  were  called  tories,  and  the  advocates  of  pop- 
ular rights  were  called  whigs.  During  the  revolu- 
tion in  the  United  States,  the  friends  and  supporters 
of  the  war  and  the  principles  of  the  revolution  were 
called  whigs,  and  those  who  opposed  them  were 
called  tories  and  royalists. 

Where,  then,  when  lories  scarce  get  clear. 

Shall  whigs  and  congresses  appear  f  M^Fingal. 

WHIG,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  whigs. 
WHIG'GAR-CHY,  n.    Government  by  whigs.  [CaiU.] 

Swift. 

WHIG'GER-Y,  n.    The  principles  of  a  whig. 

WHIG'GISII,  a.  Pertaining  to  whigs  ;  partaking  of 
the  principles  of  whigs.  Swift. 

WHIG'GKS.M,  71.    The  principles  of  a  whig.  Swifl. 

WHILE,  (hwile,)  71.  [Sax.  AwiVc;  Goth. /(»Ci7a  ;  G. 
well;  D.  wyl;  time,  while  ;  Dan.  hvilc,  Sw.  hvila,  re- 
pose ;  W.  ^wyl,  a  turn,  Ir.  foil.    See  the  verb.] 

Time  ;  space  of  time,  or  continued  duration.  He 
was  some  while  in  this  country.  One  while  wo 
thought  him  innocent. 

fFor(/i  ichile  ;  worth  the  time  which  it  requires  ; 
worth  the  time  and  pains  ;  hence,  worth  the  ex- 
pense. It  is  not  always  worth  lohile  for  a  man  to  pros- 
ecute for  small  debts. 

WHILE,  adv.    During  the  time  that.    While  I  wri»e, 

2.  As  long  as.  [you  sleep. 
Use  your  memory,  and  you  will  sensibly  experience  a  goduaj 

improvement,  while  you  lake  can;  not  10  overload  it.  Walti. 

3.  At  the  same  time  that.  Pope. 
WHILE,  V.  t.    [W.  fwy/iiw,  to  turn,  to  run  a  course, 

to  bustle  ;  Eth.  waala,  to  pass  the  time,  to 

spend  the  day  or  life,  to  remain  ;  Amharic,  id. ;  Dan. 
Ai>iier,  Sw.  Ai'ifa,  to  rest  or  repose ;  It.foillim,  to  stay, 
to  rest,  to  tarty  ;  G.  weilcn,  venceilcn,  to  abide,  to 
stay ;  D.  verwylen,  id.  (iu.  the  identity  of  these 
words.] 

To  while  away,  as  time.  In  English,  is  to  loiter ;  or, 
more  generally,  to  cause  time  to  pass  away  pleasant- 
ly, without  irksomtness;  as,  we  while  away  lime  in 
amusements  or  diversitms. 

Let  ns  white  away  Uiis  life.  Pope. 
WHILE,  V.  i.    To  loiter.  Spectator. 
WHIL'gRE,  adv.    [while  and  ere.]    A  little  while 
ago.    [  Obs.] 

WIIIL'INC,  ppr.    Loitering;  passing  time  agreeably, 

without  impatience  or  todiousnoss.  , 
WIMLK,  7t.    A  kill'.'   3f  shell,  or  shell-fish.  [See 

Whelk.] 
WHI'LOM,  adv.    [Sax.  hwilon.] 

Formerly  ;  once  ;  of  old.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
WHILST,  adv.    'I'he  same  as  While,  which  se» 

[Whiles  is  not  used.] 
WIUII,  71.    [Ice.  htoima  :  W.  frnm,  a  brisk  motion,  « 

turn  ;  finimiaw,  lo  move  round  briskly  ;  Sp.  quiwerii, 

a  whini,  a  wild  fancy,  a  scuflle.] 


PATE,  FAR,  FAIX,  WHiST.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
1260 


/ 


WHI 

1.  Properly,  a  sudden  turn  or  start  of  the  mind  ; 
a  freak;  a  fancy  ;  a  capricious  notion.  We  say, 
every  man  bus  liis  whims.  [See  Fbkak  and  Ua- 
rnicE.j 

All  the  tiiperfluous  whimt  relate.  Sjiifl. 

2.  A  low  wit ;  a  cant  word.  Miiison. 

3.  A  niacliine  worked  by  horses  for  raising  water 
from  the  bottom  of  mines. 

WIIIM'UREL.,  «.  A  bird  closely  allied  to  the  curlew, 
and  resuinhlmi:  it  in  its  appearance  and  habits. 

VVIUM'PEK,  v.i.  [G.wimmirn.] 

To  cry  with  a  low,  whining,  broken  voice  ;  as,  a 
child  ichimpers.  Locke. 

Wlll.M'I'EK-ING,  ppT.  Crying  with  a  low,  broken 
voice. 

VVIIIM'PER-ING,  n.  [Supra.]  A  low,  muttering  cry. 
VVHl.M'l'LKD,  a.    [A  word  used  by  Sliakspeare,  per- 

U:i\)!i  a  mistake  for  VVHiMrEnco.] 
Distorted  with  crying. 
WlIl.M'SEY,  (hwim'ze,)  n.    [from  icAim.]    A  whim  ; 

a  freak  ;  a  capricious  notion  ;  as,  the  whitmeys  of 

poftS. 

Mmi'i  follies,  wJiimttys,  and  inconslnncy,  Sici/t. 

WHIM'SI-CAL,  a.  Full  of  whims ;  freakish ;  having 
odd  fancies  ;  capricious. 

My  npi^libors  call  ine  wliirruuul.  Addison. 

WniM'SI-eAL-LY,  ad».    [Supra.]    In  a  whimsical 

manner  ;  freakishlv. 
Wlll.M'SI-eAL-XESS, )  n.    [Supra.]    Freakishness ; 
VVlllM-$I-eAL'l-TY,  (    whimsical  disposition  ;  odd 

temper. 

WHIN,  n.  [In  W.  f  iryn  is  a  weed  ;  L.  Ocnista  spino- 
sa.] 

Gorse  ;  furze  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Ulex. 

Tusscr.  Lee. 

WHIX'-.^X,  n.  [ichin  and  ai.]  An  instrument  used 
for  e.xtirpating  whin  from  land.  Cyc. 

P.  Cyc. 

WHIX'CilAT,  n.  A  small  singing-bird,  a  species  of 
warbler,  the  Saxicola  rubctra,  (Motacilla  rubetra. 
Linn.)  It  is  common  in  Europe.  Jardine.  P.  Cyc. 
WHINE,  (hwlne,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  wanian  and  ctranian  ; 
Goth,  hwainon  ;  Dan.  hriner.  to  whine,  and  to  whin- 
ny, as  a  horse  ;  Sw.  hvina,  to  squeal  or  squeak  j  W. 
agwyn,  to  complain  ;  L.  hinnio,  and  qu.  ffaiinio.] 

To  express  murmurs  by  a  plaintive  cry ;  to  moan 
with  a  puerile  noise  ;  to  murmur  meanly. 

'I'hf'v  c:\me  — with  a  ithiiting  accent  craving  liberty.  Sidney. 
Tlii-li,  if  we  ichine,  look  pale.  Sluzi. 

WHINE,  n,  A  plaintive  tone  ;  the  nasal  puerile  tone 
of  mean  complaint;  mean  or  affected  complaint. 

WIIT.N'ER,  n.    One  who  whines.  [Howe. 

WIIIN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Expressing  murmurs  by  a 
nii'an,  plaintive  tone  or  cant. 

WIITN'ING-LY,  adr.    In  a  whining  manner. 

WUIX'NY,  f.  i.    [L.  hinitio  ;  from  the  root  o(  whine.] 
To  utter  the  sound  of  a  horse  ;  to  neigh. 

WHIN'NY,  a.    Abounding  in  whins. 

WHIN'OCK,  n.    [G.  weniir,  small.] 

The  small  pig  of  a  litter.  Jf.  England. 

WHIN'-STONE,  n.  [whin  and  stone;  Scot,  qultyn- 
stane.  ] 

tVhin-stone,  or  rchin,  is  a  provincial  name  given  to 
basaltic  rocks,  and  applied  by  miners  to  any  kind  of 
d.irk-colored  and  h.ard,  unstr.itified  rock,  which  re- 
sists the  point  of  the  pick.  Veins  of  dark  basalt  or 
green-istone  are  frequently  called  whin-dykes.  Cyc. 

WHIN'Y.^RD,  n.    A  sword  ;  in  coiiIcm/)«.  Hudibras. 

WHIP,  (hwip,)  V.  t.  [Sa\.  htceopan,  to  whip,  and  to 
weep,  that  is,  to  vfhoop.  or  hoop  ;  D.  wippen,  to  shake, 
to  move,  or  wag,  to  give  the  strappado  ;  zweepen,  to 
whip  ;  Dan.  vippcr,  to  swing  ;  W.  gwipiaw,  to  move 
briskly,  to  whip;  fwip,  a  quick  flirt  or  turn.  The 
sense  is  well  expressed  by  the  Welsh,  anil  we  say,  a 
man  whips  round  a  corner,  when  running  he  sudden- 
ly turns.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  wipe  and  sweep, 
and  L.  capulo,  and  implies  a  sweeping  throw  or 
thrust.] 

1.  To  strike  with  a  lash  or  sweeping  cord  j  as,  to 
rphip  a  horse. 

2.  To  sew  slightly.  Gay. 

3.  To  drive  with  lashes  ;  as,  to  whip  a  top. 

4.  To  punish  with  the  whip;  as,  to  whip  a  va- 
grant ;  to  whip  one  thirty-nine  lashes ;  to  whip  a  per- 
verse boy. 

Who,  for  falie  qnantiliet,  wai  vhipptd  at  achool.  Dri/den. 

5.  To  lash  with  sarcasm. 

They  would  whip  mc  with  their  fine  wits.  Shak. 
a.  To  strike  ;  to  thrash  ;  to  beat  out,  as  grain,  by 
striking;  as,  to  uiAtp  wheat.  Cyc 

l^J^ot  in  use  in  the  United  States.] 

F 0  whip  about,  or  round ;  to  wrap;  to  in  wrap  ;  as, 
to  whip  a  line  round  a  rod.  ,  Mozon. 

To  whip  about ;  to  draw  nimbly  ;  to  snatch  ;  as,  to 
whip  out  a  sword  or  rapier  from  its  sheath. 

T 0  whip  from ;  to  take  away  suddenly. 

To  whip  into ;  to  thrust  in  with  a  quick  motion. 
He  whipped  his  hand  into  his  pocket. 

To  whip  up:  to  seize  or  take  up  with  a  quick  mo- 
tion. She  whipped  up  the  child  and  ran  off.  Among 
seamen,  to  hoist  with  a  whip  or  small  tackle. 


Win 

WHIP,  V.  i.  To  move  nimbly  ;  to  start  suddenly  and 
run,  or  to  turn  atid  run  ;  a.-;,  the  hoy  whipped  away  in 
an  instant ;  he  whiptied  round  the  corner  ;  he  whipped 
into  the  house,  antl  was  out  of  sight  in  a  moment. 

WHIP,  71.    [S^ax.  hweop.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  driving  horses  or  other  teams, 
or  for  correction,  consisting  of  a  lash  tied  to  a  handle 
or  rod. 

2.  A  coachman,  or  driver  of  a  carriage ;  as,  a  good 
whip.  B.  JVIsraeli. 

3.  In  ships,  a  small  tackle  with  a  single  rope,  used 
to  hoist  light  bodies.  Mar.  Vict. 

IVhip  and  spur  ;  with  the  utmost  haste. 

WHn*'-€ORD,  71.  [whip  and  cord.]  A  kind  of  hard 
twisted  or  braided  cord,  of  wliich  lushes  have  some- 
times been  made.  Dryden. 

WHIP'-GRAFT,  f.  «.  [whip  anil  irruft.]  To  graft  by 
cutting  the  cion  and  stock  in  a  sloping  direction,  so 
as  to  fit  each  other,  and  by  inserting  a  tongue  on  the 
cion  into  a  slit  in  the  stock. 

WHIP'-GRXFT-ING,  71.  The  act  or  practice  of  graft- 
ing by  cutting  the  cion  and  stock  with  a  slope,  to  lit 
each  other,  &c.  Kncyc. 

WHIP'-IIANI),  n.  [whip  and  hand.]  Advantage  over ; 
as,  he  has  the  whip-hand  of  her.  Drydcn. 

WHIP'-LASH,  71.  [whip  and  lash.]  The  lasii  of  a 
whip.  Tu!^scr. 

WH1P'P£D,  (hvvipt,)  pp.  Struck  with  a  whip  ;  pun- 
ished ;  inwrappeil ;  sewed  slightly. 

WHIP'PEK,  71.  One  who  whips;  particularly,  an  of- 
licer  who  inflicts  the  penalty  of  legal  whipping. 

WIIIP'PER-IN,  71.  Among  huntsmen,  one  who  keeps 
the  hounds  from  wandering,  and  whips  tJiem  in,  if 
necessary,  to  the  line  of  chase.  Hence, 

2.  In  the  British  house  of  commons,  one  who  enforces 
party  discipline  among  the  supporters  of  the  minis- 
try, and  urges  their  attendance  on  all  questions  of 
importance  to  the  governinait. 

WIIIP'PER-SNAP'PER,  n.  A  diminutive,  insignifi- 
cant person.  Brochett. 

WHIP'PING,  ppr.  Striking  with  a  whip;  punishing 
with  a  whip  ;  inwrapping. 

WHIP'PING,  n.  The  act  of  striking  with  a  whip,  or 
of  punishing  ;  the  state  of  being  wliip'ped. 

WHlP'PING-PoST,  n.  [irAippinu- and  post.]  A  post 
to  which  oftcnders  are  tied  when  whipped. 

WHIP'PLE-TUEE,  71.  [whip  and  tree;  but  qu.  is  it 
not  whiffle-tree  ?] 

The  bar  to  which  the  traces  or  tugs  of  a  harness 
are  fastened,  and  by  which  a  carriage,  a  plow,  a 
harrow,  or  other  implement,  is  drawn.  Forby. 

WHIP'p6-WIL,  n.  The  popular  name  of  an  Ameri- 
can bird,  allied  to  the  niglithawk  and  nightjar,  so 
called  from  its  note  or  the  sounds  of  its  voice  ;  a  spe- 
cies of  Caprimul<;us.    [Not  Wiiip-poqr-Will.] 

WHIP'SAW,  77.  [icAip  and  saw;.]  A  saw  usually  set 
in  a  frame,  for  dividing  timber  lengthwise,  and  cora- 
moiilv  worked  by  two  pcrstuis. 

WHlP'STAFF.n.   [Tr/iip and  .s-ta/?:]    In  a  bar  by 

which  the  rudder  is  turned.  In  small  vessels,  this 
is  called  the  Tiller. 

WHIP'STER.  71.    A  nimble  fellow.  Prior. 

WHIP'STITCII,  V.  U  [whip  and  sliUh.]  In  agricul- 
ture, to  half-plow  or  to  rafter  land.  This  word,  I  be- 
lieve, is  not  usied  in  America.  The  practice  o(  whip- 
stitching resembles  what  is  called  in  America  ridg- 
ing. 

WHIP'-STOCK,  71.  [whip  and  .Wocit.]  The  rod  or 
stall"  to  which  the  lash  of  a  whip  is  fastened. 

WHIPT,  pp.  of  Whip  ;  sometimes  used  for  Whipped. 

WHIR,  (hwur,)  1;.  i.  To  whirl  round  with  noise;  to 
fly  with  noise. 

WHIR,  r.  f.    To  hurry. 

WHIRL,  (hwurl,)  v.  t.    [Sax.  hwyrfan ;  D.  werrelcn; 
G.  wirbeln,  to  whirl,  to  warble ;  Dan.  hvirveler,  Sw. 
hcirfta,  to  whirl,  Dan.  hvircelbccn,  whirl-bone,  verte- 
bra J  hvirvelsoe,  whirl-sea,  a  whirlpool  ;  Sw.  hvirfnel, 
Ice.  whirla,  a  whirl.    We  see  that  whirl  and  warble 
are  dialectical  forms  of  the  same  word,  and  both 
probably  from  the  root  of  L.  rerto  and  Eng.  veer.] 
To  turn  round  rapidly  ;  to  turn  with  velocity, 
tie  ukirU  his  fiwoni  around  without  delay.  Dryden. 
WHIRL,  V.  i.    To  be  turned  round  rapidly  ;  to  move 
round  with  velocity  ;  as,  the  whirling  spindles  of  a 
cotton  machine  or  wheels  of  a  coach. 

The  wooden  engine  Aics  and  whirls  about*  Dryden. 
2.  To  move  hastily. 

But  whirled  away  to  ihun  bU  hateful  light.  Dryden. 
WHIRL,  71.    [G.wirbet;  Dan.  AcirrW.] 

1.  A  turning  with  rapidity  or  velocity  ;  rapid  rota- 
tion or  circumvolution  ;  quick  gj  ralion  ;  as,  the  whirl 
of  a  top  ;  the  whirl  of  a  wheel  ;  the  whirl  of  time  ; 
the  icAirii  of  fancy.  Creech.  Pope. 

2.  Any  thing  that  moves  or  is  turned  with  velocity, 
particularly  on  an  axis  or  pivot. 

3.  A  hook  used  in  twisting. 

4.  In  botany  and  conchology.    See  Whorl. 
WHTRL'-BAT,  71.   [icAiri  and  bat.]  Any  thing  moved 

with  a  whirl  as  preparatory  for  a  blow,  or  to  aug- 
ment the  force  of  it.  Poeta  use  it  for  the  ancient 
cestus. 


The  whirl-hut  and  tht  rapid  nee  ihall  bo 
Rcaerred  for  Ceaar. 


Dryden. 


WHI 

WIIIRL'-HLAST,  71.  [whirl  tini  blasU]  A  whirling 
blast  of  wind.  Knlick. 

WlllRL'-BoNE,  71.  [i/-Air;  and  ionr.]  The  patella; 
the  cap  of  the  knee  ;  the  kiiee-|Kin.  .linswortlt. 

WHIUL'ED,  pp.    Turned  round  with  vebw-.iy. 

WHIRL'I-GIG,  71.  [whirl  and  gig.]  A  toy  which 
children  spin  or  whirl  rounJ.  Johnson. 

2.  In  mUitary  anlitjuilies,  an  instrument  for  punish- 
ing petty  offentiers,  as  sutlers,  hniwliiig  women,  6lc,  ; 
a  kind  of  wooden  cage  turiiingon  a  pivot,  in  which  the 
offender  was  whirled  round  with  great  vclociiy.  Cyr, 

WHIRL'ING,  ppr.  Turning  or  moving  round  with 
velocity. 

WHIRL'ING-TA-I)LE,  71.  A  machine  contrived  for 
representing  several  phenomena  of  centrifugal  force, 
liv  civing  hollies  a  rapid  rotation.  Brande. 

WHIRL'PIT,  n.    .\  whirI|M)ol.    [Mit  iised.] 

WHIRL'POOL,  71.  [7«Air;  and  pool.]  An  eddy  of 
water ;  a  vortex  or  gulf  where  the  water  moves 
round  in  a  circle.  In  some  cases,  a  whirl|K>iil  draws 
things  to  its  center  and  absorbs  them,  as  is  the  case 
with  the  .Maelstrom  off  the  coast  of  Norway. 

WHIRL'WINI),  71.  [whirl  and  icinrf.]  A  violent 
wind  moving  in  a  circle  round  its  axis. 

W11IR'RI.\G,  n.  The  sound  of  partridge's  or  pheas- 
ant's wings. 

.Vote.  —  H'hir  is  used  by  the  cominnn  p!-'ople  in 
New  Englaiiil  in  an  adverbial  manner,  to  express  the 
rapid  flight  or  the  sound  of  any  thing  thrown.  [See 
Wiiin.] 

WHISK,  71.    [G.  and  D.  wmh,  a  wisp.] 

1.  A  small  bunch  of  grass,  straw,  hair,  or  the  like, 
used  for  a  brush  ;  lience,  a  brush  or  small  besom. 

2.  Part  of  a  woman's  dress  ;  a  kind  of  tippet.  Child, 

3.  A  small  culinary  instrument  for  whisking  or  nip- 
idly  agitating  certain  articles,  as  the  whites  of  eggs, 
&c.  Boute. 

WHISK,  r,  (.    To  sweep,  brush,  or  agitate  with  a' 
light,  rapid  motion. 
2.  To  move  with  a  quick,  sweeping  motion. 

Hudibras, 

WHISK,  V.  i.  To  move  nimbly  and  with  velocity. 

Purchas. 

WHISK'ER,7i.  [from  iflAii/;.]  Long  hair  growing  on 
the  human  cheek.  Pope. 

VVHISK'ER-£D,  a.  Formed  into  whiskers ;  furnished 
with  whiskers. 

WH1.<K'ET,  71.    A  basket.  [Local] 

WHISK'ING,  ppr.  Brushing;  sweeping  along  ;  mov- 
ing with  velocity  along  the  surface. 

WHIS'KY,  71.  [Ir.  uisge,  water,  whence  usijucbaugk ; 
W.  wysg,  a  stream.  ] 

1.  A  spirit  distilled  from  grain.  In  the  north  of 
England,  the  name  is  given  to  tlie  spirit  drawn  from 
barley.  In  the  United  States,  whisky  is  generally 
distilled  from  wiieat,  rye,  or  maize, 

2.  A  light  carriage  built  for  rapid  motion.  Rich.  Dieu 
WIII.S'PER,  I',  i.    [Sax.  Auispriun ,'  Dan.  hoisker ;  Sw. 

hcUka,  to  buzz,  to  whisper;  G.  flispern ;  allied  to 
whistle,  wheeze,  and  L.  fistula.  Tiie  word  seems,  by 
its  sound,  to  be  an  oiioiiiatopy,  as  it  expresses  a  sibi- 
lant sound  or  breathing.] 

1.  To  spenk  with  a  low,  hissing  or  sibilant  voice. 
It  is  ill  manners  to  whisper  in  company. 

The  hollow,  whispering  breei*?.  Utomson. 

2.  To  speak  with  suspicion  or  timorous  caution. 

3.  To  plot  secretly  ;  to  devise  mi^cliief. 

AM  dial  lialc  me  ishisper  together  a^aiiiu  ine.  —  P».  xli. 
WHIS'PER,  r.  t.    To  address  in  a  low  voice.  He 
whispers  the  man  in  the  ear. 

[But  (his  is  elliptical  I'or  whispers  to.] 

2.  To  utter  in  a  low,  sibilant  voice.  He  whispered 
a  word  in  my  ear. 

3.  To  prompt  secretly  ;  as,  he  came  to  whisper 
Wolsey.  Shak. 

WHLS'PER,  77.  A  low,  soft,  sibilant  voice  ;  or  words 
uttered  with  such  a  voice. 

The  whisper  can  not  give  a  tone.  Bteon. 
Soil  whispers  through  ih'  aSBcmbly  wenu  fjryden. 

2.  A  cautious  or  timorous  speech. 

3.  A  hissing  or  buz/.ing  sound. 
WIIIS'PER-ED,  pp.    L'ltered  in  a  low  voice  ;  uttered 

with  siis|iicion  or  caution. 
WHIS'PER-ER,  n.    One  w  ho  w  hispers. 

2.  A  tattler ;  one  who  tells  secrct-s  ;  a  conveyer  of 
intelligence  secretly.  Bacon. 

3.  A  backbiter ;  one  who  slanders  secrtitly.  Pm, 
xvi. 

WHIS'PER-I\G,  ppr.  or  0.  Speaking  in  a  low  voice  ; 
telling  secretly  ;  b.ackbiting. 

.\  whLtprring  gallery,  or  dome,  is  one  in  which 
w  hispers  or  feeble  sounds  are  conveyed  to  a  greater 
distance  than  under  ordinary  circumstances.  Brands. 

WHIS'PER-I.NG,  n.  The  act  of  speaking  with  a  low 
voice  ;  the  telling  of  tales  and  e.xciting  of  suspi- 
cions ;  a  backbiting. 

WHIS'PER-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  low  voice. 

WHIST,  o.    [Corn.  AitHt,  silence.] 

Silent;  mute;  still;  not  speaking;  not  making  ■ 
noise. 

The  vindi  with  wonder  whist, 

Smoothly  the  walei*  kiaed.  AC/xon. 
[This  adjective,  like  some  others,  always  follows 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


Ib8 


BBBBB 


1261 


WHI 

its  noun.  We  never  say,  whist  wind  ;  but  the  wind 
is  whhit.] 

Whist  is  used  for  be  sUenL  fVliist,  whist,  that  is,  be 
xilent  or  stilL 

WHIST,  n.  A  game  at  cards,  so  called  because  it  re- 
quires silence  or  close  attention.  It  is  not,  In  Amer- 
ica, pronounced  whisk. 

WHIST,  r.t.    To  hush  or  silence.  Spenser. 

WHIS'TLE,  (hwis'I,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  hwistlan ;  Sw.  hvis- 
sla;  Dan.  hvidslcri  L.  fistula,  a  whistle;  allied  to 
whisper.] 

1.  To  utter  a  kind  of  musical  sound,  by  pressing 
the  breath  through  a  small  orifice  formed  by  contract- 
ing the  lips. 

While  Ihe  plowman,  near  at  hand, 

WliisUes  o'er  the  furrowed  land.  Milton. 

Q.  To  make  a  sound  with  a  small  wind  instrument. 

3.  To  sound  shrill,  or  like  a  pipe. 

The  wild  winds  whistle,  antl  the  Ifillows  roar.  Pope. 

WHIS'TLE,  V.  L  To  form,  utter,  or  modulate  by 
whistling ;  as,  to  whistle  a  tune  or  air. 

2.  To  call  by  a  whistle ;  as,  he  whistled  back  his 
dos. 

WHIS'TLE,  71.    [Sax.  hwistle  ;  L.  fistula.]  ' 

1.  A  small  wind  instrument.  Bacon. 

2.  The  sound  made  by  a  small  wind  instrument, 
.t.  Sound  made  by  pressing  the  breath  through  a 

small  orifice  of  the  lips. 

4.  The  mouth  ;  the  organ  of  whistling.  [Vultrar.] 

5.  A  small  pipe,  used  by  a  boatswain  to  summon 
the  sailors  to  their  duty  ;  the  boatswain's  call. 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  The  shrill  sound  of  winds  passing  among  trees 
or  through  crevices,  &c. 

7.  A  call,  such  as  sportsmen  use  to  their  dogs. 
WHIS'TLKD,  (hwis'ld,)  pj).    Sounded  with  a  pipe; 

uttered  in  a  whistle. 
WIIIS'TLE-FISH,  H.    A  local  name  of  a  species  of 

the  cod  family,  the  Motella  tricirrata,  called  the 

Three-bearded  Rockling  or  Sea-Loach. 

Jardiiie^s  Wi2(.  Lib. 
WHIS'TLER,  n.    One  who  whistles. 
WHIS'TLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Uttering  a  musical  sound 

through  a  small  orifice  of  the  lips  ;  sounding  with  a 

pipe;  making  a  shrill  sound,  as  wind. 
WHIS'TL(.\'G-LY,  ade.    In  a  whistling  manner. 
WHIS'TLING,  71.    A  shrill  sound  of  the  lips  or  wind. 
WHIST'LY,  adv.  Silently. 

WHIT,  71.  [Sax.  wiht,  a  creature,  also  a  thing,  some- 
thing, any  thing.  This  is  probably  from  the  root  of 
L.  vivo,  victum.] 

A  point ;  a  jot ;  the  smallest  part  or  particle  imag- 
inable. It  is  used  without  a  preposition.  He  is  not 
a  whit  the  wiser  for  e.vperience. 

It  does  not  me  a  whit  displease.  Cowley. 
The  regular  construction  would  be  by  a  whit,  or  in 
a  whit.    In  these  phrases,  o  whit  may  be  interpreted 
bv  in  the  least,  in  the  smallest  degree. 
WlilTE,  (hwite,)  a.    [Sax.  hwit ;  Sw.  hvit ;  Dan.  hvid ; 
D.  wit;  G.  weii.-.-.] 

1.  Being  of  the  color  of  pure  snow  ;  snowy ;  not 
dark  ;  as,  white  paper  ;  a  white  skin. 

2.  Pale  ;  destitute  of  color  in  the  cheeks,  or  of  the 
tinge  of  blood  color  ;  as,  ichite  with  fear. 

3.  Having  the  color  of  purity;  pure;  clean;  free 
from  spot ;  as,  «/tt(c-robed  innocence. 

4.  Gray  ;  as,  white  hair ;  a  venerable  man,  while 
with  age. 

5.  Pure;  unblemiihed. 

No  whiter  page  than  Addipon's  remains.  Pope. 

6.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  purified  from  sin  ;  sancti- 
fied.   Ps.  li. 

WHITE'-BAIT,  71.  [white  and  bait.]  A  very  small, 
delicate  fis^i  of  the  herring  kind,  the  Chipea  alba. 

WIIITE'-BkAM  n.  The  common  beam-tree  of  Eng- 
land. P.  Cue 

WHITE'-BEaR,  71.  [jcAit*  and  irar.]  The  bear  that 
iuhabiLs  the  polar  regions,  a  large,  fierce  quadrui)i'd, 
tif  a  white  color. 

WIIITE'-UOY,  71.  A  name  given,  in  Ireland,  to  cer- 
tain distiirbirs  of  tlie  peace  by  night;  »o  called  from 
IIk^  culor  of  their  clothes. 

WHITE'  I1RA.\T,  71.  [whUe  and  brant.]  A  species 
of  the  goose  kind,  Ihe  Anser  hyperboreus.  C'l/c. 

WHITE'-eA.M'PI-ON,  n.  [white  and  campion.]  A 
grassy-looking  plant,  Silcne  stellata. 

Tally.  Loudon. 

WHITE'-CEN'TAU  RY,  71.  An  annual  weed  in 
w<Kids  and  other  pl.ices,  the  Centaiirea  alba.  It  is 
said  to  form  llio  basis  of  the  famous  Portland  powder 
for  the  gout.  Cyc. 

WIIITE'-CI.O'VER,  71.  A  small  species  of  perennial 
clover,  bearing  white  flowers.  It  furnishes  excellent 
food  for  cattle  and  horses,  as  well  as  for  the  honey- 
bee. 

WHITE'-eOPTER,  n.  An  alloy  of  copper,  nickel, 
and  zinc,  sometimes  with  a  little  iron  ;  German  sil- 
ver. Ure, 

WHTTE'-eROP,  n.  A  term  applied  in  Englund  to 
crops  of  gram  which  los»:  their  green  color  or  be- 
come whih;  in  ripening,  as  wheat,  rye,  barley,  and 
oati. 


WHI 

WHiTE'-DAR'NEL,  71.    A  prolific  and  troublesome 

weed  growing  among  corn.  Cyc. 
WHITE'-]~:AR,  In.  A  bird,  the  fallow-finch  or  wheat- 
WIIITE'-TAIL,  ^  ear. 

WHiTE'-FaCE,    )  71.  A  white  mark  in  the  forehead 

WHiTE'-BLaZE,  i  of  a  horse,  descending  almost 
to  the  nose.  Cyc. 

WHiTE'-FILM,  71.  A  white  film  growing  over  the 
eves  of  sheep  and  causing  blindness.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-FISH,  71.  A  small  fish,  the  Clupea  Menha- 
den, caught  in  immense  quantities,  and  used  for  ma- 
nuring land  ou  the  southern  border  of  Connecticut, 
along  the  Sound. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  salmon  family,  belonging  to  the 
genus  Coregonus,  found  in  the  lakes  of  North  Amer- 
ica. Storer. 

WHITE'-FOQT,  n.  A  white  mark  on  the  foot  of  a 
horse,  between  the  fetlock  and  the  coffin.  Cue. 

WHITE'-HORSE'-FISH,  71.  In  ichthyolornj,  the  Raia 
aspera  nostras  of  Willoughby,  and  the  Raia  fullonica 
of  LiuntBus.  It  has  a  rough,  spiny  back,  and  on  the 
tail  are  three  rows  of  stroma  s-piikes.  It  grows  to  the 
size  (tf  the  skate.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-LAND,  »i.  A  nAne  which  the  English  give 
to  a  tough,  clayey  soil,  of  a  whitish  hue  when  dry, 
but  blackish  after  rain.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-LEAD,  (hwite'led,)  n.  A  carbonate  of  lead, 
nuich  used  in  painting.  It  is  prepared  by  exposing 
shee.ts  of  lead  to  the  fumes  of  an  acid,  usually  vine- 
gar, and  suspending  them  in  the  air  until  the  surface 
becomes  incrusted  with  a  white  coat,  which  is  the 
substance  in  question.  Olmsted. 

WHlTE'-LlM-J!D,  a.  Whitewashed,  or  plastered 
with  lime. 

WHITE'-LlNE,  71.  Among  printers,  a  void  space, 
broader  than  usual,  left  between  lines.  Ciic. 

WHITE'-LIV'ER-£D,  a.    [white  and  liver.]  Having 
a  pale  look  ;  feeble  ;  cowardly. 
2.  Envious  ;  malicious. 

WHITE'-MAN"GA-NESE',n.  An  ore  of  manganese  ; 
carbonate  i^f  manganese. 

WHITE'-Me.'VT,  71.  [white  ar\A  meat.]  Meats  made 
of  milk,  butter,  cheese,  ecgs,  and  the  like.  Spenser. 

WHlTE'-POP'LAR,  71.  A  tree  of  the  poplar  kind, 
sometimes  called  the  Abele-Tree  ;  Populus  alba. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  European  trees. 

WIHTE'-POP'PY,  ;i.  A  species  of  poppy,  sometimes 
cultivated  for  the  ttpium  which  is  obtained  from  its 
juice  by  evaporation  ;  Papaver  somniferum. 

WHITE'-POT,  71.  [white  and  pot.]  A  kind  of  food 
made  of  milk,  cream,  eggs,  sugar,  &.C.,  baked  in  a 
pot.  King. 

WHITE'-PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  n.  A  compound  of  am- 
monia and  corrosive  sublimate.  It  is  a  while,  in- 
soluble powder,  much  used  in  medicine  as  an  exter- 
nal application.  It  is  sometimes  called  White  Calx 
OF  Mercury. 

WHiTE'-PY-Ri'TeS,  71.  [while  and  pyrites ;  Fr.  suU 
fure  blanc] 

A  sulphuret  of  iron,  of  a  pale  bronze-yellow  color, 
occurring  in  prismatic  cry.stal.s.  Dana. 

WHITE'-RENT,  71.  [white  and  rent.]  In  Devon  and 
Cornwall,  a  rent  or  duty  of  eight  pence,  payable 
yearly  by  every  tinner  to  the  duke  of  Cornwall,  as 
lord  of  the  soil.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-SALT,  n.  Salt  dried  and  calcined;  decrep- 
itated salt. 

WHITE'STER,  71.    A  bleacher;  a  whitster. 

WHITE'SToNIE,  71.  A  granite  abounding  in  white 
feldspar.  Brande. 

WllITE'-SWELL'ING,  71.  [white  and  swelling.]  A 
term  applied  to  a  strumous  inflammation  of  the  syno- 
vial membranes  of  the  knee-joint,  and  also  to  a  stru- 
mous inflammation  of  the  cancellar  texture  of  the 
end  of  the  bone  forming  the  knee-joint.  The  term 
is  also  vulgarly  a[)piied  to  a  lingering  chronic  tumor, 
of  almost  any  kind.  Tally. 

WIII'I  E'-TAIL,  71.  A  bird,  the  white-ear,  a  species 
of  .Molacill.i. 

WIllTE'-THORN,  71.  A  species  of  thorn,  called  also 
Hawthorn,  of  the  genus  Crata'gus. 

WHI'l'E'TIIlloAT,  71.  A  small  singing-bird  that  fre- 
quents gardens  and  hedges,  Sylvia  cincrea,  (.Motacil- 
la  Sylvia,  Linn.)    It  is  common  in  Europe.     P.  Cyc. 

WIITTE'-VIT'RI-OL,  71.    Sulphate  of  zinc.  Brande. 

Win  TE'WASH,  (hwite'wosh,)  ».  [xMte  and  wash.] 
.\  wash  or  liquid  cumposititm  for  whitening  some- 
thing ;  a  wash  for  making  the  skin  fair. 

2.  A  composition  of  lime  and  water,  or  of  whiting, 
size,  and  water,  used  for  whitening  the  plaster  of 
walls,  icr. 

WHITE'U'ASH,  7J.  (.  To  cover  with  a  white  liquid 
compositiiui,  as  with  limp  and  water,  *ic. 

2.  To  make  white  ;  to  give  u  fair  external  appear- 
ance. 

WllITE'WASH-ED,  f-wosht,)  pp.  or  a.  Covered  or 
overspread  with  a  wliite  liquid  composition. 

WIHTE'VVASH  ER,  n.  One  who  whitewnshos  the 
walls  or  pl.'tsterini!  of  apartments. 

WIIITE'WASH-ING,  ppr.  Overspreading  or  wash- 
ing with  a  while  liquiil  c<m)positiou. 

WllTTE'WA-TER,  71.  A  disease  of  sheep,  of  a  dan- 
l!iT"iiH  kind.  Cyc. 

WHITE'-WAX,  71.    Blenched  wax. 


WHI 

WHITE'-WI.N'E,  71.  Any  wine  of  a  clear,  transpar- 
ent color,  bordering  on  white,  as  Madeira,  Sherry, 
Lisbon,  &c. ;  opposed  to  wine  of  a  deep-red  color, 
as  Port  and  Burgundy. 

WHITE'WQQD,  71.  A  species  of  timber-tree  growing 
in  North  America,  the  Liriodendron,  or  tulip-tree. 

Mease. 

The  name  of  certain  species  of  Bignonia.  Lee. 
WHITE,  71.  One  of  the  n.atural  colors  of  bodies,  but 
not  strictly  a  color,  for  it  is  said  to  be  a  composition 
of  all  the  colors;  destitution  of  all  stain  or  obscurity 
on  the  surface  ;  whiteness.  We  say,  bleached  cloth 
is  of  a  good  white  ;  attired  in  a  robe  of  white. 

2.  A  white  spot  or  thing;  the  mark  at  which  an 
arrow  is  shot.  Dryden. 

While  of  tlte  eye;  that  part  of  the  ball  of  the  eye 
surrounding  the  iris  or  colored  part.  It  owes  its 
whiteness  to  the  tunica  aJbuginea  or  adnata,  a  partial 
covering  of  the  fore  part  of  the  eye,  formed  by  the 
expansitm  of  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  which 
move  the  eyeball.  Parr. 

White  of  an  egg;  the  albumen,  or  pellucid  viscous 
fluid,  which  surrounds  the  vitellus  or  yelk.  Parr. 

An  analogous  part  in  the  seeds  of  plants  is  called 
the  albumen  or  white.  It  is  a  farinaceous,  fleshy,  or 
horny  substance,  which  makes  up  the  chief  bulk  of 
some  seeds,  as  in  gr.asses,  corn,  palms,  and  lilies, 
never  rising  out  of  the  grtmnd  nor  performing  the 
office  of  leaves,  but  destined  solely  to  nourish  the 
germinating  embryo,  till  its  roots  can  perforin  their 
office.    It  is  the  perispermium  of  Jussieu. 

Oartner.  Smith. 
[See  also  Spanish-White  and  Flabe-White.] 
WHITE,  V.  t.    To  make  white;  to  whiten  ;  to  white- 
wash ;  as,  whited  sepulchers.    Mark  ix.    Matt,  xxiii. 
WHlT'EO,  pp.  or  a.    Made  white  ;  whitened. 
WHITE'LY,  adv.  Coming  near  to  while.  [JVVt  used.] 

ShaJ:. 

WHlT'£N,  (hwlt'n,)  v.  U  To  make  white ;  to  bleach ; 

to  blanch  ;  as,  to  whiten  cloth. 
WHIT'fiN,  V.  i.    To  grow  white ;  to  turn  or  become 

white.    The  hair  whitens  with  age  ;  the  sea  whitens 

with  foam  ;  the  trees  in  spring  whiten  with  blossoms. 
WHI  T'EN-AD,  pp.    M.ade  white;  bleached. 
WHlT'£N-EI{,  7i.  One  who  bleaches  or  makes  white. 
WHITE'NESS,  71.    Tiie  stale  of  being  while  ,  white 

color,  or  freedom  from  any  darkness  or  obscurity  oil 

the  surface. 

2.  Paleness ;  want  of  a  sanguineous  tinge  in  the 
face.  Shal:. 

3.  Purity  ;  cleanness ;  freedom  from  stain  or  blem- 
ish. Dryden. 

WHiT'ER,  a.  comp.    More  white. 
WHITES,  71.   The  fluor  albus,  a  disease  of  females. 
WIIIT'EST,  a.  superl.    Most  white. 
WHITH'ER,  adv.    [Sax.  hicyder.] 

1.  To  what  place  ;  interrogatively.  Whither  goest 
thou 

Whither  away  so  fast  ?  ShaJc. 


2.  To  what  place  ;  absolutely. 

]  str.ived,  I  knew  not  whither. 


Milton. 


3.  To  which  place  ;  relatively. 

^Vhi^he^,  wlien  as  they  came,  they  fell  at  words.  Spenser. 

4.  To  what  point  or  degree. 

5.  Whithersoever. 
WHITH-ER-SO-EV'ER,  adv.    [whither  and  soever.] 

To  whatever  place.  I  will  go  whithersoever  you 
lead. 

WHIT'ING,  71.  [from  while.]  A  sea-fish,  allied  to  the 
cod,  the  Merlangus  vulgaris  of  Ciivier,  and  valued 
on  account  of  its  delicacy  and  lightness  as  an  article 
of  food.  P.  Ctjc. 

2.  Ground  chalk,  carefully  cleaned  from  all  stony 
matter  ;  i^^panish  white.  Brande. 

WHIT'ISII,  a.  [from  white.]  Somewhat  white; 
while  in  a  moderate  degree.  Buttle. 

WHIT'ISH-NESS,  71.  [Supra.]  The  quality  of  be- 
ing somewhat  white.  Btiijle. 

WIIIT'LEATiI-ER,(hwit'lctfi-er,)7i.  Leather  dressed 
with  alum,  salt,  &.C.,  remarkable  for  its  pliability  and 
toughness. 

2.  .\  name  popularly  given  to  a  broad,  tough, 
white  ligament  on  the  neck  of  quadrupeds,  whiqh 
supports  the  weight  of  the  head.  Titlly. 
WHIT'LoVV,  71.    [Sax.  htcit,  white,  and  low,  a  flame. 
Piironj'cbia,  iiosologically.] 

1.  An  inflammation  commonly  terminating  in  sup- 
puration, and  seated  about  the  root  of  the  hail  of  a 
finger,  or  in  the  perio.«tenm,  or  in  the  bone  of  the  last 
joint.  It  is  sometimes  applied  also  to  an  inflamma- 
tion of  a  tendon  of  a  finiier.  The  nosological  term, 
Paronijchia,  was  originally  confined  to  the  first  ap- 
plicalitm,  vi».,  to  a  suppurative  inflammation  at  the 
root  of  Ihe  nail,  whicli  is  its  elyinological  import ; 
but  its  application  is  now  as  much  extended  ns  the 
popular  term  whitloto.  Tally. 

2.  In  sheep,  the  whitlow  is  a  disease  of  the  feel,  of 
an  inflammatory  kind.  It  occurs  round  the  hoof, 
where  an  acrid  matter  is  collected,  which  ought  to 
be  discliarci'd.  Cyc. 

WmT'L<^W-(;RX.''S,  n.  Mountain  k not-grass,  a  spe- 
cies of  Illeccbrum,  (/.  paronychia.)  Cyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


WHO 


WHO 


wic 


2.  A  name  given  to  certain  lierbuccous  plants  of  the 
genu^i  Drubn.  Loudon. 

The  rac-lcaved  tohitloic-grass  is  a  species  of  Saxif- 
rana.  Lee. 
VVIII'l''POUR,  n.    A  sort  of  apple. 
WIIIT'STKR,  n.    A  wliitcner  ;  a  bleacher.  fO*'-] 
VVIHT'SUL,  ?i.    A  provincial  name  of  milk,  sour 

milk,  cliicse,  cnrds,  and  butter.  Carrw. 
WIIIT'StJ.M,  a.    Observed  at  VVliilsuntidc.  Shak. 

WIIIT'SUN-TTnE,  (  "■  L"'"'*'  Sunday,  and  tide] 
The  seventh  Sunday  after  Easter ;  a  festival  of 
tlie  church  in  ccmiineuiuratiuii  of  the  descent  of  tlie 
Holy  Spirit  on  the  day  of  Pentecost  ;  so  called,  it  is 
said,  because,  in  the  primitive  church,  those  wlio  had 
been  newly  baptized  appeared  at  church  between 
Easter  and  Pentecost  in  white  garments. 

Johnson.  Cue. 

VVHIT'TE.V-TREE,  n.    A  sort  of  tree.  JlinsicorUi. 
VVHIT'TI.E,  (hwit'tl,)  n.    [Sax.  hwUel,  hwtUe.] 

1.  A  small  pocket-knife. 

[In  this  sense,  I  ttelieve,  the  word  is  not  used  in  .Amer- 
ica.] 

2.  A  white  dress  for  a  woman  ;  a  double  blanket 
worn  by  west  countrywomen,  in  England,  over  the 
shoulders,  like  a  cloak.  Diet. 

[J^Tot  used  in  the  United  Stnte.i.] 
WIIIT'TLE,  e.t.   '1  'o  pare  or  cut  off  the  surface  of  a 
thing  with  a  small  knife.    Some  persons  have  a 
habit  of  lo/ii/f^r/i'.'',  and  are  rarely  seen  without  a  pen- 
knife in  their  hands  for  that  purpose. 

[  Thit  is,  I  believe,  the  onlij  use  of  this  word  in  Ji'ew 
England,] 

2.  To  edge  ;  to  sharpen.    [JVot  in  use.]  Hakewill. 
WHIT' TLf.I),  pp.    Cut  with  a  small  knife. 
WIMT'TLI-NG,  p)<r.    Cutting  with  a  small  knife. 
VVIIIT'Y-lillOVV.V,  a.     Of  a  color  between  white 

and  brown.    fLocul  in  Kn^'lnnd.]  P'gse. 
WHIZ,  r.  I.    [It  seems  to  be  allied  to  Ai.ss.]    To  mnke 

a  humming  or  hissing  sound,  like  an  arrow  or  ball 

flying  through  the  air. 

it  flew,  anil  whizzing  cut  the  liqiiiil  way.  Dryden. 

WHIZ,  n.    A  hissing  sound. 

WHIZ'ZING,  ppr.  or  o.  Making  or  denoting  a  hum- 
ming or  hissing  sotind. 

WllIZ'ZING-LY,  arfc.    With  a  whizzing  sound. 

WHO,  (hoo,)  pron.  reiafii'P.  [Sax. /iwa;  I),  wie :  h.qui: 
Fr.  que  ;  It.  chi :  Sp.  quien  ;  Ir.  cia  ;  Uiiss.  koi ;  Pi'rs. 
ki.  HOto  is  undoubtedly  a  contracted  word  in  Eng- 
lish, as  in  Latin.    See  What  and  Wioht.] 

1.  Who  is  a  pronoun  relative,  always  referring  to 
persons.  It  forms  whose  in  the  genitive  or  possessive 
case,  answering  to  the  L.  cujits,  and  whom  in  the  ob- 
jective or  accusative  case.  Who,  ^chose  and  whom, 
are  in  both  numbers.  Thus  we  say,  the  man  or 
woman  who  was  with  us ;  the  men  or  women  who 
were  with  us  ;  the  men  or  women  whom  we  saw. 

2.  Which  of  many.  Are  you  satisfied  who  did  the 
mischief.' 

3.  It  is  much  used  in  asking  questions  ;  as,  IVho 
ami.'  Jf/io  art  thou .'  Jf/iu  is  this  ?  WAo  are  these .' 
In  this  case,  the  purpose  is  to  obtain  the  name  or  des- 
ignation of  the  person  or  character. 

4.  It  h.as  sometimes  a  disjunctive  sense. 

ThTe  (hull  fll'it  of  kin^,  and  taho  nipire  ; 

Who  r.tll,  uho  viae,  mho  triumph,'  who  ilo  monn.  Dryden. 

5.  fVhose  is  of  all  genders.    Whose  book  is  this  ? 

The  qnestton  vhoM  iolution  I  r'-quire.  Drylen. 

As  who  should  say,  elliptically  for  as  one  who  should 
say.  Collier. 

WHO  EVER,  pron.  [who  and  erer.]  Anyone  with- 
out exrejition  ;  any  person  whatever.  The  person 
who  trespasses  shall  be  punished,  irAurrfr  he  m;iy  be. 

WIIoI.E,  (hole,)  0,  [In  Sax.  walir,  onwalrr,  is  whole, 
sound,  entire.  In  D.  heel,  geheel,  has  a  like  sense, 
from  the  root  of  heal;  G.  heil ;  Sw.  hel;  Dan.  heel: 
W.  oil  or  holl ;  Or.  oX,i(,  oi  Xof ;  Ir.  uile.  This  seems 
to  be  connected  with  heat,  hale.  Of  this,  the  deriva- 
tive wholesome  is  evidence.  See  Class  Gl,  No.  19, 31, 
35.] 

1.  All ;  total ;  containing  the  total  amount  or  num- 
ber, or  the  entire  thing  i  as,  the  wAo/e  earth  ;  the  whole 
world  ;  the  whole  solar  system  ;  the  whole  army  ;  the 
whole  nation. 

2.  Complete  ;  entire  ;  not  defective  or  imperfect ; 
as,  a  whule  orange  ;  the  egg  is  whole  ;  the  vessel  is 
whole. 

3.  Unimpaired  ;  unbroken  ;  uninjured. 

My  hlK  U  jct  iMot«  in  roc.  —  2  S«ro.  1. 

4.  Sound  ;  not  hurt  or  sick. 

They  thai  ore  ahol*  need  not  a  physIcUn.  —  Matt.  il. 

5.  Restored  to  health  and  soundness;  sound; 
Well. 

Thy  fnilh  hnth  ramie  th~  trhote.  —  Mark  t. 
Hi*  hnnit  wul  reatoird  whole.  —  Mark  iii. 

WHOLE,  n.  The  entire  thing  ;  the  entire  or  total  as- 
senihlage  of  parts.  The  whole  of  religion  is  contained 
in  the  short  precept,  "  Love  God  with  all  your  heart, 
and  your  neighbor  as  yourself" 

Kf  ar  God  and  kpep  his  commandmcnu,  for  tJitj  is  tlie  whole  duly 
of  llJin.  —  Ecclei.  xii. 

9.  A  system  j  a  regular  combination  of  parts.  Pope. 


WHOLE'HOOF-i-D,  (  liooft,)  a.  Having  on  undi- 
vided hoof. 

WIIOLE'NESS,  II.    Entireness  ;  tot.ality  ;  the  stato  of 

being  whole,  entire,  or  sound. 
WIIOLE'S.vLE,  n.    [whole  and  sale.]    Sale  of  goods 

by  the  piece  or  large  ipiaiitity,  as  distinguished  from 

Retail.     Some  traders  sell  either  by  wholesale  or 

retail. 
2.  The  whole  mass. 

Some,  from  ranity  or  envy,  despise  a  TaluaUe  look,  and  throw 
contempt  upon  it  l>y  wholesaie.  WalU. 

WHoLE'SSLE,  (1.  [Supra.]  Thiying  and  selling  by 
the  piece  (^r  quantity  ;  as,  a  wholesale  mi  rchant. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  trade  by  the  piece  or  quantity  ; 
as,  the  wholesale  price. 

WHoLE'SO.ME,  (hole'sum,)  a.  [whole  and  some;  G. 
heihtam.] 

1.  Tending  to  promote  health  ;  favoring  health  ; 
salubrious;  as,  wholesome  air  or  diet;  a  wholesome 
climate. 

2.  Sound  ;  contributing  to  the  health  of  the  mind  ; 
favorable  to  morals,  religion,  or  prosperity ;  as, 
wholesome  advice  ;  wholesome  doctrines  ;  wholesome 
truths. 

3.  Useful  ;  salutary  ;  conducive  to  public  happi- 
ness, virtue,  or  peace  ;  as,  a  wholesome  law. 

4.  That  utters  sound  words. 

A  wholesome  lon^e  is  a  tree  of  life.  —  Prov.  xt. 

5.  Kindly  ;  pleasing ;  as,  a  wholesome  answer. 

Shak. 

WHoLE'SOME-LY,  adv.  In  a  wholesome  or  salutary 
manner;  saliibriouslv. 

WIloLE'SO.ME-NESS,  a.  The  quality  of  contribu- 
ting to  health  ;  salubrity  ;  as,  the  wholesomcness  of 
air  or  diet. 

2.  Salutarincss  ;  condticivencss  to  the  health  of  the 
mind  or  of  the  body  politic  ;  as,  the  wholcsomencss  of 
doctrines  or  laws. 
WlloL'LY,  ai/e.    Entirely;  completely;  perfectly. 

Nor  wholly  overcome,  nor  wholly  yield.  Dryden. 
2.  Totally  ;  in  all  the  parts  or  kinds. 

They  employed  themselves  wholly  in  domestic  life.  Addison. 

WHOM,  (boom,)  pron.  The  objective  of  who,  coin- 
ciding with  the  L.  gucm  and  quam. 

Whom  hiive  1  in  heaven  but  thee  i  —  Ps.  Ixxiii. 

WIIOM-SO-EV'ER,  pron.  [whom  and  soever.]  Any 
persim  without  exception. 

WIIOO'BUIi,  for  Hubbub.    [Xolinuse.]  Shak. 

WHOOP,  (hoop,)  11.  [This  is  the  same  as  Ilooe,  but 
aspirated  ;  Goth,  wopyan,  to  whoop,  to  call  ;  Sax. 
hwroptin,  to  weep,  and  to  whip.  The  sense  is,  to  drive 
out  the  voice.] 

1.  .\  shout  of  pursuit.  Mduson. 

2.  A  shout  of  war  ;  a  particular  cry  of  troops  when 
they  rush  to  the  attack.  The  Indians  of  America 
are  remarkable  for  their  war  whoop. 

3.  The  bird  called  Ilooeoe  or  Urup*. 
WHOOP,  r.  1.    To  shout  with  a  particular  voice. 

Shak. 

WHOOP,  V.  t.    To  insult  with  shouts.  Dryden. 
WIlOOP'ING-eOUGII.    See  Hoopino-Cough. 
WHOOT,  (hoot,)  V.  i.    See  Hoot. 
WHOP,  n.    [The  vulgar  pronunciation  of  whap,  or 
awhap.] 

.\  sudden  fall,  or  the  suddenness  of  striking  in  a 
fall. 

WIK)P'PER,  n.    Any  tiling  uncommonly  large;  ap- 
plied particularly  to  a  monstrous  he.  F.,rby. 
[Sometimes  heard  in  Jimerica.] 

WIloRE,  (liorc,)  n.  [W.  huran,  from  huriaw,  to  hire  ; 
Aiir,  that  which  islixed  or  set.  Aire,  wages  ;  Sax.  hor- 
cwen,  hore-woman  ;  Sw.  hora,  hor-kana ;  Dan.  hore, 
horc-kone ;  G.  hure ;  I),  hocr,  Hore  would  be  more 
accordant  with  the  etymology  of  the  word.] 

A  woman  who  pmctices  unlawful  commerce  with 
men,  particularly  one  that  does  it  for  hire  ;  a  harlot ; 
a  courtesan  ;  a  concubine  ;  a  prostitute. 

WHollE,  r.  i.  [Supra.]  To  have  unlawful  sexual 
commerce  ;  to  practice  lewdness. 

WHORE,  r.  t.  To  corrupt  by  lewd  intercourse. 
[Little  used.]  Conirrcre. 

WlIoRE'DOM,  (hore'dum,)  n.  Lewdness  ;  fornica- 
tion J  practice  of  unlawful  commerce  with  the  other 
sex.  It  is  applied  to  cither  sex,  and  to  any  kind  of 
illicit  commerce. 

2.  In  Scripture,  idol.atry ;  the  desertion  of  the 
worship  of  the  true  God  for  the  worship  of  idols. 

Prophets. 

WHoRE'MXS-TER,  n.  [Supra.]  One  who  prac- 
tices lewdness. 

WllORE'MXS-TER-Ly,  a.  Having  the  character  of 
a  whoreniaster.  Shak. 

WHORE'.MON"GER,  n.    The  same  as  Whore.«as- 

WHORE'SON,  (bore'sun,)  n.  A  bastard;  a  word 
used  t^rntraily  in  eontrmpt,  Shak. 

WHOR'Isn,  o.  Lewd  J  unchaste;  addicted  to  unlaw- 
ful sexual  pleasures  ;  incontinent. 

WHOR'ISH-LY,  adr.    In  a  lewd  manner. 

WHOR'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  practice  of  lewdness  ;  the 
character  of  a  lewd  woman.  Hale. 


WHORL,  (hwurl,)  n.  In  botxiny,  an  amingenieni  of  a 
number  of  leaves  or  flowers  around  a  stem,  in  llio 
same  plane  with  each  other.  Lindtry. 

2.  In  conclwlogy,  a  volution  or  turn  of  the  spire  of 
a  univalve.  Humble. 

WHOKI,/0I),  (hwurld,)  a.    Furnished  with  whorls. 

WHOKT,  (hwiirt,)  n.  The  fruit  of  the  whortlrberry  ; 
or  the  shrub. 

WHOR'TLE-IJER-Ry,  n.      [Sax.   heort  bere,  hart- 
berry.   The  Germans  call  it  heidel-brere,  healhbcrry.] 
A  plant  or  shrub  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Vac- 
ciniuni,  called  more  commonly  IlticKLEBEnnv,  and 
much  esteemed  for  food. 

WHOSE,  (hooz,)  pron.  The  possessive  or  genitive 
case  of  Who  or  Which  ;  applied  to  persons  or  things. 
We  say,  the  person  whose  merits  are  known  ;  the 
garment  whose  color  is  admired. 

WHOSE  SO  EVER,  pron.  [whose  and  soever.]  Of 
any  person  whatever.    John  xx. 

Wllh'SO,  (lioo'so,)  pron.  Any  person  whatever.  [Obs.] 

WHO-.SO-L  VER,  pron.  [mho,  so,  anii  tver.]  Anyone; 
any  person  whatever. 

WliosorinT  will,  let  him  lake  of  Ihe  water  of  life  freely.  —  ReT. 

WIIUR,  r.  i.  To  pronounce  the  letter  r  with  too  much 

force. 

WIIUR,  n.   The  sound  of  a  body  moving  through  the 

air  with  velocity.    [Sec  Whib.] 
WHURT,  71.     A  whortleberry  or  bilberry.  [See 

Whobt.] 

WHV,  atlv.  [Sa.x.  Aici,  and  for  hwi,  or  for  hwia,  for 
why.  liwi,  whig,  coincides  in  elements  with  which. 
So  pourquoi,  in  French,  is  the  same  ;  pour  and  L. 
quid,  quod:  for  what.  The  original  phrase  '\a  for 
what,  for  why.] 

1.  For  what  cause  or  reason,  interrogatively. 

Turn  ye,  turn  ye,  for  why  will  ye  die  I  —  Jer.  xxvii. 

2.  For  which  reason  or  cause,  relatively. 

No  ffround  of  enmity, 
my  he  should  mean  ine  ill.  Mllon. 

3.  For  what  reason  or  cause  ;  for  which  ;  rela- 
tively. 

Turn  the  discourse  ;  I  hiive  a  reason  why 

I  would  nut  have  you  siieak  so  u-nderly.  Dryden. 

4.  It  is  used  sometimes  emphatically,  or  rather  as 
an  expletive. 

If  her  chill  heart  I  can  not  move, 

Why,  I'll  enjoy  the  very  love.  Cowley. 

WHVN'OT,  71.  A  cant  word  for  violent  and  peremp- 
tory procedure.  Hiidtbras. 

WI,  from  the  Gothic  weiha,  signifies  holy.  It  is  found 
in  some  names,  as  in  Wibrrl,  boly  bright,  or  tright- 
holy,  eminent  for  sanctity  ;  Dan.  vicr,  to  consecrate, 
Sw.  riga. 

Wl€,  WICK,  a  termination,  denotes  jurisdiction,  as 
in  bailiwick.  Its  primary  sense  is  a  village  or  man- 
sion, L.  views,  Sax.  trie  or  wye :  hence  it  occurs  in 
Berwick,  liancich,  J^'orwich,  ic.  It  signifies  also  a 
bay  or  a  ca.stle.  Oibson. 

VYICK,  n.  [Sax.  weoc ;  Sw.  reke,  a  wick  or  match; 
Ir.  biiaie.    Ciu.  from  ticisting.] 

A  number  of  threads  of  cotton,  or  some  similar  sub- 
stance, loosely  twisted  into  a,  string,  round  which 
waxor  tallow  isappliedby  means  of  melting  and  run- 
ning in  a  mold,  and  thus  forming  a  candle  or  torch. 

VYICK'EI),  a.  [Sw.  riAa,  lo  decline,  to  err,  to  devi- 
ate, also  to  fold  ;  Sa\.  wican,  to  recede,  to  slide,  to 
fall  away  ;  wicclian,  to  vacillate,  lo  stumble.  It 
seems  to  be  connected  in  origin  with  wag,  and  Sax. 
wicca,  witch.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  wind  and 
turn,  or  to  depart,  to  fall  away.] 

1.  Evil  in  principle  or  practice  ;  deviating  from  the 
divine  law  ;  addicted  to  vice ;  sinful ;  immoral. 
This  is  a  word  of  comprehensive  signification,  ex- 
tending to  every  thing  that  is  contrary  to  the  moral 
law,  and  both  to  iKrsons  and  actions.  We  say,  a 
wicked  man,  a  wicked  deed,  wicked  ways,  wicked 
lives,  a  wicked  heart,  wicked  designs,  wicked  works. 

No  man  was  ever  wicked  wiUiout  seen-t  discontent.  Kambter. 

2.  A  word  of  slight  blame  ;  as,  the  wicked  urchin. 

3.  Cursed  ;  baneful  ;  pernicious  ;  as,  wicked  words, 
words  pernicious  in  their  effecls.  [06*'.] 

[This  last  signification  may  throw  some  light  on 
the  won!  wiuh.] 

The  wicked:  in  Scripture,  persons  who  live  in  sin  ; 
transgressors  of  the  divine  law  ;  all  who  are  unrec- 
onciled to  God,  unsanctilied,  or  iinpeiiitcni. 
WICK'EI)-LY,  nilc.  In  a  manner  or  with  motives 
and  designs  contrary  to  the  divine  law  ;  viciously ; 
corruptly  ;  immorally. 

All  that  do  wickedly  shall  he  stnhble.  —  Mai.  i». 

I  tuivo  sinned,  and  I  have  done  wickedly.  —  2  Sahi.  xxiv. 

WICK'ED-NESS,  n.  Departure  from  the  rules  of  the 
divine  law  ;  evil  disposition  or  practices;  iinmornli- 
ly ;  crime;  sin;  sinfulness;  cornipt  manners. 
Wickedness  generally  signifies  evil  practices. 

What  wictedrwss  is  this  that  is  done  omonf  you  f  — Judgrn  ii. 

But  wickedness  expresses  also  the  corrupt  dispoai- 
tions  of  the  heart. 

Their  Inward  p\n  is  verr  aickedntts.  —  Ps.  t. 
Ill  heart,  ye  work  *ncktdnsst.  —  Ps.  iviii. 


TCNE,  DULL,  UNITE  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CM  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


las' 


WID 

WICK'EN,  )  n.  The  Sorbus  aucupari.i,  moun- 

WICK'EN-TREE,  i    tain-ash,  ur  roan-tree.  Lee. 
WICK'EU,  a.    [Dan.  vien,  probably  contracted  from 
fiVf n.  Tlie  Eng.  twig-,  G.  zweiir,  D.  twyg,  are  probably 
formed  on  the  simple  word  wio-,  from  the  root  of  L. 
vigrn,  to  grow.    The  word  signifies  a  shoot.] 

Made  of  twigs  or  osiers ;  as,  a  wicker  basket ;  a 
rcirkrr  chair.  Spciiscr,  Peacliam. 

WICK'ET,  ji.    [Fr.  gTiichet ;  W.  gwiced,  a  little  door, 
from  gwig,  a  narrow  place,  a  corner.] 
1.  A  small  gate  or  door. 

The  wickety  often  opened,  knew  the  key.  Dryden. 
9.  A  small  gate  by  which  the  chamber  of  canal 
locks  is  emptied. 
3.  A  bar  or  rod  used  in  playing  cricket. 
Wie'LIF-ITE,      in.  A  follower  of  Wiclif,  the  Eng- 
WICK'LIFF  ITE,  j     lish  reformer. 
WIDE,  a.     [Sax.  wid,  wide;  D.  wyd;  G.  weit;  Sw. 


and  Dan.  vid ;  Sans,  vidi,  breadth  ;  Ar.  ,Xj  badda,  to 

separate  ;  allied  to  void,  divide,  widow,  Ir.  feadk,  &c. 
See  Class  Bd,  No.'  1.] 

1.  Broad  ;  having  a  greater  considerable  distance 
or  e.\tent  between  the  sides;  opposed  to  Nabi^ow  ; 
as,  wide  cloth  ;  a  wide  table  ;  a  wide  highway  ;  a 
wide  bed  ;  a  iride  hall  or'  entry.  In  this  use,  wide  is 
distinguished  from  ioitg,  which  refers  to  the  e.xtent 
or  ilistaHce  between  the  ends'. 

2.  Broad  ;  having  a  great  extent  each  way  ;  as,  a 
■wide  plain  ;  the  wide  ocean. 

3.  Remote  ;  distant.  This  position  is  very  wiWe  from 
the  truth.  Ifainmond. 

4.  Broad  to  a  certain  degree  ;  as,  three  feet  wide. 
VVTDE,  adi\   At  a  distance ;  far.   His  fame  was  spread 

wide. 

2.  With  great  extent ;  used  chiefly  in  composition  ; 
as,  jjiif/e-skirted  meads  ;  widc-nnving  swords  ;  wide- 
wasting  pestilence  ;  wirff-spreading  evil. 

WIDE'-BRaNCH-£D,  (-brincht,)  a.  Having  spread- 
ing liranrhes. 

WIDE'-SPREAD,  (  spied,)  a.    Extending  far. 

WIDE'-SPREAD-ING,  a.  Spreading  to  a  great  extent 
or  distance. 

WIDE'LY,  adv.  With  great  extent  each  way.  The 
gospel  was  widely  disseminated  by  the  apostles. 

2.  Very  much  ;  to  a  great  distance  ;  far.    We  dif- 
fer widely  in  opinion. 
W'lD'£iV,  I'. !.    To  make  wide  or  wider  ;  to  extend  in 
breadth  ;  as,  to  widett  a  field  ;  to  7ciden  a  breach. 

J^ule.  —  In  jlmerica,  lemales  say,  to  widen  a  stock- 
ing. 

'WJD'EN,  V.  i.  To  grow  wide  or  wider ;  to  enlarge  ; 
to  extend  itself. 

And  archea  widen,  nnd  long  aisles  extent).  Pope. 
WTD' EN-ED,  pp.    Made  wide  or  wider ;  extended  in 
breadth. 

WIDE'NESS,  71.  Breadth  ;  width  ;  great  extent  be- 
tween the  sides  ;  as,  the  wideness  of  a  room. 

2.  Large  extent  in  all  directions  ;  as,  the  jcideness 
of  the  sea  or  ocean. 

Win'£N-ING,  ppr.  Extending  the  distance  between 
the  sides  ;  enlarging  in  all  directions. 

WIO'GEON,  (wij'un,)  n.  A  water-fowl  of  the  duck 
group,  belonging  to  the  genus  Mareca  of  Stephens. 
'I'he  European  species  is  the  Mareca  Penelope,  the 
American  the  M.  Americana.  The  widgeons  feed 
on  grasses  or  vegetables,  somewhat  in  the  manner 
of  geese.  JVultall.  Jardine. 

WID'oW,  TU  [Sax.  widew  ;  G.  wittwe  ;  D.  weduwe; 
Dan.  vidue  ;  L.  i^idua  ;  Fr.  veuve ;  It.  vedova  ;  Sp. 
viiida;  Sans,  widhava  ;  Russ.  vdova ;  from  the  root 
of  wide,  void.    See  Wior.] 

A  woman  who  has  lost  her  husband  by  death. 
Luke  ii. 

fVtdnir's  thnmber^  in  London,  the  apparel  and  fur- 
niture of  the  bed-chamber  of  the  widow  of  afreeman, 
to  which  she  is  entitled.  Cye. 
WID'oW,  V.  t.    To  bereave  of  a  husband  ;  but  rarely 
used  except  in  the  participle.  Dryden. 

2.  To  endow  with  a  widow's  right.   [  C/Hu.s-«rt/.] 

3.  To  strip  of  any  thing  good.  Sliak. 

Th*'  wiflotced  i«le  in  niuurriiii^.  Dnjden, 

WID'r)VV-BENC;iI,7i.  [widow  niu]  bnich.j  Sussex, 
that  share  which  a  widow  is  allowetl  of  her  hus- 
band'»  estate,  besides  her  jointure.  Cijc. 

WIDTiW-liD,  pp.  or  a.  Bereaved  of  a  husband  by 
death. 

2.  Deprived  of  some  good  ;  stripped. 

Tri-r»  or  tUeir  ahrivcled  IruiU 
Are  iBidotoed.  Philipa. 

WID'f)W-ER,  n.  A  man  who  has  lost  his  wife  by 
d'-aih 

WID'OW-IIQQD,  n.    The  slate  of  being  a  widow. 

2.  E-lalB  nettled  on  n  widow.  [J^Tot  in  use.'\  Shak. 
WII)T)W-injNT-ER,  n.    [widow  and  kunler.]  One 
who  seeks  or  courts  widows  for  u  jointure  or  fiirtunc. 

.^dduon. 

*  WID'nW-ING,  ppr.    Bereaving  of  a  husband;  de- 
priving ;  stripping. 
WIDTiW-MaK-EK,  71.     [widow  and  maker.]  One 
who  makes  widows  by  destroying  lives.  Shak. 


WIL 

WID'OW-WAIL,  71.  In  botany,  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Cneorum.  Lee. 

WIDTH,  71.    [ffom  wide ;  G.  weite  ;  D.  wydte.] 

Breadth;  wideness;  the  extent  of  a  thing  from 
side  to  side  ;  as,  the  width  of  cloth  ;  the  width  of  a 
door.  Dryden. 

WIeLD,  (weeld,)B.  «.  [Sax.  wealdan,  waldan !  Goth. 
ga-waldan,  to  govern  ;  wald,  power,  dominion  ;  Dan, 
vmlde,  power ;  gevalt,  force,  authority ;  Sw.  vdlde, 
power ;  allied  to  L.  valeo.  Eng.  well.  The  primary 
sense  of  power  and  strength  is,  to  stretch  or  strain. 
This  seems  to  be  the  Russ.  vladyu,  to  rule,  and  wald 
or  vlad,  in  names,  as  IValdemir,  Flademir.] 

1.  To  use  with  full  command  or  power,  as  a  thing 
not  loo  heavy  for  the  holder ;  to  manage  ;  as,  to 
wield  a  sword  ;  to  wield  the  scepter. 

Part  wield  tlieir  amis,  part  curb  the  foaming  steed.  Mittan, 

2.  To  use  or  employ  with  the  hand. 

Nolliin^  but  the  influence  of  a  civilized  power  covild  induce  a 
savnge  to  wield  a  spade.  5.  .S.  Smith, 

3.  To  handle  ;  in  an  ironical  sense. 

Base  Hung^arian  wi^jht,  wilt  thou  the  spigot  wield  7  SJtal:. 
To  wield  the  scepter ;  to  govern  with  supreme  com- 
mand. 

W^IELD'ED,  pp.  Used  with  command  ;  managed. 
WIl'.LD'lNG,  ppr.  Using  with  power  ;  managing. 
WiF.LD'LESS,  a.  Unmanageable.  Spenser. 
WlF.LD'Y,  a.  That  may  be  wielded  ;  manageable. 
WI'ER-Y,  a.  [from  wire.']  Made  of  wire ;  having 
the  properties  of  wire.    It  would  be  better  written 

WlHV. 

2.  [Sax.  war,  a  pool.]    Wet;  marshy.    [JVot  in 
iLie.]  Skali. 
WIFE,  7!.;  pi.  Wives.    [Sax.  wif;  D.  wyf:  G.  weib, 
woman.] 

I.  The  lawful  consort  of  a  man  ;  a  woman  who  is 
united  to  a  man  in  the  lawful  bonds  of  wedlock; 
the  correlative  of  Husband. 

Tlie  liusband  of  one  wi/e.  —  1  Tim.  iii. 

Let  every  one  of  you  in  particular  so  love  his  wi/e  even  as  him- 
s'  if,  and  let  Uie  wi/e  see  tliat  slie  reverence  her  husband. — 
Epb.  V. 

9.  A  woman  of  low  employment ;  as,  strawberry 
wives.    [JVnt  in  vse.]  S/iak. 
WiFE'HOOD,  71.    State  and  character  of  a  wife. 

Bcaum.  ^  Fl. 
WTFE'LESS,  a.   Without  a  wife  ;  unmaiTied. 

Chaucer. 

WIG,  in  Saxon,  signifies  war.  It  is  found  in  some 
names. 

WIG,  71.  [G.  week,  wig,  and  week-butter,  roll  butter. 
It  would  seem  that  the  sense  is  a  roll  or  twist  inter- 
woven.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  consisting  of  hair  in- 
terwoven or  united  by  a  kind  of  net-work,  formerly 
much  worn  by  men. 

2.  A  sort  of  cake.    [Ofts.]  .^ins70ort-h. 
WIG'GfTD,  a.    Having  the  head  covered  with  a  wig. 
WIG'EON.    See  Widgeon. 

WIGHT,  (wite,)  71.  [Sax.  wiht,  G.  wicht,  a  living  be- 
ing, Goth,  waiht  ,■  L.  victum,  from  vivo,  to  live,  origi- 
nally vign  or  vico,  and  probably  allied  to  vigeo. 
This,  in  the  Celtic  form,  would  be  qiiic  or  qwig.  Eng. 
quick,  alive  ;  and  hence  L.  ^Jii,  que,  quid,  quod,  con- 
tracted from  quic,  quiced,  quoced:  Scot,  qukat.  The 
letter  h,  in  the  Gothic  and  Scottish,  representing  the 
c  of  the  Latin,  proves  the  word  to  be  tlius  con- 
tracted.] 

A  being ;  a  person.  It  is  obsolete,  except  in  irony 
or  burlestjue.    [See  Aught.] 

The  wisfit  of  all  the  world  who  loved  thee  best.  Dryden. 

WIGHT,  (wIte,)  a.    [Sax.  hwa:t.] 

Swift;  nimble.    [OA.'.]  Spenser. 

[This  seems  to  be  a  dialectical  form  of  duicK.] 
WIGHT'LY,  atZi!.    Swiftly ;  nimbly.  [Obs.] 

Spenser. 

WIG'WAM,  71.  An  Indian  cabin  or  but,  so  called  in 
Amirica.  It  is  sutnetiines  written  Weekwam. 
Mticken/.ie  writes  the  Knisteneaux  word  wigicaum, 
and  the  Algoni|uin  wiguiwaum.  Uuery,  is  this  the 
l^.v'icusl  Vic,  in  Roman,  was  pronounced  wic  or 
week.  These  words  may  have  been  derived  from 
one  primitive  root. 

WILD,  a.  [Sax.  wild ;  D.  and  G.  wild ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
vild;  W.  gmyllt;  connected  with  Sax.  wealk,  a  trav- 
eler, foreigner,  or  [lilgrim  ;  G.  wdlsch,  Celtic,  Welsh  ; 
wallen,  to  rove,  Sw,  villa,  f'drvilla.  'i'his  sense  is 
obvious.] 

1.  Roving;  wandering;  inhabiting  the  forest  or 
open  field  ;  hence,  luit  tamed  or  domesticated  ;  us,  a 
wd,d  boar  ;  a  w'dd  ox  ;  a  7D'ild  cat ;  a  wild  bee. 

2.  Growing  without  culture;  as,  wild  parsncp ; 
w'lUI  cherry  ;  wild  tansy.  Wild  rice,  a  palatable  and 
nutritious  food,  grows  spontaneously  in  the  lakes  and 
ponds  of  the  North  West  territory.  J.  Morse. 

3.  Desert ;  not  inhabited ;  as,  a  wild  forest. 

JI/i7/ori. 

4.  Savage ;  uncivilized  ;  not  refined  by  culture  ; 
as,  the  wild  natives  of  Africa  or  America. 

.'i.  'I'urbulent ;  IcinpeHiuous;  irregular;  as,  a  wild 

tUUiUll. 

Th*"  wild  winds  howl.  Addieon. 


WIL 

6.  Licentious  ;  ungoverned  ;  as,  wild  passions. 

Valor  ^ywn  wild  by  pride.  Prior, 

7.  Inconstant ;  mutable  ;  fickle. 

Ill  ttie  rilling  passion,  there  along 
The  wild  are  conntant,  and  tJie  cunniDg  known.  Pop4, 

8.  Inordinate ;  loose. 

A  fop  well  dressed,  extravagant,  and  wild.  Dryden. 

9.  Uncouth  ;  loose. 


What  are  these 
So  withered,  and  so  wild  in  their  attire  ? 


ShaJt, 


10.  Irregular;  disorderly;  done  without  plan  or 
order  ;  as,  to  make  wild  work.  Milton, 

11.  Not  well  digested  ;  not  framed  according  to 
the  ordinary  rules  of  reason  ;  not  being  within  the 
limits  of  probable  practicability  ;  imaginary  ;  fanci- 
ful ;  as,  a  wdd  project  or  scheme  ;  wild  speculations. 

12.  Exposed  to  the  wind  and  sea;  as,  a  wild  road- 
stead. Mar,  Diet, 

13.  Made  or  found  in  the  forest ;  as,  wild  honey, 
fVild  is  prefixed  to  the  names  of  many  plants,  to 

distinguish  them  from  such  of  the  name  as  are  cul- 
tivated in  gardens,  as  wild  basil,  wild  parsnep,  wild 
carrot,  wild  olive,  &c, 

WILD,  71.  A  desert ;  an  uninhabited  and  uncultivated 
tract  or  region  ;  a  forest  or  sandy  desert ;  as,  the 
wilds  of  America ;  tlie  wilds  of  Africa  ;  the  sandy 
wilds  of  Arabia. 

Then  Libya  first,  of  all  her  moisture  drained, 

Became  a  barren  waste,  a  witd  of  sand.  Add'ison. 

W^LD'-B6AR,  71.  An  animal  of  the  hog  kind,  (Sus- 
crofa,  Linna"us,)  from  which  the  domesticated 
swine  are  descended.  Wild  boars  have  their  lair  in 
solitary  places  in  the  depths  of  forests,  and  were 
formerly  held  in  high  estimatiofl  as  beasts  of  chase, 

WILD'-BORN,  a.    Born  in  a  wild  state.     [P,  Cyc, 

WlLD'-CAT,  71.    The  cat  which  is  supposed  to  be 
the  original  stocjc  of  the  domestic  cat.    It  is  said  to 
exist  still  in  Europe. 
2.  In  Jimer'ica,  the  Felis  rufa. 

WILD'-CHER'RY,  n.  A  large  American  tree,  the 
Cerasus  Virginiana,  bearing  a  small  astringent  fruit 
resembling  a  cherry.  The  wood  is  much  used  for 
cabinet-work,  being  of  a  light  red  color,  and  a  com- 
pact texture.  Browne's  Sylva  Amer. 

WILD'-E?-£D,  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  eyes  appearing 
wild. 

WILD'FiRE,  71.  [wild  and  /re]  A  composition'  of 
Inflainniable  materials. 

Brimstone,  pitch,  wildfire,  burn  easily,  and  ar«  hard  to  quench. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  disease  of  sheep,  attended  with  inflammation 
of  the  skin  ;  a  kind  of  erysipelas.  Cyc. 

WlLD'-FOWL,  71.  [wild  and  fowl,]  Fowls  of  the 
forest,  or  nntnined. 

WILD'-GOOSE,  71.  [w'dd  and  goose,]  An  aquatic 
fowl,  of  the  genus  Anser,  a  bird  of  passage.  These 
geese  fly  to  the  south  in  autumn,  and  return  to  the 
north  in  the  spring.  The  term  wild-goose  is  promis- 
cuously applied  to  various  species  of  the  goose  kind 
found  wild  in  Britain.  The  wild-goose  of  North 
America  is  tlie  Anser  Canadensis. 

Jardine.  J^uttall. 
Wild-goose  chase;  the  pursuit  of  something  as  un- 
likely to  be  caught  as  the  wild-goose.  Skak. 

WiLD'-HON-EY,  (-hun-ne,)  71.  [wild  and  honey.] 
Honey  th.tt  is  found  in  the  forest,  in  hollow  trees  or 
amiing  rocks. 

WILD'ING,  71.    A  wild  crab-apple.  Spenser, 
9.  A  young  tree  that  is  wild,  or  growing  without 
cultivation.  Scott, 

WILD'-LAND,  71.  [wild  and  land.]  Land  not  culti- 
v.ated,  or  in  a  state  that  renders  it  unfit  fur  cultiva- 
tion. 

2.  In  America,  fot^gst ;  land  not  settled  and  culti- 
vated: 

WILD'-SERV-ICE,  71.    A  plant.  Miller. 
The  wild-service  is  a  tree  of  the  genus  Crata"gus, 
(C.  torininalis.)  Lee. 
WlLD'ER,  a.    More  wild. 

WIL'DER,  f.  L    [Dan.  I'iWrr,  from  rild,  wild.] 

To  lose  or  cause  to  lose  the  way  or  track  ;  to  puz- 
zle with  mazes  or  difficulties;  to  bewilder. 

Long  lost  and  wUdered  in  the  marx)  of  fate.  Pope. 

WIL'DER-KD,  pp.    Lost  in  n  pathless  tract;  puzzled. 

WIL'DER-ING,  ppr.  Puzzling. 

WIL'DER-NESS,  71.  [from  iciW.]  A  desert ;  a  tract 
of  land  or  region  uncultivated  and  uninhabited  by 
human  beings,  whether  a  forest  or  a  wide,  barren 
plain.  In  the  United  States,  it  is  applied  only  to  a 
forest.  In  Scripture,  it  is  applied  fre(|tiently  to  the 
deserts  of  Arabia.  The  Israelites  wandered  in  the 
wilderness  forty  years. 

2.  The  ocean. 

Thi^  watery  wUdernest  yields  no  supply.  HaWer. 

3.  A  state  of  disorder.    [Mt  in  use.]  Milton. 
■1.  A  wood  in  a  garden  resembling  a  forest. 

WTLD'EST,  n.    Most  wild. 

WILl)'-IN'l)l-GO,  71.  A  plant,  Raptisia  tinrtoria, 
growing  in  the  woods,  with  a  yellow  flower,  yield- 
ing a  small  quantity  of  Indigo. 

WILD'ING,  71.    A  wild,  sour  apple.  Mortimer. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T,— METE,  PRBY,  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQgK — 


1264 


WIL 

WILD'LY,  orfii.    Witlinut  cultivation.  Mure. 

2.  Without  tnineness. 

a.  With  disorder;  with  perturbation  or  distrnc- 
tlon  ;  witli  a  fierce  or  roving  look  ;  as,  to  start  wildly 
from  one's  seat ;  to  stare  wdtUy. 

4.  VViiliout  attention  ;  liredlessly.  Shak. 

5.  Capriciously  ;  irrationally  ;  extravagantly. 
Who  \i  '.hen?  so  wildly  acptical  aa  to  quesLioii  whether  the  sun 

will  rise  ill  the  cast  i  WWcinM, 

6.  Irregularly. 

She,  wildly  wanton,  weiira  by  niylit  away 

The  Bi^'u  of  all  our  labor*  done  by  day.  DrytUn. 

WILD'NESS,  71.  Rudeness ;  rough,  uncultivated  state ; 
as,  the  wiUness  of  a  forest  or  lieath.  Prior. 

il.  Inordinate  disposition  to  rove;  irregularity  of 
manners  ;  as,  the  wildness  of  youth.  SJiak. 

3.  Savageness  ;  brutality.  Sidney 

4.  Savage  state  ;  rudeness. 

5.  Uncultivated  state  ;  as,  the  wHdness  of  land. 

6.  A  wandering ;  irregularity. 

Delirium  is  but  a  short  wildness  of  the  imagiuallou.  Wattt. 

7.  Alienation  of  mind.  Shak. 

8.  State  of  being  untamed. 

9.  The  quality  of  being  undisciplined,  or  not  sub- 
jected to  method  or  rules. 

Is  lher«  any  dan^r  that  this  discipline  will  tame  too  much  lha 
fiery  spirit,  the  enchanting  leilantrSt  oiid  magnificent  irrejju- 
larity  of  the  orutor's  gvnius  ?  H'irl. 

WILD  oATS,  n.  pi.  A  tall,  oat-like  kind  of  soft 
grass  ;  the  Holcus  avenaceus. 

To  sow  o/ic'.s-  wild  oafof,  is  to  pass  through  a  season 
of  wild  and  thoughtless  dissipation;  commonly  ap- 
plied to  youth.  HalUwM. 

WILDS,  71.  Among  farmirs,  the  part  of  a  plow  by 
which  it  is  drawm  [ioca(.] 

WILE,  71.    [Sa.\.  wile  ;  Ice.  wul;  W.fel,  fine,  subtile.] 
A  trick  or  stratagem  practiced  for  insnaring  or  de- 
ception ;  a  sly,  insidious  artifice. 

That  ye  may  be  able  to  stand  agninst  the  teUes  of  the  devil.  — 
Eph.  vL 

WILE,  t).  t.   To  deceive  ;  to  beguile.    [Little  used.] 

Spenser. 

WTLI-Y,  adv.  [from  wily.]  By  stratagem  ;  with  in- 
sidious art.    Josh.  ix. 

WI'LI-NESS,  71.    [from  ici7y.]    Cunning  ;  guile. 

WILK,    j  11.    [G.  wetken,  to  wither,  or  cause  to  with- 

WIllLK,  i  er.] 

A  species  of  mollusk.    [See  Whelk.] 

WILL,  n.  [Sa.\.  willa  :  Goth,  wilja  ;  V.  wit,  or  wille  ; 
G.  wille  ;  Sw.  vitje  ;  Dan.  villie  ;  W.  ffieytl ;  Ir.  ail ; 
Gr.  ^ii\'\rj,  counsel  ;  Slav,  rolia.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  That  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  we  deter- 
mine either  to  t)o  or  forbear  an  action  ;  the  faculty 
which  is  exercised  in  deciding,  among  two  or  more 
objects,  which  we  shall  embrace  or  pursue.  The 
will  is  directed  or  influenced  by  the  judgment.  The 
understanding  or  reason  compares  ditferent  objects, 
which  operate  as  motives;  the  judgment  determines 
which  is  preferable,  and  the  will  decides  which  to 
pursue.  In  other  words,  we  reason  with  respect  to 
the  v,ilue  or  importance  of  things  ;  we  then  judge 
which  is  to  bo  preferred ;  and  we  will  to  take  the 
most  valuable.  These  are  but  different  operations  of 
the  mind,  soul,  or  intellectual  part  of  man.  Great 
disputes  have  existed  respecting  the  freedom  of  the 
wUl. 

[  IViU  is  often  quite  a  different  thing  from  desire.] 
A  power  over  a  man's  subsistence  amounts  to  a  power  over  his 

vnll.  FeiUraltMtt  Hamillon. 

S.  Choice ;  determination.  It  is  my  will  to  prose- 
cute the  trespasser. 

3.  Choice  ;  discretion  ;  pleasure. 

Go,  then,  the  guilty  al  thy  will  chastise.  Pope. 

4.  Command  ;  direction. 

Our  prayers  should  be  acconling  to  the  iriif  of  God.  Law. 

5.  Disposition  ;  inclination  ;  desire.  "  What  is 
your  will,  sir.'  "  In  this  phmse,  the  word  may  also 
signify  determination,  especially  when  addressed  to 
a  superior. 

6.  Power  ;  arbitmry  disposal. 

Deliver  me  not  over  to  the  wilt  of  my  enemi*^.  —  Ps.  xxrii. 

7.  Divine  determination ;  moral  purpose  or  coun- 
sel. 

Thy  trill  be  done.  Lord**  Praytr. 

8.  Testament ;  the  disposition  of  a  man's  estate, 
to  take  effect  after  his  death.  Wills  are  written  or 
nuncupative,  that  is,  verbal.  Blackstone. 

Oood  will :  favor  ;  kindness.  Shak. 

2.  Right  intention.    Phil.  i. 

JU  will ;  enmity  ;  unfriendliness.  It  expresses  less 
than  malice. 

To  have  one's  will;  to  obtain  what  is  desired. 
wilt.   To  hold  an  estate  at  the  will  of  another, 
is  to  enjoy  the  possession  at  his  pleasure,  and  be 
liable  to  be  ousted  at  any  time  by  the  lessor  or  pro- 
prietor. 

IFi/J-inVA-a-irusp ;  Jack-with-a-lantem  ;  ignis  fatu- 
us  ;  a  luminous  appearance  sometimes  seen  in  the 
air  over  moist  ground,  supposed  to  proceed  from  hy- 
drogen gas. 


WIL 

WILL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  willan  ;  Goth,  wityan  ;  I),  willen  ;  G. 
wolUn  ;  Sw.  vilja  ;  Dan.  ri//e;  L.  volo,  telle;  Gr.  6'ob- 
Xofiut  ;  Fr.  vouloir;  It.  vnlere.  The  sense  is,  to  set, 
or  to  set  forward,  to  stretch  forward.  The  sense  is 
well  exprt^ssed  by  the  L.  prupono.] 

I.  To  determine ;  to  decide  in  tlio  mind  that  some- 
thing shall  bo  done  or  forborne,  iniplyiii);  power  to 
carry  the  purpose  into  efl'ect.  In  this  manner,  God 
wills  whatever  comes  to  pass.  So  in  the  style  of 
princes  :  "  we  will  that  execution  be  done." 

A  man  that  sits  still  is  said  to  be  at  liberty,  because  he  can  walk 
if  he  wills  it.  Locke. 


2.  To  command  ;  to  direct. 

'Tis  yourj,  O  queen  I  to  teili 
The  work  which  duty  bids  nic  to  fullill. 


Drydei 


3.  To  be  inclined  or  resolved  to  have. 

There,  then;,  Hortcnsio,  will  you  any  wlf:  t  Shak. 

4.  To  wish  ;  to  desire.    What  will  you  .' 

5.  To  dispose  of  estate  and  effects  by  testament. 

6.  It  is  sometimt^s  equivalent  to  may  br.  Lut  the 
circumstances  be  what  they  will;  that  is,  any  cir- 
cumstances, of  whatever  nature. 

7.  Wilt  is  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  and  a  sign  of 
the  future  tense.  When  an  auxiliary  verb,  the  past 
tense  is  would.  It  has  different  significations  in  dif- 
ferent persons. 

1.  /  will  go,  is  a  present  promise  to  go  ;  and  with 
an  emphasis  tm  will,  it  expresses  determination. 

2.  Thou  will  go,  you  Will  go,  express  foretelling ; 
simply  stating  an  event  that  is  to  come. 

3.  He  will  go,  is  also  a  foretelling.  The  use  of  will 
in  the  plural  is  the  same.  IVe  will,  promises;  ye  will, 
they  wilt,  foretell. 

WILL'/CD,  ;>;>.    Determined  ;  resolved  ;  desired. 

2.  l)is|)osed  of  by  will  or  testament. 
WIL'LEiM-ITE,  n.    A  mineral  of  resinous  luster  and 

yellowish  color.    It  is  a  silicate  of  zinc. 
WILL'ER,  71.    One  who  wills. 

WILL'FJJL,  a.     [will  and  full.]    Governed  by  the 
will  without  yielding  to  reason;  obstinate;  stub- 
born ;  perverse ;  inflexible ;  as,  a  willful  man. 
2.  Siubborn  ;  refractory  ;  as,  a  willful  horse. 
WILL'FJJL-LY,  adc.    ObsliiiaU-ly  ;  stubbornly. 
2.  Uy  design  ;  with  set  purpose. 

If  we  sin  willfully  after  that  we  have  received  the  knowledge  of 
the  truth,  tliere  reinoineth  no  more  sacrifice  for  sins.  — 
Ilcb.  X. 

WILL'FJJL-NESS,  »t.  Obstinacy  ;  stubbornness  ; 
perverseness. 

Sins  of  prrsumplicn  are  such  as  prnccec!  from  pride,  arrogance, 
willfulnets,  and  haughtiness  of  men's  hearts.  Perkins. 

WILL'ING,  ppr.    Determining  ;  resolving  ;  desiring. 

2.  Disposing  of  by  will. 
WILL'ING,  a.    [Sw.  and  Dan.  ci/fiV.] 

1.  Free  to  do  or  grant ;  having  the  mind  inclined  ; 
disposed  ;  not  averse.  Let  every  man  give,  who  is 
able  and  willing. 

2.  Pleased  ;  desirous. 

Felix,  wilUng  to  show  the  Jews  a  pleasure.  —  ActA  xxiT. 

3.  Ready  ;  prompt. 

He  stoopetl  with  weary  wings  and  ijilUng  feeU  MilUtn. 

4.  Chosen  ;  received  of  choice  or  without  reluc- 
tance ;  as,  to  be  held  in  willing  chains. 

5.  Spontaneous. 

No  spouts  of  blood  run  icilling  from  a  tree.  Dryden. 

6.  Consenting.  JUilton. 
WILL'L\G-HEXRT-ED,  a.    Well-disposed;  having 

a  free  heart.   Ezoi.  xxxv. 
WILL'ING-LY,  ade.    With  free  will ;  without  reluc- 
tance ;  cheerfully. 
2.  By  one's  own  choice. 

The  condition  of  that  people  is  not  so  mur.h  to  bo  envied  as  some 
would  wiUingly  rvpn-senl  il.  Addison. 

WILL'ING-NESS,  n.  Free  choice  or  consent  of  the 
will  ;  freedom  from  reluctance  ;  readiness  of  the 
mind  to  do  or  forbear. 

Sweet  is  the  love  that  comes  with  willingness.  Drydtn. 

WIL'LOW,  71.  [Sax.  trrfiV;  D.  wilge;  W.  gwial, 
twigs  ;  also,  helig,  L.  io/ij.J 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Sali.x.  There  are  many  spe- 
cies of  willow,  the  wliite,  the  black,  the  purple  or 
red,  the  sallow,  the  broad-leaved  willow,  &c.  A 
species  called  the  weeping  willow,  has  long  and  slen- 
der branches  which  droop  and  hang  downward,  tne 
Salyx  Babylonica. 

WIL'LOW-/CD,  a.    Abounding  with  willows.  CeWiiw. 

WIL'LOW-GALL,  n.  A  protuberance  on  the  leaves 
of  willows.  Cyc. 

WIL'LOW-HERB,  n.  The  purple  loosestrife,  a  plant 
of  the  genus  Lythrum  ;  also,  the  yellow  loosestrife, 
of  the  genus  Lysiniachia ;  also,  the  French  willow,  of 
the  genus  Epilobium.  Lee.  Cyc. 

WIL'LOW-ISH,  a.   Like  the  color  of  the  willow. 

Walten. 

WIL'LOW-TUFT-ED,  a.   Tufted  with  willows. 

Ooldsmilh. 

WIL'LOW-WEED,  n.  A  weed  growing  on  wet, 
light  lands,  with  a  seed  like  buckwheat;  the  Polyg- 
onum lapathifoliiiin.  Ctic. 

WIL'LOW-WOKT,  71.    A  plant  MUler. 


WIN 

WIL'LOW-Y,  a.    Abounding  with  willows.  Oray. 
WIL'SO.ME,  o.    Ob>tinate;  stubborn. 
WILT,  p.  i.    [G.  and  D.  wclken,  to  fade,  that  is,  to 
shrink  or  withdraw.] 

1'u  begin  to  wither  ;  to  lose  freshness  and  become 
flaccid,  as  a  plant  when  exposed  to  great  heat  in  a 
dry  day,  or  when  first  separated  from  its  root. 

This  is  a  legitimate  word,  for  w  hich  there  is  no 
substitute  in  the  language.  It  is  not  synonymous 
with  WiTHEn,  as  it  expresses  only  the  beginning  of 
withering.  A  wilted  plant  often  revives  and  becomes 
fresh  ;  not  so  a  witlirrrd  plant.  It  is  often  used  in 
Ihe  United  States,  and  in  various  parts  of  England. 

Ihlloway. 

WILT,  0.  e.  To  cause  to  begin  to  wither;  to  make 
llacciil ;  as  a  green  plant. 

2.  To  ratine  to  languish  ;  to  depress  or  destroy  the 
vigfir  and  energy  of. 

Desjiols  have  leilud  tlie  human  ntce  into  slotji  luid  imbeei'ity. 

DwighL 

WILT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Having  become  flaccid  and  lost 
Its  freshness,  as  a  plant. 

WILT'LNG,  pj>r.    Beginning  to  fade  or  wither 

WI'LY,  a.  [Irtiiii^ irtjf.]  Cunning;  sly;  usmg  craft 
or  stratagem  to  accoiiiptish  a  purpose;  mischievously 
artful  ;  subtle  ;  as,  a  wily  atlversary. 

WIM'BLE,  (wim'bl,)  n.  [W.  guimbill,  a  gimlet; 
^wiminw,  to  move  round  briskly.    See  Whim. J 

An  instrument  for  bt>ring  holes,  turned  by  a  han- 
dle. 

WliM'BLE,  a.    Active ;  nimble.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
WI.M'BRF.L,  71.    A  bird  of  the  curlew  kind.  [See 

Whimhrel.]  Cyc. 
Wl.M'I'LE,  (wim'pl,)  71.    [G.  wimpel,  a  pendant ;  Dan. 

vimpel ;  W.  gwetnpyl,  a  vail,  a  wimple  ;  Fr.  guimpe, 

a  neck  hanifkerchief.l 

A  hood  or  vail.    [Ofts.]  Is. 
WIM'PLE,  ».  t.    To  draw  down,  .as  a  vail.  [Olis.] 
WIN,  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  Won.     [.Sax.  wmnan,  to 

labor,  to  toil,  to  gain  by  labor,  to  win  ;  D.  wmnen;  G. 

gewinnen ;  Sw.  vinna.] 

1.  To  gain  by  success  in  competition  or  contest; 
as,  to  win  the  prize  in  a  gaiiie ;  to  win  money  ;  to 
win  a  battle,  or  to  iciit  a  country.  Battles  are  won  by 
superior  strength  or  skill. 

Who  thus  shall  Canaan  lein.  iliUon. 

2.  To  gain  by  solicitation  or  courtship. 

3.  To  obtain  ;  to  allure  to  kindness  or  compliance. 
Thy  virtue  won  me.    fVin  your  enemy  by  kindness. 

4.  To  gain  by  persuasion  or  influence  ;  as,  an  ora- 
tor wins  his  audience  by  argument.  The  advocate 
has  won  the  jury. 

Aud  Mammon  wins  his  way,  when:  scraplis  liii^bt  dcsp^iir. 

Byron. 

WIN,  17.  i.    To  gain  the  victory. 

Nor  is  it  aui^hl  but  just 
Th.at  lie,  who  in  debate  of  Lruth  bath  won, 
Siiould  win  in  arms.  Milton. 

To  win  upon  ;  to  gain  favor  or  influence ;  as,  to 
win  upon  the  heart  or  afivctions.  Dryden. 
2.  I'o  gain  ground. 

The  rabble  will  in  time  win  ujton  power.  ShaJc. 
To  win  of;  to  be  conqueror.  Shak. 
WINCE,  7\  i.   [Fr.  guincher,  to  twist;  guingois,  crook- 
edness ;  W.  gwing  ;  gicingaw,  to  wriggle,  to  wince.] 

1.  To  shrink,  as  from  a  blow  or  from  pain  ;  to 
start  back. 

I  will  not  stir  nor  wince.  Shak. 

2.  To  kick  or  flounce  when  uneasy,  or  impatient 
of  a  rider  ;  as,  a  hoRe  winces.  lludihras. 

WlN'CfiR,  71.    One  that  winces,  shrinks,  or  kicks. 

W'NCII,  71.    [Sax.  ifi7i«  ;  Fr.  guincher,  to  twist.l 

Th';  crank  or  handle  by  which  the  axis  of  ma- 
'.hines  is  turned,  as  in  the  grindstone,  &c.  Also,  an 
instrument  with  which  to  turn  or  strain  something 
iorcibiy.  This  term  has  also  been  popularly  applied 
to  'he  windla.ss. 

W'NCH,  r.  i.  To  wince;  to  shrink;  to  kick  with 
impatience  or  uneasiness.  [This  is  a  more  correct 
orthography  than  Wince.] 

WlN'CMl'.S-TEll-HUSH'KL,  n.  The  original  Eng- 
lish stanilard  measure  of  capacity,  established  by 
Ilenrv'  VII.,  and  ordered  to  be  kept  in  the  town-Iiall 
of  Winchester.  It  contains  2150  cubic  inches,  and 
is  the  one  generally  useil  in  the  United  .States. 

^V1N('1I'1NG,  (  ppr.     Flinching;  shrinking;  kick- 

W.N'CINt;,    i  ing. 

WIN'CO  PIPE,  71.  The  vulgar  name  of  a  little  flower, 
that,  when  it  opens  in  the  morning,  bodes  a  fair  d.ay. 

Bacon. 

This  is  probably  the  Anagallis  arvensis,  often 
called  the  Pour  Man's  Barometer,  one  of  the  floriB 
I  orologicie,  opening  its  flowers  regularly  in  the 
niurnwig,  and  closing  them  toward  night,  except 
whjn  there  is  much  moisture  in  the  atmosphere, 
V  hen  it  remains  shut.  Tully.  Loudon. 

WIND,  71.  [Sax.  icind ;  D.  and  G.  wind  ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
ximl;  VC.  peynt ;  L.  vcntws;  It  rente;  Sp.  vicnto ; 
Fr.  venL  This  word  accords  with  L.  rrnio,  ventum, 
untl  the  Teutonic  wcndam.  Eng.  wenL  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  move.  How,  rush,  or  drive  uloiig.J 

I.  Air  in  motion  with  any  degree  of  velocity,  in- 
aefini'.ely ;  a  current  of  air.    When  the  air  moves 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IGNITE.  _AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


159 


H  n  R  R  B  • 


WIN 


WIN 


WIN 


igh  to  say  my  prayera,  I  would 
.  Shak. 


moderately,  we  call  it  a  light  wind,  or  a  breeze  ; 
wlien  with  more  velocity,  we  call  it  a  fresh  breeze  ; 
and  when  with  violence,  we  call  it  a  ^ale,  Etorni,  or 
tempest.  The  word  Gale  is  U5cd  by  the  poets  for  a 
moderate  breeze,  but  seamen  use  it  as  equivalent  to 
Storm. 

frmds  are  denominated  from  the  point  of  compass 
from  which  they  blow  ;  as,  a  iiorUi  wind  ;  an  east 
wind  ;  a  south  wind  ;  a  went  wind  ;  a  soiUh-wea-t 
wind,  (Sec. 

2.  The  four  winds  ;  the  cardinal  points  of  tlie  heav- 
ens. 

Come  from  the  /our  ititwZs,  O  breath,  and  breathe  upon  these 
sLuu.  —  Ez-'k.  xxxvii. 

This  sense  of  the  word  seems  to  have  had  its  ori- 
gin with  the  Orientals,  as  it  was  the  practice  of  the 
Hebrews  to  give  to  each  of  the  four  cardinal  points 
the  name  of  wind. 

3.  direction  of  the  wind  from  other  points  of  the 
compass  than  the  cardinal,  or  any  point  of  compass  ; 
as,  a  compass  of  eight  winds.    [  Obs.]  Heylin. 

4.  Breath ;  power  of  respiration. 

If  my  wind  were  but  long 
repent. 

5.  Air  in  motion  from  any  force  or  action  ;  as,  the 
wind  of  a  cannon-ball  ;  the  wind  of  a  bellows. 

6.  Breath  modulated  by  the  organs  or  by  an  instru- 
ment. 

Their  instniments  were  various  in  their  kind, 

Some  for  the  bow,  and  some  for  breathing  wind,  Dryden. 

7.  Air  impregnated  with  scent. 

A  pack  of  dog-fish  had  iiim  in  the  wind.  SJiak. 

8.  Any  thing  insignificant  or  liglit  as  wind. 
Think  not  with  leind  or  airy  threats  to  awe.  Tirdton. 

9.  Flatulence  ;  air  generated  in  the  stomach  and 
bowels  ;  as,  to  be  troubled  with  wind. 

10.  The  name  given  to  a  disease  of  sheep,  in  which 
the  intestines  are  distended  with  air,  or  rather  atfect- 
ed  with  a  violent  inflammation.  It  occurs  imme- 
diately after  shearing.  Cijc. 

Down  the  wind ;  d:;cayin!i ;  declining ;  in  a  state  of 
decay  ;  as,  lie  went  down  the  wind.    [JVof  used.'\ 

L'Estrange. 

To  taJ;e  or  have  the  wind;  to  gain  or  have  the  ad- 
vantage. Bacon. 

To  talie  wind,  or  to  get  wind;  to  be  divulged  ;  to  be- 
come public.    The  story  jfot  wind,  or  took  icind. 

In  the  wind's  ctje  :  in  seamen's  language,  toward  the 
direct  point  fro;ii  which  the  wind  blows. 

Between  wind  and  water  :  denoting  that  part  of  a 
ship's  side  or  bottom  which  is  frequently  brought 
above  water  by  the  rolling  of  the  ship,  or  fluctuation 
of  the  water's  surface. 

7*11  carry  the  wind,  in  th-e  manege,  is  when  a  horse 
tosses  his  nose  as  high  as  his  ears. 

Constant  or  perennial  wind  ;  a  wind  tliat  blows  con- 
stantly from  one  point  of  the  compass,  as  the  trade- 
wind  of  the  tropics. 

Shiflini;,  variable,  or  erratic  winds,  are  such  as  are 
changeable,  now  blowing  from  one  point,  and  now 
from  another,  and  then  ceasing  altogether. 

Staled,  OT  periodical  wind;  a  wind  that  constantly 
returns  at  a  certain  time,  and  blows  steadily  from 
one  pr.int  fur  a  certain  time.  Such  are  the  monsoons 
'   4n  India,  and  land  and  sea  breezes. 

Trade  wind.    See  in  its  place. 

[In  poetry,  wind  often  rhymes  with  fnd;  but  the 
common  pronunciation  is  with  i  short,  and  so  let  it 
continue.] 

WIND  V.  t. ;  pret  and  pp.  Wol'no.    [Sa.x.  windan;  G. 
and  D.  wijulen ;  from  wind,  or  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  blow ;  to  sound  by  blowing. 

Wind  th'  shriU  horn.  Pope. 
[The  present  notion  of  winding  a  horn  is  not  so 
much  that  of  filling  it  with  wind  as  of  giving  a  pro- 
longed and  varied  sound,  like  that  described  liy  Mil- 
ton when  speaking  of  "a  winding  bout  of  linked 
sweetness."  Smart.] 

2.  To  turn  ;  to  move,  or  cause  to  turn. 

To  turn  and  win/i  a  fiery  PegaAiis.  Shai. 

3.  To  turn  round  some  fixed  object ;  to  bind,  or  to 
form  into  a  ball  or  coil  by  turning  ;  as,  to  wind  thread 
on  a  s[i<>ol  ;  to  wind  thread  into  a  ball ;  to  wind  a  rope 
into  a  coil. 

4.  To  introduce  by  insinuation  The  child  winds 
himself  into  my  aflections. 

They  hnve  hulc  aru  and  dexlcritie*  to  uind  in  inch  thin^  into 
diMxturie.  Ooo.  o/I/ie  'J'onsut. 

5.  To  change ;  to  vary. 

Were  our  le^rlaliimre  vr*t/-'d  in  the  prince,  he  mi(;ht  tMnd  and 
turn  our  coiutlttition  ul  hU  pleakun'.  A'tdifon. 

6.  To  entwist  ;  to  infold  ;  to  encircle.  Shak. 
'To  wind  off ;    to  iinwinil. 

To  wind  out :  to  extricate.  Clarendon. 
To  wind  up ;  to  bring  to  n  small  compass,  as  a  ball 
of  thread.  iMckc. 

2.  'I'u  bring  in  a  conclusion  or  settlement ;  as,  to 
wnd  up  one's  afTairf*. 

3.  'I'o  put  in  a  state  of  renovated  or  continued  mo- 
tion. 

leemed  to  wiful  him  up  for  founeore  yean.  Dryden. 


To  wind  up  a  clock,  is  to  wind  the  cord  by  which 
the  weights  are  suspended  round  an  axis  or  pin. 

To  wind  up  a  watch,  is  to  wind  the  spring  round  its 
axis  or  pin. 

4.  To  raise  by  degrees. 

Thus  they  wound  up  his  temper  to  a  pitch.  AU£rbury. 

5.  To  straiten,  as  a  string  ;  to  put  in  tune. 

Mind  up  the  slackened  strings  of  tliy  lute.  Waller. 

6.  To  put  in  order  for  regular  action.  Sliak. 
WIND,  B.  t.    To  nose  ;  to  jierceive  or  follow  by  the 

scent ;  as,  hounds  wind  an  animal. 

2.  To  ventilate ;  to  expose  to  the  wind  ;  to  win- 
now. - 

3.  To  drive  [a  horse]  hard,  so  as  to  render  scant 
of  wind  i  also,  to  rest  [a  horse,]  in  order  to  recover 
wind.  Smart. 

To  wind  a  ship,  &c.,  is  to  turn  it  end  for  end,  so 
that  the  wind  strikes  it  on  the  opposite  side. 
WIND,  V.  i.    To  turn  ;  to  change. 

So  swifi  your  judgmenlg  turn  and  wind.  DryrUn. 

2.  To  turn  around  something  ;  as,  vines  wind 
around  a  pole. 

3.  To  have  a  circular  direction  ;  as,  winding  stairs. 

4.  To  crook ;  to  bend.  The  road  winds  in  various 
places. 

5.  To  move  round  ;  as,  a  hare  pursued  turns  and 
winds. 

To  wind  out ;  to  be  extricated  ;  to  escape. 

Long  laboring  underneath,  ere  they  could  wind 

Out  of  such  prison.  Millon. 

WIND'AGE,  n.    [Sp.  vicnto,  wind,  windage.] 

The  difference  between  tlie  diameter  of  the  bore 
of  a  gun  or  other  piece  and  that  of  a  ball  or  shell. 

Cijc. 

WIND'BOUND,  a.  [wind  and  bound.]  Prevented 
from  sailing  by  a  contrary  wind.  JiTar.  Diet. 

WIND'-Dia-£D,  (  drlde,)  a.    Dried  in  the  wind. 

WIND'-DROP-SY,  n.  [wind  and  drnpsij.]  A  swell- 
ing of  the  belly  from  wind  in  the  intestines ;  tympa- 
nites. Coze. 

W^ND'-EGG,  71.    [wind  and  cn-J?.]    An  addle  egg. 

WlND'Ell,  Ji.    One  who  wind.i. 

WIND'ER,  V.  t.  To  fan ;  to  clean  grain  with  a  fan. 
[Local.] 

WIND'ER-MEB,  7i.   A  bird  of  the  genus  Larus,  or 

gull  kind.  Cyc. 
WIND'FALL,  71.    [wind  and  fall.]    Fruit  blown  off 

the  tree  by  wind. 
2.  An  unexpected  legacy,  or  other  gain. 
WIND'FALL-iW,  (-fawln,)  a.    Blown  down  by  the 

wind.  Drayton. 
W'IND'-FLOW-ER,  71.    [wind  and  flower.]    A  plant, 

the  anemone. 

WIND'-FUR  NACE,  n.  [wind  and  /uniacc]  A  fur- 
nace in  which  the  air  is  supplied  by  an  artihcial  cur- 
rent, as  from  a  bellows. 

WIND'-GaGE,  71.  [iriHd  and  ^ao-f.]  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  velocity  and  force  of  wind. 

WIiND'-GALL,  71.  [wind  and  jralL]  A  soft  tumor 
on  the  fetlock  joints  of  a  horse. 

WIIS'U'-GLTN,  n.  An  air-gun  ;  a  gun  discharged  by 
the  force  of  compressed  air. 

WIND'-HATCH,  7i.  [wind  and  hnteh.]  In  mining, 
the  opening  or  place  where  the  ore  is  taken  out  of 
the  earth.  Cijc. 

WIND'-HOV-ER,  (-huv-er,)  n.  [iDtnd  and  hover.]  A 
species  of  hawk  ;  called  also  the  Stasnel,  but  more 
usually  the  Kestrel.  Cyc.  Jardine. 

WIND'I-NESS,  71.  [Irom  windtj.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing windy  or  tempestuous  ;  as,  the  windiness  of  the 
weather  or  season. 

2.  Fullness  of  wind  ;  flatulence.  Harvey. 

3.  Tendency  to  generate  wind  ;  as,  the  windiness 
of  vegetables. 

4.  Tumor;  puflincss. 

WIND'ING,  ppr.    Turning;  binding  about ;  bending. 
2.  a.  Bending;  twisting  from  a  direct  line  or  an 
even  surface. 

WI.ND'ING,  71.    A  turn  or  turning;  a  bend;  flexure; 

meander  ;  as,  the  windings  of  a  road  or  stream. 
2.  A  call  bv  the  boatswain's  whistle. 
WI.\D'ING-EN-GINE,  n.    An  engine  employed  in 

mining,  to  draw  up  buckets  from  a  deep  pit.  Cyc. 
WI.\D'ING-LY,  Olio.     In  a  winding  or  circuitous 

form. 

WI.ND'ING-SIIEET,  7i.     [winding  and  sheet.]  A 

shee  t  in  which  a  corpse  is  wrapped.  Bacon. 
WIND'ING-TACK'LE,  (-tak'l,)  n.      [winding  and 
Incklii.]    A  tackle  consisting  of  one  fixed  triple  block, 
and  one  double  or  triple  movable  block.  Diet. 
WIND'-IN'STKIJ-ME.NT,  n.    An  instrument  of  mu- 
sic played  by  wind,  chiefly  by  the  breath,  as  a  flute, 
a  rlariimet,  &c.  Cyc. 
WI.ND'LACE,  j  i;.  i.    To  go  warily  to  work  ;  to  act 
WI.N'D'LASS,  i     indirectly.  Hammond 
WlND'IjAS.'^,  71.    [wind  and  lace.    Qii.]    A  machine 
for  raising  weights,  consisting  of  a  cylinder  or  roller 
of  timber,  moving  on  its  axis,  and  turned  by  a  crank, 
lever,  or  Hiinilar  means,  with  a  rope  or  chain  nitachiul 
to  the  weight. 

2.  .A  handle  by  which  any  thing  is  turned.  [Auf 
in  use.]  Shak, 


W'IN'DLE,  71.    A  spindle ;  a  kind  of  reel. 

WIN'DLE  STRAW,  71.  A  reed  ;  a  stalk  of  grass. 
[JVoT-t/i  of  England.] 

WIND'LESS,  a.  Having  no  wind;  wanting  wind; 
out  of  breath.    [J\''ot  in  use.]  Fairfaz. 

WIND'-.MILL,  7L  [wind  and  mill.]  ,\  mill  turned 
by  Ihe  witid.  .Mortimer. 

WIN'DoW,  71.  [Dan.  vindue ;  Sp.  rentana,  from  the 
same  root  as  vrnta,  sale,  vent  of  goods.  The  word 
in  Spanish  signifies  also  a  nostril,  that  is,  a  passage. 
Ventuja  is  advantage  ;  ventalla,  a  valve,  and  vcntulle, 
a  fan  ;  ventear,  to  blow.  Hence  we  see  that  vent,  L. 
vendo,  wind,  fan,  and  van,  Fr.  avant,  are  all  of  one  fam- 
ily. So  is  also  the  li.  fenestra,  Fr.  fenetre,  D.  vcnster, 
G.  fenster,  Ir.  fneog.  The  vulgar  pronunciation  is 
windor,  as  if  from  the  Welsh  gwyntdor,  wind-door.] 

1.  An  opening  in  the  wall  of  a  building  fur  the  ail- 
inissitm  of  light,  and  of  air  when  necessary.  This 
opening  has  a  frame  on  the  sides,  in  which  are  set 
movable  s.tshes,  containing  panes  of  glass.  In  the 
United  States,  the  sashes  are  made  to  rise  and  fall, 
for  the  admission  or  exclusion  of  air.  In  France, 
windows  are  shut  with  frames  or  sashes  that  open 
and  shut  vertically,  like  the  leaves  of  a  folding  door. 

2.  An  aperture  or  opening. 

A  window  Shalt  thou  make  to  the  ark.  —  Qen.  vi, 

3.  The  frame  or  other  thing  that  covers  the  aper- 
ture. 

4.  An  aperture ;  or  rather  the  clouds  or  water- 
spouts. 

The  windows  of  heaven  were  opened.  —  Gen.  vii. 

5.  Lattice  or  casement ;  or  the  net-work  of  wire 
used  before  the  invention  of  glass.    Judges  v. 

6.  Lines  crossing  each  other. 
Till  he  has  windai 

WIN'DoW,  V.  U 


1  his  bread  and  butler. 


King. 

To  furnish  with  windows. 

Wutton.  Pope, 

2.  To  place  at  a  window.    [  Unusual.]  Sluik, 

3.  To  break  into  openings.    [£7/ii<.--«a/.]  Shak. 
WIN'DoW-BLiND,  71.    [window  and  blind.]    A  blind 

to  intercept  the  liglit  of  a  window.    Venetian  iri«- 

dow-blinds  are  now  much  used  in  the  United  States. 
WIN'DoW-£D,  pp.    Furnished  with  windows. 
WIN'DoW-FRa.ME,  71.    [wind.w  and  frame.]  The 

frame  of  a  window  which  receives  and  holds  the 

sashes. 

Wl.N'DoW-GLSSS,  71.    [window  and  glass.]  Panes 

of  glass  for  windows. 
WIN'DoW-SASlI,  n.    [window  anA  sash.]    The  sash 

or  light  frame  in  which  panes  of  glass  are  set  for 

windows. 

WIN'DoW-Y,  a.     Having  little  crossings  like  the 

sashes  of  a  window.  Donne. 
WIND'PIPE,  11.    [mind  and  pipe.]     The  passage  for 

the  breath  to  and  from  the  lungs  ;  the  trachea. 
WIND'-PUMP,  11.   [wind  and  pump.]   A  pump  moved 

by  wind,  useful  in  draining  lands.  Cyc. 
WIND'-RoDE,  71.    A  term  used  by  seamen  to  signify 

a  ship  when  riding  with  wind  and  tide  opposed  to 

each  other,  driven  to  the  leeward  of  her  anchor. 
WIND'RoW,  (win'ro,)  ?i.    [wind  and  raw.]    A  row 

or  line  tif  hay  raked  together  for  the  purpose  of  being 

rolled  into  cocks  or  heaps. 

[  This  is  the  only  use  of  the  word  in  AVio  England.] 

2.  The  green  border  of  a  field,  dug  up  In  order  to 
carry  the  earth  on  other  land  to  rnentl  it.  [Eiig.]Cijc, 

3.  .\  row  of  peats  set  up  for  drying  ;  or  a  row  of 
pieces  of  turf,  sod,  or  sward,  cut  in  paring  and  burn- 
ing.   [Eng.]  Cue. 

WIND'-SaIL,  71.  [wind  and  sail.]  .\  wide  tube  or 
funnel  of  canvas,  used  to  convey  a  stream  of  air  into 
the  lower  apartments  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

WIND'SEED,  71.   A  plant  of  the  genus  Arctotis.  Lee. 

WIND'SIIOCK,  71.  [wind  and  shock.]  A  sort  of  bruise 
or  shiver  In  a  tree.  Cijc. 

WIND'-TIGHT,  (-tite,)  a.  [luiTKi  and  tight.]  So 
tight  as  to  prevent  the  passing  of  wind.  Jfull. 

WIND'WARD,  71.  [ifiiiii  and  imirrf.]  Tlie  point  from 
which  the  wind  blows  ;  as,  to  ply  to  the  windward. 

WIND'WARD,  a.  [wind  and  ward.]  lieiiiL'  on  the 
side  toward  the  point  from  which  the  wind  blows ; 
as,  the  irindward  shrouds. 

WI.ND'WARD,  n./r.    Toward  the  wind. 

To  lay  an  anchor  at  the  tcindirard;  to  adopt  previous 
measures  for  success  or  security. 

WIND'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  wind  ;  as,  a  windy  tem- 
pest. Shak. 

2.  Next  the  wind  ;  as,  the  windy  side.  Shiik. 

3.  Teiiipestiioiis  ;  boisterous  ;  as,  windy  weather. 

4.  Pufly  ;  flatulent ;  abounding  with  wind. 

Jirbuthnot. 

5.  Empty  ;  nirv  ;  ns,  windy  joy.  .Villon 
WI.VE,  71.    [Sax.  will ;  0.  7criii ;'  I),  wyn  :  Sw.  an^l 

Dan.  rill ;  W.  girin  ;  Riiss.  vino;  L.  vinuni ;  It.  nnd 
Sp.  vino  ;  Fr.  ciii ;  Ir.^on;  Gr.  oiiot;  Eolic,  Foiioii 

Eth.  wine  ;  Ileb.  1".   This  Oriental  word 

seems  to  be  connected  with  |iy,a  I'oiintuin,  and  njji, 
annh,  lo  thrust,  to  press,  or  press  out.] 

1.  The  fermented  juice  of  grapes  ;  as,  the  wine  ol 
the  Madeira  grape  ;  the  wine  of  llurgiiiidy  or  ( l|Hirte 

2.  The  Juice  of  certain  fruits,  prepared  with  sugar, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  nQQK.— 


WIN 


WIN 


suinclirnes  witli  spirits,  &.C.  ;  as,  currant  loine; 
goosL-bt'rry  wine. 

3.  latu.xication. 

Noah  awoke  from  hi»  mine.  —  Gen.  ix, 

4.  Drinking. 

Tlicy  Unit  Uirry  long  tit  the  win*.  —  Prov.  xxiii. 
Corn  and  mine,  in  Scripture,  arc  put  for  all  kinds  tif 
nci  essaries  for  subsistence.  Ps. 

Bread  and  wine,  in  tlie  Lord'.<  supper,  arc  symbols 
of  the  boily  and  blood  of  Clirist. 
\Vl.\i;'-l!Ill-KEK,  n.    One  wlio  drinks  much  wine; 

a  irrcut  drinker.    Prov.  .xxiii. 
VVT.\i;'-C.\SK,  n.    [wine  and  cask.]   A  cask  in  wliicli 

wine  is  or  has  been  kept. 
WI.\E'-(;L.ii."'S,  71.    [irine  and  ^/asi.]    A  small  glass 

in  whicli  wine  is  drank. 
WINE'LliSS,  a.    Destitute  of  wine  ;  as,  wineless  life. 

Sutift. 

VVI\E'-.ME  \?-TJRE,  (  mezli'nr,)  n.  [Pee  Me.\sure.] 
The  measure  by  which  wines  and  other  spirits  are 
sold,  smaller  than  beer  measure. 

VVI.VE'-.MER-CHANT,  71.  A  merchant  who  deals  in 
wines. 

U'l.">tE'-l*UESS,  71.    [wine  and  press.]    A  place  where 

grapes  are  pressed. 
WIXE'-STo.NE,  71.   The  deposit  of  crude  tartar,  or 

araal,  on  the  interior  of  wine-casks.  Ure. 
WING,  71.    [Sax.  i'fAwi/i^;  Sw.  and  Dan.  i  inn-c.  The 

word  signifies  the  side,  end,  or  extremity.] 

1.  The  limb  of  a  fowl  by  which  it  flies,  and  under 
which  it  protects  its  young.  In  a  few  species  of 
fowls,  the  wings  do  not  enable  them  to  fly ;  as  is  the 
case  with  the  dodo,  ostrich,  great  auk,  and  pen- 
guin ;  hut  in  the  two  former,  the  wings  assist  the 
fowls  in  running. 

2.  Fitrurativrlii,  care  or  protection. 

3.  The  limb  of  an  insect  by  which  it  flie.s. 

4.  In  botanii,  [h.  ata,]  a  leaf-like  appendage. 
WiNos,  pi.,  [L.  al(t,]  the  two  lateral  petals  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower,  which  stand  opposite  to  each 
other,  and  immediately  before  the  vexillum,  and 
which  usually  have  tlie  carina  between  them. 

Tulhj. 

5.  Flight;  passage  by  the  wing;  a.s,  to  be  on  the 
wiii^  ;  to  take  win^r. 

6.  Means  of  flying ;  acceleration.  Fear  adds 
win^s  to  flight. 

7.  Motive  or  incitement  of  flight. 

Then  fiery  expedition  be  niy  iri/i*.  SJiok. 

8.  The  flank  or  extreme  body  or  part  of  an  nriny. 

I}njdcn. 

9.  .\ny  side  piece.  Mortivtcr. 

10.  Ill  i'lirrfcniiin-,  a  side-shoot.  Cyc. 

11.  In  architecture,  a  side  building,  less  than  the 
main  edifice. 

1-J.  In/or(i/!rHtio7i,  \\>c  longer  sides  of  horn-works, 
crown-works,  S^c.  Cyc. 

13.  In  a  Jirit,  the  ships  on  the  extremities,  when 
ranged  in  a  line,  or  when  forming  the  two  sides  of  a 
triangle. 

14.  In  a  ship,  the  wings  are  those  parts  of  the  hold 
and  orlop  deck  which  arc  nearest  the  sides. 

15.  In  Scripture,  protection  ;  generally  in  the  plu- 
ral.   Ps.  Ixiii.    F.J.  xix. 

On  the  wings  qf  the  wind ;  with  the  utmost  velocity. 
Ps.  xviii. 

WING,  r.  (.  To  furnish  with  wings  ;  to  enable  to  fly 
or  to  move  with  celerity. 

Who  heaves  oUl  ocean,  and  who  wings  the  storms.  Popt. 

2.  To  supply  with  side  bodies ;  as,  on  either  side 
well  wintred.  Shak. 

3.  To  transport  by  flight. 

I,  an  ol'l  turtle, 

Will  wing  me  to  sonic  with  Te*l  hoo^h.  Shetk. 
Rlge  tlie  ke«n  aword,  ami  wing  Ui' uncrrinsf  ball.  Trumbull. 

To  wins  a  flight ;  to  exert  the  power  of  flying. 
WING'-CaSE,    )  n.    The  case  or  shell  which  covers 
WING'-SIIEI.Ij,  j    the  wings  of  coleopterous  insects, 

as  the  beetle,  &c.  BootJi. 
WING'KD,  pp.    Furnished  with  wings  ;  transported 

bv  flying. 

WIi\(i-e8V'ER-ING,  (-kuv'cr-,)  a.  Covering  the 
wings. 

2.  a.  Having  wings  ;  as,  a  winged  fowl.    Oen.  i. 

3.  Swift ;  ni|)id  ;  as,  with  winged  haste.  Shak. 

4.  Woniidetl ;  hurt. 

5.  In  botinuj,  [Alatus.  Alate  is  the  term  almost 
always  used,)  furnished  with  a  leaf-like  append- 
age. When  stems  are  winced,  the  leaf-like  ap- 
pendage is  commonly  attached  longitudinally  to  two 
opposite  sides.  When  fruits  arc  winged,  the  leaf- 
like appendage  may  be  attached  to  one  side  only,  or 
to  two  sides,  or  it  may  surround  the  fruit.  Tullti. 

6.  In  heraldrii,  represented  with  wings,  or  having 
wings  of  a  ditferent  color  from  the  body. 

7.  Fanned  with  wings;  swarming  with  birds. 

jsniton. 

WING'KD-PkA,  71.    A  plant.  Milter. 
WI.NG'-FOOT-En,  a.     [inng  and  fool.]  Having 

wings  attached  to  the  fei  t ;  as,  wing-footed  Mercury  ; 

hence,  swift  ;  moving  with  rapidity  j  fleet. 

Drayton, 


WING'I.ES.'!,  a.    Having  no  wings  ;  not  able  to  as- 
cend <ir  flv. 
WINC'LET,  n.    A  little  wing. 
WI.NG'-.SIIELI,.    Six'  Wing-Case. 
WING'Y,  a.    Having  wings;  rapid  ;  as,  wingy  speed. 

Addison. 

WINK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  wincian  ;  D.  wenken  !  G.  winken  ; 
Sw.  vinka;  Dan.  vinker;  W.  gicing,  a  wink  ;  gicin- 
gaw,  to  wriggle,  to  wink,  to  wince.  fVinli  and 
wittce  are  radically  one  word.] 

1.  To  shut  the  eyes  quickly;  to  close  the  eyelids 
with  a  quick  motion. 

They  are  not  bliiul,  tiul  tlicy  winJe.  TUloUon. 

2.  To  close  and  open  the  eyelids  quickly. 

3.  To  give  a  hint  by  a  motion  of  the  eyelids. 
Wink  at  the  footman  to  leave  him  without  a  plate.  Siei/t. 

4.  To  close  the  eyelids  and  exclude  the  light. 

Or  irini  .as  C0\var,l8  and  afraid.  Prior. 

r>.  To  be  dim  ;  as,  a  winking  light.  Dnjdcn. 
To  icink  at ;  to  connive  at ;  to  seem  not  to  see  ;  to 
tolerate  ;  to  overlook,  as  something  not  perfectly 
agreeable  ;  as,  to  wink  at  faults.  Roscoyntnon. 
WINK,  71.    The  act  of  closing  the  eyelids  quickly.  I 
lay  awake  and  could  m  t  sleep  a  wink. 

I  could  eclipse  and  cloud  Uiem  with  a  wink.  Donne. 

2.  A  hint  given  by  shutting  the  eye  with  a  signifi- 
cant cast.  Sw(ft. 
WINK'ER,  71.    One  who  winks.  Pope. 

2.  A  horse's  blinder.  Boolli. 
WINK'ING,  ppr.    Shutting  the  eyes  quickly  ;  shut- 
ting and  opening  the  eyelids  quickly  ;  hinting  by 
closing  the  eve  :  conniving  at ;  overlooking. 
WINK'ING-LY,  adv.    With  the  eye  almost  closed. 

Pfac/(fl77t. 

WIN'NER,  Ji.  [from  win.]  One  who  gains  by  suc- 
cess in  competition  or  contest. 

WIN'NING,  pjjr.  [from  icin.]  Gaining  by  success  in 
competition  or  contest. 

2.  a.  Attracting;  adapted  to  gain  favor;  charm- 
ing ;  as,  a  winning  address. 

WIN'NING,  n.  The  sum  won  or  gained  by  success 
in  compi'tiiion  or  contest. 

WIN'NING-LY,  adr.    In  a  winning  manner. 

WIN'NoW,  V.  t.  [L.  evanno,  from  vannus,  a  fan  ;  D. 
and  G.  wannen  ;  from  the  root  of  fan  and  wind.  The 
Sax.  has  windwian,  to  wind.] 

1.  To  separate  and  drive  off  the  cliaff  from  grain 
by  means  of  wind.  Gram  is  winnowed  by  a  fan,  or 
by  a  machine,  or  by  pouring  it  out  of  a  vessel  in  a 
current  of  air. 

2.  Til  fan  ;  to  beat  as  with  v/ings.  Milton. 

3.  To  examine  ;  to  sift  for  the  purpose  of  sepa- 
rating falsehood  from  truth. 

Winnow  well  Uiis  thouijht.  Dryden. 

4.  To  separate,  as  the  bad  from  the  good.  Shak. 
WIN'NoW,  V.  1.    To  separate  chatf  from  corn. 

Winnow  not  with  every  wind.  Eectus. 

VVIN'NoW-Ji:D,  pp.     Separated  from  the  chafl"  by 

wind  ;  sifted  ;  examined. 
WIN'.\oW-ER,  71.    One  who  winnows. 
Wl  N'NoW-ING,  71.    The  act  of  separating  from  chaff 

bv  wind. 

Wl'N'NoAV-ING,  ppr.    Separating  from  the  chaff  by 

wind  ;  examining. 
WIN'SOME,  (win'sum,)  a.    Cheerful ;  merry. 
WIN'TER,  n.    [Sax.  G.  D.  Sw.  and  Dan. ;  from  icitk;, 

or  its  root ;  Goth.  icinfTTis.] 

1.  The  cold  season  of  the  year.  Astronomically 
considered,  winter  ctimmenccs  in  northern  latitudes 
when  the  sun  enters  Capricorn,  or  at  the  solstice 
about  the  21st  of  December,  and  ends  at  the  equinox 
in  March  ;  but  in  ordinary  discourse,  the  tltree  win 
ter  months  are  December,  January,  and  February 
Our  Saxon  ancestors  reckoned  the  years  by  winters  ; 
as,  ten  winters  ;  thirty  winters.  In  tropical  climates, 
the  rainy  season  takes  the  place  of  winter.  In  the 
temperate  and  frigid  climates,  there  is  one  winter 
only  in  the  year. 

2.  The  part  of  a  printing  press  which  sustains  the 
carriage. 

WI.VTER,  r.  1.    To  pass  the  winter.    He  wintered  in 

Italy,    ('atlle  winter  well  on  good  fodder. 
WIN'TER,  r.  I.    To  feed  or  manage  during  the  win 

ter.    To  winter  young  cattle  on  straw,  is  not  prolila 

ble.    Delicate  plants  must  be  wintered  under  cover. 
WIN'TER-AP'PLE,  (-ap'pl,)  71.     [winter  and  apple.] 

An  apple  that  keeps  well  in  wintor. 
WIN' TEIl-n.KR'LEY,  n.     [winter  and  barley.]  A 

kind  of  barley  which  is  sowed  in  autumn. 
WIN'TER-BE.\T-£N,  a.    [winter  and  beat.]  Har 

assed  by  the  severe  weather  of  winter.  Spenser. 
WIN'TER-BER'RY,  71.    [winter  and  berry.]  Alow 

shrub  of  the  genus  Prinos.  Loudon.  Lee. 

WIN'TER-BLOO.M,  71.    [winter  and  bloom.]    A  plant 

of  the  genus  ,\7.alea.  iff. 
WIN'TER-CHER'RY,  n.     [winter  and  cherr,/.]  A 

plant  of  the  genus  Physalis,  and  its  fruit,  which  is  of 

the  size  of  a  cherr^'.  /,ff.  Miller. 

WIN'TER-CIT'RO'N,  71.    [tointerand  cilroii.]    A  sort 

of  pear. 


WIR 

WIN'TER-CRESS,  n.    [winter  and  creM.]    A  plant 

of  the  genus  Erysimum. 

WIN'TEU-CROP,  n.  [winter  and  crop.]  A  crop 
which  will  bear  the  winter,  or  which  may  be  con- 
verted into  fodder  during  the  winter.  Cue. 

WIN'TER-FAL'LOW,  n.  [winter  and  falloa.] 
Ground  that  is  fallowed  in  winli  r. 

WIN'TER-GXR'I)£.N,  71.  [iri/ittr  and  ^'an/fn.  |  An 
ornamental  garden  for  winter. 

WIN'TER-GREE.X,  n.  [irinfer  and  rrrfm.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Pyrola,  useful  as  a  vulnerary.  AImi,  a 
name  of  plants  of  the  geneni  Chimapliila  and  Gaiil- 
theria.  Winter-green  is  used  as  a  tonic  and  a-1riii- 
gent.  Cue. 

WIN'TER-KILL,  f.  (.  [iein(cr  and  Ai7/.]  To  kill  by 
means  of  the  weather  in  winter ;  as,  to  winter-kill 
wheat  or  clover.  America. 

WIN'TER-KILL-£D,  pp.  Killed  by  the  winter,  as 
grain. 

WIN'TER-KILL-ING,  ppr.  Killing  by  the  weather 
in  winter. 

WIN'TER-LODGE,  )  n.     [winter  and  lodge.] 

WIN'TER-I.ODG'MENT,  j  hi  botany,  the  hyber- 
nacle  of  a  plant,  which  protects  the  embryo  or  future 
shoot  from  injuries  during  the  winter.  It  is  either  a 
bud  or  a  bull).  Eneyc. 

WIN'TER-PE.aR,  71.  [winUr  and  pear.]  Any  pear 
that  keeps  well  in  winter. 

WIN'TER-aUAR'TERS,  n.  pi.  [winter  and  ./uartfr.i.] 
The  quarters  iif  an  army  during  the  winter;  a  win- 
ter residence  or  st.ition. 

WIN'TER-RIG,  V.  t.  [winter  and  rig.]  To  fallow 
or  till  in  winter.  [LoeiU.] 

WIN'TEU-SOL'STICE,  (-sol'stis,)  71.  [winter  and 
sulstice.]  The  sol.-^lice  of  the  winter,  wliich  takes 
place  when  the  sun  enters  Capricorn,  December 
21st. 

WIN'TER- CT),  pp.  or  a.   Kept  through  the  winter 

lived  through  tlie  winter. 
WIN'TER-I.N'G,  ppr.    Passing  the  winter;  keeping 

in  winter. 

WI.\'TER-LY,fl.  Such  ns  is  suitable  to  winter.  [Lit- 
tle used]  Shak. 

WIN'TER-Y,  a.  Suitable  to  winter ;  brumal ;  hy- 
cmal ;  cold  ;  stormy.  Dnjden. 

WI'NY,  a.  [from  i^iiif.]  Having  the  taste  or  quali- 
ties of  wine.  Bacon. 

WINZE,  n.  In  mim'nir,  a  small  shaft  sunk  from  one 
level  to  another  for  the  purpose  of  ventilation. 

Francis. 

WIPE,  r.  t.    [Sax.  iripian.] 

1.  To  rub  with  something  soft  for  cleaning ;  to 
clean  by  rubbing;  as,  to  wipe  the  hands  or  face  with 
a  towel.   Luke  vii. 

2.  To  strike  off"  gently. 

Some  natural  tears  they  dropped,  but  wiped  them  soon.  Hilton. 

3.  To  cleanse  from  evil  practices  or  abuses  ;  to 
overturn  and  destroy  what  is  foul  and  hateful. 

1  will  wipe  Jerusalem  as  a  man  wipeth  a  di»h.  —  'i  Kin^  xxi. 

4.  To  cheat ;  to  defraud.  Spenser. 
To  wipe  away ;  to  cleanse  by  rubbing  or  tersion  ; 

as,  to  wipe  away  a  stain  or  reproach. 

To  wipe  off;  to  clear  away.  Iflpe  off  this  foul 
stain  ;  tripe  off  the  dust. 

To  wipe  oat;  to  efface  ;  to  obliterate.  tVipe  out  the 
blot. 

WIPE,  71.  The  act  of  rubbing  for  the  purpose  of  clean- 
ing. 

2.  A  blow  ;  a  stroke. 

3.  A  gibe  ;  a  jeer  ;  a  severe  sarcasm.  Swift, 

4.  A  bird.    [Sw.  ti^a,  the  la|iwing.]  Ainsaorth. 
\\1P'£D,  (wlpt,)  pp.    Rubbed  for  cleaning  ;  cleaned 

by  rubbing;  cleared  away  ;  effaced. 
WiP'ER,  n.    One  who  wipes. 

2.  The  instrument  used  for  wiping. 

3.  In  mills,  a  piece  generally  projecting  from  a  hori- 
zontal axle,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  stampers  or 
heavy  pistons,  and  leaving  them  to  fall  by  their  own 
weight.  Brande. 

WIP'I.XG,  ppr.    Rubbing  with  a  cloth  or  other  soft 

thing  for  cleaning  ;  clearing  away  ;  effacing. 
WIRE,  n.    rsw.  rir;  Ice.  wijr.] 

A  threat!  of  met.al;  any  metallic  substance  drawn 

to  an  even  thread.  • 
WIRE,  r.  (.    To  bind  with  wire  ;  to  apply  wire  to,  as 

in  buttling  liquors. 
WIRE'DRAW,  V,  t.    [wire  and  draw.]    To  draw  a 

nit  tal  into  wire,  whir'j  is  done  by  drawing  it  through 

a  hole  ill  a  plate  of  Koel. 

2.  To  draw  into  length.  ArbuthnoU 

3.  To  draw  by  art  or  violence. 

My  sense  has  been  inrt'lrawn  into  Uaspheiny.  Dryden, 

4.  To  tlraw  or  spin  out  to  great  length  and  tenuity, 
as,  to  wiredraw  an  argument. 

WIRE'DRAW-ER,  71.  One  who  draws  metal  into 
wire.  Locke. 

WIRE'DRAW-ING,  ppr.  Drawing  a  metal  into 
wire. 

2.  Drawing  to  a  great  length  or  fineness. 
WIRE'DRAWN,  pp.    Drawn  into  wire  ;  drawn  ont 

to  great  li  ngtli  or  fineness. 
WIRE'GAl/'ZE,  n.    A  texture  of  finely  Interwoven 

wire,  resembling  gauze. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"G£B,  VI"CIOUS  e  as  K;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


126" 


I 


WIS 


WIS 


WIT 


WIRE'-GRXTE,  s.  [wire  and  grate.]  A  grate  or 
contrivance  of  fine  wire  work  to  keep  insects  out  of 
vinf  ries,  hothouses,  &c.  Cxjc. 

WJRE'-HEEL,  n.  [wire  and  hed.]  A  defect  and 
disease  in  the  feet  of  a  horse  or  otiier  beast.  Cyc. 

WIRE'-PllLL'ER,  n.  One  who  pulls  the  wires,  as  of 
a  puppet ;  hence,  one  who  operates  by  secret  means ; 
an  intrisuer. 

VVIRE'-PIJLL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  pulling  the  wires, 
as  of  a  puppet ;  hence,  secret  influence  or  manage- 
ment ;  intrigue. 
V\^RE'-WORJI,  (-wurm,)  n.  [wire  and  worm.']  A 
name  given  to  the  hirvse  of  various  beetles,  from 
their  slenJerness  and  uncommon  hardness.  They 
destroy  the  roots  of  plants. 

2.  The  American  wiru-worm  is  a  species  of  luli.s, 
with  numerous  feet.  E.  C.  Herridi. 

WIR'Y,  a.    Made  of  wire  ;  like  wire. 
WIS,  r.  (. ;  prct.  Wist.    [G.  missCT!  ;  D.  weeten  ;  Dan. 
vider;  Sw.  veto.    This  is  the  Sax.  witan,  to  wit.] 
To  think  ;  to  suppose;  to  imagine.  [Obs.] 

Spetiser. 

WIS'DOM,  (wiz'dum,)  n.  [Sax.  id. ;  wise  and  dom  ; 
G.  weisheitj  (^wrsefiood  i)  D.  wy^-lieid  ;  Sw.  visUom  and 
vhhct;  Dan.  visdom  or  viisdom.  (See  Wise.)  fVis- 
dom,  it  seems,  is  from  the  Gothic  dialect.] 

1.  The  right  use  or  exercise  of  knowledge  5  the 
choice  of  laudable  ends,  and  of  the  best  means  lo 
accomplish  them.  This  is  wisdom  in  act,  effect,  or 
practice.  If  wisdom  is  to  be  considered  as  a/acwty 
of  the  mind,  it  is  the  faculty  of  discerning  or  judg- 
ing what  is  most  just,  proper,  and  useful ;  and  if  it 
is  to  be  considered  as  an  acqniremcnt,  it  is  the  knowl- 
edge and  use  of  what  is  best,  most  just,  most  proper, 
most  conducive  to  prosperity  or  happiness.  Wisdom 
in  the  first  sense,  or  practical  wisdom,  is  nearly  sy- 
nonymous with  Discretion.  It  differs  somewhat 
from  Prudence  in  this  respect;  priirfc«cc  is  the  ex- 
ercise of  sound  judgment  in  avoiding  evils  ;  wisdom 
is  the  exercise  of  sound  judgment  either  in  avoiding 
evils  or  attempting  good.  Prudence,  then,  is  a  spe- 
cies, of  which  wisdom  is  the  genus. 

Wisdom  ^incd  by  experience  is  of  inestimable  value.  Scott. 

It  is  hoped  tliat  our  rulei«  will  act  with  dignity  and  wisdom; 
lluu  Ihoy  will  yield  every  thing  to  reason,  and  refuse  every 
tiling  to  force.  Ames. 

2.  In  Scripture,  human  learning ;  erudition  ; 
knowledge  of  arts  and  sciences. 

Moses  was  learned  in  all  the  uisdom  of  the  Egyptians.  — 
Acts  vii. 

3.  Quickness  of  intellect;  readiness  of  apprehen- 
sion ;  dexterity  in  execution  ;  as,  the  wisdom  of  Be- 
zaleel  and  Aholiab.    Exod.  xxxi. 

4.  Natural  instinct  and  sagacity.   Job  xxxix. 

5.  In  Scripture  tJicology,  wisdom  is  true  religion  ; 
godliness  ;  piety  ;  the  knowledge  and  fear  of  God, 
and  sincere  and  uniform  obedience  to  his  commands. 
This  is  the  wisdom  which  is  from  above.  Ps.  xc. 
Job  xxviii. 

6.  Profitable  words  or  doctrine.    Ps.  xxxvii. 

The  wisdom  of  this  world ;  mere  human  erudition  ; 
or  the  carnal  policy  of  men,  their  craft  and  artifices 
in  promoting  their  temporal  interests;  called  also 
Jlcshly  wisdom.    1  Cor.  ii.    2  Cor.  i. 

The  wisdom  of  words  ,*  artificial  or  affected  elo- 
quence ;  or  learning  displayed  in  teaching.  1 
Cor.  i.  ii. 

WISE,  a.  [Sax.  wis,  wise;  G.  weise;  D.  wys;  Sw. 
vis  ;  Dan.  viis ;  Sax.  witsan,  G.  wissen,  to  know  ; 
Sans.  vid.  This,  in  Dutch,  is  weeten,  to  know,  which 
is  the  Goth,  witan.  Sax.  witan.  Eng.  to  wit,  perhaps 
Gr.  n^co>.  So  that  wv^e,  wit,  wcet,  wot,  are  all  from 
one  root,  or  dialectical  forms  of  the  same  word  ;  Ir. 
fois,fcas,  knowledge;  W.  t^wys,  tpoyz,  Sans,  widja, 
intelligence.  In  general,  the  radical  sense  of  know 
is  to  reach  or  to  hold,  from  extension,  stretching.  In 
this  case,  it  may  be  to  show,  to  disclose,  from  a  like 
sense  ;  for  in  Sw.  visa,  Dan.  viser,  G.  wciscn,  D. 
wysen,  is  to  show.  In  this  case,  L.  video,  visum,  which 
seems  to  be  connected  with  this  word,  may  coincide 
in  origin  with  loi/le.  Wistful,  attentive,  eager,  is 
from  reaching  forward.] 

1.  Properly,  having  Knowledge  ;  hence,  having 
the  power  of  discerning  and  judging  correctly,  or  of 
discriminating  between  what  is  true  and  what  is 
false  ;  between  what  Is  fit  and  proper  and  what  is 
improper ;  as,  a  wise  prince  ;  a  wise  niagistratt;.  Sol- 
omon was  deemed  the  wisest  man.  Hut  a  man  may 
he  speculatively  nnti  not  practically  wiso.  Hence, 

2.  Discreel  and  jutlicioiis  in  the  use  or  application 
of  knowledge;  choosing  laudable  ends,  anil  llie  best 
means  lo  accomplish  them.  This  is  lo  be  practically 
wise.    Gfn.  xli. 

3.  Skillful;  dextrous. 

They  arc  wU«  to  do  evil,  hut  to  do  good  they  have  no  knowledge. 
—  Jcr.  Iv. 

4.  Learned;  knowing;  as,  the  wise  and  the  un- 
wise.   Rom.  i. 

.*).  Skilled  in  arts,  nclence,  philosophy,  or  in  magic 
and  divination.   3  Sam.  xiv. 
C.  Godly  ;  pious.    Prov.  xili. 

The  Holy  Hcrlpture*.  which  aro  ahlc  to  make  lliee  vnte  lo  salva- 
Uon.— ■^Tlm.  III. 


7.  Skilled  in  hidden  arts  ;  a  sense  somewhat  ironical ; 
as,  the  wise  woman  of  Brainford.  Shak. 

8.  Dictated  or  guided  by  wisdom ;  containing 
wisdom  ;  judicious ;  well  adapted  to  produce  good 
effi?cts ;  applicable  to  things ;  as,  a  wise  saying  ;  a 
wise  scheme  or  pl.m  ;  wise  conduct  or  management ; 
a  wise  determination. 

9.  Becoming  a  wise  man  ;  grave  ;  discreet ;  as, 
wise  deportment.  Milton. 

WISE,  n.    [Sax.  wise;  G.  weise;  D.  wys ;  Sw.  vis; 
Dan.  viis;  Fr.  guise  ;  It.  guisa  ;  Arm.  guis.] 
JIanner;  way  of  being  or  acting. 
This  song  she  sings  in  most  commanding  uise.  Sidney. 
In  fiuest  mB€.  Sjienser. 

In  the  foregoing  form  this  wnrd  is  obsolete.  The 
use  of  it  is  now  very  limited.  It  is  common  in  the 
following  phrases. 

1.  In  any  wise. 

If  he  that  sanctified  the  field  will  in  any  wige  redeem  it.  —  Lev. 
Fret  not  thyself  in  any  wise.  —  Ps.  xxxvii. 

2.  On  this  wise. 

On  Vtis  wise  ye  shall  bless  the  children  of  Israel.  —  Num.  vi. 

3.  ^11  no  wise. 

He  shall  in  no  wfae  lose  hia  reward.  —  Matt.  x. 
It  is  used  in  composition,  as  in  likewise,  othencise, 
lengthwise.  Sec.  By  mistake,  ways  is  often  used  for 
it ;  as,  lengthways  for  lengthwise, 
WTSE'A-€RE,  (wize'a-ker,)  n.  [G.  weise,  wise,  and 
sagen,  to  say,  G.  weissager,  a  foreteller.  Tlie  proper 
English  word  would  be  Wise-Sajer.] 

One  who  makes  pretensions  to  great  wisdom  ; 
hence,  in  contempt,  a  simpleton  ;  a  dunce. 
WISE'-HES.RT-ED,  a.    [wise  and  heart.]    Wise ; 

knowing  ;  skillful.    Eznd.  xxviii. 
WiSE'LING,  n.    One  who  pretends  to  be  wise. 

Donne. 

WlSE'LY,  adv.    Pradently  ;  judiciously ;  discreetly; 
with  wisdom.    Prov.  xvi.  xxi. 
2.  Craftily  ;  with  art  or  stratagem. 

Let  us  de.al  wisely  with  them.  —  Ex.  i. 
WISE'NESS,  7!.    Wisdom.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
WISE'-SaY-ER,7!.    [G.  mci«,  wise,  and  sa^cii,  to  say, 
to  tell ;  weissager,  a  foreteller.] 

1.  A  foreteller ;  one  who  is  noted  for  predicting 
the  weather. 

2.  One  who  makes  pretensions  to  great  wisdom ; 
hence,  in  coitempt,  a  simpleton  ;  a  dunce. 

WISH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  wi'can  ;  Cimbric,  oska.  In  all  the 
other  Teutonic  and  Gothic  dialects,  the  correspond- 
ing word  is  written  with  n ;  D.  wenschen ;  G.  witn- 
sclicn ;  Dan.  ojiskcr ;  Sw.  Unska.  This  is  probably 
the  same  word.] 

1.  To  have  a  desire,  or  strong  desire,  either  for 
what  is  or  is  not  supposed  to  be  obtainable  It  usu- 
ally expresses  less  tiian  Long  ;  but  sometimes  it  de- 
notes to  long  or  wish  earnestly.  We  often  wish  for 
what  is  not  obtainable. 

This  is  ae  good  on  argument  as  an  antiquary  could  wish  for. 

^r6utAno(. 

They  have  more  than  heart  could  wish.  —  Pa.  Ixxiii. 
I  wish  above  all  things  that  thou  mayest  prosper.  —  3  John  2. 
They  cast  four  anchors  cut  of  tlie  stern,  and  wished  for  the  day. 
—  Acts  xxvii. 

2.  To  be  disposed  or  inclined ;  as,  to  wish  well  to 
another's  affairs.  Mdison. 

3.  It  sometimes  partakes  of  hope  or  fear.  I  wish 
the  event  may  prove  fortunate,  or  less  calamitous 
than  we  apprehend. 

WISH,  V,  t.    To  desire.    I  wish  your  prosperity. 

Let  them  be  driven  backward,  and  put  to  shame,  that  wish  me 
evU.  — Pa.  xl.  - 

2.  To  long  for;  to  desire  eagerly  or  ardently.  It 
has  this  sense  when  expressed  with  emphasis. 

3.  To  recommend  by  wishing. 

I  would  not  wish  them  to  a  fairer  death.  Shak. 

4.  To  imprecate ;  as,  to  wish  curses  on  an  enemy. 

Skak. 

5.  To  ask  ;  to  e.xpress  desire.  Clarendon. 
WISH,  71.    Desire;  sometimes  eager  desire.  Job 

xxxiii. 

2.  Desire  expressed.  Pope. 

Bli3tere<l  lie  thy  tongue 
For  such  a  wif.h.  Shak. 

3.  Thing  desired.    He  has  his  wi.'ih. 

The  (lilli-rence  between  wish  and  desire  seems  lo  be,  that  desire 
Ik  directed  to  what  is  obtainable,  and  a  wish  may  be  tliiectcd 
lo  what  is  obtainable  or  not.  Kames. 

WIPH'KD,  (wisht,)  pp.  Desired,  or  ardently  desired. 
WISH'ER,  ji.    One  who  desires ;  one  who  expresses 

a  wish.  Shak. 
WISH'FJJL,  a.    Having  desire,  or  ardent  desire. 

2.  Showing  desire  ;  as,  wishful  eyes. 

3.  Desirable;  exciting  wishes.  [Bad,]  Chapman. 
WIHH'F(JI,-LY,  adv.    With  desire  or  anient  desire. 

2.  With  the  show  of  desiring. 
WISII'ING,  Ti/ir.  Desiiing. 
WISH'LY,  adv.    Acc.>ri!ing  lo  desire. 
WISK'ET,  71.    A  basket.  Jiinsworth. 
WISP,  n.    [Dan.  vLik,  a  wisp,  n  whisk  ;  vL^kcr,  lo 
whisk,  lo  rub  or  wipe  ;  G.  and  1).  wusch.] 


A  small  bundle  of  straw  or  other  like  substance  ; 
as,  a  wisp  of  straw  ;  a  wisp  of  hay  ;  a  wisp  of  herbs. 

Shak.  Bacon. 

WIST,  pret.  of  Wis.  [OAs.] 

WIST'FIJL,  a.  [from  wist.  The  sense  is,  stretching 
or  reaching  toward.]  Full  of  thoughts  ;  earnest ; 
attentive. 

Why  —  dost  thou  so  wistful  seem  ?  Gay. 
WIST'FIJL-LY,  adv.    Attentively  ;  earnestly. 

Hudibras. 

WIS'TIT,  n.  The  striated  monkey,  a  small.  South 
American  monkey,  with  sharp  claws  antl  squirrel- 
like habits  ;  the  ouistiti  of  Buffon,  Hapales  Jacclius 


of  Illiger.  Cuoier. 
WIST'LY,  adv.    Earnestly.    [OAs.]  Slrnk. 
WIS'TON-WISH,  n.    A  rodent  quadruped  of  Amer- 
ica, the  ])rairie-dog,  whicli  see.  Pike. 


WIT,  V.  i.     [Sax.  witan,  Goth,  witan,  D.  weeten,  G. 
Tcissen,  to  know  ;  Sans.  tiii/.    See  Wise.] 

To  know.  This  verb  is  used  only  in  the  infini- 
tive, to  wit,  namely,  that  is  to  say.  [L.  videlicet,  i.  e. 
videre  licet.] 

WIT,  71.    [Sax.  wit  or  ge-wit ;  G.  witi ;  Dan.  vid.  See 
the  verb  and  Wise.] 

1.  Primarily,  tile  intellect;  the  understanding  or 
mental  powers. 

Will  puts  in  practice  what  the  iril  deviseth.  Davits. 

For  wit  and  power  their  last  endeavors  bend 

T'  outshine  each  other.  Dryden. 

2.  The  association  of  ideas  in  a  manner  natural, 
but  unusual  and  striking,  so  as  to  produce  surprise 
joined  with  pleasure.    Wit  is  defined 

What  oft  was  thought,  but  ne'er  so  well  expressed.  Pope. 

Wit  cons'sts  in  assembling,  and  putting  together  with  quickness, 
ideas  in  which  can  be  found  resemblance  and  congruity,  by 
which  to  make  up  pleasant  pictures  and  agreeable  visions  in 
the  fancy.  Locke, 

Wit  consists  cliiefly  in  joining  things  by  distant  and  fanciful 
relations,  which  surprise  us  beatuse  tliey  are  unexpected. 

Kanies, 

Willi  a  propriety  of  thoughts  and  words:  or,  in  other  terms, 
(fiougfjts  and  words  elegantly  adapted  to  the  subject. 

Dryden, 

3.  The  faculty  of  associating  ideas  in  a  new  and 
unexpected  manner. 

4.  A  man  of  genius ;  as,  the  age  of  Addison 
abounded  with  wits. 

A  tcil  herself,  Amelia  weds  a  vjH.  Young. 

5.  A  man  of  fancy  or  wit. 

Intemperate  wits  will  spare  nciUier  friend  nor  foe.  L'Estrangs, 

6.  Sense ;  judgment. 

He  wants  not  wit  the  danger  to  decline.  Dryden. 

7.  Faculty  of  the  mind.  SItak. 

8.  ff7L5,  in  (/ic  plura/ /soundness  of  mind  ;  intt  llecl 
not  disordered  ;  sound  mind.  No  man  in  his  wit<: 
would  venture  on  such  an  expedition.  Have  you  lost 
your  wits  ?    Is  he  out  of  his  wits? 

9.  Power  of  invention;  contrivance;  ingenuity 
He  was  at  his  loits'  end.  Hooker. 

WITCH,  71.    [Sax.  wicca.    See  Wicked.] 

1.  A  woman  who,  by  compact  with  the  devil, 
practices  sorcery  or  enchantment. 

2.  A  woman  who  is  given  to  unlawfjil  arts. 

3.  [Sax.  Mic.]    A  winding,  sinuous  bank.  [Obs.] 

Spenser, 

4.  A  piece  of  conioal  paper  which  is  placed  in  a 
vessel  of  lard,  and,  being  lighted,  answers  the  pur- 
pose of  a  taper.    [Ciu.  T/JtcA-.]  [Local.] 

WITCH,  t).  U    To  bewitch  ;  to  fascinate  ;  to  enchant. 

I'll  witch  sweet  ladies  with  my  words  and  looks.  Shak, 
WITCH'CRXFT,  »i.    [wiUk  and  craft.]    The  prac- 
tices of  witches;  sorcery;  enchantments;  inter- 
course with  the  devil.  Bacon. 
2.  Power  more  than  natural. 

He  hath  a  teitchcra/i 
Over  the  king  in 's  tongue.  Shak, 

WITCII'l^D,  (witchl,)  pp.    Bewitched  ;  fascinated. 
WITCH'-ELM,  71.    A  kind  of  elm,  the  Ulmiis  inon- 

tana,  properly  Wych-Elm.  Loudon. 
WITCH'ER-Y,  71.    Sorcery ;  enchantment.  Milton. 

2.  Fascination. 
WITCH'-HA-ZKl.,  71.   The  Ilainamelis  virginica,  a 

shrub  which  flowers  in  autumn,  when  its  loaves  are 

falling.  Lee.  Bigelom. 

2.  The  name  has  sometimes  been  given  to  the 

witch-elm  or  wych-elm,  the  Uliniis  montana. 
WITCH'ING,  a.    Suited  to  enchantment  or  witch- 
craft ;  as,  the  witching  time  of  night.  Shak, 
WITCH'ING,  ;>;<i-.    Fascinating;  enchanting. 
WIT'-CRACK-ER,  7i.     [wit  and  cracker.]    One  who 

breaks  jests  ;  a  joker.    [JVuf  in  use.]  Shak. 
WIT'-CRXFT,  71.     [wit  and  craft.]  Contrivance; 

invention.    fOAs.|  Camden. 
WI'I'E,  v.  t.    [Sax.  icitan ;  the  root  of  twit.] 

To  reproach  ;  lo  blame.    [0A.«.]  Spenser. 
WTTE,  71.    Blame ;  reproach.  [Ob.t.] 
WITE'I.ESS,  a.    Blameless.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 
WIT'E-NA-GE-MOTE',  ji.    [Sax.  Mii(a7i,  lo  know, 

and  gemot,  a  meeting,  a  council.] 

A  meeting  of  wise  men ;  the  national  council  or 

legislature  of  England,  in  the  days  of  the  Saxons, 

before  the  conquest. 
WITH,  prep.    [Sax.  with,  near,  or  against ;  Goth,  ga 


FATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WllJS'V.— MRTK,  Pn|{Y.— PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


WIT 


WIT 


WIT 


withan,  to  join.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  press,  or 
to  meet,  to  unite  ;  hence,  in  composition,  it  denotes 
opposition,  us  in  wiUistand  luid  witlidraw ;  hence 
against,  Sax.  wit/icr,  G.  wider.] 

1.  By,  noting  cause,  instnnnent,  or  means.  We 
are  distressed  wilit  ptin  ;  wo  are  elevated  willi  joy. 
With  study  men  become  learned  and  respectable. 
Fire  is  extinguished  with  water. 

2.  On  tlie  side  of;  noting  friendship  or  favor. 

Kcar  not,  for  1  am  with  t\v'.c.  — Gt-n.  xxvl. 

3.  In  opposition  to  ;  in  competition  or  contest ;  as, 
to  struggle  with  adversity.  The  champions  Inuglit 
with  each  other  an  hour.  lie  will  lie  wiUi  any  man 
living. 

4.  Noting  comparison.  The  fact  you  mention 
compares  well  with  another  I  have  witnessed. 

5.  In  company.  The  gentlemen  traveled  with  me 
from  Boston  to  Philadelphia. 

C.  In  the  society  of.  There  is  no  living  with  such 
neighbors. 

7.  In  connection,  or  in  appendage.  lie  gave  me 
the  Bible,  and  with  it  the  warmest  expressions  of  af- 
fection. 

8.  In  mutual  dealing  or  intercourse. 

I  will  buy  tcilA  you,  sell  with  you.  Shak. 

9.  Noting  confidence.  I  will  trust  you  with  the  se- 
cret. 

10.  In  partnership.  He  shares  the  profits  icith  the 
other  partners.  I  will  share  with  you  the  pleasures 
and  the  pains. 

11.  Noting  connection. 

Nor  twul  our  fortunes  uttA  your  sinking;  fate.  Drydcix, 

12.  Immediately  after. 

With  tliis  he  pointed  to  his  fac«.  Dryden, 

13.  Among.    I  left  the  assembly  with  the  last. 
Tragedy  wo*  originally,  with  the  ancients,  a  piece  of  religious 

worship.  Ilyiner. 

14.  Upon. 

Such  argfuments  bad  invincible  foice  with  those  pagnn  pliiloso. 
pbcra.  Addison, 

15.  In  consent,  noting  parity  of  state. 
See  !  where  on  earth  the  flowery  glories  lie, 

With  her  they  flourished,  and  with  her  they  die.  Pope, 

With  and  bij  are  closely  allied  in  many  of  their 
uses,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  lay  down  a  rule  by  which 
their  uses  may  be  distinguished.  It  is  observed  by 
Johnson  that  with  seems  rather  to  denote  an  instru- 
ment, .ind  by  a  cause  ;  as,  he  killed  an  enemy  with 
a  sword,  but  he  died  bij  an  arrow.  But  this  rule  is 
not  always  observed. 

With,  in  composition,  signifies  sometimes  opposi- 
tion, privation  ;  or  separation,  departure. 
WITH-AL',  (with-aul',)  ado.    [with  and  all,]  With 
the  rest  j  together  with  ;  likewise  ;  at  the  same 
time. 

If  you  choose  that,  then  I  am  yours  xdlhaX,  Shak, 

How  modest  in  exception,  and  witltal 

How  terrible  in  constant  resolution  1  ShaJc, 

2.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  with    But  the  word  is 
not  elegant,  nor  much  used. 
WITH'.\M-ITE,  n.    A  variety  of  epidote,  of  a  red 

or  yellow  color,  found  in  Scotland.  Dana. 
WITH-DRAW',  t;.  t,     [with  and  draw,]     To  take 
away  what  has  been  enjoyed  ;  to  take  from.    [  With 
here  has  the  sense  of  contrary  ;  to  withdraw  is  to 
draw  the  contrary  way.    See  With.] 

It  is  impossible  that  God  should  withdmu  his  presence  from  any 
thing.  Hooker, 

We  say,  to  withdraip  capital  from  a  bank  or  stock 
in  trade ;  to  withdraw  aid  or  assistance. 

2.  To  take  back  ;  to  recall  or  retract ;  as,  to  with- 
draw charges. 

3.  To  recall ;  to  cause  to  retire  or  leave ;  to  call 
back  or  away.  France  has  withdrawn  her  troops 
from  Spain. 

WITII-DRAW',  V,  i.  To  retire  ;  to  retreat ;  to  quit  a 
company  or  place.  We  withdrew  from  the  company 
at  ten  o'clock. 

She  from  her  husband  soft  withdrew,  MUton, 

WITH  DRAWING,  p;>r.  Taking  back ;  recalling; 
retiring. 

WIf  lI-I)RAW'ING-ROOM,  n.  A  room  behind  an- 
other room  for  retirement ;  a  drawing-room. 

J\fortimer, 

WITH-DRAW'MENT,  j  n.  The  act  of  withdrawing  ; 
WITII-URAW'AL,       (    the  act  of  Uiking  back  ;  a 
recalling.  Ch,  Obs, 

Their  wilhdmtement  from  the  British  and  Foreign  Bil)lc  Society, 
would  tend  to  paralyze  their  exertions,  S'irneon. 

WITH-DRAWN',  pp.  of  Withdraw.  Recalled  ;  taken 
bttck. 

WrrUE,  (with,)  n.  [Sax.  withig;  Sw.vidja;  decide, 
a  willow  ;  L.  vitis,  vitcz.] 

1.  A  willow  twig. 

2.  A  band  consisting  of  a  twig,  or  twigs  twisted. 

AT.  Charles, 

WITH'ED,  (witht )  a.    Bound  with  a  withe. 
WITII'ER,  tJ.  i.    [W.  (Tieii,  dried,  withered  ;  sraizoni, 
to  wither;  Sax.  gewUherod,  withered  ;  li.fothadh.] 


1.  To  fade  ;  to  lose  its  native  freshness ;  to  become 
sapless ;  to  dry. 

(t  shall  wither  in  all  die  leaves  of  her  spring.  —  Eiek.  xvii. 

2.  'J'o  waste  ;  to  pine  away  ;  as  animal  bodies ; 
as,  a  withered  hand.   Matt.  xii. 

3.  To  lose  or  want  animal  moisture. 

Now  warm  In  love,  now  withering  in  the  grave.  Oryden, 
WITII'ER,!'.  t.    To  c.iuse  to  fade  and  become  dry; 
as,  the  sun  wilhcrcth  the  grass.    James  i, 

2.  To  cause  to  shrink,  wrinkle,  and  decay,  for 
want  of  animal  moisture. 

Age  can  not  wither  her.  Shak. 
WITII'ER-B.\ND,  71.    {withers  and  band.]  Apieceof 
iron  laiti  under  a  sadtlle  near  a  horse's  withers,  to 
strengthen  the  bow.  Far,  Diet. 

WITH'EIl-i';i),  pp.  or  a.    Faded  ;  dried  ;  shrunk. 
WIT H'ER-i-D-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  with- 
ered. 

WITU'ER-ING,  ppr.    Fading  ;  becoming  dry. 
WITH'ER-ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  tending  to 

wither,  or  cause  to  shrink. 
WITH'ER  ITE,  n.    In  mineralogy,  a  native  carbonate 

of  baryta  first  discovered  by  Dr.  Withering.    It  is 

white,  gray,  or  yellow.  Ure.  Cyc. 

WITH'ER-NAM,  n.  [Sax.  wiUter,  against,  and  naman, 

to  take.] 

In  law,  a  second  or  reciprocal  writ  or  distress  in 
lien  of  a  first  distress  which  has  been  eloigned  ;  re- 
prisal. Blackstone, 
WITH'EKS,  n.     [This  seems  to  signify  a  joining, 
from  the  rot)t  of  wttA.] 

The  juncture  of  the  shoulder-boncs  of  a  horse,  at 
the  bottom  of  the  neck.  Far,  Diet, 

WITH'ER-WKUNG,  (-rung,)  a.    Injured  or  hurt  in 

the  withers,  as  a  horse.  Cyc. 
WlTH-llELl)',  pret.  and  pp.  of  Withhold. 
WITH'HoLD',  V,  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Withheld,  [with 


and  hold.] 
1.  To  h 


old  back ;  to  restrain ;  to  keep  from  ac- 


Mlthhotd  —  your  hasty  han<l. 
If  our  passions  may  be  witfihetd. 


Speneer. 
KeUlewell. 


9.  To  retain  ;  to  keep  back  ;  not  to  grant ;  as,  to 
withhold  assent  to  a  proposition.  The  sun  does  not 
withhold  his  light. 

WITH-HoLD'£N,  pp.  The  old  participle  of  With- 
hold ;  now  obsolete.    We  use  Withheld. 

WlTH-JIoLIVER,  re.    One  that  withholds. 

WITH-HoLD'ING,  ppr.  Holding  back ;  restraining ; 
retaining ;  not  granting. 

WITH-HoLD'MENT,  ii.    Act  of  withholding. 

WlTH-IN',pnp.    [Sax.  icilAinnan.] 

1.  In  the  inner  part ;  as,  the  space  within  the  walls 
of  a  house;  a  man  contented  and  happy  within  him- 
self. Tillotson. 

2.  In  the  limits  or  compitss  of ;  not  beyond  ;  used 
of  place  and  time.  The  object  is  within  my  sight ; 
within  the  knowledge  of  the  present  generation  ;  with- 
in a  month  or  a  year. 

3.  Not  reaching  to  any  thing  external. 

Were  every  action  concluded  within  itself.  Locke. 

4.  In  the  compass  of;  not  longer  ago  than. 

M'ttliin  these  live  hours  Hastings  lived 

UntJiinCed.  Shak. 

5.  Not  Liter  than  ;  ns,  within  five  days  from  this 
time,  it  will  be  fair  weather. 

6.  In  the  reach  of. 

Both  he  and  she  arc  still  tetlAin  my  power.  Dryden. 

7.  Not  exceeding.  Keep  your  expenses  within 
your  income. 

8.  In  the  heart  or  confidence  of.  [Inelegant.] 

9.  In  the  house;  in  any  inclosure.  South. 
WITH  IN',  adv.   In  the  inner  part ;  inwardly  ;  inter- 
nally. 

The  wound  festers  within,  Carew, 

2.  In  the  mind. 

Ills  from  within  thy  reason  must  prcrent.  Dryden. 
WITH-IN'SIDE,  atlv,    [within  and  side]    In  the  in- 
ner parts.    [Bad,]  Sharp, 
WITH-OUT',  prep,    [Sax.  withutan ;  with  and  out,] 
I.  Not  with  ;  as,  without  success. 

3.  In  a  state  of  destitution  or  absence  from. 
There  is  no  living  with  thee  nor  witltout  thee.  Thtler, 

3.  In  a  state  of  not  having,  or  of  destitution.  How 
many  live  all  their  life  without  virtue,  and  witltout 
peace  of  conscience  ! 

4.  Beyond  ;  not  within. 

Eternity,  before  the  world  and  alter,  is  without  our  reach. 

Burnet, 

5.  Supposing  the  negation  or  omission  of. 
Without  the  separation  of  the  two  monarchies,  the  most  advan- 

tjigeous  teriirs  from  the  French  nitut  end  in  uur  destruction. 

Alison. 

6.  Independent  of ;  not  by  the  use  of.  Men  like 
to  live  without  labor. 

Wise  men  will  do  it  without  a  law.  Bacon. 

7.  On  the  outside  of;  as,  without  the  gate  ;  without 
doors. 

8.  With  exemption  from.  That  event  can  not 
happen  without  great  damage  to  our  interests. 


9.  Unless  ;  except. 

Wit/tout,  when  it  precetlcs  a  senlenco  or  member 
of  a  sentence,  has  been  i:alled  a  cimjunclion.  This 
is  a  mistake.  "  You  will  not  enjoy  health,  without 
you  use  much  exercise."  In  this  sentence,  iciMuut 
is  a  pre|M)sition  still,  but  followed  by  a  member  of  a 
sentence,  instead  of  a  single  noun.  It  has  no  pro(>- 
erty  of  a  connective  or  conjiiiirtitm,  and  docs  not 
fall  within  the  definition.  You  will  not  enjoy  health, 
this  fact  following  being  removed,  or  not  taking 
place  ;  T/ou  U.ST  exercise.  This  use  ti(  without  in  nearly 
superseded  by  unless  antl  except,  among  good  writers 
and  speakers ;  but  is  common  in  popular  discourse 
or  parlance. 

WITH-OUT',  ad».    Not  on  the  inside  ;  not  within. 
These  were  from  irilAoul  the  growing  miseries.  hJUton. 

2.  Out  of  doors. 

3.  Externally  ;  not  in  the  mind. 

U7l^(0ul  were  fighUngs,  within  were  fears.  —2  Cor.  vii. 

WITH-OUT'£N,  for  Withoutaw,  the  Saxon  word, 

is  obsolete.  Spenser. 
WITH-STAND',  ».  t    [with  nnti  stand.    See  Stakd.1 
To  oppose  ;  to  resist,  either  Willi  physical  or  montl 
force  ;  as,  to  withstand  the  attack  of  troops  ;  to  with- 
stand eloquence  or  arguments. 

When  Peter  was  come  to  Antioch,  I  withttood  him  to  his  face.  — 
Gal.  ii. 

WITH-STAND'ER,  n.  One  that  opposes  ;  an  oppo- 
m  nt  ;  a  resistina  power.  Ralegh. 

WITH-STANU'ING,  ppr.  Opposing-;  making  resist- 
ance. 

WIT  II-STOOD',  pp.    Opposed;  resisted. 
WITH'-VIXE,  In.  A  local  name  for  the  couch-grass. 
WITII'-WI.NE,  (  Cyc. 
WITH'WIND,  71.    A  plant.    [L.  convolcultu.] 
WITII'Y,  n.    [8a\.  wtthig.^ 

1.  A  large  species  of  willow.  Cyc. 

2,  A  wilhe.  Cook^s  Voyage. 
WITH'Y,  a.    Made  of  withes;  like  a  withe  ;  flexible 

and  touch. 

WlT'LEfiS,  a.  [wit  and  less.]  Destitute  of  wit  or 
understanding;  inconsiderate;  wanting  thought; 
as,  a  witless  swain  ;  witless  youth.  fhiiips. 

2.  Indiscreet ;  not  under  the  guidance  of  judg- 
ment ;  as,  witless  bravery.  Shah. 

WIT'LESS-LY,  ado.  Without  the  exercise  of  judg- 
ment. 

WIT'LESS-NESS.  n.   Want  of  judgment.  Sandy*. 
WIT'LING,  71.    [dim.  from  wit.]    A  person  who  has 

little  wit  or  understanding ;  a  pretender  to  wit  or 

smartness. 

A  beau  and  witlinff  perished  in  the  throng.  Pope. 

WIT'NESS,  n.    [Sax.  witnesse,  from  witan,  to  know.] 

1.  Testimony  ;  attestation  of  a  fact  or  event. 

If  1  bear  witnese  of  myself,  my  wilnete  is  not  true. — John  r. 

2.  That  which  furnishes  evidence  or  proof. 

Laban  s.-ud,  This  heap  is  a  intnes*  between  me  and  dice  this  day. 

—  Gen.  xxii. 

3.  A  person  xvho  knows  or  sees  any  thing ;  one 
personally  present ;  as,  he  was  witness ;  be  was  an 
eye-witness.    1  PeL  v. 

Upon  niy  lookin*  round,  I  was  witneee  to  appeannces  which 
filled  me  with  melancholy  and  regret.  Boh.  Hall,  2,  349. 

4.  One  who  sees  the  e.xecution  of  an  instniment, 
and  subscribes  it  for  the  purpose  of  confirming  its 
authenticity  by  his  testimony. 

5.  One  who  gives  testimony  ;  ns,  the  witnesses  in 
court  agreed  in  all  essential  facts. 

With  a  witness ;  effectually  ;  to  a  great  degree ; 
wilh  great  force,  so  as  to  leave  some  mark  as  a  tes- 
timony behind.  He  struck  with  a  witness.  [JVot 
elegant.] 

WIT'NESS,  r.  U    To  see  or  know  by  personal  pres- 
ence.   I  witnessed  the  ceremonies  in  New  York,  with 
which  the  ratification  of  the  constitution  was  cele- 
brated in  17S8.  JV.  W. 
Every  one  has  iftlnessetf  the  effects  of  the  voltaic  fluid. 

Good,  Led.  X. 

General  Washington  did  not  lire  to  irilness  the  restoration  of 
peace.  Marihall, 

This  is  but  a  faint  sketch  of  the  incalculable  calamities  and  hoi^ 
rors  we  must  exp>'Ct,  should  we  ever  irilness  the  triumphs 
of  mmlern  infidelity.  Rob.  H»U. 

We  have  witneised  all  the  varieties  molded  to  such  a  perfect 
accommo<l.-ition.  Bridg.  Treatise, 

Ancr-'ls,  that  make  thy  church  their  care. 

Shall  witnest  my  devotion  there.  WatU,  Pe,  138. 

We  have  livid  to  witneis  th\t  surprising  paradox. 

Hannah  More. 

2.  To  attest;  to  give  testimony  to;  to  testify  to 
something. 

Behold  how  manj  thlngi  they  witnete  against  thee.  —  Mark  xv. 

3.  To  see  the  execution  of  an  instrument,  and 
subscribe  it  for  Ihe  purpose  of  esUiblishing  its  authen- 
ticity ;  OS,  to  witness  a  bond  or  a  deed. 

In  the  imperative  mode,  see,  in  evidence  or  proof ; 
as,  witness  the  habeas  corpus,  tlie  independent*  of 
judges,  &.C.  Jtmes,  429. 

WIT'NESS,  r.  i.    To  bear  testimony. 

The  men  of  Belial  witneeted  against  him,  even  a(aimt  Nabodi. 

—  1  Kings  XI.. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITF..  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  na  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


159  • 


1260 


WOE 


WOM 


WON 


2.  To  give  evidence. 


7itiieS3  a^iiinst  them. — 


WIT'NESS-ED,  (wit'nest,)  pp.  Seen  in  person  ;  tes- 
tified i  sul>scril)ed  by  persons  present ;  as,  a  deed 
icitues.sed  by  two  persons. 

V\'IT'\ESS-ING,  ppr.  Seeing  in  person  ;  bearing  tes- 
timony ;  giving  evidence. 

WIT'-SNAP-PER,  n.  [wU  and  snap.]  One  who  af- 
fects repartee.    [Mit  in  use.]  Shak. 

WIT'-STXRV-£D,  a.  Barren  of  wit ;  destitute  of 
genius.  Kraniiner. 

VVIT'TED,  a.  Having  wit  or  understanding  ;  as,  a 
qiiick-?ci«e/i  boy. 

WIT'TI-CISM,  n.  [from  wit.']  A  sentence  or  phrase 
which  is  affectedly  witty  ;  a  low  kind  of  wit. 

He  is  full  of  conceptions,  points  of  epigram,  and  witticisms  ;  all 
wliicli  are  Ijclow  ilie  Ji*«ity  of  h-froic  verse.  Addison. 

WIT'TI-LY,  arh.     [from  wit.]     With  wit;  with  a 
delicate  turn  or  phrase,  or  with  an  ingenious  as.^oci- 
alitm  of  ideas.  Sitinctj. 
2.  Ingeniously  ;  cunningly  ;  artfully. 

Who  his  own  harm  so  taittily  contrives.  Dnjtlcn, 

WIT'TI-NESS,  n.  [from  witty.]  The  quality  of 
being  witty.  SprHser. 

VVIT'TI.\G-LY,  arfr.  [See  Wit.]  Knowingly  ;  with 
knowledge  ;  by  design. 

He  knowingly  and  wittingly  brought  evil  into  the  world.  More. 

WIT'TOL,  71.    [Sax.,  from  witan,  to  know.] 

A  man  who  knows  his  wife's  infidelity  and  sub- 
mits to  it ;  a  tame  cuckold.  SImk. 

WIT'TOL-LY,  aJc.    Like  a  tame  cuckold.  Siiak. 

WIT'TY,  a.  [from  wit.]  Possessed  of  wit,  full  of 
wit  J  as,  a  leitty  poet. 

2.  Jutlicious  ;  ingenious  ;  inventive, 

3.  Sarcastic  ;  full  of  taunts 

Honeycomb  was  unmercifully  xcilly  upon  the  women. 

Spcctntor. 

WIT'WALL,  71.    A  bird,  the  golden  oriole  j  also,  the 

great  spotted  woodpecker.  P.  Cyc. 

WIT'-WOR.M,  (wurin,)n.   [icii  and  worTTi.]    One  that 

feeds  on  wit.    [SVut  in  use]  B.  Jonaon. 

WIYE,  t).  !.  [from  wifr.]  To  marry.  [J\'u£  in  use.] 
WIVE.  1'.  t.    To  match  to  a  wife.  Shak. 

a.  To  take  for  a  wife.    [Aot  in  use]  Shak. 
\\T VE'HOOD,  77.    Behavior  becoming  a  wife.    [  Obs.] 

Spenser, 

[It  should  be  Wifehood.] 
WIVE'LESS,  a.    Not  having  a  wife. 

_  [ll  should  be  Wifeless.] 
WIVE'LY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  wife.  Sidney. 

[It  should  be  Wifely.] 
WIV'ER,     (  71.    A  kind  of  heraldic  dragon. 
WiV'ER.V,  i  Tliynne. 
WIVES,  pi.  of  Wife. 

WIZ'ARD,  71.  [from  wite.]  A  conjurer  ;  an  en- 
chanter ;  a  sorcerer.    Lev.  xx. 

The  wily  wizard  must  be  c:\iight.  Dryden. 
WIZ'.ARI), a.    Enchanting;  charming.  Collins. 

Q.  Haunted  by  wizards.  Miltmu 
WIZ'E.V,  V.  i.    [Sax.  wisnian^  weosnian.] 

To  wither  ;  to  dry.  [Local.] 
Wo.M),  71.    [Sax.  wad  or  wand;  G.  waid,  wcid ;  D. 
weede;  Fr.  ^edc ;  It.  gundo.    Qu.  weed,] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Isatis,  formerly  cultivated  for 
the  use  of  dyers,  but  now  chiefly  supersedeil  by  in- 
digo. The  woad  blue  is  a  very  deep  blue,  and  is  the 
base  of  many  other  colors  or  shades  of  color.  Woad 
is  first  bruised  in  a  mill,  and  then  made  into  balls. 
It  grows  wild  in  France,  and  along  the  coasts  of  the 
Baltic.  Cijc. 
WoAD'-MILL,  71.  A  mill  for  bruising  and  prep.iring 
woad. 

WCDEN,  71.  .\n  Anglo-Saxon  deity,  supposed  to 
correspond  to  .Mercury  of  the  ancients,  from  wliom 
Wednesday  derives  its  name.  Brandt. 

WOE,  71.  [Sax.  wa;  L.  va;  Gr.  ovat  ;  W.  irieac ;  G. 
weh  ;  I),  wee  ;  Sw,  re] 

1.  Grief ;  sorrow  ;  misery  ;  a  heavy  calamity. 

One  wot  is  past ;  ftntl  behold  there  come  two  woes  more  hcre- 

ofo  r.—  B-v.  ix. 
Thfy  weep  each  other's  woe.  Pope. 

2.  A  curse. 

Can  there     a  woe  or  curB«  in  nil  the  itorei  of  wengthntx  cfjuol 
to  the  matifnity  of  such  a  pnicttce  t  South. 

3.  Woe  is  used  in  denunciation,  and  in  exclama- 
tions of  sorrow. 

Woe  is  me  ;  for  I  am  undone.  —  Is.  rl. 

This  is  properly  the  Saxon  ilativr,  "  woe  is  tn  me." 

"  IVur  wnrUi  the  day."  This  is  al  io  the  dative  ; 
woe  be  to  the  day  ;  .Sax.  wnrtlian,  weurtlian,  or  wyr- 
than,  to  be,  to  become. 

Woe  is  a  noun,  and  if  used  as  an  adjective,  it  is 
Improperly  used.  "  Woe  to  you  that  arc  rich." 
"  Woe  to  that  man  by  whom  the  oni:nse  Cometh;" 
lhal  is,  misery,  calamity,  he  or  will  be  to  him. 
Wf)E'-BE-GONE,(-Bnwn,)  o.  [woe,  be,  and  gone.] 
Overwhelmed  with  woo ;  immersed  in  grief  and  sor- 
row. 

8o  i9oe-b«f  on«  was  he  with  pains  of  love.  F\iir/ax. 


WoE'FyL,  (  a.  Sorrowful;  distressed  with  grief  or 
Wo'I'lJL,    \     calamity ;  alilictcd. 

How  niruiy  woeful  widows  left  to  bow 

To  sad  disgrace  I  Daniel. 

2.  Sorrowful  ;  mournful  ;  full  of  distress ;  as, 
woeful  d;ty.    Jcr.  xvii. 

3.  Bringing  calamity,  distress,  or  affliction  ;  as,  a 
worfnl  event ;  woeful  want. 

4.  Wretched ;  paltry. 

What  woeful  slutr  this  madrigal  would  be  I  Pope. 
WoE'FIJL-LY,  )  adv.    Sorrowfully  ;  mournfully  ;  in 
Wo'FlJL-LY,    \     a  distressing  manner. 

2.  Wretchedly  ;  extremely  ;  as,  he  will  be  woefully 
d^'ceived. 

wS'FuE-nIsI,^'!"-    Misery;  calamity. 
WoE'-SHAK-£X,  a.    Shaken  by  woe. 
WoE'SO.ME,  (wo'suin,)  a.    Woeful.    [Al/*  in  use.] 

Langhiirne. 

WOFT,  for  Waft.    [j\~ot  in  use.]  Sluik. 

WoLU,  ill  Saxon,  is  the  same  as  Wald  and  Weald,  a 
wood,  sometimes,  perhaps,  a  lawn  or  plain.  Wald 
siL'nilies,  also,  power,  dominion,  from  zcaWan,  to  rule. 
These  words  occur  in  names. 

WOLF,  (wulf,)  71.  [Sax.  wulf;  G.  and  D.  wolf;  Sw. 
It//.-  Dan.  ulv ;  Rtiss.  volk  ;  L.  mtlpeSf  a  fox,  the 
same  word  differently  applied.    The  Gr.  is  aAuirr/f.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Can  is,  a  beast  of  prey 
that  kills  sheep  and  other  small  domestic  animals  ; 
called  sometimes  the  Wild  Dog.  The  wolf  is  crafty, 
greedy,  and  ravenous. 

2.  A  small  white  worm  or  maggot,  which  infests 
granaries.  Cyc. 

3.  An  eating  ulcer.  Broicn, 
WOLF'-DOG,  »i.    A  dog  of  a  large  breed,  kept  to 

guard  sheep.  Ticket, 

2.  A  dog  supposed  to  be  bred  between  a  dog  and 
a  wolf.  Johnson, 

WOLF'-FISH,  77.  A  fish,  the  Anarrhichas  lupus  of 
Linnteus  ;  a  fierce,  voracious  fish  of  the  northern 
seas.  This  fish  is  called  also  Sea-Cat,  Cat-Fish, 
and  Sea-Wolf.  Jardine's  JVat.  LW. 

WOLF'ISH,  a.  Like  a  wolf :  having  the  qualities  or 
form  of  a  wolf;  as,  a  wolfish  visage  ;  wolfish  designs. 

Shak. 

WOLF'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  wolfish  manner.  Borrow. 

WOlF'-NET,  71.  A  kind  of  net  used  in  fishing, 
which  takes  great  numbers.  Cyc. 

WOL'FRAM,  71.  In  mineralo^j,  an  ore  of  tungsten. 
Its  color  is  generally  a  brownish  or  grayisli  black. 
It  occurs  massive  and  crystallized,  and  in  concen- 
tric, lamellar  concretions.  Cyc. 

WOLF'S'-BaNE,  71.    A  poisonous  plant  of  the  genus 
Aconitum  ;  aconite. 
2.  The  winter  aconite,  or  HelleboTUs  hyemalis. 

Lee. 

WOLF'S'-€LAW,  7i.  A  cryptogamous  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Lvcopodmm,  or  cltibmoss  kind.  Lee. 

WOLF'S'-.MILK,  71.    An  herb.  JlinstDortA. 

WOLF'S'-PeACH,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sola- 
num,  (Lycopersicum  csculentum ;)  the  tomato  or 
love-apple. 

WOL'LAS-TOX-ITE,  71.    [from  Dr.  Wollaston.]  A 

variety  of  t_abiilar  spar.  Dona. 
VVOL-VER-iCjN'E',  ;  71.  A  carnivorous  mammal,  the 
WOL-VER-INE',  (  Giilo  Luscus,  a  quadruped  in- 
liabiting  the  coasts  of  the  Arctic  Sea.  It  is  some- 
times called  (iuicK-IlATCH,  and  Ht;DsoN's-BAV 
Bear. 

WOL-VER-INE',  71.  A  cant  term  given  to  an  inhab- 
itant of  .Michigan. 

WOL'VISII,  a.    More  properly  Wolfish,  which  see. 

WOM'AN,  71. ;  pi.  Women.  [A  compound  of  womb 
and  man.  It  is  the  same  word  as  L,.  fxmina;  the 
Latins  writing  /  for  w.  The  plural,  as  written, 
seems  to  be  womb-men.  But  we  pronounce  it  wiincn, 
and  .so  it  oiiclit  to  be  written,  for  it  is  from  the  Saxon 
wifmnn,  wife-man.] 

1.  The  female  of  the  human  race,  grown  to  adult 
years. 

And  the  rib,  which  the  Lord  God  had  t:dien  from  tlie  man,  made 
he  a  woman.  — Gen.  ii. 

Women  are  soft,  mild,  pitiiul,  and  flexible.  Shak. 

We  see  every  day  womtn  pf-rish  with  infamy,  by  having  Ixron 
too  willing  to  set  their  tjeauty  to  show.  Jtarrjiler, 

J  have  observed  among  all  nations  Uial  the  women  ornament 
tliemselves  more  than  the  men  ;  that  when-ver  found,  they 
are  tlie  same  kind,  civil,  obliging,  humane,  tender  beings, 
inclined  to  be  gny  and  cheerful,  amorous  und  modest. 

Ledyard, 

9.  A  female  attendant  or  servant.  Shak, 
WOM'AN',  7'.  (.  To  make  pliant.  Shnk. 
W0.M'Ai\-/'.1l,  a.     Accompanied  or  united  with  a 

wom.in.    f.Vnf  iisprf.]  Shak. 
WO.M'A.N-IIAT-ER,  71.     [woman  and  hater,]  One 

who  has  an  aversitm  to  the  female  sex.  .Sicirt. 
WOM'A.N-IIOOI),  71.    (iromari  and /!()«(/.]    The  state, 
character,  or  collective  qualities  of  a  woman. 

Spenser. 

WOM'AN  tZE,  V.  t.     To  make  effeminate.  [M 

used.  ] 

WO.M'AN-ISH,  fl.  Suitable  to  a  womnn  ;  having  the 
quiililies  of  a  woman  ;  fc^miiiinc;  as,  womanuih  hab- 
its ;  womanish  tears ;  a  womanish  voice. 

Unjdcn,  Shak, 


WOM'Ai\-lvL\D,  71.  [tDoinannnikind.]  The  female 
sex ;  tile  race  of  females  of  the  human  kind. 

.dddisoiu 

WOM'AN-LlKE,  a.    Like  a  woman. 
WO.M'AN-LY,  a.    Becoming  a  woman;  feminine; 

as,  womanly  behavior.  Arbathnot, 
A  bliisliing,  womanly  discovering  grace.  Danjie, 
WO.M'.-\N-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  woman. 
WO.MB,  (wooin,)  >i.    [Sax.  if(iw!< ;  GulU.wamba;  Sw. 

vdinb;  Dan.  voin  ;  Scot,  wame;  G,  wawpe,  belly,  a 

dewlap  ;  D.  wa?n,] 

1.  The  uterus  of  a  female ;  that  part  where  the 
young  of  an  animal  is  conceived  and  nourished  till 
its  birth.  Ctjc 

2.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  produced. 

The  womb  of  earlli  tJie  genial  seed  receives.  Dryden, 

3.  Any  large  or  deep  cavity.  Addison. 
Womb  of  the  mornintr;   in  Scripture,  the  clouds, 

which  distill  dew  ;  supposed  to  be  eiiiblejnatic  of 
the  church  bringing  forth  multitudes  to  Christ. 
Ps.  ex. 

WOMB,B.  t.  To  inclose  ;  to  breed  in  secret.  [.Vo(  in 
use.]  Shak. 

WOlf'BAT,  71.  A  marsupiate  mammal,  the  Plias- 
colomys  Wombat,  of  the  opossum  family.  It  is 
about  the  size  of  the  badger.  It  inhabits  New  Hol- 
land. 

WO.MB'Y,  (woom'y,)  a.    Capacious.    [JVbt  tn  use.] 

Shak. 

WOM'EN,  (wiin'en,)  71.;  pi,  of  Woman.  But  it  is 
supposed  the  word  we  pronounce  is  from  Sua,  wif- 
man,  and  therefore  should  be  written  VVimex. 

WON,  (won,)  pret,  and  pp,  of  Win  ;  as.  victories  won, 

WON,  (wuii,)  )  c.  ?.     [Sax.  wuiiian  ;  iG.  wohnen  ;  D. 

WoNE,  j    woonen,  to  dwell,  to  continue  ;  Ir. 

fanaim.] 

To  dwell ;  to  abide.  [Oft-i.]  Its  participle  is  re- 
tained in  wont,  tliat  is,  waned,  Milton, 
WON,  (wun,)  11.  A  dwelling.  [Obs.]  Spenser, 
WON'DER,  (wun'dor,)  «.  [Sax.  icu/iJcr ;  G.  wander; 
D.  wonder:  Sw.  and  Dan.  under;  qu.  Gr.  ihatfoi,  to 
show  ;  and  hence  a  siglil ;  or  from  the  root  of  Sp. 
espanto,  a  panic] 

1.  That  emotion  which  is  excited  by  novelty,  or 
the  presenilation  to  the  sight  or  mind  of  something 
new,  unusual,  strange,  great,  extraortlinary,  or  not 
well  understixid  ;  something  that  arrests  the  at- 
tentitm  by  its  novelty,  granileur,  or  inexplicaule- 
ness.  Wonder  expresses  less  than  astonishment,  and 
much  less  than  amazement.  It  ditfers  from  admi- 
ration  in  not  being  necessarily  accompanied  with 
love,  esteem,  or  approbtition,  r.or  direotetl  to  persons. 
But  wonder  sometimes  is  nearly  allied  to  astonish- 
ment, and  the  exact  extent  of  the  meaning  of  such 
words  can  hardly  be  graduated. 

They  were  filled  with  wonder  and  amazement.  —  Acts  iii. 
Wonder  is  the  ellect  of  novelty  upon  ignorance.  John^n. 

2.  Cause  of  wonder;  that  which  excites  surprise; 
a  strange  thing ;  a  prodigy. 

To  trv  things  oft,  and  never 


I  ; 


s  a  wonder  to  many.  — Ps.  Ix 


3.  Any  thing  mentioned  with  surprise. 
Babylon,  the  wonder  of  all  tongues.  Minion. 

4.  A  miracle.    Ezod,  iii. 

Wonders  of  the  ictirld.  The  seven  wonders  of  the 
world  were  the  Egyptian  pyramids,  the  mausoleum 
erected  by  Artemisia,  the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ejilie- 
sus,  the  walls  and  hanging  gartiens  of  liab\Io!i,  the 
Colossus  at  Rhodes,  the  statue  of  Jupiter  Olynipius, 
and  the  Pharos  or  watclitowerof  Alexandria. 
WON'DER,  (wtin'der,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  wundrian.] 

To  be  affected  by  surprise  or  admiration. 

]  could  not  svilficienlly  wonder  at  tlie  intrepidity  of  th'^se  diminu- 
tive mortals.  Sie\fl. 

We  cease  to  wonder  at  what  we  understand.  Johnson. 

WON'DER-ER,  n.    One  who  wonders. 
WO.V'DER-FflL,  a.     Adapted  to  excite  wonder  or 

admiration  ;  exciting  surprise  ;  strange  ;  astonishing. 

Job  xlii. 

WOiV''DER-F}JL-LY',  adv.     In  a  manner  to  excite 
wonder  or  surprise. 

1  win  praise  thee,  for  1  am  feaifuUy  and  wonderfully  made — 
Ps.  cxxxix. 

WON'DER-FIIL-NESS,  71.    The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing wonderful.  Sidney, 

WO.N'UER-ING,  ppr,  or  a.    Indulging  or  feeling  won- 
der.   Oen.  x\iv.    Lidic  xxiv. 

WON'DKU-ING-IA",  adv.    In  a  wondering  manner. 

VVO.N'DER-.MENT,  11.    Surprise;    aslonislinieiit ;  u 
wonderful  appearance.  [Vuhrar.] 

WO.N"DER-STRlJCK,a.  [wonder  anA  .■<truck,'\  Struck 
with  wonder,  admiration,  anil  surprise.  Jirijden, 

WON'DEU-WORK'ING,  (  wurk'ing,)  a.   Doing  won- 
ders or  surprising  thing.s. 

WON'DROUS,  a.    Admirable;  marvelous;  such  n« 
m,ay  excite  surprise  and  astonishment ;  strange. 
That  I  may  puhli«h  with  the  voice  of  thanksgiving,  and  tell  of  all 
thy  wotidruus  works.  —  Ps.  xxvi. 

WON'DUOUS,  Bi/iJ.    In  a  wonderful  or  surprising  de- 
gree ;  as,  a  place  wtmdrous  deep  ;  you  are  wondrous 


FATE,  FAR,  F/VLL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK — 


1270 


woo  V 

fair;  wondrous  fond  iif  peace.   These  plirasea  of 
Cowley,  Dryilcii,  and  Pope,  are  adiiiissUilo  only  in 
the  hidirroiis  ami  hiiiicsqtit'  stjic. 
WON'DROUS-l.Y,  adi:    III  a  strange  or  wonderful 
manner  or  degre<^ 

ChlO'.'  coliipI;iiiiR,  ;iml  toondrougly 's  a^j^i-'ved.  GlanvVle. 

WON'T,  a  contraction  of  woll  not,  that  is,  7r/V/  not. 

WONT,  (want,)  a.  [  Ifont  is  strictly  tlic  participle  pas- 
sive of  won,  iciiiif  Sax,  ipttnian,  to  dwell,  to  remain, 
to  endure,  to  exist,  to  consist;  G.wohncn,  D.  wooncn. 
But  the  D.  has  trrnncn,  Sw.  t>«iiia,  Dan.  virinir.r,  to 
accustom;  Ir.fatiaim,  to  remain.  In  Enu'lisli,  the 
verb  is  obsolete  ;  hut  we  retain  the  participle  in  use, 
and  form  it  into  a  verb.    See  the  verh.l 

.Accustomed  ;  habituated  ;  using  or  aoin;!  custom- 
arily. 

If  Ihp  on  were  wonf  to  push  widi  his  honi.  —  Kx.  xxl. 

Tht-y  wrri'  toont  (o  spi-ak  in  oM  li  ,  aayuig. — 2  Sam.  xx. 

Stu  Mjlt.  xxvii.  15.    I.iilto  xxii.  39. 

WONT,  (wunt,)  II.    Custom  ;  habit ;  use.  [Ois.] 

Siditrtf.  JliwUer. 

WONT,  (wunt,)  r.  i.  To  be  accustomed  or  habitu- 
ated ;  to  be  used. 

A  yrarly  solt-mii  ^ast  she  wont  to  ninlte.  Spenser. 

Wliorcwitll  lit!  irodt  to  soar  BO  high.    106#.]  Waller, 

WONT'ED,  (wunl'ed,)  pp.  or  a.    Accustomed  ;  used. 

Apiitl  hia  teorit£d  weapon  proved.  Spenser. 

2.  Accustomed  ;  made  familiar  by  use. 
She  was  wonted  to  tlic  place,  unii  would  not  remove. 

EHran^e. 

WONT'ED-NESS,  (wunt'ed-,)  n.  The  state  of  being 
accustomed.  Kins;  Charles. 

WONT'LESS,  (wunt'less,)  a.  Unaccustomed  ;  un- 
used.   [Oi.--.]  Spenser. 

WOO,  r.  t.    [Sax.  wotran,  whence  aicogod,  wooed.] 

1.  To  court;  to  solicit  in  love. 

My  |troncl  riv.il  uiooet 
Another  partner  to  his  throne  and  Iv-d.  PhVipt. 
Kach,  like  the  Grecian  artist,  t0ooe< 
The  image  he  himself  has  wronght.  Prior. 

2.  To  court  solicitously  ;  to  invite  with  importunity. 

Thee,  chantress,  oft  the  wnods  anion<7, 

I  iroo  to  liear  Illy  even  sori^.  ilji/ton. 

WOO,  V.  i.    To  cotirt ;  to  make  love.  Drydcn. 
WQQI),  a.    [Sax.  mul.'] 

Mail;  furious.  [OAi.]  Spenser. 
WOOD,  II.    [Sax.  viida,  wudn  ;  D.  icniid  ;  W.  •riniii.] 

1.  A  large  and  thick  collection  of  trees  ;  a  forest. 

I.iarht  tliick-ns,  aiut  the  crow 
Makes  wing  to  tlic  rooky  wood.  ShftJc. 

2.  The  substance  of  trees  ;  the  bard  substance 
which  composes  the  body  of  a  tree  and  its  branches, 
and  which  is  covered  by  the  bark. 

3.  Trees  cut  or  sawed  for  the  fir*,  ffood  is  yet 
the  principal  fuel  in  the  United  States. 

4.  Timber  ;  trees  cut'  for  architectural  purposes, 
."i.  An  idol.    Hab.  ii. 

WOOD,  r  i.    To  supply  or  get  supplies  of  wood. 

WOOD'--^-^'E.M'0-NE,  ?i.  a  plant.  Anemone  ncmo- 
rosa.    [See  .Ane.mone.I 

WOOD'-XNT,  n.  [irooi/ and  nn(.]  A  large  ant  living 
in  "society  in  woods  and  forests,  anil  ronstrni'ting 
lane  nests.  E.  C.  Jlcrrich. 

WOQD'-ASH-ES,  ii.  pi.  [trnnd  and  ashes.]  The  re- 
ninins  of  burnt  wood  or  |llan^s. 

[This  word  is  used  in  England  to  distinguish 
these  ashes  from  the  remains  of  coal.  In  the  United 
States,  where  wood  chicHy  is  burnt,  the  people  usu- 
ally say  simply  o-vAci.  But  as  coal  becomes  more 
used,  the  English  distinction  will  be  necessary.] 

WOOD' BIND,  )  ti.     A  name  given  \o  the  honey- 

W()OD'liiNE,  I  suckle,  a  species  of  Caprifolitim 
or  l.oniceni.  Lee. 

WOOD'-BOU.VD,  a.  [irond  and  bound.]  Encuin- 
hei-ed  with  tall,  woody  hedgerows. 

WOOD'CIIAT,  n.  A  s|>ecies  of  butcher-bird  or 
shrike,  Lanitis  rufus.  Jardine. 

WOOD'CIIUCK,  II.  [tcood  and  Persian  i:AuA-,  a  hog. 
See  Chi  k.] 

In  AVw  F.nirtand,  the  popular  name  of  a  rodent 
mammal,  a  species  of  the  .Marmot  tribe  of  animals, 
the  .Arclotnys  inonax.  The  grounti  htig.  It  burrows 
and  is  iliirmant  in  winter. 

WOOD'eilOIR,  (-kwire,)  ii.    Songsters  in  a  wood. 

W^(])l)'-€oAI.,  n.  [wood  niid  coal.]  Charcoal  ;  also, 
lis!nite  or  brown  coal. 

WQOD'eoCK,  n.  heood  and  cock.]  A  bird  of  the 
genus  Scolopax  of  I.innieiis,  allieil  to  the  snipes,  but 
with  a  nuire  robust  bill.  Two  s|)ecies  are  known  by 
this  name,  and  these  are  widely  distribiiteil.  Their 
flesh  is  esteemed  a  delicacy.        J^iittall.  .fardinr. 

WOOD'COCK  SHELL,  ii.  A  name  given  by  Eng- 
lish naturalists  to  th*-  shells  of  certain  mollusks  tif 
the  genus  .Murex,  which  have  a  very  long  lube  with 
or  without  spines.  Rees's  t'ljc.    P.  Ct)c. 

WOOD'-CRAFT,  n.  Skill  and  practice  in  shooting 
anil  other  sports  in  the  woods. 

WQOD'-eUT,  II.    .An  engraving  on  wood. 

W(50D'-eUT-TER.  II.    A  person  who  cuts  wood. 

WOOD'-C  I  IT-TING,  a.    Cutting  wood. 

WOQIl'-eUT-TlNG,  II.  The  act  or  employment  of 
cutting  wt)od. 


WOO 

WOOD'-DRINK,  n.  [ujood  and  drink.]  A  decoction 
or  infusion  of  medicinal  wouils. 

WOOD'-Eeil'O.  C-ek'o,)  n.    An  echo  from  the  wood. 

WrtAD'ED,  a.  Supplied  or  Covered  w  ith  wood  :  as, 
lanil  wooded  and  watered.  JlrbuUmot. 

WOOD'K.N,  a.     [from  wood.]     Matlc  of  wood  ;  con- 
sisting of  wood  ;  as,  a  wooden  box ;  a  wooden  leg ;  a 
wooden  horse.  ^ 
2.  Clumsy  ;  awkward. 

When  a  IkjIiI  man  is  put  out  of  countenance,  he  makes  ft  very 
ujoo'/fii  lijrnre  on  it.  Collier. 

WOOD'-KN-fiRSV'ING,  n.    Xylography;  the  act  or 
art' of  engraving  on  wood,  or  of  cutting  figures  of 
natural  objects  on  wood.  Cijc. 
9.  An  engraving  on  wood. 

WOOD'-FRET-TER,  71.  [wood  mii  fret.]  An  insect 
or  worm  that  eats  wood.  Jlinsworth. 

WOOIV-lloLE,  II.  [wood  and  hole]  A  place  where 
wtiotl  is  laid  lip.  Philips. 

WOOD'-IIOUSE,  n.  [wood  and  house.]  A  house  or 
siu'd  in  which  wood  is  deposited  and  slielteretl  from 
the  weather.  United  Stales. 

WQOD'ING,  ppr.   Getting  or  supplying  with  wood. 

/r(i,vAiii^toii. 

WOOD'-LAND,  n.  [wood  and  land.]  Land  covereil 
with  wootl,  or  land  on  which  trees  are  suflered  to 
grow,  either  for  fuel  or  timber.  .America. 

2.  In  Knitland,  a  soil  which,  from  its  humidity  and 
color,  resembles  the  soil  in  woods.  Ctjc. 

WOOD'L,\UK,  II.  [moot/ anil /arA-.l  A  bird,  a  species 
of  lark,  the  Al.atrda  arborea,  which,  like  the  sky- 
lark, utters  its  notes  while  on  the  wing. 

Jardinc^s  J\''at.  Lib. 

WOOU'-LaY-ER,  n.  [wood  and  layer.]  A  young 
oiik  or  other  timber-plant,  laid  down  in  a  hedge 
among  the  white  thorn  or  other  plants  u.sed  in 
hedges.  Cwc. 

WOOD'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  wood.  Mitford. 

wOO'>'Li:SS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  destitute xif 
wood. 

WOOD'-LOCK,  n.  [wood  and  lode]  In  ship-building, 
a  piece  of  elm,  close  fitted  and  sneathetl  with  cop- 
per, in  the  throating  or  score  of  the  pintle,  to  keep 
the  rudder  from  rising.  Cije. 

WOOD'-LOUSE,  n.  [wood  and  louse.]  An  in.sect, 
the'  lllilli'ped.  Diet.  A"u(.  Hist. 

WOOD'M.A.N,  11.  [wood  and  man.]  A  forest  olficer, 
appointed  to  take  care  of  tlie  king's  wood. 

England. 

2.  A  sportsman  ;  a  hunter.  Milton.  Pope. 

.1.  One  who  cuts  down  trees. 
WOOD'-.MEIL,  II.    A  coarse,  hairy  stulT  m.ade  of  Ice- 
laud  wool,  used  to  line  the  ports  of  ships  of  war. 

Ctjc. 

WOOD'-MTTE,  n.  [wood  and  mite.]  A  small  insect 
found  in  old  wood. 

WOOD'-.M0N"GER,  (-mung'ger,)  n.  [wood  and  mon- 
ger.]   A  wood-seller. 

WOQD'-MoTE,  n.  [wood  and  mote]  In  England, 
the  ancient  name  of  the  forest  court ;  now  the  court 
of  aitacliineiit.  Ci;c. 

WOQD'NEriS,  n.    Anger ;  madness  ;  rage.  [Oii.] 

Fisher. 

WOOD'-.NTOIIT'SHaDE,  n.    A  plant,  Solanum  Dul- 
camara :  woody  nightshade. 
WOOD'-NOTE,  n.    [wood  and  note.]    Wild  music. 

Or  sweetest  Shaksp-ari',  fancy's  cliild, 

Warlile  his  native  tBood-noUi  wild.  Ttrdton. 

WOflD'-NYMPIl,  (  nimf,)  n.  [wood  and  nymph.]  A 
fabled  godtless  of  the  woods  ;  a  tlryad. 

'Die  wooit.nijmphe  deckoii  with  daisies  trim.  ^rcton. 

^\■OOI)'-OF'FEK-ING,  n.  Wood  burnt  on  the  altar. 
A-/a.  X. 

WOOD'-o-PAL,  n.  A  .ttriped  variety  of  coarse  opal, 
having  some  resemblance  to  wood.  Dana. 

WOOU'PECK-ER,  II.  [wood  ani  peck.]  A  name  of 
numerous  species  of  scansorial  birds,  of  the  genus 
Picus,  which  have  strong  bills,  and  peck  Uoles  in  the 
wood  or  bark  of  trees,  in  pursuit  of  insects. 

WOOD'-PIG'EON,  (-pid'jun,)  n.  [wood  and  piVfoii.] 
"fUe  ring-dove,  (Coluinba  paliinibu.s.)     Kil.  Eneiic. 

WOOD'-PC'CE-RO.N,  n.  [toood  and  piiecroii.]'  A 
small  insect  of  a  grayish  color,  having  two  hollow 
horns  on  the  hinder  part  of  its  body.  It  resembles 
the  puccron  of  the  alder,  but  it  penetrates  into  the 
wooil.  Ci,r. 

WOOD'REEVE,  n.  [irooiZ  and  reere.]  In  England, 
tile  steward  or  overseer  of  a  wotid. 

WOOD'-ROCK,  n.    A  compact  variety  of  asbestos. 

Dana. 

WOOD'-ROOF,  j  II.    [wood  and  roof  i>r  niff.]    A  plant 

WO(^l)'-RUFF,  i     of  the  genus  Asperula.  Loudon. 

WOOD'-SaGE,  H.  [wuorf  and  ,v«;rr.]  ,\  plant  found 
in  woods,  Teucrium  scorodonia,  having  the  smell  of 
garlic.  Loudon. 

VVOOD'-S.\RE,  n.    A  kind  of  froth  seen  on  herbs. 

Bocell. 

WOOD'-SGREW,  n.    The  ordinary  screw  made  of 

iron,  for  uniting  pieces  of  wood. 
WiX)D'-SkRE,  II.   The  time  when  there  is  no  sap  in 

a  I  r  e.  Tus.scr. 
WOOD'-SIIOCK,  n.     The  wejack,  a  quadniiwd  of 

the  weasel  kinti  in  North  America.    It  is  the  Mus- 


WOO 

tela  Canadensis  of  Linnaeus,  a  digitigrade  carnivo- 
rtius  maninutl,  sometimes  calleil  Pekan,  OreiiocK, 
Fisher  Weasel,  etc.  It  is  found  from  Pennsylva- 
nia to  the  Gre.at  Slave  I.aki^  and  across  the  conti- 
nent to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 
WOOD'-.«(?pT,  II.  [wood  and  sont.]  Soot  from  burnt 
wood,  which  has  been  found  useful  as  a  manure. 

Cue. 

WOOD'-SOK-REL,  n.    [wood  and  sorrel]     A  plant 

of  the  genus  Oxalis,  having  an  acid  t.aKte.  Lee. 
WOOD'-SPITE,  n.    [wood  ntid  .fpite.]    A  name  given 

in  some  parts  of  England  to  the  green  woodpecker. 
WOOD'-STONE,  71.    A  striped  variety  of  horn-.-ttine, 

soini^wliat  resembling  wood  in  appearance.  Dana. 
Wf)QD'-TIN,  It.    A  nodular  variety  of  oxyd  of  tin, 

of  a  brown  color,  found  in  Cornwall.  Drande, 
WOOD'WAKD,  II.    [wood  anH  ward.]    An  officer  of 

tfie"  forest,  whose  duty  is  to  guard  the  woiids.  [I'.ng- 

land.]  Cue. 
WOOD'-WASII,      )  n.     Names  applied   to  dyer's 
WOrtl)'-\VA.\,        5     broom,  or  dyer's  weetl,  Ge- 
WOrtl)'-\VA.\-^;N,  )      nista  tinctoria.    Cijc.  Booth. 
WOOD'WORK,  II.      That  part  of   any  structure 

wliirli  is  wrought  of  wood. 
Wf)OD'\V0R.M,  {-wiirm,)  n.     [wood  and  worm.]  A 

worm  that  is  bred  in  wtiod.  .Johnson. 
WOOD'Y,  a.    [from  wood.]    Abounding  with  wood  ; 

as,  woody  land;  a  woody  region. 

Secri-t  shades 
Of  woody  Ma's  inmost  {jrovc.  AfCton. 

2.  Consisting  of  wood  ;  ligneous ;  as,  the  woody 
parts  of  plants. 

3.  Pertaining  to  woods  ;  sylvan  ;  as,  irooify  nynipbs.  | 

Spenser.  I 

Woody  fiber  consists  of  slender,  membranous  tubes 
tai-.cring  at  each  end,  on  the  tissue  of  wtHid. 

WOOD'Y-NIGIIT'SHaDE,  II,  A  plant ;  bittersweet  ; 
S'oianum  Dulcamara ;  originally  from  Europe,  but 
natiirali/.ed  in  North  America, 

WOO'ER,  II.  [from  woo.]  One  who  courts,  or  so- 
licits in  love.  Bacon, 

WOOF,  71.  [Sax.  weft,  from  wefan,  to  weave  ;  Sw. 
rd/;  Gr.  i^.i.] 

1.  The  threads  that  cross  the  warp  inweaving; 
the  weft.  Bacon. 

2.  Texture  ;  cloth  ;  as,  a  pall  of  softest  woof. 

Pope. 

WOOF'Y,  a.  Having  a  close  texture ;  dense ;  as,  a 
woofij  cloud.  Miss  J.  Baillie. 

WOO'ING,  ppr.  [from  woo.]  Courting  ;  soliciting 
in  love. 

WOO'ING-LY,  ade.  Enticingly;  with  persuasive- 
ness ;  so  as  to  invite  to  stay.  Shak. 

WOOL,  II.  [Sa.x.  wul;  Q.'woUe:  D.  wol;  Sw.  ii«  ; 
Dan.  uW;  Itiiss.  lo/iiu  ;  Basque,  u/cu.  (ill.  Gr.  umA.)«, 
soft ;  iotiA<s,  down  ;  or  L.  vcllus,  from  rf//o,  to  pull 
ofi-.) 

1.  That  stifl  species  of  hair  which  grows  on  sheep 
and  some  other  animals,  which  in  fineness  some- 
times approaches  to  fur.  The  wonl  generally  signi- 
fies the  fleecy  coat  of  the  sheep,  which  constitutes  a 
most  essential  material  of  clothing  in  all  cold  and 
temperate  climates. 

2.  Short,  thick  hair. 

3.  In  botany,  a  sort  of  pnbestu^ncr,  or  a  clothing  of 
dense,  curling  hairs  on  the  surface  of  certain  plants. 

.^Vnrfyii. 

WOOL'-RALIj,  71.  A  ball  or  mass  of  wool  found  in 
tile'  stoinacli  of  sheep.  Cyc. 

WOOL'-eOiMB-ER,  (-kom'cr,)  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  tti  comb  wtiol. 

WOOLD,  V.  t.    [D.  woeten,  bnroelrn  ;  G.  w»hlen.] 

To  wintl,  particularly  to  wind  a  rope  round  a  mast 
or  yard,  when  made  of  two  or  more  pieces,  at  the 
jilace  where  they  are  tisi.ed,  for  confining  anil  sup- 
jiorting  them.  Mar.  Diet. 

WOOLD'ED,  pp.  Bound  fast  with  ropes;  wound 
rou  nd. 

WOULD'ER,  n.    A  stick  used  in  woolding. 

Mar.  Diet 

WOOI.D'ING,  ppr.  Binding  ftist  with  ropes  ;  wind- 
iiiir  round. 

WOOI.D'ING,  n.     The  act  of  winding,  as  a  rope 

round  a  mast. 
9.  The  rope  tiseil  for  binding  masts  and  spars. 
WOOL'-DRIV-ER,  ii.    [wool  and  driver.]    One  who 

buys  woid  and  carries  it  to  market. 
WOOL'E.N,  <i.    Made  of  wool ;  consisting  of  wool ; 

as,  woolen  cloth. 

3.  Pertaining  to  wool  ;  as,  leuo/rn  manufactures. 
WOOL'EN,  II.  Cloth  made  of  wool.  Pope. 
W()6L'E.N-DRa-PER,  n.    One  who  deals  in  woolen 

ctiods. 

WOOL'FEL,  n.    [wool  and  fel,  L.  prilis.] 

'  A  skin  with  the  wool ;  a  skin  from  which  the 
wool  has  not  been  sheared  or  pulled.  Danes. 

WOOL'-GATH-ER-ING,  o.  or  n.  A  term  applied  to  a 
vagrant  or  idle  exercise  of  the  imagination,  often 
leading  to  a  neglect  of  present  objects.  Burton. 

WOOL'-GROW-ER,  n.  [wool  and  grow.)  A  person 
who  raises  sheep  for  the  production  of  wtxil. 

WOOL'-GR0W-I.\G.  o.    Producing  sheep  and  wool. 

W(X)L'I-NESS,  ju  (from  mooUy.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing' woolly. 


TONE,  B^LL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  —  €  as  K  :  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1271 


WOR 

WOOL'LY,  a.  Consisting  of  wool ;  as,  a  woolly  cov- 
ering ;  a  woolly  fleece.  Dryden. 

2.  Resembling  wool  ;  as,  woolly  hair.  Shak. 

3.  Clothed  with  wool ;  a?,  woolly  breeders.  Shak. 

4.  In  botany,  clothed  with  a  pubescence  resembling 
wool.  Martyn. 

VVOOL'LY-PAS'TI-NU.M,  n.  A  name  given  in  the 
Eait  Indies  to  a  species  of  red  orpiment  or  arsenic. 

Cyc. 

VVOQL'PACK,  7!.  [wool  and  pack.]  A  pack  or  bag 
of  wool. 

2.  Any  thing  bulky  without  weight.  Clcavetand. 
VVOOL'SACK,  71.    [wool  and  sack.]    A  sack  or  bag  of 
wool. 

2.  The  seat  of  the  lord  chancellor  of  Engl.and  in 
the  house  of  lords,  being  a  large,  square  bag  of  wool, 
without  back  or  arms,  covered  with  red  cloth. 

Braiule. 

VVOQL'-STa-PLE,  71.  [wool  and  .itaplc]  A  city  or 
town  where  wool  used  to  be  brought  to  the  king's 
staple  for  s.ile. 

WOOL'-STa-PLER,  71.    One  who  deals  in  wool. 

w66L'-TRaDE,  71.  [wool  and  trade.]  The  trade  in 
wo'ol. 

WOOL'WARD,  adv.    In  wool. 

To  go  woolward,  was  to  wear  woolen  next  the 
skin,  as  a  penance.  Toone.  Siiak. 

\VOOL'-^\^.^■D-ER,  71.  [wool  and  wind.]  A  person 
employed  to  wind  or  make  up  wool  into  bundles  to 
be  packed  for  sale.  Cyc. 

WOOP,  n.    A  bird. 

WOOS,  71.    A  plant ;  a  sea  weed. 

WOOTZ,  71.  Indian  steel,  a  metallic  substance  im- 
ported from  the  East  Indies  ;  valued  as  the  material 
of  edge-tools.  It  has  in  combination  a  minute  por- 
tion of  alumine  and  silica.  Webster^s  .Manual. 

WORD,  (wurd,)  n.  [J=ax.  word  or  wyrd  ;  G.  wort ;  D. 
woord  ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  ord:  Sans,  wartha.  This  word 
is  probably  the  participle  of  a  root  in  Br,  and  radi- 
cally the  same  as  L.  rerbum  ;  Ir.  abairun,  to  speak. 
A  word  is  that  which  is  uttered  or  thrown  out.] 

1.  An  articulate  or  vocal  sound,  or  a  couibiu.ation 
of  articulate  and  vocal  sounds,  uttered  by  the  human 
voice,  and  by  custom  expressing  an  idea  or  ideas  ;  a 
single  component  part  of  humaa  speech  or  language. 
Thus  a  in  English  is  a  word  ;  but  few  words  consist 
of  one  letter  only.  Most  words  consist  of  two  or 
more  letters,  as  ^o,  do,  shall,  called  monosyllables,  or 
of  two  or  more  syllables,  as  honor,  goodness,  amia- 
ble. 

2.  The  letter  or  letters,  written  or  printed,  which 
represent  a  sound  or  combination  of  sounds. 

3.  A  short  discourse. 

Shiill  I  vouchsafe  your  worship  a  word  or  two  f  Shak. 

4.  Talk ;  discourse. 

Wliy  sliauUI  calamity  be  full  of  words  ?  Shak. 
Be  thy  words  severe.  Drytlen. 

5.  Dispute  ;  verbal  contention  ;  as,  some  words 
grew  between  us. 

6.  Language ;  living  speech  ;  oral  expression. 
The  me.ssage  was  delivereiJ  by  word  of  mouth. 

7.  Promise.  He  gave  nie  his  word  he  would  pay 
me. 

Obey  thy  parents ;  keep  thy  word  justly.  Shak. 

8.  Signal;  order;  command. 

Give  the  word  throu;jh.  Slink. 

9.  Account ;  tidings  ;  message.  Bffng  nic  wurd 
what  is  the  issue  of  the  contest. 

10.  Declaration  ;  purpose  expressed. 

1  know  you  brave,  and  take  you  at  your  word.  Dryden. 

11.  Declaration;  affirmation. 

1  desire  not  the  reader  should  t^ike  nty  word.  Dryden. 

12.  The  Scripture  ;  divine  revelation,  or  any  part 
of  it.    1'his  is  called  the  word  of  Uo^ 

13.  Christ.   John  i. 

14.  A  motto  ;  a  short  sentence ;  a  proverb. 

Spenser. 

A  good  word;  commendation  ;  favorable  account. 

And  (jave  tlie  harinl'-aa  fellow  a  good  leord.  Pope. 
In  word ;  in  declaration  only. 

Let  OS  not  love  in  word  only,  neither  in  tongue ;  but  in  deed  and 
in  truth.  —  1  John  iii. 
WORD,  (wurd,)  r.  i.    To  dispute.    [LiUle  used.] 

Rstrange. 

WORD,  (wurd,)  r.  (.  To  express  in  words.  Take 
care  to  word  ideas  with  propriety. 

The  apoloffy  for  the  kln^  is  the  lame,  but  wordid  with  ^atcr 
def.-renci-  to  that  great  prince.  Addison. 

WORD'-CATCH-ER,  ti.    One  who  cavils  at  words. 

Pope. 

WORD'ED,  pp.    Expressed  in  words. 
WORD'ER,  7u    A  speaker.    [J^ot  in  use.'j  Whitlock. 
WORD'I-LY,  ado.    In  a  verbose  or  wortly  manner. 
WORD'I-NE.SH,  71.    \Uim  wordy.]    The  Hlatc  or  qiial- 

iiy  of  abounding  with  words.  A-^h, 
WoHD'ING,  ppr.    Expressing  in  words. 
WOllD'ING,  n.    The  act  of  expressing  in  worils. 

2.  The  manner  of  exiiresaing   in  words.  The 

wirrdinp  of  the  ideafl  is  very  judictoiifl. 
WORD'IHH,  o.    Resjitcting  words.    [JVot  u»frf.l 

Sidney. 


WOR 

WORD'ISH-.VESS,  71.    Manner  of  wording.  [jVot 

used.] 

WORD'LESS,  a.   Not  using  words  ;  not  speaking  ; 

silent.  '  Shak. 

WORD'Y,  (wurd'e,)  a.  Using  many  words  ;  verbose ; 
as,  a  wordy  speaker  ;  a  wordy  orator.  Spectator. 
2.  Containing  many  words  ;  full  of  words. 

We  need  not  lavish  houre  in  wordy  periods.  Philips. 

WoRE,  pret.  of  Wear.  He  wore  gloves. 
Wore,  pret  of  Wabe.  They  wore  ship. 
WORK,  (wurk,)  v.  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Worked  or 

Wrought.    [Sax.  weorcan,  wircan,  wyrcan ;  Goth. 

waurkyan ;  D.  werken  :  G.  wirken  ;  Sw.  virka,  verka  ; 

Dai\.  virker ;  Gr.  £ft}  ai^ofiai.l 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  iiA^ve,  or  to  move  one  way 
and  the  other  ;  to  perform  ,  as  in  popular  language 
it  is  said,  a  mill  or  machine  works  well. 

2.  To  labor  ;  to  be  occupied  in  performing  manual 
labor,  whether  severe  or  moderate.  One  man  works 
better  than  another ;  one  man  works  hard  ;  another 
works  lazily. 

3.  To  be  in  action  or  motion ;  as,  the  working  of 
the  heart.  Shak, 

4.  To  act ;  to  carrj'  on  operations. 

Our  better  pan  remains 
To  work  in  close  desi^.  MilUm. 

5.  To  operate  ;  to  carry  on  business  ;  to  be  cus- 
tomarily engaged  or  employed  in.  Some  work  in  the 
mines,  others  in  the  loom,  others  at  the  anvil. 

Tliey  that  UJorfc  in  fine  flax.  —  Is.  xil. 

6.  To  ferment ;  as,  unferniented  liquors  work  vio- 
lently in  hot  weather. 

7.  To  operat-e ;  to  produce  effects  by  action  or  in- 
fluence. 

All  things  work  together  for  good  to  them  that  love  God.  — 
Roin.  viii. 

This  so  wrought  upon  the  child,  tliat  afterward  he  desired  to  be 
taught.  Locke. 

8.  To  obtain  by  diligence.    [Little  used.]  Slink. 

9.  To  act  or  operate  on  the  stomach  and  bowels, 
as  a  cathartic. 

10.  To  labor ;  to  strain  ;  to  move  heavily ;  as,  a 
ship  works  in  a  tempest. 

11.  To  be  tossed  or  agitated. 

Confused  with  working  sands  and  rolling  waves.  Addison. 

12.  To  enter  by  working  ;  as,  to  work  into  the 
earth. 

To  work  on ;  to  act  on  ;  to  influence. 
To  work  up ;  to  make  way. 

Bo<ly  shall  up  to  spirit  irort.  JV/if(on. 

To  work  to  windward  ;  among  seamen,  to  sail  or  ply 
against  the  wind  ;  to  beat.  Mar.  Diet. 

WORK,  (wurk,)  v.  t.   To  move  ;  to  stir  and  mix  ;  as, 
to  work  mortar. 

2.  To  form  by  labor  ;  to  mold,  shape,  or  manufac- 
ture ;  as,  to  work  wood  or  iron  into  a  form  desired, 
or  into  a  utensil  ;  to  work  cotton  or  wool  into  cloth. 

3.  To  bring  into  any  state  by  action.  foul  stream, 
or  new  wine  or  cider,  worlcs  itself  clear. 

4.  To  influence  by  acting  upon ;  to  manage ;  to 
lead. 

And  work  your  royal  father  to  his  ruin.  Philips. 

5.  To  make  by  action,  labor,  or  violence.  A  stream 
works  a  p.issage  or  a  new  channel. 

Sidelong  he  t^orits  his  way.  MUton. 

6.  To  produce  by  action,  labor,  or  exertion. 

We  might  work  any  cflect  —  only  by  tbe.uuity  of  nature. 

Bacon. 

Each  herb  he  knew,  that  works  or  good  or  ill.  Harle. 

7.  To  embroider;  as,  to  Tcori  muslin. 

8.  To  direct  the  movements  of,  by  adapting  the 
sails  to  the  wind  ;  as,  to  work  a  ship. 

9.  To  put  to  labor  ;  to  exert. 

H'orjt  every  nerve.  Addison. 

10.  To  cause  to  ferment,  as  liquor. 

To  work  out ;  to  effect  by  labor  and  exertion. 
M'orfc  out   your  own  salvation  with  fear  aud  trembling.  — 
riul.  li. 

2.  To  erase  ;  to  efface.    [Mot  used.] 

3.  To  solve,  as  a  problem. 

7^  work  up  :  to  raise  ;  to  excite ;  as,  to  work  up  the 
passions  to  rage. 

The  sun,  that  ritlls  his  chariot  o'er  their  heads, 

Works  up  mure  tire  and  color  in  their  cheeks.  Addison. 

2.  To  expend  in  any  work,  as  materials.  They 
have  worked  up  all  the  stock. 

To  work  double  tides  ;  in  the  language  of  seamen,  to 
perform  the  labor  of  three  days  in  two  ;  a  phrase 
taken  from  the  practice  of  working  by  the  night  tide  as 
well  as  bif  the  dan. 

To  work  into :  to  make  way,  or  to  insinuate  ;  as,  to 
tcor*  one's  self  into  favor  or  confldence. 

To  work  a  passage;  among  .'leamen,  to  pay  for  a 
passage  by  doing  duty  on  board  of  the  ship. 
WORK,  (wurk,)  n.    [Sax.  weorc ;  D.  and  G.  wcrk ; 
Dan.  and  Sw.  i^rrk  ;  Gr.  epyof.] 

1.  Eabor  ;  employment;  exertion  of  strength  ;  par- 
ticularly in  man,  manual  labor. 

2.  State  of  labor  ;  as,  to  be  al  work. 

'•).  Awkward  performance.  What  work  you  make  ! 


WOR 

4.  That  which  is  made  or  done  ;  as,  good  wort,  or 
bad  work.  Jifilton. 

5.  Embroidery ;  flowers  or  figures  wrought  with 
the  needle. 

6.  Any  fabric  or  manufacture. 

7.  The  matter  on  which  one  is  at  work.  In  rising, 
she  dropped  her  work. 

8.  Action  ;  deed  ;  feat ;  achievement  ;  as,  the 
works  of  bloody  Mars.  Pope. 

9.  Operation. 

As  to  the  composition  or  dissolution  of  mixed  bodies,  which  is  the 
chief  work  of  elements.  Digby. 

10.  Effect ;  that  which  proceeds  from  agency. 

Fancy 

Wild  work  produces  ofi,  and  most  in  dreams.  idHton. 

11.  Management ;  treatment.  Shak. 

12.  That  which  is  produced  by  mental  labor;  a 
composition  ;  a  book  ;  as,  the  works  of  Addison. 

13.  IVurks,  in  the  plural;  walls,  trenches,  and  the 
like,  made  for  fortifications. 

14.  In  tlicology,  moral  duties,  or  external  perform- 
ances, as  distinct  from  grace. 

To  set  to  work,  i  to  employ ;  to  engage  in  any  busi 
To  set  on  work  ;  \     ness.  Hooker. 
WORK'A-BLE,  (wurk'a-bl,)  o.    Capable  of  being 
worked,  as  a  metal.  Ure. 

2.  That  can  be  worked,  or  that  is  worth  working  , 
as,  a  workable  mine.  Hitchcock.  Conybeare. 

WORK'-B.-\G,  71.  A  lady's  reticule,  or  bag  for  holding 
work. 

WORK'-DaY,  71.    See  Woukikg-Dat. 

WORK'JJD,  (wurkt,)  pp.  Moved ;  labored  ;  performed ; 

managed  ;  fermented. 
WORK'ER,  71.    One  that  works  ;  one  that  performs. 
WORK'-FEL-LoW,  71.     One  engaged  in  the  same 

work  with  another.    Rom.  xvi. 
WORK'-FoLK,  71.    Persons  that  labor.  [Obs.] 

Beaum.  S(  Fl. 

WORK'-HOUSE,       )  71.    A  house  where  anv  man- 

WORK'ING-HOUSE,  (     ufacture  is  carried  on. 

2.  Oenerally,  a  house  in  which  idle  and  vicious 
persons  are  confined  to  labor. 

WORK'ING,  (wurk'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  ;  operat- 
ing ;  laboring  ;  fermenting.  | 

WORK'ING,  71.    Motion  ;  the  act  of  laboring.  Shak. 

2.  Fermentation.  Bacon. 

3.  Movement ;  operation  ;  as,  the  icorA-mirj,- of  fancy. 
WORK'ING-DaY,  71.     [work  and  datj.]     A  day  on 

which  work  is  performed,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Sabbath,  festivals,  &.c. 

2.  a.    Plodding;  hard-working;  as,  this  working- 
day  world.  Shak. 
WORK'.M.\X,  71.    [work  and  77ia7i.]    Any  man  em- 
ployed in  labor,  whether  in  tillage  or  manufactures. 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  a  skillful  artificer  or  la- 
borer. 

WORK'MAN-LIKE,  (wurk'-,)  a.  Skillful ;  well  per- 
ft)rmed. 

WORK'.MAN-LY,  (wurk'-,)  a.  Skillful ;  well  per- 
formed. 

WORK'MAN-L.  (wurk'-,)  adv.  In  a  skillful  man- 
ner ;  in  a  mani  ir  becoming  a  workman.  Tusser. 

WORK'MAN-SHiP,  (wurk'-,)  71.  Manufacture  ;  some- 
thing made,  particularly  by  manual  labor.  Exod. 
xxxi. 

2.  That  which  is  effected,  made,  or  produced. 
Eph.  ii. 

3.  The  skill  of  a  workman ;  or  the  execution  or 
manner  of  making  any  thing.  The  workmanship  of 
this  cloth  is  admirable. 

4.  The  art  of  working.  Woodward. 
WORK'-MAS-TER,  (wurk'-,)  n.    [work  and  master.] 

The  performer  of  any  work.  Spenser. 

WORK'SHOP,  (wurk',)  71.  [ifoW;  and  shop.]  A  shop 
where  any  manufacture  is  carried  on. 

WORK'-Ta-BLE,  (wurk'-,)  71.  A  small  table,  con- 
taining drawers  and  other  conveniences  for  ladies 
in  respect  to  their  needlework. 

WORK'-VVO.M-AN,  (wurk'-,)  71.  A  woman  who  per- 
forms any  work,  or  one  skilled  in  needlework. 

Spenser, 

WORK'Y-DaY,  n.  [Corrupted  from  looriin^-iiay.]  A 
dav  not  the  Sabbath.  Shak. 

WOULD,  (wurld,)  71.  [Sax.  weorold,  woruld  ;  D. 
wacreld  ;  Sw.  vcrld.  This  seems  to  be  a  compound 
word,  and  probably  is  named  from  roundness,  the 
vault,  but  this  is  nut  certain.] 

1.  The  universe  ;  the  whole  system  of  created 
globes  or  vast  bodies  of  in.atter. 

2.  The  earth  ;  the  terraqueous  globe ;  sometimes 
called  the  hirer  world. 

3.  The  heavens  ;  as  when  wo  speak  of  the  heav- 
enly world,  or  upper  world. 

4.  System  of  beings ;  or  the  orbs  which  occupy 
Rp,ace,  and  all  the  beings  which  inhabit  them. 
Hcb.  xi. 

Ooil  —  hath  in  these  last  days  spoken  to  us  by  his  Son,  whom  he 
hath  npnoint.-d  heir  of  all  things  ;  by  whom  »Uo  be  made  llio 
i»orW».  —  lleb.  i. 

There  mnv  be  other  worlds,  where  the  InhabilanU  have  never 
violated!  their  allegiance  to  their  Almighty  Soverrlirn. 

If.  fl.  Spragut. 

5.  Present  stale  of  existence  ;  as,  while  we  are  in 
the  world. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— MUTE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BTRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK — 


1272 


WOR 

C.  A  scculiir  life.  Uy  the  world  we  suiiifliines  un- 
diTsUiml  the  lliinKS  of  this  worlil,  its  pU-nsurea  and 
interests.  A  preat  part  of  inaiikinil  are  more  anx- 
ious to  enjoy  the  tcurltl  than  to  sectire  divine  favor. 

7.  Fubhc  life  or  society  ;  as,  banished  from  the 
world.  SJiak. 

8.  Business  or  trouble  of  life. 

Kium  this  worM'WenrliHl  fle«h.  Shak. 

9.  A  great  multitude  or  quantity  ;  as,  a  world  of 
business  ;  a  world  of  charms.  MtUon. 

10.  Mankind  ;  people  in  general ;  in  an  indcjinite 
sense.    Let  the  world  see  your  fortitude. 

Who«e  Ui«po«iuon  all  the  wrld  well  linowt.  Shak. 

11.  Course  of  life.  He  begins  the  world  with  little 
property,  but  with  many  friends. 

12.  Universal  empire. 

Tlii*  lhroii*h  the  lvi»t  jiiit  vengeance  hurlej, 

AiiJ  lost  poor  Antony  the  world.  Prior. 

13.  The  customs  and  manners  of  men  ;  the  prac- 
tice of  life.  .\  knowledge  of  the  world  is  necessary 
for  a  man  of  business  ;  it  is  essential  to  politeness. 

14.  All  the  world  contains. 

Had  I  a  thousaud  xoorld*.  I  would  gire  them  all  for  one  year 
more  to  dcTote  to  God.  Lais. 

15.  The  principal  nations  or  countries  of  the  earth. 
Alexander  conquered  the  world. 

Ifi.  The  Roman  empire.  Scripture. 

17.  A  large  tract  of  country  ;  a  wide  compass  of 
things. 

I  miwt  descry  new  vorlds.  Cotcley. 

18.  The  inhabitants  of  the  earth;  the  whole  hu- 
man race.    John  iii. 

19.  'I'he  cnrnni  state  or  corruption  of  the  earth  ;  as, 
the  present  evil  world;  the  course  of  this  world. 
Ottl.  i.    Epk.  ii. 

20.  The  ungodly  part  of  the  world. 

1  pr\v  not  tor  the  uorM,  but  for  them  Uial  tltou  bast  pvtn  me. 
—  John  XTu. 

21.  Time ;  as  in  the  phrase,  world  without  end. 

22.  .K  collection  of  wonders.    [JW  in  ruse.] 
lathe  world;  in  possibility.    All  the  precaution  in 

the  world  would  not  save  him. 

For  (iH  fA<  worW;  exactly.    [L'dtle  used.]  Sidney. 
2.  For  anv  consideration. 
WORLD'-HX"RD-£\-KD,  f wurld'hird-nd,)  a.  Hard- 
ened by  the  love  of  worldly  things. 
VVORLD'M-.N'ESS,  II.    [froniirorW.]    A  predominant 
piission  for  obtaining  the  good  things  of  this  life  ; 
covetousness ;  addictedness  to  gain  and  temporal 
enji»ymenLs. 

WORLD'LI.NG,  n.  A  person  whose  soul  is  set  upon 
gaining  teni|>oral  possessions;  one  devoted  to  this 
World  and  its  enjoyments. 

If  we  consider  the  expectations  oi'  futurity,  the  wortd'inz  ffives 
up  the  ar5\imenl.  liogrrt. 

WCRLD'LY,  (wurld'le,)  a.  Secular;  temporal;  per- 
taining to  this  world  or  life,  in  contradistinction  to 
the  life  to  come  ;  as,  wordly  ple.isures  ;  wurLUy  af- 
fairs ;  Worldly  estate  ;  worldly  honor ;  worldly  lusts, 
rir.  ii. 

2.  Devoted  to  this  life  and  its  enjoyments  ;  bent 
on  gain  ;  as,  a  worldly  man  ;  a  worldly  mind. 

3.  Human;  common;  belonging  to  the  world  ;  as, 
worldUi  actions;  worldly  m;ixiins. 

VVORLD'LY,  ode.    With  relation  to  this  life. 


Siihvertinj  worldly  strong  and  worldly  \ 
By  uiiiply  ivte-fk. 


WORLD'LY-MIXD-ED,  a.  Devoted  to  the  acquisi- 
tion of  property  anri  to  temporal  enjoyments. 

WORLD'LV-.MT.\D-ED-.\ESS,  n.    A' predominating 
love  and  pursuit  of  this  world's  goods,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  piety  and  attention  to  spiritual  concerns. 
2.  State  of  being  worldly-minded. 

WOR.M,  (wurm.)  n.  [Sax.  wyrm  :  G.  wurm  :  D.  worm  ; 
Dan.  onn  ;  Sw.  id.,  a  serpent.  This  word  is  probably 
named  from  a  winding  motion,  and  the  root  of 
swnrm.] 

1.  [n  common  tisage,  any  small,  creeping  anim.al,  or 
reptile,  either  entirely  without  feet,  or  with  very 
short  ones,  including  a  great  variety  of  animals  of 
different  classes  and  orders,  viz.,  certain  small  ser- 
pents, .IS  the  blind-worm  or  slow-worm  ;  the  larvas 
of  insects,  viz.,  grubs,  caterpdiars,  and  maasots,  as 
the  woori-wnrm,  canker-worm,  silk-worm,  (the  larva 
of  a  moth,  {PhaLma,)  which  spins  the  filaments  of 
which  silk  is  made,)  the  gmh  th.at  injures  com, 
grass,  tc,  the  worms  that  breed  in  putrid  Hesh,  the 
bots  in  the  stomach  of  horses,  and  many  others  ; 
cerLain  w  ingless  insects,  as  the  glow-worm  ;  the  in- 
testin.il  worms,  or  such  as  breed  in  the  cavities  and 
organs  of  living  animals,  as  the  t.ipe-worm,  the 
round-worm,  the  fluke,  &c. ;  and  numerous  animals 
found  in  the  earth,  ami  in  water,  particularly  in  the 
sea,  as  the  eartli-wr>rin  or  lumbricus,  the  hair-worm 
or  gordius,  the  teredo,  or  worm  that  bores  into  the 
bottom  of  ships,  &.c.  Hurm.--,  in  the  plimil,  in  com- 
mon usa»e,  is  used  fur  intestinal  worms,  or  those 
which  breed  in  the  stomach  and  bowels,  particularly 
the  round  and  thread  worms,  {asearide.^  and  oryu- 
Ttdej,)  which  are  often  found  there  in  great  numbers ; 
as  We  fay,  a  child  has  worm.i. 


WOR 

2.  In  zuolotry,  the  term  yennei  or  worms  has  been 
applied  toditrereiit  divisions  of  iiivertelinil  animals, 
by  different  naturnlisls.  Liniixus's  class  of  Serines 
includes  the  following  orders,  viz.,  Intestina,  in- 
cluding the  proper  intestinal  worms,  the  earth-worm, 
the  hair-worm,  the  teredo,  and  some  other  marine 
worms  ;  Mollu^ea,  including  the  slug,  and  numerous 
soft  animals  inhabiting  the  water,  particularly  the 
sea;  Te.itacea,  including  all  the  proper  shell-fish  ; 
Zuophyta,  or  compound  animals,  including  corals, 
polyp*'S,  and  sponges  ;  and  Iiifiutoria,  or  simple 
microscopic  animalcules.  His  character  of  the  class 
is,  spiracles  obscure,  jaws  various,  organs  of  sense 
usually  tentaciila,  no  brain,  ears,  nor  nostrils,  limbs 
wanting,  frequently  hermaphrodite.  This  class  in- 
cludes all  tlie  invertebral  animals,  except  the  insects 
and  Crustacea.  The  term  ycrmcs  has  been  since 
greatly  limited,  particularly  by  the  French  natural- 
ists. Lamarck  confined  it  to  the  intestinal  worms, 
and  some  others,  whose  organization  is  equ.ally 
simple.  The  character  of  his  class  is,  suboviparous, 
body  soft,  highly  reproductive,  undergo  no  metamor- 
phosis ;  no  eyes,  nor  articulated  limbs,  nor  radiated 
disposition  of  internal  organs.         /Annwus.  Cyc. 

3.  ilcmorsc ;  that  which  incessantly  gnaws  the 
conscience  ;  that  which  torments. 

Where  tlieir  worm  dieth  not,  —  Mark  iz« 

4.  A  being  debased  and  despised. 

1  ain  a  corn,  and  no  man.  —  Ps.  xiii. 

5.  A  spiral  instrument  or  iron  screw,  used  for 
drawing  wads  and  cartridges  from  cannon  or  small 
arms. 

6.  Something  spiral,  venniculated,  or  resembling 
a  worm,  as  the  threads  of  a  screw.  Mozon. 

7.  Jn  chemistry  and  distilleries,  a  spiral  metallic 
pipe  placed  in  a  tub  of  water,  through  which  the 
vapor  p-asses  in  disiilhition,  and  in  which  it  is  cooled 
and  condens  d.    It  is  called  also  aScitre^TiNE. 

8.  A  small  worm-Iikc  part  situated  beneath  a  dog's 
tongue.  Cyc. 

WOR.M,  (wurm,)  r.  t.  To  work  slowly,  gradually, 
and  secretly. 

When  ilebnlr-s  and  freltinj  Jealousy 

Di,l  worm  and  work  witiun  you  more  and  more, 

Vour  color  faded.  Herbert. 

WORM,  (wurm,)  r.  t.  To  expel  or  undermine  by 
slow  and  secret  means. 

They  find  tlienuelves  wormed  out  of  all  power.  5i^:/r. 

9.  To  cut  something,  called  a  worm,  from  under 
the  tongue  of  ;i  dog.  Cyc. 

3.  To  draw  the  wad  or  cartridge  from  a  gun  ;  to 
clean  by  the  worm. 

4.  To  wintl  a  rope  spirally  round  a  cable,  between 
the  strands ;  or  to  wind  a  smaller  rope  with  spun 
yarn.  jVar.  DicL 

To  worm  one's  self  into;  to  enter  gradu;dly  by  arts 
and  insi^iuations  ;  as,  to  wonn  one's  self  into  favor. 
VV0R.M'-F.AT-£N,  (wunn'eet-n,)  a.    ficorm  and  ec?.] 
Gnawed  by  worms;  as,  worm-eaten  boards,  planks, 
or  timber. 

2.  Old  ;  worthless.  Ralegh. 
WOR.M'f^D,  pp.    Cleared  by  a  worm  or  screw. 
WOR.M '-FENCE,  n.    A  zigzag  fence,  made  by  placing 

the  ends  of  the  rails  upon  each  oilier ;  sometimes 

called  a  Stake  Fesce. 
WOR.M'-GRXSS,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Spigelia, 

used  as  a  vermifuge. 
WOR.M'-HOLE,  n.   A  hole  made  by  the  gnawing  of  a 

worm. 

WOR.M'ING,  (wurm'ing)n.  The  act  or  operation  of  cut- 
tins  a  wcirni-like  ligament  from  under  a  dog's  tongue. 

WORM'ING,  p/T.  Entering  by  insinuation:  drawing, 
as  a  cartridge  ;  clearing,  as  a  gun ;  cutting  out  tlie 
worm  from  under  a  dog's  tongue. 

WCRM'-LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  worm ;  spiral;  ver- 
micular. 

WOR.M'-POW-DER,  n.  A  powder  used  for  expelling 
worms  frttm  the  stomach  and  intestines. 

WOR.M'-SEEO,  n.    A  seed  which  has  the  property  of 
expelling  worms  from  the  stomach,  bowels,  and  in- 
testines.   It  is  said  to  be  brought  fruni  Persia,  and  to 
be  the  produce  of  a  species  of  Artemisia.  Cyc. 
2.  A  plant  of  the  senus  Chenopodium.  Lee. 

WORM'-TI.\e-TL;RE,  n.  A  tincture  prepared  from 
earth-worms  dried,  pulverized, and  mixed  with  oil  of 
tartar,  spirit  of  wine,  saffron,  and  castor.  Cyc. 

WORM'WQOD,  n.    [Sax.  wermod ;  G.  wermnth.] 

A  plant,  the  .\rtemisia  Absinthium.  It  has  a  bit- 
ter, nauseous  taste  ;  but  it  is  stomachic  and  corrob- 
orant. Cyc. 

Tree-wormwood ;  a  speciesof  Artemisia,  with  woody 
stalks.  Cyc. 

WOR.M'Y,  (wurm'e,)a.  Containing  a  worm;  abound- 
ing with  worms. 
2.  Earthy  ;  eroveling. 

WoR.V,  pp.  of  Wear  ;  as,  a  garment  long  worn. 

WOR.N'-OUT,  pp.  or  a.  Consumed  or  rendered  use- 
less by  wearing. 

WOR'N'IL,  n,  A  maggot  that  infests  the  backs  of 
cows.  Derham. 

WOR'RAL,  n.  An  animal  of  the  lizard  kind,  about 
four  feel  long  and  eight  inches  broad,  with  a  forked 


WOR 

tongue.  It  feeds  on  Hies,  and  ia  harmless.  It  ii 
found  in  EgypU  Fococke.  Cyc 

WOll'RI-t'U,  (wur'rid,)  jip.  [from  worry. J  Harassed; 
fatigued. 

WOR'RI-ER,  n.  [from  trorry.]  One  that  worries  or 
harasses. 

VVOR'RY,  (wur're,)  r.  t.  [Sax.  werig,  malign,  rexa- 
tious  ;  weriffan,  werian,  to  disturb,  to  lease,  to  harass, 
to  weary ;  or  Dan.  urof,  trouble,  Sw.  ora.  The  sense 
of  tearing  does  not  properly  beliinc  to  this  word.  It 
may  have  that  sense  as  secondary.] 

1.  To  tease;  to  trouble;  to  haniss  with  importu- 
nity, or  with  care  and  anxiety.  Persons  are  ollen 
worried  with  care  and  solicitude. 

Let  them  rail. 

And  then  worr^  one  another  at  Uieir  pleasure.  Rvm. 
Worry  him  cut  uU  he  gives  his  cuiiseut.  Swi/U 
A  church  worried  wiUi  reTonnalion.  South. 

2.  To  fatigue ;  to  harass  with  labor ;  a  papular 
sense  of  the  word, 

3.  To  harass  by  pursuit  and  barking;  as,  doga 
teorrv  sheep. 

4.  Yo  tear ;  to  mangle  with  the  teeth. 

5.  To  vex  ;  to  persecute  brutally. 
WOR'RY-ING,  ppr.    Teasing;  troubling;  harassing; 

fatiguing ;  tearing. 

WOR'RY-LNG-LY,  a<fr.    Tcasingly  ;  harassingty. 

WORSE,  (wurse,)  a.  [Sax.  wa;rse,  wyrsc :  Dan.  cerre, 
Sw.  vdrre.  This  atljective  has  Ihe  signification  of 
the  comparative  degree,  and  as  bad  has  no  compara- 
tive and  superlative,  worse  and  worst  are  used  in  lieu 
of  them,  although  radically  they  have  no  relation  to 
bad.] 

1.  More  evil ;  more  bad  or  ill ;  more  depraved  and 
corrupt ;  in  a  moral  sense. 

r.vil  men  and  seducers  shall  wax  teorse  and  worse.  —  3  I'im.  Bi. 
Thcie  are  men  who  term  to  believe  th>.'y  are  not  Uul  while 
anoUier  can  be  found  wortt.  Rambler. 

2.  In  a  physical  sense,  in  regard  to  health,  more 
sick. 

She  was  nothing  bettered,  but  rather  grew  tsorse.  —  M:\ric  t. 

3.  More  bad  ;  less  perfect  or  good.  This  carriage 
is  worse  for  wear. 

7Vic  icorse  ;  the  loss  ;  the  disadvantage. 
Judah  was  put  to  the  worte  before  Israel. s— 2  Kings  xiv. 
2.  Something  less  good.    Think  not  the  worse  of 
him  for  his  enterprise. 
WORSE,  adv.    Ill  a  in.anner  more  evil  or  bad 

We  wiil  deal  worse  w  ith  thee  than  with  them.  — Gen.  xix. 

WORSE,  to  put  to  disadvantage,  is  not  in  use.  [See 
Worst.]  Milton. 

WORS'KN,  r.  (.    To  worse.    [A"o«  in  itj«.]  Milton. 

WORS'ER,  for  Worse,  is  a  vulgar  word,  and  not  used 
in  cotid  writing  or  speaking. 

WOR'SHIc",  (wur'ship,)  n.  [Sax.  weorthscirpe ;  worth 
and  skip  ;  the  state  of  worth  or  worthiness.  See 

WOHTK.I 

1.  Excellence  of  character;  dignity;  wortb ; 
worthiness. 

V.Xfin,  bom  of  noble  state. 
And  muckle  worship  in  his  native  land.  Spentrr. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete ; 
but  hence, 

2.  A  title  of  honor,  used  in  addresses  to  certain 
magistnites  and  others  of  respectable  character. 

My  father  desires  vour  t«»rsAip's  company.  Shak, 

3.  A  term  of  ironical  respect.  A'opf. 

4.  Chicfiy  and  eminently,  the  act  of  p.aying  divine 
honors  to  the  Supreme  Ileing  ;  or  the  reverence  and 
homage  paid  to  him  in  religious  exercises,  consisting 
in  adoration,  confession,  prayer,  thanksgiving,  and 
the  like. 

The  worship  of  God  is  an  eminent  part  of  religion.  TV/otson. 
Prayer  is  a  chief  part  of  relij^oos  worship.  TilloUon, 

5.  The  homage  paid  to  idols  or  false  gods  by  pa- 
gans ;  as,  the  worship  of  Isis. 

6.  Honor  ;  respect ;  civil  deference. 

Then  ihalt  thou  have  worship  in  the  presence  of  them  that  sit  at 
meat  with  thee.  —  Luke  xiv. 

7.  Idolatry  of  lovers  ;  obsequious  or  submissive  re- 
spect. -  ShaJi, 

WOR'SHIP,  (wur'ship,)  r.  I,  To  adore  ;  to  pay  divine 
honors  to ;  to  reverence  with  supreme  respect  and 
veneration. 

Thou  Shalt  worship  no  other  Gwi.  —  Ex.  xxxiv. 

Adore  and  isors.^jp  Gud  supreme.  Milton. 

2.  To  respect ;  to  honor  ;  lo  treat  with  civil  rever- 
ence. 

Nor  worshiped  with  a  waxen  epitaph.  Shak, 

3.  To  honor  with  extravagant  love  and  extreme 
submission,  as  a  lover. 

With  bended  knees  I  daily  worthip  her.  Cartw, 

WOR'SHIP,  r.  t.   To  perform  acts  of  adoration. 
2.  To  perform  religious  service. 

Onr  fath-rs  worshiped  in  this  mountain.  — John  i» 
W'OR'SHIP-KD,  (wur'shipt,)  pp.     .Adored  .  treated 

with  divine  honors  ;   treated  with  civil  lespect 
WOR'SlllP-ER,  n.    One  who  worships    one  who 
pays  divine  honors  to  any  being ;  one  who  adores. 

South. 


TC.VE,  BJiLL,  i:.\ITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOi:S.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


160 


CCCCC 


1273 


WOR 


WOU 


WRA 


WOR'SHIP-FIJL,  a.  Claiming  respect;  worthy  of 
lionur  from  iis  charactLT  or  dignity. 

Tills  is  toorship/ut  society.  SfjJc. 
9.  A  term  of  respect,  sometimes  ironically. 
W0R'?H1P  Fl,L.-LY,  a<ic.    Respectfully.  SItak. 
WOirJ*HIP-ING.  ppr.    Adoring;  pajing  divine  hon- 
ors to;  treating  with  supreme  reverence;  treating 
with  extreme  submission. 
WORST,  (wurst,)  a.    [superl.  of  Worse,  which  see.] 

1.  Most  bad  ;  most  evil  ;  in  a  moral  sense;  as,  the 
wont  man  ;  the  worst  sinner. 

2.  Most  severe  or  dangerous ;  most  difficult  to 
heal ;  as,  the  worst  disease. 

3.  Most  afflictive,  pernicious,  or  calamitous;  as, 
the  worst  evil  that  can  befall  a  state  or  an  individual. 

WORST,  n.    The  most  evil  state  ;  in  a  moral  sense. 

2.  The  most  severe  or  aggravated  stale  ;  the  hight ; 
as,  the  disease  is  at  the  wtrt-st. 

3.  The  most  calamitous  state.  Be  armed  against 
the  worst. 

WORS  T,  (wurst,)  ».  U  To  get  the  advantage  over  in 
contest ;  to  defeat ;  to  overthrow.  It  is  madness  to 
contend  when  we  are  sure  to  be  worsted. 

WORST' ED,  (wurst'ed,)  p/>.    Defeated;  overthrown. 

WQRST'ED,  (wust'ed,)  n.  [The  origin  of  this  word 
is  uncertain.  It  is  usually  supposed  to  take  its  name 
from  a  town  in  England  or  in  Flanders.] 

Yarn  made  of  wool  drawn  out  into  long  filaments 
by  passing  it,  when  oiled,  through  heated  combs.  It 
is  used  for  stockings  and  various  other  fine  fabrics. 

Ure. 

WORST'ED,  a.     Consisting  of  worsted ;  made  of 

worsted  yarn  ;  as,  worsted  stockings. 
WORT,  (wurt,)  n.     [Sax.  loyH  ;  G.  wurz  ;  Sw.  ort ; 

Dan.  urt:  Fr.  vert,  verd ;  from  the  root  of  L.  vireo,  to 

grow  ;  riridis,  green.] 

1.  A  plant ;  an  herb ;  now  used  chiefly  or  whol- 
ly in  compounds ;  as  in  mugwort,  licerwart,  spleen- 
wort. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  cabbage  kind. 

3.  New  beer  unfermented,  or  in  the  act  of  ferment- 
ation ;  the  sweet  infusion  of  malt.     Bacon.  Cyc. 

WOR'l'H,  (wurth,)  a  termination,  signifies  a  farm  or 

court ;  as,  in  Wordsworth. 
WORTH,  (wurth,)  i'.  i.    [Sax.  weorthan,  to  be.] 

This  verb  is  now  used  only  in  the  phrases,  woe 

trortA  the  day,  woe  worth,  the  man,  &c.,  in  which  the 

verb  is  in  the  imperative  mode,  and  the  noun  in  the 

dative  ;  woe  be  to  the  day. 
WORTH,  (wurth,)  71.     [Sax.  weoth,  wurth,  wijrlh  ;  G. 

werth  ;  D.  waarde  ;  S  w.  vdrd ;  Dan.  rterd  ;  W.  gwerth ; 

L.  rirtus,  from  the  root  of  vireo.   The  primary  sense 

is  strength.] 

1.  Value  ;  that  quality  of  a  thing  which  renders  it 
useful,  or  which  will  produce  an  equivalent  good  in 
some  other  thing.  The  wortli  of  a  day's  labor  may 
be  estimated  in  money,  or  in  wheat.  The  worth  of 
labor  is  settled  between  the  hirer  and  the  hired.  The 
worth  of  commodities  is  usually  the  price  they  will 
bring  in  market ;  but  price  is  not  always  worth. 

2.  Value  of  mental  qualities  ;  excellence;  virtue; 
usefulness ;  as,  a  man  or  magistrate  of  great  worth. 

As  none  but  she,  who  in  that  court  did  dwell, 
Could  know  stich  worth,  or  trorth  describe  so  well.  Waller. 
All  iBorth  consists  ill  doing  good,  and  iu  the  disposition  by  which 
it  is  done.  Dwight. 

3.  Importance ;  valuable  qualities ;  applied  to 
things;  as,  these  things  have  since  lo.st  their  worth. 

WORTH,  (wurth,)  a.  Equal  in  value  to.  Silver  is 
scarce  -worth  the  labor  of  digging  and  refining.  In 
one  country,  a  day's  labor  is  wortA  a  dollar ;  in  an- 
other, the  same  labor  is  not  worth  fifty  cents.  It  is 
wortii  while  to  consider  a  subject  well  before  we 
come  to  a  decision, 

If  your  argfumenU  produce  no  conviction,  they  are  vorth  noth- 
ing to  me.  Btaitie 

2.  Deserving  of;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense,  but 
chiefly  in  a  good  sense.  The  castle  is  worth  defend- 
ing. 

To  rei^  is  worth  ambition,  though  in  hell.  l^JUton. 
This  is  life  indeed,  life  worlA  preserving.  Addison. 

3.  Equal  in  possessions  to;  having  estate  to  the 
value  of  Most  men  are  estimated  by  their  neigh- 
bors to  be  worth  more  than  they  are.  A  man  worth  a 
hundred  thousand  dollars  in  the  United  States  is 
called  rich  ;  hut  not  so  in  Ltindon  or  Paris. 

Worthiest  of  blood  ;  an  expression  in  law,  denoting 
the  preference  of  sons  to  daughters  in  the  descent  of 
estates. 

WOR'THI-ER,  a.  eomp.    More  worthy. 
WOR'THI-EST,  a.  superl.    Most  woithy.  Borrow. 
WOR'THI-LY,  (wiir'lhe-lc,) orfi).    In  a  manncrsuited 
to;  as,  to  walk  worthily  of  our  extraction.  [Bad.] 

Ray. 

2.  Deservedly  ;  according  to  merit. 

You  teonJiU)f  iiicecei)  not  only  to  the  houon  of  your  nnceston, 
but  nUo  to  their  virtues.  Drydtn. 

3.  Justly  ;  not  without  cause. 

I  alTirm  thiu  some  may  very  uwrl/iUy  d- 

WOR'TIII-NES.S,  (wur'thc-neis,)  71.     Desert ;  merit. 

Tl»e  pmyer*  which  our  Savior  mailn  were  for  his  own  wortlii. 
n£tt  occ/  pted.  Hooker. 


2.  E.xcellence  ;  dignity  ;  virtue. 

Who  is  sure  he  h«th  a  soul,  unless 

ll  see,  and  judgv,  nnd  follow  aorthineee  ?  Donnt. 

3.  Worth  ;  quality  or  state  of  deserving.  Sidney. 
WORTIl'LESS,  a.    Having  no  value;  as,  a  worthless 

garment ;  a  wortlile.^s  ship. 

2.  Having  no  value  of  character  or  no  virtue  ;  as, 
a  worthless  man  or  woman. 

3.  Having  no  dignity  or  excellence ;  as,  a  worthless 
magistrate. 

WORTH'LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  worthless  manner. 

WORTH'LESS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  value  ;  want  of 
useful  qualities  ;  as,  the  worthlessness  of  an  old  gar- 
ment, or  of  barren  land. 

2.  Want  of  excellence  or  dignity  ;  as,  the  wortli- 
/ctsncss  of  a  person. 

WOR'THY,  (xvur'the,)  a.  [G.wurdig;  D.  waardig  ; 
Sw.  vdrdig/] 

1.  Deserving ;  such  as  merits ;  having  worth  or  ex 
celleiice  ;  equivalent ;  with  of  before  the  thing  de- 
served.   She  h.is  married  a  man  worthy  of  her. 

Thou  art  worthy  of  the  sway.  Slialc. 
I  am  not  worthy  o/the  least  of  all  the  mercies.  — Gen.  xxxii. 

2.  Possessing  worth  or  excellence  of  qualities  ; 
virtuous  ;  estimable ;  as,  a  wortJiy  citizen  ;  a  worthy 
magistrate. 

MUlon. 
DavieB. 


Happier  thou  mayst  be,  vtorlhier  canst  not  be. 
This  worthy  mind  should  worthy  things  embiace. 


3.  Suitable;  having  qualities  suited  to  ;  either  in  a 
good  or  bad  sense ;  equal  in  value ;  as,  flowers  worthy 
of  paradise. 

4.  Suitable  to  any  thing  bad. 

The  merciless  Macdouald, 
Worthy  to  be  a  rebel.  Shak. 

5.  Deserving  of  ill ;  as,  things  worthy  of  stripes. 
Luke  xii. 

WOR'THY,  (wur'the,)  n.  A  man  of  eminent  worth  ; 
a  man  distinguished  for  useful  and  estimable  quali- 
ties ;  a  man  of  valor  ;  a  word  much  used  in  the  plural; 
as,  the  worthies  of  the  church;  political  worthies; 
military  worthies.  HohjJay.  Milton. 

WOR'THY,  (wur'tfie,)  v.  t.  To  render  worthy  ;  to  ex- 
alt.   [JVof  in  MAC.]  Shak. 

WOT,  V.  i.  [Originally  Wat  ;  the  preterit  of  Sax. 
witan,  to  know,  formerly  used  also  in  the  present 
tense.] 

To  know  ;  to  be  aware.  [Oft^.]  Spenser. 
WOULD,  (W9od, )pret.  of  Will.  [G.  wollen  ;  L.  volo.] 
'  Would  is  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb  in  conditional 
forms  of  speech.  "  I  would  go  if  I  could."  This 
form  of  expression  denotes  will  or  resolution,  under  a 
condition  or  supposition. 

You  would  go,  j  denote  simply  an  event  under  a 

He  would  go,    \     condition  or  supposition. 

The  condition  implied  in  would  is  not  always  ex- 
pressed. "By  pleasure  and  pain  I  would  be  under- 
stood to  mean  what  delights  or  molests  us  ; "  that  is, 
if  it  should  be  asked  what  I  mean  by  pleasure  and 
pain,  I  would  thus  explain  what  I  wish  to  have  un- 
derstood. In  this  form  of  expression,  which  is  very 
common,  there  seems  to  be  an  implied  allusion  to  an 
inquiry,  or  to  the  supposition  of  something  not  ex- 
pressed. 

Would  has  the  sense  of  wish  or  pray,  particularly 
in  the  phrases  "  would  to  God,"  "  loould  God  we  had 
died  in  Egypt,"  "  I  would  that  you  knew  tvhat  con- 
flict I  have  ;"  that  is,  I  could  wish  such  a  thing,  if 
the  wish  could  avail.  Here  also  there  is  an  implied 
condition. 

Would  is  used  also  for  wish  to  do,  or  to  have.  What 

woultlst  tlioii      What  would  he  .' 
WOULD'ING,  (wud'ding,)  n.  Motion  of  desire.  [JVo( 

in  use.]  Hammond. 
WOUND,  (wound  or  woond,)  ;u  [Sax.  Wiind;  D.wond; 

G.  wunde  ;  W.  gwanu,  to  thrust,  to  stab.] 

1.  A  breach  of  the  skin  and  flesh  of  an  animal,  or 
of  the  bark  and  wood  of  a  tree,  or  of  the  bark  and 
substance  of  other  plants,  caused  by  violence  or  ex- 
ternal force.  The  self-healing  power  of  living  beings, 
animal  or  vegetable,  by  which  the  parts  separated  in 
wounds  tend  to  unite  and  become  sound,  is  a  remark- 
able proof  of  divine  benevolence  and  wisdom. 

2.  Injury;  hurt;  as,  a  wound  given  to  credit  or 
reputation. 

[Walker  condemns  the  pronunciation  woond  as  a 
"  capricious  novelty."  It  is  certainly  opposed  to  an 
important  princi[)le  of  our  language,  viz.,  that  words 
in  ou,  of  Saxon  origin,  retain  the  regular  Saxon  sound 
of  oWy  as  sound,  ground,  found.  Sec,  while  wortis  de- 
rived from  the  French  have  the  sound  of  ou  in  that 
language,  as  soup,  group.  Sec.  It  is  very  undesirable 
to  break  in  upon  this  rule,  though  woond  is  undoubt- 
edly the  fashionable  pronunciation.  —  Kd.] 
WOUND,  (wound  or  woond,)  r.  t.  To  hurt  by  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  wound  the  head  or  the  arm  ;  to  wound  a 
tree. 

He  was  wounded  fur  our  transgressions.  —  Is.  liii. 

WOUND,  pret,  and  pp.  of  Wind. 
WOUND'ED,  p/).    Hurt  ;  injured. 
WOUND'ER,  n.    One  that  wounds. 
WOIIND'ING,  ppr.    Hurting;  injuring. 
WOUND'ING,  n.    Hurt;  injury.    Ocn.  iv. 


WOUND'LESS,  a.    Free  from  hurt  or  injury. 
WOU.\D'VV0RT,  n.  The  name  of  several  plants ;  one 
a  species  of  Aciiillea  ;  another  of  the  genus  Stachys 
or  Hedgenettle  ;  another  a  species  of  Laserpitium ; 
another  a  species  of  Sulidago;  and  another  a  species 
of  Senecio  Cyc. 
WOUND'Y,  a.    Excessive.    [  Vulgar.]  Oay. 
WOVE,  pret.  of  Weave,  sometimes  the  participle. 
WoV'£N,  pp.  or  a.  from  Weave. 
WOX,  WOX'£N,  for  Waxed.    [JVo«  used.] 

JVote —  W  before  r  is  always  silent. 
WR-iCK,  (rak,)  n.    [See  Wreck.]    A  name  given  to 
a  marine  plant,  out  of  which  kelp  is  made,  and 
which  is  also  of  great  utility  as  a  manure.    It  is 
sometimes  called  Sea-Wrack  or  Sea-Wreck,  and 
Sea-Oak  and  Sea-Taxcle.    It  is  the  Fucus  vesicu- 
losus  of  Linn.TUs,  a  plant  found  on  rocks  left  dry  at 
low  water.    The  stalk  runs  along  the  middle  of  the 
leaf,  and  is  terminated  by  watery  bladders.  Cyc. 
The  grass-wrack  is  of  the  genus  Zostera.  Lee. 
Wrack,  and  to  wrack.    See  Wreck. 
WRACK'FUL,  a.    Ruinous  ;  destructive. 
WRaIN'-BoLT.    See  Wring-Bolt. 
WRAITH,  71.    An  apparition  of  a  person  in  his  exact 
likeness,  seen  before  death  or  a  little  after.  [Scot- 
tish.] Jamieson, 
WRAN"GLE,  (rang'gl,)  v.  i.  [from  the  root  o(  taring, 
Sw.  vriinga  ;  that  is,  to  wring,  to  twist,  to  struggle, 
to  contend  ;  or  it  is  from  tne  roo.t  of  ring,  to  sound.] 
To  dispute  angrily  ;  to  quarrel  peevishly  and  nois- 
ily ;  to  brawl ;  to  altercate. 

For  a  score  of  kingdoms  you  should  wrangle.  S\ak. 
He  did  not  know  what  it  was  to  wrangle  ou  indifferent  points. 

Addison. 

WRAN"GLE,  (rang'gl,)  v.  t.  To  involve  in  conten- 
tion.   [Liltle  used.]  Sanderson. 

WRAN"GLE,  (rang'gl,)  71.  An  angry  dispute ;  a  noisy 
quarrel.  Swift. 

WR.'\N"GLER,  (rang'gler,)  n.  An  angry  disputant ; 
one  who  disputes  with  heat  or  peevishness ;  as,  a 
noisy,  contentious  wrangler.  Watts. 

Senior  wrangler  ;  in  the  university  of  Cambridge,  the 
student  who  passes  the  best  examination  in  the  sen- 
ate-house. Then  follow  the  second,  third,  &c.,  wran- 
glers. 

WRAN"GLE-SOME,  (rang'gl-sum,)  a.  Contentious; 

quarrelsome.  Moore. 
WRAN"GLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Disputing  or  contending 

angrilv. 

WRAN''GLING,  n.    The  act  of  disputing  angrily. 
WR.\P,  (rap,;  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Wrapped  or  Wrapt. 

1.  To  tvind  or  fold  together.    John  xx. 

2.  To  involve ;  to  cover  by  tvinding  something 
round  ;  often  with  vp  ;  as,  to  wrap  up  a  child  in  its 
blanket ;  wrap  the  body  well  with  flannel  in  winter. 

1,  wrapt  in  mist 
Of  midnight  vapor,  glide  obscure.  Milton. 

3.  To  involve ;  to  hide  ;  as,  truth  wrapt  in  tales. 

4.  To  comprise  ;  to  contain. 

Leontine's  young  wife,  in  whom  all  his  happiness  was  wrapped 
up,  died  iu  a  few  days  after  the  death  of  her  daughter. 

Addison. 

5.  To  involve  totally. 

Things  reflected  on  in  gross  and  transiently,  are  thought  to  tie 
wrapped  in  impenetrabte  obscurity.  Locke. 

6.  To  inolose. 

7.  To  snatch  up;  to  transport.  [This  is  an  error; 
the  true  spelling  is  Rap  or  Rapt,  from  the  verb  ra- 

pio.] 

WRAP'PA6E,  n.    That  which  wraps. 

WR APT,^°'  ^"^"''^  I PP-  ■^'''"""'^ ;  ^"^^^^  '  '"<='°'«''- 
WRAP'PER,  71.    One  that  tvraps. 

2.  That  in  which  any  thing  is  wrapped  or  in- 
closed. 

3.  A  loose  garment ;  applied  sometimes  to  a  lady's 
undress,  and  sometimes  to  a  loose  overcoat. 

WRAP'PING,  ppr.  Winding;  folding;  involving; 
inclosing. 

2.  a.  Used  or  designed  for  wrapping  or  covering ; 
as,  wrapping  paper. 

WRAP'RAS-CAL,  ji.  An  old  cant  term  for  a  coarse 
upper  coat.  Smart. 

WRASSE,  n.  The  English  name  of  a  number  of  fish- 
es inhabiting  the  rocky  parts  of  the  coast,  and  be- 
longing to  the  family  Labrida;,  (genus  Labrus,  I. inn.) 
They  are  prickly-spined,  hard-boned  fishes,  with  ob- 
long, scaly  bodies,  and  a  single  dorsal  fin.  Many  of 
them  present  vivid  colors.  P.  Cyc. 

WRATH,  (rith,)  71.  [Sax.  irratA,  Kr<rfA ;  Sw.  and  D. 
vrede ;  VV.  irad,  of  which  L.  ira  is  a  contraction  ;  Ar. 

1  •'•  \  .\  eratha;  Gr.  cpcQtj,  to  provoke.  Class  Rd,No. 
36.] 

1.  Violent  angei; ;  vehement  exasperation  ;  indig- 
nation ;  as,  the  wrath  of  Achilles. 

When  the  wrath  of  Kinj  Ahasuenis  was  appeaxd.  —  Esth.  li. 

O  Lord  —  in  wrath  rvnieinbcr  mercy.  —  Hab.  iii. 

2.  The  efl(?ct3  of  nngor.    Proe.  xxvii. 

3.  The  just  punishment  of  an  offense  or  crim^. 
Rom.  xiii. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRgY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1274 


Come  toreak  his  Ions,  whom  bootl'*Rs  ye  complal 
Anullicr'a  wruii^  to  wreak  \i\n>fi  (hjreoir. 


WRE 

Ood's  wrath,  in  Scripture,  is  his  holy  and  just  in- 
di'^untion  nsninst  sin.    Rout.  i. 

WRATII'FIJL,  (raitli'-,)  a.  Very  ancry  ;  greatly  in- 
censed,  i'lie  king  was  very  tcratltful. 

12.  Sprinj;ing  from  wrath,  or  expressing  it ;  as, 
wrathful  passions;  a  virathful  countenance. 

VVRA'ril'Flv'L-I-V,  adu.    With  violent  anger.  Shale. 

VVRXTH'Ft,iL-NESS,  n.    Vehement  anger. 

WKATH'I-LY,  ado.    Verv  angrily. 

VVIlATH'LEtfS,  a.    Free  from  anger.  fTaller. 

WKATH'Y,  a.    Very  angry  ;  a  colloquial  tcord. 

VVUAWL,  (rawl,)  v.  i.    [Sw.  vrdla,  to  bawl.] 

'1^0  cry  as  a  cat,    [JVot  in  use.]  iipenser. 

WRfi.\K,  (reek,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  icrtscan,  mrifccan ;  D. 
wreeken ;  G.  rdchcn ;  perhaps  allied  to  break.  The 
sense  is,  to  drive  or  throw,  to  dash  with  violence. 

See  Ar.  ^j^-    Class  Rg,  No.  32,  and  No.  48.] 

1.  To  execute  ;  to  inflict;  to  hurl  or  drive;  as,  to 
wreak  vengeance  on  an  enemy. 

On  iiic  Id  Death  wrtak  all  his  rago.  Milton. 

2.  To  revenge. 

[_7'Aw  hitter  sense  is  nearhj  or  quite  obsolete.] 
WUk.AK,  for  Reck,  to  care,  is  a  mistake.  Shak. 
VVRr;.'\K,  «.    Uevenge  ;  vengeance;  furious  p,ission. 

[Ohs.}  "  Shak.  SpeiL^er. 

WRkAK'FIJL,  0.  Revengeful ;  angry.  Shak. 
WRk.AK'LKSS,  a.  Unrevcngeful ;  weak.  Shak. 
VVIU;\TII,  (reeth,)  7i.     [Sax.  wrtetlt,  wreath.  See 

Writhe.) 

1.  Somuthing  twisted  or  curled;  as,  a  wrcatli  of 
flowers.  Hence, 

2.  .\  garland  ;  a  chaplet. 

Nor  wctir  hia  bnjws  viilorious  wreatha.  Anon. 

WRkATHE,  e.  U  ;  pret.  WREiTHEO  ;  pp.  Wreathed, 

Wheathen. 

1.  To  twist ;  to  convolve  ;  to  wind  one  about  an- 
other ;  as,  to  wreathe  a  garland  of  flowers. 

2.  To  interweave;  to  entwine;  as,  chains  of 
wreathed  work. 

3.  To  encircle,  as  a  garland. 

The  flowers  Ihnl  wreathe  llic  sparkling  bowl.  Prior. 

4.  To  encircle  as  with  a  garland ;  to  dress  in  a  gar- 
land. 

And  with  thy  winding  ivy  wreathes  her  lance.  Drydtn, 

WREATHE,  K.  i.  To  be  interwoven  or  entwined  ; 
as,  a  bower  of  wrealhiiiir  trees.  Dnjden. 

WRSATU'EI),  (reethd,)  pp.  or  a.  Twisted;  en- 
twj^iied  ;  interwoven. 

WKk.ATH'ING,  ppr.  Twisting;  entwining;  encir- 
cling. 

WRRATH'LE.SS,  a.   Destitute  of  a  wreath. 

WKf.ATH'Y,  (ree'the,)  o.  Twisted  ;  curled  ;  spiral ; 
as,  a  wreathy  spire, 

WRECK,  (rek,)  «,  [Dan.  vrag,  a  wreck,  sMptirreek; 
Sw.  era*,  refuse;  Sax.  iprxc,  wracca,  an  exile,  a 
wretch  ;  D.  wrak,  broken,  a  wreck.  This  word  sig- 
nifies properly  tlmt  which  is  cast,  driven,  or  dashed, 
or  that  which  is  broken  1 

1.  Destruction  ;  properly,  the  destruction  of  a  ship 
or  vessel  on  the  shore.  Hence, 

2.  The  ruins  of  a  ship  stranded  ;  a  ship  dashed 
against  rocks  or  land,  and  broken,  or  otherwise  ren- 
dered useless,  by  violence  and  fracture. 

3.  In  law,  goods,  &c.,  which,  after  a  shipwreck, 
are  cast  upon  the  land  by  the  sea.  Bouvitr. 

4.  Dissolution  by  violence ;  ruin  ;  destruction. 
1'he  wreck  of  matter  and  llic  crush  of  worlds.  Addison. 

5.  The  remains  of  any  Uiing  ruined ;  dead  weeds 
and  grass. 

6.  In  metalluriry,  the  vessel  in  which  ores  are 
washed  the  third  time. 

7.  Wreck,  for  Wreak,  is  less  proper.  [See  also 
Rack.  ) 

WRECK,  r.  L    [Sw.  rrilAo,  to  throw  away.] 

1.  To  strand  ;  to  drive  against  the  shore,  or  dash 
against  rocks,  and  break  or  destroy.  The  ship  Dia- 
mond of  New  York  w;is  wrecked  on  a  rock  in  Cardi- 
gan Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Wales. 

2.  To  ruin  ;  as,  they  irrfc*  their  own  fortunes. 

3.  \Vbeck,  for  Wreak,  is  improper.  Shak. 
WRECK,  r.  i.  To  suffer  wreck  or  ruin.  Milton. 
WRECK'iCD,  (rekl,)  pp.    Dashed  against  the  shore  or 

on  rocks  ;  stranded  and  ruinetl. 

WRECK'ER,  n.    One  who  seeks  the  wrecks  of  ships. 

WRECK'FIJL,  a.    Causing  wreck. 

WRECK'ING,  ppr.  Stranding;  tunning  on  rocks  or 
on  shore ;  ruining. 

WRECK'-MAS-TER,  n.  A  person  appointed  by  law 
to  lake  charge  of  goods,  &c.,  thrown  on  shore  aAer 
a  shipwreck. 

WREN,  (ren,)  n.    [Sw.  wrenna:  Ir.  drean.'] 

One  of  a  group  of  small  insessorial  birds.  Wrens 
feed  on  insects,  ic,  and  are  often  very  familiar 
with  man.  Accordins  to  Cuvier's  armngeinent,  the 
common  wrens  are  of  the  genus  Troglodytes  ;  the 
gold-cresled  wrens  of  the  gi  nns  Regiiliis.    P.  Cyc. 


WRE 

WRENCH,  (rench,)  ».  r  [G.  cc rrc n*eii ;  Ti.verwrin- 
gen.    SocWrimi;.    (in.  Ir./rfuiic. ] 

1.  To  pull  Willi  a  twist ;  to  wrest,  twist,  or  force 
by  violence ;  as,  to  wrench  a  sword  from  another's 
hand. 

2.  To  strain  ;  to  sprain  ;  to  distort. 

Vou  wrenched  your  fool  ugiiinst  a  stone.  Swi/t. 
WRENCH,  (rench,)  n.    A  violent  twist,  or  a  pull  with 
twisting. 

2.  A  sprain  ;  an  injury  by  twisting;  as  in  a  joint. 

Locke. 

3.  An  instrument  for  screwing  or  unscrewing 
iron  work. 

4.  iNIeans  of  compulsion.    [M>t  used.]  Bacon. 

5.  In  tA«p/ura/,  sleights  ;  subtilties.  [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

WRENCH'£D,  (rencht,)  pp.  Pulled  with  a  twist ; 
sprainetl. 

WRENCII'ING,  ppr.    Pulling  with  a  twist ;  wresting 

violently  ;  spraining. 
WREST,  (rest,)  v.  t.    [Sax.  wraistan  ;  G.  reissen,  to 

wrest,  to  snatch  or  pull,  to  burst,  to  tear;  Dan. 

vrister.    (ill.  L.  Testis,  a  rope.] 

1.  To  twist  or  extort  by  violence  ;  to  pull  or  force 
from  by  violent  wringing  or  twisting  ;  as,  to  wrest 
an  instrument  from  another's  hands. 

2.  To  take  or  force  from  by  violence.  The  enemy 
made  a  great  ertbrt,  and  wrested  the  victory  from 
our  bands. 

But  fite  has  wrested  the  confi*»»ion  from  mc.  .Addtion. 

3.  To  distort ;  to  turn  from  truth  or  twist  from  its 
natural  meaning  by  violence  ;  to  pervert. 

Wrest  once  the  law  to  your  anthorily.  Shak. 
Thou  sh;ill  nut  i»re»(  the  jmlgiuent  of  the  poor.  —  El.  xxiii. 
Which  they  tliat  are  unlearned  and  unstidde  wrest,  as  ih-  y  do 
also  llie  otJier  scriptures,  to  their  own  deslrucuon.  — 'i  Pet. 

WREST,  (rest,)  n.  Distortion  ;  violent  pulling  and 
twisting ;  perversion.  Honker. 

2.  Active  or  moving  power.  [JVot  lucd.]  Spenser. 

3.  An  instrument  to  tune. 

WREST'ED,  pp.  Pulled  with  twisting  ;  distorted  ; 
perverted. 

WKEST'ER,  n-    One  who  wrests  or  perverts. 
WREST'ING,  ppr.    Pulling  with  a  twist ;  distorting  ; 
perverting. 

WRES'TLE,  (res'l,)  ti.  i.  [Sax.  wrastlian  or  wraxlian  ; 
D.  worstilen.  If  wrazlian  is  the  true  orthography, 
this  word  belongs  to  Class  Ug ;  otherwise  it  is  from 
wrest.] 

1.  To  strive  with  arms  extended,  as  two  men,  who 
seize  each  other  by  tin- collar  and  arms,  each  endeav- 
oring to  throw  the  other  by  tripping  up  his  heels  and 
twitching  him  off  his  center. 

Another,  tiy  a  f;dl  in  wresUiitg,  started  the  end  of  the  clavicle 
irom  the  sternuni.  Wiseman. 

2.  To  struggle;  to  strive  ;  to  contend. 

We  wrestle  not  aguinst  flesh  and  blood.  —  Eph.  vi. 
WRES'TLER,  n.    One  who  wrestles  ;  or  one  who  is 

skillful  in  wrestling. 
WRES'TUNG,  ppr.    Striving  to  throw  ;  contending. 
WRES'TLING,  n.    Strife;  struggle;  contention. 
WRETCH,  (retch,)  ?i.     [f^ax.  wracca,  one  who  is 

driven  ;  an  exile.    See  Wreck,  and  piy,  Class  Itg, 

No.  48.] 

1.  A  miserable  person ;  one  sunk  in  the  deepest 
distress  ;  as,  a  forlorn  wretch. 

2.  A  wortliless  mortal ;  as,  a  contemptible  wretch. 

3.  A  person  sunk  in  vice  ;  as,  a  profligate  wretch. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  slight  or  iron- 
ical pity  or  contempt. 

Poor  wretch  was  never  frighted  so.  Drayton. 

5.  It  is  sometimes  used  to  express  tenderness ;  as 
we  sav,  poor  thing. 

WRETCH'ED,  a.  Very  miserable  ;  sunk  into  deep 
affliction  or  distress,  either  from  want,  anxiety,  or 
grief. 

The  wretched  find  no  friends.  Dryden, 

2.  Calamitous;  very  afflicting;  as,  the  wretched 
condition  of  slaves  in  Algiers. 

3.  Worthless ;  paltry ;  very  poor  or  mean  ;  as,  a 
wretched  pt>em  ;  a  wretched  cabin. 

4.  Despicable  ;  hatefully  vile  and  contemptible, 
lie  was  giiiltv  of  wretched  ingratitude. 

WRETCH'ED-LY,  adc.  Most  miserably  ;  very  poor- 
ly.   The  prisoners  were  wretcludly  lodgetl. 

2.  Unhappily ;  as,  two  w;irs  wretchedly  entered 
upon.  Clurendon. 

3.  Meanly ;  despicably  ;  as,  a  discourse  wretchedly 
delivered. 

WRETCH'ED-NESS,  n.  Extreme  misery  orunhappi- 
ness,  either  from  want  or  sorrow  ;  as,  the  wretched- 
ness of  poor  mendicants. 

We  have,  with  the  f-elin?,  lost  the  very  memorj  of  such  wretch- 
edness as  our  forefathers  endur^.  Ralegh. 
The  prwtif^al  brought  noUiing  to  bis  father  but  his  ni^H  and 
wretchedmss.  Dwtght. 

2.  Meanness;  despicableness  ;  as,  the  urre(<:A«dnM« 
of  a  performance. 
VVRETCH'I.ESS,  for  Reckless.  ) 
WRETCH'LESS-NESS,  for  Reck- >  are  improper. 

LESSNE99,  ) 


WRI 

WRIG,  for  Wrioole.    [JVof  in  u-te.] 
WIUG'GLE,  (rig'gl,)  v.  i.    [W.  rhunlaw,  to  move 
briskly  ;  D.  wrifr^relen  or  wrviken.] 
To  move  the  boily  to  and  fro  with  short  motions. 

Both  he  and  liis  succeuors  woot<l  olteo  wriggle  in  Uieir  seats,  as 
long  OS  the  cushion  lasted.  Swi/l. 

WRIG'GLE,  (rig'gl,)  v.  t.  To  put  into  a  quick,  re- 
ciprocating motion  ;  to  introduce  by  a  shifting  mo- 
tion. 

Wriggling  .\\\n  body  to  recover 

Uis  s«-ut,  and  cist  Ills  hi^ht  leg  over.  Hudibrat. 

WRIG'GLER,  n    One  who  wriggles. 
WRIG'GLI.NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Moving  the  body  one  way 

and  the  other  with  quick  turns. 
WRIGHT,  (rile,)  n.    [Sax.  wnjiua;  from  the  root  of 

work.  ] 

An  artificer ;  one  whose  occupation  is  some  kind 
of  mechanical  business;  a  workin""  a  manufac- 
turer. This  word  is  now  chiefly  used  in  compounds, 
as  in  shiptrriifht,  wheelwritrhu 
WRIN(i,  (ring,)  v.  I.;  pret.  and  pp.  Wrinoed  and 
WRU^<^.  The  latter  is  chiefly  iLsetl.  [Sax.  lorinfraii  ; 
G.  rinfreii ;  D.  wriujren  ;  Dan.  vmntrer  ;  Sw.  vrttnga ; 
Dan.  rinser.    Tln^  sense  is,  to  strain.] 

1.  To  twist ;  to  turn  and  strain  with  violence  ;  as, 
to  wnng  clothes  in  wa.sliing 

2.  To  squeeze  ;  to  press  ;  to  forrc  by  twisting  ;  aa, 
to  wrins  water  out  of  a  wet  garment. 

3.  To  writhe  ;  as,  to  wring  the  body  in  pain. 

4.  To  pinch. 

The  kin?  began  to  find  where  his  shoe  did  wring  him. 

[Obi.\  Bacon. 
If  he  h.id  not  be^-n  too  much  grieved  and  tffrung  by  an  uneasy 

and  strait  fi'rtune.    [Obs.)  (Brendan. 

5.  To  distress;  to  press  with  pain. 

Didst  thou  taste  but  half  Uie  griefs 
That  wring  my  soul,  thou  could«t  not  Ldk  Uiu«  coldly. 

Additon, . 

6.  To  distort ;  to  pervert. 

How  tiare  these  men  diua  igring  die  Scripturvs^  Whitgi/U. 

7.  To  persecute  with  extortion. 

These  merchant  adventurers  have  been  often  wronged  and 
wringed  to  the  quick.  Hayteard. 

8.  To  bend  or  strain  out  of  its  position  ;  as,  to 
wring  a  mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  taring  off:  to  force  off  or  separate  by  wringing; 
as,  to  wring  ojf  the  head  of  a  fowl. 

To  wring  out ;  to  force  out  ;  to  squeeze  out  by 
twisting  ;  as,  to  wring  out  dew  or  water.  Judges  vi. 

2.  To  free  from  a  liquor  by  wringing;  as,  to  trriii^ 
out  clt»llies. 

To  wring  from  :  to  force  from  by  violence  ;  to  ex- 
tort ;  as,  revenues  wrung  from  the  pot>r  ;  to  wring 
from  one  his  rights  ;  to  wring  a  secret  from  one. 
WRING,  ti.  i.    To  writhe  ;  to  twist ;  as  with  anguish. 

S/iak. 

WRING,  n.    Action  of  anguish.  Hall. 

WRING'-UOLT,  71.  [wring  and  boll.]  A  bolt  used 
by  shipwrights,  to  bend  anil  secure  the  planks  against 
the  timbers  till  they  are  fastened  by  bolts,  spikes,  and 
tree-nails.  Mar.  Diet. 

WRING'£D,  (ringd,)  pp.  Twisted;  pressed;  dis- 
tressed :  extorted. 

WRI.N'G'ER,  n.  One  who  wrings ;  one  that  forces 
water  out  of  any  thing  by  wringing. 

WRING'ING,  ppr.    Twisting;  writhing;  extorting. 

WRING'I.\G-WET,  a.  So  wet  as  to  require  wring- 
ing, or  that  water  may  be  wrung  out. 

VVRING'-STaVES,  ji.  pi.  Strong  bars  of  wood  used 
in  applying  wring-bolts.  Mar.  Did. 

WRINK'LE,  (rink'l,)  n.  [Sax.  wrinele;  Sw.  rynka: 
Dan.  rynke.  This  coincides  with  ring,  a  circle. 
The  Dutch  write  this  word  krinkle,  and  kriiig  is 
ring.  The  G.  runic/  is  probably  of  the  same  family, 
formed  on  Rg;  Ir.  rang.  If  n  is  casual,  the  root 
coincides  with  L.  ruga,  a  wrinkle,  and  W.  rhyj,  a 
furrow.] 

1.  A  small  ridge  or  prominence,  or  a  furrow, 
formed  by  the  shrinking  or  contraction  of  any 
smooth  substance  ;  corrugation  ;  a  crease  ;  as, 
wrinkles  ill  the  face  or  skin. 

2.  A  fold  or  rumple  in  cloth. 

3.  Roughness;  uneveiiness. 

Not  the  lea^t  wrinkle  10  tiefonn  the  sky.  Drydsn. 
WRINK'LE,  (rink'l,)  r.  t.    [Sax.  wrindian;  Sw. 
rynka:  Dan.  rijnker.] 

1.  To  contract  into  furrows  and  prominences  ;  to 
corrugate  ;  as,  to  wrinkle  the  skin  ;  to  wrinkle  the 
brow. 

Her  wrinkled  form  in  bUck  and  white  arrayed.  Pop*. 

2.  To  make  rough  or  uneven. 

A  keen  north  wind,  blowing  dry, 

Wrinkled  the  free  of  deluge,  as  decayed.  MUm. 
WRINK'LE,  V.  i.   To  shrink  into  furrows  and  ridgea. 
WRINK'LED,  (rink'ld,)  pp.  or  o.    Contracted  into 

riilges  and  furrows. 
WRI.XK'LING,  ppr.     Shrinking;  contracting  into 

furrows  and  ridges. 
WRIST,  (rist,)  n.    [Sax.  wrist;  allied  probably  to 

wrest  anil  wrestle  ;  that  is,  a  twist  or  junction.] 
I.  The  joint  by  which  the  hand  is  united  to  the 

arm. 


TCNE,  BJiLL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SIl ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 


127-. 


WRl 


WRO 


WYV 


iL  In  the  iiianefre,  llie  bridle  wrist  is  thai  of  the 
;;.TValifr's  left  hand.  Cijc. 
WUIST'LET,  71.    An  elastic  band  worn  by  ladies 
around  the  wrist,  to  confine  the  upper  part  of  a 
plove. 

WKIST'BAND,  71.  [wrist  and  band.]  That  band  or 
part  of  a  shirt  sleeve  which  covers  the  wrist. 

WRIT,  (ril,)  7(.  [from  write.]  That  which  is  written. 
In  tliis  sense,  writ  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
Scriptures,  or  books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament ; 
as,  holy  lorit ;  sacred  writ. 

•2.  In  law,  a  precept  issued  from  the  proper  au- 
thority to  the  sheriff',  his  deputy,  or  other  subordinate 
otiicer,  commanding  him  to  perform  some  act,  as  to 
summon  a  defendant  into  court  to  answer,  and  the 
like. 

In  F.ii'rlanil,  writs  are  issued  from  some  court  un- 
der sealT  In  some  of  the  United  States,  writs  are 
issued  by  any  single  judge  or  justice  of  the  peace, 
in  the  nauie  and  by  the  authority  of  the  State. 

In  .lome  of  the  United  States,  the  writ,  in  a  civil 
suit,  contains  both  the  summons  and  the  plaintiff's 
declaration  or  cause  of  action  set  forth  at  large,  and 
a  writ  is  eitlier  a  summons  or  an  attachment. 

Writs  are  oriirinal  or  jtidicia!.  An  original  writ,  in 
England,  is  issued  from  the  high  court  of  chancery. 
A  judicial  writ  is  issued  by  order  of  a  court  upon  a 
special  occasion,  during  the  pendency  of  the  suit. 

Writs  are  of  various  kinds ;  as,  writs  of  assiie, 
writs  of  cfl/^iOA-,  writs  of  dl-itringas,  &lc.  Shak. 

3.  A  legal  instrument.  Shak. 
WRIT,  prct.  of  Write,  is  not  now  used.    [See  Write 
and  Wrote.] 

WHITE,  (lite,)  V.  t.  ;  pret.  Wrote  ;  pp.  Writ,  Writ- 
ten. [Sax.  7Dritan,  awritan,  gewritan ;  Ice.  ritaj 
Golli.  writs,  a  letter.  The  sense  is,  to  scrape,  to 
scratch,  to  rub  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  grate,  and 
L.  rado.] 

1.  To  form  by  a  pen  on  paper  or  other  material,  or 
by  a  graver  cm  wood  or  stone  ;  as,  to  write  the  char- 
acters called  letters ;  to  write  figures.  We  write 
characters  on  paper  with  pen  and  ink  ;  we  write  them 
on  stone  with  a  graving  tool. 

2.  To  express  by  forming  letters  and  words  on 
paper  or  stone ;  as,  to  write  a  deed  ;  to  write  a  bill 
of  divorcement.  The  ten  commandments  were 
written  with  the  finger  of  God  on  tables  of  stone. 
Ezod.  xxxi. 

3.  To  engrave.    [See  the  preceding  definition.] 

4.  To  impress  durably.    /PVifi:  useful  truths  on  the 

5.  To  compose  or  produce,  as  an  author,  [heart. 

6.  To  copy  ;  to  transcribe. 

7.  To  communicate  by  letter. 

I  chos^  to  wriU  the  thing  1  durst  not  speak 

To  lier  1  luved.  Prior. 

WRITE,  (rite.)  u.  1.  To  perform  the  act  of  forming 
characters,  letters,  or  figures,  as  representatives  of 
sounds  or  ide.as.    Learn  to  write  when  young. 

2.  'l''o  be  employed  as  a  clerk  or  an  amanuensis. 
A  writes  for  B.    D  writes  in  one  of  the  public  ofiices. 

3.  To  play  the  author ;  as,  he  thinks,  he  speaks, 
he  writes,  he  sings. 

4.  To  recite  or  relate  in  books.  Josephus  wrote  of 
the  wars  of  the  Jews. 

5.  To  send  letters. 

He  wrote  for  all  the  Jews  concerning  their  freedom,  Esdrat. 

6.  To  call  one's  self;  to  be  entitled;  to  use  the 
style  of. 

Those  who  be^n  to  vtriu  themselves  men,  but  thought  it  no 
shitme  to  learn. 

7.  To  compose;  to  frame  or  combine  ideas  and 
express  them  in  words. 

They  can  vriu  up  to  the  dimity  and  character  of  their  authon. 

WRIT'ER,  (rit'er,)  ji.  One  who  writes  or  has  written. 

2.  An  author. 

3.  A  clerk  or  amanuensis. 

Writer  to  the  signet ;  one  of  a  class  of  lawyers  in 
Scotland,  answering  to  the  highest  class  of  attorneys 
in  England.  Brande. 

Writer  of  the  tallies  ;  fin  officer  of  the  exchequer  of 
England  ;  a  clerl'  to  the  auditor  of  the  receipt,  who 
writes  upon  the  tallies  the  whole  of  the  tellers'  bills. 

Cue. 

WRITHE,  (rithe,)  ». «.  [Sax.  writlian;  Sw.  vrida ; 
Uan.  vrider.] 

1.  To  twist  ;  to  distort. 

Iler  ini.uji  she  leriUnd.  Dnjilen. 

2.  To  twi»l  with  violence  ;  as,  to  writhe  the  body. 

.Addison. 


3.  To  wrest ;  to  distort ;  to  torture  ;  as,  to  writlie 
words.    [OAs.]  Hooker. 

WRrfHE,  V.  i.  To  twist;  to  be  distorted  ;  as,  to 
writhe  with  agony.  Addison. 

WRFf  H'£D,  (rithd,)  pp.    Twisted  ;  distorted. 

WRITH'ING,  p;7r.    Twisting;  distorting. 

WRITH'LE,  (rith'l,)  v.  t.  [from  icritAe.]  To  wrin- 
kle.   rjVy£  171  use.]  Spenser, 

WRIT'ING,  ppr.  Forming,  as  characters,  with  a 
pen,  style,  or  graver. 

2.  a.  Used  or  intended  for  writing ;  as,  writing 
paper. 

WRIT'ING,  77.  The  act  or  art  of  forming  letters  and 
characters  on  paper,  wood,  stone,  or  other  material, 
for  the  purpose  of  recording  the  ideas  which  chamc- 
ters  and  words  express,  or  of  communicating  them 
to  others  by  visible  signs.  We  hardly  know  which 
to  admire  most,  the  ingenuity  or  the  utility  of  the  art 
of  writintr. 

2.  Any  thing  written  or  expressed  in  letters; 
hence,  any  legal  instrument,  as  a  deed,  a  receipt,  a 
bond,  an  agreement,  &c. 

3.  A  book  ;  any  written  composition ;  a  pamphlet ; 
as,  the  writings  tif  Addison. 

4.  An  inscription.   Jo/m  xix. 

5.  Writings,  pi. ;  conveyances  of  lands ;  deeds ;  or 
any  official  papers. 

WRIT'ING-BOQK,  n.  A  book  for  practice  in  pen- 
manship. 

WRIT'ING-MXS-TER,  7i.  One  who  teaches  the  art 
of  penmanship. 

WKIT'ING-SGHOOL,  n.  A  school  for  instruction  in 
penmanship. 

WRIT'TA'N,  pp.  or  a.    Expressed  in  letters. 

Written  laws ;  statutes  ;  laws  enacted  by  the  su- 
preme power  and  recorded  ;  as  contradistinguished 
from  unwritten  or  common  law. 

WRIZ'ZLKD,  for  Writhled.    [JVoJ  771  use.]  Spenser. 

WRo'K£N,  for  Wreaked.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

WRONG,  (rong,)  a.  [Sw.  vrang;  Dan.  vrang;  prop- 
erly the  participle  of  wring,  Sw.  vrdnga,  Dan.  i'7-«7t- 
ger.]  Literally,  wrung,  twisted,  or  turned  from  a 
st.'aight  line  or  even  surface.  Hence, 

1.  Not  physically  right;  not  fit  or  suitable;  not 
appropriate  for  use  ;  as,  the  tatotio- side  of  a  garment. 
You  hold  the  book  the  wrong  end  uppermost.  There 
may  be  something  wrung  in  the  construction  of  a 
watch  or  an  edifice. 

2.  Not  morally  right ;  that  deviates  from  the  line 
of  rectitude  prescribed  by  God  ;  not  just  or  equita- 
ble ;  not  right  or  proper ;  not  legal ;  erroneous  ;  as, 
a  wrong  practice  ;  wrong  ideas  ;  a  wrong  course  of 
life  ;  wrong  measures  ;  wrong  inclinations  and  de- 
sires ;  a  wrong  application  of  talents ;  torong  judg- 
ment.  Hab.  i. 

3.  Erroneous  ;  not  according  to  truth ;  as,  a  wrong 
statement. 

WRONG,  (rong,)  71.  Whatever  deviates  from  moral 
rectitude  ;  any  injury  done  to  another ;  a  trespass ;  a 
violation  of  right.  Wrongs  are  private  or  public.  Pri- 
vate wrongs  are  civil  injuries,  immediately  affecting 
individuals;  public  wrongs  are  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors which  affect  the  community.  Blackstone. 

Sarai  sairl  to  Al'raham,  My  t^ron^  be  on  thee.  — Gen.  xvi. 

Frienil,  I  do  thee  no  wrong.  —  M:ilt.  XX. 

The  olilig;iU"n  to  redrt-ss  a  torong,  is  at  least  as  binding  as  that 
of  paying  a  debt.  E.  Everett. 

WRONG,  (rong,)  ado.  Not  rightly  ;  amiss  ;  morally 
ill ;  erroneously. 

Ten  censure  ifron^  for  one  lliat  writes  amiss.  Pope. 
WRONG,  (rong,)  ji.  t.  To  injure  ;  to  treat  with  in- 
justice ;  to  deprive  of  some  right,  or  to  withhold  some 
act  of  justice  from.  We  wrong  a  man  when  wo  de- 
fraud him,  and  when  we  trespass  on  his  property. 
We  wrong  a  man  when  we  neglect  to  pay  him  his 
due.    Philemon  18. 

2.  To  do  injustice  to  by  imputation  ;  to  impute  evil 
unjustly.    If  you  suppose  me  capable  of  a  base  act, 
you  wrong  me. 
WRONG'-DO-ER,  n.    One  who  injures  another  or 
does  wrong. 
2.  In  law,  one  who  commits  a  tort  or  trespass. 

Bouvicr. 

WRONO'-DO-ING,  71.    Evil  or  wicked  act  or  action. 

\VRON(;'KD,  pp.    Treated  unjustly;  injured. 

WRON(J'ER,  n.    One  who  injures  another. 

WRONG'ElJIj,  n.  Injurious;  unjust;  as, a  wrongful 
taking  of  property  ;  wrongful  dealing. 

WRONG'FyL-LY,  adv.  Unjustly  ;  in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  the  moral  law  or  to  justice ;  as,  to  accuse 
one  wrongfulXij ;  to  eulfer  wrongfully. 


WKONG'HEAD,  (rong'hed,)  71.  .\  person  of  a  per- 
verse understanding. 

WRONG'HEAD-ED,  a.  [torong  and  head.]  Wrong 
in  opinion  or  principle;  having  a  perverse  under- 
standing ;  perverse. 

WRONG/tlEAD-ED-NESS,  71.  Perverseness ;  erro- 
neousness. 

WRONG'ING,  ppr.  Injuring;  treating  with  injus- 
tice. 

WRONG'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  injury  to  any  one. 
[jyot  used.]  Sidney. 

WRONG'LY,  ai/B.  In  a  wrong  manner;  unjustly; 
amiss.    He  judges  wrongly  of  my  motives. 

WKONG'NF^SS,  7!.    Wrong  dis[)Osition ;  error.  Butler. 

WRONG'-Tl.Vl-£D,  a.    Done  at  an  improper  time. 

WROTE,  prct.  of  Write.     He  wrote  a  letter  yester- 
day.   Heroilolus  wrote  his  history  more  than  two 
thousand  years  ago.  I 
J^ote.  —  Wrote  is  not  now  used  as  the  participle.  i 

WROTH,  (ravvth,)  a.      [Sa.x.   wriBtli,   wrath.     See  | 
Wrath.]  t 
Very  angry  ;  much  exasperated.  ' 

Cain  was  very  viroth,  and  his  countenance  fell.  —  Gen.  iv. 
1  was  wroth  with  my  people.  —  Is.  xlvii. 

[jSh  excellent  word,  and  not  obsolete,  j 
WROUGHT,  (rawt,)  pret.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Work.  I 
[Sax.  worhte,  the  pret.  and  pp.  of  wircan,  weorcun, 
to  work.] 

1.  Worked  ;  formed  by  work  or  labor. 

2.  Effected  ;  performed. 

Slie  halh  wrought  a  good  work  upon  me.  —  Matt.  xxvi.  j 

3.  Effected ;  produced.     He  wrought  the  public  | 
safety.    A  great  change  was  wrought'in  his  mind. 

This  wrought  the  «[realest  confusion  in  the  unbelieving  Jews. 

Additon. 

4.  Used  in  labor. 

The  elders  of  thit  city  shall  take  a  heifer  that  hath  not  been 
wrought  with. —  Deut.  jfxi. 

5.  Worked  ;  driven  ;  as,  infection  wrought  out  of 
the  body.    [JVot  used.]  Bacon, 

6.  Actuated. 

Vain  Morat,  by  his  own  rashness  wrought.  Dryden. 

7.  Worked  ;  used ;  labored  in.    The  mine  is  still 

8.  Formed  ;  fitted.  [wrought. 

He  that  hath  wrought  us  for  the  sclf.same  thing  is  God.  —  2 
Cor,  v. 

9.  Guided  ;  managed.    [JVot  used.]  Milton. 

10.  Agitated  ;  disturbed. 

My  dull  brain  was  wrought 
With  things  forgot.  Shak. 

Wrought  iron ;  iron  deprived  of  its  carbon,  usually 
by  the  process  called  puddling,  which  see.  Wrought 
iron  is  tough,  flexible,  malleable,  and  ductile. 

Wrought  on  or  upon;  influenced;  prevailed  on. 
His  mind  was  wrought  upon  by  divine  giace. 

Wrought  to  or  up  to ;  excited  ;  inflamed.  Their 
minds  were  wrought  up  to  a  violent  passion.  She 
was  wrought  up  to  the  tenderest  emotions  of  pity. 
WRUNG,  (rung,)  nret.  and  pp,  of  Wring. 
WRY,  (ri,)  a,    [Goth,  wruicwa,  or  Dan.  vrier,  to  twist, 
contracted  from  vrider,  Eng.  to  loritAe.] 

1.  Twisted  ;  turned  to  one  side ;  distorted  ;  as,  a 
7177*7/  neck  ;  a  wry  mouth. 

2.  Deviating  from  the  right  direction  ;  as,  wry 
words. 

3.  Wrested  ;  perverted  ;  as,  to  put  a  wry  sense  on 
an  author's  words.  Jltterbury. 

WRV,7).  i.   To  be  writhed  or  distorted.  [J^otused,] 
WR9,  71.  <.    To  distort ;  to  wrest.  [Motused.] 
WRY'NECK,  77.  [imy  and  7iec/>-.]  A  twisted  or  distort- 
ed neck  ;  a  deformity  in  which  the  neck  is  drawn 
to  one  side,  and  at  the  same  time  somewhat  forward. 

Cijc. 

2.  A  disease  of  the  spasmodic  kind  in  sheep,  in 
which  the  head  is  drawn  to  one  side.  Ci/c.  ^ 

3.  In  ornithology,  a  small  bird  of  the  eastern  con- 
tinent, resembling  the  woodpeckers,  the  Yunx  tor- 
quilla;  so  called  from  the  singular  manner  in  which, 
when  surprised,  it  turns  its  head  over  its  shoulders. 

Ed.  t'naic. 

WRV'NECK-J5D,  (rl'nekt,)(j.  Having  a  distorted  n'eck. 
WRS'NESS,  71.    The  state  of  being  wry  or  distorted. 

JI/011H£ll;£rHr. 

WYCH'-EIjM,  71.  A  variety  of  the  elm,  or  a  peculiar 
species,  (Ulmus  montnna,)  which  is  said  by  some  to 
be  only  u  variety  of  Ulnius  cainpcstris,  a  native  of 
Europe.  Cyc. 
WVNI),  71.  A  narrow  lane  or  alley.  [Scot/isA.] 
W?'VERN,  71.  A  kind  of  flying  serpent,  sometime! 
represented  in  coats  of  arms.  Biuhanan. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIl^T — METE,  PRgY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1276 


YAN 


YAR 


YAW 


X. 


XTHE  twenty-fourth  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
j  bet,  is  borrowed  from  the  Greek.  In  tlie  middle 
and  at  tlie  end  of  words,  it  has  tlic  sound  of  As,  as 
in  u>ai,  Inx,  luriiry.  At  the  beginning  of  a  word,  it 
lias  precisely  tlie  sound  of  i.  It  is  used  as  an  initial 
in  a  few  words  borrowed  from  the  Greek. 

As  a  numeral,  X  stands  for  10.  It  represents  one 
V,  which  stands  for  5,  jitaced  on  the  top  of  another. 
VVIien  laid  horizontally,  thus,  X  ,  it  stands  for  1000  j 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  thus,  X,  it  stands  for  10,000. 
.■Xs  an  abbreciaiion,  X.  stands  for  ClirUt,  as  in  Xn. 
Cfiristian,  Xiu.  C/tristma,^. 
XA.N'Tllie,  a.    [Gr.  (uj  9o(,  yellow.] 

Tending  toward  a  yellow  color. 
XAN'THie  ACID,  ?i.    An  acid  consisting  of  bisul- 
pliuret  of  carbon,  water,  and  o.vyd  of  ethyl  or  ether. 

Graham^ 

XAN'Tni€  OX'YD,  n.  .\  brown  substance  compos- 
ing a  urinary  calculus.  Ora/iatiu 

X.\N'THID,  (zan'thid,)  n.  A  term  applied  to  a  sup- 
posed compound  o{  lanthogcn  with  some  basiliable  or 
acidiliable  element. 

XAN'THINE,  (-thin,)  n.  The  yellow  dyeing  matter 
contained  in  madder.  Ure. 

XAN'THO-GEN,  (zan'tho-jen,)  n.  [Gr.  iai^Ooi,  yel- 
low, .and  jivvato,  to  generate,  from  the  yellow  color 
of  its  compounds.] 

A  supposed  basifying  and  acidifying  compound 
principle,  considered  to  be  analogous  to  cyanogen, 
and  believed  to  consist  of  sulphur  and  carbon, 
which,  with  certain  metals,  forms  xanthids,  and 


with  hydrogen  forms  xanthohydric  acid,  analogous 
to  cyanohydric  acid.  The  above  views,  however, 
in  regard  to  these  compounds,  are  not  considered  us 
Wi  ll  established. 
Xlc'BEC,  (ze'bek,)  n.  A  small,  three-masted  vessel, 
used  in  the  Me(iiterranean  Sea.  With  a  fair  wind, 
in  good  weather,  it  carries  two  large  square  sails ; 
when  close  hauled,  it  carries  large  lateen  sails. 

Mar.  Diet. 

XE-NOD'O-eHY,  (ze-nod'o-ke,)  n.    [Gr.  (ff-jti.-x'a-] 
Reception  of  strangers;  hospitality.  Cockeram. 

XEN'O-TIME,  n.    [Gr.  (ci"5,  a  stranger.] 

A  native  phosphate  of  yttria,  having  a  yellowish- 
brown  color.  Dana. 

XE-RO-eOL-LYR'I-UM,  n.    [Gr.  ^npo;,  dry,  and 

KoXXvOt'iV.] 

A  dry  collyrium  or  eye-salve.  Coxe. 
XE-R6'DeS,  n.     Any  tumor  attended   with  dry- 
ness. 

XE-KO-Mt'RUM,  n.     [Gr.  (rjouj,  dry,  and  fivpov, 
ointment.] 

A  dry  omtment.  Coze. 
XE-ROIMI'A-GY,  (ze-rofa-je,)  n.     [Gr.  (ipoj,  dry, 
and  ifiayM,  to  eat.] 

The  eating  of  dry  meats,  a  sort  of  fast  among  the 
primitive  Christians. 
XE-ROPH'TII  AL-MY,  (ze-rof'thal-me,)  n.  [Gr.  irjpos, 
dry,  and  o<fiOaXiita.] 

A  dry,  reil  soreness  or  itching  of  the  eyes,  without 
swelling  or  a  discharge  of  humors. 
XE-Ro'TeS,  (ze-ro't6z,)  n.   A  dry  habit  or  disposi- 
tion. 


XIPiri-AS,  (zife-M,)  71.    [Gr.,  from  iifos,  a  sword.] 

1.  The  sword-fish.  In  natural  hUtory,  the  name 
of  a  genus  of  fishes,  to  which  the  Xipliias  Gladius, 
or  common  sword-fish,  belongs. 

2.  A  comet  shaped  like  a  sword. 

XIPII'OID,  (ziroid,)  a.    [Gr.  {ic//oj,  a  sword,  and 
£i(''K,  likeness,  i.  e.,  sword-like.] 

The  xiphoid  or  en.<iform  cartilage,  is  a  small  carti- 
lage placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  breast-bone. 

Cyc.  Coze. 

XV'I.ITE,  n.    [Gr.  (uXoK,  wood.] 

A  liquid  which  exists  in  commercial  pyrnxylle 

spirit.  Graham. 
Xt-LO-nAL'SA-MU.M,  n.    The  wood  of  the  balsam- 

tr-e. 

XV-LO-GRAPII'ie,  o.    Belonging  to  xylography,  or 
wood -en  craving. 

X?-LOG'RA-PHY,   (zMog'ra-fe,)  n.      [Gr.    (.Xoi/,  • 
wood,  and  yp.K^w,  to  engrave.] 

VVood-cngraving  ;  the  act  or  art  of  cirtting  figures 
in  wood,  in  representation  of  natural  objects. 

XY-LOPH'A-GOUS,  a.    [Gr.  (uAur,  wood,  and  fayu, 
to  eat.] 
Eating  or  feeding  on  wood. 

XYST,  (zist,)        )        rr-.  r  i 

XYS'TOS,  (/.is'-,)  j  (■""■"S-] 

In  ancient  architecture,  along  and  open,  or  some- 
times covered,  court,  with  porticos,  for  athletic  ex-- 
ercises,  as  wrestling,  running,  &.c.  Brandt. 

XYS'TER,  (zis'ter,)  n.    [Gr.  {varpov,  from  (tiu,  to 
scrape.] 

A  surgeon's  instrument  for  scraping  bones. 


Y. 


YTHE  twenty-fifth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
;  is  taken  from  the  Greek  i'.  At  the  beginning  of 
words,  it  is  called  an  articulation  or  consonant,  and 
with  some  propriety,  perhaps,  as  it  brings  the  ro(tt  of 
the  tongue  in  close  contact  with  the  lower  part  of  the 
palale,and  nearly  in  the  (Kisition  to  which  the  close  g 
brings  it.  Hence  it  has  happened  th.at  in  a  great  num- 
ber of  words,  g  has  been  changed  into  y,  as  the  Sax. 
gear  into  year,  geornian  into  yearn,  gyllan  into  yelt, 
gealew  into  yellow. 

In  the  middle  and  at  the  end  of  words,  y  is  pre- 
cisely the  same  as  i.  It  is  sounded  as  i  long,  when 
accented,  as  in  defy,  rely;  and  as  i  short,  when  un- 
accented, as  in  vanity,  glory,  syjtonyntous.  TIlis  lat- 
ter sound  is  a  vowel.  At  the  beginning  of  words,  y 
answers  to  the  German  and  Dutch  j. 

Y,  as  a  numeral,  stands  for  150,  and  with  a  dash 
over  it,  ?,  for  150,000. 
YACHT,  (yot,)  n.    [D.  jagt:  G.  jaclit,  from  jagen.  It 
is  originally  a  boat  drawn  by  horses.] 

A  light  and  elegantly  furnished  vessel,  used  either 
for  private  parties  of  pleasure,  or  as  a  vessel  of  state 
to  convey  princes,  &c.,  from  one  place  to  another. 
YACIIT'ER,  n.    One  engaged  in  sailing  a  yacht. 
YA(-HT'ING,  (yot'ing,)  n.    Sailing  on  pleasure  fct 

cursions  in  a  yachL 
VA'GER.  (yaw'ger,)  n.     [G.  jdger,  from  jagen,  to 
chase.] 

One  belonging  to  a  body  of  light  infantry  armed 
with  rifles.  Brandt. 

YA'HOO,  71.  A  name  given  by  Swift,  in  one  of  his 
imaginary  voyages,  to  a  race  of  brutes  having  the 
form  and  all  the  degrading  passions  of  man.  They 
are  set  in  contrast  with  the  Houyhnhnms,  or  horses 
endowed  with  reason,  and  the  wliule  is  designed  as 
a  satire  on  our  race. 

YAK,  71.  A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  bovine  tribe, 
the  Bos  Poephagus,  or  Bison  Poephagus ;  a  species 
of  ox,  with  cylindric  horns  curving  outward,  long, 
pendent  hair,  and  villous,  horse-like  tail  ;  the  grunt- 
ing ox  of  Pennant.  This  ox  is  found  in  Thibet.  Ct^c. 

YA.M,  71.  A  large,  esculent  tuber  or  root  of  various 
climbing  plants,  of  the  genus  Dioscorea,  growing  in 
tropical  climates,  and  forming,  when  roasted  or 
boiled,  a  wholesome,  p.alatable,  and  nutritious  food. 
The  yain  sometimes  grows  to  the  length  of  three 
feet,  and  weighs  thirty  pounds.  Louden. 

YAN'KEE,  (yank'e,)  71.  [A  corrupt  pronunciation  of 
the  word  English  by  the  native  Indians  of  America, 
or  more  probably  of  the  French  word  .Anglais.] 

Heckeieelder. 


The  populai  name  fo»  the  citizens  of  New  Eng- 
land, but  applied,  among  foreigners,  to  all  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  United  Stales  indiscriminately. 

YAN'O-LITE,  71.  A  mineral,  called  also  Axisite, 
whose  cr>  stals  resemble  an  ax.  Ure. 

YAP,  to  bark,  is  not  a  legitimate  word. 

YS'PON  or  YA'PON,  «.  The  cassine  or  South  Sea 
tea. 

The  Ilex  Cassine  or  youpon,  is  a  shrub  growing  in 
the  Southern  States,  used  as  a  tea  and  a  medicine. 

Jifease. 

YARD,  n.  [Sax.  geard,  gerd,  gyrdf  a  rod,  that  is,  a 
shoot.] 

1.  A  measure  of  three  feet  or  thirty-sli  inches.  It 
is  just  seven  ninths  of  the  Paris  ell. 

2.  (Sax.  gyrdan,  to  inclose  ;  Dan.  gitrdt,  a  hedge, 
an  inclosiirc  ;  gierder,  to  hedge  in,  Sw.  gdrda.]  An 
inclosiire  ;  usually,  a  small,  inclosed  place  in  front  of 
or  around  a  house  or  barn.  1'he  yard  in  front  of  a 
house  is  called  a  Court,  and  sometimes  a  Court- 
Yard.  In  the  United  States,  a  small  yard  is  fenced 
round  a  barn  for  confining  cattle,  and  called  Bab.v- 
Yard  or  Cow-Yard. 

3.  In  ships,  a  long,  slender  piece  of  timber,  nearly 
cylindrical,  suspended  upon  the  mast,  by  which  a 
sail  is  extended. 

Yard  of  land;  in  old  books,  a  certain  quantity  of 
land,  but  different  in  different  counties.  In  some 
counties  it  was  15  acres,  in  others  20  or  24,  and 
even  40. 

Dock-yard ;  a  place  where  ships  are  laid  up. 
Prison-yard ;  primarily,  an  incla*»ure  about  a  prison, 
or  att.ached  to  it.  Hence  liberty  of  the  yard,  is  a  lib- 
erty granted  to  persons  imprisoned  for  debt,  of  walk- 
ing in  the  yard,  or  within  any  other  limits  prescribed 
by  law,  on  their  giving  bond  not  to  go  beyond  those 
limits.  Unittd  Statts. 

YARD,  r.  t.  To  confine  cattle  to  the  yard  ;  as,  to 
yard  cows.    [^  funntr's  reord.] 

Y'ARD'-AR.\I,  71.  [i/ard  and  orm.]  Either  half  of  a 
ship's  yard,  from  tiie  center  or  mast  to  the  end. 

Ships  are  said  to  be  yard-arm  and  yard-arm,  when 
so  near  as  to  touch,  or  interlock  their  yards. 

YARD'-LAND,  71.  See  Yard  of  Lakd,  under  Yard. 

YARD'STICK,  71.  [yard  and  stick.]  A  stick  three 
feel  in  length,  used  as  a  measure  of  cloth,  &c. 

YARD'VV.^ND,  n.  [yard  and  wand.]  A  measure  of 
a  yard  ;  now  Yardstick. 

YARE,  a.  [Sax.  geanp,  prepared ;  from  the  root  ef 
gear.    See  Eager.] 

Ready  ;  dextrous  ;  eager.    [Obs.]  Shak. 


YXrE'l.V,adv.  Readily  ;  dextrously  ;  skillfully.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 

YARN,  71.    [Sax.  geam ;  G.  Ice.  and  Sw.  gam ;  D. 
garen.] 

1.  Spun  wool ;  woolen  thread  ;  but  it  is  applied 
also  to  other  species  of  thread,  as  to  cotton  and  linen. 

2.  In  rope-making,  one  of  the  threads  of  which  a 
rope  is  composed.    It  is  spun  from  hemp. 

3.  Among  seamm,  a  story  spun  out  by  a  sailor  for 
the  amusement  of  his  companions.  [Low.]  Marryat. 

YARR,  V.  i.    [Low  L.  hirrto  ;  Celtic,  gar,\\'.  gano, 
rough.] 

To  growl  or  snarl,  as  a  dog.    [.Vof  in  use.] 

Ainyieorth. 

YAR'RISH,  a.  Having  a  rough,  dr>' taste.  [Local.] 
YAR'RoW,  71.    [Sax.  gearwe  ;  Sp.  yaro.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea;  the  milfoil,  or 

plant  of  a  thousand  leaves. 
YAT'A-GII.\N,  n.    A  long,  Turkish  dagger.  [See 

Ataghan.] 

YaTE,  71.    A  g^lte.  Spenser. 

[Still  used  in  the  north  of  England.] 
YAULP,  )v.i.   To  yelp ;  to  cry  out  like  a  child. 
YAUP,    j  Jamieson.  Broekett. 

[Scottish,  and  sometimes  used  in  jimerica-} 
YAW,  V.  i.    To  rise  in  blisters,  breakii.^  in  white 
froth,  as  cane-juice  in  the  sugar-works    [Qii.  yea. 
See  Yew.]  fKr.-f  /;i<f;c«. 

2.  In  Ttan'^afian,  to  steer  wild,  or  out  of  ilie  line 
of  her  course,  as  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

YAWL,  71.    A  small  ship's  boat,  usually  rowed  by  four 
or  six  oars. 

YAWL,  r.  1.      To  cry  out  like  a  dog;  usually  pre 

noundtd  yowl.    [See  Yell.] 
YAWN,  1'.  L     [Sax.  ^eonan,  gynian  ;  G.  gtJtnen  ;  W. 

agenu  ;  Gr.  xatifui.] 

1.  To  gape;  to  oscil.ate  ;  to  have  the  mouth  open 

involuntarily  through  drowsiness  or  dullness. 


The  larr,  ytlvrtin*  drone. 

Anil  whii<;  aliOve  he  ipendl  his  tnath, 

The  yawning  audieoce  noU  bt- nealh. 


TrumtulJ. 


9.  To  open  wide  ;  as,  wide  yawns  the  puff  below, 
3.  To  express  desire  by  yawning  ;  as,  to  yavn  for 

fat  livings.  Hooker. 
YAWN,  7u    A  gaping ;  an  involuntary  opening  of  the 

ihoutb  from  drowsiness  ;  oscitation. 

One  penon  yawning  in  compAoy  will  produce  a  mnunroua 
^vn  in  nil  presrnU  Chipman. 

2.  An  opening  wide.  JSddisoH. 
YAWN'f.D,  pp.   Gaped ;  opened  wide. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  9  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


160' 


cccrr* 


1277 


YEA 


YEL 


YES 


VAWN'ING,  ppr,  or  a.    Gaping  ;  opening  wide. 

2.  a.    Sleepy  ;  drowsy  ;  dull.  Sliak. 
V  AWN'ING,  n.    The  act  of  gaping  or  opening  wide, 
y  AVVN'ING-LY,  aUc.    In  a  yawning  manner. 

Irving. 

tAWS,  71.    [African  yiw,  a  raspberry.] 

A  disease  called  by  Good  Rubula,  from  rubus,  a 
raspberry.  It  is  characterized  by  cutaneous  tumors, 
numerous  and  successive  ;  gradually  increasing  from 
specks  to  the  size  of  a  raspberry ;  one,  at  length, 
growing  larger  than  the  rest ;  core  a  fungous  excres- 
cence; fever  slight,  and  probably  irritative  merely. 
It  is  commonly  supposed  to  be  contagious,  and  to  oc- 
cur but  once  during  life;  but  both  of  these  points 
are  doubtful.  It  is  sometimes  called  Fhambcesia,  a 
barbarous  name  derived  from  the  French  framboise, 
a  raspberry.  There  are  two  varieties  of  this  disease, 
which  differ  considerably  ;  the  one  occurring  in  Af- 
rica, the  other  in  America.  It  is  scarcely  known  in 
Europe.  Oood. 

Y-€LAD',  {e-klad',)pp.  Clad.  [This  word  and  the 
following  retain  the  y,  which  is  the  remains  of  the 
Saxon  ge  prefixed  to  verbs.  But  it  is  obsolete,  ex- 
cept in  poetry,  and  perhaps  in  burlesque  only.] 

Y-eLEP'£D,  (e-klept',)  pp.  of  Sax.  gc-clypian,  depan, 
to  call.  [See  Yclad.]  Called;  named.  It  is  obso- 
lete, except  in  burlesjjue. 

Y-DR.'VD',  (e-drad',)  pp.    Dreaded.    [Ofts.]  Spenser. 

YE,  pron.    [Sax.  ge.] 

The  nominative  plural  of  the  second  person,  of 
which  thoti  is  the  singular.  But  the  two  \w>rdshave 
no  radical  connection.  Ye  is  now  used  only  in  the 
sacred  and  solemn  style.  In  common  discourse  and 
writing,  you  is  exclusively  used. 

But  ye  are  washed,  but  ye  are  sanctified.  —  1  Cor.  vi. 

YEA,  (ye  or  ya,)  adv.  [Sa.x.  gea,  gear,;  G.  D.  and 
Dan.  ••  Sw.  jnia,  to  consent.  Qu.  G.  brjaken,  to  af- 
firm.   Class  Cg,  No.  25,  26.] 

1.  Yes ;  a  word  that  expresses  affirmation  or  as- 
sent. Will  you  go.'  Yea.  It  sometimes  introduces  a 
subject,  with  the  sense  of  indeed,  verily,  truly,  it 
is  so. 

Yea,  hatii  God  said,, Ye  shall  not  eal  of  every  tree  iu  the  gar- 
don  f— Gen.  iii. 
Let  your  comm'toication  be  yea,  yea  ;  nay,  nay.  —  Matt.  v. 

2.  It  sometimes  enforces  the  sense  of  something 
preceding  ;  not  only  so,  but  more. 

Therein  I  do  rejoice,  yea,  and  wiU  rejoice.  —  Phil.  i. 

3.  In  Scripture,  it  is  used  to  denote  certainty,  con- 
sistency, harmony,  and  stability. 


All  the  promises  of  God  io  him  i 
2  Cor.  I. 


;  yea,  and  in  him  are  amen.  — 


[In  this  use,  the  word  may  be  considered  a  noun.] 
Yea  is  used  rarely  except  In  the  sacred  and  solemn 
style.    [See  Yes.] 

gIad'!"-'-  C"*"-^  Spenser. 

YE.\N,  r.  i,    [Sax.  cania?!.] 

To  bring  forth  young,  as  a  goat  or  sheep  ;  to  lamb. 

[Obsolete  or  local.] 
Yf.AN'BD,  (yeend,)  pp.    Brought  forth. 
YlcA.N'LIN'G,  71,     The  young  of  sheep ;    a  Iamb. 

I  Obsolete  or  local.]  „ 
YkAR,  Tt.    [Sax.  gear;   G.  jahr;  D.  jaar;  Sw.  ar ; 

Dan.  aar;  iSans.  jahran  ;  probably  a  course  or  circle  ; 

the  root  gar,  ger,  signifying  to  run.] 

1.  The  space  or  period  of  time  in  which  the  sun 
moves  through  the  twelve  signs  of  the  ecliptic,  or 
whole  circle,  and  returns  to  the  same  point.  This  is 
the  solar  year,  and  the  year  in  the  strict  and  proper 
sense  of  the  word.  It  is  called  also  the  tropical  or  equi- 
noctial year.  This  period  comprehends  what  are  called 
the  twelve  calendar  months,  or  3G5  d.ays,  5  hours, 
48  minutes,  and  47  7-10  seconds.  But  in  popular 
tusage,  the  year  consists  of  3li5  days,  and  every 
fourth  year  of  3C6;  a  day  being  added  to  February 
on  that  year,  on  account  of  the  excess  above  365 
days. 

2.  The  time  in  which  any  planet  completes  a  rev- 
olution ;  O-s,  the  year  of  Jupiter  or  of  Saturn. 

3.  The  time  in  which  the  fixed  sUirs  make  a  rev- 
olution is  called  the  Great  Year. 

4.  Years,  in  the  plural,  is  sometimes  equivalent  to 
age  or  old  age  ;  as,  a  man  in  years. 

In  popular  language,  year  is  often  used  for  years. 
The  horse  is  ten  wrar  old. 

Siilerral  year ;  the  time  in  which  the  sun,  depart- 
ing from  any  fixed  star,  returns  to  the  same.  This 
is  3C5  days,  6  liours,  9  minutes,  and  9  6-10  seconds. 

BaiUj. 

JInomalistieai  year  ;  the  time  that  elapses  from  the 
Bun'9  leaving  its  apogee  or  perigee,  till  it  returns  to  it  ; 
which  is  365  days,  6  hours,  14  minutes,  nearly. 

Baihj. 

Civil  yr^r ;  the  year  which  any  nation  has  con- 
trived for  the  computation  of  time. 

Biaseitde  or  Uap  year  ;  the  year  consisting  of  3C6 
days. 

Lunar  year,  consists  of  12  lunar  months. 

Limar  aitronomirxil  year,  conmstsof  12  lunar  synod- 
tcnl  nionthH,  or  354  days,  8  hours,  48  minut/js,  30 
■econds. 


Common,  lunar  year,  consists  of  12  lunar  civil 
months,  or  354  days. 

EmbolUmic  or  intercalary  lunar  year,  consists  of  13 
lunar  civil  months,  and  contains  384  days. 

Julian  year,  established  by  Julius  Cesar,  consists  of 
365  days,  6  hours. 

Gregorian  year,  is  the  Julian  year  corrected,  and  is 
the  year  now  generally  used  in  Europe.  From  the 
difference  between  this  and  the  Julian  year  arises 
the  distinction  of  Old  and  New  Style.  [See  Style, 
No.  12.] 

Sabbatic  year,  among  the  Israelites,  was  every 
seventh  year,  when  their  land  was  suffered  to  lie 
untilled.  Cyc.  Encyc. 

The  civil  or  legal  year,  in  England,  formerly  com- 
menced on  the  25th  day  of  March.  This  practice 
continued  throughout  the  British  dominions  till  the 
year  1752. 

Ye.AR'-BOOK,  71.  [year  and  book.]  A  book  con- 
taining aiinual  reports  of  cases  adjudged  in  the 
courts  of  England. 

Ye.\R'£D,  a.    Containing  years.    [Jt'ot  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson. 

Ye.\R'LING,  71.    A  young  beast  one  year  old,  or  in 

the  second  year  of  his  age. 
YeAR'LING,  a.    Being  a  year  old ;  as,  a  yearling 

heifer. 

YeAR'LY,  o.  Annual;  happening,  accruing,  or  com- 
ing every  year  ;  as,  a  yearly  rent  or  income. 

2.  Lasting  a  year ;  as,  a  yearly  plant. 

3.  Comprehending  a  year  ;  as,  the  yearly  circuit  or 
revolution  of  the  earth. 

Yd.\R'LY,  nrfr.  Annually;  once  a  year;  as,  blessings 

yearly  bestowed. 
YE.'\RN,  (yern,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  geomian,  gienian,  gyman, 

earnian,  to  desire;  to  yearn;  Sw.^^rna,  willingly  ; 

Dan.  gierne,  G.  gem,  D.  gaarne.    The  sense  is,  to 

straiii,  or  stretch  forwaiu.    We  have  earnest  from  the 

same  root.] 

1.  To  be  strained  ;  to  be  pained  or  distressed ;  to 
suffer. 

Palrtafr,  he  is  dead. 
And  we  must  yearn  therefore.  ShaJc. 

2.  Usually,  to  long  ;  to  fee!  an  earnest  desire  ;  that 
is,  literally,  to  have  a  desire  or  iiiclination  stretching 
toward  the  object  or  end.    1  Kings  iii. 

Joseph  made  haste,  for  his  lowelfl  did  yearTi  upon  hia  brother.  — 
Gen.  xUii. 

Your  mother's  heart  yeame  toward  you.  Addison. 

Anliclus,  unable  to  control, 
Spoke  loud  the  language  of  hia  yearning  soul.  Pope. 

YEARN,  (yern,)  v.  t.    To  pain  ;  to  grieve  ;  to  vex. 
Siie  laments  for  it,  that  it  would 
Yearn  your  heart  to  see  it,  Shak. 
It  yeams  me  not  if  men  my  garments  wear.    [Ois.J  Shak. 

YEARN'FJJL,  a.    Mournful ;  distressing.  [Obs.] 
YEARN'ING,  ppr.  or  o.     Longing;  having  longing 
desire. 

YEARN'ING,  n.  Strong  emotions  of  desire,  tender- 
ness, or  pitv, 

YEARN'ING-LY,  adv.    With  yearning. 

YeAST,  (yeest,)  ti.  [Sax.  gist,  yeast,  a  guest,  also  a 
storm  ;  yst,  a  storm  ;  G.  gdsc/it,  yeast,  and  gast,  a 
guest,  gdscken,  to  foam  or  froth  ;  D.  gist,  yeast ;  gis- 
ten,  to  ferment.  This  coincides  with  gas  and  ghost. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  noun  is  wind,  spirit,  flatu- 
lence, or  froth,  from  rushing ;  Ch.  DDJ,  to  inflate. 
Class  Gs,  No.  18.] 

1.  Barm  ;  the  foam,  froth,  or  flower,  of  beer  or 
other  liquor  in  fermentation  ;  any  preparation  used 
for  raising  dough  for  bread  or  cakes,  and  making  it 
light  and  puffy. 

2.  Spume  or  foam  of  water.  [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
YeAST'Y,  a.  Frothy;  foamy;  spumy;  like  yeast. 
YELK,  71.    [Sax.  gealcw,  yellow  ;  G.  gelb,  yellow.  See 

Gold  and  Yellow.] 

The  yellow  part  of  an  egg  ;  the  vitelliis.    It  is 
sometimes  written  and  pronounced  Yolk,  but  Yelk 
is  the  proper  word.    Yolk  is  a  corruption. 
YELL,  r.  i.     [Sax.  giellan,  gyllan  ;  D.  gillen ;  Sw. 
galla,  to  ring.    It  agrees  in  elements  with  Call.] 

To  cry  out  with  a  hideous  noise  ;  to  cry  or  scream 
as  with  agony  or  horror.  Savages  yell  most  fright- 
fiillv  when  they  are  rtishing  to  the  first  onset  of 
battle. 

Nor  the  night  raven,  that  still  deadly  yellt,  Spemer. 
YELL,  Ji.    A  sharp,  loud,  hideous  outcry. 

Their  hideous  yellt 
Rend  th.'  d^.rk  welkin.  Philipt. 

YELL' JCD,  pp.    Uttered  hideous  cries  ;  shrieked. 

YELL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  hideous  outcries  ; 
shrieking;  as,  i/r/dnw  monsters.  Milton. 

YELL'ING,  n.    The  act  of  screaming  hideously. 

YEL' LOW,  a.  [Sax.  gealew,  yellow  ;  gcalla,  gall ;  G. 
gelb  ;  I),  geel ;  Dan.  o-tiiil ;  Sw.  goal,  gul.  Hence 
gold,  Dan.  guld.  'J'he  Fr.  jaiine  is  the  .same  word, 
contracted  from  jaiifnr,  as  it  is  written  in  the  Nor- 
man; It.  giallo;  Russ.  jelknu,  to  become  yellow; 
jtltnie,  yellow  ;  L.  gathanus,  (iu.  gilvus.  The  root 
is  the  Celtic  gal,  gcal,  bright.  (See  Gold.)  Class 
Gl,  No.  7.] 

ISeiiig  of  a  bright  color;  of  the  color  of  gold. 

JVeteton. 


YEL'LoW,  7!.  A  bright  golden  color,  reflecting  the 
most  light  of  any,  after  white.  It  is  one  of  the  sim- 
ple or  primitive  colors. 

YEL'LoW-BIRD,  n.  A  small  singing-bird  of  the 
genus  Carduelis  of  Brisson,  common  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  the  Fringilla  tristis  of  Linnteus.  The 
summer  dress  of  the  male  is  of  a  lemon  yellow,  with 
the  wings,  tail,  and  fore  part  of  the  head  black.  The 
female  and  the  male,  during  the  winter,  are  of  a 
brown  olive  color.  fVilson. 

YEL'LoW-BLOS'SOM-ED.a.  Furnished  or  adorned 
with  yellow  flowers.  Goldsmitk. 

YEL'LoW-BOY,  71.    A  gold  coin.    !  Vulgar.] 

YEL'LoW-EAUTH,  (-erth,)  n.  A"  yellowish  clay, 
colored  by  iron.  Ure. 

YEL'LoW-Fe'VER,  71.  .\  malignant  febrile  disease 
of  warm  climates,  which  is  often  attended  with  yel- 
lowness of  the  skin,  of  some  shade  between  lemon- 
yellow  and  the  deepest  orange-yellow,  and  often  also 
with  wh.at  is  called  black-vomit. 

YEL'LoW-GoLDS,  71.    A  flower.  B.  .Jonson. 

YEL'LoW-H.AlR-i!:D,  a.    Having  yellow  hair. 

YEL'LoW-HA.M-MER,  71.  A  European  bird  of  the 
genus  Emberiza  ;  also  called  the  Yellow-Bunting. 
Its  principal  colors  are  shades  of  gamboge,  yellow, 
and  brown.  Jardine. 

YEL'LoW-ISH,  a.  Somewhat  yellow ;  as,  amber  is 
of  a  yellowish  color.  Woodicard, 

YEL'LoW-ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  some- 
what vpIIow.  Boiile. 

YEL'LOW-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  yellow; 
as,  the  yellowness  of  an  orange. 

2.  Jealousy.    [JVut  in  use.]  Shak. 

YEL'LoWS,  71.  A  disease  of  the  bile  in  horses,  cat- 
tle, and  sheep,  causing  yellowness  of  eyes. 

2.  A  disease  of  peach-trees  in  the  United  States, 
causing  them  to  produce  abortive,  yellow  sprouts  on 
the  trunk  and  limbs,  and  soon  destroying  them. 

Prof.  E.  Ives. 

YEL'LoW-THRoAT,  71.  A  small  North  American 
singing-bird,  of  the  genus  Sylvia,  a  species  of  war- 
bler. Peabody's  Mass.  Rep. 

YELP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  gealpan,  to  bray ;  Dan.  gylper,  to 
croak.] 

To  bark,  as  a  beagle-hound  after  his  prey,  or  as 
other  dogs. 

YELP'ING,  ppr.    Barking  in  a  particular  manner. 

Ye'NITE,  71.  A  mineral  of  a  black  or  brownish-black 
color  and  sub-metallic  luster,  inclining  to  resinous, 
occurring  massive  and  in  prismatic  crystals.  It  con- 
sists of  oxyd  of  iron,  lime,  and  silica,  and  is  prop- 
erly an  ore  of  iron.  It  was  first  obtained  at  Elba, 
and  was  called  Jenite,  in  commemoration  of  the 
battle  of  Jena.  It  is  also  trailed  Lievrite,  from  its 
discoverer.  Dana. 

YEo'i'^IAN,  (yo'man.)  ti.  [Sax.  gememie,  common,  Sw 
gemen,  Dan.  gemeen.    See  Common.] 

1.  A  common  man,  or  one  of  the  plebeians,  of  the 
first  or  most  respectable  class  ;  a  freeholder ;  a  man 
free  born.  A  yeoman  in  England  is  considered  as 
next  in  order  to  the  gentry.  The  word  is  little  used 
in  the  United  States,  unless  as  a  title  in  law  pro- 
ceedings and  instruments,  designating  occupation, 
and  this  only  in  particular  States.  But  Yeomanry 
is  sometimes  used. 

2.  An  oflicer  in  the  king's  household,  of  a  middle 
rank  between  a  gentleman  and  a  groom.  England. 

3.  In  ships,  an  inferior  officer  under  the  boatswain, 
gunner,  or  carpenters,  charged  with  the  stowage, 
account,  and  distribution  of  the  stores. 

Mar.  Diet. 

4.  Yeomen  of  the  guard,  are  a  body-guard  of  the 
English  .sovereign,  consisting  of  100  men,  armed 
with  partisans,  and  habited  in  the  costume  of  tlie 
lOjh  century.  P.  Cyc. 

YEo'M  AN-LIKE,  (y5'man-,)  a.    Like  yeomen. 
YEo'MAN-LY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  yeoman. 
YEo'MAN-RY,  (yo'inan-re,)  w.    The  collective  body 

of  yeomen  or  freeholders.    Thus  the  common  people 

in  America  are  called  the  yeomanrif. 
YERK,  V.  t.    [This  seems  to  be  the  lleb.  and  Ch.  pli, 

Eth.  wnraha,  to  spit,  that  is,  to  thrust  out.  It 

is  the  same  as  Jerk.    Class  Rg,  No.  35.] 

To  throw  or  thrust  with  a  sudden,  smart  spring; 
as,  horses  yrrk  their  heels.  Far.  Diet. 

YERK,  n.    A  sudden  or  quick  thrust  or  motion. 

YERK'ING,  ppr.    Thrusting  with  a  quick  spring. 

YERN.    See  Yearn. 

YER'-NUT,  (  n.    An  earfh-nut ;  a  pig-niit. 

YA  R'-NUT,  I  mibrahame. 

YES,  adv.    [Sax.  gise.] 

A  word  which  expresses  affirmation  or  consent ; 
opposed  to  No  ;  as,  are  you  m.irricil,  madam  Yes. 

ft  is  used,  like  Yea,  to  enforce,  by  repetition  or  ad- 
dition, something  which  precedes.  You  have  done 
311  this  ;  yes,  you  have  done  more. 

Yet,  you  deipise  the  man  to  btioks  confined.  Pope. 
[Walker's  pronunciation  of  this  word  as  yis  is  now 
considered  vulgar,  and  no  polite  speaker,  as  Jnmie- 
Bon  remarks,  would  so  pronounce  it  on  his  author- 
itv.l 

YEt^T.    See  Yeait. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PRBV.  — nNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF  DQQK.— 


YIE 


VES'TER,  a.  [G.  gesUrn;  D.  gisteren  ;  Sox.  ffystern; 
L.  kesternus.] 

Last ;  last  past ;  next  before  the  present ;  n^,  yea- 
ter  sun.  Dri/drn. 

JVufe.  —  This  is  seldom  used  except  in  the  coin- 
potiiids  which  fuliow. 
YES'TEll-DAY,  n.     [Sax.  pyrstan-dtrg,  pyrstcrlnic 
daa.    See  Ybster.] 

1.  The  day  last  past;  the  day  next  before  the 
present. 

All  our  yttXtnhiyt  have  lighted  fouU 

The  way  to  dusty  denth.  Skak. 
We  are  hut  of  yMteniay,  and  know  nothing.  —  Job  Till, 

2.  Yesterday  is  used  generally  without  a  preposi- 
tion ;  as,  I  went  to  town  yesterday.  Yesterday  we 
received  letters  from  our  friends.  In  this  case,  a 
preposition  is  understood  ;  as,  on  ijesterday,  or  during 
yesterday.  The  word  may  be  considered  as  adverb- 
ially used. 

YES'TEll.V,  n.    Relating  to  the  day  last  past. 
YES'TER-NIGHT,  (-uile,)7i.  [yesUr  and  night.]  The 
last  night. 

2.  It  is  used  without  a  preposition.    My  brother 
arrived  yesternight ;  wliere  on  or  during  is  under- 
stood, but  it  may  be  considered  as  adverbially  u.sed. 
YEST'Y.    See  Yeasty. 

YET,  conj.  [Sax.  get,  gyt ;  Or.  cti  ;  W.  etto.  It  seems 
to  be  from  the  root  of  the  verb  get.] 

Nevertheless ;  notwithstanding  ;  however.  I  come 
to  you  in  the  spirit  of  peace ;  yet  you  will  not  receive 
nie. 

y<rf  I  »ny  to  yon,  that  Solomon,  in  all  his  glory,  vfat  not  arrayed 
like  one  of  these.  —  Matt,  vi, 

YET,  ado.  Beside  ;  over  and  above.  There  is  one 
reason  yet  further  to  b,e  alleged. 

2.  Still ;  the  stale  remaining  the  same. 

They  alteat  iacta  they  had  heard  while  they  were  ytt  heathens. 

Adtluon. 

3.  At  this  time  ;  so  soon.  Is  it  lime  to  go  ?  Not 
yet. 

4.  At  least ;  at  all. 

A  man  th'U  would  fonn  a  comparison  between  dulntilian'a 
declanialions,  if  yet  they  are  (^uintiliiin's.  Baker. 

5.  It  is  prefixed  to  words  denoting  extension  of 
time  or  continuance. 

A  little  longer ;  yet  a  little  longer.  Dryden. 

C.  Still  ;  in  a  new  degree.  The  crime  becomes 
yet  blacker  by  the  pretense  of  piety. 

7.  Even  ;  after  all ;  a  kind  of  emphatical  addition 
to  a  negative. 

Men  may  not  too  raahly  beliete  the  confeisioas  ot  witches,  nor 

yet  tlie  evidence  ug:unst  tlicm.  Bacon. 

8.  Hitherto.  You  have  yet  done  nothing ;  you 
have  a<  yet  done  less  than  was  expected. 

YEV'KN,  for  GivEM,  is  nut  in  use.  Spenser. 
YEW,  (yii,)  n.    [Sax.  iic;  W.  yw  or  ywen;  G.  eibe  or 

eibenbaum  ;  D.  ibenboom;  Fr.  \f.] 
.An  evergreen  tree  of  the  genus  Taxus,  allied  to 

the  pines,  valued  for  its  wood  or  timber.    The  yew 

frequently  occurs  in  British  churchyards. 
YEW,  V.  i.   To  rise,  as  scum  on  tlie  brine  in  boiling 

nt  the  salt  works.  [See  Yaw.I  Cyc. 
YEW'E.X,  (yu'en,)  a.  Made  of  yew.  Hubberd. 
YEX,  n.    [Sax.  geocsa.    See  Hiccough.] 

.\  hiccough.    {Little  used,] 
YEX,  r.  t.    To  hiccough. 

YEZ'I-DEES,  n.  pi.  A  small  nation  bordering  on 
the  Euphrates,  whose  religion  is  said  to  be  a  mixture 
of  the  worship  of  the  devil,  with  some  of  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Magi,  Mohammedans,  and  Christians. 

P.  Cyc. 

Y-FeRE',  (e-fcre',)  adv.   Together.    [JYot  in  use.] 

Spenser, 

YIELD,  (yeeld,)  v.  t,  ['Sax.  gif.ldan,gildan,  gyldan,  to 
render,  to  p,-iy.  But  the  word  seems  to  be  directly 
from  the  VV.  gildiaw,  to  produce,  to  yield,  to  concede, 
to  contribute.    The  sense  is  obvious.] 

1.  To  produce,  as  land,  stock,  or  funds;  to  give 
in  return  for  labor,  or  as  profit.  Lands  yield  not 
more  than  three  per  cent,  annually  ;  houses  yield 
four  or  five  per  cent.  Maize,  on  good  land,  yicldslwo 
or  three  hundred  fold. 

2.  To  produce,  in  general.  Most  vegetable  juices 
yield  a  salt. 

3.  To  afford  ;  to  exhibit.  The  flowers  in  spring 
yield  a  beautiful  sight. 

4.  To  allow  ;  to  concede  ;  to  admit  to  be  true ;  as, 
to  yirjd  the  point  in  debate.  We  yield  that  there  is  a 
God. 

5.  To  give,  as  claimed  of  right ;  as,  to  yield  due 
honors  ;  to  yield  due  praise. 

6.  To  permit ;  to  grant. 

Life  is  but  air. 

That  yields  a  passage  to  the  whistUug  sword.  Dryden. 

7.  To  emit ;  to  give  up.  To  yield  the  breath,  is  to 
expire. 

8.  To  resign  ;  to  give  up  ;  sometimes  with  up  or 
over  :  as,  to  yield  up  their  own  opinions.  We  yield 
the  place  to  our  superiors. 

9.  To  surrender  ;  sometimes  with  up  ;  as,  to  yield 
a  fortress  to  the  enemy  ;  or  to  yield  up  a  fortress. 


TONE,  BJ,'LL,  U.MTE.— 


YON 

YIELD,  V.  i.    To  give  up  the  contest ;  to  submit. 

He  siw  the  faintin*  Grecians  yield,  Dryrltn. 

2.  To  comply  with  ;  as,  I  yirlded  to  his  request. 

.'1.  To  give  way  ;  not  to  oppose.  We  rfudily  yield 
to  the  current  of  opinion;  we  yield  to  the  customs 
and  fashions. 

4.  To  give  place,  as  inferior  in  rank  or  excellence. 
They  will  yield  to  us  in  nothing. 
Tell  me  in  what  more  happy  fu  lils 

The  Ihlsllo  springs,  to  wliich  the  lily  yiel'U  ?  Pope. 
YIELD,  n.    Amount  yielded  ;  product ;  applied  par- 
ticularly to  products  resulting  iVom  growth  or  culti- 
vation. 

YIkLD'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  comply.  [Jl 
bad  word,  and  not  used.] 

YIeLD'ANCE,  n.  Act  of  producing ;  concession. 
[JVot  tuied.]  I/all. 

YIeLD'ED,  pp.  Produced;  afforded;  conceded;  al- 
lowed; resigned;  surrendered. 

YlKLD'ER,  n.    One  who  yields. 

YIkLD'ING,  ;)pr.  Producing;  affording;  conceding; 
resigning  ;  surrendering  ;  allowing. 

2.  a.  Inclined  to  give  way  or  comply  ;  flexible ; 
accommodating;  as,  a  yielding  temper. 

YIeL1)'1.\'G,  71.  Act  of  producing  ;  act  of  surrender- 
ing ;  submission.  Shak. 

YIeLD'ING-LY,  adv.   With  compliance. 

YIeLD'ING-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  comply  ;  quali- 
ty of  yielding.  Paley. 

YO'J.AN,  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  a  measure  or  distance 
of  five  miles.  jf.viaf.  Res. 

Yoke,  n.  [Sax.  ^foc  or  ioc ;  V.juk;  G.joch;  Sw. ok; 
Sans,  yuga  or  yuj ;  Pers.  yigh,  yoo;  W.  jau;  Fr. 
joug ;  it.  giogo :  Sp.  yugo;  L.  jugum  ;  Gr.  ^^vyo^  ; 
Slav.  Riiss.  igo  :  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  Jv  lug,  to  join,  L. 
jungo,  Gr.  {vyoM.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber,  hollowed  or  made  curving 
near  each  end,  and  fitted  with  bows  for  receiving  the 
necks  of  oxen  ;  by  which  means  two  arc  connected 
for  diawing. 

2.  A  frame  of  wood  fitted  to  a  person's  shoulders 
for  carrying  a  pail,  &c..  suspendeil  on  each  sule. 

3.  A  mark  of  servitude  ;  slavery  ;  bondage. 

Our  country  sinks  beneath  tlie  yoke,  Shak, 

4.  A  chain  ;  a  link ;  a  bond  of  connection  ;  as,  the 
yoke  of  marriage.  I>rydcn. 

5.  A  couple;  a  pair;  as,  a  yoAe  of  oxen. 

6.  Service. 

My  yoke  is  easy.  —  Malt,  xi, 

7.  A  frame  at  right  angles  to  the  head  of  a  boat's 
rudder,  from  the  end  of  which  are  lines  by  which  the 
boat  is  steered.  Totlcn. 

Yoke,  b.  t.  To  put  a  yoke  on  ;  to  join  in  a  yoke ;  as, 
to  yoke  oxen,  or  a  pair  of  oxen. 

2.  To  couple  ;  to  join  with  another. 

Casslus,  you  are  yoked  with  a  lamb.  Shak, 

3.  To  enslave ;  to  bring  into  bondage.  Shali. 

4.  To  restrain  ;  to  confine.  Libertines  like  nut  to 
be  yoked  in  marriage. 

The  wonis  and  promises  that  yoke 

The  conqueror,  are  quickly  broke.  Hudibras. 
YoK'ED,  (ySkt,)  pp.    Confined  in  a  yoke;  joined; 

coupled. 
YoKE'-ELM,  n.    A  tree. 

YoKE'-FEt^LoW,  j  n.  [yoke  and  fellow  or  ma'c  '\  An 
YoKE'MATE,         )     a.ssociate  or  companion. 

_  2.  A  mate  ;  a  fellow.  Spectator. 
YoK'ING,ppr.    Putting  a  yoke  on  ;  joining;  coupling. 
YOLD,  for  Yielded.    [jVot  in  ujjc]  Spenser. 
YoLK,  n.    The  yelk  of  an  egg.    [See  Yei.k.] 

2.  The  unctuous  secretion  from  the  skin  of  sheep, 
consisting  of  a  peculiar  potash  soap,  which  renders 
the  pile  soft  and  pliable.  Ure. 

3.  The  vitcllus,  a  part  of  the  seed  of  plants,  so 
named  by  Ga;rtner,  from  its  supposed  analogy  to  the 
yelk  of  an  egg.  It  is  characterized  as  very  firmly 
and  inseparably  connected  with  the  embryo,  yet 
never  rising  out  of  the  integuments  of  the  seed  in 
germination,  but  absorbed,  like  the  albumen,  (see 
White  and  Perispesm,)  for  the  nourishment  of  the 
embryo.  When  the  albumen  is  present,  it  is  always 
situated  between  it  and  the  embryo.  In  the  grasses 
it  forms  a  scale  between  the  embryo  and  albumen. 
It  is  considered  by  Smith  as  a  subterraneous  cotyle- 
don. Cyc.  Smitll, 

YON,         1  a,  [Sax.  geond.  This  seems  to  be  formed 
YOND,       >    from  gan,  to  go,  or  its  root,  and  signi- 
YON'DER,  )     fies  pr()|>erly;fone  ;  or  it  is  from  geonan, 
to  open  ;  whence  distant.  The  G,  jener,  and  D.  gins, 
gindcr,  may  be  the  same  word,  or  from  the  same 
root.] 

Bemg  at  a  distance  within  view. 

YotvUr  men  are  too  many  for  an  embassy.  Baeon. 
R»'ad  thy  lut  in  yon  celestial  si?n.  MUton, 
Yon  flowery  albon,  yonder  alleys  green.  Mtltan. 

YON,         \  adv.    At  a  distance  within  view.  When 
YOND,       >    we  use  this  word,  we  often  point  the 
YON'DER,  J    band  or  direct  the  eye  to  the  place  or 
object. 

First  and  chief-'st,  with  thee  brinf 

Him  that  yon  soars  on  golden  wmg.  Milton. 
Yondtr  are  two  apple.wuroen  scoldmf .  Arhufhnot, 


YOU 


YO.ND,  a.  Mad;  furious,  or  aliriialed  in  iiiiiid  ;  lhal 
is,  ^one,  wandering  ;  and  allied  to  the  preceding. 
[  Obs.  1  Spenser. 

Yo.N'K'ER,  (yuuk'er,)  n.    A  young  fellow. 

;»'u/(fr  Sciitl. 

YORE,  ade.  [Sax.  geara.  It  probably  signifies  past, 
giinc,  from  the  root  of  year.] 

Long.    [Ofrs.]  Spenser, 
Of  yore  ;  of  old  time  ;  long  ago ;  as,  in  times  or 
days  of  ym. 

fiul  Satan  now  Is  wiser  than  of  yore.  Pope. 

YOO,  (yu,)  pron.  [Sax.  cou>,  iu,  iuch:  G.  euch ;  Arm. 
chuy :  D.  »■«  or  y«,  thou.  You  has  been  considered 
as  in  the  plural  only,  and  is  so  treated  in  the  Saxon 
grammar.  But  from  the  Belgic  dialect,  it  appears 
to  be  in  the  singular  as  well  as  the  plural,  ami  our 
universal  popular  usage,  in  applying  it  to  a  single 
pi  r.son  with  a  verb  in  the  singular  number,  is  cor- 
rect.   Yourself  is  in  the  singular  number.] 

1.  The  pronniin  of  the  second  person,  in  the  nomi- 
native or  objective  case.  In  familiar  language,  it  is 
applied  to  an  individual,  as  thou  is  in  the  solemn 
style.  In  the  plural,  it  is  used  in  tlie  solemn  style  in 
the  objective  case. 

In  vain  you  ti^Il  your  parlinjr  lover, 

You  wish  fair  winds  may  waft  him  over.  Prior. 
He  that  despiseth  you,  despiselh  me,  —  Luke  X. 

2.  You  is  used,  like  en  in  French,  for  any  one. 
This  at  a  distance  looks  like  a  ruck  ;  but  as  you  ap- 
proach it,  you  see  a  liltle  cabin. 

YOUNG,  (yung,)  a.  [."<ax.  iong,  geong  !  G.  jung  ;  D. 
jong ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  ung ;  Arm.  yaouncq;  W.  icuanc; 
Salts,  yuwana ;  \,.  juocnis.  Clu.  Ch.  Syr.  Ileb.  and 
Sam.  pJ'',  t<i  suck,  or  Goth,  yuggs,  young.  The 
Welsh  makes  the  word  a  compound,  and  the  origin 
is  not  evident.] 

1.  Not  having  been  long  horn:  being  in  the  first- 
part  of  life  ;  not  old  ;  used  of  animals ;  as,  a  young 
child  ;  .1  young  man  ;  a  young  fawn. 

2.  Being  in  the  first  part  of  growth  ;  as,  a  young 
plant ;  a  young  tree. 

3.  Ignorant ;  weak ;  or  rather,  having  little  expe- 
rience. 

Come,  elder  brother,  thou'n  too  young  in  Uiis.  Shak. 

YOUNG,  (yung,)  n.  The  offspring  of  animals,  either 
a  single  animal,  or  offspring  collectively.  The  cow 
will  take  care  of  her  young,  as  will  the  hen.  An- 
imals make  provision  for  their  young. 

YOUN"GEIl,  (yung'ger,)  a.  comp.  Not  so  old  as  an- 
other. A  person  of  ninety  years  old  is  yomi'i'cr  than 
one  of  a  hundred,  though  certainly  not  a  young  man, 
nor  in  the  first  part  of  life. 

YOUN"GEST,  (yiiiig'gest,)  a.  superl.  Having  the 
le.ast  age.  There  are  three  persons  living,  the  young- 
est of  whom  is  ninety  years  old. 

YOUNG'ISII,  (yung'ish,)  a.    Somewhat  young. 

Tatler. 

YOUNG'LING,  (yiing'ling,)  n.    [Sax.  geongling,] 

Any  animal  in  the  first  part  of  life.  I>ryden, 
YOUNG'LY,  (yung'le,)  adv.    Early  in  life.  Shak, 

2.  Ignorantly  ;  weakly.    [LitUe  used,] 
YOUNG'STER,  (yung'ster,)  n.   A  young  person  ;  a 

lad.    [.^  colloquial  word,]  Shak, 
YOUNGTH,  for  Yoi  th,  is  not  in  use.  Spenser, 
YOUNK'EK,  71.    Among  seamen,  a  stripling  in  the 
service. 

YOuR,  (yure,)  a.  pronoun,  [from  youi  Sax.  eoicer ;  G. 
eucr.l 

1.  Belonging  to  you  ;  equally  applicable  to  both  num- 
bers  :  as,  your  father ;  your  heart ;  your  prince  ;  your 
subjects. 

2.  It  is  used  indefinitely. 

Your  meilalist  and  your  critic  are  mucli  nearer  related  ftian  the 
world  imagine.  Addieon. 

3.  Yours  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun  in  the 
nominative  or  objective.  Tiiis  book  is  yours.  1  have 
no  pen  ;  give  nie  yours.  My  sword  and  yours  are 
kin.  Shak. 

YOOR-SELF',  prnn. :  pi.  Yot-nsEi-vrs.  [your  and  se{f.] 
A  word  addetl  to  you,  to  express  distinction  emphat- 
ically between  you  and  other  persons.  This  work 
you  must  do  your.telf;  or  you  yourself  must  do  it ; 
that  is,  you  and  no  other  person. 
Sumeiimes  it  is  used  without  you. 

Allow  obedience,  if  youniltti  an-  uld.  Shak. 

It  is  used  as  the  reciprocal  pronoun.    You  love 
only  yourself  ;  you  have  brought  this  calamity  on 
yourselves  ;  be  but  yourselves. 
YOOTH,  (yuth,)  n.    [t^ax.  iugiUA,  iugoth„iogoth,  get>- 
gatli  I  Gi)\,\\,  yusgs  I  G.  jugend  ;  li.  jougd.] 

1.  The  part  of  life  that  succeeds  to  rliildluKid.  In 
a  general  sense,  youth  denotes  the  whole  early  part  of 
life,  from  infancy  to  manhood  ;  but  it  is  not  unusual 
to  ilivide  the  stages  of  life  into  infancy,  childhood, 
youth,  and  manhood.  In  this  sense,  Uie  word  can 
have  no  plural. 

Those  who  pi\ss  their  youtA  in  vice,  are  Justly  condemned  U 
spend  their  age  in  lolly.  UamiUer. 

2.  A  young  man.    In  this  sense,  it  bas  a  plural. 

Seven  youthe  from  Athens  yearly  senu  Dryden. 

3.  A  young  person,  male  or  femsde. 


127tl 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  e  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a»  in  THIS. 


ZEA 


ZEO 


ZIM 


4.  Young  persons,  collectively. 

It  is  lit  to  youth  to  read  the  beat  auihort  first.        B.  Jonson. 

YOOTH'FyL,  a.   Young  ;  as,  two  youthful  knights. 

Drydcn, 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  early  part  of  life  ;  as,  youthful 
days ;  yiiiuhful  age. 

3.  Suitable  to  the  first  part  of  life;  as,  youthful 
thoiiglils  ;  yotUltful  sports. 

4.  Fresh  ;  vigorous  ;  as  in  vouth.  Bentiaj. 
YOCTH'FL  I^LY,  ado.    In  a  youthful  manner. 
YOCTII'FijL-NESS,  n.   Fullness  of  youth. 
YOOTH'LY,  a.    Young ;  early  in  life.  [Ofo.] 

Spenser. 

YOuTH'Y,  a.   Young.    [Bad,  and  not  used.] 

Spectator. 

Y-PIGHT',  (e-plte',)  a.  Fixed,  that  is,  pitched.  [04s.] 

Spenser. 

YT'TRI-A.  Tt.    [So  called  from  YUerby,  a  quarry  in 
Sweden.] 

A  metallic  oiyd.    It  has  the  appearance  of  a  fine. 


white  powder,  without  taste  or  smell.  It  is  insolu- 
ble in  water,  and  does  nut  affect  vegetable  blues.  It 
combines  with  acids,  and  forms  salts.  Its  metallic 
h:ise  is  yttrium.  It  was  discovered  in  1794,  by  Pro- 
fessor Gad'ilin,  in  a  mineral  found  at  Ytterby.  The 
metal  of  which  it  is  an  oxyd  was  first  obtained  by 
VVoeliler  in  1828.  Cyc.    Ure.  Davy. 

YT'TRI-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  yttria  ;  containing  yt- 
tria  ;  as,  the  7/ttriou5  ovyd  t»f  columbiuin.  Clcavclaitd. 

YT'TRI-U.M,  71.  The  metallic  base  of  yttria.  It  was 
first  obtained  pure  in  1828,  by  Woehler.  Its  texture 
is  scaly,  its  color  grayish-black,  and  its  luster  perfect- 
ly metallic.  Its  oxyd,  called  Yttria,  was  discovered 
in  1794,  by  Professor  Gadolin,  in  a  mineral  found  at 
Ytterby,  in  Sweden. 

YT'TRO-Ce'RITE,  n.  A  mineral  occurring  very 
sparingly  at  Finbo  and  Brodbo,  near  Fahliin,  imbed- 
ded in  quartz.  Its  color  is  violet-blue,  inclining  to 
gray  and  white.  It  is  sometimes  wliite.  It  consists 
of  fluorid  of  calcium,  fluorid  of  yttrium,  and  fluorid 
of  cerium. 


YT'TRO-eO-LUM'BITE,  i  n.    An  ore  of  coliiinbitim 

YT'TRO-TAN'TA-LITE,  i  and  yttrium  found  in 
Sweden.  It  occurs  of  yellow,  brown,  and  black  col 
ors.  Dana. 

YUCK,  V.  i.    To  itch.    [Local.]  Oru^e. 

YUFTS,  71.  Russia  leather,  prepared  from  ox-hides  in 
a  peculiar  manner.  Tuukc 

YUG,  i  71.    In  Uie  mytholo^j  of  Indian  an  age  ;  one  o( 

YOG,  j  the  ages  into  which  the  Hindoos  divide  the 
dtir.ation  or  existence  of  the  world. 

Yu'LAN,  71.  A  beautiful  flowering  tree  of  China; 
the  Magnolia  yulan,  a  tree  of  30  or  40  feet  in  its  na- 
tive country,  but,  in  European  gardens,  of  not  more 
than  12  feet.  Grosier. 

YuLE,  7i.  [Sa\.iule,geohol,  gehul,  eeol;  Ann.  gouel, 
gouil,  a  feast ;  VV.  gwyty  a  holiday.] 

The  name  anciently  given  to  Christmas,  or  the 
feast  of  the  nativity  of  our  Savior 

YUX,  7!.    A  hiccough.    [JVot  used.] 

YVX,v.i.   To  hiccough.  [Obs.] 


z. 


ZTRE  last  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is  a  sibil.ant 
J  articulation,  and  is  merely  a  vocal  s.  It  bears 
the  same  relation  to  s  as  »  does  to  /.  With  us  it  has 
not  a  compound  sound,  nor  is  it  a  double  consonant, 
as  in  the  Italian  and  German.  It  is  as  simple  in  its 
sound  as  s. 

As  a  numeral,  Z  stands  for  2000,  and  with  a  dash 
over  it,  Z,  for2,000,000.    It  is  pronounced  lee. 
Za'BA-ISM.    See  Sabianism. 

ZACeilO,  71.  The  lowest  part  of  the  pedestal  of  a 
column. 

ZAF'FER,  71.  Impure  oxyd  of  cobalt.  The  residuum 
of  cobalt,  after  the  sulphur,  arsenic,  and  other  vola- 
tile matters  have  been  expelled  by  calcination  ;  so 
that  it  is  a  gray  or  dark-gray  oxyd  of  cobalt,  mixed 
with  a  portion  of  silex.  Cyc. 

ZA.M'BO,  7!.  The  child  of  a  mulatto  and  a  negro, 
also  sometimes  of  an  Indian  and  a  negro. 

Humboldt. 

ZA'MI-A,  71.  A  genus  of  plants,  possessing  nearly 
equal  affinities  with  palms  and  tree-ferns,  and  bear- 
ing heads  of  flowers  like  pine  cones.  P.  Cyc. 

Za'MITE,  71.    A  fossil  plant  of  tlie  genus  Zamia. 

Brande. 

ZA'NY,  71.    [It.  lanni,  a  buffoon.] 

A  merry-andrew  ;  a  buffoon.  Pope. 

Za'NY,  r.  t.    To  mimic.  Beaum.  S,-  Fl. 

Za'NY-ISM,  71.    The  state  or  character  of  a  zany. 

ZAPH'A-RA,  71.  A  mineral  used  by  potters  to  pro- 
duce a  sky-color  in  their  wares. 

ZAP'OTE,  71.  In  Mexico,  the  general  name  of  fruits 
which  are  roundish  and  contain  a  hard  stone. 

ZAR'iN'ICH,  (zir'nik,)  7i.  [See  Arsenic]  A  name 
applied  to  tile  native  sulphurets  of  arsenic,  sanda- 
rach  or  realgar,  and  orpimeiit.  Rces^s  Cyc. 

ZAX,  II.    An  instrument  for  cutting  slate. 

ZA'  YAT,  71.  A  Burman  caravansary,  or  resting-place 
fur  travelers. 

Ze'A,  71.  In  natural  history,  the  generic  name  of 
maize.  Two  species  only  of  Zea  are  known,  viz., 
Zea  Mays  and  Zea  Caragua.  The  former  is  common 
Indian  corn  ;  the  latter  is  quite  different  as  respects 
the  ear  and  seeds. 
Zeal,  (zeel,)  71.    [Gr.  C'A"!  ;  L.  zebus.] 

Passionate  ardor  in  the  pursuit  of  any  thing.  Ex- 
cessive zeal  may  rise  to  enthusiasm.  In  general,  zeal 
is  an  eagerness  of  desire  to  accomplish  or  obtain 
some  object,  and  it  mny  be  manifested  either  in  favor 
of  any  person  or  thing,  or  in  opposition  to  it,  and  in 
a  good  or  b.ad  cause. 

Zeal,  tlie  blind  conductor  of  the  will.  Dn/tJen. 
'Mi'-'y^iiave  .1  xeal  ol  God,  but  not  according  to  knowledge  — 

A  zeal  for  lili^rty  is  8om'"lim''ii  .in  cnir'Tn^-si  to  suhvorl,  with 
little  care  wiiat  iltill  be  csiablulied.  Juht^on. 

ZRAL'I-ESS,  a.    Wanting  zeal.  Hammond. 

ZEAIj'OT,  (zrd'ot,)  71.  One  who  engages  warmly 
in  any  l  ausc,  and  pursues  his  olijpct  with  earnest- 
ne-fj  anil  ardor.  It  is  generally  used  in  dispraise,  or 
applied  to  one  whose  ardor  is  intemperate  and  cen- 
surable. The  fury  of  iralola  was  one  cause  of  the 
desinii  tion  of  Jeriuali  in.  K.  Charles. 

ZI'.A  I.OT'lC  AL,  a.    Ardently  zealous.   [htUlc  used.] 

ZIOAI/OUH,  (zel'iis,)  (1.  Warmly  engaged  o{  ardent 
in  the  piirHUit  of  an  object. 

it«-lnir         SAved  biinself,  ht  mny  t>e  xeatout  in  th^  uilrttlon  of 
tot.l,.  La<c. 

ZEAL'OtJS  LY,  (zel'u»-le,)  adv.  With  passionate  ar- 
dor ;  with  eagerness. 

U  Is  i<>w\  to  be  x«a/ou«/y  aiTect^d  nlwtys  In  a  good  tliiiif;.  — 
i». 


ZEAL'OUS-NESS,  (zel'us-ness,)  71.  The  quality  of 
being  zealous  ;  zeal. 

Zk'BRA,  71.  A  pachydermatous  mammal,  the  Equus 
Zebra,  a  quadruped  of  Southern  Africa,  nearly  as 
large  as  a  horse,  white,  with  numerous  brownisti- 
black  bands,  of  greater  or  less  intensity,  and  lighter 
down  the  middle  of  each  band.  It  is  one  of  the  six 
species  which  constitute  the  genus  to  which  the  horse 
belongs. 

Ze'BU,  71.  A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  bovid  tribe, 
Irhe  Taurus  Indicus  or  Bos  Indicus  of  the  naturalists. 
This  bovine  quadruped  varies  in  size,  from  a  large 
mastiff-dog  to  a  full-grown  European  bull.  It  is  or- 
dinarily furnished  with  a  fatty  excrescence  or  hump 
on  the  shoulders,  which  has  been  said  sometimes  to 
reach  the  weight  of  fifty  pounds.  It  is  found  exten- 
sively in  India  and  also  in  Northern  Africa.  It  is 
often  called  the  Indian  Bull  or  Ox  and  Cow. 

Ze'CHIN,  (ze'kin,)  71.  [It.  zccchino.]  An  Italian  gold 
coin;  usually  written  Sequin,  which  see.  If  named 
from  Zecha,  the  place  where  minted,  this  is  the  cor- 
rect orthography. 

ZECH'STeIN,  71.  [Ger.]  A  magnesian  limestone, 
inferior  in  rel.ative  position  to  the  lias.  Brande. 

ZED,  7!.    A  name  of  the  letter  Z.  Shak. 

ZED'O-A-RY,  71.  A  medicinal  root,  belonging  to  Cur- 
cuma Zedoaria,  a  plant  growing  in  the  East  Indies, 
whose  leaves  resemble  those  of  ginger,  only  they 
are  hmger  and  broader.  It  comes  in  oblong  pieces, 
about  the  thickness  of  the  little  finger,  and  two  or 
t^liree  inches  in  length.  It  is  a  warm  stomachic.  Cyc. 

Ze'IN,  71.  The  gluten  of  maize  ;  a  substance  of  a  yel- 
lowish color,  soft,  insipid,  and  elastic,  procured  from 
the  seeds  of  the  Zea  Mays,  or  Indian  corn.  It  is  said 
to  differ  essentially  from  the  gluten  of  wheat. 

Qorham. 

ZEM-IN-DSR',  71.  [from  :fm,  Tf mm,  land.]  In  India, 
a  feudatory  or  landholder  under  the  government,  with 
the  right  of  underletting  tlie  land  and  certain  other 
privileges,  leading  to  much  oppression.  Malcom. 

ZEM'IN-D.\-RY,  71.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  zemin- 
dar. 

ZEND,  71.  A  language  that  formerly  prevailed  in 
Persia. 

ZENI)'A-VES-TA,  71.  A  sacred  book  of  the  Gutbers 
or  Parsees,  ascribed  to  Zoroaster,  and  reverenced 
as  a  bible,  or  sole  rule  of  faith  and  practice.  It  is 
often  called  Zend,  by  contraction. 

ZF.'NITII,  71.  [Fr. ;  It.  2cni« ;  Sp.  zcnit  or  cenit.  I 
have  not  found  the  oriental  original.] 

That  point  in  the  visible  celestial  hemisphere 
which  is  vertical  to  the  spectator,  and  from  which  a 
direct  perpendicular  line  passing  through  the  spec- 
tator, and  extendeil,  would  proceed  to  tile  center  of 
the  earth.    It  is  opposed  to  Nadir. 

ZE'NITH-SECT'tJR,  n.  An  astronomical  instru- 
ment for  measuring  with  great  accuracy, the  dis- 
tances from  the  zenith  of  stars  wliich  pass  near 
that  point.  Brande. 

Z£'0-LITE,  71.  [Gr.  t;tw,  to  boil,  to  foam,  and  XiUo;, 
Ktonc.J 

A  mineral  species  in  the  early  works  on  mineral- 
ogy, but  now  subdivided  into  several,  bolli  on  chem- 
ical and  crystallographic  grounds.  Some  of  them 
arc  Stilbitc,  Natrolite,  Apophyllite,  Scolecite,  Laii- 
monite.  The  term  is  nttwused  to  ilesignate  a  lainily 
including  these  and  other  hydrous  silicates  of  alumina, 
with  some  of  the  eartJu  or  alkalies.  These  spoi'ies  are 
most  abundant  in  The  cavities  of  ainygilaloitls,  ba- 
salts, and  lavas,  though  occasionally  found  in  granite 
or  gnt;iss.  They  are  always  sulmeiiiient  in  origin  to 
the  formation  of  the  containing  rock.  Dana. 


ZE-0-LIT'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  zeolite  ;  consisting  of 

zeolite,  or  resembling  it. 
ZE-O-LIT'I-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  zeolite. 
ZEPH'YR,  (zef 'er,)  71.    [L.  zephyrus  ;  Gr.  (,oti'iM(.] 
The  west  wind  ;  and  poetically,  any  soft,  mild, 
gentle  breeze.    The  poets  personify  Zephyrus,  and 
make  him  the  most  mild  anil  gentle  of  all  the  sylvan 
deities.  Cyc. 
Mild  as  when  Zephyrug  on  Flora  breathes.  Milton. 

ZEPH'Y-RUS,  71.   [L.]   The  west  wind  or  zephyr. 

Spenser. 

ZER'DA,7i.  [African.]  A  canine  quadruped  of  Africa, 
with  large  ears,  belonging  to  the  genus  Megalotis  of 
Illiger.  It  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  fox  and 
jackal,  but  is  smaller.  C.  H.  Smilli. 

ZE'RO,  71.  [It.]  Cipher  ;  nothing.  The  point  of  a 
thermometer  trom  which  it  is  graduated.  Zero,  in 
the  thermometers  of  Celsius  and  Reaumur,  is  at  the 
point  at  which  water  congeals.  The  zero  of  Fahren- 
heit's thermometer  is  fixed  at  the  point  at  which  the 
mercury  stands  when  immersed  in  a  mixture  of 
snow  and  common  salt.  In  Wedgwood's  pyrome- 
ter, the  zero  corresponds  with  1077"  on  Fahrenheit's 
scale. 

ZEST,  71.    [Pers.  (jX«»j  zistan,  to  peel.  Class  Sd.] 

1.  .\  piece  of  orange  or  lemon  peel,  used  to  give 
flavor  to  liquor  ;  or  the  fine,  thin  oil  that  spurts  out  of 
it  when  stpieezed  ;  also,  the  woody,  thick  skin  quar- 
tering the  kernel  of  a  walnut.  Cyc. 

2.  Relish;  something  that  gives  a  pleasant  taste; 
or  the  taste  itself. 

ZEST,  V.  t.    To  give  a  relish  or  flavor  to ;  to  highten 

taste  or  relish. 
2.  To  cut  the  peel  of  an  orange  or  lemon  from  top 

to  bottom  into  thin  slips ;  or  to  squeeze  the  peel  over 

the  surface  of  any  thing.  Cyc 
Ze'TA,  ;i.    a  Greek  letter,  ^  or  g,  corresponding  to 

our 

2.  A  little  closet  or  chamber,  with  pipes  running 
along  the  walls,  to  convey  into  it  fresh  air,  or  warm 
vapor,  from  below.  Cyc. 

ZE-TET'IC,  a.    [Gr.  Ci/tim.  to  seek.] 

That  seeks  ;  that  proceeds  by  inquiry.  The  zetetic 
method,  in  mathematics,  is  that  used  in  investigation, 
or  the  solution  of  problems.    (^Kui-c]  Hutton. 

ZE  'ne'l{-LA,  71.    A  small  withdrawing  room. 

ZEuG'MA,  (zug'ma,)  71.  [Gr.  ^tujjia,  from  :,ciiyi/\>a, 
to  join.    See  Yoke.) 

A  figure  in  grammar  by  which  an  adjective  or 
verb  which  agrees  with  a  nearer  woril,  is,  by  way  of 
supplement,  referred  also  to  another  more  rtmiote. 
Thus,  ill  Virgil,  "  Hie  illius  anna,  hie  currua  fuit 
where  /iii«,  wliii  h  agrees  directly  with  currus,  is  re- 
ferred also  to  arma.  Cyc. 

ZIB'ET,  71.  [See  Civet.]  A  digitigrade  Carnivorous 
mammal,  the  Viverra  Zibetlia.  This  is  a  small  quad- 
ruped, somewhat  resembling  Ihe  weasel.  It  inhabits 
both  India  and  Africa.  It  is  distinct  from  the  civet, 
though  nearly  allied  to  it. 

ZKJ'ZAG,  a.    Having  short  turns. 

ZIG'ZAG,  71.  Something  that  has  short  turns  or 
angles. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  molding  running  in  a  zigzag 
line.  Off.  Oloss. 

ZIG'ZAG,  r.  I.   To  form  with  short  turns. 
ZIG'ZAti-GKO,  p;).    I'l  rineil  with  short  turns. 
ZIG'ZAG  GINti,  ppr.    Foriiiing  ivith  short  lurnii. 
ZIM'ENT  WA'TER,  or  COP'PER  WA'TER,  li  B 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRfiY  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK._ 


ZON 

name  given  to  water  found  in  copper  mines ;  water 
impregnated  with  copper. 
ZI'MOME,  71.    See  ZvMoME. 

ZINC,  71.  [G.  Sw.  and  Dan. -.i7i/>.  The  spelling  Zink, 
in  accordance  with  tlie  German,  Swcdisli,  and  Da- 
ni.ih,  would  be  preferable.] 

A  metal  of  a  brilliant  white  color,  with  a  shade  of 
blue,  and  appearing  as  if  conipo«'d  of  plates  adher- 
ing together.  It  is  not  brittle,  but  less  malleable  than 
(Xipper.  lead,  or  tin.  When  lieated,  however,  it  is 
malleable,  and  may  be  rolled  into  plates.  Cijc, 

ZIN-CIF'KR-OU.S,    )       r  .        J  T   ^  1 

ZINUK-IF'ER-OUS,  1  «•  L-/'™.] 

Containing  or  ofTurding  zinc ;  as,  zinciferous  ore. 

Journ.  of  Science, 

ZINe'ODE,  n.  The  positive  pole  of  a  galvanic  bat- 
tery. Graham. 

ZINe'OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  zinc,  or  to  the  positive 
pole  of  a  galvanic  battery.  Graham. 

ZI.NXK'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to  zinc,  or  having  its  ap- 
pearance. 

Suinf  elTervi'sco  with  «cula,  sonjc  not,  though  soluble  thpirin,  as 

to  the  zincky  pint.  Kirtean. 
Thf  zincky  orva  uri;  said  to  be  grayer  than  oilier  ores. 

ZINK'E.V-ITE,  71.    [from  M.  Zi7itoi.] 

A  steel-gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead.  Dana. 
ZI'ON,  n.    A  hill  in  Jerusalem,  which,  after  the  cap- 
ture of  that  city,  became  the  royal  residence  of  Da- 
vid and  his  successors.  Hence, 
2.  The  theocracy,  or  church  of  God.  Kitto. 
ZtR'eoN,  71.    A  mineral  containing  the  earth  zir- 
conia  and  silica,  occurring  in  stpiare  prisms  with 
pyramidal  terminations  of  a  brown  or  gray  color, 
occasionally  red,  and  often  nearly  transparent.  Ilija- 
cinOi  is  the  red  variety.  Dana. 
ZIU-Go'NI-.\,  71.    An  oxyd  ot  the  metal  zirconium, 
discovered  by  Klaproth,  in  the  year  1789,  in  the 
lircnn  of  Ceylon,  and  subsequently  in  the  hyacinth 
of  Expaily  in  France.    It  resembles  aluminc  in  ai>- 
pearaiice.    It  is  so  hard  as  to  scratch  glass.  When 
pure,  it  is  a  white  powder. 
ZIR'eO-NITE,  11.    A  variety  of  the  zircon. 
ZIR-eo'M-U.M,  71.    The  metallic  basis  of  zirconia. 
Berzelitis  first  obtained  zirconium  in  1894  ;  but  Davy 
had  previously  rendered  its  existence  quite  probable. 
It  is  commonly  obtained  in  the  form  of  a  black  pow- 
;      der.    Its  metallic  character  is  questioned  by  some. 
I'  ZIZ'EIi,  71.    A  rodent  mammal,  the  Arctomys  Citilliis. 
I      It  is  found  in  Russia  anil  Germany,  and  also  in  Asia. 
1 1      It  is  the  Si'sLiK,  often  called  the  Earless  Marmot. 

i  I      It  is  a  small  quadruped. 

ii  zoceo,  . 

'    ZO'GIjE,       \n    'It.  2o«o!o ;  from  L.  ioccui,  a  sock.] 

i    ZOe'Gti-I-O, ) 

j  A  socle,  which  see. 

p  ZO'DI-AC,  71.  [Fr.  zodiaque ;  It.  and  Sp.  lodiaco;  L. 
jj      zodiacus  ;  Gr.  v'''f^f*'J^'*V",  from  ^ojof,  an  animal.] 

1.  A  broad  circle  in  the  heavens,  containing  the 
twelve  signs  through  which  the  sun  pa.sses  in  its 
annual  course.  The  center  of  this  belt  is  the  eclip- 
tic, which  is  the  path  of  the  sun.  It  intersects  the 
equator  at  an  angle  of  about  twenty-three  degrees  and 
twenty-eight  minutes.    This  is  called  its  obliquity. 

2.  .\  girdle.*  MiUon. 
ZO-DVAC-.M.,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  zodiac. 

Zodiacal  light ;  a  luminous  track,  of  an  elongated, 
triangular  tigiiri?,  lying  nearly  in  the  ecliptic,  its 
base  being  on  the  horizon,  and  its  npe.x  at  varying 
alt  tudes.  In  the  evening,  after  twilight,  it  is  in  this 
latitude  most  conspicuous  from  January  to  April, 
and  in  the  morning,  before  dawn,  from  September  to 
December.    Its  nature  is  unknown.  E.  C  Hcrrick. 

ZS'llXR,  71.  [Ileb.]  A  Jewish  book  of  cabalistic 
commentaries  on  Scripture.  Brande. 

ZOIS'ITE,  71.    [from  Van  ZoLi,  its  discoverer.] 

A  grayish  variety  of  Epidote.  Dana. 

ZONE,  II.    [L.  zona;  Gr.  ^wi/i).] 

1.  A  girdle. 

An  embroiilered  zone  surrounds  her  wslst.  Dryrlen. 

2.  In  freonraphy,  a  division  of  the  earth,  with  re- 
spect to  the  temperature  of  dilTerent  latiluiles.  The 
zones  are  five  ;  the  torrid  zone,  extending  from  trop- 
ic to  tropic  46°  56',  or  23°  28',  on  each  side  of  the 
equator  ;  two  temperate  or  variable  zones,  situated 


ZOO 

between  the  tropics  anil  polar  circles,  and  two  frigid 
zones,  situated  between  the  polar  circles  mid  the 
poles. 

3.  In  natural  history,  a  band  or  stripe  running 
round  any  object.  Gardner. 

4.  Circuit ;  circumference.  Milton. 
Ciliary  zone;  in  a7iaf07/ii/,  the  black  impression  of 

the  ciliary  processes  on  the  vitreous  humor  of  the 
eye.  Cyc. 

ZON'£D,  a.   Wearing  a  zone.  l'i,pc. 
2.  Having  zones  or  concentric  hands. 

Zo.N'E'I-ESS,  a.    Not  having  a  zone. 

ZON'NAR,  77.  A  belt  or  girdle,  which  the  Christians 
and  Jews  in  the  Levant  are  obliged  to  wear,  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  the  Mohammedans.  Ci;e. 

ZO-OG'RA-PHER,  7i.  [Sec  Zooouaphv.]  One  who 
describes  animals,  their  forms,  and  habits. 

ZO-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  descriii- 
tion  of  animals, 

ZO-OG'RA-PIIY,  71.  [Gr.  ^wor,  an  animal,  and 
ypaijxo,  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  animals,  their  forms,  and  habits. 
[But  ZooLOOY  is  generally  used.] 

ZO-OL'A-TRY,  71.    [Gr.  Cw/c  and  Xarocia.] 
The  worship  of  animals. 

Zo'O-LITE,  H.  [Gr.  ^ojav,  an  animal,  and  AiOof, 
stone.] 

An  animal  substance  petrified  or  fossil.  [JVot  in 
71.ST .  ]  Morin. 

Z0-(1-L06'ie-.\L,  o.  [from  zoUlnay.]  Pertaining  to 
zuiilogv,  or  the  science  of  animals. 

ZO-O-LOG'ie-AL-LV,  adv.  According  to  the  princi- 
ples of  zoology.  Lawrence. 

ZO-OL'O-GIST,  71.  [from  zootorry.]  One  who  is  well 
versed  in  the  natural  history  of  animals,  or  who  de- 
scribes animals. 

ZO-OL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  ^wn',  an  animal,  and  Xoyog, 
discourse.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  the 
structure,  habits,  classification,  and  habitatiiuis  of 
all  animals,  from  man  to  the  lowest  of  all  the 
ZO-ON'ie,  a.    [Gr.  an  aiiimaU  [tribes. 

Pertaining  to  animals  ;  obtained  from  animal  sub- 
stances. 

ZO  ON'O-MY,  71.  [Gr.  ^auv,  an  animal,  and  vofios, 
law.] 

The  laws  of  animal  life,  or  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  phenomena  of  animal  life,  their  causes 
and  relations.  Darwin. 
ZO-OPII'A-GAN,  71.  [Gr.  ^uje,  an  animal,  and  fa)oi, 
to  eat.] 

An  animal  that  feeds  on  animal  food ;  a  carnivo- 
rous quadruped. 
ZO-OPII' A-GOUS,  (zo-ofa-gus,)  a.  [Gr.  C,wav,  an  ani- 
mal, and  </>a)  w,  to  eat.] 

Feeiling  on  animals.  Kirby. 
Zo'O-PIIITE.    See  Zoophyte. 

ZO-O  PIlOR'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ^tu  i ,  an  animal,  and  ipoptw, 
to  bear.] 

The  zodphoric  column  is  one  which  supports  the 
figure  of  an  animal. 

ZO-OPH'O-Rt'S,  11.  [Supra.]  In  ancient  architecture, 
the  same  with  the  Frieze  in  modern  architecture  ;  a 
part  between  the  architrave  and  cornice  ;  so  called 
from  the  figures  of  animals  carved  upon  it.  Diet. 

Zo'O  PII?TE,  n.  [Gr.  {uoj',  an  animal,  and  ^uroi',  a 
plant.] 

A  general  term,  applied  to  simple  polyps,  and  com- 
pound individuals  consisting  of  many  polyps  unitpd 
together,  as  in  most  corals.  They  often  branch  like 
vegetation,  and  the  polyps  resemble  flowers  in  form. 
The  term  formerly  included  sponges  and  corallines, 
in  aililition  to  the  above.  Dana, 

ZO-O-PIIYT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  zoophytes. 

ZO-0-PHf-TO-LOft'ie--\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  zob- 
phvtologv. 

Z0-6-PIIV-T0L'0-C:Y,  71.  [zoSphyte,  and  Gr.  Aijoj, 
discourse.] 

The  natural  history  of  zotiphytes.      Ed.  Encyc. 

ZO-0-TO.\l'ie-.\L.,  a.    Pertaining  to  zootomy. 

ZO-OT'O-MIST,  71.  [See  ZooTOMr.]  One  who  dis- 
sects the  bodies  of  animals  ;  a  comparative  anato- 
mist. 

Zd-OT'O-MY,  X.  [Gr.  ^wii',  an  animal,  and  -t/n-w, 
to  cut.] 


ZYT 

I  

The  anatomy  of  all  animals  ;  the  disscctiim  of  all 
animals  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  their  struc- 
ture, the  functions  of  their  several  parts,  Uc.  ZuUt- 
omy  is  divided  into  antJiropotomy,  or  the  anatomy  of 
man  ;  ornitliolomy,  or  the  anatomy  of  birds  ;  ichthyot- 
07717/,  or  the  anatomy  of  fishes,  &c.  The  anatomy  of 
brute  animals,  and  more  especially  quadru|>eds,  is 
called  CosiPARATivE  Anatomt. 

ZOR'II..,  71.  A  fetid  animal,  a  mere  variety  of  the 
Memphitis  Americana,  or  skunk,  found  In  South 
America.  [In  Sp.  zorro  is  a  foi,  and  zorillo  the 
whi  lp  of  a  lox.]  Cyc. 

ZOUNl)S.  71.  An  exclamation  contracted  from  "  God's 
wounds;"  formerly  used  as  an  oath, and  an  expres- 
sion of  anger  or  wonder.  Smart, 

ZUF'FO-LO,  n.  [It.  zu/ulo,  from  zufolare,  to  hiss  or 
whistle,  L.  .mfflo.] 

A  little  Htite  or  flageolet,  especially  that  which  is 
used  to  teach  birds.  Busby. 

ZO'MATE.    Site  Zvmate. 

ZO'MIC.    Sec  ZvMic  Acid. 

ZU-.MO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    [See  Zumoloot.]  Pertain- 
ing to  ziimology. 
[This  word  should  be  written  Ztmolooical.] 
ZU-MOL'O -GIST,  11.    One  who  is  skilled  in  the  fer- 
mentation of  liquors. 

[This  word  should  be  written  Zvmologht.] 
ZU-iNlOI.'O-GY,  71.    [Gr.  Ovii,  ferment,  from  {u/iou, 
to  ferment,  and  Xnyoi,  discourse.] 

.\  treatise  on  the  fermentation  of  liquors,  or  the 
doctrine  of  fermentation.  Cyc. 
(This  word  should  be  written  Zymoloqt.] 
ZII-.\l().M'E-TER,      (  71.     [Gr.  (f/iwiris,  fernicntn- 
ZU-.MO-SIM'E-TER,  i     tion,  or  ^v/iy,  ferment,  and 
ptTiiiu^,  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  proposed  br  Swammerd.nm  for  as- 
certaining the  degree  of  fermentatiim  occasioned  by 
the  mixture  of  ditfereiit  liquids,  and  the  degree  of 
heat  which  they  acquire  in  fermentation.  Cyc. 

[These  should  be  written  Zvmosimeter  and  Zy- 
mometer.] 

ZUR'I.ITF,,  71.  A  newly-discovered  Vesuvian  min- 
eral, wluise  primitive  form  is  a  cube,  or,  according 
to  some  authors,  a  rectangular  prism. 

Journ.  of  Science. 
ZYG-O-DAe-TYL'ie,     \  a.  [Gr.  Ci  v-k,.,  to  join,  and 
ZYG-O-DAC'TYL-OIIS,  (     Ukti,\uu  a  finger.] 

Having  the  toes  disposed  in  pairs  ;  distinguishing 
an  order  of  birds  which  have  the  feet  furnislii.d  with 
two  toes  before  and  two  behind,  as  the  parrot,  wood- 
pecker, &c.  Partington.    Ed.  Encyc 
ZYG-O-MAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  st"> /ifi,  a  joining.] 

Pertaining  to  a  bone  of  the  head,  called  also  os 
jurrale,  or  cheek-bone,  or  to  the  bony  arch  under 
which  the  temporal  muscle  passes.  The  term  zy- 
goma is  applied  both  to  the  bone  and  the  arch. 

Cyc. 

Zygomatic  arch.    See  Zygomatic. 

Zygomatic  hone  ;  the  cheek-bone. 

Zyiromatic  mu.scles :  t\\'o  muscles  of  the  face,  which 
rise  from  the  zygomatic  bone,  and  are  inserted  into 
the  corner  of  tiie  mouth. 

Z.y somatic  processes  ;  the  processes  of  the  temporal 
and  cheek-bones,  which  unite  to  form  the  zygomatic 
arch. 

Zygomatic  suture  ;  the  suture  which  joins  the  zyg- 
omatic processes  of  the  temporal  and  cheek  bones. 

Parr. 

ZV'M.ATE,  )  71.    A  supposed  compound  of  the  imagi- 

ZO'M.\TR,  i  nary  zymic  acitl  with  a  base.  As  there 
is  no  such  acid,  there  can  be  no  such  salt. 

ZV'Mie-AC'ID,  i        ,.„    .        r„„.„,  1 

ZO'Mie-AC'Iul  i       [Gr-  C"/"!.  ferment.] 

A  stip[M)sed  peculiar  acid  obtained  by  the  acetous 
fermentation  of  vegetable  substances.  No  such  jie- 
ciiliar  acid  exists. 

ZV'MOMR,  )  .  ., 

ZI'MOME,  i  "  -"'"'-J 

One  of  the  supposed  proximate  principles  of  the 
gluten  of  wheat.  It  is  a  tough  substance,  insoluble 
in  alcohol.  There  are  doubts  as  respei  ts  the  exist- 
ence of  zymome,  as  a  truly  distinct  substance. 

ZV-TIIEP'SA  RY,  71.    A  brewerv,  or  brew-house. 

ZY'TIIU.M,  71.    [Gr.  Ctoi,  to  boil  j 

A  beverage  :  a  liquor  made  fram  malt  and  wheat. 


TCNE,  BfJLL,  IGNITE.— 


AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SIl ;  TH  as  in  THia 


TABLES 


OF 


SCRIPTURE  NAMES, 


GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPEll  NAMES, 


AND 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES 


DESIGNED 


TO  EXHIBIT  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OE  EACH; 


WITH  EULES,  ETC.; 

PREPARED  FOR 

WEBSTER'S  LARGER  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE, 


UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

N.  POETEE, 

PKOFESSOB    IN    YALE  COLLBQB. 


SPRINGFIELD,  MASS. 
PUBLISHED  BY  GEORGE  AND  CHARLES  MERRIAM, 

CORNER  OF  MAIN  AND  STATE  STREETS. 
1  8  54. 


1283 


Enteked  according  to  Act 
By  GEORGE  AND 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  op  the 


OF  Congress,  in  the  Year  1847 
CHARLES  MERRIAM, 
District  Court  of  Massachusetts. 


STEREOTYI'KD   AT  THE 
BOSTON  TYPE  AND  STEREOTYPE  FOUNDRY. 


PREFACE. 


Tiiii  publishers  of  Webster's  larger  English  Dictionary,  desiring  to  append  to  it  tables  prepared  expressly 
for  their  edition,  which  should  exhibit  the  correct  pronunciation  of  Scriptural,  Classical,  and  Modern  Geographi- 
cal Names,  requested  the  subscriber  to  undertake  the  direction  of  the  work.  This  service  has  been  performed 
in  the  following  manner  :  — 

The  list  of  Scriptural  Names  added  by  Taylor  to  his  edition  of  Calmet's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  has 
been  carefully  collated  with  that  prepared  by  Walker.  In  those  cases  in  which  the  pronunciation  of  Walker 
differs  from  Taylor's,  Walker's  method  has  been  subjoined,  or  substituted  in  its  place.  The  methods  of  Walker 
and  of  Taylor  generally  coincide,  and  the  authority  of  Taylor  has  been  preferred  to  that  of  Walker  in  those 
instanc«6  only  in  which  Walker's  is  opposed  by  the  best  and  the  established  usage.  The  words  omitted  by 
Taylor  have  been  added  from  Walker,  and  the  table,  in  the  number  of  names  and  in  their  pronunciation,  is 
substantially  the  same  with  that  which  usually  accompanies  Walke/'s  "  Key." 

The  table  of  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names  contains  all  the  classical  names  which  are  found  in  Walker's 
tabic,  together  with  such  as  are  furnished  in  addition  by  Trollope,  in  his  edition  of  Walker's  "  Key,"  and  by 
Thomas  Swinburne  Carr,  in  his  "  Classical  Pronunciation  of  Proper  Names."  A  few  have  also  been  taken  from 
Pauly's  "  Encyclopedia  of  Classical  Antiquities,"  and  from  Freund's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Latin  Language." 

This  table  has  been  revised  by  Professor  Thacher,  of  Yale  College.  In  conducting  this  revision,  he  found 
it  necessary  to  correct  numerous  errors,  especially  in  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  which,  from  errors  of 
the  press,  a  confusion  of  principles,  and  a  want  of  care  in  the  application  of  the  rules,  have  been  accumulated 
in  other  published  tables  of  Proper  Names.  It  will  be  seen,  on  noticing  the  changes  which  have  been  intro- 
duced, that  the  aim  has  been  to  remove  all  inconsistencies  in  the  application  of  the  rules  of  pronunciation 
which  have  been  adopted  by  Walker  in  common  with  many  others. 

A  few  errors  of  accent  have  also  been  corrected,  as  more  recent  investigations  have  ascertained  the  quan- 
tity of  some  words,  which  earlier  lexicographers,  guided  only  by  the  general  rules  of  quantity,  had  given  errone- 
ously. 

The  pronunciation  of  these  names  is  in  all  cases  determined  by  the  place  of  the  accent,  and  by  the  forms 
of  the  syllables  which  the  accent  determines.  To  attempt  to  indicate  to  the  English  ear  the  sounds  of  the 
vowels  by  marks  which  in  classical  usage  are  employed  to  indicate  their  quantity,  would  only  lead  to  con- 
fusion, and  cannot  fail  to  be  especially  disadvantageous  to  students  of  the  languages.  The  classical  table  is 
accompanied  by  a  few  rules,  designed  to  guide  the  scholar  in  settling  those  questions  of  pronunciation  which 
are  not  answered  in  the  table  itself  These  rules  do  not  disagree  with  those  adopted  in  Walker's  "Key;"  but, 
in  connection  with  the  table,  will  guide  to  that  pronunciation  which  is  in  vogue  at  the  University  of  Oxford 
and  other  learned  schools.  It  is  believed  that  these  few  rules  will  be  found  to  be  more  convenient  and  useful 
than  the  corresponding  ones  in  Walker's  "  Key."  , 


161* 


D  D  D  D  D 


1285 


PREFACE. 


The  same  preference  will  be  given,  it  is  believed,  to  the  rules  abridged  from  Walker,  which  accompany  the 
Scripture  Proper  Names.  '  ' 

The  Modern  Geographical  Names  were  mostly  selected  from  Black's  "General  Atlas,"  (Edinburgh,  1846,)  as  | 
being  the  latest  and  best  authority.  The  design  of  the  compiler  was,  primarily,  to  present  the  names  of  the  j 
countries,  provinces,  important  towns,  rivers,  &c.,  on  the  continent  of  Europe  and  Spanish  America,  and  to 
indicate  their  pronunciation  as  perfectly  as  this  can  be  represented  by  English  sounds.  As  these  names  fre- 
quently occur  in  books  of  all  kinds,  and  occasion  great  perplexity  to  the  reader  and  public  speaker,  and  as 
their  pronunciation  is  conformed  to  that  of  the  languages  to  which  they  belong,  it  was  thought  advisable  to 
prepare  a  copious  list  of  words  of  this  character,  and  to  give  them  the  chief  place  in  the  table.  When  these 
words  have  been  Anglicized,  the  Anglicized  has  been  subjoined  to  the  native  pronunciation. 

To  these  European  names  many  others  have  been  added  of  places  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
in  respect  to  the  pronunciation  of  which,  it  was  thought,  information  would  be  esteemed  of  any  value,  or 
could  be  given  with  any  exactness.  In  a  few  instances,  a  provincial,  and  what  will  be  thought  by  some  an 
improper,  method  has  been  given.  It  was  thought,  however,  to  be- impossible  and  useless  to  attempt  to  fur- 
nish a  complete  list  of  English  and  American  names,  with  their  pronunciation.  The  pronunciation  of  the  great 
majority  of  these  names  is  familiar  to  all,  and  is  never  sought  for  in  a  dictionary,  while  that  of  a  very  large 
number  can  hardly  be  considered  as  fixed. 

A  few  names  of  places  in  other  and  ruder  countries  are  given.  There  are  two  reasons,  however,  why  it 
was  not  thought  expedient  to  swell  the  list  with  names  of  this  character.  They  are,  in  most  cases,  the  result 
of  an  effort  to  represent  native  sounds  by  English  spelling.  If  this  representation  is  imperfect,  it  is  of  little 
authority,  and  is  liable  to  constant  changes.  If  it  is  perfect,  or  nearly  so,  the  pronunciation  is  indicated  by 
the  name  it.self. 

The  catalogue  of  European  names  was  prepared  by  a  gentleman  familiar  with  the  countries  and  the  Ian-  ' 
guages  in  which  the  names  occur ;  and  it  is  believed  that  the  pronunciation  and  the  accent  are  as  well  repre- 
sented as  the  nature  of  the  work  and  the  means  at  hand  would  allow.    No  pains  have  been  spared  to  render 
this  table  as  complete  and  convenient  as  any  within  reach  of  the  public. 

N.  PORTER. 

Yale  College,  August  10,  1847. 


1:286 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


OF 


SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


RULES  ! 

I 

I 

FOR  THE 

PllONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTUJiE  PROPER  NAMES.  ^ 

[ABRIDGED  FROM  WALKER'S  KEY.]  ! 


1.  In  the  pronunciation  of  the  letters  of  the  Hebrew  proper 
names,  we  find  nearly  the  same  rules  prevail  as  in  those  of  Greek 
and  Latin.  Where  the  vowels  end  a  syllable  with  the  accent  on 
it,  they  have  their  long,  open  sound  ;  as,  JVa'bal,  Je'hu,  Si'rach, 
Go'shen,  and  Tu'hal. 

2.  When  a  consonant  ends  the  syllable,  the  preceding  vowel  is 
short;  as,  Sam'u-el,  Lem'u-cl,  Sim'e-oji,  SoVo-mon,  Suc'coth,  Sijn'a- 
gogue. 

3.  Every  final  i  forming  a  distinct  syllable,  though  unaccented, 
has  the  long,  open  sound  ;  as,  Jl'i,  .l-ris'a-i. 

4.  Every  unaccented  i  ending  a  syllable  not  final,  is  pronounced 
like  e ;  as,  Jl'ri-el,  Ab'di-cl,  pronounced  ^i're-cl,  M' de-el. 

5.  The  vowels  ai  are  sometimes  pronounced  in  one  syllable,  and 
sometimes  in  two ;  as,  Ben-ai'n/i,  Hu'shai,  Hii'rai,  &.C.  ;  or,  as 
Sham'ma-i,  Shash'a-i,  Bcr-a-i'uh,  &c.,  following  in  these,  as  in 
most  Hebrew  proper  names,  the  pronunciation  of  the  Septuagint 
version  of  tiie  Bible. 

6.  Cli  is  pronounced  like  k ;  as,  Chcmosli,  Enoch,  &c.,  pronounced 
Krwosh,  Enol(,  &ic.  Chiruhim  and  Rachel  seem  to  be  perfectlj' 
Anglicized,  as  the  ch  in  these  words  is  always  heard  as  in  the  Eng- 
lish words  cheer,  child,  riches,  &c.  The  same  may  be  observed 
of  Cherub,  signifying  an  order  of  angels  ;  but  when  it  means  a  city 
of  the  Babylonish  empire,  it  ought  to  be  pronounced  Ke'riib. 

7.  Almost  the  only  difference  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  He- 
brew and  the  Greek  and  Latin  proper  names,  is  in  the  sound  of 
the  g  before  e  and  i.  In  the  last  two  languages,  this  consonant  is 
always  soft  before  these  vowels  ;  as,  Gettius,  GIppius,  &c.,  pro- 
nounced Jellius,  Ji/ipius,  &c. ;  and  in  the  first,  it  is  liard  ;  as,  Gera, 
Gcrizim,  Gideon,  Gilgal,  Megiddo,  &c.  This  ditlerence  is  without 
foundation  in  etymology  ;  for  both  g  and  c  were  always  hard  in  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languages,  as  well  as  in  the  Hebrew;  but  the 
latter  language  being  studied  so  much  less  than  the  Greek  and 
Latin,  it  lias  not  undergone  that  change  wiiich  familiarity  is  sure 
to  produce  in  all  languages.  The  solenm  distance  of  this  language 
has  not  been  able,  however,  to  keep  the  letter  c  from  sliding  into  s 
before  e  and  i,  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  Greek  and  Latin. 
Thus,  though  Gehazi,  Gideon,  &c.,  have  the  g  hard,  Cedrom,  Ce- 
dron,  Cisai,  and  Cittern,  have  the  c  soft,  as  if  written  Sedrom,  Se- 
dron,  &c.  The  same  may  be  observed  oi  Igeubarim,  Igcnt,  JVagge, 
Shiigc,  Piigiel,  with  the  g  hard  ;  and  Ocidelus,  Ociiia,  and  Phara- 
cion,  with  the  c  soft,  like  s. 

8.  Gentiles,  as  tliey  are  called,  ending  in  ines  and  itcs,  as  Philis- 
tineg,  Hivites,  IliUites,  &c.,  being  Anglicized  in  the  translation  of 
the  Bil)le,  ate  pronounced  like  furmatives  of  our  own  ;  as,  Philislins, 
H'hilficldites,  Jacobites,  &c. 

9.  The  unaccented  termination  ah,  so  frequent  in  Hebrew  proper 
names,  ought  to  be  pronounced  like  tlie  a  in  father.  The  a  in  this 
termination,  however,  frequently  falls  into  tile  indistinct  sound 
heard  in  the  final  a  in  Africa,  JEtna,  &c.  ;  nor  can  we  easily  per- 
ceive any  distinction  in  this  respect  between  Elijah  and  Elisha  ; 
but  tlie  final  h  preserves  the  other  vowels  open,  as  Colhozch,  Shi- 
loh,  &c.,  pronounced  Colhozee,  Shilo,  &c.  The  diphtliong  ci  is 
always  pronounced  like  ec ;  thus  Sa-meVus  is  pronounced  as  if 
written  Sa-mee'us.  But  if  the  accent  be  on  the  ah,  tiien  the  a 
ought  to  be  pronounced  like  the  a  in  father  ;  as,  Tah'c-ra,  Tuh'pc- 
nes,  &c. 

10.  It  maybe  remarked,  that  there  are  several  Hebrew  proper 
names,  which,  by  passing  through  the  Greek  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, have  conformed  to  the  Greek  pronunciation  ;  such  as  .Qcel- 
(lama,  Genczarrth,  llethjihage,  &c.,  pronounced  .1-sclUla-ma,  Je- 
nez'a-reth,  lieth' pha-je,  A  c.  Tliis  is,  in  my  opinion,  inorc  agreeable 
to  the  general  analogy  of  pronouncing  these  Hebrew-Greek  words 
than  preserving  the  c  and  «■  hard. 


J  288 


Rules  for  the  Quantity  of  the  Vowels. 

11.  In  dissyllables,  with  but  one  middle  consonant,  the  first  vowel 
is  accented  and  pronounced  long;  as,  Ko'rah,  Mo'loch.  The  same 
analogy  is  observed  in  the  penultimate  of  polysyllables ;  as,  Bal- 

thd'sar. 

12.  When  the  accent  is  on  the  antepenultimate  syllable,  the 
vowel  is  always  short,  except  when  followed  by  two  vowels  ;  thus, 
Je-hos'a-phat.  The  secondary  accent  has  the  same  shortening 
power  when  the  primary  accent  is  on  the  third  and  the  secondary 
on  the  first  syllable  ;  as,  Olh-o-nl'as. 

Rules  for  placing  the  Accent  on  Hebrew  Proper  JVames. 

13.  The  accent  of  Hebrew  words  cannot  be  better  regulated  than 
by  the  laws  of  the  Greek  language.  By  this  it  is  not  intended  that 
every  word  which  is  Graicized  in  the  Septuagint  should  be  ac- 
cented e.xactly  according  to  the  Greek  rule  of  accentuation.  For 
many  words,  that  are  purely  Greek,  do,  when  they  are  Anglicized, 
receive  the  Latin  accentuation,  instead  of  retaining  the  Greek. 
When  the  Hebrew  word  has  been  Graecized  iiito  the  same  number 
of  syllables,  we  prefer  the  Latin  accentuation  to  what  may  be  called 
our  own.  Thus  we  accent  Cathua  on  the  penult,  since  it  comes  to 
us  through  the  Greek  Ku&:ivu,  and  because  the  Latins  would  have 
placed  the  accent  on  tiiis  syllable,  and  notwithstanding  that  the  Eng- 
lish ear  would  be  better  pleased  with  the  antepenultimate  accent. 
But  when  the  Hebrew  word  does  not  contain  tlie  same  number  of 
syllables  as  the  same  word  in  the  Greek, —  as  Mcs'u-buh,  AJenc^iiu, 
Id'u-el,  '7(5ou;,'/o?,  —  it  comes  under  our  own  analogy,  and  we  place 
the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate. 

14.  As  we  never  accent  a  proper  name  from  the  Greek  on  the 
last  syllable,  so,  if  the  Greek  word  be  accented  on  any  other  sylla- 
ble, we  seldom  pay  any  regard  to  it,  unless  it  coincide  with  the 
Latin  accent.  Tlius  the  word  Gcd-e'rah  is  accented  on  the  penulti- 
mate, because  it  is  Griecized  by  I\Jiaa,  though  it  is  accented  on 
the  antepenultimate,  and  this  because  the  penultimate  is  long,  and 
the  long  penultimate  in  Latin  always  has  the  accent. 

IT).  All  words  ending  in  las  and  iah  have  the  accent  on  the  i, 
without  any  foundation  in  the  analogy  of  Greek  and  Latin  pro- 
nunciation, e.\cept  the  very  vague  reason  that  the  Greek  word  has 
the  accent  on  this  syllable.  This  reason  is  called  vague,  because 
the  Greek  accent  has  no  influence  on  words  in  acl,  id,  ial,  Ac; 
as,  /ofiu//.,  'Jiii^n\X,  lU/.'iuX,  x.  T.  I.  Hence  the  impropriety  of  pro- 
nouncing Mcssias  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.  It  is  the  il 
broad,  diphthongal  sound  of  the  English  i,  with  the  accent  on  it,  | 
which  makes  the  word  sound  so  much  better  in  English  than  it 
does  in  French,  or  even  in  the  true  ancient  Greek  pronunciation. 

IG.  The  termination  aim  seems  to  attract  tlie  accent  on  the  a 
only  in  words  of  more  than  three  syllables  ;  as  E'/thraim,  Miz'-  . 
raim,  have  tiie  accent  on  the  antepenultimate,  but  Ilorona'iiii,  , 
Ramalhu'im,  &c.,  on  the  penultimate.    This  is  the  general  rule  ; 
but  if  the  Greek  word  have  the  penultimate  long,  the  accent  ought  ' 
to  be  on  that  syllable;  as,  PharvaHm,  fl>u'nivlfi,  A'C.  , 

17.  Kcmucl,'Jemitel,  JVemiiel,  and  other  words  of  the  same  form, 
having  the  same  number  of  syllables  as  the  Greek  words  into 
which  they  are  translated,  ought  to  have  the  accent  on  the  penul- 
timate, as  that  syllable  is  long  in  Greek;  but  Emanuel,  Samuel, 
Lemuel,  are  irrecoverably  accented  on  the  antepenultimate,  and 
follow  the  analogy  of  the  English  accentuation. 

18.  It  is  plain  from  these  observations,  that  the  Hebrew  accent 
is  regulated  by  a  sort  of  compromise  between  this  ancient  language 
and  our  own  :  and  the  best  we  can  do  is  to  form  a  kind  of  com- 
pound ratio  of  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  and  English,  and  to  let  each 
of  these  prevail  as  usage  has  permitted  them. 


PEONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 

OF 

SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


The  basis  of  the  following  Vocabulary  is  that  of  Taylor,  in 
"  Calmet's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible."  To  this  have  been  added 
several  hundred  names  from  Walker.  In  the  cases  in  which  the 
pronunciation  of  Walker  differs  from  that  of  Taylor,  that  of 


Walker  is  added  or  substituted  in  its  place.  The  pronunri.ition 
of  Walker  is  not  always  to  be  preferred,  nor  is  it  followed  in  ac- 
tual usage  by  the  best  authorities.  The  notation  of  the  vowel 
sounds  may  be  consulted  below.  —  En. 


A. 


Aalar 

a'a-ldr 

Achiacharus 

dk-k'i-dk'a-Tiis 

Aggeus 

Aaron 

a' roll 

Acliim 

S'kim 

AgnotUtabor 

dg-notli-td'bor 

Altacuo 

ab'a-cuc 

Achimelech 

a~kiin''i-lck 

Agrippa 

a-grip'pah 

At>a(ia]i 

db'a-dah 

Acliior 

a'k'i-oT 

Agar 

d'gur 

Abaddon 

u-bdd'ilvH 

.Achiram 

a-ki'mm 

Ahab 

d'liab 

Abndiris 

db-a-fil'as 

Achish 

S'ki.ih 

Aharah 

a-kdr'ah 

Abn<;tlia 

a-bng'  thtih 

Aclhtob 

dk'i-tob 

Abaral 

a-hdr'al 

Abal 

a'bal 

Achitophel 

a-kit'o-fel 

Ahasai 

a-hds'a-i 

Abana 

db'a-nah 

Acbmutlia 

alc-in£'tfiah 

Ahasbai 

a-kds'ba-i 

Abariiii 

db'a-rim 

Achor 

d'kor 

Atiasucrus 

a-hds-ii-S'rus 

A  baron 

db'a-ron 

Acbsali 

dk'sah 

Ahava 

a-hd'vak 

Abba 

db'bah 

Achsliapli 

dk'shaf 

Ahaz 

a'hai 

Abda 

db'dah 

Acbzib 

dk'iib 

Ahazai 

a-hdz'a-i 

Abdias 

db'dl'as 

Acipha 

ds''i-fah 

Ahaziah 

a-ha-zi'ah 

Abdifl 

db'di-el 

Acitlio 

ds''i-tbo 

Ahban 

Wt'ban 

Abcdnego 

a-bed'  ne-go 

.\cua 

a-kft'a 

Alii 

d'til 

Abel 

d'bel 

Adadah 

dd'a-dah 

Ahiah 

a-hVah 

Abel  Maim 

ii^bel  m5Um 

Adadczer 

dd-dd-S'  zcr 

Ahiam 

a-hVam 

Abel  Aleholath 

Wbel  mc~li5'lath 

Adadrimmon 

dd'dd-rim'mon 

Abiezer 

aM-i'zer 

Abesan 

db'be^an 

Adaiah 

dd-n-l'ah 

Ahihiid 

a-hl'ud 

Abez 

S'bez 

Adalia 

dd~a-lVa 

Ahijah 

a-hVjak 
a-M'kan 

Abiah 

a-bl'ah 

Adam 

dd'am 

Ahikam 

Abialbon 

a-b't-dl'bon 

Adamah 

dd'a-jiiah 

Abllud 

a-hVlud 

Abiasapli 

a-bi 'a-saf 

.•\dami 

dd'a-rni 

Abimaaz 

a-him'a-di 

Abiatliar 

a-bi'a-thar 

.'\dasa 

dd'a-sa 

Ahiman 

a-hVman 

Abib 

a'bib 

Adatlia 

dd'n-tha 

Ahimelech 

a-him'me-Uk 

Abidah 

a-bVdah 

Adbeel 

dd-bl'el 

Abimotli 

d'lii-moUi  or  a-hVtnoth 

Abidan 

db'i-dan 

Addi 

dd'di 

Ahinadab 

a-hin'a-dab 

Abiel 

db'i-el  or  a-bl'el 

Ader 

S'dcr 

Aliinoam 

a-hin'o-am 

Abiezer 

db-'i-iher 

Adiel 

dd'i-cl  or  H'di-el 

Ahio 

a-hVo 

Abieziite 

db-t-ei'rite 

Ad  Ida 

dd''i-da 

Ahira 

a-hVrah 

Abigail 

db'i-iraU  or  db'i-gdl 

-Adina 

a-dt'nah 

Aliiram 

(t-hi'ram 

Abihail 

db't-hale 

Aditha 

dd'i-Uia 

Aliiramitea 

a-hVram-ites 

Abihu 

a-bVhu 

.\dithaira 

dd-i-tha'im 

Ahisamach 

a-hWa-mdk 

Ahihud 

a-bVhud 

Adiai 

dd-ld'i  or  dd'la-i 

Aliishahur 

a-hi  shd'huT  or  a-hV- 

Abijah 

a-bl'jah 

Admah 

dd'mah 

sha-kur 

Abijam 

a-bVjam 

Admatha 

ddhiia-tha 

Abisham 

a-hi'sham 

Abilene 

db-b'i-lif'ne 

Adonai 

dd'o-nd. 

Abishar 

a-hVihar 

Abiniael 

db-b'i-ma'  cl 

Adonias 

dd-o-iti'a3 

Abitob 

a-hVlob 

Abimelech 

ab~im'mc  lek 

Adonibesek 

a-don't-bS'tek 

Abitophel 

a-hit'o-fd 

Abinadab 

ab-m'a-ilab 

Adonijah 

dd~o-nt'jah 

Abitub 

a-ki'tub 

Abinoam 

ab-in'no-am 

Adonikam 

dd-o-ni'kam 

Ahlab 

dh'lah 

Abirain 

a-bi'ram 

Adoniram 

dd-o-jil'ram 

Ahlai 

dh'lS. 

Abisei 

ab-'i-sS'i 

Adonis 

a-du'iii3 

Ahoali 

a-hv'ah 

Abisbag 

db'b'i-shag  or  a-bi'shag 

Adonizedek 

a-dnn'i-z£'dek 

Ahohite 

a-hO'hite 

Abisliai 

ilb-bislia'i 

Adora 

a-dO'ra 

Ahol.ih 

a-hd'tak 

Abishaliar 

db-bt-sha'har 

.\doraim 

dd-o-rd'im 

Aholbali 

Or-huVbah 

Abisbaloin 

db-b'i-shd'lom 

Adorani 

a-dO'ram 

Aholiab 

a-hC  'It-ab 

Abi^hua 

db-bi-shn'afi 

-Adrammelech 

dd-rdm'me-ltk 

Abolibah 

a-huV  i'bdi 

Abishur 

db'i-ghur 

.Adramjttium 

dd-ra-mW  t'i-um 

Aholibamah 

a-ho-li-bd'mah  or  a-ho 

Abisum 

db'tsum 

.Adria 

a'dr'i-ah 

lib'a-tnah 

Abiial 

db'i-tal 

Adriel 

d'dr't-cl 

Ahumai 

a-hv'tna-i 

Abitub 

db'i-lub 

Adiul 

a-dii'd 

Ahuzam 

a-hu'zatn 

Abiiid 

db'i-ud  or  a-bVud 

Adullam 

a-duVlam 

Abuzzah 

a-huz'zak 

Abner 

db'ner 

Adummim 

a-dum'mim 

Ai 

e'i 

Abram 

SL'bram 

Aedias 

a-c-dt'aa 

Aiah 

a-Vah 

.\bsalom 

ab'sa-lom 

JEneas 

e-nC'as 

Aiath 

a-i'ath 

Abubug 

a-bn'bus 

yGtbiopia 

e-Uii-o'p'i-a 

Aijab 

.Acaron 

dk'a-ron 

Agaba 

dg'a-ba 

Aijaleth  Sbahur 

dd'ja-leOt-shi'huT 

Acatan 

dk'a-tan 

Agabus 

de'a-bus 

Ain 

a'in 

Accad 

dk'kad 

-A  gag 

Aiotb 

a-Voth 

Aceldama 

a-ceVda-mah 

Agagite 

&'gag-Ue 

Aims 

a-Vrus 

Achaia 

a-ka'yah 

Agnrenes 

d^-a-renes^ 

Ajah 

a'jah 

da'ja-Um 

dk'kub 

Achaichus 

a-k&'t-kuj 

Agate 

ds'aU 

Ajalon 

Acban 

S'kan 

Agee 

dg'c-e 

Akkub 

Akrabbim 
Alammelech 
Alamolh 
Aleraa 
Alemeth 
.Alexandria 
Aliah 
Alian 

Alleliijab 

Allonbacbuth 
Almodad 
Almondiblatlialm 
Almug 
Alnathan 
Aloth 
Alpha 
Alphetia 
.Altaneiia 
Altaschith 
Altekon 
Alvah 
Alush 
Amadathii9 
Amal 
.Anialda 
.Amaluk 
.Amalekites 
Ainanali 
Amariah 
Amasa 
.Amasai 
Aiiiashai 
.Aniashiab 
Amatheia 
.Amathis 
Amaziah 
.Amen 
.Amethyst 
Ami 

.Aminadab 
Amizabad 
Amittni 
Amniab 
Ammi 
Ammidioi 
.Ammiel 
.Ammishaddai 
.Aminihud 
Amniizabad 
Ammonites 
Ammonitess 
Amok 
Amorites 
Amos 

Amphipolis 
Aniplias 
Amraniitea 
Amraphel 
Amzi 
Anab 
Anah 
Anaharath 
Anaiah 
Anak 


dk  rdb'bim 

a-ldin'  mt-Uk 

dVa-moth 

dl'e-ma 

dVc-intlh 

dl-ez-dn'dfi-a 

a-lVah 

a-l'i'an 

al-Ie-tu'yah  or  al-le~lii' 
jail 

dl'lon-bak'ulh 
ul~m5'dad 

dl'  wun-dib-la-lhd'  im 

dl'mntr 

dl'na-Uian 

a'lolh 

dl'M 

alfi'us 

al-tU'itc'us 

al-tds'kith 

dVU-kon 

dl'vali 

d'lush 

a-mdd' a-thu3 

d'mal 

a-mdl'dah 

drn'a-lck 

dtn'a-tek-Ues 

a-vid'nah  or  dm'a-nali 

drti-a~rV  all 

a-mu'sah  or  dm'asah 

dm-a-sd'i  or  a-mds'a-i 

dm-<i-shd'i 

dm-a-AhVah 

dm-a-t/iC'is 

dm'a-lhis 

dm-a-iVah 

d'mcn 

dm'c-thist 

H'mi 

a-miii'  a-dab 

a-miz'a-bad 

a-mil'td  or  a-mit-Ul'i 

d  in'  mah 

dm'mt 

ata-mid'i-oy 

dm'm'i-el 

d  m-m'i  'Shdd'da-i 

dm'  mi-hud 

dm-miz' a-bdd 

dm'  miin-itcs 

dm-mon-V  less 

Q'mok 

dm'o-rites 

d'mcz  or  S'mot 

dm^Jip'  o-lis 

dm'pli-as 

dm'ram-iUi 

dm'ra/el 

dm'il 

d'nab 

d'nah 

dn~a-hi'rath 

dn-<i-Vah 

O'nak 


Fate,  far,  bdL — Wltc,  help  Flnt,  marine.  — Mte. —  TOne,  ifnile.  —  g  as  j;  ch  as  sh. 


D  D  D  D  D- 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Anakims 

dn'a-kims 

Arta  xerxeg 

'dr-tax-erz'es 

Anainmelech 

a-ndm'jne-lek 

AneiTias 

dr'te-mas 

Aiiiiiii 

dn-6'ni 

Arubotb 

dr'ra-both 

Anaiiiah 

dn-a-nt'ah 

Am  mall 

a~ru'mah  • 

Ananias 

dn-a-ni'as 

Arvaditea 

dr'vad-ites 

Ananiel 

a-n  tm'i-el 

Asa 

a'sah 

Anatli 

d'nath 

Asadias 

ds-a-di'as 

Anatliema 

a-ndth' e-mah 

Asanel 

ds'a-el 

Anatliotli 

dn'a-thotk 

Asa  i  ah 

ds-a-l'ah 

Andronicus 

{  an-dro-jti' kus  or  u/i* 

Asana 

ds'a-na 

\  dron'i-kus 

Asaph 

a'saf 

Anem 

a'ncm 

Asara 

ds'a-ra 

Ancs 

a' lies 

A  sareel 

ds-a-re'el  or  a-sar'e~cl 

Anelh 

d'netk 

Asarclah 

ds-a-re'lah 

Anj.'tliotliite 

I  a-netW  0-th  tie  or  du'eth- 
)  o-thite 

Asbazaretli 
Ascalon 

as-bdz'a-reth 
ds'ka-ton 

Aniani 

a-nt'am 

Asebia 

ds-e-hVa 

Anlilibanus 

j  dn-t'i~lib'a-nu3  or  an-ti- 
i  li-bd'mis 

Asenath 
Aserar 

ds'e-VMth 
a^sl',  ar 

Antiocli 

dn'ti-ok 

Ashabiah 

dsh-a  bVah 

Antiochis 

an-tVo-kis 

Ashael 

ds'ha~el 

Antiochus  . 

an-ti' o-kus 

Ashan 

u'shun 

Antipas 

dn'ti-pas 

Ashbea 

dsk'bc-ah 

Antipater 

dn-ti-pa'ter 

Ashchenaz 

dsh'ke-naz 

Antipatris 

1  dn-ti-pa'tris  or  dn-tip'- 
\  a-tris 

Ashdothites 
AsheuA 

ash' duth-ites 
d'she~an 

Antipha 

dn't'i~fak 

Asher 

dsh'er 

Aiiiothijah 

dn-to-thi'iah 

Ashima 

dsh''i-mah 

Antothite 

dn'toUi-ite 

Ashon 

a'shon 

Anub 

d'nub 

Ash pen az 

dsh'pe-nax 

Apclles 

a-pH'les 

Ashriel 

dsh'r'i-el 

Apliaraim 

df-a-rd'ha 

Ashtaroth 

dsh'ta-^oth 

Apliarsatlichites 

a-f  dr' sdth-kiics 
a-fdr'sites 

Aslitemoth 

dsk'te^oih 

Apharsites 

Ashterathites 

d  sh-ter'ra-thiic3 

A  phek 

a'fek 

Astiuath 

a-shu'ath 

Aphekah 

a-fe'kak 
a-fer'e-ma 

Ashur 

dsh'ur 

Aphereina 

Ashurim 

a-shu'rim 

Aplierra 

a-pr'ra 

Ashurites 

dsh'ar-ites 

A  |)l)iah 

a~f\'ah 

Asibias 

as-i-bVas 

Aplira 

dfrafi 

Askelon 

ds'ke-lon 

Aphsea 

df'sez 

Asmadai 

ds'ma-dd 

Apocalypse 

Or-pok'a-lips 

Asniaveth 

as'  ma-veth 

Apocrypha 

a-pok'r'i-fah 

Asmoneans 

aS'ino-ne'  ans 

Apollonia 

dp-pol-l5'ni-a 

Asnapper 

as-ndp'per 

A  poll  OS 

a-pol'los 
a-pol'yon 

ap'p&'im  or  dp'pa-im 

Asochis 

a-so'kis 

Apollyon 

Aspalha 

ds'pa-tliak 

Ajjpaim 

Aspharasus 

as-fdr'a-sus 

Apphia 

df  'i'OJi  or  df-fVah 

Asriel 

ds're-cl 

Apphus 

df'flLS 

dp'pi-i-fd'rum 

Assal  i  moth 

aS'Sdl'i-moth 

Appii  Forum 

Assanias 

ds-sor-nV  as 

A  qui  la 

dk'qii  il-  lah  ox  dk-quiV  lah 
a' rah 

Ass  i  deans 

ds-si-dc'aiis 

A  la 

Assir 

as' sir 

Arab 

a'rab 

Assos 

ds'sos 

Arabah 

dr'ra-hah 

Assyria 

ds-sir't-a 

Arabattine 

dr-ra-bdt'i-ne 

Astarte 

as-tdr'ie 

Arabia 

a^a'bi-a 

Asuppim 

a-sup'pim 

Arad 

fl'rad 

Asyncritua 

a-sin'kr'i-tus 

A  radite 

d'rad-ite 

Atad 

d'tad 

Arab 

a' rah 

Atargatis 

'a-tdr' g-a-tis 

Aram 

a' ram 

Ataroth 

dt' a-roth 

Arainitess 

a~rdm-VtC3 

Athack 

d'thak 

Ararat 

dr'a-rat 

Athaiah 

dth-a-Vah 

Araunah 

a-raw'nah 

Athahah 

dth-a-lVah 

Arbab 

dr'bah 

Athariaa 

dth-a-rVas 

Arbatbile 

tir'batk-ite 

Athena 

dth'ens 

Arbattis 

'dr-bdt'tis 

Athenobius 

dtJt-e-n5'bi-us 

Arbite 

dr'bite 

Atblai 

dth'lS. 

Arbonai 

dr-bd'  n/jr-i 

Attai 

dt'td 

ArclR'laus 

dr-k'i-ld'iu 

Attaliah 

dt-tOr-lVah 

Archestratus 

dr-ken' trortus 

Attharates 

at-thdr' a-tes 

Archevitea 

dr'ke-vites 

Augia 

au'g'iHi 

Archi 

dr'kl 

Augustus 

au-giis'tus 

Archiatarotb 

dr-k'i-aV  a-roth 

Auranitiii 

au-ra-nl'tis 

Archippus 

dr-kip'pii3 

Auranus 

au-rd'nus 

Archites 

dr'kitrs 

Auteus 

au-tS'us  or  au'tc-us 

Arctiirua 

drk-tn'rtis 

Ava 

d'vah 

Arcli 

A  varan 

dv'a-ran 

Arelites 

Aven 

&'vm 

Areopagite 

dr-e-op'a-^Ue  or  S-re- 
op'a-eiU 

A  vims 
Avith 

&'vims 
Wvith 

Areopagus 
»•  b 

dr'L-op'a-irus  or  d-rt 
op'a-gas 

Azaelua 
Azaliah 

di-a-SUus 
dz-a-Wah 

Ares 

6.'rei 

Azaphion 

a-i&'pki^n 

Aretaa 

a-re'tas 

Azara 

dz'a-ra 

Arjiob 

dr'sob 

Azarecl 

ui-a-rc'cl  or  a  id're-rl 

Aridiii 

a-r'uVa-i 

Azarlah 

dz-a-rl'ah 

Aridalha 

n-rid'  a-thah 

Azariaa 

dz~a-rVas 

Arieh 

a-r'i'efi 

Azaz 

d'laz 

Ariel 

ii'ri  rl 

Azazel 

a-zd'zel 

Ariinalhfa 

dr'  i-jnathS'ah 

Aza/.iah 

dz-a-zt'ah 

Ariocb 

a'fi-ok 

Azbazarelh 

dt-baz'a-rcth 

AriKai 

Azckah 

a-iS'kah 

Arislarchtia 

ar-in-idr'kus 

Azem 

&'iem 

ArinUibulus 

ar-isAU'b^'lus  or  ar-is- 
tob'u-lui* 

Azepburiih 
Azctaa 

dz-ie-fu'rith 
a-ze'tas 

Armagf^ldon 

'dr-ina-gid'don 
dr-mC'ni-a 

A  z  trad 

dz'ffad 

A  riN''ii  la 

Aziel 

a'a-ei 

AriniMliudal 

ar-mi-/ihdd'a-i 

Aziza 

a-iViah 

Armoiil 

dr-mri'ni 

Azniavcth 

dz'ma-vcth 

Arnepher 

dr  nf'fsr  or  dr'nr-ftrr 
u-rli'dl  or  dr'o'di 

Azor 

O'zor 

A  rod  I 

A/.oliiri 

a-zH'tits 

Arocr 

a-rJS'rr 

Azricl 

di'ri-el 

Arphaxitd 

dr-fdz'ad 

A/.rikam 

az-rl'kam  or  Az'rl-kam 

az'^'bah  or  a-zfi'bah 

jl  Fm,fttr,  IfiU  —  MHii,  kfl/i.— Pint,  marinf. 


Aziir 

a'  zur 

Behemoth 

b?'he-moth  j 

Azuran 

dz'u-rati 

Bekah 

be'kak  \ 

Azymilcs 

az't-mites 

Bria 

be'laJi  I 

Azzur 

di'zur 

Beiemus 
Beigai 
Belial 
Belinaim 

btl'e-mui 
bt'l'ffa-i 

be'li  at  or  bc-l'i'al  \ 
ht-l'ma-im  \ 

Belshazzar 

bei-shd  Jar 

Bellesbazzar 

bel-te-shdi'ar  } 

Beiiaiah 

ben-d'yah  i 
brn-dm'  ml  j 

Beiiammi 

Baal 

bd'al 

Beueberak 

ben-rb'e-ruk 

Baalah 

ha'al-ah 

Benejaakan 

bhi-e-jd'a-kan  1 

Baalath 
Baai  llamon 

bd'al-ath 
bu'al  hdm'on 

Benbadad 

J  ben-ftd'dad  or  ben'ha-  j 
(  dad 

Baal  Hanan 

bd'al  hdn'an 

Beiibail 

ben-ha'il 

Baali 

bd'al-'i  or  bd'al-l 

Ben hanan 

ben-ha'nan  , 

Baaiirn 

bd'al-im 

Beninu 

btn-Vnu  or  ben'i-nu 

Baal  is 

bd'al-is 

Benjamin 

ben'ja-min 

Baanah 

ba-d'nah  or  bd'a-na 

Benjamite 

ben'Ja-mite 

Baanan 

hd'a-nan 

Beno 

bS'no  1 

Baanatli 

ba-d'nath  or  bd'a-nath 

Benoni 

bhi-o'n'i  or  bc-no'iii  j 

Baanias 

ba-a-ni'  as 

Benui 

bhi-u'i  ' 

Baara 

ba-d'rah  or  bd'a-rah 

Benzoheth 

b^n-zo'hcth  { 

Baaseiah 

ba-a-si'ah 

Bera 

be' rah 

Baasliali 

ba-d'shah  or  bd'a-shah 

Berachah 

ber-d'kah  or  ber'a-kah     \  i 

Babel 

bd'bel 

Beracbiah 

ber-a-kVah                     [ ' 

Babylon 

bdb'i-lon 

Beraiah 

ber-a-t'ah 

Babylonians 

bab-i-Wn'i-ana 

Berea 

be-re'a  ' 

Baca 

bd'kah 

Be  red 

be'red  j 

Baccliurus 

bdk-ku'ras 

Beri 

be'ri  j 

BacliriUjs 

bdk' rites 

Beriah 

bc-ri'ah  j 

Bachuth  Allon 

bdk'tith  dVlon 

Berites 

bS' rites  , 

Ba^oas 

b  a- go' as 

Berith 

bc'ritii  1 

Ba<:oi 

bdg'o-i 

Bernice 

btr-nVce  or  ber'nicc 

Baliarumite 

ba-hd' rum-ite 

Berodach 

bc-ru'dak  ' 

Balmrini 

ba-hft'rim 

Berottiai 

be-rd'thd  or  bir'o-tha  i  | 

Bajitli 

bdd'jitk  or  bd'jiih 

Berotliath 

be-rd'thath  ) 

Bakbakker 

bdk-bak'  kcr 

Beryl 

bh-'ril  i 

Bakbuk 

hdk'buk 

Berzelus 

bfr-ze'lus  i 

Hakbukiah 

bdk-buk-l'ah 

Besai 

be'sd  1 

Balaam 

bd'lam 

Besodeiah 

b^s-o-dVah  ' 

Baladan 

bdl-d'dan  or  bdl'a-dan 

Betah 

be'tah 

Balak 

hd'lak 

Beten 

be'lcii  : 

Balamo 

bdl'a-mo 

Beth  aba  ra 

beth-db'a-rah  j 

Balanus 

bdl'a-nus 

Bethanath 

brUi'a-nath  \ 

Baltbasar 

bal-tkd'  sar 

Bethanoth 

btth'a-iiot/t  ! 

Bamotli 

bu'moth 

Betiiany 

bHk'a-n'i  j 

Banaias 

ban-a-i'as 

Hetharabah 

bHhdr'a-bak  \ 

Bani 

ba'nl 

Betharam 

bHk'a-ram.  1 

Banuas 

bdn'i^-as 

Belharbel 

bHk'dr'bel  \ 

Barabbas 

ba-rdb'bas 

Belhaven 

betk-d'ven  j 

Baracbel 

bdr'a-kel 

Bethazmaveth 

bith-d-J  ma-vetk  j 

Barachiah 

bdr-a-kVah 

Beihbaalnieon 

bHk-bd'uI-mS'on  , 

Barak 

bd'rak 

Bethbarah 

beth-bd'rah  \ 

Barcenor 

bdr-cc'nor 

Bethbasi 

bHh'ba-si  j 

Barhumites 

bdr-hii' mites 

Bethbirei 

beth-bir'e-i 

Bariali 

ba-rVaJi 

Bethdagon 

brth-dd'  gon 

Barjesus 

bdr-je'sus 

Bethdiblatbaim 

bHh-dib-la-Uid'  im 

Barjonah 

bdr-jo'iiaJi 

Bethel 

bHh'd 

Barodis 

ba-rd'dis 

Bethemek 

bt-th-e'mek  M 

Barsabas 
Bartacus 

bdr'sa-bas 
bdr'Ui-kus 

Bethesda 

t  brth-es'dah  or  bc-thts'-  \ ' 

i     dak                             i  i 

Bartholomew 

bdr-tli(d'  o-mew 

Bethezel 

brth-e'zel 

Bartiineus 

{  bdr-ti-me'us  or  bdr- 
\  tim'e~iLs 

Bethfrader 
Belbgamul 

bi-th-gd'dcr  \ 
btOi-gd'  mid 

Baruch 

bd'ruk  . 

Betlihaccerini 

btth  kak'ce-Txm 

Barzillai 

bdr-zitUa-i 

Bethharan 

bi-th-hd'ran 

Bascama 

bda^ka-^ia 

Bethhoglah 

betli-ho^'lah 
bi-di-ho'ron 

Basban 

bd' shall 

Bfthhoron 

Basliematli 

bdsh'e-math 

Bethjesimoth 

bi-tli-j^s's'i-moth 

Basmath 

bds'maOL 

Bethlebaolh 

belh-Ub'a-oth 

Bastai 

bds'ta-i 

Bethlehem 

bi'th'le-hem  t 

Batane 

bdVa-ne 

Bethlomon 

bfth-lo'  mon  j 

Bathalotb 

bdth'a-loth 

Bethmaacah 

btth-md'a-kak  . 

Batlirabbim 

bath-rab'  bim 

Betbmarcaboth 

bt-th-mdr'  ka-both  , 

Batlistiebali 

1  bdth-she'bah  or  bdth'- 

Bethmeon 

brt/i^mS'un 

i  she-bah 

Bcthnimrah 

btth-iiim'rah  ' 

Batbshua 

bntk'shu-a 

Bethoron 

beth-u'ron  1 

Bavai 

bdv'a-i  or  ba-i'd'i 

iiethpalet 

beth-pd'kt  \ 

Bealiab 

bf-a-li'ah 

Bethpazzer 

bt-th-pdi'  zer  \ 

Bealotli 

br-u'loth  or  be'a-loth 

Bethpi'or 

bith-p^'or 

Bean 

bc'an 

Brlhphage 

brlh-f<V gc  or  bi'th'fagc 
bfth'-jVlct  or  heth'ff-let 

H.bai 

beb'a-i 

Bethphelet 

Bffhor 
Bctboratli 

bS'kcr 
bc-kO'  rath 

In^thrabah 

{  bHIi-rd'bah  or  bHh'ra- 
}  bah 

liocluiletli 
B<>ibiiali 

brk'ti-Iftli 
bed-a-l'ak 

Bethrehob 

\  beth-rS'hob  or  bt-th'te-  ! 
\  hob 

Bcdail 

bS'dad 

Bethrupha 

brth'ra  fa  or  beth-rd'fn 

Bcdan 
Bceliada 

bS'dan 
bc-tl-V  a-dah 

Belhsaida 

I  btth-sa'dahorbi'Ui-sQ'i- 
\  da 

lleelsariis 

bc-i'V  sa-rus 

Bclhshean 

bt-th'SbS'an 

Bofltctbiniis 
Bi'dzcbub 

bc-cl-ti'-th'  mils 
be-H'ze-bub 

Bi'thshemesh 

{  brt/i'slit^'mrsh  or  bt-th'- 
\  sitf-mcsh 

Brir 

Bcthshemite 

bi'th'  shc-mite 

lii'c-ra 

br-S'rah 

Hethshittali 

bHh-shit'taii 

Birnlim 

be-rr'c-lim  or  bc-cr-S'lim 

Bethsimos 

j  bitJi-sV mos  or  beOi'si- 

Bccri 

bc-S'rl 

Bi-'erlabairoi 

j  bf  'erda-hn'roy  or  bC'cr- 
(     la  ha'i-roy 

Bfthsura 

bHh-sU'ra 

Hcthtappua 

beth-tdp'pii-ah 

bi'th  if'i'l  or  bc-thil'd 

Beerotli 

br-e'rath 

BethucI 

Bourslicba 

(  he'er-shP'bnh  or  bc-rr'- 

Bi-thitl 

bl"tfiul  1 

\  nhr-bah 

Brlbutia 

bi'th-tf  n'a  1 

Beusliterali 

btt-esh'  tc-raJi 

Betoliuci 

bc-td'lt-us  1 
   l! 

II 


 mu. —  TtXue,  unite.  —  g  h»  ji  Ik  n»  ah. 


pronunciation'  of  scripture  proper  names. 


Itctomcstham 

bet-0-mes'tfiajn 

Cliaraathalur 

kar-a-dth'a-lar 

1 

Eglah 

fg'lah 

Itotunini 

hi't'o-nim 

Cliaraca 

kdr'a-ka 

Ejilaim 

f^-ld'iui  or  fg'ld-int 

Bc-uluh 

bti'lah  or  be^^'lah 

Charashim 

knr'a-sbim 

Khi 

e'hi 

Ilc/ai 

bS'iai 

Charea 

kd'rv-a 

Kk  rebel 

ik're-bel 

Br  7.  alec! 

bfz-a-ls'el  or  bci~dVecl 

Charran 

kur'ran 

1)  A  n  V  It  v:  1 1 

dnh'arrh 

Ekron 

S'kron  or  fk'ron 

hc/.v-k 

be'zek 

Chaseba 

k(ls'f.'ba 

Dabiia^hcth 

diih'ba-.-<hrtli 

Ekronitcs 

fk'ron-itcs 

ItiataH 

bVa-tas 

Chebar 

ke.'bar 

Dabrratli 

dilh'r-rutU 

Kladah 

cl-d'dah  or  rVa-dah 

Ittrliri 

bik'rl 

Chedcrlaomer 

kt-d-cr-ld-Q'mcr 

Dabria 

dd'br'ia 

i:iah 

e'lah 

bifr'ttia-na 

Chclal 

k^'lal 

Darobi 

dn-cb'bi 

E'.amitea 

Clam -it  cs 

biiT-vQ'i 

Chelcias 

kH'sh'i-as  or  krl'r.i  as 

DaddruH 

dfj'l-dS'tts 

K  la  sail 

cl'&'snh  or  rl'a--»ih 

Bilram 

hil'e-am 

Chelleh 

kel'lek 

Da  [ion 

lid'  tr/iii 

Klbethel 

ei-bHh'd 

Bil^ai 

bil-ga'i 

Clu'lui)ai 

lic^hVbn. 

Daisan 

dd'san 

Elcia 

el'ci-a 

Itiiiea 

biwe-a 

Clulubar 

kf'-ln'bar 

Dalaiah 

ddf-U'l'ah 

Kldaah 

el^d&'ah  or  rl'da  ah 

Uinnui 

bin'nU'i 

Cheniarimi 

kinn'  (trims 

Dalilah 

dni'i'lnh 

Klead 

C'lc-ad 

Bir/.avitli 

bir-z&'vith  or  bir'  zfk-vith 

Clieniosli 

kS'inosh 

Dalinauutlia 

dill  inn-nil'Uiah 

Eh'aleh 

el-C'Q'lfh  or  f  Ic  H'hh 

Bilhtah 

bitk-Vah 

Chcnaanali 

kc  nd'd-nuh 

Dalmatia 

di'il-ina'shi-a 

Eleasah 

H-e-d'nah  or  c-lC a  .-mh 

Bithron 

bitk'ron 

Clienani 

khi'a-ni 

Dalplion 

diil'fun 

Klea/.ar 

el-c-Q'zar  or  r  li-O'zur 

Bilhyiiia 

b'i-tkin'i-a 

(^henaniali 

khi-a-nVah 

Daniaris 

dd  in'ii-ris 

Kk'a/.urus 

c-le-a-zn'rus 

Bi/Jiithiah 

biz-jo-thVah 

Cliepliarliaani- 

kC  'far-lia-d  m'u-nd 

Damascenes 

dtint-ii-snns' 

i:bloho 

H-H'o-hc  or  el~c-lo'lir 

Bi/.JniliJaJi 

bii-joth'jah 
bo-a-ner'gci 

moiiai 

DaniascuH 

{  dii-inds'kiis  or  da  ih(i.h'~ 

Kleph 

E'lff 

Iloanorgcs 

Chepliirah 

krf-Vrah 

\  kus 

I'^ieutherus 

c-lcu'the  rus 

Boa/. 

bd'az 

Cheran 

kS'ran 

Danilcs 

dd  n'ifrs 

Eb'U/.ai 

cUcU'id'i 

Bochcru 

bok'cr-ru 

Chereas 

kS'rc-a^ 

Danjaan 

dau-'d'an 

lOIha}  nan 

H-hd'  na^ 

Bochiiu 

ba'kiin 

Cherethinis 

ker'  cth-ims 

Danobratit 

dniJo-hrnth 

Eli 

e'n 

Bosor 

bo'ior 

Chercthitcs 

ki'r'  ttk-itts 

Dara 

dn'rak 

Kliab 

c-lVab 

Bo7X'Z 

bO'zcz 

Cher  it  h 

kS'rith 

Darda 

dnr'dah 

Kltada 

c-lVa-dah 

Bozrah 

bo  z' rah 

Cherub  (a  city) 

kS'rub 

Darian 

dd'r'i-an 

Kliadun 

cll'a-dun 

Briiiandiiie 

brifr'an-dine 

Cherub  (a  spirit) 

cher'ub 

Darius 

dur'i'us 

Kliah 

c-li'ah 

Bnkki 

buk'ki 

Clierubim 

chtr'n-bim 

Darken 

ddr'kon 

Kliahba 

c-Wnh-bah 

Bui 

bill  (as  dull) 

Chesalon 

krs'ft'lon 

Datlian 

dd'than 

Khaka 

c-li  'a-kah 

Bnnal) 

bn'nah 

Chesed 

kc'scd 

Datheniah 

ddth'  e-nuih 

Ktiakim 

c.'lt'a-kim 

Biiniii 

bun' 111 

CIn  sulloth 

ke-sul'loth 

Debir 

do'bcr 

Kliali 

e-li'a-li 

Bii/.i 

bil'zl 

Cbezib 

kS'iib 

Deborah 

dC'bo-rah  or  dt  b'o  raJi 

Kliam 

C'l'i'am 

Hu/.itc 

buz'ite 

Chidon 

kt'don 

Decapoli 

dc-kdp'o-li 

Elias 

c-li'as 

Chileab 

kil'c-ab 

Decapolid 

dr-kdp'o-lis 

Kliasaph 

c~lVa-saf 

Chilion 

ktl't-on  or  ki-lt'on 

Dcdan 

dS'daii 

Kliashib 

c-lVa-shib 

n 

Chilmad 

kiVmad 

Dedanim 

ded-a'nim  or  di-d'a  nim 

Eliasis 

c-li'a-sis 

Chimham 

kim'hain 

Dehavites 

\  d5'lia-vitcs  or  dc-hd'- 

Eliathah 

e-li'a-thah 

Chinneretli 

kin'  er-cUi 

\  vitfs 

Eliazar 

C-li-d'zar 

Chios 

kVos 

Dekar 

dS'har 

Elidad 

cAVdad 

Carul 

ka'bul 

Chisleu 

kis'lu 

Dclaiah 

dc~la-V  ah 

Eliel 

a'li-r-l 

Cados 

ka'des 

Chislon 

ki.s'loii 

Delilah 

dH'i-laJi 

Elienai 

c-li-t'na-i 

Cjpsar 

ce'zar 

Chisloth 

kis'lofh 

Demas 

dS'mas 

Eli.v.er 

C'li-C'zcr 

('aiapliaif 

kd'a-fas 

Chisloth  Tabor 

kis'loth  td'bor 

Denietrius 

d('~me'tr'i-us 

Elihoreph 

el-e-hd'ref 

Catu 

kain 

Ctiittim 

ckit'tim  or  kit'tim 

Derbe 

dcr'be 

Klihu 

C'lt'hxi 

Caiimn 

kQ'nan  oxka-Vnan 

Chiun 

kVun 

Deuel 

dt'-i('(l  or  dc-fi'd 

Elijah 

C-lVja% 

Cairites 

kai' rites 

Chloe 

kld'e 

Deuteronomy 

dcu-trr-on'o-m'i 

Elika 

c-lVkaJt  or  H't-hah 

Catah 

ka'lak 

Cliorashan 

ko~rd'slian 

Diana 

di-d'nak 

Elimclech 

c-lim'  c-lck 

Calaniolalns 

kftl-a-7noV  {i-lus 

L'norazin 

ko~r&'  tin 

Diblaim 

dib'ld'im  or  dibUd-im 

Elim 

£'liin 

Calamus 

kttVa-mus 

Chosanieus 

kos-a-mS'us 

Diblath 

dib'lath 

Eliopnai 

cl-'i-C'nd-i  or  e-lc-i' nd-i 

Calcol 

kiWkol 

Cliozeba 

ko-zS'bah 

Dibon 

di'bon 

Elionas 

p-li-d'  nas 

Caldces 

kdl-dcci* 

Chronicles 

kron't'kles 

Dibri 

dib'ri 

Eliphal 

el'i-fal 

Caleb 

ka'leb 

Chrysolite 

kris'  o-liie 

Dibzahab 

dib'ia-hab 

Eliphaleh 

e-lifa-lck 

Calitas 

kdVi~tas 

Clirysoprasus 

k  ris-op  'rasiLS 

Diurachm 

dl'dram 

lOliphalet 

c-lifa-ht 

Calnt'h 

kdVnch 

Chub 

ktib 

Didymus 

did''i-mus 

Eliphaz 

H'Vi-faz  or  e  IVfaz 

Calvary 

kdVva-fi 

Chusa 

kit' salt 

Dilean 

di'lc-an  or  dil'c-an 

Eli^anis 

cl-i-sm'us 

Cainbysca 

kdin-bi'scz 

Chushan  Risha- 

kiish'an  risk- a- Old' im 

Dimon 

dVmon 

Eliseus 

el'i-^S'us 

Caiiioa 

ku'mon 

thaim 

Dimonah 

dl-mO'nah 

Elisha 

c-li'shah 

Can  a 

ka'nah 

Cilicia 

cil-ish'i'a 

Dinaites 

dt'na-itrji 

Elishama 

e-lish'a-mak 

Canaan 

k(i'nan 

Cinnereth 

cin'  ncT-€th 

Dinhabah 

din-hd'bah 

Elishaphat 

c-lith'a-fat 

Canaan  ites 

(  ka' nan-ites  or  kdn'an~ 

Cirania 

cir'a-ma 

Dionysius 

dif-o-Tiish'i-iis 

Elisheba 

r-lish'f.-bah 

\  itC3 

Cisai 

cis'sU'i 

Diotrephes 

(  di-ot're-fei  or  di-ot-rS'- 

Elishua 

el-'i'shu'ah 

Canaanitish 

kQ.~nan-V  tish 

Cilherus 

ctth'e-rxLS 

(  fc^ 

Elisiiuus 

€'lis''i-7nus 

Candace 

kan-dd'cc  or  kdn'da-ce 

Clauda 

klaw'dnk 

Dishan 

di'shan 

Eliu 

C-li'lf 

i'anntfh 

kdn'nrh 

('lau<lia 

klaw'  di-a 

Dizahab 

diz'za-hab 

Eliud 

c-lt'ud 

Canticles 

knn't'i-kcls 

Claudius 

klaw'di-us 

Dodai 

do'dd'i  or  dod'a-i 

Eli/.aphan 

c-tii'a-faa 

Capernaum 

ka-prr'na-um 

Cleasa 

kle-S.'  sa 

Dodanim 

do-dd'nim  or  dod'a-nim 

Elizur 

c-li'zur 

Capharsalama 

knf-ar-sdV  a-mah 

Clement 

klc'ment  or  kletn'cnt 

Ood  avail 

do~<ld'vah  or  dod' a-vah 

Elk an ah 

cl-kd'nah  or  il'ka-nah 

Caphrnalha 

ka-fen'O'tka 

(^leophas 

klS'o-fas 

Dudo 

do' do 

Elkosliite 

H'ko-shile 

Caphira 

ka-fl'rah 

Cloe 

kl5'e 

Docg 

do'esr 

Ellasar 

H-ld'sar  or  H'lil-sar 

Caphtor 

kdftor 

Cnidus 

iit'd  us 

Dophkah 

dof'kah 

El  mod  am 

i'l-md'dam  or  fl'mo-datn 

Cnplitorim 

kdftu-rim 

Colhozeh 

koWzch 

Dorcas 

dor'kas 

Elnaam 

H'na-am 

Cappadocia 

kdp-pa-do'sh'i-a 

Collins 

kol'ii'Us 

Dorymencs 

do-rim' e-nes 

P^lnathan 

el-nd'Uian  or  H'na-than 

Carabasion 

kdr-a-ba'z'i-on 

Colossc 

ko-los^se 

Do:<itheus 

do-s'i~thc'us 

Eloi 

rl'o~hl 

Carbuncle 

kdr'bu  n-kel 

Colossians 

ko-tosh''i-ans 

Dothaim 

do-th&'im  or  do'tha-im 

Elon 

S'lon 

Carcliamis 

kdr'ka-mis 

Coiianiah 

ko~na-nVah 

Dotlian 

dd'than 

Elon  Bcthhanan 

S'lon  brth'ha-nan 

(■arclieniish 

kdr'ke-misk 

Coniah 

ko-nt'ah 

Drachma 

drdk'mah 

Elonit('S 

i'liin-itcs 

Careali 

ka-rC'ah 

Corbe 

kor'be 

Drusilla 

dril-jtiV  lah 

Eloth 

Cloth 

Carkas 

kdr'kas 

(^ore 

kO're 

Dumah 

dn'mah 

KIpaal 

el-pd'al  or  fVpa-al 

CarincI 

kdr'mel 

C'oos 

kO'os 

Dura 

da' rah 

Klpalrt 

rl-pd'lrt  or  rl'pa-lrt 
fl-pd'ran  or  el'pa-ran 

Carmelite 

kfir'  mrl-ite 

Ccirinlh 

ko'rinth  or  kor'inth 

Eli)aran 

Carnielitesrt 

kdr'm^l-i-tcss 

Corinthians 

ko-r  i  nth'  i  -ans 

Eitekeh 

ft-tS'keh  or  el'te-keh 

Carmi 

kdr'mJ 

Cornelius 

kor-nS'U-us 

1j. 

Eltekon 

H'tfi-kon 

Carnaim 

kdr'na-im 

Cosam 

kd'zam 

Ellolad 

fl'tO'lad  or  iVto-lad 

Carshena 

kar-shC'na 

Co/.bi 

koz'b'i  or  koz'bi 

Elul 

c'lul 

Casipliia 

j  kds-si-fl'ah  or  ka-^if^'i' 
f  ah 

Cresccns 
Crete 

kres'ccHS 
krite 

K  A  N  A  S 

S'a-tids 

Eluzai 
Ely  ma  is 

c-lu'za-i 
cl-'i-md'  is 

Cnsluim 

kds-lii'im. 

Cretes 

krCtcs 

Ebal 

e'biil 

El  V  mas 

fl'i-jnas  or  e-li'nius 

Cassia 

kdith''i-a 

Crclians 

krS'  sh'i  -tins 

Ebed  Melech 

{  c'bcd  niC'trk  or  c-brd'- 

El'zabad 

H'za-bad 

Cattiuatli 

ka-thft'ath 

(^rispus 

kris' pus 

\  vic-lvk 

Elzaphan 

cl-zd'fan  or  eVza-fan 

Ccdriin 

cc'dron  or  kS'dron 

Cubit 

kh'bit 

Ebenezer 

eb-CH-S'zer 

Emalciiel 

e-tnal~kn'cl 

Ceilan 

cS'lan  or  cVlan 

Cush 

kiLsh 

Eber 

S'ber 

Emanuel 

Cfleniia 

celc-mVa 

Cushan  Rislia- 

kush'an  rish-a-fhdt' im  or 

Ebiasaph 

c-bV  a-saf 

Emims 

S'mims 

Cenrhrea 

cen-lirC'ah 

thaim 

k^'shan  rish-a-thd' im 

Ebronah 

cb-rd' nah  or  c-bro'uah 

Enmiaus 

em-ni&'uj  or  ern'ma-us 

Cendebeus 

ceti-dc-b^'us 

Cnshi 

kiish'i 

Ecanus 

c-kd '  It  iw 

Em  mor 

Cephas 

cS'fas 

Cuthah 

kuOi'ah 

Ecbatana 

ck-bdt'a-na 

Enam 

Ct!sarea 

ce.t-a-rS'ah 

Cutheana 

kiVOic-nns 

Ecclesiastes 

ck-kle-zC'ds'tcs 

Eneas 

c-ne'as  or  i'n0-as 

('liadias 

kd  'di~as 

Cypnis 

cij'prus 
aj-rS'ne 

Ecclesia^ticus 

ek-klt-ze-da' ti-kus 

Eneglaini 

fn-eff-l&'im 

(Mialcedony 

kdl'ce~do-ny 

Cyrene 

Edar 

e'dar 

Eneinessar 

fn-e-mrs'gar 

Chalcol 

kdl'kol 

Cyrenius 

aj'TS'ni-us 

Eden 

e'den 

Encnias 

fi-nC'ni-as 

Clialdea 

kales' ah 

Cyrurt 

cy'rus 

Edias 

i'di-as 

Engannim 

en-gdn'nim 
en-ffU'dl  or  hi'ge-dl 

Chatnulion 

ka-mS'li-on 

Edom 

i'dom 

En^edi 

CliancM 

kd'ncz 

Edomitcs 

C'dom-Ues 

Enhaddah 

cn-hdd'dah 

Ctiannuneas 

kan-nu-7tS'as 

Edrci 

ed're-i 

Enhakkore 

en-hdk'ko-re 

Fate,  fdr,  bdL  —  Mite,  help. —  Pine,  marinr,  —  MZte. —  7Yin«,  unite.  —  g  as  j;  rA  as  sh. 

1891 


PRONUNCIATlOiN  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Enhazor 

en-ha'zor 

Gabbatiia 

Enmishp^t 

CTi-viisli'  'pa.t 

Gabrias 

Enoch 

Gabriel 

Enrimmon 

in-ri  ni'mon 

Gadara 

en-ro'ffel 

Gadarenes 

Ensheinesh 

,  ^n-she  mesh  or  (ii'shc- 
'  mesh 

Gaddes 
Gaddi 

EnttippuQti 

cn~t  dp  ^pv,-o.h 

Gaddiel 

Epaphms 

f p'tx-frds 

Gadi 

Epaphroditus 

e-pdf-ro-di'tus 

Gadites 

Epcn^tus 

€-pe-Tlc'tUS0T6-pt)l' &-ttlS 

Gaius 

Ephah 

Galadad 

Ephai 

Galal 

Epli6s  Daniinini 

c'fcs  ddvi^miTn 
c-fc'  zfii-dus 

Galatia 

Ephcsians 

Gnlbanum 

Ephcsus 

€f'  fe-SlLS 

Galeed 

Ephlal 

ef'lal 
e'fiid 

Gnl^ala 

Ephod 

Gahleans 

Eph  ph^tlia 

tf'  fu-tha.h 

Galilee 

Epliraitn 

(J^Td-iiti  or  C  'Jra-iiii 

Gallio 

E  pli  ra  i  in  itcs 

Gaiiiacl 

Eptiratali 

GamaUel 

Ephralh  * 

efralh 

Ganimadims 

Eplirathitcs 

tj^  rotfir-itcs 

Gamul 

Ephron 

e ' froii 

Gareb 

EpiciLTcaiis 

Cp-C-}iXl^  Tl-^TtS 

Garizin* 

Gashmu 

Eranitcs 

c'  rdn-ites 

Gatani 

Erastus 

C^TUS  tits 

Galhlicpher 

Erech 

Gathriniiiion 

E  s  a  1  as 

cz-z(i^ yds  or  c-zfi' yas 

Gaza 

Esar  Haddon 

c^sQr  hdd^ don 

Gazabar 

Esau 

Gnzara 

Esdr^loQ 

€S-<lrB'  loit 

Gazathites 

is^  C-hoTL 

Gazera 

Esf'brias 

Gazez 

Esek 

Gazitcs 

Eshbaal 

ish-hu^ qJ,  or  fsh'bu-cU 

Gazzain 

Eshcol 

Gebal 

E^Iican 

vsh^ c~^Ti  or  S^she-QTi 

Geber 

Eshkalon 

Gebim 

Eshtaol 

Gedaliah 

Eslitaulitcs 

(sIl^  t-ti  >D-li  tcs 

Geder 

« li  T  iJ  1  »i  r\ n 

Qederah 

Jjj    1 1 LC 1  il  U 1 11 

Gederathite 

Esli 

Gederite 

I-' <:  in  n      i  o  H 

Gederoth 

Gederothaim 

E«rom 

Ts'rurn 

Gehazi 

Esscncs 

cs-sccjts^  or  CS'SS^ fics 

Geiiloth 

Estliaol 

Ge  in  alii 

Esther 

Gemariah 

Etani 

Genesareth 

Et  lianirn 

Genesis 

EUibaul 

€th-bd.' oX  or  itli^ba-oX 

Genezar 

Ether 

Genneu3 

Ethiopia 

£-tJii~S  'p'i-d 

Gentiles 

Ethnan 

eth'nan 

Genu  bath 

Euasibus 

i^-ds't-biLS 

Gera 

Eubiilus 

v-bii'liLs 

Gerasa 

Eunatban 

nd-thun 

Gergasene3 

Eun  ice 

i^-ni^ se  or  i^^itisc 

Gerg^shi 

Euod  ia3 

1^-5 '  d'i-ds 

Gergashites 

Ell  ph  rates 

i^-Jto.  'tcs 

Gerizim 

Eupulemus 

T^~poV  e-tnus 

GerriEans 

Euroclydon 

•j^^Tuk'  le~doTi 

Gerrinians 

Eutychus 

t^'ti-kus 

Gershoni 

Eve 

Geshem 

Evi 

e'vl 

Geshuri 

Evil  ^Icrodach 

e'vil  Tnc-To^ddh 

Geshuritea 

Exodus 

ex.'  0-dlti3 

Geiher 

Ezar 

S'zdr 

Getholias 

Ezbai 

Gethseinane 

Ezechias 

ei-c-hi'  ds 

Geuel 

Ezekiss 

Ci-C'ki'  ds 

Gezer 

£zeki6l 

e-zi'k'i-d 

Gezerites 

Ezel 

Giah 

Ezerias 

iz-c-rVds 

Gibbah 

Gibbcthon 

E/loa 

c-il'on  or  I'z'i-on 

Gibea 

Ezion  Gebcr 

S'zi~on  ffg'ber 

Gibealh 

Ezrahite 

iz'ra-hilt 

Gibeon 

Ezriel 

iz'r'i-cl 

GihconitcB 

f^f'/.  ron  i  tcs 

€Z^TOn-i  tcs 

Giblites 
Giddalti 
Giddcl 

V 

Gideon 

Gi  deoni 

Gidom 
Gier 

Felix 

fi'lix 

Gihon 

Fcstus 

ffs'tus 

Fortun  >it  us 

J'oT-tvL-nd^  tils 

Gilhcn 
Gilead 
G  ilead  ito 

a 

\J  • 

Gilgal 
Giloh 
Gilonito 
Gimzo 

QkAl, 

Ginath 

Goaah 

gU'dsh 

Giniii'tho 

Gaba 

gH'hd 
gdb'a-rl 

(iirgashiteg 

Oabael 

GirKniitc 

Gabbal 

gdb'bd  or  gdb'bar4 

Giltuim 

ffdb'ba-Uiak 

ga'bri-as 

ga'br'i~el 

gdd'd-ra 

gdd-d-reens' 

gdd'dts 

gdd'dy 

gdd'di-el 

ga'dl 

gdd'ites 

gu'ms 

gdl  a-ddd 

ga'ldl 

ga-la'  sh'i~a 

gaVbd-nam 

gdt'e-cd 

gd  I' ga-la 

gdl-ti-W  ans 

gdVl'i-lce 

gdVl'i-o 

gdm'a-cl 

gn-nia'le~cl 

gdm'md-dims 

ga'mul 

gu'reb 

gdr''i-iim 

gdsh'mciD 

ga'tum 

gdth-he'fer 

gnth-rirn'mon 

gd'zdh 

gnz'd-bdr 

ga-za'ra 

ga '  zath-ites 

gu-zc'ra 

ga'zez 

gdz'iies 

gdz'idm  t 

ge'bdl 

gc'ber 

ge'bim 

gtd-d-Wak 

gVder 

gc-de'rdh 

gc-dc'rath-ite 

gtd'e-rite 

g€~de'roth 

ge-dcT-oth^&'im 

gc-ha'zl 

gtV'i-loth 

gc-rndl'ti 

gem-a-ri'ah 

gc-nes'd-rcUi 

gcn'c-sis 

ge-nc'zdr 

gen'ne-us  or  gen-ne'us 
gen'tVes 

gen'u-bath  OTge'nu-batk 

ge'rdh 

ger'd-sdh 

ger-ga-seens' 

gtr'  gd-shi 

gcr' gd-shites 

ger're~zim 

gfr-rc'ans 

gir'rin-i-dTis 

ger' shorn 

ge'shem 

gesh'  ii-ri 

gesh' ii-rites 

ge'ther 

geth-o-  IV  ds 

gcth-stm'a-ne 

ge-y.'cl 

ge'zer 

ge'zer-ites 

gVdh 

gib'bdh 

gib'be-ihon 

gib'c-dh 

gib'c-dth 

gib'c-on 

gib'e-on-itcs 

gib'litcs 

gid-ddVtl 

gid'dcl 

gid'c-on 

gid'C-0  'nl 

gl'dom 

gl'cr 

gl'hon 

gil-a-W  or  gil'd-ld 
gil-bo'dh  or  gU'bo-ah 
gil'c^ad 
gil'e-ad-ite 

gVlc-nite 

gim'zo 

gVnath 

gin'ne-Oio 

gir' tra-shilcs 

gir'gn-siie 

git-ttk'im  or  git'ta~im 


Gittites 

Gizonite 

Gnidus 

Goath 

Golan 

Golgotha 

Goliah 

Gomer 

Gomorrah 

Gopher 

Goshen 

Gothoniel 

Gozan 

Grecia 

Greece 

Gudgodah 

Guni 

Gunites 

Gurbaal 


gU'tites 

gi'zo-nite 

nVdus 

g5  'atfi 

go' tan 

guV  goth-dh 

go-lVah 

go'mcr 

go-in  or' rah 

go'fer 

go  'shcji 

go-tlwn' i-cl 

go'zan 

gre'sk'i-a 

grSece 

gud'  go-ddh 

gu'ni 

gii'nites 

gur-ba'al 


H. 


IIaahashtabi 

Ilabaiah 

Habakkuk 

Habaziniah 

Habergeon 

Ilabor 

Hachaliah 

Haclielah 

Ilaclimoni 

Hadad 

Hadadezer 

Hadad  Rimraon 

Hadar 

Hadarezer 

Hadashah 

Hadassah 

Hadattah 

Hadid 

Hadlai 

Hadoram 

Hadrach 

Hagab 

Hagabah 

Hagai 

Uagar 

Hagarenes 

Hagarites 

Haggai 

Haggeri 

Haggi 

Haggiah 

Haggites 

Haggith 

Hai 

Hakkatan 

Hakkoz 

Hakupha 

Halac 

Hali 

Hallelujah 

Halloesh 

Haman 

Hamath 

Hani.athite 

Hamath  Zobah 

Hameleth 

Hainital 

Hammedatha 

Hamiuelech 

Hammoleketh 

Hamonah 

Hamongog 

Hamotlidor 

Haniuel 

Hamul 

Hamutal 

Hanameel 

Hunan 

Hananeel 

Hanani 

Hananiah 

Hanes 

Hanie) 

Ilannathon 

Ilanniel 

llanoch 

Hanochitcs 

Hanun 

Hapharaim 

Ilara 

Haradah 

llaraiah 

llararite 

Ilatbunali 


ha-a-hd^h' ta~T\ 
hd~ba' yah 

hab'a-kuk  or  ha-bdk'uk 

hab-a-zi-nV  ah 

ha-ber'  ge-on 

hd'bor 

hak~a-li'ah 

hdk'e-laJi 

hak-mo'ni  or  hak'mo-ni 

kd'dad 

had-ad-e'zcr 

hu'ddd  rim'mon 

kd'dar 

hdd-a-re'icr 

hufL-d'iihak  or  Iidd'a- 

shafi 
ha~dd.^'sah 
ha-ddt'tah 
hd'did 
hdd'la-i 
ha-do'ram 
fid'drak 
hd'gab 
hd^'a-bah 
hdg'a-i 
hd'gar 

hdg-a-rcen$'  or  ha-ga- 

recns' 
ha'gar-itts 
hag'ga-i 
hdg'ge-^l 
hdg'gl 
hdg-gVah 
hdg'gites 
hdg'gith 
hd'i 

hdk'ka~tan 
hdk'koz 

haJi-ii'fah  or  ha-ku'fah 

hd'lak 

hdUi 

hal-le-ln'yah  or  -^ah 

Jial'lo'esh 

hd'  man 

hd'math 

hdm'ath-ite 

hd'math  zo'bah 

hdm'e-leth 

hdm'i-tal 

hammed' a-thah 

hdm'me-lek 

hdm-md' le-keth  or  ham- 

mol'e-keth 
hdm-o'nah  or  hdm'o-nah. 
hd'mon-gog 
hd'molh^dor 
kd-viii'el 
hd'mid 
hd-mil'Ud 
hd-ndm'e-d 
kd'nan 

ha~ndfi'c-cl  or  hdn'nan- 

e-el 
ha-nd'ni 
han-a-iiV  ah 
hd'ncz 
hd'iii-al 
hdn'na-thon 
hdn'n'i-d 
hd'nok 
hu'nok-iU3 
hd'nvn 
haf-a-rS'im 
hi'rah 
hdr'a-dah 
hdr-a-Vah 
hd'ra-rite 

har-ba'nak  or  hUr'bo- 
nah 


Hareph 

Hareth 

Harhaiah 

Harhata 

Harim 

Hamepher 

Harod 

Haroeh 

Harorite 

Harosheth 

Harslia 

Harura 

Harumaph 

Haruphite 

Haruz 

Plasadiah 

Hasenuah 

Hashabiah 

Hashabnah 

Hashabniah 

Hashbadana 

Hashem 

Hashmonah 

Hashub 

Hashubah 

Hashum 

Hashiipha 

Hasseiiaah 

Hasiipha 

Hatach 

Hatbath 

Hatita 

Hattaavah 

Hattipha 

Hauran 

Havilah 

Havoth  Jair 

Hazael 

Hazaiah 

Hazar  Hatticon 

Hazaroth 

Hazel  Elponi 

Hazerim 

Hazeroth 

Hazezon 

Haziel 

Hazor 

Hazubah 

Heber 

Heberites 

Hebron 

Hebronites 

Hegai 

Hege 

Helah 

Helcbiah 

Heldai 

Heleb 

Helekites 

Heleph 

Helkai 

Helkath  Hazzu- 

rim 
Helkias 
Helon 
Heman 
Hena 
Henadad 
Henoch 
Heplier 
Hoplierites 
Hephzibah 
III' res 
Hennas 
Hermes 
Hermogenea 
Hennonites 
Heroil 
Horudians 
Herod  ias 
Herod  ion 
Hesed 
Heslibon 
Hezeki 
Hezckiah 
Hezion 
Ilezir 
Hezrai 
Ilczrnn 
Ilezronites 
lliddui 
Hiddekcl 
Hiel 

Hierapolis 

Hiereel 

Hieremoth 

llierichis 

Hierrnas 

liiggaion 

Hilen 

Hilkiah 

Hirah 

Hiram 

Ilircanus 


hd'ref 
ha'rcth 
h'dr-ha-i'ah 

har-hd'tah  ai h'dr'ha-tah 
hd'rim 

hdr-ne'fer  or  hdr'nc-fer 

fid'rod 

kdr'o-eh 

ha'ro-rite 

hdr'o-sheth 

hUr'shah 

ha'rum 

ha-rn'maf 

/la-r-u'Jite 

hd'ruz 

hdz-a-tTi'ah 

hdz-e-nu'  all 

hdsh-a-bVah 

kdsh-db'nah 

hd^liHib-nl' ah 

hdshr-hdd' a-iuih 

ha'shem 

hdshr-mo' nah 

hash'iib 

hash  Tf'bah 

hdsh'um 

ha-shu'fah 

hassc-nd'  ah 

has-u'fah  or  ha-sft'fah 

hS'tak 

hd'tJuUh 

hdt'i-tah 

hat-td'  a-vah 

hdt't'i-fah  or  hat-tVfah 

haio'ran 

hdvl'i-lah 

hd'voth  jd'ir 

hdz'a-d  or  ha-zd'd 

lia-id'yah 

hd'zar  hdt't'i-kon 

ha-zd'roth 

ha'zd  d-pd'n'i 

haz-e'rim  or  ha-zl'rim 

haz-e'roth  or  ha-zc'ruth 

Itdz'c-zon 

hd'zi-d 

hd'zor 

hdz'n-bah 

hc'bcr 

he'ber-ites 

hi'bron 

he'bran-ites 

lie-gd'i  or  hig'or-i 

hc^t— 

he'lah 

hH-kVah 

hiVda-i 

he' Id) 

hc'lek~itC3 

he'lcf 

hiVka-i 

hel'kath  hdz'^-^im 

hel-ki'as 

he'lon 

hc'man 

he'nah 

hen'a-dad 

he'iiok 

hc'fer 

hc'fer-ites 

hrfzi-bah 

he' res 

her'mas 

her'mcs 

hcr-mog'e-ites 

her'moii-ites 

her' rod 

he-rO'di~ans 

he-rO'tTi-as 

he-ro'di-on 

he'scd 

hhh'bon 

hez'e-kl 

hei-e-ki'ah 

hS'z'i-oji 

hS'ier 

hii'ra-i 

hvz'ron 

hez*ron-ites 

hid'dd-i 

hid'de-kel 

hVd 

hl-er-^dp'o-lis 

ht-er'e-d 

hl-er'c^otk 

M-er-ri-e'lus 

hi-er'mas 

hig-gd'yon 

hVlen 

hU-kVah 

hVrah 

hVram 

hir-k&'nus 


Fate,  far,  bdl  Mite,  help. —  Pliu,  marine.  —  JVZte. —  TCtu,  unite.  —  ^  aajl  ZA  as  th. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Hittites 

htt'tita 

Isiiites 

Ilivitcs 

M'vites 

Itbai 

Ili/.kijoli 

hii-kl'jah 

Itliamar 

llobab 

hi'bab 

Itliiel 

Ilodaiah 

hod-a-Vah 

Ubrenm 

llodaviiili 

hoiUa-vVah 

Itbritcs 

Iloilevali 

hti'di'cak 

Ittah  Kazin 

llddinli 

lio-dl'ak 

Ittai 

Ilodijah 

ho-dl'jah 

hog'lah 

hol-o-fer'nti 

Itiiroa 

II(>gl:ili 

Ivah 

Iloiofernes 

Izi'har 

ilnliiii 

hS'lon 

Izhar 

Muniam 

ho' mam 

Izliarite 

llophni 

hofni 

Izrahiah 

iliiplira 

hofrah 
hO'ram 

Izrahito 

Iloiarn 

Izraiah 

Morhugidgad 

hor-ra-gid' gad 

I z reel 

Mori 

hO'rl 

Izrites 

lluiitns 

hS'rims 

llorites 

ho'rit(3 

Iloronaim 

hor-o-n&'im 

Iloronitcs 

hor'ro-nites 

Ilosah 

hS'ioli 

Ilosaiinah 

ho~ian'nah 

Ilosea 

ho-zc'ah 

Jaakam 

Iloshniah 

hosh-a-V  ah 

Jnnkobali 

Iloslinma 

hosk'a-malL 

Jaala 

Uoslica 

ho-shc'a 

Jaalam 

Ilotham 

hu'thaiii 

Jaanui 

llolliir 

ho'Oiir 

Jaartoragim 

Hupbam 

hu'fum 
hn'fnin-ites 

Jaasaiiia 

Ilupbuiiiitea 

Jaasau 

Ilurai 

hft'rS 

Jaasiel 

Hiishah 

hu'shak 

Jaazab 

Hiisbai 

hu'shO 

Jaazaniali 

Hnsbam 

hfi'.iham 

Jaaziah 

Hushatliite 

hu'  shath-itt 

Jaaziel 

Hiisbubah 

hu-shn'bah 

Jabal 

Huzoth 

hit' loth 

Jal)esli 

Ilyduspea 

hij-dds'pes 

Jabi-z 

Hyena 

ktj-i'nah 

Jabin 

Hynieneus 

htj-mm-i'ua 

Jabnecl 

Jaclian 
Jachin 

T 
1 

JacbinitC3 

Jacinth 

Jacobus 
Jada 

Ibleam 

iVle-am 

Jadati 

Ibncinh 

ib-nVah 

Jaddua 

Ibnijali 

ib-nl'jah 

Jadon 

Ichabort 

ik'a-bod 

Jael 

Iconium 

i-kB'ni-um 

Jasur 

Idalali 

i-d&'lah  or  id'a-laJi 

Jabaleel 

Idaliin 

id'a-tan 

Jahalelel 

Iddo 

id'do 

Jahaz 

Iducl 

id'n-cl 

Jabaza 

Iditmxa 

id-u-mi'tth 

Jaliazael 

Id  11  means 

id-u-rnS'ans 

Jaliaziah 

I^al 

■'^f  ,-r  L 

Jabaziel 

I<:daliah 

tg-da-lt'ah 

Jabdai 

Igeabariin 

i^-e-ab'a-rim 

Jahdiel 

Igeal 

iq-l'al  or  ig'e-al 

Jahdo 

lim 

rim 

Jahleelites 

Ijon 

Vjon 

Jabliel 

Ilai 

Via 

Jabmai 

lllyricum 

il-lyr''i-kum 

Jabzeelitea 

Iniinaniiel 

im-man'ii-el 

Jabzerah 

Ipbedeiah 

if-e-dl'ah 
I'rah 

Jahziel 

Ira 

Jair 

I  ram 

i'ram 

Jairitea 

Iry 

I'ry 

Jairus 

Irijah 

i-Tl'jah 

Jakan 

Irnahasb 

tr-nH'hash  or  ir'na-hash 

Jakkim 

Irpeel 

ir-pc'el 

Jalon 

Irshemesh 

irshl'mesh 

Jambres 

Iru 

I'ru 

Jambri 

Isaac 

Viak 

Jamin 

Isaiah 

i-id'yoA 

Jaminitcs 

Iscah 

xs'cah 

Jamlech 

Iscariot 

is-kdr'r'i-ot 

Jamnaan 

Isdael 

is'da-fl 

Jamnia 

Ishbi  Benob 

(  ish'bi  bl'nob  or  isA-41'- 
\  bc-nob 

Jamnitea 
Janna 

Ishbosheth 

1  idh-bS'sheUi  or  ish'ba- 
\  shah 

J  an  lies 
Janoah 

Ishi 

Vshl 

Janiim 

Isbiah 

ishl'ah 

Japbeth 

Ishijah 

i~shl'jah 

Japliiah 

Isbmael 

ish'ma-el 

Japblet 

Isbmaelites 

ish'ma-tl-itts 

Japhleti 

Isb  maiab 

(  vsh-mS'yah  or  ish-ma- 
1  I'ah 

Japho 
Jarah 

Isbmerai 

iith'me^H 

Jareb 

Isbod 

Vshod 

Jaresiah 

Ishtiah 

ish'if-ah 

Jaroah 

Ishuai 

iah'i^-a 

Jasael 

Ismachiah 

ts-nui-Ki  aA 

Jashein 

Ismaiah 

«-ma-i'oA 

Jaslier 

Israel 

is'ra-el 

Jasbobeam 

UmeUtcs 

Wra-et-ites 

Jashub 

Issachar 
Istalcurua 

u'sa-kar 
is-tal-ku'rus 

Jashubi  Lehcm 

Isui 

U'n-i 

Jasbubitea 

ii'u'ites 

itk'a-i 

iUi'a-mar 

ilh'i-el 

Wt're-am 

ith'rites 

it'lah  kd'lin 

il'ta-i 

it-u-rH'ah 

I'vaJi 

iz'c-har 

ii'har 

iz'har-ite 

ii-ra~hVah 

ii'ra-hite 

iz-ra-l'ah 

iz're-el 

iz'ritea 


J. 


ia-dk'o-bah 
jd-d'lah 
ja-a'lam 
jd-&'na 

ja-ar-€-or' a-trhn 

ja-ds-a-nVak 

ia  d'saw  or  jd'a-saw 

ja-d's'i-cl 

id-d'zah 

ju-dz-ia-nV  ah 

ja-a-zVah 

ja-d'zi-el 

jd'bal 

jd'besh 

jd'bcz 

ja'bin 

jdb'nc-el 

jd'kan 

jd'kin 

jd'kin-ites 

jd' ninth 

ja-ko'bu3 

jd'dak 

ja-dd'y. 

jad-dxt'ah 

jd'don 

jd'cl 

jd'irur 

ja-ha'le-el 

Ja-kdl'e-lel 

jd'haz 

ja-hd'iah 

ja-ftaz-d'cl 

ja-ka-zVah 

ja-hdi'i-el 

jdJi-dd'i  or  jdli'da-i 

jcUt'di-el 

jdh'do 

jdJi'le-el-itCS 

jdh'li-el 

jdfi~jnd'i  or  jdli'ma~i 

jdli' tc-el-iics 

jdJi'ze-rah 

jdJi'ii-el 

j&'er 

jd''i-rite3 

jd'i-rus 

jd'kan 

jdk'kim 

jd'lon 

jdm'brcz 

jdm'brX 

jd'mhi 

jd'min-iles 

jdm'tek 

jdm'na-an 

jam' n't -a 

jdm'nites 

jdn'nah 

jdn'nez 

ja-nO'ah 

j&'num 

jd'fcth 

ja-fVah 

jdflH 

jdf-lS'tl  or  jdflc-il 

jd'fo 

jd'rah 

j&'Tcb 

jdr-e-isVdk 

ja-rO'ah 

jds'a-tl 

jd'shem 

jd'sher 

ja-shfi'be-am 

jd'shub  OTidsh^ub 
)j&'shu-bl  h'hem  or 
\    jd^h'u-hi  Whcm 

jd^h'  ub-xies 


Jasiel 

ja'st-d 

Jesher 

Jason 

jd'son 

Jesbinion 

Jasper 

jas'pcr 

Jcsbisbai 

Jasubn3 

ja-nft'buA 

Jesbuhaiah 

Jalliniol 

jdUi'ni-cl 

Jesbua 

Jallir 

jdt'ter 
jU'ean 

Jcshiii 

Javan 

Jeshurim 

Jazer 

ja'ier 

Jesiah 

Jazicl 

ja'zi-d 
jS'a-rim 

Jesimiel 

Jearim 

Jesse 

Jcateral 

je-dt'e-rH 

Jesua 

Joberecbiub 

jcb-er-rc-kl'ah 
jl'hus 

Jesui 

Jebus 

Jesus 

Jebusi 

jcbu'si 

Jelher 

Jebusites 

jtb'u-site^ 

Jetblah 

Jecamiab 

jrk-a-viV  ah 

Jelbro 

Jecoliab 

j^k-o-tl'ah 

Jetur 

Jeconiah 

jfk-O'itl'ah 

Jeuel 

Jedaiah 

jc-dd' yiiji 

Jeush 

Jediael 

jtd'i-a'd 

Jcuz 

Jedidiab 

jtd-'i'dt'ah 

Jezaniah 

Jcdiel 

ji-d'i'd  or  jS'di-cl 

Jezebel 

Jedutbun 

\jcd-^i'thun  or  jid'i^- 
i  (Ann 

Jezclus 
Jezer 

Jeezer 

je-e'zer 

Jezirites 

Jegar  Sahadutha 

je' gar  sa-ha-du'ihah 

Jcziah 

Jebalcleel 

\  je-hdV c-led  or  jc-hi'li- 
>  Ic-d 

Jeziel 
Jezliali 

Jehalelel 

jC'hdVe-ld 

Jezoar 

Jehaziel 

je-hdz''{-el  or  jc-hd'z'i-d 

Jezniliiah 

Jebdeiah 

jth-di'ah 

Jezreel 

Jebeiel 

jc-hVd 

Jezreelite 

Jebezckel 

jc-kiz'e-kd 

Jezreelitesa 

Jcliiah 

je-hl'ah  - 

Jidlapli 

Jebiel 

jc-hVd 

Jipbtali 

Jebieli 

jc-hVc~li 

Jipbtbahcl 

Jchisbai 

jc-kUh'a-i 

Jireth 

Jebiskiali 

jc-his-ki'ah 

Joab 

Jeboadah 

jc-ho'O'dak 

Joab 

Jelioaddan 

je-ho-dd'dan 

Joahaz 

Jeboabaz 

jc-h5'a-haz 

Joakini 

Jclioash 

jc-hd'a^h 

Joanna 

Jebohanan 

Ijc^o  hd'nan  or  jc-hd'- 
\     ha  jian 

Joasb 
Joatbam 

Jeboiacbin 

je-hoy'a~kin 

Joazabdua 

Jelioiada 

je-hoy'a-dah 

Job 

Jeboiakim 

je-hoy'a-kim 

Juhab 

Jeboiarib 

je-lioy' a-^ib 

Jocbebcd 

Jebonadab 

jc-hon' a-dab 

Joed 

Jehonatlian 

je-hun'a~than 

Joel 

Jeboram 

je-ho'ram 

Joclab 

Jebosbabeath 

jc-ho-shdb' e-alh 

Joezer 

Jeboshapbat 

jc-hosh' a-fat 

JoRbeah 

Jeliosbeba 

jc~hosh' e-bah 

JosU 

Jelioshua 

je-hosh'ii-ah 

Joha 

Jehovah 

jc-ho'vah 

Jobanan 

Jebozabad 

jt-hoz' Orbad 

John 

Jehozadak 

jr-hoz'a-dak 

Joiadah 

Jebu 

jc'hu 

Joiakim 

Jehubbah 

jc-hub'bah 

Joianb 

Jebucal 

jc-hu'kat  or  je'kn-kal 
je-hii'dl 

Jokdeam 

Jehudi 

Jokim 

Jehudijah 

jc-hur^i'jah 

Jokmeam 

Jehush 

je'hush 

Jokneam 

Jeiel 

je-t'd 

Joksban 

Jecabzecl 

jc-kah'ze-el 

Joktheel 

Jekameam 

jek-a-mS'am 

Jonadab 

Jekamiah 

ji-k-a-mVah 

Jonah 

Jekiitbiel 

i/i    l-tilfh'J  til 

JC~h1l  l/lt-CL 

Jonan 

Jemima 

jc-mVmah  or  jhn'i-mah 

Jonathan 

Jcmiiel 

j^m'u-d  or  jem-U'el 

Jonath  ElimRe 

Jopbtbah 

jffthah 

chochim 

Jepbunneh 

jC'fun'nch 

Joppa 

Jerah 

je'rah 

Jorah 

Jerahmeel 

:jer-ah-mc'd  or  jc-rdJi'- 

Jorai 

\  mc-el 

Joram 

Jerabmeelites 

je-rd/i'me-d-ita 

Joribas 

Jerechua 

jt'r'e-kus 

Jorkoam 

Jcred 

jl'rtd 

Josabad 

Jeremai 

jrr'e-mS 

Jusapbat 

Jeremiah 

jfr-e~ml'ah 

Josaphias 

Jeremoth 

jtr'e-moth 

Jose 

Jeriati 

jr-rl'ah 

Josedech 

Jcribai 

jfr'i-ba 

Joseel 

Jericho 

j^r't-ko 

Joses 

Jeriel 

je-ri'd  or  jS'ri-d 

Joshabad 

Jcrijah 

jer-rl'jah 

Josbab 

Jeriolh 

jfr'i-oth 

Josbaphat 

Jeroboam 

jrr-obo'am 

Josbariah 

JeroHon 

jrr'o~don 

Joshbekashah 

Jcrobam 

jf-r-O'ham  or  j^r'o-ham 

Joshua 

Jcrubbaal 

\je-rub-b&'al  or  jc-rub'- 
\  ba-al 

Josiah 
Josias 

Jerubesbcth 

1  je-rub-rsh' tlh  or  jc-rub'- 
\  c-.fAciA 

Josibiah 
Josiphiah 

Jeruel 

jc-ru'd 

Josiphus 

Jerusalem 

je^ril'sa-Um 

Jot  hatha 

Jeriisba 

Jotham 

Jesaiah 

je-s&'yah 

Jozabad 

Jesliaiab 

jcsh-a-Vah 

Jozachar 

Jeslianab 

jrsh-&'nah 

Jozadak 

Jesharelah 

je^h-dr' e-lah 

Jiibal 

Jesbebeab 

je,-ih-fb'e-ab 

Jucal 

Jesbebeah 

jcsA-fJ'e-oA 

Judsa 

je'sher 
jfsh'  i^on 
jr-.ihish'  a-i 
jesh'O-ha-l'ah 
je.sh'u-ah 
jejth'u-i 
jesh'ur-rvm 
jC'sVah 
jes-im'm'i'^d 
jis'se 
je^'i^-a 
jeis'i^-i 
jS'sus 
je'thcr 
jWi'lah 
jSthro 
jS'tur 
jc'ii-cl 
j&'ush 
jS'uz 

jeza-nVah 
jez'e-bel 
jc-iS'lvLS 
jS'icr 
jS'ier-ites 
je-zVah 
jS'zi-el 
jcz-ll'ah 
jH'o-ar 
jcz-ra-hVah 
jt-z' re-el 
ji-z're-cl'iU 
jtz'rc-el-i-te$$ 
jid'laf 
jiftflh 
jifthah-el 
ji'reth 
jO'ab 
jo' ah 

jo-d'haz  or  jO'a-haz 
jO'a-kim 
jo-dn'nah 
jQ'tish 

jo-d'tham  or  jO'a-tham 
jo-a-zdb'dus 
jobe 
jo'bab 
juk'c-bcd 
jQ'cd 
jQ'd 
jo-S'lah 
jo-c'ier 

jog-be' ah  ox  jog'be-di 
joif'li 
jd'hah 
jo-hd'nan 
jon 

jotj'a-dah 
joy'a-kim 
joy'a-^b 

jok-d£'am  orjok^dc-am 

jS'kim 

jok-mS'am  OT  jok'me-am 
jok'ne-am 
juk'nhan 

jok'thcel  or  jok'thcr-el 
jon' a-dab 
jO'nah 
jo' nan 
jon' a- than 

"  I  jd'nath  S'lim  r»-kG'kim 

jop'pah 
jO'rah 
j5'ra-i 
jo 'ram 
jor'i-bas 

jor-kO'am  or  jor'ko-am 
jos'a-bad 
jos' a-fat 
jos-a-fVas 
ju'se 
jos'e-dek 
jd'se-el 
jd'sez 
josh'  a-had 
j5  'ifhah 
josh' a-fat 
josh-a-vl'ah 
josh-hrk'a-sh^ 
josh'u-a 
josVah 
jo-s\  'as 
jos-e-bVah 
jos-e-fl'ah 
josl'ftis 
jot'ba-thak 
jO'tham 
joz'a-bad 
joi'a-kar 
joi'a-dak 
jft'bal 
jii'kal 
jH-dl'ah 


Fate  J  f  dry  boL  —  JilSts,  help.  —  Pine,  marine  —  J^te, —  Tune,  finite,  —  g  as  j;  ch  as  sh. 


162 


1293 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Judali 

ju'dah 
jft'dith 

Lebanah 

leh'a-nah 

Mablah 

mdh'luh 

Mel  lieu 

Vft-lTi-ku 

Judith 

Lebanon 

Itb'a-non 

IMalili 

indh'll 

iAIemptus 
Menuican 

nihil' Jis 

Julia 

ju'ti-a 
ju'ti-ua 
ju'iii-a 

Lebaoth 

le-bd'otJt  or  leb'a 

otk 

iMablites 

mah'lttcs 

me-mft'kan 

Julius 

Lebbeus 

leb'be'tLS 

Mablon 

mail' Ion 

Menahem 

men' a-hem 

Junia 

Lebonati 

le-bo'nah 

Mabol 

vid'hol 

Men  an 

me' nan 

Jupiter 

ju'pit-ter 

Lecbah 

le'knk 

Maianeas 

ma-an'  e-as 

Mene 

mc'ne 

Jusbabheshed 

ju-shdh' he-shed 

Lehabim 

le-ha'bim  or  Wlta-bim 

Makas 

via' has 

Menothai 

viejt'o-thd. 

Lehi 

le'kl 

Makheloth 

mdk-he'loth 

Meonenem 

vic-on'e-nem 

Lemuel 

lem*Ti-el 

Makkedab 

vidk-ke'dah 

Mephaath 

vic-fd'ath  or  viefa-<ith 

K. 

Leshem 

le'shem 

Malachi 

mdVa~ki 

Mei)hibosheth 

me-Jib'  oshcth 

Letushim 

Ic-tu'shim 

Malcham 

indVkam 

Merab 

vie'rab 

Leummim 

le-um'mim 

Malchiah 

mdl'kVak 

Meraiah  * 

mc-Ta-Vah 

Levi 

le'vi 

Malcblel 

mdl'k'i-el 

Meraiotli 

mc~rd'yotJi 

Kabzeel 

lidh'ie-el 

Leviathan 

le-vi'a-than 

Malcbielites 

vidV  ki-eUites 

Merari 

mc-rd'rl  or  mer'a-ri 

Kades 

ha' del 

Levites 

Ic'vites 

Malchijab 

mal-ki'jali 
mal-kVram 

Merarites 

mer'  a-riUs 

Kadesh  Barnea 

kd'desh  bdr'ne~a 

Leviticus 

Ic-vit'i-kus 

Malchiram 

Meralliaiin 

mer-a-thd'im 

Kadiniel 

kdd'm'i-el 

Libni 

lib'nl 

Malcliishuali 

mat-ki-sJiu'ah 

Mercurius 

virr-ku'ri-us 

Kadmonites 

kdd'mon-ites 

Libnites 

Ub'nites 

Malchom 

mdl'kom 

Me  red 

mc'red 

Kallai 

kdl'la-i 

Lign-aloes 

Unc-dl'ocs 

Malchus 

vidVkus 

Merenioth 

mer're-motJi 

Kanah 

kd'nah 

Ligure 

IV  gure 
Uk'hi 

Maleleel 

mdl-lc-lc'cl 

Meres 

vic'rcz 

Kareah 

ka-rS'ah 

Likhi 

Mallotlii 

mdl'lo~thi 

Meribah 

mer'i-hah 

Karkaa 

kdr-kd'ah  or  kdr'ka-ah 

Linus 

U'mts 

Malluch 

mdl'liik 

Meribbaal 

j  mer  i-bd'al  or  me-r'ib'- 

Karnaim 

kdr-nd'im  or  kdr'na-im 

Loammi 

lo-ani'mi 

IMamaias 

ma-v\d'yas 

\  ba-al 

Karta 

kdr'tah 

Lodebar 

lo-dc'bar  or  lod'c 

-bar 

Maninitanainius 

mdin'ni-ta-^ia'miLS 

Merodachbala- 

1  me  rd' dak-lfdl' a-dun 

Kedcmah 

ked'e^ah 

Lois 

Wis 

Mam  re 

mdm're 

dan 

Kodemolh 

ked'e-moth 

Lo  Ruhdmah 

lo  ru-ba'mah 

Manmcus 

Merom 

vi^'rom 

Keder 

ke'der 

Lot  an 

lo'ian 

Manaen 

ma-na'en 

Meronothite 

me-ron' o-thite 

Kebelathah 

ke-heV  a-thah 

Lotliasubus 

lotfi~a-su'bus 

Manahath 

mdn'a-hath 

Meroz 

mc'roz  V 

Keilah 

kVlah 

Lubim 

lu'bim 

IManaliem 

■man'  a-hem 

Mosech 

jnc'sek 

Kclaiah 

ke-Wyah 

Lucas 

lu'kas 

Manahethites 

ma-udh'  cth-itcs 

Mesha 

vie'shah 

Kelita 

keV'i-tah 

Lucifer 

lu'c'i-fcr 

Manasseas 

mnn-as-se'as 

Meshech 

mc'shek 

Kelkathhazurim 

kH'Jcathr-ha-zfi'rim 

Lucius 

In'sh'i-us 

Manasseh 

ina-nds'sch 

Meshelemiah 

VI  esh-cl-c-mVali 

ICeinuGl 

k^Tfi' 1^-ei  or  kc-TTiTc'cl 

lib'e-ah 

AI  (inn.ssitt'S 

IMesliezabeel 

VI  ^sh-^z'  a-b€-cl 

Kenah 

ks'nah 

Lycaonia 

hi-ka-5'n'i-a 

Manhanaim 

mdn-ha-na'im 

Meshilamith 

(  mesh-il'la-viith  or  mesh- 

Kenaz 

ke'nai 

Lyccd 

lik'kah 

IManna 

mdn'vak 

\  il-ld'mitit 

Kenites 

ke'nites  or  ken'ites 

Lydda 

Ud'dah 

Manoah 

ma-no' ah 

Meshobab 

me-sho'bab 

Kennizzitffs 

ken' nii-zites 

Lydia 

Ud'i-a 

Maoch 

md'ok 

Meshullam 

vic-shid'lam 

Keren  Happuch 

ker'en  kdp'puk 

Lysanias 

lij-sa'n'i-ns 

Maon 

via'on 

Mesobah 

vies'o-bak 

Kerioth 

ker'i-oth 

Lysias 

ljsh''i-a3 

Maonites 

via'on-itcs 

Mesobaite 

(  mes-o-bd'ite  or  nte:i'o- 

Keros 

ke'rnz 

Lystra 

lis'tra 

Marah 

md'rah 

l  ba~ite 

Keturah 


ke-tu'rah 


Kezia 
Keziz 

kc-zVah 
kc'ziz 

Maranatba 

(  mdr-an-d'thak  or  vidr- 
\  a-ndth'a 

Messiah 
Meterus 

vies-sVah 
vie-te'rus 

Kibrotii  Hattaa- 
vali 

1  kib'rotfi  hat-td' a-v(ih 

M. 

Marcus 
Mardocheus 

m'dr'kus 
vidr-do-ke'  iLs 

INIetheg  Ammah 
Methredath 

me'thctr  dm'mah 
mttth'rc-dath 

Kibzaim 

kib-zd'im  or  kib'ia-im 

jMaresliab 

j  mdr'e-shah  or  ma-rc'- 

Methusael 

Vic-thii'sa-el 

Kidron 

kid'ron  or  ki'druii 

\  sha 

Methusalah 

vic-thn' sa-lali 

Kinah 

kVnah 

Maacathi 

ma-dk'a~t}ii 

Marisa 

ma-rVsah  or  mdr'i-sa 

Meunim 

mc-ii'7iim 

Kirbaraseth 

kir-hdr' a-seth 

Maacbab 

ma-a'kah  or  md'a-kah 

Marsena 

mdr-se'nah 

Mezahab 

mez'a-hab 

ICirliaresb 

(  kir-hd'resh  or  kir'ba- 

Maacliathites 

via-dk'  a-thites 

Marten  a 

vidr'te-na 

Mianim 

mi~d'nim 

\  resh 

Maadai 

ma-dd'dd  or  via-a-dd'i 

Masa 

md'sak 

Mibhar 

mib'har 

Kiriathaim 

kir-e-a-thd'im 

INIaailiah 

ma-a-dVaJt 

Mascliil 

mds'kit 

Mica 

ml'kah 

Kirioth 

kir'e-oth 

Maai 

via-a'i 

Maseloth 

vids'c-loth 

Micaiah 

mi-ka'yah 

Kirjath  Aim 

kcr'iatk  S'im 

Maaleh  Acrabbim  ma-d'lck  ak-rdb'bim 

Mashal 

md'sbal 

Micha 

mVkah 

Kirjath  Arba 

kcr'jath  dr'bah 
kcr'jalh  d'rim 
kcr'jath  d'r'i-tts 
kcr'jath  bd'al 

Maanai 

md'a-n& 

Masrekah 

vids're-kah 

Michael 

mVka-el 

Kirjath  Arini 

Maarath 

ma-d'rath 

Massah 

mds'sah 

Michaiah 

mi-kd'yah 

Kirjath  Arius 

Maaseiah 

ma-a-si'ah 

Massias 

mass  i' as 

Michinash 

viik'viash 

Kirjath  Baal 

Maasiai 

ma-a-sVd. 

Mat  red 

vid'tred 

Michmethah 

mik'mc~tha/i 

Kirjath  Huzoth 

kcr'jath  hu'zotk 

Maath 

vid'ath 

Matri 

vid'tri 

Michri 

viik'rl 

Kirjath  Jearim 

kcr'jath  je'  a-rim 
kcr'jath  san'nah 
kcr'jath  s^'fcr 

Maaz 

vid'az 

Mattanah 

vidt'  ta-vah 

Mich  tarn 

mik'tam 

Kirjath  Sannah 

IMaaziah 

via-a-zVah 

IMattaniah 

vidt-ta-nVah 

Midian 

viid'j-an 

Kirjath  Sepher 

Mabdai 

vidh'da-i 

Mattatha 

vidt'ta-thah 

Midianites 

mid''i-an~ites 

Kisbi 

kish'i 

Macalon 

vidk'a-lon 

Mat  tat  hi  as 

mat'ta-tJii'  as 

Migdatel 

viig'da-lcl 

Kishion 

kish'i-on 

Maccabieus 

mak-ka-be'us 

Mattenai 

mat-tc-na'i 

Migron 

miir'ron 

vn'ja-min  or  viij'a-mm 

Kishon 

kV  short 

Maccabees 

mdk'ka-bcez 

Matthat 

vidt'tbat 

Mijamin 

Kitron 

kit'ron 

Macedonia 

vias-se-dd'ji'i-a 

I\Iatthevv 

vtdth'tbu 

Mikloth 

viik'loth 

Koa 

ko'ah 

Macbbana 

mdk-bd'na 

Matthias 

indVir-l'as 

MikneiaU 

mik-nVah 

Kohath 

kH'hath 

Machbena 

mdk-he'nah 

Mattithrah 

mdt-tith-V  ah 

Milalai 

mil~a-ld'i 

Kohatliites 

kH' kath-it  cs 

Machbenai 

vidh'bc-nd 

Mazitias 

mdi-i-ti'as 

Milcah 

mil'kah 

Kolaiah 

koUa-Vah 

Macbbeloth 

mak-hS'loth 

Ma/:zaroth 

mdz'  ia~Toth 

Miletum 

mi-Wtum 

Konih 

ko'rah 

Machi 

md'kl 

Meah 

me'ah 

Miletus 

7ni-le'tiis 

Korahites 

kd'rah-ites 

Machir 

md'kir 

Meani 

me-d'ni 

Miniamin 

miji-ni'a-min 

Koralliitcs 

ka'rath-ite-s 

Macbirites 

md'kir-ites 

Mearah 

mc-d'rah 

Minni 

inin'nl 

Kore 

kd're 

Machnadebai 

mak-nn-dc'bd 

Mebunai 

mc-bu'nd 

Miphkad 

mifkad 

Knrhitc 

kor'hit.e 

Machpelab 

mak-pc'lah 

Mecherath 

mek'c-rath 

Miriam 

mir'i-am 

Kushaiah 

kuslt'd'yah 

Madai 

mdd'a-i 

Mecheratliite 

mek'e-rath-ite 

Mirmah 

mer 'mall 

Mailiabun 

ma-dl'a~bun 

Medad 

mc'dad 

Misgab 
IMishael 

mis' (Tab 

Madiah 

ma-dVah 

Medalah 

vted'a-Iah 

mJ-shd'cl 

L. 

.Madian 

md'di-an 

Medcbah 

med'c-bah 

Mishal 

mVshal 

.Madmannah 

viatl-mdn'ttah 

Medes 

meeds 

IMisliam 

7m' sham 

iMadiiienali 

mad-mc'jiah 

Media 

vic'd'i-a 

Misheal 

vii'Shc'al 

Madon 

md' don 

Median 

me'd'i-an 

Mishma 

viish'mah 

Laadah 

la'a-dnh 

Magdala 

mdir'da-lah 

Meed  a 

vie-S'da 

Mishniannah 

viish-mdn'nah 

Laadan 

la-d'dan  or  Id'a-dnn 

Magdalen 

vidtr'da-len 

Mefjiddo 

me-irid'do 

Misliraites 

7nisk' ra-ites 

I/alian 

la'ban 

Magdalene 

wdrr-da-lS'ne 

Megiddon 

vic-irid'don 

Misnereth 

mis-pc'reth 

Ij-'ibana 

ta-bd'nah  or  Idb'a-nah 

Magdiel 

mair-ds'cl  or  mdff'dc-cl 

Mchah 

vie-hd'U 

Misrcnhoth  Mniin  viis're-futh  vid'im 

Lachish 

Wkiih 

Magog 

mdJ  iTOrr 

Mehetabel 

mc-bi-l'a-hcl 

Mithrrdath 

viith'rr-datJi 

l^acunu.i 

la-kil'nu» 

Magor  Missabib 

m^'isor  mis'sa-bib 

Mehida 

vic~hVdaJi 

Milyieno 

vni-'i-lc'ne 

Lad 

la'r.l 

Magpiash 

md^ripi-ash 

Meliir 

mS'hcr 

]\li/raiin 

vnz^a'im  or  mii'ra-im 

I>ahad 

l&'had 

Mahalah 

via-hd'lah  or  md'ha-Jah 

Meholathito 

vie-hoV  ath-ite 

Mizar 

mViar 

Laliairoi 
Laliman 

la-ha'roy 
Idh'man 

Mahalaleel 

ma-hdV a-leel  or  ma-hd'- 
la-lrH 

Mehujael 
Mehnrnan 

nc-hfi'ja-el 
vic-hii^man 

M nason 
Moabites 

nd'son 
mo'ab-ites 

Lahmi 

IdJi'ml 

Mabnii 

ma-hd'll 

Mehiiiiim 

vie-hv'  nivi 

Moadiah 

mo-a-dl'ah 

I>niiih 

la'iih 

Malianaim 

ma-ha-nd'im 

Mcjarkon 

vic-jdr'kon 

Moladah 

7nol'tt-dah 

Lakiim 

la'kum 

Mabanc'lidan 

via-bd'ncfi^dan 

Mekonali 

vic-kd'vah  or  viek'o-nnh 

Molrch 

vid'lek 

I^aiiierli 

la'mek 

Mahan(tm 

ma~hd'ncm  or  md'ha- 

Melatiah 

mrl-a-fl'ah 

Molid 

vid'lid 

Laodicea 

la-od-i-ct'aA 

nem 

MHchi 

viH'kl 

IMolorh 

mO'lok 

liaodir-f-'anfi 

lO-od-'i-cf'aru 

Maharai 

mn-hdr'a-i 

Melchiah 

mcl-kVah 

Mo()sias 

mo-o-sf'as 

Lapiduth 

lip'i-dolh 

Mahath 

md' hath 

Melrhiel 

mH'k'i-d 

Morashitc 

mS'rash-ite 

Ln.ica 

la-aS'aA 

Maliavitcs 

md'/iU'Vitcs 

MelchiHcdek 

mrl-kh' te-dck 

Morasthite 

vio-rds'Uiitc 

Lanbah 

Id'ahah 

Mahazloth 

ma-hdi'i-oth  or  ma-hd'- 

Melchishiiu 

mcl-ki-shft'a 

Mordecai 

vwr'dc  kd 

Laf^liaron 

la-i>ha'r<m 

li-oth 

M*-lea 

vic-l^'ah 

Moreli 

vili  ch 

I^azarUK 
Leah 

Idt'a^rut 
le'ah 

Mahcr  Hbalal 
haslibaz 

vtd'hcr  shdVal  h&sh'bai 

MeI(Th 
Melita 

viC'lik 

me-li'tah  or  mH'i-tJi 

Moroshcth  Gath  J 

7n0  rcsh-rth  trafh  or 
mor  csh-rtJi  g<Uh 

mdr'a-lah 


Mesopotamia 


FUle,  fir,  hdU  —  Mite,  hilp,  —  Pint,  marine,  —  JVttc.  —  Tttne,  iinile.  —  g  an  j  i  Ih  o»  ah. 


1294 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


ivioriQn 

TWO"?"!  (In 

Ncrgal  Sharczor 

Papbos 
Parad  iso 

pdr^  d~disc 

Pirathon 

pir^  a-thoit 
pir'd-thon-Ue 

Mosiillitrn 

inos^V  lotn 

Ncri 

nC'rl 

Pi  ratb(>n  itG 

M  use  ruli 

iiio-s^r  oh  or  luo-^S  I'uh 

Nciiab 

^}{  HUl^i 

1H0  ICZ 

vr*^rw  1 

uv'ro 

i^arniiisli  la 

^'tdr^mdtift'tah 

PiHidiab 

pl'son 
pi'  t/ion 
pl\'d  dSt 

puk '  C-TCUl 

iiiosor^ oth  or  vto-sO' rotfi 

IN  ciiiancci 

iie-tfidn  C'd 

Parint'  nas 

I  tr'  n  *H<ts 

Mosullamon 

nio-sul^  tot-iiioH 

^ottiaiiiab 

'"■f/r  "  " 

Parnacb 

i  ''  ]• 

^pQ'rosh 

Pillion 

VI 0 '  zuh 

Ncthin  inis 

iittJi  m-iiHS 

Pleiades 

A I  uppiin 

inup  pun 

Notopbath  itcs 
Nt'ziah 

■ne-tof  a-Uiitta 

Pai'sliandattia 

p(ii'-,sfidti^  dd-tfidfi 

I^ochcretb 

IVlushi 

Part  )i  ians 

pdr  tfii'dus 

PoUu.v 

l^ri 

piJ7l  S/lt-tlS 

IVIustiitos 

mil'shites 

Nr/ib 

pUf  1^-d/l 

Mtitliliibbcn 

viuth-ldb'ben 

N  i  c  a  n  0  r 

""/"''  r 

Parvaini 

Porat  lia 

Myra 

inl'rafi 

Nicodciiiiis 

Pasacb 

^ ;  •    7  • 

Portius  Fcstus 

^'"^'1h    "  f  t' 

alysm 

N  irolaitaits 

7ltfi~0-l(i  Z'tdllS 

Pasdaniniitn 

ptlS-uam  7711771 

Pi  tt  i  nil  1  r 

L  (JlipjlUI 

pot  t-JdT 

itik^  o-lds 

Pasoab 

Potiiihcra 

(  pot-i-fS' rdfi  or  po  t\fc- 

Nic  opolis 

Ill'fiOp  0~li3 

Pash  u  r 

pdsft^  XtT 

\  rtifi 

IV  i  m  ra  1 1 

Passover 

Pri'ica 

IV 

it  iiiisiii 

^'idVtir'^ 

Priscilla 

ill  1  lie  V  1,11 

I '  tJ  / 

Patc'oli 

''a  (Co*/" 

Procborns 

prok'o-rus 

NiiiGvitcs 

'  '  '  't 
.     *  ^ 

Patlit'us 

tol~C  -TtlC'  U3 

7i  i  Sdtl 

Pat  h  ros 

pQ.'tliro3 

Puali 

Naam 

na'am 

N  ii^roc  b 

Patbnisim 

p(\  tfi-vii  ^sttti 

Piiblius 

jnt^ti  us 

It  (Ullllilll 

TiQ,^ Q-7Tt(iJi  or  'HQ~fl^ iikiJl 

Noad  tab 

iio~db~(ll^  dli 

Pat  rob  as 

put^rH^bdS  *'r  pdV To-bds 

Pudcns 

pii'drjis 

^aniii  tin 

u-7)i&it  or  nii-(t  mutt 

Noah 

no'afi 

Pau 

pa' fill 

Piibitcs 

NiUiinull)  it  OS 

Tiffin  he  1 

Pill 

•nil}  f'»a  /}iiIJ\ 
pUl  ^ilS  UU((^ 

lift  il-Tilh 

\(!bnb 

7i  o  odd 

Pitil  'I  ll'/  II  r 

1  t..  1 1 1 1 1 1  /.  U  I 

^prd  2//'^«ror/*ca  iJi  zur 

I'll  ft  if  AO 

pu'non 

aar.u 

Hu  a  r5 

Ntf'ab 

Podaiab 

pcd-a'ijaft 

Nopli 

noff 

Pekab 

pc'knfi 

Put 

pat  (as  7iu() 

iNaasiion 

Tlfl  •Qsh^  oti 

Ndpbaii 

no' fall 

Pekabiah 

pi-k-a-fiVafi 

Puteoli 

Wuat  liiis 

hQ  o-thUfS 

Notopliab 

iio-lo^Jufi 

I  utiel 

1/14  It-VL 

Nabal 

ti  Q '  bol 

^ynipbas 

nini^J'tiiS 

Pelaiah 

^pel*a\'afi 

W  aba  rind 

iidb-it-il  (tA 

Pelaliab 

p  t"  I'd- It  'fl/i 

Nabatbt'ans 

p^l-(i-ti'  dJl 

Nabitl  ti  itcs 

jict  hdtlt-itf'S 

Pclcp 

pi'leir 

p^  Ictfl-ltCJi 

pfl'o-nite 

"D 
It. 

Nabutli 

71 U  Out  ft 

n 
u. 

Pelotb 

Nat' 

Poletbitos 

Pt'Ionitc 

Nadab 

Peniel 

n 

Id  A  A  M  A  H 

&'  ah 

Nadiibatlia 

txd'ilttb^  (t-thcL 

O  n  A  D I  A  f  1 

o-tiii-u  I  ufi  or  ou-u-(ii  Oil 

r(jni  iinan 

^jc'"!h^'  h 

Raain  iaii 

I'  A 

Obal 

a' bill 

Pt'  nn  i  nail 

It'  '  i'  I 

Ilaanises 

NaT)  a  hi 

"If.  - 

VIILU  UtlUIIl 

hf<l  S^dojji 

P(*n  tapol  is 

vcn  td^^'o  lis 
■  '*    t  1- 

pfjl  ld'lU.nG 

Kabbah 

rdb'Tfth^^ 

N'alialiol 

nn-hti'  Ti-cl 

Obil 

o'hil 

Puntatoucb 

Rabbi 

rdb'bl 

iXaliallal 

o'botfi 

Pentecost 

pfii  tc—kGstc 

Ilabbon  i 

7'd  b-  bu'iil- 

Nalialo] 

71(1  ^  h(l-lol 

Ociiiel 

Ponucl 

pcii-1^' cl  OT  p€^^l^^■' cl 

Ilabsaces 

Tdb  Sd-C  cs 

7iu^huitt 

Oc  id^Ius 

OS-l'liC  ills 

Peor 

Rabsaris 

IS  aliainii  n  i 

Pcrazi  in 

pff'  d—ziid 

Habshakch 

vdff'  sftd'  fieJt 

na-hdr'a-i 

Ocrau 

Pt'  r  6  z  L7  z  z  a  1 1 

7iu^  flash 

Odcd 

/i'/i  1 

Perga 

p^i-'^trah" 

N'lhbi' 

ndft  bl 

OdoIIam 

1  111 

Pt*r2anios 

per'  >ra-mos 

Rachel 

T(i  Ciiel 

Nahor 

ILQ.  iior 

Odonarktjs 

od~oH-'(Xr^  fics 

Perida 

pc-ri '  dafi 

jxautiiii 

Tdd'dd-i 

^  aid  us 

Tia^  i-dus 

C)lainus 

oV  d'lH  US 

1  orizziics 

PtT  tZ'ZltCS 

Ra^aii 

7"5'^flW 

Nairn 

Oly  inpbas 

w'/'\ 

Ra^cs 

ra  f(cs 

7ia.'in 

Oiiiacr  us 

Otll-d~C  T^US 

r  crutian 

j)fr-T^  (iufi 

Ragua 

Tdg'  i^-^fi 

^aiotti 

71 Q  ^yvtfi 

Pt^tbabiali 

p^tfi-d-fii^  dti 

Tdsf^7^-el  or  Td-fffl' tl 

in              -   ^-  S 

Pelbor 

pS'tfior 

Rahab 

naomi 

fl/I— v  Uil  or  7Iu  &~7II1 

Petliuel 

petfi-1^' cl  or  pn-tfiu' d 
pc-ul'lhd 

j\api)  isti 
iS  apliisi 

Peultliai 

o-7i.is's'i'mu3 

l')ialduiu3 

fal-<la'yus 

I?  n  It  If /in 

vdfi'  kod 

N  apb  tba)  i 

Hiij  iim-n 

Oii6siptiorus 

on-  cstf^  o-Tits 

Phalec 

fa'lek 

Ramah 

vQ '  iiicih 

Naplituiin 

7l(i tll-llft 

o-ni  a* 

Phalli 

faVa 

RaiTiatiiaini 

rd~IH(ltfl~CL  I7/I 

ISarcissus 

Ono 

Phaltiel 

faVli-el 

R  a  mat  b  c  m 

0-71 T/  (IS 

Plianuel 

fan-n'cl  OT  fa-nu'el 
fa'ro 

Nallian 

naHfian 

Pliaraoh 

Ramath  Ijelii 

Nathanacl 

7i{i-tfitt  H  ^  a^cl 

Onyx 

^^^^ 

Pliaraoh  Honlira  fa'ro  hof'rah 

Ram  at  h  Alispeb 

r&'math  Titis'pefi 

^  atiianias 

7idtft'a-ni  a* 

Opbel 

O'fcl 

U  Jir 

Pharall)oni 

\  far-a-thQ' lii  or  far-ath'- 

Rameses 

ra-mS'ses 

Natliaii  Alclcch 

71  a    I  m 

\  o-ni 

Ramesis 

ya  tn  e  -sis 

off'nl 

Pharez 

fa'rrz 

Rainoth 

T  a'  moth 

71  a '"c* 

I  'piiraii 

off  rah 

Pharezites 

fa'  rci-ites 

Ram  iah 

f fl-77l  1 '  dh 

l\azarcnc 

iidi-a-rhie' 

Pharisees 

fdr'i-seM 

Raphael 

Na^^a  rotii 

nd^a-^fth 

Orion 

Pharphar 

fdr'fdr 
fdr'zites 

I?  '1  r\h  n  \\ 

hi 

( )rphali 

Phar/.ites 

Rapbann 

rap/i  d'ttn 

Noali 

h 
•  ' 

Orlbosias 

oT-t/to~si  as 

PhaseaU 

fa-se'ah 

R.iplui 

"Tdtli  ii-idds 

Ncapolis 

7ie-ap  Pj*-^^ 

Osaias 

o—zci  yds 

Phehe 

fl'be 

Kaiii  u  niiis 

LI  trdl  mil 

(jsca3 

o-ze  ds 

Phenice 

fe-nVcr.  or  fc'nice 

TC-&' I'fih  or  rc-fl-T'uA 

Nobai 

Phenicia 

fe-nish't-a 

R<*ba 

'"^  k^hi  J. 

Ncbaloth 

7lf-00  JOUK 

Osbca 

O  SitC-fXtt 

Pliiheseth 

fib'e-setli 

Rebt^kah 

rc~ofK  aft 

Ncbnjottl 

"f!,"}.  , 

Pliicol 

rt'kol 

lleehal) 

Ncbatlat 

nc~bdV  lat. 

Otbniel 

Oi/i  7lZ'€l 

Philadelphia 

fl-a-deVf'i-a 

RechabitL'3 

Net. at 

7i5 

Pliilarches 

ft-lrir'kes 

I7t>>>li  'ill 

rS'kufi 

O/ias 

0  iVas 

Philemon 

f-Wmon 

Rcelaiah 

re  -el  -  '  ti  A 

^  cbiicbadnczxar 

...    .  , 

OzicI 

6'ii-tl 

Philetua 

f-ie'tiLS 
Jil'lip 

Reelia9 

re-el -Ids 

NTi'ViM  di'iil  riiv7n  ■* 

"  b  k<i^^'^'^^^ 

Ozni 

ol'ni 

Philip 

Reesaia9 

re  e~s  ti  i/ ds 

Nobuc  basban 

Oz  n  itcs 

i*hilippi 

Jil-lip'pi 
Jil-lis'a-a 

Regein 

(Vi'bii  cliodonosor 

I  b  ukod  n' 

Ozora 

0-^0  ra 

Philislia 

Regeni  !\Ielck 

I  ^\'^^r*^  k^T 
\  r    i^rm  in    r  ■  or 

N  I**  b  1 1  ?^a  ra  d  a  n 

nebtizdr'a  dan 

Phili-'lim 

fit'tis'f.im 

/     n  ffejtt  TtiC  leK 

nS'ko 

I'hilistineg 

Jil-ltji'tiiis 

Kt'n  aniail 

re-fia-bl'ah 

NfTodan 

Philologiis 

Jii'lol'o-iruS 

i\(  iitiii 

rS'hob 

Noiirilnah 

"*flNa  bJ'ah 

P. 

I'hilonieter 

fl-o-me'tcr 
fii'iie-as 

Rehnboani 

re-fio-bd'  dm 

ne-€  ml'as 

Phinchas 

RtholHtth 

rS' ho-botfi  or  re-hu'bolh 

\f"IIU>tll 

71  f  f^^'i-ixotM 

Phi  son 

fi'son 

Rehum 

rS'hitin 

N  t'ht'lani  itc 

nc-ftfV  d-TitiiM 

Phlcnon 

flfs'on  or  fll'gon 

Rei 

rS'i 

NVhmn 

jic-ftC'tni^  dft 

Pa  ARii 

p&'a-rS. 

PhrvRia 

friilj'i-a 

Rekim 

ri'kim 

I*ad an  \ ram 

Phubah 

fWbah 

Remaliah 

rem-a-t}'ah 

^ u'  "'^  I  >     R'tr'  I 

Phiid 

Remclb 

rc'meth 

TiC  i-el 

rilglcl 

Phurah 

fu'rdfi 

Keinmon  Methoarrrm'moji  melh-d'ar 

Tii' kfb 

I  tlllilLll  iiiOtlU 

pu  fidtii  ino  do 

Phut 

flit  (as  TXMf) 

Remphan 

rem' fan 

Ttc-kO  ^  doJt 

Pai 

Phygclliis 

fy-S^rl'liLs 

Rephacl 

re'fa-el 

.Nemiiel 

nem-if'el 

Palal 

Phylacleriea 

fn-ldk'tr -reel 

Repliaiah 

re-f3'yah  or  refa-Vah 
re-fs'tm 

.N'oiiiui'litrs 

7iem-ii'ei'ite3 

Palestina 

pat-es-tl'nah 
pdl'es-line 

Pihahiroth 

pi-fta-til'roth 

Rephaim 

Palestine 

Pilate 

pVlat 
pil'dash 

Rephidim 

re-fid'im  Ot  rif'i-dim 
rl'sen 

Ni'phishcsim 

■ne-Ji-iti'  esim 

Pallu 

pdVlfi 

Pildash 

Resen 

Ni:|iliili(iali 

nef-tha'ah  or  nifOuh^ 

Palhiites 

pdVlu-xtes 

Pilelha 

pil'e-tfiah 

Ni'plitiiiiii 

7tepfi'tu-im 

Palti 

pdl'a 

Piltai 

pil'ta 
pl'Twrt 

Reuben 

rQ'brn 

Ni^phiisiin 

Ttr-fii'sim 

Paltiel 

pdUi'el  or  paVVi~tl 

Piiion 

Rcuel 

re-ii'fl 

Nemis 

7i5're-u.? 

Pamphylia 

pdm-JU'i-d 

Pirani 

pVrdTn 

Rpumah 

FaUyfdOr,  bit  —  MfU,  help.  —  Pine,  marine  Mle.  —  TOne,  i(nite  g  as  j  ;  ill  03  sh. 


i29f> 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Rezeph 

rc'zef 

Scythopolitans 

sith-o-poV  i-taiis 

Sheinaiah 

slihn-a-l'ak 

Sinim 

st'iiiin 

Rezia 

re-it'ah 

Seba 

se'bak 

Shemariah 

shem-a-^Vak 

Sinitea 

sut'itcs 

Rezon 

rc'zon 

Sebat 

se'bat 

Shemebcr 

{  :ihem-e'bcr  or  slihn'fi 

Sion 

si' on 

Uhegium 

re's:'i-um 

Secacah 

se-kd'kah  or  Sek'a-kah 

\  ber 

Siphmoth 

sif'moth 

Kliesa 

re' sail 

Sechenias 

st'k-e-nV  as 

Shemida 

she-mi'dah 

Sippai 

sip'pd 

Rhoda 

ro'dcJi 

Secim 

se'kit 

Sheminith 

shem''i-nith 

Sirach 

si'rak 

Rhodes 

rodz 

Secundus 

se~kun'dii3 

Shemir 

shc'mer 

Sirion 

sir'j-on 

Rliodocus 

rod'o-kus 

Sedecias 

sed-e~cVas 

Shemiraraoth 

sltc-mir'a-moth 

Sisamai 

sis-dm'a-i 

Ribai 

Ti'ba 

Segub 

se'g'ub 

Shemuel 

she'mu-el  or  she-mu'cl 

Sisera 

sis'e-rah 

Riinmon  Parez 

rim' moil  pa'rez 

Seir 

se'ir 

Shenazar 

she-nd'zar 

Sisinnes 

si-sin'nes 

Ripliath 

rV filth 

Seirath 

se'ir-ath 

Shenir 

she'ner 

Sivan 

si'van 

Rofelira 

Selah 

se'lak 

Shephatiah 

shef-a-tl'ah 

Smyrna 

smir'nah 

Rohgah 
Roimus 

ro '  s^iih 
rd'i~mus 

Sela  Hammah 
Lekotli 

1  sc^tdk  IidTfi^jTi&k  Ic^kotfi 

Shephi 
Shephuphan 

she'fi 
she-fu'fan 

Sochoh 
Sodi 

s6'ko 
sd'dl 

Roiiiamti  Ezer 

ro-maiii'ti  S'ler 

Seled 

se'lcd 

Sherah 

she'rah 

Sodom 

sod'om 

Rufiis 

ru'ftis 

Selemias 

sil-e-mVas 

Sherebiah 

sh^r-c-bVah 

Sodoma 

sod'o-ma 

Riiliatnah 

ru'lid'mah  or  ru'ha-mah 

Seleucia 

se-lu'sh'i~a 

Sheresh 

she'resh 

Sodomitea 

sod'om-ites 

Rusticuj 

rus't't-kus 

Semacliiah 

s^m-a-kl'ah 

Sherezer 

she-re' zer 

Solomon 

sol'o-mon 

Ruth 

rootli 

Seniaiah 

sem-a-Vak 

Sheshacb 

shiS'shak 

Sopater 

sop'a-ter 

Semei 

sem'e-i 

Sheshai 

she 'ska 

Sophereth 

so-fe'reth  or  sofe-^etk 

Semelleus 

sc-uit'l'le-us 

Sheslian 

she'shan 

Sorek 

so'rek 

Senaah 

se-nd'ak  or  sen'a-ah 

Sheslibazzar 

shf.ih^bdz'zar 

Sosthenes 

sos'tc-nes  or  sos'the~ncs 

Senir 

se'ner 

Sliethar 

she'thar 

Sotai 

so'ta-i 

o. 

Sennacherib 

sen-iidk^e-rib 

Shethar  Boznai 

shc'thar  boz'na-i 

Stachya 

std'kes  or  std'kis 

Senua 

sen^^-ah 

Shibboleth 

shib'bo-leth 

Stacte 

stdk'fe 

Seorim 

sc-o'rim 

Shicron 

shi'kron 

Stephanas 

sti-fa-nas 

Sabacthani 

sa-huk-tha'  n1 

Sepliar 

se'far 

Shiggaion 

shis'ga'yon 

Suah 

su'ak 

Sabaoth 

sah-a'ath  or  sdb'a-oth 

Sepharad 

sefa-rad 

Shihon 

shi'hon 

Subai 

su'ba-i 

Sabatus 

sab'a-tus 

Sepharvaiin 

sef-ar-vd'im 

Shihor  Libnah 

sM'lior  Ub'nah 

Succoth  Benoth 

suk'koth  bc'noth 

Sabbatheus 

sub-ba-the'us 

Sepharvites 

se'far-vites 

Shiihim 

shi-Vkim 

Suchaathites 

suk'a-a-thites 

Sabbeus 

sab-be' us 

Sephela 

sff'fe-lah  or  sef-feUak 

Shilemites 

shit'lem-ites 

Sudias 

su'di-as 

Sabdeus 

sab-de'iis 

Serah 

se'rah 

Shilhi 

shU'lii 

Sukkiima 

suk'  k'i-ims 

Sabdi 

sab' ill 

Serai  ah 

ser-a-t'ah 

Shiloah 

shi-lo'ah 

Susa 

sf't'sah 

Sabeans 

sa-be'ans 

Seraphim 

ser'ra-Jtm 

Shiloh 

sIiVlo 

Susanchites 

su' san-kitrs 

Sabtechah 

sdb'te-kah 

Sered 

sc'rcd 

Shiloni 

sh'i-ld'm 

Susannah 

su-sdn^naU 

Sacar 

sa'kah 

Sergiiis 

ser'g'i-tL3 

Shilonites 

sht-ld'nites 

Susi 

sft'sl 

Sackbut 

sdk'hut 

Serug 

se'rug 

Shilshah 

shil'shak 

Sycamine 

s'ik'a-mine 

Sadamias 

sad-a-mVas 

Sether 

se'ther 

Shimea 

shim  fah  or  shim'e-ah 

Sycene 

si-sc'ac 

Saddeus 

sad-de'us 

Shaalabbin 

sha-aUdb'bin 

Shimeath 

sh'tm'e-ath 

Sychar 

sVkar 

Sadducees 

sdd'du-cei 

Shaalbim 

ska-dl'blm 

Shimeathites 

shim' e-atk'ites 

Syelus 

si-c'lns 

Sadoc 

sa'dok 

Shaalbonite 

sha-dl'boii'iie 

Shimei 

shim'e~i 

Syene 

si-e'ne 

Snhadutha 

sa-ha-du't)iah 

Shaaph 

shd'af 

Shimeon 

shim'e-on 

Syntiche 

sin't'i-ke 

Salah 

sa'lufi 

Shaaraim 

sha-a-rd'  im 

Shimi 

skl'ml 

Syracuse 

sir'a-kase 

Salamis 

sdl'a-mis 

Shaashsaz 

sha~dsh'  trai 

Shimites 

shirn'itcs 

Syria 

sir'i-a 

Salasadai 

sdl-a-sdd'a~i 

Shabbethai 

shab~bHk'a-i 

Shimon 

shi'mon 

Syrion 

sir' i- on 

Salathiel 

sa-lfi'thi-cl 

Shachia 

shak-Vah 

Shiinrath 

shim'rath 

Syrophenicia 

sl-ro-fi-7tish''t-a 

Salcah 

sdl'kah 

Shaddai 

shdd'da-i 

Shimri 

shim'ri 

Salem 

sa'lem 

Shadrach 

skd'drak 

Shimronitea 

shim'ron-ites 

Sallai 

sdl'hi-i 

Shage 

shd'a-c 

Sbimshai 

shim'sha 

Salhimus 

sal-lu'mus 

Shahazimatli 

sha-kdz''i~matU 

Sbinab 

shi'nab 

m 

T. 

Salmoni 

sal-mo' n'i 

Shale  in 

shd'lcin 

Sbinar 

sht'nar 

Salome 

sa-ld'me 

Sbalisha 

shdV'i-sliah 

Shipbi 

shV/l 

Samael 

sdm'a-el 

Shallecheth 

shdl'lc-keth 

Shiphrah 

shif'rah. 

Saniaias 

sa-ind'ijas 

Shalimn 

skdl'lum 

Shiphtan 

shif'tan 

Taanac  Shiloh 

ta-a'nak  shl'loh 

Samaria 

sa-mu'r'i~a 

Shalmai 

shdVma  or  shaVvia-l 

Shisha 

shVshdh 

Tabbaoth 

tdb'ba-oth 

Samaritan 

sa-mdr'i-tan 

Shalmanezer 

skdh-ma-nS'ier 

Shisbak 

shi'shak 

Taheal 

ta~be'al 

Samatus 

sdin'a-ULs 

Shamariah 

shdm-a-rV  ah 

Shitrai 

shit'rd 

Tabeel 

td'br-el 

Sameiiis 

sa-me.'yus 

Shamgar 

sham'  gar 

Shiza 

shl'zah 

Tabelliua 

ta-bH'l'i-us 

Samgar  Nebo 

sdm'isar  ne'bo 

Shamir 

shd'mer 

Shoa 

sho'ak 

Taberah 

ta-bc'rah  or  tdb'e-rah 

Samlah 

sdm'lak 

Shammai 

shdm'ma-i 

Shoab 

sho'fib 

Tabitha 

tdb''i-thah 

Samos 

sa'mns 

Sliammua 

sham-mu'ah 

Shobab 

shB'bab 

Tabor 

td'bor 

Samotbracia 

sdm-u-thrd.'  sKi-a 

Shamsherai 

shdm-she~rd' i 

Shobach 

sho'bak[ 

Tabrimon 

tdh'r'i-mon 

Sarnp^ameg 

sdtrijt'sa-mes 

Shaphan 

shd'fan 

Shobal 

sliS'bal 

Tachmonite 

tdk'mo-nite 

Saimiel 

sdm'u~el 

Shaphat 

ska' fat 

Sliobai 

shn-ba'i  or  shS'ba-i 

Tahan 

td'han 

Sanabassarua 

san-a-bds'sa-rus 

Shapher 

skd'frr 

Shochob 

sho'kob 

Tahapanea 

ta-hdp'a-nSs 

Sanasib 

sdn'a-sib 

Sharai 

sha-rd'i  or  skdr'a-i 

Shoco 

sho'ko 

Tahaphanea 

ta-hdf'a-mSs 

Sariballat 

saa-bdl'lat 

Sharaim 

sha-ru'im 

Shophach 

shd'fak 

Tall  penes 

tdh'pe-ncs 

oaiiJieQiim 

(  san-hc'drim  or  sdit'he- 

Sharar 

shd'rar 

Shophan 

shd'fan 

Talirea 

t'dJi're-ah 

\  drim 

Sharezer 

sha-re'zer 

Shoshannini 

sho-shdn'nim 

Tahtim  Hodahi 

tdJt'tim  hod'shl 

Sansannah 

san-sdii'nak 

Sharmaim 

shdr'ma-im 

Shua 

shu'ah 

Talitba  curai 

tdl'e-tfiah  ku'ml 

Saph 

sdf 

Sharon 

shd'ron  or  shdr'on 

Shual 

shu'al 

Talmai 

tdl'md 

Saphatias 

sdf-a-tVas 

Sharonite 

shd'ron-ite 

Shubael 

shu'ba~el 

Tamar 

td'inar 

Saphir 

sdf 'fir 

Shariihen 

sha-rn'hen 

Shuhamitea 

sliu'ham-iies 

Tammuz 

tdm'inuz 

Kappliira 

saf  ft'rah 

Shashai 

shdsh'a-i 

Shuhites 

shu'hites 

Tanach 

td'nak 

Sapphire 

sdf  [fire 

Shashak 

shd'shak 

Shulamite 

shu'lam-ite 

Tanhumetli 

tan-hii'mcth  or  tdn'hu- 

Sarabiaa 

sar-a-hVaa 

Shaul 

shd'ul 

Shumathites 

shu' malh-itc8 

mcth 

Saraii 

8  a' rah 

Shauliteg 

shd'ul-ites 

Sbunamite 

shn'nam-ite 

Taphath 

td'fath 

Sarai 

sd'rd 

Shauslia 

sha-u'sha 

Sliunem 

sku'nem 

Tappiiah 

tdp'pu-ah 

Saraiah 

sdr-a-Vah 

Shaveh 

shd'vch 

Shuni 

shn'nl 

Tarah 

id' rah 

Saraias 

sa^a-i'as 

Shea! 

skc'al 

Shunitea 

shu'nitcs 

Taralah 

idr'a-tah 

Saramael 

sa-rnm'a-cl 

Shealtiel 

she-dVt'i-el 

Shupham 

shu'fam 

shu' shall  £'duth 

Tarea 

td're-ah 

Saramel 

sdr'a-meL 

Sheariah 

shc-a-rVah 

Shushan  Eduth 

Tarpolitea 

tdr^pcl-ites 

Saraph 

sQ'raf 

sar-ked'  o-nu3 

SJiear  Jashub 

skP'ar  ji'shub 

Shuthalitea 

shu'tJial-ites 

Tarshish 

tdr'skish 

Sarcliedonug 

Shebah 

skc'bnh 

Shuthelah 

shu'the-lah 

Tarshisi 

tar-shi'si 

Sardine 

sdr'dine 

Hhebarn 

she' bam 

Sia 

sl'ah 

'J'atnai 

tdt'na-i 

Sardia 

sdr'dis 

Shebaniah 

shrb-a-m'  ah 

Siaha 

si-a'hak 

Tcbah 

tc'bah 

Sard  ilea 

adr'ditcs 

Shebarim 

shrb'a-rbn 

Sibbechai 

sib'bc-ka 

Tcbaliah 

teb-a-li'ah 

Sardiua 

s'dr'di-us 

Sheber 

skS'bcr 

Sibboleth 

sib'bo-lctk 

Tebelh 

tS'bctk 

Sardonyx 

sfir-dO'niz  OT  s'dr'donAz 

Shebnah 

shrb'nah 

Sibraim 

sib-rd'im  or  sib'ra-im 

T(:ha|)hneheg 

tC'hdf  ne-hc-8 

Sarea 

8d'rc-a 

Shultiiel 

sheb't^-el 

Sichem 

si'knn 

'IVhiniiah 

tc-fiin'nah 

Sarepta 

sa-rrp'tak 

Shecaniah 

skek-a-ni'ah 

Sidon 

sTdoti 

'IVkel 

Wkel 

Sar^oti 

siir'gon 

Shechcm 

shc'kem 

Sigionotli 

s'i-irV  o-noth 

Tekoah 

te-kd'ah 

Sarid 

sQ'rid 

ShechiiiaJi 

shek'i-nak  or  shc-kVnah 

Sihon 

sThon 

Tekoites 

te-kO'ites 

Sarotl)! 

sa-rd'tkl 

Shftdrur 

shed'e-ur 

Silas 

sTIas 

Tehibid 

tcl-d'bib  or  teVa-bib 

Sarseliim 

tdr-H^'kim 

SlK'liariah 

she-ha-rl'ah 

Siloah 

sil'o-ah 

Ti'lah 

tS'lah 

Sariich 

bQ  'rule 

ShcIaiiitrH 

shi^'/an~itfs 

Siloaa 

sil'o-as 

Tchihim 

te-lQ'im 

Satan 

sfl'tan 

Sbehiiiiah 

shd-r  iiti'aJi 

Siloe 

siVo-e 

'l\:lassar 

tC'lds'sar 

Sathrabaznea 

sdOi-ra-hdi'nes 

Sbeloph 

skS'lrf 

Silla 

sil'lak 

Tehmi 

tC'lcm 

Snthrabouzanei 

sath-ra-bott-i&'nes 

HhcleHh 

sha'lesk 

Silvanua 

sil-va'nu3 

Telharesha 

tel-ha-rS'sha 

Saul 

$awl 

Hhnlnmi 

shp.-Wml 

Simalcue 

si-mal^ed'e 

Tclharsa 

tcl-hdr'sah 

Savarnn 

sdn'a-ran 

Sholoinnth 

shH'  o-moth 

Simeon 

sim'c-on 

Telmclah 

tel-mP'lah  or  teVme  lah 

Savias 

afl'v'i-as 

Hh(>hiiniel 

she-lfi' mi-el 

Simeonitea 

sini' e-on-Ues 

Tenia 

t-S'mah 

Hceva 

aS'rah 

54h(*niaah 

shhn'aah 

Simon 

sl'moa 

Tern  an 

tf'man 

Hcylliiani 

siUi'i-ans 

Kliemah 

abS'mak 

Sinai 

*J'na  or  st'na-i 

Tenia  ni 

tein'a-7il 

Faie,f  'dr  bdt.  —  Mile,  help.  —  Pine,  marine  JVflfc. —  Tflne,  ^nite.  —  ^  asj;  ih  aa  th. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Temn.nites 

tShnan~ite3 

Trypliena 

trl'fS'nah 

Terah 

te'rah 

Tryphosa 

trl'fQ'sah 

Teraphini 

Tubal  Cain 

tft'bal  kUn 

Teresh 

tS'rCsh 

Tubieni 

tu-bl'e  111 

Terlius 

'I'vchic.is 

tik'i-kus 

'I'tTtulliis 

ter-tul'lus 

Tyraiinus 

tij-rdn' ntis 

Telrarch 

tet'rdrk  or  tSUriirk 

Ty  re 

tir 

'I'liaiKlcus 

thud-US '  us 

Tyrus 

tVnis 

I'liaiiinatbci 

thdfn'  Hd-thfi 

Tiiam 

tho-'rah 

'J'litjcoe 

Vie-kd'e 

'J'liclasser 

the~lds'$cr 

T] 

Tlielersaa 

'J'lit'ocaiius 

the-ok'a-niLs 

'I'heotiotus 

thc-od'  o-tus 

Theopliilus 

Utc-of'f'i-lns 

UCAL 

il'hal 

'I'lif  riiu'lc'lh 

thi'r'  mc-lfth 

Uel 

'J*li6Ssu)onicu 

thcs-^-lo-iu'  kuh 

Uhii 

y-'la-i 

'J'Il(;il(|aS 

thu'das 

Ulain 

'riiiiniiathati 

thim-na'thah 

Ulla 

ul'lah 

'j'dtjiiioi 

thoin'o-i 

IJnniiali 

um'mah 

'J'lirasfas 

ihrase'as 

Unni 

un'ni 

Thyalira 

thi-a-tt'rah 

Ujjiiarsin 

y.-fdr'sin 

1'ibcrias 

ii'bS'ri-as 

Uphaz 

'i'ibni 

tib'nl 

Urbane 

ur'ba-ne 

Tida! 

tVdal 

Uri 

Tl'ri 

'j'ikvah 

tik'vuJt 

Uriah 

l^-Tl'dh 

Tihm 

tl'lon 

Uriel 

tl'r'i-cl 

Tiiiielus 

ti~iiiS'  Ins 

Urijah 

1^-ri'jah 

Tiiiieus 

ti-mS'us 

Uriin 

T^'rim 

Tiinna 

tim'tid 

Ulliai 

t('tha-i 
T^'ia-i 

Tiiiiiiah 

tim'n'dh 

Uzai 

'I'iiMiiatliali 

tini'  na-thah 

Uzal 

^'zat 

'I'imnath  Hcrcs 

thn'nath  h^'res 

Uz/.ah 

uz'zah 

Tiinon 

ti'vion 

Uzzen  SberaJi 

uz'icn  shS'rah 

'I'itDolheus 

ti-vio'tJi't-iis 

Uzzi 

ui'ii 

Tiphsah 

tif'sak 

Uzziah 

ui-zVah 

Tiras 

O'ras 

U/.ziel 

uz-zVel 

Tiratliiles 

tt'rat/i-itf-s 

Uzzitlites 

uz-zV  el-itcs 

Tiihakah 

tir-hS.'  knh 

'J^irlianah 

tir-hoi^  nah 

Tiria 

'I'irshatlia 

tir' sha-th'dr 

V  • 

'I'islibite 

tish'bite 

Titus 

'I'i/.ite 

tl '  z  i/c 

Toah 

to' ah 

Va JE9ATHA 

va-jes'a-Uiah 

1'oniialt 

Vaniah 

va-nVali 

'J'obiah 

to-bl'ah 

Vashni 

vdsh'ni 

Tobias 

to-bl'ds 

Vasliti 

vdsh'ti 

Tnbiel 

tO'b'i~el 

V  opbsi 

vnf  si 

Tubijah 

to-bl^joJi 

'!'( ichpn 

T'lgarinah 

tO'trdr'mah 

I'ltllU 

to' ha 

Y 

Tdi 

to'  i 

Ti.Ia 

to'lah , 

Tolad 

td'Iad 

1*0)  banes 

tol' babies 

Xanthicus 

idn'thi-ktis 

Tolniai 

tol'ma 

Xeneaa 

Tophe! 

t&'fel 
tb'fct 

Xerolybe 

le-rol'i-be 

Topliet 

Xeropliagia 

ze^o-pkS'ji-a 
lu'tus 

Trachinitig 

trak-o-nVtis 

Xystua 

Trogylliiim 

tro-^l'te-um 

Prophimus 

trofi-rnvs 

Zelotea 

ze-ta'tls 

Zelzah 

zil'zak 

z. 

Zoinaraim 

zim-a-^&'im 

Zeinarile 

zem'a^Ue 

Zcinirali 

ze-ml'rah 

Zaanaim 

za-a-iiQ'im 

Zcnan 

zS'nan 

Zaiinaii 

lii'a-natl 

Zen  as 

zi'»a3 

Znunannim 

la-a-iidn'nvn 

Zeorim 

ze-or'im 

Zaavaii 

lu'a-i'an 

Zeplmniah 

itf-a-nVak 

Zabail 

la'bad 

Zepliath 

zl'fatA 
zif'a-tkak 

Zabadxans 

lab-a-d^'ans 

Zepliatbah 

Zabadaia^i 

lab-a-da'yas 

Zo|)lion 

tl'fon 

Zabbai 

zdb'ba 

Zephonitcs 

lifon-ilu 

Zubdeua 

zab-dS'us 

Zerali 

zt'rak 

Zabdi 

zib'tll 

Zcraliiah 

zer^a-hVah 

Zabdiel 

zib'iTi-el 

Zeraia 

zfr-a-Va 

Znbina 

ztib-bVnah  or  za-bVnali 

Zcreda 

zer'c-dah 

Zabulon 

zdb'u-lon 

Zeredallia 

zt^fd'a-iliah 

Znccai 

zdk'ka-i 

Zcrereth 

zt-^l'reth 

Zaccheua 

zak-kS'us 

Zcrosli 

zS'rc^h 

Zaccu 

zdk'ku 

Zeror 

zS'ror 

Zarharinli 

tdk-a-rl'ah 

Zoruali 

ze-rH'ah 

Zaclicr 

za'ker 

Zenibbabcl 

zt-rub'ba-btl 

Zadok 

za'dok 

Zeruiali 

zir-uA'ah 

Zaham 

ili'ham 

Zervjali 

ztr-vVah 

Zair 

zS'ir 

Zetliam 

zl'Vtam 

Zaiaph 

za'laf 

Zetlio 

zC'tho 

Zaiiiioiiah 

zaUmd'  nah 

Zia 

zVah 

Zulnitinnali 

zal~inuu'nah 

Ziba 

zl'bah 

Zamzummims 

zam-xum' mims 

Zibeon 

zib't-on 

Zanoali 

ian-5'ah 

Zibiah 

zibA'ah 

Zaphnath 
Paaiieah 

I  'df'natl           C  A 
j  -  J  "    *  pa-a-n  a 

Zibion 
Zicbri 

zib''i~on 
zik'ri 

Zaphon 

zU'fon 

Zidkijah 

zid-kVjak 

Zaracca 

zAr'a-ce3 

Zidoii 

zl'dan 

Zarali 

z&'raJi 

Zidunians 

zi-dS'ni-ans 

Zaraias 

zar-a-Vas 

Ziba 

zi'hak 

Zareali 

za-rl'ah 

Zilthai 

ziVUia 

Zareatliilcs 

za're-ath'ites 

Ziinri 

zim'rl 

Zared 

zU'red 

Ziiia 

zl'nah 

Zarephath 

zdr'e-fath 

Ziph 

Zaretan 

zdr'e-taa 

Zipliah 

zVfah 

Zaretli  Sbahar 

za'reth  sha'har 

Ziphion 

ztf'i-on 

Zarhites 

z'dr'hilcs 

Zipliites 

zi files 

Zartanali 

z'dr-td'nah 

Ziphron 

zif'ron 

Zathui 

za-thu'i 

Zipporah 

zip-pQ'rah 
zit/i'ri 

Zattliu 

zdt'thil 

Zithri 

Zaza 

za'zak 

Zi/.a 

iI'ioA 

Zebadiah 

zeb-a-dl'ah 

Zuan 

zS'an 

Zebah 

ze^bah 

Zoar 

zO'ar 

Zcbaim 

ze-ba'im 

Zobeba 

zo-bS'bafi 

Zebedee 

leb'be-dee 

Zohelelh 

zO'he-leUi 

Zebina 

ze-bl'nah 

Zonaras 

zon'a-rtLS 

Zeboira 

ze-bo'hn 

Zophah 

zd'fah 
zd'Ja 

Zebuda 

le-bu'dak 

Zophai 

Zebul 

zl'bui  (as  dull) 

Zupbim 

zd'Jim 

Zebu  Ion 

zeb'u-lun 

Ztirah 

zO'raA 

Zcbulonitcg 

Zorathites 

zO'raUi-iies 

Zt^chariah 

zck-a-^V  all 

Zoreah 

zo-ri'ah 

Zedah 

zi'dak 

Zorites 

zB'rites 

Zcdekiab 

zed-e-kt'ah 

Zorobabel 

zo-roya-bei 

Zeeb 

zl'eb 

Zuar 

jfl'nr 

Zelah 

zl'lah 

Ztiriel 

zn'ri-el 

Zelek 

zl'lck 

Zuri  Shaddai 

ifl'rl  shdd'a-  i 

Zelophehnd 

ze-lO'fi-had 

Zuzims 

zfi'zims 

163 


Fate,  far,  bit  —  MlU,  kelp — Fine,  matini.  —  JVBte. —  7\Jne,  unite. --i  as  j  ;  ik  as  ah. 


££E£E 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 

OF 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1299 


RULES 

/  FOR 

PRONOUNCING  THE  VOWELS  AND  CONSONANTS 

OF 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PEOPEE  NAMES. 


It  will  be  perceived  by  a  glance  at  the  following  table,  that  the 
indicated  accentuation  of  the  words,  and  their  separation  into  sylla- 
bles, prevent  the  necessity  of  inserting  any  thing  hereto  guide  to  a 
correct  pronunciation,  except  the  rules  for  the  sounds  of  the  vow- 
els and  consonants. 

In  settling  the  place  of  the  primary  accent,  which  is  the  first 
and  most  important  point  in  the  pronunciation  of  a  word,  the 
aim,  of  course,  has  been  to  follow  the  ancient  and  simple  rules, 
which  direct,  that,  in  words  of  two  syllables,  the  penult  be  ac- 
cented, and  in  words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  that  the  penult  be 
accented  if  long  in  quantity,  if  not,  the  antepenult.  The  words 
have  been  divided  into  syllables,  in  accordance  with  the  commonly 
received  rules  on  that  subject.  The  rules  that  follow  have  been 
derived,  in  the  main,  from  Walker.  Sometimes  the  language  of 
Grant,  or  some  other  grammarian,  has  been  preferred. 

Rules  for  the  Vowels. 

1.  Any  vowel  at  the  end  of  an  accented  syllable,  and  e,  o,  and  u, 
at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable,  have  the  long  English  sound  ; 
as,  Ca'to,  Ce'crops,  Di'do,  So'lon,  Cu'mcB,  Me-lis'sa,  Mo-los'sus, 
Tu-Un'gi ;  in  which  words  the  final  vowels  of  the  first  syllables 
have  the  same  sound  as  the  corresponding  vowels  in  the  first  syl- 
lables of  the  English  words  pa'per,  cc'dar,  si'lent,  co'lon,  du'ty. 

2.  ^,  ending  an  unaccented  syllable,  has  the  sound  of  a  in  fa'thcr  ; 
as,  Ga-bi'na,  A-re'ne,  pronounced  Gah-bi'na,  M-re'ne. 

3.  /,  ending  a  final  syllable,  or  preceding  an  accented  vowel, 
has  the  long  sound  ;  as,  I-u'li. 

In  all  other  cases,  i,  ending  an  unaccented  syllable,  is  pronounced 
like  e;  as,  Fa'bi-i,  Ho-ra'ti-i,  pronounced  Fa'be-i,  Ho-ra'tc-i. 

4.  Y  is  pronounced  as  i  would  be  in  the  same  situation. 

5.  JE  and  (c  are  pronounced  as  e  would  be  in  the  same  situation. 

6.  If  a  syllable  end  in  a  consonant,  the  vowel  has  the  short  Eng- 
lish sound ;  as,  BaVbus,  Del'phi,  Cin'na,  Mos'chus,  Tus'cus,  in 


which  the  vowels  have  the  same  sounds  as  in  the  English  words 
man'ner,  sel'dom,  din'ner,  scoffer,  mus'ler. 

Exception.  —  E,  in  final  es,  is  pronounced  as  in  the  familiar 
proper  name  An'des. 

Rules  for  the  Consonants. 

1.  C,  before  e,  i,  y,  ce,  and  ce,  is  pronounced  like  s  ;  before  a,  o, 
and  M,  and  before  consonants,  like  k  ;  as,  Ce'a,  Cic'e-ro,  Cij'prus, 
Cm'sar,  Cm'li-a,  Ca'to,  Co'cles,  Cu'mcR. 

2.  G,  before  c,  i,  y,  (b,  a,  or  another  g  followed  by  e,  has  the 
sound  ofj;  before  a,  a,  and  u,  and  before  consonants  other  than  g, 
as  above  excepted,  the  hard  sound,  as  in  the  English  words  guve, 
gone ;  as,  Ge'lo,  Gi-gan'tes,  Gy-gm'us,  Jlg'ger,  Ga'bi-i,  Gor'gi-tis, 
Sa-gun'tum. 

3.  Ch  has  the  sound  of  k,  except  when  preceding  a  mute  con- 
sonant at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  when  they  are  silent ;  as, 
Chtho'ni-a,  pronounced  Tho'ni-a. 

4.  T,  s,  and  c,  before  ia,  ie,  ii,  io,  iu,  and  ew,  preceded  immedi- 
ately by  the  accent,  in  Latin  words,  as  in  English,  change  into 
sh  and  zh.  But  when  the  accent  falls  on  the  first  of  the  vowels 
following,  the  consonant  does  not  change  into  sh  or  zh,  but  pre- 
serves its  pure  sound ;  as,  Mil-ti'a-dcs,  &c.  T,  in  the  termination 
tion,  also  retains  its  original  sound  ;  as,  Tlie-o-do'ti-on. 

5.  S  has,  in  general,  the  sound  of  s  in  this. 

Final  s,  preceded  by  e,  or  a  liquid,  has  the  sound  of  z. 

6.  Initial  x  has  the  sound  of  z. 

7.  Initial  ph,  before  a  mute,  is  silent ;  as,  Phthi'a,  pronounced 
Thi'a.  Initial  p,  before  s,  is  silent ;  as,  Psy'che,  pronounced  Sy'ke. 
Initial  p,  before  t,  is  silent ;  as,  Ptol-e-ma'us,  pronounced  Tol-e-mm'us. 

8.  At  the  beginning  of  Greek  words  we  frequently  find  the  un- 
combinable  consonants  mn,  tm,  &c. ;  as,  Mne-mos'y-ne,  Tmo'lus,  &c. 
These  are  to  be  pronounced  with  the  first  consonant  mute,  as  if 
written  J^e-mos'y-ne,  Mo'lus,  &c. 


1300 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULAJIY 


GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES 


TiiK  words  in  tlie  following  tabic  to  which  a  *  is  prefixed  are 
taken  from  "  The  Classical  Pronunciation  of  Proper  Names,"  &c., 
by  Thomas  Swinburne  Carr. 

Those  to  which  a  t  is  prefixed  are  such  as  Trollope  has  added 
to  his  edition  of  Walker's  Key. 

Those  marked  with  a  t  are  taken  from  Freund's  "  Wortcrbuch 
der  lateinischen  Sprache." 

Those  marked  with  a  IT  are  taken  from  Pauly's  "  Rcal-Encyclopa- 
die  der  classischen  Alterthumswissenschaft." 


Those  to  which  no  mark  is  prefixed  are  found  in  the  list  usually 
published  with  Walker's  Key. 

It  will  be  observed,  by  any  who  may  compare  this  table  witii 
those  of  Walker  and  Trollope,  that  many  changes  in  the  division 
of  words  for  pronunciation  have  been  introduced  ;  but  it  is  be- 
lieved that  these  changes  are  all  required  by  a  consistent  applica- 
tion of  the  rules  of  classical  pronunciation,  as  tliey  are  generally 
received. 


A. 


A'ba,  and  A'b.e 

A-boMu3 

Ac-a-tban'tu3 

A-chil-lei-en'sea 

♦A-cro'a-tli<i3 

Ad-i-marrtiis 

iTy-fl'lo,  or  A*el  lu 

Ali'a-a 

A-bon-i-tei'chos 

*Ac'a  ton 

*Ach-il-le'i3 

*Ac-ro-ce-raii'ni-a 

Ad-i-iiie'tc 

^-e'l:i,  or  |^-e'tca 

Ab'ji-ba 

Ab-o-ra'ca 

fAc'ca  Lau-rcn'ti-a 

A-chilMes 

Ac-ro-ce-rau'ni-um 

Ad-me'ta 

itl-e'ti-a3 

*A-bac'c-na 

*Ab'o-ras 

Ac'ci-a 

Ach-il-le'ura 

*Ac-ro-ce-re'te3 

Ad-nie'lu3 

yE'ga 

Ab-a-ce'ne 

Ab-o-rig'i-nes 

Ac'ci-la 

A-cbil'leu3 

*A-croc'o-nitB 

*A-do'ne-us,  or  *Ad- 

JE'gvi 

tA-bs'a 

A-bor'ra3 

Ac'ci-U3 

*Ach-il-li'de3 

Ac-ro-co-rin'thU3 

o-ne'u3 

Ab'a-ga 

*Ab'o-ti3 

fAc'co 

A-chi'vi 

*A-cro'ma 

A-do'ni-a 

i^5-ga:'on 

*A-bao'a-ru9 

Ab-ra-da'tas 

Ac'cu-a 

Ach-la-d!E'u3 

A'cron 

A-don'i-cu3 

itl-gaj'uin 

f  .\b'a-ia 

Ab-ra-da't63 

*  Ac  h'o-la 

*  A"Crop'a-tho3 

A~tlo'n  id 

^3-gaj'u3 

Ab'a-lus 

♦.\-bra'ha-mus 

Ac-e-di'ci 

Acli-o-la'i,  or  f  .Acli-o- 

Ac-ro-pa'to3 

Ad-ra-myt'ti-um 

/E-ga'le-os 

A-ba'na 

A-bren'ti-U3 

Ar.'e-la 

a'li 

A-crop'o-li3 

A-dra'na 

^-ga'le-um 

A-han'tes 

A-broc'o-ma3 

*Ac'e-Ie 

Ach-o-lo'e 

♦.Ac-ro-re'a 

*A-dra'ne 

/E'gan 

Ab-an-ti'a-de3 

Ab-ro-di-iB'tU3 

tAc'e-ltim 

*A-cho're-ua 

*Ac-ro-re'i 

A-dra'num 

iE'gas 

A-ban'ti-as 

fA'bron 

*A-ceph'a-li 

*.\-cho'ru3 

Ac'ro-ta 

A-dras'ta 

A-ban'ti-das 

A-bro'ni-us 

Ac-€-ra'tu3 

Ach-radi'na 

A-crot'a-tU3 

A-dras'ti-a,  or  f  Ad- 

iT;-ge'a3,  or  *i1i'gc-a3 

A-ban'tia 

A-bron'y-cu3 

A-cer'bas 

*Ach'ra-do3 

*Ac-ro-tho'i 

ras-ti'a 

/E-ge'le-on 

Ab-ar-ba're-a 

Ab'ro-ta 

Ac-e-ri'na 

Ac-i-cho'ri-u9 

*Ac-ro-tho'on 

*Ad-ras-ti'i  Cam'pi 

*/E-gc'li 

Ab'a-ri 

A-brot'o-num 

A-cer'roe 

Ac-i-da'li-a 

Ac-roth'o-03 

*Ad-ra3-ti'ne 

iE-ge'ri-a 

A-b:ir'i-mon 

tA'brii3 

Ac-er-sec'o-mes 

Ac-i-da'sa 

*Ac-ro-tho'um 

A-dras'tu3 

yE-ges'ta 

Ab'a-ris 

A-bryp'o-li3 
Ab-se'us 

A'ce3 

*A-ci'la 

Ac'ta 

♦A-dre'ne 

iE-ge'ua 

A-ba'ru3 

A-ce'si-a 

A-cil'i-a 

Ac-te'a 

A'dri-a 

jE-gi'a-le 

A'bas 

Ab-sin'lbi-i 

Ac-e-si'nes 

Ac-i-lig'e-na 
A-cil'i-us 

Ac-tffi'on 

A-dri-an-op'o-lis 

^-gi-a'le-»3 

A-ba'sa 

Ab'so-riis 

Ac-e-9i'nu3 

Ac-tiE'us 

A-dri-a'nuin 

jE-gi-a'li-a 

*Ab'a-sa 

tAb-syr'ti-dC3 

A-ce'si-U3 

A-cil'Ia 

Ac'te 

A-dri-a'nu3 

j'Egi'a-lu3 

Ab  a-si'lia 

Ab-syr't03 

A-ces'ta 

*Ac-iii-di'nus,  and 

Ac'ti-a 

A-dri-at'i-cum 

*/E-gic'o-res 

Abms-se'na 

Ab-syr'tu3 

A-ces'tes 

*A-cin'di-nu3 

Ac'tia 

Ad-ri-me'tum 

jE-gi'des 

Ab-as-se'ni 

*Ab'u-la 

A-ces'ti-iim 

A'cia 

Ac-ti3'a-ne3 

Ad-u-at'i-ci 

^-pi'la,  or  *.'Eg'i-la 

A-  bas'sus 

Ab-u-li'tes 

A-ce3-to-do'ru3 

Ac'mon 

Ac'ti-um 

*A-du'la 

yE-gil'i-a 

AD'a-to3 

tA'bus 

Ac-«s-tor'i-de3 

Ac-mon'i-de3 

Ac'ti-U3 

♦A-du'las 

*yEs'i-lips 

Ab-(la-lon'i-mu3 

Ab-y-de'ni 

A-ce'te3 

*Ac-cE-me't!B 

Ac'tor 

*A-du'li9 

>t;-gjm'i-u3 

Ab-de'ra 

.•\b-y-de'nu3 

Ach-a-by'to3 

A-cre'tea 

Ac-tor'i-dc3 

*Ad-u-li'ton 

^K-i-ino'rus,  or 

Ab-de'ri-a 

A-by'di 

A-choe'a 

♦Ac-o-ly'ti 

Ac-to'ris 

A-dyr-nia-ehi'da;,  or 
*Ad-yr-mach'i-diB 

*jE-gini'o-ru3 

Ab-de-ri'te3 

A-by'do3 

A-cha:'i 

A-co'nffi 

*Ac'to-ri3 

*^-gim'u-rus 

Ab-dc'ru3 

A-by'du3 
Ab'y-la 

A-ch!E'i-um 

*Ac'o-ntB 

tA-cu'le  o 

JE'a. 

yE-gi'na 

A-be'a-ta; 

A-cha;m'e-nes 

A-con'le3 

A-cu'phi3 

yK-a-ce'a 

yEg-i-ne'ta 
iEg-i-ne'te3 
.'l-;-gi'o-cbu3 

*A-be-a'tc6 

Ab'y-lon 

Ach-iB-me'ni-a 

A-con'te-u3 

A-cu-si-la'iia 

^-ac'i-das 

A-bel'la 

Ab-ys-si'iii 

.\ch-a;-men'i-de3 

A-con'ti-us 

A-cii'ti-cu3 

^•'-ac'i-des 

tAb-fl-la'ni 

Ab-ys-sin'i-a 

A-cha!'u3 

♦.Ac-on-tob'o-Ii 

*A-cy'ru3 

*^-a-ci'»tn 

*if;'gi-on 

tAb-cl-li'num 

Ac-a-cal'lis 

A-cha'i-a 

A-con-to-bu'lu3 

*Ac'y-tu3 

./li'a-cus 

A^gi'paii,  or  *JF,s'i- 

Ab-el-li'niis 

Ac-a-ce'si-um 

*.\-cha'i3 

A-co'ris 

A'da 

JE'st 

pan 

*A-be'lii3 

A-ca'ci-us 

Ach'a-ra 

Ac'o-ru3 

A-d!E'U3 

JE-Bi'a 

*yEg-i-pa'ncs 

t-^b'e-lux 

tAc'a-cus 

.Ach-a-ren'se3 

A 'era 

Ad-a-man-tie'a 

^-a-iiie'ne 

iK-gi'ra 

A-ben'da 

Ac-a-de'mi-a 

A-char'na! 

Ac-ra-di'na 

Ad'a-mas 

jfl-an-te'mii 

yE-gir-o-cs'sa 

*Ab-e3-sa'lon 

Ac-a-de'mus 

A-clia'te3 

A'crtB 

Ad-a-mas'tU3 

i^'>an'ti-dcs 

/E'gis 

Ab'ga-rU3,  or  A-bag'a- 

*A-cffin'i-tu3 

.\ch-c-Io'i-dc9 

A-crte'a 

*A-da'mu3 

^C-an'li9 

/E-gis'thii9 

ru3 

Ac-a-lan'dru3 

Ach-e-lo'ri-uiii 

A-crajph'ni-a 

fAd'a-na 

>E'aa 

jE-gi'tum 

A'bi-a 

A-cal'le 

Ach-c-lo'us 

Ac-ra-gal-li'daj 

A-das'pi-i 

yiC'n-tU3 

.lU'gi-um 

A'bi-i  ^ 

Ac-a-mar'chis 

*A-cho'li)3 

Ac'ra-ga3 

Ad'a-tha 

jt'.cli-mac'o-ras 

JF.g'le 

Ab'i-la 

Ac'a-mas 

*A-che'ra3 

A-cra'tus 

Ad-de-pha'gi-a 

if;ch'mi3 

iEg'les 

A-bis'a-res 

A-camp'sia 

A-cher'du3 

tA'cri-ffl 

Ad'dii-a 

..tl-dep'sum 

>Eg-le'te3 

A-bis'a  ris 

A-can'tha 

A-cher'i-mi 

A'cri-a3 

A-dcl'pbi-us 
A-de'mon 

^-des'sa 

jfig'lo-gc 
yE-gob'o-bi9 

Ab-i-son'te« 

•A-can'thi-ne 

*Ach'e-ro  % 

Ac-ri-doph'a-gi 
A-cri'on 

iE-dic'u-la 

•.V-hle'rus 

A-can'thu3 

Ach'e-ron 

*A-deph'a-Eii9 
A'des,  or  ifa'des 

♦^d'i-la 

A;-goc'e-ro9 

A-hle'te3 

Ac'a-»a 

Ach-c-ron'ti-a 

A-cris'e-us 

iG-di'les 

iE'gon 

fAb'no  ba 

A-ca'ri-a 

Ach-e-ru'si-a 

Ac-ris-i-o'ne 

Ad-gan-dcs'tri-us 

♦jB-di'lis 

•iE-go'nc 

♦Ab'no-bi 

*Ac-ar-na'nes 

Ach-e-ru'si-a3 

A-cris-i-o-ne'u3 

Ad-her'bal 

*^d'i-hi3 

*^g-o-ne'a 

A-bob'ri-ca 

Ac-ar-na'ni-a 

A-che'tiis 

A-cri3-i-o-ni'a-de8 

Ad-her'ba3 

^■dip'aus 

•^go'nes 

A-bo'biis 

A-car'na3 

•A-chi'las 

t  A<n3'i-a3 

*A-di-a-be'nc 

jG'doii 

^g-o-sa'g(E 

A-ba)c'ri-tU'» 

A-cas'ta 

Achiria3 

A-cri'taa 

A-di-an'te 

•■A-e-do'nis 

^2-<>s-p<)t'a-m(i!i 

Ab-o-ki'ni 

A-tas'tu3 

Ach-il-le'a 

Ac-ro-a'thon 

A-di-at'o-rix 

^d'u-i,  or  Iled'u-i 

iE-gos'lbc-na 

1G:<  '  E  E  E  E  E  •  1301 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


*^g'y-la 

^g-y-pa'nes 

iE-gyp'su3 

fiE-gyp'ta 

^-gyp'ti-i 

jE-gyp'ti-um 

iE-gyp'tU3 

/E'li  a 

iE-li  a'nus 

jE'Ii-us,  and  ^'li-a 

jE-lu'rus 

tYE-ma'thi-a 

yE-mil'l-a 

vEm-il-i-a'nus 

iE-mil'i-us 

jEm-nes'tus 

ir*^-ino'na 
^-mo'ni-a 
^-mon'i-des 
*^m'o-ni3 

.lE-myl'i-a 

^m-yl-i-a'nus 

^-myl'i-i 

iE-myl'i-us 

^-na'ri-a 

t^-na'si-us 

^-ne'a,  or  f^E-ne'i-a 

M-ne'a-ix 

^-ne'a-des 

^-ne'as 

jE-ne'i-a 

jE-ne'i-des 

*jE-ne-i'de3 

■^-ne'is,  and  *^'ne-is 

.^-nes-i-de'mus 

^-ne'6i-u3 

jE-ne'tus 

iE'ni-a 

^-ni'a-cu3 

*^n'i-ciis 

*jE-ni'die 

jE-ni'o-chi 

o-bar'bU3 
^n'o-cle3 
jE'nos 
jE'num 
t^'nus 
^-ny'ra 
^-o'li-a 

/E-0'li-!B 

^ol'i-da 

yE-oI'i-des 

>E'o-li3 

jE'o-lu3 

*^-o'iie3 

>E-o'ra 

^pa'li-us 

•E-pe'a 

^p'u-Io 

i*:'py 

vEp'y-tiis 

^-qiia'iia 

.E'qui 

^-<luic'o-Ii 

i'Eq-ui-me'li-uni 

iE'ri-as 

^r'o-pe 

*A-er'o-pe 

^r'o-pus 

*A-er'o-pUB 

*vEs'a-cos 

iEs'a-ciia 

*iE-sa'ge-a 

^-sa'pus 

JE'sat,  or  JE-sii'ms 
*jE-sa'ru3,  and  ^s'a- 

riis 
iEs'chi-nes 
^s'chi-ron 
yEs'cliri-on 
^E-i-chy-li'dcs 
iE^'cliy-lua 
^^9-cii-la'i>i-iis 
/E-sc'piis 
A'-ner'ni-a 
JE-»\'on 
lE'son 
iE-son'i-dca 
*yE8-o-pe'u» 
Al-Ho'pus 
>En'lri-a 
Vl'n'ii-a 
tiEn'u-la 

•iEn'll-l£B 

/Ivny'e-tCB 

♦>E-»y'mo 

•i^'N-ym-ne'to) 

iHit-yin-nc'teg 

iE-Hym'nu» 

•iEth'a-le 


^-thal'i-des 

*^tli-a-li'a 

*jE-tha'li-03 

*.<E-thi'ce3 

*^th'i-cu3 

t^iE-thi'on 

*^-tl]i'o-pe3 

vE-thi-o'pi-a 

^tll'li-U3 

yE'thon 
^'thra 
>E-tliu'sa 
vE'ti-a 

7E'ti-on,  or  E-e'ti-on 

*^-ti-o-iie'a 

*^-ti'tes 

^'ti-us 

*A-e'ti-ii3 

yEt'na 

*yE-to'li 

iE-to'li-a 

^E-to'lus 

*A-ex-o'ne 

A'fer 

A-fra'ni-a 

A-fra'ni-u3 

Af'ri-ca 

Af-ri-ca'nii3 

Af  vi-cuin 

*Af'ri-CTi3 

*Ag'a-bu3 

*A-gac'Iy-tu3 

A-ga-gri-a'iiE 

Ag-a-las'ses 

A-gal'la 

*Ag'a-ine 

*Ag-a-nie'de 

Ag-a-me'des 

Ag-a-mem'non 

Ag-amem-no'iii-u3 

Ag-a-me'tor 

A-gam'ma-tiB 

Ag-ain-nes'tor 

*Ag'a-inus 

Ag-a-nip'pe 

*Ag-a-nip-pe'us 

A-gan'za-ga 

*Ag'a-pE 

Ag-a-pe'nor 

*Ag-a-pe'tu3 

tA'gar 

Ag-a-re'ni 

Ag-a-ris'ta 

A-gas'i-cle3 

*A-ga'so 

A-gas'sffi 

A-gas'the-nes 

A-gas'thU3 

A-gas'tro-phU3 

fAg'a-sus 

Ag'a-tha 

Ag-atli-ar'chi-das 

Ag-atli-ar'clii-de3 

Ag-athar'clms 

*Ag'a-tlii  Dffiin'o-nis 

*Ag-a-thi'a 

A-ga'tlii-as 

*Ag-a-thi'nu3 

Ag'a-tlio 

Ag-a-tho-cle'a 

A-gath'o-cIes 

Ag'a-tlion 

Ag-a-tlio-ny'mus 

*Ag-a-tlion'y-mu3 

*A-galli'o-pu3 

Ag-a-thos'llie-nc3 

Ag-a-thyr'num 

Ag-a-tliyr'si 

fAg-a-thy'rus 

A-gau'i 

A-ga've 

A-ga'vu3 

*Ag-bat'a-na 

Ag-des'ti3 

A-ge-e'na 

*Ag-c-la'das 

Ag-e-las'tug 

Ag-e-la'us 

♦Ag-e-le'a 

•Ag'c-les 

A-gcti'a-tha 

Ag-eii-di'cum 

A-ge'nor 

Ag-c-nor'i-do8 

Ag-e-ri'niia 

Ag-c-san'der 

A-ge'si-as 

*A-gC8-l-da'mu8 

A-ges-i-la'iiH 

Ag-e-Bip'o-lin 

Ag-e-»iH'tra-ta 

Ag-c  His'tra-luB 

•A-ge'lor 

*A-ge'tii» 

*Ag-ge'nua 


1302 


Ag-gram'mes 

Ag-gri'ii;E 

tAgg-tbyl'lus 

Ag'i-da; 

Ag-i-la'U3 

A'gi3 

Ag-la'i-a 

Ag-la-o-ni'ce 

Ag-Ia'o-pe 

*Ag-la'o-pe3 

Ag-la-o-piia;'iia 

Ag-la'o-phon 

Ag-la-os'tlie-ne3 

Ag-lau'ro3 

Ag-la'us 

*Ag'la-u3 

Ag'na 

Ag'no 

Ag-nod'i-ce 

Ag'non 

*Ag-no-iii'a 

Ag-non'i-des 

*Ag-no'te3 

*Ag-notli'o-ta; 

Ag-o-na'li-a,  and 

A-go'ni-a 
A-go'iies 
Ag'o-ni3 
*A-go'ni3 
A-go'iii-u3 
*A-go'nu3 
*Ag'o-ra 
Ag-o-rac'ri-tti3 
Ag-o-rffi'a 
Ag-o-ra'ni3 
Ag-o-ran'o-ml 
*Ag-o-re'su3 
A'gra 
tA-gra;'a 

A-gra'i,  or  fA-gren'- 

Ag'ra-gas  [ses 

A-grau'le 

A-grau'li-a 

A-grau'los 

A-grau-o-ni'tffi 

A-gri-a'nes 

A-gric'o-la 

Ag-ri-gen'tum 

A-grin'i-um 

*A-gri'o-do3 

A-gri-o'ni-a 

A-gri'o-pas 

A-gri'o-pe 

*A-gri-oph'a-gi 

A-grip'pa 

*Ag-rip-pe'um 

Ag-iip-pi'na 

A-gris'o-po 

A'gri-U3 

Ag'ro-la3 

A'gron 

A-gro'tas 

A-grot'e-ra 

tA-gyi'e-U3 

A-gyl'e-U3 

A-gyl'Ia 

Ag-yl-l!E'U3 

A-gyr'i-um,  and 

A-gyr'i-u3 
A-gyr'tes 
A-gy'rU3 
A-ha'la 
Ai-do'ne-us 
*A-i'la 
A-im'y-Iu3 
Ai'us  Lo-cu'ti-u8 
A'jax 

Al-a-ban'da 
fAl-a-baii'di,  or  fAl-a- 

baii-den'scs 
*Al-a-ban'di-cu3 
Al'a-bu3 
A-lic'a 
A-la!'i 
A-lai'sa 
fA-Iaj'sus 
A-lai'tis 
Al-a-go'ni-a 
A-la'la 

Al-al-com'c-niB 
A-la'li-a,  or  fAl'a-lis 
Al-a-ma'nc3 
IfAl-a-ina'ni,  or  Al-a- 

man'iii 
Al-e-inan'ni,  or  ITAl- 

le-man'ni 
A  la'iii 
Al'a-rcs 
Al-a-ri'cus 
AI-a-ro'di-1 
A-las'tor 
*A-la»'lo-rcs 
t  A-lau'daj 
tAl'a-zon 
*A-la'i!on 
*AI-a-zo'nes 


fAl'ba  Lon'ga 
Al'ba  Syl'vi-us 
tAl-ba'ni,  or  Al-ben'- 
.  se3 

Al-ba'ni-a 

Al-ba'iius 

tAI'bi-a  Te-run'ti-a 

Al-bi'ci 

Al-bi-e't!E 

tAl-bi-gau'num 

Al-bi'ni 

Al-bi-no-va'niis 

Al-bin-te-me'li-um 

AI-bi'nu3 

Al'bi-on 

*Al-bi'o-nc3 

tAl'bis 

Al'bi-iis 

Al-bu-cil'Ia 

Al'bu-Ia 

*Al-bu'iia 

Al-bu'iie-a 

Al-biir'nus 

Al'btis  Pa'gus 

Al-bu'ti-us 

*Al-cain'e-tus 

A1-C!e'us 

Al-cam'e-nes 

Al-can'der 

Al-can'dre 

Al-ca'nor 

Al-catli'o-e 

Al-catli'o-U3 

Al'ce 

Al-ce'nor 

Al-ces'te  or  Al-ces'tia 

Al'ce-tas 

Al'chi-das 

Al-chim'a-chu3 

Al-ci-bi'a-des 

*Al-ci'd£e 

Al-cid'a-ma3 

Al-ci-da-me'a 

AI-ci-dam'i-da3 

Al-cid'a-mu3 

*Al-ci-da'mu3 

Al-ci'das 

Al-ci'des 

Al-cid'i-ce 

*Al-cid'o-cu3 

Al-cim'e-de 

Al-cim'e-don 

Al-cim'e-nes 

*Al-cira'o-u3 

Al'ci-mus 

Al-cin'o-e 

Al'ci-nor 

Al-c)n'o-U3 

*Al'ci-nus 

Al-ci-o'ne-ii3 

Al'ci-phron 

Al-cip'pe 

Al-cip'pu3 

Al'cis 

Al-citli'o-e 

Alc-miE'on 

Alc-ni!E-on'i-dffi 

Alc'man 

Alc-me'na 

fAl'con 

*Al'co-ne 

Al-cy'o-na 

Al-cy'o-ne 

Al-cy-o'ne-u3 

Al-des'cu3 

Al-du'a-bis 

A'le-a 

A-le'bas 

A-le'bi-on 

A-lec'to 

A-lec'tor 

A-lcc'try-on 

A-Iec'tus 

*A-le'i 

A-lu'i-us  Cain'pii3 

Al-e-maii'ni 

*AI-c-ina'nus 

A-le'inoii 

A)-e-inoii'i-de3 

Al-c-inu'si 

A'lens 

A'le-on 

*A-Ie'ri3 

f  A-le'sa  or  fA-laj'sa 
A-le'so 

A-le'si-a,  or  A-le.x'i-a 

A-Io'si-mn 

♦A-le'su3 

A-le'tes 

A-le'tlies 

A-le'llii-a 

A-Iet'i-das 

♦A-le'tis 

tAl  e-tri-na'lc» 

j  Al  e-tri-non'sD» 

A-le'lrl-uin 


A-le'tum 

Al-eu-a'dte 

*A-leu'a-da! 

A-Ie'us 

*A'le-u3 

A'lex 

A-Iex-a-me'nu3 
Al-ex-an'der 
Al-ex-an'dra 
*Al-ex-an'dii-a,  (a 

woman) 
*Al-«x-an-dri'a,  (o 

city) 
Al-ex-an'dri-dc3 
Al-ex-an-dri'na 
Al-ex-an-drop'o-lis 
Al-ex-a'nor 
Al-ex-ar'clms 
A-lex'as 
A-lex'i-a 
AI-ex-ic'a-cu3 
Al-ex-i'nu3 
A-lex'i-o 
fA-lex'i-on 
AI-ex-ip'pu3 
Al-ex-ir'a-es 
Al-ex-ir'ho-e 
A-Iex'i3 
A-Iex'on 
Al-fa-ter'na 
Al-fe'nu3 
Al'gi-dum 
*Al-go'num 
A-li-ac'mon 
A-li-ar'tiim 
A-li-ar'tU3 
Al'i-cis 
A-li-e'nus 
Al'i-fe,  or  fA-li'fa 
Al-i-Ia;'i 
Al-i-men'tu3 
*A-lim'e-nus 
A-Iin'dte 
Al-in-do'i-a 
*A-li'phai 
*Al-i-pha'nu3 
Al-i-phe'ri-a,  or  *A)-i- 

phe'ra 
*Al-i-phe'ru3 
Al-ir-ro'thi-u3 
*Al-i-son'ti-a 
*A-li'sum 
Al-Ie'di-U3 
Al'li-a 
Al-li-e'no3 
*Al-li'fiE 
Al-lob'ro-ges 
Al-lo-bry'ge3 
*Al-lo-phy'lua 
Al-lot'ri-ges 
Al-Iu'ti-U3 
*Al-me'ne 
tAl'mo 
fAl'mon 
♦Al-mo'pes 
*AI-my-ro'de 
A-lo'a 

tA-lo'a3,  or  fA-lo'ia 

Al-o-e'us 

*A-lo'e-u3 

Al-o-i'dcE,  or  Al-o-i'- 
des 

A-lo'ne,  or  f  A-Io'na 

*A-lo'ni3 

Al'o-pe 

*A-lop'e-ca 

A-Iop'e-ce 

A-Iop'e-ces 

*A-lo[)-e-con-ne'su3 

A-lo'pi-u3 

*A-lo'rus 

A'los 

A-io'tia 

Al-pe'ims 

AI'|)oa 

Al-phe'a 

Al-pbe'i-a 

Al-plie'nor 

Al-pbo'nus 

Al-pbo-si-ba)'a 

Al-plie-si-boe'us 

Al-pbo'us 

Al-pbi'on 

Al'phi-iis 

Al-pi'nu3 

Al'pis 

•Al-po'mi3 

Al'mis 
Al-tbiR'a 
Al-DiiL-m'c-nos 
♦Al  tho'pua 
Al  ti'iium 
Al'tis 
fAI'tus 
A-lun'ti-um 


A'lus,  or  Al'u-us 

A-ly-at'tea 

Al'y-ba 

*AI-y-bi'da 

Al-y-cee'a 

AI-y-c£e'us 

fAl'y-mon,  or  *A-ly'- 

mon 
*A-ly'pu3 
A-lys'sus 
Al-yx-oth'o  e 
*Al-y-ze'a 
A-mad'o-ci 
A-niad'o-cu3 
Am'a-ge 
Am-al-thffi'a 
Am-al-the'iim 
Am'a-na,  or  tAm'a- 

nu3 
fA-man'dus 
*A-man'i-ciE 
A-maa'tes,  or  Am-an- 

ti'ni 

A-ma'nus,  or  fO-ma'- 

nu3 
A-inar'a-cu3 
A-mar'di 
A-mar'tU3 
Am-a-ryl'lis 
Am-a-ryn'ce-iis 
tAm-a-ryn-thi'a 
Am-a-ryn'tbus 
fAm-a-rys'i-a 
A'nias 
*Ani-a-se'a 
Am-a-se'nu3 
A-ma'si-a 
A-ma'sis 
A-nias'tris 
A-nias'trus 
A-ma'ta 
Am-a-tbe'a 
tArn-a-the'i 
Ain'a-tliu3,  or  *A-ma'- 

thus 
A-max-am-pe'us 
*A-niax-an-ti'a 
A-max'i-a 
Ain-ax-i'ta 
*Ain-ax-o'bi-i 
Am-a-ze'nes,  or 

fMaz'e-nes 
JA-ma'zon 
A-maz'o-ne3 
Am-a-zo'ni-a 
*Am-a-zon'i-cu3 
Am-a-zonM-de3 
Am-a-zo'ni-iim 
Ani-a-zo'ni-us 
Am-bar'ri 

*Am-bar-va'Ies  Hos'- 

ti-iE 
Ani-bar-va'li-a 
*Am-ba't;E 
Am'be-nu3 
Am-bi-a-li'te3 
Am-bi-a'mim 
Am-bi-a-ti'num 
*Ani-bi-bar'e-ti 
*Ain-bi'cii3 
Am-bi-ga'tu8 
fAm-bi-o'rix,  or  Am- 

bi'o-rix 
Am'bla-da 
Am-bra'ci-a 
Am-bra'ci-us 
Ani'bri 
*Ain-bro'dax 
Am-bro'nes 
Ani-bro'si-a 
Am-bro'si-u3 
Am-bry'on 
Ain-brys'sii3 
tAin-bii-ba'jie 
Ain-bul'li 
*Ani'bu-li 
Am'e-les 
Ain-e-na'nus 
Am-e-ni'de3 
A-iiien'o-cles 
*Ain-e-no'phi3 
A-iiie'ri-a 
A-mes'tra-tus 
A-ines'tri3 
*A-ini-a'nua 
Ain-i-cloi'ua 
A-nii'cIas 
A-mic'taa 
A-mi'da 
A-mil'car 
Ani'i-loa 
A-miin'o-nc,  or 

A-myin'o-no 
A-min'e-a,  or  Am- 

min'o-a 
A-min'i-as 


A-min'i-us 

A-min'o-cles 

Ani-i-se'na 

fAm-i-si'a 

A-mis'i-as 

A-mis'saa 

A-mi'sum,  or  A-mi'- 
sus 

Am-i-ter'num 
Am-i-tha'oii ,  or  Am-y- 

tlia'on 
Am-ma'lo 
Am-nii-a'nu3 
tAm-mo-chos'tos 
Am'mon,  or  Ham'- 

mon 
Am-mo'ni-a 
Am-mo'ni-i 
Am-mo'ni-us 
Am-ino'the-a 
*Am-nem'o-ne3 
Ani'ni-a3 
Am-ni'su3 
*Am-ni'tea 
Am-OB-bai'us 
Ara-o-me'tii3 
•*Am-om-phar'e-tus 
A'mor 
A-mor'ges 
A-mor'gos 
Am'pe-lus 
Am-pe-lu'si-a 
Am-phe'a 
Am-phi-a-la'U3 
*Am-phi'a-his 
Am-phi'a-nax 
tAm-phi-a-ra'i-de3 
Am-[)bi-a-ra'us 
*Am-phi-ar-a-e'um 
Am-piii-cle'a 
Am-phic'ra-tes 
Aiii-phic'ty-on 
tAm-phic-ty'o-nes 
Ani-pbid'a-mu3 
*Am-phid'o-li 
Am-piii-dro'ini-a 
Am-phi-ge'ni-a,  or 

Am-phi-ge-ni'a 
Am-pliil'o-chus 
Ani-phil'y-tus 
Ani-phim'a-chu3 
Am-phiin'e-don 
Am-phin'o-me 
A*m-phin'o-mU3 
Am-pbi'on 
*Am-phip'a-gu3 
Am-phip'o-le3 
Am-phip'o-Ii3 
Ain-phip'y-ro3 
Am-plii-re'tus 
Am-phir'o-e 
Ain'phi3 
*Ani-phi'sa 
Am-phis-ba;'na 
Am-phis'sa 
Am-pbis-se'ne 
Ain-pliis'su3 
Am-phis'the-nes 
Am-pbis-ti'de3 
Ain-phis'tra-tus 
*Am-plii'sus 
Am-phit'e-a 
*Am-phi-the-a'tnim 
Am-piiilh'e-inis 
Aiii-pbith'o-e 
Am-phi-tri'te 
Am-phit'ry-on 
Ain-phit-ry-o-ni'a-dcs 
Ani'phi-tiis 
*Ain-pbi'u3 
Ain-pbot'e-rus 
Am-pliry'.sus 
*Ani'py-cu3 
Aiiip'sa-ga 
Aiiip'sa-gas 
*Am-pyc'i-dc3 
Ani-pys'i-des 
Ain'pyx 
Am-sanc'tus 
A-mu'li-us 
A-iny'cbi 
*Am'y-cliB 
HA-my'cliE 
tAm-y-clic'ua 
*A-my'cla8 
*Am-y-cli'des 
Am'y-ois 
Ain'y-<lon 
Am-y-mo'ne 
A-niyn'lna 
A-myn-ti-a'niiB 
A-myii'tor 
•Am-y-ri'cu9  Caiii'- 

piis 
A-niy'ris 
A-niyr'l-in 


■4 


PRONUiNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Am'y-rii3 
A-mys'tis 
Ain-y-tlia'on 
fAiii-y  tlia-o'iii-us 
Aiii'y-tis 
*A-nab'a-sis 
*A-iiab'ii-l!c 
tAii-a-ce'i-ji 
Aii'a-ces,  or  f  A-iiac'- 
les 

An-a-cliar'sis 
A-iia'ci-um,  or  *Aii-a- 

ci'titn 
*Aii-a-cle'tU3 
A-na'crc-on 
An-ac-to'ri-a,  or  An- 

ac-to'ri-iini 
fAn-ac-to'h-o 
*A-iiac'to-riiiii 
An-a-dy-om'o-iie 
A-nag'ni-a 
Au-a-gy-ron'tum 
*A-nag'y-ru9 
An-a-i'tis 
tAn-a-iii'as 
Aa'a-plie 
Aii-a-pl)lys'tu3 
t  A-iia'pi-us 
A-iia'pu3 
♦A-iiar'gy-ri 
A-nar'tLS 
A'na3 

*A-iialli'e-m& 

A-iiat'o-Ie 

A-naii'chi-das 

A-naii'rus 

A-nau'si3 

A'nax 

An-ax-ag'o-ras 

An-a.v-aii'der 

An-ax-an'dri-des 

An-ax-ar'clius 

Aii-ax-ar'e-to 

Aii-ax-o'nor 

A-nax'i-as 

An-ax-ib'i-a 

An-ax-ic'ra-tos 

tAn-ax-iil'a-inus,  or 

1f*A-nax-i-da'iiiu3 
A-nax'i-Ias,  or  A-nax- 

i-la'us 
An-ax-il'i-des 
A-nax-i-maii'der 
An-ax-im'e-ncs 
An-ax-ip'o-li3 
An-ax-ip'pu3 
Ari-ax-ir'riio-e 
A-nax'ia 
A-nax'o 
An-ca;'U3 
An-ca-li'tes 
An-ca'ri-u3 
*An-clia'ie3 
Aii-clia'ri-a 
An-cha'ri-U9 
*An-cha'te3 
An-cliem'o-lU3 
An-clie-si'tes 
An-ches'mus 
An-chi'a-la,  or  Aii- 

chi'a-le 
•An-chi-a-li'a 
An-chi'a-Ius 
An-chi-mo'li-U9 
An-chin'o-e 
fAn-clii'sa 
fAn-clii'se 
An-chi'ses 
An-chis'i-a 
An-clii-si'a-de3 
An'cho-c 
tAnch'o-ra 
An-chu'ru3 
An-ci'le 

An'con,  or  An-co'iia 

An'cus  Mar'li-us 

An-cy'le 

fAn-cy'ra 

An-cy'ra 

*An-cy'ron 

An'da 

*An-dah'a-Ii3 

An-dab'a-tiB 

•An-da'na 

An-da'ni-a 

An-de-ca'vi-a 

*An-de-ga'vum 

•An-de'ra 

An'des,  or  f  An-de- 

ca'o-ne3 
An-doc'i-des 
An-dom'a-lis 
An-dr;e'inon 
An-dra-ga'thi-U3 
An-drag'a-thu9 
An-drag'o-ras 


An-drain'y-Ies 

An-dro'as 

*Aii'drc-a3 

*An'drc-us 

•Aii-drc'iiion 

*An'dri-a 

Aii'dri-clu3 

An'drion 

An-dri3'cus 

An-dro'bi-119 

An-dro-cle'a 

t  An-dro'ol(!3 

An'dro-clos 

An-dro-cli'de3 

An-dro'cIu3 

An-dro-cy'de3 

An-drod'a-imis 

t  Aii-dro'dus 

An-dro'ge-03 

An-dro'ge-u3 

An-drog'y-n.T 

*An-driig'y-iiii3 

An-droin'a-clic 

An-dro  ma-chi'du; 

An-drom'a-cliu3 

An-droiii'a-da3 

An-droiii'e-da 

*An-droni'e-dc9 

An'droii 

An-dro-ni'cns 

An-dropli'a-iri 

An-dro- poiii 'pus 

An'dros 

An-dros'the-nc3 

An-dro'ti-on 

Aii-e-lon'ti3 

An-e-moTi-a 

An-e-mo'sa 

An-e-ras'tu3 

*A-ne'tor 

An-fin'o-inus,  or  fAm- 

phin'o-nius 
*An'ga-ri 
An-ge'Ii-a 
An-gc'li-on 
An'ge-lU3 
An-gi'te3 
tAng'li 
fAn-gli'a 
An'grus 
An-gru-it'i-a 
A'ni-a 
An-i-ce'tU8 
A-nic'i-a 
A-nic'i-um 
A-nic'i-u3  Gal'liis 
*A-ni'gro3 
An'i-grus 
A'ni-o,  A'ni-en 
*An'i-sus 
Aii-i-tor'gis 
A'ni-U3 
An'na 

tAn'na  Coni-nc'na 

An-ni-a'nu3 

An'ni-bal 

An'iii-bi 

An-nic'e-ri3 

*An-ni-cho'ri 

tAn'ni-u3  Scap'u-la 

*A-no'IU3 

An'non,  or  Han'no 

♦An'o-nu3 

An-o-ps'a 

An'ser 

An-si-ba'ri-a 

An-te'a 

An-ta;'a3 

fAn-tiE-op'o-lis 

An-tffl'u3 

An-tag'o-ras 

An-tal'ci-das 

An-tan'der 

An-tan'dro3 

*An-te'a 

An-tei'u3 

An-tem'iiiB 

An-te'nor 

An-te-nor'i-defl 

An-tcr-bro'gi-us 

An'te-ro3 

*An'te-ru3 

An-the'a 

An'thc-as,  or  fAii- 

the'as 
An-the'don 
An-llie'la 
An'the-mis 
An'lhc-mon 
An'the-mus 
An-the-niu'si-a 
An-the'ne 
An-ther'mu3 
*An-the'ru9 
An'tlie3 

An-Uies-pho'ri-a 


An-thes-te'ri-a 

An-tlie'u3 

Aii-lhi'a 

Aii-llii'as,  or  »Aii'tlii- 
:is 

*Aii'llii-na! 
Aii'tlii-uiii 
An'tlii-U3 
Aii'llio 
An-tlio'rc3 
Aii-llira'ci-a 
An-tliro-pi'nu3 
*An-tliro-po-nior-plii'- 
ta: 

An-tliro-poph'a-gi 
Aii-thyl'la 
An-ti-a-ni'ra 
An'ti-as 

*An-ti-bac-clii'us 

*Aii-tic'a-iii3 

*An-tic'a-to 

*An-ticli'tlio-niH 

*Aii-tic-i-no'lis 

An-ti-cle'a 

An'ti-cles 

An-ti-cli'dcs 

An-tic'ra-gii9 

Aii-tic'ra-te3 

An-tic'y-'''i 

An-tid'o-mus 

An-tid'o-tu3 

An-tig'e-ne3 

An-ti-gcn'i-tla3 

*An-ti-gc-ni'da3 

An-tig'o-na 

An-lig'o-ne 

JAii-ti-go-nc'a 

An-ti-go'ni-a 

*An-ti-go-ni'a 

An-tig'o-iiu3 

An-til'co 

An-ti-lib'a-ini3 

An-til'o-clms 

An-tiin'a-clui3 

Aii-tim'e-nes 

fAn-tin'o-e 

*Au-tin-o-e'a 

Aii-ti-iioe'i-a 

An-ti-nop'o-lis 

An-tiii'o-us 

Aii-ti-o'chi-a,  or  *An- 

ti-o-chi'a 
An-ti'o-chi3 
An-ti'o-chus 
*An-ti'o-pa 
An-ti'o-po 
Aii-ti-o'ru3 
tAn-ti-pa'ro3 
*An-tip'a-ro3 
An-tip'a-tcr 
An-ti-pa'tri-a 
*An-ti-pa-tri'a 
An-ti-pat'ri-das 
An-tip'a-tris 
An-tipli'a-ne3 
An-tipli'a-te3 
An-tiph'i-lu3 
An'ti-phon 
An-tiph'o-nu3 
An'ti-plius 
*An-tip'o-de3 
An-ti-pa3'nu3 
An-tip'o-li3 
*An-tir'rlii-uni 
•Aii-tir'rho-dos 
An-tis'sa 
An-tis'tlie-ne3 
An-tis'ti-u9 
An-tith'e-us 
An'ti-um 
An-tom'e-nes 
An-to'ni-a 
An-to'ni-i 
An-to-ni'na 
An-to-ni'iiu3 
An-to-ni-op'o-lis 
An-to'ni-u3 
An-tor'i-des 
A-nu'bi3 
Anx'i-us 
Anx'ur 
*Anx'u-ru3 
An'y-ta 
An'y-tu3 
An-za'be 
fA-ob'ri-ca,  or 

t  A-hob'ri-ca 
A-ol'li-U3 
A'on 
A'o-ne3 
t  A-o'ni-a 
fA-on'i-des 
A-o'ris 

A-or'no3,  or  fA-or'nis 

t  A-or'8i 

*A-o'ru» 


A-o'ti 

*A-o'U3 

A-pa'i-tiB 
A-pa'iiia 
A-pii'me 

Ap-a-ine'a,  or  Ap  a- 

ini'a 
*Ap-a-inc'no 
A-par'iii 
Ap-a-tu'ri-a 
A-po-au'ros 
*A-pe-li-o'tes 
A-pel'la  » 
A-pel'le3 
*Ap-el-le'ti3 
A-pel'li-coii 
Ap-fn-ni'iiU3 
A'pcr 

*Ap-e-ran-ti'a 
Ap-e-ro'pi-a 
Ap'c-siis,  tAp'u-s;is, 

or  t  Ap'e-san-les 
Apli'a-ca 
*Apli'a-co 
A-pliaj'a 
A'phar 
Apli-a-rc'tU3 
Apli-a-rc'us 
♦A-plia're-u3 
A'plias 
A-pliel'las 
Aph'e-sa3 
Aph'e-tiD 
*  A-plic'tor 

Apli'i-das,  or  *A-plii'- 

das 
A-pliid'na 
A-phid'iui3 
*Aph-ii(;'um 
Apii-oc-he'tU3 
A-phri'ces 
*Apli-io-dis'c-u3 
A|)li-ro-dis'i-a 
tApli-ro-dis'i-a3 
Apli-ro-di'sum 
Apli-ro-di'te,  or  *Aph- 

ro-di'la 
tApli-ro-di-top'o-Ii3 
A-|)liy'te,  or  f  A-pliy'- 

tia 
A'pi-a 
A-pi-a'nii3 
Ap-i-ca'ta 
A-pic'i-u3 
A-pid'a-nus 
*A-pid'o-nes 
Ap'i-na,  or  fA'pi-iiae 
A-pi'o-la,  or  fA-pi'o-lte 
A'pi-on 
A'pi3 
A-pit'i-u3 
*A-poc'o-pa 
*Ai>-o-do'li 
A-pol-li-na'rc3 
A-pol-li-na'ri3 
Ap-ol-liii'e-us 
A|)-oI-lin'i-de3 
A-pol'U-ui3 
A-pol'lo 
Ap-ol-loc'ra-te3 
A-pol-lo-do'ru3 
Ap-ol-lo'ni-a 
A-pol-lo-ni'a-des 
Ap-ol-lo'ni-as 
Ap-ol-Ion'i-des 
Ap-ol-lo'ni-us 
Ap-ol-Ioph'a-ncs 
*A-pol'ly-on 
A-po-iny-i'o3 
A-po-ni-a'na 
A-po'ni-u3 
Ap'o-nu3 
Ap-03-tro'plii-a 
Ap-o-the-o'si3 
Ap-pi'a-des 
Ap-pi-a'nns 
Ap'pi-a  Vi'a 
Ap'pi-i  Fo'rum 
Ap'pi-U3 
Ap'pu-la 

A'pri-es,  or  A'pri-us 
Ap-sin'thi-i 
Ap'si-nus 
tAp'sii3 
Ap'te-ra 
Ap-u-le'i-a 
Ap-u-le'i-u9 
A-pu'li-a 
•Ap'u-lus 
Ap-u-scid'a-mu9 
*Ap'y-ri 
A-<iua'ri-U9 
•Aq'iii-la 
Aq-ui-la'ri-a 
Aq-ui-le'i-a,  or  f  Aq- 
ui-le'gi-a 


A-qiiil'i-u3 

A-<|iiil'li-a 

Aq'iii  lo 

A<i-iii-l(i'ni  a 

*A-iiMi'nas 

A  iiiiiii'i  113 

A-qiii'iiiitn 

Aq-ui-ta'ni-a 

*Aq-ui-taii'i-cu9 

*Aq'ui-tes 

A'ra 

Ar-a-bar'chu3 
*Ar'a-bc3 
A-ra'bi-a 
A-rab'i-cti3 
Ar'a-bis,  or  Ar'bis 
A'rabs,  or  Ar';i-liii3 
A-rai-.'c;i,  or  A-ri-r'- 
c.i 

A-racli'iic 
*Ar-arIi-ne'a 
Ar-a-clio'si-a 
Ar-a-cho'ta;,  or  Ar-a- 

clio'ti 
A-rac'tbi-a3 
Ar-a-cil'liim 
Ar-a-co'si-i 
Ar-a-cyn'lhU3 
Ar'a-du3 
A'ra; 

*Ar-a-plii'a 

A'rar 

*Ar'a-ri3 

Ar'a-ru3 

*Ar-a-te'ii3 

Ar-a-thyr'e-a 

A-ra'tu9 

*A-rau'ri-cU3 

*A-ra'vus 

*Ar-ax-c'nu9 

A-rax'e3 

Ar-ba'ces,  or  Ar'ba- 
ces 

Ar-be'la,  or  Ar'bc-la 

*Ar-be'lus 

Ar'bis 

Ar-bo-ca'la 

*Ar-bo'na 

Ar-bus'cu-Ia 

*Ar'ca-de3 

Ar-ca'di-a 

Ar-ca'di-us 

Ar  ca'num 

Ar'cas 

tAr'ce 

Ar'cc-na 

Ar'ccns 

*Ar-ces'i-Ias 

Ar-ces-i-la'u3 

Ar-co'si-us 

Ar-chffi'a 

Ar-cliiE'a-nax 

Ar-cha;-at'i-da3 

Ar-chag'a-thu3 

Ar-clian'der 

Ar-chan'dro3 

Ar'clie 

*Ar-clicd'i-cu3 
Ar-cheg'e-tes 
Ar-che-la'u9 
Ar-chem'a-cliU3 
Ar-chem'o-ru3,  or 

0-pliel'te3 
Ar-ciiep'o-lis 
Ar-chep-tol'e-mu3 
Ar-clics'tra-lii3 
Ar-che-ti'inu3 
Ar-che'ti-u3 
Ar'chi-a 
Ar'chi-a3 
Ar-clil-bi'a-de3 
Ar-chib'i-us 
*Ar-chid'a-mas 
Ar-clii-da'ini-a 
*Ar-chi-da-nii'a 
Ar-clii-da'mus,  or  Ar- 

chid'a-mu3 
Ar'clii-das 
Ar-cbi-de'mU3 
Ar-clii-de'ii3 
Ar-chid'i-um 
Ar-clii-gal'Mis 
Archig'c-nc3 
Ar-chil'o-chus 
Ar-chi-mc'dc3 
Ar-chi'nu9 
Ar-chi-pcl'a-giis 
Ar-chip'o-lis 
Ar-chip'pc 
Ar-chip'pus 
Ar-chi'tis 
Ar'chon 
Ar-chon'tes 
Ar'chy-lu3 
Ar-chy'tas 
♦.\r-cit'e-nen9 


Arc-ti'nu3 

Arc-topli'y-lax 

Arc'tos 

Arc-tu'ii9 

Arc-tii'ru3 

Ar'da-1»3 

Ar  da'iii-a 

Ar-dax-a'nu3 

Ar'de-a 

Ar-de-a'tcs 

Ar  dc-ric'ca 

Ar-di-ic'i 

Ar-dis'ciis 

*Ar'dii-iiK 

Ar-ild'nc-a 

tAr-du'a 

Ar-dii-cii'na 

Ar-dii-i'ii<! 

Ar-dy-«n'si'3 

Ar'dy9 

A're 

A-ri!'a 

A-rc-ac'i-du! 

A-re'a3 

♦A-rc'gon 

A-reg'<>-iiis 

*Ar'e-la3 

Ar-e-Ia'tnm 

*Ar-e-la'lu3 

A-rel'li-iis 

Ar-e-mor'i-ca 

tA-re'na,  or  fA-re'iia; 

*A-re'no 

A-reii'a-cum 

A-re-o-pa-gi'ta; 

A-re-i>p'a-giis 

*A-re'os 

t  A're3 

A-res'ta; 

A-rcs'lha  nas 

A-res'tor 

Ar-es-tor'i-dt;s 

Ar'e-ta 

Ar-e-ta;'iis 

Ar-e-ta'lo3 

Ar-e-tapli'i-la 

*Ar'e-ta3 

A-rc'te 

*Ar'e-te 

A-re'te3 

*Ar'e-thon 

Ar-e-tliu'sa 

tAr-e-ti'ni 

Ar-e-ti'nuin 

Ar'e-lii3 

*A-re'tu3 

A're-113 

Ar-ga!'u3 

Ar'ga-Iiis 

*Ar-gan-tlio'na 

*Ar-gan-tlio-ui'um 

Ar-gath'o-na 

Ar-ga-llio'ni-u3 

Ar'ge 

Ar-ge'a 

Ar-ge-a'tliiB 

Ar-gcn'nuin 

Ar'ges 

Ar-ges'lra-tu9 

Ar-ge'ug 

Ar'gi 

Ar-gi'a 

Ar'gi-a3 

Ar-gi-le'timi 

Ar-gil'i-us 

Ar-gil'lu3 

Ar'gi-Iu3 

*Ar-gi'nM3 

Ar-gi-nu'sie 

Ar-gi'o-pe 

Ar-gi-pbon'loi 

Ar-gip'pi-i 

♦Ar-gilli'c-a 

Ar-gi'va 

Ar-gi'vi 

*Ar-gi'vu3 

Ar'gi-U3 

Ar'go 

*Ar-go'da 

Ar-goIM-cus 

Ar'go-lis 

Ar'gon 

Ar-go-nau'tE 

Ar'go3 

Ar-go'u9 

Ar'giis 

Ar-gyn'ni3 

tAr-gyn'nu3 

Ar-py'ra 

Ar-gy-ras'pi-de> 

Ar'gy-re 

Ar-gyr'i-pa 

♦Ar-gy-ri'pa 

*Ar-gy-roj  b-li9 

A'ri-a 

A-ri-ad'ne 


A-ri-<E'u9 
A-ri-am'nes 
A-ri-a'ni,  or  A-ri-e'ni 
A-ri-an'laa 
♦A-ri-a-ra-the'a 
A-ri-a-ra'tlics 
*A-ri-as'nie-nii3 
Ar-ib-ba:'u8 
*Ar'i-bes 
A-ric'i-a 
Ar-i-ci'na 
Ar-i-du:'u3 
A-ri-e'nia 
*A-ri'c-ti9 
Ar-i-ga;'uin 
♦Ar-ig-nu'tu3 
A-ri'i 
Ar'i-ina 
Ar-i  iiias'pl 
Ar-i-iiias'pi-as 
Ar-i-iiias'tha; 
♦Ar-i-ina-lhe'a 
Ar-i-ma'zes 
Ar'i-mi 
A-riiii'i-num 
A-rini'i-nus 
Ar-im-plia;'i 
Ar'i-mus 
*Ar'i-ne3 
A-ri-o-bar-za'nes 
A-ri-o-irian'des 
A-ri-o-iiiar'dii3 
A-ri-o-iiie'de3 
A-ri'on 
A-ri-o-vis'tU3 
*Ar-i-pi'tlie3 
A'ri3 
A-ris'ba 
Ar-i3-ta;n'e-tu9 
Ar-is-ta!'um 
Ar-is-tiE'u3 
Ar-i3-tag'o-ra3 
Ar-is-taii'der 
Ar-is-tan'dro3 
Ar-is-lar'clie 
Ar-is-tar'chu3 
A-ris-ta-za'nes 
A-ris'te-as 
A-ris'tc-ra; 
A-ris'te-u3 
A-ris'the-ne3 
A-ris'lhus 
Ar-is-ti'bu3 
Ar-is-ti'de3 
Ar-i3-til'lu3 
Ar-is-tip'pu3 
A-ris'li-u3 
fA-ris'to,  or  A-ris'- 
ton 

A-ris-»o-bu'la 

A-ris-to-bu'lu3 

A-ris-to-cle'a 

A-ris'to-cles 

A-ris-to-cli'des 

Ar-is-toc'ra-tes 

Ar-is-to'cre-on 

Ar-is-toc'ri-tui 

*A-ris-to-da'ma 

A-ris-to-de'mu3 

Ar-is-tog'e-nC3 

A-ris-to-gi'ton 

A-ris-to-la'us 

Ar-is-tom'a-chc 

Ar-is-toin'a-cliU3 

A-ris-to-me'dca 

Ar  is-tom'c-nes 

A-ris-to-nau'ta; 

A-ris-to-ni'cu3 

Ar-is-lon'i-<le3 

♦Ar-i3-ton'o-U3 

A-ris'to-nu3 

Ar-is-ton'y-mu3 

Ar-is-toph'a-nes 

A-ris-to-phi-li'du3 

A-ris'to-phon 

*A-ris-to-phy'li 

A-ris'tor 

Ar-is-tor'i-des 

Ar-is-tot'e-lc3 

A-ris-t()-ti'mu9 

Ar-is-tox'c-nu9 

A-ris'tii9 

Ar-is-tyl'lu3 

A'ri-iis,  {the  heretic) 

♦A-ri  'iis,  or  Ar'i-aa 

*A-ri'u3 

*A-ri'i 

•Ar'nie-ne 

Ar'me-ne3 

Ar-mc'ni-a 

Ar-mcn-ta'ri-us 

Ar-mil'la-tus 

Ar-mi-lu3'tri-uin 

Ar-min'i-us 

Ar-mor'i-ca! 

•Ar-mor'i-cus 


PRONUNCIATION  OF 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 

 ■  ■ — 

*Ar'mo-zon 

As-tc-ru'si-us 

A*/ 

At  ro-po3 

.         . . 
Av-cn-ti  nus 

ifai'  uus 

Bau'li 

Ar'ne 

A~ru  'c-ris 

A.s-tiii'o-niG 

A-ver'nus,  or  A-vcv'- 

'^Kai-ce'a 

Ba'  vi-u8 

Ar'ni 

As-ti'o-chus 

*At-tac  o-r® 

na 

Ba-Io-a're3 

*Bav'o-ta 

fAr-ni-en'sis 

A-run  ii-us 

'*At-ta-Ii'u 

A-ves'ta 

Ba-le'tus 

Baz-a-en'tes 

Ar-nu'bi-us 

*Ar-u-pi'nuiii 

As-ivnj  a 

^t-ta'li-a 

A-vid-i-e'nus 

*B€iI-is-be'ga 
Ba-Iis'ia 

Ba-za'ri-a 

Ar'nus 

Ar-u-pi  It  us 

As-ti'uj'us 

At'ta-lus 

A-vid'i-us  Cas'si-us 

*Be-a'trix 

Ar'o-a 

^"^"^^ !/ 

A^^'f'^ 

At-tar'ras 

A-vi-e'nu3 

Ba'Ii-us 

Be'bi-us 

*Ar'o-e 

A  r- VI 1  ^-gus 

A^'tu'ra 

t  At-t(*g'u-a 

*A-vi'tu3 

Hal-Ion'oti 

Be-bri'a-cum 

Ar'o-ina 

Ar-vis'i-uiii J  or  Ar-vi  - 

At-te'i-us  Cap'i-to 

A'vi-uni 

Bal-veii'ti-U3 

Beb'ry-ce 

*A-ro'ma 

As'tu-res 

Af/tf  ^ 

Ax'e-nus 

*Bal'y-ra 

Beb'ry-ceSj  and  Be- 

*A-roin'a-ta 

/\.-ry— an  qcs 

*As-tu'ri-cu3 

At  tins 

Ax-i'o-chus 

Bal  'y-ras 

bryc'i-i 

fA-rom'a-tuin 

Ar'y-bas 

As-t  V  'a-g6 

Ax-i'on 

*Bain-b3''ce 

Be-bryc'i-a 

*Ar'o-toe 

Ar-yp-tffi  us 

As-ty 'a-jrti3 

At  tl-CUS 

Ax-i-o-ni'cu3 

*Ba-inu'rtE 

*Be-chi'res 

*Ar-o-te'res 

f  A-ryx  a-ta 

As-ty  a-lus 

At-ti-(ia'tt.'3 

*Ax-i-o'ttC 

Bam-u-ru'jE 

*Be-chi'ri 

*A-rot're-bK 

A-san'd^r 

As-ty  'a-iiax 

At'ti-la 

Ax-i-o'le-a 

*Ba-ni-u'b(E 

*Bel'a-te9 

Ar'pa-ni 

As-ba-iTiG^a 

*As-ty-cra-tc'a 

At-til'i-us 

Ax-i-o'tlie-a 

Ban'ti-K 

Bel-e-mi'na 

Ar^pi 

As-bt?s'ti£j  OT  As-bys'- 

As-ty-  c  ra' t  i-a 
As-tyd'a-inas 

At-ti'nas 

f  Ax'is 

Ban'ti-us 

*Bel'e-nu3 

*Ar'pi-nas 

A  ^/K  T 

At'ti-us  Pe-!ig'nus 

Ax'i-us 

Baph'y-rus 

Bel-e-phan'  tes 

Ar-pi'miin 

As  DO~lHS 

As-ty-da-nii'a 

At-u-at'i-ci 

*A\'o-na 

Bap'tcB 

Bel'e-sis 

*Ar'qui-tus 

^  As-bo^tus 

As'ty-lus 

*Ax-o'nes,  (a  people) 

*Bar'a-do 

Bel 'gee 
Bel'gi-ca 

*Ar-ra-bo'na 

A*^^"^W  U 

As-ty  m-e-d  u  'sa 

^  /A  L  u-rus 

*Ax'o-nes,  (^tablets) 

Ba-rie'i 

*Ar-ra-chi'on 

As-cai  a-pnii3 

As-ty  n'o-me 

A-ty'a-dtE 

Ax'ur,  ayid  Anx'ur 

Bar'a-thrum 

Bel'gi-um 

Ar-r®'i 

As'ca-Iou 

As-ty  n'o-mi 

A'lys 

Ax'us 

Bar'ba-ri 

Bel'gi-us 

*Ar-re'chi 

As  -Ca '  n  i-a 

As-ty  n  'o-u  s 

*Au-cha'ts 

*A-zain'o-ra 

Bar-ba'ri-a 

*Be'li-a3 

Ar-rha-bae'us 

A  s-*c  a '  n  i— II  s 

^s-ty 'o-chCj  or  As-ty- 

*Au-de'ra 

A'zan 

*Bar-ba'tus 

JBe-Ii'des,  simr,  (^male 

Ar'ri-a 

^  As'c  llG-tU3 

o-chi'a 

Au-fe'i-a  A'qua 
Au-fi-de'na 

*A-za'ni 

Bar-bos'the-nes 

desc.  of  Selus) 

Ar-ri-a'nus 

*  As-cbc'uin 

As-ty-pa-iffi'a 

*A-ze'ca 

Bar-bytii'a-ce 

JBe'lis,  pL  Bel'i-des, 

Ar'ri-us,  or  A^ri-us 

As-ty  pli  'i-J  us 

Au -fid 'i-a 

*A-zi'de3 

Bar'ca 

(fern.  desc.  of  Selus) 

Ar-run'ti-us 

As-clG  pi-a 

f  As-ty 'ra 

Au-fid'i-us 

*A-zi'Iis 

Bar-cte'i,  or  Bar-ci'- 

Be-lis'a-ma 

Ar-sa'bes 

*As-cIe-pi'a 

*As'ly-ron 

Au'fi-du3 

A-zi'ris 

tEB 

Bel-i-sa'ri-us 

Ar'sa-ces,  or  Ar-sa'- 

As-clc-pi'a-dos 

As-ty  Von 

^^[^^ 

Az'o-nax 

Bar'ce 

Bel-is-li'da 

ces 

As  -c  1  tJ-p  i-o-d  o '  ru  s 

As'y-cliis 

Au'ge,  ana  Au-ge'a 
Au'ga-rus 

A-zo'rus 

Bar'cha 

Bel'i-tfE 

Ar-sa'ci-a 

As-clc-pi-o-do'tus 

A-Zo'tU3 

*Bar'ci-no 

*BeI-Iag'i-nes 

Ar-sac'i-dcB 

*As-clG-pi-od'{>-tus 

A-syl'lus 

Au'ge-a? 
*Au-gi'as 

*Bar-ci'nus 

Bel-ler'o-phon 

Ar-sam'e-nes 

As-cIb' pi-US 

*A-syn'cri-tus 

Bar-dae'i 

Bel-le'ru3 

Ar-sain'e-tes 

As-clG-la'ri— on 

A-tab'u-lu3 

Au'gi-aSj  ajid  Au'gc- 

*Bar-da'ne3 

*Bel'le-rus 

Ar-sam-o-sa'ta 

A  c'^liic 

At-a-by 'ris 

A    •  t 

T) 

n. 

Bar'di 

Bel-Ii-e'nus 

*Ar-sa-mos'a-la 

As-co'li-a 

*A-tab'y-ris' 

Au  gl-lfl3 

1  Bar-di'ne 

Bel-lo'na 

Ar-sa'nes 

As-co'ni~us  La'bc-o 

At-a-by-ri'tG 

Au-gi'nu3 

r><ir-uyriis 

Bel-Io-na'ri-i 

Ar-sa'ni-as 

As 'era 

At'a-ce 

Au'gu-rG3 

Ba-re'a 

Bel-lov'a-ci 

Ar-se'na 

As'cu-ium 

f  At'a-ces 

Au-gus'ta 

— 

Ua-dil'i-its 

*oa're-a 

*Bel-Io-o-va'cum 

Ar'ses 

As'dru-bal 

At-a-lan'ta 

Au-gus-ta'l  i-a 

uau'i-ius 

Ba're-as  So-ra'iuis 

Bel-lo-ve'sus 

*Ar-se'sa 

*At-a-ly'da 

Au-gus-ti'nus 

r>nl-i/..  Inn 

baD'y-ion 

Ba'fes 

Be'Ion 

Ar'si-a 

A-sel  li-o 

At-a-ran'tes 

*Au-gus-to-nein'e- 

Bab-y-lo'ni-a 

■*Bar'go-se 

*Bel'phe-gor 

Ar-si-dffi'ua 

*A-se'us 

A-tar'be-chis 

tuni 

Bab-y-lo'ni-i 

Bar-gu'si-i 

Be'ltis 

Ar-sin'o-e 

A'si-a 

A-tar'ga-tis 

Au-gus'tu-Ius 

Ba-byr'sa 

Ba-ri'ne 

*Beni-bi'na 

fAr-si'tes 

*A-si-ag'e-ne3 

A-tar'ne-a 

Au-gus'tus 

Ba-byt'a-ce 

*Bar'i-sas 

Be-na'cus 

Ar-ta-ba'nus 

A-si-at^i-cus 

A'tas,  and  A'tha3 

Au-Ies'tes 

Bac-a-ba'sus 

Ba-ris'ses 

*Ben-di-di'a 

f  Ar-ta-ba-za'ncs,  or 

*A-si-a-ge'les 

A 'tax 

Au-Ic'tes 

Bac'chEB 

Ba'ri-uin 

Ben-did'i-ura 

t  Ar-tain'e-nes 

A-si'las 

A'te 

Au'lis 

*Bac-cha'naI 

Bar'nu-us 

Ben'dis 

Ar-ta-ba'zus 

^.'\-Sr  lUS 

A-tel'Ia 

*Au-lo-crc'nc 

Bac-c  ha-na'Ii-a 

Bar-si'nCj  and  Bar-se'- 

Ben-e-did'i-um 

Ar'ta-bri,  or  Ar-ta- 

As'i-na,  or  As'i-nc 

At'e-na 

Au'Ion 

Bac-chan'tes 

Ben-e-ven'tum 

bri'ta; 

As-i-na'ri-a 

At-e-no-ma'nis 

Au-lo  ni-U3 

*  Bac-cht'is 

Bar-za-cn  tcs 

Ben-the-sic'y-ine 

Ar-ta-cie'as 

As-i-na  ri-us 

*A-ter'ga-tis 

AuOus 

*  Bac-che'u3 

Bar-za'ncs 

Be-pol-i-ta'iiu9 

Ar-ta-cffi'na 

As'i-ncs 

Alh-a-ma'nes 

A  ^  ^^f\  • 

Bac'cJii 

*  Ba-sc'ra 

Ber'bi-cffi 

Ar'ta-ce 

A-sin'i-us  Gal'lus 

Ath'a-inas 

A u-i'c  li-a 

Bac-ciii'a-diE 

£>  js-i-ic  a 

Ber-e-cyn'thi-a 

Ar-ta-ce'ne 

A  si -us 

Ath-a-man-ti'a-des 

Au-TG-Ii-a  nu3 

*Bac-chi'das 

*Bas-i-li  a 

|Ber  «-cyn'lhu3 

Ar-ta'ci-a 

As-na  us 

Alh-a-na'si-U3 

A  u-rc'l  i-us 

Bac'chi-dcs 

Bas-i-li'dcG 

Ber-«-ni'ce 

Ar-tai'i 

A-so'phis 

*A-than'a-ti 

Au-re  o-lus 

Bac'chis,  or  jBa'lus 

Bas-i-li'de3 

Bw-e-ni'cis 

*Ar-ta-ge'ra3 

A-so  pi -a 

Ath  a-nis 

Au-ri  ga 

Bac'chi-iim 

*Bas-i-Ii'i 

*Bef'gi-ne 

Ar-tag'e-ras,  or  f  Ar- 

As-o-pi'a-d63 

A'tlic-as 

Au-rin  i-a 

*Bac-chi'uni 

Ba-sil-i-o-pot'a-iTio3, 

Ber'gi-on 

tag-i-cer'ta 

A-so'pis 

A-the'na 

Au-ro'ra 

*Baochi'us,  (^metrical) 

or  *Ba-siI-i-o-pot  a- 

Ber-gis'la-ni 

Ar-ta-ger'sea 

A-so'pu3 

A-the'niE 

Au-run'ci 

Bac'clii-us 

*Ber'go-nium 

Ar-ta'nes 

*  As-pal-a-thi'a 

Ath-e-ncE'a 

A  u-run-cu-Ie'i-us 

Bac'chus 

lias  i-lis 

Be'ris,  and  Ba'ris 

*Ar-ta'o-zug 

As-pani'i-t?ires 

Ath-e-naj'um 

Aus-chi's£e 

Bac-cliyl'i-des 

Ba-sil'i-iiSj  (a  person) 

Ber'nii-us 

*Ar-ta-pa'nu3 

As-pa-ra'gi-um 

Ath-e-nte'us 

Aus'ci 

*Ba-ce'Iu3 

*Bas-i-li'uSj  ^a  river) 

Ber'o-e 

Ar-la-plier'ne3 

As-pa'si-a 

Ath-e-nag'o-ras 

Au'seTj  or  Au'se-ris 

Ba-ce'nis 

Bas'i  -lus 

Be-ra'a 

Ar-ta'tiis 

As-pa-si  'rus 

Alb-e-na'is 

Au'ses 

Ba'cis 

Bas'saB 

Ber-o-ni'cc 

Ar-Ui-vas'des 

As-pa'si-us 

A-lhe'ni-on 

Au'son 

*Bac'o-ni3 

Bas-sa'ni-a 

Be-ro'sus 

Ar-tax'a,  or  Ar-tax'i- 

As-pas'tcs 

A-then'o-cles 

*Au'so-nes 

Bac'tra 

Bas-sa  rc-us 

Ber-rh(E'a 

as 

*  As-pa-lli  c'sis 

A-lhen-o-do'ru3 

Au-so'ni-a 

Bac'trij  and  Bac-tri-a'- 

|Bas-sar'i-dG3 

♦Be-ryb'ra-ceg 

t  Ar-tax'a-res 

As-pa-llii'nt?3 

A'the-os 

*Au-son'i-da0 

ni 

Bas'sa-ris 

Ber'y-tu3 

*  Ar-lax-as'a-ta 

As-pf?n'du9 

Ath'e-sis 

Au-so'ni-us 

Bac-tri-a'na,  or  Bac'- 

Bas'sus  Au-fid'i-us 

*Be-ry'tus 

Ar-tax'a-ta 

*As-plial-ti'tcs  Tja'- 

*AtIi'm(>-niim 

Aus'pi-ces 

tri-a 

Bas-tar'naj,  and  Bas- 

*Bes'a-ra 

Ar-tax-erx'es 

cus 

A'thos 

*Aus-ta-ge'na 

Bac'tros 

ter'n*B 

*Bes'a-ro 

Ar-tax'i-as 

As'pis 

*A-tho'ug 

Aus'ter 

fBa-cun'ti-us 

Bas'ti-a 

Be-sid'i-ffi 

Ar-la-yc'tes 

As-ple'don 

*A-thruI'Ia 

Aus-te'si-on 

Bad'a-ca 

Be-sip'po 

Ar-ta-yn'ta 

As-po-re  U9 

A-thy  m'bra 

Au-ta-ni'ti3 

Ba  di-a 

*IIat-a-no'c  11113 

Bes'si 

Ar-ta-yn'tcs 

As'sa 

*Atli'y-ra3 

Au-to-bu'Ius,  or  At-a- 

*Bad-i-cho'ra 

Ba-ta'vi 

Bes'sus 

*Ar'te-ina3 

As-sa-hi'nu3 

A'ti-a 

bu'lus 

Ba'di-us 

Ba-ta'vi-a 

Bes'ti-a 

Ar-teni-ba'res 

As-sar'a-cu3 

A -til 'i-a 

*Au-toc'a-ne3 

Bad-u-hen'ncB 

*Ba-ta'vuSj  or  Bat'a- 

*Bes-yn-ge'li 
*Be-tar'ino-ne3 

Ar-tem-i-do'ru9 

*As-se'ra 

A-tiI'i-u9 

Au-toch'tho-nes 

Ba;'bi-U9 

Ar'Uj-mis 

As-se-ri'ni 

A-til'la 

Au'to-cles 

*Bre-so'la 

i>a  iiios 

tBet'a-9i 

Ar-te-mis'i-a 

*  AS-St*'tiU3 

A-ti'na 

Au-toc'ra-tes 

*BcB-tIio'ron 

Buth'y-clcs 

*Be-tho'ron 

Ar-lo-inis'i-urn 

■f  As-so'rus 

A-ti'nas 

Au-to-cre'ne 

BK'tis 

Ba-thyl'lus 

*Bet'i-ra 

Ar-le-rni'ta 

As'sos 

A-tin'i-a 

*Au-toI'e-inU3 

Bic'ton 

Ba-ti'a,  or  Ba'li-a 

Bc'tis 

Ar'Uj-rnon 

*As-su-c'ru3 

At-lan'tes 

Au-tol'o-lffi 

*  Bag-a-da'o-nes 

Ba-ti-a  tus 

Be-tu'ri-a 

fAr-le-iiio'na 

As-syr'i-a 

At-lan-ti'a-des 

*Au-lol'o-lc3 

*Ba-g*:'sus 

*Ba-ti-e'a 

Bi'a 

Ar-lc'na  v 

As'ta 

At-Ian'ti-des 

Au-lol'y-cus 

Ba-gis'ta-ine 

Ba-ti'na,  and  Bnn-ti'- 

Bi-a'nor 

Arth^ni  11^4 

f  As-tab'o-ras 

At'las 

Au-toin'a-te 

*Ba-gis'ta-na 

iia 

Bi'as 

Ar-tini'pa-sa 

As-la-cce'ni 

*At'ino-ni 

Ati-tom'e-ilon 

Ba-gis'ta-nes 

*Bat'i-na 

Bi-bac'u-Uis 

|Ar  lo-bar-za'nes,  or 

As'ta-cus 

A-tos'sa 

Au-to-me-du'sa 

Ba-go'as,  and  Ba-go'- 

Ba'tis 

Bib'a-ga 

t  Ar-lo-bar'za-nea 

*  As-ta^ge'ni 

At'ra-cc9 

Au-toin'e-nea 

sas 

Ba'to 

Bib'li-a,  and  Btl'li-a 

Ar  loch'mcs 

As'ta-pa 

At-ra-myt'ti-um 

Au-lom'o-li 

Bag-o-da'res 

Ba'tou 

fliib'Ii-na 

Ar-to'na 

As'ta-pus 

At'ra-pe3 

Au-ton'o-e 

Ba-gopli'a-nes 
*Ba-go'u3 

Bat-ra-clio-iiiy-o-iiia'- 

Bib-li'na 

Ar-to'ni-ii8 

As-lar'te 

A'irax 

*Au-ton'o-u« 

chi-a 

Bib'lis,  or  Bi'blis 

Ar-lon'tf?a 

*AH-tcl'6*bo 

At  ro  ba'lro 

Au-toph-ra-da'lo3 

Bag'ra-da 

*Bat'ra-cliu3 

Bib'lus,  or  Bi'blus 

*Ar-to-!ro'ciifi 
Ar-tnx'a-ro8 

Afi'tcr 

Al  rc-ba'lcB 

*An-tri'cum 

Bai'o) 

*Bat'ta-ru3 

Bi-brac'lo 

AH-lcVi-a 

A-lro'ni 

Au-trig'o-ncs 

Ba'Ia 

liat-ti'a-doa 

Bib'u-Ius 

Ar-tii'ri-UH 

A»-le'ri-on,  or  As  te'- 

A'tre-us 

f  Au-tu'ra 

Ba-la'crufl 

Bat'tis 

Bi'crs 

Ar-tj  'lies 

ri-u3 

A-tri'dtc 

Aux-<''Hi-a 

Bal  a-na'griB 

Bat'tiis 

Bi'con 

Ar-t>  n'i-a 

♦As'le-ris 

A-lri'dcs 

*Aux'i-mon 

Ba-la'nus 

llai'u-Ium 

Bi-ct)r'ni-ger 

Ar-lyn'to-na 

A-tro'ni-U8 

Av-a-ri'cum 

Bu-la'ri 

Bal'u-lua 

Bi-cor'nis 

Ar'u-oc 

As-ier-o-paj'ui* 

At-ro-pa-lo'ne 

*A-var'i-cu9 

*BaI'a-ni3 

Ba-tvIMufl 

*  Bi-©'  pill 

Ar-va'les,  or  fAm-bar- 

A»-ier'o-pe,  or  •A*-ter- 

At-ro-pa'ti-a 

*Av'n-scs 

Bal-blt'lus 

Baii^bo 

Hi  for'niia 

va'les 

o-pie'a 

*A-trop'a  tu8 

A-vel'la 

Bal4)i'nU8 

Bau'cia 

ISi'lrona 

mi 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Dil'hili.^ 

Bo-vil'la; 

Bii-si'ris 

Cie-ra'tiLs 

Cal-lid'ro-iiiu3 

Can-di'o-pe 

Ca-ri'niB 

Bi  iiiii'ttT 

*Eirat:'a-ra 

Bii'ta 

Caj'rc,  or  Caj'res 

Cal-li-ge'tii3 

Ca'nens 

Car'i-iio 

Bin'gt-uui 

*llr:ir  ca'ti 

Bii'(o-o 

CaT'e-sii 

*Cal  -li-gi'tus 

Can-e-pbo'ri-a 

Ca-ri'iiu9 

Bi'oii 

Bracli-iiia'nes 

Bu'tes 

*('ffir'i-te3 

Cal-liiii'a-clms 

Can'c-thuin 

♦C.i-ri'on 

•Bi-o-nc'ua 

*Bracli-iiia'ni 

*Bii'tlio-c 

Cai'sar 

Cal-lim'c-<lon 

Ca-nic-u-la'rc3  Di'cs 

Ca-ris'sa-num 

Bir'rli«3 

Braj'si-a 

Bn-tliro'tum 

Ca!3-a-re'a 

Cal-lim'c-le3 

Ca-nid'i-a 

Ca-ris'tum 

Bi-sal't!B 

Bran-chi'a-de3 

tBu-tliro'tu3 

*CiE-sa'tc-U3 

*Cal-li-ni'cu3 

Ca-nid'i-us 

''Car-ma'ni 

Bi-sal'tes 

Bian'cliida: 

Ba-tbvr'e-u3 

Ca!-sa'ri-on 

Cal-li'nu3 

Ca-nin-e-fa'te9 

Car-nia'nia 

Bi-sal'tis 

tBran'clius 

Bti-to'a 

CiE-sa-ro-du'iuim 

♦C'ol-li-o-do'ru3 

Ca-iiin'i-U9 

Car-ma'nor 

Bi-saii'tho 

Bran-cliyl'li-des 

♦Hu'to-nes 

tCa;s-a-rom'gii3 

■"Cal-li'o-paa 

Ca-nis'ti-us 

(^ar'me 

Bis'ton 

Bra<si-a! 

Bii-tor'i-dea 

Cffi-se'na 

Cal-li'o-pe 

Ca'iii-U3 

Car-me'Iu9 

*Bis'to-nes 

Bras'i-dag 

Bu'los 

CiB-sen'ni-us 

Cal-li-pa-ti'ra 

Can'no! 

Car-tnen'ta,  and  Car- 

tBis-to'ni-a 

Bras-i-de';-a 

Bu-tiiii'tum 

Cie'si-a 

Cal'li-pliuii 

*Ca-no'bU3 

mcn'tis 

Bis'to-nis 

fBras'i-las 

Bii'tus 

Cffi'si-us 

Cal'li-phron 

Ca-nop'i-cum 

Car-men-ta'lC3 

*Dis-to'ni3 

Braii're 

*(iii'zy-ge3 

Cie'so 

Cal-lip'i-da! 

C;i-no'pu3 

Car-men-ta'li.s 

Bi'tliiis 

Brau'ron 

Bii-zy'gf  3 

O-so'ni-a 

Cal-lip'o-lis 

*Can'ta-ber 

Car'mi-dcs 

Bith'y-ffi 

Bren'ni,  and  Breu'ni 

Byb-ie'si-a,  and  By- 

Ca;-so'ni-u9 

Cal'li-pus,  or  fCa-lip'- 

Caii'la-bra 

Car'na,  and  Car-din'- 

Bi-tliyn'i-a 

*Bren'ni-cu3 

bas'si-a 

CiEt'o-brix 

piis 

Can'ta-l)ri 

c-a 

*Bi-tliy'ni 
Bit'i-a3 

Brcn'niis 

Byb'li-a 
Byb'li-i 
*Ity'bli3 

Ca;t'u-lum 

Cal-lip'y-ges,  or  ♦Cal- 

Can-ta'bri-a 

Car-na'si-U9 

Bren'tlio 

<^a;'yx 

i-py'ges 

Can-t.VbriiB 

Car-ne'.i-des 

Bi'luii 

Bres'ci-a 

Ca-ga'co 

Cal-lir'lio-o 

•Can-tlia-rol'e-tliron 

Car-iic'i-a 

Bil-u-i'tii9 

Bret'ti-i 

Byl-li'o-ne3 

Ca-i-ci'iiU9 

Cal-lis'te 

Can'tha-ru3 

fCar'ne-us 

Bi-tiiii'ttiin 

Bri-a're-U3 

Byr'iliU3 

Ca-i'ciis 

Cal-lis-te'i-a,  or  *Cal- 

■►Can-the'la 

Car'ni-on 

*Bi-tu'ri-cum 

Bri'as 

Byr'sa 

Ca-i-e'ta 

lis-ti'a 

Can'tliu3 

*Car'no-nc'3 

*Bi-tu'ri-ge9 

Bri-gan'tes 

By-7.a'ci-um 

*Ca'i-pl]a9 

Cal-li3'tlie-ne9 

Can'ti-um 

Car'nu9 

*Bil'u-rix 

Brig-an-ti'nU3 

By/.  aii-ti'a-cu3 

Ca'i-ns,  and  Ca'i-a 
*Ca-je'ta 

Cal-lis'to 

Can-u-le'i-a 

Car-nu'te3 

Bi/.'i-a 

tBri-gan'ti-um 

*Hy-^an'ti-on 

Cal-lis-to-ni'cus 

Can-u-le'i-U9 

♦Car-nu'tum 

*Bi-zo'ne 

tBri-les'su3 

By-7.aii'ti-uin 

C.al'a-ber 

Cal-Iis'tra-tu9 

Ca-iiu'li-a 

■•Car-os-ce'ni 

BliE'na 

Bri'nio 

By'zaa 

Ca-Ia'bri-a 

Cal-lix'c-na 

Ca-nu'si-um 

Car-pa'9i-a,  and  Car- 

BIs'si-i 

fBri'iia 

By-7.e'nus 

Cal'.i-brus 

Cal-lix'e-uu9 

Ca-nu'si-U3 

pa'si-uni 

Blx'siJS 

Bri-se'is 

By/.'e-res 

Cal-a-giir-ril'a-iii 

Ca'lon 

Ca-mi'ti-U9 

*Car'pa-te9 

Blan-cle-no'na 

Bri'ses 

*By-/.e're9 

tCal-a-giir-ri-ta'ni 

*Cal'o-pU3 

Ca-pa'nc-us 

Car'pa-tbii9 

Blan-du'si-a 

Bri-se'tis 

By'zes 

•Cal-a-gu'ris 

Ca'lor 

C.a-pel'Ia 

♦Car-pe'ia 

Blas-to-plioB-ni'ces 

Bri-taii'ni 

Byz'i-a 

Ca-lag'u-ti3 
Cal'a-is 

Ual'pe 

Ca-pe'na 
Ca-pc'nas 

Car'pi-a 

♦Ble'my-sc 

Bri-tan'iii-a 

"►Cafpe-tMS 

■►Car-pi'a 

Blem'my-es 

nri-tan'ni-ciis 

C;U'aiiii3 

Cal-pliiir'ni  a 

Ca-pe'ni 

Car'pi3 

Rln-ni'iia 

Brit-()-inar'ti3 

Cal-a-ini'siB 

Cal-phiir'iii-U9 

Ca'per 

Car'po 

BIU'i-113 

Bril-o-iiia'rus 

(Tal'a-inos 

Cal-pur'ni-a 

Ca-pe'ttig 
*Cap'e-tu3 

Car-poph'o-ra 

Blu'ci-um 

Brjt'i>-ne3 

c 

Cal'a-mus 

Cal-u-sid'i-U3 

Car-popli'o-ru3 

tBo-ad-i-ce'a 

*Brit'o-nes,  or  Bri-to'- 

Ca-la'nu3 

Cal-u'si-um 

Ca-pba're-us 

C.ar'ra;,  and  Car'rhae 

Bo-a-dic'e-a 

nes 

Cal'a-on 

CaI'vi-a 

*Ca-phc'ri3 

Car-ri-na'te3 

Bo'ie,  and  Bo'e-a 

Brix-el'lum 

Ca-an'thus 

•Ca-laph'a-tPS 
Cal'.a-ris 

Cal-vi'na 

*Ca-pliy'!E 

Car-ru'ca 

Bo-a'gri-iis 

Brix'i-a 

Cab'a-des 

*Cal-vi'nuS 

♦Capli'yMj 

Car-se'o-!i 

*Bob-o-ne'a 

*Bri.x'i-no 

tCab'a-la 

*i;,i-la'rus 

Cal-vis'i-u3 

Ca'pi-o 

Car-ta'li-aa 

Bo-ca'li-as 

Bri'zo 

Cab'a-les 

*Cal'a-te3 

tCal'vus 

tCa-pis'-sa 

"•■Car'ta-re 

Boc'car 

Br()C-u-be'lu3 

*Ca-ba'li-i 

Cal-a-tha'na 

Cal'y-be,  or  fCa-by'Ie 

Cal-y-cad'nu3 

Cal'y-ce 

Cap-is-se'ne 

Car-te'i-a 

Boc'clio-ris 

Bro'ini-us 

Cab-a-li'nus 

Ca-la'tlii-oii 

Cap'i-lo 

*Car'te-nu3 

Boc'clius 

Bru'niiis 

*C,i-ba'lis 

Cal'a-thus 

Cap-i-to-li'mi3 

Car-tbic'a 

Bo-dii-ag-na'tus 

fBron'gus 

*Ca-bal'l.i-ca 

Ca-la'ti-a 

Ca-Iyd'i-iim 

Cap-i-to'li-um 

Car-tliag-i-ni-cn'scs 

B(i-dii'ni 

Bron'tea 

Cab-al-li'mim 

Ca-la'ti-!B 

Ca-lyd'na 

*Cap-n()b'a-tse 

Car-tlia'po 

B(E-be'i3 

Bron-ti'nus 

*Cab-al-li'nu3 

*Ca-laii're-a 

Cal'y-don 

*Cap-pad'o-cc3 

*Car-lha'lo 

BcB'bi-a 

Bru'lL'-as 

Ca-bal'li-o 

Cal-aii-re'a,  and  Cal- 

Cal-y-do'nis 

Cap-pa-do'ci-a 

Car'tlia-sis 

•Bo^e-dro'ini-a 

Bro'tbe-118 

Ca-bar'ni 

aii-ri'a 

Cal-y-do'ni-U9 

Cap'pa-dox 

*Car-the'a 

B(B-or-o-bis'la9 

Briic'te-ri 

Ca-bar'no9 

Ca-la'vi-i 

C.a-lym'ne 

Ca-pra'ri-a 

Car-vil'i-u9 

Bos-o-lar'chae 

F!rii-ma'li-a 

Ca-bas'su3 

Ca-la'vi  us 

Ca-lyn'da 

Ca'pre-a; 

Ca'rus 

•Boe-o'ti 

Brun-du'si-um 

♦Ca-be'les 

Cal'bis 

Ca-lyp'so 

Cap-ri-cor'nus 

Ca'ry-a 
*Ca'ry-tB 

BoB-o'ti-a 

Br»-Iid'i-U3 

*Ca-be'sus 

fCal-ca'gus 

tCa-iiia-lo-dii'num 

Cap-ri-fic-i-a'li9 

Boe-o'tn3 

Bru'ti-i,  or  tBrut'ti-i 

Ca-bi'ra 

Cal'ce 

Ca-man'ti-um 

Capri'ma 

Ca-ry-a't.-E 

Bo-e'tlii-U9 

Bni'tu-lus 

Ca-bi'ri 

Cal'clias 

tCa-mar'a-cuin 

Ca-prip'e-des 

JCa-ry-at'i-dc5,  pi. 
C;a-ry-a'li3 

*Bo-e'thus 

Brii'tus 

Ca-bir'i-a 

Cal-clie-do'ni-n 

Cain-a-ri'na 

Ca'pri-as 

B<)'e-tu3 

Bry'as 

Ca-hii'ra 

Cal-cliin'i-a 

*Cam-a-ri'tiB 

Ca'pri-ii3 

*Ca-ry'o-ne3 

Bo'e-u9 

Bry-ax'is 

Cab'u-rus 

CaI'diis  Ca,''li-iis 

Caiii-bau'lcs 

Cap-ro-ti'na 
Ca'prus 

*Car-ys-te'u3 

Bn'ges 

Bry'ce 

(;a'ca 

Ca'le,  Ca'Iis,  or  fCa- 

Cani'bc3 

Ca-rys'ti-U9 

Bo'sud 

Bry'ges 

Cach'.n-Iea 

le'nijm 

Cam'bre 

Cap'sa 

Ca-rys'tu3 
Ca'ry-um 

Ho'gus 

Bry'gi 

*Cac-o-da;in'o-nes 

*Ca-led'o-nes 

Cani-bu'iii-i 

Cap'sa-go 

Bo'i-i 

*Brys'e-a 
♦Brys'e-(B 

C.i'ciis 

Cal-e-(lo'ni-a 

Caiiiby'se3 
Cam-e-la'ni 

Cai)'u-a 

*Ca-sa'lo 

Bo-juc'a-lus 

Bo'la 

Ca-cu'thi9 

tCa-Ien'tuin 

Ca'pys 

Cas'ca 

*Bry-sc'(E 

Ca-cyp'a-ris 

Ca-le'nU3 

Cani-e-li'tEE 

Ca'pys  Sil'vi-us 

Cas-cel'li-us 

Bi.l'be 

Bu-ba-ce'ne 

Ca'di 

*Ca-le'tU3 

Cam'p-ra 

tCar 

Ca9-i-li'iiuin 

♦Biil-be'ne 

Bii-ba'ce3 

Cad-me'a 

Ca'les 

*Caiii-e-ra'cum 

Car-a-Iiac'tra 

Ca-si'na,  or  Ca-«i'- 

Biil-hi-ti'num 

Bii'ba-ris 

Cad-iiie'is 

Ca-le'3i-u3 

Caiii-e-ri'num,  and 

Car'a-bis 

nuin 

Bol'gi-113 

Bii-bas-ti'a-cua 

Cad'iiius 

Ca-Ie't.-B 

Ca-nier'Ii-um 

Car-a-cal'la 

*Cas'i-na 

Bo-Ii'iia 

tBii-ba3'ti3 

Ca'dra 

*Cal'e-ti 

Cain-(;-ri'riu3 

Ca-rac.'a,tc9 

Ca'si-n3 

Bul-i-nic'us 

Bii'ba-su3 

♦Cad 're-ma 

*Ca!'e-tor 

Ca-mer'te3 

Ca-rac'ta-cu3 

*Cas'me-na 

Bo-Iis'sti9 

Bii'biin 

Ca-dii'ce-u3 

*Ca-le'tor 

Ca-!iiil'la 

Ca'rtc 

Cas'ine-na 

Bol-la'iiU3 

Bii-cepli'a-la 

Ca-dur'ci 

Ca'lex 

Ca-mil'li,  and  Ca-mil'- 

Ca-ra'ii9 

Cas-mil'la 

Bo'lus 

Bu-cepli'a-lus 

Ca-dus'ci 

Ca-li-ad'no 

lic 

Car'a-lis 

Cas-pe'ri-a 

B<i-iiii-€n'sc9 

*Bu'che-ta 

*Ca-du'si 

Cal-i-ce'ni 

Ca-mil'lus 

♦Car-a-ina'lu3 

Ca.s-per'u-!a 

Bo-inil'car 

Bii-col'i-ca 

Cad'y-tis 

Ca-lid'i-ii3 

Ca-mi'ro 

fCa-ram'bri 

Cas-pi-a'na 

Boni-o-ni'cffl 

Bii-col'i-cum 

Ca;'a 

Ca-lig'ii-la 

Ca-nii'rus,  and  Ca-nii'- 

*Ca-ran'to-nu9 

C.as'pi-i 

Bo-iio'iii-a 

Bii-co'li-on 

Cic-ce'ti-us 

tCa-lip'e-de9 
Cal'i-pu3 

ra 

Car'a-iius 

*Ca3-pi'ra 

Bo-rio'9i-U3 

Bu'co-lii3 

CiK'ci-a3 

Cam-is-sa'res 

Ca-rau'si-u3 

Cas'pi-uin  Ma'ra 

•B(Mi3'ii-ra 

*Bmle'a 

C.-e-cil'i-a 

Ca'Iis 

Cani'iria 

Car'bo 

Cas-san-da'ne 

Bo-o-sii'ra 

*Bu-de'um 

Ca"-cil-i-a'nus 

Cal-la!3'clirus 

Cii-niaj'na; 

♦Car-bo'nes 

Cas-san'der 

Bo-<»'les 

Bu'di-i,  or  Bu-di'nl 

Ca;-cil'i-i 

Cal-la'i-ci 

Cani'pa'na  Lex 

•Car'bu-la 

Cas-9an'dra 

Bo-o'tu9,  or  B(S-o'tus 

*Bii-do'ri3 

CiB-cil'i-us 

*Cal-la'i-nua 

Caiii-pa'ni-a 

Car-che'don 

(Cas-saii-dre'a 

Bo're-a 

Bii-du'ruin 

C;cc'i-lu3 

Cul'Ius 

*Cam-pa'nu3 

Car-ci'mi9 

*Cas-saii-dri'a 

Bo-re'a-des 

•Bii'ge-nes 

Ca?-ci'na  Tus'cus 

Cal-la-te'bU9 

Caiii-|)as'pe,  or  fPan- 

*Car'ci-iiU3 

Cas-sati'dri-a 

Bo're-as 

Bu'lis 

Ca;c'ii-biiin 

tCal'lo 

cas'te 

Car-da'ces 

Cas'si-a 

Bo-re-as'mi 

Biil-la'ti-us 

*Ca;c'ii-bu3 

Cal-le'ni 

Caiii'pe 

»Car-da-ine'ne 

f  Ca9-8i-odo'rn9 

*B(>-re'oii 

*Biil-li'o-ne3 

C^c'ii-lu3 

Cal-le-te'ri-a 

*Cam'pe-sus 
Caiiip'sa 

Car-dam'y-Ie 

Cas-si'o-pe,  or  Cas  ai- 

Bo're-u3 

Bu'iie-a 

Cs-dic'i-us 

Cal'li-a 

*Car-de'sU9 

o-pe'a 

Bor'ge3 

*Bii-ni'ma 

*Ca;d'i-<:u3 

CaMi'a-de9 

Cani'pu3  Mar'ti-us 

Car'di-a 

•Cas-eil'c-ra 

Bor-go'di 
•Bo-ri'nu3 

*Bii-no-me'a 

Ca-'li-a 

*Cal-li-a-ni'ra 

Caiii-u-lo-gi'nu9 

*Car'du-ffi 

Ca3-9i-tcr'i-dc!i 

Bii'nti3 

*C'a;l'i-nus 

*Cal-li'a-ru3 

Ca'na 

Car-du'clii 

Cas'si-U3 

Bor'nos 

Bii'pa-Ius 

C(E'li-U3 

Cal'li-a3 

Can'a-ce 

•Car-dy'tU9 

Ca-i-si-ve-lau'nuj 

Bor-sip'pa 

Bu'pha-gU3 
Bu-pho'ni-a 
Bii-pra'3i-uin 

Ca;m'a-ro 

Cal-lib'i-us 

Caii'a-cho 

Ca'reg 

*Ca9-8o'pe 

Bo'rus 

Cie'ae,  or  fCffi-nop'o- 

Cal-U-ce'ru3 

Can'a-chU9 

Car'e-sa 

Cas-so'ti3 

Bo-rys'the-nea 

Ii3 

Cal-licli'o-ru9 

Ca'nie 

♦Ca-re'su9 

Cas-lab'a-la 

Bos'pho-rus,  or  *Bos'- 

Bu'ra  or  fBu'ris 

Cffi'ne-iis 

Cal'li-cles 

tCa-na'ri-a 

Ca-rc9'su9 

Caii'ta-bu9 

po-rus 

Bu-m'i-cus 

*Ca;-ni'de3 

Cal-li-co-lo'na 

C.i-na'ri-i 

Car-fin'i-a 

Cas-ta'li-a,  or  Cas-ta'- 

*Bos-lre'nus 

*Biir-dig'a-la 

CEii'i-des 

*Cal-li-c<i-lo'ne 

Can  'a-thun 

Ca'ri-a 

Ii-u3  Fons 

•Bo-tro'dus 

Biir'rhu3 

Ca;-iii'na 

Cal-lic'ra-les 

Can'da-ce 

Ca'ri-a3 

•Ca.s'ta-lis 

B«t'ti-a 

Bur'sa 

Cal-li-crat'i-das 

Caii-da'vl-a 

Ca-ri'a-to 

Cas-la'ne-a 

Bol-ti-ffi'is 

Bur'si-a 

Cie-not'ro-pffl 

•Cal-Ii-dani'a-tea 

Can-dau'les 

tCa-ril'la 
Ca-ri'na 

tCa9-tbe'ne9 

Bo-vi-a'num 

Bu'sa 

Cae'pi-o 

Cal-Iid'i-U3 

•Can-di'o-ni 

Ca3-ti-a-ni'ra 

t 


161 


PROiNUNCIATION  OF 


GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  N 


AMES. 


*Ca?-to'lU3 

Cel'e-res 

Cer-ci'na,  or  Cer-cin'- 

Cha-ma'ni,  and  Cha- 

Chi'ron 

Cin'ci-a 

Cle-on'y-mus 
*Cle'o-pa3 

Cas'tor  and  Pol'lm 

Cf  I'etium 

na 

nia'vi 

Chil'o-ne 

Cin-ciii-na'tu3 

*Cas'to-res,  pL 

Ce'le-us 

'^«r-cin'i-um 

Cha'iie 

*Clii-to'ne 

Cin'ci-u3 

Cie-op'a-ter 

Cas-tra'ti-u3 

Ct^l'iiius 

Cer'ci-U3 

Clia'on 

tChil'ri-um 

Cin'e-as 

Cle-(ip'a  tra 

*Cas'tri-cu3 

Cel'o-ns 

Cer-co'pe3 

Cha'o-nea 

Chlo'e 

Ci-iie'si-as 

Cle-op'a-lris 
Cle-oph'a-ne3 

Cas'tu-lo 

Cel'sus 

Cer'cops 

Clia-o'ni-a,  and  Cha-o- 

Chk>'re-ua 

Cin'e-thon 

*Cat-€i-ba'neg 

Cel'l* 

Cer'cy-on,  or  Cer-cy'- 

ni'tis 

Clilo'ria 

Ciii'ga 

CIe-o-phaii'thu3 

*Cat-a-clo'the3 

*Certi-h(T 

(viies 

Cha'os 

Clilo'rus 

Cin-get'o-rix 

Cle'o-phes 

Cat-a-dii'pa 

*CeI-ti-Le're3 

*Cer-cy'on 

*Char-ac-mo'ba 

Clin-a-ri'na 

tCin'gu-Ia-ni 

Cle-oph'o-Iu3 
Cle'o-phon 

*Cat-a-du'pi 

Cel-ti-be'ri 

*Cer-cypii'a-liE 

*Char-a-co'ma 

Clio-as'pes 

Cin'gu-lura 

*Cat-a-ke-kau  'nie-ne 

Cel'li-ca 

Cer-cy'ra,  or  Cor-cy'- 

Char'a-dra 

*Clio'a-tr£e 

Cin-i-a'la 

Cle-o-pby'lu3 

Cal-a-men'te-les 

Cel'ti-ci 

ra 

Char'a-dros 

Cbo'bus 

Ci-nirh'i-i 

CIe-o-poin'pu3 

Cat'a-na 

Cel-lil'lu3 

*Cer-do'u3 

tCiia-ra'dra3 

Cli(Er'a-de3 

Cin'na 

Cle-(ip-tol'e-mu3 

*Ca-ta'o-nes 

*Cel- to-f  a)'a-tas 
Cel  to'ri-i 

Cer-dyl'i-ura 

*Cliar'a-drus 

*ChOB're-!E 

Cin'na-don 

Cle'o-pu3 

Cat-a-o'ni-a 

Ce-re-a'Ii-a 

Clia-ra^'a-das 

Ch(Er'i-lus 

Cin'na-mus 

Cle-o'ra 

*Ca-taph'ry-ge3 

Cel-los'ty-thiE 

Ce'res 

Char-an-diE'i 

*Cho!-on-ti'chus 

Cin-ni'a-na 

Cle-os'tra-tua 

Cat  n-rac'ta 

tCe'ma 

Ce-res'su3 

Cha'rax 

Chon'ni-das 

Cinx'i-a 

Cle-ox'e-nu3 

Cat-a-rac'tes 

Cein'me-  nus 

Cer'e-tiE 

Cha-rax'es,  and  Clia- 

*Cho-nii'phis 

Ci'nyps,  and  Cin'y- 

Clep'sy-dra 

*Ca-tar'rliy-tus 

*Cemp'!-i 

*Ce-re'te3 

rax'u3 

*Cho-ra'gus 

phu3 

Cle'ri 

Cat'e-ne3 

ITCen'a-brim,  or  Gen'- 

Ce-ri-a'li3 

Cha'res 

Cho-ras'mi 

Cin'y-ra3 

Cles'i-de3 

Ca-tliffi'a 

a-buin 

Ce'ri-i 

Cbar'i-cleg 

Cho-rin'e-us 

Ci'os 

Cle'ta 

Catli'a-ri 

Ce-nffi'um 

fCe-ril'li 

Cbar-i-cli'des 

Clio-roB'bu3 

*Ci-pe'ru3 

*Clet-a-be'ni 

Ca'ti-a 

Cen'chre-as 

Ce-ril'lum 

Char'i-clo 

Chi>r-om-na;'i 

Cip'pii3 

CIib'a-nu3 

Ca-ti-e'na 

Cen'chrfl-is 

Ce-rin'thus 

Char-i-de'mua 

*Chor'o-ne 

*Cir-cse'um 

Cli-de'nms 

Ca-ti-e'nus 

Cen'chreua 

*Cer'i-tes 

Cliar'i-la 

Chos'ro-es 

Cir'ce 

tCli'max 

Cat-i-li'na 

*Cen-clire'ii3 

Cer-ma'nu3 

Char-i-la'ua,  and  Cha- 

Chie'mes 

Cir-cen'ses  Lu'di 

Clim'e-nus 

fCa-til'i-us 

Cen'chri-U3 

Cer'ne 

ril'lU3 

Chrem'e-tes 

Cir'ci-iis 

Cli'nas 

Ca-til'li 

Ce-nes'pn-iis 

Cer'nea 

Clia-ri'ni,  and  Ca-ri'- 

Clires'i-phon 

Cir'cus 

Clin'i-as 

Ca-til'l«s,  or  Cat'i-lus 

Ce-ne'ti-um 

Ce'ron 

ni 

Chre3-plion'te3 

Ci'ris 

Cli-nip'pi-de3 

Ca-ti'na,  or  *Cat'i-na 

Ce'ne-U3 

Cer-o-pas'se-das 

Cha'ria 

Clires'tu3 

Cir-rs'a-tum 

Cli'nus 

Ca'ti-U3 

Cen-i-iiiag'ni 

Ce-ros'su3 

Clia-ris'i-a 

Chro'ini-a 

Cir'rha,  and  Cyr'rha 

Cii'o 

Cat-i'zi 

Ce-ni'na 

Cer'phe-res 

Cliar'i-te3 

Cliro'mi-os 

Cir'tha,  and  Cir'ta 

Cli-silh'e-ra 

Ca'to 

*Ce-ni'neg 

tCer-re-ta'ni 

Char'i-ton 

Chro'mi3 

Cis-al-pi'na  Gal'li-a 

Ciis'the-nes 

Ca'tre-U3 

Cen-o-ma'ni 

Cer-rhte'i 

tCliar'ma-daa 

Chro'mi-u3 

Cis'pa  - 

Cli'tffi 

Cai'ta 

Ce'noii 

Cer-so-blep'tea 

Char'ine,  and  Car'rae 

Cliro'ni-us 

Cis'sa 

Cli-tar'chus 

Cat'ti 

Cen-so're3 

Cer'ti-ma 

Char'mi-daa 

Cliro'nos 

Cis'se-i3 

Cli'te 

Cal-u-Ii-a'na 

Cen-so-ri'nus 

Cer-to'ni-um 

Char'mi-des 

Ghry'a-sus 
Chry'sa,  and  Chry'se 

Cis-se'us 

Cli-ter'ni-a 

Ca-tiil'lus 

Cen'su3 

Cer-va'ri-u3 

Char-mi'nus 

Cis'si-a 

Clit-fl-de'miis 

Cat'u-!us 

Cen-ta-re'tU3 

*Cer'vi-ii3 

Char-iiii'o-ne 

Chrys'a-me 

Cis'si-ae 

Cli-tom'a-chus 

tCa-tu'ri-ge3 

Cen-taii'ri 

t*Ce-ry'ce3 

Char'inis 

Cbry-san'tas 

Cis'si-dea 

Cli-ton'y-mu3 

Caii'ca-sus 

*Ceii-taii'ri-cu3 

Ce-ryc'i-us 

Cliar-mos'y-na 

Chry-san'tlii-U3 

Cis-soBs'sa 

Clit'o-phon 

*Ca-u'ci 

Cen-tau'rus 

Cer-y-mi'ca 

Char'mo-las 

Chry-san'ti3 

fCis-so-es'sa 

Cli'tor 

Caii'con 

*Cen-liin'a-nus 

*Cer-y-ne'a 

Char'mus 

Chry-sa'or 

Cis'sua 

Ch-to'ri-a 

*Caii-co'nes 

Cen-lob'ri-ca 

Cer-y-ni'te3 

Clia'ron 

*Chrys'a-or 

Cis-su'sa 

Cli-tiiin'nus 

Caii'co-ne3 

Ceii'to-res 

Ce-sel'li-u3 

Cha-ron'das 

Chrys-a-o're-us 

Cis-te'niE 

Cli'tus 

Caii'di,  and  Cau'di- 

Cen-tor'i-pa,  or  fCen- 

Ce-?en'iii-a 

Char-o-ne'a 

Cliry-sa'o-ris 

*Cis-lhe'ne 

*Clo-a'ca 

11  m 

lii'ri-pa 
*Cen-tii'ri-pe 

Ces'ti-U3 

Clia-ro'ni-um 

Chry'sas 

*Cis-to-bo'ci 

Clo-a-ci'na 

*Cau-di'nus 

Ces-ln'iia 

Cha'rops,  and  Char'o- 

*Chry-sas'pi-de3 

Ci-thffi'ron 

Clo-an'thus 

Cau-lo'ni-a 

Cen-tri'les 

Ces-tri'nus 

pes 

Chry-se'is 

Cith-a-ris'ta 

Clo'di-a 

tCau'ni-i 

tCen-tro'ne3 
Cen-tro'ni-U3 

*Ce-te'i 

*Char'o-pus 

Chry-ser'iiiU3 

*Ci-the'la3 

Clo'di-U3 

Cau'ni-us 

Ce'tes 

Cha-ryb'dis 

*Clirys'e-ru3 

*Cith'e-ron 

CIcc'li-a 

Cau'nu3 

Cen-tiiin'vi-ri 

Ce-the'gu3 

*Chat'ra-mi9 

Chry'ses 

Cit'i-um 

CltB'li-GB 

Cau'ros 

Cen-tu'ri-a 

Ce'ti-i 

Cliau'bi,  arid  Chau'ci 

Cliry-sip'pe 

Ci'us 

Cks'Ii-ug 

Caii'rus 

Ce'os,  and  Ce'a 

Ce'ti-U3 

Cliau'la 

Chry-sip'pus 
Chry'sis 

Ci-vi'lis 

Clo'nas 

Ca'us 

Cepl]'a-Ias 

Ce'to 

Cliau'ru3 

Ciz'y-cum,  or  fCyz'i- 

Clon'di-cu3 

tCiv'a-res 

Ceph-a-le'di-on 

Ce'us,  and  Ck'us 

*Cbav'o-ne3 

Chrys-o-as'pi-de3 

CU3 

Clo'ni-a 

Cav-a-ril'lii9 

Ce-phal'len 

Ce'yx 

*Clia-y'ci 

*Cliry-soc'e-ro3 
*Chrys'o-cher 

Cla'de-U3 

CIo'ni-u3 

Cav-a-ri'uus 

Ceph-a-le'na,  and 

*Clia-be'ru3 

*Clia-ze'iie 

Cla'iies 

Clo'tlio 

Ca'vi-i 

Ceph-al-le'ni-a 

Cha'be3 

tChe'a 
Che'lE 

Chry-sog'o-nus 

Cla'nis 

Clii-a-ci'na 

Ca-y'ci,  or  Chau'ci 

*Cepli-al-le'ni 
Cepli'a-lo 

Clia-bi'nus 

Chrys-o-la'us 

Cla'ni-us,  or  fCla'nis 

Clu-en'ti-u3 

Ca-y'cu3 

tCi)a-bo'ru3 

Clie'les 

*Chrys-o-lo'ra3 

*C'la-ra'nus 

Chi'pe-a,  and  C.yp'e-a 

Ca-ys'ter,  or  Ca-ys'- 

Ceph-a-l(B'dis,  and 

Cha'bri-a 

Chel-i-do'ni-a 

tCliry-son'di-um 

Cla'rus,  or  fCla'ros 

Chi'si-a 

trus 

Cepli-a  lu'di-um 

Clia'bri-a3 

Cliel-i-do'ni-a: 

Chry-sop'o-tis 

Clas-tid'i-um 

Chi-si'iii  Fon'te3 

*Caz'e-ca 

Cepli'a-lon 

*Cha'bry-i3 

Che-lid'o-ni3 

Chry-sor'rho-a",  or 

Clau'di-a 

Clu-si'o-Iura 

Ce'a,  Ce'os,  or  Cos 

Ceph-a-lot'o-mi 

CliE-an'i-t!E 

*Clie-lid-o-ni'sum 

Chry-sor'rho-as 

Clau'di-iE  A'quffi 

Clu'si-uin 

Ce'a-des 

Ceph'a-lu3 

*CliiB're-a 

Cliel'o-iie 

*Chry-sos'to-inii3 

Clau-di-a'nu3 

CUi'si-u3 

tCe'ba 

*Ce-plie'i3 
Ce-phe'nes 

Chffi're-a3 

Cliel'o-ni3 

*Chry-sotli'e-mi3 

Clau-di-op'o-li3 

Clu'vi-a 

Ceb-al-li'nus 

CbEBr-e-de'mu9 

Chel-o-noph'a-gi 

Chryx'us 
Chtho'ni-a 

Claii'di-U3 

Clu'vi-iis  Ru'fu3 

Ceb-a-ren'sea 

Ce'phe-113 

Chffi-re'inon 

Chel-y-do'ri-a 

Clau'sus 

Clym'e-ne 

Ce'bes 

Ce-pliis'i-a 

Clisr'e-phon 
Chffi-res'tra-ta 

Clieni'mis 

Chllio'ni-us 

Cla-vi-e'nus 

*Clym-e-ne'i-des 

Ce'brcn 

Ceph-i-si'a-des 

Clie'na 

*ClithQn-o-phy'le 

Clav'i-ger 

Clyiii'e-nug 

Ce-bre'ni-a 

Ce-phis-i-do'rus 

Chas  rin'tliu9 

Clie'niE 

*Ci-a-gi'si 

Cla-zom'e-n£e,  and 

Cly-son'y-mus 

*Ce-bre'ni8 

Ce-pbis'i-on 

Clia'-rip'pu3 

Clie'ni-on 

tCib'a-l!E 

Cla-zom'e-na 

Cly-son-y-mu'sa 

Ce-bri'o-nes 

Cepli-i-sod'&'tu3 

Chffi'ro 

Che'iii-U3 

Cib-a-ri'tis 

Cle'a-das 

Clyt-eiti-nes'tra 
Clyl'i-a,  or  Clyt'i-e 

tCe'brus 

Ce-phi'sus,  or  Ce- 
piiis'siis 

Cbter-o-ne'a,  and 

*Che'o-pes 

*Ci-bo'tu3 

*Cle-a:r'e-ta 

Cec'i-das 

Cher-ro-ne'a 

Che'ops,  and  Che-os'- 

Cib'y-ra 

Cle-an'der 

Clyt'i-us 
Cly'tus 

Ce-cil'i-us 

Cc'pliren 

Ce'pi-o,  or  jCa'pi-o 

Clia-lEe'on 

pes 

Cic'e-ro 

Cle-an'dri-das 

fCe-ci'na 

Chal-cis'a 

Clie'phren 

tCich'y-ris 

Cle-an'thes 

Cna-ca'di-um 

Cec'i-na 

Ce'pi-on 

Chal'ce-a 

Cher-e-inoc'ra-tea 

Cic'o-iie3 

Clc-ar'chus 

Cnac'a-lis 

Ce-cin'i!a 

Ccr'a-ca 

*ChaIce'a 

Clie-ris'o-phu3 

Ci-cu'ta 

Cle-ar'i-des 

*Cnac'a-!u9 

Ce-cro'pi-a 

Ce-rac'a-tes 

Chal-ce'Jon,  and  Chal- 

Cher'o-plion 

*Cic-y-ne'tbu8 

CIe'inen3 

Cria'gi-a 

Ce-crop'i-dffl 

Ce-ratn'bus 

ce-<Jo'ni-a 

Cher'si-as 

*CiI'i-ce3 

Cle'o 

Cnc'rrr.is 

*Cec'ro-pi3 

Cer-a-nii'cu9 

*Chal-cet'o-re3 

Cher-sid'a-maa 

Ci-lic'i-a,  and  Ci-lis'sa 

Cle'o-bi3 

Cno'u?,  or  Cr.s'us 

Ce'crops 

Ce-ra'ini-um 

Clia!-ci-do'ne 

Cher'si-pho 

Ci'lix 

Cle-o-bu'Ia 

Cni-din'i-uni 

*Ce-cryph-a-le'a 

Cer'a-inus 

Chal-ci-den'sea 

tCher'si-phron 

Cil'la 

Cle-ob-u-li'na 

Cni'dus,  or  Gni'dus 

Ce'don 

Ce'ras 

Clial-cid'e-ua 

*Clier-so'na 

Cil'les 

Cle-o-bu'hi9 

Cno'pus 

*Ce-dre'a 

Cer'a-sus 

Chal-cid'i-ca 

Cher-so-ne'siis,  or 

Cil'lii3 

Cle-o-cha're3 

Cnos'si-a 

Cc-dre-a'tia 

Cer'a-la 

Chal-cid'i-cu3 

Cher-ro-ne'sua 

Cil'iii-U3 

Cle-o-cha'ri-a 

jCnos'sus 

Ce-dru'si-i 

*Ce-ra'thus 

"■Chal-ci-ffi'cua 

Che-rus'ci 

Ci'lo 

Cle-o-difi'us 

Cno'sus 

Cec'lu-sa 

*Ce-ra'ton 

Chal-ci'o-pe 

Cliidii.i;'i 

Cim'ber 

Cle-od'a-mii3 

Co-a-nia'ni 

Ce'i 

Ce-ra'tus 

Chal'cis 

*Clii-do'rii3 

Ciin-be'ri-ua 

Cle-o-de'mus 

Co-as'triE,  and  Co-ac'- 

C<!)'a.don 

Ce-rau'ni-a 

»Chal-ci'te3 

Chil-i-ar'chua 

Cim'bri 

Cle-o-do'ra 

tra^ 

Ccl'a-diis 

Ce-rau'ni-i 

Chal-ci'ti3 

Chil'i-us,  and  Chil'e- 

Cim'bri-cum 

Clo-o-dox'a 

Cob'a-re3 

Ce-laj'nas,  c  jCe-le'- 

Ce-rau'nii9 

Chat 'co-don 

U3 

*Cim'brl-cu3 

Cle-og'e-nea 

Coc'a-Ui3 

iie 

Ce-rau'si-u9 

Clial'con 

Chi'lo 

Cim'i-iuis 

Cle-o-la'us 

Coc-ce'i-ua 

Ce-lffi'no 

fCcr'ba-lus 

Chal'cua 

Clii-lo'nia 

Cini-nie'ri-i 

Cle-oin'a-rhus 

Coc-cyg'i-ua 

•Ce'le-t6 

Cer-be'ri-on 

Clial-dic'a 

Chi-nia;'ra 

Ciiii'me-ri3 

Cle-o-inan'tC3 

Co'cb'8 

Ce-le'i-a,  and  Ce'la 

Ccr'be-rus 

Chal-die'i 

C'bim'a-rua 

•Cini-me'ri-um 

Cle-om'bro-tua 

*Ooc  li-tcs 

Cel-c-la'tcs 

Ccr'ca-pliiis 

Cha-lc8'tra 

*Cbini'e-ra 

Ci-nio'li3,  and  Ci-no'- 

Cle-o-me'di>3 

Coc'ti-ir,  and  Col'ti-ffi 

Co-leii'dra:,  Ce-lcn'- 

Cer-ca-io'ium 

♦Chnl'c-to8 

Chi  me'ri-iim 

lis 

Cle-oiu'e-ne3 

Co-cy'tug 

driii,  and  Ce-len'de- 

Ci-r-ce'ia 

Chal-o-ni'tis 

Cbi-niii'a-ra 

Ci-mo'lua 

Cle'on 

j"(Jo-(lu'niis  Si'nu9 

rln 

Cer-ce'ne 

Cbal'y-bes,  and  Cal'y- 

Chi'on 

Ci'inoii 

Cle-o'ntE,  and  Cle'o-na 

Co-doin'a-nua 

Ce-lc'ne-in 

Ccr-cea'leB 

bf'B 

Cbi'o-ne 

Ci-iiu;'lhon,  or  Ci-no'- 

Cle-o'no 

Cod'ri-da; 

Ce-leii'na,  or  Ce-la;'- 

*Cer'ce-la) 

tClinl'y-bon 

Chi-on'o-des 

thiin 

Clu-o-ni'ca 

Co-drop'o-lis 

na 

Cer'ci-dc< 

(;hul-y-bo-ni'tii 
♦Cha'lyb* 

Chi'o-nia 

♦Ciii'M-rn 

Cle-o-ni'cua 

Co'drua 

Co'ler 

Cer'ci-i 

Chi'os 

Ci-nar'u-daa 

Cle-on'nia 

CcB-cil'i-ui 

130fi 

PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


('m  IiilV'-la; 
tCu;'lc 

Ccel  e-syr'i-a,  and 

Ca-I-o-sjr'i-a 
C<E'li-a 
Coel-i-ob'ri-ga 
Cce'li-us 
CcB'liis 
Cce'nua 
Ocer'a-nus 
Co'es 
♦Ctps'y-ra 
Cie'us 
Cug'a-mus 
CoiT-i-dii'iius 
Co'lii-bus 
Co'hors 
*Col-a-cc'a 
Co-lic'niis 
*Co-lan'co-nim 
Co-la.v'a-is 
Co-l.i\'es 
Col'clii 

Col'cliis,  and  Col'clloa 

Co-lrii'da 

Co'li-as 

C(il-la'ti-a 

CuMa-ti'nus 

Col-li'iia 

Cul-lii'ci-a 

Co'Io 

Co-lo'niE 

Co-lo'ne 

tCo-lo'ni-a 

Civlo'nos 

Col'o-piion 

Co-Ios'se,  and  Co-los'- 

sis 

Co-Ios's»9 

fCo-lo'tt'S 

Col'pe 

•Col-the'ne 

fCol-u-hra'ri-a 

Co-liim'ba 

Col-ii-incl'la 

tCo  liii  .'r".  Her'cu-Iis 

Co-lii'thu* 

Co-lyl'ms 

Coin-a-ge'na 

Coni-a-se'ni 

Co-ma'na 

Cii-ma'ni-a 

fCo-m^i're-a 

(;oin'a-ri 

Com'a-riis 

Cn-iiias'lii3 

*Co-iiia'ta 

Coni-ha'bus 

Coiii'be 

Com'bi 

Com-bre'a 

Coin'bu-tis 

*Co-ine'(lffi 

Co-me'tes 

Com'e-tho 

C(>-inin'i-U3 

Co-iiiit'i-a 

Co'iiii-iis 

*Coin-nia-j;e'nu3 

Coiii'iiiu-dU3 

Co'nion 

Coin-|)i-ta'li-a 

*Uom-plu'tiim 

CiiiMp'sa-tu3 

Com-pii'sa 

tCo'inuin 

Co'nins 

Con'ca-ni 

Con-ci>r'(li-a 

Ci>n'da-lii3 

Con'da-te 

ir*Con-da'to 

tCon-di-vic'niim 

Con-do-cha'tes 

(^on-d  rii'si 

C'on-<tyl'i-a 

*Con-dy'lU3 

Co'ne 

Con-e-to-dii'nus,  and 

tCot-ii-a'tU3 
Con-f»'ci-U3 
Con-ge'du3 
tCo-ni'a-ci 
Ci>'ni-i 

tCo-nim'bri-ca 

Cnn-i-8al'tu» 

Co-nis'ci 

Coii-ni'das 

Co'iion  ■ 

•Co-n*/pe 

•Coii-o-pe'iim 

*Co-iu>'(M*-um 

Cun-seii'tes 

Con-sen'ti-a 

Con-sid'i-us 


Con-si-li'num 

CiHi'staii!) 

<'(in-slaii'li-a 

♦Coii-slaii-ti'a,  (a  city) 

Con-stan-ti'na 

Con-slan-ti-nop'o-lis 

C'on-stan-li'mi3 

Con-stan'ti-U3 

tCon'sii-les 

Coii'sus 

Con-syg'na 

Co!i-la-des'diis 

♦Con-to  po-ri'a 

Cnntii'bi-a 

♦Co'niis  Con-col'o-rU3 

*Con've-ii!e 

Co'on 

Co'os,  Cos,  Ce'a,  and 

Co 
Co'pns 
*Cop'a-i3 
Co'phaa 
Co-plion'tis 
Co'pi-a 
Co-pil'lus 
Co-po'iu-U3 
Cop'ra-tes 
Co'prc-113 

Cop'tus,  or  Cop'tos 
Co'ra 

Cor-a-ce'si-um,  or 
Cor-a-cen'si-um 
Cor-a-co-na'siis 
*Cor-a-co-ne'su3 
Co-ral'e-ta, 
*Co-ra'li 
Co-ral'li 
Co-ra'nus 
Co'ras 
Co'rax 
Co-ra\'i 
Cor'be-iis 

Cor'bis  and  fOr'su-a 
O  r'bii  lo 
•Cor'ro-ba 
*Cor'co-ra3 
Cor-cy'ra 
Cor'du-ba 
Cor-du-e'ne 
*(;or-dy'la 
Co' re 
Co-res'su3 
Cor'e-sii3 
*C<>-re'su3 
Cor'e-tas 
Cor-fin'i-um 
-Co'ri-a 
*C(i-ri'a 
Co-rin'e-uin 
Co-rin'na 
Co-rni'nns 
Co-rin'thii3 
Co-ri-o-la'nus 
Co-ri'o-li,  and  Co-ri- 

ol'la 
Co-ris'sii3 
*Co-ri'tha 
Cor'i-tns 
Cor'ina-sa 
Cor'ning 
Cor-ne'li-a 
Cor-ne'li-i 
Cor-nic'ii-Iiim 
Cor-ni-fic'i-us 
Cor'ni-ger 
Cor-nu'tiis 
Co-r(E'bu3 
Co-ro'na 
Cor-o-ne'a 
fCo-ro'ni-a 
*Cor-o-ni'de9 
Co-ro'ni9 
Co-ron'ta 
Coro'nu3 
*Co-ro'pe 
Cor-rha'gi-um 
*Cor-se'a 
Cor'si 
Cor'si-a 
Cor'si-ca 
Cor'so-te 
fCor-su'ra 
tCor-to'na 
C'or-to'nse 
•Cor-ty'na 
CoMin-ca'nus 
Co'rii3 
Cur-vi'nus 
Cor-y-bnn'tes 
Cor'y-has 
Cor-y-bas'sa 
Cor'y-bii3 
Co-ryc'i-a 
Cci-n  c'i-de3 
Co-ryc'i-iis 
Cor'y-cU3 


*Co-ry'cii3 
Cor'y-don 

Cor'y-la,  or  ('or-y-le'- 
um 

Co-ryin'bi-fer 
Cor'yna 

Cor-y-ae'ta,  or  Cor-y- 

ne'tps 
Cor-y-pba'si-uni 
tCor'y-plie 
*Co-ry'tlia 
Cor-y-tlien'scs 
Cor'ythus 
Co-ry'tu3 
Cos 

Co'sa,  Cos'sa,  Co'ste 

Cos-co'iii-U3 

Co-sin'ga3 

Co'sis 

Cos'inus 

Cos'se-a 

Cos'sus 

Cos-su'ti-i 

*Cos-t()-bo'cl 

Cos-tobcB'i 

Co-sy'ra 

Co'tes,  or  Cot'te3 

Co'ilion 

Co-tlio'ne-a 

*Cot-i-nu'5a 

Cot'i-so 

Cot'ta 

Cot'ti-!e  Al'pcs 

Cot-to'nis 

Cot'tus 

Co-ty-as'iini 

*Co-ty-a-i'o)i 

Col-y-lLE'us 

Co-tyl'i-u3 

Co-ty'o-ra 

*Co-ty'o-m3 

Co'tys 

•Co-ty'to 

Co-tyt'to 

Cra'gu3 

Crani-bn'sa 

*Cram'bu-lis 

*Cran  'a-e 

Craii'a-i 

Crnn'a-pe3 

Criin'a-U3 

Cra'ne 

*Cra-ne'a 

Cra-iie'um 

Cra'ni-i 

Cra'non,  or  Cran'non 

Craii'tor 

*Crap'a-thii3 

fCras'si-pes 

Cras-sit'i-ii3 

Cras'siis 

Cr;is-li'n!i3 

1I*Cras'ti-nu3 

Crat'a-is 

Cra-ta;'u3 

Cra'ter 

Crat'e-rus 

Cia'tes 

Crat-es-i-cle'a 

Crut-e-sip'o-lis 

Crat-e-si|i'pi-das 

tCra'le-ii3 

Cra-te'vas 

Cra'tliis 

Cra-ti'nu3 

Cra-lip'pu3 

Cral'y-lu3 

Craii'si-!E 

Craii'3i3 

Cra-ux'i-das 

Crein'e-ra 

Crein'i-de3 

Crein'ma 

♦Cre'my-on 

Crein'niy-on,  or 

Crom'iny-on 
Creni'ni,  or  Crcra'nos 
Cre-nio'na 
Crc-mn'ti-ii9 
*Cre-na'cus 
Cre'on 

Cre-on-li'a-des 

Cre-oph'i-liis 

*Cre-o-phy'Iu3 

*Cri'-o-po'lus 

Cre-pe'riii3 

*Crepli-a-ge-ne'tus 

Crcs 

Cre'sa,  or  Cres'sa 

tCres'sas 

Cre'si-119 

Cres-phon'tes 

Cres'si-us 

Cres'ton 

•Crps-to'ne 

Cre'sua 


Crc'la 

Cre'tic-us 

Crc'io 

Cre'te-a 

Cre'tcs 

Cre'to-ii3 

Cre'the-i3 

Cre'Ihe-us 

♦Cre-thi'des 

*Cre'thon 

Creth'o-na 

Cret'i-cu3 

Cre-u'sa 

Cre-ii'si3 

Cri'a-siis 

Cri-nip'pu8 

Cri'ni3 

Cri-ni'sus,  or  Cri-mi'- 

SU9 

Cri'no 

*Cri-o'a 

Cri'son 

Cris-pi'na 

Cris-pi'nus 

Crit'a-la 

tCri-tlie'i3 

Cri-llio'te 

Crit'i-as 

Cri'to 

CrU-o-hu'lu3 

tCril-o-de'inu3 

Crit-op-na'tus 

Crit-o-la'iis 

*Cri'u-Me-to'pon 

Cri'iis 

Cro-bi'a-lu3 

Crob'y-zi 

Croc'a-le 

Cro'ce-a; 

*Croc-<i-di'lon 

Croc-o-di-lop'o-lis 

Cro'ciis 

*Croc-y-le'a 

Cra'sus 

Oro-i'tes 

Cro'nii 

fCro-nii'tis 

Croni'iny-on 

Croin'iia 

Cro'niu3 

Cro'ni-a 

Cron'i-de3 

Cro'ni-iim 

Cro'plii 

Cros-sai'a 

*Crot'a-le 

CrQt'a-lu3 

Cro'lon 

Cro-to'na 

fCrot-o-ni'a-tae 

*Cro-to-ni-a'ta 

Crol-o-ni'a-tis 

Cro-to'pi-as 

Cro-to'pus 

fCro'tiis 

Cru'nos 

Cni'sis 

Criis-tn-me'ri 

*Crtis-tu'me-ri 

Crus-lu-nie'ri-a,  or 

Crus  tii-nie'ri-ura 
Crns-lii-ini'niim 
Crus  tii'nii-iim,  Crus- 

tu'niis,  and  Crus- 

tur-ne'ni-u3 
Cry'nis 
*Cryp-te'a 
Cte'a-tus 
Cteni'e-ne 
Cte'no3 
Cte'si-aa 
Cte-sib'i-us 
Ctes'i-cles 
Cte-sil'o-chus 
Ctes'i-plion 
Cte-si|>'pus 
Ctiin'e-ne 
*Cii'c»-fa9 
Cu'la-ro 

Cu'nia,  or  Cu'nite 

Cii-nax'a 

*Cu-ni'na 

Cu-pa'vo 

C»-pcn'tu3 

Cu-pi'do 

Cii-pi-en'ni-us 

Cu're3 

Cu-re'tes 

Cii-rc'tis 

Cu'ri-a 

Cu-ri-a'ti-i 

Uu'ri-o 

♦Cii-ri-o'ne3 

Cu-ri-o-sol'i-ta 

Cii'ri-iini 

Cu'ri-U3  Der.-ta'tus 


Ciir'ti-a 

<;iir-tiriii3 

Cur^li-«s 

Cu-ra'li9 

Ciis-sffi'i 

fCu'siis 

Cu-til'i-um 

Cy-ani-o-so'rus 

Cy'a-ne 

Cy-a'ne-<B 

♦Cy-a'nc-e,  or  Cy-a'- 

ne-a 
Cy-a'ne-iis 
Cy-a-nip'pe 
Cy-a-nip'pU3 
Cy-a-rax'es,  or  Cy- 

ax'a-rcs 
*Cyh'a-le 
Cy-be'he 

*Cy-be'la,  and  Cyb'c- 
la 

Cyb'e-lc 

Cyb'e-lU3 

Cyb'i-ra 

tCy-bis'tri-a 

Cy-ce'si-um 

Cycli're-U3 

*Cyc'la-des 

*Cy-ciob'o-ni8 

*Cy-clo-pa;-di'a 

Cy-clo'pes 

*Cyc  lo-pe'u3 

Cvc'nus 

Cy'da 

fCy'das 

Cyd'i-a3 

*Cyd'i  mo9 

Cy-dip'po 

Cyd'niia 

Cy'don 

*Cyd-o-ne'a 

*Cy-do'ne3 

*Cyd-i>-ne'ua 

Cy  -do'ni-a 

*Cy-do'ni-u3 

Cyd'ra-ra 

*Cy-drc'lu3 

Cyd-ro-la'us 

Cyc'nua 

Cyl'a-bii3 

fCyl-bi-a'ni 

Cyl'i-ces 

Cy-lin'diis 

Cyl-lab'a-ri3 

Cyria-ru3 

Cyl'len 

Cyl-lu'ne 

Cyl  le-ne'i-na 

*Cyl-le-ne'u3 

Cyl-lyr'i-i 

Cy'lon 

*Cyl-o-ni'iim 
Cy'ma,  or  Cy'miE 
*Cy-ine'lu3 
*Cym'i-nu3 
Cy-mod'o-co 
Cy-inod-o-ce'a 
Cy-niodo-ce'as 
Cy'nie,  or  Cy'mo 
*Cy-mo'lu3,  or  Ci- 

ino'lus 
Cyin-o-po-Ii'a 
Cy-motli'o-e 
Cyn-ffi-fii'rus 
Cy-nie'ihi-uin 
Cy-na'ne 
Cy-na'pes 
Cyn'a-ra 
Cy-nax'a 
Cyn'e-a3 
*Cy-neg'p-t;n 
*Cyn-e-gi'rus 
Cy-ne'si-i,  or  Cyn'e- 

ts 

*Cy-ne'ttB 

•Cyn-e-te'a 

Cyn-e-tliU3'sa 

Cyn'i-a 

Cyn'i-ci 

*Cyii'i-cii3 

Cy-nis'ca 

Cy'no 

Cyn-o-ceph'a-lc 

Cyn-o-ceph'a-li 

Cyn-o-phon'tis 

*Cy-nop'o-lis 

Cy-nor'ta3 

Cy-nor'ti-on 

Cy'nos 

Cyn-ivsar'ges 

Cyn-us-se'ma 

Cvn-i>-sii'ra 

Cyn'iMi-a 

Cyn'ibi-us 

Cyn'tliiis 

Cyn-u-ren'ses 


Cy'niis 

Cj  p-a-ris'si,  or  Cyp-B- 

ris'ai-a 
Cyp-a-ris'»us 
Cypli'a-ra 
Cy|)-ri-a'nus 
Cy'priis 
*Cyp-sp'la 
Cy|)-sc-l'i  de3 
Cyp'se-Iii3 
Cy-rau'iii3 
Cy're 

Cyr-c-na'i-ca 

Cyr-e-na'i-ci 

Cy-re'no 

*Cy-res'clia-ta 

Cy-ri'a-de3 

Cy-ril'IU3 

Cy-ri'nu9 

Cyr'ne 

Cyr'nu3 

*Cy-ro-pa;-di'a 

Cyr-rie'i 

Cyr'rlia-dte 

Cyr'rlics 

fCyr-rlies'ti-ca 

Cyr'rlids 

Cyr-ri-a'na 

tCy-ro|>'o-li3 

Cyr-si'bis 

*Cyr'si-liis 

*Cyr-to'na 

Cy'ru3 

Cy'ta 

Cy-ta:'i3 

Cy-the'ra 

Cyth-e-raj'a,  or  Cytli- 

c-re'a 
Cyih'c-ris 
*Cy-the'ri3 
Cy-the're-U3 
Cy-the'ri-U3 
Cy-the'ron 
Cy-the'run 
CyUi'e-rus 
Cyth'no3 
Cy-tin'e-ura 
Cyl-i3-so'ru3 
*Cy-to'ri-u9 
Cy-to'nis 
Cyz-i-ce'ni 
Cy/,'i-ciim 
Cyz'i-cus 


Da'je,  or  Da'h^ 

Da'ci,  or  Da'csB 

Da'ci-a 

tUa'ci-U3 

Dac'ty-li 

l)ad'i-ca! 

*Ua-du'chu9 

Da'd'a-la 

*D(Ed-a-le'a 

PiE-da'li-on 

Dwd'a-lus 

D;e'mori 

*I)a;:n'o-nes 

*UiEra'o-nuin 

Da'i 

Da'i-clcs 

tDa'i-dc3 

Da'i^is 

Da-iin'a-rhus 

Da-im'e-ne3 

Da'i-phrou 

Ua-i'ra 

Dal'di-a 

*Dal'ma-ltB 

Dal-ma'ti-3 

Dal-nia'li-n3 

tDal'nii-um 

Dam-a-ce'lus 

Dani'a-li3 

*Da-fnar'c-tus 

Da'mas 

Dam-as-ce'na 

*Dam-as  cc'ne 

Da-mas'ci-us 

Da-inas'ciis 

*Da-nia'si-a 

Dam-a-sic'lhon 

Dam-a-sip'pns 

Dani-a-sis'ira-tiis 

•Uam-a-si-lhy'inu9 

Dam-a-silh'y-nu3 

•Dam-a-si'ton 

Da-ina-i'tes 

•Dain'a-siis 

*l)a'nie-a3 

Da'mi-a 


I  Da-niip'pus 
Da'ntis 

fDani-no'ni-i,  or 
tDtiin  no'iii  i 
Uarn'no-rix 
Da'nio 
l)ain'o-clc9 
Da-inoc'ra-le3 
I)a-inoc'ri-ta 
Da-nioc'ri-tu3 
*L)a-moni'c-lc3  ; 
na'mon 

*l)ani-o-ni'ciis  i 

nain-o-phnn'tiis  j 

Da-niopli'i-la 

UaiMopli'i-lu3  I 

Dain'o-plion 

Ua-mos'tra-lus 

Da-inox'e-nus  , 

Da-niyr'i-as  1 

Da'na 

Daii'a-e 

Dan'a-i 
I  Da-iia'i-de3 
I  Dan'a-la 
I  Uan'a-U3 

Daii'da-ri,  or  Dan- 
dar'i-da; 

Dan 'don 

l).a-nu'bi-us 

Da'o-chiis 
I  *Da'o-n(:3 

Uaph'nx 
I  *Daph-ne'iis 

Daph'ne 

l)apli-ni'-pho'ri-a 

I)apli'ni3 

Dapb'iHis 

Uar'a-ba 
i  *Dar'a-bes 
;  t'Jar-an-ta'si-a 

I)a'raps 

Dar'da-ni 
'  Uar-da'ni-a 

Dar-dan'i-des 
I  Dar'da-ni3 
'  Dar'da-nu3 

*r)a-rc'i-um 

Da'res 

l)a-re'ti3 

*Da-re'u3,  or  Da-ri'us 

Da-ri'a 
j  Da-ri'a-vc3 

*Da-ri'cus 

Da-ri'tiE 

Das'con 

*Das-cy-le'>im 

*Das-cy-li'ti3 

Das'cy-lus 

Da'se-a 
'  Da'si-U3 

I  Das-sar'e-ta;,  or  Das- 

sa-ri'tffi 
,  Das-sa-rc'ni,  or  Das- 
I  sa-ril'i-i 
'  Dat'a-mes 
I  Dat-a-plier'nes 

Da'tis 
j  Da'tos,  or  Da'lon 

Dau'lis 

Dau'ni 
.  Daii'ni-a 

Dau'niin 
I  Dau'ri-fer,  or  Dau'ri-  | 

I       863  I 

i  Dav'a-ra 
1  *Dcb'o-rus 

*l)ec-a-du'chi 

*De-cap'o  lis 

De-ceb'a-lu3 
I  *Dec-e-le'a 

De-ce'le-iim 

*Dec-e-li'cum 
'  I)ec'e-lus 
I  De-ceni'vi-ri 
I  De-ce'li-a 
I  *l)e-ci-a'tum 
I  De-cid'i-us  c^ax'a 
I  *Dtc'i-miis 

De-cin'c-us 

De'ci-us 

*Dec'u-nia 

*Oec-ii-ma'tra 

De-cii'ri-<)  ' 

Ded-i-tam'c-nes  | 

De-ic'o-on 

De-id-a-nii'a 

1T*De-iI'e-on 

Df-il'o-chus 

Dc-im'a-chus 

•Dc-i'o-ces 

De-i'o-cbU3 

De-i'o-ne 

I)t»-i-o'nc-us 

I>e-i-o-pe'i-a 

•De-i-ol'a-ru3 


1307 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Pe-iph'o-be 
Ue-ipli'o-bus 
De'i-phon 
De-i-plion'te3 
De-ip'y-le 
De-ip'y-l"s 
De-ip'y-rus 
Dej-fi-ni'ra 
*Diy  'o-ces 
De-jnt'a-rus 
Del'don 
ne'li-a 
De-li':i-de3 
De'li-iim 
Df'li-iis 
Del-ma'ti-us 
Del-njin'i-um 
De'los 
Del'phi 
Del'plii-nis 
Del-pliin'i-a 
Del-iitiin'i-iim 
Del'plmsi 
Del-pliy'ne 
Di'l'ta 
*DeI-to'ton 
Dem'a-des 
De-ma!n'e-tiis 
De-inas'o-ras 
Dem-a-ra'ta 
Dem-a-ra'tus 
De-mar'cfius 
Dem-a-re'ta 
Dem-a-ris'te 
fDe-ma'tri-a 
De'ine-a 
*De-me'ter 
De-me'tri-a 
•De-me'tri-as 
De-me'tri-u3 
De'mo 

Dem-o-a-nas'sa 

Dem-o-ce'des 

De-moch'a-res 

Dem'o-cles 

De-moc'(i-on 

De-inoc'ra-les 

De-moc'ri-tus 

De-inod'i-ce 

De-mod'o-cus 

*Dem-o-do'nis 

De-mo'le-on 

De-mo'le-u3 

De'mon 

Deni-o-nas'sa 

De-mo'nax 

Dem-o-ni'ca 

Dem-o-ni'cu9 

Dem-o-phan'uis 

De-inoph'i-lus 

Dem'o-phoii 

Deiiiopli'o-on 

De-mop'o-lis 

De'inos 

De-tnos'the-nes 
De-inos'tra4u3 
*De-mn'cliu3 
Dem'y-lu3 
*Den-se-le't» 
De-od'a-tu3 
De-o'ia 
tDcr'be 
Der'bi-ce3 
ITDer'bi-ces 
*Der-bi'ce3 
Der'ce 
*Der-cc'bi-i 
Der-cen'nus 
Der'ce-to,  or  Uer'ce- 
ti9 

Der-cyl'li-das 

Der-cyl'lus 

*DBr'cy-lo3 

Dcr'cy-nus 

Der-Fae'i 

tDer-tho'na 

be-rii-si-ai'i 

♦Dca'p<>-ta 

*De-sii'da-ba 

Dcu-ca'li-on 

l)eii-ce'ti-ii3 

Dcii'do-rix 

*Dcii-ri'o-pu3 

•Dcv'o-na 

Dcx-am'e-no 

Dex  am'e-nus 

Dex-ip'piia 

Dex-iili'c-a 

Dex'i-U3 

Di'a 

Di-ac-ope'iia 

•Dl-a-crc-'a 

•pi'a-crin 

DI-ac-lor'l-de3 

*Ui-adu'mo-iiiii 


Di-a-du-me-ni-a'nu3 
Di-a!'u9 

Di'a-gon,  or  Di'a- 

gura 
tDi-a-gon'das 
Di-ag'o-ras 
Di-a'li3 
Di-al'lus 

Di-a-mas-ti-go'sis 

Di-a'na 

Di-:iii'a-sa 

tDi-a'ni-um 

*Di-aph'a-nes 

Di-a'si-a 

tDib'i-o 

Di-cas'a 

*Di-ca;-ar-che'us 
*Di-ciE-ar-clu'a 
Dicffi'u3 
Di'ce 

Dic-e-ar'chU3 
Di-ce'ne-us 
Dic'o-inas 
Dic'te 

Dic-tam'num,  or  Dic- 

tyii'na  * 
Dic-ta'tor 
Dic-tid-i-en'ses 
Dic-tyn'na 
Dic'tys 
Did'i-ug 
Di'do 
Did'y-ma 
Did-y-in!E'u3 
Did-y-ma'on 
Did'y-me 
Did'y-mum 
Did'y-mus 
Di-eii'e-ces 
Di-es'pi-ter 
*Di-ge'na 
Di-gen'ti-a 
*Di-fe'ri 
Dig'iiia 
*Di-i-po-Ii'a 
Di'i 

Di-mas'su3 

Di-nar'clms 

*Din'dy-nia 

*Din-dy-ine'iio 

Din'dy-mu3 

Din'i-a 

Din'i-as 

Din'i-che 

Di-noch'a-res 

Di-noc'ra-tes 

Di-nod'o-chii3 

*Din-o-gc-ti'a 

Di-nol'o-chas 

Di-nom'e-nes 

Di'non 

Di-nos'the-nes 

Di-nos'tra-tus 

*Di-o-c!ES-a-re'a 

Di-o-cle'a 

Di'o-cles 

Di-o-cle-ti-a'nua 

Di-o-do'rii9 

Di-o'e-tas 

Di-og'e-ne3 

Di-o-ge'ni-a 

Di-og'e-ini3 

Di-og-ne'tu3 

*Di-o-me'a 

Di-o-rae'da 

*Di-om-e-de'a 

*l)i-om-e-de'ffi 

Di-o-me'des 

Di-o-me'don 

*Di-o'mus 

ni'on 

Dl-o-na;'a 

Di-o'ne 

*Di-on-y-sc'ua 

Di-o-nyu'i-a 

Di-o-ny-si'a-dc3 

Di-o-nys'i-a3 

Di-o-nys'i-dc3 

Di-o-ny3-i-o-do'rua 

Di-o-ny3'i-on 

Di-o  ny-»ip'o-li3 

Di-o-nys'i-us 

*Di-o-ny'sua 

Di-4|ph'a-nea 

Di-o-phan'tua 

Di-o-pas'nua 

•Di-o-pl'les,  or  ♦l)i-o- 

pi'thea 
Di-on'o-lia 
nUj'rca 
Di-o-ryc'tiia 
Di-os-cor'i-do« 
•r)i-o«'c()-ruiu 
Dl-us'co-rua 
DI-o«-cu'rl 
Di-oa'pa-ge 


Di-os'po-li3 

Di-o-ti'me 

Di-o-ti'mii3 

Di-ot're-phea 

Di-ox-ip'pe 

Di-ox-ip'pu3 

Di-p^'cB 

Diph'i-las 

Dipl]'i-Iu3 

Di-phor'i-das 

*Diph'ry-ge3 

Di-poe'naB 

tDip'o-lis 

llip'sas 

*Dip'y-lum 

Di'ra; 

Dii'ce 

Dir-cen'na 

Dir'plii-a 

tDir-pby'i-a 

Dis-cor'dia 

*Dis'co-rum 

*Dis'o-ra 

Dith-y-ram'biis 

*Dit-i-o'ne3 

Dit'ta-ni 

fDi'um 

Div-i-ti'a-cu3 

tDiv-o-du'rum 

*Div'o-na 

Di'vus  Fid'i-W3 

Di-yl'lus 

*Di-ze'ru9 

Do-be'res 

*Do-be'ru3 

*Doc'i-Iis 

*Doc-i-me'um 

*Doc'i-mu3 

Do'cle-a 

Do-do'na 

Dod-o-nie'ua 

Do-do'ne 

Do-don'i-de3 

*Do'i-i 

Dol-a-bel'la 

Ddl-i-cha'on 

Dol'i-che 

*DoI'i-cbo3 

*Do-li'on 

*Do-Ii'o-ne3 

*Do-li'o-ni3 

Do'li-us 

Dol-o-me'na 

*Dtil-o-me'ne 

Do'lon 

Do-lon'ci 

Doi'o-pe3 

Do  lo'plii-on 

Do-lo'pi-a 

*Dol-o-pi'on 

Do'lop3 

*Doin-i-du'ca 

Donii-du'cua 

Do-inin'i-ca 

Do-mit'i-a 

Do-mit-i-a'nu3 

Do-mi-til'la 

Do-niit'i-us 

*Dom-iiot'i-nnra 

*Dom-not'i-nu3 

Do-na'tii3 

Don-i-la'u3 

Do-nn'ca 

Do-ny'sa 

Do-rac'te 

*Dor-ce'a 

Do're3 

tDo'ri 

*Dor'i-ca 

Dor'i-cus 

*Dor'i-da3 

Do-ri-en'sea 

fDo-ri-e'us 

Dor'i-la3 

Dor-i-Ia'u3 

Do'ri-on 

Do'ria 

I)o-ris'cu3 

Do'ri-um 

IJo'ri-ua 

*I)o-ros'to-lura 

I)o-ros'to-rum 

Dor-sen'nua 

IJor'so 

Do'riin 

Do-ry'a-su8 

Uo-ry'clus 

Dor-y-lai'um,  or  Dor- 

y-la;'ua 
Dor'y-las 
I)or-y-la'ua 
*Do-ryph'o-rl 
Do-rys'suB 
Dos'ci 
tDo-ai'o-daa 
Do-al'a-dei 


*Do-sith'e-us 

Do-se'iius 

tDo'soii 

I5ot'a-da3 

Do'to 

Do'tU3 

Dox-an'der 

ITDiac'a-non,  orDrac'- 

o-non 
Dra-ca'iius 
*Drac'a-nus 
Dia'co 

Dra-con'ti-des 

*Drac'o-num 

Dra'cus 

*Draiio'nu3 

Dran'ce3 

Dran-ai-a'na 

Dran-gi'na 

Dra'pes 

Dre|>'a-na,  or  Drep'a- 

num 
Driin'a-chu3 
*Dri-od'o-ne3 
Dri-op'i-de3 
I)ri'o3 
Dro'i 

*Dro-mach'e-tus 

Dr0-II1!E'U3 

Prop'i-ci 
Dro'pi-on 

Dni-en'ti-us,  or  Diu- 

en'ti-a 
*Dru-ge'ri 
Dru'ge-ri 
Dru'i-dtE 
Dru-sil'la  Liv'i-a 
Dru'so 
Dru'sus 
Dry'a-des 
Dry-an-ti'a-des,  or 

Dry-an'ti-des 
*Dry-an-ti'des 
Dry-mffi'a 
Dry'mo 
*Dry-mo'de3 
Drj''inii3 
*Diy-nEm'e-tum 
Dry'o-pe 
Dry-o-pe'i-a 
Dry'o-pe3 

Dry'o-pi3,  or  Dry-op'i- 

da 
Dry'op3 
Dryp'e-tis 
tDu'bis 
tDu'bri3 
Du-ce'ti-U3 
Du-il'li-a 
Du-il'li-us  Ne'pos 
Du-lich'i-um 
*nii.Iop'o-li3 
Dum'no-rix 
Du'nai 
*Du'ra-nu3 
Dii-ra'ti-U3 
*Du'ra-lo 
Dii'ri-ug 

*Du-ro-cor'to-rum 

Dii-ro'ni-a 

Du-um'vi-ri 

Dy-a-gon'das 

Dy-ar-den'sea 

Dy'miE 

Dy-mffi'i 

Dy'nias 

Dym'nua 

Dy-nam'e-ne 

*Dy-iias'te 

Dy'ras 

Dy-ras'pe3 

tIJy'ri3 

*Dy-ra'chi-uin 

Dy-8au'le3 

Dys-ci-ne'tu3 

Dy-so'rum 

*I)y-so'ru3 

Dys-pon'ti-i 


E. 


E'a-«e« 

E-a'nua 

E-ar'i-nus 

E-n'ai-utn 

Eb'do-nie 

*Eb'a-da 

tR'bon 

tEb'o-ra 

E-bor'a-cum 

TIEb-o-ra'cum 

*Eb'o-ruin 


*Eb-ro-i'ce3 

tE-hu'dae 

*Eb'u-ra 

*Eb'ii-ro 

Eli-u-ro'nes 

*Eb  u-ro-vi'ces 

Eb'ii-sii3 

Ec-a-me'da 

Ec-bat'a-na 

Ec-e-chir'i-a,  or  Es-e- 

kir'i-a 
tE-ce'tra 
*E-clie'te 
E-chcc'ra-tes,  or 

E-kek'ra-te3 
*Ecb'e-da; 
Ecb-e-da'mi-a 
1T*Ecli-e-da-mi'a 
E-cliel'a  tus 
E-cliel'ta 
Ecli  'e-lus 
E-cbem'bro-tu3 
E-che'iiion 
Ech'e-inii3 
Ecli-e-ne'us 
Ech'e-phron 
E-chep'o-li3 
*Ech-e-po'lu3 
E-ches'tra-tu3 
*Ech'e-t!a 
*Ech'e-tra 
*Ech'e-tus 
E-cb  ev-e-then  'sea 
E-cbid'na 
Ech-i-do'ni3 
E-chin'a-des 
E-clii'iion 
E-clii'niis 
Ecli-i-nus'sa 
E-chi'on 
E-chi-on'i-des 
E-chi-o'ni-us 
*E'clii-us 
*E'cho 
tEc-no'mo3 
E-des'sa,  or  E-de'sa 
E-dis'sa 
E'don 
*E-do'ne3 
*Ed'o-ne3 
E-do'ni 
*E-dii'sa 
E-dyl'i-u3 
E-e'ti-on 
*E-ga'le-03 
E-gel'i-du3 
E-ge'ri-a 
E-ges-a-re'tu3 
Eg-e-si'nu3 
E-ges'ta 
*E-ge'ta 
Eg-na'ti-a 
Eg-na'ti-us 
E-i'on 
E-i'o  nea 

E-i-o'ne-us,  or  E-jo'- 

ne-us 
*E-i-7,e'liis 
EI-a-bon'ta3 
E-ls'a 
E-te'u3 

*E-ls-u-ti'ciiu3 
El-a-ga-ba'lu3,  or  El- 

a-gab'a  lus 
*E-Ia'i3 
El-a-i'tea 
E-la'i-ii3 
El-a-phe-bo'li-a 
El-a-phi-ie'a 
El'a-phii3 
EI-ap-to'ni-u3 
E-la'ra 
El-a-te'a 
E-la'tU3 
*EI'a-tiis 
E-la'vei 
E'lc-a 
E-le-a'te3 
E-lcc'tra 
E-lec'tra; 
E-lec'tri-dea 
E-lec'try-on 
*EI-e-gi'a 
E-le'i 
EI-c-lo'ii3 
E'leon 
E-Ie-on'tuin 
*EI-e-plian'ti-iio 
El-e-pban'tis 
El-e-pbnntopli'a-gi 
*El-0|)ban-lo-tlif'r;L' 
EI-e-phc'n(ir 
EI-o-po'ru3 
•El-oii-chi'n 
J2'le-U8 
El-eu-sln'i-a 


*El-eii-si'nu3 

E-leu'sis 

E-leii'ther 

E-leu'the-rE 

El-eii-the'ri-a 

E-leii-tber-o-cil'i-cPs 

*E-leu-tbe-ro-la-co'iies 

*E-leii'the-ru9 

E-leu'tlio 

tE-leii'tbe-ro3 

E-!ic'i-us 

E-li-en'sis,  or  E-li'a- 
'  ca 
El-i-nie'a 
El-i-pha'si-i 
E'lis 
*E-fi'sa 
E-lis'sa 
E-Iis'sii3 
*E-lo'ne 
El-Io'pi-a 
E-lo'ru3 
E'los 
El-pe'nor 
El-pi-ni'ce 
El-u-i'na 
El'y-ces 
El-y-ina'i3 
El'y-mi 
El'y-mus 
El'y-ru3 
*Ei'y-sa 
E-lys'i-um 
E-ina'tbi-a 
E-ma'thi-on 
Em'ba-tum 
Eiii-bn-li'ma 
E-mer'i-ta 

E-mes'sa,  or  E-mis'sa 

E-riio'da,  or  E-ino'dus 

*E-iiio'di 

Em-ped'o-cle3 

*Eni'pe-diis 

Em  pe-ra*mus 

Einpo'clus 

Eni-po'ri-a 

tEin-po'ii-iE 

Ein-pii'sa 

*Em-pyr'i-um 

*E-iiiEs'i-mu3 

En-cel'a-dus 

*En-chai'le-!E 

En'de-is 

En-de'ra 

*Eii-de'rum 

En-dyin'i-on 

E-ne'ti 

*En'e-ti 

*En-gon'a-si3 

En-gy'um 

E-ni-en'ses 

E-ni-o'pe-U3 

E-ni'pe-u3 

E-nis'pe 

En'na 

En'ni-a 

En'ni-U3 

En'no-miia 

Eii-no3-i-gaB'u3 

En'o-pe 

E'nops 

E'll03 

En-o-sic'thon 

E-not-o-cce't8B 

En-tel'la 

En-tel'lu3 

E-iiy-a'li-ua 

E-ny'o 

E'o-ne 

E'03 
E-0'U3 

*E-pa!n'c-tiia 

E-pa'gria 

E-pain-i-non'daa 

*Ep-an-te'li-i 

E-papb-ro-di'tU3 

Ep'a-phus 

Ep-as-iiac'tus 

E-peb'o-lii3 

E-pe'i 

*Ep-c-tri'mi 

Epe'us 

*E-phe'bi 

Epb'c-sua 

Eph'e-tffi 

Epb-i-al'tea 

Eph'o-ri 

Eph'o-rire 

*Epli'ra-ta 

Epli'y-ra 

♦Eph'y-ro 

*Ep-i-ca'rua 

Ep-i-cas'te 

Ep-i-cer'l-de» 

Ep-l-clia'l-dB. 

E-picb'a-ris 


Ep-i-char'mua 

Ep'i-clea 

Ep-i-cli'des 

*Ep-ic-rie-mid'i-i 

E-pic'ra-tes 

*Ep-i-cie'ne 

Ep-ic-te'tua 

*Ep-i-cu-re'i 

Ep-i-cu'ru3 

E-pic'y-<les 

*Ep-i-cy-di'des 

*Ep-i-dani-ne'u3 

Ep-i-dani'ntis 

Epi-ilaph'ne 

E-pi-dau'ri-a 

Ep-i-dau'ru3 

tE-pid'i-uin 

E-pid'i-us 

En-i-do'ta; 

*E-pid'o-tus 

E-pig'e-nes 

E-pig'e-u3 

E-pig'o-iii 

Epig'o-nu3 

tEp-i-gra'ne-a 

E-pi'i,  or  E-pe'i 

E-pil'a-ris 

E|>-i-niel'i-de3 

E-pim'e-nes 

Ep-i-men'i-de3 

Ep-i-me'the-us 

Ep-i-nie'tlii3 

E-pi'o-chus 

E-pi'o-ne 

fEp-i-pha'ne-a 

iEp-i-pba-ne'a 
*JEp-i-pba-ni'a 
l-pipb'a-nes 
Ep-i-pha'ni-ua 
tE-pip'o-l!B 
E-pi'ru3 
tE-pis-co-pi'um 
E-pis'tro-pbu3 
E-pit'a-des 
*Ep-i.tbe'ras 
*Ep'i-t03 
E'pi-uin 
Ep'o-na 
*E-pon'y-mu3 
*E-po'pe 
E-po'pe-ug 
Ep-o-red'o-rix 
Ep'u-lo 
E-pyt'i-deg 
Ep'y-tu3 
Eq-ua-jus'ta 
E-quic'o-lu3 
*E-qiiir'i-a 
*Eq'iii-te3 
Eq-no-tu'ti-cum 
Er'a-con 
E-ra'a 
Er-a-se'nus 
*Er-a-3i'nu3 
Er-a-sip'pus 
Er-a-si3'tra-tU3 
Er'a-to 

Er-a-tos'the-ne3 

Er-a-tos'tra-tu3 

E-ra'tu9 

Er-bes'su3 

fEr-cbi'a 

Er'e-biis 

*Er-ech-the'um 

E-rech'the-U3 

*Er-ech-tbi'da 

E-rech'lhi-dea 

E-rem'bi 

E-re'mu3 

Er-e-ne'a 

E-res'sa 

E-re'sus 

*Er'c-siis,  or  E-res'sua 

E-re'tri-a 

E-re'tiim 

Er-eu-tha'li-on 

Er'ga-ne 

*Er-gaii'i-ca 

Er-gen'na 

Er'gi-aa 

Er-gi'nii3 

Er-gin'im3 

Er-i-b<E'a 

*Er-i-b<i'lea 

»Er-i-ca'tca 

*Er-i-ce'B 

Er-i-ce'tea 

E-ricb't!io 

Er-icb-lbo'nl-iia 

Er-i-cin'i-uin 

Er-i-c»'sa 

E-rid'a-niia 

*Er-is-du'pu» 

E-rig'o-iie 

tE-riK-o-ne'l-ui 

E-rig'onus 


1308 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Er-i-cy'us 

K-ril'liid 

K-riii'deg 

•K-rin'e-os 

E-rin'iia 

K-riii'nys 

K-ri'o-nia 

E-ri|ili'a-ni9 

E-riph'i-das 

Er-i-plij'le 

E'ris 

Er-i-sicli'thon 
Er'i-tluis 
E-rix'o 
E-ro'clmg 

E-ro'pus,  and  Mt'o- 

pas 
E'ros 

E-ros'tra-lus 
•E-ro'ti-a 
Er-ru'ca 
ICr'se 
Erx'i-as 
tE-ry'a-Ius 
E-ryb'i-iim 
Er-y-ci'na 
Er-y-inai>'thl9 
Er-y-maii'tliu8 
Er'y-iiias 
E-ryin'iia 
E-ryiii'iie-us 
Er'y-iiins 
•Er-ys-the'a 
Er-y-the'a 
*Er-y-tlii'a 
Er-y-llii'ni 
fEr-y-tliai'um 
Er'y-thra 
I  *E-rytli-ra-bo'lus 
Er'y-thne 
Er'y-thras 
E-rytli'ri-on 
E-rytli'ros 
E'ryx 
E-ryx'o 
E-ser'iui3 

Es-qiiil'i-o;,  and  Es- 

qiii-li'nu3 
Es-sed'o-nes 
Es'se-nes 
Es'sn-i 
tEs-ti-a!-o'ti9 
Es-ti-ai'a 
Es'u-la 
E-te-ar'clius 
E-te'o-tle3 
E-te'o-clii9 
El-e-o-cre'tx 
E-te'u-nes 
E-te-o'iie-us 
E-te-o-ii  i  'cu3 
*E-te-o'nu3 
E-te'si-se 
IMIia'li-oii 
E-the'le-iim 
*E-tlie'lus 
E-ilie'mon 
Elh'o-da 
E'ti-as 
E'tis 

E-lrii'ri-a 

tE-lnis'ci 

El'y-lus 

Eu'ba-ees 

Eu-ba'lii3 

Eii'bi-u3 

Eu-b<E'a 

Eii-bo'i-cus 

Eti'bo-te 

Eii'bo-tes 

Eii-bu'l(! 

Eii-bu'li-des 

Eu-bu'lu3 

Eu-ce'rus 

Eii-che'nor 

Eii'chi-des 

Eu-ch'dc3 

Eii'clus 

Eu'cra-te 

Eu'cra-te3 

Eu'cri-tiis 

Eiic-te'mon 

Euc-tre'si-i 

Eu-dx'inoii 

Eii-dam'i-das 

Eu'da-muB,  or  *Eu- 

da'nius 
Eii-de'inus 
Eu-do'ci-a 
Eu-d»c'i-mus 
EiMlo'ra 
Eu-do'ru3 
Eu-dox'i-a 
Eu-dox'us 
•Eii-«l-ge'a 
Eu-e-mer'i-da3 


*Eu-<'s'pe-ris 

Eii-Ra'ne-i 

Eii-ge'ni-a 

tEu-ge'ni-iim 

Eii-Rc'ni-U9 

Eii'geon 

*Eii-gi'a 

Eii-hem'e-nis 

»En'liy-dra 

Ell 'by-drum 

Eii'by-U3 

Eii-liiii'e-no 

Eii-ma'chi-us 

Eii-ina!'u3 

*Eii-ina'ras 

*Eu-ine'ce3 

Eii-ine'des 

Eii-mu'lis 

tEu-ine'lu3,    (son  of 

Eii'nie-lus 
Eu'iiie-nes 

Eii-nie'ni-a,  (a  female) 
*Eii-ine-ni'a,  (a  citij) 
Eii-ineii'i-des 
Eii-me-nid'i  a 
Eii-nie'ni-u3 
Eu-niol'pe 
Eii-mol'pi-dB 
Eu-rtiol'pu3 
En-mon'i-des 
*Eu'iie-03 
Eu-niE'iia 
Eii-iia'pi-us 
*Eu-ni'ce 
*Eu-no'ini-a 
Eii'no-inii3 
*Eu-nii'chU3 
Eii'nus 
»Eii'o-diis 
tEii-on'y-mo3 
Eu'o-ras 
Eii-pa'gi-um 
Eu-pal'a-mon 
*Eii-pal'a-nrio3 
Eii-pal'a-mus 
Eu'pa-tor 
Eu-pa-to'ri-a 
*Eu-pat'o-ri3 
Eiipei'thes 
Eu'pha-es 
Eu-pban'tus 
Eii-phe'me 
Eu-pbe'mns 
Eu-pbor'bii3 
En-pbr>'ri-on 
tEu-phra'nor 
.Eii-pbra'tes 
Eii'phron 
Eu-pliros'y-ne 
*Eu-pi'thos 
Eu-pliE'a,  or  Eu-p)oe'a 
Eii'po-lis 
*Eu-po'lu3 
Eii-poni'pus 
Eu-ri-a-iias'sa 
Eu-rip'i-des 
Eii-ri'pus 
*Eii-ro-a(|'ui-lo 
*Eu-r<ic'ly-don 
Eii-ro'mu3 
*Eu-roii'o-tu3 
Eu-ro'pa 
Eii-ro-ps'u3 
Eu'rops 
*Eii-ro'pu3 
Eu-ri)'ias 
Eu-ro'to 
*Eu-ro'U3 
Eu'rus 
Eu-ry'a-Ie 
Eu-ry'a-lii3 
Eu-ryb'a-tcs 
Eu-ryb'i-a 
Eii-ry-bi'a-<]c3 
Eu-ryb'i-U3 
*Eu-ryb'o-lu3 
Eu-ry-cle'a 
Eu'ry-cle3 
Eu-ry-cli'des 
Eu-ryc'ra-te3 
Eu-ry-crat'i-da3 
Eu-ryd'a-mas 
Eii-ryd  'a-me 
Eu-ry-dam'i-das 
Eu-ryd'i-ce 
*Eu-ry-e'lus 
Eu-ry-ga'ni-a 
•Eu-ryl'c-on 
Eii-ryI'o-chu9 
Eu-ryin'a-chus 
Eii-rym'e-de 
Eu-rym'e-don 
Eu-rym'e-ne3 
Eu-ryn'o-me 
Eu-ryn'o-mu3 


Eii-ry'o-ne 

Eu'ry-pon 

•Eii-ry-pon'ti-diB 

Eu-ryp'y-le 

Eii-ryp'y-lu9 

Eu-rys'tbe-nes 

Eii-rys-tben'i-dx 

Eii-rys'tbe-us 

Eii'ry-te 

Eu-ryt'e-B 

Eii-ryt'c-Ie 

tEu-ry-the'itiis 

Eii-rytb'i-on,  and  Eu- 

rvt'i-on 
Eii'ry-tia 
Eii'ry-tus 
*Eii'sc-bc9 

*Eii-se'bi-a,  (a  woman) 
*Eu-se-bi'a,  (o  city 
near  ML  Taurus) 
Eii-se'bi-113 
*En-sem'a-ta 
Eii'se-pii9 
Eii-sta'tbi-us 
Eii-sto'li-a 
Eti-sto'li-u9 
Eii-ta;'a 
Eii-tel'i-da3 
Eu-ter'pe 
Eii-tba'li-a 
Eii-lba'Ii-us 
*Eii-tlic'nE 
Eii-tbyc'ra-tC9 
Eu-tby-de'inu3 
Eii-thy'iTiii3 
*Eii-thyn'o-us 
Eci-trap'e-lu9 
*Eii-tre'si3 
Eu-tro'pi-a 
Eii-tro'pi-u9 
Eu'ty-cbes 
Eii-tych'i-do 
Eti-tycb'i-de3 
*Eu'ty-cbu3 
Eiix-an'tbi-u3 
Eux'e-nu3 
Eiix-i'niis  Pon'tu3 
*Etix-ip'pe 
*Eiix-yn'tbe-tus 
E-vad'ne 
Ev'a-ges 
*Ev'a-gon 
Evag'o-ra3 
E-vag'o-re 
E'van 
E-van'der 
E-van'ge-Iu3 
Ev-an-Ror'i-de9 
E-van'tbe3 
E-var'cbu3 
E'va3 
E'vax 
E-vel'thon 
E-veni'e-ru9 
*E-ve'nor 
E-ve'mi3 
Ev-e-phe'nu3 
Ev'e-res 
E-ver'ge-tiB 
E-ver'getes 
tEv-es-per'i  des 
E-vip'pe 
E-vip'pn3 
Ex-a'di-U9 
Ex-te'thes 
Ex-ag'o-nu9 
*Ex-om'a-t(e 
Ex-om'a-tra 
*Ex-quil'i-a 


tF*-Bi'RI-A 

Fab'a-ri3 

Fa'bi-a 

Fa-bi-a'ni 

Fa'bi-i 

Fa'bi-U9 

Fab-ra-to'ri-a 

Fa-bric'i-u9 

Fa-btil'la 

tFn-ccl'i-na 

*Fac-e-li'na 

Fa'dug 

FiEs'u-Im 

Fnl-cid'i-a 

tFa-Ie'ri-a 

Fa-Ie'ri-i 

Fal-€-ri'na 

Fa-ler'nu9 

Fa-lis'ci 

Fa-lis'cu3 


Fa'iiia 

Fnii'ni-a 

Fan'ni-i 

Fari'ni  113 

Fnr'fa-rii3 

*Far'si-na 

Fas'cc-lis 

Fas-cel'li-na 

*Fa-tic'a-nus 

Faii-cu'la 

Fau'la 

Fau'na 

Faii-na'li-a 

Faii'ni 

Faii'iui9 

Faiis'ta 

Faus-ti'na 

•Faus-ti'nus 

Faiis'ii-tas 

Faiis'tii-lu9 

Faiis'lii3 

Fa-ven'ti-a 

Fa-ve'ri-a 

Fa'vo 

tFav-o-ri'nug 

Feb'ru-a 

Fe-ci-a'le9 

Fel'gi-nas 

»Fe-lic'i-ta3 

*Fel'si-na 

Fen-es-tel'la 

tFen'ni 

Fe-ra'Ii-a 

Fer-cn-li'mim 

Fe-reii'tum,  or  fFo- 

ren'tiim 
Fe-re'tri-u3 
Fe-ro'ni-a 
Ffs-cen'ni-a 
*Fes-cen-ni'nu3 
tFes'cii-l!B 
Fes'tu9 
Fi-bre'nu3 
Fi-ciil'ne-a 
Fi-de'na,  or  Fi-de'na; 
t*Fid-e-na'tC3 
Fi-den'ti-a 
*Fi(l-cn-ti'nu3 
Fi'des 
Fi-dic'u-lE 
Fiin'bri-a 
Fir'ini-iis 
Fis-cel'lus 
Flac'ciis 
Fla-cfl'li-a 
Fla-cil'la 
Fla-cil'la  ^'li-a 
*Klan)'i-tie9 
Fla-niin'i-a 
Fla-inin'i-us,  or  Flam- 

i-ni'nu9 
Fla'vi-a 
FPa-vi-a'num 
*Fla-vi'na. 
Fla-viii'i-a 
Fla-vi-ob'ri-ga 
Fla'vi-us 
*Fla-vo'na 
Flo'ra 
Flo-ra'li-a 
*Flo-ra'li3 
tFlo-ren'ti-a 
Flo-ri-a'nU3 
Flo'rus 
Flu-o'iii-a 
Fo'li-a 
*Fon-la'nu3 
Fon-te'i-a 

Fon-tc'i-us  Cap'i-to 

For'ini-iE 

For-mi-a'num 

For'nax 

For-tu'na 

For'u-li 

Fo'nim  Ap'pi-i 

Frnn'ci 

Fre-gel'Ia 

Fre-go'na! 

Fren-Ia'ni 

Frig'i-du9 

Fris'i  i 

Fron'ti-nus 

*Fron-ti'nii9 

Fron'to 

Fru'si-no 

Fu-ci'na 

Fu-ci'llug 

t*Fii'ci-niis 

Fii-fid'i-ii3 

Fii'li  iis  Cem'i-nus 

tFii-go'li-a 

Fiil-gi-na'te3 

Fiil-gi'nii3 

Fiirii-num,  and  Fiil- 
Ful'vi-a  fgi'nuai 
Ful'vi-us 


Fiin-da'r.u9 

Fiin'di 

Fu'ri-a 

Fii'ri-m 

Fii'ri-i 

Fu-ri'na 

Fii--i'n!B 

Fu'ri-ii9 

Fur'ni-us 

Fiis'cus 

*Fiis-ci'na 

Fu'si-a 

Fu'si-us 


G. 


Gab'a-lk3 
*Gab'a  lii3 
*Gab'a-ru9 
*Gab'a-za 

Ga-be'iio,  and  Ga-bi- 

e'ne 
Ga-bi-e'nU3 
Ga'bi-i 
Ga-bi'na 
Ga-bin'i-a 
Ga-biii-i-a'nU9 
Ga-bin'i-us 
*Ga-bi'nu9 
*Gad'a-ra 

Ga'des,  and  fGa-di'ra 

Gad-i-ta'iius 

GiB-sa'to; 

*Gffi-tu'li 

Ga?-tii'li-a 

Ga;-tu'li-cu9 

Ga-la'bri-i 

G;d-ac-toph'a-gi 

Ga-lE'sii3 

Ga-lan'tbig 

Gal'a-ta 

Gal'a-tffl 

Gal-a-tae'a,  and  Gal-a- 

llia.''a 
*Gal-ate'a 
Ga-la'ti-a 
Ga-lax'i-a 
Gal'ba 
*Garbii-]a 
Ga-le'nu3 
Ga-le'o-lffl 
*Ga-le-o'tsB 
Ga-le'ri-a 
Ga-Ie'ri-U3 
Ga-le'su3 
Gal-i-liE'a 
Ga-liii-thi-a'di-a 
Gal'li 
Gal'li-a 
Gal-li-ca'nus 
*Gal-lic'i-nus 
*Gnl'li-cus 
Gal-li-c'nu9 
Gal-li-na'ri-a 
Gal-lip'o-lis 
*Gal-li'ta 
Gal-lo-gra'ci-n 
Gal-lo'ni-ii3 
Gal'bis 
Ga-inax'us 
*Gain-bre'um 
Ga-nie'li-a 
Gan-da-ri'tas 
Gan'ga-ina 
Gan-gar'i-d:e 
*Gan-gar'i-de8 
Gan'ges 
*Gan-ge'ti3 
Gan-nas'cus 
Gan-y-me'de 
Gan-y-itifi'deg 
*Ga-riEl'i-ciim 
Gar-a-man'teg 
Gar  a-man'tis 
Gar'a-ma3 
Gar'a-tas 
Ga-re'a-taj 
Ga-re-ath'y-ra 
Gar-ga'nU3 
Gar-ga'pbi-a 
Gar'ga-ra 
*Gar-gar'i-diB 
Gar'ea-ris 

!Gar'ga-ras 
•Gar-gel'tU9 
!ar-Rit'ti-U3 
Ga-ril'i-U3 
*Ga-ri'tes 
Ga-rum'na 
Gas'tron 
•Ga'lhe-tB 
Ga-the'a-las 


t*Gaii-ga-int''!a 

Gaii'liis,  or  Gau'lc-on 

"•Gau-ra'nus 

Gaii'rii3 

Ga'iis,  or  Ga'o9 

*Ga-zo'ru9 

Ge  bcn'na 

*Gc-dro'si 

Gc-dro'si-a 

Ge-ga'ni-i 

Ge'la 

Ge-Ia'nor 

G.l'li-a 

Gel'li  a3 

Gel'li-113 

Gc'lo,  or  Ce'lon 

»Gfl'o-i 

t*Ge-bi'i 

Gel'ivncg,  or  Ge-Io'ni 

Gc'lo3 

♦Gein'i-ni 

Ge-iniii'i-u3 

Geni'i-nns 

*Ge-ini'im9 

Ge-iia'bimi 

Ge-iiau'ni 

*Gc-ne'te9 

Ge-iie'va 

*Geii'e-va 

ITGe-ne'va,  or  TTGe- 

na'va 
Ge-ni'su3 
Ge'iii-us 
*Gen-na'i-des 
♦Gc-iio'ui 
Gen'se-ric 
Gen'li-ii3 
Geii'u-a 
Ge-nii'ci-ii3 
ITGe-nu'rug 
Ge-nii'su3 
t*Gen'ii-sii9 
Ge-iiii'li-a 
*Gen'y-sii3 
*Ge-om'o-ri 
Ge-or'gi-ca 
Ge-pby'ra 
Ge-pbyr'!B-i 
*Gepb-y-nB'i 
*Ge-pliy'rcg 
*Geph-y-ro'te 
*Gfi)'i-da; 
Ge-ra;s'lii3 
*Ger-a-ne'a 
Ge-ra'ni-a 
Ge-ran'thrae 
•Ger'a-sa 
♦Ge  re'a 
Ge-rcs'ti-cug 
Ger'gi-tbum 
Ger-iio'bi-a 
Ge'ri-on 
Gcr-nia'ni-a 
'Ger-iiiaii-i-ci'a 
Ger-iiian'i-cu9 
Gernia'iii-i 
*Ger-ina'mis 
*Gtr-mi-te'ug 
Gc-ron'tbriE 
Ger'rliie 

Ge'rus,  onii  Ger'rhug 
Ge'ry-on,  and  Ge-ry'- 

o-nea 
*Ge-siili'o-ug  • 
Ges'sa-tie 
tGea-so-ri'a  cum 
Ges'so3 
Ges'sug 
Ge'ta 
Ge'tae 

*Ge-lho9'y-iie 

*Getb  sem'a-ni 

*Get'i-cus 

Ge-tu'li-a 

Gi-gan'tcs 

•Gig-aii-te'ug 

Gi-gar'tum 

Gi'gis 

•Gi-go'nus 

Gil'do 

Gil'lo 

Gin-da'nc9 

Giii'des 

Gin'ge 

Gin-gu'num 

Gip'pi-U9 

Gis'co 

Gla-di-a-to'ri-1  Lu'di 

»Glaii-<lo-ine'rum 

Gla'iiia 

Gla'num 

Glaph'y-rc,  and 

Glaph'y-ra 
Glaph'y-rus 
Glaii'ce 
Glau'ci-a 


Glaii-f  tp'pc 

(*Ltii-rip'pu3 

Glaii'roii 

Glaii-ruii'o-me 

Glau-co'pis 

Glaii'ciis 

Gbaii'ti-ag 

Gli'con 

Glis'sag 

Glyc'e-ni 

Gly-ce'ri-um 

Gly'con 

Glym'pei 

Giia'ti-a 

Giii'diis 

Gnos'si  a,  or  Gnos'nia 

Giior'siis 

Gob-a-iiit'i-o 

Gd'bar 

Goh'a-res 

Go'bry-as 

Giil'gi 

*Goiii'o-ra 

Gdin'pbi 

Gci-na'las 

G(i-iii'a-de3 

Gu-iiip'pus 

Goii'iii 

Go-niBs'sa 

Go-iiiis'sa 

Gor-di-a'nus 

♦Gor-di-c'um 

*Gi>r-di-ii-co'mon 

Gur'di-um 

Gor'di-us 

*Gor-<li-ii-ti'chug 

Gor-ga'sus 

Gor'ge 

G(>r'gi-a« 

Gor'go 

Gor'go-nc9 

*Gor-go'iie-ii3 

Gor-go'ni-a 

G(>r-g(i'iii-us 

Gor-goph'o-no 

Gor-gopli'o-ra 

*Gor-go'pi3 

Gor'gus 

Gor-gylb'i-OB 

Gor'tii-!e 

Gor'tyii,  Gor'tys,  or 

Gor  ty'na 
Gor-tyn'i-a 
*G()-tbo'nc9 
ITGo'thi 
Got'tlii 
Grac'cbus 
Gra-di'vu3 
Grie'ci 
Grffi'ci-a 
Grie'ci-a  Mng'na 
Grffi-ci'nus 
*Gr8:-cos'ta-sis 
Gra;'cii3 
Gra'i-iis 
*Gra-jii'ge-n!E 
Gra-iii'cus 
Gra'iii-iis 
*Gra-te'ie  In'su-lx 
Gra'li-E 
Gra-li-a'nus 
Gra-tid'i-a 
Gra'ti-on 
Gra'ti-U9 
Gra'vi-i 
Gra-vis'cs 
Gra'vi-us 
Gre-go'ri-us 
Grrn'nes 
•Gro-nc'a 
Gros'pbus 
Grjl'lus 
Gry-ne'um 
Gry-ne'u3 
Gry-iii'um 
*Gy'a-ra 

Gy'a-rus,  and  Gy'a-Toa 

Gy'as 

Gy-gffi'u3 

Gy'ge 

Gy'ges,  or  Gy'es 

*Gyl-a-cc'a 

Gy-lip'pu9 

Gyin-na'si-a 

Gym-na'si-um 

Gyn-nt* 'si-IE 

Gym'ne-leg 

*Gym-nc'lei 

•Gym  no-pai-di'a 

Gym-nns-u-phis'tie 

Gy-niE'cf-a-s 

Gy-iia--co-tbce'nas 

Gyn'des 

*Gyr-to'na 

Gy-tbe'um 


164 


FFFFF 


1309 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


H. 


Ha-dri-a-nop'o-Iis 
Ha-dri-a'nus 
Ha-dri-at'i-cum 
*Hai]-y-le'uin 
Hffi'mon 
Hae-mo'ni-a 
*HoEm'o-nis 
Hee'iiius 
Ha'ges 
Hag-nag'&-ra 
Hag'iio 

Ha-lai'sus,  and  Ha-le'- 

sus 
Hal'a-Ia 
Hal-cy'o-ne 
tHa-len'tum 
t*Hal'e-sa 
JHa-le'sa 
Ha-le'si-ug 
*Ha-le'sus 
Ha'li-a 
Ha-li-ac'mon 
*Ha-li-ac'e-lua 
Ha-Ii-ar'tiis 
*Hal-i-car-nas'se-u3 
Hal-i-car-nas'sus 
Ha-lic'y-se 
Ha-li'e-is 
Hii-lim'e-de 
Hal-ir-rho'ti-iis 
Hal-i-ther'sus 
*Ha-li'uin 
Ha'Ii-iis 
•Hal-i-zo'nes 
*Hal-ino'ne3 
Hal'mus 
Ilal-my-des'su3 
*Hal'my-ris 
*Hal-my-ro'tes 
*Ha-lo'a 
Ha-loc'ra-tea 
Ha-l(i'ne 
Hal-on-ne'sus 
Ua-lo'ti-a 
Haio'tus 
Ha'lus 
Ha-ly-ae'lus 
Ha-ly-at'tes 
tHa-ly'cus 
Ha'lys 
Ha-lyzT-a 
Haiii-a-dry'a-des 
*Ha-inad'r>-as 
»Ham-ar-lo'lU3 
Ha-max'i-a 
*Ha-niax'i-tU3 
*Ham-ax-o'bi-i 
Ha-inil'car 
II:i-iriil'lu3 
llani'inon 
Ilan'ni-bal 
Har'ca-lo 
llar-ma-te'li-a 
Har'ma-tris 
*Har'iiia-tu3 
*Har-men-o-pu'lu3 
Har-mu'di-u3 
Ilar-ino'ni-a 
Har-nion'i-deg 
*Har-irios'y-ni 
*llar'iii()-7.on 
*llar-|>a'j;i-a 
*Har-|)ag'i-des 
llar'pa-Kiis 
Har-pal'i-ce 
Har-pa'll-on 
Ilar'pa-liis 
llar-pal'y-ce 
Har-pal'y-cus 
Ilar'|ia-sa 
Hiir'pa-aiis 
Har-pcic'ra-tes 
♦liar -py'i-a 
Har-py'i-a^ 
tHar'ii-des 
*Ila-ru'dc» 
Ila-nis'pcx 
•Has-liy'lo 
Ifas'drii-bal 
Ila-le'ri-ii8 
Hniis'ta-nca 
♦lle-au-lon-tl-mo-ni'- 

me-no» 
Hrli'ilo-lo 
*llcb'du-me 
He'be 
tle-he'mM 
•Hrh'ri-niis 
•Hu-bri)iii'n  Eiim 
*Ilc-bruin'a-nuii 


He'brus 

*He-bu'de3 

Hec'a-le 

Ilec-a-le'si-a 

Hec-a-me'de 

tHec'a-tffi 

Hec-a-tiE'u3 

Hec'a-te 

Hec-a-te'si-a 

tHec'a-to 

Hec-a-tora-bo'i-a 

Hec-a-tom-plio'ni-a 

Hec-a-toni'po-lis 

Hec-a-tom'py-bis 

♦Ilec-a-loiii'py-lus 

»Hec-a-ton-iie'si 

*Hec-te'nE 

Hec'lor 

Hec'ii-ba 

*Hec'y-ta 

Hed'i-la 

fHed-o-nffi'um 

*Hed'u-e3 

Hfid'ii-i 

*Hed'y-lus 

He-dyiii'e-les 

He-gel 'o-clius 

He-ge'nion 

Heg-e-si'a-nax 

He-ge'si-as 

Heg-e-sil'o-chus 

Heg-e-sin'o-us 

Heg-e-si'mis 

Heg-e-sip'pus 

Heg-e-sip'y-le 

Heg-e-sis'tra-tus 

Heg-e-syp'e-le 

Heg-e-tor'i-des 

Hei'e-na 

He-le'iii-a 

*Hel-e-ni'u3 

He-le'nor 

Hel'e-nus 

*He'le-on 

He-ler'ni  Lu'cus 

tHe'les,  or  tHa'les 

*He'li-a 

He-li'a-des 

He-li-as't£e 

Hel-i-ca'on 

Hel'i-ce 

Hel'i-con 

Hel-i-co-ni'a-des 

Hel-i-co'ni3 

*Hel-i-nie'na 

*Heri-iniis 

He-li-o-do'rus 

He-li-o-gab'a-ltis 

*He-li-o-ga-ba'lus 

He-li-op'o-lis 

He-lis'son 

*He-li'um 

He'li-us 

He-Iix'us 

*Hel']a-da 

Hel-lan'i-ce 

Hel-laii'i-cus 

Htl-la-noc'ra-te3 

*Hel-la-iiod'i-CE 

Hel'las 

Hcl'Ie 

Hel'len 

Hel-le'nes 

Hel-les-pon'tus 

*IIel'lo-pe3 

Hel-Io'pi-a 

Hel-lo'ti-a 

He-lo'ris 

Ile-lo'runi,  and 

He-lo'rus 
He'ioa 

He-lo'ta;,  and  Ilc-lo'tes 

He'lum 

Hel-ve'ti-a 

Hel-ve'ti-i 

♦llel-ve'tum 

Hel'vi-a 

tllel-vid'i-a 

llel'vi-i 

tHel-vil'lum 

Mel  vi'na 

Hel'vi-us  Cin'na 

Hel'y-iniis 

Ile-ma'ilii-on 

*liein-e  -r(ts-co-pi'um 

•llc-iiiic'y-nes 

Ilc-milh'c-a 

♦He-ino'dua 

lle'nion 
■^•llo-mii'na 

lle'iiiiis 
.  llcn'c-ti 

He-ni'o-chl 

•Mc-ni-<>-chi'tt 
!  })K-pliH!!i'li-a 
'  *ilcpti-ii:i)-ti'a 


fHepli-a's-li'a-des 

Iie-plia;s'ti-i 

He-i)liiEs'ti-o 

He-pliips'ti-on 

Hei)-ta-pho'no3 

Hep-tap'o-lis 

*He|)-tap'o-rus 

Hep-tap'y-los 

*Hep-ta-yd'a-ta 

He'ia 

Her-a-cle'a 

Her-a-cle'i-a 

*Her'a-cIes 

He-rac'le-um 

He-rac-Ie-o'tes 

Her-a-cIi'd!E 

Her-a-cli'des 

Her-a-cli'di3 

Her-a-cli'tu3 

He-rac'li-u3 

*Her-a-cU'u3 

He-rie'a 

He-ra'um 

*Her-be'sus 

Her-bes'sua 

fHer-bi'ta 

Her-ce'i-us 

*Her-ce'U3 

Her-cii-la'ne-um 

*Her-cu-la'ne-us 

Her'cLi-les 

Her-cu'le-um 

Her-cii'le-U3 

Her-cy'na 

Her-cyn'i-a 

*Her-cyn'i-us 

Hei-do'ni-a 

Her-d(i'ni-us 

He're-a 

*He-re'a 

He-ren'ni-us  Se-ne'- 

ci-o 
He're-us 
He-ril'lu3 
Her'i-liis 

*He-ri'us,  and  *He'ri- 
us 

Her'ma-chus 

Her'iiice 

Her-iiiiE'a 

Her-iii8B'um 

Her-mag'o-ras 

fHer  man'di-ca 

Her-nian-du'ri 

Her-nian'ni 

Her-niapli-ro-di'tus 

fHer'mas 

Her-ma-the'ua 

Her-me'as 

Her-nie'i-as 

Her'mes 

Her-nie-si'a-nax 

Her-mi'as 

iler-miii'i-U3 

Her-mi'o-iie 

*Uer-iiii'o-ne3 

Her-mi-o'ni-ie 

Her-mi-oii'i-cus  Si'nu3 

*Her-nii'o-nis 

Her-inip'pu3 

*Hei-ino  cop'i-dse 

Her-inoc'ra-tes 

Her-mo-do'ru9 

Iler-niog'e-nes 

Her-mo-la'u3 

*Uer-itio'nax 

*ller-inoii'do-ri 

tHer-mop'o-lis 

Her-ino-ti'mii9 

Iler-iiiun-du'ri 

Her'inu3 

Iler'iii-ci 

He'ro 

Hc-ro'des 

Ile-ro-di-a'nu3 

Ilc-rod'i-cus 

*Her-o-di'um 

IIc-rod'o-tu3 

♦Iler-o-dii'lus 

lier'o-es 

t*He-r()'e8 

He-ru'ia 

Ile'ron 

Ile-ropli'i-Ia 

*He-r<iph'i-le 

lle-rt)|>li'i-lns 

llcros'tra-lus 

ller'pa 

ller'se 

Iler-Hil'i-a 

llur'ltia,  and  Iler'ta 

Il«r'ii-li 

•IIer'u-lii9 

Ile-Biu'iiiin 

He-«i'o-dus 

He-8i'o-iie 


*He-si'o-nes 

Hes-pe'ri-a 

Hes-per'i-des 

Hes'pe-ris 

tHes-pe-ri'tis 

Hes'pf-ru3 

Hcs'ti-a 

fHes-ti'a 

Hes-ti-te'a 

*Hes-ti-o'nes 

He'sus 

He-syrh'i-a 

He-sycli'i-us 

He-tric'u-luin 

He-tru'ri-a 

Ileii-rip'pa 

Hex-ap'y-luin 

f  Hi-ar'bas,  or  I  ar'bas 

Hi-ber'ni-a,  and  Hy- 

ber'iii-a 
*Hi-be'rus 
Hi-briI'des 
H  ic-e-la'on 
1T*Hic'e-tas 
Hi-emp'sal 
'i*Hi'e-va,  {an  island) 
1I*Hi-e'ra,  or  I-ffi'ra,  (a 

prrson) 
1T*Hi-e-ra-ro'ine 
Hi-e-iap'o-lis 
Hi'e-iax 
*Hi'e-ri 
*Hi-er'i-cliU3 
Hi'e-io 

Hi-e-ro-cc'pi-a 

*Hi-e-ro-cc'pi3 

Hi-er'o-cles 

*  Hi-e-ro-c£es-a-re'a 

*Hi-e-ro-du'li 

H:-e-ro-du'lum 

*Hi-€-ro-ke'ryx 

fHi-er-oni-iie'mon 

*Hi-er-oin-neni'o-ne3 

Fli-e-ro-ne'sos 

Hi-e-nm'i-ca  (Lex) 

*Hi-e-ro-tii'cae 

Hi-er-o-ni'ce3 

Hi-e-ron'i-cus 

Hi-e-ron'y-mu3 

Hi-e-ropli'i-Iu3 

Hi-e-ro-sory-ina 

*Hi-gi'nus 

HIg-na'ti-a  Vi'a 

Hi-la'ri-a 

Hi-Ia'ri-U3 

*Hi-man-top'o-de3 

Hi-iiiel'la 

Hiin'e-ra 

Hi-mil'co 

Hip-pag'o-ra3 

*Hip-pag're-tu3 

Hip-pal'ei-inus 

Hip'pa-Iu9 

Hip-par'clii-a 

Hip-par'chU3 

IIip-pa-ri'nu3 

Hip-pa'ri-oii 

*Hip'pa-ri3 

Ilip'pa-sii3 

IIip'pe-U3 

Hip'|)i 

Ilip'pi-a 

Ilip'pi-aa 

Hip'pis 

llip'pi-U3 

Hip'po 

Hip-pob'o-te9 

*Hip-pob'o-tuin 

Ilip-pob'o-tus 

Hip-po-cen-tau'ri 

*Hip-po-co'me 

Hip-poc'o-on 

Hip-po-co-iys'tes 

fHip-poc'ra-lo 

Ilil>-poc'ra-tc3 

Hip-po-cra'li-a 

llip-po-cre'ne 

lllp-pod'a-ma3 

Hip-p()d'a-ine,anrf  Ilip- 

po-da-nii'a 
IIip-p(nl'a-mu3 
llip-pi>d'i-co 
♦llip-po-do'riis 
llip-pod'ro-ma3 
Ilip'pii-la 
llip-pol'o-cbiis 
Hip-|K)l'y-te 
Ilip-|)ory-tn3 
llip-|iuiii'a-cliU3 
HIp-poiD'e-don 
tlli|>-pciiii-c-du'8a 
llip-piuri'e-no 
Hip-p<iiii'o-iie9 
Hj|)-pii-iii(>l'gi  I 
Mip'pon,  and  Hip'po 
Hip-po'iia  I 


t*nip-po'nax 
Hip-pu-ni'a-Ies 

*Hip  pf>-Ilj'cU3 

Hip-po'ni-um 
Hip-pon'o-iis 
*Hip-popb'a-gi 
Hip-pop'o-des 
Hip-pos*tra-tu3 
Hip-pot'a-des 
Hip'po-tas,  or  Hip'po- 
tes 

Hip-poth'o-e 

Hip-pntb'o-on 

Hip-poth-o-on'tis 

Hip  poth'o-U3 

llip-po'ti-on 

*Hip-po-tox'o-tffi 

Ilip-pu'ris 

*Hippu'rus 

Hip'piis 

Hip'si-des 

Hi'ia 

Hir-pi'ni 

Hir-pi'jius 

Hir'li-a  (Lex) 

Hir'ti-us  Aii'lu3 

Hir'tiis 

His'lion 

tHis'pa-li3 

His-pa'ni-a 

*Uis-pa'iiu3 

His-pel'lum 

His'|>o 

His-pul'la 

His-tas'pes 

Hls'ter  Pa-cu'vi-us 

His-li-ie'a 

His-ti-ae'o-tis 

His-ti-ffi'us 

His'tri-a 

Ho'di-us 

*Hol-mi'um 

Hol'o-cron 

*Hom-e-re'ii3 

*Ho-iiier'i-dK 

t  Hn-ine-ro-inas'tix 

*  Ho-ine-ro-mas-ti'ges 
Ho-nie'ru3 
*Ho-mi'lB 
Honi'o-le 
Ho-nio'le-a 
Hoiii-o-lip'pus 
Hoin-o-lo'i-des 
Ho-inon-a-den'se3 
*Hom-o-ti'mi 
fHo'nor 
Ho-no'ri-us 
*Ho-ple'tes 

Hu'ra 

Ho-rac'i-lae 

Ho'ra 

Hor-a-pol'Io 
f  Ho-ra'ti-a 
H(>-ra'ti-u3 
Hor'ci-as 
*Ho-ri'zon 
Hor-inis'da3 
H()r-ra'lU3 
tHor'ta 
Hor-ten'si-a 
Hor-ten'si-us 
Hor-ti'num 
Hor-to'na 
Ho'rus 
Hos-til'i-a 
Hos-til'i-u3 
Him-ne-h'cus 
fHun'iii,  or  Hun-ni'a- 
de3 

Hy-a-cin'tlii-a 

Hy-a-cin'tbu3 

Hy'a-de3 

Hy-ag'nis 

Hy'a-la 

*Hy'a-le 

*ny-a-ine'a 

*Hy-aiii-pe'a 

Hy-am'po-lis 

Hy-aii'tbes 

Hy-an'tiH 

*Hy-a-po'a 

Hy-ar'bi-ta 

*Hy-ar-bi'ta 

Ilv'aa 

♦  Ilyb'e-Ia 
Ily'bla 

Hy-bro'aa,  or  Ilyb're- 
us 

Ily-bri'a-nes 

llyc'cara 

Ily'da,  and  Hy'do 

Hyd'a-ra 

Hy-dar'nca 

Hy-das'pea 

Hy'dra 

Hy-dra'ini-o 


Hyd-ra-o'tes 

*Hvd're-a 

♦Hy-ilre'la 

Hy-d  rucli'o-us 

Hy-dro-pho'ri-a 

Hy'drus 

Hy-dru'sa 

Hy'e-la 

*Hy'c-le 

Hy-emp'sal 

Hy-et'tiis 

*Hy-ge'a 

Hy-ge'i-a 

Hy-gi'a-na 

Hy-gi'nus 

Hy'la 

Hy-Iac'i-des 

Hy-lac'lor 

Hy'lcB 

*Hy-le'a 

Hy-lic'us 

Hy'la3 

Hy'lax 

Hyl'i-a3 

Hyl-la'i-cus 

Hyl'lus 

Hy-lon'o-me 

Hy-lopli'a-gi 

Hyin-e-iiiE'us,  and 

Hy'inen 
Hy-niet'tus 
*Hy-o'pe 
Hy-pse'pa 
Hy-piE'si-a 
Hyp'a-nis 
Hyp-a-ri'nu3 
*Hyp'a-ta 
Hy-pa'tea 
Hyp'a-lha 
*IIyp'a-tus 
Hy-pe'nor 
Hyp-e-ra'on 
*Hy-per'ba-tU3 
Hy-per'bi-us 
Hyp-er-bo're-i 
Hy-pe're-a,  and  Hy- 

pe'ri-a 
Hyp-e-re'si-a 
*Hyp-e-ri'a 
Hy-per'i-de3 
Hy-pe-ri'on 
Hyji-e-ri'on 
Hyp-erni-nes'tra 
Hy-per'o-chii3 
Hyp-er-ocli'i-de3 
Hy-pbie'us 
*Hypli-an-te'on 
*Hyp-o-tbe'ha3 
*Hyp-o-the'C!E 
Hyp'sa 
Hy|)-se'a 
*Hyp-se'la 
Hyp-se'nor 
Hyp-se'iis 
Hyp-si  cra-te'a 
Hyp-sic'ra-te3 
Hy|)-sip'y-Ie 
Hyr-ca'iii-a 
Hyr  ca'num  Ma're 
Hyr-ca'iius 
Hyr'i-a 
*Hyr'i-e 

Hy-ri'e-us,  and  Hyr'e- 
us 

Hyr-mi'na 
*nyr-mi'ne 
Hyr'ne-to,  and  Hyr'ne- 
cbo 

Hyr-nith'i-um 
Hyr'ta-cu3 
Hys'i-a 
Hys'pa 

Hys'sus,  uiiii  Hyf '3i 

Hys-tas'pe3 

Hys-ti-e'u3 


I. 


I'a 

I-ar'chus 

l-a'der 

I-a-lc'miis 

*I-nI'ine-nu8 

I-al'y-sus 

I  am 'be 

I-ajii'bli-cua 

I-aiii'c-nu8 

I-ani'i-die 

I-a-iii'ra 

I-aii'llie 

I-aii'Uie-n 

•I-on-ilio'a 


*I-a'on 

*I-a'o-nes 

I-ap-e-roii'i-des 

I-a-pet'i-dea 

fl-ap  e-ti-onM-de8 

I-ap'e-tus 

I-a'pis 

*I-ap'o-deg 

tl-a-pyd'l-a 

*I-a-py'ges 

I-a-pyg'i-a 

I-a'pyx 

I-ar'bas 

*I-ar-bi'ta 

I-ar'ctias,  and  Jar'- 

chas 
I-ar'da-nus 
I-as'i-des 

I-a'si-oii,  and  I-a'si-us 

*I-a'si3 

I'a-sus 

*I-ax-ain'a-ta 

tl  ax'ar-te3 

I-he'ri 

I-be'ri-a 

*I-ber'i-cU3 

I-be'rus 

I'bi 

rbi3 

Ib'y-cU3 

I-ca'ri-a 

I-ca'ri-u3 

Ic'a-ru3 

Ic'ci-U3 

Ic'e-los 

*Ic'e-lu3 

I-cc'ni 

Ic'e-ta3 

Ich'iiiB 

*Ich-nob'a-les 

Ich-nu'sa 

Ich-o-nu'phis 

Ich-tliy-oph'a-gi 

Icli'tiiy3 

I-Cil'i-U3 

Ic'i-us 

tl-c(i'ni-um 

I 'cos 

Ic-ti'niis 

tlc-u-lis'ma 

I'da 

l-d.-e'a 

I-da!'u3 

tl-da'lis,  or  *Id'a-)is 

Iri'a-bis 

Id-an-thyr'sus 

I-dar'nea 

I'das 

Id'e-a 

*l-de'ra 

I-des'sa 

tl'dex 

fl-dis-ta-vi'sus 
[d'liion 
I-diiiii'e-ne 
1-doiii-e-ne'us,  or 
tl-di)iii'e-neu3 
I-d(i'llie-a 
1-dri'e-us 
I-du'be-da 

I-d(i'iiie,attd  Id-u-mo'a 

I-dy'a 

1-dy'i-a 

I-  e'tiE 
Ig'e-ni 
Ig-na'ti-u3 
*lg-ne'te9 
fl-gu'vi  um 

II-  a-i'ra 
Il'ha 

*ll-e-a'te9 

Il-e-ca'o-nes,  and  11-6- 

ca-o-nen'se3 
I-Ier'da 
*ll-cr-ge'tes 
Il'i-a,  or  Rhe'a 
I-Ii'n-ci  Lu'di 
I-li'a-ciis 

I-  li'a-des 
Il'i-as 
fll-i-cn'sea 
Il'i-on 
r-li'one 

II-  i-ii'iie-u9,  or  tI-'''o- 
neii3 

I-lis'siia 

I-  litli  y-i'a,  or  »Il-lhy'- 
i-a 

Il'i-iim,  or  Il'i-on 
•Il-Iib'a-nus 

II-  lib'e-ris 
Il-li[.'.-.a 
Il-li-tiir'gia 
H-lyr'i-ciiin.  Il'Iy-ris, 

and  ll-lyr'i-a 
H-lyr'i-cus  Si'nu« 


1310 


i 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


II  lyr'i-us 

ll'ii-a 

I'liix 

*ll-ur-ge'a 
I-lyr'gia 

I-iii.in-u-en'ti-us 

*l-inii'on 

Iin'n-us 

Iiii'l)n-rn3 

Iin-brae'wies 

Im-liras'i-dc3 

Iin'l>ra-su3 

Irn'l>re-ii3 

Iiii'l)ri-ii9 

Iiii-briv'i-um 

Im'liros 

*liii'u-la 

Iii'a-clii 

I-na'clii-a 

I-nacli'i-d(E 

l-nach'i-des 

I-na'chi-iiin 

In'a-cliii3 

I-nain'a-ines 

I-nar'i-me 

Iii'a-ru3 

In-ci-ta'tii3 

In-da-tliyr'sus 

Iii'di-n 

fln-dib'i-lis 

*lll'di-CU9 

In-dig'e-tea 

*  I  n-d  l-ge'tcs,  (apeople) 

In-dis'e-ti 

In'diis 

♦lii-gmv'o-ncs 

*[ii-iie'sa 

I'no 

I-no'a 

I-no'ims 

I-?io're3 

Ino'tis 

In'siibrcs 

tln-su'bri-n 

tin-ta-ine'li-um 

iiiui-|)bf  r'nes 

[ii-te-raiii'na 

[ii-t«r-ca'li-a 

Ill'll-lis 

I-ny'cus 

I'o 

I-ob'a-tes,oii<;  Jo-ba'tes 

i'o-hes 

I-<vla'i-a 

I'o-las,  or  I-o-la'us 

I-ol'clio9 

I'o-le 

*l-ii'luin 

I'on 

I-o'ne 

I-o'iie3 

l-o'ni-a 

*l-on'i-cus 

I-o'pas 

I'cvpe,  and  Jop'pa 

l'o-ph(in 

*I-o'pi3 

I'os 

*l-o-tapli'a-ta 

Ip'e-pie 

Ipli'i-a-nas'sa 

Iph'i-cliis,  or  Iph'i-cles 

l-phic'ra-les 

*Iph-i-crat'i-de9 

*lph-i-da-ini'a 

I-pbid'a-riiii3 

Iph-i-de-ini'a 

Iph-i-pe-iii'a 

Iph-i-me-di'a 

I-pbim'e-don 

Ipli-i-iiie-du'sa 

Iphin'o-e 

l-pbin'o-us 

I'pbis 

I-pliil'i-on 

[pb'i-tii3 

Iph'tlii-ine 

I|>-st''a 

tIp'sU3 

I'ra 

*l-rn'i3 

*Ir-a-phi-o'te3 

Ir-*-niB'u3 

I-re'ne 

I-re'su3 

I'ris 

I'rus 

*I-sa'cua 

Is'a-da3 

l-se'a 

l-s.'B'llS 

Is'a-imis 
I-san'der 
l$a'pi3 

I'sar,  and  Is'a-ra 
I'sar,  and  I-s(e'u9 


l-sar'chiis 

I-saii'ri-a 

I-sau'ii-cu9 

I-saii'rii9 

Is-che'iii-a 

Is-cho-la'iis 

*ls-chnin'a-rhe 

Is-chop'o-lis 

*Is-chy'ra9 

Is-com'a-chus 

Is-de-ger'des 

*[-se'a 

*r-9e'pu3 

Is'i-a 

*I-si'a-ci 

*I-si'a-di3 

Is-i-du'ru3 

I 'sis 

*Is-iiia-e'la 

Is'iiia-riis,a«<i  Is'ina-ra 

Is-iiic'ne 

Is-int''ni-a9 

Is-men'i-dC9 

Isine'niis 

I-soc'ra-teg 

Is'sa 

Is'se 

*ls-se'don 

*ls-sed'o-nc9 

Is'siis 

•Is-t*v'o-nes 
Is'ter,  and  Is'trU9 
Isth'iiii-a 

lstll'llli-U9 
Istll'llUIS 

Is-li-iL"'o-ti3 

*ls-to'iie 

Is'tri-3 

Is-trop'o-lis 

I'sus 

*It'a-li 

l-ta'li-a 

I-tal'i-ca 

l-tal'i-cu9 

It'a-lus 

I-tar'gris 

It'e-a 

I-teiii'a-les 

Itli'a-ca 

fltli-a-ce'si-te 

l-tlu)h'a-lu3 

I-ihu'ine 

Ith-o-ina'i-a 

*lIh-«-ina'ta3 

tl-lhoin'a-tcs 

*l  llni'iiie 

I-tllu'lllU3 

*[-tho'iie 

*Illi-u-re'i 

llli-v-|)bal'lus 

I-to'ni-a 

1-to'ntis 

*lt'o-iiim 

tit'a-na 

It-u-ra;'a 

1-m'rum 

It'y-liis 

It-y-ra;'i 

I'lys 

*l-u-le'u3 

*I-ii-li'a-cum 

I-u'Iiis 

Ix-ib'a-tiE 

I.\-i'on 

*l.v-i-o'ne-U3 

Ix-i-oii'i-des 


J. 


♦Ja-co'rus 
*Jad'e-ra 

*Jain'ni-a,(>r*Jain-ni'a 

Ja-nic'u-lum 

♦Ja-no'ca 

Ja'niis 

Ja-pet'i-deg 

Jnp'e-tu3 

Jar'clias 

Ja'son 

*Jaz'y-gc9 

Jen'i-su9 

Je'ra 

■fJer'no 

je-ru'mils,  and 
Je-ron'y-mus 
Je-ni'sa-lem 
*Je'su3 
Jo-ba'tes 
Jo-cas'ta 
Jop'pa 
Jor-da'nes 
•Jor'da-ne3 


Jor-nan'des 
Jo-se'phus,  Fla'vi-us 
Jo-vi-a'iins 

*Jo-Vi'llU3 

♦Jo'za 

Ju'ha 

Jii-da-'a 

Jii-gn'lis 

Jii-gan'tC9 

Ju-ga'ri-u9 

Ju-gur'tlia 

Ju'li-a 

Jii-li'a-des 

Ju-li-a'nu3 

Jti'ti-i 

*Jii-li-o -ho'na 
Jii-li-o-nia'gu8 
Jii-li-op'o-lis 
Jii'lis 

Jii'li-us  Cic'sar 

Jii'iii-a 

Jii'no 

Juno-na'Ii-a 
Jii-no'ne9 
Jii-no'ni-a 
Jii-no'nis 
Jii'pi-tcr 
*Ju'ra 
Jiis-ti'niis 
Jii-ltir'na 
Ju-ve-na'lis 
Jii-ven'tas 
Ju-vcr'na,  or 
Hi-ber'ni-a 


L. 


La-an^der 

I,a-ar'cliu3 

Lab'a-ri3 

*Lab'a-rug 

I^ab'da 

tl>ab-dac'i-de3 

Lab'da-cus 

Lab'da-Ion 

Ija'be-o 

La-be'ri-H9 

*La-be'ru3 

La-bi'ci 

La-bi'cuin 

*La-bi'cus 

La-lii-e'iius 

Lab-i-ne'tU9 

La-bo'bi-ii3 

La-bi)b'ri-gi 

*Lab-o-ri'ni 

*La-bo'tas 

La-bra'de-u3 

t  La 'broil 

*La-by'ca3 

Lab-y-rin'thus 

La-cie'iia  -, 

Lac-e-dffi'mon 

*Lac-e-dK-mon'i  cus 

Lac-c-da'-nio'ni-i,  or 

Lac-e-diein'o-ne9 
fLac-e  dc-ino'iii-us 
La-cer'ta 
fLac-e-ta'ni-a 
liBcb'a-res 
La'clie9 
Lacli'e-sis 
Lac'i-das 
tLac'i-de9 
La-ciii'i-a 
La-ctii-i-en'si3 
La-cin'i-um 
Lac'riion 
La'co 

La-cob'ri-ga 
*La-co'nes,  pi. 
La-co'ni-a,  and 

La-con'i-ca 
Lac'ra-tes 
I.ac'rines 
Lac-taii'ti-ii9 
Lac'ter 
Lac'y-des 
JLac'y-des 
*L.a-cy'dc3 
Lac'y-du3 
La'da3 
La'de 
La'des 
fLad-o-ce'a 
La'don 
*L,a-e'a 
Lx'lapg 
La!'li-a 
LiB-li-a'nus 
La;'li-ii9 

Laj'na,  and  Le-CD'na 


Lie'nas 
Lie'iic-iis 
La-'pa  Mag'na 
La-er'lrs 
'*La-<^r-ti'a-rtp9 
La-rr'li-us,  Di-og'e- 
nes 

*La!s-try'gon 

La?-stryg'o-ncs 

Lai'ta 

Laj-to'ri-a  (Lex) 

La,-'CU9 

La;'vi 

La'-vi'nii9 

La-ga'ri-a 

■►La-ge'us 

La'gi-a 

Lag'i-des 

"►La-giii'i-a,  (in  Caria) 
•Lag-i-ni'a,(in  Bithijn- 

ia) 
La'gijs 
La-gii'sa 
La-gy'ra 
l>a-i'a-des 
I/a'i-a3 
La' is 
La'i-iig 
Lal'a-pe 
La-las'sis 
Lain'a-chus 
La-iiiariiion 
*Laiii-be'ca 
Laiii-hra'ni 
Laiii'brus 
La'iiii-a 

La-nii'a-cum  Bel'lum 
La'ini-a! 

La'mi-a*  ^E-li'us 

La-iiii'ru3 

Lam'pe-do 

■*Laiii-pe'li-a,((Z,/rma/c) 
♦Lam-pe-ti'a,  (a  city) 
*Lam-pe-li'uin 
Lam'pe-to,  and 

*lj:iiM-pe'do 
*Lam'|)e-liis 
♦Lain-iie'us,  Lam-pi'a 
Lnin'poii,  Lam'pos,  or 

Laiii'piis 
Lam -po-ne'a, 

Lain  po'iii-a,  and 

Lain-po'iii-um 
Lan)-|)o'ni-iis 
Lani-prid'i-us  iE'li-iis 
Lam'pro-cles 
Laiii'prus 
Laiiip'sa-cus,  and 

Lanip'sa-cliuin 
Lain|>-te'ri-a 
Laiii'pua 
La'iiMis 
*Lam'y-ra 
*Laiii'y-ro3 
Lani'y-riis 
La-  iins'sa 
Laii'ce-a 
*Lan-ce'a 
Lan'ci-a 
Laii'di 
Laii'gi-a 
■►Lan-gi'a 
Lan-go-bar'di 
La-iui'vi-uni 
La-«-bo'tas,  or  Lab'o- 

tas 
La-oc'o-on 
La-od'a-iiias 
f*La-od-a-iiii'a 
La-o-da'iiii-a 
La-od'i-ce 
La-od-i-cc'a 
La-odi-ce'ne 
La-od'o-chii3 
La-og'o-iui3 
I-ia-og'o-rus 
La-«g'o-re 
La-o-ine-di'a 
La-oiii'e-don 
*La-oin-e-don-te'ii3 
La-oin-e-don-ti'a-diB 
*La-<>m-c-don-li'a-de8 
*La-orn-e-dun'ti-U3 
*La-on'i-cu3 
La-on'o-ine 
La-on-o-me'ne 
La-oth'o-e 
La'o-u9 
Lap'a-thus 
'►La-[)e'llius 
Lapli'ri-a 
•La-phy'ra 
La-phys'ti-um 
Lapid'e-i 
La-pid'e-us 
Lap'i-Uiie 


Lap-i-tlia!'uDi 

Lap'i-tlio 

Lap'i-tliuii 

La'ra,  or  La-ran'da 

La-reti'ti-a,  and 

Lau-rcn'ti-a 
La'res 
Lar'ga 
Lar'giis 
La-ri'dcs 
La.ri'na 
La-ri'niim 
La-ris'sa 
La  ris'sug 
La'ri-us 
Lar'ixiH 
La-ro'ni-a 
fLars  To-liim'ni-us 
l.ar'ti-iis,  Fla'vi-us 
Lar-to-lit-t'a-ni 
Liir'va! 
La-rym'na 
La-rys'i-um 
Las  si-a 

Las'siis,  or  La'sus 
Las'tlie-nt's 
Las-tlie-iii'a 
Lat'a-giis 

U-it  e-ra'nus  Plaii'tus 

La-tc'ri-iim 

*Latli'ii-ru3 

La-ti-a'Ii3 

La-ii-a'ris 

La-ti'iii 

La-tin'i-ns 

La-ti'iius 

La'ti-iiin 

La'ti-»s 

Lat'miis 

La-to'i-a 

tLa-to'bi-Us 

fLa-tob'ri-gi 

La-Io'is 

*Lat'o-i3 

La-Ui'na 

La-top'o-lis 

*Lat-o-re'a 

La-to'us 

La'tre-U3 

fLa-tu'nii-a:,  or 

tLa-to'ini-iE 
tLau-da'iiii  a 
Laii-du'ni-a 
Laii-fel'la 
Laii'ra 

tLau-re'a-ciim 

Lau-ren-ta'li-a 

Laii-reii'tes  A'gri 

Laii-ren'ti-a 

Lau-run-ti'ni 

Lau-reii'ti-iia 

Lau-reii'tum 

■►Lau-re'o-  us 

Laii'ri-on,  or  Lau-ri'on 

Lau'ron 

fLa'us 

La'us  Pom-pe'i-a 

Lau'sus 

Laii'li-um 

La-ver'iia 

tLa-ver'iii-ura 

La-vi-a'na 

La-vin'i-a 

La-viii'i-iim,  or 

La-vi'iium 
*Laz'a-ni3 
Le'a-des 
Le-iE'i 
Le-ie'na 
Le-aii'der 
Le-an'dre 
Le-an'dri-as 
*Le-an'dri-U3 
Lc-ar'clms 
Leb-a-de'a 
*Leb-a-di'a 
Leb'e-dus,or  Lcb'e-dos 
Le-be'na 
Le-bin'thos,  and 

Le-byii'tlio9 
Lc-clia;'um 
Lec'tum 
Lec'y-Uius 
Le'da 
Le-dse'a 
Le'dus 
Le'gi-o 
Le'i-tus 
Le'laps 
Lel'e-ges 
Le'lex 
Le-inan'nus 
*Le-ina'nu9 
Leiii'nus 
Le-iiio'vi-l 
•Leni-o-vi  ces 


I.*ni'ii-res 
Le-inu'ri-a,  and 
Lijii-ii-ra'li-a 
Lc-iia''u9 
Lcii'tu-lus 
Le'o 

♦Le-ob'o-teg 

Le-o-ra'di-a 

*Lc-och'a-re8 

Le-o-co'ri-(in 

Le-oc'ra-te9 

Lo-od'a-ina9 

Le-od'o-cu9 

Lc-og'o-ras 

Le'oii 

Lc-o'na 

Le-n-na'tu9 

*Le-on'i-da 

Le-on'i-das 

*Le-on'ti-f  hug 

Le-on'ti-uni,  and 

Lu-on-ti'iii 
*Lc-oii-to-ccph'a-I« 
Le-(m-lo-c*'pli'a-Iu9 
Le-oii'toii,  or 

Le-on  l(ip'o-lig 
Le-<m-tyib'i-de3 
*Lc-ojdi'<)-ra 
*l<c'o-pliron 
*Le-op're-pes 
■►Le-o-prrp'i-des 
Le'os 

Le-os'the-nes 

Le-o-tycli'i-de8 

Le-piiyr'i-um 

Lep'i-da 

Lep'i-diis 

Le-pi'iius 

LK-poii'ti-i 

Le'pre-os 

Le'pri-um 

Lep'ti-ues 

Lep'tis 

Le'ri-a 

Le-ri'iia 

Ler'na 

L<;'ro 

Le'ros 

*Les-bo-ni'cu3 

Les'bos 

*Les-l)o'ug 

Les'bus,  or  Les'bos 

Les'clies 

Les-tryg'o-nes 

*Les'u-ra 

Le-ta'num 

Le-tlia;'ug 

Le'tlie 

Le'tus 

Leu'ca 

*Leu-ca'dl-a 

Leu-ca'iii 

Leu'cas 

Leu-ca'si-on 

Leu-cas'pig 

Leu-ca'les  ■ 

Leu'ce 

Leu'ci 

Leu-cip'pe 

Leu  cip'pi-des 

Leu-cip'pus 

*Leu-co-gc'i 

Leu'c{)-Ia 

Leu'con 

Leu-co'ne 

Leu-co'neg 

♦Leu-con'i-cu 

Leu-con'o-e 

*Leu-con'o-t« 

Leu-C(ip'e-lra 

*Leu-co-pbry'ne 

Lcu'co-pliryg 

Leu<op'o-li9 

Leu 'cos 

Leu-co'si-a 

*Leu-cos'y-ri 

Leu-co-syV'i-i 

Leu-colJi'o-c,  or 

Leu-co'Hit-a 
Leuc'ira 
Leuc'lriiin 
Leu'cus 
Leu-cy-a'ni-as 
Leu-tych'i-des 
Le-va'na 
Le-vi'iiu9 
Lex-o'vi-i 
*Lib'a-n!E 
Li-ba'ni-U9 
Lib'a-nug 
Lib-en-ti'na 
Li'ber 
Lib'e-ra 
Lib-e-ra'li-a 
Li-ber'tas 
Li-be'lbra 


Li-bt'lli'ri-deii 

Lib'i-ci.  or  Li-be  ci-l 

Lib-i-ii'iia 

Li'bo 

Li'bnn 

♦Li-bon'o-tus 

Lib-u-plicc-iu'rcs 

Li'bri 

Libs 

Li-bur'na 

LiJ>ur*iii-a 

Li-bur'ni-des 

Li-I>ur'iiuni  Ma're 

Li-bur'iiu3 

Lib'y-a 

Lib'y-ciim  Ma're 
Lili'y-cus,  and 

Li-byii'lis 
Li'bys 
Li-bys'sa 
•Lih-ys-si'nug 
Lic'a-tes 
Li'clia 
•Licli'a-des 
tLi-clia'dfS 
Ijj'chas 
Li'clies 
Li-ciii'i-a 
Li-ciii'i-u9 
•Lic'i  11U3 
Li-ci'iiu3 
Li-cyin'ni-us 
Li'de 

Li-ga'ri-U8 

Li-ge'a 

Li'ger 

Li'gcr,  or  Lig'e-ris 
Lig'tHras 

Lig'u-reg  • 
Li-gu'ri-ii 
Lig-u-ri'nus 
Li'gus 

fLi-gus'ti-cum  Ma're  i 

Lig'y-es 

Li-gyr'guin 

Li-la''a 

Lil-y-lia-'iim 

•Lil'y-be  ' 

Li-iiia>'a 

Li-Mie'iii-a 

*Li-nie'ra 

Liin'nu; 

Lini-iia''um 

LiiM-na-lid'i-a 

Liui-ni'a-ce 

*Lini-ni'a-des 

Liiu-iii-u'tie  I 

Liui-nu'ni-a 

*Liin-no-re'a  ' 

Li'iiion  I 

*Li-ino'ne 

tLi-uiu'iium 

tLi-»iy'ra 

Lin-ca'si-i 

*Lin'di-'is 

tLiu'duin 

Lin'dua 

Liii'go-nes 

*Lin-goii'i-cus 

Liu-ter'na  Pa'lus 

Lin-ter'iium 

Li'nus 

Li'O'des 

Lip'a-ra 

*Lip'a-re 

*Lip  a-re'u3 

Lip'a-ris 

Liph'lii  m 

Lip-o-do'rus 

Li-quen'ti-a 

Lir-ra''u3 

Li-ri'o-pe 

Li'ris 

Li-sin'i-as 

Lis'son 

Lis'sus 

Lis'la 

Lit'a-brum 

Lit'a-na 

Li  tav'i  cus 

Li-ler'iium 

Litii-o-bo'li-a 

Li'thrus 

Li-thu'bi-um  ' 

Li-lu'bi-um 

Lit-y-er'sas 

Liv'i-a  Dru-sil'la 

Li-vil'la 

Liv-i-ne'i-ui 

Liv'i-H9 

fLix'us 

Lo'bon 

Lo'ce-U9 

Lo'cha 

*Lo-cha'ga« 

Lo'cbi-ai 


nn 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


*Loc'o-2us 

L  o'cri 

Lo'cria 

Lo-cus'ta 

Lo-cn'ti-us 

*Lo -si'um 

Lol'li-a  Pau-U'na 

Lol-li-a'nu3 

Lcil'li-iis 

Lon-di'niim 

Lon-ga-re'nus 

Lon-jim'a-nus 

Loii-gi'nus 

Lon-go-bar'di 

*Lon-go'ne 

Lon'gu-la 

Li)n-gun'li-ca 

tLoii'KUS 

Lor'di 

Lor'y-nia 

lio'tis,  or  Lo'to3 

L«o-U)pU'a-Ei 

Lo'iis,  or  A'o-us 

*Lox'i-a3 

Lu'a 

Lii'ca 

Lu'ca-piis 

Lii-ca'ni 

Lu-ca'ni-a 

*Lu-c:in'i-cus 

Lu-ca'iii-ua 

Lii-ca'nus 

Lu-ca'ri-a,  or  Lu-ce'- 

ri-a 
Luc-ce'i-u3 
Lu'ce-res 
Lii-ce'ri-a 
tA.u-ce'ri-us 
Lu-ce'li-us 
Ln'ci-a 
Lu-ci-a'nii3 
Lu'ci-fer 
Lu-cil'i-u» 
Lu-cil'la 
Lu-ci'iia 
*Lu-ci'o-lu9 
Lii'ci-us 
Lu-cre'ti-a 
I.ii-cret'i-lia 
Lii-cre'ti-HS 
Lu-cri'iiiim 
Lii-cri'nii3 
Lnc-tri'ti-us 
Lti-ciiI'Ie-a 
tLu-ciil'li  Ilor'ti 
Lii-cul'lus 
Lii'cii-mo 
Lii'ciis 
Lug-dii'num 
liii'iia 
Lii'pa 
Lu-per'cal 
I.ii-prr-caTi-a 
Lii-per'ci 
Lu-p  r'ciis 
Lii'pi-as,  or  Lu'pi-a 
*Lii-po-ilu'iium 
Lti'pns 
Lii-si-ia'ni-a 
*L.ii-si-ta'nus 
Lil-sn'nes 
Liis'tri-cus 
L(i-ta'ti-iis 
I.ii-te'ri-u3 
Lii-te'tia 
Lii-to'ri-U3 
Lv-a'n9 
I.y'liaa 
*Ly  bii'tiis 
I,yb  y  a,  or  Ly-bis'sa 
Lyc'a-lias 
I-yc-a-bu'lus 
Ly-cjp'a 
Ly-csB'iim 
Ly-cie'us 
lA'-C'iiii'hea 
*l«yc-aiii-be'us 
Ly-ca'un 
l.yc-a-o'ni-a 
♦Ly-ca'u-nes 
Ly'cas 
I^y-cau'le 
Ly-c:w'tum 
I>y-c.'u'tua 
I*y'ce 
♦Lyc'e-ju 
I.y'cc» 
Ly-cc'um 
*Lv-cc'ii» 
l/Vclr-ni'ilet 
l.yrb-iii'du* 
l.yc'i-a 
l.)c'i-<laii 
f<y-ciiii'ni 
Ly-ciiii  ni-« 
Ly-cii'ctu 


*Ly-ci'us,  (Kpifi.) 

*Lyc'i-us,  adj. 

*Lyc'o-a 

Lyc-o-me'des 

Ly'con 

Ly-co'ne 

*Ly-co'pe3 

Lyc'o-pliron 

Ly-cop'o-li3 

Ly-co'pu3 

fLyc-o-re'a 

tLyc-o-re'u9 

Ly-co'ri-aa 

Ly-co'ris 

Ly-cor'inas 

Ly-cor'tas 

*Ly-cos'tlie-ne 

Lyc-o-su'ra 

*Ly-co'tas 

»Lyc-o-ze'a 

Lyc'tiis 

Ly-cur'gi-d£s 

*Lyc-ur-gi'des 

Ly-cur'gus 

Ly'cu3 

Ly'de 

Lyd'i-a 

I.yd'i-as 

Lyd'i-us 

Ly'dus 

Lyg'da-mig,  or  Lyg'- 

da-mus 
Lyg'i-i 

tLyg-o-des'ma 

Ly'giis 

Ly-tni're 

*Lyni'i-re 

Ly'inax 

Lyn-ces'tJE 

Lyn-ces'tes 

Lyn-ces'ti-us 

Lyn-ce'u3 

tLyn'ccus 

Lyn-ci'des 

Lyn'cus,  Lyn-CE'U3, 

or  Lyni 
Lyr'cs 
Lyr-Cffi'us 
Lyr-ce'a  . 
*Lyr-ci'us 
Lyr'cus 
*Lyr'i-ce 
Lyr-nes'su3 
*Lyr'o-pe 
Ly-san'der 
Ly-san'dra 
Ly-sa'ni-as 
Ly'se 
Ly-si'a-des 
Lys-i-a-na3'sa 
Ly-si'a-nai 
Lys'i-as 
Lys'i  clea 
Ly-sid'i-ce 
Ly-sim'a-clie 
Lys-i-ma'chi-a 
J*Ly-sim-a-chi'a 
Lys-i-mach'i-des 
Ly-sim'a-cliu3 
Lys-i-ine'li-a 
*Lys-i-me-Ii'a 
Ly-sin'i>-e 
Lj'-sip'pe 
Ly-sip'pus 
Ly'si3 

Ly-sis'tra-tiis 

*hy9-i-thi'des 

Ly-sitli'o-U3 

I,y'so 

tl-ys'tra 

I,y-t<B'a 

*L,yx-c'a 

Ly-za'iii-as 


M. 


Ma'car 

*Mac-a-re'i9 

Ma-ca're-ii3 

Ma-ca'ri-a 

Mac'a-ri9 

*Mac'a-ron 

•Ma-car'ta-tus 

Ma-tcd'nm 

Mac'e-do 

Mac-c-(bi'ni-a 

Mac-r-doii'i-cuB 

Ma-cpl'la 

Ma'cer  /H-myl'i-us 

•Ma-re'ris 

•Mac'e-tE 


Ma-cliae'ra 

*.Ma-cliag'e-ni 

Ma-clian'i-das 

JIa-clia'on 

*Ma-cha'o-ne3 

*-Ma-rhe'r'j3 

Ma'cra 

Ma-cri-a'nU3 

Ma-cri'nus 

*Mac'ri-tu3 

Ma'cro 

Ma-cro'bi-i 

Ma-cro'bi-us 

Mac'ro-cliir 

Ma-cro'nes 

*Mac-ron-ti'chus 

*  M  ac-ro  p-o- 50 '  n  e  s 

*.Mac-ry-ne'a 

Mac-to'ri-um 

Mac-u-Iu'nus 

fMa-dau'ra 

Ma-des'te3 

Ma-de'tes 

*Ma-dre'ni 

t.Mad-u-at'e-ni 

Ma'dy-es 

JlK-an'der 

Mffi-aii'dri-a 

Ma!-ce'na3 

Ma;'di 

*M<E-dob-i-thy'ul 

Sl£E'li-US 

Maem-ac-te'ri-a 

M!Eii'a-de3 

MiBn'a-Ia 

Maen'a-lus 

MiE'ni-us 

*Mffin-o-bo'ra 

*M.'E-nom'e-na 

Ma'non 

}Ia;'niis 

Ms-o'ni-a 

*.M;e'o-ne3  • 

Mffi-on'i-dffi 

Ma;-oii'i-<ie3 

MK'o-ni3 

MEB-O'tffi 
*.M£E-Ot'i-CUS 

*Ma-ot'i-de3 

Mse-o'tis  Pa'Ius 

Mae'si-a  Syl'va 

*SIa!-so'li 

*M;Et'o-na 

Mffi'vi-a 

Mse'vi-us 

Ma'gas 

*Mag-do'lus 

Ma-geJ'!a 

Mag'e-tn 

Ma'gi 

*Ma'gi-a 

Ma'gi-us 

Mag'na  Gne'ci-a 

Mag-nen'ti-us 

Mag'ties 

Mag-ne'si-a 

*Mag-ne'te3 

Ma'go 

Ma'gon 

Mag-on-ti'a-cum 
Ma'giis 
Ma-her'bal 
Sla'i-a 
*.Mai-ii'ma 
*Mai'u-ina3 
Ma-jes'ta3 
Ma-jor'ca 
Ma-jo-ri-a'nu3 
f.Mak'a-reus 
*.Mal'a-ca,  or  Mal'a- 
clia 

♦Mal-ach-be'Iiis 

Ma'la  Fur-tu'iia 

♦Mardii-on 

Ma-le'a,  or  *Ma'le-a 

*.Ma-le'ba 

♦iMa-le'o3 

t.Mal-e-ven'tum 

Mal'ho,  or  Ma'tlio 

Ma'li-a 

Ma'li-i 

Ma'li3 

Mal'le-a,  or  Mal'li-a 

Mal'li-U9 

*Mal-l<)ph'o-ra 

tMal-Io-plio'ra 

Mal'lo3 

*^Ta-Io'de9 

>tal'ihi-nii3 

*MaI-lhi'nu8 

*Ma-hi'ca 

Mnl-va'na 

Mnma'iia 

Ma  incr'cii* 

Ma-rncr'lhes 

Mam-er-ti'na 


>Iani-«r-ti'ni 

*Mam-er-ti'nus 

Ma-mil'i-a  (Lex) 

Ma-niil'i-i 

Ma-ind'i-us 

Mani-mee'a 

Mam-ine'a 

*Mani-mo'nas 

*Ma-inu-ri  a'nus 

Ma-inu'ri-us 

Ma-niur'ra 

*Ma-nEe'thon 

Ma-iias'ta-bal 

Man-ci'nus 

Man-da'ne 

Man-da'nes 

Man-de'la 

Man-do'ni-U3  1 

Alan'dro-^les 

Man-droc'li-das 

Man'dron 

Man-du'bi-i 

Mil  ii-du-bra'ti-u3 

fMan-du'ri-a 

*Man'e-ro3 

Ma'nes 

*Man'e-tho 

Ma-ne'tlio 

Ma'ni-a 

Ma-nil' i-a  (Lex) 

Ma-nil'i-us 

Man'i-mi 

Man'li-a  (Lex) 

Man'li-U3  Tor-qua'tus 

Maii'nus 

Man-siie'tus 

*Man-te'um 

Man-ti-ne'a 

Man-ti-ne'u3 

Maii'ti-us 

Man'to 

Man'tu-a 

I>Iar-a-can'da 

Mar'a-tlia 

Mar'a-thon 

Mar'a-tlios 

*Mar'a-tlms 

Mar-cel'la 

Mar-cel-li'nus,  Ain- 

mi-a'nus 
Mar-cel'lus 
Mar'ci-a 
Mar-ci-n'na 
Mar-ci-a-nop'o-li3 
Mar-ci-a'ims 
*Mar'ci-on 
*!(lar-ci'ta 
Mar'ci-us  Sa-hi'nu3 
*Mar-com'a-ni 
Mar-co-iiian'ni 
*Mar-coni'e-re3 
JIar'cus 
Mar'ili 
Mar'di-a 
*Mar'do-nes 
Mar-do'ni-us 
Mar'dus 

*.Ma're-a,  or  Ma-re-o'- 
tis 

*Ma-re  ot'i-cus 
♦Mar-ga-ri'ta 
Mar-gin 'i-a,  and  Mar- 

gi-a'ni-a 
Mar-gi'tes 
Ma'ri-a  (Lex) 
*Ma-ri'a 
Ma-ri'a-ba 
Ma-ri-am'ne 
Ma-ri-a'nae  Fos'se 
*.Ma-ri-an-dy'ni 
Ma-ri-an-dy'num 
Ma-ri-a'nui 
Ma-ri'ca 
Ma-ri'ci 
Mar'i-cii3 
Ma-ri'na 
Ma-ri'nu9 
Mii'ri-on 
Ma'ri:^ 
Maris'sa 
Mar'i-su9 
Mar-ri'ta  (Lex) 
♦Ma-rit'i-ma 
Ma'ri-us 
Mar'ina-cus 
Mar-ina-rcn'ses 
Mar-mar'i-ca 
Mar-iiiar'i-dffi 
Mar-ina'ri-on 
Ma'ro 

Mar-o-bu'du-l 

Ma'ron 

Mar-o-nn'a 

Mar-pf 'si-a 

Mar-pea'sa 

Mor-pe'Biu 


Mar'res 
*Mar-ru'bi-i 
Mar-rn-ci'ni 
Mar-ni'vi-uni,  or  Mar- 

ru'bi-uin 
Mars 

Mar-sa;'u3 
Mar'sa-la 
Mar'se 
Jlar'si 
Mar-sig'ni 
*Mars'pi-ter 
Mar-sy'a-ba 
*Jlar'sy-as 
jMar'tlia 
Mar'ti-a 
Mar-ti-a'li3 
Mar-ti-a'nu3 
*.Mar-tig'e-na 
Mar-ti'na 
Mar-tin-i-a'nus 
Mar'ti-us 
Ma-nil'lus 
Mas-!E-syl'i-i 
*Mas-ce'zel 
*Mas'cli-on 
*Mas-i-gi'ton 
Mas-i-nis'sa 
Mas'sa 
Mas'sa-ga 
Mas-sag'e-tae 
Mas-sa'na 
Mas-sa'ni 
Mas'si-ciis 
Mas-sil'i-a 
Mas-sy'la 
*Mas  sy'li 
*Mas-s)I'i-a 
*Mas-syl'i-us 
*Mas-lram'e-la 
Ma-sii'ri-us 
*Ma  thi'on 
Ma'tlio 
Ma-li-e'ni 
Ma-ti'nus 
JIa-tis'co 
Ma-tra'Ii-a 
*Ma'tre-as 
*Mat'ro-na,  (a  river) 
Ma-tro'iia 
Mat-ro-na'Ii-a 
Mat-ti'a-ci 
*.Ma-tu'ce-t!E 
Ma-tu'ta 
*.Mat-u-ti'nus 
Mnu'ri 
*Mau'ri-cus 
iMaii-ri-ta'ni-a 
Mau'rus 
fMaii-rii'si-a 
Maii-ru'si-i 
*Mau-so-le'um 
.*.Maii-so'li 
Mau-so'lu3 
Ma'vors 
Ma-vor'ti-a 
.Max-en'ti-u3 
*Max-e'rse 
Max-i-inil-i-a'na 
Max-iin-i-a'nus 
Max-i-mi'iiu9 
Max'i-iim3 
Maz'a-ca 
*Maz'a-ce3 
Ma-za'ces 
Mazs'iis 
Ma-za'res 
*Ma/.'a-res 
Maz'e-ras 

Ma-zi'ces,  anrf  Ma-zy'- 

gcs 
*Me'aru3 

Mc-Cffi'nas,or  JIe-c(E'- 
nas 

*Mcc-CB-na'tes,  (p/.) 

Me-cha'iie-iis 

Me-cis'le-u3 

Mec'ri-da 

Me-de'a 

*  Jle'dc-on 

Me-des-i-cas'le 

Me'di-a 

Me'di-as 

Med'i-cu9 

Me-di-o-la'num 

*Me-di'o-liim 

Me-di-o-ma-tri'ces,  or 

Me-di-o-malri'ci 
♦Me'di-on 
Me-di-ox'ii-mi 
Med  i-tri'na 
Me  dii'a-ciis,  «r  Me- 

dii'a-ciis 
Medo-bilh'y-ni 
Me-dob'ri-ja 
Mu'don 


Me-don'ti-a3 

*Mt-do're3 

Sled-ii-a'na 

♦Mtd'ii  li 

»Me-dul'li-a 

Med-ul-li'na 

Me'dus 

?>Ie-du'sa 

Me-gab'i-zi 

*Meg-a-by'£i 

Meg-a-by'zu3 

Meg'a-cles 

Me-gac'li-des 

Me-g£e'ra 

Me-ga']e 

Me-ga'le-as 

Meg-a-Ie'si-a 

Me-ga'li-a 

Meg-a-lop't>-li3 

Meg-a-iiie'de 

Meg-a-ni'ra 

Meg-a-pen'tlies 

Meg'a-ra 

*Meg'a-reiis,  or  Me- 

ga're-us 
*Meg-a-re'us,  adj. 
Meg'a-ris 
Me-gar'sus 
Me-gas'tlie-ne9 
*JIeg-a-ti'chu3 
Me'ges 
Me-gil'Ia 
Me-gis'ta 
Me-gis'ti-a 
fMe-gis'ti-as 
Me-liE'nce 
*MeI-am-pe'a 
Me-Iain'pus 
Jlel  am-py'ges 
*Mel-ani-p>  'giis 
Me'la,  Poin-po'ni-U3 
t.Mel-an-cli;e'tcs 
Mel-an-chla)'ni 
Me-lan'chru3 
Mel'a-ne 
*Mel'a-Des 
Mel'a-neiis 
JIe-la'ne-ii3 
*Me-la'ni-a 
Me-lan'i-da 
^le-la'ni-on 
Mel-a-nip'pe 
5Iel-a-nip'pi-de3 
Mel-a-iiip'pu3 
Mel-a-no'pus 
Mel  a-ni)s'y-ri 
Mel-aii'tlii-i 
*Me-lan'thi-on 
Me-lan'thi-us 
Me-laii'lho 
Jle-lan'tlms 
Me'las 

*Mel-com'a-ni 

Me-le-a'ger 

*Me-le'a-ger 

Me-le-ag'ri-de3 

Mel-e-saii'der 

Me'les 

Mel'e-se 

Mel-e-sig'e-ne3,  or 

Mel-e-sig'e-ua 
*Mere-te 
Me'li-a 
*Me-lib'o-cu9 
tMel-i-boe'a 
Mel-i-bcr'u3 
Mel-i-ccr'ta 
*Mel'i-chus 
*Me'li-e 
Mel-i-Rii'ni9 
Me-li'na 
*Mei'i-nu3 
Me-li'sa 
*Mel'i-se 
Me-Iis'sa 
Mc-lis'sus 
Mel'i-ta,  or  Mel'i-te 
*Mel-i-te'iia 
Mel-i-tc'no 
♦iMel'i  to 
Mcl'i-tus 
Me'li-ii3 
Mel-ix-an'drii3 
fMel'la  An-nffi'us 
Me-lob'o-si9 
Me'Ion 
Mc'los 
Mol'pi-B 
Mel-pom'c-ne 
Me-inac'c-ni 
Mem'ini-a  Siil-pit'i-a 
Mciii'ini-U3 
Mcin'noii 
*.Meni'no-ne9 
•Mem-no-ni'iim 
•Meni-no'iii-us 


Mem'phig 

*Meiii-plii'te3 

Meni-plii'tis 

Me'iia,  or  Me'ne3 

Me-nal'cas 

Me-nal'ri-da3 

Men-a-lip'pe 

Men-a-lip'pU3 

Me-nan'der 

*Men-an-dre'U3 

*Men'a-pi 

Me-na'pi-i 

Men'a-pi3 

Me'nas 

Meii-che're9 

Men'de3 

Me-ne'cles 

Men-e-cli'de3 

*Men-e-co'lu3 

Me-nec'ra-te3 

Men-e-de'inu9 

Me-neg'e-tas 

Meii-e-la'  i-a 

*Men-»-la-i'a 

Men-e-la'us 

Me-ne'iii-us  A-grip'pa 

Men'e-piiron 

Me'nes 

Men-es-the'i  Por'tus 
Me-iies'tlie-us, 

Mnes'tlie-us,  or 

Me-nes'te-iis 
Me-iies'tlii-us 
Men'e-tas 
Me-nip'pa 
Me-nip'pi-des 
Me-nip'pus 
Me'ni-us 
Men'nis 
Me-nod'o-tU3 
Me-noi'ce-us 
Me-noi'tes 
*Meii-cE-ti'a-des 
Me-niE'ti-U3 
Me'non 
Me-noph'i-lus 
Meii'ta,  or  Min'the 
Men'tes 
Meii-tis'sa 
Meii'to 
Men'tor 

*Jlon'to-re3  1 

•Me-nyl'lus 

*Me-phi'ti3 

Me'ra 

Me'ra,  or  Moe'ra 

*Mer-ce-di'iiu3 

Mer-cu'ri-us 

Me-ri'o-nes 

Mer'iiie-ros 

Mer'ine-ni3 

Merm'na-dsB 

*Mer'iiio-da3 

Mer'o-e 

Mer'o-pe 

*Mer'o-pi3 

Me'rops 

Me'ros 

Mer'ii-Ia,  Cor-ne'li-U3 

Me-sali'a-tes 

Me-sa'bi-U3 

Me-sa'pi-a 

Me-sau'l)i-ii3 

Me-seiii'bri-a 

Me-se'ne 

*Me-sob'o-a 

Mes-o-nie'de3 

Mesu-po-ta'iiii-a 

♦Mes-sab'a-lie 

Mes-sa'la 

Mes-sa-li'na  Va-le'ri-a 
Mes-sa-li'iius,  M.  Va- 

Ic'ri-iis 
Mes-sa'na 
Mes-sa'pi-a 
*.Mes-sa'pu9 
Mes'sa-tis 
Mes'se 
Mes-se'i3 

Mes-se'nc,  or  Mes-se'- 
na 

Mes-sc'ni-a 

•Mcs'o-a 

»Mes-so'gi9 

Mes'tor 

Me-su'la 

Mct'a-bii9 

Melagit'ni-a 

*Met'a-g(m 

»Met-a-inor-plio'sl9 

Mct-a-ni'ra 

*iMet-a-pon-li'ni 

Met-a-pon'liim 

Met-n-pon'lU9 

Me-tau'ru9 

•Me-le'Ii9  1 

 .1 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


.Me-t»!l'la 

.Mitli-ri-da'tis 

Mos'clia 

My-ro'nu3 

*Ne-an-dri'a 

•Nic'e-a 

N(ir'li-a 

Mf-tcl'li 

Mitli-ro-liiir-za'ncs 

Myr'rlia 

No-aii'thes 

Nic-e-pho'ri-um 

*Niis-<>-co-nil'uin 

♦Me-teini>-sy-cho'sis 
*Mct-t--re'a 

Mit-y-le'ne 

Mos'chi-on 

*Myr'rlii-nug 

*Ne-a|)'a-phos 

Nic-<?-pho'ri-u3 
Ni-ceph'o-ru3 

*Nos'o-ra 

Mit-y-Ie'n<E 

*Mos-clio-pu'lu9 

Myr'si-Iiis 

Ne-ap  o-Iis 

No'tlius 

*Metlt'ii-na 

Mi'lys 

Mds'cIius 

Myr'si-nus 

Ne-ar'cliua 

Ni'cer 

No-ti'um 

Mt^-tliar'ina 

Mi-zai'i 

Mo-sel'la 

Myr'sus 

Ne-bro'dea 

*Ni-cer'a-tU9  ' 

'No'tufl 

Me  thi'on 

IMna-sal'ces 

Mo'ses 

Myr'ta-Ie 

Ne-broph'o-no3 

*Nic'c-ro9 

No-va'ri-a 

Me-tho'di-us 

•Mna'se-aa 

Mo-sycli'lu9 

Myr'te-a 

*Ne-bropli'o-nus 

Ni-ce'tas 

No-va'lus 

I\le-Tho'ne 

Mnas'i-cles 

Mos-y-ntc'ci 

Myr'ti-lus 
Myr'tis 

*Neb'u-ia 

Nic-e-te'rl-a 

*Nov-cni-pa'pi 

♦Melli'o-ra 

Mnn-sip'pi-das 

*.Mo-sy'ni 

Ne'clios 

Nic'i-a 

♦Nov-eni-pop'u-lis 

Me-tliyd'ri-um 
Me-tiiyin'na 

Mna-sip'pu3 

IMo-tlio'ne 

Myr-to'iim  Ma're 

*Nc-crop'o-Iia 

Nic'i^s 

*No-vem'sl-lc3 

Mna-sitli'e-U3 

*iM(i-ti-e'nl 

Myr-tnn'ti-iim 

Nec-ta-ne'bus,  and 

Ni-cip'pe 

*Nov'c-ni3 

Me-ti-a-(lu'sa 

Mna'soii 

I\lo-ty'a 

Myr-tii'sa 

Nec-tan'a-bi3 

Ni-cip'pus 

fNo-ve'si-um 

Me-til'i-a  Lex 

fMna-sy'lus 

*iM(i'y-ses 

My-9cel'lus 

*Nec-ti-be'reg 

Ni'co 

No-vi-o-du'num 

Me-ti!'i-i 

Mna-syr'i-um 

Mu-ci-a'mis 

Mys'i-a 

Nc-cys'i-a 

*Nic-o-bu'lus 

No-vi-<iin'a-guni 

*Me-liMis 

*.Mnc-mi'um 

Mu'ci-U9 

My-so-ma-ced'o-ne3 
My'soii 

No'is 

Ni-cocli'a-rcg 

No-vi-oin'a-gua 

Me-til'i-us 

Mne'inon 

IMii'cra; 

*Ne-i'ta5 

Nic'o-cles 

fNo'vi-uin 

Me-ti'o-chus 

Mne-inos'y-ne 

■Mul'ci-ber 

Mys'teg 

Ne'Ic-U3 

Ni-coc'ra-tcs 

No'vi-u3  Pris'cus 

Me'ti-on 

Wne-sar'chiis 

Mii-lu'cha 

Mytli'e  CU3 

*Nc-U'de9 

Ni-co'cre-on 

•Nov-o-co'uiuin 

IMe'lis 

*Mnes-i-bu'lu3 

Mul'vi-us  Pons 

Myt-i-le'ne 
My'us 

Ne'lo 

*Nic-o-da'niu9 

♦N(>-voni'a-gu8 

Me-tis'cua 

Mne-sid'a-inus 

Mum'ini-iis 

Ne-ina;'a,  (^gamcs) 

Nic-o-de'niu3 

Nox 

Me'ti-us 

♦Mnes-i-da'mus,  or 

Mu-nn'ti-u3 

*Ne-nie'a,  or  Ne'ine-a, 

Nic-o-do'ru3 

Nu-ce'ri-a 

Me-tce'ci-a 

♦Mnes-i-de'inu9 

Mtiii'da 

{Unon) 

Ni-cod'ro-inus 

Nu-itli'o-nes 

Mnes-I-Ia'us 

Mti-ni't(ig 

Ne-nie-si-a'nu0 

Nic-o-Ia'u3 

Nu'nia  Mar'ti-ua 

Met'o-pe 

Mne-sini'a-chs 

Mu-nycli'i-a 

AT 

NKin'e-si3 

*Ni-co'le-03 

Nu'ma  Poni-pil'i-ua 

*Me-to'pe 
♦Met'o-res 

Mne-sim'a-chiis 

Mu-nycli'i-tB 
Mu-ri''na 

Ne-  nie'si-us 

Ni-com'a-cha 

Nu-nia'na 

*Mne-sitli'e-ii9 

Nem'e-tea 

Ni-coin'a-chna 

Nu-man'ti-a 

Mc'tra 

Mnes'ter 

i\Iur'cM9 

Ne-iue'ug 

Nic-o-me'des 

Nii-man-ti'na 

tMet-m-gyr'ta 

Miies'the-us 

Mii-re'tiis 

NAB-AR-ZA'NEi 

Nein-o-ra'li-a 

t*Nic-o-me-di'a 

*Nu-nian'li'nu8 

♦iMe-tro'a 

ISliies'ti-a 

Mur-gaii'ti-a 

Nab-a-tliffi'a 

Ne-iTiog'su9 

Nic-o-me'di-a 

Nu-ina'nus  Uem'u-lua 

Mc-tro'bi-us 

Mnes'tra 

*M»r-ra'nii9 

*Nab'a-tiiC3 

Ne-o-bu'le 

Ni'con 

Nu'iiie-ncs 

Met'ro-cles 

Mne'vis 

Sliir-rlie'iiua 

Na'bis 

Ne-o-ca;3-a-re'a 

Ni-co'ni-a 

Nu-me'ni-a,  or  Ne-o- 

Met-ro-do'ru3 

Mo-a-plier'nes 

Mur'ti-a 

*Nac'o-le 

Ne-ocli'a-bis 

Ni-coph'a-nea 

me'ui-a 

Me-troph'a-nes 

•Mo-cor'e-ta; 

MU9 

*Nac'o-iie 

Ne'o-clcg 

Nic'o-phron 

Nu-ine'iii-u3 

Me-trop'o-Iis 

Mo-des'tus 

Mii'sa  An-to'ni-us 

Na-dag'a-ra 

*Ne-o-cli'de9 

Ni-cop'(>-li3 

tNu-nie'ri-i 

Met'ti-us 

Mo'di-a 

Mu'sa: 

Na;'iii-a 

*Ne-o-co'ru3 

Ni-co9'tra-ta 

Nu-uic-ri-a'nus 

J  Mei'tus  Cur'ti-us 

*Mod'o-nus 

Mn-ste'us 

*Nffi'vi-a 

Ne-og'e-nes 

Ni-cos'tra-tU3 

Nu-nic'ri-us 

f  iMe-tuMum 

M(E'ci-a 

*Mu-sag'e-te9 

Na;'vi-ii3 

♦Ne-oni'a-gu3 

Nic-o-tc'lc  a 

*Nu-inic'i-U9 

Me-va'ni-a 

McB'nus 

*Mu-se'a 

NlEV'o-lu3 

*Ne-o-me'ni-a 

*Nic-o-te-le'a 

Nu-ini'cu3 

Me'vi-iis 

M(E'di 

♦.Mu-sc'um 

*Na-ge'ri 

Ne-oni'o-ri3 

Ni-cot'e-les 

Nu'mi-da 

Me-zen  'ti-us 

McB'on 

Mii-so'ni-u9  Ru'fus 

Na-liar'va-li 

Ne'on 

Ni'ger 

•Nu'nii-diB 

*MUi-co'rus 

M(B-on'i-des 

Miis-te'la 

Na-i'a-de3 

Ne-on-ti'cho3 

Ni-gid'i-u3  Fig'u-his 

Nn-niid'i-a 

*Mic-co-tro'gus 

Mas'ra 

fMu'ta 

tNai'a-des 

*Ne-on-ti'clius 

*Ni-gre'te3 

Nu-inid'i-ua 

Mi-ce'a 

MoB-rag'e-tes 

iMii-thuI'lu3 

*Na'i-a3 

*Ne'o-phron 

Ni-gri't!B 

fNu-iula'tro 

*M  i-ce'Ia 

IMcB'ris 

Mu'ti-a 

*Na'i-cu3 

Ne-op-tol'e-mus 

*Ni-la'mon 

Nu'iiii-tor 

Mi-cip'sa 

M(E'si-a 

tiVIu-ti'ca 

Na'is 

Ne'o-ri3 

Nil'e-us 

Nu-ini-to'ri-us 

*Mic'i-le 

*iMo-siin'ti-a 
Mo-Ry'ni 

Mii-til'i-a 

fNa-ig'sug,  or  Nes'sus 

*Ne-o'the-us 

*Ni-li'a-cu9 

Nu-nio'ni-u3 

Mi-cy'thii9 

I\Iu'ti-na 

*Nam-ne'te3 

Ne'pe 

*Ni-lo'ti3 

Nun-co'rc-ua 

*Mi(t-a-i'on 

Mo-le'i-a 

Mu-ti'na 

Na-pa;'iB 

*Nep'e-te 

Ni'liis 

Nun'di-iia 

Mi 'das 

*Mo-li'a 

Mu-ti'nes 

*Na-pt;'t8 

Ne-pha'li-a 

*Nin'i-ve 

Nur'sffl 

Mid'e-a 

fMo-li'on 

Mu-ci'nu9 

Na-pa'ta 

Neph'e-Ie,  *Neph-e- 

Nin'i-ag 

Nur'sci-a 

Mid-e'a 

Mo-Ii'o-ne 

Mu'ti-U3 

*Na-pe'gii3 

le'jg 

Nin'ni-us 

Nur'si-a 

•Mi'e-za 

MoMo 

Rlu-tu'nus 

Napli'i-lu3 

Neph-«-ri'tes 

*Nin'o-e 

Nu'tri-a 

Mi-la'ni-on 

Mo-loe'is 

Mu-tusViB 

Nar 

Ne'plius 
Ne'pi-a 

Ni'nus 

Nyc-te'is 

Mi-le'si-i 

Mo-lor'chus 

t  JIu-ze'ri3 

Nar'bn 

Nin'y-as 

fNyc-te'li-a 

Mi-le'si-us 

Mo-los'si 

My-a'giiis,  or  My'o- 

♦Nar-bo'na 

Ne'po3 

Ni'o-be 

Nyc-tc'li-us 

Mi-le'ti-a 

Alo-los'si-a,  or  Mo- 

des 

Nar-bo-nen'8i» 

Ne-po-ti-a'nu3 

Ni-phs'ua 

Nyc'tc-H3 

Mi-le'ti-um 

los'sis 

Myc'a-le 

Nar-c!B'u3 

Ntp'thys 

Ni-plia'tes 

*Nyc'li-lus 

N'yc-tim'c-n3 

Nyc'li-nius 

Mi-le'tu3 

Mo-lo3'sii9 

Myc-a-les'gus 

•fNar-ce'a 

Nep-tu'ni-a 

Ni'phe 

Mil'l-as 

MoUpa'd:-a 

My-ce'iis 

Nar-cis'sus 

*Nep-tu-ni'ne 

Nir'e-U8 

Mil'i-chus 

IMol'pU9 

Myc-e-ri'nu3 

Nar'ga-ra 

Nep-lu'ni-mn 
Nep-tu'ni-u3 

Ni'sa 

Nym-bffi'uin  > 

Mi-Ii'nu3 

Alo'lu3 

Myc-i-ber'na 

Na-ris'ci 

Ni-sffi'a 

Nytu'pha; 

Mil-i-o'ni-a 

*Mol-y-cre'um 

Myc'i-llius 

Nar'ni-a,  or  Nar'na 

Nep-tu'uu3 

Ni-siE'e 

Nyin-plia!'um 

*Mil-iz-i-ge'ri3 

*Mo-lyc'ri-a 

My'con 

Nar'ses 

Ne-re'i-dc3 

Ni-se'i-a 

Nyni-pliir'u3 

Mi'io 

Mo-lyc'ri-on 

Jlyc'o-ne,  or  fMyc'o- 

Nar-tJie'cis 

*Ne-re'ig,  or  *Ne're-is 

Nis'i-bis 

Nyiii-|ihid'i-iis 
Nyni'phis 

Mi-Io'ni-us 

*Mo-Iy'ru9 

no3 

Na-ryc'i-a 

Ne-re'i-u3 

*Ni-so'pe 

iViii-ci'a-Ges 

Mo-mem'phi3 

My'don 

♦Nas'.i-mon 

Ne're-U3 

Ni'sus 

Nyni-plio-do'nis 
Nym-plio-lf  p'tca 
*Nyiu-pliiiin'a-ne8 

M  il'to 

Mo'niU9 

My-ec'pho-ris 

Nas-a-mo'nefl 

fNe-ri-e'ne 

Ni-sy'ros 

Mil'vi-U3 

Mo'nri 

My-e'nus 

Nas'ci-o,  or  Na'ti-o 

Ne-ri'ne 

♦Ni-sy'rus 

Mil'y-Hs 

*ivit)n'a-cni 

♦Myc'a-l6 

*Na-si'ca 

Ner'i-phu3 
*i\e-ri'tffi 

Ni-te'tis 

NynrplKiM 

Mi-iiialMo-nes 

*Mon-a-chi'um 

IMyg'doii 

Na-sid-i-e'nu8 

*Nil-i-ob'ri-geB 

Nyp'si-iig 

Mi'iiias 

M(>-na'se3 

*iMyg'clo-ne9 

Na-sid'i-UB 

Ner'i-to3 

Ni-to'cria 

Ny'sa,  or  Xyi'»a 

*Miin-ne'du9 

♦Mo-ne'se3 

Myg-ilo'ni-a 

Na'so 

Ne'ri-U3 

\it'ri-a 

.\y-sa;'u9 
Ny'sas 
*Ny-se'um 
Ny-se'i-um 

M  iiii-ner'nius 

Mo-ne'su9 

Myg'do-iitis 

Nas'sug,  or  Na'sus 

Ne'ro 

fNi-va'ri-a 
No'ag 

Miii'ci-ii3 

Mo-ne'la 

tMyg-do'nus 
]\Iy-i'a-gr(i8 

Nas'u-a 

Ne-ro'ni-a 

Min'da-nis 

*M(in'i-ca 

Na-ta'li-a 

Ner-to-brig'i-a 

Noc'nion 

Mi-ne'i-des 

Mon'i-ma 

My-las'sa 

Na-ta'li3 

Ner'ti-liim 

Noc-li-lu'ca 

Ny-si'a-dea 
Nys'i-*  Por't* 

Mi-iier'va 

M011M-111U3 

My'le,  or  My'Ias 

Nat'ta 

Ner'va  Coc-ce'i-us 

*No-di'uug 

JMin-<;r-va'Ii-a 

*M(>n-o-dac'ty-Im 
Moii'(mIu3 

My'les 

Naii'bo  lus 

Ner'vi-i 

*N<i-<:'mon 

♦Nys'i-aa 
*Ny-sig'e-na 

Min'i-o 

My-lit'ta 

Nau'cles 

Ne-sa;'a 

Nd'la 

Mi»-iice'i 

Mo-iice'cus 

*Myii'd:)-ne» 

Myn'du3 

My'iies 

Nau'cra-tes 

*Ne-si'des 

*N()-la'nus 

Ny-si'r09 

Mi-iiu'a 

Mo-ii(>'le-u3 

Nau'cra-tis 

Ne-sini'a-chui 

Noui'a-des 

tNys'i-ua 

Mi-iio'is 

*Mon'o-mu9 

♦Naii-cy'des 

Ne-3i-o'pe 

No'niE 

Nya'sa 

Mo-noph'a-pe 

Myn'i-ai 

Naii'lo-chu3 

Ne'sis 

Nom-cn-ta'nui 

IMin-o-lau'rui 

Mo-iioph'i-lu9 

*My'o-nes 

Nau-pac'tus,  or  Nau- 

Ne-so'pe 

Nu-nien'tuin 

M  in 'the 

*iMo-no3'ce-Ii 

*My-o-ne'sus 

pac'tum 

*Nes'|>e-t03 

No'ini-i 

Miii-tur'ntE 

*Mo-no-the-li't» 

My-o'ni-a 

Nau'pli-a 

Nau-pli'a-des 

Nau'pli-us 

*Nes-so'ni3 

•No-iiii'on 

0. 

Mi-iiii'tl-a 

Mon-ta'nus 

tMy'ra 
*Myr'a-ce« 

Nes'sus 

No'mi-u3 

Mi-iiu'ti-us  Au-gu-ri'- 

Mon'y-f  hus 
Rlon'y-mua 

Nes'to-cle3 

*No-nu)ph'y-Iai 

nii9 

•Myr'ge-ta! 
*My-ri'ca 

tNau-por'tus 

Nes'tur 

•No-molli'e-t!E 

Min'y-iE 

RIo'phig 

Nau'ra 

*Nes-tor'i-de8 

•Non-a-cri'nu8 

♦O-a'bi-oji 

Mtti'y-a3 

Mup'si-iim 

*My-ri'cc 

Nau-«ic'a-a 

Nes-to'ri-u3 

*Non'.i-cri9 

O-ar'ses 

iMiii'y-cuB 

Mop-so'pi-a 

My-ri'cu3 

*NaH-«ic'a-e 

Nes'tus,  or  Nes'sua 

No-iia'crig 

0'a-ru9 

Mi-ny'i-a 

*Mop's»>-pu9 

My-ri'na 

Nau'si-clea 

Ne'tum 

1  No-na'cria 

•O'a-sea 

M  in'y-tus 

•Mop-sn-es'li-a 
Mop'su9 

J*iMy-ri'nus,  (l^ith.  ^ 

Nau-siin'e-nes 

Ne'u-ri 

No'ni-u3 

O'a-sia 

Mir'a-ces 

Apollo) 
*Myr'i-nu3,  (a  man) 

•Nau-si-ni'cu9 

Ni-cffi'a 

Non'ni-UB 

O-ax'es 

•Mis'ce-ni 

ft!(>r-gan'ti-um 

Nau-sitli'o-e 

*Ni-cn;n'c-tui 

Non'nua 

O-ax'us 

Mi-se'nuin 

*.Mor-Ke'te9 

Myr'ioD 

Naii-sitli'o-u9 

Ni-cag'o-ra» 

tNo'nus 

No'pi-n,  or  Ci-no'pi-a 

•Ob'ti-da 

Mi-se'mi9 

*iMar-j-me'no 

*iMyr-i-on'y-ma 

Nau'les 

Ni-caii'der 

•Oli'ri-mo 

*  IS-£e'tC3 

*Myr-Ie'a 

Na'va 

Ni-ca'nor 

No'ra 

♦Ob'se-qijpns 

Mr-silli'e-iis 

M(ir-i-la3'gus 

Myr-mcc'i-des 
*iMyr-iiie'ci-iim 

Na'vi-U3  Ac'ti-ua 

Ni-car'chu8 

No'rax 

Ob-uI-tru'ni-ti9 

tMitli-ra-cen'sei 

Mo'ri-ii9 

Na.t'og 

•Ni-car'e-te 

Nor'ba 

0-ca  U--a,  or  0-«a'l:-« 

iMiili-ra-da'tes 

Mur'phe-Ui 

Myr-iiild'o-nes 
My'ron 

Ne-fe'ra 

Nic-ar-tlii'de» 

N(>r-ha'nu9 

O-ce'a-na 

Mi'lfiraa 

More 

Ne-a!'thu9 

Ni-ca'tor 

•No-ric'i-l 

O-ce-aii'i-des,  nnd 

Mi-thre'nP8 

Mo'ry* 

M>-ro-ni-a'nns 

Ne-al'cea 

•Ni-cat'o-ris 

Nor'i-cum 

0-ce-a-nit'i-de« 

Mith-ri-da'te« 

Mo'sa 

My-ron'i-de« 

Ne-al'i-c€i 

Ni'ce 

Nor-tbip'pua 

•0-ce-an-i'ti8 

165 

V  F  F  F  r  - 

PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


l>  ce'a-nus 

()  ce'i-a 

♦Oce'lis 

O-c.el'lus 

♦Oc'e-lum 

O'chn 

»0-f  lir-'ni-us 

O-clie'si-us 

*Ocli'ro-na 

O'chus 

*Och-y-ro'ma 

Oc'nus 

*0-co'lum 

*0-cric'o-la 

O-cric'u-lum 

O-crid'i-on 

O-cris'i-a 

Oc-t;i-cil'Ii-us 

Oc-ta'vi-a 

Oc-ta-vi-a'nu3 

Oc-ta'vi-us 

fOc-to-ge'sa 

Oc-tol'o-plfum 

O-cy'a-lus 

0-cy|)'e-le 

O-i  yr'o-e 

Od-e-na'tU3 

O-des'sug 

*0-de'um 

O-di'nus 

O-di'tes 

*0-do'a-cer 

Od-o-a'cer 

*0-do'ca  ' 

Od-o-man'ti 

Od'o-nes 

Od'ry-SE 

O-dys'se-a 

*Od-ys-se'a 

*Od-ys-se'um 

CE-ag'a-rus,  anrf  CE'a- 

ser 
*CE'a-prus 

ffi-an'tliffijond  CE-an'- 

thi-a 
*a:-an-the'a 
OE'a.v 
CE-lia'li-a 
CEh'a-lus 
OSh'a-res 
*CE-bo'ta9 
CE-cha'li-a 
CE'cle-ua 
(E-cli'deg 
OEc-u-iiie'ni-us 
CEd-i-po'di-a 
*CEd-i-po-di'ou 
a:;d'i-pus 
CE'ine 
aj-naii'llifji 
CE'ne 
ffi'ne-a 
*ai-ne-o'ne 
Q3'ne-us 
CEni'des 
Oiii'o-e 
CG-nom'a-iis 
Cr;'non 
CE-no'na 
CE-no'ue 
OJ-no'pi-a 
CE-nop'i-des 
OD-nii'pi-oii 
t*CE-no'lfi 
CE-no'lri-a 
aC-no'lrus 
OC-mi'sffi 
ai'o-nU3 
CEr'o-e 
•ai-sy'm« 
CE'ta 

dii'y-liis,  or  (Et'j 

111  in 
O-fel'lus 
OTi 

Og-<lol'a-pis 

Os-do'rus 

*Og'e-no» 

fO-Rlo'sa 

Op'nii  us 

Og'o-a 

•O-go'a 

O-jiil'ni-a 

Og'y-ges 

O-cyg'i-a 

*<1-KyK'i-diB 

0(!'y-rl3 

O-ir'iK-ua 

O-il'eiia 

O-i-li'dcl 

Ol'a-ne 

O-lu'iius 

Ol'ba,  or  Ol'bUf 

•OI-l.e'lil« 

Ol'bia 

Ol  ni-ui 


I  Ol-chin'i-uni 
O-ie'a-ros,  or  Ol'i-ros 
O-le'a-truin 
O'len 
*01'e-iios 

Ol'e-nus,  or  Ol'e- 
nuin 

0-  le-o'ru3 
*Ore-rug 
Ol'ga-sys 

01-  i-gyr'tis 
O-liii'i-Ee 

0-  lin'thus 

*OI-i-si'po,  *01-i-sip'- 
pn,  or  *0-Iys'si-po 

01-  i-tin'gi 
*0-li'zoa 
Ol'li-us 
Ol-lov'i-co 
Ol'ini-ffi 
Ol'mi-us 
*01-mi'tis 
*01-mo'nes 
Ol-o-pliyx'us 
*OI'o-rus 
*01-ym-pe'ne 
0-lyni'|)e-um 
0-lyr\'pi-a 
*01-yni-pi'a-de3 
O-Iyra'pi-as 
*0-Iym'pi-cu3 
*0-lym-pi-e'um 
0-lym-pi-o-do'rU9 
*0-lyni-pi-o-ni'ces 
O-Iyni'pi-us 

0-  Iyin'pu3 

01-  ym-pu'sa 
O-Iyii'thus 
O-ly'ras 
O-ly'zon 
0-ma'ri-u3 
Oin'bi 
Oni'bri 
*Om'bri-ci 
*Om'bri-os 
*Om-bro'nes 
Om'o-le 
Om-o-plia'gi-a 
*On)'plia-ce 
Om'plia-le 
Om'plm-los 
tOm'phis 

0-na;'um,  or  O-se'ne- 

um 
*On'a-ger 
O-na'rus 
D-nas'i-mus 
0-na'ta3 
*Oii-ce'uin 
On-ches'tus 
*On'cho-e 
O-ne'i-on 
On-e-sic'ri-tug 
O-nes'i-mus 
On-e-sip'pus 
O-ne'si-us 
Oii-e-tor'i-des 
O'ni-iim 
*0-ni'on 
*0-ni'um 
On'o-ba 
*On-o-cho'nu3 
On-o-niac'ri-tu3 
On-o-mar'chus 
On-o-inas-tor'i-des 
On-o-mas'tijs 
On'o-plias,  or  On'o- 

pliis 
On-o-san'der 
*0-niiK'na-lhu8 
♦O-ny'ihes 
O-pa'li-a 
*0-pel'i-cii8 
O-phe'as 
O-plie'las 
O-pliKl'tes 
O-plieii'sis 
O'phi-a 
O-phi'a-des 
O'plii-as 
•O-plii-o'des 
*0-phi-og'c-n« 
O-plii'oii 
*0-phi'o-ne8 
O-phi-o'ne-ua 
tO'phi3 
*Opli-i-te'a 
•O -plii'tea 
*0-phi-u'cliii« 

O'plli-IH 

O-pbi-ii'iin 

*0-plil<>'iie< 

'Dpli-ry-ne'uni 

Op'i-cl 

O-pig'e-na 

O-pil'i-uB 


1314 


*0-pi'ina  Sp(i'Ii-a 
*0-piin-i-a'mi3 
O-piiii'i-us 
O'pis 

*Op-is-thoc'o-inEe 

Op'i-ter 

Op-i-ter-gi'ni 

O-pi'tes 

*Op'o-i3 

*0-po'pe-u3 

*0-por'i-mi3 

Op'pi-a 

Op-pi-a'nu3 

Op-pid'i-u9 

Op'pi-U3 

tops 

Op-ta'tus 

Op'ti-mus 

*0-piin'ti-a 

O'pus 

O'ra 

O-rac'u-lum 

O-ra'a 

Or'a-sus 

Or-he'lu9 

Or-bil'i-us 

Or-bo'na 

Or'ca-des 

Or-cba'Iis 

Or'cha-mu3 

*Or-chis-te'ne 

Or-cliom'e-niis,  or  Or- 

clioiii'e-nuiii 
*Or-chom'e-no3 
*Or-ci'nU3 
Or'cus 
Or-cyn'i-a 
Or-des'sus 
*Or-do-vi'ces 
O-re'a-des 
O're-as 
*0're-os 
*Or-e-sit'ro-phu3 
O-res'tffi 
0-res'te3 
O-res'te-ura 
Or-es-ti'dae 
*Or-es-ti'des,  and 

*0-res'ti-de3 
Or-es-tiria 
Or'e-tae 
Or-e-ta'ni 
Or-e-til'i-a 
O-re'iim 
*0're-u3 
Or'ga,  or  Or'gas 
*Or'ga-na 
Or-ges'sum 
Or-get'o-rix 
Or'gi-a 
O-rib'a-sus 
*Or'i-co3 

Or'i-cum,  or  Or'i-cus 

O'ri-ens 

Or'i-gen 

*0-rig'e-ne8 

O-ri'go 

*0-ri'ne 

O-ri'nus 

0-ri-ob'a-te3 

O-ri'on 

0-ris'sn3 

Or-i-sul'Ia  Liv'i-a 

O-ri'tsB 

*0-rilh'i-as 

0-rilh-y-i'a 

»Or-i-thy'o3 

O-ril'i-aa 

0-ri-iin'du3 

*0-ri'iis 

Or'me-nus 

*Or'mc-no3 

Or'ne-a 

*Or'ne-SB 

Or'ne-u3 

*Or-ne'u3 

Or-ni'tlion 

Or'iii-tu3 

Or-nos'pa-dea 

Or-nyt'i-on 

tOr-o-an'da 

*Or'o-ba 

O-ni'bi-a 

O-ro'bi-i 

♦Or'o-bis 

O-ro'dea 

0-ra)'tea 

O-ruiii'e-don 

O-roii'taa 

O-ron'tes 

•Or-on-te'iie 

Or-u-plic-r'noa 

O-rii'piiB 

•Or'o-Ka 

0-ro'»i-ua 

•0-ri)«'pt'-da 


Or'phe-us,  or  Or'- 

pluMis 
*Or'plii-tus 
Or-sed'i-ce 
Or-se'is 
Or-sil'Ius 
Or-sil'o-chu3 
Or-si'nes 
Or-sip'pus 
Or'ta-Ius 
Or-thffi'a 
Or-thag'o-ras 
Or'tlie 
Or'tbi-a 
*Or-tho'si3 
Or'tlirus 
*Or-to'iia 
Or-tyg'i-a 
Or-tyg'i-u3 
O'rus 

O-ry-an'der 

O-ry'us 

O'ryx 

tO-sa'ces 

Os-cho-pho'ri-a 

Os'ci 

Os'ci-us 

Os'cus 

tO'si 

0-sin'i-U3 

O-si'ris 

0-si3'mi-i 

Os'pha-giis 

Os-rho-c'ne 

Os'sa 

Os-te-o'des 

Os'ti-a 

*Os-ti-o'ne3 

Os-to'ri-u3 

Os-tra-ci'ne 

Os-trog'o-thi 

Os-y-man'dy-as 

*Ot'a-ce3 

Ot-a-cil'i-U3 

O-ta'nes 

Oth'ma-rus 

O'tho,  M.  Sal'¥i-U3 

*0-tliro'mi3 

*0-thry'a-des 

Oth-ry-o'ne-U3 

O'thrys 

*0-thrys'i-U3 

O'tre-us 

0-tr(E'da 

*Ot-ryii-ti'des 

*Ot-to-roc'o-rse 

O'tus 

O'tys 

0-vid'i-n3 

O-vin'i-a  (Lex) 

0-vin'i-us 

Ox-ar'tes,  and  *Ox'a- 

tres 
Ox-a'thre3 
*Ox-i'!e 
Ox-id'a-tes 
Ox'i-mes 
Ox-i'o-ii3e 
Ox'U3 
Ox-y'a-re3 
Ox-y-ca'nu3 
Ox-yd'ra-c£e 
Ox'y-lus 
*Ox-y-ne'a 
*Ox-y-o'pum 
Ox-yn'thes 
Ox-yp'o-ru9 
Ox-y-ryn-clii'ta 
Ox-y-ryn'cliu3 
0-zi'ne3 

Oz'o-lE,  or  Oz'o-li 


P. 


Pa-ca-ti-a'nus 

Pac'ci-U3 

Pa'ches 

Pa-clii'nii3 

*Pa-c  hy'nua 

Pa-co'ni-U3 

Pac'o-rus 

•Pac'li-a 

Pac-to'lua 

Piic'ty-aa 

Pac'ly-ea 

Pa-cii'vi-ua 

Pa-da.''i 

*Pii-di-'i 

Pad'u-a 

Pa'diis 

Pa-du'aa 

Pie'an 


*Pre-a'nes 

*I';('-(Jar'c-lus 

Pfe'di-us 

Pa!-ma'ni 

Pa? 'on 

PiB'o-nes 

Pa!-o'iii-a 

PiK-on'i-des 

*P!E'o-pliB 

Pk'os 

PiE'sOS 

PEs'tiim 
Pas-to'vi-um 
PiE'tiis  Ca;-cin'na 
*Pa-ga'ni 

Pag'a-sffi,  or  Pag'a-sa 

Pag'a-sus 

fPa'grffi 

Pa'giis 

Pa-la'ci-um,  or  Pa-la'- 

ti-um 
Pa-l;E'a 
Pa-liE-ap'o-li3 
*Pa-la;b'y-blus 
Pa-la;'nion,  or  fPal'e- 

inon 
Pa-Ie'mon 
Pa-Iffip'a-phos 
*Pa-lieph-ar-sa'lu3 
Pa-la'ph'a-tus 
Pa-liEp'o-lis 
Pa-Ia;s'te 
Pal-»3-ti'na 
Pal-a;s-ti'nu3 
*Pa-lffit'y-ru3 
Pal-a-nie'de3 
Pa-lan'ti-a 
Pa-lan'ti-um 
Pal-a-ti'nus 
*Pa-Ie'a 

Pa'Ie-is,  or  Pa'Iffi 
Pa'les 

Pal-fii'ri-us  Su'ra 

*Pa-lib'o-tlira 

*Pa-li'ce 

Pa-li'ci,  or  Pa-lis'ci 

Pa-lil'i-a 

*Pa-li'lis 

*Pa-lin'dro-mo3 

Pal-i-nu'rus 

Pal-i-sco'riim,  or  Pal- 

i-co'riim 
tPa-li-u'ru3 
*Pal-lac'o-pa3 
Pal'Ia-de3 
Pal-la'di-ura 
Pal-la'di-113 
Pal-lan-te'um 
Pal-Ian'ti-as 
Pal-lan'ti-des 
Pal-lan'ti-on 
Pal'las 
Pal-le'ne 
Pal 'ma 
tPal'me 
Pal-mi 'so3 
Pal-my'ra 
*Pal'pe-tus 
Pal  -pliu'riu3 
■fPal-uin-bi'num 
Pam'me-ne3 
Pain'inon 
Pam'pa 
Parri'phi-Ius 
Pain'pho3 
Pani'pby-la 
Pain-pbvl'i-a 
*Pain-piiy'li3 
Pan 

Pan-a-ce'a 

*Pan'a-cra 

Pa-na;'ti-u3 

Pan'a-res 

*Pa-nar'e-tU3 

Pan-a-ris'to 

Pan-atli-e-na!'a 

Pan-cli.T'a,  Pan-che'a, 

or  Pan-cha'i-a 
*Pan'che-a 
*Pan-cia'li-um 
Paii'.la 
Pan'da-ma 
Pan-da'ri-a 
Paii'da-riis 
tPan-da-la'ri-a 
Pan'da-tes 
tPan-de'ml-a 
Pan-de'iniis 
fPiin-di'a 
»Paiidi'on 
*Paii-di'ci-nis 
■•Pnii-do-clii'ura 
Pan-do'ra 
Paii-do'si-a 
Paii'ilru-soa 
•Pa'ne-a» 


*Pa-neg'y-ris 

*Paii'e-lus 

*Pan'e-miis,  (river) 

*Pa-iie'mus,  (man) 

Pan'e-nus,  or  Pa-na;'- 
nus 

Pan-gK'us 

*Pan-liel-le'nes 

*Pa'ni-a 

Pa-ni'a-si3 

*Pan-i-ge'ri3 

Pa-ni-o'ni-um 

Pa'ni-us 

Pan-no'ni-a 

*Paii'no-ne3 

Pan-oni-pliffi'ii3 

Pan'o-pe,  or  Pan-O- 
pe'a 

*Pa-no'pe-ffi 

Pan'o-pes 

Pa-no'pe-u3 

Pa-no'pi-on 

*Pan'o-pis 

Pa-nop'o-lis 

fPa-nop'tes 

Pa-nor'mus 

Pan'sa 

*Pan-t,'En'e-tus 

*Pan-tag'a-thu3 

*Pan-ta'gi-a 

Pan-tag-nos'tU3 

Panta'gy-a3 

Pan-ta'le-on 

Pan-tau'chu3 

Pan'te-U3 

Pan-the'a 

Pan'tlie-on,  or*Pan- 

the'on 
Pan'the-us,  or  Pan'- 

thus 

Paii-thi-ca-piE'um 

Pan'tlii-de3 

Pan-tlio'i-<ies 

*Pan'lho-iis 

Pan-:ic'a-pe3 

Paii-til'i-iis 

*Pan-tol'a-bu3 

Pa-ny'a-si3 

Pa-iiy'a-sus 

Pa-pse'us 

Pa-pha'ges 

Pa'phi-a 

*Pa'phi-u3 

*Papli'la-gnn 

Papli-la-go'ni-a 

Pa'phos 

Pa'phiis 

Pa-pi-a'niis 

Pa'pi-as 

Pa-pin-i-a'nii3 

Pa-pin'i-us 

Pa-pir'i-a 

Pa-pir'i-us 

Pap'pu3 

Pa-pyr'i-iI9 

Par-a-bys'ton 

*Par-a-chel-o-i't!E 

*Par-a-cli'tus,  or  Par- 

a-cle'tiis 
*Pa-rai'ly-tus 
Par-a-di'su9 
Pa-ra;t'a-c:E 
*Par-iE-t(i'ni-i 
Par-a!-to'ni-um 
Par'a-Ii 

*Par-a-li-pom'- 

e-na 
Par'a-lus 
*Par-a-po-ta'mi-a 
Pa-ra'si-a 
Pa-ra'si-us 
Par'cai 
*P3r'c-dri 
Pa-reii-ta'li-a 
*Pa-ret'ro-ne3 
Pa'ris 

Pa-ris'a-dcs 

Pa-ris'i-i 

Par'i-su3 

Pa'ri-um 

*Pa'ii-u9 

Par'nia 

*Par'iiie-na3 

Par-iiu'n'i-de3 

Par-iiie'nio 

•Par'inc-no 

*Par-na'8U3 

Par-nas'su3 

Par'nes 

Par-nes'sua 

Par'ni 

Pa'ron 

•Par-o-pam'i-BUi 

Par-o-re'i-a 

Pa'ros 

Par-rlia'si-a 


*Par'rha-;;is 

Par-rlia'si-iia 

Par-tha-niis'i-ris 

Par-llia'on 

Par-tlie'ni-a 

Par-the'ni-oe,  and  Par- 

tbe'ni-i 
Par-the'ni-a3 
*Par-llien'i-ce 
Par-llie'ni-on 
Par-the'ni-iis 
Par'tbe-non 
Par-then-o-pE'ii3 
Par-then'o-pe 
Par'thi-a 
tPar-thi'ni 
Par-thy-e'ne 
*Pa-ry'a-dre3 
Pa-rj's'a-des 
Par-y-sa'ti3 
Pa-sar'ga-da 
*Pa-sar'ga-dE 
Pa'se-as 
Pas'i-cles 
Pa-sic'ra-tes 
*Pas-i-pe'da 
Pa-sipli'a-e 
*Pa-siph'i-le 
Pa-sitli'e-a 
*Pa-sith'o-e 
Pa-sit'i-gris 
Pas'sa-ron 
*Pas-se-ri'nu3 
Jas-si-e'niis 
Pas'sus 
*Pat'a-ge 
*Pat'a-lU3 
Pat'a-ra 
'*Pat-a-vi'nu3 
Pa-ta'vi-iim 
*Pa-te'rsE 
Pa-ter'cu-lii3 
Pa-tiz'i-llies 
*Pat-i-zi'the3 
Pat'nios 
Pa'trE 
Pa'tro 
*Pat'ro-ba3 
Pa-tro'cles 
Pa-tro'cli 
Pat-ro-cli'des 
Pa-tro'cliis 
*Pat'ro-clu3 
Pa'iron 

Pat'ro-us,  or  *Pa-tro' 
us 

Pa-tiil'ci-us 

Pau'la 

Paii-li'na 

Pau-li'niis 

Paii'lus  JE-myi  i-us 

Paii-sa'ni-as 

Pau'si-as 

*Pau-si-U'pon 

Pa'vor 

Pax 

Pax'03 

Pe'as 

Pe-da'ci-a 

Pe-da;'us 

Pe-da'ni 

Pe-da'ni-U3 

tPrd'a-sa 

Ped'a-sus 

Pi'-di'a-dis 

Pe-di-a'nus 

Pe'di-as 

Pe'di-us  Blie'sus 

Pc'do 

Pe'diim 

tPe'gJB 

Pe-gas'i-dea 

Pi-g"a-si3 

Peg'a-su9 

*Pe-la'gi-U3 

Pcl'a-gon 

•Pe-lag'o-nes 

Pe-lar'ge 

Pe-las'gi 

Pe-las'gi-a,  or  tP«-la»- 

gi-o'li3 
Pe-las'gus 
*Pel'a-le3 
»Pc-le'ce3 
*Pe-len'do-ne3 
Pel-e-thro'ni-i 
•Pe-let'ro-nea 
Pe'lf-U3 
Pe-li'n-de3 
Pe'li-»8 
Pf-li'de9 
Pe-lig'ni 
Pe-lip'nus 
Pel-i-nm'iira 
P('l-i-nu:'u8 


r 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Pe'li-um 

Pcl'hi 

I'el-la'na! 

PiH-le'ne 

*l*el'o-po 
1  I'cl-o-|)e';i,  or  Pel-o- 
pi'a 

P<l-o-pe'i-a 

*Pel-o-pc'us 

Pe-lop'i-das 

*Pe-lc>'pi-iis 

Pfl-opon-iie'sus 

Pe'Iops 

Pr'lcir 

Pelo'ri-a 
I    Pe-lo'rum,  >  r  Pc-Io'- 
rus 

Pe-lii'si-iim 

Pi'-im'tcs 

P<'ii-(iii'li-iini 

Pe-ne'i-n,  or  Pe'ne-is 

Pe-ne'is,  [Sckittcr  and 
FaccwtatL] 

*Pe-ne'i-us 

*Pe-ne'le-U9 

Pe-ne'li-us 

Pt'-nel'o-pu 

Pe'ne-iis,  or  Pe-ne'us 

Prn'i-das 

Pon-tap'o-lis 

*Pi;n-tap'y-loii 

♦Peii-ta'tliluin 

*Peii  te-(lac'tj -Ion 

*IVii't<-.|f 
I  tP'-ii-tt'l'i-cii^ 
I  iVn-lhe-si-Ie'a 

Plll'lllK-llS 

*Pcn-tlii'(les 

Ptn'lhi-liis 

Pfii'lliy-liis 

Pep-a-ri:'llios 

I'e-phre'ilo 

Pe-ra;'a 

P(*r-a-sip'pu3 

*Pir'a-tii3 

Per-co'pe 

*P<r-co'si-a 

Per-ca'si-U3 

Pcr-co'te 

Per-dic'cas 

Pcr'ilix 

Pe-ren'na 

Pe-reii'ni3 

Pl'tb-hs,  or  Pe'reiis 

Pcr'ga 

*Pcr-ga'me-iis 

PiT'pa-iiius 

*Pcr'ga-SB 

Per'ge 
I  Per'giis 

Pe-ri-an'der 

Pc-ri-ar'clius 

Pei-i-lice'a 

*Pe-rib'o-liis 

Per-i-bo'mi-us 

Per'i-cles 

Per-i-(-lyni'e-nus 

Pe-rid'i-a 

•Pur-i-di'a 

Pe-ri-e-ge'tes 

Pe-ri-e'res 

Pe-rig'e-nea 

Pe-rig'<>-nc 

Per-i-la'us 

PtT-i-le'us 

Pe-ril'la 

*Pe-ririi-us 

Pc-ril'lus 

Per-i-ine'de 

Per-i-ine'Ia 

*Per-i-iiie'le 

*Per-i-iiieI'i-dea 

Pe-rin'thii9 

Por-i-pa-tct'i-ci 

*Pe-rip'a-tiis 

Pe-ripii'a-rifs 

Per'i-phas 

Pc-riph'a-tiis 

Per-i-plio'inu3 

*Per-i-phe'tes 

Per-i-ptio-rc'las 

Pc-risndes 

*Pe-ris'te-re 

Pe-ris'tlie-iies 

*Per-i-sty'liiin 

*Pe-ris'ty-luin 
!  Pe-rit'a-nu3 
1  Per'i-taa 

Per-i-io'ni-um 

PtT-nies'sus 

Pe'ro,  or  f  Pe-ro'ne 

Pcr'o-e 

Pcr'o-la 
j  iV-r-pen'na 

l'er-|x.'-re'ne 
j  Per-plio-re'lus 


Per-ran'tlips 

Pir-rliie'bi-a 

Per'sa,  or  Pur-se'is 

Pcr'siB 

Ptr-siE'tis 

P(rr-se'c 

Pcr-seph'o-no 

Per-scp'o-lis 

Pcr'ses 

Pcr'se-iis 

PiT'si-a 

Pcr'sis 

Per'si-iis  Flac'ciis 

Pi-r'ti-nax 

Pt'-ni'si-a 

♦Per-ii-si'niis 

Pcs-ccii'iii-us 

I'ls-si'niis 

*Pit'a-lo 

Pi'-ta'li-a 

Pil'a-l\i9 

Pe-tc'li-a 

Pit-e-li'niis 

*Pe'te-on 

Pe'te-iis 

Pe-tll'l-a 

Pe-til'i-i 

Pctil'i-iis 

Pcl-o-si'ris 

Pe'tra 

Pe-trie'a 

Pc-tre-i'iis 

Pi'-tri'niim 

Pe-trti'iii-a 

Pi -lri>'iii-ii3 

Pt't'ti-iis 

Pfii'ce 

*Peu-cx'd'a-nos 
Peu-cps'U'S 
Peii-ce'ti-a 
♦Peii-re'li-i 
Peu-ci'ni 
Peu-co-la'u3 
Pt'.x-o-du'ru3 
PlKi;'a 
•Plia!-a'ce3 
Pha"-a'ci-a 
Phffi'nx 
PliaNl'i-inus 
Phie'dtiii 
Plue'dra 
PliiE'dri-a 
Plis'drus 
Plia'd'y-ma 
Plw-ninn'o-e 
♦Plifp-iiag'o-ro 
.*Pliie-nai'e-te 
Pliaiiwi-re'le 
PlKb'iii-as 
Plia-n'iia 
Pliain'nis 
*Pha;n-o-me'ris 
Pliie-oc'o-ines 
PliJiis'a-na 
Phms'tuni 
*Pha'e-tl)on 
*Plia-e-thon-te'iis 
*Plia-e-tlioii'li-u3 
Plia'e-ton 
Plia-e-ton-ti'a-des 
Plia-e-tu'sa 
Pliie'us 
Pha-ge'si-a 
*Plia'i-iins 
fPhal-a-cri'ne 
Pha'iiB 
i'lia-he'cMs 
Plia-la?'si-a 
Plia-lan'lhu9 
*Plia-la'ra 
Plial'a-ris 
Phal'a  riis 
*IMia-la'ru3 
Phal'cidon 
Pha'le-as 
Plia-lc're-us 
Plia-le'ri-a 
Plia-le'ri3 

Pha-le'ron,  or  Phal'e- 

nim 
Plm-le'nis 
Pha'li-as 
Phal'li-ca 
•Pha-lo're 
Plia-lys'i-113 
*Pliain-e-no'phi9 
•Pha-iia'cf9 
Pha-na''n3 
*Pha-nag'o-ni 
Plian-ara'a 
Pha'iias 
*Pha-na'tC9 
Plia'ncs 
*l'lia'ni-uni 
Phan'tM"le3 
Phan-o-de'niu3 


*Phari'o-lis 

IMiaii-ta'.si-a 

Plia'iius 

Plia'oii 

Pha'ia 

Plia-rac'i-dos 

Plia'ra!,  or  Piio'ra! 

*Pliar'a-o 

Plia-ras'ma-ncs 

Plia'rax 

*Pliar-be'Iiis 

*Pli!ir-cc'dun 

Pba'iis 

*Plia'ii-u» 

Phar-me-cu'sa 

Pliar-iia-ba'/.us 

Pliar-na'cc 

Pliar-na'cc-a 

Pliar-na'ces 

*Pliar-iia'ci-a 

Pbar-iia-pa'te3 

Phar-nas'pca 

Phar'iiiis 

Plia'ros 

Phar-sa'li-a 

*Phai-sa'liis 

Ptiai'te 

Plia'riis 

Plia-rii'si-i,  or  Pliau- 

rii'si-i 
Pliar'y-biis 
Pba-ryc'a-don 
Pbar'y-g<' 
*IMias-a-e'lis 
Pha-se'lis 
Pha-ii-a'na 
Pha'si-as 
Plia'sis 
Plias'siis 
Pliaii'da 
Phav-o-ri'ims 
Pha-yl'liis 
Plio'a,  or  Pbe'i-a 
Phe-ca'diiin 
*Piit*-gf 'a 

Phii'ge-us,  or  Plilc'ge- 

11  s 
Phcl'Ii-a 
Phel'lo-e 
Phel'liis 
*Plif'iiii-n: 
Plu-'ini-us 
Phe-mon'o-o 
*Pllen-e-be'tliis 
Phc-nu'iiin 
Plie-ne'us,  (a  man) 
*Plie'ne-us,  (o  lalie) 
PliL'riE 
Plie-ra'u3 
Plifi-rau'les 
Plie-re'cliis 
Phtr-rec'ra-tes 
*PIier-t'-cy'a-dtc 
Pher-e-cy'dc'S 
Plar-en-da'it'S 
Plier-c-ni'ce 
tPhc-repli'a-te 
Phe'res 
Pliu-ie'ti-a3 
Pher-e-ti'ina 
Phir'l-nuin 
tPlie-ri'num 
Phe'ron 
Pbi'a-le 

Pbi-a'li-a,  or  Plii-ga'- 

ll-a 
Phi'a-lns 
*Plii-ce'on 
Pliic'o-res 
Pliid'i-as 
Phid'i-le 
Phi-dip'pi-de3 
Plii-dit'i-a 
*Pbi-d<>'las 
Plii'don 
Phid'y-le 
•■Phig-a-lc'a 
Phi-ga'le-i 
Phi'bi 

Pbil-a-dnl'phi-R 

*Phil-a-d.l-plii'a  ' 

Ptiil-;i-di:l'pliU3 

Phi'hp 

Phi-l:e'ni 

Phi-la;'u3 

*Phi-la'fnon 

Pliilam'nion 

Pbi-lar'chus 

*Phi-lar'e-tii3 

•Phi-lar'gy-riis 

•Phil'e-as 

Phi-le'mon 

Plii-le'no 

Phi-le'ri3 

Phil'e-ros 

Phi-le'si-us 


Pliil-e-ta>'rii9 
Plii-le'las 
hi-lc'li-us 
Iiil'i-da3 
Phil'i -dis 
Plii-lin'na 

Plli-Ii'llll!) 

Plii-lip'po-i 

*Pln!-ip-pc'ii3 

Plii-lip'pi 

Phi  iip'pi-dos 

I'liil  ip-pop'c-Iis 

Plii-lip'pus 

Pill  lir>'ciis 

♦Pliilis-li'dc3 

♦Plii-lis'ti-o 

I'liilis'ti-oil 

Phi-lis'lus 

Pbil'lo 

Plii'lo 

tPliil-o-bcE-o'lna 

IMii-loch'o-rus 

Phil'o-cles 

Piii-loc'ra-tes 

Pliil-iic-te'les 

Pliil-o-cy'prus 

Pliil-o-da-nie'a 

Pliil-o-de'mus 

Phi-Iiid'i-cc 

*Pllil-()-dll'IU3 

Phil-o-la'us 

Phi  liil'o-giis 

Plii-loin'a-c}ie 

Plii-Iiim'liro-tu3 

Pliil-ii-nic'di-a 

Phil-o-ni(5'ilii3 

Pliil-o-tno'la 

Pliil-o-inc'liis 

*Plii!-o-iiit;'tor 

*Pliil-o-iim'su3 

Phi'Iori 

Plii-lon'i-des 

Phil'o-nis 

Phi-Ion 'o-e 

Phi-Ion'o-iiie 

Phi-lon'o-mu9 

IMiil'o-niis 

Phi-bip'a-tor 

tPhi-lo'phi-on 

Phil'o-phron 

Phil-o-pa-'men 

*Phi-Iop'o-nu3 

*Plnl-o-ro'nms 

*Phil-o-stcpli'a-nu9 

Phi-Ius'tra-tiis 

Phi-lo'tas 

Phi-lol'e-ra 

*Plii-Io'tlie-a 

*Pliil-o-tiie'ru3 

*Pliil-o-ti'inu3 

Phi-lo'lia 

Plii-liix'e-mi3 

Philyl'li-U9 

Pliil'y-ra 

Pliil'y-ro3 

Plii-Iyr'i-des 

*Plii-ne'uin 

Pbin'e-<is,  Phi-ne'- 

us,  a/lj, 
*Phi-ni'de3 
Phiii'ta 
Pliiii'ti-a 
Plii»'li-a3 
Plila 

Phleg'e-las 

Pblfg'e-tlion 

Plili;'gi-a3 

Plile'gon 

Phk-'gra 

Phle'gy-a,  Pble'gy-ffi 

Phlr'gy-as 

Phli'aa 

Phli-n'si-a 

Pliii'iis 

PhlcE'u3 

♦PliUi'gi-us 

Plui-be'tor 

tPho'li03 

Pli<i-ca;'a 

*Plio-ca'i-cu3 

♦Phoc'a-is 

Plio-ren'ses,  and 

Phoc'i-ri 
Plio-cil'i-dc9 
I*lio'ci-on 
Pho'ci3 

Pllo'CII3 

Plio-cyl'i-doa 

Plia''be 

tPlKP-he'iim 

•PlirB.hi''u3 

Phn>h'i-da9 

Phip-big'a-na 

Pb(p'bus 

l*li(E'inu3 

Plios-ui'co,  or 


PhcB-nic'i-a 
*Pliii!-ni'ce3 
PhiE-nic'e-iis 
I'h(B-iiic'i-ilfis 
Pha!-iii'cu9 
Ph(Eii-i-cti'9a 
PhiE-nis'sa 
PhtB'nix 
*PlKB'te-uin 
Pliiil'o-e 
Plio'liis 
*Pli<)-mo'tIii3 
Phor'bas 

Phor'ciis,  or  riior'c)3 

*Plior-ry'iiis 

Phoi'iiii-o 

Plior'ini.s 

Pho-ro'nc-us 

*Phor-o-n<;'iis,  adj 

♦Plior-o-iii'dai 

Pho-ro'nis 

Plid-ro'iii-um 

*Plios'pho-ru3 

Pho-ti'nug 

Plio'ti-us 

Pliox'iis 

Pliia-a'tes 

Pliia-at'i-ce9 

Plira-da'te9 

t  I'll  ra-gan 'die 

Plira  lia'tes 

Plirn  nic'a-tes 

Plira-or'tcs 

Phras'i-cles 

Pliia3'i-inii3 

Plira'si-U3 

Plirat-a-plier'iie9 

♦Phre-gc'iia 

Pliri-a-pa'u-ii3 

*Pliric'i-on 

Phrix'iis 

Plir<in'i-iiia 

Phroii'tis 

*Pliru-guii-di'o-nc9 

Plirii'ri 

Pliry'ges 

Pliryg'i-a 

*Pliryg'i-u3 

Phry'iie 

Pliryn'i-cu9 

Pliry'ni9 

Pliry'no 

*I'liryx'e-ii3 

Phryx'iis 

Phtlii'a 

Plithi-o'ti3 

Phy'a 

♦Phy-a'ceg 

Pliy'cus 

*l'hvg'e-la 

Phyi'a-ce 

♦Pliyl-a-ce'iis 

Pliyi'a-cu9 

Phv-lar'clius 

Phy'las 

Pliy'le 

Pli)  IV-i3 

Pliy-lL''ii9 

*Piiv-li'de9 

Phvl'i-ra 

Phyl'la 

Pliyl-la'li-a 

PlivI-le'i-113 

PJiyl'lis 

Phyl'li-119 

Ph\l-lud'o-ce 

Phyl'los 

Phyl'his 

Phy-roiii'a-cliU9 

Pliys-ctl'la 

Pliys'co-a 

Phys'con 

Ptiys'co9 

Phys'cu3 

•l'liy9-i-og-no'mon 

Pliy-tal'i-des 

Phyt'a-lii3 

*Piiy-te'iim 

Phy'ton 

Phyx'i-uni 

Pi'a,  or  Pi-a'li-a 

Pi'a-sii3 

Pi-ce'iii 

Pi-cen'li-a 

Ptc-cn-li'ni 

Pi-ce'num 

Pi'rra 

Pic'la;,  or  Pic'ti 

Pic-ta'vi,  or  Pic'lo-ne3 

Pic-ta'vi-iim 

*Pic'io-iies 

Pic'lor 

Pi'riis 

Pi  dii'riis 

Pid'v-te3 

•Pi-dy'tes 


Pi'e-lii3 
Pi'c-ra 
Pi-e'ri-a 
Pi-er'i-des 
Pi'f-ri3 
Pi'c-rus 
Pi'e-tas 
Pi'grt'3 
•Pi-la'lii3 
*Pi-le'sii9 
♦!*i-l(i'ni3 
Pi-liim'nu9 
Piiti'pla 
*Piin-ple'a 
Pim-plti'i-dcs,  or 
tPini-ple'a-de9 
Pini-pra'iia 
Piii'a-rc 
Pi-iia'ri-us 
*Pin'a-rii3 
Piii'da-riis 
Piii'da-sii9 
Pin  de-nis'siiH 
Pin'cliis 

tPill'gll3 
PlIl'lKl 

Piii'thi-a3 
tPi'o-ne 
Pio'ni-a 
*Pi'(i-nis 

Pi-ric'u9,  or  Pi-ra;'e- 

119 

Pi-re'ne 

*Pi-ri'ciis 

Pi-rith'o-us 

*Pi-r()'inis 

Pi'rus 

TPi-riis'tiE 

Pi'sa 

Pi'sa? 

Pi-s;e'us 

Pi-san'dcr 

•Pi-sa'n«s 

Pi-sa'tfs,  or  Pi-s,-c'i 

Pi-saii'rus 

Pi-se'nor 

Pis'e-iis 

Pis'i-a3 

*Pis'i-diB 

Pi-sid'i-a 

Pi-sid'i-ce 

Pi'sis 

Pis-is-trat'i-da; 

Pis-is-lrat'i-deg 

Pi-sis'tra-tiis 

Pi'so,         so'ne3,  pU] 

Pi-!?o'lli3 

I'is'si-ru3 

Pis'tor 

Pi'siis 

Pi-siiih'ne3 

Pit'a-ne 

*Pi-tlit;'con  Col'pos 

Pitli-t-cu'sa 

•Pitli-e-cu'sa; 

Pitli'e-iis 

Pi'llio 

Pith-o-Ia'us 

Pi-tho'le-on 

Pi'llum 

Pi'thys 

Pil'la-cu3 

Pit'lhe-a 

Pit-the'i9 

Pit-llie'ii3 

Pii-ii-a'ni-ii9 

Pit-u-la'hi 

Pil-y-a-'a 

l'il-y-as'sii9 

Pit-y-o-ne'siis 

tPit'y-ii9 

Pit-y-u'sa 

Pla-ccn'ti-a 

Pla-rr(l-<'-i-a'iiii3 

Pla-cid'i-a 

Pla-ii(l'i-U9 

Pla-iia'si-a 

Plaii-ci'na 

I'lan'ciis 

I'la-tai'a 

Pla-ta^'iE 

•Plal'a-ge 

•Plat-anio'dcs 

I*la-ta'ni-ii8 

*Plal'a-nu9 

•Pla-ic'a 

*Pla-te'E 

Pla'to 

*Pla-ton'i-r,i 

Plaii'ti-n  (Lex) 

Plaii-ti-a'iiu9 

Plaii-Iil'la 

Plan'li-U9 

Plati'tiis 

f  Pla'vis 

•PItb-is-ci'tum 


Plci'a-de»,  or  Plr-i'u- 

dvs 
♦Ple'l-as 
Plei'o-ne 
Pleni-niyr'i-iini 
Pli*m'nc-ns 
tPlcii-iiio'si-i 
Plcu-ra'tus 
Pleii'ron 
Plex-aii're 
Pli'X-ip'piis 

Plill'i-IIM 

Pliii-tlii'ne 

•Plin'tlii-ne 

I*lif>-tar'clni3 

Pli.s'tha-nus 

Plis'tlie-nes 

Pli.t-ti'niis 

Plis  to'a-nax,  or  Plis- 

to'iiax 
Pli'i-to-ni'ccg 
♦Plis-to-ni'cii9 
I'Ici'tic 
•l'l(i-tlic'a 
Plo-ti'na 
I*l<it-i-nop'o-Ii3 
Pl()-ti'nii3 
Phi'li-us 
Plii-lar'cliU8 
Plu'ti-a 
Plu'to 

Plu-to'ni-um 

Plu'Uis 

Plu'vi-us 

Plyn-te'ri-a 

•Piicb'c-bis 

Pnig'c-us 

tPiiyx 

Pii-lilic'i-U9 

*Pod-a-le'a 

Pod-a-lir'i-us 

Po-dar'co 

Po-(lar'ce3 

Po-da'rea 

Po-dar'ge 

P(vdar'gu3 

P(r'a3 

Prcc'i-le 

•P<Km'e-ni4 

PfE'ni 

*P(tn'i-cu3 

Pa*'on 

P(E-o'ni-a 

Pfp'itg 

Po'gon 

Pii'la 

Pol-c-nu)-cra'ti-a 

Pid'e-inon 

Po-lf'iior 

Po'li-as 

fPo-lj-ci'a 

*P(i-li-c'um 

*Po'li-eus 

Po-li-or-ce'tes 

Po-lis'ma 

Po-lis'lra-lU3 

•Pol-i-te'a 

Po-li'tc9 

P(il-i-to'ri-»iii 
I'ol-lrn'ti-a 
P(il-lin'e-a 
Pul'li-o 
Pol '1 19 

Pul'li-us  Fe'Iix 
Pul-lii'ti-a 

Pol'liix  •  ; 

tPoI'lis  ' 
Pii'his  : 
Pti-Iii9'ca  I 
P(>-ly-ii'-mon'i-de9 
Po-ly-a;'nu9 

*P<i-ly-a-ra'tii9  i 
P(v-ly-ar'chiis  | 
»Piil-y-be'te9 
IVi-ljii'i-das 

Pit-I>  b'i-us,  or  Pol'y-  . 

bii9  I 
I*ol-y-hfE'a 
Pul-y-b(p'te3 
Pol-y-bo'les 
*P<>-lyli'i>-tmn 
•Pul'y-hus 
Pnl-y-ca'on 
Piil-y-car'pus 
Pol-y-ras'le 
Polych'a-re» 
Pol-y-clf'a 

Pol-ycli-'tus 

Po-lyc'ra-tes  I 
Pol-y-rre'ln,  i>r  Pol-y.  j 

cri'ln  I 

Pi>-lyc'ri-tiis  | 

Po-lyc'Inr  I 
Pill  V  ila''mon 

Pu-lyd  a-nias  J 


I3I> 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


PoI-y-(!riin'na 

Pol-ynlec'tes 

IVl  y-deu-ce'a 

Pol-y-ilo'ra 

Pol-y-(lo'ru3 

Pol-y-si'ton 

Po-lyg'i-us 

Pol-yii-no'ttis 

Pivlys'ii-niis 

Pi)-ly-liym'iii-a,  or  Po- 
lyiii'ni-a 

Pi>-I\  -iil'i-113 
I  *Po-ly-i'(lu3 
I  Pol-y-la'us 
j    Po-lym'e  nes 
i  Pol-y-me'iie 

Po-iym'e-don 

Pol-y-ine'la 

Pdl-yni-nes'tes 

Pul-ytri-nes'tor 

Pol-y-ni'ces 

Po-lvn'o-e 
1]  P(il'y-iii!s 
'  j  Piil-y-pe'inon 

i  t  Pi:l-y-|>fT'cll(in 

i|  Pol-y-|)lie'iniis 
i  Pol-y-i)tiim'tes 
!l  Pory-p'U"'>'i 

Pol-y-poe'tes 

*Pory-ren 

*Pol-y-stepl)'a-nus 

Po-lys'tra-tU3 
;  Pol-y-tecli'nus 
I  'Po-ly'les 
!  Pol-y-ti-me'tus 
'!  *Pol-y-ti'mus 

Pi>-lyt'i-on 
I  Pi>-lyt'ro-pu3 
I    Po-lyx'e-na  » 
•  Pn-lyx'e-nus 

Po-ly.\'o 
1  Pul-y-ze'lus 
!  Poiii-ax-a;'tlires 
:    Pu-iiiu'ti-a,  or  Po-ine'» 
i 

I  Pom-e-ti'na 

;  Po-iiio'na 

[  Poiii-jie'i-rt 

I  Poin-pe-i-a'niis 

[    Poiii-pe'i-i,  or  Poiii- 

p.;'i-uni 
j  Poiii-pe-i-op'o-Iis 

Pimi-pe'i-iib 

Foiii'pff-loii,  or  Pom- 
I  pe-lo.'na 
]  Poiii-pil'i-a 

Pom-pil'i-u3  Nu'ma 

Pt)in-pi'his 

Pom-pis'cus 

Poni-po'iii-a 

Poin-po'iii-Hs 

Poiii-pn-si-a'niis 

Ponip-ti'iia 

Pomp-ti'ne 

Pciiiip-ti'iiiis 

Pom'pi's 
i  Pon'ti-a 
i    Poii'ti-cum  Ma're 
'  Pim'ti-cus 
'  Pon-ti'na 

Pon-ti'mis 

Pim'ti-U3 

*Poii-to-po-ri'a 

Poh'tiis 

Pon'tus  E\i-xi'niis 
Po-pJ'i-us  Ls'iias 
Po-plic'o-la 
Pop-pai'a  Sa-bi'na 

P(l|>-pK'll3 

Po|>-ii-lo'ni-a 

*Por'a-la 

Por'ci-a 

Por'ci-u3 

*P()r-(Io-se-Ie'ne 

Po-red'o-rax 

Pinri'na 

Por-<>-se-le'ne 

Pnr-[iliyr'i-on 

Por-|iliyr'i-ii3 

*Pur-pliy-rog-cn-ni'- 

1113 

Por'ri-ma 

Por-Kcn'na,  or  Por'se- 
,  nn 

IPor'ti-a,  and  Por'ti-us 
Port'mos 
Pur-liiin-na'li-a 
Piir-liiin'niu 
♦Pi>r-tu'nu8 
P(i'rus 
•P<>-Kid'e-on 
P(>-»i'des 
Pos-i-de'um 
Po-»<i'don 
_  Pus-i-dii'ni-a 
Pual-du'ni-us 


Pii'si-o 

tPos  si-do'ni-um 

Pos-tliu'rni-a 

Pos-<liii'mi-u3 

*Post'hu-mus 

Pos-tu'mi-ua 

Post-ver'ta 

Po-wm'i-des 

Pot'a-mon 

*Pot'a-mus 

Po-tlii'nus 

Pll'tllOS 

Pot-i-dse'a 

Po-ti'na 

P(i-tit'i-us 

*P(jt-iii'a-de3 

Pot'iii-a; 

Piac'ti-mn 

Pra;'ci-a 

Pra-nes'te 

*Pra?n-es-ti'ni 

Prffi'sits 

Prffis'ti 

Pra'tor 

Pra;-to'ri-ii3 

Prffi-tu'ti-tim 

*Prain'iii-uni,  or 

Pram-ni'ura,  adj. 
tPra'si-i 
*Pras'i-nus 
Prat'i-nas 
Prax-a"'o-raa 
Pra.x'i-as 
*Prax-i-bii'lU9 
Prax-id'a-mas 
Prax-id'i-ce 
Prax'i-la 
Prax-iph'a-nes 
Prax'is 
Prax-it'e-Ies 
Prax-itli'e-a 
tPre'li-us 
*Pres-byt-e-ri'um, 

(diimicUe  for  priest) 
*Pr(.s-by-te'ri-iim, 

(sacerdotal  order) 
Pre-u'ge-nes 
Piex-as'pea 
Pri-am'i-des 
Pri'a-mus 
Pri-a'pua 
Pri-e'ne 
Pri'ma 

*Prim-i-pi'Iu9 

*Pri'o-la 

Pri'on 

*Pri-o-no'tus 

*Pris-ci-a'nuj 

Pris-cil'la 

Pris'cus 

Pris'tis 

Pri-ver'num 

Pri-ver'ims 

Pro'ba 

Pro'bus,  M. 

Pro'cas 

Proch'o-rus 

Procli'y  ta 

Pro-cil'i-u3 

Pru-cil'Ia 

Pro-cil'lu3 

Pro'cle-a 

Pro'cles 

Pro-cli'da; 

Proc'iie 

Proc-cm-nc'sus 

Proco'pi-iis 

Pro'cris 

Pr(M!ru3'tes 

Proc'u-la 

Proc-u-le'i-us 

*Proc-u-li'iia 

Proc'ii-lus 

Pro'cy-on 

Prod'i-cus 

*Prod'ro-mus 

*Pro'e-dri 

Pro-cr'na 

Prfet'i-des 

Pr<E'tU3 

Prog'ne 
Pro-la'us 
Pnim'a-cliiis 
Prii-inaili'i-das 
Pro-ina'llii-on 
Proni'e-don 
Priim-e-nit'a 
Pro-nie'lhe-i 
Pro-me'lhe-ua 
Pro-me'thiH,  and 
Proin-e-llii'dc« 
Prom'c-thu9 
Proin'u-liis 
Pro-nap'i-de« 
•Pro-na'um 
Pro'naz 


I  Pron'o-e 
I  Proii'o-inus 
I  PronVt-iis 

Pron'u-ba 

Pro-per'ti-u9 

*Pro-plie'ta 

Pro-poet'i-des 

Pro-pon'tis 

Prop-y-le'a 

Priis-cliys'ti-us 

*Pros-e-le'ni 

*Pro-sel'y-tus 

Pro-ser'pi-na 

*Pro-so'pi3 

fPros-o-pi'tes 

Pros-o-pi'tis 

Pro-sym'na 

Pro-tag'o-ras 

Prot-a-gor'i-des 

Pro'te-i  Co-luiii'iiaB 

Pro-tes-i-la'us 

Pro'te-us 

Pro'the-ua 

Proth-o-e'nor 

Proth'o-U3 

Pro'to 

Prot-o-ge-ne'a 

Pro-tog'e-ne3 

Prol-o-ge-iii'a 

Pr(il-o-medi'a 

Prot-o-me-du'sa 

*Pro-tot'y-pon 

*Prot-ry-ge'a 

Prox'e-nu3 

Pru-den'ti-u9 

Prum'ni-des 

Pru'sa 

Prii-sae'us 

Prii'si-a3 

*Pryni-ne'si-a 

Pryni'no 

Pryt'a-nes 

Pryt-a-iie'um 

Pryl'a-nis 

Psani'a-the 

Psain'a-thos 

Psain-me-ni'tus 

Psam-met'i-chua 

Psain'mis 

Psa'phis 

Psa'plio 

*Pse-bo'a 

Pse'caa 

*Pse-ne'rus 

*Pseu-di>-ce'li3 

*Pseu-do-inan-ti'a 

*Pseu-dos'to-ma 

*P3it'ta-ce 

*Psit'ta-cu3 

Pso'phia 

Psy'clie 

*Psy-clio-man-te'um 

Psy'chrus 

Psyl'li 

*Psyt-ta-Ii'a 

*Pte'le-os 

Pte'le-um 

*Pter'e-la3 

Pter-e-la'u3 

Pte'ri-a 

*Pte'ri-on 

*Pto-clii'iim 

Ptol-e-der'ina 

Ptol-€-in!e'iiiti 

Ptol-e-niiE'ua 

Pt(il-e-ma'i3 

Ptol'y-cus 

I'to'iis 

Piih-lic'i-n  (Lex) 

Pub-lic'i-U3 

Pcib-lic'o-la 

Piib'li-113 

*Pii-di'ca 

Pul-clic'ri-a 

Piil'cbruiu 

tPul'lus 

Pu'iii-cum  Bel'lum 

Pu'pi-us 

Pu-pi-c'nu9 

Pup'pi-U9 

Pu-te'o-li 

Py-a-iiep'si-a 

Pyd'ria 

Pyg'e-la 

Pyg-inie'i 

tPyg-niiB'on 

Pyg-iiia'li-on 

Pyl'a-des 

Py'lie 

Py-la^in'e-nes 

Py-lag'o-rm 

Py-lag'o-ra» 

Py-la'on 

Py-lar'go 

Py-lar'tei 

Py'las 


Py-le'ne 

Pyl'e-us 

*Pyl'i-u3 

,Pyl'le-on 

Py'lo 

Py'los 

Py'lu3 

*Pyin'a-tus 

Py'ra 

Py-rac'mon 
Py-rac'ni03 
Py-rKch'mes 
*Py-ra!'eus,  or  Py^ra'- 
us 

*Py-ram'i-des 

Pyr'a-mus 

*Pyr'a-su3 

*Py-re'i-cus 

P)T-e-na!'i 

Pyr-e-niE'us 

Py-re'ne 

*Py-re'tU3 

*Pyr'e-tU9 

Pyr'gi 

Pyr'gi-on 

Pyr'go 

Pyr-got'e-les 

Pyr'giis 

Py-rip'pe 

Py'ro 

tPyr'o-des 

*Pyr'o-ei3 

*Pyr-o-ge'ri 

Pyr'o-i3 

Py-ro'ni-a 

*Py-ro-phleg'e-thon 

Pyr'rlia 

Pyr'rhi-a3 

Pyr'rhi-ca 

Pyr'rhi-cus 

Pyr'rhi-d<E 

Pyr'rlio 

Pyr'rhus 

*Pyr'ri-cIia 

Pys'te 

*Py-tliKn'e-tus 

Py-th.ig'o-ras 

*Pyth-a-go-re'i 

*Py-than'ge-lu3 

Pytli-a-ra'tus 

Pytli'e-a3 

Py'thes 

Pylh'e-U3 

Pyth'i-a 

Pyth'i-a3 

Pyth'i-on 

*Pyth-i-o-ni'ce 

*Pyth-i-o-ni'ces 

Pyth'i-iim 

Pylh'i-ua 

Py'tlio 

Pythoch'a-ria 

Pylh'o-cleg 

*Pyth-o-de'lii9 

Pylh-o-do'rua 

Pyth-o-Ia'ua 

Py'tlion 

*Py-tlio'ne3 

Pyth-o-ni'ce 

*Py-tlion'i-ci 

*Pytli-o-ni'cu3 

Pytli-o-nis'sa 

Pyt'na 

Pyt'ta-lu9 

*Pyx-ag'a-thU9 


Q. 

Qua-der'na 
aua'di 
*(iua-dra'ta 
diia-dra'tus 
Ciuad'ri-frons,  or 

tiuad'ri-ceiM 
Clua!9-to'rc3 
Uiia'ri 
Clua'ri-U9 
Ciuer'ccna 
(iui-e't«3 
Ciuinc-li-a'nua 
Qiiinc-til'i-a 
auiiic'li-us,  T. 
tUuin'da 
Ciuiii-deccm'vi-ri 
Cluin-qiia'irl-a 
•Cluin'qiia-trus 
Ciuin-qiKm-na'los 
*Ciuiii-iiiiev'i-ri 
*Uiiin-til'i-a 
Cliiin-til-i-a'nus 
*Uiiin-tl'lis 
Quin-tiPi-us  Va'nu 


Qiiin-til'la 

Cliiin-til'lus 

Ciuiii'(i-U3 

(iuiii'lus,  or  Quinc'ti- 
11  s 

duin'tus  Cur'ti-us 

Q.uir-i-na'ii-a 

Qiiir-i-na'lis 

Ciui-ri'nus 

Q.ui-ri'te3 


Ra-bir'i-U5 

Ra-cil'i-a 

RjE-sa'ces 

Ra-mi'ses 

Ram'nes 

Raii'da 

*Ra-plia'ne-iE 

Ra'po 

Ra-scip'o-li3 

*Ra-tu'ine-na 

Rau-ra'ci,  or  Rau-ri'ci 

Ra-ven'na 

*Rav-en-na'te3 

Rav'o-la 

Re-a'te 

Re-dic'u-lus 

Red'o-nea 

Re-gil'la 

Re-gil-li-a'nus 

Re-gil'liia 

*Re-gi'na 

fRe-gi'iium 

Reg'u-lu3 

Re'mi 

Rem'u-Iu3 

Re-mu'ri-a 

Re'inu3 

Re'siis 

tRe-ti'na 

Re-u-dig'ni 

tRha 

*Rhab-du'chi 

*Rlia-ce'lu3 

Rha'ci-a 

Rha'ci-us 

*Rha-co'te3 

Rha-co'ti3 

Rhad-a-nian'tliii3 

Rliad-a-mis'tus 

*Rhad'i-ne 

Rha'di-us 

*RI)a!3'e-na 

Rhffi'te-um 

Rhae'ti,  or  Rs'ti 

Rliae'ti-a 

*Rha-ge'a 

*Rlia-me'lu3 

Rham-nen'sea 

Rliam'iies 

Rhain-3i-iii'tu9 

Rham'nus 

*Rbain-nu'si-a 

Rha'ni3 

*Rha-phe'a 

*Rliap-so'di 

*Rlia'ri-ua 

Rlia'roa 

*Rlias-cii'po-li3 

Rhas-cu'po-ria 

*Rha-to'U9 

Rlie'a 

Rhe'bas,  or  Rbe'bus 

Rhed'o-ne3 

Rhe'gi-um 

Rlie-gus'ci 

Rlie'mi 

Rhe'ne 

*Rhe-ne'a 

Rlie'ni 

Rlic'nii3 

Rlie-o-mi'tres 

Rlie'su3 

Rliet'i-co 

Rhe-tiig'e-nes  ■ 

Rlic-u'nus 

Rhex-e'nor 

Rhex-ib'i-ua 

Rlii-a'iiiia 

Rhid'a-go 

Rhi-mol'a-cle« 

♦Rhi-noc-o-lu'ra 

Khi'on 

Rhi'pha,  or  Rhi'phe 

Rhi -phiR'i 

Rhi-pliui'ua 

Rhi'um 

♦llho-be'a 

•Rliod'a-his 

Rliod'a-nu.i 


I  Rho'de 

Rlio'di-a 
I  *Rlio'dl-i 

Rlmd-o  gy'ne,  or 
Rliod  o-gii'ue 

Rliod'o-pe,  or  Rtio- 
do'pia 

Rlia'du3 

Rliffi'bus 

Rlice'cus 

Rlire-le'um 

Riire'tiis 

*Rboni-bi'tes 

Rho-sa'cea 

Rho'sua 

Rhox-a'na,  or  Rox-a'- 

na 
Rhox-a'ni 
Rliu-te'ni,  and  Ru- 

tlie'iii 
Rliyn'da-cu3 
Rliyn'lhon 
Rby'piB 
*Rhyt'i-U3 
*Ric'i-mei 
*Rin-gi-be'ii 
Ri-pha;M 
Ri-phe'ua 
*Ri(l-He-be'lu3 
*RM['a-mE 
Rix-aiii'a-ris 
Ro-bi'go,  or  Ru-bi'go 
Rod-e-ri'cua 
Ro'ina 
Ro-ina'ni 
Ro-nia'nus 
Ri>-iiiil'i-u3 
Roin'u-la 
Ro-niu'li-dje 
Rom'u-lus 
Ro'iiuis 
Ros'ci-ua 
Ro-sil'la-nu9 
Ro'si-u3 
Ro-tom'a-gua 
Rox-a'na 
Rox-o-la'ni 
Ru-bel'li-us 
Rii'bi 
Ru'bi-con 
Ru-bi-e'nus  Lap'pa 
Ru-bi'go 
Rii'bra  Sax'a 
*Ru-bre'nua 
Ru'bri-U3 
Ru'di-se 
Ru'fa; 
Ruf-fi'nU3 
Ruf'fu3 
Ru-fil'lu3 
Ru-fi'nii3 

*Rll'fi-U3 

Ru'fu3 

Ru'gi-i 

*Ru'mi-na 

Ru'mi-nii3 

Run-ci'na 

Ru-pil'i-U3 

*Rus'ci-no 

Rus'ci-na 

Rus-co'ni-a 

Ru-sel'la 

Rns'pi-na 

Rus'ti-cU9 

Rri-te'ni 

*Ku-ihe'ni 

Ru'ti-Ia 

Ru'ti-lu3 

Ru-tH'i-ua  Ru'fua 

Rii'lu-ba 

Rii'tu-biia 

Rii'tu-li 

Ru'tu-piE 

Ru-lii-pi'nus 


Sab'a-chus,  or  Snb'a- 

cou 
Sa'biB 
fSa-bffi'l 
Sa-ba'ta 
fSa-ba'tha 
*8ab'a-lliai 
fSa-ba'tra 
Sa-ba'zi-us 
Sab'bas 
Stt-bel'la 
Sa-bel'li 
f.'^a-bel'lui 
•Sa-bid'l-ui 


S;i-bi'iia 

Sa-bi'ni 

Sa-bin-i-a'nus 

Sa-bi'nu3  Au'lus 

*Sa-bi'ra 

Sa'bis 

*Sa-bo'ci 

*Sa-bo'tba 

Sab'ra-Cffi 

Sab'ra-ta 

Sa-bri'iia 

Sab'u-ra 

Sah-u-ra'nus 

Sa'biis 

Sac'a-daa 

Sa'cai 

*Sac-a-pe'ne 
Sa'cer 

*Sacli-a-li'tiB 

Sach-a-li'te3 

Sa-cra'ni 

Sa-cra'tor 

Sa-crat'i-vir 

*Sac'ro-ne 

Sad'a-le3 

Sa'dus 

Sa-dy-a'tes 

*S;eg-i-ine'riis 

*Saet'a-be3 

fSag-a-las'sua 

Sag'a-na 

Sag'a-ri3 

Sa-git'ta 

Sa-gun'tum,  or  Sa- 

gun'tii3 
*Sag-un-ti'uus 
Sa'is 
*Sa-i'ts 
Sa'la 

*Sa-la'ci-a 

Sal'a-con 

*Sal-a-gi'sa 

Sa!-a-niin'i-a 

Sal'a-mis 

Sa]-a-ini'na 

fSa-lam'ti-ca 

Sa-la'pi-a,  or  Sa-la'- 

pis 
Sal'a-ra 
fSa-lar'i-ca 
Sa-las'ci 
Sa-le'i-u3 
Sa-\e'ni 
Sal-en-ti'ni 
Sa-ler'imtn 
Sal-ga'ne-us,  or  Sal- " 

ga'ne-a 
tSa'li-a 
*Sa-Ii-a'ri3 
Sa'li-i 
Sal-i-na'tor 
Sa'li-iia 
Sal-lus'ti-us 
Sal'ina-cia 
Sal-ntio'ne 
Sal-mo'ne-ua 
*Sal-mo'nis 
Sal'miis 
Sal-iny-des'su9 
Sa'lo 
Sa-lo'me 
*Sal'o-mon 
Sa'lon 

Sa-lo'na,  or  Sa-lo'- 

nas 
*Sal-o-ne'a 
Sal-o-ni'na 
Sal-o-ni'nu3 
Sa-lo'ni-us 
*Sal-pi'iias 
Sal'pi3 
*Sal-tii-a're9 
Sal'vi-an 
Sal-vid-i-e'nu9 
Sal'vi-us 
*Sa'ly-e3 
Sa-ma'ri-a 
*Saii)-a-ri'a 
*Sam-a-ri'ta 
*Saiii'a-t!E 
Sam-bu'lo3 
tSniii'bus 
Sa'me,. or  Sa'mos 
♦Sa-iiie'ai 
^a'fiii-a 
♦Sa'ini-us 
Sam-ni'taj 
Sain-ni'tea 
Saiii'iii-iiin 
tSain-o-cho-nl'tes 
*Sa-ini)n'i  cua 
Sa-nio'iii-uiii 
Sa'mos 
Sa-inus'a-ta 
Sam-o-thra'ce,  or 

Sain-o-thra'ci-A 


13i6 


PROiNUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


*Sam-o-tlira'ce3 

♦Sa-iiiyl'i-a 

Su'im 

Saii'a-os 

San-cho-ni'a-thon 

Saii-da'ce 

*Siin-dn-li-o'tis 

San-(la'li-um 

San'da-nis 

San'ila-nus 

San-di'on 

*Saii-(lo'ces 

Saii-dro-cot'tus 

San'ga-la 

San-ijii'ri-us,  or  San'- 

ga-ris 
Saii-guin'i-us 
San-nyr'i-on 
Saii'tu-nes,  and  San'- 

In-na; 
*San-t()n'i-cu3 
*Sa-i/re 
*Sa-oc'o-ra» 
Sa'on 
*Sa-o'te9 

Sa-[)te'i,  or  Sa-phs'i 
*Sapl»'a-ru9 
tSap-i-re'ne 
*Sa-pi'res 
Sa'por 
t-a-po'res 
Sap'pho 
*Siip-pho'us 
Sap'ti-ne 
Sar-a-ce'ne 
*!?ar-a-cc'ni 
Sa-rac'o-ri 
*t^ar-a-nic'ne 
Sa-raii'ges 
Sar-a-pa'ni 
Sar'a-pus 
Sar'a-sa 
Sa-ras'pa-des 
*Sa-ra'vns 
&ar-da-na-pa'lus 
*Sar-de'ne 
Sar'di 
Sar'di-ca 
Sar-din'i-a 
Sar'dis,  or  Sar'des 
*Sar'do-ne3 
Sar-don'i-cus 
•Sar'do-nyx 
j  •Sar-dop'a-tris 

I  Sar'dus 

Sa-ri-as'ter 
1  *Sar'ina-l» 

Sar-ma'ti-a 

Sar-men'tus 

Sar'ni-U3 

Sa'ron 

Sa  ron'i-cu3  Si'nus 

*S<a-ro'nis 

Sar-pe'don 

tSar'ra 

*Sar-ra'nU9 

*Sar'ra-pi3 

Sar-ras'te3 

tSars 

Sar'si-na 

Sar-san'da 

Sa'son 

*Sas'o-nes 

*Sas'i-na 

•Sat-a-g>-'tiB 

»Sat'a-na3 

Sa-las'pes 

Sa'ti-se 

Sat-i-bar-za'nes 
Sa-tic'u-la,  and  Sa- 

tic'u-Ius 
Sa'tis 

*Sa-tra'i-d« 

*J3at-ra-pe'a 

Sat-ra-pe'ni 

•Sat'ra-pes 

Sa-tri'cum 

Sa-trop'a-ces 

Sat'u-ra 

Sat-u-re'i-um,  or  Sa- 

tu're-ura 
Sat-u-re'i-us 
Sat-ur-na'li-a 
Sa-tur'ni-a 
Sat-ur-ni'nm 
Sa-tur'ni-us 
Sa-tur'nu3 
Sal'u-rum 
Sat'y-ri 
Sal'y-ru3 

Saii-fe'i-u9  Tro'|u« 
Saii-rom'a-le 
Sau'rus 
Sav'e-ra 


Sa'vo,  or  Sa-vo'na 

Sa'vu3 

*Sa.x'o-ne3 

Sa/.'i-che3 

Scie'a 

Scie'va 

Scwv'o-Ia 

Scal'pi-iim 

Sca-inan'der 

Sca-nian'dri-ui 

Scan-da'ri-a 

•Scan-de'a 

Scan-di-na'vi-a 

Scaii-til'la 

Scap-tes'y-le 

Scap'ti-a 

Scap'Ii-U9 

Scap'u-la 

Scar'di-i 

*Scar-phe'a 

Scar-phi'a,  or  Scar'phe 

Scau'rua 

Sced'a-sus 

Scel-e-ra'tus 

»Sce-iii'tffl 

Sche'di  a,  or  Ske'di-a 

Sche'di-U3 

Sche'ri-a 

*ticliCE-ne'is 

Scli<B'iie-us 

SchOB'nus,  or  Sche'no 

♦Sci-ap'o-dcs 

Sci'a  tliis,  or  Si'a-this 

Sci'a-Ihos 

Sci'dro3 

Scil'lii3 

Sci'nis 

Scin'llii 

Sci-o'ne 

Sci-pi'a-dsE 

*Sci-pi'a-des 

Scip'i-o 

Sci'ra 

Sci-ra'di-um 

Sci'ras 

Sci'ron 

*Sci-ron'i-des 

Sci'rus 

*Scol'o-ti 

Sco'lus 

Scom'brus 

See' pas 

♦Scop'e-l03 

Sco'pi-um 

Scor-dis'ci,  and  Scor- 

dis'cas 
Sco-ti'nus 
Sco-tus'sa 
Scri-bo'ni-a 
Scri-bo-ni-a'nus 
Scri-bo'ni-U3 
♦Scyl'a-ce 
Scyl-a-ce'um 
Scy'lai 
Scyl'Ia 
Scyl-lE'ura 
Scyl'li-a3 
Scyl'lis 
Scyl'lus 
Scy-lu'ru3 
Scyp'pi-um 
Scy'ras 
*Scy-ri'a-dei 
Scy'ros 
fScyr'pi-um 
•Scyt'a-le 
Scy'ths 
•Scy-tlie'ni 
Scy'thes,  or  Scy'tha 
Scyth'i-a 
Scyth'i-de3 
Scy-Ilii'nu3 
Scy'thon 
Scy-ihop'o-li3 
Se-has'ta 
*Seb-as-le'a 
*Sel)-as-te'ni 
Se-lias'li-a 
♦Seb-as-top'o-lis 
*Seb'e-da 
Seb-en-ny'tus 
*Se-be'this 
•Se-be'tos 
Se-be'tu3 

Se-bu-si-a'ni,  or  Se- 

pi-si-a'ni 
♦Stec'e-la 
Sec-ta'nus 
*Se-dig'i-tus 
Sed-i-ta'ni,  or  Sed-en- 

la'ni 
Se-du'ni 
Sedu'si-i 
Se-ges'ta 
Se-gea'lea 
tSe-ge'ti-a 


Seg'ni 
Sc-pob'ri-ga 
Seg'o-iiax 
Se-pon'ti-a,  or  Se- 

gun'ti-a 
&eg-on-ti'a-ci 
Se-go'vi-a 
Se-gun'ti-iim 
Se-gu-si-a'ni 
fSe-gii'si-o 
Se-ja'nii3  ^E'li-us 
*SK-i-sach-ttii'a 
Se'i-us  Stra'bo 
*Sel-do'iiius 
Se-lem'nu3 
t^e-le'ne 

Sel-eu-ce'na,  or  Se- 

leu'cis 
Se-4eu'ci-a 
•■Sel-cu-ci'a 
Se-leu'ci-dffi 
Se-leu'cis 
*Se-leii-co-be'lu9 
Se-le»'cus 
Sel'ge 
Sc-lim'nus 
Se-li'nuns,  or  Sc-li'- 

nus 
*Se'li-iis 
Sel-la'si-a 
Sel-le'i3 
Sel'li 

Se-lym'bri-a 
Seni'e-Ie 
*Seni-en-ti'nus 
*Se-inid'e-i 
Sem-i-ger-ma'ni 
Sem-i-giin'tu3 
Se-inir'a-inis 
St'ni'iio-ne3 
*Sein-no'the-i 
Se-nio'nes 
Sein-o-sanc'tus 
Sem-pro'iii-a 
Seni-pro'ni-U3 
Se-iiiu'ri-um 
Sc'na 
*Se-na'tor 
Se-na'tus 
Sen'iia,  or  Se'na 
Sen'e-ca 
tSe'ni-a 
Sen'o-nes 
*Se-iio'nes 
Scn'ti-U3 
*Se'pi-a3 
tSe'pi-U3 
*Se-pla'si-a 
*Sep-teni'pe-da 
*Sep-tein'lri-o 
Sep-te'ri-on 
Sep-tim'i-u3 
Sep-ti-mu-le'i-u8 
Sep'y-ra 
Seq'ua-na 
Seq'ua-ni 
*Se-quan'i-cus 
Se-quin'i-us 
*Sc-ra'pe9 
*Ser-a-pe'um 
Se-ra'pi-o 
*Se-ra'pi-on 
Se-ra'pi3 
Se'res 
Ser-bo'nis 
Se-re'iia 
Se-re-ni-a'nui 
Se-re'nu3 
Ser-ges'tu3 
Ser'gi-a 
Ser-gi'o-lu3 
Ser'gi-us 
*Ser'i-cii3 
Se-ri'phus 
Ser'my-la 
Se'roii 
Ser-ra'nus 
*Ser-re'um 
Ser-to'ri-u3 
Ser-V(E'u3 
Ser-vi-a'nu3 
Ser-vil'i-a 
Ser-vil-i-a'nus 
Ser-vil'i-u9 
Ser'vi  us  Tul'li-ut 
♦Ses-a-me'ni 
*Ses'a-mum 
Ses'a-ra 
*Se3-a-re'thus 
*Se9-o-os'tris,  or  8e- 

80S'tri3 

Ses'ti-U3 

Ses'tos,  or  Ses'tui 
Se-su'vi-i 

Pet'K-bi3  ! 
I  Se'tbon  I 


Se'li-a 
feu'Ihes 
Se-vc'ra 
Se-ve-ri-a'nus 
Se-ve'ru3 
tSe'vo 
Sex'ti-a 
Sex-lil'i-a 
»Sex-ti'li8 
Scx-til'i-us 
Sex'ti-U9 
Sex'tus 
Si-bi'ni 
»Sib'o-tes 
Si-bur'ti-us 
Si-byl'laj 
»Sib-yl-li'nu» 
Si'ca 

Si-cam'bri,  or  Sy- 

gaiii'bri 
Si-ca'ni 
Si-ca'ni-a 
*Si-ca'nus 
*Sic'a-iiu3 
Sic'e-lis,  or  Si-cel'i- 
de3 

*Si-ce'mus,  and  Si- 

ce'nia 
*Si-ce'nu8 
Si-cha;'u3 
Si-cil'i-a 

Si-cin'i-n3  Den-t^tui 
Si-ci'nu3 
*Sic'o-ri3 
Sic'o-rus 
Sic'uli 
*Sic'u-Ius 
Sic'y-on 
Sic-y-o'ni-a 
•Sid-a-ce'De 
Si'de 
*Si-de'le 
*Si-de'ne 
Side'ro 
Sid-i-ci'num 
Si'don 
*Si-do'ne3 

*Sid'o-nis,  or  Si-do'nis 
Si-do'ni-U3 
Si'ga 

Si-g.-E'um,  or  Si-ge'um 
Sig'ni-a 
♦Sig-ni'nus 
Sig-o-ves'su3 
Sig'u-nae,  Si-gy'ni,  or 

Si-gyn'iiiE 
Si'la,  or  Sy'la 
*Si-Ia'i 

Si-la'na  Ju'li-a 
Si-Ia'iius 
Sil'a-ru3 
Si-le'iii 
Si-le'Dus 
Sil-i-ccn'se 
Sil'i  us  I-tal'i-cus 
Sil'plii-um 
tSil'pi-a 
Sil-va'nu3 
*Si-nian'ge-lu3 
Sim-briv'i-us,  or  Sim- 

bni'vi-us 
♦Si-me'na 
Si-ine'thus,  or  Sy- 

nie'thU3 
Sini'i-lse 
Sim'i-lis 
Sim'nii-as 
Si'ino 
*Sim'o-ei3 
Siiii'o-is 
Sini-o-i9'i-U3 
Si'mon 
Si-mon'i-des 
Sim-plic'i-us 
Siin'u-lu3 
Si'niiis 
Siiii'y-ra 
tSin'da! 
Sin'di 
•Si-ne'ra 
Siii-gn!'i 
*Sin-gii-lo'ne» 
tSin'gu3 
Si'ni3 
Sin'na-ces 
Sin'na-cha 
Sin'o-e 
Si'non 
Si-no' pe 
Si-no'pe-ui 
Sin'o-rix 
tSin-ti'ce 
Sin'ti-i 
Sin-u-es'sa 
I  *Sin-ii-es-sa'nUii 
I  ♦Si-o'pe 


Sipli'no3 

Si-poii'liim,  or  Si'puB 
Sip'y-luiu,  and  Bip'y- 

lU9 

fSir'bo 

•Sir-bo'nis 

•Si-red'o-ne« 

Si-re'nes 

Si'ris 

Sir'i-ii9 

Sir'ini-um 

*Si-ro'niii9 

*Sir-o-paB'o-ne« 

*Sis'a-pon 

Si-saiii'nes 

Sis'a-plio 

*Sis'a-ra 

tSi3-ci'a 

Sis'e-nes 

Si-3en'iia 

Sis-i-gam'bis,  or  Sis- 

y-ganiMtia 
Sis-o-cos'lug 
Si9'y-pbu3 
Sital'ces 
*f!i-th»'ni 
Sitli'ni-dc3 
Si'thoii 
*Sllli'ri-ne3 
»Sitli'o-ni9 
Si-tlio'ni-a 
Sit'i-iis 
Sit'o-nes 
*Sit-te-be'ris 
*Si7.'y-g<>9 
tSma-rag'du3 
Sme'nus 
Siner'dis 
Smi'lax 
Smi'lis 

Smin-dyr'i-des 

Sinin'Ilie-U9 

Sinyr'na 

So-a'na 

So-an'da 

So-a'nes 

Soc'ra-te9 

♦Sod'o-ina 

S(E'ini-a9 

Siig-di-a'na 

Sog-di-a'nu9 

*So-la'nu9 

*Sol'e-nu3 

tSo-li'niu9 

*So-li'iing 

*Sol-le'um 

Sol'o-e,  or  So'li 

SD-l(E'i3 

So' I  on 

So-lo'ni-um 

So' I  us 

fSol'va 

*Sol-y-ge'a 

Sol'y-nia,  and  Sol'y- 

*Sol'y-mi 

Som'nus 

Son'chis 

Son-ti'ates 

Sop'a-ter 

So'pbax 

So-phe'ne 

*So-ph!Eii'e-tua^ 

*So'phi-a 

Soph'o-cle9 

Suph-o-nis'ba 

So  phron 

•Soph'ro-na 

So-phro'ni-a 

So-phron'i-cu3 

Sopli-ro-nis'cus 

*So-phro'ni-u3 

So-phros'y-ne 

*So-pi'the3 

Sop'o-li9 

So'ra 

So-rac'tes,  and  So- 
me'te 
So-ra'nu3 
*Sor'di-ce 
So'rex 
So-rit'i-a 
So':ii-a  Gal'la 
So-3ib'i-u3 
Sos'i-cleg 
So-sic'ra-tes 
So-sig'e-nes 
So'9i-i 

S09'i'lu3 

So-sip'a-ter 
•So-sip'o-Iia 

So-sig'tra-tui 
•So-siih'e-us 
So'si-u9 
tSo8'pi-ta 


Sos'fhe-nc9 

S()s'lrn-IU9 

*Si)s'xe-tra 

Sol'a-de3 

So'tir 

*So-te're3 

So-te'ri-a 

So-ter'i-cu« 

So'tlii9 

tSu-ti-a'tes 

So'ti-i)n 

■►So-ti'ra 

So'ti-u9 

S(l'U9 

*Sox'o-tte 

Soz'o-nien 

*So-zoin'e-nus 

Spa'co 

»Spal'e-thra 

*Spar-ga-pi'thes 

Ppar'ta 

Spar'ta  CU3 

Spar'tiE,  or  Spar'ti 

Spar-ta'ni,  or  Spar-ti- 

a'lie 
*Spar-ta'nu8 
Sp.ir-li-a'nu9 
*:Spar-to'lua 
*Spat'a-le 
Sp«'rlii-a 
Spcn'di-U9 
Speii'don 
*Sper-chi'a 
Sper-clii'us 
Sper-ina-toph'a-gi 
Speu-sip'pii3 
Sphac-tfi'ri-iB 
*Sphe-ce'a 
Spiic'rus 
Sphinx 
Splio'dri-as 
Sphra-pid'i-uin 
Spi-cil'lu9 
Spin'llia-rus 
Spin'tlier 
Spi'o 

Spi-lain'e-neg 

Spi-iliub'a-te3 

Spith-ri-da'tes 

Spo-le'li-uni 

*S|K)-le'tum 

Spor'a-de9 

Spu-ri'na 

Spu'ri-U9 

Sta-be'ri-u3 

Sta'bi-iB 

*Stab'u-lum 

Sta-gi'ra 

Sta'i-U3 

*Slain'e-ne 

Staph'y-lu3 

Sta-san'der 

Sta-sil'e-U3 

tSta-le'nus 

Sta-til'i-a 

Sta-tiri-us 

Stai'i-ns 

Sta-li'ra 

Sta'ti-U3 

Sla-se'a3 

Sta-sic'ra-le3 

Sta'tor 

*Steg'a-no3 

Stel-la'tcs 

Stel'li-o 

Ste'na 

Sten-o-b(E'a 

Ste-noc'ra-leJ 

Sten'tor 

*Sten'lo-ri9 

*Sten-y-cle'nu 

Steph'a-na 

Stepb'a-nu3 

Ster'o-pe 

Sier'o-pes 

Ster-9ich'o-ni( 

Ster-tin'i-us 

Ste-sag'o-ras 

*Ste-9ich'o-rui 

Sie9-i-cle'a 

tSte9-i-le'u8 

Ste9-i-le'u9 

Ste-sim'bro-tus 

•Slhen-e-la'i-Ua» 

Slhen'e-le 

Sthen'e-lus 

Sthe'nis 

Sthe'no 

Sthen-o-boe'a 

Stil'he,  or  Stil'bl-a 

Stil'i-cho 

Stil'po 

Slim'i-con 

Siiph'i-lu3 

•Sti-n'tae 

Sto-b<e'us 


Sifpch'a-dea 

Sto'i-ci 

•Sio'i-cus 

Stra'bo 

Strn-uir'chas 

•Sini-Ui'gu3 

Stra'to,  or  Stra'ton 

Slral'o-cleg 

*Slrat-<)-cli'a 

Strat-o-ni'ce 

*Stra-ton-i-ce'a 

Stral-o-ni'cus 

*:^tri)-go'la 

Stron'cy-le 

Stroph'a-ile8 

Sir()'phi-U3 

*Slni-lhi'a 

Slru-tliiiph'a-gl 

Stm'thu9 

Stry'ina 

Slrym'no 

Siry'mon 

♦Stryiii'o-nis 

*Styp'i-u9  ^ 

Slyg'ne 

*Sly-l(tb'a-tes 

Styni-pha'li-a,  or 

Styin-pba'lis 
*Styin'piia-li3 
Styni-plia'lus 
Sty'ra 
Sty'ru8 
Styx 
*Su-a'da 
*Su-ag'e-la 
tSu-a'iia 
Su-ar-do'nM 
*Sub-al-pi'nus 
Su-ba'tri-i 
*Sub'la-cum 
Su-blic'i-<)9 
tSub-nion-to'ri-um 
Su'bo-ta 
*Su-bu'ra 
Su-bur'ra 
Sii'cro 
*Su-de'ti 
•Su-e'bU8 
Su-es'sa 
*Su-es-«a'nu8 
*Su-«9-si-o'ncg 
Sues'9o-ne9,  or  JSu- 

es-so'ne9 
S»e-to'niu8 
Sue'vi 
t*Su-e'vi 
Sue'vi-U9 

•Sne'vus,  or  }Su-e'- 

VU3 

Suf-fe'nu3 
*Suf-fe'te9 
Suf-fe'ti-U9,  or  Su- 

fe'ti-uB 
Sui'daa 
*Su'i-<las 
•Su-il-la're8 
Su-il'i-us 
Su-i'o-nes 
Sul'chi 
Sul'ci-us 
tSul'ga 

Siil'mo,  or  SuI'mo-na 

Sul-pit'i-a 
Sul-pit'i-us,  or  Sul- 

pic'i-ii3 
Sum-ma'nu8 
Su'ni-ci 
Su'ni-de3 
Su'ni-uin 
•Su-od'o-na 
Su-o-ve-tau-ril'i-a 
Su'i>e-rum  Ma're 
Su'm  /C-inyl'i-u« 
Su-re'na 
*Su-re'na» 
tSu'ri-um 
Sur-ren'lum 
Su'ru3 
Su'sa 
Su'sa-na 
Su-sa'ri-on 
Su-si-a'na,  or  Su'sil 
fSu'lhul 
Su'tn  lira 
Sy-a'gni3 
Syb'a-ris 
Syb-a-ri'ta 
•Syb'e-ru8 
•Svb'o-ta 
Sy'b'o-lns 
S\  -cin'nus 
Sy'e-<lra 
Sy'e-ne 
Sy  e-ne'si-ui 
Sy-«-ni'le9 
•Sy-en'ne-9i3 


165" 


ni7 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Sy-le'a 

Tan'a-quil 

Te-'i-os 

Ter-pan'dcr 

The-od'a-mas,  or  Thi- 

*Tbdi'do-tns 

*Tih-iir-ti'nus 

*t-y-le'um 

Ta-ne'tum 

Te'i-uni 

Terj)-sicb'o-re 

od'a-inas 

TI)ou'lU,  or  Teu'tliis 

Ti-bnr'ti-us 

Syl'e-us 

tTa'nis 

*Tc'i-U3 

Terp-sic'ra-te 

*Tlie-<i-da'mu3 

Tlii'a 

Ti-bur'tus 

*Sy-li'(>-ne9 

Tan-tal'i-des 

tTe'la 
Tel'a-mon 

Ter'ra 

*Tlie-tKl'a-tus 

*Thi-al-!e'la 

tTi'cliis 

Syl'Ia 

Taii'la-his 

Ter-ra-ci'na 

Tlie-o-dec'tes 

TIn'as 

Tich'i-u3 

Pyl'lis 

Ta-nu'si-us  Ger'mi- 

Tel-a-nio-ni'a-des 

Ter-ra-3id'i-U3 

fTbe-o-do'nis 
Tlie-o-do'ra 

Tbiin'bron 

Tic'i-da 

Syl'()-es 
Syl'o-son 

nus 

Tel-chi'nes 

Ter'ti-a 

Thi-od'a-mas 

Ti-ci'nus,  (o  riritr) 

*Ta-o'ca,  Ta  o'ci 

Tel-cbin'i-a 

Ter'ti-iis 

Tlie-o-do-re'tii3 

tThir-mid'i-a 

*Tic'i-nus,  (a  man) 

Py!-va'iius 

Ta'pbi-a; 

Tel-chin'i-us 

Ter-tul-li-a'nu3 

*The-o-do-ri'cu3 

This'be 

Tid'i-us 

Syl'vi-a 
Syl'vi-us 
Sy'ma,  or  Sy'me 
*Syin'bo-la 

*Ta'phi-i 

Tel'chis 

Te'thys 

Tlie-o-do-ri'tus 

Tliis'i-as 

Ti-es'sa 

Ta'phi-iis,  or  Ta-phi- 
as'sus 

Te'le-a 

*'J'i.t-ra-co'mum 

Tbe-o-dt/rus 

This'o-a 

t*Ti  fa'la 
I'i-ier'nuni 

*Tcl'e-ba 

*Tet-ra-go'nis  / 

Tbe-o-do'si-us 

*Tiio-an-te'u3 

*Tap'o-ri 

Te-lc'b'o-as 

Te-trap'o-li3 

Tbe-od'o-ta 

Tbo-an'ti-um 

Tig'a-sis 

*8ym-bo-lo'rum 

*Tap-o-si'ris 

Te-k-b'o-a;,  or  Te-Ieb'- 

Tet'ri-cus 

Tlie-o-do'ti-on 

Tlio'as 

Tig-el-li'nns 

Syin'bo-lum 

Ta-prob'a-ne 

Tap'sus 

Ta|)'y-ri 

o-es 

Teu'cer 

The-od'o-tiis 

Tli.i'e 

Ti-gel'li-iis 

Sym'ina-chus 

Tel-e-bo'i-des 

*Teu-cl)i'ra 

*Tbe-o-riu'lu3 

Tlio'his 

Ti-gra'r.ts 

Syni-pleK'a-des 

Te-le'clcs,  or  Te-le' 

Teu'cri 

*Tbe-()-gi'Ion 

Th(un'y-ris 

Tig-:!in-o-tcr'ta 

*t>ym-ple'gas 

Tar'a-nis 

clus 

Teu'cri-a 

The-og-ne'tes 

Tb(in 

Ti'grcd 

Sy'nius 

Ta'ias 

Tel-e-cli'des 

Tenc'te-ri 

The-(ig'nis 

Tlio'nis 

Ti'gris 

Syn-cel'lus 

Ta-ras'co 

Te-Ieg'o-nus 

*'l'eii-me'sos 

Tbe-oMi-nes'tus 

*Tho-ni'te3 

Tig-n-ri'ni 

Syn'ee-Ius 

Tar-ax-ip'pus 

Te-Iem'a-clius 

Tt'ii-mes'sus 

The'on 

Tho'iin 

Til-a-tiE'i 

*Syn'e-dri 

Tar-bel'li 

Tel'e-nius 

*Teu-o'clii3 

The'on  O-che'ma 

Tiio'o-sa 

tTiI-a-vtmp'tU3 

*Syn-e-phe'bi 

*Tar-bel'li-cu3 

Tel-e-plias'sa 

Teu'ta 

*The-{)'na!i  and  -"Tue- 

'J'ho-o'tps 

tTil-plius'su3 
Ti-nia;'a 

Sy-ne'si-us 

Tar-che'ti-us 

Tel'e-phus 

Ten  ta'mi-as,  or  Teu'- 

o-ni'cu5 

'J'lio-ra'ni-us 

*Syn'ha-lu9 

*Tar'chi-a 

Te-le'si-a 

ta-mis 

Tlie-on'o-* 

Tho'rax 

*Ti-nuEn'e-tu3 

*Syn'na-da 

Tar'chon 

Te-le?'i-clas 

Ten'ta-mus 

The'o-pe 

Tho'ri-a  (Lex) 

Ti-nise'us 

Syn-na-lax'is 

*Tar-ction-dim't>-tU3 

Te-les'i-cles 

Teu'tas,  or  Teu-ta'tes 

The-oph  a-ne 
TI.e-opli'a-nes 

Thc.r'nax 

Ti-mag'e-nes 

Syn'nas 

*Tar-en-ti'niis 

Te-le-sil'la 

Teii'thras 

Tbor'sus 

*Tiin-a-ge'te3 

Syn'ni3 

Ta-ren'tuin,  or  Ta- 

Tel-e-sin'i-cus 

*Teu-thro'ne 

Tlie-o  ]i]ia'ni-a 

fl'both 

Ti-niHg'o-ra3 

*Syn'no  on 

ren'tiis 

Tel-e-si'nus 

Teu-loin'a-tus 

*The-opli-a-ni'a 

Tbo'iis 

Ti-man'dra 

*Syn'o-ilU3 

*Tar-i-clie'a 

Tel-L'-sip'piis 

Tcn'to-ni,  pnd  m  eu'to- 

*l^be-oph'i-Ia 

Thra'ce 

Ti-nian'dri-des 

Sy-no'pe 

*Ta-ricli'e-a 

Te-les'plio-iui3 

nes 

The-opli'i-Ius 

'J'ijra'ces 

*Ti-nian'ge-lus 

Syn'iy-che 

Tar'naj 

Tel-e-stag'o-ros 

*Teu-ton'i-cus 

The-o-pliras'tus 

Tbra'ci-a 

Ti-niau'lhes 

Sy-phae'um 

Tar'pa 

Te-Ies'tas 

Tlia-ben'na 

Tlie-o-pliy-lac'tus 

Tlirac'i-dos 

Ti-niar'cliiia 

Sy'phax 

Tar-pe'i-a 

Te-les'tes 

*Thac'co-na 

Tlie-o-poi'e-nius 

Tlira'cis 

Tini-a-re'la 

Syr'a-ces 

Tar-pe'i-us 

Te-les'to 

Tlia'is 

Tiie-o-poni'pus 

Tlira'se-as 

'I'i-ina'si-nn 

Syr-a-co'si-a 

Tar-qiiin'i-a 
Tar-<iuln'i-i 
Tar-qUMi'i-us 

Tel'e-thiis 

Tba'Ia 

*l^he-op'ro-pus 

Thra-sid'e-u8 

Tim-a-sUli'e-U8 

Syr-a-cu'ss 
Syr'i-a 

Te-le-tliu'sa 

Tlial'a-me,  or  Tlial'a- 

*Tbe-o'ris 

Tlira'si-us 

Ti-ma'vus 

Te-Ieu'ri-as 

Tlie-o'ri-tis 

Thra'so 

*Tiin'e-a3 

Sy'rinx 

Tar-qiiit'i-us 

fTe-leii'te 
Te-leu'ti-a3 

*Tlia-las'si-o 

The-o-ti'nms 

Thras-y-bu'lHs 

Ti-nie'si-us 

'*Syr'ii)a-tffl 

Tar'qiii-lus 

Tha-las'si-U3 

The-ox'e-na 

Tliras-y-da,''u3 

Ti-niocli'a-ri3 

*Pyr-ne'tho 

Tar-raci'na 

*Tel'i-nu3 

Tba'le3 

Tbe-ox-e'ni-a 

Tbra-syl'lus 

Tiin-o-cle'a 

*Syr-o-cil'i-ces 

Tar'ra-co 

Tel-le'ne 

Tha-les'tri-a,  or  Tha- 

The-ox-e'ni-u3 

Thra-syni'a-cl)us 

*Tim'o-cles 

*Syr-o-me'di-a 

Tar-rii'ti-U3 

Tel'les 

les'tris 

Tbe'ra 

Tliras-y-nie'des 

Ti-nioc'ra-tes 

Syr-o-pliCE'nix 

Tar'sa 

Tel'li-as 

Tha-Ie'tes 

Tbe-ram'bu3 

*Thras-y-nie'nus 

Ti-mo'cre-on 

Syr-o-plice-ni'ces 

Tar'si-us 

Tel'Iis 

*Tba-le'us 

The-rani'e-nes 

Tlire-ic'i-u3 

Tim-«-de'mu3 

Sy'ros 

Tar'sus,  or  Tar'so3 

TpI'IU3 

Tlia-li'a 

Tlie-rap'ne,  or  Te- 

"i'lire-is'sa 

Tini-o-la'u3 

Syr'tes 
Sy'rus 

*Tar-tar'i-nu3 

*Tel'me-ra 

*Tha'li-us 

rap'ne 

Tlirpp-sip'pas 
Thri-an»'btis 

Ti-ino'Je-on 

Tar'ta-rus 

Tel-mes'sus,  or  Tel- 

fThal'lo 
Thal'pi-U3 

The'ras 

Ti-mo'liis 

Sys-i-gam'bis 

*Tar-te'sus 

mis'sus 

*Tlie-rid'a-mas 

Tiiro'iii-um 

Ti-nioni'a-chus 

Sy-sim'e-tbres 

Tar-tes'sus 

Te'lon 

fTliani'u-da 

The-rim'a-chus 

Tbry'iin 
Tbry'us 

Ti'inon 

Sys'i-nas 

Ta-run'ti-us 

Tel-thu'sa 

Thani'y-ras 

*Tber'i-nus 

*Ti-nio'nax 

Sy'thas 

fTa'rus 

Te'lys 
Te-tna'the-a 

Tbani'y-ri3 

The-iip'pi-das 

Tbu-cyd'i-des 

Ti  iniiph'a-nes 

■fTar-vis'i-uin 

*Tlian'a-tus 

Ther'i-la3 

Thu-is'to  ■ 

Ti-nio'the-us 

Tas-ge'ti-us 

*Teni'bri-um 

Thap'sa-cu3 

Tlier'nia 

Thu'le 

Ti-mox'e-nus 

*Tas'si-to 

*Tem-e-ni'a 

Thar-ge'li-a 

Tber-nio'don 

Tbu'ri-!E,  or  Thu'ri- 

Tin'cis 

m 

T. 

Ta'ti-an 

Tem-e-ni'tes 

*Thar-gib'u-lu3 

Ther-niop'y-l!E 

uni 

tTin'i-a 

Ta-ti-en'ses 

Te-me'ni-um 

Tba-ri'a-des 

fTiier'nmm 
Ther'inus 

t*Thn-ri'nu3 

Ti'pha 

*Ta'ti-i 

*Tem'e-nos 

Tba'ri)ps 

Tlius'ci-a 

Ti'phys 

Tipli'y-sa 

Ti-re'si-a3 

Ta'ti-us 

Tem'e-nu3 

Tha'si-us,  or  Thra'si- 

Tlie-rod'a-nias 

Thy'a 

Ta-au'tes 

Tat'ta 

Tem-e-rin'da 

us 

Tbe'ron 

Tliy'a-des 

*Tab'a-nu8 

*Tau-chi'ra 

Tem'e-sa,  or  Tem'e-se 

Tha'sos 

Tber-pan'der 

*Thy-a-nii'a 

Tir-i-ba'ses 

*T:i-be'iii 

Tau-laii'ti-i 

*Tem'i-su3 

Tlia'sus 

Ther-san'der 

Tliy'a-niis 
Tby'a-na 

Tir-i-da'te3 

tTa'bor 

Tau'nus 

*Teiri-mi'ce9 

*Tliau-ma'ci-a 

Ther-sil'o-chn3 

Ti'ris 

Tab'ra-ca 

Tau-ra'ni-a 

Teiii'iies 

Thau-nian'ti-as,  and. 

Tlier-sip'pu3 

Tliy-a-li'ra 

Ti'ro 

tTa-bii'da 

Taii-ran'tes 

Tein'iios 

'J'bau-nian'tis 

Ther-si'tes 

Tliy-bar'ui 

Ti-ryn'thi-a 

Ta-biir'nu3 

Tau'ri 

Tern'pe 

Thau'nias 

Thes-bi'te3 

Thy-es'ta 

Ti-ryn'llm3 

fTa-ca'pe 

*Taii  ri'a 

*Ttm'pe-a 

Thau-ina'si-U3 

*TI)e-se'a 

Thy-es'tes 

Ti-sa;'nm 

*Tac-a-pho'ris 

Tau'ri-ca  Cher-so-ne'- 

*Tencli-te'ri 

Tbe'a 

The-se'i-dtE 

*Thy-es-te'u3 

Ti-sag'o-ras 

t'l'ac-a-tii'a 

sus 

fTe'iie-a 

*The-8e-te'tu3 

The-se'is 

*Thy'i-as 

Ti-sani'e-ne3 

Tac-fa-ri'nas 

Tau'ri-ca 

*Te-ne'ffi 

Tbe-ag'e-nes 

*Tbe-se'um 

Thyin'bra 

*Ti-sam'e-nu3 

Ta-champ'so 
*Tacli'(>-ri 

Tau-ri'ni 

Ten'e-dos 

Tbe-a'ges 

Tbe'se-ns,  The'seus 

Tbyn)-bra;'u9 

Ti-san'dru3 

'J'au-ris'ci 

*'J'cn'e-ru3 

Tiie-a'no 

Tlie-si'dffi 

*Tiiyni'bri-a 

Tisar'cbus 

Ta'chos,  or  Ta'chus 

Tau'ri-um 

Te'nes 

Tlip-a'niini 

The-si'des 

Thyni'bri3 

tTis'dra 

Tac'i-ta 

♦Tau'ri-us 

TLn'e-sis 

Tlie-ar'i-da3 

'Thes  inoph'o-ra 
Tlies-in"-|ib(>'ri-a 

Thyni'bron 

Ti-si'a-rus 

Tac'i-tiis 

*Tau-rob'a  lu3 

*Te-ne'um 

T)ie-ai'nu3 

Tbyni'e-le 

Tis'i-as 

»Tac'o-la 

*Tau'ro-is 

Ten'nes 

'J'lie-a-te'les 

Thes-molii'e-tffi 

Tliy-mi'a-ttiis 

*Ti-sini'a-nes 

Ta;'di-a 

*Taii-rom'e-nos 

Te'noa 

The'ba; 

*Tbes'<)-a 

Tliy-nuich'a-re3 
Tby-ni(p'tes 

Ti-siph'o-ne 
Ti-sipb'o-nus 

•T»-dif'6-ra 

Taii-ro-min'i-iim 

'J'cn'ty-ra,  (in  F.gijpt) 
Ten  ty'ra,  or  *Ti  ni- 

Theb'a-is 

*Tljes-pe'a 

*T«n'a-ros 

*'l'au-ri)-p()-li'a 
*Taii-rop'(>-lu8 

*Tbe-ba'nU3 

Tlies-pi'a 
Tties-pi'a-dae 

Tby-od'amas 

*Tis'o-bis 

Ta!n'a-rus 

py'ra, (in  Thrace) 
Tc'os  or  Te'i-03 

The'be 

Tby-o'nc 

tTis'sa 

TfiB'iii-a9 

*Tau-rii'bu-laB 

*Theg-a-nu'sa 

Tbes-pi'a-de3 

Tby-o'ne-U3 
Tby'o-tes 

Tis-sam'e-nu3 

*Ta-c'pa 

Taii'rus 

Tc-re'don 

Tlic'i-a 

Tlies'pia; 

Tis-sapher'nea 
Ti-tje'a 

Ta'ges 

Tax'i  la 

Tc-rcn'tia 

T!ip'i-as 

Tlies'pis 

Tby're 
Tliyr'e-a 

Ta-go'ni-ii9 

*Tax'i-li 

Tr-rc  n-li-a'niis 

*'J'h(l-a-i'ra 

Tlies'pi-us,  or  Thes'ti- 

Ti'tan,  or  Ti-ta'nus 

Ta'eus 

Tax'i-lus,  or  Tax'i-lcs 

Te-ren'ti-us  I'ub'li-iis 

Tbel-e-phas'sa 
*'l'hrl-f-si'nu3 

n3 

*Thyr-c-a'li3 
Thyr'f-ns 

Tit'a  iia 

Ta-la'^i-us 

Tax-i-iiiaq'ui-his 

Tr-ren'His 

*Thes-pro'ti 

'J'i-ta'ncs 

Tara-iis 

']'a-yg'e-tc,  or  Ta-y- 

Tf'rous 

*Tbel'i  ne 

Thes-pro'ti-a 
'J"hcs-pro'tu3 

♦Thyr'i-des 

*Tit-a-ne'u3 

Ta-la'y-ra 

gi'ta 

*T(  r  geni'i-nus 

'J'liel-pu'sa 

Tbyr'i-on 
Tliyr-sag'e-tO! 

Ti  ta'ni-a 

Tal'e-tiim 

Ta-yg'e-tus,  or  Ta- 

Tcr-gL-s'ic,  and  Tcr- 

'I'lirlxi'on 

Tlies-sa'li-a 

Ti-tan'i-de3 

Tal-lhyb'i-us 

yg'e-ta 
Te-a'iiiiin 

gcs'tiini 

'J'lit'I-xi'o-pe 

Tlics-sa'li-on 

*'i  hyr-sag'e-te8 

Thy.s'so3 

'J'by'ns 

fTi-ta'nns,  (a  giant) 

Ta'liis 

Tc'ri-as 

Theui'o-niis 

Tlies-sa-li'ii-Ies 

fTit'a-nus,  (a  river) 
Tit-a-re'si-ua 

Tain'a-rus 

Te'a  riis 

'J'cr  i  ba'zus 

'J'he-inc'si-on 

Tbes-sa-loni'ca 

Ta-ma'se-ii^ — ■ 

Tc  a'tc-B,  *Te-a'tc,  or 

'J'c  rid'a-e 

'I'be'niis 

Tbes'sa-Ui3 

*Ti-a'ra 

Til-a-re'su3 

•Tain'e-sis 

Te-ge'a-le 

'lYr-i-<la'tea 

The-niis'cy-ra 

'l'lies'ia-lu3 

'J'i'a-sa 

Tit'e-nu3 

Ta-me'si» 

tTc'chcs 

'J'or'i-giim 

'I'lieni'i-son 

Tbes'le 

Tib-a-re'nl 

Tith-e-nid'i-a 

Ta'ino8 

Terh-ine»'»a 

*Tf-ri'na 

Tbc-niis'la 

'i'hes'li-a 

Ti-be'ri-as 

Ti-tlio'nus 

7'aiii'pi-u8 

Tech'na-tia 

Tcr-intn'ti-a 

Tlie-niis'li-u8 

Tbes-ti'a-diB,  and 

Tib-c-ri'nus 

»Ti-tlii)'re-a 

Taiii'y-ras 

Tec'titiniiH 
Tec-Ml'a-ge8,  or  Tec- 

*Ter'ine-ra 

Tlie-niis'to-cle8 

Thes-ti'tt-des 

Tib'e-ris 

Ti-iliraua'tes 

Tam'y-ris 

'J'cr'ine-nis 

Theni-i-st(>g'e-ne> 

Thes'tias 

Ti-be'ri-u8 

Tit'ia 

Tan'ngra 

ton'a-gffi 

Tfr-fnt;'sti8 

Thc-o-clr'a 

•Thcs-li-di'um 

♦Ti-bc'rus 

Tii-i-a'na 

•Tnii-a-(;re'u»,  or 

*Ti'c'lonax 

Tf  r-ini-fia'Ii-a 

Tbfc'<»-rlf3 

Tlies'ti-ns 

Ti-be'si3 

Til-i-a'niis 

•Tan-n-gruj'iKi 

Tr'ge-a,  or  Tc-gn;'a 

Tcr-ini-na'lia 

Tbe'o-clus 

Tbes'lor 

♦Tib-i-se'nus 

•Tit'i-ea 

Tan'a-gniH,  or  Tan'a- 

♦'I'c-gc-a'lcs 

Tcr'nii-niis 

'l'be-<>-cIyni'e-nus 
*Tlit!-oc'Iy-tua 

Thps'ty-lia 

♦Tib'n-la 

Tit'i-i 

ger 

'J'fg'u-Ia 

Tcr'fni-(iii3,  or  Tcr- 

•Thes'ty-lus 

Ti-bul'lu8 

Ti-tin'i-us 

Tan'a>bi 

Teg'y-ra 

IDC8'bU8 

Tlie-oc'ri-lus 

Tbe'tis 

Ti'biir 

Til'i-U8 

PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Ti-tnr'nuis 
•Tit-tlie'um 
Tl-tii'ri-u3 
Ti'tus 
'J'il'y-rus 
Til'y-us 
Tli?-i)(il'e-inu3 
Tma'riis 
'J^iio'lus 
*Tocli'a-ri 
To-ga'ta 
t'ro-le'turti 
*Tol-is-to'bi-l 
Tol'mi-de3 
*Tol'o-plion 
To-lo'sa 
To-liun'nus 
Tr"u3 
'I'l'-moe'iim 
Toin'a-ru9 
Toin'i-sa 
*To-mi'tte 
*Tom'o-ri,  or  ♦To- 
rn ii'ri 
To'inos,  or  To'mis 
T('ii'y-ri3 
♦Ton-do'ta 
To'  ne-a 
T(in-(;il'li-ii3 
*To-iii'a 
To-[>a'zo3 
*T(»-pa'zus 
Top'i-ris,  or  Top'rus 
*Tt)r'e-tie 
Tor'i-iii 
To-rii'ne 
Tor-qiia'ta 
T(ir-fiiia'lu9 
Tdr'tor 
To'riis 
Tor'y-ne 
♦Tory'ne 
Tox-a-rid'i-a 
Tox'e-us 
Tox-ic'ra-te 
*Tux'i-Ii 
*To-yg'e-ni 
Tra'bc-a 
Tiach'a-lus 
Tia'cha3 
*Tra-clie'a 
Tra-cliiii'i-a 
Tracli-o-ni'ti9 
♦Tia-goe'di-a 
Tra'giis 
Traj-a-nop'o-Iis 
Tra-ja'mis 
Tnil'Ics 

*Tian3-aI-pi'nii3 

*'l"rans-pa-da'im3 

Trans-tib-er-i'na 

*Trans-tib-e-ri'im3 

*Trap'e-za 

*Trap'e-zon 

Tra-pe'zus 

*Trap'e-zns 

*Tra-plie'a 

*Tras-i-me'nu9 

Tra-siil'lu3 

fTro'ba 

Tre-ba'ti-U3 

Tre-bel-li-a'nus 

Tre-bel-Ii-c'nus 

Tre-bcl'li-U3 

Tre'bi-a 

Tre'bi-us 

Tre-bo'ni-a  (Lex) 

Tre-bo'ni-u3 

Treb'u-la 

Tre'ru3 

*Tres'vi-ri 

Trev'e-ri 

Tri-a'ri-a 

'J'ri-a'ri-us 

•JVi-bal'li 

'J'rib'o-ci 

Tri-bu'ni 

tTri-cas'ses 

Tric-as-ti'ni 

Tric'cie 

♦Trich'i-nas 

*Tri-cho'ni3 

Tri-cla'ri-a 

*Tric-o-lo'ni 

•Tri-cor'y-thus 

*Tri-cra'na 

Tri-cre'na 

tTri-don'tum 

•Tri-e'res 

Tri-e-ter'i-ca 

*Tri-«--le'ris 

Trif-o-li'iiug 

t'l'ri-gem'i-ni 

•'If  i-go'nuin 


*Tri-go'nti3 

Tri-na'ci  i-a,  or  Triri'a- 

*Tri-iie'iiie-is  [cri3 

'I'liii-o-ban'tes 

Tri-oc'a-la,  or  Tri'o-c  la 

*Tri'o-dU3 

*'rri-o'iios 

Tri'o-pas,  or  Tri'ops 

*'rri-o-p<!'i-ii3 

Tri-phiI'lis 

Tri-plii'lus 

Tri-pbyl'i  a 

*Tri-ptiy'li3 

*Trip'o-di 

Trip'o-Ii3 

Trip-tol'e-mu3 

'I'riq'uc-tra 

Tris-nie-gis'tus 

*'l'ii-te'a 

Tiit'i-a 

Trit-o-ge-ni'a 

'I'ri'ton 

*'rri-t(i'ijes 

Tn-to'nis 

*Tri-to'mis 

Tri-uiu'vi-ri 

Tri-viii'tuiii 

Triv'i-a 

Triv'i-a,'  An'trum 

Triv'i-ie  Lu'cua 

Tri-vi'cum 

'l'ri>'a-de3 

'1^-o'as 

Troch'a-ri 

'I'rocli'o-is 

Tioe-ze'ne 

Trog'i-liis 

Trog-Uid'y-ta; 

♦Troglod'y-tes 

Tro'gu3  I'om-pe'i-us 

Tro'ja 

Tro'i-Ins 

♦Tro-ju'gc-na: 

Troni-eii-ii'na 

Troph'i-niiis 

Tro-plio'in-u3 

Tros 

*Tros'su-li 
Tros'su-liim 
Trot'i-liim 
Tru-en'tum,  or  Tru- 

en-ti'niiin 
*Tryg-o-da!in'o-ncs 
Trypli'e-ru3 
Tryph-i-ii-do'ru9 
Try'phon 
Try-pho'sa 
Tu'be-ro 
Tiic'ci-a 
*Tuc-cit'o-ra 
Tu'ci-a 

Tii'der,  or  Tu-der'ti-a 
Tu'dri 

Tii-gi'ni,  or  Tu-ge'iii 

Tii-gu-ri'nu3 

Tu-is'lo 

Tu-lin'gi 

Tul'la 

Tul'li-a 

*Tul-li-a'num 

Tul-li'o-Ia 

Tul'li-ii3 

Tiil'lus  Hos-til'i-u9 

Tii-ne'ta,  or  Tu'nis 

Tuii'gri 

Tu-ra'ni-U3 

Tiir'bo 

Tiir-de-ta'ni 

*Tiir'du-Ii 

Tu-re'si3 

*Tu-ri-a'so 

Tu'ri-U3 

Tiir'nu3 

Tu'ro-nes 

Tu'ro-ni,  (a  people  of 
Qaul) 

♦Tu-ro'ni,  (a  people  of 

Oermanij) 
Tur'pi-o 
Tu-riil'li-ii3 
Tus-ca'ni-a,  and 

Tus'ci-a 
Tus'ci 

Tus-c'i-la'num 

Tus'cu-Ium 

Tus'cu3 

'I'll 'la 

•Tu-ta'nus 

•Tii'iho-a 

Tii'ti-a 

Tii-ti-ca'nui 

Tii'li-ciim 

*Tu-tu-li'na 

Ty'a-na 


Ty-a'nc-u»,  ur  1'y-a- 

I'y-a-iii'tis  [iiin'us 

Ty'bris 

'I'y'biir 

'I'y'clie 

'I'ycli'i-cua 

'I'ycli'i-us 

Ty'de 

Tyd'e-u9 

Ty-di'de3 

Ty-e'nis 

t'l'y'l03 

Tyiii'ber 

'J'y-mo'lu3 

Tyiii-pa'ni-a 

'J'yiii-plue'i 

Tyn-iiar'i-des 

Tyn'da-ri3 

Tyii'da-ru3 

']'yti'ni-clius 

Ty-phni'iis,  or  Ty'- 

pbiin 
*1'y-plK)'e-u3 
*']'ypIi-o-o'u3 
*Ty-ph(>'iiis 
*Tyr-an-gi'taj 
fTy-raii'iii-on 
Ty-ran'mis 
Ty'ras,  or  Ty'ra 
Ty'res 
Tyr-i-da'te3 
Tyr'i-i 
Ty-ri'o-tes 
*'ryr'i-us 
Ty'ro 

Ty-rog'ly-phua 
Ty'ros 

Tyr-rhe'i-diD, 

Ty  r-rlie'i-des 
Tyr-rhe'ni 
'J'yr-rhe'mim 
Tyr-rlif '11113 
Tyr'rhe-iis 
Tyr-rhi'da; 
*Tyr-so'ta 
Tyr'sis 
Tyr-ta;'iis 
Ty'rus,  or  Ty'ros 
Tys'i-as 
*Tzac'o-nes 


u. 

U'bi-i 

U-cal'e-gon 

IT'cu-bis 

UTbiis 

U-fen-ti'na 

Ul-pi-a'nus 

U'lu-briB 

U-lys'ses 

Uni'ber 

Um'bra 

*Uiii-bre'nu3 

Uin'bri-a 

Uin-brig'i-U3 

Um'bro 

Uii'ca 

Un'chiE 

Un-de-cem'vi-ri 

U-nel'li 

Uiix'i-a 

tU'pi3 

*Up-sa'lum 

*U-ra'ca 

*U-ra'gua 

U-ra'iii-a 

U-ra'ni-i,  or  U-ri'l 
U'ra-nus 
Ur-bic'u-a 
Ur'bi-cii3 
*U-re'iim 
•Ur'ge-num 
U'ri-a 
♦U-ri'on 
U'ri-tes 
Ur-sid'i-113 
*Ur-si'nu3 
Us-ca'iia 
*Us'ce-niim 
U-sip'e-te3,orI7-s)p'i-ci 
Us'pi-i 
Us-ti'ca 
tUs'li-cas 
U'li-ca 
*Ux'a-ma 
Ux-an'tia 
In^l-lo-du'num 
Ux'i-i 
Ux-is'a-ma 
U'zi-ta,  or  tU-zi'ta 


V. 


fVAc'CA 

Vac-cuj'i 

Va-cii'iia 

*Va-dav'e-ro 

*Vad-i-ino'iii3 

Va'ga 

Vag-c-dru'sa 

Va-gel'li-us 

Va-ge'iii 

■•Va-ge'sus 

*Va'lia-lis 

*Va-i'cu3 

Va'la 

•Val-a-nii'ru3 

Va'Iciis 

Va-Ien'ti-a 

Va-lf  ii-tin-i-a'nii9 

*Val-rii-ti'iiu3 

Va-lc'ri-a 

Va-le-ri-a'nua 

Va-le'ri-us 

Val'c-rii9 

Val'gi-113 

*Val-lt'b'a-iia 

*  Vaii'da-li 
Van-da'li-i 
Van-gi'o-iica 
Van'iii-U3 
Va-ra'nea 
Var-doj'i 
Va'ri-a 

*  Var'i-cu3 
Va-ri'ni,  or  Va-ris'ti 
Va'ri-us 

Var'ro 

Va'ru3 

♦Va-sa'ta; 

f*Vas'co-ne9 

Vat-i-ca'iiu3 

Va-ti-e'ini3 

Va-tin'iu3 

♦Va-tre' 11113 

*Ve-clii're9 

Vcc'ti-iis 

*Vec-to'ne3 

Ve'di-iis  Pol'li-o 

Ve-ge'ti-u3 

Ve'i-a 

Ve-i-a'nus 

Ve-i-eii'te3 

Vc-i-cii'to 

Ve'i-i 

Vej'o-vi3 

Vc-Ia'brum 

Ve-la'crum 

Vc-Ia'iii-U3 

*Vel'e-da 

Ve'li-a 

*Ve-lib'o-ri 

Vel'i-ca 

Vf-li'na 

Ve-Ii'iium 

Ve-Ii-o-cas'si 

Vel-i-tcr'na,  Vc-Ii'triE, 

or  *Vel'i-triB 
*Vel'i-tcs 
tVe-li'trm 
Vel'la-ri 
Verie-da 

Vel-Ie'i-U3  Pa-ter'cu- 
Itis 

Ve-na'fnim 

*  Ven'e-dtf 
Ven'e-di 
Veii'e-li 
Ven'e-ti 
Ve-iie'ti-a 
Veii'e-tu3 
Ve-iiil'i-a 
*Ven-iio'ne3 
Ve-no'nes 
Ve-no'niiH 
Ven-tid'i-u9 
Veii'ti 

Vcn-u-Ie'i-ufl 
tVe-iiii'lus 
*Vfn'u-lus 
Ve'nus 

Ve-nu'si-a,  or  Ve-nir 

si-um 
•Vc-pi'cii3 
Vc-ra'gri 
Ve-ra'ni-a 
Ve-ra'ni-u3 
Ver-big'e-nua 
Vcr-cel'lm 
Ver-cin-get'o-rii 
Ve-re'na 
*Ve-rc'lum 


Vrr-gas-i-laii'inis 

Vfr-gfl'lus 

V,r-gil'i-a 

VLr-giri-!c 

ViT-giii'i-ua 

V'>r'gi-ii  in 

•Ver-gob're-tus 

Vui'i-las 

\'cr-o-doc'ti-iis 

Vcr-o-inaii'dii-i 

Ve-ru'iia 

Ve-ro'ne3 

Ver-o-ni'ca 

Ver-rc-gi'iium 

Vcr'res 

Vcr'ri-tus 

Vfi'ii-ii3 

Vcr-ni'go 

*  Ver'ta-giis 
Ver'ti-co 
Ver-ti-cor'di-a 
Vcr-tis'cns 
Vtr-tuin'mis 
Ver-u-la'nu9 
Vc'riis 

*  Ves'a-gii3 
Ves'bi-us,  or  Ve-su'- 

bi-us 
Ves-ci-a'mim 
Ves-cii-la'ri-ua 
*Ve-se'vus 
Vcs-pa-si-a'iiu9 
Ves'e-ri3 

Ve-se'vi-us,  and  Vc- 

se'vii3 
Ves'ta 
Ves-la'Ie3 
Ves-ta'li  a 
♦Ves-ta'lis 
Ves-tic'i-ua 
V<-s-lil'i-u9 
Ves-til'la 
Ves-li'iii 
Vcs-ti'iius 
Ves'ii-lu3 
Vf-sii'vi-u3 
*Vfs'vi-u3 
Vct'ti-us 

Vet-to'ne?,  or  »e-to'- 

nea 
Vct-u-lo'ni-a 
Ve-tu'ri-a 
Vc-tii'ri-ua 
Ve'tus 
Vi-a'drus 
♦Vi-a'lia 
Vi-bid'i-a 
Vi-bid'i-ua 
Vib'i-ua 
•Vib-i-o'nca 
Vi'bo 

Vib-u-le'nu3 
Vi-bul'li-us 
Vi'ca  Po'la 
V;-cel'li-u3 
Vi-ceii'ta,  or  Vi-cc'- 

ti-a 
Vic'tor 
Vic-to'ri-a 
Vic-to-ri'na 
Vic-to-ri'nua 
Vic-to'ri-u3 
Vic-tuin'vi-e 
Vi-en'na 
Vil'li-a  (Lex) 
Vil'li-us 
Vini-i-na'lis 
Vin-ceii'li-us 
Viii'ci-113 
Vin-da'li-u3 
Vin-<1el'i-ci 
Vin-dc-mi-a'tor 
*Vin-dein'i-tor 
Vin'dex  Ju'li-ua 
Viii-dic'i-113 
Vin-do-iiis'sa 
Vi-nic'i-u3 
Vi-nid'i-us 
Vin'i-113 
Vir.'iii-us 
Vip-sa'ni-a 

*  Vi-ra'go 
Vir'bi-us 
•Vir-dii'ma-rua 
Vir-gil'i-113 
Vir-gin'i-a 
v^ir-gin'i-ua 
Vir-i-a'tliu3 
Vir-i-dmn'a-rua 
t*Vir-i-pla'ca 
Vir'ro 
Vir'tua 
Vi-sci"ii-U3 
Vi-»:'lU8 


tVis'tii  la 

Vi-siir'gjs 

Vi-tel'h-a 

Vi-tel'li-us 

Vit'i-a 

♦Vi-iis'a-tor 

Vil'ri  ciia 

Vl-tru'vi-ua 

Vit'u-la 

Vo-co'iii-a  (Lex) 

Vo-co'ni-us 

Vo-con'ti-a 

Vog'e-sii3 

Vol-a-gin'i-u3 

Vo-la'iia 

Vo-lan'diira 

Vul-a-ter'ia 

Vol'ca;,  or  Vol'ga; 

*Vol'e-sii3 

Vo-log'e-ses 

Vo-log'e-su3 

Vol'scens 

Vol'sci,  or  Vol'ci 

Viil-siih'i-uiu 

Vol-lin'i-a 

tVo-luiii'na,  and  Vo- 

luin'iiiis 
Vo-liini'iitn  Fa'iiuin 
Vo-luiii'iii-a 
Vo-luiii'iiiii3 
Vo-liim'iius 
Vo-lup'tas,  and  Vo- 

lu'pi-a 
Vol-u-se'nua 
Vo-lu-si-a'nu3 
Vo-Iu'si-u3 
Vol'u-su3 
Vo'liii 
Voina'niis 
Vo-no'iics 
Vo-pi3'cii3 
Vo-ra'iius 

J*Vos'c-gU3,  or  *Vo- 

ae'giis 
Vo-ti-e'iiiis 
Vul-ca-na'li-a 
Vul-ca'ni 
Vul-ca'iiiiis 
Vul-ca'mia 
Viil-ca'ti-u3 
Vu  l-si'num 
Vul'so 
JVul'tiir 
Viil-tLi-re'i-U3 
Vul-tiir'iiiim 
V'iil-tiir'iiu3 
tVul-tur'ti-u3 


X. 

Xan'the 

Xan'thi 

Xaii'tlii-a 

*Xan'tlii-a3 

Xaii'llii-ca 

Xan-tliip'pe 

Xaii-lliip'pu3 

Xaii'ttio 

•Xaii-tlio-pu'lu3 

Xaii'llius 

Xan'ti-cle3 

Xan-lip'pe 

Xan-tip'pu3 

Xc-nag'o-raa 

Xe-iiar'clma 

tXen'a-le3 

Xfii  'e-tii3 

Xe'iie-us 

Xu-iii'a-des 

Xu'ni-ii3 

Xen-o-cle'a 

Xeii'o-cIc3 

Xeii-o-cli'des 

Xc-noc'ra-tL's 

Xt:-iiod'a-iiius 

♦Xcn-<>-da'niiis,  or 

Xen-<i-du'iiiu3 
Xe-nod'i-ce 
Xe-nod'o  chu3 
Xcn-o-do'ru3 
tXc-nod'o-tea 
Xe-nod'(vtiis 
Xe-noph'ane3 
Xe-m>pli'i-lii3 
Xin'o-phcin 
Xen-o-ph(in-ti'u3 
Xen-o-pi-llii'a 
*Xer-o-lib'y-a 
•Xerx-t'ne 
Xerx'ea 


Xriix'ra 

♦Xi  iiic'nn 

*Xi  plic'ne 

Xii'tliiia 

Xy'i:liU3 

Xyii'i-as 

Xyiwi-icli'i-a 

•Xyp'e-le 

•Xys'ti-cl 


z. 


Za-  ba'tus 

Zah  di-co'no 

Za-bir'iia 

Zab'ii-lu3 

•Zac'o-rii3 

Za-cyn'tliu9 

Za-grie'ua 

Za'grus 

'/.al'n-lca 

Zu-leu'cua 

Za'iiia,  or  Zag'ma 

Za'iiiL*-i3 

Za-iiii)lx'ia 

Zan'cle 

Zaii'llje-nP9 

Zan'llii-clea 

Za'rax 

Zar-bi-e'niia 

*Zar-do'ce3 

*Zar'e-l!E 

Za-ri-as'pes 

*Zar-maii-o-che'gaa 

Za'llies 

•Za-ve'cea 

Ze-bi'iia 

»Ze-i-le'um 

Ze'la,  or  Ze'li-a 

*Zc-lo'a 

Ze'lcs 

Zc-lot'y-pe 

Zc'lus 

Ze'no 

Ze-no'bl-a 

tZe-no'hi-i 

Zcn'o-clea 

Zf  ii-i>-rli'dc3 

Zcn-o-di>Vu3 

Zen-o-do'ti-a 

Ze-iiiid'o-tiia 

Zu-nnpli'a-nca 

*Zcii-o-po-sj'don 

Ze-notli'e-niis 

Ze-phyr'i-um 

Zeph'y-nim 

Zeph'y-ru3 

Ze-ryn'tlius 

Ze'lhiis,  or  Ze'tus 

Zeii-gi-ta'na 

Zeiig'ina 

Ze'us  ' 

'/ciix-id'a-miia 

*Zeiix-i-da'njua 

Zcux'i-daa 

Zeiix-ip'pe 

Zi-ux'is 

Zciix'o 

Zi-gi'ra 

•Zic'la 

Zil'i-a,  or  Ze'lia 

Ziiiia'ra 

Zi-iny'ri 

'/i-iib'e-ria 

Zi-pa;'ie9 

Zi'tlm 

Zriiil'a-cP9 

*Z<>-di'a-cU3 

Zo'l-lll3 

Zo-ip'pns 

•Zo-i-le'um 

Zo'iia 

Zon'a-raa 

Ziipli'urua 

Zo-pyr'i-o 

Zu-pyr'i-on 

Z(ip'y-rii9 

Zdr-o-as'ier 

Zcir-o-as-tre'u9 

Zus'i-mua 

Zos'i-ne 

Zos-te'ri-a 

Zu-tliraiia'tea 

Zy-gan'lea 

Zyg'e-na 

Zyg'i-a 

•Zyg'i-i 

Zy-pi'in'e-Ia 

Zy-gop'o-liii 

Zy-gri'le 


131!) 


fl 


% 

I 

  — 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


OF 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


16f> 


1321 


BRIEF  RULES 

FOR  THE 

PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


FRENCH. 

1.  Vowels. 

.4,  ah,  long  and  short,  (marked  a.) 

ai,  as  e  in  there,  when  followed  by  e,  re,  rs,  ts,  s,  and  when  it 
has  the  circumflex,  thus,  ai,  (^.) 
When  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  words,  it  has  the  sound 
of  the  open  acute  6  (e.) 
au  has  the  sound  of  o,  (o.) 
E  has  three  sounds  :  — 
i  as  the  English  vowel  a  in  fate,  (e.) 
i  and  i  are  similar  to  the  e  in  there,  (e.) 
E,  not  accented,  is  either, 

(1.)  open  acute,  as  e  in  the  English  words  met,  ebb,  when  it 
is  followed,  in  the  same  syllable,  by  a  consonant  that  is 
pronounced,  or  when  the  following  sj-llable  begins  with 

X,  («;) 

(2.)  guttural,  and  like  e  in  her  at  the  end  of  monosyllables, 
or  the  first  syllable  of  polysyllables,  (6';)  or, 

(3.)  is  entirely  mute  at  the  end  of  polysyllables.  It  is  like 
the  second  e  in  there,  and  generally  serves  to  length- 
en or  open  the  preceding  vnwel.  In  other  places, 
wnere  it  is  more  perceptible,  it  is  like  the  e  in  battery 
or  over  ;  and  even  then  the  French  suppress  it  as  often 
as  they  can,  especially  when  the  preceding  or  following 
syllable  has  a  full  sound.  —  Rem.  Es,  not  accented,  in 
polysyllables,  is  silent. 
Ei  has  the  sound  of  e  in  there,  (("«•) 
Eu  has  three  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  long  and  close.  This  sound  has  no  standard  in  Eng- 
lish, but  it  may  be  obtained  by  pressing  the  lips  a  little 
forward,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  to  the  breath  a 
narrower  passage  than  for  the  e  in  over,  and  by  dwell- 
ing longer  upon  it,  (eu.) 

(2  )  short,  somewhat  more  open  than  e  in  over,  (e«.) 

(3.)  long  and  open,  by  opening  the  lips  somewhat  wider 
and  in  a  more  circular  form  than  for  the  e  in  over,  and 
by  protracting  the  sound,  (eu.) 
/  is  long,  as  in  the  English  word  marline,  and  sliort,  as  in 

fig,  ?•) 
O  has  three  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  long  and  open,  as  in  the  English  word  robe,  (d.) 
(2.)  short,  as  in  rob,  (o.) 
(3.)  long  and  broad,  (o.) 
oi  as  wa. 

ou  has  two  sounds,  —  long,  as  in  mom!;  short,  as  in  good, 
(no.) 

U  has  two  sounds,  —  long,  as  in  vae,  (li ;)  short,  as  in  but,  (u.) 

There  is  no  standard  for  these  sounds  in  English.  To  form  the 
first,  observe  the  situation  of  the  tongue  in  pronouncing  the  Eng- 
lish letter  a.  It  widens  itself  into  the  cheeks,  so  that  it  touches 
the  first  grinders.  VVIien  the  tongue  is  in  this  situation,  advance 
both  lips  a  little  forward,  shutting  them  at  the  same  time  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  leave  a  narrow,  oval  passage  to  the  breath.  This 
movement  will  lightly  press  the  tongue  between  the  grinders,  and 
its  tip  against  the  fore  teeth  of  the  inferior  jaw,  and  thus  let  the 
breath  pass,  which  is  necessary  to  emit  the  sound  of  the  French  u. 
The  short  sound  is  formed  by  dwelling  less  upon  it. 


2.  CoXSONANTS. 

Divisio.v  OK  Syllables.  —  When  syllables  in  any  word  are 
separated  by  a  single  or  compound  consonant,  that  consonant  is  to 
be  spelled  and  articulated  with  the  following  vowel,  and  not  with 
the  preceding  one.  By  several  consonants  which  cannot  form  a 
compound  consonant,  the  first  must  be  spel.ed  with  the  preceding, 
and  the  remainder  with  the  succeeding,  simple  or  compound  vowel. 

Compound  consonants  are  the  following  :  —  bl,  br,  eh,  cl,  chr,  cr, 
'^'"i  .^1  /''i  ^'i  £■'■)  ^'i  ^i*!  i")  (when  liquid,)  ph,  phi,  phr,  pi,  pr, 
rh,  se,  scr,  si,  sm,  sti,  sp,  st,  sr,  th,  thl,  tr,  tl,  vr. 

The  French  syllables  are  divided  into  masculine  and  feminine 
syllables,  the  latter  being  those  that  contain  e  mute. 

Ge.veral  Rule.  —  Every  masculine  syllable  before  another 
masculine  syllable  is  short,  so  that  the  accent  lies  upon  the  last 
syllable  that  is  pronounced. 

B  has  the  same  sound  as  in  English. 
C  has, 

(1.)  the  sound  of  English  i  before  a,  a,  u,  and  before  con- 
sonants ; 

(2.)  the  sound  of  hard  s  before  e,  i,  y,  and  before  the  hard 
vowels,  a,  o,  u,  when  with  a  cedilla,  (f .) 
c,  before  q  and  c,  and  after  a  nasal  sound,  is  always  silent. 
ch  has  the  sound  of  sA,  and  followed  by  a  consonant,  it  is  like  k. 
At  the  end,  it  sounds  like  k. 
D  is  like  English  d.    It  is  sounded  at  the  end  of  words,  unless 

followed  by  s  or  preceded  by  r  or  n. 
f  is  like  English/. 
G  has  two  sounds :  — 

(1.)  the  sound  ot g  in  go,  before  a,  o,  u. 
(2.)  the  sound  oi s  in  pleasure  before  e,  i,  y. 

The  hard  D-  is  rendered  soft  before  a,  o,  u,  by  inserting  the 
letter  e  between  g  and  a,  o,  u.    The  e  after  the  g  is  then 
not  to  be  sounded,  but  is  considered  as  a  mark  to  show 
that  the  g  must  be  pronounced  soft. 
The  soft  g,  on  the  other  hand,  is  rendered  hard  before 
e,  i,  y,  by  writing  the  letter  ?/  between  g  and  e,  i,  y. 
Therefore  the  u  that  is  immediately  after  the  g  must 
not  be  sounded,  but  is  to  be  considered  as  a  sign  that^ 
must  be  articulated  hard. 
gn  is  pronounced  like  ni  in  onion,  minion,  (final  gne,  repre- 
sented in  the  table  ny.) 
Final  g  is  silent  except  in  the  noun  bourg,  and  in  nouns  ter- 
minating in  berg,  where  it  has  the  sound  of  A'. 
H  is  either  aspirated  or  silent. 

Remark.  —  When  h  is  deemed  aspirate,  it  only  communicates  to 
the  vowel  the  properties  of  a  consonant;  that  is  to  say,  wiien  the 
preceding  word  ends  with  a  vowel,  that  vowel  is  never  suppressed  ; 
if  it  ends  with  a  consonant,  that  consonant  is  never  connected  with 
the  vowel  that  follows. 

J  has  always  the  sound  of  z  in  azure,  or  s  in  pleasure. 

L  has  two  sounds :  — 

(1.)  It  is  like  the  English  I. 

(2.)  It  is  liquid,  like  /  in  brilliant. 

N.  B.  —  The  modern  pronunciation,  however,  lets  the  I  entirelj 
disappear,  and  substitutes  a  long  i  sound  (1,  tf)  for  it. 

Exception.  —  All  nouns  in  ville  are  not  liquid. 


1322 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


//,  ill,  prect'di'd  by  anollicr  vowt-l,  are  always  li(iuid,  in  which 
caso,  ^7,  ill,  are  compound  consonauls,  the  i  bcliiir  con- 
sidered as  a  mere  sign  to  make  the  /  liquid  ;  therefore 
the  i  must  not  be  con\bined  with  the  preceding  vowel, 
whicii  preserves  its  natural  sound. 

y''  I  when  not  nasal,  are  like  the  English  to,  n. 

VI,  a,  preceded  in  the  same  syllabic  by  a  vowel,  are  always 
nasal,  utilcss  followed  by  a  syllable  tliat  begins  with  a 
vowel  or  h  mute,  in  which  case,  m  and  ji  resume  their 
natural  sound. 

Nas.\l  Sound.  —  An  exact  standard  for  the  nasal  sound  is  not 
to  be  found  in  tlie  English  pronuiieiation.  HoweviT,  something 
like  it  is  found  in  the  sound  of  en  in  r.ncore.  But  if,  in  pronoun- 
cing tiiese  sounds,  the  tongue  shouhl  once  touch  llu?  roof  of  the 
mouth,  the  Frencli  nasal  sound  wtjuld  be  ruined. 

Tliere  are  four  nasal  sounds  :  — 


em,  am 
en,  an 


■  Qllg,  or  Ong. 


im. 


aim,  -    '  r 

ain,  y-iing.  un,  V  £ting. 

eini, 
ein, 
o-in, J 

P  is  like  the  same  letter  in  the  English  language. 

Q,  except  in  a  few  word.-s,  is  always  followed  by  u,  and  these  two 

letters  together  nave  the  sound  of  English  k  in  king. 
It  is  much  more  rolled  than  the  English  r.    At  tlie  end  of  a 
word  it  is  always  pronounced,  when  preceded  by  a,  i, 
o,  u,  y,  and  their  compounds, 
r,  preceded  by  e  in  polysyllables,  is  silent,  and  in  this  case  the 
e  has  the  acute  sound  e.    In  monosyllables,  the  r  is 
pronounced,  and  the  e  has  a  more  open  sound,  resem- 
bling S. 
rh  is  like  r. 
6'  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  the  soft  of  rose,  please,  between  two  vowels  and  fol- 
lowing b. 

(2.)  the  hard  sound  of  sister,  in  the  beginning,  and  in  the 
middle  of  a  word,  when  preceded  or  followed  by  a  con- 
sonant. 

Final  5  is  silent,  with  a  few  exceptions. 
T has  two  sounds :  — 

(1.)  soft,  like  c  in  cedar,  civil,  in  the  syllable  tion,  unless 

preceded  by  s  or  x,  in  which  case  the  t  is  hard. 
(2.)  hard,  like  t  in  til,  in  all  other  cases 
th  has  the  single  sound  oft  hard. 
t,  St,  ct,  final,  are  silent. 

V  is  like  English  v. 

X,  (1.)  is  like  gs  in  all  words  beginning  in  z  or  ex,  followed  by 
a  vowel  or  the  letter  h. 
(2.)  like  k  in  words  beginning  in  exee,  exci,  exs. 
(3.)  like  ss,  in  ^ix,  Mx  la  Chapelle,  Jluxerre,  .luxonne,  Brux- 

elles,  Luxeuil,  and  some  few  others. 
(4.)  like  ks  in  all  other  cases. 
Final  x  is  silent. 
Z  is  like  z  in  zone. 

Final  z  is  silent. 

Y  is  like  single  French     but  like  double  i  between  two  vowels. 


ITALIAN. 

1.  Vowels. 

A  is  sounded  as  ah  in  English,  (ft.) 
E  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  the  open,  as  in  the  English  word  fair,  (e  and  c.) 

(2.)  close,  as  in  the  word  pain,  (c  ) 
/  is  sounded  like  te  in  English. 
0  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  the  open  o;  (2.)  the  close  6. 
U  is  sounded  like  on. 

N.  B. —  When  these  vowels  are  at  the  end  of  words,  marked 
with  an  accent,  they  have  a  quick  and  sharp  sound. 


2.  Co.N'.SON.WTS. 
li  is  like  the  same  letter  in  English. 

C  is  like  li  before  a,  u,  u.    Followed  by  the  vowels  r,  i,  it  is  pro- 
nounced like  cli  in  the  words  cherry,  chilly, 
cc  followed  by  e,  i,  is  pronounced  like  tch  in  the  English  word 

viulck.  • 
cla,  cid,  ciu,  are  pronounced  cha,  cho,  clioo. 
ch,  followed  by  r,  i,  is  pronounced  like  English  k. 
D  and  Fare  like  the  English  </  and /. 

G  is  like  the  English  g  in  go,  when  followed  by  a,  o,  u.  Fol- 
lowed by  the  vowels  c,  i,  it  is  like  j  in  English,  or  like 
g  in  the  words  gciu,  ginger. 

gg,  followed  by  c,  i,  is  pronounced  like  ilg  in  the  English  word 

Irulgc. 

gh,  followed  by  c,  i,  has  the  sound  of  n-  in  go. 

gl,  followed  by  ',  and  in  all  words  in  which  i  is  followed  by 

another  vowel,  is  pronounced  like  II  in  hrilliant. 

But  in  all  words  in  which  gl  is  followed  by  a  consonant, 

it  is  pronounced  like  gl  in  glimvicr. 
gn,  followed  by  a,  c,  i,  o,  u,  is  somewhat  like  the  English  ni  in 

onitm,  minion, 
gia,  giri,  giu,  are  pronounced  Wke  ja,  jo,  joo. 
gua,  guc,  gui,  are  like  gwa,  gicci,  gieee,  in  language,  languci, 

languid. 

H  has  no  sound.    It  is  only  used  to  denote  the  hard  sound  of  the 

consonants  c,  g,  before  the  vowels  c,  i. 
J  is  considered  a  vowel.    It  is  used  instead  of  ii  at  the  end  of 

words,  and  sounds  like  ee  in  the  English  word/ce,  each 

e  being  distinctly  pronounced. 
L,  M,  A',  and       are  like  the  corresponding  English  letters. 
^.    ^"(i,  (jvi,  qui,  yuti,  are  pronounced  like  gua,  que,  qui,  quo,  in 

the  English  words  quality,  question,  quibble,  quote  ;  the 

vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  adhering  to  their  proper  pronunciation, 

as  stated  above. 

R,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  or  in  the  middle  when  it  begins  a 
syllable,  is  like  r  in  the  words  ruin,  marine.  At  the  end 
of  words,  or  when  it  ends  a  syllable,  or  preceded  by 
another  consonant,  or  doubled,  it  has  a  rolling  sound. 

S,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  preceded  or  followed  by  another 
consonant,  or  when  doubled,  is  pronounced  sharp,  like 
sister.    Betwee»,*  two  vowels,  and  in  the  last  syllable  of 
all  substantive  and  adjective  nouns  that  end  in  ese,  uso, 
vsa,  it  is  pronounced  like  s  in  the  English  word  rose. 
In  the  last  syllable  of  all  adjective  nouns  in  oso,  osa,  s 
preserves  its  sharp  sound. 
sc,  followed  by  e,  i,  is  pronounced  like  sh  in  shell, 
sch,  followed  by  e,  t,  is  pronounced  like  sk. 
scid,  sci6,  sciii,  are  like  sha,  sho,  shoo. 

T  is  always  hard,  and 

V  hke  the  English  r. 

jy  and  X  are  not  found  in  the  Italian  alphabet. 

Z.  General  Rule.  —  In  the  beginning  of  words,  or  when  sin- 
gle, it  is  like  ds  in  the  English  word  Windsor.  When  preceded  by 
a  consonant,  or  when  followed  by  two  vowels,  or  when  doubled, 
it  is  pronounced  sharp,  like  ts  in  the  word  benefits. 


Remark.  —  Italian  words  are  pronounced  exactly  as  they  are 
written,  there  being  no  silent  letter,  except  h.  Every  vowel  al- 
ways preserves  its  proper  sound,  independently  of  the  consonants 
which  accompany  it. 


SPANISH. 

1.  VOWEI.S. 

A.    This  letter  is  pronounced  as  ah  in  English,  {(I.) 

E  is  pronounced  as  a  in  the  alphabet  in  English,  (e.)  except  be- 
fore n,  r,  s,  z,  in  which  case  it  is  more  open,  as  in  the 
English  word  care. 

I  is  pronounced  as  e  in  English.  It  is  long  when  under  the 
acute  accent,  (f.) 

0  is  generally  pronounced  as  in  English.  It  is,  however,  neces- 
sary to  observe,  that  it  is  sometimes  open,  (o,)  sometimes 
close,  (5,)  and  sometimes  long,  (6.) 

It  is  open  in  words  of  one  syllable,  when  it  is  not  im- 
mediately followed  by  another  vowel,  and  before  n  and 
r  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  ;  at  the  end  of  a  word,  when  it 
is  accented.  It  is  long  whenever  it  is  immediately  fol- 
lowed by  another  vowel. 


1323 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


I  is  pronounced  oo. 

N.  B.  —  From  this  rule  must  be  excepted  the  syllables  gw,  g'ni, 
que,  qui,  in  which  the  u  is  not  sounded,  unless  the  u  has  two  dots 
over  it,  (tt.) 

Y.  This  letter  is  sometimes  a  vowel  and  sometimes  a  consonant. 

It  is  a  vowel  when  it  is  preceded  by  another  vowel, 
making  with  it  a  diphthong;  and  then 
ay  and  ey  are  like  i,  (t;) 
oy  and  uy,  like  oi. 

In  almost  every  other  case,  it  is  a  consonant. 

2.  Consonants. 

B,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  is  always  pronounced  as  in  Eng- 
lish. In  the  middle  of  a  word,  between  two  vowels,  b 
is  softened  into  nearly  a  v. 

C  has  the  sound  of  th  in  English,  as  in  the  word  pitli,  before  c 
and  i ;  and  the  sound  of  ^  before  a,  o,  u. 
Formerly  the  c  with  the  cedilla  (f)  was  used  to  soften 
the  c  before  a,  o,  u.  The  letter  2,  however,  has  now 
been  substituted  for  it. 
Double  cr,  followed  by  e,  i.  Tiie  first  c  is  hard,  the  second 
soft. 

ch.    These  two  letters  are  pronounced  as  in  English  in  the 
word  check. 

D  is  pronounced,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  as  in  English  ;  but 
when  the  (/  is  between  two  vowels,  it  is  as  soft  as  the 
th  in  the  words  though,  the.  It  is  pronounced  lisping  at 
the  end  of  a  word. 

F  is  pronounced  as  in  English. 

G  is  pronounced  as  in  English  before  a,  o,  u.  It  is  guttural  be- 
fore e,  i,  (o-.)  Before  n,  it  has  the  English  pronuncia- 
tion. 

For  the  syllables  gue,  gui,  see  the  vowel  U. 
[I  is  mute,  and  only  lightly  aspirated  before  vc.    The  letter  A 
has  been  retained  in  many   words,  though  not  pro- 
nounced, and  in  several  it  has  taken  the  place  of  the 
letter  /,  formerly  used. 
th.  The  Academy  suppresses  h  after  t,  and  instead  of  ph  uses/. 
J  is  guttural  before  all  tlie  vowels,  [g,  ch.) 
L  is  pronounced  as  in  English. 

U.  When  //  occurs  in  a  word,  it  is  liquid,  and  pronounced  as 
in  tlie  words  brilliant,  seraglio,  William. 
M  and  JN""  are  pronounced  as  in  English. 

n,  having  this  mark,  (',«,)  which  the  Spaniards  call  7i  with 
tilde,  (tTl'de,)  has  the  same  sound  as  n  in  ojiion,  viinion. 
P  and  Q  are  pronounced  as  in  English. 

As  to  the  syllables  que,  qui,  look  for  the  vowel  U. 

N.  B.  —  Q  is  changed  into  c  in  all  words  whore  it  is  followed  by 
ua,  MO,  ue,  ui,  (tile  u  in  the  latter  two  preserving  its  natural 
sound.) 

R,  in  the  beginning  and  middle  of  words,  is  pronounced  a  little 
stronger  tlian  in  English  ;  but  double  r  is  much  stronger 
than  the  English  rr. 

S  IB  always  pronounced  hard,  like  double  s,  even  between  two 
vowels. 

T  is  always  hard. 

l^.  The  Spaniards  often  confound  the  sound  of  this  letter  with 
that  oft;  but  tlie  Academy  disapproves  of  it,  and  rec- 
ommends tliat  it  should  be  pronounced  as  in  English. 

X  is  ])ronounced  as  s  wlu  n  followed  by  a  consonant ;  and  it  is 
liglitly  sounded  5  when  followed  by  ce,  ci.  It  is  pro- 
nounced like  ks  between  two  vowels.  In  a  few  words 
ending  in  x,  it  is  guttural. 

N.  B.  —  X  was  formerly  used  as  a  guttural,  (unless  the  following 
vowel  had  the  circumflex  accent;)  but  j  is  now  used  instead  before 
a,  o,  u,  and  g  bel'ore  c  and  i. 

Z  IB  only  used  now  before  «,  o,  7(,  and  is  pronounced  like  the  c 
before  <  and  i.  It  is  always  pronounced  lisping  after 
a  vowel. 


The  pronunciation  of  Spanish  by  the  Mexicans  is  different  from 
that  by  the  Spaniards:  — 

(I.)  They  pronounce  the  liquid  U  like  the  modern  French  pro- 
nunciation long  ce. 
(2.)  They  pronounce  b  and  n  interchangeably. 
(:j.)  They  substitute,  in  general,  the  s  sound  for  the  th  sound. 


PORTUGUESE. 
I.  Vowels. 

The  vowels  are  the  same  as  in  the  Spanish  language. 

JIo,  the  o  having  a  deep  sound,  nearly  00,  is  somewhat  like  oung. 

2.  Consonants. 

The  consonants,  with  the  following  exceptions,  are  like  the 
English  :  — 

C.  g  is  like  the  same  French  letter. 

ch  is  like  English  sh. 
G  is  like  the  French  g. 

11  is  always  silent,  and  serves  only,  when  immediately  preceded 

by  /  or  n,  to  make  these  letters  liquid. 
J  is  like  the  corresponding  French  letter. 

M  and  jY  are  like  the  same  English  letters,  but  have  sometime.': 
a  nasal  sound. 

Q  is  like  the  French,  being  always  accompanied  by  a  silent  u. 
R  is  like  the  Spanish,  rolling. 
X  is  like  English  sh. 


GERMAN. 
1.  Vowels. 

A  has  two  sounds :  — 

(1.)  long,  (a,)  as  in  the  English  word  half. 
(2.)   short,  [fl,)  which  has  no  corresponding  sound  in  English. 
ae,  OT  d.  (1.)  long,  as  the  sound  between  ?t«/HC  and  care ;  (2.) 

short,  nearly  like  c  in  the  word  reiit. 
ai  and  ay  sound  broader  than  the  English  i  in  kite, 
au  approaches  the  sound  of  the  English  ou  in  our,  loud, 
aeu  or  (tu  has  nearly  the  same  sound  as  the  English  oi. 
E  has  three  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  long;  1st,  the  close  or  acute  sound  («),  the  French  e 
fcrmd.  2d,  the  open  sound,  («;,)  the  c  ouvcrt  of  the 
French. 

(2.)  short,  ((',)  nearly  like  e  in  the  word  help. 
(3.)  obscure  in  all  unaccented  syllables,  like  a  in  the  Eng- 
lish word  sofa,  except  before  liquids,  where  it  sounds 
like  c  in  tlie  last  svll  ible  of  the  word  heaven, 
ei,  or  cy,  are  like  i  iw  fine,  kind, 
eu  is  similar  to  oi,  oy,  in  boil,  toil,  joint. 
I  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)   long,  as  in  mete,  (}'.) 
(2.)  short,  nearly  as  i  in  pin,  fig,  (;'■) 
ie  is  like  long  i,  (f.) 
0  is,  (1.)  long,  as  in  bone,  (o;)  (2.)  short,  (o,)  as  in  got. 
oe,  0.  (1.)  long,  French  ri) ;  (2.)  short,  French  eu. 
oi,  oy,  are  like  the  English  oi,  oy. 
U has  two  sounds :  — 

(1.)  long,  (00,)  as  in  to,  do,  move,  prove. 
(2.)  short,  (00,)  resembling  u  in  bull,  full,  bushel. 
Tic,  U.  (1.)  long  French  li ;  (2.)  short  French  u. 
N.  B.  —  Aa,  00,  cc,  are  pronounced  as  a  single  long  a,  o,  e. 

2.  Consonants. 

B  is  like  the  English  b.  But  when  it  ends  a  syllable,  or  stands  next 
to  the  final  consonant  or  consonants,  not  being  liquids, 
or  the  consonants,  it  approximates  to  the  sound  of  p. 

C  before  (I,  o,  u,  au,  and  before  a  consonant,  is  pronounced  like /c. 

Before  the  other  vowels,  with  a  few  exceptions,  it  is  likens. 

D  is  like  the  English  d.  But  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  it  approxi- 
mates to  the  sound  of  t. 

F  is  like  English  /. 

G,  in  the  beginning  of  a  syllable,  is  always  like  g  in  the  English 
word  go.  After  «,  o,  u,  e,  i,  ft,  a,  11, 1,  r,  it  has  a  peculiar 
lingual  sound,  somewhat  solter  than  the  guttural  ch. 
(See  Ch.) 

When  preceded  by  w,  g-  (except  in  derivative  and  com- 
pound words)  has  the  sound  of  a  gentle 
//,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  syllable,  is  aspirated,  as  in  the 
English  words  hare,  hold.  Between  two  vowels,  the 
aspiration  is  less  strong,  and  sometimes  hardly  per- 
ceptible. At  any  other  place  than  in  the  *^-ginning  of 
a  word  or  a  syllable,  h  is  mute,  and  indicates  then  the 
length  of  the  preceding  vowel. 
th  is  pronounced  as  a  single  t. 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


J  is  pronounced  as  y,  and  always  followed  by  a  vowel. 
K  is  like  Englisii  k. 

L,  -V,  jV,  and  P,  are  like  the  corresponding  English  letters. 

Q  is  always  joined  with  a.    It  has  the  sound  /.ir,  but  is  uttered 

shorter  than  in  English. 
R  is  sounded  stronger  than  in  English. 

S  is  always  like  z,  e.xcept  before  a  consonant  and  at  the  end  of  a 
word  or  syllable,  where  it  is  pronounced  sharp.  It  is 
also  pronounced  like  2  between  two  vowels  and  after  a 
liquid. 

T  is  like  English  t.  Before  i  and  a  following  vowel,  t  is  pro- 
nounced like  is.  But  when  s  precedes  /,  t  keeps  its 
proper  sound. 

V  is  always  like/. 

/f  is  like  V.    The  jc  in  final  ow  is  always  silent. 
X  is  like  ks. 
Z  is  like  ts. 

3.  Compound  Consonants. 

Ch  is  always  guttural  when  preceded  by  a  vowel,  or  a  vowel  and 
a  liquid.  C/i,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  followed  by 
a,  «,  u,  or  a  consonant,  is  like  k. 

Chs,  in  primitive  words,  is  like  ks. 

Sell,  in  primitive  words,  is  like  sh.  , 

Gn  and  Kn.    Both  the  g  and  k  are  hard. 

P/i  is  like  /. 

Sz  is  like  hissing  s. 

Tz  doubles  the  sound  of  2. 

Spelli.sg.  —  When  two  vowels  are  divided  by  a  single  or  com- 
pound consonant,  that  consonant  is  spelled  and  articulated  with  the 
second  vowel ;  by  more  than  one  consonant,  all  but  the  last  single 
or  compound  consonant  belong  to  the  first  vowel. 


DUTCH. 

1.  Vowels. 
.4  has  two  sounds,  like  the  German  a. 
I  are  pronounced  like  long  a. 

E  has  the  three  sounds  of  the  German  e. 

ec  is  like  long  open  e. 
/  has  the  two  German  t  sounds. 

ie  is  like  the  German  ic. 
O  has  the  two  German  0  sounds. 

00  is  long  o. 

oe  is  pronounced  as  00. 
J7  has  the  two  French  u  sounds. 

ui  resembles  the  English  oi  in  boy. 
Y,  or  sometimes  spelt  ij,  is  equivalent  to  the  German  ci,  eij,  or 
the  English  long  i  sound. 

2.  Co.NSON.tNTS. 

The  consonants  are  the  same  as  the  German,  except  the  follow- 
ing ones : — 

G  is  always  strong  guttural,  unless  spelt  gh,  which  is  like  g  in 
the  English  word  go,  or  at  the  end  of  a  word  preceded  by  n. 
Sch  is  not  pronounced  as  sh,  but  as  sk. 


SWEDISH. 

1 1  There  are  nine  vowels,  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y,  o,  a,  («,)  fl,  (as;)  and  it  is 
'  to  be  remarked,  that  they  are  never  found  compound. 

1.  Vowels. 

ji  is  like  the  German  a. 
a  is  long  0,  (6.) 

<I  (<e)  is  like  the  German  fl,  (ts.) 
E  has  two  different  pronunciations  :  — 

(1.)  long,  (the  close  and  acute  sound  of  the  German  c,  —  e,) 
in  the  beginning  of  words,  where  c  makes  a  sj-llable  by 
itself,  and  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  or  a  word,  as  also  in 
all  syllables  that  have  the  tonic  accent,  and  in  all 
words  terminating  in  het. 
(2.)  like  ts,  or  German  e  short,  when  it  precedes  the  conso- 
nants/, /,  wi,  n,  r,  s. 


I  is  like  the  German  i. 

O.  (I.)  O  is  like  a  deep  00,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  when  it 
is  a  syllable  by  itself,  and  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  or  a 
word. 

(2.)  It  is  like  a  long  o,  when  it  is  immediately  followed  by 
one  of  the  consonants  /,  I,  vi,  n,  t,  s,  t,  and  before 
double  consonants. 
<E  (/))  is  like  the  corresponding  German  letter. 
U  has  almost  always  a  sound  like  that  of  l-po  combined, 
y  is  like  the  French  u. 

2.  Consonants. 

The  consonants  are  the  same  as  the  English,  with  the  following 
modifications  :  — 

G,  before  a,  o,  n,  a,  is  always  hard,  as  in  the  English  word  go, 
and  also  before  c,  when  it  is  pronounced  like  ne. 
Before  i,  y,  te,  w,  and  before  the  close  and  acute  e,  it  is 
like  the  English  y  ;  but  the      retains  its  hard  sound 
when  the  acute  c  terminates  the  syllable.    See  J. 
gjo,  ffju,  has,  in  common  pronunciation,  the  sound  of  yo,  ygq. 

II  is  always  aspirated,  e.\cept  before  v  and  j,  where  it  is  silent, 

and  in  ch,  which  is  pronounced  like  k. 
J  is  like  the  English  ij.    In  all  those  words  where  j  is  changed 

into  g,  that  g  has  a  verv  slight  guttural  sound. 
K  is  hard  before  a,  o,  u,  a,  and  e,  (having  tlie  sound  of  ce,)  and 

before  c  acute,  terminating  the  syllable  or  word. 
k,  before  the  vowels  /,  y,  tc,  iz,  and  c  acute,  is  pronounced  as 

if  there  were  Swedish  j  between  /.■  and  the  vowel. 
In  common  pronunciation,  A:  before  the  mentioned  vowels, 

and  kj  before  a,  o,  u,  a,  sound  like  English  ch. 
L,  beginning  a  word,  and  followed  by  y,  is  almost  silent,  the  y  alone 

being  pronounced,  with  a  slight  liquid  sound  before  it. 
S  is  like  English  s.    When  followed  bj'  /.-,  it  is  like  sk  English, 

in  all  those  cases  where  k  has  its  hard  sound  ;  but  like 

sh  (or  French  ch,  or  Gorman  scli)  when  k  is  followed 

by  i,  y,  ec,  cc,  and  e  acute,  or  when  followed  by  j  and 

any  of  the  hard  vowels. 
T  is  always  hard. 
tj,  followed  by  a  vowel,  has,  in  common  language,  a  sound 

like  English  ch,  hul  much  softer;  stj,  followed  by  a 

vowel,  like  sh. 


DANISH. 
I.  Vowels. 

The  Danish  language  has  eight  vowels  :  —  a,  e,  i,  o,  v,  y,  n,  (d,) 
<p,  (<E.)  There  is  but  one  combined  vowel  that  changes  pronuncia- 
tion. The  doubling  of  the  other  vowels,  which  hardly  takes  place 
except  with  e,  i,  u,  indicates  onl)'  the  length  of  the  syllable. 

The  diphthongs  are  ai,  ei,  oi,  <l>i,  ((ei,)  au,  cu,  011,  ui.   These  make 
two  distinct  sounds,  pronounced  by  a  single  emission  of  the  voice. 
.1  has  the  two  sounds  of  German  a,  (d.) 

aa  is  pronounced  long  0,  (u  ;)  ae  (a)  is  like  the  corresponding 
German  ac. 

ai  is  similar  to  the  German  ni,  (t ;)  au  is  like  the  German  au. 
E  has  the  three  German  sounds  :  —  * 
c  is  mute  after  a  vowel,  which  it  then  lengthens  ; 

(1.)  at  the  end  of  substantives  terminating  in  i,  when  they 

derive  from  the  Latin  in  ; 
(2.)  at  the  end  of  the  infinitive  of  verbs  af\er  a  vowel,  (e 
being  the  proper  termination  of  the  infinitive  of  all  verbs  ;) 
(3.)  at  the  end  of  adjectives  that  terminate  in  a  vowel,  under 
the  inflection  ; 

(4.)  in  the  middle  of  sotne  words,  after  a  long  vowel,  to  dis- 
tinguish two  words,  which  without  thee  would  have  the 
same  orthography,  though  the  vowels  have  a  different 
length  in  pronunciation. 
ce.  The  vowels  e,  i,  u,  are  doubled  in  the  middle  of  mono- 
syllables, to  indicate  the  e,  i,  u,  long,  except  before  the 
consonants  b,  d,  g,  r,  p. 
ci  is  like  the  German  ei. 
ev  is  like  the  German  cu. 
I  is  like  the  German  /. 

ii.    See  cc. 
0  is  like  the  German  o. 
oi,  ipi,  or  (ri,  resemble  the  English  oi. 
ffi  (^)  is  like  the  German  a. 
ou  is  like  the  English  ou. 


KiG' 


G  G  G  C.  C. 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


U  is  like  the  German 

vi  reseiiililes  u  Frencli. 
y  is  like  French  u. 

2.  Consonants. 

The  consonants  are  like  the  Englisli,  willi  the  iolluwing  excep- 
tions :  — 

D  is  not  sounded  after  a  consonant  ;  and  this  omission  is  ob- 
served even   wlien,  by  addition,  the  il  passes  into  the 
following  syllable.' 
After  a  vowel,  d  is  pron;>unced  like  Ih. 

G  is  pronounced  slightly  ijuttural  after  a  vowel,  and  when  it 
terminates  the  syllable. 
Preceded   by  n,  it  gives  a  certain  nasal  sound  to  the  n, 
without  the  g  being  distinctly  pronounced. 

//  is  always  aspirate,  and  only  mute  before  r>  andj. 

^  is  like  the  English  y. 

R  is  like  the  German  r. 

V  is  sometimes  found  after  «,  in  wliich  cases  it  lakes  the  place  of 
the  vowel  (/,  and  combim  s  with  the  preceding  vowel. 
ty  is  actually  no  Uanish  consonant,  but  borrowed  from  the 
German  language,  and  is  only  employed  in  words  bor- 
rowed from  tliis  language.    It  has  the  sound  of  v. 


NORWEGIAN. 

The  written  language  being  the  same  as  the  Danish,  the  Nor- 
wegian pronunciation  differs  chiefly  from  the  Danish  in  the  fol- 
lowing instances  :  — 

D  is  always  like  the  English  d. 

G  is  always  hard. 

O  is  like  the  same  Swedish  vowel. 


HUNGARIAN. 
I.  Vowels. 

accented  (f.')  has  always  the  long  a  sound  in  father,  (a  ;)  un- 
accented, has  the  French  short  o  sound. 
E  accented  (6)  resembles  the  e  indicated  in  the  following  list 
by  e  ;  unaccented,  it  has  the  German  short  sound  in 

help. 

I  has  the  two  German  i  sounds. 

0  accented  (d)  has  a  long  and  deep  o  sound,  (o  ;)  unaccented, 
has  the  two  sounds  of  morn,  lut. 
If  (i5)  has  the  two  sounds  of  the  corresponding  German  letter. 
U  accented  (ti)  lias  the  deep  and  full  sound  of  the  Swedish  let- 
ter o ;  unaccented,  like  English  oo. 
ur,  or  U,  has  the  two  sounds  of  the  German,  !/c,  (il.) 
Y,  when  a  vowel,  has  the  sound  of  the  Hungarian  t. 

2.  Consonants. 

The  consonants  are  like  the  English,  with  the  following  e.x- 

ceptions  :  — 
C  is  always  joined  with  some  other  consonant. 

cs  is  like  ch. 

cz  is  like  ts. 

D  is  like  English  d.  Followed  by  j  or  y,  is  like  d  and  a  gentle 
aspiration,  nearly  like  the  Italian  gg  followed  by  a 
vowel. 

O  is  always  hard,  like  g  in  the  English  word  go. 
gh  is  like  a  simph!  g. 
g,  followed  by  j  or  y,  is  like  dj,  dy. 

II  is  always  aspirate. 

J  is  like  English  c,  unless  preceded  by  d,g,  t.  (See  these  letters.) 
/{  is  like  the  German  r. 
.S'  is  like  English 

KZ  is  like  ss. 
7' and  til  are  always  hard. 

Is  is  like  the  English  rli. 

Iz  is  like  ts. 

tj  and  ty  is  like  t  followed  by  a  gentle  aspiration,  nearly  like 
the  Italian  cc  followed  by  a  vowel,  though  the  ])ro- 
nunciation  does  not  sound  as  sharp. 


Zs  is  like  the  French  j. 

Y  is  almost  always  a  consonant.  (See  dy,gy,  ty.)  Immediately 
preceded  by  I  and  n,  it  serves  to  make  these  letters 
liquid,  corresponding  to  the  Spanisli  //,  ii,  as  in  bril- 
liant, onto?!,. 


POLISH. 

1.  VOWKLS. 

«4  has  the  two  sounds  of  the  German  a. 

E  accented  (t?)  has  the  German  long  a  sound  ;  unaccented,  the 

German  short  c  sound. 
/  corresponds  to  the  German  i. 

0  accented  is  like  English  oo  ;  unaccented,  like  long  o,  (o.) 

V  is  like  the  German  u. 

Y  is  like  the  German  short  i. 

2.  Consonants. 

B  is  alwa3-s  hard. 

C  is  like  the  German  c. 

ch  like  the  German  ch. 

cz  like  the  English  ch. 
D,  F,  and  G,  are  always  hard. 
//  is  always  aspirate. 
J  is  like  the  Germany. 

K,  L,  M,  jV,  P,  like  the  corresponding  English  letters  ;  but  n 

accented  (?(')  is  like  the  Spanish  n. 
R  is  like  the  German  r. 

S  is  always  sharp.'  S  accented  (s  )  has  a  sound  of  s  mixed  with 
German  j. 

sc,  both  accented,  (s'c',)  resembles  sts. 

sz  is  like  English  sh. 
T  is  always  hard. 
IV  is  like  the  German  w. 

Z  is  like  English  z.  Z,  with  a  point  over  it,  (:,)  is  like  French 
j;  and  z  with  an  acc(;nt,  (z',)  which  has  no  exact 
equivalent  in  English,  resembles  somewhat  the  z. 


WELSH. 

The  consonants  are  divided  into  mutes  and  semivowels,  and 
again  into  labials,  dentals,  and  palatals. 

The  vowels  are  of  two  kinds  — the  immutable  and  the  mutable. 

The  mutable  vowels  are,  a,  e,  o,  io ;  the  vowels  that  suffer  no 
change,  i,  u,  y. 

The  consonants,  under  the  class  of  mutes,  are  b,  p,  c,  g,  d,  t. 

The  semivowels  are  vocal  and  aspirated. 

Vocal  semivowels,  z,  x,  I,  m,  n,  r;  and  the  aspirates,  f,  ng,  ngh, 
f,  h,  th. 

L,  m,  n,  r,  are  also  distinguished  by  the  name  of  liquids. 
The  consonants  may  be  thus  classed  -.  — 

Labials.  Dentals.  Palatals. 

b,  v,  f,  m,  p,  mh.  |  d,  z,  n,  t,  th,  nh,  s.  |  c,  <;,  ngh,  g,  ng,  h,  11,  1,  r. 

There  are  various  combinations  of  the  vowels  in  the  Welsh, 
forming  diphthongs,  triphthongs,  and  others,  to  the  extent,  in  some 
cases,  of  six  coming  together. 

All  the  vowels  preserve  their  own  primitive  sounds  under  every 
circumstance  of  combination,  without  any  deviation.  So,  there- 
fore, whatever  number  come  together,  the  sounds  to  be  expressed 
are  those  of  all  such  combined  vowels,  but  rapidly  passed  over. 
There  are  instances  of  six  vowels  coming  together,  requiring  so 
many  quick  inflections  of  the  voice  to  express  them. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  common  combinations  of  the 
vowels :  — 


aa 

ea 

'y 

ow 

uy 

wy 

ae 

ei 

ia 

oa 

ua 

wa 

ya 

ai 

eo 

ie 

oe 

ue 

we 

ye 

aw 

eu 

io 

oi 

uo 

wi 

yo 

ay 

ew 

iw 

ou 

uw 

wo 

y  w 

aea  aia 

ana 

awa 

awy 

cia  cuo 

ewy 

iau 

ieu 

wao 

wei 

aeo  aie 

aue 

awe 

eai 

eio  ewa 

iae 

iaw 

oea 

wai 

wiw 

aew  aio 

auo 

awo 

eaw 

eua  ewi 

mi 

lei 

cia 

waw 

wyw 

1326 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAdIX 


1.  VoWKLS. 

./,  (^1.)  short  or  upcii  <;,  in  iitiui,  b(ii\  as,  irliiss. 

(2.)  long,  or  tl,  is  llio  same  sounJ  cxUMidcil,  as  in  care,  dare. 
E,  (1.)  short,  as  in  ritcn,  beil ,  fervent. 

(2.)  long,  or  6,  as  the  French  f,  as  in  mime. 
I,  (1.)  long,  as  in  street,  keep  ' 

(2.)  short,  as  in  kini;,  sing. 
0,  (1.)  long,  or  (I,  as  in  llie  words  imtc,  Iwne,  irune. 

("i.)  short,  as  in  <;o,  no,  trot,  nut,  lot,  from. 
U  has  the  sound  of  English  u  in  hasij,  and  oft  as  in  sin,  tliin,  lice. 
/r,  (1.)  is  sounded  as  oo  in  jrood,  hood;  and  as  u  in  the  word  full. 

(2.)  long,  or  w,  has  the  sound  of  oo  in  mood,  rood. 
Y,  (1.)  has  the  sound  of  ?(,  as  in  the  words  ran,  turn,  and  oft  as 
in  first. 

(2.)  long,  or  ij,  is  sounded  like  the  English  y  in  Sunday,  and 
is  like  the  Welsh  u,  or  less  open  than  the  y  short. 

2.  Consonants. 

The  names  of  the  consonants  were  anciently  formed  by  sounding 
the  vowel  t  after  all  of  them  ;  but  in  the  present  popular  mode,  the 
following  are  exceptions  to  that  rule,  and  they  begin  their  sounds 
with  e,  c,  f,  z,  v,f,  IT,  ng,  ngh,  h,  II,  I,  m,  n,  r,  s. 

The  sounds  (»f  the  consonants,  like  the  vowels,  are  preserved  in- 
variably in  all  their  combinations.  The  sounds  of  the  letters  must 
be  considered  as  the  perfect  standard  of  the  pronunciation  of  the 
VVelsJi  language. 

(.\.)  Labial  Sounds. 

The  letters  h,  v,f,  m,  p,  have  the  same  sound  as  in  English. 

The  mutation  of  the  p,  denoted  by  mh,  is  a  kind  of  aspirated  m, 
whose  power  may  be  found  by  uniting  the  sound  of  to,  in  the  word 
am,  to  It,  in  the  word  here,  by  a  quick  pronunciation  of  the  phrase 
I  am  here. 

( I!.)  Dental  Sou?ids. 

Tlie  d,  n,  s,  are  the  same  as  the  corresponding  English  letters. 

The  z,  which  is  a  mutation  of  d,  has  the  soil  or  flat  sound  of  th, 
as  in  the  words  thus,  neither. 

Tlir  t  has  the  sound  of  English  t  in  not,  ten,  to,  but  does  not 
take  the  sound  of  s  in  any  case. 

The  th,  which  is  a  mutation  of  t,  has  always  the  sharp  and  hard 
sound  of  English  tk,  in  the  words  thank,  both,  nothing. 

The  7ih,  another  mutation  of  t,  is  a  sort  of  aspirated  n,  whose 
power  is  perceivable  in  the  word  inherent. 

(c.)  Palatal  Sounds. 

The  k,  I,  n,  r,  are  similar  to  the  same  English  letters. 
Tlie  c  is  always  sounded  like  English 

Tlie  f,  (or  ch,)  being  a  mutation  of  c,  is  a  sound  which  has  no 
standard  in  English,  but  is  the  same  as  the  ch  of  the  German,  or 
the  /  of  the  Greek. 

It  is  produced  by  the  contact  of  the  tongue  and  the  palate  about 
the  eighth  of  an  inch  farther  back  than  when  k  is  expressed. 

The  ngh  is  another  modification  of  c,  the  power  of  which  may  be 
made  out  in  the  word  JVoltingham,  by  suspending  the  breath  on 
the  letter  i,  instead  of  the  proper  division  of  the  word. 

The  g  is  always  like  the  English  hard  g,  as  in  go,  gicc,  again, 
leg,  peg. 

The  II  is  a  sound  peculiar  to  the  Welsh  ;  but  the  Spanish  II 
iipproaches  very  near  to  it.  The  sound  is  produced  by  touching 
the  palate  with  the  tongue,  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  farther  back 
than  when  I  is  articulated. 


The  accentuation  of  all  words  is  known  by  one  general  rule; 
tliat  is,  such  as  consist  of  several  syllables  have  the  accent  on 
the  penultima,  and  upon  every  second  syllable  backwards.  The 
same  principle  is  applied  to  several  monosyllables  corhing  together, 
by  accenting  every  second  word  to  the  last  but  one  inclusively. 


CJARLIC. 

The  Gaelic  language  has  live  vowels  and  thirteen  consoiinn's 
I.  VoWKI.S. 

.'1  is  sounded  as  m  the  Knglrsh  word.s  /;(///,  IkiIi  ;  Ijiit  bi  l'ure  dli 

and  gli,  it  has  often  the  sound  of  the  diphthong  ui>. 
K  represents  two  dilierent  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  tliat  of  tlie  Greek  t,  or  in  in  the  English  word  bear. 

(2.)  that  of  a  in  ciirr. 
I  is  like  cc  in  ICiiglisli. 

0  has  the  ditlei  eiit  sniiiuls  ot'  biinc,  innrn,  lot. 
U  is  like  00  in  moon,  fool. 

The  vowels  are  divided  into  broad,  a,  o,  «,  and  small,  e,  i. 

In  a  word  of  two  or  more  .syllables,  if  the  former  ends  with  a 
broad  vowel,  the  next  svUable  must  begin  with  a  broad  vowel  ;  if 
with  a  small  vowel,  with  a  suiall,  though  these  inserted  vowels 
are  never  pronounced.  I}ut  in  compound  words,  this  rule  may 
often  be  properly  dispensed  with. 

All  the  vowels  are  either  long  or  short.  When  lonif,  they  are 
generally  accented. 

In  all  the  syllables  of  polysyllables,  except  the  first,  the  vowels 
have  a  short  and  obscure  sound,  as  in  the  English  words  sun, 
bird,  mother  :  and  the  broad,  and  sometimes  the  small,  are  used 
for  one  another. 

There  are  thirteen  diphthongs,  which  are  either  proper  or  im- 
proper. 

Jlo  and  eu  are  improper,  representing  simple  sounds",  the  former 
of  which  is  only  attainable  by  the  ear  ;  the  latter  is  like  that  of  the 
Greek  t,  (epsilon.)  All  the  other  diphthongs  are  proper,  the 
sound  of  each  of  the  vov.'els  being  more  or  less  heard.  In  i/-,  ui,  ei, 
oi,  io,  ia,  ua,  ui,  the  last  vowel,  and  in  ia,  io,  iu,  the  first  vowel,  is 
but  faintly  sounded. 

There  are  five  triphthongs,  aoi,  col,  iai,  iui,  uai.  They  are  pro- 
nounced like  the  diphthongs  ao,  co,  ia,  iu,  va,  with  the  addition 
of  a  short  t.  They  are  all  long,  and  never  occur  but  in  mono- 
syllables, or  the  first  syllable  of  polysyllables. 

2.  COiN'SO.NANTS. 

The  consonants  are,  b,  c,  d,f,  g,  h,  I,  m,  n,  p,  r,  s,  t. 
Consonants  are  mutable  or  immutable. 

Mutable  are  such  as,  by  having  an  h  subjoined  to  them,  either 
alter  or  lose  their  usual  sound,  vi?..,  A,  r,  d,f,  g,  m,  p,  s,  t. 

Immutable  are  such  as  are  never  aspirated,  or  have  an  h  sub- 
joined to  them,  viz.,  the  liciuids  /,  n,  r. 

After  a  short  vowel  or  diphthong,  the  consonants  are  generally 
pronounced  as  when  written  double  in  English. 

A  consonant  standing  alone  is  sounded  as  if  it  were  the  initial 
letter  of  the  following  word,  if  it  begins  with  a  vowel,  or  as  the 
final  letter  of  the  preceding  word,  if  it  ends  with  a  vowel. 

Bh  and  vih  have  the  sound  of  v  in  English.    Mh,  in  the  middle 
or  end  of  polysyllables,  is  either  silent  or  stands  for  a 
gentle  aspiration. 
C  is  alwa3's  sounded  as  English  />.    Ch  has  the  sound  of  the 

Greek  /,  or  of  gk  in  lough,  as  the  Irish  pronounce  it. 
Dh  and  gh,  in  tiie  beginning  of  words,  are  commonly  sounded 
like  the  English  consonant  y.    In  the  middle  or  end  of 
words,  they  arc  often  silent,  or  have  the  sound  of  a 
Fit  is  silent.  [fiiint  aspiration. 

G  is  always  sounded  as  in  the  English  words  get,  good. 
Pit  has  the  sound  of  English  /. 

before  or  after  a  broad  vowel  in  the  same  syllable,  is  as  in 
English.      But  when   immediately  before  or  after  a 
small  vowel,  it  has  the  sound  oi' sit.    S,  in  the  beginning 
of  words,  when  preceded  by  the  article  with  t  inter- 
vening, is  silent. 
Sh  and  th,  in  thi?  beginning  of  words,  have  the  sound  of  h  alone. 
Th,  after  a  lonir  vowel,  diphthong,  or  triphthong,  is  nearly 
silent;  but  after  a  short  vowel  or  diphthong,  it  has  the 
force  of  a  rapid  aspiration. 
The  immutable  consonants  /,  n,  r,  when  initials  of  words,  not 
connected  with  others  in  a  sentence,  have  a  soft  double  sound,  to 
be  learned  onlj'  by  the  ear.    But  whenever  the  order  of  construc- 
tion requires  that  the  mutable  consonants  should  be  aspirated,  the 
immutable  lose  their  double  sound,  and  are  pronounced  nearly  as 
in  English. 

When  the  consonants  /,  v,  r,  have  their  double  sound  in  the 
middle  or  end  of  words,  they  are  written  double. 


OBSERVATIONS    ON    THE  TABLE. 


Jn  the  preparation  of  the  following  table,  the  compiler  has  aimed 
at  the  utmost  possible  simplicity.  For  this  reason,  he  has  employed 
in  his  key  as  small  a  number  of  English  sounds  as  was  possible, 
and  has  preferred  to  refer  most  of  the  sounds  in  the  several  lan- 
guages to  their  nearest  English  equivalents,  rather  than  to  intro- 
duce a  separate  notation  and  key  for  each  language  To  do  the 
last,  would  have  been  to  destroy  the  simplicity,  and,  in  a  great 
measure,  to  defeat  the  object,  of  the  table,  which  was  designed 
for  easy  reference,  by  all  classes  of  readers.  It  will  be  sufficient, 
once  for  all,  to  observe,  that  certain  sounds  in  several  of  the  lan- 
guages of  Europe  can  be  but  imperfectly  represented  by  the  Eng- 
j  lisli  letters  and  syllables  which  are  given  as  their  equivalents. 
The  Swedish  u  is  represented  by  the  English  ou  or  the  French  u. 
The  Danish  g  final,  not  preceded  by  n,  corresponds  nearly  to  the 
English  h  guttural.  The  Dutch  mj,  uij,  is  represented  by  the 
English  oi.    In  the  German,  a  is  indicated  by  the  English  a  in 


far;  g  and  ch  are  maiKed  as  gutturals;  0,  a,  and  11,  ue,  corre- 
spond to  the  French  eu  and  «;  ai  is  indicated  by  i  long;  ev.  by  the 
English  oi.  The  Polish  z  has  no  corresponding  English  sound. 
The  Spanish  g  soft  and  j  differ  from  the  German  c/t  guttural  in 
being  pronounced  also  from  the  palate.  In  the  French,  u  has  no 
corresponding  English  sound ;  cu  is  nearly  like  the  u  in  the  Eng- 
lish spur  ;  m  and  n  nasal  are  indicated  by  ng,  but  tlie  sound  of  g 
should  not  be  heard  in  the  pronunciation;  I  mouilli  final  is  in- 
dicated by  hj,  gne  final  by  ny ;  in  both  these  cases,  the  sound  of  y 
consonant  being  added  to  that  of  the  I  and  n,  as  in  brilliant  and 
mignonette ;  oi  is  also  expressed  by  wa,  a  being  sounded  as  in  far, 
except  oin,  in  which  a  is  sounded  as  in  bat.  In  all  names  not 
English,  ch  at  the  end  of  syllables  not  guttural  is  tch. 

The  several  countries  are  indicated  by  the  following  abbrevia- 
tions :  — 


Af.  Africa." 

As  Asia. 

Austr  Austrian  Dominions. 

Austr.  As  Australasia. 

Austral  i  Australia  and  New 

f    South  Wales. 

Brnz  Brazil. 

Can  Canada. 

Ch  China. 

Den  Denmark. 

East.  IsL  Eastern  Islands. 

Eg  Eg>pt. 

£ng  England. 

Fr  France. 

Ger.  Germany. 

Gr  Greece. 

Hind  Illndostan. 

Ind  East  Indies. 

Ir  Ireland. 

It  Italy. 

Jap  Japan. 

Me.T  Alcxico. 

N.  Am  North  America. 

(  Netherlands,  Holland  and 

<  IklL'ium. 


N.  S  Nova  Scotia. 

r  New  Zealand,  Western 
N.  Zeal  s     Australia,  Van  Die- 

C     men's  Land. 

Pal  Palestine. 

pgjj  (  Peninsula,  Spain  and 

(  Portugal, 
pgj.  (  Persia,  Cabool,  Beloo- 

(     chistan,  Bokhara. 

Port  Portugal. 

Pruss  Prussia. 

R.  Russian  Empire. 

g  (  South  and  Central 

I  America. 

Scot.  Scotland. 

S.  Isl  Sandwich  Islands. 

(  Scandinavian  Peninsu- 
Sc.  Pen  <     la,     Sweden  and 

C  Norway. 

Sic  Sicily. 

Soc.  Isl  Society  Islands. 

Sp.  Spain. 

Switz  Switzerland. 

Syr.  Syria. 


rpyj.  (  Turkey,  Asiatic  and 

(  European. 

U.  S  United  States. 

W.  Ind.'  West  Indies. 

b  bay. 

e  cape. 

CO.  ey.  county. 

distr.  district. 

dep  department. 

ft  fort. 

e-  gu'f- 

h  harbor. 

isl.  island. 

I.  lake. 

miss,  sttt,  missionary  station. 

mL  mountain. 

pr  province. 

pt.  port  and  point 

r  river. 

St  Btrait. 

L  tower. 

vaL  valley. 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 

OF 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


A. 


Aaoti,  (Den  ) 
Aach,  (Ger.)  r. 
Aiigeriip,  (Den.) 
Anibek,  (Den.) 
Aiilborc,  (Den.) 
A.ilsiind,  (Sc.  Pen  ) 
Atir,  (Ger.)  r. 
Aar,  (Switz.)  r. 
Aarberg,  (Sivitz.) 
A:irbiirj;,  (Swilz.) 
Aarcaii,  (bwitz.) 
Aarliuti!),  (Den.) 
Aariip,  (Den.) 
Aarwiingen,  (Svvitz.) 
Abhakan 
Abbaye,  (Switz.) 
Abbeville,  (Fr.) 
Abbeville,  (U.  S.) 
Abenberg,  (Ger.) 
Abensbiirg,  (Ger.) 
Aberdeen,  (Scot.)  c. 
Abergavenny,  (Scot.) 
Abervrach,  (Fr.)  A. 
Aberystwiih 
Abingdon,  (U.  S.) 
Abla,  (Pen.) 
Ahlasserdam,  (Ncth.) 
Ablis,  (Fr.) 
Abo,  (&.) 
AI)onilie,  (Pwitz.) 
Aboukir,  (Eg  ) 
Abrets,  les,  (Fr.) 
Abruzzo,  (ft.) 
Abvigo,  (Svvitz.) 
Abyssinia,  (Af.) 
Acadia 

Acndie,  (Can.) 
Acaponela,  (Mex.) 
Acapiilco,  (Jiex.) 
Acarnania,  (Gr.) 
Ac.ailan,  (.'lex.) 
Accuniuli,  (It.) 
Acehedo,  (Pen.) 
Acerenza,  (It.) 
Aceriia,  (ft.) 
Acerra,  (It.) 
Ach,  (Ger.) 

Acha,  Sierra  de,  (Me.T.) 
Achaia,  (Gr.) 
Aclierinps,  (Ger.) 
Acliern,  (Ger.) 
Aciorolii,  dell,  (It.) 
Aci  Ueale,  (It.) 
Acinas,  (Pen.) 
Acoina,  (.Mex.) 
Actpia  Sparta,  (Pen.) 
Acipii,  (Pen.) 
Acijn 

Acrtf,  (Pal.) 
Acul.iia,  (Mex.) 
Adalia,  ( I'nr.) 
Adainello,  (It.)  mU 
Adaniuz,  (Pen.) 
Adana.  (Tiir.) 
Adda,  (It.)  r. 
Adel,  (  Af.) 
Adelsberg,  (Aiistr.) 
Adelslieim,  (Ger.) 
Aden,  (As.) 
Adige,  (It.)  r. 
Adirunl.ack 
Adii  r,  (.\iistr.)  r. 
Adiill",  (Sc.  Pen.) 


Bl'brk 
erbori 

Ur 

ar 

dr'Jfrf 

cir'vclnj-m 

db-ba-kdn' 

d-bC 

'db'v'ile 

db'be-vUU 

&*bfn-bh-§ 

&'bh\s-b<3i}r^ 

db'er-deen 

db-er-ga-ven'vy 

dbr-vrdic' 

db-cr-yst-w'iVi' 

db'ing-don 

d'bta 

db'ldsser-dam 

d-bW 

B'biig 

d-bona-di' 

d-bQQ-kir' 

Ir  td-bra' 

dbrpgdi'io 

db-v'i'^o 

db-y.i-sin''i-a 

a-kd'di-a 

d-kd-di' 

d-kd-pd-ne'ta 

Wi-d-pffl'ko 

d-kdr-nd' ni-a  or  a-k'drnli'- 

dkdt'lan 

dk-kQQ-mtjQ'li 

dtht-be'do 

d  che-ren'dza 

d-cher'iia 

d'Chir'ra 

dik 

s'i-er'ra  df  d'cha 
a-kd'ya 
dlh-tr-ings' 
df.Vrrn 

dfU  d-ck'i-o-rO'lo 
d'elii  rr-d'le 
a-lht'iids 
d-ku'ma 

ilk'kgif-a  fp'dr'ta 
dk'ki 

dks 
dltr> 

d-k^Q-!d'pa 

d-da'ti-a  or  a-dd'Ci-a 

d-dd-meVlo 

d-dd-mQQth' 

d'dd-na 

dd'da 

a'del  or  d'del 
d-drUbtr^' 
d'dels-ltlme 
d'dm  or  a'den 
a'di-tlge 
dd-ifi-ron'lak 
Wl'lrr  ' 
d'riolf 


Adorf,  (Ger.) 
Adra,(Pen.) 
Adrin,  (It.) 
Adrianople,  (Tur.) 
Adriatic,  (ll.) 
iEgean 

Aclberg,  (Anstr.) 
Aeroe,  (Den.)  isl. 
Aerschot,  (Netli.) 
Aerscn,  (Keth.) 
Aesch,  (Switz.) 
JF.tua,  (It.)  mt. 
Afferden,  (Netli.) 

Afghanistan,  (Per.) 

Afoninska,  (R.) 
Africa 

Agatha,  S.  (Austr.) 
Agers.  (Den.)  isl. 
Agerskuv,  (Den.) 
Aggebye,  (Den.) 
Agger,  (Den.) 
Aggerbuiis,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
.^gincourt,  (Fr.) 
Aglie,  (It.) 
Agniini,  (It.) 
Agoa  de  Paco,  (Pen.) 
Agoa  de  Peixes,  (IVn.) 
Agoas  de  .Moilra,  (Pen.) 
Agordo,  (It.) 
Agra,  (Ind.) 
Agrain,  (Austr.) 
Agri,  (It.)  r. 
Agna,  (Mex.) 
Agiiajn,  (Me.T.) 
Agiialiilco,  (.Mex.) 
Agua  Niieva,  (Mex.) 
Agiias  Calientes,  (Mex.) 
Agiido,  (Pen.) 
Agiiiur,  (Pen.) 
Aguila  Point,  (Pen.) 
Aguilar  e  Canipo,  (Pen.) 
.Aguil.as,  dft  los,  (Pen.) 
Ahaus,  (Ger.) 
Ahrnedabnd,  (Hind.) 
Ahinednuggnr,  (Hind.) 
.Mirensboek,  f  Den.) 
Aibiiug,  ((Jer.) 
Aich,  (Ger.) 
Aiihstadl,  (Ger.) 
Aiehach,  (Ger.) 
Aigle,  (Switz.) 
Aigle,  (Fr.) 

Aigrefeuille,  (Fr.) 

Aigueperse.  (Fr.) 
Ain,  Dep.  of,  (Fr.) 
Aina,  (Pen.) 
Aire,  (Fr.) 
Aisne,  Dep.  of,  (Fr.) 
Aisne,  (Fr.)  r. 
Aiterbach,  (Ger.)  r. 
Aitrach,  (Ger.) 
Aix,  (Fr.) 

Aix  la  CliapcUe,  (Ger.) 
Ajaccio,  Qt-) 
Ajaccio,  Gulf  of,  (It.) 
Aj.isahiek 
Ajo,  (Pen.) 
Akasyto,  (Austr.) 
.Akbarmbad,  (Hind.) 
Akernian,  (R.) 
Akieva,  (R.) 


a'dcrf 

d'dra 

d'drt-a  or  S'dfi-a 
dd-^i  d-ni'pl 
dd-rt-dUik 
e-jS'an 
di'brr^ 

dr'skqt 
dr'sen 

et'ita 

df-fer'den 
(  af-gd' nis-t)tn.'  or  if-ga- 
\  nts'tan 

d-fS-nins'ka 

dfri-iia 

d-;d'td 

d'l^frz 

d'ger-.ikdcc' 

di''ge-bu,i 

dg'ger 

dg' gfT-h<!<)et' 

d-gang-kqijr' 

dl'yi-s 

dn-y<)(^'n'i 

it-gS  'a  </;  p'd'kn 

d-gd'a  de  pTlhdf 

d-gu'dui  df  mO  il'ra 

dgnr'do 

U'gra 

d'grqm  or  O'grqm 

d'gr'i 

d'g<)Q-a 

d-g<i<)-d'fho 

d-g<jQ-d-tQ>;l'ko 

d'gq<f-d  n(}Q-e'va 

d'g<i()-as  kd-li-tn'tesse 

d-rw'dB 

d-gi-dri 

n-gi'la 

d-g'i-ldr'  f  kdm'po 
de  Iqs  d-gi'lds 
d'hougc 

d/im-meil-a-hdd' 
dhw -med-TiHg'  gur 
dft' rens-b^k' 
t'bling 

If  A'  • 

IWstUt 
I'e-bdlk' 
G-gl- 
a-gV 

I  a-gr'-fett-l'  or  a-irr'. 

I  /<<>!/:' 

Sg-perct 

eng 

d'i'na 

air 

Snt 

{lie 

Vter-bdlh 

I'trdlh 

See 

Sks'ld  shd-peW 

d-ydlch'i-S 

d-ydtch'i-0 

d-jd.f-se-t{}i^k' 

aVAo 

d-kdsh'to 

ak-bdr-ra-bdd' 

O'krr-mdn 

d'kte-ca 


Akknim,  (N'cth.) 
Aksai,  (R.)  r. 
Aksenska,  (R.) 
Ala,  (Austr.) 
Alabama,  (U.  S.) 
Alacranes,  (Mex.)  ist, 
Alachua,  IV.  S.) 
Alagon,  (Pcn.l 
Alagon,  (Pen.)  r. 
Alais,  (Fr.) 
AInIo,  (R.) 
Alameua,  (Pen.) 
Alamilla,  (Mex.) 
Alaniillo,  (Pen.) 
Alimomocho,  (.Mex.) 
Alamora,  (Pen.) 
Aland,  (R.)  isl. 
Alaoliehr 

Ala  Orillo  del  Rio,  (Mex.)  j 

Alassio,  (It.) 
Alataniaha,  (U.  S.) 
Alaymos,  los,  (Me.x.) 
Alb,  (Ger.)  r. 
Alba,  (It.) 

Alba  de  Tormes,  (Pen.) 
Alba  Longa,  (It.) 
Albacete,  (Pen.) 
Alban,  (Fr.) 
Albania,  (Tur.) 
Albano,  (It.) 
Albans,  (Eng.) 
Albany,  (U.  S.) 
Albarracin,  (Pen.) 
Albatana,  (Pen.) 
.Mb.itera,  (Pen.) 
Albegna,  (It.)  -. 
Albemarle,  (U.  S.) 
Albena,  (Ger.)  r. 
Albenga,  (It.) 
.\lberea,  (Pen.) 
Alberclie,  (Pen.)  r. 
Albergaria,  (Pen.) 
Alberoni,  (It.) 
Albert,  (Fr.) 
Albertns,  (Fr.) 
Alberti,  (Anstr.) 
Albidona,  (It.) 
.Mbinen,  (Switz.) 
Albinona,  (It.) 
Albo,  (It.)  mt. 
Alboz,  (Pen.) 
Albrcojos,  los,  (Mex.) 
Albuera,  (Pen.) 
Albufera  de  Valencia,  (Pen.) 
Albula,  (Switz.)  r. 
Albuquerque,  (.Mex.  tc.  Pen.) 
Alhurno,  (It.)  ml. 
Alcala,  (Pen.) 
Alcala  le  Real,  (Pen.) 
Alcala  de  Guidara,  (Pen.) 

Alcala  de  los  Gazules,  (Pen.) 

Alcaniz,  (Pen.) 
Alcantara,  (Pen.) 
Alcantarilla,  (Pen.) 
Alcantaro,  (It.)  r. 
AlcareZ,  (Pen.) 
Alcazar  de  S.  Juan,  (Pen.) 
Alcino,  (It.)  mt. 
Alcira,  (Pen.) 
Alcobara,  (i*en.) 
Alcobendas,  (Pen,) 


Uk'krQ^ 
dk'sS 
dJi-sens'ka 
d'la 

dl-a-bd'ma 

d-ld-krd'nean 

a-ldch'u-^ 

d'ld'gnn 

d'ld~:^nn 

d-la' 

d-ld'lo 

d-ld-me'da 

d-ld-m'i'ya  or  d-td-m'lt'ya 

drld-viiVyo 

d-ld-md-mu'cha 

d-ld-mO'Ta 

D'lind 

d'la  B-ril'ya  (B-ri'ija)  dfl 

r'i'o 
d-ldj'st-o 

los  d-ll'mo.i 

il'p 

di'ba 

dl'ba  de  tnr'messe 

cil'ba  tini'ga 

dl-bd-fhi'ie 

dt-bdngi 

dt-ba'n'i-a 

iil-bd'no 

(tVbans 

(il'ba-ny 

al-bdr-rd'Oiin 

dl-hd-ta'na 

dl-bd-te'ra 

di'ben'ya 

dl-be-mdrV 

iU'bt-na 

dl-ben'ga 

dl-be-r^'a 

id-brr-the 

bl-ber-gd-^Va 

dt-he-ru'n'i 

iil-brhr' 

dl-btr-tds' 

dl-ber'ti 

dl-b'i-dB'na 

dl-b'i'jirn 

dJ-bi-ni'na 

dl'bo 

dt-bqth' 

los  al-brt-S'lhos 

dl~b^Q-e'ra 

dl-bff'J>.ra  it  vit4in'lM'i-<i 

al-bf-if-kfr'kt 
dl-bij^r'  no 
Ul-kd-ld' 

dl-kd-ld'  le  r{-«." 
dl  kd-ld'  de  gt-dd'ra 
dt'kd-ta'  dz  Iqs  ga'tki}fu 

lesse 
di'kd-nitJi 
dl-kdn-la'  ra 
Ul-lidn-td-ril'ia 
d'  kdn-td'ro 
dl-kd'rrt/l 

dl-kd-OiOr'  d(  tdn  U^'ltH 

'dl-cki'no 
dl-thi'ra 
ol-kB-bd'ka 
dl-ki-brn'uds 


Fate,fdT,fqU,  uih(ft,  bat.  Vlte,  prey,  hrlp,  thlre,  httr.—  Pine,  marine,  bird,  fig  V"B(«,  dSve,  miive,  u></lf,  Jrppi,  lord,  —Tfine,  bull,  \(nite  Fr.  long  vfie;  Fr.  short  bit, — 

Fr.  long  A  and  short  A,  nearly  as  in  spur  Final  ty,  French  I  mouUli.  — tn"ger,  vi"doiis.  —  ^  as  «  in  pleasure ;  §  and  Ik  guttural ;  ny  liquid  ;  (Jt  as  in  pitk. 


167 


1329 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Alcolea,  (Pfn.) 
Alcoy,  (Plii.) 
Alcoy,  (P.'M.)  r. 
Aldca  <;:ilk'i;a,  (Pen.) 
Allien  PoiitL',  (Peii.) 
Allien  D.ivila,  (Pen.) 
Aliteii  Nueva,  (Pen.) 
Aldcnaii,  (Ger.) 
Alderney,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Aldingen,  ((ler.) 
AlSlo,  (Pen.) 
Aleksanilruosk,  (R.) 
Aleksandrooka,  (R.) 
Aleksievsk,  (R.) 
Aleksieevka,  (R.) 
Aleksin,  (R.) 
Aleksopal,  (R.) 
Alencoii,  (Fr.) 
Alentejo,  (Pi^n.) 
Aleppo,  ('I  ur.) 
Aleria,  (h.)  t. 
Alessandria,  (It.) 
Alessanilni,  (.\s.)  isL 
Ali-t,  (Fr.) 
Aleur,  (Nctli.) 
Aleutian,  Ul. 
Alexandria,  (Eg.) 
A}exandroii,  (R.) 
Alexandrooka,  (R.) 
Alexievka,  (R.) 
Alfajarin,  (Pen.) 
Alfainl)ra,(Pen.) 
Alf,-ld,  (GtT.) 
Alferevka,  (R.) 
Allidena,  (It.) 
Alfontes,  (Pen  ) 
Alfsta,  (Sc.  Pen  ) 
Algajola,  (It.) 
Algarve,  (Pirn.) 
-Algeciras,  (Pen.) 
Algliero,  (It.) 
.Alziers,  (Af.) 
Algonquin-i,  (Can.) 
Alliauia,  (Pen.) 
Alliandri,  (Pen.) 
.Mibnnar.  (  Viistr.) 
Alicante,  (Pen.) 
Alicata,  (It.) 
Alicndi,  (It.)  isl. 
Alife,  (It.) 
Alingsas,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Aljezur,  (Pen.) 
Alkieva,  (R.) 
Alkma.ar,  (.N'eth.) 
All  Fall),  (Aiistr.) 
Allahabad,  (Ind.) 
Allaines,  (Fr.) 
Allainan,  (Switz.) 
Alle,  (Switx.) 
Alleghany,  (U.  S.) 
Allendorf,  (Ger.) 
Allensteig,  (Ger.) 
Allcnstein,  (Ger.) 
Aller,  (Ger.)  r. 
Allerup,  (Den.) 
Allia,  (It.)  r. 
Allier,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Alloa,  (Scot.) 
Allone,  (Fr.) 
Allschuwyler,  (Switz.) 
Allsladt,  (Pr«9.) 
Alinadrones,  (Pen.) 
AIniagro,  (Pen.) 
Alinanza,  (Pen.) 
Alinanzor,  (Pen.)  r. 
AInianzora,  (Pen.)  r. 
Almarez,  (Pen.) 
Almazarron,  (Pen.) 
Almeira,  Gulf  of,  (Pen.) 
Alinenara,  (Pen.) 
Alinendolara,  (It.) 
Alineria,  Gulf  of,  (Pen.) 
Almerode,  (Ger.) 
Almtteva,  (It.) 
Almuzafe:!,  (Pen.) 

Alnwick,  (Kng.) 

Alonzo,  (Pen.) 
Alora,  (Pc'i.) 
Alp,  (Swi./.,) 
Alpeilriz,  (Pen.) 
Alpera,  (l''  n.) 
Alpbach,  f-Uviiz.) 
Alplion,  (Ai  tli.) 
Alpes,  liowor,  (Fr.)  dep. 
AlpeH,  Upper,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Alpl,  (It.)  M'. 
Alps,  (Ger.  VViirtemburg) 
Alpiijarran,  (.Mox.) 
Alsace,  (Fr.) 
Aluhjerg,  (Den.) 
Alpieii  (l)cn.)  i/>(. 
Al-fr  lrt,  (Ger.) 
Alscug,  (He.  Pen.) 


dl-kS-le'a 

al-ko'i 

iil-fio'i 

dl-ile'a  gat-le'ga 
dlr-tle'a  I  on-te 
dt-tle'a  dd-vVla 
dl-de'a  vQQt'va 
aLde-noa' 

dl-dir-nS'  or  dl'der-ney 

dl-ding'in 

d-le'do 

d-lek-sdn-dr^Qsk' 

d-t^ksdn-drQi^'ka 

d'leks'iev^k' 

d-Uk-sie-iv'ka 

d-l^k'sin 

d-t^k'so-pdl 

d-ldng-song'  or  al^en'son 

d-Un-te'£fio 

d-Up'po  or  aUip'po 

d-le'r'i-a 

d-les'Sdn' dr'i-a 

d-lis-sdii'dro 

d-W 

d-mr' 

al-o'sli'i-an 

dl-ez-dn' dri-a 

't^^ex-dn'drQQ 

d-Hz-dll-drqq'ka 

d-lfx-i^c'ka 

dl-fd-ckd'rin 

dl-fdm'brd 

dl'fM 

dl-fe-rew'ka 

dl-f'i-de'na 

dl-fon'iesse 

Wf'sta 

dl-gd-yo'la 

dl-gdr've 

dl-lki-Oii'rda 

dl-ge'ro 

al-jcers' 

dl-gon'quin  or  dng-gon'- 

dl-yd'ma        -  [quin 

dt-ydn'dra 

dlr-'i-bQi^-ndr' 

d-li-kdn'U 

d-l'i-kd'ta 

d'l'i-kt^g'di 

d-li'fe 

d-Ung's5se 

dl-che-ihi^Qr' 

dl-k'ien'a 

dlk'mdr 

dll  fd'lQQ 

dUd-hi-bdd> 

d-lUnc' 

dl'ld-mdn' 

dl'le 

dUle-gha'ny 

dJ'Un-dorf 

dl'len-sii^' 

dl'Un-stine' 

dl'Ur 

dl-le^QQp' 

U'ti-d 

dl-ti-e' 

dl'ld-a 

dl-lone' 

dl-slu/Q-vVUr 

al'stdt 

dl-md-dr5'nessa 

dl^d'trro 

dl-mdiL'tha 

dl'Mdn'tkor 

dl-mdn-tlib'ra 

dl-md'rHh 

dl-md-tlidr'ron 

dl-me'i'ra 

dl^e-nd'ra 

dl-mi-n-d^-ld'ra 

dUmi'r'i-a 

dl-me-T5'de 

dl-me-tf'va 

dUmqif-lhd'fcsse 
j  din'wiek,  sometimei 
(  dn'nUi 

dlon'so 

d-ib'ra 

dip 

U-pt'drHth 

dl~pz'ra 

dlp'bdlk 

aVfen 

dip 

dip 

dl'pi 

dips 

Iti-pQQ-ihdr'rdt 

dl-Kdce' 

aU-tnjer^' 

dl'sen 

Hh'fHl 

dl'tkfof 


Alstetten,  (Switz.) 
Altamaha,  (U.  S.) 
Altamura,  (It.) 
Altels,  (Switz.) 
Altai,  (As.) 
Allt-n,  (.Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Alten,  (Switz.) 
Altenburg,  (Ger.) 
Aitenfeld,  (Ger.) 
Altengard,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Altenkirclien,  (Ger.) 
Altensteig,  (Ger.) 
Altingli.iusen,  (Switz.) 
AltUircli,  (Fr.) 
Alto,  (It.)  mt. 
Altona,  (Den.) 
Alumiera,  (It.) 
Alva,  (Pen.) 
Alvarado,  (Mex.) 
Alvarado,  (Mex.)  r. 
Alvito,  (Pen.) 
Alz,  (Ger.)  r. 
Alzoniie,  (Fr.) 
Amager,  (Den.)  isl. 
Ainal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Amazon,  (S.  Am.) 
Ainaraiite,  (Pen.) 
Amatlan,  (Mex.) 
Aniberg,  (Ger.) 
Ambert,  (Fr.) 
Ambleteuse,  (Fr.) 
Amboy,  (U.  S.) 
Amhoyna,  (Eastern  Isl.) 
Ambrieres,  (Fr.) 
Amcland,  (Neth.)  isl. 
America 

Aniersfort,  (Neth.) 
Ainersstol,  (Neth.) 
Amhara,  (Af.) 
Amherst,  (U.  S.) 
Amiens,  (Fr.) 
Amieva,  (Pen  ) 
Aminabad,  (Mex.) 
Amite,  (U.  S.) 
Amlwch,  (Eng.) 
Ammer,  (Ger.)  I. 
Ainmer,  (Ger.)  r. 
Amnion  St.  Gallen,  (Switz.) 
Ammonoosnck 
Amoor,  (As.) 
Ampilley,  (Fr.) 
Amretsir,  (Hind.) 
Amposla,  (Pen.) 
Amsieg,  (Switz.) 
Amsterdam,  (Neth.) 
Anadnlia,  (Tiir.) 
Anagada  de  Fuera,  (Mex.) 
Anahtiac,  (Mex.) 
Anahuac,  (!Me.x.)  mt. 
Anatolia,  (.As.) 
Anclam,  (Prus.) 
Ancona,  (It.) 
Ancy  le  Franc,  (Fr.) 
Andalusia,  (Pen.) 
Andance,  (Fr.) 
Andefinpen,  (Switz.) 
Anderm.-.tt,  (Switz.) 
Andernach,  (Ger.) 
Andeux,  (Fr.) 
Andes,  (S.  Am.) 
Andorno,  (It.) 
Andorra,  (Pen.) 
Andover,  (U.  S.) 
Andreasberg,  (Ger.) 
Andrews,  St. 
Andro,  (Gr.) 
Androscoggin,  (U.  S.) 
Angilsk,  (R.) 
Angerlo,  (Ifcth.) 
Angerman,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Angermunde,  (Prus.) 

Angillon,  (Fr.)  j 

Anglesey,  (Eng.) 
Angora,  (As.) 
Angostura,  (S.  Am.) 
Angouleme,  (Fr.) 
Angoiimois,  (Fr.) 
.Angra,  (Af.) 
Angreville,  ^Fr.) 
Angula,  (Al.) 
Angiira,  (Tur.) 
Anhalt,  (Ger.) 
Anholt,  (Den.)  i.d. 
Anholtbye,  (Den.) 
Anialarra,  (Pen.)  mt. 
Aninas,  (Mex.)  r. 
Anio,  (It.)  r. 
Anjou,  (Fr.) 

Ankennes,  (Sr.  Pen.)  mt. 
Annapolis,  (Nova  Scotia) 
Annonay,  (Fr.) 
Anpen,  (Nelh.) 
Aospacli,  (Ger.) 


cd-sti't'tt-n 

dl-ta-ma-hnw' 

dlr-td-niQg'ra 

dl'teU 

dl-td'i 

dl'trii 

dl'ten 

dlU^n-b^f^r^ 

dl'ten-feW 

dVtin-gord' 

dl-t^n-kir'ihen 

dl-ten-sit^' 

dVling-kou'sen 

alt'liirlh 

dl'to 

dl'td-na. 

d-l<iq-mi-e'ra 

dl'va 

dl~vd~rd'do 

dl-vd-rd'do 

dl-v'i'to 

aits 

dl-iSn' 

d'md-ger 

5'mdl 

dm'd-thon  or  dm'a~ion 

d-md-rdn'te 

d-mdl'ldn 

dm'bfr^ 

Ung'behr 

diig-bl't^se 

din'boy 

am-boy'na 

drig~br'i-ire' 

d'jne-ldnt 

a-viir'i-ka 

d'  m^rs-fdrV 

d'mer-.itoW 

dm~hd'rd 

dm'herst 

d-m'i-ang' 

d-m'i-e'va 

d-m'i'nd-bdd' 

dm-'ite' 

dm'lQQk 

dm'mer 

drn'mer 

dm'mqn  sdnkV  gdVlen 

dm-^non-(jQ' suck 

d-mQQr' 

dng-p'il-yS' 

din-ret-s'ir^ 

dm-pqs'ta 

dm's'i^ 

dm'  st^r-ddm 

dn-a-du' I't-a 

d-nd-gd' da  defQQ-e'ra 

dhid-Q(j~dk* 

d'nd-fQ-dk' 

d-nd-to'ti-a  or  dn-a~t5'li-a 

dn'kldm 

dn-ko'ita 

dng-cV  ii  frdng' 

dn-dd-li^^'.^i-a 

dng-ddtigce' 

dn'dK-fing-en 

dn-der-^ndt' 

da-dfr-ndlh,' 

dng-d^' 

dn'dez 

dn-dor'no 

dn~dqr'ra 

dn'du-ver 

dn-dn'ds-bir^ 

dn'drQQZ 

'dn'dro 

dii-dros-kog'  gin 

dn'ffilsk 

dn'ger-l5 

dng'  ir-mdn' 

dng'er-mxin'dt 

dJiff-g'i-<iTig  or  Ang-g'il- 

yq-ng' 
dn'gl-s^y 
dn-gO'ra 
'dn-gis-l<}<i'ra 
dng-gQQ-lSmc' 
diig-ggQ-mrca' 
dn'gra 
Ung-gr-viW 
dn' gqq-la 
dn-g<j<)'ra 
dn'hdlt 
dn'holt 
dn'h'nlt-hu' 
ti-7tt-d-ldr'ra 
d-n'i'nds 
d'n'i-o 
dnff-gvQ' 
dn'kt-nOsc' 

an-na'po-Usse  or  dn-n<t/j'- 
dn-vo-na'  [po-lis 
dn'prn 
Uns'i-pdlh 


.Antino,  (It  ) 
.Antrim,  (Ir.) 
Antwerp,  (Neth.) 
.Anzicci,  (Af ) 
.Apailies,  (Me,\'.) 
Apfldoorn,  (Netii.) 
Apen,  (Ger  ) 
Apennines,  (It.) 
Apenradc,  (Uen.) 
Apenrade,  (Den.)  g. 
.Appalachicola,  (U.  S.) 
Appelsclie,  (Neth.) 
Appeltiirn,  (Meth.) 
Appenzoll,  (Switz.) 
Appia  Via,  (It.) 
Appomattox,  (U.  S.) 
Aquafreddo,  (It.) 
Aquana,  (IL) 
Aquaverde,  (Me.x.) 
Aqnila,  (Pen.) 
Arabia,  (As.) 
Aracan,  (Eastern  Isl.) 
Aragoii,  (Pen.) 
Aragon,  (Pen.)  r. 
Aragona,  (It.) 
Aral,  (As.) 
Aran,  (Fr.) 
Aranda,  (Pen.) 
Arandon,  (Fr.) 
Arangos,  (Austr.) 
Aranjiiez,  (Pen.) 
Ararat,  mf. 
Aras,  (R.) 
Aras,  (R.)  r. 
Aran,  (Switz.) 
Arboga,  (Sc.  Pen  ;  isl 
Arbois,  (Fr.) 
Arboleda,  (Mex.)  c. 
Arbos,  (Pen.) 
Arc,  (Switz.) 

Arcachan,  Bassin  de  (Fr.) 
Arcadia,  (Cor.) 
Arcadia,  Gulf  of 
Archangel,  (R.) 
Archangelsk,  (R.) 
Archipelago,  (Tur.) 
Arcuenta,  (It.)  nt. 
Arco,  (It.)  r. 
Arcoli,  (It.) 
ArcDS,  (Pen.) 
Arcos,  los,  (Pen.  &.  Mex.) 
Arcot,  (Hind.)  . 
Ardara,  (R.) 
Ardato,  (R.) 
Ardeche,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Ardennes,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Ardctz,  (Switz.) 
Ardobevo,  (R.) 
Ardoz,  (Pen.) 
Ardres,  (Fr.) 
Arelina,  (R.) 
Arega,  (Pen.) 
Arena,  (It.)  r. 
Aren.as,  (Pen.) 
Aren.is,  (Mex.)  e. 
Arendal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Arendonk,  (Neth.) 
Arensburg,  (R.) 
Arenswalde,  (Prus.) 
Arequipa,  (S.  Am.) 
Areskutan,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt. 
Arevalo,  (Pen.) 
Arezzo,  (It.) 
Arganila,  (Pen.) 
Argen,  (Ger.)  r. 
Argent,  (Fr.) 
Argen ta,  (It.) 
Argentaro,  (It.)  mt. 
Argentat,  (Fr.) 
Argentenil,  (Fr.) 
Argenton,  (I- r.) 
Argiiisuelas,  (Pen.) 
.Argyle,  (Scot.) 
Ariano,  (It.) 
Arica 

Arignano,  (It.) 
Arispe,  (Mex.) 
Aristovo,  (R.) 
Arizona,  (Mex.) 
.Arjes,  (Pen.) 
Arjonilla,  (Pen.) 
Arkansas,  (U.  S.) 
Aries,  (Fr.) 
Arleslieim,  fSwitz.) 
Arlinsk,  (R.) 
Armagh,  (Ir.) 
Armenia,  (R.  &  Tur.) 
Armilio,  (ll.)  mt 
Armuno,  (Pen.) 
Arnau,  (.Austr.) 
Arnay  le  Due,  (Fr.) 
Arnemniden,  (Neth.) 
Arnheim,  (Neth.) 
Ariio,  (It.)  r. 


dn-t'i'uo 
dit'trim 

diit'werp  or  dnt'verp 

un-th'i'ko 

d-pd'ckesse 

dp'  pH-dHni' 

d'phi 

dp'pen-nines 

d-pht-rd'd^ 

d-pen-rd'de 

dp-pa-ldk-'i~k6'la 

dp'  ptls-ske 

dp'pH~tf}Qm' 

dp'peit-tsi'l' 

dp'p'i-a  v'i'a 

dp'po-vidt'tox 

d'kwd-fred'do 

d-kmd'iia 

d-k<^^-d-v€r'ds 

d'ki-la 

a-rd'bi-a 

d'rd-kdn 

dr'd-ffK^  or  d'rd-gqn 

dr'a-gon  or  d'rd-gqn 

d'rd-go'na 

d'ral 

d~rdn^' 

U-rdn'da 

d-rdng-dong' 

d-rdn'gqs 

d'rdn~ih(}Q'  elk 

d'rd-Tdl  or  dr'a-rit 

d'rds 

d'rds 

dWou 

dr-bo  ga 

dr-bwa' 

dr-bo-le'da 

dr'bos 

drk 

bd.i-sdng'  ddr-kd-shdng' 
J  ar-ka'di-a  or 
(  ar-ka'di~a 

dr'lhdng-H  or  drk'0.ne-^el 

dr'lUdair-eUk 

dr-k'i-peV  a-go 

dr-kQQ-tn'ta 

dr'kn 

dr'ko-ti 

dr'kos 

Ids  dr'kQs 

dr-kot' 

dr-fld'ra 

dr-dd'td 

dr-drsh' 

dr-dlne' 

dr'dets 

dr-do-be'vo 

dr'ddth 

dr-dr' 

d-re-f'i'na 

d-^e'ga 

d-re'na 

d-re'iids 

d-re'nds 

d'ren-dahV 

d-ren-dqnk' 

d'  rens-b^^^ 

d'rens-vdl'd^ 

d^e-k'i'pa 

d'ris-ku'tdn 

d-re'vd-lo 

d-ret'so 

dr-gdn'da 

dr'gen 

dr-gdng' 

dr-jen'ta 

tir-jm-td'ro 

dr-gdng-ta/ 

dr-^dng-te-'i'  or  dr'gdng- 

dr-gdng-tqng'  [tily 

dr'g'i-sQ^g'lds 

dr-gyle' 

d-T'i-d'no 

d-Ti'ka 

d-r'in-yd'no 

d-^'is'pe 

d-rts-tu'vo 

a-ri-tlib'  (sO')  7ia 

dr'^kesse 

dr-Vio-itil'ya 

dr-kdn'saa  or  dr'kan-tga 

drlo 

ar'les-hJme' 

dr-linsk 

dr'magh 

dr-mt'n'i-A 

dr-mVti-o 

dr-mtf^'iio 

dr'jtiiu 

Ur'nd  It  duk 

Ar'ne-^oi' den 

dm'Mme 

Ur'no 


FIUe,faT,faU,iih«il,  bit.  — MlU,pTty,k^,thlTt,kitr.  — Plni,  marine,  h%rd,fig.—MZU,  ddve,  Tnidie, Iqrd.  —  TUne,  bull,  7{nile.  —  Fi.  long  oft«;  Fr.  thort  bit  — 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Arnoiild,  (Fr.) 
Ainstaili,  ((ier.) 
Arnstt'iii,  (Ger.) 
Arcuistouk,  (U.  S.) 
Arpajon,  (Fr.) 
Aipino,  (II.) 
Arqucs,  ( Fr.) 
Arras,  (Fr.) 
Arreau,  (Fr.) 
Arriege,  (Fr.)  dep 
Arrone,  (It.)  r. 
Arsk,  (11.) 
Arlcliadiiisk,  (R.) 
Artegjia,  (ll.) 
Arleii.ay,  (Fr.) 
Ailli,  (Switz.) 
Artois,  I  Fr.) 
Ariiela,  (Pen.) 
Arundel,  (U.  S.) 
Arve,  (It.)  r. 
Arvika,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ascatlan,  (Me.x.) 
AschaflTenbiir!;,  (Ger.) 
.^.■icliberf,  (DfU.) 
Asclierslelicn,  (Prus.) 
.Ascoli,  (It.) 
Asciitney 
Ase\e,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Asliantee,  (.Vf.) 
.^sluabula,  (US) 
Asia  , 
.\siiiara,  (II.)  ^. 
.\siiiara,  (It.)  Ul 
Askersnnd,  (Sc.  Pen.^ 
Aspclaer,  (N'elli.) 
Asjicren,  (iVelli.) 
Assam,  (1ml.) 
Assen,  (Netli.) 
Astarah,  fR.) 
Astern  bad 
Asti,  (It.) 
Asth-y,  (Mei.)  r. 
Astrakhan 
Asturias,  (Pen.) 
Atarania 

Atatlatica,  (Mex.) 
Atcliafalaya,  (U.  S.) 
Atchitska 

Athapescow,  (U.  S.) 
Athens,  (Gr.) 
Athlune 
Atlantic,  or.. 
Atlas,  (Af.)  mU 
Attica,  (Gr.) 
Atui 

AuhanrlKEUil,  (Fr.) 
Aiibe,  (Fr.)  rff;;. 
Anbe,  (Fr.)  r. 
Aubigiiv,  (Fr.) 
Ancle,  ('Fr.)  liep. 
.^udierne,  (Fr.) 
Ane,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ancrbach,  (Ger.) 
Ange,  (Fr.) 
Augsburg,  (Ger.) 
Augusta,  (U.  S.)  » 
Aula,  Ldiver,  (Ger!) 
Aulne,  (Fr.)  r. 
Ault,  iFr.) 
Auuiale,  (Fr.) 
Aumetz,  (Fr.) 
AuniDUt,  ?f>.) 
Aunis,  (Fr.) 
Aurungab.ad,  (Hind.) 
Austcrlitz,  (Ger.  Neth.) 
Australasia 
Australia 

Austria,  Oesterreich,  (Ger.) 
Autauga,  (U.  S.) 
Auvergne,  (Fr.) 
Auxerre,  (Fr.) 
Auxon,  (Fr.) 
Auxonne,  (Fr.) 
Aveyron,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Avciiino,  (It.) 
Averno,  (It.)  1. 
Avesues,  (Fr.) 
Avignon,  (Fr.) 
Avila,  (Pen.) 
Avranches,  (Fr.) 
Avrv,  (Switz.) 
Axel,  (Neth.) 
Ayaniunte,  (Pen.) 
Ayasonl<H)k,  (.^s.) 
Ayr,  (Scot.)  co. 
Ayrshire,  (Scot.) 
Azov,  (R.) 
Azov,  (R.)  s. 
Azores 

Azuaga,  (Pen.) 


Urn',\lat 
Hni'fitltic 
iirrQif^i' tool: 

Ur-p't'no 

drk 

dr-ra' 

dr-ru' 

dr^'i-Sge' 

dr-rS'n£ 

Ursk 

art' chd-dinsk 
dr-Un'va 
dr-te-na' 
art 

dr-twa' 

d-rfg-e'la 

dr'un-dH 

dr've 

dr-v'i'ka 

ds-kdt'ldn 

dsh-.iliaf/in-bffr§ 

ash'b^r^ 

dsh'shrrs-Wben 

df'ko-ti 

ds  kut'mj 

d'ae-le 

a-.iUdii'tl 

dsh-ta-bu'ta 

d'slu-a 

ds'l-ud'ra 

d-.-ii-na'ra 

dti'ker-i-st^i^nd' 

ds'pe-lallr' 

ds'pe-r^it 

ds'dain 

ds'stii 

as-td'rah 

as-ter-a-bttd' 

ds'ti 

ust'n 

Ua'trd-llidn'  or  as-tra 

ds-t^Q'ri-ds  [< 

dird-kd'ma 

d-tat-lou'ka 

dck-a-fa-Wa 

ach-itis'ka 

dth-a-ptA'ko 

dth'en^ 

ath-l&nc' 

at-ldn'tik 

ttt'las 

dt'ti-ka 

a-tQf'i 

o-banff-sh^-V 

Bba 

Bbe 

O-bin-yV 
Sde 

6-di-hmt' 
ou'f 

oii'er-bdc/i' 
Oge 

ouks'bij(^^ 

au-frils'ta 

ou'la 

Sue 

5 

v-mdl' 
0-meti' 

B-ni' 

o~run^'  a-bad' 

a  us-tral~& 'sh'i-a 

aus-tr&'ti~a 

A'.itrr-rllh' 

au-tau'ira 

u-vtrity' 

os-nire' 

d-vd-ron^ 
d'vrl-li'no 
d-vir'no 
dvene' 

d-v't'la 
d'vrditffih' 
d-vrV 
dk'si 

a'yd-mSn'<£ 

d'ljdsff-lffk' 

air 

air'sk'ire 

d'lgv 

d'lov 

e-:dres' 

'd-thff-d'ga 


hin' 


B. 


BAAnDWVK,  (Nctli.) 
Babelinandeb,  (or -del,)  (Ar. 
Babinsk,  (U.) 
Babinovitclii,  (R.) 
Dabiocora,  (iMcx.) 
Babispe,  (.Mex.) 
Babocsa,  ( Austr.) 
Bacalar,  (Mex.) 
Baccara,  Plain  of,  (Eg.) 
liarcliiglone,  (It.) 
Hachanuclii,  (.Mex.) 
Baclintatchagovsk,  (R.) 
Bacovicza,  (Austr.) 
Bacs,  (Af.) 
Badagry,  (Af.) 
Badajos,  (Af.) 
Radalona,  (Pen.) 
Baden,  ((Jer.  Switz.) 
Baden  Weilcr,  (Ger.) 
Baeza,  (Pen.) 
Bagajo,  (Pen.) 
Bagdad,  (Tur.) 
Bagdat,  (R.) 
Uagcs,  (Fr.) 

Bagneres  de  Bigorrc,  (Fr.) 
Bagneres  ile  Luchon,  (Fr.) 
Bagnols,  (Fr.) 
Bagrnioli,  (It.) 
Balianns,  i.4. 
Bahar,  (.Austr.) 
Bahiii,  (Braz.)  pr. 
Bahia,  c.  or  San  Salvador, 
Bahireh,  (Eg.) 
Bahlow,  (Ger.) 
Bniern,  or  Bavaria,  (Ger.) 
Baikal,  (As.) 
Bailleul,  (Fr.) 
Bain,  (Fr.) 
Baita,  (iMe.x.) 
naja,  (It.) 
Bakel,  (Neth.) 
Bakonver  VVald,  (Austr.) 
Bala,  (Austr.) 
Balaghauts,  (Hind.) 
Balaieue,  (.Switz.) 
Balakna,  (R.) 
Balasore,  (Hind.) 
BaLiton,  (Austr.)  I. 
Balbec  or  Baalbcc,  (Syr.) 
Balbigny,  (Fr.) 
Baldeker,  (Switz.)  /. 
Baifurosh,  (Per.) 
Balici,  (It.)  r. 
Balize,>Mex.)  t.  k.  r. 
Balk,  (Friesland,  \etli.) 
Balkan,  (Tur.)  mL 
Balki,  (R.) 
Balligrod,  (.\ustr.) 
Ballinaslof,  (Ir.) 
Ballon  d'Alsace,  (Fr.) 
Bally  Shannon,  (Ir.) 
Bahnonte,  (Pen.) 
Balok  Stein,  (Uen.) 
Balta,  (R.) 
Baltruni,  (Ger.)  isl. 
Balzers,  (Switz.) 
Bamberg,  (Ger.) 
Hambook,  r  Af ) 
Bana,  la,  (Pen.) 
Banevcid,  (iNcth.) 
Bantr,  iir  Bamlf,  (Scot.) 
Bantr,  (Scot.)  co. 
Banfv  Hunyad,  (Austr.) 
Bang'kok,  (As.) 
Baubalnia,  (.Austr.) 
Bannat,  (Austr.) 
Barineltes,  les,  (Fr.) 
Banovcze,  (Austr.) 
Bansacli,  (Ger.)  r. 
Bapaiiine,  (Fr.) 
Bar,  (R.) 

Barhadocs,  (W.  Ind.) 

Barilla,  (Mex.) 

Bar  le  Due,  (Fr.) 

Bar  sur  Aiibe,  (Fr.) 

Bar  sur  Seine,  (Fr.) 

Baran,  (R.) 

Baranow,  (.Vustr.) 

Baranyavar,  (Austr.) 

Baraque,  la,  (Fr.) 

Baraques,  (Fr.) 

Baratto  Points,  (It.) 
1  Barm,  (.\u.str.) 
'  Barhary,  (Af ) 

Barbastro,  (Pen.) 

Barbezieux,  (Fr.) 

Barbimne,  {i  r.) 

Barbud»,  (\V.  Ind.) 

liana,  (Pen.) 


bdrdholke 
)  ba'bel-mdn'del 
bd'biivik 
bd-b't-no~v{t'cht 
bd-b'i-O'kO'ra 
bd-bi.i'pf 
bd-ho'cha 
bd-kd-tdr' 
bd!i-kd'rd 
bdk-ki-glS'n; 
bd-ehd-nq()'  ch'i 
b'dcli-mdlcli-d-govsk' 
bd-ko-vi'cUa 
bach 

ba-tldff'ry 

bd-dd-lhtitW 

bd-dd-lb'na 

bd'den 

bd'din  vVltr 

bd-e'tha 

bd-gd'iho 

bag-dad' 

bdg'ddl 

bd^e 

bdn-y^re' d^  b'i-gbre' 

bdn-ydrc'  dd  lU-:<fwng' 

bdn-yuV 

bd:i->j<!<}-!>'ti 

ba-h'^'iiiai 

bd-hdr> 

bd-hi'a 

bd-h'i'a 

bd-hi'rtli 

bd'lo 

bi'ern 

bVkal 

bd-'i-euV  or  bdl^jedl' 

bang 

b'l'ta 

bd'yd 

ba'kel 

bd-kon'ycr  v'dlt 
bd'la 

bdUa-ghauis 

ba-ieg 

bd-ldk'na 

bnl'a-sBrc 

bd'la-tnn 

bdl-hrk'  or  bd-dJ'bek 

bdL-bi'n-yi' 

bdl'de-ker 

bal-fa-rusfi' 

bd-ti'chi 

bd-li'the  (or  se) 

balk 

bdl-kdn' 

bdl-ki 

bdl'Ci-grZd 

bdl-liit-tL-i-loc' 

bdl-lqng'  ddl-s'dcc' 

bal'ly  shdu'iion 

bdl'  moti-te 

bd'lnck  stlm 

bdV'ta 

bdl'tr(!i)m 

bdll'srrs 

bdm'bi'r^ 

bam-bQt^k 

Id  bd'iia 

bd'ne-frlt 

bdinf 

baiif 

bdrijj  h^^n'ydd 

bang-kok' 

bdn-hdl'ma 

b'an'ndt 

le  bdn-n&te 

bd-ntfv'che 

bdii'zafh 

bd-pume' 

bar 

bdr-bS'dSz 

bd-r'il'ya  or  bi^Vya 

Idr  /<<  duk 

bar  silr  obe 

bdr  sur  s&M 

bd'rdn 

ba'rd-no 

bd'rdn-yd'vdr 

Id  bd-rdke' 

bd-rdke' 

bd-rdt'to 

bd'roii 

bdr'ba-ry 

bdr-bds'tro 

bdr-hei'i-^' 

bdr-buiie' 

bdr-bQg'  da 

bd-rt  'a 


Barcarotta,  ( Pen.) 

liarcelUm,  (I'cn.) 

Barcelona,  (Pen.) 

Earccluncito,  (Fr.) 

Rarco,  el,  (Pen.) 

liardi,  (It.) 

Bareges,  (Fr.) 

Baren,  (Neth.  4.  Ger.) 

Barfleur,  (Fr.) 

Bargen,  (Switz.) 

Bar  le  Due,  (Fr.) 

Bari,  (It.  &  Pen  ) 

Barletla,  (It.) 

Barneville,  (Fr.) 

Bamot,  (Netli.) 

Barnstorf,  (Ger.) 

Barunch,  (Hind.) 

Barocero,  (II.)  mU 

Barota,  (Austr.) 

Barra  d'.\rcna,  (Mex.) 
.Barra  del  Torilo,  (Mex.) 

Barra  de  Istapa 

Barra  Nova,  (Pen.) 

Barracas,  (Pen.) 

Barrc,  la,  (Fr.) 

Barrenie,  (Fr.) 

Barrosa,  (Pen.) 

Barthelemey,  (Fr.) 

Baruth,  (Prus.) 

Bas,  (Fr.)  isl. 

Baslo,  (Switz.) 

Basilicata,  (It.) 

Basques,  Radc  dcs,  (Fr.) 

B.assano,  (It.) 

Bassarova,  (R.) 

Basserstorf,  (Switz.) 

Bassora,  (Tur.) 

Bastia,  (It  ) 

Bastide  de  Seron,  (Fr.) 

Bastogne,  (.Neth.) 

BaUik,  (Eastern  Isl.) 

Batal  Patchinsk,  (R.) 

Batavia,  (Austr.i.  &  Braz.) 

Bateal,  (.\Iex.) 

Bath,  (Neth.  &  Hungary, 
Austr.) 

Rathurst,  (Austral.) 

Baton  Rouge,  (U.  S.) 

Batonya,  (.Austr.) 

Batourinsk,  (R.) 

Batrina,  (Austr.) 

Battaglia,  (It.) 

Baturin,  (U-) 

Bauge,  (Fr.) 

Bauma,  (Switz.) 

Baunie  les  Dames,  (Fr.) 

Bausset,  le,  (Fr.) 

Bautcrseni,  (Neth.) 

Bautzen,  (Ger.) 

Bavaria,  or  Baiern,  (Ger.) 

Bavay,  (Fr.) 

Baxem,  (Neth.) 

Bayarid,  (Arm.) 

Bayeux,  (Fr.) 

Bayona,  (Pen.) 

Bayona,  (Mex.)  r. 

B.iyonne,  (Fr.) 

Bayonne,  (.Mex.) 

Bayonne,  (Fr.)  6. 

Bayonoo,  (.Mex.) 

Bavreutli,  (Ger.) 

Bazage,  la,  (Fr.) 

Bazagona,  (Pen.) 

Beard,  (Fr.) 

Beaufort,  (Fr.) 

Beaugency,  (Fr.) 

Beauharnois,  (Can.) 

Beaujnlais,  (Fr.) 

Ueaulieu,  (Fr.) 

Beaunies,  les,  (Fr  ) 

Beaunietz,  (Fr.) 

Beaumont  le  Chetif,  (Fr.) 

Beauniinit  le  Vicomte,  (Fr.) 

Beaumont  Lcini.nquc,  (Fr.) 

Beaupre.au,  (Fr.) 

Beauvais,  (Fr.) 

Beaiivoir,  (Fr.) 

Bechin,  I. Austr.) 

Bedfordshire,  (Eng.) 

Beiirrtti,  (Switz.)  b. 

Bedrelto,  (Swilz.) 

Beeder,  (Hind.) 

Beek,  (.Neth.) 

Beets,  (.Nelh.) 

Behrend,  (Prus.) 
i  Beira,  (Pen.) 

Bejapoor,  (Hind.) 
I  Belfort,  (Fr.) 
[  Belgium 
1  Belgrade,  (Tur.) 
i  Belicbei,  (R.) 
j  Belin,  (Fr.) 

Belitz,  (Prus.) 
I  Bella,  la,  (IL) 


bdr-kd-^nt'ta 

bdi-tUH'  yoi 

bdr-tlir  li'na 

bar-cz-lB-iiitt' 

it  bdr'ko 

bdr'di 

bd-r^ge 

bd'ren 

bdr-fli&r' 

bdr' gin 

bdr'ii  duk 

bd'ri 

bdr-lit'la 

bdrn-vile' 

bdr-iiO' 

bdm'slorf 

bdrUk'' 

bd-rB'cht-TO 

bd-rO'ta 

bdr'ra  dd-rf'va 

bdr'ra  dil  tCr'do 

bar'ra  df  'i.i-td'pa 

bur'ra  uG'ra 

bar'rd-kiU 

Id  bdre 

bdr-rtmc 

bdr-rO'sa 

bdr-ts-lt-mH'  (or  mi') 

bd'rgfl 

bd 

bd':fl,  Eng.  bale 
bd-ii-li-hu'ta 
rddr  de  bdsk 
bds-sa'iio 
bdS'Sd-rO'ra 
bdii'Aer.-i-f''rr 
bd.s'.ia-ni ' 
« 

bds-tidc'  sc~njng' 

bds-tviiy' 

ba'taJie 

ba'tal  pdt'cltin.^k 

bd-t.d'vi-a 

bd-toM' 

I  bdte 

bd'tliurst 

bd'ton^  rQQge 

bd-tqicya 

hd-tuu-rinsk' 

bd-Vr'i'na 

bat-tdl'ya 

bd-tu-r'in' 

boge 

bon'ma 

bdme  le  ddme 

l6  bOif-nt' 

bou'lrr-sein 

bout'lsen 

ba-vd'r'i-a 

bd-rd' 

bak'sim 

tl'o-rid' 

bd-yA' 

bd-iiO'tia 

bd-yu'  till 

bfi-y5ne' 

bd-ydn'i.Q 

bd'fjGiie' 

bd-yun'no 

bi'rvit 

Id  bd-zdge' 

bd-thu~gO'na 

be-aUr° 

bu-fur' 

bB-gdng-s'i' 

bO-har-iiwa' 

bS-go-la' 

b5-l:-ou.' 

le  bume 

bo-metz' 

ba-mong'  M  shc-^if 

bo-mtjng'  tif  v'i-knngt 

bo-mqu^'  lo-mak«' 

bo~pr5' 

bo-r£' 

bo-vwdr' 

be-lhin' 

brd'fard'sh'ire 

bt-drH'ti 

bi-drit'to 

bet'dcr 

bake 

bats 

blh'rint 

bVra 

be'jii-poor' 
bel-jZre.' 
brVg'i-um 
bfl' grade 
bri'ue  b1 
belling' 
bt'liti 
Id  hel'la 


Ft  long  A  and  short      nearly  as  in  spur.  —  Final  ty,  French  {  mouille  9ii"ger,  vi"cious  g  as  «  in  pleasure ;  »  and  Ih  guttural ;  iiy  liquid  ;  fJI  as  in  piik. 


1331 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Brilaiio.  (U.) 
Bellavista,  (It.)  c. 
Belle  AIU;iiii;e,  (Neth.) 
Belle  Eloile,  (Kr.) 
Belle  Isle,  (Fr.) 
BKlleclmse,  (Can.) 
Ecllegarcle,  (Kr.) 
Belleville,  (Fr.) 
B.llevne,  (Fr.) 
Bellicourt,  (Fr.) 
Bellinae,  (Den.) 
Bt-llinzona,  (Switz.) 
Bello,  (It.)  ml.. 
Belltiiiese,  (It.) 
Belliino,  (ft.) 
B.^lnicz,  (Pe7i.) 
Uelriiiinl,  iFr.) 
BoliiKinte,  (Pen.) 
Beliiochi.sian,  (Per.) 
B..-hir.nlo,  (Pen.) 
Bflp,  (.Switz.) 

Belt,  Great  and  Little,  (Den, 
Benihe/.a,  (Pen.)  r. 
Beniliibre,  (Pen.) 
Benalva,  (Pen.) 
Benameji,  (Pen.) 
Benarez,  (Hind.) 
Benaudet,  (Fr.)  b. 
Benavente,  (Pen.) 
Benavento,  (It.) 
Bender,  (R.) 
Benjial,  (Ind.) 
Benin,  (Af.) 
Beninguet,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Benito,  Don,  (Pen.) 
Benkeii,  (Switz.) 
Bennebrock,  (Neth.) 
Benoitville,  (Fr.) 
Bentheim,  (Ger.) 
•Bentsclien,  (Priis.) 
Ber,  Kleine,  (Austr.) 
Berar,  (Hind.) 
Berat,  (Tur.) 
Beraun,  (Hind.)  r. 
Berberirio,  (!t.) 
Berda,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Bi!rda,  (R.) 
Bere,  (Switr.) 
Berenbach,  (Ger.) 
Berssina,  (R.) 
Berg,  (Switz.  Sz.  Ger.) 
Berga,  (Pen.) 
Berpanio,  (It.) 
Bergedorf,  (Den.) 
liarifen,  iGer.  Neth.  Sc.  Pen. 
Bsrjien-iip-Zoom,  (Netii.) 
Ber?6re,  la,  (Fr.) 
Berssclieliook,  (Neth.) 
Beriklei,  (R.) 
Beringen,  (Neth.) 
Berislav,  (R.) 
Berkel,  (Neth.)  r. 
Berki,  (Austr.) 
Berkshire,  (En?.) 
Bcrlikum,  (Neth.) 
Berlin,  (Priis.) 
Berling.is,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Bern,  (Switz.) 
Bernalda,  (It.) 
Bernard,  (bwitz.) 
Bernau,  (Ger.) 
Bernicourt,  (Fr.) 
Bernst-idt,  (Ger.) 
Bernstein,  (Ger.) 
Bcrre,  (Fr.)  I. 
Berri,  (Fr.) 
Berschis,  (Switz.) 
Bersova,  (Anstr.) 
Berlhicr,  (Can.) 
Bertischwyl,  (Switz.) 
Bertogne,  (.\eth.) 
Berum,  (Neth.) 
Berwick,  (Scot.)  co. 
Kcry  au  Dac,  (Fr.) 
Bcsancon,  (Fr.) 
Bessarabia,  (R.) 
BcsscI,  (Nttli.) 
BpKScm,  (Neth.) 
BesHlerc  dc  Lif,  Ic,  (Fr.) 
Be»t,  (Neth.) 
Betanzos,  (Pen.) 
Bethon,  (Fr.) 
Bethune,  (Fr.) 
BettivissKii,  (Switz.) 
Beltona,  (It.) 
Betz,  (Neth.) 
Beiigen,  (Neth.) 
Bciilhen,  (Pnis.) 
Bevclund,  North  and  South, 

(Neth.) 
Bcvcreii,  (Neth.) 
BcverH,  (Switz.) 
Bevfrwyk,  (Noth.) 
Bevilagua,  (lu) 


bi'l-ld'no 
heVld-pis'ta 
hil  at-l'i'dn^ce' 
brl  e-twdle' 
brl  tie 
brUsltdse' 

brl-v'ile' 

beUvM 

bel-li-ciJQr' 

bei'liu'^'^e 

b^i^tiiL'dzd'na 

bH'ln 

bel'tf}Q~ne'ze 
hel-lQQ'no 
bH-mfth' 
b?l-mong' 
bfl-moii'tf; 
be-lQQ-chis-tdn^ 
be-lo-rd'do 
bHp 
)  belt 
bim-be't?ia 
bein-b'i'lrK 
be-ncl'ra 
be'nd~me-Zh'i 
btii-d'rcz 

be-nd-i:hi'te 

b^-nd-ven*to 

beil'dtr 

ben-gdV 

ben-'in' 

be-ndng'  ituSl 

don  he-n'i'lo 

bhi^'ken 

ben'ne-br5k' 

be~nwd-v'iW 

bent'hiine 

bent'shtn 

klt'ne  behr' 

bf-rdr' 

be-^at' 

bs'roun 

ber~be-r'i'no 

ber' da 

btr'da 

be' re 

be'ren-bdih' 
be-r^-zVna 
bfri 
her'f^a 
ber'trd-mo 
b^r'  <re-dnrj' 
)  ber' gen 
ber'  gen-up~zOm 
Id  ber-g§fe' 
berg'ske'-kSke' 
be'ri-kli 
be'ring-in 
be-ria'ldv 
ber'hel 
ber' la 
burk'sKire 
ber'H-kQQm 
ber-l'ine' 
ber-lin'  gds 
bern 

bir-nnl'da 

ber'udrd 

ber'nau 

ber-ni~CQi)r' 

brrn'sldt 

bern'stine 

bSr 

ber-rV 

ber'sfiirS 

ber-s5'va 

ber-Ci-e' 

ber'tish-vilt 

ber-iqnij' 

be'rqqm 

ber'rick 

be  ri'  0  bdlt' 

be-sdng-son^' 

bfs-sd^d'bi-a 

bes'sel 

bis'aem 

li  bia-ii-tre'  dt  tif> 
bi.-:l 

be-tdn'tJiQi/ 

bi-loiig' 

bif-thnc' 

betrl'i-vi^'iien 

bft-tl'na 

beta 

boi'gen 

boi'ten 

I  be'v^-lunt 

bc'vi-rin 
be' vers 
b^'ver-vlhe 
bt-^'i-ld'  gwa 


Beyra,  (Pint.) 
Beysagdly,  (li.) 
Beyrodt,  or  Beirut,  (.\3.) 
Beziers,  (Fr.) 
Bhatfong,  (Hind.) 
Bliotan,  (Inil.) 
Bhiirlpoor,  (Hind.) 
Biafra,  (Af.) 
Bialystok,  (R.) 
Blanco,  (It.  &;  Gr.)  e 
Bi.isca,  (Switz.) 
Biasco,  (It.) 
Bilibieiio,  (It.) 
Bibboiia,  (It.) 
Biberac,  (Fr.) 
Biberach,'(Ger.) 
Biberist,  (Switz.) 
Bidart,  (Fr.) 
Biecz,  (Austr.) 
Biehia,  (Switz.) 
Biel  Gorod,  (R.) 
Bielaia  Tserkov,  (R.'l 
Bielefeld,  (Ger.) 
Biella,  (It.) 
Bielo,  (R  )  I. 
Bielo  Ozer(v(R.) 
Bieloe  More,  (R.) 
Bielokalitvensk,  (R.) 
Bielotch,  (R.) 
Bielovodsk,  (R.) 
Bielsk,  (R.) 
Bienne,  (Switz.)  /. 
Bienveiiida,  (Pen.) 
Bierbye,  (Den.) 
Bierna,  (R.) 
Biessen,  (Neth.) 
Biesverskov,  (Den.) 
Biferno,  (It.)  r. 
Bignasco,  (Switz.) 
Biauglia,  (It.)  /. 
Bikity,  (.'iustr.) 
Bilbao,  (Pen.) 
Biliarsk,  (R.) 
Bille,  (Den.)  r. 
Billesborg,  (Den.) 
Bilson,  (Neth.) 
Bilten,  (Switz.) 
Biltsy,  (R.) 
Bilzberg,  (Switz.) 
Binasca,  (It.) 
Bin  gen,  (Ger.) 
Binnen,  (Ger.)  I. 
Binnenbuttel,  (Ger.) 
Bionville,  (Fr.) 
Biobio,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Bircarcara,  (It.) 
Eirdaan,  (Neth.) 
Biri,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Birkenfeld,  (Ger.) 
Birket-el-Manot,  (Eg.) 
Birmah 

Birnliach,  (Ger.) 
Birnbaum,  (Ger.) 
Biron,  (Fr.) 
Bironico,  (Switz.) 
Birse,  (Switz.)  r. 
Birsk,  (R.) 
Biscay,  (Pen.) 
Bischofistein,  (Ger.) 
Bischcfsburg,  (Ger.) 
Bischofswerda,  (Ger.) 
Biscliofszell,  (Switz.) 
Bi.iignano,  (It.) 
Bissone,  (Switz.) 
Bistritizn,  (Austr.) 
Bistritzora,  (Austr.) 
Bisztra,  (Austr.) 
Biszica,  (Austr.) 
Bitesch,  (Austr.) 
Bivers,  (Neth.) 
Bizesc,  (R.) 
Bjorko,  (R.) 
Bjorkon,  (Sc.  Pen.)  hi. 
Bjorna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bjorneborg,  (R.) 
Bjornliolin,  (Den.) 
Bjornoer,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Blaavand'a  Hook,  (Den.) 
Black  Forrest,  (Ger.) 
Bladel,  (Neth.) 
Blain,  (Fr  ) 
Blainville,  (Fr.) 
niamont,  (Fr.) 
Blaiic,  le,  (Fr.)  mL 
Blanca,  (Pen.) 
Manco,  (Pen.)  e 
Blankenberg,  (Neth.  &  Ger. 
Blaiikeiiburg,  (Ger.) 
Hlankenhain,  (Ger.) 
BInnkenheiiii,  (Ger.) 
BlankenHtein,  (Ger.) 
Blayc,  (Fr.) 
Bledas,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Bleeguin,  (Neth.) 


bl'ra  or  ha'ra 

bey-sd-irO'bj 

bi-rt}QV  or  b\-riit' 

be-ii-e' 

bdt-gojig' 

bu'taii 

bQQrt^Qor' 

b'i-d'fra 

b'id-lU'tqk 

b'i-dn'ko 

b'i-ds'ka 

bi-d.i'ko 

bib'b'i-e'no 

bib~bb'na 

b'i-b'e-rdk' 

b'i'be-rdlh 

b'i'be^Ut 

b'i-d'dr 

hi' etch 

bi'la 

biel  gd'rnd 

b'iel-d'ya  Uer'kov 

bi'le-felt 

b'i-H'la 

b'ie'lo 

b'ie'lo  5'ze-ro 

bie'loe  m6're 

b'ie~lo-kd-lit'vensk 

bie-loUh'  ' 

b'ie'lo-vodsk' 

ii-c/s/i' 

b'i-Sne' 

b'i-en've-n'i'da 
b'ir'hu. 
b'i-er'na 
b'i'sen 

b'ice'vers-k5ve 

b'i-fer'no 

bin-yds'ko 

b'i-gQQl'ya 

bi-ki'ti 

b'il-bd'o 

b'il-ydrsk' 

bil'le 

bil'les-bor^ 

biVson 

b'il'tin 

bilt'sy 

b]lUs'ber§ 

b'i-nds'ka 

bitig'en 

bin'nin 

bin'nen-bn^t'tel 

b'i-ong-v'ih' 

b'i'o~b'i-o 

bir~kdr-kd' ra 

bir'ddne 

ii'ri 

bir'ken-feli' 

b'ir' ket-eb^an-qqV 

bur'ma 

birn'bd^h 

birn-boum' 

b'i-rniig' 

b'i~ro'ni-ko 

bir'ze 

bink 

bis'kaij 

btsh'shofstlne' 

bUh'shu  fs-bQ^r^ 

bisk'sfto  fs'Ver'da 

bish'shnfs-lsil' 

bi-zin^ja'no 

bis'sSne 

bis-tr'i-t'i'tsa 

bi^-trit-U5'ra 

bitch'tra 

bt-chi'ka 

bVlesh 

bi-vrre' 

b'i'Uich 

byiftir'ko 

ty^r'kon 

byetir'na 

bymtr'ne-borg 

byeiir'  ne-llQlm 

byeur-neu'er 

bWvdnd 

bUck 

bld'dil 


bldng-v'iW 
bid  inong' 
li  bld'ng' 
bidn'kd 
bidn'ko 
)  bldn"ken-bfrl 
bldn"kat-bQ^^ 
hUln"ken-h}nt 
bldn"krn-hlmi 
bldii"kcn-slinc 

bin 

bls'das 
bls'gfvm 


Blegno,  (Switz.)  val. 
Bleiswyk,  (Neih.) 
Blenheim,  or  Blendheiro, 

(Ger.) 
Blevb.ich,  (Switz.) 
Bligh,  (Australia) 
Blois,  (Fr.) 
Bludenz,  (.\ustr.) 
Blue  Mountains,  (Australia, 

Austral.  VV.  Ind.  Eng.  N. 

Am.) 

Blytterswyk,  (Neth.) 
Boback,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bober,  (Prus.)  r. 
Bobcrsbere,  (Prus.) 
Bobina,  (R.) 
Bobr,  (R.) 
Bobrinetz,  (R.) 
Robrouisk,  (R.) 
Bobiouska,  (R.) 
Bobrov,  (R.) 
Bobty,  (U.) 
Bocage,  (Fr.) 
Bocclieta  Pass,  (It.) 
Bochnia,  (Austr.) 
Bocliolz,  (Neth.) 
Bockelo,  (Neth.) 
Boco,  (It.)  c. 
Boda,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bodal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bodago,  (.Mex.) 
Bodenburg,  (Ger.) 
Bodensee,  (Ger.) 
Bodrog,  (Austr.)  r. 
Boehiiien,  or  Bohemia, 

(Austr.) 
BcEotia,  (Gr.) 
Boeuf 

Bogato,  (R.) 
Eogensee,  (Den.) 
Bogognano,  (It.) 
Bogorodsk,  (R.) 
Bogoroditsk,  (R.) 
Bogoroslan,  (R.) 
Bogota 

Bohernia,  or  Boehmcn, 

(Austr.) 
Bohorodezany,  (Austr.) 
Bois  le  Dun,  (Neth.) 
Boissy  S.  Leger,  (Fr.) 
Boisne,  (Fr.) 
Boisseuil,  (Fr.)  • 
Boitzen,  (Den.) 
Boizenburg,  (Ger.) 
Bojador,  (Af.)  c. 
Bojano,  (It.) 
Bokenlin,  (Den.) 
Bokhara,  (Tur.) 
Bocowiec,  (Prus.) 
Bol  Solechinki,  (R.) 
Boladore,  (It.) 
Bolivar,  (Mex.) 
Bolivia,  (S.  Am.) 
Bolmen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I 
Bologna,  (Ger.) 
Bolognese,  (It.) 
Bolsas,  (Mex.)  r. 
Bolsena,  (It.) 
Holsena,  (It.)  I. 
Uoltigen,  (Switz.) 
Boniba,  (It.) 
Bombay,  (Ind.) 
Bonieni,  (R.) 
Boinmal,  (Neth.) 
Boniniel,  (Neth.) 
liommel  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bommeloe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bonacco,  (Mex.) 
Bonaventure,  (Can.) 

Bonboillon,  (Fr.) 

Boncbamp,  (Kr.) 
Bonelles, 
Bonete,  (Pen.) 
Bonifacio,  (it.) 
Bonifacio,  Strait  of,  (It.) 
Bonilla,  (Pen.) 
Bonita,  (Mex.) 
Bonne,  (Fr.) 
Bonniaipie,  (Fr.) 
Bonniercs,  (iV.) 
Bonny,  (Fr.) 
Bono,  (It.) 
Bonorva,  (it.) 
Bonpas,  (l-r.) 
Bonsai nt,  (Neth.) 
Boraga,  (Austr.) 
lioraas,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
liorclioradorf,  (Prus.) 
Iliirdes,  (Fr.) 
Horgholm,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Borgo,  (Swiiz.)  r. 
Borgoforle,  (It.) 
Borgsjo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


bleit'tjo 
bltce'vike 

bleit'liime  or  blent' h^me 


blVbdlk 

bli 

blwa 

bl<j(j'dent9 

I  bl(ji)  moun'taim 

blit'ters-vike 

bi'bdk 

bO'ber 

b^'bers-ber^ 

bo-b'i'nd 

bBbr 

bo-br'i'nett 

bo'brour-uk 

bo-briuts'ka 

bb'broo 

bob'ty 

bo-kdge 

bok'ke'ta 

bolh'ji'i-a 

bolh'hdts 

bqk'ke-lo 

•bo'ko 

bo'da 

ba'ddhl 

bo-dd'go 

b&'den-btjqr^ 

bS'den-ze 

bS'droS-' 

I  beu.'mcn 

bS-n'sh'i~a 

buff 

bo-^d'to 

hd'gen-te 

b5-goii-yd'no 

b5'  gu-rqiisk' 

b5-go-ro'  ditsk 

bO-go^qs'ldn 

bo-g6'ta 

I  bo-hS'm'i  a 

bH-hd-rS-dc-skU'nt 
bwa  li  dUk 
btBdssV  sang  le-gi' 
bwdne 

bwdt-s^-'i  or  bads-s^ly 

boit'tsen 

boit'tsen-boqr^ 

bd-jd-dure' 

b5-i-d'no 

bo'ken-l'ine 

bqk-hd'ra 

bo-kQ-vyeis' 

bol  sb-lc-cbin'ki 

bd-ld-do're 

bS-li-vdr'' 

bo-ti'vi-a 

bql'men 

bo-lqn'ijd  or  bo-lqng'ntt 

bO-lon-^je'se. 

bol'sd*  ' 

bql-se'na 

bgl-se'na 

bql-ti'gm 

bqm'ba 

bqm~bay' 

bS'me-n'{ 

bqm'mdl 

bqm'viel 

bqm'mcl  fybrd 

bqm'ineU^' 

bo-iidk'ko 

bqti' d-vdng-t^re 
(  bqng-bb  'i-qng'  or  bQng' 
I  bqt-yqng' 

bqng-fhdug' 

bq-itSle' 

bo-ve'le 

bS-ni-f  d'tcho 

bS-ni-f  d'tcho 

bo-nil'ya 

bb'ni-ta 

bone 

bl-ni-dke' 

bS-ni-ire' 

bo-ni' 

ba'no 

bo-nor'va 

bqng-pd' 

bqng-sAng' 

bo-rd'ga 

bo-rbse' 

bqr'lhnrs-dnrf^ 

bqrde 

bqrg'hqlm' 

bqr'go 

bqr'gS-fqr'tc 

bqrg'sh^ 


Fait,  fdr,f fill,  viluit,  bit.— MlU,jyrttj, help,  thtre,hifr.  — Plne,marine,  btrd,fig.  —  JVSU,  dSise,  TiU)ve,viflf,b<iqk,  Iqrd.  —  nne,  bjfll,  ijiiite.  — Fr.  long  i)ft« ;  Fr.  abort  iil(. 


1333 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Ilorisnv,  (R.) 
Hiiri/.islidwn.  (Pius.) 
Hdrkiilo,  (Neth.) 
Ilorkiiin,  (.Will.) 
liornieo,  (Vr.) 
Hdiinida,  (It.)  r. 
Korniio,  (ll.) 
liornhert'iiin,  (Neth.) 
Home,  (Nt'tli.) 
liiiriieo,  (biistern  Isl.) 
lionilioiiii,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Iliiriioii,  (.^f.) 
Hdioiliiio,  (R.) 
Iliiros  !5elies,  (Austr.) 
liorovitciii,  (U.) 
Horovsk,  (11.) 
Borre(;aaril,  (Den.) 
liorrev,  (Aiistr.) 
Horsele,  (.\etli.) 
IJoisk,  (It.) 
Bos,  (Atistr.) 
liosa,  (It.) 
l!(i.-iCO,  (Switz.) 
Boscone,  (It.) 
Buskain,  (Nctli.) 
Boskuop  , 
Bosnia,  (Tiir.) 
Bosplioriis,  (Tiir.) 
Bostrop,  (Oeii.) 
Bosweyl,  (Swit/..)- 
Bos/.orinenv,  (.'\ustr.) 
notliiiia.  Gulf  of,  (R.) 
Bothnia,  N.&.  W.  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Bottaro,  (It.)  isl. 
Botte,  (It.)  Lsl. 
Botzen,  (.4ustr.) 
Boucliain,  (Fr.) 
Bouclieressc,  (Fr.) 
Bouiiri,  (Switz.) 
Bouilly,  (Fr.) 
Houlofnc,  (Fr.) 
Bourbon  I.ancy,  (Fr.) 
Bourbon  Vendee,  (Fr.) 
Bourbonnoi.-;,  (Fr.) 
Bourhourg,  (Kr.) 
Bourdeaux,  (Fr.) 
Bourdonniere,  la,  (Fr.) 
Bonrdonnaye,  (Fr.) 
Bourg,  (Switz.) 
Bourg  d'Un,  le,  (Fr.) 
Bourganeuf,  (Fr.) 
Bourges,  (Fr.) 
Bourgneuf,  (Fr.) 
Bourgoin,  (t  r.) 
Boussac,  (Fr.) 
Bouvignois,  (Xetb.) 
Boveda,  (Pen.) 
Bovcdo,  la,  (Pen.) 
Boveret,  (Switz.) 
Bovprnier,  (Switz.) 
Boviano,  (It.) 
Hovino,  (It.) 
Boxnicer,  (Netli.) 
Boxtel,  (Ncth.) 
Bozeiigen,  (Switz.) 
Braade,  (Den.) 
Brabant,  N.  &  S.  (Netli.) 
Braccianno,  (It.) 
Bracciano,  (It.) 
Br.id,  (Austr.) 
Braderiip,  (Den.) 
Br.icschaet,  (Neth.) 
Brahma  Pootra,  (.As.)  r. 
Brahestad,  (R.) 
Braine,  (Fr.) 

Braine  le  Compte,  (Ncth.; 
Brakenheim,  (Oer.) 
Brain.  (Den.)  r. 
Braniois,  (Switz.) 
Brainon,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Branisclie,  (Gcr.) 
Bratnstedt,  (Den  ) 
Branca  Nova,  (It.) 
Brancaleone,  (It.) 
Brandi'is,  (Austr.) 
Brandenburg,  (Prus.) 
Brando,  (It.) 
Brannen,  (Switz.) 
Bransk,  (R.) 
Br.askari 

Bratbjerg,  (Den.) 
Brannau,  (.\ustr.) 
Braunsberg,  (Prus.) 
Brazil 

Brazza,  (Austr.) !.,  isU 
Brechin,  (Scot.) 
Brecknockshire,  (Eng.) 
Breda,  (Neth.) 
Bredevoord,  (Netli.) 
Brec,  (Neth.) 
Brcgeiiz,  (Austr.) 
Bre;;lio,  (It.) 
Breisarh,  Old,  (Gcr.) 
Breiniiigegaard,  (Den.) 


bd'risnp 

bO'ri-xhl.i-liO'va 

bor'k<!<f-lo 

bijr'k^Qni 

bqr-mt-O' 

bnr-mi'da 

bqr'm'i-o 

born' bir-gqqm 

bor'ne 

bor'iis-o 

born-finlrn* 

bor-ii^Q' 

bu-rf-ili'no 

bd'ro^  nit'hrsse 

bB-TO-vit' cU'i 

bo-rqvsk' 

bqr're-gurd 

bor'reo 

bnr'se-t^ 

bqrsk 

bns 

bo'sa 

bos'ko 

biys-kG'n^ 

bqs'kam 

bos-kSpe' 

bg.i'n'i-a 

bos'fo-rm 

bqn'trop 

bqs'vile 

bq'sliqr-jne-n'i 

bntfi'ni-a 

botJl*n'i-a 

bot-td'ro 

bnt'te 

bqt'sen 

bfj(}-sh&ng^ 

bQgslid-risse' 

b^Q-dr'i' 

bf^jV  or  bffl-y'f' 
bQQ-lgny' 

bQi^r-bqni;'  I'dng-s'i' 
bQQr-bqntr'  vdng~d^' 
bQQr-bqn-nwa' 
bgQr-bQgH 
b^Qr-dij' 

Id  b<i<)r-dqn-n'i-Crt' 
bQi^dqn-nd' 

le  b<i(fr-dAng' 

bQQr-ffd-n^hj' 

bqtjTge' 

btjQr-n^f 

bf^Qr-gicdng' 

bifQS-sdJc' 

bqg-vin-ySa' 

bo-ve'da 

Id  bo-ve'do 

bd-vg-re' 

b5-ver-n'i-e' 

bu-v'i-d'no 

bd-vi'no 

boti'mere 

bqks'tei 

bS'tsing-in 

brS'de 

brd'bdnt 

brdt-ch'dn'no 

brdt-chd'no 

brdd 

brd'dp-^Qgp 
brd'skatc 
brd'ma  pgg'tra 
brd'fie-stdt 
brain 

brain  lif  eqngte' 

brd'kcn-lume 

briim 

brd-mwa* 

brd'mon 

brdm'sht 

brdm'sUt 

brdn'ka  nd'va 

brdn'kdle-6'ne 

brdnl'ice 

brdn'din-bggr§ 

brdn'do 

brdn'nen 

brdnsk 

brds-ka^n 

brdl'byer^ 

brau'nou 

brouns'ber^ 

bra-iil'  or  bra-itV 

brdt'sa 

brrlh'in 

breck'nocksh'ire 
bre-da' 
bre'de-fSrd 
bre 

brt'ginia 
brfl'yo 
bri'ialli 
brVm'Hge-gOrd' 


Bremen,  (Gcr.) 
Breiiierliafen,  (Ger.) 
Brenievoide,  (Gcr.) 
Brendegaard,  (Den.) 
Breno,  (It.  &  Switz.) 
Brenlo  d'Alba,  (It.) 
Brescia,  (It.) 
Bresciano,  (It.) 
Brcscon,  Ft.  dc,  (Fr.) 
Breskens,  (Nctli.) 
Breslaii,  (Prus.) 
Bressc,  (Fr.) 
Brest,  (Fr.) 
Bretapne,  (Fr.) 
Breteuil,  (Fr  ) 
Breuil,  le,  (Fr.) 
Bievine,  (Switz.) 
Breznicze,  (Austr.) 
Brezno  Banyn,  (Austr.) 
Brian^on,  (Fr.) 
Brie,  (Fr.) 
Brielle,  (Neth.) 
Brienz,  (Switz.) 
Brienz,  (Swilz.)  7. 
Urienne  le  Chat,  (Fr.) 
Brigels,  (Switz.) 
Brignolles,  (Fr.) 
Briudisi,  (It.) 
Brion,  (Fr.) 
Brione,  (Fr.) 
Brisago,  (Switz.) 
Britannia 
Britanny,  (Fr.) 
Brives,  (Fr.) 
Brix,  (Fr.) 
Brixen,  (.Austr.) 
Brohy,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Brocca,  della,  (It.) 
Brockel,  (Ger.) 
Brockcn,  (Ger.) 
Brockhuiszen,  (Neth.) 
Brody,  (Austr.) 
Brodslev,  (Den.) 
Broglio,  (Switz.) 
Broinherg,  (Prus.) 
Bromley,  (Eng.) 
Bron,  (Fr.) 
Bronkhorst,  (Neth.) 
Bronnit/.i,  (R.) 
Broto,  (Pen.) 
Brouwershaven,  (Neth.) 
B 10 vary,  (R.) 
Bruges,  (Fr.) 
Brugiasco,  (Switz.) 
Brunecken,  (.\ustr.) 
Brunn,  (Au>tr.) 
Brunswick.  ;  i'.rnun- 

sciuvi'ig, ,  (';.T.) 
Bruqiiieiv,  la,  (Fr.) 
Brnsa,  (Tur.) 
Brusknw,  (Prus.) 


brS'men 

br&'inrr-hd'fen 

bre'mi-fir'dt 

brfn'dz-gorde 

bre'no 

brht'to  ddl'ba 
brt'sha 
brp-s/td'no 
f&r  dd  brts-kong' 
bred'kens 
bres'lou 
br^.-ise 
br^st 
br'f-tdny' 

brf-t^-'t  or  brf-ti'Hty' 

le  brd!l-'i  or  li  bn^ty 

br^-v'ine' 

bregh-nt'che 

br^s'no  bgnhjo 

br'i-dng-song' 

bri 

bri-tle' 

br'i'cnts 

bri'rnts 

bfi-lne'  lit  slia 

brVgels 

brin-yOW 

brin'dis'i 

bri-ong' 

bri -One' 

br'i-id'go 

bri-tdn'i-a 

brit'tan-ny 

brice 

bri 

brik'srn 
brS'bU 

del' la  brok'ka 

brgk'kel 

brgk'ken 

brok'lioi'sen 

brgdlh 

brOde'sldve 

hrql'yo 

brnm'  bir^ 

brum'ley 

brqng 

brqngk'hgrst 
bron-nit'ii 
bri' to 

brou'ers-hd'fen 

br6'Dd-ry 

bril^e 

brgg-djds'ko 
brgg'nik-ken 
briln 

j  bi-uns'wili  or  broun'shvl§ 

Id  brii-k'i-trc' 
brgg'sa 
brggs'ko 


Brussels,  [Bruxellcs,]  (Neth.)  ints'aeis  or  bruseV 


Briisztura,  (Austr.) 
Brzesc,  (Austr.) 
Brzezany,  (Austr.) 
Brzozovv,  (Austr.) 
Brziichowice,  (Austr.) 
Bublitz,  (Prus.) 
Bucellas,  (Pen.) 
Buchs,  (Switz.) 
Burkow,  (Prus.) 
Biida,  or  Ofen,  (Austr.) 
Buda,  (R.)  isl. 
Budamer,  (Austr.) 
Boodendikghof,  (R.) 
Budweis,  (Austr.) 
Budwilz,  (Austr.) 
Budzanow,  (Austr.) 
Buena  Vista,  (.Mex.) 
Buenos  Ayres,  (S.  Am.) 
BtitTalora  Pass,  (Switz.) 
Biihler,  (Switz.) 
Biihlerthal,  (Ger.) 
Bukaria,  Little.  (As.) 
Bukke  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Biikowina,  (Austr.) 
Bulgaria,  ('I'lir.) 
Bumiissa,  (Austr.) 


brggs-tgg'ra 
br^-ietcfi' 
br'-zhe-ibd-ni 
br*-zlt5sh5 
br'-tligg-iliB-t'i'tie 
bgg'bliL^ 
bgg-tMl'yas 
bggk3 
bgg'kS 
bgg'da,  i'fin 
bgg'da 
bgg'dd-mere 
bgg-drn-dik' ghbf 
bggt'vice 
bggt'viis 
bggt'ia'no 
bgg-e'na  v'Is'ta 
bgg-e'ngs  j'rwjc 
bggf-f  d-iS'ra 
bgg'ler 
bgg'lfr-tWd 
bgg-ka'  (or  ka')  r'i-a 
bngk'ke-fijOrd 
bgg~k5-v'i' na 
bggl-gd'  (or  gd')  r'i-a 
bgg-mds'sa 


Buna  Bradden  Head,  (Scot.)  bft'na  brdd'dm  hid 


Buntzlaii,  (Prus.) 
Burbapucna,  (Pen.) 
Buren,  (Switz.) 
Biirg,  (Den.  t  Neth.) 
Biirgdorf,  (Switz.) 
Burghausen,  (Ger.) 
Burgia,  (It.) 
Burgos,  (Pen.) 
Burgundf,  (Fr.) 
Burica,  (^iex.) 
Bursa,  (Tur.) 
Biirsztyn,  (Austr.) 
BurzlalT,  (Prus.) 
Busca,  (It.) 
Bussem,  (Neth.) 


bggnts'loiL 
bggr-hd-gs'na 
bite'ren 
bggr$ 
bggri'dnrf 
bggr^-liou'zm 
bggrd'ja 
bqgr'gosst 
bur-gun'dy 
bgg-ri'ka 
bggr'sa 
bggrs'nne 
bgqrls'ldf 
bggs'ka 
bggs'sem 


Eiisserarh,  (Switz.) 
I!u.ssi,  (Switz.) 
Bussl^i'f,  la,  (Fr.) 
Bycn,  (Den.)  u/. 


bngi'ti-^dlh 

btiasf 

Id  biis-d'i-ire* 

biic'cn 


c. 


Cabanes,  (Pen.) 
Calianes,  les,  (Fr.) 
Cabarras,  (tj.  S.) 
Cabello,  (Mex.) 
Caliiolo,  (Switz.) 
Cabool,  «r  Cabul,  (.As.) 
Cabovillano,  (Pen.) 
Cabra,  (Pen.) 
Cabra,  r. 

Cabras,  (Pen.  t  ft.) 
Cabras,  Sierra  de  las,  (Pen 
Cabrera,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Cabriac,  (Fr.) 
Cabul,  or  Cabool,  (.\3.) 
Cabiilistan,  (As.) 
Cacalutta,  (Mex.) 
Caceie.";,  (Pen.) 
Cadauj.ic,  (Fr.) 
Cadenazza,  (Swilz.) 
Cadcreite,  (Me.x.) 
Cadiz,  (Pen.) 
Cadsand,  (Neth.) 
Caen,  (Fr.) 
Cacrmartlicn,  (Wales) 
Cagli,  (It.) 


Cagliari.  (it.) 
Cagny,  (ih.) 
Cahir,  (Ir.) 


Cahors,  (Fr.) 
Cairo,  (It.  &  Eg.) 
Caithness,  (Scot.) 
C.ajurichi,  (Mex.) 
Cala,  Ras  el,  (It.) 
Gala,  (Pen.)  r. 

Calabria,  Citra,  (It.) 

Calabria,  Ultra,  (It.) 
Calaturia.  (It.) 
Calais,  (Fr.) 
t'alais,  ( Fr.)  drp. 
Calaiiiocha,  (Pen.) 
Calan<la,  (Pen.) 
Cala.sparra,  (Pen.) 
CalaUib.ilotta,  (It.) 
Cal.atalialotta,  (It.)  r. 
Cal.itavatuta,  (It.) 
Caici,  (It.) 
Calcasieu,  (V.  S?.) 
CalcutUi,  (Ind.) 
Calderon,  Point,  (Pen.) 
Calenberg,  (Ger.) 
Calicut,  (Iml.) 
California,  (.V.  Am.) 
Calipso,.(ll.) 
Callands  Oog,  (Ncth.) 
Callao,  (Pen.) 
Callunborg,  (Den.) 
Calore,  (It.)  r. 
Caltagir.uie,  (Sic.) 
Calva,  (It.)  wt. 
Calvados  (Fr.)<if;). 
Calvados,  Kocks  of,  (Fr.) 
Calzadilla  (Pen.) 
Caiualoa,  (Mex.) 
Cainbe,  la,  (Fr.) 
Cainliodia,  i  liid.) 
Caiubray,  (I'r.) 
Cambre'sis  le  Chat,  (Fr.) 
Cambridge, 

Cambridgeshire,  (Eng.) 
Camenz,  (Ger.) 
Caniillare,  rit.)  (. 
Cammin,  (Prus.) 
Cainogask,  (Switz.) 
Campagna,  (It.) 
Campana,  (Pen.)  r. 
Campufia,  la,  (Pen.) 
Cainpnnella,  (It.)  c. 
Cainpeche,  ( Mex.) 
Campcl,  (Switz.) 
Campiglla,  (It.) 
Cainpoforinio,  (It.) 
Campo  Rosso,  (.Austr.) 
Camporaghena,  (It.)  mL 
Campos  Ancos,  (Pen.) 
Canada,  (S.  Am.) 
Canada,  la,  (Mex.) 
Canada,  del  Iloyo,  (Pen.) 
Canajoharrie,  (U.  S.) 
Canandaigua,  {V.  S.) 
Canara,  (Ind.) 
Candaliar,  (Ind.) 
Candrla,  (Mex.) 
Cangas  de  Onis,  (Pen.) 


kd-bd'nestto 
/£  kd-bdne' 
ka-bdr'  ra,t 

kd-brl'yo  or  kd-br'yc 
kd-bi  O'lo 
kd-bi/gV 
kd-bb-v'il-yd'no 
kd'bra 
kd'bra 
kd'brds 
)  s'i-rr'ra  de  Ids  kd'brd.' 
kd-bre'ra 
kd-br'i-dJ:' 
kd-bgqV 
kii-bggl-is-tdn' 
kd'hd-lggt'  la 
kd'  the-re.'ist 
kd-dO  -^dJi' 
kd-dt-ndl'  sa 
kddr.-rVtf. 
kd'diin.  Eng.  kd'dii 
lidt'idiU 
kdng 

kifr-jHdr'then 
kal'yt 
kaX-yd'fi 
kdn-y'i' 

kdtt'ltifr  or  kare 
kd-ire' 

kd-'i'ro  or  /.I'm 
kdUi'nejis 
kd-Utgg-r'i' (Jii 
rds  el  kd'ta 
kd'la 

Skd-ld'br'i-a  cki'tra,  Eng. 
ka-l&'bri-a 
kd-ld'bri-a  ggl'lra 
kd-ld-fgg'rt-a 
kd-ia',  >  „„„  ,  .„. 
kd-l6']  I  " 
ka'td'inH'c/ia 
hd-ldn'da 
kct-l(is-pdr'ra 
kd4d-id-I/d'lot'ta 
ka-ld-fd-bd-ht'ta 
kd-ld-ta-cd'tQ^'ra 
kal'chi 

kal'ka~slicu  or  kuVka-s,'iru 

kal-kut'ta  or  kal  kij^t'ta 

kdVdr-rqn 

ka'Ieti'brr^ 

kal-i-kul' 

kdl-'i-for'nt-a 

kd-tiji'so 

kal'Iduts  GZh 

kai-ya'o 

kdlit^Qn-ior^ 

kd'ld're 

kai-td-fi-rO'ni 

kal'va 

kal-vifflos 

kdi-vd'ftas 

kdl-thd-^rtVya 

kd-ma-lO'a 

la  kan<[b 

kdin-  fur  kdm-)  bO'tTi-a 

kdnir-bru' 

kdns-br*-i'i'  U  >Aa 

k3m'hrtilj(! 

kdm'  bruljesh'irit 

ka'mtitts 

kd-m'il-ld'ri 

kdm-m'ine' 

kd' mo- frd.sk 

kam-piiit' ya 

kdm-pdn'  ijil 

Id  kam-jtdn' tja 

kdm-jid'itrl'la 

kaut-pr'che^  Eng.  ^am  pV- 

kdm' pel  [cJi'i 

kdm-ptl'ii't'-a 

kdm  'p  o-fqr'm  i  -o 

kdm'po  ro.v'ifl 

kdm-p(t-rd'srf'na 

kdm'po.-i  dn'kut 

kdn'a-da 

Id  ka'nd-da 

kd')td-<ia  dfl  6'yo 

kdn-a-j6  hnr'ri 

kdn-an-dd'g-iea 

kd'nd-ra 

kdn-iia-kOr* 

kdn'df-ta  I 
kdn'ffd  d{  O'n'isse 


Fr.  long  ^  and  short  *u,  nearly  as  in  5pur. —  Final  Itfy  French  I  mouUle. — AH,"ger^vi"cious.  —  g  ^is  s  \n  pleasure ;  ^  and     ffutlunil  i  ny,  liquid;  fft  as  in  pitJk. 


167 


HHHHH 


1333 


PROiNUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Cannes,  (Fr.) 
Cam),  dHl,  (Pen.) 
Cansiadt,  ((Jer.) 
Cantal,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Cantarca,  (It.)  I. 
Cantire,  or  Kintyre,  (Scot.) 
Cantotnank,  (Austr.) 
Canton,  (As.) 
Cantos,  Fuente  de,  (Pen.) 
Caparrosa,  (Pen.) 
Cape  Breton,  (Can.)  isl. 
Capel,  (Den.)  isl. 
Capella,  (It.)  mt. 
Capelle,  la,  (Fr.) 
Capena,  (It.) 
Capitanata,  (It.) 
Capo  di  Cagliari,  (It.) 
Capo  di  Gallo,  (It.) 
Capo  di  Ponte,  (It.) 
Capo  di  Sassari,  (It.) 
Cappacio,  (It.) 
Caprer.a,  (It.)  isl. 
Capri,  (It.)  isl. 
Captieux,  (Fr.) 
Capua,  (It.) 
Caputo  Rock,  (Pen.) 
Caracas,  (S.  Am.) 
Carainania,  (Tur.) 
Carapelia,  (It.)  r. 
Carapelle,  (It.) 
Carapipi,  (It.) 
Caratasca,  (Jle.v.)  I. 
Caravaca,  (Pen.) 
Carboni,  (It.) 
Carbonara,  (ft.)  c. 
Carcagente,  (Pen.) 
CarcHstillo,  (Pen.) 
Carcans,  (Fr.)  /. 
Carcassonne,  (Fr.) 
.Carcelles,  (Switz.) 
Cardenosa,  (Pen.) 
Cardigan,  (Eng.) 
Cardiganshire,  (Eng.) 
Cardinale,  fit.) 
Cardona,  (Pen.) 
Cardosa,  el,  (Pen.) 
Carigliano,  (It.)  r. 
Carinthia,  or  Ka;rnthen,  i 
(Aiistr.)  i 
Carizal,  el,  (Mex.) 
Carl  Johanstad,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Carleton,  (Can.) 
Carlo,  Fort,  (It.) 
Carlopago,  (Austr.) 
Carlow,  (Ir.)  co. 
Carlowitz,  f  Austr.) 
Carlsbad,  (Au.str.) 
Carlsburg,  (Austr.  &  Gar.) 
Carlshanm,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Carlscrona,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Carlslund,  (ben.) 
Carlsruhe,  (Ger.) 

Carlsladt,  (Sc.  Pen.  &  Austr.)  kdrl'stiii 


kdnne 
dH  kd'tio 
hdii'sldt 
kdnir-ial' 
kdti-tdr'ka 
han-tire' 
kdn'to-mdngk' 
kdn-ton' 

fQQ~en'le  de  kdn'toa 
kd-pdr-ro-sa 
bre-tqng'  or  brit'on 
kd'pel 
kd-pH'la 
Id  kd-pele' 
kd-pe'na 
kd-p'i-td-n'd'ta 
ka'po  di  kdUyd'r'i 
kd'po  d'i  gal'lo 
ka'pu  d'i  pon'U 
kd'po  di  sds-sd'r'i 
kdp-pd' clii-o 
kd-pre'ra 
kd'pri 
kdp-si~ew' 
ka'pQQ-a 
kd-pQq'to 

kd-rak'ds  or  kS-rdk'(U 
kdr-a-md'  lii-a 
kd'rd'pH'la 
kd'rd-pel'le 
kd'rd'p'i'p'i 
kd'rd'tds'ka 
kd'rd-od'ka 
kdr-bd'u'i 
kdr'bo-Jid'ra 
kdr'kd-^fieit'te 
kdr-kds-til'  I/O 
kdr-kdng' 
kdr-kds-son' 
kdr-sele' 
kdr'Ue-nd'sa 
kdr'  di~ga:l 
kdr'di-tran-skzre 
kdr-di-nd'le 
kdr-do'na 
el  kdr-du'sa 
kd-r'iV  yi~d-no 

I  ka-rin'tlCi-a  or  kem'tin 

el  ka-ri-tKdl  or  -sdl 
kdrl  yo-hdii'stdd 
kdrl'ton 
kdr'lo 

kdr'lo-pd'go 
kdr' low 
kdr'lo-cits 
kdrWbdt 
kdrls'bQQT^ 
kdrWlLdini 
kdrU-kro'na 
kdrU-l{}<jud' 
karU-ri^Q'  he 


Carinagnola,  (It.) 
Carniel,  (Pal.)  mU 
Carmen,  (Mex.)  isL 
Carmona,  (Pen.)  - 
Carnatic,  (Ind.) 
Carniola,  (Austr.) 
Carolina,  (U.  S.) 
Caroniana,  Fort,  (ft.) 
Carpatliiaii,  (Austr.)  mt. 
Carpentaria,  (Austral.) 
Carrara,  (It.) 
Carreira,  (Pen.) 
Carrlso,  (.Me;:.) 
Cartago,  (Mex.) 
Carvin,  (Fr.) 
Casa  del  Cuervo,  (Pen.) 
Casa  de  Serra,  (Pen.) 
Casaccia,  (Switz.) 
Casal  Maggiorc,  (It.) 
CiLsale,  (It.) 


kar-mdn-y6' la 
kdr'mel 
kdr'men 
kdr-vtO'na 

kar-na't'ik  or  kar-ndt'ik 

kdr-n'i-O'la 

kar-o-li'  (or  IV)  na 

kd-ro-md'  na 

kar-pd' tKi-nn 

kdr-pht~ta'ri-a 

kar-ra'ra 

kdr-rl'ra 

kdr-r'i'.io 

kdr-td'go 

kdr-cang' 

kd'sa  dH  ktjq-ir'vo 

kd'sa  de  str'ra 

kd-idl' clii-a 

ka-idl'  mdd-g'i-S'rt 

kd-ia'le 


Cas.isde  IJ(m  Antonio,  (Pen.)/ca'iaf  de  don  fin-tO'n'i-o 


CasJiS  del  Puerto,  (Pen.) 
Cartas  Grandefi,  (Mex.) 
Ca.«avieja,  (Pen.) 
Casbin,  (Pen.) 
CaJicanlcn,  (Pen.) 
Cnflcia,  (It.) 
Cn^cio,  Point 
CaHhel,  (Ir.) 
Ca.sliinere,  (As.) 
Caspian  Sea,  (As.) 
CanHa,  (It.) 
Cartsel,  (Ger.) 
CaM.tia  via,  (It.) 
Ca.itagnclU>,  (It.)  t. 
CaHtiignola,  (It.) 
CaHtanuebi,  (Mex.) 
CiiDlel  a  Mare,  (It.) 
CaHicI  a  Mare,  (It.)  g. 
CanK.l  Dorra,  (It.) 
Caiitrl  Fninca,  (IL) 


ka'sas  del  pr^Q-i'r'to 
kri'nas  grdii'dease 
kd'.-id-vi-s'llui 
kds-biae' 
ka.-i'kdn'Usse 
ka'aki-a 
kd'alii-o 
kAik'd 
kAiik-mSrt* 
kdd'pi-an 
kd^'tia 

kd.i'afl 

kda'si-a  v'i'a 
kdii-tdn-^irt'to 
kdjt-taid  yo-la 
kds-td-nQQ-z'la 
kd.i-lrl' d  md'rt 
kdj)  let'  d  md'rt 
kilM-trl'  da'ri-a 
kdji-lfV  frdn'ka 


Caslel  Girt-lfo,  (It.) 
Castcliiau  de  iWedoc,  (Fr.) 
C.asttfhiaiidary,  (Fr.) 
Castel  Novo  di  Monte,  (It.) 
Ca.stel  Vetrano,'(lt.) 
Castel  Volturno,  (It.) 
Ca.stigIione,  (It.) 
Castiglione  Fiorente,  (It.) 
Castillo  de  los  Guardias, 

(Pen.) 
Castillon,  (Fr.) 
Castine,  (U.  S.) 
Castre,  (Netli.) 
Castres,  (Fr.) 
Castril,  Sierra  de,  (Pen.) 
Castrillo,  (Pen  ) 
Castro,  (Pen.  &  It.) 
Castro  Giovanni,  (It.) 
Castua,  (Austr.) 
Casza.  (Austr.)  isl. 
Cataljoola,  (U.  S.) 
Catalano,  (It.) 
Catalonisi,  (Pen.) 
Cataniarca,  (Am.) 
Catania,  (It.) 
Catania,  (It.)  g. 
Catanzaro,  (It.) 
Catarroja,  (Pen.) 
Cati,  (Pen.) 
Catta.-augiis,  (U.  S.) 
Cattaro,  (Austr.) 
Cattegat,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Cattenburg,  (Austr.) 
Caucasus,  (II.) 
Caucasus,  (R.)  mt. 
Caussade,  (Fr.) 
Cavado,  (Pen.)  r. 
Cavalaire,  (Fr.) 
Cavalerie,  la,  (Fr.) 
Cavallo,  (It.)  c. 
Cavallo,  (It.)  isl. 
Cavan,  (Ir.)  co. 
Cavignac,  (Fr.) 
Cavoli,  (It.)  isl. 
Cavria,  (Au.str.) 
Cayo,  (Mex.) 
Cayuga,  (U.  S.) 
Cazenovia,  (V.  S.) 
Ceciano,  (It.) 
Cecilia,  (It.)  r. 
Celano,  (It.) 
Celano,  (It.)  I. 
Celebes 

Celigny,  (Switz.) 
Celle,  (Ger.) 
Cellette,  (Fr.) 
Cellino,  (It ) 
Cenelos,  (Me.x.) 
Cenis,  rit.)  mt. 
Censo  di  Falcone,  (It.) 
Cento,  (It.) 
Cephalonia,  (It.) 
Ceppo,  (It.)  r. 
Cerentino,  (Switz.) 
Cerignola,  (It.) 
Cerigo,  (Gr.) 
Cerisv,  (Fr.) 
•ernay,  (Fr.) 
Cerreto,  (It.) 
Cerro  Colbrado,  (Mex.) 
Cerro  Gorda,  (.Mex.) 

Cerro  de  S.  Claro,  (Mex.)  | 

Cerros,  (Mex.)  isl. 
Cervaro,  (It.)  r. 
Cesano,  (It.) 
Cesareo  Port,  (It.) 
Ces(me,  (It.)  r. 
Cette,  (Fr.) 
Ceva,  (It.) 
Ceylon,  (Ind.) 
Cliaam,  (Neth.) 
Cliabariclia,  (K.) 
Chabarina,  (R.) 
Chabouois,  (Fr.) 
Chahonrsk,  (R.) 
Chagre,  (S.  Am.) 
ChafToy,  (Fr.) 
Cliagny,  (Fr.) 
Cliagouta,  (U.)  r. 
Cliagovarsk,  (R.) 
Cliadly,  (Fr.) 
Cliaisedien,  la,  (Fr.) 
Chak  Ooulak,  (R.) 
Clialam,  (Fr.) 
Challut,  (Fr.) 
Cbalonne,  (Fr.) 
Chalons  sur  Marne,  (Fr.) 
Clialons  sur  Soane,  (Fr.) 
Cliama,  (Mex.) 
Cliamarga,  (.Mex.) 
Chainbercl,  ( Fr.) 
Cliainliiry,  (Fr.) 
CliaiiibroiH,  (Fr.) 


kd.t-tel'  grQ-el'fo 
kas~lel-u6'  dc  jiie-dqk' 
kds-ti'l'iiQ-ddr-ri' 
kds-tH'  no'vo  d'i  inon'te 
kds-tH'  ve-trd'no 
kds-trl'  vql-t^Qv' no 
kds-til-yo'ne 
kds-t'il~yo'jte  f'i-c-ren'te 

Skds-t'il'yo  de  los  g^Q-dr'- 
di-ds 

k'ds-t'i-iynng'  or  kds-t'il- 
kds-t'iiie'  [yon  fr' 

kdstr" 
kdstr" 

s'i~er'ra  de  k'ds-tr'iV 

kds-tr'il'yo 

kds'tro 

kds'tro  j'i-o-vdn'n'i 

kds'tgq-a 

kds'sa 

kdt-a-hQQ'la 

kd-td-la'  no 

kd-ta-l6' n'i-a 

kd-td-mdr'ka 

kd-td'n'i~a  or  ka~t&'n'i-a 

kd-td'iii-a  or  ka-td'ni-a 

kd-tdrid-zd'ro 

kd-tdr-ro'iiia 

kd'ti 

kdt-td-rau'gu3 

kdt-td'ro 

kdt'te-gdt 

kdt'teiv-bQQr^ 

kau'kd-SQQs  or  kau'kd-sris 

kau.' kdzsQQs  or  kau'kd-sus 

kds-sdile' 

kd-va'do 

kd-vd-lSre' 

Id  kd-nal-rV 

kd-val'lo 

kdval'lo 

kdv'an 

kd-vin-y'dk^ 

kd-v5'li 

kd-or'i'a 

ka'yo 

kd-yQQ'ga 

kdi~cii-d'  v'i-a 

che-cki-d'  no 

che~clii'  na 

che-la'no 

che-ld'no 

cH'e-bees 

ce-l'-in-yV 

UH'le 

cel4He' 

ektl-li'no 

tfie-  (or  se-)  ne'los 

che'n'isse  or  ce~n'i' 

chht'zo  d'i  f  dl-k5'ne 

chen'to 

chr-f'd-lo'n'i-a 

chtp'po 

cht-rht-t'i'no 

che-r'in'yo-la 

cker'i-go 

ce-r'i-s'i' 

cer-na' 

cfth'-re'to 

thrr'  (or  sfr')  ro  kql-brd'do 
tti^r'  (or  ser')  ro  gnr'da 
tUer'  (or  sir')  ro  de  sdn 

lild'ro 
tJirr'  (or  sir')  roa 
chir-va'ro 
che-id'  no 
che-ld-re'o 
ebe-io'ne 
citte 
che'va 

cil-One'  or  e'i'lon 
ilialiin 

chd-bd-r'i'cha 

ckd-bd-ri'na 

shd-bo~nwa' 

cha'bunrsk 

skd-gr' 

shdf-fwa' 

shdn-y'i' 

chd-gou'ta 

chd'  go-vdrsk 

skd-i-y'i'  or  shiU-yt' 

Id  shdse-di-ifii 

chdk  boit'lak 

shd-ldng' 

shdl-le' 

shd-liine'  _ 
shd-lqng'  siir  rname 
shd-tqng'  sUr  sOkn 
chd'ma 
chd-mdr'  ga 
skdnif-hre' 
skdHir.br'i' 
shdng-tirwa 


Chanibry,  (Fr.) 
Cliampaigne,  (Fr.) 

Cliamouny,  (Switz.) 

Cliamplain,  (Can.) 
Champoton,  (.Mex.) 
Chapala,  (Mex.) 
Chanceaux,  (Fr.) 
Chantenay,  (Fr.) 
Chantenov,  (Fr.) 
Chapelle,'la,  (Fr.) 
Chapelle  Royale,  (Fr.) 
Charente,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Charente,  Lower,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Charenton,  (Fr.) 
Charite,  la,  (Fr.) 
Charki,  (R.) 
Cliarlatskoi,  (R.) 
Cliarleniont,  (Fr.) 
Charleroi,  (iVeth.) 
Cliarlottenbcrg,  (Prus.) 
Charlevoix,  (U.  S.) 
Charines,  (Fr.) 
Charmey,  (Switz.) 
Charny,  (Switz.) 
CliaroUes,  (Fr.) 
Cliarot,  (Fr.) 
Charriore,  (Fr.) 
Chars,  (Fr.) 
Chartres,  (Fr.) 
Chasseral,  (Switz.)  jKf. 
Chasseron,  (Switz.)  ?nt. 
Chat  la  Valierc,  rFr.) 
Chat  Ligny,  (Fr.; 
Chalahooche,  (IJ.  S.)  r. 
Chataignerave,  (Fr.) 
Chatauque,  (U.  S.) 
Chateaubourg,  (Fr.) 
Chateaubriant,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Cambresis,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Cliinon,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Loir,  (Fr.) 
Cliateaulin,  (Fr.) 
Chateauneuf,  (Fr.) 
Chateauroux,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Renault,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Salins,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Tliierry,  (Fr.) 
Chatelet,  (Neth.) 
Chatellerault,  (Fr.) 
Chatellier,  (Fr.) 

Chatillon,  (Fr.)* 

Chatillon  en  Bazois,  (Fr.) 
Chatillon  sur  Loire,  (Fr.) 
Chatillon  sur  Loing,  (Fr.) 
Chatillon  sur  Indre,  (Fr.) 
Chatillon  sur  Seine,  (Fr.) 
Cliatre,  la, 
Chatsk,  (R.) 
Chaudenay,  (Fr.) 
Chaudiere,  (IJ.  S.) 
Chaumont,  (Fr.) 
Cliaussee,  la,  (Fr.) 
Chaux  de  Fonils,  (.Switz.) 
Chaux  du  Milieu,  (Switz.) 
Chavignon,  (Fr.) 
Chechkieev,  (R.) 
Cheki,  (R.) 
Cheles,  (Pen.) 
Chelmsford,  (Eng.) 
Clielsea,  (Eng.) 
Cheltenham,  (Eng.) 
Chemille,  (Fr.) 
Chemnitz,  ((Jer.) 
Chenmng,  (U.  S.) 
Chenango,  (U.  S.) 
Chenisegorsk,  fit.) 
Clienkoursk,  (R.) 
Cliepovska,  (R.) 
Cher,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Clieran,  (It.)  r. 
Cherbourg,  (Fr.) 
Chermonlanc  Glacier, 

(Switz.) 
Cherokee,  (U.  S.) 
Cherso,  (Austr.)  isl. 
Chertsey,  (Eng.) 
Chesapeake 
Chesscaux,  (Switz  ) 
Chetchkova,  (11.) 
Clietiniaches,  (U.  S.) 
Chevagnes  le  Roy,  (Fr.) 
Chevenceau,  (Fr.) 
Clieveney,  (Switz.) 
('lieviot,  (Scot.)  mt. 
Chiana,  Marsh  of,  (It.) 
Chiaro,  (It.)  mt. 
Cliiavari,  (It.) 
Chiavenna,  or  Cicvcn,  (It.) 
Chicapee,  or  Chicopee,  ( U.  S. 
(;hicago,  (U.  S.) 
Chichester,  (Eng.) 
Cliichis,  (Mex.) 


shdng-br'i' 

shdng-pdinj' 
(  skd-mff-n't'.  Eng.  slid- 
\     in<j<j' ny 

shdiig-pldng'j  Eng.  chdm- 

chdin-pd'tqii  Iptdne' 

ehd-pa'la 

sfidng-so' 

•iUdngt-na* 

ekdngt^nwa 

Id  skd-pHe 

sh'd-peU  rw'dMj'dM' 

shd-rdngt' 

shd-rdngt' 

shd-rdng-tqng' 

Id  shd-r'i~te' 

chdr'k'i 

ckdr-ldls'koi 

shdrl-mqng' 

shdrl-rioa' 

shdr-lyl'teii-ber^ 

shdrle-voy' 

shdrm 

skdr-md.' 

shdr~n'i' 

shd-roW 

shd-ro 

shdr^'i-Hrcf 

shdr 

skartr' 

s/ias-se-rfU' 

slids-rqng 

shd  Id  im-l'i~Sre' 

sfid  iin-y'i' 

chdl-a-hQQ'che 

shd-tdny~rd' 

cha-turo' que 

shd-to-bQQT 

slid-td-bri~'dng' 

sltd-tu'  kdng-br-zi' 

siLd-tb'  slii-uqug' 

skd-tO'  liodr 

shdrl5-ldng' 

shd-to-ndtif 

sha-t5-rqt}' 

shd-to'  re-TtH' 

shd-tu'  sd-ldiig^ 

skd-tO'  li-e-rV 

shdl-la' 

ska-tel-rd' 

shd-til-ti-e' 

\  slid-til-yqng'  or  skd-t'i-'i- 
I     yong' ' 

skd-t/l-ynng'  dng  bd-zwa 

shd-til-yqiig'  stir  liodr 

skd-t'il-yqng'  stir  lindng 

sUd-til-yqitg'  siir  dn-dr' 

shd-til-yong'  siir  sane 

Id  slidtr'' 

clidLik 

$k5de-n&' 

sfio-d'i-Src' 

shQ-mong' 

Id  sks's-se' 

sh5  de  f5ng 

shO  dit  jn'i-Ti-ed, 

shd-r'in-yong' 

chick' kycev 

che'ki 

cfie'lesse 

cliimz'ford 

chil'sy 

chil'ten-kam  or  chelt'num 
she-mi-i'  or  sh^-m'ily' 
Zkim'nUs 
she-mung' 
she-nan'  go 
che-ni'se-gqrsk 
chin-kuursk' 
che-pqv~ska 
shire 
ke-rdn' 
shere-b^qr' 

shSre-mong-tdhn'  gl'd- 

s'i-e' 
chir-o-kec' 
kir'so 
chis'st 
chis'a-pCaJct 
shes-s6' 
chitcli'lio-va 
shit-'i-mdsh' 
sht-vdny'  la  rioa 
she-vdngsH' 
shive-nd' 
chiv'i-ot 
ki-d'na 
ki-d'ro 
k'i-i-vd'ri 
k'i-d-vin'na 

)chil^o-pee'  or  chik'o-pee 
sh'i-kffin'go 
chick'  es-tcr 
clii'ck'is 


Fate,  fdr,  full,  lektfl,  biL  —  Mite,  prey ,  help,  Utlre,  HHr.  —  Pine,  marine,  bUd,fig.  —  JVBte,  dive,  mUve,  wqlf,  bqqk,  lord. —  Tilne,  bull,  t;«t(c.  — Fr.  long  vtle ;  Fr.  short  »ii<.— 


1334 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Chicot,  (U.  S.) 
Cliienti,  (It.) 
Chievres,  (Netli.) 
Clii^iofrna,  (Svvilz,) 
(Jliihiialiu.'i,  (Mcx.) 
Chili,  (S.  Am.) 
Chilicnthe,  (IJ.  S.) 
Chilpnriziiign,  (Mex.) 
Chiltepeniie,  (iMe.v.) 
Chimalapan,  ?.Mcx.) 
Chimalipa,  (Mex.) 
Chiinborazo,  (S.  Am.) 
China,  f  As.) 
Chiiii\ndpRa,  (Mex.) 
Chinese  Empire 
Chinun,  ( Fr.) 
Cliiny,  (Neth.) 
Chippenham,  (Eng.) 
Chippeway,  (U.  S.) 
Chinivv,  ( Austr.) 
Chiiisa,  (It.) 
Chiiisano,  (It.) 
Chinsi,  (It.) 
Chlinit/.a,  (Aiistr.) 
ChlisclbiirK,  (II.) 
Clilov,  (R.) 
ChUimctz,  (Aiistr.) 
Chodziesen,  (Pr.) 
Chokchinsk,  (It.) 
Chdimoghory,  (R.) 
Choliila,  (Mex.) 
Chorbi<}W,  (Pr.) 
Chorostkow,  (Aiistr.) 
Chotzen,  (Aiistr.) 
Clioues,  (En::.) 
Christbiir!:,  (Pr.) 
Christiania,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Cliristiansanil,  (Sc.  IVn.) 
Christiansfeld,  (Den.) 
Christiansoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Chiistianstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Christinehainn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Cliristinestadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Christoval,  (Mex.) 
<.;hiiquisaca,  (S.  Am.) 
Cieszanow,  (Austr.) 
Cilicia,  (.\s.) 
Cilician  Gates 
Cimores,  (Pen. J 
Cimbriihanin,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Cimiti,  (It.)  c. 
Ciinnne,  (It.) 
Cincinnati,  (U.  S.) 
Ciney,  (Neth.) 
Cinlra,  (Pen.) 
Circassia,  (R.) 
Cirencester,  (Corn.,  Eiig.) 
Citta  Nuova,  (It.) 
Citta  Vecchia,  (It.) 
Citt.adella,  (It.) 
Ciiidad  Real,  (Mex.) 
Ciudari  Rodrigo,  (Pen.) 
Ciiiiladela,  (Pen.) 
Cinrana,  (Pen.) 
Civita  Vecchia,  (It.) 
Clahheeck,  (Neth.) 
Cladow,  (Ger.) 
Clagpiifiirt,  (Austr.) 
Claiborne,  (V.  S.) 
Clan,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 
Clape,  la,  (Fr.) 
Clara,  Sa,  (Pen.) 
Clareno,  (Switz.) 
Claro,  (Switz.) 
Clausenburg,  (Austr.) 
Claiisholm,  (Uen.) 
Cl.iiisthal,  (Ger.) 
Clavtte,  la,  (Fr.) 
Clei'mont,  (Fr.) 
Cli-mentino,  (It.) 
Clermont,  (Fr.) 
Clermont  de  Lodeve,  (Fr.) 
Clermont  en  Argonne,  (Fr.) 
Clermont  Fcrrand,  (Fr.) 
Cieven,  or  Chiavenna,  (It.) 
Cleves,  (Ger.) 
Cleves  und  Berg,  (Ger.) 
Cliss.i,  (Aiistr.) 
Clithcroc,  (Eng.) 
Clogher,  (Ir.) 
Cloghnakillv,  (Ir.) 
Chisone,  (It.)  r. 
Cniin  Germana,  (Austr.) 
Cobadonga,  (Pen.) 
Ccblentz,  (Ger.) 
Cobiirc,  (Ger.) 
Cochin,  (Hind.) 
Coclois,  (Fr.) 
Coco,  (Mex.) 
Cocomaricopas,  (Mel.) 
Cocon.ato,  (It.) 
Coilacavallo,  (IL)  c 
Cognac,  (Fr.) 


slii'ko 
c/n-rn't'i 

k'id-^on'ya 
ch'i-QQa'QQd 
ch'i'li 

chiUi-kcin' e 

cjtil-pdn-tlltn'  (or  sin'}  ga 

eh't-md-ld' pdn 
ch'i-vid-ti*  pa 
chim-bo-rd'  so 
chi'v.a 

ch'i-ndn-d^'ga 
chz-nSsc' 

slii-ni' 

chip'num 

chip'pe-ioQy 

ihi'rS 

k'i-<jQ'ia 

k'i-Q<f'zi 

lliH-nU'sa 

IhlV  icUbQi^r^ 

cklon 

thl(i(/'mits 

Ikqt'tsi-zen 

ehqk-cli'insk' 

chql-m6tr-k6-Ty 

cho-lQq'ld 

Ihqr'bro 

Ihb-Tosl'ko 

Ihqt'sm 

koiDz 

krist'bi}tyr^ 

krist'i-dUt't-a 

kr'i'sti-dkn-sdnd' 

kri'fli-dkn.i-fitt 

kri'st.'i-dJtns-^ 
i  kri'sti-dhn-stdt  or  kri- 
'  sftdfm-stdi 

kfi-stt'iie-ltdmn 

kr'ist'i'ne-xtat 

kfis-td-v'dl' 

chfg-k'i-sd'ka 

ts'i-shd'no 

c'i-lish't-a 

c'i-lish'an 

tKirn'bresse 

cim'bris-hdmn 

chi-mi'Vi 

ch'i-mdht^ 

ctn-cin-nit'l 

c'i-nS' 

tKin'tra 

c'ir-kds'si-a  or  cir-kis'- 

sis'e-trr  [sh'i-a 

ch'il-id'  nnq-G'va 

chit-td'  vrU'ki-a 

chit-td'dH'la  . 

m-  (or  si  )  (/(f-ddd'  n-dl' 

tfii-qQ-ddft*  rd-dr'i'go 

tKi-qq~ddUU-ta 

thi-qif-rd'Tia 

ch'i'v'i-ta  vik'k'i-a 

ktab'baife 

kld'do 

kid'  <ren-fqi^i 

kta' borne 

kldhn 

Id  kidpe 

stin'tn  kld'ra 

kld-re'no 

kld'ro 

klou'zfit-bqqr^ 

klov3-kolm' 

klmut'tdlU 

Id  klile 

kU-mgnff' 

klr-mrn-t'i'no 

kl^re-mqntr' 

klSre-mqnt;'  d'i  IC-dine' 

klere-mqng'  dn  dr-irdnc' 

klSrc-mqng'  fir-rdrtg 

ch'i-r'rfn 

kte'vcsse 

kle'vesse  qqnt  bir§ 

kl'is'sa 

klM'cr-0 

klo^'hiT 

klq^-na-kiVty 

klqq-zd'nf 

knqq'a  [rfr-md'na 

kQ-bd-dqn'ga 

kd'blents 

kQ'bQQT^ 

k^-ch'ine^ 
kS-klwa' 
kS'ko 

kS'kd-md-rt-kB'pdt 

kO-kO-nd'to 

kS'dd-kd-v<U'lo 

kqn-ydk' 


Cogdilo  Point,  (Pen.) 
Cotpiinas,  (It.)  r. 
Coignires,  (Fr.) 
Coinihra,  (Pen.) 
Colberg,  (Pr.) 
CoUmrn,  (Neth.) 
Col  de  Cabres,  (Fr.)  vit. 
Colditz,  (Ger.) 
Coleggio,  (ll.) 
Coligny,  (Switz.) 
Collalto,  (It.) 
Colianzo,  (Pen.) 
Coliares,  (Pen.) 
Colima,  (Mex.) 
Coliniies,  (Mex.) 
Colloroe,  fSw.) 
Colinar,  (Fr.) 
Colnett,  (Mex.)  c. 
Cologne,  or  Kceln,  (Ger.) 
Colombia 

Colorado,  rS.  Am.)  r. 
Colorados  Point,  (.Mex.) 
Colorna,  (It.) 
Cohimbretes,  (Pen.)  is/. 
Comaron,  (Austr.) 
Comayagna,  (S.  Am.) 
Combeau  Fontaine,  (Fr.) 
Coinbrondes,  (Fr.) 
Comero,  (It.)  mt. 
Cnmino,  (It.) 
Conio,  (It.) 
Como,  (It.) 
Coinorin,  (Hind.) 
Coniporta,  (Pen.) 
Coiiipostella,  (Pcj.) 
Concontayna,  (Pen.) 

Concepcion,  (Chili,  Am.) 

Concise,  (Switz.) 
Concordia,  ( It.) 
Condi,  la,  (Fr.) 
Conegliano,  (It.) 
Congaree,  (U.  S.) 
Congleton,  (Eng.) 
Congo,  (Af.) 
Coni,  (It.) 
Connaught,  (Ir.) 
Conn.mx,  (Fr.) 
Connecticut,  (U.  S.) 
Connemara,  (Ir.) 
Cuni|iiista,  la,  (Pen.) 
Constance,  or  Constanz, 

(Ger.) 
Constance,  (Switz.) 
Constance,  (Switz.)  I. 
Constantinople,  [Stara- 

bool,]  (Tur.) 
Conza,  (It.) 
Coos,  (Cr.  S.) 
Cooshatchie,  (U.  S.) 
Copenhagen,  [Kjobnhavn,] 

(Den.) 
Copiapo,  (S.  Am.) 
Coquet,  (Eng.) 
Coquille,  la,  rFr.) 
Cnquinibo,  (S.  Am.) 
Corbeil,  (Fr.) 
Corbiire,  (Switz.) 
Cordillera,  (Brazil,)  mt. 
Cordouan,  (Fr.)  t. 
Cordova,  or  Hinojosa,  (Pen, 
Corea,  (.^s.) 
Corella,  (Pen.) 
Corfu,  (Gr.)  isl. 
Corgemont,  (Switz.) 
Coria,  (Pen.) 
Corinth,  (Gr.) 
Corinthia,  (Gr.) 
Corioli,  (It.) 
Cork,  (Ir.)  CO. 
Cormeillcs,  (Fr.) 
Cornellana,  (Pen.) 
Cornia,  (It.)  r. 
Corno,  (It.)  mt. 
Cornwall,  (Eng.) 
Coronata,  (Austr.)  is/. 
Corps,  (Fr.) 

Coral  lie  Almaguer,  (Pen.) 
Corrize,  (f'r.)  dq>. 
Corsica,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Corso,  (It.)  c. 
Corsoer,  (Uen.) 
Corte  Figueira,  (Pen.) 
Cortes,  (Pen.) 
Corunna,  (Pen.) 
Corzola,  (Austr.)  isL 
Coscia,  (It.)  isl. 
Coselitz,  'Prus.) 
Coshocton,  (U.  S.) 
Coslin,  (Prus.) 
Cosse,  le  Nivier,  (Pr.) 
Cosseir,  (Af.) 
Cossonex,  (Switz.) 
Cotanes,  (Pen.) 


kti-frqVyo 

ka-kwVndJ 

htodn-vSre' 

kS-im'bra 

ki'l'biT^ 

kut'bqqrn 

kni  de  kabr' 

knl'ilits 

kO-lfd'j'i-o 

kS-lin-yt' 

knl-ldl'to 

kS-li-dn't7!o 

kO-ii-d'rRsse 

kO-Wvia 

kS-ti' mi-tsse 

ka'lS-rAi 

knl-mdri 

kql'net 

ku-lumj',  k<<iiln,  Eng.  kS- 

ko-lom'bi-a  [ISnc' 

kO-lb-rd'do 

k5-l5-rd'dos 

k5-lqr'na 

kd-lqqm-bre'tesss 

kd-md-roii' 

ko-md-y'd'  mod 

kqntr-bo*  fong-t&nt^ 

kqniT-brqng-dc' 

kO'inf-ro 

ku-m'i'no 

A'o  'mo 

kO'mo 

kqm'o-rin 

kqm-pqr'ta 

kqm-p5s-tH'ya 

kqn-th^n-tVna 
I  kon-lhrp-tTii-qn' ,  Eng. 
\  kon-sfp'skun 

kqng-c'isd 

kqn-kqr'  di-a 

Id  kqufr-de' 

kS-nel'ijd-no 

kon"  gd-ree' 

kon~gl'ton 

kon'go 

ka'ni 

knn'naict 

kqn-Tio' 

kon-nW'i-kut 

knn-ne-md'ra 

Id  kqn-k'is'ta 

I  kqn-stdnts 

kqn-stdnts  or  kdng-stdngs' 

kqn-stdnts  or  kdng-stantrs' 
I  kon-sian-li-no'pU  or  sldm- 
i  iwi 

knnd'za 

ku'os 

kqqs-hatch'y 

j  ko-pen-ha' gen 

ko-p'i-d-pd' 
kok'el 

Id  kS-kt-i'  or  kB-kily' 
k'-k'im'bo 

kqr-he-'i  or  kqr-b{ly 
kqr-b'i-lrc' 
kqr-diVvf-ra 
kqr-dqq-dng' 
,)  kqr-dh'va 
kH-re'a 
kB^H'ya 
kqr'fyQ 
k5r£^e-mong* 
ko'r'i-a 
kor'inth 
kB^n'th'i-a 
kB-rt-6'ti 
kqrk 

kqr-me-i'  or  kor-mfly' 

kqr-nel-yd'na 

kqr'n'i-a 

kqr'no 

kqm'wall 

kd-rS-nd'ta 

kdhr 

kS-rdV  ie,  iU-m'd-ffir' 

kqr^he' 

kqr's'i-ka 

kqr'so 

kqr-zfii'er 

kqr'te  fi-gVra 

kqr'tesse 

kO-rqq'na 

kqrd'i5-la 

ko'sh'ia 

k5'ze-!ils 

kos-hok'ton 

kms-l'ine' 

kShsse  le  ni-v'i-i' 

kossfre' 

kqs'.fd-nex 

k5-td'nesse 


katf  dBre 
kOtr.  diie  nOhr 
kilt'lrn 

kO-tii-pdi'i  or  ko-to-pd' lli'l 
knt' bqq.<.-ie 
kqt'triiis 

kqq-yi'  or  kqqUy'i' 


C3lc  d'Or,  (Fr.)  dr-p. 
Cutes  du  Nord,  (Fr.)  dtp, 
Cothen,  (Prus.) 
Colopaxi,  (S.  Am.) 
Cottliiis,  (Prus.) 
Cottens,  (Switz.) 
Couilly,  (Fr.) 

Coulanges  tiiir  Yonne,  (Fr.)  kqq-ldng^e  sir  i-One 

CuU|iois,  le,  (Fr.)  lit  kqq-pwa' 

Coiir  Chcvemy,  (Fr.)  kqqr  .ihtce-mi' 

Courgenay,  (Switz.)  kqi)rge-na' 

Coiirland,  or  Kurland,  (R.)  kqqr'ldnt 

Coventry,  (Eng.)  kuo'en^ry 

Covington,  (Eng.)  kuv'ing-ton 

Cowes,  (Eng.)  kouz 

Coynn,  (Pen.)  koi'na 

Cozzolina,  (It.)  knt-zB-ti'na 
Cracow,  or  Krakow,  (Austr.)  iTd'/io  or  kr'd-kqqf 


Cran,  (Switz.) 
Crana,  (Switz.) 
Craon,  (Fr.) 
Crasto,  (Pen.) 
Cremona,  (It.) 
CresccntiHo,  (It.) 
Cressy,  (Fr.) 
Creuse,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Crimea,  (R.) 
C'rimilschaii,  (Ger.) 
Crissier,  (Switz.) 
Cro.atia,  (Aiistr.  &  Tur.) 
Croisettes,  (Switz.) 
Croisy  la  llaye,  (Fr.) 
Croix,  (Switz.) 
Croix  Verte,  (Fr.) 
Cronstadt,  (R.) 
Croupii-re,  (Fr.) 
Crustumeriuin,  (IL) 


krdne 
krd'na 
krd-qng 
krds'to 
kr^-mB'na 
kreshrn-t'i'no 
kris-sV 
krtHiae 
kri!me~a 
kr'i'mit-ahou 
kris-si-e' 

krd-d'li-a  or  kri-i'sha 

krwd-z6tc 
krmd-zi'  Id  ha 
krtpa 

krwa  vtrte 
krdnc'stdt 
krqq-pi-Sre 
krqq-dtqq^nc'r'i-qqm 


Cruz  de  Mudela,  Sta.  (Pen.)  adn'ta  krqqttl  de  rnqq-dglla 


Cruz,  Sa,  (Pen.) 
Csaba,  (Austr.) 
Csalm,  (Austr.) 
Cseffa,  (Austr.) 
Csege,  (Austr.) 
Csesztreg,  (.^uslr.) 
Csongrad,  (.-\ustr.) 
Csorna  Kapuvar,  (Austr.) 
Csosmond,  (Austr.) 
Csuesa,  (Austr.) 
Cuba,  (Pen.) 
Cucole,  (It.)  mt. 
Cudazzoni,  (It.)  mt, 
Cucn<;a,  (Pen.) 
Cuerva,  (Pen  ) 
Cuevas,  las,  (Pen.) 
Cnlla,  (Pen.) 
Cully,  (Switz.) 
Culm,  (Austr.)  pr. 
Culinscc,  (Prus.) 
Cumbach,  (Ger.) 
Cumberland,  (Eng.) 
Cunitz,  (Ger.) 


sdn'ta  krqqtli 
chOb'bO 
chidm 
cheffa 
ef't'gi 
chhs'tre^ 
chqn-grdd' 
chqr'na  kd'pqq^dr' 
rJiqa-mqnd 
cliqq-i'sa 
kqq'ha 
kqq'kB-U 
kqq-ddt-zS'n't 
kqq-rn'sa 
kqq-er'va 
Ids  kqq-e'v'ds 

knql'ya'- 

kul-li',  ku-y'i',  or  kul-y'i' 
kqqlm 
kqqlm'ze 
kqqvi'bdlh 
kum'ber-land 
kqq'niLs 


Cun.|ao,  or  Cura^oa,  (W.  |  ft,j.,p,,,a'o,  Jtu-ra-sS' 

Curdistan,  or  KoordistaD,  j  t,tr^i,.t^„, 

Cures,  (It.) 
Curicatore,  (It.) 
Curische  Nehrung,  (Pru.s.) 
Curische  Half,  (Pruii.) 


Cusset,  (Fr.) 
Cussy,  (Fr.) 
Custrin,  (Prus.) 
Cutigliiina,  (It.) 
Cutro,  (It.) 
Cuxhaven,  (Ger.) 
Cuvahoga,  (U.  S.) 
Cyilenia,  (Gr.) 
Czakova,  (Austr.) 
Czakvar,  (Austr.) 
Czarnikow,  (Prus.) 
Czarnowo,  (Prus.) 
Czarskoselo,  (R.) 
Czaslau,  (Austr.) 
Czempin,  (Prus.) 
Czenstechau,  (R.) 
Czepedlak,  (Austr.) 
Czernahora,  (.\ustr.) 
Czernowice,  (Austr.) 
Czichen,  (Pnis.) 
Czirknicz,  (Austr.) 
Czortkow,  (Austr.) 
Czueza,  (Austr.) 


knq'resse 
kqq~r't-kd't5'ri 
kqq'r'i~she  n^-rqqngh 
kqq'ft-sht  haf 
kus-si' 
ktis-sV 
kiis-tr'ine' 
kqq-til-yd'na 
kqq'tro 
kqqz'hd-fin 
ki-a-h6'ga 
sil-lc'n'i-a 
tsd-kd'ca 
tsak'vdr 
chdHn'i-kqqf 
ehdr~nqq-vo 
chdrski'  si-Ui 
tsds'lou 
ehhn-p'ine' 
ckenstf'lhou 
Ut-pid'ldk 
tser-nd-Ud'ra 
tschi^r-nO-v'it'si 
ch'i'lhen 
ts'irk'nit3 
chqrt'kqqf 
ehqq'ctM 


D. 


Dabek,  (Prus.) 
Dacca,  (Hind.) 
Dadizeel,  (.N'eth.) 
D.aelen,  (Neth.) 
Daenemark,  or  Denmark 
Dagerhort,  (R.) 


da'bfr 

dak'ka 

da'di-ztU 

dd'len 

dS'nt-mirk,  din'mltrk 
dd'  grr-hqrt 


Fr.  long  fii  and  short  »u,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  Final  ly,  French  /  mouiUe.  —  An" ger,  vi"cious.  —    as  s  in  pleasure ;  *  and  Ih  guttural ;  ny  liquid  ;  tX  as  in  pith. 

1335 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Dajliestan,  (R.) 
I):iSo,  (R.)  inl. 
DahlKii,  (Ger.) 
Dahomey,  (Af.) 
Dakota,  (U.  S.) 
Dal,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Dalluirgh,  (Scot.) 
Dalby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Dalecarlia,  or  Dalama, 

(Sc.  Pen.) 
Dalen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Dalfors,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ualhmisie,  (U.  S.) 
Dalriiatia,  or  Dalmazien. 

(Ai:str.) 
Diilnacardocli,  (Scot.) 
Dalpp,  (Switz.) 
Dr.Uon,  (Enp.) 
Dalya,  ( Aiistr.) 
Dai'ziel,  (Scot.) 
Damascus,  (Tiir.) 
Damaun,  (Per.) 
Daniel,  (Fr.) 
Damietta,  (Eg.) 
Damm,  (Priis.) 
Damm,  (Priis.)  /. 
Danimartin,  (fr.) 
Uamine,  (Nctli.  &  Ger.) 
Dainpier's  Archipelago, 

Group,  and  Strait, 

(Austral.) 
Dainsdorf,  (Den.) 
Damsig,  (Den.) 
Dnniviile,  (Fr.) 
Daiihiiry,  (U.  S.) 
Danilov.  (il.) 
Danilovka,  (R.) 
Dankov,  (R.) 
Dannemarie,  (Fr.) 
■  Dannemoine,  (Fr.) 
Dantsic,  vr  Danzig,  (Prus.) 
Danube,  or  Donau,  (Ger.) 
Daoudputra,  (End.) 
Darda,  (Austr.) 
Dardanelles,  or  Hellespont, ) 

Strait,  (Tur.)  j 
Darfo,  ((t.) 

Darfour,  or  Darfiir,  (Af.) 

Dargal,  (.\ustralia,)  mU 

Dariel,  Pass  of,  (R.) 

Darien,  (S.  Am.) 

Darmstadt,  [Hessen,]  (Ger.) 

Daroca,  (Pen.) 

Dartmoor  F<irest,  (Eng.) 

Darluch,  (Pen.)  c. 

Darwar,  (Hind.) 

Dauphine,  (Fr.) 

Daverdisse,  (iNeth.) 

Davidov,  (R.) 

Dayara,  (Af.)  mt. 

Dax,  (Fr.) 

De  Bilt,  (Neth.) 

De  Brack,  (Neth.) 

De  Chats,  (Can.)  I. 

De  Haai,  (Xeth.) 

De  Ham.  (\eth.) 

De  Haulij,  (Neth.) 

De  Hond,  or  Western  ) 

Scheldt,  (Neth.)  j 
De  Hiiiise,  (.N'etii.) 
De  Kruis  Sclians,  (Neth.) 
De  K'Jinder,  (Neth.)  r. 
De  Manren,  (iN'eth.) 
De  Meden,  (Neth.) 
De  Painpel,  (Neth.) 
De  Pol,  (Neth.) 
De  Witt's  Land,  (Austral.) 
Dead  Sea,  or  Uahr  Lut,  j 

(Pal.)  j 
Duba,  (Pen.) 
Debretzin,  (Austr.) 
Deccan,  (Ind.) 
Dechkin,  (R.) 
Deda,  (Austr.) 
Dee  Meeder,  (Neth.) 
Deelz,  (Prus.) 
Deinhof,  (Ger.) 
Delaware,  (N.  Am.) 
Delden,  (Neth.) 
Delderbroek,  (.Veth.) 
Dckiiiara,  (It.) 
Delen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 
Delflno  Cnstel,  (It.) 
Delft,  (Neth.) 
Delgada  Point,  (Mei.) 
Delhi,  rind.) 
Delilscli,  (Pru3.) 
Delos,  (Gr.) 
DcNpcrc,  (Switz.) 
Delta,  ( Eg.) 
Delvino  (Auotr.) 
Dciiiarara,  (S.  Am.) 
Demo,  (.Ni-th.)  r. 
DerMiiin,  ( Aiintr.) 


dd'  ghes-t'dn' 

dd'tro 

ddJi'Un 
ddli' hn-tnay 
da-ku'ta 
ddhl 

dqt'bitrg 
ddt'bii 

dd-le-kir'lt-a  or  dd'Vdr- 

na 
dd'len 
ddVfnrs 
ddl-hQQ'  zy 

ddl-wa'sU'i-a  or  dal-mS'- 

ts'i-en 
ddl-na-kdr'doch 
ddi'pe 
daVton 

dd'ti-a  or  d'dVya 

dal'zeel 

dti-mds'kzis 

dor-tnaini' 

dd~ms' 

dd-ini-et'ta 

dd:n 

ddm 

ddm-m'dr-tdn^' 
ddm'jiic 

dam'peer 

ddms'dorf 

ddm'sig 

ddnS'V'iW 

ddivber-re 

dd'n'i-lov 

d,d-ni'lov'ka 

ddn'kov 

ddii-md-rV 

ddn-mwdne' 

ddiL'tsilh 

ddn'T^i/e  or  dOhiou 

dd-QQd-ygg'tra 

ddr'da 

ddr-dS-nelli' 

ddr'fo 

ddr'fqijr 

ddr'  gal 

dd'r'i-il 

dd'r'i-cn 

ddrm'stdt 

dd-ro'hn 

ddrOmtjfjr 

ddr'tQ^tch 

ddr'war 

do-f'i^ej 

dd'fer-dis' St 

dd'v'i-dov 

dd'ijd-ra 

ddz 

de  bill 

de  brdck 

de'  shd 

de  hdlh 

de  hdm 

de  hoii'le 

de  kont 

de  hQQjt'se 
de  krois  skdns 
de  kohi'dt'r 
de  md'r^n 
de  me'dhi 
de  pdiii'pel 
de  pol 
de  vita 

bdr  ItiV 

de'ba 

de' brft-ts'ine' 

dek'kan 

detch-kin' 

de'da 

dt  me'der 

det3 

dine'hof 
deVa-^are 

del'din 

del'der-brQQk 

dz-le-7fid'ra 

de'ien 

del-fi'no 

delft 

d^l^rr'd'da 

drl'm  or  diVM 

di'liuh 

dt'los 

dfU'pirlh 

dH'ta 

del-vl'no 

dem-ii-rd'ra 

d^'mer 

drm'n't-a 


Den  Berg,  (Neth.) 
Den  Ilitzert,  (Neth.) 
Den  Hoek,  (.\eth.) 
DenhiL'li,  (Ir.)  ■ 
Denbighshire,  (Eng.) 
Dender,  (Neth.)  r. 
Denia,  (Pen.) 
Denklingen,  (Ger.) 
Denmark,  or  Danemark 
Dennevitz,  (Prus.) 
Dennoksenye,  (Austr.) 
Dent  de  Rlidi,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Dent  de  Morele,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Dento,  (Austr.) 
Deptford,  (Eng.) 
Derevaragli,  (Ir.) 
Der  Teers,  (Netli.) 
Dernis,  (Austr.) 
Derpt,  (R.) 
Ders,  (Austr.) 
Derval,  (Fr.) 
Dervvent,  (Eng.) 
Derzow,  (Prus.) 
Desaguadero,  (!?.  Am.) 
Desconocida  Point,  (Mex.) 
Desha,  (U.  S.) 
Desidcrada,  (W.  Ind.)  isl. 
Des  iMoines,  (U.  S.) 
Desna,  (R.)  r. 
Dessau,  (Prus.) 
Detmold,  (Ger.) 
Detroit,  (U  S.) 
Dettelbach,  (Ger.) 
Dettingen,  (Ger.  &  Switz.) 
Deux  Fonts,  or  Zwey-  ) 
bruecken,  (Ger.)  ( 
Deva,  (Austr.) 
Develiers,  (Switz.) 
Deventer,  (Neth.) 
Devizes 

Devon,  (New  Zealand) 
Devon,  North,  [Barrow's  ) 
Strait,]  (N.  Am.)  ( 
Dezna,  (Austr.) 
Dharwp.i,  (Hind.) 
Dherbierts,  (Fr.) 
Dhuy,  (Netii.) 
Diablerctz,  (Switz.) 
Diarbekir,  (Tur.) 
Diamante,  (ft.) 
Diatkovo,  (R.) 
Dibeja,  (It.) 
Dikkebusch,  (Neth.) 
Diekirch,  (Neth.) 
Diromnno,  (It.) 
Die,  (Fr.) 
Die  Clus,  (Ger.) 
Diebo'dsau,  (Switz.) 
Dieffelt,  (Ger.) 
Diego,  (Alex.) 

Diemens  Land,  Van,  ) 
(New  Zealand)  \ 
Diepenheim,  (Neth.) 
Diepholz,  (Ger.) 
Dieppe,  (Fr.) 
Diesbach,  (Switz.) 
Diessen,  ((Jer.  &,  Switz.) 
Diest,  (Neth.) 
Dieu,  (Fr.)  is!. 
Diciilonard,  (Fr.) 
Dievenbrug,  (Neth.) 
Diozma,  (I'en.) 
Dignac,  (Fr.) 
Dignato,  (Austr.) 
Digne,  (Fr.) 
Digny,  (Fr.) 
Digoin,  (Fr.) 
Dijou,  (Fr.) 
Diknau  iMjot,  (Af.) 
Dilleuburg,  (Ger.) 
Dillengen,  (Ger.) 
Dinaburg,  (R.) 
Dinan,  (i"r.) 
Dinaut,  (Neth.) 
Dingelfangen,  (Ger.) 
Dingelstadt,  (Prus.) 
Dinkelsbuhl,  (G.-r.) 
Dinne  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Dino,  (II.)  ivi. 
Dintenheim,  (Ger  ) 
Dinwiddle,  (U.  S.) 
Dios  Gyor,  (Austr.) 
Dioukova,  (R.) 
Diourinen,  (R.) 
Dipach,  (Neth.) 
Dippcldswald,  (Ger.) 
Dirkshorn,  f  Neth.) 
Dirschau,  (Prus.) 
Discliingen,  (Gnr.) 
Disna,  (R.) 
Distaino,  (Gr.) 
Distriana,  ( Pen.) 
Dill,  (lnd.)./>.  ic  isl. 
Divoitsu,  (Austr.) 


dine  bi'r^k 

dSne  hit'zirt 

dSite  hfjtjk 

dhi'be 

den'be-sh'ire 

din'dir 

de'n'i-a 

denk'Un-gen 

dhi'mdrk 

dhi'ne-vits 

dhi'nok-sen'ye 

ddng  dc  vii-dV 

ddn^T  de  m5-r^le' 

dhi'io 

det'fiird 

d^r-e-va-rdgh' 

der  tehrs 

der'nis 

derpt 

ders 

dir-vW  ■ 

dtr'tcejit 

dert'so 

des-d-crw'd-da'ro 

des'kd-no-iJii'  (or  si')  da 

dc.ili-d' 

de's'i-de-r'd'da 

dd-mohif 

des'nd 

des'sou 

det'molt 

Fr.  de-trwH 

dft'tH-bdlh 

det't'in-gen 

d^-peng'  or  tsiel-brxick' - 

en 
de'va 
de~ve~l'i-e 
de'vhi~ttr 
dc-vVzat 
dev'on 

div'on 

desh'na 
d'ldr-icdr' 
der-b't-ire' 
dot 

di'dbl-rHz' 

di-dr-bek-'ir'  or  di-dr-bekr 

d'i'd-mdnUe 

d'i-dt-kd'vo 

dt-be''i-a 

dik'ke-bQQsk^ 

djk'kirlh 

di-ko-Tiid'no 

di 

d'i  kl<)<)s 
d'i' boltr-zou 
diffHt 
di-e'go 

v  'dn  d'i'mins  Idnd' 

di'pen-hlme 

d'ip'kults 

d'i-ep' 

dis'bdih 

d'is'sen 

d'ist 

d'i-eu, 

di-eii'lo-v'dre' 
d'i'fen-brQqZh' 
d'i-eth'rna 
d'iii-jf'dk' 

d'in-yd'to  or  dM'nd'to 

d'iiKj 

divyy'i' 

d'i-irij-dng' 

d'ik-nait  mjdt 

dit'leii'bQQr^ 

djl'leii-g^n 

d'i'ndnhQgr^ 

di-ndng' 

di-iiO' 

ding*  el-fan  tr^in 
diiig'H-stdl' 
diiik'Hs-b<;nV 
din'ne  f'i-ord 
di'vo 

din'tfn-lilme 

din-tcjd'dij 

di'os  jor 

dyou-ki'va 

dvotcr'mtn 

d'i'pdlh 

dip'pHt^-v'dW 

dirLi'liorne 

d'ir'shoit 

di'  Mng-in 

d'is'va 

dis-td'mo 

dis-tri-d'na 

di-d 

di-  vdji'ta 


I  Dixmude,  (Neth.) 
Djavat,  (R.) 
Djura,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Dmitriev,  (R.) 
Dmitrievsk,  (R.) 
Dmitrievskoe,  (R.) 
Dmitroy,  (R.) 
Dnieper,  (R.) 
Dniester,  (R.) 
Doab,  (Ind.) 
Dobberan,  (Ger.) 
Dobbertin,  (Ger.) 
Dobrianka,  (R.) 
Dobrokoz,  (Austr.) 
Dobroinil,  (Austr.) 
Dobrzyce,  (Prus.) 
Dockchitsy,  (R.) 
Doeblitz,  (Ger.) 
Doesburg,  (Neth.) 
Doetinchem,  (Neth.) 
Dogliani,  (It.) 
Dognacska,  (Austr.) 
Dole,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Dolgelly,  (Ir.) 
Dolghinov,  (H.) 
DolgovkSj  (R.) 
Dolina,  (Austr.) 
Doljitska,  (R.) 
Dolores,  (Mex.) 
Dolores,  los,  (Mex.) 
Dolsk,  (Prus.) 
Dolstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Doltzig,  (Prus.) 
Domanovitchi,  (R.) 
Domau,  (Prus.) 
Dombresson,  (Switz.) 
Jlombroka,  (Austr.) 
Combrovilza,  (R.) 
Donibrowsk,  (R.) 
Domburg,  (Neth.) 
Domdidier,  (Switz.) 
Domfront,  (Fr.) 
Domo  d'Ossola,  (It.) 
Domremy,  (Fr.) 
Donmsnoas,  (It.) 
Don,  (R.)  r. 
Donaghadee,  (Ir.) 
Donau,  or  Danube,  (Ger.) 
Donaueschingen,  (Ger.) 
Donauwerth,  (Ger.) 
Doncos,  (Pen.) 
Donegal,  (Ir.)  • 
Donga,  (Af.) 
Donga,  ( Af.)  rat. 
Dongin,  (Switz.) 
Donaola,  (Af.) 
Donjurn,  (Neth.) 
Don  Kossacks,  (R.) 
Donnatto,  (It.) 
Donnersberg,  or  Mt.  Ton- 

nere,  (Ger.) 
Doiiska,  (R.) 
Donzeiiac,  (Fr.) 
Donzere,  (Fr.) 
Doom,  (Neth.) 
Doornspyk,  (Neth.) 
Dora  Baitea,  (It.)  r. 
Dora  Riparia,  (It.)  r. 
Dorat,  le,  (Fr.) 
Dorchester,  (Can.) 
Diirdogne,  (I  r.)  dep. 
Dordrecht,  (Neth.) 
Dorfli,  (Switz.) 
Dorgali,  (It.) 
Dormaiis,  (Fr.) 
Dorna,  (Austr.) 
Domes,  (Pen.) 
Dornoch,  (Scot.) 
Dorpat,  or  Doerpt,  (R.) 
Dorset,  (New  Zeal.and) 
Dorsetshire,  (Eng.) 
Dorsgaden,  (Den.) 
Dorsten,  (Neth.) 
Dort,  (Neth.) 
Dos  Aguas,  (Pen.) 
Dos  Barios,  (Pen.) 
Dosterland,  (Netlr.) 
Dotis,  (Austr.) 
Dotra,  (Austr.) 
Douarnenez,  (Fr.) 
Douay,  (Fr.) 
Doubrka,  (Austr.) 
Doubrovka,  (It.) 
Doubrovsk,  (R.) 
Doulis,  (Fr.)  r. 
Doubs,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Dou*,  (Fr.) 
Dnukovehina,  (R.) 
Doiilens,  (Fr.) 
Dniilevant,  (Fr.) 
Dounstin,  (R.) 
Dournovsk,  (II.) 
Doiiro,  (IVn.Jr. 
Doiivniioi,  (II.) 


diz'mQQ'de 

djd'vdt 

dju'ra 

dm'i'trf-ev 

dm'i'tr'i-evsk' 

dm'i'tr'i-ev'skd^ 

dm'i'trny 

dn'ie'per 

da'ies'ter 

do'db 

dob-be-T'dn' 
dob-ber-t'in' 
do-br'i-dn'ka 
da'brS-kqz' 
_  do' br5-miiV 
dSbr-sliit'se 
dock-ck'il'  sy 
dilt'blits 
dq<}s' bt)<yr^ 
dijQ-tin'lhem 
dol'yd-n'i 
dog-ndtch'ka 
dd'le 

dol-geth'hj 

dql-gh'i'nov 

dol~gqv'ka 

do-ti'na 

dqlMts'kd 

dO'ld'resse 

Igs  do-l5'resse 

doUk 

dol'stnt 

dolt'tsi^ 

do-md-no'vit'tch'i 
dd'rnou 

doug-bresse-song 

ddm'brd'ka 

ddm-brd-vit'za 

dom-bro^k' 

dome'bQQr^ 

dong~d'i~d'i-e 

dnng-fron^' 

dd'md  dos'.^d-la 

dong-rc-vt'i' 

dd'mgqs^no'ds 

don 

dun-a-Zhd-dec' 
r.  do-non 

do'nou-e'sking-en 

do'nou-virte' 

don'kos 

dqn-e-gaV 

ddn'ga 

doit'ga 

don'jo 

don' go-la 

dqn'yQQm 

don  kos-sdcks' 

don-ndt'to 
)  dqn-ncrs'ber^  or  mbng 
\  tqn-nSrc' 

ddns'ka 

dqng-ze-ndk' 

dqng-z'drc' 

dohm 

dohrn'.^pVcc 

dq'ra  bdl~te'a 

dq'ra  ri-pd'r'i-a 

I'e  dd^a' 

dqr'ckes-ter 

d.or-dony' 

dnrt'relkt 

d'orfti 

ddv-gd'fi 

dor-mdng 

dqr'na 

dor'nesse 

dor-nuk' 

dor'pdt  or  dqrpt 

dqr'sct 

dqr'set-sh'ire 

ddhrs'gd-den 

dnr'sten 

dort 

dos  d'lr^i^-ds 

dos  bd-r'i'os 

dOs'ter-ldnt' 

dS'tis 

dO'trd 

d^Q-dm-ns' 

df(>-B.' 

d<f<}br'ka 

dou-brgo'ka 

dou-brntisk' 

dQQbi 

dQQbz 

dw-e' 

dou-k3-v{-h'i'na 

dgo-ldiig' 

dQif-le-vdng' 

donn-.ttiu' 

doiir-novsk' 

dt^f^'ro 

don'vd-noi 


Fair,/ttr,fifU,tpluit,idU  —  MlU,  prty,hilp,  thire,hi!r.  — Plne,marine,  bird,  fig.  — JVete,  dSve,  mVve,u>ttf,  6(iff*.  lQrd.  —  TVne,  bull,  ynitc  —  Fr.  long  i)ft«;  Fr.  short  but.  — 


1X36 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Douve,  (Fr.)  r. 
Dovre,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Uovre  Field,  (Sc.  Pen  ) 
Dowlatiibad,  (Hind  ) 
Down,  (Ir.)  co. 
Doyel,  (Fr.) 
Draaby,  (Oen.) 
Dragoncella,  (It.) 
Dra^oncra,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Draston,  (Neth.) 
Drasuignan,  (Fr ) 
Drambiirg,  (Prus.) 
Dranimuii,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Dranze,  (It.)  r. 
Drausen,  (Prus.)  /. 
Drave,  (Austr.)  r. 
Draxliolm,  (Den.) 
Dri'isen,  (Prus.) 
Drensteinfiirtli,  (Ger.) 
Drenthe,  (Ncth.) 
Drepko,  (Prus.) 
Dresden,  (Ger.) 
Dn  u.x,  (Fr.) 
Drewitz,  (Prus.) 
Drevoe,  (Den.)  isl. 
Dribiirda,  (Neth.) 
Drillo,  (It.)  r. 
Drissa,  (li.) 
Driltneeste,  (Ger.) 
Drul)akka,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Drogp,  (Prus.)  r. 
Droslieda,  (Ir.) 
Dniitwich,  (Eng.) 
Drome,  (Fr.)  r. 
Drouie,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Dronipierre,  (Swit/..) 
Drontheini,  or  Trondhjcin, 

(Sc.  Pen.) 
Drosendorf,  (Austr.) 
Drosselber;:,  (Den.) 
Drossen,  (Prus.) 
Drouc,  (Fr.) 
Drngoac,  (Fr.) 
Druling-n,  (Fr.) 
Druininon  C.istle,  (Netli.) 
Druminond,  (Can.) 
Drusenheim,  (Fr.) 
Duhdendorf,  (Svvitz.) 
Dubicza,  (Austr.) 
Dubiecko,  (Austr.) 
Dublin,  (Ir.) 
Duluivac,  (Austr.) 
Dubrovka,  (K.) 
Dubuque,  (U.  S.) 
Dubusknro,  (R.) 
Ducali,  (It.)  c. 
Duckcrow,  (Prus.) 
Dudeldorf,  (Ger.) 
Dudzeele,  (Neth.) 
Duejra,  (It.) 
Duerne,  (Fr.) 
Duffel,  (.\etli.) 
Dugato,  (It.) 
Duida,  (S.  .\m.)  mt. 
Duina,  (Ausir.)  c. 
Duiveland,  (.\'eth.) 
Duiven,  (Ni  tli.) 
Dukella,  (Af.) 
Dukia,  (Austr.) 
Dulce,  (.Me)c.)     &  Z. 
Dulwich,  (Kng.) 
Duinbcrtonsliire,  (Scot.) 
Duinel,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Duniel,  (Ger.)  r. 
Dumfries,  (Scot.)  co. 
Dun,  (Fr.) 
Dundal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Dundalk,  (Ir.) 
Dundas,  (Can.) 
Dundee,  (Scot.) 
Dunderstadt,  (Ger.) 
Duiigannon,  (Ir.) 
Dunkirk,  or  Dunkirchcn, 

(Fr.) 

Dunnamaragh,  (Ir.) 
Durango,  (Mex.  &  Pen.) 
Duranno,  (It.) 
Durasno,  (Mex.) 
Durbuv,  (Neth.) 
Durdat,  (Fr.) 
Durham,  (Eng.  Can.) 
Durlach,  (Ger.) 
Dusseldorf,  (Ger.) 
Dussen,  (Neth.) 
Duszno,  (Prus.) 
Dvina,  (R.)  r. 
Dyle,  (Neth.) 
Dynapoor,  (Hind.) 
Dyxrenroth,  (Switz.) 


M'cra 
iia'vrd  fihU 
dou' likrta-bcUi' 
down 
do-i/c' 
drO'tiu 

drd*  trtjn-chrVla 

drd-ffO-nf'ra 

drdih'ton 

drd-irh'in-y'dn' 

dr'dm'bQi)r^ 

drdni'mt'it 

drdnd'ze 

drou'zen 

drdve 

drdz-holm' 

drVim 

drhi'^^tlne-f^^rt' 

drhi'te 

drfp'ko 

drGs'den  or  drei'den 

drcu 

drf'rits 

drt'eu. 

dr'l-bffr'da 

drit'lo 

dr'is'sa 

drit'ge'stt 

drS-idk'ka 

drG'tre 

droh'hc-da 

droit' itch 

drdme 

drdme 

drnnir-p'i-Src' 
dront'hime 

drS'zen-dorf 

dros'sH-brr^ 

drnsUen 

drQQ-e' 

dru-sdk' 

dr(i(i'lin!;-m 

drQftm'  mnn 

drurn-mon'r' 

drQQ'zen-himf. 

dt}ijb' drn-dorf 

d^Q-b'it'cha 

dQQ-b'i-e'ko 

dub'lin 

dQf-bd  r'dk' 

du-brqv'ka 

du-b()<jk'  or  dti-bflqut' 

du-biis-ku'ro-' 

di/if-kd'ti 

dQ^k'  ke-ro 

d<)()' dfl-dorf 

di}q-Vra 

dii-im' 

dQvfftl 

dfQ-gd'to 

dff-i'da 

dff-'i'na 

doi'fe-ldnt 

doi'fen 

di^Q-keVya 

di}i}'kla 

dQQl'tKt  (or  »5) 
did'itch 

ditm'bfr-ton-sh'ire 
du-mH' 
di^q'mH 
dnm-fretctf 
dfima 
diin'ddhl 
dan-dalk' 
dAnrrda' 
dun-dee' 
dt^qn'der-st'dt 
dun-tran'non 
\  dAn-kirk'  or  diin'ktr- 

dun' na-md-rdgh' 

di^q-rdn'jro 

dQQ-rdnhto 

dQQ-rds'no 

d<^Qr'boi 

diir-da' 

dur'ham 

dQQr'ldih 

dus'  sfl'dorf 

dus'sen 

dgi^h'no 

diD'i'na 

dtle 

dy-na-pQQr* 
diz'rin-rSU 


E. 


East  India 
F.auze,  (Fr.) 
F.bbelvkke,  (Den.) 
Ebeltoft,  (Den.) 
Ebeltofl,  (Den.)  ^. 
Eberbach,  (Ger.) 
Ehei-sfeld,  (Ger.) 
Ebersvvalde,  (Ger.) 
Ebesfalva,  (.^ustr.) 
Ebis,  (Switz.) 
Ebrach,  (Ger.) 
Ehrach  liurg,  (Ger.) 
Ebrach  Kauhe,  (Ger.) 
Ebrach  Reiche,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ebro,  (Pen.) 

Ebsambul,  (A.f.) 

Eccica,  (It.)  isl. 
Eccli'sfechan,  (Scot.) 
Echten,  (Neth.) 
Erhtern.ich,  (Neth.) 
Ecija,  (Pen.) 
Eckartsberg,  (Prus.) 
Eckernforde,  (Den.) 
Eckernforde  Haven,  (Den.) 
Ecknmhl,  ur  Eggmubl,  (Ger. 
Eclcjse,  (Fr.) 
Eoonioy,  (Er.) 
Ecouis,  (Fr.) 
Ecri  hou  Rocks,  (Fr.) 
Ecuador,  or  Equator,  (S. 

Am.) 
F.dam,  (Neth.) 
Ede,  (Neth.) 
Edeforssen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Edcl's  Land,  (Austral.) 
Edenhall,  (Eng.) 
Eder,  (Ger.)  r. 
Edgecomb 
Ediatsk,  (R.) 
Edinbursrli,  (Scot) 
Edir,  (Tur.) 
Edisto,  (U.  S.) 
Eduinia,  (Pal.) 
Eeldc,  (Neth.) 
Eelde  Til,  (Neth.) 
Eeni  TU,  (Neth.) 
Eerdcn,  (Neth.) 
Eerzel,  (Neth.) 
Elat,  (Af.) 
Etferden,  (Austr.) 
Egelshofen.  (Switz.) 
Egcniark,  (Den.) 
Eger,  (Ger.  &  Austr.) 
Eger,  (Austr.)  r. 
Egeri,  (Switz.) 
Egeri,  (Switz.)  I. 
Egerlingen,  (Switz.) 
Egerslieim,  (Fr.) 
Egersund,  (.Sc.  Pen.) 
Egerberg,  (.Switz.) 
Eggcn,  (Switz.) 
Eggiweiler,  (Switz.) 
Eulecht,  (U.) 
Egletons,  (Fr.) 
Egniond.aan  Zee,  (Neth.) 
Egmont-binnen,  (Neth.) 
Egmont,  or  Taranaki, 

(New  Zealand)  mt, 
Egypt 

Ehrenbreitstein,  (Ger.) 
Ehrenburg,  (Ger.) 
Ehrendingen,  (Switz.) 
Eibenstock,  (Ger.) 
Eichstadt,  (Get.) 
Eiderstadt,  (Den.) 
Eila,  (R.)  ml. 
Einansau,  (R.)  r. 
Eindhoven,  (.Neth.) 
Einersdal,  (be.  Pen.) 
Einsiedeln,  (Switz.) 
Eisach,  (Austr.)  r. 
Eisbach,  (Ger.) 
Eisenach,  (Ger.) 
Eiscndorf,  (Ger.) 
Eiskoe,  (R.) 
Eislebcn,  (Ger.) 
Eixen,  (Prus.) 
Ek.aterinburg,  (R.) 
Ekaterinigorad,  (R.) 
Ekaterininsk,  (R.) 
Ekaterinoslav,  (R.) 
Ekerberga,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ekcsjo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ekotrovska,  (R.) 
Elatma 

El  Plan,  (Pen.; 
El  VVah,  or  Great  Oasis, 
(Eg.) 


yi'ji-a 

eb'bf.-lik'kf 

H'bei-lojl 

e'be'.-tofl 

i'ber-ba^h 

S'bers-fclt 

I'bers-vdl'de 

t'biss-fdX'ia 

e'bis 

(-brd^h 

fi-brdlh  bijQr^ 

t-brd?k  rou'he 

e-brdlk  rl'lht 

e'bro 

(  cb-sdm'b()<)l  or  ib-sAm- 

\  hoi' 

ef'ch'i-ka 
ek-kVs-fnii'an 
elh'ten 
ick'trr-ndik 
e-tHi'lUa 
ik'kdrts-bh-^ 
ek' kern-fAr' dt 
ek'kfm-ffiir'd{ 
)  ek'mdhi 
e-kldzc' 
g-Afl-mtca' 
£-*•??-■*' 
e-kre-^f' 

j  ek-icd-dOrc' 

e'ddm 
I'dr 

t'df-fnrs'sin 

e'dcU 

C'den-hall 

e'dir 

ffkum 

e-di-dlsk' 

id'in-bur^O  or  ed'in-bur§ 

e'dir 

ed'is-to 

e-dii<f' mi-a 

ei'de 

ei'de  til 

tmr.  til 

^r'dcn 

(r'zcl 

t'fdt 

fffi-r-drn 

e'lrels-h^'fen 

e'trf.mdrk 

e'cier 

e'ge-r* 

i'gt-r'i 

e'irer-ltntr-en 

e'grrS'/ilme 

e'  ghr-zi^Qnd 

f'trrr-btr^ 

eg'gcn 

if'  tr'i-vVlcr 

fiT-lilht 

(•rl'tonir 

f?h-mOn'ddJin-ie 

elh'inqnt-b'in'  nin 

I  elh'mnnt  or  td-rd-nd'k'i 
e'jipt 

S'rrn-brtte-stlne' 

C'rfn-b^Qr^ 

e'ren-dinrr-hi 

I'bhi-stok 

Wi'stdl 

i'der-stdt 

I'la 

Vndn-zou 

Int'kO-frn 

Vners-ddhl 

In'zi-diln 

I'zdlk 

Is'bdlk 

i'zf-ndlk 

I'zen-dorf 

Is-kdh  ' 

is'lS-ben 

ik'sen 

e-kdt'e-yin-hf^^' 

e-kdt-t-rin-i-gd'rad 

t-kd'tt-rin-'insk' 

t-kdt-e-r'i  nns'ldv 

^.kfr-btr'  ga 

{'kt-shA 

i-kd-trov'ska 

e-ldt'ma 

el  pldn 

I  eladA' 


El  Wall  el  Ghurbi,  or 

Lesser  Oasis,  (Eg.) 
Elateah,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Elba,  (It.)  «/. 
Elbe,  or  Elb,  (Ger.)  r. 
Elbcrfeld,  (Ger.) 
Elheu,  (Fr.) 
Elbing,  (Prus.) 
Elbrouz,  (R.)  wf. 
Elbur,  (Per.)  mt. 
Elburg,  (Nelh.) 
Elchanca,  (U.) 
Elche,  (Pen.) 
Elchingen,  (Ger.) 
Elda,  (Pen.) 
Elde,  (Ger.)  r. 
Elden,  (Neth.) 
Elenovsk,  (R.) 
Eletot,  (Fr.) 
Eleusis,  (Gr.)  h. 
Eleiithera,  (W.  Ind.)  isl. 
Elfkarloby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Elfros,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Elfvedal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Elga,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Elgg,  (Switz.) 


Elgin,  or  Morayshire,  (Scot.)  elf^'in 


I  H  wdh'  il  ghur'n 

C-ld-ti'a 
iVba 

el'bt  or  ill 

il'ber-fiU 

il'bet 

il'bing 

iVbroui 

H'bAr 

el'btufr^ 

il-chitn'ka 

el'chc 

il'l/iing-in 

fl'dd 

il'dt 

el'dm 

e'le-nnrsk 

l-l't-to' 

e-lfi'sis 

el-fl'thera 

elf  kdr-ti-bi' 

elfroze 

ei'et-dM 

il'ga 


Elis,  (Gr.) 
Elizavetpol,  (R.) 
Ellada,  (Gr.)  r. 
Ellingegaard,  (Den.) 
Elhvangim,  (Ger.) 
Elm,  (Ger.) 
Elovaika,  (R.) 
Elp,  (Nelh.) 
Elpidio,  (It.) 
Elsa,  (It.)  r. 
Eliant,  (Fr.) 
Elsinore,  or  Ilelsingoer, 

(Den.) 
Elspeel,  (Neth.) 
Elstcr,  (Prus.)  r. 
El.-iterwarda,  (Prus.) 
Elvedal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
EIz,  (Neth.)  r. 
Elzach,  (Ger.) 
Elze,  (Ger.) 
Ematsbach,  (Ger.) 
Embn,  (As.)  g. 
Emba,  ?  As.)  r. 
Embrach,  (Neth.) 
Embrun,  (Fr.) 
Emd,  (Switz.) 
Emden,  (Ger.) 
Euieln,  (Ger.) 
Emnien,  (Switz.  k  Neth.) 

EniHii  (•'•) 
Ems,  (Ger.  Neth.) 
Enara,  (R.) 

Encanizado  de  Murcia, 

(Pen.) 
Endel.avc,  (Den.'  isl. 
Endovirhtcha,  (R.) 


e'lit 
eti-tU-vit'pol 
et  Id' da 
el'ling-t-gtrdt 
eVwdng-en 
elm 

e-lo-vdt'ka 
Hp 

il-pi'di-o 

il'sa 

H-sdng' 

I  el's'i-Tidre,  hil-sir.g  Air' 

il'spde 
eVsler 

el'strr-rdr'da 

elfddU 

ells 

il'tsd^h 
el'lsf 

e'mdts-bd!k 

em'ba 

em'ba 

em'brd^h 

dngbrAng' 

emd 

em'den 

e'mHn 

em'mrn 

em'pd-ti 

ems 

e-nd'ra 
I  en'kd-n'i-tlld'da  rf{  m^^'- 
j  tJti-a 

en'de-ld're 

en-do -rjrJtt'rha 


Endraclit's  Land,  (Austral.)  ehn'drdfhts  Idnt 
Eiieanizado  de  Mucir, 

(Pen.) 
Eneboe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Eneda,  (Switz.) 
Engelberg,  (.Switz.) 
Engt  lliartzell,  (Au.<tr.) 
Engelholin,  Sc.  Pen.) 
Engen,  (Ger.) 
Enger,  (Ger.) 
Enghien,  (Neth.) 
England 
Enguera,  Pen.) 
Enkhuizen,  (.Neth.) 
Enkoping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ennctbubl,  (Switz.) 
Enniscorihy,  (Ir.) 
Eimiskillen,  (Ir.) 
Enns,  (Austr.)  r. 
Eiui,  (R.) 
Enontekeis,  (R.) 
Enter,  (Neth.) 
Eritlibiich,  (Switz.) 
Entr.iaas,  (Pen.) 
Entragues,  (Fr.) 


ie'ne-d-n'iAlid'do  dj  rnQQ- 
'  IKir' 
e'ne  bo 
i-ni'da 
eng-el-brr^ 
en<r-el'hdrt'tsiV 
eng-rl'hOlm' 
eufr'en 
eng'rr 
dug'  gf-Ang 
ing' gland 
tn-ge'ra 
enk'hoi-zm 
ehn-ehA'ping 
fn'net'b^Ql 
en-nis-knr'thy 
en-nis-kiVlen 
ens 
i'no 

e-nnn'te-klse 
en'ter 

int'tibi^h 
en-trd'das 
dnt-trdg' 


Entre  Douro  e  Minho,  (Pen.)  en'tre  dn<j'ro  j  miin'ya 
Entre  Rins,  (S.  Am.)  '  ' 

Eiitrec.asieaux,  d',  (N. 


Zeal.)  ch. 
Entrev.uix,  d',  (Fr.) 
Envike,  (Austr.) 
Enz,  (Ger.  Neth.) 
Ep.iuvillers,  (Switz.) 
Epe,  (Neth.) 
Epemay,  (Fr.) 
Epernon,  (Fr.) 
Epidauros,  (Gr.) 
Epidauros  Limera,  (Gr.) 
Epila,  (Pen.) 
Epinal,  (Fr.) 
Epinc,  (Fr.) 


rn'tri  ri'os 
ddngtr'kds-to' 

in'y'i-k^ 
ents 

e-pS-Ti-i-ye'  or  (-pS-e'i/'yj 

i'pe 

i-pir-nS.' 

e-pfr-nqng' 

e-pi-dau'ros 

e-p'i-dou'rot  ti-m^'ra 

t' pi-la 

t-pi-ndl' 

t-pitu 


Ft.  long  A  and  short  ed,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  Pinal  ly,  French  /  mouiUe  tn"ger,  vi"eu>us.  —  ^  as  «  in  pltasurt ;  ^  and  Ih  guttural ;  ny  liquid  ;  tX  as  in  pith. 


168 


![  H  H  H  H' 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Equator,  or  Ecuador,  j 
(Ccntr.  Am.)  j 

Er,  (Fr.) 

Er.1,  (11.)  r. 

Erasmo,  Fort,  (It.) 

Erlia  Spina,  (It.) 

Erbach,  (Ger.) 

Ercole,  (It.)  isl. 

Erek,  (Aiistr.) 

Eretria,  (Gr.) 

Erfa,  (Ger.)  r. 

Erfurt,  (Prus.) 

Eria,  (It.)  r. 

Ericeyra,  (Pen.) 

Erick,  (Switz.) 

Erigiie,  (Fr.) 

Erivan,  (R.) 

Erivelde,  (Neth.) 

Erlaa,  (R.) 

Eriach,  (Switz.) 

Erl.it',  (Aiistr.)  r. 

Erlau,  (Austr.) 

Eriau,  (Austr.)  r. 

Eriangen,  (Ger.) 

Erlhacli,  (Ger.) 

Erieiibacli,  (S'.vitz.) 

Ermatingen,  (Switz.) 

Errnelo,  (Neth.) 

Erne,  Longli,  (Ir.) 

Ernee,  (Fr.) 

Err,  (Austr.)  r. 

Erschweiler,  (Switz.) 

Ervedeira  (Pen.) 

Erviilers,  (Fr.) 

Ervy,  (Fr.) 

Erz  Gebirge,  (Austr.) 

Erzen,  (Ger.) 

Erzeroom,  (Tur.) 

Escaciilles,  (Fr.) 

Escalao,  (Pen.) 

Escaro,  (It.) 

Escli,  (Neth.) 

Esche,  (Switz.) 

EscheMes,  les,  (Fr.) 

E^cherhausen,  (Ger.) 

Escholzmatt,  (Switz.) 

Escombrera,  (Pen.)  isl. 

Escorial,  el,  (Pen.) 

Eseucho,  (Pen.) 

Esens,  (Ger.) 

Esgiiiva,  (Pen.)  r. 

Eslioot,  (Af.) 

Esino,  (It.)  r. 

E-ikilstuna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Esne,  (Eg.) 

Esnon,  (Fr.) 

Espalion,  (Fr.) 

Espabnador,  (Pen.)  isl. 

E^panillo,  (Pen.) 

Espinar,  (Pen.) 

Espinosa,  (Pen.) 

Espinosa  del  Rey,  (Pen.) 

Espirito  .Santo,  or  Victoria, 
(liraz.) 

E^piriiu  Santo,  Tierra  del, 
(Austral.) 

Espiritu  Santo,  (Mcx.)  *. 

Ksporlas,  (Pen.) 

Esquimaux,  (N.  .\m.)  I. 

Esseck,  (Austr.) 

Essel,  (Ger.) 

Essen,  (Ger.  &  Neth.) 

Essequibo,  (S.  Am.) 

Essera,  (Pen.)  r. 

Essertines,  (Switz.) 

Essex,  (Eng.  &  Can.) 

Essone,  (Fr.) 

Estafort,  (Fr.) 

Estagle,  (Fr.) 

Estain,  (Fr.) 

Este,  (It.) 

F.stflla,  (Pen.) 

Estepa,  (Pen.) 

Estepar,  (Pen.) 

Estcpona,  (Pen.) 

Estivareillcs,  (Fr.) 

Estrella,  la,  (Pen.) 
Eslrellc,  (Fr.) 
Estrcllos,  (.Mex.) 
Eatremoz,  (Pen.) 
Entremadura,  (Port.,  Pen.) 
E»trernadura,  (Sp.,  Pen.) 
Estrica,  Fort,  (Pen.) 
Etampes,  (Fr.) 
Etangs,  (Fr.) 
Elaples,  (Fr.) 
Etnulicrs,  (Fr.) 
Etay,  (Fr.) 
Etchemin,  (N.  Am.) 
Etna,  (It.)  ml. 
Etolfi,  (.Veth.) 
Euilia,  (Gr.) 
Etowah,  (IJ.  8.) 


e-kwd'tqr 

er 

e'ra 

e-rds'mo 

er'bdlh. 

er'ko-le 

e'rek 

e-^e'tr'i-a 

ir'fa 

er'fgqrt 

eh'i-a 

e-r'i-tht'ra 

e'rik 

e-^'iny' 

f-ri-fel'de 

er'la 

^r'ldch 

er'ldf 

er'lou 

er'lou 

fr'tdnff~en 

irVbdlh 

er'len-bdZh 

er' md-ting-en 

er'vie-lo 

Inlh  im 

ir-nc' 

er 

trsh'm-ltr 
er~ve-dl'ra 

ir-v'i-i-yt'  or  ir-v'il-ye' 
ir-v'i' 

erts  ^^-h'ir'ge 

er'tshi 

erz-rggm' 

es-kd-kUe' 

es-kd-ld'o 

is-kd'ro 

esk 

ish'e 

le  ze-shH' 

e'sfur-hou'zen 

e'sliolLi-mdt 

es-kom-bre-ra 

H  ts-ko'r'i-dl 

es-kftf'cko 

e'zens 

es-^'i'i^a 

es/i'QQt 

e-s'i'no 

es'kils-tQQ'na 

es-ne' 

es~yd-l'i-nnfr' 

es'pdl-md-ddr' 

es-pd-niVyo 

es-p'i-vdr^ 

€s-p'i~no'sa 

es-p'i-nd'sa  dH  rJ 

es-p'i'r'i-to  sdn'to 

t'i-er'ra  del  es-p'i'fi-t<)tj 

sdn'io 
es-p'i'r'i-tgt}  sdn'to 
es-por'lds 
es'k'i-wo 
es'sek 
fs'sd 
es'sen 
es-se-k'i'bo 
es'se-ra 
is-sfr-t'ine' 
fs'sex 
es'SOne 
es-td-fSre 
es-tdgV 
es-tdiig' 
is'te 
es-tel'ya 
es-U'pa 
es-te-pdr' 
fS't.f-p^'na 

fs-t'i-vd-re-'i  or  is-t'i-vd- 

rHy 
Id  fs-tril'ya 
eS'trHe 

eS'treVyos  or  is-tr^-i-yos 

es'trs^Qth' 

hi'tr^-md-dijg'ra 

is'lrl-md-dgg'ra 

ii-trVka 

t-tdnf>a' 

t-ldnu' 

e-tdpi' 

e-ta-H-s' 

£-(«' 

etck'min 

it'na 

t-Mt 

t-ia'tt-a 

coui.  kl'to-aah 


Etre,  (Fr.) 
Etrechy,  (Fr.) 
Etretat,  (Fr.) 
Etreux  Landernat,  (Fr.) 
Elruria,  (It.) 
Ellisweiler,  (Switz.) 
Ettlebrnck,  (.\eth.) 
Etzthaler  Fecher,  Great,  ( 
(Austr.)  ! 
Eu,  (Fr.) 
Euboea,  (Gr.) 
Eufemia,  St.  (It.) 
Eufemia,  (It.)  g. 
Eulalia,  Sta,  (Pen.) 
Eulau,  (Ger.) 

Eupatoria,  or  Kazlov,  (U.) 

Eupel,  (Austr.)  r. 

Euphemia,  Sta,  (Pen.) 

Euphrates,  (As.) 

Eure,  (Fr.)  r. 

Eure,  (Fr.)  dq>. 

Eure  and  Loire,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Europa,  (Pen.)  b. 

Europa,  (Pen.)  pt. 

Europe 

Eurytania,  (Gr ) 
Eutin,  (Den.) 
Evanovsk,  (R.) 
Eve,  (R.) 
Evenagh,  (Ir.) 
Everdinghe,  (Neth.) 
Evolena,  (Switz.) 
Evora,  (Pen.) 
Evoramonte,  (Pen.) 
Evreux,  (Fr.) 
Eyalet,  (Tur.) 
Eyder,  (Den.)  r. 
Eyiau,  (Prus.) 
Eymontiers,  (Fr.) 
Ezcaray,  (Pen.) 
Ezcrska,  (R.) 


etr' 

e-tr'd-shV 
e-tre-ta' 

e-tr^  IdntT-der-na' 
f-trQn'fi-a 
H'tis-vi'ler 
H'lt-brqqk 

its'ld'Ur  fe-Vur 

il-bt'a 
e-nn-f^'m'i-a 

sdn'ia  e-Q^ld't'i~a 
oi'lou 

oi' pd-to' fi-ay  kdz'lov 
oi'pel 

sdn'td  e-QQ-fe'm'i-a 

H-fra'tez 

Are 

Sirt 

Are,  brdr 

e-QQ-ru'pa 

e-QQ-ro'pa 

tl'ropc 

u-r'iAu'ni-a 

ci-t'inc' 

e'vd-uovsk' 

e-ve 

e-ve-Ttdffk' 
e'ver-ding-e 
e-VQ-le'na 
e-vd'ra 

e-vo^d-mon'te 

e-vrA' 

i-yd'let 

V'der 

I'lou 

5-inong-t'i-e' 

etJl-kd-rl' 

e-zers'ka 


F. 


Faabobo,  (Den.) 
Faarup,  (Den.) 
Fabregues,  (Fr.) 
Fabriano,  (It.) 
Faemundsjo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Faenza,  (It.) 
Fagaras,  (Austr.) 
Fabllieim,  (Ger.) 
Fahlun,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Fahmenbach  Burg,  (Ger.) 
Fahrsand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Fahrtoft,  (Den.) 
Faioom,  (Eg.)  pr. 
Palaise,  (Fr.) 
Falco,  (It.) 
Falconara,  (It.) 
Falcone,  (It.) 
Falkenberg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Falkenstein,  (Ger.) 
Falkirk,  (Scot.) 
Falkland,  (Fifeshire,  Scot.) 
Falkland,  (S.  Am.)  isl. 
Falkoeping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Fall,  (Switz.) 
Fallfors,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Falsterbo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Falster,  (Den.)  isl. 
Falu,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Falu,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Falun,  [Fahlun,]  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Falun,  copper  nunes,  (Sc.  i 
Pen.)  ! 
Falvaterra,  (It.) 
Falmagosta,  (Tur.) 
Fan.ari,  (Tur.)  c. 
Fanari,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Fanjeaux,  fFr.) 
Fano,  (It.  Gr.) 
Fanoe,  (Den.)  isl. 
Fantvannes,  (Fr.) 
Fanum,  (It.) 
Faou,  le,  (Fr.) 
Faouct,  le,  (Fr.) 
Faraga,  (It.) 
Farara,  (It.) 
Faratissa  Wells,  (Af.) 
Faro,  (Pen.) 
Faroe,  (Sc.  Pen.)  iil. 
Farquhar'3  Isl.  (Austral.) 
Farrarese,  (It.) 
Fars,  or  Farsistnn,  (Per.) 
Fas,  or  Fez,  (Af.) 
Fatiannvo,  (It.) 
Faucarmont,  (Fr.) 
Fauquemberg,  (Fr.) 
I  Fauquier,  (V.  H.) 


fo'bor§ 
fo'rtjlip 
fd-briir' 
f  d-br'i-d'no 
fd'  mQijnd-shea 
f  d-end'za 
fd-ird'r'ds 
fdhl'hlme 
fd'lQQn 

f  d'mi'n-hdZh  bii<)r§ 

fdr'sdnd 

fdr'lnft 

fi-f<mi' 

fa-laze' 

fdl'ko 

fdl-ko-nd'ra 

fdl-ko'ne 

fdl'khi-berg 

fdVkeii-stlne 

faVkirk 

faxik'land 

faiik'land 

fdl'ckiUl-ping 

fal 

fdl'fqrs 

fdl'ster-bo 

fdl'stir 

fd'lQf 

fd'lni) 
fd'lQon 
'■fd'lfija 

fdVvd-ter'ra 

fdl-md-gds'ta 

fd-iid'ri 

fd-nd'ri 

fdilir-shij' 

fd'no^ 
f  d'neii 
fdntr-vdne' 
fd'iiffm 

li'fd-w' 

Ufd-ijQ-e' 

fd-rd'ja 

fd^d'ra 

fd-rd-tU'sa 

fd'ro 

fd'rmi  or  fd'rS 

f  dr'k<)Q-dr 

fdr-:-d-rt-ze 

f  drs,  f  dr-s'is-tdn' 

fds  or  fit 

fd-ll-tl-'iB'vo 

f^'Kfi,t  iniiiig' 

flS-kdr.g-bfrk' 

f{{\L-kire' 


Fauvilln,  (Fr.) 
Fauvillers,  (N'eth.) 
Faviguana,  (It.)  isl. 
Favone,  (It.)  pt. 
Fav,  le,  (Fr.) 
Fayde  Billot,  (Fr.) 
Fayetteville,  (U.  S.) 
Fecamp,  (Fr.) 
Faderovka,  (R.) 
Fedotovo,  (R.) 
Feerwert,  (Neth.) 
Fchraltorf,  (Switz.) 
Fchrbelin,  (Prus.) 
Fekete  Ugy,  (Austr.) 
Peldkirch,  (.-Vustr.) 
Feldsherg,  (Switz.) 
Fclegyhaza,  (Austr.) 
Felicudi,  (It.)  isl. 
Felines,  (Fr.) 
Fi-lizzano,  (It.) 
Fellin,  (R.) 
Felsobanya,  (Austr.) 
Feltz,  (Neth.) 
Femeren,  (Den.)  isl. 
Femeren  Sound,  (Den.) 
Femina,  (It.)  isl. 
Fenestrella,  (It.) 
Feodosia,  or  Kaffa,  (R.) 
Ferden,  (Switz.) 
Fere  Champenoise,  (Fr.) 
Fere,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fering,  (Austr.) 
Fermanagh,  (Ir.)  co. 
Fermo,  (It.) 
Ferrara,  (It.  Switz.) 
Ferrato,  (It.  Switz.) 
Ferreira,  (Pen.) 
Ferrex  Valley,  (Switz.) 
Ferriere,  la,  (Switz.) 
Ferrieres,  (Neth.) 
Ferro  de  Vacas,  (Pen.) 
FerroB,  (Den.)  isl. 
Ferru,  (It.)  mt. 
Ferte  sur  .\ube,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fert^  Bernard,  la,  (Fr.) 
Ferte  sous  Jouarre,  la,'(Fr. 
Ferte  Senneterre,  la,  (rr.) 
Fetieux,  (Fr.) 
Fettrona,  (It.) 
Feuchtwangen,  (Ger.) 
Feuillat,  (Fr.) 
Fcuillee,  (Fr.)  . 
Fours,  (Fr.) 
Fez,  or  Fas,  (Af.) 
Fezzan,  (Af.)  pr. 
Fianona  Gemino,  (Austr.) 
Fiascone,  (It.)  mt. 
Fichtel,  or  Fichtelgebirge, 

(Ger.)  mt. 
Fichtel  Naab,  (Ger.)  r. 
Fidesd,  (Austr.) 
Fiel,  (Den.)  I. 
Fiesole,  (It.) 
Fifeshire,  (Scot.) 
Figari,  c. 
Figueira,  (Pen.) 
Figueira  dos  Cavalieiros, 

(Pen.) 
Figucra,  (Pen.) 
Figueras,  (Pen.) 
Fiji 

Filefjeld,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Filletta,  (It.) 
Filonovsk,  (R.) 
Fils  and  Rems,  (Ger.) 
Finale,  (It.) 
Finana,  (Pen.) 
Finestra,  (It.)  c. 
Finhault,  (Switz.) 
Finingia,  (N.  Zeal.) 
Finisterre,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Finisticrra,  (Pen.) 
Finland,  (R.) 
Finland,  (K.)  g. 
Finmark,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Finstcr  Aarhorn,  (Switz.) 
Finzino,  (It.)  r. 
Fioro,  (It.)  T. 

Firenze,  or  Florence,  (It.) 
Fioronziila,  (It.) 
Firenzuola,  (It.) 
Fisibach,  (Switz.) 
Fismes,  (Fr.) 
Fitte,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fitton,  (Can.)  mt. 
Fiume,  (Austr.) 
Fiumicino,  (It.) 
Fix,  (Fr.) 
Fixe,  (Neth.) 
Flaccy,  (Fr.) 
Fli>dd,  (Den.) 
Fladiitrand,  (Den.) 
Flagstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Flagstadcie,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 


f  S-v'ile' 

fo-vi-'i-ye'  or  fd-v'il-ys' 
fd-vi-ggf-d'iia 
fd-vS'ne 
le  fa 

fade  h'il-yi'  or  b'i-'i-y5' 

fn'H-^nl 

ft-kdii'gi 

fe-de-rnv'ka 

fe-do-tQ'vo 

fehr'vi'rt 

fehr'dl'tnrf 

fehr'be-tine' 

fe-kt'ie  i)fdj 

fHt'kirlh. 

felts'ber^ 

fe'ledg-hd'ia 

ft-li-k<)i}'di 

fe-l'ine' 

fe-tit-sd'no 

fil-l'in' 

fH-sko-b5n'yo 

fills 

ft'mern 

ftt'mhn 

fe'mi-na 

fe'nes-trfl'la 

fe-o-dO'si-a 

fer'drn 

f^re  shdngp-ntodze' 

Id  fere 

fe'ring 

firmd'na^ 

fer'mo 

fir-rd'ra 

fer-rd'to 

fir-rVra 

fi'r'rez 

Id  fir-r'i-^re' 
fir-r'i-Sre' 
fir'ro  de  vd'k'ds 
fer'rA 
fir^QQ' 

Id  fir-te'  sitr  obt 
Id  f^r-te'  ber-ndre' 
)  Id  fir-te'  sQt)  sIiQQ-dre 
Id  fir-te'  sen-tire' 

fe-si-ifip 

fit-trd'na 

foiiht'vdng-en 

feh-'i-ya  or  fAl-ya' 

fA-i-ye  01  fAb-ye 

.fAr 

/« 

fiz-zdn' 

f  'i-d-no'na  je-mi'no 
fi-ds-ko'ne 

I  filh'til  ge-bir'gt 
fiWtel  ndbe 
fi'deshd 
file 

f'i-e'so-le 

flfc'sk'ire 

fi-gd'ri 

f'i-gVra 
\  f'i-gVra  dos  kd-vd-l'i-l  - 
)  rns 

f'i-ge'ra 

f'i-ge'r'ds 

/'-}' 

fi'le-fi-iU 

fit-let'ta 

f'i'ld-novsk' 

fils,  rents 

fi-nd'le 

f'i-nd'na 

f'i-nes'tra 

fi-no' 

f'i-n'in'ji-a 

f'i-n'is-t&re' 

ft-n'is-t'i-er'ra 

fin'ldnd 

fin'ldnd 

fin'vidrk 

fin'ster  dhr'hom 

find-z'i'no 

fi-B'ro 

f'i-rhid'ze 

f'i-S-renil'iB-la 

f'i-rend-z(}Q-0'la 

f'i'z'i-bdlh 

f'ime 

Id  file 

fil'ton 

fi-m'mt 

f'i-qO-M-ch'i'no 

ft 

fi.^ 

fd-sa' 

fdd 

fidd'strdnd 

fldg'stdt 

fldg'sta;,<i>' 


Fau,fdr,f(iU,iBluft,  bit. — Wile,  prty,  hUp,  thirt,  hUr.  — Pine,  mar'int,  bird,  fig.  — M)U,  dSoe,  TnUve,  wglf,  bpok,  Igrd.  — rftne,  bifll,  unite.  —  Fr.  long  vttei  Fr.  short  bit.— 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Fliikkec,  or  Ilaringvlict, 

(.Ncih.)  r. 
Fhiniimville,  (Fr.) 
Flanders,  or  Flandre,  (Netll 
Flanders,  East  and  IVest, 

(Neth.) 
Flavia,  (It.)  t. 
Flavijiny,  (Fr.) 
Flavion,  (Neth.) 
Flcclic,  la,  (Fr.) 
Flekki:fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Flensbors,  (l)en.) 
Fleron,  (Nctli.) 
Flers,  (Fr.) 
Flescli,  (Switz.) 
Fleurc,  (Fr.) 
Fleuriir,  (Nfth.) 
Flintshire,  (Eng.) 
Flix,  (Pen.) 
Flixecoiirt,  (Fr.) 
Floda,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Flogny,  (Fr.) 
Florae,  (Fr.) 
Florie,  (Neth.) 
Florence,  or  Firen/.e,  (It.) 
Florenville,  (Netli.) 
Flores,  or  Brazo:!  de  Dios, 

(Mex.) 
Florida,  (U.  S.  &  Mex.) 
Floris,  (East.  Isl.)  st. 
Florrenne,  (Neth.) 
Flinns,  (Switz.) 
Flushing!,  or  Vlissingen, 

(Neth.) 
Fhivaniia,  (U.  S.) 
Foelir,  or  Fiwhrde,  (Den.) 
Foemoe,  (Den.)  isl. 
Fogsia,  (it.) 
Foslia,  (It.)  r. 
Foix,  (Fr.) 
Fokien,  (Ch.) 
Foldea,  (.Vustr.) 
Folding,  (Den.) 
Foldva,  (.\ustr.) 
Fiildvar,  ( Austr.) 
Foligno,  (It.) 
Fominska,  (R.) 
Foininskeii,  (R.) 
Fonari,  (It.) 
Fondi,  (It.) 
Fondo,  (Austr.) 
Fonelos,  (Pen.) 
Foiigtcheou,  (Ch.) 
Fonsfca,  or  Ampala,  (!\Iex.) 
Fontaine  I'Eveqiie,  (Neth.) 
Fontainehleau,  (Fr.) 
Fontarabia,  or  Fuentatabia, 

(Pen.) 
Font.ana',  (It.)^ 
Fonte  Coherta,  (Pen.) 
Fontenaille,  (Neth.) 
Fontenay,  (Fr.) 
Fontenoy,  (Neth.) 
Fontiroux,  (Fr.) 
Fontiveros,  (Pen.) 
Foolah,  or  Foulah,  (Af.) 
Fora,  (Den.)  is/. 
Ford  Sand  Isle,  (Den.) 
Forestan,  (R.) 
Fore/.,  (Fr.) 
Fortar,  (Scot.)  co. 
Forges,  (Fr.) 
Forli,  (It.) 
Forlimpopoli,  (It.) 
Forniari,  (It.) 

Formazza  Valley,  (Switz.) 
Formosa,  (R.) 
Fornos,  fPen.) 
Forro,  (Austr.) 
Fors,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Forslieda,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Forsyth,  (U.  S.) 
Fort  Iiouis,  (Fr.) 
Fortanete,  (Pen.) 
Fortore,  (It.)  r. 
Fossano,  (It.) 
Fossa  .\  11  ova,  (It.) 
Fosse,  (Neth.) 
Fos.se,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fotschiel,  (Switz.) 
Fougerais,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fougeres,  (Fr.) 
FougeroUes,  (Fr.) 
Fonrche,  la,  (U.  S.) 
Foux,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fowey,  or  Foway,  (Eng.) 
Foy,  St.,  le  Grande,  (Fr.) 
Foyers,  (Scot.) 
Foyle,  Lough,  (Ir.) 
Fraiture,  (Neth.) 
Frameries,  (.\eth.) 
Franca,  la,  (Pen.) 
Fnincavella,  (ILJ 
France 


I fldk'kt 

fid-mAil^-viW 
)fian'dtrsy  Jldngdr 

j  fidii'dtrs 

ftd'vi-a 

fid-v'in-y'i' 

fid-v'i-ong' 

Id  fiashe 

flrk'U-fi-drd 

fieiin'iigr^ 

fte-rung' 

Jlrrc 

ftfsli 

fifitre 

fl^-ri-e' 

flint'sh'ire 

Jli.-, 

fliks-kgfr' 

jlo'da 

fldn-vi' 

flu-rdli' 

fiO-re' 

J!i>'rfiiec,fi-rend'zs 

Jld-rdng-v'ifs' 
>  Jiu'rrsse,  brd'this  de 
\  di'us 

flur'i-da 

fiS'ris 

JiO-rSne' 

I  fiiish'ing 

fiu-van'na 
f,%r,  Mr'de 
fitl'mm 
fod'ga 
f^l'ya 
fwa 
fo'kcen 
fnl-df'a 
fol'ding 
fohl'va 
fiM'vdr 
jZ-lin'yo 
fo-miiis'ka 
J^-miiici'keu. 
f5-tid'r'i 
fon'di 
fSn'do 
fd-ne'los 
Jong  tch^^' 
iT.fan-se'kn 
fqitg~t&iu*  It  v&ke 
fqng-line-blo' 


j  fqn-ld-rd'b'i-a 

fSn-ld'tia 

fSn'u  kO'bfr'ta 

fqngl-nd-'i  or  fongt-ndly 

fnngt-ud^ 

fqngt-uica' 

ffyng-t't-r^Q' 

jin-ti'a-TOS 

fd'ra 

ford  sdnd 

fd-rfs'tdn 

fo-re' 

fqr'fdr 

Jorge 

for-ti' 

for-tlm-pQ'  pQ-ti 

for-md'Ti 

for-mdt' sa 

f5r-mo'sa 

Jtir'nos 

fSr'ro 

fqrs 

fqrs-he'da 

fqr-.nlhe' 

fhr  lf<f-t 

for-td-nr'ts 

fdr-t6're 

Jtis-sd'uo 

fos'sa  n<jq-Q'va 

fSsse 

Id  JZsse 

fm'shile 

Id  fvo?e-rll' 

ffO-gtre 

fffge-mW 

Id  fyfrshe 

ldfq„ 

foy 

sing  faa  X'i  gr'dngd 
fl'erz 

lolh  foil 
frd-ttlre' 

frdm-rV 

'd  frdn'ka 
frdn-kd-vH'la 
frdnre  or  frdngi 


Franrhe  Conipte,  (Fr.)  frdngsh  kimtj-te' 

Friinkcnilial,  (Uer.)  fran"krn-'tale 

Franronia,  (tier.)  frnn-ko'n'i-a 

Frankenliurg,  (Ger.)  frdng'krn-b^Qr^ 

Frankenliausen,  (tJer.)  frdnir'krn-hou'zm 

Frankenstein,  (tier.)  frdng'khi-stlne 

Frankfort  (-furt)  on  the  i^^  ,  ..  , 

Maine,  (am  Main,)  (Ger.)  j /'•<*''i''''/w' 
Frankfort  (-furt)  on  the 
Oder,  (an  dcr  Oder,) 
(Prus.) 
Fninklin,  (Can.)  /. 
Franks,  .Mt.  of  the,  (Pal.) 
Fninqneyra,  (Pen.) 


frdngk'fijqrl  dn  dtr  G'der 


Frasca,  (It  )  c. 
Frascati,  (It.) 
Fra.sno,  el,  (Pen.) 
Franenburg,  (R.) 
Franenfeld,  (Switz.) 
Freeh  ilia,  (Pen.) 
Fredeburg,  (Ger.) 
Fredensborg,  (Den.) 

Fredericia,  (Den.) 

Fredericksberg,  (Den.) 
Fredericksburg,  (Don.) 
Fredericksdal,  (Den.) 
Frederickshamn,  (R.) 
Frederickstadt,  (Den.) 
Frejiis,  (Fr.) 
Frenna,  (It.) 
Freswick,  (Scot.) 
Freyberg,  (Ger.) 
Frevburg,  (Ger.) 

Frnystadt,  (Ger.  Prus.  .Austr.)  fri'stdt' 


frank' tin 
frdnk-t 
fi-dn-kVra 
frds'ka 
frds-kd'a 
el  frds'no 
frou'hi-bQQT^ 
frou'en-ffW 
fre-ch'il'ya 
fre'de-bQ<)r^ 
frS'Utns-bnr^ 
\fre'de-ri'Csi-a  ox  frl-de- 
j  rit'sha 
fri'de~riks-ber^' 
fre' de-riks-bqr^ 
frS'de-riks-ddle 
frS'de-rllis-kdmn 
frS'd'e-riks-stdt 
fre-jtiQce' 
fren'na 
frrz'ik 
frVbi'r^ 
frl'bf<)r^ 


Frias,  (Pen.)  ffi'ru 

Fribonrg,  (Switz.)  fri-bfor' 

Fridau,  (.Austr.)  fri'dou. 

Friderichshafen,  or  Buc-  )/■••/,  u. 

horn,  (Ger.)  \fr,>de.r^lhs-hd'fcr, 

Fricdherg,  (Ger.)  frid'hrr^ 

Friedburg,  (Ger.)  fr)d'b()()r^ 

Friedland,  (Prus.)  frid'tdnt 

Friedericlisruda,  (Prus.)  fri'de-rillis-rO'da 

Friesland,  (.Neth.)  fris'ldnt 

Friesland,  East,  (Ger.)  fris'ldnt 

Frisange,  (Neth.)  fri'sdnsh 

Frische  Hart",  (Prus.)  frish'e  hdf 

Frisclie  Nehrung,  (Prus.)  frisb'e  ne-r^Qng 

Fritzlar,  (Ger.)  frits' fdr' 

Friuli,  (It.)  fr-i-^g'it 

Frodinsham,  (Eng.)  frqd'ing-um 

Frodsham,  ( Eng.)  frods'um 

Froidmont,  (Fr.)  fncd  mnng' 

Frontenac,  (Can.)  frongl-ndk' 

FrueVmarck,  (Den.)  frft}' er-mdrk 

Fruges,  (Fr.)  frtige 

Freienwalde,  (Prus.)  frt'en-rdVde 
Fiiego,  Terra  del,  (S.  Am.)    tir'ra  del  fyg-e'go 

Fiienibillido,  (Pen.)  fQ^em-hil-yi'Jo 

Fnencaliente,  (Pen.)  f<!Q-en'kd-U-rn'le 

Fuentabrada,  (Pen.)  fyo-en'ld  brd'da 

Fuentarabia,  or  Fontara-  )  ■ 

bia,  (Pen.)  ^fya-en'td-rd'ht-a 

Fuente  del  Fresno,  (Pen.)  ffif-rn'te  del  fris'no 

Fuente,  de  la,  (Pen.)  de  id  fifif-hi'te 

Fuente  P.alniera,  (Pen.)  fyg-en'te  pdl-iiie'ra 

Fuente  del  .Maestre,  (Pen.)  fw-en'te  del  md-e'strt 


Fuente  Lapena,  (Pen.) 
Fiientepelayo,  (Pen.) 
Fuenterable,  (Pen.) 
Fuentes,  (Pen.) 
Fuentes  de  la  Compana, 

(Pen.) 
Fuhrberz,  (Ger.) 
Fuhu,  (R.) 
Fulniicino,  (It.) 
Fulda,  (Ger.) 
Fulda,  (Ger.)  r. 
Fuldera,  (Switz.) 
Fullonica,  (It.) 
Funehal,  isl. 
Funen,  (Den.)  isl. 
Furianda,  (Pen.) 
Furnes,  (.\eth.) 
Furruckabad,  (Hind.) 
Furstcnaii,  (Prus.) 
F^urstenbnrg,  (Ger.) 
Fnrstenfeld,  (Ger.) 
Furstenwald,  (Ger.) 
Furth,  (Ger.) 
Fusina,  (It.) 
Futter,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 


f^Q-en'te  Id-pe'na 
fng-en'te-pe-ld'yo 
fi}<}-en'te-rd'ble 
ffQ-rn'tesse 
}  fW-en'tesse  de  Id  kOm- 
)  pdn'ya 
f<}i}r'ber§ 
fvf'hoo 
f</(}l-mi-chi'no 
fyfl'da 
fijql'da 
f<)<}l'de^a 
f(/()l-l8'ni-ka 
fyfn-shdl' 
fxi'nen 
fOQ-ri-dn'da 
fiirn 

fiir-rttk-d-bdd' 

fttr'ste-noil 

ftlr'sten-bg(^^ 

fhr'sten-frlt 

f^ir'sten-vdll 

furt 

/(jj-ij'na 
/fpt'ter 


G. 


Gabaruj,  (Can.)  b. 
Gahella,  (Tnr.) 
Gahia,  (Pen.) 
Gahn  do  Girao,  (Af.) 
Gaboon,  (Af.)  r. 


gH-hd'rus 

gd-bel'la 

gd'b'i-a 

gd'ho  dojt-ra'o 
gd~bQQn' 


Gabrovo,  (Gr.)  inf. 
(iai'huii  Nor,  ( Ind.) 
Gadaniis,  (.Af.) 
GKdebu.scll,  I  .Mecklenburg 

."cliwerin,]  (Ger.) 
(;a<  ta,  (It.) 
Gaeta,  (It.) 
Gal'or,  (Ind.) 
Gage  Roads,  (N.  Zeal.) 
Gajies,  (Fr.) 
Gaggiano,  (It.) 
Gaghitsk,  (K.) 
Gagliano,  (It.) 
Gabon,  (East.  Isl.) 
Gahyba,  (Hraz.)  /. 
Gaian.  (Eg.) 
Gaidriinisi,  (Gr.) 
Gaidnri,  (Gr.) 
Gaih,  (Per.) 
Gaillac,  (Fr.) 
Gair  Loch,  (Scot.) 
Gairden,  (Scot.)  r. 
Gaishofen,  (Ger.) 
Gai.sliorn,  (Ger.) 
Gaisin,  (R.) 
Gala  Water,  (Scot.) 
Galapagos,  isl. 
G.il.isliiels,  (Scot.) 
Galatz,  (Tur.) 
Galaxidi,  (Gr.) 
Gal»ia,  (U.  S.) 
Galera,  (Austral.)  isl. 
Galibon,  (Eg.) 
Galicia  anil  Lodomir,  or 
Kalanon  Lodomir, 
(Austr.) 
Galinara,  (It.)  Ul. 
Galin.az,  (.S.  Ain.)  r. 
Galitch,  (I!.) 
Gallego,  (Pen.)  r. 
Gallegos,  (S.  .\m.)  r. 
Gallen,  St.  (Switz.) 
Gallen,  St.,  Canton,  (Switz.)  idnkt  gdl'lin 
Galli,  (It.)  isl.  gdl'li 
Gallicia,  (Pen.)pr.  gcd-ti'lhi-a 
Gallipoli,  (It.  &  Tur.)  gal-li'pO-H 
Gallo,  (It.)  c.  gal'lo 
Galong,  (Ch.)  4.  ga'lbng 
Galtee,  (Ir.)  711!.  gdl'tee 
Galveston,  (Mex.)  *.  gdl'res-ton 
Gahvay,  (Ir.)  gal'iray 
Gambia,  [Ua  Heama,]  ( Af.)  r.  gdm'bi-a 
Gambler,  (Austral.  &  Aus-  )  . 

tralia)V.7.  \gam'b,cr 
Gambler,  (Australia)  mt. 


gd-br6'vo 
gu'c/tiin  nOr 
ga-da'inis 

I  gd'de-bgfsh 

gd-e'ta 
gd-e'ia 
gd'fijr 
gdge 
gdgc 

gdd'gd'no 
gd'  ghilsk 
gdl-yd'no 
gd'bdn 
gd-i'ba 
gd'i-dn 
gd-tdrC-rii'si 
gd-'i-dur't 
gd'ik 

gd-Vak'  or  gdl-ydk' 
|«r  lolh 
gSr'den 
gls'bO-fen 
gis'bqm 
gd-'i-s'in' 
gU'la  aa'ter 
gd-ld-pd' gvs  < 
gdl-d-sheels' 
gd-lati' 
gd-ldx-Viti 
gd-le'na 
gd'le-ra 
gd-Ci'btin 

gd-ti'Ui-a  lO'dd  mir' 

gU-lt-iiU'ra 
gd-li-ndlH' 
gd'lilch 
gdl-ye'go 
gdl-ye'gos 
idnklffdi'len 


Igot 


Gamtoos,  ( Af.)  r. 
Gandeli,  vV'ell  of,  (Tur.) 
Gandia,  (Pen.) 
Gandolfo  Castle,  (It.) 


gdm'b'ier 
gdm'tnqs 
gdn-de'l'i 
gdn'ffi-a 
gan-ilOlfo 
Ganges,  nr  Gunga,  (Ind.)  r.  gdn'jlz 
Gangud,  (R.^  c.  gdn'giid 
Canning,  (Ch.)  gdn-nin^' 
Ganspacli,  (Ger.)  gdn'spdlh 
Gara,  (.Austr.)  fS'ro 
Garape,  (S.  .Am.)  r.  gd-rd'pe 
Garhanup,  (N.  Zeal.)  I.         gdr  bd'nup 
Garbieh,  (Eg.)  gdr'bi-ek 
Garcias,  (Pen.)  gdr'lh'i  as 

Gard,  (Fr.)  dtp.  gdr 
Garda,  (It.) /.  gdr' da 

Garden,  (Prus.)  I.  gdr'den 
Gare  Loch  Cottage,  (Scot.)   gdre  lolh 
Garcep  Ky,  or  Yellow  R.     )  , 
(Af.)  \g<i''-tepky 

Gareep  Nu,  or  Black  R.(Af.)  gd'reep  nS 
Garee|),  or  Orange  R.  (.Af.)  gd'reep 


gd're-p'ine 
gdr-gd'no 
gdr'  grave 
gdr' net 
gdr'ni-gel 

j  hSU  gd-rSnc' 

gdr-rdgh 


Gareepine  Walls,  (.Af.) 
Gargano,  (It.)  mt. 
Gargrave,  (Eng.) 
Garnet,  (Af.)  b. 
Garnigel  B.aths,  (Switz.) 
Garonne,  Upper,  (Haute 

Garonne,]  (Fr.)  dip. 
Garragh,  (Ir.) 

Garrangnra,  (Australia)  mt  gdr-rdn-goo'ra 
Garrocli,  (Scot.)  gdr-rolh 
Garrows,  (Ind.)  gdr'ruws 
Garshuisen,  (Neth.)  gdrs'hoi-zin 
Garvagh,  (Ir)  gdr-vdgh 
Gnrvan,  (Ir.)  isl.  gor'van 
Garz,  (Prus.)  gdris 
Gascony,  [Gascogne,]  (Fr.)  gds-kSny' 
Caspar  Isla,  (East.  Isl.)         gds'pdr  is'la 
Caspar,  (East.  Isl.)  st.  gds'pdr 
Gaspe,  (Can.)  disU 
Gatineau,  (Can.)  r. 
Gaucher,  Pert  la,  (Fr.) 
Gauen,  (Switz.) 
Gauts,  Eastern  and  West- 
ern, (Ind.) 
Gavalas,  (fir.) 
Gavata,  (Tnr.)  c. 
Gaviarra,  (Pen.)  ml. 
Gavio,  (It.  mt. 


gdsp 
gd-Uni' 
fer  Id  gO-shs' 
gou'eti 

gd-rd'lda 
gd-cd'ta 
gd-T't'dr'ra 
gd'v'i-o 


Fr.  long  lA  and  short  «u,  nearly  as  in  .<;>ur. —  Final  ly,  French  /  mauii/c. — An"  ger,  ni"ciowi.  g  as  s  in  pleasure ;  *  and  i!A  guttural ;  iiy  liquid;  th  a.s  in  ;iit/i. 


t33fl 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Oayali,  (Ind.) 
(Javiir.  fliiil.)  r. 
(5eauga,'(U.  S.) 
(Hehel  el  Besheur,  (Tur.) 
Geer,  (Af.)  c. 
Geel,  (Netli.) 
Gefle,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Gefle,  (Sc.  Pen.)  dist. 
Gebgin-well,  (Per.) 
Geialingen,  (Ger.) 
Gelderland,  [Geldern,] 

(NVtli.)  pr. 
Geneniuiden,  (Netli.) 
Geneseo,  (U.  S.) 
Genessee,  (U.  S.) 
Geneva,  (U.  S.  &.  Switz.) 
Geneve,  [Genf,]  (Switz.) 
Geneve,  Canton,  Switz.) 
Genevieve,  (U.  S.) 
Genevre,  (It.)  mU 
Genlis,  (Fr.) 
Genoa,  (It.) 

Gent  or  Ghent,  (Neth.) 
Gentilly,  (L.  Can.) 
George,  (Af.)  di.it. 
Georgenburg,  (Priis.) 
Georgia,  (R.) 
Georgia,  (U.  P.  &  R.) 
Georgievsk,  (R.) 
Gera,  [Ren.ss,]  (Ger.) 
Geran,  Great,  (Ger.) 
Gerdoha,  (Af.)  mt. 
Germany,  Gerinania, 

Deutscliland, 
Germain,  St.  (Fr.) 
Gemia,  ancient  capita!  of 

Fezzan,  (Af.) 
Gerinano,  (It.) 
Gerolsiein,  (Ger.) 
Gerona,  (Pen.) 
Gers,  CFr.)  drp. 
Gertruidenburg,  (Xetli.) 
Ge.T,  (Fr.) 

GharendiJ,  Well  of,  (Eg.) 
Gtiarian,  (Af.)  mt. 
Ghazeepoor,  (Ind.) 
Ghenneh,  (Ea.) 
Ghent,  or  Gent,  (.Veth.) 
Ghenvartsov,  (R.) 
Ghil,  (Per.) 
Gillian,  (Per.) 
Ghiiiaik,  (As.) 
Ghizeh,  (Eg.) 
Ghor,  el,  (Eg.) 
Ghonsghiir,  (Ind.) 
Gliieznonclia,  (R.) 
Giblo,  (Australia)  mt. 
Gibraltar,  (Pen.) 
Gibraltar,  (Pen.)  st. 
Giedscr,  (Den.)fl. 
Giep,  (Af.)  r. 
Giessen,  (Ger.) 
Giland,  (Ind.)  r. 
Gilolo,  (Ind.) 
Gimont,  (Fr.) 
Gioia,  (It.) 
Gioja,  (It.)  g. 
Giorsiov,  (Den.) 
Giour  Jebel,  (Eg.) 
Giovi,  (It.)  ml. 
Gird  Koh,  (Per.) 
Girrileness  Light,  (Scot.) 
Girgeh,  (Eg.) 
Girnar,  (Ind.)  mt. 
Gironde,  (Fr.)  <Jqi. 
Gjat,  (R.) 
Gladsmiiir,  (Scot.) 


gd'yah 

ge-bil  el  bf-sh^r 

geer 

thele 

ye  fie 

ysf'k 

geb'  gdn-wel 
gis-ling'  in 

I  gH'dir-ldnd 

jen-ese'o 
jin-c-see' 
jc-nc'va 
^e-ueve'j  genf 

jen-e-veeve 

je-ne'vre 

gdng-li' 

je-n6'a  and  jen'o-a 
^ent 

gdng-t'il-yV  or  gdng-t'i-yV 

jqrge 

ge-or'gen~bQ^r§ 

ge-gr'g'i-a 

jor'ji-a 

gt-or'  g'i-evsU 

ge'ra 

ge'rou 

ger-do'ba 
t  jer' ina~n>j,  ger-md'n'i-a, 
i  doich'ldnt 

sang  gdr-mang' 


jer-md'no 
ge'rol-stine 
llte-^d'na 

?'-ere 
hcr-troV  dhl-bi^Qr^ 
gez 

gkd-rhi'dil 

ghd'r'i-an. 

ghd-zee-pQ^' 

gheii'nck 

gent 

ghen-vdrt'sov 

gliil 

gh'i'hm 

glii'ti-d-ilt 

gh'i'zek 

el  ghor' 

gWs'gl^r 

gh'i-ez-nou'Zha 

ihi'hlo 

Ik'ib-raVtar  or  ji-brgl'tdr 

Ikib-Tdl'ldr 

g'id'ser 

gcep 

g'is'sin 

g'i'lang 

g'i-lo'lo 

g'i-msng' 

jS'i-a 

j5''i-a 

g'i-6r^'lcv 

g'i-our'  je'bSl 

jd'v'i 

gird  kdh 

gir'dle-nes8 

gir'geh 

g'ir'ndr 

g'i-rongd' 

jdt 

gUid-i' mitrr. 


Glainorgan.«hire,  (S.  Wales)  glam-or' gan-sKirt 


Glanitz,  (Ger.) 
Glanz,  (Aiislr.) 
Claris,  (Sviritz.) 
Glarii.i,  (Switz.) 
Glariis,  Canton,  (Switz.) 
Glasgow,  (Scot.  N.  Scotia) 
Glalta,  (Tiir.) 

Glatz,  [Klodah-ko,]  (Prus.) 
Glau,  (Ger.)  r. 
Glauchau,  (Ger.) 
Glazov,  (11.) 
Glcisdorf,  (Anstr.) 
GJer'acardoch,  (Scot.) 
Glcnade,  (Ir.)  /. 
Olenamadda,  (Ir.) 
Glcnavy,  (Ir.) 
Glencairn,  (Scot.) 
Glenorcliy,  (Scot.) 
Glinii,  (Anstr.) 
Giindon,  (PriiH.) 
Gliigau,  f  PriLS.)  din. 
Glogaii,  Great,  (Priis.)  fl. 
Glummen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Glo!«a,  (Gr.) 
Gliiiice8tcr,  (Eng.) 
Gloiiccat«r>hire,  (Eng.) 


gld'nits 
gldnts 
gld'rx^ 

glA'rq^s  (or  -rY.t) 

gld'rt^^s  (or  -rig) 

gld.-i'gO 

gidt'td 

gldts 

glou 

glou'lkou 

gld'iTiv 

glis'doyf 

glen~a-kdr'dalh 

gUn-Udc' 

glrn-a-nidd'da 

glin-d'vij 

gUn-karrne' 

gUn-or'lhy 

gli'va 

glin'don 

glO'gou 

glS'gou 

glOn'na 
ghit'ter 
glQd' ter-ahire 


1  Gloveler,  (Switz.) 
Gluckstad,  (Den.) 
Gniunden,  (Austr.) 
Gnesen,  (Prus.) 
Gnief  kowo,  (Prus.) 
Goa,  (Ind.) 
Gobi,  (As.)  dcs. 
Gocli,  (Ger.) 
Godavery,  (Ind.) 
Goddelsheim,  (Ger.) 
Godlinse,  (Neth.) 
Godolio,  (Austr.) 
Goedereede,  (Nelh.) 
Goellaiid,  (Den.)  isl. 
Goerz,  (.Vnstr.) 
Goes,  (Neth.) 
Gogna,  (It.)  r. 
Gogosclii,  (Tur.) 
Goliriicii,  (Ger.) 
Goito,  (It.) 
Golconda,  (Ind.) 
Gold  Coast,  (Af.) 
Goldastchelsk,  (R.) 
Goldbeck,  (Ger.) 
Goldburg,  (Ger.) 
Goldberg,  (Prus.) 
Goldingen,  (R.) 
Golegao,  (Pen.) 
Golo,  (It.)  r. 
Golsen,  (Prus.) 
Golubinska,  (R.) 
Golzow,  (Prus.l 
Goniera,  (Canary  Isl.) 
Gomez  Farias,  (Mex.) 
Gomez  Velasco,  (Pen.) 
Gomniern,  (Prus.) 
Gondar,  (Af.) 
Gondrecourt,  (Fr.) 
Gondrin,  (Fr.) 
Gonzalo,  Don,  (Pen.) 
Gonzalo,  (Mex.)  pt. 
Goochland,  (U.  S.) 
Goor,  (Neth.) 
Gora,  (Ger.) 
Gorbatov,  (R.) 
Gurdola,  (Switz.) 
Gorgt)nzola,  (It.) 
Goriatcliinskoi,  (K.) 
Goriontchki,  (R.) 
Gorjdy,  (R.) 
Gorkonetska,  (R.; 
Gorkum,  (Neth.) 
Gorlitz,  (Prus.) 
Goroditch,  (R.) 
Gorodnia,  (R.) 
Gorodok,  (R.) 
Gorochov,  (R.) 
Gorredyk,  (Netli.) 
Gorsel,  (Neth.) 
Gortel,  (Neth.) 
Gortynius,  (Gr.) 
Gortz,  (Austr.) 
Goslar,  (Ger.) 
Goslina,  (Prus.) 
Gospich,  (Austr.) 
Gossau,  (bvvitz.) 
Gossia,  (It.) 
Gostyczyn,  (Prus.) 
Gotaland,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Gotha,  (Ger.) 
Gothard,  St.  (Switz.)  mt. 
Gothland,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Gothem,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Gotschec,  (Austr.) 
Gotschka,  (Austr.) 
Gotheborg,  [Gottcnborg,] 

(Sc.  Pen.) 
Goltingen,  (Ger.) 
Goltska  Sands,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Gottswalde,  (Prus.) 
Gouda,  (Nctli.) 
Gouderak,  (Nctli.) 
Gouja,  (Pen.) 
Gouriev,  (R.) 
Gourievsk,  (R.) 
Gour,  Ruins  of,  (Ind.) 
Govino,  (Gr.) 
Gownagh,  (Ir.) 
Gowripntnam,  (Ind.) 
(Jozo,  (It.) 

Grabbenvorst,  (Neth.) 
Graben,  (Neth.) 
Grabow,  (Ger.) 
Gracharz,  (Austr.) 
Grachenicza,  (Austr.) 
Gradiska,  N.  ("Austr.) 
Graditza,  (Gr.) 
Gradizza,  (Gr.) 
Graefenberg,  (Ger.) 
fJrafenburg,  (<«er.) 
Grafenthal,  (Ger.) 
Grafenworth,  (Ger.) 
Graigiii^nemaragh,  (Ir.) 
Grain  Coast,  (Af.) 


gWve-ler 

g!uk''stdt 

gmun'dcn 

gne'zen 

gntfkQg'vo 

gS'a 

gO'b-i 

golli 

go-dd've-ry 

gqt'dels-hime 

got'lin-se 

gd~d6'l'i-o 

gQQ'de^^e'de 

geuVldnd 

gtnirts 

gOn'ija  ■ 

go~gos'eh'i 

go' risk 

go-Vto 

gol'kon'da 

gold  kost 

goV  dds-tchilsk 

gqWbek 

golt'bggr^ 

gqlt'ber^ 

goL'ding-en 

gb-le~gd'o 

gb'lo 

gol'zen 

go-liib-ins'ka 

goWso 

gd^ne'ra 

gS-metn  (-mes)  f  d-r'i'as 

go-metH  (-nies)  ve-lds'ko 

gqm'  mem 

gqn'ddr 

gqngdr-kQQr' 

gqng-drdng' 

don  gon-thd'lo 

gon-thd'  {-sd')  to 

ggQtck'land 

gor 

go'ra 

gor-bd'tov 

gor'd6~la 

gdr-gdnd'zo-la 

gO-r'i-dt-chins'koi 

go-r'i-oulcfi'k'i 

gorj'dy 

gor-ko-ri~ets'ka 

gor'k^Qm 

geur'lits 

gd-ro-ditch' 

go-Todhii-a 

gd^d-dok' 

go-rQ'f.lu)v 

gor-re-dlke 

gqr'scl 

gor'tel 

gor-tu'ni-us 

ff^rts 

gos'ldr 

gos-l'i'va 

ggs'pilk 

gus'sou 

gos's'i-a 

gos-tVcliin 

yik'td-ld'nd 

gS'ta 

idnkt  gqt'hdrt 

gqt'ldnd 

gi'lcm 

got's/iets 

g5tsk'ka 

j  yA'te-bnrg 

geut'ting-en 

y^Wka 

gqWvdl'de 

gou'da 

gou'dt-T'dJ: 

go-^Q'l/ia 

gau'r'i-ev 

gou'r't-ivsk 

gour 

gS-v'i'no 

gow-n'dgh' 

gow-r'i-pdt'natn 

gOd'zo 

grdh'  ben-fqrsl 

gtd'bcH 

grd'bO 

grd'f.hdrLi 

grd-fhe-nt'cha 

grd-dis'ka 

grd-dit'ia 

grd-dii'za 

grQ' fcn-ber^ 

grd'fen-bQQr^ 

grd'fen-tdlp. 

grd'fin-vqrt 

grSge-ne-ma-rdgh' 

grUn  hli.it 


Giainville,  (Fr.) 
Grajanejos,  (Pen.) 
Gram,  (Den.) 
Grain,  (Den.)  r. 
Grammoni,  (Neth.) 
Grammos,  (Tur.)  mt. 
Grampsbergcn,  (Neth.) 
Granitzow,  (Prus.) 


Gran,  [Eszlergom,]  (Austr.)  grd/i 
Gran,  (Anstr.)  r. 
Grana,  (It.)  r. 
Granada,  (Pen.) 
Granadillo,  (Pen.) 
Grand  Pre,  (Fr.) 
Gnindval,  (Switz.) 
Granger,  (U.  S.) 
Grauichen,  (Switz.) 
Granja,  la,  (Pen.) 
Grantham,  (Eng.) 
Granville,  (Fr.) 
Grasse,  (Fr.) 
Gratchevsk,  (R.) 
Grate m,  (Neth.) 
Gratia,  Pt.  Delia,  (Gr.) 
Gratz,  (Austr.  Prus.) 
Graubundcn  (  dten)  or  Les 

Grisons,  (Switz.) 
Graudentz,  (Prus.) 
Grauzelle,  Grau  de,  (Fr.) 
Grave,  (Neth.) 
Gravesend,  (Eng.) 
Gravina,  (It.) 
Gravone,  (It.)  r. 
Grazalena,  (Pen.) 
Great  Britain 
Greece 
Greenland 
Greenock,  (Scot.) 
Greenwich,  (Eng.) 
Greifen,  (Switz.) 
Greifen,  (Switz.)  I. 
Grciffeiiburg,  (.'\iistr.) 
Grieffenhagen,  (Prus.) 
Greis,  (Den.) 
Greitz,  (Ger.) 
Grenada,  isl. 
Grenade,  (Fr.) 
Grenchen,  (Switz.) 
Grendstrup,  (Den.) 
Grenoble,  (Fr.) 
Greussen,  (Ger.) 
Grevelingen,  (Netli.) 
Grevismuhlen,  (Ger.)  ' 
Grez,  les,  (Fr.) 
Griazovetz,  (R.) 
Greiffiwald,  (Prus.) 
Grigorevska,  (R.) 
Grimaud,  (Fr.)  g. 
Grimis-ois,  (Switz.) 
Grimsell  Pass,  (Switz.) 


grdng-v'tle' 

grd-ilid-ne'Zhos 

gram 

grdm 

grdm-vib'n'i 
grdmhnos 
grdmps'ber~gen 
grdmt'so 


Grinsted,  [Jutland,]  (Den.)  grin'sted 
Griguas,  (Af.) 
Gris  Nez,  (Fr.)  c. 
Grisola,  (It.) 

Grisons,  les,  [Graubunden 

or  -dten,]  largest  canton 

in  Switz. 
Grisselhamn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Grodno,  (Tur.) 
Grodno,  (R.) 
Groesholm,  (Den.)  isl. 
Groi.x,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Groningen,  (Ger.  Neth.) 
Groot  Zundert,  (Neth.) 
Groote  Keet,  (Netli.) 
Groposii,  (.\ustr.)  inf. 
Grossetto,  (It.) 
Gross  Wardeiii,  [Hang 

Nagy  Varad,]  (Austr.) 
Grube,  (Den.) 
Grubenhagen,  (Ger.) 
Grudek,  (Austr.) 
Grunberg,  (Prus.) 
Grutamaiin 

Griitii,  or  Rutli,  (Switz.) 
Griiyeres,  (Switz.) 
Gsteig,  (Switz.) 
Guadalaviar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guadalaxara,  or  Guada- 
lajara, (Pen.) 
Guadalemar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guadalerza,  (Pen.) 
Giiadalijorcc,  ( Pen.)  r. 
Guadalmez,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guudnlon,  (Pen.)  r. 

Guadalquivir,  (Pen.)  f. 


gran 
grd'na 

grd-nd'da  or  gra-nd'da 
grd-nd-d'iVyo 
grdng  pre 
grdn^-vdl' 
grdn^jer 
grd'ni-lken 
Id  grdn'llia 
grant' um 
grdng-v'iie' 
grds 

grdt'ckevsk 
gra'tcm 
del' la  grd'ti-a 
grdts 

grou-bun' din  (-ten) 

grou'dents 
gro  d'^  grO-zile' 
grd'fS 
grdces'end 
grd-o'i'na 
grd-vo'ne 
grd-thd-le'na 
great  brft'an 
greece 
green'land 
green'uk 
grin'idje 
gri'fen 
grVfen 
grVfen-b<ji)Ti 
gr'i-fin-hd'  gen 
gris 
grils 
gro-na'da 
gre-ndde' 
greii'llien 
grtnd'strggp 
gre-no-ble' 
grots' sen 
gre'fe-lin^~en 
gre-vis^n  u'lin 
le  gre 

gri-d'z5^eti 
grifs'v'dlt 
gr'i-go-revs'ka 
gr'i-mo' 

gr'i-m'i'zwa'  A, 
grim'zcl 


gri'g(fQ-as 
gri  ne' 
gr'i'zd-ta 

le  gr'i-iong' 

gris'sel-hdmn 
grdd'no 
grod'no 
grdhs-liolm' 
grwa 

grO-  (gr^-)  ning'in 
grdte  ZQ^'dirt 
grO'te  kete 
gro-pd'zQQ 
gros-set'to 
\  grOs-vdr-dlne  nodj  rd'- 
I  rod 
gr(}</'be 

gr<)Q'bin-hd'  gin 
grifi)'dek 
gr{m'ber§ 
gr<^<)' td^mdn 
grtit'n 
grii-'i-ySre' 
gstlS 

g<)(f-d-dd'ld-vi-dr' 

I  giQ-d-dd-ld-lhd'ra 

gQi^d-dd'le-mdr' 
go<rd-dd-ler't1in 
g<)f>-d-dd-l:t-!kar'tK{ 
gQQ-d'ddl^neth' 
gQQ-d'dd-lGn 
i  goif-d-ddl-k'i-Vlr',  Eng. 
I  gau-dHipiiv'er 
1  ff^O'd-dd'tf^t^'pCj  Eng. 


Guadalupe,  (W.  Ind.) 

Guadalupe,  [  Radajos  ]  (Pen.)  gQQ-d-dd-t^j'pr  bd-dd'Uot 


gau~da-lQm}c' 
4-loo'oe  h 


iiadamelhita,  (Pen., 
Guadarama,  (Pen.)  r. 
(Juadarinena,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guadarranm,  (Pen.) 


gt}t}-d-dd-mel.yd'ta 
gQQ-d-dd-rd'ma 
g<jQ-d-ddr'me-na 
gQ^d-ddr^d' ma 


I    Fate,  fdr,  full,  vhifl,  bit.  — Mile,  prty,  klip,  tMre,  hUr.  —  Plne,vMr(ne,  b\rd,fig. — W>te,  ddne,  ml)ve,iBflf,  bffk,  lord.—  Tnne,  bull,  ^nitf.  —  Tt.  long  ufie;  Pr.  short  but.— 


mo 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Ciii:uliana,  (Pen.)  r. 
Gtiudiutn,  (I'en.)  r. 
(iuadiola,  (I'en.)  r. 
Giiadix,  (I'en.) 
Giiajuco,  (.Mex.) 
Giialan,  (Mc.x.) 
OiiaUlo,  (It.) 
(Juanabai,  (Mes.)  r. 
Guanazunto,  or  Guanax- 

iiato,  (.Mex.) 
Guarda,  (Switz.  Pen.) 
Giiardalui,  (Af.) 
Guardamar,  (I'en.) 
Gnardia  Altiera,  (lu) 
(Jiiahsaniey,  (.Mex.) 
Giiastalla,  (II.) 
Guatiiiiala,  (Mex.) 
Giiatla,  (Mex.) 
Guayaquil,  (S.  .\ni.) 
GnavMias,  (Alex.) 
Guli'bio, 
Giilien,  (J'nis.) 
Giidar,  (P.-n.) 
Giidina,  la,  (Pen.) 
Guduni,  (Den.) 
Guclders,  Giielilei'land, 

[seeGelderland,]  (Netli.) 
Guerct,  (Fr.) 
Guernsey,  (Fr.)  is/. 
Guesselard,  (Fr.) 
Gug);isberg,  (Switz.) 
Gujilielma,  (It.) 
Guiana,  Guyana,  Ouayana 
Guienne,  (Fr.)  t'urm.^r. 
Guigiies,  ( Fr.) 
Gui»uela,  (Pen.)  r. 
Guiniaraens,  (Pen.) 
Guinea,  (Af.) 
Guinchay  la  Cliap,  (Fr.) 
Guines,  (Fr.) 
Guiolle,  la,(Fr  ) 
Guipuzcoa,  (Pen.) 
Gtiisanilo,  (Pen.) 
Guisborougn,  (Eng.) 
Guise,  (Fr.) 
Gnjerat,  (Ind.) 
Guliopoli,  (It.) 
Gulzinv,  (Prus.) 
Guinbeschen,  (Switz.) 
Guiniel  de  Miirco,  (Pen.) 
Guminen,  (Switz.) 
Gummerup,  (Den.) 
Gulirau,  (Prus.) 
Gundelflngen,  (Ger.) 
(Jundel-bye,  (Den.) 
Gunderup,  (Den.) 
Gunza,  or  Ganges,  find.}  r. 
Gunnebye,  (Sc.  Pen.; 
Gunz,  (Ger.)  r. 
(Junzburj;,  (Ger.) 
Gurdi/.zolu,  (It.) 
Guria^Iiaua,  (It.) 
Gurkleld,  (Austr.) 
Gurrebye,  (Den.) 
Gurskoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Gurivan,  (R.) 
Gustaf  Adolpli,  (U.) 
Gustafsvern,  (II.) 
Gustrow,  (Ger.) 
Guta,  (Austr.) 
Guttes  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Gnttin<;en,  (Switz.) 
Giit/.merow,  (Prus.) 
Guyandotte,  (U.  S.) 
Giiyaquil,  (S.  Am.) 
Gw:ill,  (Switz.) 
Gwozdziec,  (Austr.) 
Gyllinge,  (Den.) 
Gzudin,  (Austr.) 


i'P{>-a-(f/-d'na 
^(iq-d-di-d'ta 

gijt)-d-^h<jQ'  ko 
irgQ-d'laii 

rrtjQ-dV  do 

gQi^'d-nd-b'd''i 
'  g(}i}-d-nd-  {-lli<iQ)  iTiQtf- 
I     (-i??)  d'to 

gQQ-dr'da 

gQQ-di^da-fyt^-'i' 

gQ^-dr-dd-mar' 

g<)i)-dr' di-a  dl  f  i-t'ra 

g^^d-r't-xd-mi' 

gff-d.i-tdl'la 

g<)f-d-li-md'la 

gf^q-dt'ta 

gW-l-d-kiV 

g^Q-l'mds 

gQi/b'bi-o 

/ri^Q'ddr' 
Id  g<;(i-di'na 

giVders,  gil'der-ldnt 
gf-re' 

geni-s&'.  Eng.  gem'zy 
gfs-ldr' 

gQ^l-ytV  ma 

g'i-d'na  or  g'i-yd'na 

g'i-ciie' 

giny 

g'i-ge'la 

g'i'rHd-rd-flls' 

g'i-ne'a  or  gtn'a 

gfng-sha'  Id  sha 

gine 

Id  gi-Sle' 

g'i-pfftti'kS-a 

g'i-sdn'do 

giz'bo~ro 

gVV-ize 

giiyfi-rtU 

gqq-Vi'Q'pQ-ti 

gul'tso 

gQQin'besh-rn, 

gq^m'i-H'  de  mqr'ko 

g(jQ-mi'nin 

gqqm' mt-ri)Qp 

g<jQ'ron 

g(}t}n'  dH'fing'  in 
gQ(fn'dH-b\i 
gQ^n'de-roQp 
gun'ga,  ^dn'jSt 
g(}tpi' ne-btl 
gunU 

gunts'bfiyr^ 

gf^Qr-d'iV  so-lo 

gqQ-ri-dl-yd'na 

gWk'felt^ 

gQqr're-bn 

gQQrsli'eti 

gur'i'Vdn 

giis'idf  a'dolf 

gus'tdfii-vini 

giis'trd 

gW'la 

gqqVtes  f  i~drd 

gqot' ling-en 

gnts'me-ro 

gl'an-dot 

gt-a-kil' 

gTdl 

gvosltdsh'i-iU 

gul'ling-e 

gshg^-dine' 


H. 


IIaar,  or  H\(!LE,  (Netli.) 
Haarlem,  Il.ierleni,  Har- 
lem, (Neth.) 
Hoase,  (Ger.)  r. 

Habana,  or  Havana 

Hacienda,  (.Mex.) 
Haddington,  or  East  Lo- 
thian, (Scot.)  CO. 
H.idersleben,  (Den.) 
Iladerup,  (Den.) 
Iladramaut,  (Ar.) 
H.ierlebeke,  (Neth.) 
Haerlcm,  (U.  S.) 
Ilaff,  Great,  (Prus.) 
H.aff,  Little,  (Prus.) 
Hafvcroe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Hagdanger,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


hdi 
I  hdr'lim 
hd'ie 

I  hd-bd'  (-cii    lUi,  Eng.  ha- 

\  vdn'na 
hd-tKi-  (si-)  in'da 

j  had' ding-ten 

hd'ders-Wbin 

hd'de-rq^ 

had-ra-mdt.t' 

hdr'lebe'kt 

hdr'iem 

hdf 

hdf 

hd'r^-reti 
hdg'ddng-ir 


hd'iren 
hd'gf-n5 
dd  Idhdg 

hdg.  Eng. 


hag 


llagen,  (Ger.  Den.) 
llagenow,  (Ger.) 
Hague,  de  la,  (Fr.) 
Hague,  [S'Gravenhaag,]  i 
(Neth.)  ' 
Ilaguenau,  (Fr.) 
Ilalia,  (Af.) 
Ilalin,  (Ger.) 
Ilain,  [Sonnne,]  (Fr.) 
Ilainault,  (Netli.) 
Iliijvpuor,  (Ind.) 
Ilala,  (Per.  Ind.)  mt. 
Ilalberstadi,  (Prus.) 
Ilaldensleben,  (Prns.) 
llalilenstein,  (."^wit/.) 
Ilaldiniand,  (Can.) 
Ilaleui,  (.Will.) 
Ilalicz,  (Austr.) 
Halifax,  (N.  Scotia) 
llalkier,  (Den.) 
Hall,  (Neth.  Ger.) 
Ilalland,  (Sc.  Pi  n.) 
Iliillaud's  .As,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt. 
Ilalle,  (Prus.) 
Ilalli.well,  (i;.  S.) 
Ilalmstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Halsted,  (Den.) 
Haltorp,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Halvan,  (.Austr.) 
Hamburg,  (-burgli,)  (Ger.) 
Hamein,  (Ger.) 
Hanini,  (Ger.) 
Ilamnie,  (Neth.  Sc.  Pen.) 
Ilaiiinierdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ilauimerstein,  (Prus.) 
Ilanan,  (Ger.) 
Ilangtclieou,  (Cli.) 
Ilangtcbeouloii,  (Cli.) 
Hannover,  (Ger.) 
Ilaiisted,  (Den.) 
Hants,  (N.  Scotia) 
Haialdsby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ilarbiirg,  (Ger.) 

Hardanger  Fjeld,  (Sc.  Pen.)  hdr'dang-er  f  i-eld 
Ilarilaiiger  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.)  hdr'ddng-ir  fi-brd 


U<r-no' 
hd'hd 
hdltn 
hang 

ha-Ho' 

hd-jy-pijQr' 
hd'ld 

hdl'bfr-stai' 
hal'drn.t-11'ben 
hdi'densthie' 
hdl-dimdng' 
hd'lcm 
hd'lich 
hiiV'i-fdz 
hdVk'i-ir 
hdl 

hdVldnd 
hdl'Idnds  63 
hal'U 

com.  kol'lu-H 
hdlm'sttU 
hdl'stfd 
hdl'tnrp 
hdVvdn 

hdm'b<)(/T§,  Eng.  hdm'bcrg 
lid'meln 
kdm 
hdin'me 
ham'mfr-ddl' 
hdm'  inir-sVlne 
hd'nou, 
Jidng-chijQ' 
ha  ng-ch  QQ-fgQ 
hdn-no'fir 
hdn'slU 
Hants 

hd'rdlds-bu 
hdr'bQQr^ 


Ilardenberg,  (Neth.) 
Hardenwyk,  (Neth.) 
Hare,  (Can.)  isl. 
Hareidland,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Harrteur,  (Fr.) 
Ilaringsvliet,  or  Flakkee,  ( 

(.\eth.)  r.  ! 
Ilarkebriiecke,  (Ger.) 
Harle,  (Den.) 
Harleinmer  Meer,  (Neth.) 
Harlingen,  (Neth.) 
Haro,  (Pen.) 
Haronifa,  (Austr.) 
Ilartberg,  (Austr.) 
Hartbeini,  (Ger.) 
Ilartz,  (Ger.) 
Hartz,  (Ger.)  mt. 
Harwich,  (Eng.) 
H;isli,  (Switz.) 
Hassan,  Ben  All,  Tomb  of,  1 

(Tur.) 
Hass  Berg,  (Ger.) 
Ilasselt,  (Neth.) 
Hassli,  (bwitz.)  val. 
Hastrup,  (Den.) 
Ilauhoiirdin,  (Fr.) 
Hansen,  (Ger.) 


hdr'den-ber^ 
hdr'dht-vtke 
hare 

hd'rlde-ldnd 
hdr-Jli<hr' 

hd'rings-ji'itc 

hdr'ke-hrUk'ke 
hdr'le 

hdr'lem-mtr  mrhr 

hdr'ling-en 

a'ro 

?td-T!^m'fa 

hdrt'b^r^ 

hdrt'hime 

hdrts 

hdrts 

hdr'ridge 

hds'ti 

bin  dnti  hds'sdn 

h'ds  bir^ 
hds'selt 
hds'sli 
hds'trQQp 
ha-bQQr-dang' 
hou'zen 


Havanna,  Havana,  or  Habana  Ad-i:d'na  or  ha-vdn'na 


Havel,  (Ger.)  r. 
Havelburg,  (Ger.) 
Havre  de  Grlcc,  (Fr.) 
Hlvre,  (Fr.) 
Hawaii 
Ilayger,  (Ger.) 
Haynichen,  (Ger.) 
Hayons,  les,  (Fr.) 
Hayti,  or  Haiti 
Ilazebroiick,  (Fr.) 


Ilebecourt,  (I'  r.) 

Hebrides,  nr  West.  Isl.  (Scot.)  hrb-ri'dlz 


hd'fd 
hd'fel-bijqr^ 
hdvr  d'ti  grdsse 
hdvr 

hd-jcd'i-i 
hVgir 
hVni-ihin 
h  hd-'i-yong' 
hd-i'ti,  ii&'li 
dzc-brgqk' 
ebc-cQqr' 


llcchcmin,  (Ger.) 
Hcchingen,  (Ger.) 
Hecia,  (Icel.)  mt. 
Iledegaard,  (Den.) 
Hedenfors,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Iledingen,  (Neth.) 
Hedemora,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ilednaes,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Hcerenberg,  (Neth.) 
Hcerlein,  (Neth.) 
Heerle,  (Neth.) 
Hcesch,  (Neth.) 
Hegisland,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Heidelheck,  (Ger.) 
Heidelberg,  (Ger.) 
Ileiden  Naab,  (Ger.)  r. 
Heidenbnrg,  (Ger.) 
Heidenhcim,  (Ger.) 
Ileilbronn,  (Ger.) 


hilh^e-m'in' 
helh'ing-en 
he'kla  or  hik'la 
he'de-gdrd 
hf'din-fors 
hf'ding-in 
kf'de-mijQ'ra 
hed'ndst 
ht'ren-bir^ 
her'Um 
hrr'le 
hfsk' 
he'vis-ldnd 
hVdil-hik 
M'de!-bir? 
hl'din-ndSe 
hVdin-bqtfr^ 
hl'drn-hlme 
htle'bron 


Heiligenhafen,  (Den.) 
Heiligenst.'idt,  (Prus.) 
Heiiiie,  (Ger.;  r. 
Hela,  (Prus.) 
lleldeii,  (Ni  lh.) 
Holder,  (Neth.) 

Helena,  St.  (Eng.)  ial. 

Ileligdland,  or  Helgoland, 

(Don.)  isl. 
Ilellefors,  ^Sc.  Pen.) 
Hellospont,  or  Dardanelles, 

(Tur.)  St. 
Ilollevoetsluis,  (Neth.) 
Holligsne,  (Den.) 
Ill  liiilireclit,  (Ger.) 
Ik'linburg,  (Ger.) 
Hel^iugoer,  or  Elsinore, 

(Don.) 
Helsiiigliorg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ilelsiiiufurs,  (K.)U 
Ilelvoliyn,  (Eng.) 
Iloniinosjoe,  (Den.) 
Ilongei-sberg,  (Ger.) 
Ilenkart,  (Switz.) 
Iluiiki'Iiini,  (Neth.) 
Ilonl.ipen,  (U.  S.) 
Heniiebon,  (Fr.) 
Henrico,  (U.  S.) 
Ilensival,  (Neth.) 
Herat,  (Per.) 
Herault,  (Fr.)  drp. 
Horbolslieiin,  (Ger.) 
Ilordiil,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Herefordshire,  (Eng.) 
Herenienu,  (Switz.) 
Iltrencia,  (Pen.) 
Herunthals,  (Neth.) 
Herkcnbusch,  (Neth.) 
llermagor,  (.Austr.) 
Ilerinanas,  dos,  (Pen.) 
Hernianshurg,  (Ger.) 
Ilerinanstadi,  (Austr.) 
Hermosa,  Villa,  (Pen.) 
Ileriiatn,  (Pen.) 
Hcrniiig>liolni,  (Den.) 
Hernocsand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Heron,  (Neth.) 
Hoirera,  (Pen.) 
Ilerres,  (Pen.) 
Ilcrrnhuth,  ((Jer.) 
Hertfordshire,  (Eng.) 
Ilerve,  (Neth.) 
Hery,  le,  (Fr.) 
Herzberg,  (Ger.) 
Herzegovina,  (Tur.) 
Herzele,  (Neth.) 
Hesdin,  (Fr.) 
Hosmedga.ard,  (Den.) 
Hessen  Cassel,  (Ger.) 
Hessen  Darmstadt,  (Ger.) 
Hessen  Homburg,  (Ger.) 
Hesseloc,  (Den.)  isl. 
Het  Dorp,  (Notli.) 
Ilet  Loo,  (.Neth.) 
Het  Zand,  (Neth.) 
Heval,  (Eng.)  tnt. 
Ilevnau,  (Prus.) 
Hevno,  (Neth.) 
Iljalteriip,  (Den.) 
Iljardeniaal,  (Den.) 
Iljarup,  (Den.) 
Iljeliu,  (Don.)  i.-.'. 
Hjolinar,  Iljelmaren,  (Sc. 

Pen.)  /. 
Hjcliiieland,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Iljoliiistadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
llicres,  (Fr.) 
Iliersac,  (Fr.) 
Highlands 

Iliguera,  (Pen.)  / 
lligiiera,  la, 
lliguora,  de  la, 
Hililburgh.-iuson,  (Ger.) 
Ilildesheim,  (Ger.) 
Hilels,  (Af.) 
Hillah,  (Tur.) 
Himalaya,  (Ind.)  ml. 
Hindocn,  (fc.  Pen.)  ijl. 
Hindoo  Coosh 
Hindoos  tan 
Hingham,  (U.  S.) 


hl'll-gfnhd'fin 

M'ii-genstdt 

hVmt 

hs'la 

hii'dm 

hil'dir 

J  sdn^  (or  tSint)  hi'lf-na  or 

(  ht-lt'na 

)  hi'U-gS-ldnd'  or  hil'gO- 
{  Idnd 
hil'ltfors 

j  hil'lis  pont 

hrl'l(-fyqt-$loi3' 
hil'ligs-eXi 
hrlm'brilht 
hilm'bqqr^ 

\  hil'sing'^r 


hfVsing-bqrg 

hiVsing-fQra 

hil-veVlin 

him' mQ-si-Al 

hinn'  i.rs-bir^ 

henk'drt 

Mnk'f-lqqm 

hin-lO'itrn 

ine-bang' 

hin'ri-ko 

hin'/ti-fdl 

hir-dt' 

i-rd' 

hir'bnh-hlm( 
her'd'dl 

here'furd-sh'irs 

Sre-mif-iiu' 

e-rin'iM-a 

hf'rin-tdls 

hir'kin-bqo^k 

hir-ind-gOr' 

dos  ir-^id'tids 

hir'mdn.t-bqqr^ 

hir' man-slat 

v'iVya  ir-mO'sa 

ir'ndni 

hir'nings-holni 

hir'nt^-sdiid 

t-rong' 

ir-rz'ra 

er'riss 

hirn-hq^lt 

hurt'furd-shire 

ir-vt' 

li  he-rt' 

hirts'bir^ 

hir-zi-gO^'i'na 

hir-ze'te 

is-ddng' 

hc.te'm&Je-gSrd 

his'sen  kds'sct 

his'sen  ddrm'st'dt 

his'sen  hom'bq^^ 

his'sit-ea 

hel  dorp 

hn  lo 

het  zdnt 

hiv'al 

Al'nou 

M'no 

y'dl'le-r^ 
ydr'de-mole 
yd'rqgp 
yilm 

I  yil'mdr  {-in) 

yil'me-ldnd 
yihn'stdt 
i-Sre' 
■i-ere-sW:' 

com.  in  Scot,  ket'landi 

i-ge'ra 

Id  i-gi'ra 

de  Id  i-ge'ra 

hilt'bqqr$-hou'tin 

hil'dis-hlme 

h'i'lils 

hil'lah 

h'i-md-ld'ya  or  him-a-iVa 
hind'Aen 
h'in'doo  kq^sh 
hin'dqqs-tdn  or  hin-d^fa- 


ing'i 


Hinojosa,  or  Cordova,  (Pen.)  'i-nO-ihO'sa 
Hinter  Rhein,  (Swilz.)  hin'tir  rlne 

Hjorine,  (Den.) 
Ilirscliberg,  (Prus.) 
Hirschliolin,  (Den.) 
Hirson,  (Fr.) 
Ilirtzholmen,  (Den.)  isl, 
Ilispaniola,  (\V.  Ind.) 
Ilitzkirch,  (Swilz.) 
Iloang  Ho,  or  Yellow  R.  (  A».)A8'dii^  hO 
Hobroe,  (Den.)  hS'bri 
Hoch,  (.Austr.)  hslh 


[Un' 


yA-ring 
hirsh'ber^ 
hirsh'hQlm 
'ir-song' 
hirts' hql-min 
is-pan-'i-O'la 
hits'kirlh 


Fr.  long  ^  and  short  m,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  Final  ly,  French  /  mouUle.  — M'ger,  vi"cious.  —  ^  as  j  in  pleasure ;  |-  and  ?A  guttural ;  ay  liquid ;  (A  as  in  pith. 


168* 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Horh  Vogel,  (Ger.) 
Hocliiioif,  (SSwitz.  Ger.) 
Hoclisti'tt,  (Ger.) 
Hochsietien,  (SwitE.) 
Hoedie,  (Fr.)  i.</. 
Hiiensbrock,  (N'eth.) 
lloephulzen,  (Neth.) 
Hoevelaken,  (N'eth.) 
Hoir,  (Ger.  .4ustr.) 
Hoffweiler,  (Switz.) 
Hofiager,  (Den.) 
Holienlmkow,  (Priis.) 
Hdlien  Friedberc,  (Prus.) 
Holieiiliiiden,  (Ger.) 
Holienstein,  (Prus.) 
Holien  Zia/.,  (Prus.) 
HolienzoUern,  (Ger.) 
Hojiand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Holbeck,  (Den.) 
Holcar,  (Ind.) 
Hollabrunn,  (Austr.) 
Holland 

Holland's  Diep,  (Neth.; 
Hollum,  (Neth.  At  Ger.) 
Holin,  (Den.) 
Holniedal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Holinen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  ul. 
Hiihnestrand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
H(.linland,  (Di'n.)  Ul. 
llcilstpliroe,  (Den.) 
Holstein,  (Den.) 
Holstenborg,  (Den.) 
Holyhead,  (Wales) 
Hdlzapfel,  (Ger.) 
Holzheini,  (Ger.) 
Honiberg,  (Ger.) 
Hombourg,  (Fr.) 
Hombiirg,  (Ger.) 
Homona,  (Austr.) 
Ho-nan,  (Ch.) 
Hc.ndsliolindyk,  (Neth.) 
Honduras,  (Ilex.) 
Honeoye,  (U.  S.) 
Hontleur,  (Fr.) 
Honrubia,  (Pen.) 
Hontanaya,  (Pen.) 
Hooge  .Mierde,  (Neth.) 
Hoogerheide,  (Neth.) 
Hoog  Haalen,  (Neth.) 
Hoogstraten,  (Neth.) 
Hoorn,  (Neth.) 
Hopital,  (Switz.) 
Hopitalet,  (Fr.) 
Horcajo,  (Pen.) 
Kormiiias,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Hornachos,  (Pen.) 
Hornafvan,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 
Hnrnberg,  (Ger.) 
Hornburg,  (Ger.  &,  Pras.) 
Hornillo,  (Pen.) 
Flornli,  (Switz.) 
Hornos,  (Pen.) 
Hornussen,  (Switz.) 
Horodcnka,  (Austr.) 
Hcirsen,  (Den.) 
Hnrsen's  Fjord,  (Den.) 
Horst,  (Neth.  &  Den.) 
Horzgerode,  (Prus.) 
Hospital  del  Obispo,  (Pen.) 
Hospital,  [Mt.  St.  Gothard,] 

(Switz.) 
Hosseloe,  (Den.)  isl. 
Hostouiilz,  (.^ustr.) 
Hoszninez,  (Austr.) 
HotelK-rie,  (Fr.)  UL 
Hoiiat,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Hoiidan,  (Fr.) 
Iloudelainconrt,  (Fr.) 
Hou-nan,  (Ch.) 
Hoiiniiang,  (East.  Isl.) 
Houpe,  (Ch.) 
Himsatonic,  (IJ.  S.) 
Howick,  (Ung.) 
Hoya,  (Ger.) 
Hoyhainbrc,  (Pen.)  e. 
Hoz,  (Pen.) 
nndiirh,  (Austr.) 
Hiidvicksvall,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Hu.-bla,  (Pen.)  r. 
Hnrhiia,  (Pen.) 
Htielva,  (Pen.) 
Hnen,  or  Hveen,  (Den.)  «I. 
Huereal,  (Pen.) 
Fluercalovera,  (Pen.) 
Hiiertti,  (Pen.) 
Huertao,  de  la«,  (Pen.) 
Hue.ica,  (Pen.) 
HiieHcar,  (Pen.) 
Hnisi^eau,  (Fr.) 
Hukango,  (Fr.) 
Hiilnie,  (Ger.)  r, 
Hiinihria,  de,  (Pnn.) 
Hiiniinitige  Land,  (Ocn.) 
Hiiniora,  (Austr.) 


hd!h  fu'^rfl 
hoch'dorf 
ltdfh'sirt 
ksili-stet-tin 

h^i^ns'  hrnk 
h<^o[i' hiil-zhi 
h<}<)' fe4d-ken 
hnf 

hnf'vi-ltr 

ho'hfn-bt)^'ko 
ko'hen-fr'itt'  ber§ 
ho' htn-iin' den 
hS'htn-stlne 
ha'hhi  tsi'ats 
ho'lihi-UoVUm 
hoi'tdnd 
hnl'b^ck- 
hoVkdr 
hol'ld-J^qn 
hql'ldiid 
hoVldnts  dipe 

hol'me-ddl 

lioVmrn 

hqV  mf-strdiid 

kqlm'ldnd 

hql'stfl-brO 

hot'^ttne 

hol'sten-bnr§ 

hoV'i-hed 

hqlts'dp-fil 

holts'ktme 

hom'brr^ 

honir-bQQr 

hqni'  bf^<yrg 

kd-md'na 

ho-nnn 

koiuh'kglm-dike 
,  on-dQQ'rds 
huii'i-oij 

on-rt^q'b'i-a 

on-td-nd-ya 

hd-lke  m'ir'di 

liB-lber-kt'de 

hSlli  hd'len 

hSlhsird'tex 

horn 

S-pi-tdl' 

S-p'i-td-le' 

6r-hd'lho 

dr-mi'  irds 

vr-na'ikos 

hor'  nd-vdn 

horn'  bh-^ 

horn'  bgQr^ 

Qr-n'iV  ijo 

horn'li 

dr'nos 

hor-HQ^s-sen 
ho-ro-denk'a 
hnr'sen 

hor'sens  f'iOrd 
horst 

horLt'^e-rS'de 
os-p'i-tdt'  dd  o-b'is'po 

j  hOs-pi-tdV 

hos'sel-t*tl 
hosh'to-m'ils 

a-til-ri' 

tfij-ddn^ 

<^Qd-tdn<T-kQQr 

hou-Jidn 

h'u'ou-dng 

houpe 

hQQ-sa-ton' ik 

hb'ick 

hO'ya 

oi-dm'bre 

hm 

rd'dish 

hSd'ciks-vdl 

Qf-e'hla 

QQ-H'va 

Vt-t-rf-dl' 

f^fr-kd-lB-vt'ra 

^Q-fr'Ui 

de  ld.1  f<}-ir'tds 

^Q-rnu'lia 

m-h'kdr 

i-is-ti' 

i-kangth 

hffl'mt 

hqqm'ininff-e  Idnd 
h^i^mU'ra 


Hundshoved,  (Den.) 
Hungary,  (.\ustr.) 
Hunue,  (Den.) 
Hunnetorp,  (Den.) 
Huntingdonsliire,  (Eng.) 
Hurdwar,  (Ind.) 
Husuni,  (Den.) 
Hutweiler,  (Switz.) 
Hvalp  Sound,  (Den.) 
Hyderab.id,  (Ind.) 
Hyllestad,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


hQQnds'  ho-v^d 

huitg'  tra~nj 

hggn'ne 

hq^n'ne-torp 

hun'tinir-don-ih'ire 

burd'War' 

hQQt'vi-lir 
vdlp 

hy-df.-rd-bdd' 
hil'te-stdd 


I. 


Iablonovo,  (R.) 
lasotin,  (R.) 
lakinivara,  (R.) 
lalta,  (R.) 
lamburg,  (R.) 
lanipol,  (K.) 
lanichki,  (R.) 
lanicliut,  (Fr.) 
lanisia,  (R.) 
lancovacz,  (Austr.) 
lunolouk,  (R.) 
lantchourino,  (R.) 
laransk,  (K.) 
larensk,  (R.) 
laroslavi,  (R.) 
laryniovo,  (R.) 
lav'childina,  (R.) 
Ibach,  (Switz.) 
Ibbenbuhren,  (Ger.) 
Ibeas,  (Pen.) 
Iceland,  (Den.) 
Idanha,  (Pen.) 
Iderstrup,  (Den.) 
Idice,  (It.)  r. 
Idre,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Idria,  (Austr.) 
Idro,  (It.) 
lebedevsk,  (R.) 
lefreniov,  (R.) 
legorievsk,  (R.) 
lekateridonar,  (R.) 
lekaterinbourg,  (R.) 
lekaterinoslav,  (R.) 
lelatoni,  (R.) 
lenotaevsk,  (R.) 
lereininka,  (R.) 
lerne,  (Den.) 
levlouchina,  (R.) 
Igal,  (Austr.) 
Igen,  (Den.) 
Ighafer,  (R.) 
Iglau,  (.\ustr.) 
lulau,  (Austr.)  r. 
Iglesias,  (It.) 
Iglo,  (Austr.) 
Igney,  (Fr.) 
Igualada,  (Pen.) 
lidensahni,  (R.) 
Ijeniska.  (R.) 
Ijima,  (Pv.)  r. 
Ijo,  (R.) 
Ikalis,  (R.) 
Ikervar,  (.Austr.) 
11  Horst,  (Neth.) 
Ilanz,  (Switz.) 
Ilek,  (R.)  r. 
Ilicha,  (R.)  r. 
Ilinka,  (R.) 
Ilianesa,  (.Austr.) 
Illasi,  (It.) 
Ille,  (Fr.) 

Hie  and  Vilaine,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Iller,  (Ger.)  r. 
Hlgau,  (Switz.) 
Illinois,  (U.  S.) 
Illkirchen,  (Fr.) 
Illora,  (Pen.) 
Illovaitsk,  (K  ) 
Illovlinska,  (R.) 
Illvria,  (Austr.) 
Ili'n,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ilnien,  (R.) 
Ilnien,  (R.) 
Ilmenau,  (Ger.) 
Ilinenau,  (Gi  r.)  r. 
Ilsenhach,  (Ger.) 
Hz,  (Austr.) 
llz,  (Ger.)  r. 
llzhofi  n,  (Ger.) 
Ilzstadt,  (Ger.) 
luia,  (Mex.)  I. 
Hiiandrn,  (R.)  I. 
luibro,  (Tur.)  isL 
Hneretia,  (It.) 
hnnien^ladt,  (Ger.) 
Hnula,  (It.) 


'id-bl5~no'vo 

'id-go-t'in' 

'id-kim-vd'ra 

'i-dl'ta 

ydm'bQQr^ 

'idin'pOl 

td-nich'k'i 

'i-d-ni-shU^ 

td-n'i's'i-a 

ydn'ko-vdtch 

'id'nd-luiik 

'idut~c/t€w-r'i'no 

'id'rdn.-;k 

'{d'reni,-k 

'id-ros-ld'v'i 

'id~ry-mo'vo 

'idv-iliil-di'na 

'i'bd^h 

ib'ben-bqg'ren 

'i-be'ds 

Ice'ldnd 

'i-uiin'ys 

'i'der-strq^ 

■i-di'che 

■i'dre 

'i'dfi-a 

•i'dro 

'ie'be-devsk 

re-fre'n'i-ov 

'ie-go'r'i-evsk 

'ie-kd-te-r'i-dd'ndr 

'ie-kd-t  e'  r'tn-bour^ 

'ie-kd~te-r'i-nos'ldv 

'ie'td'tum 

'ie-no~td-evsk' 

'ie-re-m'in'ka 

'ier'ne 

'iiv-lou-lh'i'na 

■i-gdl' 

'V  gen 

'iS'hd-fir 

'i'glou 

■i'gUu 

'i-gle'si-tu 

t'glo 

'in-yd' 

'i-gQQ~d-ld'da 

y'i-den-sdl'mi 

'i-jeins'ka 

'i-j'i'ma 

■i'jo 

i-kd'tis 

'i-ker'vdr 

'il  horst 

Vldnta 

■i'lek 

'iA'i'cha 

■iliii'ka 

'il'td-ne'sa 

tt-ld'si 

tie 

'He,  v'i4llne' 

il'Ur 

iVgou 

il-ti-nni'  (or  -nqis') 

il-kir''ihen 

'il-ld'ra 

■iVl5-vd-itik 

'it-lOv-lins'ka 

il-tir'i-'a 

itin 

il'tnen 

jl'men 

}l'ms~n(tu 

il'nie-noii 

il'ien-bdlh 

ills 

ills 

'ills'liB-fen 

ilts'stdt 

'i'ma 

'i-mdn'dra 

'im'bro 

'i^iC-re't'i-a 

im'men-stdt 

'i-niO'la 


Iniosclii,  (Austr.) 
Inisl,  (Austr.) 
Inares,  (.Austr.) 
Inca,  (Pen.) 
Incisa,  (It.) 
Indal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Indal,  (Sc.  Pen.)  t. 
Inden,  (Switz.) 
India 

Indiana,  (U  S.) 
Indies 

Indre,  (Fr.)  r. 
Indre,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Indre  and  Loire,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Ingen,  (Nelli.) 
Ingistore,  (.Austr.) 
Ingolstadt,  (Bavaria,  Ger.) 
Ingrande,  (Fr.) 
Ingweiler,  (Ger.) 
Iniesta,  (Pen.) 
Inn,  (Austr.  Ger.)  r. 
Innichen,  (Austr.) 
Innistrahul,  (Neth.)  isl. 
Innspruck,  (Austr.) 
Inowraclaw,  (Prus.) 
Insara,  (R.) 
Insterburg,  (Prus.) 
Interlaken,  (Switz.) 
Inverary,  (Scot.) 
Inverlochy,  (Scot.) 
Inverness,  (Scot.) 
lona,  (Scot.) 
Ionian  Isl. 
lora,  (R.)  r. 
loroisi,  (R.) 
louchnov,  (R.) 
louksieevsk,  (R.) 
lourlev,  (R.) 
louronia,  (R.) 
Iowa,  (U.  S.) 
Ips,  (.Austr.)  r. 
Ipswich,  (Eng.  &  U.  S.) 
Irakajenii,  (Per.) 
Irati,  (Pen.)  r. 
Ireland 
Irgiz,  (R.)  r. 
Irkoutsk,  (As.) 
Iroquois 

Irrawaddv,  (As.) 
Irtish,  (R.) 
Iruecha,  (Pen.) 
Inirzan,  (Pen.> 
Isalka,  (R.) 
Isar,  (Ger.) 

Isar,  or  Isser,  (Ger.)  r. 
Isbaiktchi,  (R.) 
Ischia,  (It.)  isl. 
Ischim,  Steppe  of,  (As.) 
Isenheini,  (Fr.) 
Iser,  (Austr.)  r. 
Iserable,  (Switz.) 
Iseran,  (it.)  mt. 
Isere,  (rr.)  dep. 
Isernia,  (It.) 
Isidoro,  (Mex.) 
Isigny,  (Fr.) 
Isili,  (lu) 
Islamabad 
Isle,  (Fr.) 

Isle,  I'  [Vaud,]  (Switi.) 
Isleta,  (Mex.) 
Islington,  (Eng.) 
Ismail,  (R.) 
Isni,  (Ger.) 
Isola,  (It.) 
Isola  Sacra,  (It.) 
Ispahan,  (Per.) 
Isque,  (Fr.) 
Isselliorst,  (Ger.) 
Issen,  (Ger.)  r. 
Isser,  or  Isar,  (Ger.)  r. 
Issert,  (Switz.) 
Isserhufen,  (Ger.) 
Issoire,  (Fr.) 
Issudun,  (Fr.) 
Istcholiui,  (R.) 
Isto,  (Austr.)  isl. 
Istria,  (Austr.) 
Istria,  Capo  d',  (Austr.) 
Italy 

Itauia,  (Gr.)  mu 
Ilhaka,  (Gr.) 
Ithume,  (Gr.)  mL 
Itri,  (It.) 

Itzelioe,  [Holstein,]  (Den.) 
lussy,  (Switz.) 
Ivanich,  (Austr.) 
Ivankov,  (K.) 
Ivanovskoc,  (R.) 
Iveroe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ivi^n,  (Pen.) 
Ivi(;n,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Ivnry  Const,  (Af.) 
Ivrea,  (It.) 


'i-vtos'ki 
im.-it 

'in  :a 

'in-ch'i'za 

'in'ddl 

'in'ddl 

in'den 

'in'ja 

in-di-d'na 

iii'jez 

eugdr' 

engdr' 

engdr'y  litdr 

'in-ihen 

'iu-jis-tO're 

'ing'  gql-stdl 

eng-grdngd' 

ing-m'ler 

'i-n'i-is'ta 

inn 

in'ni-then 

iii-i'is'trd-haU 

in'sprQQk 

'i-no-rd'kla 

in-sd'ra 

in'ster-bqQT^ 

in'ter-ld'ktn 

in-ver~d'ry 

in-ver-lqih'y 

in-ver-ness' 

'i~5'na 

t-B  'lii-au 

iB'ra 

'i5-roi's'i 

'iouZh'nov 

iouk'sie-evsk 

'iour'Uv 

'iou-TB'ma 

t'o-wa 

ips 

ips'rcich  or  ip'sidg 

'i-rd-kd-je'm'i 

i-rd'H 

ire'lnnd 

ir'gii 

'ir-kfQtsk' 

ir-o-<juois'  or  ir^kwit' 

ir-ra-wdd' dy 

'ir-tish' 

i-rQqe'cha 

'i-rgQr'thdn 

'i-sal'ka 

'i'sdr 

'i'sdr  or  is'sir 

is-bd-ikt'ch'i 

'is'k'i-a 

'is'ch'im 

'i'len-htme 

'i'ser 

i-sf-rd'ble 

i-se'rdn 

i-sSre' 

'i-ser^n'i-a 

l-s'i-dB'ro 

'i-iin-AjV 

'i-s'i'ti 

is-ldin-a-bitd' 

tie 

tile 

'is-le'ta 

is'ling-ton 

is'md-'tl 

is'n'i 

'i-sB'la 

'i-sB'la  sd'kra 

<s-pa-hdn' 

'isk 

is'sfl-hqrst 
is'sen 

is'scr  or  i'sdr 
is'sert 

is-ser-hQf'/en 

'is's7cdr 

'is'sii-df^ng' 

'ist-dtqV  no 

'is'to 

is'tri-a 

kd'po  dis'tr'i-c 

il'a-hj 

'i-td'ma 

Vlhd-ka 

'i-thB'ms 

i'lri 

il'se-ho 

iils^V 

i-vd'nilh 

'i-vdn'kov 

'i-vd-nqvs'kB 

Vve-rA 

'i-v'i'aa 

'i-vi'sa 

i'l'o-ry  kBst 

i-vrc'a 


FllU,fltr,f(tU,iBlufL,  tiL—MlU,  prtv,  help,  Mrt,  hUr. -~  Pine,  mariae,  bird,  fig.— MZtc,  dOve,  mSve,  wqlf,  bqqk,  iQrd.—TUnt,  bull,  v»ite.  — Fr.  long  i)fi«;  Fr.  short  iu(.— 


1342 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Ivry,  (Fr.) 
Ixiir,  (R.) 
Izacliicli,  (Austr.) 
I/.l>iiisk,  (R.) 
l/.hitclif,  (K.) 
1,(11.) 


I/.iouin,  (li 


lzi>tin;i,  f  11.) 
Izvaig,  (R.) 


i-vrV 

iz'dr 

'i-iUfh-tlh 

■ti'binsic 

iz-bil-clis 

'i-ii'Oam' 

'i-zd-Cf'na 


J. 


Jabilok,  (Pen.)  r. 
Jablunitza,  (Austr.) 
Jablon'ow,  (.Austr.) 
Jabron,  (Fr.) 
Jaca,  (Pen.) 
Jacobstaiit,  (R.) 
Jacobstat,  (R.) 
Jaclowice,  (Austr.) 
Jadraque,  (Pen.) 
Jaen,  (Pen.) 
Jaera,  (I'en.) 
Jaffa,  (Pal.) 
Jad'iiaiiaiam,  (As.) 
Jago,  Si.  [Santijago,]  (Pen.) 
Jassl,  (Ger.) 
Ja«st,  (Ger.)  r. 
Jagstberg,  (Ger.) 
Jaik,  (R.)  r. 
Jako,  (Austr.) 
Jalacinpa,  (Me.i!.) 
Jalain,  (Fr.) 
Jalapa,  (Mex.) 
Jales,  (Pen.) 
Jalons,  (Fr.) 
Jalowice,  (Austr.) 
Jamaica,  isl. 
Jainnit?:,  (Aiistr.) 
Jamthaler,  (Austr.)  mt. 
Jainund,  (Prus.)  I. 
Janaro,  (It.)  r. 
Jandula,  f  Pen.)  r. 
Janovv,  (Austr.) 
Japan,  [Nijihon,  by  the  J 
Japanese]  j 
Jaraicejo,  (Pen.) 
Jarama,  (Pen.)  r. 
Jard,  la,  (Fr.) 
Jarnac,  (Fr.) 
Jaslo,  (Austr.) 
Jassogne,  (Netli.) 
Jastrow,  (Wus.) 
Jas7.  Apathi,  (.\ustr.) 
Jaska,  (Austr.) 
Jaroslau,  (Austr.)  r. 
Jassy,  (Tur.) 
Jas/.bereng,  f  .\ustr.) 
Jnuer,  (Prus.; 
Java,  isL 
Jaulnais,  (Fr.) 
Jauran,  (f  r.) 
Javinal,  (.Me.t.) 
Jean  d'Angelv,  St.  (Fr.) 
Jean  de  Luz,  St.  (Fr.) 
Jedburgh,  (Scot.) 
Jees,  (Per.) 
Jeeen,  (Den.)  hU 
Jeka,  (U.) 
Jelling,  (Den.) 
Jelmsoe,  (Sc.  Pen.)  ui 
Jclstein,  (Ger.) 
Jeltcha,  (K.) 
Jena,  (Ger.) 
Jenatz,  (Switz.) 
Jenisberg,  (Switz.) 
Jerez  de  la  Frontera,  (Pen.) 
Jerisiarvi,  (Pen.) 
Jersey,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Jesjogi,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Jcssberg,  (Ger.) 
Jettendal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Jevnagcr,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Jeyp<ior,  (Hind.) 
Je/.erana,  (.•\ustr.) 
Jezewo,  (Prus.) 
Jezierna,  (Austr.) 
Jimenado,  (Pen.) 
Jinzo,  (Pen.) 
Jirdra,  (R.) 
Jitoniir,  (R.) 
Joannes,  (Braz.)  isL 
Jodar,  (Pen.) 
Johannisberg,  (Prus.) 
Jalianniswerden,  (Den.) 
Johure,  (East.  Isl.) 
Joignv,  (Fr.) 
Joinville,  (Fr.) 
Jolan,  (Pen.)  r. 
Jolbos,  (Mex.)  isl. 
Joenkjoeping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


Iha'bd-ldn 

'id-bld-n'it'sa 

yd-blO'm^qf 

slid  brdiiff' 

llid'ka 

yd'knb-stdt 

yd'k'qb-tdt 

'td-klO-v'it'se 

Ihd-dra'ke 

iltd'^n 

Ihd-e'ra 

jaffli  or  ydffa 

jdjf-iia'im-tdni' 

sdn  ikd'go 

ydS-st 

yd^st 

Vd$st'ber^ 

'jd-tk' 

yd'ko 

ihd-ld-tntn'  (-«■<«')  ga 
shd-lanir' 
Ihd-ld'pa 
Ihd'less 
xhd-!dnff' 
vd-lo-v'it'si 
jd-md'ka 
ydm'nits 
ydm'td-ler 
yd'mi}Qnd 
'i-d-nd'ro 
Ihdn-dQQ'la 
yd'HQdf 

ja-pdii\  nipk-on' 

Ikd-rd-i-tne'lko 
Ihd-rd'jna 
Id  shdr 
shdr-ndk' 
yds'lo 

yds'tro 

yds  d-pd't'i 

yds'ka 

ydr^osA'&o 

yds'sy 

yOs-be-reng' 

ynu'er 

jd'vd 

shdl-nd' 

sho-rdntr' 

Ihd-vi-ndV 

sAnir  shdiifr  rfd^ifTs/t-fi' 

sdn^  shdnir  dit  luz 

yd'buTg  or  jid'bo-^o 

jres 

yt'gen 

jt'ka 

ytl'Unir 

yrlms'A 

yH'stlne 

jeWcha 

ye'tia 

ijt'ndts 

ye'nis-ber} 

hie-rftK  de  Id  frdn-te'ra 

Ihe-r'i-s'i-dr'v'i 

shfr-sd'  or  jer'zy 

yhs-yo'y'i 

yes'ber^ 

yH'ten-ddl 

yfvn'  (or  yen')  d-gir 

jt'poor 

ye-tse-rd'na 

ye-tAe'vo 

'ied-z'i-er' na 

lh'{-me-nd'do 

ik'in'tflo 

fir'dra 

shS-  (or  IhS-)  dn'niss 

IM-ddr' 

yS-hdn'nis-her^ 

yB-hdit' nis-virdm 

j5-hure 

shtPdn~yV 

shirdn^-v'iW 

ihli'ldn 

l/inl'bos 

yt^n-ch^'pinir 


Jonzac,  (Fr.) 
Jordanow,  (.Austr.) 
Jorquera,  (Pen.) 
JcirulK),  (Mex.) 
Josseliu,  (Fr.) 
Jime,  (Fr.) 
Jouey,  (Fr.) 
Joursa,  (R.)  r. 
Joycuse,  (Fr.) 
Juan  do  Ulua,  San,  (Mex.) 
Jucar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Judenbacli,  (Ger.) 
Judenburg,  (.\ustr.) 
Jugon,  (Fr.) 
Juist,  (Netli.)  isl. 
Jukkasjarvi,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Jukogorska,  (U.) 
Julelia,  (Prus.) 
Julianaliede,  (Den.) 
Juliers,  [Juelicli,]  (Ger.)  , 
Juliersberg,  or  Juelicliburg, 

(Prus.) 
Julimes,  (Jfex.) 
Jumilla,  (Pen.) 
Juinnie,  (Ger.)  r. 
Jungbunzlaw,  (Austr.) 
Junefrau,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Juniata,  (V.  S.) 
Junkerslior,  (Prus.) 
Jupille,  (Netli.) 
Jura,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Jura,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Justedal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Jutland,  [Jylland,]  (Den.) 
Jypoor,  (ind.) 


shGntr-zdk' 
ySr'i/d  iifQf 
chdr-k^'ra 

llio-TijQl'yo  or  lliOrTfQi'yo 

shOssc-lditfr' 

s/tQ(}-a' 
jnur'sa 
shtrd-yt^se 

sdn  lliQff'dn  Qi}-li^i^a 

i/iQQ-kdr' 

yt}(]' den-b'dch 

ij^r/Jin-bwri 

ehu-gdng' 

yoist 

yuk'kds^'dr'v'i 
ja.~k5-<Tors'ka 
y^Q'le-ka 
yt/if-li-d'tid-ke'de 
.  sUii-lie,  yii'lilk 

!s/iii-tie-ber^,  yii'liik- 
brr^ 
}hi)Q~ti'mess 
fhifQ-m'il'ya 
yQQiil'm^ 
yQt^nir'lKjijns'lav 
yQQnZ'frou. 
ju-n'i  dt'a 
y(>fjjik'  ers-hof 
shU-pi-i  or  shi-p'ilyi 
shii'ra 

yiis'te-ddl 

yut'ldnt 

ji'pwr 


K. 


Kaabak,  (Per.) 
Kaarup,  (Den.) 
Ka.as,  (Den.) 
Kaastrup,  (Den.) 
Kaba,  (Austr.) 
Kabakos,  (Tur.)  b. 
Kabasdah,  (R.) 
Kabna,  (Austr.) 
Kachin,  (R.) 
Kachira,  (R.) 
Kacliovka,  (R.) 
Kadelburg,  (Switz.) 
Kady,  (R.) 
Kaedekircben,  (Ger.) 
Kaerntlicn,  or  Oarinthia, 

(Austr.) 
Kaffa,  (ir  Feodosia,  (R.) 
Kafferland,  (Af.) 
Kairwan,  (.\f.) 
Kaisarieh,  (Tur.) 
Kaiserslautern,  (Ger.) 
Kaiserstubl,  (Switz.) 
Kaitaia,  (New  Zeal.) 
Kajenisk,  (R.) 
K.ajska,  (R.) 
Kakalova,  (R.) 
Kakinda,  (Austr.) 
Kakunjeva,  (.Austt." 
Kalaicka,  (R.) 
Kalalavsk,  (R.) 
Kalamazoo,  (LT.  S.) 
Kalnnon  Lodomir,  or  Gali- 

cia  and  Lodomir,  (Austr.) 
K.alantchak,  (R.) 
Kalaratch,  (R.) 
Kalgalakclia,  (R.) 
Kalinsk,  (R.) 
Kalisz,  (R.) 
Kalitva,  (R.) 
Kalix,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kalix,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Kalla,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kalleboe  Sound,  (Den.) 
Kallerup,  (Den.) 
Kallmo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
K.alln,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kalln,  (Sc.  Pen.) .'. 
Kalmar,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kalnach,  (Switz.) 
Kalo,  (R.) 
Kalooga,  (R.) 
Kalpatsk,  (R.) 
Kalsching,  (.Austr.) 
Kaltbrunn,  (Switz.) 
Kalusz,  (Austr.) 
Kalvari,  (R  ) 
Kalvas,  (R.) 
Kama,  (R.)  r. 
Kam.irovka,  (Austr.) 
Kainenitz,  (.Austr.) 
Kamenka,  (R.) 
Knmencka,  (R.) 


kaa'ban 
kd'rQ(ip 
kSs 

kO'stri^Qp 

kd'ba 

kd-hd'kns 

kd'hds'dah 

kdb'na 

kd-cliin' 

kd-ck'i'ra 

kd~?hov'ka 

kd' il  fl-bi}i)r^ 

kd'dy 

ku'de-k'ir'Zhen 
kern' ten 
kdffa 

kdffer-lAnd 

kair~wdn' 

ki'sar-'i'eh 

kt'zers-lou'tem 

ki'zer-stQijl 

kdi-td'ia 

kd'jemsk 

kdj'ska 

kd-kd-lo'va 

kd-kin'da 

kd-k^Qn^/e'va 

kd-ld-'ie'ka 

kd-ld-liosk' 

kdl-a-vui-i^q' 

kd'ld-nSn  tS'dd-m'ir 

kd-ldnt' chdk 

kd'ld-rdtch 

UAl-sd-ldli'cha 

kd'tinsk 

kd'lxsz 

kd-Ut'va 

kd'l'ix 

kd'l'ix 

kdV'la 

kdl'le-ba 

kdVU-rgf^ 

kdl'mo 

kdln 

kdin 

kdVmdT 

kdl'ndlk 

kd'lo 

kd-lQi]'ffa 

kdVpdLik 

kdl'shimr 

kdlt'brQQn 

kd'lffQss 

kdl-vd'ri 

kdl'vds 

kd'ma 

kd^d-rqv'ka 
kd'mf-nits 
kd-'Sen'ka 
Jrd-mf-nS'to 


Kamienitz,  (R.) 
Kiunionka,  (Austr.) 
KaniuKMiiic,  (It.)  /. 
Kamnitz,  (.Austr.) 
Karuoe,  (Sc.  P.  ii.)  i.il. 
Kamiioraska,  (t'au.) 
Kauip,  (.\etli.) 
Kaiupen,  (.Nelh.  Den.) 
Kaniperlierg,  (.Nelli.) 
Kamperveen,  (Netli.) 
Kamtscliatka,  (As.) 
Kamycbin,  fR.) 
Kanawha,  (U.  S.) 
Kandahar,  (.As.) 
Kauilalaska,  (R.) 
Kandalaska,  (R.)  g. 
Kanisa,  (.Austr.) 
Kanisa,  (Jrcat,  (Austr.) 
Kanisa  Kis,  (.Austr.) 
Kanisa  /enilia,^L) 
Kannalaiid,  (  Af^ 
Kannotta,  (It.) 
Kanova,  (R.) 
Kansuli,  (Ch.) 
Kapcllen,  (Switz.) 
Kappel,  (Den.) 
Karaliach,  (R.) 
Karaliissan,  (Tur.) 
Karakoolau,  ( II.)  r. 
Karalitskoi,  (R.) 
Karasch,  (Austr.)  r. 
Karasjoki,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Karasjoki,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Karatavly,  (R.) 
Karatchev,  (R.) 
Karatsjaur,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I, 
Karin,  (Austr.) 
Kjrinska,  (K.) 
Karkiecvoi,  (R.) 
Karlburg,  (Austr.) 
Karleby  Ganda,  (R.) 
Karlshavcn,  (Ger.) 
Karlstadt,  (Ger.) 
Kariinda,  (R.) 
Karotcha,  (R.) 
Karotyfalva,  (Austr.) 
Karova,  (R.) 
Karpelska,  (R.) 
Karup,  (Den.) 
Karystos,  (Gr.) 
Kaschau,  (Austr.) 
Kasimov,  (R.) 
Kaskaskia,  (U.  S.) 
K.iskinova,  (R.) 
K.islansk,  (R.) 
Kassieliec,  (Prus.) 
Katahdin,  (U.  S.)  mL 
Katchalinsk,  fR.) 
K.aleluikov,  (R.) 
Kaieluoi,  (R.) 
Katrine,  Loch,  (Scot.) 
Katwyk,  (.\etli.) 
Katz,  (Prus.) 
Katzbach,  (Prus.)  r 
Kauderstcg,  (Switz.) 
K.aiifungen,  (Ger.) 
Kaukalin,  (U.  S.) 
Kaysersche.  (Ger.) 
Kazan,  (R.) 
K.izarma,  (R.) 
Kazbek,  (R.)  mf. 
Kecskemet,  (.Austr.) 
Kefa,  (R.) 
Kchl,  (Ger.) 
Keialjord,  fSc.  Pen.) 
Keighlv,  (Lng.) 
Ktlat,  (As.) 
Kellinghnsen,  (Den.) 
Kemi,  (R.) 
Keniliz,  (Prus.) 
Kempe,  (Den.) 
Kempen,  (Ger.  Prus.) 
Keiuplen,  (Ger.) 
Kengisbruk,  (R.) 
Kennebec,  (U.  S.) 
Kenncbunk,  (U.  S.) 
Kent,  (Eng.  Can.) 
Kentucky 
Kenzingen,  (Ger.) 
Keokuck,  (U.  S.) 
Keppel,  (Neth.) 
Ker,  (.Austr.) 
Keras,  (R.) 
Kerensk,  (R  ) 
Kerenzern,  (Switz.) 
Kergout,  fFr.) 
Kernau,  (Ger.)  r. 
Kerovicc,  f  Austr.) 
Kerry,  (Ir.)  co. 
Keswick,  (Eng.) 
KeLskeniet,  or  Keiskemet, 

(Austr.) 
Kewaunee,  (U.  S.) 
Ke.xhoIm,  (K.) 


kd-niie'iilti 

kd-mion'kn 

kdin-iiie-tliy 

kdm'iiiVt 

kd'mei, 

kd-mQ^-rds'ka 

kdmp 

kdm'prn 

kdm'per-ber^ 

kdm'peT'Jine 

kdm-cltdt'ka  or  kdm-skdt'- 

kd-my-chin'  \ka 

ka-n^w'tut 

kdn^-hdr' 

kdn-dd-lds'ka 

kdn-ddrlds' ka 

kd-ni'za 

kd-ni'ia 

kd-ni'za  k'ia 

kd-nVza  zem'ti-a 

kdn-nd'lAml 

kdn-not'ta 

kd-n6'vd 

kdn'guh 

kd-pel'len 

kdp'pel 

ka'rd-bdlh 

kd-rd-liis-sttn' 

kd-rd-kQij'ldn 

kd-rd-liu'koi 

kd'rdL-ih 

kd-rds-yS'kt 

kd-rdj-yO'k'i 

kd-rd-tdv'ly 

kd-raV  clieo 

kd'rdt,s-your 

kd-rtn' 

kd-rina'ka 

kdr-k't-ets'voi 

kdrVbQQr^ 

kdr'U-bu 

kdrts''hd-fin 

kdrl'stdL 

kd-ron'da 

kd-rnt'cha 

kd-roljfcU'va 

kd-ru  ea 

kdr-peU'ka 

kd'rQQp 

kd-rt/shos 

kd'shou 

kd's'i-mov 

kds-ka.t'ki-a 

kdx-ki-nd'va 

kdu'ldnsk 

kds's'i-tits 

kat-dh'din 

kdt'did-iinsk 

kd-lel'ni-kov 

kd'tel'noi 

Mb  k&'tftne 

kdt'Tikt 

kdts 

koLi'bdih 

kou'Jer-st^^ 

kou'fyqng-en 

knu'kit'Un 

kt'zer-sSe 

kd'zdn 

kd-zdr'ma 

kdz'brk 

kettlt-kem-mSU' 

kr'fa 
IM 

kVd-fiBrd 

keeth'ii 

ke-ldt' 

kel'lintr-hi}t)'zcn 

kr'mi 

krm'lits 

kem'pe 

k  em*  pen 

kemp'ten 

keng'i.t-brg^k 

ken-nr-bek' 

ken-Tie-bunk* 

kent 

ken-tuck''i 

ken'tsing-in 

ki'o'kuck 

kep'pil 

ker 

kt'rds 

ker'en^k 

k^-ren'tsim 

ker-g<>Q' 

ker'jioa 

kt-rd-Vitt' 

ker'ry 

kes'ick 

I  kets-ke-mBtt' 

kt-rcaw'net 
kix'bqlm 


I'r.  long  ift  and  short  mi,  nearly  as  in  spur. —  Final  ly,  French  I  mouilli  9n"ger,  vi"ciou^  —  g  as  j  in  pleamre ,  ^  and  ih  puttur:' :  ny  liquid  ;  tK  ns  In  pith. 


1343 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Kezdi  Vasarhelv,  (Austr.) 
Kliandeisli,  (Iiid.) 
Kliaiisk  Khodrook,  (R.) 
Kliarkovv,  or  better  Char- 

kovv,  (R.) 
Kliarsookool,  or  better  Char- 

sookool,  (R.)  r.  • 
Kherson,  or  better  Clierson, 

(R.) 

Khin-gan,  or  Cliin-gan, 
(As.)  mt. 

Khojend,  (As.) 

Khokand,  (As.) 

Kholm,  or  Cholm,  (R.) 

Kholmogorsk,  or  Cholmo- 
gorsk,  (R.) 

Kliolyvan,  (As.) 

Khoozistan,  (Per.) 

Khorassan,  (Per.) 

Khorel,  or  Chorel,  (R.) 

Khotoiitchi,  or  Chotoutehi, 
(R) 

Khov,  (Per.) 

Klivalinsk,  rR.) 

Kjallenip,  (Den.) 

Kiang  Si,  (East.  Isl.) 

Kiang-se,  (Ch.) 

Kiangsu,  (Ch.) 

Kiarivo,  (R.) 

Kiaskowo,  (Austr.) 

Kiciiinev,  (R.) 

Kickapoo,  (U.  S.) 

Kiddelia,  (R.) 

Kiel,  (Den.) 

Kieldal,  (Den.) 

Kielfjord,  (Den.) 

Kienburg,  (Switz.) 

Kiesen,  (Switz.) 

Kiev,  (R.) 

Kilbiirg,  (Ger.) 

Kildare,  (Ir.)  cn. 

Kildina,  (R.)  isl. 

Kilia,  (R.) 

Kilia,  (Tnr.)  ft. 

Kili<in,  (Gr.)  isl. 

Kilkenny,  (ir.)  eo. 

Killarney,  (Ir.) 

Killingsvando,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

KilTnar.'iork,  (Sent.) 

Kihnes,  (R.) 

Kiltis,  (R.) 

Kilva,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Kitnmerow,  (Ger.)  I. 

Kincardine,  (Ir.)  cn. 

Kindberg,  (.'\iistr.) 

Kini-rhina,  (R.) 

Kinelsk,  (R.) 

King,  (.Australia) 

Kinnardy,  (Scot.) 

Kinross,  (Scot.)  co. 

Kjnsalp,  (Scot.) 

Kint;-n,  (Priis.) 

Kiiitore,  (Scot.) 

Kintyre,  (Scot.) 

Kinzig,  (Ger.) 

Kinzig,  (Git.)  r. 

Kiowav,  (T.  S.) 

Kireiidbriglit,  (Scot.) 

Kirkaldv,  or  Kerkaudi, 
(Scot.) 

Kjohing,  (Den.) 

Kjocbnhaun,  or  Copenha- 
gen, (Den.)  < 

Kjoebsta<i,  (Den.) 

Kjopge,  (Den.) 

Kjoege,  (Den.)  b. 

Kjoeriip,  (Den.) 

Kjolme,  (R.)  t. 

Kiralv,  (Austr.) 

Kirtierg,  (Ger.) 

Kirchberg,  (Ger.  Austr.  i 
Switz.)  I 

Kirclidorf,  (Switz..  Ger.) 

Kircliangel,  (Ger.) 
I    Kirchinskoi,  (R.) 

Kirchliad.arh,  (Switz.) 

Kirjiiiis,  Great  Kordc,  (As.) 

KIrjatch,  (R.) 

Kirkcudbright,  (Scot.) 

Kjrkebye,  (Den.)  * 

Kiruian,  (Per.) 

Kirn,  (Ger.) 

Kirriemuir,  (Scot.) 

Kirsanov,  (R.) 

Kirti  hanv,  (R.) 

Ki^falud,' (Austr.) 

Kislwnauku,  (tj.  S.) 

KiBkimincl.as,  (U.  8.) 

Kintraiid,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Kiltatinnv,  (U.  S.) 

Kiltila,  (R.) 

Kilzka,  (U.) 

KinkoH,  (R.) 

Kiztl  Agatch,  (R.) 


Ues'd'i  v'd-shdr-helj' 
kdn-dlsh' 

I  Zhdr'ko 

'  Zhdr-sQQ-kQf^V 

■  Iher-sdn' 

I  lliin-g'dn 

k5-jend' 

kho-kdnd' 

itiqlm 

I  Ihol-md-gorsk' 

khd-ly'vdn 
JcQQ-zis-tda' 
khd-rds'sdn 
Ikd-rel^ 

'  ih5-tow  ch'i 

koy 

Zki}Q-d'li7isk 

k'i-dl'h-r^i^p 

kmng  s'i 

k'iang-se 

k'iantT-su 

ki-d-ri'vo 

k'i~ds-k^f)'vo 

kick-i'ncv 

kik-d-ifi<i<)' 

kid-de'l'i-a 

k'ile 

k'ieVddl 

kile'fnrd 

k'ine'btjt^r^ 

k'i'iin 

Kiev 

k0bt)t/r§ 

kil-dSre' 

k'il-di'na 

k'i'li-a 

ki'ti-a 

k'i'l'i-on 

kiUken'ny 

kil-ldr'mj 

kil'liags-vdn'do 

kil-mdr'nock 

kiVmes 

kil'tis 

kil'va 

kim'me-r5 

kin-e.dr'd'ine 

kint'bi'r^ 

k'i-ne-ch'i'na 

k'ihietsl: 

king 

kin-ndr'dy 

kin-ross' 

kin-sale' 

kin'ten 

kin-tore' 

kin-tyre' 

kin'tsi^ 

kin'tsi^ 

kVn-way 

ker-kfg'bfi 

kir-knVdy,  ker-kau'tti 

ki^'bhtg 

k'i^bn'  (or  kiinib')  houn 

k'iidih'stdd 

kiSl'se 

k'i(fl>  'g-e 

k'iiUl'ri)^ 

k'iol'me 

hi'rahj 

kir'ber^ 

kirZh'ber^ 

kirfh'dqrf 

kirfJi'dtiff-H 

kirch-ins'koi 

kirlk'ti-H-dd^.h 

ker-^ia 

kir'jiiuh 

ker-kfg'brt 

kir'ke-bU 

kir-mdn' 

kirn 

ker-r'f-miirc' 
kir-sd'  nov 
kirt'chd-ny 
ki.i-f  d'lQQd 
kish-wiia'hu 
kis-k1-min'e-tas 
kis'trdnd 
kit  ta-tin'vy 
kil-ti'ia 
liiti'kn 
kiiS-kMs' 
ki'iil  d-aduh 


Kizil  Irinak,  (Tur.)  r. 
Kizliar,  (R.) 
Kizylsk,  (R.) 
Klanyecz,  (Austr.) 
Klas,  (Switz.) 
Klattau,  (Austr.) 
Klaus,  (Austr.) 
Klausen,  (Austr.) 
Klausenburg,  (Austr.) 
Klein  Berg,  (Austr.) 
Klein  Drienen,  (Neth.) 
Kleine  Keet,  (Neth.) 
Kleisevatz,  (Austr.) 
Klenak,  (Austr.) 
Klenovka,  (R.) 
Kleptow,  (Prus.) 
Klesnau,  (Prus.) 
Kliazina,  (R.)  r. 
Kliniovitchvi,  (R.) 
Klinovo,  (R.) 
Klopaniki,  (R.) 
Kloppenburg,  (Ger.) 
Klossow,  (Prus.) 
Kldsters,  (Switz.) 
Klotcn,  (Switz.) 
Kninja,  (R.) 
Kni.ajeva,  (R.) 
Kniaz,  (R.)  /. 
Kniserstahi,  (Switz.) 
Knistineaux,  (Can.) 
Knock,  Ft.  de,  (Neth.) 
Knockniahon,  (Ir.) 
Knorkmaledawn,  (Ir.)  mt. 
Knonau.  (Switz.) 
Knuds  Iloved,  (Den.) 
Knudstrup,  (Den.) 
Kobberup,  (Den.) 
Koben,  (Prus.) 
Kobra,  (R.) 
Kobrin,  (R.) 
Kobyliaki,  (R.) 
Kociieiin,  (Ger.) 
Kochel,  (Ger.) 
Kocher,  (Ger.) 
Kocher,  (Ger.)  r. 
Kodiazinska,  (R.) 
Kodnia,  (R.) 
Kodos,  (R.)  ft. 
Koedyk,  (Neth.) 
Koenie,  (Ger.) 
Koeniggraetz,  (Austr.) 
Koenigs,  (Ger.)  /. 
Koenigsberg,  (Prus.) 
Koenigshof,  (Ger.) 
Koenigshofen,  (Ger.) 
Koenigstein,  (Ger.) 
Koenigswinter,  (Ger.) 
Kneverden,  (Neth.) 
Kohistan,  (Per.) 
Kohlberg,  (Ger.) 
Knkou,  (R.) 
Kollierg,  (Den.)  ft. 
Kolby,  (Den.) 
Kolding,  (Den.) 
Koldozero,  (R.)  I. 
Koliiarn,  (R.)  mt. 
Kolin,  (Austr.) 
Kiilind  .Sound,  (Den.) 
Kolkengen,  (Neth.) 
Koiki,  (R.) 
Kologriv,  (R.) 
Kmln,  »r  Cologne,  (Ger.) 
Kcilinoovatka,  (R.) 
Kolokvtliia,  (Gr.) 
Kotokythia,  (Gr.)  g. 
Kolomea,  (Austr.) 
Kolva,  (R.)  r. 
Kninarova,  (R.) 
Komlos,  (Austr.) 
Koinlos,  Tot,  (  Austr.) 
Komogovina,  (Au«>tr.) 
Konetska,  (R.) 
Kongelt",  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kongsberg,  (Sr.  Pen.) 
Kononova,  (Austr.) 
Konotop,  (R.) 
Konstantinograd,  (R.) 
Konstantinova,  (H.) 
Konstantinovsk,  (It.) 
Konstanz,  ((Jer.) 
Koordistan,  (Per.) 
Kootanai,  or  Kootanye, 

(U.S.) 
Kopchik,  (R.) 
Koping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kopreinitz,  (Austr.) 
Kora,  (R.) 
Korana,  (Austr.)  r. 
Koras,  (Auslr.) 
Kordofan,  (Af.) 
Korenlcza,  (Austr.) 
Kornenberg,  (Austr.) 
Koro,  (Austr.) 
Koros,  (Austr.) 


kiz-V  'ir-mdli' 
kiz'l'idr 
k't'iytsk 
kldn'yets 
kids 
kidt'tou. 
kloits 
klou'zen 
klou'  zi'n-bQQr^ 
kline  b^r^ 
kllne  dr'i'nen 
kli'ne  kate 
kli-ze-vdts 
kle'ndk 
kle-nov'ka 
klep'tS 
kUs'nou 
kli-dz'ma 
kl'i^O-vitch'v'i 
kt'i-no'ro 
klo-pd-n't'lii 
klnp'pen-bf^tjr^ 
klos'sd 
klds'tfrs 
kid' ten 
k'n'i-ti'ja 
k'n'i-d-jf-va 
k^n'i-dz 
k'n'i'zer-stdle 
k^nis-t'i-nd' 
die  k'nok 
knock'mn-bon 
knoek-mdle'daion 
k'jio'nnu 
li'itf^t^ds  ho'ved 
k^nQQ(t'strQ(^ 
kqb'be-^t^Qp 
ko'ben 
ko'bra 
ko-bfin' 
kd-by-tid'k'i 
ko'Sklme 
k'o'mi 
kq'lher 
kg'lher 
kd-d'id-zins'ket 
kqd'ma 
kd'dos 
kijQ'dlke 

k^'ni^-gr^tse 
kt^'ni^s 
k^'ni^s-ber^ 
k^'n'i^s-hqf 
k^'ni^s-kd'fen 
kt^'iii^s-stlne 
k^'ni$s-inn'ter 
kqq'ver-di'n 
kO'h'i-stdn' 
kohPber^ 
ko'kou 
kqt'ber^ 
kql'bil 
kqWing 
kql-db'  ze-ro 
kql'gdrn 
kt)-l'in' 
ko'lind 
kolk'eng-en 
k'ql'ki 
ko-ld-gr'iv' 
kmiln 

kql-Tni^i)-vdt'ka 
ko-W-k'i'tfi'i-a 
kS-lo-kCtni-a 
k(^-l5-7ne'a 
kol'va 

k5-md-r5'va 
kqm'lns  ' 
tqt  kqm'los 
kfi-ind-gS-v'i'na 
kd-iiets'ka 
kong'elf 
kbitgs'ber^ 
kH-vH-jiu'va 
kQ'iiO-tnp 

kqn'stdn-t'i-vii-irrdd' 
kqn-stdu-t'i-tid'  ra 
kqn'stdn-t'i-nqvsk' 
kon'sldnts 

kqqr' dbi-tan  or  kQQr-diS' 


kQQ-t'd-nl' 


[ta?i' 


kop'eliik 

cht^'ping 

kH-^/rl'nits 

kO'ra 

kS-rd'na 

kS'rds 

knr'da-f  dn  or  kor-dH-f  dii' 

kO-rc-v'i'cha 

kQr'nhi-bir^ 

kli'ro 

kB'ros 


Koros,  (Austr.)  r. 
Koros  Fehes,  (Austr.)  r. 
Koros  Fekete,  f  Austr.)  r. 
Koros  Sebes,  (Austr.)  r. 
Knrrostellevo,  (Austr.) 
Korsberga,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kors  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Korsnaes,  (R.) 
Korsvig,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Korva,  (R.) 
Kosinsk,  (R.) 
Kostainicza,  (.\ustr.) 
Kostanitz,  (Austr.) 
Kosternitz,  (Prus.) 
Kostova,  (R.) 
Kostroma,  (R.) 
Kosva,  (R.)  r. 
Kosveiisk,  (R.) 
Koszenice,  (R.) 
Kosztara,  (Austr.) 
Kotlovka,  (R.) 
Kotzing,  (^Jer.) 
Koubnn,  (R.)  /.  &  r. 
Koubinsk,  (Pv.)  ;. 
Koucliewanda,  (R.) 
Kouchilev,  (R.) 
Koucliouktchkoi,  (R.) 
Kouda,  (R.) 
Koudekerke,  (Neth.) 
Kouderkerk,  (Neth.) 
Koulinsk,  (R.) 
Koiilioi,  (R.)  r. 
Kouma,  (R.)  rr.  &  r. 
Kouniia,  (R.)" 
Kour,  (R.)  r. 
Kourianovska,  (R.) 
Kourilovka,  (R.) 
Kourinsk,  (R.) 
Koursk,  or  Kuorsk,  (R.) 
Kouvachi,  (R.) 
Kouzinitchi,  (R.) 
Kovdozero,  (It.)  I. 
Kovrov,  (R.) 
Kozelsk,  (R.) 
Kozlinsk,  (R.) 
Kozlov,  (R.) 
Kosniodemiansk,  (R.) 
Krabdendyk,  (Neth.) 


ko'ros 

kd'ros  fe'hes 

kd'ros  fe-ke'tt 

ko'ros  se'besse 

knr-rqs-tel-le'vo 

kqrs-ber'  ga 

kors'  fiord 

kqrs'jlds 

kqrs'v'i§ 

kqr'va 

kS-sinsk' 

kqs-tl-n'i'eha 

kqs'td-njtjt 

kos'ter-nits 

kqs-to'va 

kqs-tro'ma 

kqs'va 

kqs-vhisk' 

kd-she-n'i'tse 

kqs2-td'ra 

kqt-lqv'ka 

kqt's'ng 

kou'b-in 

kou'binsk 

kou-che-vdn'da 

kou-ctii-Uv' 

kou-chouktck'koi 

kou'da 

kou'de-ker-ke 

kou'der-kerk 

kou'lin-sk 

koii'ii-oi 

kou'ma 

kou'm'i-a 

kour 

kou-r'id-nqvs'ka 

kou-r'i-lqv'ka 

koic'rittsk 

koursk 

kou-vd'ch'i 

kou-z'i-nit'ch'i 

kqv-do'ze-ro 

ko'vrdv 

kd'zehk 

kqz'linsk 

koz'hv 

kos-mo-de'm'i-dnsk 
krtib'den-dlke 


Krakow,  or  Cracow,  (.Austr.)  /ira'ipp/ 


Krajova,  (Austr.) 
Kranichfeldt,  (Ger.) 
Kranowitz,  (Pptis.) 
Krasnoslobolsk,  (R.) 
Krautheini,  (Ger.) 
Kreig,  (Ger.)  r. 
Krenienetz,  (R.) 
Kreninitz,  (R.) 
Krestzi,  (R.) 
Kreutzberg,  (Prus.) 
Kreutzburg,  (Prus.) 
Kreuznach,  (Ger.) 
Krimpen,  (Neth.) 
Krogdahl,  (Den.) 
Krolov.',  (Prus.) 
Kroinau,  (Austr.) 
Kronach,  (Ger.) 
Kronberg,  (Den.) 
Kronenburg,  (R.) 
Kronobi,  (R.) 
Kropsniolde,  (Neth.) 
Kroscienko,  (.'Vustr.) 
Krurnenau,  (Switz.) 
Krykova,  (R.) 
Krylov,  (R.) 
Kubin,  (.\ustr.) 
Kublis,  (Switz.) 
Kuesnacht,  (Switz.) 
Kuessel,  (Ger.) 
Kuessen,  (Prus.) 
Kuestrin,  (Prus.) 
Kufstein,  (Austr.) 
Kuhrdorf,  (Ger.) 
Kuhstedt,  (Ger.) 
Kuik,  (Neth.) 
Kuikel,  Great,  (Austr.)  r. 
Kuilenburg,  (Nctli.) 
Kuinder,  (Netli.) 
Kukel,  (Austr.)  r. 
Kukeniz,  (Den.) 
Kukullovar,  (Austr.) 
Kulebye,  (Den.) 
Kulikow,  (Austr.) 
Kulkoun  Isles,  (East.  Isl.) 
Kulin,  (Switz.) 
Kulpa,  (Austr.)  r. 
Kuindiui,  (Ind.) 
Kunielsbach,  (<Jer.) 
Kuniiljensk,  (R.) 
Kunimer,  (Ger.) 
Kiinich,  (Austr.) 
Kunpolung,  (.\ustr.) 
Kunzelau,  rGcr.) 
Kuopis,  (R.) 
Kuppenheim,  (Ger.) 


krd-jb'va 
kra'  nick-felt 
krd'  itb-vits 
kraa-nos-td'bolsh  ' 
krovt'hime 
krt^ 

kre'me-nits 

krem'mtz 

krhht'ii 

kroits'ber§ 

kroits'  bQQr^ 

kroits'ndSk 

kriri'pen 

kr'dS'ddhl 

kro'lO  or  krd'l^Qf 

krq'mou 

krd'ndUl 

krdn'ber^ 

krb'ni'n-b(}Qr^ 

kro-nb'b'i 

krqps'wnl'de 

kri-clii-en'ko 

krqq'me-tiou 

kry-k5'va 

kry'lov 

ki^Q-b'ine' 

ki^Q'blis 

kiis'ndlkt 

kiis'sH 

kils'sen 

kiis-tfine' 

kQgf'stine 

kqt^'dqrf 

kQf'stet 

koik 

koi'kel 

koi'len-bQQr^ 

koin'der 

kQf'kel 

kQQ'ke-nits 

kQv'kqQt-lD-vdr 

kfi/'te-bil 

kaq'lt-kO  (Jio?/) 

kul'koun 

k(jql'pa 

knm'don 

kQt?'mels-bd?h 

kU'mil-jensk 

k^qvt'tner 

kqQ'niZh 

kQQU'pb-l^t^ng 

k^Qti'fsr-lou 

ku-5'jiis 

kqqp'pen-Mmt 


FllU,fdr,faU,iehqt,bAt.—Mltt,  prey,  help,  tMre,kitr.  — Pine,  marine,  bird,  fig.  — J^Tate,  ddve,  mSve,vi<)lf,  bfpk,  Iqrd  — 7ttn«,  bull,  ifni«e.  — Fr.  long  ofte;  Fr.  short  ftSf.—  j 

"  1344  ~ 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Kurlnnd,  or  Couriimd,  (U.) 
Ktirr:iv:ira,  (Sc.  Fell.) 
Kurtli,  (Aiistr.) 
Kuru,  (.\ustr.) 
Ktistala,  (R.) 
Kulaiych,  (Tiir  ) 
Kulliui,  (I'riis.) 
Kiitiio,  (R.) 
Kiitsani,  (.iustr.; 
Kyiiienecaril,  (K.) 
Kyritz,  (I'riia.) 
Kyvcl,  (Den.) 


kiLr-rd  I'U'ra 

k^rt 

kt}t)'roo 

kus-td'la 

kt^Q-tl'yeh 

k(^t}l'lou 

kut'no 

k<}i/t-sd' n'i 

ku'me-nf-f^uni' 

k'i'n'ts 

lid' in 


L. 


hi,  (It.)  val. 
Lnalaiiil,  (Den.)  isl. 
Laapersciorf,  (Switz  ) 
Laaren,  (Netli.) 
Laas,  (Austr.) 
Laa.'itnip,  (Den.) 
Laax,  (Pwitz.) 
Laba,  (R.)  r. 
Lababan,  (Fr.) 
Labcr,  (<5»'r.)  r 
Laliiau,  (Pnis.)  . 
Labiriini,  (It.) 
Labiiiska,  (R.) 


Lahisrbin,  (Pnis.) 
Labrador,  (\.  Am. 
Lacarre,  (Fr.) 


En;:.) 


I.accadives 
Lacedenxinia,  (C-t.) 
Lacedogna,  (It.) 
Lachi  n,  (Suit/..) 
t.a  Clienaye,  (N.  Am.) 
Lachlaii,  (  Australia) 
Lackawnnnock,  or  Lack-  j 
awnnna,  (U.  S.)  j 
Lackawaxen,  fU.  S.) 
Lacko^  (  Aiistr.) 
Laconia,  (Gr.) 
Lacovie,  (VV.  Ind.)  mt. 
Lacuna,  la,  (Pen.) 
Ladeliind,  (Den.) 
Ladoga,  (U.) 
Ladoga,  (R.)  /. 
Ladrone,  (East.  Isl.) 
Laerskdv,  (Den.) 
Laga,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Lasartas,  (.Me.\.) 
Lagartas,  (.Me.x.)  r. 
Lage  .'Mierde,  (N'olli.) 
Lagni,  (It.)  r. 
Lagniire,  (Fr.) 
Lagny,  (Fr.) 
Lagoaca,  (Pen.) 
Lagos,  (Pen.  &  .Mex.) 
Lagosta,  (.Vustr.)  Ul. 
Lagow,  (Priis.) 
La  Grande  Chartreuse,  (Fr.) 
Laguna,  ( Jlex.) 
Lagunilla,  (Mex.) 
Lahaina,  (Sandw  Isl.) 
Lahn,  (Ger.)  r. 
Laholni,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Laliore,  (As.) 
Lahr,  (Oer.) 
Laigncs,  (Fr.) 
Lajella,  (It.) 
Laka,  (.Austr.)  r. 
Lalsk,  (R.) 
Lanibach,  (.Austr.) 
Laniballe,  (Fr.) 
Lambert  Scliagen,  (Netli.) 
Lanibrein,  (Switz  ) 
Lainego,  (Pen  ) 
Lamina,  ^Den.)  g. 
Lamitz,  Kirclien,  (Ger.) 
Lammerniuir,  (Scot.) 
Lanioile,  (U.  S.) 
Lamone,  (It.)  r. 
Lanipcijer<ka,  (R.) 
Lampung,  (East.  Isl.) 
Lana,  ( Austr.) 
Lanakala,  (R.) 
Lanark,  (Scot.) 
Lanrasliire,  (Eng.) 
Lancaster,  (Eng.)  b. 
Lancat,  (.\ustr.) 
L,anciano,  (It.) 
Landau,  (Ger.) 
Landcck,  (Priis.) 
Landenburg,  (Ger.) 
Landreneau,  (Fr.) 
Landeron,  (Switz.) 
Landes,  (Kr.)  dr/i. 
Landivizinn,  (Fr.) 
Landrecies,  (Fr.) 
Landsberg,  (Ger.  Prus.) 


la 

IS'ldnd 
Id'pers-dorf 
Id'rhi 
Ids 

ms 
Id'ha 

Id-hd-bdn"' 

Id'ber 

Id'bi-ou 

Id-b'i'k^am 

Id-liius'ku 

Id-h'i-sh'iitp ' 

Id-hrd-UOr'  or  Idb-rS-dor' 

Id-kdr' 

Idk'ka-dives 

lds~e-tlc~m5'  ii'i-a 

Id-rht-tldn'ya 

Id'fhin 

Id  sh'^-nd-it' 

Idch'ldn 

Idk-a-trdn'nork  or  Idk-d- 

icdn' na 
Idk-a-icd.t'en 
Idk'ko 
td-kO'n'i-a 
Id-kd-ri'  , 
Id  Id-kqtj'na 
td'df-Ii^QHd 
Id-ili'^a 

Id-drS'ne 

idrs'kove 

Id'aa 

Id-sdr'tns 

Id-jdr'tds 

Id'ge  m  ire' it 

Idn'y'i 

Idn-y'i-^re' 

Idn-ifi' 

Id-iO-d'ka 

Id'  tros 

Id-gqs'ta 

Id'si 

ld~grdnftd  tihdr-trt^ze' 

td~!TQt^'ua 

Id-iTQ^-n'tl'ya 

ld-ln'»a 

IdJin 

Id'hnlm 

Id-hHrc' 

Idhr 

liny 

Id-i-eVla 

Id'ka 

Idlsk 

Idm'bdih 

Idnrr-hdW 

Idm'bt-rt  skd'gen 

Idn^r-brdng' 

Id-Tite'iro 

Id-m'i'ne 

Id'miU,  kir'Zhin 

Idm'mer-mttr' 

Id-jnoite' 

Id-mo'ne 

Idm-pO-jrrs'ka 

Idm'pqug 

Id'na 

Id-nd'kd-la 

Idn'ark 

ldn'ka.<~sli'ire' 

Idn'kas-ter 

Idn'kdt 

Idn-chd'no 

Idn'doa 

Idn'dfk 

Idn*  drn-bQQr^ 

Idnfrdr^-no' 

Idng-di-rSng' 

Idnrrd 

IdnfT-di-v't'-zi-dng' 

Idntrdr-si' 

Idnts'ber^ 


Landscrona,  (Austr.) 
I.andsliut,  (Ger.  Prus.) 
Landsjarl",  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Laiiilskruna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Landstuld,  (Ger.) 
Langeais,  (Fr.) 
Langefidd,  (Ger.) 
Langeland,  (Den.)  i.-7. 
Langelot,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Langeii,  (Ger.) 
Langenaes,  (.'^c.  Pen.^ 
Langenali,  (Di  n.)  i..7. 
Iiungenau,  (Prus.) 
Lang  Fjeld,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt. 
Langcns;ilza,  (Prus.) 
Langenthal,  (Switz.) 
Langliemari'g,  (Netli.) 
Langliolt,  (Ger.) 
Langnau,  (Switz.) 
Langoon,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Langogne,  (Fr.) 
Langon,  (Fr.) 
Langres,  (Fr.) 
Languedoc,  (Fr.) 
Laiijaron,  (Pen.) 
Lanii,  (Ger.) 
Lannilis,  (Fr.) 
Lannion,  (Fr.) 
Lanladilla,  (Pen.) 
Lanuviiini,  (It.) 
Lanveau,  frr.) 
Laon,  ( Fr.) 
L.aos,  (East.  Isl.) 
Lapatitchi,  (R.) 
Lapinska,  ( R.) 
Lapland,  (R.)  r. 
La  Plata,  (S.  Am.) 
Lapos,  (.\ustr.)  r. 
Lappo,  (R.) 
Laragnc,  (Fr.) 
Lardoza,  fPen.) 
L.aredo,  (Pen.) 
Lareto,  (Switz.) 
Largentiire,  (Fr.) 
Lari,  (It.) 
Larice,  (.\.  Zeal.) 
Larino,  (It.) 
Larissa,  (Tur.) 
Laristan,  (Per.) 
I-arrika 
Laron,  (Pen.) 
Laroumo,  (Pen.) 
Larres,  (Pen.) 
Larigucs,  (Fr.) 
Larnika,  (Tur.) 
Larwald,  (Ger.) 
La  Salle,  (U.  S.) 
Lasclle,  (Fr.) 
Lashult,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lassahn,  (Prus.) 
Lastra,  (It.) 
Lastre.^,  (Pen.) 
L.ataclity,  (R.) 
Latakia,  (Tur.) 
Latcha,  (R.)  /. 
Latchkovo,  (R.) 
Laterina,  (It.) 
Latoreza,  (.■\ustr.)  r. 
Lattaja,  (It.) 
Lauban,  (Prus.) 
Lauenburg,  (Den.  Pruii.) 
Laufen,  (Switz.) 
Lauferbacb,  (Ger.) 
Laukischken,  (Prus.) 
Launoy,  (Fr.) 
Laupersweiler,  (Switz.) 
Laupo,  (Switz.) 
Laurentum,  (It.) 
Lauriuin,  (It.) 
Laurvlg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lausanne,  (Switz.) 
Lauter,  (Swilz.) 
Lauter,  (Ger.)  r. 
Lauterburg,  (Ger.) 
Lauter  Rrunnen,  (Switz.) 
Lautres,  (Fr.) 
Lauwer  Zee,  (N'ctli.) 
Laval,  (Fr.) 
Lnvandara,  (It.)  r. 
Lavaos,  (Pen.) 
Lavardec,  (Fr.) 
Lavello,  (It.) 
Lavelsk,  (R.) 
Lavcntina,  (Switz.)  rat. 
Lavertczza,  (Switz.) 
Laveur,  (Fr.) 
Lavin,  (Switz.) 
Lavinium,  (It.) 
Lavizzara,  (Switz. 1  val. 
Lavoncnurt,  (Fr.) 
Lawrence,  St.  (Can.)  r. 
Lavbach,  (Austr.) 
Lave,  (Fr.) 

Lays  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


Idnti-krO'  na 
Idnt.i' hi^ut 
Idiid.i' ytirf 
Idnds-krO'  na 
Idnt'.stf^ol 

IdifyHrlt 

Idua'r-ldiul 

Idnir'r-lot 

Idng'in' 

Idnif'e-nQs 

Idng'c-iia 

Idng'f-voit 

Idug  f  ifld 

ldiiir-ni-idl't.-i:i 

Idni^-ni-tdle' 

Idn  g-e-md'rfih 

lanif'llqll 

Idn:^'  ntiH 

Iduir-ijuny' 

ldn"tring 

ldn>rr 

ldn;r-dik' 

Idn-lhd'ron 

Ida 

Idii-iti-W 

Idn-n'idng 

Idntd-ttil'ya 

Id'iiQQ'v'i-QQm 

Idng-vH' 

Idng 

Id'os 

Idpd-til'cht 
Id-pins'ka 

Idp'ldnd  or  Idp-ldnd 

Id  pld'la 

Id'pos 

Idp'po 

Id-rdm/ 

Idr-dd'tha 

Id-rf'do 

Id-r't'to 

Idr-^dng-t'i-Srr.' 

la'fi 

Id'r'ice 

Id-rVno 

Id-rl.^'.-a 

Id-ris'tdn 

Idr'r'i'ka 

Id'ron 

ld~rQQ'mo 

idr're.sse 

Id-ris' 

idr'n'i'ka 

Idr'vdlt 

Id  sdlte 

la-itlc' 

lds'h(j(}li 

Ids-sdkii' 

Ids'tra 

Ids'trfsse 

Id-tdrh'ly 

Idt-a-k'i'a 

Idt'cha 

Idlch-kZ'vo 

Id-te-fi'na 

Id-td-red'ia 

Idt-td'i-a 

loii'bdn 

lou'  en-bggr^ 

lou'frn 

lou'fer-bdlh 

lou' kishr-ken 

lo-nwa 

lou'pirs-vVler 
lou'po 

lou-rhi'tQQm 

lou'r'i-gQm 

lour'v'ig 

IS-sdnc' 

lou'ter 

lou'ter 

lou'trr-bgQr^ 
lon'tir  brQgn'nin 
ICtr 

loxt'ver  ze 

Id-vdl' 

Id-vdn-dd'ra 

Id-cd'os 

Id-vdr-drk' 

Id-vrVlo 

Id'tuLk 

Id-rat-t'i' na 

Id-vfr-tit'sa 

ld-rt!lir' 

Id-r'in'  or  Id-ring' 

Id-v'i'n'i-gQm 

Id-c'U-sd'ra 

ld-v5ni^-kggr' 

law'rrnce 

ll'bdih 

la 

Ba  f  iSrd 


Laza,  (Pen.) 

Leamington,  (Eng.) 

Lean,  (.\etll.) 

Lelia,  (Prus.) 

Lebanon,  (Pal.)  ml. 

L'  biagsk,  (R.) 

Li  brija,  (Pen.) 

LebrilLi,  (Pen.) 

Lecce,  (It.) 

Ij<cciii,  (It.) 

Lecco,  (It.) 

Lech,  (Ger.)  r. 

Leek,  (\i  tli.)r. 

I.erti.ure,  (Fi.) 

(/■d:iM;i,  (P.  II.) 

1, '  ilesiim,  (Pen.) 

Leeds,  ( r.112.) 

I.ei  nde,  (Neth.) 

L>er,  (Ger.) 

Leeraii,  (Swif^. 

Leerdam,  (N'eBt) 

Leersuin,  (.N'elli.) 

Leeuwarden,  (Netli.) 

Leeiiweii,  (.\ctli.) 

Leeuwiii's  or  Lion's  Land, 

(Austral.) 
Lefsina,  (Priis.) 
Legancs,  (Pen.) 
Legaiiger,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lege,  (Fr.) 
Leggia,  (Switz.) 
Leghorn,  /(.  Livorno,  Fr. 

Livourne,  (It.) 
Legnano,  (It.) 
Legiias,  (Pen.) 
Lehata,  (Austr.) 
Leiiherg,  (Ger.) 
Lehe,  (Ger.) 
Lehen,  (Prus.) 
Lebentze,  (.^iistr.) 
Leibnitz,  (Ger.) 
Leicester,  (Eng.) 
Ijeicestershire,  (Eng.) 
Leignitz,  (Prus.) 
Leiniuiden,  (Nelh.) 
Leine,  (Ger.) 
Leinroden.  (Ger.) 
Leinster,  (Ir.)  mt. 
Leinz,  (Austr.) 
Leipnik,  (Austr.) 
Leipzig,  or  Leipsic,  (Ger.) 
Leira,  (Pen.) 
Leith,  (Scot.) 
Leilrim,  (Ir.)  cn. 
Leitzen,  (.\iistr.) 
Lejah,  El,  (Pal.) 
Lekcha,  (IL)  I. 
Lekuia,  (R.) 
Lekoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Leksanil,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lellingen,  (Neth.  Ger.) 
Lcman,  (It.)  (. 
Leman,  Lae,  or  Lenianiis, 

(Switz.) 
Lcniherg,  (.\ustr.) 
Lemkendiirf,  (Prus.) 
Leniriier,  (.Vein.) 
Lemno,  or  Lemnos,  (Tur.) 
Lemvig,  (Den.) 
Ijcnawee,  (U.  S.) 
Lenbovska,  (R.) 
Leude'ra,  (It.) 
Lendinara,  (It.) 
I.rngnau,  (Swilz.) 
Lenhoefila,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lenkoran,  (R.) 
Lenkzi,  (Prii«.) 
Lenuard,  (N.  Zeal.)  ml. 
Lenne,  (Ger.)  r. 
Lens,  (.Neth.) 
Lenss,  (Swilz.) 
Lente,  (Neth.) 
Lenticvo,  (U.) 
Lenlini,  (It.) 
Lenzen,  (Prus.) 
Lenz,  (Switz.) 
Eenzenhof,  (H.) 
Leobschutz,  (Prus.) 
Leognne,  (\V.  Ind.) 
Leominster,  (l-ji!;.) 
Leon,  (Pen.  tL  .Mex.) 
Leon,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Lconarda,  (It.)  r. 
Leone,  (It.  &  Swilz.)  ml. 
Leonessa,  (II.) 
Leopiddshafen,  (Ger.) 
Leopoldstadt,  (Aiislr.) 
Lepanto,  (Gr.)  st. 
Lepanto,  (Gr.)  g. 
Lepel,  (R.) 
Lepsenv,  (.Xnstr.) 
I.,erdal,'(Sc.  Pen.) 
I>eria,  (It.) 
Lerida,  (Pen.) 


td'lJla 

Um'mg-ton 

lo  " 

U'ba 

Itb'a-non 

le-bi-dtfsk' 

le-bfi'llia 

le-bril'ya 

IH'cht 

IH'cbo 

Uk'Jio 

Irih 

Uric 

lek-tQQr' 
It-fid' na 
U-drs'via 
mtU 

U  en'dr  or  li'rn-df 

Ir'fr 

Irfir'mu 

hhr'iidm 

Ioi-V(tr'drn 
lot' V  hi 

I  loi'rins 

If'  trdnfr-rr 

ih.^he 

Ird'^a 

I  ^t'fQrn^  Enp,  Irir-Jwrn'  or 
[     le^'/ior/ty  Kr.  li-rg^me' 

Un-yd'no 

h'S<}<}'ds 

U'hd'ta 

U/t'b^r^ 

U'he 

le'hrn 

It'hhit-sf 

lip' nits 

les'trr 

It^s'trr-.^b'irC 

n^'viLt 

ll-moi'drn 

li'n^ 

llnc-ro'drn 

li'tt'stcr  or  lin'iiUr 

lints 

tip'  nik 

np-Ui^ 

IVra 

leetk 

Ice' trim 

It'tshi 

el  le'jdJi 

IfkUha 

Uk'ma 

lek'(^ 

Uk'sdnd 

Ir-Vlina-hi 

U-mdn' 

I  U'mdHy  Idf  Ifi'md-iir.^s 

Ihn'ber^ 

Um'kf.n-dqrf 

lein'mer 

lem'noy  Um'nos 

Ihn'vi^ 

Iht'ii'trefi 

Un-bo}js'ka 

Ihi'dr-ra 

len-di-nU'ra 

len^'wH 

hhn-h^v'da 

ti-fi  ko'rdn 

Ifiik't^i 

Un'nard 

I  hi' tie 

I  his 

Ihi'te 

len-t'i-f'vo 

Un-tVni 

Ihi'tsin, 

lents 

Ihi'  tsht~hof 
Inp'shuts 

Irm'jiter 
tt-on' 

le-o-ndr'da 
h-o'ne 
le~q-n  rs'.m 
If'^-p  ijids-h  d  'fen 

6-pold-stdt 
If-pdii  'to 
U-pdn'to 
I?  pel 
Up~shhty 
Ifr'ddl  ' 
U'r'i-a 
le-ri'da 


Ft.  long  rfii  and  short  «u,  nearly  as  in  fipur.  — Final  hjy  French  I  moitiU6  M' ger ^  vi"cious.^  g  as  s  in  pleasure;  ^  and     guttural ;  ny  liquid  ;     as  in  pi/A. 


169 


I  nil 


i:i45 


FRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Lerkcnbur);,  (Den.) 
Leniia,  (Pen.) 
Lerwick,  (>^cot.) 
Lesboin,  (Fr.) 
Los  Biii3,  (Switz.) 
Lfisifine,  (Fr.) 
Lesina,  (II.) 
Lesmalmgo,  (Scot ) 
I.'!s)tn3nt,  (Fr.) 
Lesperon,  (Fr.) 
Lcssina,  (Aiistr.)  isl. 
LsssinKlie,  (Netli.) 
Le.'J.siniies,  (Nerh.) 
Lessoe,  (Den.) 
Leszinow,  (Austr.) 
Letacliniki,  (R.) 
Lotala,  (K.) 
Li-u-llons,  (Fr.) 
Letiti  liev,  (R.) 
Letric.n,  (I'en.) 
Lette,  (Ger.) 
Lette,  (Fr.)  r. 
Lctterkennv,  (Ir.) 
Lettin,  (R.) 
Leiica,  Cape  di,  (It.) 
Leuk,  (Switz.) 
Leuker,  (Switz.) 
Leiissen,  (Netli.) 
Lenten  lierg,  (Ger.) 
Leuveniim,  (Netli.) 
Leuzingen,  (Switz.) 
Levanger,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Levano,  (It.) 
Levanso,  (It.)  isl. 
Levant 
Levet,  (Fr.) 
Levier,  (Fr.) 
Levigneu,  (Fr.) 
Levrou.\,  (Fr.) 
Lewes,  (Enj.) 
Leyden,  (Neth.) 
Leyc,  (Ger.) 
Leypa,  (Austr.) 
Lezardriaux,  (Fr.) 
Libau,  (R.) 
Libanns,  (Tiir.)  mt 
Libentz,  (Anstr.) 
Liboiirne,  (Fr.) 
Liburnia 
Libya 

Lichtenan,  (Ger.) 
Liclitenfels,  (Ger.) 
Licbtensteig,  (Switz.) 
Lichtenvoorde,  (Netli.) 
Licbtevelde,  (Neth.) 
Licodia,  (ft.) 
Licosa,  (It.) 
Lida,  (R.) 
Liddcs,  (Switz.) 
Liddisilale,  (Scot.) 
Lidkoeping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lido,  (Ir.)  ft. 
Lidoviang,  (R.) 
Liel)enwaldc,  (Prus.) 
Lieberosc,  (Prus.) 
Liege,  (Neth.) 
Licr,  (Neth.) 
Jjiesopilotrh,  (R.) 
Licssel,  (Neth.) 
Liestal,  (Switz.) 
Lietha,  (R.) 
Lien,  (Switz.) 
LitTr'y,  (Ir.) 
liiffre,  (Fr.) 

Litbinil,  or  Livonia,  (R.) 
Lisif.-lfingon,  (Switz.) 
Lignii^rea,  (Fr.) 
Ligneville,  (Fr.) 
Ligny,  (Fr.) 

Liiin,  or  Liim  Fjord,  (Den.) 
Likor.hkino,  (R.) 
Lille,  (Fr.) 
Lillers,  (Fr.) 
Lillcsand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lillo,  (Neth.)  ft. 
Ijiina,  (S.  Am.) 
Lima,  Porta  de,  (Pen.) 
Lima,  (Pen.)  r. 
Liman,  (Tnr.) 
Limari,  Volcano,  (S.  Am.) 
Lirnato,  (It.)  t. 
Limbourg,  (Neth.) 
Limbnrg,  (Ger.) 
Limerick,  (Ir.)  co. 
I  Limeuil,  (Fr.) 
LiminEO,  ( R.) 
Liminat,  (Switz.)  r 
LimoeeH,  (Fr.) 
LimouHin,  (Kr.) 
Limoiix,  f  Fr.) 
I^imiro,  (It.)  c. 
Lincoln,  (I'-ng.  tc  Cnn.) 
I.inrrilnsbire,  (Kng.) 
Lindaii,  (Ger.) 


Ih-'ken-hijfjr^ 
Ur'  ma 
Itr'rik 
le-bang' 
le  bwa 

le-zi'ns. 
le^i-md-h'i'  ^3 
le-miiii^' 

Ifs-s'i'iia 

Us'siniT-hs 

li's'siite 

Ug's'i-nt^i^f  (-nu) 

It-ldth-ni'k'i 

It-ld'ta 

Ic-tel-lonerf 

U-til'chev 

le-tr'i'litu^ 

IH'te  ^ 

let'te 

let-tfr-k^ii'  ny 
let-tin' 

k'd'pfi  d'i  U-^Q'ka 

laik  ' 

loi'ker 

hn'ten-ber^ 
Ivi'ft-nQQia 
hi't^ijiir-en 

h-vd'no 

[e-vdn'so 

U-cdnt' 

le-ve' 

le-vi-e' 

I'i-v'in-ydil' 

le-vrff' 

lu'is 

IVdbi 

We 

li'pa 

le-zdr-Jfi  5' 

I'i'bou 

li-bd'ntts 

li*bents 

I'i-bQQrn' 

li-bQi^'ni-a 

I'i'b'i-a 

liWte-nott 

iiWtfn-ffU 

t'fk'l^n-stl} 

Iirh'lh:-for'tte 

luJi'lr-fri'de 

li~ku'(/i-a 

I'i-kd'sa 

li'da 

lU'drss". 

tid'dii-iJtih 

Tid-cht^'pin^ 

ti'do 

h-dd-vi-d'iir' 
li'bhl-vdV  d^ 
I'i'be-rd'ie 
li'llie 
I'i-er' 

l'i-e-sd'p'i~lutch 

I'is'.tH 

ti'stdl 

ti'tn 

tiiti 

I'ffj 

Itfr 

tife'ldnt 

I'i-ir'i'fH-fIng'  tti 

liity-v'ile 
I'in-y'i 
n.  Hme.  fi-Srd 
l'i~kOch-k'i'no 
tile 

ti-i-f  or  TO-yrJ 

Wle-sdnd 

lll'lo 

I'i'ma  or  ITma 
pilr'la  de  It' ma 
li'ma 
I'i'mdii 

Vi-ind'r'i  v'A-ha'no 

ll-md'to 

lAll(r-bQQr' 

Um'bi)ifr5 

Um'rr-ick 

D^ntth-t  or  li  ini^iihj' 

t1-ini»<r'o 

Um'mdt 

li~mfi^e' 

t1-intjQ-zAn^' 

U-7ni}t}' 

H-vd'ro 

link'ua 

Unk'iin-gk'ire 

lin'dou 


Linde,  (Ger.) 
Linden,  (Ger.) 
Lindernp,  (Den.) 
Lindesnaes,  (Sc.  .Pen.) 
Lindholni,  (Den.) 
Lingen,  (Ger.) 
Linkoping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Linlithgow,  (Scot.)  co. 
Linola,  (Pen.) 
Liiisbiir;;,  (Ger.) 
Linl2i-n,  [  Xcth.) 
Liiitiial,  vSu  iiz.) 
Lint/.,  ( Au-tr.  Ger.) 
Linz,  (Ger.) 
Lion,  (Fr.) 

Lion  d'Angers,  lo,  (Fr.) 
Lipari,  (It.)  isl. 
Lipetsk,  (R.) 
Lipovacz,  (.\ustr.) 
Lipowica,  (.\nstr.) 
Lipiiti,  (Austr.) 
Lippi-,  (Gor.)  )•. 
Lippe  Detmold,  (Ger.) 
Lip|ie  ScliauTnlinrg,  (Ger.) 
Lippsprug,  (Ger.) 
Lippstadt,  (Ger.) 
Liri,  (It.)  r. 
Liria,  (Pen.) 
Lisbon,  (Pen.) 
Lisca-bianca,  (It.) 
Liscia,  (It.) 
Li.sieu.\,  (Fr.) 
Lisko,  (Austr.) 
Liskor,  (.Austr.) 
Lissa,  (Pros.) 
Lissa,  (Austr.)  isl. 
Lisse,  (Neth.) 
Lithuania 
Litin,  (R.) 
Litiz,  (U.  S.) 
Littau,  (Switz.) 
Livensk,  (R.) 
Livenza,  (It.)  r. 
Liverut,  (Fr.) 
Liverpool,  (Enj.) 
Livonia,  or  Litland,  (R.)  j-. 
Livi.i  MO,  or  Leshorn,  (It.) 
Ljil-;iii,  (Sc.  I'en.)  r. 
Liusin^/dal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Llandatr,  (Eng.) 
Llanelly,  (Eng.) 
Llanaadock,  (Eng.) 
LlanL'owfr,  ( Eng.) 
Llano-,  fS.  \in.) 
Llaii".,  d.  Chaco,  (S.  Am.) 
Llaiii.s  de  Manso,  (S.  Ani.) 
LI  iiirwst,  (Eng.) 
LI  iiiwrlid,  (ICng.) 
Llcna  Sacia,  (Pen.) 
Llerena,  (Pen.) 
Llinas,  (Pen.) 
Llosa  del  Obispo,  (Pen.) 
Llout<k,  (R.) 
LoaoL'er,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Loaniiiri,  (Af.) 
Loango,  (Af.) 
Loano,  (It.) 
Loarre,  (Pen.) 
Lolian,  (Ger.) 
Loben.stein,  (Ger ) 
Lobiska,  (R.) 
Lobnrg,  (Ger.) 
Locarno,  (Switz.) 
T,ochaber,  (Scot.) 
Loch  Leven,  (Scot.) 
Loch  Lomond,  (Scot.) 
Lochem,  (Neth.) 
Loclies,  (Fr.) 
Lochnisen,  (Neth.) 
Locknitz,  (Prus.) 
Lode,  (Switz.) 
Locmaria,  (Fr.) 
Locmine,  (Fr.) 
I.,odfeve,  (Fr.) 
Lodi,  (It.) 
I^domir,  (Austr.) 
Loenen,  (Neth.) 
Lolloden,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lofer,  (Anstr.) 
Lofodon,  (Sc.  Pen.)  i^l. 
Logo,  la,  (Fr.) 
Loges,  Grand,  (Fr.) 
Loges,  Petit,  (Fr.) 
Logi.s,  Nenf,  (Fr.) 
Logrono,  (Pen.) 
Lohto,  (R.) 
Loir,  (Fr.)  r. 
Loir  and  (Iher,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Loire,  (l-'r  )  drp. 
Loire,  (Fr.)  r. 
Loiret,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Ix>ilz,  (Prus.) 
Loja,  or  Lova,  (Pen.) 
Lnjano,  (It.) 


Im'de 

lin'den 

liu'de-rQnp 

liii'des-nas 

lind'holm 

Ung'fn 

riil-ckAl'pxn^ 

liii-litW (TOW  or  UWlitb-'roW 

li-r,h'ur 

liii^'hotjr^ 

lirU'Skhi 

lin'tdle 

lints 

I'int^- 

h-o„ol 

/e  li-oilfr  ddv(r-ae 

li-pd'ri  or  lip'u-r'i 

li'pet^k 

ti-pb~vdfs' 

li-pd-v'i'ka 

lip' pa 

Up'pe 

lil>'l>e  di't'mqlt 
lif'pe  shoum'b^^r^ 

liji'stdt 

ti'r'i 

l'i'ri~a 

I'is'boit,  Eng.  lis'bon 

lis'ha-bi-dn'ka 

tVsh'i-a 

I'i-'z'i-eu.^ 

tis'ko 

tis'kor 

lis'sa 

lis'sa 

lis'.-:e 

litU-u-'d'ni'a 

li-t'in' 

Itt'its 

iii'tOlL 

l'i-ven$k^ 

li-vend'za 

liv-ro' 

liv'  er-pool 

li-vd'ni-a 

I'i-vbr'no 

lyh'  (i/fi')  zdn 

/i/fts'  (i/fti')  me-ddl 

Idn-diif' 

ldn~el'ly 

Idn'ffa-dok' 

Idn-von'tr 

l  id' ft  OS 

lid'iios  de  Ihd'ko 

lid'uos  de  mdn'so 

Idii'r'st 

lan'ar~tid 

I'ie'na  sd'kra 

I'ie-re'na 

I'i-'i'na^ 

tio'sa  d.H  5-b'is'po 

l'i'(;t}tik' 

lo'  dufr-er 

lO-dii'tri'r'i 

lO-dn'ffO 

lo-d'no 

lo-dr're 

lo'bou 

lifti'ben-sCine 

U-bis'ka 

Id'b^QrS^ 

in-kdr'vo 

loT.h-d'brr 

lo^h  lev'ftl 

loTh  Wviond 

I6'lhhn 

lUfhe 

lB-?bni'zen 
tok'nits 

fm  ■ 

Ink-^'d-rVa 
lok-m'ine' 
ib-dSve' 
lo'di 

Id^ln-m'ir' 
iQQ'nen 
lof-f!>'de)i 
lo'fer 
ISfri'den 
Id  I5ge 
/rrdnu  la§;e 
p'e-t'i'  lo^e 
la-i'i' 
tO-frrO'uo 
ISli'lo 
twdr 

Iwdr^  shrr 

lad 

Imdr 

Iwd^fi' 

lolls 

Wfhit 

IB-td'no 


Lokeren,  (Neth.) 
Lochvitsa,  (R.) 
Lolin,  (Switz.) 
Lolle,  (Austr.) 
Lomhardy,  (It.) 
Lonibovskoi,  (K.)  isl. 
Lommatzsch,  (Ger.) 
Lonuueii,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Lomcmd,  (Scot.) 
Loniza,  (R.) 
L(mato,  (It.) 
London,  (Eng.) 
Londonderry,  (Ir.) 
Lonii.arome,  (It.) 
Longchanips,  (Fr.) 
Lon;;eau,  (Fr.) 
Longford,  Vlr.)  co. 
Longue,  (Fr.) 
Longueiros,  (Pen.) 
Lonjumeau,  (Fr.) 
Louny,  (Fr.) 
Lons  le  Saulnier,  (Fr.) 
Loochristy,  (Neth.) 
Loon,  (Fr.) 
Loosdiiizen,  (Neth.) 
Lootenlmlle,  (.Neth.) 
Lopridinska,  (R.) 
Loptjw,  (Prus.) 
Ijoppen,  isl. 

Lora  del  Rio  Alcolea,  (Pen.) 
Lorca,  (Pen.) 
Loreh,  (Ger.) 
Lorenzana,  (Neth.) 
Lorenzana,  (Pen.) 
Lorenzo,  (It.)  t. 
Loreto,  (It.) 
Loretto,  (Me.\.) 
Lorgues,  (Fr.) 
Lorio,  (It.) 
Loriol,  (Fr.) 
Lorraine,  (Fr.) 
Lossini,  (It.)  isl. 
Lot  and  Garonne,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Lot,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Lotier,  (Fr.) 
Lothian,  (Scot.) 
Loltnni,  (Neth.) 
Louaille,  (Fr.) 
Loudinska,  (R.) 
Louga,  (1!.) 
Louirlilioiviucli,  (Eng.) 
Louilhn  a,  (Ir.)  ■ 
Lbuuh  Erne,  ( Ir.) 
Lonsili  iNc  iL'li,  (Ir.) 
Louis,  St.  (I'.  .^.) 
Louisiana,  (  V.  S.) 
Lonja,  (Austr.)  r. 
Louch,  (K.) 
Lounovsk,  (R.) 
Lonpiac,  (Fr.) 
Lourdes,  (Fr  ) 
Louri.stan,  (Per.) 
Louronx,  le,  (Fr.) 
Lourtier,  (Switz.) 
Louta,  (R.)  r. 
Louth,  (Ir.)  CO. 
Lonveigne,  (Neth.) 
Louvigne  dn  Desert,  (Fr.) 
Lovo,  (Austr.) 
Lovrana,  (Austr.) 
Lowenberg,  (Prii.s.) 
Lowinsk,  (R.) 
Lowisa 

Lowositz,  (Au.str.) 
Loxa,  or  Loja,  (Pen.) 
Lozere,  (Fr.)  mt. 
Lozere,  (Fr.)  ilrp. 
Lozovka,  (R.) 
Loz  Verknia,  (R.) 
Lnarca,  (Pen.) 
Luhasz,  (Prns.) 
Lnbben,  (Prus.) 
Lnbeck,  (Ger.) 
Lubeii,  (Ger.) 
Luhiewo,  (Prus.) 
Lublin,  (R.) 
Luhlinilz,  (Prns.) 
Lulilo,  (Austr.) 
Lne,  (Fr.) 
Lue,  le,  (Fr.) 
Lne  en  Diois,  (Fr.) 
Lucca,  (It.) 
Lucicnsteig,  (Switz.) 
Lnccna,  (Pen.) 
Luccnay  I'Eveque,  (Fr.) 
Lucerano,  ( II.) 
Luchow,  ((ier.) 
Luchy,  (An>lr.) 
Lurkaw,  (I'rus  ) 
Lucknovv,  (Hind.) 
Lucy  les  Itoia,  (Fr.) 
Lndbrerk,  (Anstr.) 
Lude,  le,  (Fr.; 
Lndenschei<l,  (Ger.) 


lS'ke.ren 
lolh-r'it'sa 
U-lm' 
lol'le 

loiii'bar-dy 

loiit'bdv'skoi 

lum'indtsh 

Iqm'mea 

lu'mond 

lorn' za 

la-nd'to 

lun'd'n 

liiii'don-der'ry 

Iqii-^d-rd'me 

lon^r-shdiig' 

Ion  IT -is' 

lonrr'furd 

long 

Iqn-irt'TOS 

loniT'SkiL-mo' 

Idn-ni' 

loiitr  /e"  s5-n'ie' 

Id-kris't'i 

lo-ong 

los-doi'zen 

lo'trn-hdl'le 

lo'pd-dins'ka 

lO'pB 

Inp'pfin 

lo'rd  del  fi'o  dl-kS-le'a 

lur'ka 

Mil 

lo-rend-id'na 

lo-ren-fhd'na 

lo-rend'zo 

Id-re'to 

lo^it'to 

Iqrg 

lo'ri~o 

lo-rt'uV 

lor-rdne' 

los-s'i'n'i 

lo,  gd-rSne' 

lo-l'ie 

Id'tk'i-an 

Iqt'tQi^m 

IqQ-d-'i  or  l<}f-Sly' 
loii-dins'ka 
lou'  ga 

hif  bur-reh  * 

Iqh-rd' 

lo^h'ern 

loVi-ne' 

li^i^'is  or  /qp'Y 

li^Q-i-z'i-dn'a 

laq'ya 

I'ouih 

hiu'ndl'sk 

iQQ-p'i-dk' 

IqQvd 

loii-r'is'tan 

!<<  l<!q-r(>q' 

lqqr.fit' 

lon'ta 

loutk 

li^Q-vhty' 

IqQ-viny'  dn  de-zer 

lo'vo 

lo-vrd'na 

lifil'ven-ber§ 

Id'v'insk 

15-  v'i'za 
Id'rS-iit-s 
lo'fha  ' 

16-  i^re' 
lo-zere' 
l5-zov'ka 
loz  verk'n'i-a 
lf)i)-  dr'ka 
iQQ'bdsk 
If^Qb'ben 
lu'bek 
lii'ben 
li;(^-bie't!o 
luh-lin' 
h^^'bt'i-nits 
li}(f'Ho 

III 

Ir  Iti. 

lil  dnir  tn-irn' 
Ink'ka 

li^^'tsi-en-sfig' 

l(jf-tfie'nil 

iQQs-na  le-rCke' 

loQ-rhe-rd'no 

It^f^'ibo 

li^fjk'kon 
Ittck-now' 
W-.i'i'  le  bwa 
l()i)d'brek 
If  tdd 

iQQ'd^n-shtd 


Fr.te.  fdr,  f„ll,  whql,  bdt  Mite,  prey,  hilp,  thtre,  Mr  Pint,  marint,  bird,  fig.  —  mtc,  dSim,  mUne,  wQlf,  b(,^,  lord,  —  TOnr,  bijlt,  ^mte.  —  Pr.Jnn)?  phei  Fr.  fhort  bit.  


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


I.iidrr,  (OiT.)  r. 
Liiil.-nip,  ( Drn.) 
LiiiiliAv,  (I'nis.)  r. 
l>iulu'i;;sliiir;!,  {(5er.) 
Liuhvigsliitil,  (ficr.) 
Liietry,  (Switz.) 
Luftti,ii,  (Oer.) 
LiutterberB,  (Gcr.) 
I.iict/.i'n',  (Priis.) 
Liie/.ciis,  (Switz.) 
Ltinanii, 
Liijiano,  (It.)  I. 
Jm'^k,  (Pi  ll.  It.) 
l-in."!",  (Aiislr.) 
I-iiiiips,  (I'r.) 
Luiro,  (I{.) 
Liiisjrin.'i,  (I'l  ii.) 
LiilcS,  (.^r.  Pi-ii.) 
I'tiniliin,  (Fr.) 
LiiiiiliriTiis,  (Pt'ii.) 
Iiiiiiiinn,  (Swil/..) 
IjiMiil,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Uiiiilhcck,  (Dm.) 

lilMlill))  C,  (l)l'II.) 

I<>iiiil<'ii,  ( l)i'ii.) 
I'liiiilijiiaicl,  (Den.) 
I'liiii'liiirg,  ((icr.) 
I.iinol  la  Vill«,  (Fr.) 
I>iiJiriiliiiri;li,  (.Nov.!  ticotia) 
I-iiiu  villf,  (Fr  ) 
Liiiiji  rn,  (Switz.) 
I.uii'.'witz,  (CIcr.) 
I.iiiiliTon,  (\clli.) 
I.npala,  Serra  de,  (.AT.) 
IjiiItiiiR',  (It.)  tnt. 
I.iiputu,  (It.)  m(. 
I'ii|)i)\v,  (Priis.) 
I'lipp,  (Pru.-i.)  )•. 
I.uptinv,  (Prii>".) 
I'urhc,  Paso  de,  (S.  Am.) 
I'lire,  (Fr.) 
I.ii-irliiiigi'n,  (Switz.) 
I'ii<i!;nan,  (Fr.) 
I'lisino,  (Priis.) 
I'  lssac,  (Fr.) 
I. Ill  Tine,  (It.) 
Lntlioni,  (Switz.) 
l'iiti<l)iirs,  (Switz.) 
Liitke  Gast,  (Netli.) 
'•nvino,  (It.) 
ljti.\en:bonr*:,  (Xetli.) 
I'li.vciiil,  (Fr.) 
L.uzerclie.«,  (Fr.) 
I'lizorn,  (8»  itz.) 
Liizern,  (Switz.)  /. 
I>ir/.crnc,  (U.  S.) 
Luzon,  (Pen.) 
l.iizv,  (Fr.) 
Lv,  (Xetli.)  r. 
Lvakoiira,  (Or.)  mt. 
Lyft,  (D^n.) 
[-yL'iiiii  Kloster,  (Den.) 
Lykuiliina,  (Or.)  nit. 
Lymaiiow,  (.Aiistr.) 
Lyiiiliara,  (It.)  mt. 
Ia iidrl<ee,  (Den.) 
I.ynsaas,  (Den.) 
Lynjliyc,  (Den.) 
I.j  nplal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
I'Voe,  ( Den.)  isl. 
i-yon,  (Fr.) 
Lyonnois,  (Fr.) 
Lyons,  (Fr.)  <r. 
I'vse  Fjord,  (Sc.  (kn.) 
I.yss,  (Switz.) 
I..ystriii>,  (Den.) 


l^inj'lo 

IS-tri' 

IHt'tfn 

liii'ter-be-r^ 

lilt'L-scn 

Iti'Uina 

'w'S'> 

lU'tllc' 

lu-'i'ro 
loQ-'i-s't-a'tia 

lot^n'fifn 

lii-nH'  Id  vile 
lunc-c'ile' 

AVr'rrt  (If  l^Q  pd'ta 
iQo-pu'iie 

In^'po 

hip 

pd'so  de  If^Qr'bf 
Id  re 

li/f'shing-in 

lii-i'in-ydn  g' 

IfQ-s'i'no 

lus-sdk' 

iQQ-te-ri'ii^ 

li}f}t'tern 

iQQ'ti^-bijQr^ 

liit'ke  gdjst 

h^-v'i'no 

litfc-sdng-bQor' 

or  ta-sifhhj 
ltt-iersh> 

lu-icrn^ 
lni)-th5ne' 
ib-ii' 
II 

lii-d-kiiQ'ra 
Itifl 

Ui'  irf^tfm  klo'sUr 
lYt-kO-di'  jtui 
ti'md-no  (-Hnft/*) 
liin-bd'ra 
Inn'ilel-ze 
Ittn'tros 
litHt^'bil 
liinir'ddl 

I  i- on  it' 
lion-titna' 
ti-fln<r' 
tiiUe  /"iOrd 
lis 

lii'strQQp 


M. 


M.tAKCM,  (.Nftll.) 

Maaruin,  (Den.) 
Maasevek,  (Ni  th.) 
Maasland,  (.\'oth.) 
Maasoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Macao,  (liid.) 
.M.accarese,  (It.) 
.Macedonia 
M.ichede,  (Pen.) 
Machias,  (I!.  S.) 
Macliicliato,  (Pen.) 
M.ackinaw,  oncf  .Michili-  J 
niackinac,  (17.  S.)  j 
.Maclean,  (l\  S.) 
.Maconih,  (U.  S.) 
.Ma^on,  (Fr.) 
.Macon,  (U.  S.) 
Macotera,  (Pen.) 
.Macoupin,  (U.  S.) 
Macplii  rson,  f  Aii.-itralin,)  ml. 
Jlacqnarie,  (.\ustralia) 


md'ren 

md'zt-ek 
mds'lditt 

ind-kn'o 

t!fdk-kd-re'zf 

niii.-t-e-dv'  ii'i-a 

md'Chr'dc 

match-r'as 

md-ch'i-chd'ko 

mack'i-naw 

vtak-tanc* 

ma-k(^^m' 

nidsdng^ 

mfi'kon 

ird-kd-ie'ra 

ma-kQQ'pin 

nidk-frr'  son 

mdk-kQQ-d-r'i'i 


Madagascar,  (At".)  isl. 
.Madalkn.i,  (It.)  isl. 
.Madawasca,  (I'.  .S.) 
.Mailaras,  (Austr.) 
.Maddalena,  (It.) 
.Madeira 

•Madeira,  (Af.)  isl. 
Madrano,  (Switz.) 
Madras,  (Ind.) 
Madre  de  Dios,  (S.  .\ni.)  isl, 
•Madrid,  (Pen.) 
.Madridejos,  ( Pi  n.) 
.Madrijial,  (Pen.) 
.Madrisali  jo,  (Pen.) 
Madris,  (Pen.  Switz.) 
Madris,  (Switz.)  ;•. 
Madronero,  (Pen.) 
.Madura,  (Inil.) 
•Madura,  (Austral.)  isl. 
Madura,  (East.  Isl.)  si. 
Maelir  ^n,  or  .Moravia,  ( 
(Austr.)  i 
Maclla,  (Pen.) 
iMaelslroein,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Maesniel.  (.N'eth.) 
•Maestro,  Arcs  del,  (Pen.) 
•Maeslriclit,  (.Nelli.) 
Maj;adiuo,  (Switz.) 
Mapis,  (Pi  ll.) 
.Masazeno,  (It.) 
.Maddalena,  (Pen.) 
•Maudebui;;,  (Prus.) 
.Majellaii,  (S.  .Am.)  st. 
M;\'ic\l\  mg,  (Den.) 
iSlair^ia,  (Swiiz.) 
Mat'iiiore,  (It.)  /. 
•Maiiliano,  Mt.) 
•Ma^nac,  (!•  r.) 
•Maunisi,  (It.) 
.Maijnor,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
•Magny,  (Fr.) 
.Magoias,  (It.)  r. 
•Masra,  (It.)  r. 
•MauTii,  (Pen.) 
lMalllbur^',  (Pru.s.) 
•Malion,  (Pen.) 
Malionin;;,  (U.  S.) 
Mahora,  (Pen.) 
•Maliratta,  (Ind.) 
Malircnburi;,  (.Austr.) 
Mailleray,  (Fr.) 
•Mailly,  (Fr.) 
Maina,  (U.) 
iMainburnhcim,  (Gcr.) 
Maine,  (Fr.) 

•Maine  and  Loire,  (Fr.i  dqt. 
.Maine  and  Tauber,  (Ger.) 
Maine,  Lower,  (Gcr.) 
•Maine  Rothcr,  (Gcr.)  r. 
.Maine  Weiss,  (Ger.)  r. 
.^lainhardt,  (Ger.) 
.Maison,  Ncuve,  (Fr.) 
Majadas,  las,  (Pen.) 
Majesa,  (It.)  c 
Majorca,  (Pen.)  iil. 
Makarcv,  (R.) 
.Makariev,  (R.) 
Makarovo,  (R.) 
•M.ikasanas  Plains,  (.\f.) 
Maclinovak,  (R.) 
•Makkinger,  (Netli.) 
.Makkuin,  (.\etli.) 
Make,  (Aiistr.) 
Makri,  (Tur.)  t. 
•Malab.ar,  (Ind.) 
.Malaczka,  (.Austr.) 
.Maladeia,  (Pen.)  ml. 
.Maladetta,  or  JIaudit,  (Fr.)  ) 
mt,  j 
Malaga,  (Pen.) 
Malagon,  (Pen.) 
•Malaia  Zenilia,  (R.) 
•Malans,  (Switz.) 
Malaren,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 
Malaliera,  (Pen.) 
.Mala.x,  (K.) 
Malav,  (F.ast.  Isl.)  prn. 
Malazzo,  (It.) 
Malborget,  (.Austr.) 
Maldeglien,  (.N'etli.) 
•Malilen,  (.V.  th.) 
Maldive,  (Ind.)  i.sl. 
Maldiventre,  (It.)  u.1. 
.Male,  or  Maldivas,  (Ind.)  ii/. 
iMalcsco,  (Switz.)  r. 
•Malesherbcs,  (Fr.) 
.Maletroil,  (Fr.) 
•Malevo,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Malguenac,  (Fr.) 
Malhan,  (As.)  mL 
Maliclieva,  (R.) 
Malij.ay,  (Fr.) 
Malilla,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
M.alines,  or  .Mechlin,  (Netli.) 


md-dd-^ds'kdr 

md-ildl-l^'ua 

mad -a-ieds'ka 

vid-dn'rds 

mdd-dd~te'na 

iiid-dVray  Eng.  mti-dO'ra 

or  vta-dce'ra 
md-'l  ra'  no 

ma'drfLt^  Eng.  ma-drtis' 

md'dr^  di  di'vs 

md-tlr'id'  or  mdd'rid 

md-dr'i-ih'lhos 

jnd-flr'i-gdl' 

vid-dr'i-gd-U'iho 

vid'dr'i.i 

vtd'dr'is 

md'dru-nf'rtf 

md-dh'ra  or  miid'^i  rn 

inO'ri'il 

md-rl'ija 

mdt'str^m 

miis'n'ile 

d'rt.-i  del  md-e.s'lre 

mds'triiht 

md-ird-tl'i'  no 

md'ird-i 

md-trd-dzt'  lu} 

tnds-dd  Ir'ini 

Vld^'de-bfjQr^ 

md'fhel-ndn' 

ind'  ijel-tiring 

vidjl'  ga 

jndd'^d're 

vtdl'ijd-no 

indn-ydW 

vidn-yi'zi 

mdng'nor 

mdn-yV 

md-gO'rds 

md'gra 

rnd'gro 

mdl  b^Qr^ 

vid'oiiy  Eng.  md-hOne'  or 
vid-hS'ning  [^mdOnt' 
vid'd'ra 
mdh-T'dl'ta 
md'ren-bQ^r^ 
vtd-ie-r&'  or  indt-ye~ra' 
md-'i-yi  or  mdl-y'i' 
vil'na 

mine-bciirn'  hi  me 
viQne 

mane,  Ijc'dr 
vttnc,  tou'ber 
mine 

mine  rS'ter 

mine  vis 

mtne'hdrt 

ntfhve  ma-zonrr' 

/<i<  md-lhd'dds 

md-i-ye'za 

md-lhor'ka 

vtd-kd'rev 

md-kd'r'i-eo 

md-kd-rG'  vo 

md-kdsd'nds 

md£h-n5'i'dk 

mdk'king~er 

vi'dk'kgqm 

md'ko 

md'kr'i 

md-ld-b'dr\  Eng.  rnri/'a-ftar 
md-ldts'  {-Idch')  ka 
ntd-ld-de'ta 

md-ld-deL'ta,  in5-di' 

md'ld-ga,  Eng.  mal'a-ga 

ind'ld'gon 

md-ld'ia  zem'ti-a 

indddng' 

mcL'ld-Ten 

ni  d-ld-t'i-e'ra 

md'Idx 

vid'lay 

ntd-ltit'zo 

vidl-bur'  irit 

vidlt-e'  :;rn 

mfU'drn 

mdl'dii-e 

mal-di-vhi'tre 

md'le  or  mal-di'cda 

ind-Us'ko 

malc-terbe' 

mat-e.triDa' 

md-ls'vo 

malg-ndk' 

mdl'Mn 

md-ti-ehe' ca 

md'ti-^a' 

md-lil'la 

md-tine'  mrlh-tin' 


Malilsk,  (R.) 
.Malliiria,  la,  (Pen.) 
•Maliiiaisoii,  (Nelli.) 
.Maliiikoping,  (.\elli.) 
Malinne,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
•Malnivscli,  (11.) 
.Malo,'(It.) 

:MaliiarcliaiiKelsk,  (It.) 
•Malojaroslavets,  (R.) 
•Malpira,  (It^) 
•Mais,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Miil.st.  ad,  (Den.) 
•Malstruiii,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Malta,  (It.  Af.) 
Malters,  (Switz.) 
Malvaglia,  (Switz.) 
Malwa,  (Ind.) 
.Maniadyscli,  (11.) 
•Maiiiai,  (R.) 
.Main.in.iieck,  (Hw  S.) 
.\ia(nari>sa,  ( Pen.) 
Maniern,  (.'^witz.) 
Maniers,  (Fr.) 
.Maiiiore,  (S.  Am  )  /. 
•Manacor,  (Pen.) 
Manati,  (•Mex.) 
Manaviiiik,  (U.  S.) 
•Maiiciia,  (Pen.) 
-Mancha  Real,  (Pen.) 
.Manclie,  (Fr.)  ./.■/.. 
.M.iiiclie.sler,  (\V.  Ind.) 
:\laiiilas,  (It.) 
.\hindersclieid,  (Ger.) 
Mandingo,  (Af.) 
.Mnndoe,  (Den.)  isl. 
Mandrigalejo,  (Pen.) 
.Maneroo,  (.Australia) 
-Manfrediinia,  (II.) 
•Manfrici,  (It.) 
Mangderai,  (Ea.st.  Isl.)  st. 
•Mangcroe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Manhassett,  (_IJ.  S.) 
Manhattan,  (IJ.  S.) 
.Manlieiin,  (Ger.) 
Maniago,  (It.) 
Maniesa,  (Pen.) 
Manichina,  (R.) 
•ManiUia,  (Pen.) 
Manilla,  (East.  Isl.) 
Mannedorf,  (Swilz.) 
•Mannersdiirf,  (Austr.) 
Mannu,  (It.)  c. 
iManosque,  (Fr.) 
Mans,  ie,  (Fr.) 
Mansleld,  (I'rus.) 
Mansilla,  (Pen.) 
•Mansoura,  (Eg.) 
Mantelo,  (Gr.)  c. 
.Mantcrn,  (Austr.) 
.ManU's,  (Fr.) 
Mantinea,  (Gr.) 
Mantry,  (Fr.) 
•Mantsala,  (R.) 
•Mantua,  (It.) 
iManzanal,  Pen.) 
Manzanares,  (Pen.) 
•Manzanilla,  (Pen.) 
•Maon,  Wilderness  of,  (Pal.) 
•Majiiini,  TMcx.) 
Mapiiiii,  Bolson  de,  (.^le.x.) 
•'Macpieda,  (Pen.) 
•Mar,  (Pen.)  c. 
Marahooty  Wells,  (Af.) 
•Maracaiho,  (S.  .Am.) 
.Maracaiho,  or  Venezuela,  j 
(S.  Am.)  g.  j 
M.aranclion,  (Pen.) 
iMaranhani,  (liraz.) 
Marano,  (It.) 
.Manins,  (Fr.) 
Marargiu,  (It.)  r. 
Marasca,  (Anstr.) 
.Maravs,  (Ea.st.  Isl.) 
.Maratea,  (It.) 
•Marathon,  (Gr.) 
Marbach,  (Ger.  Switz.) 
M.arbella,  (Pen.) 
•Marburg,  (Ger.  Austr.) 
March,  ur  Morava,  (Austr.)  r, 
•Marche,  (Fr.) 
Marchena,  (Pen.) 
•Marciano,  (It.'  mt. 
•Marcillac,  (Fr.) 
•Marecchia,  (R.  It.) 
•Marengo,  (It.) 
•Mareiincs,  (Fr.) 
.Mareuil,  (Fr.) 
•Margarita,  (S.  .Am.)  isl. 
•Margitta,  (.Austr.) 
.M.irgolles,  (Pen.) 
.Maria,  (Pen.) 
Maria,  (.N'eth.)  fl. 
.Maria,  Sa.  (It.)  isl. 
Maria  Kis,  (.Austr.) 


md'tiudc 

Id  mfil-y(t'na 

nitd-aifi-'.ong' 

matm'cht^.ping 

indl'nieU 

mal'miUh 

via' to 

md'l?l-dr-ih'dn' getjik 

md'  lH-jd-roaAd'vrtd 

mid-pi'ka 

vidljt 

vidl'gtrd 

vi'it't'trtfilm 

indl'ta 

mdl'tcrs 

indl  vdl'ya 

ma'lira 

lud  md'dish 

nid'mdi 

ma-mdr'0'iifck 

nid-md-rO'^a 

md'mrrn 

md-mrr' 

md-inO're 

nid-^id-kor' 

md-nd'ti 

man  a-yttnk' 

vuln'rka 

uidn'clia 

nidnirsh 

vidn'che.-i-tcr 

indn'dds 

mdn'dcr-shli 

tnan-tlin'  go 

jndn'dni 

mdn-dri- gd-l^'  llio 

md'nr-rQt} 

tndn-f re-do' n'i-a 

nidn  fr't'ctl'i 

m(in<r'de'rd-i 

vidng'er-^ 

mrtn-hns'srtt 

mari'hdt'tan 

ntdn'hhne 

md-n't-d'go 

vid-n'i-e'sa 

md.n'i-lh'i'na 

vid-n'it'ya 

md-n'il'ya 

man'  ne-dqrf 

mfin'  ners-dorf 

indn-ngQ' 

vtd-nosk' 

1^  mdng' 

indns'felt 

indn-sil'ya 

vtan-.tou'ra 

mdn'te-io 

mdn'trrn 

mdngl 

indn-t'i^e'a 

mdng-trV 

mdnt-sd'la 

mdn't^^-a 

mdnlhd-ndl' 

mdn'thd-nd're^ 

mdn-lhd-nil' ya 

md'on 

md-p'i'm'i 

md-pi'm'i 

md-ke'da 

mdr 

vid-rd'bi)Q'ty 
md-rdkd-i'bo 
md-rd-kd-Vbo,  te-ne-tJi^^ 

e'la 
md-rdn'e/um 
md-rdn~ydm' 
ind-rd'no 
md-rdng' 
md-rdr-iQt}' 
vid-r'ds'ka 
md-rdss' 
md-rd-te'a 
md'rd.thon 
mdr'bdfh 
mdr-bel'ya 
mdr'b^QT^ 
mdrlh,  mO-rd'va 
mdrsk 
mdi^ehe'na 
nidr-ehd'no 

mdr-si-'idk  or  mdr-sll-ydk' 

md-relc'k'i-a 

md-rrn'  go 

md-rSne' 

md-ri-'i  or  mU-rtly' 

mdr-rrd-r'i'ta 

mdr-j'it'ta 

mdr-irdl'les 

md-r't  'a 

md-r'i'a 

sdn'ta  md-n'a 

md  r'i'a  k'ij 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  mi,  nearly  as  in  .«pur  Final  ly,  French  /  mouille. — 1n"ger,  vi"ciaus  g  as  s  in  pleasure;  *  and  Ik  guttural ;  ny  liquid  ;  lH  ns  in  pitX. 


1347 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Maria.  Sta.  (Pen.) 
-Alariaser,  (Di  n.) 
Manager  Fjord,  (Den.) 
Mariana,  (Pen.) 
Marianne,  (As.)  isl. 
Mariensec,  (Prus.) 
Marie  Galanle,  (W.  Ind.)  isl. 
Marieljoe,  (Den.) 
Mariefred,  (Den.) 
Marieliolni,  (Den.) 
Manemalene,  (Den.) 
Marienl)ur<r,  (Pnis.  K.  Ger ) 
Marienwcriler,  (Prus.) 
Marie.'^tad,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Marietta,  (IT.  S.) 
Marinha,  (Pen.) 
Marino,  (It.) 
M.iritinie  Alps,  (It.) 
.Maritinio,  (It.) 
Marlien,  (Netti.)  isl. 
Marliova,  (R.) 
Mnrknwiec,  (Prus.) 
Markt,  {Su  itz.) 
i\!:iiktlirrit,  (Gi^r.) 
IM.irIf,  (i-'r.) 
Rliulnw,  ((,'cr.) 
M:tiU  .  ;S\\  It/.) 
M:r„Mn,!r,  (Fr.) 
ManiR-ntaila,  Buira,  (Pen.) 
Warrnirolo,  (It.) 
Mannora,  (Tnr.)  isl. 
Jlarmora,  Sea  of,  (Tur.) 
Mariiay,  (Fr.) 
iMarne,  (Den.) 
Marne,  (Fr.)  r. 
iMarne,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Marne,  Upper,  (Fr.)  dep. 
-Maro,  (It.)  mt. 
.Marocco,  (Af.) 
Marogsio,  (It.) 
.Maroniono,  (It.) 
Maros,  (.■liistr.) 
Marostica,  (It.) 
Marozalto,  (.•iustr.) 
Marqnardstein,  (Ger.) 
Marquesas 
Marquion,  (Fr.) 
Marquise,  (Tr.) 
Marsa,  la,  (II.) 
Marsa  Scala,  (It.) 
Marsa  Stimcco,  (It.) 
Marsala,  (It.) 
Marscliina,  (Austr.) 

Marseille,  (Fr.) 

Marsir.o  Nuovo,  (It.) 
Marstetten,  (Switz.) 
Marstrand,  (Sc.  Pen.)  L4. 
Marta,  (It.)  r. 
.Martendyl<,  (Neth.) 
Martigao,  (Pen.) 
Martigrip,  (Fr.) 
Maiti;;ny,  (Switz.) 
Maninii'iiic,  (W.  hid.) 
Martinlongo,  rPen.) 
Martinov,  (K.) 
Martinsbruck,  (Switz.) 
Marton,  (Aiistr.) 
Martos,  (Pen.) 
Martros,  (Fr.) 
Marum,  (iMi  tli.) 
Marvao,  (Pen.) 
Marvejois,  (Fr.) 
Marwar,  Hnd.) 
Marza  ei  Fi>rrio,  (It.) 
Masaccio,  (It.) 
Masalovka,  (li.) 
Mascali,  (It.) 
M.aschwanden,  (Switz.) 
iMascoijta,  (U.  S.) 
Maslay  Ic  Roy,  (Fr.) 
M.asone,  (It.)  r. 
Massa,  (It.) 
Massafrn,  (It.) 
Ma.i?ay,  (Fr.) 
Ma.s,senino,  (It.) 
Ma.ssAre,  (Fr.) 
.Mruisuccio,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Ma-mlijiatani,  (Hind.) 
JIasta,  (R.)  r. 
Matagalpa,  (.Mcx.) 
Matamoras  (.Mc.\.) 
MatanillaReef,  (W.  Ind.) 
MatJinzn.s,  (W.  Ind.) 
M.aUipan,  (Or.) 
MataporKuera,  (Pen.) 
Mataro,  (I'en.) 
.M.ilauro,  (R.  It.) 
Mathnra,  (Hind.) 
.Matiaijua,  (Mex.)  t. 
.Malina,  (.>fex.)  r. 
MaloUintaH,  (Af.) 
Matt,  (Hwilz.) 
Malta,  (Australia,)  mt. 


sdu'ta  vid-r'i'a 
jn  d-ri~d'  frer 
vtd-ri~d'  rrer  f  idrd 
md-r'i-d'na 
md-r'i-dn'ne 
md-ri'en~ie 
md~rV  gd-Vdngt* 
md-rVe-bo 
vtd-r'i'e-frSd 
md-ri't~lioJm 
vtd'ri'e-md4e'r}e 

md-ri'hi-Vt'r'dt'r 
md-r'i'e-stdd 
md-r'i-H'ta 
Vld-r'in'ya 
md-r'i'iio 
md-r'i-ti'  mfi 
vtd-r'i  ;no 
mdr'ken 
mdr-kd'va 
ntdr-kd'vi-ets 
vidrht 
vtdrkt'bntt 
mdr-te' 
nidr'to 
•mdr-l'i' 
wdr-mdnsd 
vtdr-mhi-td'  da 
vidr-in'i-rd'lo 
mdr-mo'ra 
vidr-mo'  ra 
vidr-na' 
vidr'ne 
vidrtl 
mdrn 
vidrJl 
md'TO 
vid-rok'ko 
rnd-rod'jn 
vid-ro-vio'  no 
vid'ros 
md-rds't'i-ka 
vid-rod-zdVto 
mdr'tjudrt-stliie 
viur-ku'  SOS 
indr-ki-ong' 
vidr-kjz' 
mdr'sa 
vidr'sd  skd'la 
vidr'sd  sfii-ruk'ko 
mdr-sd'la 
vidr-ski'  Tia 
j  mdr-se-'i'  or  mdr-si'hf. 
\     Eng.  mdr-sdlrs' 
mdr'si-ko  lii^Q-o'vo 
mdr'stet-ten 
mdr'  strdad 
mdr'ta 
mdr'ten-dlk 
mdr-ti-gd'o 
mdr-tliuf 
vidr-tin-yi' 
vidr-ttn-'ik' 
mdr~tjH-lqu'ga 
wdr-tihtoD 
mdr'tins-bruk 
mdr'ton 
vidr'ttis 
vidr'tros 
vid'vQQm 
mdr-vd'o 
vidrv-jwa' 
mdr'irar 

mdr'dza  el  for'no 
md-idt'cho 
md-sd-lm'ka 
md.i-kd'ii 
mdsh'vdn-den 
mas'k(>(}'ta 
mdi  la  U  rwa 
vid-sii'jie 
vidi'sa 
mds  sd'fra 
vids  sH' 
miLi-se-rd'no 
VI  dj  sire' 
mdssQ^f'cho 
vids-sQQ-li-jm-tam' 
m'ds'ia 
md-ld-ifdVpa 
md-td-md'rds 
md-td-iiiVrja 
md  tdii'inOii  (-sds) 
mdt-a-paii' 
md~td-p(>r'  ge-^a 
ind-ld'ro 
ind-tou'ro 
jndt'tjQ-ra 
md-ti'd'  ff(fQ-a 
md-li'iia 
md-m-tijn'taa 
mm 
mdt'ta 


Mattamiscontis,  (IT.  S.) 
Maltaii,  (l^ast.  Isl.) 
Mattapulsett,  (U.  S.) 
Mattapiinv,  (U.  H:) 
Matteawan,  (U.  S.) 
Mattila,  (R.) 
Matto  Grosso,  (Draz.) 
Mattula,  (Af.) 
Maubert  Fontaine,  (Fr.) 
Maubeuge,  (Fr.) 
Mauboiirguet,  (Fr.) 
.Maui,  (S.  Isl.) 


mdt-ta-mis-kij  n'tis 
mdt'ta  a 
vidtr-tii-poi'sH 
mdt-tdp'o-ny 
mat-te-7Dan' 
mdt't'i-la 
mdt'tu  gros'so 
vidt'tO'la 

ino-ber'  fong-tdne' 
vio-b('h^e 
vto-b^Qr-gii-e' 
mou'i 


.Maulbiijun,  (-hrnnn,)  (Ger.)  mnid'brnn  (^-brgijn) 

Maul.-.  fS.  Aiii.)  mnii'le  ' 

Mauiiir:  ,  i  !',  SJ  7iian-mee' 

Main  ,  (  Svvit/.)  viimr 

Maur.        (II.  S.)  mo'r'c-pa 

Mauntuis,  (\V.  Ind.)  inau-rish'i-us 

M  auii/.zwi,  (Port.  It.)  mou-nVs'i-o 

iMauii.,  (It.)  mt.  iriou'ro 

IMaunui,  i  Fr.)  vw-rong' 

Maurs,  (l''r.)  mure 

.Mautli,  (.\ustr.)  muul 

Mauves,  (Fr.)  viooe 

Mauvesin,  (Fr.)  indvc-sdng' 

May,  (Fr.)  ma 
.May,  (Scot.)  is-;.  &  lighthoiise  md 

MayiTiiie,  (Fr.)  dep.  ma-ien' 

Slayenne,  r.  ma-ihi' 
Mayn,  nr  .Maine,  (Ger.)  r.      mine  {mdnc) 

Maynontli,  (Ir.)  mmj-nQglk' 

Mayo,  (Ir.)  en.  md'o 

May(ir,  (.\us;r.)  md'yor 

Mayor,  (Pen.)  isl.  md'yor 

Mayorga,  (Pen.)  md-vor'ga 

.Mazanileran,  (Per.)  md-'tMii' de-rdn 

.M.-izapil,  (.\le,\.)  md-tUd'  (-sd')  pil 

Mazappa,  (Af.)  md-tTidp'  {-idp')  pa 

Mazatlin,  (.Me.x.)  md-tndt'  {-sat')  tin 

iMazzara,  (It.)  mdt-sd'ra 

Meatli,  East,  (Ir.)  co.  meeth 

.Meath,  West,  (Ir.)  co.  meeth 

.Meau.\,  (Fr.)  mo 

.Mecca,  (Per.)  mek'ka 
Mechlin,  or  Malines,  (Austr.)  7«ctt.-/yn' 

Mecklenburg  Scliwerin,  )  mek' lin-bqQr^  shwe- 

(Ger.)  j  Tin' 
Mecklenburg  Strelitz,  (Ger.)  viek'len-bfQr^  stre'lita 

Medak,  (Austr.)  me'ddk 

Medas,  (Pen.)  isl.  m'e'dds 

.Medenblik,  (Netll.)  me'dni-blik 

.Medljord,  (Sc.  Pen.)  med'f  idril 

Mcduyes,  (.Austr.)  med'dges 

iMediano,  (Pen.)  me-d'i-d'no 

Medina,  (Pen.)  me-di'na 

Medina  Sidonia,  (Pen.)  mc-ili'na  si-do'ni-a 


Medina  de  Rio  Seco,  (Pen.)   me-di'na  de  ri'o  se'ko 
Medina,  (Ar.) 
Medinilla,  (Pen.) 
Mediterranean,  sea 
Medveditsa,  (11.)  r. 
Medves  lirock,  (Austr.) 
Medviedova,  (R.) 
Medynsk,  (R.) 
Meerle,  (NVtli.) 
Meersliurg,  (Cer.) 
Meersc  n,  (iVclli.) 
Mees,  li-s,  (Fr.) 
Meg.-uilii-,  (Can.) 
Meiiautic,  (Cm.)  I. 
Megara,  (Gr.) 
Meggelem,  (Netli.) 
Meggen,  (Switz.) 
Megra  Ferba,  (It.) 
Meliadia,  (.\ustr.) 
Mcliedia,  or  Africa 
■Melilsack,  (Pru.s.) 
■Mi  liun,  (Fr.) 
Meienburg,  (Prus.) 
.Meiensdorf,  (Den.) 
.Meillan,  (Fr.) 
i\Ii3iningen,  (Ger.) 
Alei.ssau,  (Austr.) 
Meissen,  ((ier.) 
Mejares,  (Pen.)  r. 
Media,  (R.) 
Mekka,  (As.) 
Melada,  (Au.str.)  isl. 
Melano,  (Switz.) 
IMclbourne 
.Melrose,  (Scot.) 
Melencze,  (.Austr.) 
Mclenki,  (It.) 
Melentevska,  (R.) 
Melfa,  (It.) 
Melgago,  (Pen.) 
iMelgar,  (Pen.) 
Melice,  (Switz.) 
Melides,  (Pen.) 
.Mel ilia,  (It.) 
Mi  lissa,  (It.) 
Melito,  (It.) 
Mella,  (It.)  r. 
Molle,  (Fr.) 


me-di'na  or  me-dl'na 

me-^ti-n'iVya 

med-'i-ter-rd'  nc-an 

med-ve-dit'sa 

vied'ves  brnk 

med-v'ie-do'va 

me'dijnsk 

mer'le 

vters'bQQr^ 

mer'sen 

le  me 

me-gdn't'ik 

me-gdn't'ik 

me-gd'ra 

meg'ge-lem 

meg'  gen 

me'gra  fvr'ba 

me-hd'd'i-a 

me-he'  di-a 

mel'zdk 

me-b^ng' 

7nl'en-bqQr^ 

vtVens-dor) 

mi'-'idng^  or  mel-ydng' 

vil'  iiuig-cn 

mls'sou 

viis'sen 

me-fhd'ress 

me'fha 

vti'k'ka 

me-Ui'da 

me-ld'no 

viei-bqQrne' 

mel-rOse' 

me-len'che 

me-len'k't 

vie-Un-t^v'ska 

met' fa 

viel-gd'  go 

mit-gdr' 

me-liss' 

me-li'des 

ine-lil'la 

mc-l'is'sa 

me-li'to 

meVta 

mil 


Melle,  della,  (It.)  c. 
Mellen,  (Switz.)  * 
Mellendorf,  (Ger.) 
Mellingen,  (Switz.) 
Melnik,  (Austr.) 
Meloe,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Meloine,  (Fr.)  isL 
iMelora,  (It.)  isl. 
Melts,  (Switz.) 
Menibrio,  (Pen.) 
Membroles,  la,  (Fr.) 
iMeniel,  (Prus.) 
Meuiel,  or  ,\ii-inen,  (R.)  r. 
iMenipliis,  Ruins  of,  (Eg.) 
Meniplireiu.i;;iig,  (U.  S.) 
Menaggi.),  (It.) 
Menan,  Great  and  Little, 

(U.  S.) 
Mendavia,  (Pen.) 
.Mendoza,  (S.  Am.) 
Meneliould,  (Fr.) 
.Menet,  (Fr.) 
.Menil  Grand,  (Nelli.) 
Menil,  le,  (Fr.) 
.Menileglise,  (.\etb.) 
.Menin,  (Netli.) 
-Menjibar,  (Pen.) 
i\Iennonictnie,  (IJ.  S.) 
Jlenouf,  (Eg.) 
Mentano,  (It.) 
Mentone/  (It.) 
Menzelinsk,  (1!.) 
Jleppel,  (Netll.) 
Meppen,  (Ger.) 
Slequinenza,  (Pen.) 
Mer,  (Fr.) 
Meran,  (Austr.) 
Mercalo,  (It.) 
Mercei  del  Oro,  (Me.t.) 
Mercliault,  (Neth.) 
MerccEur,  (Fr.) 
Mercopaly,  (Austr.) 
iNIer  de  Glace,  (Switz.) 
Mereda,  (Pen.) 
Merekbem,  (Neth.) 
Merey,  (Fr.) 
Merida,  (Pen.) 
Merille,  (Pen.) 
IMerionetlishire,  (Eng.) 
Merishausen,  (Switz.) 
Mernientau,  (U.  S.) 
Meroe,  (Af.) 
Merrimack,  (U.  S.) 
Mersburg,  (Prus.) 
Mersche^  (Neth.) 
Mertola,  (Pen.) 
iNIeru 

Mescala,  (Mex.) 
Meseritsen,  (Austr.) 
Meshed,  (Per.) 
Messenia,  (Gr.) 
Messina,  (It.) 
Messina,  (It.)  st. 
Messines,  (Neth.) 
Messingeweer,  (Netli.) 
Mestchovsk,  (R.) 
Mesterhazn,  (.Austr.) 
Meteren,  (Neth.) 
Metijah.  Plain  of,  (Af.) 
Metso,  (R.) 
Mettau,  (Switz.) 
Meiirthe,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Meurthe,  (Fr.)  r. 
Meuse,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Meiise,  (Fr.)  r. 
Mewar,  (Ind.) 
i\Ie.\ico 

Mexico,  (Mex.)  b.  or 
Mexilles,  (Fr.) 
Meyd,  (Neth.) 
IMeyenfcld,  (Switz.) 
Meykircli,  (Switz.) 
M6ze,  (Fr.) 
Meziire,  le,  (Fr.) 
Mezo  Tclead,  (Austr.) 
Mezo  Tur,  (Austr.) 
Mezipiila,  (Pen.) 
IMiiico,  (Jap.) 
Miajadas,  (Pen.) 
iMialiiiatlan,  (Mex.) 
Miami 

Micabbn,  (It.) 
.Michigan,  (V.  S.) 
Michoacan,  (Mex.) 
Middelrode,  (Netll.) 
IMiddelbeers,  (Neth.) 
iNliddelbiirg,  (Neth.) 
Middlebury,  fU.  S.) 
Middlesex,  (Enj.  Can.  W.  < 
1ml.)  i 
Midland,  (Can.)  dist. 
Mielec,  (Austr.) 
Mier,  (Mex.) 
Miescisko,  (Prus.) 


dei'ta  mel'te 
inet'len 
mel'tetj-florf 
mel'ling-en 
mel'nlk 
me'tcit 
me-twdne' 
me-ld'i-a 
metts 
mem'br'i-o 
Id  mdng-brCte' 
mi'  met 

jnS'inH^  nie'inen 
mem'fiss 
m  hn-fre-tnd'gog 
me-ndd'  go 

j  me-ndn' 

men-dd'v'i-a 
mrn-do'tha 
me-ne-h^g' 
me-ne' 

grdiig  me-n'il' 
le  me-nil' 

i-!e 
me-nanu 
men'ilt'i-bdr 
men-nqin'o-nee 
me'notif 
men-td'no 
men-td'ne 
men-ze-li-nsk' 
mep'pel 
viep'pen 
me-ki-nen'tKa 
mer 
vte'rdn 
mer-kd'lo 

mer-thel'  {-seV)  del  o'ro 

mer-stio' 

mer-keilr' 

mer'kd-pdty 

mer  de  glass 

vie-re'da 

me'rek-liem 

me-rd' 

vie-r'i'da 

vie-r'il'ye 

mer''i-o-netli-.s/tire 

me-ris-hou' zen 

mer-men-td'  » 

me-ro 

mer'ri-vtdk 

mers'bQ^r^ 

mers'ke 

mer'ld-la 

me-Tu' 

me.s-kd'ta 

me'  ze-rit'zen  • 

viesh'ed 

mes-se'v'i-a 

mes-st'na 

vies-s'i'na 

mes-s'ine' 

vies' sill  g-e-velir' 

vtest' cftqvsk 

vies'ter-hd-sa 

vte'te-ren 

me-t'i'jak 

viet'so 

met'tou 

mi%rt 

vif^ilrt 

vi^ze  ^ 

mi^ze 

vie-wdr' 

viex'i-ko,  Sp,  meh'ZJii-ko 

mez'i-ko 

mek-s'ite 

m'lte 

vn' en-felt 
mi-k'iri/i 
vidze 

Id  me-z'i-^re' 

vie'so  te'le-dd 

vie'so  ^(i(ir 

7iiet?i'lii-la 

vi'i-d'ko 

m'i-d-Vid'dds 

vii-dl-mdt'ldn 

vii-am't 

m'i-kttb'ba 

mish-'i-gdit'  or  mttch'i-gan 

m'i-ehii-d-kdn' 

vlid-det-rU'd^ 

miit'del-beJtrs 

miii'dH-bf}Qr^ 

mid'dl-ber-ry 

mid'dl-se.t 

mid'land 

m'i'lets 

vi'i'er 

viish-Viish'ko 


Fau,  far,  fyll,  teluit,  bdt  —  MIU,  prey,  help,  Uilre,  hihr.  —  Pine,  marine,  bird,  fig. — JVflte,  dSve,  viSve,  Kflf,  bqqk,  lord.  —  Tilnc,  bull,  unite.  —  Fr.  long  vtte ; 


Fr.  short  bilt. — 


1348 


PROiNUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Michnlevks,  (R.) 
Mii;f;Kirri),  (It.)  b. 
Mili.-\ty,  (Austr.) 
Mijas,  (Pen.) 
Mikiinovcze,  (Austr.) 
Mil,  (Neth.) 
Milat-ro,  (Pen.) 
Milan,  ft.  Milano,  (It.) 
Milazzi>,  (It.) 
Milbury,  (IJ.  S.) 
Mileta,  (It.) 

Milfontcs,  Villaiiova  de, 

(Pen.) 
.Milicia,  (It.) 
Militscli,  (Prii.=.) 
Millesimo,  (It.) 
.Miltcnberg,  (Ci-r.) 
Miltscliini,  (.Austr.) 
Miln'niikic,  (U.  ^.) 
Mina,  (Af.)  r. 
Mina.-i,  Post  of,  (R.) 
Minas  Gcraes,  (Uraz.) 
Mindfl,  (Ger.)  r. 
.Miniicn,  (Gtr.) 
Minervino,  f^It.) 
Mine.sota,  (U.  S.) 
.Minclanilla,  (Pen.) 
Min<:r^a,  (U.) 
MinynSes,  (Fr.)  Ul. 
Minieh,  (E;;.) 
Minieres,  (Fr.) 
Miniittaree,  (U.  S.) 
Minorca,  (Pen.)  id. 
Minsk,  (R.) 
Minska,  (R.) 
Minto,  (.\.  Zeal.) 
iMjoesen  (Sc.  Pen.)  Z. 
Mir,  (R.) 
Mira,  (Pen.) 
Mimbella,  (It.) 
Miranibeau,  (Fr.) 
Miranda,  (Pen.) 
Miranda,  (Fr.) 
Mirandella,  (Pen.) 
Jlirandola,  (IL) 
Miras  del  Caniino,  (Pen.) 
Mirebean,  (Fr.) 
Mirgorod,  (R.) 
Miropolie,  (R.) 
Misa,  (It.)  r. 
Misacna,  (It.) 
Mishawaka,  (IJ.  S.) 
Misocco,  (J^wit/..)  cat. 
Missioned,  (S.  Am.) 
Missisinewa,  (U.  S.) 
Missisque,  (U.  !>.) 
Mississaguas,  (Can.). 
Mississippi,  (U.  S.) 
Missolonghi,  (Gr.) 
Missouri,  (U.  S.) 
Missouri,  (.Me.x.)  ral. 
Mistek,  (Austr.) 
Mistelbacli,  (Austr.) 
Mistepec,  (Mejc.) 
Mitau,  (R.) 
Milrovi/.,  (.\ustr.) 
.Mittel  Frariken,  (Ger.) 
Mitten walde,  (Priis.) 
Mittweyda,  (Ger.) 
Mlinsk,  (Prus.) 
Moab,  Plains  of,  (Pal.) 
Moanalua,  (Sandw.  Isl.) 
Moboglidinsk,  (R.) 
Mochkova,  (II.) 
Mocho,  (.S.  Am.)  mt. 
Mochok,  (R.) 
Mockelby,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Mocordo,  (Mei.) 
Modane,  (It.) 
Miidderweice,  (Prus.) 
Modena,  (It.) 
.Modern,  (Austr.) 
Moedas,  (Pen.) 
Moen,  (Den.)  isL 
Moes,  (.Austr.) 
Moesa,  (Switz.)  r. 
Mojadore,  (Af . 
.Moghilev,  (R.) 
.Mogilicza  Post,  (Tur.) 
.Mi)i;uer,  (Pen.) 
Miihacz,  (.Austr.) 
.Mobawk,  (U.  S.) 
Mcihli,  (Switz.) 
Miiifctta,  (It.) 
.Moirans,  (Fr.) 
Moisdon,  (Fr.) 
Mdissac,  (Pr.) 
MoiscUes,  (Fr.) 
Moita,  (Pen.) 
Mojaisk,  (R.) 
.Mokau,  (N.  Zeal.) 
Mokcbansk,  (R.) 
.Mokrani,  (R.) 
Mokuola,  (Sandw.  Isl.) 


mi-fhd-Ui'ak' 

m'id-i^icir'ro 

mi-hdtj 

mt'chds 

mi-kd-iiov'chf 

mil 

vi'i-ld'frro 

m'i'lnn  or  m'i-lan' ^  It.  mi- 
viildt'so  [Id' no 

vtiVbu-rtj 
in'i-lf'ia 

iv'il-iid-n5'va  ilf  mil-fon'- 
th 
mi-ti'eha 
vii'Uuh 
in'il-'tt' si-mo 
miVtfn-bir^ 
milt'ilhim 
inil-icau'kie 
m'i'tta 
m'i'nds 
m'i'nds 
min'dtl 
min'dhi 
in'i-fur~v'i' no 
mi'n-e~sO'ta 
min-gld-n'iVya 
min-trreU'i~a 
mdji>r-^dre' 
m'i'it'i-rk 
mi-nt-Sre' 
vun-nr-tdr' ret 
m'i-nOr'ka 
Viifisk 
miris'ka 
mill*  to 
vt'iy^'sen 
m'ir 
rnVra 

mi-Td-beVla 

m'i-rdniT-bo' 

m'i-rdn'da 

mi-rdntrdc' 

mi^du-dethja 

m'i-Tdn'do-la 

m'i'rd.'i  dH  kd^m'i'no 

vi'ire-bd' 

viir'trd-rod 

m'i-ro'pO-iie 

mi' za 

m'i-idii'ya 

mi.ili-a-wa'ka 

vii-iik'ko 

m'is-s'i-S'nis 

miji-si-:/''i-neti>-a 

mis-sis'que 

m'is-sis-sd'^<}<^.<ls 

mis-sissip^pi 

misso-hii' ff'i 

mis-s^^'r'i 

m'is'lrk 

misUrt-bd^h 

viis'te-pek 

m'i'toH 

vii-trd'v'is 

mit'tel  frdnk'in 

mil'trn-vdl'de 

mil-vl'da 

m'lin^k 

md'db 

mO-d-nd-iQQ'a 

m&'bSijh-dinsk 

mOcA-ko'ca 

mO'cho 

vi5  'ckdk 

mqk'krl-bu 

mu-kdr'do 

mC-dd'ne 

mnd'der-vi-tse 

md-de'na  or  mo-di'na 

mO  'd^rn 

md-e'dds 

m^n 

mAs 

moa-d-dore' 
mS^  irh'i-lrv 
mB-jl-Cis'sa 

mu'hdss 

md'hawk 

ludh'li 

mH-'i-frl'ta 

micd-rdn^' 

mwd-dHnir' 

mwdsdk^ 

mwd-'Mc' 

mO-'i'ta 

m5'jdisk 

md'kou 

mdk*chdn3k 

mS-krd'n'i 

mS-k^Q-C'ta 


Mola,  (It.) 
Molaud,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Molar,  el,  (Pen.) 
Molara,  (It.)  i.-/. 
Moldaii,  (.Austr.)  r. 
Molilavia,  (Tur.) 
.Moldova,  Austr.) 
Molino,  (Fr.)  iW. 
.Moleto,  (It.)  t. 
Molevo,  (Gr.)  mt, 
Molina,  (Pen.) 
Moliterno,  (It.) 
Mnlk,  (Austr.) 
Molkweren,  (Nctli.) 
Mollerusa,  (Pen.) 
Molodetchno,  (R.) 
Mologa,  (li.) 
Molokai,  (Sandw.  Isl.) 
.Molokini,  (Sandsv.  Isl.) 
Molsee,  (Den.) 
Molucca  Passage,  (As.) 
Molivitz,  (Prus.) 
Molwolde,  (.\etli.) 
Molykut,  (.Au.str.) 
Miuiibuoy,  (Pen.) 
Monachi,  (It.)  isl. 
Monacisso,  (It.) 
.Monaco,  (It.) 
Monadnock,  (IT.  S.) 
.Monaglian,  (Ir.)  co. 
Mouast  Douvanei,  (R.) 
Monastcrzyska,  (.Austr.) 
Jlonastvricha,  (R.) 
Monberte,  (Fr.) 
Moncao,  (Pen.) 
Moncoutour,  (Fr.) 
.Moncorvo  Torrede,  (Pen.) 
.Monruq,  (Fr.) 
.Mundego,  (Pen.)  c 
Mondorir,  (Neth.) 
Monilovi,  (It.) 
Alondragone,  (It.) 
.Moiidsee,  (.Austr.) 
.Moneva,  (Pen.) 
Monfiirte,  (Pen.) 
Monforte  de  Lemas,  (Pen.) 
Monges,  los,  (S.  Am.)  isl. 
Mongolia,  (As.) 
Moniteau,  (U.  S.) 
Monkowarsk,  (Prus.) 
Monlong,  (Fr.) 
Monmouthshire,  (Eng.) 
Monnikendam,  (Xt  th.) 
Monongahela,  (U.  S.) 
Monovar,  (Pen.) 
.■\I(mreal,  (Pen.) 
.Honrcale,  (It.) 
Monrejeau,  (Fr.) 
MoHs,  (Neth.) 
Monserrat,  (Pen.) 
.Monsterls,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Mont  d'.Aspe,  (Fr.) 
Mont  liillari,  (Fr.) 
Jlont  Blanc,  (Switz.  &  It.) 
Mont  Ccnis,  (Fr.) 
Mont  Dauphin,  (Fr.) 
Mont  D6sir,  (Fr.) 
Mont  Genevre,  (Fr.) 
Mont  Louis,  (Fr.) 
Mont  Marault,  (Fr.) 
Mont  de  Marsan,  (Fr.) 
.Mont  St.  Michel,  (Fr.) 
Mont  Mezene,  (Fr.) 
Mont  d'Or,  (Fr.) 
.Mont  Perdu,  (Fr.) 
Mont  Salvy,  (Fr.) 
Montagny,  (Switz.) 
Mont.aigu,  (Fr.) 
Montalban,  (Pen.) 
Montalcgre,  (Pen.) 
Montalto,  (It.) 
Monialvao,  (Pen.) 
Montanches,  (Pen.) 
Montargis,  (Fr.) 
Montastrue,  (Fr.]^ 
Montauban,  (Fr.) 
Montcalm,  (U.  S.) 
Monldidier,  (Fr.) 
Monte,  (Pen.)  r. 
.Monte  Canii>ell,  (Pen.) 
Monte  Figo,  (Pen.) 
.Monte  Santo,  (It.  4c  Tur.)  c. 
.Monte  Santo,  (Tur.)  mt. 
.Monte  Video,  (S.  Am.) 
Monteagudo,  (Pen.) 
.Montealegre,  (Pen.) 
Monlebello,  (It.) 
Monlechiaro,  (It.) 
Monlecristo,  (It.)  isL 
Montenegro,  ("Pur.) 
Montereau,  (Fr.) 
Monterrey,  (.Max.)  b. 
Monlcsi,  (IL) 
Montesoro,  (It.) 


mo'la 
mO'ld'ld 
el  mi  Idr" 
mO-ld'ra 
mql'dou 

mOl-dO'va 

7iiS-tiiie' 

mO-le'to 

mO-U'vo 

Md-ti'na 

md-tt-ter'no 

molk 

motk-vf'rrn 

m6ly-rt>Q'sa 

mu-lO-dttch'ito 

mO-lu'^ra 

mO'ld-kt' 

viu-lO-k'i' n'i 

miiVzt 

mu-lffk'ka 

mijl'vit^ 

mnl-vnl'd^ 

mgly'kq^t 

mOm-b^Q-oi' 

mO-nd'k'i 

TP.Q-nd-ch'is'so 

mH'iid'ko 

mn-ndtl'nock 

mqu'a-gan 

vi'j'iidst  dou-vd'nei 

mu-nd.-<-'ttr'S'is'ka 

vid-nds-lt/-rV£ha 

vioug-brrV 

m5n~kd'o 

m6nrr-k5n^-tot>r' 

vi0n-k5r'ro  tor-re'de 

m'mn-kuk' 

mUn-de'no 

mqn'dorf 

vt5n-dli'r'i 

mt^n-drd-go'ne 

moud'zt 

md-ne'ra 

mdn-fST'te 

v\5n-f^r'tp  de  It'm'ds 

Iqs  mGn'ihess 

viOn-trO'ti-a 

mori-'i-tO' 

mdu'kO-vdrsk 

mtintr-lOng' 

mon'muth-sh'ire 

■mdn'n'i-ktn-ddm' 

mo-non-ga-kS'ta 

md-nd-vdr' 

vi5ii-re-dl' 

mtjn-r^-d'U 

vt5nir-re-shli' 

mqns 

mon'str-rdU 
mun-ste-THs' 
montr  ddsp 

moiifr  bi-yd-rV  or  b'il-yd- 

montr  bldng  [rV 

mon^  se-ni* 

mon^  dd-fdn^' 

monsi  de-z'ir' 

mon^  Si-n^tr' 

moniT  li)Q-'i' 

mon^  md-rO' 

mong  mdr-sdng' 

mong  sdntr  m'i-shtl' 

mong  me-iSne' 

mong  dOre 

mong  per-dfl' 

mong  sdl-vV 

mong-tdn-yi' 

mong-tH-gii' 

mon-tdl-bdn' 

mon-td-h*  gre 

mdn-tdl'to 

mQntdJ-rd'o 

mdn-tdn'rhis 

mong-tdr-gV 

mong-tds-trfl' 

mong~o-bdng'  m 

monl-kdm' 

mong-di-di-e' 

mOn'te 

mSn'tc  kdm'pely 

vion'te  f'i'go 

mOn'te  sdn'to 

mOn'te  sdn'to 

mSn'te  v'i'dr-o 

mUn-te-d-gQQ' do 

mOn-te-d-le'grg 

mCn-te-bH'lo 

mdn-te-ki-d'ro 

mdn-te-kr'is'to 

mOn-tf-ne'gro 

mong-te-rd' 

mdn-tir'rl  (or  -rfl) 

mSn-tf'zi 

m&n-tf-s5*ro 


.MoMtfnu^on,  f. Switz.) 
.Mouifoort,  /.\eth.) 
Montfort,  (.Nelli.) 
.Miniigomeryshirc,  (Eng.) 
.Miintlial,  (Sw  itz.) 
.Moiillie.x,  (Switz.) 
Monlijo,  (Pen.) 
.Montillo,  (Pen.) 
.Montmiircnci.  (Can.) 
.Montpclier,  (U.  S.) 
.Monlpellier,  (Fr.) 
.Montreal,  (("an.) 
Monlreu,  (Switz.)  ' 

Miintreun,  (Fr.) 

Moorshcdabad,  (Ilinil.) 
Moosbcuren,  (Ger.) 
Mnipiis,  (.Mex.) 
.Mora,  (Pen.) 
.Mora,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
.Mciraleda,  (Pen.) 
.Morali  ja,  (Pen.) 
.Morales,  (Niex.) 
Morat  (Switz.)  /. 
.Moratalla,  (Pen.) 
.Moravia,  or  Machran, 

(Austr.) 
.Morbihan,  (Fr.)  dep. 
.Morchansk,  (R.) 
Moreau,  (IJ.  S.) 
.Morel,  (Switz.) 
.Miirt  lla,  (Pen.) 
Moretta,  (It.) 
.Moreuil,  (Fr.) 
.Morgarlen,  (Switz.) 
Morjegorsk,  (R.) 
.Mcirjuvetz,  (R.)  isl. 
Morlaix,  (Fr.) 
Moron,  (Pen.) 
.Morro  di  Porco,  (It.)  c 
.Mortagne,  (Fr.) 
Mortorii,  (It.)  i.7. 
.Mosburg,  (Ger.) 
Moschel,  (Ger.) 
.Mosciska,  (.Austr.) 
Moscow,  (R.) 
.Moselle,  (Fr.)  r. 
Moselle,  (Fr.)  dtp. 
Mosieu,  (R.) 
Mosievsk,  (R.) 
.Moskoenes,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Mosnocz,  (Austr.) 
Mosquito,  (U.  S.) 
,Mo!M,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Mos9»  >ska,  (R.) 
Mosskirch,  (<»<;r.) 
Mosteyro,  (Pen.) 
Mosul,  (Tur.) 
.Motagua,  (Mex.)  r. 
Moting,  (.Austr.) 
Motka,  (I!.)  r. 
Motril,  (Pen.) 
Motta,  (It.) 
.Molte,  la,  (Fr.) 
.Motte  .Arcliard,  la,  (Fr.) 
Motte  Beauvron,  la,  (Fr.) 
.Mottola,  (lU) 
.Mduki  Kaksi,  (R.) 
.Moulins,  (Fr.) 
.Moull,  (Fr.) 
.Mount  Annan,  (Scot.) 
.Mount  Bellexv,  (Ir.) 
.Mount  Benger,  (Scot.) 
.Moura,  (Pen.) 
.Mourao,  (Pen.) 
Mourom,  (R.) 
Mourseele,  (Neth.) 
Moutier,  (Switz.) 
Moutier,  la,  (Fr.) 
Moutiers.  (Fr.) 
.Mouzon,  (Fr.) 
Moxacar,  (Pen.) 
.Moxsaco,  (Pen.) 
Moya,  (Pen.) 
MoVamcnsing,  (U.  S.)^ 
.Mozambique,  (.Af.)  isU 
.Mozdek,  (R.) 
.Mozyr 

MucbamicI,  (Pen.) 
Mucia,  la,  (Pen.) 
Mufaluti,  (It.) 
Mug;i,  la,  (Pen.) 
Mugden,  (Switz.) 
Mugem,  (Pen.) 
Mugeres,  (.Me.x.)  isl. 
.Muglitz,  (.Austr.) 
Muhlburg,  (Ger.) 
Muhldorf,  (Ger.) 
Muhlen,  (Switz.) 
Muhlenbach,  (Austr.) 
Muhlhauscn,  (Prus.) 
Muhlstedt,  (Ger.) 
Muiden,  (.Nith.) 
.Muirkirk,  (Neth.) 


mang'fd-sung* 

vitint  fUrt 

inong'fQre' 

mont-gum'  e-ry-tkirt 

mijn'tdle 

mqn'teks 

m&n-t'i'fko 

mOn-t'lVyo 

mong-nili-rdng's'i 

niont~pf'tt-er 

moHg-pet-li'^' 

miin-tre-dl' 

vwng-tr/il' 

SmuH'r-tri'i'  or  mong- 
trAly' 
motrr-.^he.da-bdd* 
mCs-boi'ren 
mO'kis 
mO'ra 

mu-rd-l^'ita 
vio-rd-l^'  ilia 
fn6-rdUes 
ntO'rdt  or  gtd-rd' 
viO-ra-tdi'ya 

imS-rH'ci-a  or  mO^d'- 
rl-a 
mdr-b'i-dng' 
mqr'ehdnsk 
mo-rd' 
m5-rel' 
md-rel'ya 
m6-ret*ta 

mH-rffi  or  mO-r^ly' 

vtor-gdr'ten 

mSr'je-gortk 

mgr-jS'veti 

mOrUd' 

mO'r&n 

viGr'ro  di  pOr'ko 

mor-tdnif' 

mSr-ti'ri-i 

mOs'b<;^r^ 

mq'shel 

viOt-lsi.ih'ka 

mos'ku  (mnj'Ap^f) 

ml-zllei 

mS-zile' 

vii-sieu' 

mO-s'ievsk' 

mos'kt^-nQs 

mush'nnss 

mos-k'i'td 

VIOSS 

mos'sel-ska 
mqss'k'irch 
mOs-tt'ro 

Vtd-SQ^l' 

mS-ta'g^Qa 

m5'ting 

mOt'ka 

mO-tril' 

mot'ta 

Id  m&te 

Id  mOte  dr-shdr* 

Id  mDte  bO-vrong' 

mdl'td-la 

mou' k'i  kdk-s't 

m^Q-fdng' 

m<yQl 

dn'nan 

brt-lew' 

bin'^er 

mfji/ra 

mQQ-rd'o 

mou'rom 

m<ipr'i£-/j 

m^ti-e' 

Id  mfo^i-e' 

m(if-fi-j' 

m<!<f-zong' 

mO-lhd'kdr 

mSk-sd'ko 

viO'ya 

moi/-d-men'sing 
mO-idng-itkc'  or  mS-Uidm- 
mSz'dek  [*<'*{ 
mH'zyr 

mQ<f-chd'm'i-el 

Id  m<iQ~t'la 

m^^fd-lO't'i 

Id  m^g'ga 

mqg^'den 

mgQ-fhem' 

mgg'H{-rrss 

mgg^'lits 

mftt'bggr^ 

mdl'dgrf 

mft'/ra 

mO'lrn-bdlk 

mdl-kou'zcA 

m(>l'.<let 

moi'd^n 

moir'k'irk 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  eu,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  Final  ly,  French  I  mouUU.  — in" ger,  vi"cioas.  ^  as  «  in  pleasure ;  §  and  Ih  guttural ;  ny  \u\nid  ;  U      in  pitA. 


169* 


mil 


134i) 


PRONUNCIATlOiN  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Mukram,  (IVr.) 
iMiilu,  (Pen.) 
Mullicas,  (U.  S.) 
Miilzen,  (Prus.) 
Muiiiis,  (Pen.) 
Munchaltoif,  (Swilz.) 
Munciiberg,  (Ger.) 
Munchen,  or  Munich,  TGer.) 
iMuncliengrati,  (Austr.) 
Miinchmunster,  (Ger.) 
Munclnveiler,  (Switz.) 
Mtindelstrup,  (Den.) 
Mundo,  (R.)  r. 
iMuiieraj  (Pen.) 
Munich,  or  Munchen,  (Ger.) 
Miinilischvveiler,  (Switz.) 
Muiisingen,  (Switz.) 
Minister,  (Switz.  &  Ger.) 
Munsterber-;,  (Pru.s.) 
Miionio,  (R.)  r. 
Miionioniska,  (R.) 
-Muotla,  (Switz.) 
Murat,  (Fr.  &,  Switz.) 
Muravera,  ( It^ 
Murca,  (Pen.) 
Murcia,  (Pen.) 
Mnret,  (Fr.) 
Murg,  (Switz.) 
Murg,  (Ger.)  r. 
Muri,  (Switz.) 
Murmansk,  (R.)  mU 
Muro,  (It.) 
Murout^ee,  (Af.) 
Murten,  (Switz.) 
Murliialcn,  (Swiiz.) 
Murviedro,  (Pen.) 
Muscat,  (Ar.) 
Muschaken,  (Prus.) 
Muschau,  (Austr.) 
Muscina,  (Ausir.) 
Muscogee,  (U.  S.) 
Musingen,  (Switz.) 
Mu-;kau,  (Prus.) 
Muskingum,  (U.  S.) 
Musson,  (Netli.) 
Mussuniali,  (It.) 
Muttera,  (It.) 
Mutterstadl,  (Ger.) 
Muy,  le,  (Fr.) 
Muzillac,  (Fr.) 
Mysore,  (Intl.) 


ndi'krdiii 

inal'l'i-ftas 
viQQl'taen 

muH^k-dV  tqrf 

viunlh'  ber^ 

mun'i/ien 

mun'llteii-irrats 

jn  u  H  Ih-  Hi  ua'sier 

miinch-tn'lt'r 

7nQQn'  dH-atrg^'P 

muii'do 

m<}<}' ne-ra 

inu'n'ik 

mQg'  n'i-lish-vi  'Ur 

mQQii-zing'tn 

m  an^ster 

mfui'ster-ber^ 

vm-o'  n'i-o 

in  u-d-n'i-o-n'is'ka 

IIIQQ-Ot'ta 

ma-r'd' 
inQQ-rd-ve'ra 
viQQr'ka 
itiQQr'tH'i-a 
in  ii-re' 

mur'  mdnsk 

niQt^'ro 

viu-rout'see 

viQQr'thi 

mQQr'td-lhi 

TiiQi^r-v'i-e'dro 

vius-cdt' 

mnQUhd  ken 

mQQ-ch'i'na 

m  \is-kd  'jee 

viQQ'zing-ea 

mi^t^s'kuiL 

iitus-king-'um 

inus-song' 

mQQS-;>(JQ-md'l'i 

rriQQt'te-ra 
mQ(jt' ter-^tdt 
le  miii 

viu-zi-ydk'  or  mii-zil-ydk' 
my-sore' 


N. 


Naab,  (Gi-r.)  r. 
N:iarden,  (Xctli.) 
Naas,  (Ir.) 
Nabaja,  (Mex.)  r. 
Nabloiis,  or  Nabiilus,  (Syr.) 
Narlies,  (U.) 
Nachod,  (Austr.) 
Nacosdoclies,  New  and  j 

Old,  (Me.\.)  I 
Nacori,  (Mt!x.) 
Nadaco,  (iMex.) 
Nadvoitzka,  (it.) 
Naf.  ls,  (.Switz.) 
Najtansk,  (11.) 
Nanora,  (Pen.) 
Naatirrsk,  (R.) 
Naf;[itior,  (Ind.) 
Na^y  Almas,  (.\iistr.) 
Na;;y  liccskerk,  (Austr.) 
Nagy  Karuly,  (Austr.) 
Nasy  Koros,  (Austr.) 
Nasy  Varad,  or  Grnsa  i 

Wardeiti,  (Austr.)  j 
Nairybanga,  (.\ustr.) 
Nalianioura,  (.\».) 
Nahant,  (U.  S.) 
Nahr,  (Ger.)  r. 
Nairn,  (Scot.) 
Naitravutty  (Ind.) 
Najac,  (Fr.) 
Nakel,  (PrUB.) 
Nartii:hivan,  (R.) 
Narliitclievan,  (II.) 
Nakskov  (Oen.) 
Nalda,  (Pen.) 

Nania(;ualand,  Great,  (Af.) 
Naui:i(|ui|ia,  (.Mex.) 
Naniiire,  (Mcx.) 
Naniiszto,  ( Aiiatr.) 
Nain[iont,  (I''r.) 
Naniur,  (Neth.) 
NanaddrfjH,  (Mex.) 
Nanas,  (AuMtr.) 
Nanawale,  (Sandw.  IkI.) 
Nancaxaki,  (Jap.) 
Nankin,  (Cli.) 


ndbt 

ndr'ditn 

nace 

na-ha'cha 

nd'cfti-sse 
nd'Viod 

nd-hotr-ilo'^eas 

nd'lid'r'i 

nd-ild'ko 

ndd-voiti'ka 

na'fi'ls 

nd-trdiisk' 

nd'lU^-^a 

nd'  grrsk 

nodj  dl'wdt 
nndj  h^ch'krrk 
iwdj  kd-rolij' 
nodj  ko'ros 
nodj  vd'rnd 

nodj-hdn'ga 

nd-'ltd-mQQ'ra 

nd-hdnO 

niire 

nSrn 

nS-lrd^vut'ty 

nd-shdJi' 

nd'kH 

ndlh-tr.k'i' v'dn 
ndlh-itch'  e-vdn 
ndk'skdvc 
ndl'da 

nd-md'iTQQ-d-lditd 

nd-md-ki' pa 

ndm'brc 

nd-mi.i'to 

ndnir-prmg' 

nd  miirc' 

iid-iid-dO'r(S3C 

nd'nfls 

nd-nd-wd'lit 

ndni^-ira^sd'h'i 

nan-kin' 


.\annay,  (Fr.) 
.\aijtes,  (Fr.) 
iVantuckot,  (U.  S.) 
i\ao,  de  la,  (I'cu.)  ' 
Naohvyk,  (Netli.) 
.N'api,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Napier,  (Australia,)  mt. 
Naples,  or  Napoli,  (It.) 
Napouocli,  (U.  S.) 
Napoule,  (Fr.)  i;. 
Narboiiiir',  (Fr.) 
Nard(.,  (It.) 
Narenla,  ( Atislr.)  r. 
Narki'ubv,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Narni,  (U.) 
Naro,  (It.)  r. 
Narol,  (Austr.) 
Nurragauset,  (U.  S.) 
Narraguagus,  (U.  S.) 
Narrenbacli,  (Switz.) 
Narva,  (K.) 
Nashawn,  (U.  S.) 
Naslma,  (U.  S.) 
Nasbville,  (U.  S.) 
Naso,  (It.) 
Nassau,  (Ger.) 
Nassoge,  (Netli.) 
Nastctten,  (Ger.) 
Nastvig,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Natawasauga,  (U.  S.) 
Natdiaug,  (U.  S.) 
Natchituches,  (U.  S.) 
Naters,  (Switz.) 
Nattavare,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nauders,  (Austr.) 
Naugarten,  (Prus.) 
Naugatuck,  (U.  S.) 
NauMiburg,  (Prus.) 
Nauplia,  (Gr.)  g. 
Nauvoo,  (U.  S.) 
Nava,  (Pen.) 
Nava  de  Coca,  (Pen.) 
Navacerado,  (Pen.) 
Navaliermosa,  (Pen.) 
Navaboa,  (Me.t.) 
Navailles,  (Fr.) 
Navalacruz,  (Pen.) 
Navalcarnt^ra,  (Pen.) 
Navabnanzario,  (Pen.) 
NavalpiiKi,  (Pen.) 
NavaniKj,  (I  Jr.) 
Navarr.'i,  (Pen.) 
Navarre  and  Ucarn,  (Fr.) 
Navarreins,  (Fr.) 
Navas,  (Pen.) 
Navasdta,  (.\le.\.)  r. 
Nav.'ita,  (Pell.) 
Navidad,  I'mte  de,  (.Me,\.) 
Naville,  (Switz.) 
iXavinki,  (II.) 
NaVdbik,  (R.)  c. 
Naxia,  (.Mex.) 
Nazareth,  (Nclli.) 
Nazaid,  (Swit/..) 
Neagli,  Lougli,  (Ir.) 
Neant,  (Fr.) 
Ncbel,  (Den.) 
Neberlingen,  (Ger.) 
Nebo,  (Pal.)  mt. 
Neclies,  (LT.  S.) 
Neckar,  (Ger.) 
.Meckar  Elz,  (Ger.) 
Neckar,  Lower,  Middle, 

and  Upper,  (Ger.) 
Neckar,  r. 

Ned  Thomas,  (Mex.) 
Neder  Brakel,  (Neth.) 
Needen,  (Neth.) 
Neer,  (Neth.) 
NeeraiE,  (l)en.) 
Neflen,  (Switz.) 
Negino,  (R.) 
Ntgres,  les,  (Fr.) 
Negrete,  (Pen.)  c. 
Negrillo,  (Me.x.) 
Nei4.cnburg,  (Prus.) 
Neisse,  (Prus.) 
Neisse,  (Prus.)  r. 
Nellingeii,  (Ger.) 
Neinahaw,  (U.  S.) 
Neniethi,  (Austr.) 
Nemirov,  (11.) 
Ncmiscau,  (U.  S.) 
Nemours,  (Fr.) 
Nenagli,  (Ir.) 
Nenloille,  (Neth.) 
Neon,  (Switz.) 
Neosho,  (U.  a.) 
Nepaiil,  (Ind.) 
Nepiiinuceno,  (Mcx.) 
Neponset,  (U.  8.) 
Nera,  (Austr.)  r. 
Nerac,  (Fr.) 
NereHia,  (AuKtr.) 


itan-nd' 

ndngt 

ndii.-tuk'et 

d^  Id  nd'o 

na-ot'vike 

it  a' pi 

nd'pier 

nd'p^ts,  iia' pb-ti 
ndp'o-iutk 

ndr-hoitc' 

nar'du 

nd-riidia 

jidr'ktn-bu- 

ndr'n'i 

nd'ro 

nd'rol 

ndr-rd-gan'  .-id 

ndr-rd~^wa'  gits 

ndr'reiL-bdlk 

ndr'va 

ndsh-awn' 

ndsU'QQd 

ndslt'vil 

na'io 

nds'sou 

ndj-sd^e' 

na'  tittt-t.tn 

udst'vig 

iidt~d-wd-saii'  ga 

ndtch'aiig 

ndtch-'i-totch' es 

nd'ters 

ndt-td-vd're 

nuu'ders 

nuu-gdr'ten 

nan'  ga-tuck 

noum'  bQijr^ 

noii'pli-a 

iid'va 

nd'va  de  kd'ka 
jid-cd-tht-ra'  do 
na'vd-er-moUa 
nd-vd-d'a 

nd-cd-V  or  nd-vdly' 
nd'Vd'ld-krQijtTi' 
nd-  vdU  kar-ne'ra 
nd'VaV  mdn-thd'  no 
na-vdl-p'i'  no 
vd'Vd-ri'uo 
nd-vdr'ra 
7(a-rdr',  bi^-dr' 
nd-vdr~rdng' 

lid'  DOS 

nd-vd-sd'ta 

nd-vd'ta  /«; 

por'te  de  nd-v'i-ddd' 

nd-v'ilc' 

nd-viii'ki 

na'vQ-lOk 

nd'ik'i-a 

ndi'd-reth 

nd-dzd'ro 

lo^k  nu' 

jie-ang' 

ne'bH 

nc'b^r-l'ing'  in 
n^'bo 
nefr.k'Sz 
nek'dr 
nik'dr  ilts 

I  nek'dr 

nek'dr 

ned  tO'vtax 

ve'der  bra'kei 

nS'tUn 

n^rc 

n^rc'o 

nefthi 

ne-g'i'no 

le  nSgr' 

ne-gre'te 

nt~gr'il'yo  or  ne-gr'i'yo 

nt'den-bQQr^ 

nls'se 

nU'ae 

nel'ling-en 

ne-niaio'hato 

ne-jne't'{ 

ne'm'1-rOv' 

nC-mis'kau 

ne~mt)<jr' 

nc-nd' 

ndng-fdly'  or  ndng  fd  i 

ne-Gng' 

n£'o-sh6 

ne-qumV 

nf-pl)-mf<}-tltf;'  (-.<£')  no 

ue-pon'net 

ve'ra 

ne-rdk' 


.\erj:.,  (IVn.) 
Neniii),  (Pen.) 
Neroiules,  (Fr.) 
Nertchinsk,  (As.) 
Nesberg,  (Den.) 
Nescopeck,  (U.  .?.) 
Nesliaiiiiiiy,  (U.  S.) 
Neslianock,  (U.  S.) 
Ncsslau,  (Switz.) 
Nesteri,  (R.) 
Nesteiova,  (R.) 
Nesvij,  (R.) 
Netherlands 
Nether  Stowev,  (i;ii!.'.) 
Neto,  (It.)  r. 
Nettiinii,  (it.) 
Netz,  (Prus.)  r. 
Neuberg,  (.Austr.) 
Neurliah'l,  (Switz.) 
.\eurli:il.  I,  (-wilz.)  (. 

X<.-«>'l"rf.  (.-•«-!/..) 
NeucnlmrL',  (rni--.) 
Neuf  Urisaeh,  (Fr.) 
Neufehiteau,  (Fr.  &  Neth.) 
Neurehitel,  (Fr.) 
Neugedeyn,  (Aiislr.) 
Neiiiiaiis,  (Austr.) 
Neuhausen,  (Switz.) 
Nenille  Pierre,  (Fr.) 
Neukirch,  (Switz.) 
Neumark,  (Prus.) 
Neumarkt,  (Austr.) 
Neusiedler,  (.\ustr.)  (. 
Neusiedel,  (Austr.) 
NeiLstadt,  (Ger.  Prus.  6c  j 
Austr.)  j 
Neustaedtel,  (Prus.  &  Austr. 
Neustadtz,  (,'Viistr.) 
Nculra,  (Austr.) 
Neutra,  (Austr.)  r. 
Neuvie,  (Fr.) 
Neiiville,  (Switz.) 
Neuwedel,  (Prus.) 
Neva,  (R.) 

Nevada,  la  Sierra,  (Pen.) 
Nevel,  (R.) 
Nevers,  (Fr.) 
Neville,  (Mex.) 
Nevinna,  (R.) 
New  Asselt,  (Neth.) 
Newberry,  ur  Newbury,  i 
CU.  S.)  •  I 

New  Brunswick,  (Can.) 
Newcastle,  (Eng.) 
New  Echota,  (U.  S.) 
New  Fane,  (U.  S.) 
New  Granada,  (S.  .\n\.) 
New  Mexico,  (Mex.) 
New  Orleans,  (U.  S.) 
New  Paltz,  (U.  S.) 
New  Shoal,  (Mex.) 
Newent,  (Eng.) 
New  Koclielle,  (U.  S.) 
Nexel,  (Den.)  isL 
Nc.xoe,  (Den.) 
Ngateruaniii,  (N.  Zeal.) 
Ni  Karleby,  (R.) 
Niagara,  (Can.) 
Nianguin,  (East.  Isl.) 
Nicaragua,  (Mex.) 
Nicaragua,  (Mex.)  L 
Nice,  or  Nizza,  (It.) 
Nicobar,  (As.) 
Nicolaasga,  (Netli.) 
Nicouiedia,  (7'ur.) 
Nicolet,  (Can.) 
Nicoya,  (iMex.)  g. 
Nider  Kerschcn,  (Neth.) 
Nieder  Baiern,  (Ocr.) 
Niedersffld,  (Ger.) 
Niedcrwald,  (Swiiz.) 
Niederweiler,  (Swiiz.) 
Nienien,  (U.)  r. 
Niemirow,  (Austr.) 
Nienhcrg,  ((ier.) 
Nienhuic,  (Neth.) 
Nieswile,  (Neth.) 
Nieuport,  (Nelh.) 
Nieuwenooin,  (Neth.) 
Nieuwersluis,  (^Neth.) 
Nieuw[)Oort,  (Neth.) 
Nicuwveld  Hergen,  (Af.) 
Nievre,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Niger,  or  (iuorra,  (Af.) 
Niiliau,  (Sandw.  Isl.) 
Nikidsburg,  (Austr.) 
Nikolsk,  (U.) 
Nikoiidlis,  (Tur.) 
Nikouliiu),  ^K.) 
Nile  Hahrnil,  (Kg.) 
Nilghrrry,  (lud.)  ml. 
Ninons  (Neth.) 
Niokta,  (II.) 
NiouH,  (Fr.) 


mr'llia 

ntr'iti'O 

ne-rongd' 

ner'trk'insk 

HQfi'bvr^ 

nes-ko' prk 

Hfs-sham'i-ny 

n  ts'shd-nok 

ne.i'lou 

nrs'te-r'i 

nes-te~ro'ca 

nts'v'ij 

iii-tTi'  rr-lamU 

netk'e.r  atO'y 

ne'to 

ntt.^- 

noi'brr^ 

vni-ahd-iH'  Of  nm-sihh  fi  l' 

noi-shd'tiV  or  neit-shd-ii  V 

noi'dqrf 

noi'  fn-bq(yr^ 

jich  hr'i-z'dlif 

uek-shd-W 

n(^'shd-UO 

noi'  ge-dtne' 

noi'liuiLs 

voi'huu'ten  4gt 

vdil'i  or  pi-ere' 

noi'kir^.k 

lun'  mark 

jiid'indrkt 

vol'  iid'ler 

voi'a'i-dtl 

noi'stdt 

)noi'std-ttl 
noi'stdts- 
noi'tra 
voi'tra 

neh-rj!e' 

iiui've'dil 

rte'ra 

Id  s'l-er'rd  ne-vti'dd 
ii^-rere' 

jie-vtlr\  Tte~v'ii'yr  or  ue- 

nui  ds'sHi 

nu'ber^y 

nu  brunz'ik 
nn'kas-s''l 
nit  e-tchd't'd 
nu  fane 
nu  grd-nd'da 
nu  me'lh'i-ko 
nu  or'le-dnz 
nu  paltz 
nit  A-hoal 
nu'hit 
nu  rdshH' 
nek's  el 
nfks'clil 

ngd'te-ru-d-nu-'i 
nu  kdr'le-hu 

n'i-d' gd-ra  or  ni-dg'a-ra 

n'i-dn-gn'in 

n'i'kd-rd'gQ^a 

n'i'kd-rd'gQ^a 

n'ise 

nik-o-b'dr' 

ni'kd-lds'  ga 

n'i-kd-mS'di-d 

ni~k5-le' 

n't-kd'ija 

ni'dtr  ki'rs'ken 

n'i'dfir  bl'ern 

n'i'ders-frlt 

n'i'der-vdlt 

n'i'der-vVUr 

vie-nu'ro  (-r^if/) 

ni'  hi-ber^ 

ni'  hi-hoik 

niS'i^VIe 

n  at' port 

noi'  rt^-n'nn 

7ioi'ri^r-^l<>is 

iioi'port 

uoi'felt  bi^r'ghi 

n'i-hcr' 

nl'jrr 

n'i-'i-hou' 

ni' kols-bqqr^ 

ni'kdhk 

ni-kqp'o-lis 

ui-k'iii-li'no 

v'llc  hdr-nil 

viV  ghrr-ry 

n'i-nOre' 

nyOk'ta 

ni-Ong' 


i  FUlCyf  artfully  wl'<ft,  bdU — MiUy  prgiy,  hilp^  iMrt^  Mr.  —  Plne^  marine,  b\rdyfig,~JsrQte,  d9ve,  7?ifft)e,  ioq^,  bQQk,  Iqrd. —Tnne^  bjtU,  ^iiiic  — Fr.  long  vHe;  Fr.  short  fcut.— 


I3.S0 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Niorl,  (Fr.) 
Nipliiin, 

Nipissihg,  (N.  Am.; 
Nisliiii  lPiitiina,  (U.  S.) 
.Nisi,  (It.) 

NHliayuna,  (U.  S.) 
Nissci'lal,  (fc.  Pun.) 
Nissila, 

Nissiinj,  { Hi'ii.) 
Nissiini  KjunI,  (I) .11.) 
Nislelrode,  (Nctli.) 
Nisiie  Point,  (Can.) 
Niulu,  (Saiidw.  Isl.) 
Nivelles,  (.Nctli.) 
Nivernois,  f  I'r.) 
Niza,  (Pen.) 
Ni/.al.ad,  (1!.) 
Nizam,  (Ind.) 
NizainpaCam,  (Ind.) 
Nizil),  (Syr.) 
Nizmow,  (Aiistr.) 
Nizsra,  (Anstr.) 
Nizza,  or  Nice,  Qt.) 
Njiirunda,  (.'^c.  Pen.) 
Nohle  .Mt.  (Swilz.) 
Ni)l)l()sli)ka,  (K.) 
Nobrc,  la,  (I'r.) 
Nocera,  (It.) 
Nod,  (Switz.) 
Nods,  (Swit/..) 
Not',  '  Fr.) 
Nogent,  (Fr.) 
Nogcnt  snr  Seine,  (Fr.) 
Nojjiiora  PalliTesa,  (Pen.)  r. 
No^nera,  (Pen.)  r. 
.Noireniont,  ( Fr.) 
Noirelalilc,  (Fr.) 
Niiirinont,  (Switz.) 
Noirniuntier,  (Swiiz.) 
N..ja,  (It.) 
Noli,  (11.) 
.\olin>li, 
.N'oniao,  (Pen.) 
Nonihre  de  Dius,  (.'*!e\.) 
.Nona,  '.\nstr.) 
.N'onanconrt,  (Fr.) 
Xonant,  (Fr.) 
Noord  llorp,  (Netli.) 
Noord  Dyk,  (N.tli.) 
.\(«ird!iroi!k,  (Neth.) 
N.iotdur|>,  (Xetll.) 
Nora,  (He.  Pen.) 
.\iirliers,  (Su.  Pen.) 
.Vorcia,  (It.) 
.Nord,  (Fr.)  <lri>. 
.N'l.rilal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ni>rdl)orjj,  (Den.) 
.Nordhye,  (Uen.) 
.\ord/nliroc,  (Den.) 
Nordtield,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nurdlian^en,  (Prus.) 
Nordiand,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nurdnialinge,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
.Nordslrand,  (Den.)  isl. 
Nordwyk,  (.Netli.) 
Norenbnrjr,  (Prus.) 
Norfolk,  (Can.  &  Eng.) 
Norges,  (Fr.) 
Noriili,  (Neth.) 
Nurre  Vasborg,  (Den.) 
Norregaard,  (Den.) 
Norridgewock,  (U.  S.) 
Norrkoeping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Norrlelge,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Norte,  del,  (.Mex.) 
Northumberland,  (Eng.  i 
Can.  Australia)  j 
Nortong,  (Den.) 
Nornp,  (Den.) 
Norwalk,  m.  S.) 
Norway,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Norwich,  (U.  S.) 
Notaro,  (II.) 
Noto,  (It.) 
Nolo  Antico,  (It.) 
Notozero,  (K.) 
Nottinghamshire,  (Eng.) 
Nouan,  (Fr.) 
Nouan  Ic  Fnzilier,  (Fr.) 
Noucha.  (R.) 
Nonvelle,  la,  rFr.) 
Nouvion,  (Fr.) 
Nova,  (Pen.) 
Novallo,  (Pen.) 
Novalmoral,  (Pen.) 
.\o\';»niiesto,  (R.) 
.Nova  Scdtia,  (N.  Am.) 
Novara,  (It.) 
.\ovei;no,  (It.)  mt. 
Novelda,  (Pen.) 
.Novensk,  (R.) 
Noventa,  (It.) 
.\4iV!:orod,  (R.) 
Nuvi,  (U.) 


n'i-Sre' 

iii.'lh-nc-ba-tii'lta 
liVii 

nis'st-ddic' 

lih*s(jiytll  ftjQrd 

lils'trl-ri'iie 

nt-M' 

"''-9P''«9 

nt-cSlr' 

n'i-ver-nwa' 

ni'thtt 

n'i'id'htid 

ni'zfim 

it'i-zdin'pa-tdm 
ii'i'zib 

n'i.t/i'mo  (-inflft/") 

n'i'sfira 

nit'za 

nyu-rqQn'da 

n6-hlD-iilu'kix 

Id  iiSbr 

no'cke-ra 

vod 

nod  J 

nO 

nu'^diiir  Atr  sane 

itS-^re'ra  pdl-ye-r^'sa 

nO-j^t'ra 

nrcdr-iHunir' 

nwdr-td!)V 

jiindr-moiiirf 

itu'iia 
nO'li 
no-litisk' 
nS-;iid'o 

n5ia'bre  dt^  di'o.-i 
n5'na 

nG~itdiiir' 
nurd  dorp 
nOrd  dike 
nurd'brQ^k 
nute'dorp 

nbr'brrg 

nDr'tckti 

nure 

nor'ddle 

nord'  bgr§ 

nord'bu 

nqr'den-br5 

nOrd'fiiHd 

nnrl-hou'zen 

nqrd'ldnd 

nord'md'rirt^  e 

nqrd'tttrdnd 

nnrt'vlkc 

nd'ren-b^^r^ 

nnr'fok 

nGr.^he 

vqr're  vih'bqr^ 
nqr're-aQrde 
■nqr-ruiy  uk 
nqr-ch^'ping 
vqr-teVye 
del  ndr'te 

I  nor-lkum'ber-ldnd 

nor'tong 

nd'rQQp 

nor'icqk 

nqr'tcS 

Com.  nor'ridje 

no'td'ro 

nS'to 

nO'to  iiti-t'i'ko 
nS-t5'ze-ro 
■nut'tinrr-hamsh'ire 
rxjif-dng' 

nnQ-ditif'  1(1  fn-t't-U-t' 

nou'fha 

Id  n^Q-v^Ie' 

nt^Q-v'iqng' 

itb'va 

nS-vdl'vo 

nO-vdl'mB^dt' 

nO-vd-mtjeci'to 

nO'va  skO'sh'i-a 

nO-vd'ra 

nO-ren'yo 

nS-vel'da 

nu'veitsk 

nO-veiiUa 

nQv'  gd-rod 

nQ'c'i 


Noville,  (Neth.) 
Novo  Rielitsa,  ili.) 
Novogrodek,  (R.) 
Novoselitsa,  (U.) 
Novo  Tcherkask,  (R.) 
Nowawei.i,  (Priis.) 

Noive  Mia.slow,  (Austr.) 

Nowysaiidek,  (Austr.) 

Noya,  (Pen.) 

Noyer,  (Fr.) 

Noyer,  le,  (Fr.) 

Noyon,  (Fr.) 

Nueces,  (Mev.) 

Nuenbrach,  (Den.) 

Nueva,  (Pen.) 

Nueva  Leon,  (Me.\.) 

Xufenen,  (Switz.) 

Nuggur,(Ind.) 

.N'uits,  (Fr.) 

Nulegan,  (IJ.  S.) 

Nules,  (Pen.) 

Nnllize,  (Fr.) 

Nnlvi,  (It.) 

IVumspcet,  (Neth.) 

Nuinen,  (.Neth.) 

Nuovo,  (It.) 

.Nuovo,  (It.)  c. 

Niira,  (It.) 

Nura,  (It.)  r. 

Nnralleo,  (It.) 

Nuremberg,  or  Nuernberg, 

(Oer.) 
Nurlingcn,  (Gcr.l 
Nurmansljecr,  (Per.) 
Nurmi's,  (R.) 

Nuernberg,  cr  Nuremberg, 
(Ger.) 

Nurva  StetThest,  (.\ustr.) 
Nusairiyeli,  (Syr.) 
Nus|)lingen,  (Ger.) 
Nusti'ru|i,  (Den.) 
Nutrias,  (Me.\.) 
Nuyts,  (Fr.) 
Nv.ack,  (U.  S.) 
Nyby,  (Sc.  Pi  n.) 
Nyeborg,  (Den.) 
Nyebye,  (Di'n.) 
Nyegaard,  (Den.) 
Nvekiuebing,  (Den.) 
Nykerk,  (Neth.) 
Nykoeping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Nyon,  (Switz.) 
Nvslott,  (R.)  ■ 
Nystad,  (R.) 
Nyszas,  (Tur.) 
Nyvir  Batos,  (Austr.) 


nd-v'ile' 

nCt'vo  bij^-tit'sa 
n6'vo-irr5'dek 
nO'vSst-itt'sa 
nC'iu}  tcher'kdsk 
n^>'  vii-vls 
\  n&'ve  midi'tO  or  /j^^'wff 

nO-v'i-.idn'drk 

uO'tja 

nO-ij^' 

Id  itO-ijc' 

nwU-yqvg' 

v^o^'ihesse  (sfsse) 

nu'en-brdik 

ntjfte'va  le-One' 

vt^t^'fe-nhi 

liutr'  g'^r 

iiit-'i' 

nul'e-gan 

nQQ'lisse 

n  ill-l'izc' 

nt^<;l'v'f 

7i<^(^m' spSte 

ni,(j'meii 

nQQ-0'i'o 

itcQ-d'eo 

nQQ-rdt-le'o 

I  uq(^'rem-ber^ 

v^Qr'Ung-^il 
liur'  iiian-sUecr 


I  itHrn'ber^ 

nQQr'va  slejf'ht'tiht 
nfi-sik-fi' iji 
n(i^ii'  pting-eii 

7H^(^s' te-TQQp 

Hon-tr'i'as 

vit'i 

vi'ak 

nti'bii 

nii'bor^ 

nil'bii 

nd'gurde 

liu-kii^'biiig 

nVkerk 

nii-chvh'ping 

vSi-Ong 

nii'slot 

nu'stdil 

ny'is'sds 

ny'i'v'ir  bd'tos 


0. 


Oahu,  (S.  Isl.) 

Oasis,  Great,  Lesser,  and 

Western,  (Eg.) 
0.i.\aca,  (Mex.) 
Ob  Furen,  (Switz.) 
Obenberg,  (.\ustr.) 
Ober  Itaiern,  (Ger.) 
Ober  Franken,  ((;.  r.) 
Ober  Saclisen,  (Switz.) 
Oberlangen,  (Ger.) 
Oberniki,  (Prus.) 
Ober  Pfalz,  and  Regcns- 

herg,  (Ger.) 
Oberstein,  (Ger.) 
Ot)ertin,  (Austr.) 
Oberwald,  (Switz.) 
Oborweiler,  (.Switz.) 
Obidos,  (Pen.) 
Obidos,  Lago  de,  (Pen.) 
Obodovka,  (R.) 
Obra,  (Prus.)  r. 
Obricsii,  (Austr.) 
Obrovaszo,  (Austr.) 
Ocana,  (Pen.) 
Orana,  Porto  de,  (S.  Am.) 
Occia,  (It.)  r. 
Occoquaw,  (U.  S.) 
Oceanica 
Oceola,  (U.  S.) 
Ochiltree,  (Scot.) 
Ochmiani,  (R.) 
Och.senfurth,  (Ger.) 
Ochten,  (Neth.) 
Ocker,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ocmulgee,  (U.  S.) 
Ocoa,  (\V.  Ind.)  b. 
Oconee,  (U.  S.) 
Ocosioga,  (Mex.) 
Ocraroke,  (U.  S.) 
Ocroni,  (Mcx.) 


nd'hqi) 

•  S-H'sis 

6'd-^ha'kn 
Op  fyg'ren 
u'beit'brr^ 
H'ber  bVcrn 
u'ber  frdiik'en 
O'ber  zdk'sen 
u'her-ldng'  en 
O'ber-n'i'k'i 

i U'ber  pf  dJts,  r£'gens- 

B'brr-sttnc 

u'ber-t'ine 

6'ber-vdlt' 

o'ber-vi'ter 

S-b't'dos 

Id' go  de  O-b'i'do.-i 

v-bd-dov'ka 

Q'bra 

a' brisk 

u-brO-v'ds'sQ 

0-kd'na 

pSr'to  de  H-kU'nn 

vt'tcha 

ok'kO-kwaw 

G-sht-dii''i-kd 

e-se-S'la 

5-kil'tree 

6tch-m'i-d'n'i 

oz'en-fQQrt' 

olh'ten 

ok'ker 

vk-mulg'ee 

5-  ka'a 
u-kO'nee 
d-kb-^t-d'^ra 
ok'rn  kOke 

6-  krO'ni 


Ocsod,  (/Viistr.) 
Octinarsuin,  (Neth.) 
Oddain,  (Den.) 
Oddi  n,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
tideniira,  (Pen.) 
Odeiise,  (Den.) 
Odcrberg,  (Pnis.) 
Odor,  (Prus.)  r. 
Odesei.\a»,  (Pen.) 
Odessa,  (R.) 
Odiel,  (Pen.)  r. 
Odivar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Odoorn,  (Neth.) 
Oebringen,  (Ger.) 
Ocdenburg,  (.\nslr.) 
Ociras,  (Pen.)  r. 
Oeland,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isl. 
Oels,  (Prus.) 
Oesel,  (R.)  isl. 
Oetting,  (Ger.) 
Ol'anlo,  (It.)  r, 
Ol'en,  or  liuda,  (Austr.) 
Ollenlierg,  (Ger.) 
Otl'erdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
OlVer  Kali.v,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ol'ver  Hogdal,  (Sc.  Pen.l 
Ogeechee,  (L'.  S.) 
Oglethorpe,  (U.  S.) 
Ogliastro,  (It.) 
Ogliastro,  (It.j  mt. 
Oglio,  (It.)  r. 
Ogogmi,  (It.) 
Ohiau,  (Ger.) 
Ohof,  (Ger.) 
Oiat,  (R.)  r. 
Oignon,  (Fr.)  r. 
Oise,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Oisc,  (Fr.)  r. 
Ojo  de  Agua,  (Mex.) 
Ojo  Caliente,  (Mex.) 
Ojos  Orientales,  (.Mex.) 
Ojos  de  la  Yunia,  (.Mex.) 
Oka,  (R.)  r. 
Ochansk,  (R.) 
Okhotsk,  (As.) 
Okkenbroek,  (Neth.) 
Olaa,  (S.  Isl.) 
Olalla,  Sta,  (Pen.) 
Olant,  (Den.)  isl. 
01  irques,  (Fr.) 
Olchansk,  (R.) 
Oldehoorn,  (.Neth.) 
Oldedyk,  (Ger.) 
Oldelemuier,  (Neth.) 
Olden,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Oldenbroek,  (.Neth.) 
Oldenburg,  (Ger.  &.  Den.) 
Oldenzaal,  (Xetli.) 
Oldesloh.  (Den.) 
Olento,  (It.)  r. 
Oliron,  (Fr.) 
Oleron,  (Fr.)  Ljl. 
Oletta,  (It.) 
Oletzko,  (Prus.) 
Olginate,  (It.) 
Oliana,  (Pen.) 
Oliena,  (It.) 
Olimojn,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 
Olitta,  (R.) 
Oliva,  (Prus.  Pen.) 
Olivares,  (Pen.) 
Olivcnza,  (Pen.) 
Olivone,  (Switz.) 
Olchonen,  (R.) 
Olla,  (Switz.) 
Ollendorf,  (Ger.) 
Olleria,  (Pen.) 
Olmedilla,  (Pen.) 
Olmedo,  (Pen.) 
Olmeto,  (It.) 
Olmi,  (lu) 
Olmutz,  (Austr.) 
Olonelz,  (U.) 
Olschar,  (Austr.) 
Olst,  (Neth.) 
Olstead,  (Den.) 
Olslvkkc,  (Den.) 
Ohialu,  (S.  Isl.) 
Olnla  del  Rio,  (Pen.) 
Olvera,  (Pen.) 
Olvmpus,  (Per.  Tur.)  nt^ 
Oiiiahaw,  (U.  S.) 
Oman,  (As.) 
Oman^s,  (Pen.) 
Ombria,  (It.)  • 
Ombrone,  (It.)  r. 
Omeano,  (It.) 
Omessn,  (It.) 
Ometeque,  (.Mex.) 
Ommen,  (.Neth.) 
Oiuoa,  (.Nlex.) 
Onioc,  (Den.)  i.-/. 
OinonvdUj  (Fr.) 
OnitH>mpanoosuc 


otch'qd 

ukt  mdr-SQipn 

qd'ddm 

od'den 

&-ile-mi'ra 

O'den-iiz 

6'der-ber^ 

O'der 

6-dt-s1'ihaa 

0-iles'sa 

6-dt-et' 

O-di-vdr' 

O'dGriie 

^'  bring-en 

^'deri-b^^r^ 

e-l'rds 

A'Idnd 

(J  is 

eii'sel 

Al'ting 

a-fdii'to 

6' fen 

qf-fen-ber§ 

qffrr-dalc 

O'rer  ka'lii 

O'ver  hbg'ddle 

O-gcc'tchce 

og'le-thqrpe 

6l-yds'lro 

6l-yds'tro 

Ol'yo 

0-gbn'yu 

5' toil 

O'ho  f 

D'ydl 

Gn-ynng* 

vdte  or  odie 

wd<e  or  od.*c 

O'iho  de  d' gi^t>a 

a'iho  kd-U-rH'te 

ahos  b-fi-en-td'tiise 

O'ihos  de  Id  iiQ^ii'ta 

u'ka 

Bfkdnsk' 

0-  ihoLsk' 
uk'krn-brQ^k 

1-  ld'd 

sdn'ta  b-ldl'tia 

O'ldnt 

0-lark' 

Ol'tclidnsk 

vl'de-horne 

dl'dl-dlke 

at'de-lern'mer 

bl'den 

ol'den-brbk' 

vl'den~bQ^r^ 

Ol'den-zalc' 

Ijl'desse4d' 

O'leti'to 

6-lt-rdng' 

d-le-rOng' 

o-lel'ta 

5-  leLs'ko 
61-ji-na'ti 
O-tt-d'na 

6-  li-ti'na 
0-U-mO'y^Q 
6-tit'ta 
B-ti'ra 
o-ti-vd'resse 
G-ti-cen'tlla 

0-  ti-vi'ne 

01-  lho'nin 
5l'la 

ql-len-dnrf 

Ol-yf'ri-a 

Gl-me-dil'ya 

bl-me'dii 

dl-me'lo 

Sl'mt 

ql'miits 

B'lB-netz' 

nl-shdr' 

oht 

ql'.iltd 

nl-stik'ki 

6-lt^Q-d'lvQ 

b'll^i^rda  del  r'i'o 

Ol-re'ra 

bMw'pits 

om'a-litiw 

O-mnn 

6-md'nds 

Bm'bri-a 

0in-br5'ns 

S-mc'd-na 

b-meysa 

0-me-t('k^ 

Bm'men 

O-mO'a 

Bm'A 

B-mBng-v'iW 
om-pqin-pa-n^'snk 


Fr.  lung  ^  and  short  e&,  nearly  ns  in  spur.  —  Final  bj,  French  /  mouilte.  —  An"geT,  vVdous.  —  g  as  «  in  pleasure;  ^  and  Ih  smtural ;  ny  liquid  ;  th  as  in  pitK. 


i:!5i 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  -NAMES. 


Onabas,  (^lex.) 
Ondarroa,  (Fen.) 
Oiiilava,  (Austr.)  r 
Oneia,  (R.) 
Oiieaa,  (R.) 
Oiieira,  (R  )  I.  &  r. 
Oneclia,  (It.) 
Oneida,  (U.  S.) 
Oneonta,  (U.  S  ) 
Onod,  (Austr.) 
Onondaga,  (U.  S.) 
Ontario,  (U.  P.) 
Onteniente,  (Pen.) 
Ooltgenspladt,  (Netli.) 
Oonalaslika,  (As.)  isl. 
Oordegheni,  (Neth.) 
Oorfa,  (Tur.) 
Oostcamp,  (Xetli.) 
Oostcr  Blokkcr,  (IS'eth.) 
Oostcr  Leek,  (Netli.) 
Oostcrliesselt,  (Neth.) 
Oosterliout,  (Netli.) 
Oosternieer,  (Netli.) 
Oosterwohle,  (Netli.) 
Oostenvyk,  (Netli.) 
Oostliiiisen,  (Netli.) 
Oo>tinahorn,  (Neth.) 
Opdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Oprlousas,  (U.  S.) 
Opliir,  (East.  Isl.)  mt. 
Oploo,  (Neth.) 
Opoe/jio,  (R.) 
Oporto,  (Pen.) 
Oposura,  (Mex.) 
Oppa,  (Prus.)  r. 
Oppeln,  (Prus.) 
Oppenheim,  (Ger.) 
Oppcrdoes,  (Neth.) 
Oppido,  (It.) 
Opstad,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Opwych,  (Neth.) 
Opyiien,  (Netli.) 
Oqiiawka,  (U.  S.) 
Orabovirza,  (Austr.) 
Orada,  (Pen.) 
Orange,  (Fr.) 
Orani,  (It.) 

Oranienbaum,  (R.  &  Ger.) 
Oranienburg,  (Prus.)  r. 
Orba,  (It.)  r. 
Orbe,  (Switz.) 
Orbe,  (Switz.)  r. 
Orbeval,  (Fr.) 
Orbey,  (Fr.) 
Orliitello,  (It.) 
Orbve,  (Den.) 
Orca,  (It.)  T. 
Orcha,  (R.) 
Orchamps,  (Fr.) 
Orciano,  (It.) 
Ordona,  (It.) 
Ordiina,  (Pen.) 
Ore,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Oerebro,  (Se.  Pen.) 
Oerecrund,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Oeresund,  (.Sr.  Pen.) 
Oreenn,  (U.  S.) 
Orellana,  (Pen.) 
Orenburg,  (R.) 
Orgarraja,  (Pen.) 
Orgialo,  (It.) 
Orniano,_(It.) 
Orson,  (Fr.) 
Oria,  (Pen.  It.) 
Orient,  (Fr.) 
Oriiiny,  (Fr.) 
Oribiiela,  (Pi  n.) 
Orini.itila,  (R.) 
Orinoco,  (S.  Am.) 
Oriskany,  (U.  S.) 
Orissa,  (Pen.) 
Oristagno,  (It.) 
Oristano,  fit.) 
Orizaba,  (Mex.) 
Orjiba,  (Pen.) 
Orkcl,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Orlamunde,  (Ger.) 
Orlando,  (It.)  c. 
Orlcannois,  (Fr.) 
Orlfeann,  (Fr.) 
Orliana,  (Can.)  isi 
Orloir,  (Prus.) 
Orlov,  (R.) 
Orinsjue,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Onniis,  (-niuz,)  (Per.) 
Ornaso,  (It.) 
Orne,  (Fr.)  drf. 
Orne,  (Fr.)  r. 
Oro  Ilcrnina,  fSwitz.)  mt. 
Oronwo,  (8.  Am.) 
Oronten,  (Syr.) 
OriHiiniah,  or  irrmiah,  (Per. 
Oroix'iia,  (Pen.) 
Oroxbaza,  (Auiitr.) 


d-v'd'bfis 
oii-ildr-To'a 
dn-dd'va 
o~ne'tra 

5-tie'fra 

d-ni'Vya 

o-iii'fia 

d-nc-on'ta 

ohiGil 

on-ov-dint'  ga 

oH-ta'r'i-o 

on-tp-in-eii'te 

olt'lhhis-pldl 

^Q-iid-td<h'!i-a 

or'de-g^m 

Qnr'fa 

o.^t'kdmp 

5.<t'er  hlqh'ker 

imt'  er-hes'  sHt 

ost'  yr-jTiere 
ost'er-vol'de 
ost'  er-rV:c 
ost/  hoi'  zrn 
dst'vid'horne 
up'ddle 

v'f'ire 
dp'lo 

d-po-ez'710 

o-por'to 

o-pQ'SQQ'ra 

op'pa 

op'peln 

gp'phi-Jilvie 

qp' prr~dQt^s 

qp-p'i'do 

np'sf-dd 

op'vllh 

op-Vn^n 

o-quaw'kd 

d-rd-b5~v'it'clia 

o-rd'da 

o-rdnn-sk' 

o-rd'n'i 

o-r'd'  n'i-^it-houm' 

o-r'd-ni-in-hqnr^ 

or'ba 

or'be 

or'bg 

crb-vdV 

or~ba' 

or-b'i-tel'lo 

or'bti 

or'ka 

or'tclut 

or-i-hdtiff' 

or-tcbd'no 

or-dd'na 

or-dQQ'na 

o'rt 

^We-bro' 
^'rf-gr<^l^nd' 

qr'c-iron  or  5're-gun. 

o-rrl-yd'ua 

0'  r^n-bi^or^ 

or-irdr-rd'iha 

or~jd'lo 

ur-jd'no 

or~troiig' 

6'ri-a 

5-  rV-dn<T' 

5'r'i-b^Q-f'Ia 
d'rt-md-t'i'la 
o-ft-no'ko 

0-  ri.'i'ka-ny 

1-  r'i.i-tdn'yo 
0-ris-td'iio 

6-  ri-lhd'  {-sd')  ba 
5r-lh'i'ba 

Sr'kH 

Or-td-m^'Qll'de 

Or-hln'da 

6r-lfi-dn-jtwa' 

Cr-l'r'dnir' 

Br-lt-d'na 

Sr'Inf 

tir'lqv 

or'  milt 
6r-nd'zo 
Orne 
Orne 

&'ro  bf-r-n'i'na 
6-ron-o'ko 
ti-rqn'tf.z 
)  ^Q^qq'm't-ah 

B-ria-hd'ta 


Oroszi,  (Au.str.) 
Orsay,(Fr.) 
Orsieres,  (Switz.) 
Orsk,  (R.) 
Orsova,  (.Austr.) 
Orsova,  (It.)  mt. 
OrteEal,  (Pen.)  c. 
Ortelsbiirg,  (Prus.) 
Ortcnburi:,  (Ger.) 
Ottilia,  (Pen.) 
Ortler,  (It.)  mt. 
Ortona,  (It.) 
Orviepann,  (It.) 
Orvieto,  (It.) 
Orzinovi,  (It.) 
Orzio,  (It.) 
Osa,  (R.) 

Osa  de  la  Vega,  la,  (Pen.) 
0.sage,  (U.  S.) 
Osch,  (Netli.) 
Oschatz,  (Ger.) 
Oschiri,  (It.) 
Osen,  (.Sc.  Pen.) 
Osilo,  (It.) 
Osima,  (As.)  isl. 
Osma,  (Pen.) 
Osnabrueck,  (Ger.) 
Osnabiirg.  (Ger.) 
OsoL'iia,  (Switz.) 
Osoli,  (Mex.) 
Osopo,  (It.)  fl. 
Osperin,  (Neth.) 
Oi!sa,  (Prus.)  r. 
Ossendrecht,  (Neth.) 
Ossenisse,  (Neth.) 
Ossipee,  (U.  S.) 
Ostachkov,  (R.) 
Oste,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ostelsheim,  (Ger.) 
O.stende,  (Neth.) 
Oster,  (R.) 
Osterburg,  (Prus.) 
Osterbye,  (Den.) 
Ostergarn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ostergarnsholni,  (Sc.  Pen. 
Osterode,  (Prus.  &.  Ger.) 
Ostersund,  (Sr.  Pen.) 
Osterwyk,  (Prus.) 
Ostia,  (It.) 
Ostiaks,  (As.) 
Ostiano, 

Ostlaiul.  (.N  th.) 
Ostritz,  (Gi:r.) 
Ostrometzo,  (Prus.) 
Ostrovizza,  (Austr.) 
Ostula,  (Mex.) 
Osuna,  (Pen.) 
Oswegatchie,  (U.  S.) 
Oswego,  (U.  S.) 
Oszlan,  (Austr.) 
Otaheite,  or  Tahiti,  (Soc. 

Isl.) 
Otar,  (R.) 
Otopakov,  (R.) 
Otranto,  (It.) 
Otsego,  (U.  S.) 
Otta,  (It.) 
Ottawa,  (Can.) 
Ottawa,  (Can.)  co. 
Ottawa,  (Can.)  r. 
Ottenbach,  (Switz.) 
Ottenhavn,  (Ger.) 
Otteriidorf,  (Ger.) 
Ottobeiiren,  (Ger.) 
Ottochatz,  (Austr.) 
Ouachita,  (U.  S.) 
Oucha,  (R.) 
Ouchamir,  (R.) 
Oudc,  (Ind.) 
Oiide  Mardum,  (Netli.) 
Oudega,  (.Veth.) 
Oiideholtwoude,  (Netli.) 
Oudenarde,  (Neth.) 
Oiidenbusrh,  (Neth.) 
Oiidcnburg,  (Netli.) 
Oudenhorst,  (Nelh.) 
Ouderkerk,  (Neth.) 
Oudewater,  (Neth.) 
Oiidon,  (Switz.) 
Oufa,  (R.) 
Oiifa,  (R.)  r. 
Ouglilch,  (R.) 
Oiigor,  (R.) 
Ouinson,  (Fr.) 
Ouisconsin,  (U.  S.) 
Oiij,  (R.)  r. 
Ouclita,  (R.)  r. 
Oiilrliy,  Ic  Chatel,  (Fr.) 
Oulino,  (R.) 
Online,  (Vr.) 
Our,  (.Nelh.)  r. 
Oiiral,  or  ITral,  (R.)  mt. 
Ouralsk,  (R.) 
Ourdabad,  (R.) 


d-rds's'i 
or-sa' 
or-si-ere' 
orsk 
dr-so'va 
dr-so'va 
dr'te-gdl' 
qr'tels-bi^t^r^ 
qr'ten-bqi^r^ 
dr-t'H'ya 
Ort'Ur 
or-td'na 
dr'v'i-e-pd'no 
dr-v'i-e'to 
(jr'dzi-vd'v'i 
or'di'i-O 
o'sa 

Id  o'sa  de  Id  re'ga 
o'sdje 
qsk 

0' shots 
os-k'i'r'i 
o'sen 
o-si'lo 
o-s'i'via 
ds'ma 
os'nd-bruk 
ds'iid-bqi^r^ 
d-son'ya 
5-sd'ti 
5-sS'po 
os-pe-r'ine' 
qs'sa 

os'sen-dre^ht' 
os'se-n'is'se 
qs's'i'pee 
ost-dtch'kov 
os'te 

os'tels-klme 
os~thi'de 
os'ter 

os't^r-bqqr^ 
5s'ter-bii 
5s'ter-gdm 
)  os'ter-frdriis-hqim.' 
Os'fe-rd'de 
5s'ter-si^i^7id' 
Os'ter-vJke 
ds'ti-a 
os'ti-dJcs 
os-t'i-d'no 
Sst'ldnd 
os'tfits 
os-tro^ft'so 
os-tro  -v'i'sha 
os'tqq-la 

oS'We-gatch'y 
os-we'go 
os'ldn 

I  o-ta-hite',  td'h'i't'i 

5-tdri 
o-tS-pd'kov 
5-trdn'to 
ot-sS'go 
dt'ta 

I  ot'td-ica  or  ol'ta-wS 

qt'ten-bdth 
ql'ten-hine' 
qt'thn-dorf 
qt't6-boi'ren 
qt'td-fkdts 
ppd-  (7cd-)  shit'ta 
ou'cha 
ou'chd-vtir' 
ou'de 

oii'de  mdr'dq^n 
ou-de'  ga 
ou'de-hqit'vou'de 
ou'tle-nar'de 
ou'dhl'bi^ti.^c' 
oit'dht'bQQr^ 
ou'dfii-horst 
ou'der-kfrk' 
ou'de-vd'ter 
m-ding' 
ou'fa 
oii'fa 
ou' glitch 
ou'gur 
t^Q-dng-sGng' 
p(i£s-  {mis-)  kun'sin 

Ollj 

oulh'ta 

Wl-.ilii'  Ve  sliO^tiV 
ou-tt'no 
fQine 
VV 

oil'  (pp')  ral 
ou'ralsk 
our-dd-bdd' 


Ourdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ourte,  (Nelh.)  r. 
Oiisa,  (R.) 
Ousa,  (R.)  r. 
Oust  Pojog,  (R.) 
Oust  Svsolsk,  (R.) 
Oust  Tsylemska,  (R.) 
Oust  Zaiieha,  (R.) 
Ou  Zouer  le  Marclie,  (Fr.) 
Ovar,  (Pen.) 
Ovelgnne,  (Den.) 
Over  Flakkee,  (Neth.) 
Overbye,  (Den.) 
Overn,  (Den.) 
Overyssel,  (Neth.) 
Oviedo,  (Pen.) 
Owasco,  (U.  S.) 
Owego,  (U.  p.) 
Owhyhee,  or  Hawaii, 

(Sandw.  Isl.) 
Oxebve,  (Den.) 
O.xenlieede,  (Den.) 
(ixenvadt,  (Den.) 
Oxenvaiig.  (Di  n.) 
Oxfordshire,  (Gng.) 
Oxnaes,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isi. 
Oxstede,  (Ger.) 
Oye,  (Fr ) 
Oyestreham,  (Fr.) 
Ozark,  (U.  S.)  mt. 
Ozerki,  (R.) 
Ozernoi,  (R.) 
Ozersk,  (R.) 
Ozieri,  (It.) 
Ozinovo,  (R.) 
Ozora,  (Austr.) 


our' d  file 
tjortc 
ou'sil 
ou'.^a 

oust  po'jog 

oust  .-'t'solsk 

oust  ts'i'lhits'ka 

oust  zd-li'^ha 

W  iC9-£'  'e  mdrsh 

o-vdr' 

o'viU'jdne' 

5'ver  fldlc'ke 

o'ver-bH 

5'vem 

o'ver-is'sel 

a-vi-e'do 

D-wds'ko 

o-ire'go 

o-whl'hcc,  hdr-wd'i''i 
ox'bu 

qi'en-hejde 

oz'en-rddt' 

qr.'en-vdng 

ox'ford-sh'ire 

qz'nasc 

qz-stt'de 

wa 

tcdtr^-Ung' 

o-idr'i' 

o~zer'k'i 

o'ler-noi 

d'zersk 

d-dzi-e'r'i 

o'li-jio'no 

d-dzd'ra 


P. 


Paar,  (Ger.1  r. 
Paaslov,  (Neth.) 
Pabilonis,  (It.) 
Pabtfdorf,  (Ger.) 
Pacaudidre,  la,  (Fr.) 
Pacaraina,  Sierra,  (S.  Am.) 
Pacheco,  (Pen.) 
Pacliuca,  (.Mex.) 
Pacimoni,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Pacolet,  (U.  S.)  * 
Pacuri,  (Braz.) 
Pacy,  (Fr.) 
Padansk,  (R.) 
Padenghe,  (It.) 
Paderborn,  (Ger.) 
Padrin,  (It.) 
Padron,  el,  (It.) 
Padua,  (It.) 
Paducah,  (IT.  S.) 
Paganico,  (It.) 
Paganka,  (R.) 
Pagliaio,  (It.) 
Pago,  (.Austr.)  isl. 
PahaquarrA',  (U.  S.) 
Paillasse,  (Fr.) 
Paimbceuf,  (Fr.) 
Painipol,  (Fr.) 
Paisley,  (Scot.) 
Pajares,  (Pen.) 
Pajaion,  (Pen.) 
Pajeplolijii,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Pachomochka,  (R.) 
Pakracz,  (.Austr.) 
Paks,  (Austr.) 
Palace.  (It.) 
Palacio,  (Pen.) 
Palafurgell,  (Pen.) 
Palamos,  (Ger.) 
Palancia,  (Pen.)  r. 
Palanka,  (R.) 
Palanza,  (It.) 
Palatinate,  or  Pfalz,  (Ger.) 
Palazza,  (It.) 
Palazziiolo,  (It.) 
Palegiano,  (It.) 
Pnlena,  (It.) 
Paleiicia,  (Pen.) 
Palenquc,  or  Cullmacan,  j 
(Mex.)  i 
Palermo,  (It.) 

Palestine,  or  Pala>ttina,  j 

Palestrina,  (It.) 
Palia,  (K.) 
Palipoito,  (It.)  ft. 
Palisades,  (IJ.  S.) 
Palisae,  la,  (Fr.) 
Palissons,  (I'  r.) 
Palizeiil,  (Neth.) 
Palk,  (Iiiil.)  St. 
Palma,  (Pen.) 


pdre 

pds'Iqv 
pd-b'i-'6'n'is 
pdbs'dqrf 
Id  pd-ko-d'i-tre' 
s'i-er'ra  pd-kd-rVna 
pd~ehe'ko 
pd  rliQi^'ka 
pd-iJt'i-mo'n'i 
paii'o-let 
pd-ki^Q'ri 
pd-s'i' 
pd'ddnsk 
pd'den'ge 
pd'der-bqrnt 
pd-dr'i'a 
el  pd-<lrdn' 

pd'dfQ-n,  Eng.  pad'tf-a 
pa-du'kdli 
pd-gd-jii'lco 
pd-gdn'ka 
pdl-xjd'ro 
pd'go 

pd-hd-qnar'ry 
pdl-yds'  or  pd-'i-'ds' 
ping-b^ilf 
pdng-pQV 
pdze'lep 
]id-ihd  resse 
pd~i^bd-r5n' 
pd'iie-plS'yqt) 
pd-Vi5-mqtch'ka 
pd'krdtch 
pUks 
pd-ld'che 
pd-ld'th'i-o 
pd'td-fyfr-gH 
pd-ld'mos 
pd-ldn'Va-a 
pd-ldn'ka 
pd-ldn'dta 
pd-liit't-nnte,  pfdli 
pd-ldt'dza 
pd-ldl-dzff-B'lo 
pd-!e-jd'no 
pd-le'na 
pd'lni'tk'i-a 

I  pd-len'kr,  kg<}l-<iifd'kdn 

pd-lir'mo 
I  pdl'es-tlne 
pd-Us-tfi'na 
pd'l'i-a 
pd'tt-ptr'to 
pAV'i-sade^ 
Id  pd  tis' 
pd-tis-sing' 
pd-Vi-zm' 
pdlk 
pdl'ma 


Fau,fitT,ffiU,vihql,  hdL—MtU,prty,hflp,tlttre,hl!r.  — Pine,  mttr'lne,btrd,  fig.— JVOte,  dSve,  mt>ve,iiiflf,  bffk,lQrd.—nne,  bull,  ^mte.  —  Fr.  long  stle;  Fr.  short  b!it.— 
IIV2"  " 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Palma,  (Pen.)  b 
Palma,  ([t.) 
Palmaiiov:!,  jit.) 
PHlmar,  (S.  Am.) 
Palriiariu,  (It.)  isl. 
Palinarcila,  (It.)  isl. 
Palmas,  (It.)  n-. 
Palineira,  (Pen.) 
Palinilla.'^,  (Mex.) 
Paliiio,  (.Mex.)  c. 
Palmyra,  (U.  S.) 
Palo,  (Pen.  It.) 
Palo  Sto,  (S.  Am.) 
Palos,  (Pfii.) 
Palota,  (Austr.) 
Pamer,  (As.) 
Paiiiiers,  (l'"r.) 
Pamlico,  (U.  S.) 
Pampas,  (S.  Am.) 
Pampas,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Pumpeliiiia,  (Pen.) 
Pampicnv,  (hvvitz.) 
Pampola,'  (R.) 
Paniunky,  (U.  S.) 
Panad,  (Austr.) 
Panama,  (S.  Am.) 
Panama,  (S.  .\m.)  g. 
Panaris,  (It.)  inl. 
Panaro,  (It.)  r. 
Pnncas,  (Pen.) 
Pancsova,  (Austr.) 
Pandeiros  de  Rai.xe,  (Braz.) 
Pando,  (lira/..) 
Paneas,  (Pal.) 
Panfoii,  (Fr.) 
Pankov,  (Prus.) 
Panly,  (Fr.) 
Panoyos,  (Pen.) 
Pantellaria,  (It.)  isl. 
Panuco,  (.\Ie.\.) 
Paula,  (It.)  (. 
Paoli,  (U.  S.) 
Pajia,  (Austr.) 
Papagayo,  (.\lc.t.)  i. 
Paphlagonia 
Papanila,  (.Met.) 
Papas,  (S.  Am.) 
Papendaal,  (Neth.) 
Papendreclit,  (Neth.) 
Pappenheim,  (Ger.) 
Papua,  (Austral.) 
Para,  (Itraz.)  » 
Para,  (liraz.)  r. 
Paracuellos,  (Pen.) 
Paradas,  (Pen.) 
Paradella,  (Pen.) 
Paragu.ay,  (IJraz.) 
Paraliyba,  (Craz.) 
Paramarilm,  (S.  Am.) 
Paramo,  (Pen.) 
Paramos,  (Pen.) 
P.iranapia,  (S.  Am.) 
Paran,  Desert  of,  (Pal.  Eg.) 
Parantis,  (Fr.) 
Pa  ray,  (Fr.) 
Parcliim,  (Ger.) 
Parcliwitz,  (Prus.) 
Pardo,  el,  (Pen.) 
Paredes,  (Pen.) 
Parillaa,  (Pen.) 
Paris,  (Fr.) 
Parkstettin,  (Ger.) 
Parlanna,  (It.) 
Parma,  (It.) 
Parne,  (Fr.) 
Parnes,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Parsippany,  (U.  S.) 
Part.-ilobo,  (Pen.) 
Parthia 

Pasargo,  (Prus.)  r. 
Pascagoula,  (U.  S.) 
Pascwalk,  (Prus.) 
Paskack,  (U.  S.) 
Paskuma,  (K.) 
Paso  de  Vera,  (S.  Am.) 
Paso  del  Caliallo,  (Me.\.) 
Paso  del  Norte,  (.Vlex.) 
Pa.so  Gmnde,  (S  Am.) 
Pasquerin,  (.Mef.) 
Pasquotank,  (U.  S.) 
Pass.adumkea?,  (U.  S.) 
Passage,  (Pen.) 
Pas.saic,  (U.  S.) 
Passamaquoddy,  (U.  S.) 
Passaro,  Cape,  (It.)  L 
Passau,  (Ger.  Den.) 
Passenlieim,  (Prus.) 
Passo  di  Gu.ilette,  (It.) 
Passyunk,  (U.  S.) 
P;LSMmsic,  (U.  S.) 
P.1S7.10,  (Au.str.) 
P.itada,  (It.) 
Patagonia,  (S.  Am.) 
Patapsco,  (U.  S.) 


piiVma 

pal' ma 

pal' md-nu' va 

pdl-mdr' 

pal-tad' r'i -a 

pdl-md^rO'la 

pitl'mds 

pdl~7iii'ra 

pdl-m'il'yds  or  pdl-m'i'yds 

pdt'ma 

pdl-ml'rd 

pd'lo 

sdit'to  pd'lo 

pd'los 

pd'lO'ta 

pd-m^r' 

pd-m'i~e' 

piUn'l'i-ko 

pdm'p'ds 

pdm'pds 

pdin-{ie-lQ(^'  na 

pdnir-p'in'tji' 

pdm'po-la 

pd-munk'y 

pd-ndil' 

pd-nd'ind' 

pd-nd-md' 

pd-na'ri-a 

pd-nd'ro 

pdii'kdg 

pdit-tc/t5'va 

pdn-tlVros  de  bi'ihe 

pdn'do 

pd'ne~iU 

pdna-fQQ' 

pdn'ko  (-kfof) 

pdlt/r-l'i' 

pd-nQ'yofi 

pdn-til-ld'  r'i-a 

pd-nqij'ko 

pd'S-la  or  pd-S'la 

pd-d'li 

pd'pa 

pd'pd-frd'ljo 

pd-Jld-^O' ni-a 

pd-pdnt  la 

pd'pds 

pd' pen-d'dlc' 

pd'pe.n-drHht' 

pdp' pin-hlme' 

pd'pqqa 

pd'ra 

pd'ra 

pd-rd'kQq-fl'yos 

pd^d'dds 

pd-rd-del'ya 

pd-rd'  iTQQl  or  pdr'd-^cQ' 
pd-rd-'i'ba 

par-a-mdr'i-bo  or  pd-rd- 

pd-rd'mo  \md-ri'bo 

pd-rd'mos 

pd-rd-nd' ff^Qa 

pd-rdji' 

pd-rdng-ti' 

pd-rd 

pdr'lkim 

pdrih'vits 

el  pdr'dn 

pdrf'desse 

pd-r'il'yds 

pd-r'i',  com.  par'is 

pdrk' slet-tine' 

pdr-ldn'na 

pdr'ma 

pdrne 

pdr'nesse 

par-sip' pa-ny 

pdr-td-ld'bo 

pdr'thi-a 

pd-zdr'go 

pds-kd-rrqQ'la 

pd'ie-vdlk 

pas-kdk' 

pds-kqQ'ma 

pa'so  de  ve'ra 

pd'so  d'H  kd-bdV  (-»«')  yo 

pd'so  del  nOr'te 

pd'sn  grdn'd^ 

pd.f-k^-r'i  n' 

pds-quo-tdnk' 

pds-sa-dun'ke^ 

pdS'Sd'lh^ 

pds-sd'ik 

pds-sd  m-a-kwod'dy 

pds-sd'ro 

pds'sou. 

pds'sen-Mme' 

pds'so  di  g^Q-d-let'ti 

pds-y-unk^ 

ptl-sum'sik 

pds'to 

pd-ta'da 

pd-td-g!i'ni-a 

pa-tdp'sko 


Palchogue,  lU.  S.) 
Paterno,  (It.) 
Patna,  (llind.) 
Patoka,  (U.  S.) 
Patras,  (Gr.; 
Patria,  (It.)  (. 
Patriinoniu  di  San  Pietro, 
(It.) 

P.ittcnsen,  (Ger.) 
Pattawatoniies,  (U.  P.) 
Patti,  (It.)  g. 
Patuxent,  (U  ff.) 
Pat/.quaro,  (.Mex.) 
Pau,  (Fr.) 
Paules,  (Pen.) 
Pauvre,  (Fr.) 
Pavtrne  Peterlingen, 

(Sivitz.) 
Pavia,  (It.) 

Pavia,  (.-Mentejo,)  (Pen.) 
Pawcatuck,  (0.  S.) 
Pawnee,  (U.  S.) 
I'awtuxet,  (U.  S.) 
Paymago,  (Pen.) 
I'aypoton,  (Mex.) 
Pa/.,  la,  (California,)  (Met.) 
Paz,  la,  or  Pueblo  Nucvo, 

fS.  Am.) 
Peban,  (.Mex.) 
Peclitcliana  Kopani,  (K.) 
Pecora,  (It.)  c. 
Pecs,  (Austr.) 
Pccsvar,  (.Vustr.) 
Pecnris,  (Mex.) 
Pedernales,  (S.  .\m.) 
Pedorosk,  (U.) 
Pedraza,  (Pen.) 
Pi  dro  Bluff,  (Pen.) 
Pedro,  Don,  (Pen.) 
Pedro,  S.  (Pen.) 
Pedroneras,  (Pen.) 
Pedrosa,  (Pen.) 
Pedrosa,  el,  (Pen.) 
Peebleshiro,  (Scot.) 
Peel,  The,  (Neth.) 
Peer,  (Neth.) 
Peese,  (Neth.) 
Peest,  (Prus.) 
Pegal.ajar,  (Pen.) 
Pegnitz,  (Ger.)  r. 
Pegu,  (As.) 
Peillac,  (Fr.) 
Peiin,  (Austr.) 
Peisern,  (Prus.) 
Peist,  (Switz.) 
Peitz,  (Prus.) 
Pekatonica,  (U.  S.) 
Pekin,  or  Peking,  (Ch.) 
Peko,  (R.) 
Pelaccia,  (It.) 
Pelegosa,  (It.)  isl. 
Pelerine,  la,  (Fr.) 
Pelleroso,  (Pen.) 
Pollina,  (Switz.)  val. 
IVIIouaille,  (Fr.) 
Peloponnesus,  (Gr.) 
Pelosa,  (It.)  isl. 
Peloso,  (It.)  mt. 
Pelsocz,  (Austr.) 
Pemadumcook,  (U.  S.) 
Pembrokeshire,  (Eng.) 
Pena  de  Aravi,  (Pen.) 
Pcnagolosa,  (Pen.)  mt. 
Penalva,  (Pen.) 
Penaniacor,  (Pen.) 
Penaranda,  (Pen.) 
Penarroya,  (Pen.) 
Penas  de  S.  Pedro,  (Pen.) 
Penkina,  (If.) 
Pennila,  (R.) 
Pennsvlvania,  (tJ.  S.) 
Penobscot.  (U.  S.) 
Pensacola,'  (U.  S.) 
Pentacotali,  (Pen.) 
Peniieljis,  (.Mex.) 
Penza,  (Pen.) 
Penzance.  (Kng.) 
Peoria,  (IJ.  S.) 
Peqnannock,  (U.  S.) 
Pequawket,  (U.  S.) 
Pequot,  (U.  S.) 
Pera,  (Tur.) 
Pera,  (Pen.)  c. 
Peraca,  (Pal.) 
Pcrales,  (Pen  ) 
Peralvillo,  (Pen.) 
Perclie,  (Fr.) 
Perdido,  (Pen.)  m^ 
Pcrdigao,  (Pen.) 
Perdiguera,  (Pen.) 
Perelada,  (Pen.) 
Perello,  (Pen.) 
Pergamos,  or  Pergamus, 

(Tur.) 


pdtch-0^' 
pii-ter'no  * 
pdt'tia 
pa-tO'kil 

pd-tra.^'  or  p/t-trds' 
pd'lri-a 

pd-lr'i-mO'M-o  di  adn 

p'i-t'tro 
pdi'trn-zen  ' 
pal-a-wi^t' allies 
pdl'Ci 
pa-lux'ent 

path-  {-pds-)  kQf-U'ro 
pu 

poll  lesse 
pOvr 

pd-vfr'ne  pe'ter-ling'in 

pd'p'l-a 

pa'vi-n  (d-lin-ti'iho) 
patp'ku-tuk 
paw-»rc' 
piiw  iHz'et 
p'l-md'  ijo 
pl'pO-IGn' 
Id  pdth  (!)«.<) 

j  Id  pdth  (pds) 

pe-bdti' 

petch-tchd'iia  kl^-pd'n'i 
pf-ko'ra 
petck 
pHch-v'dr^ 
pt-kw'rin 
pe'drr-nd'lisse 
pe~do-rqsk' 
pt-drd'tfia 
jir'dro  blQnf 
dOn  pe'dro 
sdn  pe'dro 
pf-drO-ne'rdi 
pe-drQ  'sa 
el  pe-dru'sa 
pp,e-'bles-sh'ire 
pile 
pire 
p^-'se 
pcste 

pe-ird-ld-ihdT' 
peng'nitji 

pel-  (/'i !-)  ydli' 
ptme 
pt'iern 
piste 
pits 

pek-a-ton'i-ka 
pS-kiti' 
pt'ko 
pi-ldl'tcha 
pe-le-gH'sa 
Id  pe-le-r'inc' 
pel-ye-rO'so 
pel-'l'i'na 

pel-lQQ-d-'i  or  pel-lQi^dly' 
pel'o-pon-nes'sus 
pS-tO'  a 
pp-le'so 
pet'soteh 
pem-a-dum'kQoh 
pem'brQt^k-sh'trc 
pe'na  rfg  d-rd'v'i 
pe'nd-gd-l5'sa 
pe-itdl'ra 
pe' nd-md-kor' 
pt-nd-rdn'da 
pZ-ndr-rO'ya 
pp'nds  de  sdn  pe'dro 
peii-ki'na 
phi-n't'la 
ppii-sil'V&'iii-a 
pe-unb'  skot 
pen-sa-kd'ld 
pe  It' td-kO-ta' 
pe-ni^Q-e'lds 
pen'tha 
ppn-zdns* 
pc-O'ri-d 
pc-quan'nock 
pe-riiiaie'ket 
pS'guot 
pe'ra 
pe'ra 
pS-rd-e'a 
pe-rd'Usse- 
pe^dUvH'yo 
persh 
p^r-di'do 
per-di-trd'o 
per-di-ge'ra 
pe-r{-ta'da 
pz-rrl'yo 

I  pir-gd'  mo3  (-m^^j) 


Pergola,  (It.) 
Pergoulia,  (U.) 
Peri,  (It.) 

Perilimiacn,  (Can.)  r. 
Periers,  (Fr.) 
Ptrigueux,  (Fr.) 
Perijn,  Sierra,  (S.  Am.) 
Perinas,  (R.) 
Perchina,  (U.) 
Perlas,  Archipelago  de  las, 

(a  Am.) 
Perleherg,  (Pnis.) 
Perlom,  (K.) 
Perm,  (R.) 
Pernanibuco,  (Uraz.) 
Pernau,  (R.) 
Pcrnes,  (Fr.) 
Peron,  (.\ustr.  As.  N. 

Zeal.)  ml. 
Pcronne,  (Fr.) 
Perosa,  (It.) 
Perousc,  la,  (As.)  st. 
Perpignan,  {i  r.) 
Perquimans,  (U.  S.) 
Perret,  (Fr.) 
Perroman,  (Switz.) 
Persal,  (Switz.) 
Persanle,  (Prus.)  r. 
Perse|>oli3,  Ruins  of,  (Per.) 
Persia 

Perthshire,  (Scot.) 
Pertuis,  (Switz.) 
Peru,  (A.  Am.) 
Peru,  Upper,  or  Bolivia,  (.S. 
Am.) 

Peruagua^u,  (Braz.)  r. 
Perucha,  (Pen.) 
Perugia,  (It.) 
Perugia,  (It.) 
Perugino,  (It.) 
Peruwetz,  (Neth.) 
Pes,  (R.) 
Pesa,  (It.)  r. 
Pegadas,  (Pen.) 
Pesaro,  (It.) 
Pescara,  (It.) 
Pescara,  (It.)  r. 
Peschici,  (It.) 
Pesehiera,  (It.) 
Pescia,  (It.) 
Pe.scina,  (It.) 
Pese  Puerto,  (Ind.) 
Peshawer,  (As.) 
Pcsquera,  (Pen.) 
Pesth,  (Austr.) 
Petatlan,  (.Me.x.) 
Pc-tclie-lec,  (A.s.)  g 
Petchora,  (U.)  r. 
Peten,  (Mex.) 
Petepan,  (Mex.) 
Petersburg,  or  Pcterburg, 
(R.) 

Petershansen,  (Ger.) 
Petcrsliock,  (Neth.) 
Peterwardein,  (Austr.) 
Peterzell,  (Switz.) 
Petignac,  (Fr.) 
Petite  Nation,  (Can.)  r. 
Petra,  f  As.)  isl. 
Petra,  Ruins  of,  (Eg.) 
Pelricova,  (R.) 
Petrikau,  (R.) 
Petrinia,  (Austr.) 
Petrizza,  (It.) 
Petrola,  (Pen.) 
Petrosa,  (It.)  isl. 
Petrova,  (Austr.) 
Petrovo,  (R.) 
Petschow,  (Ger.) 
Pettau,  (Austr.) 
Pevales,  (Pen.) 
Pewaukie,  (U.  S.) 
Peyrat,  (Fr.) 
Peyrolles,  (Fr.) 
Peyruis,  (Fr.) 
Peyriisse,  (Fr.) 
Peza,  (R.)  r. 
Pfatf,  (Switz.)  /. 
PfatTenhofen,  (Ger.) 
Pfaffenkirchen,  (Ger.) 
Pfalfikon,  (Switz.) 
Pfart'nan,  (Switz.) 
Pfalz,  or  Palatinate,  (Ger.) 
Pfalzarafenweiler,  (Ger.) 
Pfetfers,  (Switz.) 
Pfoling,  (Ger.) 
Pforzheim,  (Ger.) 
Pfreimbt,  (Ger.) 
Pfreimbt,  (Ger.)  r. 
Pfrim,  ((;er.)  r. 
Pfara,  (Eg.) 

Pfaraoh,  Ruins  of, (Fez,) 
(Af.) 

Philadelphi.i,  (U.  S.) 


prr-gd'la 

prr-gou'ba 

pt'rl 

pe-ri-bO-nd'ka 

pe-ri-s' 

pe-Tl-gdh' 

si-ir'ra  ps-r'i'lha 

pr-r'i'nds 

per-lh'i'na 
I  Ur-M-pt'td-gS  dt  Idj 
\  per'lds 

per'lt-ber§ 

pfr'lOm 

perm 

per-ndm-btjq'ko 

ppr'nou 

ptrne 

j  pt-r5ng'  or  pC'ron 

pe^dnc' 

pe-rO'ia 

Id  ps-rQQze' 

p^r-p'in-ydng' 

prr-ffuitn'ati4 

per-ri^ 

per'r6-mdn' 

per-nOl' 

per-zdn'tl 

per-se'pS-tIs 

per'a'is 

perth'sh'irt 

prr-tS-i' 

pi-rQQ' 

j  pe-rQ(i',  bS-tt'v'i-a 

pi'rfif-d-gQf-d'sff 

pe-r<ji)' tcha 

perqt/'ja. 

Vt-'^Wjd 

pe-rQQ-j'i'vo 

Ti'rqQ-oili' 

pfsse 

pe'ia 

pe-sd'dda 

pe-zd'ro 

pessc-kd'rd 

pesse-kd'rd 

pesse-k'i'tch'i 

pesse-k'i-^'ra 

pe'slii-a 

pt-shi'na 

pe'sS  pff-ir'to 

pesk-onr' 

pesse-ke'ra 

pesht,  Eng.  pht 

pe-tdl'ldii 

pC'tche-lee' 

pil-tchu'ra 

pe-ten' 

pe-te-pdn' 
\  pe'lers-  (-ter-)  bqgr^.  Eng. 
J  pl'ters-bifr^ 

p^ters-hoa'xen 

pe'ters-hnk 

pi-ter-tdr-dlne' 

pr'ler-lsH' 

pe-t'in-ydk' 

pe-tite  nds'i^ng^ 

pe'tra 

pe'tra 

pe-tri-kS'va 

pe-tri-kou' 

pe-lri'n'i-a 

pe-tr'it'dia 

pe-lrd'la 

pe-trO'za 

pe-tro'va 

pe-trO'vo 

pet'tcho 

pet'toa 

p^-vd'Usse 

pc-traa'kit 

pO-ra' 

pa-rdte' 

pd  rii-i' 

pa-risse' 

PC -a 

pfdf 

pfdfrrn-hB'fen 
pfiifpn-kie'lhiTi 
pf  dffi-kon 
pfdfnoa  ' 
pfdiLi 

pfdl'lsd-rd-fin-rl  'lir 

Pfifflrs 

pfS'ling 

pf'jrts'hlme 

pfrlmht 

pfrtmbt 

p/r'ima 

pfd'ra 

I  pf  d'rd-o 

phil-a-deV ph'i-a 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  mi,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  Final  /y,  French  I  mouiUi  In" ger,  vi"cioas  g  as  »  in  pleasure:  §  and  Ih  guttural ;  ny  liquid  ;  Ul  as  in  pith. 


170 


1353 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


PhilippeviUc,  (Neth.) 
PI'ilipiiine 

Pliilippine  Isl.  (East.  Isl.) 
Plrilipixjlis,  or  Pliilipiwpo- 

lis,  (Tur.) 
Philipsburg,  (Ger.) 
Philipstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Philipsllial,  (Ger.) 
Philip,  (Australia,) 
Philip,  (Australia,)  isl, 
Phiiopliska,  (R.) 
Phiiizand  Eiiz,  (Ger.) 
Piiocis,  (Gr.) 


Plicenice,  or  Pl'CBnicia,  (Pal.)/«n'!-s 


fi-tipe-v'ile' 

I  f  't-Cip-p'i'ie'  oTJ'il'ip-pine 

I  f'i-rip'pS-tis  or  ft-lip- 
\  pO'pu-Tis 

f'iUips-bQ^^ 

fi'Hps-stal 

fi'lips-tiile 

fVUp 

fi'lip 

fi-lnfs'ka 

fin'tsdnt  elite 

fb'cis 


Phrj- 
Piaiaiiia,  (R.)  1. 
Piaiiezzo,  (Switz.) 
Pianosa,  (It.)  isl. 
Piaiiby  Serra,  (Braz.) 
Piaubv,  (Braz.) 
Piave,  (It.)  r. 
Piavozero,  (R.)  I. 
Piazza,  (It.) 
Pic  du  Midi,  (Fr.  Pen.) 
Picardy,  (Fr.) 
Picenzji,  (It.) 
Picieriio,  (It.) 
Picota,  (Pen.) 
Picquigny,  (Fr.) 
Pictoii,  (Can.) 
Piedmont,  (It.) 
Piedralmena,  (Pen.) 
Piedrshita,  (Pen.) 
Piedras  Point,  (Mex.) 
Plelis,  (R.) 
Pielis,  (R.)  I. 
Pierre  liufnere,  (Fr.) 
Pierre  Ecrite,  (Fr.) 
Pierrelatte,  (Fr.) 
Pierse,  (Fr.) 
Pietra,  (it.) 
Piftra  Nera,  (It.) 
Pietra,  (It.)  r. 
Pietra  Santa,  (IL) 
Pietro,  (It.) 
Pieve,  (Netli.) 
Piia,  (It.) 
Pilate,  (Switz.) 
Pilgram,  (Austr.) 
Pillaii,  (Priis.) 
Pilsen,  (Austr.) 
Pilsno,  (.Austr.) 
Pina,  (Pen.) 
Pinarello  Point,  (It.) 
Pinczchelv,  (Austr.) 
Pindus,  Chain  of,  (Gr.) 
Pindus,  (Tur.)  mt. 
Pinega,  (R.) 
Pinega,  (R.)  r. 
Piner'olo,  (It.) 
Piney,  (Fr.) 
PiDgucnto,  (Austr.) 
Pinheira,  (Pen.) 
Pinheiro,  (Pen.) 
Pinneberg,  (Den.) 
Pino,  (It.) 
Pinos,  (Mex.) 
Pinos  del  Rey,  (Pen.) 
Pinotepa,  (Me.t.) 
Pjnsk,  (R.) 
Pintlala,  (tJ.  S.) 
Piombino,  (It.) 
Piou,  (Switz.) 
Piorrowo,  (Pru3.) 
Piperno,  (It.) 
Pi<|ua,  (U.  S.) 
Pirna,  (Ger.) 
Pisa,  Ruins  of,  (Gr.) 
Pisa,  (It.) 
Pisano,  (It.) 
Pisapejunov.a,  (Mex.)  r. 
Piscataqua,  (U.  S.) 
Piscataquis,  (U.  S.) 
Piscatawav,  fU.  S.) 
Pisciolta,  (It.) 
Piseco,  (U.  .S.) 
Pisscn,  (R.) 
Pissevache,  (Switz.) 
Pistoja,  (It.) 
Pisuerga,  (Pen.)  r. 
Pit<"?i,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
PiteU,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Pitiairano,  (It.) 
Pitifliano,  (It.) 
PuriM,  (Pi=n.) 
Pi'.tiMiween,  (Nelh.) 
Pizziglieltone,  (lU) 
Plaff'/yen,  (iSwitz.) 
Plan,  (Austr.) 


frig'i-a 
p'i-d-yd'n'i-a 
p'i~d-7iet'tzo 
p'i-d-no'za 
p'i-o'b'i  sir'ra 
p'i-d'b'i 
p'i-d've 
p'i-d-vo'ze-^o 
p'i-dt'dza 
p'ik  dii  m'i'di 
p'i-kdr-di' 
p'i-tchin'dza 
pi-tch'iir''',io 
p'i-ko'ta 
p'iU-k'in-yV 
pik-lq<)' 

pi-e-mdng' ,  com.  peed'- 

p'i~e' drd-bQQ-e'na  [mont 

p'i-e-drd-'i'ta 

p'i-e'drds 

pye'l'is 

pije'tis 

pi-Ire'  buf-fi-tn' 

p'i-ire'  e-kr'ite' 

pi-ire'ldte 

pi-irse' 

p'i-e'tra 

p'i-e'tra  ne'ra 

p'i-t'tra 

p'i-e'tra  sdn'ta 

pi-t'tro 

p'i-ive' 

p'i'Ia 

pi-ld'te 

p'il'grdm 

pil'luu 

pil'zen 

pils'no 

p'i'na 

p'i-nd-rH'lo 
pintch'ihrhj 
pin'dQQs  {-dus) 
pin'dt)QS  i^-4iLs) 
p'i-ne'  ga 
p'i-i\c'  ga 
pt-nt-^5'10 
p'i-nd' 

p'in-gQQtn'to 

p'in-^i-ra 

pin-yi^o 

pirJne-ber^ 

p'i'no 

pVnos 

p'i'nos  del  rl 

p'i-nd-U'pa 

pinsk 

pint-ld'ld 

p'i-om-b'i'no 

pi-5'ta 

pi-Sr-ro'eo 

p'i-per'no 

p'i'mia 

pirna 

p't'sa 

p'i'ta 

p'i-zd'no 

pi' sd  pe-fhf^jii'va 
pig-kd''a-qua 
pis-kit' a-quis 
pi3-kdt'a-tcay 
p'i-sltdt'ta 
pis'e-ko 
yis'jiiii 
p'is^dsh' 
pis-ld'i-a 
p'{-iQ(^er'^a 
p'i'lS-o 
p'i'te-o 
p'i-t'i-'d-nd'no 
p'i-t'il^jd'no 
p'i'trinse 
pit'tfn-vCne' 
pit-dzi-gil-Ui'nt 
pldfft-in 
pldnt 


Plana  "or  Tabarca,  (Pen.)  ill.  pld'na,  td-hdr'ka 
Plaiinhcnoit,  (Neth.)  pldngsh-mca' 
Plnqueniine,  (LJ.  8.)  pldk-mine' 
Pla-H  hman,  (Prus.)  pld-ih'mdn 
Planencia,  (Pen.) 


pld-Krn'th'i-a 


Plata,  (Pen.)  c. 
Plata,  la,  (S.  Am.) 
Plata,  Rio  de  la,  (S.  Am.) 
Platana,  (Pen.)  , 
Plataiii,  (It.)  r. 
Platanilla,  (Mex.) 
Platta,  (Switz.) 
Plau,  (Ger.) 
Plau,  (Ger.)  /. 
Pleigne,  (Switz.) 
Plencia,  (Pen.) 
Pleska,  (R.) 
Plibiscken,  (Prus.) 
Ploen,  (Den.)  I. 
Plomb  de  Cantal,  (Fr.)  mt. 
PInmbieres,  (Fr.) 
Plonval,  (Fr.) 
Plouay,  (Fr.) 
Piuckemin,  (U.  S.) 
Plume,  la,  (Fr.) 
Po  della  Folle,  (It.) 
Po  della  Maestra,  Qlt.) 
Po  di  Fossone,  (It.) 
Po  di  Goro,  (It.) 
Po  di  Levante,  (It.) 
Po  di  Volano,  (It.) 
Po,  .Mouths  of,  (It.)  r. 
Pobla,  (Pen.) 
Pocahontas,  (U.  S.) 
Pocasset,  (U.  S.) 
Pochutla,  (Mex.) 
Pocomoke,  (U.  S.) 
Pocotalico,  (U.  S.) 
Pocska,  (Austr.) 
Podelsk,  (R.) 
Podolia,  (R.) 
Poel,  (Ger.)  isl. 
Pogstall,  (Austr.) 
Poissine,  (Switz.) 
Poitiers,  (Fr.) 
Poitou,  (Fr.) 
Poix,  (Fr.) 
Pojana,  (Austr.) 
Pokrzydow,  (Prus.) 
Pola,  (Austr.) 
Pola,  Cape  Sta,  (Pen.) 
Poland,  (R.) 
Polarra,  (Pen.) 
Polchinki,  (R.) 
Polesina,  (It.) 
Policastro,  fit.)  g. 
Policzka,  (Austr.) 
Polignano,  (It.) 
Poligny,  (Fr.) 
Polkevitz,  (Prus.) 
Pollenza,  (Pen.)  b. 
PoUina,  (It.)  mU 
Polnitz,  (Ger.) 
Polonina,  (Austr.) 
Polovino,  (R.) 
Polsbrokedam,  (Neth.) 
Poltava,  (R.) 
Polynesia 
Polzin,  (Prus.) 
Pomba,  (Af.)  *. 
Pomerania,  or  Pommem, 

(Prus.) 
Pomieczyn,  (Prus.) 
Pommem,  or  Pomerania, 

(Prus.) 
Porno,  (It.)  isL 
Pomosdin,  (R.) 
Pompeii,  Ruins  of,  (It.; 
Pompejano,  (It.) 
Pondicherrv,  (Ind.) 
Pont,  (Switz.) 
Pont  i  Marque,  (Fr.) 
Pont  k  Mousson,  (Vt.) 
Pont  au  Heaux,  (tr.) 
Pont  Andemer,  (Fr.) 
Pont  au  .Mur,  (Fr.) 
Pont  Charra,  (Fr.) 
Pont  Chateau,  (Fr.) 
Pont  Croix,  (Fr.) 
Pont  d'Ain,  (Fr.) 
Pont  de  I'.Arche,  (Fr.) 
Pont  Rosseau,  (Fr.) 
Pont  St.  Prix,  (Fr.) 
Pont  sur  Yonne,  (Fr.) 
Ponta  da  Cruz,  (Af.) 
Ponta  da  Galera,  (Af.) 
Ponta  do  Sol,  (Af.) 
Pontarlier,  (Fr.) 
Pontchartrnin,  (U.  S.) 
Ponte,  (It.  Switz.) 
Ponte  Corvo,  (It.) 
Ponte  Tresa,  (Switz.) 
Pontevcdra,  (Pen.) 
Pontevedra  Rla,  (Pen.) 
Pontiac,  (U.  3.) 
Pontine  Marshes,  (It.) 
Pontlavllle,  (Switz.) 
Pontons,  (Fr.) 
Pontotoc,  (U.  S.) 


pld'ta 

Id  pld'ta 

ri'o  de  Id  pld'ta 

pld-tdn'ija 

ptd-td'ni 

pld-td-niV  (-niT)  ya 

pldt'ta 

p!uu 

ploa 

piny 

plat'th'i-a 

plisse'ka 

pli'bis-ken 

plAne 

plong  di  kdng-tdl' 

plong-b'iSre' 

plong-vaV 

plQQ-5.' 

pluk'&-min 

Id  plitme 

pS  dil'la  fol'le 

po  deVla  md-essc'tra 

pS  di  fts-so'ne 

p5  d'i  cro'ro 

pd  d'i  le-vdn'te 

po  dl  vD-ld'no 

po 

po'bla 

pd-ka-lion'ta3 

po-kds'set 

po-tchQQt'la 

pqk'o-mokc 

pok-o-taV'i-ko 

pqtck'ka 

po'deUk 

po-do'ti-a 

p^le 

pog'stdl 

pwds-s'ine^ 

pwd-t'i-e' 

pw'd-tqo^ 

pwd 

po-'i-'d'na 

pokr-sh'i'do 

po'la 

po'la 

po'ldnd 

po-ldr'ra 

pgl-tc/t'in'k'i 

po-le-z'i-na 

pd-ti-kds'tro 

po-Titch'ka 

po-l'in-y'd'no 

pd-tin-y'i' 

pnl'ke-vits 

pdl-yen'tha 

pdl-l'i'na 

pol'nits 

pd-ld-n'i'na 

po-lo-v'i'jio 

pols'brd-ke-d'dm' 

pdl-td'va 

pol-'i-ne'  sh'i'H 

pgl-tsine' 

pdm'ba 

j  pom-er-d'n'i-a 

po-m'i-tch'ine' 
j  pom'mim 

pd'mo 

pd^Qs-dint* 

pam-pe'y'i 

pom-pe-'i&'no 

pm-d'i-shir'ry 

pong 

pung  td  mitrk 
pong  td  inQQs-sSng' 
pdng  to  bo 
pong  tdngd-merc' 
p5ng  to  Trtftrc 
pSng  shar-ra' 
pong  sitd-to' 
pong  krwd' 
pOng  dang 
pOng  de  Idrsh' 
pong  rSs-sO' 
pOng  sang  pr'i 
pong  siir  ydne 
porvta.  da  krQQth 
pon'ta  da  gd-l^'ra 
pun'ta  do  sOl 
pong-tdr-H-e' 
pontch-dr-trdne' 
pon'i'e 

pGn'ie  kHr^vo 

pOii'le  trc'za 

pSn'ts-ve'dra 

pSn'le-ve'dra  r'I'a 

pon'ti-ak 

pnn'tine 

pbng-ld-v'ile 

pling'tUng' 

pon'to-tnk 


Ponza,  (It.)  isl. 
Poonah,  (Ind.) 
Popadia,  (Austr.) 
Popayau,  (."!.  Am.) 
Popoii,  (It.) 
Poppenbuettel,  (Drn.) 
PiKiuetanock,  (U.  S.) 
Poquonuck,  (U.  S.) 
Porcarizza,  (It.) 
Porcuna,  (Pen.) 
Porquerolles,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Porri  Rocks,  (It.) 
Porsal  Rocks,  (Fr.) 
Porsange,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Port  au  Prince,  (\V.  Ind.) 
Porte  Fermo,  (It.) 
Port  Royal,  (Fr.  W.  Ind.) 
Port  S.  Marie,  (Fr.) 
Portuelos,  (Mex.) 
Portaguesa,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Portalban,  (Switz.) 
Portalegre,  (Braz.  Pen.) 
Portimao,  (Pen.) 
Portneuf,  (Can.) 
Porto  Alegre,  (Braz.) 
Portobello,  (S.  Am.) 
Porto  Calvo,  (Braz.) 
Porto  d'Anzo,  (It.) 
Porto  da  Cruz,  (Af.) 


pon'dza 

p^Q'udh 

po-pa'd'i-a 

po-pa'ydn 

pd'pS-li 

pop'prn-bSt'tH 

pQ-q\ie-tdn' ok 

pd-quqn'ok 

pbr-kd-TiV  dza 

por-kQQ'na 

pork-rote' 

por'r'i 

por-s'dl' 

por'sdng-e 

pdre'to-prdngstf  Com. 
pdr'te  fer'mo  [prince 
pore  rtcd-ydle',  coi^.  roy'- 
pore  sang  md-r'i'  C'"*' 
pSr-tf<!-e'los 
por-td-ge'sa 
pSr'tal-bdn' 
pdr-td-le'  mre 
por-t'i-md^o 
porc-neiif 
por'to  d-le'gre 
por'to-bH'yo 
por'to  kal'vo 
por'to  ddn'dzo 
por'to  dd  krQQth 


[yal 


Porto  da  Ribeira  da  Janella,  j  porta  dd  r'i-bt'ra  dd  IhO- 

(Af.)  j  nel'ya 

Porto  da  Serra  da  Agoa,  (Af.)p5rto  dd  sir'ra  dd  d'gd-a 


Porto  Fino,  (It.) 
Porto  Greco,  (It.) 
Porto  Real,  (Pen.)  • 
Portorico 

Porto  Santo,  (Af.) 
Porto  Vecchio,  (It.) 
Porto  Vecchio,  (It.)  g. 
Portugal,  (Pen.) 
Portugalete,  (Pen.) 
Posada,  (IL) 
Posadas,  (Pen.) 
Poschiavo,  (Switz.)  /. 
Posen,  (Prus.) 
Posteberg,  (Austr.) 
Postel,  (Neth.) 
Poteau,  le,  (Fr.) 
Potenza,  (It.)  r. 
Pothier,  (Can.)  I. 
Potomac,  (U.  S.) 
Potosi,  (Mex.  &  Peru) 
Potosi  Cerro  del  Mine, 

(Mex.) 
Potsdam,  (Prus.) 
Pouance,  (Fr.) 
Poucheux,  (Fr.) 
Poughkeepsie,  (U.  S.) 
Pouilly,  (Fr.) 
Pourcieux,  (Fr.) 
Pouzat,  le,  (Fr.) 
Povoa,  (Pen.) 
Poyais,  (Mex.) 
Pozo  Estrecho,  (Pen.) 
Pozoblanco,  (Pen.) 
Prada,  (Ger.) 
Pradelles,  (Fr.) 
Pradilla,  (Pen.) 
Praestoe,  (Den.) 
Praga,  (R.) 
Prague,  (Austr.) 
Prairie,  la,  (Can.) 
Prasas,  (It.)  isl. 
Pratica,  (It.) 

Prats  de  Llasanes,  (Pen.) 
Pr.ausnilz,  (Prus.) 
Prautov,  (Fr.) 
Pri  S.'Didier,  (It.) 
Predmir,  (Austr.) 
Preetz,  (Den.) 
Pregaro,  (It.) 
Pregel,  (Prus.)  r. 
Prcmuda,  (Austr.)  isl. 
Prenzlow,  (Prus.) 
Presburg,  (Austr.) 
Presentation,  la,  (Can.) 
Prettigau,  (Switz.) 
Pretzel,  (Ger.) 

Preuszen,  or  Prussia,  (Ger.)  prois'sfn 


por'to  f'i'no 
por'to  gre'ko 
por'to  re-dl' 
por'to-r't'ko 
por'to  sdn'to 
por'to  vek'k'i-o 
por'to  vek'k'i-o 
port'ti-gal 
por-tf(^gd-le'ts 
pd-za'da 
po-sd'dds 
po-sfi'i-d'vo 
po'zen 

pos'  (posh')  te-ber^ 
pd'stH 
Iff  po-to' 
po-ten'dza 
pd-ti-e' 
po-to'm'dk 
/iS-ta'si 
)  pS-to's'i  titer'  (sir')  ro  del 
\  m'i'ne 
pqts'ddm 
PQ^dng-se' 
Pff-sh^' 
po-kip'see 

PQQ-'i-y'i'  or  p<fQl-tfi' 

le  pqt}-za' 
po-vo'a 
po-yis' 

po'tho  esse-tre'cho 
po'tho-bldn'ko 
prd'da 
pr  d-d  etc' 
pr'd-ilil'ya 
prist' A 
prd'ga 

prdg  or  pr'd§ 
Id  pra-r'i' 
prd'zds 
prd't'i-ka 

prdl  de  ly'd-s'd'nisse 
prous'nits 
prd-tica' 

pre  sang  di-di-i' 
pred-m'ire' 
prets 
pre-gd'ro 
prc'gH 
pre-inQQ'da 
prints'lo 

prisse'  (prish')  bQQr^ 
Id  pre-zdng-td-s'iong^ 
prit't't-goa 
pri'tsil 


Priinavera,  (Braz.)  r. 
Principato  Cilra,  (It.) 
Principato  Ultra,  (It.) 
Principe,  (Mex.) 
Pritschwitz,  (Ger.) 
Pritzig,  f  Prus.) 
Pritzwalk,  (Prus.) 
Probencio,  (Pen.) 
Procida,  (It.)  L4. 
Prona,  (Austr.) 
Propriano,  (It.) 
Protor,  (Prus.) 
Proler,  (Prus.)  b. 
Provence,  (Switz.  Fr.) 
Provcnzale,  (It.) 


pr'i-md-Be'ra 
pr'in-tch'i-pd'to  tck'i'tra 
pr'tn-tchi-pd'to  f^'tra 
pr'in'th'i-  (-s'i-)  pe 
pritch'vits 
prit'tsi^ 
prits'cdlk 
prO-bin'th'i-o 
pr5-ck'i'da 
prS'na 
pri-pr'i-d' no 
prO'tir 
prB'fir 
prti'Vdngse 
prO-vhi-dzd'li 


Fau,/<lr,fyU,V)luH,bdt.  —  Meu,prty,hHp,  tktre,  klhr.  — Pine,  marine,  bird,  fig.  — MU,ddve,  mUve,  w<)lf,b<itik,  lQrd.  —  T<int,  bull,  iinUe.  —  Tr.  long  rft«;  Fr.  short  tilt.  — 


1354 


PRONUiNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


l*r<ivon/.a!c,  (Pen.) 
I'riiviileiitiules,  (W.  InJ.) 

I'rtiiu'lli,  (It.)  r. 
Prussia,  or  Preuszen,  (Gor.) 
Priiszka,  (Austr.) 
Piicniiillii,  rS.  Am.) 
Pucliow,  (Austr.) 
P»(lasi.irvi,  (It.) 
Pucbia  Cazalla,  (Pen.) 
Puebla,  la,  (.Me.\.  &,  Pen.) 
Purbia  lie  Fadrique,  (Pen.) 
Puebla  <le  Turnea,  (Pen.) 
Puebla  de  Uoilrigu,  (Pen.) 
Puebla  Niicva,  ur  Paz,  (S. 

Am.) 
Pueblo,  el,  (S.  Am.) 
Puente  del  ArzobUpo,  (Pen 
Piu  rci),  (Mex.)  r. 
Puerta.s,  (F'eu.) 
I'uerlci,  (Pen.) 
PuorU)  de  la  Mala  Muger, 

(Pen.) 

Puerto  Principe,  (VV.  Ind.) 
Puis,  (Kr.) 
Puiseux,  (Fr.) 
PulasUi,  (U.  S.) 
Pulciano,  (It.)  int. 
Pnlly,  (Sivitz.) 
Pultiisk,  (Austr.) 
Puna,  (S.  Isl.) 
Puiialiou,  (S.  Isl.) 
Punsoteapue,  (Ij,  S.) 
Punjaub,  (hid.) 
Punto  Uesc  iioeida,  (W. 

Iiid.) 
Purcliena,  (Pen.) 
Puricues,  (Nle.\.) 
Puntic.ition,  la,  (.Mex.  S. 

Am.) 

Purisima,  la,  (.Mex.) 
Purissima,  la,  (.Mex.) 
Purmerend,  (.\elli.) 
P*ispoki,  (Auslr.) 
Puszta,  (.Austr.) 
Putignanu,  ([t.) 
Putnok,  (Austr.) 
Putten,  (Neth.) 
Putllitz,  (Pru.s.) 
Putzilor,  (.\ustr.) 
Puy  de  Dome,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Puy  Guillaunie,  (Fr.) 
Puy,  le,  (Fr.) 
Puzzuoli,  (II.) 
Pyaam,  (.\etli.) 
Pylos,  (Gr.) 
Pymatunins,  {}'!•  SO 
Fyrenees,  East,  (Ff.)  dep. 
Pyrenees,  Lower,  (Fr.)  rfep. 
Pyrenees,  Upper,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Pyreneos,  (Braz.)  mL 
Pyrgos,  (Gr.)  wit. 
Pyritz,  (Prus.) 
Pyssanitzen,  (Prus.) 


prl^-vhi'tKa'le 
prO-tH-drn-Uii-  (-si-)  d'- 

Usse  or  prd-D'i-dditis-tii- 
pr^^-u^t'l'i  [dZt;' 

prfQs'lM 
pt}(f-kd-iiiV  ya 

pfQ-dd-sl-dr'v'i 
pQq-^'bla  kd-lhdl'ya 
Id  pi^<ye'bla 
pqQ-r'bla  de  fd~dr't'ke 
pQQ-e'bta  de  t6r-ne'a 
ptjij-e'bta  de  rO-dr't'tra 

j  pQt-i'bui  nnf-i'va 

H  p^^e'blo 
,)  pijQ-en'te  del  dr-thO-b'is'po 
p^Q-er'ko 
pijQ-er'tds 
pQ^-er'ta 

ipqQ-er'to  de  Id  md'la  7n(>9- 

p^i^  er'to  pr'iu'tJii-  (-*•'^-)  pe 
pu-'i' 
pii-'i-iA' 
pfi-lds'ki 
PQ^l-tclii-d' no 
pultt' 

pq<)'iia 
pi)Q-Hd~hvii' 

pun:r~iro-t'iirc' 
puil-jiliib' 

ipQQn'tti  dr^se-k5-n6-th'i'- 
(..1')  ,/u 

)  Id  poQ-ri-f  't'kd-thi-  {  si-) 
\  on' 
Id  pgt^-r'i'.s'i-jna 
Id  piji^-rta'a'i-ma 

pijQS-pQ'Ui 

pQQu'ta 
p<^Q~tin-y'd'no 
p^Qt'iiqk 
pgr^t'l^a 
p<jgt'lits 
pQQt's'i-lor 
pit-i'  de  itOme 
pn-V        yGme'  or  ^if- 
Ic  pa-t'  [ijGme' 
pQot.-diQQ-6'l'i 
pi'dJtm 
pi' Ins 

pim-a-tu'ning 

I  p'i-r?-ne',  Eng.  pir'e-nSz 

pi^e~ne'os 
per'ffos 
pi'rjUt 

p'is'sd-JtWsen 


Q. 


(iuACKEsnnt'EcK,  (Ger.) 
Quaderna,  (It.) 
Quasues,  (S.  Am.)  mt. 
Qualsund,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
auaranta,  (It.) 
Uunrantauia,  (Pal.)  mt. 
Quarnebeck,  (Prus.) 
Cluarnerolo,  (Austr.)  ch. 
Quarto,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Uuartu,  (It.) 
Cluascliin,  (Pnis.) 
Quassel,  (Ger.) 
auatre  Bras,  (.\etli.) 
Quebec,  (Can.) 
Quebec,  (Can.)  di<t. 
Quedali,  (East.  Isl.) 
Quedlinburf!,  (Prus.) 
Uueeche,  (U.  S.) 
Queicli,  (Ger.)  r. 
Quemada,  (Pen.) 
Queretaro,  (Mex.) 
(Juerfurt,  (Prus.) 
Querinda,  (Af.)  isU 
Querndrup,  (Den.; 
Quero,  (It.) 
Quesne,  (Fr.) 
ciuetobo,  (S.  .Am.)  r 
Quetteliou,  (Fr.) 
Queuille,  la,  (Fr.) 
Quiberon,  (Fr.) 
Uuibo,  (S.  Am.)  Uil. 
Quirkborn,  (Den.) 
Uuilimari,  (s.  Am.)  r. 


kwdk'ken-bruk 
ktcd-der^na 
kijtj-d'  rresse 

kwd-rtin'  ta 

ktod-rdn-td'n'i-a 

ktcdr'ne-beke 

kwdr-tie-rS'lo 

kwdr'to 

hcdr-toQ' 

kwd-sh'ine' 

kwds'^el 

kdtr  bra' 

k:el-bik' 

kwl-bek' 

kedah' 

kiced'liil-b^Qr^ 

kirc'tche 

kicUh 

ke-md'da 

ke-rr-td'ro 

kirer'fq^t 

ke-r'in'da 

kwem'drf^ 

kire'ro 

kS?ie 

ke-td'bo 

kute-nq' 

Id  kifiUy'  or  kA-i' 

ki-be-rOngI 

ki'bo 

kteik'bijrn 

ki'ti-ma-rV 


auilla,  (Mex.) 
Uuilmas,  (Pi  ll.) 
Uuiiiisdal,  (t-c.  Pen.)  r. 
Uuiiinebaus,  (U.  S.) 
Utiiiinipiac,  (U.  S.) 
Uuintana,  (Pi  ii.) 
Uuiiilanar,  (Pen.) 
Uuinten,  (Switz.) 
Uiiipar,  (Pen.)  r. 
(luilo,  (S  -Am.) 
CiuoKe,  (U.S.) 
Uuoregnnn,  (.\etli.) 
(iuorra,  (Af.) 


k'i'ya  or  k'il'ya 

k'U'md.-t 

kw'i'nis-ddW 

kioCii-ue-buitf^' 

kwiit'Hip''i-dk 

k'in-td'iHi 

ktn-td-iidr' 

kwin'ten 

ki-pdri 

ki'to 

kwQffue 

k&-reu-y^ng' 

kicor'ra 


R. 


R.iAn,  (Austr.) 
Uaab,  (Austr.)  r. 
Ii;uilijerg,  (Den.) 
Itaalle,  (iN'etb.) 
Ilabriiiera,  (Pen.) 
Kabbuto,  (It.) 
Itabbi,  (It.)  r. 
Kabi.zee,  (.\etli.) 
Itaclies,  (Fr.) 
liacme,  (U.  S.) 
Kaciiiiitz,  (.Austr.) 
Kada,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Kadebiirs,  (Ger.) 
Uadciilortli,  ((Jer.) 
Uadkersburg,  (Austr.) 
Kadiiorshire,  (En;;.) 
Kadoe,  (Sc.  Pen.)  UL 
UadoKast,  (G.  r.) 
Uadollzell,  (Ger.) 
Uadoiii,  (K.) 

Kadoiuzyl,  (R.  .Austr.) 
Uadomyst,  (Austr.) 
Kadi>na,  (Pen.) 
Uadiiiiia,  (R.) 
Uadmvitz,  (Pnis.) 
Kadsse,  (.\elli.) 
Kadstadt,  (.Auslr.) 
Iladynmo,  (Austr.) 
Ragaz,  (Switz.) 
Racusa,  (.Austr.) 
Ralide,  (Ger.) 
Ralideii,  (Ger.) 
Railway,  (U.  S.) 
Rajpootana,  (Ind.) 
Rakolaks,  (R.) 
Rakos,  (Austr.) 
Rab  ich,  (U.  S.) 
Ramah,  (Af.)  misi.  eta, 
Ramapno,  (U.  S.) 
Uambia,  (Pen.) 
Ilanibouillet,  (Fr.) 
Ramillies,  (Neth.) 
Ramla,  (It.) 
Kaiiisele,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ranisen,  (Switz.) 
Ranapungern,  (R.) 
Ranees,  (.Switz.) 
Ranclierio,  la,  (.Mex.) 
Raiiclio,  (iMex.) 
Ranro,  (S.  Am.)  L 
Randa,  (Switz.) 
Randas.so,  (It.) 
Randers,  (Den.) 
Raiiders  fjord,  (Den.)  • 
Raiiea,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ranea,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
RaiiKonn,  (Ind.) 
Raniczow,  (Austr.) 
Rausel,  The,  f  Nclll.) 
Rami,  (Austr.) 
Ranuzzi,  rit.) 
Ranzaii,  (Den.) 
Raon  I'Etape,  (Fr.) 
Rapallo,  (It.) 
Rapila,  (Pen.) 
Rapola,  (It.) 
Rapos,  (Austr.)  r. 
Rappahannock,  (tJ.  S.) 
Rappersweiler,  (Switz.) 
Raritan,  (  U.  -S.) 
Raron,  (Switz.) 
Kasaciilm,  (It.)  c 
Raschow,  (Prus.) 
Rasicerbi  Point,  (It.) 
Rasqiicra,  (Pen.) 
Rastadt,  (Ger.) 
Rastede,  (Ger.) 
Rastekais,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt. 
Ratcha,  (R.) 
Ralhenaii,  (Pnis.) 
Ratisbon,  or  Regensberg, 

(Ger.) 
Ralone.in,  (Fr.) 
Ratt.in,  (Mei.)  uj. 


rdbe 
rdbe 

r6'bter§ 

rdhVfe 

rd'bd-nf'ra 

rdb-bd'to 

Tdb'bi 

ra'bD-it' 

rdshe 

ra-eine' 

rd'kO-nits' 

rd'da 

rd'de-bqqr§ 

rd'den-fqrt 

rdt'ker.t-b^Qr§ 

rdd'  iior-shtre 

rd'd^ 

Td'd^-trd^-t 

Td'dnlf-lsil 

rd'dUm 

rd'dOni-zih 

rd'dO-mislit 

rd~tl5'na 

rd-d^'n'i~a 

rd'dO-vit3 

rat'tse 

riUsidt 

Td-dim'no 

rd'gdts 

T'd-g<j(jiia 

rd'de 

Td'ien 

rah' tea 

rdj-pQQ-td'na 

rd'kO-ldlcs 

rd'kos 

ra'te 

rd'mah 

ra-ina-p6' 

rdm'bla 

rdng-btjQ-'i^je'  or  rdng- 

rd-m'it-yi'  [ifp'-ys' 

rdm'la 

rdm'$e-le 

rdm'sen 

rd'/td  pf^g'irn 
rdngse 

Id  rdu-che-r'i'o 

rdn'cho 

rdn'ko 

Tdn'da 

rdn-dds'so 

rdn'ders 

Tdn'drrs  fiOrd 

rd'ne-a 

rd'ne-a 

Tang-g<fi)n' 

rd-tt'i'cfto 

rdn'zel 

rd-in^Q' 

rd-nfft'dii 

rdnt'sou 

rdhng'  le  tdpe' 

Td-pdl'lo 

Td-pi'ta 

rd-pO'la 

rd'pos 

rdp-pa-hdn'nnek 

rdp'persli-vt'ler 

rdr'i-tan 

rd-r6nfr' 

rd'zd-k  fQlm' 

rdsh'o 

rd-zi-jer'bl 

rd.s-ke'ra 

rdi'tat 

rds-le'de 

rdi'te-kis 

rdt'tcha 

rd'te-nou 

I  rd'ttji-bon 

Td-l9-nS' 
rat-tan' 


Ratzebiihr,  (Pnis.) 
Ratzi-buri:,  (Den.) 
Raven,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Knveiiiia,  (It.) 
Raveiisburd,  fGer.) 
Raveiislein,  (Nelli.) 
Raviiu  Gora,  (Austr.) 
lUiwn,  (Auslr.) 
Rnweiler  Pass,  (Switz.) 
Raycza,  (Au.str.) 
Raynliam,  (V.  S.) 
Razes,  (Fr.) 
Razvaliiiji,  (11.) 
R4,  (Fr.)  i^l. 
Reading,  (Eng.  t  U.  S.) 
Real,  Porto,  (Uraz.) 
Ueale,  (It.)  mt. 
Kcalego,  (iMex.) 
Realiiiuiit,  (Fr.) 
Rebolossa,  (Pen.) 
Recco,  (It.) 

Recherche,  Archipelago  of  I 
the,  (Austral.)  j 

Ri  cojne,  (Netli.) 

Recoiisse,  (Fr.) 

Red. .11,  (Fr.) 

Redniidela,  (Pen.) 

Redi^iido,  (Pen.) 

Redoiido,  (S.  .Am.)  mt. 

Reekbergen.  (N'elli.) 

Reer,  (Den.)  isl. 

Rcest,  (Nelh.)  r. 

Reetz,  (Prus.) 

Refugio,  (.Me.v.) 

Refugio,  el,  (.Mex.) 

Rega,  (Pros.)  r. 

Regalbulo,  (It.) 

Regeii,  (Ger.) 

Regenweisze,  (Ger.)  r. 

Regensberg,  or  Rutisbon,  j 
((;er.)  i 

Regi  iisperg,  (Switz  ) 

Reggio,  (It.) 

Reliiia,  (I'rus.) 

Reholidtli,  (U.  S.) 

Reirhciiau,  >  Switz.) 

Reichriibach,  (Switz.  Ger.  I 
Prus.)  i 

Reichenberg,  (.Austr.) 

Rcichenstein,  (Prus.) 

Reichshofen,  (Fr.) 

Reifnitz,  (.Auslr.) 

Reigolzweiler,  (Switz.) 

Reinwa.sser,  (Prus.) 

Reisenhiirg,  (Prus.) 

Reisniarkt,  (Auslr.) 

Reiss,  (Ger.) 

Rekkem,  (.Nelh.) 

Rema,  ((ir.)  c. 

Reiuele,  (.Austr.) 

Reiiiich,  (N'eth.) 

Reiiiireiiiont,  (Fr.) 

Reiiimatli,  (Ger.) 

Remus,  (Switz.) 

Renius.at,  f  Fr.) 

Renn,  (Gr.)  c. 

Rcnac,  (Fr.) 

Renaii,  (Switz.) 

Renco,  (It.)  r. 

Rendek,  (Austr.) 

Reiidsburg,  (Den.) 

Renesse,  (Neth.) 

Reninglie,  (Neth.) 

Renligcn,  (Switz.) 

Rennen,  (R.) 

Rennes,  (P  r.) 

Reno,  (It.)  r. 

Rensselaer,  (U.  S.) 

Renswoiide,  (Xelh.) 

Rfiolie,  la,  (Fr.) 

Reparata,  (It.) 

Reqiiena,  (Pen.) 

Requilcgo,  (Pen.) 

Ress  Ness,  (Den.) 

Reuben,  (Pal.) 

Reuch,  (Ger.)  r. 

Reuss,  (Ger.) 

Reuss,  (Switz.)  r. 

Reiithlingen,  (Ger.) 

Revel,  (R.) 

Revellata,  (It.)  c. 

Revigiiy,  rj-r.) 

Kevilla,  (Pen.  Me.x.) 

Riy,  le,  (Fr.)  ' 

Rev,  Villa  Nova  del,  (Braz.) 

Reyr„s,  (Mex.  8.  Am.) 

Reyes,  (Mex.)  r. 

Rheda,  (Ger.) 

Rheenen,  (Ni  th.) 

Rheiins,  (Fr.) 

Rhein,  or  Rhine,  (Pnis.  ) 

Nelh.)  i 
Rhein,  or  Rhine,  (Prus.  ) 

Nelh.  Ger.)  r.  ( 


rdt's^-bogr 

rdi'»e-bQQr§ 

ra'ren 

Td-vfn'na 

ra'vefui-bn^^ 

rd'  veii-ntiitt 

rdii'ita  gO'ra 

ra'va 

rd-vVler 

rVtcha 

rSne'ltam 

raze 

rdz-vdl-ni'ji 
rt 

ri'd'd'tng 

pOr'tv  re-dl' 

re-d'le 

re-dle'ea 

re-ai'Wtiiiff' 

re-bG-lOft'na 

rek'ko 

rif^shirsh' 

rt-kOny' 

re-kqqs' 

re-dhng' 

re-flQit'd^-la 

re-dHn'dij 

re-ilOit'do 

rSk'ber'ffen 

rirc 

riste 

ret) 

re/QQ' Ih'i-o 
el  r^-fi^ff' 
re'^a 

re-gal'tiQ^-lo 

T^' irrit 

r^-iieH-vAg' 

ri' ffriui-ber^ 

ri'  gens-per^ 
red' jo 
re'titi 
re-hO'botA 
rV  fbe-Hoa 

rriken-idlk 

rV  fhen-berj^ 

rt'ilien-.illne 

rilbs'lid'fen 

rtfc'uits 

rV  goit.^-vl'ler 

rine-vdi'ser 

rl'zeii-bQQr^ 

rls'mcrkt 

rU 

rek'kem 

re'iiia 

re-me'te 

re'mi^h 

re-mire-mOiig' 

rrm'wdte 

re'mf^Q.i  or  r^-^i 

re-mu-za' 

rt'na 

re-ndkf 

re'noa 

reii'ko 

ren'dSke 

remU'bQ^^ 

rl!-ue,-ise' 

re'ning-f 

reii'lf-gen 

ren'nen 

rine 

re'no 

rensel-ltrt' 

reiu'eou-de. 

Id  rt-S  ti'  ' 

ri-pd-^d'ta 

rt-ke'na 

re-ki-li'go 

reuse  niUst 

ril'beti 

Toilh 

roiss 

roi.t.1 

roit'  ling-en 

re'nel 

re-veUld'ta 

re-v'in-y'i' 

re-v'tl'va  or  rf-c'rt  ya 

Id  re-i'  or  rt 

v'il'ya  nd'va  del  rl 

re'y^gi!e 

rt'yejse 

re' da 

r^'nen 

rdngne  or  rltns 
rJne 


Fl  long  A  and  short  cu.,  ne.-irly  as  in  spur —  Final  ly,  French  I  mouiUi  Ant'gery  Bi'ciuiu  g  as  x  in  pleasure ;  §  and  M  guttural ,  itjf  liquid ;  Ul  a«  in  pitX, 


13?i5 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Rlipinrnll,  (Switz.) 
Klieinaii,  (Switz.) 
Rlirine,  (Ger.) 
Rheinek,  (Switz.) 
Rheinfelden,  (Switz.) 
Rheinthal,  (Switz.) 
Rtieinwald,  (Switz.) 
Rfiin,  Lower,  (Ft.)  dep. 
Rliin,  Upper,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Rhine,  or  Rliein,  (Neth.)  r. 
Rhine,  (Bavarian,)  (Ger.) 
Rhine,  Lower,  Grand 

Duchy  of,  (Ger.) 
Rhodes,  or  jRhodus,  (Tur.) 

is;.  ' 

Rhone,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Rhone,  fJouths  of  ihe.  , 
(Fr.)r. 

Rhone,  Mouths  of  Uie,  , 
(Fr.)  dep.  i 
Ria  Arosa,  (Pen.) 
Ria  Retanzes,  (Pen.) 
Ria  Miiros  y  Nova,  (Pen.) 
Ria  Vigo,  (Peu.) 
Riace,  (It.) 
Uiano,  (It.) 
Riazan,  (R.) 
Ribadavia,  (Pen.) 
Rihadeo,  (Pen.) 
Ribas,  (Pen.) 
Ribay,  Is,  (Fr.) 
Ribe,  (Den.) 
Rihecourt,  (Fr.) 
Ribera,  (It.) 
Ribnilz,  (Ger.) 
Richeiieu,  (Can.) 
Ricbtenberg,  (Pnis.) 
Richtensweiler,  (Switz.) 
Ricote,  (Pen.) 
Rideau,  (Can.)  /. 
Rieso,  rPen.) 
Kiel,  (Xeth.) 
Riera,  (Mex.) 
Riesengebirge,  (Austr.) 
Rieti,  (It.) 
Rieii|)evrou.\,  (Fr.) 
Riga,  (R.) 
Risliibera,  (Switz.) 
Rill  !,  (Fr.)  r. 
Rilvas,  (Pen.) 
Rinia  Stombatls,  (Austr.) 
Rimini,  (It.) 
Rirn:)iiski,  (Can.) 
Riniouski,  (Can.) 
Riniout,  (Fr.) 
Rinip  i,  (Ger.) 
Rinaldo,  (It.)  ist. 
Rinuerliriick,  (Neth.) 
Rinskjoebing  Fjord,  (Den.) 
Rincoes,  (U.  S.) 
Rinpsager,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ringvahlsoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Rinne,  (iN'etli.) 
Rinsiiniageest,  (Neth.) 
Uio  Grande  do  Norte,  (Braz.) 
Rio  Janeiro,  (Braz.) 
Rio  .\egro,  (Braz.) 
Rio  Tigre,  (.Mex.) 
Hiocabado,  (Pen.) 
Riocorlin,  (Pen.) 
Rioja,  (Pen.  &  S.  Am.) 
Rinlobos,  (Pen.) 
Rioni,  (R.)  r. 
Riposto,  (It.) 
Risliniie,  (Den.) 
Ritzebnttel,  (Ger.) 
Riv.i,  (It.) 
Rivalgo,  (It.) 
Riviere  a  Jacques,  (U.  S.) 
Rivoli,  (It.) 
Uiianoke,  (U.  S.) 
Robbe  Sand,  (Neth.) 
Kobechics,  (Neth.) 
Robigr-n,  (Switz.) 
Robillante,  (It.) 
Rohlnda,  (Pen.) 
Roc  SI.  .\ndro,  Ic,  (Fr.) 
Rocn,  (Pen.)  c. 
Rocn,  la,  (Pen.) 
Rocca  Conimdo,  (It.) 
Korea  Inip"riale,  (It.) 
Uucra  I'artida,  (.Mex.)  ial. 
Roccella,  (It.) 
Roche,  la,  (Fr.  .\eih.) 
Rorlicrhoiiart,  (Fr.) 
Rochefort,  (Fr.  &  Neth.) 
Riiclieroiicaiili,  (.Switz.)  I. 
Ri.chelle,  la,  (Fr.) 
Rocheinaiire,  (Fr.) 
Rochetln,  la,  (It.) 
Kockawav,  (l).  S.) 
Kockbridi.'.-,  (U.  t^.) 
RiK'kenhaiii'en,  (Ger.) 
Roda,  (Sc.  Pen.) 


rhtc'fdl 

rVnou 

rlne 

rVnek 

rtne'fiUdin 

Ttiu'tdle 

rinc'vdlt 

rang 

rang 

rlna 

nne 

I  rlne 

I  rddcs 
rone 
I  r5ne 

j  rdne 

ri'a  d-ro'sa 

r'i'a  re-tdn'lhos 

ri'a  mQQ'ros  'i  nd'ya 

r'i'a  v'i'go 

ri-it'tehi 

ri-a'no' 

r'i-d'iSH 

r'i-bd'dd-oVa 

ri-bd-de'o 

r'i'bds 

li  ri-ba' 

r'i'be 

Tibe-liQip^ 

r'i-be'ra 

ri.p'nits 

r'i-shi-liA' 

riih'ten-berS- 

riWtens-vVlir 

r'i-kO'te 

ri'dS'  ' 

ri-e'go 

rile 

r'i-e'ra 

ri'ien-ge-bir'a-^ 

ri-e'ti 

riA-pB-rt>f' 

r'i'ga  or  r^'ga 

Ti'g'i-ber§ 

rile 

ril'vUs 

r'i'ma  stSm'biiU 

r'i'm'i-n'i 

ri^lQCts'k'i 

T'i-ntQQs' k'i 

r'i-mQQ' 

rim'pa 

ri-ndl'Jo 

ring'  er-brtih 

ring'kiA-bingh  f  iOrd 

rin'  giies 

rings'd-ger 

ring'vdtds-A 

rin'ne 

rin' .^Qiyind-g&ste' 

r'i'o  grdn'd^  Ud  nor'ts 

r'i'o  Zhd-nVro 

r'i'o  ne'gro 

r'i'o  t'i'gre 

ri'5-kd'bd'do 

r'i'd-kor'bo 

r'i-5'iha 

fi'S-lu'bos 

ri-5'n'i 

r'i-pSs'to 

ris'Ung-e 

rit'se-bSl'til 

r'i'va 

r'i-r'dl'go 

ri-vi-M 'd  jak 

ri'vi-ti 

rS'nOke 

rob' be  sdnd 

ribe  sh'i' 

rO'b'i-gen 

rS-b'il-ldn'le 

ro-bh'da 

lii  rOk  sang  dng-drS' 

ra'kii 

Id  rS'ka 

rUk'ka  kSn-trS'do 

rOk'ka  'im-pi-r'i-d'l^ 

rOk'ka  pdr-t'i'da 

rbt-tehrVla 

Id  rBihc 

rO.sh^-nhQn-dre' 

rBihe-fure'  ■ 

rBahc-ftfif-ko' 

Id  rB-.ikfl' 

rOnfte-mdre* 

Id  rt-kH'ta 

rol;'  a-ipay 

rgk'bridge 

rnk'ken-km'iin 

rl'da 


Rodome,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Roekel,  (Neth.) 
Roer,  (Neth.)  r. 
Roeskilde,  (Den.) 
Rogaguala,  (S.  Am.)  U 
RogL'enberg,  (Swilz.) 
Roggeveld,  .Agter,  (Af.) 
Roggeveld,  Bergen,  (Af.) 
Roggeveld,  Karro,  (.\r) 
Roggeveld,  Klein,  (.\f.) 
Roggeveld,  Middel,  (Af.) 
Rogliano,  (It.) 
Rohan,  (Fr.) 
Rohilcund,  (Ind.) 
Rohrbach,  (Switz.) 
Rohrlirunn,  (Ger.) 
Kokitza:i,  (Austr.) 
Rokko  Point,  (It.) 
Rolde,  (Neth.) 
Rolduc,  (Neth.) 
,Bolgesbuttel,  ('Ger.) 
Rolle,  (Switz.) 
Rom,  (Den.)  isl. 
Roma,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Roma,  or  Rome,  (It.) 
Romagna,  (It.) 
Romagnano,  (It.) 
Romala,  (Tur.) 
Romamniotiers,  (Switz.) 
Romanel,  (Switz.) 
Romanov,  (R.) 
Romanova,  (R.) 
Romans,  (Fr.) 
Rome,  or  Roma,  (It.) 
Romishorn,  (Switz.) 
Roniont,  (Switz.) 
Romorantin,  (Fr.) 
Romos,  (Switz.) 
Romsdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ronbo,  (R.)  /. 
Roncas,  (Pen.) 
Roncesvalles,  (Pen.) 
Ronciglione,  (It.) 
Ronco,  (It.) 
Roncq,  (Fr.) 
Ronda,  (Pen.) 
Rondout,  (U.  S.) 
Ronkebye,  (Den.) 
Ronne,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ronneliy,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ronquillo,  el,  (Pen.) 
Roode  Kruis,  (Neth.) 
Roon,  (Neth.) 
Ropezyce,  (Austr.) 
Roquefort,  (Fr.) 
Roquetas,  (Pen.) 
Roqnevaire,  (Fr.) 
Roeraas,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Rosa  de  Castilla,  (Wei.) 
Rosa,  (It.)  isl. 
Rosa  Monte,  (It.) 
Rosario,  (It.) 
Rosario,  el,  (Me.x.) 
Rosario,  (Mex.)  r. 
Rosart,  (Neth.) 
Rosas,  (Pen.)  g. 
Roscommon,  (Ir.)  co. 
Rosenau,  (.\ustr.) 
Rosenberg,  (.\ustr.  Prus. 

Ger.) 
Uosenburg,  (Prus.) 
Rosendal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Rosenheim,  (Ger.) 
Rosenholm,  (Den.) 
Rosetta,  (Eg.) 
Rcisi,  (It.)  mL 
Rosignol,  (Can.)  L 
Rosla,  (Ger.)  r. 
Rossa,  (Switz.) 
Kossano,  (It.) 
Rossbach,  (Prus.) 
Rossignol,  (Neth.) 
Rossiniire,  (Switz.) 
Ross  (shire,)  and  Cromarty, 

(Scot.) 
Rostock,  (Ger.) 
Rota,  (Pen.) 
Hotels,  (Switz.) 
Roth,  (Ger.  Switz.) 
Rothaus,  (Ger.) 
Rothenbach,  (Ger.) 
Rothenberg,  (Prus.) 
Rothenbrunn,  (Switz.) 
Rothenbnrg,  (Ger.) 
Rdlhenihurm,  (Switz.) 
Rolondo,  (It.) 
Rotondo,  (II.)  ml. 
Riitterdam,  (Neth.) 
Rottum,  (Neth.) 
Kouen,  (Fr.) 
Rouge,  (Fr.) 
Rouilliac,  (Fr.) 
RoulanH,  (Fr.) 
Rousillon,  (Fr.) 


rdk'kH 
rgor 

rd's'kil-de 

rS'gd-gQq-'d'la 

rog'  gen-ber^ 

dc/t'ter  rog' ge-ftW 

ber'gin  rov' ge-fiW 

kdr'ro  rqg'gt-frW 

kltne  rogige-feW 

viid'dH  rog' ge-feW 

rdl-yd'no 

rS-dng' 

r5-h!l-kund' 

Tore'bdlh. 

rOre'brqqn 

ro'kit-sdn' 

rok'lo 

rgl'de 

role-duk' 

rgl'gtsse-biit'tH 

rol'le 

rome 

rd'ma 

ro'ma 

ro-m'dn'ya 

rd-mdn-y'd'no 

ro~md'Ia 

ro-mdm-mo-ti'Sl 

rd^d-nH' 

ro-md'nov 

rd^td-no'va 

ro-mdng 

rome 

rB'mis-home' 

rd^tBng' 

rB-mB-rdng-ldng' 

rB'mos 

rqms'ddle 

rgn'bo 

rdn'kds 

rBn'tJiesse-r'dl'yesse 

rdn-Uh'it^B'ne 

rdn'ko 

rongk 

rBn'da 

ron-douV 

rqnk'e-bii 

ron'ne 

ron'ne-hii 

el  rBn-k'il'yo 

ro'de  krois 

rone 

ro'pe-sh'i'ts^ 

rBk-fSre' 

ro-ke'tds 

rBke-vdre' 

rt^r'Bs 

rS'sa  de  kd-sfil'ya  or  k'd- 

rB'za  \_sfi'ya 

rd'za  mBn'te 

r6-zd'r'i-o 

el  rG-sd'r'i-o 

rB-s'd'r'i-o 

rB-zdre* 

rB'sds 

ros'kom-mon 
rB'ie-nou 

'  rB'zen-ber§ 

ro'zen-b<;(jr^ 

rB'zen-ddle^ 

rB'ien-hime^ 

rB'zen-holm' 

rB-sH'ta 

rB'z'i 

vB-z'in-yBV 

rqs'la 

rBs'sa 

vBs-s'd'no 

ros'bdlh 

rBs-sin-yBl' 

rds-s'i-ni-ire' 

krom'ar~ty 

ro.i'lok 
rS'la 
rB'tels 
rote 

rBte'hous 

rO'  ti-n-h'dih 

rO'trn-ber^ 

rB'ih}-brQQn' 

rB'ten-b^t^^ 

rB't^n-tf>Qrm' 

rB-tdn'do 

rO-tBn'do 

rqt'ler-ddmf 

rgt'tQQta 

rw-dng' 

rwxe 

r^gl-ydk  or  rQ^'i-ydk' 
rgQ-ldng 

rifg-iit-  (-iV-)  yBng' 


Rousses,  les,  (Fr.) 
Rouville,  (Can.) 
Rovauemi,  (R.) 
Hoveen,  (Neth.) 
Roverbella,  (It.) 
Roveredo,  (.Austr.  Switz., 
Rovigno,  (Austr.) 
Rovigo,  (It.) 
Roville,  (Fr.) 
Roxburgh,  (Scot.)  co. 
Roxen,  (Pen.)  I. 
Roxo,  (.Mex.)  c 
Rova,  (It.)  r. 
R;)'ve,  (Fr.) 
Rozaiis,  (Fr.) 
Rozas,  las,  (Pen.) 
Rozendaal,  (Neth.) 
Rozuelo,  (Pen.) 
Rubano,  (Psii.) 
Rubcnstein,  (Prus.) 
Rubielos.  (Pen.) 
Rubiera,'(lt.) 
Rucello,  (It.) 
Rucine,  (It.) 
Ruckv,  (.Austr.) 
Rudkjobing,  (Den.) 
Rudolstadt,  (Ger.) 
Rueda,  (Pen.) 
Rueda  de  I'.Amirante,  (Pen 
Ruegno,  fit.) 
Ruelle,  (Fr.)  * 
Ruexas,  Ca.sto  de,  (Pen.) 
Rugen,  (Prus.)  isl. 
Rugenwakle,  (Prus.) 
Ruggisberg,  (Switz.) 
Rugiero,  (It.) 
Ruiir,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ruiiwardeii,  (Ger.) 
Ruighuizum,  (Neth.) 
Ruinas,  (.Me.x.) 
Ruinerwold,  fNeth.) 
Rum.  (.Austr.) 
Runia,  (Austr.) 
Rumberg,  (.Austr.) 
Runiilla,  (Tur.) 
Rumiij  n,  (Switz.) 
Rummei^burg,  (Prus.) 
Runafer,  (K.) 
Runen,  (Neth.) 
Ruoti,  (It.) 
Rupelmonde,  (Neth.) 
Rusi,  (.Austr.) 
Russ,  (Prus.) 
Russ,  (Prus.)  r." 
Russia,  Asiatic 
Russia,  European 
Russian  Territory,  (N.  Am. 
Russoczyn,  (Prus.) 
Russweiler,  (Switz.) 
Ruti,  (Switz.) 
Rutli,  or  Grutli,  (Switz.) 
Ruvis,  (Switz.) 
Ruvo,  (It.) 
Ruysselede,  (Neth.) 
Rykevorsel,  (.Neth.) 
Rynarzewo,  (Prus.) 
Rys,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 
Rysbergen,  (Neth.) 
Ryssen,  (Neth.) 
Ryswyk,  (Neth.) 


le  rws 
r^Q-vilc' 
ru-od-ne'm'i 
r5  vSnc' 
rB-vir-bH'ln 
rd-ve-re'do 
ro-v'in'yo 
rB-vt'go 
ro-v'ile' 
Toz'burah 
rglli^M 
rd'lfio 
rd'ya 
rwd 

TO-z'dng' 
Ids  rb'th'ds 
r3-zen~ddle' 
rB-thQQ-e'lo 
r^^bd'no 
rqif'brn-stjne' 
rQQ-b'i-e'los 
r^'^bi-e'ra 
rQQ~tchrl'lo 
rQQ-tch'i'ne 
rtjck'k'i 

rtld'ki^'bingh 
rQQ' dnls-sidl 
rQQ-e'da 
.)  r^Q-e'da  de  Id  m'i-rdn'tg 

rf}Q-rn'yo 
ru-&lc' 

kds'to  de  rQQ-e'Zhda 
rii'gr'n 
rd'gen-v'dl'de 
rf<!g'gis-ber§ 
r<fQ-ji-e'ro 

rgg'tdr-den 
roi^'fioi'zggm 
rgg-'i'nds 
rui'ner-vold' 
rggm 
rgg'ma 
rggm'ber^ 
rgg-tn'il'la 
rggrn'ii-gen 
rggm' tnr'U-bggr^ 
rgg-nd'ver 
rgg'ntn 
rgg-5'l'i 
rgg'pel-mgn'de 
rgg'zi 
rggs 
rggs 

rggs'sh'ia  or  rus'sh'ia 
rgQs'shia  or  rn^'sh'ia 
)  rggs'sh'iau  or  rus'sh'ian 
rgQs-sgtck-'ine' 
rggs'vi'ler 
rgg't'i 
rilt'ti 
rgg'vis 
rgg'vo 

rois'sel-le'd^ 
ri'ke-fBr'sH 
r'i'  ndr-z^'vo 
rus 

rts'ber'gen 
rls'sen 
rU'vlke 


s. 


Saaksumhuise.n,  (Neth.) 
Saal,  (Ger.)  r. 
Saala,  (Ger.)  r. 
Saalburg,  (Ger.) 
Saale,  f  Prus.)  r. 
S-ialfeld,  (Prus.  Ger.) 
Saane,  or  Sarine,  (Switz.)  r. 
Saancn,  (Switz.) 
Saarbruck,  (Ger.) 
Saarburg,  (Ger.) 
Saariarvi,  (R.) 
S.aarlouis,  (Ger.) 
Saas,  (Switz.) 
Sabana,  (S.  .Am.) 
Sabanoui,  (Mex.) 
Sabbianetta,  (It.) 
S.abine,  (Mex.)  (.  &  r. 
Sabioncella,  (.Austr.) 
Saliium,  (It.) 
Sable,  (Fr.) 
Sables  d'Olonne,  (Fr.) 
Sabroso,  (Pen.) 
Sacandnga,  (U.  S.) 
Sucarapp.i,  (ll.  S.) 
Sacntecolucu,  (Mex.) 
Sncco,  (It.) 
Sacco,  (It.)  r. 


s'ake'sggm-hoi'ihi 

Idle 

id'/ii 

idle'bggr^ 

id'le 

zd'e'felt 

zd'ns 

zd'nen 

zdre'bruk 

xdre'bggr^ 

sd-r'i-dr'v'i 

sdre-tg^'t' 

ids 

sd-bd'  (-vd')  ua 

sd-bdn~k^g-'{' 

sdbbi-d-nel'ta 

fd  bi'ne,  Eng.  sa-i'iiu' 

sd-b'i-Bn-tchel'la 

sa'b'i-g^m 

sdid 

sabl  dS-lBne' 

sd-brb'fo 

sdkai-dd'  ga 

sd-kd-rdp'pa 

sd-kd'tc-kB  Igf'ko 

sdk'ko 

sdk'ko 


Fau,far,f(tU,v>hql,  bdl.  — Mile,  prey,  kelp,  thtre.liifr.  — nne,mar'ine,  bird,  fig.  — MZte,  dSve,  milve,viflf,bfQk,  iQri.—  TSlae,  bull,  tfnite,  —  Fr.  longo&e;  Fr.  short  bSL  — 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Sarconex,  (Swiiz.) 

Saccilou,  (Pen.) 

Racer,  (It.) 

Saceniela,  (Pen.) 

Snclisen,  or  Sa.xony,  (Ger.  j 

Prus.)  1 
Saclisen-.Mtcnburg,  (Ger.) 
Saclisen-Cuburg-Gollia,  i 

(Ger.)  I 
Sacliscnhnusen,  (Ger.) 
Sachsen-Meiningen,  (Ger.) 
S.iclisen-VVeinmr,  (Ger.) 
Sacile,  (It.) 
Saco,  (tJ.  S.) 
Sacramento,  (Mox.) 
Sado,  (Pen.)  r. 
Sadogura,  (Auslr.) 
Saeby,  (Den.) 
Sacn|;erliausen,  (Prus.) 
Safi,  (It.) 
Saglialicn,  (As.) 
Saginaw,  (0.  S.) 
Sagone,  (It.)  g. 
Sagra,  (Pen.)  mt. 
Sagnenay,  (Can.) 
Saguntum,  (Pen.) 
Saguria,  (An.str.) 
Sahara,  (Af.) 
Salil,  (Den.) 
Said,  (Eg.) 
Saignes,  (Fr.) 
Saillon,  (Switz.) 
Sailly  de  la  Soinnie,  (Fr.) 
St.  Afriqne,  (I'Y.) 
St.  Agreve,  (Fr.) 
St.  Alberto,  (It.) 
St.  .^lessio,  (It.) 
St.  Amand,  (Fr.) 
St.  Anians,  (Fr.) 
St.  Ainantes,  (Neth.) 
St.  Anibroi.\,  (Fr.) 
St.  Amour,  (Fr.) 
St.  Ana,  (Mex.) 
St.  Andeul,  le  liourg,  (Fr.) 
St.  Andiol,  (Fr.) 
St.  Andr6,  (Fr.) 
St.  Andrea,  (lu)  c.  &  id. 
St.  Aiigelo,  (It.) 
St.  Antioco,  (It.)  Ul. 
St.  Antonio,  (Mex.  Pen.) 
St.  Antonio  de  la  Huerta,  i 

(Mex.),  ! 
St.  Antonio,  (Mex.)  r. 
St.  Antoniu.s,  (Neth.) 
St.  Arriould,  (Fr.) 
St.  Aubin,  (Fr.  &  Switz.) 
St.  Aurica,  (It.)  r. 
St.  Avertin,  (Fr.) 
St.  Avit,  (Fr.) 
St.  Avoid,  (Fr.) 
St  Barbara,  (Pen.  Mex.) 
St,  Bartoloine,  (Pen.) 
St.  Hartolomeo,  (It.) 
St.  Benedetto,  (II.) 
St.  Hcnedicto,  (Mex.) 
St.  Bencvento,  (lu) 
St.  Benin,  (Fr.) 
St.  Benito,  (.Mex.)  is\. 
St.  Bernard,  (It.  Switz.)  m(. 
St.  Bern.irdo,  (Mex.)  b. 
St.  Ulain,  (Fr.) 
St.  Blaise,  (Switz.) 
St.  Bla.s,  (Mex.)  p^ 
St.  Blasien,  (Ger.) 
St.  Braix,  (Switz.) 
St.  Branchier,  (Switz.) 
St.  Bras,  (Pen.) 
St.  Braz,  (Pen.) 
St.  Brice,  (Fr.) 
St.  Brieuc,  (Fr.)  h. 
St.  Bris,  (Fr.) 
St.  Buenaventura,  (Mex.) 
St.  Calais,  (Fr.) 
St.  Canat,  (Fr.) 
St.  Carlos,  (.Mex.) 
St.  Carlos  del  Monterrey,  , 

(.Mex.) 
St.  Catalina,  (Mex.)  is/. 
St.  Calharina,  (Braz.) 
St.  Catharine,  (S.  Am.) 
St.  Celoui,  (Pen.) 
St.  Chamand,  (Fr.) 
St.  Chamond,  (Fr.) 
St.  Chinian,  (Fr.) 
St.  Clair,  (Fr.) 
St.  Clemens,  (Den.) 
St.  Clemcnte,  f.Mex.)  isl. 
St,  CIcuiente  Volcano,  (S. 

Am.) 
St.  Cloud,  (Fr.) 
et.  Coloma,  (Pen.) 
St.  Ciilombe,  (Fr.) 
SL  Croce,  (It.) 
St,  Croix,  (Switz.) 


sd-llif-ilSn' 

sd-tcher' 

sd-ther'nt-la 

tdli'sm,  siz'o-ny 

z'dk'sen  dl'tiii  bQgr^ 

iWi'sin  Ui'bqijT^  gS'ta 

idk'ien-hou'iin 
z'dJi'shi  viVning-en 
itik'  sen-vV  mdr 
sd'chi-l^ 
aif'ko 

sd-Urd-mhi'to 
sd'tio 

sd-ilH-gtjtj'ra 
sH'bii 

idii^'er-hou'iin 
sd'fi 

sag-ka'ii-en 

sAg'i-naw 

sd-gH'nf 

sd'gra 

sdg-nB' 

sd-g^fn't^Qm 

sd-gQ</'fi-a 

sa  hd'ra 

Idle 

sa-'id' 

sany' 

sdl^jOng'  or  sd'i-ijSug' 

sdl-yi  (itfi-i/Y)  di  Id  sBme' 

^dng  td-ffike' 

sang  td-gr6ve' 

fdn  dl-ber'to 

sdit  d-les'si-o 

sang  td-mdiig^ 

sang  td-mdng' 

sang  td-mdngV 

sang  tdng-brwd' 

sdng  td-mt^qr' 

sdn'ta  d'na 

sang  tdng-de-5l€'  bgqr 

sang  tdng-di'dW 

sang  tdng-dre' 

sdn  dn-dre'a 

sdn  dn'}fi-lo 

sdn  dn-U-5'ko 

sdn  dn-tS'ni-o 

sdn  dn-lO'n'i-e  de  Id  f  p- 

sdn  dn-t^'n'i-o 
zdiikt  dn-td'»'i-qqs 
Sling  tfir-nqi)' 
sang  t^-bnng' 
sdn  on'r'i-ka 
sang  td-vir-tdng* 
sang  td-v'i' 
sang  td'Vo' 
sdn  bdr-bd'ra 
sdn  bdr-td't5-me' 
sdn  bdr-tO-ld-me'o 
sdn  be'ne-dft'to 
sdn  be-ne~d'ik'to 
sdn  be-ne-vin'to 
sdng  be-ndng' 
sdn  be-n'i'to 
sdng  ber-ndre' 
sdn  ber-ndr'do 
sdng  bldng 
sdng  bt&ze 
sdn  bids 
zdnkt  bld'zi-ln 
sdng  brd 
sdng  brdng'Sh'i-e' 
sdn  brds  v 
sdn  brdfJi 
sdng  br'is^e 
sdng  br'i-^' 
sdng  br'i 

sdn  b^Qe-nd-ven-tQg'ra 
sdng  kd-la' 
sdng  kd-na' 
sdn  kdr'hs 

sdn  kdr'tos  del  mUnAir- 
rV 

sdn  kd-t'drVi'nn 
sdn  kd-td-fihia 
sdn  kdrtd-r'i'ne 
sdn  tJie-lO'n'i 
sdng  shd-7ndng' 
sdng  shd-mOng' 
sdng  shi-n'i-dng* 
sdng  kl&re 
idnkt  kle'mens 
sdn  kle-men'ti 

sdn  kle-men'te  vSUtd'no 

sdng  klqQ 

sdn  ki-lS'jna 

sdng  kO-IOngb' 

sdn  krO'che 

sdng  krwd 


St.  Cruz,  (Pen.  Mex.  S.  Am.) 
St.  Dalniazii  (It.) 
St.  Dalruazzio,  (It.) 
St.  Denis,  (Fr.  Switz.) 
St.  Didier,  (Fr.) 
St.  Diego,  (.Mex.) 
St.  Dizier,  (Fr.) 
St.  Domiauo 

St.  Domingo,  (Braz.  Mex.  ) 

S.  Am.)  j 
St.  Domingo  de  la  Calzado,  j 

(Pen.) 

St.  Domingo,  or  Ilayti,  (VV.  ) 

Ind.)  j 
St.  Doi)|jno,  (It.) 
St.  Dunha,  (It.) 
.^t.  Eleazorio,  (.Mex.) 
St.  Elena,  (I'tn.  S.  Am.) 
St.  Elisabetta,  (It.) 
St.  Endre,  (Austr.) 
St.  Erga,  (It.) 
St.  Esprit,  Pont,  (Fr.) 
St.  Etienne,  (Fr.) 
St.  Eulnlii',  (Pen.) 
St.  Eustatius,  (VV.  Ind.)  i.tl. 
St.  F6,  (S.  Am.) 
St.  Felices  cl  Chico,  (Pen.) 
St.  Felipe,  f.Mex.) 
St.  Fcrnanao,  (Mex.  Pen.) 
St.  Fernando,  silver  mines,  / 

(S.  Am.)  i 
St.  Fioreuza,  (It.) 
St.  Florent,  (Fr.) 
St.  Florentin,  (Fr.) 
St.  Flour,  (Fr.) 
St.  Fons,  (Fr.) 
St.  Francisco,  (Mex.) 
St.  Francisco,  (Mex.)  r. 
SL  Francisco  de  la  Silla,  ) 

(Mex.)  ! 
St,  Francisco  Xavier,  j 

(Mex.)  i 
Si.  Francoi.s,  (Can.) 
St.  Gabriel,  (Mex.) 
St.  Gallen,  (Switz.) 
St.  Gauriens,  (Fr.) 
St.  G.auitier,  (Fr.) 
St.  (^nevieve,  (Fr.) 
St.  Genis,  (Fr.) 
St.  George,  (S.  Am.) 
St.  Georges,  (Fr.) 
St.  Gerand,  (Fr.) 
St.  Gerard,  (Fr.) 
St.  Gerniam,  (Fr.) 
St.  Germain  en  Loziro,  ) 

(I'r-)  i 
St.  Gerinam  Lambron,  j 

St.  Germain  sur  Seine,  (Fr.) 

St.  Geronino,  (Mex.)  isi. 

St.  Giacomo,  (Switz.) 

St.  Giles,  (.Neth.) 

St.  Gilles,  (Fr.) 

St.  Gioinfiore,  (It.) 

St.  Giorgio,  (It.) 

St.  Giovaui,  (It.) 

St.  Giovanni,  <It.) 

St.  (Jiovanni  di  Sallaro,  (It.) 

St.  Giraldo,  (Pen.) 

St,  Girons,  'Fr.) 

.'^I.  Giuliano,  (It.) 

St.  Goar,  (Ger.) 

St.  Gothard,  (Switz.)  mt. 

St.  (;uisto,  (It.) 

St.  Gvargv,  (.Austr.) 

St.  Ilcereiibrock,  (Neth.) 

St.  Helena,  (Af.)  is!. 

St.  Helena  'I  ounara,  (It.) 

St.  Ilclene,  (Fr.) 

St.  Helier,  (Fr.) 

St.  Ilermite,  (Fr.) 

St.  Ililaire,  (Fr.) 

St.  Hubert,  (Neth.) 

St.  Ilyacinthc,  (Can.) 

St.  Ilypolite,  (Fr.) 

St.  lago,  (VV.  Ind.) 

St.  Ignacio,  (Mex.) 

St.  Inier,  (Switz.) 

St.  Ines,  ()Iex.) 

.St.  Jacob,  (.\elh.) 

St.  Jacques,  (Fr.) 

St.  Jean,  (Fr.) 

St.  Jean  d'.\ngelv,  (Fr.) 

St.  Jean  Dav,  (Fr.) 

St.  Jean  de  Gard,  (Fr.) 

St.  Jean  Pied  de  Port,  (Fr.) 

St.  Joaninho,  (Pen.) 

St.  Joao,  (Pen.) 

St.  Joao  de  Foz,  (Pen.) 

St.  Jo.ao  de  Sines,  (Pt'h.) 

St.  Joaquim,  (.Mex.) 

SL  Johan,  (Den.  Austr.) 

Sl  Johann,  (Auslr.) 

SL  Jooris  VVeert,  (Neth.) 


sdn'ta  krQQth 

sdn'ta  ddl-md'dzo 

sdn'ta  ddUmdi'z'i-c 

sdng  de-nV 

sdng  d'l-iti-e' 

sdn  di-e'go 

sdng  d'i-z'i~e' 

sdn  dO-m'i-d'no 

sdn  (sdng)  dS-m'in'go 

sdn  d^-m'in'go  de  Id  kdl- 
thd'do 

sdint  dH-min' go^  hQ'ti 

sdn  dO-n'i'no 

sdn'ta  dOn'na 

sdn  e-le-d-tK3'  (-.sS')  r'i  o 

sdn  e-Ie'na 

sdn  e-ft  sd-bit'ta 

sdn  en'dre 

sdnkt  ir'ga 

sdng  t^ssc-pr'i' 

sdng  te-ti  lne' 

sdn'ta  e-qo-ld'li-s 

^-st^l'slt^-tlS 

sdn'ta  /g 

sdn  fi^'tt'thesse  il  tch'i'ko 
sdng  fs-lipc' 
sdn  fir-ndn'do 

sdn  fir-ndn'do 

sdn  fi-d-rfn'dza 
sung  JlS-rdng' 
sdng  Jld-rdng-tdng' 
sdng  Jlqqr 
sdng  fOng 

sdn  frdn-tnts'  (-sis')  ko 
sdn  frdn-tKis'  (-sis')  ko 
>dn  frdn-tll  is'  (-sij.')  ko 

de  Id  stl'ya  {s'i'ya) 
sdn  frdn-tliis'  (sis')  ko 

Ikd-v'i-ir' 
sdng  frdng-swW 
sdn  gd'bri-H 
idnkl  gdl'len 
sdng  gS-ddng' 
sdng  gO-'i-ti-e' 
sdng  she-ne-v'i-Sve' 
sdng  ske~n  i' 
sdn  lUe-Qr'ihe 
sdng  shurs/ie 
sdng  she-rdng 
sdng  she-rdre' 
sdng  shrr-mdng' 
sdng  sher-mdng'  dng  M- 

zere' 

sdng  shrr-mdng'  Idng- 
brdng' 

sdng  shej^wdng'  silr  sQne 

sdn  lhe-r&-n'i' no 

sdn  ji-d-kB'mo 

sdng  gile 

sdng  gihj  (gi-'i) 

sdn  jifj-'in'f  'i-O'rs 

sdn  jiOr'jio 

sdn  jiS-vd'n'i 

sdn  j'iO-vdn'n'i 

sdn  jH-rdn'ni  di  s'dl-ld'ro 

sdn  {h'i-rdl'do 

sdng  g'f-rdng' 

sdn  jiqq-l'i-d'no 

zdnkt  go'dr 

zdnkt  gnt'lidrt 

sdn  gwis'to 

jdrj 

zdnkt  he'ren-broh' 

sdn'ta  e'le-na  or  hit-S'na 

sdn'ta  e'le-na  tSn-nd'ra 

sdng  tf-lSnr.' 

sdng  te-ti-e' 

sdng  ter-m'ite' 

sdng  t'i-ldre' 

sdng  tn-ber' 

sdng  ti-d-snngt' 

sdng  t'i-pG-titc' 

sdn  ihd'go 

sdn  ig-nd'tn  i-  {-si-)  o 

sdng  t'i-n'i-e' 

sdn'ta  'i'nesse 

zdnkt  yd'knb 

sdng  shdk 

sdng  shdng 

sdng  skdng  ddngsh-ti' 

sdng  skdng  da  ' 

sdng  shdng  de  gdr 

sdng  shdng  p'ie  dH  pOre 

sdn  lh6-d-nin'o 

sdn  IhO-d'o 

sdn  IM-d'o  de  fdlTi 

sdn  Ihd-d'o  de  si'nesse 

sdn  IhO-d'kim 

zdnkt  y5-hdn' 

zdnkt  yS-hdn' 

zdnkt  yO'ris  verte 


SL  Jorge,  (Pen.) 
St.  Jorgo  de  OUucIio,  (Mex.) 
St.  Jose,  (.Mex.) 
St.  Joac  de  Pn  inas,  (Mex.) 
St.  Jo.se  de  Tanioalipan,  \ 

(Mex.)  i 
SL  Josef,  (.Mex.) 
St.  Jouan,  (Fr.) 
St.  Jouin,  (Fr.) 
St.  Juan,  (.Mex.) 
Sl.  Juan  Baptism,  (Mex.) 
St.  Juan  liaptisia,  (.Mex.)  mt. 
Sl.  Juan  de  Nicaragua,  ) 

(Mex.)  i 
Sl  Juan  de  Ulna,  (.Mex.) 
.St.  Juanico,  (Mex.)  isl. 
SL  Julias,  (Pen.)  Jl. 
St.  Julien,  (J'r.) 
St.  Julien  du  Vuurvantcs,  j 

(!•>•)  i 
St.  Julien  lo  Chap,  (Fr.) 
St.  Just,  (Fr.) 
SL  Justa,  (It.) 
St.  Kirali,  (.Austr.) 
St.  Konstantiniiv,  (R.) 
St.  Lambert,  (Fr.) 
St.  Larv,  (Fr.) 
SL  Latiier,  (Fr.) 
St.  Laurent,  (Fr.) 
St.  Lazaro,  (Mex.)  e. 
St.  Leo,  (IL) 

St.  Leonardo,  (It.  &  Pen.) 
St.  Leonlinrd,  (Switz.) 
St.  Leonovo,  (U.) 
St.  Lo,  (Fr.) 
St.  Lorenzo,  (Mew) 
St.  Lorenzo,  (IL) 
St.  Louis,  (Fr.  Af.) 
SL  Louis,  (U.  .S.) 
.St.  Lucar  de  Uarameda,  ( 

(Pen.)  i 
St.  Lucar  de  Guadiana,  ( 

(Pen.)  i 
St.  Lucar  la  Mayor,  (Pen.) 
St.  Lucas,  (Neth.)  c. 
St.  Lucin,  (.Mex.) 
St.  Lucida,  (It.) 
St.  Luis,  (.Mex.) 
SL  Luiz,  (.Mex.) 
St.  Lussurgiu,  (It.) 
SL  Maarten,  (Neth.) 
St.  Maddalena,  (It.) 
Sl  Maertens,  (.\elh.) 
SL  r'agno,  (It.) 
St.  M<k'o,  (Fr.) 
SL  Marano,  (It.l 
SL  Marc,  (Fr.  VV.  Ind.) 
St.  Marco,  (It.) 
SL  Marcos,  (Pen.) 
St.  Margarida,  (Pen.) 
St.  Margarita,  (.Mex.)  isl. 
St.  .Maria,  (.Mex.) 
St.  Maria  de  la  Cliarcas,  ) 

(Mex.)  i 
SL  Maria  del  Oro,  (^lex.) 
Sl  Maria  di  Lcuca,  (iL) 
SL  Maria,  (Switz.) 
St.  Maria  Monte,  (IL) 
St.  Marie,  (Fr.) 
St.  .M.arino,  (It.) 
St.  .Marten,  (.■Vuslr.) 
St.  Martensdvk,  (.N'etli.) 
SL  Martin,  (Fr.) 
SL  Martin  d'Estre.lux,  (Fr.) 
St.  Martin  de  Montalban,  1 

(Pen.)  i 
Sl  Martin,  (Austr.  Switz.) 
St.  Mateo,  (Pen.) 
St.  Matthieu,  (Fr.) 
St.  Maurice,  ((,'an.) 
SL  Maurice,  (It.) 
St.  .Maurice,  (Fr.  Switz.) 
SL  Mauro,  (It.) 
Sl  Maxencc,  Font  de,  (Fr.) 
St.  Melain,  (Fr.) 
St.  Merino,  (It.) 
SL  Michel,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Miguel,  (Mex.  Pen.) 
St.  .Migulita,  (Mex.) 
SL  Miklos,  (Austr.) 
St.  Moritz,  (Switz.) 
SL  Nazaire,  (Fr.) 
SL  Nicolo,  (IL) 
St.  Nicolaia,  (K.) 
SL  Oedenrode,  (.Neth.) 
St.  Olava,  (Pen.) 
Sl  Onier,  (Fr.) 
SL  Oresle,  (It.) 
Sl.  Pablo,  (Pen.  Mex.) 
St.  Palais,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Pardoux,  (Fr.) 
St.  Paul  Cap  de  Joux,  (Fr.) 
Sl  Paul  de  Fenouillet,  j 

(Fr.)  i 


adn  ehQr'H^ 

sdn  fhOr'lh^  tie  0-ldn'tcho 
sdn  lh6'sf 

sdn  Ihd' prf'mHs 
sdn  IhQ'n^  td'mO-d-li- 

pdn' 
sdn  ihU'sff 
sdntr  nhgQ-d/tfr' 
adriff  !th(fQ-dnir' 
sdn  lh<}(/-da' 
sdn  lh()tf-dn'  bdp-t'i.i'ta 
^dn  ?fiifQ-dn'  bdp-ti.i'ta 
sdn  fAfl^-drt'      n'i-kd  rd'- 

jTQfi  a 

sdn  ih^Q-dn'  de  ^^'l^Q-a 

sdn  lh(}i>-d-nV ko 

sdn  ifiQ^'li-ds 

sdng  shit-i'idn^' 

sdnfT  sfiu--lidng'  du  v^qT' 

vdnt^t' 
sdnir  shu'lidng'  Id  ahd 
sdntr  shujit 
sdn'ta  i^ns'ta 
xdnkt  ki'ra 

zdnkt  k6n-Kldn-ti'n6v' 

sdnir  Uin^-bfr' 

snnaf  Id-ri' 

hdn'^  Itit-ti-i; 

sdng  l5-rdng' 

sdn  Id'tTid'  {-ad-) 

sda  le'o 

sdn  It-H-ndr'do 

zdnkt  h'On-hdrt 

zdnkt  le-5-nG'vo 

sdng  to 

sdn  l6-rrn'tho  (-so) 
sdn  lu-ren'dzo 
sdng  l^Q-'i' 
sQutt  Iqq'ui 

sdn  iQQ'kdr  de  h'd-r'd-m^*- 

da 

sdn  iQQ'kdr  de  g^^'d^i' 
d'ua 

sdn  !oQ'kfir  Id  md-yHr' 
idnkt  l<}(}'k<Li 
sdn'ta  l^'fi'tTti-  {-si-)  a 
sdn'ta  IqQ-ch'i'da 

sdn  tQQ'tS 

siin  iQ^'tt'i  (-'is) 
sdn  fQ<^s-s(j{ir-jQg' 
zdnkt  mdrc'trn 
sdn'ta  mdd-tid-U'jta 
zdnkt  mare'triis 
sdn'to  mdn'tjo 
sdng  tnd'lo 
sdn  ind-ra'no 
sdng  mark 
sdn  nidr'ko 
sdn  mdr'kos 
sdn'ta  indr-gd^'i'da 
sdn'ta  mar-ird-ri'tii 
sdn'ta  md-r'i'a 
sdn'ta  nid-ri'a  de  Id  cH'dr'' 
kds 

sdn'ta  md-r'i'a  dH  5'ro 

san'ta  md-r'i'a  iCi  /<-pp'Jfco 

zdnkt  md  r'i'a 

sdn'ta  md-r'i'a  tndn'tt 

sdng  vid-r'i' 

sdn  md-ri'no 

zdnkt  mdr'tf-iL 

zankt  mdr'tfns-dlke 

sdn<r  mdr-idng' 

sdng  mdr-tdnir'  di*<.^e  tre-d' 

sdn  mdr-t'in'  de  mUn-tcU- 

bdn' 
zdnkt  mdr't'ine 
sdn  ind'tf'o 
sdng  mdt-t'i-^' 
sdng  m6-r'isse' 
sdn  mou'r'i-che 
sdng  mO-r'isse' 
sdn  mou'ro 

fUng  dt*  sdng  md-sdngs* 

sdng  me-idng' 

sdn  me-r'i'jio 

sdng  jn'i-jth^l' 

sdn  m'i'gf}<}-f} 

sdn  m'i-gQi^h'ta 

zdnkt  mi'klo.^ 

zdnJit  mO'rit^ 

sdng  nd-zdre' 

sdn  n'i'kO-lo 

zdnkt  ni-kG-ld'ya 

zdnkt  ^Q'den-rt'd^ 

sdn'ta  0-id'ya 

sdng  5-mfr' 

sdn  O-rfsse'ti 

sdn  pd'blo 

sdng  pd-ld' 

sdng  pdr-d^Q' 

sdng  pule  kdp  dd  sh^^ 

sdng  pCle  rfif  /f-HOP'-yC 


Fr.  long  ifii  and  short  «i,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  Final  iy,  French  I  mouUlc.  — An"ger^  vi"eious.  ^g^as  in  pleasure ;  ^  and  Ih  RUttuml ;  ny  liquid  ;  tn  as  in  pith. 


170* 


J  J  J  J  .1 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Sr.  Paiirvel's  Polder,  (Neth.) 

St.  Pavo,  (Pen.) 

St.  Pe,  (Kr.) 

St.  Pedro,  (Mex.) 

St.  Pedro,  (Mex.)  b.  Sc.  r. 

St.  Pere  i  Vy,  (Fr.) 

St.  Peter,  (Auslr.) . 

St.  Petersburg,  (R.)  j 

St.  Piero,  (It.) 

St.  Pierre,  (Can.) 

St.  Pierre  de  la  Fage,  (Fr.) 

St.  Pierre.  (Switz.  \V.  Ind.) 

St.  Pol,  (Fr.) 

St.  Pol  de  Leon,  (Fr.) 

St.  Pourcain,  (Fr.) 

St.  auirico,  (It.) 

St.  Rafael,  (Me.\.) 

St.  Rafael,  (iMex.)  r. 

St.  Remo,  (It.) 

St.  Remy,  (Fr.) 

St.  Remain,  (Fr.) 

St.  Rome,  (Fr.) 

St.  Rome  de  Cemon,  (Fr.) 

St.  Rosa,  (Mex.) 

St.  Rosa,  (Mex.)  isl. 

St.  Rosario,  (Mex.) 

St.  Saha,  (Me.x.) 

St.  Saba,  (Mex.)  is!. 

St.  Salvador,  (Mex.) 

St.  Saphorin,  (Fr.) 

St.  Sauveur,  (Fr.) 

St.  Sebastian,  (Pen.  Mex.'' 

St.  Sebastiao,  (Pen.) 

St.  Seine,  (Fr.) 

St.  Sever,  (Fr.) 

St.  Severina,  (It.) 

St.  Silvestre,  (Fr.) 

St.  Stefano,  (It.) 

St.  Tiiiebault,  (Fr.) 

St.  Tomas,  (Mex.) 

St.  Tommaso,  (It.)  b. 

St.  Ursanne,  (Switz.) 

St.  Vilier,  (Fr.) 

St.  Veit,  (Austr.) 

St.  Ver  Tchirska 

St.  Vincent,  (Australia,  Fr.) 

St.  Vincente,  (Mex.) 

St.  Vito,  (It.) 

St.  Viviens,  (Fr.) 

St.  Xavier  del  Bac,  (Mex.) 

.Saintes,  (Fr.) 

Saintong"',  (Fr.) 

Sajo  St.  Peter,  (Austr.) 

Sala,  (It.  Sc.  Pen.) 

Salama,  (Mex.) 

Salamanca,  (Pen.  Mex.) 

Salamon,  (Austr.) 

Salandrella,  (It.) 

Salas,  (Pen.) 

Salbris,  (Fr.) 

Salerno,  (It.) 

Salerno,  (It.)  g. 

Salicctto,  (It.) 

Salina,  (It.) 

Salinas,  (Pen.) 

Salinas  de  Oricliuela,  (Pen.) 

Salinello,  (It.)  r. 

Salino,  (It.)  r. 

Salo,  (It.) 

Sakibrena,  (Pen.) 

Salona,  (Gr.)  mt. 

Salonica,  (Tur.) 

Salpi,  (It.) 

Sal[ii,  (It.)  I. 

Salsadella,  (Pen.) 

Salso,  (It.)  r. 

Salsola,  (It.)  r. 

Salta,  (S.  Am.) 

Saltilla,  (Mex.) 

Saltillo,  (Mex.) 

Saltino,  (It.) 

Salto  Ganobo,  (Pen.) 

Saltza,  (Ger.)  r. 

Saltzburc,  (Austr.  Ger.) 

Saliizzo,  (It.) 

Saluz/.ola,  (It.) 

Salvador,  (S.  Am.) 

Salvatcrra,  (Pen.) 

Salvatierra,  (Pen.) 

Sal/.a,  (Ger.)  r. 

Salzwedel,  (Prus.) 

Samara,  (R.) 

Samara,  (R.)  r. 

SamaranR,  (East.  Isl.) 

Samarcand,  f  As.) 

Samaria,  (Pnl.) 

SainaHsi,  ( ft.) 

Sambre,  (Neth.)  r. 

Snmpnyo,  (Pen.) 

Samre,  (Fr.) 

Sam!«ie,  (Den.)  i*?. 

Pan  Monifirio,  (It.) 

San  Hoy,  (Pen.) 


idiikt  pour'vels  pou'dcr 

sail  pd'ijo 

saii>r  pe 

sail  pt'iiro 

s'dii  pe'dro 

sd  ntr  pere  d  v'i 

zdnkt  pt'ter 

zdiikl  {saint)  pe'ters-bci^^ 

or  saint  pS'iers~ber^ 
silit  p'i-e'ro 
sang  pi-erc' 
sang  pi-Ire'  d'g  Id  fdge 
sang  p't~ire' 
sang  p&le 

sang  pole  de  le-Sng' 
sang  pQQr-sdng' 
sail  kw'i-r'i'ko 
sdii  rd'fd-H 
sdn  rd'fd-il 
sdn  re' mo 
sang  re-mi' 
sang  rd-mdng' 
sang  Tome 

sang  r5iiie  dH  ser-jiSng' 

sdii'ta  rd'sa 

sdii'ta  ro'sa 

sdn  ro-sd'r'i-o 

sdn'ta  sd'ha 

sdn'ta  sd'ha 

sdn  sdt-vd-dC>r' 

sang  sd-fU-rang' 

sang  su-v^r' 

sdn  se-bds-t'i-dn' 

sdn  se-bds-t'i-d' 0 

sang  sane 

sang  se-ver' 

sdn'ta  se-ve-r'i'na 

sang  s'il-vSstr' 

sda  ste-f  d'no 

sang  ti-bo' 

sdn  to'mds 

sdn  toin-vid'so 

sang  tUr-sdne' 

sting  v'i-Vi-e' 

zdnkt  vite 

vtr  tch'irs'ka 

sang  vdng-sdng' 

sdn  v'in-theii'  (-sen')  te 

sdn  v'i'to 

sang  vi-v'i-dng' 

sdn  Ihd-v'i'tr  dtl  bdfc 

sdngt 

Sdng-t5ngsh' 

sd'yo  idiikt  pe'ter 

sd'la 

sd-ld'mrL 

s'd-ld-vidn'ka 

zd'ld-mon 

sd-ldn-driVla 

sd'lds 

sdl-brV 

sdr-Ur'no 

s'd-ler'no 

sd-l'i-chH'to 

sd-l'i'va 

sd-l'i'nds 

sd-li'nds  rff  d-r'i'ch^Q-e'la 

sd-t'i-nH'io 

sd-lt'no 

sd'lo 

s'dA6-bre'na 

s'd-l5'na 

sd-lc'n'i-ka 

sdl'p'i 

s'dl'p'i 

sdl'sd-dH'ya 
s'dl'so 
sdl'sB-la 
sdl'ta 

sdl-tiVija  or  sdl-t'i'ija 

sdl't'iJ'yo  or  sal-t'i'yo 

sdl-t'i'no 

sal'to  gd-nS'bo 

zdlt'sa 

zdlts'b(!fr§ 

sd-lQ<Tt.'zo 

sd-l^ql'zd-la 

sial-va-<l6re' 

eiil'Vd-ter'ra 

adl-vd-fi-ir'ra 

liU'Ua 

tUlt.'s' vt-dil 

sd-md'ra 

sd-ind'ra 

adm-a^dng' 

adin'ar-kdnd 

sd-mQ'ri-a 

s'drmds's'i 

sitm'bre  or  adngbr 

sdm-pd'yo 

adngr 

zdm'zf^ 

sdn  bb-n'i'fd'ch'io 
sdn  biii 


.San  Clernenti-,  (Pen.) 
San  Ildefonso,  (Pen.) 
San  Juan,  (S.  Am.) 
San  Luis,  (S.  Am.) 
San  Luis  Potosi',  (Mex.) 
San,  (Auslr.)  r. 
Saucerre,  (Fr.) 
Sanctispiritus,  (Pen.) 
Sandager,  (Den.)  ^ 
Saiidersleben,  (Den.) 
Sandeweer,  (Neth.) 
Sandoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sandusky,  (U.  S.) 
Sandwich,  (Eng.  Ac  U.  S.) 
Sangamon,  (U.  S.) 
Sangonera,  (Pen.)  r. 
Sangro,  (It.) 
Sangro,  (It.)  r. 
Sanguesa,  (Pen.) 
Sangulian,  (Scot.) 
Sanneo,  (It.) 
Sannikeda,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Saiisego,  (Austr.)  isl, 
Sauta  Ana,  (Pen.) 
Santa  Cruz,  (W.  Ind.)  mt. 
Santa  Fe,  (Mex.  S.  Am.  ) 

Pen.)  i 
Santa  Manza,  (It.) 
Santa  Manza,  (It.)  g 
Santa  Rosa,  (Alex.)  isl. 
Santander,  (Ind.  .Mex.  Pen.) 
Santarem,  (Pen.) 
Santerno,  (It.)  r. 
Santhofen,  (Ger.) 
Santiago,  (Pen.  S.  .\m.  Mex.) 
Santillana,  (Mex.) 
Santomera,  (Pen.) 
Santona,  (Pen.) 
Santos,  los,  (Pen.) 
Saone,  Upper,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Saone  and  Loir,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Saragosa,  (Pen.) 
Saranac,  (U,  S.) 
Saransk,  (U.) 
Saratoga,  (U.  S.) 
Saratov,  (R.) 
Sarcoxie,  (U.  S.) 
Sardas,  (Pen.) 
Sardara,  (It.) 
Sardinia,  (It.)  isl 
Sardis,  (Tur.) 
Sargans,  (Switr.) 
Sarinas,  (.\ustr.) 
Sarmatia 
Sarnen,  (Switz.) 
Sarnen,  (Switz.)  I. 
Sarno,  Ot.) 
Saros,  (Tur.)  g. 
Sarrbourg,  (Fr.) 
Sarrebruck,  (Fr.) 
Sartlie,  (Fr.)  dep.  &.  r. 
Sartilly,  (Fr.) 
Sassari,  (It.) 
Satara,  (Ind.) 
Satorallya  Ujely,  (Austr.) 
Sau,  or  Save,  (Austr.)  r. 
Saugatuc,  (U.  S.) 
Saugerties,  i  U.  S.) 
Sauley,  (Switz.) 
Sau  It  de  Nouailles,  (Fr.) 
Saut  du  Donbs,  (Switz.) 
S.autour,  (Neth.) 
Sauveterre,  (Fr.) 
Sauze,  Ai,  (Me.x.) 
Savalletro,  (It.) 
Savanna  de  la  Mar,  I 

[llayti,]  (W.  Ind.)  ( 
Savanna  la  Mar  and  liar-  j 

bor,  (W .  Ind.)  ( 
Savannah,  (U.  S.) 
Save,  or  Sau,  (.\ustr.)  r. 
Savena,  (It.) 
Saverne,  (Fr.) 
Savigne,  (Fr.) 
Savio,  (it.)  r, 
Savona,  (It.) 
Saxkjobing,  (Den.) 
Saxony,  or  Sachsen,  (Ger.  ( 

Prus.)  i 
Sayaniun,  (Tur.)  mr. 
Scagliosa  Monte,  (It.) 
Scala,  (It.) 
Scala,  la,  (It.) 
Scalcsta,  (Switz.) 
Scanderoon,  (As.) 
Scantic,  (U.  S.) 
Scardona,  (Austr.) 
Si  bafThau^'en,  (Swilz.) 
SriKigliticokP,  (IT.  S.) 
Srlirernda,  (Neth.) 
Srh-ldi',  Kast,  (Ni^tll.) 
Schelde,  West,  or  De  Ilond,  ) 

(Neth.)  i 
Schel.lt,  (NHh.) 


sdn  kle-iaeii'te 

sdn  'it-de-fun'so 

sdn  ^.hnt^-dii' 

sdn  l^Q'  isse 

sdn  l^Q''isse  pS-tO's'i 

idii 

sdng-sSre' 

sdnk-t'is-p'i'r'i-t^QS 

zdnd'd-ger 

zdn'ders-lS'ben 

sdn'de-vehr 

idn-ilA' 

sdn-dus'ky 

sdnd'wich  or  sdnd'idge 

sdng'ga-mun 

sdii-g5-ne'ra 

sdn'  gro 

sdn'gro 

sdn-ge'sa 

sdnk'en 

sdn'ne-o 

zdiMi'i-ke'da 

sdn-se'  go 

sdn'ta  d'na 

sdn'ta  kr^Qth  or  kr^<)3 

sdn'ta  fe 

sdn'ta  mdn'dia 
sdn'ta  tndii'dza 
sdn'ta  rd'sa 
sdn-tdii'd^r 
sdn-td'rem 
sdii-tir'no 
zdnt'fiS-fin 
sdit-t'i-d'  go 

sdii-t'il-yd'na  or  sdn-t'i- 

sdn-l6-me'ra  [yd'na 

sdn-t5'na 

los  sdii'tos 

s5ne 

sone,  hcdre 

sd-rd-g5'sa 

sdr'a-ndk 

sd'rdiisk 

sdr-a-tD'ga 

sd-rd-tov' 

sdr-knx'ie 

sdr'dds 

sdr-dd'ra 

sdr-di'n'i-a 

sdr'd'is 

zdr'gdna 

sdr'mds 

sdr^mS'sh'i-a 

zdr'nhi 

zdr'nen 

sdr'no 

sd'ros 

sdre-bi^^t 

sdre-bruk' 

sdrte 

sdr-til-yV  or  sdr-t'i-yV 

sds-sd'r'i 

sd-td'ra 

sd-tO^dl'ya  (^(^^ely' 
zou 

sau'  ga-tuk 

sau'ger-tSSz 

sd-ld' 

sS  dg  nff-iSy'  or  nffd-'t 

s5  du  dQQbi 

tS-tQfr' 

s5ve-tlrc' 

d''i  sou'tUe  (-se) 

sd-vdl-le'tro 

s'drv'dn'na  d'i  I'd  mdr 

sd-vdn'na  Id  mdr 

sd-vdn'niilt 

zd've 

sd-ve'na 

sd-v«rn' 

sd-v'inyi 

sd'v'i-o 

sd-v6'na 

sdks'ktiHi'bing 

sdz'o-ny 

sd-yd'men 

skd.l-yd'sa  mOn'li 

ikd'la 

Id  skd'ta 

skd-lrsfte'ta 

skdn-der-Q^n' 

skdn'tik 

skdr-dO'na 

sbdf-hou'zen 

skdgh't'i-koke 

sk^m'da 

skH'dt 

skH'dr,  dl  Mnd 
skelt 


Schenectady,  (U.  S.) 
Scherziiigt'n,  (Switz.) 
Scheschuwa,  (Prus.)  r. 
Sclieveningen,  (N'elh.) 
Schiedam,  (Neth.) 
Schierniunnik,  (Neth.)  isl. 
Scliiu/.uarh,  (Switz.) 
Schiovonia,  (It.) 
Schiuschiu,  (It.)  mt. 
Schlent,  (Den.) 
Schlent,  (Den.)  /. 
Schlesien,  or  Silesia, 

(Austr.  Prus.) 
Schleswig,  or  Sleswick, 

(Den.) 
Schlosser,  (U.  S.) 
Schmallenburg,  (Ger.) 
Schnialkalden,  (Ger.) 
Schneeberg,  (.-Vustr.) 
Schodac,  (U.  S.) 
Schoenberg,  (.\ustr.) 
Sclioenberg,  (Prus.) 
Schoeningen,  (Ger.) 
Schoftland,  (Switz.) 
Schoharie,  (U.  S.) 
Sclioodic,  (W.  S.) 
Schoolev,  (U.  S.) 
Sclioolte,  (Neth.) 
Schouwen,  (Neth.) 
Schroon,  (U.  S.) 
Scliubelbach,  (Switz.) 
Schuiienburg,  (Neth.) 
Schuyler,  (U.  S.) 
Schuylkill,  (U.  S.) 
Schwabach,  (Ger.) 
Scliwaben,  or  Suahia,  (Ger. 
Schwartzburg,  (Ger.) 
Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, 

(Ger.) 

Schwartzburg-Sondershau- 

sen,  (Ger.) 
Schwarza,  (Ger.)  r. 
Schwarzach,  (Ger.)  r. 
Schwarzwald,  (Ger.) 
Scliwedt,  (Prus.) 
Schweidnitz,  (Prus.) 
Scliweiz,  or  Switzerland 
Schwerin,  (Ger.) 
Schwiebas,  (Prus.) 
Schwyz,  (Switz.) 
Sciarra  Point,  (It.) 
Scindia,  (Ind.) 
Scinosa,  (It.) 
Scio,  (Gr.) 
Scioto,  (U.  S.) 
Scituate,  (U.  S.) 
Selavonia,  or  Schlavonien, 

(Auslr.) 
Sconondoah,  (U.  S.) 
Scorna,  (Austr.) 
Scotland 
Sculetta,  (It.) 
Scutari,  (Tur.) 
Scylla,  (It.) 
Scythia 

Seaconnet,  (U.  S.) 
Sebasticook,  (U.  S.) 
Sebec,  (U.  S.) 
Seca,  la,  (Pen.) 
Sedan,  (Fr.) 
Seedorf,  (Switz.  Ger.) 
Seehausen,  (Prus.) 
Seekonk,  (U.  S.) 
Segarra,  la,  (Pen.) 
Segeberg,  (Den.) 
Segues  Pass,  (Switz.) 
Sego,  (R.  . 

Segovia,  (Pen.  Mex.) 
Segre,  (Pen.)  r. 
Segua,  (Pen.) 
Scgura,  (Pen.) 
Selimutler,  (Ger.)  r. 
Seine,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Seine,  Lower,  (Fr  )  dep. 
Seine  and  Marne,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Seine  and  Oise,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Seine,  (Fr.)r. 
Selaya,  (Pen.) 
Sele,  (It.)  r. 
Selitska,  (R.) 
Si  lkirk,  (.Scot.) 
Sella,  (Pen.)  c. 
Selzach,  (Switz.) 
Semja,  (K.) 
Semlln,  (Austr.) 
Semmaria,  (It.) 
Sompacb,  (Switz.) 
Sempach,  (Switz.)  /. 
Pemiir,  (Fr.) 
Seneca,  (U.  S.) 
Senegal,  (Af.)  r. 
Scnegambia,  (Af.) 
Senio,  (It.)  r. 
Senlis,  (Fr.) 


sken-ek'ta-dy 

sher't..iing-en 

ske-sln^io'-va 

ske've-uing-en 

sk'i'ddin 

sk'ire'm5n-n'ik 

skints'ndlli 

sk'i-6-v5'n'i-a 

sk'i-^Qs-sk'i-^g' 

sldent 

shUnt 

j  shle'z'i-ea 

I  shle.i'vi§ 

shlos'ser 

shmdl'len-bQQr§ 

shmdl-kdl'den 

shne'ber^ 

sk&'dak 

sli^ne'ber^ 

sh^ne'ber^ 

sh^'ning^en 

shqft'idnt 

slib-kdr'ie 

skotj'dik 

skqq'ly 

skQQl'te 

skou'ven 

skrQQn 

shQQ'b^l-bd^k 

skui'leu-b(^:Qr^ 

skVUr 

skWkil 

shiDd'bdlh 
)  shwd'ben^  s^<}d'b'i-a 

skindrts'bi^Qrg 
}  shwdrts'b^^r^  r^Q'dOl- 
i  Stat 

)  skwdrU'bQqr^  zdn'deri' 
)  huu'zen 

shwdrt'sa 

shicdr'tsdlh 

shwdrts'vdlt 

sfiwedt 

shwU'nits 

shwltse 

shwe-r'int' 

shw'i'b'ds 

shwits 

sh'i-dr'ra 

sh'in'di-a  , 

sht-nH'sa 

s'i'o  or  sh'i'o 

si-B'to 

sit'ii-ate 
I  skld-K5'n'i-a,  sldd-vS-n'i- 
j  en 

sko-non'do-ah 

skdr'na 

skot'land 

skqQ-lH'ta 

skfjQ-td'ri 

sh'il'la 

sith't-a 

se-kon'net 

se-bds't'i-kQQk 

se'bek 

Id  se'ka 

se-it'diig' 

ze'dorf 

ze'hou-zen 

see'konk 

Id  se-gdr'ra 

z^'ge-bir^ 

sdiiy 

se'go 

sr-gd'v'i-a 

se'gre 

se'gQQ-a 

se-gQf'ra 

zek'mQQt'Ur 

sQne 

sine 

sdiic^  mdmc 
sdiie^  icdse 
sdnc 
se-ld'ya 
se'fe 

sp-tils'ka 

sH'kirk 

sH'ya 

zeV'tsdlh 

sem'ja 

zemtine' 

sim-md'r'i-a 

zfm'pdi'h 

zMpdf.k 

sf^-mdrc' 

shi'e-kd 

sen-e-gdV 

aen-e-gdin  ot-a 

at'n'i-o 

tdng-ti' 


Fau,fdr,fyU,ii>h<it,  biL  —  MlUfprey,  help,  Mre,  hUr.  —  Pliu,  marine,  btrd,fi/r.  —  j\nu,  dOve,  mUve,  v><)tf,  b^k,  lord.  —  Tane,b]tU,%nilt.  —  Fi.\ont  tOe;  Fr.  short  iilfc  — 


13.58 


PRONUiNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Sennniir,  (Af.) 
Senile,  (Nctli.)  r. 
SciMiwalil,  (Switz.) 
Seiilier,  If,  (Switz.) 
Se|mlcro  de  Si  ipioii,  (Pen.) 
Seruincoiirt,  (Kr.) 
Seraiiipore,  (-poor,)  (Ind.) 
Per.ivallf,  (It.) 
Serdao,  '^en.) 
Sereil,  (Austr.)  r. 
Serecliova,  (R.) 
Seriiigapntam,  (Hind.) 
Serle,  (Australia,)  mt. 
Seriniers,  (Fr.) 
Sermoise,  (Fr.) 
Seriiano,  (It.) 
Sernon  la  Doire,  (Fr.) 
Serpa,  (Pen.) 
Serpciitaria,  (It.)  is/. 
Serpiiucliov,  (R.) 
Serrieres,  (Fr.) 
SertiK,  (Switz.) 
Serveretle,  (Fr.) 
Servia,  fTiir.) 
Sery,  (Netli.) 
Ses'ia,  (It.)  r. 
Sesto  Calende,  (It.) 
Sesto  Varese,  (It.) 
Sesiri,  (It.) 

Sestri  di  Levante,  (It.) 

Petiiukct,  (U.  S.) 

i"et«cli,  (Austr.) 

Settimu,  (It.) 

SetHbal,  (Pen.) 

Selvk,  (."^ustr.) 

Severac,  le  Chateau,  (Fr.) 

Sevilla,  (Pen.) 

Sevres,  (Fr.) 

Sevres  Deux,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Pcwestan,  (Per.) 

.Sezeziirowa,  (.\iistr.) 

Sferra  Cavallo,  (It.)  c. 

Sliamokin,  (U.  S.) 

Shandaken,  {U.  S.) 

Shannon,  (Ir.) 

Sliarkieh,  (Ee.) 

Sharon,  Plain  of,  (Pal.) 

Shawnee,  (U.  S.) 

Shetioyean,  (U.  S.) 

Sheerness,  (Eng.) 

Slielbourne,  (Can.) 

Shelliihs,  (Af.) 

Shelocta,  (U.  S.) 

Shenandoah,  (U.  S.) 

Shenango,  (U.  S.) 

Sherhrooke,  (Can.) 

Shesheqnin,  f  U.  S.) 

Shetncket,  (U.  S.) 

Shiawnssee,  (U.  S.) 

Shirar,  (Per.) 

ShcKi,  (AC.) 

Shoomla,  (Tur.) 

Shoshonee,  (U.  S.) 

Shragna,  (Af.) 

Shropshire,  (Eng.) 

Siak,  (E,ast.  Isl.) 

Siam,  (As.) 

Siberia,  (As.) 

Sihilla,  (It.)  mt. 

Sichein,  (Neth.) 

Sicily,  (It.)  isL 

Sid,  (.\u9lr.) 

Siddeburen.  (Xeth.1 

Sidensjoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Siderno,  (It.) 

Sidra,  (Af.)  g. 

Siebenlingen,  (.\ustr.) 

Siena,  (IL) 

Sienne,  (Fr.)  r. 

Sierra  de  Estrella,  (Pen.) 

Sierra  .Madre,  (Mex.) 

Sierra  de  los  Minibres,  ) 

(.Mex.)  i 
Sierra  de  Monchique,  (Pen.) 
Sierra  Nevada,  (Pen.) 
Siete  Carreras,  (Pen.) 
Sigmaringen,  [Uolienzol-  ) 

lern,]  (Gcr.)  J 
Signaii,  (Ger. ) 
Sigrisweiler,  ^witz.) 
Sigtuna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sigiiantanejo,  (.Mex.) 
Siguenza,  (Pen.) 
Sigueyro,  (Pen.) 
Siklo,  (Austr.) 
Siklos,  (Austr.) 
Silbodal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Silde  Rivet,  (Den.)  isl 
Silden,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Silesia, arSchlesien,  (Austr.) 
Siliqua,  (It.) 
Siljan,  (Sr.  Pen.)  1. 
Sillen  ,  (Fr.) 
Silora,  (11.)  r. 


scn-ndclr 

zftt'iif  or  sSne 

len'cdlt 

li  siin^-n-e' 

sf-ptft^t'kro  lie  sV]ti-u:i 

srT-dm-p6re' 
se-rd-rdt'le 
ser-dH'o 
se'red 

st^e-lhS'va 
ser-infr'  ga-pa-tHm' 
ser'lt 
ser-m'i-e' 
ser-mwdse^ 
ser-n'd'no 
ser-nUng  Id  dwdre 
ser'pa 

sir-pin-td'Ti-a 

str-pou'i/tov 

sfr-rt-Sre' 

zer'ti^ 

sirve^ritte' 

se'U-a 

sess'to  kd  Un'de 
s ess' to  vd-re'ze 
sess'tri 

sess'tfi  di  le-viin't{ 

se-tau'ket 

zetsk 

sit-fi-m^Q' 
setjk 

se-ve-rdk'  li  shd-td' 

se-t'il'ya 

s'Srr 

s&vr  dfii 

se-wes~tan' 

she-se-sQQ~ru'ra 

sfer'ra  kd-vdl'lo 

skd-md'kin 

shan-dd'ken 

shdn'non 

shdr'k'i-eh 

shdr'on 

shaw-»ee' 

slie-boi'gan 

shSr-nhs' 

shel' bQQrne 

shel'lehs 

she-lok'ta 

shin-dn-dS'dh 

she-It  an  g'  go 

sh'f*r'brQt}ke 

shesh' e~kxDin 

she-tuk'et 

sht-a-ttns'set 

slii-rdr'' 

shS'a 

sfiQQm'ld 

shosh'o-nee 

shrdg'na 

shrfw'  shirt 

si-ak' 

st'am 

si-bC'rt-a 

s'i-biVla 

z'i'lhem 

sis'i-ly 

sU 

z'id'de-bQ^'ren 
zi'dhi-shA 
s'i-der'no 
s't'dra 

z'i*ben-ling-in 

s'i-e'na 

s'i-Sne' 

s'i-er'ra  de  fsse-tr^l'ya 
s'i-er'ra  md'dre 
s'i-er'ra  de  los  mim'- 

bresse 
s'i-er'ra  de  m6n-eh'i'ks 
s'i-er'ra  ne-vd'da 
s'i-t'tz  kdr-re'rds 

zt^'md-ring'in 

zimg'nmi 

z'i' gr'is-vi'ler 

*.'?-'??'"<• 

s'i'g^Q-dn-td-ne'Vio 

s'i-geti'tHa 

s'i'ifVro 

s'i'klo 

s'i'klos 

z'il'bSd'dle' 

t'il'de 

z'iVden 

si-ll'si-a 

siTi-kwd 

s'll'tidrt 

sil-'ri' 

si-lS'ra 


Sils,  (Swilz.) 
Silser,  (.-Jwitz.)  L 
MiiNili,  (Eg.) 
Silvano,  (It.) 
Silvaplann,  (Switz.) 
Silveini.s,  (Pen.) 
Silvi,  (It.) 
Siniand,  (Austr.) 
Siinbach,  (tier.) 
Simbirsk,  (R.) 
Simeon,  (Pal.) 
Simione,  (It.) 
Simlyana,  (.Vuslr.) 
Simnien,  (Swiiz.)  r. 
Sinimern,  (Ger.) 
Simplon,  (bwitz.) 
Siniplon,  Route  du,  (Switz.) 
Sinai,  (Pal.  Eg.)  mt. 
Sinai,  (I'.il.  Eg.)  pen. 
Sinalva,  (.Mex.) 
Sinalva,  (.Mex.)  r. 
Sinde,  (Per.  Ind.) 
Singapore,  (-poor,)  (Ind.) 
Sinigaglia,  (It.) 
Sinneniah(Uiing,  (U.  S.) 
Sinnour,  Plain  of,  (Eg.; 
Sioiit,  (Eg.) 
Sioux,  (U.  S.) 
Sippican,  (U.  S.) 
Sirante,  (Pen.) 
SirianI,  (R.) 
Sisal,  (.Mex.) 
.Sisarga,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Sissach,  (Switz.) 
Sissigen,  (Switz.) 
Sittard,  (Neth.) 
Sitte  Aguas,  (Pen.) 
Siverier,  (.Switz.) 
Skagen,  (Den.<  c. 
Skagstol,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt. 
Skamproy,  (Neth.) 
Skanderherg,  (Den.) 
Skfine,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Skara,  fSc.  Pen.) 
Skarsta,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
SkellefteS,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
SkellcfteS,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Skeneateles,  (tJ.  S.) 
Skibberreen,  (Ir.) 
Skippack,  (U.  S.) 
Skoefde,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Skog,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Skoliapa,  (R.) 
Skowhegsin,  (U.  S.) 
Skye,  (ScoU) 
Slagelse,  (Den.) 
Sleen,  (Neth.) 

SIcswick,  or  Schleswig,  ) 
(Uen.)  i 
Sligo,  (Ir.)  CO. 
Slooten,  (Neth.) 
Slvkenbiirg,  (Neth.) 
SriiSland,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Smolensk,  (R.) 
Smyrna,  (Tur.) 
Snoehattan,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt, 
Snmvden,  (Eng.) 
Soana,  (It.)  mt. 
Sobrades,  (Pen.) 
Sobrado,  (Pen.) 
Sobral,  (Pen.) 
Sobreira  Forinoza,  (Pen.) 
Soconusco,  (.Mex.) 
Socorro,  (Mex.)  isl. 
Socuellamos,  (Pen.) 
Soederhainn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Soederkjoping,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Soedertelge,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Soest,  (Ger.) 
Sogne  Fjelil,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sogne  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sogneual,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Soignes,  (N'lth.) 
Soinnies,  Forest  of,  (Neth.) 
Soissons,  (Fr.) 
Solanillos,  (Pen.) 
Soleure,  (Switz.) 
So'ingen,  (Ger.) 
Solola,  (.Mex.) 
Solvitsborg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Solway,  (Scot.) 
•Soinbrete,  (Me.x.) 
Soinbrief,  (Neth.) 
.Soineren,  (Netli.) 
Somers,  (U.  S.) 
Somerset,  (Af.  N.  Am.) 
Somersetshire,  (Eng.) 
Somme,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Somme,  (Fr.) 
Somme  Velo,  (Fr.) 
Sominelsdyk,  (Neth.) 
Sonimen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  L 
Soinmieres,  (Fr.) 
Sonderborg,  (Den.) 


ii7< 

zil':er 

sii'si-li 

sit-rd'no 

sii'rd-fld'ita 

s'il-el'rds 

s'tt'r'i 

zi'mdnd 

zim'hdch 

s'im'birsk 

s'i'me-On 

s'i-m'i-v'ne 

s'ini'rid'na 

z'im'men 

z'im'mern 

sdng-ptOng' 

r^^t  du  sdng-plSng' 

sJ'nd 

si'nd 

s'i-ndl'va 

si-ndl'va 

sin'ds 

sing'g'd-pHre^ 

s'i-n'r-gdl'ya 

sin'»c-md-h5'ninff 

sin-n^Qr' 

Si-qqU 

com.  si)i} 

sip'p'ikan 

si-rdn'te 

s'i-r'i-d'n'i 

s'i-sdl' 

s'i-sdr'  tra 

zis's'i-gen 

sit'tdrd 

sit'te  d'gqi}-il3 

s'i-ve-r'i-e' 

skd'ghi 

skdg'stale 

skdnl'proi 

skdn'  der-ber^ 

shu'ne 

skd'ra 

skdrs'ta 

skyellef-te'o 

skijel-lef-te'o 

sken'e-dt'e-les 

skib'ber-reen* 

skip'pak 

skyedfde 

sk<)<>^ 

skb-i't-d'pa 

skow'hc-gdn 

sky 

sld'giUze' 
sUne 

sles'tcik 

slVgo 

sla'ten 

sli'ken-h<)<jr§ 

smd'ldnd 

smd'lensk 

sm'^r'na 

sn^'hdt'tdn 

snO'den 

sD-d'tia 

s/j-brd'desse 

so-brd'do 

eH-brdl' 

su-brl'ra  f5r-mO't?la 

S'i-kS-nf)Qs'ko 
s5-k5r'ro 
sd-kQ<}-el-yd'mo3 
zi^'der-h'dmn 

Wr-  (-Ay^')  chA'ping 
z/tl' der-tiV  ye 
z'iste 

zOng'ne  field 

z5ng'ne  fidrd 

z5ng'ne-^dle 

sicdny 

siedn-y'i' 

sirds-sOng* 

s<i-ld-n'il'yos 

sd-lAre' 

zS'ting-en 

sS'lo-la 

zql'vits-borg 

sol'icay 

sOtn-ltre'te 

sung-bri-ef 

sS'mnrn 

sum'ers 

sum'er-sft 

sum'eT^set-sh'tre 

sdme 

sOme 

sdme  ve'lo 
som' mels-dtkt' 
idm'men 
sd-m'i-^re' 
zon'der-bor^ 


Sondershausen,  [ScUwarz- 

burg,)  (Ger.) 
Sondersleben,  (Gtr.) 
Soncgueras,  (.Mux.) 
Soneja,  (Pen.) 
Simnenburg,  (Pru«.) 
Sonora,  (.Mex.) 
Sonsonale,  (Mex.) 
Sonvillier,  (Switz.) 
Soodan,  (Af.) 
Soorab.aya,  (Ind.) 
Sopello,'(It.) 
Sophienbi-rg,  (Ger.) 
Sorbas,  (I'eu.) 
Sorgiie,  (Fr.)  r. 
Soria,  (Pen.) 
Soroe,  (Den.  Sc.  Pen.) 
Sorrento,  (It.) 
Sorsele,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sorsjoen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sorso,  (It.) 
Sortes,  (Pen.) 
Sorup,  (Den.) 
Sospello,  (It.) 
Sostri,  (It.) 
Sote  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sotode  la  Marina,  (.^Ie.x.) 
Sotres,  (Pen.) 
Sotteghem,  (.Neth.) 
Soubes,  (Fr.) 
Sou-choo,  (Ch.) 
Souchons,  (Fr.) 
Soucirac,  (Fr.) 
Souheg!in,  (U.  S.) 
Souillac,  (Fr.) 
Souilly,  (Fr.) 
Soiilaines,  (Fr.) 
Souloni,  (Fr.) 
Soulvache,  (Fr.) 
Sourbes,  (Fr.) 
Sources,  los,  (Mex.) 
Souterraine,  la,  (Fr.) 
Southampton,  (Eng.) 
Soutlibury,  (U.  S.) 
Southinglon,  (U.  S.) 
Southwark,  (Eng.) 
Southwick,  (ir.  S.) 
Sovry,  (Fr.) 
Soyhiere,  (Switz.) 
Spa,  (Nclh.) 
Spada,  (Tur.)  c. 
Spadicinto,  (Pen.) 
Spain,  Sp.  Espana,  Fr.  Es- 

pagne 
Spakenburg,  (Neth.) 
Spalatro,  (Austr.) 
Spanberg,  (Austr.) 
Spanbroek,  (Neth.) 
Spandaii,  (Prus.) 
Spangenberg,  (Ger.) 
Spannam,  (Neth.) 
Sparre,  le,  (Fr.) 
Sparta,  (Gr.) 
Spartiniento,  (It.)  e, 
Spartivento,  (It.)  e. 
Spas  of  Kissengen  and 

Bocklct,  (Ger.) 
Spati,  (Gr.)  r. 
Speicher,  (Switz.) 
Speier,  or  Speyer,  (Ger.) 
Speierb.ich,  (Ger.)  r. 
Spenicz,  (.\iistr.) 
Sperlonga,  (It.) 
Spetzia,  (Gr.)  isL 
Spey,  (Scot.) 
Speyer,  or  Speier,  (Ger.) 
Spezzia,  (It.) 
.'^piez,  (Switz.) 
Spigno,  (It.) 
Spina,  (It.)  pL 
Spineto,  (It.) 
.Spipeliaede,  (Neth.) 
Spirding.  (Prus.)  /. 
Spirel)ach,  or  S|>eierbach, 

(Ger.) 
Spiridione,  (Gr.) 
Spiritii  Santo,  (U.  S.)  b. 
Spilzhergen,  (R.) 
Splugen,  (Switz.) 
Spliigen,  (It.)  mt. 
Spolelo,  (It.) 
Spoorndonk,  (Neth.) 
Spree,  (Prus.)  r. 
Spremberg,  (Pnis.) 
Spressiano,  (It.) 
.Springliirsch,  (Den.) 
Sproe,  (Den.)  isl. 
Sprottau,  (Prus.) 
Spmndel,  (.Neth.) 
Spulico,  (It.)  c 
S()uam,  (U.  S.) 
Sqiiillace,  (It.)  g. 
Stahijotten,  (Prus.) 
Stade,  (Ger.) 


i  zda'dtrs-livu'zen, 
)  shwdrts'bfy^^ 

zOn'deru'lt'ben 

86-ne-ge'rds 

aO-ne'iha 

ifl/i'/i^fi-Appr* 

stl-nd'ra 

sufi'sd-nd't^ 

eing-ol-li-e' 

SQQ-ddn' 

SQif-rd-bVa 

sO-pel'lo 

tO-f'i'  en-beT§ 

sur'bds 

sOrg 

sU'r'i-a 

zU'rSl 

edr^en'to 

siir'se-t^ 

snr'sh^nt 

sHr'so 

sor'tesse 

s6'rQt>p 

sd^-pel'lo 

sQs'tr'f 

s6'te  /'tSrd 

t6'to  ds  Id  md-r'i'na 

sO'tresse 

snt'te-gem 

6()i)be 

sou'ch^Q 

SQQ-skbng' 

si}<}-s'i-rdk' 

si'U-hS'  gan 

s<}ft-ydk'  or  tifQi-ySk' 

SQfl-yi'  or  »pf<-y<' 

sQQ-lane' 

SQi^lO-n'i' 

sfqt-cdshe' 

sijQrbe 

I5s  so^'tKisse  (-sisse) 

Id  SQi}-trr-r&ne' 

suth-)idmp'ton 

south'bu-ry 

suth'ing-ton 

suth'ark 

com.  sDutK'ik 

sS-tri' 

swd-'i-Sre' 

spd,  Eng.  spaw 

spd'da 

spd-ditKin'to 
j  spdne,  Sp.  esse-pdn'ya,  Fr. 
j  isse-pdny' 

spd'ken-bQ^r^ 

spd'ld'tro 

spdn'ber^ 

spdn'  br<)<jk 

spdn'dou 

spdng'  en-bir^ 

i^dn'ndm 

Ic  spdrre 

sp'dr'ta 

spdr-t'i-mfn'to 

spdr-t'i-rea'to 

I  spOs,  kis'seng-en,  b^k'Ut 

sp'd'ti 

spl'lher 

spVer 

spVer-biSe\ 

spe'nitck 

sper-lSn'ga 

spet'z'i-^i 

sp'a 

spl'er 

spil'dz'i-a 

spits 

sp'in'yo 

sp'i'na 

sp'i-ve'to 

rpiprl-pd'dt 

spir'ding 

j  .'pV  er-b'dlk 

spi-r'i-dtS'nt 

spi'r  i-tQQ  sdn'to 

spits'ber-gen 

splt}Q'geJi 

splf}Q'gfn 

spO-le'to 

spOrne'dojik 

spre 

sprem'berg 

spres-s'i-ixno 

spring'hirsh 

sprfil 

sprot'tou 

spr^i^n'dfl 

sp^Q'lt-ko 

sou  am 

tkv^l-la'eht 

ta'dt 


Ft.  long  A  and  short  mi,  nearly  as  in  .«7>Mr. —  Final  ly,  French  I  mouitli  9n"ger,  vi"cious.  —  g- as  s  in  pleasure;  ^  and  JA  guttural ;  »y  liquiil  ;  tX  as  in  ;7iiA. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Stadolitza,  (R.) 

StadlbfTL',  (Ger.) 

Stndtliafieii,  (Ger.) 

Slaeden,  (.\etli.) 

Stafa,  (Switz.) 

Slaflel,  (Ger.)  /. 

Staffeld,  (Pius.) 

Staffora,  (It.)  r. 

Staftbrdsliire,  (Eng.) 

Stalamata,  (Gr.)  c. 

Stalden,  (Switz.) 

Stamhoiil,  or  Constanti- 
nople, (Tur.) 

Stamfen,  (Aiistr.) 

Staniheim,  (Switz.) 

Staniphane,  (Gr.)  isl. 

Standia,  (Tiir.)  isl. 

Stanki,  (11.) 

Stano,  (Gr.)  mt. 

Stanovdi,  (As.)  mt. 

Stanstead,  (Can.) 

Ptantzia,  (Per.) 

Stanz,  (Switz.) 

Staphorst,  (Neth.) 

Staramara,  (.■Viistr.) 

Stare  iMiastovv,  (.\ustr.) 

Star^ard,  (Prus.) 

Stanicca,  (tJ.  S.) 

Starit/.a,  (K.) 

Start,  (.\ustra1.) 

Stamp,  (Den.) 

Staten  Isl.  (U.  S.) 

Stauhacli,  (Switz.) 

Staunton,  (U.  S.) 

Stavanger,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Stavenliagen,  (Ger.) 

Stavros,  (Tur.) 

Steenbergen,  (Neth.) 

Steengade,  (Den.) 

Steenwyk,  (Neth.) 

Stefano,  (It.)  wt. 

Stefanos,  (Tur.)  c. 

Stegtenhorst,  (Neth.) 

Steicrmark,  or  Styria, 
(Austr.) 

Stein,  (Neth.  Ger.  Switz.) 

Steinn manger,  (Austr.) 

Steinfort,  (Netli.) 

Stftinfiirth,  (Ger.) 

Steinweiss,  (Ger.) 

Stella,  (It.)  r. 

Stellenbosch,  (Af.) 

Stenbidskjarra,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Steplianswertli,  (Neth.) 

Sternberg,  ^  Austr.  Prus. 
Ger.) 

Stettin,  (Prus.) 

Steuben,  (U.  S.) 

Steyer,  (Austr.) 

Stia,  (It.) 

Slibingen,  (Switz.) 
Stjerna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Stigliano,  (It.) 
Stillwater,  (U.  S.) 
Stilo  Point,  (It.) 
Stirling,  (Scot.)  co. 
Stoboresti,  (Tur.) 
Stocken,  (Ger.) 
Stockhausen,  (Ger.) 
Stockholm,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Stockemark,  (Den.) 
Stolatz,  (Tur.) 
Stolbcrg,  (Prus.) 
Stoipe,  (Prus.  Den.) 
Stoipe,  (Prus.)  r. 
Stongoli,  (It.) 
Stonne,  (I>.) 
SlGCr,  (Den.)  r. 
Stora,  r  Af.)  g. 
Stora  Omen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  L 
SU)rafvan,  (Sc.  Pen.)  (. 
Storbacken,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Storsjoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Storsjoen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 
Storta,  la,  (It.) 
Stoulers  Gat,  (Neth.) 
Straahe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Strabane,  (U.  8.) 
Strakoiiilz,  (Austr.) 
Stralen,  (Ger.) 
Stralsnnd,  (Prus.) 
Rtrandhuus,  (Den.) 
Strannier,  (Scot.) 
Strasbourg,  or  Strasburg, 

(•••r.) 
Straabnrg,  (Prud.) 
Strar-kirchen,  (Gor.) 
8lra<«,  (AiiKtr.) 
StralcM,  (Gr.) 
Slrauliing,  (Ser.) 
SIrausburg,  (Pnis.) 
Sirechonetz,  (Auatr.) 
Hiree,  (Nctli.) 
Strega,  (Ger.) 


std-do-Ut'za 

siat'ber^ 

stiit-hd'  gin 

ita'den 

sid'fa 

staffil 

stdffett 

stdf-fo'ra 

stdfford-sh'irt 

std'ld-ynd'ta 

stdVdin 

I  st'dm-hqQl' 

st'dm'fm 

stdm'htme 

stdm-fd'ne 

stdn'di-a 

stdn'ki 

std'no 

std'nS-voi 

stdti'xted 

stdnt'zi-a 

st'dnts 

stdforst 

std'rd-md^rd 

std're  m'i-'ds'to 

stdr'gdrt 

sta-ruk'ka 

std-fit'ia 

stdrt 

std'rQi^p 

Stat' en 

stou'hdch. 

stdjt'ton 

std'vdng-ir 

std'ven-hd'gen 

std'vro.'i 

st^ne'ber-gin 

stene'gd~de 

stene'vlkc 

sle-fd'no 

stt-fd'nos 

ste^'ten-horst 

I  stVer-vidrk,  stVfi-a 

stlne 

stV  nd-mdng*  ir 
stlnc'fqrt 
stlne' fQqrt 
stlne' vice 
steVla 

steVUn-hqsk 

stene-b'iils-chdr'ra 

ste'fdns-vtrt 

*  stern'berg 

stet-t'ine' 
com.  sti^-bin' 
stVir 
st't'a 

st'i'bing-in 

sherhia 

st'il-yd'no 

stiU'wa-ter 

si'i'lo  " 

st'^r'ling 

sto-hd-res't'i 

stnk'en 

stok-hnu'iin 

stqk'holm 

sfok'he-mdrk 

st'o-ldlz' 

stol'ber^ 

stqVve 

stol'pe 

stdn'gS-tt 

sfine 

slt<iir 

sto'ra 

st^'ra  Qi}'min 

stOre-d'vin 

stort'hdl:' ken 

stiire-.sh&' 

stdre-sh^ne' 

Id  stor'ta 

stott'tirs  ffdt 

strS'l/e 

strd-bhne' 

strd-kO-nibi' 

strd'len 

strdle^zQQni'  or  .strdte'ztj^nt 

strdnt'hQt^a 

strdn'rawr 

I  atr'ds-bijt^' ^  slrds'bqqr^ 
strdg'bt^QT^ 
strd.i-kir' Ikin 
ttrds 
strd'tns 
atrou'bing 
gtrmis'bQi^r^ 
tire' IhS-niU 
strl 
ttrt'ga 


I  Slrehla,  (Ger.) 
Strelitz,  (Ger.) 
Strik-a-poor,  (Per.)  ✓ 
Stroe,  (Neth.) 
Strogonova,  (As.)  rr. 
Strolnatz,  or  Grotzka,  (Tur. 
Stroem,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Strou)boli,  (It.)  isl. 
Stroemstadt,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Stry,  (Austr.)  r. 
Stryszow,  (Austr.) 
Stubbekjoebing,  (Den.) 
Stuhhveiszenburg,  or 

Syckes  Fcjervar,  (Austr.) 
Stuifzand,  (Nelh.) 
Stuolovitchi,  (R.) 
Stura,  (It.)  r. 

Stutgard,  or  Stuttirart,  (Ger. 
Stuyvesant,  (U.  S.) 
Stype,  (Neth.) 
Styria,  or  Steiermark, 

"(Austr.) 
Siianca,  (Mex.) 
Suances,  (Pen.) 
Suarez,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Suarnro,  (S.  Am.) 
Suabia,  or  Scliwaben,  (Ger. 
Subhiano,  (It.) 
Subiaco,  (It.) 
Suchenthal,  (.\ustr.) 
Sucio,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Suckasunny,  (U.  S.) 
Suckow,  (Prus.) 
Sucumbio,  (S.  Am.) 
Suczawa,  (Austr.) 
Suedoog,  (Den.) 
Sudrata  Plain,  (Af.) 
Sueca,  (Pen.) 
Suecadana,  (East.  Isl.) 
Suenderwall,  (Den.) 
Sues,  (Swilz.) 
Suessenheim,  (Neth.) 
Suevre,  (Fr.) 
Suez,  (Eg.) 
Suez,  (Eg.)  g. 
Suez,  (Eg.)  isth. 
Suffolk,  (Eng.) 
Sugachi,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Suhr,  (Switz.) 
Suippe,  (Fr.) 

Sulen,  Outer,  (Sc.  Pen.)  tsl. 
Sulgen,  (Switz.) 
Suliman,  (Per.)  mt. 
Sulingen,  (Ger.) 
Sulifehiia,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt. 
Sulmona,  (It.) 
Sulpice,  (Switz.) 
Suiz,  (Ger.) 
Sulzbach,  (Ger.) 
Sulzbacher,  (Austr.) 
Sulzburg,  (Ger.) 
Sumatra,  (East.  Isl.)  isl. 
Sumbawa,  (Austral.)  isl. 
Sumbilla,  (Pen.) 
Suniidoro,  (Braz.)  r. 
Sumiswald,  (Switz.) 
Sumjacz,  (Austr,) 
Summatino,  (It.) 
Sunapee,  (U.  S.) 
Sunda,  (Austral.)  st. 
Sundal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sundbye,  (Den.) 
Sundsvall,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sungora,  (East.  Isl.) 
Supa,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Superga,  (It.) 
Sural,  (Hind.) 
Sure,  (Neth.)  r. 
Surenen  Pass,  (Switz.) 
Surgcres,  (Fr.) 
Surig,  (Neth.) 
Surigao,  (Ea.st.  Isl.)  isU 
Surinam,  (Braz.)  r. 
Surrein,  ^witz.) 
Surrey,  (Eng.) 
Snr-see,  (.Switz.) 
Susa,  (It.) 
Suse,  (Af.) 
Susquehanna,  (U.  S.) 
Sussex,  (Eng.) 
Snsten  Pass,  (Switz.) 
Sutherland,  (Eng.) 
Suvaiki,  (R.) 
Suvcro,  (It.)  c. 
Suvcrs,  (Switz.) 
Suwanne,  (IJ.  S.)  r. 
Svanecke,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Svanliulm,  (Den.) 
Svartia,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Svartsjoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Svcahorg,  (R.) 
Svenilliorg,  (Den.) 
Hven<njark,  (Den.) 
Sviaijsk,  (R.) 


stre'la 
stre'lits 
strik~a-pi^Qr^ 
strfQ 

stro~<j5~vo'va 
)  stroVndlz,  grStz'ka 
strtfiime 
strOm'bo-l'i 
str^m'stdt 
stfi 
stris'so 

sttjnb  'be-k'i^  'H'^? 
I  stQ^l-vis' sen~bi^i^r^ 

stotfzdnt 
st(jQ-o-lo~vit'chi 
stt^Q'ra 
)  st<j<)t'gdrt 
stl've-sani 
stt'pe 

I  st'i'r'i-a 

SQQ~dn'ka 
s<^t}-dn't?iesse 
SQQ-d'yetJl  (-resse) 
SQQ-d-rQQ'ro 
)  sicd'b'i-a 
SQQ-b'i-d'  no 
sQ^-b'i-d'ko 
ZQg'lhht-tdle' 
s<)<}'tTii-  (-s'i-)  0 
suk-a-sun'ny 
zgg'ko 

s(^Q-kQQm'b'i-o 

s(}Q-ckd'va 

siid'og 

sQQ-drd'ta 

SQt)-e'ka 

s<}Q-e-kd-dd'na 

zun'  dir-vdV 

ifts 

zHs'sen-khne' 
swSvr 

^  sQg'ez  and  sfg-ez' 

siif'fok 
sgQ-gd'ch'i 
ZQQre 
sw'ip 

ou'ter  sqq'Un 

zgtjV  gen 

sgQ-l'i-mdn' 

iQij'ling'en 

SQQ-ii-fH'ma 

sggl-md'na 

stil-p'iu' 

IQQltS 

zgqlts'bdZh 

zi}Qlts'bdlk-ir 

ZfQlts'  (zults')  b<)<)r§ 

sgg-md'tra 

SQQm-ba'ica 

s^t?m~bil'ya 

sg(ymi-d6' ro 

ZQQ'mis-vdW 

shgQm'ii'dtch 

sQfm-md-li'no 

sun'a-pee 

sgpn'da 

min'ddle 

SQQnd'bd 

SQgnds'vdl 

siQn-go'ra 

sqq'pa 

stjQ-per'ga 

SQQ-rdt' 

zgg're  or  sdre 

zgg-re'nen 

su.r~g6rt 

sgn'riS^ 

sgQ-ri-gd'o 

sgO-ri-ndm'  or  SQQ-r'i-ndm' 

sir^dng' 

s'dr'rij 

ZQQr'ze  or  sdr'zs 

SQij'za 

sgg'se 

SJts-qiie-hdn'na 

sus'siiz 

iQQs'ten 

suth'er-land 

su-vdVk'i 

sgg-ve'ro 

su.-v(re 

su-wtf'nre 

swd'ne-k^ 

swdne'finhn  or  swdne-holm' 

swdrt'bx 

sjodri'sh^ 

sjre'd'bnrg 

swend'bor^ 

sicens'mdrk 

sieidtjsk 


Sviatoi,  (K.)  i.-7. 
Svinoe,  (R.)  I. 
Swabia,  Suabia,  nr  Schwa- 
ben,  (Ger.) 
Swalmen,  (Neth.) 
Swansea,  (Eng.) 
Sweden,  or  Sverige 
Swellendam,  (.4.f.) 
Swieneinuende,  (Prus.) 
Swigtcler,  (Neth.) 
Switzerland,  die  Schweiz 
Syl  Faellen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Sylvan,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 
Syracu.se,  (U.  S.) 
Syria 

Szada,  (.Austr.) 
Szakal,  (Austr.) 
Szalonia,  (Austr.) 
Szaresia,  (Austr.) 
Szarvas,  (Austr.) 
Szaszvaros,  (.Austr.) 
Szatymatz,  (Austr.) 
Szczurowice,  (.Austr.) 
Szegedin,  (Austr.) 
Szekefalva,  (Austr.) 
Szekes  Fejervar,  or  Stuhl- 

weiszenl)urg,  (Austr.) 
Szereda  Zik,  (Austr.) 
Szeszuppe,  (Prus.)  r. 
Szikszo,  (Austr.) 
SzoJcefalva,  (Austr.) 
Szolnok,  (.Austr.) 
Szroda,  (Prus.) 
Szurul,  (Austr.) 
Szuszko,  (Austr.) 


swid'toi 
swi-n^ 

I  s(Cd'bi-a 

swdl'men 

swan'sed 

swe'deUf  sver'ye 

swiVUn-ddm' 

sw'i've-mun'de 

sici^'te-Ur 

swit'zer-ldndj  dS  shwtts 

sill  fal'len 

sul'vdn 

sir'd'kuse  or  sVrd-kyis9 

sir'i-d 

s'd'da 

sd'hdl 

sd-lb'n'i-a 

sd-re'  shi-a 

sor'vdsh 

s6s~vd'rosh 

sotj'mots 

stchgg^O-v'i'tst 

se-ge-d'ine' 

se-ke-fol'va 

j  se'kesh  fe-yir'vdr 

se-re'da  z'ik 
she-shggp'pe 
sik'so 

so~ke-fol'va 

sol'ndk 

skro'da 

sgg'rggl 

sggs'ko 


T. 


Ta,  EsatJA  DE,  (S.  Am.) 
Taarlo,  (Neth.) 
Taars,  (Den.) 
Taasinge,  (Den.)  isl. 
Tabacal,  (S.  Am.) 
Tabahuetto,  (Mex.) 
Tabarca,  (Af.) 
Tabarca,  ur  Plana,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Tabarieh,  (Syr.) 
Tabasco,  (Mex.) 
Tabernas,  (Pen.) 
Tabita,  (It.) 
Tablas,  (East.  Isl.)  isl. 
Tableau,  le,  (Can.) 
Taboca,  (Braz.)  r. 
Taboleiro,  (Braz.) 
Tabor,  (Austr.) 
Tabor,  (Pal.)  mt. 
Tabriz,  (Per.) 
Tacoara,  (Hraz.)  r. 
Tadousac,  (Can.) 
Tafalamah,  (Af.) 
Taffalva,  (Pen.) 
Tatfers,  (Switz.) 
Tafflelt,  (Af.) 
Tagerschen,  (Switz.) 
Tagbkanic,  (U.  S.) 
Tagliamento,  (It.)  r. 
Tagouiago,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Tagus,  Sp.  Tajo,  (Pen.)  r. 
Tahiti,  or  Otaheite,  (Soc.  ) 
Isl.)  i 

Tailiemontier,  (Fr.)  j 

Tallies,  (Neth.) 
Takanova,  (.Austral.) 
Takina,  (As.) 
Talabo,  (East.  Isl.)  c 
Talamone,  (It.) 
Talant,  (Fr.) 
Talanti,  (Gr.)  ck. 
Talava,  (It.)  r. 
Talavera,  (Pen.) 
Talavera  de  Puna,  (S.  Am.) 
Talavera  de  la  Ueyna,  (Pen.) 
Talavera  la  Real,  (Pen.) 
Talavera  Viej.i,  (Pen.) 
Talbot,  (U.  S.) 
Talcahuano,  (.S.  Am.) 
Taliaferro,  (U.  S.) 
Tal  Kans,  (Ger.) 
Talladega,  (U.  S.) 
Tallahassee,  (U.  S.) 
Tallahatchie,  (U.  S.) 
Tallapoosa,  (U.  S.) 
Tallara,  (Pen.) 
Tallas.sce,  (U.  S.) 
Talmaz,  (It.)  c. 
Ta-lou-che,  (East.  Isl.) 
Talvig,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tanialarneque,  (S.  Am.) 
Tamaineo,  (Pen.) 


esse'ka  d«  ta 

tdre'lo 

torse 

td'sing-e 

td'bd-kdl' 

td-bd-gg-H'to 

td-bdr'ka 

td-bdr'ka,  pld'na 

td-bd-r'i' eh 

td-bis'ko 

td-ber'nds 

td-b'i'ta 

td'blds 

le  td-bto' 

td-b5'ka 

td-bo-Wro 

td'bor 

td'bor  or  tS'bor 

td-briz' 

td-kd-d'ra 

td-dgg-zWi' 

td'fd-ld'm^ 

tdf-fdl'va  ' 

tdffers 

tdflelt 

td'ger-shin 

tdqh-knn'ik 

tdl-yd-jnen'to 

td'  gb-md'  go 

ta'gus,  Sp.  td'lho 

td-Ki'ti,  6-ta-hile' 
tiHy-mdng-tt-e'  or  td'i- 

mong-t'i-e' 
tdhj  or  Ml 
td-kd-no'va 
td-ki'na 
td-id'bo 
td-ld-mU'vi 
td-ldng 
td-ldn'fi 
td-ld'va 
td-ld-ve'ra 
td-ld-vi'ra  de  pgg'na 
td-ld-ve'ra  de  Id  rl'na 
td-ld-ve'ra  Id  re-dV 
td-ld-ve'ra  v'i~e'lha 
tal'bot' 
tdl-kd-gg-d'no 
vulg.  tol'c-ver 
tdl  kdns 
tttl-ld-di'ga 
tat-id-has'seK 
tnl-ld-hdteh'ie 
tdl-ld-iigg'sa 
tdl-yd'ra 
tal-ids'sce 
tdl-mndz' 
td-liin'clis 
tdi'vi} 

td-md'ld-mt'kj 
td-md-mi'o 


Fau,f<tr,ftfU,v>hqt,  bdt.—MtU,  prey,  hilp,  thtre,  hifr.  —  Fine, marine,  bird,  fig.  — JVBte,  dSve,  mdve,v>glf,  bggk,lQTd.—Tf>ne,  bull,  i(ni(e.  — Fr.  long  rfte;  Fr.  short 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Taiiintidim,  (IJraz.) 
Tiuiiaimya,  (tf.  Am.)  r. 
TiiiiKiqiin,  (U.  S.) 
Tuinai  wa,  (U.  S.) 
Tnnmsi,  (Aiislr.) 
Tiimniilipas,  (Mex.) 
Taiiiliacli,  (Gcr.) 
Turnl>elaii,  (F)iist.  Isl.)  ist. 
Taiiibo,  (S.  Am.) 
Tanil>uUiiinba,  (S.  Am.) 
Tambov,  (R.) 
Tnmega,  (Pen.)  r. 
Tamcrl'ors,  (R.) 
Tamiagiia,  (.Mex.) 
Tntiiis(|iie,  (.S.  Am.) 
Tamlaglu,  (Ir.) 
Tampa,  or  Espiritu  Santo, 

(IJ.  S.)*. 
Tampico,  (Mex.) 
Tampico  Bar,  (Mcx.) 
Tampico,  (.Mex.)  fL 
Tamurejo,  (Pen.) 
Tan,  (Gor.) 
Tana,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tana  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Taiiajra,  (It.) 
Tanakeken,  (East.  Isl.)  isl. 
Tanasserim,  (As.) 
Tancha  Porta,  or  Sable 

Point,  (U.  S.) 
Tancitaro,  (Mex.) 
Tancos,  (Pen.) 
Tangerniuemle,  (Prus.) 
Tangier,  (Af.) 
Tanjore,  (Ilind.) 
Tanna,  (tier.) 
Taniim,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Taormina,  (It.) 
T.aos,  (Mex.) 
Tapacari,  (S.  Am.) 
Tapacures,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Tapajos,  or  Toyapos, 

(Uraz.)  r. 
Tapanuilcba,  (S.  Am.) 
Tapera,  (Braz.) 
Tapian,  (Prus.) 
Tapio  Szele,"  (.\ustr.) 
Tapira,  (S.  Am.)  mt. 
Tapolera,  (II.) 
Tapole/.a,  (.Viistr.) 
Tappaliannock,  (U.  S.) 
Tappaiiooh,  (East.  Isl.) 
Taquestrele,  (Mex.) 
Taranaki,  (\.  Zeal.) 
T;irancon,  (Pen.) 
Taranciiena,  (Pen.) 
Taranto,  (It.) 
Tararua,  (N.  Zeal.)  " 
Tarascon,  (Fr.) 
Tarasp,  (Switz.) 
Taravilki,  (Pen.) 
Tarazona,  (Pen.) 
Tarhes,  (Fr.) 
Tarcbiurola,  (It.) 
Tarekheim,  (Ger.) 
Targovitsa,  (R.) 
Tarifa,  (Pen.) 
Tnrija  Rio,  (S.  Am.) 
Tarn,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Tarn  et  Garonne,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Tarna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Taroocz,  (Austr.) 
Tarnocora,  (Austr.) 
Tarnow,  (Ger.) 
Tarnowitz,  (Prus.) 
Taro,  (It.) 
Taro,  (It.)  r. 
Tarragona,  (Pen.) 
Tarsus,  (Tnr.) 
Tartanedo,  (Pen.) 
Tartary,  (As.) 
Tartigo,  (Can.)  r. 
Tascii,  (Switz.) 
Taschendorf,  (Ger.) 
Tasco,  (.Mex.) 
Tasijoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tatnall,  (U.  S.) 
Tatra,  (Austr.)  mU 
Tauber,  (Ger.)  r. 
Taunton,  (U.  S.) 
Tanrida,  (K.) 
Tauroa,  (N.  Zeal.) 
Tauruo,  ( I'ur.)  mU 
Tausz,  (Austr.) 
Tauves,  (Fr.) 
Tavajiga,  (R.) 
Tavannes,  (Switr,.) 
Tavastclius,  (R.) 
Tavende,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Taverne,  (Switz.) 
Tavemes,  les,  (Fr.) 
Taviano,  (It.) 
Tavier,  (Neth.) 
Pavignano,  (It.)  r. 


Id-mdn'dQQ-a 

td-ind-pd'ya 

tdta-d'  qua 

tdm-dr'wa 

td-ind'zi 

td-mon'i'i-pdM 

tdm'bdlh 

tdm-be-ldn' 

tdm'bo 

tdm'bO-bdin'ba 

tdm'bov 

td-mi'^ga 

td'  mir~fors' 

td-mt-d'  nqQ-a 

td-m'is'ke 

tam-ldirht' 
}  tdm'pUf  eise-p'i'r'i-tQQ 
)  sdn'to 

tdm-p'i'ko 

tdm-pi'ko  bdr 

tdm-p'i'ko 

tdn 
td'na 

td'na  f'iOrd 
td-nd'<rra 
td-nd-ke'ken 
(d-7icts'A-£-rim 

j  tdn'cha  pSr'ta 

tdn-lhi-  (-*•<-)  td'r» 
tdn'koit 

tdn^'er-miin'dt 

tan-jeer' 

tdn-jSre' 

tdn'ita 

td'nf}^ 

td'ir-m't'na 

td'os 

td'pd-kd'ri 
td'pd-kQf'resse 

I  td-pd'iltos,  tS-yd'po$ 

td-pd-kWcha 

td-pe'ra 

td'pi-ou 

td'pi-o  se'lt 

td-p'i'ra 

td-pH-le'ra 

td-p&-le'sa 

tdp-pd-hdn'nok 

tdp-pd-rnjQ' 

(d'tf.tse-frf'/e 

td-rd-nd'k'i 

td'rdn-kOn' 

td-rdn-kfo-c'na 

td-rdn'lo 

td-rd-r^Q'a 

td-rds-king' 

td'rd-fi> 

td'rd-v'iVya 

td'rd-tn6''na 

tdrbs 

tdr-ki-iJt'rS-Ui 
td'rek-hlme 
tdr-gS-vit'ia 
td-ri'fa  ' 
td-Yi'lha  Ti'o 
tdmg 

tdrng'  e  gd-rOnt' 

tdr'na 

tdr'niteh 

tdr'ni-gS'ra 

tdr'no 

tdr'nS-vits' 

td'ro 

td'ro 

tdr'rd-gS'na 

tdr'sQQs 

tdr'ld-ne'do 

tdr'ta-ry 

tdr'ti-go 

tdsh 

tdjh'  in-ttirf 

tds'ko 

Id'ahA 

tat'nall 

td'tra 

tou'bir 

(dn'lon  ^ 

tou-r'i'da 

tou-rO'a 

tau'rQQi 

tous 

live 

t'd-vdn'ga 

td-vdn^ 

td-vda't^-hQQ9 

td'ven-dt 

td-verne' 

le  td-vem' 

td-vi-d'no 

cd-vi-e' 

td-tin-yd'no 


Tavira,  (Pen.) 
Tavolara,  (It.)  isl. 
Tawe,  ((;er.) 
Tavvitawi,  (East.  Isl.)  iti. 
Tazewell,  (U.  S.) 
Tcliablar,  (Tur.)  c. 
Tcliala,  (R.) 
Tclianonia,  (R.) 
Tclierkask,  (R.) 
Tcliernigov,  (R.) 
Tcliernowitz,  (Austr.) 
Tcbiprovatz,  (Tur.) 
Trliirkakema,  (K.) 
Tcliocunna,  (IJ.  S.) 
Tchula,  (U.  S.) 
Teckleiiburg,  (Ger.) 
Tecolotlan,  (Mex.) 
Tccoman,  (IMex.) 
Tecumseli,  (U.  S.) 
Tedia,  (Af.) 
Teentlial,  (Switz.) 
Tecstrup,  (Den.) 
Tefalene,  (Af.)  c. 
Tegelen,  (Neth.) 
Tegualema,  (S.  Am.) 
Tegueco,  (Mex.) 
Tegnisate,  (.Mex.) 
Teheran,  (Per.) 
Tehuacan,  (Mex.) 
Teliuantepec,  (.Me.x.) 
Teliyantepec,  (.Mex.)  b. 
Teiguniuulh,  (Eng.) 
Teining,  (Ger.) 
Teinitz,  (Austr.) 
Teipan,  (Mcx.) 
Teisz,  (.\ustr.)  r. 
Tcixido,  (Pen.) 
Tejada,  Sierra,  (Pen.) 
Tekeri,  (It.)  /. 
Tekia,  (Gr.)  /t. 
Telclianka,  (R.) 
Telek  Tis,  (Austr.) 
Teles,  (Au.slr.) 
Telese,  (It.) 
Tclessad,  (Af.) 
Teletlirus,  (Gr.)  mt 
Telgt,  (Ger.) 
Tellico,  ( U.  S.) 
Tellin,  (Neth.) 
Tcllingsted,  (Den.) 
Tfmascaltepec,  (Mex.) 
Tcnibia,  (Af.) 
Temblcque,  (Pen.) 
Teniegua,  ('I'ur.) 
Temerin,  (Austr.) 
Tenics,  (.\ustr.)  r. 
Temesvar,  (Austr.) 
Tcmpe,  (Tur.) 
Tempelburg,  (Prus.) 
Teuipio,  (IL) 
Teniploux,  (Neth.) 
Teni-sena,  (Af.) 
Tenasserim,  (Ind.) 
Tenda,  Col  de,  (It.) 
Tendra,  (Ger.)  is/. 
Tendre,  (Switz.)  mt 
Tenerife,  (Colombia,)  (3. 

Am.) 
Tenerifle,  (Af.)  isU 
Teniia,  (It.)  r. 
Tennessee,  (U.  S.) 
Tenoxtitlan,  (Mex.) 
Tenpisque,  (.Mex.)  r. 
Tensift,  or  Morocco,  (Af.)  r, 
Tentigny,  (Netli.) 
Tentschbroil,  (Austr.) 
Tepeaca,  (Mex.) 
Tepic,  (Mex.) 
Tepoa,  (Mex.) 
Teposcolula,  (Mex.) 
Teposlitlan,  (Mex.) 
Tcipiila,  (Mex.) 
Ter,  f  Pen.)  r 
Ter  Ileide,  (Neth.) 
Ter  Schelling,  (Netb.)  isU 
Tera,  (Pen.)  r. 
Teramo,  (It.) 
Teran,  (Pen.) 
Terbleit,  (Neth.) 
Tercero,  (S.  .Am.)  r. 
Terebes,  (.Vustr.) 
Teregovacr,  (Austr.) 
Terena,  (Pen.) 
Terera  d'Oliveira,  (Pen.) 
Teresa,  (Pen.) 
Teresa,  (Braz.)  fl 
Terhappel,  (Neth.) 
Terjan,  Plain  of,  (Tur.) 
Tennes,  les,  (Fr.) 
Termini,  (It.) 
Terminos,  (Mex.)  /. 
Terino,  (It.)  r. 
Termoli,  (It.) 
Terneuse,  (Neth.) 


td-vi'ra 

td-vd4d'ra 

td'vt 

ta'i-ld'i 

tdi'wel 

tehd-bldr' 

iehd'la 

tchd-nu'ma 

tchir'kdsk 

tcher'n'i-gov 

tsker'nd-viLs 

tshi'prO-i^dtz 

tsb'ir'kd-kr'rna 

tcho-kiin'  »a 

tehQQ'la 

tek'ien-b(}f)r^ 

tt-ka-ldt'ldn 

te'kO-mdn' 

te-kum'sek 

ted'la 

tene'tdle 

te'strQQp 

te'fd-l{'ns 

ts'^e-len 

td-gi)Q-a-ls'  ma 

te-ge'ko 

ti-g^-sd'ts 

tih-he-rdn' 

ts-fif-d'kdn 

te-ff-dn'te-pck' 

tr-ydn' tP-pik' 

com.  tin'muth 

tl'ning 

(I'm'ti 

ti'p'dn 

tJ-m'do 

si-ir'ra  ti-Hid'da 

te'ke-fi 

te'kla 

tfl-ckdn'ka 

te'lek  tish 

tt'lish' 

te-le'ie 

tc-tes-sdd' 

te-le'tlirfQi 

ielit 

tel'H-ko 

tel-tinc' 

tiVliiig-stfd 

ti-md-i-kdV  te-pik 

tim'b'i-a 

tem-ble'he 

te-me'g^^-n 

ti-me-r'iiie' 

tr'misli 

t£-mish-vdr' 

thn'pe 

tem'peUb^Qr^ 
thn'pi-o 
tdn^-plqq' 
tewse-na 
ihi-ds' acr-xm 
km  de  tin'da 
ten'dra 
Idngdr 

\  tt-n£T-i'ft 

te-ne-r'ife' 

ten'na 

ten-nes-see' 

te-nd[h~tit-ldn' 

tin-pid'ki 

thi'sift 

tdng-tin'v'i 

tintsh'brOtt 

te-pe-a'ka 

tsptk' 

tt-pS'a 

te-pds-kd'l^9-la 

t('pis-lit-lda' 

te-ki'la 

ter 

tir  kVds 

ter  skel'ling 

te'ra 

te-rd'mo 

tf.-rdn' 

ter-bllte' 

ter-the'  (-»£')  ro 

ti-re'besk 

te-re-gO-vd'er 

t{-re'na 

te-r^'ra  dS-ti-vVra 

t^-re'sa 

tt-re'sa 

ttr-'hdp'pH 

tir-jdn' 

It  terme 

tir'mi-nt 

th"mt'no9 

ter'mo 

ter'mi-ti 

ter-nA-e' 


Terni,  (It.) 

Terra  del  Fuego,  (S.  Am.) 
Terra  di  liari,  (It.) 
Terra  di  Lavora,  (It.) 
Terra  di  Otraiito,  (It.) 
Terra  Nova,  (It.) 
Terracina,  (It.) 
Terralba,  (It.) 
Tcrrana,  Maria  de,  (It.) 

Terrebois  St.  Audr6,  (Can.)   tire-bwd'  tang  tdng-dri' 

Terrebonne,  (Can.) 

Terrible,  (Switz.)  mt. 

Terricciola,  (It.) 

Terrida,  (Eg.) 

Tersh,  (R.)  r. 

Tcrwalde,  rNetb.) 

Tosclien,  (.Austr.) 

Teschendorf,  (Prus.) 

Te-ssin,  (Switz.) 

Testigos,  (S.  Am.)  isL 

Tetala,  (.\le\.)  • 

Tete  de  Mort,  (U.  S.) 

Teuchern,  (Prus.) 

Teufclsbruecke,  (Switz.) 

Teufen,  (Switz.) 

Teufl'elen,  (Switz.) 

Teulada,  (It.)  e. 

Teuscliiiitz,  (Ger.) 

Tevego,  (Braz.) 

Teverone,  (It.)  r. 

Texaman,  (.Mex.) 

Texaua,  (U.  S.) 

Texas,  (U.S.) 

Te.vel,  (Neth.)  isL 

Tezcuco,  (.Mex.) 

Thalkirch,  (Switz.) 

Thalheim,  (Switz.) 

Thames,  (Eng.) 

Thamsbrueck,  (Prus.) 

Thaso,  (Tur.)  i.v(. 

Thebald,  Desert  of,  (Eg.) 

Thebes,  (Eg  ) 

Thebes,  (Gr.) 

Thei.ss,  or  Tisza,  (Austr.) 

Tlielpusa,  (Gr.) 

Theiion,  (Fr.) 

Theodosia,  (It.) 

Thera,  (Gr.)  W. 

Theresiaiiopel,  (.Austr.) 

Thessalia,  (Tur.) 

Theux,  (Neth.) 

Thibault,  (It.) 

Thibet,  or  Tibet,  (As.) 

Thiel,  (Neth.) 

Thielt,  fNeth.) 

Thieracnern,  (Switz.) 

Thierache  Forest,  (Netli.) 

Thiers,  (Fr.) 

Thil,  le  Chat,  (Fr.) 

Thioiiville,  (Fr.) 

Thivicrs,  (Fr.) 

Tholen,  (Neth.) 

Thomar,  (Pen.) 

Thoinaschovatz,  (.Austr.) 

Thone,  (Ger.) 

Tliorda,  (Austr.) 

Thorigny,  (Fr.) 

Thorn,  (Neth.  Prus.) 

Thorout,  (Neth.) 

Tliouars,  (Fr.) 

Tliree  Rivers,  or  Trols  Ri- 
vieres, (Can.) 

Throniiim,  (Gr.) 

Tliueringen,  Fr.  Thurgo- 
vie,  (Ger.) 

Thum,  (Ger.) 

Thun,  (Switz.) 

Tliur,  (Switz.)  r. 

Thurgau,  (Switz.) 

Thuringer  Wald,  (Ger.) 

Tiandijari,  (Sc.  Pen.)  L 

Tiber,  IL  Tevere,  (It.) 

Tibet,  or  Thibet,  (As.) 

Tibiquari-guaza,  (S.  Am.) 
isl. 

Tiburon,  (Mcx.)  isl. 
Ticino,  (It.) 
Ticonderoga,  (U.  S.) 
Tidone,  (It.)  r. 
Tiefens,  (Prus.) 
Tieh,  el.  Desert  of,  '  Eg.) 


tfr'iil 

trr'rd  del  fiJQ-i'go 
ter'ra  di  bd'r'i 
tfr'ra  di  Id-rd'ra 
ter'ra  di  S-lrdn'to 
ter'ra  nS'va 
ter'rd-cki'ita 
ier-rdt'ba 

md-r'i'a  d^  t^r-rd'na 


tSre-boiie' 
ter-rtbl' 
trr-rtt'lckS-ta 
trr^'i'da 
1er:ih 
ter-rdl'dt 
te.ih'in 
thh' en-dor/ 
tts-.ilTu' ' 
tes-t'l'gos 
te-td'la 
ttte  de  mBrt 
toi'lhim 
toi'feU-bruk'kt 
tm'/en 
toi'ffln  V 
le-<jif-td'da 
toisk'nits 
tt-i^e'go 
te-ce-rO'ne 
te-lkd-mdn' 
lii  d'na 

ti'lkds  or  tii'at 
teks'il 

(tesse-)  k^g'ko 
tale'kirlh 
idle'hlme 
com.  temi 
tdms'bruk 
tJld'so 
tne-ba'id 
inibes  ' 
the'besse 
(Ice,  ti.i'sa 
tliel-p^if'sa 
ti-nSng' 
te-O-dd'e't-a 
tht'ra 

te-r'-zi-d-nS'pil 
thessa'l'i-a 

fi-bV 
tib'et 
tile 
tilie 

t'ire'd-fhern 

tire'd-lht 

fi-Sre' 

t  il  tit  sha 

nSng-vile' 

ti-ci-e' 

t&'len 

t5-mdr' 

t^j-indsh'&-vdu' 

ti'nt 

IBr'da 

ta-rin'yi 

tSrne 

td-rfQ' 

tQf-dre' 

I  tnod  r'i-v'i-trt' 

t?ir5' n'i-^^m 
[  tU'riii'i-en,  Fr.  tir-gO- 
i  vie' 

t^Qme 

tQQHt 

t^Qre 
tQQr'gou 
iu'ring-er  vdlt 
t'i-dn'di-yd'r'i 
tVbrr,  It.  l£'Bt-''t 
(liiVt 

ti-bi-k()f-d'fi-gi}Q->i't1la 

f-aa) 
Ci-bfg-rOn' 
ti-ehi'no 
tl-kvn-der-O'ga 
fi-di'nt 
t'i'fens 
el  Ci'eh 


Tien'a  del  Fuego,  (i^.  Am.)  isl.  ti-er'ra  del  /f9-t't» 


Tiesa,  (.Mex.) 
Tietar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Tiflis,  (k.) 

Tigre,  Lago  del,  (S.  Am.) 
Tigre,  (iMe.x.)  r. 
Tigris,  (Tur.)  r. 
Tilapa,  (Mox.) 
TilburR,  (Neth.) 
Tillires,  (Fr.) 
Tilligte,  (.Neth.) 
Tilly,  (Fr.) 
Tilsit,  (Prus.) 


t'i-e.'sa 
ti-e-tdr' 
ti'flis 

Id' go  del  n'grt 

ti'eris 
ti-ld'pa 
lH'bv</Tf 

fH-yjMoj  m-ytrt' 
til'lilh-ts 
(il-yV  or  ffi-yi' 
til'-.it 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  m,  nearly  as  in  spur  Final  ly,  French  I  mouilli. — in"ger,  vi"cioiLs.  —  g  aa  s  ia  pleasure ;  ^  and  M  guttural ;  ny  liquid  ;  (A  as  in  piM. 


TtT 


J .?  J  • 


I3B1 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


riinbucto,  or  Toiiibucto, 

CAf.) 
Timea,  (It.)  r. 
Tiitiolus,  (Tur  )  mt. 
Timor,  (East  Isl.)  st. 
Timpab.iches.  (Mex.) 
Tingelslail,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tiniciim,  (U.  S.) 
TiiKiso,  (Pen.)  c. 
TiiUo,  (Pen.)  r. 
Tin/.i  n,  ^Switz.) 
Tioga,  (U.  S.) 
Tipiiiiiicho,  (Jle.T.) 
Tippecanoe,  (U.  S.) 
Tipperary,  (ir.)  co 
TipperarV,  (Ir.) 
Tirara,  (it.) 
Tirlemont,  (Netli.) 
Tirone,  (It.)  (. 
Tirsclieiireit,  (Ger.) 
Tiraii  (It.)  r. 
Tisted,  (Den.) 
Tisza  Furea,  (Aiistr.) 
Titicaca,  (S.  Am.)  /. 
Tivoli,  (It.) 
Tizzano  Point,  (It) 
Tjakelvas,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 
Tjoering,  (Den.) 
Tjoern,  (.Sc.  Pen.)  Ul. 
Tjoerneberg,  (Den.)  i.si. 
Tlapa,  (Me.v.) 
TIascala,  (iVe.'i.) 
Toballo,  (It.) 
Tobarra,  (Pen.) 
Tobehanna,  (U.  S.) 
Tobiqiie,  (Can.)  r. 
Tobolsk,  (As.) 
Tocco,  (It.) 
Todal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Todars,  (It.) 
Todi,  (It.) 

Todos  Santos,  (Ilex.) 
Todtenau,  (Ger.) 
Toenningen,  (Den.) 
Toeplitz,  (Austr.) 
Toeppingen,  (Ger.) 
Toipahna,  (Mex.) 
Tokay,  (Austr.) 
Toko-labo,  (N.  Zeal.)  Aarior 
Tola,  Desert  of,  (Aii.) 
Tolapampa,  (S.  Am.) 
Toledo,  (Pen.) 
Tolentino,  (II.) 
Tolgen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tolhuis,  (Neth.) 
Tolinia,  (S.  Am.) 
Tolima  Volcano,  (S.  Am.) 
Tolna,  (Austr.) 
Tolosa,  (Pen.) 
Tolsager,  (Den.) 
Toluca,  (Mex.) 
Tolzt,  (Ger.) 
Tomaszau,  (R.) 
Tomatlan,  (Mex.) 
Tornbigbee,  or  Torabeek- 

bee,  (U.  S.) 
Tom6,  (Fr.)  ial. 
Tomini,  (East.  Isl.)  g. 
Tomo,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Tonal,  (It.) 
Tonala,  (Mex.) 
Tonawanda,  (U.  S.) 
Toncado,  (Pen.) 
Tonder,  (Den.) 
Tongo,  (East.  Isl.) 
Tongres,  (Netli.) 
Tonnara,  (It.) 
Tonneins,  (Fr.) 
Tonnerre,  (Fr.) 
Tonnin,  (Ger.) 
Tonquin,  (As.) 
Tonsbere,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Toorkistan,  (.\a.) 
Toorkuiania,  (Per.) 
Toorsbcfz,  (Per.) 
Top.iufalva,  (Austr.) 
Topayor,  Rio,  (Hraz.) 
Topolias,  (Gr.)  U 
Topoly^,  (Austr.) 
Topool,  (East.  Isl.)  u(. 
Tor,  (Pen.) 
Torbay,  (Eng.) 
Torbel,  (Switz.) 
Torcini,  (It.) 
'i'orcsa,  (Austr.) 
Tordendorf,  (Ger.) 
Tordera,  (Pen.) 
Tordi  sillas  (Pen.) 
Tordillo,  (S.  Am.)  I. 
Torefors,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Torello,  (It.) 
Torga,  (Pnn.) 
Torgau,  (Prua.) 
Torkan,  (R.) 


I  tim-buk'to 

ti-me'a. 
ti'  md-lQQs 
ti'mor 

tim-pd-b'd' chhsa 
tin^'  H-stdt 
tin'i-ktim 
t'i-n5'so 
tin'to 
tin'tspn 
ti-o'  fra 
li-pi-md'cho 
tip-pc-kd-n^Q' 
tip-pe-rd'ry 
tip-pc-rd'ry 
ti-rd'ra 
lirle-mOng' 
(i-rS'ne 

t'tr'si* 
t'i'strd 

ti-ti-kd'kd 
li'vo-tt 
/■'it-dzd'no 
jd'kel-vds 
t'ify'rinrr 

t'iettr'ne-htr^ 
tld'pd 
tlds'kd-la 
tS-bdl'lo 
td-hdr'ra 
to-be.-htin'na 
td-bike' 
to-bnlsk' 
tok'ko 
to' dale 
tS'ddrs 
to'di 

to'dos  sdn'tos 
t5'tni-au 
t^n'ninrr-en 
l^p'lits" 
t^p'ping-en 
toi-pd'  QQ-a 
td-kV 
to'kd-ld'bo 
to'la 

to'ld-p'dm'pa 
to-Ie'do 
to-lhi-ti'no 
tqVyen 
tol'liois 
td-t'i'wa 

td-Vi'ma  vSl-kd'no 
toVna 

tols'd-irer 
tB-ln^'ka 
tollst 
t5-md-<'so 
td~mdt'ldn 

I  tom-biir'be 
td-me' 
to-vi'i'n'i 
to'mo 
K-ndV 
td-nd'la 
ton-a-wan' d'd 
ton-kd'do 
ton'der 

tqntrr 
tOn^d'ra 
tZii'-ndnrr' 

tSn-n'ine' 
tSn-kin' 
t6ns'bir^ 
tffr-kis-t'dn' 
tQ<jrk-m'd'ni~a 
ti}(}r.i'hH 
tlipou-fdi'va 
r'i'o  ta-pd-y5r' 
tS-pH'li-da 
tS-prjl'ya 
t^'pi^gi' 
tSr 

tor-bay' 
tiir'bil 
tbr-tchi'ii 
tor'tcka 
tnr'dfn-dQrf 
tdr-d^'ra 
ttir-dt-.i'il'yd) 
tlir-iftl'yo 
td'rtfnrs' 
ttl^el'io 
tQr'ga 
tor'ffou 
tQr-kltn' 


Torma,  (R.) 

Tormaleo,  (Pen.) 

Tormes,  (Pen.)  r. 

Tornau,  (Ger.) 

Tornavacus,  (Pen.) ' 

Tornaya,  (Austr.) 

Tornea,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Tornea,  (R.) 

Tornea,  (Sc.  Pen.)  I. 

Torneafors  Foundery,  (Sc. 
Pen.) 

Tornella,  (Pen.) 

Tornese,  (Gr. )  c.  tc  caxtle 

Torni,  (Switz.) 

Tornos,  '  Pen.) 

Tore,  (Pen.) 

Toro,  (It.)  isl. 

Toro,  (S.  Am.)  /. 

Toroczko,  (Austr.) 

Torok,  (Austr.) 

Torok  Becse,  (Austr.) 

Torpa,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Torquemada,  (Pen.) 

Torr,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 

Torralba,  (Pen.) 

Torrao,  (Pen.) 

Torrberg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Torre  Rossa,  (It.) 

Torrebianca,  (Pen.) 

Torrecilla,  (Pen.) 

Torrejoncillo  (Pen.) 

Torremoclial,  (Pen.) 

Torrenate,  (Mex.) 

Torrenueva,  (Pen.) 

Torres  de  Orcas,  (Pen.) 

Torres,  (Austral.)  isU 

Torres  Vedras,  (Pen.) 

Torrestro,  (Pen.) 

Torri,  (It.) 

Torrijos,  (Pen.) 
Torrubia,  (Pen.) 
Torsas,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Torsken,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Torsted,  (Den.) 
Tortola,  (Pen.) 
Tortoles,  (Pen.) 
Tortoli,  (It.) 
Tortona,  (It.) 
Tortosa,  (Pen.) 
Tortuga,  (S.  Am.)  ill. 
Torviscan,  (Pen.) 
Tosens,  (Austr.) 
Toss,  (Switz.) 
Toss,  (Switz.)  r. 
Tossa,  (Pen.) 
Tost,  (Prus.) 
Tostes,  (Fr.) 
Totana,  (Pen.) 
Tilth  Vavard,  (Austr.) 
Totonacapan,  (Mex.) 
Totora,  (S.  Am.) 
Tourques,  (Fr.) 
Toukoulan,  (As.)  mt. 
Toul,  (Fr.) 
Toula,  (R.) 
Toulon,  (Fr.) 
Toulouse,  (Fr.) 
Tour  du  Pin,  la,  (Fr.) 
Tour,  la  Blanche,  (Fr.) 
Touraine,  (Fr.) 
Touriers,  (Fr.) 
Tournay,  (Fr.  &  Neth.) 
Tourniquet,  (Fr.) 
Tournon,  (Fr.) 
Touron,  (East.  Isl.) 
Tourouvre,  (Fr.) 
Tours,  (Fr.)  ■ 
Towamensing,  (U.  S.) 
Towanda,  (U.  S.) 
Tracadie,  (Can.) 
Tracadie  Lagoon,  (Can.) 
Trachenburg,  (Prus.) 
Traen,  (Austr.)  r. 

Trafalgar,  (Pen.)  c. 

Trafeya,  (Austr.) 
Tragaccte,  (Pen.) 
Tragoso,  (It.) 
Traiskirchen.  (Austr.) 
Traniclan,  (Switz.) 
Tranbacli,  (Switz.) 
Tninen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isL 

Tranqucbar,  (Ind.) 

Transylvania,  Transylva-  ( 
nicn,  or  Siebenbuergen,  } 
Erdely  Orszag  J 

Trapa,  (Pen.) 
Trapanl,  (II.) 
Trapano,  (Tur.)  c 
Trapes,  (Fr.) 
Trarbach,  ((Jer.) 
Trascn,  (Austr.)  r. 


tqr'jna 

tor-vid-lt'  0 

tor'viesse 

tqr'nou 

tqr-iid-vd'kQft 

tqr-nd'ya 

tqr'7ie-o 

tqr'ne-o 

tor'ne-o 

j  tqr'nt-S-fqri 

tqr-nH'ya 

tdr~ne'se 

tqr-nV 

tdr'nos 

td'ro 

td'ro 

td'ro 

ta-rdtch'ko 
tS'rdk 

tS'rSk  bit'sB 
tor' pa 

tor-ke-mU'da 
tqr 

tdr^dVba 

tor~rd'o 

tSr'ber^ 

tdr're  rSs'sa 

tOr're-b'i-dn'ka 

tdr're-ttiil'ya 

tdr're-lhon-tnU'yo 

tdr're-md-ckdl' 

tSr're-nd'le 

t5r're-n<^i)-e'vn 

tdr'rfsse  de  Or'kds 

tdr'resse 

tor'resse  ve'dr'ds 

tor-resse'tro 

tir'ri 

tdr^'i'ihos 

tor-rq^'bi-a 

tdrs'oce 

tore'sken 

tore'sted 

tor-to'la  or  tBr'tH-Ia 

tdr-td'lesse 

tOr'td-ti 

tor-td'na 

tSr-to'sa 

f5r-t<j(^'ga 

tdr'v'is-kdn' 

tG'zins 

tos 

tos 

tds'sa 

tdst 

tdfte 

td-td'na 

tqt-vd'vdrd 

tb't5-nd-kd-pdn' 

td-tO'ra 

tfQk 

tim'kou-ldii' 

tl)Ql 

tou'la 

tVV-lSng' 

tQQ-lifqse' 

Id  tQt/r  di  ping 

Id  bldngshe  t^fjr 

tQQ^dne' 

tfQ-ri-e' 

tQ(fr-nS' 

tf}Qr-ni-ke' 

tffr-nSng' 

tmi'rdn 

t^Q^QQvr* 

tijQr 

tow-d-mttn'sing 
tow-an'da 
trd-icd-di' 
Ird-kd-di'  ld-g()t)n' 
trdW  en.-bQ(ir§ 
trd'en 

trdf-AVgar,  trd-fdl'gdr, 

or  trd  f  dl-gdr' 
trdfe'ya 
trd-gd-tne'te 
trd-gb'so 
trls-kir'^ken 
trd'mH-ldn' 
trdnc'bdlh 
trd'ufn 

trdu-que-bdr'  or  trdrt-ke- 
bdr' 

trdn-tnjl-vWn'i-a  cr  trdn- 
sil-vd'n'i-a  (-nY-^n,)  lY- 
ben-bur'gen,  ir'dety 
Gre'sdg 

trd'pa 

trd-pd'n't 

trd-pd'no 

trdpe 

Irdr'bdlh 

Ird'ifn 


I  Tras  OS  Monies,  (Pen.) 
t  Trau,  (Austr.) 
Traun,  Falls  of,  (Austr.) 
Traunstein,  (Ger.) 
Travancore,  (Ind.) 
Travasos,  (Pen.) 
Trave,  (Ger.)  r. 
Travemuendc,  (Ger.) 
Travers,  (Switz.) 
Travis,  (U.  S.) 
Tre  Ponti,  (It.)  t. 
Tre  Santi,  (It.) 
Trebbin,  (Prus.) 
Trebia,  (It.)  r. 
Trebisacche,  (It.) 
Trehizond,  (Tur.) 
Trelinitz,  (Prus.) 
Trebujena,  (Pen.) 
Treen,  (Den.)  r. 
Treglie,  le,  (It.) 
Treib,  (Switz.) 
Treillieres,  (Fr.) 
Treis,  (Ger.) 
Treiscliam,  (Ger., 
Trementine,  (Fr.) 
Tremiti,  (It.)  isl 
Trende  Espinos,  (S.  Am.) 
Trent,  (Austr.  Den.) 
Trentino,  (It.)  r. 
Treptow,  (Prus.) 
Tres  Barras,  (Braz.) 
Tres  Colunas,  (As.)  isl. 
Tres  Jlontes,  Peninsula  de 

(S.  Am.) 
Tres  Portos,  (Draz.) 
Tresbes,  (Fr.) 
Treuenbriezen,  (Ger.) 
Treves,  or  Trier,  (Ger.) 
Trevi,  (It.) 
Treviglio,  (It.) 
Trevignano,  (It.) 
Treviso,  (It.) 
Trevoux,  (Fr.) 
Tri  Sinara,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Triagons,  iFr.) 
Triangeros,  (Pen.) 
Tricherie,  ^Fr.) 
Trichinopoly,  (Hind.) 
Trichonia,  (Gr.) 
Triel,  (Fr.) 
Trient,  (Switz.)  r. 
Trier,  m-  Treve3,.(Gcr.) 
Trieste,  (Austr.)* 
Trigno,  (It.)  r. 
Trigomano,  (Gr.) 
Trigueros,  (Pen.) 
Trikala,  (Tur.  It.) 
Trinadad,  (Cuba,)  (W.  Ind 
Trinadad,  (Guatimala,) 

(Mex.) 
Tnncomalee,  (Ind.) 
Trindelen  Point,  (Den.) 
Trinidad,  (Mex.  S.  Am. 

Braz.) 

Trinidad,  Real  de  la,  (Mei, 
Trinitie,  la,  (W.  Ind.) 
Trino,  (It.) 
Trionto  Point,  (It.) 
Triou,  (Fr.) 
Triphylia,  (Gr.) 
Tripoli,  (Af.  East.  Isl.) 
Tripoli  Vecchi,  (Af.) 
Tripolis,  (Tur.  Gr.) 
Trivento,  (It.) 
Trochteltingen,  (Ger.) 
Trodda,  (Pen.)  isl. 
Trois  Pistolles,  (Can.) 
Troja,  (It.) 
Troldtoft,  (Den.) 
Trolhaetta,  Falls  of,  (Sc. 
Pen.) 

Tronimoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tromsoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tronaes,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Trond,  St.  (Neth.) 
Trons,  (Switz.) 
Trondhjem,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tronto,  (It.)  r. 
Tropea,  (It.) 
Troppau,  (Austr.) 
Troyes,  (Fr.) 
Tmn,  (Fr.) 
Trunz,  (Prus.) 
Truxillo,  (Mex.) 
Tryggevelde,  (Don.) 
Tsareva,  (R.) 
Tschaknthurm,  (Austr.) 
IVchapina,  (Switz.) 
Tschierf,  (Switz.) 
Tu.at,  or  Twat,  (Af.) 
Tnat,  Oasis  of,  (Af.) 
Tuban,  (Ea-st.  Isl.) 
Tubbus,  (Per.) 
Tuebingen,  (Ger.) 


trds  OS  mdn'tessc 
Irou 
troun 

troun'stlne 
trdv-dn-kOre' 
trd-vd'sos 
trd've 

trd^e-min'dg 
trd-ver' 
trdv'ia 
trt  pSn't't 
tre  sdn'ti 
Ireb-b'ine' 
tre'b'i-a 
tri-bi-sdk'ke 
treb'i-iond 
treb'nits 
trt-bi^Q-lke'na 
trene 
le  trH'ys 
trip 

tril-yi-erel  or  tri-i-ytre' 
tris 

trVshdm 
tre~vidng't'ine' 
tre-mi'ti 
tren'de  is-jii'no» 
treitt 

tren-tVno 
trep'to 

tresse  bdr'r'ds 
trisse  ko-lgi/nds 
,  )  pe-ntn-sQg'la  d§  tresse 
j  mdn'tt'sse 
tresse  pdr'tos 
tribe 

troi'in-br'i'tsin 
trSve 
tre'v'i 
tre-v'il'yo 
tre-v'in-yd'no 
tre-v'i'io 
tre-VQQ' 
tri  s'i-nd'ra 
tri-d-gSng' 
tr'i-dn-lke'ros 
tr'ish-rV 
trik-in-op'o-ln 
tri-US'  (-kd')  ni-a 
tri-iV 
tr'i-enV 
tr'i'er 

tri-est'e  or  tr'i-ht' 
trin'yo 
tr'i-gb^d'tio 
tr'i-ge'ros 
tr'i-icd'la 
.)  tfi-nd-ddd' 

j  tr'i-nd^d'dd' 

trin^-kO-mS-lee' 
t>~iwdeln 

j  tri-ni-ddd' 

.)  rt-dl'  de  Id  tri-n  i-ddd' 
Id  tri-ni-ti' 
tr'i'no 
tri-On'to 
tri-f9' 
tri-fy'ti-a 
tri'pS-ti 
tfi'pS  ti  vek'ki 
trVpi-lis 
tri-ven'to 
trolh-tii-fing'in 
trBd'da 
tnod  pis-tilt' 
trO'ya 
trqld'tojt 

I  troUhit'ta 

trom'mdh 
troms'dil 
trd'ndse 
sang  trOng 
trGng 
trond'yim 
trOn'to 
tri-pt'a 
trop'pou 
trwd 
tring 
trqq^its 

trff-lhil'  t-lkn')  yo 
trig'st-M'dt 
tsd-rc'va 
tthd'kd-tQijrm' 
tshd-pi'na 
tsh'irfe 
tu-it',  twit 
tu-dt',  twit 
tS-bdn' 
tiib'bUs 
tu'bing-fn 


Fate,  far,  fifll,iBhift,  bit.  — Mete,  prsy,  hilp,  Ihire,  hir.  —  rine,  marine,  bird,  fig.  —  JVZte,  dace,  miive,  v)i)lf,  hgok,  lqrd.—Tf>ne,  bull,  iinite.  —  Fr.  long  rfte ;  Fr.  short  hvU 


1Wi2 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Tiihoc,  (East.  Isl.) 

Tiibiirbo,  (Af.) 

Tuckiihoe,  (IT.  S.) 

Tuckasag;i,  (U.  S.)  / 

Tiicumnii,  (S.  Am.) 

Tudcla,  (Pen.) 

Tuilcla  de  Douro,  (Pen.) 

Tiicfclsbriicke,  Teiifels-  • 
brucke,  or  L)cvil*s  bridge, 
(SivKz.)  ' 

Tiiejar,  (Pen.) 

Tupla,  (Pen.)  r. 

Tuil,  (N*th.) 

TuilU",  la,  (It.) 

Tula,  (Mex.) 

Tula,  (Mex.)  r. 

Tule,  (Mex.) 

Tiinanuire,  (Ir.) 

Tulle,  (Fr.) 

TuMiiis,  (Fr.) 

Tullstorp,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Tulutepiique,  (Mc.x.) 

Tumbarli,  (Cer.) 

Tuna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Tunbridge,  (Eng.) 

Tunis,  (Af.) 

Tunkhannock,  (U.  S.) 

Tunkovitchi,  (R.) 

Tupiico,  (Mex.) 

Tupinanibaiamas,  (Braz.) 
isl.  &.  T. 

Turbentlial,  (Svvitz.) 

Turco,  (Gr.)  mf. 

Turienzd,  (Pen.) 

Turin,  (ft.) 

Turka,  (Au?tr.) 

Turkestan,  (As.) 

Turkey,  (Eur.  As.) 

Turkoinania,  (As.) 

Turn,  (Ncth.) 

Tursi,  (It.) 

Tiirturano,  (It.) 

Turves,  (Fr.) 

Turvo,  (Braz.)  r. 

Tuscahonia,  (IJ.  S.) 

Tuscaloosa,  (U.  S.) 

Tuscany,  (Etruria,)  (It.) 

Tuscarawas,  (U.  S.) 
Tuscarora,  (U.  S.) 
Tuscumbia,  (U.  S.) 
Tusillo,  (It.) 
Tuslund,  (Den.) 
Tuspan,  (Me.x.) 
Tved,  (Den.) 
Tvede,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tvenstrup,  (Den.) 
Tver,  (R.) 
Twame,  (Switz.) 
Tvvello,  (Neth.) 
Tvviss,  (N.  Zeal.) 
Twyzel,  (Neth.) 
Tyeberg,  (Den.) 
Tymochtee,  (U.  S.) 
Tyrnaii,  (.^ustr.) 
Tyrol,  (Austr.) 
Tyrone,  (Ir.) 
Tys  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Tzapoteca.  (Me.x.) 
Tzum,  (Neth.) 


ti-hok' 
tu-biir'bo 
tuk'a-hot 
txili-d'Hii' fra 

tOQ-ile'la 

tQf-df'la  lie  dijQ'ro 

toi'feU-bruli' ks 

ti}Q-e-!kdr' 
tng-e'ta 
tu-W 
lit  tfo-tl'ts 
tQQ'ta 
tijtf'la 
t<i()'lf 

tul-td-mHre' 
tSl 

tlil-ldng' 
tl)Ql'storp 
tQty-lQQ'tf-pS'k^ 

tun'briilje 
(<i(>'nY.<  or  tn'nis 
tunk-/t^n'nok 
tQon' kO-vW  ck'i 
tQQ-p'il'ko 

j  tQQ'p'i-n'dm-b'd-r'd'm'ds 

t^Qr'bhi-tdte' 
tQqr'ko 
tQQ-r'i-fn'tfio 
tu-rin',  Fr.  tu-rinir,  It. 
tqifr'ka  [tS-r'i'no 
tt^t^'kf-stdn' 
tur'key 

ti}gr-kl>-md'ni-a 

twr-tQQ-rd' no 
ttlrve 

tu.-i-kd-kO'ma 
tits-kd-lf^Q'.^a 
(  tus'kd-nii.  It.  tSs-kd'na, 
I  etrfQ'r'i-a 
tus-kd-ra'tcas 
tus-kd-rd'rii 
tus-kum'b'i-a 
tfi/sil'lo 
tQQs'lfQnd 
UjQS-pdn' 
tujede 
twe'de 
twen'strQQp 
licere 
tiod'ms 
tail'to 
tieis 
tioi'iH 
tii'berS- 
fl^ok'te 
tir'nou 

t'i-rSW,  Eng.  tyr'ol 
ti-rSntJ 
tfis  f  'lSrde 
Lid-  (tnd-)  pD-ts'ka 


u. 


U  Kharoeh,  (Eg.) 
Uacosi  Ville,  (Mex.) 
Uasituba,  (Braz.) 
Ubeda,  (Pen.) 
Ubrique,  (Pen.) 
Uchau,  (Fr.) 
Uchee,  (U.  S.) 
Ucheten,  (Neth.) 
Uchte,  (Ger.) 
Uckerniuende,  (Plus.) 
Udbina,  (Austr.) 
U<lbye,  (Den.) 
Udde,  (Neth.) 
Uildevalla,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Uddjaur.  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Udcn,  (Neth.) 
Udine,  (It.) 
Udvar,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
LTdvarhely,  (Austr.) 
Ueberling,  (Ger.) 
Ueberslorf,  (Switz.) 
Uebigau,  (Pnis.) 
Ueti  rsen,  (Den.) 
Uffenheim,  (Ger.) 
tJgalino,  (Mex.) 
Ugg.  lbolle,  (Den  ) 
Ugliano,  (Austr.)  isl. 


^  khdr'geh 

qQd~k6'si 

QQd-s'i-tgg'ba 

tjq-be'da 

^br'i'ki 

u-sM' 

fQ'chi-tin 
Vflfi'te 

qQ'ker-mSn'dc 
qgd-bVna 
Oqd'bti 
Vqd'df 

Qgd'de-vdl'la 

qgd'dyour 

QQ'den 

QQ'di-ne  or  qif-iti'nt 

Qqd'vdr 

QQd'vdr-hily' 

ii'ber-linsr 

H'bers-torf 

ii'bi-goit' 

H'ter-zen 

tvf'frn-htme 

qO-^d-Vi*  no 

Qq^'Ufl-bol'le 

qQ-^d'no 


Ugra,  (Austr.) 
Uhist,  (Prus.) 
Ubiingen,  (Ger.) 
Ubnow,  (AuHtr.) 
Uiden  Anwen,  /Neth.) 
Uied  Salvator,  (It.) 
Uitdani,  (Neth.) 
Uitenhage,  (Af.) 
Ujest,  (Prua.) 
Ujhely,  (Austr.) 
Ujijar,  (Pen.) 
Ujvaros,  (Austr.) 
Ukraine,  or  Ukrainn,  (R.) 
Ulbe,  (.\ustr.)  isl. 
Ulbjerg,  (Den.) 
Uldecoua,  (Pen.) 
Ulduni,  (Den.) 
UleS,  (Pen.) 
UleS,  (R.)  ;. 
UleSborg,  (R.) 
Ulfors,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ulla,  (It.)  r. 
Ullerslov,  (Den.) 
Ullerup,  (Den.) 
Ulni,  (Ger.) 

Ulrikehanin,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Ulriclistein,  (Ger.) 
Ulster,  (Ir.) 
Ulstrup,  (Den.) 
Uluk  Tag,  (As.)  mt. 
Uinbagog,  (U.  S.) 
Uinbrail  Pass,  (Switz.)  , 
UmcS,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
UmeR,  (Sc.  Pen.)  r. 
Umstadt,  (Ger.) 
Uuitrask,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Unadilla,  (U.  S.) 
Uncliales,  (S.  Am.)  J}. 
Underbye,  (Deti.) 
Underland,  (Den.) 
Undersvik,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Underup,  (Den.) 
Underweiler,  (Switz.) 
United  States,  (N.  Am.) 
Unna,  (Ger.) 
Unsersellen,  (Ger.) 
Unstnith,  (Prus.)  r. 
Unter  Franken,  (Ger.) 
Unier  Vas,  (Svvitz.) 
Unlerbacli,  (Switz.) 
Unterschachen,  (Switz.) 
Unterseen,  (Svvitz.) 
Unterwalden,  (Switz.) 
Uonio  Morto,  Point,  (It.) 
Upoln,  (S.  Isl.) 
Upsala,  or  Upsal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Urach,  (Ger.) 
Ural,  (As.)  r. 
Ural,  or  Onral,  (R.)  mt. 
Uranienburg,  (Den.) 
Urban  iao,  (It.) 
Urbanna,  (II.  S.) 
Urbino,  (it.) 
Urbuo,  (Per.) 
Urdache,  (Fr.) 
Ures,  or  Sonora,  (Mex.)  r. 
Uri,  (Switz.  Mex.) 
Urique,  (Mex.) 
Uriqiiillo,  (Mex.) 
Urk,  (Neth.)  isl. 
Unnond,  (Ncth.) 
Urnaschen,  (Svvitz.) 
Urnen,  (Switz.) 
Urszad,  (Austr.) 
Uniara,  (I'.raz.)  r. 
Urubuguara,  (Braz.) 
Uruguay,  or  Banda  Ori-  ( 
ental,  (Braz.)  ( 
Usclades,  (Fr.) 
Uscz,  (Prus.) 
Uscdom,  (Prus.) 
Uselbach,  (Ger.)  r. 
Ushant,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Usingen,  (Ger.) 
Usinovsk,  (R.) 
Usiar,  (Ger.) 
Ussel,  (Fr.) 
Ustica,  (It.)  isl. 
Ust-Urt,  (As.) 
Usuniasinta,  (.Mex.)  r. 
Utah,  (U.  S.) 
Utica,  (U.  S.) 
Utiel,  (Pen.i 
Utila,  (Mex.)  isl. 
Uto,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isL 
Utrecht,  (Neth.) 
Utrera,  (Pen.) 
Utstrup,  (Den.) 
Utweiler,  (Switz.) 
Uwchlan,  (U.  S.) 
Uzerche,  (Fr.) 
Uzd<,  (Fr.) 
Uznach,  (Switz.) 
Uzweiler,  (Switz.) 


QQ'hist 

QQ'liitff-en 
9P'ho 

oi'dhi  dn'vSne 
QQ-'ied'  siU-vd'tor 
oit'dam 
oi'tenhd'  ge 
W'fiest 
QQ'Vtlelil 
W-lhiihdr' 
Qqi-t^d'rvs 

T(-kranr',  qf-krdl'na 

Qql'be 

QqVbt.  er^ 

qqt'dek^'na 

qql'dfifjjn 

fQ'lS-o 

VV'tt-S-borg 

qqt'fftrs 

ffl'la 

qql'trrs-ldv' 

qql'le-rQQp 

tjqbn 

Qqt-r'i'kf-hdmn' 
Qql'rilli-tttne' 
ul'.-st'rr 
Qgl'slrQqp 
qil'lqQh  tdtr 

Anir-brd-V  {-brdly) 

Qq'me-o 

qQ'me-o 

qqm'stdt 

tlQin' Irtish 

%-nd-<lil'la 

Qqti-rbd'U.tse 

qqn'drr-bit' 

qqn'di'r-ldnt' 

gQu' d^rs-v'ikc' 

gqn'dfi-rr.fip 

gi)ii'di'r-cVUr 

if-nit'cd  stales 

qgn'na 

Qqn'z^r-ieVlen 
Qnn'.-itrQQt 
QQii'ter  frdiOi'en 
(i-n'i-e'  vdi 
(jgn'ter-bdfh 
<}Qn'  ter-stidlh'  en 
qgn'ter-ztne' 
q<jn' ter-vdl' den 
QQ-S'rno  m6rHo 
tg-pd'lw 
qgp-.-id'lay  up'sal 
ijij'rd^ii 
QQ-rdV 
W-rdl' 

QQ-rd'  n'i-hi-bQqr^' 

qQr-bd-ni-d'o 

ur-bdn'ita 

Qgr-b'i'no 

i)Qr-bq<)' 

dr-ddshc' 

qq'ressCy  s5-n5'ra 

rn'ri 

QQ'ri-ke 

<!Q-ri-kil'  {-kii')  yo 
QQrk 

qqr'mqnd 

QQre'  iidsh'  in 

QQr'iien 

^Qrs'sdd 

QQ-rQQ-d'ra 

qQ-rqQ-bQQ-!fqQ-a'ra 

QQ-^ltlSW'^y  Eng.  i^-ru- 

guayl 
ds-kldde' 
qq-itch 
Qq'ie-dqm 
Qf'zil-bdlh 
u-skdn^ 
<jQ'ii»^-en 
Qg-s'i-novsk' 
QQs'ldr 
ils-seV 
qQs'ti'ka 
tist-tiHe 

V<>-sijg-md-sin'la 

^'lah 

^'^^-ka 

ff-t'i-el' 

(IQ'ti-la 

W'lo 

qg'trefht.  Eng.  n'trikt 
Qq-tre'ra 

QQt'strQqp 

qgt-vi'ler 

i/Qqk'lan 

(i-zersh 

ti-zBce 

qqts'ndch 

QQts'vi'ler 


V. 


Vaivclskte,  (Den.) 

Vaagsoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vaaltcen,  (Neth.) 
Vaarsaae,  (Den.) 
Vacaria,  (Braz.) 
Vacasansa,  (U.  S.) 
Vacasansa,  (U.  S.)  b. 
Vacca,  (It.)  isl. 
Vado,  (It.) 
Vad<)V.skoc,  (R.) 
Vaga,  (R.)  r. 
Vaida,  f  Austr.) 
Vaida  Ilunyad,  (Austr.) 
Vailly,  (Fr.) 
Vaison,  (Fr.) 
Val  de  Bagne,  (.Switz.) 
Val  de  Juzo,  (Pen.) 
Val  de  Rhone,  (Svvitz.) 
Val  de  Penas,  (Pen.) 
Val  di  Diinone,  (It.) 
Val  di  Mazzara,  (It.) 
Val  di  Nnto,  (It.) 
Valais,  (It.) 

Valais,  or  Wallis,  (Svvitz.) 
Valan<;ay,  (Fr.) 
Valazote,  (Pen.) 
Valcour,  (U.  S.) 
Valdeazores,  (Pen.) 
Val  de  Caballeros,  (Pen.) 
Valdelacasa,  (Pen.) 
Valdeinaqueda,  (Pen.) 
Valdi  inoro,  (Pen.) 
Valdepasso,  (Pen.) 
Vnldepielago,  (Pen.) 
Valdesantiago,  (Pen.) 
Valdestillas,  (Pen.) 
Valdivia,  (Chili) 
Valeggio,  (It.) 
Valen<ja,  (Braz.) 
Valen^a  do  Minlio,  (Pen.) 
Valence,  (Fr.) 
Valencia,  or  Valentia,  (Pen 
Valencia  de  Alcantara, 

(Pen.) 
Veragua,  (W.  Ind.) 
Valenciennes,  (Fr.) 
Valendas,  (Svvitz.) 
Valeni,  (Tur.) 
Valentano,  (It.) 
Valentine,  (Fr.) 
Valenza,  (It.) 
Valetta,  (It.) 
Valgarana,  (It.) 
Valhalla,  ((Jer.) 
Valines,  (I'r.) 
Vuljesara,  (Austr.) 
Valladolid,  (Pen.  Mex.) 
Valle  Fertil,  (S.  Am.) 
Valle,  le,  (Fr.) 
Valle,  Rio  del,  (S.  Am.) 
Vallegio,  (It.) 
Vallensved,  (Den.) 
Valles,  (.Mex.) 
Vallenisi,  (Tur.) 
Vallo,  (It.) 
Valniaseda,  (Pen.) 
Valmojado,  (Pen.) 
Valognes,  (Fr.) 
Valona,  (Tur.) 
Valona,  (Tur.)  g. 
Valone,  (It.) 
Valparaiso,  (Chili) 
Valsequillo,  (Pen.) 
Valteline,  (It.) 
Valtellina,  (It.) 
Valvasore,  (It.) 
Valverda,  (Pen.) 
Van,  (Tur.) 

Vancouver's  Isl.  (N.  Am.) 
Vandalia,  (U.  S.) 
Van  Diemen's  Land, 

(Austral.) 
Vannen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vannes,  (Fr.) 
Vans,  les,  (Fr.) 
Vansburg,  (Prus.) 
Var,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Var,  (It.)  r. 
Vara,  (It)  r. 
Varallo,  (It.) 

Varanger  Fjord,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Varano,  (It.) 
Varnno,  (IL)  /. 
Varchniin,  (Prys.) 
Vardoehuus,  (.Sc.  Pen.) 
Varen,  (Svvitz.) 
Varenne,  (Fr.)  r. 
Varennes,  (Fr.) 
Varick,  (U.  S.) 


vS'iU-bH' 
vde'sA 
vcue'tcne 
vQre'so 

vd-kU'rl-a  ^ 

Tak-a-siii'»a 

vdk-a-ain'aa 

vdk'ka 

vd'do 

vd'dqvak-A' 

vd'^a 

vd-i'da 

vd-Vda  hqqn'ydd 
vd-'i-yV  (tr  val-yV 
vQ-zonis' 

val  di^  bdttij  9 
rdl  de  lhui/tl\o 
val  d<*  rtS/ie 
vdl  de  pen'yds 
vdl  di  di-ma'ns 
vdl  di  mdt^dzd'ra 
vdl  di  iiO'to 
vd-la' 

vd-la',  vdlTis 

va-idn<r-..a' 

vd-ld-tno'le 
vnl'kqijr 

vol'  de-dtTiU'resse 
val'  de-ka-bdt'  ye-ros 
val'de~la-ka'.-a 
vai'de-ind-kt'da 
Val'de-mC'ro 
vol' de-pas\<;o 
vdl'de  p'i-e-td' go 
val'de-san -ti-a'gs 
vdl'de-stil'yds 
vdl-di'vi-a 
vd-led'^o 
vd-len'sa 

vd-teii'-ia  du  mUi'yo 

va-ldntrsr 
)  vd-leti'tKi-a 
)  vd-Un'thi-a  dc  dl  kdn 
i  td'ra 

ve-rd'  frqq-a 

vd-ldnir-si-ine' 

vd-len'dds 

vd-le'iii 

vd-len-td'no 

vd-ldnir-rtne' 

vd-lhi'dza 

vd'let'la 

vdl-ird-rd'na 

vdl-hdl'la 

vd-tine' 

vat-ys-sd'ra 

vdl'yd-tld-lid' 

vdl'yt  fer-til' 
vale 

r'i'o  del  vdl'yi 

vdl-U'dgn 

vdl'len-swed 

vdt'yesse 

vdl-le-iii'st 

vdl'lo 

vdl'md-se'da 

vdlhnO'lhd'do 

vd4dny' 

vd-lO'na 

vd-l5'na 

vd-lO'ne 

vdl-pd^\'  so 

caX'se-kiVyo 

vdl-te-Ti'ne 

val-lU-ti'na 

vdt-cd-.iB'ri 

vdl-vir'da 

van 

tdn-kqq'ter 
vAn-dH'ti-d 

I  rdn  di'mens  Idml 

Tdn'nln 

vdn  * 

It  vdnff 

vdns'bqqr^ 

rdr 

vdr 

td'ra 

vd-rdl'lo 

vd-rdn^'er  f  tOrd 

vd-rd'no 

vd-rd'no 

vdr^h-mine' 

vdr' dfy-hqqs' 

vd'ren 

vd-r^ue' 

vd-r^ne' 

vdr'ick 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  «»,  nearly  aa  in  spur. —  Final  ly,  French  {  mouiUi. — Jin" ger,  vi"cioas  ^  as  s  in  pleasure;  ^  and  Ik  guttural ;  ny  liquid  ;  tJI  aa  in  pilk. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Variii.  (Austr.) 
Varinas,  (S.  Am.) 
Varna,  (U.  S.) 
Vas  Kon,  (Aiistr.) 
Vasa,  (R.) 
Vasilevka,  (R.) 
Vasilika,  (Gr.) 
Vasqiiez,  (Austral.)  isl 
V.issy,  (Fr.) 
Vasto  d'Amnuine,  (It.) 
Vataka,  (Gr.)  b. 
Vattis,  (^witz.) 
VaubaCDUit,  (Fr.) 
Vaiihadon,  (Fr.) 
Vaiieluse,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Valid,  or  Waadt,  (Switz.) 
Vaudreiiil,  (Can.) 
Valid rey,  (Fr.) 
Vaulion,  (^witz.) 
Vaiivrier,  (Svvitz.) 
Veccliiol  Point,  (It.) 
Veftt,  (Netli.)  r. 
Vechta,  (Ger.) 
Veczk,  (Austr.) 
Vedelslior?,  (Den.) 
Veendam,  (rieth.) 
Veenendaal,  (Netli.) 
Veer,  (Neth.) 
Veere,  (Neth.) 
Vega,  la,  (W.  Ind.  Pen  ) 
Vega  de  Supia,  (S.  Am.) 
Vega  de  Tera,  (Pen.) 
Vegalomoso,  (Pen.) 
Vegesack,  (Ger.) 
Veglia,  (Aiistr.)  isl. 
Veile,  (Den.) 
Veiros,  (Pen.) 
Veirum,  (Den.) 
Vejer,  (Pen.) 
Velaine,  (Fr.) 
Velan,  (Switz.) 
Velas  Point,  (Mex.) 
Velasco,  (U.  S.) 
Velasquez,  (Me.i.) 
Velden,  (Ger.) 
Veldlioren,  (Netli.) 
Veletre,  (It.) 
Velez  Blanco,  (Pen.) 
Velez  de  Bendudalla,  (Pen.) 
Velez  Malaga,  (Pen.) 
Velez  Rubio,  (Pen.) 
Vellia  Barra,  (Braz  ) 
Veiha,  Cnbella  da,  (Braz.)  b. 
Vellias,  (Braz.)  r. 
Vellio,  (Pen.) 
Velilla,  (Pen.) 
Velillas,  (Pen.) 
Velinco,  (It.)  r. 
Valines,  (Fr.) 
Velkermarkt,  (Austr.) 
Vellin,  (Neth.) 
Veloinela,  (Gr.)  mt. 
Velp,  (Neth.) 
Velpke,  (Ger.) 
Velsique,  (Neth.) 
Vclva,  (R.)  r. 
Venidalen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vemeiro,  (Pen.) 
Ven,  (Den.)  Ul. 
Venafro,  (It.) 
VeniLsqiie,  (Pen.) 
Venda  Nova,  (Pen.) 
Vendue,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Venden,  (R.) 
Vendeuil,  (Fr.) 
Vendola,  (Austral.)  isl. 
Vendome,  (Fr.) 
Venezia,  or  Venice,  (It.) 

Venezuela,  (S.  Am.)  j 

Venhuisen,  (Neth.) 
Veni  Valley,  (Switz.) 
Venice,  or  Venezia,  (It.) 
Veiilo,  (Neth.) 
Venloi>,  (Neth.) 
Vennergaard,  (Den.) 
Venosa,  (It.) 
Veiita  de  la  Giiia,  (Pen.) 
Venta  de  f".  Liicia,  (Pen.) 
Ventc  la  Fucnte,  (Pen.) 
Ventaillac,  (Fr.) 
I    VcntcH,  Grande,  (Fr.) 
Vcntilegiic,  (It.)  g. 
Ventilla,  la,  (S.  Ain.) 
Venzone,  (It.) 
Vera,  (Pen.) 
Vera  Cruz,  (Mex.) 
Vi'raggia,  (It.) 
Vcrberie,  (Fr.) 
Verbier,  (rtwitz.) 
Vercelli,  (It.) 
Verde,  (VV.  Ind.)  e. 
Verde,  (Mex.  8.  Am.)  r. 
Verden,  (Ger.) 


va-rtne' 
vd-r'i'iids 
vdr'iia 
vds  kon 
vd'sa 

vd-s'i-lev'ka 
vd'S'i'li-ka 
vds'ltetU 
vds-sV 

vds'to  ddm-^d'n^ 
vd-td'ka 
vdt't'is 
v5-bd-k<}or' 
vt}-bd~dong' 
vd~lduze' 
v5,  7Jdte 
vd-dr^ly' 
vB-dra' 
vo-l'i-ons* 
vd-vr'i-e' 
vek'ki-Sl 
villit 
vilk'ta\ 
vetclik^ 
vl'dfk-bor§ 
vSne'ddni 
v§'neii-ddle 
vfre 
ve're 
Id  ve'ga 

ve'ga  de  s(}i}'pi-a 
ve' ga  de  te'ra 
ve-ad-lQ-rnQ'so 
vS'gc-idk 
veVya 
vVte 
vi'ros 
vt'rQgm 
ve-iher' 
ve-ldne' 
.re-tdng' 
ve'lds 
ve-ldi'ko 

ve-lds'kith  (-kisse) 
fH'din 
vUt'kd-ren 
ve~le'tre 
ve'lHh  hldn'ko 
ve'letH  de  ben-d(jQ~ddI'ya 
ve't^tJl  vid'ld-ga 
ve'letii  rqtj'b'i-o 
veVya  bdr'ra 
kd'bH'ya  da  vel'ya 
viVyds 
vH'yo 
ve-l'il'ya 
ve-liVyds 
ve-l'in'ko 
ve-l'ine' 
fU'ker-m'drlct 
vH-l'ine' 
ve-US-mt'la 
velp 
filp'ke 
vel-s'ike' 
vel'va 
vem^dd'Un 
ve-mi'ro 
vene 

ve-nd'fro 
ve-n'ds'ke 
vm'da  nd'va 
vdng-de' 
ven'den 

vdng-dAly'  (-d^V) 
vhi'd5-la 
vdng-ddmc' 
ve-ne'  di'i-a 
I  ve-ne-tTlQi}-e'la,  Eng.  ven- 
\  e-ZQQ-S'la 
ven'hoi-iin 

ven'iss 
ven'to 
ven'lo 

ven'ner-gOrde 
ve-nd'sa 
vin'ta  de  Id  gVa 
vin'ta  de  sdn'ta  li^Q't?l'{-a 
ve.n'ie  Id  ft;Q  en'tz 
vdng'-tal'  (-Idi')  ydk 
grdngde  vdngte 
vfn'ti-l^'  ge 
Id  ven-Cil'ya 
ven-diB'n^ 
ve'ra 

vz'ra  krijifth  (krgoa) 
vs-rdd'cka 
ver-brV 
vtr-b'i-f' 
vrr-ehH'l'i 
viridt  (vtrde) 
vir'dt 
fir'din. 


Verdo,  (It.)  mt. 
Verdun,  (Pen.) 
Verdun,  (Fr.) 
Vere,  (\V.  Ind.) 
Verga,  (Af.)  c. 
Vergennes,  (V.  S.) 
Verin,  (Pen.) 
Verlaine,  (Neth.) 
Vermanton,  (Fr.) 
Vermelho,  (Braz.)  r. 
Vermont,  (U.  S.) 
Vernamn,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vernet  Bas,  le,  (Fr.) 
Verneuil,  (Fr.) 
Verneuse,  (Fr.) 
Vernon,  (Fr.) 
Vernou.v,  (Fr.) 
Verocze,  (Austr.) 
Verona,  (It.) 
Verplanck,  (U.  S.) 
Verrieres,  (Switz.) 
Verrua,  (It.) 

Versailles,  (Fr.) 

Verseignes,  (Fr.) 
Versentino,  (It.) 
Versoix,  (Switz.) 
Vert  Galant,  le,  (Fr.) 
Verviers,  (Neth.) 
Vervins,  (Fr.) 
Vescia,  (Switz.) 
Vescovato,  (It.) 
Vesebye,  (Den.) 
Vesin,  (Neth.) 
Vesle,  (Fr.)  r. 
Vesoul,  (Fr.) 
Vessaux,  (Fr.) 
Vest  Fjorden,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vestvig,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vesuvius,  It.  Vesuvio,  (It.) 
vtt. 

Vetroz,  (Switz.) 

Veue,  (Fr.) 

Veurdre,  la,  (Fr.) 

Veuves,  (Fr.) 

Vevay,  (IJ.  .S.) 

Vevey,  (Switz.) 

Viana,  (Pen.) 

Viantn,  (Neth.) 

Viar,  (Pen.)  r. 

Viareggio,  (It.) 

Viarouge,  (Fr.) 

Viatka,  (R.)  r. 

Viborg,  or  VViborg,  (Den.) 

Vibro,  (Den.) 

Vic,  (Pen.) 

Vic  le  Fesq,  (Fr.) 

Vic  sur  Losse,  (Fr.) 

Vicchio,  (It.) 

Vicencio  Villa,  (S.  Am.) 

Vicentino,  (It.) 

Vicenza,  (It.) 

Viciosas,  (Mex.)  isl. 

Vic  o,  (It.) 

Vico  Soprano,  (Switz.) 
Vicolosano,  (Pen.) 
Vidigueira,  (Pen.) 
Viilio,  (Pen.)  c. 
Vidreras,  (Pen.) 
Viechtach,  (Ger.) 
Viechtag,  (Ger.) 
Vieille,  la,  (Can.)  I. 
Vieille,  Ville  la,  (Fr.) 
Vieira,  (Pen.) 
Vieja  Villa,  (S.  Am.) 
Viejas  Guardias,  (Pen.) 
Viejo  Porto,  (S.  Am.) 
Viejo  Porto,  ?S.  Am.)  r. 
Vii  1  S.alm,  (Neth.) 
Vienna,  or  VVien,  (Austr.) 
ViennSj  (Fr.)  dep. 
Viennois,  (Fr.) 
Viersoe,  (Den.) 
Vierzon,  (Fr.) 
Viesti,  (It.) 
Vieux  Boucau,  (Fr.) 
Vifvild,  (Den.) 
Vigevano,  (It.) 
Vignano,  (It.) 
Vignola,  (It.) 
Vigo,  (Pen.) 
Vigo  Ria,  (Pen.) 
Vigten,  (Sc.  Pen.)  i.«I. 
Vihiers,  (Fr.) 
Viibye,  (Den.) 
Viig,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vilacastin,  (Pen.) 
Vilagos,  (Austr.) 
Vilaine,  (Fr.)  r. 
Vilalla,  (H.  Am.) 
Vilarchao,  (Pen.) 
Vilcatiainba,  (H.  Am.) 
Viligiidino,  (Pen.) 
Villa  Bella,  (Braz.) 


ver'do 

ver~dQt}n' 

ver-d^ng' 

ve're  or  v6r6 

ver'ga 

ver-dgens' 

ve-r'in' 

ver-ldine' 

ver-mdng-tBng^ 

ver-meV  yo 

ver-mont' 

ver-nd'ino 

ver-Jie  ba 
ver-nt^Uf  or  uer-nAi' 
vir-n^ie' 
vir-nOng' 
vir-nf^' 
ve-rd'che 
ve~ro'na 
ver-ptdnk' 
ver~ri-tre' 
ver~rQQ'a 

ver-sdly'  or  virsdV,  Eng. 

ver-sdles' 
ver-seny' 
ver-seii-tVno 
ver-sicd' 
le  vere  gd-ldng' 
ver-v'i-e' 
ver-vdng' 
ve'sli'i-a 
ves-kd-vd'to 
vS'se-bd 

ve-sine  or  vising' 

vile 

ve-zq<)V 

vessesO' 

vest  fidr'den 

vest'v'ig 
)  vc-su'v'i-uSf  It.  ve-zqg'- 
)  v'i-o 

ve-troi' 

reft 

Id  v^rdr' 

vehve 

ve-vS' 

ve-vd' 

v'i-d'na 

vi-d'nen 

v'i-dr' 

v'i'd-red'  go 

v'i-d-r(;<jge* 

v'i-dl'ka 

v'i'bqr^ 

v'i'bro 

v'ik 

v'ik  If*  fesk 
v'ik  sfir  Wee 
v'ik'k'i-o 

v'i-tfien't?ij-o  v'Wya 
v'i-chhl~tVno 
v'i-ch^n'dza 
v'i-tJi'i-  (-si-)  O'sds 
v'i'ko 

v'i'ko  s5-prd'no 

vVko-l5-sd'no 

vi'ii-gl'ra 

v'i'd'i-o 

v'i-dr  e'r'ds 

v'ifh.e'tdlh 

vWie'td^ 

Id  v'i-ily'  (-f  Y') 

v'ite  Id  v'i-ily'  (-f'i') 

v'i-Vra 

vi~t'fka  v'il'ya 

v'i-e'tkds  g<}Qdr' d'i-da 

v'i-e'lho 

v'i-e'lho 

v'iel'sdlm 

ri-en';id,  vine 

v'i-ine' 

v'i-en-nwa' 

v'ire'stfil 

v'i-er-zqng' 

v'i-essc't'i 

v'i-dti'  bff-kU' 

vi'f'ilde 

v'i-je^d'no 

v'tn-yd'no 

v'in'yd-la 

v'i'go 

v'i'go  r'i'a 

v'ig'ten 

vi-'i-t' 

v'i'bd 

v'ig 

vi'ld-k'ds-tM 
v'i-ld'gos 
v'i'ldnc' 
v'i-ldl'ya 
vi-ldr-chd'o 
v'il-kd'bdm'  ba 
v'i'l'i-gfQ-di'no 
vil'la  biVla 


Villa  Blaiica,  (Pen.)  vtl'ya  btdii'ka 

Villa  Boa,  or  Goyaz,  (Braz.)  vit'ija  bu'a,  g5-ydlK 


Villa  de  Frades,  (Pen.) 
Villa  de  Rey,  (Pen.) 
Villa  de  Sta  Cruz,  (Af.) 
Villa  Flor,  (Pen.) 
Villa  Franca,  (Pen.) 
Villa  Franca,  (It.) 
Villa  Maria,  (Braz.) 
Villa  Nova  da  Rainha, 
-(Braz.) 

Villa  Real,  (Pen.  S.  Am.) 
Villa  Rica,  (S.  Am.) 
Villa  Verde,  (Braz.) 
Villabrazara,  (Pen.) 
Villach,  (Austr.) 
Vill.acidro,  (It.) 
Villafennosa,  (Pen.) 
Vill.afranca,  (Pen.) 
Villafianca,  (It.) 
Villafranca  de  los  Abujas, 

(Pen.) 
Villafruela,  (Pen.) 
Villagrusa,  (Pen.) 
Villaharta,  (Pen.) 
Villahermosa,  (Mex.) 
Villajoyosa,  (Pen.) 
Villalaco,  (Pen.) 
Villalar,  (Pen.) 
Villalba,  (Pen.X 
Vilhilpardo,  (Pen.) 
Villamanan,  (Pen.) 
Villamaurique,  (Pen.) 
Villaniejor,  (Pen.) 
Villaniiel,  (Pen.) 
Villainorchante,  (Pen.) 
Villamoros,  (Pen.) 
Villanova,  (It.) 
Villanubia,  (Pen.) 
Villanueva,  (Mex.  Pen.) 


vil'ya  de  fra'desse 
v'il'ya  de  rl 
vil'ya  de  sdn'ta  kr^QtJl 
vil'ya  Jlnrf' 
v'il'ya  frdn'ka 
vil'la  frdn'ka 
v'il'ya  vid-r'i'a 

j  v'il'ya  nO'va  dd  rln'ya 

v'il'ya  re~dl' 
v'il'ya  ri'ka 
v'il'ya  ver'de 
v'il'ya-brd-thd'ra 
v'il'ldih 
v'il'ta-ch'i'dro 
vil'ya-fer~mB'sa 
v'il'ya-frdn'ka 
vil'la-frdn'ka 
)  v'iV ya-fran' ka  de  los 
i  d-b(i<)'lhds 
v'll'ya-frfti-e'la 
vtl'yd~gr(^t}'sa 
v'il'yd-dr'ta 
v'il'  yd-^r-mo'sa 
v'il'  yd-iho-yo'  sa 
vil'yd-ld'ko 
vil'yd'ldr' 
v'il-yal'ba 
v'il-yal-pdr'  do 
vil'yd-md-ndn' 
v'iV  yd-mou-r'i'  ke 
v'il'yd-me-ZliQr' 
v'il'yd-m'i-el' 
vil'yd-wor-chdn'ig 
v'il'yd'ViO'  ro$ 
vil'ld-nu'  rd 
viV  ya-n<jij'  bla 
v'il'yd-ni^ij'e'na 


Villanueva  del  Diique,  (Pen.)  v'il'yd-utjQ-e'va  del  dgq'ke 


Villaodrid,  (Pen.) 
Villapadierna,  (Pen.) 
Villapuzzu,  (It.) 
Villar,  (Pen.) 
Villar,  el,  (Pen.) 
Villar  de  Frades,  fPen.) 
Villar  de  Ganas,  (Pen.) 
Villarabledo,  (Pen.) 
Villard,  (Fr.) 
Villareal,  (Pen.) 


V'iV  yd-o-dr'id' 
viV  yd-pd'di-er'na 
vil'ld-pQi^t-dzQQ' 
v'il-yar' 
el  v'il-ydr' 

v'il-ydr'  de  fr'd'dessc 
v'il-ydr'  de  gdn'yds 
v'il'yd-^-d-ble'do 
v'il-yare'  or  v'i'i-'dre' 
v'il'ya-re-aV 


Villarica  Volcano,  (S.  Am.)  vil'yd-ri'ka  vCl-kd'no 


Villarino,  (Pen.^ 
Villarios,  (It.) 
Villarodrigo,  (Pen.) 
Villarrobexo,  (Pen.) 
Villars,  (Switz.) 

Villars  Bocage,  (Fr.) 

Villarta,  (Pen.) 
Villarzel,  (Switz.) 
Villasipliz,  (Pen.) 
Villatoro,  (Pen.) 
Villavanez,  (Pen.) 
Villaviciosa,  (Pen.) 
Villcanas,  (Pen.) 
Ville  Contal,  (Fr.) 
Ville  Dieu,  (Fr.) 
Villeau  Briin,  le,  (Fr.) 
Villedieu,  (Fr.) 
Villefaux,  (Fr.) 
Villefort,  (Fr.) 
Villefranche,  (Fr.) 
Villel,  (Pen.) 
Villeinpui,  (Fr.) 
Villena,  (Pen.) 
Villeneuve,  (Switz.) 
Villcneuve,  (Fr.) 
Villeneuve  la  Giiiard,  (Fr.)   v'tle-nAvc'  Id  g'i-drc' 
Villeneuve  I'Arcbeveque,    j  „.,.,,.„^,,,,  ia,,n-veke' 

Villeneuve  le  Roy,  (Fr.)       v'ile-ndiive'  I'd  ncd 
Villeneuve  d'Agen,  (Fr.)      ifile.-7i<)hve'  dd-gdng' 
Villeneuve  de  Marsan,  (Fr.)  v'ile-n^ve'  die  mdr-sdng' 


v'il-yd-ri'no 
V'iV  la-r'i'  OS 
viVyd-rd  -dr'i'go 
v'iVydr-rQ-be'lho 
v'il-ydre'  or  v'i'i-dre' 
I  v'il-ydre'  {v'i'i-dre')  bO- 
1  kage 
vil-ydr'ta 
v'il-'ldr-tsH' 
v'iVyd-s'i-ptitIi 
viVyd-tG'ro 
viVyd-vd-nelh' 
viVyd-v'i-lKi-6'sa 
vil-kd'nds 
v'ile  kuiig-t'dV 
vile  d'i^' 
le  v'i-la'  br^ng 
vile-d'i^' 
vtle-fB' 
vile-fare' 
v'ile-frdngshe 
v'il-yH' 
vi-ldna-pd'i' 
vil-ye'^na 
v'ilt-n^vc' 
v'ite-n^ve' 


Villestrup,  (Den.) 
Villeta,  (S.  Am.) 
Villimpenta,  (It.) 
Villingen,  (Ger.) 
Villinanstrand,  (R.) 
Villo  do  Bispo,  (Pen.) 
Villoslada,  (Pen.) 
Villstrup,  (Den.) 
Vihnar,  (Ger.) 
Vilna,  (R.) 
Viloyo,  (S.  Am.) 
Vils  Sound,  (Den.) 
Vilvestre,  (Pen.) 
Vimeiro,  (Pen.) 
Vimontier,  (Fr.) 
Vinaros,  (Pen.) 
Vinay,  (Fr.) 
Vinrennes,  (Fr.) 
Vinceiines,  (U.  S.) 
Vincenzo,  (It.) 


V'iV  te-strijQp 
v'il-ye'ta 
vil-lim-pen'ta 
fiVlin-gen 
viVmdn-str'dnd 
v'iVyo  do  bis'po 
viV'yBs-ld'da 
v'iVstrqt^p 
v'iVm'dr 
v'iVna 
v'i-l6'yo 
vils  sound 
v'il-vfssc'  trg 
v'i-mVro 
v't-mBng-ti-i' 
v'i-nd'ros 
vi-nd' 
vdng-sitine' 
vin-cens' 
v'in-chM  izo 


Fate,  for,  /(jU,  iBhifL,  bit.  —  MtU,  prey,  hilp,  tkire,  htr.  —  Pine,  Tnar'ine,  l/lrd,  fig.  —  MZte,  dSve,  rnUve,  afff,  bffic,  Igrd.  —  Tnnti,  ball,  y.nitt —  Fr.  long  tiOe ;  Fr.  short  biu  — 


1364 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Vincz,  (  Aiistr.) 
Vinkthek,  (Den.) 
Vinilebve,  (Den.) 
Viiidicari,  (It.) 
Viiido,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vinge,  (Den.  Sc.  Pen.) 
Viiinits.n,  (R.) 
Viniin,  (Fr.) 
VintimiKlia,  (U.) 
Viniiesa,.(Pcn.) 
Vipperow,  (Ger.) 
Vi<iiies,  (Svvitz.) 
Virc,  (Kr.) 
Vireux,  (S'witz.) 
Virffini;),  (U.  S.) 
Virlinssbi'ck,  (.Neth.) 
VirneburiT,  (Ger.) 
Virion,  (.\fth.) 
Vishorg,  (Den.) 
Visbve,  (Den.) 
Viscardo,  (Gr.)  c. 
Visdal,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vise,  (.Veth.) 
Visekerke,  (.N'eUi.) 
Viserum,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Visillo,  (Pen.) 
Viso,  el,  (Pen.) 
Visp,  (Swtlz.) 
Visp,  (Stt'itz.)  r. 
Visselbovede,  (Ger.) 
Visso,  (It.) 
Vissdje,  (Switz.) 
Vistula,  (Ger.)  r. 


Viterbo,  (It.) 
Vitoria,  (Pen. 
Vitray,  (h'r.) 


Vitre,  (Fr.) 
Vitry,  (Fr.) 
Vitry  siir  .Mame,  (Fr.) 
Vitteaw.x,  (Fr.) 
Vittoria,  (Me.x.) 
Vilzi,  ('i'lir.)  mt. 
Vivaros,  (.-\iistr.) 
Vivepnis,  (.\eth.) 
Viver,  (Pen.) 
Vivero,  (Pen.) 
Viveriip,  (Den.) 
Viviers,  (Fr.) 
Vivonne,  (Fr.) 
Vivoras,  (S.  Am.)  I. 
Vizzini,  (It.) 
Vlaardinecn,  (Xeth.) 
Vladikauk.is,  (R.) 
Vladimir,  (R.) 
Vlanden,  (NVth.) 
Vlieland,  f.N'eth.) 
Vlodorp,  (Xeth.) 
Voerhier?,  (Den.) 
Viierdalsiiren,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vosel  Sand,  (.Will.) 
Vopelsberz,  (Ger.)  mt 
Vogel.-idcirf,  (Prus.) 
Vdt'hera,  (It.) 
VoL'ojna,  (It.) 
Vosshagen,  (Prus.) 
Vohring,  (Ger.) 
Voisage,  (Fr.) 
Vokii,  (.Aii.str.)  r. 
Voiels,  (Fr.) 
Volga,  or  Wolga,  (K.)  r 
Volgara,  (Tiir.) 
Volhynia,  (R. i 
Vollfge,  (Switz.) 
Vollenlioven,  (Xeth.) 
Vollezeels,  (Neth.) 
Volo,  (Gr.)  ff. 
Volone,  (Fr.) 
Volta,  (It.) 
Volterra,  (It.) 
Voltri,  (It.) 
Voltiirna,  (It.)  r. 
Voorburg,  f.N'eth.) 
Voorden,  (Neth.) 
Voorn,  (Xeth.) 
Voors,  (.Neth.) 
'  Voorthuizen,  (Xeth.) 
Voray,  (Fr.) 
Vori  ppe,  (Fr.) 
Vor2t<  n,  (Xeth.) 
Vorjednder,  (Sc.  Pen.)  mt 
Vornez,  (R.) 
Voronov,  (R.)  c 
Vorwalde,  (CJer.) 
Vorwcrk,  (Ger.) 
V'osges,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Vosgc.<,  (Fr.)  ml. 
Vossevangen,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Vuiilgara,  (Gr.)  mt 
Voulte,  la,  (Fr.) 
Vouziers,  (Fr.) 
Vrana,  or  Ivarina,  (Tur.) 
Vreden,  (Ger.) 
Vreile,  (Den.) 
Vries,  (Xeth.) 


VtflUh 

v'liik't-btk 

vin'Jt-b(t 

rsin-ttl-kd'ri 

v'in'do 

v'ing'e 

v'in-n'it'sa 

v'i-ndnir' 

vin'ti-mtl'ya 

v'ip'pf-ro 

vike 

v'ire 

vl-rA' 

v^r-irin''ia 

v'ir'linira-bfk 

fir'ne-bQQr§ 

v'ir-tSns' 

v'is'bqr^ 

v'is'bh 

v'is-kUr'do 

vWddle 

vVsi 

v'i'se-kfr'ks 

v'i-s'il'yo 
H  v'i'so 
v'isp 
v'isp 

v'is'sil-httve'di 

v'is'so 

vis-sad' 

r'is'tfo-la 

v'l-tir'bo 

v'i-ta'ri-a 

vi-tra' 

vitr' 

ri-tri' 

vi-trV  siir  mdmt 

vU-ti' 

vit-td'ri-a 

rit'ii 

v'i-td'ros 

v'i-vin'y'l 

rY'cer 

v'i're-ro 

v'iVi-e' 
v'i-vdne' 
v'i-vi'rds 
v'it-dzi'ni 
rtdre'din^-en 
tld'di-kou'kds 
vld'iti-m'ire  or  vld-<ti-mire' 
Tldn'din 
vti'/dnd 
vld'dorp 
fAre'biir^ 
fitlre'ildhS'rin 
rS'irrt  sdnd 
f^'  g^ls-ber^' 
fS'gfts-dqrf' 
vd-tre'ra 
vo-trOn'ya 
fS$s'  hd'  gm 
fo'ring 
vwd-zdge' 
fl'ko 

vwd  ^ 

vqVga 

vgl-frd'ra 

vgt-hi'n'i-a 

vol-lige 

vut'leti^hS'ven 

vol'le-zSles 

ti'lS 

tO-ISne' 

voi'ta 

vql-ter'ra 

rqt'tri 

vql-tQ<^'na 

v5re'bQ^§ 

vdrt'den 

rSme 

vdrtr-hoi'tin 

rO-rd' 

v5-rep' 

vOr^'ten 

rSre'ije-d^'der 

rflr'/ifi 

r5'r0-ngt> 

jTSre'rdl-ds 

f^re'terk 

vdge 

rqs'sf-Tdng^in 
Id  cpf/te 

vra'Tia,  i-td-rVna 

frS'den 

rrI7{ 


Vriezcn  Veen,  (Neth.) 
Vrig.sta,  (.Sc.  Pen.) 
Vrin,  (Switz.) 
Vrin,  1  Switz.)  I. 
Viiarens,  (Switz.) 
Viichin,  (,Aii.'!tr.) 
Viika,  (Austr.) 
Vukovar,  (.■\iistr.) 
Viilgan,  (Ger.) 
Viillen,  (Ger.) 
Vumitorio,  (Rraz.) 
Viirenn,  (Xeth.) 


vri'ifn  vine 

vr'lg'sta 
fr'int 
frtne 
fqtj-d*rens 

V(^g'ka 

ri)Q-kd-vdr' 

ffQl'gdn 

VQ^m'i-tQ'r'i-9 
VQ^'ren  0 


Waag,  (Austr.)  r. 
Waagen,  (Sc.  Pen.)  isL 
Waal,  (Ger.) 
Waalwyk,  (Neth.) 
Wabash,  (IJ.  S.)  r. 
Wabern,  (Ger.) 
Wachenroth 
Wachu.sett,  (U.  S.) 
VVacooclicc,  (V.  S.) 
W.acousta,  (U.  S.) 
Wadcn,  The,  (Neth.) 
Wadstena,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Wacrghen,  (Xeth.) 
Wacrschoot,  (.Xeth.) 
Waesmuenstcr,  (Neth.) 
Wagenening,  (Xeth.) 
Warram,  (.Austr.) 
Wah  el  Dakkel,  (Eg.) 
Wah  el  Karceh,  (Eg.) 
Wahlen,  (Ger.  &  Switz.) 
Wahlsas.sen,  (Ger.) 
Wahlstadt,  (Ger.) 
Waisenhard,  (Ger.) 
Waitzen,  (.Austr.) 
Walachia,  or  Wallachia, 

T^ir.  Iflak,  (Tur.) 
Walchen,  (Ger.)  /. 

Walcheren,  (Neth.) 

Walchweiler,  (Switz.) 
Walcourt,  (Xeth.) 
Wald,  (Switz.) 
Wald.au,  (Prus.) 
Waldpck,  (Ger.) 
Walden,  (Ger.) 
Waldenhurg,  (Switz.) 
Waldheim,  (Ger.) 
Waldkirch,  (Switz.) 
Waldniuenchen,  (Ger.) 
Waldsee,  (Ger.) 
Waldshut,  (Ger.) 
Waldstalt,  (Switz.) 
Walkringen,  (Switz.) 
Walla  Walla,  (N.  Am.) 
Wallo,  (Ger.) 
Wallenfels,  (Ger.) 
Wallenst.idt,  (Switz.) 
Wallenstadt,  (Switz.)  I. 
Wallkill,  (U.  S.) 
Wallingford,  (U.  S.) 
Walloomsack,  (U.  S.) 
Walloosliiok,  or  St.  Johns, 

((.'an.)  r. 
Walpertsweiler,  (Switz.) 
Walpole,  (U.  S.) 
Walsrode,  (Ger.) 
Waltersdorf,  (Prus.) 
Waltershausen,  (Ger.) 
Wallham,  (U.  S.) 
Wanahglaiigen,  (Pnis.) 
Wandschow,  (Prus.) 
Wangen,  (Switz.) 
Wangerin,  (Prus.) 
VVanroy,  (Xeth.) 
Wansiedel,  (Ger.) 
Wansuin,  (Xeth.) 
Wansleben,  (Prus.) 
Wapahkonetta,  (U.  9.) 
Wapistanisroii,  (U.  S.)  r. 
Warasdin,  (.\ustr.) 
VVarberg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Warein,  (Xeth.) 
Waren,  (Ger.) 
Warez,  (.Austr.) 
Warneniuende,  (Ger.) 
Waratowaha,  (tan.)  r. 
Warsaw,  Fr.  \  arsovie, 

Pol.  Warszawa,  (R.) 
Warta,  (R.) 
Wartenherg,  (Prus.) 
Wartenbiirg,  (Prus.) 
Wartha,  (Prus.) 
Wartha,  (Prus.)  r. 
Warwickshire,  (Eng.) 
Wasen,  (Switz.) 


tB'gen 
vdte 

vdte'vlke 

wa'basli 

vd'bfrne 

Tdlh'  en-r&U/ 

vd'Chqq'set 

v&-k<jq'chee 

wH-kous'ta 

rd'den 

vdtl-stf'na 

vdre'gen 

vdre'skOte 

vds-mUn'ster 

vd-§e-ne'ni*g 

vd'grdm 

tenk  el  ddk'kel 

vqh  et  kdr'g'^h 

rd'ten 

vdle'zds-sen 

vdle'stdi 

tt'zen-hdrl' 

vU'Uen 

j  legl-la'kf-a,  if-lWce' 

vdl'fkin 
I  vdl'lhrme.  Eng.  todl'kcr- 
I  en 

rdlih'vl-th- 

vdVkqijr  (-kffrt) 

Tdlt 

vdl'dou 

vdl'dik 

vdl'di-n 

vdl'den-bQijr§ 

vd't'hime 

vdll'kirlh 

valt'mun'lhen 

rd't':;' 

rdUs'hr)ft' 

vdlt'stdt' 

vdlk'ring'en 

vdl'le 

vdl'len-fiW 

vdl'Un-stdt 

rdl'len-stdt 

wall'kiU 

waVting-ford 

wql-lijQm' sak 

j  Wdl-lQQS't<)(lk 

v'dl'prrts-vVler 

teaipHle 

Tals'rO'de 

vd!'tfrs-dqrf 

vol' Irrs-huu' zen 

vql'Lkum  or  icqWum 

vd'n'd-glou'  gen 

vdnt's/io 

vdnir'en 

Tdng-e-r'ine' 

vdn-ncd' 

vdn'z'i-del 

vdn'sQ^Tn 

vdns-lS'ben 

wq-pah-kd-net'ta 

leq-pU-Uin-is-kou 

rd-rds-  (-rdsA-)  dint' 

Tdr'berg 

vd'rem 

vd'ren 

vd'resse 

rdr'nf-mftn'de 

ita-rq-lfi-wfl'hq 

j  vdr-sB-vi',  vdr-tkd'ta 

vOr'ta 

vdr'ten-iirl 
vdr'ten-bg^f 
vdr'ta 
tdr'ta 

war'rik-sh'ire 
vd'zen 


Washita,  (formerly,  Oua- 
chita,) (U.  S.) 

Washtenaw,  (U.  S.) 

Wa.sserburg,  (Ger.) 

Wiissoiia.ar,  (Neth.) 

Wastijaur,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Wasiingen,  (Ger.) 

Watala,  (R.) 

Watauga,  (U.  S.) 

Wnterford,  (Ir.)  co. 

Wateringc,  (Neth.) 

Waterloo,  (.Neth.) 

VVatervlirt,  (U.  S.) 

Watccnweiler,  (Switz.) 

Wattweiler,  (Switz.) 

Waupan,  (U.S.) 

Wavignies,  (Fr.) 

Wavrc,  (Xeth.) 

Wawa,  (.Mex.)  r. 

Wavagainack,  (Can.)  1. 

Wcdel,  (Den.) 

Wedelbrok,  (Den.) 

Wednesbury,  (Eng.) 

Weener,  (Ger.) 

Weerdinger,  (Xeth.) 

Wecrt,  (Xeth.) 

Weesp,  (.Neth.) 

Weggis,  (Switz.) 

Wegrow,  (R.) 

Wegscheid,  (Ger.) 

Wehlau,  (Prus.) 

Weibye,  (Den.) 

Weida,  (Pru.s.)  r. 

Wciden,  (Ger.) 

Weidenliurg,  (Ger.) 

VVeikerdorf,  (Austr.) 

Weikersheim,  (Ger.) 

Weil,  (Wyl,)  (Switz.) 

Weila,  (VVvla,)  (Switz.) 

VVeilburg,  (Ger.) 

Weilheim,  (Ger.) 

Weimar,  (Ger.) 

Weinheiin,  (Ger.) 

Weinsperg,  (Ger.) 

Weischau,  (.Auslr.) 

Weisclieiil'eld,  (Ger.) 

Weisen,  (Ger.) 

VVeiskurchen,  (Austr.) 

VVeissenburg,  (Switz.  Sl 
Ger.) 

Weisscnstcin,  (S»vitz.) 
Weisshorn,  (Switz.) 
Wcisthugen,  (Switz.) 
Wei'el,  (Austr.) 
Wcixv'burg,  (Austr.) 
Wekennuende,  (Ger.) 
Welle,  (Ger.) 
Wellmich,  (Ger  ) 
Welna,  (Prus.)  r 
Welsbillich,  (Ger.i 
Welschrono,  (Switz.) 
Welsee,  (Den.) 
Welsem,  (.Neth.) 
VVeltem,  (Neth.) 
Wendenbuettel,  (Ger.) 
Wendessen,  (Ger.) 
VVendlingcii,  (Ger.) 
Wener,  (Sc.  Pen.)  /. 
VVenersberl,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Wencrsborg,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Wenigerode,  (Switr..) 
Weniiigen,  (Switz.) 
Werbcn,  (Prus.) 
Werdenberg,  (Switz.) 
Werfen,  (.Austr.) 
Weringen,  (Ger.) 
Werne,  (Ger.) 
Wernitz,  (Ger.)  r. 
Werra,  (Ger.)  r. 
Werschitz,  (.Austr.) 
Wertach,  (Ger.)  r. 
Wcrth,  (Ger.) 
VVesel,  (Ger.) 
Wesen,  (Switz.) 
Wesenberg,  (R.) 
We.senburg,  (Ger.) 
^Vesendorf,  (Ger.) 
Weser,  (Gor.) 
Weser,  (Ger.)  r. 
Weslingburen,  (Den.) 
Wessein,  (Xeth.) 
Wessetin,  (Austr.) 
West  Indies 
Westi  ras,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Westerdorf,  (.Neth.) 
Wcsterliolt,  (Ger.) 
Westervelde,  (Xeth.) 
Westervik,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Westheim,  (Ger.) 
Westland,  (Xeth.) 
Westmoreland,  (Eng.) 
Westphalia,  Westphalcn, 

(Ger.) 
Westrum,  (Ger.) 


j  Uflsk'i-tit 

vq.ih'te-nav) 

vaii'ser-bi}(/r^ 

rd-i'sfS-ndre' 

Tds' t'i-yourt 

vd'zi)<}Hg-in 

vd-td'la 

leq-tau'  ga 

vq'ler-ford 

vd'te-riiiff-i 

vd'i'er-ld' 

w'ater-vleet 

vdl'trn-cVlir 

rdt'rl'l&r 

wau'pan 

vd-v'in-yV 

rdcr 

Qifd'na 

icay-ag'e-mick 

ri'dil 

vCdel-brBke 

venz'ber-ry 

rt'ner 

vfre'ding-er 

rfrte 

rrg'gts 

re'  gro 

r'e^'.Md 

ve'lou 

Ti'bSt 

tl'da 

vX'den 

vVden-blj^r^ 

vVker-ditrf 

vl'krr.-i-him^ 

die 

vVla 

vlU'bQ^r^^ 

vtl*''h'tme 

tl'mdr 

rine'htne 

vlnes'per^ 

rl'shou 

vl' .sken-felt 

vi'zen 

tls'kfifr'lhin 

I  rli'.«fn-A{)prf 

vis'sen-stln^ 

vJ.^'hqme 

vist'kg^'gen 

vik'sel 

T}k'sH-bQi^^ 

vS'ker-miin'di 

ril'le 

vel'm'i^h 

veVna 

veU'bil'lilh 

vrl-shri'iio  or  tiU-krn'no 

vel'se 

rrl'sem 

vel'tem 

ren'den-bSlt'tit 

ven-des'sen 

vend'ling-en 

vS'ner,  Eng.  wt'nir 

vi'ners-berg 

vi'ners-bqrg 

vt'n'i-ge-r&'di 

re'ning-en 

ver'ben 

Ter'drn-i/er^ 

ver'fen 

wer'ing-in 

ver'ne 

ver'mts 

rer'ra 

ver'shits 

rer'taih 

rerte 

ri'zel.  Eng.  wa'ut 
vS'zen 

vt'zen-bh'^  j 

ti'zen-bQQT^ 

rS'zen-dqrf^ 

vt'zer,  £ng.  wl'itr 

rt'zrr 

res'Ung-bQ^'rin 

ves'sem 

ves-se-nne' 

icfst  in'jes 

ves'te-rCse' 

res'  er-dqr/^ 

ves'lrr-hnlt' 

res'ler^el'dt 
rejt'trr-cike' 
rest'hlme 
rfst'ldnl 
wesl'  more-ldnd 

[  aest  phS'ti-a,  viit-fU'ltn 


vist'r^efm 


Fr.  long  A  and  short  mi,  nearly  as  in  spur  Final  ly,  French  /  mouille  In" ger,  vi"dous.  —  g  as  »  in  pleasnre;  ^  and  Ih  guttural ;  By  liquid  ;  U  as  in  pitA. 


1365 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Westrup,  (Neth.) 
Wetter,  (Ger.) 
VVetterliorn,  fSwitz.) 
VVettern,  or  vVettcr,  (Sc.  j 
Pen.)  L  I 

Wettesjarvi,  (Sc.  Pen.)  | 

Wettin,  (Ger.) 
Wetuinpka,  (U.  S.) 
VVetzlar,  (Ger.) 
Wexford,  (Ir.)  co. 
Wexjoe,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Wey,  (Switz.) 
VVeyda,  (Ger.) 
Whamel,  (Neth.) 
White  Sea,  or  Binloe  More,  ( 

(R.)  ! 

Wi.-ischim,  (Austr.) 
Wicomico,  (U.  S.) 
Wiconisco,  (U.  S.) 
Widau,  (Den.)  r. 
Widavva,  (R.) 
Wiecht,  (Neth.) 
VViedlisbach,  (Switz.) 
Wiefeis,  (Ger.) 
Wieliczka,  (Austr.) 
Wieruszow,  (R.) 
Wiesbaden,  or  Wisbaden,  1 

(Ger.)  i 
Wiesen,  (Switz.) 
Wiesensteia,  (Ger.) 
Wight,  (Eng.)  isl. 
Wigton,  (Sci)t.)  CO. 
Wika,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Wildbad,  (Ger.) 
Wildenschari  n,  (Den.) 
Wildhaus,  (Switz.) 
Wildungen,  (Ger.) 
Wilhelmstcin,  (Ger.) 
Wilhelinsthal,  ?Ger.) 
Wilkesbarre,  (0.  S.) 
Willaminette,  or  Wallah-  j 

niutte,  (.\.  Am.)  j 
Willemstad,  (Neth.) 
Willenburg,  (Priis.) 
Willimanset,  (U.  S.) 
Willimanlic,  (U.  S.) 
Willuhmen,  (Priis.) 
Wilna,  or  Vilna,  (R.) 
Wilnis,  (Neth.) 
Wilsdurf,  (Ger.) 
Wilsnack,  (Priis.) 
Wilster,  (Den.) 
Wilt,  (Neth.) 
Wiltshire,  (Eng.) 
Witninis,  (Switz.) 
Wimnu  rhy,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Windisch  Felstritz,  (.\nstr.) 
Windischgarten,  (.iustr.) 
Windischgraetz,  (.Austr.) 
Windsbach,  (Ger.) 
Windsheim,  (Ger.) 
Wiiiigen,  (Switz.) 
Winnebago,  (Can.)  I. 
Winneperween,  (Neth.) 
Winnipeg,  (N.  Am.)  /. 

Winnipi.seogee,  (U.  S.)  Z.  j 

Winnweiler,  (Ger.) 
Winsen,  (Ger.) 
Winsum,  (Neth.) 
Winter  Berg,  (Af.)  mL 
Winter  Bergen,  (Af.) 
Winterberg,  (Austr.) 
Wintersingp,  (Switz.) 
Winterweiler,  (Neth.) 
Winlerthur,  (Switz.) 
Winterneld,  i, Af.) 
Wiodawa,  (Austr.) 
Wippcr,  (Ger.)  r. 
Wipperfurth,  (Ger.) 
Wirithjaur,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Wirmo,  (R.) 
Wirsitz,  (Prus.) 
^Wirtemberg,  or  Wuertem- 

berg,  (Ger.) 
Wirtheim,  (Ger.) 
Wisbaden,  or  Wiesbaden, 

(Ger.) 
Wisby,  (.Sc.  Pen.) 
Wisciisset,  (ir.  8.) 
Wischwill,  (Prus.) 
Wiscoiiisco,  (U.  H.) 
Wisconsin,  or  Wiskonsan, 

(IJ.  S.) 
Winlok,  (Austr.)  r. 
Wisloka,  (AtiHtr.)  r. 
Wismal,  (Austr.) 
Winmar,  (Ger.) 
Wlsowitz,  (Austr.) 
Wissek,  (PruH.) 
Wissembourg,  (Fr.) 
Wissen,  (Ger.) 
Wiszkow,  (R.) 


vest'r^Qp 

vit'ter 

vet'ter-kome 

I  vet'teniy  vet'ter 

1  vit'tfsse-y'dr'v'i  or  vit'te- 
I  shdr'v'i 

vH-t'int' 

we-rump'ka 

vets'tdr 

to  fx' ford 

vek'shA 

vl 

vi'da 
vd'mel 


bie'lde  md'rs 

v'i-dsh''ini 
w'i-kom't-ko 
UJ'i-kon-is'ko 
v'i'dou 
v'i-dd'va 

vid'lis-hdW 
vi'fHs 
vt-litch'ka 
v'i-r<^Q'sko 

v'is'bd-den 

r'i'z^n 
vi'zen-stt§ 
wite 

v'i'ka 
vilt'bdt 

v'il'den-shd're.n 
vVt'hous 
v'iV  dQQn^-hl 
v'il'helm-stine' 
v'il'hetmS'tdle' 
wilks'bar-re 

wit-ldm'met 

v'iVUm-st'dV 
vit'I^n-b^Qr^ 
icil-ii-mdn'.^H 
wil-li-mdji'tik 
vil-tijQ'men 
viVna 
viVnis 
vils'dQqrf 
rils'ndli 
vit'ster 
vilt 

TCitt'sh'ire 
v'i'm'i-nis 
vim'mer-bU 
vin'disk  fel'strits 
■cinUlish-iTdr'  ten 
vin'dish-irrdtse 
Tints'bd^h 
vints'hime 
v'i'ji't-ireii 
v^in-ne-ba'  ^0 
vin'ne-p^r-vene' 
win'n'i-pf^ 
t  win-ni-pii-e-G' s^e,  vulg. 
(     iniH-iit-pi^-sok  ke 
vin'vVttr 
vin'ifji 

vin'ttr  bfr^ 
vin'ter  ber'gen 
vin'Ur~ber§ 
vin't^r-iintr'e 
vin'tfr-vl'ler 
vin'ter-tQQr' 
Via'ter-ni'U 
v'i-S-dd'va 
vip'per 
vip'ptr-fg^rt 
vVriUyour' 
v'ir'mo 
vir'zit3 

j  vir'tim-ber§ 

virt'hlme 
j  vWbd-din 
vis'bit 
wis-kdn'sH 
vink'vil 
itiS'kO-nis'ko 

I  iDis-kon'sin  {-sdn) 

vU'hk 
via-lO'ka 
vis'm'dl 
vin'mdr 

vis'afk 

v'i9-8dng-b^f/r' 
vM'ko  (-kfff) 


Wittelsbach,  (Ger.) 
Witten,  (Neth.) 
Wittenberg,  (Prus.) 
Wittenburg,  (Ger.) 
Wittewicrum,  (Neth.) 
Wittingen,  (Neth.) 
Wittlich,  (Neth.) 
Wittmund,  (Neth.) 
Wittnau,  (Switz.) 
Wittstock,  (Prus.) 
Witzendorf,  fGer.) 
Witzenhausew,  (Ger.) 
Witzhafen,  (Den.) 
Wodden,  (Den.) 
Wodnian,  (.Austr.) 
Woelz,  (Austr.) 
Woerden,  (Netli.) 
Wiihlau,  (Prus.) 
Wohlen,  (Switz.) 
Wolcott,  (U.  S.) 
Wolfenbuettel,  (Ger.) 
Wolfenschiess,  (Switz.) 
Wolfersdyk,  (Neth.) 
Woltren,  (Ger.) 
Wolfratshausen,  (Ger.) 
Wolfsberg,  (Austr.) 
Wolfsburg,  (Ger.) 
Wolfshagen,  (Ger.) 
Wolfshausen,  (Ger.) 
Wolgang,  (Switz.) 
Wolgast,  (Prus.) 
Wolka,  (Prus.) 
VVollin,  (Prus.) 
Wollisholten,  (Switz.) 
Wolniar,  (R.) 
Wohnirstadt,  (Prns.) 
Wolsgo,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Woluwe,  (Neth.) 
Wolvertham,  (Neth.) 
Wonimels,  (Neth.) 
Wongrowitz,  (Pnis.) 
Woolwich,  (Eng.) 
VVorb,  (Switz.) 
Worbis,  (Prus.) 
\Vorcester,  (Eng.) 
Worcestershire,  (Eng.) 
Wordingborg,  (Prus.) 
VV^orgl,  (Austr.) 
Workum,  (Neth.) 
Wornidit,  (Prus.) 
Wornihont,  (Fr.) 
Worms,  (Ger.) 
Worth,  (Ger.) 
Wossegau,  (Prus.) 
Wottersen,  (Den.) 
Woudrichem,  (Neth.) 
Woxna,  (Sc.  Pen.) 
Wreschen,  (Prus.) 
Wrietzin,  (Prus.) 
Wuniine,  (Ger.)  r. 
Wuren,  (Switz.) 
Wureweiler,  (Switz.) 
Wurin,  (Ger.)  /. 
Wurmansquick,  (Ger.) 
Wuertemberg,  or  Wirtem- 

berg,  (Ger.) 
Wuerzburg,  or  Wuertz- 

burg,  (Ger.) 
Wurzen,  (Ger.) 
Wust,  (Prus.) 
Wusterhausen,  (Prus.) 
Wustrow,  (Ger.) 
Wutach,  (Ger.)  r. 
VVutzin,  (Prus.) 
VVyalusing,  (U.  S.) 
Wyk  by  Duurstede,  (Neth.) 
Wyoming,  (U.  S.) 
Wytgaard,  (Neth.) 
Wythe,  (U.  S.) 


vit'tels'bd^h 

vit'tfn 

vit'tfii-ber^ 

vit't^n-b<^^^ 

vit'U-v'i'rijQm 

vit'ting-in 

vit'lilh 

vit'mQfnt 

vit'nou 

vWstqk 

vit'srn-dqrf 

vit'sen-hou'lhl 

vits'bd'ftn 

vgd'den 

vqd'n'i~'dn 

vAlts 

vore'den 

vd'hu 

vo'thi 

wt^Ql'kut 

vol'fen-bdt'tH 

vol'fen-shia 

vol'ftrs-dike* 

vqlffhl 

vqlfrdbt-hou'iin 

vqlfs'btr^ 

vqlfs'bnor^ 

vqlfs' hd' irin 

vqifs' hoi?  zen 

vol'  gdngh 

vql's'dst 

vqt'ka 

vql-l'ine' 

vql'lis-hqVten 

vql'mdr 

rqV  mirst'dt 

rqls'go 

vqVver-tdm 

vqm'mels 

vnn' erd-vits' 

WQi/Vitch 

vqrb 

vqr'bis 

WQQnt'  er-sh'ire 

vqr'dingh~bqr^ 

vqrtri 

vqr'k<)fm 

vqrm'dit 

vor~wqng' 

vqrms 

vqrte 

vqs'  se-gou^ 

vqt'Ur-zen 

von'driZh-em 

vuks'na 

vresh'en 

vr'i-ts'ine' 

vqtjm'me 

VQQ'rin 

VQQ'r^-vl'ler 

rpflrm 

VQqr' mdns-kwik' 
vitr'tem-ber^ 

vtlrts'bQ^r^ 
vgQr'tsen 

VQQSt 

VQQ'ster-hou' z^n 
VQi^'stro 

VQQ'tdlh 

VQQ-ts'tne' 

ui-a-lf^Q'sing 

vikc  bi  dQQrUtS-d^ 

zcy-O'ming 

vlte'gdrde 

witlie 


X. 


Xaoua,  (Port.  W.  Ind.) 

Xala,  (Mejc.) 

Xalana.  (Mex.) 

Xalayo,  (W.  Ind.) 

Xanten,  (Ger.) 

Xativa  San  Felipe,  (Pen.) 

Xavier,  (S.  Am.) 

Xeberos,  (S.  Am.) 

Xenia,  (U.  S.) 

Xenil,  or  Jenil,  (Pen.)  r. 

Xeres,  (Pen.) 

Xeres  de  la  Frontera,  (Pen.) 
Xero  Nisi,  (Gr.) 
Xcrtigny,  (Fr.) 
Xexui,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Xilo  Kastro,  (Gr.) 
Ximari,  (S.  Am.) 
Xiinena,  (Pen.) 


Ibd'gQQ-a 
Ihd'la 
llid-td'pa 
fhd-ld'yo  (,-Wyo) 
ksdn'ten 

llid-lt'ra  sdn  ft-l'i'ps 

fhd'v'i-i'r 

Ibt-hf'rox 

zViii-a 

Ibr-ml' 

fh^'resse 

fke'ressf.  d£  Id  frOn-ti'ra 
ihi'ro  jii's'i 
gs^r-tin-yV 

Ih'i'lo  kds'tro 

Ihi-md'ri 

Ik't-mt'na 


Ximenado,  (Pen.) 
Ximenes,  (S.  Am.) 
Ximiltepeque,  (Me.t.) 
Xinju,  or  Xingu,  (Braz.)  r. 
Xipajapa,  (S.  Am.) 
Xitiquaro,  (Mex.) 
Xivara,  (S.  Am.)  r 
Xucar,  (Pen.)  r. 
Xuguiriama,  (S.  Am.)  r. 
Xurunia,  (S.  Am.)  r. 


ih'i-wt-nd'do 

ih'i-me'  nis^e 

IhVm'il-te-pe'ke 

sh'in'gni}  or  Ih'in'fh^ 

Ih'i-pd-lhd'pa 

Ih'i-t'i-kQQ-d'ro 

ih'i-vd'ra 

lhQi}-kdr' 

lki)Q-g'i-r'i-d'ina 


Y. 


Yadkin,  (U.  S.) 

Yaik,  or  Ural,  (R.)  r. 

Yamaska,  (Can.) 

Yambari,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

Yameos,  (S.  Am.) 

Yamparaes,  (S.  Am.) 

Yana,  (As.)  r. 

Yanatilda,  (S.  Am.) 

Yao,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

Yapa,  (S.  Am.) 

Yarkand,  (As.)  r. 

Yary,  (Braz.)  r. 

Yauca,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

Yaugueda,  (S.  Am.) 

Yazoo,  (U.  S.) 

Yberg,  (Switz.) 

Ybicuy,  (S.  Am.) 

Ycari,  (S.  Am.) 

Yebenes,  (Pen.) 

Yecla,  (Pen.) 

Yelames,  (Pen.) 

Yemen,  (Ar.) 

Yenisei,  (As.)  r. 

Yerbabaena,  (S.  Am.) 

Yerd,  (Per.) 

Yezd,  (Per.) 

YfTnioc,  (Fr.) 

Yic,  (Braz.)  r. 

Yija,  (R.) 

V  lleberg,  (Den.) 

Ylst,  (iNeth.) 

Yrnassa,  (S.  Am.)  r. 

Yrnonville,  (Fr.) 

Yorallo,  (S.  Am.) 

Yonne,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Yonne,  (Fr.)  rt 

Yopez,  (.Mex.)  r. 

York,  (Eng.) 

Yorkshire,  (Eng.) 

Youghiogheny,  (U.  S.) 

Youta,  or  Salt  Lake,  (Mex.) 

Youtas,  (Alex.) 

Ypene,  (Braz.) 

Ypoa,  (Braz.)  I. 

Ypres,  or  Y'pern,  (Neth.) 

Ypreville,  (Fr.) 

Ypsilanti,  (U.  S.) 

Ysendyke,  (Neth.) 

Y'ssel,  (Neth.)  r. 

Ysselmond,  (Neth.) 

Ysselsten,  (Neth.) 

Yssengeaux,  (Fr.) 

Ystad,  (Sc.  Pen.) 

Y'ucatan,  (Mex.) 

Ytin  Nan,  (East.  Isl.) 

Yunta,  la,  (Pen.) 

Yverdun,  (Switz.) 

Yvetot,  (Fr.) 

Yvi,  St.  (Fr.) 

Yvorne,  (Switz.) 

Yvre,  (Fr.) 

Yvri,  (Fr.) 


ydd'kin 

ylke 

yd-inds'ka 
ydm-bd'r'i 
yd'jne-os 
ydm-pd-rd' esse 
yd'na 

yd-nd~t'iVda 

yd'o 

yd'pa 

ydr'kdnd 

yd'r'i 

you'ka 

you-ge'da 

yd-iQ<}' 

'i'ber^ 

e'b'i-koi 

'i-kd'r'i 

ye-be'nesse 

ye'kJa 

ye-ld'messe 

yem'en 

yfn~'i-se''i 

yer-bd-bd-i'na 

yerd 

yezd 

if-ni-Sk' 

y'ik 

yi'ja 

arie-berS 
list'  ^ 

'ir-7t'ds'sa 

ir-ndn^-viW 

y5-kdl'yo 

yone 

yone 

yO'peth  {-pesse) 
york 

yqrk'sh'ire 

yoh-kd-g&'ny 

ynu'ta 

you'tds 

i-pe'ns 

t-p5'a 

'ipr,  I'pern 

'ipr-vile' 

ip-.<i4dn'ti 

i' sen-dike' 

Js'sel 

is' sH-mond' 

Is'set-stene' 

'is-sdng-gQ' 

Wstdd 

yQQ-kd-tdn' 

?/ppn  ndn 

Id  yQQii'ta 

t-ver-d^ng' 

'ive-W 

sang  ti-v'i' 

'i-v6nu' 

'ivr 

i-vrV 


Z. 


Z\AMSLAG,  (Neth.) 
Zaandam,  (Neth.) 
Zabbar,  (It.) 
Zahorovia,  (R.) 
Zaborska,  (R.) 
Zacatecas,  (Mex.) 
Zacatula,  (Mex.) 
Zacualipan,  (Mex.) 
Zatllirana,  (It.)  c. 
Zafra,  (Pen.) 
Zafrilla,  rPen.) 
Zagora,  ( I'ur.) 
Zagora,  (fir.)  mf. 
Zagrivotchna,  (R.) 
Zagyra,  (Austr.)  r. 
Zacharievska,  (R.) 
Zalamea,  (Pen.) 
Zolamea  la  Real,  (Pen.) 


idme'sld^ 

zdnr'ddm 

dzdb  bdr' 

zd-bO~rS'v'{-a 

zd'bors'ka 

tnd'(sd-)  kdte'kds 

tnd-  [sd-)  kd-lijij'la 

t?id'  l^a')  kQQ-d-li~pitn' 

didf-fd-rd'na 

tha'fra 

ttid-friVya 

id-gG'ra 

zd-g&'ra 

zd-gr'i-vqtch'na 

sd-g'i'ra  or  sdj'ra 

z&~ihd-r'i-evs'ka 

tKd-ld-me'a 

tnd4d-mt'a  Id  rc-lU' 


fau,fdr,ffiU,  lelu^,  bit.  — MlU,  prty,  hilp,  thtre,  hUr.  —  Pine,  marine,  b\rd,fig.  — Vate,  dSve,  m)lvt,tBqlf,  bqijk,  lqrd.  —  Tfline,  bull,  ^ni'te.  —  Fr.  long  vtte;  Ft.  short  bSu  — 


1366 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Zalallinn,  (Aiistr.) 
Zaiiiszckz)  ky,  (Austr.) 
Zaiosee,  ( Aiislr.) 
Zaiiiba,  (VV.  I;icl.)  J. 
Zaiiibiijal,  (Pen.) 
Zaiiiora,  (Pun.  iMex.) 
Zaiidpuort,  (Npth.) 
ZaniivDort,  (Nctli.) 
ZaiiKuibiir,  (Af.) 
ZaiiiKine,  (tt.)  isl. 
Zaninv,  (Priis.) 
Zante,  (Gr.)  U. 
Zanzibar,  (Af.) 
Zaoiiefa,  (Ii.) 
Z.i[)ote,  (.Mex.) 
Zara,  (Austr.) 
Zarben,  (Prus.) 
Zaren  de  Fuera,  (W.  Ind.) 
Zarisco,  (Aiislr.) 
Zarruela,  (Pen.) 
Zartin,  (Ger.) 
Zatten,  (Prus.) 
Zauditz,  (Prus.) 
Zavista,  (Gr.)  mt, 
Zboro,  (Austr.) 
Zborow,  (Austr.) 
Zealand,  (Neth.) 
Zealand,  or  Sjaelland, 

(Den.)  ixl. 
Zechlin,  (Prus.) 
Zeeland,  (Netli.) 
Zegveld,  (Neth.) 
Zebdeji,  (Prus.) 
Zehlentefeld,  (Prus.) 
Zeiblitz,  (Prus.) 
Zeidenik,  (Prus.) 
Zeillem,  (Ger.) 
Zeitz,  (Prus.) 
Zelaya,  (Mex.) 
Zele,  (Netli.) 
Zelhem,  (Neth.) 
Zelle,  (Ger.  Switz.) 
Zelline,  (It.)  r. 
Zelt,  (Ger.) 
Zemliansk,  (R.) 
Zeneta,  (Pen.) 
Zeng,  or  Scgna,  (Austr.) 
Zenta,  (Austr.) 
Zerbst,  (Prus.) 
Zerellera,  la,  (Pen.) 
Zerczal  Porto,  (Pen.) 
Zerf,  (Ger.) 
Zerkow,  (Prus.) 
Zerro,  (Gr.)  r. 
Zesch,  (Neth.) 
Zeteleka,  (Austr.) 
Zeuenroda,  (Ger.) 


sd-ldt'ua 
sdl(Li'sek-si'ki 

ttidm'  (sdm')  ba 

tTtdin-bQQ-fhdl' 

tJtd-  (sd-)  mS'ra 

zditiJ'pdrte 

idnd'fortc 

idn-g'i-bdr' 

dzdn-nO'ne 

tid'iio 

zSn'fj 

lan-U-bdr 

dzd-O-nt'fa 

m-  (SO-)  pO'ts 

sd'ra 

Lidr'bfn 

tJid-  (sd-)  ren'  rf£  f<)<^t'ra 

sd-r'is'ko 

thdr-r^Q-e'la 

tsdr'thi 

tsdl'tiii 

tsou'dits 

id-v'is'ta 

sbO'ro 

sbS'ro  (-rQv) 
le'ldnd 

I  a'ldnd,  siSVlitni 

tselktine' 

le'ldnd 

te^'feld 

tse'd^n 

tsi'lin-ti-felt' 

tsibe'lits 

tit'de-nik 

tslls 

tKe-  (s£-)  Id'ya 
ze'le 
zel'kem 
tsil'le 

tsfU 

lem-l'i-dnsk' 
tHe-ne'ta 
shi^i  sen'ya 
sen'ta 
tsfrbst 

Id  tJle-Tfl'y^-ra 

tne-re-lJldi' 

Uerf 

tser'ko 

ler'ro 

lesk 

se-te-lt'ka 
tsoi'in-rO'da 


Zi.-ven,  ((Jcr.) 
Zevenaar,  (Neth.) 
Zcvenbcrgen,  (Neth.) 
Zhitomir,  or  Zitciniirz,  (R.) 
Zibarasz,  (.Austr.) 
Zicavo,  (It.) 
Zichidorr,  (Austr.) 
Zicker,  (Prus.) 
Zickhuscn,  (Ger.) 
Ziebingen,  (Prus.) 
Ziegenhayn,  (Ger.) 
Ziegenkals,  (Prus.) 
Ziegcnruck,  (Prus,) 
Zielent/.ig,  (Prus.) 
Zirrikzee,  (Neth.) 
Zierniki,  (Prus.) 
Ziesar,  (Prus.) 
Ziest,  (Neth.) 
Zie/.a,  (Pen.) 
Zilab,  (.Xustr.) 
Zillis,  (Neth.) 
Zimerwald,  (Switz.) 
Zinimetshausen,  (Ger.) 
Zinal,  (Switz.) 
Zingst,  (Prus.)  isl. 
Ziph,  VVilderness  of,  (Pal.) 
Zirez,  (Austr.) 
Zirknitz,  (Austr.) 
Zirl,  (Austr.) 
Zittau,  (Ger.) 
Zizers,  (Switz.) 
ZIoczow,  (.\ustr.) 
Zinygrod,  (.Austr.) 
Znaim,  (Austr.) 
Zneisten,  (Switz.) 
Znin,  (Prus.) 
Znudacao,  (S.  Am.) 
Zobern,  (Ger.) 
Zobten,  (Priis.) 
Zocco,  (Pen.) 
Zoelmonile,  (Xcth.) 
Zoest,  (Neth.) 
Zocterwoude,  (Neth.) 
Zofingen,  (Switz.) 
Zogenweil,  (Ger.) 
Zogno,  (It.) 
Zogria,  (Gr.)  isl. 
Zolhuus,  (Ger.) 
Zollenspeiker,  (Den.) 
Zoinbor,  (Austr.) 
Zonnebeke,  (Neth.) 
Zorge,  (Ger.) 
Zorita,  (Pen.) 
Zorneling,  (Ger.) 
Zottscamp,  (^Neth.) 
Zsambok,  (Austr.) 
Zsarnovia,  (Austr.) 


zS'  ctn-dre' 

zf'vhi-ber'  tffn 

zi'tD-mtre,  aki-tH'nUrah 

s'i' bd-rdase' 

dii-kd'vo 

Uilk'i-dqrf 

tsik'ir 

tsik-ki^Q'zfn 

Wi'  binir-fn 

tsf'trhi-kJiie 

tsi'  frfn-kats 

tsi'trht-rfj^k 

ts'i-lrnt'si^ 

z'i'rik-ze' 

sh'irt-ni'ki 

shi-sdr' 

z'istc 

m-c'tna 

si-Id' 
lil'lis 

isVmer-vHtt' 

Lsiin'mits-hou'ziii 

dii-ndl' 

U'irttrst 

ti/  or  zJfe 

s'i'resse 

sirk'nita 

sirl 

isit'lou 

U'i'lsirs 

alS'tso 

sm'i'grod 

sntmc 

tsnVstin 

sfinlne 

siiQ^dd-kWo 

tsO'bim 

tsSb'tAn 

tUBk'ko 

ZQQt'in5n-ds 

z<}<)'ter-vou'ds 

tsO'ffiiir-en 

tsO'gen-v7U 

dzQn'yo 

z^ffri-a 

tSVl'/lQQS 

■rUn-spl'ker 
^oin'bor 
zon'hs-be'kt 
sgr-ge 
ttib-rt'ta 
tsgr'nt-ling 
zQU'kdmp 
sdm'bqk 
sdr~n8'vi~a 


Zscho,  (Ger.) 
Zsolna,  (Austr.) 
Zubiiigen,  (<ipr.) 
ZucliPiio,  (W.  Ind.) 
Zuellicliau,  (Prus.) 
Ziu-lpich,  (Prus.) 
Zuelz,  (Pnis.) 
Zuera,  (Pen.) 
Zufrc,  (Pen.) 
Zug,  (Switz.) 
Zug,  (.Switz.)  i. 
Zug  iler  Ru.sspn,  (Switz.) 
Zui<l  Laren,  (Neth.) 
Zuiddi.rp,  (.\elh.) 
Zuider  Zee,  (.Neth.) 
Zuidwoldc,  (Neth.) 
Zuilichcm,  (Netli.) 
Zujar,  (Pi  n.)  r. 
Znkau,  (Prus.) 
Zuluctzin,  (Austr.) 
Zula  Lagua,  (.\ustr.) 
Zulcli,  ((;cr.) 

Zulia,  or  Sulia,  (S.  Am.)  r, 
Zuniaya,  (Pen.) 
Zunniti,  (hwitz.) 
Zuri,  (Austr.)  isl. 
Zuerich,  (Switz.) 
Zuerich,  (Switz.)  t 
Zusani,  (Ger.)  r. 
Zusmarsuausen,  (Ger  ) 
Zutiilicn,  (Neth.) 
Zuurbmk,  (Af.) 
Zuure  Hay,  (Af.) 
Zuure  Ilerg,  (Af.)  r. 
Zuure  Herg,  (Af.) 
Zuz,  (Switz.) 
Zwartdoon,  (.Af.)  r. 
Zwarte  Ruggens,  (Af.) 
Zwarte  Shi's,  (Neth.) 
Zwartklip,  or  Oorlog's 

Kloof,  (Af.)  r. 
Zwartland,  (Af.) 
Zwcihausen,  (Ger.) 
Zwettel,  (Austr.) 
Zweybruecken,  or  Deux 

Ponts,  (Ger.) 
Zweyzinimen,  (Switz.) 
Zwickau,  (Ger.) 
ZwicI,  (Ger.) 
Zwinder,  (Neth.) 
Zwingenbiirg,  (Austr.) 
Zwittau,  (Austr.) 
Zwittau,  (Austr.)  r. 
Zwolle,  (Neth.) 
Zwyndrecht,  (Neth.) 
Zydaczow,  (Austr.) 
Zydowo,  (Prus.) 


laho 
SQl'na 

Uftif'bing-^n 

"l(*9"  (••'VP-)  chf'no 

tsdl'ltlh-ou 

tsiil'pilh 

U(tlu' 

tllQQ-t'ra 

tKi)t)'frt 

dfr  Tffa'tin 

zuid  td'ren 

Zoid'dqrp 

zoi'der  Z{ 

zotd'vol'dg 

zoi'lilk-tm 

tllt^lhdr' 

tsff'kou 

sQQ-t^Qk-ts'ine' 

dzff'la  Id'gfQ-a 

Liffllk 

thw'  (j?(>')  ti-a 

tsQQ-md'ya 

diqQ-mQ(j' ti 

dzQQ'r'i 

tsil'rilh 

tsfi'rilh 

tsQQ-zdm' 

tii/fs'mdra-hou'zin 

ZQQr'brdke 
ZQQ're  bl 
ZQQ're  bir^ 
zw'rl  berg 
tstts 

ztBdrte'dHne 
zwdr'ti  TQfg'gint 
zwdr'ls  sh'ia 

zwdrU'ktip,  Ore'lq§a4dllfe 

ZKdrte'ldnd 
tswi'/tou'zin 
tswH'Ul 

^  tswVbrdk'kin 

tswl'Uim'min 

tswik'kou 

tsw'ile 

zwin'der 

tswing'  in-hir^ 

tswit'tou 

tsuit'tou 

zwql'le 

iwtnt'drilht 

ii-dd'tso  (-fjjr) 

shi-dO'vo 


\ 


Ft.  long  ^  and  short  mi,  nearly  as  in  spur.— Final  ly.  Trench  I  mmilU. —Jtn"i;tr,  vi"cioiu>.  — ^  aa  s  in  pleasure;  ^  and     guttural ;  nj  liquid  ;  t»  an  In  pith. 

"if^o/'^wmW  of  Pnge»^  14*3. 


I 


TESTIMONIALS  CONTINUED. 


Wkbster's  Quarto  Dictionary  Unabridged.  —  In  the  unanimous 
judgment  of  the  leading  literary  press  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  Webster's  Dictionary  is  the  most  learned,  the  most  comprehen- 
sive, and  the  most  complete  work  of  the  kind  in  the  English  language ; 
containing  all  that  is  excellent  in  Dr.  Johnson's  great  work,  with  nu- 
merous philological  corrections,  more  concise  and  accurate  definitions, 
in  many  instances,  and  the  addition  of  some  sixteen  thousand  words 
—  these  additions  consisting  for  the  most  part  of  terras  used  in  the  va- 
rious departments  of  science  and  tlie  arts,  in  commerce,  manufactures, 
merchandize,  and  the  liberal  professions. — Journal  of  Education  for 
Upper  Canada,  Toronto,  January,  1849. 

Our  purpose  is  simply  to  recommend  the  present  edition  of  it,  (Web- 
ster's Quarto  Dictionary,")  with  its  copious  additions  to  the  text,  as  a 
highly  valuable  publication.  Great  labor  has  been  bestowed  upon  it, 
and  all  the  alterations  and  articles  that  have  been  added,  so  far  as  we 
have  noticed  them,  are  great  improvements.  We  hope  that  it  will 
obtain  a  wide  and  profitable  circulation.  —  North  American  Revieio,  Ja?i- 
xtary,  1848. 

I  regard  this  book  as  the  most  successful  effort  — the  best  published 
American  book  up  to  this  time.  —  James  Brown,  Esg.,frm  of  Little 
Sj  Brown,  of  Boston,  February,  1848. 

All  young  persons  should  have  a  standard  Dictionary  at  their  elbows  ; 
and  while  you  are  about  it,  get  the  best :  that  Dictionary  is  Noah  Web- 
ster's, the  great  work  unabridged.  If  you  are  too  poor,  save  the 
amount  from  ofl'  your  back,  to  put  it  into  your  head.  —  Phrenological 
Jourtuil. 

Dr.  Webster's  great  work  is  the  best  Dictionary  of  the  English  lan- 
guage.—  London  Morning  Chronicle. 

There  is  no  Dictionary  but  this  of  Webster's  that  can  be  adopted  as  a 
standard.  We  cannot  refrain  from  expressing  a  hope  that  our  brethren 
of  the  type  —  the  printers  and  editors  of  newspapers  especially  —  will 
adopt  the  ortliography  of  Dr.  Webster.  In  this  respect,  the  printers  of 
the  present  day  have  no  standard.  It  is  time  they  had.  —  Boston 
Courier,  December  30,  1847. 

This  is  the  complete  Webster ;  ani  perhaps  the  only  cotnplete  Diction- 
ary of  the  English  language.  —  Philadelphia  United  States  Gazette. 

My  judgment  and  feelings  are  most  heartily  and  permanently  en- 
gaged in  doing  all  that  I  can  to  make  Webster  the  standard  wherever 
the  English  is  spoken,  as  it  deserves  to  be,  must  be,  is,  and  will  be.  — 
Professor  Stotve. 

While  this  Dictionary  is  the  most  complete  work  of  the  kind  that 
any  nation  can  boast  of,  it  is  also  one  of  the  cheapest  books  ever  printed 
in  this  country.  —  Neio  York  State  District  School  Journal. 

The  principles  of  orthography  adopted  are  such,  on  the  whole,  as  are 
either  allowed  by  good  use,  or  are  fast  working  their  way  into  favor. 
The  objections  which  have  been  felt  and  expressed  against  Webster's 
Dictionary,  we  think,  have  been  fairly  removed  by  the  corrections  of 
Professor  Goodrich. 

In  all  otlier  respects,  it  has  never  had  a  rival.  In  the  completeness  of 
the  vocabulary,  the  fullness  and  precision  of  its  definitions,  its  learned 
solution  of  the  true  source  of  words,  and  its  apt  and  copious  authori- 
ties, it  is  a  work  of  amazing  labor  and  scholarship,  which  has  made 
English  lexicography  an  entirely  new  thing.  «  »  •  *  * 
By  far  the  cheapest,  most  beautiful,  and  most  useful  lexicon  of  our  lan- 
guage that  can  be. obtained.  —  Biblical  Repository,  January,  1848. 

The  publishers  of  this  work  would  call  the  attention  of  School  Com- 
mittees, Teachers,  and  others  interested  in  the  subject  of  education,  to 
the  following  suggestions  from  William  Russell,  Esq.,  author  of  "  Les- 
sons in  Elocution,"  "  The  American  Elocutionist,"  and  also  of  a  series 
of  School  Headers,  etc.  It  is  believed  that  no  volume  can  be  placed  in 
a  District  School  Library,  that  will  be  of  so  great  service  to  teacher  and 
pupils,  as  a  copy  of  the  new  edition  of  Webster's  Quarto  Dictionary. 

Extract  from  a  Lecture  addressed  to  a  Teachers'  Institute  by  William 
Russell. 

"  The  edition  of  Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary,  revised  by  Professor 
Goodrich,  I  would  earnestly  recommend  to  the  attcntiofn  of  all  teachers 
who  arc  desirous  of  becoming  fully  qualified  to  give  instruction  in  the 
English  language.  The  copious  information  which  that  work  embodies 
on  all  topics  connected  with  etymology,  —  tlie  extreme  exactness,  as 
well  a.s  the  number,  extent,  and  fullness  of  the  definitions  which  it  fur- 
nishes to  every  important  word,  render  it  a  mine  of  philological  wealth 
to  instructors.  The  volume  is,  in  fact,  the  teacher's  encyclopaidia,  as 
well  as  lexicon,  for  daily  reference.  Could  a  copy  of  it  be  provided,  as 
the  permanent  property  of  every  district  school,  tlie  effect,  as  regards 
the  improvement  of  instruction,  would  be  deeply  and  extensively  felt,  in 
the  increased  skill  Of  the  teacher,  and  the  higher  attainments  of  his 
pupilR,  in  the  nio^t  important  part  of  education —  the  acquisition  of  an 
adequate  knowledge  and  proper  use  of  our  own  language." 

The  publishers  liave  received  an  order,  from  the  city  autliorities  of  New 
York,  for  forty-se  .  "ii  copies  of  tlie  work,  to  be  placed  in  forty-seven 
o*  the  public  scliools  of  the  city,  for  the  use  of  teachers  and  pupils.  — 
Spri/uifield  Rejiuhlican. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Public  Instruction  of  St.  Louis,  March 
13,  1849,  — 

"Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  Webster's  Unabridged  Quarto  Dictionary  be 
placed  upon  the  desk  of  each  teacher  in  the  grammar  department  of 
the  St.  Louis  public  schools,  as  a  book  of  reference  for  teachers  and 
pupils." 

As  an  American,  I  am  proud  of  the  work.  It  is  gratifying  to  see  that 
it  gives  such  universal  satisfaction.  I  shall  recommend  it  as  the  stan- 
dard in  the  public  schools  of  this  state. 

THOMAS  H.  BENTON,  Jr., 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  in  Iowa. 

The  etymological  part  surpasses  any  thing  that  has  been  done  for  the 
English  language  by  any  earlier  laborers  in  the  same  field.  —  George 
Bancroft. 

The  American  who  cherishes  the  honor  of  the  literature  of  his  coun- 
try, may  with  good  reason  be  proud  of  this  Dictionary,  and  regard 
with  ardent  enthusiasm  every  effort  to  give  it  additional  value  and  a 
more  extended  circulation.  The  fact  that  such  a  work  has  been  pro- 
duced in  this  country,  a  work  which  can  be  sent  to  the  mother  country 
as  a  Thesaurus  in  that  common  language  which  unites  the  mother  and 
the  daughter  land,  more  valuable  than  any  which  England  has  produced, 
with  all  her  leisure,  her  libraries,  and  her  means  of  research,  is  fitted  to, 
give  us  a  just  pride  in  the  past,  and  an  ardent  hope  for  the  future.  The 
author  of  the  original  now  sleeps  with  the  dead ;  but  it  was  his  rare 
fortune  to  hear,  while  living,  from  the  lips  of  the  excellent  Chancellor 
Kent,  the  following  words  of  eulogy. — Literary  World,  December  11, 
1847. 

The  following  beautiful  eulogy  on  Noah  Webster,  Esq.,  is  from  the 
Anniversary  Address  delivered  before  the  Connecticut  Alpha  pf  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  Society,  by  the  late  Chancellor  Kent,  of  New  York  :  — 

"For  nearly  half  a  century,  'amidst  obstacles  and  toils,  disappoint- 
ments and  infirmities,'  he  has  nobly  sustained  his  courage  ;  and  by 
means  of  his  extraordinary  skill  and  industry  in  the  investigation  of 
languages,  he  will  transmit  his  name  to  the  latest  posterity.  It  will 
dwell  on  the  tongues  of  infants,  as  soon  as  they  have  learned  to  lisp  their 
earliest  lessons.  It  will  be  stamped  on  our  American  literature,  and  be 
carried  with  it  over  every  part  of  this  mighty  continent.  It  will  be 
honored  by  three  hundred  millions  of  people ;  for  that  is  the  number 
which,  it  is  computed,  will,  in  some  future  age,  occupy  the  wide  space  of 
territory  stretching  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  from 
the  torrid  to  the  arctic  regions.  The  American  Dictio?mry  of  the  Eng- 
lish Langtcage  is  a  work  of  profound  investigation,  and  does  infinite 
honor  to  the  philological  learning  and  general  literature  of  this  coun- 
try. Happy  the  man  who  can  thus  honorably  identify  his  name  with 
the  existence  of  our  vernacular  tongue.  There  is  no  other  way  in  which 
mortal  man  could  more  efl'ectually  secure  immortality  beneath  the  skies. 
Obelisks,  arches,  and  triumphal  monuments  seem  to  be  as  transient  as 
the  bubble  of  military  reputation.  No  work  of  art  can  withstand  the 
incessant  strokes  of  Time,  ^e  unrivaled  Parthenon,  glowing  in  polished 
marble,  and  which,  for  more  than  two  thousand  years,  continued 
from  the  summit  of  the  citadel  of  Athens  to  cast  its  broad  splendors 
across  the  plains  below,  and  along  the  coasts  and  head-lands  of  Attica, 
is  now  crvimbling  to  ruins,  after  being  despoiled  of  its  most  exquisite 
materials  by  savage  war  and  heartless  man.  Even  the  Pyramids  of 
Egypt,  whose  origin  is  hidden  in  the  deepest  recesses  of  antiquity,  and 
which  have  always  stood  in  awe-inspiring  solitude  and  grandeur,  are 
now  annoyed  by  the  depredations  of  curiosity,  and  greatly  corroded  by 
the  elements,  and  gradually  sinking  under  the  encroaching  sands  of  the 
desert.  This  Dictionary,  and  the  language  which  it  embodies,  will  also 
perish  ;  but  it  will  not  be  with  the  gorgeous  palaces.  It  vnW  go  with  the 
solemn  temples,  and  the  great  globe  itself!  " 

One  of  the  most  important  contributions  ever  made  to  a  sound  Amer- 
ican literature —  the  most  complete  work  of  the  kind  that  any  nation 
can  boast  of.  *  •  What  distinguishes  this  Dictionary  above  all 
others  is  the  thoroughness  and  accuracy  of  its  definitions ;  and  this  is 
the  leading  feature  of  such  a  work.  This  is  a  department  of  learning 
which  is  singularly  difficult ;  and  very  few  excel  in  it.  It  requires  un- 
common clearness  and  comprehensiveness  of  intellect.  Definitions 
often  lose  their  point  by  being  overburdened  with  words.  Dr.  Webster 
was  wonderfully  happy  in  the  use  of  language.  And  his  definitions  are 
models  of  condensation  and  purity ;  and  the  careful  study  of  them,  as 
an  intellectual  exercise,  may  safely  be  recommended  to  the  young, 
especially,  as  an  important  means  of  advancement  in  knowledge. 
There  is  great  fullness,  too,  in  this  work,  in  the  defining  of  words ;  and 
in  this  respect  it  might  be  called  an  Encyclopocdia,  presenting  substan- 
tially the  circle  of  the  sciences. 

In  regard  to  Promtiwiation,  we  feel  perfectly  satisfied  that  this 
revision  places  that  subject  on  a  truer  ground  than  any  other  work  of 
the  kind.  The  system  of  pronouncing  conforms  to  a  pure  and  manly 
taste,  adapted  to  the  character  of  the  language,  and  is  far  removed 
from  all  affectation  and  mere  fashion.  *  •  It  is  now,  as  we  fully 
believe,  in  this  revision,  brought  down  to  the  true  circumstances  of  the 
community  in  all  respects.  And  we  hope  it  will  find  its  way  rapidly, 
not  only  to  the  schools  and  the  study,  but  to  the  parlor,  the  counting- 
room,  and  to  the  cvery-day  purposes  of  life.  —  lion.  William  B.  Cal- 
hoim,  December,  1847. 


TESTIMONIALS  CONTINUED. 


Lettkk  fkom  Du.  Dick.  —  Perhaps  no  foreign  writer  has  been  more 
generally  read,  on  this  side  the  Atlantic,  for  the  last  twenty  years 
than  Dr.  Thomas  Dick.  About  twenty  years  ago,  E.  &  O.  Mcrriam 
published,  at  Brookfield,  several  editions  of  Dick's  "  Christian  Philoso- 
pher," "  Philosophy  of  Religion, "  and  "  Philosophy  of  a  Future  State 
Some  six  or  eight  valuable  works  have  since  issued  from  Dr.  Dick's  pen, 
which  have  been  republished  here,  and  have  had  an  extensive  and  con 
slant  sale.  One  house  in  Philadelphia  publish  fen  different  works  of 
this  author,  and  it  may  well  be  questioned  whether  any  modern  writer 
in  the  language,  on  the  other  side  the  water,  has  circulated  in  this 
country  so  large  a  number  of  volumes. 

From  such  a  man  it  is  gratifying  to  receive  a  testimonial  to  Amer- 
ican art  and  learning.  The  following  letter  was  received  by  Messrs. 
G.  &  C.  Merriam,  of  this  town,  in  acknowledgment  of  the  receipt  of  a 
copy  of  "  Webster's  Dictionary,"  by  Dr.  Dick,  and  does  honor  alike  to 
the  writer,  and  the  gentlemen  to  whom  it  is  directed.  —  Springfield 
Republican. 

Brouohty  Ferry,  near  Dundee,  Sept.  12,  1849 

Messrs.  O.  &  C.  Merriam.  Gentlemen :  I  received  from  Mr.  Wiley, 
Aldine  Chambers,  London,  your  very  valuable  and  highly  acceptable 
present  of  "  Webster's  American  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language," 
for  wliich  I  return  you  my  grateful  acknowledgments  ;  and  as  it  will 
always  be  in  my  study  for  reference,  it  will  constantly  remind  me  of 
your  kindness  and  liberality. 

This  Dictionary  is,  undoubtedly,  the  most  complete  Dictionary  of  the 
EnffHih  latiyvage  that  has  eve)- been  published,  and  aops  will  "elapse 
before  any  other  dictionary  of  that  language  will  be  required.  It  is,  in 
every  respect,  far  superior  to  the  folio  editions  of  Johnson's  Dictionary. 
The  introductory  matter,  on  the  origin  and  progress  of  language, 
etymology,  the  changes  of  the  English  language,  and  other  topics, 
contains  an  immense  muss  of  useful  information,  which  must  have  cost 
the  author  a  very  great  degree  of  labor  and  research.  The  pronunciation 
of  Scriptural,  Classical,  and  Geographical  names,  forms  a  most  valuable 
appendi.K  to  the  Dictionary,  and  cannot  be  too  highly  appreciated. 

As  to  the  external  appearance  of  the  copy  which  you  sent,  it  could  not 
have  been  more  elegantlv  and  tastefully  adorned,  although  it  had  been 
intended  to  be  presented  to  her  majesty.  Queen  Victoria.  Its  binding 
has  been  much  admired  by  every  person  who  has  seen  it,  and  reflects 
great  honor  on  the  taste  and  ingenuity  of  the  bookbinder. 

I  trust  you  will  receive  a  proper  remuneration  for  the  risk  incurred  in 
publishing  such  a  large  and  important  volume,  which  contains  a  quan- 
tity of  letter  press  greater  than  almost  any  other  single  volume  in  my 
possession.    1  presume  it  has  an  extensive  sale. 

Wishing  you  all  happiness  and  prosperity,  and  with  many  thanks  for 
your  invaluable  present,  I  ain,  gentlemen. 

Your  much  obliged  and  humble  servant, 


[LL.  D.,  of  Scotland,  author  of 
"  Christian  Philosopher,"  &c.] 
"  I  find  it  an  invalaablc  vade  mecum.'' 

"  Etymological  part  stirpasses  any  thitu/  thai  has  been  done  for  the  Eng- 
lish Language  by  any  earlier  laborers  in  the  same  field." 


"  Every  scholar  knows  its  value." 


[Author  of  "  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,"  "  Conquest  of  Mexico,"  &c.] 
It  is  acknowledged,  both  in  this  country  and  in  America,  to  be  the 
most  copious  and  most  excellent  at  present  in  circulation.  Dr.  Web- 
ster spent  thirty  years  on  his  Dictionary,  ten  of  which  were  devoted  to 
the  etymological  department  alone,  and  he  has  accordingly  thrown 
much  additional  light  on  the  origin  and  primarv  sense  of  words,  and  on 
the  affinities  between  the  English  and  many  otLer  languages.  — /.vii/or 
f>f  the  iMndon  Imperial  Dictionary. 


The  iiKsT  AND  MOST  useful  Dictionary  of  tiii:  Ekoliiui  Lan- 
OUAOE  ever  published.  —  London  Timet. 

"  Its  reputation  is  widely  extended.  I  doubt  not  this  cditiqn  has  re- 
ceived essential  improvements  from  the  able  hands  it  has  paued 
through." 

[LL.  D.,  President  of  Harvard  University.] 
"A  very  valuable  work  —  the  book  is  full  of  learning  —  a  necessity 


TO  EVERY  educated  MAN. 


"  The  most  useful  Dictionary  of  the  language.' 


"  So  far  as  I  know,  there  is  a  unanimity  of  opinion  that  Webster's  is  the 
BESX  DEFINING  Dictionary  in  the  English  language.  I  assure  you  it 
will  give  me  pleasure,  as  far  as  I  have  the  opportunity  and  ability,  to  recom- 
mend to  all  students,  AND  ESPECIALLY  ALL  THOSE  WHO  ARE  MAINLY  DE- 
PENDENT ON  sp.lf-culture  ok  self-educatio.n,  to  keep  a  copy  of 

this  work  by  their  side  A3  A  KAND-llOOK." 


"Accurate  and  reliable  in  giving  a  just  exhibition  of  the  lan- 
guage." 


[Late  Speaker  U.  S.  House  of  Representatives,  and  now  U.  S.  Senator 
from  Massachusetts.] 
"  The  most  accurate  and  reliable  Dictionary  of  the  Language." 


[Chancellor  N.  York  University.] 

'^C^ 

[Governor  of  Massachusetts.] 
Dr.  Webster  has  entered  more  deeply  into  etvmological  researches, 
and  with,  greater  success,  than  any  of  his  predecessors  in  the  same 
vocation.  •    •    Indeed,  on  this  ground,  he  stands  not  only  unrivaled, 
but  alone.  —  North  American  Review. 

Normal  School  of  the  Stale  of  New  York 
"Resolved,  unanimously.  That  Webster's  Quarto  Dictionary  be  the 
Standard  in  the  New  York  State  Normal  School." 

WM.  U.  CAMPBELL,  Clerk  Ex.  Com. 

Albany,  March  12,  1850. 


Academies  of  Uie  Slate  of  New  I'or/t. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Regents,  held  at  the  Capitol,  .\lbany,  Feb.  U,  1850, 

"  Resolved,  unanimously.  That  the  new  edhion  of  Wcbsiter's  Dictionary 
in  Quarto,  edited  bv  Professor  Chaunccy  A.  Goodrich,  and^>ublished  by 
G.  &  C.  Merriam,  Springfield,  Mass.,  be  recommended  to  be  purchased 
for  the  Libraries  of  Academies  under  the  visitation  of  the  Kccents." 
[About  1.50  in  number.]     A  true  copy.  T.  ROMEY.N  BECK. 

We  venture  to  say  that  there  is  no  Dictionary  in  the  English  lan- 
guage which  combines  so  many  advantages,  with  such  economy  of  price, 
beauty  of  execution,  compactness  and  clearness,  as  this  Quarto  cditioa 
of  Webster.  —  New  York  Observer,  December  4,  1817. 

AVe  rejoice  that  the  public  award  is  strongly  ratifying  our  long-cher- 
shed  conviction,  that  Noah  Webster  was  decidedly  the  best  lexicog- 
rapher who  has  treated  of  the  F.nglish  language.  •'  •  Emphatically 
the  Dictionary  of  our  language.  —  New  York  Tribunf,  December!,  1847. 

In  its  admirable  definitions,  its  accurate  philology,  its  copiousness, 
good  sense,  and  completeness,  it  is  fast  receiving  the  jud^nient  of  the 
learned  world,  that  it  has  no  equal. — New  York  Evamtlut,  Dtetmbtr 
9,  1847.  . 


